diff --git "a/data/val.json" "b/data/val.json"
--- "a/data/val.json"
+++ "b/data/val.json"
@@ -1,9782 +1,3 @@
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-    "Regimen for the treatment of rosacea include the application of an anti-redness composition to at least a portion of the cleansed area of skin afflicted with rosacea. The regimen may include the application of one or more of a polymetal complex, a composition containing metronidazole, and/or a protective composition. Kits containing components useful in performing such regimens are also described. 1. A treatment regimen comprising: cleansing at least a portion of an area of skin afflicted with rosacea with an antimicrobial or cleanser; applying an anti-redness composition to at least a portion of the cleansed area; and applying a protective composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, and moisturized area. 2. A treatment regimen as in claim 1 further comprising the step of applying a composition containing metronidazole to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 3. A treatment regimen as in claim 1 wherein the protective composition comprises a sunscreen. 4. A treatment regimen as in claim 1 wherein the protective composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Vitamin A, Vitamin D and combinations thereof. 5. A treatment regimen as in claim 1 further comprising applying a benzoyl peroxide containing composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, and moisturized area of skin. 6. A treatment regimen as in claim 1 further comprising applying a retinoid containing composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, moisturized area of skin. 7. A treatment regimen as in claim 1 further comprising applying an antibiotic containing composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, and moisturized area of skin. 8. The treatment method of claim 1 further comprising taking an oral antibiotic after applying the protective composition. 9. A kit comprising: a outer package enclosing individual containers containing a cleanser; an anti-redness composition; and a protective composition. 10. A treatment regimen comprising: cleansing at least a portion of an area of skin afflicted with rosacea with an antimicrobial or cleanser; applying a composition containing a polymetal complex to at least a portion of the cleansed area; and applying a protective composition to at least a portion of the cleansed and polymetal complex-treated area. 11. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, further comprising applying a composition containing metronidazole to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 12. The treatment regimen as in claim 10 further comprising applying to at least a portion of the afflicted area an additional ingredient selected from the group consisting of an anti-redness composition, an anti-parasitic compound, and combinations thereof. 13. The treatment regimen of claim 12, wherein the anti parasitic product is selected from the group consisting of benzyl benzoate, salicylic acid and combinations thereof. 14. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, wherein the polymetal complex comprises a Cu/Zn malonate complex. 15. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, wherein the protective composition comprises a sunscreen. 16. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, wherein the protective composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Vitamin A, Vitamin D and combinations thereof. 17. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, further comprising applying a benzoyl peroxide containing composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, and moisturized area of skin. 18. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, further comprising applying a retinoid containing composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, moisturized area of skin. 19. The treatment regimen as in claim 10, further comprising applying an antibiotic containing composition to at least a portion of the cleansed, and moisturized area of skin. 20. The treatment method of claim 10, further comprising taking an oral antibiotic after applying the protective composition. 21. A kit comprising: a cleanser; a composition containing a polymetal complex; and a protective composition. 22. The kit as in claim 21, further comprising a composition containing an additional ingredient selected from the group consisting of metronidazole, an anti-redness composition, an antibiotic, an anti-parasitic composition and combinations thereof. 23. The kit as in claim 21, wherein the composition containing a polymetal complex is a moisturizing composition. 24. The kit as in claim 21, wherein the protective composition is a sunscreen containing vitamins A and D. 25. A method of treating skin afflicted with rosacea comprising the step of applying a redness reducing amount of a composition containing a polymetal complex to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the polymetal complex is a Cu/Zn malonate complex. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the composition containing a polymetal complex further includes a moisturizer. 28. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of cleansing at least a portion of the afflicted area. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the cleanser is an antimicrobial cleanser. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the antimicrobial cleanser is selected from the group consisting of chlorhexidine gluconate, triclosan, zinc pyrithione, clindamycin phosphate, sodium sulphacetamide and combinations thereof. 31. The method of claim 25 further comprising applying a protective composition to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 32. The method of claim 31 wherein the protective composition comprises a sunscreen. 33. The method of claim 31 wherein the sunscreen comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Vitamin A, Vitamin D and combinations thereof. 34. The method of claim of claim 25 further comprising applying an anti-parasitic product to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the anti-parasitic product includes a compound selected from the group consisting of benzyl benzoate, salicyclic acid and combinations thereof. 36. The method of claim 25 further comprising applying an additional an anti-acne medication to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein the anti-acne medication is selected from the group consisting of benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, and combinations thereof. 38. A method of treating skin afflicted with rosacea comprising sequentially applying a cleanser, an anti-redness composition, and a protective composition to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 39. The method of claim of claim 38 further comprising applying a composition containing metronidazole to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 40. The method of claim 38 further comprising applying an anti-acne medication to at least a portion of the afflicted area. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the anti-acne, medication is selected from the group consisting of benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, and combinations thereof.",
-    "A clamp arrangement includes a pair of brackets adapted to be clamped on opposing sides of the wooden post to encapsulate a fractured portion, each bracket is made from an integral sheet of metal cut and pressed to define a longitudinal hemispherical chamber and a pair of longitudinal flanges extended out from each, the longitudinal hemispherical chamber having an upper end wherein a lip is supported in the lateral extension by a multitude of pressed out ribs such that when the clamp arrangement is required to be driven into the ground about the wooden post, the lip provides a support location for an impact tool to drive the clamp arrangement into the ground. 1. A clamp arrangement for supporting a fractured portion of a wooden post wherein at least part of the clamp arrangement needs to be driven into the ground about the wooden post, said arrangement including: a pair of brackets adapted to be clamped on opposing sides of the wooden post to encapsulate said fractured portion; each bracket made from an integral sheet of metal cut and pressed to define a longitudinal hemispherical chamber of compatible diameter dimensions to the wooden post; a pair of longitudinal flanges extended out from each side at a circumferential circumference edge at an open end of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber, wherein each flange includes a plurality of holes so that when each bracket is brought together about the post the plurality of holes on the respective longitudinal flanges line up so that a fastening arrangement can pass through the holes to clamp each bracket together about the post; said longitudinal hemispherical chamber having an upper end, said upper end characterised in having a laterally extended lip, wherein the lip is supported in the lateral extension by a multitude of pressed out ribs emanating from an internal side at said upper end of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber such that when the clamp arrangement is required to be driven into the ground about the wooden post, the lip provides a support location for an impact tool to drive the clamp arrangement into the ground. 2. (canceled) 3. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the pressed out ribs on the internal side at the upper end of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber provide a series of levelled out peaks and intermittent troughs where the levelled out peaks are configured to abut up against the external surface of the post. 4. The clamp arrangement of claim 2 wherein the intermittent troughs between the levelled out peaks of the pressed out ribs provide a passage for air flow down through the bracket when fastened to the post. 5. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the longitudinal hemispherical chamber includes a configuration of pressed out interconnected diamond shaped protrusions that emboss out over the external surface of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber. 6. The clamp arrangement of claim 4, wherein the configuration of pressed out interconnected diamond shaped protrusions that emboss out over the external surface of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber have joined edges that are pressed out along the edge where the longitudinal flanges extend out from each side of the circumferential edge at the open end of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber. 7. The clamp arrangement of claim 4 wherein a multiplicity of pressed tabs are embossed out along a contact fold where the longitudinal flanges extend out from each side of the circumferential edge at the open end of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber. 8. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the holes along each of the longitudinal flanges include a raised rim or collar. 9. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the longitudinal hemispherical chamber includes additional holes on its surface wherein nails and so forth can be passed there through to provide additional fixation of the bracket to the wooden post. 10. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the impact tool is a hammer and/or a motor driveable ramming device including a jack hammer. 11. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein an outside edge of each longitudinal flange includes a rounded shoulder. 12. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the bracket further includes an aperture to which wire and/or trellis connected to adjacent posts can be wrapped around or supported there from. 13. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the longitudinal flange extending out from each side of the circumferential edge at the open edge of the longitudinal hemispherical chamber at the ground engaging end is tapered. 14. The clamp arrangement of claim 1 wherein the integral sheet of metal is a single sheet of thickness between 1 mm to 3.2 mm",
-    "A system and method for device action and configuration based on user context detection from sensors in peripheral devices are disclosed. A particular embodiment includes: a peripheral device including one or more sensors to produce sensor data; and logic, at least a portion of which is partially implemented in hardware, the logic configured to determine a context from the sensor data and to perform at least one action based on the determined context, the at least one action including modifying a configuration in a mobile device for sending notifications to a user. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A mobile device comprising: logic, at least a portion of which is partially implemented in hardware, the logic configured to determine a context from sensor data and to perform at least one action based on the determined context, the at least one action including modifying a configuration in a mobile device for sending notifications to a user. 22. The mobile device as claimed in claim 21 wherein the sensor data being encoded with audio signals and received on a microphone line via a microphone conductor of an audio jack. 23. The mobile device as claimed in claim 21 including a sensor data receiver to receive sensor data produced by one or more sensors in a peripheral device and to provide the received sensor data to the logic for processing. 24. The mobile device as claimed in claim 23 wherein the sensor data receiver includes a wireless transceiver, the sensor data being received via a wireless data transmission. 25. The mobile device as claimed in claim 21 wherein the sensor data is of a type from the group consisting of: biometric data, heart rate data, temperature data, pressure data, acceleration data, galvanic skin response data, and global positioning system data. 26. The mobile device as claimed in claim 21 wherein the mobile device is a mobile phone. 27. A system comprising: a peripheral device including one or more sensors to produce sensor data; and logic, at least a portion of which is partially implemented in hardware, the logic configured to determine a context from the sensor data and to perform at least one action based on the determined context, the at least one action including modifying a configuration in a mobile device for sending notifications to a user. 28. The system as claimed in claim 27 wherein the sensor data being encoded with audio signals and received on a microphone line via a microphone conductor of an audio jack. 29. The system as claimed in claim 28 wherein the peripheral device including a microcontroller coupled to the one or more sensors to receive the sensor data generated by the one or more sensors, the microcontroller being further configured to encode the sensor data into an audio band signal, the peripheral device including an adder to combine the encoded data with audio signals on the microphone line, the adder being further configured to transfer the combined audio signals via the microphone conductor of the audio jack. 30. The system as claimed in claim 27 including a sensor data receiver to receive the sensor data produced by the one or more sensors in the peripheral device and to provide the received sensor data to the logic for processing. 31. The system as claimed in claim 30 wherein the peripheral device includes a wireless transceiver, the sensor data being sent via a wireless data transmission. 32. The system as claimed in claim 27 wherein the sensor data produced by the one or more sensors in the peripheral device is biometric data. 33. The system as claimed in claim 27 wherein the sensor data is of a type from the group consisting of: heart rate data, temperature data, pressure data, acceleration data, galvanic skin response data, and global positioning system data. 34. The system as claimed in claim 27 wherein the logic is implemented in a mobile phone. 35. The system as claimed in claim 27 wherein the peripheral device is from the group consisting of: a headset and an earbud accessory. 36. A non-transitory machine-useable storage medium embodying instructions which, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to: receive sensor data produced by one or more sensors in a peripheral device; transfer the sensor data to a mobile device for processing; determine a context from the sensor data; and perform at least one action based on the determined context, the at least one action including modifying a configuration in the mobile device for sending notifications to a user. 37. The machine-useable storage medium as claimed in claim 36 wherein the instructions being further configured to receive the sensor data on a microphone line via a microphone conductor of an audio jack. 38. The machine-useable storage medium as claimed in claim 36 wherein the instructions being further configured to receive the sensor data via a wireless data transmission. 39. The machine-useable storage medium as claimed in claim 36 wherein the sensor data produced by the one or more sensors in the peripheral device is biometric data. 40. The machine-useable storage medium as claimed in claim 36 wherein the sensor data is of a type from the group consisting of: heart rate data, temperature data, pressure data, acceleration data, galvanic skin response data, and global positioning system data.",
-    "Systems and methods for managing datasets produced by alert-triggering search queries in data aggregation and analysis systems. An example method may comprise: executing, by one or more processing devices, a search query on a portion of searchable data associated with a time window to produce a dataset comprising one or more results; responsive to determining that at least a portion of the dataset satisfies a triggering condition defining an alert associated with the search query, generating an instance of the alert; associating, by a memory data structure, the instance of the alert with an identifier of the search query and a time parameter specifying the time window; receiving, from a client computing device, a request for the portion of the dataset; and responsive to determining that the portion of the dataset is not stored in the memory in a manner associating it with the instance of the alert, reproducing the portion of the dataset by re-executing the search query in view of the time parameter. 1. A method, comprising: executing, by one or more processing devices, a search query on a portion of searchable data associated with a time window to produce a dataset comprising one or more results; responsive to determining that at least a portion of the dataset satisfies a triggering condition defining an alert associated with the search query, generating an instance of the alert; associating, by a memory data structure, the instance of the alert with an identifier of the search query and a time parameter specifying the time window; receiving, from a client computing device, a request for the portion of the dataset; and responsive to determining that the portion of the dataset is not stored in the memory in a manner associating it with the instance of the alert, reproducing the portion of the dataset by re-executing the search query in view of the time parameter. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing, in a memory associated with the computer system, the portion of the dataset and an association of the stored portion of the dataset with the instance of the alert. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: implementing a file retention policy with respect to datasets stored in the memory, wherein the file retention policy requires deleting certain datasets responsive to evaluating corresponding file retention conditions. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting the copy of the portion of the dataset to the client computing device. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising associating the instance of the alert with an identifier of the triggering condition. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the searchable data includes time-stamped events having portions of raw machine data. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting, to the client computing device, a notification of the instance of the alert. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the client computing device includes at least one of: a desktop computing device or a mobile computing device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein executing the search query on the portion of searchable data includes applying a late binding schema to the data, the late binding schema associated with one or more extraction rules defining one or more fields. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of searchable data includes machine data generated by at least one of a server, a database, an application, or a network. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the search query is execute in near real-time. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the search query is executed on a schedule that is associated with the alert. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the search query and triggering condition together evaluate portions of the searchable data falling within a rolling time window. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the triggering condition requires that the portion of the dataset includes at least a predetermined number of results. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the triggering condition comprises a secondary conditional search on the dataset produced by the search query. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: preforming at least one action associated with the alert, wherein the action includes: sending an electronic mail message, creating a Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feed, executing a script, or causing visual display of the alert instance. 17. A computer system comprising: a memory; and one or more processing devices, coupled to the memory, to: execute a search query on a portion of searchable data associated with a time window to produce a dataset comprising one or more results; responsive to determining that at least a portion of the dataset satisfies a triggering condition defining an alert associated with the search query, generate an instance of the alert; associate, by a memory data structure, the instance of the alert with an identifier of the search query and a time parameter specifying the time window; receive, from a client computing device, a request for the portion of the dataset; and responsive to determining that the portion of the dataset is not stored in the memory in a manner associating it with the instance of the alert, reproduce the portion of the dataset by re-executing the search query in view of the time parameter. 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processing devices are further to: store, in a memory associated with the computer system, the portion of the dataset and an association of the stored portion of the dataset with the instance of the alert. 19. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processing devices are further to: implement a file retention policy with respect to datasets stored in the memory, wherein the file retention policy requires deleting certain datasets responsive to evaluating corresponding file retention conditions. 20. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processing devices are further to: transmit the copy of the portion of the dataset to the client computing device. 21. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processing devices are further to: associate the instance of the alert with an identifier of the triggering condition. 22. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the searchable data includes time-stamped events having portions of raw machine data. 23. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processing devices are further to: transmit, to the client computing device, a notification of the instance of the alert. 24. The computer system of claim 17, wherein executing the search query on the portion of searchable data includes applying a late binding schema to the data, the late binding schema associated with one or more extraction rules defining one or more fields. 25. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform operations comprising: executing a search query on a portion of searchable data associated with a time window to produce a dataset comprising one or more results; responsive to determining that at least a portion of the dataset satisfies a triggering condition defining an alert associated with the search query, generating an instance of the alert; associating, by a memory data structure, the instance of the alert with an identifier of the search query and a time parameter specifying the time window; receiving, from a client computing device, a request for the portion of the dataset; and responsive to determining that the portion of the dataset is not stored in the memory in a manner associating it with the instance of the alert, reproducing the portion of the dataset by re-executing the search query in view of the time parameter. 26. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 25, further comprising executable instructions causing the computer system to: store, in a memory associated with the computer system, the portion of the dataset and an association of the stored portion of the dataset with the instance of the alert. 27. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 25, further comprising executable instructions causing the computer system to: implement a file retention policy with respect to datasets stored in the memory, wherein the file retention policy requires deleting certain datasets responsive to evaluating corresponding file retention conditions. 28. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 25, further comprising executable instructions causing the computer system to: transmit the copy of the portion of the dataset to the client computing device. 29. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 25, further comprising executable instructions causing the computer system to: associate the instance of the alert with an identifier of the triggering condition. 30. The computer-readable non-transitory storage medium of claim 25, further comprising executable instructions causing the computer system to: transmit, to the client computing device, a notification of the instance of the alert.",
-    "A scan driving circuit is provided. The scan driving circuit includes a pull-up control module, a pull-up module, a pull-down module, a pull-down maintenance module, a bootstrap capacitor, and a low-level constant source. The pull-up control module herein is respectively coupled to the pull-up module, the pull-down module, the pull-down maintenance module, and the bootstrap capacitor; the low-level constant source is respectively coupled to the pull-down maintenance module and the pull-down module. The present invention can avoid a leakage phenomenon well and improve reliability of the scan driving circuit. 1. A scan driving circuit for driving a scan line of cascaded stages, comprising: a pull-up control module utilized to receive a scanning signal of a previous stage, and to generate a scan level signal of the corresponding scan line according to the scanning signal of the previous stage; a pull-up module utilized to lift a scanning signal of a present stage of the corresponding scan line according to the scan level signal and a clock signal of the present stage; a pull-down module utilized to lower the scan level signal of the corresponding scan line according to a scanning signal of a next stage; a pull-down maintenance module utilized to maintain a low level of the scan level signal of the corresponding scan line; a bootstrap capacitor utilized to a high level of the scanning signal of the present stage of the scan line; a reset module utilized to reset the scan level signal of the present stage of the scan line; and a low-level constant source utilized to provide a pull-down low level; wherein the pull-up control module is respectively coupled to the pull-up module, the pull-down module, the pull-down maintenance module, and the bootstrap capacitor; the low-level constant source is respectively coupled to the pull-down maintenance module and the pull-down module; wherein the pull-up control module further comprises a first switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the first switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to an input terminal the first switch, an output terminal of the first switch respectively coupled to the pull-up module, the pull-down module, the pull-down maintain module, and the bootstrap capacitor. 2. The scan driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the pull-up module comprises a second switch, a control terminal of the second switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch of the pull-up control module, the clock signal of the present stage being input to an input terminal of the second switch, an output terminal of the second switch outputting the scanning signal of the present stage. 3. The scan driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the pull-down module comprises a third switch, the scanning signal of the next stage being input to a control terminal of the third switch, an input terminal of the third switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch of the pull-up control module, an output terminal of the third switch coupled to the low-level constant source. 4. The scan driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the pull-down maintenance module comprises a first pull-down maintenance unit, a second pull-down maintenance unit, a thirteenth switch, and a fourteenth switch; a control terminal of the thirteenth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an output terminal of the thirteenth switch coupled to a reference point K(N), an input terminal of the thirteenth switch coupled to a reference point P(N); the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the fourteenth switch, an output terminal of the fourteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the fourteenth switch coupled to the reference point P(N); the first pull-down maintenance unit comprising a ninth switch, a tenth switch, a sixth switch, an eighth switch, a sixteenth switch; a control terminal of the tenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the tenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the tenth switch coupled to the output terminal of the second switch; a control terminal of the ninth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the ninth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the ninth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch; a control terminal of the sixth switch coupled to a first pulse signal, an input terminal of the sixth switch coupled to the first pulse signal, an output terminal of the sixth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); a control terminal of the sixteenth switch coupled to a second pulse signal, an input terminal of the sixteenth switch coupled to the first pulse signal, an output terminal of the sixteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); a control terminal of the eighth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an input terminal of the eighth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eighth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); the second pull-down maintenance unit comprising an eleventh switch, a twelfth switch, a fifth switch, a fifteenth switch, and a seventh switch; a control terminal of the eleventh switch coupled to the reference point P(N), an input terminal of the eleventh switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eleventh switch coupled to the output terminal of the second switch; a control terminal of the twelfth switch coupled to the reference point P(N), an input terminal of the twelfth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the twelfth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch; a control terminal of the fifth switch coupled to the second pulse signal, an input terminal of the fifth switch coupled to the second pulse signal, an output terminal of the fifth switch coupled to the reference point P(N); a control terminal of the fifteenth switch coupled to the first pulse signal, an input terminal of the fifteenth switch coupled to the second pulse signal, an output terminal of the fifteenth switch coupled to the reference point P(N); a control terminal of the seventh switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an input terminal of the seventh switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the seventh switch coupled to the reference point K(N). 5. The scan driving circuit according to claim 4, wherein an electric potential of the first pulse signal is opposite to that of the second pulse signal. 6. The scan driving circuit according to claim 4, wherein the first pull-down maintain further comprises an eighteenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the eighteenth switch, an input terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); the second pull-down maintain further comprises an seventeenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the seventeenth switch, an input terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the reference point P(N). 7. The scan driving circuit according to claim 4, wherein the first pull-down maintain further comprises an eighteenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the eighteenth switch, an input terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the first pulse signal; the second pull-down maintain further comprises an seventeenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the seventeenth switch, an input terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the second pulse signal. 8. The scan driving circuit according to claim 7, wherein the first pull-down maintain further comprises a twentieth switch, a control terminal of the twentieth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the twentieth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an output terminal of the twentieth switch coupled to the first pulse signal; the second pull-down maintain further comprises a nineteenth switch, a control terminal of the nineteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the nineteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an output terminal of the nineteenth switch coupled to the second pulse signal. 9. The scan driving circuit according to claim 4, wherein the first pulse signal and the second pulse signal are high-frequency pulse signals or low-frequency potential signals. 10. A scan driving circuit for driving a plurality of scan lines of cascaded stages, comprising: a pull-up control module utilized to receive a scanning signal of a previous stage, and to generate a scan level signal of the corresponding scan line according to the scanning signal of the previous stage; a pull-up module utilized to lift a scanning signal of a present stage of the corresponding scan line according to the scan level signal and a clock signal of the present stage; a pull-down module utilized to lower the scan level signal of the corresponding scan line according to a scanning signal of a next stage; a pull-down maintenance module utilized to maintain a low level of the scan level signal of the corresponding scan line; a bootstrap capacitor utilized to a high level of the scanning signal of the present stage of the scan line; and a low-level constant source utilized to provide a pull-down low level; wherein the pull-up control module is respectively coupled to the pull-up module, the pull-down module, the pull-down maintenance module, and the bootstrap capacitor; the low-level constant source is respectively coupled to the pull-down maintenance module and the pull-down module. 11. The scan driving circuit according to claim 10, wherein the pull-up control module further comprises a first switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the first switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to an input terminal the first switch, an output terminal of the first switch respectively coupled to the pull-up module, the pull-down module, the pull-down maintain module, and the bootstrap capacitor. 12. The scan driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the pull-up module comprises a second switch, a control terminal of the second switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch of the pull-up control module, the clock signal of the present stage being input to an input terminal of the second switch, an output terminal of the second switch outputting the scanning signal of the present stage. 13. The scan driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the pull-down module comprises a third switch, the scanning signal of the next stage being input to a control terminal of the third switch, an input terminal of the third switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch of the pull-up control module, an output terminal of the third switch coupled to the low-level constant source. 14. The scan driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the pull-down maintenance module comprises a first pull-down maintenance unit, a second pull-down maintenance unit, a thirteenth switch, and a fourteenth switch; a control terminal of the thirteenth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an output terminal of the thirteenth switch coupled to a reference point K(N), an input terminal of the thirteenth switch coupled to a reference point P(N); the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the fourteenth switch, an output terminal of the fourteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the fourteenth switch coupled to the reference point P(N); the first pull-down maintenance unit comprising a ninth switch, a tenth switch, a sixth switch, an eighth switch, a sixteenth switch; a control terminal of the tenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the tenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the tenth switch coupled to the output terminal of the second switch; a control terminal of the ninth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the ninth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the ninth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch; a control terminal of the sixth switch coupled to a first pulse signal, an input terminal of the sixth switch coupled to the first pulse signal, an output terminal of the sixth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); a control terminal of the sixteenth switch coupled to a second pulse signal, an input terminal of the sixteenth switch coupled to the first pulse signal, an output terminal of the sixteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); a control terminal of the eighth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an input terminal of the eighth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eighth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); the second pull-down maintenance unit comprising an eleventh switch, a twelfth switch, a fifth switch, a fifteenth switch, and a seventh switch; a control terminal of the eleventh switch coupled to the reference point P(N), an input terminal of the eleventh switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eleventh switch coupled to the output terminal of the second switch; a control terminal of the twelfth switch coupled to the reference point P(N), an input terminal of the twelfth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the twelfth switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch; a control terminal of the fifth switch coupled to the second pulse signal, an input terminal of the fifth switch coupled to the second pulse signal, an output terminal of the fifth switch coupled to the reference point P(N); a control terminal of the fifteenth switch coupled to the first pulse signal, an input terminal of the fifteenth switch coupled to the second pulse signal, an output terminal of the fifteenth switch coupled to the reference point P(N); a control terminal of the seventh switch coupled to the output terminal of the first switch, an input terminal of the seventh switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the seventh switch coupled to the reference point K(N). 15. The scan driving circuit according to claim 14, wherein an electric potential of the first pulse signal is opposite to that of the second pulse signal. 16. The scan driving circuit according to claim 14, wherein the first pull-down maintain further comprises an eighteenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the eighteenth switch, an input terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N); the second pull-down maintain further comprises an seventeenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the seventeenth switch, an input terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the reference point P(N). 17. The scan driving circuit according to claim 14, wherein the first pull-down maintain further comprises an eighteenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the eighteenth switch, an input terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the eighteenth switch coupled to the first pulse signal; the second pull-down maintain further comprises an seventeenth switch, the scanning signal of the previous stage being input to a control terminal of the seventeenth switch, an input terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the low-level constant source, an output terminal of the seventeenth switch coupled to the second pulse signal. 18. The scan driving circuit according to claim 17, wherein the first pull-down maintain further comprises a twentieth switch, a control terminal of the twentieth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the twentieth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an output terminal of the twentieth switch coupled to the first pulse signal; the second pull-down maintain further comprises a nineteenth switch, a control terminal of the nineteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an input terminal of the nineteenth switch coupled to the reference point K(N), an output terminal of the nineteenth switch coupled to the second pulse signal. 19. The scan driving circuit according to claim 14, wherein the first pulse signal and the second pulse signal are high-frequency pulse signals or low-frequency potential signals. 20. The scan driving circuit according to claim 10, wherein the scan driving circuit further comprises: a reset module utilized to reset the scan level signal of the present stage of the scan line.",
-    "The present invention relates to an antibody construct comprising a first human binding domain specific for the extracellular part of the influenza envelope protein M2 (M2e) and a second domain specific for CD3. Moreover, the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding the antibody construct, a vector comprising said nucleic acid molecule and a host cell transformed or transfected with said nucleic acid molecule or vector. Furthermore, the invention provides a process for the production of the antibody construct of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprising said antibody construct, a medical use/method of treatment relating to said antibody construct, and a kit comprising said antibody construct. 1. An antibody construct comprising: (a) a first human binding domain specific for the extracellular part of the influenza envelope protein M2 (M2e), characterized by a CDR-H1 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1, a CDR-H2 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2, a CDR-H3 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 3, a CDR-L1 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 4, a CDR-L2 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 5, and a CDR-L3 as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 6; and (b) a second binding domain specific for CD3. 2. The antibody construct according to claim 1, wherein the first binding domain comprises a VH region selected from the group consisting of VH regions as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, and 72. 3. The antibody construct according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first binding domain comprises a VL region selected from the group consisting of VL regions as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 10, 18, 26, 34, 42, 50, 58, 66, and 74. 4. The antibody construct according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first binding domain comprises a VH region and a VL region selected from the group consisting of pairs of a VH region and a VL region as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 8+10, SEQ ID NO: 16+18, SEQ ID NO: 24+26, SEQ ID NO: 32+34, SEQ ID NO: 40+42, SEQ ID NO: 48+50, SEQ ID NO: 56+58, SEQ ID NO: 64+66 and SEQ ID NO: 72+74. 5. The antibody construct according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antibody construct is in a format selected from the group consisting of (scFv)2, scFv-single domain mAb, diabodies and oligomers thereof. 6. The antibody construct according to claim 5, wherein the first binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60, 68, and 76. 7. The antibody construct according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second binding domain is capable of binding to human and Callithrix jacchus, Saguinus Oedipus or Saimiri sciureus CD3 epsilon. 8. The antibody construct according claim 7, having the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14, 22, 30, 38, 46, 54, 62, 70 and 78. 9. A nucleic acid molecule having a sequence which encodes an antibody construct as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8. 10. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule as defined in claim 9. 11. A host cell transformed or transfected with the nucleic acid molecule as defined in claim 9 or with the vector as defined in claim 10. 12. A process for the production of an antibody construct according to any one of claims 1 to 8, said process comprising culturing a host cell as defined in claim 11 under conditions allowing the expression of the antibody construct as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8 and recovering the produced antibody construct from the culture. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody construct according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or produced according to the process of claim 12. 14. The antibody construct according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or produced according to the process of claim 12 for use in the treatment, amelioration or future prevention of an infection with influenza A virus. 15. A method for the treatment, amelioration or future prevention of an infection with influenza A virus, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof the antibody construct according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or produced according to the process of claim 12. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of administering a reactive oxygen scavenger. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a bispecific antibody construct according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or produced according to the process of claim 12 and a reactive oxygen scavenger for the amelioration or treatment of an influenza A virus infection. 18. A kit comprising an antibody construct according to any one of claims 1 to 8, or produced according to the process of claim 12, a vector as defined in claim 10, and/or a host cell as defined in claim 11.",
-    "The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the inhibition of gene expression. In particular, the present invention provides oligonucleotide-based therapeutics for the inhibition genes implicated in many diseases. 1. An oligonucleotide that hybridizes to a non-coding region in or upstream of a promoter for a target gene, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises: a length of 20-34 bases; at least one CG pair; at least 40% C and G content; no more than five consecutive bases of the same nucleotide; and at least one secondary structure for said oligonucleotide. 2. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a C and G content of at least 50%. 3. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a C and G content from about 50 to 80%. 4. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least two CG pairs. 5. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide hybridizes within a CG region, CpG island region, nuclease hypersensitive site, or CIS regulatory region. 6. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located within a CG region, CpG island, nuclease hypersensitive site, or CIS regulatory region. 7. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide is a reverse and full complement of a sense strand of said non-coding region of the target gene. 8. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide is unique to the nucleotide sequence of the non-coding region. 9. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the non-coding region is not duplicated in a genome comprising the target gene. 10. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the non-coding region comprises less than 80% homology to other nucleotide sequences in a genome with a target gene. 11. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the non-coding region comprises less than 50% homology to other nucleotide sequences in a genome with a target gene. 12. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least four bases in a linear section of the secondary structure. 13. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least five bases in a linear section of the secondary structure. 14. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least one CG pair within the first 40% of the bases of said oligonucleotide. 15. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least one CG pair within the first 50% of the bases of said oligonucleotide. 16. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide further comprises at least one CG pair that is prior to or in the nonlinear section of the secondary structure. 17. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a linear section before a secondary structure, no oligonucleotides that extend beyond the secondary structure, and at least one CG pair within the linear section or the secondary structure. 18. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide has a linear section before a secondary structure and no oligonucleotides that extend beyond the secondary structure 19. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide does not comprise a single G or T base after the nonlinear section of the secondary structure. 20. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said secondary structure comprises at least one hairpin loop. 21. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said secondary structure comprises at least two hairpin loops. 22. The oligonucleotide of claim 19 or 20, wherein said secondary structure comprises at least three nucleotide bridges in the nonlinear section of the secondary structure. 23. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a theoretical \u0394G between \u22120.1 to \u22127. 24. The oligonucleotide of claim 23, wherein said theoretical \u0394G is between \u22121 to \u22125. 25. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a theoretical \u0394Tm between 30-70 degrees Celsius. 26. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide begins at the 5\u2032 end with the bases selected from CG, CGG, CGC, CGT, CGA, GCG, CCC, CCG, GTC, TCC, TCG, ACG, CAC, CAG, GAG, AGA, GAC, GAA, AGC, or GCC. 27. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide ends at the 3\u2032 end with the bases selected from CG, GCG, GGC, CGG, GCC, CGC, CCG, ACG, TCG, GGG, TGC, CCC, GTG, or CTC. 28. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 7000 bases upstream of the coding region of the target gene. 29. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 5000 bases upstream of the coding region of the target gene. 30. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 3000 bases upstream of the coding region of the target gene. 31. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 1000 bases upstream of the coding region of the target gene. 32. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 500 bases up- or downstream of a transcription factor binding site or translocation site of target gene. 33. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 100 bases up- or downstream of a transcription factor binding site or translocation site of target gene. 34. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide does not comprise a CpG Coley motif. 35. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide does not form a triplex structure. 36. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide does not form a G-quadruplex structure. 37. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide is a single stranded DNA. 38. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide hybridizes to an Sp1 motif or transcription factor binding site. 39. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said target gene is selected from Survivin, Beclin-1, STAT3, HIF1A, IL-8, KRAS, MTTP, ApoC III, ApoB, IL-17, MMP2, FAP, P-selectin, IL-6, IL-23, AKT, CRAF, Beta-catenin, PCSK9, MEK1, MEK2, CD4, WNT1, Clusterin, NRAS, EZH2, HDAC1, PD-1, TNF\u03b1, MIF1, TTR, HBV, HAMP, ERBB2, PARP1, ITGA4, APP, FGFR1, CD68, ALK, MSI2, JAK2, CCND1, or selected from Table 2. 40. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide is selected from the group consisting of any of the sequences disclosed in Table 3. 41. The oligonucleotides of claim 1, wherein said oligonucleotide hybridizes to a hot zone of a target gene. 42. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cytosine bases in said oligonucleotide is 5-methylcytosine. 43. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cytosine bases in said CG pair is 5-methylcytosine. 44. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein all of said cytosine bases in said oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosine. 45. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide to the non-coding region modulates the target gene. 46. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide to the non-coding region of the target gene modulates expression or transcription of said target gene. 47. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide to the non-coding region of the target gene modulates a cell signaling pathway. 48. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide to the non-coding region of said target gene produces phenotypic changes in a mammal. 49. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide to the non-coding region of said target gene influences a non-gene target due to a chromosomal rearrangement. 50. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said target gene is on a chromosome of a cell, and wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide to said non-coding region reduces proliferation of said cell. 51. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein said target gene is an oncogene. 52. A composition comprising an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 53. The composition of claim 52, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome. 54. The composition of claim 53, wherein the liposome is an amphoteric liposome. 55. The composition of claim 53, wherein the liposome comprises a neutral lipid. 56. The composition of claim 53, wherein the liposome comprises a mixture of neutral lipids and lipids with amphoteric properties, wherein the mixture of lipid components comprises anionic and cationic properties and at least one such component is pH responsive. 57. The composition according to any one of claims 52-56, wherein the composition further comprises an additional therapeutic agent. 58. The composition of claim 57, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a second oligonucleotide, chemotherapeutic agent, immunotherapeutic agent, or radiotherapy. 59. The composition of claim 52, wherein said composition has two (2) therapeutic agents. 60. The composition of claim 59, wherein one therapeutic agent treats a cancer disease and the other therapeutic agent treats a non-cancer disease. 61. A method of inhibiting protein expressing in a cell with a target gene comprising introducing into said cell an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to any one of claims 52-60. 62. A method of mediating target-specific RNA in a mammalian cell in vitro, comprising contacting said mammalian cell in vitro with an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to any one of claims 52-60. 63. A method of mediating protein down regulation in a mammalian cell in vitro, comprising contacting said mammalian cell in vitro with an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to any one of claims 52-60. 64. A method of treating a patient having a disease characterized by the presence or undesired production of a protein implicated in said disease, comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to any one of claims 52-60. 65. A method of treating a patient having a disease characterized by the presence or undesired production of a protein implicated in said disease, comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutically effective amount between 1 mg/m2 and 500 mg/m2 of an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to any one of claims 52-60. 66. A method of treating a mammal having a disease characterized by the presence or undesired production of a protein implicated in disease, comprising administering to said mammal a pharmaceutically effective amount of an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to the description and the compositions in any of claims 52-60. 67. A method of treating a plant having a disease characterized by the presence or undesired production of a protein implicated in disease, comprising introducing to said plant an effective amount of an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or composition according to the description and the compositions in any of claims 52-60. 68. A method of administration of a therapeutic disclosed herein and a oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 1-51 or a composition according to any one of claim 52-60, wherein said administration is through a route selected from oral, vapor, inhalation, dermal, subdermal, subcutaneous, parental, parenterally, ear, nose, nasally, bucally, eye, otic, ophthalmically, rectal, vaginal, suppository or implant, implanted reservoir, dermal, dermal skin patch, injection, or sub-lingual. 69. A method or kit for a diagnosis and treatment of a disease comprising the steps of administering to a patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of an oligonucleotides accordingly to any one of claims 1-51 or a composition according to any one of claims 52-60, wherein the patient is characterized by the presence of, or undesired production of, a protein implicated in said disease, and the method further comprising evaluating said patient for the presence of, or undesired production of said protein. 70. An single stranded DNA oligonucleotide that hybridizes to coding or non-coding region of a target gene, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises: a length of 12-50 bases; at least 30% C and G content; and no more than seven consecutive bases of the same nucleotide. 71. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the non-coding region comprises less than 80% homology to other nucleotide sequences in a genome with a target gene. 72. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least one CG pair within the first 40% of the bases of said oligonucleotide. 73. The oligonucleotide of claim 70 further comprising a secondary structure. 74. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a theoretical \u0394G between \u22120.1 to \u22127. 75. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a theoretical \u0394Tm between 30-70 degrees Celsius. 76. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 7000 bases upstream of the coding region of the target gene. 77. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said non-coding region is located less than 500 bases up- or downstream of a transcription factor binding site or translocation site of target gene. 78. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said non-coding region is located with a CG region, nuclease hypersensitive site, or CpG island of the genome comprising the target gene. 79. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, further comprises at least one CG pair and optionally at least one of the cytosine bases in said CG pair is 5-methylcytosine. 80. The oligonucleotide of claim 70, wherein said target gene is on a chromosome of a cell, and wherein said hybridization of said oligonucleotide reduces proliferation of said cell. 81. A composition comprising an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 70-80 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 82. The composition of claim 81, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome. 83. The composition according to any one of claim 81 or 82 wherein the composition further comprises an additional therapeutic agent. 84. A method of inhibiting or silencing gene transcription in a cell with a target gene comprising introducing into said cell an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 70-80 or composition according to any one of claims 81-83. 85. A method of mediating target-specific RNA in a mammalian cell in vitro, comprising contacting said mammalian cell in vitro with an oligonucleotide according to any one of claims 70-80 or composition according to any one of claims 81-83.",
-    "A spacer for insulated glazing units having at least one polymeric main body with a wall thickness d having a first pane contact surface and a second pane contact surface running parallel thereto, one first glazing interior surface, one second glazing interior surface, one outer surface, one first hollow chamber, and one second hollow chamber. A groove for receiving a pane runs parallel to the first pane contact surface and the second pane contact surface between the first glazing interior surface and the second glazing interior surface. The first hollow chamber adjoins the first glazing interior surface and the second hollow chamber adjoins the second glazing interior surface. The lateral flanks of the groove are formed by the walls of the first hollow chamber and the second hollow chamber, and the wall thickness d\u2032 in the region of the lateral flanks is less than the wall thickness d of the polymeric main body. 1. A spacer for insulated glazing units, the spacer comprising at least one polymeric main body comprising a first pane contact surface and a second pane contact surface running parallel thereto, a first glazing interior surface, a second glazing interior surface, an outer surface, a first hollow chamber, and a second hollow chamber, wherein a groove configured for receiving a pane runs parallel to the first pane contact surface and the second pane contact surface between the first glazing interior surface and the second glazing interior surface, the first hollow chamber adjoins the first glazing interior surface and the second hollow chamber adjoins the second glazing interior surface, the lateral flanks of the groove are formed by walls of the first hollow chamber and the second hollow chamber, and a wall thickness d\u2032 in the region of the lateral flanks is less than a wall thickness d of the polymeric main body. 2. The spacer for insulated glazing units according to claim 1, wherein the lateral flanks of the groove include an insert. 3. The spacer for insulated glazing units according to claim 1, wherein for the wall thickness d\u2032 in the region of the lateral flanks d\u2032 is <0.7 d. 4. The spacer for insulated glazing units according to claim 1, wherein an insulating foil is applied on the outer surface of the polymeric main body, the insulating foil comprises at least one polymeric layer as well as at least one metallic or ceramic layer which is alternatingly arranged with the at least one polymeric layer. 5. The spacer for insulated glazing units according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric main body contains a desiccant. 6. The spacer for insulated glazing units according to claim 1, wherein the first glazing interior surface or the second glazing interior surface has at least one opening that connects the first and second hollow chambers to the interpane spaces. 7. The spacer for insulated glazing units according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric main body contains polyethylene, polycarbonates, polypropylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polynitriles, polyesters, polyurethanes, polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylates, polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, preferably acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acrylonitrile styrene acrylester, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polycarbonate, styrene acrylonitrile, PET/PC, PBT/PC, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 8. An insulated glazing unit comprising at least one first pane, one second pane, and one third pane, and one peripheral spacer surrounding the panes, the peripheral spacer being the spacer according to claim 1, wherein the first pane contacts the first pane contact surface, the second pane contacts the second pane contact surface, and the third pane is inserted into the groove of the spacer. 9. The insulated glazing unit according to claim 8, wherein a gasket is mounted between the first pane and the first pane contact surface or the second pane and the second pane contact surface. 10. The insulated glazing unit according to claim 8, wherein the first pane, the second pane, or the third pane contain glass or polymers or a combination of glass and polymers. 11. The insulated glazing unit according to claim 8, wherein the third pane of the insulated glazing unit is not prestressed. 12. A method for producing the insulated glazing unit according to claim 8, wherein at least the third pane is inserted into the groove of the spacer, the first pane is abutted against the first pane contact surface of the spacer, the second pane is abutted against the second pane contact surface of the spacer, and the pane arrangement of the panes and the spacer is pressed together. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein, first, the spacer is preformed into a rectangle open on one side, the third pane is pushed into the groove of the spacer, and the remaining edge of the pane is closed with a spacer. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the interpane spaces between the first pane and the third pane as well as between the second pane and the third pane are filled with a protective gas. 15. A method of using the spacer according to claim 1 in multipane glazing units. 16. The spacer according to claim 2, wherein the insert comprises an elastomer. 17. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the elastomer comprises ethylene propylene diene rubber. 18. The spacer according to claim 3, wherein d\u2032 is <0.5 d. 19. The spacer according to claim 4, wherein the at least one metallic or ceramic layer comprises at least two metallic or ceramic layers. 20. The spacer according to claim 5, wherein the desiccant is silica gels, molecular sieves, CaCl2, Na2SO4, activated carbon, silicates, bentonites, zeolites, or mixtures thereof. 21. The spacer according to claim 6, wherein the at least one opening is a plurality of openings. 22. The insulated glazing unit according to claim 9, wherein the gasket comprises a polymer. 23. The insulated glazing unit according to claim 22, wherein the polymer is a silane-modified polymer. 24. The insulated glazing unit according to claim 9, wherein the gasket comprises organic polysulfides, silicones, room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, high temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, peroxide vulcanizing silicone rubber, addition vulcanizing silicone rubber, polyurethanes, butyl rubber, polyacrylates, or a combination thereof. 25. The insulated glass unit according to claim 10, wherein the glass or polymers or a combination of glass and polymers comprises quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass, polymethyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof. 26. The method of claim 15, wherein the multipane glazing units are insulated glazing units. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the insulated glazing units are triple insulated glazing units.",
-    "A multilayer sheet includes a first resin layer, a second resin layer, a particle-containing layer disposed at least between the first and second resin layers and including plural particles and gaps formed between the particles, and an intermediate layer disposed at least one selected from between the first resin layer and the particle-containing layer or between the second resin layer and the particle-containing layer, including a copolymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 300,000 or more and a molecular weight distribution, expressed as a ratio of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to a number average molecular weight (Mn), of 6.0 or less and a structural moiety derived from a crosslinking agent adapted to crosslink the copolymer, and having a crosslinking density of from more than 0 mol/m3 to 450 mol/m3. 1. A multilayer sheet, comprising: a first resin layer; a second resin layer; a particle-containing layer disposed at least between the first resin layer and the second resin layer, the particle-containing layer comprising a plurality of particles and gaps formed between the particles; and an intermediate layer disposed at at least one selected from (i) between the first resin layer and the particle-containing layer or (ii) between the second resin layer and the particle-containing layer, the intermediate layer comprising a copolymer having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 300,000 or more and having a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn), expressed as a ratio of a weight average molecular weight (Mw) to a number average molecular weight (Mn), of 6.0 or less, and a structural moiety derived from a crosslinking agent adapted to crosslink the copolymer, and the intermediate layer having a crosslinking density of from more than 0 mol/m3 to 450 mol/m3. 2. The multilayer sheet according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer is a (meth)acrylic copolymer comprising: a structural unit A derived from a (meth)acrylate; and a structural unit B derived from a monomer having at least one functional group selected from a hydroxy group, a carboxy group, a phosphate group, a cyano group, an epoxy group, or an amino group. 3. The multilayer sheet according to claim 1, wherein each of the first resin layer and the second resin layer independently comprises at least one selected from a carbonate resin, a (meth)acrylic resin, an ester resin, a styrene resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a fluorine resin, an olefin resin, a cellulose acetate resin, a silicone resin, an amide resin, an epoxy resin, an acrylonitrile resin, a urethane resin, an imide resin, or a polyether sulfone. 4. The multilayer sheet according to claim 1, wherein the particles have an average particle diameter of from 5 nm to 300 nm. 5. The multilayer sheet according to claim 1, wherein the particles are hollow particles. 6. The multilayer sheet according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer has a storage modulus of from 60,000 Pa to 280,000 Pa. 7. The multilayer sheet according to claim 2, wherein a content of the structural unit A in the (meth)acrylic copolymer is from 50% by mole to 99% by mole with respect to a total mole number of monomer-derived structural units in the (meth)acrylic copolymer. 8. The multilayer sheet according to claim 2, wherein a content of the structural unit B in the (meth)acrylic copolymer is from 1% by mole to 50% by mole with respect to a total mole number of monomer-derived structural units in the (meth)acrylic copolymer. 9. The multilayer sheet according to claim 1, wherein at least one layer selected from the first resin layer or the second resin layer is a prism layer or a lens layer.",
-    "A switching valve for an internal combustion engine, which has an adjustable compression ratio, namely to control a hydraulic oil flow particularly for an eccentric adjustment mechanism, having a control piston, which can be shifted by a switching mechanism similar to a ballpoint pen mechanism, wherein the control piston controls the hydraulic oil flow dependent on the switch position thereof, wherein the switching mechanism comprises at least one actuation element and a detent element, and wherein at least the control piston, the actuation element and the detent element are nested in each other so that they are implemented in a concentrically overlapping manner, at least in sections, when viewed in the shifting direction of the control piston. 1. A switching valve for an internal combustion engine having an adjustable compression ratio, the switching valve is configured to control a hydraulic oil flow an eccentric adjustment mechanism, the switching valve comprising: a control piston configured to be shifted by a switching mechanism wherein the control piston controls the hydraulic oil flow dependent on a switch position thereof, and wherein the switching mechanism includes at least one actuation element and a detent element, wherein at least the control piston, the actuation element and the detent element are nested in each other so that they are implemented in a concentrically overlapping manner, at least in sections, when viewed in a shifting direction of the control piston. 2. The switching valve of claim 1, wherein the control piston concentrically surrounds the actuation element and the detent element, at least in sections, on a radially outer side. 3. The switching valve of claim 2, wherein the actuation element concentrically surrounds the detent element, at least in sections, on the radially outer side. 4. The switching valve of claim 1, wherein the switching mechanism further includes a spring element serving as a restoring element, which concentrically surrounds the actuation element and the detent element, at least in sections, on the radially outer side. 5. The switching valve of claim 4, wherein the spring element extends into a circumferential groove of the control piston and is supported at the control piston. 6. The switching valve of claim 5, wherein the spring element concentrically surrounds a radially inner delimiting wall of the groove, at least in sections, on the radially outer side and that a radially outer delimiting wall of the groove concentrically surrounds the spring element, at least in sections, on a radially outer side. 7. The switching valve of claim 1, wherein the switching mechanism further includes a turning element positioned ahead of or behind the actuation element, when seen in the shifting direction of the control piston. 8. The switching valve of claim 7, wherein the control piston concentrically surrounds the turning element on a radially outer side. 9. The switching valve of claim 7, wherein the turning element concentrically surrounds the detent element, at least in sections, on the radially outer side. 10. The switching valve of claim 7, wherein the actuation element presses against the turning element or that the turning element presses against the actuation element. 11. The switching valve of claim 7, wherein the turning element is configured to be shifted translationally by the actuation element, wherein, when at least one protrusion of the turning element has been moved out of a groove of the detent element, the turning element can be turned with respect to the detent element. 12. The switching valve of claim 7, wherein the control piston connects first ports and separates second ports, when in a first switch position, and that the control piston separates the first ports and connects the second ports, when in a second switch position, such that, in the first switch position, a fluid line coupled with one of the first ports and leading to a first hydraulic chamber of the eccentric adjustment mechanism is coupled with a fluid line for emptying the first hydraulic chamber, which fluid line is coupled with the other of the first ports, and that, in the second switch position, a fluid line coupled with one of the second ports and leading to a second hydraulic chamber of the eccentric adjustment mechanism is coupled with a fluid line for emptying the second hydraulic chamber, which fluid line is coupled with the other of the second ports, wherein one of the other of the first ports and the other of the second ports via which the respective hydraulic chamber can be emptied is provided by a pressure chamber in which, for the actuation of the actuation element, a pressure pulse can be built so that the respective hydraulic chamber is emptied into the pressure chamber that serves to actuate the actuation element. the other of the first ports and the other of the second ports 13. The switching valve of claim 12, wherein both the other of the first ports and the other of the second ports via which the hydraulic chambers can be emptied, are connected with the pressure chamber that serves to actuate the actuation element, so that each of the two hydraulic chambers is respectively emptied against the oil pressure prevailing in the pressure chamber. 14. A method for a switching valve of an internal combustion engine, preferably a switching valve, the internal combustion engine has an adjustable compression ratio, the switching valve configured to control a hydraulic oil flow for an eccentric adjustment mechanism, wherein the switching valve includes a control piston configured to be shifted by a switching mechanism, wherein the hydraulic oil flow is controlled in dependence on a switch position of the control piston, and the switching mechanism includes an actuation element and a detent element, the method comprising at least the following steps: determining the switch position of the switching valve via the control piston, the control piston connects first ports and separates second ports, when in a first switch position, and the control piston separates the first ports and connects the second ports, when in a second switch position, such that, in the first switch position, a fluid line coupled with one of the first ports and leading to a first hydraulic chamber of the eccentric adjustment mechanism is coupled with a fluid line for emptying the first hydraulic chamber, which fluid line is coupled with the other of the first ports, and that, in the second switch position, a fluid line coupled with one of the second ports and leading to a second hydraulic chamber of the eccentric adjustment mechanism is coupled with a fluid line for emptying the second hydraulic chamber, which fluid line is coupled with the other of the second ports, wherein both of the other of the first ports and the other of the second ports via which the respective hydraulic chamber is emptied is provided by a pressure chamber; switching the switching valve between the first switch position and the second switch position by actuating the actuation element by building up an actuation pulse in the pressure chamber; and emptying the respective hydraulic chamber into the pressure chamber that serves to actuate the actuation element. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein both the other of the first ports and the other of the second ports, via which the hydraulic chambers are emptied, are connected with the pressure chamber that serves to actuate the actuation element, so that each of the two hydraulic chambers is respectively emptied against the oil pressure prevailing in the pressure chamber. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein, as the switching valve is transitioned from the first switch position into the second switch position by actuation of the actuation element, the actuation element is pressed against a turning element or the turning element is pressed against the actuation element, wherein the switching mechanism includes the turning element, wherein, as seen in a shifting direction of the control piston, the turning element is positioned ahead of or behind the actuation element, so that the turning element is shifted translationally via the actuation element, wherein the turning element is turned relative to the detent element when at least one projection of the turning element is moved out of a groove of the detent element. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the actuation element is shifted by the control piston upon a movement of the control piston in dependence on an oil pressure. 18. An internal combustion engine having an adjustable compression ratio, the internal combustion engine comprising: at least one cylinder; and a crankshaft which is engaged by at least one connecting rod, wherein the at least one connecting rod has a crank pin bearing eye that connects the at least one connecting rod with the crankshaft, a piston pin bearing eye that connects the at least one connecting rod with a piston of a cylinder and an eccentric adjustment mechanism that adjusts an effective connecting rod length of the respective at least one connecting rods, wherein the eccentric adjustment mechanism of the respective at least one connecting rods, includes eccentric rods which are subjected to a hydraulic pressure prevailing in hydraulic chambers cooperating with the eccentric rods, and wherein the hydraulic pressure prevailing in the hydraulic chambers of the respective connecting rod is configured to be adjusted via a switching valve of the respective connecting rod, wherein the switching valve of the respective connecting rod is designed as defined in claim 1.",
-    "This server for distributing messages quickly detects a performance decline in a downstream server by using a method for keeping, for each distribution-destination server, a threshold such as a connection number and a time interval separate from a response timeout, and determining that performance has declined when the threshold is exceeded. In addition, the present invention improves system availability by identifying a server group in which performance has declined on the basis of a correlation pertaining to inter-server cooperative processing, when a distribution server exhibits a decline in performance, and by the distribution server distributing a message to a server not exhibiting a decline in performance. 1. A message system comprising: a message server that receives a message from a message transmitting apparatus and delivers the message to a message receiving apparatus; and data store servers in that each data sore servers stores one or both of the message and relevant information related to the message, wherein the message server includes: a function of managing a status of the each data store server; a function of detecting a decline in performance of the data store server before a response timeout with the data store server occurs; a function of setting a data store server, except for the data store server determined as the decline in the performance, as a storage destination; a function of generating one or both of control information related to storage of the message and the relevant information; and a function of transmitting, to the data store server, one or both of the message and the relevant information and the control information, and wherein the data store server includes: a function of multiply-holding the same data between the plurality of data store servers; a function of performing cooperative processing between the data store servers in order for the multiply holding; and a function of holding one or both of the transmitted message and the transmitted relevant information. 2. The message system according to claim 1, wherein the message server includes a function of acquiring one or both of correlation information of cooperative processing between the data store servers and consultation information based on information exchanged between the data store servers, and wherein the message server has a function of changing a storage destination based on the data store server determined as the decline in the performance and one or both of the correlation information and the consultation information. 3. The message system according to claim 2, wherein the message server includes: a function of determining groups of mutually independent data store servers; and a function of, when the data store server determined as the decline in the performance is detected, setting a data store server belonging to a group separate from the data store server as a storage destination. 4. The message system according to claim 2, wherein the message server includes a function of managing multiplicity of data, and wherein the message server includes a function of changing processing of the message server according to the multiplicity of data. 5. The message system according to claim 2, wherein the message server includes a function of changing a resource limit when the data store server determined as the decline in the performance is detected. 6. The message system according to claim 2, wherein the message server includes a function of operating and managing queues of the data store servers as one queue in an entire system, wherein the message server includes a function of managing one queue of the entire system and the queues of the plurality of data store servers in association with one another, and wherein the message server includes a function of, when a message is stored in one queue of the entire system, searching and selecting a queue of a data store server corresponding thereto. 7. The message system according to claim 1, wherein the message server includes a function of determining an elapsed time from a transmission of a request to the data store server, and detecting a decline in performance of the data store server by exceeding a threshold value. 8. The message system according to claim 1, wherein the message server includes a function of detecting the decline in the performance of the data store server by exceeding a threshold value of the number of simultaneously executed processes or the number of connections so as to transmit a request to the data store server. 9. The message system according to claim 1, wherein the message server includes a function of detecting the decline in the performance of the data store server by exceeding a threshold value of the number of messages waiting for a transmission of a request to the data store server. 10. The message system according to claim 3, wherein the message server includes a function of determining a group of a data store server that is in a service stop, based on one or both of the correlation information and the consultation information, and switching to a group that is not in the service stop. 11. The message system according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of data store servers, which belong to different groups, are arranged in the same apparatus, and wherein an order of setting a queue held within the group as a master is set differently from other groups.",
-    "There is provided an inorganic fine particle composite body (M) in which a composite resin (A), in which a polysiloxane segment (a1) having a specific structure and a vinyl-based polymer segment (a2) are bonded to each other, and inorganic fine particles (m) are bonded to each other at the polysiloxane segment (a1) through a siloxane bond. There are provided a composition and a hard coat material, containing the inorganic fine particle composite body (M). In addition, there is provided a cured product obtained by curing the composition containing the inorganic fine particle composite body (M) and a laminate containing the cured product. 1. An inorganic fine particle composite body (M), wherein a composite resin (A), in which a polysiloxane segment (a1) having a structural unit represented by General Formula (1) and/or General Formula (2) and a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group and a vinyl-based polymer segment (a2) are bonded to each other by a bond represented by General Formula (4), and inorganic fine particles (m) are bonded to each other at the polysiloxane segment (a1) through a siloxane bond: wherein, in General Formulas (1) and (2), each of R1, R2, and R3 independently represents \u2014R4\u2014CH\u2550CH2, \u2014R4\u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2, \u2014R4\u2014O\u2014CO\u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2, \u2014R4\u2014O\u2014CO\u2014CH\u2550CH2, a group having a polymerizable double bond selected from the group consisting of groups represented by the following Formula (3) (wherein R4 represents a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms), an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, or an epoxy group; wherein, in General Formula (3), n is an integer of 1 to 5, and Structure Q represents any one of \u2014CH\u2550CH2 and \u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2; and wherein, in General Formula (4), the carbon atom constitutes a part of the vinyl-based polymer segment (a2), and the silicon atom bonded only to the oxygen atom constitutes a part of the polysiloxane segment (a1). 2. The inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 1, wherein the composite resin (A) has a group having a polymerizable double bond. 3. The inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 1, wherein the composite resin (A) has an epoxy group. 4. The inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic fine particles (m) are silica. 5. A method for producing an inorganic fine particle composite body (M), comprising: Step 1 of synthesizing a vinyl-based polymer segment (a2) having a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group which is directly bonded to a carbon atom; Step 2 of mixing a silane compound containing a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group and inorganic fine particles (m); and Step 3 of condensing the silane compound containing a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group. 6. An inorganic fine particle composite body (M), which is obtained by the production method according to claim 5. 7. A composition comprising: the inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 1. 8. A hard coat material comprising: the composition according to claim 7. 9. A heat resistant material comprising: the composition according to claim 7. 10. A cured product, which is obtained by curing the composition according to claim 7. 11. A laminate comprising: the cured product according to claim 10. 12. A composition comprising: the inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 2. 13. A composition comprising: the inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 3. 14. A composition comprising: the inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 4. 15. A composition comprising: the inorganic fine particle composite body (M) according to claim 6. 16. A hard coat material comprising: the composition according to claim 12. 17. A hard coat material comprising: the composition according to claim 3. 18. A heat resistant material comprising: the composition according to claim 12. 19. A cured product, which is obtained by curing the composition according to claim 12. 20. A laminate comprising: the cured product according to claim 19.",
-    "Disclosed is a mobile device for executing a radio application (RA) along with a radio interface. The mobile device for executing a radio application includes: a communication service layer (CSL) operated in an application processor or a radio processor for providing at least one of an application administration service, an access control service and a dataflow service; a radio control framework (RCF) operated in the application processor or the radio processor for providing the operational environment of the radio application in linking with the communication service layer; and a multi radio interface (MURI) for enabling the communication service layer to interact with the radio control framework. 1. A terminal apparatus which executes a radio application (RA) and includes an application processor (AP) and a radio processor (RP), the terminal apparatus comprising: a communication service layer (CSL) operating on the AP or the RP, and providing at least one of an administrative service, an access control service, and a data flow service for the RA; a radio control framework (RCF) operating on both of the AP and the RP or on the RP, and providing operation environments for the RA by interworking with the CSL; and a multi radio interface (MURI) for interworking of the CSL and the RCF. 2. The terminal apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the MURI is provided as a multi radio subsystem. 3. The terminal apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the CSL comprises at least one of: an administrator performing at least one of installation/uninstallation of the RA, creating/deleting an instance of the RA, and a request of list information and status information of RAs; a mobility policy manager (MPM) monitoring capabilities and radio environments of the terminal apparatus, and selecting at least one of two or more radio access technologies (RATs); a networking stack sending and receiving user data; and a monitor transmitting context information. 4. The terminal apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the RCF comprises at least one of: a configuration manager (CM) performing installation/uninstallation of the RA, creating/deleting an instance of the RA, and access management of radio parameters for the RA; a radio connection manager (RCM) performing activation/deactivation of the RA and management of user data flow switching between RAs; a flow controller (FC) controlling sending/receiving and a flow of user data packets; a multi-radio controller (MRC) scheduling requests for spectrum resources issued by the RA; and a resource manager (RM) managing radio resources to share them among RAs. 5. The terminal apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the MURI comprises at least one of: an administrative service performing management of the RA, an access control service controlling activation/deactivation of the RA; and a data flow service providing a function of transferring user data of the terminal apparatus or user data received at the terminal apparatus. 6. The terminal apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the administrative service transfers a request of installation or uninstallation of the RA from the CSL to the RCF, transfers confirmation for the request of installation or uninstallation from the RCF to the CSL, and controls the RCF to install or uninstall the RA based on the request of installation or uninstallation. 7. The terminal apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the administrative service transfers at least one of a request of creating or deleting an instance of the RA, a request of parameter configuration, and a request of list information of RAs from the CSL to the RCF, and transfers at least one of confirmation for the request of creating or deleting an instance of the RA, confirmation of the request of parameter configuration, retrieved list information, and information indicating a failure for the at least one request from the RCF to the CSL. 8. The terminal apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the access control service transfers a request of activation or deactivation of the RA from the CSL to the RCF, transfers confirmation for the request of activation or deactivation from the RCF to the CSL, and controls the RCF to activate or deactivate the RA based on the request of activation or deactivation. 9. The terminal apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the access control service transfers at least one of a request of list information of RAs, a request of measurements for radio environments, a request of measurements for the terminal apparatus capabilities, a request of creating a data flow, and a request of network and logical radio link association from the CSL to the RCF, and transfers at least one of retrieved list information, information on the radio environments, information on the terminal apparatus capabilities, confirmation for the request of creating a data flow, confirmation for the network and logical radio link association, and information indicating a failure of the at least one request from the RCF to the CSL. 10. The terminal apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the data flow service transfers the user data of the terminal apparatus from the CSL to the RCF, or transfers the user data received at the terminal apparatus from the RCF to the CSL. 11. The terminal apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the data flow service transfers information indicating a failure of the user data transfer from the RCF to the CSL. 12. The terminal apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the RA comprises: standard function blocks (SFBs) which call function blocks implemented using dedicated hardware logics included in the RP or which operate on a core of the RP; user-defined function blocks (UDFBs) which are not provided as the SFBs or which are customized from functions provided by the SFBs; and a radio controller code performing a function of transmitting context information to a monitor of the CSL or a function of exchanging data with a networking stack of the CSL. 13. The terminal apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the RA is distributed in a form of a radio application package (RAP) comprising at least one of: the SFBs; the UDFBs; the radio controller code; and a pipeline configuration meta data defining relations among the SFBs, the UDFBs, and the radio controller code. 14. The terminal apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the RAP further comprises a radio library including the SFBs. 15. A method of executing a radio application (RA), performed in a terminal apparatus including an application processor (AP) and a radio processor (RP), the method comprising: providing at least one of an administrative service, an access control service, and a data flow service for the RA in a communication service layer operating on the AP or the RP; providing operation environments for the RA by interworking with the CSL in a radio control framework (RCF) operating on both of the AP and the RP or on the RP; and providing a multi radio interface (MURI) for interworking of the CSL and the RCF. 16. A multi radio subsystem providing a multi radio interface (MURI) operating in a terminal apparatus executing a radio application (RA), wherein the MURI provides functions for interworking of a communication service layer (CSL) operating on an application processor (AP) or a radio processor (RP) and a radio control framework (RCF) operating on the AP or the RP, wherein the CSL provides at least one of an administrative service, an access control service, and a data flow service of the RA for the RA, and wherein the RCF provides operating environments for the RA by interworking with the CSL. 17. The multi radio subsystem according to claim 16, wherein the multi radio subsystem provides at least one of: an administrative service performing management of the RA, an access control service controlling activation/deactivation of the RA; and a data flow service providing a function of transferring user data of the terminal apparatus or user data received at the terminal apparatus. 18. The multi radio subsystem according to claim 17, wherein the administrative service transfers at least one of a request of installation or uninstallation of the RA, a request of creating or deleting an instance of the RA, a request of list information of RAs, and a request of status information of RAs from an administrator of the CSL to the RCF. 19. The multi radio subsystem according to claim 18, wherein the administrative service controls a configuration manager of the RCF to perform installation or uninstallation of the RA and creation or deletion of an instance of the RA based on the request, and transfers confirmation for the installation, uninstallation, creation, or deletion from the configuration manager to the administrator. 20. The multi radio subsystem according to claim 17, wherein the access control service transfers at least one of a request of list information of RAs, a request of measurements for radio environments, a request of measurements for the terminal apparatus capabilities, a request of creating a data flow, and a request of network and logical radio link association from the CSL to the RCF such that a mobility policy manager (MPM) of the CSL monitors capabilities and radio environments of the terminal apparatus and selects at least one of one or more radio access technologies (RATs).",
-    "A polymeric material, in particular a polymeric material manufactured by polymerisation or polyaddition, for example polyolefins or polyurethanes, in particular polyethylene, with an antimicrobial surface. The polymeric material contains a maximum of 0.1% by weight of fatty acid ester, a maximum of 0.1% by weight of superacid counter-ions and between 2.5% by weight and a maximum of 10% by weight, preferably a maximum of 5% by weight, of at least one compound (1) which brings about the antimicrobial action. This compound (1) consists of at least one antimicrobially effective hydrophilic molecular group (2) and at least one molecular group (4) which causes physical anchoring of the compound (1) in the polymeric material (3). 1-13. (canceled) 14. Plastic material, made in particular by polymerization or polyaddition plastics, for example, polyolefins or polyurethanes, in particular polyethylene, marked with an antimicrobial surface, characterized in that the plastic material more than 0.1 weight-% fatty acid ester, a maximum of 0.1 weight-% superacid counterion and between 2.5 weight -% and at most 10 weight-%, preferably at most 5 weight-%, at least one of the antimicrobial effect of causing the compound (1), consisting of at least one antimicrobially active hydrophilic molecular group (2) and at least one of a physical anchorage of the compound (1) in the plastic material (3) effecting molecular group (4). 15. Plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that the compound (1) is selected at least one compound from the substance group of quaternary ammonium compounds with non-functional and/or non-reactive terminal groups with antimicrobial activity. 16. plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that has been selected as a compound having antimicrobial activity, at least one compound from the substance group of compounds with at least one anti-adhesive active molecule group, preferably from the group of substances of perfluorocarbons or silicones 17. Plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one anti-adhesive effective additively covalently to a compound (1) is attached from the substance group of quaternary ammonium compounds. 18. The plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one of the anchoring of the compound (1) with antimicrobial activity effecting molecular groups (4) a high affinity to the base material (3) of the plastic material. 19. Plastic material according to claim 18, characterized in that the compound (1) with antimicrobial activity comprising at least a preferably unbranched, long-chain hydrocarbon radical (4). 20. plastic material according to claim 15, characterized in that the compound (1) with antimicrobial activity, a quaternary ammonium compound having at least two, preferably three hydrocarbon groups (4). 21. Plastic material according to claim 19, characterized in that the elongated molecular chain or long-chain hydrocarbon group (4) is or contains at least one C17-alkyl. 22. Plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that the antimicrobially effective molecular group (2) or the anti-adhesive active molecule group of the compound (1) with anti-microbial or anti-adhesive effect protrudes over the surface of the plastic material (3) and at least one other molecular group (4) of the compound (1) in the base material (3) of the plastic material is anchored. 23. Plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one compound having antimicrobial activity is a bifunctional, bridged quaternary ammonium compound (1a), having two quaternary ammonium groups, (2), which by a common substituent (4a) are bridged. 24. Plastic material according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one compound with antimicrobial activity is a quaternary ammonium compound, which additionally comprises an anti-adhesive active molecule group bridging with the quaternary ammonium compound through a common substituents is. 25. Plastic material according to claim 23, characterized in that the substituent (4a) has at least a long chain molecule (8) of the base material (3) of the plastic material surrounds and is anchored so that the plastic material (3), wherein at least one, preferably both quaternary ammonium compounds (2) or both of the quaternary ammonium compound and the anti-adhesive active molecule group on the surface of the plastic material (3) protrude. 26. A process for the manufacture of a plastic material, in particular by polymerization or polyaddition, for example a polyolefin or polyurethane, in particular polyethylene, with antimicrobial surface, characterized in that a plastic melt of a base material is a mixture as in claim 14 admixed, that is, a mixture with a maximum of 0.1 weight-% fatty acid ester, a maximum of 0.1 weight-% superacid counterions and between 2.5 weight-% and at most 10 weight-%, preferably at most 5 weight-%, based on the weight of the plastic melt, at least one antimicrobial and/or anti-adhesive effect inducing compound which compound is composed of at least one anti-microbial or anti-adhesively active molecule group and at least one physical anchoring of the compound in the plastic material causing molecular group, and then the mixture of molten plastic and the mixture compounded and compounded mixture is then extruded.",
-    "A roll for a machine for producing and/or processing a fibrous web, such as a paper, board or tissue web, has a circular-cylindrical main roll body. A roll cover covers the circumferential surface of the main roll body, at least in some segments. A pressure- and/or temperature-sensitive sensor is embedded in the roll cover. The sensor connects to an electrical and/or optical signal line. The signal line has a first line segment inside the roll. A second line segment extends substantially outside the roll and is connectable to a signal excitation and/or signal processing unit at one end. An electrical and/or optical rotational connection connects the first and second line segments to allow the line segments to be rotated relative to one another. When the roll is rotated, the first line segment rotates together with the main roll body. The second line segment does not have to follow the rotation. 1-17. (canceled) 18. A roll for a machine for producing and/or processing a fibrous web, the roll comprising: a circular-cylindrical main roll body having a circumferential surface, a longitudinal axis and two axial ends; bearing journals arranged at said two axial ends of said main roll body for rotatably supporting said roll body about said longitudinal axis on a frame of the machine; a roll cover covering said circumferential surface of said main roll body at least in some segments thereof; at least one sensor selected from the group consisting of pressure sensors and temperature sensors; an electrical and/or optical signal line for signal exchange with a signal excitation and/or signal processing unit, said signal line including a first line segment extending substantially in an interior of said roll and having an end connected to said at least one sensor, a second line segment extending substantially outside said roll and having an end connectable to the signal excitation and/or signal processing unit; and an electrical and/or optical rotational connection for connecting said first and second line segments to one another and to allow said first and second line segments to rotate relative to one another so that, when the roll is rotated about said longitudinal axis, said first line segment rotates together with said main roll body, whereas said second line segment does not have to follow the rotational movement. 19. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said second line segment is detachably or non-detachably connected to said rotational connection. 20. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said rotational connection comprises a first connecting piece and a second connecting piece, said first and second connection pieces are mounted for rotation relative to one another about an axis of rotation, wherein said first line segment is connected or connectable to said first connecting piece at an end opposite said sensor, and said second line segment is connected or connectable to said second connecting piece at an end thereof opposite the end that is connected or connectable to the excitation and/or signal processing unit. 21. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said rotational connection is arranged on a free front end of bearing journal. 22. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said rotational connection is arranged on the roll such that an axis of rotation of said first and second connecting pieces coincides with the axis of rotation of the roll. 23. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said at least one sensor is a piezoelectric sensor and said signal line is an electrical line, and wherein said rotational connection is an electric rotary connector. 24. The roll according to claim 23, wherein said electric rotary connector is a slip-ring transmitter. 25. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said at least one sensor is an optical sensor, said signal line is an optical fiber, and said rotational connection is an optical rotary connector. 26. The roll according to claim 25, wherein said at least one sensor is a fiber Bragg sensor and said optical rotary connector is a fiber-optic rotary connector. 27. The roll according to claim 25, wherein said first line segment is connected at one end to at least one sensor segment which includes a plurality of fiber-optic sensors arranged one after another in series. 28. The roll according to claim 27, wherein said at least one sensor segment is one of a plurality of sensor segments. 29. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said first line segment of said signal line extends substantially in said roll cover and/or in an interior of said circular-cylindrical main roll body. 30. The roll according to claim 18, wherein said roll has a diameter of less than 850 mm. 31. The roll according to claim 30, wherein said roll has a diameter in a range from 100 mm to 800 mm. 32. A machine for producing and/or processing a fibrous web, the machine comprising: a roll according to claim 18 mounted for rotation about the longitudinal axis thereof; a signal excitation and/or signal processing unit connected to said roll via said signal line, wherein said signal excitation and/or signal processing unit is not arranged on said roll and does not rotate with said roll during a rotation of said roll about the longitudinal axis thereof. 33. The machine according to claim 32, wherein said signal excitation and/or signal processing unit is a mobile signal generating and/or signal processing unit that is detachably connectable to said second line segment. 34. The machine according to claim 32, wherein said signal excitation unit comprises a light source and/or said signal processing unit comprises a light receiver. 35. The machine according to claim 34, wherein said signal excitation unit comprises a spectrometer with polychromator and/or a data computer. 36. The machine according to claim 32, wherein said roll is disposed to form a nip together with an opposing roll, and wherein a pressure and/or a temperature is measured in the nip. 37. A method for measuring a pressure and/or a temperature, the method comprising: providing a roll according to claim 18; connecting a mobile signal excitation and/or signal processing unit to the second line segment and carrying out a measurement with the mobile signal excitation and/or signal processing unit connected to the second line segment; and after the measurement has been carried out, separating the mobile signal excitation and/or signal processing unit from the second line segment.",
-    "Provided are composite materials that possesses an excellent flexural modulus and impact resistance, while being lightweight, and which composite material has excellent impact resistance particularly at low temperatures. 1. A composite material comprising a composite material comprising a matrix resin, and glass fibers and glass bubbles dispersed in the matrix resin; at least 70% of the glass fibers having a fiber length of 1.0 mm or greater, and a median diameter of the glass bubbles being at least 10 \u03bcm and not more than 40 \u03bcm. 2. The composite material according to claim 1, having a content of the glass bubbles CB and a content of the glass fibers CF, wherein a mass ratio CB/CF of is at least 0.1 and not more than 10. 3. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a content of the glass fibers is at least 1% by mass and not more than 40% by mass based on a total quantity of the composite material. 4. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a content of the glass bubbles is at least 1% by mass and not more than 30% by mass based on a total quantity of the composite material. 5. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a 90%-volume residual compressive strength of the glass bubbles is at least 50 MPa. 6. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a true density of the glass bubbles is at least 0.3 g/cm3, and less than 0.9 g/cm3. 7. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the composite material is obtained by melt-kneading resin pellets, in which fiber bundles of glass fibers are impregnated with a base resin, and a resin material containing glass bubbles. 8. The composite material according to claim 7, wherein a melt-kneaded product of the resin pellets and the resin material is obtained by extrusion molding. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled)",
-    "An object of the present invention is to provide a curable epoxy resin composition, which is cured to provide a cured product having a high glass-transition temperature and particularly having excellent balance between heat resistance and transparency. The present invention relates to a curable epoxy resin composition comprising an alicyclic epoxy compound (A) represented by the following formula (1) and a curing agent (B). The curable epoxy resin composition further preferably comprises a curing accelerator (C). wherein R1 to R22, which may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group. 1. A curable epoxy resin composition comprising an alicyclic epoxy compound (A) represented by the following formula (1): wherein R1 to R22, which may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and a curing agent (B). 2. The curable epoxy resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising a curing accelerator (C). 3. A cured product obtained by curing the curable epoxy resin composition according to claim 1. 4. A cured product obtained by curing the curable epoxy resin composition according to claim 2.",
-    "This invention relates to methods for preparation of chemical compound 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-[(4a8,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, which comprise addition of heterocyclic amine containing protecting group, to ethyl-3-oxo-3-(2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoate, followed by interaction with triethyl orthoformate, addition of cyclic amine, subsequent cyclization and formation of target product. The method for preparation claimed is technologically simple in comparison with analogue and requires no special complex technical operations, which in its turn simplifies method for preparation of this chemical compound, and reduces cost of the final product, while the commercial production utilizing the mehod claimed has low degree of environmental threat. 1. A method for preparation of a compound of formula (6) comprising the steps of: a) introducing tert-butyloctahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4b]pyridine-1-carboxylate into the compound of formula (1) to form a compound of formula (2) b) interacting the compound of formula (2) with triethyl orthoformate in acetic anhydride to form a compound of formula (3) c) adding cyclic amine to the compound of formula (3) to form a compound of formula (4) d) cyclizing of the compound of formula (4) in alkaline conditions to form the compound of formula (5) and e) cleaving Boc protecting groups from the compound of formula (5) to form a final compound of formula (6) 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step a) is conducted in the presence of a base. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step b) is conducted in acetic anhydride at 130\u00b0 C. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step c) is conducted at room temperature. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step d) is conducted in the presence of 3N potassium hydroxide at 50\u00b0 C.",
-    "Disclosed are a NFC antenna module which maximizes antenna performance by mounting a radiation sheet in such a manner as to partially overlap with an antenna sheet and a portable terminal comprising the same. The disclosed NFC antenna module comprises: an electromagnetic wave shielding sheet; an antenna sheet laminated on the electromagnetic wave shielding sheet and having a radiation pattern formed along the outer periphery of a central portion thereof; and a radiation sheet laminated on the antenna sheet so as to form an overlapping area with the radiation pattern and having a recess formed therein, through which the central portion is exposed. 1. A Near-Field Communication (NFC) antenna module, comprising: an electromagnetic shielding sheet; an antenna sheet in which a radiation pattern is formed along a peripheral surface of a central part, the antenna sheet being stacked on the electromagnetic shielding sheet; and a radiation sheet stacked on the antenna sheet to form an area that overlaps the radiation pattern, the radiation sheet having a depression formed to expose the central part. 2. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, wherein the radiation sheet forms an area that overlaps a left pattern, a right pattern, and a lower pattern of the radiation pattern. 3. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, wherein the radiation sheet comprises: a first protrusion formed on a left side of the depression and configured to form an area that overlaps a left pattern of the radiation pattern; a second protrusion formed on a right side of the depression and configured to form an area that overlaps a right pattern of the radiation pattern; and a base element formed under the depression and configured to form an area that overlaps a lower pattern of the radiation pattern. 4. The NFC antenna module of claim 3, wherein the base element is configured such that one or more slots for exposing part of the lower pattern are formed in the area that overlaps the lower pattern. 5. The NFC antenna module of claim 3, wherein the radiation sheet comprises: a first radiation sheet comprising the first protrusion and part of the base element, and forming an area that overlaps the left pattern and the lower pattern of the radiation pattern; and a second radiation sheet comprising the second protrusion and remaining part of the base element, and forming an area that overlaps the right pattern and the lower pattern of the radiation pattern. 6. The NFC antenna module of claim 5, wherein the first radiation sheet and the second radiation sheet are spaced apart from each other by a separation space in the area that overlaps the lower pattern, and the lower pattern of the radiation pattern is exposed to outside through the separation space. 7. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, wherein the radiation sheet comprises: a first protrusion formed on a left side of the depression and configured to form an area that overlaps a left pattern of the radiation pattern; a second protrusion formed on a right side of the depression and configured to form an area that overlaps a right pattern of the radiation pattern; and a base element formed under the depression, and configured to expose a lower pattern of the radiation pattern. 8. The NFC antenna module of claim 7, wherein the radiation sheet comprises: a first radiation sheet comprising the first protrusion and part of the base element, and forming an area that overlaps the left pattern of the radiation pattern; and a second radiation sheet comprising the second protrusion and remaining part of the base element, and forming an area that overlaps the right pattern of the radiation pattern, wherein the first and second radiation sheets are spaced apart from each other. 9. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic shielding sheet comprises a ferrite sheet. 10. A portable terminal comprising the NFC antenna module of claim 1. 11. The portable terminal of claim 10, wherein the NFC antenna module is mounted on a battery pack or a rear housing of the portable terminal.",
-    "Disclosed are a NFC antenna module which maximizes antenna performance by mounting a radiation sheet in such a manner as to overlap a part of an antenna sheet and a portable terminal comprising the same. The disclosed NFC antenna module comprises: a first antenna sheet having a first radiation pattern formed along the outer periphery of a first central portion; a second antenna sheet having a second radiation pattern formed along the outer periphery of a second central portion in such a manner as to partially overlap with the first radiation pattern; and an electromagnetic wave shielding sheet laminated on the first antenna sheet and the second antenna sheet. 1. A Near-Field Communication (NFC) antenna module, comprising: a first antenna sheet provided with a first radiation pattern formed along a peripheral surface of a first central part; a second antenna sheet provided with a second radiation pattern formed along a peripheral surface of a second central part, the second radiation pattern being formed to partially overlap the first radiation pattern; and an electromagnetic shielding sheet stacked on both the first antenna sheet and the second antenna sheet. 2. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, wherein the second radiation pattern comprises a lower pattern forming an area that overlaps a lower pattern of the first radiation pattern. 3. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, further comprising a tuning element connected between both ends of the second radiation pattern. 4. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, further comprising a radiation sheet stacked both on the first antenna sheet and on the second antenna sheet and provided with a portion that overlaps the first radiation pattern and the second radiation pattern. 5. The NFC antenna module of claim 4, wherein the radiation sheet forms an area that overlaps a left pattern and a right pattern of the first radiation pattern, and forms an area that overlaps a left pattern, a right pattern, and an upper pattern of the second radiation pattern. 6. The NFC antenna module of claim 4, wherein the radiation sheet comprises: a first protrusion for forming an area that overlaps a left pattern of the first radiation pattern and a right pattern of the second radiation pattern; a second protrusion for forming an area that overlaps a right pattern of the first radiation pattern and a left pattern of the second radiation pattern; and a base element for forming an area that overlaps an upper pattern of the second radiation pattern. 7. The NFC antenna module of claim 6, wherein the base element is configured such that one or more slots, exposing part of the upper pattern of the second radiation pattern, are formed in the area that overlaps the upper pattern. 8. The NFC antenna module of claim 6, wherein the radiation sheet comprises: a first radiation sheet comprising the first protrusion and part of the base element, first radiation sheet forming an area that overlaps the left pattern of the first radiation pattern and forming an area that overlaps the right pattern and the upper pattern of the second radiation pattern; and a second radiation sheet comprising the second protrusion and remaining part of the base element, the second radiation sheet forming an area that overlaps the right pattern of the first radiation pattern and forming an area that overlaps the left pattern and the upper pattern of the second radiation pattern. 9. The NFC antenna module of claim 8, wherein the first radiation sheet and the second radiation sheet are spaced apart from each other by a separation space in the area that overlaps the upper pattern of the second radiation pattern, and are configured to expose the upper pattern of the second radiation pattern to outside through the separation space. 10. The NFC antenna module of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic shielding sheet comprises a ferrite sheet. 11. A portable terminal comprising the NFC antenna module of claim 1. 12. The portable terminal of claim 11, wherein the NFC antenna module is mounted on a battery pack or a rear housing of the portable terminal.",
-    "A circuitry for regulating a current for an electromechanical load comprises a first connection and a second connection for the electromechanical load. The first connection can be coupled to a first supply potential thereby, and a potential of the second connection can be modified by means of a pulse width modulation. The circuitry also comprises a measurement assembly having a first measurement signal input, which is coupled to the first connection and a second measurement signal input, which is coupled to the second connection. The measurement assembly is designed thereby to determine a measurement signal that is proportional to a potential difference between the first and second connection, in order to regulate the current for the electromechanical load on the basis of the measurement signal. 1. A circuitry for regulating a current for an electromechanical load comprising: a first connection and a second connection for an electromechanical load, wherein the first connection can be coupled to a first supply potential and wherein a potential of the second connection can be modified by a pulse width modulation; and a measurement assembly having a first measurement signal input, which is coupled to the first connection, and a second measurement signal input, which is coupled to the second connection, wherein the measurement assembly is designed to determine a measurement signal that is proportional to a potential difference between the first and the second connection, in order to regulate the current for the electromechanical load on the basis of the measurement signal. 2. The circuitry according to claim 1, wherein the first measurement signal input is coupled to the first connection via a first low pass filter circuit, and wherein the second measurement signal input is coupled to the second connection via a second low pass filter circuit. 3. The circuitry according to claim 2, wherein the first and the second low pass filter circuits are designed substantially identical to one another. 4. The circuitry according to claim 1, wherein the pulse width modulation is provided by a first switch disposed between the second connection and a reference potential. 5. The circuitry according to claim 4, wherein a control connection of the first switch is coupled to a pulse width modulation signal providing a first control signal output of the measurement assembly. 6. The circuitry according to claim 5, wherein a second switch that can be activated by a malfunction signal is disposed between the first connection and the reference potential, wherein the second switch is configured to modify an electrical potential of the second connection via pulse width modulation. 7. The circuitry according to claim 6, wherein the second switch has a control connection coupled to a second control signal output of the measurement assembly that provides the malfunction signal, wherein the malfunction signal is generated by detection of a malfunction by the measurement assembly, such that the second switch can be activated by reception of the malfunction signal through the control connection. 8. The circuitry according to claim 7, wherein the measurement assembly comprises a third measurement signal input coupled to the second connection, which receives a voltage signal, wherein the voltage signal includes the pulsing of the pulse width modulated potential of the second connection. 9. The circuitry according to claim 8, wherein the third measurement signal input is coupled to the second connection via a third low pass filter circuit. 10. The circuitry according to claim 9, wherein the third low pass filter circuit is designed substantially identical to the first and the second low pass filter circuits. 11. The circuitry according to claim 8, wherein the measurement assembly further comprises a fourth measurement signal input that receives a voltage signal, wherein the voltage signal includes data regarding the current through the electromechanical load. 12. The circuitry according to claim 11, wherein the measurement assembly is configured to correct the measurement signal that is proportional to a potential difference between the first and second connection by way of the voltage signal received by way of the fourth measurement signal input, such that, based on the corrected measurement signal, the pulse width modulation signal through the measurement assembly can be provided at a control input of the first switch, such that decreasing current at the load can be regulated by the first switch. 13. The circuitry according to claim 1, wherein the measurement assembly comprises a memory configured to store a temperature model of the electromechanical load for a comparison with an actual load temperature. 14. The circuitry according to claim 13, wherein the measurement assembly is coupled to a temperature sensor designed for a determination of the actual load temperature, wherein the measurement assembly is designed to determine a comparison value through comparison of the actual load temperature with the temperature model of the electromechanical load, such that, based on the comparison value, the pulse width modulation signal through the measurement assembly can be provided at a control input of the first switch, such that the current for the electromechanical load can be regulated by the first switch. 15. A method for regulating a current for an electromechanical load comprising: coupling a first connection for the electromechanical load with a first supply potential; modifying a potential of a second connection for the electromechanical load by way of a pulse width modulation; determining a measurement signal that is proportional to a potential difference between the first and second connection; and regulating the current for the electromechanical load on the basis of the measurement signal. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: detecting a malfunction based on the determined measurement signal that is proportional to a potential difference between the first and second connection; generating a malfunction signal or a pulse width modulation signal; providing the malfunction signal or the pulse width modulation signal through a control signal output; receiving the malfunction signal or the pulse width modulation signal through a control connection of a switch; activating and deactivating the switch; and receiving a voltage signal, wherein the voltage signal includes the pulse width modulation signal. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: correcting the measurement signal that is proportional to a potential difference between the first and second connection via a voltage signal received through a measurement input signal; and providing a pulse width modulation signal at a control input of a switch based on the corrected measurement signal. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: storing a temperature model of the electromechanical load in a memory; identifying an actual temperature of the electromechanical load with a temperature sensor; comparing the actual temperature with the temperature model; and providing a pulse width modulation signal at a control input of a switch based on the comparison of the actual temperature with the temperature model. 19. The circuitry according to claim 11, wherein the voltage signal includes data regarding the voltage decreasing at the electromechanical load. 20. The circuitry according to claim 11, further comprising a resistive element disposed between a source connection of the first switch and the reference potential.",
-    "Provided herein is a method for producing a hybrid transparent electrode, the method including filling grooves of a substrate with a conductive metal ink composition; filling the grooves with residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on a surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition to form an electrode pattern; and forming a conductive layer including a conductive material on the electrode pattern. 1. A method for producing a hybrid transparent electrode, the method comprising: filling grooves of a substrate with a conductive metal ink composition; filling the grooves with residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on a surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition to form an electrode pattern; and forming a conductive layer including a conductive material on the electrode pattern. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive metal ink composition comprises at least one of a metal complex compound, metal precursor, spherical metal particles, metal flakes, nano particles and nano wires. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the filling the grooves with the conductive metal ink composition is performed by an inkjet method, flat panel screen method, screen coating method, bar coater method, roll coating method, flow coating method, doctor blade, dispensing, gravure printing method or flexo printing method. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the filling the groove with the residue conductive metal ink composition includes dissolving the residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on the surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition by an etching solution so that the grooves are filled with the dissolved residue conductive metal ink composition. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the etching solution is applied on the substrate surface and dissolves the residue conductive metal ink composition. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the etching solution is applied by a flat panel screen method, spin coating method, roll coating method, flow coating method, doctor blade, gravure printing method, or flexo printing method. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the etching solution comprises at least one of an ammonium carbamate compound, ammonium carbonate compound, ammonium bicarbonate compound, carboxylic acid compound, lactone compound, lactam compound, cyclic acid anhydride compound, acid-base complex, acid-base-alcoholic complex, and mercapto compound, and an oxidizing agent. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the grooves are filled with the residue conductive metal ink composition by pushing the residue conductive metal ink composition dissolved by the etching solution into the grooves. 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the residue conductive metal ink composition dissolved by the etching solution is pushed into the groove using a doctor blade or brush. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive material is a metal oxide, CNT, graphene, or conductive polymer. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conductive layer is formed by depositing or printing the conductive material on the electron pattern. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the conductive layer is 0.5 to 2.0 times the height of the groove. 13. A method for producing a hybrid transparent electrode, the method comprising: treating a surface of a substrate having grooves on its surface, and treating the surface of the substrate to have a hydrophobic property; filling the grooves with a conductive metal ink composition; filling the grooves with a residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on the surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition to form an electrode pattern; and forming a conductive layer including a conductive material on the electrode pattern. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the conductive metal ink composition comprises at least one of a metal complex compound, metal precursor, spherical metal particles, metal flakes, nano particles and nano wires. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the filling the grooves with the residue conductive metal ink composition includes dissolving the residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on the surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition by an etching solution and filling the grooves with the dissolved residue conductive metal ink composition. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the grooves are filled with the residue conductive metal ink composition by pushing the residue conductive metal ink composition dissolved by the etching solution into the grooves using a doctor blade or brush. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the conductive layer is formed by depositing or printing a metal oxide, CNT, graphene, or conductive polymer on the electron pattern. 18. A method for producing a hybrid transparent electrode, the method comprising: a first filling with a conductive metal ink composition that includes preparing a substrate having grooves on its surface, and filling the grooves with the conductive metal ink composition; a first filling with a residue conductive metal ink composition that includes filling the grooves with the residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on the surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition to form an electrode pattern; a second filling with a conductive metal ink composition that includes filling the grooves with the conductive metal ink composition; a second filling with a residue conductive metal ink composition that includes filling the grooves with the residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on the surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition to form an electrode pattern; and forming a conductive layer comprising a conductive material on the electrode pattern. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the conductive metal ink composition comprises at least one of a metal complex compound, metal precursor, spherical metal particles, metal flakes, nano particles and nano wires. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the metal precursor is MnX, M being one of Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Ru, Cd, Ta, Re, Os, Ir, Al, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Sb, Pb and Bi, n being an integer of 1 to 10, X being one of oxygen, sulfur, halogen, cyano, cyanate, carbonate, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, thiocyanate, chlorate, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, acetylacetonate, mercapto, amide, alkoxide, and carboxylate. 21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the conductive layer is formed by depositing or printing the conductive material on the electron pattern. 22. The method according to claim 18, wherein the conductive layer has a thickness of 10 to 500 nm. 23. A method for producing a hybrid transparent electrode, the method comprising: filling grooves with a conductive metal ink composition after preparing a substrate having the grooves on its surface; filling the grooves with a residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on a surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition to form an electrode pattern; sintering the electrode pattern at 50 to 200\u00b0 C.; and forming a conductive layer comprising a conductive material on the electrode pattern. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the step of filling the grooves with residue conductive metal ink composition is repeated twice or more times. 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the filling the grooves with the residue conductive metal ink composition includes dissolving the residue conductive metal ink composition that remains on the surface of the substrate as the grooves are being filled with the conductive metal ink composition by an etching solution so that the grooves are filled with the dissolved residue conductive metal ink composition. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the etching solution is applied on the entire surface of the substrate by a flat panel screen method, spin coating method, roll coating method, flow coating method, doctor blade, gravure printing method, or flexo printing method to dissolve the residue conductive metal ink composition. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled)",
-    "This vehicle of monocoque construction is formed by fastening together resin parts which are an upper body integrally made of a transparent thermoplastic resin composition, a lower body integrally made of a thermoplastic resin composition and a floor integrally made of a thermoplastic resin composition, wherein the vehicle is characterized in that the lower body is provided with a flange part rising up from the entire perimeter of the bottom surface and, in the center of the bottom surface, a convex rib part that continues rearward from the front of the vehicle, and the upper body and the floor being fastened to the flange part and the convex rib part of the lower body. In so doing, there can be provided a vehicle which is lightweight, affords a good field of view during driving, is simple in construction, and has the necessary rigidity. 1. A vehicle body having monocoque construction formed by fastening together resin parts which are an upper body as an integrally molded article obtained by molding a transparent thermoplastic resin composition, a lower body as an integrally molded article obtained by molding a thermoplastic resin composition and a floor as an integrally molded article obtained by molding a thermoplastic resin composition, wherein the lower body has a bottom surface and a flange part rising up from an entire perimeter of the bottom surface; in a center of the bottom surface of the lower body, a convex rib part is formed continuously from a front part to a rear part of the vehicle body; at least two spaces surrounded by the flange part, the convex rib part and the bottom surface are formed in a center part of the lower body of the vehicle to allow auto parts such as a battery to be installed; the auto parts such as a battery to be installed in the space can be fixed through fastening of the lower body and the floor; and the upper body and the floor are mounted on the lower body, and the upper body and the floor are fastened together to the flange part and the convex rib part of the lower body. 2. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein a groove is formed on a back surface of the convex rib part, and a plurality of ribs crossing the groove are provided. 3. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein the upper body is divided into resin parts which are a front upper body, a rear upper body and a roof. 4. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein the transparent thermoplastic resin composition constituting the upper body is a polycarbonate resin composition, and the thermoplastic resin composition constituting the lower body and the floor is polycarbonate resin composition or polyamide resin composition. 5. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein the resin parts are formed by heat press molding of a resin plate obtained by the thermoplastic resin composition. 6. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein the resin parts are formed by injection molding of the thermoplastic resin composition. 7. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of independent protrusions are provided on the bottom surface of the lower body, and the fastening of the upper body and the floor to the lower body is performed at the protrusions in addition to the flange part and the convex rib part of the lower body. 8. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein an opening forming an entrance is provided on the upper body, and a frame member is provided on an entire perimeter of the formed entrance. 9. The vehicle body according to claim 8, wherein a seat belt, a fall prevention member, a rain guard door and the like are attached to the frame member. 10. The vehicle body according to claim 8, wherein a part of the flange part which is positioned in a lower part of the entrance is extended outward, a cross-sectional shape of the extended part is made to a substantial U-shape which extends first downward and then upward, and a tip part of the extended part is connected to the frame member. 11. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein a vehicle body of the monocoque construction is egg-shaped. 12. The vehicle body according to claim 11, wherein two ridge line parts which are symmetrical with respect to a center line of the vehicle body in a front and rear direction and substantially parallel to the center line are provided on at least an upper surface of the upper body. 13. The vehicle body according to claim 12, wherein curvature of the ridge line part is smaller than curvature of any part of the upper body, and the curvature radius is 5 mm or more. 14. The vehicle body according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle body is a vehicle body of a micro compact electric vehicle.",
-    "A method and device for estimating the operating time of a motor vehicle in autonomous mode for at least one route between a departure point and an arrival point. The estimating device is connected to an identifying element and to an element for characterizing portions of roads approved for the operation of the vehicle in autonomous mode, along the at least one route. The estimating device includes a unit for calculating the time during which the vehicle is eligible to operate in autonomous mode depending on the characterization of approved portions of road. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A device for estimating the operating time of a motor vehicle in autonomous mode for at least one route between a departure point and an arrival point, wherein the estimating device is connected to an identifying element and to an element for characterizing portions of roads approved for the operation of the vehicle in autonomous mode, along said at least one route, and the estimating device includes a unit for calculating the time during which the vehicle is eligible to operate in autonomous mode depending on the characterization of approved portions of road. 12. The estimating device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the element for characterizing the approved road portions determines a length and a regulatory speed of the approved road portions. 13. The estimating device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising: a means of communication with an electronic medium. 14. The estimating device as claimed in claim 11. wherein the device is connected to an element for determining traffic conditions and the unit for calculating the time during which the vehicle is eligible to operate in autonomous mode is dependent upon the traffic conditions. 15. A navigation system for a motor vehicle suitable for operating in an autonomous mode, the navigation system comprising: means for inputting a departure point and an arrival point, wherein the navigation system is connected to a device for estimating the autonomous driving mode time according to claim 11. 16. A method for estimating an autonomous mode time of a vehicle between a departure point and an arrival point, comprising: determining at least one route between the departure point and the arrival point; identifying portions of road approved for an operation of the vehicle in autonomous mode, along said at least one route; characterizing the approved portions of road; and estimating the time during which the vehicle is eligible to travel in autonomous mode depending on the characterization of the portions of road. 17. The estimating method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the characterizing the approved portions of road includes acquiring data relating to a length of the approved portions and to regulatory speeds thereof. 18. The estimating method as claimed in claim 17, further comprising: acquiring data relating to traffic conditions along said at least one route, wherein the estimating the time is also dependent upon the traffic conditions. 19. The estimating method as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: concatenating the approved road portions which are juxtaposed, and filtering the times estimated for the concatenated road portions or the approved road portions if they have not been concatenated. 20. A method for determining a route between a departure point and an arrival point for a motor vehicle suitable for operating in an autonomous mode, comprising: acquiring the departure point and the arrival point; and implementing an estimating method as claimed in claim 16.",
-    "Disclosed is a flexible electronic device, including: a body made of a flexible material; a display unit; a flexible circuit board; a bending adjuster having a first plate that maintains a flat shape at room temperature, and a second plate that maintains a bent state at a specific temperature or more and having an elastic force larger than that of the first plate in a superelastic state, and is configured to adjust bending of the body by these plates, such that it is possible to improve reality of an image on a display unit by controlling the overall electronic device to be bent at a predetermined angle, more stably maintain a bent state and a flat state, reliably prevent a display unit and a flexible circuit board from being damaged, and stably maintain the bent state and the flat state despite using for a long period of time. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A flexible electronic device, comprising: a body made of a flexible material; a display unit included in the body; a flexible circuit board included in the body; a bending adjuster which includes a first plate configured to maintain a flat shape at room temperature, and a second plate configured to maintain a bent state at a specific temperature or more and having an elastic force larger than that of the first plate in a superelastic state, and is configured to adjust a bending of the body by these plates. 22. The flexible electronic device of claim 21, wherein the first plate includes any one of a shape memory alloy, high-elastic metal, a polymer, and a polymer composite material, and the second plate includes the shape memory alloy. 23. The flexible electronic device of claim 22, wherein the second plate includes a heating layer formed on one surface thereof, and a shielding layer formed on the other surface to shield heat and electromagnetic waves. 24. The flexible electronic device of claim 21, wherein the first plate includes any one of a shape memory alloy maintaining a ring shape at the room temperature, high-elastic metal, a polymer, and a polymer composite material, and the second plate is configured to maintain an arc shape at a specific temperature or more. 25. The flexible electronic device of claim 21, wherein the bending adjuster includes a main plate made of flat or ring-shaped carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and an auxiliary plate provided in the main plate and made of a shape memory alloy maintaining a state deformed from the flat or ring shape at a specific temperature or more. 26. The flexible electronic device of claim 25, wherein the main plate is configured to generate heat by a supply of elasticity to heat the auxiliary plate, and the main plate includes a shielding layer formed on one surface thereof to shield heat and electromagnetic waves. 27. The flexible electronic device of claim 21, wherein the bending adjuster includes a shape memory spring or a shape memory loop configuration maintain a flexible state at room temperature and maintain a memorized shape at a specific temperature or more, and wires of which one end is connected to both ends of the shape memory spring and the other end is connected to both side surfaces in the body, respectively. 28. The flexible electronic device of claim 21, further comprising: a fixture coupled with the body to fix the body in a bent state when the body is bent. 29. The flexible electronic device of claim 28, wherein the fixture includes an internal cover, and an external cover coupled with the internal cover. 30. The flexible electronic device of claim 29, further comprising: a third plate made of a shape memory alloy and formed on one surface of the internal cover or the external cover to release a coupling of the internal cover with the external cover. 31. The flexible electronic device of any one of claims 28, wherein the electronic device receives on/off of bending by the bending adjuster and time when the bent state is maintained from a user by a user interface and controls a supply of power to the second plate based on information input from the user. 32. An electronic device, comprising: a body made of a flexible material; a display unit included in the body; a flexible circuit board included in the body; a bending adjuster which includes a shape memory spring or a shape memory loop configured to maintain a flexible state at room temperature and maintain a memorized shape at a specific temperature or more, and wires of which one end is connected to both ends of the shape memory spring and the other end is connected to both side surfaces in the body, respectively, wherein the shape memory spring or the shape memory loop includes a heating layer formed on a surface thereof to adjust the bending of the body. 33. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the shape memory spring or the shape memory loop further includes an installation box at an outside thereof, in which the shape memory spring or the shape memory loop is installed. 34. The electronic device of claim 33, wherein the installation box includes a shielding layer formed on an entire surface or one surface thereof to shield heat and electromagnetic waves. 35. The electronic device of claim 33, wherein the bending adjuster further includes a cover box in which the installation box is installed, and both ends of the wire are connected to both side surfaces of the installation box. 36. The electronic device of claim 35, wherein a front surface and a back surface of the cover box have different thicknesses from each other, and a central portion of a portion having a thin thickness is concavely bent. 37. An electronic device, comprising: a flexible body; and a bending adjuster which includes a first plate configured to maintain a flat shape at room temperature, and a second plate configured to maintain a bent state at a specific temperature or more and having an elastic force larger than that of the first plate in a superelastic state, and is configured to adjust a bending of the body by these plates. 38. The electronic device of claim 37, wherein the first plate includes any one of a shape memory alloy, high-elastic metal, a polymer, and a polymer composite material, and the second plate includes the shape memory alloy. 39. The electronic device of claim 37, wherein the bending adjuster includes a main plate made of flat or ring-shaped carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and an auxiliary plate provided in the main plate and made of a shape memory alloy maintaining a state deformed from the flat or ring shape at a specific temperature or more.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an internal antenna (intenna) and, in particular, to a method for manufacturing an intenna, which allows a resin molded product to be smoothly and securely plated with a metal by applying a primer paint on the surface of the resin molded product, and thereby improves the reliability of the metal plating formed on the resin molded product. 1. A method of manufacturing an intenna having improved reliability of plating by using electroplating, the method comprising steps of: (a) forming a paint layer on a resin molded product with a primer paint; (b) forming a metal plating layer on a top surface of the paint layer; (c) etching the metal plating layer with a laser beam so that a radiation pattern portion and an antenna contact portion are formed to be electrically separated from a non-radiation pattern portion; (d) hanging the resin molded product, which is laser-etched to allow the radiation pattern portion and the antenna contact portion to be electrically separated from the non-radiation pattern portion, on a hanger and dipping the resin molded product in an electroplating bath; (e) forming a primary conductive layer on the radiation pattern portion and the antenna contact portion; (f) forced exfoliating the metal plating layer formed on the non-radiation pattern portion excluding the radiation pattern portion and the antenna contact portion; (g) forming a secondary conductive layer on the radiation pattern portion and the antenna contact portion; (h) forming an electrolytic nickel plating layer on the radiation pattern portion and the antenna contact portion on which the secondary conductive layer is formed; and (i) sealing, washing, and drying the resin molded product on which the nickel plating layer is formed. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the paint is composed of 30 wt % to 40 wt % of acetone, 30 wt % to 40 wt % of methyl ethyl ketone, 10 wt % to 20 wt % of cyclohexanone, and 10 wt % to 20 wt % of an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer or a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) resin. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the step (c), a distance between the non-radiation pattern portion and the radiation pattern portion and antenna contact portion is formed to be in a range of 100 \u03bcm to 200 \u03bcm to prevent a failure due to a short-circuit phenomenon during electroplating. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the forced exfoliating of the metal plating layer in the step (f) is performed by chemical exfoliation including sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, instead of electrolytic exfoliation. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the ABS copolymer is used in a case in which an operating temperature of the paint is 85\u00b0 C. or less, and the LCP resin is used in a case in which the operating temperature of the paint is in a range of 85\u00b0 C. or more to 240\u00b0 C. or less.",
-    "A system and method for the tracking of target objects in motion includes observing targets, determining, recursively, a target type of the targets, tracking, recursively, movements of the targets, and determining whether a target is concealed. The tracking and the determining whether a target is concealed are deployed in consideration of the target type of the targets. 1-11. (canceled) 12. A method for the tracking of target objects in motion, comprising: observing targets; determining, recursively, a target type of the targets; tracking, recursively, movements of said targets; and determining whether a target is concealed, wherein the tracking and the determining whether a target is concealed are deployed in consideration of the target type of the targets. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the determining the target type comprises determining of a width of a target, wherein the determining whether a target is concealed is deployed in consideration of the target width. 14. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the tracking comprises: determining an appearance of further targets; comparing the observing and a prediction of a status of targets; and a simplifying the status of targets, wherein the tracking of the movements of said targets is deployed in consideration of the target type. 15. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the determining whether a target is concealed comprises constructing a concealment map in consideration of the target type. 16. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the determining the target type comprises: updating of the target types; predicting the target type; and determining a target width. 17. A system for tracking target objects in motion, comprising: a first module to observe targets; a second module configured to track movements of said targets, the second module being self-looped; a third module configured to determine whether a target is concealed; and a self-looped module configured to determine a target type, wherein the self-looped module communicates with the second module and the third module. 18. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the self-looped module is configured to identify a width of a target and to communicate said width to the third module. 19. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the second module comprises: a sub-module to determine an appearance of further targets; a sub-module to compare measurements generated by sensor with a prediction of a status of targets; and a sub-module to simplify the status of targets, wherein the sub-modules of the second module communicate with the self-looped module. 20. The system as claimed in claim 17; wherein the third module comprises a sub-module to construct a concealment map, and the sub-module of the third module communicates with the self-looped module. 21. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the self-looped module comprises: a sub-module to update the target types; a sub-module to predict the target types; and a sub-module to determine target widths. 22. A motor vehicle comprising: the system as claimed in claim 17.",
-    "Disclosed are a method and a device for detecting a fault in a synchronization link. The method includes: setting one or more reference nodes corresponding to a node to be detected (101); when the node to be detected starts a detection function, acquiring reference time from the one or more reference nodes and acquiring synchronization time from a synchronization path (102); and determining, by the node to be detected, whether there is a fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and a Grandmaster Clock (GM) node by using all the reference time and the synchronization time (103). 1. A method for detecting a fault in a synchronization link, comprising: setting one or more reference nodes corresponding to a node to be detected; when the node to be detected starts a detection function, acquiring reference time from the one or more reference nodes and acquiring synchronization time from a synchronization path; and determining, by the node to be detected, whether there is a fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and a Grandmaster Clock (GM) node by using all the reference time and the synchronization time. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of the node to be detected starting the detection function comprises: establishing, by the node to be detected, one or more detection link which are not overlapped with the existing synchronization link with the one or more reference nodes; and transmitting, by the node to be detected, a time fault detection message in the one or more detection links in a Transparent Clock (TC) mode. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of acquiring the reference time from the one or more reference nodes comprises: interacting, by the node to be detected, time stamp information with the one or more reference nodes via a time fault detection message through one or more detection links; calculating a time offset between the node to be detected and a corresponding reference node one by one according to the time stamp information acquired through the detection link; and calculating the reference time according to the time offset. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of the node to be detected determining whether there is a fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and the GM node by using all the reference time and the synchronization time comprises: detecting whether all the reference time is available reference time; in the case that all the reference time is not available reference time, ending; in the case that all the reference time is available reference time, selecting reference time and calculating a difference between the reference time and the synchronization time; in the case that the difference is greater than a preset fault threshold, determining that there is a fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and the GM node; and in the case that the difference is not greater than the preset fault threshold, determining that there is no fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and the GM node. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of detecting whether all the reference time is available reference time comprises: calculating a difference between any two of the reference time; and in the case that the calculated difference is less than a preset threshold, determining that all the reference time is available reference time. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: before setting the one or more reference nodes corresponding to the node to be detected, detecting whether there is a synchronization link having a fault, wherein the step of detecting whether there is a synchronization link having a fault comprises: selecting a Boundary Clock (BC) node in a synchronization link, wherein the BC node acquires in real time a time offset between the BC node and a BC node in an adjacent synchronization link to serve as a comparison offset; calculating a difference between the comparison offset and a synchronization time offset; and in the case that the difference is greater than a preset time difference threshold, determining that the synchronization link on which the BC node is located has a fault. 7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: before setting the one or more reference nodes corresponding to the node to be detected, detecting whether there is a synchronization link having a fault, wherein the step of detecting whether there is a synchronization link having a fault comprises: selecting, in a synchronization link, a BC node having a Global Positioning System (GPS) function, wherein the BC node acquires external reference time via the GPS function and checks synchronization time periodically acquired by itself; calculating a difference between the external reference time and the synchronization time; in the case that the difference is greater than a preset fault threshold, determining that the synchronization link on which the BC node is located has a fault; and in the case that the difference is not greater than the preset fault threshold, determining that the synchronization link on which the BC node is located has no fault. 8. A device for detecting a fault in a synchronization link, comprising: a synchronization detection management module, one or more virtual slave port modules and a slave port module, wherein the synchronization detection management module is configured to: set one or more reference nodes corresponding to a node to be detected, notify each of the virtual slave port modules to acquire reference time and notify the slave port module to begin acquiring synchronization time when the detection function is started, and determine whether there is a fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and a Grandmaster Clock (GM) node by using all the reference time sent from the one or more virtual slave port modules and the synchronization time sent from the slave port module; the virtual slave port module is configured to acquire the reference time from the reference node according to the notification from the synchronization detection management module and to send the reference time to the synchronization detection management module; and the slave port module is configured to acquire the synchronization time from a synchronization path according to the notification from the synchronization detection management module and to send the synchronization time to the synchronization detection management module. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the virtual slave port module is configured to establish, with the reference node, a detection link which is not overlapped with the existing synchronization link when the detection function is started and to transmit a time fault detection message in the detection link in a Transparent Clock (TC) mode. 10. The device according to claim 8, wherein the virtual slave port module is configured to interact time stamp information with the reference node via a time fault detection message through the detection link, to calculate a time offset between the virtual slave port module and the corresponding reference node according to the time stamp information, and to calculate the reference time according to the time offset. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein the synchronization detection management module is configured to: detect whether all the reference time is available reference time and end operations in the case that all the reference time is not available reference time; in the case that all the reference time is available reference time, select reference time and calculate a difference between the reference time and the synchronization time; in the case that the difference is greater than a preset fault threshold, determine that there is a fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and the GM node; and in the case that the difference is not greater than a preset fault threshold, determine that there is no fault in the synchronization link between the node to be detected and the GM node. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the synchronization detection management module is configured to calculate a difference between any two of the reference time, and in the case that the calculated difference is less than a preset threshold, determine that all the reference time is available reference time. 13. The device according to claim 8, further comprising: a passive port module configured to acquire a time offset between itself and a Boundary Clock (BC) node in an adjacent synchronization link to serve as a comparison offset when receiving a notification to start fault detection function from the synchronization detection management module, and to send the comparison offset to the synchronization detection management module, wherein the synchronization detection management module is further configured to: notify the passive port module to start the fault detection function when determining to start detecting whether there is a fault in the synchronization link on which a BC node is located, acquire the comparison offset sent from the passive port module, calculate a difference between the comparison offset and a synchronization time offset sent from the slave port module, and in the case that the difference is greater than a preset time difference threshold, determine that the synchronization link on which the BC node is located has a fault; and the slave port module is configured to send the synchronization time offset to the synchronization detection management module. 14. The device according to claim 8, further comprising: a Global Positioning System (GPS) function module configured to send external reference time to the synchronization detection management module after acquiring the external reference time according to the notification sent from the synchronization detection management module, wherein the synchronization detection management module is further configured to: notify the GPS function module to acquire the external reference time when determining to start detecting whether there is a fault in the synchronization link on which a BC node is located, receive the external reference time sent from the GPS function module, calculate a difference between the external reference time and the synchronization time sent from the slave port module; in the case that the difference is greater than a preset fault threshold, determine that the synchronization link on which the BC node is located has a fault; otherwise, determine that the synchronization link on which the BC node is located has no fault.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for an ergonomically correct adjustment of a screen (2). The aim of the invention is to provide a simple adjustment with high precision. According to the invention, this is achieved in that an object (1) with which a user (9) sitting in front of the screen (2) is depicted on an image is removably arranged on a display region of the screen (2). A position of the screen (2) is then varied until a depiction of the user (9) is within specified borders of the image. The invention further relates to a set for such a method. 1. Method for an ergonomically correct adjustment of a screen (2), characterized in that an object (1) is removably arranged on a display region (3) of the screen (2), with which object a user (9) sitting in front of the screen (2) is depicted on an image, whereupon a position of the screen (2) is modified until a depiction of the user (9) is within predefined borders of the image. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a reflective object (1) is used which preferably comprises a marking (4). 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that an object (1) embodied as an optical storage medium is used, in particular a CD, DVD or Blu-ray disc. 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the object (1) is removably connected to an adapter (5) that can be removably connected to the display region (3) of the screen (2). 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the object (1) is centrally arranged in the display region (3). 6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that an ergonomically advantageous deflection angle (\u03b2) is adjusted by means of a level (13) connected to the display region (3) at a defined angle. 7. Set for carrying out a method according to claim 1, characterized in that the set comprises an object (1) with which a part of a surrounding region of the object (1) can be depicted on an image and a means of attachment with which the object (1) can be removably attached to a display region (3) of a screen (2). 8. Set according to claim 7, characterized in that the object (1) is an optical storage medium, in particular a CD, DVD or Blu-ray disc. 9. Set according to claim 7, characterized in that the means of attachment comprises a cling film (8) and, in particular, is removably connected to the object (1). 10. Set according to claim 7, characterized in that the set comprises a level adapter (16) with which a defined absolute screen tilt angle can be adjusted, wherein in particular a level (13) is connected to the level adapter (16) in a fixed manner.",
-    "A percussion, wind and rattling instrument with a hollow resonating body is provided. The resonating body has a striking surface. A sound element is arranged within the resonating body. The resonating body has two sound holes. At least one sound hole has a diameter between 2 cm and 6 cm, preferably between 2.5 cm and 4.5 cm and particularly preferably between 3 cm and 4 cm. A musical-instrument arrangement having at least two percussion, wind and rattling instruments. The percussion, wind and rattling instruments are arranged adjacent to one another. In each case two sound holes of percussion, wind and rattling instruments arranged adjacent to one another border one another and form a sound channel. 1. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument with a hollow resonating body, wherein the resonating body has a striking surface, wherein a sound element is arranged within the resonating body, and wherein the resonating body has two sound holes. 2. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein at least one sound hole has a diameter between 2 cm and 6 cm, preferably between 2.5 cm and 4.5 cm, and particularly preferably between 3 cm and 4 cm. 3. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein at least one sound hole has an edge element made of a soft rubber-like material disposed along its circumference. 4. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein the sound holes are arranged at lateral surfaces of the resonating body adjacent to one another. 5. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein the resonating body is made from wood, plastic and/or metal. 6. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein the resonating body is designed in a cylindrical, pyramidal cubic, cuboid, conical or spherical shape. 7. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein the sound element within the resonating body is arranged at an inner surface of the resonating body. 8. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 7, wherein the sound element within the resonating body is arranged at an inner surface of the striking surface. 9. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 1, wherein the sound element comprises several sound members mounted in a slightly damped manner. 10. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 9, wherein the sound members of the sound element are designed in a rod and or wire-like shape. 11. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 9, wherein the sound members of the sound element are fabricated from metal, wood and/or plastic material. 12. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument 44 according to claim 1, wherein within the resonating body a sound conducting element is arranged and is secured at the inner surface of the resonating body such that an interior space of the resonating body is subdivided into at least two portions separated from each other. 13. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 12, wherein the sound conducting element forms a conducting channel starting from a side of the sound conducting element which faces the striking surface, extending towards a lateral surface of the resonating body which lies opposed to the striking surface, wherein the side of the sound conducting element which faces to the striking surface is arranged spaced apart from the striking surface. 14. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 13, wherein the sound conducting element, at the side facing to the striking surface, comprises a disc-shaped conductive surface, wherein the conductive surface fits closely along a circumference at the inner surface of the resonating body, and that the conductive surface, in a central portion, merges into the conducting channel, wherein the conducting channel ends at the lateral surface of the resonating body which lies opposed to the striking surface. 15. Percussion, wind and rattling instrument according to claim 14, wherein a rattling element is arranged freely movable within a sound volume formed by the sound conducting element and the inner surface of the resonating body. 16. Musical-instrument arrangement having at least two percussion, wind and rattling instruments according to claim 1, wherein the percussion, wind and rattling instruments are arranged adjacent to one another, and wherein in each case two sound holes of percussion, wind and rattling instruments arranged adjacent to one another border one another and form a sound channel. 17. Musical-instrument arrangement according to claim 16, wherein sound holes of percussion, wind and rattling instruments arranged adjacent to one another, which holes contact one another at form a sound channel, have the same diameter. 18. Musical-instrument arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the musical-instrument arrangement comprises fastening means, wherein percussion, wind and rattling instruments arranged adjacent to one another having sound holes which contact one another and form a sound channel, are joined together reversibly by the fastening means.",
-    "This invention related to a communication device and a method for operating a communication device comprising a transceiver being adapted to communicate in a communication network, comprising a configuration phase including the step of (a1) the communication device obtaining by means of a first telecommunication mode a selected role profile selected out of a set of role profiles, said selected role profile defining the role of the communication device in the communication network in an operation phase, and an operation phase including the steps of (b1) the communication device disabling or maintaining its transceiver to communicate by means of the first telecommunication mode depending on the selected role profile; (b2) the communication device communicating in the network using a second telecommunication mode. 1. A method for operating a communication device comprising a transceiver being adapted to communicate in a communication network, comprising a configuration phase including the step of (a1) the communication device obtaining by means of a first telecommunication mode a selected role profile selected out of a set of role profiles, said selected role profile defining the role of the communication device in the communication network in an operation phase, and an operation phase including the steps of (b1) the communication device disabling or maintaining its transceiver to communicate by means of the first telecommunication mode depending on the selected role profile; (b2) the communication device communicating in the communication network using a second telecommunication mode. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b1) further comprises disabling the transceiver to communicate with the first telecommunication mode if the selected profile is an end device profile. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b1) further comprises maintaining the transceiver to communicate with the first telecommunication mode if the selected profile is a router profile, and wherein step (b2) further comprises the communication device communicating in the communication network using the first telecommunication mode. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein at step (b2) the first telecommunication mode is used to communicate between the communication device and a network controller, and the second telecommunication mode is used to communicate between the communication device and further communication devices of the communication network. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a1) comprises the communication device determining a set of parameter values, and transmitting the set of parameter values to a network controller for selection of the selected role profile of the communication device. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the set of parameters includes at least one of the following: identifier, neighboring communication devices identifiers, geolocation details, link quality of the first telecommunication mode, link quality of the second telecommunication mode. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration phase is triggered for a commissioning phase during which the communication network is configured or for an update phase during which at least the wireless node is reconfigured. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the update phase is triggered if the communication network performance is below a first threshold or is above a second threshold. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first telecommunication mode is of longer range than the second telecommunication mode. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first telecommunication mode is one of the following communication technologies: GPRS, UMTS, CDMA2000, LTE. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second telecommunication mode is based on IEEE 802.15.4, or on communication through powerline. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication network is a lighting network. 13. A communication device comprising a transceiver being adapted to communicate in a communication network, the transceiver being adapted for, in a configuration phase, obtaining by means of a first telecommunication mode a selected role profile selected out of a set of role profiles, and for, in an operation phase, communicating in the communication network using a second telecommunication mode, the communication device further comprising a processor for, in an operation phase, behaving in accordance with said selected role profile in the communication network, and for, in the operation phase, disabling or maintaining the transceiver to communicate by means of the first telecommunication mode depending on the selected role profile. 14. A luminaire comprising a communication device according to claim 13, wherein the luminaire operation is controlled by commands received by the communication device. 15. A communication network, comprising at least one communication device of claim 13 and a network controller.",
-    "Method and system for acquiring seismic data. The system includes a first streamer vessel configured to tow a first source array and a first streamer spread; a first source vessel configured to tow a second source array; and a second source vessel configured to tow a third source array. The first to third source arrays are distributed along a non-linear profile while the first streamer vessel and the first to second source vessels move along an inline direction (X). 1. A marine seismic acquisition system comprising: a first streamer vessel configured to tow a first source array and a first streamer spread; a first source vessel configured to tow a second source array; and a second source vessel configured to tow a third source array, wherein the first to third source arrays are distributed along a non-linear profile while the first streamer vessel and the first to second source vessels move along an inline direction (X). 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-linear profile is a parameterized line described by at least one mathematical function. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-linear profile is one of a portion of a circle, ellipse, or parabola. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-linear profile is described by two linear functions different from each other. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a second streamer vessel configured to tow a fourth source array and a second streamer spread; and a third source vessel configured to tow a fifth source array, wherein each vessel of the first and second streamer vessels and first to third source vessels has a unique inline position when compared to a remainder of the vessels, and wherein the first to fifth source arrays are distributed along the non-linear profile. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein each vessel also has a unique cross-line position when compared to the remainder of the vessels. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the first and second streamer vessels sandwich the first to third source vessels along a cross-line direction, which is substantially perpendicular on the inline direction. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first to second source vessels follows an undulating path. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the undulating path is a curved path having a wavelength. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein each of the first to second source vessels follows a corresponding undulating path. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein each source array is fired according to a regular shot grid. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein a cross-line offset between any two adjacent source arrays is the same for all source arrays. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the first to third source arrays are fired so that acquired seismic data is blended. 14. A marine seismic acquisition system comprising: first to nth vessels, each configured to tow a corresponding source array of first to nth source; and at least one vessel also configured to tow a corresponding streamer spread, wherein the first to nth source arrays are distributed along a non-linear profile while the first to nth vessels move along an inline direction (X). 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the non-linear profile is a parameterized line described by at least one mathematical function. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the non-linear profile is one of a portion of a circle, ellipse, or parabola. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-linear profile is described by two linear functions different from each other. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein each vessel of the first to nth vessels has a unique inline position when compared to a remainder of the vessels. 19. A method for acquiring marine seismic data, the method comprising: towing one streamer spread with a streamer vessel; towing three source arrays with the streamer vessel and two source vessels; steering the streamer vessel and the two source vessels so that the three source arrays are located on a non-linear curve; firing the three source arrays according to a given firing sequence; and recording seismic data with seismic sensors located on the streamer spread as a result of firing the three source arrays. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the non-linear profile is a parameterized line described by at least one mathematical function.",
-    "The invention relates to a refractory ceramic nozzle for metallurgical applications. The term \u201cnozzle\u201d includes a submerged entry nozzle (also called SEN or casting nozzle) as used in a continuous casting process for producing steel. Prior art and the invention will be described hereinafter with respect to such a SEN but without limiting the scope of the invention. 1. Refractory ceramic nozzle featuring: a generally tube like shape, defining a central longitudinal nozzle axis (A) and comprising an inner nozzle wall (12) surrounding a flow-through channel (14), which extends along an axial length (L) between an inlet opening (16) at a first nozzle end (18), being an upper end in a use position of the nozzle, and at least one outlet opening (20,22) at a second nozzle end (24), being a lower end in the use position, to allow a continuous flow stream of a molten metal from its inlet opening (16) along said flow-through channel (14) via said outlet opening (20,22) into an associated molten metal bath (B), wherein at least two grooves (26, 28) being provided along the inner nozzle wall (12), including a first groove (26) provided along at least part of the axial length (L) of the flow-through channel (14) within said inner nozzle wall (12) in a spiral fashion, a second groove (28) provided along at least part of the axial length (L) of the flow-through channel (14) within said inner nozzle wall (12) in a spiral fashion, first groove (26) and second groove (28) cross each other at multiple junctions (J). 2. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least two grooves (26, 28) each have a helix angle (\u03b1, \u03b2) of more than 20\u00b0 and less than 80\u00b0 with respect to the central longitudinal nozzle axis (A). 3. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) has a helix angle (\u03b1, \u03b2) of more than 30\u00b0 with respect to the central longitudinal nozzle axis (A). 4. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) has a helix angle (\u03b1, \u03b2) of more than 40\u00b0 with respect to the central longitudinal nozzle axis (A). 5. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) has a helix angle (\u03b1, \u03b2) of less than 70\u00b0 with respect to the central longitudinal nozzle axis (A). 6. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) has a helix angle (\u03b1, \u03b2) of less than 55\u00b0 with respect to the central longitudinal nozzle axis (A). 7. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least the first groove (26) and second groove (28) have the same helix angle (\u03b1, \u03b2). 8. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein first groove (26) and second groove (28) are offset by 180\u00b0\u00b130\u00b0 along a plane (P) perpendicular to the central longitudinal nozzle axis (A). 9. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least the first groove (26) and second groove (28) extend along the same axial length (L1) of the flow-through channel (14). 10. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) starts at a distance (d1) to the inlet opening (16) of the nozzle (10). 11. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) ends at a distance (d2) to the outlet opening (20,22) of the nozzle (10). 12. Nozzle according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said grooves (26, 28) has a semi-circular cross section. 13. Nozzle according to claim 12 with a groove diameter between 3 and 15 mm. 14. Nozzle according to claim 12 with a groove diameter between 5 and 10 mm. 15. Nozzle according to claim 1 wherein at least the said first groove (26) and said second groove (28) merge into a common groove at least at one of their ends.",
-    "Provided is a transparent conductive sheet in which a silver nanowire is resistant to oxidation even if the silver nanowire is exposed to visible light. The transparent conductive sheet includes a base sheet, a silver nanowire holding layer laminated on the base sheet, a sacrificial reagent added into the silver nanowire holding layer, and a silver nanowire laminated on a surface of the silver nanowire holding layer. 1. A transparent conductive sheet comprising: a base sheet; a silver nanowire holding layer laminated on the base sheet; a sacrificial reagent added to the silver nanowire holding layer; and a silver nanowire laminated on a surface of the silver nanowire holding layer. 2. A transparent conductive sheet comprising: a base sheet; a silver nanowire holding layer laminated on the base sheet; a silver nanowire laminated on a surface of the silver nanowire holding layer; an overcoat layer laminated on the silver nanowire; and a sacrificial reagent added to the overcoat layer. 3. A transparent conductive sheet comprising: a base sheet; a silver nanowire holding layer laminated on the base sheet; a silver nanowire laminated on a surface of the silver nanowire holding layer; an overcoat layer laminated on the silver nanowire; and a sacrificial reagent added to the silver nanowire holding layer. 4. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 1, wherein the sacrificial reagent is added at a ratio of 0.01% to 10% with respect to resin composing the silver nanowire holding layer. 5. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 2, wherein the sacrificial reagent is added at a ratio of 0.01% to 10% with respect to resin composing the overcoat layer. 6. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 1, wherein the silver nanowire has a diameter of 5 to 500 nm and a length of 500 to 50,000 nm. 7. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 1, wherein the silver nanowire is plated with a metal other than silver. 8. A touch panel using the transparent conductive sheet according to claim 1. 9. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 3, wherein the sacrificial reagent is added at a ratio of 0.01% to 10% with respect to resin composing the silver nanowire holding layer. 10. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 2, wherein the silver nanowire has a diameter of 5 to 500 nm and a length of 500 to 50,000 nm. 11. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 3, wherein the silver nanowire has a diameter of 5 to 500 nm and a length of 500 to 50,000 nm. 12. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 2, wherein the silver nanowire is plated with a metal other than silver. 13. The transparent conductive sheet according to claim 3, wherein the silver nanowire is plated with a metal other than silver. 14. A touch panel using the transparent conductive sheet according to claim 2. 15. A touch panel using the transparent conductive sheet according to claim 3.",
-    "A method for enhanced access selection for a user equipment in a cellular telecommunications network includes: in a first step, a serving base station entity sending validation information to the user equipment, the validation information having either a positive value, indicating to apply a policy corresponding to a policy information data element, or a negative value, indicating not to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element; and in a second step, subsequent to the first step, the user equipment applying the policy corresponding to the policy information data element in case that the validation information has a positive value, and the user equipment terminating the data bearer or refraining from establishing the data hearer via the access point in case that the validation information has a negative value. 1. A method for enhanced access selection of for a user equipment in a cellular telecommunications network; wherein the cellular telecommunications network comprises an access network; wherein the user equipment is located in a radio cell of the access network and in a radio coverage area of an access point, wherein the radio cell is served by a serving base station entity, wherein the user equipment is registered with the telecommunications network via the serving base station entity, wherein the user equipment comprises or receives a policy information data element, the policy information data element being related to a policy regarding establishment of a data connection, using at least one data bearer, of the user equipment with the telecommunications network, via the access point instead of via the serving base station entity, wherein in case that a data bearer between the user equipment and the telecommunications network is to be established or is ongoing, and the policy allows the establishment or continuation of the data bearer of the user equipment via the access point instead of via the serving base station entity, the method comprises the following steps: in a first step, the serving base station entity sending validation information to the user equipment, the validation information having either a positive value, indicating to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element, or a negative value, indicating not to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element; and in a second step, subsequent to the first step, the user equipment applying the policy corresponding to the policy information data element in case that the validation information has a positive value, and the user equipment terminating the data bearer or refraining from establishing the data bearer via the access point in case that the validation information has a negative value. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein sending the validation information from the serving base station entity to the user equipment is independent from the user equipment receiving the policy information data element. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the validation information is sent by the serving base station entity to the user equipment using a control channel. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in case that the data bearer between the user equipment and the telecommunications network is established via the access point, and the quality of service of the data bearer is insufficient, the method further comprises in a fourth step, subsequent to the first step, the user equipment requesting the establishment of the data bearer or requesting or resuming a signaling connection with the telecommunications network via the serving base station entity, and transmitting failure information to the serving base station entity; and in a fifth step, subsequent to the fourth step, the serving base station entity sending an access point timer information to the user equipment, the access point timer information being related to a predetermined time interval or indicating a time interval such that the user equipment avoids applying the policy corresponding to the policy information data element during the time interval in case that the validation information transmitted during the first step has a positive value. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the user equipment is located in a radio coverage area of a further access point, wherein the user equipment comprises or receives a further policy information data element, the further policy information data element being related to a further policy regarding establishment of a data connection, using at least one further data bearer, of the user equipment with the telecommunications network via a further access point or a further access point and the access point, wherein the method further comprises: in a third step, prior to the first step or subsequent to the first step, the serving base station entity sending selection information to the user equipment, the selection information indicating whether the policy or the further policy should be applied during the second step. 6. A telecommunications network, provided for an enhanced access selection of for a user equipment camping on the cellular telecommunications network, the telecommunications network comprising: an access network, with the user equipment being located in a radio cell of the access network; wherein the radio cell is served by a serving base station entity; wherein the user equipment is located in a radio coverage area of an access point; wherein the user equipment is registered with the telecommunications network via the serving base station entity; wherein the user equipment comprises or is configured to receive a policy information data element, the policy information data element being related to a policy regarding establishment of a data connection, using at least one data bearer, of the user equipment with the telecommunications network, via the access point instead of via the serving base station entity; wherein in case that a data bearer between the user equipment and the telecommunications network is to be established or is ongoing, and the policy allows the-establishment or continuation of the data bearer of the user equipment via the access point instead of via the base station entity, the telecommunications network is configured such that: the serving base station entity sends validation information to the user equipment, the validation information having either a positive value, indicating to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element, or a negative value, indicating not to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element; and the validation information steers the user equipment to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element in case that the validation information has a positive value, and the validation information steers the user equipment to terminate the data bearer or to refrain from establishing the data bearer via the access point in case that the validation information has a negative value. 7. The telecommunications network according to claim 6, wherein the telecommunications network is configured such that the validation information is sent from the serving base station entity to the user equipment independently from the user equipment receiving the policy information data element. 8. The telecommunications network according to claim 6, wherein the telecommunications network is configured such that the validation information is sent by the base station entity to the user equipment using a control channel. 9. A system for enhanced access selection for a user equipment in a cellular telecommunications network, the system comprising: the user equipment; the telecommunications network; and an access point; wherein the telecommunications network comprises an access network; and wherein the user equipment is located in a radio cell of the access network; wherein the radio cell is served by a serving base station entity; wherein the user equipment is located in a radio coverage area of an access point; wherein the user equipment is registered with the telecommunications network via the serving base station entity; wherein the user equipment comprises or configured to receive a policy information data element, the policy information data element being related to a policy regarding establishment of a data connection, using at least one data bearer, of the user equipment with the telecommunications network, via the access point instead of via the serving base station entity; wherein in ease that a data bearer between the user equipment and the telecommunications network is to be established or is ongoing, and the policy allows establishment or continuation of the data hearer of the user equipment via the access point instead of via the serving base station entity, the system is configured such that: the serving base station entity sends validation information to the user equipment, the validation information having either a positive value, indicating to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element, or a negative value, indicating not to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element; and the validation information steers the user equipment to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element in case that the validation information has a positive value, and the validation information steers the user equipment to terminate the data bearer or to refrain from establishing the data bearer via the access point in case that the validation information has a negative value. 10. The system according to claim 9, wherein in case that the data bearer between the user equipment and the telecommunications network is established via the access point, and the quality of service of the data hearer is insufficient, the system is configured such that: the user equipment requests the establishment of the data bearer with the telecommunications network via the serving base station entity, the user equipment transmitting failure information to the serving base station entity; and the serving base station entity sends access point timer information to the user equipment, the access point timer information being related to a predetermined time interval or indicating a time interval such that the user equipment avoids applying the policy corresponding to the policy information data element during the time interval in case that the validation information transmitted has a positive value. 11. The system according to claim 9, wherein the user equipment is located in a radio coverage area of a further access point, wherein the user equipment comprises or is configured to receive a further policy information data element, the further policy information data element being related to a further policy regarding establishment of a data bearer of the user equipment with the telecommunications network via a further access point and/or a further access point and the access point, wherein the system is configured such that: the serving base station entity sends selection information to the user equipment, the selection information indicating whether the policy or the further policy should be applied. 12. One or more non-transitory computer readable media haying processor-executable instruct ins stored thereon for enhanced access selection for a user equipment in a cellular telecommunications network, wherein the cellular telecommunications network comprises an access network; wherein the user equipment is located in a radio cell of the access network and in a radio coverage area of an access point, wherein the radio cell is served by a serving base station entity, wherein the user equipment is registered with the telecommunications network via the serving base station entity, wherein the user equipment comprises or receives a policy information data element, the policy information data element being related to a policy regarding establishment of a data connection, using at least one data bearer, of the user equipment with the telecommunications network via the access point instead of via the serving base station entity, wherein in case that a data bearer between the user equipment and the telecommunications network is to be established or is ongoing, and the policy allows establishment or continuation of the data bearer of the user equipment via the access point instead of is the serving base station entity, the processor-executable instructions, when executed, facilitate performance of the following steps: in a first step, the serving base station entity sending validation information to the user equipment, the validation information having either a positive value, indicating to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element, or a negative value, indicating not to apply the policy corresponding to the policy information data element; and in a second step, subsequent to the first step, the user equipment applying the policy corresponding to the policy information data element in case that the validation information has a positive value, and the user equipment terminating the data bearer or refraining from establishing the data bearer via the access point in case that the validation information has a negative value. 13. (canceled)",
-    "The invention provides a method and apparatus for detecting the presence of explosives in the trunk or rear area of a vehicle using neutron invasion of that vehicle area and resulting gamma ray sensing resulting from the reaction of the neutrons, typically fast neutrons, with explosives therein enhanced by the interaction of the neutrons with fuel, the neutron generation and gamma ray sensing being in equipment located in speed bumps or recessed below the road surface. 1. A method for detecting explosives in a vehicle comprising: positioning a vehicle trunk over an explosive detection system; emitting neutrons from said detection system into the trunk of said vehicle from position where the neutrons enter the trunk to any contents thereof; detecting gamma rays emitted by any contents of the trunk; analyzing the detected gamma rays for an indication of explosives in the contents. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the analysis provides an indication of the amount of nitrogen in the contents. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said analysis provides an indication of the amount of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen in the contents. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the analysis provides an initial determination of a possibility of explosives in the contents. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the analysis provides a more detailed evaluation of the gamma rays in response to the initial determination of a possibility of explosives to provide a higher reliability determination of the presence of explosives. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the initial determination is based only on the presence of nitrogen, while the more detailed evaluation searches for the presence of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the neutrons are fast neutron. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the neutrons are directed to penetrate a fuel tank in the trunk, whereby thermal neutrons are generated and are distributed through the trunk where they become absorbed by the nucleus of any nitrogen in the contents resulting in gamma ray generation that is detected. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the results of the analysis are displayed for operator viewing in a form indicating the amount of nitrogen with or without carbon and oxygen. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the results of the analysis provide a go/no-go indication of the likelihood of a presence of an explosive in the contents. 11. The method of claim 1 further including sensing gamma ray emission rate in said detecting step. 12. The method of claim 1 further including applying a two-step detection process comprising: analyzing gamma rays for an indication of the presence of nitrogen in the contents and providing an indication of the possibility of an explosive in the contents; if the indication of the possibility exceeds a predetermined value, analyzing the gamma rays for the presence of carbon and oxygen in addition to nitrogen to provide a highly reliable determination of the presence of an explosive. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said highly reliable determination is correct within a few percent of 100 percent on average. 14. Apparatus for use in performing the method of claim 1 comprising: a neutron, preferably fast neutron, emitter; a plurality of gamma ray detectors; means for shielding the emitter and detectors. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 further including a speed bump having a compartment including; the emitter; the plurality of detectors; and space for said shielding means between the emitter and detectors. 16. The apparatus of claim 14 including electrons for activating the emitter and for providing signals representative of the level of detected gamma rays. 17. The apparatus of claim 14 further including means for displaying the presence and level of nitrogen represented by detected gamma rays. 18. The apparatus of claim 14 further including means for displaying the presence and level of carbon and oxygen represented by the detected gamma rays. 19. The apparatus of claim 14 further including means for generating an alarm based on information in the detected gamma rays that provides for the vehicle to remain in place for further gamma ray detection. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the alarm is generated based on the detection of a level of nitrogen. 21. Apparatus placeable on a drivable surface for sensing explosives in the trunk of a vehicle comprising: a first chamber having a neutron emitter; a second chamber having a plurality of means for sensing gamma rays created by an interaction of the emitted neutrons with contents of the trunk; means for shielding neutrons from the emitter from the sensing means in a location between the first and second chambers. 22. The apparatus of claim 21 in the form of a speed bump. 23. The apparatus of claim 21 further comprising means for encouraging said vehicle trunk to remain over said sensing apparatus for a period of time sufficient for sensing the presence of explosives on said trunk. 24. The apparatus of claim 23 comprising a further speed bump located on the drivable surface at a location just beyond the sensing apparatus sufficient to stably locate the trunk above the sensing apparatus. 25. The apparatus of claim 21 comprising means for allowing the sensing apparatus to be mobile over said surface. 26. The method of claim 1 wherein said positioning step further includes the step of halting said vehicle by means of one or both of a speed bump and movable barrier. 27. The apparatus of claim 14 further including means for halting said vehicle by means of one or both of a speed bump and movable barrier. 28. A method for detecting explosives in a vehicle comprising: a vehicle trunk over an explosive detection system; emitting neutrons from said detection system into the trunk of said vehicle from a position where the neutrons enter the trunk to any contents thereof; detecting gamma rays emitted by any contents of the trunk; analyzing the detected gamma rays for an indication of explosives in the contents; wherein the analysis provides an indication of the amount of nitrogen in the contents; wherein said analysis provides an indication of the amount of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen in the contents; wherein the analysis provides an initial determination of a possibility of explosives in the contents; wherein the analysis provides a more detailed evaluation of the gamma rays in response to the initial determination of a possibility of explosives to provide a higher reliability determination of the presence of explosives; wherein the initial determination is based only on the presence of nitrogen, while the more detailed evaluation searches for the presence of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen; wherein the neutrons are fast neutron and are directed to penetrate a fuel tank in the trunk, whereby thermal neutrons are generated and are distributed through the trunk where they become absorbed by the nucleus of any nitrogen in the contents resulting in gamma ray generation that is detected; wherein the results of the analysis are displayed for operator viewing in a form indicating the amount of nitrogen with or without carbon and oxygen; wherein the results of the analysis provide a go/no-go indication of the likelihood of a presence of an explosive in the contents; further including sensing gamma ray emission rate in said detecting step; further including applying a two-step detection process comprising: analyzing gamma rays for an indication of the presence of nitrogen in the contents and providing an indication of the possibility of an explosive in the contents; if the indication of the possibility exceeds a predetermined value, analyzing the gamma rays for the presence of carbon and oxygen in addition to nitrogen to provide a highly reliable determination of the presence of an explosive; wherein said highly reliable determination is correct within a few percent of 100 percent on average.",
-    "A separating material superior to conventional separating materials, and a separation method are provided, with which 1,3-butadiene is selectively separated and recovered from a mixed gas including 1,3-butadiene and C4 hydrocarbons other than 1,3-butadiene. A metal complex, which comprises a dicarboxylic acid compound (I) (see (I) below) represented by general formula (I), an ion of a metal such as beryllium, and a dipyridyl compound (II) represented by general formula (II), namely L-Z-L (II) (see L below), is characterized by including, as the dipyridyl compound (II), at least two different dipyridyl compounds (II). The metal complex is used as a 1,3-butadiene separating material. Formula (I) L is represented by any of the compounds below. 1. A metal complex consisting of: a dicarboxylic acid compound (I) represented by the following general formula (I): wherein X represents a carbon atom or nitrogen atom, Y represents a hydrogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, formyl group, acyloxy group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, nitro group, cyano group, amino group, monoalkylamino group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, dialkylamino group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, acylamino group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, sulfo group, sulfonate group or halogen atom in the case X represents a carbon atom or Y is not present in the case X represents a nitrogen atom, and R1, R2 and R3 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or halogen atom; an ion of at least one type of metal selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, zinc and cadmium; and, a dipyridyl compound (II) represented by the following general formula (II): L-Z-L (II) wherein L is represented by any of the following formulas: wherein R4, R5, R6 and R7 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom, and Z represents \u2014CR8 R9 \u2014CR10R11\u2014 (wherein R8, R9, R10 and R11 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group or halogen atom), an alkylene group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014CH2\u2014 or \u2014NHCO\u2014); wherein two or more different types of the dipyridyl compound (II) are contained as the dipyridyl compound (II). 2. The metal complex according to claim 1, wherein Z in the general formula(II) is \u2014CR8R9\u2014CR10R11\u2014 (wherein R8, R9, R10 and R11 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group or halogen atom), an alkylene group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NHCO\u2014. 3. The metal complex according to claim 1, wherein a combination of the dipyridyl compound (II) is any of 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene glycol, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 4,4\u2032-dipyridyl disulfide or 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane. 4. The metal complex according to claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid compound (I) is at least one selected from the group consisting of isophthalic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid and 5-nitroisophthalic acid. 5. The metal complex according to claim 1, wherein the metal ion is at least one selected from the group consisting of a cobalt ion, nickel ion and zinc ion. 6. An adsorbent comprising the metal complex according to claim 1. 7. The adsorbent according to claim 6, wherein the adsorbent is an adsorbent for adsorbing carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, hydrocarbons having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, rare gas, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, siloxane, water vapor or organic vapor. 8. A separating material comprising the metal complex according to claim 1. 9. The separating material according to claim 8, wherein the separating material selectively separates 1,3-butadiene from a mixed gas containing 1,3-butadiene and a hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene. 10. The separating material according to claim 9, wherein the hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene is at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, isobutene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, isobutane and n-butane. 11. The separating material according to claim 8, wherein the separating material is a separating material for separating carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, hydrocarbons having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, rare gas, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, siloxane, water vapor or organic vapor. 12. A separation membrane comprising a porous support and the separating material according to claim 8 attached to the surface of the porous support. 13. A separation membrane comprising a polymeric material and the separating material according to claim 8 kneaded and dispersed in the polymeric material. 14. A method for producing the metal complex according to claim 1, comprising reacting a salt of at least one type of metal selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, zinc and cadmium, the dicarboxylic acid compound (I), and two or more types of the dipyridyl compound (II) and precipitating a metal complex, wherein wet grinding is carried out during the reaction. 15. A 1,3-butadiene separation method comprising: an adsorption step for contacting a separating material with a mixed gas containing 1,3-butadiene and a hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene and selectively adsorbing 1,3-butadiene onto the separating material, followed by a regeneration step for desorbing the 1,3-butadiene adsorbed onto the separating material from the separating material and capturing the released 1,3-butadiene, wherein the separating material is the separating material according to claim 8. 16. The metal complex according to claim 2, wherein a combination of the dipyridyl compound (II) is any of 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene glycol, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 4,4\u2032-dipyridyl disulfide or 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane.",
-    "The invention concerns a process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst by (a) providing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising titania and at least 5 weight percent cobalt; (b) impregnating the catalyst with a solution comprising chloride ions; and (c) heating the impregnated catalyst at a temperature in the range of between 100 and 500\u00b0 C. for at least 5 minutes up to 2 days. The prepared catalyst preferably comprises 0.13-3 weight percent of the element chlorine. The invention further relates to the prepared catalyst and its use. 1. A process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst, comprising the following steps: (a) providing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising: titania at least 5 weight percent cobalt, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst in the range of between to 0.1 to 15 weight percent promoter, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst, whereby the promoter comprises manganese, rhenium, Group 8-10 noble metals, or mixtures thereof; (b) impregnating the catalyst with one or more solutions comprising chloride ions until the catalyst comprises 0.13-10 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst; (c) heating the impregnated catalyst at a temperature in the range of 100 to 500\u00b0 C. for at least 5 minutes. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is impregnated in step (b) until the catalyst comprises 0.13-6 percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that is provided in step (a) comprises in the range of between to 0.1 to 15 weight percent manganese, rhenium, Group 8-10 noble metals, or mixtures thereof, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature and duration of the heating of step (c) are sufficient to effect the preparation of a catalyst comprising 0.13-3 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprising titania, cobalt and a promoter which is provided in step (a) is a calcined catalyst that has been calcined at a temperature between 350 and 700\u00b0 C. for at least 1 minute. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the solution comprising chloride ions, is a solution comprising one or more metal salts of chloride, hydrochloric acid (HCl), one or more organic chloride compounds, or a combination thereof. 7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the metal salt(s) of chloride with which the catalyst is impregnated in step (b) is/are a chloride of manganese, cobalt, vanadium, titanium, silver, gold, zinc, platinum, palladium, zirconium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, chromium, nickel, iron, osmium, or iridium or mixtures thereof. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst provided in step (a) comprises catalyst particles which are fixed bed particle(s) larger than 1 mm, or immobilised slurry particles larger than 1 mm. 9. A catalyst prepared according to claim 1, said catalyst comprising 0.13-3 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst. 10. A process for performing a Fischer-Tropsch reaction comprising the following steps: providing syngas to a reactor, said reactor comprising catalyst particles according to claim 9; providing the following process conditions in the reactor: a temperature in the range from 125 to 350\u00b0 C., a pressure in the range from 5 to 150 bar absolute, and a gaseous hourly space velocity in the range from 500 to 10000 Nl/l/h; removing Fischer-Tropsch product from the reactor.",
-    "Method of treating a portion of a subterranean formation comprising: providing an aqueous-based treatment fluid comprising a friction-reducing grafted polymer wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a friction-reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone; and, placing the aqueous-based treatment fluid into a portion of a subterranean formation. The treatment fluid may be (a) a fracturing fluid that is placed within the subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to create or extend at least one fracture within the portion of the subterranean formation; (b) a gravel packing fluid, further including particulates, placed into a wellbore annulus within the subterranean formation to form a particulate pack therein; or (c) a frac-packing fluid, further including particulates, placed within the formation to pack a fracture within the formation with particulates and to fill a wellbore annulus within the subterranean formation adjacent to the fracture with a gravel pack. 1. A method of treating a portion of a subterranean formation comprising: providing an aqueous-based treatment fluid comprising a friction-reducing grafted polymer, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a friction-reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone; and, placing the aqueous-based treatment fluid into a portion of a subterranean formation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment fluid is: (a) a fracturing fluid that is placed within the subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to create or extend at least one fracture within the portion of the subterranean formation; (b) a gravel packing fluid, further comprising particulates, placed into a wellbore annulus within the subterranean formation to form a particulate pack therein; or (c) a frac-packing fluid, further comprising particulates, placed within the formation to pack a fracture within the formation with particulates and to fill a wellbore annulus within the subterranean formation adjacent to the fracture with a gravel pack. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer is depolymerized. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a polymer backbone comprising a non-derivatized polysaccharide polymer, a derivatized polysaccharide polymer, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a non-derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of guar, fenugreek, and a combination thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer backbone comprises a derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of guar derivative, fenugreek derivative, derivatives of cellulosic-based polymers, phosphate-grafted polysaccharide polymers, and sulfate-grafted polysaccharide polymers. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer backbone comprises a derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of: hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, hydroxypropyl fenugreek, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl fenugreek, carboxymethyl fenugreek, carboxymethylellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose; a alkyhydroxyalkyl celluloses, an alkyl cellulose, an alkylcarboxyalkyl cellulose, an alkylalkyl cellulose, a hydroxyalkylalkyl cellulose, or a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the friction reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone is selected from the group consisting of: acrylamide polyisobutyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyisobutylene, a quaternized aminoalkyl acrylate (such as a copolymer of acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate quaternized with benzyl chloride), a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, vinylsulfonic acid, N-vinyl acetamide, N-vinyl formamide, and combinations of two or more of the above. 9. A method of treating a portion of a subterranean formation comprising: placing a first aqueous-based treatment fluid into a portion of a subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to create or extend at least one fracture within the portion of the subterranean formation; and then placing a second aqueous-based treatment fluid comprising particulates into at least a portion of the at least one fracture such that the particulates form a particulate pack within the at least one fracture; wherein either the first aqueous-based treatment fluid, the second aqueous-based treatment fluid, or both comprise a friction-reducing grafted polymer, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a friction reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer is depolymerized. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a non-derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of guar, fenugreek, and a combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer backbone comprises a derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of guar derivative, fenugreek derivative, derivatives of cellulosic-based polymers, phosphate-grafted polysaccharide polymers, and sulfate-grafted polysaccharide polymers. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer backbone comprises a derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of: hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, hydroxypropyl fenugreek, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl fenugreek, carboxymethyl fenugreek, carboxymethylellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose; a alkyhydroxyalkyl celluloses, an alkyl cellulose, an alkylcarboxyalkyl cellulose, an alkylalkyl cellulose, a hydroxyalkylalkyl cellulose, or a combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the friction reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone is selected from the group consisting of: acrylamide polyisobutyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyisobutylene, a quaternized aminoalkyl acrylate (such as a copolymer of acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate quaternized with benzyl chloride), a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, vinylsulfonic acid, N-vinyl acetamide, N-vinyl formamide, and combinations of two or more of the above. 15. A method of frac-packing a portion of a subterranean formation comprising: placing a first aqueous-based treatment fluid into a portion of a subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to create or extend at least one fracture therein; and then placing a second aqueous-based treatment fluid comprising particulates into at least a portion of the at least one fracture such that the fracture is substantially filled with particulates and the particulates substantially fill the fracture back to the annulus of the wellbore; wherein either the first aqueous-based treatment fluid, the second aqueous-based treatment fluid, or both comprise a friction-reducing grafted polymer, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a friction reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer is depolymerized. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the friction-reducing grafted polymer comprises a non-derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of guar, fenugreek, and a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymer backbone comprises a derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of guar derivative, fenugreek derivative, derivatives of cellulosic-based polymers, phosphate-grafted polysaccharide polymers, and sulfate-grafted polysaccharide polymers. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the polymer backbone comprises a derivatized polysaccharide polymer selected from the group consisting of: hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl guar, hydroxypropyl fenugreek, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl fenugreek, carboxymethyl fenugreek, carboxymethylellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose; a alkyhydroxyalkyl celluloses, an alkyl cellulose, an alkylcarboxyalkyl cellulose, an alkylalkyl cellulose, a hydroxyalkylalkyl cellulose, or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the friction reducing polymer grafted to the polymer backbone is selected from the group consisting of: acrylamide polyisobutyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyisobutylene, a quaternized aminoalkyl acrylate (such as a copolymer of acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate quaternized with benzyl chloride), a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, vinylsulfonic acid, N-vinyl acetamide, N-vinyl formamide, and combinations of two or more of the above.",
-    "A separating material superior to conventional separating materials, and a separation method are provided, with which 1,3-butadiene is selectively separated and recovered from a mixed gas including 1,3-butadiene and C4 hydrocarbons other than 1,3-butadiene. A metal complex, which comprises a dicarboxylic acid compound (I) (see (I) below) represented by general formula (I), an ion of a metal such as beryllium, and a bipyridyl compound (II) represented by general formula (II), namely L-Z-L (II) (see (L) below), is characterized by including, as the dicarboxylic acid compound (I), at least two different dicarboxylic acid compounds (I). The metal complex is used as a 1,3-butadiene separating material. Formula (I) L is represented by any of the compounds below. Formula (L) 1. A 1,3-butadiene separating material that selectively adsorbs 1,3-butadiene from a mixed gas containing 1,3-butadiene and a hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene, comprising a metal complex consisting of: a dicarboxylic acid compound (I) represented by the following general formula (I): wherein X represents a carbon atom or nitrogen atom, Y represents a hydrogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, formyl group, acyloxy group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, nitro group, cyano group, amino group, monoalkylamino group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, dialkylamino group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, acylamino group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, sulfo group, sulfonate group, carboxyl group or halogen atom in the case X represents a carbon atom or Y is not present in the case X represents a nitrogen atom, and R1, R2 and R3 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or halogen atom; an ion of at least one type of metal selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, zinc and cadmium; and, a dipyridyl compound (II) represented by the following general formula (II): L-Z-L (II) wherein L is represented by any of the following formulas: wherein R4, R5, R6 and R7 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom, and Z represents \u2014CR8R9\u2014CR10R11\u2014 (wherein R8, R9, R10 and R11 respectively and independently represent a hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyl group or halogen atom), an alkylene group having 3 to 4 carbon atoms, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014CH2\u2014 or \u2014NHCO\u2014); wherein two or more different types of the dicarboxylic acid compound (I) are contained as the dicarboxylic acid compound (I). 2. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid compound (I) comprises two or more dicarboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of isophthalic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid, 5-tert-butylisophthalic acid, 5-methoxyisophthalic acid, 5-nitroisophthalic acid, sodium 5-sulfoisophthalate, lithium 5-sulfoisophthalate and trimesic acid. 3. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1, wherein a combination of the dicarboxylic acid compounds (I) is 5-nitroisophthalic acid and sodium 5-sulfoisophthalate, 5-nitroisophthalic acid and lithium 5-sulfoisophthalate, or 5-nitroisophthalic acid and 5-tert-butylisophthalic acid. 4. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1, wherein the dipyridyl compound (II) is at least one selected from the group consisting of 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene, 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane, 4,4\u2032-azobispyridine and 4,4\u2032-dipyridyl disulfide. 5. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1, wherein the metal ion is at least one selected from the group consisting of a cobalt ion, nickel ion and zinc ion. 6. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1, wherein the metal complex has a structure that is a triply interpenetrating pseudo-diamondoid framework. 7. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene is at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, isobutene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, isobutane and n-butane. 8. A 1,3-butadiene separation method comprising: an adsorption step for contacting a separating material with a mixed gas containing 1,3-butadiene and a hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene and selectively adsorbing 1,3-butadiene onto the separating material, followed by a regeneration step for desorbing the 1,3-butadiene adsorbed onto the separating material from the separating material and capturing the released 1,3-butadiene, wherein the separating material is the separating material according to claim 1. 9. The 1,3-butadiene separation method according to claim 8, wherein the separation method is pressure swing adsorption. 10. The 1,3-butadiene separation method according to claim 8, wherein the separation method is temperature swing adsorption. 11. A separation membrane comprising a porous support and the 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1 attached to the surface of the porous support. 12. A separation membrane comprising a polymeric material and the 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 1 kneaded and dispersed in the polymeric material. 13. A 1,3-butadiene separation method, comprising: contacting a mixed gas containing 1,3-butadiene and a hydrocarbon having four carbon atoms other than 1,3-butadiene with a separation membrane and selectively allowing the 1,3-butadiene to pass through the separation membrane to obtain a gas having a higher 1,3-butadiene concentration than the mixed gas, wherein the separation membrane is the separation membrane according to claim 11. 14. A method for producing the metal complex according to claim 1, comprising reacting a salt of at least one type of metal selected from the group consisting of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, zinc and cadmium, two or more types of the dicarboxylic acid compound (I), and the dipyridyl compound (II) and precipitating a metal complex, wherein wet grinding is carried out during the reaction. 15. The 1,3-butadiene separating material according to claim 2, wherein a combination of the dicarboxylic acid compounds (I) is 5-nitroisophthalic acid and sodium 5-sulfoisophthalate, 5-nitroisophthalic acid and lithium 5-sulfoisophthalate, or 5-nitroisophthalic acid and 5-tert-butylisophthalic acid.",
-    "A hybrid energy system is provided in a vehicle including an autonomous power supply and being connectable to an external power supply infrastructure along the route of the vehicle, and which vehicle is arranged to operate in an autonomous power supply mode and/or in an external power supply mode. The system includes a first high voltage circuit including a first traction motor connected to an energy storage system by a first power converter for propelling the vehicle; a second high voltage circuit including a second traction motor connectable to an external power supply by a second power converter for propelling the vehicle; and where the first high voltage circuit and the second high voltage circuit are connectable by a third power converter between the first and the second power converters. A method for operating the hybrid energy system is also provided. 1. Hybrid energy system in a vehicle comprising an autonomous power supply and being connectable to an external power supply infrastructure along the route of the vehicle, and which vehicle is arranged to operate in an autonomous power supply mode and/or in an external power supply mode, wherein the system comprises a first high voltage circuit comprising a first traction motor connected to an energy storage system by a first power converter for propelling the vehicle; a second high voltage circuit comprising a second traction motor connectable to an external power supply by a second power converter for propelling the vehicle; and where the first high voltage circuit and the second high voltage circuit, are connectable by a third power converter between the first and the second power converters. 2. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second power converters are DC/AC power converters. 3. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the third power converter is a DC/DC power converter. 4. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the energy storage system is a high voltage battery. 5. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the autonomous power supply comprises an internal combustion engine connected to the first traction motor. 6. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the second high voltage circuit is connectable to an external power supply in the form of overhead wires or a rail. 7. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the first traction motor and the second traction motor are connected to individual driven axles. 8. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein the first traction motor and the second traction motor are connected to one driven axle. 9. Hybrid energy system according to claim 1, wherein a controllable switch is connected in parallel with the third power converter, and that the switch is arranged to by-pass the third power converter when closed. 10. Method for operating hybrid energy system in a vehicle comprising: an autonomous power supply and being connectable to an external power supply infrastructure along the route of the vehicle; a first high voltage circuit comprising a first traction motor for propelling the vehicle connected to an energy storage system by a first power converter; a second high voltage circuit comprising a second traction motor for propelling the vehicle connectable to an external power supply by a second power converter; and where the first high voltage circuit and the second high voltage circuit are connectable by a third power converter and by a parallel controllable switch between the first and the second power converters, the method comprising operating the hybrid energy system in alternative modes, comprising at least: an autonomous power supply mode involves operating the first traction motor using the energy storage system; an external power supply mode involves connecting the third power converter and operating one or both of the first and second traction motors using the external power supply; and a combined autonomous and external power supply mode involves operating the first traction motor using the energy storage system and the second traction motor using the external power supply. 11. Method according to claim 10, comprising operating the hybrid energy system in an alternative autonomous power supply mode involving bypassing the third power converter and operating both of the first and second traction motors using the energy storage system. 12. Method according to claim 10, comprising operating the hybrid energy system in an alternative external power supply mode by bypassing the third power converter, disconnecting the energy storage system and operating both the first and second traction motors using the external power supply. 13. Method according to claim 10, comprising operating the hybrid energy system in a regenerative mode where the second traction motor is driven using the external power supply to drive a ground engaging element, and driving the first traction motor using a further ground engaging element for charging the energy storage system. 14. Method according to claim 10, comprising operating the hybrid energy system in a regenerative mode where power is supplied to the external power supply by bypassing the third power converter and operating one or both of the first and second traction motors using ground engaging elements. 15. Method according to claim 10, comprising operating the hybrid energy system in a regenerative mode where power is supplied to the energy storage system by disconnecting the external power supply and bypassing the third power converter and operating one or both of the first and second traction motors using ground engaging elements. 16. Method according to claim 10, comprising operating the hybrid energy system in an external power supply mode by connecting the first and second traction motors and disconnecting them from the vehicle driveline, and driving the first traction motor using the second traction motor to charge the energy storage system. 17. Vehicle wherein the vehicle is a commercial vehicle comprising a hybrid energy system according to claim 1. 18. A computer comprising program code for performing all the steps of claim 1 when the program is run on the computer. 19. A computer program product comprising program code stored on a computer readable medium for performing all steps of claim 1 when the program product is run on a computer. 20. A non-transitory storage medium for use in a computing environment comprising a computer readable program code to perform the method of claim 10.",
-    "A method for characterizing k mechanical parameters of a pavement formed by a stack in a direction Z of N layers, including: a) applying a load to the pavement to deform the pavement; b) in response, measuring deformation of the pavement at various points with displacement sensors situated at each of the points; c) determining the k parameters on the basis of the measurements of the various sensors. The measuring b) is carried out by at least k sensors buried inside the pavement and distributed in at least two non-parallel directions X and Y perpendicular to the direction Z, and the c) determining of the k parameters is obtained on the basis of known boundary conditions on lateral edges of the pavement. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A method for characterizing k mechanical parameters of a pavement, the pavement being formed by a stack in a direction Z of N layers and delimited by lateral edges, where k and N are non-zero integers, the method comprising: a) applying a load to the pavement to deform the pavement; b) in response, measuring deformation of the pavement at various points with aid of displacement sensors situated at each of the points; c) determining k mechanical parameters on the basis of the measurements of the various sensors and of a predetermined model relating the displacements measured by each sensor to the characteristics of the load applied during a), the model being parametrized by known position of the various sensors with respect to the pavement and by the k mechanical parameters to be characterized; wherein: during b), the measuring is carried out by at least k sensors buried inside the pavement and distributed in at least two non-parallel directions X and Y perpendicular to the direction Z; and during c), the determining of the k parameters is also obtained on the basis of known boundary conditions on the lateral edges of the pavement. 14. A method according to claim 13, wherein deformation of the pavement during a) comprises displacement on the pavement of an automotive vehicle of mass M at a constant speed V, and the model used during c) is also parametrized by the speed V and the mass M to characterize the load applied during a). 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein a) comprises measuring the mass M and of the speed of displacement V of the vehicle moving over the pavement. 16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the measuring the speed of displacement V is carried out by the same sensors as those used during b). 17. A method according to claim 13, wherein: N is greater than or equal to two; during b), the number of sensors used buried inside each layer is greater than or equal to the number of mechanical parameters of the layer to be determined during c). 18. A method according to claim 13, wherein, during c) the model comprises, for each of the N layers, a predetermined sub-model of mechanical behaviour of the layer, relating the displacements measured inside the layer to the mechanical excitations undergone by the layer at its interfaces with the other layers which are adjacent to the layer. 19. A method according to claim 13, wherein the k mechanical parameters are moduli of elasticity. 20. A method for monitoring appearance of a defect in a pavement, the method comprising: implementing a method for characterizing k mechanical parameters of the pavement, in accordance with claim 13; automatic comparison of each of the k characterized mechanical parameters with a reference interval predefined for the parameter, the pavement being considered to exhibit a defect only if at least one of the k characterized mechanical parameters does not belong to the corresponding predefined reference interval. 21. A non-transitory computer readable recording medium, comprising instructions for execution of c) of a method in accordance with claim 13 when the instructions are executed by an electronic computer. 22. A device for characterizing k mechanical parameters of a pavement, wherein the device comprises: a plurality of sensors, each configured to measure a displacement and to transmit a result of the measurement to an electronic computer, the sensors being further configured to withstand passage of vehicles when they are buried in a pavement; an electronic computer, programmed to execute c) of claim 13 with aid of the measurements transmitted by the plurality of sensors. 23. An instrumented pavement comprising: N layers stacked in a direction Z, wherein N is a non-zero integer; a device for characterizing k mechanical parameters of the pavement, in accordance with the device of claim 22, the sensors being buried inside the pavement. 24. A device according to claim 22, wherein the sensors comprise three-axis accelerometers. 25. A pavement according to claim 23, wherein the sensors comprise three-axis accelerometers.",
-    "An inflator attachment structure for attaching an inflator of an airbag apparatus to a retaining member of the airbag apparatus includes a first flange member including a first cylindrical part having a shape matching a substantially cylindrical projecting part provided on a lateral surface of the inflator, and including a first flange part extending outwardly in a radial direction from the first cylindrical part, the first flange member being pressed onto and engaged with the inflator from one side of the projecting part in an axial direction, and a second flange member including a second cylindrical part having a shape matching the projecting part, and including a second flange part extending outwardly in a radial direction from the second cylindrical part, the second flange member being pressed onto and engaged with the inflator from another side of the projecting part in the axial direction, wherein the first flange member includes a securing part for use in bolt securement to the retaining member, and wherein the second flange member is nipped between the first flange member and the retaining member when the first flange member is bolt-secured to the retaining member. 1. An inflator attachment structure for attaching an inflator of an airbag apparatus to a retaining member of the airbag apparatus, comprising: a first flange member including a first cylindrical part having a shape matching a substantially cylindrical projecting part provided on a lateral surface of the inflator, and including a first flange part extending outwardly in a radial direction from the first cylindrical part, the first flange member being pressed onto and engaged with the inflator from one side of the projecting part in an axial direction; and a second flange member including a second cylindrical part having a shape matching the projecting part, and including a second flange part extending outwardly in a radial direction from the second cylindrical part, the second flange member being pressed onto and engaged with the inflator from another side of the projecting part in the axial direction, wherein the first flange member includes a securing part for use in bolt securement to the retaining member, and wherein the second flange member is nipped between the first flange member and the retaining member when the first flange member is bolt-secured to the retaining member. 2. The inflator attachment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the securing part is a bolt member seamlessly formed with a flange face of the first flange member. 3. The inflator attachment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the securing part is a bolt hole formed through a flange face of the first flange member, and the first flange member is bolt-secured to the retaining member through a bolt inserted into the bolt hole. 4. The inflator attachment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first flange member serves as a bag ring that supports, to the retaining member, an airbag inflating with gas generated by the inflator. 5. The inflator attachment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the retaining member is a plate-shape retainer having an insertion hole into which the inflator is able to be inserted. 6. The inflator attachment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the retaining member includes a plate-shape retainer having an insertion hole into which the inflator is able to be inserted, and includes a bag ring for securing to the retainer an airbag inflating with gas generated by the inflator, and wherein the first flange member, together with the bag ring, is bolt-secured to the retainer through the securing part, and the second flange member is nipped between the first flange member and the bag ring when the first flange member is bolt-secured to the retainer. 7. The inflator attachment structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second flange members and the projecting part are configured such that a gap extending in the axial direction is created between an end of the projecting part in the axial direction and an end of at least one of the first and second flange members in the axial direction when the first and second flange members are pressed onto and engaged with the inflator. 8. An airbag apparatus having the inflator attachment structure of claim 1.",
-    "Diverting fluids may include a solids-free diverting agent having a non-dissolved suspended solids content of less than about 0.01% by weight of the solids-free diverting agent and comprising degradable polyesters dissolved in a water-miscible solvent. Method of utilizing such diverting fluids in subterranean operations may include providing a subterranean formation that comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has a higher permeability than the second portion; introducing the diverting fluid into the first portion; precipitating the degradable polyester in the diverting fluid by contacting at least a portion of the diverting fluid in the first portion with an aqueous fluid to form a precipitated degradable polyester, thereby reducing fluid flow into the first portion; diverting at least a portion of a treatment fluid to the second portion; and treating at least a portion of the second portion with the treatment fluid. 1. A method comprising: providing a subterranean formation that comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has a higher permeability than the second portion; introducing a diverting fluid into the first portion, the diverting fluid comprising a solids-free diverting agent that comprises a degradable polyester dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, wherein the solids-free diverting agent has a non-dissolved suspended solids content of less than about 0.01% by weight of the solids-free diverting agent; precipitating the degradable polyester in the diverting fluid by contacting at least a portion of the diverting fluid in the first portion with an aqueous fluid to form a precipitated degradable polyester, thereby reducing fluid flow into the first portion with the precipitated degradable polyester; diverting at least a portion of a treatment fluid to the second portion; and treating at least a portion of the second portion with the treatment fluid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the diverting fluid comprises less than 0.05% water by weight of the diverting fluid. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the solids-free diverting agent is present in the diverting fluid in an amount of about 1% to about 100% by total volume of the diverting fluid. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitated degradable polyester comprises a plurality of precipitated degradable polyester particulates. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the degradable polyester comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly(lactide), a poly(glycolide), a poly(e-caprolactone), a poly(hydroxybutyrate), an aliphatic polyester, a poly(orthoester), any copolymer thereof, and any combination thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the degradable polyester is present in the solids-free diverting agent in an amount greater than about 1% by weight of the solids-free diverting agent to saturation. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the water-miscible solvent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, formic acid, ethyl acetate, a ketone, an alcohol, glycol, glycerol, alcohol ethers, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and any combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the diverting fluid further comprises a particulate diverting agent. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the particulate diverting agent is present in the diverting fluid in an amount of about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the diverting fluid. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment fluid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an acid, a scale inhibitor or a clay stabilizing agent, a shale stabilizing agent, a viscosifier, a permeability modifier, one or more salts, and any combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising: introducing a flush fluid into a wellbore penetrating the subterranean formation prior to introducing the diverting fluid, wherein the flush fluid comprises less than 0.05% water by weight of the flush fluid. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising: degrading at least a portion of the precipitated degradable polyester, thereby returning at least some of the fluid flow to the first portion. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein degrading at least a portion of the precipitated degradable polyester involves contacting the portion of the precipitated degradable polyester with a breaker fluid. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the breaker fluid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an inorganic base, an amine, an amino alcohol, and any combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 1 further comprising: producing hydrocarbons from the subterranean formation. 16. A method comprising: providing a subterranean formation that comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has a higher permeability than the second portion; introducing a diverting fluid into the first portion, the diverting fluid comprising a solids-free diverting agent that comprises a degradable polyester and a water-miscible solvent, wherein the solids-free diverting agent has a solids content of less than about 0.01% by weight of the solids-free diverting agent; precipitating the degradable polyester in the diverting fluid by contacting at least a portion of the diverting fluid in the first portion with a flush fluid that comprises water to form a precipitated degradable polyester, thereby reducing fluid flow into the first portion with the precipitated degradable polyester; introducing an acidizing fluid into the subterranean formation; diverting at least a portion of the acidizing fluid to the second portion with the precipitated degradable polyester; and acidizing at least a portion of the second portion. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the solids-free diverting agent is present in the diverting fluid in an amount of about 1% to about 100% by total volume of the diverting fluid. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the precipitated degradable polyester comprises a plurality of precipitated degradable polyester particulates. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the degradable polyester is present in the solids-free diverting agent in an amount of about 1% by weight of the solids-free diverting agent to saturation. 20. A method comprising: providing a subterranean formation that comprises the first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has a higher permeability than the second portion; introducing a diverting fluid into the first portion of a subterranean formation, the diverting fluid comprising a polymeric solution that comprises a degradable polyester and a water-miscible solvent, wherein the polymeric solution has a solids content of less than about 0.01% by weight of the polymeric solution; precipitating the degradable polyester in the diverting fluid by contacting at least a portion of the diverting fluid in the first portion with an acidizing fluid that comprises an acid and water to form a precipitated degradable polyester, thereby reducing fluid flow into the first portion with the precipitated degradable polyester; diverting at least a portion of the acidizing fluid to the second portion of the subterranean formation with the precipitated degradable polyester; acidizing the second portion of the subterranean formation; degrading at least a portion of the precipitated degradable polyester, thereby returning at least some of the fluid flow to the first portion; and producing hydrocarbons from the subterranean formation.",
-    "The invention relates to a method to start up a Fischer-Tropsch process. A catalyst with a latent activity is used. The catalyst comprises titania, cobalt, promoter, and chlorine. The catalyst comprises more than 0.7 and less than 4 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst. 1. A method to start up a Fischer-Tropsch process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a reactor with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises: titania at least 5 weight percent cobalt calculated on the total weight of the catalyst in the range of between to 0.1 to 15 weight percent promoter, whereby the promoter comprises manganese, rhenium, Group 8-10 noble metals, or mixtures thereof; and more than 0.7 and less than 4 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst, (b) providing syngas to the reactor, (c) providing the following process conditions in the reactor: a temperature in the range from 150 to 350\u00b0 C., a pressure in the range from 5 to 150 bar absolute, and a gaseous hourly space velocity in the range from 500 to 10000 Nl/l/h. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is fixed in the reactor. 3. A method according to any one of the above claims, wherein at least 25 weight % of the catalyst comprises particles having a particle size of at least 1 mm 4. A Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises: titania at least 5 weight percent cobalt calculated on the total weight of the catalyst in the range of between to 0.1 to 15 weight percent promoter whereby the preferably comprises manganese, rhenium, Group 8-10 noble metals, or mixtures thereof; and more than 0.7 and less than 4 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst.",
-    "This lateral upright for a motor vehicle body shell is intended to separate two window openings of the body shell, for example two lateral window openings at the front and rear. It comprises at least one stiffening section comprising two side plates that are substantially parallel to one another and are connected together by a web. The section is made of composite material. The side plates are intended to extend substantially parallel to a lateral window opening of the body shell. The web of the section made of composite material forms, with the side plates, a cellular structure. 1. Lateral pillar for motor vehicle body shell intended to separate two bays of the body shell, for example two lateral bays at the front and rear, at least one of the bays being lateral of the type comprising at least one stiffening section comprising two side plates that are substantially parallel to one another and are connected together by a core, characterised in that the stiffening section is made of composite material, the side plates being intended to extend substantially parallel to the lateral bay of the body shell, the core of the section made of composite material forming, with the side plates, a honeycomb structure. 2. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of each side plate is substantially constant. 3. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the composite material forming at least one side plate, preferably forming each side plate, comprises continuous reinforcing fibres extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the pillar, the length of the fibres possibly reaching, where appropriate, the length of the stiffening section. 4. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the composite material forming the core comprises cut stiffening fibres of random orientation. 5. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the section made of composite material extends a metal portion of the pillar, preferably a lower metal portion of this pillar. 6. Lateral pillar according to claim 5, wherein the metal portion of the pillar is made of either steel or aluminium, comprising, where appropriate, magnesium. 7. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the section made of composite material is housed, at least partially, in a metal box of U-shaped cross-section comprising a metal core supported on a first side plate of the section made of composite material, the second side plate of this section made of composite material closing the metal box of U-shaped cross-section. 8. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the section made of composite material has a generally I-shaped cross-section formed by the two side plates substantially parallel to one another and the core, the core of the section made of composite material comprising: a substantially flat central wall connecting the two substantially parallel side plates by extending substantially perpendicular to these two side plates, and ribs made of composite material extending each side of the central wall and between the two side plates so as to connect the central wall and the two side plates together, these ribs defining cells of the honeycomb structure of the core. 9. Lateral pillar according to claim 8, wherein the ribs defining the cells extend substantially perpendicular to the central wall and to the two side plates. 10. Lateral pillar according to claim 8, wherein the section made of composite material is formed by joining two elements of U-shaped cross-section each having an elementary core extended by two elementary side plates, the central wall of the core of the section made of composite material being formed by the junction side against side of the elementary cores of the elements of U-shaped cross-section and each side plate of the section made of composite material being formed by two elementary side plates of the elements of U-shaped cross-section extending opposite one another. 11. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the core of the section made of composite material includes a corrugated central wall connecting the two side plates, forming arches inverting alternately and curving around imaginary axes substantially perpendicular to the side plates, these arches defining cells of the honeycomb structure of the core. 12. Lateral pillar according to claim 11, wherein the core of the section made of composite material also includes ribs connecting the central wall and the two side plates together. 13. Lateral pillar according to claim 12, wherein the ribs are inclined relative to the axes around which the arches curve and, where appropriate, cross each other. 14. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the composite material comprises a polymer selected in particular from a thermoplastic polymer and a thermosetting polymer, for example a polyamide (PA, especially PA 6 or PA-6.6), a polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), a mixture of polycarbonate and polybutylene terephthalate (PC-PBT), a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or a vinyl ester (VE), an SMC (Sheet Moulding Compound), an epoxy (EP) or a polyester. 15. Lateral pillar according to claim 1, wherein the composite material comprises reinforcing fibres of a material selected from glass, carbon or steel, and arranged according to a structure selected from a woven structure, a non-woven stitched one-directional sheet of type NCF (Non Crimp Fabric), optionally biaxial or a braided structure.",
-    "A workpiece holding jig is a vibratory barreling jig which holds a flat workpiece when the workpiece is polished by a vibratory barreling device using polishing media. The workpiece holding jig includes disk-shaped guard members and each having an outer shape larger than the workpiece and disposed so as to face each other and a holding member holding the workpiece inside a housing space so that the entire workpiece is located inside the columnar housing space. The guard members and are respectively provided with window portions communicating with the housing space. The window portions and the annular imaginary curved surface extending to connect the peripheral edges of the guard members are configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 1. A workpiece holding jig for vibratory barreling configured to hold a flat workpiece when the workpiece is polished by a vibratory barreling device using polishing media, the workpiece holding jig comprising: disk-shaped first and second guard members each having an outer shape larger than the workpiece and disposed so as to face each other; and a holding member holding the workpiece inside a housing space so that the entire workpiece is located inside the columnar housing space surrounded by the first guard member, the second guard member and an annular imaginary curved surface extending connecting the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members, wherein each of the first and second guard members is provided with a first window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the imaginary curved surface and the first window portion are configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 2. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 1, wherein the holding member holds the workpiece so that the main surface of the workpiece faces each of the first and second guard members, and wherein the first window portion is formed at a position facing a polishing target area for polishing by the polishing media in the main surface of the workpiece. 3. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 1, further comprising a covering member covering a non-polishing target area not polished by the polishing media in the workpiece. 4. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 1, wherein a gap between the peripheral edge of the workpiece and the imaginary curved surface is set to be larger than the outer shape of the polishing media. 5. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 1, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 6. A vibratory barreling method comprising: holding the workpiece in the holding member of the workpiece holding jig according to claim 1; disposing the workpiece holding jig inside a barreling tank while the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank so that the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members contact the bottom wall of the barreling tank of the vibratory barreling device; and causing the vibratory barreling device to shake the barreling tank so that the polishing media flow between the inside and outside of the housing space through the imaginary curved surface and the first window portion while the workpiece holding jig rolls inside the barreling tank in a state where the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank. 7. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 2, further comprising a covering member covering a non-polishing target area not polished by the polishing media in the workpiece. 8. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 2, wherein a gap between the peripheral edge of the workpiece and the imaginary curved surface is set to be larger than the outer shape of the polishing media. 9. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 3, wherein a gap between the peripheral edge of the workpiece and the imaginary curved surface is set to be larger than the outer shape of the polishing media. 10. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 7, wherein a gap between the peripheral edge of the workpiece and the imaginary curved surface is set to be larger than the outer shape of the polishing media. 11. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 2, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 12. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 3, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 13. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 4, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 14. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 7, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 15. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 8, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 16. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 9, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 17. The workpiece holding jig according to claim 10, further comprising a connection member extending between the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members and connecting the first and second guard members to each other, wherein the connection member is provided with a second window portion communicating with the housing space, and wherein the second window portion is configured to allow the polishing media to pass between the inside and outside of the housing space. 18. A vibratory barreling method comprising: holding the workpiece in the holding member of the workpiece holding jig according to claim 2; disposing the workpiece holding jig inside a barreling tank while the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank so that the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members contact the bottom wall of the barreling tank of the vibratory barreling device; and causing the vibratory barreling device to shake the barreling tank so that the polishing media flow between the inside and outside of the housing space through the imaginary curved surface and the first window portion while the workpiece holding jig rolls inside the barreling tank in a state where the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank. 19. A vibratory barreling method comprising: holding the workpiece in the holding member of the workpiece holding jig according to claim 3; disposing the workpiece holding jig inside a barreling tank while the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank so that the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members contact the bottom wall of the barreling tank of the vibratory barreling device; and causing the vibratory barreling device to shake the barreling tank so that the polishing media flow between the inside and outside of the housing space through the imaginary curved surface and the first window portion while the workpiece holding jig rolls inside the barreling tank in a state where the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank. 20. A vibratory barreling method comprising: holding the workpiece in the holding member of the workpiece holding jig according to claim 4; disposing the workpiece holding jig inside a barreling tank while the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank so that the peripheral edges of the first and second guard members contact the bottom wall of the barreling tank of the vibratory barreling device; and causing the vibratory barreling device to shake the barreling tank so that the polishing media flow between the inside and outside of the housing space through the imaginary curved surface and the first window portion while the workpiece holding jig rolls inside the barreling tank in a state where the workpiece holding jig stands alone inside the barreling tank.",
-    "A hub of an intermediate casing for an aircraft turbojet engine, including an inner shell intended to define a primary flow space of a primary gas stream into a turbojet engine, and at least one intermediate space, the inner shell being provided with at least one primary port and at least one movable door forming a primary air passage conduit, the door being capable of collecting, from the primary port, air flowing in the primary gas space and of sending the air collected in this way, via the intermediate space, towards a secondary air passage conduit. The primary conduit has an inner surface including, from upstream to downstream, a converging upstream part, then a nonconverging downstream part, in which the downstream part includes two portions of downstream side surface, and in which the upstream portion further includes two portions of upstream side surface. 1. The hub of an intermediate casing for an aircraft turbojet engine, comprising an internal ferrule configured to delimit both a primary flow space of a primary gas flow in a turbojet engine, and also at least one intermediate space, the internal ferrule being provided with at least one primary orifice as well as at least one moveable door forming a primary conduit for passage of air, said door being capable of sampling, from the primary orifice, air circulating in the primary gas space and sending back into the intermediate space sampled air in the direction of a secondary conduit for passage of air, wherein the primary conduit has an internal surface comprising from upstream to downstream a convergent upstream part, then a non-convergent downstream part in which the downstream part comprises two portions of downstream lateral surfaces, and in which the upstream part further comprises two portions of upstream lateral surfaces, each portion of upstream lateral surface defining with a respective downstream lateral surface a lateral part of the internal surface, each portion of downstream lateral surface having a length according to an upstream-downstream direction representing between 30% and 50% of the curvilinear length from upstream to downstream of the corresponding lateral part. 2. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein each portion of downstream lateral surface is planar and forms an flaring angle from upstream to downstream of less than 5\u00b0 with an average flow axis of the corresponding door. 3. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein each portion of lateral surface presents an S-shaped profile. 4. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein each door is movably mounted on the internal ferrule between a closing position and a maximum opening position of the primary orifice, and wherein the downstream part is contoured to direct airflow towards the entirety of the inlet orifice of the opposite secondary conduit when the door is in its maximum opening position. 5. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein the non-convergent downstream part tangentially extends the corresponding upstream part. 6. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein the downstream part is defined by two portions of downstream lateral surface and two radially internal and external surface portions relative to the axis of the hub, said radially internal and external portions being mutually non-convergent. 7. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein the downstream part is cylindrical. 8. A hub of an intermediate casing according to claim 1, wherein each secondary conduit is extended from its inlet orifice by a deflector extending upstream into the corresponding intermediate space, each deflector forming an air guide conduit having an internal surface extending from said inlet orifice as far as a guide orifice arranged downstream of the outlet orifice of the corresponding door, and wherein the downstream part is contoured to confine an airflow towards the inside of the circumference of the guide orifice when the door is in a maximum opening position. 9. An intermediate casing for an aircraft turbojet engine, comprising a hub according to claim 1. 10. An aircraft turbojet engine, comprising an intermediate casing according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for the production of at least two-layer thermoplastic foam sheets via thermal welding of at least two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets. In the process of the invention, at least two heating elements are conducted on mutually offset planes between the surfaces to be welded of the thinner thermoplastic foam sheets, and the foam sheets here do not touch the heating elements. The number of layers of the thermoplastic foam sheet is per se a result of the number of thinner thermoplastic foam sheets that are thermally welded to one another. If by way of example three thinner thermoplastic foam sheets are thermally welded to one another, a three-layer thermoplastic foam sheet is per se obtained, and if there are four thinner thermoplastic foam sheets the result is accordingly per se a four-layer thermoplastic foam sheet. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A process for the production of an at least two-layer thermoplastic foam sheet via thermal welding of at least two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets, comprising the following steps a) to e): a) two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets are oriented parallel to one another with a separation a, in such a way that they form an intermediate space, b) at least two heating elements are introduced on parallel-offset planes, and parallel to the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets, into the intermediate space, and the surfaces of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets here do not touch the heating elements, c) the heating elements are introduced between the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets to an extent such that, in relation to every location on the respective surface of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets, at least one of the heating elements has been present at least temporarily between the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets, d) the heating elements are removed completely from the intermediate space, e) at least one of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets is forced against the surface of the respective other thinner thermoplastic foam sheet where, in step b), two heating elements are introduced from, in each case, mutually opposite directions into the intermediate space or, in step d), two heating elements are in turn removed in, in each case, mutually opposite directions from the intermediate space. 18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the thickness of the weld formed via the thermal welding process is from 30 to 200 \u03bcm. 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the thickness is from 80 to 100 \u03bcm. 20. The process according to claim 17, wherein the thinner thermoplastic foam sheet is a molded foam or an extruded foam. 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein the thinner thermoplastic foam sheet is an extruded foam made of polystyrene or made of a copolymer produced from styrene. 22. The process according to claim 17, wherein the thermoplastic foam sheet comprises at least one flame retardant. 23. The process according to claim 22, wherein the flame retardant is selected from a phosphate, a phosphite, a phosphonate, a polyphosphonate, melamine, an aluminum oxide hydrate, or a halogenated organic compound. 24. The process according to claim 17, wherein, in each sheet pair to be welded, at least one and preferably both of the surfaces to be thermally welded of the thinner thermoplastic foam sheets are foaming-skin-free. 25. The process according to claim 17, wherein the thermal welding process is carried out at temperatures which are from 50 to 300\u00b0 C. above the glass transition temperature in the case of amorphous thermoplastic foams, or which are from 50 to 100\u00b0 C. above the melting point in the case of semicrystalline thermoplastic foams. 26. The process according to claim 17, wherein two heating elements are used, or the heating elements are heating plates.C 27. The process according to claim 26, wherein the two heating elements are IR sources with surface temperature from 200 to 1000\u00b0 C. 28. The process according to claim 17, wherein the heating elements in the steps b) and d) are moved with a velocity of from 0.1 to 5 m/s. 29. The process according to claim 17, wherein, in step b), two heating elements are introduced from respectively mutually opposite directions into the intermediate space, and, in step d), two heating elements are removed in respectively mutually opposite directions from the intermediate space. 30. The process according to claim 17, wherein the total duration of the steps b) to e) is at most 20 seconds. 31. The process according to claim 17, wherein, in step a), the length (x-direction) of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets is respectively from 500 to 2800 mm, and their width (y-direction) is from 500 to 1250 mm, and their thickness (z-direction) is from 20 to 200 mm. 32. The process according to claim 17, wherein the length (x-direction) of the heating elements is respectively the same as or at most 10% greater than the corresponding lengths (x-direction) of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets, and the width (y-direction) of the heating elements is from 30 to 100% of the corresponding width (y-direction) of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets. 33. The process according to claim 17, wherein the heating elements are moved parallel to the xy-plane and along the y-direction (width) of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets. 34. The process according to claim 17, wherein the density of the thermoplastic foam sheets is from 10 to 500 g/l. 35. The process according to claim 17, wherein the process is carried out in a thermally insulated enclosure, and a temperature that is constant within +/\u221210\u00b0 C. is maintained in the range from 40 to 200\u00b0 C. in the thermal enclosure. 36. The process according to claim 17, wherein, in the steps b) to d), the separation between the surface of each of the two thinner thermoplastic foam sheets and the surface of the respective heating element that is respectively spatially closest thereto is from 0.5 to 25 mm. 37. The process according to claim 17, wherein in step b), two heating elements are introduced from, in each case, mutually opposite directions into the intermediate space and, in step d), two heating elements are in turn removed in, in each case, mutually opposite directions from the intermediate space.",
-    "The invention provides a lighting system (1) comprising at least 16 lighting units (100) arranged in a grid (2) with in at least one direction center-to-center distances (d) between nearest neighbor lighting units (100) in the range of 4-16 mm, wherein each lighting unit (100) comprises a light source (110) and an optical element (20) configured to control a beam shape of light (101) generated by the light source (110), wherein each lighting unit (100) is conjured to generate said light (101) having a luminous flux of at least 100 lm and wherein the lighting system comprises as one luminous surface a plurality of grids (2), wherein between two nearest neighbor grids (2) an intermediate region (300) without a lighting unit (100) is configured, and with in at least one direction a shortest distance (d3) between nearest neighbor grids (2) of at least 35 mm. 1. A lighting system comprising: at least 16 lighting units arranged in a grid with in at least one direction center-to-center distances between nearest neighbor lighting units in the range of 4-16 mm, wherein each lighting unit comprises a light source and an optical element configured to control a beam shape of light generated by the light source, wherein each lighting unit is configured to generate said light having a luminous flux of at least 50 lm, wherein the lighting system comprises as one integral luminous surface a plurality of grids, wherein between two nearest neighbor grids an intermediate region without a lighting unit is configured, and with in at least one direction a shortest distance between nearest neighbor grids of at least 35 mm. 2. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the distances between nearest neighbor lighting units are in the range of 6-14 mm. 3. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a solid state light source and wherein the optical element is selected from the group of a reflector and a lens. 4. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein each lighting unit comprises a plurality of light sources and wherein said optical element is configured to control a beam shape of light generated by the plurality of light sources. 5. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the grid is a regular grid with one or more pitches in the range of 4-16 mm. 6. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein two nearest neighbor grids have a shortest distance of at least 50 mm. 7. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the at least 16 lighting units are configured to generate a beam of lighting system light, wherein the beam has an opening angle in the range of 4-160\u00b0 with at least 75% of the luminous flux within said opening angle. 8. A lamp comprising the lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the lamp further comprises a positioning element configured to position the lighting system at a distance of at least 3.0 m from a surface to be illuminated. 9. A lamp comprising a plurality of lighting systems according to claim 1. 10. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein the lighting system is configured at a height of at least 3.0 m over a surface. 11. The lighting system according to claim 10, wherein the lighting system is configured at an height of at least 3.5 m over a surface of a road. 12. The lighting system according to claim 11, wherein the road has a length axis, wherein the plurality of lighting units of the lighting system are arranged in a grid with in at least one direction center-to-center distances between nearest neighbor lighting units in the range of 4-16 mm, wherein the at least one direction is in a plane parallel to a plane of the road and perpendicular to the length axis of the road. 13. The lighting system according to claim 10, wherein the lighting system is configured to provide a luminous flux of at least 100 lm/p2 (with p being the pitch in mm). 14. (canceled)",
-    "Various embodiments may relate to an optoelectronic component device, including a first optically active structure, which is configured to provide an electromagnetic radiation, a measuring structure, which is configured to determine the luminance distribution of the electromagnetic radiation, wherein the measuring structure is configured to determine the luminance distribution in the first optically active structure, and wherein the measurement structure has a plurality of second optically active structures, wherein the plurality of second optically active structures are configured as optoelectric components and/or optoelectronic components, which receive the provided electromagnetic radiation. 1. An optoelectronic component device, comprising a first optically active structure designed for providing an electromagnetic radiation, wherein the first optically active structure is formed as or comprises one first organic optoelectronic component or a plurality of first organic optoelectronic components; a measuring structure designed for determining the luminance distribution of the electromagnetic radiation; and a waveguide designed for guiding the electromagnetic radiation provided; wherein the first optically active structure is optically coupled to the waveguide in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation provided is provided at least partly into the waveguide, and wherein the measuring structure is optically coupled to the waveguide in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation provided is taken up by the measuring structure at least partly from the waveguide; wherein the measuring structure is designed to determine the luminance distribution in the first optically active structure, and wherein the measuring structure comprises a plurality of second optically active structures, wherein the plurality of second optically active structures are designed as optoelectric components and/or optoelectronic components which take up the electromagnetic radiation provided. 2. The optoelectronic component device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first optoelectronic component is formed as a surface lighting component. 3. The optoelectronic component device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the measuring structure is formed in such a way that the measuring structure has a first operating mode and a second operating mode, wherein the measuring structure in the first operating mode provides a further electromagnetic radiation from an electrical voltage or an electric current applied to the measuring structure; and in the second operating mode generates an electric current or an electrical voltage from the electromagnetic radiation that is provided by the first optically active structure and is taken up by the second optically active structure. 4. The optoelectronic component device as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one second optically active structure comprises or is formed as a photoconductor, a light emitting diode, an organic light emitting diode, a photodiode, an organic photodiode, a solar cell, and/or an organic solar cell. 5. The optoelectronic component device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waveguide is formed as transparent or translucent. 6. The optoelectronic component device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an optical coupling structure between the waveguide and the first optically active structure and/or between the waveguide and the measuring structure. 7. A method for producing an optoelectronic component device, the method comprising: forming a first optically active structure for providing an electromagnetic radiation, wherein the first optically active structure is formed as or comprises one first organic optoelectronic component or a plurality of first organic optoelectronic components; forming a measuring structure for determining the luminance distribution of the electromagnetic radiation; providing a waveguide designed for guiding the electromagnetic radiation provided; wherein the first optically active structure is optically coupled to the waveguide in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation provided is provided at least partly into the waveguide, and wherein the measuring structure is optically coupled to the waveguide in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation provided is taken up by the measuring structure at least partly from the waveguide; wherein the measuring structure is formed in such a way that the luminance distribution in the first optically active structure is determinable, and wherein the measuring structure is formed with a plurality of second optically active structures, wherein the plurality of second optically active structures are designed as optoelectric components and/or optoelectronic components which take up the electromagnetic radiation provided. 8. A method for operating an optoelectronic component device, the optoelectronic component device, comprising a first optically active structure designed for providing an electromagnetic radiation, wherein the first optically active structure is formed as or comprises one first organic optoelectronic component or a plurality of first organic optoelectronic components; a measuring structure designed for determining the luminance distribution of the electromagnetic radiation; and a waveguide designed for guiding the electromagnetic radiation provided; wherein the first optically active structure is optically coupled to the waveguide in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation provided is provided at least partly into the waveguide, and wherein the measuring structure is optically coupled to the waveguide in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation provided is taken up by the measuring structure at least partly from the waveguide; wherein the measuring structure is designed to determine the luminance distribution in the first optically active structure, and wherein the measuring structure comprises a plurality of second optically active structures, wherein the plurality of second optically active structures are designed as optoelectric components and/or optoelectronic components which take up the electromagnetic radiation provided, the method comprising: measuring the measurement parameters of the measuring structure while the first optically active structure is optically inactive; measuring the measurement parameters of the measuring structure while the first optically active structure is optically active; determining the respective differences between the measurement parameters of the plurality of second optically active structures of the measuring structure with the first optically active structure being optically active and the measurement parameters with the first optically active structure being optically inactive; and setting at least one operating parameter of the optically active structure on the basis of the measurement parameter differences among the plurality of second optically active structures. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein setting the at least one operating parameter comprises changing the at least one operating parameter from a first operating parameter set to a second operating parameter set if the plurality of second optoelectronic component have a difference in the signal differences that is greater than a first trigger absolute value. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein setting the at least one operating parameter comprises changing the at least one operating parameter from a first operating parameter set to a third operating parameter set if the plurality of second optoelectronic component have on average a signal difference that is less than a second trigger absolute value. 11. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein an operating parameter set comprises an operating current, an operating voltage and/or a luminance of the first optically active structure. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the second operating parameter set overdrives the first optically active structure in such a way that the operating current, the operating voltage and/or the luminance are/is increased.",
-    "A terminal (100) for contacting an electrical conductor (400) is characterised by an insulating housing (110) having an elongated opening (200) which is accessible from above for the insertion of the electrical conductor (400) and having at least one insulation displacement connector (210, 220) which is arranged laterally on the housing (110) and is able to move from the side and substantially perpendicularly to the elongated opening (120) and thereby contacts the electrical conductor (400) by insulation displacement connection and fixes it in the housing (110). 1. Terminal (100) to contact an electrical conductor (400), having an insulating housing (110) having an elongated opening (120) which is accessible from above to insert the electrical conductor (400) and having at least one insulation displacement connector (210, 220) which is arranged laterally on the housing (110) and is able to move from the side and substantially perpendicularly to the elongated opening (120) and thereby contacts the electrical conductor (400) using the insulation displacement connection and fixes it in the housing (110), wherein at least two insulation displacement connectors (210, 220) are provided which are each positioned, seen in the conductor direction, at the front and rear end of the elongated opening (120), and wherein the two insulation displacement connectors (210, 220) are arranged on a U-shaped bracket (200) and are able to move mutually, transversely to the opening in the direction of the electrical conductor (400), to form insulation displacement connector contacts, wherein the U-shaped bracket (200) is connected to a connection element (300) which has contact elements (301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309) for contacting with conductor tracks of a circuit board (500, 600). 2-4. (canceled) 5. Terminal according to claim 1, wherein the U-shaped bracket (200) and the connection element (300) are connected to each other in one piece. 6. Terminal (100) according to claim 1, wherein the contact elements are press-in contact elements (301, 302, 303, 304). 7. Terminal (100) according to claim 1, wherein the contact elements are solder contact elements (306, 307, 308, 309) formed for surface soldering. 8. Terminal (100) according to claim 1, wherein the connection element (300) is a connection plate which is bent substantially at a right angle away from the U-shaped bracket, on the lower sides of which, which face way from the U-shaped bracket (200), the contact elements (301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309) are arranged. 9. Terminal (100) according to claim 1, wherein guides (150, 160) are provided for the U-shaped bracket (200) having the insulation displacement connector contacts (210, 22) and the connection element (300) in the housing (110), said guides (150, 160) enabling an insertion of the U-shaped bracket (200) having the insulation displacement connector contacts (210, 220) and the connection element (300) into the housing. 10. Terminal (100) according to claim 1, wherein the elongated opening (120) which is accessible from above has a tapering (122) in the opening direction to firmly clamp an electrical conductor (400) to be inserted. 11. Terminal (100) according to claim 1, wherein the housing (110) comprises plastic.",
-    "A gas inlet made of an elastic material is prevented from getting scratched by contact with a nozzle, and adhesion between the gas inlet and the nozzle is prevented. A container is positioned, and a purge gas is introduced from the nozzle into a gas inlet hole in the center of a circular bottom surface of the gas inlet provided on the bottom of the container. The nozzle has a planar top end surface having a size equal to or greater than that of the bottom surface of the gas inlet, and a nozzle hole in the center of the top end surface, and has a size equal to or smaller than that of the gas inlet hole. The top end surface is roughened or includes a lubricant so that the top end surface and the gas inlet are mutually slidable. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A gas purge device positioning a container and comprising: a nozzle to introduce a purge gas into a gas inlet, made of an elastic material, provided on a bottom of the container, and provided with a circular bottom surface and a gas inlet hole in a center of the bottom surface; wherein the nozzle is provided with a planar top end surface having a size equal to or greater than that of the bottom surface of the gas inlet and a nozzle hole located in a center of the top end surface and having a size equal to or smaller than that of the gas inlet hole of the container; and the top end surface is roughened or includes a lubricant, and supports the gas inlet slidably. 9. The gas purge device according to claim 8, wherein the top end surface has a diameter equal to or greater than that of the gas inlet, and the nozzle hole has a diameter equal to or smaller than that of the gas inlet hole. 10. The gas purge device according to claim 9, wherein the top end surface contacts an entire surface of the gas inlet except for the gas inlet hole, to support the gas inlet, to apply a uniform or substantially uniform contact pressure from the nozzle to an entire surface of the gas inlet except for the gas inlet hole, to make the gas inlet slidable with respect to the top end surface, and to prevent adhesion between the gas inlet and the top end surface when positioning the container. 11. The gas purge device according to claim 8, wherein the top end surface is roughened. 12. The gas purge device according to claim 8, further comprising: a rack support; and positioning members provided on the rack support; wherein the positioning members position the container on the rack support; and the nozzle is fixed on the rack support at a fixed height so as not to move up and down. 13. A gas purge method comprising positioning a container and introducing a purge gas from a nozzle into a gas inlet, made of an elastic material, provided on a bottom of the container, and provided with a circular bottom surface and a gas inlet hole in a center of the bottom surface, wherein the nozzle has a planar top end surface having a size equal to or greater than that of the bottom surface of the gas inlet and a nozzle hole located in a center of the top end surface and having a size equal to or smaller than that of the gas inlet hole of the container, and the nozzle applies a contact pressure to an entire surface of the gas inlet except for the gas inlet hole, and the top end surface is roughened or includes a lubricant and the gas inlet is slidable with respect to the top end surface. 14. The gas purge method according to claim 13, wherein the top end surface contacts with an entire surface of the gas inlet except for the gas inlet hole and applies a uniform or substantially uniform contact pressure from the nozzle to the entire surface of the gas inlet except for the gas inlet hole, and prevents application of a mark and a scratch on the gas inlet; and the gas inlet is slidable with respect to the top end surface, and adhesion between the gas inlet and the top end surface is prevented while positioning the container.",
-    "A method for linearizing sensor signals in a magnetic strip length measuring system moves a sensor head between two magnetic poles of a measurement body. In particular, linearization takes place dynamically during operation of the magnetic strip length measuring system, and linearization deviations are compensated by extrapolation as the sensor head moves between the two poles of the measurement body from pole to pole or from pole pair to pole pair. 1. Method for linearization of sensor signals from a magnetic strip measuring system, in which a sensor head (100) is moved between magnetic poles (103, 105) of a measurement body (107), wherein the linearization occurs dynamically during the operation of the magnetic strip length measuring system, wherein linearity deviations are compensated for during the movement of the sensor head (100) between the poles (103, 105) of the measurement body (107) by extrapolation from pole to pole, or from pole pair to pole pair. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein, during a period duration, the position difference between an interpolated position and a movement of the sensor head (100) which is assumed to be substantially constant is measured n times and support points are generated by subtraction of the interpolated position. 3. Method according to claim 2, wherein a correction curve (515) is generated by linear interpolation between support points. 4. Method according to claim 2, wherein the generated interpolated correction curve (515) is added to the measured position of the respectively subsequent pole. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein an adaptation to a changed movement speed of the sensor head (100) occurs by a correction curve being generated by changed support points which are formed by temporal extension in a subsequent measurement period. 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein support points (715) of a correction curve, which is incorrect as a consequence of a speed change during movement of the sensor head (100), are interpolated and wherein new support points (720) for a subsequent period are generated from the support points (715) of the existing correction curve. 7. Method according to claim 6, wherein the new support points (720) are generated by interpolation between the existing support points (715), wherein a correction curve (725) is generated from points obtained by means of equidistant scanning, which is used in the subsequent periods.",
-    "A security device can include a clip allowing the security device to be attached to clothing, bags or other accessories without the need for a separate holster or carrier. The security device can be readily transported without the need for a separate holster or carrier. 1. A security device, comprising: first and second substantially rigid parts, the second part being partially receivable in and lockable to the first part to form a substantially rigid loop defining an enclosed area, wherein clip means for releasably attaching the security device to another article are provided on one of the first and second parts. 2. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the first part of the security device comprises the body of a lock, the body housing a lock mechanism, and wherein the second part comprises a locking shackle. 3-5. (canceled) 6. The security device according to claim 1, wherein no part of the clip means extends into the enclosed area. 7. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the clip means comprises two limbs which align with limbs of the second part when the first and second parts of the security device are secured together. 8-12. (canceled) 13. A retaining device, comprising: a body comprising retaining means for retaining a resilient member; and attachment means for releasably attaching the retaining device to another article. 14. The retaining device according to claim 13, wherein the retaining means comprises an aperture. 15. The retaining device according to claim 14, wherein the aperture extends from one side of the body to an opposite side of the body. 16. The retaining device according to claim 14, wherein the aperture comprises two openings. 17-25. (canceled) 26. The retaining device according to claims 13, wherein the attachment means comprises at least one channel for receiving the other article. 27. (canceled) 28. The retaining device clamed in according to claim 26, wherein the at least one channel is delimited by the body and at least one of the group consisting of an attachment arm and a pair of attachment arms. 29. The retaining device according to claims 13, wherein the attachment means extends from opposite ends of the retaining device. 30. The retaining device according to claim 13, wherein the attachment means comprises at least one closed loop for receiving the other article. 31-34. (canceled) 35. A retaining device, comprising: a body comprising retaining means for retaining a resilient member; and attachment means for releasably attaching the retaining device to a security device, the security device comprising first and second substantially rigid parts, the second part being partially receivable in and lockable to the first part to form a substantially rigid loop defining an enclosed area, wherein clip means for releasably attaching the security device to another article are provided on one of the first and second parts. 36. The retaining device according to claim 35, wherein all or part of the retaining device occupies the enclosed area of the security device. 37. The retaining device according to claim 35, wherein the retaining means of the retaining device occupies the enclosed area of the security device. 38. (canceled) 39. The retaining device according to claim 13, wherein the retaining means, the resilient member, the attachment means and a shackle lie substantially in a same plane. 40. The retaining device according to claim 13, wherein the other article comprises a security device comprising first and second substantially rigid parts, the second part being partially receivable in and lockable to the first part to form a substantially rigid loop defining an enclosed area, wherein clip means for releasably attaching the security device to another article are provided on one of the first and second parts. 41. The retaining device according to claim 40, wherein at least part of the retaining device occupies the enclosed area of the security device. 42. The retaining device according to claim 40, wherein the retaining means of the retaining device occupies the enclosed area of the security device. 43. (canceled) 44. The retaining device according to claims 40, wherein the retaining means, the resilient member, the attachment means and a shackle lie substantially in a same plane. 45-46. (canceled)",
-    "A telescopic assembly comprises a first portion and a second portion and a support bearing assembly that acts between the two portions; the two portions being able to move relatively along a common path during telescopic adjustment; the support bearing assembly being located between the two portions and locating the two portions relative to one another to remove free play between the two portions that would otherwise occur in at least one direction orthogonal to the telescopic movement; characterised in that the support bearing assembly is fixed in position between the two portions by a release mechanism that is arranged, in use, to cause the support bearing assembly to grip both the first and second portions when they are not moving telescopically, to automatically release that grip upon relative telescopic movement of the two portions that exceeds a predetermined distance, and to automatically re-engage. 1. A telescopic assembly comprising: a first portion and a second portion and a support bearing assembly that acts between the first and second portions; the first and second portions being able to move relatively along a common path during telescopic adjustment; the support bearing assembly being located between the first and second portions and locating the first and second portions relative to one another to remove free play between the first and second portions that would otherwise occur in at least one direction orthogonal to the telescopic movement; wherein the support bearing assembly is fixed in position between the first and second portions by a release mechanism that is arranged, in use, to cause the support bearing assembly to grip both the first and second portions when they are not moving telescopically, to automatically release that grip upon relative telescopic movement of the first and second portions that exceeds a predetermined distance, and to automatically re-engage that grip when the relative telescopic movement has subsequently stopped. 2. The telescopic assembly of claim 1, wherein the first portion comprises an inner tubular portion or an outer tubular portion, and the second portion comprises the other of an inner portion and an outer portion, with an end of the inner portion fitting within an end of the outer portion, the support bearing assembly being located in the gap formed between the inner and outer portions. 3. The telescopic assembly of claim 2, wherein the inner and outer portions comprise cylindrical tubes which are arranged around a common axis along which the telescopic movement occurs, and the support bearing assembly permits relative rotation between the first and second portions as well as permitting axial telescopic movement. 4. The telescopic assembly of claim 1, wherein the bearing assembly includes an inner and outer annular bearing race, and a plurality of bearings located between the races. 5. (canceled) 6. The telescopic assembly of claim 2, wherein the inner tubular portion is fitted inside the inner annular race and the outer tubular portion may be fitted around the outer bearing race. 7. The telescopic assembly of claim 4 wherein one of the bearing races is fixed in position on the first portion, and the release mechanism is arranged to releasably grip the other bearing races to the second portion. 8. The telescopic assembly of claim 4, wherein the first portion is an outer tube, the outer bearing race is secured to the outer tube whilst the inner bearing race can releasably moved relative to the second portion. 9. The telescopic assembly of claim 8, wherein a part of the release mechanism is located between the inner bearing race and the inner tube. 10. The telescopic assembly of claim 4, wherein the first portion is an inner tube, the inner bearing race is fixed in position and the outer race releasably gripped by the release mechanism. 11. The telescopic assembly of claim 10, wherein part of the release mechanism is located between the outer race and the outer tube. 12. The telescopic assembly of claim 4, wherein the bearing race is fixed to the first portion and engages the first portion through a resilient spacer ensuring that a force is applied between the bearing race and the first portion, removing any free play. 13. The telescopic assembly of claim 12, wherein the bearing race, or resilient spacer, is secured to the first portion so that they cannot move during normal use. 14. The telescopic assembly of claim 1, wherein the release mechanism includes at least one gripper that contacts the second portion and at least one reaction member that acts between the bearing race and the gripper, the gripper in use securely gripping the second portion when the assembly is not moving telescopically, and automatically releasing its grip on the second portion when it is moving. 15. The telescopic assembly of claim 14, wherein the gripper or each gripper comprises a roller. 16. (canceled) 17. The telescopic assembly of claim 15, wherein the roller, when only subject to a low force from the wedge, can rotate freely along the second portion but when subject to a high force, as occurs when the telescopic movement has stopped, can no longer slide and so grips the second portion. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. The telescopic assembly of claim 14, wherein the release mechanism includes two or more reaction members, each reaction member being associated with two grippers. 22. The telescopic assembly of claim 21, wherein each reaction member comprises a first side that engages one gripper and a second side that engages the other gripper, the two sides extending away from each other on opposing sides of the bearing race and optionally being connected by a central region, each gripper in use being wedged between a respective side and the second portion. 23. (canceled) 24. The telescopic assembly of claim 14, wherein the release mechanism also includes a biasing means, such as a spring, that is associated with each gripper, and which in use with no telescopic movement of the assembly, biases the gripper into a position where it is forced into engagement with the reaction member and the second portion, the biasing force being reacted in part by the reaction member and in part by the second portion. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. The telescopic assembly of claim 24, wherein the release mechanism further comprises a slide element which is a sliding fit onto the second portion and passes between the bearing assembly and second portion, the slide element having opposed ends, one end on each side of the bearing races, each end defining a respective stopper, each of the biasing means acting between a stopper and a respective gripper. 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. A steering column assembly comprising a telescopic shroud having upper and lower portions that surround and support a telescopic steering shaft having upper and lower portions, one of the upper and lower portions of the shroud forming the first or second portion of a telescopic assembly of claim 1 and one of the upper and lower portions of the steering shaft forming the other of the first and second portions of claim 1. 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled)",
-    "An optical cable includes an optical core and sheath enclosing the optical core. The optical core includes a number of optical units having respective colors and being wound about a longitudinal axis of the cable. The sheath includes at least one non opaque longitudinal section through which a sequence of colors of the optical units is visible from outside the cable. The color sequence acts as an identifier for the cable. The cable may therefore be easily identified (e.g. amongst other cables laid down within the same duct) by a simple visual inspection of the cable's inner structure through the non opaque section(s) of its external sheath. 1-15. (canceled) 16. An optical cable comprising an optical core and a sheath enclosing said optical core, wherein: said optical core comprises a number of optical units having respective colors and being wound about a longitudinal axis of said cable; and said sheath comprises at least one non opaque longitudinal section through which a sequence of colors of said optical units is visible from outside said cable. 17. The optical cable according to claim 16, wherein said sheath further comprises at least one opaque longitudinal section complementary to said at least one non opaque longitudinal section. 18. The optical cable according to claim 17, wherein an angular width of said at least one opaque longitudinal section is lower than an angular width of said non opaque longitudinal section. 19. The optical cable according to claim 18, wherein said at least one opaque longitudinal section is provided with a groove or notch. 20. The optical cable according to claim 18, wherein said at least one opaque longitudinal section is provided with alphanumeric information relating to said cable. 21. The optical cable according to claim 17, wherein an angular width of said at least one opaque longitudinal section is higher than an angular width of said non opaque longitudinal section. 22. The optical cable according to claim 21, wherein said at least one non opaque longitudinal section is provided with a groove or notch. 23. The optical cable according to claim 21, wherein said at least one non opaque longitudinal section is provided with alphanumeric information relating to said cable. 24. The optical cable according to claim 16, wherein said at least one non opaque longitudinal section is clear. 25. The optical cable according to claim 17, wherein said at least one non opaque longitudinal section is tinted by a color different from a color of said at least one opaque longitudinal section. 26. The optical cable according to claim 16, further comprising an elongated identification element arranged between said optical core and said sheath so as to be visible from outside said cable through said at least one non opaque longitudinal section of said sheath. 27. The optical cable according to claim 26, wherein said elongated identification element comprises a tape provided with alphanumeric information relating to said cable. 28. The optical cable according to claim 26, wherein said elongated identification element is arranged parallel to said longitudinal axis of said cable underneath said at least one non opaque longitudinal section of said sheath. 29. The optical cable according to claim 26, wherein said elongated identification element is wound about said longitudinal axis of said cable. 30. A process for manufacturing an optical cable, said process comprising: providing an optical core comprising a number of optical units having respective colors and being wound about a longitudinal axis of said cable; and forming a sheath enclosing said optical core, wherein said sheath comprises at least one non opaque longitudinal section through which a sequence of colors of said optical units is visible from outside said cable.",
-    "The disclosed embodiments relate to methods, systems and apparatus for automated generation a flight log and a squawk list file. A computer records a preliminary flight log data file (PFLDF), and automatically generates a preliminary squawk list file (PSLF) that includes a plurality of squawk events recorded while an aircraft is in flight. A wireless communication device includes a processor configured to execute a software application, a display that displays a graphical user interface that presents each squawk event from the PSLF for review, and an input system configured to receive inputs including an input for each particular squawk event. These inputs for each particular squawk event can be an edit input, an approval input, or a removal input. When all squawk events in the PSLF have been reviewed, the processor executes the software application to generate a final flight log and a final squawk list file (FSLF) that includes each of the squawk events from the PSLF that have been reviewed and approved for inclusion in the final squawk list. 1. A method for automatic generation of a final flight log and a final squawk list, the method comprising: recording flight log data for a flight in a preliminary flight log data file; recording squawk events that occur while the aircraft is in flight; automatically generating, at an on-board computer upon occurrence of a trigger event, a preliminary squawk list file comprising: a plurality of squawk events; and executing, at a wireless communication device, a software application that is designed to generate a final flight log and a final squawk list file, wherein executing comprises: presenting, at a graphical user interface of wireless communication device, each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file for review; receiving inputs from an input system of the wireless communication device, wherein the inputs comprise: an input for each particular squawk event in the preliminary squawk list file comprising at least one of: an edit input to change content of that particular squawk event, an approval input that indicates that the particular squawk event has been approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file, or a removal input that indicates that the particular squawk event has not been approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file and is to be deleted from the preliminary squawk list file; and when all squawk events in the preliminary squawk list file have been reviewed, generating a final flight log and the final squawk list file, wherein the final squawk list file comprises: each of the squawk events from the preliminary squawk list file that have been reviewed and approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file as squawk events to be investigated for corrective action after the flight. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein executing the software application further comprises: establishing, via the wireless communication device, a connection with the on-board computer of the aircraft; receiving the preliminary flight log data file and the preliminary squawk list file at the wireless communication device; extracting information from the preliminary flight log data file and information associated with each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file; and populating fields of the graphical user interface displayed at wireless communication device with information from the preliminary flight log data file and with information associated with each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file. 3. A method according to claim 2, further comprising: in response to a request message communicated from the wireless communication device, communicating the preliminary flight log data file and the preliminary squawk list file from the aircraft to the wireless communication device. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein each squawk event is either: a discrepancy that is observed by a human and manually entered into the preliminary squawk list file by the human either pre-flight before takeoff, during the flight, or post-flight after the aircraft has landed, wherein the discrepancy is flagged to be investigated for a corrective action after the flight; or an event related to a Crew Alerting System (CAS) message that is automatically generated during flight and added to the preliminary squawk list file without human intervention, wherein the event related to the CAS message is detected, measured or observed during the flight and flagged to be investigated for a corrective action after the flight. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the final flight log comprises: flight identification information for the flight that identifies one or more of: date of the flight, flight leg, pilot name, co-pilot name, origin airport, destination airport, block-in time and block-out time, takeoff time, landing time, indication of whether the flight was a day flight or a night flight; and flight data information that indicates information regarding a state, a value, or a current cycle of any aircraft systems or sub-system. 6. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: communicating the final flight log and the final squawk list file from the wireless communication device to a maintenance server. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein communicating the final flight log and the final squawk list file from the wireless communication device to the maintenance server, comprises: communicating the final flight log and the final squawk list file from the wireless communication device to the on-board computer of the aircraft; communicating the final flight log and the final squawk list file from the on-board computer of the aircraft to a ground support network; and communicating the final flight log and the final squawk list file from the ground support network to the maintenance server, wherein the maintenance server automatically uploads and imports the final flight log and the final squawk list file into records associated with the aircraft. 8. A system for automatic generation of a final flight log and a final squawk list file, the system comprising: an aircraft comprising an on-board computer configured to: record flight log data for a flight in a preliminary flight log data file; record squawk events that occur while the aircraft is in flight; and automatically generate, upon occurrence of a trigger event, a preliminary squawk list file comprising: a plurality of squawk events to be reviewed for potential inclusion in the final squawk list file; and a wireless communication device configured to execute a software application, wherein the wireless communication device comprises: a processor configured to execute the software application; a display configured to display a graphical user interface that presents each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file for review and allows the user to manually enter a new squawk event; and an input system configured to receive inputs comprising: an input for each particular squawk event in the preliminary squawk list file comprising at least one of: an edit input to change content of that particular squawk event, an approval input that indicates that the particular squawk event has been approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file, or a removal input that indicates that the particular squawk event has not been approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file and is to be deleted from the preliminary squawk list file; and when all squawk events in the preliminary squawk list have been reviewed, wherein the processor executes the software application to generate the final flight log and the final squawk list file that comprises: each of the squawk events from the preliminary squawk list file that have been reviewed and approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file as squawk events to be investigated for corrective action after the flight. 9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the processor executes the software application to establish a communication connection between the wireless communication device and the on-board computer of the aircraft, receive the preliminary flight log data file and the preliminary squawk list file at the wireless communication device from the on-board computer, extract information from the preliminary flight log data file and information associated with each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file, and populate fields of the graphical user interface displayed at wireless communication device with information from the preliminary flight log data file and with information associated with each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file. 10. A system according to claim 9, wherein the on-board computer is further configured to communicate the preliminary flight log data file and the preliminary squawk list file to the wireless communication device in response to a request message communicated from the wireless communication device. 11. A system according to claim 8, wherein each squawk event is either: a discrepancy that is observed by a human and manually entered into the preliminary squawk list file by the human either pre-flight before takeoff, during the flight, or post-flight after the aircraft has landed, wherein the discrepancy is flagged to be investigated for a corrective action after the flight; or an event related to a Crew Alerting System (CAS) message that is automatically generated during flight and added to the preliminary squawk list file without human intervention, wherein the event related to the CAS message is detected, measured or observed during the flight and flagged to be investigated for a corrective action after the flight. 12. A system according to claim 8, wherein the final flight log comprises: flight identification information for the flight that identifies one or more of: date of the flight, flight leg, pilot name, co-pilot name, origin airport, destination airport, block-in time and block-out time, takeoff time, landing time, indication of whether the flight was a day flight or a night flight; and flight data information that indicates information regarding a state, a value, or a current cycle of any aircraft systems or sub-system. 13. A system according to claim 8, wherein the wireless communication device further comprises: a first network interface configured to communicate the final flight log and the final squawk list file to a maintenance server. 14. A system according to claim 13, wherein the on-board computer comprises a second network interface, wherein the first network interface of the wireless communication device is configured to communicate the final flight log and the final squawk list file to the second network interface of the on-board computer, the system further comprising: a ground support network, wherein the second network interface is configured to communicate the final flight log and the final squawk list file to the ground support network; and wherein the ground support network is configured to communicate the final flight log and the final squawk list file to the maintenance server, wherein the maintenance server automatically uploads and imports the final flight log and the final squawk list file into records associated with the aircraft. 15. A wireless communication device, comprising: a receiver configured to receive, from an aircraft upon landing, a preliminary flight log data file comprising recorded flight log data for a flight, and a preliminary squawk list file comprising a plurality of squawk events that were recorded during the flight and that are to be reviewed for potential inclusion in a final squawk list file; a processor configured to execute a software application; a display configured to display a graphical user interface that presents each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file for review; and an input system configured to receive inputs comprising: an input for each particular squawk event in the preliminary squawk list file comprising at least one of: an edit input to change content of that particular squawk event, an approval input that indicates that the particular squawk event has been approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file, or a removal input that indicates that the particular squawk event has not been approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file and is to be deleted from the preliminary squawk list file; and when all squawk events in the preliminary squawk list have been reviewed, wherein the processor executes the software application to generate a final flight log and the final squawk list file comprising each of the squawk events from the preliminary squawk list that have been reviewed and approved for inclusion in the final squawk list file as squawk events to be investigated for corrective action after the flight. 16. A wireless communication device according to claim 15, wherein the processor executes the software application to establish a communication connection between the wireless communication device and an on-board computer of the aircraft, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the preliminary flight log data file and the preliminary squawk list file from the on-board computer, wherein the processor executes the software application to extract information from the preliminary flight log data file and information associated with each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file, and populate fields of the graphical user interface displayed via the display with information from the preliminary flight log data file and with information associated with each squawk event from the preliminary squawk list file. 17. A wireless communication device according to claim 15, wherein each squawk event is either: a discrepancy that is observed by a human and manually entered into the preliminary squawk list file by the human either pre-flight before takeoff, during the flight, or post-flight after the aircraft has landed, wherein the discrepancy is flagged to be investigated for a corrective action after the flight; or an event related to a Crew Alerting System (CAS) message that is automatically generated during flight and added to the preliminary squawk list file without human intervention, wherein the event related to the CAS message is detected, measured or observed during the flight and flagged to be investigated for a corrective action after the flight. 18. A wireless communication device according to claim 15, wherein the final flight log comprises: flight identification information for the flight that identifies one or more of: date of the flight, flight leg, pilot name, co-pilot name, origin airport, destination airport, block-in time and block-out time, takeoff time, landing time, indication of whether the flight was a day flight or a night flight; and flight data information that indicates information regarding a state, a value, or a current cycle of any aircraft systems or sub-system",
-    "The present invention provides a method for detecting an uplink synchronization signal in a wireless access system supporting a high frequency band, a method for designing a detection filter for the same, and devices for supporting the methods. A method by which a base station detects a random access channel (RACH) signal in a wireless access system supporting a high frequency band, according to one embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of: allocating a cyclic shift value used in the base station; configuring a reception signal vector for signals transmitted through the RACH; deriving a cyclic shift candidate greater than or equal to a reference value from the reception signal vector by using a first detection filter; and detecting the RACH signal from the cyclic shift candidate by using a second detection filter, wherein the first detection filter and the second detection filter can be set on the basis of the cyclic shift value. 1. A method for detecting a Random Access Channel (RACH) signal by a base station in a wireless access system supporting a high frequency band, the method comprising: allocating cyclic shift values used in the base station; configuring a received signal vector for signals transmitted on a RACH; deriving cyclic shift candidates equal to or larger than a reference value from the received signal vector, using a first detection filter; and detecting a RACH signal from the cyclic shift candidates using a second detection filter, wherein the first detection filter and the second detection filter are configured based on the cyclic shift values. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first detection filter is configured on the assumption that a number of effective channels of the RACH is 1. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first detection filter Gm is configured by [s(mN)], where m represents the cyclic shift values, N represents a total length of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, and < > represents a modulo operation. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second detection filter is configured in consideration of a number of effective channels of the RACH. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the second detection filter Gm is configured by [s(mN) s(m\u22121N) . . . s(m+L\u22121N)], where m represents the cyclic shift values, L represents the number of effective channels, N represents a total length of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, and < > represents a modulo operation. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic shift values are set in consideration of a number of effective channels. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic shift candidates are periods during which a sequence correlation derived from a Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) is equal to or larger than the reference value. 8. A base station for detecting a Random Access Channel (RACH) signal in a wireless access system supporting a high frequency band, the base station comprising: a transmitter; a receiver; and a processor configured to detect the RACH signal, wherein the processor is configured to allocate cyclic shift values used in the base station, configure a received signal vector for signals transmitted on the RACH, derive cyclic shift candidates equal to or larger than a reference value from the received signal vector, using a first detection filter, and detect a RACH signal from the cyclic shift candidates using a second detection filter, and wherein the first detection filter and the second detection filter are configured based on the cyclic shift values. 9. The base station according to claim 8, wherein the first detection filter is configured on the assumption that a number of effective channels of the RACH is 1. 10. The base station according to claim 9, wherein the first detection filter Gm is configured by [s(mN)], where m represents the cyclic shift values, N represents a total length of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, and < > represents a modulo operation. 11. The base station according to claim 8, wherein the second detection filter is configured in consideration of a number of effective channels of the RACH. 12. The base station according to claim 11, wherein the second detection filter Gm is configured by [s(mN) s(m+1N) . . . s(m+L\u22121N)] where m represents the cyclic shift values, L represents the number of effective channels, N represents a total length of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, and < > represents a modulo operation. 13. The base station according to claim 8, wherein the cyclic shift values are set in consideration of a number of effective channels. 14. The base station according to claim 8, wherein the cyclic shift candidates are periods during which a sequence correlation derived from a Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) is equal to or larger than the reference value.",
-    "A wireless camera system includes a plurality of wireless cameras and a central device. Each of the wireless cameras includes: an image data generator configured to capture an image to generate image data; and a radio communicator configured to transmit transmission data containing the image data wirelessly. The central device includes a display configured to display configured to display the image data contained in the transmission data transmitted. A controller of the wireless cameras limits an amount of the transmission data of the wireless camera when the wireless camera is not selected by a user of the central device. 1. A wireless camera system comprising a plurality of wireless cameras, each of the wireless cameras comprising: an image data generator configured to capture an image to generate image data; a camera-side radio communicator configured to transmit transmission data containing the image data wirelessly; and a camera controller configured to control operations of the wireless camera, the wireless camera system comprising: a camera selector configured to select a part of wireless cameras among the plurality of wireless cameras; and a display configured to display the image data contained in the transmission data transmitted from the camera-side radio communicator in the wireless camera, depending on a selection made by the camera selector, wherein the wireless camera system performs a process for preventing reduction in a transmission rate for the transmission data. 2. The wireless camera system according to claim 1, wherein the camera controller limits an amount of the transmission data of the wireless camera, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, when the wireless camera is not selected by the camera selector. 3. The wireless camera system according to claim 1, further comprising: a band estimator configured to estimate an available bandwidth to be used by the camera-side radio communicator for radio communication of the transmission data; and a band predictor configured to predict an available bandwidth for the wireless camera, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth by the band estimator, wherein the camera controller controls the wireless camera to issue a warning, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, when the band predictor predicts that the available bandwidth for the wireless camera is likely to decrease in a case where the wireless camera is selected by the camera selector. 4. The wireless camera system according to claim 1, further comprising: a band estimator configured to estimate an available bandwidth to be used by the camera-side radio communicator for radio communication of the transmission data; and a band predictor configured to predict an available bandwidth for the wireless camera, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth by the band estimator, wherein the display is configured to display a result of prediction obtained by the band predictor, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data. 5. The wireless camera system according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of wireless cameras is set a priority by a user of a central device, and the controllers of the plurality of wireless cameras which have not been selected via the camera selector by the user of the central device limit the amounts of the transmission data of the unselected wireless cameras according to the priority of the wireless cameras. 6. The wireless camera system according to claim 5, wherein when the wireless camera is not selected by the camera selector, the camera controller limits the amount of the transmission data of the unselected wireless camera, when another wireless camera selected by the camera selector has a higher priority than the unselected wireless camera, and the camera controller does not limit the amount of the transmission data of the unselected wireless camera, when another wireless camera selected by the camera selector has a higher priority than the unselected wireless camera. 7. The wireless camera system according to claim 2, wherein the camera controller limits the amount of the transmission data by changing a resolution of the image data. 8. The wireless camera system according to claim 2, wherein the camera controller limits the amount of the transmission data by changing a frame rate of the image data. 9. The wireless camera system according to claim 2, wherein the camera controller limits the amount of the transmission data by transmitting a still image only as the transmission data. 10. The wireless camera system according to claim 2, wherein the camera controller limits the amount of the transmission data by transmitting metadata of the image data only as the transmission data. 11. The wireless camera system according to claim 1, further comprising: a band estimator configured to estimate an available bandwidth to be used by the camera-side radio communicator for radio communication of the transmission data; and a band predictor configured to predict an available bandwidth for the wireless camera, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth by the band estimator, wherein the camera controller controls the wireless camera to issue a warning, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, when the band predictor predicts that the available bandwidth for the wireless camera is likely to decrease in a case where the wireless camera is selected by the camera selector. 12. The wireless camera system according to claim 1, further comprising: a band estimator configured to estimate an available bandwidth to be used by the camera-side radio communicator for radio communication of the transmission data; and a band predictor configured to predict an available bandwidth for the wireless camera, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth by the band estimator, wherein the display displays a result of prediction obtained by the band predictor of the wireless camera, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, the result of prediction being associated with image data from the wireless camera. 13. The wireless camera system according to claim 1, wherein the display is configured to display a display screen on which image data from the wireless camera selected by the camera selector is superimposed on a map image indicating locations of the plurality of wireless cameras. 14. The wireless camera system according to claim 13, wherein the display is configured to display a display screen on which a sign appears at a location of the wireless camera on the map image so as to indicate that the wireless camera is present. 15. The wireless camera system according to claim 13, wherein the display is configured to display image data of the wireless camera at the location of the wireless camera on the map image. 16. The wireless camera system according to claim 13, wherein the display is configured to display image data of the wireless camera, the image data being associated with the wireless camera in the map image. 17. A central device forming, together with a plurality of wireless cameras, a wireless camera system, the central device being configured to perform a process for preventing reduction in a transmission rate for transmission data containing image data from each of the wireless cameras. 18. The central device according to claim 17, further comprising: a band predictor configured to predict an available bandwidth for each of the wireless cameras, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth to be used for transmission of transmission data containing image data from each of the wireless cameras wirelessly; a camera selector for a user of the central device to select a part of wireless cameras from the plurality of wireless cameras; and a central device-side radio communicator configured to transmit a control command to the wireless camera to cause the wireless camera to issue a warning, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, when the band predictor predicts that the available bandwidth for the wireless camera having been selected by the camera selector is likely to decrease. 19. The central device according to claim 17, further comprising a controller configured to display a result of prediction of an available bandwidth to be used for transmission of transmission data containing image data from the wireless camera by means of radio communication, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, the result of prediction being associated with image data from the wireless camera. 20. The central device according to claim 19, further comprising a band predictor configured to predict the available bandwidth for each of the wireless cameras, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth to be used for transmission of transmission data containing image data from each of the wireless cameras wirelessly. 21. An image display method comprising: a capturing step configured to captures an image to generate image data by each of a plurality of wireless cameras; a transmission step configured to transmit transmission data containing the image data wirelessly from the wireless cameras; a camera selection step configured to select a part of wireless cameras among the plurality of wireless cameras; a display step configured to display the image data contained in the transmission data, depending on a selection made in the camera selection step; and a processing step configured to prevent reduction in a transmission rate for the transmission data. 22. The image display method according to claim 21, wherein the processing process is configured to limits an amount of the transmission data of the wireless camera which is not selected in the camera selection step, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data. 23. The image display method according to claim 21, further comprising: a band estimation step configured to estimate an available bandwidth for radio communication of the transmission data by the transmission step; and a band prediction step configured to predict an available bandwidth for the wireless camera, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth by the band estimation step, wherein the processing process is configured to control the wireless camera to issue a warning when the available bandwidth for the wireless camera which is not selected in the camera selection step is predicted to be likely to decrease in the band prediction step, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data. 24. The image display method according to claim 21, further comprising: a band estimation step configured to estimate an available bandwidth for radio communication of the transmission data by the transmission step; and a band prediction step configured to predict an available bandwidth for the wireless camera, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth by the band estimation step, wherein the processing process is configured display a result of prediction obtained by the band prediction step, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, the result of prediction being associated with image data from the wireless camera. 25. An image display program to cause a computer of a central device forming, together with a plurality of wireless cameras, a wireless camera system, to function as a computer which performs a process for preventing reduction in a transmission rate for transmission data containing image data from each of the wireless cameras. 26. The image display program according to claim 25 to cause the computer to function further as: a band predictor configured to predict an available bandwidth for each of the wireless cameras, based on an estimated value of the available bandwidth to be used for transmission of transmission data containing image data from each of the wireless cameras by means of radio communication; and a controller configured to display a result of prediction obtained by the band predictor, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, the result of prediction being associated with image data from the wireless camera. 27. The image display program according to claim 25 to cause the computer to function further as a controller configured to display a result of prediction of an available bandwidth to be used for transmission of the transmission data by the wireless camera wirelessly, as the process for preventing reduction in the transmission rate for the transmission data, the result of prediction being associated with image data from the wireless camera.",
-    "To provide an information processing device, an information processing method, and a program capable of sharing a space while maintaining the degree of freedom of a visual line. An information processing device according to the present disclosure includes: a control unit configured to perform control in a manner that a display image generated based on image information which is generated through imaging of an imaging device mounted on a moving object moving in a space, imaging-device posture information which is information regarding a posture of the imaging device, and user view information which is obtained from a user manipulation device manipulated by a user and specifies a region that the user desires to view is displayed in a display region viewed by the user. 1-3. (canceled) 4. An information processing device comprising: a control unit configured to perform control in a manner that a display image generated based on image information which is generated through imaging of an imaging device mounted on a moving object moving in a space, imaging-device posture information which is information regarding a posture of the imaging device, and user view information which is obtained from a user manipulation device manipulated by a user and specifies a region that the user desires to view is displayed in a display region viewed by the user; an image generation unit configured to generate circumferential captured images which are captured in circumference of a position at which the moving object is present using captured images included in the image information; an image selection unit configured to select a captured image corresponding to the user view information among the circumferential captured images as a user view image based on the user view information and the circumferential captured images generated by the image generation unit; and an image correction unit configured to perform correction on the circumferential captured image in a manner that a change in the circumferential captured image accompanying a change in a visual line direction of the imaging device is suppressed, based on the imaging-device posture information, when the visual line direction of the imaging device is changed, wherein the image correction unit controls a degree to which the correction is performed according to correction application information indicating an application degree of the correction obtained from the user manipulation device. 5. The information processing device according to claim 4, wherein the image correction unit controls the degree to which the correction is performed for each of rotation coordinate axes mutually independently defined with respect to the imaging device according to the correction application information. 6-8. (canceled) 9. An information processing device comprising: a control unit configured to perform control in a manner that a display image generated based on image information which is generated through imaging of an imaging device mounted on a moving object moving in a space, imaging-device posture information which is information regarding a posture of the imaging device, and user view information which is obtained from a user manipulation device manipulated by a user and specifies a region that the user desires to view is displayed in a display region viewed by the user; an image generation unit configured to generate circumferential captured images which are captured in circumference of a position at which the moving object is present using captured images included in the image information; an image selection unit configured to select a captured image corresponding to the user view information among the circumferential captured images as a user view image based on the user view information and the circumferential captured images generated by the image generation unit; and a visual line information generation unit configured to generate visual line information indicating a visual line direction of the imaging device based on the imaging-device posture information, wherein the control unit displays an object indicating the visual line direction of the imaging device indicated with the visual line information along with the user view image using the visual line information generated by the visual line information generation unit. 10. An information processing device comprising: a control unit configured to perform control in a manner that a display image generated based on image information which is generated through imaging of an imaging device mounted on a moving object moving in a space, imaging-device posture information which is information regarding a posture of the imaging device, and user view information which is obtained from a user manipulation device manipulated by a user and specifies a region that the user desires to view is displayed in a display region viewed by the user; an image generation unit configured to generate circumferential captured images which are captured in circumference of a position at which the moving object is present using captured images included in the image information; and an image selection unit configured to select a captured image corresponding to the user view information among the circumferential captured images as a user view image based on the user view information and the circumferential captured images generated by the image generation unit, wherein the image generation unit generates, as the circumferential captured image, an omnidirectional image at the position at which the moving object is present or a converted image obtained by converting the omnidirectional image into a rectangular image, and wherein the control unit generates posture information in which a change in the posture of the imaging device is visualized using rotation information regarding rotation accompanying a change in a visual line direction of the imaging device and calculated based on the imaging-device posture information, and performs control in a manner that the display image is displayed in the display region viewed by the user with the generated posture information superimposed on the display image. 11. The information processing device according to claim 10, further comprising: an image correction unit configured to perform correction on the circumferential captured image in a manner that a change in the circumferential captured image accompanying the change in the visual line direction of the imaging device is suppressed when the visual line direction of the imaging device is changed without a change in a position of the imaging device, wherein the control unit superimposes an object indicating the posture information on the circumferential captured image corrected by the image correction unit. 12. The information processing device according to claim 11, wherein the control unit superimposes at least one of an object that is rotated with a rotation movement accompanying the change in the visual line direction of the imaging device and an object that is not rotated on the display image. 13. The information processing device according to claim 10, wherein the control unit visualizes the change in the posture of the imaging device using the rotation information by fixing a motion of a coordinate system fixed to the space in which the imaging device is present and changing the coordinate system fixed to the imaging device or by changing the motion of the coordinate system fixed to the space in which the imaging device is present and fixing the motion of the coordinate system fixed to the imaging device. 14. The information processing device according to claim 13, wherein the control unit generates the display image corresponding to a case in which the space is virtually viewed from a different position from a center of the coordinate system fixed to the space, when visualizing the change in the posture of the imaging device using the rotation information. 15. The information processing device according to claim 10, wherein the control unit associates an annotation with a correspondence spot of a specific position of the display image in a coordinate system fixed to the space in which the imaging device is present when the annotation is requested to be added to the specific position from the user manipulation device. 16. The information processing device according to claim 10, wherein, according to the rotation information, the control unit controls at least one of a reproduction speed or a display field angle when the display image is displayed in the display region viewed by the user. 17. The information processing device according to claim 10, wherein the control unit generates a display image in a case of virtual viewing of the space from an arbitrary position designated from the user manipulation device, centering on the designated arbitrary position. 18. The information processing device according to claim 11, wherein the control unit changes setting for a correction process in the image correction unit and setting for a superimposition process for the posture information in the control unit based on a manipulation performed on at least one of the imaging device and the user manipulation device. 19-22. (canceled)",
-    "A power control apparatus according to the present disclosure includes a sensing unit configured to measure a temperature of a battery cell, an outside air temperature around the battery cell and a load current, an adjusting unit configured to adjust power supplied from the battery cell to a load, and a control unit configured to estimate a future temperature change of the battery cell based on the temperature of the battery cell, the outside air temperature around the cell and the load current measured by the sensing unit, analyze the estimated future temperature change of the cell, and control the adjusting unit to reduce the power supplied from the battery cell to the load when the temperature of the battery cell is estimated to increase above a limit temperature for a preset reference time. 1. A power control apparatus comprising: a sensing unit configured to measure a temperature of a battery cell, an outside air temperature around the battery cell and a load current; an adjusting unit configured to adjust power supplied from the battery cell to a load; and a control unit configured to estimate a future temperature change of the battery cell based on the temperature of the battery cell, the outside air temperature around the cell and the load current measured by the sensing unit, analyze the estimated future temperature change of the cell, and control the adjusting unit to reduce the power supplied from the battery cell to the load when the temperature of the battery cell is estimated to increase above a limit temperature for a preset reference time. 2. The power control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit estimates a future temperature change of the battery cell by using the following equation: m \u00b7 C p \ue89e \uf74c T \uf74c t = ( ( 1 - k ) \ue89e I ) 2 \u00b7 R cell + ( T environment - T R th_environment ) ( Equation ) m: battery cell mass (kg) Cp: specific heat of cell (J/kg\u00b7K) T: cell temperature (\u00b0 C.) t: time k: derating factor I: current (A) Rcell: internal cell resistance (\u03a9) Tenvironment: outside air temperature around cell (\u00b0 C.) Rth_environment: thermal resistance between cell and environment (K/W). 3. The power control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the control unit analyzes the estimated future temperature change of the battery cell, when the future temperature of the battery cell is determined to converge, calculates a convergence time required for the temperature of the battery cell to converge by using the equation, and when the convergence temperature of the battery cell is higher than or equal to the limit temperature and the convergence time is less than or equal to the reference time, controls the adjusting unit to reduce the power supplied from the battery cell to the load. 4. The power control apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control unit fails to proceed with power derating of the battery cell when the convergence temperature of the battery cell is less than the limit temperature or the convergence time exceeds the reference time. 5. The power control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the control unit analyzes the estimated future temperature change of the battery cell, when the future temperature of the battery cell is determined to diverge, calculates a reach time required for the battery cell to reach the limit temperature by using the equation, and when the calculated reach time is less than or equal to the reference time, controls the adjusting unit to reduce the power supplied from the battery cell to the load. 6. The power control apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the control unit fails to proceed with power derating of the battery cell when the reach time exceeds the reference time. 7. The power control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the control unit calculates a derating factor allowing the temperature of the battery cell to reach a predetermined level of the limit temperature for the reference time by using the equation, determines a power amount to reduce based on the derating factor, and controls the adjusting unit. 8. A power control method comprising: measuring a temperature of a battery cell, an outside air temperature around the battery cell and a load current; estimating a future temperature change of the battery cell based on the measured temperature of the battery cell, outside air temperature around the cell and load current; determining whether the temperature of the battery cell increases above a limit temperature for a preset reference time, by analyzing the estimated future temperature change of the battery cell; and reducing output power of the battery cell when the temperature of the battery cell is determined to increase above the limit temperature for the reference time as a result of the determination. 9. The power control method according to claim 8, wherein the estimating comprises estimating a future temperature change of the battery cell by using the following equation: m \u00b7 C p \ue89e \uf74c T \uf74c t = ( ( 1 - k ) \ue89e I ) 2 \u00b7 R cell + ( T environment - T R th_environment ) ( Equation ) m: battery cell mass (kg) Cp: specific heat of cell (J/kg\u00b7K) T: cell temperature (\u00b0 C.) t: time k: derating factor I: current (A) Rcell: internal cell resistance (\u03a9) Tenvironment: outside air temperature around cell (\u00b0 C.) Rth_environment: thermal resistance between cell and environment (K/W). 10. The power control method according to claim 9, wherein the determining comprises: determining whether a future temperature of the battery cell converges or diverges based on the estimated future temperature change of the battery cell; and calculating a convergence time required for the temperature of the battery cell to converge by using the equation when the future temperature of the battery cell is determined to converge, and the reducing of output power comprises reducing the output power of the battery cell when the convergence temperature of the battery cell is higher than or equal to the limit temperature and the convergence time is less than or equal to the reference time. 11. The power control method according to claim 10, wherein the reducing of output power comprises failing to proceed with output power derating of the battery cell when the convergence temperature of the battery cell is less than the limit temperature or the convergence time exceeds the reference time. 12. The power control method according to claim 9, wherein the determining comprises: determining whether a future temperature of the battery cell converges or diverges based on the estimated future temperature change of the battery cell; and calculating a reach time required for the battery cell to reach the limit temperature by using the equation when the future temperature of the battery cell is determined to diverge, and the reducing of output power comprises reducing the output power of the battery cell when the reach time is less than or equal to the reference time. 13. The power control method according to claim 12, wherein the reducing of output power comprises failing to proceed with output power derating of the battery cell when the reach time exceeds the reference time. 14. The power control method according to claim 9, wherein the reducing of output power comprises: calculating a derating factor allowing the temperature of the battery cell to reach a predetermined level of the limit temperature for the reference time by using the equation; and determining a power amount to reduce based on the calculated derating factor, and reducing the output power of the battery cell based on the determined power amount to reduce.",
-    "It is possible to consider an image as a composite wave that is the result of layering waves having differing periods and amplitudes. An image captured via a lens having a water droplet attached thereto has a higher occurrence of changes such as image blur than an image that does not have a water droplet attached thereto, which means that this type of change in an image results in changes in the composite wave thereof as well. Provided is a lens dirtiness detection device that suitably determines whether a lens is dirty without being affected by a background image by: focusing on the occurrence of large changes in the composite wave of an image that accompany an increase in the dirtiness of a camera lens; extracting each of the image frequency components that constitute the composite wave; and analyzing changes in the magnitude relation between the frequency components. 1. A lens dirtiness detection apparatus configured to detect a lens dirtiness of a camera, comprising: a control unit; and a memory coupled to the control unit, wherein the memory stores therein pixel value data of an image captured by the camera, and wherein the control unit is configured to: calculate image frequency power based on pixel values of a first region of the image; determine presence or absence of a lens dirtiness of the camera based on the image frequency power of the first region; and output the determination result on presence or absence of a lens dirtiness. 2. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is further configured to: calculate image frequency powers of a plurality of frequency regions based on pixel values of the first region of the image; and determine presence or absence of the lens dirtiness in the first region based on the image frequency powers of the plurality of frequency areas. 3. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the control unit is further configured to: determine whether each of the image frequency powers of the plurality of frequency regions of the first region exceeds a predetermined first threshold; and determine that the lens dirtiness is present in the first region if the number of the frequency regions in which the image frequency power does not exceed the first threshold value exceeds a predetermined second threshold. 4. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control unit is further configured to: calculate image frequency powers of a plurality of second regions each made of a plurality of the first regions, each of the second regions being smaller than the entire image; calculate image frequency powers of the plurality of first regions based on the pixel value data; and determine presence or absence of the lens dirtiness based on the image frequency powers of the respective second regions and the image frequency powers of the respective first regions. 5. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the control unit is further configured to: calculate image frequency powers of the plurality of second regions before calculating image frequency powers of the plurality of first regions; determine presence or absence of the lens dirtiness based on the image frequency powers of the respective second regions; determine presence or absence of the lens dirtiness based on the image frequency powers of the respective first regions included in the respective second regions determined to have the lens dirtiness; and output the determination result on presence or absence of the lens dirtiness based on the image frequency powers of the respective first regions. 6. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the control unit is further configured to determine presence or absence of a lens dirtiness in the respective second regions based on image frequency powers obtained through weighed calculation on the image frequency power of each of the second regions and image frequency powers of a plurality of the second regions adjacent to said second region. 7. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the control unit is further configured to: compare an image of at least one stationary subject section in which the same subject always appear in the image based on the pixel value data with a template image captured in advance, thereby detecting image distortion of the at least one stationary subject section; and determine presence or absence of the lens dirtiness based on the image frequency powers of the respective first regions and the detected image distortion of the at least one stationary subject section. 8. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the control unit is further configured to: determine whether a normalized sum of absolute difference between a plurality of images of the stationary subject sections and the template images for the plurality of stationary subject sections exceeds a predetermined third threshold or not; and determine presence or absence of the lent dirtiness in the image based on the number of the first regions determined to have the lens dirtiness, and the number of the stationary subject sections in which the normalized sum of absolute differences did not exceed the third threshold. 9. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control unit is further configured to output the determination result on presence or absence of lens dirtiness for each of the first regions. 10. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control unit is further configured to: determine whether the number of the first regions determined to have the lens dirtiness in the image exceeds a predetermined fourth threshold or not; determine presence of the lens dirtiness in the image if the number of the first regions determined to have the lens dirtiness exceeds the fourth threshold; and output the determination result on presence or absence of the lens dirtiness in the image. 11. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control unit is further configured to: determine whether or not the number of the first regions determined to have the lens dirtiness in each third region that is smaller than the entire image and that is greater than the first region exceeds a predetermined fifth threshold; determine presence of the lens dirtiness in the third region if the number of the first regions determined to have the lens dirtiness exceeds the fifth threshold; and output the determination result on presence or absence of the lens dirtiness for each third region. 12. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: the camera; and at least one infrared light source configured to radiate infrared light to a lens surface of the camera in the case where an image capturing environment of the camera meets predetermined conditions. 13. The lens dirtiness detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one of a display device and an audio output device, the display device being configured to output visual information indicating a determination result on presence or absence of the lens dirtiness, the audio output device being configured to output audio information indicating a determination result on presence or absence of the lens dirtiness. 14. A lens dirtiness detection method conducted by a lens dirtiness detection apparatus to detect a lens dirtiness on a camera, the lens dirtiness detection apparatus including a control unit and a memory coupled to the control unit, the memory therein having pixel value data of an image captured by the camera, the detection method comprising: a calculation process in which the control unit calculates image frequency powers based on pixel values of a first region of the image, a determination process in which the control unit determines presence or absence of a lens dirtiness of the camera, based on the image frequency power of the first region, and an output process in which the control unit outputs the determination result on presence or absence of the lens dirtiness.",
-    "A system and method for processing fluid in a fluidic cartridge is provided. The system comprises a fluid pathway for passing a liquid sample therethrough from an upstream end to a downstream end, a sample processing chamber within the fluid pathway having an inlet valve upstream of the sample processing chamber, a downstream sample processing region within the fluid pathway downstream of the outlet valve and a bypass channel coupled to the fluid pathway at a junction between the outlet valve and the downstream sample processing region, the valve system configured such that surplus liquid downstream of the outlet valve may be evacuated through the bypass channel when the outlet valve is closed, thereby leaving a metered volume of liquid sample between the inlet valve and the downstream sample processing region. 1. A valve system in a fluidic cartridge for metering a liquid sample in a sample processing region, comprising: a fluid pathway for passing a liquid sample therethrough from an upstream end to a downstream end; a sample processing chamber within the fluid pathway having an inlet valve upstream of the sample processing chamber and an outlet valve downstream of the sample processing chamber; a downstream sample processing region within the fluid pathway downstream of the outlet valve; and a bypass channel coupled to the fluid pathway at a junction between the outlet valve and the downstream sample processing region, the valve system configured such that surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve may be evacuated through the bypass channel when the outlet valve is closed, thereby leaving a metered volume of liquid sample in the fluid pathway between the inlet valve and the downstream sample processing region. 2. The valve system of claim 1, wherein the downstream sample processing region comprises a target chamber. 3. The valve system of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: a plurality of fluid pathways, each for passing a liquid sample through from an upstream end to a downstream end; a sample processing chamber within each fluid pathway and each having an inlet valve upstream of the sample processing chamber and an outlet valve downstream of the sample processing chamber; a downstream sample processing region within each fluid pathway downstream of the respective outlet valve; and a bypass channel coupled to each fluid pathway at a junction between the downstream sample processing region and the outlet valve therein, the valve system configured such that surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve may be evacuated through the respective bypass channel when the outlet valve is closed, thereby leaving a plurality of metered volumes of liquid sample in the plurality of fluid pathways between the respective inlet valve and the respective downstream sample processing regions. 4. The valve system of any preceding claim, wherein the or each fluid pathway further comprises at least one compressible element downstream of the at least one downstream sample processing regions, the at least one compressible element configured to become increasingly biased against fluid upstream of the compressible element as the liquid sample passes through the open outlet valve so as to increase the pressure in the fluid pathway, such that surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve may be expelled from the fluid pathway and into the bypass channel by the at least one compressible element when the outlet valve is closed and whilst the pressure in the bypass channel is less than the pressure in the fluid pathway. 5. A valve system in a fluidic cartridge for expelling liquid sample from a sample processing region, the apparatus comprising: a fluid pathway for passing a liquid sample therethrough from an upstream end to a downstream end; an outlet valve within the fluid pathway, the outlet valve configured to move between a closed position in which it prevents the liquid sample from passing through the outlet valve and an open position in which it permits the liquid sample to pass through the outlet valve; a downstream sample processing region within the fluid pathway downstream of the outlet valve; a bypass channel coupled to the fluid pathway at a junction between the outlet valve and the downstream sample processing region, the valve system configured such that liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve may be expelled through the bypass channel when the outlet valve is in its closed position; and at least one compressible element downstream of the downstream sample processing region, the at least one compressible element configured to become increasingly biased against fluid upstream of the compressible element as the liquid sample passes through the open outlet valve, such that the liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve may be expelled from the fluid pathway and into the bypass channel by the at least one compressible element when the outlet valve is closed. 6. The valve system of claim 5, further comprising a sample processing chamber within the fluid pathway and upstream of the outlet valve. 7. The valve system of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the at least one compressible element is a gas spring comprising a blind bore filled with a compressible fluid. 8. The valve system of any preceding claim, further comprising a bypass valve located within the or each bypass channel, the bypass valve configured to move between a closed position in which it prevents the liquid sample from passing through the bypass valve and an open position in which it permits the liquid sample to pass through the bypass valve. 9. The valve system of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the valves in the valve system is a pneumatically-actuated valve. 10. The valve system of claim 9, wherein the at least one pneumatically-actuated valve comprises a valve chamber having first and second openings connected to the pathway or channel, respectively; and a flexible membrane movable between a closed position, in which the flexible membrane seals against the first and second openings to prevent fluid flow through the pathway or channel, and an open position, in which the flexible membrane is spaced apart from the first and second openings to permit fluid to flow through the pathway or channel. 11. The valve system of claim 10, further comprising a pneumatic interface for connecting to a source of positive and/or gauge gas pressure, the pneumatic interface comprising a plurality of ports. 12. The valve system of claim 11, wherein the or each valve further comprises a fluid passageway having an opening in the valve chamber, the opening separated from the first and second openings by the flexible membrane, wherein the fluid passageway is coupled to a port in the pneumatic interface for applying a positive or negative gas pressure in the valve chamber to move the flexible membrane between the open and closed positions. 13. The valve system of any one of claims 9 to 12, when dependent on any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the inlet and outlet valves are configured to be actuated simultaneously. 14. The valve system of any preceding claim, wherein the or each bypass channel is connected to the fluid pathway immediately downstream of the outlet valve to as to minimise or eradicate a deadleg between the outlet valve and the bypass channel. 15. The valve system of any one of claims 1 to 4 and 6 to 13, wherein the sample processing chamber is a nucleic acid amplification chamber; wherein the downstream sample processing region is a detection chamber; and wherein ratio of detection chambers to nucleic acid amplification chambers is 2:1. 16. The valve system of any one of claims 4 to 14, wherein each downstream sample processing region is coupled to a single compressible element. 17. The valve system of claim 10, wherein the valve chamber is formed in a first polymer layer, preferably a pneumatic layer of the fluidic cartridge. 18. The valve system of claim 17, when dependent on claim 11, wherein the pneumatic interface is formed in the first polymer layer. 19. The valve system of any preceding claim, wherein the fluid pathway is formed in a second polymer layer, preferably a fluidic layer of the fluidic cartridge. 20. The valve system of claim 19, wherein the bypass channel is formed in the second polymer layer. 21. The valve system of claim 10, wherein the valve membrane comprises a thermoplastic elastomer. 22. The valve system of claim 18, wherein the first polymer layer comprises polypropylene. 23. The valve system of claim 19 or 20, wherein the second polymer layer comprises polypropylene. 24. A method of metering a liquid sample in a fluidic cartridge comprising a fluid pathway having a sample processing chamber therein, an inlet valve upstream of the sample processing chamber and an outlet valve downstream of the sample processing chamber, a downstream sample processing region therein, and a bypass channel coupled to the fluid pathway at a junction between the outlet valve and the downstream sample processing region; the method comprising: passing a liquid sample through the inlet valve, into the first chamber, and through the outlet valve; closing the outlet valve and evacuating surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve through the bypass channel to empty the fluid pathway downstream of the outlet valve of fluid, thereby leaving a metered volume of liquid sample in the fluid pathway between the inlet valve and the downstream sample processing region; and opening the outlet valve and delivering the metered volume of liquid sample to the downstream sample processing region. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the fluidic cartridge further comprises at least one compressible element downstream of the downstream sample processing region, wherein the step of passing a liquid sample through the inlet valve, into the first chamber, and through the outlet valve further comprises compressing the compressible element as the liquid sample passes downstream of the outlet valve; and wherein the step of evacuating surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve further comprises the compressible element exerting a force against the surplus liquid sample to expel it from the fluid pathway and into the bypass channel. 26. The method of claim 24 or claim 25, wherein the fluidic cartridge further comprises a bypass valve in the bypass channel, and wherein the method further comprises: closing the bypass valve prior to the step of passing a liquid sample through the inlet valve, into the first chamber, and through the outlet valve; and wherein the step of evacuating surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve further comprises opening the bypass valve. 27. The method of any one of claims 24 and 25, wherein the step of closing the inlet and outlet valves comprises closing the inlet and outlet valves simultaneously. 28. A method of expelling surplus liquid sample from a fluidic cartridge comprising a fluid pathway having a downstream sample processing region therein, an outlet valve upstream of the downstream sample processing region, a bypass channel coupled to the fluid pathway at a junction between the outlet valve and the downstream sample processing region, and a compressible element downstream of the downstream sample processing region; the method comprising: passing a liquid sample through the outlet valve, thereby compressing the compressible element as the liquid sample passes downstream of the outlet valve; and closing the outlet valve and evacuating surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve through the bypass channel by the compressible element exerting a force against the surplus liquid sample to expel it from the fluid pathway and into the bypass channel. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the fluidic cartridge further comprises a bypass valve in the bypass channel, and wherein the method further comprises: closing the bypass valve prior to the step of passing a liquid sample through the outlet valve; and wherein the step of evacuating surplus liquid sample downstream of the outlet valve further comprises opening the bypass valve.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for cleaning carbon nanotubes comprising the following steps: provision of a carbon nanotube substrate, first washing of the carbon nanotube substrate by means of an acid and second washing of the carbon nanotube substrate by means of a solution, wherein the solution has replacement anions of at least one of the acid radical anions of the acid of different type, and the substance amount fraction of the replacement anions in the solution is greater than the substance amount fraction of the anions in the solution corresponding to the acid radical anions of the acid. The invention further relates to a carbon nanotube substrate which can be obtained by such a method. 1.-18. (canceled) 19. A process for cleaning carbon nanotubes, comprising at least the following steps: a) providing a carbon nanotube substrate comprising carbon nanotubes, b) first washing of the carbon nanotube substrate with an acid, where the acid has at least one type of acid anions A1, and b2) optionally intermediate washing of the product from step b) with an additive-free solvent, and c) second washing of the carbon nanotube substrate with a solution, wherein the solution comprises replacement anions A2 of at least one type different from the acid anions A1 of the acid in step b) and the mole fraction of the replacement anions A2 in the solution is greater than the mole fraction of acid anions A1 in the solution, and c2) optionally further washing of the product from step c) with additive-free solvent, and d) isolating the carbon nanotubes. 20. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the mole fraction of the replacement anions A2 based on the totality of the anions A1 and A2 in the solution for step c) is more than 50 mol %. 21. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein an alkali solution or a salt solution is used as solution for the second washing in step c). 22. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solution for the second washing c) comprises replacement anions A2 of at least one type selected from the group consisting of fluoride- or fluorine-containing anions, phosphorus-containing anions, boron-containing anions, and mixtures thereof. 23. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide solution is used as solution for the second washing c). 24. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solution for the second washing c) comprises a cation of at least one type selected from the following group consisting of cations of ammonium compounds, alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, and a mixture thereof. 25. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein at least one solvent for the second washing c) is selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols, ethers, ketones, nitriles, amides, halogenated compounds and esters, and mixtures thereof. 26. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the solution for the second washing c) has a molar concentration of from 0.0001 to 10 mol/l. 27. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the acid for the first washing b) is an aqueous organic acid or a mineral acid. 28. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the acid for the first washing b) is an aqueous acid having a concentration of>1% by weight. 29. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube substrate are present in agglomerated form. 30. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the total metal ion concentration in the carbon nanotube substrate after the first washing or before the second washing is less than 2000 ppm and/or based on each individual type of metal ion is less than 200 ppm. 31. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the process comprises an intermediate washing b2) between the first washing b) and the second washing c) and/or a third washing c2) after the second washing c), wherein the intermediate washing b2) or the third washing c2) is carried out using a pH-neutral solution. 32. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the carbon nanotube substrate is dried in a drying step after the second washing c) and/or after a third washing c2). 33. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the first washing b) is carried out at a temperature of at least 10\u00b0 C. 34. The process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the first washing b) is carried out over a time of from 0.25 to 48 hours. 35. A carbon nanotube substrate obtained by the process as claimed in claim 19, wherein the concentration of nitrate ions, chloride ions and sulfate ions in the carbon nanotube substrate is in each case independently less than 900 ppm. 36. A method comprising utilizing the carbon nanotube substrate as claimed in claim 35 for producing composites for packaging or transport materials for electronic components or for producing batteries, in particular rechargeable lithium ion batteries, for producing electrodes for electrochemical processes or for producing fuel cells.",
-    "The present invention primarily relates to salts of Dasatinib, wherein the salts are in amorphous form. The salts described herein preferably comprise a cation of a compound of formula 1 and an anion of a second compound selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, nicotinic acid and saccharin. The invention is further related to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a salt. Furthermore, the invention relates to processes for preparing said salts. The invention also relates to several aspects of using said salt or pharmaceutical composition to treat a disease. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A salt of Dasatinib, wherein the salt is in amorphous form. 17. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt is in amorphous form, without the presence of a crystalline state. 18. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt is a salt selected from the group consisting of Dasatinib saccharinate, Dasatinib glutarate, and Dasatinib nicotinate. 19. The salt according to claim 18, wherein the salt comprises a cation of a compound of formula 1, which is also known as Dasatinib, and an anion of a second compound selected from the group consisting of saccharin, glutaric acid, and nicotinic acid. 20. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the molar ratio of Dasatinib to the organic acid is in the range of from 0.5 to 2.0. 21. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the molar ratio of Dasatinib to the organic acid is in the range of from about 1:1. 22. The salt according to claim 16, which is essentially free of tectons or complexing agents. 23. The salt according to claim 22, comprising less than 3 wt. % of tectons or oligo- or polysaccharides, alginic acids, pectins, obeta glucan. 24. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt is water-soluble and wherein the solubility of the salt in water at 25\u00b0 C., after equilibration for two hours, is greater than 0.01 mg salt per ml water. 25. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt is water-soluble and wherein the solubility of the salt in water at 25\u00b0 C., after equilibration for two hours, is greater than 1.0 mg salt per ml water. 26. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt after storage at ambient conditions in a closed glass vial for a period of 8 month or more, and is substantially free of the crystalline form of Dasatinib, preferably does not contain any crystalline Dasatinib. 27. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt after storage at ambient conditions in a closed glass vial for a period of 11 month, and is substantially free of the crystalline form of Dasatinib, preferably does not contain any crystalline Dasatinib. 28. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the absence or presence, respectively, of crystalline material is determined by using X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). 29. The salt according to claim 16, wherein the salt has a glass transition temperature of 50\u00b0 C. or more. 30. The salt according to claim 24, wherein the glass transition temperature is determined by differential scanning calorimetry. 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient comprises the salt according claim 16, and further comprising one, two, three, or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and/or diluents, and/or further ingredients. 32. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 31, wherein the total amount of amorphous Dasatinib salt in the composition is in the range of from 0.1 to 300 mg 33. A treatment of cancer which comprises using the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 31, as a medicament. 34. A process for obtaining the salt according to claim 16, comprising the steps of: a) providing a compound of formula 1 (INN: Dasatinib) in a suitable solvent or a mixture of solvents b) adding glutaric acid, or nicotinic acid, or especially saccharin, to the mixture of step a); c) optionally mixing the composition of step b) with an antisolvent such as water, and/or optionally concentrating the composition of step b); d) optionally evaporating to dryness. 35. The process according to claim 34, wherein the solvent or mixture of solvents is water, alcohols and mixtures thereof, and the mixture obtained in step b) is heated to a temperature from the range 30-90\u00b0 C.",
-    "Inorganic fibres having the composition: 10\u2266Al2O3\u226650 mol %; 2\u2266K2O\u226640 mol %; 30\u2266SiO2\u226670 mol %; and in which SiO2+Al2O3+K2O>=80 mol % can be protected against surface crystallisation of kalsilite by: including an amount of a nucleation promoting component effective to promote bulk crystallisation in the glass; and/or providing on at least part of their surface, potassium scavenging materials. 1. Inorganic fibres formed as a glass having a composition comprising: 10\u2266Al2O3\u226650 mol %; 12\u2266K2O\u226640 mol %; 30\u2266SiO2\u226670 mol %; and an amount of a nucleation promoting component effective to promote bulk crystallisation in the glass; in which SiO2+Al2O3+K2O>=80 mol % and with the total constituents not exceeding 100 mol %. 2. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1 in which 20\u2266Al2O3\u226635 mol %. 3. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 2 in which 23\u2266Al2O3\u226633 mol %. 4. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 3 in which 25\u2266Al2O3\u226631 mol %. 5. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1 in which 15\u2266K2O\u226630 mol %. 6. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 5, in which 17\u2266K2O\u226625 mol %. 7. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 6, in which 20\u2266K2O\u226624 mol %. 8. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1, in which 35\u2266SiO2\u226660 mol %. 9. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 8 in which 40\u2266SiO2\u226650 mol %. 10. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 9 in which 40\u2266SiO2\u226645 mol %. 11. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1, in which the component capable of promoting bulk crystallisation is or includes zirconia, ceria, titania, phosphate, or mixtures thereof. 12. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 11, in which the component capable of promoting bulk crystallisation is or includes zirconia. 13. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 12, in which: 3\u2266ZrO2\u226610 mol %. 14. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 13, in which: 3.5 mol %\u2266ZrO2\u226610 mol %. 15. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 13, in which: ZrO2\u22669 mol % or \u22667 mol % or \u22665 mol %. 16. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1, in which the composition further comprises magnesia. 17. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 16 in which 0.2\u2266MgO\u22665 mol %. 18. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 17 in which 0.5\u2266MgO\u22664 mol %. 19. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 18 in which 1\u2266MgO\u22663 mol %. 20. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1, in which SiO2+Al2O3+K2O>=85 mol %, or SiO2+Al2O3+K2O>=90 mol %, or SiO2+Al2O3+K2O>=95 mol %. 21. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1 having a composition in weight percent: Al2O3 36\u00b11.5 wt % K2O 25.5\u00b11.5 wt % SiO2 31\u00b11.5 wt % ZrO2 6.5\u00b10.5 wt % MgO 1\u00b10.2 wt % with the total of these components being 99%-100% by weight. 22. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 1, that are melt formed and have been annealed at a temperature between 200\u00b0 C. below a devitrification temperature for the fibres and the devitrification temperature for the fibres. 23. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 22, in which the fibres have been annealed at a temperature and time sufficient to show an improvement in compressive strength at 900\u00b0 C. of over 50% above unannealed fibres. 24. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 23, in which the fibres have been annealed at a temperature and time sufficient to show an improvement in compressive strength at 900\u00b0 C. of over 100% above unannealed fibres. 25. Inorganic fibres formed as a glass having a composition comprising: 10\u2266Al2O3\u226650 mol %; 12\u2266K2O\u226640 mol %; 30\u2266SiO2\u226670 mol %; the fibres bearing on at least part of their surface one or more potassium scavenging materials. 26. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 25 in which the potassium scavenging materials comprise one or more sources of silica. 27. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 26, in which the one or more sources of silica comprise a colloidal silica. 28. Inorganic fibres, as claimed in claim 25, in which the inorganic fibres are fibres as claimed in any of claims 1 to 24. 29. A method of making potassium aluminosilicate glass fibres from a melt, characterised in that the melt is of a composition such that on devitrification the glass undergoes bulk crystallisation. 30. A method as claimed in claim 30, in which the potassium aluminosilicate glass fibres are fibres as claimed in claim 1. 31. A method of protecting potassium aluminosilicate glass fibres from surface crystallisation of kalsilite, comprising providing on at least part of their surface one or more potassium scavenging materials. 32. A method as claimed in claim 31 in which the one or more potassium scavenging materials comprise one or more sources of silica. 33. A method as claimed in claim 31, in which the potassium aluminosilicate glass fibres are fibres as claimed in claim 1. 34. Thermal insulation comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 35. Thermal insulation, as claimed in claim 34, in which the insulation is in the form of a blanket of needled or otherwise entangled fibres. 36. Mastics comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 37. Composite materials comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 38. Papers comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 39. Support structures for catalyst bodies, the structures comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 40. Friction materials comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 41. Catalyst bodies comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 42. Fibre blends comprising inorganic fibres as claimed in claim 1. 43. Fibre blends as claimed in claim 42, in which the other fibres are or include polycrystalline fibres.",
-    "System for use in combination with a remote node powered by a first number of lines, each line thereof being capable of providing power to the remote node in an active state of the line and not being capable of providing power to the remote node in a non-active state of the line; said system comprising: a second number of convertors; and a power control part configured for controlling the power provided by each line of said first number of lines to a converter of said second number of converters, in function of the time, depending of the states of the first number of lines. 1. System for use in combination with a remote node powered by a first number of lines, each line thereof being capable of providing power to the remote node in an active state of the line and not being capable of providing power to the remote node in a non-active state of the line; said system comprising: a second number of convertors; and a power control part configured for controlling the power provided by each line of said first number of lines to a converter of said second number of converters, in function of the time, depending of the states of the first number of lines. 2. System of claim 1, wherein the second number of converters is a second number of DC/DC converters, said system further comprising a multiplexing part capable of electrically connecting each line of said first number of lines with a DC/DC convertor of said second number of DC/DC convertors, such that each DC/DC convertor can be powered by one or more lines of said first number of lines, said power control part being configured for controlling said connecting. 3. System of claim 1, wherein said second number is smaller than said first number, and the multiplexing part is capable of electrically connecting each DC/DC convertors of said second number of DC/DC convertors with one or more lines of said first number of lines, said power control part being configured for controlling said connecting. 4. System of claim 1, wherein said second number is larger than or equal to said first number, and the multiplexing part is capable of electrically connecting each line of said first number of lines with one or more DC/DC convertors of said second number of DC/DC convertors, said power control part being configured for controlling said connecting. 5. System of claim 1, wherein said power control part is configured for switching on/off said second number of converters or for regulating an amount of power converted by said second number of converters in function of the time, depending of the states of the first number of lines. 6. System of claim 1, wherein the second number of converters is a second number of DC/DC converters located in the remote node. 7. System of claim 1, wherein the second number of converters is a second number of AC/DC converters located in respective customer premises equipments associated with the first number of lines. 8. System of claim 1, wherein said first number of lines comprises a plurality of digital subscriber lines. 9. System of claim 1, wherein the power control part is adapted to perform time division multiplexing depending on the states of the first number of lines. 10. System of claim 1, wherein the power control part is configured for keeping track of the power that is provided by each line of the first number of lines over time. 11. System of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a first number of line drivers for driving the first number of lines, at least one analogue front end connected to said first number of line drivers, and a digital signal processor connected to said at least one analogue front end, wherein said second number of DC/DC convertors are connected in such a way to said at least one analogue front end, and to said digital signal processor that power is provided to said digital signal processor and to any analogue front end of the at least one analogue front, that is connected to a line that is in the active state. 12. System of claim 1, comprising detection means configured for detecting which line of said first number of lines is in an active state, wherein the power control part is connected to the detection means. 13. A remote node configured for being powered by a first number of lines, each line thereof being capable of providing power to the remote node in an active state of the line and not being capable of providing power to the remote node in a non-active state of the line; said remote node comprising a power control part configured for controlling the power provided by each line of said first number of lines, in function of the time, depending of the states of the first number of lines. 14. A CPE configured for being connected to a line for powering a remote node, said CPE comprising an AC/DC converter configured for being controlled by a power control part of the remote node. 15. A method for use in combination with a remote node powered by a first number of lines, each line thereof being capable of providing power to the remote node in an active state of the line and not being capable of providing power to the remote node in a non-active state of the line; said method comprising controlling the power provided by each line of said first number of lines, in function of the time, depending of the states of the first number of lines.",
-    "Various methods and apparatus disclosed herein relate to selectively illuminating an illuminated textile (100) based on a physical context of the illuminated textile. For example, in some embodiments, data from one or more sensors (104) embedded in or otherwise associated with an illuminated textile may be utilized by a controller (108) to implement lighting property adjustments for one or more selected light sources (106) embedded in or associated with the textile, based on the data. The data may be indicative of a physical context of the illuminated textile. 1. An illuminated textile, comprising: a textile portion; a plurality of light-emitting diodes secured to, and integral with, the textile portion; one or more sensors configured to detect one or more changes to a shape or orientation of the textile portion; and a controller configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs integral with the textile portion based on one or more signals provided by the one or more sensors to emit light having a selected lighting property that is proportional to the one or more signals. 2. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to sense an orientation of at least a portion of the textile portion. 3. The illuminated textile of claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs to emit light primarily from one region of the textile portion, based on the sensed orientation. 4. (canceled) 5. The illuminated textile of claim 2, wherein the one or more sensors comprise a gyroscope. 6. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to sense a strain placed on the textile portion, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on the sensed strain. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The illuminated textile of claim 6, wherein the one or more sensors comprise a strain gauge. 10. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors include a plurality of proximity sensors secured to the textile portion and configured to sense proximity to each other, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on the sensed proximity. 11. (canceled) 12. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one sensor configured to sense a position of the textile portion relative to a runner, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on the sensed position of the textile portion relative to the runner. 13. The illuminated textile of claim 12, wherein the at least one sensor is a magnetic sensor. 14. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to sense a twist in the textile portion, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on the sensed twist in the textile portion. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors Iare configured to sense a pinch in the textile portion, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on the sensed pinch. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the textile portion comprises shape memory material having a nominal shape, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on a deformation in the textile portion from the nominal shape that is sensed by the one or more sensors. 22. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to sense a motion of the textile portion, and the controller is configured to selectively illuminate the plurality of LEDs based on the sensed motion. 23. (canceled) 24. The illuminated textile of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors comprises at least one camera embedded in the textile portion and configured to sense motion of the textile portion or physical presence near the textile portion. 25. A method of illuminating a plurality of light sources integral to a textile, comprising: sensing, by one or more sensors embedded in the textile, a change in shape or orientation of the textile portion; and selectively illuminating the plurality of light sources based on one or more signals provided by the one or more sensors in response to the sensing to emit light having a selected lighting property that is proportional to the one or more signals. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the sensing comprises sensing, by the one or more sensors, an orientation of at least a portion of the textile, and the selectively illuminating comprises: selectively illuminating the plurality of light sources to emit light primarily from one region of the textile portion, based on a sensed orientation; or adjusting a property of light emitted from at least some of the plurality of light sources based on a sensed orientation. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the sensing comprises sensing, by the one or more sensors, a strain placed on the textile, and the selectively illuminating comprises adjusting a property of light emitted from at least some of the plurality of light sources based on the sensed strain. 28. (canceled) 29. An illuminated textile system, comprising: an illuminated textile comprising a plurality of embedded light sources; a camera configured to observe one or more changes to a shape or orientation of the illuminated textile; and a controller configured to selectively illuminate one or more of the plurality of embedded light sources based on the physical context observed by the camera. 30. The illuminated textile system of claim 29, wherein the camera comprises an infrared camera. 31. The illuminated textile system of claim 29, wherein the camera is configured to detect changes in position of one or more points on the illuminated textile, and wherein the controller is configured to perform the selective illumination based on the detected changes in position.",
-    "The present invention relates to a computer-implemented method for classification of a picture to be analyzed, by attribution of a grade thereto, comprising: a) determining the distance between the picture to be analyzed and pictures from a database of graded pictures; b) selecting from within the database of graded pictures a predetermined number of the closest neighboring pictures or neighboring pictures which are at a distance from the picture to be analyzed below a threshold; c) determining the mean of the grades of the selected neighboring pictures; d) attributing the mean grade to the picture to be analyzed; and e) displaying the mean grade attributed to the picture to be analyzed on an output device. 1. A computer-implemented method for classification of a picture to be analyzed, by attribution of a grade thereto, comprising: a) determining the distance between the picture to be analyzed and pictures from a database of graded pictures; b) selecting from within the database of graded pictures a predetermined number of the closest neighboring pictures or neighboring pictures which are at a distance from the picture to be analyzed below a threshold; c) determining the mean of the grades of the selected neighboring pictures; d) attributing the mean grade to the picture to be analyzed; and e) displaying the mean grade attributed to the picture to be analyzed on an output device. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising a step of displaying at least one of the selected neighboring pictures and optionally of the grade associated thereto on an output device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mean grade attributed to the picture to be analyzed is confirmed by a human operator. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pictures of the database have been respectively graded by at least one human operator. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold distance is defined such that a fixed number of neighboring pictures is selected. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the picture to be analyzed is the picture of an organ or of a body part of an individual and the database pictures are pictures of the same organ or body part from a group of individuals. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein two or more pictures of a same organ or body part of an individual, which respectively represent two or more different views of the same organ or body part of the individual, are analyzed, and the database pictures also represent analogous two or more different views of the same organ or body part from a group of individuals, and wherein all the pictures of the database representing different views from a same organ or body part from a same individual have a same grade. 8. The method of claim 7, comprising: determining for each view to be analyzed the distance from analogous views of the database; summing the distances obtained at the previous step for each two or more views of the database from a same individual to obtain a cumulated distance; selecting neighboring views for a same individual of the database which cumulative distance obtained at the previous step is below a threshold distance; determining the mean of the grades of the selected neighboring views; attributing the mean grade to the two or more views to be analyzed; and displaying the mean grade attributed to the two or more views to be analyzed on an output device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pictures are X-ray pictures, magnetic resonance imaging (RMI) pictures, sonography pictures, or tomosynthesis pictures of an organ. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the organ is breast. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the pictures are graded in accordance with the BI-RADS classification. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the BI-RADS classification relates: to the degree of malignancy and is graded from 0 to 6, or to breast density and is graded from 1 to 4. 13. A computer-implemented method for classification of a breast picture to be analyzed, by attribution of a BI-RADS grade thereto according to claim 9, comprising: a) determining the distance between the breast picture to be analyzed and breast pictures from a database of BI-RADS graded breast pictures; b) selecting from within the database of BI-RADS graded breast pictures the closest neighboring breast pictures or neighboring breast pictures which are at a distance from the breast picture to be analyzed below a threshold; c) determining the mean of the BI-RADS grades of the selected neighboring breast pictures; d) attributing the mean BI-RADS grade to the breast picture to be analyzed; and e) displaying the mean grade attributed to the breast picture to be analyzed on an output device. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein the breast picture is a mammogram. 15. The computer-implement method of claim 1, wherein the distance is determined by a specialized distance algorithm, or by difference between values, such as grey level or texture feature, attributed to the pixels of the picture to be analyzed and the graded pictures of the picture database, or by subtracting the value of a parameter of the picture to be analyzed from the value of the same parameter of the graded pictures of the picture database, or by the sum, optionally weighted of a plurality of the latter distances. 16. The computer-implemented method according to claim 15, wherein the pictures are mammograms and at least one parameter is selected from the group consisting of dense area, dense volume, breast area or volume, percent density, in particular 2D percent density or 3D percent density, mean density, presence of dense inclusions, presence of masses, area of masses, presence of calcifications, area of calcification, and fractal dimension.",
-    "The present invention is directed to a handheld companion device, including: a screen, rigid physical connection means, communication means, adapted for setting up and supporting at least one communication link with at least one external computerized system; and a memory storing computerized methods. The present invention is further directed to related systems and methods for automatically rotating contents displayed on such devices, when rigidly attached on a handheld mobile device. 1. A handheld companion device (10), comprising: a screen (19); rigid physical connection means (13), adapted for rigidly attaching the companion device to a mobile device (20); communication means (13, 13a, 14), adapted for setting up and supporting one or more communication links with one or more external computerized systems (20, 30); and a memory (16), storing computerized methods (162), which are adapted, upon execution at the companion device, for: cooperating (S28, S30) with said communication means to set up said one or more communication links and receive orientation data (\u03b1, \u03b3) of the mobile device (20) and contents, from said one or more external computerized systems (20, 30), via said one or more communication links; and re-arranging and displaying (S70) said contents on said screen according to said orientation data (\u03b1, \u03b3). 2. The companion device (10) of claim 1, wherein the rigid physical connection means (13) comprises a communication circuit, the latter forming part of the communication means, said communication circuit adapted for supporting one or more communication links. 3. The companion device (10) of claim 1 or 2, wherein said computerized methods (162) are designed, upon execution at the companion device, for re-arranging (S70) said contents according to: a dynamic rotation angle (\u03b1), by which the mobile device (20) is rotated relative to a reference orientation; and, preferably, a fixed, relative angle (\u03b2) between a reference axis of the mobile device and a reference axis of the companion device (10), when the companion device is attached to the mobile device; or, more preferably, a total angle (\u03b3) depending on both the dynamic rotation angle (\u03b1) and the fixed, relative angle (\u03b2), for example as \u03b3=\u2212(\u03b1+\u03b2) mod 2\u03c0. 4. The companion device (10) of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the screen of the companion device has an essentially square aspect ratio. 5. The companion device (10) of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the computerized methods (162) are further adapted for restricting the contents displayed to an area having at least 4n-fold rotational symmetry, with n\u22671, such as a square area, within a screen area (19) of the screen of the companion device (10), said area having at least 4n-fold rotational symmetry being preferably off-centered towards an edge surface of the companion device that comprises user interface controls (18a, 18b). 6. The companion device (10) of any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising user interface controls (18a, 18b) provided on an edge surface opposite to an edge surface on which the rigid physical connection means is located, and wherein, preferably, most or all physical user interface controls of the companion device (10) are provided on said opposite edge surface only. 7. The companion device (10) of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the rigid physical connection means is a bidirectional communication connector, preferably a tip-ring-ring-sleeve, or TRRS, 3.5 mm audio connector, the communication means being adapted for communicating with the mobile device (20) via audio signaling across a TRRS bi-directional audio-link. 8. A system (100) comprising a companion device (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and said mobile device (20), the companion device rigidly attached to said mobile device. 9. A computerized method for re-arranging contents and displaying re-arranged contents on a screen of companion device (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the method comprising: upon attaching a companion device (10) to a mobile device (20), cooperating with said communication means to set up (S28, S30) said one or more communication links and receive (S60, S65) contents and orientation data (\u03b1, \u03b3) of the mobile device (20), from said one or more external computerized systems (20, 30); and re-arranging and displaying (S70) said contents on said screen (19) according to said orientation data (\u03b1, \u03b3). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein cooperating with said communication means comprises communicating (S28, S30) with the mobile device (20) and/or a server (30) to receive (S60, S65) the contents and orientation data (\u03b1, \u03b3) of the mobile device (20). 11. The computerized method of claim 9 or 10, wherein cooperating with said communication means comprises communicating (S28, S30, S67, S90) with a server (30) via the mobile device (20). 12. The computerized method of claim 11, wherein cooperating with said communication means comprises communicating with the mobile device (20) to receive (S60) orientation data and communicating with the server (30) to receive (S65) or cross-check (S67) contents. 13. The computerized method according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein displaying (S70) the re-arranged contents comprises restricting the contents displayed to an area having at least 4n-fold rotational symmetry, with n\u22671, (19a) fitting in a screen area of the screen (19) of the companion device, and preferably instructing to off-center said area having at least 4n-fold rotational symmetry. 14. The computerized method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein cooperating with said communication means comprises establishing a bidirectional communication link with and/or via the mobile device (20), the method further comprising: upon receiving a user instruction via a user interface of the companion device, communicating (S90) the user instruction to the mobile device (20) and/or a server (30) via the mobile device. 15. A computer program product, comprising program code means (162) for implementing the steps of the computerized method according to any one of the claims 9 to 14.",
-    "A method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent (EL) display panel through a printing process of applying a raw material liquid between banks disposed on a board, the raw material liquid containing an organic EL material. The method includes, before the printing process: a detection process of detecting a contaminant A present on the board; an information generation process of generating, when the contaminant A is detected, position information indicating a position of the contaminant A; and a resin application process of applying an inhibitory resin to at least one of the contaminant A and a region in the vicinity of the contaminant A based on the position information. 1. A method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent (EL) display panel through a printing process of applying a raw material liquid between a plurality of banks disposed on a board, the raw material liquid containing an organic EL material, the method comprising, before the printing process: a detection process of detecting a contaminant present on a surface of the board on which the plurality of banks are disposed; an information generation process of generating, when the contaminant is detected, position information indicating a position of the contaminant with respect to the board; and a resin application process of applying an inhibitory resin to at least one of the contaminant and a region in a vicinity of the contaminant based on the position information, the inhibitory resin being a resin which inhibits the contaminant from absorbing the raw material liquid. 2. The method for manufacturing an organic EL display panel according to claim 1, wherein in the printing process, an amount of the raw material liquid to be applied between banks, among the plurality of the banks, where the inhibitory resin has been applied is smaller than an amount of the raw material liquid to be applied when the contaminant is absent. 3. The method for manufacturing an organic EL display panel according to claim 2, wherein in the detection process, size information indicating a size of the contaminant is generated, and in the printing process, the amount of the raw material liquid to be applied between the banks where the inhibitory resin has been applied is smaller than the amount of the raw material liquid to be applied when the contaminant is absent, based on the size information. 4. The method for manufacturing an organic EL display panel according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitory resin has liquid repellency and repels the raw material liquid. 5. A method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent (EL) display panel through a printing process of applying a raw material liquid between a plurality of banks disposed on a board, the raw material liquid containing an organic EL material, the method comprising, before the printing process, a detection process of detecting a contaminant present on a surface of the board on which the plurality of banks are disposed, and generating position information indicating a position of the contaminant with respect to the board, wherein in the printing process, an amount of the raw material liquid to be applied between banks, among the plurality of the banks, where the contaminant is present is larger than an amount of the raw material liquid to be applied when the contaminant is absent, based on the size information. 6. A system for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent (EL) display panel, the system comprising: a detection apparatus that detects a contaminant present on a surface of a board on which a plurality of banks are disposed, and generates position information indicating a position of the contaminant with respect to the board; a resin application apparatus that applies an inhibitory resin to at least one of the contaminant and a region in a vicinity of the contaminant based on the position information, the inhibitory resin being a resin which inhibits the contaminant from absorbing a raw material liquid containing an organic EL material; and a printing apparatus that applies the raw material liquid between the plurality of banks disposed on the board.",
-    "Methods and apparatuses for transmitting and receiving a broadcast signal are disclosed. The broadcast signal transmission method includes encoding broadcast data and fast information for rapid scanning and acquisition of a broadcast service, generating a broadcast signal comprising the encoded broadcast data and fast information, and transmitting the generated broadcast signal. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method of transmitting a broadcast signal, the method comprising: generating, by a broadcast transmitter, signaling data for rapid acquisition of basic service information, the signaling data including: a service identifier uniquely identifying a service, a service category which indicates a category of the service, and protection information indicating whether or not a component of the service is protected; encoding, by the broadcast transmitter, physical layer pipes (PLPs) carrying service data and service information lbr the service data, the encoded PLPs carrying the signaling data; and transmitting, by the broadcast transmitter, a broadcast signal carrying a signal frame carrying the encoded PLPs. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the signaling data is transmitted in link layer signaling data. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: frequency interleaving, by the broadcast transmitter, data in the signal frame based on a sequence used for every pair of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols comprised of two consecutive OFDM symbols. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the signaling data comprises a physical layer pipe (PLP) identifier indicating an identifier of PLP carrying service information. 20. An apparatus for transmitting a broadcast signal, the apparatus comprising: a processor configured to: generate signaling data for rapid acquisition of basic service information, the signaling data including: a service identifier uniquely identifying a service, a service_category which indicates a category of the service, and protection information indicating whether or not a component of the service is protected; encode physical layer pipes (PLPs) carrying service data and service information for the service data, the encoded PLPs carrying the signaling data; and a transceiver configured to transmit a broadcast signal carrying a signal frame carrying the encoded PLPs. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the signaling data is transmitted in link layer signaling data. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the processor is further configured to frequency interleave data in the signal frame based on a sequence used for every pair of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols pair comprised of two consecutive OFDM symbols. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the signaling data comprises a physical layer pipe (PLP) identifier indicating an identifier of PLP carrying service information. 24. A method of receiving a broadcast signal, the method comprising: receiving, by a broadcast receiver, a broadcast signal carrying a signal frame carrying physical layer pipes (PLPs), the PLPs carrying service data, service information for the service data, and signaling data for rapid acquisition of basic service information, wherein the signaling data includes: a service identifier uniquely identifying a service, a service category which indicates a category of the service, and protection information indicating whether or not a component of the service is protected; and parsing and decoding, by the broadcast receiver, broadcast data from the received broadcast signal. 25. The method of claim 24, Wherein the signaling data is received in link layer signaling data. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein data in the signal frame is frequency interleaved based on a sequence used for every pair of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols comprised of two consecutive OFDM symbols. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the signaling data comprises a physical layer pipe (PLP) identifier indicating an identifier of PLP carrying service information. 28. An apparatus for receiving a broadcast signal, the apparatus comprising: a transceiver configured to receive a broadcast signal carrying a signal frame carrying physical layer pipes (PLPs), the PLPs carrying service data, service information for the service data, and signaling data for rapid acquisition of basic service information, wherein the signaling data includes: a service identifier uniquely identifying a service, a service category which indicates a category of the service, and protection information indicating whether or not a component of the service is protected; a processor configured to parse and decode broadcast data from the received broadcast signal. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the signaling data is received in link layer signaling data. 30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein data in the signal frame is frequency interleaved based on a sequence used for every pair of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols comprised of two consecutive OFDM symbols. 31. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the signaling data comprises a physical layer pipe (PLP) identifier indicating an identifier of PLP carrying service information.",
-    "In a power transmission device for a vehicle, a boss portion of a clutch guide, which is an input-side rotation member of a clutch unit, includes: a spline portion spline-connected to a small-diameter portion at one end of a center shaft which is an input shaft; and a fitting portion that extends further from the spline portion in an axial direction to contact the outer circumference of a medium-diameter portion of the center shaft. A recess functioning as a torque fuse is formed in the medium-diameter portion of the center shaft corresponding to the fitting portion. When the center shaft is severed or disconnected at the recess, the medium-diameter portion of the severed cut center shaft can still remain within the fitting portion, so that appropriate centering can be secured and stable self-propulsion of the vehicle can be secured without unwanted misalignment of the axis of rotation of the clutch. 1. A power transmission apparatus for a vehicle, comprising: an input shaft to which is transmitted rotary motion from a drive source; a clutch for transmitting rotary motion of the input shaft by disconnectably connecting drive power transmission; and an output shaft connected to the clutch, characterized in that the input shaft is spline-connected at one end thereof to an input-side rotation member of the clutch for rotating together with the input-side rotation member of the clutch, in that the input-side rotation member of the clutch includes a boss portion that includes a spline portion spline-connected to the one end of the input shaft, and a fitting portion extending further from the spline portion in an axial direction into contact with an outer periphery of the input shaft, and in that a portion of the input shaft that corresponds to the fitting portion has a recess formed therein for functioning as a torque fuse. 2. The power transmission apparatus for a vehicle as claimed in claim 1, which is a differential mechanism for distributing rotation of a drive shaft, to which is transmitted the rotary motion from the drive source, to left and right wheels, and wherein the differential mechanism includes: a driving bevel gear rotatable integrally with the drive shaft; a driven bevel gear meshing with the driving bevel gear; a center shaft extending in a direction intersecting the drive shaft and rotatable integrally with the driven bevel gear; left and right clutch units disposed to left and right of the center shaft; and left and right output shafts for transmitting outputs of the left and right clutch units to the left and right wheels, respectively, wherein the center shaft includes: a middle large-diameter portion; left and right medium-diameter portions located to left and right of the large-diameter portion; and left- and right-end small-diameter portions adjoining the left and right medium-diameter portions, the driven bevel gear being fixed to the large-diameter portion, wherein the input shaft is the center shaft, the clutch is the left or right clutch unit, and the output shaft is the left or right output shaft, wherein the boss portion of the input-side rotation member of the clutch is spline-connected to the small-diameter portion of the center shaft, and wherein the recess functioning as the torque fuse is formed in the medium-diameter portion of the center shaft. 3. The power transmission apparatus for a vehicle as claimed in claim 1, wherein the recess functioning as the torque fuse is formed in correspondence with a portion of the fitting portion adjoining the spline portion. 4. The power transmission apparatus for a vehicle as claimed in claim 2, wherein the recess functioning as the torque fuse is formed in correspondence with a portion of the fitting portion adjoining the spline portion.",
-    "A light emitting arrangement is provided, comprising: an array of light-emitting elements (20) arranged on a carrier (10) having an inner surface (11) facing an interior space at least partially enclosed by said carrier, and an outer surface (12), and wherein the light emitting elements (20) are arranged to emit light towards the interior space, and a tubular wavelength converting member (30) having an envelope body comprising a light-receiving inner envelope surface (31) facing an interior space partially enclosed by said wavelength converting member, and an outer envelope surface (32), the wavelength converting member (30) being arranged adjacent said carrier (10) to receive light emitted by said light emitting elements (20) via said light-receiving inner envelope surface (31). The light emitting arrangement offers improved cooling and enables high lumen output without overheating. 1. A light emitting arrangement, comprising: an array of light-emitting elements adapted to emit primary light arranged on a carrier, said carrier being at least partly cylindrical or ring shaped and having an inner surface facing an interior space at least partially enclosed by said carrier, and an outer surface, and wherein the light emitting elements are arranged with their light emitting surface facing inward to emit light towards the interior space, and a tubular wavelength converting member having an envelope body comprising a light-receiving inner envelope surface facing an interior space partially enclosed by said wavelength converting member, and an outer envelope surface, the wavelength converting member being arranged adjacent said carrier to receive light emitted by said light emitting elements via said light-receiving inner envelope surface, the tubular wavelength converting member being adapted to convert part of primary light emitted by the light emitting elements into secondary light and to emit said secondary light from said inner envelope surface as well as from said outer envelope surface, and to transmit part of the primary light without conversion. 2. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said wavelength converting member forms an open-ended tubular structure. 3. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said wavelength converting member has a conical or truncated conical shape. 4. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the carrier and the wavelength converting member have cross-sections of the same or similar shape and size. 5. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is aligned with said wavelength converting member to form a tubular assembly. 6. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 5, wherein said carrier is arranged at an open end of said tubular wavelength converting member. 7. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 5, wherein said carrier is arranged on or arranged to form part of the envelope body of the tubular wavelength converting member. 8. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 1, wherein at least one light redirecting element is provided on said carrier to direct light emitted by said light emitting elements in the direction of the light-receiving inner envelope surface of the wavelength converting member. 9. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 8, wherein each light emitting element is provided with a light redirecting element. 10. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 8, wherein said light redirecting element is arranged to direct light emitted by one light-emitting element away from another light-emitting element. 11. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 10, wherein said light redirecting element is a reflector. 12. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the inner surface of said carrier is at least partially reflective. 13. A light emitting arrangement according to claim 6, further comprising a heat spreader connected to said carrier at a side of the carrier facing away from the wavelength converting member. 14. A lamp comprising a light emitting assembly according to claim 1 at least partially enclosed by an at least partially transparent envelope.",
-    "The present invention provides a semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition having exceptional impact resistance, fuel barrier properties, and injection moldability, as well as a molded article containing the same, through a semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition containing specific proportions of (A) a semi-aromatic polyamide comprising a dicarboxylic acid component comprising terephthalic acid and adipic acid and a diamine component having a linear aliphatic diamine having 4-10 carbon atoms, (B) a semi-aromatic polyamide comprising a dicarboxylic acid component having isophthalic acid and a diamine component having an aliphatic diamine having 4-15 carbon atoms, (C) an olefin polymer containing a specific amount of functional group structural units, and (D) a fibrous filler. 1. A semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition comprising: 20 to 60 parts by mass of a semi-aromatic polyamide (A) having a melting point (Tm) of 290\u00b0 C. or higher and 340\u00b0 C. or lower, measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); 5 to 30 parts by mass of a semi-aromatic polyamide (B) having a heat of melting (\u0394H) of 0 J/g or more and 5 J/g or less in a temperature rising process (temperature rising rate: 10\u00b0 C./min) of the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); 1 to 30 parts by mass of an olefin polymer (C) comprising 0.1 to 1.5 parts by mass of a structural unit having a hetero atom-containing functional group; and 0 to 60 parts by mass of a fibrous filler (D); wherein total of (A), (B), (C) and (D) is 100 parts by mass. 2. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic polyamide (A) comprises as dicarboxylic acid components, a structural unit derived from terephthalic acid and a structural unit derived from adipic acid, and as a diamine component, a structural unit derived from a straight chain aliphatic group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms. 3. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 2, wherein a molar ratio of the structural unit derived from terephthalic acid to the structural unit derived from adipic acid contained in the semi-aromatic polyamide (A) is 40/60 to 80/20. 4. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic polyamide (B) comprises as a dicarboxylic acid component, a structural unit derived from isophthalic acid, and as a diamine component, a structural unit derived from an aliphatic group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms. 5. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 4, wherein the semi-aromatic polyamide (B) may further comprise a structural unit derived from terephthalic acid, and a molar ratio of the structural unit derived from isophthalic acid to the structural unit derived from terephthalic acid is 60/40 to 100/0. 6. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the semi-aromatic polyamide (A) and the semi-aromatic polyamide (B) fulfills the relationship (B)/((A)+(B)) of 0.05 to 0.5, the (A) being the mass of the semi-aromatic polyamide (A), and the (B) being the mass of the semi-aromatic polyamide (B). 7. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein 80 to 100 mol % of the total diamine components contained in the semi-aromatic polyamide (A) is a structural unit derived from 1,6-hexanediamine. 8. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein 40 to 100 mol % of the total diamine components contained, in the semi-aromatic polyamide (B) is a structural unit derived from 1,6-hexanediamine. 9. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin, composition according to claim 1, wherein the olefin polymer (C) comprises a skeleton derived from a polyolefin, and the skeleton is a copolymer of ethylene and an olefin having 3 or more carbon atoms. 10. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein: the structural unit having a hetero atom-containing functional group of the olefin polymer (C) comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, an ether group, an aldehyde group, and a ketone group. 11. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the structural unit having a hetero atom-containing functional group of the olefin polymer (C) is a structural unit modified by maleic anhydride. 12. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising a conductive material (E). 13. The semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 12, wherein the conductive material (E) is at least one member selected from the group consisting of carbon fiber, conductive carbon black, carbon fibril and carbon nanotube. 14. A molded product comprising the semi-aromatic polyamide resin composition according to claim 1. 15. The molded product according to claim 14, for use as a quick connector.",
-    "The present invention is directed to crystalline addition salts of (ii) 8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives and (ii) a dicarboxylic acid or a sulfimide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof. 1. A pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline addition salt of (i) a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl-8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivative and (ii) a dicarboxylic acid or a sulfimide derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein the 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl-8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivative is a compound of formula (I): wherein: R1, R2 and R3 each are independently chosen from a hydrogen atom or a C1-2 alkyl group, R4 is chosen from a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a hydroxymethyl group or a linear or branched C1-4 alkyl group, R5 and R6 each are independently chosen from a thienyl group, a phenyl group, a benzyl group or a C4-6 cycloalkyl group, V and W each are independently chosen from a \u2014N\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014C(O)\u2014 group, n and m each are independently chosen from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. 2. The salt according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 each are independently chosen from a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. 3. The salt according to claim 1, wherein V is chosen from a \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014S\u2014 group and W is chosen from \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014C(O)\u2014 group. 4. The salt according to claim 1, wherein n is chosen from 0 or 1, and m is chosen from 2 or 3. 5. The salt according to claim 1, wherein both R1 and R2 are a hydrogen atom, R3 is a methyl group, V is chosen from a \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014S\u2014 group, W is chosen from \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014C(O)\u2014 group, n is 0 and m is 3. 6. The salt according to claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is fumaric acid or the sulfimide derivative is saccharin. 7. The salt according to claim 1, chosen from: trans-4-[{3-[5-({[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole-1-yl]propyl}(methyl)amino]cyclohexyl hydroxy(di-2-thienyl)acetate saccharinate, trans-4-[{3-[6-({[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazole-3(2H)-yl]propyl}(methyl)-amino]cyclohexyl hydroxy(di-2-thienyl)acetate fumarate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the salt according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein the composition is formulated for administration by inhalation as a dry powder. 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent. 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the at least one additional therapeutic agent is chosen from: (a) corticosteroids, or gluococorticoids, (b) antihistamines, (c) chemokine receptor antagonists, (e) CRTH2 antagonists, (f) leukotriene receptor antagonists, (g) JAK inhibitors, (h) Syk inhibitors, (i) phosdiesterase IV inhibitors, (j) p38 Inhibitors, (k) PKC inhibitors, (l) 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitors, (m) 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, (n) CYSLTR1 antagonists, (o) CYSLTR2 antagonists, (p) BLT1 antagonists, (q) BLT2 antagonists, (r) thromboxane A2 antagonists, (s) DP1 receptor antagonists, (t) DP1 receptor agonists, (u) IP receptor agonists, (v) Anti-IgE, (w) IL5 antibody, (x) leukotriene formation inhibitors, (y) decongestants, (z) mucolytics, (aa) antitussives, (bb) analgesics, and (cc) expectorants. 12. A combination comprising a salt according to claim 1 and at least one additional therapeutic agent chosen from: (a) corticosteroids, or gluococorticoids, (b) antihistamines, (c) chemokine receptor antagonists, (e) CRTH2 antagonists, (f) leukotriene receptor antagonists, (g) JAK inhibitors, (h) Syk inhibitors, (i) phosdiesterase IV inhibitors, (j) p38 Inhibitors, (k) PKC inhibitors, (l) 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitors, (m) 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, (n) CYSLTR1 antagonists, (o) CYSLTR2 antagonists, (p) BLT1 antagonists, (q) BLT2 antagonists, (r) thromboxane A2 antagonists, (s) DP1 receptor antagonists, (t) DP1 receptor agonists, (u) IP receptor agonists, (v) Anti-IgE, IL5 antibody, (x) leukotriene formation inhibitors, (y) decongestants, (z) mucolytics, (aa) antitussives, (bb) analgesics, and (cc) expectorants. 13. (canceled) 14. A method for treating a subject afflicted with a pathological condition or disease associated with \u03b22 adrenergic receptor agonist and M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist activity, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the salt according to claim 1. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the pathological condition or disease is chosen from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 16. (canceled) 17. A method for treating a subject afflicted with a pathological condition or disease associated with \u03b22 adrenergic receptor agonist and M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist activity, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8. 18. The salt according to claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are a hydrogen atom and R3 is a methyl group. 19. The salt according to claim 2, wherein V is chosen from a \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014S\u2014 group and W is chosen from \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014C(O)\u2014 group. 20. The salt according to claim 1, wherein n is 0 and m is 3. 21. A method for treating a subject afflicted with a pathological condition or disease associated with \u03b22 adrenergic receptor agonist and M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist activity, comprising administering to the subject the combination according to claim 12.",
-    "The invention relates to an aircraft (1) having a passenger cabin (8) and a plurality of passenger seats (11) arranged in this passenger cabin (8), in which the passenger seats (11) are arranged in seat rows (13) one behind the other on a cabin floor (7), and a conveyor (15) for transporting objects, meals and/or beverages to the passenger seats (11) being within and/or below the cabin floor (7). 1. An aircraft having a passenger cabin and a plurality of passenger seats in this passenger cabin, arranged in seat rows one behind the other on a cabin floor, wherein a conveyor is provided within or below the cabin floor to transport objects, meals or beverages to the passenger seats. 2. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor is next to or below the passenger seats. 3. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor is at least partially below a passenger aisle extending in a longitudinal direction of the passenger cabin between the passenger seats or passenger seat groups. 4. The aircraft according to that claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises a delivery device or a removal device for objects, meals or beverages. 5. The aircraft according to claim 4, wherein the delivery device or the removal device have a common transport direction. 6. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises one or a plurality of storage devices to intermediately store objects, meals or beverages. 7. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises at least one transport passage that extends between a support or kitchen area in the passenger cabin and the seat rows. 8. The aircraft according to claim 7, wherein the number of transport passages is chosen depending on the number of passenger aisles between the passenger seats or the passenger seat groups. 9. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor at the seat rows comprises a supply unit for objects, meals or beverages transported through a transport passage. 10. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein the supply unit is next to a passenger seat or a passenger seat group that faces a passenger aisle. 11. The aircraft according to claim 9, wherein the supply unit comprises a transverse transport unit having a horizontal or a vertical transport action and can move the delivered objects, meals or beverages from a transport plane of a transport passage. 12. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises a plurality of mobile transport units that, loaded with objects, meals or beverages, are movable through at least one transport passage of the conveyor. 13. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises an addressing device that can address and deliver objects, meals or beverages prepared in a support or kitchen area in an automated manner to the passenger seat, a passenger seat group or a passenger seat row. 14. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor has a display that can show an imminent or completed delivery of objects, meals or beverages at a supply unit. 15. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises an ordering device for selection and ordering of objects, meals or beverages by a passenger at his/her passenger seat. 16. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor is a supporting structural component of the cabin floor. 17. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor comprises respective service openings within the cabin floor at the seat rows located in the passenger cabin for creating a spatial connection between the passenger cabin and the conveyor. 18. A method of serving passengers in an aircraft in which objects, meals or beverages are passed to the passengers at their passenger seats, wherein these objects, meals or beverages are transported to the passenger seats within or below a cabin floor and are made readily available at the passenger seats. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the objects, meals or beverages are transported in a decentralized way to the passenger seats.",
-    "A compound represented by general formula (I) has a strong Axl inhibitory activity by introducing a distinctive bicyclic structure in which a saturated carbon ring is fused to a pyridone ring, and can be a therapeutic agent for Axl-related diseases, for example, cancer such as acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and glioma, kidney diseases, immune system diseases, and circulatory system diseases. 1. A compound represented by general formula (1): [wherein R1 represents (1) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted with one to five R11, (2) a C3-7 carbon ring optionally substituted with one to five R12, or (3) a 4- to 7-membered heterocycle optionally substituted with one to five R13, wherein when the C1-8 alkyl group represented by R1 is a branched alkyl group, the C1-3 alkyl group branched from the same carbon atom, together with the carbon atom bound thereto, optionally forms a saturated C3-7 carbon ring, R2 represents (1) a C1-4 alkyl group, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, (4) an oxo group, (5) an \u2014OR21 group, or (6) an \u2550NR22 group, R3 represents (1) a C1-4 alkyl group, (2) a halogen atom, or (3) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, R4 represents (1) a C1-4 alkoxy group, (2) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, (3) an \u2014OR41 group, (4) a C1-4 alkyl group, (5) a C2-4 alkenyloxy group, or (6) a C2-4 alkynyloxy group, R5 represents (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, (3) a halogen atom, (4) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, or (5) an \u2014OR21 group, R11 represents (1) an \u2014OR101 group, (2) an SO2R102 group, (3) an NR103R104 group, or (4) a C3-7 carbon ring optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, R12 represents (1) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group, or (2) a halogen atom, R13 represents (1) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group, or (2) a halogen atom, R21 represents (1) a hydrogen atom, or (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, R22 represents (1) a hydroxyl group, or (2) C1-4 alkoxy group, R41 represents (1) a hydrogen atom; (2) a C1-8 alkyl group substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of (a) 5- to 7-membered cyclic group optionally substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of (i) a C1-4 alkyl group, (ii) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, and (iii) a halogen atom, (b) NR401R402, (c) a hydroxyl group, and (d) an SO2R403 group; (3) a C2-8 alkenyl group substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of (a) 5- to 7-membered cyclic group optionally substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of (i) a C1-4 alkyl group, (ii) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, and (iii) a halogen atom, (b) NR401R402, (c) a hydroxyl group, and (d) an SO2R403 group; or (4) a C2-8 alkynyl group substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of (a) 5- to 7-membered cyclic group optionally substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of (i) a C1-4 alkyl group, (ii) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, and (iii) a halogen atom, (b) NR401R402, (c) a hydroxyl group, and (d) an SO2R403 group, R101 represents (1) a hydrogen atom, or (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, R102 represents (1) a hydrogen atom, or (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, R103 and R104 each independently represents (1) a hydrogen atom, or (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, R401 and R402 each independently represents (1) a hydrogen atom, or (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, R403 represents (1) a hydrogen atom, or (2) a C1-4 alkyl group, A represents (1) CH, or (2) a nitrogen atom, L represents (1) \u2014O\u2014, (2) \u2014NH\u2014, (3) \u2014C(O)\u2014, (4) \u2014CR6R7\u2014, (5) \u2014S\u2014, (6) \u2014S(O)\u2014, or (7) \u2014S(O)2\u2014, R6 and R7 each independently represents (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a C1-4 alkyl group, (4) a hydroxyl group, or (5) NH2, ring1 represents a 5- to 7-membered cyclic group, represents a single bond or a double bond, m is an integer from 0 to 5, n is an integer from 0 to 5, p is an integer from 0 to 2, q is an integer from 0 to 4, when m is two or more, a plurality of R2 may be the same as or different from each other, and when two of R2 represent a C1-3 alkyl group and are on the same carbon atom, the R2, together with a carbon atom bound thereto, may form a saturated C3-7 carbon ring, when n is 2 or more, a plurality of R3 may be the same as or different from each other, and when q is 2 or more, a plurality of R4 may be the same as or different from each other], a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, an N-oxide thereof, or a prodrug thereof. 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein m is one or more, and one of R2 is necessarily an oxo group. 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the ring1 is benzene or pyridine. 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein L is (1) \u2014O\u2014, (2) \u2014NH\u2014, or (3) \u2014C(O)\u2014. 5. The compound according to claim 1, which is represented by general formula (I-1): [wherein R2-1 represents (1) a C1-4 alkyl group, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a C1-4 haloalkyl group, (4) an \u2014OR21 group, or (5) an \u2550NR22 group, m-1 is an integer from 0 to 4, L1 is (1) \u2014O\u2014, (2) \u2014NH\u2014, or (3) \u2014C(O)\u2014, ring1-1 represents benzene or pyridine, when m-1 is 2 or more, a plurality of R2-1 may be the same as or different from each other, and when two of R2-1 represent a C1-3 alkyl group and are on the same carbon atom, the R2-1, together with a carbon atom bound thereto, may form a saturated C3-7 carbon ring, and other symbols have the same meanings as defined in claim 1]. 6. The compound according to claim 1, which is: (1)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (2)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-7,7-dimethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (3)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-1-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (4)N-[5-({7-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-4-quinolinyl}oxy)-2-pyridinyl]-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (5)N-{4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-3-fluorophenyl}-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (6)N-{4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]phenyl}-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (7)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (8)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (9)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (10)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (11)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (12)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-1-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanyl]-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (13)N-{4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-3-fluorophenyl}-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dioxo-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (14)N-{5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolinyl)oxy]-2-pyridinyl}-6,6-dimethyl-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (15)N-[5-({6-methoxy-7-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy]-4-quinolinyl}oxy)-2-pyridinyl]-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, (16)N-(5-{[7-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxy-4-quinolinyl]oxy}-2-pyridinyl)-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide, or (17)N-[5-({6-methoxy-7-[3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propoxy]-4-quinolinyl}oxy)-2-pyridinyl]-2,5-dioxo-1-phenyl-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3-quinolinecarboxamide. 7. A pharmaceutical composition containing a compound represented by general formula (I) as defined in claim 1, a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, an N-oxide thereof, or a prodrug thereof. 8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, which is an Axl inhibitor. 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, which is an agent for preventing and/or treating an Axl-related disease. 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein the Axl-related disease includes a cancer, a kidney disease, an immune system disease, or a circulatory system disease. 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphatic leukemia, melanoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, large intestine cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, uveal malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, lymphoma, head and neck cancer, or sarcoma. 12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, which is a metastasis suppressing agent for cancer cells. 13. A method for preventing and/or treating an Axl-related disease, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound represented by general formula (I) as defined in claim 1, a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, an N-oxide thereof, or a prodrug thereof, to a mammal. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. A method for suppressing for cancer cell metastasis, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound represented by general formula (I) as defined in claim 1, a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, an N-oxide thereof, or a prodrug thereof, to a mammal.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of encoding three-dimensional (3D) content. The method of encoding 3D content according to an embodiment may include setting a dependency between texture information and depth information of the 3D content, and generating a bitstream comprising the dependency. 1. A method of encoding three-dimensional (3D) content, the method comprising: setting a dependency between texture information and depth information of the 3D content; and generating a bitstream comprising the dependency. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: setting a relationship between a given view and the depth information and a dependency between the depth information and a texture information when the depth information is separate from the texture information. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: setting at least one representation for a texture information and depth information of each view. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the representation comprises the texture information, comprises the depth information, or comprises both the texture information and the depth information. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: setting an identifier parameter indicating information comprised in the representation. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein when the identifier has a form of \u201cti\u201d, the representation comprises texture information of a view i, when the identifier has a form of \u201cdi\u201d, the representation comprises depth information of the view i, and when the identifier has a form of \u201cvi\u201d, the representation comprises the texture information and the depth information of the view i. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising: setting a dependency parameter indicating a relationship between a view associated with a current adaptive set and texture and depth information. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the identifier parameter or the dependency parameter is added to a multi-view design of a role element of a moving picture experts group (MPEG) dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the dependency is set at a representation level or an adaptive set level. 10. A method of encoding three-dimensional (3D) content, the method comprising: setting a representation comprising at least one of texture information and depth information; and generating a bitstream corresponding to the representation.",
-    "An electrical connector includes a unitary base elongated along a longitudinal direction. A first tongue extends forwardly from the base and has a uniform thickness along the longitudinal direction. The first tongue comprises a plurality of spaced apart first contacts. A second tongue extends forwardly from the base and comprises a plurality of spaced apart second contacts. The first and second tongues define a gap therebetween that extends from a front edge of one of the first and second tongues toward the unitary base. 1. An elongated electrical connector for mounting on a printed circuit board and mating with a mating connector along a mating direction, the connector comprising: an elongated base extending along a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the mating direction; first and second end walls extending forwardly along the mating direction from opposite longitudinal ends of the base; a bottom tongue extending forwardly along the mating direction from the base and disposed between and spaced apart from the first and second end walls, the bottom tongue having a uniform thickness along its length along the longitudinal direction and comprising first and second bottom tongue portions separated by a third bottom tongue portion; a top tongue extending forwardly along the mating direction from the base and disposed between and spaced apart from the first and second end walls, the top tongue having a uniform thickness along its length along the longitudinal direction and being spaced apart from the bottom tongue along a thickness direction perpendicular to the mating and longitudinal directions, a bottom surface of the top tongue facing a top face of the third bottom tongue portion; a plurality of spaced apart first contacts disposed on a top surface of the first bottom tongue portion; a plurality of spaced apart second contacts disposed on a top surface of the second bottom tongue portion; a plurality of spaced apart third contacts disposed on a bottom surface of the bottom tongue; and a plurality of spaced apart fourth contacts disposed on a top surface of the top tongue. 2. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the top tongue is reversibly attachable to and removable from the connector. 3. The elongated electrical connector of claim 2, wherein the base comprises a sliding portion, the top tongue extending forwardly along the mating direction from the sliding portion of the base, the base comprising a groove along the thickness direction, the top tongue being reversibly attachable to and removable from the connector by the sliding portion of the base sliding along the groove. 4. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1 further comprising an insert removably inserted in a gap defined between the spaced apart top and bottom tongues, the insert providing support to the top tongue. 5. An electrical connector comprising: a unitary base elongated along a longitudinal direction; a first tongue extending forwardly from the base and having a uniform thickness along the longitudinal direction, the first tongue comprising a plurality of spaced apart first contacts; a second tongue extending forwardly from the base and comprising a plurality of spaced apart second contacts, the first and second tongues defining a gap therebetween that extends from a front edge of one of the first and second tongues toward the unitary base. 6. An electrical connector comprising: a unitary housing elongated along a longitudinal direction perpendicular to a mating direction of the connector, the unitary housing defining a central slot extending along the longitudinal direction, the central slot comprising first and second slot portions separated by a third slot portion, each slot portion comprising opposing top and bottom surfaces, a separation between the top of bottom surfaces of each slot portion along a thickness direction orthogonal to the longitudinal and mating directions defining a height of the slot, the first and second slot portions having a same smaller height, the third slot portion having a greater height, the unitary housing comprising a blade extending forwardly along the mating direction from a back surface of the third slot portion and disposed between and spaced apart from the top and bottom surfaces of the third slot portion; a plurality of spaced apart first contacts disposed on a top surface of the first slot portion; a plurality of spaced apart second contacts disposed on a top surface of the second slot portion; a plurality of spaced apart third contacts disposed on bottom surfaces of the first, second and third slot portions; and a plurality of spaced apart fourth contacts disposed on a top surface of the third slot portion. 7. The electrical connector of claim 6, wherein the blade does not extend into the first and second slot portions. 8. The electrical connector of claim 6, wherein when the connector mates with a mating connector having spaced apart top and bottom tongues defining a gap therebetween, the first and second slot portions mate with the bottom tongue, the third slot portion mates with the top tongue, and the blade is inserted in the gap. 9. An electrical connector comprising a unitary insulative housing defining an elongated slot bound by opposing first and second major surfaces and comprising a blade extending from a back surface of the slot toward a front of the slot and disposed between and spaced apart from the first and second major surfaces, a first plurality of contacts disposed on the first major surface and facing the blade, a second plurality of contacts disposed on the second major surface and facing the blade. 10. The electrical connector of claim 9, wherein the blade does not carry any contacts. 11. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the top and bottom tongues have the same thickness. 12. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the top tongue is thicker than the bottom tongue. 13. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the top tongue is thinner than the bottom tongue. 14. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein a length of the top tongue along the longitudinal direction is smaller than a length of the bottom tongue along the longitudinal direction. 15. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein a separation between the top and bottom tongues along the thickness direction is in a range from 0.1 mm to 5 mm. 16. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein there are no contacts on a bottom surface of the top tongue. 17. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein there are contacts on a bottom, but not top, surface of the third bottom tongue portion. 18. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the bottom tongue has a width along the mating direction measured from a front edge of the bottom tongue to the base, the first and second bottom tongue portions having a larger width, the third bottom tongue portion having a smaller width. 19. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the base, the top and bottom tongues, and the first and second end walls form a unitary construction. 20. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein a separation distance between the top and bottom tongues along the thickness direction is variable. 21. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein the top tongue comprises a plurality of spaced apart slots, each slot extending from the top surface to a bottom surface of the top tongue, each contact in the plurality of fourth contacts being disposed on a corresponding slot. 22. The elongated electrical connector of claim 4, wherein the insert is removed before the connector mates with a mating connector. 23. The elongated electrical connector of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second end walls includes a U-shaped channel configured to slidably engage with a mating connector. 24. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein the gap extends from the front edge of one of the first and second tongues to the unitary base. 25. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein the first tongue has a width measured from a front edge of the first tongue to the unitary base, the width being substantially the same across the length of the first tongue. 26. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein each of the first and second tongues has a length along the longitudinal direction, the length of the first tongue being greater than the length of the second tongue. 27. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein each of the first and second tongues has a length along the longitudinal direction and a width measured from a front edge of the tongue to the base, each of the first and second tongues having a uniform thickness across the width and length of the tongue. 28. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein the first and second tongues define an overlap region between the two tongues, wherein in the overlap region, each tongue comprises contacts only on one major surface of the tongue. 29. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein the first and second tongues define an overlap region between the two tongues, wherein in the overlap region, neither tongue comprises contacts on a major surface of the tongue that faces the other tongue. 30. The electrical connector of claim 5, wherein the first and second tongues define an overlap region between the two tongues, wherein in the overlap region, each tongue comprises contacts only on a major surface of the tongue that faces away from the other tongue. 31. The electrical connector of claim 6, wherein the bottom surfaces of the first, second and third slot portions lie in a sample plane. 32. The electrical connector of claim 6, wherein the top surfaces of the first and second slot portions lie in a same plane and the top surface of the third slot portion lies in a higher plane. 33. An electrical connector adapted to mate with a mating connector that includes overlapping planar top and bottom tongues defining a gap therebetween with each tongue carrying a plurality of contacts, the electrical connector comprising an insulative planar blade, such that when the electrical connector mates with the mating connector, the insulative planar blade is inserted in the gap to provide support to at least one of the top and bottom tongues. 34. The electrical connector of claim 33, wherein the blade does not carry any contacts.",
-    "A method for controlling a two-stroke internal combustion engine, the control method including: a longitudinal movement of a piston in the direction of the bottom dead centre of an engine, the movement being triggered by the expansion of burned gases in the master cylinder, during the longitudinal movement of the piston, the process includes a step of intake air pressurisation, adjustment of the pressure of the burned gases to a value lower than the intake air pressure, introduction into the cylinder of pressurised intake air, the air introduced forming a stratification layer redirecting the burned gases in the direction of the exhaust port. 1. A method for controlling a two-stroke internal combustion engine, said engine comprising a master cylinder having a longitudinal axis, a piston arranged in said master cylinder, said piston being capable of carrying out a movement along said longitudinal axis, an exhaust port for burned gases, an air intake port in said master cylinder, said control method comprising longitudinally moving said piston in the direction of a bottom dead centre of said engine, said longitudinal movement being triggered by expansion of burned gases in said master cylinder, wherein during said longitudinal movement of said piston the method comprises a step of intake air pressurisation, adjusting a pressure of said burned gases to a value lower than said intake air pressure, introducing into said master cylinder of pressurised intake air, the exhaust port remaining closed during said introducing, the air introduced forming a stratification layer redirecting said burned gases in a direction of said exhaust port. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment of the pressure of said burned gases to a value lower than said intake air pressure is carried out via an opening of a low flow relief valve. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising closing the low flow relief valve as soon as the burned gases have a pressure lower than the intake air pressure. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein as soon as the pressure contained in said master cylinder formed by the stratification layer and the burned gases is substantially equal to the value of the intake air pressure, the method comprises a step of opening the exhaust port, the introduction of pressurised intake air into the master cylinder continuing. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment of the pressure of the burned gases to a value lower than the intake air pressure is carried out by the opening of the exhaust port and the creation of a counter-pressure at the start of said opening of the exhaust port in order to limit the exhaust flow of the burned gases. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising closing the exhaust port when the totality of the burned gases has been exhausted from the master cylinder. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the adjusted pressure of the burned gases is of the order of 150 mbar lower than the intake air pressure. 8. A two-stroke internal combustion engine comprising: a master cylinder having a longitudinal axis X; a piston arranged in said master cylinder, said piston being capable of carrying out a movement along said longitudinal axis X; an exhaust port for burned gases; an intake air pressurizer; an intake port for pressurised air in said master cylinder, and a low flow relief valve, wherein opening of the intake port enables the adjustment of a pressure of the burned gases contained in said master cylinder to a value lower than the intake air pressure.",
-    "A system (100) is provided for analyzing image data representing image intensities of an image volume, the image intensities having a signal dynamic range. The system (100) comprises an analysis subsystem (140) for accessing display data defining a set of display settings for display of the image volume, each one of the set of display settings causing a different sub-range of the signal dynamic range to be mapped to a display dynamic range during the display. During operation, the analysis subsystem (140) analyzes the image data to identify, for each one of the set of display settings, a region of the image volume which comprises image intensities within the respective sub-range, thereby identifying a set of regions of interest, and generating analysis data (142) identifying the set of regions of interest. As such, the user is enabled to quickly navigate to regions in the image volume which contain meaningful visual information when displayed using the respective display settings. 1. A system for analyzing image data, comprising: an input for receiving the image data, the image data representing image intensities of an image volume, the image intensities having a signal dynamic range; an analysis subsystem for: i) accessing display data defining a set of display settings for display of the image volume, each one of the set of display settings causing a different sub-range of the signal dynamic range to be mapped to a display dynamic range during the display, ii) analyzing the image data to identify, for each one of the set of display settings, a region of the image volume which comprises image intensities within the respective sub-range, thereby identifying a set of regions of interest; and iii) generating analysis data identifying the set of regions of interest. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a navigation subsystem for enabling a user to navigate through the image volume displaying different regions of the image volume in response to navigation commands received from the user, wherein the navigation subsystem is further arranged for: enabling the user to select one of the set of display settings displaying the different regions using said selected display setting; and visually guiding the user towards one of the set of regions of interest which is associated with the selected display setting. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the navigation subsystem is arranged for visually guiding the user towards said region of interest by displaying a navigational aid which represents a navigation direction towards the region of interest. 4. The system according to claim 2, wherein the navigation subsystem is arranged for visually guiding the user towards said region of interest by initializing the navigation to display at least part of the region of interest. 5. The system according to claim 2, wherein the navigation subsystem is arranged for determining whether the user navigates through said region of interest for enabling issuing an alert if the user fails to navigate through the region of interest. 6. The system according to claim 5, wherein the navigation subsystem is arranged for recording, for each one of the set of display settings, data which is indicative of whether the user navigates through the respective region of interest. 7. The system according to claim 2, wherein the navigation subsystem is arranged for visually identifying and/or automatically selecting one of the set of display settings for which a respective region of interest been successfully identified. 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the analysis subsystem is arranged for analyzing the image data based on a histogram analysis of the image intensities. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the histogram analysis comprises determining, for each one of the set of display settings, at least one of the group of: an amount and a distribution, of the image intensities within the respective sub-range. 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein the image data is medical image data, and wherein each one of the set of display settings is associated with visualization of a particular tissue or organ. 11. The system according to claim 1, wherein each one of the set of display settings comprises a window width parameter and a window level parameter. 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the image data is constituted by a set of image slices and wherein the analysis subsystem is arranged for identifying a subset of the image slices as the region of the image volume. 13. A workstation or imaging apparatus comprising the system according to claim 1. 14. A method for analyzing image data, comprising: receiving the image data, the image data representing image intensities of an image volume, the image intensities having a signal dynamic range; accessing display data defining a set of display settings for display of the image volume, each one of the set of display settings causing a different sub-range of the signal dynamic range to be mapped to a display dynamic range during the display, analyzing the image data to identify, for each one of the set of display settings, a region of the image volume which comprises image intensities within the respective sub-range, thereby identifying a set of regions of interest; and generating analysis data identifying the set of regions of interest. 15. A computer program product comprising instructions for causing a processor system to perform the method according to claim 14.",
-    "A current detection circuit includes a coil that is constituted by a metal wiring formed on a semiconductor substrate, a resistor that is provided in a position near the coil on the semiconductor substrate, constituted by a metal wiring formed on the semiconductor substrate, which is made of a metal material being same as that of the coil, and arranged so as to prevent any magnetic field from being generated due to a current flowing in the resistor, an output circuit that outputs currents in accordance with a resistance ratio between the coil and the resistor to the coil and the resistor correspondingly through a common terminal, and a detection circuit that detects the current flowing in the resistor to thereby detect the current flowing in the coil. 1. A current detection circuit comprising: a coil that is constituted by a metal wiring formed on a semiconductor substrate; a resistor that is provided in a position near the coil on the semiconductor substrate, constituted by a metal wiring formed on the semiconductor substrate, which is made of a metal material being same as that of the coil, and arranged so as to prevent any magnetic field from being generated due to a current flowing in the resistor; an output circuit that outputs currents in accordance with a resistance ratio between the coil and the resistor to the coil and the resistor correspondingly through a common terminal at which one end of the coil and one end of the resistor are connected to each other; and a detection circuit that detects the current flowing in the resistor to thereby detect the current flowing in the coil. 2. The current detection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the resistor is constituted by a plurality of metal wirings which is made of a metal material being same as that of the coil, an even number of the metal wirings being arranged in parallel to each other. 3. The current detection circuit according claim 1, wherein the resistor has a resistance value larger than that of the coil. 4. The current detection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate has a multilayer structure, and the coil and the resistor are formed in a specific metal wiring layer in the semiconductor substrate. 5. The current detection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the coil includes a first coil and a second coil; and wherein the first coil is constituted by a spiral metal wiring pattern arranged clockwise and gradually inward from a first contact point to a second contact point, the second coil is constituted by a spiral metal wiring pattern arranged counterclockwise and gradually outward from a third contact point to a fourth contact point, and the second contact point and the third contact point are electrically conductive to each other. 6. A magnetic detection device comprising: a current detection circuit according to claim 1; and a magnetic detection portion that detects an external magnetic field, wherein the coil is disposed in a place near the magnetic detection portion; wherein the output circuit applies, to the coil, a current for generating a magnetic field to cancel the external magnetic field detected by the magnetic detection portion; and wherein the detection circuit detects a current flowing in the resistor to thereby output a current or a voltage in accordance with the external magnetic field. 7. A magnetic detection device comprising: a current detection circuit according to claim 5; and a magnetic detection portion that detects an external magnetic field, wherein the coil is disposed in a place near the magnetic detection portion; wherein the output circuit applies, to the coil, a current for generating a magnetic field to cancel the external magnetic field detected by the magnetic detection portion; wherein the detection circuit detects a current flowing in the resistor to thereby output a current or a voltage in accordance with the external magnetic field; wherein coil currents flowing respectively in the first coil and the second coil flow in the same direction in an area between the second contact point and the third contact point so that a fixed-direction magnetic field occurs above or below the area; and wherein the magnetic detection portion is disposed above or below the area. 8. A magnetic detection device comprising: a coil that is constituted by a metal wiring formed on a semiconductor substrate; a resistor that is provided in a position near the coil on the semiconductor substrate, constituted by a metal wiring formed on the semiconductor substrate, which is made of a metal material being same as that of the coil, and arranged so as to prevent any magnetic field from being generated due to a current flowing in the resistor; a magnetic detection portion that is disposed in a place near the coil and detects an external magnetic field; and a circuit that applies currents to the coil and the resistor respectively when the magnetic detection portion detects the external magnetic field. 9. The magnetic detection device according to claim 8, further comprising: a detection circuit that detects the current flowing in the resistor to thereby detect the current flowing in the coil. 10. The magnetic detection device according to claim 8, wherein the resistor is constituted by a plurality of metal wirings which is made of a metal material being same as that of the coil, an even number of the metal wirings being arranged in parallel to each other. 11. The magnetic detection device according to claim 8, wherein the resistor has a resistance value larger than that of the coil. 12. The magnetic detection device according to claim 8, wherein the semiconductor substrate has a multilayer structure, and the coil and the resistor are formed in a specific metal wiring layer in the semiconductor substrate. 13. The magnetic detection device according to claim 8, wherein the coil includes a first coil and a second coil; and wherein the first coil is constituted by a spiral metal wiring pattern arranged clockwise and gradually inward from a first contact point to a second contact point, the second coil is constituted by a spiral metal wiring pattern arranged counterclockwise and gradually outward from a third contact point to a fourth contact point, and the second contact point and the third contact point are electrically conductive to each other. 14. The magnetic detection device according to claim 13, wherein coil currents flowing correspondingly in the first coil and the second coil flow in the same direction in an area between the second contact point and the third contact point so that a fixed-direction magnetic field occurs above or below the area; and wherein the magnetic detection portion is disposed above or below the area.",
-    "To provide a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrode rechargeable battery, with which it is possible to improve input/output characteristics, particularly by reducing resistance in a low SOC state in which DCIR increases, and to provide a manufacturing method for same. The cathode active material includes layered hexagonal crystal lithium nickel manganese composite oxide particles represented by the general formula (A): Li1+uNixMnyCozMtO2 (where 0\u2266u\u22660.20, x+y+z+t=1, 0.30\u2266x\u22660.70, 0.10\u2266y\u22660.55, 0\u2266z\u22660.40, 0\u2266t\u22660.10, and M is one or more elements selected from Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W), and further including Na, Mg, Ca and SO4, in which the total amount of Na, Mg and Ca is 0.01 to 0.1 mass %, the amount of SO4 is 0.1 to 1.0 mass %, and the ratio of the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak on plane (003) to that on plane (104) obtained by powder X-ray diffraction measurement using CuK\u03b1 rays is 1.20 or greater. 1. Cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery comprising: layered hexagonal crystal lithium nickel manganese composite oxide particles that are expressed by the general formula (A): Li1+uNixMnyCozMtO2 (where 0\u2266u\u22660.20, x+y+z+t=1, 0.30\u2266x\u22660.70, 0.10\u2266y\u22660.55, 0\u2266z\u22660.40, 0\u2266t\u22660.10, and M is selected from one or more elements selected from among Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W); and further includes Na, Mg, Ca and SO4; and wherein the total amount of Na, Mg and Ca included is 0.01% by mass to 0.1% by mass, and the amount of SO4 included is 0.1% by mass to 1.0% by mass; and the ratio of the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak on plane (003) with respect to the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak on plane (104) that were obtained by power X-ray diffraction measurement that uses CuK\u03b1 rays is 1.20 or greater. 2. The cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 1, wherein the crystallite size that is found from the diffraction peak on plane (003) is 80 nm to 200 nm. 3. The cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size is 3 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm. 4. A manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery that comprises layered hexagonal crystal lithium nickel manganese composite oxide particles that are expressed by the general formula (A): Li1+uNixMnyCozMtO2 (where 0\u2266u\u22660.20, x+y+z+t=1, 0.30\u2266x\u22660.70, 0.10\u2266y\u22660.55, 0\u2266z\u22660.40, 0\u2266t\u22660.10, and M is selected from one or more elements selected from among Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W); and further includes Na, Mg, Ca and SO4; comprising: a crystallization process for obtaining nickel manganese composite hydroxide particles that include secondary particles that are formed from an aggregation of plural primary particles, and are expressed by the general formula (B): NixMnyCozMt(OH)2+\u03b1 (where x+y+z+t=1, 0.30\u2266x\u22660.70, 0.10\u2266y\u22660.55, 0\u2266z\u22660.40, 0\u2266t\u22660.10, 0\u2266\u03b1\u22660.5, and M is at least one element that is selected from among Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W), and further includes Na, Mg, Ca and SO4, with the total amount of Na, Mg and Ca included being 0.01% by mass to 0.1% by mass, and the amount of SO4 included being 0.1% by mass to 1.0% by mass; a mixing process for obtaining a lithium mixture by mixing a lithium compound into the nickel manganese composite hydroxide particles that were obtained in the crystallization process so that the ratio of the number of atoms of Li with respect to the number of atoms of Ni, Mn, Co and M is 1:0.95 to 1.20; and a calcination process for obtaining lithium nickel manganese composite oxide particles by performing calcination of the lithium mixture in an oxidizing atmosphere and at a calcination temperature of 850\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C., with Tave1 being the average temperature during the temperature rise from 650\u00b0 C. to the calcination temperature, t1 being the amount of time for the temperature to rise from 650\u00b0 C. to the calcination temperature, Tave2 being the average temperature while the temperature is maintained at the calcination temperature, and t2 being the amount of time that the temperature is maintained at the calcination temperature, and wherein a crystal growth index (G1) that is defined by an Equation (a) Crystal growth index: G1=Tave1\u00d7t11/2 (a) is controlled so as to be 550\u00b0 C.\u00b7h1/2 to 1000\u00b0 C.\u00b7h1/2, and a crystal growth index (G2) that is defined by and Equation (b) Crystal growth index: G2=Tave2\u00d7t21/2 (b) is controlled so as to be 1500\u00b0 C.\u00b7h1/2 to 3500\u00b0 C.\u00b7h1/2. 5. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, wherein the crystallization process is a process for crystallizing the nickel manganese composite hydroxide particles by obtaining a reaction aqueous solution by mixing together a mixed aqueous solution in which Ni, Mn, Co and M are included so that the composition ratios are expressed by the general formula (B), an ammonium-ion donor and sodium hydroxide, and controlling the temperature of the reaction aqueous solution to be 35\u00b0 C. or greater, and the pH value to be 10.5 to 12.0 at a standard liquid temperature of 25\u00b0 C.; and where of the metal elements of the mixed aqueous solution, at least nickel sulfate and manganese sulfate are used as the nickel source and manganese source. 6. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, wherein the mixed aqueous solution further includes 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L of Mg, and/or 10 mg/L to 30 mg/L of Ca. 7. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, wherein in the calcination process the amount of time for raising the temperature from 650\u00b0 C. to the calcination temperature is 0.5 hours to 1.8 hours, and the amount of time that the temperature is maintained at the calcination temperature is 4 hours to 15 hours. 8. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, wherein in the calcination process, the amount of time from after the temperature reaches 650\u00b0 C. to the end of calcination is 5 hours to 15 hours. 9. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, wherein the oxygen concentration in the oxidizing atmosphere is 18% by volume to 100% by volume. 10. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, further comprising a heat-treatment process before the mixing process for performing heat treatment of the nickel manganese composite hydroxide particles at 105\u00b0 C. to 700\u00b0 C. 11. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, wherein lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide or a mixture of these is used as the lithium compound. 12. The manufacturing method for a cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 4, further comprising a crushing process after the calcination process for crushing the lithium nickel manganese composite oxide particles that were obtained in the calcination process. 13. A non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery comprising a cathode, an anode, a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the cathode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery according to claim 1 is used as the cathode material of the cathode.",
-    "A shift register according to the present invention is a shift register in which a plurality of unit circuits are connected in cascade, wherein the unit circuit includes a first output transistor whose current path is connected between an output terminal and a clock terminal to which a first clock signal is provided; a second output transistor whose current path is connected between the output terminal and a predetermined potential node; a setting device which, when a control signal is active, sets a signal level of the output terminal to a predetermined signal level; a first output control device which provides a signal level of the control signal to a control electrode of the first output transistor to turn off the first output transistor when the control signal is active; and a second output control device which turns off the second output transistor when the control signal is active. 1. A shift register in which a unit circuit in a plurality are connected in cascade, wherein the unit circuit includes a first output transistor whose current path is connected between an output terminal and a clock terminal to which a first clock signal is provided; a second output transistor whose current path is connected between the output terminal and a predetermined potential node; a setting device which, when a control signal for setting a signal level of an output signal of the plurality of unit circuits to a predetermined signal level is active, sets a signal level of the output terminal to the predetermined signal level; a first output control device which provides a signal level of the control signal to a control electrode of the first output transistor to turn off the first output transistor when the control signal is active and responds to an input signal to turn on the first output transistor when the control signal is non-active; and a second output control device which turns off the second output transistor when the control signal is active and which, when the control signal is non-active, responds to a second clock signal following the first clock signal, or a signal synchronized with the first clock signal to turn off the first output transistor and also turns on the second output transistor. 2. The shift register as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first output control device includes a first field effect transistor whose current path is connected between a control signal terminal to which the control signal is provided and a control electrode of the first output transistor and whose gate is provided with the input signal. 3. The shift register as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first output control device further includes a second field effect transistor whose current path is inserted between an input terminal to which the input signal is provided and the gate of the first field effect transistor and whose gate is provided with a predetermined potential. 4. The shift register as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first output transistor is a field effect transistor, the shift register further including a first capacitor which is connected between the drain and the gate of the first output transistor; and a second capacitor which is connected between the drain and the gate of the first field effect transistor. 5. The shift register as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second output transistor is a field effect transistor, the shift register further including a third field effect transistor whose gate is connected to the drain of the second output transistor and whose drain is connected to the gate of the second output transistor. 6. The shift register as claimed in claim 5, further comprising a fourth field effect transistor whose source is connected to the gate of the second output transistor and to which gate and drain is applied an initialization signal. 7. The shift register as claimed in claim 6, further comprising a fifth field effect transistor whose current path is inserted between the source of the field effect transistor and the gate of the first output transistor. 8. The shift register as claimed in claim 7, further comprising: a sixth field effect transistor whose current path is connected between the gate of the second output transistor and the predetermined potential node and whose gate is provided with the control signal; and a seventh field effect transistor whose current path is connected between the source of the first effect transistor and the predetermined potential node and whose gate is provided with the control signal. 9. The shift register as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of unit circuits further includes a selection circuit which selects one of an output signal of a pre-stage unit circuit and an output signal of a post-stage unit circuit to take in the selected result as the input signal. 10. The shift register as claimed in claim 8, wherein the first output transistor, the second output transistor, the first field effect transistor, the second field effect transistor, the third field effect transistor, the fourth field effect transistor, the fifth field effect transistor, the sixth field effect transistor, and the seventh field effect transistor are field effect transistors of the same conduction type, and are n-channel or n-channel field effect transistors. 11. A display apparatus comprising a drive circuit which includes the shift register as claimed in claim 1.",
-    "A phase of a specific frequency is found by carrying out a two-dimensional Fourier transformation on an image of a two-dimensional grid image on the surface of an object taken by a camera, and the displacement of the surface of the object is measured from the phase. As a result, measurement that is strong against noise can be carried out without projecting a grid having a brightness distribution of precise cosine waves. In addition, the process is simple and the number of pixels used for the measurement is smaller than that in the sampling moire method. The displacement can be found at a high speed. 1. A measurement method for measuring a displacement of a surface of an object from an image of a two-dimensional grid image on the surface of the object taken by a camera, comprising the steps of: taking an image of a two-dimensional grid image on a surface of an object with a camera in such a state that the direction of camera pixels is adjusted towards said image of the two-dimensional grid image before displacement, and at the same time one period of said image of the two-dimensional grid image in the x direction is adjusted to Nx pixels of the camera and one period in the y direction is adjusted to Ny pixels of the camera, where Nx and Ny are integers greater than 2; obtaining a phase from said image of the two-dimensional grid image for the frequencies in the x direction and the y direction that correspond to one period of said grid in said image of the two-dimensional grid image; and finding a displacement of the surface of the object from the phase. 2. The measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: smoothing said image of the two-dimensional grid image in the x direction by Nx pixels or smoothing said image of the two-dimensional grid image in the y direction by Ny pixels so that any one of the grid lines in the x direction or the y direction disappears. 3. A measurement apparatus with which the measurement method according to claim 1 is implemented. 4. A measurement program for measuring a displacement on a surface of an object from an image of a two-dimensional grid image on the surface of the object taken by a camera and allowing a computer to run the steps of: inputting an image of a two-dimensional grid image before displacement; obtaining a phase from the image data of Nx\u00d7Ny pixels that correspond to one period of the grid in the x direction and the y direction in said image of the two-dimensional grid image for the frequencies in the x direction and the y direction that correspond to one period of said grid in said image of the two-dimensional grid image; and finding a displacement on the surface of the object from the phase. 5. A computer readable recording medium in which the measurement program according to claim 4 has been recorded. 6. A measurement apparatus with which the measurement method according to claim 2 is implemented.",
-    "Here provided are new immunosuppressive compounds and novel therapeutics for improving tissue transplantation. 1. A method for improving survival and function of a transplanted tissue, comprising administering to the tissue a therapeutically-effective amount of mycophenolic acid or its derivative or pro-drug thereof, and a compound of Formula I: wherein: (i) the ring may be singly, doubly, or completely saturated; (ii) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a) H or OH; b) a straight- and branched-chain alkyl having one to twelve carbon atoms; c) an alkylidene that is a divalent radical having one to twelve carbon atoms; d) an alkenyl that is straight- and branched-chain alkenyl groups having from two to twelve carbon atoms; e) an alkynyl that is straight- and branched-chain alkynyl groups having from two to twelve carbon atoms; f) a cycloalkyl that is saturated or partially unsaturated carbocycles having from three to twelve carbon atoms, including bicyclic and tricyclic cycloalkyl structures; g) a heterocycloalkyl that is a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic radical containing carbon atoms, preferably with 4 or 5 ring carbon atoms, and with at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen (e.g., monosaccharide) and sulfur; h) an aryl or heteroaryl that have monocyclic and polycyclic unsaturated or aromatic ring structures, with \u201caryl\u201d referring to those that are carbocycles and \u201cheteroaryl\u201d referring to those that are heterocycles; i) an alkoxy that is a radical \u2014O-alkyl; j) an aryloxy; k) a cycloalkoxyl; l) an alkylthio; m) an alkylamino; n) an arylthio; o) an arylamino; p) a cycloalkylthio; q) a cycloalkylamino; r) a heteroarylthio; s) a heteroarylamino; t) a halogen; wherein every member in each group can be taken independently or combined via covalent bond in any order with some or all members of any group defined above to the extent that these combinations give rise to chemically feasible entities; and wherein each of the groups \u2018b\u2019 through \u2018s\u2019 can contain or be substituted by any one or more functional groups taken from the functional group pool listed below either singularly, in plurality or in combination with other members of the functional group, which functional group pool is consisting of ether, thioether, amine, nitro, nitrile, sulfoxides, sulfones, ester, amide, hydroxamic acid, sulfonamides, sulfamide, ureas, sulfimines, sulfonylureas, carbamates, thiocarbamates, carbonates and hydroxyl. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl is selected from the group consisting of methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl (t-Bu), pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, and isohexyl. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl is an alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl is a substituted alkyl selected from the group consisting of fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, and 3-hydroxypropyl. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkylidene is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHCH3, and (CH3)2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkenyl is selected from the group consisting of prop-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, hex-3-enyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, and hept-2-enyl. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cycloalkyl is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aromatic ring structures in the aryl or heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1-H-tetrazol-5-yl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl (thianaphthenyl), and a fused-ring structure or bridge. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein a fused-ring structure or bridge is OCH2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkoxy is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogen is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine. 12. A method for improving survival and function of a transplanted tissue, comprising administering to the tissue a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula II or Formula III: Wherein: (i) X is S or P; (ii) Y1 and Y2 are each independently O or N; and (iii) R1, R2 and R10 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a) H or OH; b) a straight- and branched-chain alkyl having one to twelve carbon atoms; c) an alkylidene that is a divalent radical having one to twelve carbon atoms; d) an alkenyl that is straight- and branched-chain alkenyl groups having from two to twelve carbon atoms; e) an alkynyl that is straight- and branched-chain alkynyl groups having from two to twelve carbon atoms; f) a cycloalkyl that is saturated or partially unsaturated carbocycles having from three to twelve carbon atoms, including bicyclic and tricyclic cycloalkyl structures; g) a heterocycloalkyl that is a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic radical containing carbon atoms, preferably with 4 or 5 ring carbon atoms, and with at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen (e.g., monosaccharide) and sulfur; h) an aryl or heteroaryl that have monocyclic and polycyclic unsaturated or aromatic ring structures, with \u201caryl\u201d referring to those that are carbocycles and \u201cheteroaryl\u201d referring to those that are heterocycles; i) an alkoxy that is a radical \u2014O-alkyl; j) an aryloxy; k) a cycloalkoxyl; l) an alkylthio; m) an alkylamino; n) an arylthio; o) an arylamino; p) a cycloalkylthio; q) a cycloalkylamino; r) a heteroarylthio; s) a heteroarylamino; t) a halogen; wherein every member in each group can be taken independently or combined via covalent bond in any order with some or all members of any group defined above to the extent that these combinations give rise to chemically feasible entities; and wherein each of the groups \u2018b\u2019 through \u2018s\u2019 can contain or be substituted by any one or more functional groups taken from the functional group pool listed below either singularly, in plurality or in combination with other members of the functional group, which functional group pool is consisting of ether, thioether, amine, nitro, nitrile, sulfoxides, sulfones, ester, amide, hydroxamic acid, sulfonamides, sulfamide, ureas, sulfimines, sulfonylureas, carbamates, thiocarbamates, carbonates and hydroxyl. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the alkyl is selected from the group consisting of methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl (t-Bu), pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, and isohexyl. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the alkyl is an alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the alkyl is a substituted alkyl selected from the group consisting of fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, and 3-hydroxypropyl. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the alkylidene is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHCH3, and (CH3)2. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the alkenyl is selected from the group consisting of prop-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, hex-3-enyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, and hept-2-enyl. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the cycloalkyl is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the aromatic ring structures in the aryl or heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1-H-tetrazol-5-yl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl (thianaphthenyl), and a fused-ring structure or bridge. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein a fused-ring structure or bridge is OCH2. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the alkoxy is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy. 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the halogen is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine. 23. The method of claim 12, wherein Formula II refers to a compound of Formula IV 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the compound of Formula IV is in a mono or di salt form. 25. The method of claim 12, wherein Formula III refers to a compound of Formula V 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the compound of Formula V is in a mono or di salt form. 27. The method of claim 12 further administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I. 28. A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof according to any one of Formulas II, III, IV and V. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof according to any one of Formulas II, III, IV and V.",
-    "A filtering device, particularly for filtering air contaminated by oily mists, vapors, aerosols and the like, comprising a cylindrical containment enclosure that is provided with a closure element that is provided with an air intake, a filtering assembly being accommodated inside the containment enclosure, the device further comprising a conveyance spiral that is arranged axially inside the containment enclosure and in contact with an inner surface of the enclosure. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A filtering device, particularly for filtering air contaminated by oily mists, vapors, aerosols and the like, comprising a cylindrical containment enclosure that is provided with a closure element that is provided with an air intake, a filtering assembly being accommodated inside said containment enclosure, further comprising a conveyance spiral that is arranged axially inside said containment enclosure and in contact with the inner surface of the enclosure. 12. The filtering device according to claim 11, wherein said conveyance spiral begins at an air discharge region that is opposite the intake and ends at a drainage port that connects the environment inside the containment enclosure to the environment outside it. 13. The filtering device according to claim 11, wherein said containment enclosure accommodates an element for supporting an electric motor, said supporting element comprising a first ring and a second ring, which are adapted to define a circumferential space for accommodating said filtering assembly. 14. The filtering device according to claim 13, further comprising, in a position that lies below said supporting element, a reduced-pressure diaphragm that is adapted to form a chamber at a reduced pressure below said supporting element. 15. The filtering device according to claim 13, further comprising, between said first and second rings, at the supporting element, discharge holes for discharging the liquids separated by the filtering assembly. 16. The filtering device according to claim 14, wherein said reduced-pressure diaphragm is provided with a hole that is adapted to allow the passage of a hub of a fan that is actuated by said electric motor. 17. The filtering device according to claim 16, further comprising, arranged around said hub, a disk-like element that is adapted to adjust the value of the reduced pressure inside said reduced-pressure chamber. 18. The filtering device according to claim 16, wherein said fan is provided with a central disk and with radial vanes. 19. The filtering device according to claim 16, wherein said fan is arranged proximate to said intake. 20. The filtering device according to claim 11, further comprising an additional closure element, which is arranged opposite said closure element and is provided with a cylindrical sector that is adapted to contain said filtering assembly, said additional closure element being provided with openings for an outflow of the filtered air.",
-    "This display device is provided with a direct-view display panel in which a first pixel of green, a second pixel of blue, a third pixel of green, and a fourth pixel of red are arranged in a Bayer pattern. Luminance information that corresponds to a pixel position of the first pixel and serves as a basis for a display signal supplied to the first pixel is separate from luminance information that corresponds to a pixel position of the third pixel and serves as a basis for a display signal supplied to the third pixel. 1: A display device comprising a direct-view display panel in which a green first pixel, a blue second pixel, a green third pixel, and a red fourth pixel are arranged in a Bayer pattern, wherein luminance information that corresponds to a pixel position of the first pixel and serves as a basis for a display signal supplied to the first pixel is separate from luminance information that corresponds to a pixel position of the third pixel and serves as a basis for a display signal supplied to the third pixel. 2: The display device according to claim 1, comprising an imaging element on which a first light-receiving portion of green, a second light-receiving portion of blue, a third light-receiving portion of green, and a fourth light-receiving portion of red are arranged in the Bayer pattern, wherein, on the imaging element, each of first to fourth imaging signals obtained from each of the first to fourth light-receiving portions is respectively displayed on each of the first to fourth pixels. 3: The display device according to claim 1, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal panel, the first pixel is positioned adjacent to the second or fourth pixel in a column direction, and a writing polarity of a data signal is inverted every 2\u00d7i (i: positive integer) pixel in one pixel row, and inverted every 2\u00d7j (j: positive integer) pixel in one pixel column. 4: The display device according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the above i and j is variable. 5: The display device according to claim 4, comprising a setting section that sets at least one of the i and j in response to an instruction from a user input section integrated with the display device, or an instruction from a user input device provided separately from the display device. 6: The display device according to claim 4 comprising: a human sensor; and a setting section that sets at least one of the i and j according to a distance between a viewer and a screen, the distance being obtained from the human sensor. 7: The display device according to claims 1, wherein effective area of the first pixel is smaller than effective area of the second pixel. 8: The display device according to claim 7, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal panel, and area of the first pixel electrode that corresponds to the first pixel is equal to area of the second pixel electrode that corresponds to the second pixel, and a light-shielding area is formed on a color filter portion facing the first pixel electrode. 9: The display device according to claim 7, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal panel, area of the first pixel electrode that corresponds to the first pixel is smaller than area of the second pixel electrode that corresponds the second pixel, and area of a color filter portion facing the first pixel electrode is smaller than area of a color filter portion facing the second pixel electrode. 10: The display device according to claim 9, wherein the first pixel electrode has a shape that can be obtained by reducing one or both sides of the second pixel electrode with a substantially rectangular shape. 11: The display device according to claim 9, wherein a shape of a third pixel electrode that corresponds to the third pixel is identical to a shape of the first pixel electrode, a shape of a fourth pixel electrode that corresponds to the fourth pixel is identical to a shape of the second pixel electrode, and a distance between a center-of-gravity position of the first pixel electrode and a center-of-gravity position of the third pixel electrode is longer than a distance between a center-of-gravity position of the second pixel electrode and a center-of-gravity position of the fourth pixel electrode. 12: The display device according to claim 7, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal panel, an illumination device is provided at a back of the liquid crystal panel, the illumination device is capable of adjusting color balance between green and the other colors, and the color balance is set according to a ratio of the effective area of the first pixel and the effective area of the second pixel, or according to a ratio of the effective area of the first pixel and effective area of the fourth pixel. 13: The display device according to claim 12, wherein the illumination device is a direct-type LED illumination device including a red LED element, a green LED element, and a blue LED element, and the LED element of each of the colors is controllable independently from each other. 14: The display device according to claim 12, wherein the illumination device includes a green laser emitting element, and green laser light is supplied to the liquid crystal panel via a light guide plate.",
-    "A hydraulic pressure supply apparatus, which is capable of quickly supplying hydraulic pressure to a power transmission apparatus and extending the service life of an accumulator for supplying hydraulic pressure to the power transmission apparatus. The hydraulic pressure supply apparatus includes an oil pump which uses an internal combustion engine as a motive power source and is connected to the power transmission apparatus via an oil passage, for supplying operating hydraulic pressure to the power transmission apparatus, an accumulator connected to the oil passage and capable of accumulating hydraulic pressure, and a switching valve capable of effecting communication between the accumulator and the oil passage by opening during operation of the engine and cutting off the communication therebetween by closing during automatic stop of the engine. When it is determined that the engine is under the manual stop caused by turn-off of an ignition switch of a vehicle (NO to step 1), manual stop-time control for opening the switching valve is performed (step 8). 1-5. (canceled) 6. A hydraulic pressure supply apparatus for a vehicle in which an internal combustion engine, as a motive power source, is brought to an automatic stop when predetermined stop conditions are satisfied, and is restarted when predetermined restart conditions are satisfied during the automatic stop, and in which motive power of the engine is transmitted to drive wheels via a power transmission apparatus, the hydraulic pressure supply apparatus supplying operating hydraulic pressure to the power transmission apparatus, the hydraulic pressure supply apparatus comprising: an oil pump for supplying operating hydraulic pressure to the power transmission apparatus, using the engine as a motive power source, said oil pump being connected to the power transmission apparatus via an oil passage; an accumulator that is connected to the oil passage, and is capable of accumulating hydraulic pressure; a switching valve that is capable of effecting communication between said accumulator and the oil passage by opening during operation of the engine, and cutting off the communication between said accumulator and the oil passage by closing during the automatic stop of the engine; manual stop determination means for determining whether or not the engine is under a manual stop caused by turn-off of the ignition switch of the vehicle; control means for performing manual stop-time control for opening said switching valve, when it is determined that the engine is under the manual stop; a hydraulic pressure sensor for detecting hydraulic pressure in the oil passage; and failure determination means for determining based on the hydraulic pressure detected by said hydraulic pressure sensor when the manual stop-time control is being performed by said control means, whether or not a pressure accumulation device including said accumulator and said switching valve is in failure. 7. The hydraulic pressure supply apparatus for a vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the power transmission apparatus comprises a stepless transmission including a drive pulley connected to the engine, a driven pulley connected to the drive wheels, and a transmission belt extending around said drive pulley and said driven pulley, for transmitting the motive power of the engine while steplessly changing the speed thereof to the drive wheels, and a clutch for connecting and disconnecting transmission of motive power between the engine and the drive wheels, wherein the oil passage includes a pulley hydraulic line connected to said oil pump, said drive pulley, and said driven pulley, and a clutch hydraulic line branching from the pulley hydraulic line and connected to said clutch, wherein said accumulator is connected to the clutch hydraulic line, and wherein said hydraulic pressure sensor is provided in the pulley hydraulic line. 8. The hydraulic pressure supply apparatus for a vehicle according to claim 7, wherein an on-off valve for opening and closing the clutch hydraulic line is provided at a portion of the clutch hydraulic line, which is closer to said clutch than a connecting portion thereof to said accumulator is, and wherein said control means closes the on-off valve when it is determined that the engine is under the manual stop. 9. The hydraulic pressure supply apparatus for a vehicle according to claim 6, further comprising pump stop determination means for determining whether or not said oil pump has been stopped along with execution of the manual stop of the engine, and wherein said control means starts to perform the manual stop-time control after it is determined that said oil pump has been stopped during the manual stop of the engine, and the hydraulic pressure supply apparatus further comprising electric power supply means for supplying electric power to said control means and said hydraulic pressure sensor until the determination by said failure determination means is completed. 10. The hydraulic pressure supply apparatus for a vehicle according to claim 7, further comprising pump stop determination means for determining whether or not said oil pump has been stopped along with execution of the manual stop of the engine, and wherein said control means starts to perform the manual stop-time control after it is determined that said oil pump has been stopped during the manual stop of the engine, and the hydraulic pressure supply apparatus further comprising electric power supply means for supplying electric power to said control means and said hydraulic pressure sensor until the determination by said failure determination means is completed. 11. The hydraulic pressure supply apparatus for a vehicle according to claim 8, further comprising pump stop determination means for determining whether or not said oil pump has been stopped along with execution of the manual stop of the engine, and wherein said control means starts to perform the manual stop-time control after it is determined that said oil pump has been stopped during the manual stop of the engine, and the hydraulic pressure supply apparatus further comprising electric power supply means for supplying electric power to said control means and said hydraulic pressure sensor until the determination by said failure determination means is completed.",
-    "A silicon carbide semiconductor device includes a silicon carbide layer having a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to the first main surface. In the second main surface of the silicon carbide layer, a trench having a depth in a direction from the second main surface toward the first main surface is provided, and the trench has a sidewall portion where a second layer and a third layer are exposed and a bottom portion, where a first layer is exposed. A position of the bottom portion of the trench in a direction of depth of the trench is located on a side of the second main surface relative to a site located closest to the first main surface in a region where the second layer and the first layer are in contact with each other, or located as deep as the site in the direction of depth. 1. A silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising: a silicon carbide layer having a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to said first main surface, said silicon carbide layer including a first layer forming said first main surface and having a first conductivity type, a second layer provided in said first layer and having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type, and a third layer provided on said second layer as being spaced apart from said first layer, forming a part of said second main surface, and having said first conductivity type, said second main surface of said silicon carbide layer being provided with a trench having a depth in a direction from said second main surface toward said first main surface, said trench having a sidewall portion where said second layer and said third layer are exposed and a bottom portion continuing to said sidewall portion, where said first layer is exposed; a gate insulating film covering each of said sidewall portion and said bottom portion; and a gate electrode provided on said gate insulating film, in said direction of depth of said trench, a position of said bottom portion of said trench being located on a side of said second main surface relative to a site located closest to said first main surface in a region where said second layer and said first layer are in contact with each other, or located as deep as said site in said direction of depth. 2. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein on said sidewall portion, said second layer is provided with a surface including a first surface having a plane orientation {0-33-8}. 3. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein said bottom portion of said trench includes a bottom surface extending in a direction crossing said sidewall portion, said trench has a corner portion at a boundary portion between said bottom surface and said sidewall portion, and said corner portion is located in said second layer. 4. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein said bottom portion of said trench includes a bottom surface extending in a direction crossing said sidewall portion, said trench has a corner portion at a boundary portion between said bottom surface and said sidewall portion, said corner portion is located in said first layer, and relation of T2<T1 is satisfied, where T1 represents a difference between a depth at which said bottom surface is located and a depth at which said site is located and T2 represents a shortest distance between said corner portion and said second layer. 5. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a portion of said gate insulating film covering said bottom portion is greater in thickness than a portion of said gate insulating film covering said sidewall portion. 6. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising an embedded region having said second conductivity type in said first layer, wherein said embedded region is spaced apart from said second layer by said first layer and distant from each of said sidewall portion and said bottom portion of said trench. 7. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein an n-type is defined as said first conductivity type and a p-type is defined as said second conductivity type. 8. A method of manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: preparing a silicon carbide substrate including a first layer having a first conductivity type, a second layer provided in said first layer and having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type, and a third layer provided on said second layer as being spaced apart from said first layer and having said first conductivity type; forming a trench having a sidewall portion reaching said second layer through said third layer and a bottom portion including an exposed surface of said second layer, by removing a part of said third layer and said second layer; forming an implanted region extending from said bottom portion of said trench to said first layer and having said first conductivity type by implanting an impurity of said first conductivity type into said exposed surface of said second layer, said implanted region being integrated with said first layer; forming a gate insulating film covering said sidewall portion and said bottom portion of said trench; and forming a gate electrode on said trench with said gate insulating film being interposed. 9. A method of manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: preparing a silicon carbide substrate including a first layer having a first conductivity type, two second layers provided at a distance from each other in said first layer and having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type, and a third layer provided on said first layer and said second layer and having said first conductivity type; exposing said first layer by providing an opening in said third layer from above a region between said two second layers and forming a trench having a sidewall portion reaching said second layer through said third layer and a bottom portion including an exposed surface of said first layer; forming a gate insulating film covering said sidewall portion and said bottom portion of said trench; and forming a gate electrode on said trench with said gate insulating film being interposed. 10. The method of manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein said step of preparing a silicon carbide substrate includes the step of forming said second layer and said third layer in said first layer through ion implantation. 11. The method of manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein said step of preparing a silicon carbide substrate includes the step of forming said second layer and said third layer on said first layer through epitaxial growth.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a clamping device that can take the form of a drilling jig, which may be used to join objects arranged at an angle to each other. The drilling jig can include an upstand and a clamping handle that can be configured such that in use, an object, such as a piece of wood, is able to be clamped between the upstand and the clamping handle. 1. A clamping device comprising: a first member; a second member being mounted to a slide bar and slideably movable with respect to the first member, the first and second members configured such that in use an object is able to be clamped between them; and a guide member comprising at least one channel for receiving a drill bit, the channel able to direct the drill bit to the object when clamped between the first and second members; the second member comprising a clamping body and a handle, the handle being pivotally mounted to the clamping body such that a pivoting force applied to the handle causes the second member to slide along the slide bar towards a first end of the slide bar. 2. A device according to claim 1, the clamping device further comprises a drive mechanism, the drive mechanism able to releasably engage the slide bar and cooperating with the handle such that: when the handle is released the drive mechanism is disengaged from the slide bar; when the handle is pivoted by the pivoting force, the drive mechanism is caused by the handle to engage with the slide bar whereby the clamping body is caused to be advanced towards the first end of the slide bar. 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein the drive mechanism is located within a first cavity in the clamping body. 4. A device according to claim 2, wherein the drive mechanism comprises a spring and one or more friction plates, the spring arranged to bias the plates out of frictional engagement with the slide bar, the spring being displaceable such that, when the handle is pivoted, the friction plates are brought into engagement with the slide bar. 5. A device according to claim 1, wherein the clamping device further comprises a stop mechanism that is configured to engage with the slide bar so as to resist movement of the second member towards a second end of the slide bar, this resistance to movement facilitating clamping of the object between the first and second members. 6. A device according to claim 5, wherein the clamping device further comprises a release mechanism arranged to act on the stop mechanism whereby, when the release mechanism is actuated it causes the stop mechanism to disengage from the slide bar so that movement of the second member towards the second end is enabled. 7. A device according to claim 6, wherein the stop mechanism comprises a spring and a clutch plate, and the release mechanism comprises an extension of the clutch plate and a pivot, the spring arranged to bias the clutch plate into frictional engagement with the slide bar to prevent movement of the second member to the slide bar second end, the spring being displaceable by pivotal movement of the clutch plate extension about the pivot whereby the clutch plate is released from frictional engagement with the slide bar so as to allow the movement of the second member to the slide bar second end. 8. A device according to claim 6, wherein the release mechanism is arranged such that, when actuated, it causes the stop mechanism to pivot out of engagement with the slide bar to allow for movement of the second member towards the second end of the slide bar. 9. A device according to claim 6, wherein the stop mechanism is located within a second cavity in the clamping body. 10. A device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one channel is angularly disposed within the guide member. 11. A device according to claim 1, wherein the clamping device further comprises a base for location on a surface. 12. A device according to claim 11, wherein base comprises a recess, the slide bar being located within the recess. 13. A device according to claim 11, wherein the guide member is adjustably mounted to the projecting wall whereby the height of a lower exit end of the at least one channel can be moved with respect to the base. 14. A device according to claim 11, wherein the first member comprises a projecting wall upstanding from the base. 15. A device according to claim 11, wherein the base comprises a clamping surface to allow for the clamping device to be clamped to a work surface. 16. A device according to claim 11, wherein the base comprises another recess for holding the drill bit.",
-    "A pedal system for a motor vehicle, such as an accelerator pedal system, includes an elastic coupling element, a control unit, a pedal lever, and an actuator. The elastic coupling element is operatively positioned between the pedal lever and the actuator, and has a relatively low stiffness. The control unit is configured to control the actuator. The elastic coupling element is configured to damp brief force and/or torque fluctuations occurring in, for example, the actuator, such that said force and/or torque fluctuations are not transmitted to the pedal lever. A spring deflection of the elastic coupling element, in a direction of force applied to the pedal lever, operates as a control variable for controlling the actuator. A method relates to controlling such a haptic accelerator pedal and a correspondingly configured control unit. 1. A pedal system for a motor vehicle, comprising: a pedal lever configured to be displaced in response to a force exerted by a driver; an actuator configured to produce a restoring force on the pedal lever; a control unit configured to control the actuator; and an elastic coupling element that is operatively disposed between the pedal lever and the actuator such that the restoring force produced by the actuator is at least partly transferred to the pedal lever via the elastic coupling element; wherein a spring travel of the elastic coupling element in the direction of the force exerted on the pedal lever is used as a control variable for controlling the actuator. 2. The pedal system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastic coupling element is configured to damp oscillations produced by the actuator with frequencies of more than 8 Hz. 3. The pedal system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastic coupling element includes a spring. 4. The pedal system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastic coupling element includes a coil spring. 5. The pedal system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a pedal lever position sensor configured to detect a current position \u03c6p of the pedal lever; and an actuator position sensor configured to detect a current position \u03c6a of the actuator; wherein the current position \u03c6p of the pedal lever and the current position \u03c6a of the actuator define the spring travel of the elastic coupling element. 6. A method for controlling an actuator of a pedal system, comprising: determining a current position \u03c6p of a pedal lever configured so as to be displaceable within a displacement region along an actuation direction between a rest position and a maximally activated position; determining a current position \u03c6a of an actuator configured to produce counter force opposite to the actuation direction; determining a current spring travel of an elastic coupling element from the current position \u03c6p of the pedal lever as well as the current position \u03c6a of the actuator, the elastic coupling element operatively disposed between the pedal lever and the actuator such that the counter force produced by the actuator is at least partly transferred to the pedal lever via the elastic coupling element; and controlling the actuator to exert a counter force on the pedal lever via the elastic coupling element, the exerted counter force having a predetermined force profile configured to produce a haptically perceptible signal; wherein the spring travel of the elastic coupling element is a control variable for controlling the actuator. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein a position \u03c6a of the actuator is controlled with reference to a 2-degrees of freedom control function. 8. A control unit for controlling a pedal system in a motor vehicle, wherein the control unit is configured to: determine a current position \u03c6p of a pedal lever configured so as to be displaceable within a displacement region along an actuation direction between a rest position and a maximally activated position; determine a current position \u03c6a of an actuator configured to produce counter force opposite to the actuation direction; determine a current spring travel of an elastic coupling element from the current position \u03c6p of the pedal lever as well as the current position \u03c6a of the actuator, the elastic coupling element operatively disposed between the pedal lever and the actuator such that the counter force produced by the actuator is at least partly transferred to the pedal lever via the elastic coupling element; and control the actuator to exert a counter force on the pedal lever via the elastic coupling element, the exerted counter force having a predetermined force profile configured to produce a haptically perceptible signal; wherein the spring travel of the elastic coupling element is a control variable for controlling the actuator. 9. The control unit as claimed in claim 8, comprising: a data input configured to receive data that define the current position \u03c6p of the pedal lever; a data input configured to receive data that define the current position \u03c6a of the actuator; an optimal value controller; and a PID controller. 10. The control unit as claimed in claim 8, further configured to operate according to computer-readable instructions. 11. The control unit as claimed in claim 10, further comprising: a computer-readable medium, the computer-readable instructions stored thereon.",
-    "A ground surface position lateral acceleration calculator calculates ground surface position lateral acceleration based on lateral acceleration detected by an acceleration sensor, a yaw rate and a roll rate detected by a gyro sensor, yaw angular acceleration and roll angular acceleration calculated by an angular acceleration calculator, a roll angle calculated by a roll angle calculator, and specification information stored in a storage. A vehicle lateral force calculator calculates a vehicle lateral force based on the roll angular acceleration calculated by the angular acceleration calculator, the roll angle calculated by the roll angle calculator, the ground surface position lateral acceleration calculated by the ground surface position lateral acceleration calculator and the specification information stored in the storage. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A lateral force estimation system for a vehicle that includes a plurality of wheels and turns in a tilted posture with respect to a ground surface, the lateral force estimation system comprising: a lateral acceleration detector that detects lateral acceleration at a predetermined position of the vehicle; a roll angular acceleration detector that detects roll angular acceleration of the vehicle; a yaw angular acceleration detector that detects yaw angular acceleration of the vehicle; a roll angle detector that detects a roll angle of the vehicle; a storage that stores a position of a center of gravity of the vehicle and a mass of the vehicle; a ground surface position lateral acceleration calculator that calculates acceleration exerted in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a front-and-rear direction of the vehicle and parallel or substantially parallel to a ground surface at an intersection position of a straight line passing through the center of gravity of the vehicle and parallel or substantially parallel to a top-and-bottom direction of the vehicle with the ground surface as a ground surface position lateral acceleration based on the lateral acceleration detected by the lateral acceleration detector, the roll angular acceleration detected by the roll angular acceleration detector, the yaw angular acceleration detected by the yaw angular acceleration detector, the roll angle detected by the roll angle detector, and the position of the center of gravity of the vehicle stored in the storage; and a vehicle lateral force calculator that calculates a sum of lateral forces exerted on the plurality of wheels as a vehicle lateral force based on the roll angle detected by the roll angle detector, the roll angular acceleration detected by the roll angular acceleration detector, the position of the center of gravity and the mass of the vehicle stored in the storage, and the ground surface position lateral acceleration calculated by the ground surface position lateral acceleration calculator. 10. The lateral force estimation system according to claim 9, wherein, when the roll angle is \u03c6, the roll angular acceleration is \u03c6\u2033, a distance between the position of the center of gravity and the intersection position is h, the ground surface position lateral acceleration is Ay, and the vehicle lateral force is Ftotal, the vehicle lateral force calculator calculates a vehicle lateral force Ftotal using a following formula (1): Ftotal=m\u00b7Ay+m\u00b7h\u00b7\u03c6\u2033/cos \u03c6 (1). 11. The lateral force estimation system according to claim 9, further comprising a steering angle detector that detects a steering angle of the vehicle; wherein the vehicle lateral force calculator corrects a calculated vehicle lateral force based on the steering angle detected by the steering angle detector. 12. The lateral force estimation system according to claim 9, further comprising: a load calculator that calculates a load applied from each of the plurality of wheels to the ground surface; and a lateral force calculator that calculates a lateral force exerted on each of the plurality of wheels based on the yaw angular acceleration detected by the yaw angular acceleration detector, the vehicle lateral force calculated by the vehicle lateral force calculator, and the load calculated by the load calculator. 13. The lateral force estimation system according to claim 9, wherein the vehicle lateral force calculator sets the vehicle lateral force to 0 when the roll angle detected by the roll angle detector is not within a predetermined range. 14. The lateral force estimation system according to claim 9, wherein the vehicle lateral force calculator periodically calculates the vehicle lateral force, and maintains the vehicle lateral force calculated in a previous period when the roll angle detected by the roll angle detector is not within a predetermined range. 15. A method of estimating a lateral force exerted on a vehicle that includes a plurality of wheels and turns in a tilted posture with respect to a ground surface, the method comprising the steps of: storing a position of a center of gravity of the vehicle and a mass of the vehicle; detecting lateral acceleration at a predetermined position of the vehicle; detecting roll angular acceleration of the vehicle; detecting yaw angular acceleration of the vehicle; detecting a roll angle of the vehicle; calculating acceleration exerted in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a front-and-rear direction of the vehicle and parallel or substantially parallel to a ground surface at an intersection position of a straight line passing through a center of gravity of the vehicle and parallel or substantially parallel to a top-and-bottom direction of the vehicle with the ground surface as a ground surface position lateral acceleration based on the detected lateral acceleration, roll angular acceleration, yaw angular acceleration, and roll angle and the stored position of the center of gravity of the vehicle; and calculating a sum of lateral forces exerted on the plurality of wheels as a vehicle lateral force based on the detected roll angle and roll angular acceleration,",
-    "An apparatus can be provided which can include a laser arrangement which can be configured to provide a laser radiation, and can include an optical cavity. The optical cavity can include a dispersive optical first arrangement which can be configured to receive and disperse at least one first electro-magnetic radiation so as to provide at least one second electro-magnetic radiation. Such cavity can also include an active optical modulator second arrangement which can be configured to receive and modulate the at least one second radiation so as to provide at least one third electro-magnetic radiation. The optical cavity can further include a dispersive optical third arrangement which can be configured to receive and disperse at least one third electro-magnetic radiation so as to provide at least one fourth electro-magnetic radiation. For example, actions by the first, second and third arrangements can cause a spectral filtering of the fourth electro-magnetic radiation(s) relative to the first electro-magnetic radiation(s). The laser radiation can be associated with the fourth radiation(s), and a wavelength of the laser radiation can be controlled by the spectral filtering caused by the actions by the first, second and third arrangements. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a laser arrangement which is configured to provide a laser radiation, and including an optical cavity which comprises: a dispersive optical first arrangement which is configured to receive and disperse at least one first electro-magnetic radiation so as to provide at least one second electro-magnetic radiation, an active optical modulator second arrangement which is configured to receive and modulate the at least one second radiation so as to provide at least one third electro-magnetic radiation, and a dispersive optical third arrangement which is configured to receive and disperse at least one third electro-magnetic radiation so as to provide at least one fourth electro-magnetic radiation, wherein actions by the first, second and third arrangements cause a spectral filtering of the at least one fourth electro-magnetic radiation relative to the at least one first electro-magnetic radiation, wherein the laser radiation is associated with the at least one fourth radiation, and wherein a wavelength of the laser radiation is controlled by the spectral filtering caused by the actions by the first, second and third arrangements. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second arrangement is at least one of an amplitude modulator, a phase modulator or a polarization modulator. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an induced dispersion caused by the third arrangement is approximately equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to an induced dispersion caused the first arrangement over an operating optical bandwidth of the laser arrangement. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the optical cavity includes a fixed periodic spectral filter arrangement. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the fixed periodic spectral filter arrangement includes a Fabry-Perot etalon filter. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the laser radiation has a wavelength that changes over time. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the actions by the first, second and third arrangements cause the wavelength to change at a rate that is faster than 80 nm/microsec. 8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the actions by the first, second and third arrangements cause the wavelength to change in discrete steps. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the discrete steps are shorter than 100 nsec. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a generator which is configured to control or drive the second arrangement. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the generator includes at least one of a pulse generator, a pattern generator or a waveform generator. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first arrangement or a third arrangement includes a further active optical modulator arrangement that is different from the second arrangement. 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one optical amplifier arrangement which is configured to amplify at least one of the first radiation, the second radiation, the third radiation or the laser radiation. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the optical amplifier arrangement includes at least one of a semiconductor amplifier, a Raman amplifier, a parametric optical amplifier, or a fiber amplifier.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a shift register, a gate driving circuit and a display panel and a display device. The shift register comprises an input module, a reset module, a pull-up module, a first pull-down module, a second pull-down module, an output control module, and an output denoising module. The output denoising module feeds the scanning signal back to the first control terminal of the output control module when the scanning signal output terminal outputs the scanning signal, thereby reducing noise of the signal of the first control terminal of the output control module and further reducing noise of the scanning signal outputted by the scanning signal output terminal. 1. A shift register, comprising: an input module, a reset module, a pull-up module, a first pull-down module, a second pull-down module, an output control module, and an output denoising module, comprising: an input terminal of said input module connected to a first reference signal terminal, a control terminal of said input module is connected to a signal input terminal, an output terminal of said input module is connected to a first node, wherein said input module is used for pulling up electric potential of said first node under the control of said signal input terminal; an input terminal of said reset module connected to a second reference signal terminal, a control terminal of said reset module is connected to a reset signal terminal, an output terminal of said reset module is connected to said first node, wherein said reset module is used for pulling down electric potential of said first node under the control of said reset signal terminal; an input terminal and a control terminal of said pull-up module connected to a first clock signal terminal, respectively, an output terminal of said pull-up module is connected to a second node, wherein said pull-up module is used for pulling up electric potential of said second node under the control of said first clock signal terminal; an input terminal of said first pull-down module connected to a low level signal terminal, wherein a control terminal of said first pull-down module is connected to said second node, an output terminal of said first pull-down module is connected to said first node, wherein said first pull-down module is used for pulling down electric potential of said first node under the control of said second node; an input terminal of said second pull-down module connected to a low level signal terminal, a control terminal of said second pull-down module is connected to said first node, an output terminal of said second pull-down module is connected to said second node, wherein said second pull-down module is used for pulling down electric potential of said second node under the control of said first node; a first input terminal of said output control module connected to said low level signal terminal, a second input terminal of said output control module is connected to a second clock signal terminal, a first control terminal of said output control module is connected to said first node, a second control terminal of said output control module is connected to said second node, an output terminal of said output control module is connected to said scanning signal output terminal, wherein said output control module is used for controlling said scanning signal output terminal to choose to output a signal of said second clock signal terminal or a signal of said low level signal terminal under the control of said first node and said second node; an input terminal of said output denoising module connected to a high level signal terminal, wherein a control terminal of said output denoising module is connected to said scanning signal output terminal, an output terminal of said output denoising module is connected to said first node, said output denoising module is used for feeding a scanning signal back to the first control terminal of said output control module when said scanning signal output terminal outputs said scanning signal. 2. The shift register according to claim 1, wherein, said output denoising module comprises a first switch transistor, wherein a gate of said first switch transistor is connected to said scanning signal output terminal, a source of said first switch transistor is connected to said high level signal terminal, a drain of said first switch transistor is connected to said first node. 3. The shift register according to claim 2, wherein, said output denoising module further comprises a transmission module, wherein said transmission module is connected between said high level signal terminal, the output terminal of said input module, the output terminal of said reset module, the output terminal of said first pull-down module, the drain of said first switch transistor, and said first node, said transmission module is used for filtering and denoising a signal of the drain of said first switch transistor and then outputting it to said first node. 4. The shift register according to claim 3, wherein said transmission module comprises a second switch transistor, wherein a gate of said second switch transistor is connected to said high level signal terminal, a source of said second switch transistor is connected to the drain of said first switch transistor, and a drain of said second switch transistor is connected to said first node. 5. The shift register according to claim 1, wherein, said output control module comprises a first output control module and a second output control module, wherein said first output control module is connected between said first node, said second clock signal terminal, and said scanning signal output terminal, said first output control module is used for controlling said scanning signal output terminal to output a signal of said second clock signal terminal under the control of said first node; and wherein said second output control module is connected between said low level signal terminal, said second node, and said scanning signal output terminal, and wherein said second output control module is used for controlling said scanning signal output terminal to output a signal of said low level signal terminal under the control of said second node. 6. The shift register according to claim 5, wherein, said first output control module comprises a third switch transistor and a first capacitor, wherein, a gate of said third switch transistor is connected to said first node, a source of said third switch transistor is connected to said second clock signal terminal, a drain of said third switch transistor is connected to said scanning signal output terminal; and wherein said first capacitor is connected between said first node and said scanning signal output terminal. 7. The shift register according to claim 5, wherein said second output control module comprises a fourth switch transistor and a fifth switch transistor, wherein a gate of said fourth switch transistor is connected to said second node, a source of said fourth switch transistor is connected to said low level signal terminal, and a drain of said fourth switch transistor is connected to said scanning signal output terminal; and wherein a gate of said fifth switch transistor is connected to said second node, and a source of said fifth switch transistor and a drain of said fifth switch transistor are connected to said low level signal terminal, respectively. 8. The shift register according to claim 5, wherein, said second output control module comprises a fourth switch transistor and a second capacitor; wherein a gate of said fourth switch transistor is connected to said second node, a source of said fourth switch transistor is connected to said low level signal terminal, and a drain of said fourth switch transistor is connected to said scanning signal output terminal; And wherein said second capacitor is connected between said second node and said low level signal terminal. 9. The shift register according to claim 4, wherein; said input module comprises a sixth switch transistor, wherein a gate of said sixth switch transistor is connected to said signal input terminal, a source of said sixth switch transistor is connected to said first reference signal terminal, and a drain of said sixth switch transistor is connected to the drain of said first switch transistor and the source of said second switch transistor, respectively. 10. The shift register according to claim 4, wherein said reset module comprises a seventh switch transistor, wherein a gate of said seventh switch transistor is connected to said reset signal terminal, a source of said seventh switch transistor is connected to said second reference signal terminal, and a drain of said seventh switch transistor is connected to the drain of said first switch transistor and the source of said second switch transistor. 11. The shift register according to claim 4, wherein, said first pull-down module comprises an eighth switch transistor, wherein a gate of said eighth switch transistor is connected to said second node, a source of said eighth switch transistor is connected to said low level signal terminal, and a drain of said eighth switch transistor is connected with the drain of said first switch transistor and the source of said second switch transistor, respectively. 12. The shift register according to claim 1 wherein, said pull-up module comprises a ninth switch transistor, wherein a gate and a source of said ninth switch transistor are connected to said first clock signal terminal, respectively, and a drain of said ninth switch transistor is connected to said second node. 13. The shift register according to claim 1, wherein said second pull-down module comprises a tenth switch transistor, wherein a gate of said tenth switch transistor is connected to said first node, a source of said tenth switch transistor is connected to said low level signal terminal, and a drain of said tenth switch transistor is connected to said second node. 14. A gate driving circuit, comprising multiple cascaded shift registers according to claim 1, wherein the scanning signal output terminal of each of the shift registers except the first shift register and the last shift register inputs a trigger signal to the signal input terminal of its next adjacent shift register, and inputs a reset signal to the reset signal terminal of its previous adjacent shift register; and wherein the scanning signal output terminal of the first shift register inputs a trigger signal to the signal input terminal of the second shift register; the scanning signal output terminal of the last shift register inputs a reset signal to itself and the reset signal terminal of the previous shift register. 15-16. (canceled) 17. The gate driving circuit according to claim 14, wherein said output denoising module comprises a first switch transistor, wherein a gate of said first switch transistor is connected to said scanning signal output terminal, a source of said first switch transistor is connected to said high level signal terminal, and a drain of said first switch transistor is connected to said first node. 18. The gate driving circuit according to claim 17, wherein said output denoising module further comprises a transmission module, wherein said transmission module is connected between said high level signal terminal, the output terminal of said input module, the output terminal of said reset module, the output terminal of said first pull-down module, the drain of said first switch transistor, and said first node, said transmission module is used for filtering and denoising a signal of the drain of said first switch transistor and then outputting it to said first node. 19. The gate driving circuit according to claim 18, wherein said transmission module comprises a second switch transistor, wherein a gate of said second switch transistor is connected to said high level signal terminal, a source of said second switch transistor is connected to the drain of said first switch transistor, and a drain of said second switch transistor is connected to said first node. 20. The gate driving circuit according to claim 14, wherein, said output control module comprises a first output control module and a second output control module; wherein said first output control module is connected between said first node, said second clock signal terminal, and said scanning signal output terminal, and said first output control module is used for controlling said scanning signal output terminal to output a signal of said second clock signal terminal under the control of said first node; wherein said second output control module is connected between said low level signal terminal, said second node, and said scanning signal output terminal, said second output control module is used for controlling said scanning signal output terminal to output a signal of said low level signal terminal under the control of said second node. 21. A display panel, comprising a gate driving circuit according to claim 14.",
-    "A water-control structure includes a control structure body (1) having at least one side (10, 11) which is exposed to the influence of a body of water (12) and adjacent cladding elements (3) which cover the control structure body (1) and which each include a base (6). The cladding elements (3) each have a free projection (7) which is upright with respect to the base (6) and are covered with a soil layer (5) which is provided between and above the projections (7). 1. Water-control structure, comprising a control structure body (1) which is exposed, at least on one side (10, 11), to the effects of a body of water (12), and adjacent cladding elements (3) which cover the control structure body (1) and which each comprise a base (6), and adjacent bases (6) of the cladding elements (3) between themselves define passages for allowing water through, wherein the cladding elements (3) are covered by a covering layer (5) which is provided between and above the projections (7). 2. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the cladding elements (3) have one and only one free projection (7) which is upright with respect to the base (6). 3. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein a side (10) which is provided with cladding elements (3) faces the body of water (12). 4. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein a side (11) which is provided with cladding elements (3) faces away from the body of water (12). 5. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the base (6) has an approximately substantially square periphery. 6. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the sides (8) of the base (6) are convexly curved and adjoin one another via an obtuse internal angle. 7. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the sides (8) of the base (6) are directed obliquely towards one another, in an upward direction. 8. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the projection (7) is circular. 9. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the projection (7) is approximately square. 10. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the cross section of the projection (7) decreases in the upward direction. 11. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the top of the projection (7) is smaller than the cross section of the projection which adjoins the base (6) and is preferably smaller than any cross section of the projection. 12. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the projection (7) decreases monotonously in the upward direction up to and including the top. 13. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the cross section of the base (6) decreases monotonously in the upward direction up to and including the attachment of the projection (7) at the base. 14. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein each projection (7) is situated at a distance from every other projection (7) and does not touch any other projection (7). 15. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein projections (7) are each embedded in the covering layer (5) around the entire periphery thereof. 16. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the control structure body (1) has a side (10) which faces the body of water (12) and a side (11) which faces away from the body of water. 17. Water-control structure according to claim 16, wherein the side (11) facing away from the body of water (12) is provided with the cladding elements (3) and the side (10) facing the body of water is provided with damping elements (15). 18. Water-control structure according to claim 1, wherein the control structure body (1) is covered with cladding (2) consisting of adjacent cladding elements (3) and/or adjacent damping elements (15), which cladding (2) extends across the crown (18) of the control structure body (1) and at least one side (10, 11) in an uninterrupted manner. 19. Water-control structure according to claim 18, wherein a side (10) which is provided with cladding elements (3) faces the body of water (12), another side (11) which is provided with cladding elements (3) faces away from the body of water, and the cladding (2) from adjacent cladding elements (3) and/or adjacent damping elements (15) extends across the crown (18) and both sides (10, 11) in an uninterrupted manner. 20. Cladding element (3) for a water-control structure according to claim 1, comprising a base (6) and one and only one projection (7) which is upright with respect to the base, wherein the surface of any cross section of the projection is smaller than any cross section of the base (6). 21. Cladding element according to claim 19, wherein the cross section of the projection (7) which adjoins the top of the projection and/or the surface of the top of the projection is smaller than the cross section of the projection (7) which adjoins the base (6).",
-    "The invention relates to a process for removing a target gas from a gas stream rich in the target gas and to an absorbent solution for absorbing a gas, such as carbon dioxide, from a gas stream. The invention involves the use of a photoactive compound that is convertible from a first state to a second state upon irradiation to facilitate removal or collection of a target gas from a gas stream. 1. A process for removing a target acidic gas from a gas stream rich in the target gas, comprising: contacting the gas stream with an absorbent solution comprising an amine selected from primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, alkanolamines, amino acids, and mixtures thereof, in which the target gas is soluble to form a target gas rich absorbent solution and a gas stream that is lean in the target gas; and converting a photoactive compound in the gas rich absorbent solution from a first state to a second state to bring about a reduction in pH of the absorbent solution wherein the gas rich absorbent solution comprising the photoactive compound in the first state has a higher absorption capacity for the target acid gas than the gas rich solution with the photoactive compound in the second state to cause desorption of the target gas from the absorbent solution comprising the target gas. 2. (canceled) 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive compound is a photochromic compound. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the step of converting the photoactive compound from the first state to the second state involves irradiation with light. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amine selected from primary, secondary or tertiary amines, alkanolamines, amino acids, and mixtures thereof is in an amount to provide an initial pH of from about 9 to about 12 prior to absorption of CO2. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the converting of the photoactive compound from the first state to the second state comprises a change selected from the group consisting of: association or dissociation of moieties to or from the photoactive compound, a spatial rearrangement of at least a part of the compound, a steric change to the compound, forming or breaking bonds within the compound, ring formation, a change in the acid dissociation constant or base dissociation constant of at least a part of the compound, or a combination thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive compound acts as a Br\u00f8nsted base or relatively weak Br\u00f8nsted acid in the first state, and a relatively strong Br\u00f8nsted acid in the second state. 8. The process according to claim 5, wherein the pH of the absorbent solution falls within the operating range pKa of the photoactive compound, and wherein excitation of the photoactive compound provides a reduction in pH. 9. (canceled) 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the conversion of the photoactive compound from the first state to the second state brings about a change in pKa of at least 1. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the gas rich absorbent solution comprises the photoactive compound in solution in a concentration of from about 0.1 mmol per litre of absorbent solution to 10 mol per litre of absorbent solution. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive compound includes at least one selected from the group consisting of spiropyrans, spirooxazines, dithienylethenes, fulgides, fulgimides, perimidinespirocyclohexadienones, quinones, benzodiazepines, naphthopyrans, dihydroindolines, protonated merocyanines, and naphthols. 13. The process according to any of claim 1, further comprising adding the photoactive compound to the target gas rich solution prior to exposing the target gas rich solution to light. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the step of contacting the gas stream with the absorbent solution includes exposing the absorbent solution to light. 15. The process according to any of claim 1, wherein the photoactive compound is a photoacid comprising a nucloeophilic moiety having a photodissociable proton, an electron accepting moiety and a bridge between the nucleophilic and electron accepting moiety wherein the electron accepting moiety bonds to a proton photodissociated from the nucleophilic moiety during reversible photoinduced intramolecular reaction to form a ring. 16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the target gas is selected from the group consisting of CO2, NOx (where x is between 0.5 and 2), SO2, H2S, and halogen gas. 17. The process according to claim 1, wherein the target gas is carbon dioxide. 18. A process for separating carbon dioxide from a gas mixture comprising: providing an absorbent solution comprising an amine selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary or tertiary amines, alkanolamines, amino acids and mixtures thereof and a photoactive compound having a first state and a second state of higher pKa than the first state formed on irradiation with light wherein the amine is present in an amount to provide a pH of the absorbent solution in the range of from 9 to 12; contacting the absorbent solution with a gas stream rich in carbon dioxide to absorb carbon dioxide and provide an absorbent solution rich in absorbed carbon dioxide and a gas stream lean in carbon dioxide; irradiating the absorbent solution with light to convert the photoactive compound from the first state to the second state and produce a reduction in pH of the absorbent aqueous solution and reduce the absorption capacity of the absorbent solution; and collecting carbon dioxide de sorb ed from the absorbent solution. 19. A process according to claim 1, wherein the light used to convert the photoactive from the first state to the second state is sunlight. 20. (canceled) 21. A process according to claim 1, wherein the amine is selected from the group consisting of monoethanolamine, ethylenediamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-ethanolamine and benzylamine, N-methylethanolamine, piperazine, piperidine and substituted piperidine, and diethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, taurine, sarcosine, and alanine. 22. A process according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive compound is selected from the group consisting of naphthols and protonated merocyanine ring opened form of spiropyrans. 23. A process according to claim 1, wherein the photoactive compound is 1-(2-nitroethyl)-2-naphthol.",
-    "A detection method and a detection device for detection of at least one region of interest (ROI) using the same are provided. A plurality of successive frames is captured by an image sensor. A first frame among the plurality of successive frames is divided into a plurality of sub regions. A first vital-sign feature of a first sub region among the plurality of sub regions is obtained. A first feature signal is generated according to the first vital-sign feature. Whether the first feature signal is a first valid image signal is determined. When it is determined that the first feature signal is a first valid image signal, the first sub region is identified as a first ROI. In the frames occurring after the first frame, the first ROI is tracked. 1. A detection device for detecting at least one region of interest (ROI) in a first frame captured by an image sensor: an image processing module to divide the first frame into a plurality of sub regions; a calculation module to obtain a first vital-sign feature of a first sub region among the plurality of sub regions to generate a first feature signal; and an identification module to receive the first feature signal and determine whether the first feature signal is a first valid image signal, wherein when the identification module determines the first feature signal is the first valid image signal, the identification module identifies the first sub region as a first ROI. 2. The detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the image processing module divides the first frame into the plurality of sub regions by pixel configuration of the image sensor, a plurality of quadrangles, a plurality of polygons, or a plurality of circles. 3. The detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the image processing module divides the first frame into the plurality of sub regions according to color difference or edge appearance shown in the first frame. 4. The detection device circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the sub regions corresponds to an object, and, in a predetermined time-interval occurring after the first frame is captured, a shape or position of one sub region is changed by tracking the corresponding object. 5. The detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calculation module performs a specific operation on a sensing signal of the first sub region within a predetermined time-interval occurring after the first frame is captured to obtain the first vital-sign feature, and the first feature signal is estimated according to the first vital-sign feature. 6. The detection device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the calculation module performs the specific operation on the sensing signal to extract an average value of at least one color component of the first frame to serve as the first vital-sign feature. 7. The detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first vital-sign feature is related to heart rates, respiration rates, or blood-oxygen content of human beings. 8. The detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the identification module assesses quality of the first feature signal and determines whether the first feature signal is the first valid image signal according to an assessment result. 9. The detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the identification module compares the first feature signal with a predetermined reference signal and determines whether the first feature signal is the first valid image signal according to a comparison result. 10. The detection device as claimed in claim 9, wherein when a difference between the first feature signal and the predetermined reference signal is within a reference range, the identification module determines that the first feature signal is a first valid image signal, and when the difference between the first feature signal and the predetermined reference signal is outside the reference range, the identification module determines that the first feature signal is not the valid image signal. 11. The detection device circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calculation module obtains a second vital-sign feature of a second sub region among the plurality of sub regions to generate a second feature signal, and the identification module receives the second feature signal and determines whether the second feature signal is a second valid image signal, and wherein when the identification module determines the second feature signal is the second valid image signal and the second sub region is adjacent to the first sub region, the identification module merges the first sub region and the second sub region to form a merged region and identifies the merged region as the first ROI. 12. The detection device circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calculation module obtains a second vital-sign feature of a second sub region among the plurality of sub regions to generate a second feature signal, and the identification module receives the second feature signal and determines whether the second feature signal is a second valid image signal, wherein when the identification module determines the second feature signal is the second valid image signal and the second sub region is separated from the first sub region, the identification module identifies the second sub region as a second ROI. 13. A detection method for detecting at least one region of interest (ROI): capturing a plurality of successive frames; dividing a first frame among the plurality of successive frames into a plurality of sub regions; obtaining a first vital-sign feature of a first sub region among the plurality of sub regions generating a first feature signal according to the first vital-sign feature; determining whether the first feature signal is a first valid image signal; when it is determined that the first feature signal is the first valid image signal, identifying the first sub region as a first ROI; and tracking the first ROI in the frames occurring after the first frame. 14. The detection method as claimed in claim 13, wherein in the step of dividing the first frame into the plurality of sub regions, the first frame is divided by pixel configuration of the image sensor, a plurality of quadrangles, a plurality of polygons, or a plurality of circles. 15. The detection method as claimed in claim 13, wherein in the step of dividing the first frame into the plurality of sub regions, the first frame is divided according to color difference or edge appearance shown in the first frame. 16. The detection method circuit as claimed in claim 13, wherein each of the sub regions corresponds to an object, and, in a predetermined time-interval occurring after the first frame is captured, a shape or position of one sub region is changed by tracking the corresponding object. 17. The detection method as claimed in claim 13, wherein in the step of obtaining the first vital-sign feature of the first sub region, a specific operation is performed to a sensing signal of the first sub region within a predetermined time-interval occurring after the first frame is captured to obtain the first vital-sign feature. 18. The detection method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the specific operation is performed to the sensing signal to extract an average value of at least one color component of the first frame to serve as the first vital-sign feature. 19. The detection method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first vital-sign feature is related to heart rates, respiration rates, or blood-oxygen content of human beings 20-24. (canceled) 25. An image tracking apparatus comprising: an image sensor to capture a plurality of successive frames; a detection device to perform a detection operation on the successive frames by dividing one frame into a plurality of sub regions, obtain at least one vital-sign feature of at least one sub region among the plurality of sub regions to generate at least one feature signal, and determine whether the at least one feature signal is valid, wherein when the detection device determines that the at least one feature signal is valid, the detection device identifies the at least one sub region as a region of interest (ROI); and a tracking module to track the ROI in the frames occurring after the one frame. 26-29. (canceled)",
-    "An in cell touch panel, a touch detection method and a display device. The in-cell touch panel comprises: a substrate, a plurality of self-capacitance electrodes located on said substrate and arranged in an array, and a touch sensing unit for determining the touch position by sensing capacitance value changes on the self-capacitance electrodes. The number of elements in each column of self-capacitance electrodes is n and there is a submultiple m of n, and a first column of self-capacitance electrodes includes n/m groups of self-capacitance electrodes divided in the sequence of column adjacency. Each group includes m self-capacitance electrodes and the self-capacitance electrodes in the same group are electrically connected by the same wire. The second column of self-capacitance electrodes include m groups of self-capacitance electrodes, each group includes n/m self-capacitance electrodes and the self-capacitance electrodes in the same group are electrically connected by a second wire. 1. An in-cell touch panel, comprising: a substrate, a plurality of self-capacitance electrodes located on the substrate and arranged in an array, and a touch sensing unit for determining the touch position by sensing capacitance value changes on the self-capacitance electrodes, the self-capacitance electrodes being electrically connected to the touch sensing unit via wires including a first wire and a second wire; wherein the array of the self-capacitance electrodes comprises a first column of self-capacitance electrodes and a second column of self-capacitance electrodes arranged in alternation, the number of elements in each column of self-capacitance electrodes is n and there is a submultiple m of n, wherein n and m are both positive integers and n is greater than 1, and the first column of self-capacitance electrodes includes n/m groups of self-capacitance electrodes divided in the sequence of column adjacency, each group includes m self-capacitance electrodes and the self-capacitance electrodes in the same group are electrically connected by the same first wire; the second column of self-capacitance electrodes include m groups of self-capacitance electrodes, each group includes n/m self-capacitance electrodes and the self-capacitance electrodes in the same group are electrically connected by the same second wire; wherein n/m self-capacitance electrodes in the same group in the second column of self-capacitance electrodes are respectively formed by self-capacitance electrodes, in the second column of self-capacitance electrodes, which are in row adjacency with the self-capacitance electrodes of different groups in the first column of self-capacitance electrodes. 2. The in-cell touch panel according to claim 1, wherein the self-capacitance electrodes in each group of self-capacitance electrodes in the second column of self-capacitance electrodes are respectively in row adjacency to the self-capacitance electrodes having the same positional sequence in each group of self-capacitance electrodes in the first column. 3. The in-cell touch panel according to claim 1, wherein the shape of the self-capacitance electrode can be a square or a rectangle having one side length to be twice the adjacent side length. 4. The in-cell touch panel according to claim 1, wherein said in cell touch panel further comprises a plurality of additional self-capacitance electrodes, which are electrically connected to the touch sensing unit through an individual third wire. 5. An in-cell touch panel, comprising: a substrate, a plurality of self-capacitance electrodes located on said substrate and arranged in an array, and a touch sensing unit for determining the touch position by sensing capacitance value changes on the self-capacitance electrodes, the self-capacitance electrodes being electrically connected to the touch sensing unit via wires including a first wire and a second wire; wherein the array of self-capacitance electrodes comprises a first row of self-capacitance electrodes and a second row of self-capacitance electrodes arranged in alternation, the number of elements in each row of self-capacitance electrodes is n and there is a submultiple m of n, wherein n and m are both positive integers and n is greater than 1, and the first row of self-capacitance electrodes includes n/m groups of self-capacitance electrodes divided in the sequence of row adjacency, each group includes m self-capacitance electrodes and the self-capacitance electrodes in the same group are electrically connected by the same first wire; the second row of self-capacitance electrodes includes m groups of self-capacitance electrodes, each group includes n/m self-capacitance electrodes and the self-capacitance electrodes in the same group are electrically connected by the same second wire; wherein n/m self-capacitance electrodes in the same group in the second row of self-capacitance electrodes are respectively formed by self-capacitance electrodes, in the second row of self-capacitance electrodes, which are in row adjacency with the self-capacitance electrodes of different groups in the first row of self-capacitance electrodes. 6. The in-cell touch panel according to claim 5, wherein the self-capacitance electrodes in each group of self-capacitance electrodes in the second row of self-capacitance electrodes are respectively in column adjacency to the self-capacitance electrodes having the same positional sequence in each group of self-capacitance electrodes in the first row. 7. The in-cell touch panel according to claim 5, wherein the shape of the self-capacitance electrode is a square or a rectangle having one side length to be twice the adjacent side length. 8. The in-cell touch panel according to claim 5, wherein said in-cell touch panel further comprises a plurality of additional self-capacitance electrodes, which are electrically connected to the touch sensing unit through an individual third wire. 9. A touch detection method for use in the in-cell touch panel according to claim 1, comprising the following steps: obtaining signals on corresponding adjacent self-capacitance electrodes through a first wire and a second wire, wherein when the array of self-capacitance electrodes is connected vertically to the touch sensing unit, adjacent self-capacitance electrodes refer to a certain self-capacitance electrode and the self-capacitance electrodes that are in row adjacency thereto; when the array of self-capacitance electrodes is connected horizontally to the touch sensing unit, adjacent self-capacitance electrodes refer to a certain self-capacitance electrode and the self-capacitance electrodes that are in column adjacency thereto; and determining a touch position according to signals on adjacent self-capacitance electrodes. 10. A display device, comprising the in-cell touch panel according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to a compound having a 2,6-difluorophenylether structure useful as organic electronic materials, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and in particular, liquid crystal display device materials. Provided are a compound represented by general formula (1): and a liquid crystal composition containing the compound and a liquid crystal display device that uses the liquid crystal composition. Since the compound represented by general formula (1) is used as a component of a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition that exhibits low viscosity and a liquid crystal phase over a wide temperature range can be obtained. Thus, the compound is particularly useful as a component of a liquid crystal composition for high-response-speed liquid crystal display devices. 1-9. (canceled) 10. A compound represented by general formula (1) (where R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms and one \u2014CH2\u2014 or two or more non-adjacent \u2014CH2\u2014 in the group may each be substituted with \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, or \u2014CO\u2014, A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of (a) a 1,4-cyclohexylene group (one \u2014CH2 or two or more non-adjacent \u2014CH2\u2014 in the group may each be substituted with \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014S\u2014), (b) a 1,4-phenylene group (one \u2014CH\u2550 or two or more non-adjacent \u2014CH\u2550 in the group may each be substituted with \u2014N\u2550 and a hydrogen atom in the group may be substituted with a fluorine atom), and (c) a naphthalene-2,6-diyl group (a hydrogen atom in the group may be substituted with a fluorine atom), at least one group selected from A1, A2, and A3 is a group represented by (where X represents an oxygen atom), Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z5 each independently represent \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond, A6 represents (where W represents a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a cyano group, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCH2F, \u2014OCHF2, or \u2014OCF3, and Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5 each independently represent a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, or a hydrogen atom), and m, n, p, r, and s each independently represent 0 or 1, at least one selected from m, n, and p represents 1, m+n+p+r+s equals 1, 2, or 3, and at least one group selected from A1, A2, and A3 corresponding to m, n, and p representing l is (where X represents an oxygen atom)). 11. The compound according to claim 10, wherein, A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 in general formula (1) each independently represent a group selected from below: 12. The compound according to claim 10, wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z5 in general formula (1) each independently represent \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, or a single bond. 13. The compound according to claim 10, wherein W in general formula (1) represents a fluorine atom, a cyano group, or \u2014OCF3. 14. The compound according to claim 10, wherein A6 in general formula (1) represents below: 15. The compound according to claim 10, wherein A6 in general formula (1) represents below: 16. The compound according to claim 10, wherein the compound is a compound selected from compounds represented by general formula (1a) to general formula (1f): (where R, W, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5 are respectively the same as R, W, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5 in general formula (1), A1, A2, A3, A4, and A6 each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of (a) a 1,4-cyclohexylene group (one \u2014CH2\u2014 or two or more non-adjacent \u2014CH2\u2014 in the group may each be substituted with \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014S\u2014) and (b) a 1,4-phenylene group (one \u2014CH\u2550 or two or more non-adjacent \u2014CH\u2550 in the group may each be substituted with \u2014N\u2550 and a hydrogen atom in the group may be substituted with a fluorine atom), at least one group selected from A1, A2 and A3 is (where X represents an oxygen atom), in general formula (1a) and general formula (1b), m, n, and p each independently represent 0 or 1 and at least one selected from in, n, and p represents 1, and in general formula (1c) and general formula (1d), m and n each independently represent 0 or 1 and at least one selected from m and n represents 1). 17. A liquid crystal composition comprising one or more compounds according to claim 10. 18. A liquid crystal display device that uses the liquid crystal composition according to claim 17.",
-    "An open water capture device comprising: a subsea collector and a subsea containment separator connected to the subsea collector, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises a top surface, a bottom surface, an outer surface, a riser comprising a diffuser section, wherein the riser penetrates the bottom surface of the subsea containment separator, and a baffle, wherein the baffle defines a first concentric annular region and a second concentric annular region. 1. An open water capture device comprising: a subsea collector and a subsea containment separator connected to the subsea collector, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises a top surface, a bottom surface, an outer surface, a riser comprising a diffuser section, wherein the riser penetrates the bottom surface of the subsea containment separator, and a baffle, wherein the baffle defines a first concentric annular region and a second concentric annular region. 2. The open water capture device of claim 1, wherein the subsea collector has a dome, funnel, or tent shape. 3. The open water capture device of claim 1, wherein the diffuser section comprises a plurality of radial holes. 4. The open water capture device of claim 1, wherein the diffuser section comprises a capped end. 5. The open water capture device of claim 1, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises a gas flow line attached to an opening on the top surface. 6. The open water capture device of claim 5, wherein the opening on the top surface is covered with wire mesh. 7. The open water capture device of claim 1, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises one or more oil flow lines attached to an opening on the top surface. 8. The open water capture device of claim 1, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises one or more holes penetrating the bottom surface. 9. An open water containment system comprising: an open water capture device, wherein the open water capture device comprises: a subsea collector and a subsea containment separator connected to the subsea collector, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises a top surface, a bottom surface, and an outer surface, a riser comprising a diffuser section, wherein the riser penetrates the bottom surface of the subsea containment separator, and a baffle, wherein the baffle defines a first concentric annular region and a second concentric annular region and a leak source, wherein the open water capture device is placed above the leak source. 10. The open water containment system of claim 9, wherein the subsea collector has a dome, funnel, or tent shape. 11. The open water containment system of claim 9, wherein the diffuser section comprises a plurality of radial holes. 12. The open water containment system of claim 9, wherein the diffuser section comprises a capped end. 13. The open water containment system of claim 9, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises a gas flow line attached to an opening on the top surface. 14. The open water containment system of claim 13, wherein the opening on the top surface is covered with wire mesh. 15. The open water containment system of claim 9, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises one or more oil flow lines attached to an opening on the top surface. 16. The open water containment system of claim 9, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises one or more holes penetrating the bottom surface. 17. A method for capturing a oil and gas from a leak source comprising: providing an open water capture device, wherein the wherein the open water capture device comprises: a subsea collector and a subsea containment separator connected to the subsea collector, wherein the subsea containment separator comprises a top surface, a bottom surface, an outer surface, a riser comprising a diffuser section, wherein the riser penetrates the bottom surface of the subsea containment separator, and a baffle, wherein the baffle defines a first concentric annular region and a second concentric annular region; placing the open water capture device above a plume from a leak source; and allowing oil and gas from the leak source to flow into the open water capture device. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein oil is allowed to flow from the subsea containment separator through an oil outlet tube. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein gas is allowed to flow from the subsea containment separator through a gas outlet tube. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein water is allowed to flow from the subsea containment separator through one or more holes penetrating the bottom surface.",
-    "A resin composition containing a resin (A) which contains a hydroxyl group and a cyanoalkyl group, an epoxy compound (B) which has two or more epoxy groups in its molecule, a curing agent (C) which has two or more hydroxyl groups in its molecule and has a hydroxyl value of 150 to 300 mgKOH/g, and a cross-linking agent (D) which has a structure represented by the general formula (1). (In the general formula (1), R1 and R2 are C1 to C20 alkyl groups, where R1 and R2 may be the same as each other or different from each other.) 1. A resin composition comprising: a resin (A) containing a hydroxyl group and a cyanoalkyl group; an epoxy compound (B) having two or more epoxy groups in its molecule; a curing agent (C) having two or more hydroxyl groups in its molecule and having a hydroxyl value of 150 to 300 mgKOH/g; and a cross-linking agent (D) having a structure represented by the following general formula (1), wherein, in the general formula (1), R1 and R2 are C1 to C20 alkyl groups, where R1 and R2 are the same as each other or different from each other. 2. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin (A) is one obtained by cyanoalkylating part of hydroxyl groups contained in a hydroxyl group-containing organic compound. 3. The resin composition according to claim 2, wherein the hydroxyl group-containing organic compound is pullulan or a polyvinyl alcohol. 4. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the epoxy compound (B) is an aromatic hydrocarbon structure-containing epoxy compound having two or more epoxy groups in its molecule. 5. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the curing agent (C) has phenolic hydroxyl groups as the hydroxyl groups. 6. The resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising a phenol compound (E) having a phenolic hydroxyl group in its molecule and having a hydroxyl value of less than 150 mgKOH/g. 7. The resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising a curing catalyst (F). 8. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the hydroxyl group and the cyanoalkyl group which are contained in the resin (A) is, by molar ratio of \u201chydroxyl group:cyanoalkyl group\u201d, 50:50 to 2:98. 9. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the cross-linking agent (D) is at least one type of compound represented by the following general formulas (2) to (4), R1 and R2 in the general formulas (2) to (4) are same as the general formula (1), R3 and R4 in the general formula (3) are C1 to C20 alkyl groups, and all or any of R1, R2, R3, and R4 in the general formula (3) are the same as each other or different from each other. 10. A gate insulating film obtained using a resin composition according to claim 1. 11. The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the cross-linking agent (d) is represented by any one of following formulas (5) to (10).",
-    "An array substrate and a display device, which relates to the field of display technology. The array substrate comprises a base substrate, a plurality of first signal lines and a plurality of second signal lines crossly arranged above the base substrate; the first signal line comprises a first line terminal and a second line terminal, as well as a conducting layer opposite to the second signal line for connecting the first line terminal and the second line terminal, and an insulating layer is arranged between the conducting layer and the second signal line, a plurality of first anti-static structures are arranged at joints of the first line terminal, the second line terminal and the conducting layer respectively. The array substrate and the display device provided by the present invention can reduce interference between the plurality of crossed signal lines. 1-12 (canceled) 13. An array substrate comprising: a base substrate; a plurality of first signal lines and a plurality of second signal lines crossly arranged above the base substrate, wherein the first signal line comprises a first line terminal and a second line terminal, as well as a conducting layer opposite to the second signal line for connecting the first line terminal and the second line terminal, and wherein an insulating layer is arranged between the conducting layer and the second signal line, a plurality of first anti-static structures are arranged at joints of the first line terminal and the second line terminal with the conducting layer respectively. 14. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein via holes for conducting with the conducting layer are arranged on the first line terminal and the second line terminal of each of the first signal lines respectively. 15. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein a plurality of second anti-static structures are arranged at one side or two sides of an area of the second signal line corresponding to the conducting layer. 16. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein the first anti-static structures or the second anti-static structures are discharge tips. 17. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein the first anti-static structures or the second anti-static structures are discharge tips. 18. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein the plurality of second signal lines are arranged in different layers or arranged in a same layer. 19. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, the second signal line and the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in different layers. 20. The array substrate according to claim 14, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, the second signal line and the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in different layers. 21. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, the second signal line and the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in different layers. 22. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, and are arranged in a same layer with at least one of the second signal lines. 23. The array substrate according to claim 14, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, and are arranged in a same layer with at least one of the second signal lines. 24. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, and are arranged in a same layer with at least one of the second signal lines. 25. The array substrate according to claim 17, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in a same layer, and are arranged in a same layer with at least one of the second signal lines. 26. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in different layers, one of the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line and at least one of the second signal lines are arranged in a same layer. 27. The array substrate according to claim 14, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in different layers, one of the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line and at least one of the second signal lines are arranged in a same layer. 28. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line are arranged in different layers, one of the first line terminal and the second line terminal of the first signal line and at least one of the second signal lines are arranged in a same layer. 29. The array substrate according to claim 19, wherein the first signal lines are gate detection lines, the second signal lines are data detection lines. 30. The array substrate according to claim 22, wherein the first signal lines are test signal lines or data detection lines, the second signal lines are common electrode lines. 31. The array substrate according to claim 13, wherein the conducting layer is an indium tin oxide layer. 32. A display device comprising an array substrate, the array substrate comprising: a base substrate; a plurality of first signal lines and a plurality of second signal lines crossly arranged above the base substrate, wherein the first signal line comprises a first line terminal and a second line terminal, as well as a conducting layer opposite to the second signal line for connecting the first line terminal and the second line terminal, and wherein an insulating layer is arranged between the conducting layer and the second signal line, a plurality of first anti-static structures are arranged at joints of the first line terminal, the second line terminal with the conducting layer respectively.",
-    "The absorbing device includes a hollow enclosed chamber including two pot parts. Open ends of the pot parts are connectable to each other by welding or soldering. Each of the pot parts is integrally formed in an opposing end of an air-conditioning conduit, wherein open ends of the pot parts are oriented toward each other. Each of the pot parts is provided with a reduced passage opening interconnected with an internal space of the air-conditioning conduit via a tapered section. 1-6. (canceled) 7. An absorbing device for an air-conditioning system, comprising: a first pot part integrally formed in an end of a first air conditioning conduit; and a second pot part cooperating with the first pot part to form a hollow enclosed chamber, the second pot part integrally formed in an end of a second air conditioning conduit, an open end of the first pot part connected to an open end of the second pot part, each of the first pot part and the second pot part including a passage therein to provide fluid communication between the hollow enclosed chamber and respective internal spaces of the first air conditioning conduit and the second air conditioning conduit. 8. The absorbing device of claim 7, further comprising: a first tapered section formed between the first air conditioning conduit and the passage of the first pot part, wherein a diameter of the passage of the first pot is smaller than a diameter of the internal space of the first air conditioning conduit; and a second tapered section formed between the second air conditioning conduit and the passage of the second pot part, wherein a diameter of the passage of the second pot is smaller than a diameter of the internal space of the second air conditioning conduit. 9. The absorbing device of claim 8, wherein the first tapered section of the first pot part is formed separate from the first pot part and the first air conditioning conduit. 10. The absorbing device of claim 9, wherein the second tapered section of the second pot part is formed separate from the second pot part and the second air conditioning conduit. 11. The absorbing device of claim 7, wherein the open end of the first pot part is joined to the open end of the second pot part by welding 12. The absorbing device of claim 7, wherein the open end of the first pot part is joined to the open end of the second pot part by soldering. 13. An absorbing device for an air-conditioning system, comprising: a unitary pot part forming a hollow enclosed chamber; an inlet formed in the unitary pot part, the inlet having an opening in communication with the hollow enclosed chamber; an outlet formed in the unitary pot part, the outlet having an opening in communication with the hollow enclosed chamber; a first conduit having an end; a second conduit having an end; a first mouthpiece configured to couple the end of the first conduit to the inlet, an inner diameter of the first mouthpiece smaller than in internal diameter of the first conduit; and a second mouthpiece configured to couple the end of the second conduit to the outlet, an inner diameter of the second mouthpiece smaller than an internal diameter of the second conduit. 14. The absorbing device of claim 13, wherein the first mouthpiece is formed separately from the first conduit. 15. The absorbing device of claim 14, wherein the second mouthpiece is formed separately from the second conduit. 16. A method of forming an absorbing device, comprising: providing a first conduit having an end: providing a second conduit having an end; ramming the end of the first conduit to reduce an internal diameter and increase a wall thickness of the end of the first conduit, wherein an outer diameter of the first conduit is retained; ramming the end of the second conduit to reduce an internal diameter and increase a wall thickness of the end of the second conduit, wherein an outer diameter of the second conduit is retained; widening a distal portion of the end of the first conduit to form a first pot part having an open end; widening a distal portion of the end of the second conduit to form a second pot part having an open end; and joining the open end of the first pot part to the open end of the second pot part to form a hollow enclosed chamber. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising forming a peripheral flange circumscribing the open end of the first pot part. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the open end of the second pot part is received by the peripheral flange of the first pot part. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the first pot part is joined to the second pot part by welding. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the first pot part is joined to the second pot part by soldering.",
-    "A mosaic liner unit (A) for chute/hopper lining comprises of a body having a front face (10) and a rear face (11). Each of the front face (10) and the rear face (11) are made of an elastomeric material (2). Within the elastomeric material is embedded a plurality of high hardness steel units (3). The front face (10) is adapted to take the impact load of material falling on the chute/hopper and the rear face (11) is fixed to chute/hopper wall (12). 1. A mosaic liner unit for chute/hopper lining comprises of a body having a front face and a rear face, each of said front face and said rear face being made of an elastomeric material within which is embedded a plurality of high hardness steel units, the front face being adapted to take the impact load of material falling on the chute/hopper and the rear face being fixed to chute/hopper wall. 2. The mosaic liner unit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the elastomeric material is synthetic rubber and the hard steel units are of varying shape depending upon the type of application intended to be served by the liner unit. 3. The mosaic liner unit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the liner unit is fixed to the chute/hopper wall with the help of bolt and nut arrangement through bolt holes located throughout the front face and rear face of the liner unit at different locations on the liner body, each bolt hole being provided with a cylindrical portion surrounding it, for firm fixation with the chute/hopper wall. 4. The mosaic liner unit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the liner unit is fixed to the chute/hopper wall with the help of studs welded to the mother plate of the chute/hopper wall and thereafter passed through bolt holes and fastened with nut and washer, the bolt holes being located throughout the front face and rear face of the liner unit at different locations on the liner body and the bolt holes are provided with a cylindrical portion surrounding it, for firm fixation with the chute/hopper wall. 5. The mosaic liner unit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the bolts are located either only on the elastomeric portion or only on the hard steel portion or on both. 6. The mosaic liner unit according to claim 1 wherein the hard steel units float within the elastomeric material. 7. The mosaic liner unit according to claim 1 wherein a mild steel plate is provided as backing for the liner unit and the hard steel units are welded or otherwise fixed with the mild steel plate. 8. The mosaic liner unit as claimed in claim 7 wherein the hard steel units are welded or otherwise fixed to the mild steel plate at the base and the elastomeric material portion is chemically bonded with these steel components. 9. The mosaic liner as claimed in claim 7 wherein for fixing the liner to the chute wall, stud is welded to the chute wall and the stud passes through the rubber hole and the steel hole and fastened with nylock nut that rests on the mild steel plate. 10. An array comprising of a plurality of liner units as claimed in claim 1 placed side-by side, each of which are attached to the chute/hopper wall.",
-    "In a method for producing a cavity (14) in a stator of an eccentric screw pump, material is removed in the interior of a stator blank (10) by means of a tool (11). In order that very long stators can be produced in one production operation, the tool (11) performs a rotational motion through a first shaft (12) and an eccentric motion around a second shaft (13), during which the stator blank (10) and the tool (11) are moved toward each other. A device for performing the method comprises (a) a bearing shaft (3) that can be coupled with its drive end to a first drive and that is rotatable around its longitudinal axis by means of the first drive; (b) a drive shaft (4) that can be coupled with its drive end to a second drive and is arranged in a borehole of the bearing shaft (3) and is rotatable around its longitudinal axis by means of the second drive form-fitting and relative to the bearing shaft (3), and (c) a machining tool (5), which is rotationally fixed connected to the machining end of the drive shaft (4) that can be inserted into the cavity and can be driven rotatably via the drive shaft (4) around the longitudinal axis of the drive shaft (4). The longitudinal axis of the drive shaft (4) intersects the longitudinal axis of the bearing shaft (3) at a point or is arranged askew to the longitudinal axis of the bearing shaft (3). 1. A method for producing a cavity in a stator of an eccentric screw pump, where a tool is used to remove material on the inside of a stator blank, the improvement wherein the tool carries out a rotating movement inside the cavity driven by a first shaft as well as an eccentric movement around a second shaft, and wherein the stator blank and the tool are moved against each other. 2. Method as defined in claim 1, wherein the stator blank carries out the rotating movement. 3. Method as defined in claim 1, wherein the movements are carried out inside one of a guide tube and a bearing shaft. 4. Method a defined in claim 2, wherein a speed ratio is set between the stator blank and the second shaft. 5. Method as defined in claim 2, wherein the tool carries out at least two full eccentric movements during one full rotation of the stator blank. 6. Method as defined in claim 3, wherein the first shaft and the second shaft as well as at least one of the guide tube and the bearing shaft run parallel to each other. 7. Method as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one of the stator blank and the tool carry out an axial feed movement. 8. Method as defined in claim 1, wherein the tool is guided in the stator blank along the blank. 9. Method as defined in one of the claim 1, wherein the eccentric rotation of the tool is driven by an eccentric shaft. 10. Method as defined in claim 1, wherein the first shaft is coupled to a drive. 11. Method as defined in claim 1, wherein the second shaft is coupled to a second drive. 12. Device for carrying out the method according to claim 1, comprising (a) a bearing shaft that can be coupled with its drive end to a first drive and that is rotatable around its longitudinal axis by means of the first drive; (b) a drive shaft that can be coupled with its drive end to a second drive and is arranged in a borehole of the bearing shaft and is rotatable around its longitudinal axis by means of the second drive form-fitting and relative to the bearing shaft, and (c) a machining tool, which is rotationally fixed connected to the machining end of the drive shaft that can be inserted into the cavity and can be driven rotatably via the drive shaft around the longitudinal axis of the drive shaft; wherein the longitudinal axis of the drive shaft intersects the longitudinal axis of the bearing shaft at a point or is arranged askew to the longitudinal axis of the bearing shaft. 13. Device as in claim 12, wherein the drive end of the drive shaft protrudes at the center of the drive end of the bearing shaft and wherein the machining end of the drive shaft out of center from the machining end of the bearing shaft that can be inserted into the cavity. 14. Device as in claim 12, wherein the drive end of the drive shaft protrudes out of center from the drive end of the bearing shaft and wherein the machining end of the drive shaft protrudes from the center from the machining end of the bearing shaft and can be inserted into the cavity. 15. Device as in claim 12, wherein the drive shaft is arranged along its longitudinal axis, and is adjustable relative to the bearing shaft. 16. Device as set forth in claim 2, comprising an outer shaft, and wherein the bearing shaft is arranged form-fitting around its longitudinal axis relative to the outer shaft rotatable in a borehole in the outer shaft. 17. Device as defined in claim 16, wherein the longitudinal axis of the bearing shaft is arranged parallel and at a distance to the longitudinal axis of the outer shaft, and wherein the outer shaft with its drive end can be coupled to a third drive with which it is rotated around its longitudinal axis. 18. Device as defined in claim 16, wherein the axis of rotation of the machining tool runs through the outer shaft during a full rotation of the bearing shaft around its longitudinal axis. 19. Device as set forth in claim 12, wherein the machining tool is a milling tool that has an effective diameter which is greater than the outer diameter the bearing shaft.",
-    "The present invention provides a novel process for the preparation of highly pure Levothyroxine Sodium, i.e., (S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3, 5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl] propanoic acid sodium salt via two process intermediates viz 3,5-Diiodo L-Tyrosine copper complex and novel Bis (p-anisyl) iodonium Iodide. The invention also provides levothyroxine pentahydrate free from genotoxic impurities and liothyronine levels below 0.04% wt/wt. 1. A process for the preparation of Levothyroxine Sodium comprising the steps of: a. Coupling reaction between 3, 5-diiodo L-Tyrosine copper complex and novel Bis (p-anisyl) iodonium iodide in the presence of Diisopropylamine or other organic bases in n-Butanol or other alcoholic solvents to obtain 2-Amino-3-(3,5-diiodo-4-(4-methoxy phenoxy)phenyl)propanoic acid; b. Demethylation of 2-Amino-3-(3,5-diiodo-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)propanoic acid using a mixture of Acetic acid and Hydroiodic acid to obtain 3,5-diiodothyronine; c. Iodinizing 3,5-diiodothyronine with methanolic or alcoholic monomethylamine and Iodine to obtain Levothyroxine; d. Converting Levothyroxine to Levothyroxine Sodium in the presence of sodium hydroxide and n-butanol or other alcoholic solvents 2. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein levothyroxine sodium is obtained with liothyronine levels below 0.04% wt/wt.",
-    "The present invention relates to a dust suppression system for use in a container, and a misting apparatus therefor. In one form, the dust suppression, system comprises at least one misting apparatus for contributing to the creation of a mist layer for preventing the escape of the dust from the container, the misting: apparatus comprising a means for generating an airflow, and a means for producing a mist in the airflow so that the mist is carried by the airflow. 1. A dust suppression system for use in a container for a dusting material which creates a dust when agitated, the system comprising at least one misting apparatus contributing to the creation of a mist layer for preventing the escape of the dust from the container, the misting apparatus comprising a means for generating an airflow, and a means for introducing a fluid to the airflow so as to form a mist that is carried by the airflow. 2. The dust suppression system of claim 1, wherein the container is a hold of a ship, the hold having a hatch. 3. The dust suppression system of claim 2, wherein the system comprises a plurality of the misting apparatus cooperatively forming the mist layer substantially across an extent of the hatch. 4. The dust suppression system of claim 3, wherein the dust suppression system comprises a plurality of the misting apparatus spaced apart about a perimeter of the hatch. 5. The dust suppression system as in claim 1, wherein the or each apparatus is connected to a fluid supply, and the system further comprises a means for providing the fluid to the or each apparatus under pressure. 6. The dust suppression system of claim 5, wherein for the or each apparatus, the means for generating the airflow is powered by the means for introducing the fluid to the airflow. 7. The dust suppression system of claim 6, wherein the or each misting apparatus comprises a body, a rotating assembly supported by the body so as to be rotatable about an axis of rotation, the rotating assembly comprising a fan, a turbine comprising at least one rotor assembly, a fluid emitter issuing a jet of a fluid to drive the rotating assembly via the rotor assembly, the fluid emitter being so positioned with respect to the fan as to issue the jet of fluid into the airflow generated by the fan. 8. The dust suppression system of claim 7, wherein the turbine is a reaction turbine. 9. The dust suppression system of claim 7, wherein the turbine is an impulse turbine. 10. The dust suppression system of claim 8, wherein the rotating assembly of the misting apparatus comprises a hub, the fan comprises at least one fan blade depending from the hub, the rotor assembly comprises at least one rotor arm comprising the fluid emitter extending radially from the hub and receiving a supply of a fluid therefrom, and wherein the or each rotor arm is adapted to issue the jet of the fluid at a distance from the axis of rotation to drive rotation of the rotating assembly to create the airflow into which the or each jet of fluid is issued, the means for generating the airflow (i.e. the fan blade) thereby being powered by the means for introducing the fluid to the airflow (i.e. the jet issuing rotor arm). 11. A misting apparatus comprising a body, a rotating assembly supported by the body so as to be rotatable about an axis of rotation, the rotating assembly comprising a fan, a turbine comprising at least one rotor assembly, a fluid emitter issuing a jet of a fluid to drive the rotating assembly via the rotor assembly, the fluid emitter being so positioned with respect to the fan as to issue the jet of fluid into the airflow generated by the fan to form a mist that is carried by the airflow. 12. The misting apparatus of claim 11, wherein the turbine is a reaction turbine. 13. The misting apparatus as in claim 11, wherein the rotating assembly comprises a hub, the fan comprises at least one fan blade depending from the hub, and the rotator assembly comprises at least one rotor arm comprising the fluid emitter extending radially from the hub and receiving a supply of a fluid therefrom, and wherein the or each rotor arm is adapted to issue the jet of the fluid at a distance from the axis of rotation to drive rotation of the rotating assembly and the or each fan blade depending therefrom, to create an airflow into which the or each jet of fluid is issued. 14. The misting apparatus of claim 13, wherein the or each rotor arm is tubular and the fluid emitter is a jet nozzle oriented to discharge the jet to drive rotation of the rotating assembly. 15. The misting apparatus as in claim 13, wherein the rotating assembly comprises a plurality of fan blades equi-spaced around the hub to form the fan. 16. The misting apparatus as in claim 13, wherein the rotating assembly comprises a plurality of rotor arms equi-spaced around the hub to form the rotor assembly positioned in the airflow issuing from the fan. 17. The misting apparatus of claim 11, wherein the turbine is an impulse turbine. 18. The misting apparatus of claim 17, wherein the fluid emitter depends from the body, the rotating assembly comprises a hub, the fan comprises at least one fan blade depending from the hub, and the rotator assembly comprises at least one blade or bucket at which the jet of fluid is directed to drive rotation of the rotating assembly and the or each fan blade depending therefrom, to create an airflow into which the or each jet of fluid is issued. 19. The misting apparatus as in claim 11, wherein the body comprises a shroud for the rotating assembly. 20. The misting apparatus of claim 19, wherein the shroud is tubular, and comprises a central axis which is substantially coaxial with the axis of rotation for the rotating assembly, and which comprises an inlet for air, and an outlet for a mist entraining airflow. 21. The misting apparatus as in claim 11, wherein this comprises a further means for introducing the fluid to the airflow. 22. The misting apparatus as in claim 20, wherein this further comprises a fluid line extending about a perimeter of the outlet, the fluid line comprising a plurality of spaced secondary fluid emitters each directed so as to release fluid into the airflow. 23. The misting apparatus of claim 22, wherein the secondary fluid emitters are misting nozzles.",
-    "This invention concerns pyrroloquinoline derivatives as antagonists of 5-HT6 receptors, to methods for the preparation of these compounds and to novel intermediates useful for their synthesis. The invention also relates to the uses of such compounds and compositions, particularly their use in administering them to patients to achieve a therapeutic effect in schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, maniac depression, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disorders, mood disorders, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, age related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, panic attacks, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, withdrawal from abuse of cocaine, ethanol, nicotine or benzodiazepines, pain, obesity and type-2 diabetes, functional bowel disorder, Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The compounds have the general formula (XIV), wherein the symbols have the meanings given in the description. 1. A compound of the general formula (XIV): or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, isotopically-labelled analogue, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted alkyl(C1-C3) group, an alkyl(C1-C3) group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, an alkoxyl(C1-C3) group, cyano, nitro, amino, and hydroxyl; T represents CO, CH2, substituted alkyl(C1-C2) group, SO, or SO2; Ar represents unsubstituted aryl (5-6 membered), biaryl (8-10 membered), heteroaryl (5-6 membered), heteroaryl (8-10 membered) having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl(C1-C3) group, an alkyl(C1-C3) group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, alkoxy(C1-C3) group, alkenyl(C2-C4), halogen, nitro, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, alkylamino, carboxamide; R3 represents a substituent selected from the group consisting of cyclic or linear substituted or unsubstituted groups of structures XV-XVIII: wherein: A represents NH, O, CH2, or NR5; B represents NH, O, or NR4; R4 represents hydrogen atom or alkyl(C1-C3) group; R5 represents alkyl(C1-C3) group or benzyl; R6 represents alkyl(C1-C3) group; n is 0, 1, or 2; m is 0, 1, or 2; l is 1 or 2. 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein: R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a methyl group optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms, an ethyl group optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, and methoxyl; T represents CO, CH2, substituted alkyl(C1-C2) group, or SO2; Ar represents unsubstituted aryl (5-6 membered), biaryl (8-10 membered), heteroaryl (8-10 membered) having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl(C1-C3) group, an alkyl(C1-C3) group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, methoxy, ethoxy, halogen, nitro, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, alkylamino, carboxamide; B represents NH or O; and R4 represents a hydrogen atom. 3. The compound as claimed in claim 1, selected from the group consisting of: N1,N1-dimethyl-N2-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (S)-1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (R)-1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (S)-1-((3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (R)-1-((3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((2,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((3-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (S)-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (R)-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (S)-1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (R)-1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 1-((5-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 7-fluoro-1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 8-chloro-1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; N-methyl-1-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine; 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((2,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-cyanophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(4-(aminophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(naphthalen-2-ylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((5-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((5-chloro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(3-chlorobenzyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; (3-chlorophenyl)-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)methanone; (3-methylphenyl)-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)methanone; 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolone; 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl)-4-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline 41-1-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)-4-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-nitro-1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-nitro-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-amino-1-((3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-carbonitrile-1-(3-methylphenyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-carbonitrile-1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-methoxy-1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-methoxy-1-((3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-chloro-1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-chloro-1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 7-fluoro-1-((3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 7-fluoro-1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(morpholine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-(quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl)-4-(morpholine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 1-((3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; and 1-((2,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline. 4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, said compound being an optically active enantiomer. 5-16. (canceled) 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound according to claim 4, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 19. The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one additional therapeutic agent. 20. A process to prepare the compound of the general formula (XIV) according to claim 1, comprising: reacting a substituted pyrroloquinolines of formula XIX with an arylsulfonyl halide, arylacyl halide, or arylalkyl halide of formula Ar-T-X, where X is halogen, in the presence of a base to yield the compound of the general formula (XIV), wherein R1, R2, R3, T, and Ar are as defined in claim 1. 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the substituted pyrroloquinolines of formula XIX is prepared by: a) Converting a lactam of formula A-6 into a compound of formula A-7 by treating the lactam of formula A-6 with a chlorinating agent at an elevated temperature; and b) Preparing a substituted pyrroloquinolines of formula XIX by reacting the compound of formula A-7 with an amine or alcohol of formula H\u2014R3, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are as defined in claim 20. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the chlorinating agent is selected from the group consisting of POCl3, SOCl2, PCl5, and mixtures thereof. 23. The process of claim 20, wherein said reacting the compound of formula A-7 is carried out in the presence of microwave radiation. 24. The process of claim 20, wherein the base is a strong base or a phosphazene base. 25. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, disorders or conditions resulting from disturbance of 5-HT6 transmission, said method comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in claim 1. 26. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, disorders or conditions resulting from disturbance of 5-HT6 transmission, said method comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in claim 4. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, maniac depression, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disorders, mood disorders, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, age related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, panic attacks, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, withdrawal from abuse of cocaine, ethanol, nicotine or benzodiazepines, pain, obesity and type-2 diabetes, functional bowel disorder, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein: the compound of formula XIV is administered in combination with a second medicament; said compound of formula XIV and said second medicament being administered simultaneously or sequentially to said patient. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, maniac depression, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disorders, mood disorders, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, age related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, panic attacks, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, withdrawal from abuse of cocaine, ethanol, nicotine or benzodiazepines, pain, obesity and type-2 diabetes, functional bowel disorder, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. 30. A compound of the general formula (XIX): or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted alkyl(C1-C3) group, an alkyl(C1-C3) group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, an alkoxyl(C1-C3) group, cyano, nitro, amino, and hydroxyl; R3 represents a substituent selected from the group consisting of cyclic or linear substituted or unsubstituted groups of structures XV-XVIII: wherein: A represents NH, O, CH2, or NR5; B represents NH, O, or NR4; R4 represents hydrogen atom or alkyl(C1-C3) group; R5 represents alkyl(C1-C3) group or benzyl; R6 represents alkyl(C1-C3) group; n is 0, 1, or 2; m is 0, 1, or 2; and l is 1 or 2. 31. The compound as claimed in claim 30, said compound being an optically active enantiomer. 32. The compound as claimed in claim 30, selected from the group consisting of: N1,N1-dimethyl-N2-(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine; N-(azetidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (R)\u2014N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; (S)\u2014N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 7-fluoro-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; 8-chloro-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-amine; N-methyl-1-(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine; 4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 4-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-nitro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-8-amine; 4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 8-methoxy-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 8-chloro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 7-fluoro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 4-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 4-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline; 4-(1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-yl)morpholine; and 4-(pyrrolidin-3-yloxy)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline. 33. A process of making the compound of claim 30, comprising: a) converting a lactam of formula A-6 into a compound of formula A-7 by treating the lactam of formula A-6 with a chlorinating agent at an elevated temperature; and b) preparing a substituted pyrroloquinolines of formula XIX by reacting the compound of formula A-7 with an amine or alcohol of formula H\u2014R3, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are as defined in claim 30. 34. The process of claim 22, wherein the lactam of formula A-6 is prepared by: a. generating a diene derivative of formula A-2 by alkylation of a compound of formula A-1 with allyl bromide in the presence of a strong base in a polar solvent; b. conducting a ring-closing metathesis reaction of the derivative of formula A-2, using a ruthenium catalyst in dichloromethane or toluene to generate a pyrroline of formula A-3; c. treating the pyrroline of formula A-3 with a strong base to yield a pyrrole derivative of formula A-4; d. reducing the nitro group of formula A-4 to an amino group, producing a compound of formula A-5, and e. cyclizating the compound of formula A-5 to form the lactam of formula A-6 in acidic conditions, in a polar protic solvent.",
-    "Adjustable article of furniture comprising at least one adjustable element and furnished with an actuator system comprising at least one electrically driven linear actuator with an electrical motor and an electrical controller with an operation device, wherein the system in equipped with a battery pack for operating the system during mobile situations, where a mains supply is not readily available. The battery pack is equipped with a frontend, which allows for the battery pack to be retrofitted on existing actuator systems, without compromising the functionality of the actuator system in connection with charging of the battery. Moreover, the frontend is adapted to facilitate continued viewing of remaining power on the battery pack even though the technology of the battery pack is replaced, e.g. from lead battery to lithium ion battery. 1. An adjustable article of furniture comprising at least one adjustable element and an actuator system for adjusting the adjustable element, where the actuator system comprises: at least one electrically driven linear actuator, and possibly also a driven drive wheel, an electrical controller with an operation device, connection means for a power supply via mains, a power supply in the shape of a battery pack with chargeable batteries of a first type, wherein the actuator system is equipped with a frontend as an interface for the battery pack, which enables the battery pack to be supplied with a second type of chargeable batteries different than the first type of chargeable batteries wherein the battery pack with the second type of chargeable batteries in the actuator system appears as the battery pack containing the first type of chargeable batteries. 2. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 1, wherein the chargeable batteries of the first type are lead batteries and the chargeable batteries of the second type are lithium ion batteries. 3. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 1, wherein the frontend comprises a charging circuit configured to adapt a charging voltage both up and down, with a view to supplying the battery with an appropriate voltage for charging the chargeable battery. 4. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 3, wherein the frontend based on the remaining capacity of the battery adapts an output voltage corresponding to the output voltage, which a reference battery, such as a lead battery with the same remaining capacity would have. 5. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 4, wherein the frontend, when a current running out of this exceeds a predetermined threshold, regulates the output voltage, such that the controller is supplied directly with the output voltage of the battery. 6. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 4, wherein the frontend is configured with an inductive link functioning as interface for the communication between the controller and a charger. 7. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 3, wherein the frontend is configured to by-pass the charging circuit, in case the connected charger is capable of supplying a sufficient voltage and current for charging the battery. 8. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 3, wherein the battery contains a number of battery cells and that the frontend comprises a safety circuit for protection of the individual battery cell. 9. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 3, wherein the frontend comprises a circuit, which monitors the charge running into the battery and the charge running out of the battery and is thus capable of indicating the remaining capacity of the battery. 10. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 3, wherein the frontend is equipped with means for communication of data, including charging status, from the battery pack to the controller. 11. The adjustable article of furniture according to claim 3, wherein the frontend is equipped with means for communication of data from the controller to the battery pack, including capability of the charger.",
-    "A hair dye composition is characterized by containing (A) HC BLUE No. 2, (B) DISPERSE VIOLET 1, and (C) at least one of HC YELLOW No. 2 and HC YELLOW No. 4 and has a pH of 7-11. The mass ratio of the content of (A) HC BLUE No. 2 to the content of (B) DISPERSE VIOLET 1 is preferably 1 to 30. The hair dye composition preferably further contains (D) DISPERSE BLACK 9. 1. A hair dye composition containing: (A) HC BLUE No. 2; (B) DISPERSE VIOLET 1; and (C) at least one of HC YELLOW No. 2 and HC YELLOW No. 4, wherein the composition has a pH of 7 to 11. 2. The hair dye composition according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the content of (A) HC BLUE No. 2 to the content of (B) DISPERSE VIOLET 1 is 1 to 30. 3. The hair dye composition according to claim 1, further containing (D) DISPERSE BLACK 9. 4. The hair dye composition according to claim 1, further containing an organic solvent. 5. The hair dye composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is used for dyeing hair in brown to black color.",
-    "Compositions and methods of producing mammalian cell populations that include a high proportion of definitive endoderm cells, posterior foregut-like progenitor cells, pancreatic progenitor cells and/or pancreatic beta cells are described herein. Such cell populations are useful for treatment of diabetes. 1. A method comprising: (a) contacting starting mammalian cells with a first composition comprising an effective amount of a TGF\u03b2 family member and a WNT activator, while the mammalian cells express pluripotency factors comprising OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4, wherein the effective amount is sufficient to generate a first cell population comprising definitive endoderm cells and wherein at least about 5% of the cells in the first population express Sox17 and/or Foxa2, but where the first cell population does not express detectable NANOG; and (b) contacting cells from the first cell population with a second composition comprising an effective amount of a TGF\u03b2 receptor inhibitor, a hedgehog pathway inhibitor, and a retinoic acid receptor agonist to generate a second cell population comprising pancreatic progenitor cells, wherein at least about 10% of the cells in the second population express Pdx1, Nkx6.1, Hnf6, or a combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pluripotency factors further comprise c-MYC, a p53 inhibitor, or a combination thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first composition further comprises epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first composition further comprises a G9a hi stone methyltransferase inhibitor, 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid, Vitamin C, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, a hi stone demethylase inhibitor, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, an adenosine agonist, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the TGF\u03b2 family member is Activin A. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the WNT activator is a lithium salt, CHIR99021, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the starting mammalian cells are non-pluripotent. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the starting mammalian cells comprise non-pluripotent fibroblasts, epidermal cells, lymphocytes, hepatocytes, myoblasts, neurons, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, T-cells, or any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the starting mammalian cells comprise partially and/or fully differentiated cells of epithelial cell lineage, hematopoietic lineage, endothelial cell lineage, muscle cell lineage, neural cell lineage, or any combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammalian cells are contacted with the first composition for about 4 days to about 21 days. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least about 7% of the cells in the first population express Sox17, Foxa2, Cer, Cxcr4, or a combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the second composition further comprises epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the second composition further comprises a WNT activator, 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid, vitamin C, a Notch signaling inhibitor, a BMP4 signaling inhibitor, or a combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cell population is contacted with the second composition for about 2 days to about 100 days. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the first cell population with an expansion composition comprising EGF and bFGF, a WNT activator, and a TGF\u03b2 receptor inhibitor for a time sufficient to expand cell numbers by at least ten-fold and thereby generate an expanded population of posterior foregut-like progenitor cells. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the expanded population of posterior foregut-like progenitor cells express SOX17, FOXA2, HNF4\u03b1, HNF6, SOX9, or any combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the WNT activator is CHIR99021. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the TGF\u03b2 receptor inhibitor is A83-01. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the second cell population or the expanded population of posterior foregut-like progenitor cells with a third composition comprising one or more vitamins, TGF\u03b2 receptor inhibitors, p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors, Notch signaling inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, polyADP ribose synthetase inhibitors, basement membrane proteins, adenylyl cyclase activators, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, calcium channel agonists, or a combination thereof, to generate a third cell population comprising functional pancreatic beta-like cells. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering the second cell population, posterior foregut-like progenitor cells, pancreatic progenitor cells obtained from the second cell population, the third cell population, functional pancreatic beta-like cells, or a combination thereof, to a mammal in need thereof. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the mammal in need thereof has type I diabetes, type II diabetes, or type 1.5 diabetes.",
-    "A device for rotary driving of a round disk, for instance a memory disk of a computer, comprises a stator disposed fixedly relative to a frame and a rotor rotatably drivable relative to the stator. According to the invention the rotor comprises a concentric ring to which the peripheral edge of the disk is connected. The stator has an encircling recess, the form of which corresponds to that of the ring such that the ring fits with clearance into the recess. The rotor is provided with two collars of magnetically active elements in angularly equidistant arrangement, and the stator comprises electromagnets disposed at the same angular distances. The arrangement is such that the rotor and the stator together form an annular induction motor. The rotor is preferably suspended magnetically during operation. 1. Device for rotary driving of a round disk consisting for instance substantially of aluminium, tensively strong glass or a ceramic material, such as a memory disk of a computer, a flywheel, a carrier for a CD, a DVD or the like, which device comprises a stator disposed fixedly relative to a frame and a rotor rotatably drivable relative to the stator; characterized in that the rotor comprises a concentric ring to which the peripheral edge of the disk is connected; the ring has two equal truncated conical surfaces with mutually opposite orientations, has for instance a radial section with at least partially the general shape of an isosceles triangle or an isosceles trapezium, the base of which extends parallel to the central axis, also the rotation axis, of the rotor and the two equal sides of which converge outward; the stator has an encircling recess, the form of which corresponds to that of the ring such that the ring fits with clearance into the recess; magnetically active elements, for instance permanent magnets, are added to each of the truncated conical surfaces corresponding to said sides, which elements are placed angularly equidistant and the poles of which debouch on said surfaces; the poles of the electromagnets, each with a core and a coil, equally placed equidistantly on the magnetically active elements debouch on both the corresponding surfaces of the recess; this such that the ring with the magnetically active elements and the frame with the electromagnets together form an annular induction motor; an electronic unit is added to the electromagnets which is configured to supply the electromagnets with alternating currents such that through the electromagnetic interaction between the electromagnets and the magnetically active elements the rotor is driven rotatingly; and the electronic unit is also configured to supply the electromagnets with alternating currents such that the rotor ring is suspended magnetically during operation. 2. Device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetically active elements of the one conical surface are offset half a pitch distance relative to the magnetically active elements of the other conical surface and the electromagnets are disposed correspondingly. 3. Device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the poles of the magnetically active elements and/or the poles of the electromagnets each have a form narrowing toward their ends. 4. Device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the end zones of the magnetically active elements and/or the end zones of the electromagnets overlap each other over some distance. 5. Device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rotor ring is assembled from two parts which are arranged on two respective sides on the edge of the disk and are mutually connected, for instance by glueing, welding or by means of at least one snap connection or a flat screw coupling. 6. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-5, wherein the rotor ring is manufactured from plastic by pressing or injection moulding. 7. Device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the rotor ring is assembled from two parts manufactured by pressing or injection moulding and subsequently connected to each other, which parts are connected to each other over adjacent surfaces of the ring corresponding to the main plane of the ring. 8. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-7, wherein the half-apex angles of the truncated conical surfaces have a value of 45\u00b0\u00b115\u00b0. 9. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-8, wherein the device takes a multiple form and is configured for rotary driving of at least two disks. 10. Device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the disks are drivable for coupled rotation. 11. Device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the disks are drivable for individual rotation. 12. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-11, wherein the or each disk is a memory disk of a computer and a write head and/or a read head supported by a movable arm is added to the or each disk such that the or each head covers the whole active information surface of the disk during rotation of the disk, the arm being displaceable only in its longitudinal direction under the control of the computer. 13. Device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the longitudinal direction corresponds to the radial direction of the disk. 14. Device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the longitudinal direction differs from the radial direction of the disk. 15. Device as claimed in either of the claims 13-14, wherein the number of arms added on one side of the disk amounts to at least two. 16. Device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the arm comprises the translator of a linear induction motor; the translator has a prismatic form, i.e. has the same cross-section at any position, and fits with some clearance into a space defined by the stator of the induction motor; the translator comprises a number of equidistantly disposed magnetically active elements, for instance permanent magnets; and the stator comprises a number of electromagnets equally placed equidistantly on the permanent magnets and each having a core and a coil; which coils are supplied with power by the computer via the electronic unit such that the arm is displaced successively in each case in its longitudinal direction relative to the disk between positions chosen by the computer. 17. Device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the cross-section of the translator has on both its sides the general shape of an isosceles triangle or of an isosceles trapezium, the inclining sides of which correspond to two side surfaces carrying magnetically active elements, for instance permanent magnets, which magnetically active elements co-act with the electromagnets of the corresponding walls of the stator; and the electronic unit supplies power to the electromagnets in a manner such that the translator is magnetically suspended inside the stator. 18. Device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the inclining sides have a position of (45\u00b110)\u00b0 relative to the main plane of the disk. 19. Device as claimed in either of the claims 17-18, wherein the arm and the translator have a greater dimension in the direction parallel to the main plane of the disk than in transverse direction relative thereto. 20. Device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the write head comprises a laser controlled by the computer. 21. Device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the read head comprises a laser and an optical sensor, which sensor detects laser light which is reflected by the relevant surface of the disk and which corresponds to the information stored on said disk, and feeds signals corresponding thereto to the computer. 22. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-21 combined with a disk drivable by said device. 23. Device as claimed in claim 22, wherein the disk is free of a central through-hole. 24. Device as claimed in claim 23, wherein the effective thickness of the disk corresponds at each radial location to that of a Laval disk such that the tensile stress in the disk occurring as a result of centrifugal forces during rotation is substantially equal at every radial location of the disk, and the disk has a form which at locations from about 70-90% of the radius gradually thickens again toward the edge of the disk. 25. Device as claimed in claim 24, wherein the disk is flat on both sides. 26. Device as claimed in claim 25, wherein the disk is divided in its main plane into two equal disk parts, each bounded by a flat surface and a curved surface, which curved surfaces are mutually connected at their central zone, and fixation means are present which hold the disk parts at a distance everywhere such that the flat outer surfaces everywhere have the same mutual distance and the disk has the same thickness throughout. 27. Device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the space between the curved surfaces is filled with a light mass, for instance a hard plastic foam such as polyurethane foam, polyester foam or foam of a ceramic material. 28. Device as claimed in either of the claims 26-27, wherein to the edge zone of at least one of the disk parts is added a spacer which, optionally together with a corresponding spacer on the edge zone of the other disk part, defines the mutual distance between said outer surfaces. 29. Device as claimed in claim 28, wherein an upright peripheral rib having the general shape of a cylinder wall is added to both disk parts, these two peripheral ribs lying with their end surfaces against each other. 30. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-29, wherein the rotor and/or the disk are supported by the frame via bearing means. 31. Device as claimed in any of the claims 1-30, wherein the bearing means comprise sets of co-acting permanent magnets with opposite orientation on respectively the stator and the rotor ring, such that the repelling forces between the co-acting magnets provide for bearing-mounting and rotating suspension of the rotor.",
-    "A magnetoresistive mixer, comprising a spiral coil, a bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor and a magnetic shielding layer, wherein the spiral coil is located between the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor and the magnetic shielding layer. Four tunnel magnetoresistive sensor units forming the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor respectively contain N array-type magnetic tunnel junction rows. The magnetic tunnel junction rows are connected in series, parallel, or combination of series and parallel connections to form two port structures. The four tunnel magnetoresistive sensor units are respectively located in two regions of the spiral coil having opposite current directions, sensing axes of magnetic tunnel junctions are perpendicular to the current directions, and in addition, the distribution characteristics of magnetic fields in directions of the sensing axes of the tunnel magnetoresistive sensor units to the magnetic field in the two regions are opposite, and the distribution characteristics in a single region are the same. The first frequency signal is input through the two ends of the spiral coil, the second frequency signal is input between the power and -ground ports of the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor, and mixing signals are output through a signal output end of the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor. The magnetoresistive mixer has the characteristics of good linearity, good input signal isolation, and low power consumption. 1. A magnetoresistive mixer, for mixing a first frequency signal source input and a second frequency signal source input to obtain a mixing signal, the magnetoresistive mixer comprising: a spiral coil, a bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor and a magnetic shielding layer, wherein the spiral coil is located between the magnetic shielding layer and the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor; wherein the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor comprises four magnetoresistive sensor units forming a bridge-type structure, the magnetoresistive sensor units being respectively located, in pairs, in two regions above or below the spiral coil having opposite current directions; wherein each of the magnetoresistive sensor units comprises N array-type magnetic tunnel junction rows, wherein each array-type magnetic tunnel junction row consists of M magnetic tunnel junctions, M and N are both positive integers, the array-type magnetic tunnel junction rows are connected in series connection, parallel connection, or combination of series connections and parallel connections to form two port structures, and sensing axes of the magnetic tunnel junctions are perpendicular to the current directions in the spiral coil within the region where the magnetoresistive sensor unit is located; wherein, in two of the regions, distribution characteristics of magnetic fields in directions of the sensing axes of the magnetic tunnel junctions in the magnetoresistive sensor units are opposite, while in one of the regions, distribution characteristics of magnetic fields in directions of the sensing axes of the magnetic tunnel junctions in the magnetoresistive sensor units are the same; wherein the first frequency signal source is input through the spiral coil so as to convert the first frequency signal source to a magnetic field signal having the same frequency as that of a magnetic field in the direction of the sensing axis of the magnetic tunnel junctions and act upon the magnetic tunnel junctions, causing resistances of the magnetoresistive sensor units to change, and the second frequency signal source is input through the power source and ground ports of the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor, causing voltages on two ends of the magnetoresistive sensor units to change; and wherein the mixing signal is output through a signal output end of the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor, and a signal frequency of the output mixing signal is the sum or the difference of frequencies of the first frequency signal source and the second frequency signal source. 2. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the four magnetoresistive sensor units have the same magnetoresistive response characteristics. 3. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the magnetoresistive sensor units located in two regions above or below the spiral coil having opposite current directions have the same magnetic tunnel junction connection structure, and are opposite in phase. 4. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein, within a range of a magnetic field in the direction of the sensing axis of magnetic tunnel junctions produced by the first frequency signal source through the spiral coil resistances of the magnetic tunnel junctions in the magnetoresistive sensor units are linearly proportional to the external magnetic fields. 5. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein a magnetic field in the direction of the sensing axis of the array-type magnetic tunnel junction rows in the magnetoresistive sensor units located above or below the spiral coil has uniform or non-uniform magnetic field distributions. 6. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the array-type magnetic tunnel junction rows of the magnetoresistive sensor units located in the regions above or below the spiral coil are perpendicular or parallel to the current directions in the spiral coil within the regions. 7. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the first frequency signal source is connected with the spiral coil in an active or passive manner. 8. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the second frequency signal source is connected between a voltage port and a-ground port of the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor in a passive or active manner. 9. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the mixing signal is output from the signal output end of the bridge-type magnetoresistive sensor in a passive or active manner. 10. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the spiral coil is made of a high conductivity metal material such as copper, gold or silver. 11. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic shielding layer is composed of a material selected from one of the high permeability ferromagnetic alloys NiFe, CoFeSiB, CoZrNb, CoFeB, FeSiB and FeSiBNbCu. 12. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the spiral coil has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm and a width of 5 \u03bcm to 40 \u03bcm, and the spacing between two adjacent single coils is 10 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm. 13. The magnetoresistive mixer according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic shielding layer has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm.",
-    "Disclosed is a lighting device (1) comprising a housing (80), an air inlet (22) and an air outlet (24); a support structure (30) in said housing extending in between said air inlet and said air outlet, said support structure including a section (32) carrying at least one solid state lighting element (10); a conduit (20) from said air inlet to said air outlet such that the conduit extends over the support structure; and a fan (40) mounted in said conduit, wherein the fan is located closer to the air inlet than to the air outlet. A luminaire including such a lighting device is also disclosed. 1. A lighting device comprising: a housing; an air inlet and an air outlet; a support structure in said housing extending in between said air inlet and said air outlet, said support structure including a section carrying at least one solid state lighting element; a conduit from said air inlet to said air outlet such that the conduit extends over the support structure; and a fan mounted in said conduit, wherein the fan is located closer to the air inlet than to the air outlet; wherein the support structure has a first slanted surface portion extending from the air inlet to said section and a second slanted surface portion extending from said section to the air outlet, wherein the fan is mounted on the first slanted surface portion such that the fan is slanted relative to said section. 2. The lighting device of claim 1 having a central axis extending through said section, wherein the fan is mounted away from said central axis. 3. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the air inlet and the air outlet are located in a same surface of the lighting device. 4. The lighting device of claim 3, wherein said surface further comprises a light exit window separating the air inlet from the air outlet, and wherein the at least one solid state lighting element is carried by said section such that the least one solid state lighting element is located in between the support structure and the light exit window. 5. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the support structure is a heat sink. 6. The lighting device of claim 5, wherein said section comprises a first surface carrying the at least one solid state lighting element and a second surface opposite the first surface, said second surface carrying a plurality of fins extending into the conduit, wherein the fan is arranged in between the air inlet and the plurality of fins. 7. The lighting device of claim 6, wherein the plurality of fins extend over the air outlet. 8. The lighting device of claim 5, wherein the heat sink comprises a pair of air guide members on opposite sides of at least a part of said conduit. 9. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the support structure comprises a circular slanted surface around said section, said circular slanted surface including the first slanted surface portion and the second slanted surface portion. 10. The lighting device of claim 1, further comprising a driver circuit and a further heat sink for cooling said driver circuit, wherein the further heat sink is located opposite said section and separated from said section by said conduit. 11. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the solid state lighting element is a light emitting diode. 12. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the lighting device is a light bulb. 13. A luminaire including the lighting device of claim 1. 14. The luminaire of claim 13, wherein the luminaire is a track luminaire.",
-    "A valve for a fluidic cartridge is provided. The valve comprises a valve cavity having first and second openings connected to first and second passageways, respectively; and a flexible membrane within the valve cavity, the flexible membrane having a first portion actuatable to seal against the first opening and a second portion actuatable to seal against the second opening; wherein the valve cavity is configured such that the first flexible membrane portion may be actuated independently of the second flexible membrane portion to enable the first opening to be sealed independently of the second. 1. A valve system in a fluidic cartridge for depressurising a fluid sample processing region comprising: a network of channels forming the fluid sample processing region, the network of channels fluidly connected to a first channel for introducing a fluid sample into the network of channels; an isolation valve between the first channel and the network of channels, the isolation valve actuatable to seal off the network of channels and thereby create a closed system therein and; a control valve interrupting a second channel within the network of channels, the control valve having a valve chamber coupled to the second channel via first and second openings, the valve chamber configured such that it has a first volume when the valve is closed to prevent fluid from flowing between the first and second openings, and a second, larger, volume when the valve is open to permit fluid to flow between the first and second openings; wherein the valve system is operable to depressurise the fluid sample processing region by closing the control valve to decrease the total volume within the network of channels, actuating the isolation valve to seal off the network of channels and thereby create a closed system within the network of channels, and opening the control valve to increase the total volume within the closed system of the network of channels. 2. The valve system of claim 1, wherein the network of channels further comprises: a fluid pathway for receiving and processing a fluid sample introduced by the first channel, the fluid pathway having an upstream end at the isolation valve and a downstream end, the downstream end being closed; wherein the second channel is a bypass channel for removing excess fluid sample from the fluid pathway, the bypass channel coupled to the fluid pathway at a junction partway along the fluid pathway and coupled to the first channel upstream of the junction and downstream of the isolation valve. 3. The valve system of claim 2, wherein the control valve further comprises: a valve cavity and a flexible membrane within the valve cavity, the flexible membrane having a first portion actuatable to seal against the first opening and a second portion actuatable to seal against the second opening; wherein the valve chamber is formed between the flexible membrane and the valve cavity; and wherein the valve chamber is configured such that the first flexible membrane portion may be actuated independently of the second flexible membrane portion to enable the first opening to be sealed after the second. 4. The valve system of claim 1, wherein the network of channels further comprises: first and second fluid pathways for receiving and processing a fluid sample introduced by the first channel, the first and second fluid pathways each having an upstream end at the isolation valve and a downstream end, the downstream end being closed; wherein the second channel is a bypass channel for removing excess fluid sample from the first and second fluid pathways, the bypass channel comprising: a first bypass portion coupled to the first fluid pathway at a junction partway along the first fluid pathway; a second bypass portion coupled to the second fluid pathway at a junction partway along the second fluid pathway; and wherein the first and second bypass portions are coupled to the first channel upstream of the respective junctions and downstream of the isolation valve. 5. The valve system of claim 4, wherein the valve chamber further comprises: a third opening, wherein the control valve is coupled to: the first channel upstream of the junction and downstream of the isolation valve first via the first opening; the first bypass portion via the second opening; and the second bypass portion via the third opening; and a flexible membrane overlying the valve chamber, the flexible membrane having a first portion actuatable to seal against the first opening and a second portion actuatable to seal against the second and third openings; wherein the valve chamber is configured such that the first flexible membrane portion may be actuated independently of the second flexible membrane portion to enable the first opening to be sealed after the second and third. 6. A method for depressurising a fluid sample processing region within a fluidic cartridge comprising a network of channels forming a fluid sample processing region, a first channel fluidly connected to the network of channels, an isolation valve between the first channel and the network of channels, and a control valve interrupting a second channel within the network of channels, wherein the control valve is configured such that it has a first volume when the valve is closed, and a second, larger volume when the control valve is open, the method comprising the steps of: passing a fluid through the first channel and into the network of channels; closing the control valve to decrease the volume of the network of channels; closing the isolation valve to seal off the network of channels and create a closed system within the network of channels; opening the control valve to increase the volume within the closed system of the network of channels, thereby depressursing the fluid sample processing region. 7. A valve for a fluidic cartridge, the valve comprising: a valve cavity having first and second openings connected to first and second passageways, respectively; and a flexible membrane within the valve cavity, the flexible membrane having a first portion actuatable to seal against the first opening and a second portion actuatable to seal against the second opening; wherein the valve cavity is configured such that the first flexible membrane portion may be actuated independently of the second flexible membrane portion to enable the first opening to be sealed independently of the second. 8. The valve of claim 7, wherein a valve chamber is formed between the flexible membrane and the cavity, the first and second openings being in communication with the chamber; wherein each of the first and second portions of the flexible membrane is configured to be movable between a first position, in which it is spaced apart from its respective opening, and a second position, in which it is sealed against its respective opening, thereby changing the volume of the valve chamber. 9. The valve of claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the valve cavity further comprises a third opening connected to a third passageway, wherein the second portion of the flexible membrane is also actuatable to seal against the third opening. 10. The valve of claim 9, wherein the distance between the first and second openings is a, and the distance between the second and third openings is b, and wherein and a is greater than b. 11. The valve of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the flexible membrane is a resiliently deformable polymer membrane such that the first and second portions of the flexible membrane are biased into their first positions. 12. The valve system of any one of claims 1 to 5 or 7 to 11, wherein the valve chamber is formed in a first polymer layer, preferably a pneumatic layer of the fluidic cartridge. 13. The valve system of any one of claims 1 to 5 or 7 to 11, wherein the network of channels is formed in a second polymer layer, preferably a fluidic layer of the fluidic cartridge. 14. The valve system of claim 12, wherein the first polymer layer comprises polypropylene. 15. The valve system of claim 13, wherein the second polymer layer comprises polypropylene. 16. The valve system of claim 11, wherein the valve membrane comprises a thermoplastic elastomer. 17. A method of actuating a valve in a fluidic cartridge comprising a valve cavity and a flexible membrane within the valve cavity, the method comprising the steps of: exerting a force on a first portion of the flexible membrane to seal the first portion against a first opening in the valve cavity; and subsequently exerting a force on a second portion of the flexible membrane to seal the second portion against a second opening in the valve cavity. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a chamber is formed between the flexible membrane and the valve cavity, and the step of exerting a force on the first portion of the flexible membrane further comprises reducing the volume of the chamber by moving the first portion of the flexible membrane from a first position, in which the first portion is spaced apart from the first opening, to a second position, in which the first portion is sealed against the first opening; and the step of exerting a force on the second portion of the flexible membrane further comprises reducing the volume of the chamber by moving the second portion of the flexible membrane from a first position, in which the second portion is spaced apart from the second opening, to a second position, in which the second portion is sealed against the second opening. 19. The method of claim 17 or claim 18, further comprising the steps of: removing the force on the first portion of the flexible membrane to break the seal between the first portion and the first opening; and removing the force on the second portion of the flexible membrane to break the seal between the second portion the second opening. 20. The method of claim 19, when dependent on claim 18, wherein the flexible membrane is biased to the open position and wherein the step of removing the force on the first portion further comprises increasing the volume of the chamber by moving the first portion from its second position to its first position; and the step of removing the force on the second portion further comprises increasing the volume of the chamber by moving the second portion from its second position to its first position. 21. The method of any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein the step of exerting a force on the first portion of the flexible membrane further comprises sealing the first portion against a third opening in the valve cavity. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the distance between the first and second openings is a, and the distance between the second and third openings is b, and wherein and a is greater than b.",
-    "An optical subassembly (1) includes a photonic integrated circuit (2), an external optical system (4) and an optical interface (6) that is arranged between the PIC and the external optical system. The optical subassembly includes a third material (7) and a fourth material (8). The third material (7) at least partially fills the optical interface between the PIC and the external optical system in order to minimize contamination of any kind. The fourth material (8) being in contact at least with the third material for sealing at least the third material from ambient moisture. In this way a low-cost near-hermetic environmental protection barrier (7, 8) may be provided. An optical system (14) including the optical subassembly and a method of fabricating such an optical subassembly are also described. 1. An optical subassembly (1) comprising a photonic integrated circuit (2), PIC, having a first optical waveguide (3); an external optical system (4) having a second optical waveguide (5); and an optical interface (6) that is arranged between the PIC (2) and the external optical system (4) for optical communication between the first optical waveguide (3) and the second optical waveguide (5), a third material (7) at least partially filling said optical interface (6) while covering at least the first optical waveguide (3) and the second optical waveguide (5) for establishing a protected optical path (12) between the PIC (2) and the external optical system (4); and a fourth material (8) being in contact with at least the third material (7) for sealing at least said third material (7). 2. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the third material (7) comprises a silicone. 3. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the PIC (2) comprises a spot size converter (9), SSC, that is arranged between the first optical waveguide (3) and the second optical waveguide (5). 4. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the fourth material (8) comprises a conformal moisture protection barrier. 5. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 4, wherein the conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises an acrylic resin, AR. 6. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 4, wherein the conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises an epoxy resin, ER. 7. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 4, wherein the conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises a polyurethane resin, UR. 8. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 4, wherein the conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises a silicone resin, SR. 9. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 4, wherein the conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises a vacuum deposited poly(para-xylylene), XY, layer. 10. An optical system (14) comprising an optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1. 11. A method of fabricating an optical subassembly (1) comprising providing a photonic integrated circuit (2), PIC, having a first optical waveguide (3); providing an external optical system (4) having a second optical waveguide (5); arranging the PIC (2) and the external optical system (4) with respect to each other to establish an optical interface (6) for optical communication between the first optical waveguide (3) and the second optical waveguide (5); applying a third material (7) to at least partially fill said optical interface (6), said third material (7) at least covering the first optical waveguide (3) and the second optical waveguide (5) for establishing a protected optical path (12) between the PIC (2) and the external optical system (4); and applying a fourth material (8) to be in contact with at least the third material (7) for sealing at least said third material (7). 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein in the step of providing the third material, said third material (7) comprises a silicone. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein in the step of applying the fourth material, said fourth material (8) is a conformal moisture protection barrier. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises an acrylic resin, AR, that is spin-coated and subsequently cured at elevated temperatures for forming a thin conformal film. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein said conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises an epoxy resin, ER. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein said conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises a polyurethane resin, UR. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein said conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises a silicone resin, SR. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein said conformal moisture protection barrier (8) comprises a poly(para-xylylene), XY, layer that is vacuum deposited using chemical vapour deposition, CVD. 19. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 2, wherein the PIC (2) comprises a spot size converter (9), SSC, that is arranged between the first optical waveguide (3) and the second optical waveguide (5). 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein in the step of applying the fourth material, said fourth material (8) is a conformal moisture protection barrier.",
-    "Presently described are linerless sheeting articles comprising a substrate, a pressure sensitive adhesive layer disposed on the substrate, and a water soluble protective layer disposed on the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. The water soluble protective layer comprises at least 50 wt-% solids of a water soluble polymer and a polymer additive comprising a fluorinated-group, a silane group, or a combination thereof. The polymer additive is typically present in an amount no greater than 5 wt-% solids. In a favored embodiment, the polymer additive is an oligomer. Methods of making and applying the sheeting article are also described. 1. A linerless sheeting article comprising: a substrate; a pressure sensitive adhesive layer disposed on the substrate, a water soluble protective layer disposed on the pressure sensitive adhesive layer wherein the water soluble protective layer comprises at least 50 wt-% solids of a water soluble polymer and a polymer additive comprising a fluorinated-group, a silane group, or a combination thereof. 2. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the polymer additive is present in an amount no greater than 5 wt-% solids. 3. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the polymer additive is an oligomer. 4. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the polymer additive comprises a perfluoroalkyl or perfluoropolyether group having no greater than 6 fluorine atoms. 5. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the polymer additive comprises a silane group having the formula \u2014R1\u2014Si\u2014(Y)3 wherein R1 is a divalent alkylene or heteroalkylene group and Y is an alkoxy group. 6. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the polymer additive is the reaction product of a diol, monoalcohol, or acid having a water-solubilizing group. 7. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the water soluble polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol. 8. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the water soluble polymer has a molecular weight ranging from about 5,000 to 50,000 g/mole. 9. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive comprises polymerized units derived from one or more alkyl(meth)acrylate monomer(s). 10. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive comprises at least 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 wt-% of polymerized units of alkyl (meth)acrylates comprising 6 to 20 carbon atoms. 11. The linerless sheeting article of claim 9 wherein the acrylic adhesive further comprises a tackifying resin. 12. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein upon removing the water soluble protective layer, the initial peel adhesion of the adhesive exhibits a decrease of no greater than 10%. 13. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein upon removing the water soluble protective layer, the adhesive layer exhibits an increase in an absorption peak nearest 3500 cm\u22121 ranging from zero to no greater than 0.015. 14. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a polymeric film. 15. The linerless sheeting article of claim 14 wherein the polymeric film and pressure sensitive adhesive are light transmissible. 16. The linerless sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the sheeting article is a window film or a commercial graphic sheeting. 17. The sheeting article of claim 1 wherein the substrate further comprises a printed graphic, decorative printed pattern, or a combination thereof. 18. A method of making a sheeting article comprising: providing a sheeting article comprising a substrate, a pressure sensitive adhesive layer disposed on the substrate, and a release liner disposed on the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, removing the release liner; applying an aqueous coating composition comprising a water soluble polymer and a polymer additive comprising a fluorinated-group, a silane group, or a combination thereof; drying the aqueous coating composition. 19. (canceled) 20. A method of applying a sheeting article comprising: providing a linerless sheeting article according to claim 1; applying water or an aqueous solution to remove the water soluble protective coating; contacting the pressure sensitive adhesive layer to a surface; and applying pressure to remove the water or aqueous solution between the pressure sensitive adhesive layer and the surface.",
-    "An aircraft includes a wing. The wing includes an aileron pivotally connected to a trailing edge of the wing, and a Lam aileron pivotally connected to the trailing edge of the wing. The aircraft includes a motor connected to the Lam aileron and configured to rotate the Lam aileron. The aircraft includes a controller configured to detect a deflection of the aileron from a neutral position, calculate a target deflection for the Lam aileron using the deflection of the aileron, and cause the motor to rotate the Lam aileron to the target deflection. 1. An aerodynamic control system for roll control of an aircraft around a longitudinal axis of the aircraft, the aerodynamic control system comprising: a wing having a rear portion, the wing having a top surface and a bottom surface; a first aileron pivotally attached to the top surface of the wing at the rear portion, the first aileron being configured to rotate upwards from a first aileron neutral position and downwards from the first aileron neutral position; a second aileron pivotally attached to the top surface of the wing at the rear portion, the second aileron being configured to rotate upwards from a second aileron neutral position, but not being able to rotate downwards from the second aileron neutral position; a motor connected to the second aileron and configured to rotate the second aileron; a sensor configured to detect a deflection of the first aileron; and a controller coupled to the sensor and configured to: receive the detected deflection of the first aileron from the sensor, calculate a target deflection for the second aileron using the deflection of the first aileron, and cause the motor to rotate the second aileron to the target deflection. 2. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, wherein calculating the target deflection includes setting the target deflection of the second aileron equal to the detected deflection of the first aileron. 3. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, wherein calculating the target deflection includes: when the first aileron is deflected upwards from the first aileron neutral position, setting the target deflection of the second aileron equal to the detected deflection of the first aileron; and when the first aileron is deflected downwards from the first aileron neutral position, setting the target deflection of the second aileron to a second aileron neutral position. 4. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determine a speed of the aircraft, and wherein the target deflection of the second aileron is at least partially determined by the speed of the aircraft. 5. The aerodynamic control system of claim 4, wherein calculating the target deflection includes, when the speed of the aircraft is above a threshold, setting the target deflection of the second aileron to a second aileron neutral position. 6. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determine a dynamic pressure of air surrounding the aircraft, and wherein the target deflection of the second aileron is at least partially determined by the dynamic pressure. 7. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, wherein calculating the target deflection includes applying a scaling factor to the detected deflection of the first aileron. 8. The aerodynamic control system of claim 7, wherein the scaling factor is at least partially determined by a speed of the aircraft. 9. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, wherein the second aileron extends along about 63% to about 78% of a span of the wing. 10. The aerodynamic control system of claim 1, including a flap panel pivotally connected to the bottom surface of the wing opposite the second aileron. 11. An aircraft, comprising: a wing, the wing including: an aileron pivotally connected to a trailing edge of the wing; a Lam aileron pivotally connected to the trailing edge of the wing; a motor connected to the Lam aileron and configured to rotate the Lam aileron; and a controller configured to: detect a deflection of the aileron from a neutral position of the aileron, calculate a target deflection for the Lam aileron using the deflection of the aileron, and cause the motor to rotate the Lam aileron to the target deflection. 12. The aircraft of claim 11, wherein calculating the target deflection includes setting the target deflection of the Lam aileron equal to the detected deflection of the aileron. 13. The aircraft of claim 11, wherein calculating the target deflection includes: when the aileron is in an up position, setting the target deflection of the Lam aileron equal to the detected deflection of the aileron; and when the aileron is in a down or neutral position, setting the target deflection of the Lam aileron to a neutral position of the Lam aileron. 14. The aircraft of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to determine a speed of the aircraft, and wherein the target deflection of the Lam aileron is at least partially determined by the speed of the aircraft. 15. The aircraft of claim 14, wherein calculating the target deflection includes, when the speed of the aircraft is above a threshold, setting the target deflection of the Lam aileron to a neutral position of the Lam aileron. 16. The aircraft of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to determine a dynamic pressure of air surrounding the aircraft, and wherein the target deflection of the Lam aileron is at least partially determined by the dynamic pressure. 17. A method for controlling an aerodynamic control system for roll control of an aircraft around a longitudinal axis of the aircraft, the method including: detecting a deflection of a first aileron, the first aileron pivotally attached to a wing of the aircraft, the first aileron being configured to rotate upwards from a first aileron neutral position and downwards from the first aileron neutral position; calculating a target deflection for a second aileron using the deflection of the first aileron, the second aileron being pivotally attached to the wing, the second aileron being configured to rotate upwards from a second aileron neutral position, but not being able to rotate downwards from the second aileron neutral position; and rotating the second aileron to the target deflection. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein calculating the target deflection includes setting the target deflection of the second aileron equal to the detected deflection of the first aileron. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein calculating the target deflection includes: when the first aileron is deflected upwards from the first aileron neutral position, setting the target deflection of the second aileron equal to the detected deflection of the first aileron; and when the first aileron is deflected downwards from the first aileron neutral position, setting the target deflection of the second aileron to a second aileron neutral position. 20. The method of claim 17, including determining a speed of the aircraft, and wherein the target deflection of the second aileron is at least partially determined by the speed of the aircraft.",
-    "The present invention relates to methods and compositions useful for the prevention and/or treatment of PRRS in animals, typically domestic pigs. The invention relates to proteins which comprise fragments of CD163, nucleic acid constructs encoding such proteins, and methods of modifying expression or activity of CD163 in vivo. 1-29. (canceled) 30. A genetically edited non-human animal, preferably a porcine animal, comprising a genetic modification which alters the expression or activity of CD 163. 31. A genetically edited non-human animal according to claim 30 wherein at least a portion of the CD163 gene has been altered to abrogate the ability of CD163 to bind to PRRSV. 32. A genetically edited non-human animal according to claim 30 wherein the region of the gene encoding domain 5 of CD163 has been altered. 33. A genetically edited non-human animal according to claim 32 wherein alterations to the CD163 gene are only present in the region encoding domain 5 or flanking non-coding regions. 34. (canceled) 35. A genetically edited non-human animal according to claim 30 which is a pig which has improved tolerance to PRRSV infection. 36. A method of producing a genetically edited non-human animal comprising the steps of: providing a non-human animal cell; editing the genetic content of the cell to create a modification which alters the expression or activity of CD163; and generating an animal from said cell. 37. A method according to claim 36 wherein the modification alters the region of the CD163 gene which codes for domain 5 of CD163 or flanking intronic regions. 38. A method according to claim 36 which comprises: introducing a site specific nuclease to the cell, the nuclease being adapted to bind to a suitable target sequence in the CD163 gene; incubating said cell under suitable conditions for said nuclease to act upon the DNA at or near to said target sequence; and thereby induce recombination, homology-directed repair or non-homologous end joining at or near the target site. 39. A method according to claim 36 which is performed on a zygote. 40. A method according to claim 36 where in the method comprises the steps of: providing a zygote of the non-human animal; introducing a site specific nuclease to the zygote which is adapted to bind to a suitable target sequence in the CD163 gene; incubating said zygote under suitable conditions for said nuclease to act upon the DNA at or near to said target sequence; and generating an animal from said genetically edited zygote. 41. A method according to claim 38 wherein the site specific nuclease comprises: at least one pair of transcription activator-like effector nucleases, zinc finger nucleases, or nickases; at least one recombinase; or at least one RNA-guided site-specific nuclease. 42. (canceled) 43. A genetically edited non-human animal according to claim 30 wherein at least a portion of the CD163 gene has been deleted. 44. A genetically edited non-human animal according to claim 30 wherein exon 7 of the CD 163 gene has been deleted. 45. A method according to claim 36 which comprises deleting at least a portion of the CD163 gene. 46. A method according to claim 45 which comprises deleting exon 7 of the CD163 gene.",
-    "A control module arranged to manage a hosted communications platform, the hosted communications platform being located between a telecommunications network and a subscriber communications network, the subscriber communications network being associated with a subscriber to the hosted communications platform, the subscriber being associated with a plurality of users. The module comprises a first communications interface arranged to interface with the telecommunications network, and processing means arranged to configure the hosted communications platform for use with two or more subscribers, each subscriber comprising a respective subscriber communications network. The module further comprises a second communications interface arranged to interface with the hosted communications platform. For each subscriber, the processing means is arranged to form a partition on the hosted communications platform. 1. A control module arranged to manage a hosted communications platform, the hosted communications platform being located between a telecommunications network and a subscriber communications network, the subscriber communications network being associated with a subscriber to the hosted communications platform, the subscriber being associated with a plurality of users, the module comprising: a first communications interface arranged to interface with the telecommunications network; processing means arranged to configure the hosted communications platform for use with two or more subscribers, each subscriber comprising a respective subscriber communications network; and a second communications interface arranged to interface with the hosted communications platform; wherein, for each subscriber, the processing means is arranged to form a partition on the hosted communications platform. 2. The control module of claim 1, further arranged to act as an intermediary to handle all communications between the hosted communications platform and the telecommunications network. 3. The control module of claim 2, further arranged to configure at least one route pattern associated with the hosted communications platform, said route pattern being arranged to handle each outgoing communication from the hosted communications platform. 4. The control module of claim 3, wherein the or each route pattern is configured to add a unique identifier to a user-dialled number defining the intended recipient of the communication, the unique identifier indicating the partition hosting the subscriber from which the communication originates. 5. The control module of claim 4, wherein the unique identifier is prefixed to the user-dialled number. 6. The control module of claim 4, wherein the control module is arranged to use the unique identifier to identify the subscriber from which the communication originates. 7. The control module of claim 1, further arranged to configure at least one translation pattern associated with the hosted communications platform, said translation pattern being used for handling each incoming communication to the hosted communications platform. 8. The control module of claim 7, further arranged to attach a unique identifier to each incoming communication, the unique identifier indicating the partition hosting the subscriber to which the communication is directed. 9. The control module of claim 8, wherein the or each translation pattern is arranged to use the unique identifier to identify the partition hosting the subscriber to which the communication is directed, and to forward the communication to that partition. 10. The control module of claim 1, further arranged to configure a calling search space associated with each partition to allow direct internal calls between users within each partition, and to deny direct internal calls between users in separate partitions. 11. The control module of claim 1, wherein the hosted communications platform is CISCO Unified Communications Manager. 12. The control module of claim 1, wherein the telecommunications network is a public switched telephone network. 13. The control module of claim 1, wherein the or each subscriber communications network is an internal IP network that is connected to the hosted communications platform. 14. A call management system comprising: a hosted communications platform arranged to host a plurality of subscribers; and a control module arranged to manage the hosted communications platform, the hosted communications platform being located between a telecommunications network and a subscriber communications network, the subscriber communications network being associated with a subscriber to the hosted communications platform, the subscriber being associated with a plurality of users, the control module comprising: a first communications interface arranged to interface with the telecommunications network; processing means arranged to configure the hosted communications platform for use with two or more subscribers, each subscriber comprising a respective subscriber communications network; and a second communications interface arranged to interface with the hosted communications platform; wherein, for each subscriber, the processing means is arranged to form a partition on the hosted communications platform. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the subscribers are located remotely from the hosted communications platform, and are hosted through a network.",
-    "A method and apparatus for providing secure access to a wireless station (12) to an access device (60) and network is provided. Upon initial activation, a wireless gateway/set-top-box (60) is configured to enable an isolated web server (72) and to enable insecure access point authentication. Once enabling has been performed, a detected wireless station (12) can be authenticated and associated with the wireless gateway/set-top-box (60) by revealing the MAC address of the wireless station (12), for example, to an administrator. If the MAC address is accepted, the MAC address is stored in a MAC address filter list of the wireless gateway/set-top-box (60). The wireless station (2) is de-authenticated and disassociated with the wireless gateway/set-top-box (60) and the isolated web server (72) and insecure access point authentication is disabled. Secure access point authentication for the wireless station (12) can then begin. 1. A method comprising the steps of: enabling an isolated web server and insecure access point authentication in an access device; authenticating and associating a wireless station to be connected to the access device; displaying a MAC address of the wireless station; and accepting or rejecting the displayed MAC address. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising the steps of: rejecting the displayed MAC address; deauthenticating and disassociating the wireless station; disabling an isolated web server and insecure access point authentication in the access device; and enabling secure access point authentication. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising the steps of: accepting the displayed MAC address for the wireless station; and storing the wireless station MAC address in a MAC Address filter list. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the steps of: de-authenticating and disassociating the wireless station; disabling the isolated web server and insecure access point authentication in the access device; enabling secure access point authentication; attempting station key authentication of the wireless station; and determining whether the access device can authenticate the station key. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising the steps of: attempting MAC address association when the access device has authenticated the station key; determining whether the attempted MAC address association is successful; and associating the wireless station when the attempted MAC Address association is successful. 6. The method of claim 4, comprising the steps of: attempting MAC address association when the access device has authenticated the station key; determining whether the attempted MAC address association is successful; and de-authenticating the wireless station when the attempted MAC address association is unsuccessful. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein said attempting station key authentication comprises use of one of wired equivalency privacy shared key or Wi-Fi protected access pre-shared key. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said enabling comprises disabling at least one of wired equivalency privacy key and Wi-Fi protected access key challenges to the access device. 9. An access device, comprising: a processor; a memory in communication with the processor; and a wireless interface in communication with the processor and configured to enable wireless communication with external devices; the access device configured to: enable an isolated web server and insecure access point authentication; authenticate and associate a wireless station to be connected to the access device; display a MAC address of the wireless station to an administrator; and accept or reject the displayed MAC address. 10. The access device of claim 9, wherein the access device is configured to: reject the displayed MAC address; de-authenticate and disassociate the wireless station; disable the isolated web server and insecure access point authentication; and enable secure access point authentication. 11. The access device of claim 9, wherein the access device is configured to: accept the displayed MAC address for the wireless station; and store the wireless station MAC address in a MAC Address filter list. 12. The access device of claim 11, wherein the access device is configured to: de-authenticate and disassociate the wireless station; disable the isolated web server and insecure access point authentication; enable secure access point authentication; attempt station key authentication of the wireless station; and determine whether station key authentication is successful. 13. The access device of claim 11, wherein the access device is configured to: attempt MAC address association when station key authentication is successful; determine whether the attempted MAC address association is successful; and associate the wireless station when the attempted MAC Address association is successful. 14. The access device of claim 11, wherein the access device is configured to: attempt MAC address association when station key authentication is successful; determine whether the attempted MAC address association is successful; and de-authenticate the wireless station when the attempted MAC address association is unsuccessful. 15. The access device of claim 11, wherein the attempt for station key authentication comprises use of one of wired equivalency privacy shared key or Wi-Fi protected access pre-shared key. 16. The access device of claim 9, wherein the access device is configured to disable at least one of wired equivalency privacy key and Wi-Fi protected access key challenges during the enabling of the isolated web server and insecure access point authentication.",
-    "Compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing gylcemia by improving insulin sensitivity, or improving mood, memory or cognition. Methods are provided that include administering such compositions. 1. A method of treating dysphagia comprising administering to an individual having the dysphagia a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dysphagia is oral pharyngeal dysphagia. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a thickened beverage. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde provokes a swallowing reflex. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the p-anisaldehyde is selected from the group consisting of isolated p-anisaldehyde and synthetic p-anisaldehyde. 6. A method of decreasing appetite comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde in an amount therapeutically effective for delaying gastric emptying. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity, a risk of overweight, a risk of obesity, and combinations thereof. 8. A method of reducing body weight gain comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity, a risk of overweight, a risk of obesity, and combinations thereof. 10. A method of reducing glycemia comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde in an amount therapeutically effective for improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the individual is selected from the group consisting of an infant born preterm, an infant experiencing intrauterine growth restriction, a pregnant woman suffering from gestational diabetes, a human suffering from insulin resistance, and a human suffering from type II diabetes. 12. A composition comprising an amount of p-anisaldehyde that is therapeutically effective for causing at least one condition selected from the group consisting of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, and reducing gylcemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. 13. The composition of claim 12 wherein the composition is a food product. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the food product comprises a component selected from the group consisting of protein, carbohydrate, fat and combinations thereof. 15. A method for improving one or more of cognitive performance, cognition, mood, or memory comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, a mood disorder, memory loss, and combinations thereof. 17. A method of making a nutritional composition comprising the steps of incorporating into the nutritional composition an amount of p-anisaldehyde that is therapeutically effective for causing at least one condition selected from the group consisting of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance, improving mood, memory or cognition.",
-    "Disclosed is an optical subassembly (1) including a carrier substrate (2), a photonic integrated circuit (3) (PIC) including a first optical waveguide (4) having a first longitudinal central axis, the PIC being arranged on the carrier substrate, an external optical system (5) including a second optical waveguide (6) having a second longitudinal central axis, a component (7) for supporting the external optical system on the carrier substrate and maintaining alignment of the first and second longitudinal central axes with respect to each other, and an adhesive material (8, 9) being arranged between the component and the carrier substrate and between the component and the external optical system, the adhesive material having a total thickness of less than 10 \u03bcm. Also disclosed is an optical system (12) including such optical subassembly and a method of fabricating such optical subassembly. 1. An optical subassembly (1) comprising a carrier substrate (2); a photonic integrated circuit (3), PIC, comprising a first optical waveguide (4) having a first longitudinal central axis, said PIC (3) being arranged on the carrier substrate (2); an external optical system (5) comprising a second optical waveguide (6) having a second longitudinal central axis; a component (7) for supporting the external optical system (5) on the carrier substrate (2) and maintaining alignment of the first longitudinal central axis of the first optical waveguide (4) and the second longitudinal central axis of the second optical waveguide (6) with respect to each other; a first layer (8) of adhesive material being arranged between said component (7) and the carrier substrate (2); and a second layer (9) of adhesive material being arranged between said component (7) and the external optical system (5), said first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material having respective first and second thicknesses, the sum of said first and second thicknesses being less than 10 \u03bcm. 2. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein said component (7) comprises a material that is transparent for radiation for curing said first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material. 3. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the material of said component (7) is transparent for at least one of blue and ultraviolet, UV, radiation. 4. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the material of said component (7) is a glass-based material. 5. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 4, wherein the glass-based material is borosilicate glass. 6. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein said component (7) is provided with a cavity (10) for receiving the external optical system (5) and the second layer (9) of adhesive material. 7. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 6, said cavity (10) being one of a slot and a bore. 8. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the external optical system (5) is an optical fiber. 9. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 8, wherein the second layer (9) of adhesive material is arranged at the perimeter of the optical fiber (5) as a plurality of symmetric elongated strips (9a, 9b) that are equally spaced with respect to each other in a circumferential direction of the optical fiber (5). 10. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive material is an unfilled resin. 11. An optical system (12) comprising an optical subassembly (1) according to claim 1. 12. A method of fabricating an optical subassembly (1) comprising providing a carrier substrate (2); providing a photonic integrated circuit (3), PIC, comprising a first optical waveguide (4) having a first longitudinal central axis; arranging the PIC (3) on the carrier substrate (2); providing an external optical system (5) comprising a second optical waveguide (6) having a second longitudinal central axis; aligning the first longitudinal central axis of the first optical waveguide (4) and the second longitudinal central axis of the second optical waveguide (6) with respect to each other; providing a component (7) for supporting the external optical system (5) on the carrier substrate (2) and maintaining the alignment of the first longitudinal central axis and the second longitudinal central axis; applying a first layer (8) of adhesive material between said component (7) and the carrier substrate (2) and a second layer (9) of adhesive material between said component (7) and the external optical system (5), said first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material having respective first and second thicknesses, the sum of said first and second thicknesses being less than 10 \u03bcm; and curing said first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material. 13. The method according to claim 12, comprising re-aligning the first longitudinal central axis of the first optical waveguide (4) and the second longitudinal central axis of the second optical waveguide (6) with respect to each other before curing the first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said component (7) is provided with a cavity (10) for receiving the external optical system (5) and the second layer (9) of the adhesive material. 15. The method according to claim 14, said cavity (10) being arranged for wicking at least one of said first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein said component (7) comprises a material that is transparent for radiation for curing the first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein at least one of blue or ultraviolet, UV, radiation is used for curing the first (8) and second (9) layers of adhesive material. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the adhesive material is an unfilled resin. 19. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 2, wherein the material of said component (7) is transparent for at least one of blue and ultraviolet, UV, radiation. 20. The optical subassembly (1) according to claim 2, wherein the material of said component (7) is a glass-based material.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a dynamic bandwidth scheduling method and device, and a computer storage medium. The method is applied to each node in an Optical Burst Transport ring-Network (OBTN) and includes that: when a target node serves as a master node, for each source node in the OBTN, when a timeslot is allocated for a connection from the source node to a certain destination node, a timeslot occupied by a destination node having the smallest hop count to a destination node configured currently is selected preferentially among timeslots in which there exists an Optical Burst (OB) where there has been no drop operation; and when the target node serves as a master node, a timeslot allocation result is converted into a bandwidth map and the bandwidth map is sent to each slave node in the OBTN. 1. A dynamic bandwidth scheduling method, applied to a node in an Optical Burst Transport ring-Network (OBTN), the method comprising: when a target node serves as a master node, for each source node in the OBTN, when the target node allocates a timeslot for a connection from the source node to a destination node, preferentially selecting, by the target node, among timeslots in which there exists an Optical Burst (OB) where there has been no drop operation, a timeslot occupied by a destination node having a smallest hop count to a destination node configured currently; and when the target node serves as a master node, converting a timeslot allocation result into a bandwidth map and sending the bandwidth map to each slave node in the OBTN. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: when the target node serves as a master node, authorizing a bandwidth for a connection from each source node to a destination node according to bandwidth requests of nodes of a whole network. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of authorizing a bandwidth for a connection from each source node to a destination node according to bandwidth requests of nodes of the whole network comprises: acquiring, by the master node, a bandwidth request matrix according to the bandwidth requests of the nodes of the whole network, wherein element Aij in the bandwidth request matrix represents a bandwidth request of node i to node j in the OBTN, i and j are positive integers smaller than or equal to N, and N is a total number of nodes in the OBTN; reducing, by the master node, authorization for the bandwidth request matrix according to existing bandwidth resources, so as to acquire a bandwidth authorization matrix; wherein element Bij in the bandwidth authorization matrix represents an authorized bandwidth which is authorized by node i for node j in the OBTN, i and j are positive integers smaller than or equal to N, and N is the total number of the nodes in the OBTN; in the bandwidth authorization matrix, a sum of authorized bandwidths of elements of each line is smaller than or equal to a maximum line rate; for each column in the bandwidth authorization matrix, a sum of authorized bandwidths of all elements in an upper triangular part of the column, and a sum of authorized bandwidths of all elements in a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago are smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the reducing, by the master node, authorization for the bandwidth request matrix according to existing bandwidth resources comprises: reducing, by the master node, the bandwidth request matrix by lines; and reducing, by the master node, a matrix acquired after the line reduction by columns. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the reducing, by the master node, the bandwidth request matrix by lines comprises: for each line in the bandwidth request matrix, judging whether a sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, and if the sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the line until an acquired sum of the elements in the line is smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate; and the reducing, by the master node, a matrix acquired after the line reduction by columns, comprises: for each column in the matrix acquired after the line reduction, judging, on one hand, whether a sum of elements in a lower triangular part of the column exceeds a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and if the sum of elements in the lower triangular part of the column exceeds the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the lower triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column; and judging, on the other hand, whether a sum of elements in an upper triangular part of the column exceeds a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, and if the sum of elements in the upper triangular part of the column exceeds the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the upper triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column is a difference between the maximum line rate and an actual amount of authorized bandwidths of a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein reducing, by the master node, the bandwidth request matrix by columns comprises: for each column in the bandwidth request matrix, judging, on one hand, whether a sum of elements in a lower triangular part of the column exceeds a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and if the sum of elements in the lower triangular part of the column exceeds the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column; and judging, on the other hand, whether a sum of elements in an upper triangular part of the column exceeds a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, and if the sum of elements in the upper triangular part of the column exceeds the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the upper triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column is a difference between the maximum line rate and an actual amount of authorized bandwidths of a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago; and reducing, by the master node, a matrix acquired after the column reduction by lines comprises: for each line in the matrix acquired after the column reduction, judging whether a sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, and if the sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the line until an acquired sum of the elements in the line is smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the reducing, by the master node, the bandwidth request matrix by lines comprises: for each line in the bandwidth request matrix, judging whether a sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, and if the sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, then reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the line until an acquired sum of the elements in the line is smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate; reducing, by the master node, the bandwidth request matrix by columns comprises: for each column in the bandwidth request matrix, judging, on one hand, whether a sum of elements in a lower triangular part of the column exceeds a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and if the sum of elements in the lower triangular part of the column exceeds the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the lower triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths; and judging, on the other hand, whether a sum of elements in an upper triangular part of the column exceeds a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, and if the sum of elements in the upper triangular part of the column exceeds the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the upper triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column is a difference between the maximum line rate and an actual amount of authorized bandwidths of a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago; and when the bandwidth authorization matrix is determined, taking a smaller one of values of an element at a same location in a matrix acquired after the line reduction and a matrix acquired after the column reduction as a value of an element at a corresponding location in the bandwidth authorization matrix. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: after determining a value of each element in the bandwidth authorization matrix, scanning, by the master node, the bandwidth authorization matrix line by line and column by column, increasing a value of an element at an intersection of a line in which a sum of elements in the line is smaller than the maximum line rate and a column in which a sum of elements in an upper triangular part in the column is smaller than a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein after the increase, the sum of the elements in the line where the element locates is not larger than the maximum line rate, and the sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column where the element locates is not larger than the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column; increasing a value of an element at an intersection of a line and a column, wherein the line is a line in which a sum of elements included is smaller than the maximum line rate, and the column satisfies that a sum of elements in a lower triangular part in the bandwidth authorization matrix is smaller than a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and after the increase, the sum of the elements in the line where the element locates is not larger than the maximum line rate, and the sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column where the element locates is not larger than the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the reallocating bandwidths for elements in the column comprises: allocating bandwidths for the elements in the column by using a currently available bandwidth allocation manner having highest priority according to a sequence that a fixed bandwidth allocation manner has highest allocation priority, an assured bandwidth allocation manner has second highest priority, and a non-assured bandwidth allocation manner has lowest priority; the reallocating bandwidths for the elements in the line comprises: allocating bandwidths for the elements in the line by using a currently available bandwidth allocation manner having highest priority according to a sequence that a fixed bandwidth allocation manner has highest allocation priority, an assured bandwidth allocation manner has second highest priority, and a non-assured bandwidth allocation manner has lowest priority; the method further comprises: after bandwidths are allocated for the elements in the column or in the line by using the non-assured bandwidth allocation manner, if there are still remaining bandwidths in the column or in the line, then allocating the remaining bandwidths to an unsaturated connection in the column or in the line in a polling manner accordingly, and allocating 1 OB during each polling, wherein the unsaturated connection is a connection having a smaller amount of existing authorized bandwidths than an amount of actual requested bandwidths. 10. (canceled) 11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: when timeslots are allocated, configuring, by the master node according to a sorting sequence of nodes in an OBTN ring, the timeslots in order by respectively taking the nodes as source nodes starting from the master node; wherein a configuration sequence of destination nodes under each source node is that: according to the sorting sequence of the nodes in the OBTN ring, the timeslots are configured in turn from a destination node having a small hop count to the source node to a destination node having a large hop count to the source node; the method further comprising: when a timeslot is allocated for a connection from the source node to a certain destination node, preferentially selecting, among timeslots in which there exists an OB where there has been no drop operation, a timeslot having a smallest timeslot number if there are more than two timeslots occupied by the destination node having a smallest hop count to the destination node configured currently. 12. (canceled) 13. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: when the target node serves as a slave node, synthesizing, by the target node, a bandwidth map received currently and a cross ring bandwidth map to acquire a received map, and receiving a corresponding data frame according to the received map, wherein the cross ring bandwidth map is a bandwidth map received by the target node a period of a ring length ago; and in the received map, element Rnm=j represents that target node n at timeslot m receives an OB sent by source node j; in a prime number bandwidth map, element Anm=i represents that source node n sends an OB to target node i at timeslot m, and m, n, i and j are positive integers, wherein the synthesizing a bandwidth map received currently and a cross ring bandwidth map to acquire a received map comprises: scanning the cross ring bandwidth map line by line or column by column, and for each element in the cross ring bandwidth map, if a value of the element is smaller than a line number of a line where the element locates, then taking the line number of the element as a value of an element which takes the value of the element and a column number of the element in the received bandwidth map respectively as a line number and a column number; and scanning the bandwidth map received currently line by line or column by column, and for each element in the bandwidth map, if a value of the element is larger than a line number of a line where the element locates, then taking the line number of the element a value of an element which takes the value of the element and a column number of the element in the received bandwidth map respectively as a line number and a column number. 14. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: when a control frame and a corresponding data frame arrives at a node in the OBTN simultaneously, delaying, by the node, the received data frame through a Fiber Delay Line (FDL), wherein delay time is longer than or equal to time for the node to process the control frame. 15. A dynamic bandwidth scheduling device of an Optical Burst Transport ring-Network (OBTN), applied on a master node in the OBTN, the device comprising: a timeslot configuring module configured to, for each source node in the OBTN, when allocating a timeslot for a connection from the source node to a destination node, preferentially select, among timeslots in which there exists an Optical Burst (OB) where there has been no drop operation, a timeslot occupied by a destination node having a smallest hop count to a destination node configured currently, and a bandwidth map converting module configured to convert a timeslot allocation result acquired by the timeslot configuring module into a bandwidth map and send the bandwidth map to each slave node in the OBTN. 16. The device according to claim 15, further comprising: a bandwidth authorization matrix generating module configured to acquire a bandwidth request matrix according to bandwidth requests of nodes of a whole network, wherein element Aij in the bandwidth request matrix represents a bandwidth request of node i to node j in the OBTN, i and j are positive integers smaller than or equal to N, and N is a total number of nodes in the OBTN; and an authorization reducing module, configured to reduce authorization for the bandwidth request matrix according to existing bandwidth resources, so as to acquire a bandwidth authorization matrix, wherein element Bij in the bandwidth authorization matrix represents an authorized bandwidth which is authorized by node i for node j in the OBTN, i and j are positive integers smaller than or equal to N, and N is the total number of the nodes in the OBTN; in the bandwidth authorization matrix, a sum of authorized bandwidths of elements of each line is smaller than or equal to a maximum line rate; for each column in the bandwidth authorization matrix, a sum of authorized bandwidths of all elements in an upper triangular part of the column, and a sum of authorized bandwidths of all elements in a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago are smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate. 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the authorization reducing module comprises: a line reducing unit, configured to reduce the bandwidth request matrix by lines; and a column reducing unit, configured to reduce a matrix acquired after the line reduction by columns. 18. The device according to claim 17, wherein the line reducing unit comprises: a first judging sub-unit configured to, for each line in the bandwidth request matrix, judge whether a sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate; and a first allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the first judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the line until an acquired sum of the elements in the line is smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate; and the column reducing unit comprises: a second judging sub-unit configured to, for each column in the matrix acquired after the line reduction, judge whether a sum of elements in a lower triangular part of the column exceeds a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and a second allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the second judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the lower triangular part of the column exceeds the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the lower triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column; and a third judging sub-unit is configured to, for each column in the matrix acquired after the line reduction, judge whether a sum of elements in an upper triangular part of the column exceeds a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column; and a third allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the third judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the upper triangular part of the column exceeds the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the upper triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column is a difference between the maximum line rate and an actual amount of authorized bandwidths of a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago. 19. The device according to claim 17, wherein the line reducing unit comprises: a fourth judging sub-unit configured to, for each line in a matrix acquired after the column reduction, judge whether a sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate; and a fourth allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the fourth judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the line until an acquired sum of the elements in the line is smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate, wherein the column reducing unit comprises: a fifth judging sub-unit configured to, for each column in the bandwidth request matrix, judge whether a sum of elements in a lower triangular part of the column exceeds a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and a fifth allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the fifth judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the lower triangular part of the column exceeds the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column; a sixth judging sub-unit is configured to, for each column in the bandwidth request matrix, judge whether a sum of elements in an upper triangular part of the column exceeds a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, and a sixth allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the sixth judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the upper triangular part of the column exceeds the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the upper triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column is a difference between the maximum line rate and an actual amount of authorized bandwidths of a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago. 20. The device according to claim 16, wherein the authorization reducing module further comprises: an authorization synthesizing unit configured to, when the bandwidth authorization matrix is determined, take a smaller one of values of an element at a same location in a matrix acquired after the line reduction and a matrix acquired after the column reduction as a value of an element at a corresponding location in the bandwidth authorization matrix; the line reducing unit comprises: a seventh judging sub-unit configured to, for each line in the bandwidth request matrix, judge whether a sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, and a seventh allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the seventh judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the line exceeds the maximum line rate, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the line until an acquired sum of the elements in the line is smaller than or equal to the maximum line rate; the column reducing unit comprises: an eighth judging sub-unit configured to, for each column in the bandwidth request matrix, judge whether a sum of elements in a lower triangular part of the column exceeds a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and an eighth allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the eighth judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the lower triangular part of the column exceeds the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the lower triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths; a ninth judging sub-unit is configured to judge, for each column in the bandwidth request matrix, whether a sum of elements in an upper triangular part of the column exceeds a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, and a ninth allocating sub-unit configured to, when a judging result of the ninth judging sub-unit is the sum of elements in the upper triangular part of the column exceeds the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, reallocate bandwidths for the elements in the upper triangular part of the column until an acquired sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column is smaller than or equal to the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column is a difference between the maximum line rate and an actual amount of authorized bandwidths of a lower triangular part of the same column in a bandwidth authorization matrix received a period of a ring length ago; wherein the authorization synthesizing unit comprises: a scanning sub-unit configured to, after determining a value of each element in the bandwidth authorization matrix, scan the bandwidth authorization matrix line by line and column by column; a first increasing sub-unit, configured to increase a value of an element at an intersection of a line in which a sum of elements in the line is smaller than the maximum line rate and a column in which a sum of elements in an upper triangular part in the column is smaller than a maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column, wherein after the increase, the sum of the elements in the line where the element locates is not larger than the maximum line rate, and the sum of the elements in the upper triangular part of the column where the element locates is not larger than the maximum amount of authorized bandwidths of the upper triangular part of the column; a second increasing sub-unit, configured to increase a value of an element at an intersection of a line in which a sum of elements in the line is smaller than the maximum line rate, and a column in which a sum of elements in a lower triangular part in the column is smaller than a difference between the maximum line rate and a preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column, and after the increase, the sum of the elements in the line where the element locates is not larger than the maximum line rate, and the sum of the elements in the lower triangular part of the column where the element locates is not larger than the difference between the maximum line rate and the preset amount of reserved bandwidths of the column. 21. (canceled) 22. The device according to claim 15, wherein the timeslot configuring module is further configured to, when timeslots are allocated, configure according to a sorting sequence of nodes in an OBTN ring, the timeslots in order by respectively taking the nodes as source nodes starting from the master node; and is further configured to determine a configuration sequence of destination nodes under each source node as follows: according to the sorting sequence of the nodes in the OBTN ring, the timeslots are configured in turn from a destination node having a small hop count to the source node to a destination node having a large hop count to the source node; wherein the timeslot configuring module is further configured to, when a timeslot is allocated for a connection from the source node to a certain destination node, preferentially select, among timeslots in which there exists an OB where there has been no drop operation, a timeslot having a smallest timeslot number if there are more than two timeslots occupied by the destination node having a smallest hop count to the destination node configured currently. 23. (canceled) 24. A computer storage medium, the computer storage medium storing a computer executable instruction and the computer executable instruction being used for executing a dynamic bandwidth scheduling method which comprises: when a target node serves as a master node, for each source node in the OBTN, when the target node allocates a timeslot for a connection from the source node to a destination node, preferentially selecting, by the target node, among timeslots in which there exists an Optical Burst (OB) where there has been no drop operation, a timeslot occupied by a destination node having a smallest hop count to a destination node configured currently; and when the target node serves as a master node, converting a timeslot allocation result into a bandwidth map and sending the bandwidth map to each slave node in the OBTN.",
-    "The present invention relates to a TO can-type optical module for ultrahigh-speed communication including a laser diode chip of ultrahigh-speed communication of at least 5 Gbps (Giga bit per sec). In an optical module for ultrahigh-speed communication according to the present invention, a substrate for high-speed signal transmission for transmitting a signal to a laser diode chip is formed by coupling an upper substrate 210 for high-speed signal transmission on which line patterns for high-speed signal transmission are formed, and a lower substrate 220 for high-speed signal transmission of which an upper surface has conductivity with each other, such that the optical module for ultrahigh-speed communication may have single ended impedance of 25 ohms or differential ended impedance of 50 ohms to enable ultrahigh-speed communication, may have a height of about 0.4 mm of a substrate to which a laser diode chip for ultrahigh-speed communication is attached to easily enable an optical coupling between the laser diode chip, the lens, and the like, and may implement a high-speed transmission line using a width of 0.6 mm or less of the substrate to thereby provide a substrate for high-speed signal transmission which is effectively embedded in a TO can-type package having a narrow mounting area. 1. An optical module for ultrahigh-speed communication, wherein a substrate for high-speed signal transmission for transmitting a signal to a laser diode chip is formed by coupling an upper substrate 210 for high-speed signal transmission on which line patterns for high-speed signal transmission are formed, and a lower substrate 220 for high-speed signal transmission of which an upper surface has conductivity with each other. 2. The optical module of claim 1, wherein the laser diode chip 100 is attached to an upper one side of the substrate for high-speed signal transmission. 3. The optical module of claim 1, wherein the lower substrate 220 for high-speed signal transmission has the upper surface having conductivity by depositing a metal thin film 230 on an upper surface of an insulator. 4. The optical module of claim 1, wherein the lower substrate 220 for high-speed signal transmission is manufactured of a metal material. 5. The optical module of claim 3, wherein the metal thin film 230 deposited on the upper surface of the lower substrate 220 for high-speed signal transmission is connected to a ground surface by a conductive epoxy or a wire bonding method so as to be grounded. 6. The optical module of claim 1, wherein the upper substrate 210 for high-speed signal transmission has the line patterns for high-speed signal transmission formed by depositing lines 201 and 202 for signal transmission of a metal thin film to a substrate material of AlN or Silicon a thickness of the upper substrate 210 for high-speed signal transmission is in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm.",
-    "An array substrate and a display device. The array substrate comprises a common electrode line a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines which intersect with each other and pixel units defined by neighboring in data lines. A storage electrode line is provided, so that storage capacitance between the storage electrode line and the pixel electrode can compensate storage capacitance formed between the common electrode and the pixel electrode. The ability of charge retention of the pixel electrode can be increased, so that voltage of the pixel electrode is constant during display period of a frame, and the display effect of a picture is ensured. 1-16. (canceled) 17. An array substrate, comprising., a common electrode line, a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines which intersect with each other, and pixel units defined by neighboring gate lines and neighboring data lines, each of the pixel units comprising a pixel electrode and a common electrode, a first insulating layer arranged between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, wherein each of the pixel units further comprises: a storage electrode line, wherein the storage electrode line and the pixel electrode at least partially overlap, a second insulating layer is arranged between the storage electrode line and the pixel electrode, and wherein the storage electrode line and the common electrode are connected with the common electrode line, respectively. 18. The array substrate of claim 17, wherein a non-display area of the array substrate comprises: a predefined region in which a storage electrode pad is arranged, wherein the storage electrode line is connected with the storage electrode pad, and wherein, in the predefined region, and wherein the common electrode line is connected with the common electrode and the storage electrode pad, respectively. 19. The array substrate of claim 18, wherein the common electrode line is made from a same material as the data lines and arranged in a same layer as the data lines, and wherein the storage electrode line and the storage electrode pad are made from a same material as the gate lines and arranged in a same layer as the gate lines. 20. The array substrate of claim 19, wherein the common electrode is located above the pixel electrode, the common electrode line, the data lines, and the pixel electrodes are arranged on the second insulating layer, and the gate lines are located below the pixel electrode. 21. The array substrate of claim 19, wherein a first via hole is arranged in a region of the first insulating layer corresponding to the predefined region, wherein the common electrode is connected with the common electrode line by means of the first via hole; wherein a second via hole is arranged in a region of the second insulating layer corresponding to the predefined region, and wherein the common electrode line is connected with the storage electrode pad by means of the second via hole. 22. The array substrate of claim 18, wherein the storage electrode line, the storage electrode pad, and the common electrode lines are made from a same material the gate lines and arranged in a same layer as the gate lines, and wherein the common electrode line and the storage electrode pad form an integral structure. 23. The array substrate of claim 22, wherein the common electrode is located above the pixel electrode, and wherein the gate lines are located below the pixel electrode. 24. The array substrate of claim 22, wherein a third via hole is arranged in a region of the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer corresponding to the predefined region, and wherein the common electrode is connected with the storage electrode pad by means of the third via hole. 25. The array substrate of claim 18, wherein there are a plurality of storage electrode lines which are parallel with an extending direction of the gate lines, and wherein each of the plurality of storage electrode lines corresponds to a row of the pixel electrodes. 26. The array substrate of claim 19, wherein a plurality of storage electrode lines are parallel with an extending direction of the gate lines, each of which corresponds to a row of the pixel electrodes. 27. The array substrate of claim 20, wherein a plurality of storage electrode lines are parallel with an extending direction of the gate lines, each of which corresponds to a row of the pixel electrodes. 28. The array substrate of claim 25, further comprising: a plurality of predefined regions and a plurality of storage electrode pads, wherein each of the storage electrode pads is connected with one of the storage electrode lines; a plurality of common electrode lines, wherein each of the plurality of common electrode lines is at least connected with the storage electrode pad in one of the predefined regions, and is further connected with the common electrode in the predefined region. 29. The array substrate of claim 25, further comprising: a plurality of predefined regions and a plurality of storage electrode pads, wherein each of the storage electrode pads is connected with one of the storage electrode lines; and wherein there is only one common electrode line connected with the storage electrode pad in each of the predefined regions, and connected with the common electrode at each of the predefined regions. 30. The array substrate of claim 28, wherein each of the predefined regions is located between extending lines of two neighboring the gate lines, and each of the predefined regions corresponds to a row of the pixel electrodes; and wherein an extending direction of each of the common electrode lines is parallel with an extending direction of the gate lines. 31. The array substrate of claim 29, wherein each of the predefined regions is located between extending lines of two neighboring the gate lines, and wherein each of the predefined regions corresponds to a row of the pixel electrodes; and wherein an extending direction of the common electrode line is parallel with an extending direction of the data lines. 32. The array substrate of claim 19, wherein slits are arranged in the common electrode and in a region corresponding to the underlying pixel electrode. 33. The array substrate of claim 20, wherein slits are arranged in the common electrode and in a region corresponding to the underlying pixel electrode. 34. The array substrate of claim 19, wherein the first insulating layer has a thickness of 1-3 \u03bcm. 35. The array substrate of claim 20, wherein the first insulating layer has a thickness of 1-3 \u03bcm. 36. A display device, the array substrate comprises a common electrode line, a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines which intersect with each other, and pixel units defined by neighboring gate lines and neighboring data lines, wherein each of the pixel units comprises a pixel electrode and a common electrode, wherein a first insulating layer is arranged between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, wherein each of the pixel units further comprises a storage electrode line, the storage electrode line and the pixel electrode at least partially overlap, a second insulating layer is arranged between the storage electrode line and the pixel electrode, and the storage electrode line and the common electrode are connected with the common electrode line, respectively.",
-    "A curved surface display device and a curved surface display method, which belong to the field of display technology. The curved display device comprises a display panel, a motor, a first arc lever and a second arc lever. A first end of the first arc lever and the second arc lever are connected with the motor through a connector, and a second end of the first arc lever and second arc lever are connected with the casing of the device. The connector is used for pulling the first end of the first arc lever and the first end of the second arc lever with rotation of the motor, such that the first arc lever and the second arc lever rotate around their pivots respectively, thus realizing automatic bending of the casing, which meets the user's requirement of adjusting the curvature of the curved surface display device. 1. A curved surface display device, comprising: a display panel, a casing, a bracket, a motor, a first arc lever and a second arc lever; wherein the display panel is mounted on the casing, the casing is supported by the bracket; wherein the first arc lever and the second arc lever are symmetrical with respect to a middle axis of the display panel in a vertical direction, and wherein pivots of the first arc lever and the second arc lever are both located on the bracket; wherein a first end of the first arc lever is connected with the motor through a connector, and a second end of the first arc lever is connected with the casing; wherein a first end of the second arc lever is connected with the motor through the connector, and a second end of the second arc lever is connected with the casing; and wherein the connector is used for pulling the first end of the first arc lever and the first end of the second arc lever with rotation of the motor, such that the first arc lever and the second arc lever rotate around their pivots respectively. 2. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, further comprising: a first push plate and a second push plate; wherein the second end of the first arc lever is connected with the first push plate; wherein the second end of the second arc lever is connected with the second push plate; wherein the first push plate and the second push plate are mounted on the casing, and located at a side of the display panel away from a viewer of the curved surface display device, and wherein the first push plate and the second push plate are symmetrical with respect to the middle axis of the display panel in the vertical direction. 3. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, wherein the display panel is a flexible display panel, wherein the casing is a flexible casing, and wherein the flexible display panel is capable of bending with bending of the flexible casing. 4. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, wherein the connector is a connecting line, the connecting line passes through a pulley; wherein the pulley is mounted on a back cover of the casing, and is located above the motor; and wherein a distance between the pulley and a base of the bracket, a distance between the first arc lever and the base and a distance between the second arc lever and the base are equal. 5. The curved surface display device according to claim 4, wherein the connecting line is a carbon fiber line. 6. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, wherein the motor is fixed on the base of the bracket. 7. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, wherein the bracket is symmetrical with respect to the middle axis of the display panel in the vertical direction, and wherein the pivot of the first arc lever and the pivot of the second arc lever are symmetrical with respect to the middle axis of the display panel in the vertical direction. 8. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, further comprising a camera electrically connected with the motor. 9. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, further comprising an infrared receiver electrically connected with the motor. 10. The curved surface display device according to claim 1, further comprising a voice receiver electrically connected with the motor. 11. A curved surface display method, the curved surface display method being applied in the curved surface display device as claimed in claim 1, and the curved surface display method comprising: motor rotating, to pull a first end of a first arc lever and a first end of a second arc lever through a connector, such that the first arc lever and the second arc lever rotate around their pivots respectively; during rotation of the first arc lever and the second arc lever around their pivots respectively, a second end of the first arc lever and a second end of the second arc lever applying forces to a casing, so as to enable the casing to bend. 12. The curved surface display method according to claim 11, wherein the curved surface display device further comprises a first push plate and a second push plate; and wherein during rotation of the first arc lever and the second arc lever around their pivots respectively, the second end of the first arc lever and the second end of the second arc lever applying forces to the casing so as to enable the casing to bend comprises: during rotation of the first arc lever and the second arc lever around their pivots respectively, the second end of the first arc lever applying a force to the first push plate, the second end of the second arc lever applying a force to the second push plate, such that the first push plate and the second push plate push the casing, so as to enable the casing to bend. 13. The curved surface display method according to claim 11, wherein the connector is a connecting line, the connecting line passes through a pulley; and wherein the motor rotating so as to pull the first end of the first arc lever and the first end of the second arc lever through the connector comprises: the motor drives the pulley to rotate through the connecting line, and pulls the first end of the first arc lever and the first end of the second arc lever with rotation of the pulley. 14. The curved surface display method according to claim 11, wherein the curved surface display device further comprises a camera, the curved surface display method further comprises: the camera measuring a distance between a viewer of the curved surface display device and the camera, determining a rotation direction and rotation distance of the motor based on the measured distance; the motor rotating according to the determined rotation direction and rotation distance. 15. The curved surface display method according to claim 11, wherein the curved surface display device further comprises an infrared receiver, and wherein the curved surface display method further comprises: the infrared receiver receiving an infrared signal transmitted by a remote controller, determining a rotation direction and a rotation distance of the motor based on the infrared signal; and the motor rotating according to the determined rotation direction and rotation distance. 16. The curved surface display method according to claim 11, wherein the curved surface display device further comprises a voice receiver, and wherein the curved surface display method further comprises: the voice receiver receiving voice information, determining a rotation direction and a rotation distance of the motor based on adjustment voice information contained in the voice information; the motor rotating according to the determined rotation direction and rotation distance.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for X-ray phase contrast imaging. The method comprises the following steps: from the measured phase gradient and overall attenuation information, an electron density is computed; the contribution pC of the Compton scattering to the overall attenuation is estimated from the electron density; the contribution pp of the photo-electric absorption to the overall attenuation is estimated from the overall attenuation and the contribution pC; the values pC and pp are used to reconstruct a Compton image and a photo-electric image; by linear combination of these two images, a monochromatic image at a desired energy is obtained. 1. A method for generating an X-ray image, comprising the steps of: receiving a phase gradient and an overall attenuation information both derived from a phase-contrast image; computing an electron density image based on the phase gradient information as recorded in the phase-contrast image; estimating, from the computed electron-density, a contribution, pC, of the Compton scattering to the overall attenuation information as recorded in the phase-contrast image; estimating the contribution, pp, of the photo-electric absorption to the overall attenuation information as recorded in the phase-contrast image; and for an energy specification, combining pC and pp into a mono-chromatic image. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying the mono-chromatic image on the display device. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: responsive to a request including an updated energy specification, repeating the previous step for the updated energy specification, and displaying an updated mono-chromatic image on the display device for the updated energy specification. 4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: responsive to request for a visualization mode, rendering the monochromatic image or the updated mono-chromatic image accordingly and effectuating display of same on the display device. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the visualization mode includes water-bone image rendering or water-iodine rendering. 6. An X-ray image processing system including: an imaging apparatus configured to supply the phase-contrast image; a user input device for receiving the desired energy specification (4); a processing unit configured to process the phase-contrast image according to the method of claim 1; a display device for displaying the monochromatic image computed by the processing unit. 7. The image processing system according to claim 2, arranged for: displaying he mono-chromatic image on the display device. 8. The image processing system according to claim 6, arranged for: enabling a user to enter a request including an updated energy specification, repeating step responsive to said request for the updated energy specification; and displaying an updated mono-chromatic image on the display device for the updated energy specification. 9. The image processing system according to claim 6, arranged for: enabling a user to enter a request for a visualization mode; and rendering responsive to said request the monochromatic image or the updated mono-chromatic image accordingly and effectuating display of same on the display device. 10. The image processing system according to claim 9, arranged for: enabling a user to enter a request for a visualization mode including water-bone image rendering and water-iodine rendering; and rendering responsive to said request the monochromatic image or the updated mono-chromatic image accordingly and effectuating display of same on the display device. 11. The image processing system according to claim, 6, arranged for recording the phase-contrast image using an energy integrating detector. 12. The image processing system according to claim 6, wherein the imaging apparatus is a computed tomography imaging apparatus. 13. The mage processing system according to claim 6, arranged for executing within a framework of a beam-hardening correction algorithm. 14. A computer program for controlling an image processing system, which, when being executed by a processing unit, is arranged for performing the method according to claim 1. 15. A computer readable medium having stored thereon the computer program of claim 14.",
-    "A step-by-step mechanism with a housing (2) in which an outer ring (3) and an output element (4) are disposed, the outer ring (3) including double-clamp ramps (6) and the output element (4) including an inner clamping track (7), and, in an annular space (8) formed between the outer ring (3) and the output element (4), clamping bodies (9) being disposed which cooperate with the double-clamp ramps (6), the clamping bodies (8) being spring-loaded. Provided in the housing (2) is a housing-fixed sleeve (10) and spring elements (13) that spring-load the clamping bodies (9) are supported on the sleeve (10). 1. A step-by-step mechanism comprising a housing, an outer ring and a driven element arranged in the housing, the outer ring has double clamp ramps and the driven element has an inner clamping track, clamping bodies arranged in a ring space formed between the outer ring and the driven element, said clamping bodies interact with the double clamp ramps and are spring-loaded, a housing-fixed sleeve in the housing, and spring elements that spring-load the clamping bodies are supported on the sleeve. 2. The step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the clamping bodies are spring-loaded in a circumferential direction on two sides. 3. The step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve has axial cams on which the spring elements are supported. 4. The step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve has a base that is elastic in an axial direction and acts on the driven element. 5. The step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the driven element is constructed as an inner ring. 6. The step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve is constructed from a plastic. 7. The step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the spring elements are compression springs. 8. A seat adjustment device with a step-by-step mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the outer ring is connected to a drive element of a seat adjustment device.",
-    "A catheter-free drug fluid infusion device, comprising a controller (11) and a pump (12) combined with the controller (11). The controller (11) comprises a first housing having a first built-in circuit. The first housing is provided with a first engagement portion and a first insertion portion electrically connected to the first built-in circuit. The pump (12) comprises a second housing having a second built-in circuit, a drug storage cylinder, a piston, a push rod, a driving means and a battery. The second housing is provided with a second engagement portion correspondingly engaged with the first engagement portion and a second insertion portion electrically connected to the second built-in circuit. The second insertion portion is correspondingly inserted in the first insertion portion to realize electrical connection between the first built-in circuit and the second built-in circuit. The catheter-free drug fluid infusion device employs a detachable structural design to reduce the cost, so as to solve the problem that a drug fluid infusion device in the prior art has complex operation, large size and high cost. 1. A tubeless fluid delivery device, comprising: a controller, comprising a first housing which has a first built-in circuit, wherein the first housing is provided with a first engagement part and a first insertion part electrically connected to the first built-in circuit; and a pump base combined with the controller, which comprises a second housing having a second built-in circuit, a reservoir, a piston, a push rod, a driving member and a battery, wherein the second housing is provided with a second engagement part correspondingly engaged with the first engagement part and a second insertion part electrically connected to the second built-in circuit, wherein the second insertion part is correspondingly inserted in the first insertion part to realize electrical connection between the first built-in circuit and the second built-in circuit. 2. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the first engagement part is a clamping hole or a clamping slot. 3. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 2, wherein the second engagement part is a clamping hook corresponding to the clamping hole or the clamping slot, and the clamping hook is connected to a clamping hook handle, wherein the clamping hook is engaged with the clamping hole or the clamping slot, or disengaged from the clamping hole or the clamping slot by controlling the clamping hook handle. 4. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 2, wherein the second engagement part is a clamping hook corresponding to the clamping hole or the clamping slot, and the first housing is provided with a button configured to separate the clamping hook from the clamping hole or the clamping slot. 5. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the first insertion part is a sealed socket, the sealed socket is provided with a groove in which a connector configured to be electrically connected to the first built-in circuit is disposed, wherein an O-shaped sealing ring is set on a surface on which the connector is attached with the sealed socket. 6. (canceled) 7. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 5, wherein the second insertion part is a plug which comprises a plug body circumferentially set with an O-shaped sealing ring and a bolt embedded in the plug body, wherein when the plug is inserted into the sealed socket, the bolt is inserted into the connector and electrically connected to the connector, wherein the O-shaped sealing ring on the plug body and the sealed socket fit tightly to achieve waterproof sealing. 8. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein a main frame used as a structure supporter and a supporter for the second built-in circuit is embedded in the pump body, and the second built-in circuit set on the main frame is a 3D printed circuit which is electrically connected to the second insertion part. 9. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 8, wherein signal lines on the second insertion part realizes a first combination of functions comprising a position detection, a left in place detection, a right in place detection, a battery positive electrode, a blockage detection, a left side drive, a right side drive and a battery negative electrode; or a second combination of functions comprising a reference electrode, a buzz left in place detection, a public right in place detection, a battery positive electrode, a working electrode, a left side drive, a right side drive and a battery negative electrode; or a third combination of functions comprising a position detection, a left in place detection, a right in place detection, a battery positive electrode, a buzz positive, a left side drive, a right side drive and a battery negative electrode. 10. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 9, wherein if the first combination or the second combination is used, a ground wire of the second insertion part is connected to a common port of the position detection, a common port of the left in place detection, a common port of the right in place detection, a common port of the blockage detection, and the battery negative electrode; if the third combination is used, the ground wire of the second insertion part is connected to the common port of the position detection, the common port of the left in place detection, the common port of the right in place detection, the common port of the blockage detection, the buzz positive electrode, and the battery negative electrode. 11. (canceled) 12. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the first built-in circuit of the controller comprises a control circuit and a processor. 13. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the first housing is provided with a first buzzer chamber in which a first buzzer is disposed, and the first buzzer is connected to the first built-in circuit of the controller via a wire; or the second housing is provided with a second buzzer chamber in which a second buzzer is disposed, and the second buzzer is connected to the second built-in circuit of the controller via a contact. 14. (canceled) 15. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the pump base further comprises a subcutaneous cannula installation device having a steel needle, a steel needle bed, a spring and a toggle switch. 16. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 15, wherein the pump base further comprises an cannula combined with the steel needle, and the cannula is implanted subcutaneously via the aid of the steel needle. 17. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 16, wherein the steel needle is a hollow needle, and the cannula covers the hollow needle; or the steel needle is a groove steel needle, the cannula is set in the groove of the groove steel needle. 18. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 15, wherein a glucose sensor is set on an outer surface of the cannula. 19. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the pump base further comprises a fluid outlet on which an delivery fluid plug having a plastic base, a silica gel plug and a polymer film is provided, the delivery fluid plug is connected to the second housing via a fastener, when the plastic base is lifted, the delivery fluid plug is detachable from the pump base. 20. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein a medical adhesive tape used to be stuck to the skin of a patient is fixed on the pump base. 21. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the tubeless fluid delivery device further comprises a skin heating device configured to heat the skin at which the fluid is infused. 22. The tubeless fluid delivery device according to claim 1, wherein the pump base further comprises an identity recognition tag, and the identity recognition tag is a near field communication (NFC) tag, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag or an identity recognition chip.",
-    "In a state where steering required torque is outputted (S1: YES), the steering required torque is canceled (S12) based on the fact that a state of driver torque being inputted has continued (S11: YES). A cancellation delay time, which represents the length of time from when the driver torque is inputted until the steering required torque is canceled, is set to be shorter when the driver torque is higher than or equal to a timer-ON threshold 2 than when the driver torque is between a timer-ON threshold 1 and the timer-ON threshold 2. Consequently, in the case where a steering wheel is quickly turned by a driver and thus high torque is inputted to the steering wheel, control torque will be canceled in a short time and thus steering will be performed in quick response to the steering wheel operation of the driver. As a result, an uncomfortable feeling caused to the driver will be suppressed. 1. A lane keeping assist apparatus (10, 10A) installed on a vehicle, the lane keeping assist apparatus comprising: a control torque outputting unit (12, 12A) that outputs control torque for keeping the vehicle in a traveling lane; and a driver torque detection unit (11) that detects driver torque, the driver torque being torque inputted by a driver of the vehicle to a steering wheel of the vehicle, characterized in that in a state of outputting the control torque, the control torque outputting unit stops the output of the control torque based on the detection of the driver torque, and the control torque outputting unit varies, according to the driver torque detected by the driver torque detection unit, a time from when the driver torque is inputted until the output of the control torque is stopped. 2. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 1, further characterized in that the higher the driver torque detected by the driver torque detection unit, the time from when the driver torque is inputted until the output of the control torque is stopped is reduced in stages or continuously. 3. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 1, further characterized in that the higher the driver torque detected by the driver torque detection unit, the time from when the driver torque is inputted until the output of the control torque is stopped is increased in stages or continuously. 4. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in any one of claims 1-3, further comprising: a cancellation delay time setting unit (13) that sets, in the state where the control torque is outputted, a cancellation delay time that varies according to the magnitude of the driver torque; and a timer measurement unit (14) that measures a duration in which the driver torque is determined to be continuously inputted, characterized in that the control torque outputting unit stops the output of the control torque based on the fact that the duration measured by the timer measurement unit exceeds the cancellation delay time set by the cancellation delay time setting unit. 5. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 4, further characterized in that the timer measurement unit has a plurality of timer-ON thresholds, which are thresholds of the driver torque for starting the measurement of the duration, and performs the measurement of the duration corresponding to each of the timer-ON thresholds, the cancellation delay time setting unit compares each of the timer-ON thresholds with the driver torque and sets the cancellation delay time for each of those timer-ON thresholds than which the driver torque is higher, and the control torque outputting unit stops the output of the control torque based on the fact that any of the durations measured by the timer measurement unit respectively for the timer-ON thresholds exceeds the cancellation delay time corresponding to the duration. 6. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 5, further characterized in that the timer measurement unit has timer-OFF thresholds respectively corresponding to the timer-ON thresholds, the timer-OFF thresholds being thresholds of the driver torque for stopping the measurement of the duration, each of the timer-OFF thresholds is set to a lower value than the corresponding timer-ON threshold, and during the measurement of the duration, if the driver torque is lower than the timer-ON threshold but higher than or equal to the timer-OFF threshold, the measurement of the duration is continued. 7. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in any one of claims 4-6, further characterized in that the cancellation delay time setting unit sets the cancellation delay time to different times according to whether a generation direction of the control torque and a direction in which the steering wheel is turned by the driver torque are the same or opposite to each other. 8. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in any one of claims 4-7, further characterized in that the cancellation delay time setting unit sets a final cancellation delay time by correcting, based on at least one of a vehicle speed, a position of the vehicle in a lane width direction and a road curvature, the cancellation delay time determined based on the driver torque. 9. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 1 or 2, further comprising a torque integrating unit (16) that successively calculates a torque integral value by successively integrating the driver torque from when the driver torque is determined to be inputted, characterized in that the control torque outputting unit stops the output of the control torque based on the fact that the torque integral value calculated by the torque integrating unit exceeds a preset cancellation torque integral value. 10. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 9, further characterized by comprising a cancellation integral value setting unit (15) that sets the cancellation torque integral value to different values according to whether a generation direction of the control torque and a direction in which the steering wheel is turned by the driver torque are the same or opposite to each other. 11. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in claim 10, further characterized in that the cancellation integral value setting unit sets a final cancellation torque integral value by correcting, based on at least one of a vehicle speed, a position of the vehicle in a lane width direction and a road curvature, the cancellation torque integral value determined based on whether the generation direction of the control torque and the direction in which the steering wheel is turned by the driver torque are the same or opposite to each other. 12. The lane keeping assist apparatus as set forth in any one of claims 9-11, further characterized in that the torque integrating unit has an integration-ON threshold and an integration-OFF threshold, the integration-ON threshold being a threshold of the driver torque for starting the calculation of the torque integral value, the integration-OFF threshold being a threshold of the driver torque for stopping the calculation of the torque integral value, and the integration-OFF threshold is set to be lower than the integration-ON threshold.",
-    "A resilient motor mount (70) for a power toothbrush (10) configured to limit the axial and rotational displacement of a shaft (60) of a motor (50). The displacement limits are designed to protect the toothbrush (10) from physical damage and to prevent rotational slipped poles, i.e. \u201ccogging\u201d errors, between the permanent magnets and poles of the resonating toothbrush motor (50). 1. A power toothbrush (10), comprising: a housing (20); a frame (40) disposed within the housing (20); a motor (50) having an oscillating output and disposed on the frame (40); a motor shaft (60) having a distal end (63) arranged to receive a toothbrush brushhead, and a proximal end (61) extending from the motor (50) within the housing (20); and a resilient motor mount (70) disposed adjacent to the motor (50) and arranged to limit a maximum displacement of the shaft (60). 2. The power toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the resilient motor mount (70) further comprises a bottom bumper (71); and an axial stop surface (72) disposed on the bottom bumper and facing the shaft proximal end, and further arranged to limit the displacement of the motor shaft along a shaft axis. 3. The power toothbrush of claim 2, wherein the axial stop surface is spaced away from the shaft proximal end by a distance that is less than a displacement caused by an operation of receiving the toothbrush brushhead. 4. The power toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the resilient motor mount is disposed in compressive arrangement between the motor and a side surface of either the frame or the housing. 5. The power toothbrush of claim 4, wherein the resilient motor mount further comprises one or more mount arms (75, 76), each having a compression surface (77, 78) in compressive contact with the motor (50) proximal end. 6. The power toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the motor mount further comprises cogging stop surfaces (73, 74) disposed at a radial distance from the shaft proximal end, the cogging stop surfaces (73, 74) operable to limit the rotational displacement of the shaft. 7. The power toothbrush of claim 6, further comprising a pawl (62) disposed on the shaft proximal end, wherein the pawl (62) is in a spaced away arrangement from the cogging stop surface. 8. The power toothbrush of claim 7, wherein the resilient motor mount further comprises at least one mount tab (79, 81, 82), and either of the frame or the housing further comprises a slot, such that an engagement of the tab and slot prevent a rotation displacement of the resilient motor mount within the housing. 9. The power toothbrush of claim 6, wherein the motor includes a cogging rotational displacement, and further wherein the limit is less than the cogging rotational displacement. 10. A resilient motor mount for a power toothbrush (10), comprising: a bottom bumper (71) having a central axis and a periphery; an axial stop surface (72) disposed at one end of the bottom bumper (71); and one or more mount arms (75, 76) extending away from the bumper periphery in a direction along the central axis, wherein each mount arm (75, 76) includes a compression surface (77, 78) disposed to be in compressive contact with a proximal end of a motor (50) of the power toothbrush (10). 11. The resilient motor mount of claim 10, further comprising a cogging stop surface (73, 74) disposed on the mount arms (75, 76). 12. The resilient motor mount of claim 10, further comprising at least one mount tab (79, 81, 82) arranged to engage a slot in a frame (40) or housing (20) of the power toothbrush (10), wherein the engagement of the tab and slot limit a rotational displacement of the resilient motor mount with respect to the frame or housing. 13. The resilient motor mount of claim 12, wherein the mount tab (82) is disposed on the bottom bumper (71). 14. The resilient motor mount of claim 12, wherein the mount tab (79, 81) is disposed on the one or more mount arms (75, 76) generally opposite the compression surface. 15. The resilient motor mount of claim 10, wherein the motor mount is generally u-shaped. 16. The resilient motor mount of claim 10, wherein the motor mount is a unitary piece formed of a material selected from one of rubber or plastic.",
-    "A controller for a movable unloading apparatus of an agricultural harvesting machine, wherein the movable unloading apparatus directs crop material from the agricultural harvesting machine to a container driven in the vicinity of the agricultural harvesting machine, and wherein the controller receives image data representative of a stream of crop material as it passes from the unloading apparatus to the container; processes the image data in order to determine a shape of the stream of crop material in the image data; and sets set an attribute of the unloading apparatus in accordance with the determined shape of the stream of crop material in order to direct the crop material from the unloading apparatus to the container. 1. A control system for a movable unloading apparatus of an agricultural harvesting machine, wherein the movable unloading apparatus is configured to direct crop material from the agricultural harvesting machine to a container driven in the vicinity of the agricultural harvesting machine, the control system comprising a controller configured to: receive image data from a camera, the image data representative of a stream of crop material as it passes from the unloading apparatus to the container; process the image data and determine a shape of the stream of crop material in the image data; and set an attribute of the unloading apparatus in accordance with the determined shape of the stream of crop material in order to direct the crop material from the unloading apparatus to the container. 2. The control system of claim 1, configured to determine an orientation of one or two side edges of the stream of crop material in order to determine the shape of the stream of crop material. 3. The control system of claim 1, configured to perform edge recognition on the image data in order to determine the shape of the stream of crop material. 4. The control system of claim 1, wherein the image data comprises depth data relating to the distance between the camera that captures the image data and objects represented by pixels in the image, and the controller is configured to process the depth data in order to determine the shape of the stream of crop material. 5. The control system of claim 1, configured to move the unloading apparatus relative to the agricultural harvesting machine in accordance with the set attribute of the unloading apparatus. 6. The control system of claim 1, wherein the attribute of the unloading apparatus comprises one or more of: an angular position of the unloading apparatus about a vertical axis; an angular position of the unloading apparatus about a horizontal axis; and an angular position of a pivotable flap at a distal end of the unloading apparatus. 7. The control system of claim 1, further configured to: receive wind speed and wind direction information from a wind sensor; and set the attribute of the unloading apparatus in accordance with the received wind speed and wind direction information and the determined shape of the stream of crop material in order to direct the crop material from the unloading apparatus to the container. 8. An agricultural harvesting machine comprising: a moveable unloading apparatus configured to direct crop material to a container driven in the vicinity of the agricultural harvesting machine, a control system connected to the moveable unloading apparatus, the control system comprising a controller configured to: receive image data from a camera, the image data representative of a stream of crop material as it passes from the unloading apparatus to the container; process the image data and determine a shape of the stream of crop material in the image data; and set an attribute of the unloading apparatus in accordance with the determined shape of the stream of crop material in order to direct the crop material from the unloading apparatus to the container. 9. A method of controlling a movable unloading apparatus of an agricultural harvesting machine to direct crop material from the agricultural harvesting machine to a container driven in the vicinity of the harvesting machine, the method comprising the steps of: capturing image data representative of a stream of crop material as it passes from the unloading apparatus to the container; processing the image data in order to determine a shape of the stream of crop material in the image data; and setting an attribute of the unloading apparatus in accordance with the determined shape of the stream of crop material in order to direct the crop material from the unloading apparatus to the container. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein processing the image data in order to determine the shape of the stream of crop material comprises determining an orientation of one or two side edges of the stream of crop material. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein processing the image data in order to determine the shape of the stream of crop material comprises performing edge recognition on the image data. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the image data comprises depth data relating to the distance between the camera that captures the image data and objects represented by pixels in the image, and the method comprises processing the depth data in order to determine the shape of the stream of crop material. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising moving the unloading apparatus relative to the agricultural harvesting machine in accordance with the set attribute of the unloading apparatus. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the attribute of the unloading apparatus comprises one or more of: an angular position of the unloading apparatus about a vertical axis; an angular position of the unloading apparatus about a horizontal axis; and an angular position of a pivotable flap at a distal end of the unloading apparatus. 15. (canceled)",
-    "The purpose of the present invention is to provide a work vehicle with which convenience during boarding/alighting can be improved. Accordingly, provided is a tractor, i.e. a work vehicle, having a step used for boarding/alighting provided in front of a rear wheel thereof. The step is configured from: a receiving part which engages with a foot of an operator; a front support part for supporting a front of the receiving part; and a rear support part for supporting a rear of the receiving part. One end of the front support part is coupled to a cabin frame. Another end of the front support part is coupled to a tractor side end surface of the receiving part. One end of the rear support part is coupled to a front-side end part of a fender of the rear wheel. Another end of the rear support part is coupled to a rear-side end surface of the receiving part. 1. A working vehicle with a step for getting on and off in front of a rear wheel, said step comprising: a receiving portion for a foot of the operator; a front supporting portion supporting the front of the receiving portion; and a rear supporting portion supporting, wherein an end of the front supporting portion is connected to a cabin frame and another end is connected to an end face of the receiving portion where is on the working vehicle side, and wherein an end for the rear supporting portion is connected to a front end of a fender for a rear wheel and another end is connected to an end face of the receiving portion. 2. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the rear support portion is formed along the tread surface of the rear wheel with the same radius of curvature of the fender. 3. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the front support portion is connected to the receiving part in front of the front side of the cabin, and wherein the rear support portion is connected to the receiving portion at a position lower than the axle of the rear wheel. 4. The work vehicle of claim 2, wherein a plurality of triangle shaped through holes are formed in the receiving part, and wherein each side of through holes is arranged so as not to parallel to the crosswise direction of the receiving part. 5. The work vehicle of claim 1, wherein the front support portion is connected to the receiving part in front of the front side of the cabin, and wherein the rear support portion is connected to the receiving portion at a position lower than the axle of the rear wheel. 6. The work vehicle of claim 2, wherein a plurality of triangle shaped through holes are formed in the receiving part, and wherein each side of through holes is arranged so as not to parallel to the crosswise direction of the receiving part. 7. The work vehicle of claim 3, wherein a plurality of triangle shaped through holes are formed in the receiving part, and wherein each side of through holes is arranged so as not to parallel to the crosswise direction of the receiving part. 8. The work vehicle of claim 4, wherein a plurality of triangle shaped through holes are formed in the receiving part, and wherein each side of through holes is arranged so as not to parallel to the crosswise direction of the receiving part.",
-    "The present invention provides compounds of formula (I): compositions comprising such compounds; the use of such compounds in therapy (for example in the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated); and methods of treating patients with such compounds; wherein A, B, W, X and Y are as defined herein. 1. A compound of formula (I), wherein: W is CH or N; X is CH, CH2\u2014CH2, CH\u2550CH, N or NH; Y is CH2, CH, N, NH or O; wherein the bond between X and Y (\u201c\u201d) is saturated, unsaturated or aromatic; B is (i) or (ii): i) a radical of formula II: or ii) a fused 6,5- or 6,6-heteroaromatic bicyclic ring, containing N and, optionally, one or two additional N, O, or S heteroatoms, which is optionally mono-, di or tri-substituted with a substituent that is alkyl, alkoxy, OH, halo, CN, COOR8, CONR8R9, CF3 or NR8R9; P is H and Q is \u2014C(R20)(R21)NH2, or P is \u2014C(R20)(R21)NH2 and Q is H; U and V are independently C or N such that the aromatic ring containing U and V is phenyl, pyridine or pyrazine; R1 is absent when U is N; R2 is absent when V is N; or, when present, R1 and R2 are independently H, alkyl, alkoxy, CN, halo or CF3; R3 is H, alkyl, alkoxy, CN, halo or CF3; A is \u2014(CH2)0-9-heteroaryl or \u2014(CH2)0-9-aryl; R8 and R9 are independently H or alkyl; R20 and R21 are independently H and alkyl, or may together form a cycloalkyl ring or a cyclic ether; alkyl is a linear saturated hydrocarbon having up to 10 carbon atoms (C1-C10) or a branched saturated hydrocarbon of between 3 and 10 carbon atoms (C3-C10); alkyl may optionally be independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents which are (C1-C6)alkoxy, OH, CN, CF3, COOR10, CONR10R11, fluoro or NR10R11; cycloalkyl is a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon of between 3 and 7 carbon atoms; a cyclic ether is a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon of between 4 and 7 carbon atoms, wherein one of the ring carbons is replaced by an oxygen atom; alkoxy is a linear O-linked hydrocarbon of between 1 and 6 carbon atoms (C1-C6) or a branched O-linked hydrocarbon of between 3 and 6 carbon atoms (C3-C6); alkoxy may optionally be independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents which are OH, CN, CF3, COOR10, CONR10R11, fluoro or NR10R11; aryl is phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl; aryl may be optionally independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, alkoxy, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, OH, halo, CN, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, heteroaryl, \u2014(CH2)0-3\u2014O-heteroaryl, arylb, \u2014O-arylb, \u2014(CH2)1-3-arylb, \u2014(CH2)1-3-heteroaryl, \u2014COOR10, \u2014CONR10R11, \u2014(CH2)1-3\u2014NR14R15, CF3 or \u2014NR10R11; arylb is phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl, which may be optionally independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, alkoxy, OH, halo, CN, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, \u2014COOR10, \u2014CONR10R11, CF3 or NR10R11; heteroaryl is a 5, 6, 9 or 10 membered mono- or bi-cyclic aromatic ring, containing, where possible, 1, 2 or 3 ring members which are independently N, NR8, S or O; heteroaryl may be optionally independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, alkoxy, OH, halo, CN, aryl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, \u2014(CH2)1-3-aryl, heteroarylb, \u2014COOR10, \u2014CONR10R11, CF3 or \u2014NR10R11; heteroarylb is a 5, 6, 9 or 10 membered mono- or bi-cyclic aromatic ring, containing, where possible, 1, 2 or 3 ring members which are independently N, NR8, S or O; wherein heteroarylb may be optionally independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, alkoxy, OH, halo, CN, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, aryl, \u2014(CH2)1-3-aryl, \u2014COOR10, \u2014CONR10R11, CF3 or NR10R11; R10 and R11 are independently H or alkyl; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated with 1 or 2 double bonds; R14 and R15 are independently alkyl, arylb or heteroarylb; or R14 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring which may be saturated or unsaturated with 1 or 2 double bonds, and optionally may be oxo substituted; or a tautomer, isomer, stereoisomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein W is CH or N; X is CH, CH2\u2014CH2, or N; and Y is CH, N or O. 3. A compound according to claim 1, as defined by formula (III) or formula (IV): 4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein B is (i) or (ii): i) a radical of formula IIa: wherein R1 is H or alkyl, R2 is H, R3 is H or alkyl, and P is \u2014CH2NH2; or ii) a fused 6,5- or 6,6-heteroaromatic bicyclic ring, containing N and, optionally, one or two additional heteroatoms which are independently N, O or S, which is optionally mono or di-substituted with a substituent that is alkyl, alkoxy, OH, halo, CN, CF3 or NR8R9. 5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein B is a radical of formula IIa: wherein R1 is H and alkyl, R2 is H, R3 is H or alkyl, and P is \u2014CH2NH2. 6. A compound according claim 1, wherein B is optionally substituted isoquinolinyl, wherein said optional substituent is NH2; or 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine. 7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein A is heteroaryl substituted by phenyl; or \u2014(CH2)0-3phenyl substituted by heteroaryl, or \u2014(CH2)1-3-heteroaryl, or \u2014(CH2)1-3\u2014NR14R15. 8. A compound according to claim 1, wherein A is phenyl, 9. A compound according to claim 1, that is: 6-{[1-(2-Phenyl-thiazol-4-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-ylamino]-methyl}-isoquinolin-1-ylamine; 6-[(1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-ylamino)-methyl]-isoquinolin-1-ylamine; 1-(4-{4-[(1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-1-ylmethyl}-benzyl)-1H-pyridin-2-one; [1-(2-Phenyl-thiazol-4-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yl]-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-amine; (4-Aminomethyl-benzyl)-[1-(4-phenyl-butyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yl]-amine; (4-Aminomethyl-2-methyl-benzyl)-[1-(2-phenyl-thiazol-4-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yl]-amine; 1-{4-[4-(4-Aminomethyl-benzylamino)-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-1-ylmethyl]-benzyl}-1H-pyridin-2-one; 1-{4-[4-(4-Aminomethyl-2-methyl-benzylamino)-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-1-ylmethyl]-benzyl}-1H-pyridin-2-one; (4-Aminomethyl-benzyl)-[1-(2-phenyl-thiazol-4-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-yl]-amine; (1-Amino-isoquinolin-6-ylmethyl)-{8-[4-(4-methyl-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzyl]-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazin-4-yl}-amine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as claimed in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. 11-12. (canceled) 13. A method of treatment of a disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as claimed in claim 1. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated is impaired visual acuity, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, hereditary angioedema, diabetes, pancreatitis, cerebral haemorrhage, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, inflammation, septic shock, hypotension, cancer, adult respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, or bleeding from post operative surgery. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated is retinal vascular permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the stereoisomer is an enantiomer, diastereoisomer, or racemic or scalemic mixture thereof. 18. A method of treatment of a disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as claimed in claim 9. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the disease or condition in which plasma kallikrein activity is implicated is impaired visual acuity, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, hereditary angioedema, diabetes, pancreatitis, cerebral haemorrhage, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, inflammation, septic shock, hypotension, cancer, adult respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, or bleeding from post operative surgery.",
-    "It is an object to provide a work vehicle being capable of suppressing an increase in temperature of a liquid crystal display device due to external factors. Regarding a tractor, which is a work vehicle in which a touch panel as a liquid crystal display device is provided in an instrumental panel in a cabin, a discharge opening for air, of which the temperature is adjusted by an air-conditioner unit, is provided on the upper portion of the instrumental panel, and a concave portion is provided in the instrumental panel, and the touch panel is provided on the bottom portion of the concave portion below the discharge opening. 1. A work vehicle in which a liquid crystal display device is provided in an instrumental panel in a cabin, wherein the instrumental has a discharge opening on an upper portion for temperature-controlled air by an air-conditioner unit, and wherein the liquid crystal display device is provided below the discharge opening. 2. The work vehicle according to claim 1, wherein a concave portion is provided in the instrumental panel, and the liquid crystal display device is provided on a bottom portion of the concave portion. 3. The work vehicle according to claim 1, wherein ducts for supplying the air, of which the temperature is adjusted by the air-conditioner unit, to the discharge opening, are provided above and in front of the liquid crystal display device. 4. The work vehicle according to claim 2, wherein ducts for supplying the air, of which the temperature is adjusted by the air-conditioner unit, to the discharge opening, are provided above and in front of the liquid crystal display device.",
-    "The device for rotating a tire comprises a fixed support, a driving belt 16 that is provided with a contact face for making contact with an annular part of the tire and is able to allow said tire to be rotated, a plurality of first pulleys 18 that are mounted on the support and are in abutment with the driving belt on the side opposite to from the contact face in order to press said contact face radially against the annular part of the tire, and at least one second pulley 20 that is in abutment with the contact face of the driving belt and is mounted so as to be able to move in translation on the support in order to locally space said contact face apart from the annular part of the tire. 1-15. (canceled) 16: A device for rotating a tire, the device comprising: a fixed support; a driving belt having a contact face for making contact with an annular part of the tire, the driving belt enabling the tire to be rotated about an axis of rotation of the tire; a plurality of first pulleys mounted on the support, the first pulleys being positioned in abutment with the driving belt on a side opposite to the contact face in order to press the contact face radially against the annular part of the tire; a second pulley positioned in abutment with the contact face, the second pulley being mounted so as to be able to move in translation on the support in order to locally space a part of the contact face apart from the annular part of the tire, a remainder of the contact face being pressed against the annular part by the first pulleys; and a rotation device structured to rotate at least one of the first pulleys in order to set the driving belt in movement. 17: The device according to claim 16, wherein the second pulley is situated in an angular sector delimited by two successive first pulleys. 18: The device according to claim 16, further comprising an axial holding element arranged to hold the tire axially, the axial holding element being structured to come into axial abutment with a lateral bead of the tire. 19: The device according to claim 18, wherein the driving belt includes a bearing flange that radially extends the contact face of the driving belt and at least partially forms the axial holding element, the bearing flange being structured to come into abutment with an external face or an internal face of the lateral bead of the tire. 20: The device according to claim 18, wherein the axial holding element includes a roller arranged to move with respect to the support between a spaced-apart position and a close position relative to the tire, the roller being structured to come into abutment with an internal face of the lateral bead of the tire. 21: The device according to claim 16, wherein each of the first and second pulleys is mounted on a respective shaft having an axis parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire. 22: The device according to claim 16, wherein the second pulley is arranged to move radially in translation on the support. 23: The device according to claim 16, wherein the first pulleys are mounted for translational movement on the support. 24: The device according to claim 16, wherein an outer face of the driving belt forms the contact face for making contact with the tire and is arranged to come into radial contact with a bore in a lateral bead of the tire. 25: The device according to claim 24, wherein the second pulley is offset radially towards an inside direction with respect to the first pulleys. 26: The device according to claim 24, wherein the outer face of the driving belt has a frustoconical shape matching a shape of the bore in the lateral bead of the tire. 27: The device according to claim 16, wherein an inner face of the driving belt forms the contact face for making contact with the tire and is arranged to come into radial contact with a tread of the tire. 28: The device according to claim 27, wherein the second pulley is offset radially towards an outside direction with respect to the first pulleys. 29: The device according to claim 27, further comprising a centering element mounted on the support and structured to come into radial abutment with a bore in a lateral bead of the tire. 30: A method for inspecting a tire, the method comprising: obtaining a device for rotating the tire, the device including: a fixed support, a driving belt having a contact face for making contact with an annular part of the tire, the driving belt enabling the tire to be rotated about an axis of rotation of the tire, a plurality of first pulleys mounted on the support, the first pulleys being positioned in abutment with the driving belt on a side opposite to the contact face in order to press the contact face radially against the annular part of the tire, a second pulley positioned in abutment with the contact face, the second pulley being mounted so as to be able to move in translation on the support in order to locally space a part of the contact face apart from the annular part of the tire, a remainder of the contact face being pressed against the annular part by the first pulleys, and a rotation device structured to rotate at least one of the first pulleys in order to set the driving belt in movement; radially pressing the contact face of the driving belt against the annular part of the tire with using the first pulleys; adjusting a position of the second pulley on the support in order to locally space the contact face of the driving belt apart from the annular part of the tire using the second pulley; arranging an image acquisition device to enable acquisition of an image of an angular region of a surface of the tire corresponding to a region in which the contact face of the driving belt remains at a distance from the tire; rotating at least one of the first pulleys in order to drive the driving belt and drive the tire in rotation; and acquiring an image of the surface of the tire.",
-    "Disclosed herein are methods of treating ophthalmic conditions such as dry eye and uveitis by administering a pharmaceutical composition including a toxin-based therapeutic peptide. The peptide can include an acid or amide at the C-terminus and can be attached to an organic or inorganic chemical entity that has an anionic charge. 1. A method of treating an inflammatory ophthalmic condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an ShK-based peptide having the formula SEQ ID NO:217. 2. A method of treating an inflammatory ophthalmic condition in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an ShK-based peptide having a sequence that has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:208, SEQ ID NO:209, SEQ ID NO:210, SEQ ID NO:217, and/or SEQ ID NO:218. 3. A method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the ShK-based peptide is natural or synthetic. 4. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the ShK-based peptide is attached to an organic or inorganic chemical entity that has an anionic charge. 5. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the C-terminus of the ShK-based peptide is an acid or an amide. 6. A method any one of claims 1-3, wherein the administering is topically to the eye. 7. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the administering is parenteral and/or enteral. 8. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the administering is topically to the eye and parenteral and/or enteral route. 9. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the administering is by intravitreal injection. 10. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the administering is six times daily, five times daily, four times daily, three times daily, twice daily, daily, weekly, monthly, every two months, every three months, or every six months. 11. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the inflammatory ophthalmic condition is dry eye, uveitis pediatric uveitis, and/or Sjogren's syndrome. 12. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the subject is a human child, adolescent, or adult. 13. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises 10 mM sodium phosphate; 0.8% w/v NaCl; and Polysorbate 20 at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 3, or 4 w/v %, wherein the composition has a pH of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 8. 14. A method of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises Polysorbate 20 at 0.05 w/v %, and wherein the composition has a pH of 6.0. 15. A method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises 10 mM sodium phosphate; 0.8% w/v NaCl; and Polysorbate 80 at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 3, or 4 w/v %, wherein the composition has a pH of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 8. 16. A method of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises Polysorbate 80 at 0.05 w/v %, and wherein the composition has a pH of 6.0. 17. A method of screening for subjects who may benefit from treatment with a method of any one of claims 1-16 comprising: measuring Kv1.3 channel expression levels of T-cells from a biological sample of the subject; comparing Kv1.3 channel expression levels of the subject to a reference level obtained from a dataset from a population without an inflammatory ophthalmic condition; and determining the subject will benefit from treatment with a method of any one of claims 1-16 if the level of Kv1.3 channel expression in the subject is increased compared to the reference level. 18. A method of evaluating a subject to predict the outcome of treatment with a toxin-based therapeutic peptide comprising: analyzing Kv1.3 channel expression levels of T-cells from a biological sample of the subject; wherein increased levels of Kv1.3 channel expression over a reference level obtained from a dataset from a population without an inflammatory ophthalmic condition is indicative of a subject who will benefit from delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of a toxin-based therapeutic peptide. 19. A method of claim 18, wherein the toxin-based therapeutic peptide is an ShK-based peptide having at least 80% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-224. 20. A method of claim 18, further comprising challenging the T-cells with a proinflammatory immune stimulator or T-cell activating agent in the presence of an ShK-based peptide. 21. A method of claim 18, further comprising measuring proinflammatory cytokine production by the T-cells. 22. A method of claim 21, wherein the measured cytokine is selected from one or more of Interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, Interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, metalloprotease (MMP)3, and MMP9. 23. A method of claim 18, further comprising challenging the T-cells with ocular antigens in the presence or absence of an ShK-based peptide. 24. A method of claim 19, wherein the ShK-based peptide has the formula SEQ ID NO:217. 25. A method of claim 19, wherein the ShK-based peptide has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 26. A method of claim 19, wherein the ShK-based peptide has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2. 27. A method of claim 19, wherein the ShK-based peptide has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:208, SEQ ID NO:209, SEQ ID NO:210, SEQ ID NO:217, and/or SEQ ID NO:218.",
-    "At the connection region (connection mechanism of a parking lever and an electric actuator, a first connection pin is fitted in the end of a shaft member, is orthogonal to the shaft member, and is disposed parallel to the support shaft of the parking lever. A second connection pin is fitted in the swinging end of the parking lever and is parallel to the first connection pin. A connection member is rotatable with respect to the end of the shaft member in the circumferential direction of the first connection pin at a first hole where the connection member is fitted on the first connection pin, is rotatable with respect to the parking lever in the circumferential direction of the second connection pin at a second hole where the connection member is fitted on the second connection pin, and connects the two pins. 1. An electric parking brake device configured to move a parking lever in a drum brake from a return position to an actuating position by forward driving of an electric actuator, moving a brake shoe from the return position to the actuating position, and to move the parking lever from the actuating position to the return position by backward driving of the electric actuator, moving the brake shoe from the actuating position to the return position, wherein the electric actuator includes an electric motor capable of rotating forward and backward, a conversion mechanism capable of converting rotational motion of the electric motor into linear motion of a shaft member, and a connection mechanism that connects an end of the shaft member to a swinging end of the parking lever, and the connection mechanism includes a first connection pin that is fitted in an end of the shaft member, is orthogonal to the shaft member, and is disposed parallel to a support shaft of the parking lever, a second connection pin that is fitted in a swinging end of the parking lever and is disposed parallel to the first connection pin, and a connection member that is rotatable with respect to an end of the shaft member in a circumferential direction of the first connection pin at a first hole where the connection member is fitted on the first connection pin, is rotatable with respect to the parking lever in a circumferential direction of the second connection pin at a second hole where the connection member is fitted on the second connection pin, and connects the first connection pin to the second connection pin. 2. The electric parking brake device according to claim 1, wherein the first hole or the second hole of the connection member is an elliptical hole extending in the moving direction of the connection member. 3. The electric parking brake device according to claim 1, wherein when the shaft member moves to the return position, the first connection pin can contact a bracket that supports the electric actuator. 4. The electric parking brake device according to claim 2, wherein when the shaft member moves to the return position, the first connection pin can contact a bracket that supports the electric actuator.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for detecting fraudulent traffic associated with a user of a telecommunications system. A system comprises a monitoring network node comprising a traffic monitor configured to monitor traffic transmitted to or from a user in the telecommunications system, a fraud detector configured to apply to the monitored traffic a fraud profile associated with the user to determine whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic, a transmitter configured to transmit data to a receiver of a profiling network node notifying whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic. The profiling network node further comprises a fraud profiler configured to determine an updated fraud profile associated with the user based at least on the received data and a transmitter configured to transmit data identifying the updated fraud profile to one or both of a receiver of a subscription profile repository and a receiver of the monitoring network node. 1. A monitoring network node for detecting fraudulent traffic in a telecommunications system, the monitoring network node comprising: one or more processors configured to: monitor traffic to or from a user in the telecommunications system; and apply to the monitored traffic a fraud profile associated with the user to determine whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic; a transmitter configured to transmit data notifying whether the monitored traffic comprises traffic determined to be fraudulent traffic; and a receiver configured to receive data identifying an updated fraud profile for the user, wherein the one or more processors are configured to apply the identified updated fraud profile to detect further fraudulent traffic in monitored traffic transmitted to or from the user. 2. A monitoring network node according to claim 1, wherein the traffic monitor is configured to monitor the traffic based on the fraud profile, and wherein the one or more processors are configured to apply the identified updated fraud profile to monitor further traffic transmitted to or from the user. 3. A monitoring network node according to claim 1, wherein the data notifying whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic comprises one or more of: a service identifier identifying a service during which monitored traffic is determined to comprise fraudulent traffic; data identifying the user; and a fraud probability indicating a probability that the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic. 4. A monitoring network node according to claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are configured to determine the fraud probability based on one or more of: a number of times that the monitored traffic has been identified as comprising fraudulent traffic in a user session; a change in a ratio of free services to chargeable services compared to historical data for the user; a change in a ratio of free services to chargeable services compared to other users. 5. A monitoring network node according to claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to undertake one or more of the following, based on whether the monitored traffic is determined to comprise fraudulent traffic: drop a service during which monitored traffic is determined to comprise fraudulent traffic; limit the bandwidth of the user; trigger a session disconnection for the user; redirect the user to a fraudulent web portal; obtain a trace of a current service; mark the monitored traffic with a differentiated services code point code identifying that the traffic is fraudulent traffic; write one or more charging data records comprising a fraudulent user field. 6. A monitoring network node according to claim 1, and further configured to undertake the function of a PCEF or a combined PCEF and TDF. 7. A method for detecting fraudulent traffic in a telecommunications system, the method comprising: monitoring, by one or more processors, traffic to or from a user in the telecommunications system; determining, by the one or more processors, whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic by applying a fraud profile associated with the user to the monitored traffic; transmitting, by a transmitter, data notifying whether the monitored traffic comprises traffic determined to be fraudulent traffic; receiving, by a receiver, data identifying an updated fraud profile associated with the user; and applying, by the one or more processors, the identified updated fraud profile to detect further fraudulent traffic transmitted to or from the user. 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readable code configured, when read and executed by a computer, to carry out the method according to claim 7. 9. A profiling network node for determining a fraud profile associated with a user of a telecommunications system, the profiling network node comprising: a receiver configured to receive data notifying whether monitored traffic transmitted to or from a user in the telecommunications system is determined to comprise fraudulent traffic; one or more processors configured to determine a fraud profile associated with the user based at least on the received data, wherein the fraud profile is for use detecting further fraudulent traffic; and a transmitter configured to transmit data identifying the fraud profile. 10. A profiling network node according to claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine the fraud profile based on a previous fraud profile. 11. A profiling network node according to claim 9, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit data identifying the fraud profile to a subscription profile repository for storage. 12. A profiling network node according to claim 9, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit data identifying the fraud profile to a monitoring network node. 13. A profiling network node according to claim 12, wherein the receiver is configured to receive notification that a user has logged on to the telecommunications system, and wherein the transmission of the data identifying the fraud profile to the monitoring network node is in response to the received notification. 14. A profiling network node according to claim 13, wherein, in response to receipt of the notification that a user has logged onto the telecommunications system, the transmitter is configured to transmit a request for data identifying the fraud profile associated with the user to a subscription profile repository, and wherein the receiver is further configured to receive the data identifying the fraud profile from the subscription profile repository, and wherein the data identifying the fraud profile transmitted to the monitoring network node is the retrieved data identifying the fraud profile. 15. A profiling network node according to claim 9, further configured to undertake the function of a PCRF. 16. A method for determining a fraud profile for a user of a telecommunications system, the method comprising: receiving, by a receiver, data notifying whether monitored traffic transmitted to or from a user in the telecommunications system is determined to comprise fraudulent traffic; determining, by one or more processors, a fraud profile associated with the user based at least on the received data, wherein the fraud profile is for use detecting further fraudulent traffic; and transmitting, by a transmitter, data identifying the fraud profile. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readable code configured, when read and executed by a computer, to carry out the method according to claim 16. 18.-21. (canceled) 22. A telecommunications system for detecting fraudulent traffic, the system comprising: a monitoring network node comprising one or more processors configured to monitor traffic transmitted to or from a user in the telecommunications system; the one or more processors configured to apply to the monitored traffic a fraud profile associated with the user to determine whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic; a transmitter configured to transmit data to a receiver of a profiling network node notifying whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine an updated fraud profile associated with the user based at least on the received data and a transmitter configured to transmit data identifying the updated fraud profile to one or both of a receiver of a subscription profile repository and a receiver of the monitoring network node. 23. A telecommunications system according to claim 22, wherein the data identifying the updated fraud profile is transmitted to the subscription profile repository, and wherein the subscription profile repository further comprises a fraud profile data recorder configured to store the received data identifying the updated fraud profile in a memory. 24. A telecommunications system according to claim 22, wherein the receiver of the profiling network node is configured to receive notification from the network monitoring node that a user has logged on to the telecommunications system, and wherein the transmitter of the profiling network node is configured to transmit the data identifying the updated fraud profile associated with the monitoring network node. 25. A telecommunications system according to claim 23, wherein the transmitter of the profiling network node is further configured to transmit a request for data identifying the updated fraud profile associated with the user to the receiver of the subscription profile repository, wherein the profile data recorder is configured to retrieve the data identifying the updated fraud profile from the memory, the subscription profile repository further comprising a transmitter configured to transmit the retrieved data identifying the updated fraud profile to the receiver of the profiling network node. 26. A method for operating a telecommunications system, the method comprising: monitoring, by one or more processors of a monitoring network node, traffic transmitted to or from a user in the telecommunications system; applying, by the one or more processors of the monitoring network node, a fraud profile associated with the user to the monitored traffic to determine whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic; transmitting, by a transmitter of the monitoring network node, data to a receiver of a profiling network node notifying whether the monitored traffic comprises fraudulent traffic; determining, by the one or more processors of the profiling network node, an updated fraud profile associated with the user based at least on the received data; transmitting, by a transmitter of the profiling network node, the data identifying the updated fraud profile to one or both of a receiver of a subscription profile repository and a receiver of the monitoring network node. 27. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readable code configured, when read and executed by a computer, to carry out the method according to claim 26.",
-    "Optically pumpable waveguide amplifier with amplifier having tapered input and output. The present invention provides for a optically pumpable waveguide amplification device that includes: a cladding material; a passive optical waveguide embedded in the cladding material that has no optical amplification functionality; and an active optical waveguide having an input portion, a middle portion and an output portion, including: a gain material with a higher refractive index than the passive optical waveguide, wherein the middle portion of the active optical waveguide is embedded in the cladding material, and faces the passive wave guide, such that a lower surface of the middle portion is an upper surface of the passive optical waveguide. There is also provided a device for optically pumpable waveguide amplification and a method for signal radiation amplification. 1. An optically pumpable waveguide amplifier device, comprising: a cladding material; a passive optical waveguide embedded in the cladding material that has no optical amplification functionality; and an active optical waveguide having a gain material with a higher refractive index than the passive optical waveguide, and which successively includes: an input portion, a middle portion, an output portion, wherein the middle portion successively include: a first taper portion, an amplifier portion, and a second taper portion; the middle portion embedded in the cladding material, and facing the passive waveguide, such that a lower surface of the middle portion is an upper surface of the passive optical waveguide; and each of the taper portions widens towards the amplifier portion, parallel to the lower surface, such that a narrow end of each of the taper portions have a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the passive optical waveguide at the same level of narrow end. 2. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein a width of each of the taper portions decreases non-linearly from the amplifier portion, parallel to the lower surface. 3. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 2, wherein each of the taper portions decomposes into at least two sub-portions, including at least one slowly-varying sub-portion and at least one fast-varying sub-portion. 4. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the distance between the lower surface and the upper surface is between 0.0 and 5.0 \u03bcm. 5. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the passive optical waveguide is a rib waveguide, comprising: a slab and a strip, the strip being superimposed directly onto the slab, and wherein the upper surface of the passive optical waveguide is an upper surface of the slab, opposite to the strip with respect to the slab. 6. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein a length of the taper portions is between 50 \u03bcm and 10 mm. 7. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein a length of the amplifier portion is between 100 \u03bcm and 100.00 cm. 8. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the gain material comprises: a dispersion of dye molecules, rare-earth ions or nanocrystals embedded in a polymer. 9. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 8, wherein the gain material comprises: a colloidal dispersion of nanocrystals in a core or core-shell configuration, the nanocrystals selected from a group consisting of: group II-VI, IV-VI, III-V or IV semiconductor materials. 10. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the gain material comprises: a dispersion of Er3+ ions. 11. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the refractive index contrast between the passive optical waveguide and the cladding material is between 0.005 and 0.02. 12. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises: no filter or demultiplexer to separate a pump signal from a signal to be amplified. 13. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 1, wherein the passive optical waveguide comprises: two taper portions that narrow inwardly and parallel to the upper surface of the middle portion of the active optical waveguide, and wherein each taper portion faces the corresponding first taper portion and second taper portion of the middle portion in the reverse orientation. 14. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 13, wherein the passive optical waveguide decomposes into two passive waveguide components, wherein the first component terminates at the narrow end of the first taper portion of the passive optical waveguide and the second component terminates at a narrow end of the second taper portions of the passive optical waveguide. 15. (canceled) 16. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 8, wherein the nanocrystals are quantum dots or quantum rods. 17. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 2, wherein each of the taper portions decomposes into three consecutive sub-portions, comprising: a fast varying sub-portion; a slowly-varying sub-portion; and a second fast-varying sub-portion. 18. An optically pumpable waveguide amplifier device, comprising: a cladding material; a passive optical waveguide embedded in the cladding material that has no optical amplification functionality; and an active optical waveguide having an input portion, a middle portion and an output portion, including: a gain material with a higher refractive index than the passive optical waveguide, wherein the middle portion of the active optical waveguide is embedded in the cladding material, and faces the passive wave guide, such that a lower surface of the middle portion is an upper surface of the passive optical waveguide. 19. The optical waveguide amplifier device of claim 18, wherein the middle portion of the active optical waveguide comprises: a first taper portion; an amplifier portion; and a second taper portion, wherein each of the taper portions widens towards the amplifier portion, which is parallel to the lower surface of the middle portion, and the narrow end of each of the taper portions have a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the passive waveguide at the same level. 20. A method for signal radiation amplification, the method comprising the steps of: coupling a signal to be amplified from the passive optical waveguide to the active optical waveguide of an optical waveguide amplification device at a first tape portion of the device through adiabatic mode transformation; allowing a pump signal and the signal to be amplified to propagate in the amplifier portion of the optical waveguide amplification device; and coupling the amplified signal back to the passive optical waveguide at the level of a second taper portion of the optical waveguide amplification device.",
-    "A multi-function charging coil bobbin (90) for a power toothbrush (10) configured to improve the durability of the toothbrush and to simplify the assembly process. The coil bobbin (90) provides a bridge spring (98) for tolerance mitigation and shock protection, and also provides a coil winding surface (92) such that the bobbin (90) can be wound prior to final assembly. The coil bobbin (90) may be unitary in structure for low cost. 1. A power toothbrush, comprising: an elongated housing open at a proximal end; a frame disposed within the housing; a rechargeable battery; a control circuit in electrical communication with the battery; and a charging coil bobbin disposed at the housing proximal end, wherein the housing and charging coil bobbin are fixedly engaged together by means of slots or tabs on an interior surface of the housing near the proximal end and corresponding tabs or slots disposed on the charging coll bobbin and wherein the charging coil bobbin is further disposed in resilient contact with the frame. 2. (canceled) 3. The power toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the charging coil bobbin comprises a bridge spring having two ends and disposed across and in a spaced away disposition from a distal end of the bobbin, the bridge spring further disposed in resilient contact with the frame. 4. (canceled) 5. The power toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the tabs or slots are arranged to displace toward the interior surface of the housing in response to a flexure of the bridge spring. 6. The power toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the corresponding tabs or slots are arranged in a folded over configuration that enables a slidable engagement to the housing slots or tabs when the charging coil bobbin distal end is inserted into the housing proximal end. 7. The power toothbrush of claim 3, wherein the bridge spring is sized to absorb axial shock originating from a distal end of the elongated housing. 8. The power toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the charging coil bobbin further comprises a coil winding surface disposed on a proximal end of the bobbin. 9. The power toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the charging coil bobbin further comprises a frame connect slot, and further wherein the frame comprises a bobbin connect tab, wherein the bobbin connect tab engages the frame connect slot when the charging coil bobbin is disposed in resilient contact with the frame. 10. The power toothbrush of claim 9, wherein the frame connect slot and bobbin connect tab are held in engagement by a bridge spring and further wherein the bridge spring is enabled to flexibly displace tolerance mitigation between the frame and the housing. 11. A unitary charging coil bobbin for a power toothbrush comprising: a bobbin body having a central axis; a coil winding surface disposed at a proximal end of the bobbin body; first and second housing connect tabs; and a bridge spring having first and second ends, the bridge spring disposed in a spaced away relationship from a distal end of the bobbin body and across the central axis. 12. The unitary charging coil bobbin of claim 11, further comprising first and second housing connect arms disposed between the respective first and second bridge spring ends and the bobbin body. 13. The unitary charging coil bobbin of claim 12, wherein the first and second housing connect arms are disposed in a spaced away relationship from the bobbin body and generally in parallel to the central axis. 14. The unitary charging coil bobbin of claim 11, further comprising a frame connect slot disposed on the distal end of the bobbin body. 15. The unitary charging coil bobbin of claim 11, wherein each housing connect tab is disposed at a respective each end of the bridge spring and disposed in a folded over arrangement toward the proximal end of the body.",
-    "Compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of tiglic aldehyde for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity improving mood, memory or cognition. Methods are provided that include administering such compositions. 1. A method of treating dysphagia comprising administering to an individual having the dysphagia a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of tiglic aldehyde. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dysphagia is oral pharyngeal dysphagia. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a thickened beverage. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of tiglic aldehyde provokes a swallowing reflex. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the tiglic aldehyde is in a form selected from the group consisting of isolated tiglic aldehyde and synthetic tiglic aldehyde. 6. A method of decreasing appetite comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising tiglic aldehyde in an amount therapeutically effective for delaying gastric emptying. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity, a risk of overweight, a risk of obesity, and combinations thereof. 8. A method of reducing body weight gain comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of tiglic aldehyde. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity and a combination thereof. 10. A method of reducing glycemia comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising tiglic aldehyde in an amount therapeutically effective for improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the individual is selected from the group consisting of an infant born preterm, an infant experiencing intrauterine growth restriction, a pregnant woman suffering from gestational diabetes, a human suffering from insulin resistance, and a human suffering from type II diabetes. 12. A composition comprising an amount of tiglic aldehyde that is therapeutically effective for achieving at least one condition selected from the group consisting of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. 13. The composition of claim 12 wherein the composition is a food product. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the food product comprises a component selected from the group consisting of protein, carbohydrate, fat and combinations thereof. 15. A method for improving one or more of cognitive performance, cognition, mood, or memory comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising tiglic aldehyde. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, a mood disorder, memory loss, and combinations thereof. 17. A method of making a nutritional composition comprising the steps of incorporating into the nutritional composition an amount of tiglic aldehyde that is therapeutically effective for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity, or improving mood, memory or cognition.",
-    "Provided are a remote screen sharing method, device and system. The method includes: establishing a wireless screen sharing session with sink equipment, and acquiring capability information of the sink equipment; establishing a connection with remote equipment, and acquiring capability information of the remote equipment and network information of the remote equipment; determining an intersection of display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment according to the capability information of the sink equipment, the capability information of the remote equipment and the network information of the remote equipment; and receiving a screen content of the sink equipment via the wireless screen sharing session, and sharing the screen content of the sink equipment to the remote equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities. The problem of poor compatibility during remote screen sharing is solved, and the effect of improving equipment compatibility during remote screen sharing is achieved. 1. A remote wireless screen sharing method, comprising: establishing a wireless screen sharing session with sink equipment, and acquiring capability information of the sink equipment; establishing a connection with remote equipment, and acquiring capability information of the remote equipment and network information of the remote equipment; determining an intersection of display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment according to the capability information of the sink equipment, the capability information of the remote equipment and the network information of the remote equipment; and receiving a screen content of the sink equipment via the wireless screen sharing session, and sharing the screen content of the sink equipment to the remote equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein receiving the screen content of the sink equipment via the wireless screen sharing session, and sharing the screen content of the sink equipment to the remote equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities comprises: receiving the screen content, sent by the sink equipment via the wireless screen sharing session, of the sink equipment; and processing the screen content of the sink equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities, and sending the processed screen content of the sink equipment to the remote equipment. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the capability information of the sink equipment or the capability information of the remote equipment or the intersection of the display capabilities comprises at least one of: video information and an audio coding format, wherein the video information comprises a video coding format and/or a maximum resolution. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the network information comprises at least one of: a network connection type and a bandwidth, wherein the network connection type comprises a Peer-to-Peer connection (P2P) manner, a Session Traversal Utilities for Network Address Translation (STUN) manner or a Traversal using Relay NAT (TURN) manner. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein determining the intersection of the display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment according to the capability information of the sink equipment, the capability information of the remote equipment and the network information of the remote equipment comprises at least one of the following: under a condition that the network connection type is the P2P manner, selecting an audio format of which a compression ratio is greater than a first compression ratio threshold as an audio coding format of the intersection of the display capabilities and selecting a resolution which is greater than a first resolution threshold as a resolution of the intersection of the display capabilities according to the capability information of the sink equipment and the capability information of the remote equipment; under a condition that the network connection type is the STUN manner, selecting an audio format of which a compression ratio is smaller than the first compression ratio threshold and greater than a second compression ratio threshold as the audio coding format of the intersection of the display capabilities and selecting a resolution which is smaller than the first resolution threshold and greater than a second resolution threshold as the resolution of the intersection of the display capabilities according to the capability information of the sink equipment and the capability information of the remote equipment; and under a condition that the network connection type is the TURN manner, selecting an audio format of which a compression ratio is smaller than the second compression ratio threshold as the audio coding format of the intersection of the display capabilities and selecting a resolution which is smaller than the second resolution threshold as the resolution of the intersection of the display capabilities according to the capability information of the sink equipment and the capability information of the remote equipment. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein determining the intersection of the display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment according to the capability information of the sink equipment, the capability information of the remote equipment and the network information of the remote equipment further comprises at least one of the following: under a condition that the bandwidth is greater than a first bandwidth threshold, selecting a Constrained High Profile (CHP) as a video coding format of the intersection of the display capabilities; and under a condition that the bandwidth is smaller than the first bandwidth threshold, selecting a Constrained Baseline Profile (CBP) as the video coding format of the intersection of the display capabilities. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein determining the intersection of the display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment according to the capability information of the sink equipment, the capability information of the remote equipment and the network information of the remote equipment comprises: under a condition that the capability information of the sink equipment does not intersect the capability information of the remote equipment, acquiring an intersection of display capabilities of current equipment itself and the sink equipment, and employing the intersection of the display capabilities of the current equipment itself and the sink equipment as the intersection of the display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein establishing the connection with the remote equipment via Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) comprises: accessing an XMPP server via a first access point, wherein the first access point accesses the XMPP server via XMPP; and establishing the connection with the remote equipment via the XMPP server. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 10. A remote wireless screen sharing device, comprising: an acquisition component, configured to establish a wireless screen sharing session with sink equipment, and acquire capability information of the sink equipment; and establish a connection with remote equipment, and acquire capability information of the remote equipment and network information of the remote equipment; a determination component, configured to determine an intersection of display capabilities of the sink equipment and the remote equipment according to the capability information of the sink equipment, the capability information of the remote equipment and the network information of the remote equipment; and a sharing component, configured to receive a screen content of the sink equipment via the wireless screen sharing session, and share the screen content of the sink equipment to the remote equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities. 11. The device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the sharing component is further configured to receive the screen content, sent by the sink equipment via the wireless screen sharing session, of the sink equipment, process the screen content of the sink equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities, and send the processed screen content of the sink equipment to the remote equipment. 12. A remote wireless screen sharing system, comprising: source equipment, comprising the remote wireless screen sharing device as claimed in claim 10; sink equipment, configured to send the capability information of the sink equipment and the screen content of the sink equipment to the source equipment via the wireless screen sharing session; and remote equipment, configured to send the capability information of the remote equipment to the source equipment, and receive the screen content, processed by the source equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities, of the sink equipment. 13. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 14. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 15. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 16. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 17. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 18. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 19. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the wireless screen sharing session is a Miracast session. 20. A remote wireless screen sharing system, comprising: source equipment, comprising the remote wireless screen sharing device as claimed in claim 11; sink equipment, configured to send the capability information of the sink equipment and the screen content of the sink equipment to the source equipment via the wireless screen sharing session; and remote equipment, configured to send the capability information of the remote equipment to the source equipment, and receive the screen content, processed by the source equipment according to the intersection of the display capabilities, of the sink equipment.",
-    "A printed circuit board (PCB) can include a central processing unit (CPU) installed on a first surface of the PCB. The PCB can also include a cable routed on a second surface of the PCB parallel to the first surface. The PCB can further include a hole extending through a thickness of the PCB to connect the first surface and the second surface. The cable can extend through the hole to be coupled to the CPU. 1. A printed circuit board (PCB), comprising: a central processing unit (CPU) installed on a first surface of the PCB; a cable routed on a second surface of the PCB parallel to the first surface; and a hole extending through a thickness of the PCB to connect the first surface and the second surface, wherein the cable extends through the hole to be coupled to the CPU. 2. The PCB of claim 1, wherein the hole comprises an insulating lining and wherein a conductor of the cable extends through the hole, without a cable housing, to be coupled to the CPU. 3. The PCB of claim 1, wherein the cable comprises a socket coupled to the cable and the CPU comprises an adapter coupled to the CPU, and wherein the adapter extends through the hole to be received in the socket upon installation of the CPU on the motherboard. 4. The PCB of claim 3, wherein the socket comprises a land grid array (LGA) of compression pins and the adapter comprises pads arranged in a land grid array (LGA) corresponding to the LGA of compression pins. 5. The PCB of claim 3, wherein the socket comprises a vertical connector and the adapter comprises a right-angled adapter that is received in the vertical connector. 6. A motherboard, comprising: a first surface and a second surface parallel to the first surface; a hole extending through a thickness of the motherboard to connect the first surface and the second surface; a central processing unit (CPU) installed on the first surface; and a cable routed on the second surface, wherein the cable is routed through the hole to be coupled to the CPU. 7. The motherboard of claim 6, wherein the hole comprises an insulating lining and wherein a conductor of the cable extends through the hole, without a cable housing, to be coupled to the CPU. 8. The motherboard of claim 6, wherein the cable comprises a socket coupled to the cable and the CPU comprises an adapter coupled to the CPU, and wherein the adapter extends through the hole to be received in the socket upon installation of the CPU on the motherboard. 9. The motherboard of claim 8, wherein the socket comprises a land grid array (LGA) of compression pins and the adapter comprises pads arranged in a land grid array (LGA) corresponding to the LGA of compression pins. 10. The motherboard of claim 8, wherein the socket comprises a vertical connector and the adapter comprises a right-angled adapter that is received in the vertical connector. 11. A method, comprising: installing a central processing unit (CPU) on a first surface of a motherboard; routing a cable on a second surface of the motherboard parallel to the first surface; routing the cable through a hole extending between the first surface and the second surface through a thickness of the motherboard; and coupling the cable and the CPU. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising removing a portion of cable housing and routing a cable conductor through the hole to couple the cable to the CPU. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the hole comprises an insulating lining. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the cable comprises a socket coupled to the cable and the CPU comprises an adapter coupled to the CPU and wherein coupling the cable and the CPU comprises installing the CPU on the motherboard such that the adapter extends through the hole to be received in the socket. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the socket comprises a vertical connector and the adapter comprises a right-angled adapter that is received in the vertical connector. 16. The method of claim 11, comprising coupling an end of the cable opposite the end coupled to the CPU to another component. 17. The method of claim 11, comprising coupling an end of the cable opposite the end coupled to the CPU to another CPU, an input/output device or both. 18. The PCB of claim 1, wherein the cable comprises a flexible printed copper cable. 19. The motherboard of claim 8, wherein the socket is coupled to the cable by soldering. 20. The motherboard of claim 6, comprising multiple holes, each allowing a cable to pass through the motherboard for coupling to multiple components.",
-    "An object of the present invention is to provide a thermal-type air flow meter with a high measurement accuracy by reducing influence of a thermal stress generated in a resistor in an LSI while securing a high positioning accuracy flow rate detection unit. Thus, a thermal-type air flow meter is provided with: a sensor assembly 100 including an LSI 3 having a resistor 7 and a flow rate detection unit 4a which are configured by insert molding so as to expose at least a part of the flow rate detection unit 4a, a housing 301 which has secondary passages 305i, 305o and 305s, and houses the sensor assembly 100 by allowing the flow rate detection unit 4a to be arranged in the secondary passage 305s, the sensor assembly 100 being molded using a first resin, and the housing 301 being molded using a second resin, the sensor assembly 100 being fixed to the housing 301 using the second resin; and resin structures 20 and 21 which cause a tensile stress in a direction parallel to a surface on which the flow rate detection unit 4a is exposed with respect to the sensor assembly 100. 1. A thermal-type air flow meter comprising: a sensor assembly which includes a circuit unit having a resistor and a flow rate detection unit which are configured by insert molding so as to expose at least a part of the flow rate detection unit; and a housing which has a secondary passage and houses the sensor assembly by allowing the flow rate detection unit to be arranged inside the secondary passage, the sensor assembly being molded using a first resin, and the housing being molded using a second resin, the sensor assembly being fixed to the housing by the second resin forming the housing; and a resin structure which causes a tensile stress in a direction parallel to a surface on which the flow rate detection unit is exposed with respect to the sensor assembly. 2. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 1, wherein the resin structure is a structure in which a volume of resin existing on a front surface side of the sensor assembly on which the flow rate detection unit is exposed with respect to the circuit unit and a volume of resin existing on a rear surface side of the sensor assembly are set to be different from each other. 3. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 2, wherein the tensile stress is generated by the resin structure causing warping deformation in the sensor assembly, and the resistor of the circuit unit is positioned at a part on which the tensile stress acts. 4. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 3, wherein the resin structure is a structure in which a volume of the second resin which is in contact with a surface on the front surface side of the sensor assembly and a volume of the second resin which is in contact with a surface on the rear surface side of the sensor assembly are set to be different from each other. 5. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 4, wherein the volume of the second resin which is in contact with the surface on the rear surface side of the sensor assembly is larger than the volume of the second resin which is in contact with the surface on the front surface side of the sensor assembly. 6. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 5, wherein a thickness of the first resin provided on the rear surface side of the sensor assembly with respect to the circuit unit is set to be thicker than a thickness of the first resin provided on the front surface side of the sensor assembly with respect to the circuit unit. 7. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 3, wherein the resin structure is a structure in which a thickness of the first resin provided on the rear surface side of the sensor assembly with respect to the circuit unit is set to be thicker than a thickness of the first resin provided on the front surface side of the sensor assembly with respect to the circuit unit. 8. The thermal-type air flow meter according to claim 5, wherein the first resin is a thermosetting resin, and the second resin is a thermoplastic resin.",
-    "An object of the present invention is to provide an electronic device in which permeation of water content and oxygen from a bonding part is decreased, and which is excellent in stability, and a method for manufacturing the electronic device. The present invention relates to an electronic device including a substrate, an electronic element main body on the substrate, an electrode that is connected to the electronic element main body, a silicon-containing film that coats at least the electrode, and a sealing substrate that is bonded to the substrate via a bonding part that has the silicon-containing film and is disposed on the surrounding of the electronic element main body, to seal the electronic element main body, in which at least one of the substrate and the sealing substrate is a gas barrier film, and the silicon-containing film has a composition represented by the following chemical formula (1): in which x, y and z are respectively atomic ratios of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon to silicon, and satisfy 0\u2266y<0.3, 3<2x+5y\u22665 and 0.01<z<1, or satisfy 0.3\u2266y<0.7, 3<2x+5y\u22665 and 0\u2266z<1. 1. An electronic device comprising: a substrate; an electronic element main body on the substrate; an electrode that is connected to the electronic element main body; a silicon-containing film that coats at least the electrode; and a sealing substrate that is bonded to the substrate via a bonding part that has the silicon-containing film and is disposed on the surrounding of the electronic element main body, to seal the electronic element main body, wherein at least one of the substrate and the sealing substrate is a gas barrier film, and the silicon-containing film has a composition represented by the following chemical formula (1): [Chemical Formula 1] SiOxNyCz (1) wherein x, y and z are respectively atomic ratios of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon to silicon, and satisfy 0\u2266y<0.3, 3<2x+5y\u22665 and 0.01<z<1, or satisfy 0.3\u2266y<0.7, 3<2x+5y\u22665 and 0\u2266z<1. 2. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the silicon-containing film further contains an element M selected from the elements of Group 13 of the Long Format Periodic Table, and has a composition represented by the following chemical formula (2): [Chemical Formula 2] SiOxNyCzMw (2) wherein x, y, z and w are respectively atomic ratios of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and M to silicon, and satisfy 0\u2266y<0.3, 3<2x+5y\u22665, 0.01<z<1 and 0.01<w<0.5. 3. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the silicon-containing film is formed by modifying a layer containing a polysilazane compound. 4. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the silicon-containing film has an elastic modulus of the film measured by the nanoindentation process of from 20 to 40 GPa. 5. A method for manufacturing an electronic device, comprising: a step of forming an electrode on a substrate; a step of preparing an electronic element main body on the substrate on which the electrode has been formed; a step of coating at least the electrode with a silicon-containing film; a step of forming bonding margins for bonding the substrate and a sealing substrate for sealing the electronic element main body, on at least the silicon-containing film of the substrate, and on the sealing substrate, respectively; and a step of bringing the bonding margins into contact and forming a bonding part by room-temperature bonding, wherein at least one of the substrate and the sealing substrate is a gas barrier film, and the silicon-containing film has a composition represented by the following chemical formula (1): [Chemical Formula 3] SiOxNyCz (1) wherein x, y and z are respectively atomic ratios of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon to silicon, and satisfy 0\u2266y<0.3, 3<2x+5y\u22665 and 0.01<z<1, or satisfy 0.3\u2266y<0.7, 3<2x+5y\u22665 and 0\u2266z<1. 6. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the silicon-containing film is formed by modifying a layer containing a polysilazane compound. 7. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the silicon-containing film has an elastic modulus of the film measured by the nanoindentation process of from 20 to 40 GPa. 8. The electronic device according to claim 3, wherein the silicon-containing film has an elastic modulus of the film measured by the nanoindentation process of from 20 to 40 GPa.",
-    "Compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of cuminaldehyde for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing gylcemia by improving insulin sensitivity or improving mood, memory or cognition. Methods are provided that include administering such compositions. 1. A method of treating dysphagia comprising administering to an individual having the dysphagia a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cuminaldehyde. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dysphagia is oral pharyngeal dysphagia. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a thickened beverage. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of cuminaldehyde provokes a swallowing reflex. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cuminaldehyde is selected from the group consisting of isolated cuminaldehyde and synthetic cuminaldehyde. 6. A method of decreasing appetite comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising cuminaldehyde in an amount therapeutically effective for delaying gastric emptying. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity, a risk of overweight, a risk of obesity, and combinations thereof. 8. A method of reducing body weight gain comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of cuminaldehyde. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the individual has a condition selected from overweight, obesity and a combination thereof. 10. A method of reducing glycemia comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising cuminaldehyde in an amount therapeutically effective for improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the individual is selected from the group consisting of an infant born preterm, an infant experiencing intrauterine growth restriction, a pregnant woman suffering from gestational diabetes, a human suffering from insulin resistance, and a human suffering from type II diabetes. 12. A composition comprising an amount of cuminaldehyde that is therapeutically effective for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing gylcemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. 13. The composition of claim 12 wherein the composition is a food product. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the food product comprises a component selected from the group consisting of protein, carbohydrate, fat and combinations thereof. 15. A method for improving one or more of cognitive performance, cognition, mood, or memory comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising cuminaldehyde. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the individual has a condition selected from the group consisting of cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, a mood disorder, memory loss, and combinations thereof. 17. A method of making a nutritional composition comprising the steps of incorporating into the nutritional composition an amount of cuminaldehyde that is therapeutically effective for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, reducing glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance, or improving mood, memory or cognition",
-    "A device for the enhancement of vehicle safety of a wheeled vehicle, in particular a passenger vehicle, is disclosed. The device can be connected to a chassis of the wheeled vehicle in such a way that it counteracts screwing in of a wheel in the event of a collision of the wheeled vehicle with an obstacle. An improved passive vehicle safety results if the device is arranged on a wheel carrier of the wheeled vehicle. 1.-9. (canceled) 10. An apparatus for enhancement of vehicle safety of a wheeled vehicle, comprising: a device which is connectable to a chassis of the wheeled vehicle such that the device counteracts screwing in of a wheel in an event of a collision of the wheeled vehicle with an obstacle, wherein the device is disposed on a wheel carrier of the wheeled vehicle. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the device supports an internal structure of the wheel in the event of the collision. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the device comprises a strut which mechanically reinforces the internal structure. 13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the device is disposed such that the screwing in of the wheel is limited to a predetermined wheel steering angle. 14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the device is disposed in a region of the wheel carrier which is located internally in a direction of travel. 15. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the device is mounted on the wheel carrier. 16. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the device is formed in the wheel carrier. 17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the wheel is coupled with a drive of the wheeled vehicle. 18. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the wheel is a free-running wheel.",
-    "Aqueous pigment dispersions having monomers in the polymeric dispersant capable of interacting with cellulose are described. These monomers include the ones having a structure of Formula (I): wherein W is O or NH; R1 is C1-C8 alkyl; and R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H or C1-C5 alkyl. 1. An aqueous pigment dispersion comprising a pigment, an aqueous carrier and a polymeric dispersant to disperse said pigment; wherein said polymeric dispersant is a random or structured polymer and comprising at least three monomers A, B and C; wherein monomer A is a hydrophobic acrylate monomer, monomer B is a hydrophilic acrylic monomer, and monomer C is an acrylate monomer having a structure of Formula (I): wherein W is O or NH; R1 is C1-C8 alkyl; and R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H or C1-C5 alkyl. 2. The pigment dispersion of claim 1, wherein said monomer A is selected from the group consisting of benzyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, lauryl ethacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate and styrene. 3. The pigment dispersion of claim 2, wherein said monomer B is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic acid monoester, itaconic acid, itaconic acid monoester, crotonic acid, crotonic acid monoester, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate, t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, t-butylaminoethyl acrylate, vinyl pyrridine, N-vinyl pyrridine, and 2-acrylamido-2-propane sulfonic acid. 4. The pigment dispersion of claim 3, wherein W is O. 5. The pigment dispersion of claim 4, wherein R1 is CH2CH2(CH3). 6. The pigment dispersion of claim 5, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 7. The pigment dispersion of claim 5, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 8. The pigment dispersion of claim 4, wherein R1 is C2H4. 9. The pigment dispersion of claim 8, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 10. The pigment dispersion of claim 8, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 11. The pigment dispersion of claim 4, wherein R1 is CH2. 12. The pigment dispersion of claim 11, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 13. The pigment dispersion of claim 11, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 14. The pigment dispersion of claim 3, wherein W is NH. 15. The pigment dispersion of claim 14, wherein R1 is CH2. 16. The pigment dispersion of claim 15, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 17. The pigment dispersion of claim 15, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 18. The pigment dispersion of claim 14, wherein R1 is C2H4. 19. The pigment dispersion of claim 18, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 20. The pigment dispersion of claim 18, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl.",
-    "A bismuth vanadate pigment is provided which pigment is doped with a combination of Mg, Al and P and optionally an element E, wherein the molar ratios of the Bi, V, Mg, Al, P and E correspond to a formula Bi Mga Alb Ec Vd Pe Of (I) wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zr, Mo, Ce and a combination thereof; 0.001\u22660.2; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.2; 0\u2266c\u22661.7; 0.5\u2266d\u22662.3; 0.001\u2266e\u22660.5; and f denotes the number of oxygen atoms for satisfying the valence requirements of the cations. The pigment may be used as colorant in various applications, especially in coloring high molecular weight organic material, for example, coating compositions, paints, printing inks, liquid inks, plastics, films, fibers, or glazes for ceramics or glass. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A bismuth vanadate pigment of formula Bi Mga Alb Ec Vd Pe Of (I) wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, Zr, Mo, Ce and a combination thereof; 0.001\u2266a\u22660.2; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.2; 0\u2266c\u22661.7; 0.5\u2266d\u22662.3; 0.001\u2266e\u22660.5; and f denotes the number of oxygen atoms for satisfying the valence requirements of the cations. 17. The bismuth vanadate pigment according to claim 16, wherein 0.001\u2266a\u22660.15; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.15; 0\u2266c\u22661.5; 0.8\u2266d\u22662.3; and 0.01\u2266e\u22660.4. 18. The bismuth vanadate pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Zr, Mo, Ce and a combination thereof; and 0.001\u2266c\u22661.5. 19. The bismuth vanadate pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Zr, Mo and a combination thereof; 0.001\u2266c\u22660.5 and 0.8\u2266d\u22661.5. 20. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is Ca and/or Zr; and 0.001\u2266c\u22660.5. 21. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is Ca and/or Zr; and 0.01\u2266c\u22660.5. 22. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is Zr and Mo; 0.001\u2266a\u22660.15; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.15; 0.01c\u22660.5; 0.8\u2266d\u22661.5; and 0.01\u2266e\u22660.4. 23. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is Ce or a combination of Zr and Ce or a combination of Ca and Ce; 0.001\u2266a\u22660.15; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.15; 0.01\u2266c\u22661.5; 0.8\u2266d\u22662.3; and 0.01\u2266e\u22660.4. 24. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is a combination of Ca, Zr and Ce; 0.001\u2266a\u22660.15; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.15; 0.01\u2266c\u22661.5; 0.8\u2266d\u22662.3; and 0.01\u2266e\u22660.4. 25. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein E is a combination of Ca, Zr and Mo; 0.001\u2266a\u22660.15; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.15; 0.01\u2266c\u22660.5; 0.8 5\u2266d\u22661.5; and 0.01\u2266e\u22660.4. 26. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein c is 0; 0.001\u2266a\u22660.15; 0.001\u2266b\u22660.15; 0.8\u2266d\u22661.5; and 0.01\u2266e\u22660.4. 27. The pigment according to claim 16, wherein vanadium is present as V(V) and V(IV) in a molar ratio of from 1:0.01 to 1:0.3. 28. A process of manufacturing the bismuth vanadate pigment of formula (I) as defined in claim 16, which process comprises the steps of a) treating an alkaline vanadate solution with an acidic bismuth salt solution in the presence of soluble salts of Mg, Al, and optionally of E and/or V(IV), and soluble phosphates in a pH range of from 0.1 to 10 to form a precipitate, b) calcining the precipitate, and c) grinding to form pigment particles. 29. A coating composition, a paint, a printing ink, a liquid ink, plastics, a film, a fiber, a glaze for ceramics or glass, which is colored with the pigment as defined in claim 16. 30. A process for coloring a coating compositions, a paint, a printing ink, a liquid ink, plastics, a film, a fiber, a glaze for ceramics or glass, which process comprises adding thereto the pigment as defined in claim 16.",
-    "A method for processing value documents comprises the following steps: by means of a camera device an action of an operator of a value-document processing apparatus is captured. The captured image data are processed by means of an image processing device and at least one predetermined gesture is extracted from the processed image data. An input information item for the value-document processing apparatus is then allocated to the extracted gesture. The input information is provided in the value-document processing apparatus and processed there. The input information can represent a control information item or a data input information item. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method for processing value documents, comprising the steps of: capturing an action of an operator of a value-document processing apparatus by means of a camera device and generating image data of the captured action; processing the generated image data by means of an image processing device; extracting at least one gesture from the processed image data by the image processing device; allocating the at least one gesture to an input information item for the value-document processing apparatus; providing the input information in the value-document processing apparatus and processing the input information by the value-document processing apparatus. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein a gesture corresponds to a predetermined body posture of the operator or a predetermined position of a body part of the operator. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein a gesture corresponds to a predetermined facial expression of the operator. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein a gesture corresponds to a predetermined movement of the body and/or a body part of the operator. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein a gesture corresponds to a plurality of consecutive partial gestures. 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein to the at least one gesture a control information item is allocated as input information, and the value-document processing apparatus is controlled on the basis of the control information item. 22. The method according to claim 16, wherein to the at least one gesture a data input information item is allocated as input information, and an inputting of data in the value-document processing apparatus is effected on the basis of the data input information item. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the data input information concerns a property of a processed value document. 24. The method according to claim 22, wherein there is allocated to the data input information a predetermined spatial area in the working area of the operator and that the data input information is allocated to a gesture corresponding to a body position and/or a movement of the operator, by means of which the operator selects the spatial area, wherein the operator selects the area in particular by depositing a value document in the area. 25. A system for processing value documents, comprising a camera device, an image processing device and a value-document processing apparatus, wherein the camera device is adapted to capture an action of an operator of the value-document processing apparatus and to generate image data of the captured action, the image processing device is adapted to process the image data generated by the camera device and to extract at least one gesture from the processed image data, and the value-document processing apparatus is adapted to process an input information item allocated to the gesture that is provided in the value-document processing apparatus. 26. The system according to claim 25, wherein the image processing device is adapted to send a gesture information item corresponding to the extracted gesture to the value-document processing apparatus, and the value-document processing apparatus is adapted to allocate the gesture information to an input information item for the value-document processing apparatus. 27. The system according to claim 25, wherein the image processing device is adapted to allocate the extracted gesture to an input information item for the value-document processing apparatus and to send said information item to the value-document processing apparatus, and the value-document processing apparatus is adapted to receive and process the input information sent by the image processing device. 28. The system according to claim 25, wherein the value-document processing apparatus is adapted to process an input information item in the form of a control information item. 29. The system according to claims 25, wherein the value-document processing apparatus is adapted to process an input information item in the form of a data input information item. 30. The system according to claims 25, wherein the camera device is configured as a 3D camera.",
-    "A banknote processing apparatus including: one or more banknote storage boxes that store banknotes; an information management section that manages banknote management information including identification information for banknotes respectively stored in the one or more banknote storage boxes; a search information receiving section that receives input of search information including part of, or all of, identification information of a banknote to be searched for; a banknote search section that searches for a banknote matching the search information based on information being managed by the information management section; and a payout controller that effects control of feeding out and dispensing a detected banknote that has been detected by the banknote search section from the banknote storage boxes. 1. A banknote processing apparatus comprising: one or more banknote storage boxes that store banknotes; an information management section that manages banknote management information including identification information for banknotes respectively stored in the one or more banknote storage boxes; a search information receiving section that receives input of search information including part of, or all of, identification information of a banknote to be searched for; a banknote search section that searches for a banknote matching the search information based on information being managed by the information management section; and a payout controller that effects control of feeding out and dispensing a detected banknote that has been detected by the banknote search section from one of the one or more banknote storage boxes. 2. The banknote processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the one or more banknote storage boxes are detachably installed in the banknote processing apparatus; the information management section is configured by a banknote management information memory section placed in each of the one or more banknote storage boxes; and the banknote management information memory section for each of the banknote storage boxes stores the banknote management information of the banknotes being stored in corresponding each of the banknote storage boxes. 3. The banknote processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the banknote storage boxes comprises: a storage section that stores banknotes; an opening and closing member that is provided in an opening portion of the storage section; a lock section that locks the opening and closing member; and an open-closed detection section that detects an open or closed state of the opening and closing member. 4. The banknote processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a banknote temporary holding section that temporarily holds banknotes, wherein: during feeding out of a detected banknote from one of the one or more banknote storage boxes, the payout controller performs control processing of feeding out banknotes from the banknote storage box and holding them in the banknote temporary holding section until a detected banknote is in a feedable state from the banknote storage box, and then, after feeding out the found banknote, returning the banknotes being held in the banknote temporary holding section to the banknote storage box. 5. The banknote processing apparatus of claim 4, wherein: the payout controller uses the banknote temporary holding section, or one of the one or more banknote storage boxes as a temporary holding destination for temporarily holding banknotes; and further comprising a temporary holding destination selection section that selects the banknote temporary holding section or one of the banknote storage boxes as the temporary holding destination when the payout controller is feeding out of the detected banknote. 6. The banknote processing apparatus of claim 5, wherein: the temporary holding destination selection section re-selects the temporary holding destination when there is no longer any spare banknote storing capacity in the temporary holding destination that has been firstly selected. 7. A banknote processing method for a banknote processing apparatus comprising one or more banknote storage boxes that store banknotes, the banknote processing method comprising: managing banknote management information including identification information for banknotes respectively stored in the one or more banknote storage boxes; receiving input of search information including part of, or all of, identification information of a banknote to be searched for; searching for a banknote matching the search information based on the banknote management information that is being managed; and feeding out and dispensing a banknote that has been detected by the searching from one of the one or more banknote storage boxes.",
-    "A method for enforcing entitlements includes configuring a wide variety of entitlements at a server; determining applicable combination of entitlements for a given client request; sending entitlements to the requesting client securely; handling entitlement information securely on a plurality of client devices at run time; storing entitlement information securely on a plurality of client devices for offline use; and enforcing entitlements on a plurality of client devices. The method employs manipulation of manifest files by a proxy that may be included in the client device or located in the network. 1. A method of operating a computerized device as a proxy server to enforce entitlements for media playback at a client device, the client device having an operating context and executing a segment-based streaming media player for rendering a media item using a series of media segments retrieved from a remote media server according to contents of a manifest file delivered to the streaming media player, comprising: securely receiving and storing, during streaming operation, entitlement information describing permissions and restrictions for the rendering of the media item on the client device, the entitlement information being received from a rights server and being securely stored at the computerized device to prevent unauthorized alteration of stored entitlement information; and by the proxy server, providing a manifest file retrieval path by which the streaming media player retrieves unaltered manifest files from the remote media server for use in an entitled playback of a media item, the proxy server (a) applying the stored entitlement information to identify both an enforcement condition and a corresponding enforcement result for an entitlement, the enforcement condition being based at least in part on the sensed operating context of the client device, the enforcement result modifying a manner of playback from the playback permitted in the absence of the enforcement condition, and (b) upon occurrence of the enforcement condition, providing an altered manifest file to the streaming media player to induce the enforcement result in the operation of the streaming media player. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein; the computerized device is a server device distinct from the client device; the entitlement information is received via a first network link to the rights server; the manifest file retrieval path includes the first network link and a second network link between the client device and the server device; and the altered manifest file is provided from the server device to the streaming media player via the second network link. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein; the computerized device is the client device; the entitlement information is received via a network link to the rights server; the manifest file retrieval path includes the network link and an internal communications mechanism between the proxy server and the streaming media player in the client device; and the altered manifest file is provided from the proxy server to the streaming media player via the internal communications mechanism. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the content protected by entitlements is audio/video content. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the content is encrypted with a per content asset encryption key. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the permissions and restrictions described by the entitlement information include permissions and restrictions for viewing time, network type, class of device, streaming versus offline, jail-broken status of device, trick play, bitrate limits; maximum file size for offline viewing; number of advertisements; parental control ratings; geographical area; blackout and alternative images or streams displayed in lieu of original content; outputting to externally connected devices, sharing, and starting and ending positions. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein entitlements are configured for a given content owner and: a group of users; an individual user; a group of content items; a particular content item; a particular class of device; a particular device in use by a particular user; or any combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising obtaining a set of entitlements applicable to a particular content owner, user, and device, in response to a request from a client for playback authorization or re-authorization for a given content asset. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the entitlement information is encrypted using a unique session encryption key and encrypted entitlements are delivered to the client device so that only the client device is able to decrypt that entitlement information. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the client specific encrypted entitlement information also includes the content decryption key for the content asset requested for playback. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein user-downloadable and installable, or factory pre-installed client application contains a Media Client and a Digital Rights Management (DRM) Agent, both of which are developed and hardened against reverse-engineering specifically for each client platform. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the Media Client stores encrypted entitlement information to its local device-specific persistent storage area segregated on a per content owner, per content asset and per user basis. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein a native media player is used for rendering of the content asset. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Media Client uses and provides wrappers for platform-specific Application Programming Interfaces (API) to enforce entitlements prior to the start of, and during content viewing. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein a third-party media player is used with the client application for rendering of the content asset. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the Media Client uses and provides wrappers for the third-party player-specific Application Programming Interfaces (API) to enforce entitlements prior to the start of, and during content viewing. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein content is delivered to the media player via an HTTP adaptive streaming protocol being one of HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Smooth Streaming (SS), or HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS). 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the Media Client constructs a plurality of manifest files being one of HLS m3u8, DASH MPD, or SS/HDS manifests, and serves the manifest files from an internal HTTP proxy server to either the native or a third-party media player. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the HTTP proxy server responds with an HTTP error code to the media player if content viewing must be stopped. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the HTTP proxy server inserts an end of stream indicator into the manifest files and omits further content URIs to indicate to the player when viewing must be stopped. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the HTTP proxy server replaces content segments in the manifest files with alternate segment URIs which contain alternate content to prevent the original content from being viewed. 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the media client application is user-upgradeable so that support for new entitlements added to the server, as well as other updates, can be used by the client device.",
-    "The present invention provides a negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel, the composition including: (A) a white pigment; (B) an alkali-soluble resin; (C) a polyfunctional monomer; and (D) a photopolymerization initiator. 1. A negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel, comprising (A) a white pigment; (B) an alkali-soluble resin; (C) a polyfunctional monomer; and (D) a photopolymerization initiator. 2. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, wherein (b-1) a siloxane resin is contained as (B) the alkali-soluble resin. 3. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, wherein (b-2) an acrylic resin is contained as (B) the alkali-soluble resin. 4. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, further comprising (E) a thiol compound. 5. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, to comprising titanium oxide as (A) the white pigment. 6. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, comprising, as (C) the polyfunctional monomer, a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (1), and/or a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (2): wherein R1s each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group or a phenyl group, and n represents an integer of 1 to 30, 7. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, comprising an acylphosphine oxide-based photopolymerization initiator as (D) the photopolymerization initiator. 8. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, further comprising (F) an antioxidant. 9. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, further comprising (G) a silane coupling agent represented by the following general formula (3): wherein R2s each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted group thereof, I represents 0 or 1, R3 represents a trivalent organic group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, and R4s each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group or a phenoxy group, or substituted groups thereof. 10. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, further comprising (H) a ultraviolet absorber. 11. The negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1, further comprising (I) a coloring agent. 12. A touch panel provided with a white light-shielding cured film pattern formed by curing the negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1. 13. A method for manufacturing a touch panel, comprising a step of forming a white light-shielding cured film pattern by using the negative-type photosensitive white composition for a touch panel according to claim 1. 14. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 13, comprising a plurality of the steps of forming a white light-shielding cured film pattern. 15. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 14, wherein when the step of forming a white light-shielding cured film pattern is repeated n times, a step of forming an nth layer (n is an integer of 2 or more) is a step of forming the nth layer whose line width is wider and thickness is smaller than those of a (n\u22121)th layer. 16. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 13, comprising at least one step of forming the white light-shielding cured film pattern, and at least one step of forming a cured film by pattern-printing a non-photosensitive white composition. 17. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 13, further comprising a step of forming a black light-shielding cured film above the white light-shielding cured film pattern. 18. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 13, further comprising a step of forming a transparent film above the white light-shielding cured film pattern. 19. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 13, further comprising a step of forming a color adjustment layer above the white light-shielding cured film pattern. 20. The method for manufacturing a touch panel according to claim 13, further comprising a step of forming a color adjustment layer below the white light-shielding cured film pattern.",
-    "A compound represented by the formula (I): wherein each symbol is as described in the SPECIFICATION, or a salt thereof has a PDE2A inhibitory action, and is useful as a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and the like. 1. A compound represented by the formula (I): wherein ring A is an optionally further substituted 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle, ring B is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle, and fused ring AB is an optionally further substituted heterocycle having two or more nitrogen atoms as ring-constituting atoms besides carbon atom, and optionally having 1 or 2 hetero atoms selected from an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, said fused ring AB is aromatic, ring D is a benzene ring or a pyridine ring, each of which further has a substituent, X is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom, L is a bond or an optionally substituted C1-2 alkylene group, and Y is (1) a group represented by the formula: wherein R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, R4 is a substituent, or R and R4 optionally form, together with the adjacent carbon atom, an optionally further substituted ring, or (2) a group represented by the formula \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R1 wherein R1 is a substituent, (excluding N-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2,2-di(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl]-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide) or a salt thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is (1) a group represented by the formula: wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl-carbonyl group; R3 is a C1-6 alkyl group; and R4 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or (2) a group represented by the formula \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R1 wherein R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or a salt thereof. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a C1-6 alkyl group, (3) a halogen atom, and (4) an amino group (excluding a pyrrole ring), or a salt thereof. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring B is a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkoxy groups, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a hydroxy group, (4) a C2-6 alkenyl group, (5) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (6) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (7) a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (iv) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (v) an oxo group, and (vi) a cyano group, (8) an oxo group, (9) a phenyl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group (excluding a pyrazine ring), or a salt thereof. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein fused ring AB is (I) a 1,5-naphthyridine ring, a 1,6-naphthyridine ring, a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, a triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, an imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ring, a purine ring, or a pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a C1-6 alkyl group, (4) a C2-6 alkenyl group, (5) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (6) an amino group, (7) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (8) a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (iv) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (v) an oxo group, and (iv) a cyano group, (9) a C6-14 aryl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group, or (II) a 7-oxo-1,7-dihydroa pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by one C1-6 alkoxy group, (2) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (3) a heterocyclic group, and (4) a halogen atom, or a salt thereof. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring D is a benzene ring substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 5 halogen atoms, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a heterocyclic group, and (4) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, or a salt thereof. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a C1-6 alkyl group, (3) a halogen atom, and (4) an amino group (excluding a pyrrole ring); ring B is a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkoxy groups, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a hydroxy group, (4) a C2-6 alkenyl group, (5) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (6) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (7) a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (iv) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (v) an oxo group, and (iv) a cyano group, (8) an oxo group, (9) a phenyl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group (excluding a pyrazine ring); fused ring AB is (I) a 1,5-naphthyridine ring, a 1,6-naphthyridine ring, a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, a triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, an imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ring, a purine ring, or a pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a C1-6 alkyl group, (4) a C2-6 alkenyl group, (5) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (6) an amino group, (7) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (8) a heterocyclic group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (iv) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (v) an oxo group, and (iv) a cyano group, (9) a C6-14 aryl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group, or (II) a 7-oxo-1,7-dihydroa pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by one C1-6 alkoxy group, (2) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (3) a heterocyclic group, and (4) a halogen atom; ring D is a benzene ring substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 5 halogen atoms, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a heterocyclic group, and (4) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms; X is a carbon atom; L is a bond or methylene; and Y is (1) a group represented by the formula: wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl-carbonyl group; R3 is a C1-6 alkyl group; and R4 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or (2) a group represented by the formula \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R1 wherein R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or a salt thereof. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a pyrazole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a dihydropyrazole ring, or a dihydropyridine ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a C1-6 alkyl group, (3) a halogen atom, and (4) an amino group; ring B is a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazole ring, a triazole ring, dihydropyrimidine ring, or an imidazole ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkoxy groups, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a hydroxy group, (4) a C2-6 alkenyl group, (5) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (6) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (7) an azetidinyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidyl group, a morpholinyl group, a 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl group, a 3-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl group, a 6-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a thiazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a tetrahydropyranyl group, a tetrazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a dihydropyridyl group, or a pyrimidinyl group, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (iv) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (v) an oxo group, and (vi) a cyano group, (8) an oxo group, (9) a phenyl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group; fused ring AB is (I) a 1,5-naphthyridine ring, a 1,6-naphthyridine ring, a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, a triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, an imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine ring, a purine ring, or a pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a C1-6 alkyl group, (4) a C2-6 alkenyl group, (5) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (6) an amino group, (7) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (8) an azetidinyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidyl group, a morpholinyl group, a 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl group, a 3-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl group, a 6-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a dihydropyridyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a thiazolyl group, a tetrahydropyranyl group, a tetrazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or an isoxazolyl group, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkoxy group, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (iv) a C1-6 alkoxy group, and (v) an oxo group, (9) a phenyl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group, or (II) a 7-oxo-1,7-dihydroa pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by one C1-6 alkoxy group, (2) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (3) a pyridyl group, and (4) a halogen atom; ring D is a benzene ring substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, (2) a halogen atom, (3) a pyrazolyl group, and (4) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms; X is a carbon atom; L is a bond or methylene; and Y is (1) a group represented by the formula: wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl-carbonyl group; R3 is a C1-6 alkyl group; and R4 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or (2) a group represented by the formula \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R1 wherein R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or a salt thereof. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a pyrazole ring, a pyridine ring, or a dihydropyridine ring each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, and (2) a C1-6 alkyl group; ring B is a pyridine ring, or a pyrimidine ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group, (2) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (3) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (4) an azetidinyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a pyridyl group, or an imidazolyl group, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, and (ii) an oxo group, (5) an oxo group, (6) a phenyl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (7) a C1-6 alkoxy group; fused ring AB is (I) a 1,5-naphthyridine ring, a 1,6-naphthyridine ring, or a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a hydroxy group, (2) a C1-6 alkyl group, (3) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (4) a di-C1-6 alkyl-amino group, (5) an azetidinyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a morpholinyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, or a pyridyl group, each of which is optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (i) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, and (ii) an oxo group, (9) a phenyl group optionally substituted by a cyano group, and (10) a C1-6 alkoxy group, or (II) a 7-oxo-1,7-dihydroa pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group, (2) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, and (3) a pyridyl group; ring D is a benzene ring substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, and (2) a halogen atom; X is a carbon atom; L is a bond or methylene; and Y is (1) a group represented by the formula: wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom; R3 is a C1-6 alkyl group; and R4 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or (2) a group represented by the formula \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R1 wherein R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or a salt thereof. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein ring A is a pyrazole ring; ring B is a pyrimidine ring substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group, (2) a triazolyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups, and (3) a pyridyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups; fused ring AB is a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a C1-6 alkyl group, (2) a triazolyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups, and (3) a pyridyl group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups; ring D is a benzene ring substituted by a C1-6 alkoxy group optionally substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms; X is a carbon atom; L is a bond; and Y is a group represented by the formula: wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom; R3 is a C1-6 alkyl group; and R4 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or a salt thereof, or a salt thereof. 11. N-((1S)-2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)propyl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide, or a salt thereof. 12. N-((1S)-2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)propyl)-6-methyl-5-(4-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide, or a salt thereof. 13. N-((1S)-2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)propyl)-6-methyl-5-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide, or a salt thereof. 14. A medicament comprising the compound of any one of claims 1 to 13, or a salt thereof. 15. The medicament of claim 14, which is a phosphodiesterase 2A inhibitor. 16. The medicament of claim 14, which is a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for schizophrenia. 17. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 13 for use in the prophylaxis or treatment of schizophrenia, or a salt thereof. 18. A method of inhibiting of phosphodiesterase 2A in a mammal, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of any one of the claims 1 to 13 or a salt thereof to the mammal. 19. A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of schizophrenia in a mammal, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1 to 13 or a salt thereof to the mammal. 20. Use of the compound of any one of claims 1 to 13 or a salt thereof in the production of a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for schizophrenia.",
-    "A covert advertising method, apparatus and system are provided. The method, apparatus and system include converting at least one of audio, a visual product representation and a visual service representation in video content into text, searching a database to determine if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text and if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text, requesting the communication of the associated stored advertising content for display. 1. A method for delivering advertising comprising the steps of: converting at least one of audio, a visual product representation and a visual service representation in video content into text; searching a database to determine if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text; and if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text, requesting the communication of the associated stored advertising content for display. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising obtaining time stamp information for the text. 3. The method of claim 2, comprising requesting the communication of the associated stored advertising content for display at a time concurrent with or relative to a display of at least one of respective audio, a respective visual product representation and a respective visual service representation in the video content. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the time stamp information is obtained from a video player playing the video content 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the database is searched for text at a time at least one of respective audio, a respective visual product representation and a respective visual service representation associated with the text is presented in the video content. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising: if an identifier for stored advertising content is not associated with text related to specific audio or product or service representations in the video content, searching a database to determine if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with text related to other audio or product or service representations in the video content. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising using closed captioning information to convert audio or product or service representations in the video content into text. 8. The method of claim 7, comprising obtaining said closed captioning information from an Internet source. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said closed captioning information is included in the video content. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said text comprises a line by line text format. 11. An apparatus for covert advertising comprising: a lines manager for converting at least one of audio, a visual product representation and a visual service representation in video content into text; and an advertisement manager for searching a database to determine if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text and if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text, requesting the communication of the associated stored advertising content for display. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, comprising a caption files extractor for extracting caption information from the video content. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a caption transformer for converting different kinds of caption formats to text. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, comprising a line synchronizer for procuring timing information for the text of the video content. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said advertisement manager comprises a lines matcher for determining if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, comprising an advertising portal for enabling an advertiser to manipulate and control advertising content. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, comprising a database for storing advertising content. 18. A system for covert advertising, comprising: a content provider for providing video content including covert advertising content; a display for displaying at least video content; a database for storing covert advertising content; an apparatus comprising: a lines manager for converting at least one of audio, a visual product representation and a visual service representation in video content into text; and an advertisement manager for searching the database to determine if an identifier for stored covert advertising content is associated with the text and if an identifier for stored covert advertising content is associated with the text, requesting the communication of the associated stored covert advertising content for display; and a communications service for communicating the associated stored covert advertising content for display on the display. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein said lines manager is configured to: obtain caption information from an internet source. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein said manager is configured to: determine whether a caption file is in a preferred file format; and transform the caption file to generate a text format when it is determined that the caption file is not in the preferred file format. 21. An apparatus for covert advertising comprising: a memory for storing control programs and instructions and media content; and a processor for executing the control programs and instructions, said apparatus configured to: convert at least one of audio, a visual product representation and a visual service representation in the video content into text; search a database to determine if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text; and if an identifier for stored advertising content is associated with the text, request the communication of the associated stored advertising content for display.",
-    "A laminate includes a biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film layer (B layer); and a fiber sheet (A layer) composed of an aromatic polymer bonded on at least one side of the biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film layer without an adhesive, wherein the laminate has an average tear strength of 1 to 6 N/mm in two perpendicular directions. 1-9. (canceled) 10. A laminate comprising: a biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film layer (B layer); and a fiber sheet (A layer) composed of an aromatic polymer bonded on at least one side of said biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film layer without an adhesive, wherein said laminate has an average tear strength of 1 to 6 N/mm in two perpendicular directions. 11. The laminate according to claim 10, wherein said fiber sheet is composed of a polyphenylene sulfide resin. 12. The laminate according to claim 10, wherein said biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film layer (B layer) has a three-layer laminated construction of X/Y/X or a two-layer laminated construction of X/Y, a melting point of X layer, Tm(X), and that of Y layer, Tm(Y), have a relationship of Tm(X)<[Tm(Y)\u221210], and a ratio of the thickness of said Y layer with respect to the total thickness of said film layer is 40% to 90%. 13. The laminate according to claim 10, wherein said average tear strength in said two perpendicular directions is 2 to 3.5 N/mm. 14. The laminate according to claim 10, having a total thickness of 40 to 150 \u03bcm. 15. The laminate according to claim 10, wherein, in a cross-section of said laminate, the ratio of said B layer with respect to the whole laminate is 50 to 90%. 16. The laminate according to claim 10, having a dielectric breakdown voltage of 60 to 350 kV/mm. 17. The laminate according to claim 10, used as an insulating paper for a motor. 18. The laminate according to claim 10, which does not have a reduction in stress that satisfies both of conditions (1) and (2) in a stress-strain curve obtained by tensile measurement in accordance with a method prescribed in JIS 02151: (1) the stress is reduced by not less than 5 MPa while the elongation is increased by 2%; and (2) the behavior of (1) is observed at a stage where the elongation is less than the elongation at break.",
-    "A device for guiding a laser beam for machining a work piece, the laser beam being guided via a mirror system and a focusing optical system to processing points on the work piece that are preselectable by a suitable alignment of the mirrors. The mirror system is disposed farther away than the simple focal length from the optical main plane of the optical system. The device makes it possible to machine work pieces having elevations with the aid of a laser scanning device without the occurrence of self-shading. 1-4. (canceled) 5. A device for guiding a laser beam for machining a work piece, comprising: a mirror system and a focusing optical system to guide the laser beam to machining points on the work piece that are preselectable an alignment of the mirror system; wherein the mirror system is disposed farther away from an optical main plane of the optical system than a simple focal length. 6. The device as recited in claim 5, wherein the mirror system includes two mobile mirrors each having an axis of rotation. 7. The device as recited in claim 5, wherein the focusing optical system is a flat-field objective. 8. The device as recited in claim 5, wherein the mirror system includes one of: i) two deflection mirrors that are approximately orthogonal with respect to each other, or ii) a gimbal-mounted individual mirror.",
-    "A circular weaving machine (1, 1\u2032) has warp-tape guide elements (2) which are arranged around a circular reed (4, 4\u2032) in order to supply a multiplicity of warp tapes (3). Weaving-shed forming devices (5) group the fed warp tapes into two warp-tape groups (10, 11) and impart thereon mutually opposed alternating movements, with the result that a weaving shed (9) is opened and closed between the two warp-tape groups. A weaving shuttle (12) moves on an orbit in the opened weaving shed (9) and, in the process, introduces a weft tape from a weft-tape bobbin (13) carried thereby into the weaving shed (9), with the result that a fabric is formed. The fabric is drawn off through a weaving ring (15). The weaving shuttle (12) keeps the bobbin axis (13a) of the weft-tape bobbin (13) at an angular position which deviates by at most +/\u221215\u00b0, preferably at most +/\u221210\u00b0, from a normal to a surface (9a, 9a\u2032) which contains the geometric connecting lines between the warp-tape guide elements (2) and the weaving ring (15). 1. A circular weaving machine comprising warp-tape guide elements which are arranged around a circular reed of the circular weaving machine in order to supply a multiplicity of warp tapes to the circular weaving machine, comprising weaving-shed forming devices which divide the supplied warp tapes into two warp-tape groups and impart mutually opposed alternating movements to the two warp-tape groups, with the result that a weaving shed is opened and closed between the two warp-tape groups, comprising a weaving shuttle which moves on an orbit in the opened weaving shed in order to draw off, during its circulation, a weft tape from a weft-tape bobbin it carries, introducing it into the weaving shed, with the result that a fabric is formed, and comprising a weaving ring through which the fabric is drawn off, wherein the weaving shuttle keeps the bobbin axis of the weft-tape bobbin at an angular position which deviates by at most +/\u221215\u00b0, from a normal to a surface which contains the geometric connecting lines between the warp-tape guide elements and the weaving ring. 2. A circular weaving machine according to claim 1, wherein the weaving shuttle keeps the bobbin axis of the weft-tape bobbin essentially at right angles to the surface. 3. A circular weaving machine according to claim 1, wherein the surface forms essentially a circular ring surface. 4. A circular weaving machine according to claim 3, wherein the circular reed is configured as a circular cylinder. 5. A circular weaving machine according to claim 1, wherein the surface forms essentially a truncated cone surface. 6. A circular weaving machine according to claim 5, wherein the circular reed is configured as a truncated cone. 7. A circular weaving machine according to claim 1, wherein the weaving ring is arranged inside the circular reed. 8. A weft-tape bobbin in a circular weaving machine according to claim 1, wherein, with the weft-tape bobbin being full, the bobbin diameter (D) is larger than the bobbin length (L). 9. A weft-tape bobbin according to claim 8, wherein the weft-tape bobbin is a bobbin with plastic tapes wound around it.",
-    "The present invention primarily relates to molecular crystalline substances, preferably salts of Dasatinib in crystalline form, comprising a compound of formula 1, preferably a cation of a compound of formula 1, and a second compound selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, nicotinic acid and saccharin, preferably an anion thereof. The Invention is further related to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a substance. Furthermore, the Invention relates to processes for preparing said substances. The invention also relates to several aspects of using said substances or pharmaceutical compositions to treat a disease. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A molecular crystalline substance in crystalline form, comprising a compound of formula 1 also known as Dasatinib, and a second compound selected from the group consisting of saccharin, glutaric acid, and nicotinic acid. 17. The substance according to claim 16, wherein the substance is a saccharinate salt. 18. The substance according to claim 16, wherein the substance is a salt selected from the group consisting of saccharinate hydrate, saccharinate isopropanol solvate, glutarate and nicotinate. 19. The substance as claimed in claim 16, wherein the molar ratio of Dasatinib and the organic acid is in the range of from 2:1 to 1:2. 20. The substance as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second compound is glutaric acid and the substance has a PXRD pattern with at least one characteristic peak, expressed in 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b02\u03b8 using CuK\u03b1 radiation, selected from the following peaks located at 5.6, 5.8, 11.1, 15.8, 16.7, 23.3, 23.5, 25.2\u00b0. 21. The substance as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second compound is nicotinic acid and the substance has a PXRD pattern with at least one characteristic peak, expressed in 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b02\u03b8 using CuK\u03b1 radiation, selected from the following peaks located at 5.9, 11.0, 14.7, 19.9, 24.3, 25.8, 27.3\u00b0. 22. The substance as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second compound is saccharin and the substance has a PXRD pattern with at least one characteristic peak, expressed in 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b02\u03b8 using CuK\u03b1 radiation, selected from the following peaks located at 15.1, 20.4, 21.6, 24.4\u00b0. 23. The substance as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second compound is saccharin and the substance has a PXRD pattern with at least one characteristic peak, expressed in 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b02\u03b8 using CuK\u03b1 radiation, selected from the following peaks located at 9.7, 13.4, 15.1, 20.4, 20.7, 21.6, 22.6, 23.5, 24.4, 25.2\u00b0. 24. The substance as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second compound is saccharin and the substance has a PXRD pattern with at least one characteristic peak, expressed in 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b02\u03b8 using CuK\u03b1 radiation, selected from the following peaks located at 4.3, 8.0, 14.9, 20.8, 23.7, 25.5\u00b0. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active ingredient, the substance according to claim 16, and further comprising one, two, three, or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and/or diluents, and/or further ingredients, in particular one, two, three, or more pharmaceutical excipients. 26. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein the total amount of the substance in the composition is in the range of from 0.1 to 300 mg. 27. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, wherein the total amount of the substance in the composition is in the range of from 5.0 to 200 mg. 28. The substance according to claim 16, or pharmaceutical composition according to claim 24, for use as a medicament, preferably for use in the treatment of cancer, in particular of chronic myelogenous leukemia and/or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 29. A process for obtaining the substance according to claim 16 comprising the steps of: a) providing a compound of formula 1, which is also known as Dasatinib, in a solvent or a mixture of solvents b) adding glutaric acid, or nicotinic acid, or saccharin to the mixture of step a); c) optionally concentrating the composition of step b); d) crystallizing; e) optionally evaporating to dryness or equilibrating the obtained suspension of step d); and f) isolating the obtained precipitate. 30. A process for the purification of Dasatinib, which is a compound of formula 1, which process comprises the steps of providing a solution or dispersion containing the compound of formula 1 and a second compound selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, nicotinic acid and saccharin in a suitable solvent, and isolating the crystalline substance according to claim 16. 31. A process for the purification of Dasatinib, which is a compound of formula 1, which process comprises the steps of providing a solution or dispersion containing the compound of formula 1 and a second compound selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, nicotinic acid and saccharin in a suitable solvent, and isolating a crystalline substance comprising a compound of formula 1, and a second compound selected from the group consisting of saccharin, glutaric acid, and nicotinic acid, and said process following the steps (a) to (f) according to claim 29. 32. The process according to claim 31, wherein the second compound is saccharin, and the molar ratio of the compound of formula 1 and saccharin provided is in the range from 1:0.5 to 1:3. 33. The process according to claim 31, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alkohols, water, or mixtures thereof, and/or wherein seed crystals are added before crystallizing.",
-    "Disclosed herein are phenolic compounds as replacements for eugenol as end-capping agents in polysiloxanes, such as eugenol-endcapped polysiloxanes that are used to prepare polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymers. 1. (canceled) 2. A polycarbonate-polydiorganosiloxane block copolymer, comprising: (a) at least one block derived from a compound of formula (IIa): wherein: each R is independently a C1-C13 monovalent organic group; and n is 2 to 200; and (b) at least one block comprising repeating units derived from one or more monomers of formula (iii) and a carbonate precursor: HO-A1-Y-A2-OH (iii) wherein: each of A1 and A2 comprises a monocyclic divalent arylene group; and Y is a bridging group comprising one or two member atoms. 3. A polycarbonate-polydiorganosiloxane block copolymer, comprising: (a) at least one block derived from a compound of formula (IIIa): wherein: each R is independently a C1-C13 monovalent organic group; and n is 2 to 200; and (b) at least one block comprising repeating units derived from one or more monomers of formula (iii) and a carbonate precursor: HO-A1-Y-A2-OH (iii) wherein: each of A1 and A2 comprises a monocyclic divalent arylene group; and Y is a bridging group comprising one or two member atoms. 4. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein each R is independently a C1-C4 alkyl group. 5. The block copolymer of claim 4, wherein each R is methyl. 6. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein n is 20 to 90. 7. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein n is 40 to 50. 8. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein A1 and A2 are each p-phenylene groups. 9. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein Y is \u2014C(CH3)2\u2014. 10. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein the compound of formula (iii) has the following formula: 11. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein the carbonate precursor is a carbonyl chloride or a carbonyl bromide. 12. The block copolymer of claim 3, wherein the carbonate precursor is phosgene. 13. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein each R is independently a C1-C4 alkyl group. 14. The block copolymer of claim 13, wherein each R is methyl. 15. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein n is 20 to 90. 16. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein n is 40 to 50. 17. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein A1 and A2 are each p-phenylene groups. 18. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein Y is \u2014C(CH3)2\u2014. 19. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein the compound of formula (iii) has the following formula: 20. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein the carbonate precursor is a carbonyl chloride or a carbonyl bromide. 21. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein the carbonate precursor is phosgene.",
-    "A client device for media playback includes a user-installable media client application which implements the client-side of a digital rights management (DRM) system. The client device employs secure boot and verifies the user-installed application. The application is hardened against reverse engineering, and it utilizes a special API provided by the client device to tie into the secure boot, bridging the gap between the secure boot and the client-side of the DRM system contained within the application. 1. A method by which a client device proves its authenticity to a media client to be user-installed on the client device as well as to a rights management server communicatively coupled to the client device, comprising: engaging in a secure boot process to confirm that an image persistently stored in the client device and including firmware for execution is specifically keyed for use in a rights management scheme employing a private encryption key at the rights management server and a corresponding public encryption key securely stored in the image, the firmware being configured and operative upon execution to respond to a request from the media client by returning a device registration message encrypted using the public encryption key, the secure boot process including (1) verifying a signature of the stored public encryption key using a first verification key securely stored in one-time-programmable (OTP) storage of the client device, (2) decrypting an encrypted symmetric key contained in the image and verifying a signature of the decrypted symmetric key using one or more second verification keys securely stored in the OTP storage, and (3) verifying a signature of the persistently stored image using the decrypted symmetric key; loading and executing the firmware upon successful completion of the secure boot process; and by the firmware during subsequent operation and in response to the request from the media client, using the persistently stored public encryption key to create the encrypted device registration message and returning the encrypted device registration message to the media client for forwarding to the rights management server as part of a device authentication process. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the secure boot process includes a processor-level boot and a subsequent firmware-level boot using a firmware boot routine contained in the image, the firmware-level boot performing the decrypting of the encrypted symmetric key and the verifying of the signature of the persistently stored image, and further including, by the processor-level boot, verifying a signature of the firmware boot routine and upon successful verification of the signature then initiating the firmware boot. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the image stores respective stored signatures for the stored public encryption key, the encrypted symmetric key, and firmware components of the image, and wherein verifying a signature for a given key or firmware component includes (1) calculating a signature for the given key or firmware component, and (2) comparing the calculated signature with a respective one of the stored signatures. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the media client implements a client side of a digital rights management (DRM) system and is user-installed on the client device. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the firmware of the client device verifies the user-installed media client on the client device. 6. A method according to claim 4, wherein the media client utilizes a special API provided by the client device to tie into the secure boot, bridging the gap between the secure boot and the client-side of the DRM system contained within the application. 7. A client device, comprising: one or more processors; memory; input/output interface circuitry; and one or more data buses coupling the processors, memory and input/output circuitry together for high-speed data transfer therebetween, the memory storing computer program instructions executed by the processors to cause the client device to perform method of proving its authenticity to a media client to be user-installed on the client device as well as to a rights management server communicatively coupled to the client device, the method including: engaging in a secure boot process to confirm that an image persistently stored in the client device and including firmware for execution is specifically keyed for use in a rights management scheme employing a private encryption key at the rights management server and a corresponding public encryption key securely stored in the image, the firmware being configured and operative upon execution to respond to a request from the media client by returning a device registration message encrypted using the public encryption key, the secure boot process including (1) verifying a signature of the stored public encryption key using a first verification key securely stored in one-time-programmable (OTP) storage of the client device, (2) decrypting an encrypted symmetric key contained in the image and verifying a signature of the decrypted symmetric key using one or more second verification keys securely stored in the OTP storage, and (3) verifying a signature of the persistently stored image using the decrypted symmetric key; loading and executing the firmware upon successful completion of the secure boot process; and by the firmware during subsequent operation and in response to the request from the media client, using the persistently stored public encryption key to create the encrypted device registration message and returning the encrypted device registration message to the media client for forwarding to the rights management server as part of a device authentication process. 8. A client device according to claim 7, wherein the secure boot process includes a processor-level boot and a subsequent firmware-level boot using a firmware boot routine contained in the image, the firmware-level boot performing the decrypting of the encrypted symmetric key and the verifying of the signature of the persistently stored image, and wherein the method further includes, by the processor-level boot, verifying a signature of the firmware boot routine and upon successful verification of the signature then initiating the firmware boot. 9. A client device according to claim 7, wherein the image stores respective stored signatures for the stored public encryption key, the encrypted symmetric key, and firmware components of the image, and wherein verifying a signature for a given key or firmware component includes (1) calculating a signature for the given key or firmware component, and (2) comparing the calculated signature with a respective one of the stored signatures. 10. A client device according to claim 7, wherein the media client implements a client side of a digital rights management (DRM) system and is user-installed on the client device. 11. A client device according to claim 10, wherein the firmware of the client device verifies the user-installed media client on the client device. 12. A client device according to claim 19, wherein the media client utilizes a special API provided by the client device to tie into the secure boot, bridging the gap between the secure boot and the client-side of the DRM system contained within the application.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanate homopolymers containing uretdione groups, in which the phosphinoboron compound of formula (I) are used as catalysts to catalyze the homopolymerization reaction of raw isocyanates, thereby obtaining a solution of isocyanate homopolymers having uretdione groups, then separating the solution and thus obtaining the isocyanate homopolymers containing uretdione groups. The isocyanate homopolymers containing uretdione groups prepared by this process have a high amount of the uretdione groups, wherein the dependence of the amount on the conversion rate of raw isocyanates is significantly ameliorated, with low chromaticities. 1. A process for preparing isocyanate homopolymers containing uretdione groups comprising: in the presence of catalysts, homopolymerizing the raw isocyanate monomers to prepare isocyanate homopolymers containing uretdione groups, wherein the catalysts are phosphinoboron compounds of the structure of formula (I): wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl group, optionally substituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted C7-C15 aralkyl or optionally substituted C6-C12 aryl group. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the phosphinoboron compound catalysts of formula (I) are one, two or more selected from the following catalysts: 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the raw isocyanate monomer is selected from one of the following compounds: aliphatic isocyanate, cycloaliphatic isocyanate or aromatic isocyanate; wherein the isocyanate having a NCO functionality \u22672. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the isocyanates are selected from the following compounds: tetramethylene-1,4-diisocyanate, pentamethylene-1,5-diisocyanate, hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, norbornane dimethylene isocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate or p-phenyl diisocyanate. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of phosphinoboron compound catalysts of formula (I) is 0.1-4 mol %, based on the amount of raw isocyanate monomers. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the phosphinoboron compound catalysts of formula (I) are used solely or as a formulated solution, wherein the concentration of the solution is 0.5-5 mol/L. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the solvents used in formulating the solution from the phosphinoboron compound catalysts are free of the active hydrogen. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of homopolymerization reaction is 20-120\u00b0 C. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein, when the conversion rate of homopolymerization reaction reaches 20%-60% based on the mass of raw isocyanate monomers, catalyst poisons are used to terminate the homopolymerization reaction. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the catalyst poisons are alkylating agents or phosphate esters, where a mole ratio of the catalyst poison to the phosphinoboron compound catalyst is 1:1-2:1. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from methyl, linear or branched C3-C20 alkyl, alkyl-substituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkyl-substituted C7-C15 aralkyl group, alkyl-substituted C6-C12 aryl group or alkoxyl-substituted C6-C12 aryl group. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from methyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or methoxyphenyl. 13. The process according to claim 4, wherein the isocyanate is selected from hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate. 14. The process according to claim 5, wherein the amount of phosphinoboron compound catalysts of formula (I) is 0.5-2 mol %, based on the amount of raw isocyanate monomers. 15. The process according to claim 6, wherein the phosphinoboron compound catalysts of formula (I) are used solely or as a formulated solution, wherein the concentration of the solution is 2-4 mol/L. 16. The process according to claim 7, wherein the solvents used in formulating the solution from the phosphinoboron compound catalysts are one, two or more of halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons or ethers. 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the solvents used in formulating the solution from the phosphinoboron compound catalysts are one, two or more of dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, methylbenzene, dimethylbenzene or chlorobenzene. 18. The process according to claim 8, wherein the temperature of homopolymerization reaction is 50-100\u00b0 C. 19. The process according to claim 10, wherein the catalyst poisons are alkylating agents or phosphate esters, where a mole ratio of the catalyst poison to the phosphinoboron compound catalyst is 1:1-1.2:1.",
-    "Silylalkyloxyaryl compounds useful as anti-cancer agents. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing them are particularly useful for the treatment of melanoma, colon, neuroblastoma, bladder, breast, lung, pancreatic, melanoma, sarcoma, lymphoma or gastric cancer. 1. A silylalkyloxyaryl compound having the structure: wherein, the structures are L, D, and DL amino acid enantiomers, respectively, and, X is a silylalkyloxyaryl group linked to NH through an amide bond, R is H, or an alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group, and Y is NH2, or an NH-alkyl, NH-aryl, NH-alkylaryl, NH-heterocyclic, O-alkyl, O-aryl, or O-alkylaryl group. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: wherein \u2212m is 0-3; n is 1-3; k is 0-1, W is H, alkyl, or halogen, and Z is H, alkyl, or alkyloxy. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein \u2014NH\u2014CH(CH2R)\u2014C(O)\u2014 is selected from the group consisting of L-(4-Phenylphenyl)alanine (Bip), L-3,3-Diphenylalanine (Dip), O-(2,6-dicholorbenzyl)-L-tyrosine (OC2Y), L-3-(2-Naphthyl)alanine (2Nal), L-3-Benzothienylalanine (Bta), L-\u03b2-Cyclohexylalanine (\u03b2Cha), L-3-Pyridylalanine (3Pal), L-4-Trifluoromethylphenylalanine (F3MF), L-Fluorophenylalanine (PFF), and L-Melphalane (MEL). 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein \u2014NH\u2014CH(CH2R)\u2014C(O)\u2014 is L-(4-phenylphenyl)alanine (Bip), or O-(2,6-dicholorbenzyl)-L-tyrosine (OC2Y). 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein \u2014C(O)Y is an amide that terminates in an H atom or a C1-6 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl group, including cyclic groups with one or more nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur ring atoms. 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein Y is 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (Atmp) or aminomethylenediphosphonate tetraethyl ester [AMDP(OEt)4]. 9. A silylalkyloxyaryl compound of claim 1 wherein X, R, and Y groups are selected from: X R Y 10. (canceled) 11. A pharmaceutical composition containing the compound of claim 1 in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium suitable for oral or parenteral administration. 12-16. (canceled) 17. A method of treating a solid tumor in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the subject, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, and repeating said administration at intervals of at least once weekly for a period of at least four weeks. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said compound is administered daily at a daily dose between 0.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said compound is administered orally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intra-nasally or by inhalation. 20. The method of claim 17, which further includes administering to the patient a second cancer therapy regimen selected from radiotherapy and one or more other chemotherapeutic compounds. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein administering the compound is effective to potentiate the effect of the second cancer therapy regimen. 22. (canceled) 23. The method of claim 17, of wherein the tumore is at least one of pancreatic or lung cancer, and wherein said administering includes administering the compound at a daily dose between 0.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight of the compound over a period of at least five weeks. 24-28. (canceled)",
-    "The embodiments herein relate to a method in a Gn/Gp SGSN (111) for providing handover management. The Gn/Gp SGSN (111) provides a handover for a UE (101) to and from a non-3GPP and 3GPP by utilizing a PDP context that was previously created for the UE (101) during an attach procedure. The previously created PDP context is for a previously serving PGW (119). 1. A method in a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, for providing handover management, the method comprising: providing a handover for a User Equipment, UE, to and from non-Third Generation Partnership Project, non-3GPP, and 3GPP by utilizing a Packet Data Protocol, PDP, context that was previously created for the UE during an attach procedure, the previously created PDP context being for a previously serving Packet data network Gateway, PGW. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting an identification of the PGW to a Home Location Register, HLR, at a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection establishment. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving an acknowledgement of the transmitted identification of the PGW from the HLR. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the PGW, a Delete PDP Context Request message, said Delete PDP Context Request message comprising an indication that a radio access type of the UE has changed from 3GPP to non-3GPP. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the receiving, from the PGW, of the Delete PDP Context Request message is repeated for several PDP contexts which corresponds to a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection handed over to non-3GPP. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the UE, a PDP Context Activation Request message, the PDP Context Activation Request message comprising a handover flag setting; and processing the handover flag setting. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending, to the PGW, a Create PDP Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting, wherein the activated handover flag setting indicates a handover request for the UE, and wherein the handover is a non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving at least a part of a context from the PGW in a Create PDP Context Response message to accept a handover request for the UE, wherein the context corresponds to a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection of the UE which is requested for the handover. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on a communication previously received from the PGW, identifying whether the PGW supports a Gn/Gp based handover. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: if the Gn/Gp SGSN learns that the PGW can support the non-3GPP to 3GPP handover, sending an Update PDP Context Request message with an activated handover flag setting to the PGW. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the Gn/Gp SGSN follows legacy behavior of PDP Activation if the Gn/Gp SGSN learns that the PGW cannot support the non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, an Update PDP Context Response message from the PGW. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the UE, a PDP Context Activation request message, the PDP Context Activation Request message comprising a handover flag setting; analyzing the handover flag setting; if the handover flag setting is activated: receiving, from a Home Location Register, HLR, an identification of the PGW serving the UE; and establishing a handover procedure for the UE with the identified serving PGW; and if the handover flag setting is not activated: selecting a PGW to serve the UE; and sending, to the HLR, an identification of the selected PGW. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the identification of the PGW is at least one of a PGW Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN, a PGW Internet Protocol, IP, address, an Access Point Name, APN, and a Public Land Mobile Network, PLMN, identification. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the receiving and establishing further comprises sending, to the serving PGW, a Create PDP Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the handover is from one of: Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE, Radio Access Network/Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, GERAN/UTRAN, to WiFi; WiFi to GERAN/UTRAN; and GERAN/UTRAN to Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN, and then to WiFi. 17. A method, in a Home Location Register, HLR, for providing handover management, the method comprising: receiving, from a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, an identification of a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, at a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection establishment; storing the identification of the PGW; and sending the identification of the PGW to a Home Subscriber Server, HSS. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: sending, to the Gn/Gp SGSN, the identification of the PGW serving the UE upon an establishment of a handover procedure. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: transmitting an acknowledgement of the received identification of the PGW to the Gn/Gp SGSN. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising: when the UE has decided to handover from non-3GPP to 3GPP, retrieving the identification of an already allocated PGW from a Home Subscriber Server, HSS. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the identification of the PGW is at least one of a PGW Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN, a PGW Internet Protocol, IP, address, an Access Point Name, APN, and a Public Land Mobile Network, PLMN, identification. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the handover is from one of: Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE, Radio Access Network/Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, GERAN/UTRAN, to WiFi; WiFi to GERAN/UTRAN; and GERAN/UTRAN to Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN, and then to WiFi. 23. A method, in a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, for providing handover management, the method comprising: receiving, from a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, a Create Packet Data Protocol, PDP, Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting, wherein the activated handover flag setting indicates a handover request for a User Equipment, UE, the handover being a non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising: identifying a context corresponding to a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection of the UE which is requested for the handover; and sending at least part of the context to the Gn/Gp SGSN in a Create PDP Context Response message to accept the handover request for the UE. 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising: transmitting, to the Gn/Gp SGSN, a Delete PDP Context Request message, said Delete PDP Context Request message comprising an indication that a radio access type of the UE has changed from Third Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, to non-3GPP. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the transmitting, to the Gn/Gp SGSN, the Delete PDP Context Request message is repeated for several PDP contexts which corresponds to a PDN connection handed over to non-3GPP. 27. The method of claim 23, further comprising: if the PGW can support the non-3GPP to 3GPP handover, receiving an Update PDP Context Request message with the activated handover flag setting from the Gn/Gp SGSN; and switching a data path from non-3GPP to 3GPPG upon receipt of the Update PDP Context Request message with the activated handover flag setting; and transmitting an Update PDP Context Response message to the Gn/Gp SGSN. 28. The method of claim 23, further comprising: establishing a handover procedure for the UE with the Gn/Gp SGSN. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the handover is from one of: Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE, Radio Access Network/Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, GERAN/UTRAN, to WiFi; WiFi to GERAN/UTRAN; and GERAN/UTRAN to Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN, and then to WiFi. 30. A Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, for providing handover management, the Gn/Gp SGSN being configured to: provide a handover for a User Equipment, UE, to and from non-Third Generation Partnership Project, non-3GPP, and 3GPP by utilizing a Packet Data Protocol, PDP, context that was previously created for the UE during an attach procedure, the previously created PDP context being for a previously serving Packet data network Gateway, PGW. 31. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: transmit an identification of the PGW to a Home Location Register, HLR, at a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection establishment. 32. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 31, being further configured to: receive an acknowledgement of the transmitted identification of the PGW from the HLR. 33. The Gn/Gp SGSN claim 30, being further configured to: receive from the PGW, a Delete PDP Context Request message, said Delete PDP Context Request message comprising an indication that a radio access type of the UE has changed from 3GPP to non-3GPP. 34. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 33, being further configured to: repeat the receiving, from the PGW, of the Delete PDP Context Request message for several PDP contexts which corresponds to a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection handed over to non-3GPP. 35. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: receive, from the UE, a PDP Context Activation Request message, the PDP Context Activation Request message comprising a handover flag setting; and process the handover flag setting. 36. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: send, to the PGW, a Create PDP Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting, wherein the activated handover flag setting indicates a handover request for the UE, and wherein the handover is a non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 37. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: receive at least a part of a context from the PGW in a Create PDP Context Response message to accept a handover request for the UE, wherein the context corresponds to a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection of the UE which is requested for the handover. 38. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: identify, based on a communication previously received from the PGW, whether the PGW supports a Gn/Gp based handover. 39. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: send an Update PDP Context Request message with an activated handover flag setting to the PGW if the Gn/Gp SGSN learns that the PGW can support the non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 40. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, wherein the Gn/Gp SGSN is configured to follow legacy behavior of PDP Activation if the Gn/Gp SGSN learns that the PGW cannot support the non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 41. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: receive an Update PDP Context Response message from the PGW. 42. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, being further configured to: receive, from the UE, a PDP Context Activation Request message, the PDP Context Activation Request message comprising a handover flag setting; analyze the handover flag setting; if the handover flag setting is activated: receive, from a Home Location Register, HLR, an identification of the PGW serving the UE; and establish a handover procedure for the UE with the identified serving PGW; and if the handover flag setting is not activated: select a PGW to serve the UE; and send, to the HLR, an identification of the selected PGW. 43. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, wherein the identification of the PGW is at least one of a PGW Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN, a PGW Internet Protocol, IP, address, an Access Point Name, APN, and a Public Land Mobile Network, PLMN, identification. 44. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 42, being further configured to: send, to the serving PGW, a Create PDP Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting. 45. The Gn/Gp SGSN of claim 30, wherein the handover is from one of: Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE, Radio Access Network/Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, GERAN/UTRAN, to WiFi; WiFi to GERAN/UTRAN; and GERAN/UTRAN to Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN, and then to WiFi. 46. A Home Location Register, HLR, for providing handover management, the HLR being configured to: receive, from a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, an identification of a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, at a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection establishment; store the identification of the PGW; and send the identification of the PGW to a Home Subscriber Server, HSS. 47. The HLR of claim 46, being further configured to: send, to the Gn/Gp SGSN, the identification of the PGW serving the UE upon an establishment of a handover procedure. 48. The HLR of claim 46, being further configured to: transmit an acknowledgement of the received identification of the PGW to the Gn/Gp SGSN. 49. The HLR of claim 46, being further configured to: retrieve, when the UE has decided to handover from non-3GPP to 3GPP, the identification of an already allocated PGW from a Home Subscriber Server, HSS. 50. The HLR of claim 46, wherein the identification of the PGW is at least one of a PGW Fully Qualified Domain Name, FQDN, a PGW Internet Protocol, IP, address, an Access Point Name, APN, and a Public Land Mobile Network, PLMN, identification. 51. The HLR of claim 46, wherein the handover is from one of: Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE, Radio Access Network/Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, GERAN/UTRAN, to WiFi; WiFi to GERAN/UTRAN; and GERAN/UTRAN to Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN, and then to WiFi. 52. A Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, for providing handover management, the PGW being configured to: receive, from a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, a Create Packet Data Protocol, PDP, Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting, the activated handover flag setting indicating a handover request for a User Equipment, UE, and the handover being a non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 53. The PGW of claim 52, being further configured to: identify a context corresponding to a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection of the UE which is requested for the handover; and send at least part of the context to the Gn/Gp SGSN in a Create PDP Context Response message to accept the handover request for the UE. 54. The PGW of claim 52, being further configured to: transmit, to the Gn/Gp SGSN, a Delete PDP Context Request message, said Delete PDP Context Request message comprising an indication that a radio access type of the UE has changed from Third Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, to non-3GPP. 55. The PGW of claim 54, being further configured to: repeat the transmission, to the Gn/Gp SGSN, of the Delete PDP Context Request message for several PDP contexts which corresponds to a PDN connection handed over to non-3GPP. 56. The PGW of claim 52, being further configured to: receive, if the PGW can support the non-3GPP to 3GPP handover, an Update PDP Context Request message with the activated handover flag setting from the Gn/Gp SGSN; switch a data path from non-3GPP to 3GPPG upon receipt of the Update PDP Context Request message with the activated handover flag setting; and transmit an Update PDP Context Response message to the Gn/Gp SGSN. 57. The PGW of claim 52, being further configured to: establish a handover procedure for the UE with the Gn/Gp SGSN. 58. The PGW of claim 52, wherein the handover is from one of: Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, EDGE, Radio Access Network/Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, GERAN/UTRAN, to WiFi; WiFi to GERAN/UTRAN; and GERAN/UTRAN to Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN, and then to WiFi. 59. A computer storage medium storing a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out a method in a Gn/GD Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, for providing handover management, the method comprising: providing a handover for a User Equipment, UE, to and from non-Third Generation Partnership Project, non-3GPP, and 3GPP by utilizing a Packet Data Protocol, PDP, context that was previously created for the UE during an attach procedure, the previously created PDP context being for a previously serving Packet data network Gateway, PGW. 60. (canceled) 61. A computer storage medium storing a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out a method, in a Home Location Register, HLR, for providing handover management, the method comprising: receiving, from a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, an identification of a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, at a Packet Data Network, PDN, connection establishment, storing the identification of the PGW; and sending the identification of the PGW to a Home Subscriber Server, HSS. 62. (canceled) 63. A computer storage medium storing a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out a method, in a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, for providing handover management, the method comprising: receiving, from a Gn/Gp Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node, SGSN, a Create Packet Data Protocol, PDP, Context Request message comprising an activated handover flag setting, wherein the activated handover flag setting indicates a handover request for a User Equipment, UE, the handover being a non-3GPP to 3GPP handover. 64. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides a subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation characterized by comprising aluminum hydroxide gel and an efficient amount of a gonadotropin, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, higher than or equal to 0.2 mg/mL and lower than 1.0 mg/mL, which is a subcutaneous injection product that is useful for producing good calves and that can induce superovulation in a cow by a single administration. The present invention also provides a method for producing good calves undergoing steps of subcutaneously injecting the aforementioned injection product into a cow to thereby induce superovulation, inducing estrus in the cow, conducting artificial insemination, and then collecting fertilized eggs. 1. A subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation, characterized by comprising aluminum hydroxide gel and an efficient amount of a gonadotropin, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, higher than or equal to 0.2 mg/mL and lower than 1.0 mg/mL. 2. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, more than or equal to 1.0 mg and less than 5.0 mg per administration. 3. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 1, wherein the content of the gonadotropin is 10 to 50 AU per administration. 4. A kit for preparing the subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 1, comprising a first container in which the aluminum hydroxide gel is enclosed, a second container in which the gonadotropin is enclosed, and a third container in which a liquid for dissolving the gonadotropin is enclosed. 5. A kit for preparing the subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 1, comprising a first container in which the aluminum hydroxide gel is enclosed, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, higher than or equal to 0.2 mg/mL and lower than 1.0 mg/mL; and a second container in which the gonadotropin is enclosed. 6. A method for producing good calves characterized by comprising a step of subcutaneously injecting into a cow the injection product according to claim 1, a step of inducing estrus and conducting artificial insemination, and a step of collecting fertilized eggs. 7. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminium, 1.0 to 4.5 mg per administration. 8. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminium, 1.5 to 3.0 mg per administration. 9. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.2 to 0.8 mg/mL. 10. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 8, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.2 to 0.8 mg/mL. 11. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.3 to 0.6 mg/mL. 12. The subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 8, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.3 to 0.6 mg/mL. 13. A kit for preparing the subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 9, comprising a first container in which the aluminum hydroxide gel is enclosed, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.2 to 0.8 mg/mL, and a second container in which the gonadotropin is enclosed. 14. A kit for preparing the subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 10, comprising a first container in which the aluminum hydroxide gel is enclosed, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.2 to 0.8 mg/mL, and a second container in which the gonadotropin is enclosed. 15. A kit for preparing the subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 11, comprising a first container in which the aluminum hydroxide gel is enclosed, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.3 to 0.6 mg/mL, and a second container in which the gonadotropin is enclosed. 16. A kit for preparing the subcutaneous injection product for cattle for inducing superovulation according to claim 12, comprising a first container in which the aluminum hydroxide gel is enclosed, wherein the concentration of the aluminum hydroxide is, in terms of the amount of aluminum, 0.3 to 0.6 mg/mL, and a second container in which the gonadotropin is enclosed.",
-    "A method of generating a representation of graphical data based upon a plurality of stored floating point data values and a plurality of stored integer values. The method comprises reading a plurality of the integer values, reading a plurality of the floating point data values, each read floating point data value being based upon a respective read integer value, and generating a representation of the graphical data based upon the plurality of read floating point data values. 1. A method of generating a representation of graphical data based upon a plurality of stored floating point data values and a plurality of stored integer values, the method comprising: reading a plurality of said integer values; reading a plurality of said floating point data values, each read floating point data value being based upon a respective read integer value; and generating a representation of said graphical data based upon said plurality of read floating point data values. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein each of the integer values has an associated sign, each of said floating point values is unsigned, and reading said plurality of floating point values comprises modifying a sign of at least some of the read floating point values based upon the sign of the respective read integer value. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of integer values define a plurality of tuples and said generating comprises generating a plurality of tuples representing features of said graphical data. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein at least some of said tuples define respective points in a vector space. 5. A method according to claim 3, wherein said generating further comprises reading a plurality of vertex data items, each vertex data item identifying one of said tuples and each vertex data item representing a vertex in said graphical data. 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein said graphical data is represented by a plurality of polygons and said generating generates said polygons from said vertex data items. 7. (canceled) 8. A method according to claim 5, wherein some of said tuples represent a point in a two-dimensional texture, said point in said two-dimensional texture being associated with one of said vertices and said generating comprises generating graphical data in which said point in said two dimensional texture is applied to a specified one of said vertices. 9. (canceled) 10. A method according to claim 3, wherein at least some of said tuples define a colour. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the at least some of said tuples which define a colour comprise a plurality of elements, each element providing a value for a respective colour channel. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the at least some of the tuples which define a colour comprise a first element providing a value for a red colour channel, a second element providing a value for a greed colour channel, a third element providing a value for a blue colour channel and a forth element providing a transparency value. 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein said read floating point values define a bounded range, and the method further comprises: reading integer data indicating a number of points within said bounded range; reading a plurality of integer data items, each identifying one of said points within said bounded range; generating for each integer data item a floating point position value based upon the respective integer data item, the bounded range and the number of points within the bounded range. 14. A method of generating a stored representation of graphical data, the method comprising: reading a plurality of signed floating point values providing a representation of said graphical data; storing a plurality of unsigned floating point values based upon said read floating point values, each unsigned floating point value being stored only once; and storing a plurality of integer values, each integer value identifying a stored floating point value and being associated with a read floating point value. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein each of said integer values has an associated sign based upon the sign of a respective read floating point value. 16. A method according to claim 14, wherein said read floating point values define a plurality of tuples and said stored integer values define a plurality of tuples. 17. A method according to claim 16, wherein each of said tuples defines a point in a vector space. 18. A method according to claim 16, further comprising storing a plurality of vertex data items, each vertex data item identifying one of said tuples of integer values and each vertex data item representing a vertex in said graphical data. 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein further comprising storing data representing a plurality of polygons based upon said vertex data items. 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. A method according to claim 14, wherein the at least some of said tuples define a colour and comprise a plurality of elements, each element providing a value for a respective colour channel. 23. A method according to claim 22, wherein the at least some of the tuples which define a colour comprise a first element providing a value for a red colour channel, a second element providing a value for a green colour channel, a third element providing a value for a blue colour channel and a fourth element providing a transparency value. 24. (canceled) 25. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions configured to cause a computer to carry out a method according to claim 1. 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled)",
-    "Provided is a vehicular air conditioning device which is based on a configuration adopted in a conventional vehicle including a hot-water heater, a heat-pump cooling device, and a control system, and which is capable of increasing heating performance at low cost and with a small increase in installation space. This vehicular air conditioning device is provided with: a first water refrigerant heat exchanger that vaporizes a refrigerant; a second water refrigerant heat exchanger that condenses the refrigerant; and a switching means capable of switching between a state in which the refrigerant flows in a refrigerant circuit including the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, a compressor, and the first water refrigerant heat exchanger, and a state in which the refrigerant flows in another refrigerant circuit including an evaporator, the compressor, and a condenser. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A vehicle air conditioning apparatus comprising: a first water refrigerant heat exchanger that causes heat exchange between refrigerant in a low-temperature and low-pressure state and coolant for heat conveyance to vaporize the refrigerant; a second water refrigerant heat exchanger that causes heat exchange between the refrigerant in a high-temperature and high-pressure state and the coolant to condense the refrigerant; a compressor that compresses the refrigerant; an evaporator that causes heat exchange between the refrigerant in a low-temperature and low-pressure state and sucked air that is sent to a vehicle interior; a condenser that causes heat release from the refrigerant in a high-temperature and high-pressure state to condense the refrigerant; and a switching section capable of switching between a state where the refrigerant flows through a refrigerant circuit including the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, the compressor, and the first water refrigerant heat exchanger, and a state where the refrigerant flows through a refrigerant circuit including the evaporator, the compressor, and the condenser, wherein the first water refrigerant heat exchanger takes in the coolant from a heater core that heats air that is sent to the vehicle interior, and outputs the coolant to a passage for cooling a heat generation member of a vehicle, the second water refrigerant heat exchanger takes in the coolant from the passage for cooling the heat generation member, and outputs the coolant to the heater core, and a refrigerant passage from the second water refrigerant heat exchanger to the first water refrigerant heat exchanger and a refrigerant passage from the condenser to the evaporator are different from each other. 17. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16 further comprising a check valve disposed on a passage through which the refrigerant flows from the evaporator to the compressor. 18. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16 further comprising: a first expansion section that expands the refrigerant condensed by the condenser into a low-temperature and low-pressure state, and discharges the refrigerant to the evaporator; and a second expansion section that expands the condensed refrigerant into a low-temperature and low-pressure state, and discharges the refrigerant to the first water refrigerant heat exchanger. 19. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16 further comprising: a first air-conditioning control section that controls an operation of the compressor; and a second air-conditioning control section that controls switching of the switching section, wherein the first air-conditioning control section and the second air-conditioning control section are communicably connected with each other. 20. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 19, wherein: the first air-conditioning control section is capable of transmitting air-conditioning switch information to the second air-conditioning control section, the air-conditioning switch information representing on-off of an air-conditioning switch that is operated by a user; and the second air-conditioning control section is capable of transmitting a compressor activation request to the first air-conditioning control section. 21. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16, wherein: a refrigerant passage from a discharge port of the compressor includes a branching part that diverges to a side of the condenser on which the refrigerant is taken in and to a side of the second water refrigerant heat exchanger on which the refrigerant is taken in; and the switching section includes a first opening/closing valve capable of blocking a refrigerant passage between the branching part and the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, and a second opening/closing valve capable of blocking a refrigerant passage between the branching part and the condenser. 22. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the switching section includes a three-way valve disposed at a branching part where a refrigerant passage from a discharge port of the compressor diverges to a side of the condenser on which the refrigerant is taken in and to a side of the second water refrigerant heat exchanger on which the refrigerant is taken in. 23. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the second air-conditioning control section receives information for determining necessity of a heat-pump heating mode, and transmits a compressor activation request to the first air-conditioning control section on a basis of the received information. 24. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the information for determining the necessity of the heat-pump heating mode includes switch information of a heat pump heating switch that is operated by the user. 25. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the heat generation member is an internal combustion engine. 26. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 16, wherein: the first water refrigerant heat exchanger, the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, and the switching section are integrated together to compose a unit; and the compressor is provided outside the unit. 27. The vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 19, wherein: the first water refrigerant heat exchanger, the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, the switching section, and the second air-conditioning control section are integrated together to compose a unit; and the compressor and the first air-conditioning control section are provided outside the unit. 28. A constituent unit of a vehicle air conditioning apparatus, wherein a first water refrigerant heat exchanger, a second water refrigerant heat exchanger, and a switching section are integrated together, wherein the first water refrigerant heat exchanger causes heat exchange between refrigerant in a low-temperature and low-pressure state and coolant for heat conveyance to vaporize the refrigerant; the second water refrigerant heat exchanger causes heat exchange between the refrigerant in a high-temperature and high-pressure state and the coolant to condense the refrigerant; and the switching section is capable of switching between a state where the refrigerant flows through a refrigerant circuit including the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, a compressor that compresses the refrigerant, and the first water refrigerant heat exchanger, and a state where the refrigerant flows through another refrigerant circuit including the compressor. 29. The constituent unit of the vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 28 further comprising: a connecting section that is connected to a signal line for communication with a first air-conditioning control section that controls the compressor; and a second air-conditioning control section that is communicably connected to the first air-conditioning control section through the connecting section, and controls switching of the switching section. 30. The constituent unit of the vehicle air conditioning apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the first water refrigerant heat exchanger, the second water refrigerant heat exchanger, the switching section, and the second air-conditioning control section are integrated together.",
-    "The present invention relates to an LED retrofit lamp (700) adapted for operation with an alternating current. The LED lamp comprises an LED unit (740), a mains current line, first and second switching devices (710, 720) (e.g., first and second relays), and a control unit (730). The control unit (730) detects an ignition voltage on the mains current line. In response to detecting the ignition voltage on the mains current line, the control unit (730) sets the first and second switching devices (710, 720) to a conducting state such that the LED unit (740) is connected to power. By using the first and second switching devices (710, 720), safety of the LED lamp (700) is improved, in particular when installing the lamp (700) into a fixture designed for fluorescent lamps. 1. An LED retrofit lamp adapted for operation with an alternating current, comprising an LED unit, a mains current line; a first switching device and a second switching device, said first switching device, said second switching device, and said LED unit being connected in series along said mains current line; and a control unit adapted to detect an ignition voltage on said mains current line; in response to detecting said ignition voltage on said mains current line, set said first and second switching devices at least temporarily to a conducting state, wherein the control unit comprises at least one capacitor coupled in parallel to the first and second switching devices, said at least one capacitor being adapted, during a startup mode of operation, to detect said ignition voltage on said mains current line. 2. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein said control unit is further adapted to set said first and second switching devices at least temporarily to a non-conducting state in response to a power reduction on said mains current line. 3. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein said control unit is further adapted to derive a supply voltage for said first and second switching devices from said mains current line. 4. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein said first and second switching devices change from a non-conducting state to said conducting state upon receipt of a supply voltage from said control unit. 5. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein said first switching device comprises a first relay, and wherein said second switching device comprises a second relay. 6. The LED lamp according to claim 3, wherein the control unit comprises a transformer having a primary and a secondary winding, wherein the primary winding is connected in series along the mains current line. 7. The LED lamp according to claim 6, wherein the control unit further comprises a rectifier connected to said secondary winding, the rectifier being adapted to convert a voltage induced at the secondary winding into a DC supply voltage, said DC supply voltage being provided to the first and second switching devices. 8. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein, during said startup mode of operation, said control unit is further adapted to convert said ignition voltage to an initial supply voltage and to provide said initial supply voltage to the first and second switching devices, wherein said first and second switching devices are adapted to change to a conducting state upon receipt of said ignition voltage. 9. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises a voltage supply unit, said voltage supply unit being adapted to provide a supply voltage to the first and second switching devices; said voltage supply unit comprising a shunt supply circuit being adapted to tap energy from said mains current line during a steady-state mode of operation. 10. The LED lamp according to claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises a voltage supply unit, said voltage supply unit being adapted to provide a supply voltage to the first and second switching devices; wherein said voltage supply unit is connected in-between said first and second switching devices. 11. The LED lamp according to claim 9, wherein the control unit comprises a voltage supply unit, said voltage supply unit being adapted to provide a supply voltage to the first and second switching devices, said voltage supply unit comprising a shunt supply circuit adapted to tap energy from said mains current line during a steady-state mode of operation, wherein said shunt supply circuit comprises a full diode bridge and a shunt switch; and/or an active full bridge comprising at least two diodes and at least two MOSFETs; and/or an asymmetrical half-bridge. 12. The LED lamp according to claim 5, wherein the first relay comprises a first coil, and wherein the second relay comprises a second coil, wherein the first and second coils are connected to receive a supply voltage from said control unit, wherein said first and second relays change from a non-conducting state to a conducting state upon receipt of said supply voltage from said control unit.",
-    "The invention relates to a fusion protein comprising an antibody directed to A\u03b2, a monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain barrier receptor and a neprilysin. 1. A fusion protein comprising, an antibody directed to A\u03b2, a monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain barrier receptor and a neprilysin moiety. 2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the blood brain receptor is selected from the group consisting of the transferrin receptor, insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor. 3. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the monovalent binding entity is a blood brain barrier ligand or a monovalent antibody fragment. 4. The fusion protein of claim 1, comprising: the antibody directed to A\u03b2 comprising two heavy and two light chains, the monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain receptor coupled to a C-terminal part of the first heavy chain of the antibody directed against A\u03b2 by a first linker and the neprilysin moiety coupled to a C-terminal part of the second heavy chain of the antibody directed against A\u03b2 by a second linker. 5. The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein the monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain receptor is coupled to the C-terminal end of the Fc part of the first heavy chain of the full length antibody directed against A\u03b2 by a first linker and the neprilysin moiety is coupled to the C-terminal end of the Fc part of the second heavy chain of the full length antibody directed against A\u03b2 by a second linker. 6. The fusion protein of claim 5, wherein the first and second linker are a peptide or a chemical linker. 7. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain barrier receptor is a scFab directed to the transferrin receptor. 8. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the antibody directed to A\u03b2 comprises (a) H-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 5, (b) H-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 6, (c) H-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 7, (d) L-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 8, (e) L-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 9 and (f) L-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 10. 9. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the antibody directed to A\u03b2 comprises a VH domain comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 3 and a VL domain comprising the amino acid sequence of Seq. Id. No. 4. 10. The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein one of the heavy chains of the antibody directed to A\u03b2 comprises a first dimerization module and the second heavy chain of the antibody directed to A\u03b2 comprises a second dimerization module allowing heterodimerization of the two heavy chains. 11. The fusion protein of claim 10, wherein the first dimerization module comprises knobs and the second dimerization module comprises holes according to the knobs into holes strategy. 12. The fusion protein of claim 1, comprising one monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain barrier receptor. 13. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein of claim 1. 14. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 13. 15. A pharmaceutical formulation, comprising the fusion protein of claim 1 and a pharmaceutical carrier. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the monovalent binding entity is a blood brain barrier ligand or a monovalent antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of scFv, Fv, scFab, Fab and VHH. 19. The fusion protein of claim 6, wherein the first and second linker are a peptide linker. 20. The fusion protein of claim 12, wherein the monovalent binding entity which binds to a blood brain barrier receptor is scFab directed to the transferrin receptor.",
-    "A connector having a spring configured to change a dimension such as diameter or length in response to a change in force applied to it, wherein the spring is biased in a radial or longitudinal direction towards a natural dimension. The connector including a dimension control portion configured to restrict the change in dimension in a direction away from the bias of the spring. 1. A connector comprising: a spring configured to change a dimension such as diameter or length in response to a change in force applied to it, wherein the spring is biased in a radial or longitudinal direction towards a natural dimension; and a dimension control portion configured to restrict the change in dimension in a direction away from the bias of the spring. 2. The connector of claim 1 wherein said spring comprises a helix formed in a housing. 3. The connector of claim 2 wherein the housing comprises a shaft. 4. The connector of claim 3 wherein the shaft is a component of a paddle. 5. The connector of claim 1 wherein the dimension control portion restricts expansion of said spring at least one of radially and longitudinally when the force is applied. 6. The connector of claim 1 wherein the dimension control portion comprises a sheath. 7. The connector of claim 1 further comprising a reinforcement element disposed within said spring. 8. The connector of claim 1 wherein the dimension control portion surrounds the entire length of the spring. 9. The connector of claim 1 wherein said dimension control portion is comprised of a resilient material. 10. The connector of claim 4 wherein the dimension control portion further comprises a handle. 11. The connector of claim 1 wherein the inner diameter of the spring is tapered. 12. The connector of claim 1 wherein the dimension control portion is discontinuous. 13. The connector of claim 1 wherein the dimension control portion comprises an element of a tool bit. 14. The connector of claim 13 wherein the tool bit is configured for use with a drill 15. A shaft including at least two connectors of claim 1. 16. The shaft of claim 15 wherein the springs are oriented in opposed directions. 17. A mechanism for gripping an associated article having an external surface with an outer dimension, said mechanism comprising: a sleeve having an open end, said open end configured to receive the outer dimension of the article; a spring, said sleeve surrounding at least a portion of an outer surface of said spring; the spring having an inner diameter of an at least similar dimension to the outer dimension of said article; the spring being configured such that when a force is applied its inner diameter is greater than the outer dimension of the article so that the mechanism can move over the article; and when the force is no longer applied the spring is biased to return toward its original inner diameter and bear against the external surface of the article. 18. A mechanism for gripping an associated article having a gripping region, the mechanism comprising: a spring having an exterior dimension configured to mate with the gripping region of the article; a reinforcement element disposed within said spring; the spring configured such that when a force is applied to the spring its outer diameter is less than a dimension of the gripping region of the article; and when the force is no longer applied to the spring it is biased to return to its original outer diameter to bear against the gripping region of the article. 19. The mechanism of claim 18 wherein the shaft restricts contraction of the spring when the force is applied. 20. (canceled) 21. A method of connecting an object to the connector of claim 1, comprising the steps of applying a force to the spring, altering a dimension such as the diameter or length of the spring away from its natural dimension, wherein a dimension control portion restricts the change in dimension; moving an object adjacent to the spring while applying the force in order to position the object relative to the spring; and releasing the force from the spring, allowing the spring to return towards its natural dimension thereby providing a friction fit between the spring and the object. 22. (canceled)",
-    "To initiate the transmission of electrical power over a telecommunications connection from a power-collecting telecommunications interface unit o such as a customer premises equipment, connectable to a power supply, to a power-receiving unit such as a curbside electrical/optical interface, when a connection is first established, or the collecting unit is first powered up, or in order to re-establish connection alter a power outage, control signals are transmitted between low-power modems in the interlace units using a low-power communications protocol. This allows the controlled initiation of a larger power output and a higher speed exchange of data once the full telecommunications connection has been established. A low-powered beacon signal is transmitted over the telecommunications connection by the power-collecting telecommunications interface unit on connection to a power supply, for detection by the power-receiving telecommunications interface unit. In the event of a loss of power at the input, the low power modem initiates power management control signals to cause the power-receiving telecommunications interface to shut down certain functions in order to preserve backup power for essential \u201clifeline\u201d services. 1. A method of controlling transmission of electrical power, over a telecommunications connection, to a power-receiving telecommunications interface unit from a power-collecting telecommunications interface unit connectable to a power supply, wherein during a dormant phase a high impedance connection is provided between the interface units, the presence of which is indicative that the telecommunications connection is intact, and an active phase is initiated by transmitting control messages between the interface units using a communications protocol capable of operation on power scavenged by the power-receiving interface unit from the high impedance circuit, the control messages initiating the transmission of a larger power output over the telecommunications connection from the power-collecting telecommunications interface unit to the power-receiving telecommunications interface unit. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein, when the transmission of the larger power output has been initiated, a higher speed exchange of data between the interface units is enabled. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein a low-powered beacon signal is transmitted over the telecommunications connection by the power-collecting telecommunications interlace unit on connection to a power supply, and the power-receiving telecommunications interface unit is responsive to the beacon signal to generate a response for transmission back over the telecommunications connection. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein a power management control signal is transmitted by the power-collecting telecommunications interface unit in response to a loss of connection to a power supply, and the power-receiving telecommunications interface shuts down predetermined functions in response to the power management control signal indicative of a loss of power. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the power-receiving telecommunications interface unit is an optical network termination point for converting between electrical signals to optical signals. 6. A power insertion system for a telecommunications interface unit for controlling the transmission of electrical power over a telecommunications connection from a first, power collecting, interface unit and a second, power-receiving interface unit, the first, power collecting, interface unit comprising a control system for processing control signals controlling the power delivered over the telecommunications connection, and comprising a modem for the transmission of control messages between the interface units, the modem being configured to operate doting a dormant phase using a communications protocol capable of operation on power scavenged by the second unit from the first interface unit over a high impedance connection, the presence of which is indicative that the connection is intact, to allow the transmission of control messages between the interface units to initiate an active phase in which a larger power output can be transmitted over the telecommunications connection from the first, power-collecting, telecommunications interface unit to the second, power-receiving, telecommunications interface unit. 7. A power insertion system according to claim 6, having a second modem for higher speed exchange of data between the interface units when the transmission of the larger power output has been initiated. 8. A power insertion system according to claim 6, incorporated in a power-collecting telecommunications interface unit connectable to a power supply, such that power may be delivered over the telecommunications connection to a corresponding power-receiving unit. 9. A power insertion system according to claim 8, wherein the control system is arranged to transmit a low-powered beacon signal over the telecommunications connection on connection to a power supply. 10. A power insertion system according to claim 8, wherein the control system is arranged to transmit power management control signals in response to a loss of power. 11. A power insertion system according to claim 6, incorporated in a power-receiving telecommunications interface unit capable of receiving electrical power over a telecommunications connection from a corresponding power-collecting unit. 12. A power insertion system according to claim 11, wherein the telecommunications interface unit is an optical network termination point for converting between electrical signals and optical signals. 13. A power insertion system according to claim 11, wherein the control system has a detection unit for detecting a low-powered beacon signal received over the telecommunications connection, and generating a response for transmission back over the telecommunications connection. 14. A power insertion system according to claim 11, wherein the control system is arranged to shut down predetermined functions in the telecommunications interface unit in response to a power management control signal indicative of a loss of power.",
-    "A battery secondary use management system for managing a secondary use destination of a battery in use by using information of the battery includes an expired use time prediction unit configured to obtain estimated degradation information of the battery in use and predict an expired use time of the battery in use on the basis of the estimated degradation information which is acquired, and a secondary use destination determining unit configured to determine in advance the secondary use destination of the battery in use before expiration of use on the basis of the expiration-of-use date which is predicted. 1. A battery secondary use management system for managing a secondary use destination of a battery in use by using information of the battery, comprising: an expired use time prediction unit configured to obtain estimated degradation information of the battery in use and predict an expired use time of the battery in use on the basis of the estimated degradation information which is acquired; and a secondary use destination determining unit configured to determine in advance the secondary use destination of the battery in use before expiration of use on the basis of the expiration-of-use date which is predicted. 2. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, further comprising: a battery replacement time prediction unit configured to predict battery replacement time of the batteries used in a plurality of secondary use destination candidates, wherein the secondary use destination determining unit determines the secondary use destination of the battery in use on the basis of the expired use time of the battery in use predicted by the expired use time prediction unit and the battery replacement time of the plurality of secondary use destination candidates predicted by the battery replacement time prediction unit. 3. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 2, wherein the secondary use destination determining unit determines a secondary use destination candidate corresponding to closest battery replacement time as the secondary use destination of the battery in use, and the closest battery replacement time is time closest to the expired use time of the battery in use predicted by the expired use time prediction unit among kinds of battery replacement time of the plurality of secondary use destination candidates predicted by the battery replacement time prediction unit. 4. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 2, wherein the secondary use destination determining unit obtains estimated degradation information of the battery used in the plurality of secondary use destination candidates, and the secondary use destination determining unit predicts the battery replacement time of the plurality of secondary use destination candidates on the basis of the estimated degradation information which is obtained. 5. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, wherein the expired use time prediction unit predicts the expired use time of the battery on the basis of the estimated degradation information of the battery in use and a use mode of the battery in use. 6. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, further comprising: a notification unit configured to notify the expired use time of the battery in use predicted by the expired use time prediction unit to a user of the battery in use or a system on which the battery in use is mounted. 7. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, wherein in a case that the expired use time of the battery in use is determined in advance, the expired use time prediction unit predicts the expired use time determined in advance as the expired use time of the battery in use. 8. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, wherein the battery in use is an on-board battery, and a system of the secondary use destination is a stationary power source system. 9. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 8, wherein the expired use time prediction unit calculates time at which a battery capacity of the battery in use reaches 80% of an initial battery capacity on the basis of the estimated degradation information of the battery in use, and the expired use time prediction unit predicts the calculated time as the expired use time. 10. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, wherein the battery in use is a battery of a stationary power source system and a system of the secondary use destination is other stationary power source system different from the stationary power source system. 11. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 10, wherein the expired use time prediction unit calculates time at which a battery capacity of the battery in use reaches 40% of an initial battery capacity on the basis of the estimated degradation information of the battery in use, and the expired use time prediction unit predicts the calculated time as the expired use time. 12. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 1, wherein the secondary use destination determining unit determines whether or not the battery in use is available for on-board use on the basis of the estimated degradation information of the battery in use, and the secondary use destination determining unit sets the secondary use destination of the battery in use to a vehicle when the battery in use is available for the on-board use. 13. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 12, wherein the secondary use destination determining unit determines a user classification of a user of a vehicle which is available for the secondary use destination on the basis of the estimated degradation information of the battery in use when the battery in use is available for the on-board use. 14. The battery secondary use management system according to claim 13, further comprising: an information providing unit configured to provide specified information to a vehicle user corresponding to the user classification determined by the secondary use destination determining unit, the specified information indicating that a secondarily available battery is present. 15. A battery secondary use management apparatus for managing a secondary use destination of a battery in use by using information of the battery, comprising: an expired use time information obtaining unit configured to obtain expired use time information of the battery in use, the expired use time information being predicted from estimated degradation information of the battery in use; a battery replacement time information obtaining unit configured to obtain battery replacement time information of batteries used in a plurality of secondary use destination candidates which become secondary use destination candidates of the battery in use; and a secondary use destination determining unit configured to determine in advance the secondary use destination of the battery in use before expiration of use on the basis of battery replacement time information of the batteries used in the plurality of secondary use destination candidates and the expired use time information. 16. The battery secondary use management apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the secondary use destination determining unit determines in advance a secondary use destination candidate corresponding to closest battery replacement time as the secondary use destination the battery in use before expiration of use, and the closest battery replacement time is time closest to the expired use time of the battery in use obtained by the expired use time information obtaining unit among kinds of battery replacement time of batteries used in the plurality of battery secondary use destination candidates. 17. A method of managing battery secondary use, comprising: predicting an expired use time of a battery in use on the basis of estimated degradation information of the battery in use; and determining in advance a secondary use destination of the battery in use before expiration of use on the basis of the expiration-of-use date which is predicted. 18. The method of managing battery secondary use according to claim 17, predicting battery replacement time of batteries used in a plurality of secondary use destination candidates; determining in advance a secondary use destination candidate corresponding to closest battery replacement time as the secondary use destination of the battery in use before expiration of use; and the closest battery replacement time is time closest to the expired use time among kinds of the predicted battery replacement time which are predicted.",
-    "The present invention proposes variations of the laser separation method allowing separating homoepitaxial films from the substrates made from the same crystalline material as the epitaxial film. This new method of laser separation is based on using the selective doping of the substrate and epitaxial film with fine donor and acceptor impurities. In selective doping, concentration of free carries in the epitaxial film and substrate may essentially differ and this can lead to strong difference between the light absorption factors in the infrared region near the residual beams region where free carriers and phonon-plasmon interaction of the optical phonons with free carriers make an essential contribution to infrared absorption of the optical phonons. With the appropriate selection of the doping levels and frequency of infrared laser radiation, it is possible to achieve that laser radiation is absorbed in general in the region of strong doping near the interface substrate-homoepitaxial film. When scanning the interface substrate-homoepitaxial film with the focused laser beam of sufficient power, thermal decomposition of the semiconductor crystal takes place with subsequent separation of the homoepitaxial film. The advantage of the proposed variations of the method for laser separation of epitaxial films in comparison with the known ones is in that it allows the separation of homoepitaxial films from the substrates, i.e., homoepitaxial films having the same width of the forbidden gap as the initial semiconductor substrate has. The proposed variations of the method can be used for separation of the epitaxial films. 1. A method of laser separation of an epitaxial film or of an epitaxial film layer from a growth substrate of an epitaxial semiconductor structure, the method comprising: using selective doping of some regions of the epitaxial semiconductor structure with fine donor or acceptor impurities when growing the epitaxial film or the epitaxial film layer, so that a resulting concentration of fine donor or acceptor impurities in selectively doped regions essentially exceeds a background concentration in undoped regions; gluing an epitaxial semiconductor structure onto a temporary substrate; directing a focused laser beam of a laser to the epitaxial semiconductor structure so as to place a beam focus of the focused laser beam in the selectively doped regions of the epitaxial semiconductor structure in which absorption of laser radiation takes place; moving the focused laser beam so as to scan the selectively doped regions of the epitaxial semiconductor structure with the beam focus with partial thermal decomposition of the selectively doped regions and weakening of their mechanical strength; and separating the epitaxial film or the epitaxial film layer from the growth substrate or from the growth substrate with a part of the epitaxial film by applying mechanical or thermomechanical stress. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the epitaxial film or the epitaxial film layer is grown by a homoepitaxy method. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a selectively doped region is a substrate or a surface layer of the substrate. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a selectively doped region is the epitaxial film or a lower layer of the epitaxial film. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein a material of the epitaxial semiconductor structure is a semiconductor from an element of forth group of the periodic system. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a material of the epitaxial semiconductor structure is a semiconductor compound from elements of forth group of the periodic system. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein a material of the epitaxial semiconductor structure is a semiconductor compound from elements of third and fifth groups of the periodic system. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein a material of the epitaxial semiconductor structure is a semiconductor compound from elements of second and sixth group of the periodic system. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein for separating homoepitaxial films from the growth substrate, the method comprises using the laser with a wave length which is within following wave length ranges: for silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide semiconductors within a wave length range of 6 \u03bcm\u2266\u03bb\u226648 \u03bcm; for gallium nitride within a wave length range of 4 \u03bcm\u2266\u03bb\u226632 \u03bcm; for silicon carbide within a wave length range of 3 \u03bcm\u2266\u03bb\u226624 \u03bcm; for alumina nitride within a wave length range of 2.5 \u03bcm\u2266\u03bb\u226620 \u03bcm; and for diamond within a wave length range of 2 \u03bcm\u2266\u03bb\u226616 \u03bcm. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the laser is an infrared gas pulse pumped CO2 or CO laser.",
-    "Combined administration of a hypoxia-activated prodrug, such as TH-302, a taxane, such as nab-paclitaxel, and a nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic, such as gemcitabine, are efficacious in the treatment of cancer, including pancreatic cancer. 1. A combination of pharmaceutical agents comprising a hypoxia-activated prodrug and a taxane for simultaneous or sequential use in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. 2. The combination of claim 1, further comprising a nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic. 3. A method of treating pancreatic cancer, comprising simultaneously or sequentially administering an effective combination of pharmaceutical agents comprising a hypoxia-activated prodrug and a taxane. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising administering a nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic. 5. The method of claim 3, comprising administering a hypoxia-activated prodrug and a taxane, but not a nucleoside analog. 6. (canceled) 7. The method, of claim 3, wherein the hypoxia-activated prodrug has the structure according to Formula (I): wherein Y2 is O, S, NR6, NCOR6, or NSO2R6; wherein R6 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R3 and R4 are independently selected from 2-haloalkyl, 2-alkylsulfonyloxyalkyl, 2-heteroalkylsulfonyloxyalkyl, 2-arylsulfonyloxyalkyl, and 2-heteroalkylsulfonyloxyalkyl; and R1 has the formula L-Z3; wherein L is C(Z1)2; each Z1 independently is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C6 acyl, C1-C6 heteroacyl, aroyl, or heteroaroyl; or L is: wherein Z3 is a bioreductive group having a formula selected from: wherein each X1 is independently N or CR8; X2 is NRS, S, or O; each R7 is independently C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and R8 is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, CHF2, CF3, CO2H, amino, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C1-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, aryl, CON(R7)2, C1-C6 acyl, C1-C6 heteroacyl, aroyl or heteroaroyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the hypoxia-activated prodrug is TH-302. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the taxane is a 9-dihydrotaxol analog having a chemical structure according to Formula II: wherein R2, R4, R5 and R7 in formula (II) are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl or aminoalkanoyl. R3 in formula (II) is hydrogen, alkyl or aminoalkanoyl. R6 in formula (II) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkanoyl, aminoalkanoyl or phenylcarbonyl (\u2014C(O)-phenyl); wherein R1 has the following structure: wherein R8 is hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, amino, substituted amino, phenoxy or substituted phenoxy; R9 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl; and R10 is hydrogen, alkanoyl, substituted alkanoyl or aminoalkanoyl. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel. 11. The method of claim 3, wherein the combination of pharmaceutical agents comprises a nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic that has a chemical structure according to Formula III: wherein R is a nitrogen-containing monocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic compound selected so that the compound may mimic a nucleoside analog and block enzymatic reactions associated with DNA biosynthesis. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein R is selected from the following: wherein R1 is hydrogen, methyl, bromo, fluoro, chloro or iodo; and R2 is hydroxy; and R3 is hydrogen, bromo, chloro or iodo. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic is gemcitabine. 14. The method of claim 3, wherein the hypoxia-activated prodrug is administered at least about 30 minutes before the taxane and/or at least about 30 minutes before the nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the hypoxia-activated prodrug, the taxane, and optionally the nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic are administered in a plurality of cycles, each comprising consecutively administering each of said drugs at least once a week for three consecutive weeks, followed by one week in which none of said drugs is administered. 17. The method of claim 3, wherein the hypoxia-activated prodrug is TH-302, the taxane is nab-paclitaxel, and the nucleoside analog is gemcitabine. 18. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for handling an ultra-thin glass for a display panel and, more specifically, the invention enables the ultra-thin glass to be easily attached to or detached from a carrier glass for supporting the ultra-thin glass before and after a surface treatment process for applying the ultra-thin glass to a display panel. To this end, the method for handling an ultra-thin glass for a display panel, according to the present invention, comprises: a bonding step for bonding an ultra-thin glass and a carrier glass for supporting the ultra-thin glass by means of a phase transition material; a surface treatment step for treating a surface of the ultra-thin glass; and a separation step for separating the ultra-thin glass from the carrier glass. 1. A method for handling a piece of ultrathin glass for a display panel, the method comprising: bonding a piece of ultrathin glass and a piece of carrier glass together via a phase transition material such that the piece of carrier glass supports the piece of ultrathin glass; surface-treating the piece of ultrathin glass; and separating the piece of ultrathin glass from the piece of carrier glass. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the phase transition material has electro-conductivity. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the phase transition material comprises indium tin oxide to which a dopant is added. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the dopant comprises one or a combination of at least two selected from the element group consisting of Ga, Zn, Ce, Mg, Zr and Nb. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the dopant added to the indium tin oxide comprises Ga2O3, a content of the Ga2O3 ranging from 0.5 to 7% by weight. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the content of the Ga2O3 is 2.9% by weight. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the phase transition material disposed between the piece of ultrathin glass and the piece of carrier glass is 100 nm or less. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the phase transition material disposed between the piece of ultrathin glass and the piece of carrier glass ranges from 30 to 50 nm. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein bonding the piece of ultrathin glass and the piece of carrier glass together comprises coating a bonding surface of the piece of carrier glass with the phase transition material. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein, during the separating step, the piece of ultrathin glass is separated from one surface of the phase transition material that has been bonded to the piece of ultrathin glass, roughness of the one surface of the phase transition material is greater than roughness of the other surface of the phase transition material that is bonded to the piece of carrier glass. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein bonding the piece of ultrathin glass and the piece of carrier glass together comprises coating a bonding surface of the piece of ultrathin glass with the phase transition material. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, during the separating step, the piece of carrier glass is separated from one surface of the phase transition material that has been bonded to the piece of carrier glass, roughness of the one surface of the phase transition material is greater than roughness of the other surface of the phase transition material that is bonded to the piece of ultrathin glass. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein surface-treating the piece of ultrathin glass comprises heat treatment at a temperature equal to or above a phase transition temperature of the phase transition material. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the piece of ultrathin glass has a thickness of 0.3 mm or less.",
-    "A housing wall for a data communications device includes a metallic and electrically conductive main body. A slotted area having a number of slots is provided in a region of the housing wall, in such a way that in a region of the slotted area the housing wall is permeable to magnetic fields for inductively coupling-in signals for wireless communication. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A housing wall for a data communications device, the housing wall comprising: a metallic and electrically conductive main body; and a region having a slotted area with a plurality of slots; said region having said slotted area being permeable to magnetic fields for inductively coupling-in signals for wireless communication. 12. The housing wall according to claim 11, which further comprises: a coil antenna located in said region having said slotted area and bearing against the housing wall or lying near the housing wall, said coil antenna generating a magnetic field; and said slots restricting a free propagation of eddy currents in the housing wall being induced by the magnetic field generated by said coil antenna, to permit wireless communication based on inductive coupling between the coil antenna and a further data communications device situated on an opposite side of the housing wall. 13. The housing wall according to claim 11, which further comprises electrically non-conductive material disposed in said region having said slotted area and closing the housing wall. 14. The housing wall according to claim 13, wherein said electrically non-conductive material is an insulating layer covering and closing said slots. 15. The housing wall according to claim 14, wherein said insulating layer makes said slotted area impermeable to air or water. 16. The housing wall according to claim 11, which further comprises a coil antenna having sides, one of said sides being disposed in said region having said slotted area. 17. The housing wall according to claim 16, wherein said slotted area projects beyond said coil antenna. 18. The housing wall according to claim 11, wherein said slots define webs therebetween having a width of at most 3 mm. 19. The housing wall according to claim 11, which further comprises: at least one first housing wall ply and at least one second housing wall ply each having a respective said slotted area; said slotted areas of said at least one first and said at least one second plies overlapping each other; and said slots in said slotted areas of said at least one first and said at least one second plies being mutually offset. 20. The housing wall according to claim 19, which further comprises an insulating layer formed between said at least one first ply and said at least one second ply, said insulating layer spacing said at least one first and said at least one second plies apart from one another and electrically insulating said at least one first and said at least one second plies from one another. 21. The housing wall according to claim 19, wherein said slots of said at least one first ply and said slots of said at least one second ply form angles of more than 45\u00b0 with respect to one another. 22. The housing wall according to claim 19, wherein said slots of said at least one first ply and said slots of said at least one second ply form angles of more than 85\u00b0 with respect to one another. 23. A housing for a data communications device, the housing comprising: a housing wall according to claim 11 defining a housing interior; and a coil antenna disposed in said housing interior and disposed in said region having said slotted area. 24. A data communications device, comprising: a housing having a housing wall according to claim 11 defining a housing interior; and a coil antenna disposed in said housing interior and disposed in said region having said slotted area. 25. A cellular phone, comprising: a housing having a housing wall according to claim 11 defining a housing interior; and a coil antenna disposed in said housing interior and disposed in said region having said slotted area.",
-    "A shading correction of removing a plurality of shading factors is performed. A scanner device performs a shading correction in a manner such that a low-pass filter circuit (14) extracts a broad waveform change component caused by a temperature characteristic and a temporal change in light source or sensor sensitivity as shading factors, a phase/amplitude synchronizing circuit (15) extracts a phase shift of a cycle pattern of a lens array, a first multiplying circuit (16) synthesizes the waveforms of the extracted factors so as to form a correction-purpose image signal waveform, and the correction-purpose image signal waveform is divided from an image signal waveform subjected to a dark level correction (offset). 1. A scanner device that optically scans an image recorded on an original by an image sensor, comprising: an image sensor that reads an image of an original and a white reference inside the scanner device; a production-time white level waveform memory that stores a production-time white level waveform read by the image sensor when the scanner device is produced; an analog circuit and A/D converter that converts a digital image signal read by the image sensor into a digital image signal; a dark level waveform memory that stores a dark level waveform read by the image sensor in a non-illumination state; a dark level correcting circuit that performs a dark level correction by subtracting the dark level waveform from an image signal waveform output from the analog circuit and A/D converter by the use of the dark level waveform stored in the dark level waveform memory; a first dividing circuit that performs a white level correction of dividing the production-time white level waveform stored in the production-time white level waveform memory from an image signal waveform subjected to a dark correction and output from the dark level correcting circuit; a low-pass filter circuit that outputs an image signal waveform of a broad change component caused by a temporal change in light source or sensor sensitivity and a temperature characteristic by outputting only a low-frequency component of the image signal waveform output from the first dividing circuit; a phase/amplitude synchronizing circuit that outputs a cycle pattern caused by a phase shift of a lens cycle pattern separated from a low-frequency component or a noise component by synchronizing the phase and the amplitude of the image signal waveform output from the low-pass filter circuit based on the input of the white level correction image signal waveform output from the first dividing circuit; a first multiplying circuit that outputs a result obtained by multiplying the cycle pattern of the phase shift output from the phase/amplitude synchronizing circuit with the image signal waveform of the broad change component output from the low-pass filter circuit; a second multiplying circuit that outputs a correction white level waveform obtained by multiplying the production-time white reference level waveform stored in the production-time white level waveform memory from the image signal waveform obtained by multiplying the cycle pattern of the phase shift and the image signal waveform of the broad change component by the first multiplying circuit; a correction white level waveform memory that stores the correction white level waveform output from the second multiplying circuit; and a dividing circuit that outputs a result obtained by dividing the correction white level waveform output by the correction white level waveform memory from the dark correction image signal waveform output by the dark level correcting circuit. 2. The scanner device according to claim 1, wherein in order to extract only the cycle pattern of the signal waveform caused by the phase shift of the cycle pattern, the phase/amplitude synchronizing circuit includes an AC component extracting function of extracting an AC component from a waveform, a gentle amplitude change extracting function of extracting a gentle change in amplitude of an AC component waveform extracted by the AC component extracting function by the use of a peak holding low-pass filter, and a sine wave synthesizing function of synthesizing a sine wave having a matched phase by a phase synchronizing circuit. 3. A method for correcting shading in a scanner device including an image sensor that reads an image of an original and a white reference inside the scanner device, a production-time white level waveform memory that stores a production-time white level waveform read by the image sensor during the production of the device, an analog circuit and A/D converter that converts a digital image signal read by the image sensor into a digital image signal, a dark level waveform memory that stores a dark level waveform read by the image sensor in a non-illumination state, and a dark level correcting circuit that performs a dark level correction by subtracting the dark level waveform from the image signal waveform output from the analog circuit and A/D converter by the use of the dark level waveform stored in the dark level waveform memory and optically scanning the image of the original by the image sensor, the method for correcting shading comprising: a first dividing step of performing a white level correction of dividing the production-time white level waveform stored in the production-time white level waveform memory from the image signal waveform subjected to a dark correction and output by the dark level correcting circuit; a low-pass filter step of outputting an image signal waveform of a broad change component caused by a temporal change in light source or sensor sensitivity and a temperature characteristic by outputting only a low-frequency component of the image signal waveform output by the first dividing step; a phase/amplitude synchronizing step of outputting a cycle pattern caused by a phase shift of a lens cycle pattern separated from a low-frequency component or a noise component by synchronizing the phase and the amplitude of the image signal waveform output from the low-pass filter step based on the input of the white level correction image signal waveform output by the first dividing step; a first multiplying step of outputting a result obtained by multiplying the cycle pattern of the phase shift output in the phase/amplitude synchronizing step by the image signal waveform of the broad change component output in the low-pass filter step; a second multiplying step of outputting a correction white level waveform obtained by multiplying the production-time white reference level waveform stored in the production-time white level waveform memory from the image signal waveform obtained by multiplying the cycle pattern of the phase shift and the image signal waveform of the broad change component in the first multiplying step; a correction white level waveform memory step of storing the correction white level waveform output in the second multiplying step; and a second dividing step of outputting a result obtained by dividing the correction white level waveform output in the correction white level waveform memory step from the dark correction image signal waveform output in the dark level correction step. 4. The method for correcting shading according to claim 3, wherein in order to extract only the cycle pattern of the signal waveform caused by the phase shift of the cycle pattern, the phase/amplitude synchronizing step includes an AC component extracting step of extracting an AC component from a waveform, a gentle amplitude change extracting step of extracting a gentle change in amplitude of an AC component waveform extracted by the AC component extracting step by the use of a peak holding low-pass filter, and a sine wave synthesizing step of synthesizing a sine wave having a matched phase by a phase synchronizing step.",
-    "A well casing detection system includes a well casing and a ranging tool. The well casing includes a beacon with a resonant structure and a power supply. The ranging tool includes a magnetic field inducer, a magnetic field detector, and a power supply. This detection system is used to remotely detect well casing while it is deployed in a well, and may be used in conjunction with measurement while drilling (MWD) methods, logging while drilling (LWD) methods, coiled tubing drilling methods, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), and wireline drilling methods, such that an operator may simultaneously direct the operation of a drill while operating the detection system. 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. A system for detecting a well structure comprising: an electrically conductive well structure; and a resonant structure attached to the well structure, the resonant structure having a resonant frequency, and the resonant structure comprising an electromagnetically resonant structure, the resonant structure being provided to generate a time varying magnetic response field having a frequency at or near the resonant frequency upon either: inducement of a time varying magnetic inducing field at or near the resonant frequency in proximity of the well structure, or inducement of a current in the well structure at or near the resonant frequency. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the resonant frequency is between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the resonant structure further comprises a gyrator circuit. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the electrically conductive well structure is a solenoid or a toroidal inductor. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the electrically conductive well structure comprises two or more individual conductive elements operably connected together around the well structure. 16. The system of claim 11, further comprising a first resonant structure and one or more additional resonant structures. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the additional resonant structures have resonant frequencies at or near the resonant frequency of the first resonant structure. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the additional resonant structures have resonant frequencies different from the resonant frequency of the first resonant structure. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the first and additional resonant structures are located at different positions of the well structure. 20. The system of claim 16 wherein the first and additional resonant structures are located on a plurality of well casings. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the plurality of well casings is located in a plurality of wells. 22. The system of claim 16, wherein the response field generated by the first resonant structure is out of phase with a time varying magnetic response field generated by the additional resonant structures. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein a phase difference between the response field generated by the first resonant structure and the response field generated by the additional resonant structures is adjustable. 24. The system of claim 11, wherein the well structure is a well casing and the electrically conductive well structure is wound around an outer surface of the well casing. 25. The system of claim 11, wherein the well structure is a well casing and the electrically conductive well structure is wound around an inner surface of the well casing. 26. The system of claim 11, wherein the well structure is a well casing and the electrically conductive well structure is wound in a region between an outer and an inner surface of the well casing. 27. A system for detecting a well structure comprising: an electrically conductive well structure; a resonant structure located on the well structure and having at least one resonant frequency; and a ranging device; the resonant structure being provided to produce a time varying magnetic response field upon either: inducement of a time varying magnetic inducing field in proximity of the well structure, or inducement of a current in the well structure; the ranging device being provided to induce the inducing field, to obtain a measurement of the response field, and to determine at least one location parameter between the ranging device and the resonant structure based upon the measurement of the response field; and wherein the frequencies of the response field, inducing field, and current in the well structure are at or near the resonant frequency of the resonant structure; and wherein the ranging device is further provided to induce a time varying magnetic inducing field with a swept range of frequencies. 28. A system for detecting a well structure comprising: an electrically conductive well structure; a resonant structure located on the well structure and having at least one resonant frequency; and a ranging device; the resonant structure being provided to produce a time varying magnetic response field upon either: inducement of a time varying magnetic inducing field in proximity of the well structure, or inducement of a current in the well structure; the ranging device being provided to induce the inducing field, to obtain a measurement of the response field, and to determine at least one location parameter between the ranging device and the resonant structure based upon the measurement of the response field; and wherein the frequencies of the response field, inducing field, and current in the well structure are at or near the resonant frequency of the resonant structure; and wherein the ranging device is further provided to have a selectable frequency of the inducing field. 29. The system of claim 11, wherein the resonant structure has a passive circuit configuration. 30. The system of claim 11, wherein the resonant structure has an actively powered configuration. 31. The system of claim 11, wherein upon detection of a signal, the resonant structure changes from a low power state to a high power state. 32. A method for detecting a well casing comprising: providing a resonant structure on a well casing, the resonant structure having a resonant frequency; producing a time varying magnetic response field from the resonant structure by either inducing a time varying magnetic inducing field at or near the resonant frequency in proximity of the well casing or by inducing a current at or near the resonant frequency in the well casing; determining a measurement of the time varying magnetic response field produced by the inducing field or by the current in the well casing; and determining a location of the well casing based upon the measurement. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the resonant frequency is between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz. 34. The method of claim 32, further comprising providing a current source to produce the current in the well casing. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein providing a resonant structure comprises providing a first resonant structure and one or more additional resonant structures. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the response field generated by the first resonant structure is out of phase with a time varying magnetic response field generated by the additional resonant structures. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein a phase difference between the response field generated by the first resonant structure and the response field generated by the additional resonant structures is adjustable. 38. The system of claim 11, wherein the ranging device is located in a borehole or in a well casing of a second well. 39. The system of claim 11, wherein the ranging device is located on a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool or on a wireline tool. 40. The system of claim 39, wherein the ranging device located on the MWD tool is in proximity to a drill unit. 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled)",
-    "A piston structure of a pumping-type cosmetic container. The piston structure includes two pistons which come into close contact with an inner wall of a container body and are overlapped. During a pumping operation, a first piston firstly ascends to a certain section and then lifts up a second piston located on the lower part thereof such that the first piston and the second piston ascend together; thus, it is possible to reduce the volume taken up by the pistons when the contents are initially filled, while the thickness for a normal operation of the pistons is still maintained, so that relatively more contents for the same volume can be filled in the same container. 1. A piston structure of a pumping-type cosmetic container, the pumping-type cosmetic container comprising: a piston which is installed inside a container body receiving contents therein, wherein the piston ascends as the contents are consumed by a pumping operation of a pumping means, wherein the piston comprises: a first piston having a hollow cavity; and a second piston having a closed upper end portion and liftably coupled to the hollow cavity, wherein the second piston overlaps the first piston when the contents are initially filled and is configured to firstly ascend independently of the first piston as the contents are consumed, the second piston configured to subsequently lift the first piston such that the first and the second pistons ascend together, wherein the first and the second pistons are configured to ascend while the first and the second pistons are in close contact with an inner wall of the container body. 2. The piston structure of claim 1, wherein a locking jaw is formed on an inner upper portion of the first piston to surround an inner circumferential surface of the first piston such that the first and the second pistons ascend together while being in contact with each other. 3. The piston structure of claim 2, wherein a coupling portion which is liftably coupled to the hollow cavity of the first piston is provided to a lower central portion of the second piston, wherein the coupling portion comprises a locking protrusion formed on a lower outer circumferential surface thereof such that the first and the second pistons ascend together while the locking protrusion is in contact with the locking jaw.",
-    "A pixel array, a display driving method, a display driving device and a display device are described. The pixel array comprises a plurality of columns of subpixel groups. Each column of subpixel group comprises M\u00d7N subpixels, where N is the number of colors of subpixels, and M is an integer equal or greater than 3. Directions in which subpixels of the subpixel groups in odd columns and subpixels of the subpixel groups in even columns are twisted respectively being opposite in a column direction. The pixel array is suitable for application of Pentile technologies under 2D/3D display mode. 1. A pixel array comprising a plurality of columns of subpixel groups, each column of subpixel groups comprising M\u00d7N subpixels, where N is the number of colors of subpixels, and M is an integer equal or greater than 3; and directions in which subpixels of the subpixel groups in odd columns and subpixels of the subpixel groups in even columns are twisted respectively being opposite in a column direction. 2. The pixel array according to claim 1, wherein shapes of the subpixels are parallelogram. 3. The pixel array according to claim 2, wherein acute angles of the parallelogram are in a range of 70 degree to 90 degree; or acute angles of the parallelogram are in a range of 82 degree to 85 degree. 4. (canceled) 5. The pixel array according to claim 2, wherein a length ratio of a side of a subpixel in the column direction to a side of the subpixel not in the column direction is [ 1 2 , 1 ] . 6. The pixel array according to claim 1, wherein there are a predetermined number of subpixels per unit pixel element area, and the predetermined number is lower than the number of colors of subpixels comprised in the pixel array. 7. The pixel array according to claim 1, wherein the value of N is 3, and the pixel array is a triangular pixel array. 8. The pixel array according to claim 1, wherein the subpixel groups in odd columns and the subpixel groups in even columns are staggered in the column direction. 9. A display driving method for driving a 2D display device comprising a pixel array according to claim 1, the display driving method comprising: segmenting an image to be displayed into a plurality of theoretical pixel elements and determining color components for colors in each theoretical pixel element; and setting luminance for each subpixel in the pixel array based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel. 10. The display driving method according to claim 9, wherein when length of a side of the subpixel in the column direction is a, the subpixel groups in odd columns and the subpixel groups in even columns are staggered by 1 2 \ue89e a in the column direction, and length of the subpixel in a row direction is b, the preset sampling region is a rhombic sampling region; wherein four vertexes of the rhombic sampling region for the subpixel are arranged such that two vertexes are in the same column direction as center of the subpixel and at a distance of 3 2 \ue89e a from the center of the subpixel respectively, and the other two vertexes are in the same row direction as the center of the subpixel and at a distance of b from the center of the subpixel respectively. 11. The display driving method according to claim 9, wherein the step of setting luminance for each subpixel based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel comprises: for each subpixel, determining overlapping areas between its corresponding preset sampling region and each theoretical pixel element covered by the preset sampling region and color components for the color of the subpixel in said each theoretical pixel element; calculating products of overlapping areas corresponding to said each theoretical pixel element and respective determined color components; and setting the luminance of the subpixel based on a sum of the products and an area of the preset sampling region. 12. A display driving device for driving a display device comprising a pixel array according to claim 1, the display driving device comprising: a first image pixel segmenting unit being configured to segment an image to be displayed into a plurality of theoretical pixel elements and determine color component for colors in each theoretical pixel element; and a first luminance setting unit being configured to set luminance for each subpixel in the pixel array based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel. 13. The display driving device according to claim 12, wherein when length of a side of the subpixel in the column direction is a, the subpixel groups in odd columns and the subpixel groups in even columns are staggered by 1 2 \ue89e a in the column direction, and length of the subpixel in a row direction is b, the preset sampling region is a rhombic sampling region; wherein four vertexes of the rhombic sampling region for the subpixel are arranged such that two vertexes are in the same column direction as center of the subpixel and at a distance of 3 2 \ue89e a from the center of the subpixel respectively, and the other two vertexes are in the same row direction as the center of the subpixel and at a distance of b from the center of the subpixel respectively. 14. A display driving method for driving a 3D display device comprising a grating array and a pixel array according to claim 1, the subpixel groups in odd columns being first view pixel groups used for a first view to be displayed; the subpixel groups in even columns being second view pixel groups used for a second view to be displayed; the grating array shielding along the column direction a part of the first view pixel groups on a first side and a part of the second view pixel groups on a second side, the first side and the second side being opposite sides; the display driving methods comprising: segmenting the first view and the second view into a plurality of theoretical pixel elements respectively and determining color components for colors in each theoretical pixel element; for each view, setting luminance for each subpixel used for the view based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel and belong to the view. 15. The display driving method according to claim 14, wherein length of a side of the subpixel in the column direction is a, and length of the subpixel in a row direction is b, the preset sampling region is a rectangular sampling region; wherein four middle points of four sides of the rectangular sampling region for the subpixel are arranged such that two middle points are in the same column direction as center of the subpixel and at a distance of 3/2a from the center of the subpixel respectively, and the other two middle points are in the same row direction as the center of the subpixel and at a distance of b from the center of the subpixel respectively. 16. The display driving method according to claim 14, wherein the step of, for each view, setting luminance for each subpixel used for the view based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel and belong to the view comprises: for each subpixel used for a view, determining overlapping areas between its corresponding preset sampling region and each theoretical pixel element covered by the preset sampling region and belonging to the view and color components for the color of the subpixel in said each theoretical pixel element; calculating products of overlapping areas corresponding to said each theoretical pixel element and the respective determined color components; and setting the luminance of the subpixel based on a sum of the products and an area of the preset sampling region. 17. A display driving device for driving a 3D display device comprising a grating array and a pixel array according to claim 1, the subpixel groups in odd columns being first view pixel groups used for a first view to be displayed; the subpixel groups in even columns are second view pixel groups used for a second view to be displayed; the grating array being configured to shield along the column direction a part of the first view pixel groups on a first side and a part of the second view pixel groups on a second side, the first sides and the second side being opposite sides; the display driving device comprising: a second view pixel segmenting unit being configured to segment the first view and the second view into a plurality of theoretical pixel elements respectively and determine color components for colors in each theoretical pixel element; a second luminance setting unit being configured to, for each view, set luminance for each subpixel used for the view based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel and belong to the view. 18. The display driving device according to claim 17, wherein length of a side of the subpixel in the column direction is a, and length of the subpixel in a row direction is b, the preset sampling region is a rectangular sampling region; wherein four middle points of four sides of the rectangular sampling region for the subpixel are arranged such that two middle points are in the same column direction as center of the subpixel and at a distance of 3 2 \ue89e a from the center of the subpixel respectively, and the other two middle points are in the same row direction as the center of the subpixel and at a distance of b from the center of the subpixel respectively. 19. A display device, comprising a pixel array according to claim 1. 20. The display device according to claim 19, wherein the display device further comprises a display driving device for driving the display device, the display driving device comprising: a first image pixel segmenting unit being configured to segment an image to be displayed into a plurality of theoretical pixel elements and determine color component for colors in each theoretical pixel element; and a first luminance setting unit being configured to set luminance for each subpixel in the pixel array based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel. 21. The display device according to claim 19, wherein the display device further comprises a grating array and a display driving device for driving the display device, the subpixel groups in odd columns being first view pixel groups used for a first view to be displayed; the subpixel groups in even columns are second view pixel groups used for a second view to be displayed; the grating array being configured to shield along the column direction a part of the first view pixel groups on a first side and a part of the second view pixel groups on a second side, the first sides and the second side being opposite sides; the display driving device comprising: a second view pixel segmenting unit being configured to segment the first view and the second view into a plurality of theoretical pixel elements respectively and determine color components for colors in each theoretical pixel element; a second luminance setting unit being configured to, for each view, set luminance for each subpixel used for the view based on color components for color of the subpixel in theoretical pixel elements that are covered by a preset sampling region corresponding to the subpixel and belong to the view.",
-    "An amphibious unicycle (1), comprising an annular casing (100) having an accommodation cavity (1001); two sides of the annular casing (100) are respectively provided with openings communicating with the accommodation cavity (1001); the openings are provided with doors (101) for closing the openings; the doors (101) are rotatably connected to the annular casing (100); the two sides of the annular casing (100) are respectively provided with annularly arranged external rotor motors; the external rotors (111) of the external rotor motors are provided with a plurality of drainage holes (1111) therein arranged along the circumference of the external rotors; the accommodation cavity (1001) is provided with a power system (113) for driving the unicycle (1) to operate. The doors (101) and the annular casing (100) of the unicycle (1) form an enclosed structure, and via the external rotors (111) of the external rotor motor at the two sides of the annular casing (100), the unicycle (1) can travel on the land including the desert, and on the water surface, and have good adaptability to the environment due to the amphibious capability. 1. An amphibious unicycle, comprising an annular casing having a accommodation cavity; two sides of the annular casing are provided with two openings respectively; the openings are communicated with the accommodation cavity; doors are arranged at the openings for sealing the openings; the doors are rotatably connected with the annular casing; two sides of the annular casing are provided with external rotor motors annularly respectively; external rotors of the external rotor motors are provided with a plurality of drainage holes arranged around a periphery of the external rotors; the accommodation cavity is configured inside with a power system for driving an unicycle. 2. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein the two sides of the annular casing are respectively provided with drive gear structures arranged annularly and propellers driven by the drive gear structure to rotate; the drive gear structures are arranged on inner sides of the external rotors, and the propellers are extended outward the annular casing. 3. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein a lower end of the annular casing is flat and arranged above bottoms of the external rotors; an upper end, a front end, and a rear end of the annular casing are protruded and extended beyond the external rotors. 4. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein a periphery of each of the external rotors is provided with an elastic ring. 5. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein the accommodation cavity is provided therein with an extendable stick; two ends of the extendable stick extend towards two openings respectively and connect to the door; the door is rotatably connected with the annular casing through a spindle; and the extendable stick deviates from the spindle. 6. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein a lower end of the annular casing is provided with a protruding support which is extended forward and bent upward to form a bumper in front of the annular casing; the bumper is provided with turn lights on two sides of the bumper respectively. 7. The amphibious unicycle of claim 2, wherein the annular casing is provided with a strip-shaped support which wiggles around an axis of the annular casing; an upper end of the support is rotatably connected to the annular casing; and a lower end of the support is provided with an anti-skid wheel. 8. The amphibious unicycle of claim 2, wherein the propeller comprises a propeller stem; a middle part of the propeller stem is connected with the support; a gearhead is arranged at an upper end of the propeller stem, and the gearhead is configured to engage with the drive gear structure; a plurality of paddles are arranged at a lower end of the propeller stem, and the plurality of paddles are distributed annularly. 9. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein the accommodation cavity is provided therein with a first seat and a second seat; the second seat is arranged in front of the first seat; the power system is arranged under the first seat and the second seat; the second seat is provided with a safety belt and a headrest; an intercommunication device and a reading light is embedded in on two sides of the headrest respectively. 10. The amphibious unicycle of claim 9, wherein two sides of the first seat are provided with handrails respectively. 11. The amphibious unicycle of claim 1, wherein the accommodation cavity is provided therein with a headlight and a tail light respectively; the headlight is arranged in front of the accommodation cavity; and the rear light is arranged in rear of the accommodation cavity. 12. The amphibious unicycle of claim 9, wherein a clamping piece is arranged at an end surface of the headrest towards the first seat.",
-    "Method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars and the synthetic fiber obtained, particularly a polyolefin-based synthetic fiber for use in concretes and mortars with a hydraulic binder as a cementing base for increasing the elastic modulus of the same which comprises the mixture of polyolefin and additives, the formation of threads, a first stretching process, an alternate series of heating-cooling, collecting the threads in coils and stabilization of the polymerization/cross-linking for two days to one week; the threads are subsequently again subjected to one or several re-stretching phases, including the heating-cooling and subsequent stabilization processes if successive re-stretching processes are going to be carried out; lastly a surface etching phase and the cutting of the threads. 1. A method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars which is applicable particularly to a polyolefin-based synthetic fiber for the use thereof in concretes and mortars with a hydraulic binder as a cementing base and increasing the elastic modulus of the same, and comprising the mixture of polyolefin and additives, the formation of threads, a first stretching process, an alternate series of heating-cooling, surface etching and the cutting the threads, is characterized in that once the initial stretching process has been carried out at a determined temperature and before having passed through the process of surface embossing, the continuous threads are subjected to a stabilization phase where they are collected in coils which are maintained for a period of between two days to one week so that they are stabilized and the polymerization and cross-linking process of the fiber is completed; and after the stabilization phase, the coils are collected and the threads are again subjected to heating-cooling and stretching cycles. 2. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 1, characterized in that the threads are brought to temperatures from 80 to 120\u00b0 C. in the heating-cooling cycles after the stabilization period. 3. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 2, characterized in that the heating process is by means of immersion bath. 4. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 2, characterized in that the heating process is by means of the passage of the thread between heating plates in a special atmosphere. 5. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 1, characterized in that once the fibers have passed through the stabilization and heating-cooling process at the ideal temperature, they are again subjected to stretching. 6. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 1, characterized in that if successive re-stretching is going to be carried out, when the threads are subjected to one or several re-stretching phases, the heating-cooling and subsequent stabilization processes are included. 7. A synthetic fiber for the use thereof in concretes and mortars with a hydraulic binder as a cementing base, obtained according to a method of manufacturing like the one described in claim 1. 8. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 2, characterized in that once the fibers have passed through the stabilization and heating-cooling process at the ideal temperature, they are again subjected to stretching. 9. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 3, characterized in that once the fibers have passed through the stabilization and heating-cooling process at the ideal temperature, they are again subjected to stretching. 10. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 4, characterized in that once the fibers have passed through the stabilization and heating-cooling process at the ideal temperature, they are again subjected to stretching. 11. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 2, characterized in that if successive re-stretching is going to be carried out, when the threads are subjected to one or several re-stretching phases, the heating-cooling and subsequent stabilization processes are included. 12. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 3, characterized in that if successive re-stretching is going to be carried out, when the threads are subjected to one or several re-stretching phases, the heating-cooling and subsequent stabilization processes are included. 13. The method for manufacturing structural synthetic fibers for concretes and mortars according to claim 4, characterized in that if successive re-stretching is going to be carried out, when the threads are subjected to one or several re-stretching phases, the heating-cooling and subsequent stabilization processes are included.",
-    "According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft (14) which includes a mounting member (base, 20) which is configured to be mounted on a watercraft (14), a first connecting member for connecting a leading edge region (16) of a canopy (12) of the kite to the mounting member, a second connecting member for connecting a trailing edge region (18) of the canopy (12) to the mounting member and a control device for controlling the displacement of the canopy relative to the watercraft via at least the second connecting member. 1. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft which includes: a mounting member which is configured to be mounted on a watercraft; a first connecting member for connecting a leading edge region of a canopy of the kite to the mounting member; a second connecting member for connecting a trailing edge region of the canopy to the mounting member; and a control device for controlling the displacement of the canopy relative the watercraft via at least the second connecting member. 2. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the mounting member is shaped and configured to be mounted displaceably the watercraft. 3. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the mounting member is generally disc shaped. 4. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein a sensor is provided for sensing the position and orientation of the mounting member relative to the watercraft. 5. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 4 wherein the sensor includes a gear arrangement. 6. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 5 wherein the gear arrangement is in the form of a rack and pinion gear arrangement with the rack being defined on a peripheral region of the mounting member. 7. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 4 wherein the sensor includes any suitable conventional electronic sensing device which is configured to measure the orientation of the mounting member relative to the watercraft. 8. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 4 wherein a transmitter is provided for transmitting the positon and orientation of the mounting member relative the watercraft to the control device. 9. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first connecting member includes a first elongate member and a first length adjustment member for adjusting the length of the first elongate member. 10. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first connecting member includes a first angle adjustment member for adjusting the angle of the first elongate member relative to the watercraft. 11. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 9 wherein a sensor is provided for measuring the position and orientation of the first elongate member relative to the watercraft. 12. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 11 wherein the sensor includes a rack and pinion arrangement. 13. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 11 wherein the sensor is in the form of any suitable conventional electronic device which is configured to measure the orientation of the first elongate member relative to the watercraft. 14. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 11 wherein a transmitter is provided for transmitting the positon and orientation of the first elongate member relative the watercraft to the control device. 15. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second connecting member includes a second elongate member and a second length adjustment member for adjusting the length of the second elongate member. 16. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second connecting member comprises a second angle adjustment member for adjusting the angle of the elongate member relative to the horizon. 17. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 15 wherein a sensor is provided for measuring the position and orientation of the second elongate member relative to the watercraft. 18. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 17 wherein the sensor includes a rack and pinion arrangement. 19. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 17 wherein the sensor is in the form of any suitable conventional electronic device which is configured to measure the orientation of the second elongate member relative to the watercraft. 20. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 15 wherein a communicating member is provided for communicating the positon and orientation of the second elongate member relative the watercraft to the control device. 21. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 9 wherein sensors are provided for measuring tension in the first and second elongate members. 22. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 15 wherein sensors are provided for measuring tension in the second elongate member. 23. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 21 wherein a communicating member is provided for communicating the tension in the first elongate member to the control device. 24. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 22 wherein a communicating member is provided for communicating the tension in the second elongated member to the control device. 25. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 9 wherein sleeve elements are mounted co-axially the first elongate member to facilitate the transfer of the kite from a body of water onto the watercraft. 26. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 15 wherein sleeve elements are mounted co-axially the second elongate member to facilitate the transfer of the kite from a body of water onto the watercraft. 27. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the control device includes a receiver for receiving input from the sensors for manoeuvring the canopy into a preferred zone by manipulating the second connecting member. 28. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the watercraft includes a generator for generating mechanical energy as the watercraft is pulled through a body of water. 29. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 28 wherein the generator is in the form of a hydro turbine. 30. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft claimed in claim 28 wherein the generator is in the form of a paddle. 31. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 28 wherein the generator is in the form of a propeller. 32. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the watercraft includes a convertor for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. 33. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 32 wherein the convertor is configured to manufacture hydrogen. 34. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 33 wherein the hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to produce methanol. 35. A kite driven watercraft including a steering arrangement for steering the watercraft as claimed in claim 33 wherein the hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to produce methane gas. 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the control device includes a receiver for receiving input from the sensors for manoeuvring the canopy into a preferred zone by manipulating the first connecting member. 40. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the control device includes a mechanical advantage member for controlling the second adjustment member in response to the input received from the sensors. 41. A steering arrangement for steering a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the control device includes a mechanical advantage member for controlling the first adjustment member in response to the input received from the sensors. 42. A steering arrangement for a kite driven watercraft as claimed in claim 1 wherein the control device is configured to receive information about the spatial orientation of the kite connecting lines and to position the control device accordingly so as to thereby give a user an indication of the spatial orientation of the kite connecting lines, and thereby of the kite.",
-    "A control installation for handling luggage (10) in a handling space (32). The handling space (32) has a reception entrance and a discharge exit. Said installation includes a plurality of locking devices (12, 14) to enable each of said pieces of luggage to be kept locked when said luggage is received at said reception entrance. Each of said locking devices (12, 14) includes a control transmitter capable of transmitting an identification signal (36) and an unlocking signal (38) when said locking device (12, 14) is unlocked, while said handling space (32) comprises control receivers (34) to receive, on the one hand, said identification signal (36), and, on the other hand, said unlocking signal (38). 1. An installation for luggage handling control in a handling space for air transport, said handling space having a reception entrance for receiving a plurality of pieces of luggage and a discharge exit for discharging said plurality of pieces of luggage, said installation further comprising a plurality of locking devices, each of said locking devices being capable of being mounted on a piece of luggage of said plurality of pieces of luggage so that each of said pieces of luggage can be kept locked, when said luggage is received at said reception entrance, wherein each of said locking devices comprises a control transmitter capable of transmitting an identification signal and an unlocking signal when said locking device is unlocked, while said handling space comprises control receivers to receive, on the one hand, said identification signal for supplying the position of the locking device within said handling space, and, on the other hand, said unlocking signal. 2. The control installation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a trigger transmitter located at said reception entrance so that it can transmit an activation signal for activating said control transmitter of each of said locking devices. 3. The control installation as claimed in claim 2, wherein said trigger transmitter is also capable of transmitting a loading signal representing said identification signal. 4. The control installation as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of ordered locations situated near said discharge exit, each of the locations being capable of receiving a single piece of luggage fitted with a locking device. 5. The control installation as claimed in claim 4, further comprising location receivers for the purpose of supplying the relative position of said locking devices identified within said locations. 6. The control installation as claimed in claim 4, further comprising a storage frame situated near said discharge exit, said plurality of locations being formed within said storage frame. 7. The control installation as claimed in claim 4, further comprising containers, and wherein said ordered locations are arranged inside said containers. 8. The control installation as claimed in claim 1, wherein said locking devices each comprise a receptacle having an opening for receiving a piece of luggage and a sealing member to enable said opening to be sealed. 9. The control installation as claimed in claim 8, wherein said control transmitter is housed in said sealing member. 10. The control installation as claimed in claim 8, wherein said receptacle has a depressurized sealed double-skin wall, and said control transmitter is also adapted to supply a pressure signal to said control receivers when the pressure of said double-skin wall increases.",
-    "A fiber optic cable and connector assembly is disclosed. The assembly includes a cable optical fiber, a ferrule, a stub optical fiber having a first portion supported within the ferrule a second portion the projects rearwardly the ferrule and a signal modification structure optically coupled between the stub optical fiber and the cable optical fiber. 1. A fiber optic cable and connector assembly comprising: a cable optical fiber; a ferrule having a front end and a rear end, the ferrule also defining a longitudinal bore; a stub optical fiber having a first portion supported within the longitudinal bore and a second portion that projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule; a signal modification fiber optically coupled between the stub optical fiber and the cable optical fiber, the signal modification fiber being configured to support multiple transmission modes over a predetermined signal wavelength range; the cable optical fiber and the stub optical fiber being configured to support a single transmission mode over the predetermined signal wavelength range; and a hub supporting the rear end of the ferrule and covering the second portion of the stub optical fiber and at least a portion of the signal modification fiber. 2. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the signal modification fiber functions as a bandpass filter. 3. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1 wherein the signal modification fiber functions as an edge filter. 4. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the signal modification fiber is a stepped index fiber having a having a stepped refractive index profile defined radially between a core and a cladding of the signal modification fiber. 5. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1 wherein the cable optical fiber and the stub optical fiber have a core diameter in the range of 8-12 microns, and wherein the signal modification fiber has a core diameter of at least 20 microns. 6. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 5, wherein the core diameter of the signal modification structure is at least 30 microns. 7. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 5, wherein the core diameter of the signal modification fiber is at least 40 microns. 8. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 5, wherein the core diameter of the signal modification fiber is at least 50 microns. 9. A fiber optic cable and connector assembly comprising: a cable optical fiber; a ferrule having a front end and a rear end, the ferrule also defining a longitudinal bore; a stub optical fiber having a first portion supported within the longitudinal bore and a second portion that projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule; and a signal modification structure optically coupled between the stub optical fiber and the cable optical fiber, the signal modification structure being configured at a desired splice angle to reflect certain wavelengths. 10. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 9, wherein the signal modification structure is a film. 11. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 9, wherein the desired splice angle is between about 0\u00b0 and 8\u00b0. 12. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 9, wherein the reflected wavelengths are used to monitor the presence of optical connectors. 13. A fiber optic cable and connector assembly comprising: a cable optical fiber; a ferrule having a front end and a rear end, the ferrule also defining a longitudinal bore; a stub optical fiber having a first portion supported within the longitudinal bore and a second portion that projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule; a signal modification structure optically coupled between the stub optical fiber and the cable optical fiber, the signal modification structure being configured to extract part of an optical signal; and at least one detector for detecting the presence of the extracted optical signal. 14. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 13, wherein the signal modification structure is a splice beam splitter. 15. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 13, wherein the extracted optical signal is 90\u00b0 from a fiber axes. 16. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 14, wherein the splice beam splitter is a dielectric coating applied to a fiber. 17. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 16, wherein the coating thickness is about 0.1 \u03bcm. 18. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 16, wherein the coating thickness is about 10 \u03bcm. 19. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 16, wherein the coating thickness is greater than about 0.1 \u03bcm. 20. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 16, wherein the coating thickness is less than about 10 \u03bcm. 21. The fiber cable and connector assembly of claim 13, wherein the at least one detector monitors bi-directional optical signals in the cable optical fiber. 22. A fiber optic cable and connector assembly comprising: a cable optical fiber; a ferrule having a front end and a rear end, the ferrule also defining a longitudinal bore; a stub optical fiber having a first portion supported within the longitudinal bore and a second portion the projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule; and a signal modification structure optically coupled between the second portion of the stub optical fiber and the cable optical fiber, the signal modification structure being configured to provide a functionality selected from the group consisting of: signal splitting; signal filtration; and signal reflection.",
-    "A communication system comprises: (A) a first transmitter that is acoustically coupled to a column of fluid located within a wellbore of an oil, gas, or water well, wherein the first transmitter transmits sound waves wirelessly through the column of fluid located within the wellbore, and wherein the sound waves are encoded with data; and (B) a first receiver that is acoustically coupled to the column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the first receiver receives the data-encoded sound waves, wherein the data-encoded sound waves communicate information about the well or a component of the wellbore. A method of communicating information wirelessly in a wellbore of an oil, gas, or water well comprises: providing the communication system; and causing or allowing the first transmitter to communicate information about the well or a component of the wellbore to the first receiver via the data-encoded sound waves. 1. A method of communicating information wirelessly in a wellbore of an oil, gas, or water well comprising: providing a communication system, wherein the communication system comprises: (A) a first transmitter that is acoustically coupled to a column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the first transmitter transmits sound waves wirelessly through the column of fluid located within the wellbore, and wherein the sound waves are encoded with data; and (B) a first receiver that is acoustically coupled to the column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the first receiver receives the data-encoded sound waves; and causing or allowing the first transmitter to communicate information about the well or a component of the wellbore to the first receiver via the data-encoded sound waves. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wellbore includes a cased portion, an open-hole portion, or combinations thereof. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the column of fluid located within the wellbore is located in an annulus of the wellbore or in the inside of the tubing string. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein more than one type of wellbore fluid is located within the wellbore at a specific time. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication system further comprises a first encoder, wherein the encoder receives the information and converts the information into digital, electrical data by a change in: the frequency of the electrical signal; the amplitude of the electrical signal; the phase of the electrical signal; or combinations thereof. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the communication system further comprises a digital to analog converter, wherein the digital to analog converter receives the digital, electrical data from the encoder and converts the digital, electrical data into analog, electrical data. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein one-way information communication occurs from a downhole portion of the wellbore to the surface of the wellbore. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the information is from a downhole tool or component or a downhole sensor. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the downhole tool or component is selected from the group consisting of a packer, a valve, a sliding sleeve, a fluid sampler, or combinations thereof. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the wellbore penetrates a subterranean formation, wherein the subterranean formation is an oil, gas, water, or combinations thereof, reservoir or adjacent to the reservoir, and wherein the downhole sensor measures characteristics of wellbore fluids and/or characteristics of the bottomhole of the subterranean formation and/or characteristics of the downhole tool or component. 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein the first transmitter converts the analog, electrical data into the data-encoded sound waves. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication system further comprises a second transmitter and a second receiver, wherein the second transmitter and second receiver are acoustically coupled to a column of fluid located within the wellbore. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising causing or allowing the second transmitter to communicate information to a component of the wellbore and the second receiver via data-encoded sound waves. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the information from the second transmitter communicates with or activates a downhole tool or component or a downhole sensor. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein two-way information communication occurs via the first transmitter and first receiver and the second transmitter and second receiver. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the first transmitter and the first receiver is a first transceiver, and wherein the second transmitter and the second receiver is a second transceiver. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the data is transmitted at high speed or at a high baud rate. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the first and second transmitters comprise a housing and a speaker. 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the first and second transmitters are a monopole transmitter or dipole transmitter. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the first and/or the second transmitters further comprise a port, an actuator, a proof mass, or any combination thereof. 21. The method according to claim 12, wherein the first and/or the second transmitter comprises a piezoelectric material, a lead magnesium niobate material, a ferroelectric material, a magnetostrictive material, a voice coil, or combinations thereof. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the first and/or the second transmitter comprises one or more stacks of pieces of the material. 23. The method according to claim 12, wherein the communication system further comprises one or more repeaters, wherein the repeater is located between the first transmitter and the first receiver and/or between the second transmitter and the second receiver, wherein the repeater is acoustically coupled to the column of fluid located within the wellbore, and wherein the repeater repeats the data-encoded sound waves to either a next repeater or the first and/or second receiver. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tubing string is decentralized, wherein the tubing string is positioned within the wellbore such that a central, vertical axis of the tubing string is not centered within the diameter of the wellbore. 25. A communication system comprising: (A) a first transmitter that is acoustically coupled to a column of fluid located within a wellbore of an oil, gas, or water well, wherein the first transmitter transmits sound waves wirelessly through the column of fluid located within the wellbore, and wherein the sound waves are encoded with data; and (B) a first receiver that is acoustically coupled to the column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the first receiver receives the data-encoded sound waves, wherein the data-encoded sound waves communicate information about the well or a component of the wellbore. 26. A method of communicating information wirelessly two-ways in a wellbore of an oil, gas, or water well comprising: (A) providing a communication system, wherein the communication system comprises: (i) a first transmitter that is acoustically coupled to a first column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the first transmitter transmits sound waves wirelessly through the first column of fluid located within the wellbore, and wherein the sound waves are encoded with data; (ii) a first receiver that is acoustically coupled to the first column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the first receiver receives the data-encoded sound waves; (iii) a second transmitter that is acoustically coupled to the first or a second column of fluid located within the wellbore, wherein the second transmitter transmits sound waves wirelessly through the first or second column of fluid located within the wellbore, and wherein the sound waves are encoded with data; and (iv) a second receiver that is acoustically coupled to the first or second column of fluid located within the wellbore; (B) causing or allowing the first transmitter to communicate information about the well or a component of the wellbore to the first receiver via the data-encoded sound waves; and (C) causing or allowing the second transmitter to communicate information to a component of the wellbore and the second receiver via data-encoded sound waves, wherein the two-way information communication occurs via the first transmitter and first receiver and the second transmitter and second receiver.",
-    "Methods and systems for increasing the yield of sugars from a biomass, such as a lignocellulosic biomass, are described. A non-ionic organic polymer is contacted with the biomass during the saccharification reaction, and the hydrolyzed mixture is separated using a filter into a permeate and a retentate, where the non-ionic organic polymer is present in the retentate. The retentate with the polymer is recycled to the hydrolysis mixture, which increased the yield of sugars using less saccharification enzymes. The methods thus allow for increased cost savings by reducing the amount of enzymes required to convert the biomass to sugars. 1. A method for generating sugars from biomass, comprising: (a) providing a mixture comprising: the biomass; a non-ionic organic polymer of sufficient size to be captured by a filter; and one or more enzymes to hydrolyze components of the biomass to sugars; (b) incubating the mixture under conditions such that the one or more enzymes hydrolyze components of the biomass to sugars, thereby producing a mixture of solids and a liquid comprising the polymer and sugars; (c) separating the mixture into a liquid stream comprising the polymer and sugars, and a solids stream comprising solids; (d) separating the liquid stream with the filter into a permeate comprising sugars and a retentate comprising the polymer; and (e) returning at least a portion of the retentate to said mixture or a new mixture comprising biomass, thereby generating sugars and re-using the polymer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer has the formula (I): wherein R1 is H, or a C1-6 alkyl, and n is an integer greater than 1. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer has the formula (II): wherein R2 is a hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted carboxylate, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and n is an integer greater than 1. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising returning at least a portion of the solids stream to the mixture, wherein the solids stream comprises at least a portion of the one or more enzymes. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the polymer in the mixture is from about 0.1% to about 10.0% by weight of solids in the biomass. 6. The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein n is greater than 25. 7. The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein n is between 25 and 250,000. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomass is a lignocellulosic biomass. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomass comprises at least about 10% solids w/w in step (a). 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomass is a pretreated biomass. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating (c) of the mixture comprises using a mechanical device, a filter, a membrane, or a tangential flow filtration device. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the mechanical device is a centrifuge, a press, or a screen. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a membrane or a tangential flow filtration device. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the sugars comprise glucose and xylose. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the yield of glucose is increased compared to a mixture that does not contain the polymer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the yield of xylose is increased compared to a mixture that does not contain the polymer. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the sugars from the liquid stream in step (c) and/or the permeate from step (d) are processed into ethanol, biofuels, biochemicals, or other chemical products. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more enzymes comprise a cellulase such as exo-cellobiohydrolases, endo-gluconases, and beta-glucosidases; a hemicellulase such as xylanases, beta-xylosidases, arabinofuranosidases; starch hydrolyzing glycosidases and amylases, ligninases, and feruloyl esterases; or non-hydrolytic enzymes such as oxidoreductases and lyases. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises two or more different non-ionic organic polymers. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the two or more different non-ionic organic polymers comprise a polymer of formula (I) and a polymer of formula (II): wherein R1 is H, or a C1-6 alkyl and n is an integer greater than 1; and wherein R2 is a hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted carboxylate, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and n is an integer greater than 1. 21. A method for generating sugars from biomass, comprising: (a) contacting the biomass with a non-ionic organic polymer of sufficient size to be captured by a filter and one or more enzymes under conditions such that the one of more enzymes hydrolyze components of the biomass to sugars, thereby producing a mixture of solids and a liquid comprising the polymer and sugars, thereby generating sugars. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymer has the formula (I): wherein R1 is H, or a C1-6 alkyl, and n is an integer greater than 1. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymer has the formula (II): wherein R2 is a hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted carboxylate, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and n is an integer greater than 1. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein n is greater than 25. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein n is between 25 and 250,000. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more enzymes comprises a cellulase such as exo-cellobiohydrolases, endo-gluconases, and beta-glucosidases; a hemicellulase such as xylanases, beta-xylosidases, arabinofuranosidases; starch hydrolyzing glycosidases and amylases, ligninases, and feruloyl esterases; or non-hydrolytic enzymes such as oxidoreductases and lyases. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the mixture comprises two or more different non-ionic organic polymers. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the two or more different non-ionic organic polymers comprise a polymer of formula (I) and a polymer of formula (II): wherein R1 is H, or a C1-6 alkyl and n is an integer greater than 1; and wherein R2 is a hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted carboxylate, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, and n is an integer greater than 1. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the activity of the enzyme(s) is increased at temperatures greater than 55\u00b0 C. compared to the activity of the enzyme(s) in the absence of the polymer of formula (I). 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the activity of the enzyme(s) is increased at a pH of 6.0 compared to the activity of the enzyme(s) in the absence of the polymer of formula (I). 31. The method of claim 1 or 21, further comprising: (a) contacting the biomass with a polymer of formula (I) having an average molecular weight or an My of from about 1,000 to about 10,000,000 under conditions suitable to hydrolyze components of the biomass to sugars.",
-    "The invention relates to a press body (1), adapted for a press seal having an elastomer body (91) for contacting a conduit sealingly, said press body (1) and a tensioning bolt (212) for tensioning said press body (1), wherein said press body (1) can be pressed onto said elastomer body (91) by tensioning said tensioning bolt (212) in such a way that said elastomer body contacts said conduit sealingly, and wherein further said press body (1) comprises a read out member at which a force transmitted to said elastomer body (1) during said tensioning of said tensioning bolt (212) can be read out. 1. A press body (1), adapted for a press sealing having an elastomer body (91) for contacting a conduit sealingly, said press body (1) and a tensioning bolt (212) for tensioning said press body (1), wherein said press body (1) can be pressed onto said elastomer body (91) by tensioning said tensioning bolt (212) in such a way that said elastomer body contacts said conduit sealingly, and wherein further said press body (1) comprises a read out member at which a force transmitted to said elastomer body (1) during said tensioning of said tensioning bolt (212) can be read out, wherein further said press body (1) comprises a first press body part (22, 23, 31), a second press body part (21, 32) and a deformation member (29, 51), wherein said first press body part (22, 23, 31) is adapted for a contact with said tensioning bolt (212) so that said tensioning bolt (212) transmits a force onto said first press body part (22, 23, 31) during said tensioning and said second press body part (21, 32) is adapted for contacting said elastomer body with a contact surface (28a,b) and wherein further said first press body part (22, 23, 31) and said second press body part (21, 32) are adapted for being movable relatively to each other via said deformation member (29, 51) as a bearing and are adapted for being in a relative position in dependence of said force transmitted to said elastomer body (91), wherein said relative position can be read out at said read out member, characterized in that said deformation member (29, 51) is different from said elastomer body (91). 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The press body (1) according to claim 1, wherein a read out pin (21, 33) is provided as said read out member, wherein said press body (1) is adapted for said read out pin (21, 33) extending through a through hole in said first press body part (22, 23, 31) in said relative position. 5. The press body (1) according to claim 2 having an opening indicator (210) provided at said through hole and closing the later preferably, said opening indicator (210) being adapted for being opened by said read out pin (21, 33) in said relative position. 6. The press body (1) according to claim 1, wherein said contact surface (28b) has an area amounting to at least 50% of the area of a projected area of said press body, said projected area resulting from a vertical projection of the whole press body (1) into a plane perpendicular to said conduit direction (2). 7. The press body (1) according to claim 6, wherein said area of said contact surface (28b) amounts to at least 125% of the area of a projected area of a press body part, said projected press body part area resulting from a vertical projection of said first press body part (31) into a plane perpendicular to said conduit direction (2). 8. The press body (1) according to claim 6, wherein said deformation member (51) is an elastic deformation member (51), said elastic deformation member (51) itself being said read out member, wherein said relative position can be read out from said deformation of said elastic deformation member (51) perpendicularly to said conduit direction (2). 9. The press body (1) according to claim 8 having a window (41) in said first press body part (31), wherein said deformation of said elastic deformation member (51) perpendicularly to said conduit direction can be read out at said window. 10. The press body (1) according to claim 1, wherein a scale is provided at said press body (1), wherein a plurality of force values transmitted to said elastomer body (91) can be read out at said scale by said read out member. 11. The press seal according to claim 16, wherein said elastomer body (91) is made of a plurality of elastomer body parts (91) being provided complementary to each other and being composable in such a way that, when being composed, seen in said conduit direction (2), an elastomer body part (91) overlaps at each of its ends with respect to a circumferential direction with respectably another elastomer body part (91) being directly adjacent with respect to said circumferential direction, namely overlaps respectively in an overlap region (92) oriented obliquely to said conduit direction (2), wherein said elastomer body parts being directly adjacent are connected to each other by a tensioning bolt (212) intersecting said respective overlap region (92). 12. A set of press seals with a plurality of press seals according to claim 16, said press seals having respectively a press body (1) with a tensioning-bolt-contact-press-body-part (22) being adapted for a contact with said tensioning bolt (212) and an elastomer-body-contact-press-body-part (23) multipart to said tensioning-bolt-contact-press-body-part, said elastomer-body-contact-press-body-part being adapted for contacting said elastomer body with a contact surface (27, 28b), wherein said press bodies (1) of said press seals of said set have different elastomer-body-contact-press-body-parts (23) but have identical tensioning-bolt-contact-press-body-parts (22). 13. A set of press seals with a plurality of press seals according to claim 16, wherein said first press body parts (22, 23, 31) and said second press body parts (21, 32) of said press bodies (1) of said press seals of said set are identical to each other respectively, but said press bodies (1) of said press seals of said set are equipped with different elastic deformation members (29, 51). 14. A method of constructing the press seal of claim 16 comprising utilizing the press body (1). 15. (canceled) 16. A press seal having a press body (1) according to claim 1, an elastomer body (91) for contacting a conduit sealingly and a tensioning bolt (212) tensioning said press body (1), wherein said press body (1) can be pressed onto said elastomer body (91) by tensioning said tensioning bolt (212) in such a way that said elastomer body (91) contacts said conduit sealingly.",
-    "A fiber optic cable and connector assembly is disclosed. In one aspect, the assembly includes a cable optical fiber, an optical fiber stub and a beam expanding fiber segment optically coupled between the cable optical fiber and the optical fiber stub. The optical fiber stub has a constant mode field diameter along its length and has a larger mode field diameter than the cable optical fiber. In another aspect, a fiber optic cable and connector assembly includes a fiber optic connector mounted at the end of a fiber optic cable. The fiber optic connector includes a ferrule assembly including an expanded beam fiber segment supported within the ferrule. The expanded beam fiber segment can be constructed such that the expanded beam fiber segment is polished first and then cleaved to an exact pitch length. The expanded beam fiber segment can be fusion spliced to a single mode optical fiber at a splice location behind the ferrule. 1. A fiber optic cable and connector assembly comprising: a ferrule having a front end and a rear end; a cable optical fiber; an optical fiber stub having a first portion and a second portion, the second portion projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule to be spliced, the optical fiber stub having a constant mode field diameter along its length, the optical fiber stub having a larger mode field diameter than the cable optical fiber; and a beam expanding fiber segment optically coupled between the cable optical fiber and the optical fiber stub. 2. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, further comprising a ferrule having a front interface end and a rear end, wherein the optical fiber stub has a first portion secured within a bore of the ferrule and a second portion that projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule, and wherein the second portion of the optical fiber stub is spliced to the beam expanding fiber segment at a first splice. 3. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 2, wherein a ferrule hub is positioned over the rear end of the ferrule, over the beam expanding fiber segment and over the first splice. 4. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 3, wherein the first splice is within 5 millimeters of the rear end of the ferrule. 5. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 2, wherein the first splice is within 20 millimeters of the rear end of the ferrule. 6. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, further comprising a connector body at least partially containing the optical fiber stub and the beam expanding fiber segment. 7. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 3, wherein the hub is over molded over the rear end of the ferrule, over the beam expanding fiber segment and over the first splice. 8. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 6, wherein the cable optical fiber is part of a cable having a jacket and strength members, and wherein the strength members are anchored to the connector body. 9. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the beam expanding fiber segment is a graduated index fiber. 10. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the beam expanding fiber segment is a quarter pitch GRIN lens. 11. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the beam expanding fiber includes a pre-expansion fiber spliced to a primary expansion fiber. 12. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the optic fiber stub is a step index fiber. 13. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the mode field diameter of the optical fiber stub is at least 50% larger than the mode field diameter of the cable optical fiber. 14. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber stub has a core diameter of at least 12 microns. 15. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the mode field diameter of the optical fiber stub is at least three times as large as the mode field diameter of the cable optical fiber. 16. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the mode field diameter of the optical fiber stub is at least four times as large as the mode field diameter of the cable optical fiber. 17. The fiber optic cable and connector assembly of claim 1, wherein a core diameter of the optical fiber stub is at least 50% larger than a core diameter of the cable optical fiber. 18. A method for mass producing fiber optic connector assemblies including fiber optic connectors connected to fiber optic cables, the fiber optic connectors including ferrule assemblies having optical fiber stubs supported in ferrules, the method comprising: manufacturing the ferrule assemblies at a first central location in volumes exceeding 1,000,000 of the ferrule assemblies per year; and distributing the ferrule assemblies from the first central location to a second regional location where the fiber optic connector assemblies are mass produced by fusion splicing the optical fiber stubs to beam expanding fiber segments, wherein the beam expanding fiber segments are then fusion spliced to cable optical fibers having mode field diameters that are smaller than mode field diameters of the optical fiber stubs. 19. A method for mass producing fiber optic connector assemblies including fiber optic connectors connected to fiber optic cables, the fiber optic connectors including ferrule assemblies having optical fiber stubs supported in ferrules, the ferrule assemblies also including beam expanding fiber segments spliced to rear ends of the optical fiber stubs at locations rearwardly offset from rear ends of the ferrules, the method comprising: manufacturing the ferrule assemblies at a first central location in volumes exceeding 1,000,000 of the ferrule assemblies per year; and distributing the ferrule assemblies from the first central location to a second regional location where the fiber optic connector assemblies are mass produced by fusion splicing the beam expanding fiber segments to cable optical fibers having mode field diameters that are smaller than mode field diameters of the optical fiber stubs. 20. A fiber optic cable and fiber assembly comprising: a ferrule having a front end and a rear end; an expanded beam fiber segment having a front portion secured within the ferrule and a rear portion that projects rearwardly from the rear end of the ferrule; and a fiber optic cable having a single mode optical fiber optically coupled to the expanded beam fiber segment at a splice location behind the rear end of the ferrule. 21-51. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to novel compositions and/or formulations, to a process for preparing these compositions and/or formulations and to the use thereof as biologically active compositions and biologically active compositions and/or formulations, especially for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in plants, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators. 1. A composition, comprising (A) at least one compound of formula (I) wherein R1 represents a methyl group or halogen and R2 represents a methyl group or halogen and R3 represents hydrogen or halogen and (B) at least one biological control agent. 2. A composition according to claim 1, whereby the compound of formula (I) is represented by one of the compounds (I-1) to (I-3): 3. The composition according to claim 1, whereby the biological control agent (B) comprises bacteria, fungi, proteins or secondary metabolites. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition acts in a fungicidal fashion. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition acts in a synergistic fashion. 6. The composition according to claim 1, whereby the biological control agent is selected from B1 bacteria consisting of B1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713, Accession No. NRRL B-21661; B1.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153, Accession No. NRRL 55614; B1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175, ATCC Accession No. 55608; B1.4 Bacillus sp. strain AQ177, ATCC Accession No. 55609; B1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178, ATCC Accession No. 53522; B1.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808, Accession No. NRRL B-30087; B1.1.7 Bacillus pumilus, strain GB34; B1.8 Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52, Accession No. NRRL B-21619; B1.1.9 Streptomyces sp., strain, Accession No. NRRL B-30145; B1.1.10 Streptomyces galbus, syn. Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL B-30232; B1.1.11 Bacillus chitinosporus, strain AQ746, Accession No. NRRL B-21618; B1.12 Bacillus mycoides, strain AQ726, Accession No. NRRL B-21664; B1.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717, Accession No. NRRL B21662; B1.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743, Accession No. NRRL B-21665; B1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719, Accession No. NRRL B21663; B1.1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS-1857, SD-1372; B1.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC I-1582; B1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, Accession No. NRRL B-50421; B1.1.19 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30004, Accession No. NRRL B-50455) or variants or mutants thereof. 7. The composition according to claim 1, whereby the biological control agent is selected from B2 fungi consisting of B2.2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8, Accession No. DSM-9660; B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799, Accession No. NRRL 30547; B2.5 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SC1; B2.6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2, also known as strain T-22, /ATCC Accession No. 208479; B2.7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5, Accession No. NRRL 30548; B2.2.8 Paecilomyces lilacinus, spores of P. lilacinus strain 251, AGAL 89/030550; B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces flavus, strain V117b; B2.11 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002388; B2.13 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002389; B2.14 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002390; B2.15 Trichoderma harzianum, strain ITEM 908) or variants or mutants thereof. 8. The composition according to claim 1, whereby the biological control agent is selected from B1 bacteria consisting of B1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713, Accession No. NRRL B-21661; B1.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808, Accession No. NRRL B-30087 and B1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ30002, Accession No. NRRL B-50421 or variants or mutants thereof. 9. An agricultural composition comprising a composition according to claim 1 and comprising at least one agriculturally suitable additive. 10. Method for preparing an agricultural composition comprising adding at least one agriculturally suitable additive to the composition according to claim 1. 11. Method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi, comprising applying the composition according to claim 1 to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi. 12. A composition according to claim 1 to 8 capable of being used for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi. 13. The method according to claim 11 wherein the plants are selected from the group consisting of fruit crops and vegetables. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the plants are selected from the group consisting of canola, rapeseed, field mustard, oilpalm, coconut, nuts, grapes, vine, apples, pears, apricots, cherries, almonds, plums, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant, gooseberry, Ribesioidaesp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., olive tree, avocado, cinnamon, camphor, banana trees, coffee, tea, Sterculiceae sp., lemons, oranges, mandarins, grapefruit, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco, Liliaceae sp., lettuce, artichokes, chicory, root chicory, endive, common chicory, carrots, parsley, celery, celeriac, cucumbers, gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes, melons, leeks, onions, white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress, chinese cabbage, peanuts, peas, lentils, beans, common beans, broad beans, Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot, hemp, cannabis, okra, cocoa, poppy, asparagus, ornamental plants in the garden and woods, turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the plants are genetically modified.",
-    "A recording medium and a method for making the recording medium are disclosed. The recording medium includes a core substrate. The core substrate includes a base having two opposed surfaces. The base includes from about 40% to about 70% organic material and from about 30% to about 60% inorganic material. The core substrate also includes dudes a mineral coating layer disposed on one or both of the two opposed surfaces of the base. The mineral coating layer has a water-soluble or water-dispersible binder and mineral materials. An adhesion layer is disposed on the mineral coating layer. A surface treatment layer is disposed on the adhesion layer, and the surface treatment layer includes organic fibrous material. 1. A recording medium, comprising: a core substrate, including: a base having two opposed surfaces, the base including: from about 40% to about 70% organic material; and from about 30% to about 60% inorganic material; and a mineral coating layer disposed on one or both of the two opposed surfaces, the mineral coating including: a water-soluble or water-dispersible binder; and mineral materials; an adhesion layer disposed on the mineral coating layer of the core substrate; and a surface treatment layer disposed on the adhesion layer, the surface treatment layer including organic fibrous material. 2. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the adhesion layer and the surface treatment layer are combined into a single layer disposed on the mineral coating layer. 3. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the recording medium has a porosity of less than about 150 mL/min. 4. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the recording medium exhibits a strikethrough equal to or less than 75 moD and a bulk equal to or less than 1.25 cm3/g. 5. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein: the core substrate has a basis weight ranging from about 30 gsm to about 350 gsm; the adhesion layer has a basis weight ranging from about 1 gsm to about 25 gsm; and the surface treatment layer has a basis weight ranging from about 5 gsm to about 100 gsm. 6. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the surface treatment layer organic fibrous material is chosen from non-wood fibers, wood fibers, recycled non-wood or wood fibers, and combinations thereof, and wherein the base organic material is chosen from a blend of hardwood and softwood fibers, the blend including virgin fibers, recycled fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of virgin recycled and synthetic fibers. 7. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the adhesion layer includes an adhesive material chosen from thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric adhesive materials. 8. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the surface treatment layer further includes a water soluble di-valent or multi-valent salt. 9. The recording medium as defined in claim 8 wherein the water soluble di-valent or multi-valent salt is chosen from calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2), and combinations thereof. 10. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the surface treatment layer further includes additives. 11. The recording medium as defined in claim 10 wherein the additives are chosen from filler materials, dyes, optical brightening agents (OBAs), and adhesive materials. 12. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the mineral coating layer includes: up to about 90% of the mineral materials; up to about 30% of the water-soluble or water-dispersible binder; and up to about 5% of mineral coating additives, the mineral coating additives being chosen from lubricants, dispersants, defoamers, buffering agents, and combinations thereof. 13. The recording medium as defined in claim 1 wherein the mineral materials are chosen from clays, silicas, titanium dioxide, precipitated calcium carbonate, ground calcium carbonate, talc, calcium sulfate, and combinations thereof. 14. A method for making a recording medium, comprising: applying a mineral coating layer onto one or both of two opposed surfaces of a base, the base including: from about 40% to about 70% organic material; and from about 30% to about 60% inorganic material; the mineral coating including: a water-soluble or water-dispersible binder; and mineral materials; applying an adhesion layer onto the mineral coating layer; applying a surface treatment layer, including organic fibrous material, onto the adhesion layer, thereby making the recording medium; and then drying the recording medium for at least 1 minute. 15. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein, instead of applying the adhesion layer and the surface treatment layer separately, respective materials comprising the adhesion layer and the surface treatment layer are mixed together, and the mixed materials are applied onto the mineral coating layer as a single, combined adhesion and surface treatment layer.",
-    "The present invention relates to the use of flecainide as an anti-connexin agent. This anti-connexin agent is advantageously used to potentiate the therapeutic effect of various psychotropic drugs. More specifically, the invention provides a combination product containing flecainide and modafinil. 1. A therapeutic composition comprising flecainide and at least one psychotropic drug, wherein said psychotropic drug is modafinil. 2. The therapeutic composition according to claim 1, for use for treating excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep disorders, insufficient sleep time, central sleep apnea, narcolepsy (with or without cataplexy), obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (SAHOS), idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome, circadian rhythm disorders, shift work sleep disorder, jet-lag, disorders after sleep restriction or sleep deprivation (attention disorders, alertness disorders, sleepiness), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Lim Movement Disorders (PLMD), insomnia, parasomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disorders commonly associated with somnolence or sleepiness (such as Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, neuromuscular disorders or structural brain disorders, respiratory disorders, chronic renal failure, liver failure, rheumatologic disorders), medication-induced somnolence (due to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, sleeping pills, antidepressants, anti-psychotics . . . ), mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, tinnitus, depression, malaise, dementia, bipolar disorder, obesity, hyperphagia, manic episode, obsessive-compulsive disorder, senility, dependence or addiction (to games, drugs, alcohol, tobacco, etc.), fecal or urinary incontinence, premature ejaculation, breathing difficulty and fatigue, notably due to cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, menopause, traumatic brain injuries, viral infection or post-myelitis, or to fibromyalgia. 3. The therapeutic composition of claim 1 or 2, for use for enhancing the memory of healthy subjects and/or for maintaining them awake for long-lasting periods of time. 4. The therapeutic composition of claim 1 or 2, for use for treating cataplexy in narcoleptic patients. 5. The therapeutic composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said flecainide is the R enantiomer of formula: 6. A combination product comprising flecainide and modafinil, for simultaneous, separated or staggered use for preventing and/or treating excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep disorders, insufficient sleep time, central sleep apnea, narcolepsy (with or without cataplexy), obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (SAHOS), idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome, circadian rhythm disorders, shift work sleep disorder, jet-lag, disorders after sleep restriction or sleep deprivation (attention disorders, alertness disorders, sleepiness), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Lim Movement Disorders (PLMD), insomnia, parasomnia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disorders commonly associated with somnolence or sleepiness (such as Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, neuromuscular disorders or structural brain disorders, respiratory disorders, chronic renal failure, liver failure, rheumatologic disorders), medication-induced somnolence (due to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, sleeping pills, antidepressants, anti-psychotics . . . ), mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, tinnitus, depression, malaise, dementia, bipolar disorder, obesity, hyperphagia, manic episode, obsessive-compulsive disorder, senility, dependence or addiction (to games, drugs, alcohol, tobacco, etc.), fecal or urinary incontinence, premature ejaculation, breathing difficulty and fatigue, notably due to cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, menopause, traumatic brain injuries, viral infection or post-myelitis, or to fibromyalgia. 7. The combination product of claim 6, for use for enhancing the memory of healthy subjects and/or for maintaining them awake for long-lasting periods of time. 8. The combination product of claim 6, for use for treating cataplexy in narcoleptic patients. 9. The combination product of any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein said flecainide is the R enantiomer of formula: 10. In vitro use of flecainide as an anti-connexin agent. 11. In vitro use of claim 10, wherein said flecainide is the R enantiomer of formula: 12. In vitro use according to claim 10 or 11, for blocking one or more connexin molecule selected from the group consisting of: Connexin 23, Connexin 25, Connexin 26, Connexin 30, Connexin 30.2, Connexin 30.3, Connexin 31, Connexin 31.1, Connexin 31.9, Connexin 32, Connexin 36, Connexin 37, Connexin 40, Connexin 40.1, Connexin 43, Connexin 45, Connexin 46, Connexin 47, Connexin 50, Connexin 59, and Connexin 62. 13. In vitro use according to claim 10 or 11, for blocking one or more connexin molecule selected from the group consisting of: connexin 26, connexin 30, connexin 30.2, connexin 32, connexin 36, connexin 37, connexin 40, connexin 43, connexin 45, connexin 46 and connexin 47. 14. In vitro use according to claim 10 or 11, for blocking one or more connexin molecule selected from the group consisting of: connexin Cx40, connexin Cx26, connexin 30, connexin 32, and connexin 43. 15. Flecainide for use as an anti-connexin agent, for potentiating the effects of a psychotropic drug, preferably for increasing the efficacy and/or safety and/or the duration of action of a psychotropic drug. 16. Flecainide for use according to claim 15, wherein said psychotropic drug is selected from the group consisting of: GABAergic, dopaminergic, norepinephrinergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, and glutamatergic effectors, and those having an effect on the hypocretin/orexin system. 17. Flecainide for use according to claim 15 or 16, wherein said psychotropic drug is selected in the group consisting of: caffeine, mazindol, sodium oxybate, pitolisant, amphetamine, methylphenidate, (R)-(beta-amino-benzenepropyl) carbamate mono-hydrochloride, modafinil and armodafinil. 18. Flecainide for use according to any of claims 15 to 17, for potentiating the effects, preferably the promnesiant effect and/or the awakening effect, of a psychotropic drug selected in the group consisting of: caffeine, mazindol, sodium oxybate, pitolisant, amphetamine, methylphenidate, (R)-(beta-amino-benzenepropyl) carbamate mono-hydrochloride, modafinil and armodafinil. 19. Flecainide for use according to any of claims 15 to 18, for increasing the efficacy and/or the duration of action of a psychotropic drug selected in the group consisting of: caffeine, mazindol, sodium oxybate, pitolisant, amphetamine, methylphenidate, (R)-(beta-amino-benzenepropyl) carbamate mono-hydrochloride, modafinil and armodafinil. 20. Flecainide for use according to any of claims 15 to 19, wherein said psychotropic drug is modafinil. 21. Flecainide for use according to any of claims 15 to 20, wherein said flecainide is the R enantiomer of formula: 22. A therapeutic composition comprising flecainide and at least one psychotropic drug, wherein said psychotropic drug is not flupirtine. 23. The therapeutic composition according to claim 22, wherein said psychotropic drug is selected from the group consisting of: GABAergic, dopaminergic, norepinephrinergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, and glutamatergic effectors, and those having an effect on the hypocretin/orexin system. 24. The therapeutic composition according to any of claim 22 or 23, wherein said psychotropic drug is a psychotropic drug selected in the group consisting of: caffeine, mazindol, sodium oxybate, pitolisant, amphetamine, methylphenidate, (R)-(beta-amino-benzenepropyl) carbamate mono-hydrochloride, modafinil and armodafinil, preferably modafinil. 25. The therapeutic composition according to any of claim 22 or 23, wherein said flecainide is the R enantiomer of formula: 26. Flecainide for use as an anti-connexin agent, for treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of: wounds, migraines, infectious diseases, drug-induced liver injury, cytotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic agents, and ischemia. 27. Flecainide for use according to claim 26, wherein said flecainide is the R enantiomer of formula:",
-    "The present invention relates to a system having a control unit (1-5) for actuating at least one air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) in a motor vehicle. The air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) has components (3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6) for influencing the air stream to be routed through the air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1). The air stream emerging from the air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) can have its orientation influenced and deflected by means of the components (3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6), and the emerging volume of air can be varied. The air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) has electronic units (1-6; 1-7) in the form of a memory unit (1-6) and a position storage unit (1-7), the memory unit (1-6) being connected to at least one means (2-2; . . . 2-10) that can be used to set the components (3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6) of the air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) singly and/or individually or collectively. The air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) can be assigned at least one user-specific parameter and/or at least one configuration, consisting of position data for the components (3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6), which are stored in the position storage unit (1-7). The control unit (1-5) is connected to an existent bus system (1-1) that the control unit (1-5) uses to receive at least one control command for the at least one air nozzle (1-8; 2-1; 3-1) and to forward it to the memory unit (1-6), the memory unit (1-6) converting the at least one control command into one or more executable actuation commands for the at least one means (2-2; . . . 2-10) and executing said control command using the at least one means (2-2; . . . 2-10). 1-14. (canceled) 15. A system with a control unit for controlling at least one air nozzle, wherein the air nozzle comprises components for influencing air flow conducted through the air nozzle, and electronic units, which control the components, in the form of a memory unit and a position storage unit, wherein the memory unit is connected so that the components are settable singly and/or individually or in common, wherein at least one user-specific parameter and/or at least one configuration, which consists or consist of data with respect to the settings of the components of the air nozzle, are assignable to the at least one air nozzle, which data are stored in the position storage unit, wherein the control unit conducts to the memory unit of the at least one air nozzle at least one control command, which is received by a connected bus system, for the at least one air nozzle, wherein the memory unit converts the at least one control command into one or more executable control commands and carries out execution thereof by way of the at least one connection, wherein the at least one connection also comprises at least one sensor which detects the setting of the components and the data of which can be called up by the memory unit and stored in the position storage unit, wherein the storage takes place with reference to the at least one sensor, and wherein the memory unit so controls the components by way of the at least one connection that the components execute movement sequences. 16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the control unit conducts the at least one control command for the at least one air nozzle unidirectionally to the memory unit. 17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the control unit is so designed that this receives no feedback from the memory unit so that the connection between the control unit and the memory unit has a unidirectional configuration. 18. The system according to claim 15, wherein the at least one user-specific parameter and/or the at least one configuration of the at least one connection of the components of the at least one air nozzle is or are storable in the position storage unit and the memory unit undertakes control of the components of the at least one air nozzle with use of the at least one user-specific parameter and/or the at least one configuration of the components stored in the position storage unit. 19. The system according to claim 15, wherein the memory unit determines the at least one user-specific parameter and/or the at least one configuration of the components on the basis of parameters or settings of the at least one connection and the memory unit stores these parameters or the setting or settings of the at least one connection or, in the case of presence of several connections, the settings or parameters of the connection in the form of digital data in the position storage unit. 20. The system according to claim 15, wherein the air nozzle serves for guidance of an air flow from an air feed shaft or from an air feed duct in heating, ventilating or air-conditioning installations for passenger compartments, load compartments or vehicle driver cabins in motor vehicles, land vehicles, air vehicles or water vehicles. 21. The system according to claim 15, wherein the air nozzle comprises a housing which is insertable into a wall passage or mountable therebehind and has at the rear side a connection for an air feed shaft or an air feed duct as well as an air outflow opening at a front side, wherein arranged in the housing is at least one slat block comprising at least two mechanically intercoupled slats which are so arranged in the slat block that the at least two slats are pivotable about an axis in such a manner that the air flow issuing from the air outflow opening of the air nozzle is deflectable in its orientation by the at least two intercoupled slats or the at least two slats almost completely close the air outflow opening in the housing so as to prevent the air flow. 22. The system according to claim 15, wherein the memory unit communicates with the at least one connection and that the at least one connection is an electrical setting connection or an actuator or an electrical motor or a step motor and serves for setting or adjusting the components of the air nozzle. 23. The system according to claim 15, wherein the memory unit comprises a microcomputer unit or a microcontroller unit and the position storage unit is a fixed value memory, particularly an SRAM memory, and/or that the position storage unit is a part of the memory of the microcomputer unit or of the microcontroller unit. 24. The system according to claim 21, wherein one of the sensors serves for detection and ascertaining the setting of the at least two slats of the slat block and/or of the slat block in relation to the housing. 25. The system according to claim 15, wherein an input unit is provided, on the continuing actuation of which by inputs by a user the control unit transmits to the memory unit commands for setting the components in such a way that at least the components change the positions thereof relative to the housing or the air flow in the housing, and the memory unit after the continuing actuation has concluded stores in the position storage unit this change in the positions or the changed position of the at least one component. 26. The system according to claim 15, wherein the memory unit provides user-specific assignment of the data stored in the position storage unit, wherein the user-specific recognition takes place on the basis of a driver identification by the motor vehicle on the basis of recognition of the vehicle key of the driver, wherein the memory unit stores in the position storage unit with respect to the data an identification associated with the vehicle key.",
-    "Provided are substituted quinazolin-4-one compounds of the formula (I) and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof, wherein R1, R2, R3, R5, R6 and L are as defined in the description. Such compounds are suitable for the treatment of a disorder or disease which is mediated by the activity of the class I PI3K kinases. 1. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R1 is selected from phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; pyridyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; 1-methylpyrazol-5-yl; 2-methylthiophen-5-yl; C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by methyl; tetrahydropyran-4-yl; piperidin-1-yl; morpholin-4-yl; pyrolidin-3-yl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by a substituent which is selected from methoxycarbonyl, methylsulfonyl, methyl or methylcarbonyl; or dimethylamine; R2 is selected from C4-C7-heteroaryl, containing one nitrogen atom and additional 0, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, wherein C4-C7-heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; or C2-C5-alkynyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-2 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, hydroxyl, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium or fluoro; -L-R3 is selected from wherein R7 is selected from methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, fluoro or methylsulfonylamine; and R3 is selected from wherein R4 is selected from hydrogen or amino, R8 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl or amino, and X is selected from NH, NMe or S. 2. A compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of the formula (I\u2032) wherein, R1 is selected from phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; pyridyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; 1-methylpyrazol-5-yl; 2-methylthiophen-5-yl; C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by methyl; tetrahydropyran-4-yl; piperidin-1-yl; morpholin-4-yl; pyrolidin-3-yl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by a substituent which is selected from methoxycarbonyl, methylsulfonyl, methyl or methylcarbonyl; or dimethylamine; R2 is C4-C7-heteroaryl, containing one nitrogen atom and additional 0, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, wherein C4-C7-heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium or fluoro; -L-R3 is selected from wherein R7 is selected from methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, fluoro or methylsulfonylamine; and R3 is selected from wherein R4 is selected from hydrogen or amino, R8 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl or amino, and X is selected from NH, NMe or S. 3. A compound according to claim 1 or 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of the formula (Ia) wherein R1 is selected from phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; pyridyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; 1-methylpyrazol-5-yl; 2-methylthiophen-5-yl; C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by methyl; tetrahydropyran-4-yl; piperidin-1-yl; morpholin-4-yl; pyrolidin-3-yl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by a substituent which is selected from methoxycarbonyl, methylsulfonyl, methyl or methylcarbonyl; or dimethylamine; R2 is selected from C4-C7-heteroaryl, containing one nitrogen atom and additional 0, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, wherein C4-C7-heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; or C2-C5-alkynyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-2 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium or fluoro; and R3 is selected from wherein R4 is selected from hydrogen or amino, R8 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl or amino, and X is selected from NH, NMe or S. 4. A compound according to claim 1 or 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of the formula (Ib) wherein R1 is selected from phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; pyridyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; 1-methylpyrazol-5-yl; 2-methylthiophen-5-yl; C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by methyl; tetrahydropyran-4-yl; piperidin-1-yl; morpholin-4-yl; pyrolidin-3-yl, which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1 position by a substituent which is selected from methoxycarbonyl, methylsulfonyl, methyl or methylcarbonyl; or dimethylamine; R2 is selected from C4-C7-heteroaryl, containing one nitrogen atom and additional 0, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, wherein C4-C7-heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; or C2-C5-alkynyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-2 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, fluoro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, or C1-C4-dialkylamino; R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium or fluoro; R7 is selected from methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, fluoro or methylsulfonylamine; and R3 is selected from wherein R4 is selected from hydrogen or amino, R8 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl or amino, and X is selected from NH, NMe or S. 5. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is a compound of formula (IA), (IB) or (IC), 6. A compound according to claim 4, wherein R3 is selected from wherein R8 is selected from methyl. 7. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R2 is C5-C6-heteroaryl, containing one nitrogen atom and additional 0, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, wherein C4-C7-heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-fluoroalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-fluoroalkoxy, C3-C6-cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, C3-C6-heterocycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-3 substituents independently selected from methyl, or fluoro, or fluoro. 8. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R1 is phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro; or pyridyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, chloro or fluoro. 9. A compound according to claim 1, selected from 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-2-(6-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-4-Amino-6-(2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-4-Amino-6-(2-(5-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-(2-(5-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-4-Amino-6-(2-(6-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-(2-(6-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-2-(6-fluoro-5-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 4-Amino-6-((2S,4S)-2-(6-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-2-(6-fluoro-5-(2-methoxythiazol-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-methoxy-2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-((2S,4S)-1-(2-Amino-9H-purin-6-yl)-4-methoxypyrrolidin-2-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, (S)-2-Amino-4-methyl-6-(2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-4-Amino-6-(2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-(o-tolyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-4-Amino-6-(2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-methyl-6-(2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl-5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-(2-(5-(5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-methyl-6-(2-(5-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-methyl-6-(2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-(2-(5-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(5-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(5-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(5-(5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl-5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(5-(4-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-(5-(1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-2-(5-(2-ethoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-fluoro-2-(5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-2-(6-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-2-Amino-4-(2-(5-(2-ethoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, (S)-4-Amino-6-(2-(5-(3-hydroxyprop-1-yn-1-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, or 2-Amino-4-((2S,4S)-4-methoxy-2-(5-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 10. A compound according to claim 1 in crystalline form. 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 12. A combination comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more therapeutically active co-agents. 13. A method of modulating the activity of the class I PI3 kinases, in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 14. A method of treating a disorder or a disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), endemic form of Brazilian pemphigus (Fogo selvagem), idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), acquired hemophilia type A (AHA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis (MG), Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) (such as primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom (pSS)), ANCA-associated vasculitides (such as Wegener disease, microscopic polyangiitis or Churg-Strauss syndrome), cryoglobulinemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic autoimmune urticaria (CAU), allergy (atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis), Goodpasture's syndrome, transplant rejection, cancers of haematopoietic origin, severe and cerebral malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neurocysticercosis comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 15. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament. 16. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a disorder or a disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), endemic form of Brazilian pemphigus (Fogo selvagem), idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), acquired hemophilia type A (AHA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis (MG), Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) (such as primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom (pSS)), ANCA-associated vasculitides (such as Wegener disease, microscopic polyangiitis or Churg-Strauss syndrome), cryoglobulinemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic autoimmune urticaria (CAU), allergy (atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, asthma associated with allergic rhinitis), Goodpasture's syndrome, transplant rejection, cancers of haematopoietic origin, severe and cerebral malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neurocysticercosis. 17. Use of a compound according to anyone of claims 1 to 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder or a disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), endemic form of Brazilian pemphigus (Fogo selvagem), idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), acquired hemophilia type A (AHA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis (MG), Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) (such as primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrom (pSS)), ANCA-associated vasculitides (such as Wegener disease, microscopic polyangiitis or Churg-Strauss syndrome), cryoglobulinemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic autoimmune urticaria (CAU), allergy (atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, asthma associated with allergic rhinitis), Goodpasture's syndrome, transplant rejection, cancers of haematopoietic origin, severe and cerebral malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neurocysticercosis. 18. A process or method for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, comprising the steps of method A: d1) coupling a compound of formula (E), wherein R1\u2032 is R1, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R1 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R2\u2032 is R2, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R2 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R5\u2032 is R5, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R5 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R6\u2032 is R6, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R6 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and L\u2032 is L, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into L via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; with R3\u2032-Hal wherein R3\u2032 is R3, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R3 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and Hal represents halogen; in the presence of an amine base with heating, or under customary Buchwald-Hartwig conditions using a suitable Pd catalyst/ligand combination and a suitable base and an organic solvent; optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps d1); wherein the compound of formula (E) is prepared comprising the step c1) of deprotecting PG from the compound of formula (D), wherein PG represents a suitable protecting group, and the other substituents are as defined for a compound of formula (E); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps c1\u2032), wherein the compound of formula (D) is prepared comprising the step b1) of coupling the compound of formula (C), wherein Hal1 represents a halogen or a pseudohalogen, and the other substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (D); with R2\u2032\u2014Y wherein when R2\u2032 is C4-C7-heteroaryl, as defined for R2 for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into C4-C7-heteroaryl, via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps, Y represents a boronic acid residue or a cyclic or acyclic borolanyl; or an alkylstannyl; or wherein when R2\u2032 is C2-C5-alkynyl, as defined for R2 for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into C2-C5-alkynyl, via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps, Y is H (for a terminal alkyne) or Y represents an alkylstannyl (non terminal alkyne) under customary reaction conditions of the Suzuki reaction (Y is boronic acid residue or a cyclic or acyclic boronate ester), the Stille reaction (Y is alkylstannyl) or the Sonogashira coupling (Y is H of a terminal alkyne); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps b1\u2032); wherein the compound of formula (C) is prepared comprising the step a) of reacting a compound of formula (A), wherein the substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (C); with a compound of formula (B), wherein the substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (C); followed by reaction with R1\u2032\u2014NH2 wherein R1\u2032 is as defined for a compound of formula (E); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps a\u2032); or alternatively comprising the steps of method B: d1) coupling a compound of formula (E), wherein R1\u2032 is R1, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R1 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R2\u2032 is R2, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R2 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R5\u2032 is R5, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R5 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R6\u2032 is R6, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R6 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and L\u2032 is L, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into L via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; with R3\u2032-Hal wherein R3\u2032 is R3, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R3 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and Hal represents halogen; in the presence of an amine base with heating, or under customary Buchwald-Hartwig conditions using a suitable Pd catalyst/ligand combination and a suitable base and an organic solvent; optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps d1); wherein the compound of formula (E) is prepared comprising the step c2) of coupling a compound of formula (F), wherein Hal1 represents a halogen, or a pseudohalogen, and the other substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (E); with R2\u2032\u2014Y wherein when R2\u2032 is C4-C7-heteroaryl, as defined for R2 for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into C4-C7-heteroaryl, via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps, Y represents a boronic acid residue or a cyclic or acyclic borolanyl; or an alkylstannyl; wherein when R2\u2032 is C2-C5-alkynyl, as defined for R2 for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into C2-C5-alkynyl, via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps, Y is H (for a terminal alkyne) or Y represents an alkylstannyl (non terminal alkyne) under customary reaction conditions of the Suzuki reaction (Y is boronic acid residue or a cyclic or acyclic borolanyl), the Stille reaction (Y is alkylstannyl) or the Sonogashira coupling (Y is H of a terminal alkyne); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps c2\u2032); wherein the compound of formula (F) is prepared comprising the step b2) of deprotecting PG from the compound of formula (C), wherein PG represents a suitable protecting group, and the other substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (F); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps b2\u2032); wherein the compound of formula (C) is prepared comprising the step a) of reacting a compound of formula (A), wherein the substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (C); with a compound of formula (B), wherein the substituents are as defined for the compound of formula (C); followed by reaction with R1\u2032\u2014NH2 wherein R1\u2032 is as defined for a compound of formula (E); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps a\u2032); or alternatively comprising the steps of method C: d2) coupling a compound of formula (G), wherein Hal1 represents a halogen or a pseudohalogen; R1\u2032 is R1, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R1 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R5\u2032 is R5, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R5 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R6\u2032 is R6, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R6 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and L\u2032 is L, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into L via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; with R2\u2032\u2014Y wherein when R2\u2032 is C4-C7-heteroaryl, as defined for R2 for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into C4-C7-heteroaryl, via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps, Y represents a boronic acid residue or a cyclic or acyclic borolanyl; or an alkylstannyl; wherein when R2\u2032 is C2-C5-alkynyl, as defined for R2 for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into C2-C5-alkynyl, via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps, Y is H (for a terminal alkyne) or Y represents an alkylstannyl (non terminal alkyne) under customary reaction conditions of the Suzuki reaction (Y is boronic acid residue or a cyclic or acyclic borolanyl), the Stille reaction (Y is alkylstannyl) or the Sonogashira coupling (Y is H of a terminal alkyne); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps d2\u2032); wherein the compound of formula (G) is prepared comprising the step c3) of coupling the compound of formula (F), wherein the substituents are as defined for a compound of formula (G); with R3\u2032-Hal wherein R3\u2032 is R3, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R3 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and Hal represents halogen; in the presence of an amine base with heating, or under customary Buchwald-Hartwig conditions using a suitable Pd catalyst/ligand combination and a suitable base and an organic solvent; optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps c3\u2032); wherein the compound of formula (F) is prepared comprising the step b2) of deprotecting PG from the compound of formula (C), wherein PG represents a suitable protecting group, and the other substituents are as defined for a compound of formula (F); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps b2\u2032) wherein the compound of formula (C) is prepared comprising the step a) of reacting a compound of formula (A), wherein the substituents are as defined for a compound of formula (C); with a compound of formula (B), wherein the substituents are as defined for a compound of formula (C); followed by reaction with R1\u2032\u2014NH2 wherein R1\u2032 is as defined for a compound of formula (C); optionally followed by functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps a\u2032). 19. An intermediate selected from a compound of the formula wherein R1\u2032 is R1, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R1 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R2\u2032 is R2, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R2 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R5\u2032 is R5, defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R5 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; R6\u2032 is R6, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into R6 via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; and L\u2032 is L, as defined for a compound of formula (I) in claim 1, or a substituent that can be transferred into L via functionalization steps or functional group adjustment steps; PG represents a suitable protecting group; Hal1 represents a halogen.",
-    "Non-naturally occurring factor H binding proteins derived from variant 3 fHbp that can elicit antibodies that are bactericidal for at least one strain of N. meningitidis, and methods of use of such proteins, are provided. In certain embodiments, a non-naturally occurring factor H binding protein (fHbp) derived from a naturally occurring variant 3 fHbp is disclosed. The non-naturally fHbp may include a substitution of the histidine at position 223 of the naturally occurring variant 3 fHbp with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, wherein the numbering of position 223 is based on the numbering of the mature fHbp ID 1. The non-naturally occurring fHbp may have a lower affinity for human factor H (fH) than fHbp ID 79. 1. A non-naturally occurring factor H binding protein (fHbp) derived from a naturally occurring variant 3 fHbp, the non-naturally fHbp comprising: a substitution of the histidine at position 223 of the naturally occurring variant 3 fHbp with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, wherein the numbering of position 223 is based on the numbering of the mature fHbp ID 1, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp has lower affinity for human factor H (fH) than fHbp ID 79. 2. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of claim 1, wherein the histidine is substituted with arginine. 3. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the variant 3 fHbp is a modular group V fHbp. 4. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the variant 3 fHbp is a modular group II fHbp. 5. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the fHbp ID 79. 6. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp comprises fHbp ID 28 comprising the amino acid substitution H223R. 7. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp comprises fHbp ID 67 or fHbp ID 175 comprising the amino acid substitution H223R. 8. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp comprises fHbp ID 79 comprising the amino acid substitution H223R. 9. The non-naturally occurring fHbp of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp comprises fHbp ID 45 comprising the amino acid substitution H223R. 10. An immunogenic composition comprising: a) the non-naturally occurring fHbp according to any of claims 1-9; and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 11. The immunogenic composition of claim 10, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp is expressed on surface of a vesicle preparation prepared from a Neisseria meningitidis strain expressing the fHbp. 12. The immunogenic composition of claim 10, wherein the non-naturally occurring fHbp is present as an isolated polypeptide. 13. The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 11-12, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable excipient comprises an adjuvant. 14. The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 10-13, further comprising an additional N. meningitidis antigen. 15. A method of eliciting an antibody response in a mammal, the method comprising administering to a mammal the non-naturally occurring fHbp according to any of claims 1-9, or the immunogenic composition of any of claims 10-14. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said administering provides for production of bactericidal antibodies to N. meningitidis. 17. A nucleic acid encoding the fHbp according to any of claims 1-10. 18. A recombinant expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 17. 19. A genetically modified host cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 17 or the recombinant expression vector of claim 18. 20. An immunogenic composition comprising: a) a vesicle obtained from a genetically modified Neisseria host cell that is genetically modified with a nucleic acid encoding the non-naturally occurring fHbp according to any of claims 1-9, such that the encoded non-naturally occurring fHbp is produced by the genetically modified host cell, wherein the vesicle comprises the encoded non-naturally occurring fHbp; and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 21. The immunogenic composition of claim 20, wherein the vesicle is a native outer membrane vesicle. 22. The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 20-21, wherein the host cell is genetically modified to provide for decreased or no activity of a polypeptide product of the lpxL1 gene and/or the lpxL2 gene. 23. The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 20-22, wherein the host cell is genetically modified to provide for increased expression of a Neisserial antigen. 24. A method of eliciting an antibody response in a mammal, the method comprising administering to a mammal the immunogenic composition of any one of claims 20-23.",
-    "An optoelectronic semiconductor chip includes a p-type semiconductor region, an n-type semiconductor region, and an active layer embodied as a multi-quantum well structure arranged between the p-type semiconductor region and the n-type semiconductor region. The multi-quantum well structure includes a plurality of alternating quantum well layers and barrier layers. At least one barrier layer, which is arranged closer to the p-type semiconductor region than to the n-type semiconductor region, is a high barrier layer that has an electronic band gap that is greater than an electronic band gap of the remaining barrier layers. 1-15. (canceled) 16. An optoelectronic semiconductor chip, comprising: a p-type semiconductor region; an n-type semiconductor region; and an active layer arranged between the p-type semiconductor region and the n-type semiconductor region, the active layer being in the form of a multiple quantum well structure, the multiple quantum well structure having a plurality of alternating quantum well layers and barrier layers, wherein a barrier layer arranged closer to the p-type semiconductor region than to the n-type semiconductor region is a high barrier layer having an electronic band gap Ehb that is larger than an electronic band gap Eb of other barrier layers. 17. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the high barrier layer has a band gap Ehb for which the following applies: Ehb\u2212Eb\u22670.05 eV. 18. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the multiple quantum well structure has not more than 10 high barrier layers. 19. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 18, wherein the first k barrier layers starting from the p-type semiconductor region are high barrier layers, where k is a number between 1 and 10. 20. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the multiple quantum well structure has just one high barrier layer. 21. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 20, wherein the high barrier layer is arranged between a quantum well layer that is the mth quantum well layer starting from the p-type semiconductor region and an immediately adjacent quantum well layer, where m is a number between 1 and 20. 22. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 21, wherein m=1. 23. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the multiple quantum well structure has a plurality of high barrier layers that are arranged closer to the p-type semiconductor region than to the n-type semiconductor region. 24. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the high barrier layer and the other barrier layers each comprise InxAlyGa1\u2212x\u2212yP, InxAlyGa1\u2212x\u2212yN, where 0\u2266x\u22661, 0\u2266y\u22661 and x+y\u22661, and wherein an aluminum content y of the high barrier layer is greater than an aluminum content y of the other barrier layers. 25. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the high barrier layer and the other barrier layers each comprise InxAlyGa1\u2212x\u2212yAs, where 0\u2266x\u22661, 0\u2266y\u22661 and x+y\u22661, and wherein an aluminum content y of the high barrier layer is greater than an aluminum content y of the other barrier layers. 26. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the chip includes at least 10 barrier layers. 27. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 26, wherein the chip includes at least 20 other barrier layers. 28. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the number of other barrier layers having the band gap Eb is at least 5 times as great as the number of high barrier layer(s) having the increased band gap Ehb. 29. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein the number of other barrier layers having the band gap Eb is at least 10 times as great as the number of high barrier layer(s) having the increased band gap Ehb. 30. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein a quantum well layer that adjoins the high barrier layer on a side facing towards the p-type semiconductor region has an electronic band gap E1w that is smaller than the band gap Ew of other quantum well layers. 31. The optoelectronic semiconductor chip according to claim 16, wherein a quantum well layer that adjoins the a high barrier layer on a side facing towards the p-type semiconductor region has a thickness that is greater than the thickness of other quantum well layers. 32. An optoelectronic semiconductor chip, comprising: a p-type semiconductor region; an n-type semiconductor region; and an active layer arranged between the p-type semiconductor region and the n-type semiconductor region, which active layer is in the form of a multiple quantum well structure, the multiple quantum well structure having a plurality of alternating quantum well layers and barrier layers; wherein a barrier layer arranged closer to the p-type semiconductor region than to the n-type semiconductor region is a high barrier layer having an electronic band gap Ehb that is larger than an electronic band gap Eb of the other barrier layers; and wherein a quantum well layer that adjoins the high barrier layer on a side facing towards the p-type semiconductor region has an electronic band gap E1w that is smaller than the band gap Ew of other quantum well layers and/or a thickness that is greater than the thickness of other quantum well layers.",
-    "This disclosure relates to paddles for use with a watercraft and is particularly adapted for use in a watercraft such as a kayak. Paddles according to the present disclosure include a moveable portion that allows other portions of the paddle to move in relation to one another such that a user can apply force and a smaller range of motion and utilize leverage to translate the force into a larger range of motion. In some embodiments, the paddles comprise a linear center portion that is connected at either end to two handgrip portions, which are in turn connected to two bladed distal ends. By utilizing the handgrip portions, a user can rotate the linear center portion about its central axis and cause the distal ends to also rotate in kind. 1. A paddle, comprising: a body, comprising at least two distal ends and at least one moveable portion, said distal ends configured to rotate about another portion of said body. 2. The paddle of claim 1, wherein said moveable portion comprises a substantially linear connecting portion. 3. The paddle of claim 1, wherein said moveable portion comprises a substantially circular connecting portion. 4. The paddle of claim 1, wherein said moveable portion comprises a regular polygon-shaped connecting portion. 5. The paddle of claim 1, wherein at least one distal end is connected to said moveable portion by a handgrip portion. 6. The paddle of claim 5, wherein said handgrip portion is configured to allow a user to rotate said distal ends about another portion of said body without substantially changing said users grip position. 7. The paddle of claim 5, wherein at least one of said handgrip portions comprises an outer handgrip portion positioned around an inner handgrip portion. 8. The paddle of claim 7, wherein said outer handgrip portion is configured to rotate about said inner handgrip portion. 9. The paddle of claim 1, wherein said moveable portion is configured such that a force applied to said moveable portion causes said distal ends to rotate about another portion of said body. 10. The paddle of claim 1, wherein at least one of said distal ends are connected to said moveable portion by a moveable joint. 11. The paddle of claim 10, wherein the angle of said at least one distal end connected to said moveable portion by a moveable joint can be adjusted. 12. A paddle, comprising: at least two distal ends; and a moveable portion, comprising a substantially linear connecting portion, wherein said distal ends are configured to rotate about said substantially linear connecting portion. 13. The paddle of claim 12, wherein at least one distal end is connected to said linear connecting portion by a handgrip portion. 14. The paddle of claim 13, wherein said handgrip portion is configured to allow a user to rotate said distal ends about said substantially linear connecting portion without substantially changing said users grip position. 15. The paddle of claim 13, wherein at least one of said handgrip portions comprises an outer handgrip portion positioned around an inner handgrip portion. 16. The paddle of claim 15, wherein said outer handgrip portion is configured to rotate about said inner handgrip portion. 17. A paddle, comprising: at least two distal ends; a moveable center portion comprising a substantially linear connecting portion, wherein said distal ends are configured to rotate about said substantially linear connecting portion; and at least two handgrip portions, each handgrip portion comprising a first and second handgrip end, wherein said first handgrip end is connected to one of said at least two distal ends and said second handgrip end is connected to said substantially linear connecting portion. 18. The paddle of claim 17, wherein said at least two handgrip portions are configured to allow a user to rotate said distal ends about said substantially linear connecting portion without substantially changing said users grip position. 19. The paddle of claim 17, wherein at least one of said handgrip portions comprises an outer handgrip portion positioned around an inner handgrip portion. 20. The paddle of claim 19, wherein said outer handgrip portion is configured to rotate about said inner handgrip portion.",
-    "A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising placing in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation a pad fluid and forming a fracture in the subterranean formation, placing in the fracture a first slurry fluid comprising a reducible material and a first particulate material and in an alternating sequence a second slurry fluid and a spacer fluid, wherein the second slurry fluid comprises a second particulate material, allowing the fracture to close; and allowing the fluids to break and the reducible materials to degrade, wherein a particulate-laden proppant pack (PLPP) is formed. 1. A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising: placing in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation a pad fluid and forming a fracture in the subterranean formation; placing in the fracture a first slurry fluid comprising a reducible material and a first particulate material; placing in the fracture, in an alternating sequence, a second slurry fluid and a spacer fluid, wherein the second slurry fluid comprises a second particulate material; allowing the fracture to close; and allowing the fluids to break and the reducible materials to degrade, wherein a particulate-laden proppant pack (PLPP) is formed. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the pad fluid and the spacer fluid are the same. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the first slurry fluid comprises the second slurry fluid and the reducible material. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein a volumetric ratio between the first slurry fluid and the second slurry fluid is in the range of from about 4:1 to about 0.2:1. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first particulate material and the second particulate material are the same. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the first particulate material comprises a plurality of first particulate material clusters. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the second particulate material comprises a plurality of second particulate material clusters. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the first particulate material and/or the second particulate material comprises a low-grade particulate material. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the low-grade particulate material comprises low-grade sand. 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducible material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a degradable polymer, a polymeric material, a hardened plastic, a rubber, any derivative thereof, and any combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the degradable polymer is selected from the group consisting of: a polysaccharide; a lignosulfonate; a chitin; a chitosan; a protein; a proteinous material; a fatty alcohol; a fatty ester; a fatty acid salt; an orthoester; an aliphatic polyester; a poly(lactide); a poly(glycolide); a poly(\u03b5-caprolactone); a polyoxymethylene; a polyurethane; a poly(hydroxybutyrate); a poly(anhydride); an aliphatic polycarbonate; a polyvinyl polymer; an acrylic-based polymer; a poly(amino acid); a poly(aspartic acid); a poly(alkylene oxide); a poly(ethylene oxide); a polyphosphazene; a poly(orthoester); a poly(hydroxy ester ether); a polyether ester; a polyester amide; a polyamide; a polyhdroxyalkanoate; a polyethyleneterephthalate; a polybutyleneterephthalate; a polyethylenenaphthalenate; and any copolymer, blend, derivative, or combination thereof. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducible material comprises a foamed reducible material. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducible material is present within the first slurry fluid in an amount of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the first particulate material. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein the alternating sequence comprises (i) placing a volume of the second slurry fluid in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation; (ii) placing a volume of the spacer fluid in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation; (iii) repeating (i) and (ii) until a sufficient amount of the second slurry fluid has been introduced to the wellbore and/or subterranean formation. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the PLPP comprises (i) a mosaic structure and (ii) an effective length Lf, wherein (a) a first proppant pack region spans across a far wellbore length Lff of a far wellbore region of the subterranean formation, and (b) a second proppant pack region spans across a near wellbore length Lfn of a near wellbore region of the subterranean formation, wherein Lff is equal to or greater than about 35% of Lf, wherein Lfn is less than about 65% of Lf, and wherein Lf=Lff Lfn. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the first proppant pack region comprises a plurality of first flow channels and the first particulate material wherein the first flow channels are uniformly distributed throughout the first proppant pack region. 23. (canceled) 24. A method of servicing a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising: placing in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation a pad fluid and forming a fracture in the subterranean formation; placing in the fracture a first slurry fluid comprising a reducible material and a plurality of low-grade sand clusters; placing in the fracture, in an alternating sequence, a second slurry fluid and a spacer fluid, wherein the second slurry fluid comprises a plurality of low-grade sand clusters, and wherein the pad fluid and the spacer fluid are the same; allowing the fracture to close; and allowing the fluids to break and the reducible materials to degrade, wherein a particulate-laden proppant pack is formed. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the first slurry fluid comprises the second slurry fluid and the reducible material. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the reducible material comprises foamed polylactic acid and/or polyglycolic acid further comprising an inorganic salt. 27. A particulate-laden proppant pack (PLPP) disposed within a fracture of a subterranean formation, wherein the PLPP comprises (i) a mosaic structure and (ii) an effective length Lf, wherein (a) a first proppant pack region spans across a far wellbore length Lff of a far wellbore region of the subterranean formation, and (b) a second proppant pack region spans across a near wellbore length Lfn of a near wellbore region of the subterranean formation, wherein Lff is equal to or greater than about 35% of Lf, wherein Lfn is less than about 65% of Lf, and wherein Lf=Lff+Lfn. 28.-42. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provide a display substrate, a fabricating method thereof, and a display apparatus, and belongs to the filed of display technology. The display substrate comprises a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels is divided into a plurality of light emitting units, each of the light emitting units comprises an anode, a cathode, a carrier transport layer, and a light emitting layer, wherein at least one of the plurality of light emitting units comprises a light emitting layer and at least one process auxiliary layer; the process auxiliary layer and the light emitting layer in other light emitting units are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. Display resolution can be improved in the present invention. 1. A display substrate, wherein the display substrate comprises a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels is divided into a plurality of light emitting units, each of the light emitting units comprises an anode, a cathode, a carrier transport layer, and a light emitting layer, wherein at least one of the plurality of light emitting units comprises a light emitting layer and at least one process auxiliary layer; and wherein the process auxiliary layer and the light emitting layer in other light emitting units are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 2. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light emitting units comprises a first light emitting unit, a second light emitting unit, a third light emitting unit, and a fourth light emitting unit; a light emitting layer of the first light emitting unit comprises a first light emitting layer, the second light emitting unit comprises a first process auxiliary layer and a second light emitting layer, the third light emitting unit comprises a third light emitting layer and a second process auxiliary layer, the fourth light emitting unit comprises a fourth light emitting layer; wherein the first light emitting layer and the first process auxiliary layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process, the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process, the second process auxiliary layer and the fourth light emitting layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 3. The display substrate of claim 2, wherein a first barrier layer is arranged between the first process auxiliary layer and the second light emitting layer, a second barrier layer is arranged between the third light emitting layer and the second process auxiliary layer, wherein the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 4. The display substrate of claim 2, wherein the carrier transport layer comprises a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer of the first light emitting unit comprises a first hole transport layer and a second hole transport layer, the hole transport layer of the second light emitting unit comprises a third hole transport layer, a fourth hole transport layer, and a fifth hole transport layer, the hole transport layer of the third light emitting unit comprises a sixth hole transport layer and a seventh hole transport layer, the hole transport layer of the fourth light emitting unit comprises an eighth hole transport layer; wherein the first hole transport layer, the third hole transport layer, the sixth hole transport layer, and the eighth hole transport layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process, and the second hole transport layer and the fourth hole transport layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process, and the fifth hole transport layer and the seventh hole transport layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 5. The display substrate of claim 4, wherein the first light emitting unit corresponds to a micro-cavity with a cavity length of a first predefined cavity length, the second light emitting unit corresponds to a micro-cavity with a cavity length of a second predefined cavity length, the third light emitting unit corresponds to a micro-cavity with a cavity length of a third predefined cavity length, and the fourth light emitting unit corresponds to a micro-cavity with a cavity length of a fourth predefined cavity length. 6. The display substrate of claim 4, wherein the anode in each of the light emitting units has a same thickness. 7. The display substrate of claim 2, wherein the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising frequencies of red light and green light; the first light emitting layer and the first process auxiliary layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of sky blue light; and the second process auxiliary layer and the fourth light emitting layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of deep blue light. 8. The display substrate of claim 2, wherein the material of the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer comprises a first light emitting material and a second light emitting material, the first light emitting material is a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of red light, and the second light emitting material is a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of green light; the first light emitting layer and the first process auxiliary layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of sky blue light; and the second process auxiliary layer and the fourth light emitting layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of deep blue light. 9. The display substrate of claim 2, wherein the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising frequencies of red light and green light; the first light emitting layer and the first process auxiliary layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of sky blue light; and the second process auxiliary layer and the fourth light emitting layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of green light. 10. The display substrate of claim 2, wherein the material of the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer comprises a first light emitting material and a second light emitting material, the first light emitting material is a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of red light, and the second light emitting material is a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of green light; the first light emitting layer and the first process auxiliary layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of sky blue light; and the second process auxiliary layer and the fourth light emitting layer consist of a light emitting material in a frequency range comprising a frequency of green light. 11. The display substrate of claim 3, wherein the first barrier layer prevents carriers and excitons from transporting to the first process auxiliary layer, and the second barrier layer prevents carriers and excitons from transporting to the second process auxiliary layer. 12. A display apparatus, wherein the display apparatus comprises the display substrate of claim 1. 13. A method for fabricating a display substrate, wherein the display substrate comprises a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels is divided into a plurality of light emitting units, and the method comprises: forming a first electrode of each light emitting unit on a substrate, and forming a carrier transport layer over the first electrode by a film forming process; forming a light emitting layer over the carrier transport layer of a subset of the plurality of light emitting units by a film forming process; forming a light emitting layer over the light emitting layer of at least one light emitting unit in the subset of light emitting units, and over the carrier transport layer of other light emitting units than the subset of light emitting units by a film forming process; wherein said at least one light emitting unit comprises a light emitting layer and a process auxiliary layer, and the process auxiliary layer and the light emitting layer in other light emitting units are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process; forming a second electrode over the light emitting layer of each light emitting unit. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said forming a light emitting layer over the light emitting layer of at least one light emitting unit in the subset of light emitting units, and over the carrier transport layer of other light emitting units than the subset of light emitting units by a film forming process comprises: forming a barrier layer for blocking a first carrier and excitons over the light emitting layer of at least one light emitting unit in the subset of light emitting units by a film forming process; forming a light emitting layer over the barrier layer of said at least one light emitting unit, and over the carrier transport layer of other light emitting units than the subset of light emitting units by a film forming process. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of light emitting units comprise a first light emitting unit, a second light emitting unit, a third light emitting unit, and a fourth light emitting unit, and said forming a light emitting layer over the carrier transport layer of the subset of the plurality of light emitting units comprises: forming a second light emitting layer over thee carrier transport layer of the second light emitting unit, forming a third light emitting layer over the carrier transport layer of the third light emitting unit; wherein the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said forming a barrier layer for blocking a first carrier and excitons over the light emitting layer of at least one light emitting unit in the subset of light emitting units comprises: forming a first barrier layer for blocking the first carrier and excitons over the second light emitting layer, forming a second barrier layer for blocking the first carrier and excitons over the third light emitting layer; wherein the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said forming a light emitting layer over the barrier layer of said at least one light emitting unit, and over the carrier transport layer of other light emitting units than the subset of light emitting units comprises: forming a first process auxiliary layer over the first barrier layer, forming a first light emitting layer over the carrier transport layer of the first light emitting unit, forming a second process auxiliary layer over the second barrier layer, forming a fourth light emitting layer over the carrier transport layer of the fourth light emitting unit; wherein the first light emitting layer and the first process auxiliary layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process, the second process auxiliary layer and the fourth light emitting layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, the first carrier is a hole; and said forming a carrier transport layer over the first electrode comprises: forming a first hole transport layer over the first electrode of the first light emitting unit, forming a third hole transport layer over the first electrode of the second light emitting unit, forming a sixth hole transport layer over the first electrode of the third light emitting unit, forming an eighth hole transport layer over the first electrode of the fourth light emitting unit; wherein the first hole transport layer, the third hole transport layer, the sixth hole transport layer, and the eighth hole transport layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process; forming a second hole transport layer over the first hole transport layer of the first light emitting unit, forming a fourth hole transport layer over the third hole transport layer of the second light emitting unit; wherein the second hole transport layer and the fourth hole transport layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process; forming a fifth hole transport layer over the fourth hole transport layer of the second light emitting unit, forming a seventh hole transport layer over the sixth hole transport layer of the third light emitting unit; wherein the fifth hole transport layer and the seventh hole transport layer are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, the carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer; and said forming a second electrode over the light emitting layer of each light emitting unit comprises: forming in sequence an electron transport layer and a second electrode over the light emitting layer of each light emitting unit. 20. A method for fabricating a light emitting component, the light emitting component comprises a plurality of light emitting units, the method comprises: forming a first electrode of each light emitting unit on a substrate, and forming a carrier transport layer over the first electrode by a film forming process; forming a light emitting layer over the carrier transport layer of a subset of the plurality of light emitting units by a film forming process; forming a light emitting layer over the light emitting layer of at least one light emitting unit in the subset of light emitting units, and over the carrier transport layer of other light emitting units than the subset of light emitting units by a film forming process; wherein said at least one light emitting unit comprises a light emitting layer and a process auxiliary layer, and the process auxiliary layer and the light emitting layer in other light emitting units are formed into an integral portion from a same material in a film forming process; forming a second electrode over the light emitting layer of each light emitting unit. 21. (canceled)",
-    "A module for use in a voltage source converter includes: first and second terminals; an energy storage device; at least one switching element to switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the terminals to selectively provide a voltage source; and a voltage-limiting component and/or a resistive element. The switching element(s) are switchable to selectively form a current path that passes through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element and are further switchable to selectively switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element. The module includes electrical blocks including first and second pairs of electrical blocks connected in parallel with the energy storage device in a full-bridge arrangement. Each of the electrical blocks include a switching element, and one of the electrical blocks includes the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element. 1. A module for use in a voltage source converter comprising: first and second terminals for connection to an electrical network; an energy storage device; at least one switching element, the or each switching element being switchable to switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the first and second terminals to selectively provide a voltage source; and a voltage-limiting component and/or a resistive element, the switching element or at least one of the switching elements being switchable to selectively form a current path that passes through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element, the switching element or at least one of the switching elements being further switchable to selectively switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element, wherein the module includes a plurality of electrical blocks arranged as first and second pairs of electrical blocks, the first and second pairs of electrical blocks being connected in parallel with the energy storage device in a full-bridge arrangement, each of the plurality of electrical blocks including a switching element, at least one one of the plurality of electrical blocks including the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element. 2. A module according to claim 1 wherein at least one switching element is an active switching element, the module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the or each active switching element. 3. A module according to claim 1 wherein the current path interconnects the first and second terminals. 4. A module according to claim 3 wherein at least one switching element is an active switching element, the module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the or each active switching element, wherein the control unit is configured to control the switching of the active switching element or at least one of the active switching elements to form the current path to permit a current to flow from the electrical network through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element to regulate or limit a current, voltage or frequency in the electrical network. 5. A module according to claim 3 wherein at least one switching element is an active switching element, the module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the or each active switching element, wherein the control unit is configured to control the switching of the active switching element or at least one of the active switching elements to form the current path to permit a current to flow from the electrical network through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element to remove excess energy from the electrical network. 6. A module according to claim 1 wherein the current path is a current loop within the module. 7. A module according to claim 6 wherein at least one switching element is an active switching element, the module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the or each active switching element, wherein the control unit is configured to control the switching of the active switching element or at least one of the active switching elements to form the current path to discharge the energy storage device to a predefined voltage level. 8. A module according to claim 6 wherein the current path interconnects the first and second terminals, and wherein the switching element or at least one of the switching elements is switchable to form a first current path which interconnects the first and second terminals and a second current path which is a current loop within the module, the first and second current paths overlapping each other. 9. A module according to claim 2 wherein the control unit is configured to control the switching of the or each active switching element or at least one of the active switching elements to form the current path to modify a rate of charge or discharge of the energy storage device. 10. A module according to claim 1 wherein the voltage-limiting component is connected in parallel or series with the switching element of one of the plurality of electrical blocks and/or the resistive element is connected in parallel or series with the switching element of one of the plurality of electrical blocks. 11. A module according to claim 1 including the voltage-limiting component and the resistive element, wherein one of the plurality of electrical blocks includes both of the voltage-limiting component and the resistive element, or one of the plurality of electrical blocks includes the voltage-limiting component while another of the plurality of electrical blocks includes the resistive element. 12. A module according to claim 1 wherein the electrical block including the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element includes a passive switching element arranged such that the electrical block including the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element can conduct current in only one direction. 13. A chain-link converter comprising a plurality of series-connected modules, wherein each module comprises: first and second terminals for connection to an electrical network; an energy storage device; a plurality of electrical blocks arranged as first and second pairs of electrical blocks, the first and second pairs of electrical blocks being connected in parallel with the energy storage device in a full-bridge arrangement, each of the electrical blocks comprising: a switching element and a voltage-limiting component and/or a resistive element, the switching element being switchable to selectively form a current path that passes through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element, wherein the switching elements of the plurality of electrical blocks are switchable to switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the first and second terminals to selectively provide a voltage source, and wherein the switching elements are further switchable to selectively switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the voltage-limiting components and/or the resistive elements of the plurality of electrical blocks. 14. A voltage source converter comprising at least one module, wherein the at least one module comprises: first and second terminals for connection to an electrical network; an energy storage device; a plurality of electrical blocks arranged as first and second pairs of electrical blocks, the first and second pairs of electrical blocks being connected in parallel with the energy storage device in a full-bridge arrangement, each of the electrical blocks comprising: a switching element and a voltage-limiting component and/or a resistive element, the switching element being switchable to selectively form a current path that passes through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element, wherein the switching elements of the plurality of electrical blocks are switchable to switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the first and second terminals to selectively provide a voltage source, and wherein the switching elements are further switchable to selectively switch the energy storage device into or out of circuit with the voltage-limiting components and/or the resistive elements of the plurality of electrical blocks. 15. A voltage source converter according to claim 14 including: first and second DC terminals for connection to a DC electrical network; and at least one converter limb extending between the first and second DC terminals and having first and second limb portions separated by an AC terminal, the or each AC terminal being connectable to an AC electrical network, each limb portion including the at least one module. 16. A chain-link converter according to claim 13 wherein the switching elements of the plurality of electrical blocks are active switching element, each module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the active switching element. 17. A chain-link converter according to claim 13 wherein the current path interconnects the first and second terminals. 18. A voltage source converter according to claim 14 wherein the switching elements of the plurality of electrical blocks are active switching element, each module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the active switching element. 19. A voltage source converter according to claim 14 wherein the current path interconnects the first and second terminals. 20. A voltage source converter according to claim 19 wherein the switching elements of the plurality of electrical blocks are active switching element, the at least one module further including a control unit configured to control the switching of the active switching element, wherein the control unit is configured to control the switching of the active switching element to form the current path to permit a current to flow from the electrical network through the voltage-limiting component and/or the resistive element to regulate or limit a current, voltage or frequency in the electrical network.",
-    "Up-sampler generates an up-sampled sound signal from the sound signal. From the up-sampled sound signal, odd-ordered high-harmonic generator generates an odd-ordered high-harmonic, and even-ordered high-harmonic generator generates an even-ordered high-harmonic. Vowel sound detector identifies whether or not the sound signal is vowel sound, and generates a first gain value and a second gain value. First gain controller amplifies or attenuates the odd-ordered high-harmonic based on the first gain value, and outputs the resultant odd-ordered high-harmonic. Second gain controller amplifies or attenuates the even-ordered high-harmonic based on the second gain value, and outputs the resultant even-ordered high-harmonic. Sound signal processing device adds the gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic and the gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic to the up-sampled sound signal, and outputs the up-sampled sound signal having the high-harmonics added. 1. A sound signal processing device comprising: an up-sampler configured to perform up-sampling of a sampling frequency of a sound signal to generate an up-sampled sound signal; an odd-ordered high-harmonic generator configured to generate an odd-ordered high-harmonic from the up-sampled sound signal; an even-ordered high-harmonic generator configured to generate an even-ordered high-harmonic from the up-sampled sound signal; a vowel sound detector configured to identify whether or not the sound signal vowel sound, and generate a first gain value and a second gain value based on a result of the identification; a first gain controller configured to perform gain adjustment to the odd-ordered high-harmonic by amplification or attenuation based on the first gain value, and output a gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic; and a second gain controller configured to perform gain adjustment to the even-ordered high-harmonic by amplification or attenuation based on the second gain value, and output a gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic, the sound signal processing device being configured to add the gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic and the gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic to the up-sampled sound signal, and output the up-sampled sound signal having the gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic added and the gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic added. 2. The sound signal processing device according to claim wherein a high-pass sound signal, generated by letting the up-sampled sound signal pass through a high-pass filter, is input to the odd-ordered high-harmonic generator and the even-ordered high-harmonic generator. 3. The sound signal processing device according to claim 1, wherein a band-pass sound signal is generated by letting the gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic and the gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic pass through a band-pass filter, and the band-pass sound signal is added to the up-sampled sound signal, and then the up-sampled sound signal having the band-pass sound signal added is output. 4. The sound signal processing device according to claim 1, wherein the vowel sound detector is configured to generate the first gain value and the second gain value smaller, when the sound signal is determined to be sound other than vowel sound, than those when the sound signal is determined to be vowel sound. 5. The sound signal processing device according to claim 1, wherein the vowel sound detector includes a determinator configured to identify whether or not the sound signal is vowel sound, based on an all-path signal generated by smoothing the up-sampled sound signal, a high-pass signal generated by smoothing the high-pass sound signal, and a low-pass signal generated by subtracting the high-pass signal from the all-path signal. 6. The sound signal processing device according to claim 5, wherein the determinator is configured to identify whether or not the sound signal is vowel sound by dividing the low-pass signal by the high-pass multiplying one of a result of the division and a result of logarithmic operation to the result of the division by the all-path signal, and comparing the result of the multiplication with a first threshold value. 7. The sound signal processing device according to claim 5, wherein the vowel sound detector is configured to correct the first gain value by dividing a predetermined constant number by the high-pass signal, and multiplying the first gain value by a result of the division. 8. The sound signal processing device according to claim 2, wherein the vowel sound detector is configured to identify whether or not the sound signal is vowel sound by performing autocorrelation operation to one of the high-pass sound signal and the up-sampled sound signal, and comparing a result of the autocorrelation operation with a second threshold value. 9. The sound signal processing device according to claim 1, wherein the vowel sound detector is configured to take 0 (zero) as the first gain value and the second gain value when the sound signal is silent or faint sound that is near silent. 10. A method hod for processing sound signals, the method comprising: performing up-sampling of a sampling frequency of a sound signal to generate an up-sampled sound signal; generating an odd-ordered high-harmonic and an even-ordered high-harmonic from the up-sampled sound signal; identifying whether or not the sound signal is vowel sound, and generating a first gain value and a second gain value based on a result of the identification; performing gain adjustment to the odd-ordered high-harmonic by amplification or attenuation based on the first gain value; performing gain adjustment to the even-ordered high-harmonic by amplification or attenuation based on the second gain value; and adding the gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic and the gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic to the up-sampled sound signal, and outputting the up-sampled sound signal having the gain-adjusted odd-ordered high-harmonic added and the gain-adjusted even-ordered high-harmonic added.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a heat insulating system of a floating structure, and more particularly, a heat insulating system of a floating structure in which a heat insulating material is provided at at least one of a ballast tank, a trunk deck space, and a side passage way contacting the trunk deck to decrease a boil-off rate (BOR) occurring due to a heat transfer from an external region of a hull into an LNG storage tank. 1. A heat insulating system of a floating structure, wherein a heat insulating material is provided at at least one of a ballast tank, a trunk deck space, and a side passage way contacting a trunk deck to decrease a boil-off rate (BOR) generated due to a heat transfer from an external region of a hull into an LNG storage tank. 2. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 1, wherein a temperature of an internal hull contacting at least one of the ballast tank, the trunk deck space, and the side passage way contacting the trunk deck is controlled to be \u221255 to 30\u00b0 C. 3. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 2, wherein the temperature of the internal hull contacting the ballast tank is controlled to be 0 to 20\u00b0 C. and the internal hull is made of steel grade A defined in IGC. 4. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 2, wherein the temperature of the internal hull contacting at least any one of the trunk deck space and the side passage way contacting the trunk deck is controlled to be 0 to 30\u00b0 C. and the internal hull is made of the steel grade A defined in the IGC. 5. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 2, wherein the temperature of the internal hull contacting at least any one of the trunk deck space and the side passage way contacting the trunk deck is controlled to be \u221230\u00b0 C. or less and the internal hull is made of low temperature steel LT. 6. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 1, wherein the heat insulating material is provided on an inside wall of an external hull forming the ballast tank. 7. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 1, wherein the heat insulating material is provided in a region in which the side passage way close to the trunk deck space contacts the ballast tank. 8. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 1, wherein the heat insulating material includes at least one of the heat insulating wall heat-insulating LNG stored in the LNG storage tank, a panel type heat insulating material, a foam type heat insulating material, a vacuum type heat insulating material, a particle type heat insulating material, and a non-woven fabrics type heat insulating material. 9. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 2, further comprising: a heater heating the internal hull. 10. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 7, wherein the heater uses at least of a glycol heating coil, an electric heating coil, and a fluid pipe to heat the internal hull. 11. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 1, wherein the floating structure is any one selected from an LNG FPSO, an LNG FSRU, an LNG carrier, and an LNG RV. 12. A heat insulating system of a floating structure, comprising: a cofferdam provided between a plurality of LNG storage tanks installed in at least one row in a length direction of a hull; and a heat insulating material provided in a ballast tank, a trunk deck space, and a side passage way contacting a trunk deck, wherein the cofferdam is controlled to be a temperature of 0\u00b0 C. or less to decrease a heat transfer from the cofferdam into the plurality of LNG storage tanks and controls a temperature of at least one of the ballast tank, the trunk deck space, and the side passage way contacting the trunk deck to be lower than a temperature of an external hull to decrease a boil-off rate (BOR) generated due to the heat transfer from at least one of the ballast tank, the trunk deck space, and the side passage way contacting the trunk deck into the plurality of LNG storage tanks. 13. The heat insulating system of a floating structure of claim 12, wherein the cofferdam includes: a pair of bulk heads spaced apart from each other between the plurality of LNG storage tanks; and a space portion provided by the pair of bulk heads and an inner wall of the hull, and the cofferdam controls the pair of bulk heads to be temperature below 0\u00b0 C. 14. A heat insulating system of a floating structure, wherein a temperature of an internal hull contacting at least one of a ballast tank, a trunk deck space, and the side passage way contacting a trunk deck is controlled to be \u221255 to 30\u00b0 C.",
-    "The invention relates to a device for labeling individual packages including a feed device for transporting a respective package in a transport direction, a printing device for printing a label, which can be removed from a material strip, wherein the printing device has a label dispensing unit for dispensing the printed label in a dispensing direction, and an application device for applying the printed label to the respective package. The application device has a manipulator for moving the printed label from a pick-up position, in which the printed label can be transferred from the label dispensing unit to the manipulator in the dispensing direction, to a dispensing position, in which the manipulator can apply the printed label to the package, via at least one transport position. The invention also pertains to a corresponding method for labelling individual packages. 1-28. (canceled) 29. A device for labeling individual packages comprising: a feed device for transporting the respective package in a transport direction; a printing device for printing a label, which can be removed from a material strip, wherein the printing device has a label dispensing unit for dispensing the printed label in a dispensing direction; and an application device for applying the printed label to the respective package, wherein the application device has a manipulator means for moving the printed label from a pick-up position, in which the printed label can be transferred from the label dispensing unit to the manipulator means in the dispensing direction, to a dispensing position, in which the manipulator means can apply the printed label to the package, via at least one transport position; wherein the manipulator means has an element, which can carry out a circulating movement along a circulating path, wherein the element has at least a first section for picking up a printed label and at least a second section for picking up a printed label, wherein the first section and the second section are arranged on the circulating path of the element, and wherein the element has a straight course and runs at right angles to the transport direction, in the area between the pick-up position and the dispensing position or in the area between the pick-up position and the transport position, which is located in the same vertical plane as the dispensing position. 30. The device according to claim 29, wherein the first section and the second section can be brought into the pick-up position, into each transport position and into the dispensing position by moving at least one of the element and the manipulator means. 31. The device according to claim 29, wherein the manipulator means can be pivoted about an axis between a first position and a second position. 32. The device according to claim 31, wherein, in the first position of the manipulator means, the element leads past the label dispensing unit and past the feed device relative to the feed device and the printing device in such a manner that, at the pick-up position, a printed label can be transferred from the label dispensing unit to the element in the dispensing direction and that a label, which was transferred to the element, can simultaneously be applied to the package at the dispensing position. 33. The device according to claim 32, wherein, in the first position, the manipulator means is oriented to the feed device in such a manner that, at the dispensing position, the label can protrude into an area, through which the package passes during the transport. 34. The device according to claim 31, wherein, in the first position of the manipulator means, the element leads past the label dispensing unit and past the feed device relative to the feed device and the printing device in such a manner that, at the pick-up position, a printed label can be transferred from the label dispensing unit to the element in the dispensing direction and that a label, which was transferred to the element, can simultaneously be connected to the element at a transport position. 35. The device according to claim 34, wherein, in the second position, the manipulator means is oriented to the feed device in such a manner that, at the dispensing position, the label can protrude into an area, through which the package passes during the transport. 36. The device according to claim 29, wherein the manipulator means is configured in such a manner that the label can adhere to the element. 37. The device according to claim 29, wherein the manipulator means has one of a means for generating an underpressure and a means for generating an electrostatic charge. 38. The device according to claim 29, wherein the element, which can carry out the circulating movement, is an endless belt. 39. The device according to claim 38, wherein the endless belt consists of one of at least two parallel aprons and at least two parallel apron sections. 40. The device according to claim 38, wherein the manipulator means has one of a perforated plate and a slotted plate, which extends at least from the pick-up position, at which the respective label can be transferred to the manipulator means, to one of the dispensing position, at which the respective label can be applied to the package, and a transport position, which is located in the same vertical plane as the dispensing position, wherein the endless belt rests against the plate at least in a section. 41. The device according to claim 29, wherein the feed device has two conveyor belts, which can be moved in the transport direction and which are arranged to one another such that the respective package can move from the one conveyor belt to the other conveyor belt, wherein the conveyor belts are arranged so as to be aligned with one another, wherein provision is made between the conveyor belts for a gap, which runs at right angles to the transport direction and through which the manipulator means can apply the printed label to the package. 42. The device according to claim 40, wherein the plate has a straight course and runs in particular at right angles to the transport direction, in one of the area between the pick-up position and the dispensing position and the area between the pick-up position and the transport position, which is located in the same vertical plane as the dispensing position. 43. The device according to claim 31, wherein the axis runs at right angles to the transport direction and in a direction parallel to the plane, along which the package is transported. 44. The device according to claim 31, wherein the pivot angle \u03b1 between the first position and the second position is between 5 and 60\u00b0. 45. The device according to claim 31, wherein, in the second position, the element has a larger distance from the feed device than in the first position. 46. The device according to claim 31, wherein, in the second position, a printed label, which has been transferred to the element, can be moved, without thereby protruding into the area, through which the package passes in response to the transport. 47. The device according to claim 31, wherein, in the first position, the element has a larger distance from the feed device than in the second position. 48. The device according to claim 31, wherein, in at least one of the first position and a position between the first and second position, a printed label, which is transferred to the element, can be moved without thereby protruding into the area, through which the package passes in response to the transport. 49. The device according to claim 29, wherein, in the position of the manipulator means, which is located closest to the feed device, the surface of the element, to which the label can adhere, runs at an angle to the plane, along which the package is transported. 50. The device according to claim 29, wherein the dispensing direction runs parallel to the surface of the element in the first position. 51. The device according to claim 29, wherein the element is connected to a clocked drive, which effects the circulating movement of the element, wherein the stroke length (interval length) of the movement corresponds to the horizontal distance between pick-up position and dispensing position. 52. The device according to claim 31, wherein the device has a control device, which is configured in such a manner that it can control the pivot movement of the manipulator means and the circulating movement of the element in such a manner that: the circulating movement of the element is stopped when the label is transferred from the label dispensing unit to the element; the manipulator means is pivoted from the first position into the second position after the label has been transferred to the element; in the second position of the manipulator means, the circulating movement of the element is carried out for the length of a stroke (interval), wherein the stroke length (interval length) of the movement corresponds to the horizontal distance between pick-up position and dispensing position; and the manipulator means is pivoted from the second position into the first position after the circulating movement has been stopped after carrying out the stroke (interval). 53. The device according to claim 31, wherein the device has a control device, which is configured in such a manner that it can control the pivot movement of the manipulator means and the circulating movement of the element in such a manner that: the circulating movement of the element is stopped when the label is transferred from the label dispensing unit to the element; the manipulator means is pivoted from the first position into the second position after the label has been transferred to the element; and the manipulator means is pivoted back into the first position after the second position has been reached; wherein the circulating movement of the element is carried out for the length of a stroke (interval), wherein the stroke length (interval length) of the movement corresponds to the horizontal distance between pick-up position and dispensing position. 54. A method for labeling individual packages comprising: transporting a package in a transport direction; printing a label that can be removed from a material strip; transferring the printed label to an element of a manipulator means at a pick-up position, wherein the element has at least a first section for picking up a printed label and at least a second section for picking up a printed label, wherein at the pick-up position the label is transferred to the second section of the element; moving, via the manipulator means, the label from the pick-up position into a transfer position via at least one transport position, wherein the element carries out a circulating movement along a circulating path, wherein the first section and the second section are arranged on the circulating path of the element; and applying, via the element of the manipulator means, the label to the package at the dispensing position, while a further printed label is simultaneously arranged on the manipulator means in one of the pick-up position and one of the transport positions; wherein the respective label is moved at right angles to the transport direction by the element, which has a straight course and runs at right angles to the transport direction in the area between the pick-up position and the dispensing position or in the area between the pick-up position and the transport position, which is located in the same vertical plane as the dispensing position. 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the manipulator means is pivoted from a first position into a second position after the respective label has been transferred to the manipulator means at the pick-up position, the label is then moved across a distance, which corresponds to the horizontal distance between the pick-up position and the dispensing position, the manipulator means is then pivoted from the second position back into the first position and the label is then applied to the package. 56. The method according to claim 54, wherein the manipulator means is pivoted from a first positon into a second position after the respective label has been transferred to the manipulator means at the pick-up position, the label is then moved across a distance, which corresponds to the horizontal distance between the pick-up position and the dispensing position, wherein the manipulator means is then pivoted from the first position into the second position, and the label is then applied to the package.",
-    "Disclosed herein are a floating structure and a temperature control method of a floating structure. In more detail, the floating structure includes a cofferdam provided between a plurality of LNG storage tanks installed in at least one row in a length direction of a hull, in which a temperature of the cofferdam is controlled to be temperature below 0\u00b0 C. to decrease a boil-off rate (BOR) generated by transferring heat from the cofferdam into the plurality of LNG storage tanks. 1. A floating structure, comprising: a plurality of LNG storage tanks arranged in at least one row in a longitudinal direction or in a transverse direction of a hull; and a cofferdam disposed between two immediately neighboring LNG storage tanks among the plurality of LNG storage tanks or disposed on a side of one of the plurality of LNG storage tanks; wherein a temperature of the cofferdam is controlled to be temperature below 0\u00b0 C. to decrease a boil-off rate (BOR) generated by transferring heat from the cofferdam into the plurality of LNG storage tanks. 2. The floating structure of claim 1, wherein the cofferdam includes: a pair of bulk heads spaced apart from each other between the plurality of LNG storage tanks; and a space portion provided by the pair of bulk heads and an inner wall of the hull, and the cofferdam controls the pair of bulk heads to be temperature below 0\u00b0 C. 3. The floating structure of claim 2, wherein the pair of bulk heads is made of at least one material of B, D, E, AH, DH, and EH that are a steel grade defined in IGC. 4. The floating structure of claim 1, further comprising: a gas supplier supplying gas into the cofferdam to prevent an inside of the cofferdam from being damaged due to freezing of moisture in air. 5. The floating structure of claim 4, wherein the gas supplier includes: a supply pipe provided in the hull to supply the gas into the cofferdam; a discharge pipe provided in the cofferdam to discharge the gas in the cofferdam to an outside of the cofferdam; and valves provided in the supply pipe and the discharge pipe. 6. The floating structure of claim 4, wherein the gas includes dry air, inert gas, or N2 gas. 7. The floating structure of claim 1, further comprising: a heater provided in the cofferdam to heat the cofferdam, wherein the cofferdam is controlled to be temperature below 0\u00b0 C. to decrease the boil-off rate (BOR) generated by transferring heat from the cofferdam into the plurality of LNG storage tanks and is heated by the heater to change the temperature below 0\u00b0 C. to a specific temperature in addition to temperature above 0\u00b0 C. 8. The floating structure of claim 7, wherein when a bulk head of the cofferdam is made of a material bearing a temperature from \u221230\u00b0 C. to 0\u00b0 C., the temperature of the cofferdam is changed in a range from \u221230\u00b0 C. to 70\u00b0 C. 9. The floating structure of claim 7, wherein when a bulk head of the cofferdam is made of low temperature steel bearing up to \u221255\u00b0 C., the temperature of the cofferdam is changed in a range from \u221255\u00b0 C. to 70\u00b0 C. 10. The floating structure of claim 7, wherein when fuel consumption of the floating structure is increased, the temperature of the cofferdam is increased to increase the generation of the boil-off gas (BOG) and thus the BOG is used as fuel, and when the fuel consumption of the floating structure is decreased, the temperature of the cofferdam is lowered to decrease the generation of the BOG. 11. The floating structure of claim 7, wherein when a pressure in the LNG storage tank is larger than a set pressure of the LNG storage tank, a set temperature of the cofferdam is lowered and when the pressure in the LNG storage tank is lower than the set pressure of the LNG storage tank, the set temperature of the cofferdam is increased. 12. The floating structure of claim 7, wherein the heater heats at least one of a trunk deck space controlled to be temperature below 0\u00b0 C. and a side passage way contacting a trunk deck to change the temperature of the trunk deck space and the side passage way to the specific temperature in addition to the temperature above 0\u00b0 C. 13. The floating structure of claim 1, further comprising: a heat insulating material provided in the cofferdam. 14. The floating structure of claim 13, wherein the cofferdam includes a plurality of lateral cofferdams that segment the plurality of LNG storage tanks laterally, and the heat insulating material is provided in a foremost bulk head of a bow of the lateral cofferdam disposed at a foremost side of the bow and a rearmost bulk head of a stem of the lateral cofferdam disposed at a rearmost side of the stem, respectively, among the plurality of lateral cofferdams. 15. The floating structure of claim 1, further comprising: a gas supplier supplying gas to the cofferdam. 16. The floating structure of claim 15, wherein the gas supplier includes: a gas supply pipe provided in the cofferdam to supply the gas supplied through a gas supply line into the cofferdam; a gas discharge pipe provided in the cofferdam to discharge the gas in the cofferdam to an outside of the cofferdam; and shutoff valves provided in the gas supply pipe and the gas discharge pipe. 17. The floating structure of claim 15, wherein the gas supplied into the cofferdam has a dew point temperature from \u221245\u00b0 C. to \u221235\u00b0 C. and a pair of bulk heads is controlled to be 1\u00b0 C. to 10\u00b0 C. higher than the dew point temperature of the gas. 18. The floating structure of claim 15, wherein the temperature of the cofferdam is maintained at temperature above 0\u00b0 C. while continuously injecting and venting the gas into the cofferdam and the gas has temperature above 0\u00b0 C. 19. The floating structure of claim 15, wherein the temperature of the cofferdam is increased by continuously injecting and discharging the gas into and from the cofferdam to provide an environment that a worker enters the cofferdam. 20. The floating structure of claim 2, wherein the bulk head is not extended up to an external hull but is connected only to an internal hull, and a strength member connecting between the external hull and the internal hull is provided not to be continued to the bulk head to decrease the boil-off rate (BOR) generated by transferring heat between the bulk head and LNG stored in the plurality of LNG storage tanks. 21. The floating structure of claim 20, wherein the bulk head is controlled to be a temperature from \u2212163\u00b0 C. to \u221250\u00b0 C. and is made of a very low temperature material including aluminum or stainless steel. 22. The floating structure of claim 20, further comprising: a sealing and heat insulating unit provided in the plurality of LNG storage tanks to seal and heat-insulate the LNG, wherein the sealing and heat insulating unit is not provided in the bulk head of a region in which the plurality of LNG storage tanks and the bulk head contact each other. 23. The floating structure of claim 22, wherein a space portion is provided between the bulk heads disposed at a foremost side of a bow and a rearmost side of a stern and the internal hull and is provided with a heat insulating material. 24. A temperature control method of a floating structure, comprising: controlling a cofferdam at a specific sub-zero temperature to decrease a BOR; controlling the temperature of the cofferdam to a specific temperature in addition to temperature above 0\u00b0 C. so that a worker enters the cofferdam controlled to be the sub-zero temperature; and controlling the temperature of the cofferdam to be the specific sub-zero temperature again when the worker gets out of the cofferdam. 25. The temperature control method of claim 24, wherein the temperature of the cofferdam is controlled to be a range from \u221255\u00b0 C. to 70\u00b0 C.",
-    "A display panel and manufacturing method. The method includes: forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel on a substrate; depositing a first insulation layer; forming multiple color photoresists on the first insulation layer, and the source electrode, the drain electrode and the channel are located between two adjacent color photoresists; forming a gate electrode and a common electrode by a same process, and the gate electrode is located on the first insulation layer, and the common electrode is located on the photoresist; forming a second insulation layer having a through hole communicated with the source electrode on the gate electrode and the common electrode; forming a pixel electrode on the second insulation layer. The pixel electrode contacts with the source electrode through the through hole, and a storage capacitor is formed. The storage capacitor can be increased and the current leakage of the pixel electrode improved. 1. A manufacturing method for a display panel, comprising steps of: providing a substrate, and forming a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed at an interval on the substrate by a same process; forming a channel between the source electrode and the drain electrode such that the channel connects with the source electrode and the drain electrode; depositing a first insulation layer on the substrate; forming multiple red photoresists, green photoresists and blue photoresists disposed at intervals on the first insulation layer, wherein, the multiple photoresists are arranged in a sequence of the red photoresist, the green photoresist and the blue photoresist, and the source electrode, the drain electrode and the channel are located between two adjacent photoresists; forming a gate electrode and a common electrode by a same process such that the gate electrode is located on the first insulation layer and between two adjacent photoresists, and the common electrode is located on the photoresist; forming a second insulation layer on the gate electrode and the common electrode, and the second insulation layer has a through hole communicated with the source electrode; and forming a pixel electrode on the second insulation layer, wherein the pixel electrode contacts with the source electrode through the through hole, and a storage capacitor is formed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. 2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein, before the step of forming a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed at an interval on the substrate by a same process, the method further includes a step of: forming a black matrix on the substrate; the step of forming a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed at an interval on the substrate by a same process further includes a step of: forming the source electrode and the drain electrode disposed at an interval on the black matrix by the same process. 3. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein, the step of forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and the channel further includes: sequentially forming a semiconductor layer and a metal layer on the substrate; performing a photomask process to the metal layer in order to form the source electrode and the drain electrode, and to the semiconductor layer in order to form the channel. 4. A manufacturing method for a display panel, comprising steps of: providing a substrate, and forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel on the substrate; depositing a first insulation layer on the substrate; forming multiple color photoresists disposed at intervals on the first insulation layer, and the source electrode, the drain electrode and the channel are located between two adjacent color photoresists; forming a gate electrode and a common electrode by a same process such that the gate electrode is located on the first insulation layer, and the common electrode is located on the photoresist; forming a second insulation layer on the gate electrode and the common electrode, and the second insulation layer has a through hole communicated with the source electrode; and forming a pixel electrode on the second insulation layer, wherein the pixel electrode contacts with the source electrode through the through hole, and a storage capacitor is formed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. 5. The manufacturing method for a display panel according to claim 4, wherein, the step of forming multiple color photoresists disposed at intervals includes steps of: forming multiple red photoresists, green photoresists and blue photoresists, and the multiple photoresists are arranged in a sequence of the red photoresist, the green photoresist and the blue photoresist. 6. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein, the step of forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel on the substrate further includes: forming the source electrode and the drain electrode disposed at an interval on the substrate by a same process; forming the channel between the source electrode and the drain electrode such that the channel connects with the source electrode and the drain electrode. 7. The manufacturing method according to claim 6, wherein, before the step of forming the source electrode and the drain electrode disposed at an interval on the substrate by a same process further includes a step of: forming a black matrix on the substrate; the step of forming the source electrode and the drain electrode disposed at an interval on the substrate by a same process includes: forming the source electrode and the drain electrode disposed at an interval on the black matrix by the same process. 8. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein, the step of forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel on the substrate further includes: sequentially forming a semiconductor layer and a metal layer on the substrate; and performing a photomask process to the metal layer in order to form the source electrode and the drain electrode, and to the semiconductor layer in order to form the channel. 9. A display panel, wherein, the display panel includes a substrate providing with a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel, a first insulation layer, multiple color photoresists, a gate electrode, a common electrode, a second insulation layer and a pixel electrode; wherein, the first insulation layer is deposited on the substrate; the multiple color photoresists are formed on the first insulation layer, disposed at intervals, and the source electrode, the drain electrode and the channel are located between two adjacent color photoresists; the gate electrode and the common electrode are formed by a same process, the gate electrode is located on the first insulation layer and between two adjacent photoresists, and the common electrode is located on the photoresist; the second insulation layer is formed on the gate electrode and the common electrode, and the second insulation layer has a through hole communicated with the source electrode; and the pixel electrode is formed on the second insulation layer, wherein the pixel electrode contacts with the source electrode through the through hole, and a storage capacitor is formed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. 10. The display panel according to claim 9, wherein, the color photoresists includes a red photoresist, a green photoresist and a blue photoresist arranged sequentially on the substrate. 11. The display panel according to claim 9, wherein, the source electrode and the drain electrode are formed separately on the substrate by a same process, the channel is located between the source electrode and the drain electrode, and the channel connects with the source electrode and the drain electrode. 12. The display panel according to claim 11, wherein, the display panel further includes a black matrix, the black matrix is formed on the substrate, and the source electrode and the drain electrode are formed separately on the black matrix. 13. The display panel according to claim 9, wherein, the channel is disposed on the substrate, the source electrode and the drain electrode are located separately on the channel, and the channel connects with the source electrode and the drain electrode.",
-    "A pharmaceutical dosage system comprising (a) an effective amount of one or more of Doxylamine, an analog thereof, a derivative thereof, a prodrug thereof, a metabolite thereof and/or a salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Pyridoxine, (ii) an analog thereof, (iii) a derivative thereof, (iv) a prodrug thereof, (v) a metabolite thereof and (vi) a salt of any of (i)-(v); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is H, PO3 or. The system exhibits an improved pharmacokinetic profile relative to the current Diclectin\u00ae/Diclegis\u00ae formulation and is useful for example for the alleviation of the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, for example in the case of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). 1. A pharmaceutical dosage system comprising: (a) from about 5 to about 40 mg of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) from about 5 to about 80 mg of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) from about 20 to about 100 mg of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein R is a hydroxyl group. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein R is a phosphate group. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein R is 5. The system of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 35 mg of Doxylamine and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 30 mg of Doxylamine and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 20 mg of Doxylamine and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein said system comprises about 20 mg of Doxylamine and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 9. The system of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein said system comprises Doxylamine succinate. 10. The system of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 70 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 11. The system of claim 10, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 50 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 30 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said system comprises from about 5 mg to about 20 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 14. The system of claim 13, wherein said system comprises about 20 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 15. The system of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein said system comprises Pyridoxine hydrochloride. 16. The system of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 90 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 80 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 60 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 50 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 40 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein said system comprises about 40 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 22. The system of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein (a), (b) and (c) are in the same pharmaceutical composition. 23. The system of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein (a), (b) and (c) are in a plurality of pharmaceutical compositions. 24. The system of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein said system comprises an immediate release component and a delayed release component. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein said immediate release component comprises (a) and (b). 26. The system of claim 24 or 25, wherein said delayed release component comprises (a), (b) and (c). 27. The system of any one of claims 1 to 26, further comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 28. The system of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein said system comprises one or more oral dosage forms. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein said one or more oral dosage forms are in the form of tablets, pills, capsules, solutions or flowable powders. 30. A method for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a human subject, said method comprising administering the system of any one of claims 1 to 29, to a human subject in need thereof. 31. Use of the system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a human subject. 32. Use of the system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for the preparation of a medicament for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a human subject. 33. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a human subject. 34. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for the preparation of a medicament for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in a human subject. 35. A method for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy, said method comprising administering the system of any one of claims 1 to 29, to a human subject in need thereof. 36. Use of the system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy (NVP). 37. Use of the system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for the preparation of a medicament for alleviating the symptoms of NVP. 38. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy (NVP) 39. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29 for the preparation of a medicament for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy (NVP). 40. A dosage system for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy, said system comprising (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 41. A dosage system consisting essentially of: (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 42. The system of claim 40 or 41, wherein R is OH. 43. The system of claim 40 or 41, wherein R is a phosphate group. 44. The system of claim 40 or 41, wherein R is 45. The system of any one of claims 40 to 44, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 40 mg of Doxylamine and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 46. The system of claim 45, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 35 mg of Doxylamine and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 47. The system of claim 46, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 30 mg of Doxylamine and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 48. The system of claim 47, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 20 mg of Doxylamine and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 49. The system of claim 48, wherein said system comprises about 20 mg of Doxylamine and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 50. The system of any one of claims 40 to 49, wherein said system comprises Doxylamine succinate. 51. The system of any one of claims 40 to 50, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 80 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 52. The system of claim 51, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 70 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 53. The system of claim 52, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 50 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 54. The system of claim 53, wherein said system comprises from about 5 to about 30 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 55. The system of claim 54, wherein said system comprises from about 5 mg to about 20 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 56. The system of claim 55, wherein said system comprises about 20 mg of said (i) Pyridoxine compound, (ii) pharmaceutically acceptable ester thereof, and/or (iii) pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii). 57. The system of any one of claims 40 to 56, wherein said system comprises Pyridoxine hydrochloride. 58. The system of any one of claims 40 to 57, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 100 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 90 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 60. The system of claim 59, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 80 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 61. The system of claim 60, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 60 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 62. The system of claim 61, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 50 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 63. The system of claim 62, wherein said system comprises from about 20 to about 40 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 64. The system of claim 63, wherein said system comprises about 40 mg of said one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 65. The system of any one of claims 40 to 64, wherein (a), (b) and (c) are in the same pharmaceutical composition. 66. The system of any one of claims 40 to 64, wherein (a), (b) and (c) are in a plurality of pharmaceutical compositions. 67. The system of any one of claims 40 to 66, wherein said system comprises an immediate release component and a delayed release component. 68. The system of claim 67, wherein said immediate release component comprises (a) and (b). 69. The system of claim 67 or 68, wherein said delayed release component comprises (a), (b) and (c). 70. The system of any one of claims 40 to 69, further comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 71. The system of claim 70, wherein said system consists of (a), (b), (c) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 72. The system of any one of claims 40 to 71, wherein said system comprises one or more oral dosage forms. 73. The system of claim 72, wherein said one or more oral dosage forms are in the form of tablets, pills, capsules, solutions or flowable powders. 74. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 40 to 73, wherein said system is a once-a-day dosage system. 75. The system of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 40 to 73, wherein said system is a twice-a-day dosage system. 76. A method for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy, said method comprising administering to a human subject in need thereof: (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 77. Use of: (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy (NVP). 78. Use of: (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for alleviating the symptoms of NVP. 79. A composition comprising: (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for alleviating the symptoms of NVP. 80. A composition comprising: (a) an effective amount of one or more of (i) Doxylamine and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) an effective amount of one or more of (i) a Pyridoxine compound of formula II, wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or phosphate group; and R2 is CH2OH, CHO, or CH2NH2; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of (i); and (iii)) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of (i)-(ii); and (c) an effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for alleviating the symptoms of NVP.",
-    "The present invention relates to novel multicompartmental lipid nanoparticles (or cellisomes) with excellent stability comprising a first lipophilic compartment (lipid matrix) partly anchored to a second hydrophilic compartment delimited by a phospholipid bilayer (bilayer), as well as the method for preparing same and the use thereof as a vector for administering a wide variety of molecules of interest. 1. Multicompartment lipid nanoparticles having a mean diameter of 10 to 500 nm, wherein they comprise a first lipophilic compartment partly enclosed by a second hydrophilic compartment delimited by a phospholipid bilayer, said first compartment being partly anchored to said second compartment. 2. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, where the polydispersity index is 5 to 15%. 3. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, where the mean diameter is 100 to 250 nm. 4. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1 where the lipophilic compartment consists of lipids in the liquid or semi-solid state at 25\u00b0 C. 5. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, where the lipophilic compartment comprises a fatty acid ester optionally mixed with a glyceride. 6. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 5, where said fatty acid ester is selected from the group consisting of mixtures of polyethylene glycol mono- and diesters the molar mass of the hydrophilic part of which varies from 100 to 700 g/mol. 7. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 5, where the glyceride is selected from the group consisting of mixtures of glycerol mono-, di- and triesters that are liquid or solid at 25\u00b0 C. 8. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, where the phospholipid bilayer comprises at least one phospholipid and one hydrophilic nonionic surfactant. 9. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 8, where said phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of mixtures of zwitterionic phospholipids. 10. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 8, where said hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyoxylglycerides or macrogolglycerides, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers 11. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one molecule of interest. 12. Nanoparticles as claimed in claim 11, where the molecule of interest is selected from a nucleic acid, a protein, a polysaccharide and a molecule of 40 to 2000 Da. 13. Pharmaceutical composition comprising a suspension of nanoparticles as defined in claim 1 in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 14. Method for preparing multicompartment lipid nanoparticles comprising the following steps: preparation of an oil/water emulsion comprising at least one lipid, one phospholipid, one hydrophilic nonionic surfactant, and optionally at least one molecule of interest; homogenization of said emulsion under high pressure. 15. Method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising a step of heating the emulsion to a temperature of 30 to 80\u00b0 C. before its homogenization. 16. Method as claimed in claim 14, where said lipid is selected from the group consisting of mixtures of polyethylene glycol mono- and diesters the molar mass of the hydrophilic part of which varies from 100 to 700 g/mol. 17. Method as claimed in claim 14, where said phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of mixtures of zwitterionic phospholipids. 18. Method as claimed in claim 14, where said hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyoxylglycerides or macrogolglycerides, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers. 19. Method as claimed in claim 14, where the oil/water emulsion comprises: 5-30% by mass lipids, preferably Labrafil\u00ae M2125CS or M1944CS; 0.5-5% by mass phospholipids, preferably Phospholipon 90G\u00ae; 0.5-5% by mass polyoxylglycerides or macrogolglycerides, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters or polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, preferably Gelucire\u00ae 50-13 or polyoxyethylene (40) stearate. 20. Nanoparticles as defined in claim 1 for use as a carrier for administering a molecule of interest. 21. Nanoparticles as defined in claim 11 for use as medicine, preferably a medicine administered by injection, orally, cutaneously or nasally.",
-    "Technologies and implementations for a defibrillator electrode having communicative capabilities are generally disclosed. 1. A communicative apparatus for use with a defibrillator device, the communicative apparatus comprising: an electrode, the electrode configured to be used with the defibrillator device; a thin film circuit disposed on a first surface of the electrode, the thin film circuit configured to be a radio-frequency identification (RFID) circuit; a gel disposed on a second surface substantially opposite the first surface; a gel integrity sensor disposed in physical contact with the gel, the gel integrity sensor communicatively coupled to the thin film circuit; and a connector electrically coupled to the electrode, the connector configured to electrically connect the electrode to the defibrillator device and communicatively coupled to the thin film circuit. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode compatible with an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit comprises a processor module. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit comprises an RFID tag. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the RFID tag comprises at least one of a passive tag, an active tag, or battery-assisted passive tag. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit comprises a storage medium. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit comprises a thin film circuit having at least one of a transmit module or a receive module, both being wireless based. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thin film circuit comprises a thin film circuit having a transmit/receive module, the transmit/receive module being wireless based. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gel comprises at least one of a conductive gel or an adhesive gel for use with the electrode. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gel integrity sensor comprises a conductivity sensor, the conductivity sensor capable of determining a conductivity level of the gel and capable of communicating the conductivity level of gel to the thin film circuit. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gel integrity sensor comprises a combined humidity and temperature sensor, the combined humidity and temperature sensor capable of determining humidity and temperature the gel was subjected to before being communicatively coupled to the defibrillator device. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the connector comprises a connector having an electrical signal interrupt module communicatively coupled to the thin film circuit, the electrical signal interrupt module configured to interrupt substantially most electrical signals between the electrode and the defibrillator device upon receiving an interrupt signal from the thin film circuit. 13. A communicative apparatus for use with a defibrillator device, the communicative apparatus comprising: an electrode; a watermark, the watermark integrated with the electrode on a first surface of the electrode; a gel, the gel being disposed on a second surface substantially opposite the first surface of the electrode; a connector, the connector electrically coupled to the electrode, the connector configured to electrically connect the electrode to the defibrillator device; and an electrical signal interrupt module communicatively coupled to the connector and the defibrillator device, the electrical signal interrupt module configured to interrupt an electrical signal from the defibrillator device based at least in part on an interrupt signal from the defibrillator device. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode compatible with an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises an optical machine-readable watermark. 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises an automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) watermark. 17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises a universal product code (UPC). 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises a linear type code. 19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises a matrix type code. 20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises a Quick Response (QR) code. 21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the watermark comprises a watermark configured to visually change over time. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the watermark configured to visually change over time comprises a watermark having migrating ink. 23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the watermark configured to visually change over time comprises visually changing paper. 24. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the connector comprises a quick release connector having a pull tab device. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the quick release connector comprises a looped flange. 26. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electrical signal interrupt module comprises a residual-current device (RCD). 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the RCD comprises an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) type device. 28. A communicative apparatus for use with a defibrillator device, the communicative apparatus comprising: an electrode; a printed circuit disposed on a first surface of the electrode; a display device disposed on the first surface of the electrode, the display device communicatively coupled to the printed circuit; a gel disposed on a second surface substantially opposite the first surface; a gel integrity sensor disposed in physical contact with the gel, the gel integrity sensor communicatively coupled to the printed circuit; a connector electrically coupled to the electrode, the connector configured to electrically connect the electrode to the defibrillator device; and an electrical signal interrupt module communicatively coupled to the connector and the defibrillator device, the electrical signal interrupt module configured to interrupt an electrical signal from the defibrillator device based at least in part on an interrupt signal from the printed circuit. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode compatible with an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). 30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the printed circuit comprises: a processor; and a display controller, the display controller communicatively coupled to the processor and to the display device. 31. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the display device comprises a liquid crystal display (LCD) device. 32. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the gel comprises at least one of a conductive gel or an adhesive gel for use with the electrode. 33. A method comprising: detecting an electrical signal at a defibrillator electrode; determining an integrity level of a gel disposed on the defibrillator electrode, the determined integrity level having an indication of a conductivity level of the gel; determining if the conductivity of the gel is within a predetermined range; and interrupting substantially most of the electrical signal between the defibrillator electrode and a defibrillator device. 34. A communicative apparatus for use with a defibrillator device, the communicative apparatus comprising: an electrode, the electrode configured to be used with the defibrillator device; a thin film circuit disposed on a surface of the electrode, the thin film circuit configured to be a storage medium; and a connector electrically coupled to the electrode, the connector configured to electrically connect the electrode to the defibrillator device and communicatively coupled to the thin film circuit.",
-    "A wear assembly of an earth-moving machine's bucket comprises a male part (1) and a female part (2), both of which in turn comprises a nose (10) (male part) or cavity (20) (female part) provided with an upper contact surface and a lower contact surface. The upper contact surface comprises an upper front contact portion (14, 24) that extends backward from the tip of the nose or the bottom of the cavity and the lower contact surface comprises a lower front contact portion (13, 23) that extends likewise, one of said upper and lower front contact portions being concave and the other being convex. Analogously, the upper contact surface comprises an upper back contact portion (16, 26) that extends forward from the base of the nose or the mouth of the cavity, and the lower contact surface comprises a lower back contact portion (15, 25) that extends likewise, one of said upper and lower back contact portions being concave and the other being convex. 1-32. (canceled) 33. A female part for a wear assembly of an earth-moving machine's bucket, said bucket and said female part having a length, a width and a height, identified with the orthogonal directions X, Y and Z, respectively, the female part comprising a cavity provided with an upper contact surface and a lower contact surface, wherein said upper contact surface comprises an upper front contact portion that extends backward from the bottom of the cavity and said lower contact surface comprises a lower front contact portion that extends backward from the bottom of the cavity, one of said upper and lower front contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein both the upper front contact portion and the lower front contact portion are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane, wherein the upper contact surface comprises an upper back contact portion that extends forward from the mouth of the cavity and the lower contact surface comprises a lower back contact portion that extends forward from the mouth of the cavity, one of said upper and lower back contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein the upper back contact portion is concave and the upper front contact portion is convex, or vice versa, and wherein the upper back contact portion is parallel to the lower back contact portion on any cross-section parallel to the YZ plane. 34. The female part according to claim 33, wherein both the upper front contact portion and the lower front contact portion comprise a right front face and a left front face that are substantially flat. 35. The female part according to claim 33, wherein said cavity taper toward its bottom in an intermediate portion between said upper front contact portion and said upper back contact portion and between said lower front contact portion and said lower back contact portion. 36. The female part according to claim 33, wherein both the upper back contact portion and the lower back contact portion are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane. 37. The female part according to claim 33, wherein both the upper back contact portion and the lower back contact portion comprise a right back face and a left back face that are substantially flat. 38. The female part according to claim 33, wherein the cavity is provided with two side concave surfaces that are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane, each of said side surfaces comprising an upper side face and a lower side face that are flat. 39. The female part according to claim 33, comprising a lower outer longitudinal recess. 40. The female part according to claim 39, wherein said recess is substantially parallel to at least a portion of the lower contact surface of the cavity. 41. The female part according to claim 33, wherein the upper front contact portion is parallel to the lower front contact portion on any cross-section parallel to the YZ plane. 42. The female part according to claim 33, wherein the upper front contact portion is parallel to the lower front contact portion considering the entire portions. 43. The female part according to claim 33, wherein the upper back contact portion is parallel to the lower back contact portion considering the entire portions. 44. The female part according to claim 33, wherein said upper front contact portion and said lower front contact portion comprise each a pair of surfaces inclined with respect to the XZ plane. 45. The female part according to claim 33, wherein said upper back contact portion and said lower back contact portion comprise each a pair of surfaces inclined with respect to the XZ plane. 46. A male part for a wear assembly of an earth-moving machine's bucket, said bucket and said male part having a length, a width and a height, identified with the orthogonal directions X, Y and Z, respectively, the male part comprising a nose provided with an upper contact surface and a lower contact surface, wherein said upper contact surface comprises an upper front contact portion that extends backward from the tip of the nose and said lower contact surface comprises a lower front contact portion that extends backward from the tip of the nose, one of said upper and lower front contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein both the upper front contact portion and the lower front contact portion are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane, wherein the upper contact surface comprises an upper back contact portion that extends forward from the base of the nose and the lower contact surface comprises a lower back contact portion that extends forward from the base of the nose, one of said upper and lower back contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein the upper back contact portion is concave and the upper front contact portion is convex, or vice versa, and wherein the upper back contact portion is parallel to the lower back contact portion on any cross-section parallel to the YZ plane. 47. The male part according to claim 46, wherein both the upper front contact portion and the lower front contact portion comprise a right front face and a left front face that are substantially flat. 48. The male part according to claim 46, wherein said nose taper toward its front end in an intermediate portion between said upper front contact portion and said upper back contact portion and between said lower front contact portion and said lower back contact portion. 49. The male part according to claim 46, wherein both the upper back contact portion and the lower back contact portion are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane. 50. The male part according to claim 46, wherein both the upper back contact portion and the lower back contact portion comprise a right back face and a left back face that are substantially flat. 51. The male part according to claim 46, wherein the nose is provided with two side convex surfaces that are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane, each of said side surfaces comprising an upper side face and a lower side face that are flat. 52. The male part according to claim 46, wherein the upper front contact portion is parallel to the lower front contact portion on any cross-section parallel to the YZ plane. 53. The male part according to claim 46, wherein the upper front contact portion is parallel to the lower front contact portion considering the entire portions. 54. The male part according to claim 46, wherein the upper back contact portion is parallel to the lower back contact portion considering the entire portions. 55. The male part according to claim 46, wherein said upper front contact portion and said lower front contact portion comprise each a pair of surfaces inclined with respect to the XZ plane. 56. The male part according to claim 46, wherein said upper back contact portion and said lower back contact portion comprise each a pair of surfaces inclined with respect to the XZ plane. 57. A wear assembly comprising a wear element that is a female part, said female part having a length, a width and a height, identified with the orthogonal directions X, Y and Z, respectively, the female part comprising a cavity provided with an upper contact surface and a lower contact surface, wherein said upper contact surface comprises an upper front contact portion that extends backward from the bottom of the cavity and said lower contact surface comprises a lower front contact portion that extends backward from the bottom of the cavity, one of said upper and lower front contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein both the upper front contact portion and the lower front contact portion are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane, wherein the upper contact surface comprises an upper back contact portion that extends forward from the mouth of the cavity and the lower contact surface comprises a lower back contact portion that extends forward from the mouth of the cavity, one of said upper and lower back contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein the upper back contact portion is concave and the upper front contact portion is convex, or vice versa, and wherein the upper back contact portion is parallel to the lower back contact portion on any cross-section parallel to the YZ plane, and a male part, said male part having a length, a width and a height, identified with the orthogonal directions X, Y and Z, respectively, the male part comprising a nose provided with an upper contact surface and a lower contact surface, wherein said upper contact surface comprises an upper front contact portion that extends backward from the tip of the nose and said lower contact surface comprises a lower front contact portion that extends backward from the tip of the nose, one of said upper and lower front contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein both the upper front contact portion and the lower front contact portion are symmetrical with respect to the central XZ plane, wherein the upper contact surface comprises an upper back contact portion that extends forward from the base of the nose and the lower contact surface comprises a lower back contact portion that extends forward from the base of the nose, one of said upper and lower back contact portions being concave and the other being convex, wherein the upper back contact portion is concave and the upper front contact portion is convex, or vice versa, and wherein the upper back contact portion is parallel to the lower back contact portion on any cross-section parallel to the YZ plane, wherein the male part's nose is fitted in the female part's cavity, defining a fitting with a longitudinal axis, and wherein the upper contact surface of the female part's complementary of the upper contact surface of the male part and the lower contact surface of the female part is complementary of the lower contact surface of the male part. 58. The wear assembly of claim 57, wherein the centre of mass of the wear element is below the longitudinal axis of said fitting.",
-    "Disclosed herein are a gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method and system for floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO). The gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method for FPSO according to the present invention, which is to produce GTL in FPSO, may include: 1) a pre-treating step of pre-treating natural gas produced at an offshore gas field; 2) a reforming step of reacting the pre-treated natural gas in a presence of a catalyst to produce syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide; 3) a synthesis step of supplying the syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor and reacting the syngas to produce liquid hydrocarbon; and 4) an upgrading step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon into gas, naphtha, and syncrude and supplying hydrogen to hydrofinish the liquid hydrocarbon. 1. A gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method for floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) comprising: 1) a pre-treating step of pre-treating natural gas produced at an offshore gas field; 2) a reforming step of reacting the pre-treated natural gas in a presence of a catalyst to produce syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide; 3) a synthesis step of supplying the syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor and reacting the syngas to produce liquid hydrocarbon; and 4) an upgrading step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon into gas, naphtha, and syncrude and supplying hydrogen to hydrofinish the liquid hydrocarbon. 2. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1, wherein the upgrading step includes: 1) a separation step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon produced in the synthesis step into gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, naphtha, and syncrude; and 2) a hydrofinishing step of supplying hydrogen to the separated naphtha to saturate olefin. 3. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2, wherein a condensate produced in the hydrofinishing step is separated to thereby be mixed with the syncrude separated in the separation step, and gum formation and polymerization of olefin contained in at least one of the naphtha and syncrude during storage and transportation are prevented through the hydrofinishing step. 4. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2, wherein the gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms separated in the separation step is supplied as fuel for the FPSO. 5. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2, wherein the hydrofinishing step is performed at a relatively low temperature of 250 to 290\u00b0 C. and a relatively low pressure of 15 to 30 bars. 6. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1, further comprising a conditioning step of conditioning the syngas produced after the reforming in the reforming step before supplying the syngas to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor of the synthesis step, wherein hydrogen generated during the conditioning is at least partially supplied to the upgrading step. 7. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 6, wherein the reforming step is performed in a steam CO2 reformer (SCR) supplying steam and carbon dioxide to the natural gas and reacting the natural gas in the presence of the catalyst, and the Fischer-Tropsch reactor in the synthesis step is a slurry phase reactor (SPR). 8. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 7, wherein the steam CO2 reformer is a compact reformer. 9. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 8, wherein carbon dioxide participates in a production reaction of the syngas as a reverse reaction of a water gas shift reaction in the compact reformer. 10. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 7, wherein the syngas unreacted in the slurry phase reactor is recovered to thereby be re-supplied to the synthesis step. 11. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1, wherein steam generated in the synthesis step and the reforming step is supplied to a steam turbine power generator provided in the FPSO, thereby generating power. 12. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 6, wherein in the conditioning step, H2O is separated in multiple steps from the syngas produced after the reforming, and hydrogen is separated so as to satisfy requirement conditions in the Fischer-Tropsch reactor, but H2 is recovered so that a ratio(SN) of H2/CO supplied to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor satisfies 1 to 2.5. 13. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 12, wherein hydrogen recovered in the conditioning step is at least partially supplied as fuel in the reforming step. 14. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 13, wherein the reforming step is performed in a steam methane reformer (SMR) reacting the natural gas with hydrogen supplied in the conditioning step. 15. A GTL producing system for FPSO comprising: a pre-treating unit in which pre-treatment including desulfurization is performed on natural gas produced at an offshore gas field; a reformer receiving the natural gas from the pre-treating unit to produce syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide; a Fischer-Tropsch reactor receiving the syngas from the reformer to produce liquid hydrocarbon; and an upgrading unit receiving hydrogen and the liquid hydrocarbon from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor and hydrofinishing the liquid hydrocarbon to produce naphtha and syncrude. 16. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 15, further comprising a conditioning unit conditioning the syngas produced in the reformer before the syngas is supplied to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor, wherein hydrogen produced in the conditioning unit is supplied to the upgrading unit. 17. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 15, wherein the reformer is a steam CO2 reformer (SCR) receiving the natural gas to supply steam and carbon dioxide, and reacting the natural gas in a presence of a catalyst to produce the syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and the Fischer-Tropsch reactor is a slurry phase reactor (SPR). 18. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 15, wherein the upgrading unit supplies hydrogen to the liquid hydrocarbon and hydrofinishes the liquid hydrocarbon to saturate olefin contained in at least one of the naphtha and syncrude, thereby preventing gum formation and polymerization of the olefin during storing and transporting at least one of the naphtha and syncrude. 19. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 15, wherein compounds having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, produced in the Fischer-Tropsch reactor and the upgrading unit are supplied as fuel of a complex power generation system of the FPSO. 20. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 16, wherein the conditioning unit includes: first to third separators separating H2O from the syngas in multiple steps; and an extractor recovering hydrogen from hydrogen and carbon monoxide separated in the third separator. 21. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 20, wherein the reformer is a steam methane reformer (SMR) reforming the pre-treated natural gas and H2O and CO2 into combustion gas and hydrogen, and CO and H2O using hydrogen recovered in the extractor. 22. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 20, wherein the extractor is provided with a membrane capable of adjusting an amount of passed hydrogen. 23. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 22, wherein hydrogen recovered by the membrane is supplied to the reformer and the upgrading unit. 24. The GTL producing system for FPSO of claim 22, wherein a ratio(SN) of H2/CO supplied from the conditioning unit to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor is 1 to 2.5.",
-    "A semiconductor-mounted product includes a semiconductor package, a circuit board, a solder bonding part, and a resin reinforcing part. Wiring is formed on the surface of the circuit board, and the semiconductor package is mounted on the circuit board. The solder bonding part electrically connects the semiconductor package with the wiring. The resin reinforcing part is formed on a side surface of the solder bonding part such that the solder bonding part is partially exposed. The bonding part has a first solder region formed closer to the semiconductor package than the circuit board, and a second solder region formed closer to the circuit board than the semiconductor package. 1. A semiconductor-mounted product comprising: a semiconductor package; a circuit board, on a surface of which wiring is formed and the semiconductor package is mounted; a solder bonding part electrically connecting the semiconductor package with the wiring; and a resin reinforcing part formed on a side surface of the solder bonding part, wherein the solder bonding part has a first solder region formed closer to the semiconductor package than the circuit board, and a second solder region formed closer to the circuit board than the semiconductor package, and is partially exposed from the resin reinforcing part, and a part of the resin reinforcing part continuously coats a part from the circuit board to a mounted face of the semiconductor package through the side surface of the solder bonding part. 2. The semiconductor-mounted product according to claim 1, wherein the first solder region is mainly made of Sn\u2014Ag\u2014Cu-based first solder, and the second solder region is mainly made of Sn\u2014Bi-based or Sn\u2014Bi\u2014Ag\u2014Cu-based second solder. 3. The semiconductor-mounted product according to claim 1, wherein a part of the resin reinforcing part farthest from the wiring has a height falling within a range from 40% to 100%, inclusive, of a height of the solder bonding part from the wiring as a reference. 4. The semiconductor-mounted product according to claim 1, wherein the second solder region contains Bi, and the resin reinforcing part covers at least a side surface of the second solder region. 5. The semiconductor-mounted product according to claim 1, wherein the resin reinforcing part covers the side surface of the second solder region and covers a side surface of the first solder region so as to extend from the side surface of the second solder region to the side surface of the first solder region. 6. (canceled) 7. The semiconductor-mounted product according to claim 1, further comprising an insulative fill material that connects the semiconductor package with the circuit board, at a rim of the semiconductor package. 8. A method of producing a semiconductor-mounted product, comprising: supplying a bump made of first solder with a first thermosetting resin binder containing solder powder made of second solder and a flux component, the bump being formed on a mountable face of a semiconductor package of a semiconductor component; supplying an electrode formed on a surface of a board with solder paste by print or application; mounting the semiconductor component of which bump is supplied with the first thermosetting resin binder, on the board of which electrode is supplied with the solder paste; forming a resin reinforcing part from which a solder bonding part is partially exposed, the resin reinforcing part reinforcing the solder bonding part from a region around the solder bonding part by: forming the solder bonding part connecting the electrode with the semiconductor component by heating the board mounted with the semiconductor component according to a given heating profile so as to melt-solidify the bump and to melt-unify the solder powder, and hardening the first thermosetting resin binder. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the solder paste is formed of a thermosetting resin binder similar to the first thermosetting resin binder, the thermosetting resin binder containing solder powder same as the solder powder of claim 8 and a flux component same as the flux component of claim 8. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the first thermosetting resin binder is supplied to the bump such that a center of the first thermosetting resin binder is deviated from a center of the bump. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the first thermosetting resin binder is supplied to the bump in a shape that a part of an outer circumference of the first thermosetting resin binder is absent. 12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the resin reinforcing part is formed such that a part of the resin reinforcing part continuously coats a part from the circuit board to a mounted face of the semiconductor package through the side surface of the solder bonding part.",
-    "The present invention provides a natural herbal composition for rapid removal of metabolic toxins in the body, to solve the problems of existing herbal compositions such as slow efficacy for such symptoms as constipation, bad breath, acnes caused by accumulated toxins in the body, side and toxic effects, etc. The natural herbal composition comprises the following ingredients (by mass): mangosteen extract, aloe extract, hot water extract of mixture of dandelion 1-30, Angelica sinensis 1-20, Polygonum multiflorum 1-30, Cinnamomum cassia 3-16, rheum officinale 4-20, Glycyrrhiza uralensis 3-10, Panax notoginseng 3-10, Atractylodes macrocephala 5-15, wherein the mass ratio of mangosteen fruit extract to aloe extract is 3:1-5, and the mass ratio of mangosteen and aloe extracts to the hot water extract is 2:1-5. 1. A natural herbal composition for rapid removal of metabolic toxins in the body, comprising the following ingredients (by mass): mangosteen extract, aloe extract, hot water extract of mixture of dandelion 1-30, Angelica sinensis 1-20, Polygonum multiflorum 1-30, Cinnamomum cassia 3-16, rheum officinale 4-20, Glycyrrhiza uralensis 3-10, Panax notoginseng 3-10, Atractylodes macrocephala 5-15, wherein the mass ratio of mangosteen fruit extract to aloe extract is 2:1-5, and the mass ratio of the sum of mangosteen fruit extract and aloe extract to the hot water extract is 2:2.1-5. 2. The natural herbal composition for rapid removal of metabolic toxins in the body according to claim 2, wherein the mangosteen fruit extract, aloe extract are the powder obtained through the concentration of the ethanol extract under reduced pressure and drying. 3. The natural herbal composition for rapid removal of metabolic toxins in the body according to claim 1, wherein the hot water extract is powder obtained through the following procedures: firstly cut or crush the crude drugs of dandelion, Angelica sinensis, Polygonum multiflorum, Cinnamomum cassia, rheum officinale, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Panax notoginseng, Atractylodes macrocephala and then mix them, add 6-10 times of water of the mixed amount of medicinal materials to boil and maintain 30 min, to get the filtrate; and then add water equal to 5-7 times of the mixed amount of medicinal materials to boil and maintain 30 min, to get the filtrate, and then combine the filtrate, concentrate and dry under reduced pressure, to get the powder.",
-    "A use of recombinant ganoderma immunoregulatory protein (rLZ-8) in a preparation of a drug for treating melanoma is disclosed. By establishing experimental animal models of orthotopic tumors and metastatic tumors, an anti-tumor effect of the rLZ-8 is researched, which indicates that the rLZ-8 significantly inhibits a growth of the orthotopic tumors of the melanoma and a formation of metastases of the melanoma. 1-5. (canceled) 6. A method for treating melanoma in a subject, comprising: administrating a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant ganoderma immunoregulatory protein (rLZ-8) to the subject. 7. The method, as recited in claim 6, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the rLZ-8 inhibits a proliferation of the melanoma. 8. The method, as recited in claim 6, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the rLZ-8 inhibits a formation of melanoma metastasis. 9. The method, as recited in claim 6, further comprising: administrating an arbitrary pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant with the therapeutically effective amount of the rLZ-8 to the subject. 10. The method, as recited in claim 6, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the rLZ-8 is administrated orally or parenterally; the orally administrated rLZ-8 is oral fluid, a tablet, a pill or a capsule; and, the parenterally administrated rLZ-8 is an external medicine or an injection. 11. The method, as recited in claim 7, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the rLZ-8 is administrated orally or parenterally; the orally administrated rLZ-8 is oral fluid, a tablet, a pill or a capsule; and the parenterally administrated rLZ-8 is an external medicine or an injection.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for preparing N-[[1-{3-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methyl]-4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide, which is a novel benzamide derivative as a 5-HT4 receptor agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; to a novel intermediate capable of being used in the preparation of the compounds; and to a method for preparing the same. The preparation methods of the present invention can be useful for mass production since a low-priced reagent and intermediate are used and the number of reaction processes is decreased, thereby saving preparation costs and improving the yield. 1. A method for preparing a compound of Formula 3: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising: reacting a compound of Formula 1: with a compound of Formula 2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula 1 with the compound of Formula 2 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is conducted in the presence of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of isobutyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, carbonyldiimidazole, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N\u2032-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula 1 with the compound of Formula 2 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is conducted in the presence of a base. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the base is a tertiary amine. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the tertiary amine is at least one selected from the group consisting of N-methylmorpholine, isopropylethylamine, triethylamine and pyridine. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the preparation of salt of the compound of Formula 3 further comprises: reacting the compound of Formula 3 with an acid. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the reaction between the compound of Formula 3 and the acid is conducted in the presence of at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, a ketone and an ether. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the reaction between the compound of Formula 3 and the acid is conducted in the presence of at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of a C1-C5 alcohol, a C3-C10 ketone and a C2-C10 ether. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula 2 or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is prepared by a method comprising: preparing a compound of Formula 6: wherein X is an amine protecting group, by reacting a compound of Formula 4: wherein X is an amine protecting group, with a compound of Formula 5: wherein Y is Cl, Br, I, \u2014OTs (tosylate) or \u2014OMs (mesylate); and removing the protecting group X from the compound of Formula 6\u2014to yield a compound of Formula 2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the compound of Formula 5 is prepared by a method comprising: preparing a compound of Formula 8: wherein Y1 is Cl, Br, I or OH, by reacting a compound of Formula 7: wherein Y1 and Z each independently is Cl, Br, I or OH, with an azide compound; and cyclizing the azido group of the compound of Formula 8. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cyclization of the compound of Formula 8 comprises reacting the compound of Formula 8 with a carbide compound in the presence of sodium ascorbate and copper iodide. 13. A compound of Formula 6: wherein X is an amine protecting group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a compound of Formula 2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, oxalate, adipate, citrate, di-p-toluoyl-L-tartarate, di-p-toluoyl-D-tartarate, citrate, lactate, maleate, fumarate, gluconate, methanesulfonate, acetate, glycolate, succinate, L- or D-tartarate, tartarate, 4-toluenesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, galacturonate, embonate, glutamate or aspartate. 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein X is butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), benzyl or 9-fluorenylmethylcarbonyl (Fmoc). 16. A compound selected from the group consisting of: 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine hydrochloride; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine oxalate; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine succinate; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine adipate; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine citrate; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine L-tartarate; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine D-tartarate; 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine fumarate; and 1-[{3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyl}piperidin-4-yl]methanamine maleate. 17. A method for preparing a compound of Formula 6: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising: reacting a compound of Formula 4: wherein X is an amine protecting group, with a compound of Formula 5: wherein Y is Cl, Br, I, \u2014OTs (tosylate) or \u2014OMs (mesylate). 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the reaction between the compound of Formula 4 and the compound of Formula 5 is conducted in the presence of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of sodium iodide and potassium iodide. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the reaction between the compound of Formula 4 and the compound of Formula 5 is conducted in the presence of a base. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the base is at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, N-methyl morpholine, isopropylethylamine, triethylamine and pyridine. 21. A method for preparing a compound of Formula 2: or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising: preparing a compound of Formula 6: wherein X is an amine protecting group, by reacting a compound of Formula 4: wherein X is an amine protecting group, with a compound of Formula 5: wherein Y is Cl, Br, I, \u2014OTs (tosylate) or \u2014OMs (mesylate); and removing the amine protecting group X from the compound of Formula 6. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein removing the amine protecting groups comprises reacting the compound of Formula 6 with an acid. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein removing the amine protecting groups comprises performing a hydrogenation of the compound of Formula 6 in the presence of palladium/carbon.",
-    "An exemplary system includes a sound processor associated with a patient, a first microphone communicatively coupled to the sound processor and configured to detect an audio signal presented to the patient and output a first output signal representative of the audio signal, and a second microphone communicatively coupled to the sound processor and configured to detect the audio signal presented to the patient and output a second output signal representative of the audio signal. The sound processor is configured to 1) receive the first and second output signals, 2) determine that a difference between the first and second output signals meets a threshold condition, and 3) perform, in response to the determination that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition, a predetermined action associated with the quality level of the first microphone. Corresponding systems and methods are also disclosed. 1. A system comprising: a sound processor associated with a patient; a first microphone communicatively coupled to the sound processor and configured to detect an audio signal presented to the patient and output a first output signal representative of the audio signal; a second microphone communicatively coupled to the sound processor and configured to detect the audio signal presented to the patient and output a second output signal representative of the audio signal; wherein the sound processor is configured to receive the first and second output signals, determine that a difference between the first and second output signals meets a threshold condition, the meeting of the threshold condition indicating that a quality level of the first microphone is below an acceptable level, and perform, in response to the determination that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition, a predetermined action associated with the quality level of the first microphone. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition by: generating a difference signal representative of a difference between the first and second output signals; and comparing the difference signal to a reference signal maintained by the sound processor; and determining, based on the comparison, that the difference signal is outside a predetermined tolerance range of the reference signal. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition by: identifying a first filtered portion from the first output signal by low-pass filtering the first output signal according to a low-pass filter definition; identifying a second filtered portion from the second output signal by low-pass filtering the second output signal according to the low-pass filter definition; and determining that a difference between the first and second filtered portions meets the threshold condition. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine that the difference between the first and second filtered portions meets the threshold condition by: averaging the first filtered portion to obtain a first averaged output signal; averaging the second filtered portion to obtain a second averaged output signal; generating a difference signal representative of a difference between the first and second averaged output signals; and determining that the difference signal is outside a predetermined tolerance range of a reference signal maintained by the sound processor. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the filter definition has a cutoff frequency substantially equal to c/(X*d), where c is a speed of sound in air, d is a distance between the first and second microphones, and X is a value greater than three. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein X is equal to 4. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the sound processor is configured to generate the reference signal by: receiving a first reference output signal from the first microphone prior to receiving the first and second output signals; receiving a second reference output signal from the second microphone prior to receiving the first and second output signals; generating a difference signal representative of a difference between the first and second reference output signals; and designating the difference signal representative of the difference between the first and second reference output signals as the reference signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to perform the predetermined action associated with the quality level of the first microphone by adjusting one or more control parameters that govern an operation of at least one of the sound processor and a cochlear implant implanted within the patient. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to perform the predetermined action associated with the quality level of the first microphone by providing a notification that the quality level of the first microphone is below the acceptable level. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the sound processor is configured to provide the notification by activating a light-emitting device communicatively coupled to the sound processor. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the sound processor is configured to provide the notification by activating a speaker communicatively coupled to the sound processor. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the sound processor is configured to provide the notification by producing a diagnostic signal at a diagnostic interface communicatively coupled to the sound processor. 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a housing configured to be wearable by a patient and configured to house the sound processor; wherein the first microphone is separate from the housing, and the second microphone is at least partially disposed within the housing. 14. A system comprising: a housing configured to be wearable by a patient; a sound processor disposed within the housing; a first microphone separate from the housing and communicatively coupled to the sound processor, the first microphone being configured to detect an audio signal presented to the patient and output a first output signal representative of the audio signal; a second microphone at least partially disposed within the housing and communicatively coupled to the sound processor, the second microphone configured to detect the audio signal presented to the patient and output a second output signal representative of the audio signal; and an output device; wherein the sound processor is configured to receive the first and second output signals, determine that a difference between the first and second output signals meets a threshold condition, and direct, in response to the determination that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition, the output device to generate a perceptible output indicating a degradation of the first microphone. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising an ear hook assembly configured to connect to the housing, wherein the first microphone is coupled to the ear hook assembly. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the sound processor is configured to calculate the output value according to the first and second output signals by: identifying a first filtered portion from the first output by low-pass filtering the first output according to a low-pass filter definition; identifying a second filtered portion from the second output by low-pass filtering the second output according to the low-pass filter definition; and calculating the output value as a difference between the first and second filtered portions. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the output device comprises one or more of a light-emitting device and a speaker. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the output device comprises a diagnostic interface. 19. A method comprising: receiving, by a sound processor, a first output signal from a first microphone; receiving, by the sound processor, a second output signal from a second microphone; determining, by the sound processor, that a difference between the first and second output signals meets a threshold condition; and performing, by the sound processor in response to the determination that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition, a predetermined action associated with a quality level of the first microphone. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein determining that the difference between the first and second output signals meets the threshold condition comprises: filtering the first signal according to a filter definition to generate a first filtered signal, the filter definition having a cutoff frequency corresponding to a separation distance between the first and second microphones; filtering the second signal according to the filter definition to generate a second filtered signal; and determining that a difference between the first and second filtered signals meets the threshold condition.",
-    "Provided are a method and an apparatus for detecting whether the posture in which a terminal is grasped by a user is a first predetermined posture, and if the first predetermined posture is detected, for displaying a GUI object on a touchscreen of the terminal. Additionally provided are a method and an apparatus for detecting whether the posture in which a terminal is grasped by a user is the first predetermined posture, and if the first predetermined posture is detected, for the touchscreen receiving a touch from the user and generating a pointer for the touch. 1. A method of providing a touch input of a terminal, the method comprising: detecting that a posture of a user gripping an edge of the terminal is a first predetermined posture; and displaying a graphical user interface (GUI) object on a touchscreen of the terminal when the first predetermined posture is detected. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the GUI object is an alphanumeric keypad. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined posture is a posture that all five fingers of one hand of the user are in contact with the edge of the terminal. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting that a posture of the user gripping the edge of the terminal is a second predetermined posture; and changing the GUI object displayed on the touchscreen when the second predetermined posture is detected. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the second predetermined posture is a posture in which the first predetermined posture is modified by modifying a posture of one finger among the five fingers. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the modifying is removing the one finger from the edge. 7. A terminal providing a touch input, the terminal comprising: a touchscreen configured to receive a touch input of a user; and a processor configured to detect that a posture of the user gripping an edge of the terminal is a first predetermined posture and display a graphical user interface (GUI) object on the touchscreen when the first predetermined posture is detected. 8. A method of providing a touch input of a terminal, the method comprising: detecting that a posture of a user gripping an edge of the terminal is a first predetermined posture; recognizing a touch on a touchscreen of the terminal in a state in which the edge is gripped at the first predetermined posture; and displaying a pointer at a position of the touch on the touchscreen. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first predetermined posture is a posture that all five fingers of one hand are in contact with the edge of the terminal. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: detecting that a posture of the user gripping the edge of the terminal while the touch is maintained is a second predetermined posture; and generating a first graphical user interface (GUI) event, wherein the generated first GUI event is determined based on the detected second predetermined posture. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the generating of the first GUI event comprises generating the first GUI event corresponding to the detected second predetermined posture with respect to a GUI object indicated by the pointer. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein a plurality of second predetermined postures and a plurality of first GUI events are provided, and the plurality of second predetermined postures corresponds to the plurality of GUI events, respectively. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising: recognizing a drag of the touch in a state in which the edge is gripped of the second predetermined posture; and generating a second GUI event corresponding to the recognized drag. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: re-detecting the first predetermined posture after the second predetermined posture is detected, wherein the generating of the first GUI event is performed after the re-detecting. 15. A terminal providing a touch input, the terminal comprising: a touchscreen configured to receive a touch input of a user; and a processor configured to detect that a posture of a user gripping an edge of the terminal is a first predetermined posture, recognizes a touch on the touchscreen in a state in which the edge is gripped of the first predetermined posture, and display a pointer at a position of the touch on the touchscreen.",
-    "An exemplary system includes a sound processor associated with a patient and a microphone (102). The microphone is configured to detect an audio signal presented to the patient and output an output signal (302) representative of the audio signal. The sound processor is configured to 1) receive the output signal, 2) identify at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has a classification attribute associated with a reference signal, 3) determine (304) a signal characteristic value (306) associated with the at least one temporal portion, 4) determine (308) that a difference (312) between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and a reference signal characteristic value (310) associated with the reference signal meets a threshold condition, the meeting of the threshold condition indicating that a quality level of the microphone is below an acceptable level and 5) perform a predetermined action associated with the quality level of the microphone. 1. A system comprising: a sound processor associated with a patient and configured to maintain data representative of a reference signal characteristic value and a classification attribute both associated with a reference signal; and a microphone communicatively coupled to the sound processor and configured to detect an audio signal presented to the patient and output an output signal representative of the audio signal; wherein the sound processor is further configured to receive the output signal, identify at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute, determine a signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion, determine that a difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets a threshold condition, the meeting of the threshold condition indicating that a quality level of the microphone is below an acceptable level, and perform, in response to the determination that the difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets the threshold condition, a predetermined action associated with the quality level of the microphone. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the classification attribute identifies the at least one temporal portion as including speech. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to identify the at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute by identifying at least one characteristic of the output signal that corresponds to the classification attribute. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein: the classification attribute is associated with speech; and the at least one characteristic includes at least one of a modulation frequency, an onset flank, an offset flank, an occurrence of a voiced segment, and an occurrence of an unvoiced segment. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to: identify the at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute by identifying a plurality of temporal portions of the output signal that have the classification attribute; and determine the signal characteristic value by determining a plurality of signal characteristic values associated with the plurality of temporal portions, and averaging the plurality of signal characteristic values to obtain an averaged signal characteristic value. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal characteristic value comprises a spectral energy of the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value comprises a spectral energy of the reference signal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal characteristic value comprises a spectral shape value of the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value comprises a spectral shape value of the reference signal. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the sound processor is configured to determine the spectral shape value of the at least one temporal portion by measuring at least one of a spectral gravity value of the at least one temporal portion, a kurtosis value of the at least one temporal portion, and a skewness value of the at least one temporal portion. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal characteristic value comprises a sound pressure level of the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value comprises a sound pressure level of the reference signal. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to: maintain data representative of the classification attribute by maintaining a plurality of classification attributes including the classification attribute as one of the plurality of classification attributes; and identify the at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute by classifying the at least one temporal portion as corresponding to the classification attribute from among the plurality of classification attributes. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the plurality of classification attributes each correspond to one of speech in quiet, speech with noise, and music. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the sound processor is configured to: maintain data representative of the reference signal characteristic value by maintaining a plurality of class-specific reference signal characteristic values each corresponding to one of the plurality of classification attributes, the plurality of class-specific reference signal characteristic values including the reference signal characteristic value; and determine that the difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets the threshold condition by: selecting the reference signal characteristic value from among the plurality of class-specific reference signal characteristic values based on the classifying of the temporal portion as corresponding to the classification attribute, and determining that a difference between the selected reference signal characteristic value and the signal characteristic value meets the threshold condition. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to perform the predetermined action associated with the quality level of the microphone by adjusting one or more control parameters that govern an operation of at least one of the sound processor and a cochlear implant implanted within the patient. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the sound processor is configured to perform the predetermined action associated with the quality level of the microphone by providing a notification that the quality level of the microphone is below the acceptable level. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the sound processor is configured to provide the notification by activating at least one of: a light-emitting device communicatively coupled to the sound processor. a speaker communicatively coupled to the sound processor; and a diagnostic interface communicatively coupled to the sound processor. 16. A system comprising: a storage facility configured to maintain data representative of a reference signal characteristic value and a classification attribute associated with a reference signal; and a processing facility communicatively coupled to the storage facility and configured to receive an output signal representative of an audio signal as detected by a microphone, identify at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute, determine a signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion, determine that a difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic associated with the reference signal meets a threshold condition, the meeting of the threshold condition indicating that a quality level of the microphone is below an acceptable level, and perform, in response to the determination that the difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets the threshold condition, a predetermined action associated with the quality level of the microphone. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the classification attribute identifies the at least one temporal portion as including speech. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the storage facility is configured to maintain data representative of the classification attribute by maintaining a plurality of classification attributes including the classification attribute as one of the plurality of classification attributes; and wherein the processing facility is configured to identify the at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute by classifying the at least one temporal portion as corresponding to the classification attribute from among the plurality of classification attributes. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the storage facility is configured to maintain data representative of the reference signal characteristic value by maintaining a plurality of class-specific reference signal characteristic values, each corresponding to one of the plurality of classification attributes, the plurality of class-specific reference signal characteristic values including the reference signal characteristic value; and wherein the processing facility is configured to determine that the difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets the threshold condition by: selecting the reference signal characteristic value from among the plurality of class-specific reference signal characteristic values based on the classifying of the temporal portion as corresponding to the classification attribute; and determining that a difference between the selected reference value and the signal characteristic value meets the threshold condition. 20. A method comprising: maintaining, by a sound processor associated with a patient, a reference signal characteristic value and a classification attribute both associated with a reference signal; receiving, by the sound processor, an output signal from a microphone, the output signal being representative of an audio signal presented to the patient; identifying, by the sound processor, at least one temporal portion of the output signal that has the classification attribute; determining, by the sound processor, a signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion; and determining, by the sound processor, that a difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets a threshold condition, the meeting of the threshold condition indicating that a quality level of the microphone is below an acceptable level; and performing, by the sound processor in response to the determination that the difference between the signal characteristic value associated with the at least one temporal portion and the reference signal characteristic value associated with the reference signal meets the threshold condition, a predetermined action associated with the quality level of the microphone.",
-    "Cutaneous and subcutaneous TNS embodiments are disclosed for addressing autonomic nervous system imbalances. A cutaneous electrode assembly is applied to a patient's forehead, and a current is pulsed through the electrode assembly to stimulate the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves on the patient to increase activity for the patient's parasympathetic nervous system. Pulsing the current increases the power spectral density for the patient's heart rate variability in a 0.1 to 0.15 Hz frequency band. 1. A method, comprising applying a cutaneous electrode assembly to a patient's forehead; and pulsing current through the electrode assembly to stimulate the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves on the patient to increase activity for the patient's parasympathetic nervous system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein pulsing the current increases the power spectral density for the patient's heart rate variability in a 0.1 to 0.15 Hz frequency band. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the increased activity for the patient's parasympathetic nervous system is therapeutic for treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of congestive heart failure, acute cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, metabolic syndrome, Type 1 & 2 diabetes, Sjogren's syndrome, erectile dysfunction, ADHD, PTSD, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the cutaneous electrode assembly comprises aligning a midline of the cutaneous electrode assembly with the patient's nasal midline, and adhering the aligned cutaneous electrode assembly to the patient's forehead such that a first electrode contact overlays a first ophthalmic nerve pair on a first side of the patient's forehead and such that a second electrode contact overlays a second ophthalmic nerve pair on an opposing second side of the patient's forehead. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first electrode contact comprises a pair of electrode contacts configured to stimulate the first ophthalmic nerve pair in an afferent direction. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second electrode contact comprises a pair of electrode contacts configured to stimulate the second ophthalmic nerve pair in an afferent direction. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein pulsing the current comprises using a pulse amplitude between 50 \u03bcA and 20 mA, a pulse width between 50 \u03bcs and 500 \u03bcs, and a pulse frequency between 10 Hz and 300 Hz. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein pulsing the current comprises pulsing over duty cycle periods such that the current is pulsed in an on portion of each duty cycle period and not pulsing for a remaining off portion of each duty cycle period, and wherein a ratio of the on portion to the duty cycle period defines a duty cycle. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein pulsing the current comprises using a duty cycle between 5% and 100%. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein pulsing the current comprises using a duty cycle of 50% and a duty cycle period of 60 seconds. 11. A method, comprising: implanting an electrode lead including a plurality of contacts into a patient such that a first one of the contacts is adjacent a first supraorbital nerve and such that a second one of the contacts is adjacent a second supraorbital nerve; and pulsing current through the contacts to stimulate the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves on the patient to increase activity for the patient's parasympathetic nervous system. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the increased activity for the patient's parasympathetic nervous system increases the patient's heart rate variability. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the increased activity for the patient's parasympathetic nervous system is therapeutic for treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of congestive heart failure, acute cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, metabolic syndrome, Type 1 & 2 diabetes, Sjogren's syndrome, erectile dysfunction, ADHD, PTSD, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: engaging the electrode lead to a dissection tool, wherein implanting the electrode lead comprises driving the engaged dissection tool across the patient's loose areolar connective tissue. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein implanting the electrode lead further comprises introducing the engaged dissection tool through a cannula into the loose areolar connective tissue in the forehead. 16. An integrated electrode assembly, comprising: a cutaneous electrode assembly including a first electrode contact configured to stimulate a first ophthalmic nerve pair on a first side of a patient's forehead and a second electrode contact configured to stimulate a second ophthalmic nerve pair on an opposing second side of the patient's forehead; and a housing removably attached to the cutaneous electrode assembly, wherein the housing includes a pulse generator and a power supply to power the pulse generator. 17. The integrated electrode assembly of claim 16, wherein the housing further comprises a wireless interface configured to wirelessly receive configuration parameters for the pulse generator. 18. The integrated electrode assembly of claim 16, wherein the housing further comprises a manually-actuated interface configured to receive manually-entered configuration parameters for the pulse generator.",
-    "A sliding assembly for utilization in an internal combustion engine may include at least one piston ring and a cylinder head provided with a through cavity defining an internal surface. The internal surface may define a TDC portion in a proximity of a top dead center, a central portion, and a BDC portion in a proximity of bottom dead center. The TDC portion, central portion, and BDC portion may present surface finishes having a first roughness, a second roughness, and a third roughness, respectively, each defined by a structure of recesses and projections, at least one of which may be substantially uniform. The second roughness may be less than the first roughness value. The piston ring may present at least part of a contact surface upon which a ceramic coating may be applied by a physical vapor deposition. 1. A sliding assembly for utilization in an internal combustion engine, comprising; at least one piston ring; and a cylinder liner provided with a through cavity defining an internal surface which, in turn, defines: a TDC portion in a proximity of a limit of a stroke of the sliding assembly, facing a cylinder head of the engine (in the proximity of a top dead center, TDC, a central portion, and a BDC portion in a proximity of the limit of the stroke, facing a crankshaft of the engine (in a proximity of a bottom dead center, BDC); wherein the TDC portion of the liner presents a surface finish having a first roughness value defined by a structure of recesses and projections; the central portion of the liner presents a surface finish having a second roughness value defined by a structure of recesses and projections; the BDC portion of the liner presents a surface finish having a third roughness value defined by a structure of recesses and projections, the roughness value of the second portion being lower than the roughness value of the first portion, and the recesses and projections of at least one of the TDC the central portion, and the BDC portion being substantially uniform; and wherein the piston ring presents at least part of a contact surface thereof whereupon a ceramic coating is applied by a PVD (physical vapor deposition) process. 2. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the first roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 3. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.30 Rpk, 0.15 to 0.65 Rk, and 1.1 to 2.1 Rvk, in micrometers. 4. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 5. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.15 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 6. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.10 Rpk, 0.10 to 0.40 Rk, and up to 1.0 Rvk, in micrometers. 7. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.15 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 8. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.30 Rpk, 0.15 to 0.65 Rk, and 1.1 to 2.1 Rvk, in micrometers. 9. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.10 Rpk, 0.10 to 0.40 Rk, and up to 1.0 Rvk, in micrometers. 10. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the second roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.30 Rpk, 0.15 to 0.65 Rk, and 1.1 to 2.1 Rvk, in micrometers. 11. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the second roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.10 Rpk, 0.10 to 0.40 Rk, and up to 1.0 Rvk, in micrometers. 12. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 2, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 13. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 2, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.15 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 14. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 15. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.15 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 16. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 8, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 17. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 8, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.15 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 18. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 9, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 19. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 9, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially up to 0.15 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers. 20. The sliding assembly as claimed in claim 10, wherein the third roughness value presents values of substantially 0.10 to 0.30 Rpk, 0.80 to 1.10 Rk, and 2.1 to 2.8 Rvk, in micrometers.",
-    "Device for producing pure water, where the water to be purified is caused to be membrane distilled using one or more units (1), wherein each of the units comprises a space which on its one side comprises a first disc-shaped wall (4,4\u2032) and on its other side a membrane (3,3\u2032) through which gaseous water can pass but not liquid water, and a second disc-shaped wall (5,10), which walls are disposed on different sides of and at a distance from the membrane, wherein water is led in between the first wall (4,4\u2032) and the membrane (3,3\u2032), and wherein the second wall (5,10) is caused to be colder than the water. The invention is characterized in that the first disc-shaped wall (4,4\u2032) is also a membrane through which gaseous water can pass but not liquid water, in that two adjacent membranes (3, 4; 3\u2032 4\u2032) are supported by a common frame (6), in that the space between the membranes is provided with an inlet opening (7,7\u2032) for water to be purified and an outlet opening (8,8\u2032), in that the second wall (5,10) is a part of a chamber (9) formed by two parallel walls, in that the chamber is provided with an inlet opening (11,11\u2032) for water which is colder than the water to be purified and provided with an outlet opening (12,12\u2032), and in that chambers (9,9\u2032) are arranged in parallel with the membranes at both sides of the frame (6). 1. Device for producing pure water, where the water to be purified is caused to be membrane distilled using a plurality of units, wherein each of the units comprises a space which on its one side comprises a first disc-shaped wall and on its other side a membrane through which gaseous water can pass but not liquid water, and a second disc-shaped wall, which walls are disposed on different sides of and at a distance from the membrane, wherein water is led in between the first wall and the membrane, and wherein the second wall is caused to be colder than the water, where that the first disc-shaped wall is also is a membrane through which gaseous water can pass but not liquid water, where two adjacent membranes are supported by a common frame, where the space between the membranes is provided with an inlet opening for water to be purified and an outlet opening, where the second wall is a part of a chamber formed by two parallel walls, where the chamber is provided with an inlet opening for water which is colder than the water to be purified and provided with an outlet opening, and where said chambers are arranged in parallel with the membranes at both sides of the frame, wherein the frame with the membranes is removably inserted between two adjacent chambers. 2. Device according to claim 1, wherein the two membranes are supported by the frame, to which the membranes are fastened so that a closed space is formed, to which the inlet opening and outlet opening are connected. 3. Device according to claim 1, wherein the chamber is formed by the two parallel walls, that are fastened to each other along their periphery so that a closed space is formed, to which the inlet opening and outlet opening are connected. 4. Device according to claim 1, wherein two or more chambers are arranged in parallel with each other and at a distance from each other corresponding to the width of the said frame supporting the membranes. 5. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for making a polymer masterbatch with silica nanoparticles highly uniformly dispersed therein by using a stable aqueous emulsion of compatibilized silica nanoparticles, the sizes of which are mechanically reduced to nanoscales. Adequate reduction of the silica particles to nanoscales is essential for the formation of a desired emulsion of highly stability. The said emulsion of compatibilized silica nanoparticle can be easily mixed under mild conditions with a polymer in latex form, which can be high purity natural rubber, synthetic rubber and/or a blend thereof. The bifunctional organosilane coupling agent bonded-Silica nanoparticles are subsequently incorporated into the rubber polymer network during coagulation with formic acid. The inventive rubber-silica masterbatch thus obtained is useful for manufacturing rubber and other polymer composite products. 1. A polymer silica masterbatch comprising: a) a latex of a natural or a synthetic polymer or combinations thereof; b) an aqueous emulsion of about 10 weight percent to about 60 weight percent of a silica that is compatibilized with about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent of one or more organosilane coupling agents chemically bound to the surface of the silica, where the chemically modified silica particles are mechanically nano-sized through grinding in the emulsion which is further stabilized by a dispersing agent; and c) one or more compounding ingredients or combinations thereof. 2. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the organosilane coupling agent is selected from mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane, bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-disulfide, bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide, \u03b3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, \u03b3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane, and vinyl trimethoxysilane or combinations thereof. 3. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent is selected from sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonates, NNO (sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate formaldehyde (1:1:1) or combinations thereof. 4. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the natural or synthetic polymer is a latex form of a natural rubber or a synthetic rubber or a thermoplastic polymer or a resin polymer, or combinations thereof. 5. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 4, wherein the natural rubber is Hevea or guayule. 6. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 4, wherein the natural or synthetic polymer is a polymer selected from the group consisting of: a polymer of a conjugated diene, a vinyl monomer and combinations thereof. 7. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 4, wherein the synthetic polymer is from the group consisting of: polyisoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, polyvinylchloride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer, carboxylated styrene butadiene, carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, polybutadiene-isoprene, or mixtures thereof. 8. The polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, further comprising from 0.05 weight percent to 30 weight percent based on the final rubber formulation of a member of compouding ingredients in the group comprising: extender oils, colorants, pigments, antistatic additives, antioxidants, stabilizers, other fillers and combinations thereof. 9. A process for the preparation of the polymer silica masterbatch according to claim 1, said process comprising the steps of: (a) compatibilizing silica by (i) forming a mixture of fine silica particles and an organosilane coupling agent at a desired silica to silane ratio wherein the coupling agent has the capability of chemically reacting with the surface of the silica to bond the coupling agent to the silica, and wherein the coupling agent has the capability of bonding to rubber during vulcanization of the rubber, and (ii) heating the said mixture to a temperature at a range of 60\u00b0 C.-200\u00b0 C. while it is being stirred in a mixer rotating at a speed range of 20-80 revolution/min and maintaining the heating and stirring for a time range of 0.1-10 hr; and (b) making an aqueous emulsion of the compatibilized silica nanoparticles by adding water [the amount of which is from about 1 to about 10 times based on the weight of the compatibilized silica obtained in (a)] and subjecting the resultant aqueous mixture to grinding in the presence of an dispensing agent with a grinding device operated at a speed range of 2500-3100 revolution/min for a time range of 0.1-5 hours such that the extent of the size reduction and dispersion of the silica nanoparticles and stability of the resulting emulsion as related to the rate of settling of the silica nanoparticles is, optimally between a range of 10-40 mg/h and more preferably, is below 30 mg/h and further between a range of 10-25 mg/h, as measured in a separate suspension formulated by taking an aliquot of the resulting emulsion and diluting the aliquot in water; (c) making a polymer latex and admixing the compatibilized silica emulsion obtained in step (b) with the polymer latex; (d) coagulating the silica-polymer latex formed in step (c) in a trough or pool to form a gel-like soft solid in the shape of the trough/pool with very little loss of silica in the process; (e) dewatering the coagulated said soft solid; and (f) drying the dewatered solid. 10. A process for the preparation of the polymer silica masterbatch according to claim 1, said process comprising the steps of: (a) compatibilizing silica by (i) admixing fine silica to a pre-blended 1:1 (w/w) mixture of silica and an organosilane coupling agent to achieve a desired silica to silane ratio wherein the coupling agent has the capability of chemically reacting with the surface of the silica to bond the coupling agent to the silica, and wherein the coupling agent has the capability of bonding to rubber during vulcanization of the rubber, and (ii) heating the said mixture to a temperature at a range of 60\u00b0 C.-200\u00b0 C. while it is being stirred in a mixer rotating at a speed range of 20-80 revolution/min and maintaining the heating and stirring for a time range of 0.1-10 hr; and (b) making an aqueous emulsion of the compatibilized silica nanoparticles by adding water [the amount of which is from about 1 to about 10 times based on the weight of the compatibilized silica obtained in (a)] and subjecting the resultant aqueous mixture to grinding in the presence of an dispensing agent with a grinding device operated at a speed range of 2500-3100 revolution/min for a time range of 0.1-5 hours such that the extent of the size reduction and dispersion of the silica nanoparticles and stability of the resulting emulsion as related to the rate of settling of the silica nanoparticles is, optimally between a range of 10-40 mg/h and more preferably, is below 30 mg/h and further between a range of 10-25 mg/h, as measured in a separate suspension formulated by taking an aliquot of the resulting emulsion and diluting the aliquot in water; (c) making a polymer latex and admixing the compatibilized silica emulsion obtained in step (b) with the polymer latex; (d) coagulating the silica-polymer latex formed in step (c) in a trough or pool to form a gel-like soft solid in the shape of the trough/pool with very little loss of silica in the process; (e) dewatering the coagulated said soft solid; and (f) drying the dewatered solid. 11. A process according to claim 9 to prepare the polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the silica in the nano-sized and compatibilized silica emulsion is between about 15% and about 24% by weight. 12. A process according to claim 9 to prepare the polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the organosilane coupling agent used is selected from \u03b3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, \u03b3-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide and vinyl trimethoxysilane, and is more preferably bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide and its amount used is between about 1% and about 15% by weight relative to the silica. 13. A process according to claim 9, wherein the dispersing agent used is sodium lauryl ether sulfate or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonates or NNO (sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate formaldehyde (1:1:1), and more preferably NNO (sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate formaldehyde (1:1:1), and its amount used is between about 3% and about 8% by weight relative to the silica. 14. A process according to claim 9, wherein the coagulating agent used is sulfuric acid or acetic acid or formic acid, and more preferably formic acid, and its amount used is between about 3% and about 6% by weight relative to the silica. 15. A process according to claim 9, wherein for the step (a) of compatibilizing the silica particles, heating the said mixture to a temperature at a range of 80\u00b0 C.-150\u00b0 C. while it is being stirred in a mixer rotating at a speed range of 30-60 revolution/min and maintaining the heating and stirring for a time range of 1-5 hr. 16. A process according to claim 9 to prepare the polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the step (a) of compatibilizing the silica particles is omitted and the compatibilized silica used in the step (b) of forming the emulsion of silica nanoparticles is silica pre-treated or pre-functionalized with a bifunctional organosilane. 17. A process according to claim 9, wherein for the step (b) of forming the emulsion of silica nanoparticles, the additional water used is between about 3 times to about 5 times by weight relative to the silica, the grinding machine is operated at a speed range of 2750-2950 revolution/min and the range of the grinding time is between about 0.2 to about 1 hour. 18. A process according to claim 9, further comprising, in the step of mixing the silica emulsion with the polymer latex (c), admixing one or more ingredients into the resulting polymer latex mixture selected from the group consisting of processing oils, carbon black, talc, clay, stabilizer, antidegradants, zinc salts, waxes and resins. 19. A process according to claim 9, further comprising recovering the dried solid of polymer-silica masterbatch, wherein the polymer latex contains an amount of dry polymer, wherein the weight ratio of the amount of dry polymer to silica is within the range of 100/15 and 100/150, and wherein the solid content of the silica masterbatch is greater than about 20% 20. A process according to claim 19, further comprising admixing the silica masterbatch with a rubber composition to make a silica-filled rubber composition; and forming an article of manufacture from the silica-filled rubber composition. 21. A process according to claim 20, wherein the article of manufacture comprises tread for a tire, anti-vibration and support parts, sleeves and belts for automobile and mechanical uses, flooring tiles and floor supports, shoe soles and sporting goods. 22. A process according to claim 10 to prepare the polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the silica in the nano-sized and compatibilized silica emulsion is between about 15% and about 24% by weight. 23. A process according to claim 10 to prepare the polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the organosilane coupling agent used is selected from \u03b3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, \u03b3-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane, bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide and vinyl trimethoxysilane, and is more preferably bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide and its amount used is between about 1% and about 15% by weight relative to the silica. 24. A process according to claim 10, wherein the dispersing agent used is sodium lauryl ether sulfate or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonates or NNO (sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate formaldehyde (1:1:1), and more preferably NNO (sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate formaldehyde (1:1:1), and its amount used is between about 3% and about 8% by weight relative to the silica. 25. A process according to claim 10, wherein the coagulating agent used is sulfuric acid or acetic acid or formic acid, and more preferably formic acid, and its amount used is between about 3% and about 6% by weight relative to the silica. 26. A process according to claim 10, wherein for the step (a) of compatibilizing the silica particles, heating the said mixture to a temperature at a range of 80\u00b0 C.-150\u00b0 C. while it is being stirred in a mixer rotating at a speed range of 30-60 revolution/min and maintaining the heating and stirring for a time range of 1-5 hr. 27. A process according to claim 10 to prepare the polymer silica masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the step (a) of compatibilizing the silica particles is omitted and the compatibilized silica used in the step (b) of forming the emulsion of silica nanoparticles is silica pre-treated or pre-functionalized with a bifunctional organosilane. 28. A process according to claim 10, wherein for the step (b) of forming the emulsion of silica nanoparticles, the additional water used is between about 3 times to about 5 times by weight relative to the silica, the grinding machine is operated at a speed range of 2750-2950 revolution/min and the range of the grinding time is between about 0.2 to about 1 hour. 29. A process according to claim 10, further comprising, in the step of mixing the silica emulsion with the polymer latex (c), admixing one or more ingredients into the resulting polymer latex mixture selected from the group consisting of processing oils, carbon black, talc, clay, stabilizer, antidegradants, zinc salts, waxes and resins. 30. A process according to claim 10, further comprising recovering the dried solid of polymer-silica masterbatch, wherein the polymer latex contains an amount of dry polymer, wherein the weight ratio of the amount of dry polymer to silica is within the range of 100/15 and 100/150, and wherein the solid content of the silica masterbatch is greater than about 20% 31. A process according to claim 30, further comprising admixing the silica masterbatch with a rubber composition to make a silica-filled rubber composition; and forming an article of manufacture from the silica-filled rubber composition. 32. A process according to claim 31, wherein the article of manufacture comprises tread for a tire, anti-vibration and support parts, sleeves and belts for automobile and mechanical uses, flooring tiles and floor supports, shoe soles and sporting goods.",
-    "The encrypted communication method and an encrypted communication system include a mobile terminal and an application server to execute two-way authentication and establish encrypted mobile communication between them, and then execute key derivation. A client host is started up, and reads and run client system software and client network application software stored in its Read-Only Memory (ROM). The client host and the application server retrieve the IP address of the counter-party respectively, and set IP address filtering rules respectively. The application server generates random numbers and keys, and sends the random numbers and the keys to the client host via the mobile terminal. The client host and the application server execute IP address filtering, two-way authentication, and key negotiation, and thereby establish encrypted network communication. The system and method ensure end-to-end security of network applications. 1. An encrypted communication method, comprising the following steps: step A. executing two-way authentication and establishing encrypted mobile communication, and then executing key derivation, by and between a mobile terminal and an application server; step B: starting a client host, and reading and running client system software and client network application software stored in a Read-Only Memory, by the client host; step C. retrieving the IP address of a counter-party respectively, and setting IP address filtering rules respectively, by the client host and the application server; step D. generating random numbers and keys, and sending the random numbers and the keys to the client host via the mobile terminal, by the application server; and step E: executing IP address filtering, two-way authentication and key negotiation, and thereby establishing encrypted network communication, by and between the client host and the application server. 2. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, the step A further comprises: step A11: executing two-way authentication on the basis of symmetric authentication keys Ka/Ka\u2032, and establishing encrypted mobile communication on the basis of symmetric communication keys Kc/Kc\u2032, by and between the mobile terminal and the application server, wherein, the Ka/Ka\u2032 and the Kc/Kc\u2032 have no calculation relationship between them; step A12: generating random numbers R1, R2, R3 and R4, and deriving a new authentication key Ka\u2032, by the application server, wherein the step of deriving the new key Ka\u2032 comprises the steps of: calculating MemPa\u2032=f(R1, MemPa\u2032), by the application server, on the basis of MemPa\u2032 stored in the application server, where, R1 is a random number, MemPa\u2032 is a key, f is an encryption function, and f comprises an one-way hashing function, a symmetric encryption function, and a function composed of the two functions; calculating MemKa\u2032=f(R2, MemKa\u2032), by the application server, on the basis of MemKa\u2032 stored in the application server, where, R2 is a random number, and MemKa\u2032 is a key; calculating Ka\u2032=f(R1, R2, MemPa\u2032, MemKa\u2032), by the application server, where, R1 and R2 are random numbers, MemPa\u2032 is a parameter, and MemKa\u2032 is a key; deriving a new communication key Kc\u2032, by the application server, wherein, the Kc\u2032 derivation process and the Ka\u2032 derivation process have no calculation relationship between them, and the Kc\u2032 derivation process comprises: calculating MemPc\u2032=f(R3, MemPc\u2032), by the application server, on the basis of MemPc\u2032 stored in the application server, where, R3 is a random number, and MemPc\u2032 is a key; calculating MemKc\u2032=f(R4, MemKc\u2032), by the application server, on the basis of MemKc\u2032 stored in the application server, where, R4 is a random number, and MemKc\u2032 is a key; calculating Kc\u2032=f(R3, R4, MemPc\u2032, MemKc\u2032), by the application server, where, R3 and R4 are random numbers, MemPc\u2032 is a parameter, and MemKc\u2032 is a key; and storing the Ka\u2032, Kc\u2032, MemPa\u2032, MemKa\u2032, MemPc\u2032, and MemKc\u2032, by the application server, so that they can be used for the next cycle of two-way authentication, encrypted communication, and key derivation; step A13: sending the random numbers R1, R2, R3 and R4, by the application server, to the mobile terminal; and step A14: deriving a new authentication key Ka, by the mobile terminal, wherein the step of deriving the new authentication key Ka comprises the steps of: calculating MemPa=f(R1, MemPa), by the mobile terminal, on the basis of MemPa stored in the mobile terminal, where, R1 is a random number, and MemPa is a key; calculating MemKa=f(R2, MemKa), by the mobile terminal, on the basis of MemKa stored in the mobile terminal, where, R2 is a random number, and MemKa is a key; calculating Ka=f(R1, R2, MemPa, MemKa), by the mobile terminal, where, R1 and R2 are random numbers, MemPa is a parameter, and MemKa is a key; and deriving a new communication key Kc, by the mobile terminal, wherein the step of deriving the new communication key Kc and the step of deriving the new authentication key Ka have no calculation relationship between them, and wherein the step of deriving the new communication key Kc comprises the steps of: calculating MemPc=f(R3, MemPc), by the mobile terminal, on the basis of MemPc stored in the mobile terminal, where, R3 is a random number, and MemPc is a key; calculating MemKc=f(R4, MemKc), by the mobile terminal, on the basis of MemKc stored in the mobile terminal, where, R4 is a random number, and MemKc is a key; calculating Kc=f(R3, R4, MemPc, MemKc), by the mobile terminal, where, R3 and R4 are random numbers, MemPc is a parameter, and MemKc is a key; and storing the Ka, Kc, MemPa, MemKa, MemPc, and MemKc, by the mobile terminal, so that they can be used for the next cycle of two-way authentication, encrypted communication, and key derivation. 3. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, the step B further comprises: step B11: starting up the client host; step B12: reading and running the client system software stored in the ROM, by the client host; step B13: disabling the local hard disk, by the client host, with the client system software; and step B14: reading and running the client network application software stored in the ROM, by the client host. 4. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, the step C further comprises: step C11: obtaining an IP address IPAc for the client host, by the client host, from Internet; step C12: reading the IP address IPAs of the application server stored in the ROM, by the client host; or, instructing the user to retrieve the IP address IPAs of the application server with the mobile terminal from the application server, and instructing the user to input the IPAs into the client host, by the client host; step C13: setting IP address filtering rules, by the client host, to permit the client host to receive IP data packets of which the source IP address is the IPAs; step C14: prompting the user to use the mobile terminal to send the IPAc to the application server, by the client host; step C15: inputting the IPAc to the mobile terminal; step C16: sending the IPAc, by the mobile terminal, to the application server; receiving the IPAc, and obtaining the MSISDN (Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number) of the mobile user's mobile terminal at the same time, by the application server; and step C17: setting IP address filtering rules, by the application server, to permit the application server to receive IP data packets of which the source IP address is the IPAc. 5. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, the step D further comprises: step D11: generating random numbers rand1 and rand2, and symmetric keys K1/K1\u2032, K2/K2\u2032 and K3/K3\u2032, by the application server, wherein, any two of the K1, K2 and K3 have no calculation relationship between them; step D12: sending the rand1, rand2, K1, K2, and K3, by the application server, to the mobile terminal; step D13: prompting the user to input the rand1, rand2, K1, K2, and K3 into the client host, by the mobile terminal; and step D14: inputting the rand1, rand2, K1, K2, and K3 into the client host. 6. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, the step E further comprises: step E11: calculating res1=f(rand1, K1), by the client host, where, re1 is response, rand1 is a random number, K1 is a key, f is an encryption function, and f comprises an one-way hashing function, a symmetric encryption function, and a function composed of the two functions; step E12: sending the res1, by the client host, by means of an IP data packet IP1, to the application server, wherein, the source IP address of the IP1 is the IPAc; step E13: executing IP address filtering, receiving the IP1 according to the IP address filtering rules, and permitting the client host to connect to the application server, by the application server; step E14: calculating res1\u2032=f(rand1, K1\u2032), by the application server, wherein, re1\u2032 is response, rand1 is a random number, and K1\u2032 is a key; step E15: comparing the res1 with the res1, by the application server; jumping to step E16 if they are the same; otherwise terminating the entire process; step E16: calculating res2\u2032=f(rand2, K2\u2032), by the application server, where, re2\u2032 is response, rand2 is a random number, and K2\u2032 is a key; generating a random number rand3, and calculating rand3_c=E(rand3, K3\u2032), by the application server, where, rand3_c is the cryptograph, K3\u2032 is a key, and E is an encryption function; step E17: sending the res2\u2032 and rand3_c, by the application server, by means of an IP data packet IP2, to the client host, wherein, the source IP address of the IP2 is the IPAs; step E18: executing IP address filtering, receiving the IP2 according to the IP address filtering rules, and permitting the application server to connect to the client host, by the client host; step E19: calculating res2=f(rand2, K2), by the client host, where, res2 is response, rand2 is a random number, and K2 is a key; calculating rand3_p=D(rand3_c, K3), by the client host, where, rand3_p is plain text obtained by decrypting the rand3_c, rand3_c is the cryptograph, K3 is a key, and D is a decryption function corresponding to the encryption function E; step E20: comparing the res2 with the res2\u2032, by the client host; jumping to step E21 if they are the same; otherwise terminating the entire process; step E21: prompting the user to input the MSISDN into the client host, by the client host; step E22: inputting the MSISDN into the client host; and step E23: negotiating a session key Ks on the basis of the rand3_p/rand3, MSISDN, and K3/K3\u2032, and establishing encrypted network communication on the basis of the Ks, by and between the client host and the application server; or, selecting a parameter C in random in the user information provided by the user when the user opens the account, and prompting the name of the parameter C to the user via the mobile terminal or the client host and instructing the user to input the parameter C into the client host, by the application server; and negotiating a session key Ks on the basis of the parameter C, rand3_p/rand3, MSISDN, and K3/K3\u2032, and establishing encrypted network communication on the basis of the Ks, by and between the client host and the application server. 7. The encrypted communication method according to claim 6, wherein, in the step E23, the user information provided by the user when the user opens the account comprises the user's biometric signature, IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity), ICCID (Integrated Circuit Card Identity), bank account number, ID indicated on the identity card, expiry date indicated on the identity card or address indicated on the identity card. 8. The encrypted communication method according to claim 6, wherein, if the symmetric keys K1 and K2 are replaced with asymmetric keys K1a and K2a and any two of K1a, K2a, and symmetric key K3 have no calculation relationship between them, and the encryption function f is replace with an asymmetric encryption/decryption function, the client host, which is based on the private key K1a and the public key K2a, and the application server, which is based on the private key K2a and the public key K1a, execute two-way authentication between them simply by transmitting responses, without transmitting random numbers or exchanging public keys, and the responses have no calculation relationship between them. 9. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, in the two-way authentication, only responses are transmitted, without transmitting random numbers, and public keys are not exchanged if an asymmetric encryption algorithm is used; in addition, the responses have no calculation relationship between them, and the responses and the session key have no calculation relationship between them. 10. The encrypted communication method according to claim 1, wherein, in each of the execution steps of the encrypted communication method, all functions of the client host can be accomplished via the mobile terminal. 11. An encrypted communication system, comprising: a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a client host, a mobile terminal, and an application server, wherein the ROM is used to provide client system software, client network application software, and IP address of the application server to the client host; wherein the client host is connected with the application server through a data communication network, and is used to read and run the client system software and the client network application software stored in the ROM, and read the IP address of the application server stored in the ROM, after it is started up; is used to send the IP address of the client host to the application server via the mobile terminal; is used to receive random numbers and keys from the application server via the mobile terminal; and is used to execute IP address filtering on the basis of the IP address of the application server, and execute two-way authentication and key negotiation with the application server, and thereby establish encrypted network communication with the application server; wherein the mobile terminal is connected with the application server through a mobile communication network, and is used to execute two-way authentication and establish encrypted mobile communication with the application server; and is used to transmit random numbers, keys, and IP addresses to the client host and the application server; and wherein the application server is used to execute two-way authentication and establish encrypted mobile communication with the mobile terminal; is used to receive the IP address of the client host via the mobile terminal; is used to generate random numbers and keys, and send the random numbers and keys to the client host via the mobile terminal; and is used to execute IP address filtering on the basis of the IP address of the client host, and execute two-way authentication and key negotiation with the client host, and thereby establish encrypted network communication with the client host. 12. The encrypted communication system according to claim 11, wherein, the ROM is one of a group consisting of CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, MASK ROM, PROM, EPROM, OTP ROM, EEPROM, and Flash ROM. 13. The encrypted communication system according to claim 11, wherein, the ROM is connected with the client host via a wired communication interface or wireless communication interface, or the ROM is designed as a hardware unit of the client host. 14. The encrypted communication system according to claim 11, wherein the mobile terminal is one of a group consisting of: a mobile phone, PDA, tablet PC, and laptop computer. 15. The encrypted communication system according to claim 11, wherein, in the encrypted communication system, all functions of the client host can be accomplished via the mobile terminal.",
-    "Apparatus and methods are disclosed for handling baby bottle and preparing formula bottle for a baby. The apparatus and method disclose automated process that washes, sterilizes and dries a baby bottle, a baby bottle nipple and cap and any other related parts and automatically feeds formula powder, from a powder container or from a powder capsule, to the bottle along with the right amount of water in a defined water temperature. The apparatus is adapted to keep a prepared formula bottle for long periods by chilling the bottle and is adapted to heat the formula bottle prior to its intended use to a defined use temperature. 1. A feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus comprising: an operation chamber adapted to receive and contain at least one bottle, at least one nipple and at least one bottle cap; a control unit comprising: a processor; a memory; and a user interface; a main water container; a main pump; a bottle washing unit; a bottle sterilization unit; and a formula preparation unit; wherein said formula preparation unit comprises: a boiler unit adapted to sanitize formula preparation water and for cooling formula preparation water to ambient temperature; a formula preparation water container; a water volume control device; and a feeding assembly; wherein said processor of said control unit is in active communication with at least one sensor, at least one actuator and with said user interface, and wherein said feeding assembly comprises: a formula container; a formula dosage assembly; a driving assembly; and a formula feeding chute. 2. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said bottle washing unit comprises: a washing water container; a heating unit; a detergent container; and a washing water tube, to provide washing water and detergent to said operation chamber. 3. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sterilization unit comprises: a sterilization water container; a heating element to steam water from said sterilization water container and stream said steam to said operation chamber for a sterilization time period. 4. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said sterilization time period is in the range of 3 to 5 minutes. 5. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to any one of claims 3 and 4 wherein said sterilization water container comprises an inlet to receive water from said main water container via a water supply tube. 6. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said operation chamber is a rotatable drum. 7. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said operation chamber comprises at least one inlet to receive washing materials from said washing unit, sterilization materials from said sterilization unit and feeding formula and feeding water from said formula preparation unit. 8. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said formula container has at least one cutout at the bottom thereof, wherein formula powder is fed to said at least one bottle through said at least one cutout by gravity. 9. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said formula container comprises a shovel agitator, said shovel agitator is installed on an axis passing through a hole in the bottom of said formula container. 10. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said shovel agitator comprises at least one shovel wing extending radially from said axis, towards an internal wall of said formula container. 11. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said at least one shovel wing is set to shovel formula powder in said formula container, over the bottom of said formula container, when said at least one shovel wing rotates about said axis. 12. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said formula dosage assembly comprises a dosing disc formed as a thick disc located underneath said formula container so that the upper face of said dosing disc is attached to the outer face of the bottom of said formula container. 13. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said dosage assembly is independently rotatable about a dosage assembly axis, wherein said dosage assembly axis coincides with said axis passing through said hole in the bottom of said formula container, and wherein said dosing disc comprises at least one dosing cavity adapted to receive formula powder from said formula container when said at least one dosing cavity is at least partially exposed to said at least one cutout. 14. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said user interface comprises an input device and an output device, and wherein said output device is a display. 15. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said at least one sensor is selected from a group consisting of: water level indicators in said water containers, thermometers and formula level indicator. 16. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said at least one actuator is selected from a group consisting of: main water container actuator, bottle washing unit actuator, bottle sterilization unit actuator, formula preparation unit actuator and main operation chamber actuator. 17. The feeding formula bottle preparation apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a drying unit, wherein said drying unit comprises a venting unit, a condenser and condensed water channel to return condensed water at least to said main water container. 18. A method for automated washing and sterilizing of bottles and for automated feeding formula preparation comprising: receiving at least one bottle in an operation chamber of a formula bottle preparation apparatus; receiving at a processor initialization indication from a user interface input device; initiating a bottle washing process; initiating a sterilization process; and preparing a feeding formula bottle. 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein said bottle washing process comprises: heating water to a predefined temperature; infusing heated water into the operation chamber of the formula bottle preparation apparatus; and draining used washing water from the chamber. 20. The method according to claim 19 wherein said predefined temperature is in the range of 60\u00b0 c-70\u00b0 c. 21. The method according to any one of claims 19 and 20 further comprising, prior to draining, spinning said operation chamber. 22. The method according to any one of claims 19-21 further comprising introducing a detergent into operation chamber and draining the detergent together with the washing water. 23. The method according to any one of claims 18-22 wherein said sanitizing processes comprises steaming water and streaming said steamed water into operation chamber. 24. The method according to claim 23 further comprising collecting water condensed during the steaming process and pumping said condensed water from the chamber back to sterilization unit for reuse. 25. The method according to any one of claims 18-24 wherein said preparing a feeding formula bottle comprises dispensing a predetermined dose of formula into a bottle, and filling the bottle with a predefined volume of preheated water. 26. The method according to any one of claims 18-25 further comprising a drying process, wherein said drying process is initiated prior to the formula preparation stage.",
-    "A coded light component is modulated into emitted light on one of multiple channels each having a different modulation frequency. Modulation in the light causes a receiving camera to experience an apparent temporal frequency due to sequential capture of multiple frames and an apparent spatial frequency due to sequential exposure of spatial portions within each frame. Each channel can be detected by a detection module of the camera based on a respective combination of values of the apparent temporal and spatial frequency corresponding to the respective modulation frequency. The detection module has a respective response on each channel that varies as a function of the apparent temporal frequency. The channel for modulating the coded light component is selected from amongst a predetermined set having a property that the response of the detection module on each channel will have a minimum substantially at the apparent temporal frequency of each other channel. 1. Transmitting apparatus comprising: a controller configured to output a signal for controlling a light source to emit light; wherein said controller is configured, via said signal, to modulate a coded light component into the light, the modulation in the light causing a video image captured by a receiving camera from said light to experience an apparent temporal frequency due to sequential capture of multiple frames of said video image and an apparent spatial frequency due to sequential exposure of spatial portions within each frame; wherein said controller is configured to modulate the coded light component into the light on a selected one of a plurality of different modulation frequencies, each different modulation frequency defining a respective channel, and each of the channels to be detected by a detection module of the camera based on a respective combination of values of the apparent temporal frequency and apparent spatial frequency corresponding to the respective modulation frequency, the detection module having a respective response on each of the channels that varies as a function of the apparent temporal frequency; and wherein the controller is configured with said one of the channels being selected from amongst a predetermined set of said channels, the predetermined set of channels having a property that the response of the detection module on each of said channels will have a minimum substantially at the apparent temporal frequency of each other of said channels. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising: one or more controllers including at least said controller, said one or more controllers configured to output signals for controlling a plurality of lighting sources including said signal for controlling said light source; and wherein said one or more controllers, are configured, via said signals, to modulate a respective coded light component into the light emitted from each of the light sources, each on a respective one of the predetermined set of channels each having a different respective modulation frequency. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the controller is configured to modulate a plurality of coded light component into the light emitted from said light source, each on a respective one of the predetermined set of channels each having a different respective modulation frequency. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the response of the detection module is dependent on a number of the sequentially captured frames over which the coded light component is detected, and the predetermined set is arranged to have said property for said number of frames. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the modulation frequencies of the predetermined set are configured substantially as: f c = k N \ue89e f frame where fc is the modulation frequency, fframe is a rate at which the frames are captured, N is the number of sequentially captured frames over which the coded light component is to be detected, and k is an integer other than N. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the response has a width \u0394fc(y) in the domain of the apparent spatial frequency and a width \u0394fc(t) in the domain of the apparent temporal frequency, and the modulation frequency on each channel is separated from each other channel by at least \u0394fc(y) in the apparent spatial frequency domain and \u0394fc(t) in the apparent temporal frequency domain. 7. A receiving device, comprising: an input for receiving video image data from a camera, wherein modulation in light emitted by a light source will cause a video image captured by the camera from said light to experience an apparent temporal frequency due to sequential capture of multiple frames of said video image; and a detection module configured to detect coded light components modulated into the light on a plurality of respective channels each having a different respective modulation frequency, being configured to separate out each of the channels based on the apparent temporal frequency; wherein on each of said channels, the detection module has a respective response that varies as a function of the apparent temporal frequency; and the response of the detection module on each of said channels has a minimum substantially at the apparent temporal frequency of each other of said channels. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein modulation in the light will cause the camera to experience an apparent spatial frequency due to sequential exposure of spatial portions within each frame; and the detection module is configured to selectively receive each of the channels based on a respective combination of values of the apparent temporal and spatial frequency corresponding to the respective modulation frequency; wherein on each of said channels, the response of the detection module comprises an effect of the selective reception based on the apparent spatial frequency. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the camera is a rolling shutter camera, the spatial portions being lines of the frame. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein the response of the detection module is dependent on a number N of the sequentially captured frames over which the coded light component is detected, and the modulation frequencies of the predetermined set are configured substantially as: f c = k N \ue89e f frame where fc is the modulation frequency, fframe is a rate at which the frames are captured, and k is an integer other than N. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the detection module comprises a filter configured to select the apparent spatial frequency of the channel, and a temporal accumulation function arranged to select the apparent temporal frequency; where the response comprises an effect of the filter and the temporal accumulation function. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein said filter comprises a Gabor filter zc(y,n) and the temporal accumulation function is described by: \u00e2c=|\u03a3n=1Nzc(y,n)e\u2212i2\u03c0fc(t)(n\u22121)| where fc(t) is the apparent temporal frequency and N is the number of sequentially captured frames over which the coded light component is to be detected. 13. The device of claim 7, wherein the detection module is configured to detect the coded light component over a first group of N of said sequentially captured frames, and then to perform an updated instance of the detection over each of one or more further groups N of said sequentially captured frames, where the groups overlap in time, containing some of the same frames. 14. The device of claim 7, wherein the camera is a global shutter camera. 15. A computer program product for use in a system wherein modulation in light emitted by a light source will cause a video image captured by a receiving camera from said light to experience an apparent temporal frequency due to sequential capture of multiple frames of said video image and an apparent spatial frequency due to sequential exposure of spatial portions within each frame; and coded light components are modulated into the light on a plurality of respective channels each having a different respective modulation frequency, each of the channels to be detected by a detection module of the camera based on a respective combination of values of the apparent temporal and spatial frequency corresponding to the respective modulation frequency, the detection module having a respective response on each of the channels that varies as a function of the apparent temporal frequency and which comprises an effect of the apparent spatial frequency; the computer program product comprising code embodied on a computer readable storage medium, configured so as when executed to communicate over one of said channels, said one of the channels being selected from amongst a predetermined set configured such that the response of the detection module on each of said channels will have a minimum substantially at the apparent temporal frequency of each other of said channels.",
-    "Disclosed is a portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal, composing a tip, a sleeve ring, a first housing, a connecting cylinder, a second housing, an end-portion housing, a motor, a spring, a slider, a screw rod, a photoelectric code disc, a measurement and control module, a vibration touch module, and a power supply. The first housing comprises a front housing and a rear housing, and a limiting groove is disposed in an inner wall of the first housing. The tip is fixedly connected to one end of the connecting cylinder, and the other end of the connecting cylinder passes through an end-portion through-hole of the front housing. 1. A portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal, comprising: a tip, a sleeve ring, a first housing, a connecting cylinder, a second housing, an end-portion housing, a motor, a spring, a slider, a screw rod located in the first housing, a photoelectric code disc, a measurement and control module, and a power supply located in the second housing, wherein the second housing is fixedly connected between the first housing and the end-portion housing; the first housing comprises a front housing and a rear housing fixedly connected to the front housing wherein the outer diameter of the front housing is smaller than the outer diameter of the rear housing, and a limiting groove is disposed in the inner wall of the first housing; the tip is fixedly connected to one end of the connecting cylinder, the other end of the connecting cylinder passes through an end-portion through-hole of the front housing within the front housing, the cylinder diameter of the connecting cylinder is smaller than the diameter of the end-portion through-hole of the front housing; the sleeve ring is sleeved over the front housing, and the sleeve ring is axially movable along the front housing; a clearance fit is provided between the sleeve ring and the connecting cylinder; the connecting cylinder is connected to one end of the screw rod through a bearing, and the other end of the screw rod is connected to an output shaft of the motor; the slider is sleeved over the screw rod, the slider and the screw rod are fit to each other, a lug is provided on the slider and the lug is located in the limiting groove of the first housing; one end of the spring is connected to the slider, and the other end of the spring is connected to the sleeve ring; the photoelectric code disc is connected to the motor, the measurement and control module is separately connected to the photoelectric code disc and the motor, the power supply supplies power to the measurement and control module and the motor. 2. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the tip, the connecting cylinder, the bearing, the sleeve ring, the spring, the slider, the screw rod, and the first housing all are made of a conductive material. 3. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the second housing and the end-portion housing both are made of a nonmetallic material. 4. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the measurement and control module comprises a wireless communication circuitry, a control circuitry, and a power supply management circuitry, wherein the control circuitry is separately connected to the wireless communication circuitry and the power supply management circuitry via conducting wires, the power supply management circuitry is connected to the power supply via conducting wires, the wireless communication circuitry is communicatively connected to a wireless communication module in the mobile terminal, and the wireless communication circuitry is used for receiving data from the mobile terminal and transmitting data to the mobile terminal. 5. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 4, further comprising a vibration touch module, wherein the vibration touch module is located in the second housing, the power supply supplies power to the vibration touch module, and the vibration touch module is connected to the measurement and control module via conducting wires. 6. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the sleeve ring comprises an outer ring, an inner ring, mounting holes, and supporting blocks, wherein the inner ring is located in the outer ring, the outer ring and the inner ring are fixedly connected so each other through the supporting blocks, and one of the mounting holes is provided on each of the supporting blocks; one end of the spring is sleeved in the mounting holes; the first housing is located in a gap between the outer ring and the inner ring, the connecting cylinder is located in a cavity of the inner ring, and a gap is provided between the connecting cylinder and the inner ring. 7. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 6, wherein the sleeve ring is ring-shaped. 8. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 6, wherein open slots are provided on the front housing, a clearance fit is provided between the open slots and the supporting blocks of the sleeve ring, and one end of the first housing passes through the gap between the inner ring and the outer ring of the sleeve ring to be threadedly connected to the tip. 9. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 8, wherein a length of the open slots is greater than a length of the supporting blocks. 10. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 8, wherein two supporting blocks are provided and arranged between the outer ring and the inner ring opposite to each other; two open slots are provided on the front housing; and a clearance fit is provided between each of the supporting blocks and one of the open slots. 11. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 2, wherein the measurement and control module comprises a wireless communication circuitry, a control circuitry, and a power supply management circuitry, wherein the control circuitry is separately connected to the wireless communication circuitry and the power supply management circuitry via conducting wires, the power supply management circuitry is connected to the power supply via conducting wires, the wireless communication circuitry is communicatively connected to a wireless communication module in the mobile terminal, and the wireless communication circuitry is used for receiving data from the mobile terminal and transmitting data to the mobile terminal. 12. The portable haptic feedback capacitive stylus for interaction on a mobile terminal according to claim 3, wherein the measurement and control module comprises a wireless communication circuitry, a control circuitry, and a power supply management circuitry, wherein the control circuitry is separately connected to the wireless communication circuitry and the power supply management circuitry via conducting wires, the power supply management circuitry is connected to the power supply via conducting wires, the wireless communication circuitry is communicatively connected to a wireless communication module in the mobile terminal, and the wireless communication circuitry is used for receiving data from the mobile terminal and transmitting data to the mobile terminal.",
-    "A power plug connector capable of being plugged in both normal and reverse way, comprising an insulator, a soft tongue plate, a plurality of first terminals and second terminals, and a shielding case; by fixing the soft tongue upon the insulator, the front end of the soft tongue being suspended inside the insertion slot; every rear end of the second terminals respectively connected with the corresponding rear ends of the first terminals; When plug normally, the power plug connector can be smoothly plugged-in, and the first terminals contacts the power socket connector; When plug reversely, the soft tongue plate will bend which allows the product to continue inserting, so the multiple terminals can connect the power socket connector and conducts, thereby realizing normal and reverse plug and avoiding wear and damage to the power plug connector. 1. A power plug connector, which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way, is characterized in that: it includes An insulator, the front-end of the insulator is arranged with groove. A soft tongue plate, the rear-end of the soft tongue plate is fixed upon the insulator and the front-end is suspended inside the groove; Multiple first terminals, which are arranged on the insulator side by side on left and right with intervals. The first contact part of those multiple first terminals are all located on the surface of the soft tongue plate; Multiple second terminals, which are arranged on the insulator side by side on left and right with intervals. The second contact part of those multiple second terminals are all located in the bottom surface of the soft tongue plate. The multiple second terminals are in opposite arrangement direction with the multiple first terminals, and every rear-ends of the second terminals are connected with the corresponding rear-ends of the first terminals respectively; A shielding case, the insulator is covered by the shielding case; When inserting in normal way, the first contact part of the multiple first terminal are electrically connected with the contacts of the external socket connector. When inserting in reverse way, the front-end of the soft tongue plate, the front-end of multiple first terminals and the front-end of multiple second terminals all bent downwards. The second contact part of the second terminals is electrically connected with the terminal of the external socket connector. 2. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 1, is characterized in that: the rear-ends of the foresaid first terminals are bending and extending out a push and contact part. Every push and contact part of the first terminals push against the corresponding rear-ends of the second terminals to conduct and connect. Those second terminals are extended backwards forming a welding part. And the welding part is exposed outside the insulator. 3. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 1, is characterized in that: the foresaid insulator comprises a lower insulating piece and a upper insulating piece, the upper insulating piece is installed upon the lower insulating piece. The foresaid multiple first terminals are fixed with the upper insulating piece by enchase molding and the foresaid multiple second terminals are fixed with the lower insulating piece enchase molding. 4. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 3, is characterized in that: the surface of the lower insulating piece's rear-end is provided with a concave embedded slot and the upper insulating piece is embedded in the slot. 5. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 4, is characterized in that: the front-end edge of the foresaid embedded slot is provided with a convex catching stick. Correspondingly, the rear-end of the soft tongue plate is provided with a first catching groove, and the front-end of the upper insulating piece is provided with a second catching groove. The catching stick is placed in the first catching groove and the second catching groove. And the soft tongue plate's rear-end is tightly clamped between the upper insulating piece and the lower insulating piece. 6. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 5, is characterized in that: the foresaid embedded slot's rear-end is placed with a catching groove. Correspondingly, the rear-end edge of the upper insulating piece is placed with a convex catching part. And the catching groove and catching part are mutually fixed with each other, 7. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 1, is characterized in that: the foresaid second terminals' rear-ends are respectively connected with the first terminals' rear-ends through printed circuit board (PCB). 8. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 7, is characterized in that: the PCB is placed at rear-end of the insulator. The PCB surface is printed with many first circuits. The foresaid first multiple terminals are electrically connected with corresponding first circuits. The PCB bottom surface is printed with many second circuits. The foresaid second multiple terminals are electrically connected with corresponding second circuits, and such circuit board is arranged with many via holes. Those via holes are respectively conducted and connected between the corresponding first circuits and second circuits. 9. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 1, is characterized in that: the foresaid insulator contains first insulating piece and second insulating piece. The first insulating piece and second insulating piece are all presented in \u201cL\u201d shape. The foresaid multiple first terminals are fixed with the first insulating piece by enchase molding. The first insulating piece and the second insulating piece are opposite to each other and overlapped in vertical direction; it further includes a rear shielding case which covers the insulating piece's rear-end and the PCB. The rear shielding case comprises an upper case and a lower case. The upper case and the lower case are structurally the same. The upper case and lower case are interlocked with each and fixed together. 10. The power plug connector which can be plugged in both normal and reverse way according to the requirement of claim 9, is characterized in that: the first insulating piece is provided with a first locating stick and a first locating hole. The second locating stick and the second locating hole are arranged upon the second insulating piece. The second locating stick is inserted into the first locating hole; and the first locating stick is inserted into the second locating hole. And, the first insulating piece is provided with a first catching part and a first catching groove; the second insulating piece is provided with a second catching part and a second catching groove. The first catching part is locked and fixed with the second catching groove. The second catching part is locked and fixed with the first catching groove.",
-    "A social media content communication system includes a display device; a remote controller providing at least one social media communication input element; a remote content server from which content is network accessible; and a set top box coupled to the display device and the remote content server. The set top box is configured for: presenting a graphical user interface (GUI) responsive to remote controller input on the display device; managing content presentation on the display device; presenting a social media sharing interface corresponding to a set of social media services on the display device during content presentation thereon or while such content presentation is paused; receiving by way of the remote controller user input corresponding to a user social media response to content presented on the display device; and automatically communicating by way of the set top box the user's social media response to a user social media account. 1. A method for network communication of social media content generated by a user while informative and/or entertainment content is presented to the user, the method comprising: providing a display device; providing a set top box coupled to a remote content server, the remote content server configured for selectively communicating with the set top box by way of a computer network, the set top box configured to control the presentation of content on the display device; providing a remote controller carrying a plurality of user selectable input elements and configured for communicating with the set top box in response to receiving user input directed to a Graphical User Interface (GUI) presented on the display device; presenting the content on the display device by way of the set top box; during the presentation of the content on the display device, receiving by way of the remote controller user input corresponding to user sharing of a user social media response to the content presented on the display device; presenting a social media sharing interface on the display device during the presentation of the content on the display device or while the presentation of the content on the display device is paused, the social media sharing interface corresponding to a set of social media services; receiving by way of the remote controller the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device; and automatically communicating by way of the set top box the user's social media response to a user social media account associated with the set of social media services. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the content presented on the display device comprises informational and/or entertainment content. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the content presented on the display device comprises images, graphics, animations, video, audio, and/or text. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the content presented on the display device corresponds to one of user accommodations, a movie, a television program, and a game application. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device comprises one of a predetermined, user-customizable, or user-input message, comment, remark, post, or feedback directed to the user social media account. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device comprises a \u201clike,\u201d \u201cthumbs-up,\u201d or \u201cthumbs down\u201d indicator. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device comprises a set of icons, a set of emoticons, text, a set of images, graphics, a set of animations, a set of videos, and/or audio. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the social media sharing interface displays at least one social media response option available to the user, each displayed social media response option corresponding to a social media service within the set of social media services for which the user is logged in or to which the user can log in to a corresponding social media account. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising presenting a share symbol or icon on the display device during display device presentation of the content on the display device. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein receiving by way of the remote controller user input corresponding to user sharing of the user's social media response comprises receiving user input directed to user selection of the share symbol or icon presented on the display device. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of user selectable input elements carried by the remote controller includes a social media sharing input element. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein receiving by way of the remote controller user input corresponding to user sharing of the user's social media response comprises receiving user input selecting the social media sharing input element carried by the remote controller. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the social media sharing interface displays a set of user selectable social media response options, each social media response option corresponding to a social media service with which the user has a social media account. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing by way of the set top box a set of log in operations that log the user into at least one social media account provided by the set of social media services. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: automatically retrieving a set of images from the at least one social media account in association with a user log in event directed to the at least one social media account; and presenting on the display device the set of images retrieved from the at least one social media account as part of a screen saver mode. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: retrieving or receiving a set of files comprising at least one of a set of icon files, a set image files, a set of graphics files, a set of animation files, a set of video files, and a set of audio files from at least one of the at least one social media account and a mobile device provided by the user; and presenting by way of communication between the set top box and the display device content within the set of files during a screen saver mode. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: providing by way of the set top box a set of user selectable screen saver mode content choices corresponding to available screen saver mode content, the available screen saver mode content comprising at least one of a set of image files, a set of graphics files, a set of animation files, a set of video files, a set of audio files, and an information ticker; receiving user input from the remote controller identifying one or more screen saver mode content choices corresponding to particular screen saver mode content within the available screen saver mode content to be presented on the display device during screen saver mode; and presenting by way of communication between the set top box and the display device the particular screen saver mode content during screen saver mode. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising performing housekeeping operations that securely delete user social media account information from the set top box. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the housekeeping operations are automatically performed in response to the user logging out of a social media account within the set of social media accounts. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the housekeeping operations are automatically performed in response to a de-registration event when the user checks out of user accommodations. 21. A system for network communication of social media content generated by a user while the user views informative and/or entertainment content, the system comprising a display device; a remote controller carrying a plurality of user input elements; a remote content server from which content is accessible, the remote content server coupled to a computer network; a set top box coupled to the display device and the remote content server and configured for communication with the remote controller, the set top box configured for: presenting a graphical user interface (GUI) on the display device, the GUI responsive to user input received by the remote controller; managing the presentation of content on the display device; presenting a social media sharing interface on the display device during the presentation of the content on the display device or while the presentation of the content on the display device is paused, the social media sharing interface corresponding to a set of social media services; receiving by way of the remote controller user input corresponding to user sharing of a user social media response to the content presented on the display device; and automatically communicating by way of the set top box the user's social media response to a user social media account associated with the set of social media services. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device comprises one of a predetermined, user customizable, or user-input message, comment, remark, post, or feedback directed to the user social media account. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device comprises a \u201clike,\u201d \u201cthumbs-up,\u201d or \u201cthumbs down\u201d indicator. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the user's social media response to the content presented on the display device comprises a set of icons, a set of emoticons, text, a set of images, graphics, a set of animations, a set of videos, and/or audio. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein the GUI comprises a social media accounts interface that can receive remote controller input for logging the user into or logging the user out of a set of user social media accounts corresponding to the set of social media services. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the GUI presents a user selectable share symbol or icon on the display device during display device presentation of content on the display device. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the plurality of user input elements carried by the remote includes at least one user selectable social media sharing input element. 28. The system of claim 21, wherein the at least one user selectable social media sharing input element comprises a first social media sharing input element carried by a first side of the remote controller, and a second social media sharing input element carried by a second side of the remote controller distinct from the first side of the remote controller. 29. The system of claim 21, wherein the GUI includes a screen saver mode, and wherein the set top box is further configured for: automatically retrieving a set of images from a social media account in association with a user log in event directed to the social media account; and presenting on the display device the set of images retrieved from the social media account as part of the screen saver mode. 30. The system of claim 21, wherein the GUI includes a screen saver mode, and wherein the set top box is configured for: retrieving or receiving a set of files comprising at least one of a set of image files, a set of graphics files, a set of animation files, a set of video files, and a set of audio files from at least one of the social media account and a mobile device provided by the user; and presenting by way of communication between the set top box and the display device the set of files during the screen saver mode. 31. The system of claim 21, wherein the GUI includes a screen saver mode, and wherein the set top box is further configured for: providing a set of user selectable screen saver mode content choices corresponding to available screen saver mode content, the available screen saver mode content comprising at least one of a set of image files, a set of graphics files, a set of animation files, a set of video files, a set of audio files, and an information ticker; receiving user input from the remote controller identifying one or more screen saver mode content choices corresponding to particular screen saver mode content within the available screen saver mode content to be presented on the display device during screen saver mode; and presenting on display device during screen saver mode the particular screens saver mode content. 32. The system of claim 21, wherein the set top box is further configured for: storing user social media account log in details; and automatically securely deleting the user social media account log in details in response to a user social media account log out event or a user de-registration event corresponding to user check out from user accommodations.",
-    "A method for processing data forwarding and a Service Provider-end Provider Edge (SPE) are disclosed, including the following steps: the SPE configuring data forwarding information which includes a corresponding relationship between Multi Segment Pseudo Wires (MSPW) information and forwarding information of an MSPW protection link group or a corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group (101); the SPE receiving a service message (102) carrying the MSPW information; the SPE querying the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group (103); and the SPE performing label encapsulation and forwarding according to the queried-out forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group (104). 1. A method for processing data forwarding, comprising: a Service Provider-end Provider Edge (SPE) configuring data forwarding information, wherein the data forwarding information comprises a corresponding relationship between Multi Segment Pseudo Wires (MSPW) information and forwarding information of an MSPW protection link group or a corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group; the SPE receiving a service message, wherein the service message carries the MSPW information; the SPE querying the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group corresponding to the MSPW information carried in the service message according to the corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group; and the SPE performing label encapsulation and forwarding according to the queried-out forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group. 2. The method for processing data forwarding of claim 1, wherein, the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group comprises forwarding information of at least one effective protection link and forwarding information of at least one standby protection link. 3. The method for processing data forwarding of claim 2, wherein, the step of performing label encapsulation according to the queried-out forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group comprises: performing the label encapsulation according to the forwarding information of the effective protection link. 4. The method for processing data forwarding of claim 2, further comprising: the SPE selecting one standby protection link as a new effective protection link when determining that a current effective protection link fails. 5. The method for processing data forwarding of claim 4, wherein, the SPE selects from all standby protection links a protection link with a highest priority as the new effective protection link. 6. A Service Provider-end Provider Edge (SPE), comprising: a data forwarding information management unit, a message receiving unit, a query unit and a message encapsulation and forwarding unit, wherein, the data forwarding information management unit is configured to: configure data forwarding information, wherein the data forwarding information comprises a corresponding relationship between Multi Segment Pseudo Wires (MSPW) information and forwarding information of an MSPW protection link group or a corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group; the message receiving unit is configured to: receive a service message, wherein the service message carries the MSPW information; the query unit is configured to: query the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group corresponding to the MSPW information carried in the service message according to the corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the corresponding relationship between the MSPW information and the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group; and the message encapsulation and forwarding unit is configured to: perform label encapsulation and forwarding according to the queried-out forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group or the forwarding information of other MSPW except the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group. 7. The SPE of claim 6, wherein, the forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group comprises forwarding information of at least one effective protection link and forwarding information of at least one standby protection link. 8. The SPE of claim 7, wherein, the message encapsulation and forwarding unit is configured to perform label encapsulation according to the queried-out forwarding information of the MSPW protection link group in the following way: performing the label encapsulation according to the forwarding information of the effective protection link. 9. The SPE of claim 7, wherein, the data forwarding information management unit is further configured to configure the data forwarding information in the following way: selecting one standby protection link as a new effective protection link when determining that a current effective protection link fails. 10. The SPE of claim 9, wherein, the SPE selects from all standby protection links a protection link with a highest priority as the new effective protection link.",
-    "A method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material comprising: providing silicon particles and a silane coupling agent, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a hydrolysable functional group and an organic functional group; mixing the silicon particles and the silane coupling agent in water to obtain a first mixture; adding a monomer or oligomer to the first mixture to obtain a second mixture, the surfaces of the silicon particles being coated with a polymer layer by in situ polymerization method to obtain silicon polymer composite material, the monomer or the oligomer reacting with the organic functional group of the silane coupling agent in a polymerization, thereby a generated polymer layer being chemically grafted on the surfaces of the silicon particles; and heating the silicon polymer composite material to carbonize the polymer layer to form a carbon layer coated on the surfaces of the silicon particles. 1. A method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material comprising: providing silicon particles and a silane coupling agent, wherein the silane coupling agent comprises a hydrolysable functional group and an organic functional group; mixing the silicon particles and the silane coupling agent in water to obtain a first mixture, the hydrolysable functional group of the silane coupling agent being hydrolyzed and chemically grafted on surfaces of the silicon particles; adding a monomer or oligomer to the first mixture to obtain a second mixture, the surfaces of the silicon particles being coated with a polymer layer by in situ polymerization method to obtain silicon polymer composite material, the monomer or the oligomer reacting with the organic functional group of the silane coupling agent in a polymerization, thereby a generated polymer layer being chemically grafted on the surfaces of the silicon particles; and heating the silicon polymer composite material to carbonize the polymer layer to form a carbon layer coated on the surfaces of the silicon particles, thereby achieving silicon carbon composite material. 2. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 1, wherein the mixing the silicon particles and the silane coupling agent in water to obtain the first mixture, comprises: adding the silicon particles into water to form a dispersion liquid; and adding the silane coupling agent into the dispersion liquid to form the first mixture. 3. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 2, wherein an organic solvent is added into the water to form the dispersion liquid, the organic solvent is miscible with the silane coupling agent, and a volume ratio of the water to the organic solvent is in a range from about 1:2 to about 1:10. 4. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 2, wherein the silicon particles is etched by hydrofluoric acid before the silane coupling agent is added into the dispersion liquid. 5. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 2, wherein the silane coupling agent are added drop by drop to the dispersion liquid at a rate in a range from about 0.2 ml/min to about 1 ml/min. 6. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 2, wherein an acid is added to the first mixture to adjust the pH value and maintain the first mixture at an acidic environment, and the pH value is in a range from about 3 to about 4. 7. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the silicon particles to the silane coupling agent is in a range from about 0.1 to about 0.3. 8. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 1, wherein the silane coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of vinyltriethoxysilane, methyl trimethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, vinyl trimethoxy silane, methyl vinyl dimethyl silane, \u03b3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (KH570), methacryloxy propyl methyl dimethoxy silane (KH571), \u03b3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, \u03b3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane, \u03b3-cyanopropyl trimethoxysilane, \u03b3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, \u03b2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxysilane, \u03b3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, or combinations thereof. 9. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 1, wherein the monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, acrylic, phenolic resin, or combinations thereof. 10. The method for making a lithium ion battery anode active material of claim 1, wherein the carbon layer is a continuous layer and uniformly coated on the surfaces of the silicon particles.",
-    "A burner nozzle, comprised by a fuel passage (7) and combustion supporting agent passage (2), where the combustion supporting agent passage (2) is inside fuel passage (7), the inner wall of the outer annual ring of nozzle outlet (8) and the outer wall of the combustion supporting agent passage outlet (4) comprise annular ring outlet is the fuel outlet (6). The burner nozzle can create favorable conditions for combustion. 1] A burner nozzle, comprised by a fuel passage (7) and combustion supporting agent passage (2), where the combustion supporting agent passage (2) is inside fuel passage (7), the inner wall of the outer annular ring of nozzle outlet (8) and the outer wall of the combustion supporting agent passage outlet (4) comprise annular ring outlet is the fuel outlet (6).",
-    "A Cassegrain optical system has a concave primary mirror deployed for receiving incident electromagnetic radiation and generating once-reflected rays, a convex secondary mirror deployed for receiving the once-reflected rays and generating twice-reflected rays, a tertiary reflector deployed for receiving the twice-reflected rays and generating thrice-reflected rays, and a beam-folding optical element deployed between the primary mirror and the secondary mirror for deflecting the thrice-reflected rays laterally so as to exit a volume between the primary and secondary mirrors. 1. A Cassegrain optical system comprising: (a) a concave primary mirror deployed for receiving incident electromagnetic radiation and generating once-reflected rays; (b) a convex secondary mirror deployed for receiving the once-reflected rays and generating twice-reflected rays; (c) a tertiary reflector deployed for receiving the twice-reflected rays and generating thrice-reflected rays; and (d) a beam-folding optical element deployed between said primary mirror and said secondary mirror for deflecting the thrice-reflected rays laterally so as to exit a volume between said primary and secondary mirrors. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said primary mirror, said secondary mirror and said tertiary reflector are symmetrical about a shared primary optical axis of the system. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said tertiary reflector is deployed axisymmetrically to a primary optical axis of the system. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam-folding optical element is deployed within a central shadow of the once-reflected rays from said primary mirror. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said beam-folding optical element is deployed within a central shadow of the twice-reflected rays reflected from said primary mirror and said secondary mirror. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said tertiary reflector is a dichroic optical element deployed to reflect a first spectral channel towards the beam-folding optical element and to transmit a second spectral channel. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said tertiary reflector is a dichroic optical element deployed to reflect a first spectral channel towards the beam-folding optical element and to transmit a second spectral channel. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein said first spectral channel is within the infrared band and said second spectral channel includes at least part of the visible light band. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising an infrared imaging system including a focal plane array sensor deployed in optical alignment with said beam-folding reflector, and a visible light imaging system including at least one focal plane array sensor deployed in optical alignment for receiving the twice-reflected rays transmitted by said dichroic optical element. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein said first and second spectral channels do not pass through any common refractive component other than a window or dome without optical power encountered by the incident electromagnetic radiation before reaching said concave primary mirror. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein said secondary mirror is supported by an actuator arrangement which forms part of an image stabilization system.",
-    "A thin film transistor array substrate is provided with a thin film transistor layer; a color resist layer disposed on the thin film transistor layer, and having a plurality of color resist units and a plurality of openings; and a transparent electrode layer electrically connected with the thin film transistor layer through the openings. The openings are provided with a first opening extending across two adjacent color resist units. The thin film transistor array substrate has larger color resist openings and common openings used by two thin film transistors so as to improve the aperture ratio and the transmittance of the thin film transistor array substrate. 1. A thin film transistor array substrate, comprising: a thin film transistor layer; a color resist layer disposed on the thin film transistor layer, and including a first color resist, a second color resist adjacent to the first color resist, and a plurality of openings comprising at least one first opening; and a transparent electrode layer disposed on the color resist layer and extending into the first opening to electrically connect with the thin film transistor layer; wherein the first opening is rectangular and has two long sides and two short sides, wherein the two short sides are respectively located at the first color resist and the second color resist. 2. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thin film transistor layer comprises a gate layer and a drain layer. 3. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the first color resist and the second color resist is electrically connected with the drain layer through the first opening. 4. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the drain layer is electrically connected with the gate layer through the transparent electrode layer extending into the first opening. 5. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thin film transistor layer comprises a plurality of thin film transistors and at least two of the thin film transistors are independently electrically connected with the transparent electrode layer through the first opening. 6. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 5, wherein the at least two of the thin film transistors are located at the first color resist and the second color resist. 7. A thin film transistor array substrate, comprising: a thin film transistor layer; a color resist layer disposed on the thin film transistor layer, and including a first color resist, a second color resist adjacent to the first color resist, and a plurality of openings comprising at least one first opening; and a transparent electrode layer disposed on the color resist layer and extending into the first opening to electrically connect with the thin film transistor layer; wherein the first opening extending across the first adjacent color resist and the second color resist. 8. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 7, wherein the thin film transistor layer comprises a gate layer and a drain layer. 9. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 8, wherein at least one of the first color resist and the second color resist is electrically connected with the drain layer through the first opening. 10. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 8, wherein the drain layer is electrically connected with the gate layer through the transparent electrode layer extending into the first opening. 11. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 7, wherein the first opening has a first sidewall and a second sidewall respectively located at the first color resist and the second color resist, and connected with each other to form the first opening. 12. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 7, wherein the thin film transistor layer comprises a plurality of thin film transistors and at least two of the thin film transistors are independently electrically connected with the transparent electrode layer through the first opening. 13. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 12, wherein the at least two of the thin film transistors are respectively located at the first color resist and the second color resist.",
-    "The present application relates to a display panel, the display panel has a display area, a plurality of odd stage scan lines and even stage scan lines arranged sequentially in the display area, and non-display area located at two sides of the display area, and includes a plurality of odd stage gate COFs, disposed on a first side of the non-display area, each odd stage gate COF having a plurality of odd stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the odd stage scan lines respectively; and a plurality of even stage gate COFs, disposed on a second side opposite to the first side on the non-display area, each even stage gate COF having a plurality of even stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the even stage scan lines respectively. 1. A display panel, having a display area, a plurality of odd stage scan lines and even stage scan lines arranged sequentially in the display area, and a non-display area located at two sides of the display area, the display panel comprising: a plurality of odd stage gate chips on film (COFs), disposed on a first side of the non-display area, each odd stage gate COF having a plurality of odd stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the odd stage scan lines respectively; and a plurality of even stage gate COFs, disposed on a second side opposite the first side on the non-display area, each even stage gate COF having a plurality of even stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the even stage scan lines respectively; wherein a first odd stage gate COF of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs sequentially drives each of the odd stage scan output channels according to a first start signal, and in the first odd stage gate COF, the first odd stage scan output channel outputs a scan drive signal to a first even stage gate COF of the plurality of even stage gate COFs through a first odd stage scan line, and uses the scan drive signal as a second start signal of the first even stage gate COF, to sequentially drive each of the even stage scan output channels, and wherein the first start signal comprises an initial pulse vertical signal. 2. A display panel, having a display area, a plurality of odd stage scan lines and even stage scan lines arranged sequentially in the display area, and a non-display area located at two sides of the display area, the display panel comprising: a plurality of odd stage gate COFs, disposed on a first side of the non-display area, each odd stage gate COF having a plurality of odd stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the odd stage scan lines respectively; and a plurality of even stage gate COFs, disposed on a second side opposite the first side on the non-display area, each even stage gate COF having a plurality of even stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the even stage scan lines respectively; wherein a first odd stage gate COF of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs sequentially drives each of the odd stage scan output channels according to a first start signal, and in the first odd stage gate COF, the first odd stage scan output channel outputs a scan drive signal to a first even stage gate COF of the plurality of even stage gate COFs through a first odd stage scan line, and uses the scan drive signal as a second start signal of the first even stage gate COF, to sequentially drive each of the even stage scan output channels. 3. The display panel of claim 2, wherein the odd stage gate COFs of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs other than the first odd stage gate COF drive each odd stage scan output channel correspondingly according to another scan drive signal. 4. The display panel of claim 2, wherein the even stage gate COFs of the plurality of even stage gate COFs other than the first even stage gate COF drive each even stage scan output channel correspondingly according to another scan drive signal. 5. The display panel of claim 2, wherein a drive manner of each odd stage scan output channel of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs and each even stage scan output channel of the plurality of even stage gate COFs is driving each other alternatively. 6. The display panel of claim 2, wherein the first start signal comprises an initial pulse vertical signal, the initial pulse vertical signal being used as a start-up signal of each refreshed screen of the odd stage gate COF. 7. A gate driver structure, located in a display panel, the display panel having a plurality of odd stage scan lines and even stage scan lines arranged sequentially, the gate driver structure comprising: a plurality of odd stage gate COFs, disposed on a first side of the non-display area, each odd stage gate COF having a plurality of odd stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the odd stage scan lines respectively; and a plurality of even stage gate COFs, disposed on a second side opposite to the first side on the non-display area, each even stage gate COF having a plurality of even stage scan output channels corresponding to each of the even stage scan lines respectively; wherein a first odd stage gate COF of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs sequentially drives each of the odd stage scan output channels according to a first start signal, and in the first odd stage gate COF, the first odd stage scan output channel outputs a scan drive signal to a first even stage gate COF of the plurality of even stage gate COFs through a first odd stage scan line, uses the scan drive signal as a second start signal of the first even stage gate COF, to sequentially drive each of the even stage scan output channels. 8. The gate driver structure of claim 7, wherein the odd stage gate COFs of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs other than the first odd stage gate COF drive each odd stage scan output channel correspondingly according to another scan drive signal. 9. The gate driver structure of claim 7, wherein the even stage gate COFs of the plurality of even stage gate COFs other than the first even stage gate COF drive each even stage scan output channel correspondingly according to another scan drive signal. 10. The gate driver structure of claim 7, wherein a drive manner of each odd stage scan output channel of the plurality of odd stage gate COFs and each even stage scan output channel of the plurality of even stage gate COFs is driving each other alternatively. 11. The gate driver structure of claim 7, wherein the first start signal comprises an initial pulse vertical signal, the initial pulse vertical signal being used as a start-up signal of each refreshed screen of the odd stage gate COF.",
-    "A method for compensating at least one low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation, which is caused in a rotor of an active magnetic bearing by the action of a disturbance force on the rotor is provided. The mechanical disturbance oscillation has a disturbance oscillation frequency below a rotational frequency of the rotor. The method includes the following steps: a) analyzing the low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation, b) determining a compensation force for producing in the rotor a mechanical compensation force that counteracts the mechanical disturbance oscillation, and c) applying the compensation force to the rotor, wherein steps a), b), and c) are performed by means of at least one compensation control circuit of the active magnetic bearing that is decoupled from a magnetic-bearing control circuit for controlling the active magnetic bearing. The invention further relates to a corresponding active magnetic bearing. 1. A method for compensating at least one low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation which is caused in a rotor having at least one active magnetic bearing as a result of the action of a disturbance force on the rotor, the at least one low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation in the rotor occurring with a disturbance oscillation frequency below a rotational frequency of the rotor, comprising the following method steps: a) analyzing the at least one low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation, which leads to a disturbance force analysis result; b) determining a compensation force on a basis of the disturbance force analysis result in order to generate a mechanical compensation force in the rotor that counteracts the at least one low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation; and c) introducing the compensation force into the rotor, wherein the method steps a), b) and c) are performed with the aid of at least one compensation control loop of the at least one active magnetic bearing that is decoupled from a magnetic bearing control loop for controlling the at least one active magnetic bearing. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method steps a) and b) are performed repeatedly during an operating phase of the at least one magnetic bearing. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method steps a), b) and/or c) are performed with the aid of different algorithms. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in order to analyze the at least one low-frequency disturbance oscillation, a frequency analysis of a time-based signal of a rotor deflection of the rotor is performed. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the frequency analysis is performed with the aid of Fast Fourier Transformation. 6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the frequency analysis is performed for a frequency spectrum from a frequency range from 1 Hz to 50 Hz. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in order to analyze the at least one low-frequency disturbance oscillation, a determination of a disturbance amplitude Ap of the disturbance oscillation and a comparison of the disturbance amplitude Ap determined and a predetermined limiting amplitude Amax are performed. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein, by means of a comparison of the disturbance amplitude Ap determined and the predetermined limiting amplitude Alim, it is established whether the disturbance amplitude Ap is smaller than, equal to, or greater than the predetermined limiting amplitude Alim and, for the case in which the disturbance amplitude Ap is equal to or greater than the predetermined limiting amplitude Alim, a determination of a phase angle \u03c6P of the disturbance oscillation is performed and the phase angle \u03c6P determined and/or the disturbance amplitude Ap is/are used as input variables for the compensation control loop. 9. An active magnetic bearing comprising: a rotor; at least one magnetic bearing control loop for controlling the active magnetic bearing; and at least one compensation control loop, decoupled from the at least one magnetic bearing control loop, for a compensation of an at least one low-frequency mechanical disturbance oscillation, which is caused in the rotor of the active magnetic bearing as a result of an action of a disturbance force on the rotor; wherein the at least one mechanical disturbance oscillation has a disturbance frequency below a rotational frequency of the rotor. 10. The use of the active magnetic bearing as claimed in claim 9 in a turbo compressor, wherein a rotor of the turbo compressor is supported with the aid of the active magnetic bearing. 11. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the frequency analysis is performed for a frequency spectrum from a frequency range from 1 Hz to 30 Hz. 12. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the frequency analysis is performed for a frequency spectrum from a frequency range from 1 Hz to 20 Hz.",
-    "The invention relates to a welding device (1) for producing tubular bodies by the edge-side welding of two substrate edges (2, 3), in particular two laminate edges, said welding device having a continuous, circulating first contact belt (5) for coming into contact with the substrate (4), and an energy source (12, 13) for providing welding energy. According to the invention, the first contact belt (5) has a seamless polyimide contact surface (35) for coming into contact with the substrate (4). 1. Welding device (1) for producing tubular bodies by edge-side welding of two substrate edges (2, 3), particularly two laminate edges, having an endless, circulating, first contact belt (5) for coming into contact with the substrate (4), having an energy source (12, 13) for providing welding energy, and having means for conveying the substrate (4) along the energy source (12, 13) while the substrate edges (2, 3) are welded, characterized in that the first contact belt (5) has a seamless polyimide contact surface (35) for coming into contact with the substrate (4). 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that a second endless, circulating contact belt (6) is provided, which preferably has a seamless polyimide contact surface (36) for coming into contact with the substrate. 3. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact belts (5, 6) are arranged such that the substrate (4) can be accommodated, particularly clamped, between them, and transported together with the contact belts (5, 6). 4. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the entire contact surface of the first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6) for contacting the substrate (4), preferably the entire first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6), is made entirely of polyimide. 5. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyimide contact surface (35, 36) of the first and/or second contact belt (5 or 6) is applied to a metal, particularly steel. 6. Device according to claim 5, characterized in that the polyimide of the polyimide contact surface (35, 36) is applied directly to the metal with no interposed adhesive layer, optionally over a primer. 7. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyimide contact surface (35, 36) of the first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6) is roughened, particularly with a roughness Ra between 1 nm and 5 \u03bcm, and/or that the first and/or second endless contact belt has a length greater than 1 m, preferably greater than 1.5 m, more preferably between 1.3 m and 6 m, and/or has a width between 2 mm and 50 mm, preferably between 4 mm and 20 mm. 8. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least 50 percent by weight, preferably at least 75 percent by weight, particularly preferably at least 95 percent by weight of the polyimide of the polyimide contact surface (35, 36) of the first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6) is an aromatic polyimide. 9. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyimide contact surface (35, 36) of the first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6) is produced by application of a solution containing tetracarboxylic acid anhydrides and diamides and subsequent polycondensation of said solution, preferably at a temperature above 300\u00b0 C., more preferably above 360\u00b0 C., to yield polyimide. 10. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6) is produced as a single part, preferably without butt joints, made of polyimide. 11. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyimide contact surface (35, 36) of the first and/or second contact belt (5 and 6) has a layer thickness between 5 and 100 \u03bcm, preferably between 10 and 40 \u03bcm, particularly preferably between 20 and 30 \u03bcm. 12. Use of a welding device (1) according to claim 1 having a substrate (4) that preferably comprises at least one polymer layer, for producing tubular bodies by edge-side welding of two substrate edges (2, 3), particularly two laminate edges of a multilayer laminate. 13. Use of an endless contact belt, preferably constructed as a welding belt, as the first and/or second contact belt with a seamless polyimide contact surface (35, 36) for bringing into contact with a substrate to form tubular bodies in a welding device (1), preferably according to claim 1, for manufacturing tubular bodies, comprising means for conveying the substrate (4) past an energy source for supplying welding energy during the welding. 14. Method for producing tubular bodies in which a substrate (4) on two substrate belts (2, 3) is welded on the edge side by a welding device (1), particularly according to claim 1, wherein a first endless contact belt (5) is brought into contact with the substrate and wherein the substrate (4) welded by means of an energy source (12, 13) past which the substrate is conveyed during welding characterized in that the first contact belt (5) comes into contact with the substrate (4), preferably exclusively with a seamless polyimide contact surface (35, 36). 15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the energy source (12, 13) heats a metal layer, particularly an aluminium layer, in the substrate (4). 16. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the energy source (12, 13) heats a metal layer, particularly a steel layer in the first contact belt (5), preferably by induction.",
-    "The present invention relates to an improved large scale process for the preparation of posaconazole form IV. 1. A process for the preparation of crystalline form IV of posaconazole comprising the steps of: (a) providing a suspension or dispersion of: (i) posaconazole, wherein posaconazole is selected from crystalline form III of posaconazole and (ii) methanol and (b) slurrying the suspension or dispersion at a temperature of 20-30\u00b0 C.; (c) adding water to the suspension or dispersion, (d) adding posaconazole form IV seed crystals to the suspension or dispersion, (e) slurrying the suspension or dispersion at 40-60\u00b0 C. until the solvent-mediated solid state transformation to posaconazole form IV is complete, (f) cooling the suspension or dispersion to a temperature of 20-30\u00b0 C., (g) isolating form IV of posaconazole and (h) drying form IV of posaconazole. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the posaconazole concentration in the initial methanol suspension is 50 g/L. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the methanol water ratio during the solvent-mediated solid state transformation from posaconazole form III to posaconazole form IV is 4:1 (v:v). 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the posaconazole concentration during the solvent-mediated solid state transformation in methanol/water is 10 g/L. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the posaconazole form IV seed crystals are added after the water addition. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of seed crystals applied ranges from 1 to 10 w % related to the initially applied amount of posaconazole form III starting material. 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature during the solvent-mediated solid state transformation ranges from 40 to 49\u00b0 C. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature during the solvent-mediated solid state transformation ranges from 50 to 60\u00b0 C. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the solvent-mediated solid state transformation is complete within 4 hours. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the solvent-mediated solid state transformation is complete within 2 hours. 11. Crystalline form IV of posaconazole prepared according to the process of claim 1. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising crystalline form IV of posaconazole prepared according to claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, which is an oral dosage form. 14. Use of crystalline form IV of posaconazole prepared according to claim 1 for the production of a pharmaceutical composition. 15. A method of treating patients with fungal infections, comprising administering to said patients an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12.",
-    "A medium conveyance device including: a conveyance guide that defines a conveyance space through which a paper sheet shaped medium should pass when conveying the medium along a conveyance direction; and an outside region that is a region, out of a guide face forming a boundary face to the conveyance space in the conveyance guide, contacted by an end portion of the medium in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to the conveyance direction, and that guides the end portion of the medium to so as to be positioned inside the conveyance space. 1. A medium conveyance device comprising: a conveyance guide that defines a conveyance space through which a paper sheet shaped medium should pass when conveying the medium along a conveyance direction; and an outside region that is a region, out of a guide face forming a boundary face to the conveyance space in the conveyance guide, contacted by an end portion of the medium in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to the conveyance direction, and that guides the end portion of the medium to so as to be positioned inside the conveyance space. 2. The medium conveyance device of claim 1, wherein, in the outside region, a face that contacts the medium has a shape that contacts a portion of the medium other than an orthogonal direction end face. 3. The medium conveyance device of claim 1, wherein, in the outside region, a groove is formed running along the conveyance direction in a face that contacts the medium, and the width of the groove in the orthogonal direction is a distance that does not permit entry of the orthogonal direction end portion of the medium in the conveyance space. 4. The medium conveyance device of claim 1, further comprising: an adjacent conveyance guide that is disposed adjacent to the conveyance guide along the conveyance direction, and that includes an adjacent guide face contiguous to the guide face and configuring a boundary face to the conveyance space; and an adjacent outside region that is a region out of the adjacent guide face that is contacted by the orthogonal direction end portion of the medium, and that guides the end portion of the medium so as to be positioned inside the conveyance space. 5. The medium conveyance device of claim 4, wherein: the adjacent conveyance guide further comprises an adjacent coupling projection portion that is formed to a coupling section to the conveyance guide, and that comprises a plurality of adjacent projections projecting out toward the conveyance guide side and disposed discretely along the orthogonal direction; the conveyance guide further includes a coupling projection portion that is formed to a coupling section to the adjacent conveyance guide, and that comprises a plurality of projections projecting out toward the adjacent conveyance guide side and disposed discretely along the orthogonal direction so as to alternate in a row with the adjacent projections; and in the coupling projection portion, a spacing to the adjacent projection in the orthogonal direction is a distance that does not permit entry of the orthogonal direction end portion of the medium in the conveyance space. 6. The medium conveyance device of claim 4, wherein, in the adjacent outside region, a face that contacts the medium has a shape that contacts a portion of the medium other than an orthogonal direction end face. 7. The medium conveyance device of claim 4, wherein, in the adjacent outside region, a groove is formed running along the conveyance direction in a face that contacts the medium, and the width of the groove in the orthogonal direction is a distance that does not permit entry of the orthogonal direction end portion of the medium in the conveyance space. 8. The medium conveyance device of claim 1, further comprising a drive transmission section that is provided at a boundary portion to the outside region in a central region of the guide face that is a region that the orthogonal direction end portion of the medium does not contact, and that transmits drive force to the medium. 9. A medium transaction device that passes a transacted paper sheet shaped medium between a first conveyance section and a second conveyance section, wherein: the first conveyance section comprises a first conveyance guide that defines a conveyance space through which a paper sheet shaped medium should pass when conveying the medium along a conveyance direction, and a first outside region that is a region, out of a first guide face forming a boundary face to the conveyance space in the first conveyance guide, contacted by an end portion of the medium in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to the conveyance direction, and that guides the end portion of the medium to so as to be positioned inside the conveyance space; the second conveyance section comprises a second conveyance guide that is disposed adjacent to the first conveyance guide along the conveyance direction, and that includes a second guide face contiguous to the first guide face and configuring a boundary face to the conveyance space and a second outside region that is a region out of the second guide face that is contacted by the orthogonal direction end portion of the medium, and that guides the end portion of the medium so as to be positioned inside the conveyance space.",
-    "The present teachings relates to methods performed in a network node of a wireless communication network. The method comprises: broadcasting one or more threshold values enabling the wireless devices to determine fulfillment of one or more criteria for selecting a contention based random access preamble either from a first preamble group or from a second preamble group for use in a contention based random access procedure; transmitting to a selected wireless device one or more threshold values using dedicated signaling, the one or more threshold values sent in the dedicated signaling overriding a corresponding broadcasted threshold value and being set so that the wireless device fulfills the criteria to select a preamble from the first preamble group, wherein the threshold values sent on the dedicated signaling differ from the broadcast threshold values; and prioritizing preambles of the first preamble group over preambles of the second preamble group. 1. A method performed in a network node of a wireless communication network providing wireless communication to wireless devices, the method comprising: broadcasting one or more threshold values enabling the wireless devices to determine fulfillment of one or more criteria for selecting a contention based random access preamble either from a first preamble group or from a second preamble group for use in a contention based random access procedure, transmitting to a selected wireless device one or more threshold values using dedicated signaling, the one or more threshold values sent in the dedicated signaling overriding a corresponding broadcasted threshold value and being set so that the wireless device fulfills the criteria to select a preamble from the first preamble group, wherein the threshold values sent on the dedicated signaling differ from the broadcast threshold values, and prioritizing preambles of the first preamble group over preambles of the second preamble group. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the broadcasted threshold values are set so that all or close to all of the wireless devices fulfills the criteria to select a preamble from the second preamble group. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the prioritizing comprises scheduling a wireless device that is transmitting a preamble from the first preamble group before a wireless device that is transmitting a preamble from the second preamble group. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the prioritizing comprises scheduling wireless devices in the falling order of: received contention free random access preambles, received contention based random access preamble from the first preamble group and received contention based random access preamble from the second preamble group. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the selected wireless device comprises a wireless device performing a handover and wherein the dedicated signaling comprises radio resource control reconfiguration signaling used for sending handover commands. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the broadcast one or more threshold values comprises one or more of a first threshold value for data buffer size of the wireless device for selecting preambles of the second group of preambles, a second threshold value for configured wireless device transmission power, a third threshold value for target power of initial target power of received preamble, a fourth threshold value for offset between a transmitted preamble and a scheduled transmission, and a fifth threshold value for power offset for selecting preambles of the first group of preambles. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the one or more broadcast threshold values comprise a fifth threshold value for power offset for selecting preambles of the first group of preambles, wherein the fifth threshold value is set larger than 18 dB, in particular set to larger than 50 dB or larger than 100 dB. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the threshold values sent in the dedicated signaling overriding a corresponding broadcasted threshold value comprise one or both of: a first threshold value for data buffer size of the wireless device for selecting preambles of the second group of preambles, wherein the first threshold value (messageSizeGroupA) is set to 56 or less than 56, and a fifth threshold value for power offset for selecting preambles of the first group of preambles, wherein the fifth threshold value is set to \u2212infinity. 9. A network node of a wireless communication network providing wireless communication to wireless devices, the network node comprising a processor and memory, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the network node is operative to: broadcast one or more threshold values enabling the wireless devices to determine fulfillment of one or more criteria for selecting a contention based random access preamble either from a first preamble group or from a second preamble group for use in a contention based random access procedure, transmit to a selected wireless device one or more threshold values using dedicated signaling, the one or more threshold values sent in the dedicated signaling overriding a corresponding broadcasted threshold value and being set so that the wireless device fulfills the criteria to select a preamble from the first preamble group, wherein the threshold values sent on the dedicated signaling differ from the broadcast threshold values, and prioritize preambles of the first preamble group over preambles of the second preamble group. 10. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the broadcasted threshold values are set so that all or close to all of the wireless devices fulfills the criteria to select a preamble from the second preamble group. 11. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the network node is configured to prioritize by scheduling a wireless device transmitting a preamble from the first preamble group before a wireless device transmitting a preamble from the second preamble group. 12. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein network node is configured to prioritize by scheduling wireless devices in the falling order of: received contention free random access preambles, received contention based random access preamble from the first preamble group and received contention based random access preamble from the second preamble group. 13. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the selected wireless device comprises a wireless device performing a handover and wherein the dedicated signaling comprises radio resource control reconfiguration signaling used for sending handover commands. 14. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the broadcast one or more threshold values comprises a threshold determined based on one or more of a first threshold value for data buffer size of the wireless device for selecting preambles of the second group of preambles, a second threshold value for configured wireless device transmission power, a third threshold value for target power of initial target power of received preamble, a fourth threshold value for offset between a transmitted preamble and a scheduled transmission, and a fifth threshold value for power offset for selecting preambles of the first group of preambles. 15. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein one of the one or more broadcast threshold values comprise a fifth threshold value for power offset for selecting preambles of the first group of preambles, wherein the fifth threshold value is set larger than 18 dB, in particular set to larger than 50 dB or larger than 100 dB. 16. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the threshold values sent in the dedicated signaling overriding a corresponding broadcasted threshold value comprise one or both of: a first threshold value for data buffer size of the wireless device for selecting preambles of the second group of preambles, wherein the first threshold value is set to 56 or less than 56, and a fifth threshold value for power offset for selecting preambles of the first group of preambles, wherein the fifth threshold value is set to \u2212infinity. 17. A computer program for a network node of a wireless communication network providing wireless communication to wireless devices, the computer program comprising computer program code, which, when run on the network node causes the network node to: broadcast one or more threshold values enabling the wireless devices to determine fulfillment of one or more criteria for selecting a contention based random access preamble either from a first preamble group or from a second preamble group for use in a contention based random access procedure, transmit to a selected wireless device one or more threshold values using dedicated signaling, the one or more threshold values sent in the dedicated signaling overriding a corresponding broadcasted threshold value and being set so that the wireless device fulfills the criteria to select a preamble from the first preamble group, wherein the threshold values sent on the dedicated signaling differ from the broadcast threshold values, and prioritize preambles of the first preamble group over preambles of the second preamble group. 18. A computer program product comprising a computer program as claimed in claim 17, and a computer readable means on which the computer program is stored.",
-    "People movers, such as escalators and moving walkways, for instance, may comprise a support member belt comprised of a plurality of support members guided on rails. The support members may be, for example, steps of an escalator or pallets of a moving walkway. Each support member may be secured to a pair of drag rollers that runs on the rails, and each support member may include a roller spindle that is held rotationally conjointly in or on a body of the support member. Between the roller spindle and the body of the support member, there may be a plug-in connection by way of which the roller spindle is maintained against an undercut under bias of a latching device. 1.-18. (canceled) 19. A people mover comprising: a support member belt comprising a plurality of support members guided on rails; and at least two drag rollers mounted to at least one of the plurality of support members, wherein the at least two drag rollers travel along the rails, wherein each of the at least two drag rollers comprises: a roller spindle that is coupled rotationally conjointly in or on a body of the at least one of the plurality of support members; and a latching device disposed at an undercut for coupling the roller spindle to the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 20. The people mover of claim 19 wherein the latching device is biased for retaining the roller spindle at the undercut in a resilient latching connection, wherein the roller spindle is configured to be plugged into a recess of the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 21. The people mover of claim 20 wherein the roller spindle comprises a ledge with a surface that faces the body, wherein the ledge bears against the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members due to the bias of the latching device. 22. The people mover of claim 21 wherein the ledge contacts the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members as the roller spindle is inserted into the recess of the body, wherein the latching device causes the roller spindle to at least one of automatically snap in at the undercut or engage the undercut with a latching motion. 23. The people mover of claim 19 further comprising an adhesive connection between the roller spindle and the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members for coupling the roller spindle rotationally conjointly. 24. The people mover of claim 19 wherein the undercut is disposed on a surface of the body opposite a closer of the at least two drag rollers. 25. The people mover of claim 19 wherein the undercut comprises an encircling groove disposed in a bushing of the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members, wherein the roller spindle comprises a roller groove, wherein the latching device comprises a circular spring that engages the encircling groove of the bushing and the roller groove of the roller spindle. 26. The people mover of claim 25 wherein the circular spring is biased outwardly towards the rails, wherein the roller groove of the roller spindle is oversized relative to the circular spring when viewed from an axis extending longitudinally through the roller spindle. 27. The people mover of claim 25 wherein the roller groove has a depth equal to or greater than a radial height of the circular spring when viewed in a radial direction of the roller spindle. 28. The people mover of claim 25 wherein the undercut comprises a body effective area that faces away from a closer of the at least two drag rollers, wherein the circular spring comprises a convex side surface or an oblique side surface that bears against the body effective area of the undercut due to bias of the circular spring, wherein the circular spring is clamped between the body effective area of the undercut and an effective area of the roller groove, wherein the bias of the circular spring causes a ledge of the roller spindle to press against the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 29. The people mover of claim 25 further comprising an insertion bevel disposed along or adjacent to the roller spindle, wherein the insertion bevel is at least one-third of a radial height of the circular spring. 30. The people mover of claim 19 wherein the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members is formed from a light metal or a plastic. 31. The people mover of claim 19 wherein the roller spindle comprises an undercut against which the latching device acts. 32. A people mover comprising: a support member belt comprising a plurality of support members guided on rails; and at least two drag rollers mounted to at least one of the plurality of support members, wherein the at least two drag rollers travel along the rails, wherein each of the at least two drag rollers comprises a roller spindle that is held rotationally conjointly in or on a body of the at least one of the plurality of support members, wherein a plug-in connection is used to secure the roller spindle to the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 33. The people mover of claim 32 wherein the plug-in connection comprises a frictionally engaging connection. 34. The people mover of claim 32 wherein the plug-in connection comprises an adhesive connection for rotationally conjointly holding the roller spindle to the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 35. The people mover of claim 32 wherein the plug-in connection comprises a clamping connection, wherein bias from the clamping connection is used to maintain the roller spindle against an undercut. 36. The people mover of claim 35 wherein a clamping element used for the clamping connection is more flexible than the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 37. The people mover of claim 35 wherein a clamping element used for the clamping connection extends between and bears against the roller spindle and the body of the at least one of the plurality of support members. 38. A support member for a people mover, the support member comprising: a body; and at least two drag rollers, each of the at least two drag rollers being mounted on a roller spindle that is held rotationally conjointly in or on the body, wherein between the roller spindle and the body there is disposed a resilient latching connection or a clamping connection, which is held against an undercut under preload, or a frictionally engaging connection with a clamping element.",
-    "A process for producing a circuit-breaker pole part for use in a medium-voltage or high-voltage circuit-breaker comprising adjoining (a) an inner vacuum interrupter layer, (b) an intermediate compensation layer, and (c) an outer insulating sleeve layer, wherein the intermediate compensation layer is disposed between the inner vacuum interrupter layer and the outer insulating sleeve layer; wherein said layers are integrated with each other to form a circuit-breaker pole part; and wherein the intermediate compensation layer comprises the reaction product of (I) an epoxy-terminated prepolymer and (II) a curing agent; and a circuit-breaker pole part produced by the above process. 1. A process for producing a circuit-breaker pole part for use in a medium-voltage or high-voltage circuit-breaker comprising adjoining (a) an inner vacuum interrupter layer, (b) an intermediate compensation layer, and (c) an outer insulating sleeve layer, wherein the intermediate compensation layer is disposed between the inner vacuum interrupter layer and the outer insulating sleeve layer; wherein said layers are integrated with each other to form a circuit-breaker pole part; and wherein the intermediate compensation layer comprises the reaction product of (I) an epoxy-terminated prepolymer and (II) a curing agent. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the curing agent (II) is at least one amine curing agent compound. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the epoxy-terminated prepolymer compound (I) comprises the reaction product of (i) a polyoxyalkyleneamine compound and (ii) an epoxide compound. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the polyoxyalkyleneamine compound (i) has from 3 to about 12 active hydrogen atoms. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein the concentration of the polyoxyalkyleneamine compound (i) comprises from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent. 6. The process of claim 3, wherein the epoxide compound (ii) has from 2 to about 5 epoxy groups. 7. The process of claim 3, wherein the concentration of the epoxide compound (ii) comprises from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the curing agent (II) has from 2 to about 5 active hydrogen atoms. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the epoxy amine group molar ratio is from about 0.5 to about 1.5. 10. A circuit-breaker pole part prepared by the process of claim 1. 11. A circuit breaker pole part for use in a medium-voltage or high-voltage circuit breaker comprising (a) an inner vacuum interrupter, (b) an intermediate compensation layer, and (c) an outer insulating sleeve; wherein the intermediate compensation layer is disposed between the inner vacuum interrupter layer and the outer insulating sleeve layer; wherein said layers are integrated with each other to form a circuit-breaker pole part; and wherein the intermediate compensation layer comprises the reaction product of (I) an epoxy-terminated prepolymer and (II) a curing agent. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. A method for producing a circuit breaker pole part comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first mold; (b) inserting an inner vacuum interrupter layer into the first mold; (c) preheating the first mold with the inner vacuum interrupter layer in the mold; (d) providing a curable elastomeric resin formulation comprising (I) at least one epoxy-terminated prepolymer, and (II) at least one amine curing agent compound blended together to form a curable elastomeric resin formulation; (e) injecting the curable elastomeric resin formulation into the preheated first mold to dispose the curable elastomeric resin formulation on at least a portion of the inner vacuum interrupter layer; (f) curing the curable elastomeric resin formulation in the first mold to form a first composite member comprising a cured compensation layer bonded to an inner vacuum interrupter layer; (g) removing the first composite member from the first mold; (h) placing the first composite member formed in the first mold into a second preheated mold; (i) injecting a curable epoxy resin into the second preheated mold to dispose the curable epoxy resin on at least a portion of the cured compensation layer; (j) curing the curable epoxy resin in the second mold to form a second composite member comprising a cured outer insulating sleeve layer bonded to the compensation layer of the first composite member; and (k) removing the second composite member from the second mold; wherein the second composite member comprising a cured outer insulating sleeve layer, the compensation layer and the inner vacuum interrupter layer is adapted for use as a circuit-breaker pole part. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the inner vacuum interrupter layer is ceramic.",
-    "Disclosed are selective histone deactylase inhibitors (HDACi) that having Formula I. Specifically, the disclosed subject matter relates to compounds having activity as selective HDAC6 inhibitors, methods of making and using the compounds, and compositions comprising the compounds. In still further aspects, the disclosed subject matter relates to methods for treating oncological disorders in a patient. Methods of making and using these inhibitors for the treatment of cancer, in particular melanoma are also disclosed. 1. A compound having Formula I: wherein A is aryl, heteroaryl, or C1-C8 alkyl, any of which is optionally substituted with one or more groups chosen from acetyl, C1-C5 alkyl, amino, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylhydroxy, C5-C6 cycloalkyl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, hydroxy, thiol, cyano, or nitro; and R1 is hydrogen and R2 is C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkenyl, C1-C8 alkynyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C5-C6 cycloalkyl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkyl, C1-C3 alkylaryl, aryl, C1-C3 alkylheteroaryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with acetyl, C1-C5 alkyl, amino, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylhydroxy, C5-C6 cycloalkyl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, halo, hydroxy, thiol, cyano, or nitro; and R6 and R7 are independently H, C1-C4 alkyl, or are joined such that together they form an alkylene bridge comprising 4 or 5 atoms so that a 5 or 6-membered ring is formed with the nitrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is phenyl, pyridyl, oxazolidyl, pyrimidyl, pyrimidinyl, or 1H-indazolyl, optionally substituted with C1-C5 alkyl, amino, alkoxy, alkylhydroxy, halo, hydroxy, or thiol. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is pyrimidinyl or 1H-indazolyl substituted with C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxyl, or halo. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is C1-C8 alkyl, C5-C6 cycloalkyl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with C1-C5 alkyl, amino, \u2014NR6R7, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylhydroxy, carbonyl, hydroxy, thiol, or cyano. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is C1-C5 alkyl, or C1-C5 alkyl substituted with a methoxy, amino, \u2014NR6R7, alkylhydroxy, carbonyl, hydroxy, cyano. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is C1-C4 alkyl. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is chosen from: 8. A method of treating melanoma or mantle cell lymphoma in a subject, comprising: administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a histone deacetylase inhibitor of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the inhibitor is a histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the inhibitor is Tubstatin A. 11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the inhibitor is administered with one or more of ipilimumab, revlimid, velcade, vemurafenib, ST-3-06, ST-2-92, Tubstatin A, Tubacin. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the inhibitor is combined with a STAT3 inhibitor. 14. A method of treating Human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in a subject, comprising: administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a histone deacetylase inhibitor of claim 1. 15. A method of treating cancer in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a histone deacetylase inhibitor of claim 1 and a cancer immunotherapy agent. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the immunotherapy agent is an antibody selected from anti-CLTA-4, anti-PD-1, or anti-PDL1. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the immunotherapy agent is an IL-10 inhibitor. 18. A method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of a histone deactylase inhibitor of claim 1 and a toll like receptor agonist.",
-    "An entertainment apparatus (1) comprising two upright walls (3a, 3b), each having an inner surface. A plurality of game pieces (9) are located in the space (5) between the walls (3a, 3b), each of the game pieces (9) being in contact with the inner surface of at least one of the walls (3a, 3b).Each of the game pieces (9) comprises a drive assembly for moving the game piece over that inner surface, the drive assembly comprising a traction element (11), such as a wheel, for generating traction against the inner surface and an actuator for moving the traction element relative to the surface. At least one, and preferably both, of the walls (3a, 3b) are transparent, for example they are glass, such that a user can observe the game pieces (9) within the space (5), from outside the apparatus (1). 1. An entertainment apparatus comprising: two upright walls, each having an inner surface, the inner surfaces facing each other and being spaced apart to define a space there-between, and a plurality of game pieces located in the space between the inner surfaces of the walls, each of the game pieces being in contact with the inner surface of at least one of the walls, and each of the game pieces comprising a drive assembly for moving the game piece over that inner surface, the drive assembly comprising a traction element for generating traction against the inner surface and an actuator for moving the traction element relative to the surface such that the game piece moves, and wherein at least one of the walls is transparent such that a user can observe the game pieces within the space, from outside the apparatus. 2. An entertainment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein both the walls are transparent such that the game pieces can be observed from either side of the apparatus. 3. An entertainment apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the movement of the game pieces is unconstrained, such that they are freely moveable, in any direction, over the inner surface. 4. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus comprises a wireless communication system arranged to wirelessly communicate a user input to at least one of the game pieces, such that said game piece is wirelessly controllable via the user input. 5. An entertainment apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the apparatus comprises a control system for controlling the plurality of game pieces with control signals, and the communication system is arranged to wirelessly communicate the control signals to the game pieces. 6. An entertainment apparatus according to claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the user input is an instruction to move the game piece(s), and the drive assembly of said game piece(s) is arranged to move its respective game piece in response to the user input. 7. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each game piece is simultaneously in contact with the inner surfaces of both walls. 8. An entertainment apparatus according to claim 7, wherein each game piece comprises biasing means, the biasing means being arranged to press outwardly against the inner surfaces of the walls such that the weight of the game piece is at least partially supported. 9. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each game piece is capable of maintaining its vertical position in the space. 10. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus comprises a power source for powering the drive means of the game pieces. 11. An entertainment apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the power source comprises a plurality of power storage elements, each power storage element being part of a respective game piece. 12. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, the apparatus being arranged to track the location of each game piece in the space. 13. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus comprises an opening for enabling ingress or egress of the game pieces from the space. 14. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus comprises an opaque boarder adjacent to at least part of the transparent wall, the game pieces being moveable behind the opaque border such that they can be re-located around the perimeter of the space without being seen by the user. 15. An entertainment apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the game pieces are decorated differently so as to represent different characters or objects. 16. An entertainment apparatus as herein described with reference to the drawings.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method of producing HPV pseudovirions in plant cells, the plant produced pseudovirions per se, a neutralisation assay using the plant produced pseudovirions and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the plant produced pseudovirions. 1. A method for producing a human papillomavirus (HPV) pseudovirion in a plant cell, the method comprising the steps of: (i) introducing into the plant cell: (a) a first nucleic acid encoding a HPV L1 polypeptide; and (b) a second nucleic acid encoding a HPV L2 polypeptide, wherein the first and second nucleic acids are contained on at least one expression vector, (c) a replicating vector comprising a third nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide; (ii) expressing the HPV L1 polypeptides and HPV L2 polypeptides in the plant cell, and (iii) replicating the replicating vector in the plant cell, in order to produce a high copy number of the replicating vector in the plant cell, wherein the expressed HPV L1 and HPV L2 polypeptides assemble, together with a copy of the replicating vector and encapsidate the replicating vector to produce a HPV pseudovirion. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second nucleic acids are operably linked to regulatory sequences that allow for expression of the HPV L1 and HPV L2 polypeptides. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein replication of the replicating vector is initiated by a regulatory protein. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the regulatory protein is encoded by a fourth nucleic acid operably linked to a regulatory sequence that allows for the expression of the regulatory protein, wherein the fourth nucleic acid is expressed from at least one of the group selected from: a nucleic acid sequence contained on the replicating vector; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence contained on the at least one expression vector; (iii) a nucleic acid sequence contained on an independent vector, not being the vector of (i) or (ii) above; or (iv) a nucleic acid sequence integrated into the genomic DNA of the plant cell; wherein expression of the regulatory protein in the presence of the replicating vector results in replication of the replicating vector. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the third nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a regulatory sequence that allows for expression of the heterologous polypeptide in a mammalian cell. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the third nucleic acid encoding the heterologous polypeptide, comprises a gene selected from the group consisting of a reporter gene, a therapeutic gene or a gene encoding an antigenic polypeptide. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the gene encoding a heterologous polypeptide is a reporter gene selected from a luciferase gene or a secreted alkaline phosphatase gene. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of recovering the HPV pseudovirion from the plant cell. 9. An assay for detecting the presence of a neutralising antibody to HPV in a subject, the assay including the steps of: (i) combining a HPV pseudovirion produced according to the method of claim 1, with a biological sample from the subject to form a biological sample composition, wherein the heterologous polypeptide is a reporter polypeptide; and (ii) combining a HPV pseudovirion produced according to the method of claim 1, with a control sample, wherein the control sample does not contain a HPV neutralising antibody, to form a control sample composition, wherein the heterologous polypeptide is a reporter polypeptide; (iii) contacting and incubating a mammalian cell capable of being infected with HPV with the biological sample composition of (i) or the control sample composition of (ii); (iv) assaying the expression of the reporter polypeptide; wherein decreased expression of the reporter polypeptide in the mammalian cells contacted with the biological sample composition, as compared to mammalian cells contacted with the control sample composition is indicative of the presence of a HPV neutralising antibody in the biological sample. 10. The assay of claim 9 wherein the reporter polypeptide is selected from either a luciferase or a secreted alkaline phosphatase polypeptide. 11. The assay of claim 9 wherein the subject is a human. 12. A HPV pseudovirion comprising a capsid, wherein the capsid comprises a HPV L1 and a HPV L2 polypeptide, wherein the capsid encapsidates a replicating vector encoding a heterologous polypeptide, the heterologous polypeptide being operably linked to a regulatory sequence that allows its expression in a mammalian cell, wherein the HPV pseudovirion is produced in and recovered from a plant cell. 13. The HPV pseudovirion of claim 12, wherein replication of the replicating vector may be initiated, in a mammalian cell infected by the HPV pseudovirion, in the presence of a regulatory protein. 14. The HPV pseudovirion of claim 13, wherein the regulatory protein is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a regulatory sequence that allows for the expression of the regulatory protein in the mammalian cell, where in the regulatory protein may be expressed from any one of the group consisting of: (i) a nucleic acid sequence contained on the replicating vector; (ii) a nucleic acid sequence contained on an independent vector; or (iii) a nucleic acid sequence integrated into the genomic DNA of the mammalian cell, wherein expression of the regulatory protein in the mammalian cell results in the replication of the replicating vector. 15. The HPV pseudovirion of claim 12, wherein the heterologous polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a reporter polypeptide, a therapeutic polypeptide or an antigenic polypeptide. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a HPV pseudovirion produced by the method of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the HPV pseudovirion of claim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for forming a film-forming hydrophobic layer on a substrate, which method includes: fanning an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanofibers, CNF; forming, in water and with a water-immiscible solvent having an evaporation temperature below that of water, a cationic nanoemulsion of a substance forming covalent bonds with the cellulose; mixing the suspension and the nanoemulsion such as to produce a mixture resulting from an adsorption of said substance by the CNF; coating a substrate with said mixture; and proceeding to an annealing suitable for grafting said substance to the CNF. 1. A method of forming a film-forming hydrophobic layer on a substrate, comprising: forming an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanofibers, CNFs; forming, in water with a water-immiscible solvent having an evaporation temperature lower than that of water, a cationic nanoemulsion of a substance capable of forming covalent bonds with cellulose; mixing the suspension and the nanoemulsion to form a mixture resulting from an adsorption of said substance by the CNFs; coating a substrate with said mixture; and performing an anneal capable of grafting said substance on the CNFs. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: said substance is selected from the group comprising AKD, ASA, acyl chloride, fatty isocyanate, fatty carboxylic acid, thiocyanate, and fatty anhydride, and said solvent is selected from the group comprising: chloroform, DMF, dichloromethane, pentane, hexane, ethyl ether. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said substance is AKD and said solvent is chloroform. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanoemulsion contains a surfactant. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the CNFs have a diameter in a range from 10 to 200 nm and the micelles of the nanoemulsion have dimensions of the same order of magnitude as said diameter. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is paper, cardboard, glass, a textile, a plastic material.",
-    "The embodiments disclose a method and apparatus of selecting a path for transmission from paths between a first LER and a second LER in the MPLS network. The method may comprise: obtaining state information of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the state information may indicate that a path is in up state or down state; obtaining stability information of at least one of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the stability information may indicate that a path is stable or unstable; and selecting a path for transmission based on the state information and the stability information. 1. A method for selecting a path for transmission from paths between a first label edge router, LER, and a second LER in the multi-protocol label switch, MPLS, network, comprising: obtaining state information of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the state information indicating a path is in up state or down state; obtaining stability information of at least one of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the stability information indicating a path is stable or unstable; and selecting a path for transmission based on the state information and the stability information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the paths between the first LER and the second LER comprise a working path and a protection path, said selecting the path for transmission comprises: selecting the path with higher priority with respect to the state and stability, wherein the priority from high to low is up state plus stable, up state plus unstable, and down state; or selecting the working path when both the protection path and the working path are in up state and unstable. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising: obtaining the state information and the stability information of the paths respectively from the first LER and the second LER; for a path, determining resulting state information based on the respectively obtained state information with respect to the path, and determining resulting stability information based on the respectively obtained stability information with respect to the path; and selecting the path for transmission based on the resulting state information and the resulting stability information. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the stability information is obtained based on flap information, one flap indicating one occurrence of state change of a path from up state to down state, and then to up state again. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the stability information is obtained based on flap information comprises: a path penalty value is set to be associated with the flap, wherein the path penalty value will increase with the increasing of the count of flaps, and decrease over time if there is no new flap; and if the path penalty value is below a determined threshold, the path is determined as stable, otherwise unstable. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein when the path penalty value increases to a value above a maximum value, the path penalty value is set as the maximum value. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the stability information is obtained based on flap information comprises: if there is no new flap within a predetermined time period, the path is determined as stable. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the flap information is obtained from a server indication, a control-plane indication, or an operation administration and maintenance, OAM, indication. 9. An apparatus configured to select a path for transmission from paths between a first label edge router, LER, and a second LER in the multi-protocol label switch, MPLS, network, comprising: a first obtaining unit adapted to obtain state information of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the state information indicating a path is in up state or down state; a second obtaining unit adapted to obtain stability information of at least one of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the stability information indicating a path is stable or unstable; a selecting unit adapted to select a path for transmission based on the state information and the stability information. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the paths between the first LER and the second LER comprise a working path and a protection path, and the selecting unit is adapted to select the path with higher priority with respect to the state and stability, wherein the priority from high to low is up state plus stable, up state plus unstable, and down state, or select the working path when both the protection path and the working path are in up state and unstable. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the apparatus is the first LER or the second LER. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second obtaining unit is adapted to obtain the stability information based on flap information, one flap indicating one occurrence of state change of a path from up state to down state, and then to up state again. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a path penalty value is set to be associated with the flap, and the path penalty value will increase with the increasing of the count of flaps, and decrease over time if there is no new flap, and the second obtaining unit is adapted to, if the path penalty value is below a determined threshold, determine the path to be stable, otherwise unstable. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the second obtaining unit is further adapted to, if there is no new flap within a predetermined time period, determine the path to be stable. 15. (canceled) 16. An apparatus for selecting a path for transmission from paths between a first label edge router, LER, and a second LER in the multi-protocol label switch, MPLS, network, comprising a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby said apparatus is operative to: obtaining state information of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the state information indicating a path is in up state or down state; obtaining stability information of at least one of the paths between the first LER and the second LER, the stability information indicating a path is stable or unstable; and selecting a path for transmission based on the state information and the stability information.",
-    "Dentifrice dispenser (1) comprising: a container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber; and a mount (20) for connecting a toothbrush (30) to the container, the mount (20) comprising an annular, or part-annular, collar (22) positioned around a portion of the container to attach the mount (20) to the container. Dentifrice dispenser kit, comprising: a container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber; and a mount (20) for connecting a toothbrush (30) to the container, the mount (20) comprising an annular, or part-annular, collar (22) positionable around a portion of the container to attach the mount (20) to the container. 1. A dentifrice dispenser, comprising: a container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber; and a mount for connecting a toothbrush to the container, the mount comprising an annular, or part-annular, collar positioned around a portion of the container to attach the mount to the container. 2. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the container comprises a vessel defining the chamber, and a cap device connected to the vessel and defining an orifice in fluid communication with the opening, wherein the collar is positioned around the cap device. 3. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 2, wherein the vessel is flexible and the cap device is of greater rigidity than the vessel. 4. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the cap device comprises a base defining the orifice and a closure movable relative to the base between a closed position, at which the closure isolates the orifice from an exterior of the dispenser, and an open position, at which the orifice is in fluid communication with the exterior of the dispenser, optionally wherein the collar is positioned around the base of the cap device. 5. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 4, wherein the closure is rotatable between the open and closed positions, and/or wherein the closure is movable between the open and closed positions without hindrance by the mount. 6. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the mount comprises a toothbrush attachment device comprising one of: a) a magnet for attracting a magnet or a metal component comprised in a toothbrush, b) one of a ball and a socket for mating with the other of a ball and a socket comprised in a toothbrush, and c) a clip, optionally a Y-shaped clip for receiving a portion of a toothbrush. 7. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 6, wherein the mount comprises an arm attached to the collar and the toothbrush attachment device is positioned at an end of the arm distal from the collar, optionally wherein the arm is elongate in a direction extending away from the collar. 8. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 4, wherein a first portion of the mount is attached to the base of the cap device, a second portion of the mount is attached to the closure of the cap device, and the second portion of the mount comprises a clip for receiving a portion of a toothbrush. 9. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 8, when dependent on any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the mount prevents the closure from being rotated relative to the base from the closed position over more than 90 degrees. 10. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the mount is a unitary component. 11. A dentifrice dispenser kit, comprising: a container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber; and a mount for connecting a toothbrush to the container, the mount comprising an annular, or part-annular, collar positionable around a portion of the container to attach the mount to the container. 12. The kit of claim 11, wherein the container comprises a vessel defining the chamber, and a cap device connected to the vessel and defining an orifice in fluid communication with the opening, wherein the collar is positionable around the cap device, optionally wherein the vessel is flexible and the cap device is of greater rigidity than the vessel. 13. The kit of claim 12, wherein the cap device comprises a base defining the orifice and a closure movable relative to the base between a closed position, at which the closure isolates the orifice from an exterior of the dispenser, and an open position, at which the orifice is in fluid communication with the exterior of the dispenser, optionally wherein the collar is positionable around the base of the cap device. 14. The kit of claim 13, wherein the closure is rotatable between the open and closed positions, and/or wherein the closure is movable between the open and closed positions without hindrance by the mount when the mount is attached to the container. 15. The kit of claim 11, wherein the mount comprises a toothbrush attachment device comprising one of: a) a magnet for attracting a magnet or a metal component comprised in a toothbrush, b) one of a ball and a socket for mating with the other of a ball and a socket comprised in a toothbrush, and c) a clip, optionally a Y-shaped clip for receiving a portion of a toothbrush. 16. The kit of claim 15, wherein the mount comprises an arm attached to the collar, and the toothbrush attachment device is positioned at an end of the arm distal from the collar, optionally wherein the arm is elongate in a direction extending away from the collar. 17. The kit of claim 12, wherein a first portion of the mount is attachable to the base of the cap device, a second portion of the mount is attachable to the closure of the cap device, and the second portion of the mount comprises a clip for receiving a portion of a toothbrush. 18. The kit of claim 17, wherein the mount prevents the closure from being rotated relative to the base from the closed position over more than 90 degrees when the mount is attached to the container. 19. The kit of claim 11, wherein the mount is a unitary component. 20. The kit of claim 11, comprising the toothbrush.",
-    "Dentifrice dispenser stand (1), comprising: a base (10) having at least one contact portion lying in a first plane for stably supporting the stand (1) on a horizontal surface; and an annular, or part-annular, collar (20) connected to the base (10) and positionable around a portion of a container (40) defining a chamber (44) storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber (44); wherein an axis of the collar (20) is at an angle of between 15 and 75 degrees to the first plane. Kit, comprising: the dentifrice dispenser stand (1) and the container (40). 1. A dentifrice dispenser stand, comprising: a base having at least one contact portion lying in a first plane for stably supporting the stand on a horizontal surface; and an annular, or part-annular, collar connected to the base and positionable around a portion of a container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber; wherein an axis of the collar is at an angle of between 15 and 75 degrees to the first plane. 2. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the axis of the collar is at an angle of between 40 and 70 degrees to the first plane. 3. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the collar is connected to the base via a connector that is elongate in a direction that is non-parallel to the axis of the collar, optionally wherein the connector is elongate in a direction that is perpendicular to the axis of the collar. 4. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 3, wherein the direction is at an angle of between 15 and 75 degrees to the first plane, optionally wherein the direction is at an angle of between 20 and 50 degrees to the first plane. 5. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the collar is connected to the base via a connector that is elongate in a direction substantially parallel to the axis of the collar. 6. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the base comprises a divot or channel for receiving part of a head of a toothbrush, optionally wherein the divot or channel is at a position on the base where the axis of the collar intersects the base. 7. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the dentifrice dispenser stand is a unitary component. 8. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the collar is frusto-conical in shape, and/or wherein the collar defines a circular opening for receiving the portion of the container. 9. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 1, wherein the collar defines an opening for receiving the portion of the container, and wherein the connector defines therein a slot extending from the opening for receiving a second portion of the container. 10. The dentifrice dispenser stand of claim 3, wherein the collar is connected to the base by only the connector. 11. A kit, comprising: a dentifrice dispenser stand, comprising: a base having at least one contact portion lying in a first plane for stably supporting the stand on a horizontal surface, and an annular, or part-annular, collar connected to the base and positionable around a portion of a container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber, wherein an axis of the collar is at an angle of between 15 and 75 degrees to the first plane; and the container. 12. The kit of claim 11, wherein the axis of the collar is at an angle of between 40 and 70 degrees to the first plane. 13. The kit of claim 1, wherein the collar is connected to the base via a connector that is elongate in a direction that is non-parallel to the axis of the collar, optionally wherein the connector is elongate in a direction that is perpendicular to the axis of the collar. 14. The kit of claim 13, wherein the direction is at an angle of between 15 and 75 degrees to the first plane, optionally wherein the direction is at an angle of between 20 and 50 degrees to the first plane. 15. The kit of claim 11, wherein the collar is connected to the base via a connector that is elongate in a direction substantially parallel to the axis of the collar. 16. The kit of claim 11, wherein the base comprises a divot or channel for receiving part of a head of a toothbrush, optionally wherein the divot or channel is at a position on the base where the axis of the collar intersects the base. 17. The kit of claim 11, wherein the collar defines an opening for receiving the portion of the container, and wherein the connector defines therein a slot extending from the opening for receiving a second portion of the container. 18. The kit of claim 13, wherein the collar is connected to the base by only the connector. 19. The kit of claim 11, wherein the container comprises a vessel defining the chamber, and a cap device connected to the vessel and defining an orifice in fluid communication with the opening, optionally wherein the collar is positionable around the cap device. 20. The kit of claim 19, wherein the vessel is flexible and the cap device is of greater rigidity than the vessel. 21. The kit of claim 19, wherein the cap device comprises a base defining the orifice and a closure movable relative to the base between a closed position, at which the closure isolates the orifice from an exterior of the dispenser, and an open position, at which the orifice is in fluid communication with the exterior of the dispenser, optionally wherein the collar is positionable around the base of the cap device. 22. The kit of claim 21, wherein the closure is movable between the open and closed positions without hindrance by the dentifrice dispenser stand. 23. The kit of claim 19, wherein the cap device is detachable from the vessel, and the collar is retainable between the vessel and the cap device. 24. The kit of claim 11, wherein, when the collar is positioned around the portion of the container and the stand is standing on the horizontal support surface via the at least one contact portion, a centre of mass of a combination of the dentifrice dispenser stand and the container is positioned vertically above the base.",
-    "Dentifrice dispenser (1), comprising: an elongate container (10) defining a chamber (14) storing a dentifrice and having an opening (16) through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber (14); a pump for pumping the dentifrice from the chamber (14) to an exterior of the container (10) through the opening (16); and an elongate handle (20) movably attached to the container (10) to operate the pump; wherein a longitudinal axis of the elongate handle (20) is at an angle of between 0 and 60 degrees to a longitudinal axis of the container (10) when the elongate handle (20) is at a rest position. Kit comprising the dentifrice dispenser (1) and a mount for attaching a toothbrush to the dentifrice dispenser (1). 1. A dentifrice dispenser, comprising: an elongate container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber; a pump for pumping the dentifrice from the chamber to an exterior of the container through the opening; and an elongate handle movably attached to the container to operate the pump; wherein a longitudinal axis of the elongate handle is at an angle of between 0 and 60 degrees to a longitudinal axis of the container when the elongate handle is at a rest position. 2. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the longitudinal axis of the elongate handle is at an angle of between 0 and 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the container when the elongate handle is at the rest position, optionally wherein the longitudinal axis of the elongate handle is at an angle of between 0 and 30 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the container when the elongate handle is at the rest position. 3. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the elongate handle is pivotally attached to the container for rotation about a pivot axis. 4. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 3, wherein the elongate handle is movable about the pivot axis towards the container over an angle of up to 45 degrees from the rest position to operate the pump, optionally wherein the elongate handle is movable about the pivot axis towards the container over an angle of up to 30 degrees from the rest position to operate the pump. 5. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the elongate handle has a longitudinal length of at least 5 cm, optionally wherein the length is at least 7 cm, further optionally wherein the length is at least 10 cm. 6. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the elongate handle is biased to the rest position. 7. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the opening and the elongate handle are on the same lateral side of the container. 8. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, wherein the container has an oval cross section. 9. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 8, wherein a major axis of the oval cross section is parallel to the pivot axis. 10. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 1, further comprising a mount for attaching a toothbrush to the dentifrice dispenser. 11. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 10, wherein the mount is connected to the container, optionally wherein the mount is detachably connected to the container. 12. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 10, wherein the elongate handle and the mount are on the same lateral side of the container, and/or wherein the opening and the mount are on the same lateral side of the container. 13. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 10, wherein one of the container and the mount comprises a hole and the other of the container and the mount comprises a stem that is retained or retainable in the hole. 14. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 10, wherein the mount comprises a clip for clipping to the toothbrush. 15. The dentifrice dispenser of claim 10, wherein the mount is for attaching the toothbrush to the dentifrice dispenser with the opening facing a head of the toothbrush. 16. A kit, comprising: a dentifrice dispenser, comprising: an elongate container defining a chamber storing a dentifrice and having an opening through which the dentifrice is dispensable from the chamber, a pump for pumping the dentifrice from the chamber to an exterior of the container through the opening, and an elongate handle movably attached to the container to operate the pump, wherein a longitudinal axis of the elongate handle is at an angle of between 0 and 60 degrees to a longitudinal axis of the container when the elongate handle is at a rest position; and a mount for attaching a toothbrush to the dentifrice dispenser. 17. The kit of claim 16, comprising a toothbrush attached to, or attachable to, the dentifrice dispenser by the mount. 18. The kit of claim 16, wherein the mount is connected to the container, optionally wherein the mount is detachably connected to the container. 19. The kit of claim 16, wherein the mount is connectable to the container, optionally wherein the mount is detachably connectable to the container. 20. The kit of claim 16, wherein the elongate handle and the mount are on the same lateral side of the container, and/or wherein the opening and the mount are on the same lateral side of the container. 21. The kit of claim 16, wherein the mount comprises a clip for clipping to the toothbrush. 22. The kit of claim 16, wherein the mount is for attaching the toothbrush to the dentifrice dispenser with the opening facing a head of the toothbrush. 23. The kit of claim 16, wherein the longitudinal axis of the elongate handle is at an angle of between 0 and 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the container when the elongate handle is at the rest position, optionally wherein the longitudinal axis of the elongate handle is at an angle of between 0 and 30 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the container when the elongate handle is at the rest position. 24. The kit of claim 16, wherein the elongate handle is pivotally attached to the container for rotation about a pivot axis. 25. The kit of claim 24, wherein the elongate handle is movable about the pivot axis towards the container over an angle of up to 45 degrees from the rest position to operate the pump, optionally wherein the elongate handle is movable about the pivot axis towards the container over an angle of up to 30 degrees from the rest position to operate the pump. 26. The kit of claim 16, wherein the elongate handle has a longitudinal length of at least 5 cm, optionally wherein the length is at least 7 cm, further optionally wherein the length is at least 10 cm. 27. The kit of claim 16, wherein the elongate handle is biased to the rest position. 28. The kit of claim 16, wherein the opening and the elongate handle are on the same lateral side of the container. 29. The kit of claim 16, wherein the container has an oval cross section. 30. The kit of claim 29, wherein a major axis of the oval cross section is parallel to the pivot axis.",
-    "Provided is a wearable device, including: a parameter acquisition module, used to obtain a real-time status parameter of the wearable device; a scenario determining module, used to determine, according to the real-time status parameter, a scenario in which the wearable device currently locates; and a body capacitive coupling transmission module, used to send data to other electronic devices and/or receive data from other electronic devices when the wearable device locates in a preset data interaction scenario. Further provided is a data transmission method. With the technical solutions of the present invention, by scenario detection, the wearable device can perform data transmission and interaction with other electronic devices by means of the body capacitive coupling technology, so that the characteristics of the wearable device can be fully utilized, and the data transmission process gets more intelligent and humanized. 1. A wearable device, comprising: a parameter acquisition module, configured for acquiring a real-time status parameter of the wearable device; a scenario determining module, configured for determining, according to the real-time status parameter, a scenario in which the wearable device is currently located; and a body capacitive coupling transmission module, configured for sending data to other electronic devices and/or receiving data from other electronic devices when the wearable device is in a preset data interaction scenario. 2. The wearable device according to claim 1, wherein, the real-time status parameter comprises at least one or any combination of: a shake frequency, a shake amplifier, a shake times, a shake holding time. 3. The wearable device according to claim 1, further comprising: a switch state setting module, configured for setting the body capacitive coupling transmission module to an opening state when the wearable device in the preset data interaction scenario is determined. 4. The wearable device according to claim 1, further comprising: a data storage module, configured for storing the data from the other electronic devices to a preset target path or a target path corresponding to data type of the data. 5. The wearable device according to claim 1, further comprising: an identity authentication module, configured for performing identity-match authentication between the wearable device and the other electronic devices; and a permission control module, configured for allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication; when the other electronic devices fail to pass the identity-match authentication, forbidding the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices, or only allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send data to the other electronic devices or receive data from the other electronic devices. 6. The wearable device according to claim 5, wherein, the identity authentication module is further configured for: utilizing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a first message containing an identifier of the wearable device and receiving a second message containing identifiers of the other electronic devices, and utilizing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to return a response message of the second message and receiving a response message of the first message from the other electronic devices. 7. The wearable device according to claim 5, wherein, the permission control module is further configured for: when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication, calculating interaction times and/or frequency with the other electronic devices, and according to a numerical interval in which the interaction times and/or frequency is located, allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the numerical interval to the other electronic devices. 8. The wearable device according to claim 5, wherein the permission control module is further configured for: when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication, obtaining user identity information of the other electronic devices from the data sent by the other electronic devices, according to the user identity information, determining an intimacy level between users of the other electronic devices and the user of the wearable device, and allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the intimacy level to the other electronic devices. 9. The wearable device according to claim 8, wherein, the permission control module is further configured for: checking a group which the users of the other electronic devices belong to in a user address list of the wearable device, and allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the group to the other electronic devices; and/or checking a communication record of the user of the wearable device, and determining a numerical interval of communication times and/or communication frequency between the users of the other electronic devices and the user of the wearable device, and allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the numerical interval to the other electronic devices. 10. A data transmission method, comprising: determining, according to an acquired real-time status parameter of a wearable device, a scenario in which the wearable device is currently located; and sending data to other electronic devices and/or receiving data from other electronic devices by an body capacitive coupling transmission module contained in the wearable device when the wearable device is in a preset data interaction scenario. 11. The data transmission method according to claim 10, wherein, the real-time status parameter comprises at least one or any combination of: a shake frequency, a shake amplifier, a shake times, a shake holding time. 12. The data transmission method according to claim 10, wherein, when the wearable device in the preset data interaction scenario is determined, the wearable device sets the body capacitive coupling transmission module to an opening state. 13. The data transmission method according to claim 10, wherein the wearable device stores the data from the other electronic devices to a preset target path or a target path corresponding to data type of the data. 14. The data transmission method according to claim 10, further comprising: performing identity-match authentication between the wearable device and the other electronic devices; the wearable device allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication; and when the other electronic devices fail to pass the identity-match authentication, forbidding the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices, or only allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send data to the other electronic devices or receive data from the other electronic devices. 15. The data transmission method according to 14, wherein, the step of performing identity-match authentication between the wearable device and the other electronic devices comprises: utilizing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a first message containing an identifier of the wearable device and receiving a second message containing identifiers of the other electronic devices; and utilizing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to return a response message of the second message and receiving a response message of the first message from the other electronic devices. 16. The data transmission method according to claim 14, further comprising: when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication, calculating interaction times and/or frequency with the other electronic devices, and according to a numerical interval in which the interaction times and/or frequency is located, allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the numerical interval to the other electronic devices. 17. The data transmission method according to claim 14, further comprising: when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication, obtaining user identity information of the other electronic devices from the data sent by the other electronic devices, according to the user identity information; and determining an intimacy level between users of the other electronic devices and the user of the wearable device, and allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the intimacy level to the other electronic devices. 18. The data transmission method according to claim 17, further comprising: checking a group which the users of the other electronic devices belong to in a user address list of the wearable device, and allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the group to the other electronic devices; and/or checking a communication record of the user of the wearable device, and determining a numerical interval of communication times and/or communication frequency between the users of the other electronic devices and the user of the wearable device, and allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send a data corresponding to the numerical interval to the other electronic devices. 19. The wearable device according to claim 3, further comprising: an identity authentication module, configured for performing identity-match authentication between the wearable device and the other electronic devices; and a permission control module, configured for allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication; when the other electronic devices fail to pass the identity-match authentication, forbidding the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices, or only allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send data to the other electronic devices or receive data from the other electronic devices. 20. The data transmission method according to claim 12, further comprising: performing identity-match authentication between the wearable device and the other electronic devices; the wearable device allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices when the other electronic devices pass the identity-match authentication; and when the other electronic devices fail to pass the identity-match authentication, forbidding the body capacitive coupling transmission module to perform data transmission with the other electronic devices, or only allowing the body capacitive coupling transmission module to send data to the other electronic devices or receive data from the other electronic devices.",
-    "A label (100) in the form of an accessory for a manufactured syringe is provided that has graduations corresponding to volumes within the syringe. The label (100) comprises a flexible generally rectangular elongate sheet (102) of material with adhesive provided on an operatively back surface thereof, the sheet (102) having two parallel major edges (104) extending along the length of the elongate sheet (102) and a first scale (106) visible from an operatively front surface (107) of the label (100) along one of the major edges (104) being a volume indication scale calibrated to align with an existing volume indication scale on the syringe. A second scale (108) is provided adjacent the volume indication scale (106), the second scale (108) being a scale that relates to a patient body weight scale calibrated so that a correct recommended dose of a medicament can be delivered to a patient of a given weight, either during administration of the medicament or during preparation of a mixture to be administered. 1. A label in the form of an accessory for a manufactured syringe that has graduations corresponding to volumes within the syringe, the label comprising a flexible generally rectangular elongate sheet of material with adhesive provided on an operatively back surface thereof, the sheet having two parallel major edges extending along the length of the elongate sheet), wherein a first scale is provided so as to be visible from an operatively front surface of the label along one of the major edges the first scale being a volume indication scale calibrated to align with an existing volume indication scale on the syringe, and a second scale is provided adjacent the volume indication scale, the second scale being a scale that relates to a patient body weight scale, the patient body weight scale being calibrated so that a correct recommended dose of the medicament can be delivered to a patient of a given weight, either during administration of a medicament or during preparation of a mixture to be administered, by aligning a stopper of the syringe with the patient weight indicated by the patient weight scale. 2. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the label displays a type and concentration of medicament to be held by a particular type of syringe, a recommended dose of that medicament, and a recommended route of administration. 3. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the label is colour-coded according to international colour coding systems used for labels to indicate the type of medicament to be held in the syringe. 4. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the relationship between the volume indication scale and the patient weight scale is of a linear or non-linear relationship as determined by the recommended dosage characteristics of the medicament. 5. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the patient body weight scale is aligned with the volume indication scale so that the weight indications on the scale increase in line with the volume indications on the volume indication scale. 6. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the patient body weight scale is inversely aligned with the volume indication scale, so that the weight indications on the patient body weight scale decrease as the volume indications on the volume indication scale increase. 7. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which one of the parallel major edges of the label has a dilution assistance scale to indicate the volume of medicament and the volume of diluent required for a recommended concentration of the mixture. 8. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the label includes a bolus scale, which may be used to administer a constant dose of medicament or medicament and diluent mixture in a bolus fashion wherein the patient weight scale may be used to draw a required volume of medicament into the syringe and the syringe may then be filled with a diluent for a recommended concentration, which may then be administered according to the fixed volumes indicated by the bolus scale. 9. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the label includes an administration assistance table for the determination of a required rate of administration of a concentration of medicament, wherein the patient weight scale may be used to draw a required volume of medicament into the syringe and the syringe may then be filled with a diluent for a recommended concentration, which may then be administered according to the required rate of administration in order to achieve a required mcg/kg/min dose target. 10. A label as claimed in claim 1 any one of the preceding claims in which the label is opaque. 11. A syringe having a label applied to it, the label carrying indicia including a first scale, being a volume indication scale, and a second scale adjacent the volume indication scale, the second scale being a patient body weight scale, the patient weight scale being calibrated so that the correct recommended dose of a medicament is delivered to a patient of a given weight by aligning a stopper of the syringe with the patient weight indicated by the patient weight scale. 12. A label as claimed in claim 1 in which the label is transparent or partially transparent.",
-    "An insulation system comprising low density foam with a tensile modulus less than 5 MPa at ambient conditions and less than 10 MPa under cryogenic service conditions. 1. An insulation system comprising low density foam with a tensile modulus less than 5 MPa at ambient conditions and less than 10 MPa under cryogenic service conditions. 2. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tensile modulus of the low density foam is less than 3 MPa at ambient conditions and less than 6 MPa under cryogenic service conditions. 3. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tensile modulus of the low density foam is about 3 MPa at ambient conditions and about 6 MPa under cryogenic service conditions. 4. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the low density foam has a compressive strength above 200 kPa under ambient conditions and 500 kPa at cryogenic service temperature. 5. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the low density foam has a compressive strength above 250 kPa under ambient conditions and 600 kPa at cryogenic service temperature. 6. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the low density foam has a compressive modulus less than 16 MPa under cryogenic service conditions. 7. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the insulation system comprises a vapour barrier layer. 8. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the insulation system comprises mechanical protection cladding. 9. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the low density foam comprises reinforcing. 10. The insulation system in accordance with claim 9, wherein the reinforcing is fibreglass mesh. 11. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the circumferential ends of the low density foam are provided with joints adapted to reduce heat transfer between adjacent insulation systems. 12. The insulation system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the longitudinal end of the low density foam is provided with joints adapted to reduce heat transfer between the two longitudinal ends.",
-    "The present invention provides novel compounds of any one of Formulae (I) to (IV), and pharmaceutically compositions thereof. Compounds of any one of Formulae (I) to (IV) are believed to be inhibitors of bromodomain-containing proteins (e.g., bromo and extra terminal proteins (BETs)). Also provided are methods, uses, and kits using the inventive compounds and pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting the activity of the bromodomain-containing proteins and for treating and/or preventing in a subject in need thereof diseases associated with bromodomain-containing proteins, such as proliferative diseases. 1. A compound of Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: XA is C(RD) or N; XB is C(RD) or N; XC is C(RD) or N; wherein no more than two of XA, XB, and XC can be N; Ring A is of the formula: L is a bond or of the formula: each instance of RA is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, \u2014ORA1, \u2014N(RA1)2, \u2014SRA1, \u2014CN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550NRA1)RA1, \u2014C(\u2550NRA1)ORA1, \u2014C(\u2550NRA1)N(RA1)2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RA1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORA1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RA1)2, \u2014NO2, \u2014NRA1C(\u2550O)RA1, \u2014NRA1C(\u2550O)ORA1, \u2014NRA1C(\u2550O)N(RA1)2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RA1, \u2014OC(\u2550O)ORA1, or \u2014OC(\u2550O)N(RA1)2, or two instances of RA are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring; each instance of RA1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two instances of RA1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; RB is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, \u2014C(\u2550O)RB1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORB1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RB1)2, or a nitrogen protecting group, or RB and RC are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; each instance of RB1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or two instances of RB1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; RC is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, \u2014C(\u2550O)RC1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORC1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(R1)2, or a nitrogen protecting group, or RC and RB are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; each instance of RC1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or two instances of RC1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; each instance of RD is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, \u2014ORD1, \u2014N(RD1)2, \u2014SRD1, \u2014CN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550NRD1)RD1, \u2014C(\u2550NRD1)ORD1, \u2014C(\u2550NRD1)N(RD1)2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RD1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORD1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RD1)2, \u2014NO2, \u2014NRD1C(\u2550O)RD1, \u2014NRD1C(\u2550O)ORD1, \u2014NRD1C(\u2550O)N(RD1)2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RD1, \u2014OC(\u2550O)ORD1, or \u2014OC(\u2550O)N(RD1)2, or two instances of RD are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring; each instance of RD1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two instances of RD1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; RE is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, \u2014C(\u2550O)RE1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORE1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RE1)2, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of RE1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or two instances of RE1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; each instance of RF is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, \u2014ORF1, \u2014N(RF1)2, \u2014SRF1, \u2014CN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550NRF1)RF1, \u2014C(\u2550NRF1)ORF1, \u2014C(\u2550NRF1)N(RF1)2, \u2014C(\u2550O)RF1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORF1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RF1)2, \u2014NO2, \u2014NRF1, \u2014C(\u2550O)RF1, \u2014NRF1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORF1, \u2014NRF1, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RF1)2, \u2014OC(\u2550O)RF1, \u2014OC(\u2550O)ORF1, or \u2014OC(\u2550O)N(RF1)2, or two instances of RF are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring; each instance of RF1 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two instances of RF1 are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; a is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; d is 0, 1, or 2; f is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and g is 0, 1, 2, or 3. 2. The compound of claim 1 of Formula (Ia): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: L is a bond or of the formula: 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7-8. (canceled) 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 10-11. (canceled) 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 19-20. (canceled) 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 22-23. (canceled) 24. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 25-26. (canceled) 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 28-35. (canceled) 36. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A is of the formula: 37. (canceled) 38. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A is of the formula: 39-41. (canceled) 42. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A is of the formula: 43-53. (canceled) 54. The compound of claim 1, wherein L is a bond. 55. The compound of claim 1, wherein L is of the formula: 56-60. (canceled) 61. The compound of claim 1, wherein RB is substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, \u2014C(\u2550O)RB1, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORB1, or \u2014C(\u2550O)N(RB1)2. 62-72. (canceled) 73. The compound of claim 1, wherein RC is hydrogen. 74-75. (canceled) 76. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one instance of RD is halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or \u2014ORD1. 77-80. (canceled) 81. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 82. A compound of Formula (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 83-84. (canceled) 85. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 86. (canceled) 87. A method of treating a disease associated with a bromodomain-containing protein in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 88-90. (canceled) 91. A method of inhibiting the binding of a bromodomain of a bromodomain-containing protein to an acetyl-lysine residue of a histone in a subject or cell, the method comprising: administering to the subject or contacting the cell with a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 92-108. (canceled)",
-    "Disclosed are aqueous inkjet inks containing a polymeric ink additive as a binder. The binder contains a component capable of interacting with cellulose. Certain acrylate monomers having similar Hansen solubility parameters as cellulose were incorporated into the polymeric binders. Prints from these inks have better durability than similar additives that do not have the components capable of interacting with cellulose. 1. An aqueous inkjet ink comprising a colorant, an aqueous vehicle, and a polymeric ink additive as a binder, wherein said polymeric ink additive is a random or structured polymer and comprising at least three monomers A, B and C; wherein monomer A is a hydrophobic acrylate monomer, monomer B is a hydrophilic acrylic monomer, and monomer C is an acrylate monomer having a structure of Formula (I): wherein W is O or NH; R1 is C1-C8 alkyl; R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H or C1-C5 alkyl. 2. The ink of claim 1, wherein said monomer A is selected from the group consisting of benzyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, lauryl ethacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, and styrene. 3. The ink of claim 2, wherein said monomer B is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic acid monoester, itaconic acid, itaconic acid monoester, crotonic acid, crotonic acid monoester, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, N,N-diethylaminoethyl acrylate, t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, t-butylaminoethyl acrylate, vinyl pyrridine, N-vinyl pyrridine, and 2-acrylamido-2-propane sulfonic acid. 4. The ink of claim 3, wherein W is O. 5. The ink of claim 4, wherein R1 is CH2CH2(CH3). 6. The ink of claim 5, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 7. The ink of claim 5, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 8. The ink of claim 4, wherein R1 is C2H4. 9. The ink of claim 8, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 10. The ink of claim 8, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 11. The ink of claim 4, wherein R1 is CH2. 12. The ink of claim 11, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 13. The ink of claim 11, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 14. The ink of claim 3, wherein W is NH. 15. The ink of claim 14, wherein R1 is CH2. 16. The ink of claim 15, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 17. The ink of claim 15, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl. 18. The ink of claim 14, wherein R1 is C2H4. 19. The ink of claim 18, wherein R2 and R3 are H. 20. The ink of claim 18, wherein R2 and R3 are C1-C5 alkyl.",
-    "The invention relates to pyrrolone compounds of the formula (I) wherein X, Ra, Rb, Rc, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in the specification. Furthermore, the present invention relates to processes and intermediates for making compounds of formula (I), to herbicidal compositions comprising these compounds and to methods of using these compounds to control plant growth. 1. A herbicidal compound of formula (I) wherein X is selected from S and O; Ra is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; Rb is selected from hydrogen, formyl, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cyanocycloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkthio C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy C1-C6 alkoxy, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C2-C6 cyanoalkenyl, C2-C6 cyanoalkynyl, C2-C6 alkenyloxy, C2-C6 alkynyloxy, C2-C6 haloalkenyl, C2-C6 haloalkynyl, C2-C6 haloalkenyloxy, C2-C6 haloalkynyloxy, C1-C6 alkoxy C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 alkoxy C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-C6 haloalkylthio, C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyloxy, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkylcarbonyl, C2-C6 alkenylcarbonyl, C2-C6 alkynylcarbonyl, C2-C6 haloalkenylcarbonyl, C2-C6 haloalkynylcarbonyl, tri C1-C6 alkylsilyl C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 alkylamido, a group R5R6N\u2014, a group R5C(O)N(R6)\u2014, a group R5S(O2)N(R6)\u2014, a group R5R6NSO2\u2014, a C6-C10 aryl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, a C6-C10 aryloxy group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, a C6-C10 benzyl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, a C6-C10 benzyloxy group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, a C3-C6 heterocyclyl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from C1-C4 alkyl and a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein when Rb is C2-C6 alkynyl, C2-C6 cyanoalkynyl, C2-C6 haloalkynyl or C1-C6 alkoxy C2-C6 alkynyl, the alkynyl group is not directly attached to the pyrazole ring; Rc is selected from hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl; or Ra and Rb together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or Rb and Rc together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; R1 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy and R2 is halogen or C1-C3 alkoxy with the proviso that R1 and R2 are not both C1-C3 alkoxy; R3 is selected from halogen, hydroxyl, or any one of the following groups R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, or R5 and R6 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, a C5-C10 heteroaryl group which can be mono- or bicyclic comprising from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 alkoxy, a C6-C10 aryl group optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, or R7 and R8 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 3-6 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R9 is selected from C1-C6 alkyl or benzyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl, and C1-C3 haloalkoxy; or an N-oxide or salt form thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is O. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ra is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, C1-C2 haloalkyl or Ra and Rb together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl. 4. (canceled) 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Rb is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 alkylsulphonyl, C1-C5 alkoxy C1-C6 alkyl, a C6-C10 aryl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, a C3-C6 heteroaryl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from C1-C4 alkyl, a C6-C10 benzyl group optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy, or Ra and Rb together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl or Rb and Rc together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Rc is selected from hydrogen, methyl, chloro or cyano or Rb and Rc together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring optionally comprising from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N and optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl. 11. (canceled) 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy or ethoxy, with the proviso that when R1 is methoxy or ethoxy, R2 is not methoxy or ethoxy. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is selected from bromo, chloro, methoxy or ethoxy, with the proviso that when R1 is methoxy or ethoxy, R2 is not methoxy or ethoxy. 14. (canceled) 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is selected from halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyloxy or aryloxycarbonyloxy wherein the aryl group may be substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, nitro, cyano, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl and C1-C3 haloalkoxy. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. A herbicidal composition comprising a compound of formula I as defined in claim 1 together with at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or diluent. 19. A composition according to claim 18 which comprises a further herbicide in addition to the compound of formula I. 20. A composition according to claim 18 which comprises a safener. 21. (canceled) 22. A method of controlling weeds in crops of useful plants, comprising applying to said weeds or to the locus of said weeds, or to said useful plants or to the locus of said useful plants, a compound of formula I as defined in claim 1. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said useful plants are maize plants.",
-    "An improved antenna array is distinguished inter alia by the following features: each of at least two antenna columns contains at least one supplementary antenna element, the at least two supplementary antenna elements are arranged such that the centers of the at least two supplementary antenna elements are arranged with a horizontal lateral spacing (b) that is smaller than the lateral spacing (a) between the centers of the antenna element groups or of the antenna elements in the two antenna columns, the wideband antenna elements in a respective antenna column are fed jointly together with the at least one supplementary antenna element, and a distribution network is provided for the at least one antenna element group with the at least one associated antenna element with an associated filter function (F) for the at least one associated supplementary antenna element, which radiate in a higher frequency subband than the wideband antenna elements. 1. Antenna array, in particular for mobile communications, comprising: at least one pair of antenna gaps which are oriented so as to be extend in the vertical direction or predominantly in the vertical direction and are positioned side by side in the horizontal direction, at least one radiator group having at least one radiator is arranged in at least two antenna gaps in each case, which radiator transmits and/or receives in a single polarized, dual polarized or circularly or elliptically polarized manner, the at least one radiator being designed as a broadband radiator such that it can transmit and/or receive HF signals at a relative bandwidth of \u226725%, at least one auxiliary radiator provided in at least two antenna in each case, the at least two auxiliary radiators being arranged such that the centers of the at least two auxiliary radiators are arranged at a horizontal lateral distance that is less than the lateral distance between the centers of the radiator groups or the radiators in the two antenna gaps, the broadband radiators in a particular antenna gap being jointly powered together with the at least one auxiliary radiator, and a distribution network provided for the at least one radiator group comprising the at least one associated radiator which has an associated filter function for the at least one associated auxiliary radiator, which network is designed such that the at least one broadband radiator transmits and/or receives in a broadband frequency range, and specifically at a center frequency that is lower than a comparatively higher frequency band or frequency sub-band having a center frequency which is transmitted or received by the relevant auxiliary radiator. 2. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the filter is designed as a high-pass filter, a band-stop filter or a band-pass filter. 3. Antenna array according to either claim 2, wherein the filter function in the form of a high-pass filter, a band-stop filter or a bandpass filter, comprises a matching circuit for matching the radiator impedance to the power supply network. 4. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the distribution network is constructed such that the amplitude distribution with respect to the at least one auxiliary radiator or the plurality of auxiliary radiators for the upper frequency range or frequency sub-range is evenly matched to the amplitude distribution of the broadband radiator with respect to the entire frequency range. 5. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the distribution network is constructed such that the at least one auxiliary radiator in each antenna gap is powered or operated at an amplitude or power that is higher than that of the broadband radiators. 6. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the distribution network is constructed such that the at least one auxiliary radiator in each antenna gap is powered or operated at an amplitude or power that is equal to or less than that of the broadband radiators. 7. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the broadband radiators in the at least two antenna gaps are arranged so as to be offset in the same vertical position or in the vertical direction. 8. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical gap distance between the center of two adjacent antenna gaps is from 0.2\u03bb to 1.2\u03bb, based on the center frequency of the broadband radiators for the entire frequency range. 9. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the broadband radiators are constructed such that they can transmit and/or receive in a frequency band of from 1650 MHz to 2900 MHz. 10. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary radiators are constructed such that they can transmit and/or receive in a frequency band of from 2300 MHz to 2600 MHz. 11. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the broadband radiators are constructed such that they can transmit and/or receive in a frequency band of from 698 MHz to 960 MHz. 12. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the broadband radiators are designed such that they can be operated at a relative bandwidth of greater than 25%. 13. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the distribution network is formed on a printed board. 14. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the distribution network is formed by cables and filters. 15. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the antenna array comprises radiator groups and radiators which are formed so as to be the same, different and/or separate for the transmit mode and receive mode. 16. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the higher frequency band that is received and/or transmitted via the auxiliary radiators and has a higher center frequency that overlaps completely or only in part with the broadband frequency band having a comparatively lower center frequency, or is separate therefrom, and said frequency bands are in particular offset from one another. 17. Antenna array according to claim 1, wherein the distribution network comprises adjustable phase shifters.",
-    "Embodiments described herein include a method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid, a viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent, and a breaker, wherein the viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent comprises a polysaccharide gelling agent grafted with a chelating moiety; introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation, wherein the polysaccharide gelling agent increases the viscosity of the treatment fluid and the chelating moiety remains inert; breaking treatment fluid with the breaker so as to reduce the viscosity of the treatment fluid and chemically release the chelating moiety from the polysaccharide gelling agent; and inhibiting scale within the subterranean formation using the chelating moiety. 1. A method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid, a viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent, and a breaker, wherein the viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent comprises a polysaccharide gelling agent grafted with a chelating moiety; introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation, wherein the polysaccharide gelling agent increases the viscosity of the treatment fluid and the chelating moiety remains inert; breaking treatment fluid with the breaker so as to reduce the viscosity of the treatment fluid and chemically release the chelating moiety from the polysaccharide gelling agent; and inhibiting scale within the subterranean formation using the chelating moiety. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the treatment fluid is introduced into the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to create or enhance at least one fracture therein. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide gelling agent is selected from the group consisting of a guar gum; a cellulose; xanthan; scleroglucan; succinoglycan; diutan; any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the chelating moiety is a monodentate chelating moiety; a bidentate chelating moiety; a tridentate chelating moiety; a tetradentate chelating moiety; a pentadentate chelating moiety; a hexadentate chelating moiety; a septadentate chelating moiety; an octodentate chelating moiety; and any combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the chelating moiety is selected from the group consisting of phosphonic acid; 3-chloropropyl phosphonic acid; iminodiacetic acid (IDA); nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA); terpyridine; bipyridiene; triethylenetetraamine; biethylene triamine; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); N-hydroxyethylethylenediarnine-N,N\u2032,N\u2032-triacetic acid (HDTA); trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraacetic acid (CDTA); ethylenedioxybis(ethyliminodi(acetic acid)) (EGTA); diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA); triethylenetetramine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2033,N\u2032\u2033,N\u2032\u2033-hexaacetic acid (TTHA) (and N,N\u2032-bis(butanamide) derivative); 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA); 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP); ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMPA); aminotris (methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP); 1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP); diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP); N\u2033-carboxymethyldiethylenetriamine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2033-tetraacetate (HDTPA); nitrolotripropionic acid (NTP); 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodedecane-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphonic acid (DOTP); nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid (NTMP); ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP); diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP); bis(hexamethylene)triamine (BHMT); bis(hexamethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)) (BHMTPMPA); any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 6. A method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid, a viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent, and a breaker, wherein the viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent comprises a polysaccharide gelling agent grafted with a chelating moiety chemically modified with a protecting group; introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation, wherein the polysaccharide gelling agent increases the viscosity of the treatment fluid and the chelating moiety remains inert; breaking treatment fluid with the breaker so as to reduce the viscosity of the treatment fluid and chemically release the chelating moiety from the polysaccharide gelling agent, wherein the chelating moiety remains inert due to the protecting group; and releasing the protecting group from the chelating moiety, so as to permit the chelating moiety to provide scale inhibition. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the treatment fluid is introduced into the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to create or enhance at least one fracture therein. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the protecting group is removed from the chelating moiety by hydrolysis in the treatment fluid. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the polysaccharide gelling agent is selected from the group consisting of a guar gum; a cellulose; xanthan; scleroglucan; succinoglycan; diutan; any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the chelating moiety is a monodentate chelating moiety; a bidentate chelating moiety; a tridentate chelating moiety; a tetradentate chelating moiety; a pentadentate chelating moiety; a hexadentate chelating moiety; a septadentate chelating moiety; an octodentate chelating moiety; and any combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the chelating moiety is selected from the group consisting of phosphonic acid; 3-chloropropyl phosphonic acid; iminodiacetic acid (IDA); nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA); terpyridine; bipyridiene; triethylenetetraamine; biethylene triamine; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine-N,N\u2032,N\u2032-triacetic acid (HDTA); trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraacetic acid (CDTA); ethylenedioxybis(ethyliminodi(acetic acid)) (EGTA); diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA); triethylenetetramine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2033,N\u2032\u2033,N\u2032\u2033-hexaacetic acid (HA) (and N,N\u2032-bis(butanamide) derivative); 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA); 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP); ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMPA); aminotris (methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP); 1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP); diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP); N\u2033-carboxymethyldiethylenetriamine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2033-tetraacetate (HDTPA); nitrolotripropionic acid (NTP); 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodedecane-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphonic acid (DOTP); nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid (NTMP); ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP); diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP); bis(hexamethylene)triamine (BHMT); bis(hexamethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)) (BHMTPMPA); any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the protecting group is an ester protecting group. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the ester protecting group is selected from the group consisting of a methyl ester group; a benzyl ester group; a p-nitrobenzyl group; a dimethylallyl ester group; a 2-trimethylsilyl-2-propyl ester group; a tert-butyl group; an isopropyl ester group; a sulfonic acid isopropyl ester group; and any combination thereof. 14. A method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid, a first viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent, a second viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent, and a breaker; wherein the first viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent comprises a first polysaccharide gelling agent grafted with a first chelating moiety, and wherein the second viscosifier-scale inhibitor agent comprises a second polysaccharide gelling agent grafted with a second chelating moiety chemically modified with a protecting group; introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation, wherein the first and second polysaccharide gelling agents increase the viscosity of the treatment fluid and wherein the first and second chelating moieties remain inert; breaking treatment fluid with the breaker so as to reduce the viscosity of the treatment fluid, wherein the breaking chemically releases the first polysaccharide gelling agent from the first chelating moiety, so as to permit the first chelating moiety to provide scale inhibition, wherein the breaking chemically releases the second polysaccharide gelling agent from the second chelating moiety, and the second chelating moiety remains inert due to the protecting group; and releasing the protecting group from the second chelating moiety, so as to permit the second chelating moiety to provide scale inhibition. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the treatment fluid is introduced into the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure sufficient to create or enhance at least one fracture therein. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the polysaccharide gelling agent is selected from the group consisting of a guar gum; a cellulose; xanthan; scleroglucan; succinoglycan; diutan; any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the chelating moiety is a monodentate chelating moiety; a bidentate chelating moiety; a tridentate chelating moiety; a tetradentate chelating moiety; a pentadentate chelating moiety; a hexadentate chelating moiety; a septadentate chelating moiety; an octodentate chelating moiety; and any combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the chelating moiety is selected from the group consisting of phosphonic acid; 3-chloropropyl phosphonic acid; iminodiacetic acid (IDA); nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA); terpyridine; bipyridiene; triethylenetetraamine; biethylene triamine; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine-N,N\u2032,N\u2032-triacetic acid (HDTA); trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraacetic acid (CDTA); ethylenedioxybis(ethyliminodi(acetic acid)) (EGTA); diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA); triethylenetetramine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2033,N\u2032\u2033,N\u2032\u2033-hexaacetic acid (TTHA) (and N,N\u2032-bis(butanamide) derivative); 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA); 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP); ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMPA); aminotris (methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP); 1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP); diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP); N\u2033-carboxymethyldiethylenetriamine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2033-tetraacetate (HDTPA); nitrolotripropionic acid (NTP); 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodedecane-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphonic acid (DOTP); nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid (NTMP); any derivative thereof; ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP); diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP); bis(hexamethylene)triamine (BHMT); bis(hexamethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid)) (BHMTPMPA); any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the protecting group is an ester protecting group. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the ester protecting group is selected from the group consisting of a methyl ester group; a benzyl ester group; a p-nitrobenzyl group; a dimethylallyl ester group; a 2-trimethylsilyl-2-propyl ester group; a tert-butyl group; an isopropyl ester group; a sulfonic acid isopropyl ester group; and any combination thereof.",
-    "In another embodiment, a process of purifying an interfacially polymerized polycarbonate from a feed comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising an organic solvent, the interfacially polymerized polycarbonate, a catalyst, and ions, can comprise: separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase from the feed, wherein during the separating the feed is subjected to at least one of: energy of less than or equal to 0.5 kJ/kg of feed, a shear rate of less than 150,000 S\u22121, and centrifugal forces of 100 to 2,000 g-force; to form a purified aqueous phase and a purified organic phase comprising a purified polycarbonate. 1. A process of purifying a polycarbonate from a feed comprising an interfacial polymerization product mixture, wherein the product mixture comprises an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising an organic solvent, the polycarbonate, a catalyst, and ions, the process comprising: separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase while subjecting the product mixture to a shear rate of less than 150,000 S1 to form a separated organic phase and a separated aqueous phase; extracting the catalyst from the separated organic phase with an acid stream while subjecting the separated organic phase and the acid stream to a shear rate of less than 150,000 S\u22121; and extracting the ions from the separated organic phase with a water stream while subjecting the separated organic phase and the water stream to a shear rate of less than 150,000 S\u22121; to form a purified organic phase comprising a purified polycarbonate. 2. A process of making a purified polycarbonate, comprising: interfacially polymerizing a polycarbonate to form a product mixture; wherein the product mixture comprises an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising an organic solvent, the polycarbonate, a catalyst, and ions; separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase while subjecting the product mixture to a shear rate of less than 150,000 S1 to form a separated organic phase and a separated aqueous phase; extracting the catalyst from the separated organic phase with an acid stream while subjecting the separated organic phase and the acid stream to a shear rate of less than 150,000 S\u22121; and extracting the ions from the separated organic phase with a water stream while subjecting the separated organic phase and the water stream to a shear rate of less than 150,000 S\u22121; forming a purified organic phase comprising the purified polycarbonate. 3. The process of any of claim 1, wherein one or more of the separating, the extracting of the catalyst, and the extracting of the ions, is at a shear rate of 0.5 to less than 100,000 S\u22121. 4. A process of purifying an interfacially polymerized polycarbonate from a feed comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising an organic solvent, the interfacially polymerized polycarbonate, a catalyst, and ions, the process comprising: separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase from the feed, wherein during the separating the feed is subjected to at least one of: energy of less than or equal to 0.5 kJ/kg of feed, a shear rate of less than 150,000 S\u22121, and centrifugal forces of 100 to 2,000 g-force, to form a purified aqueous phase and a purified organic phase comprising a purified polycarbonate. 5. The process of claim 4, further comprising interfacially polymerizing the interfacially polymerized polycarbonate. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein the feed comprises an organic wash stream and wherein the process further comprises extracting the organic wash stream with an extracting aqueous stream prior to the separating. 7. The process of claim 4, wherein the feed is subjected to the energy of 0.001 to 0.5 kJ/kg of feed. 8. The process of claim 4, wherein the feed is subjected to the shear rate of 0.5 to less than 100,000 S\u22121. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating is at a shear rate of 0.5 to less than 100,000 S\u22121. 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising increasing a size of an aqueous droplet in the organic phase in a low shear rate coalescer to form a coalesced mixture. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the separated aqueous stream comprises less than or equal to 10 vol % of the organic phase. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the separated organic phase has a viscosity of less than or equal to 100 centipoise. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises separating with a low shear centrifuge, wherein the low shear centrifuge is free of a rotating disc and a rotating screw, wherein the process further comprises introducing the feed to an annular mixing zone in the low shear centrifuge. 14. The process of claim 1, further comprising determining that the product mixture emulsifies at shear rate of greater than or equal to 150,000 S\u22121 prior to the separating. 15. The process of claim 1, further comprising determining that one or both of the separated aqueous phase and the separated organic phase emulsifies at shear rate greater than or equal to 150,000 S\u22121. 16. The process of claim 2, wherein one or more of the separating, the extracting of the catalyst, and the extracting of the ions, is at a shear rate of 0.5 to less than 100,000 S\u22121. 17. The process of claim 4, further comprising increasing a size of an aqueous droplet in the organic phase in a low shear rate coalescer to form a coalesced mixture. 18. The process of claim 4, wherein the separated aqueous stream comprises less than or equal to 10 vol % of the organic phase. 19. The process of claim 4, wherein the separated organic phase has a viscosity of less than or equal to 100 centipoise. 20. The process of claim 4, further comprising determining that the product mixture emulsifies at shear rate of greater than or equal to 150,000 S\u22121 prior to the separating.",
-    "Composite filter media is formed from multiple layers of media material including a nanofiber media layer, where the layers are laminated, bound, or otherwise composited to each other. The composite filter media can comprise at least one nanofiber layer comprising polymeric media material having a geometric mean fiber diameter of about 100 nm to 1 \u03bcm, and fibers configured in a gradient such that ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the upstream face of the nanofiber layer to the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the downstream face of the nanofiber layer is about 1.1 to 2.8, preferably about 1.2 to 2.4. 1. A composite filter media comprising multiple layers of media material, wherein: the composite filter media comprises at least one nanofiber layer that comprises polymeric media material having a geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 \u03bcm; and the nanofiber layer comprises fibers configured in a gradient such that ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the upstream face of the nanofiber layer to the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the downstream face of the nanofiber layer is between 1.2 and 2.8. 2. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the composite filter media has a mean flow pore size P50 of between 0 and 7 \u03bcm. 3. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the composite filter media has a pore size distribution such that P99/P50 is less than 2. 4. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the media material of all layers comprises polymeric material. 5. The composite filter media of claim 4, wherein the polymeric material comprises one of polyamide material, polyester material, polypropylene, fluoropolymer, or polysulfone material. 6. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the media material of the nanofiber layer is polyamide material. 7. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the media material of the nanofiber layer is polyester material. 8. The composite filter media of claim 1, further comprising a support layer downstream of the nanofiber layer. 9. The composite filter media of claim 8, wherein the support layer comprises polymeric material. 10. The composite filter media of claim 8, wherein the support layer comprises cellulose material. 11. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein two or more of the layers are bonded via thermal treatment. 12. The composite filter media of claim 11, wherein the thermal treatment is ultrasonic treatment. 13. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein two or more of the layers are bonded via adhesive. 14. A composite filter media comprising multiple layers of media material, wherein: the composite filter media comprises at least one nanofiber layer that comprises polymeric media material having a geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 \u03bcm; and the composite filter media comprises a microfiber layer upstream of and adjacent to the nanofiber layer, the microfiber comprising microfibers such that the ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the downstream face of the microfiber layer to the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the upstream face of the nanofiber layer is between 1.2 and 2.8. 15. The media of claim 14, further comprising another microfiber layer upstream of the microfiber layer adjacent to the nanofiber layer, namely from upstream to downstream microfiber layer 2 (ML2), microfiber layer 1 (ML1), and nanofiber layer (NL), wherein ML2 comprises microfibers such that the ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the downstream face of ML2 to the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the upstream face of ML1 is between 1.2 and 2.8. 16. The composite filter media of claim 15, further comprising another microfiber layer upstream of ML2, namely microfiber layer 3 (ML3), wherein ML3 comprises microfibers such that the ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the downstream face of ML3 to the geometric mean diameter of fibers at the upstream face of ML2 is between 1.2 and 2.8. 17. The composite filter media of claim 14, wherein the composite filter media has a mean flow pore size P50 of between 0 and 7 \u03bcm. 18. The composite filter media of claim 14, wherein the composite filter media has a pore size distribution such that P99/P50 is less than 2. 19. The composite filter media of claim 14, wherein the media material of all layers comprises polymeric material. 20. The composite filter media of claim 19, wherein the polymeric material comprises one of polyamide material, polyester material, polypropylene, fluoropolymer, or polysulfone material. 21. The composite filter media of claim 14 the media material of the nanofiber layer is polyamide material. 22. The composite filter media of claim 14, wherein the media material of the nanofiber layer is polyester material. 23. The composite filter media of claim 14, further comprising a support layer downstream of the nanofiber layer. 24. The composite filter media of claim 23, wherein the support layer comprises polymeric material. 25. The composite filter media of claim 23, wherein the support layer comprises cellulose material. 26. The composite filter media of claim 14, wherein two or more of the layers are bonded via thermal treatment. 27. The composite filter media of claim 26, wherein the thermal treatment is ultrasonic treatment. 28. The composite filter media of claim 14, wherein two or more of the layers are bonded via adhesive. 29. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber layer has a thickness of at least 40 \u03bcm. 30. The composite filter media of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber layer comprises at least a first sublayer upstream of a second sublayer, wherein the ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers of the first sublayer to the geometric mean diameter of fibers of the second sublayer is between 1.2 and 2.8. 31. A composite filter media comprising multiple layers of media material, wherein: the composite filter media comprises at least one nanofiber layer that comprises polymeric media material having a geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 \u03bcm; the composite filter media has a mean flow pore size of less than about 10 \u03bcm; the composite filter media has a pore size distribution such that P99/P50 is less than about 2; and the nanofiber layer comprises a first sublayer upstream of a second sublayer, wherein the first sublayer has a larger geometric mean fiber diameter than the second sublayer. 32. The composite filter media of claim 31, wherein the nanofiber layer has a thickness of at least 40 \u03bcm; and wherein the nanofiber layer comprises fibers configured from one or more sublayers in a gradient such that ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers in the first sublayer to the geometric mean diameter of fibers in the second sublayer is between 1.1 and 2.8. 33. The composite filter media of claim 31, wherein the nanofiber layer has a thickness of at least 100 \u03bcm; and wherein the nanofiber layer comprises fibers configured from one or more sublayers in a gradient such that ratio of the geometric mean diameter of fibers in the first sublayer to the geometric mean diameter of fibers in the second sublayer is between 1.2 and 2.4. 34. A composite filter media comprising multiple layers of media material, wherein: the composite filter media has a mean flow pore size of less than about 10 \u03bcm; the composite filter media has a pore size distribution such that P99/P50 is less than about 2; the composite filter media comprises a first nanofiber layer, a second nanofiber layer downstream of the first nanofiber layer, and optionally further nanofiber layers; wherein the first nanofiber layer has a larger geometric mean fiber diameter than the second nanofiber layer; and wherein the first nanofiber layer and the second nanofiber layer are separated by an intervening layer.",
-    "Described are tray table assemblies that include a tray table (26) and at least one tray table arm (24) pivotally coupled to the tray table proximate a pivot location (22). As examples, the tray table is configured to stow within a stowage compartment, and the tray table arm is pivotally coupled to the stowage compartment proximate a second pivot location. A torque insert (12) is positioned within the one or both pivot locations. 1. A tray table assembly comprising: a tray table; at least one tray table arm pivotally coupled to the tray table proximate a pivot location; and at least one torque insert positioned within the pivot location. 2. The tray table assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one torque insert comprises a housing that is fixedly coupled to the at least one tray table arm and an adaptor that is press fitted into the tray table. 3. The tray table assembly of claim 1, wherein the tray table further comprises a mechanical stop that is inserted within a slot on the at least one tray table arm. 4. The tray table assembly of claim 1, wherein the tray table assembly is pivotally coupled to a passenger seat back. 5. The tray table assembly of claim 4, wherein the at least one torque insert is configured to resist rotation of the tray table when the tray table is rotated into a deployed position away from the passenger seat back. 6. The tray table assembly of claim 5, wherein the at least one torque insert is also configured to resist rotation of the tray table when the tray table is rotated into a stowed position adjacent the passenger seat back. 7. A tray table assembly comprising: a tray table configured to stow within a stowage compartment; a tray table arm pivotally coupled to the tray table proximate a first pivot location; and the tray table arm pivotally coupled to the stowage compartment proximate a second pivot location; wherein a torque insert is positioned within each of the first and second pivot locations. 8. The tray table assembly of claim 7, wherein the torque insert positioned within the first pivot location is configured to resist rotation of the tray table when the tray table is rotated into a deployed position, and the torque insert positioned within the second pivot location is configured to resist rotation of the tray table arm when the tray table is rotated into the stowage compartment. 9. The tray table assembly of claim 8, wherein the torque insert positioned within the first pivot location is also configured to resist rotation of the tray table when the tray table is rotated into a stowed position, and the torque insert positioned within the second pivot location is also configured to also resist rotation of the tray table arm when the tray table is rotated away from the stowage compartment. 10. The tray table assembly of claim 7, wherein the torque insert positioned within the second pivot location is configured to resist rotation of the tray table arm when the tray table is rotated into the stowage compartment and to also resist rotation of the tray table arm when the tray table is rotated away from the stowage compartment. 11. A tray table assembly comprising: a tray table pivotally coupled to at least one tray table arm via at least one torque insert; wherein the at least one torque insert is configured to resist rotation of the tray table when the tray table is rotated into a deployed position. 12. The tray table assembly of claim 11, wherein the at least one torque insert comprises a housing that is fixedly coupled to the at least one tray table arm and an adaptor that is press fitted into the tray table. 13. The tray table assembly of claim 11, wherein the tray table further comprises a mechanical stop that is inserted within a slot on the at least one tray table arm. 14. The tray table assembly of claim 11, wherein the at least one torque insert is also configured to resist rotation of the tray table when the tray table is rotated into a stowed position. 15. The tray table assembly of claim 11, wherein the at least one tray table arm is pivotally coupled to a passenger seat back. 16. The tray table assembly of claim 11, wherein the at least one tray table arm is pivotally coupled to a stowage compartment of a passenger seat via a second torque insert. 17. The tray table assembly of claim 16, wherein the second torque insert is configured to resist rotation of the at least one tray table arm when the tray table is rotated into the stowage compartment. 18. The tray table assembly of claim 16, wherein the second torque insert is configured to resist rotation of the at least one tray table arm when the tray table is rotated away from the stowage compartment. 19. A tray table assembly comprising: a tray table configured to stow within a stowage compartment; a tray table arm pivotally coupled to the tray table proximate a first pivot location; and the tray table arm pivotally coupled to the stowage compartment proximate a second pivot location; wherein a torque insert is positioned within the second pivot location. 20. The tray table assembly of claim 19, wherein the torque insert positioned within the second pivot location is configured to resist rotation of the tray table arm when the tray table is rotated into the stowage compartment and to also resist rotation of the tray table arm when the tray table is rotated away from the stowage compartment.",
-    "A flame sense assembly (100) includes a flame sense electrode having a sense rod (108), at least a portion of the sense rod (108) for placement in a flame area; and an electrically conductive ground screen (110) for electrical connection to ground, at least a portion of the ground screen (110) for placement in the flame area; wherein the ground screen (110) is positioned relative to the sense rod (108) to allow an electric current to pass between the sense rod (108) to the ground screen (110) in the presence of a flame. 1. A flame sense assembly comprising: a flame sense electrode having a sense rod, at least a portion of the sense rod for placement in a flame area; and an electrically conductive ground screen for electrical connection to ground, at least a portion of the ground screen for placement in the flame area; wherein the ground screen is positioned relative to the sense rod to allow an electric current to pass between the sense rod to the ground screen in the presence of a flame. 2. The flame sense assembly of claim 1 wherein: the ground screen includes a first portion having a first opening for receiving the flame sense electrode and a second portion extending from the first portion, at least part of the second portion for placement in the flame area. 3. The flame sense assembly of claim 2 wherein: the second portion of the ground screen includes at least one opening therethrough for allowing passage of a flame. 4. The flame sense assembly of claim 2 further comprising: a second flame sense electrode having a second sense rod, at least a portion of the second sense rod for placement in a flame area; the first portion of the ground screen having a second opening for receiving the second flame sense electrode. 5. The flame sense assembly of claim 1 further comprising: a ground rod for electrically connecting the ground screen to electrical ground. 6. The flame sense assembly of claim 5 wherein: the ground rod is mechanically secured to the ground screen. 7. The flame sense assembly of claim 5 further comprising: an electrically conductive bracket for electrical connection to an electrically grounded housing, the ground rod electrically connected to the bracket. 8. The flame sense assembly of claim 5 wherein: the ground rod is positioned proximate a distal end of the sense rod to define a spark gap. 9. The flame sense assembly of claim 5 wherein: the ground rod is a pilot tube, the pilot tube to provide fuel for a pilot flame. 10. The flame sense assembly of claim 9 wherein: the pilot tube is positioned proximate a distal end of the sense rod to define a spark gap. 11. The flame sense assembly of claim 9 wherein: the ground screen is mechanically secured to the pilot tube. 12. The flame sense assembly of claim 1 further comprising: an electrically conductive bracket for electrical connection to an electrically grounded housing, the ground screen electrically connected to the bracket. 13. The flame sense assembly of claim 1 wherein: the second portion of the ground screen is planar. 14. The flame sense assembly of claim 1 wherein: the second portion of the ground screen has a length, width and height, the length and width each being greater than the height. 15. The flame sense assembly of claim 1 wherein: the second portion of the ground screen is polygonal.",
-    "In an embodiment, a process of purifying a polycarbonate from an interfacial polymerization product mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising a first organic solvent, the polycarbonate, a catalyst, and ions, the process comprises: separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase to form a separated aqueous feed stream and a separated organic stream; extracting the catalyst and the ions from the separated organic stream to form a purified polycarbonate stream and an extracted aqueous feed stream, wherein at least one of the separated aqueous feed stream and the extracted aqueous feed stream comprise an organic portion and an aqueous portion; purifying an aqueous stream comprising one or both of the separated aqueous feed stream and the extracted aqueous feed stream by adjusting a viscosity of the organic portion to be less than or equal to 40 centipoise by adding a second organic solvent to the aqueous stream to form a combined stream; optionally, adjusting a ratio of the aqueous portion to the organic portion to 1.0 to 20.0 by adding an aqueous solution to the aqueous stream; and separating the combined stream to form a purified aqueous stream, wherein less than or equal to 3 vol % of the purified aqueous stream is the organic portion. 1. A process of purifying a polycarbonate from an interfacial polymerization product mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase comprising a first organic solvent, the polycarbonate, a catalyst, and ions, the process comprising: separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase to form a separated aqueous feed stream and a separated organic stream; extracting the catalyst and the ions from the separated organic stream to form a purified polycarbonate stream and an extracted aqueous feed stream, wherein at least one of the separated aqueous feed stream and the extracted aqueous feed stream comprise an organic portion and an aqueous portion; purifying an aqueous stream comprising one or both of the separated aqueous feed stream and the extracted aqueous feed stream by adjusting a viscosity of the organic portion to be less than or equal to 40 centipoise by adding a second organic solvent to the aqueous stream to form a combined stream; optionally, adjusting a ratio of the aqueous portion to the organic portion to 1.0 to 20.0 by adding an aqueous solution to the aqueous stream; and separating the combined stream to form a purified aqueous stream, wherein less than or equal to 3 vol % of the purified aqueous stream is the organic portion. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic portion of the aqueous stream has a viscosity of less than or equal to 30 centipoise. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the organic portion of the aqueous stream has a viscosity of 20 to 30 centipoise. 4. The process of claim 1, comprising adjusting the ratio of the aqueous portion to the organic portion to 1.0 to 15.0 by adding the aqueous solution. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the ratio of the aqueous portion to the organic portion is 1.0 to 10.0. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein the ratio of the aqueous portion to the organic portion is 1.0 to 6.0. 7. The process of claim 1, further comprising adjusting a pH of the aqueous portion 1.0 to 10.0 by adding an aqueous solvent. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the pH is 1.0 to 6.0. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein less than or equal to 2 vol % of the purified aqueous stream is the organic portion. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein less than or equal to 1 vol % of the purified aqueous stream is the organic portion. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein one or both of the first organic solvent and the second organic solvent comprises methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, or a combination comprising one or both of the foregoing. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the extracting the catalyst occurs prior to or during the extracting of the ions. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating aqueous phase and the organic phase and the separating the combined stream occurs via a high shear rate centrifuge. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the extracting of one or both of the catalyst and the ion occurs via one or more extraction columns. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate comprises a bisphenol A homopolymer, a copolycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and bulky bisphenol carbonate units derived from a bisphenol having at least 12 carbon atoms, or a polyestercarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and terephthalate-isophthalate acid-bisphenol A ester units. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the polycarbonate comprises a copolymer comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and 2-phenyl-3,3\u2032-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) phthalimidine carbonate units, a copolymer comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexane carbonate units, or a copolymer comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and isophorone bisphenol carbonate units. 17. The process of claim 1, further comprising further purifying the purified polycarbonate stream. 18. The process of claim 1, comprising the adjusting the ratio of the aqueous portion to the organic portion to 1.0 to 20.0 by adding the aqueous solution to the aqueous stream.",
-    "An example embodiment of a pipe-in-pipe electric motor assembly includes a drilling string that includes an inner pipe, an outer pipe, and an electric motor. The electric motor is provided with power supplied by the inner pipe and the outer pipe acting at least as conductors. A latching mechanism connects the drilling string and an electric motor output shaft. The electric motor output shaft is driven by the electric motor. The latching mechanism prevents the electric motor output shaft from rotating slower than the drilling string and associated methods. 1. An electric motor assembly comprising: a drilling string comprising an inner pipe and an outer pipe, the inner pipe and the outer pipe comprising first and second conductors, respectfully; an electric motor electronically coupled to the inner pipe and the outer pipe to receive current passing through the first and second conductors; and a latching mechanism connecting the drilling string and a drive shaft, wherein the drive shaft is driven by the electric motor, and wherein the latching mechanism wherein the latching mechanism is configured to selectively engage the drilling string to prevent the drive shaft from rotating slower than the drilling string. 2. The electric motor assembly of claim 1, wherein the latching mechanism comprises a latch cam and at least one key engaging the latch cam, wherein the latch cam engages the drilling string and the drive shaft rotates the at least one key, and wherein the at least one key moves into a locking slot when the drive shaft rotates slower than the drilling string. 3. The electric motor assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the inner pipe or the outer pipe is coated with an insulating material. 4. The electric motor assembly of claim 1, wherein the drive shaft comprises a drive shaft magnet. 5. The electric motor assembly of claim 1, wherein the electric motor is coupled to a drill bit. 6. The electric motor assembly of claim 1, wherein the electric motor is coupled to a lower drill string segment comprising at least one module. 7. The electric motor assembly of claim 1, wherein the electric motor is coupled to an upper drill string segment comprising at least one module. 8. The electric motor assembly of claim 7, wherein the at least one module comprises an inner bore to allow fluid flow from the inner pipe towards a flow diverter. 9. A method of providing power to an electric motor comprising: providing a drilling string comprising an inner pipe and an outer pipe, the inner pipe and the outer pipe comprising first and second conductors, respectively, electrically coupling an electric motor to the inner pipe and the outer pipe; connecting the drilling string and a drive shaft with a latching mechanism, wherein the drive shaft is driven by the electric motor, and wherein the latching mechanism prevents the drive shaft from rotating slower than the drilling string; and generating current through the inner pipe, electric motor, and outer pipe. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein providing a drilling string comprising an inner pipe and an outer pipe comprises, coating at least one of the inner pipe or the outer pipe with an insulating material. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the insulating material comprises a dielectric material. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the dielectric material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of a polyimide, a high strength toughened fluoropolymer, nylon, teflon, and a ceramic coating. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein connecting the drilling string and a drive shaft with a latching mechanism comprises coupling the drive shaft to the electric motor, wherein the electric motor is configured to apply torque to the drive shaft. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the drive shaft comprises a drive shaft magnet. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the electric motor is coupled to a drill bit. 16. A method of drilling a wellbore in a subterranean formation comprising: providing a drilling string comprising an inner pipe and an outer pipe, electrically coupling an electric motor to the inner pipe and the outer pipe; connecting the drilling string and a drive shaft with a latching mechanism, wherein the drive shaft is driven by the electric motor, and wherein the latching mechanism prevents the drive shaft from rotating slower than the drilling string; generating current through the inner pipe, electric motor, and outer pipe; and applying rotational power to a drill bit coupled to the drive shaft. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein providing a drilling string comprising an inner pipe and an outer pipe comprises, coating at least one of the inner pipe or the outer pipe with an insulating material. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the insulating material comprises a dielectric material 19. The method of claim 16, wherein applying rotational power to the drill bit coupled to the drive shaft comprises rotating the drilling string. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the drive shaft comprises a drive shaft magnet.",
-    "Dual variable domain immunoglobulins (DVD Igs) are provided capable of tetravalent binding to bispecific sites of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The DVD Igs may be asymmetric and may have more variable domains on either the light chain or the heavy chain of the Igs. The DVD Igs may have specificity for gp41 and gp120. Therapies are provided using DVD Igs to neutralize HIV viral loads. 1-19 (canceled) 20. An asymmetric double variable domain (DVD) antibody comprising at least one immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain cross-linked pair, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair comprises a first variable domain having binding affinity for an epitope of an HIV gp41 polypeptide and further comprising a second variable domain having binding affinity for an epitope of an HIV gp120 polypeptide, wherein the second variable domain is linked by a linker peptide to the first variable domain of the immunoglobulin heavy chain or immunoglobulin light chain, but is not linked to the first variable domains of both the immunoglobulin heavy chain and the immunoglobulin light chain. 21. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the second variable domain having binding affinity for an epitope of an HIV gp120 polypeptide is a CD4 polypeptide or a fragment thereof. 22. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the first peptide domain having binding affinity for an epitope of an HIV gp41 polypeptide is the immunoglobulin variable region of monoclonal antibody 7B2. 23. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein, in a heavy chain-light chain pair, the heavy chain comprises a first variable domain linked to a second variable domain and the light chain comprises a first variable domain but not a second variable domain. 24. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein in a heavy chain-light chain pair, the light chain comprises a first variable domain linked to a second variable domain and the heavy chain comprises a first variable domain but not a second variable domain. 25. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the linker peptide comprises a helical core. 26. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the linker peptide comprises a helical core having a flexible domain at both the N-terminus and the C-terminus thereof. 27. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the heavy chain has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID Nos: 3, 4, and 8, and wherein the light chain has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID Nos: 5, 6, and 7, and wherein when the light chain has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 7, the heavy chain amino acid sequence is not according to SEQ ID NO: 8. 28. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the cross-linked heavy and light chains have cross-linked amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID Nos: 3 and 5, 4 and 6, 8 and 5, 3 and 7, 8 and 6, and 4 and 7. 29. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the cross-linked heavy and light chains have amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID Nos: 8 and 5, 3 and 7, 8 and 6, and 4 and 7. 30. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the linker peptide has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 9. 31. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the linker peptide has an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 10. 32. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein the artificial immunoglobulin is admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 33. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 20, wherein each of the heavy and the light chains is an expression product from an expression vector. 34. The asymmetric DVD-antibody of claim 33, wherein at least one of the heavy and the light chain expression products from the expression vector has an N-terminal leader sequence attached thereto. 35. A method of reducing the infectivity of an HIV by contacting said virus with an asymmetric DVD-antibody according to any of claims 20-34. 36. A method of reducing the viability of an HIV-infected cell by the steps of: contacting a cell infected with a strain of HIV with an asymmetric DVD-antibody according to any of claims 21-35, whereby said DVD-antibody binds to a cell surface polypeptide of the infected cell forming a cell-DVD-antibody complex; and contacting said cell-DVD-antibody complex with a cytoxic agent capable of specifically recognizing the cell-bound DVD-antibody, thereby delivering the cytotoxic agent to the HIV-infected cell and reducing the viability of an HIV-infected cell. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the cytotoxic agent is an engineered anti-immunoglobulin IgG antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic polypeptide, wherein the engineered anti-immunoglobulin IgG antibody specifically binds to a constant region of the asymmetric DVD-antibody. 38. The method of claim 36, wherein the cytotoxic polypeptide is a ricin A chain.",
-    "An integrated control circuit for operating means for lighting means, the integrated control circuit is provided having at least one output for supplying a signal controlling a switch, such as e.g. a transistor, of the operating means, in particular controlling directly or indirectly a dimming level of a lighting means, and a common input arranged for being supplied with a combination of a temperature indicating signal and a presence indicating signal, the integrated control circuit being designed to adjust the switch control signal as a function of the signal at the common input. 1. Integrated control circuit for operating means for lighting means, the integrated control circuit having: at least one output for supplying a signal controlling a switch, such as e.g. a transistor, of the operating means, in particular controlling directly or indirectly a dimming level of a lighting means, and a common input arranged for being supplied with a combination of a temperature indicating signal and a presence indicating signal, the integrated control circuit being designed to adjust the switch control signal as a function of the signal at the common input. 2. Integrated control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to directly or indirectly control the dimming level of a lighting means, preferably an LED-String comprising at least one LED, by controlling the switch based on an electrical signal received at the common input. 3. Integrated control circuit according to claim 2, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to evaluate a value of the electrical signal preferably as the temperature indicating signal when and/or as long as the value of the electrical signal exceeds/falls below a specific threshold value. 4. Integrated control circuit according to claim 3, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to set, directly or indirectly, the lighting means to a first predetermined dimming level when the value of the electrical signal falls below/exceeds the specific threshold value and wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to set, directly or indirectly, the lighting means to a second predetermined dimming level when the value of the electrical signal exceeds/falls below the specific threshold value. 5. Integrated control circuit according to claim 2, wherein the electrical signal, preferably a voltage, is varying with a temperature sensed by a temperature sensing means, representing the temperature indicating signal, and wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to evaluate the electrical signal to obtain the value of the electrical signal. 6. Integrated control circuit according to claim 5, wherein the integrated control circuit is adapted to detect that the temperature sensing means is disconnected or does not work properly when the value of the electrical signal exceeds/falls below a fifth threshold value and wherein the integrated controlcircuit is configured to ignore the electrical signal when the value of the electrical signal exceeds/falls below the fifth threshold value. 7. Integrated control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to deactivate the lighting means when the voltage exceeds/falls below a fourth threshold value. 8. Integrated control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to dim down/decrease the dimming level of the lighting means when the value of the electrical signal exceeds/falls below a third threshold value. 9. Integrated control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to, directly or indirectly, dim up/increase the dimming level of the lighting means when the value of the electrical signal falls below/exceeds a second threshold value. 10. Integrated control circuit according to claim 7, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to activate, directly or indirectly, the lighting means when the value of the electrical signal falls below/exceeds a first threshold value, e.g. when the lighting means was deactivate due to a previous excess of/fall below the fourth threshold value. 11. Integrated control circuit according to claim 4, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to control the lighting means, directly or indirectly, to the first predetermined dimming level of preferably 5-15%, more preferably 10%. 12. Integrated control circuit according to claim 4, wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to set, directly or indirectly, the lighting means to the second predetermined dimming level of preferably 80-100%, especially when the value of the electrical signal is between the second and the third threshold value. 13. Integrated control circuit according to claim 5, wherein the temperature sensing means is a temperature sensor and especially an ohmic resistor. 14. Integrated control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the presence indicating signal is generated by the switching of a switching element external to the integrated control circuit and wherein the integrated control circuit is configured to evaluate the electircal signal falling below/rising over the specific threshold value as a as being indicative of a presence being sensed by the presence sensing means. 15. Integrated control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the integrated control circuit controls the dimming level of the lighting means indirectly by setting an operating parameter of the lighting means based on the electrical signal or directly. 16. Operating means for lighting means, having an integrated control circuit according to claim 1 and at least one switched circuitry controlled by the output signal of said circuit. 17. Operating means according to claim 16, wherein the integrated control circuit comprises a switching element and wherein the switching element is configured to perform a switching operation upon receipt of a trigger signal, preferably received from a presence sensing means, especially switching the common input to a predetermined potential, e.g. ground, thereby causing the electrical signal at the common input to assume a specific value. 18. Operating means according to claim 17, wherein the presence sensing means, preferably is a presence or motion detector, sensing an activity and/or movement in a monitored area. 19. Method for controlling a lighting means based on a temperature indicating signal and a presence indicating signal, wherein an integrated control circuit directly or indirectly controls the dimming level of the lighting means based on the temperature indicating signal and the presence indicating signal received at a common input of the integrated control circuit as an electrical signal. 20. Method according to claim 19, wherein the integrated control circuit evaluates the electrical signal in relation to at least one specific threshold value and sets, directly or indirectly, the lighting means to a predetermined dimming level when the value of the electrical signal falls below/exceeds the specific threshold value and wherein the integrated control circuit evaluates the electrical signal as the temperature indicating signal when the value of the electrical signal exceeds/falls below the specific threshold value and sets, directly or indirectly, the dimming level of the lighting means depending on the temperature indicating signal. 21. Method according to claim 19, wherein a switching element, upon receipt of a presence detection signal from a presence sensing means, switches the electrical signal to a predetermined potential causing the electrical signal at the common input to assume a specific value, indicative of a presence being detected. 22. Method according to claim 19, wherein the integrated control circuit does not evaluate the electrical signal as a temperature indicating signal, when the value of the electrical signal falls below/exceeds the specific threshold value.",
-    "The embodiments herein relates to a method in a communications network. A first probing pilot signal is transmitted from a first network node to a wireless device. The first probing pilot signal is unique for the first network node. A second signal is transmitted from the first network node to the wireless device. The second signal is unique for the first network node. The first probing pilot signal together the second signal enables identification of that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device. A first and second set of channel state parameters is transmitted from the wireless device to the central network node which identifies that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device since it is substantially close to the first network node. 1. A method in a communications network for enabling transmission of data to a wireless device, wherein the communications network applies a combined cell deployment, and wherein the communications network comprises a first network node, a wireless device and a central network node arranged to communicate with each other, the method comprising: transmitting a first probing pilot signal from a first network node to the wireless device, wherein the first probing pilot signal is unique for the first network node; transmitting a second signal from the first network node to the wireless device, wherein the second signal is unique for the first network node, and wherein the first probing pilot signal together the second signal enables identification of that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device; transmitting a first and second set of channel state parameters from the wireless device to the central network node, wherein the first and second set of channel state parameters are estimated by the wireless device based on the first probing pilot signal and the second signal; and based on the first and second set of channel state parameters, identifying, at the central network node, that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device since it is substantially close to the first network node. 2. A method in a first network node for enabling transmission of data to a wireless device in a communications network which applies a combined cell deployment, the method comprising: transmitting a first probing pilot signal to the wireless device, wherein the first probing pilot signal is unique for the first network node; and transmitting a second signal to the wireless device , wherein the second signal is unique for the first network node; and wherein the first probing pilot signal together the second signal enables identification of that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second signal is a second probing pilot signal when the first network node transmits multiple probing pilot signals; and wherein the first probing pilot signal and the second probing pilot signal are two different unique probing pilot signals for the first network node. 4-10. (canceled) 11. A method in a wireless device for enabling transmission of data to the wireless device in a communications network which applies a combined cell deployment, the method comprising: receiving a first probing pilot signal from the first network node, wherein the first probing pilot signal is unique for the first network node; and receiving a second signal from the first network node, wherein the second signal is unique for the first network node; wherein the first probing pilot signal together with the second signal enables identification of that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the second signal is a second probing pilot signal when the wireless device receives multiple probing pilot signals; wherein the first probing pilot signal and the second probing pilot signal are two different unique probing pilot signals for the first network node. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: when the wireless device receives multiple probing pilot signals, receiving a Secondary-Common Pilot Channel, S-CPICH, from first network node, wherein the S-CPICH is common for all network nodes in the communications network. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: receiving a Primary-Common Pilot Channel, P-CPICH, from the first network node, wherein the P-CPICH is common for all network nodes in the communications network. 17. (canceled) 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: estimating a first set of channel state parameters based on the first probing signal and the second signal; estimating a second set of channel state parameters based on a Primary-Common Pilot Channel, P-CPICH, and a Secondary-Common Pilot Channel, S-CPICH; and transmitting the first and second set of channel state parameters to all network nodes in the communications network and to a central network node. 19. (canceled) 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein a first set of pilot signals comprises the F-CPICH and a Secondary-Common Pilot Channel, S-CPICH, when the wireless device receives a single probing pilot signal; or wherein the first set of pilot signals comprises the F-CPICH and a Secondary-Fractional-Common Pilot Channel, S-F-CPICH, when the wireless device receives multiple probing pilot signals; and wherein a second set of pilot signals comprises a Primary-Common Pilot Channel, P-CPICH, and the S-CPICH. 21. A method in a central network node for enabling transmission of data to a wireless device in a communications network which applies a combined cell deployment, wherein the central network node is arranged to communicate with the wireless device and a first network node in the communications network, the method comprising: receiving a first and second set of channel state parameters from the wireless device, based on the received first and second set of channel state parameters, identifying that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device since it is substantially close to the first network node; and transmitting information to the first network node, wherein the information comprises instructions that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device. 22-38. (canceled) 39. A wireless device adapted to enable transmission of data to the wireless device in a communications network which applies a combined cell deployment, the wireless device being adapted to: receive a first probing pilot signal from the first network node, wherein the first probing pilot signal is unique for the first network node, and to receive a second signal from the first network node, wherein the second signal is unique for the first network node; and wherein the first probing pilot signal together with the second signal enables identification of that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device. 40. The wireless device according to claim 39, wherein the second signal is a second probing pilot signal when the wireless device is adapted to receive multiple probing pilot signals; and wherein the first probing pilot signal and the second probing pilot signal are two different unique probing pilot signals for the first network node. 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. The wireless device according to claim 39, further adapted to: when the wireless device receives multiple probing pilot signals, receive a Secondary-Common PIlot Channel, S-CPICH, from first network node wherein the S-CPICH is common for all network nodes in the communications network. 44-48. (canceled) 49. A central network node adapted to enable transmission of data to a wireless device in a communications network which applies a combined cell deployment, the central network node being adapted to: receive a first and second set of channel state parameters from the wireless device, based on the received first and second set of channel state parameters, identify that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device since it is substantially close to the first network node; and to transmit information to the first network node, wherein the information comprises instructions that the first network node is suitable to transmit data to the wireless device. 50-62. (canceled)",
-    "A liquid crystal display device (100) includes: a lateral casing portion (20) in the shape of a lateral wall which has an inner lateral surface (20s) provided in an annular arrangement; a panel structure (5) including at least a liquid crystal panel (10), the liquid crystal panel (10) including a pair of substrates (11, 12), a liquid crystal layer (14) held between the pair of substrates, and a seal material (16), the panel structure being housed in a housing space defined by the inner lateral surface of the lateral casing portion; and a resin material (30) filling at least part of a gap formed between the inner lateral surface of the lateral casing portion and a lateral end face of the liquid crystal panel, wherein the seal material (16) of the liquid crystal panel is covered with the resin material (30) and the lateral casing portion (20). 1. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a casing including a lateral casing portion which has an inner lateral surface and a housing space surrounded by the inner lateral surface; a panel structure including a liquid crystal panel, the liquid crystal panel including a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer held between the pair of substrates, and a seal material arranged so as to enclose the liquid crystal layer, the panel structure being housed in the housing space; and a resin layer filling at least part of a gap formed between the inner lateral surface of the lateral casing portion and a lateral end face of the liquid crystal panel, the resin layer securing the liquid crystal panel to the inner lateral surface, wherein in an in-plane direction of the liquid crystal panel, the seal material of the liquid crystal panel is covered with the resin layer and the lateral casing portion. 2. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the resin layer covers an entire lateral end face of the liquid crystal panel, the entire lateral end face of the liquid crystal panel including a lateral end face of the pair of substrates. 3. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the lateral casing portion has an end face continuing to the inner lateral surface, the end face being generally perpendicular to the inner lateral surface, the panel structure and the liquid crystal panel each has a first surface which is closer to the end face of the lateral casing portion and a second surface which is opposite to the first surface, and a level difference d1 in a direction normal to the liquid crystal panel between the end face of the lateral casing portion and the first surface of the panel structure or the liquid crystal panel is not less than 0 mm and not more than 0.1 mm. 4. The liquid crystal display device of claim 3, wherein the level difference d1 is smaller than a width d2 of a gap between the inner lateral surface and the lateral end face of the liquid crystal panel. 5. The liquid crystal display device of claim 3, wherein the width d2 of the gap is not less than 0.1 mm and not more than 0.3 mm. 6. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the resin layer is made of a cationically-polymerized resin material. 7. The liquid crystal display device of claim 6, wherein the seal material is a material which is different from the resin layer. 8. The liquid crystal display device of claim 7, wherein a width of the seal material is not more than 1.0 mm. 9. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising a light-transmissive cover including a lens portion at a position corresponding to a perimeter portion of the panel structure, the light-transmissive cover being arranged so as to cover the panel structure. 10. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the panel structure has a planar rectangular shape which has four sides, the inner lateral surface of the lateral casing portion is arranged so as to surround the four sides, and the resin layer is provided only in portions corresponding to three, two, or one of the four sides. 11. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the casing includes a flat plate portion which is connected to the lateral casing portion and which forms a bottom surface of the housing space, and a resin layer which is made of the same material as the resin layer is also provided in a gap between the panel structure and the flat plate portion. 12. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising another casing, the another casing including a lateral casing portion which has an inner lateral surface and a housing space surrounded by the inner lateral surface, wherein a backlight is held in the housing space of the another casing, the casing and the another casing are joined together such that end faces of their lateral casing portions are joined together, and the liquid crystal panel and the backlight are stacked up.",
-    "The present invention relates to substituted dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazinones as dual inhibitors of BET proteins, in particular BRD4 proteins, and Polo-like kinases, in particular Plk-1 proteins of the general formula (I) in which A, X, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and n are each as defined in the description, to intermediates for preparation of the compounds according to the invention, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds according to the invention, and to the prophylactic and therapeutic use thereof in the case of hyperproliferative disorders, especially in the case of tumour disorders. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazinones according to the invention in viral infections, in neurodegenerative disorders, in inflammation disorders, in atherosclerotic disorders and in male fertility control. 1. A compound of formula (I) in which A represents \u2014NH\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014, R1 represents a \u2014C(\u2550O)NR8R9 or \u2014S(\u2550O)2NR8R9 group, or represents oxazolin-2-yl which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl-, or represents 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl- which may optionally be mono-, di- or trisubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C1-C4-alkyl-, C2-C4-alkenyl-, C2-C4-alkynyl-, halo-C1-C4-alkyl-, C1-C4-alkoxy-, halo-C1-C4-alkoxy-, C1-C4-alkylthio-, halo-C1-C4-alkylthio-, \u2014NR10R11, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR12, \u2014C(\u2550O)N10R11, \u2014C(\u2550O)R12, \u2014S(\u2550O)2R12, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NR10R11, R2 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C4-alkyl-, C2-C4-alkenyl-, C2-C4-alkynyl-, halo-C1-C4-alkyl-, C1-C4-alkoxy-, halo-C1-C4-alkoxy-, C1-C4-alkylthio- or halo-C1-C4-alkylthio-, R3 represents halogen, C1-C3-alkyl-, C1-C3-alkoxy- or cyano, R4 represents methyl- or ethyl-, R5 represents hydrogen or C1-C3-alkyl-, R6 represents hydrogen or C1-C3-alkyl, or R5 and R6 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached represent C3-C6-cycloalkyl, R7 represents C1-C6-alkyl- which may optionally be monosubstituted by phenyl-, C3-C8-cycloalkyl-, or 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, in which phenyl- for its part may optionally be mono-, di- or trisubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: halogen, cyano, C1-C4-alkyl-, C2-C4-alkenyl-, C2-C4-alkynyl-, C1-C4-alkoxy-, halo-C1-C4-alkyl-, halo-C1-C4-alkoxy-, and in which C3-C8-cycloalkyl- and 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- for their part may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl-, or represents C3-C8-cycloalkyl- or 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl-, R8 represents C1-C6-alkyl- which may optionally be mono-, di- or trisubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, fluorine, cyano, C1-C4-alkoxy-, halo-C1-C4-alkoxy-, \u2014NR10R11, C3-C8-cycloalkyl-, C4-C8-cycloalkenyl-, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkenyl-, C5-C11-spirocycloalkyl-, C5-C11-heterospirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-cycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-heterocycloalkyl-, C6-C12-bicycloalkyl-, C6-C12-heterobicycloalkyl-, phenyl- or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-, in which C3-C8-cycloalkyl-, C4-C8-cycloalkenyl-, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkenyl-, C5-C11-spirocycloalkyl-, C5-C11-heterospirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-cycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-heterocycloalkyl-, C6-C12-bicycloalkyl-, C6-C12-heterobicycloalkyl- may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, fluorine, oxo, cyano, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, C3-C6-cycloalkyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, C1-C3-alkylcarbonyl-, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl- and \u2014NR10R11, and in which phenyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl-, C1-C3-alkyl-, C1-C3-alkoxy-, or represents C3-C6-alkenyl or C3-C6-alkynyl, or represents fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl- which may optionally be monosubstituted by cyano or hydroxy, or represents C3-C8-cycloalkyl-, C4-C8-cycloalkenyl-, C5-C11-spirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-cycloalkyl- or C6-C12-bicycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, cyano, fluorine, C1-C3-alkyl, C1-C3-alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, \u2014NR10R11, or represents 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkenyl-, C5-C11-heterospirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-heterocycloalkyl- or C6-C12-heterobicycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, fluorine, oxo, cyano, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, C3-C6-cycloalkyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, C1-C3-alkylcarbonyl-, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl- and \u2014NR10R11, R9 represents hydrogen or represents C1-C3-alkyl- which is optionally mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxy, oxo, C1-C3-alkoxy-, or represents fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl, or R8 and R9 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkenyl-, C5-C11-heterospirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C12-heterocycloalkyl- or C6-C12-heterobicycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, fluorine, oxo, cyano, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, C3-C6-cycloalkyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, C1-C3-alkylcarbonyl-, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl- and \u2014NR10R11, R10 and R11 independently of one another represent hydrogen or represent C1-C3-alkyl which is optionally mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxy, oxo, C1-C3-alkoxy-, or represents fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl, or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded represent 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, fluorine, oxo, cyano, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, C3-C6-cycloalkyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, C1-C3-alkylcarbonyl- and C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl-, R12 represents C1-C6-alkyl- or phenyl-C1-C3-alkyl-, and n represents 0 or 1, and diastereomers, racemates, polymorphs and physiologically acceptable salts thereof. 2. A compound according to claim 1, in which A is \u2014NH\u2014, R1 represents a \u2014C(\u2550O)NR8R9 or \u2014S(\u2550O)2NR8R9 group, or represents oxazolin-2-yl which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl-, or represents oxazolyl-, thiazolyl-, oxadiazolyl- or thiadiazolyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C1-C3-alkyl-, trifluoromethyl-, C1-C3-alkoxy-, trifluoromethoxy- and \u2014NR10R11, R2 represents hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, methyl-, ethyl-, methoxy- or ethoxy-, R3 represents fluorine, chlorine or methyl-, R4 represents methyl-, R5 represents hydrogen, methyl- or ethyl-, R6 represents hydrogen, methyl- or ethyl-, R7 represents C3-C5-alkyl-, or represents methyl- or ethyl- which may be monosubstituted by phenyl- or 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, in which phenyl- for its part may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, C1-C3-alkyl-, C1-C3-alkoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, and in which 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- for its part may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by methyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl- or 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by methyl-, R8 represents C1-C6-alkyl- which may optionally be mono-, di- or trisubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, fluorine, cyano, C1-C3-alkoxy-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkoxy-, \u2014NR10R11, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, phenyl- and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-, in which the 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- may optionally be monosubstituted by: hydroxy, oxo, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, acetyl- or tert-butoxycarbonyl-, and in which phenyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: fluorine, chlorine, cyano, trifluoromethyl-, methyl-, methoxy-, or represents fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, cyano, fluorine, \u2014NR10R11, or represents 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, C6-C8-heterospirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C10-heterocycloalkyl- or C6-C10-heterobicycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, acetyl- and tert-butoxycarbonyl-, R9 represents hydrogen or C1-C3-alkyl, or R8 and R9 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl-, C6-C8-heterospirocycloalkyl-, bridged C6-C10-heterocycloalkyl- or C6-C10-heterobicycloalkyl-, which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, C1-C3-alkyl-fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, acetyl- and tert-butoxycarbonyl-, R10 and R11 independently of one another represent hydrogen or represent C1-C3-alkyl which is optionally monosubstituted by hydroxy or oxo or represent trifluoromethyl-, or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: hydroxy, oxo, C3-alkyl-fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-cyclopropyl-, cyclopropylmethyl-, acetyl- and tert-butoxycarbonyl-, and n represents 0 or 1 and diastereomers, racemates, polymorphs and physiologically acceptable salts thereof. 3. A compound according to claim 1 in which A represents \u2014NH\u2014, R1 represents a \u2014C(\u2550O)NR8R9 or \u2014S(\u2550O)2NR8R9 group, or represents oxazolin-2-yl which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl-, R2 represents hydrogen, methyl-, ethyl- or methoxy-, R4 represents methyl-, R5 represents methyl- or ethyl-, R6 represents hydrogen, R7 represents C3-C5-alkyl-, or represents methyl-monosubstituted by phenyl- or 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl-, in which phenyl- for its part may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: fluorine, chlorine, cyano, methyl-, methoxy-, and in which 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl- for its part may optionally be monosubstituted by methyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl- or represents 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl-, R8 represents C1-C4-alkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by hydroxy, C1-C3-alkoxy-, \u2014NR10R11, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl, phenyl or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, in which the 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- may optionally be monosubstituted by: oxo, C1-C3-alkyl, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl- or cyclopropylmethyl-, and in which phenyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: fluorine, chlorine, cyano, trifluoromethyl-, methyl- and methoxy-, or represents fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl- which may optionally be monosubstituted by hydroxy, fluorine or \u2014NR10R11, or represents 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: oxo, C1-C3-alkyl, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl- and cyclopropylmethyl-, R9 represents hydrogen or methyl-, or R8 and R9 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: oxo, C1-C3-alkyl, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl- and cyclopropylmethyl-, R10 and R11 independently of one another represent hydrogen or represent C1-C3-alkyl-, or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: oxo, C1-C3-alkyl-, fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, cyclopropyl- and cyclopropylmethyl-, and n represents 0, and diastereomers, racemates, polymorphs and physiologically acceptable salts thereof. 4. A compound according to claim 1 in which A represents \u2014NH\u2014, R1 represents a \u2014C(\u2550O)NR8R9 group, or represents oxazolin-2-yl which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by C1-C3-alkyl-, R2 represents methyl-, ethyl- or methoxy-, R4 represents methyl-, R5 represents methyl- or ethyl-, R6 represents hydrogen, R7 represents C3-C5-alkyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl, R8 represents C1-C3-alkyl- which may optionally be monosubstituted by hydroxy, C1-C3-alkoxy-, phenyl- or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-, in which phenyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: fluorine, chlorine, methyl- and methoxy-, or represents fluoro-C1-C3-alkyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl, or represents 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: oxo and C1-C3-alkyl-, R9 represents hydrogen, n represents 0, and diastereomers, racemates, polymorphs and physiologically acceptable salts thereof. 5. A compound according to claim 1 in which A represents \u2014NH\u2014, R1 represents a \u2014C(\u2550O)NR8R9 group, or represents oxazolin-2-yl which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by methyl-, R2 represents methyl-, ethyl- or methoxy-, R4 represents methyl-, R5 represents methyl- or ethyl-, R6 represents hydrogen, R7 represents cyclopentyl-, R8 represents C1-C4-alkyl- which may optionally by monosubstituted by hydroxy, methoxy- or pyridinyl-, or represents fluoro-C1-C2-alkyl-, or represents C3-C6-cycloalkyl, or represents 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl- which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: oxo and C1-C3-alkyl-, R9 represents hydrogen, n represents 0, and diastereomers, racemates, polymorphs and physiologically acceptable salts thereof. 6. A compound according to claim 1 in which A represents \u2014NH\u2014, R1 represents a \u2014C(\u2550O)NR8R9 group, or represents oxazolin-2-yl- which is disubstituted by methyl-, R2 represents methyl-, ethyl- or methoxy-, R4 represents methyl-, R5 represents methyl- or ethyl-, R6 represents hydrogen, R7 represents cyclopentyl-, R8 represents C1-C4-alkyl- which may optionally by monosubstituted by hydroxy, methoxy- or pyridinyl-, or represents 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-, or represents cyclopropyl- or cyclohexyl-, or represents piperidinyl, azepanyl or tetrahydropyranyl which may optionally be mono- or disubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of: oxo and methyl, R9 represents hydrogen, n represents 0, and diastereomers, racemates, polymorphs and physiologically acceptable salts thereof. 7. A compound according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of 6-{[1-cyclopentyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-N-cyclopropyl-5-methoxypyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-{[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-N-cyclopropyl-5-methoxypyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-{[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-N-cyclopropyl-5-ethylpyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-[(1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)amino]-N-cyclopropyl-5-methoxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)amino]-N-cyclopropyl-5-methoxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-[(1-cyclopentyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl)amino]-5-methoxy-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methoxy-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-{[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-5-ethyl-N-[(3R)-2-oxoazepan-3-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methoxy-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-N-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)-5-methoxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methoxy-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-{[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-N-cyclopropyl-5-methylpyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methoxy-N-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-{[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-5-methylpyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-N-[(3R)-hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-azepin-3-yl]-5-methoxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 6-{[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino}-5-methyl-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, 6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, 1N-cyclopentyl-7-[[5-(4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-3-methoxy-2-pyridinyl]amino]-(2R)-ethyl-4N-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-3(2H)-one, and N-cyclohexyl-6-[[(2R)-1-cyclopentyl-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxopyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-yl]amino]-5-methoxypyridine-3-carboxamide. 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. A compound according to claim 1 in combination with one or more further pharmacologically active substances. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. A compound of formula (VIII) in which A, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and n have the meanings given in claim 1 and RE represents C1-C6-alkyl. 20. A compound of formula (IX) in which A, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and n have the meanings given in claim 1. 21. A method for the treatment of a neoplastic disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1. 22. A method for the treatment of a hyperproliferative disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1. 23. A method for the treatment of a viral infection, neurodegenerative disorder, inflammatory disorder, or atherosclerotic disorder or for male fertility control comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.",
-    "Disclosed herein are methods and compositions related to single chain antibody fragments which specifically bind sialyl-Tn epitope of tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72). 1. An antibody fragment which specifically binds tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72), wherein the antibody fragment comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The antibody fragment of claim 1, wherein said antibody fragment has an antigen binding affinity for sialyl-Tn which is at least 25% that of 3E8. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. A nucleic acid sequence encoding an antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. A vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. 16. The vector according to claim 15, wherein said vector is a bare nucleic acid segment, a carrier-associated nucleic acid segment, a nucleoprotein, a plasmid, a virus, a viroid, or a transposable element. 17. An isolated cell that produces the antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. 18. A composition comprising an antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 19. A composition comprising an antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the antibody fragment is directly or indirectly attached to an effector moiety. 20. (canceled) 21. The composition of claim 19, wherein said effector moiety is a radionuclide, therapeutic enzyme, anti-cancer drug, cytokine, cytotoxin, or anti-proliferative agent. 22. (canceled) 23. The composition of claim 19, wherein the effector moiety is a detectable label, and the composition is suitable for detection of cancer. 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the detectable label is a radionuclide or an enzyme. 25. (canceled) 26. The composition of claim 19, wherein the cancer is colon cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, an adenocarcinoma, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. A method of in vivo immunodetection of TAG-72-expressing cancer cells in a mammal comprising a step of administering to the mammal a diagnostically effective amount of a composition comprising an antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the antibody fragment is directly or indirectly attached to a radionuclide. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said immunodetection is in vivo tumor imaging. 32. (canceled) 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the radionuclide is 43K, 52Fe, 57Co, 67Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 77Br, 81Rb/81MKr, 87MSr, 99MTc, 111In, 123I, 124I, 125I, 127Cs, 129Cs, 131I, 132I, 197Hg, 203Pb, 64Cu, 206Bi. 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising an antibody fragment comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the antibody fragment is directly or indirectly attached to an effector moiety. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the effector moiety is a chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-tumor drug, a cytokine, an anti-metabolite, an alkylating agent, a hormone, methotrexate, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, melphalan, chlorambucil, a nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, cis-platinum, vindesine, vinca alkaloids, mitomycin, bleomycin, purothionin, macromomycin, 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives, trenimon, steroids, aminopterin, anthracyclines, demecolcine, etoposide, mithramycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, vinblastine, neocarzinostatin, macromycin, a-amanitin, and combinations thereof. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising administering to the subject one or more additional anti-tumor treatments. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the one or more additional anti-tumor treatments are selected from the group consisting of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, an additional immunotherapy, an anti-inflammatory therapy, and combinations thereof. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the one or more additional anti-tumor therapies comprise administering gemcitabine (4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro- -D-eiyi/7ropentofuranosyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-on-2\u2032,2\u2032-difluoro-2\u2032-deoxycytidine) and celecoxib (4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of either or both thereof, to the subject. 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled)",
-    "In an embodiment, a process of purifying a polycarbonate comprises: polymerizing a dihydroxy compound and a carbonate source via an interfacial reaction in the presence of a catalyst to form a product mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase, wherein the organic phase comprises the polycarbonate, the catalyst, ions, and a solvent having a boiling point Tb; heating the product mixture to greater than or equal to Tb; separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase at a temperature greater than or equal to Tb to form a separated organic phase and a separated aqueous phase; extracting the catalyst from the separated organic phase; and extracting the ions from the separated organic phase; wherein if a centrifuge is used in the extracting of the catalyst, the extracting of the ions, or both, the process further comprises cooling a stream entering the centrifuge to less than Tb. 1. A process of purifying a polycarbonate comprising: polymerizing a dihydroxy compound and a carbonate source via an interfacial reaction in the presence of a catalyst to form a product mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase, wherein the organic phase comprises the polycarbonate, the catalyst, ions, and a solvent having a boiling point Tb at atmospheric pressure; heating the product mixture to a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb to form a heated product mixture; separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase of the heated product mixture at a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb to form a separated organic phase and a separated aqueous phase; extracting the catalyst from the separated organic phase; and extracting the ions from the separated organic phase to form a purified polycarbonate; wherein if a centrifuge is used in the extracting of the catalyst, the extracting of the ions, or both, the process further comprises cooling a stream entering the centrifuge to a temperature less than the boiling point Tb. 2. A process of purifying polycarbonate comprising: polymerizing a dihydroxy compound and a carbonate source via an interfacial reaction in the presence of a catalyst to provide a product mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase, wherein the organic phase comprises the polycarbonate, the catalyst, ions, and a solvent having a boiling point Tb at atmospheric pressure; separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase via a centrifuge to form a separated organic phase and a separated aqueous phase; heating the separated organic phase to a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb to form a heated separated organic phase; extracting the catalyst from the heated separated organic phase; and extracting the ions from the heated separated organic phase to form a purified polycarbonate; wherein at least one of the extracting the catalyst and the extracting the ions occurs by other than a centrifuge at a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb, and if the extracting the catalyst or the extracting the ions occurs with a centrifuge, then the heating occurs after the extracting the catalyst or the extracting the ions occurs with the centrifuge, or the process further comprises cooling a stream entering the centrifuge to a temperature of less than the boiling point Tb. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating occurs via a separating coalescer, a decanter, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the separating occurs via a decanter. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the extracting of the catalyst occurs before the extracting of the ions. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the extracting of the catalyst and the extracting of the ions occur at the same time. 7. A process of purifying polycarbonate comprising: polymerizing a dihydroxy compound and a carbonate source via an interfacial reaction in the presence of a catalyst to form a product mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organic phase, wherein the organic phase comprises the polycarbonate, the catalyst, ions, and a solvent having a boiling point Tb at atmospheric pressure; heating the product mixture to a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb to provide a heated product mixture; separating the aqueous phase and the organic phase of the heated product mixture at a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb to form a separated organic phase and a separated aqueous phase, wherein the separating is by one or both of a separating coalesce and a decanter; extracting the catalyst from the separated organic phase in a first extraction column to form a reduced catalyst organic stream; and extracting the ions from the reduced catalyst organic stream by combining the reduced catalyst organic stream with an aqueous stream in a decanter to form a purified polycarbonate; wherein the separated organic phase, the reduced catalyst organic stream, the aqueous stream, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing are at a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb during the extracting the catalyst and the extracting the ions. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the separating is by a decanter; and wherein the extracting the ions from the reduced catalyst organic stream by combining the reduced catalyst stream with the aqueous is in a coalescing decanter to form the purified polycarbonate. 9. The process of claim 7, wherein the separated organic phase, and the reduced catalyst organic stream, and the aqueous stream, are at a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb. 10. The process of claim 7, further comprising treating the reduced catalyst organic stream in a coalescer before extracting the ions. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein both the extracting the catalyst and the extracting the ions are by other than a centrifuge. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating, the extracting the catalyst, and the extracting the ions occur at a temperature greater than or equal to the boiling point Tb. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises methylene chloride. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is greater than or equal to Tb+5\u00b0 C. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the temperature is greater than or equal to Tb+20\u00b0 C. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein one or both of the extracting the catalyst and the extracting the ions occurs via an extraction column, a separating coalescer, a decanter, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate comprises a bisphenol A homopolymer, a copolycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and bulky bisphenol carbonate units derived from a bisphenol having at least 12 carbon atoms, or a polyestercarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and terephthalate-isophthalate acid-bisphenol A ester units. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the polycarbonate comprises a copolycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and 2-phenyl-3,3\u2032-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) phthalimidine carbonate units, a copolycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexane carbonate units, or a copolycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and isophorone bisphenol carbonate units. 19. The process of claim 7, wherein the temperature is greater than or equal to Tb+5\u00b0 C. 20. The process of claim 7, wherein the temperature is greater than or equal to Tb+20\u00b0 C.",
-    "A method for preparing a multilayer superfine silicon line, comprising: preparing an etching masking layer of silicon; forming a fin and source/drain region on both ends thereof by epitaxy; and forming a multilayer superfine silicon line. The method has the following advantages: the atom layer deposition accurately defines the position of the superfine line, giving good controllability; the anisotropic etching of the silicon is automatically stopped, so the process window is large, and the cross section of a nanowire obtained via etching is uniform and flat; a method of mask preparation before channel epitaxy is employed to provide a simple process of forming a multilayer sidewall etching mask, i.e., the multilayer sidewall mask is obtained by etching an epitaxial window only once irrespective of the number of masking layers; a line having a size less than 10 nm can be prepared in conjunction with oxidation technology, thus satisfying the requirement of the key process of a small-sized device. Polycrystalline silicon can be etched by employing a TMAH solution wet process, being simple, convenient and safe, without introducing metal, thus being suitable for the manufacturing process of an integrated circuit; and the method is completely compatible with a bulk silicon planar transistor process, thus having small process costs. 1. A method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires, wherein the method comprises the following steps: A. fabricating wet-etch masking layers for silicon, wherein multiple layers of wet-etch masking layers are formed at sidewalls of a fin-shaped silicon island Fin that is to be formed by step B3, wherein the step comprises: A1. depositing a sacrificial layer on a silicon substrate; A2. depositing a wet-etch masking layer on the sacrificial layer; A3. repeating the steps A1 and A2 alternately to form a periodic stack structure of the sacrifice layer\u2014the masking layer; B. forming the Fin and source/drain regions located at both ends thereof by an epitaxy process, wherein the epitaxy process is performed on the silicon substrate to form the Fin and source/drain regions connected to both ends thereof, and wherein the step comprises: B1. defining an epitaxy window for the Fin and the source/drain regions by photolithography on the periodic stack structure of the sacrificial layer\u2014the masking layer formed in the step A3; B2. performing an anisotropic etching process to transfer patterns defined by the photolithography onto the stack structure of the sacrificial layer\u2014the masking layer and to expose the silicon substrate; B3. forming the Fin and the source/drain regions connected to both ends of the Fin within the etched epitaxy window formed in the step B2 by an epitaxy process, wherein the epitaxial silicon has a greater thickness than the total thickness of the stack structure of the sacrificial layer\u2014the masking layer; B4. removing the silicon on top of the wet-etch masking layer by chemical mechanical polishing to expose the wet-etch masking layer; B5. depositing a wet-etch masking layer on top of the Fin and the source/drain regions connected to both ends of the Fin, which are formed by the epitaxy process; B6. defining a wet-etch window for the silicon by photolithography on the periodic stack structure of the sacrificial layer\u2014the masking layer; B7. performing an anisotropic etching process to transfer patterns defined by photolithography onto the stack structure of the sacrificial layer\u2014the masking layer and to expose the silicon substrate; B8. removing the sacrificial layer by wet-etch; C. forming the multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires, wherein anisotropic wet etch is performed from the sidewalls of the Fin, so that the wet-etch self-stops at (111) crystal plane under protection of the wet-etch masking layer at the sidewalls, and multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires each having a polygonal cross section are formed, and then the area of the cross section is further reduced by sacrificial oxidation to form a circular cross section, and wherein the step comprises: C1. forming multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires each having a polygonal cross section by anisotropic wet etch; C2. removing the masking layer by wet etch; C3. forming multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires each having a circular cross section by sacrificial oxidation; C4. removing the sacrificial oxidation layer wrapping the ultra narrow silicon wire by isotropic wet etch. 2. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein in the step A, the number and positions of the wet-etch masking layers determine the number and positions of the ultra narrow silicon wires, and the thickness of the sacrificial layer defines the interval between the ultra narrow silicon wires, and wherein in order to ensure that the multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires formed by the step C1 are completely separated up and down, the thickness H of the sacrificial layer and the width WFin of the Fin should satisfy the following conditions: H>WFin*tan 54.7\u00b0 for a (100) substrate, H>WFin*cot 54.7\u00b0 for a (110) substrate, and H>0 for a (111) substrate, where 54.7\u00b0 is an intersection angle between crystal planes of (100) and (111) of silicon. 3. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein in the step B, in order to ensure that the anisotropic wet-etch to the sidewalls of the Fin that is performed in the step C1 self-stops at (111) crystal plane to form the multiple layers of suspended ultra narrow silicon wires each having a polygonal cross section, the crystal orientation of the substrate, the axial direction of the Fin and the crystal orientation of the sidewalls should satisfy that the following conditions: the axial direction of the Fin and the crystal orientation of the Fin sidewalls both extend along <110> for a (100) substrate, the axial direction of the Fin extends along <110> and the crystal orientation of the Fin sidewalls extends along <100>, for a (110) substrate; the axial direction of the Fin extends along <112> and the crystal orientation of the Fin sidewalls extends along <110> for a (111) substrate, and wherein the source-drain region is selected to have a micron scale so that both ends of the ultra narrow silicon wires formed by the step C1 have enough silicon as a support, and wherein the aspect ratio of a Fin is selected to satisfy the numbers of layers of the resultantly formed ultra narrow silicon wires. 4. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein in the steps A1 and B2, the substrate is a bulk silicon substrate or a SOI substrate. 5. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein in the steps B1 and B6, the photolithography is electron beam photolithography or 193 nm immersion photolithography. 6. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein in the steps A1, A2, A3 and B5, the deposition is atomic layer deposition (ALD), low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ICPECVD) or sputtering. 7. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein the sacrificial layer is formed of SiO2, and the SiO2 sacrificial layer is removed by BHF solution with a solution concentration of HF:NH4F=1:30-1:100 at room temperature, and wherein the wet-etch masking layer is formed of Si3N4, and the Si3N4 masking layer is removed using concentrated phosphoric acid at 170\u00b0 C. 8. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein the combination of the sacrificial layer and the masking layer satisfies the following conditions: the ratio of etch rates of the sacrificial layer and the wet-etch masking layer is 1:0.5-1:2; the ratio of etch rates of the sacrificial layer and the photoresist is greater than 5:1; the ratio of etch rates of the wet-etch masking layer and the photoresist is greater than 5:1; the ratio of etch rates of the sacrificial layer and the silicon is greater than 5:1; the ratio of etch rates of the wet-etch masking layer and the silicon is greater than 5:1. 9. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein the anisotropic wet-etch of the silicon is performed by using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution with a solution concentration of 10 wt %-25 wt % at 35\u00b0 C.-60\u00b0 C. 10. The method for fabricating multiple layers of ultra narrow silicon wires according to claim 1, wherein in the step C3, the sacrificial oxidation of the ultra narrow silicon wires is dry oxidation at an oxidation temperature of 850\u00b0 C.-950\u00b0 C.",
-    "The present invention provides intermediates useful for the synthesis of Perampanel and processes employing said intermediates for preparing Perampanel. The invention also provides processes for making the intermediates, crystalline forms of the intermediates and the use of the crystalline forms for preparing Perampanel. 1. Use of the compound of Formula II of the following structure: or salts thereof, in the preparation of Perampanel or a salt thereof, wherein: X is oxygen or a NR2R3 group, wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected from: a C1-C15 straight or branched alkyl group, a C1-C10 cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl group and an optionally substituted C7-C12 arylalkyl group; and Z is a leaving group; preferably wherein Z is a NR2R3 group where R2 and R3 are as defined above, OH, halogen, alkoxy, methanesulfonyl, or p-toluenesulfonyl. 2. The use of the compound or salts of claim 1, wherein X and Z are NR2R3 and R2 and R3 are both alkyl groups, preferably methyl groups. 3. The use of the compound or salts of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula II is in the form of a chloride salt, of the following structure: 4. The use of the compound or salts of claim 3 in crystalline form. 5. The use of the compound or salts of claim 4, wherein the crystalline form is characterized by data selected from one or more of the following: X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at 10.5, 11.3, 14.9, 17.2, 18.3, 18.9, 19.2, 19.8, 22.1 and 27.9 degrees two theta\u00b10.2 degrees two theta; an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 2; and combinations of these data. 6. The use of the compound or salts of claim 1, in the form of a hexafluorophosphate salt, of the following structure: 7. The use of the compound or salts of claim 6 in crystalline form. 8. The use of the compound or salts of claim 7, wherein the crystalline form is characterized by data selected from one or more of the following: X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at 9.6, 10.7, 13.5, 14.5, 16.3, 16.7, 17.2, 19.2, 20.0 and 21.1 degrees two theta\u00b10.2 degrees two theta; an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 3; and combinations of these data. 9. A process for preparing the compound as defined in claim 1, comprising reacting 2-(pyridin-2-yl)acetic acid hydrochloride of the following formula: and an acyl halide in the presence of dimethylformamide (\u201cDMF\u201d). 10. Use of the compound of Formula III of the following structure: or salts thereof, in the preparation of Perampanel or a salt thereof, wherein R1 is hydrogen or phenyl. 11. The use of the compound or salts of claim 10, wherein R1 is phenyl and the compound of Formula III is a compound of Formula IIIa: 12. The use of the compound or salts of claim 11 in crystalline form. 13. The use of the compound or salts of claim 12, wherein the crystalline form is characterized by data selected from one or more of the following: X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at 5.8, 11.5, 12.0, 15.1, 15.8, 20.4, 21.5, 23.4, 24.2 and 26.0 degrees two theta\u00b10.2 degrees two theta; an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as depicted in FIG. 4; and combinations of these data. 14. The use of the compound or salts of claim 10, wherein R1 is hydrogen and the compound of Formula III is a compound of Formula IIIb: 15. A process for preparing the compound as defined in claim 10, comprising reacting 2-(2-cyanophenyl)acetic acid of the following formula: and the corresponding substituted amine or aqueous ammonia. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein compound V is reacted with aniline and the obtained compound is the compound of Formula IIIa 17. The process of claim 15, wherein compound V is reacted with ammonia solution and the obtained compound is the compound of Formula IIIb 18. A process for preparing Perampanel, comprising reacting the compound of Formula II as defined in claim 1 and the compound of Formula III of the following structure: 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent, preferably n-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate or dimethyl sulfoxide. 20. The process of claim 18, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base, preferably sodium ethoxide. 21. The process of claim 18, wherein the compound of Formula III is in the form of the compound of Formula IIIb, and the process further comprises an arylation step to obtain Perampanel.",
-    "A steering control device for a vehicle controls a steering device having a steering mechanism and a drive unit configured to provide the steering mechanism with steering force for the wheels. The steering control device includes a detection unit to detect the steering angle; and a control unit to calculate a target value of a current to be supplied to the drive unit as a current command value, and execute automatic steering control to automatically control steering of the vehicle by causing the drive unit to be supplied with the current of the current command value. When an absolute value of the steering angle comes to a predetermined first threshold or more during the automatic steering control, the control unit decreases an upper limit value of an absolute value of the current command value as the absolute value of the steering angle increases. 1. A steering control device for a vehicle, the steering control device controlling a steering device, the steering device having a steering mechanism configured to steer wheels in accordance with a steering angle of a steering wheel and a drive unit configured to provide the steering mechanism with steering force for the wheels, the steering control device comprising: a detection unit configured to detect the steering angle; and a control unit configured to: calculate a target steering angle required for the vehicle to be guided to a target position; calculate a target value of a current required for the drive unit to be supplied to achieve the target steering angel, as a current command value; and execute automatic steering control to automatically control steering operation of the steering mechanism by causing the drive unit to be supplied with the current of the current command value, wherein, when an absolute value of the steering angle detected by the detection unit comes from a predetermined first threshold to a steering angle, larger than the first threshold, at which the steering mechanism does not yet reach a critical point of a mechanistic steerable range in the automatic steering control, the control unit decreases an upper limit value of an absolute value of the current command value as the absolute value of the steering angle increases so that the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value comes to zero before the steering angle detected by the detection unit comes to a steering angle at which the critical point is reached. 2. The steering control device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the control unit calculates, as a steerable angle, an angle difference between the steering angle detected by the detection unit and a steering angle when the steering mechanism reaches a critical point of a mechanistic steerable range, and the control unit determines that the absolute value of the steering angle comes to the first threshold or more when an absolute value of the steerable angle comes to less than a predetermined determination value. 3. The steering control device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein, when the absolute value of the steering angle comes to the first threshold or more and the steering angle is varying at a predetermined reference rate or more, the control unit causes the drive unit to be supplied with a current which has an opposite positive/negative sign to that of the current command value corresponding to a present steering direction. 4. The steering control device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the control unit executes a first control and a second control, the first control comprising: setting the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value to an initial value when the absolute value of the steering angle is less than the first threshold; decreasing the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value as the absolute value of the steering angle increases when the absolute value of the steering angle is the first threshold or more and less than a second threshold larger than the first threshold; and setting the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value to zero when the absolute value of the steering angle comes to the second threshold, the second control comprising: maintaining the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value at zero when the absolute value of the steering angle is a third threshold or more after coming to the second threshold, the third threshold being smaller than the second threshold; increasing the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value as the absolute value of the steering angle decreases when the absolute value of the steering angle is less than the third threshold and not less than a fourth threshold smaller than the third threshold; and returning the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value to the initial value when the absolute value of the steering angle comes to less than the fourth threshold. 5. The steering control device for a vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the control unit sets the third threshold and/or the fourth threshold on a basis of a self aligning torque which is transmitted to the steering mechanism. 6. A steering control method for a vehicle, the steering control method comprising controlling a steering device, the steering device having a steering mechanism configured to steer wheels in accordance with a steering angle of a steering wheel and a drive unit configured to provide the steering mechanism with steering force for the wheels, the steering control method comprising: detecting the steering angle; calculating a target steering angel require for the vehicle to be guided to a target position, calculating a target value of a current required for the drive unit to be supplied to achieve the target steering angle, as a current command value, and executing automatic steering control to automatically control steering operation of the steering mechanism by causing the drive unit to be supplied with the current of the current command value; and when an absolute value of the steering angle detected by the detection unit comes from a predetermined first threshold to a steering angle, larger than the first threshold, at which the steering mechanism does not yet reach a critical point of a mechanistic steerable range in the automatic steering control, decreasing an upper limit value of an absolute value of the current command value as the absolute value of the steering angle increases so that the upper limit value of the absolute value of the current command value comes to zero before the steering angle detected comes to a steering angle at which the critical point is reached.",
-    "An electronic device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of antennas for transmitting and receiving radio waves, at least one sensor for sensing a physical quantity or physical changes, a sensor hub for outputting a control signal in response to an output from the at least one sensor, and a communication module for controlling wireless communication using the plurality of antennas in response to the control signal. Various other exemplary embodiments are possible. 1. An electronic device comprising: a plurality of antennas for transmitting and receiving radio waves; at least one sensor for sensing a physical quantity or physical changes; a sensor hub for outputting a control signal in response to an output from the at least one sensor; and a communication module for controlling wireless communication using the plurality of antennas in response to the control signal. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the communication module selects at least one antenna used in the wireless communication among the plurality of antennas in response to the control signal. 3. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the at least one sensor measures a capacitance change regarding the plurality of antennas, and wherein the sensor hub outputs the control signal for selecting the at least one antenna of which the capacitance change is relatively small. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the communication module determines weights for Receive (Rx) signals and/or Transmit (Tx) signals through the plurality of antennas in response to the control signal. 5. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the at least one sensor measures a capacitance change regarding the plurality of antennas, and wherein the sensor hub outputs the control signal for increasing the weight for the Rx signal and/or the Tx signal through an antenna of which the capacitance change is relatively high, and outputs the control signal for decreasing the weight for the Rx signal and/or the Tx signal through an antenna of which the capacitance change is relatively low. 6. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the at least one sensor measures a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) for the plurality of antennas, and wherein the sensor hub outputs the control signal for increasing the weight for the Rx signal and/or the Tx signal through an antenna of which the RSSI is relatively high, and outputs the control signal for decreasing the weight for the Rx signal and/or the Tx signal through an antenna of which the RSSI is relatively low. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the sensor hub outputs the control signal for regulating Tx power of at least one antenna. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the sensor hub identifies a surrounding situation from the output from the at least one sensor, and outputs the control signal corresponding to the surrounding situation. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor derives the output by using the plurality of antennas as a sensing medium. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor derives the output by using at least one metal body disposed in an adjacent manner to the plurality of antennas as a sensing medium. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one of a gesture sensor, an acceleration sensor, a gyro sensor, a magnetic sensor, a grip sensor, a proximity sensor, a Red, Green, Blue (RGB) sensor, a bio sensor, a pressure sensor, a temperature/humidity sensor, an illumination sensor, and an Ultra Violet (UV) sensor. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the communication module uses at least one of communication schemes of Single Input Single Output (SISO), Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO), diversity, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). 13. A Micro Controller Unit (MCU) comprising: an acquisition module for acquiring a plurality of pieces of information from a plurality of sensors; and a signal generation module for generating a signal for controlling wireless communication from the plurality of pieces of information. 14. The MCU of claim 13, wherein the controlling of the wireless communication comprises selecting at least one antenna used in the wireless communication from among a plurality of antennas, or determining a weight for a Receive (Rx) signal and/or a Transmit (Tx) signal through the at least one antenna, or regulating Tx power of the at least one antenna. 15. The MCU of claim 13, wherein the controlling of the wireless communication comprises selecting at least one of communication schemes of Single Input Single Output (S ISO), Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO), diversity, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO).",
-    "[Problem] The present invention addresses the problem of providing: a powder of a resin composition comprising at least a resin and two types of dyes each having a sublimation property; a method for preventing the bleeding of the dyes from the aforementioned powder in the powder; and a method for improving dyeing properties in a dyeing method using the powder as a coloring agent. [Solution] A powder of a resin composition comprising at least a resin and at least two types of dyes each having a sublimation property, wherein the solubility of at least one of the above-mentioned at least two types of dyes in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate is 0.2 to 3 g/100 ml and the solubility of at least one other dye among the above-mentioned at least two types of dyes in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate is less than 0.2 g/100 ml. 1. A resin-composition powder comprising at least a resin and at least two types of dyes each having a sublimation property, wherein at least one type of dye from among the at least two types of dyes each having a sublimation property has a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of 0.2 to 3 g/100 mL, and wherein at least one type of another dye from among the at least two types of dyes has a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of less than 0.2 g/100 mL. 2. A resin-composition powder comprising at least a resin and at least two types of dyes each having a sublimation property, wherein at least one type of dye from among the at least two types of dyes each having a sublimation property has a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of 0.5 to 3 g/100 mL, and wherein at least one type of another dye from among the at least two types of dyes has a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of less than 0.5 g/100 mL. 3. The powder according to claim 2, wherein the ratio, on a mass basis, between the total content of the dye having a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of 0.5 to 3 g/100 mL and the total content of the dye having a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of less than 0.5 g/100 mL in the total mass of the resin-composition powder is 10/90 to 90/10. 4. The powder according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the at least one type of dye from among the at least two types of dyes each having a sublimation property having a solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate of 0.5 to 3 g/100 mL is a dye selected from anthraquinone, quinophthalone, and azo compounds, and wherein the at least one type of another dye is a dye selected from anthraquinone, azo, azomethine, indophenol, indoaniline, pyrroline, quinophthalone, and naphthalimide compounds. 5. The resin-composition powder according to claim 2 or 3, for use in prevention of bleeding of dye from the powder, or for use as a colorant in a method for improving dyeing properties. 6. A toner comprising the resin-composition powder according to claim 2 or 3, a charge control agent, and a wax. 7. The toner according to claim 6, for use in prevention of bleeding of dye, or for use as a colorant in a method for improving dyeing properties. 8. A method for preventing bleeding of dye from the powder in the resin-composition powder according to claim 2 or 3. 9. The method for preventing bleeding of dye according to claim 8, wherein the resin-composition powder is a toner. 10. The method for preventing bleeding of dye according to claim 8, wherein the resin-composition powder is a toner further comprising a charge control agent and a wax. 11. A method for improving dyeing properties in a dyeing method in which the resin-composition powder according to claim 2 or 3 is used as a colorant. 12. The method for improving dyeing properties according to claim 11, wherein the resin-composition powder is a toner. 13. The method for improving dyeing properties according to claim 11, wherein the resin-composition powder further comprises a charge control agent and a wax. 14. The method for improving dyeing properties according to claim 11, wherein the dyeing method in which the resin-composition powder is used as a colorant is a sublimation transfer dyeing method comprising: affixing a resin-composition powder to an intermediate recording medium by electrophotography, and sublimation-transferring a dye contained in the resin-composition powder affixed to the intermediate recording medium to a material to be dyed, whereby dyeing is performed. 15. An intermediate recording medium to which the resin-composition powder is affixed by electrophotography in the method for improving dyeing properties according to claim 14. 16. A substance dyed by the method according to claim 11.",
-    "Embodiments herein include methods comprising providing a sealant composition comprising an aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer composition, and a density segregation prevention agent, wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition comprises a crosslinkable organic polymer and a crosslinker; introducing a particulate density reducing agent into the sealant composition, wherein the particulate density reducing agent causes the sealant composition to adopt a reduced density as compared to the sealant composition without the particulate density reducing agent, thereby creating a reduced density sealant composition; introducing the reduced density sealant composition into a subterranean formation; and crosslinking the reduced density sealant composition into a gel to form a seal in the subterranean formation. 1. A method comprising: providing a sealant composition comprising an aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer composition, and a density segregation prevention agent, wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition comprises a crosslinkable organic polymer and a crosslinker; introducing a particulate density reducing agent into the sealant composition, wherein the particulate density reducing agent causes the sealant composition to adopt a reduced density as compared to the sealant composition without the particulate density reducing agent, thereby creating a reduced density sealant composition; introducing the reduced density sealant composition into a subterranean formation; and crosslinking the reduced density sealant composition into a gel to form a seal in the subterranean formation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer is an acrylamide-based polymer; any copolymer thereof; and any combination thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide; an acrylamide copolymer; an acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate copolymer; a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylamide copolymer; a sulfonated styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer; a vinylpyrrolidone/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylamide terpolymer; a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/N\u2014N-dimethylacrylamide/acrylamide terpolymer; a polyketone; any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker is an amine-containing polymer; any copolymer thereof; and any combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker is selected from the group consisting of a polyalkyleneimine; a polyalkylenepolyamine; a polyfunctional aliphatic amine; a chitosan; a polylysine; a vinyl alcohol/vinylamine copolymer; any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer and the crosslinker are water-soluble. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the density segregation prevention agent is selected from the group consisting of an alginic acid; a beta-glucan; a carrageenan; a chicle gum; a dammar gum; a gellan gum; a welan gum; a guar gum; a gum arabic; a gum ghatti; a gum tragachanth; a karava gum; a locust bean gum; a mastic gum; a psyllium seed husk; a sodium alginate; a spruce gum; a tara gum; a xanthan gum; a hydroxypropyl guar; a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; a diutan; a scleroglutan; a cellulose; a derivatized cellulose; a hydroxyethyl cellulose; a hydroxypropyl cellulose; a carboxymethyl cellulose; a carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose; a natural clay; a synthetic clay; and any combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the particulate density reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of a deformable low-density particulate; a non-deformable low-density particulate; and any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the deformable low-density particulate is selected from the group consisting of a hollow elastomer; a solid elastomer; an elastomer encapsulating a droplet of a volatile organic fluid; and any combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the elastomer forming the deformable low-density particulate is selected from the group consisting of an ethylene-propylene rubber; an ethylene-propylene-diene rubber; a styrene-butadiene copolymer; an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber; a vinylidenefluoride homopolymer; a vinylidenedichloride polymer; a vinylidenedichloride copolymer; and any combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the non-deformable low-density particulate is selected from the group consisting of a hollow glass particulate; a hollow fly ash particulate; a solid fly ash particulate; a hollow polypropylene particulate; a solid polypropylene particulate; a hollow polyethylene particulate; a solid polyethylene particulate; a hollow polystyrene particulate; a solid polystyrene particulate; a hollow polyacrylate particulate; a solid polyacrylate particulate; and any combination thereof. 12. A method comprising: providing a sealant composition comprising an aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer composition, a density segregation prevention agent, and a gas, wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition comprises a crosslinkable organic polymer and a crosslinker; introducing a particulate density reducing agent into the sealant composition, wherein the particulate density reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of a deformable low-density particulate; a non-deformable low-density particulate; and any combination thereof, wherein the particulate density reducing agent causes the sealant composition to adopt a reduced density as compared to the sealant composition without the particulate density reducing agent, thereby creating a reduced density sealant composition; introducing the reduced density sealant composition into a subterranean formation; and crosslinking the reduced density sealant composition into a gel to form a seal in the subterranean formation. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer is an acrylamide-based polymer; any copolymer thereof; and any combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the crosslinker is an amine-containing polymer; any copolymer thereof; and any combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the density segregation prevention agent is selected from the group consisting of an alginic acid; a beta-glucan; a carrageenan; a chicle gum; a dammar gum; a gellan gum; a welan gum; a guar gum; a gum arabic; a gum ghatti; a gum tragachanth; a karava gum; a locust bean gum; a mastic gum; a psyllium seed husk; a sodium alginate; a spruce gum; a tara gum; a xanthan gum; a hydroxypropyl guar; a carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; a diutan; a scleroglutan; a cellulose; a derivatized cellulose; a hydroxyethyl cellulose; a hydroxypropyl cellulose; a carboxymethyl cellulose; a carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose; a natural clay; a synthetic clay; and any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the reduced density sealant composition comprising the gas has a foam quality in the range of from about 5% to about 95%. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the sealant composition further comprises a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of a foaming surfactant; a hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer; and any combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer is formed by hydrophobic modification of a hydrophilic polymer. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer is formed by a polymerization reaction of a hydrophilic monomer and a hydrophobically modified hydrophilic monomer. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the foaming surfactant is selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant; an anionic surfactant; a cationic surfactant; an amphoteric surfactant; a zwitterionic surfactant; and any combination thereof.",
-    "A substrate, comprising at least one array substrate, each array substrate on the substrate being provided with a spacing region at its periphery, and each array substrate comprising a display region and a driving region at the margin of the display region. The spacing region comprises a first region and a second region. The first region corresponds to an extension of the driving region on the substrate along an orientation friction direction, and the second region corresponds to an extension of the display region on the substrate along the orientation friction direction. A plurality of via holes are distributed in an overlapping area between the first region and the second region. The via holes have a diameter larger than the diameter of the fibers of orientation friction cloth. 1. A substrate, comprising at least one array substrate, each of the array substrate being provided with a spacing region at its periphery, and each of the array substrate comprising a display region and a driving region at the margin of the display region, wherein the spacing region comprises a first region and a second region; the first region corresponds to an extension of the driving region on the substrate along an orientation friction direction, the second region corresponds to an extension of the display region on the substrate along the orientation friction direction, a plurality of via holes are distributed in an overlapping area between the first region and the second region, and the via holes have internal dimensions larger than the diameter of the fibers of orientation friction cloth. 2. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein the via holes are arranged in a rectangular manner, and the via holes in each row in a direction perpendicular to the orientation friction direction correspond to the via holes in an adjacent row one by one in the orientation friction direction. 3. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein the via holes are arranged is in a rectangular manner, and the via holes in each row in a direction perpendicular to the orientation friction direction correspond to an gap between the via holes in an adjacent row one by one in the orientation friction direction. 4. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein the via holes have a diameter of d, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266d\u226615 \u03bcm. 5. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein in the direction perpendicular to the orientation friction direction, a spacing between two adjacent via holes is w, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266w\u226615 \u03bcm. 6. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein the via holes have a depth of h, wherein 0.8 \u03bcm\u2266h\u22661.3 \u03bcm. 7. The substrate according to claim 1, comprising a gate insulation layer and a passivation layer which are formed on a base substrate in sequence, wherein the gate insulation layer and the passivation layer cover the overlapping area, and the via holes penetrate through the gate insulation layer and the passivation layer. 8. The substrate according to claim 1, comprising a gate metallic layer, a gate insulation layer and a passivation layer which are formed on a base substrate in sequence; wherein the gate metallic layer, the gate insulation layer and the passivation layer cover the overlapping area, and the via holes penetrate through the gate metallic layer, the gate insulation layer and the passivation layer. 9. The substrate according to claim 1, comprising a source and drain metallic layer and a passivation layer which are formed on a base substrate in sequence, wherein the source and drain metallic layer and the passivation layer cover the overlapping area, and the via holes penetrate through the source and drain metallic layer and the passivation layer. 10. The substrate according to claim 1, comprising a transparent electrode layer formed on a base substrate, wherein the transparent electrode layer covers the via holes. 11. The substrate according to claim 10, comprising an orientation film layer formed on the transparent electrode layer, wherein the orientation film layer covers the via holes. 12. An array substrate, comprising a display region at the center of the array substrate and a driving region at the margin of the display region, a spacing region being provided at a periphery of the array substrate, wherein the spacing region comprises a first region and a second region; the first region corresponds to an extension of the driving region on the array substrate along an orientation friction direction, the second region corresponds to an extension of the display region on the array substrate along the orientation friction direction, a plurality of via holes are distributed in an overlapping area between the first region and the second region, and the via holes have internal dimensions larger than the diameter of the fibers of orientation friction cloth. 13. The substrate according to claim 2, wherein the via holes have a diameter of d, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266d\u226615 \u03bcm. 14. The substrate according to claim 3, wherein the via holes have a diameter of d, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266d\u226615 \u03bcm. 15. The substrate according to claim 2, wherein in the direction perpendicular to the orientation friction direction, an spacing between two adjacent via holes is w, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266w\u226615 \u03bcm. 16. The substrate according to claim 3, wherein in the direction perpendicular to the orientation friction direction, an spacing between two adjacent via holes is w, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266w\u226615 \u03bcm. 17. The substrate according to claim 4, wherein in the direction perpendicular to the orientation friction direction, an spacing between two adjacent via holes is w, wherein 10 \u03bcm\u2266w\u226615 \u03bcm. 18. The substrate according to claim 2, wherein the via holes have a depth of h, wherein 0.8 \u03bcm\u2266h\u22661.3 \u03bcm. 19. The substrate according to claim 3, wherein the via holes have a depth of h, wherein 0.8 \u03bcm\u2266h\u22661.3 \u03bcm. 20. The substrate according to claim 4, wherein the via holes have a depth of h, wherein 0.8 \u03bcm\u2266h\u22661.3 \u03bcm.",
-    "A disk brake includes a brake disk, a brake caliper, which fits over the brake disk, a brake support, a brake pad and an application device, which presses the brake pad against the brake disk when braking, wherein the brake pad rests in a U-shaped well and the two legs of the \u201cU\u201d serve to support the brake pad in the circumferential direction of the brake disk and the \u201cbase\u201d of the \u201cU\u201d serves to support the brake pad radially toward the inside. The distance between the two legs of the \u201cU\u201d is shorter at the radially outer ends thereof than the distance at the radially inner ends thereof. 1. A method for compressed air preparation in motor vehicles, comprising the following steps: drawing in ambient air; compressing the ambient air by a compressor (2) driven by a drive motor of a motor vehicle; dried drying the compressed air in a downstream air dryer (4, 4); delivering the dried air to compressed air consumers (14, 16); regenerating the air dryer (4, 4\u2032) with system air stored in a regeneration reservoir (30, 30\u2032), passed via the air dryer (4, 4\u2032) and vented via an associated vent valve (22); in predetermined operating states, switching between a delivery phase and a regeneration phase via an electrically controlled governor (36, 36\u2032), wherein a driving mode with a high speed of the drive motor is used for the delivery phase of the compressor (2), at least in phases of high compressed air consumption, and wherein a stationary mode at an idling speed of the drive motor is used for the regeneration phase. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more regeneration phases with intermediate partial or complete refilling of the regeneration reservoir follow after phases with high compressed air consumption, irrespective of a current system pressure. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more regeneration phases take place, irrespective of a current system pressure, given a maximum permissible water input in the air dryer (4, 4\u2032). 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an interval between a cut-in pressure and a cut-out pressure of the compressor (2) is reduced and hence a regeneration frequency is increased when the air dryer is under a high dryer load. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of passing system air delivered by the compressor (2) into the air dryer (4, 4\u2032) in the regeneration phase, in addition to regeneration air from the regeneration reservoir (30, 30\u2032). 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the additionally passed system air is diverted from an air dryer control line (42) leading from the governor (36, 36\u2032) to the vent valve (22). 7. A device for compressed air preparation in motor vehicles, comprising a compressor (2) configured to be driven by a drive motor of a motor vehicle, an air dryer (4, 4\u2032) arranged downstream of the compressor and having a regeneration reservoir (30, 30\u2032) connected to the dryer by a regeneration air line (26) and by a regeneration air inlet (60), a vent valve (22) for venting the regeneration air, two compressed air consumers (14, 16) arranged downstream of the air dryer (4, 4\u2032), and a governor (36, 36\u2032), which switches the compressor (2) pneumatically between a delivery mode and a standby mode and, depending on the air dryer (4, 4\u2032), between a dryer mode and a regeneration mode, wherein the governor (36, 36\u2032) has an electrically controlled compressor control valve (40) connected to the compressor (2) by a pneumatic compressor control line (38), and an electrically controlled air dryer control valve (44) connected to the vent valve (22) of the air dryer (4, 4\u2032) by a pneumatic air dryer control line (42). 8. The device as claimed in claim 7, wherein a branch line (54) connected to the regeneration air inlet (60) of the air dryer (4) branches off from the air dryer control line (42). 9. The device as claimed in claim 8, wherein a fourth check valve (56) opening in the direction of the air dryer (4) and a first small orifice (58), which ensures a predetermined control pressure in the air dryer control line (42) upstream of the air dryer, are arranged in the branch line (54). 10. The device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the regeneration reservoir (30\u2032) is arranged in series between the air dryer (4\u2032) and the two compressed air consumers (14\u2032, 16\u2032), wherein the air dryer (4\u2032) and the regeneration reservoir (30\u2032) are connected to one another by a filling line (62), in which a fifth check valve (64) opening toward the regeneration reservoir (30\u2032) is arranged, wherein the regeneration reservoir (30\u2032) is connected to the air dryer (4\u2032) by an emptying line (66), and wherein a second small orifice (68) is arranged in the emptying line (66). 11. The device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the compressor control valve (40) and the air dryer control valve (44) are each designed as 3/2-way valves, which, in a first switching position, connect a system pressure line (34) to the compressor control line (38) associated with the compressor control valve (40) and air dryer control line (42) associcated with the air dryer control valve (44), and, in a second switching position, separate the associated compressor control line (38) and air dryer control line (42) from the system pressure line (34) and connect them to a vent port (48, 50). 12. The disk brake as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a hold-down device (22, 24, 26) for holding the brake pad in the well. 13. The disk brake as claimed in claim 7, further comprising an adjusting device for adjustment in the case of wear. 14. A brake pad of a disk brake, comprising: two supporting surfaces, forming legs of a \u201cU\u201d, for support in the circumferential direction and a supporting surface, forming a base of the \u201cU\u201d, for support radially toward the inside, wherein the distance between the two legs of the \u201cU\u201d is shorter at radially outer ends thereof than the distance at the radially inner ends thereof. 15. The brake pad as claimed in claim 14, wherin the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d is arc-shaped in at least some section. 16. The brake pad as claimed in claim 14, wherin the base of the \u201cU\u201d is rectilinear in at least some section or sections. 17. The brake pad as claimed in claim 14, wherin a section of the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d extends in a straight line and encloses an angle (\u03b2, \u03b3) of at least 2\u00b0 with a plane (E) perpendicular to a center plane (M) of the brake pad. 18. The brake pad as claimed in claim 14, wherein a first section of the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d extends in a straight line and encloses a first angle (\u03b2) with a plane (E) perpendicular to a center plane (M) of the brake pad, which passes through the brake axis (A), a second section of the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d extends in a straight line and encloses a second angle (\u03b3) with the plane perpendicular to the center plane (M) of the brake pad, which passes through the brake axis (A), and the first and second angles are equal. 19. The brake pad as claimed in claim 14, wherein a first section of the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d extends in a straight line and encloses a first angle (\u03b2) with a plane (E) perpendicular to a center plane (M) of the brake pad, a second section of the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d extends in a straight line and encloses a second angle (\u03b3) with the plane (E) perpendicular to the center plane (M) of the brake pad, wherein the first and second angles are different. 20. The brake pad as claimed in claim 14, wherein a section of the supporting surface forming the base of the \u201cU\u201d extends in a straight line and encloses an angle (\u03b1) in a range of from 75\u00b0 to 105\u00b0 with a leg of the \u201cU\u201d. 21. (canceled)",
-    "Provided is a simple cancellation mechanism achieving the size reduction and the reduced number of components. This cancellation mechanism includes body portions 21, 23 attached to a rotatable spindle and connected to an automatic transmission via the spindle; a rotary lever 22 attached to the body portions 21, 23 to rotate about the spindle and configured to rotate in response to input from a shift lever device; and an actuator 24 disposed on one of the rotary lever 22 and the body portions 21, 23 and configured to move between a coupling position at which the rotary lever 22 and the body portions 21, 23 are coupled together and a decoupling position at which coupling between the rotary lever 22 and each body portion 21, 23 is canceled. 1. A cancellation mechanism comprising: a body portion attached to a rotatable spindle and connected to an output device via the spindle; a rotary lever attached to the body portion to be rotatable about the spindle and configured to rotate in response to input from an input device; and an actuator disposed on either one of the rotary lever or the body portion, and configured to move between a coupling position at which the rotary lever and the body portion are coupled together and a decoupling position at which coupling between the rotary lever and the body portion is canceled. 2. The cancellation mechanism according to claim 1, further comprising: a safety pin provided extendable on a movement path from the coupling position to the decoupling position of the actuator, and positioned, when the actuator s at the coupling position, at a protruding position on the movement path to restrict movement of the actuator the decoupling position. 3. The cancellation mechanism according to claim 2, further comprising: a safety cam configured to contact the safety pin to position the safety pin at the protruding position.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a method for, at a user equipment (UE), reporting velocity information to a base station for multi-antenna based beamforming in a wireless communication system. The method includes receiving a predefined signal from the base station, calculating at least one piece of movement velocity information of a vertical beamforming direction movement velocity vw and horizontal beamforming direction movement velocity vx of the UE based on the predefined information, and reporting the at least one piece of movement velocity information to the base station. The predefined signal is used to calculate a velocity vb of the UE in a direction of the base station. 1. A method for, at a user equipment (UE), reporting velocity information to a base station for multi-antenna based beamforming in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving a predefined signal from the base station; calculating at least one piece of movement velocity information of a vertical beamforming direction movement velocity vw and horizontal beamforming direction movement velocity vx of the UE based on the predefined information; and reporting the at least one piece of movement velocity information to the base station, wherein the predefined signal is used to calculate a velocity vb of the UE in a direction of the base station. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calculating the at least one piece of movement velocity information includes: measuring an absolute movement velocity v of the UE and a vertical direction movement velocity vz of the UE; and calculating the at least one piece of movement velocity information of the vertical beamforming direction movement velocity vw and horizontal beamforming direction movement velocity vx of the UE based on the absolute movement velocity v, the vertical movement velocity vz and the velocity vb of the UE in the direction of the base station. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the velocity vb of the UE in the direction of the base station is determined based on Doppler shift of the predefined signal. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the velocity vb of the UE in the direction of the base station is determined based on change in an arrival time of the predetermined signal to the UE. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, when a ratio of a height difference between the base station and the UE to a distance between the base station and the UE is equal to or greater than a threshold, the vertical beamforming direction movement velocity vw of the UE is equal to the vertical movement velocity vz of the UE. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one piece of movement velocity information is used to adjust a beam width for the UE by the base station. 7. A method for, at a base station, receiving velocity information from a user equipment (UE) for multi-antenna based beamforming in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting a predefined signal to the UE; receiving, from the UE, at least one piece of movement velocity information of a vertical beamforming direction movement velocity vw and horizontal beamforming direction movement velocity vx of the UE calculated based on the predefined information; and wherein the predefined signal is used to calculate a velocity vb of the UE in a direction of the base station. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the at least one piece of movement velocity information is calculated by the UE based on the absolute movement velocity v of the UE, the vertical movement velocity vz of the UE and the velocity vb of the UE in the direction of the base station. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the velocity vb of the UE in the direction of the base station is determined based on Doppler shift of the predefined signal. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the velocity vb of the UE in the direction of the base station is determined based on change in an arrival time of the predetermined signal to the UE. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein, when a ratio of a height difference between the base station and the UE to a distance between the base station and the UE is equal to or greater than a threshold, the vertical beamforming direction movement velocity vw of the UE is equal to the vertical movement velocity vz of the UE. 12. The method according to claim 8, further comprising adjusting a beam width for the UE based on the at least one piece of movement velocity information.",
-    "A rolling-element bearing for a gearing. The rolling-element bearing includes an inner bearing race (13), an outer bearing race (14), and at least one rolling element (15). The rolling-element bearing has a sensor (19) which is rigidly arranged in relation to a gearing part or a part of the rolling-element bearing. The rolling element includes a depth deviation (16), on at least one lateral surface (17), and the depth deviation is designed in such a way that the lateral surface of the rolling element has at least two different depths along a circular path about an axis of rotation of the rolling element and the sensor is positioned in order to detect the depth deviation. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A roller bearing (10) for a transmission, the roller bearing (10) comprises: an inner bearing race (13), an outer bearing race (14), at least one rolling element (15), and a sensor (19) arranged fixed relative to either a transmission component or a part of the roller bearing (10), and the at least one rolling element (15) has at least one depth variation (16) on at least one lateral surface (17) thereof, the depth variation being designed such that along a circular path around a rotational axis of the rolling element (15), the lateral surface of the rolling element (15) has at least two different depths and the sensor being positioned so as to detect the depth variation. 14. The roller bearing (10) for a transmission according to claim 13, wherein a plurality of rolling elements (15) of the roller bearing (10) have depth variations (16). 15. The roller bearing (10) according to claim 13, wherein the at least one rolling element (15) has a plurality of depth variations (16). 16. The roller bearing (10) according to claim 13, wherein the at least one depth variation (16) is a recess. 17. The roller bearing (10) according to claim 13, wherein the at least one depth variation (16) is surplus material. 18. The roller bearing (10) according to claim 13, wherein the sensor (19) is attached to one of: the inner bearing race (13) of the roller bearing (10); the outer bearing race (14) of the roller bearing (10); a cage of the roller bearing (10); a housing of the transmission; and a shaft (11) of the transmission. 19. The roller bearing (10) according to claim 13, wherein the sensor (19) is one of a distance sensor, an eddy current sensor, an inductive proximity sensor, a Hall sensor, and a gearwheel sensor. 20. The roller bearing (10) according to claim 13, wherein the roller bearing (10) comprises one of cylindrical rolling elements, conical rolling elements, radial rolling elements, and toroidal rolling elements. 21. A rolling element (15) for the roller bearing (10) for a transmission according to claim 13, wherein the transmission is for a wind power machine, the rolling element (15) comprises a rolling surface and at least one lateral surface, the at least one lateral surface has a depth variation such that along a circular path around a rotational axis of the rolling element (15), the rolling element (15) has at least two different depths. 22. A method of determining at least one of a speed, a rotational speed and a slip of at least one rolling element (15) of a roller bearing (10), the method comprising: providing a lateral surface of the at least one rolling element (15) with depth variations along a circular path around a rotational axis of the at least one rolling element (15); attaching a sensor (19) on a part of the roller bearing (10); detecting, with the sensor, the depth variations of the lateral surface of the at least one rolling element; and calculating at least one of the speed, the rotational speed and the slip of at least one rolling element from time intervals of sensor signals, based on movement of the depth variations past the sensor. 23. A transmission in combination with a roller bearing (10) comprising: an inner bearing race (13), an outer bearing race (14), at least one rolling element (15), and a sensor (19) arranged fixed relative to either a transmission component or a part of the roller bearing (10), and the at least one rolling element (15) has at least one depth variation (16) on at least one lateral surface (17) thereof, the depth variation being designed such that along a circular path around a rotational axis of the rolling element (15), the lateral surface of the rolling element (15) has at least two different depths and the sensor being positioned so as to detect the depth variation. 24. Use of at least one of a rolling element according to claim 21, wherein the rolling element is used in a transmission for a wind power machine.",
-    "The purpose of the present invention is to provide a novel triazine derivative of the formula (I): wherein R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, A represents a nitrogen atom or C\u2014R3, R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group, and R4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 1. A triazine derivative represented by the following formula (I): wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, R2 is a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, A is a nitrogen atom or C\u2014R3, R3 is a hydrogen atom, cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group, and R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein R1 is \u2014CH2OR5, and R5 is a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a hydroxymethyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein R4 is a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 5. The triazine derivative according to claim 4, wherein R4 is a cyclopropyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 6. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein R2 is a methyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 8. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein A is a nitrogen atom, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 9. The triazine derivative according to claim 1, wherein A is C\u2014R3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 10. A compound selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 11. A compound selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the triazine derivative according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 13. A method of inhibiting a Bruton's tyrosine kinase activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell the triazine derivative according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 14. A method of treating a disease related to an abnormal cell response through a Bruton's tyrosine kinase in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 12. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of self-immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, bone diseases, cancer, lymphoma, and arthritis. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 18. A method of inhibiting a Bruton's tyrosine kinase activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell the compound according to claim 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 19. A method of inhibiting a Bruton's tyrosine kinase activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell the compound according to claim 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 20. A method of treating a disease related to an abnormal cell response through a Bruton's tyrosine kinase in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 16. 21. A method of treating a disease related to an abnormal cell response through a Bruton's tyrosine kinase in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 17. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of self-immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, bone diseases, cancer, lymphoma, and arthritis. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of self-immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, bone diseases, cancer, lymphoma, and arthritis.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a Black box with Satellite Transmitter (BSAT) for underwater vehicles. The BSAT provides a mission data backup of sunken under water vehicles and it is akin to a black box recorder of aircrafts. The BSAT comprising a sealed enclosure to receive and transmit IR and electromagnetic signals, a Global Positioning System (GPS) with an antenna to provide GPS parameters of the BSAT, a transmit antenna to transmit the GPS parameters and parameters associated with the underwater vehicle, an ejection mechanism to eject the BSAT from the underwater vehicle on detecting a pre-defined condition, by an electronic controller. The electronic controller to perform at least one of sending control signals, communicating using IR transceiver, acquire and store underwater vehicle parameters, identifying an ejection instant, acquiring and storing data GPS parameters, scheduling data transmission through a satellite after ejection of the BSAT from the underwater vehicle. 1. A Black box with Satellite Transmitter (BSAT) for an underwater vehicle the BSAT comprising: a sealed enclosure, having a top cover mounted on a bottom base, to receive and transmit at least one of infrared (IR) and electromagnetic signals, the sealed enclosure comprises a housing mechanism connectable to the vehicle; a Global Positioning System (GPS) with an antenna configured inside the enclosure, to provide plurality of GPS parameters of the BSAT; a transmit antenna configured inside the enclosure, to transmit the GPS parameters associated with the BSAT and plurality of parameters associated with the underwater vehicle; an electronic controller configured to perform at least one of sending control signal to the IR transceiver, communicating through the IR transceiver to acquire and store underwater vehicle parameters, identifying of ejection instant, acquiring and storing of data from the GPS, scheduling data transmission through satellite after ejection of the BSAT from the underwater vehicle; a memory to store data associated with the GPS and plurality of parameters associated with the underwater vehicle; and an ejection mechanism configured in communication with the electronic controller to eject the BSAT from the vehicle on detecting a pre-defined condition by the electronic controller. 2. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the BSAT further comprises a conducting logic with plurality of pins configured on the sealed enclosure, to enable recharging of an internal battery of the BSAT. 3. The BSAT as claimed in claim 2, wherein the conducting logic is configured to provide power to the BSAT, when the BSAT is in contact with water. 4. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the enclosure is made of an infrared (IR) and electromagnetic transparent material to perform one of receive and transmit of electromagnetic signals and infrared signals. 5. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the GPS parameters of the BSAT are latitude and longitude information. 6. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transmit antenna transmits the parameters of the BSAT to a hub station using a satellite. 7. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ejection mechanism comprises a spring to lock the BSAT to the vehicle and a squib to unlock the spring of the BSAT from the vehicle on detecting the pre-defined condition. 8. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predefined condition for activating ejection mechanism is depth of the vehicle with reference to a sea level. 9. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the BSAT is configured with positive buoyancy to float in water. 10. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data stored in the memory is configured to be retrievable by an external device. 11. The BSAT as claimed in claim 1, wherein the BSAT further comprises an infrared (IR) transceiver configured to communicate with any other vehicle. 12. The BSAT for an underwater vehicle, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the BSAT is further configured by an external device to monitor health status of the BSAT.",
-    "A wiring board including a board main body made of an insulating material and having a front surface and rear surface and side surfaces at four sides located between the front and the rear surfaces, and a wiring conductor for plating, an end surface of which is exposed on any side surface of the board main body, wherein the wiring board includes a first insulating layer formed on the side surface on which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is exposed to cover the end surface, and a conductor layer formed on the side surface of the board main body on which the first insulating layer is formed along a side direction of the side surface including a surface of the first insulating layer, and wherein the conductor layer is electrically connected to a ground layer formed inside the board main body. 1. A wiring board comprising: a board main body made of an insulating material and having a front surface and rear surface having a rectangular shape in a planar view and side surfaces at four sides located between the front surface and the rear surface; and a wiring conductor for plating, an end surface of which is exposed on any side surface of the board main body, characterized in that: the wiring board includes a first insulating layer formed on at least the side surface of the board main body on which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is exposed among the side surfaces of the board main body to cover the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating, and a conductor layer formed on the side surface of the board main body on which the first insulating layer is formed along a side direction of the side surface including a surface of the first insulating layer, and the conductor layer is electrically connected to a ground layer formed inside the board main body. 2. A wiring board comprising: a board main body made of an insulating material and having a front surface and rear surface having a rectangular shape in a planar view and side surfaces at four sides located between the front surface and the rear surface, and a wiring conductor for plating, an end surface of which is exposed on any side surface of the above board main body, characterized in that: the wiring board includes a first insulating layer formed on at least the side surface of the board main body on which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is exposed among the side surfaces of the board main body to cover the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating, and a conductor layer formed on the side surface of the board main body on which the first insulating layer is formed along a side direction of the side surface including a surface of the first insulating layer, and the conductor layer is electrically connected to a ground layer formed inside the board main body at a plurality of positions. 3. The wiring board according to claim 1, characterized in that: a second insulating layer is further formed on the side surface of the board main body on which the conductor layer is formed along the side direction of the side surface to cover the whole surface of the conductor layer. 4. The wiring board according to claim 1, characterized in that: at a corner portion between adjacent two side surfaces, the conductor layers formed respectively on the two side surfaces are directly connected to each other. 5. The wiring board according to claim 1, characterized in that: a concave portion that dents toward a central side of the board main body in a planar view is formed between adjacent two side surfaces located on the same side of the board main body along a thickness direction of the front surface and the rear surface or at a corner portion between adjacent two side surfaces of the board main body along the thickness direction of the front surface and the rear surface, a metalized layer formed on a surface of the concave portion is electrically connected to the ground layer, and the conductor layer is continuously formed on the surface of the metalized layer along a side direction of the adjacent two side surfaces. 6. The wiring board according to claim 3, characterized in that: the conductor layer and the second insulating layer are formed on the side surface of the board main body from which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is not exposed along a side direction of the side surface. 7. A method for manufacturing a wiring board comprising a board main body made of an insulating material and having a front surface and rear surface having a rectangular shape in a planar view and side surfaces at four sides located between the front surface and the rear surface, and a wiring conductor for plating, an end surface of which is exposed at any side surface of the board main body, characterized in that: the method comprises: a step of forming a first insulating layer on at least the side surface of the board main body on which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is exposed among the side surfaces of the board main body to cover the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating, and a step of forming a conductor layer on the side surface of the board main body on which the first insulating layer is formed along a side direction of the side surface including a surface of the first insulating layer, and the conductor layer is electrically connected to a ground layer formed inside the board main body. 8. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 7, characterized in that: the method further comprises a step of forming a second insulating layer on the side surface of the board main body on which the conductor layer is formed along the side direction of the side surface to cover the whole surface of the conductor layer. 9. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 7, characterized in that: the step of forming the conductor layer includes a step of forming the conductor layer continuously on a surface of a metalized layer along a side direction of adjacent two side surfaces, a concave portion, which dents toward a central side of the board main body in a planar view, being formed between the adjacent two side surfaces located on the same side of the board main body along a thickness direction of the front surface and the rear surface or at a corner portion between the adjacent two side surfaces of the board main body along the thickness direction of the front surface and the rear surface, and the metalized layer formed on the surface of the concave portion being electrically connected to the ground layer. 10. The method for manufacturing a wiring board according to claim 8, characterized in that: a step of forming the conducting layer and a second insulating layer along a side direction of the side surface is performed on the side surface of the board main body from which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is not exposed. 11. The wiring board according to claim 2, characterized in that: a second insulating layer is further formed on the side surface of the board main body on which the conductor layer is formed along the side direction of the side surface to cover the whole surface of the conductor layer. 12. The wiring board according to claim 2, characterized in that: at a corner portion between adjacent two side surfaces, the conductor layers formed respectively on the two side surfaces are directly connected to each other. 13. The wiring board according to claim 2, characterized in that: a concave portion that dents toward a central side of the board main body in a planar view is formed between adjacent two side surfaces located on the same side of the board main body along a thickness direction of the front surface and the rear surface or at a corner portion between adjacent two side surfaces of the board main body along the thickness direction of the front surface and the rear surface, a metalized layer formed on a surface of the concave portion is electrically connected to the ground layer, and the conductor layer is continuously formed on the surface of the metalized layer along a side direction of the adjacent two side surfaces. 14. The wiring board according to claim 11, characterized in that: the conductor layer and the second insulating layer are formed on the side surface of the board main body from which the end surface of the wiring conductor for plating is not exposed along a side direction of the side surface.",
-    "In an example embodiment, a gyro system attached to or integrated in a wireless communication device may be configured to generate physical force to prompt movement towards a stronger signal that indicates a direction in which the wireless communication device should be positioned or moved to improve the wireless communication quality. 1. A method implemented on a wireless communication device, comprising: monitoring a channel to capture a first reading of channel quality of a wireless communication signal; determining that the first reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is below a quality threshold; in response to the first reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is being determined to be below the quality threshold: estimating a direction in which a second reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is estimated to be stronger than the first reading; activating a physical force in the wireless communication device in the estimated direction; and deactivating the physical force after activating the physical force. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated direction indicates a direction in which the second reading of the channel quality of the wireless communication signal at least meets the quality threshold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining comprises determining that a bit error rate (BER) of a wireless communication link associated with the wireless communication device is greater than a BER threshold. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining comprises determining that a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a wireless communication link associated with the wireless communication device is less than an SNR threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the wireless communication device is held by a user; and in response to the wireless device being determined to be held by the user, enabling an electro-mechanical component in the wireless communication device to generate the physical force in response to determining that the first reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is below the quality threshold. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein deactivating comprises: disabling the physical force in response to at least one of a plurality of termination conditions being met, wherein the plurality of termination conditions include: the first reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is determined to be above the quality threshold, no user response is detected for at least a particular duration with respect to movement of the wireless communication device, the wireless communication device is determined to not be held by a user, and the user initiates a halt of a component of the wireless communication device that generates the physical force. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein activating comprises selectively activating a torque generation device in the wireless communication device that produces a torque or a vibration indicative of the estimated direction. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining a posture of the wireless communication device; and initializing the torque generation device with information representing the posture of the wireless communication device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein estimating comprises estimating a direction to move the wireless communication device based at least in part on a previous orientation of the wireless communication device, information related to a condition of the channel, or both. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated direction includes a first direction, the method further comprising: monitoring the communication channel to capture the second reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal after activating the physical force; and in response to the second reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal being below the quality threshold: estimating a second direction in which a third reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is estimated to be stronger than the second reading; and generating another physical force or a different physical force. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring channel quality of the wireless communication signal during a first duration; monitoring spatial information related to a physical position of the wireless communication device during the first duration; recording the spatial information during the first duration; recording the channel quality of the wireless communication signal during the first duration; and associating the recorded spatial information and the recorded channel quality of the wireless communication signal; wherein estimating the direction comprises: evaluating the channel quality of the wireless communication signal and associated spatial information from the first duration; and estimating the direction in which the second reading of channel quality of the wireless communication signal is estimated to be stronger than the first reading based at least in part on the evaluated channel quality of the wireless communication signal and associated spatial information from the first duration. 12. A wireless communication device, comprising: a processor configured to: receive, at a first time, a parameter to indicate wireless communication quality with respect to the wireless communication device, based on the received parameter, evaluate the wireless communication quality to determine that the wireless communication quality is below a quality threshold, and generate an activation signal in response to the wireless communication quality is being determined to be below the quality threshold; and a torque generation device, coupled to the processor, wherein the torque generation device is configured to generate a torque in a first direction in response to the activation signal, wherein the generated torque indicates an estimated direction to move the wireless communication device to improve the wireless communication quality. 13. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the torque generation device comprises one or more gyro micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). 14. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the parameter comprises a bit error rate (BER) or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a wireless communication link associated with the wireless communication device. 15. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive information related to a previous orientation of the wireless communication device or a condition of a wireless communication channel used by the wireless communication device; and estimate a direction to move the wireless communication device based on at least the received information. 16. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive the parameter, at a second time after the first time; determine that the wireless communication quality is below the quality threshold based on the parameter received at the second time; and in response to the wireless communication quality being below the quality threshold, generate the activation signal that activates the torque generation device to generate the torque in the first direction or in a second direction different from the first direction. 17. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to: deactivate the torque generation device after a termination condition is met, wherein the termination condition comprises one or more of: the wireless communication quality is determined to be above the quality threshold, no user response is detected for at least a particular duration with respect to movement of the wireless communication device, the wireless communication device is determined to not be held by a user, and the user initiates a halt of the torque generation device of the wireless communication device that generates the torque. 18. The wireless communication device of claim 12, further comprising: a proximity sensor, coupled to the processor, wherein the proximity sensor is configured to: detect that the wireless communication device is held by a user, and generate a proximity signal to indicate the detection, wherein the processor is further configured to receive the proximity signal from the proximity sensor, evaluate the proximity signal, and generate the activation signal in response to the wireless communication quality being determined to be below the quality threshold based on the evaluated proximity signal. 19. The wireless communication device of claim 12, further comprising: an accelerometer, coupled to the processor, wherein the accelerometer is configured to generate an accelerometer signal to indicate a posture of the wireless communication device, wherein the processor is further configured to initialize the torque generation device based on the accelerometer signal. 20. The wireless communication device of claim 12, further comprising: a position-information device, coupled to the processor, wherein the position-information device is configured to provide spatial information related to operation of the wireless communication device over a first duration, wherein the processor is further configured to: monitor the wireless communication quality during the first duration, monitor the spatial information related to a physical position of the wireless communication device during the first duration, record the spatial information over the first duration, record the wireless communication quality over the first duration, associate the recorded spatial information and the recorded wireless communication quality, estimate a second direction to move the wireless communication device in response to the activation signal, for which the processor is configured to: evaluate the wireless communication quality and associated spatial information from the first duration, and estimate the second direction to move the wireless communication device to improve the wireless communication quality base at least in part on the evaluated wireless communication quality and associated spatial information from the first duration, and generate the activation signal that activates the torque generation device to generate the torque in the second direction. 21. The wireless communication device of claim 20, wherein the position-information device comprises a gyroscope or a global positioning system (GPS) device. 22. A wireless communication device, comprising: a proximity sensor configured to: detect that the wireless communication device is held by a user, and generate a proximity signal to indicate that the wireless communication device has been detected to be held by the user; an accelerometer configured to generate an accelerometer signal to indicate a posture of the wireless communication device; a torque generation device configured to receive an activation signal and to generate a torque in a first direction in response to the activation signal; a processor coupled to the proximity sensor, the accelerometer, and the torque generation device, wherein the processor is configured to: receive a parameter to indicate wireless communication quality with respect to the wireless communication device, based on the parameter, determine that the wireless communication quality is below a quality threshold, and in response to the wireless communication quality being determined to be below the quality threshold, generate the activation signal based on the accelerometer signal and the proximity signal. 23. The wireless communication device of claim 22, wherein the torque generation device comprises one or more gyro micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). 24. The wireless communication device of claim 22, wherein the parameter comprises a bit error rate (BER) or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a wireless communication link associated with the wireless communication device. 25. The wireless communication device of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive information related to a previous orientation of the wireless communication device or a condition of a wireless communication channel used by the wireless communication device; and estimate a direction to move the wireless communication device based at least in part on the received information. 26. The wireless communication device of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive an update of the parameter; determine that the wireless communication quality is below the quality threshold based on the received update of the parameter; and in response to the wireless communication quality being below the quality threshold, generate the activation signal that activates the torque generation device to generate the torque in the first direction or in a second direction different from the first direction. 27. The wireless communication device of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured to: deactivate the torque generation device after at least one of a plurality of termination conditions is met, including: the wireless communication quality is determined to be above the quality threshold, no user response is detected for at least a particular duration with respect to movement of the wireless communication device, the wireless communication device is determined to not be held by a user, and the user initiates a halt of the torque generation device of the wireless communication device that generates the torque. 28. The wireless communication device of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured to initialize the torque generation device based on the accelerometer signal. 29. The wireless communication device of claim 22, further comprising: a position-information device, coupled to the processor, wherein the position-information device is configured to provide spatial information related to the wireless communication device over a first duration, wherein the processor is further configured to: capture the wireless communication quality over the first duration, associate the spatial information with the captured wireless communication quality to provided associated information, determine, at least in part on the associated information, a second direction to move the wireless communication device to improve the wireless communication quality, and generate the activation signal that activates the torque generation device to generate the torque in the second direction. 30. The wireless communication device of claim 29, wherein the position-information device comprises a gyroscope or a global positioning system (GPS) device. 31. The wireless communication device of claim 25, wherein the processor configured to estimate the direction to move the wireless communication device is further configured to determine to turn, rotate, raise, lower, or twist the wireless communication device.",
-    "New derivatives of a Pt (II) complex provided which are liposoluble and useful as anticancer agents. Also disclosed are platinum II complexes in delivery systems such as liposomes, emulsions, nanoemulsions, and lipid excipients. 1. A Pt (II) complex having the following general formula (I): wherein: R1 and R2 are each an ammine (NH3) which optionally has an organic substituent A, (A-NH2): R1 and R2 being identical or different, being linked to platinum via coordinate bonds, and optionally being linked to each other via a bivalent organic group B (NH2-B-NH2): and R3 is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid residue having 8 to 24 carbon atoms. 2. The Pt (II) complex of claim 1, wherein the organic substituent A is an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or is a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms. 3. The Pt (II) complex of claim 1, wherein the bivalent organic group B is a cycloalkylene group, an alkylene group, or a 1,2-phenylene group. 4. The Pt (II) complex of claim 3, wherein the bivalent organic group B is an alkylene group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkylene group substituted with an alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. 5. The Pt (II) complex of claim 3, wherein the bivalent organic group B is a 1,2-phenypene group, a 1,2-phenylene group substituted with an alkyl or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or is a 1,2-phenylene group substituted with a halogen atom. 6. The Pt (II) complex of claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are each an unsubstituted ammine (NH3) group. 7. The Pt (II) complex of claim 1, wherein the bivalent organic group B is an 1,2-cyclohexylene group. 8. The Pt (II) complex of claim 1, wherein R3 is a myristic acid residue, a palmitic acid residue, or a stearic acid residue. 9. A method of treating cancer cells, comprising contacting the cells with an amount of the Pt (II) complex of claim 1 that is toxic to, or which inhibits the growth of, the cells. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cells are in a mammal and the contacting step comprises administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the Pt (II) complex.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for modifying nanofibrillar cellulose composition, comprising\u2014preparing fibrous dispersion of ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC), and\u2014applying heat treatment at a temperature of at least 90\u00b0 C. to the fibrous dispersion until the viscosity of NFC starts to decrease. The viscosity of the heat-treated NFC is reversible by applying shear forces to the NFC. 1. A method for modifying nanofibrillar cellulose composition, comprising preparing fibrous dispersion of ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC), applying heat treatment at a temperature of at least 90\u00b0 C. to the fibrous dispersion until the viscosity of the nanofibrillar cellulose starts to decrease. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the zero shear viscosity of the nanofibrillar cellulose composition decreases in the heat treatment below 100 Pa\u00b7s, preferably below 10 Pa\u00b7s, most preferably below 5 Pa\u00b7s, as measured in 0.5% concentration of NFC. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is performed under a pressure set sufficiently high to prevent liquid medium of the dispersion, such as water, from boiling. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature in the range of 90-180\u00b0 C., preferably 100-150\u00b0 C., most preferably between 120-140\u00b0 C. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose is oxidized nanofibrillar cellulose obtained by oxidizing cellulose through N-oxyl mediated catalytic oxidation followed by fibrillating the oxidized cellulose. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the oxidized cellulose has the carboxylate content of at least 0.5 mmol COOH/g pulp, especially 0.5-2.5 mmol COOH/g pulp, preferably 0.7-1.2 mmol COOH/g pulp, and most preferably 0.9-1.1 mmol COOH/g pulp. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose is carboxymethylated nanofibrillar cellulose. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the carboxymethylated nanofibrillar cellulose has the degree of substitution in the range of 0.05-0.3, preferably 0.10 to 0.25. 9. The method according to claim 1, the method further comprises applying shear forces to the heat-treated nanofibrillar cellulose. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the zero-shear viscosity of the nanofibrillar cellulose is higher after applying the shear forces, when measured at the concentration of 0.5%. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the zero-shear viscosity of the nanofibrillar cellulose, to which the shear forces were applied, is at least 80% of the zero-shear viscosity before the heat treatment, when measured at 0.5%. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is performed in a pressurized chamber where the gas composition is adjusted so that there is less oxygen or no oxygen. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the gas composition is adjusted by adding some other gas such as nitrogen. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nanofibrillar cellulose composition is an aqueous gel (hydrogel). 15. Modified nanofibrillar cellulose obtainable by the method for preparing modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 1. 16. Modified ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose in the form of gel-like composition in liquid medium where the fibrils of the nanofibrillar cellulose have gathered to fibrillar entities, said gel having lowered zero-shear viscosity as measured at the concentration of 0.5% when compared with fully homogeneous gel having the same constituents. 17. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 16, wherein the ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose is oxidized nanofibrillar cellulose obtained by oxidizing cellulose through N-oxyl mediated catalytic oxidation followed by fibrillating the oxidized cellulose. 18. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 17, wherein the oxidized cellulose has the carboxylate content of at least 0.5 mmol COOH/g pulp, especially 0.5-2.5 mmol COOH/g pulp, preferably 0.7-1.2 mmol COOH/g pulp, and most preferably 0.9-1.1 mmol COOH/g pulp. 19. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 16, wherein the ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose is carboxymethylated nanofibrillar cellulose. 20. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 19, wherein the carboxymethylated nanofibrillar cellulose has the degree of substitution in the range of 0.05-0.3, preferably 0.10 to 0.25. 21. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 16, wherein the ionically charged nanofibrillar cellulose is heat-resistant nanofibrillar cellulose resisting temperatures between 100-150\u00b0 C. without change of the zero-shear viscosity. 22. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 21, wherein the zero-shear viscosity of the gel can be raised to the level of at least 80% of the zero-shear viscosity of the fully homogeneous gel by applying shear forces to the gel. 23. The modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 16, wherein the liquid medium is water. 24. Use of modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 16 or made in accordance with the method of claim 1 in an environment where the modified nanofibrillar cellulose is subjected to a temperature of at least 100\u00b0 C., preferably to a temperature in the range of 100-150\u00b0 C. 25. Use of modified nanofibrillar cellulose according to claim 16 or made in accordance with the method of claim 1 in papermaking, in the body of paper or board, or in a coating on a paper or board, or both. 26. The use according to claim 25, wherein the modified nanofibrillar cellulose is used in the coating applied on the paper or board. 27. The use according to claim 26, wherein the coating is applied on the paper or board by blade coating method.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for producing a cooling body made of a good heat-conducting metal material, comprising the following steps; placing the metallic material (310) between a first die (315) and a second die (320), the dies are pressed against each other such that the metallic material adapts to the shape of the dies, the dies are separated from each other and the cooling body (100) is demoulded from the dies. 1. A cooling body (100) comprising: a lower section comprising a contact surface (120) for absorbing heat from an element to be cooled, and an upper section (110) comprising a projection (205) that extends upwards for transferring heat to an ambient medium, wherein the cooling body (100) is made of a good heat-conducting metal material (310), characterized in that the cooling body (100) is produced by means of an impact extrusion method. 2. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein the contact surface (120) bears a profile. 3. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein the projection (205) has the shape of a conical section (210). 4. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein the projection (205) has the shape of a cylinder (215). 5. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein the projection (205) is cuboid-shaped. 6. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein the cooling body (100) has a substantially circular base area. 7. The cooling body (100) according to claim 5, wherein the projection (215) extends in a radial direction. 8. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein the lower section (115) has a planar sealing surface (135) for engagement with a seal. 9. The cooling body (100) according to claim 1, wherein a retaining element (225) for engaging a hook element is provided on the upper section (110) in order to press the cooling body (100) downwards. 10. A method (300) for producing a cooling body (100) made of a metal material (310), wherein the method (300) comprises the following steps: placing (305) the metal material (310) between a first die (315) and a second die (320); pressing (325) the dies (315, 320) against each other such that the metal material (310) adapts to the shape of the dies (315, 320); separating (330) the dies (315, 320) from each other; and demolding (335) the cooling body (100) from the dies (315, 320). 11. A method for producing a cooling body (100) including a lower section comprising a contact surface (120) for absorbing heat from an element to be cooled, and an upper section (110) comprising a projection (205) that extends upwards for transferring heat to an ambient medium, the method comprising: providing a good heat-conducting metal material (310); and using the material in an impact extrusion process to produce the cooling body.",
-    "The present invention relates to an apparatus, system or method for reducing pressure in a gas flow for a gas let-down system. The present invention further relates to an apparatus, system or method for drying gas. A system (10) for reducing pressure in a gas flow for a gas let-down system comprises an expander (102) driven by gas at a first pressure expanding to a second pressure, and a compressor (104) for compressing the gas from the second pressure to a third pressure, whereby the third pressure is lower than the first pressure and the third pressure is higher than the second pressure. By first expanding the gas and then compressing the gas the intermediate temperature of the gas at the second pressure is lower than if the gas is expanded directly to the third pressure. Further, a drying system for drying a gaseous fluid supplying heat to a heat exchanger comprises a liquid separator, a heat exchanger downstream of the liquid separator and a cooler for extracting heat from the gaseous fluid upstream of the liquid separator using the cold gas downstream of the heat exchanger. By extracting heat from the gaseous fluid the temperature of the gaseous fluid at the inlet to the separator can be reduced causing liquid in the gaseous fluid to condense and be separated in the separator. 1. A system for reducing pressure in a gas flow for a gas let-down system comprising an expander driven by gas at a first pressure expanding to a second pressure, and a compressor for compressing the gas from the second pressure to a third pressure, whereby the third pressure is lower than the first pressure and the third pressure is higher than the second pressure. 2-40. (canceled) 41. A system according to claim 1, wherein the expander drives the compressor, preferably directly. 42. A system according to claim 41 wherein the expander drives the compressor by way of a common shaft. 43. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a heat exchanger for heating the gas at the second pressure. 44. A system according to claim 43, wherein the heat exchanger is arranged to provide heat exchange to at least one of: ambient air, to ground, or water, or an ambient heat source, and a waste heat source. 45. A system according to claim 43, wherein the heat exchanger is arranged to provide cooling to a refrigeration load. 46. A system according to claim 43, wherein a secondary circuit is arranged to transfer heat from a heat source to a heat exchanger. 47. A system according to claim 1, wherein the expander further drives an electric generator. 48. A system according to claim 1, wherein the system is arranged to conduct a portion of gas to the inlet of the expander, and to conduct a further portion of gas to the outlet of the compressor, the further portion of gas bypassing the expander and the compressor. 49. A system according to claim 48, wherein the further portion of gas drives a further expander that optionally further drives an electric generator. 50. A system according to claim 1, wherein the system is arranged to conduct a portion of gas to the inlet of the expander, and to conduct a further portion to the compressor, the further portion bypassing the expander. 51. A system according to claim 50, wherein the further portion drives the compressor. 52. A system according to claim 51, wherein the further portion drives the compressor by means of a tip turbine. 53. A system according to claim 1, wherein the system is arranged to conduct a portion of gas to the inlet of the expander, and to conduct a further portion of gas to an inlet of a further expander. 54. A system according to claim 53, wherein the further expander and the expander both drive the compressor. 55. A system according to claim 53, wherein the system is arranged to conduct the further portion of gas from the outlet of the further expander to the outlet of the compressor. 56. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a recuperator for transferring heat from one portion of the gas to another. 57. A system according to claim 43, further comprising a recuperator for transferring heat from one portion of the gas to another and, optionally, wherein the recuperator is arranged to transfer heat from gas upstream of the expander to gas downstream of the heat exchanger. 58. A system according to claim 56, wherein the recuperator is arranged to transfer heat from gas downstream of the compressor to gas upstream of the expander. 59. A system according to claim 1, wherein the system is arranged to conduct a portion of gas from the outlet of the compressor to the inlet of the heat exchanger. 60. A system according to claim 59, wherein the system is arranged to conduct a portion of gas from the outlet of the compressor to the inlet of the compressor. 61. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a sealable vessel containing system rotative components. 62. A system according to claim 61, wherein the system rotative components include an output drive shaft of the expander and an input drive shaft of the compressor. 63. A system according to claim 62, further comprising a gas bearing supporting the output drive shaft of the expander or the input drive shaft of the compressor. 64. A system according to claim 62, further comprising a magnetic bearing supporting the output drive shaft of the expander or the input drive shaft of the compressor. 65. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a controller for activating the system when a system inlet gas temperature is below a pre-defined threshold. 66. A system according to claim 1, wherein the expander comprises a turbine. 67. A gas let-down station comprising a system according to claim 1. 68. A gas distribution network comprising a system according to claim 1.",
-    "A metal complex having a structural formula as follows, wherein, the metal atom M is selected from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), ruthenium (Ru) and copper (Cu); R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014F, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH3 and substituted phenyl; in the (C\u0302N) substructure located on a left side of the metal atom M in the structural formula (I), C is located in a first aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, and N is located in a second heteroaromatic ring. The metal complex can be used in luminescent material of display devices. 1. A metal complex, having a structural formula (I): wherein, M is a metal atom selected from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), ruthenium (Ru) and copper (Cu); R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014F, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH3 and substituted phenyl; and in the (C\u0302N) substructure located on a left side of the metal atom M in the structural formula (I), C is located in a first aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, and N is located in a second heteroaromatic ring. 2. The metal complex as defined according to claim 1, wherein, C, N and M are located in a third five-membered or six-membered heterocyclic ring. 3. The metal complex as defined according to claim 1, wherein, at least one of R1, R2, R3 or R4 is 4. The metal complex as defined according to claim 1, wherein, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are para-substituted on respective benzene rings. 5. The metal complex as defined according to claim 1, wherein, R1 and R3 are identical and have a same substitution position on respective benzene rings; and R2 and R4 are identical and have a same substitution position on respective benzene rings. 6. The metal complex as defined according to claim 1, wherein, the (C\u0302N) substructure is selected from the group consisting of: 7. The metal complex as defined according to claim 1, wherein, the (C\u0302N) substructure is derived from a material selected from the group consisting of following compounds which are substituted or unsubstituted: and wherein, in the case where the above compounds are substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group is selected from the group consisting of \u2014F, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH3, and 8. A preparation method of a metal complex, wherein, the preparation method comprises: under an anhydrous oxygen-free condition, dissolving a chloro-bridge compound having structural formula (VIII) and a salification auxiliary ligand having structural formula (VI) into ethylene glycol monoethyl ether to react to obtain a metal complex having structural formula (I), wherein, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014F, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH3 and substituted phenyl; metal atom M is selected from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), rhenium (Re), ruthenium (Ru) and copper (Cu); and in the (C\u0302N) substructure, C is located in a first aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, and N is located in a second heteroaromatic ring. 9. The method as defined according to claim 8, wherein, the salification auxiliary ligand (VI) is obtained from an auxiliary ligand having structural formula (V), 10. The method as defined according to claim 9, wherein, the auxiliary ligand (V) is prepared as follows: dissolving a compound having structural formula (IV) into tetrahydrofuran (THE) to obtain a reaction solution; adding a mixed solution of hydrogen peroxide and THF into the reaction solution, and continuing to react after the addition has been completed, to obtain the auxiliary ligand having structural formula (V), 11. The method as defined according to claim 8, wherein, the chloro-bridge compound having structural formula (VIII) is prepared as follows: forming a main ligand having structural formula (VII) into the chloro-bridge compound having structural formula (VIII) by using MCl3; in the structural formula (VII), C is located in a first aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, and N is located in a second heteroaromatic ring, 12. The method as defined according to claim 8, wherein, in the structural formula (I), C, N and M are located in a third five-membered or six-membered heterocyclic ring. 13. The method as defined according to claim 10, wherein, the compound having structural formula (IV) is prepared as follows: dissolving a di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (II) and a di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (Ill) into anhydrous toluene and heating to reflux; adding hexamethyldisilazane (HMS); and continuing to react under reflux after the addition has been completed, to obtain an intermediate product having structural formula (IV), 14. The preparation method of the metal complex as defined according to claim 13, wherein, the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having formula (II) and the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having formula (III) are different; a molar ratio of the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (II) to the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (III) to hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) is 1:1:(0.8-1.2). 15. The method as defined according to claim 11, wherein, a molar ratio of MCl3 to the main ligand having structural formula (VII) is 1:(2-3). 16. The method as defined according to claim 8, wherein, a molar ratio of the chloro-bridge compound having structural formula (VIII) to the salification auxiliary ligand having structural formula (VI) is 1:(2-3). 17. The preparation method of the metal complex as defined according to claim 13, wherein, the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride of formula (II) and the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (III) are identical; and dissolving the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (II) and the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (Ill) into anhydrous toluene specifically comprises: dissolving the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (II) into anhydrous toluene, the molar ratio of the di-(substituted phenyl)phosphorus chloride having structural formula (II) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) being 2:(0.8-1.2). 18. Use of the metal complex as defined according to claim 1 as luminescent material in a display device. 19. A display device, wherein, a luminescent material of the display device contains the metal complex as defined according to claim 1. 20. The display device as defined according to claim 19, wherein, the display device is an organic light-emitting diode.",
-    "A differential printing device includes a first print drum including a first ring gear defined on an outside surface of the first print drum. The device also includes a second print drum including a second ring gear defined on an outside surface of the second print drum. A drive shaft that rotates the first print drum and the second print drum has a number of pinion gears to engage the first ring gear and the second ring gear. The number of pinion gears rotate the first print drum and the second print drum at different angular velocities. 1. A differential printing device comprising: a first print drum comprising a first ring gear defined on an outside surface of the first print drum; a second print drum comprising a second ring gear defined on an outside surface of the second print drum; a drive shaft to rotate the first print drum and the second print drum, the drive shaft comprising a number of pinion gears to engage the first ring gear and the second ring gear; in which the number of pinion gears rotate the first print drum and the second print drum at different angular velocities. 2. The device of claim 1, in which teeth of the first ring gear face teeth of the second ring gear. 3. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a first speedometer to measure the angular velocity of the first print drum; and a second speedometer to measure the angular velocity of the second print drum. 4. The device of claim 1, in which the drive shaft supplies a single input torque to the first print drum and the second print drum. 5. The device of claim 1, further comprising a relative velocity detector to detect the angular velocities of the first print drum and the second print drum relative to one another. 6. A differential print drum comprising: a first print drum rotably coupled to a drive shaft; and a second print drum rotably coupled to the drive shaft that is coaxial to the first print drum; in which the first print drum and the second print drum are driven by the drive shaft at different angular velocities. 7. The print drum of claim 6, in which the first print drum and the second print drum rotate independent of one another. 8. The print drum of claim 6, in which the first print drum receives paper in a first orientation, and the second print drum receives paper in a second orientation. 9. A differential printing system comprising: a split print drum comprising: a plurality of coaxial print drums positioned adjacent to one another; a drive shaft comprising a differential mechanism to selectively rotate a number of print drums; and a power source to supply an input torque to the drive shaft; in which the number of coaxial print drums receive a number of passes of paper. 10. The system of claim 9, in which the drive shaft passes longitudinally through the center of the plurality of coaxial print drums. 11. The system of claim 9, in which the differential mechanism further comprises a number of pinion gears to selectively engage with a plurality of ring gears disposed on outside surfaces of the plurality of coaxial print drums. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a carrier to support the number of pinion gears. 13. The system of claim 9, in which the power rotates the drive shaft based on an angular velocity of the plurality of print drums relative to one another. 14. The system of claim 9, further comprising a locking mechanism to secure the plurality of coaxial print drums. 15. The system of claim 9, further comprising a tension mechanism to control the tension of paper in the differential printing system.",
-    "A device for testing an acoustic emission sensor, the device being configured to monitor a bearing. The device comprises a signal generator and is a portable device that is arranged to be non-permanently attached to a surface of the bearing so that at least a part of the signal generator is pressed against the surface of the bearing. 1. A device for testing an acoustic emission sensor that is configured to monitor a bearing, the device comprising a signal generator, wherein the device is portable, being arranged to be non-permanently attached to a surface of the bearing in a manner wherein at least a part of the signal generator is pressed against the surface of the bearing. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator is arranged to emit at least one signal having at least one of a predetermined frequency, a predetermined amplitude and a predetermined pulse period. 3. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a signal parameter selection element configured to enable a user to change the parameters of the at least one signal emitted by the signal generator. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device is configured to be powered by at least one battery. 5. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a display device. 6. A method for testing an acoustic emission sensor that is configured to monitor a bearing, the method comprising steps of: a) non-permanently attaching a portable device comprising a signal generator to a surface of the bearing so that at least a part of the signal generator is pressed against the surface of the bearing; b) emitting at least one signal having a predetermined frequency and/or amplitude; c) analyzing the at least one signal picked up by the acoustic emission sensor; and d) removing the portable device from the bearing. 7. The method according to claim 6, the method further comprising a step of determining an amount of acoustic signal gain that the acoustic emission sensor is capable of measuring. 8. A device according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator is arranged to emit at least one signal having fixed parameters. 9. A device according to claim 1, wherein the signal generator is arranged to emit at least one signal having fixed parameters, wherein the device is configured to operate in fixed mode operation.",
-    "A sterilization device (1) includes a reactor (4) in which calcium oxide and water are reacted; a sterilization space (6) that is filled with water vapor generated in the reactor (4); a sterilization part (5) formed in the sterilization space (6) on which a sterilization object (2) to be sterilized is placed; a device main body (3) that encases the reactor (4), the sterilization space (6) and the sterilization part (5) to bring the sterilization space (6) into an airtight state; a supply unit (9) for supplying combustion gas into the sterilization space (6); and a discharge passage (13) through which a gas mixture in the sterilization space (6) is discharged to the outside. 1: A sterilization device, comprising: a reactor in which calcium oxide and water are reacted; a sterilization space that is filled with water vapor generated in the reactor; a sterilization part formed in the sterilization space on which a sterilization object to be sterilized is placed; a device main body that encases the reactor, the sterilization space and the sterilization part to bring the sterilization space into an airtight state; a supply unit for supplying combustion gas into the sterilization space; and a discharge passage through which a gas mixture in the sterilization space is discharged to the outside. 2: The sterilization device according to claim 1, wherein the supply unit has a fuel tank for containing fuel, a combustion part in which the fuel is burned, and a combustion gas introduction passage for introducing combustion gas generated in the combustion part into the sterilization space, and wherein the combustion gas introduction passage and the discharge passage are communicated with each other via a communication passage. 3: The sterilization device according to claim 1, wherein the supply unit has a fuel tank for containing fuel, an air tank for containing compressed air, a fuel introduction passage and a compressed air introduction passage for introducing the fuel and the compressed air, respectively, into the sterilization space, and an ignition part provided in the sterilization space for ignition of the fuel. 4: A sterilization method using a sterilization device according to claim 1, comprising: a preparation step of placing a sterilization object on the sterilization part and bringing the sterilization space into an airtight state; a water vapor generation step of reacting the calcium oxide and water to generate water vapor in the reactor; and a supply step of supplying the combustion gas into the sterilization space using the supply unit. 5: The sterilization method according to claim 4, further comprising a circulation step of directing the gas mixture flowing through the discharge passage to flow into the communication passage to supply the gas mixture, together with the combustion gas, into the sterilization space via the combustion gas introduction passage. 6: A sterilization method using a sterilization device according to claim 2, comprising: a preparation step of placing a sterilization object on the sterilization part and bringing the sterilization space into an airtight state; a water vapor generation step of reacting the calcium oxide and water to generate water vapor in the reactor; and a supply step of supplying the combustion gas into the sterilization space using the supply unit. 7: A sterilization method using a sterilization device according to claim 3, comprising: a preparation step of placing a sterilization object on the sterilization part and bringing the sterilization space into an airtight state; a water vapor generation step of reacting the calcium oxide and water to generate water vapor in the reactor; and a supply step of supplying the combustion gas into the sterilization space using the supply unit. 8: The sterilization method according to claim 6, further comprising a circulation step of directing the gas mixture flowing through the discharge passage to flow into the communication passage to supply the gas mixture, together with the combustion gas, into the sterilization space via the combustion gas introduction passage. 9: The sterilization method according to claim 7, further comprising a circulation step of directing the gas mixture flowing through the discharge passage to flow into the communication passage to supply the gas mixture, together with the combustion gas, into the sterilization space via the combustion gas introduction passage.",
-    "A tetrazolinone compound represented by formula (1): wherein Q represents a divalent 5-membred aromatic heterocyclic group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2; A represents a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or fused ring heterocyclic group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1; R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen atom, etc.; R3 represents a C1-C6 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, etc.; R4, R5, and R6 each represents a hydrogen atom, etc.; and X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, has excellent control activity against pests. 1. A tetrazolinone compound represented by formula (1) or a salt thereof: wherein R1 and R2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a C1-C3 alkyl group; R3 represents a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C2-C6 alkynyl group, a nitro group, a cyano group, an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkenyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkynyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 cycloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 alkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkenylthio group, a C3-C6 alkynylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkenylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkynylthio group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonylthio group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxy group, a sulfanyl group, an amino group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, a pentafluorosulfanyl group, a C3-C9 trialkylsilyl group, a C5-C14 trialkylsilylethynyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl group, a C2-C5 alkoxyalkyl group, or a C2-C5 alkylthioalkyl group; R4, R5, and R6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group, a C1-C3 haloalkyl group, a C2-C3 alkenyl group, a C2-C3 haloalkenyl group, or a C1-C3 alkoxy group; R7 represents a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; Q represents a divalent 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, provided that the heterocyclic group has one or more heteroatoms selected from a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, the number of nitrogen atom is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the number of oxygen atom and sulfur atom is 0 or 1; X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; A represents a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or fused ring heterocyclic group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P\u2032, provided that the heterocyclic group has one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, the number of nitrogen atom is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the number of oxygen atom and sulfur atom is 0, 1, 2, or 3: Group P1 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkenyl group, a C2-C6 alkynyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkynyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 cycloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 alkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkenylthio group, a C3-C6 alkynylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkenylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkynylthio group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonylthio group, a hydroxycarbonyl group, a formyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl group, a C6-C16 arylsulfonyl group, a C6-C16 haloarylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl group, an amino group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, an aminosulfonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, and an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group; and Group P2 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 haloalkyl group, a cyano group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C4 alkoxy group, a C1-C4 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C4 alkylthio group, and a C1-C4 haloalkylthio group. 2. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein Q is a pyrazolyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2; A is a pyridyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1; R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms; R3 is a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C4 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C1-C3 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R7 is a methyl group; and X is an oxygen atom. 3. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein Q is a thiazolyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2; A is a pyridyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1; R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms; R3 is a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C4 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C1-C3 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R7 is a methyl group; and X is an oxygen atom. 4. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein Q is Q0; in which the symbol \ue8a0 represents a binding site for A, and the symbol # represents a binding site for an oxygen atom; A is a 2-pyridyl group, a 3-pyridyl group, a 2-quinolyl group, a 3-quinolyl group, a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group, a 2-indolyl group, a 2-benzoimidazolyl group, a 3-thienyl group, a 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl group, a 2-pyrimidinyl group, a 2-thiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a 3-pyridazinyl group, a 2-benzoxazolyl group, a 2-benzothiazolyl group, a 2-quinazolyl group, or a 2-quinoxalinyl group; R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms; R3 is a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C4 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C1-C3 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R7 is a methyl group; and X is an oxygen atom. 5. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein Q is Q0: in which the symbol \ue8a0 represents a binding site for A, and the symbol # represents a binding site for an oxygen atom; and A is a 3-pyridyl group optionally having a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a cyano group. 6. A pest control agent comprising the tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1. 7. A method for controlling pests, which comprises treating plants or soil with an effective amount of the tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1. 8. (canceled) 9. A pyrazole compound represented by formula (II): wherein Q\u2032 is a pyrazolyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2; A\u2032 is a pyridyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1; R53 is a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C4 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C1-C3 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; Group P1 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkenyl group, a C2-C6 alkynyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkynyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyloxy, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 cycloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 alkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkenylthio group, a C3-C6 alkynylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkenylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkynylthio group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonylthio group, a hydroxycarbonyl group, a formyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl group, a C6-C16 arylsulfonyl group, a C6-C16 haloarylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsufinyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl group, an amino group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, an aminosulfonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, and an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group; Group P2 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 haloalkyl group, a cyano group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C4 alkoxy group, a C1-C4 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C4 alkylthio group, and a C1-C4 haloalkylthio group; L1 is a nitro group, an amino group, an isocyanate group, a carboxyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, a halogenated acyl group, NSO, CON3, CONH2, CONHCl, CONHBr, CONHOH, or S1; and 10. The pyrazole compound according to claim 9, wherein Q\u2032 is Q0: in which the symbol \ue8a0 represents a binding site for A\u2032, and the symbol # represents a binding site for an oxygen atom; A\u2032 is a 3-pyridyl group optionally having a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a cyano group; and L1 is a nitro group, an amino group, an isocyanate group, or S1.",
-    "A reactor for producing phosgene, the reactor comprising: tube located in a shell and a space located between the tube and the shell; a cooling medium located in the space and a catalyst located in the tube or cooling medium located in the tube and a catalyst located in the space; a feed inlet; and a product mixture outlet; wherein the tube comprises one or more of: a mini-tube and a second tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold. 1. A method of producing phosgene, comprising: reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a final product composition comprising phosgene; wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the final product composition in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume, based on the total volume of phosgene; wherein the phosgene reactor comprises a tube, a shell, and a space located between the tube and the shell; and wherein the catalyst is disposed in the tube and a cooling medium is located in the space, or the catalyst is disposed in the space and a cooling medium is located in the tube. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the tube comprises a mini-tube section comprising a mini-tube and a second tube section and wherein the reacting comprises: passing a feed comprising carbon monoxide and chlorine over the catalyst in the mini-tube section to produce a first product composition, wherein the mini-tube has an average diameter of 0.1 to 10 millimeters; and passing at least a portion of the first product composition over the catalyst disposed in the second tube section, wherein the second tube section comprises an increased diameter tube with an average diameter greater than the mini-tube, to produce the final product composition. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a peak temperature in the phosgene reactor is less than 800\u00b0 C. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the peak temperature is less than 400\u00b0 C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the phosgene reactor has a heat transfer area per unit volume of 100 to 10,000 m2/m3. 6. A reactor for producing phosgene, the reactor comprising: tube located in a shell and a space located between the tube and the shell; a cooling medium located in the space and a catalyst located in the tube or cooling medium located in the tube and a catalyst located in the space; a feed inlet; and a product mixture outlet; wherein the tube comprises one or more of a mini-tube and a second tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold. 7. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the tube comprises a mini-tube section comprising the mini-tube and the second tube section; wherein the mini-tube has an average diameter of 0.1 to 10 millimeters; and wherein the second tube section comprises an increased diameter tube with an average diameter greater than the mini-tube. 8. The reactor of claim 7, wherein the average diameter of the increased diameter tube is greater than 6 millimeters. 9. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the tube comprises the first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell. 10. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the first concentric tube has a multi-petal cross-sectional geometry. 11. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the tube comprises the first concentric tube and further comprises a second concentric tube, wherein the first concentric tube and the second concentric tube are located within the shell, and a cooling medium is located between an outer wall of the second tube and an inner wall of the shell. 12. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the tube comprises the twisted tube, and wherein the twisted tube has a major diameter and a minor diameter and a ratio of the major diameter to the minor diameter is 1:1 to 20:1. 13. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the twisted tube has a major diameter and a minor diameter and wherein the major diameter and the minor diameter are each independently greater than or equal to 5 mm. 14. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the twisted tube has a smooth helical shape, a jagged helical shape, a wavy shape, a bulging shape, or a combination comprising one or more of the forgoing. 15. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the tube comprises the internal scaffold, and wherein the internal scaffold comprises one or both of an internal insert and an internal fin. 16. The reactor of claim 15, wherein the internal insert, the internal fin, or both comprises an internal scaffolding element, wherein the internal scaffolding element comprises a perpendicular element, an inner element, an angled element, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. 17. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the tube comprises the external scaffold, and wherein the external scaffold comprises one or both of an external insert and an external fin. 18. The reactor of claim 17, wherein the external insert, the external fin, or both comprises an external scaffolding element and wherein the external scaffolding element comprises a helical element, an annular element, a studded element, a serrated element, a wire element, a cut helical element, a cut annular element, a wavy helical element, a slotted wavy helical element, a slotted helical element, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. 19. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the catalyst varies in concentration, activity, or both from a feed end of the tube to an outlet end of the tube and wherein the variance is from low activity, concentration, or both at the feed end to a higher activity, concentration, or both, at the outlet end. 20. The reactor of claim 6, wherein the phosgene reactor has a heat transfer area per unit volume of 100 to 10,000 m2/m3.",
-    "A thin film transistor substrate (2) includes: an auxiliary capacitor electrode (7); a gate insulating film (8) formed on an insulating substrate (4) to cover the auxiliary capacitor electrode (7); a drain electrode (11) formed on the gate insulating film (8) and an oxide semiconductor layer (9); a planarization film (13) formed on a passivation film (12); a capacitor electrode (14) formed on the planarization film (13); an interlayer insulating film (16) formed on the planarization film (13); and a pixel electrode (17) formed on the interlayer insulating film (16) and electrically connected to the drain electrode (11) via a contact hole (18). 1. An X-ray image sensor substrate comprising: an insulating substrate; a gate electrode and an auxiliary capacitor electrode formed on the insulating substrate; a gate insulating film formed on the insulating substrate to cover the gate electrode and the auxiliary capacitor electrode; a semiconductor layer formed on the gate insulating film to overlap with the gate electrode; a drain electrode formed on the gate insulating film and the semiconductor layer; a passivation film formed on the gate insulating film to cover the semiconductor layer and the drain electrode; a planarization film formed on the passivation film; a capacitor electrode formed on the planarization film; an interlayer insulating film formed on the planarization film to cover the capacitor electrode; and a pixel electrode formed on the interlayer insulating film and electrically connected to the drain electrode via a contact hole formed through the passivation film, the planarization film and the interlayer insulating film. 2. The X-ray image sensor substrate of claim 1, wherein a dimple is formed in the planarization film, and the capacitor electrode is formed on the dimple. 3: An X-ray image sensor substrate comprising: an insulating substrate; a gate electrode and an auxiliary capacitor electrode formed on the insulating substrate; a gate insulating film formed on the insulating substrate to cover the gate electrode and the auxiliary capacitor electrode; a semiconductor layer formed on the gate insulating film to overlap with the gate electrode; a drain electrode formed on the gate insulating film and the semiconductor layer; a passivation film formed on the gate insulating film to cover the semiconductor layer and the drain electrode; and a capacitor electrode formed on the passivation film. 4. An X-ray image sensor substrate comprising: an insulating substrate; a gate electrode and an auxiliary capacitor electrode formed on the insulating substrate; a gate insulating film formed on the insulating substrate to cover the gate electrode and the auxiliary capacitor electrode; a semiconductor layer formed on the gate insulating film to overlap with the gate electrode; a drain electrode formed on the gate insulating film and the semiconductor layer; a passivation film formed on the gate insulating film to cover the semiconductor layer and the drain electrode; a capacitor electrode formed on the passivation film; an interlayer insulating film formed on the passivation film to cover the capacitor electrode; and a pixel electrode formed on the interlayer insulating film and electrically connected to the drain electrode via a contact hole formed through the passivation film and the interlayer insulating film. 5. The X-ray image sensor substrate of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer is an oxide semiconductor layer.",
-    "Provided is a liquid crystal display device enabling display without reducing the resolution thereof with respect to an input video signal, and having a reduced number of scanning signal lines. Green first and third pixels (Gx1, Gy1), and a blue second pixel (B1) and a red fourth pixel (R1) are arranged in a Bayer array, the first pixel is connected to a first scanning signal line (Gn) and a first data signal line (Sm), and the second pixel is connected to the first scanning signal line (Gn) and the first data signal line (Sm). 1: A liquid crystal display device comprising a direct-view liquid crystal panel having a Bayer array of green first and third pixels, and a blue second pixel and a red fourth pixel, the first pixel being connected to a first scanning signal line and a first data signal line through a first transistor, the second pixel being connected to the first scanning signal line and the first data signal line through a second transistor. 2: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the third pixel is connected to the first scanning signal line and a second data signal line through a third transistor, and the fourth pixel is connected to the first scanning signal line and the second data signal line through a fourth transistor. 3: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the first pixel forms an auxiliary capacitor with a first auxiliary capacitor line, and the second pixel forms an auxiliary capacitor with a second auxiliary capacitor line, a luminance of the first pixel is higher than a luminance of the second pixel in a first field period, the luminance of the second pixel is higher than the luminance of the first pixel in a second field period, and the first field period and the second field period are alternately displayed repeatedly. 4: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, wherein the third pixel forms an auxiliary capacitor with the second auxiliary capacitor line, and the fourth pixel forms an auxiliary capacitor with the first auxiliary capacitor line, a luminance of the third pixel is higher than a luminance of the fourth pixel in the first field period, and the luminance of the fourth pixel is higher than the luminance of the third pixel in the second field period. 5: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein one frame is divided into the first and the second fields, a video data set of the first pixel of the frame is displayed as the luminance of the first pixel in the first field period and the luminance of the first pixel in the second field period, a video data set of the second pixel of the frame is displayed as the luminance of the second pixel in the first field period and the luminance of the second pixel in the second field period, a video data set of the third pixel of the frame is displayed as the luminance of the third pixel in the first field period and the luminance of the third pixel in the second field period, and a video data set of the fourth pixel of the frame is displayed as the luminance of the fourth pixel in the first field period and the luminance of the fourth pixel in the second field period. 6: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, wherein in the first field period, the luminance of the second pixel is not more than 1/10 of the luminance of the first pixel, and in the second field period, the luminance of the first pixel is not more than 1/10 of the luminance of the second pixel. 7: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, further comprising a backlight arranged opposite to the liquid crystal panel, the backlight repeating lighting and extinction corresponding to cycles in which the first and second field periods are alternately repeated, the backlight being lit in a period in which transmittance of a liquid crystal layer of the first pixel is not less than 20 times of transmittance of a liquid crystal layer of the second pixel in the first field period, the backlight being lit in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel is not less than 20 times of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel in the second field period. 8: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, wherein the backlight includes a plurality of lighting areas individually lit and extinguished, the backlight emits light from a lighting area opposite to the first pixel in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel is not less than 20 times of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel, in the first field period, and the backlight emits light from a lighting area opposite to the second pixel in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel is not less than 20 times of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel, in the second field period. 9: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, further comprising a backlight disposed opposite to the liquid crystal panel, the backlight emitting green light corresponding to the repeated cycles of the first field period, and emitting magenta light corresponding to the repeated cycles of the second field period. 10: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 9, wherein the backlight emits green light in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel is not less than twice of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel in the first field period, and the backlight emits magenta light in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel is not less than twice of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel in the second field period. 11: The liquid crystal display device according to claim 9, wherein the backlight includes a plurality of lighting areas individually lit and extinguished, the backlight emits green light from a lighting area opposite to the first pixel in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel is not less than 20 times of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel in the first field period, and the backlight emits magenta light from a lighting area opposite to the second pixel in a period in which the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the second pixel is not less than 20 times of the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer of the first pixel in the second field period.",
-    "This invention relates to the minimal motif of an epitope on the E6 protein from human papilloma virus (HPV), and this minimal motif of the epitope induces a monoclonal antibody having cross-reactivity with some homologous proteins of HPVs. The inventors are the first to identify a fine antigenic epitope only existing conservatively on the E6 proteins of high risk HPV16, 33, 52 or 58). Therefore, the peptides comprising this epitope can be used to prepare immunogen or serological detection antigen against the HPV E6 proteins, or to prepare specific universal antibodies for a variety of high-risk/carcinogenic HPVs. 1. An isolated peptide, comprising the amino acid sequence of formula (I): EXRHY (I); wherein X represents the amino acid L or Y; and the peptide is derived from E6 proteins of human papilloma viruses (HPVs). 2. The peptide described in claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. 3. The peptide described in claim 1, wherein the peptide is derived from the E6 proteins of HPV18, HPV16, HPV52, HPV33, or HPV58. 4. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide is mixed with an adjuvant or coupled with a carrier protein for use as an immunogen against the E6 protein of HPVs. 5. The peptide according to claim 4, wherein the HPVs is HPV18, HPV16, HPV52, HPV33, or HPV58. 6. A method for preparing an antibody that can bind specifically with an E6 protein of HPV18, HPV16, HPV52, HPV33, or HPV58, comprising immunizing with the peptide according to claim 1. 7. A method for preparing a detection antigen for serological diagnosis of HPV 18 infection, comprising coupling the peptide according to claim 1 with another epitope to form a detection antigen with multiple epitopes. 8. A method for diagnosing infection of HPV18, HPV16, HPV52, HPV33, or HPV58, comprising amplifying an HPV-E6 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and comparing a sequence of the amplified HPV E6 gene with the amino acid sequence of the peptide according to claim 1. 9. (canceled) 10. A test kit for detecting HPV58, HPV33, or HPV52, comprising mAb C1P5.",
-    "Provided are nanoemulsion formulations useful for the delivery of hydrophobic platinum chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer patients, as well as methods of their preparation and use. 1. A nanoemulsion formulation comprising: an oil phase; an interfacial surface membrane; an aqueous phase; and a chemotherapeutic agent comprising a hydrophobic platinum derivative which is not carboplatin, or cisplatin, the chemotherapeutic agent being dispersed in the oil phase. 2. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, wherein the oil phase comprises flaxseed oil, omega-3 polyunsaturated fish oil, omega-6 polyunsaturated fish oil, safflower oil, olive oil, pine nut oil, cherry kernel oil, soybean oil, pumpkin oil, pomegranate oil, primrose oil, or combination thereof. 3. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, wherein the interfacial surface membrane phase comprises an emulsifier and/or a stabilizer. 4. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 3, wherein the emulsifier comprises egg lecithin, egg phosphatidyl choline, soy lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline, dimyristoylphosphatidyl ethyl-N-dimethyl propyl ammonium hydroxide, hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, or combination thereof. 5. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 3, wherein the stabilizer comprises a polyethylene glycol derivative, a phosphatide, a polyglycerol mono oleate, or a combination thereof. 6. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 5, wherein the polyethylene glycol derivative is PEG2000DSPE, PEG3400DSPE, PEG5000DSPE, or combination thereof. 7. The nanoemulsion of claim 5, wherein the polyethylene glycol in the polyethylene glycol derivative has a molecular weight of from 1 kD to 20 kD, from 5 kD to 20 kD, or from 10 kD to 20 kD. 8.-9. (canceled) 10. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic platinum derivative comprises diaminocyclohexane (DACH) platinum-3,5 diiodosalicylate (Pt-SA). 11. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, further comprising a chemopotentiator. 12. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 11, wherein the chemopotentiator comprises ceramide or a derivative thereof. 13. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 12, wherein the chemopotentiator comprises C6-ceramide. 14. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, further comprising C6-ceramide. 15.-20. (canceled) 21. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, further comprising a targeting ligand. 22. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 21, wherein the targeting ligand comprises an EGFR-targeting ligand, a folate receptor-targeting ligand, or a combination thereof. 23. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 22, wherein the targeting ligand is an EGFR-targeting ligand comprising peptide 4, an anti-EGFR immunoglobulin or EGFR-binding fragment thereof, EGa1-PEG, or combination thereof. 24. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 23, wherein the targeting ligand is a folate-targeting ligand comprising DSPE-PEG-cysteine-folic acid, DSPE-PEG2000 folate, DSPE-PEG3400 folate, DSPE-PEG5000 folate, an anti-folate receptor immunoglobulin or folate receptor-binding fragment thereof, or combination thereof. 25. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 23, wherein the PEG in the targeting ligand EGa1-PEG has a molecular weight of from 1 kD to 20 kD, from 5 kD to 20 kD, or from 10 kD to 20 kD. 26. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1, further comprising an imaging agent. 27. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 26, wherein the imaging agent is an MRI contrasting moiety. 28. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 27, wherein the MM contrasting moiety comprises gadolinium, iron oxide, iron platinum, manganese, or a combination thereof. 29. The nanoemulsion formulation of claim 28, wherein the MM contrasting moiety comprises Gd-DTPA-PE, Gd-DOTA-PE, Gd-PAP-DOTA, or combination thereof. 30. A method of imaging a cancer in a patient, comprising administering to a patient having the cancer an amount of the nanoemulsion formulation of claim 26 sufficient to image the cancer. 31. A method of inhibiting the growth of, or killing, a cancer cell, comprising contacting the cancer cell with an amount of the nanoemulsion formulation of claim 1 that is toxic to, or which inhibits the growth of, or kills, the cancer cell. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the cancer cell is in a mammal, and the contacting step comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the nanoemulsion formulation.",
-    "The present invention pertains to an ultraviolet sterilization device (1) for irradiating with ultraviolet light a fluid flowing through a flow passage (6) having an inlet opening (4) and an outlet opening (5), and sterilizing the fluid. The ultraviolet sterilization device is equipped with a light guide (2) formed to tubular shape, and having a flow passage inside, as well as having a light scattering means (8) on the outside peripheral surface, and an ultraviolet light source (3) arranged on the outside surface of the light guide, for irradiating the light guide with ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light from the ultraviolet light source irradiating the light guide is scattered by the light scattering means, and irradiates the flow passage through the inside peripheral surface of the light guide. 1. An ultraviolet sterilization device which irradiates a fluid which flows through a channel having an inlet opening and an outlet opening with ultraviolet rays to sterilize the fluid, the ultraviolet sterilization device comprising: a light guide which is formed in a tubular shape, has the channel at its inside, and has a light scattering means at an outer circumferential surface; and an ultraviolet light source which is arranged at an outer surface of the light guide and irradiate the light guide with ultraviolet rays, wherein the ultraviolet rays which are emitted from the ultraviolet light source to the light guide are scattered by the light scattering means and irradiate the channel through an inner circumferential surface of the light guide. 2. The ultraviolet sterilization device according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet light source is arranged at least at one end face of an inlet opening side or outlet opening side of the light guide. 3. The ultraviolet sterilization device according to claim 1, wherein the ultraviolet light source is arranged at the outer circumferential surface of the light guide along the channel axial direction.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a control device, a control method, and an electronic device that enable an adequate exposure amount to be set at high speed. A control unit controls an exposure amount of a pixel group that is a two-dimensional arrangement of a plurality of pixels. Specifically, in a first mode before recording of a photographed image is started, the control unit sets a plurality of types of exposure amounts to the pixel group, and in a second mode in which the photographed image is recorded, the control unit sets fewer types of exposure amounts than in the first mode to the pixel group. The present technology can be applied to, for example, a control device that controls a solid state imaging element. 1. A control device comprising: a control unit configured to control an exposure amount of a pixel group that is a two-dimensional arrangement of a plurality of pixels, wherein, in a first mode before recording of a photographed image is started, the control unit sets a plurality of types of exposure amounts to the pixel group, and in a second mode in which the photographed image is recorded, the control unit sets fewer types of exposure amounts than in the first mode to the pixel group. 2. The control device according to claim 1, wherein the control unit sets, to the pixel group in the second mode, at least one of the plurality of types of exposure amounts set to the pixel group in the first mode. 3. The control device according to claim 1, wherein, in the first mode, the control unit sets, to the pixel group, the exposure amount that is obtained not by using a pixel signal of a saturated pixel but by using a pixel signal of an unsaturated pixel. 4. The control device according to claim 3, wherein the control unit sets, to the pixel group, the exposure amount that is obtained by using, among pixel signals with the plurality of types of exposure amounts, a pixel signal of the unsaturated pixel that has a larger S/N ratio. 5. The control device according to claim 1, wherein, in the first mode, the control unit sets the exposure amount that is obtained by using, among pixel signals with the plurality of types of exposure amounts, a pixel signal having a high dynamic range. 6. The control device according to claim 5, wherein the control unit sets the exposure amount that is obtained by using the pixel signal having a high dynamic range that is higher than a dynamic range of a pixel signal for displaying on a display. 7. The control device according to claim 5, further comprising: an area specifying unit configured to specify a predetermined area of the pixel group that is an area subject to determination of the exposure amount, wherein the control unit sets the exposure amount that is obtained by using the pixel signal having a high dynamic range in the area specified by the area specifying unit. 8. The control device according to claim 7, wherein the area specifying unit specifies an area of a face of a user in the photographed image as the predetermined area that is the area subject to determination of the exposure amount. 9. The control device according to claim 7, wherein the area specifying unit specifies an area designated by a user in the photographed image as the predetermined area that is the area subject to determination of the exposure amount. 10. The control device according to claim 7, wherein the area specifying unit specifies an area where a predetermined object exists in the photographed image as the predetermined area that is the area subject to determination of the exposure amount. 11. The control device according to claim 1, wherein, in the first mode, the control unit sets two types of exposure amounts to the pixel group, and in the second mode, the control unit sets a single type of exposure amount to the pixel group. 12. The control device according to claim 11, further comprising: a combining unit configured to combine a pixel signal on which magnification correction has been performed by multiplying a pixel signal of a pixel having a small exposure amount by an exposure amount ratio, and a pixel signal of a pixel having a large exposure amount, wherein, in the first mode, the combining unit combines the pixel signal on which the magnification correction has been performed and the pixel signal of the pixel having the large exposure amount and supplies the resultant signal to the control unit, and in the second mode, the combining unit supplies a pixel signal having a single type of exposure amount to the control unit. 13. The control device according to claim 11, further comprising: a combining unit configured to combine a pixel signal on which magnification correction has been performed by multiplying a pixel signal of a pixel having a small exposure amount by an exposure amount ratio, and a pixel signal of a pixel having a large exposure amount, wherein, in the first mode, the combining unit outputs, as a signal for displaying on a display, a signal obtained by clipping, at a display tone of the second mode, a signal in which the pixel signal on which the magnification correction has been performed and the pixel signal of the pixel having the large exposure amount have been combined together. 14. The control device according to claim 12, wherein, in the first mode, the control unit performs auto focus control as well on a basis of the signal that has been combined by the combining unit. 15. The control device according to claim 12, wherein, in the first mode, the control unit generates color control information for white balance as well on a basis of the signal that has been combined by the combining unit. 16. The control device according to claim 1, wherein a phase difference pixel is included in the pixel group, and wherein the control unit performs auto focus control as well by using a pixel signal of the phase difference pixel. 17. A control method by a control device that controls an exposure amount of a pixel group that is a two-dimensional arrangement of a plurality of pixels, the control method comprising: setting, in a first mode before recording of a photographed image is started, a plurality of types of exposure amounts to the pixel group, and setting, in a second mode in which the photographed image is recorded, fewer types of exposure amounts than in the first mode to the pixel group. 18. An electronic device comprising: a solid state imaging element including a pixel group that is a two-dimensional arrangement of a plurality of pixels; and a control unit configured to, in a first mode before recording of a photographed image is started, set a plurality of types of exposure amounts to the pixel group, and in a second mode in which the photographed image is recorded, set fewer types of exposure amounts than in the first mode to the pixel group.",
-    "The present invention relates to a cell culturing method as well as a cell culturing apparatus and kit for use in said culturing method. This cell culturing method comprises applying cells on a porous polyimide film and culturing. One embodiment of the method according to the present invention comprises a process for sowing cells on the surface of the porous polyimide film. An embodiment comprises a process for placing a cell suspension on the dried surface of the porous polyimide film and leaving the porous polyimide film undisturbed or moving said porous polyimide film to promote liquid efflux or stimulating a portion of the surface to cause the cell suspension to be entangled into the film and then retaining the cells in the cell suspension inside the film while allowing the moisture to flow out. Another embodiment comprises a process for moistening one or both surfaces of the porous polyimide film with a cell culture solution or sterilized liquid, loading a cell suspension on the moistened porous polyimide film, then retaining the cells in the cell suspension inside the film, and allowing the moisture to flow out. 1. A cell culturing method that includes applying cells to a porous polyimide film and culturing them. 2. The method according to claim 1, including a step of seeding cells on the surface of a porous polyimide film. 3. The method according to claim 1, including a step of: placing a cell suspension on the dried surface of the porous polyimide film, allowing the porous polyimide film to stand, or moving the porous polyimide film to promote efflux of the liquid, or stimulating part of the surface to cause absorption of the cell suspension into the film, and retaining the cells in the cell suspension inside the film and allowing the water to flow out. 4. The method according to claim 1, including a step of: wetting one or both sides of the porous polyimide film with a cell culture medium or a sterilized liquid, loading a cell suspension into the wetted porous polyimide film, and retaining the cells in the cell suspension inside the film and allowing the water to flow out. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the viable cells are retained in the porous polyimide film, and the dead cells are allowed to flow out together with the water. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the sterilized liquid is sterilized water or a sterilized buffering solution. 7. The method according to claim 1, including the aspect that the cell culture medium, cells and one or more porous polyimide films are placed in a cell culturing vessel, wherein the porous polyimide film is in a suspended state in the cell culture medium. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein two or more fragments of the porous polyimide film are used. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the cells spontaneously adhere to the porous polyimide film. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the porous polyimide film is: i) folded, ii) wound into a roll, iii) connected as sheets or fragments by a filamentous structure, or iv) bound into a rope, for suspension or fixing in the cell culture medium in the cell culturing vessel. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the cells spontaneously adhere to the porous polyimide film. 12. The method according to claim 1, including using two or more porous polyimide films layered either above and below or left and right in the cell culture medium. 13. (canceled) 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cells grow and proliferate on the surface of and inside the porous polyimide film. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, yeast cells and bacteria. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the animal cells are cells derived from an animal belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the bacteria are selected from the group consisting of lactic acid bacteria, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and cyanobacteria. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of pluripotent stem cells, tissue stem cells, somatic cells and germ cells. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of sarcoma cells, established cell lines and transformants. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the porous polyimide film is a porous polyimide film including a polyimide obtained from a tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a diamine. 21. A cell culturing apparatus for use in a cell culturing method according to claim 1, including a porous polyimide film. 22. A cell culturing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein two or more porous polyimide films are layered either above and below or left and right. 23. A kit for use in a cell culturing method according to claim 1, including a porous polyimide film.",
-    "The invention relates to an edge material for panels, the edge material being constructed from a plurality of bonded layers. The edge material comprises a first layer, which is non-metallic, and a core layer, which is made of at least one metal layer. The edge material also comprises a second layer, which is non-metallic. Furthermore, the invention relates to a corresponding sandwich panel and to a corresponding cover layer for panels. 1. An edge material for a panel, comprising: a first layer, wherein the first layer is non-metallic; a core layer, wherein the core layer is made of at least one metal layer; and a second layer, wherein the second layer is non-metallic, and wherein the core layer is arranged between the first layer and the second layer. 2. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein the core layer is made of a first metal layer and a second metal layer, and wherein the first metal layer and the second metal layer are bonded together. 3. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein the edge material has a material thickness between 0.3 mm and 3.0 mm. 4. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein each metal layer of the at least one metal layer has a thickness between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 5. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein each metal layer of the at least one metal layer consists of aluminum or an aluminum base alloy. 6. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein: (i) the first layer consists of a composite material; (ii) the second layer consists of a composite material; or (iii) the first layer and the second layer consist of a composite material, and wherein the composite material has a percentage by mass of phenolic resin of at least 20%. 7. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein: (i) a metal or non-metal decorative layer is arranged on the first layer; (ii) a metal or non-metal decorative layer is arranged on the second layer; or (iii) a first metal or non-metal decorative layer is arranged on the first layer and a second metal or non-metal decorative layer is arranged on the second layer. 8. A sandwich panel, comprising: a first cover ply, wherein the first cover ply is made of a first cover material; a second cover ply, wherein the second cover ply is made of a second cover material; a core material arranged between the first cover material of the first cover ply and the second cover material of the second cover ply; and at least one side edge, wherein each side edge of the at least one side edge includes: a first cover edge of the first cover ply; a second cover edge of the second cover ply; and a core edge of the core material that runs between the first cover edge of the first cover ply and the second cover edge of the second cover ply; and an edge material according to claim 1, wherein the edge material according to claim 1 is applied or bonded to a first side edge of-the at least one side edge such that at least a first core edge of the core material of the first side edge of the at least one side edge is covered by the edge material according to claim 1. 9. The sandwich panel according to claim 8, wherein: (i) the first cover material is the edge material according to claim 1; (ii) the second cover material is the edge material according to claim 1; or (iii) the first cover material and the second cover material are the edge material according to claim 1. 10. A cover layer for panels, wherein the cover layer is made of an edge material according to claim 1. 11. The sandwich panel according to claim 8, further comprising: a first cover layer, wherein the first cover layer covers the first cover ply, and wherein the cover layer is made of the edge material according to claim 1. 12. The edge material according to claim 1, wherein the core layer is made of a first metal layer and a second metal layer, wherein the first metal layer and the second metal layer are bonded together, wherein the edge material has a material thickness between 0.3 mm and 3.0 mm, and wherein each metal layer of the at least one metal layer has a thickness between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 13. The edge material according to claim 12, wherein each metal layer of the at least one metal layer consists of aluminum or an aluminum base alloy, and wherein: (i) the first layer consists of a composite material; (ii) the second layer consists of a composite material; or (iii) the first layer and the second layer consist of a composite material, and wherein the composite material has a percentage by mass of phenolic resin of at least 20%. 14. A sandwich panel, comprising: a first cover ply, wherein the first cover ply is made of a first cover material; a second cover ply, wherein the second cover ply is made of a second cover material; a core material arranged between the first cover material of the first cover ply and the second cover material of the second cover ply; at least one side edge, wherein each side edge of the at least one side edge includes: a first cover edge of the first cover ply; a second cover edge of the second cover ply; and a core edge of the core material that runs between the first cover edge of the first cover ply and the second cover edge of the second cover ply; and an edge material, wherein the edge material is applied or bonded to a first side edge of the at least one side edge such that at least a first core edge of the core material of the first side edge of the at least one side edge is covered by the edge material, and wherein the edge material comprises: a first layer, wherein the first layer is non-metallic; a core layer, wherein the core layer is made of at least one metal layer; and a second layer, wherein the second layer is non-metallic, and wherein the core layer is arranged between the first layer and the second layer. 15. The sandwich panel according to claim 14, wherein the core layer is made of a first metal layer and a second metal layer, wherein the first metal layer and the second metal layer are bonded together, wherein the edge material has a material thickness between 0.3 mm and 3.0 mm, and wherein each metal layer of the at least one metal layer has a thickness between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 16. The sandwich panel according to claim 15, wherein each metal layer of the at least one metal layer consists of aluminum or an aluminum base alloy, wherein: (i) the first layer consists of a composite material; (ii) the second layer consists of a composite material; or (iii) the first layer and the second layer consist of a composite material, and wherein the composite material has a percentage by mass of phenolic resin of at least 20%. 17. The sandwich panel according to claim 14, further comprising: a first cover layer, wherein the first cover layer covers the first cover ply, and wherein the cover layer is made of the edge material. 18. The sandwich panel according to claim 14, wherein the first cover ply is made of the edge material. 19. A sandwich panel, comprising: a cover ply, wherein the cover ply is made of a cover material; a cover layer; and a core material arranged between the cover material of the cover ply and the cover layer, wherein the cover layer comprises: a first layer, wherein the first layer is non-metallic; a core layer, wherein the core layer is made of at least one metal layer; and a second layer, wherein the second layer is non-metallic, and wherein the core layer is arranged between the first layer and the second layer. 20. The sandwich panel according to claim 19, further comprising; a second cover ply, wherein the second cover ply is made of a second cover material, and wherein the second cover ply is positioned between the cover layer and the core material.",
-    "A method for preparing a main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin and application thereof. The method comprises: a cyclic monomer, vinyl monomer and vinyl silyl ester monomer are mixed in a solvent at a formulation ratio, then added a composite initiator in a mass percentage of 0.01-5% based on the total amount of the monomers, and reacted at a temperature of 25-150\u00b0 C., and under the protection of argon or nitrogen gas, so as to prepare the main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin, wherein the monomers are consisted of 5-95% by mass of cyclic monomer, 0-90% by mass of vinyl monomer and 5-95% by mass of vinyl silyl ester monomer. The resulting resin can not only be hydrolyzed on the side chain silyl ester segment under the effect of the sea water, but also occur chain scission on the main chain polyester segment under the effect of the seawater, so as to solve the dependency of the traditional self-polishing material on the sailing speed, effectively control the release of the antifouling agent at a constant rate, ensure the active substance preserved on the coating surface of the ships, and properly meet the antifouling requirements on the low sailing speed ships, submarines and off-shore oil platform facilities. 1. A method for preparing a main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin, wherein a cyclic monomer, vinyl monomer, and vinyl silyl ester monomer are mixed in a solvent at a formulation ratio, then added a composite initiator in a mass percentage of 0.01 to 5% based on the total amount of the monomers, and reacted at a temperature of 25 to 150\u00b0 C., and under the protection of argon or nitrogen gas, so as to prepare the main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin; wherein the monomers are consisted of 5 to 95% by mass of cyclic monomer, 0 to 90% by mass of vinyl monomer, and 5-95% by mass of vinyl silyl ester monomer; the solvent is one or more of tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, butyl acetate, toluene, xylene, acetone and n-butanol; the cyclic monomer is one or more of lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, 2-methyl-\u03b5-caprolactone, 2-chloro-\u03b5-caprolactone, butyrolactone, valerolactone, 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, tri-methylene cyclic carbonate, 2,2-dimethyl trimethylene cyclic carbonate, dimethylaminotrimethylene cyclic carbonate, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, five-membered ring phosphate, six-membered ring phosphate, epoxy ethane, epoxy propane, epoxy chloropropane and \u03b3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxy siliane; the vinyl monomer is one or more of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, methylol acrylamide, isopropyl acrylamide, ethylene glycol methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, styrene, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, vinylpyrrolidone, tetravinylpyridine, acryloyloxyethyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, methacryloyloxyethylbenzyldimethyl ammonium chloride, methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, polysulfobetainemethyl methacrylate and polycarboxybetainemethyl methacrylate; the vinyl silyl ester monomer is one or a mixture in any ratio of two or more of trimethylsilyl acrylate, triethylsilyl acrylate, isopropylsilyl acrylate, triphenylsilyl acrylate, tributyl silyl acrylate, tri-n-octylsilyl acrylate, trimethylsilyl methacrylate, triethylsilyl methacrylate, triisopropylsilyl methacrylate, triphenylsilyl methacrylate, tributylsilyl methacrylate, and tri-n-octylsilyl methacrylate, the composite initiator is a mixture of two or more of low molecular weight alcohol, low molecular weight amine, thiol, phosphazene, phosphazene salt, phosphazene oxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, and benzoyl peroxide. 2. A method for preparing a main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio between the total amount of monomers and the solvent is (50\u02dc200): 100. 3. A method for preparing a main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin according to claim 1, wherein the low molecular weight amine is at least one of aliphatic amines containing 2\u02dc10 carbon atoms. 4. A method for preparing a main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin according to claim 1, wherein the low molecular weight alcohol is at least one of aliphatic alcohols containing 2\u02dc10 carbon atoms. 5. A main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin, prepared by a method according to claim 1. 6. Use of a main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin of claim 5 in preparing a marine antifouling coating, wherein 10 to 60 parts by weight of the main chain scission-type polysilyl (meth)acrylate resin, 20 to 60 parts by weight of cuprous oxide, 3 to 15 parts by weight of organic antifouling agent, 10 to 40 parts by weight of pigment filler, 0 to 5 parts by weight of auxiliary agent and 5 to 20 parts by weight of organic solvent are mixed and stirred to uniform, so as to produce a marine antifouling coating; wherein the organic fouling agent is one or more of copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, pyridyltriphenyl borane, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolinyl-3-one, medetomidine, 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-4-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl-pyrrole, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-N-phenyl maleimide; the pigment filler is one or more of zinc oxide, red iron oxide, calcium carbonate and barium sulfate; the auxiliary agent is one or more of chlorinated paraffin, rosin, dioctyl phthalate, castor oil, bentonite, polyamide wax and fumed silica; the organic solvent is one or more of xylene, n-butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, butanone, diacetone alcohol and vinyl acetate.",
-    "The invention concerns a photovoltaic plant intended to be linked to a single-phase or multiphase electrical network of which at least one effective voltage of a phase is greater than or equal to 3 kV. The photovoltaic plant comprises at least one first field of photovoltaic modules linked to a first inverter and a second field of photovoltaic modules linked to a second inverter, the first and second inverters being connected in series, the first inverter being linked to the electrical network, each photovoltaic module of the first field of photovoltaic modules having a breakdown voltage greater than or equal to 20 kV. There is no galvanic isolation between the network and the first and second fields of photovoltaic modules. 1. A photovoltaic power plant intended to be connected to a single-phase or polyphase electrical network, wherein an effective voltage of at least one phase is greater than or equal to 3 kV, the photovoltaic power plant comprising at least a first field of photovoltaic modules directly connected to a first inverter and a second field of photovoltaic modules directly connected to a second inverter, the first and second inverters being series-connected, the first inverter being connected to the electrical network, each photovoltaic module of the first field of photovoltaic modules having a breakdown voltage greater than or equal to 20 kV, and wherein there is no galvanic isolation between the network and the first and second fields of photovoltaic modules. 2. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 1, comprising at least one third field of photovoltaic modules directly connected to a third inverter, the third inverter being series-connected with the second inverter. 3. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 1, intended to be connected to a single-phase or polyphase electrical network wherein an effective voltage of at least one phase is in the range from 3 kV to 25 kV, wherein each photovoltaic module of the first field of photovoltaic modules has a breakdown voltage in the range from 20 kV to 130 kV and advantageously from 60 kV to 130 kV. 4. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 1, wherein all the photovoltaic modules of all the fields of photovoltaic modules of the photovoltaic power plant have a breakdown voltage greater than or equal to 20 kV. 5. The photovoltaic power plant (30) of claim 1, intended to be connected to a three-phase electrical network having its effective composite voltages greater than 3 kV, comprising, for each phase of the electrical network, at least the first field of photovoltaic modules directly connected to the first inverter and the second field of photovoltaic modules directly connected to the second inverter, the first and second inverters being series-connected, the first inverter being connected to said phase, each photovoltaic module of the first field of photovoltaic modules having a breakdown voltage greater than or equal to 20 kV, and wherein there is no galvanic isolation between the network and the first and second fields of photovoltaic modules. 6. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 1, wherein each photovoltaic module of the first field rests on a support and comprises photovoltaic cells and a holding device for keeping an air film between the support and the photovoltaic cells. 7. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 6, wherein the photovoltaic cells are surrounded with an encapsulation layer forming first and second opposite surfaces, each photovoltaic module comprising a coating covering at least the most part of the first surface, the holding device being capable of keeping the air film between the support and the coating. 8. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 7, wherein the coating comprises protruding portions in contact with the support. 9. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 8, wherein at least one photovoltaic module of the first field further comprises, for each protruding portion, a pad between the coating and the first surface. 10. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 7, wherein each protruding portion delimits a housing filled with air or at least partly filled with the material forming the encapsulation layer. 11. The photovoltaic power plant of claim 8, wherein the height of each protruding portion varies from 1 mm to 20 mm.",
-    "Embodiments include curable compositions including an epoxy resin and a hardener component including a polymer having first constitutional unit, a second constitutional unit, and a third constitutional unit, where the epoxy group to the second constitutional unit has a molar ratio in a range of 0.5:1 to 5:1. Embodiments include prepregs that include a reinforcement component and the curable composition and an electrical laminate formed with the curable composition. 1. A curable composition, comprising: an epoxy resin; and a hardener compound for curing with the epoxy resin, the hardener compound comprising: a polymer comprising a first constitutional unit having a formula of and a second constitutional unit having a formula of and a third constitutional unit having a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each m, n, and r is independently a real number that represents a mole fraction of the respective constitutional unit in the polymer, each R is independently a hydrogen, a halogen, an aromatic group or an aliphatic group, IVI\u00b1 and M2+ are metal ions and wherein the molar ratio of the epoxy group to the second constitutional unit is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 5:1. 2. The curable composition of claim 1, further comprising a fourth constitutional unit having a formula of wherein p is a real number that represents a mole fraction of the fourth constitutional unit in the polymer, and Ar is an aromatic group. 3. The curable composition of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the second constitutional unit is converted to an imide or an amic acid by treatment with an amine-containing compound. 4. The curable composition of claim 1, where the third constitutional unit constitutes 0.005% to 10% by weight of the polymer. 5. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio of r/(n+r) or r/(n+p+r) is in the range from 0.001 to 0.1. 6. The curable composition of claim 1, further comprising a flame retardant. 7. The curable composition claim 1, wherein said first constitutional unit is styrene. 8. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein said second constitutional unit is maleic anhydride. 9. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, lithium, and zinc. 10. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein the metal ion is obtained from a base compound selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, zinc acetate, lithium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium chloride, and potassium hydroxide. 11. The curable composition of claim 1, where a cured product of the curable composition has a glass transition temperature of at least 150\u00b0 C. 12. The curable composition of claim 1, where the first constitutional unit to the second constitutional unit has a molar ratio in a range of 1:1 to 20:1. 13. The curable composition of claim 1, where the second constitutional unit constitutes 0.1 percent (%) to 49% by weight of the polymer. 14. The curable composition of claim 1, where the epoxy resin is selected from the group consisting of aromatic epoxy compounds, alicyclic epoxy compounds, aliphatic epoxy compounds, and combinations thereof. 15. A prepreg comprising a reinforcement component and the curable composition of claim 1. 16. An electrical laminate structure that comprises a reaction product of the curable composition of claim 1. 17. A method of preparing a curable composition, comprising: providing an epoxy resin; and reacting the epoxy resin with a hardener compound, the hardener compound comprising: a polymer comprising a first constitutional unit with a formula of a second constitutional unit having a formula of and a third constitutional unit having a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each m, n, and r is independently a real number that represents a mole fraction of the respective constitutional unit in the polymer, each R is independently a hydrogen, a halogen, an aromatic group or an aliphatic group, M\u00b1 and M2+ are metal ions and wherein the molar ratio of the epoxy group to the second constitutional unit is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 5:1. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the hardener compound further comprises a fourth constitutional unit having a formula of wherein p is a real number that represents a mole fraction of the fourth constitutional unit in the polymer, and Ar is an aromatic group. 19. The curable composition of claim 1, wherein said first constitutional unit is styrene and said second constitutional unit is maleic anhydride. 20. The curable composition of claim 19, wherein a cured product of the curable composition has a glass transition temperature of at least 150\u00b0 C. and where the first constitutional unit to the second constitutional unit has a molar ratio in a range of 1:1 to 20:1.",
-    "An inflatable connector comprising a bladder having at least two pipe securing areas formed as at least two separate cylindrical voids, respectively, in said bladder, wherein said at least two separate cylindrical voids are completely separated by a portion of said bladder and are configured to at least partially encompass at least two pipe portions, respectively, wherein said bladder is configured, when deflated, to enable insertion of said at least two pipe portions into said at least two pipe securing areas, respectively, and wherein said bladder is configured, when inflated, to secure said at least two pipe portions in said at least two pipe securing areas, respectively. 1. An inflatable connector comprising: a bladder having at least two pipe securing areas formed as at least two separate cylindrical voids, respectively, in said bladder, wherein said at least two separate cylindrical voids are completely separated by a portion of said bladder and are configured to at least partially encompass at least two pipe portions, respectively, wherein said bladder is configured, when deflated, to enable insertion of said at least two pipe portions into said at least two pipe securing areas, respectively, and wherein said bladder is configured, when inflated, to secure said at least two pipe portions in said at least two pipe securing areas, respectively. 2. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, further comprising a harness configured to encircle said bladder together with said at least two pipe portions, so as to secure said bladder and said at least two pipe portions together. 3. The inflatable connector according to claim 3, wherein said harness comprises a mesh. 4. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, further comprising an inflation nipple. 5. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe securing areas are each substantially cylindrical. 6. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe securing areas are substantially parallel, such that, when said bladder is inflated, said at least two pipe portions are secured substantially parallel to one another. 7. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe securing areas are non-parallel, such that, when said bladder is inflated, said at least two pipe portions are secured non-parallel to one another. 8. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe securing areas comprise at least three pipe securing areas. 9. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe securing areas comprise at least four pipe securing areas. 10. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe portions are rims of fish cages. 11. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said at least two pipe portions are scaffoldings. 12. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said bladder is made of an elastomeric material. 13. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said bladder is filled with a gas. 14. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said bladder is filled with a liquid. 15. The inflatable connector according to claim 1, wherein said bladder is buoyant when inflated.",
-    "Examples provide inkjet ink sets and related methods. An ink set may include a pre-treatment fixing fluid, an ink, and a post-treatment fluid including a binder and a surfactant having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of greater than about 12. 1. An ink set, comprising: a pre-treatment fixing fluid including a metal salt; an ink including an ink colorant and an ink vehicle; and a post-treatment fluid including a binder and a surfactant having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of greater than about 12. 2. The ink set of claim 1, wherein the HLB value is about 16. 3. The ink set of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is non-reactive to the metal salt. 4. The ink set of claim 1, wherein surfactant is present in the post-printing treatment fluid in a range of about 0.1 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent. 5. The ink set of claim 1, wherein the binder is present in the post-treatment fluid in a range of about 6 weight percent to about 30 weight percent. 6. The ink set of claim 1, wherein the binder is present in the post-treatment fluid in a range of about 20 weight percent to about 30 weight percent. 7. The ink set of claim 6, wherein the binder is a latex is selected from a group consisting of acrylic polymers or copolymers, vinyl acetate polymers or copolymers, polyester polymers or copolymers, vinylidene chloride polymers or copolymers, butadiene polymers or copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, and mixtures thereof. 8. The ink set of claim 1, wherein the ink colorant is a pigment, and the metal salt includes a polyvalent metal cation selected from a group consisting of Ca2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+, and mixtures thereof. 9. The ink set of claim 1, further comprising a first inkjet ink cartridge containing the pre-treatment fixing fluid, at least one second inkjet ink cartridge containing the ink, and a third inkjet ink cartridge containing the post-treatment fluid. 10. A post-treatment fluid for inkjet printing, comprising: a binder; and a surfactant having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of greater than about 12. 11. The post-treatment fluid of claim 10, wherein the binder is present in the post-treatment fluid in a range of about 6 weight percent to about 30 weight percent, and the surfactant is present in the post-treatment fluid in a range of about 0.1 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent. 12. A method of producing images on media, comprising: separately inkjetting onto the media, in order, a pre-treatment fixing fluid, an ink, and a post-treatment fluid including a binder and a surfactant having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of greater than about 12. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said inkjetting the post-treatment fluid comprises inkjetting the post-treatment fluid after the pre-treatment fixing fluid and the ink dry. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said inkjetting the post-treatment fluid is performed before the ink and the pre-treatment fixing fluid substantially dry. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said inkjetting the pre-treatment fixing fluid comprises inkjetting the pre-treatment fixing fluid by a first inkjet ink cartridge, wherein said inkjetting the ink comprises inkjetting the ink by a second inkjet ink cartridge, and wherein said inkjetting the post-treatment fluid comprises inkjetting the post-treatment by a third inkjet ink cartridge.",
-    "The present disclosure provides systems and methods for treating (e.g., reducing and/or eliminating) abscesses by applying acoustic energy, for example high intensity focused ultrasound (\u201cHIFU\u201d). 1. A method of treating an abscess associated with a subject, the method comprising: applying therapeutic acoustic energy to the abscess, wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy is sufficient to disrupt and/or destroy at least a portion of a pathogenic component of the abscess. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the abscess is associated with appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholecystectomy or gallbladder perforations, biliary leakage, gastrointestinal perforations, enteric fistulas, hernias and volvulus, diverticulitis, intussusceptions, post-operative infections or leakages, malignancies, ischemia and embolic disease, vasculitis, trauma, local radiation therapy or brachytherapy, a localized infection or abscess within a solid organ, a localized infection or abscess within a subcutaneous soft tissue, cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis, prostatitis, a genitourinary abscess, an infection after surgical revisions such as a diverting ileostomy, a neobladder, an infection associated with a nephrostomy stent/drain, an infection associated with a suprapubic drains, an infection associated with a stone, an infection associated with a malignancy, an infection associated with a trauma, an infection associated with a fistulas, an infection associated with a bladder/ureteric perforation, acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, mastitis, cellulitis, erysipelas, a thermal burn, a chemical burn, a breast malignancy, a skin malignancy, lymphoma, a mycobacterium, an allergic reaction, a lymphatic obstruction, a surgery, a biopsy, a piercing, a tattoo, a venous obstruction, an abscess within a rectus abdominis muscle, an abscess within a transverse abdominis muscle, an abscess within a psoas muscle, an abscess within a levator ani muscle, an abscess within a piriformis muscle, an abscess within an obturator muscle, an abscess within an adductor muscle, an abscess within a gluteal muscle, an abscess within a muscle of a shoulder girdle, an abscess within a rotator cuff, an abscess within a chest wall, an abscess within a pectus muscle, an abscess within a serratus muscle, an abscess within a sternocleidomastoid muscle, an abscess within a latissimus dorsi muscle, an abscess within a trapezius muscle, an abscess within a biceps muscle, an abscess within a triceps brachii muscle, an abscess within a deltoid muscle, parapneumonic effusion, empyema, chylothorax, pericarditis, or mediastinitis. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy is focused on only a portion of the abscess. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy comprises a plurality of energy pulses. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy is applied transcutaneously. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy is focused within the abscess. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein tissue surrounding the abscess is not damaged. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising obtaining an image of the abscess before applying the therapeutic acoustic energy to the abscess. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the image of the abscess is obtained by ultrasound, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the image of the abscess is an ultrasound image obtained using an ultrasound transducer array configured to additionally generate the therapeutic acoustic energy. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy comprises high intensity focused ultrasound energy. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the method does not include draining the abscess. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy is applied for at least about 3 minutes. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the therapeutic acoustic energy has a peak pressure of about \u221220 MPa to about 1000 MPa. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. A method of inducing cavitation in an abscess, the method comprising: applying high-intensity focused ultrasound energy focused within at least a portion of the abscess, wherein a temperature associated with the abscess is not significantly increased during the step of applying the high-intensity focused ultrasound energy. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the high-intensity focused ultrasound energy is applied in an amount sufficient to disrupt and/or destroy at least a portion of a pathogenic component of the abscess. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the high-intensity focused ultrasound energy is applied for at least about 3 minutes. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. An acoustic abscess ablation system, comprising: a signal generator configured to generate an ultrasound waveform; an amplifier in operative communication with the signal generator for converting the ultrasound waveform into a high-intensity ultrasound waveform having an increased intensity to a signal transducer; and a signal transducer having an adjustable focus for delivering the high-intensity ultrasound waveform to an abscess within a patient, wherein the high-intensity ultrasound waveform is sufficient to disrupt and/or destroy at least a portion of a pathogenic component of the abscess. 29. The acoustic ablation system of claim 28 wherein the system further comprises a second transducer for obtaining an ultrasound image of the abscess. 30. The acoustic ablation system of claim 29 wherein the signal transducer and the second transducer are housed in a single transducer housing. 31. The acoustic ablation system of claim 29, further comprising a display for displaying the ultrasound image of the abscess. 32. The acoustic ablation system of claim 29 wherein the second transducer is a diagnostic ultrasound transducer. 33. The acoustic ablation system of claim 29 wherein the signal transducer is in a first housing and the second transducer is in a second, separate housing. 34. The acoustic ablation system of claim 29 wherein the signal transducer and the second transducer are in a single housing. 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to short peptides based on the amino acids sequence of the N-terminal domain of the human mitochondrial protein voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC) and to peptide conjugates having a cell permeability enhancing moiety. The peptides, peptide conjugates and pharmaceutical compositions containing them are useful for treating diseases characterized by cell hyperproliferation or resistance to cell death and in particular, cancer. 1.-48. (canceled) 49. A peptide conjugate comprising a peptide derived from amino acids residues 1-26 of human VDAC1 N-terminal domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or a fragment thereof and a Drosophila antennapedia (Antp) domain having the amino acids sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8. 50. The peptide conjugate of claim 49, which comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:9 and SEQ ID NO:10. 51. The peptide conjugate of claim 49, which consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:9 and SEQ ID NO:10. 52. The peptide conjugate of claim 1, which is a D-L stereomeric peptide, comprising a combination of D- and L-amino acids. 53. The peptide conjugate of claim 49, which is a D-stereomeric conjugate comprising only D-amino acids. 54. The peptide conjugate of claim 49 which is capable of inducing cell death. 55. The peptide conjugate of claim 54, which induces apoptosis or enhances sensitivity to an apoptosis-inducing reagent. 56. The peptide conjugate of claim 54, which impairs cell enemy production. 57. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: at least one peptide conjugate comprising a peptide of 5-25 amino acid derived from amino acids 1-26 of human VDAC1 N-terminal domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or a fragment thereof and a Drosophila antennapedia (Antp) domain having the amino acids sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, and a therapeutically acceptable diluent or carrier. 58. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 57, wherein the peptide conjugate comprises at least one peptide conjugate having the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, or a combination thereof. 59. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 57, wherein the peptide conjugate comprises at least one peptide conjugate consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, or a combination thereof. 60. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 58, wherein the at least one peptide conjugate is a D-stereomeric peptide comprising only D-amino acids. 61. A method for treating a subject suffering from a disease associated with aberrant apoptosis and/or cell hyperproliferation, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one peptide conjugate comprising a peptide of 5-25 amino acids derived from amino acids 1-26 of human VDAC1 N-terminal domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or a fragment thereof and a Drosophila antennapedia (Antp) domain having the amino acids sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the at least one peptide conjugate comprises at least one peptide conjugate consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, or a combination thereof. 63. The method of claim 61, wherein the at least one peptide conjugate consists of at least one peptide conjugate consisting of the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ NO:10, or a combination thereof. 64. The method of claim 61, wherein the disease is a cancer disease. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical carcinoma, malignant melanoma, alveolar basal cell adenocarcinoma, bronchial veolar carcinoma, prostate cancer and breast cancer. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the cancer disease is selected from the group consisting of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), glioblastoma and prostate cancer. 67. A method of inducing cancer cell death comprising applying to the cancer cells at least one peptide conjugate comprising a peptide of 5-25 amino acids derived from amino acids 1-26 of human VDAC1 N-terminal domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or a fragment thereof and a Drosophila antennapedia (Antp) domain having the amino acids sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8. 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the peptide conjugate comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:9 and SEQ ID NO:10.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for correcting uniform detector saturation. In one method, a mass analyzer analyzes N extractions of an ion beam. A nonzero amplitude from an ADC detector subsystem is counted as one ion, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum. The ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra are summed, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum. A probability that the total count arises from single ions hitting the detector is calculated. For each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value, an amplitude response is calculated, producing amplitude responses for ions found to be single ions hitting the detector. Amplitude responses are combined, producing a combined amplitude response. The total count is dynamically corrected using the combined amplitude response and the summed ADC amplitude. 1. A system for dynamically correcting uniform detector saturation of a mass analyzer, comprising: an ion source that ionizes sample molecules producing a beam of ions; and a mass analyzer that includes a detector and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) detector subsystem analyzes the beam of ions; and a processor in communication with the mass analyzer that (a) instructs the mass analyzer to analyze N extractions of the ion beam, producing N sub-spectra, (b) for each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, counts a nonzero amplitude from the ADC detector subsystem as one ion, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, (c) sums the ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum, (d) for each ion of the spectrum, calculates a probability that the total count arises from single ions hitting the detector using Poisson statistics, (e) for each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value, calculates an amplitude response by dividing the summed ADC amplitude by the total count, producing one or more amplitude responses for one or more ions found to be single ions hitting the detector, (f) combines the one or more amplitude responses, producing a combined amplitude response that expresses the amount of ADC amplitude produced by a single ion, and (g) for each ion of the spectrum, dynamically corrects the total count using the combined amplitude response and the summed ADC amplitude. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor combines the one or more amplitude responses by calculating an average amplitude response and wherein the combined amplitude response comprises the average amplitude response. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor combines the one or more amplitude responses by calculating a median amplitude response and wherein the combined amplitude response comprises the median amplitude response. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein in order to exclude less reliable ions the processor further in step (e) calculates an amplitude response by dividing the summed ADC amplitude by the total count only for each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value and where the total count exceeds a threshold count, producing one or more amplitude responses for one or more ions found to be single ions hitting the detector. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor further divides the mass range of the spectrum into two or more windows and performs steps (f)-(g) on each window of the two or more windows. 6. A method for dynamically correcting uniform detector saturation of a mass analyzer, comprising: (a) instructing a mass analyzer that includes a detector and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) detector subsystem and that analyzes a beam of ions to analyze N extractions of the ion beam using a processor, producing N sub-spectra; (b) for each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, counting a nonzero amplitude from the ADC detector subsystem as one ion using the processor, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra; (c) summing the ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra using the processor, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum; (d) for each ion of the spectrum, calculating a probability that the total count arises from single ions hitting the detector using Poisson statistics using the processor; (e) for each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value, calculating an amplitude response by dividing the summed ADC amplitude by the total count using the processor, producing one or more amplitude responses for one or more ions found to be single ions hitting the detector; (f) combining the one or more amplitude responses using the processor, producing a combined amplitude response that expresses the amount of ADC amplitude produced by a single ion; and (g) for each ion of the spectrum, dynamically correcting the total count using the combined amplitude response and the summed ADC amplitude using the processor. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising combining the one or more amplitude responses by calculating an average amplitude response using the processor, wherein the combined amplitude response comprises the average amplitude response. 8. The method of claim 6, combining the one or more amplitude responses by calculating a median amplitude response using the processor, wherein the combined amplitude response comprises the median amplitude response. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein in order to exclude less reliable ions, step (e) further comprises calculating an amplitude response by dividing the summed ADC amplitude by the total count only for each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value and where the total count exceeds a threshold count using the processor, producing one or more amplitude responses for one or more ions found to be single ions hitting the detector. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the processor further divides the mass range of the spectrum into two or more windows and performs steps (f)-(g) on each window of the two or more windows. 11. A computer program product, comprising a non-transitory and tangible computer-readable storage medium whose contents include a program with instructions being executed on a processor so as to perform a method for dynamically correcting uniform detector saturation of a mass analyzer, the method comprising: (a) providing a system, wherein the system comprises one or more distinct software modules, and wherein the distinct software modules comprise a control module and an analysis module; (b) instructing a mass analyzer that includes a detector and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) detector subsystem and that analyzes a beam of ions to analyze N extractions of the ion beam using the control module, producing N sub-spectra; (c) for each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, counting a nonzero amplitude from the ADC detector subsystem as one ion using the analysis module, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra; (d) summing the ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra using the analysis module, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum; (e) for each ion of the spectrum, calculating a probability that the total count arises from single ions hitting the detector using Poisson statistics using the analysis module; (f) for each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value, calculating an amplitude response by dividing the summed ADC amplitude by the total count using the analysis module, producing one or more amplitude responses for one or more ions found to be single ions hitting the detector; (g) combining the one or more amplitude responses using the analysis module, producing a combined amplitude response that expresses the amount of ADC amplitude produced by a single ion; and (h) for each ion of the spectrum, dynamically correcting the total count using the combined amplitude response and the summed ADC amplitude using the analysis module. 12-22. (canceled) 23. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises combining the one or more amplitude responses by calculating an average amplitude response using the processor, wherein the combined amplitude response comprises the average amplitude response. 24. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the method further comprises combining the one or more amplitude responses by calculating a median amplitude response using the processor, wherein the combined amplitude response comprises the median amplitude response. 25. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein in order to exclude less reliable ions, step (e) of the method further comprises calculating an amplitude response by dividing the summed ADC amplitude by the total count only for each ion of the spectrum where the probability exceeds a threshold value and where the total count exceeds a threshold count using the processor, producing one or more amplitude responses for one or more ions found to be single ions hitting the detector. 26. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the method further divides the mass range of the spectrum into two or more windows and performs steps (f)-(g) on each window of the two or more windows.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a technical field of display technology, and provide a driving method for a pixel circuit and a driving device thereof. A problem of cost increase can be solved which is caused by an increase in a number of storages when adjustment is made by way of Gamma curve and table lookup, by means of the technical solutions according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The driving method of the pixel circuit includes acquiring brightness information of a display screen in a light-emitting phase (S101); determining a duty cycle of a pulse signal according to the brightness information (S102); inputting a high level to the first voltage terminal, and inputting the pulse signal with the duty cycle to a gate of the first switching transistor by the first gate line (S103). 1. A driving method for a pixel circuit, the pixel circuit including a driving transistor, a light-emitting device having an anode connected with a second electrode of the driving transistor, and a first switching transistor, the first switching transistor having a first electrode connected with a first voltage terminal, a second electrode connected with a first electrode of the driving transistor, and a gate connected with a first gate line, wherein, the driving method comprises: in a light-emitting phase, acquiring a brightness information of a display image; determining a duty cycle of a pulse signal according to the brightness information; inputting a high level to the first voltage terminal, and inputting a pulse signal with the duty cycle to the gate of the first switching transistor by the first gate line, to control luminescence time of the light-emitting device. 2. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 1 wherein the brightness information includes a brightness value of the display image. 3. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 1, wherein the brightness information includes a display mode corresponding to a brightness value of the display screen. 4. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 2, wherein in a case that the brightness value is a percentage value, the determining a duty cycle of a pulse signal according to the brightness value includes: a percentage value of the brightness value being equal to that of the duty cycle. 5. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 4, wherein the pixel circuit further includes a second switching transistor, a first capacitor and a second capacitor, the second switching transistor has a first electrode connected with a data line, a second electrode connected with a gate of the driving transistor, and a gate connected with a second gate line; the first capacitor has one terminal connected with the gate of the driving transistor, and another terminal connected with the anode of the light-emitting device; the second capacitor has one terminal connected with the anode of the light-emitting device, and another terminal connected with the second voltage terminal. 6. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 5, wherein the driving transistor, the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are all N type transistors; or, the driving transistor, the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are all P type transistors. 7. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 6, wherein the driving transistor, the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are all enhancement mode transistors or depletion mode transistors. 8. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 7, wherein, in a case that both the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are N type enhancement mode transistors, the first electrode of the driving transistor, the first electrode of the first switching transistor and the first electrode of the second switching transistor are drains, and their second electrodes are sources. 9. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 8, wherein the driving method includes: in a reset phase, inputting a low level to the first voltage terminal, inputting a high level to the first gate line, the first switching transistor being turned on, inputting a high level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned on, and inputting a reference voltage to the data line; in a compensation phase, inputting a high level to the first gate line, the first switching transistor being turned on, inputting a high level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned on, inputting a reference voltage to the data line, inputting a high level to the first voltage terminal, storing a threshold voltage of the driving transistor in the first capacitor; in a writing phase, inputting a high level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned on, a low level being input to the first gate line, the second switching transistor being in OFF state, writing the data voltage input to the data line into the gate of the driving transistor; in a light-emitting phase, inputting a high level to the first voltage terminal, inputting a low level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned off, and inputting a pulse signal with the duty cycle to the first gate line. 10. (canceled) 11. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 3, wherein in a case that the brightness value is a percentage value, the determining a duty cycle of a pulse signal according to the brightness value includes: a percentage value of the brightness value being equal to that of the duty cycle. 12. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 11, wherein the pixel circuit further includes a second switching transistor, a first capacitor and a second capacitor, the second switching transistor has a first electrode connected with a data line, a second electrode connected with a gate of the driving transistor, and a gate connected with a second gate line; the first capacitor has one terminal connected with the gate of the driving transistor, and another terminal connected with the anode of the light-emitting device; the second capacitor has one terminal connected with the anode of the light-emitting device, and another terminal connected with the second voltage terminal. 13. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 12, wherein the driving transistor, the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are all N type transistors; or, the driving transistor, the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are all P type transistors. 14. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 13, wherein the driving transistor, the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are all enhancement mode transistors or depletion mode transistors. 15. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 14, wherein, in a case that both the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are N type enhancement mode transistors, the first electrode of the driving transistor, the first electrode of the first switching transistor and the first electrode of the second switching transistor are drains, and their second electrodes are sources. 16. The driving method for the pixel circuit of claim 15, wherein the driving method includes: in a reset phase, inputting a low level to the first voltage terminal, inputting a high level to the first gate line, the first switching transistor being turned on, inputting a high level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned on, and inputting a reference voltage to the data line; in a compensation phase, inputting a high level to the first gate line, the first switching transistor being turned on, inputting a high level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned on, inputting a reference voltage to the data line, inputting a high level to the first voltage terminal, storing a threshold voltage of the driving transistor in the first capacitor; in a writing phase, inputting a high level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned on, a low level being input to the first gate line, the second switching transistor being in OFF state, writing the data voltage input to the data line into the gate of the driving transistor; in a light-emitting phase, inputting a high level to the first voltage terminal, inputting a low level to the second gate line, the second switching transistor being turned off, and inputting a pulse signal with the duty cycle to the first gate line. 17. A driving device for a pixel circuit, the pixel circuit comprising a driving transistor, a light-emitting device having an anode connected with a second electrode of the driving transistor, and a first switching transistor, the first switching transistor having a first electrode connected with a first voltage terminal, a second electrode connected with a first electrode of the driving transistor, and a gate connected with a first gate line, wherein, the driving device comprises an acquiring unit, a duty cycle determining unit and a pulse signal triggering unit, the acquiring unit is used for acquiring brightness information of a display screen in a light-emitting phase of the pixel circuit; the duty cycle determining unit is used for determining a duty cycle of a pulse signal according to the brightness information; the pulse signal triggering unit is used for inputting the pulse signal with the duty cycle to the gate of the first switching transistor through the first gate line when a high level is input to the first voltage terminal, to control luminescence time of the light-emitting device.",
-    "The invention relates to a lighting device (10) including: at least two light sources (22, 24, 26); at least two light-sensing guides (32, 34, 36) associated with the light sources, each one of the sensing guides being associated with a separate light source; a light collector (40) associated with the light-sensing guides, characterized in that each one of the sensing guides includes an input end arranged opposite the light source associated therewith and an output end tangentially penetrating the light collector such as to lead a light beam from the associated light source into the collector, and in that the sensing guides are helical between the input and the output ends. 1. A lighting device comprising: at least two light sources, at least two light capture guides associated with the light sources, each of the light capture guides being associated with a separate light source, and a light collector associated with the light capture guides, characterized in that each of the light capture guides comprises an input end placed facing the light source associated with it, and an output end penetrating tangentially into the light collector so as to convey a light beam emitted from the associated light source into the collector, and in that the light capture guides have a helical shape between their input and output ends. 2. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light collector comprises an input end into which the output ends of the light capture guides penetrate, and an output end comprising a plurality of light dispersing elements. 3. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light collector comprises a cylindrical body of revolution. 4. The lighting device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the light capture guides have a helical shape around the axis of the cylindrical body of the light collector. 5. The lighting device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the light sources are equally distributed on a circle centered on the axis of the cylindrical body of the light collector. 6. The lighting device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the light capture guides all have substantially the same dimension along the axis of the cylindrical body. 7. The lighting device as claimed in claim 6, wherein H \u2265 3 2 \ue89e h , where H is the dimension of the lighting device along the axis of the cylindrical body, and h is the distance along the axis of the cylindrical body between the input and output ends of the light capture guides. 8. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least three light sources, each associated with a separate light capture guide. 9. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the light sources comprises at least one light-emitting diode placed facing the associated light capture guide. 10. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light sources emit in wavelength ranges which are different from one another. 11. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the angles of the helicoids forming the light capture guides are substantially equal to one another and greater than or equal to 40\u00b0 and less than or equal to 50\u00b0. 12. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light collector and the capture guides are made in one piece. 13. An illumination source comprising a lighting device as claimed in claim 1. 14. A gear shift knob of a motor vehicle comprising a lighting device as claimed in claim 1.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for calculating and storing an average amplitude response for each peak of a mass spectrum during data acquisition. A mass analyzer is instructed to analyze N extractions of an ion beam, producing N sub-spectra. For each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, a nonzero amplitude from an ADC detector subsystem is counted as one ion, producing a count of one for each ion. The ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra are summed, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion. For each ion of the spectrum, an estimated ion count is calculated from a Poisson distribution of the total count of each ion for the N sub-spectra. For each ion of the spectrum, an average amplitude response is calculated by dividing the summed amplitude by the estimated ion count and stored. 1. A system for calculating and storing an average amplitude response for each peak of a mass spectrum during data acquisition, comprising: an ion source that ionizes sample molecules producing a beam of ions; a mass analyzer that includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) detector subsystem analyzes the beam of ions; and a processor in communication with the mass analyzer that (a) instructs the mass analyzer to analyze N extractions of the ion beam, producing N sub-spectra, (b) for each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, counts a nonzero amplitude from the ADC detector subsystem as one ion, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum, (c) sums the ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum, (d) for each ion of the spectrum, calculates an estimated ion count from a Poisson distribution of the total count of each ion for the N sub-spectra, (e) for each ion of the spectrum, calculates and stores an average amplitude response by dividing the summed amplitude by the estimated ion count, and (f) executes step (a) again. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the mass analyzer further comprises a TDC detector subsystem and the processor performs step (b) by reading the TDC detector subsystem. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the mass analyzer comprises a quadrupole. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the mass analyzer comprises an ion trap. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the mass analyzer comprises a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein for each ion of the spectrum, the processor calculates an estimated ion count from a Poisson distribution of the total count for the N sub-spectra, if N exceeds the total count by a threshold level. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein an average amplitude response of an ion of the spectrum is used to distinguish the ion from another ion with same mass but a different charge, or to distinguish the ion from another ion with same mass but from an different class of compounds. 8. A method for calculating and storing an average amplitude response for each peak of a mass spectrum during data acquisition, comprising: (a) instructing a mass analyzer to analyze N extractions of a ion beam using a processor, producing N sub-spectra, wherein the mass analyzer includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) detector subsystem and analyzes a beam of ions produced by an ion source that ionizes sample molecules; (b) for each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, counting a nonzero amplitude from the ADC detector subsystem as one ion using the processor, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum; (c) summing the ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra using the processor, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum; (d) for each ion of the spectrum, calculating an estimated ion count from a Poisson distribution of the total count of each ion for the N sub-spectra using the processor; (e) for each ion of the spectrum, calculating and storing an average amplitude response by dividing the summed amplitude by the estimated ion count using the processor; and (f) executing step (a) again using the processor. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein step (b) is performed by reading a TDC detector subsystem using the processor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the mass analyzer comprises a quadrupole. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the mass analyzer comprises an ion trap. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the mass analyzer comprises a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein for each ion of the spectrum, calculating an estimated ion count from a Poisson distribution of the total count for the N sub-spectra using the processor is performed, if N exceeds the total count by a threshold level. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein an average amplitude response of an ion of the spectrum is used to distinguish the ion from another ion with same mass but a different charge, or to distinguish the ion from another ion with same mass but from an different class of compounds. 15. A computer program product, comprising a non-transitory and tangible computer-readable storage medium whose contents include a program with instructions being executed on a processor so as to perform a method for calculating and storing an average amplitude response for each peak of a mass spectrum during data acquisition, the method comprising: (a) providing a system, wherein the system comprises one or more distinct software modules, and wherein the distinct software modules comprise a control module and an analysis module; (b) instructing a mass analyzer to perform a series of N extractions of a beam of ions using the control module, producing N sub-spectra, wherein the mass analyzer includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) detector subsystem and analyzes a beam of ions produced by an ion source that ionizes sample molecules; (c) for each sub-spectrum of the N sub-spectra, counting a nonzero amplitude from the ADC detector subsystem as one ion using the analysis module, producing a count of one for each ion of each sub-spectrum; (d) summing the ADC amplitudes and counts of the N sub-spectra using the analysis module, producing a spectrum that includes a summed ADC amplitude and a total count for each ion of the spectrum; (e) for each ion of the spectrum, calculating an estimated ion count from a Poisson distribution of the total count of each ion for the N sub-spectra using the analysis module; (f) for each ion of the spectrum, calculating and storing an average amplitude response by dividing the summed amplitude by the estimated ion count using the analysis module; and (g) executing step (a) again using the control module. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein step (b) is performed by reading a TDC detector subsystem using the processor. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the mass analyzer comprises a quadrupole. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the mass analyzer comprises an ion trap. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the mass analyzer comprises a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein for each ion of the spectrum, the method calculates an estimated ion count from a Poisson distribution of the total count for the N sub-spectra using the processor is performed, if N exceeds the total count by a threshold level.",
-    "A connector is configured to provide a mating side that includes a 90 degree rotation about two different axis when compared to a mounting. The connector, when mounted on a first circuit board is thus suitable for directly mating to a right-angle connector that is mounted on a second circuit board, the second circuit board at a being at a 90 angle to the first circuit board. The connector can include a shroud that supports a u-shield that partially shields contacts positioned in the mating side. 1. A connector, comprising: a plurality of wafers, each with a mounting side and a mating side, each wafer including a first pair and a second pair of signal terminals with a ground terminal positioned between the first and second pairs, each of the terminals of the pair of signal terminals having a tail, a body and a contact, wherein the tails of the terminals are arranged in the wafer are arranged in a row on the mounting side and the bodies of the terminals are aligned in a vertical alignment such that the body of the ground terminal is between the bodies of the two pairs of signal terminals and the contacts of each pair of signal terminals are in a horizontal alignment, each wafer further including a shield that is electrically connected to the ground terminal; a shroud positioned on a mating side of the wafers, the shroud being insulative and including insert channels that support the contacts of the pair of signal terminals in a side-by-side arrangement; a plurality of u-shields extending through u-shaped apertures in the shroud, the u-shields each configured to partially shield a respective pair of contacts; and an insert positioned in the shroud, the insert configured to electrically connect the u-shield to at least one of the ground terminal and shield. 2. The connector of claim 1, wherein each of the pairs of signal terminals has a transition area between the vertical aligned body and the horizontal aligned contacts. 3. The connector of claim 2, wherein the transition area has one of the signal terminals fold in a first direction and the other of the signal terminals fold in a second direction that is opposite the first direction. 4. The connector of claim 3, wherein the insert includes a notch that engages the u-shield. 5. The connector of claim 4, wherein the insert has a conductive area that extends into the notch and the u-shield is electrically connected to the at least one of the ground terminal and the shield via the conductive area. 6. The connector of claim 5, wherein the ground terminal does not have a contact. 7. The connector of claim 6, wherein the ground terminal is electrically connected to the u-shield via the shield and the ground terminal does not electrically connect directly to the insert. 8. The connector of claim 6, wherein the shield is connected to the conductive surface so that the electrical path between the ground terminal and the u-shield goes through at least the shield and the conductive area. 9. A connector, comprising: a plurality of pairs of signal terminals, each of the pairs arranged in an edge-coupled first alignment, each of the signal terminals including a contact; a ground terminal positioned between each pair of signal terminals; a shroud with a first recess supporting the contacts, the contacts of each pair of signal terminals being arranged in an edge-coupled second alignment in the first recess, the first alignment being 90 degrees different than the second alignment; and a u-shield supported by the shroud and electrically connected to the ground terminal, wherein the u-shield and the ground terminal are not in direct physical contact. 10. The connector of claim 9, wherein the ground terminal does not have a contact. 11. The connector of claim 10, wherein the shroud includes a second recess and the connector further includes an insert positioned in the second recess, the insert helping to electrically connect the ground terminal to the u-shield. 12. The connector of claim 11, wherein the u-shield extends through a shroud wall that separates the first recess from the second recess and the insert includes a notch that is configured to engage the u-shield. 13. The connector of claim 12, wherein the insert includes an conductive area that extends into the notch so as to electrically connect to the u-shield, the conductive area helping to provide the electrical connection between the u-shield and the ground terminal. 14. The connector of claim 13, wherein the connector further includes a shield and the shield provides an electrical connection between the ground terminal and the conductive area. 15. The connector of claim 14, wherein the ground terminal does not make direct electrical connection with the conductive area.",
-    "A process for producing methyl methacrylate, the process comprising contacting reactants comprising methacrolein, methanol and an oxygen-containing gas, under reaction conditions in the presence of a solid catalyst comprising palladium, bismuth and at least one third element X selected from the group consisting of Fe, Zn, Ge, and Pb, wherein the solid catalyst further comprises a support selected from at least one member of the group consisting of silica and alumina. 1. A process for producing methyl methacrylate, the process comprising contacting reactants comprising methacrolein, methanol and an oxygen-containing gas, under reaction conditions in the presence of a solid catalyst comprising palladium, bismuth and at least one third element X selected from the group consisting of Fe, Zn, Ge, and Pb, wherein the solid catalyst further comprises a support selected from at least one member of the group consisting of silica and alumina. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Pb, and combinations thereof. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the support comprises at least one of alumina and silica. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the support comprises primarily alumina. 5. The process of claim 1 any of the preceding claims wherein the support is selected from at least one member of the group consisting of alpha alumina and gamma alumina. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the support comprises gamma alumina. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of methanol to methacrolein is from 1:1 to 10:1 mole percent. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the reacting is conducted in the presence of a polymerization inhibitor. 9. The process of claim 1 wherein X is Fe. 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is substantially free of elements of Groups 1-3. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein X comprises at least one of Fe, Zn and/or Ge.",
-    "A method for balancing electric consumption generated by a plurality of electric loads includes: estimating an absorbed energy (Ek) by the loads in a predetermined time interval, and if a value of the estimation of absorbed energy by the loads is not within an interval defined by a minimum and a maximum consumption threshold, calculating a quantity of energy to be varied in accordance with a difference between the value of the estimation of the absorbed energy and an expected value of energy, determining a strategy including at least an action to be carried out to vary the energy supplied to the single loads, with an aim of reducing the difference between the estimated absorbed energy and the expected value thereof, actuating a scheduling of electric consumption in accordance with a determined strategy. 1. A method for balancing electric consumption generated by a plurality of electric loads, the method comprising following steps: estimating an absorbed energy (Ek) by the loads in a predetermined time interval, and if a value of the estimation of absorbed energy (Ek) by the loads is not within an interval defined by a minimum (THRk,min) and a maximum (THRk,max) consumption threshold, calculating a quantity of energy to be varied in accordance with a difference (\u0394h) between the value of the estimation of the absorbed energy (Ek) and an expected value of energy (THRk,exp), determining a strategy comprising at least an action (Vri) to be carried out to vary the energy supplied to the single loads, with an aim of reducing the difference (\u0394h) between the estimated absorbed energy (Ek) and the expected value (THRk,exp) thereof, actuating a scheduling of electric consumption in accordance with a determined strategy. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining the variation strategy of the energy supplied to the loads comprises a step of determining available variations (Vri) of energy which can be supplied to the loads. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the available variations (Vri) of energy which can be supplied to the loads are ordered in a decreasing order with respect to the absolute value of variation and in an increasing order in accordance with an impact that the variations (Vri) have on perceived comfort. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the variations (Vri) of the energy supplied to the loads are made by selecting the loads to be varied so as to minimize an impact on the perceived comfort based on a following criterion: min \ue89e \u2211 i = 0 N \ue89e \ue89e X i * Priority \ue89e [ Vr i ] where Xi is a binary line vector [1, N] identifying whether a variation is used, Priority [Vri] is an index proportional to the impact the i-th variation Vri has on the perceived comfort and N denotes the number of available actions. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the variations (Vri,j) selected internally of each temporal interval j, satisfy following constraints: and \uf603 \u2211 i = 0 N \ue89e \ue89e X i * Vr i , j \uf604 \u2264 \uf603 \u0394 h \uf604 \u0394 h + \u2211 i = 0 N \ue89e \ue89e X i * Vr i , j \u2264 margin h where \u0394h indicates the difference between the estimated absorbed energy (Ek) and the expected value thereof (THRk,exp) and marginh indicates the maximum acceptable discrepancy between the effects of the strategy and the energy to be recuperated or consumed. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising a verification step of the effects of a scheduling of electric consumption and, in a case where the verification has a negative outcome, a step of determining a new energy variation strategy of the energy supplied to the single loads. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the verification step of the effects of a scheduling of electric consumption comprises calculating a difference between the effects of the scheduling in action and a theoretical forecast of the effects, where the verification has a negative outcome if the difference is greater than a margin of tolerance. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of estimating the absorbed energy (EID,k) by each single load, and if the value of the estimation of the absorbed energy (EID,k) from each single load is not within a range defined by a minimum threshold (LoadTHRID,k,min) and a maximum threshold (LoadTHRID,k,max) of consumption for each load, a step is included of determining a strategy comprising at least an action to be performed so as to vary the energy supplied to the single load which does not respect the minimum threshold (LoadTHRiD.k.min) or maximum threshold (LoadTHRID,k,max) of consumption. 9. A device for balancing electric consumption generated by a plurality of electric loads, the device comprising: means for estimating an absorbed energy (Ek) by the loads in a predetermined time interval, means for comparing the absorbed energy (Ek) by the loads with a minimum threshold (THRk,min) and a maximum load (THRk,max) of consumption, means for calculating a quantity of energy to be varied in accordance with a difference (\u0394h) between the value of the estimation of the absorbed energy (Ek) and an expected value of energy (THRk,exp), means for determining a strategy comprising at least an action (Vri) to be carried out to vary the energy supplied to the single loads, with an aim of reducing the difference (\u0394h) between the estimated absorbed energy (Ek) and the expected value (THRk,exp) thereof, means for actuating a scheduling of electric consumption in accordance with a determined strategy. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the device comprises a power subsystem (45) able to operate on the distribution of the energy to the electric loads located downstream of a distribution point of the electric energy. 11. A computer program for carrying out the method of claim 1. 12. A control apparatus comprising a control unit, a memory and a computer program as in claim 11 stored in the memory.",
-    "Provided is a method of printing a document. An email message comprising a document for printing is received on a cloud server, wherein the email message includes an email address of a printer and an email address of an additional recipient. The email message is transmitted to the printer and the additional recipient. The document is printed on the printer upon receipt of the email message. 1. A method of printing a document, comprising: receiving an email message comprising a document for printing on a cloud server, wherein the email message includes an email address of a printer and an email address of an additional recipient; transmitting the email message to the printer and the additional recipient; and printing the document on the printer upon receipt of the email message. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the email address of the printer is present in \u201cTo\u201d field of the email message. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the email address of the additional recipient is present in \u201cCC\u201d or \u201cBCC\u201d field of the email message. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional recipient is a printer. 5. The method of clam 4, further comprising printing the document on the printer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional recipient is a user. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising printing the document upon request from the user. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the user receives the email message on a computing device. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a notification related to the email message to the additional recipient. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the notification provides an option to a user to print, save or discard the document present m the email message. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional recipient includes one of: a mobile phone, a Portable Digital Assistant (PDA), a fax machine, a tablet, a desktop and a notebook computer. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional recipient is registered with the cloud server. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional recipient is registered with the cloud server for receiving the email message comprising a document for printing. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the document is included as an attachment to the email message. 15. A printer, comprising: a memory; a communication unit for communicating with a cloud server; and a processor for controlling the memory and the communication interface, wherein the processor, upon receipt of an email message comprising a document for printing from a cloud server, wherein the email message includes an email address of the printer in \u201cTo\u201d field of the email message and an email address of an additional recipient in \u201cCC\u201d or \u201cBCC\u201d field of the email message, prints the document upon receipt of the email message.",
-    "This disclosure is directed to a method and a mobility management unit for performing the method of paging a group of wireless terminals served by one or more radio access network nodes. The method comprises. receiving for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a connection request message; allocating for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a terminal-identity with a group-identity where the terminal-identity or at least the group-identity is the same or at least partly the same for each wireless terminal; sending to each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals, in response to the connection request message, a connection accept message comprising the terminal-identity to enable paging the group of wireless terminals by a single paging message to each radio access network node serving one or more wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals. 1. A method for paging a group of wireless terminals served by one or more radio access network nodes, the method performed by a mobility management unit comprises: receiving for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a connection request message, allocating for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a terminal-identity with a group-identity where the terminal-identity or at least the group-identity is the same or at least partly the same for each wireless terminal, sending, to each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals, in response to the connection request message, a connection accept message comprising the terminal-identity to enable paging the group of wireless terminals by a single paging message to each radio access network node serving one or more wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the connection accept message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals that the wireless terminal shall respond to a paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving a trigger request message comprising a group-trigger indicating that the group of wireless terminals shall be paged, paging, as a response to receiving the trigger request, the whole group of wireless terminals by sending a single paging message comprising the part of the terminal-identity or the part of the group-identity that is allocated the same for each wireless terminal to each radio access network node serving one or more wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the paging message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals that the wireless terminal shall respond to the paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 5. The method according to claim 3, further comprising: receiving from each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a service request message comprising the terminal-identity or at least the group-identity, sending to each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a request for terminal identification, receiving from each wireless terminal an international mobile subscriber identity, IMSI, and continuing the service request for each wireless terminal based on its IMSI. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the group-identity has a part that is the same for all wireless terminals and a part that is unique for each wireless terminal. 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: receiving from each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a service request message comprising the part of the group-identity that is unique for the wireless terminal, continuing the service request for each wireless terminal based on the part of the group-identity that is unique for the wireless terminal. 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the trigger request message is a control plane message or a user plane message. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the trigger request message is a control plane message that is received from a machine type communication inter working function, MTC-IWF or a service capability server function, SCSF or a serving gateway, SGW or a packet data network gateway, PGW. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the trigger request message is a user plane message that is received from a serving gateway, SGW or a packet data network gateway, PGW. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the trigger request message is a downlink data notification, DDN, message. 12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the trigger request message is received from the SGW or the PGW as a response to packet inspection of received downlink data by the SGW or the PGW respectively where the downlink data comprises a triggering code, e.g. a differentiated services code point DSCP. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the terminal-identity is a globally unique temporary identity, GUTI, and the group-identity is a SAE temporary mobile subscriber identity, S-TSMI, or a MME temporary mobile subscriber identity, M-TMSI. 14. A method for receiving paging of a group of wireless terminals served by a radio access network node, the method performed by a wireless terminal of the group of wireless terminals comprises: sending a connection request message, receiving, in response to the connection request message, a connection accept message comprising a terminal-identity with a group-identity where the group-identity has a part that is the same for all wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals and a part that is unique for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the connection accept message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals that it shall respond to a paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 16. The method according to any one of claim 14, further comprising: receiving a paging message at least comprising the part of the group-identity that is the same for all wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals from the radio access network node serving the wireless terminal. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the paging message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals that the wireless terminal shall respond to the paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 18. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: sending a service request message comprising the part of the group-identity that is unique for the wireless terminal. 19. The method according to claim 14 wherein the terminal-identity is a globally unique temporary identity, GUTI, and the group-identity is a SAE temporary mobile subscriber identity, S-TSMI, or a MME temporary mobile subscriber identity, M-TMSI. 20. A mobility management unit for paging a group of wireless terminals served by one or more radio access network nodes, where the mobility management unit comprises a memory with instructions, and a processor configured to operatively execute the instructions to: receive for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a connection request message, allocate for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a terminal-identity with a group-identity where the terminal-identity or at least the group-identity is the same or at least partly the same for each wireless terminal, send to each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals, in response to the connection request message, a connection accept message comprising the terminal-identity to enable paging the group of wireless terminals by a single paging message to each radio access network node serving one or more wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals. 21. The mobility management unit according to claim 20, wherein the connection accept message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals that the wireless terminal shall respond to a paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 22. The mobility management unit according to claim 20, where the memory comprises instructions and the processor is configured to operatively execute the instructions to: receive a trigger request message comprising a group-trigger indicating that the group of wireless terminals shall be paged, page, as a response to receiving the trigger request, the whole group of wireless terminals by sending a single paging message comprising the part of the terminal-identity or the part of the group-identity that is allocated the same for each wireless terminal to each radio access network node serving one or more wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals. 23. The mobility management unit according to claim 22, wherein the paging message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals that the wireless terminal shall respond to the paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 24. The mobility management unit according to claim 22, where the memory comprises instructions and the processor is configured to operatively execute the instructions to: receive from each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a service request message comprising the terminal-identity or at least the group-identity, send to each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a request for terminal identification, receive from each wireless terminal an international mobile subscriber identity, IMSI, and continue the service request for each wireless terminal based on its IMSI. 25. The mobility management unit according to claim 20, wherein the group-identity has a part that is the same for all wireless terminals and a part that is unique for each wireless terminal. 26. The mobility management unit according to claim 25, where the memory comprises instructions and the processor is configured to operatively execute the instructions to: receive from each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals a service request message comprising the part of the group-identity that is unique for the wireless terminal, continue the service request for each wireless terminal based on the part of the group-identity that is unique for the wireless terminal. 27. The mobility management unit according to claim 22, wherein the trigger request message is a control plane message or a user plane message. 28. The mobility management unit according to claim 27, wherein the trigger request message is a control plane message that is received from a machine type communication inter working function, MTC-IWF or a service capability server function, SCSF or a serving gateway, SGW or a packet data network gateway, PGW. 29. The mobility management unit according to claim 27, wherein the trigger request message is a user plane message that is received from a serving gateway, SGW or a packet data network gateway, PGW. 30. The mobility management unit according to claim 27, wherein the trigger request message is a downlink data notification, DDN, message. 31. The mobility management unit according to claim 27, wherein the trigger request message is received from the SGW or the PGW as a response to packet inspection of received downlink data by the SGW or the PGW respectively where the downlink data comprises a triggering code, e.g. a differentiated services code point DSCP. 32. The mobility management unit according to claim 20, wherein terminal-identity is a globally unique temporary identity, GUTI, and the group-identity is a SAE temporary mobile subscriber identity, S-TSMI, or a MME temporary mobile subscriber identity, M-TMSI. 33. A wireless terminal for receiving paging of a group of wireless terminals served by a radio access network node, where the wireless terminal comprises a memory with instructions, and a processor configured to operatively execute the instructions to: send a connection request message, receive, in response to the connection request message, a connection accept message comprising a terminal-identity with a group-identity where the group-identity has a part that is the same for all wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals and a part that is unique for each wireless terminal in the group of wireless terminals. 34. The wireless terminal according to claim 33, wherein the connection accept message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals that it shall respond to a paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 35. The wireless terminal according to claim 33, where the memory comprises instructions and the processor is configured to operatively execute the instructions to: receive a paging message at least comprising the part of the group-identity that is the same for all wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals from the radio access network node serving the wireless terminal. 36. The wireless terminal according to claim 35, wherein the paging message comprises a paging-mask indicating to the wireless terminals in the group of wireless terminals that the wireless terminal shall respond to the paging message indicating that the paging is directed to the group of wireless terminals. 37. The wireless terminal according to claim 35, where the memory comprises instructions and the processor is configured to operatively execute the instructions to: send a service request message comprising the part of the group-identity that is unique for the wireless terminal. 38. The wireless terminal according to claim 33, wherein terminal-identity is a globally unique temporary identity, GUTI, and the group-identity is a SAE temporary mobile subscriber identity, S-TSMI, or a MME temporary mobile subscriber identity, M-TMSI.",
-    "A master brake cylinder assembly of a motor vehicle brake system includes a fluid reservoir and a master brake cylinder. The fluid reservoir and the master brake cylinder are fluidically coupled to each other by means of at least one fluid channel. At least one filter element is arranged within the master brake cylinder assembly in such a way that a brake fluid volume exchanged between the master cylinder and the fluid reservoir during operation flows through the filter element. The filter element is designed to collect dirt particles present in the brake fluid. 1. Master brake cylinder assembly of a motor vehicle brake system, comprising a fluid reservoir and a master brake cylinder, wherein the fluid reservoir and the master brake cylinder are fluidically coupled to each other by means of at least one fluid channel, wherein at least one filter element is arranged within the master brake cylinder assembly in such a way that a brake fluid volume exchanged between master brake cylinder and fluid reservoir during operation flows through the filter element, wherein the filter element is designed to collect dirt particles present in the brake fluid, wherein the filter element is arranged in or on a component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder and the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder comprises a connecting piece, by which it is coupled to the respective other component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder, wherein the filter element is arranged in or on an outer end face of the connecting piece. 2. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 1, wherein the filter element is of a substantially planar design. 3. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 1, wherein the connecting piece takes the form of a projection that protrudes from the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder. 4. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 1, wherein the connecting piece is designed with a circular cross-section. 5. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 1, wherein the filter element is formed integrally with the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder. 6. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that wherein the filter element is disposed in an insert element, which is formed separately from the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder and accommodated in said component. 7. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 6, wherein the insert element is fixed in the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder by means of a friction lock. 8. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 6, wherein the insert element is fixed in the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder by means of a detent connection. 9. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 6, wherein the insert element is arranged at least in sections inside the connecting piece. 10. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 9, wherein the insert element has at least one fastening portion, the cross-sectional dimensions of which at least in sections exceed the internal cross-sectional dimensions of the connecting piece. 11. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 10, wherein the fastening portion is designed with a projection that extends around an outer lateral surface of the insert element. 12. Master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 6, wherein the insert element has a stop portion, which is in abutment with the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder and delimits a push-in depth of the insert element in the respective component of fluid reservoir and master brake cylinder. 13. Insert element for a master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 6. 14. Fluid reservoir for a master brake cylinder assembly according to claim 1.",
-    "This disclosure relates to a gas turbine engine including a first engine component and a second engine component. The first engine component has a mate face adjacent a mate face of the second engine component. The engine further includes a seal provided between the mate face of the first engine component and the mate face of the second engine component. The seal includes least one trough. 1. A gas turbine engine, comprising: a first engine component and a second engine component, the first engine component having a mate face adjacent a mate face of the second engine component; and a seal between the mate face of the first engine component and the mate face of the second engine component, the seal including at least one trough. 2. The engine as recited in claim 1, wherein the seal includes at least two points of contact with each mate face. 3. The engine as recited in claim 1, wherein the seal includes a linear portion, and a first wall and a second wall protruding away from the linear portion to provide the at least one trough. 4. The engine as recited in claim 3, wherein each of the first wall and the second wall provide an overlap portion at an end distal from the linear portion, the overlap portions including a first point of contact between the seal and each of the mate faces. 5. The engine as recited in claim 4, wherein the linear portion includes a second point of contact between the seal and a substantially horizontal portion of each of the mate faces. 6. The engine as recited in claim 4, wherein the overlap portions have an inflection away from a centerline of the seal. 7. The engine as recited in claim 6, wherein each of the first wall and the second wall have an inflection toward the centerline of the seal proximate the linear portion. 8. The engine as recited in claim 5, wherein each mate face includes a substantially concave portion adjacent the substantially horizontal portions of the mate face. 9. The engine as recited in claim 4, wherein the overlap portions radially overlap a high pressure surface of the first and second engine components. 10. The engine as recited in claim 9, wherein each mate face includes a substantially convex surface adjacent the high pressure surface, the overlap portions being in contact with the convex surfaces. 11. The engine as recited in claim 1, wherein the first component and the second component bound a working fluid flow path of the engine. 12. A seal for a gas turbine engine, comprising: a linear portion; and a first wall and a second wall, the first and second walls protruding away from the linear portion to provide at least one trough therebetween, each of the first wall and the second wall having a portion with an inflection away from the centerline of the seal. 13. The seal as recited in claim 12, wherein the seal is substantially U-shaped. 14. The seal as recited in claim 12, wherein the portion with the inflection away from the centerline of the seal is provided distal from the linear portion. 15. The seal as recited in claim 14, wherein each of the first wall and the second wall have an inflection toward the centerline of the seal proximate the linear portion. 16. The seal as recited in claim 12, wherein each of the first wall and the second wall include at least one pressure balance hole proximate the linear portion. 17. A method of assembly, comprising: arranging a mate face of a first component adjacent a mate face of a second component to provide a track; pinching first and second walls of a seal toward one another; and inserting the seal into the track. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, including releasing the first and second walls after the seal is inserted into the track, such that the first and second walls spring outwardly away from one another to maintain the seal in the track. 19. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the seal includes a linear portion, the first and second walls protruding upwardly from the linear portion. 20. The method as recited in claim 17, wherein the mate face of the first component and the mate face of the second component are each curved to allow insertion of the seal from one direction.",
-    "Some embodiments provide a method for performing cell reconfiguration in a network node, which is associated with at least two antennas. Each antenna is capable of transmitting a signal covering at least one sector. The method comprises switching (1212) from a first state (1210) wherein a multi-sector cell covering at least two sectors is active, to a second state (1220), wherein sector cells covering each of the at least two sectors are active in addition to the multi-sector cell. In the second state, the same antennas are utilized for the sector cells as for the multi-sector cell. The method further comprises switching (1222) from the second state to a third state (1230) wherein the multi-sector cell is deactivated and the sector cells are active. 1-23. (canceled) 24. A method for performing cell reconfiguration in a network node, the network node being associated with at least two antennas, wherein each antenna is capable of transmitting a signal covering at least one sector, the method comprising: switching from a first state wherein a multi-sector cell is active, the multi-sector cell covering at least two sectors, to a second state, wherein sector cells covering each of the at least two sectors are active in addition to the multi-sector cell, and wherein the same antennas are utilized for the sector cells as for the multi-sector cell, and switching from the second state to a third state wherein the multi-sector cell is deactivated and the sector cells are active. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the network node comprises two or more power amplifiers, and wherein in the first state, one power amplifier is amplifying a signal corresponding to the multi-sector cell, and wherein switching to the second state comprises turning on at least one additional power amplifier, such that in the second and third states the signals corresponding to the sector cells are amplified by one power amplifier each. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein in the third state, each sector cell signal is amplified by a separate power amplifier, and wherein in the first state, the signal corresponding to the multi-sector cell is inserted after the separate power amplifiers into antenna branches feeding two or more antennas. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein in the third state, each signal corresponding to a sector cell is amplified by a separate power amplifier, and wherein in the first state, the signal corresponding to the multi-sector cell is amplified by one of the separate power amplifiers. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein switching from the first state to the second state comprises: redirecting the multi-sector cell signal to pass through one or more of the separate power amplifiers; and activating the sector cells. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein in the first state, the power amplifier amplifying the signal corresponding to the multi-sector cell is using increased gain, and wherein switching from the first state to the second state comprises decreasing the gain of that power amplifier to normal level. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein each signal corresponding to a sector cell is associated with two or more power amplifiers corresponding to different physical antenna ports of the same antenna, and wherein the third state is a merged antenna state where each signal corresponding to a sector cell is amplified by one of the two or more power amplifiers, and wherein in the first state, the signal corresponding to the multi-sector cell is amplified by one of the power amplifiers unused by the sector cells. 31. The method of claim 24, further comprising, when in the second state, adjusting the transmit power of the multi-sector cell and/or the transmit power of one or more sector cells, such that the difference between the signal strength of at least one of the sector cells and the signal strength of the multi-sector cell exceeds a handover threshold. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein in the first state, the multi-sector cell is serving one or more wireless devices, and wherein switching from the second state to the third state is performed after initiation or completion of handover of the wireless devices to the sector cells. 33. The method of claim 24, wherein switching from the first state to the second state is performed upon detecting, or receiving an indication of, high load in the multi-sector cell. 34. The method of claim 24, wherein the multi-sector cell is an omni cell. 35. The method of claim 24, wherein each cell is associated with a physical cell identity which is unique within the network node and within other nodes having a neighbor relation to the network node. 36. A network node associated with at least two antennas, wherein each antenna is capable of transmitting a signal covering at least one sector, the network node comprising transmitting circuitry, a processor, and a memory, the network node being connectable to baseband circuitry configured to generate baseband signals corresponding to one or more cells, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor whereby the network node is operative to: switch from a first state wherein a multi-sector cell is active, the multi-sector cell covering at least two sectors, to a second state, wherein sector cells covering each of the at least two sectors are active in addition to the multi-sector cell, and wherein the same antennas are utilized for the sector cells as for the multi-sector cell, and switch from the second state to a third state wherein the multi-sector cell is deactivated and the sector cells are active. 37. The network node of claim 36, further comprising two or more power amplifiers arranged between the baseband circuitry and the antennas, such that there is at least one power amplifier per antenna, and each power amplifier is connectable to an antenna port associated with one of the antennas. 38. The network node of claim 36, further comprising a first signal splitter arranged after one of the power amplifiers and before the antennas, the first signal splitter being arranged to insert a signal into two or more antenna ports associated with different antennas. 39. The network node of claim 38, further comprising a switch operable to connect or disconnect the first signal splitter. 40. The network node of claim 39, wherein the network node is operative to connect the first signal splitter by means of the first switch when in the first state. 41. The network node of claim 38, further comprising a second signal splitter arranged between the baseband circuitry and the power amplifiers, the second signal splitter being arranged to direct a signal from the baseband circuitry into at least two power amplifiers connectable to two or more physical antenna ports associated with different antennas. 42. The network node of claim 41, further comprising a second switch operable to connect or disconnect the second signal splitter. 43. The network node of claim 42, wherein the network node is operative to connect the second signal splitter by means of the second switch, and disconnect the first signal splitter by means of the first switch, when switching from the first state to the second state. 44. The network node of claim 36, wherein each antenna is associated with a first antenna port and one or more additional antenna ports, and a first power amplifier is associated with the first antenna port and an additional power amplifier is associated with each additional antenna port, and further comprising additional switches associated with each antenna and operable to merge the first antenna port with the additional antenna ports, such that the input to the additional power amplifiers associated with each antenna are redirected into the first power amplifier associated with the same antenna, and wherein the first signal splitter is arranged to insert the signal into one or more of the additional power amplifiers. 45. A network node associated with at least two antennas, wherein each antenna is capable of transmitting a signal covering at least one sector, the network node comprising means adapted to: switch from a first state wherein a multi-sector cell is active, the multi-sector cell covering at least two sectors, to a second state, wherein sector cells covering each of the at least two sectors are active in addition to the multi-sector cell, and wherein the same antennas are utilized for the sector cells as for the multi-sector cell, and switch from the second state to a third state wherein the multi-sector cell is deactivated and the sector cells are active. 46. The network node of claim 45, wherein the network node is a radio base station.",
-    "Compositions containing, as component (A), a finely particled phosphinic acid salt of formula (I) and/or a finely particled diphosphinic acid salt of formula (II) and/or the polymers thereof, as component (B), an aminoether of formula (III), and as component (C), a thermoplastic polymer. 1. A composition comprising as component (A) a finely divided phosphinic acid salt of formula (I), diphosphinic acid salt of formula (II), and polymers thereof, wherein R1, R2 are identical or different and are H, C1-C6-alkyl, linear or branched aryl or combinations thereof; R3 is C1-C10-alkylene, linear or branched, C6-C10-arylene, -alkylarylene or -arylalkylene; M is Mg, Ca, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge, Ti, Fe, Zr, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Li, Na, a protonated nitrogen base or a combination thereof; m is 1 to 4; n is 1 to 4, x is 1 to 4, having a particle size d50 of less than 20 \u03bcm; as component (B) an amino ether of formula (III), wherein n may be less than or equal to the number of carbon atoms in E and E is C1- to C1000000-alkyl or C5-C6-cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl chain may comprise alkyl substituents, aromatic substituents and polar groups as substituents and may be interrupted by alkene units heteroatoms or a combination thereof; wherein G1 and G2 may be identical or different and independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, NO2, cyano, CONR5R6, (R9)COOR4, C(O)\u2014R7, OR8, SR8, NHR8, N(R18)2, carbamoyl, di(C1-C18-alkyl)carbamoyl, C(\u2550NR5)(NHR6), C1-C18-alkyl, C3-C18-alkenyl; C3-C18-alkynyl, C7-C9-phenylalkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl or C2-C12-heterocycloalkyl; C2-C18-alkyl interrupted by at least one O atom, by \u2014NR5\u2014 or a combination thereof; C6-C10-aryl; phenyl oder naphthyl, in each case substituted with C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-alkylthio, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy, COOR21, C(O)\u2014R22, C1-C4-alkylamino or di(C1-C4-alkyl)amino; or G1 and G2 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a C3-C12-ring; T\u2032 is hydrogen, a primary C1-C18-alkyl, a secondary C3-C18-alkyl, a tertiary C4-C18-alkyl or a phenyl group, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, OH, COOR21 or C(O)\u2014R22; or C5-C12-cycloalkyl or C5-C12-cycloalkyl interrupted by at least one O or \u2014N(R18)\u2014; or a polycyclic alkyl radical having 7 to 18 carbon atoms, or the identical radical interrupted by at least one \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014N(R18)\u2014; or T\u2032 is C-(G1)(G2)-T\u2033; T\u2033 is hydrogen, halogen, NO2, cyano or a monovalent organic radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms; or T\u2033 and T\u2032 together form a divalent organic connecting group which, together with the sterically hindered amine nitrogen atom and the quaternary carbon atom substituted with G1 and G2, form an optionally substituted five- or six-membered ring structure, and R4 is hydrogen, C1-C18-alkyl, phenyl, an alkali metal ion or a tetraalkylammonium cation; R5 and R6 are independently of each other hydrogen, C1-C18-alkyl, C2-C18-alkyl substituted with hydroxy or, taken together, form a C2-C12-alkylene bridge or a C2-C12-alkylene bridge interrupted by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014N(R18)\u2014 or a combination thereof; R7 is hydrogen, C1-C18-alkyl or C6-C10-aryl; R8 is hydrogen, C1-C18-alkyl or C2-C18-hydroxyalkyl; R9 is C1-C12-alkylene or a bond; R18 is C1-C12-alkyl or phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, OH, COOR21 or C(O)\u2014R22; R21 is hydrogen, an alkali metal atom or C1-C18-alkyl; R22 is C1-C18-alkyl; and as component (C) a thermoplastic polymer. 2. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1, R2 are identical or different and are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, phenyl or a combination thereof. 3. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein R3 is methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, tert-butylene, n-pentylene, n-octylene or n-dodecylene; phenylene or naphthylene; methylphenylene, ethylphenylene, tert-butylphenylene, methylnaphthylene, ethylnaphthylene or tert-butylnaphthylene; phenylmethylene, phenylethylene, phenylpropylene or phenylbutylene. 4. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the average particle size d50 of component (A) is less than 10 \u03bcm. 5. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the average particle size d50 of component (A) is less than 5 \u03bcm. 6. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein E is C60- to C1000000-alkyl. 7. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein in component (A) R1 and R2 are each ethylene. 8. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein in component (A) M is aluminum. 9. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein component B is a reaction product of a fatty acid 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl-hexadecanoate and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl-octadecanoate with an oxidized polyethylene of the formula wherein C15/17 are the main components and the alkyl radical at the N\u2014O\u2014 has an average molecular weight of about 2000. 10. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises 0.2 to 10 wt % of component (A), 0.1 to 5 wt % of component (B) and 85 to 99.7 wt % of component (C). 11. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises 0.5 to 5 wt % of component (A), 0.2 to 2 wt % of component (B) and 93 to 99.3 wt % of component (C). 12. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises 0.2 to 2 wt % of component (A), 0.5 to 2 wt % of component (B) and 96 to 99.7 wt % of component (C). 13. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a polyolefin. 14. The mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture is processed into a transparent sheeting of 50-500 \u03bcm in thickness. 15. A molded article, film or fiber produced with the mixture as claimed in claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to a medical pendant lifting system, comprising a main frame, a driving device, a transmission device, a main body component, a first connecting rod, a second connecting rod, a third connecting rod and a connecting head, wherein the driving device drives the main body component and the third connecting rod via the transmission device; the driving device is connected to the main frame by a first rotating shaft; the main body component is connected to the main frame by a third rotating shaft, connected to the output component of the transmission device by a second rotating shaft, connected to the connecting head by a fifth rotating shaft, and connected to the second connecting rod by a sixth rotating shaft; the third connecting rod is connected to the main frame by a fourth rotating shaft, and connected to the second connecting rod by a seventh rotating shaft; the first connecting rod is connected to the second connecting rod by a ninth rotating shaft, and connected to the connecting head by an eighth rotating shaft; and the first to ninth rotating shafts are parallel t each other, the third, the fourth, the sixth, and the seventh rotating shafts form a first parallelogram, and the fifth, the sixth, the eighth, and the ninth rotating shafts form a second parallelogram. The present invention has the beneficial technical effects of being convenient in wiring and pipe arrangement and having a large lifting height. 1. A medical pendant lifting system, characterized in that said medical pendant lifting system comprises a main frame, a driving device, a transmission device, a main body component, a first connecting rod, a second connecting rod, a third connecting rod, and a connecting head, wherein said main frame is fixed to a base; said driving device drives said main body component and third connecting rod via said transmission device; said transmission device comprises an input component and an output component; said connecting head is fixed to a medical to pendant body; said driving device is connected to said main frame by a first rotating shaft; said main body component is connected to said main frame by a third rotating shaft; said main body component is connected to the output component of said transmission device by a second rotating shaft; said main body component is connected to said connecting head by a fifth rotating shaft; said main body component is connected to said second connecting rod by a sixth rotating shaft; said third connecting rod is connected to said main frame by a fourth rotating shaft; said third connecting rod is connected to said second connecting rod by a seventh rotating shaft; said first connecting rod is connected to said second connecting rod by a ninth rotating shaft; said first connecting rod is connected to said connecting head by an eighth rotating shaft; said first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth rotating shafts are parallel to each other, and when viewing from a section vertically passing through said first to ninth rotating shafts, said third, fourth, sixth, and seventh rotating shafts form a first parallelogram, and said fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth rotating shafts form a second parallelogram. 2. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 1, wherein said driving device is an electric motor. 3. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 2, wherein said transmission device is a screw-nut transmission device, i.e., the input component of said transmission device is a screw, and the output component of said transmission device is a nut. 4. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 1, wherein said medical pendant lifting system further comprises a decelerating device arranged between said driving device and said transmission device. 5. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 1, wherein said main body component comprises a front engaging block, a hollow beam, a first rear engaging block and a second rear engaging block, wherein said front engaging block is arranged at the front side of said hollow beam and connected to said main frame by the third rotating shaft and connected to the output component of said transmission device by the second rotating shaft; said first rear engaging block is arranged at the upper rear side of said hollow beam and connected to said second connecting rod by the sixth rotating shaft; and said second rear engaging block is arranged at the lower rear side of said hollow beam and connected to said connecting head by the fifth rotating shaft. 6. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 1, wherein said medical pendant lifting system further comprises a level adjusting device for adjusting a lower surface of said connecting head to a level position, and said level adjusting device is arranged between said main body component and said sixth rotating shaft. 7. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 1, wherein said first connecting rod, second connecting rod and third connecting rod all comprise paired connecting rods. 8. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 3, wherein said medical pendant lifting system further comprises an electric motor supporting block, to which said electric motor is fixed and which is connected to said main frame by the first rotating shaft. 9. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 8, wherein said medical pendant lifting system further comprises a travel switch bracket fixed to said electric motor supporting block and provided with an upper travel switch and a lower travel switch. 10. The medical pendant lifting system of claim 3, wherein said screw is a ball screw.",
-    "A film of plastic material for wrapping, obtained by cast co-extrusion in three layers, wherein an inner layer consists of elastomer-based propylene, containing ethylene, and metallocene polyethylene, while a central layer and an outer layer consist of metallocene polyethylene with different melt flow indexes, that of the metallocene polyethylene of the central layer being the lower one. 1. A plastic body, comprising: a first layer comprising a rotomouldable plastic; a second layer, within the first layer, comprising a rotomouldable plastic, a coupling agent and a filler; and, a core comprising a plastic foam; wherein the coupling agent acts to form a bond between the rotomouldable plastic, the filler and the plastic foam. 2. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the rotomouldable plastic comprises or consists of a polyolefin. 3. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the rotomouldable plastic is polyethylene or polypropylene. 4. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the rotomouldable plastic of the first layer and the second layer are the same rotomouldable plastic. 5. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is a chemical agent which increases the reactivity of the rotomouldable plastic. 6. A plastic body according to claim 5, wherein the coupling agent is maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, or vinyl acetate. 7. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the filler is an inorganic granular material. 8. A plastic body according to claim 7, wherein the inorganic granular material is sand, ground rock, ground garnet, diatomaceous earth, cenospheres, glass or carbon fibres. 9. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the filler is an organic granular material. 10. A plastic body according to claim 9, wherein the organic granular material is wood flour or vegetable fibres. 11. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the filler has an average particle size of from 100 microns, to any one of 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050 or 1100 microns, optionally from 250 microns to 500 microns. 12. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the plastic foam is a polyurethane. 13. A plastic body according to claim 12, wherein the polyurethane is epoxy-based syntactic foam. 14. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the first layer, the second layer and/or the core comprise one or more additives. 15. A plastic body according to claim 14, wherein the one or more additives are selected from one or more of: a heat stabiliser, a light stabiliser, a UV absorber, a colourant, aflame retardant, an anti-bacterial additive and/or any combination of each of these additives. 16. A plastic body according to claim 1, wherein the second layer further comprises a chemical blowing agent. 17. The plastic body of claim 16, wherein the chemical blowing agent is azodicarbidimide, oxybis benzenesulphonyl hydrazide, sodium bicarbonate, or blends of any two or all three of these. 18. A plastic body comprising: a first layer comprising at least 80% by weight rotomouldable plastic; a second layer, within the first layer, comprising at least 80% by weight a rotomouldable plastic, a coupling agent and a filler; and, a core comprising at least 80% by weight a plastic foam; wherein the coupling agent acts to form a bond between the rotomouldable plastic, the filler and the plastic foam. 19. The plastic body of claim 18, wherein the plastic body is a tank, a water storage tank, a boat hull, a canoes, a kayak, a flotation device, a buoys, a materials handling container, or a shaped part shaped for a technical purpose. 20. A method of forming a plastic body, the method comprising: forming a layer comprising a rotomouldable plastic, a coupling agent and a filler between: a layer comprising a rotomouldable plastic; and, a core comprising a plastic foam. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the plastic body comprises: a first layer comprising a rotomouldable plastic; a second layer, within the first layer, comprising a rotomouldable plastic, a coupling agent and a filler; and, a core comprising a plastic foam; wherein the coupling agent acts to form a bond between the rotomouldable plastic, the filler and the plastic foam. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: rotomoulding a first layer comprising a rotomouldable plastic; and, rotomoulding a second layer, within the first layer, the second layer comprising a rotomouldable plastic, a coupling agent and a filler; wherein the coupling agent may act to form a bond between the rotomouldable plastic, the filler and a plastic foam. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the method further comprises the step of: introducing a core comprising a plastic foam within the first layer and the second layer. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein rotomoulding includes biaxially rotating a mould containing the components of the first layer and/or the second layer of rotomouldable plastic and applying heat. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the heat applied is from 100\u00b0 C. to 300\u00b0 C.; optionally, from 150\u00b0 C. to 250\u00b0 C. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the rotomouldable plastic is a polyolefin. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the polyolefin is polyethylene or polypropylene. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the plastic foam is a polyurethane. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the coupling agent is maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, or vinyl acetate. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the filler is an inorganic granular material or an organic granular material. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further comprises the step of: introducing one or more additives into the first layer, the second layer and/or the core. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the additives are selected from one or more of: a heat stabiliser, a light stabiliser, a UV absorber, a colourant, a flame retardant, an anti-bacterial additive and/or any combination of each of these additives. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the method is a one-shot or a two-shot method. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the method is a one-shot method and the one-shot method includes the step of: introducing the rotomouldable plastic, the coupling agent and the filler into a mould in the same step. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the method is a two-shot method and the two-shot method includes the steps of: introducing one or two of the rotomouldable plastic, the coupling agent and the filler into a mould in a step separate from introducing the other one or two of the rotomouldable plastic, the coupling agent and the filler. 36. A plastic body made by the method of claim 20. 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled)",
-    "A method and apparatus for a terminal device to request scheduling in a communication network. The terminal device may determine a priority of information to be transmitted from the terminal device to a base station of the communication network. The terminal device may transmit a scheduling request to the base station, wherein the scheduling request indicates the determined priority. In this way, in addition to the intention of the transmission of the terminal device, characteristics of the information to be transmitted by the terminal device may also be indicated to the base station. 1. A method in a terminal device of a communication network comprising: determining a priority of information to be transmitted from the terminal device to a base station of the communication network and transmitting a scheduling request to the base station: wherein the scheduling request indicates the determined priority. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting the scheduling request comprises: selecting a carrier based on the determined priority; and transmitting the scheduling request on the selected carrier. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the selecting the carrier based on the determined priority comprises: in response to the priority being greater than a threshold, selecting a primary carrier for transmitting the scheduling request; and in response to the priority being below the threshold, selecting a secondary carrier for transmitting the scheduling request. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the selecting the carrier based on the determined priority comprises: in response to the priority being greater than a threshold, selecting a licensed carrier for transmitting the scheduling request; and in response to the priority being below the threshold, selecting an unlicensed carrier for transmitting the scheduling request. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting the scheduling request comprises: selecting a carrier based on the determined priority and further based on a carrier restriction: and transmitting the scheduling request on the selected carrier. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the priority of the information is determined based on at least one of a type of the information, a waiting time before the transmission of the information and a quality requirement related to the information. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the type of the information includes at least one of types of control signaling and payload. 8. An apparatus in a terminal device of a communication network, comprising: a priority determining unit, configured to determine a priority of information to be transmitted from the terminal device to a base station of the communication network; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit a scheduling request to the base station, wherein the scheduling request indicates the determined priority. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the transmitting unit comprises: a carrier selecting unit configured to select a carrier based on the determined priority; and the transmitting unit configured to transmit the scheduling request on the selected carrier. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the carrier selecting unit is further configured to: in response to the priority being greater than a threshold, select a primary carrier for transmitting the scheduling request; and in response to the priority being below the threshold, select a secondary carrier for transmitting the scheduling request. 11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the carrier selecting unit is further configured to: in response to the priority being greater than a threshold, select a licensed carrier for transmitting the scheduling request; and in response to the priority being below the threshold, select an unlicensed carrier for transmitting the scheduling request. 12. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the transmitting unit comprises: a carrier selecting unit configured to select a carrier based on the determined priority and further based on a carrier restriction; and the transmitting unit configured to transmit the scheduling request on the selected carrier. 13. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the priority of the information is determined based on at least one of a type of the information, a waiting time before the transmission of the information and a quality requirement related to the information. 14. The apparatuses according to claim 13, wherein the type of the information includes at least one of types of control signaling and payload. 15. A terminal device; of a communication network-comprising: a processor; and a non-transitory memory containing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the terminal device to: determine a priority of information to be transmitted from the terminal device to a base station of the communication network; and transmit a scheduling request to the base station, wherein the scheduling request indicates the determined priority. 16. The terminal device according to claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed by the processor, further causes the terminal device to: select a carrier based on the determined priority; and transmit the scheduling request on the selected carrier. 17. The method according to claim 2, wherein the carrier is selected further based on a carrier restriction. 18. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carrier is selected further based on a carrier restriction. 19. The method according to claim 4, wherein the carrier is selected further based on a carrier restriction. 20. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the carrier is selected further based on a carrier restriction. 21. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the carrier is selected further based on a carrier restriction. 22. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the carrier is selected further based on a carrier restriction.",
-    "A magazine configured to hold a plurality of projectiles is disclosed. The magazine can be used with a toy projectile launcher. A toy projectile launcher configured to launch a plurality of projectiles therefrom is also disclosed. The toy projectile launcher having: a housing; and a magazine movably secured to a housing of the toy projectile launcher, the magazine including a plurality of chambers, each of the chambers being configured to hold one of the plurality of the projectiles therein, the magazine having a surface that is engageable by the toy projectile launcher to align and to move the magazine relative to the housing. 1. A toy projectile launcher configured to launch a plurality of projectiles therefrom, the toy projectile launcher comprising: a housing; and a magazine movably secured to a housing of the toy projectile launcher, the magazine including a plurality of chambers, each of the chambers being configured to hold one of the plurality of the projectiles therein, the magazine having a surface that is engageable by the toy projectile launcher to align and to move the magazine relative to the housing. 2. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 1, wherein the magazine has a main body portion and a back body portion, the main body portion being coupled to the back body portion. 3. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 2, wherein the magazine further comprises: a gasket located between the main body portion and the back body portion. 4. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 3, wherein the main body portion has a receiving area, the gasket being located in the receiving area. 5. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 2, wherein the toy projectile launcher includes an advancing member, and the back body portion has a first plurality of recesses that are engageable by the advancing member to cause movement of the magazine relative to the housing. 6. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 5, wherein the back body portion has a second plurality of recesses formed therein spaced apart from the first plurality of recesses. 7. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 6, wherein the toy projectile launcher includes a spring-biased mechanism, the second plurality of recesses being configured to receive the spring-biased mechanism, the spring-biased mechanism locating the magazine with respect to the housing such that a nozzle of the toy projectile launcher is fluidly coupled to one of a plurality of openings located between the first plurality of recesses and the second plurality of recesses. 8. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of first recesses has an angled portion that terminates at a flat portion, the angled portion being configured to allow the advancing member to slide along a surface of the angled portion and engage the flat portion in order to move the magazine with respect to the housing. 9. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 2, wherein the back body portion includes a plurality of protruding members, each of the protruding members being received within one of the plurality of projectiles when the projectiles are inserted into the chambers of the magazine. 10. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 1, wherein the chambers are arranged into two columns, and the columns are offset from each other. 11. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 1, wherein the magazine includes a plurality of through holes formed therein, and each of the chambers is coupled to one of the holes. 12. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 11, wherein the holes are located in a line. 13. The toy projectile launcher as recited in claim 12, wherein the holes are located between a pair of lines of recesses. 14. A magazine for a toy projectile launcher configured to launch a plurality of projectiles therefrom, the magazine comprising: a main body portion including walls defining a plurality of chambers, each of the chambers being configured to hold the plurality of the projectiles therein; and a back body portion coupled to the main body portion, the back body portion being engageable by the toy projectile launcher to move the magazine. 15. The magazine as recited in claim 14, wherein the back body portion includes a first row of recesses that are engageable by an advancing member of the toy projectile launcher, and a second row of recesses that are engageable by a locating member of the toy projectile launcher. 16. The magazine as recited in claim 15, wherein the magazine includes a plurality of through holes formed therein, each of the chambers is coupled to one of the holes, and the holes are located between the two rows of recesses. 17. The magazine as recited in claim 15, wherein the chambers are arranged into two columns, and the columns are offset from each other. 18. A magazine configured to removably receive a plurality of projectiles therein and configured for use with a toy projectile launcher configured to launch the plurality of projectiles therefrom, the magazine comprising: a main body portion, which is secured to a back body portion and wherein the back body portion has a first plurality of features and a second plurality of features located on opposite sides of a plurality of openings, wherein each one of the plurality of openings is fluidly connected to at least one of a plurality of chambers of the magazine, wherein each one of the plurality of chambers is configured to receive one of the plurality of projectiles therein. 19. The magazine as recited in claim 18, wherein the chambers are arranged into two columns each being offset from the other. 20. The magazine as recited in claim 19, wherein adjacent chambers share common walls.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of preparing a superabsorbent polymer, including a) subjecting a monomer composition composed of a water-soluble ethylenic unsaturated monomer and a polymerization initiator to thermal polymerization or photopolymerization, thus preparing a hydrous gel polymer, b) drying the hydrous gel polymer, c) grinding the dried hydrous gel polymer, d) adding the ground hydrous gel polymer with particles having i) a BET specific surface area of 300 to 1500 m2/g and ii) a porosity of 50% or more and with a surface crosslinking agent, and e) performing a surface crosslinking reaction. 1. A method of preparing a superabsorbent polymer, comprising: a) subjecting a monomer composition comprising a water-soluble ethylenic unsaturated monomer and a polymerization initiator to thermal polymerization or photopolymerization, thus preparing a hydrous gel polymer; b) drying the hydrous gel polymer; c) grinding the dried hydrous gel polymer; d) adding the ground hydrous gel polymer with particles having i) a BET specific surface area of 300 to 1500 m2/g and ii) a porosity of 50% or more and with a surface crosslinking agent; and e) performing a surface crosslinking reaction. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size ranging from 2 nm to 50 \u03bcm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles have superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 125\u00b0 or more. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles have a particle size ranging from 2 nm to 50 \u03bcm and superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 125\u00b0 or more. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles have a BET specific surface area of 500 to 1500 m2/g. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the particles have superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 140\u00b0 or more. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the particles have superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 145\u00b0 or more. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles have a porosity of 90% or more. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles are used in an amount of 0.001 to 1 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the superabsorbent polymer. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, carbon, and titania (TiO2). 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising grinding the hydrous gel polymer to a particle size ranging from 1 to 15 mm, before the drying in b). 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying in b) is performed at a temperature ranging from 150 to 250\u00b0 C. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the grinding in c) comprises grinding the hydrous gel polymer to a particle size ranging from 150 to 850 \u03bcm. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking agent in d) comprises any one or more selected from the group consisting of a polyhydric alcohol compound, an epoxy compound, a polyamine compound, a haloepoxy compound, a haloepoxy compound condensed product, an oxazoline compound, a mono-, di- or poly-oxazolidinone compound, a cyclic urea compound, a polyhydric metal salt, and an alkylene carbonate compound. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking agent in d) is added in an amount of 0.001 to 5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the ground polymer. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking agent in d) is added under a condition that a surface temperature of the polymer is 60 to 90\u00b0 C. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking agent in d) has a temperature ranging from 5 to 40\u00b0 C. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface crosslinking reaction in e) is carried out for 10 to 120 min. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein e) is performed through heating by applying any one or more selected from the group of heat sources including steam, electricity, UV light, and IR light. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising grinding the superabsorbent polymer to a particle size ranging from 150 to 850 \u03bcm, after the performing the surface crosslinking reaction in e). 22. The method of claim 4 wherein the particles have superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 140\u00b0 or more. 23. The method of claim 4 wherein the particles have superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 145\u00b0 or more.",
-    "Provided is a brain function-improving composition which can inhibit binding of homocysteic acid to a receptor (NMDA receptor) and, at the same time, decrease the binding ability of homocysteic acid per se to the receptor to thereby improve reduction in the brain function caused by the toxicity of homocysteic acid. The brain function-improving composition comprises 0.3-0.5 part by weight of a cinnamic acid derivative compound and 0.5-0.7 part by weight of a calcium hydride powder. Also, the brain function-improving composition is characterized by further comprising 0.4-0.6 part by weight of a green tea powder, 0.4-0.6 part by weight of a cocoa powder, 0.25-0.35 part by weight of a hydroxysilica powder, and 0.9-1.1 parts by weight of a dry Angelica shikokiana Makino powder. 1. A brain function-improving composition which comprises 0.3-0.5 part by weight of cinnamic acid derivative compound and 0.5-0.7 part by weight of calcium hydride powder. 2. The brain function-improving composition according to claim 1, characterized by comprising 0.3-0.5 part by weight of ascorbic acid and/or 0.3-0.5 part by weight of lycopene. 3. The brain function-improving composition according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising 0.4-0.6 part by weight of green tea powder, 0.4-0.6 part by weight of cocoa powder, 0.25-0.35 part by weight of hydroxysilica powder, and 0.9-1.1 parts by weight of dry Angelica shikokiana Makino powder. 4. The brain function-improving composition according to claim 1, characterized in that said cinnamic acid derivative compound is any one selected from ferulic acid, caffeic acid, sinapoic acid or the mixture thereof. 5. A supplementary food, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 1. 6. A brain function-improving agent, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 1. 7. The brain function-improving composition according to claim 2, characterized by further comprising 0.4-0.6 part by weight of green tea powder, 0.4-0.6 part by weight of cocoa powder, 0.25-0.35 part by weight of hydroxysilica powder, and 0.9-1.1 parts by weight of dry Angelica shikokiana Makino powder. 8. The brain function-improving composition according to claim 2, characterized in that said cinnamic acid derivative compound is any one selected from ferulic acid, caffeic acid, sinapoic acid or the mixture thereof. 9. The brain function-improving composition according to claim 3, characterized in that said cinnamic acid derivative compound is any one selected from ferulic acid, caffeic acid, sinapoic acid or the mixture thereof. 10. A supplementary food, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 2. 11. A supplementary food, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 3. 12. A supplementary food, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 4. 13. A brain function-improving agent, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 2. 14. A brain function-improving agent, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 3. 15. A brain function-improving agent, which comprises the brain function-improving composition according to claim 4.",
-    "A folding furniture piece has a planar member with first and second parts with outer perimeters and adjacent straight sides hinged to each other. A plurality of support beams extend on inner surfaces of the parts and at least along the outer perimeters and inner straight sides of each part. Each side beam has at least one locking bore and the locking bores are coaxial when the planar member is in the use condition to receive a locking pin to lock the use condition in place. A plurality of legs are movably connected to the planar member for supporting the planar member above a floor in the use condition. 1. A folding furniture piece comprising: a planar member having a first part with an outer perimeter and an inner straight side and a second part with an outer perimeter and an inner straight side, the inner straight sides being adjacent each other and being hingedly connected to each other, the planar member having a folded compact condition with inner surfaces of the first and second parts overlapping each other, and an unfolded use condition with outer surfaces of the first and second parts lying in a common plane; a plurality of support beams extending on the inner surfaces of the first and second parts and along the outer perimeters and inner straight sides of each part, the support beams defining spaces with the inner surfaces of the first and second parts, each of the support beams along the sides of the first and second parts having at least one locking bore extending substantially transversely to a respective straight side, the locking bores being coaxially aligned with each other when the planar member is in the use condition; a locking pin removably extending into each aligned locking bore when the planar member is in the use condition for locking the planar member in the use condition; and a plurality of legs movably connected to the planar member for supporting the planar member above a floor in the use condition. 2. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a table top. 3. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a table top, each of the first and second parts having a pair of spaced apart leg connectors for connecting to one of the legs, a line between the leg connectors on each part forming an acute angle with the straight side of the respective part. 4. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a table top, each of the first and second parts having a pair of spaced apart leg connectors for connecting to one of the legs, a line between the leg connectors on each part forming an acute angle with the straight side of the respective part, each leg connector comprising a hinge for hingedly connected each leg to a support beam of a respective one of the first and second parts. 5. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a table top, each of the first and second parts having a pair of spaced apart leg connectors for connecting to one of the legs, a line between the leg connectors on each part forming an acute angle with the straight side of the respective part, each leg connector comprising at least one hinge for hingedly connected each leg to a support beam of a respective one of the first and second parts, and a locking bracket connected between the leg and the respective part for folding to allow the leg to lie parallel to the respective part in a folded position and for locking to lock the leg in a use position extending away form the respective part. 6. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a table top, each of the first and second parts having a pair of spaced apart leg connectors for connecting to one of the legs, a line between the leg connectors on each part forming an acute angle with the straight side of the respective part, each leg connector comprising at least one hinge for hingedly connected each leg to a support beam of a respective one of the first and second parts, and a locking bracket connected between the leg and the respective part for folding to allow the leg to lie parallel to the respective part in a folded position and for locking to lock the leg in a use position extending away form the respective part, a leg gusset connected to each leg near the respective part, one of the at least one leg hinge being connected between the leg gusset and the another leg hinge being connected between the leg and the respective part. 7. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a table top, each of the first and second parts having at least a pair of spaced apart leg connectors comprising threaded sockets, each leg having a treaded post for threading in one of the threaded sockets. 8. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 including a notch in a side surface of the support beam containing at least one of the locking bores, at an entry end of the at least one locking bore, the locking pin for extending into the at least one locking bore having a head at least partly enclosed in the notch. 9. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 including at least one cross beam connected between a pair of the legs in the use condition of the furniture piece, at a location intermediate a length of the legs. 10. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard. 11. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard, there being two of the legs each pivotally mounted to a lower support beam at a lower part of the outer perimeter. 12. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard, there being two of the legs each pivotally mounted to a lower support beam at a lower part of the outer perimeter, a pair of spaced additional locking bores each extending through the lower support beam and into a respective leg, and a locking pin extending into each additional locking bore and leg for locking each leg is a use condition extending below the lower support beam. 13. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 including a notch in a side surface of the support beam containing at least one of the locking bores, at an entry end of the at least one locking bore, the locking pin for extending into the at least one locking bore having a head at least partly enclosed in the notch. 14. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 including a ring extending through each locking pin near a head end thereof for aiding insertion and extraction of the locking pins into and out of a respective locking bore. 15. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard, there being two of the legs each pivotally mounted to a lower support beam at a lower part of the outer perimeter, a pair of spaced additional locking bores each extending through the lower support beam and into a respective leg, and a locking pin extending into each additional locking bore and leg for locking each leg is a use condition extending below the lower support beam, and a spacer block connected to an inside surface of each leg for engaging the inner surface of a respective one of the first and second parts for holding the legs parallel to the inside surface when the legs are pivoted into storage positions between the parts in folded compact condition of the furniture piece. 16. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard, there being two of the legs each mounted to a lower support beam at a lower part of the outer perimeter in the use condition and stored between the first and second parts in the folded condition. 17. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard, there being two of the legs each mounted to a lower support beam at a lower part of the outer perimeter in the use condition and stored between the first and second parts in the folded condition, a pair of spaced additional locking pin storage bores extending in the lower support beam for storing two locking pins in the folded condition of the furniture piece. 18. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 including a fabric member stored between the first and second parts in the folded condition of the furniture piece. 19. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a headboard, and a fabric slipcover stored between the first and second parts in the folded condition of the furniture piece for use to cover the headboard in the use condition of the furniture piece. 20. The folding furniture piece of claim 1 wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second parts of the planar member in the use condition form a tabletop, and a fabric table cloth stored between the first and second parts in the folded condition of the furniture piece for use to cover the tabletop in the use condition of the furniture piece.",
-    "A method for producing H2, methane, VFAs and alcohols from organic material, including the steps of introducing organic material and microorganisms into a completely mixed bioreactor for producing H2, C02, VFAs, and alcohols; recovering H2 and C02; recovering a first liquid effluent including microorganisms, VFAs, and alcohols; introducing the first liquid effluent into a gravity settler for separating into a first biomass including microorganisms and a second liquid effluent including VFAs, alcohols and microorganisms; introducing the second liquid effluent into a separation module for separating into a second biomass including microorganisms and a third liquid effluent including VFAs and alcohols; recovering at least a portion of the third liquid effluent; and providing a recovered biomass by recovering at least a portion of the first biomass, the second biomass, or both, and introducing the recovered biomass into a biomethanator for production of CH4 and C02. 1. A method for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of organic material, comprising the steps of: conducting ABE fermentation of the organic material in a completely mixed bioreactor to produce acetone, butanol, ethanol (ABE), volatile fatty acids, H2 and CO2; recovering at least a portion of the H2 and of the CO2 from the completely mixed bioreactor; maintaining a biomass concentration in the completely mixed bioreactor; and producing methane in a biomethanator from biomass extracted from effluent of the ABE fermentation step; wherein the ABE fermentation step includes introducing organic material and ABE producing microorganisms into a completely mixed bioreactor and controlling a pH of the completely mixed bioreactor to maintain the pH at 3.5-5.5 for breaking down the organic material into products including acetone, butanol, ethanol (ABE), volatile fatty acids, H2 and CO2; the step of maintaining a biomass concentration includes recovering a first liquid effluent from the completely mixed bioreactor, the first liquid effluent including at least a portion of the microorganisms, the volatile fatty acids, and the ABE; introducing the first liquid effluent into a gravity settler for separating at least a portion of the first liquid effluent into a first biomass including at least a portion of the microorganisms and a second liquid effluent including at least a portion of the volatile fatty acids, the ABE and the microorganisms; and recirculating at least a portion of the first biomass into the completely mixed bioreactor to maintain a concentration of microorganisms in the completely mixed bioreactor at a preselected value; and the step of producing methane includes introducing at least a portion of the second liquid effluent into a separation module for separating at least a portion of the second liquid effluent into a second biomass including at least a portion of the microorganisms and a third liquid effluent including at least a portion of the volatile fatty acids and the ABE; recovering the volatile fatty acids and ABE from the third liquid effluent; and providing a recovered biomass by recovering at least a portion of the first biomass, the second biomass, or both, and introducing the recovered biomass into the biomethanator for the production of CH4 and CO2. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pH of the biomethanator. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein controlling the pH comprises adding pH adjustment compounds to the completely mixed bioreactor, the biomethanator, or both. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a temperature of the completely mixed bioreactor, the biomethanator, or both. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of the completely mixed bioreactor is maintained at a temperature range from about 25\u00b0 C. to about 37\u00b0 C. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of the biomethanator is maintained in a temperature range from about 25\u00b0 C. to about 37\u00b0 C. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the microorganisms include one or more of the species selected from the group consisting of Clostridium species such as C. butyricum, C. beijerinckii, C. acetobutyricum and C. bifermentants, Enterobacter species, such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus species such as megaterium, thuringiensis, and R. sphaeroides. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the completely mixed bioreactor is a reactor selected from the group consisting of a single continuously stirred tank reactor, a multi-stage continuously stirred tank reactor, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, an expanded bed granular sludge blanket reactor, a down-flow anaerobic granular media reactor, an up-flow anaerobic granular media reactor, an anaerobic baffled tank reactor, an anaerobic migrating blanket reactor, and an anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor. 9. A system for producing hydrogen, methane, volatile fatty acids, and alcohols from organic material, comprising: an ABE fermentation reactor comprising: a completely mixed bioreactor for receiving microorganisms, the organic material and pH adjustment compounds for operating ABE fermentation and braking the organic material down into products including acetone, butanol, ethanol (ABE), volatile fatty acids, H2 and CO2, and generating a first liquid effluent including at least a portion of the microorganisms, the volatile fatty acids and ABE; a gravity settler in fluid communication with the completely mixed bioreactor for receiving the first liquid effluent and separating the first liquid effluent into a settled out first biomass including at least a portion of the microorganisms and a second liquid effluent including at least a portion of the volatile fatty acids, the ABE and the microorganisms; means for feeding the first biomass from the gravity settler to the completely mixed bioreactor for maintaining a concentration of microorganisms in the completely mixed bioreactor at a preselected value; a separation module for separating at least a portion of the second liquid effluent into a second biomass including at least a portion of the microorganisms and a third liquid effluent including at least a portion of the volatile fatty acids and the ABE; and a biomethanator in fluid communication with the gravity settler, the separation module, or both, for receiving at least a portion of the first biomass, the second biomass, or both, for production of CH4 and CO2. 10. The system according to claim 9, further comprising means for disposing of the first biomass from the gravity settler. 11. The system according to claim 9, further comprising means for feeding the first biomass from the gravity settler to the biomethanator for maintaining a concentration of microorganisms in the biomethanator at a preselected value. 12. The system according to claim 9, further comprising a dispenser for dispensing chemicals for pH adjustment into the completely mixed bioreactor, the biomethanator, or both. 13. The system according to claim 9, further comprising a temperature controller for controlling a temperature of the completely mixed bioreactor, the biomethanator, or both. 14. The system according to claim 9, further comprising a storage tank in fluid communication with the gravity settler and the biomethanator, wherein the storage tank is downstream of the gravity settler and upstream of the biomethanator, for adjusting loading rates of liquids entering the biomethanator. 15. The system according to claim 14, wherein the storage tank is downstream of the separation module. 16. The system according to claim 14, further comprising a dispenser for dispensing chemicals for pH adjustment into at least one of the completely mixed bioreactor, the biomethanator and the storage tank. 17. The system according to claim 14, further comprising a temperature controller for controlling a temperature of at least one of the completely mixed bioreactor, the biomethanator and the storage tank. 18. The system according to claim 9, wherein the completely mixed bioreactor is a reactor selected from the group consisting of a single continuously stirred tank reactor, a multi-stage continuously stirred tank reactor, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, an expanded bed granular sludge blanket reactor, a down-flow anaerobic granular media reactor, an up-flow anaerobic granular media reactor, an anaerobic baffled tank reactor, an anaerobic migrating blanket reactor, and an anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor.",
-    "The present invention provides a surface-treated copper foil capable of imparting the profile shape of the substrate surface after removal of the copper foil, the profile shape maintaining fine wiring formability and achieving satisfactory adhesion of electroless copper plating coating. The present invention also provides a resin substrate provided with a profile shape of the surface maintaining fine wiring formability and achieving satisfactory adhesion of electroless copper plating coating. The surface-treated copper foil of the present invention is a surface-treated copper foil having a surface-treated layer formed on a copper foil, and the surface roughness Sz of the surface of the surface-treated layer is 2 to 6 \u03bcm. 1. A surface-treated copper foil, wherein a surface treated layer is formed on a copper foil, and the surface roughness Sz of the surface of the surface-treated layer is 2 to 6 \u03bcm. 2. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 1, wherein a surface-treated layer is formed on a copper foil, and the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface of the surface-treated layer is 1.05 to 1.8. 3. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 1 or 2, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the surface roughness Sz of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1 to 5 \u03bcm. 4. The surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1.01 to 1.5. 5. The surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to the resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 6. A surface-treated copper foil, wherein a surface-treated layer is formed on a copper foil, and the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface of the surface-treated layer is 1.05 to 1.8. 7. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 6, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to the resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the surface roughness Sz of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1 to 5 \u03bcm. 8. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 6 or 7, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to the resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1.01 to 1.5. 9. The surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to the resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 10. A surface-treated copper foil, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to the resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the surface roughness Sz of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1 to 5 \u03bcm. 11. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 10, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to the resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1.01 to 1.5. 12. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 10 or 11, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 13. A surface-treated copper foil, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 1.01 to 1.5. 14. A surface-treated copper foil according to claim 13, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 15. A surface-treated copper foil, wherein when the surface-treated copper foil is bonded, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a resin substrate and the surface-treated copper foil is removed, the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the resin substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 16. The surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the surface-treated layer is a roughening-treated layer. 17. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 16, wherein the roughening-treated layer is a layer composed of a single substance selected from or an alloy including one or more selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, cobalt, phosphorus, tungsten, arsenic, molybdenum, chromium and zinc. 18. The surface-treated copper foil according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the surface-treated copper foil has, on the surface of the roughening-treated layer, one or more layers selected from the group consisting of a heat resistant layer, a rust-preventing layer, a chromate-treated layer and a silane coupling treated layer. 19. The surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the surface-treated layer is one or more layers selected from the group consisting of a roughening-treated layer, a heat resistant layer, a rust-preventing layer, a chromate-treated layer and a silane coupling treated layer. 20. The surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the surface-treated layer is provided with a resin layer on the surface-treated layer. 21. A copper foil with carrier, comprising a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order, wherein the ultra-thin copper layer is the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20. 22. The copper foil with carrier according to claim 21, comprising the ultra-thin copper layer on each of both surfaces of the carrier. 23. The copper foil with carrier according to claim 21, comprising a roughening-treated layer on the side opposite to the ultra-thin cooper layer of the carrier. 24. A substrate prepared by bonding the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a substrate, and by removing the surface-treated copper foil, wherein the surface roughness Sz of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 1 to 5 \u03bcm. 25. A substrate prepared by bonding the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, to a substrate, by removing the carrier from the copper foil with carrier, and by then removing the ultra-thin copper layer, being the surface-treated copper foil, wherein the surface roughness Sz of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 1 to 5 \u03bcm. 26. A substrate prepared by bonding the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a substrate, and by removing the surface-treated copper foil, wherein the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 1.01 to 1.5. 27. A substrate prepared by bonding the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, to a substrate, by removing the carrier from the copper foil with carrier, and by then removing the ultra-thin copper layer, being the surface-treated copper foil, wherein the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 1.01 to 1.5. 28. A substrate prepared by bonding the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, to a substrate, and by removing the surface-treated copper foil, wherein the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 pl. 29. A substrate prepared by bonding the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, to a substrate, by removing the carrier from the copper foil with carrier, and by then removing the ultra-thin copper layer, being the surface-treated copper foil, wherein the black area rate of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface, on the copper foil removal side, of the substrate is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 30. A copper clad laminate produced by using the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, or the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23. 31. A printed wiring board produced by using the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, or the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23. 32. An electronic device using the printed wiring board according to claim 31. 33. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20 and an insulating substrate; a step of laminating the surface-treated copper foil, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the insulating substrate; a step of removing the surface-treated copper foil on the insulating substrate; and a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the insulating substrate with the surface-treated copper foil removed therefrom. 34. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23 and an insulating substrate; a step of laminating the copper foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the insulating substrate; a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier after laminating the copper foil with carrier and the insulating substrate on each other; a step of removing the ultra-thin copper layer on the insulating substrate after peeling the carrier; and a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the insulating substrate with the ultra-thin copper layer removed therefrom. 35. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20 and an insulating substrate; a step of forming a copper clad laminate by laminating the surface-treated copper foil, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the insulating substrate; and a step of subsequently forming a circuit by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method. 36. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23 and an insulating substrate; a step of laminating the copper foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the insulating substrate; a step of forming a copper clad laminate by passing through a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier after laminating the copper foil with carrier and the insulating substrate on each other; and a step of subsequently forming a circuit by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method. 37. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, with a circuit formed on the surface-treated layer formed side, or the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin copper layer side; a step of forming a resin layer on the surface of the surface-treated copper foil or the surface of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin layer; and a step of exposing the circuit embedded in the resin layer by removing the surface-treated copper foil or the copper foil with carrier. 38. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a metal foil with a circuit formed on the surface thereof, or a first surface-treated copper foil being the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the surface-treated layer formed side, or a metal foil with carrier with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin metal side, or a first copper foil with carrier being the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin copper layer side; a step of forming a resin layer on the surface of the metal foil, the surface of the surface-treated copper foil, the surface of the metal foil with carrier, or the surface of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a second surface-treated copper foil being the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin layer, or a step of laminating a second copper foil with carrier being the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin layer; a step of peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier, in the case where the foil laminated on the resin layer is the second copper foil with carrier; a step of removing the surface-treated copper foil on the resin layer, or the ultra-thin copper layer remaining after peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin layer with the surface-treated copper foil removed therefrom, or on the surface of the resin layer with the ultra-thin copper layer removed therefrom; and a step of exposing the circuit embedded in the resin layer after forming the circuit on the resin layer, by removing the metal foil or the first surface-treated copper foil, or by removing the ultra-thin metal layer after peeling the carrier of the metal foil with carrier, or by removing the ultra-thin copper layer after peeling the carrier of the first copper foil with carrier. 39. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20 with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the surface-treated layer formed side, or the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23 with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin copper layer side; a step of forming a resin layer on the surface of the surface-treated copper foil or the surface of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a metal foil on the resin layer, or a step of laminating a metal foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin layer; a step of peeling the carrier of the metal foil with carrier, in the case where the foil laminated on the resin layer is the metal foil with carrier; a step of removing the metal foil on the resin layer, or the ultra-thin metal layer remaining after peeling the carrier of the metal foil with carrier; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin layer with the metal foil removed therefrom, or the surface of the resin layer with the ultra-thin copper layer removed therefrom; and a step of exposing the circuit embedded in the resin layer circuit after forming the circuit on the resin layer, by removing the surface-treated copper foil, or by removing the ultra-thin copper layer after peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier. 40. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a metal foil with a circuit formed on the surface thereof, or a first surface-treated copper foil being the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20 with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the surface-treated layer formed side, or a metal foil with carrier with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin metal layer side, or a first copper foil with carrier being the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23 with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin copper layer side; a step of forming a resin layer on the surface of the metal foil, or the surface of the surface-treated copper foil, or the surface of the metal foil with carrier, or the surface of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a second surface-treated copper foil being the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin layer, or a step of laminating a second copper foil with carrier being the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin layer; a step of peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier, in the case where the foil laminated on the resin layer is the second copper foil with carrier; a step of forming a circuit on the resin layer, by using the surface-treated copper foil on the resin layer, or the ultra-thin copper layer remaining after peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier, by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method; and a step of exposing the circuit embedded in the resin layer after forming the circuit on the resin layer, by removing the metal foil or by removing the first surface-treated copper foil, or by removing the ultra-thin metal layer after peeling the carrier of the metal foil with carrier, or by removing the ultra-thin copper layer after peeling the carrier of the first copper foil with carrier. 41. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing the surface-treated copper foil according to any one of claims 1 to 20 with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the surface-treated layer formed side, or the copper foil with carrier according to any one of claims 21 to 23 with a circuit formed on the surface thereof on the ultra-thin copper layer side; a step of forming a resin layer on the surface of the surface-treated copper foil or the surface of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a metal foil on the resin layer, or a step of laminating a metal foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin layer; a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier, in the case where the foil laminated on the resin layer is the copper foil with carrier; a step of forming a circuit on the resin layer by using the metal foil on the resin layer, or the ultra-thin metal layer remaining after peeling the carrier of the metal foil with carrier, by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method; and a step of exposing the circuit embedded in the resin layer after forming the circuit on the resin layer, by removing the surface-treated copper foil, or by removing the ultra-thin copper layer after peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier. 42. A resin substrate having a surface roughness Sz of 1 to 5 \u03bcm. 43. The resin substrate according to claim 42, wherein the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface is 1.01 to 1.5. 44. The resin substrate according to claim 42 or 43, wherein the black area rate of the surface is 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface is 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 45. A resin substrate having the ratio B/A of the three-dimensional surface area B to the two-dimensional surface area A of the surface of 1.01 to 1.5. 46. A resin substrate having the black area rate of the surface of 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface of 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 47. The resin substrate according to claim 45, having the black area rate of the surface of 10 to 50%, and the average value of the diameters of the holes of the surface of 0.03 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 48. The resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 47, being for use in the semi-additive method. 49. A printed wiring board produced by using the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48. 50. A copper clad laminate produced by using the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48. 51. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a surface-treated copper foil and a resin substrate; a step of laminating the surface-treated copper foil, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin substrate; and a step of obtaining the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 by removing the surface-treated copper foil on the resin substrate; and a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin substrate with the surface-treated copper foil removed therefrom. 52. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a copper foil with carrier constituted by laminating a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order, and a resin substrate; a step of laminating the copper foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin substrate; a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier after laminating the copper foil with carrier and the resin substrate on each other; a step of obtaining the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 by removing the ultra-thin copper layer on the resin substrate after peeling the carrier; and a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin substrate with the ultra-thin copper layer removed therefrom. 53. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising a step of forming a circuit, after forming a copper clad laminate by laminating a surface-treated copper foil via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 47, by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method. 54. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of laminating a copper foil with carrier constituted by laminating a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 47; a step of forming a copper clad laminate by passing through a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier after laminating the copper foil with carrier and the resin substrate on each other; and a step of subsequently forming a circuit by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method. 55. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a metal foil with a circuit formed on the surface thereof; a step of forming a resin substrate on the surface of the metal foil so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a surface-treated copper foil, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin substrate; a step of obtaining the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 by removing the surface-treated copper foil on the resin substrate; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin substrate with the surface-treated copper foil removed therefrom; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface of the metal foil and embedded in the resin substrate by removing the metal foil. 56. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of forming a circuit on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of a first copper foil with carrier constituted by laminating a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order; a step of forming a resin substrate on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the first copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of preparing a second copper foil with carrier constituted by laminating a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order, and laminating the second copper foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin substrate; a step of peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier after laminating the second copper foil with carrier on the resin substrate; a step of obtaining the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 by removing the ultra-thin copper layer on the resin substrate after peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin substrate with the ultra-thin copper layer removed therefrom; a step of peeling the carrier of the first copper foil with carrier after forming the circuit on the resin substrate; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the first copper foil with carrier and embedded in the resin substrate, by removing the ultra-thin copper layer of the first copper foil with carrier after peeling the carrier of the first copper foil with carrier. 57. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a metal foil with circuit formed on the surface thereof; a step of forming the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 47 on the surface of the metal foil so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a surface-treated copper foil, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin substrate, and forming a circuit on the resin layer by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface of the metal foil and embedded in the resin substrate by removing the metal foil. 58. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of forming a circuit on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of a first copper foil with carrier constituted by laminating a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order; a step of forming the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 47 on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the first copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of preparing a second copper foil with carrier constituted by laminating a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order; laminating the second copper foil with carrier, via the ultra-thin copper layer side thereof, on the resin substrate and then peeling the carrier of the second copper foil with carrier; and forming a circuit on the resin substrate by a semi-additive method, a subtractive method, a partly additive method or a modified semi-additive method; a step of peeling the carrier of the first copper foil with carrier after forming a circuit on the resin substrate; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the first copper foil with carrier and embedded in the resin substrate, by removing the ultra-thin copper layer of the first copper foil with carrier after peeling the carrier of the first copper foil with carrier. 59. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a metal foil with a circuit formed on the surface thereof; a step of forming a resin substrate on the surface of the metal foil so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a copper foil with carrier including a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order, via the surface thereof on the ultra-thin copper layer side, on the resin substrate; a step of obtaining the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 by removing the ultra-thin copper layer on the resin substrate after peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin substrate with the ultra-thin copper layer removed therefrom; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface of the metal foil and embedded in the resin substrate by removing the metal foil. 60. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of forming a circuit on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of a copper foil with carrier including a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order; a step of forming a resin substrate on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of laminating a surface-treated copper foil, via the surface-treated layer side thereof, on the resin substrate; a step of obtaining the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 by removing the surface-treated copper foil on the resin substrate; a step of forming a circuit on the surface of the resin substrate with the surface-treated copper foil having been removed therefrom; a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier after forming a circuit on the resin substrate; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the copper foil with carrier by removing the ultra-thin copper layer of the copper foil with carrier after peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier. 61. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of preparing a metal foil with a circuit formed on the surface thereof; a step of forming the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of forming a circuit on the resin substrate; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface of the metal foil and embedded in the resin substrate by removing the metal foil. 62. A method for producing a printed wiring board, comprising: a step of forming a circuit on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of a copper foil with carrier including a carrier, an intermediate layer and an ultra-thin copper layer in this order; a step of forming the resin substrate according to any one of claims 42 to 48 on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the copper foil with carrier so as for the circuit to be embedded; a step of forming a circuit on the resin substrate; a step of peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier after forming the circuit on the resin substrate; and a step of exposing the circuit formed on the surface on the ultra-thin copper layer side of the copper foil with carrier and embedded in the resin substrate by removing the ultra-thin copper layer of the copper foil with carrier after peeling the carrier of the copper foil with carrier.",
-    "A method for signaling and controlling in a power grid coupling a plurality of actuators for providing power signals is provided. At a first actuator, a voltage problem is detected, a communication signal is generated based on the detected voltage problem, and the generated communication signal is transmitted over the power grid. At a second actuator, the transmitted communication signal is received, a control action is generated based on the received communication signal and the generated control action is transmitted over the power grid towards the first actuator. 1. A method for signaling and controlling a power grid coupling a plurality of actuators for providing power signals, the method comprising: at a first actuator of the plurality of actuators, detecting a voltage problem, generating a communication signal based on the detected voltage problem, and transmitting the generated communication signal over the power grid; and at a second actuator of the plurality of actuators, receiving the transmitted communication signal, generating a control action based on the received communication signal, and transmitting the generated control action over the power grid towards the first actuator. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein amplitude of the control action is generated wherein the amplitude of the control action is a function of the amplitude of the received communication signal, and wherein the amplitude of the control action is proportional to the amplitude of the received communication signal. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the control action is generated at the second actuator such that the following equation is fulfilled: A Rx C A Tx C = A Rx P A Tx P wherein ATXC designates the amplitude of the generated communication signal at the first actuator, wherein ARxC designates the amplitude of the received communication signal at the second actuator, wherein ATxP designates the amplitude of the generated control action at the second actuator, and wherein ARxP designates the amplitude of the received control action at the first actuator. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, at least two second actuators of the plurality of actuators, receive the transmitted communication signal, a respective control action is generated based on the respective received communication signal, and the respective generated control action is transmitted over the power grid towards the first actuator. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication signal is a current injected into the power grid by the first actuator. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the communication signal is generated such that a frequency of the current is proportionally related to a fundamental frequency of the power signals transmitted by the plurality of actuators over the power grid. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the communication signal is generated such that the current is a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the power signals transmitted by the plurality of actuators over the power grid. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the communication signal is generated such that the current is an even harmonic, wherein the even harmonic is a second harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the power signals transmitted by the plurality of actuators over the power grid. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the communication signal is generated such that the current is an interharmonic of the fundamental frequency of the power signals transmitted by the plurality of actuators over the power grid. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication signal is modulated by On/Off-keying. 11. The method of claim 10, comprising: synchronizing the modulated communication signal by a fundamental frequency of the power signals. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein, as long as a voltage problem is detected at the first actuator, a communication signal is generated based on the detected voltage problem and transmitted over the power grid each transmission period, wherein the transmission period includes N periods of the fundamental frequency of the power signals. 13. The method of claim 12, comprising: detecting the fundamental frequency of the power signals; defining the transmission period with N transmission slots; selecting one transmission slot within the N transmission slots for transmitting the communication signal; calculating an amplitude of the current of the communication signal based on the detected voltage problem; and injecting the current with the calculated amplitude and the frequency of the second harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the power signals in the selected transmission slot into the power grid. 14. A non-transitory computer readable medium including instructions that when executed are operable to: detect a voltage problem at a first actuator of a plurality of actuators; generate a communication signal based on the detected voltage problem transmit the generated communication signal over a power grid; receive the transmitted communication signal at a second actuator of the plurality of actuators; generate a control action based on the received communication signal; and transmit the generated control action over the power grid towards the first actuator. 15. A device for signaling and controlling a power grid coupling a plurality of actuators providing power signals, the device comprising: a first entity coupleable with a first actuator of the plurality of actuators and configured to generate a communication signal based on a detected voltage problem and configured to transmit the generated communication signal over the power grid; and a second entity coupleable with a second actuator of the plurality of actuators, the second entity configured to receive the transmitted communication signal, generate a control action based on the received communication signal and transmit the generated control action over the power grid towards the first actuator. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the control action is generated at the second actuator such that the following equation is fulfilled: A Rx C A Tx C = A Rx P A Tx P wherein ATXC designates the amplitude of the generated communication signal at the first actuator, wherein ARxC designates the amplitude of the received communication signal at the second actuator, wherein ATxP designates the amplitude of the generated control action at the second actuator, and wherein ARxP designates the amplitude of the received control action at the first actuator. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein at least two second actuators of the plurality of actuators receive the transmitted communication signal, a respective control action is generated based on the respective received communication signal and the respective generated control action is transmitted over the power grid towards the first actuator. 18. The method of claim 3, wherein at least two second actuators of the plurality of actuators receive the transmitted communication signal, a respective control action is generated based on the respective received communication signal and the respective generated control action is transmitted over the power grid towards the first actuator. 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the communication signal is a current injected into the power grid by the first actuator. 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the communication signal is a current injected into the power grid by the first actuator.",
-    "A safety chain for conveyor pallets may comprise bent links arranged in alternating fashion with straight links. Each of the bent links may have two ends with a wheel disposed at each end. Each consecutive bent link and straight link may be joined at an articulation point. The safety chain may also comprise arms extending from each articulation point, wherein a conveyor pallet may be coupled to each arm. Further, roller guides that follow a trajectory of the safety chain may be arranged on one of two sides of the safety chain. The roller guides may rotate the wheels of the bent links. The articulation points enable rotation and position change of the bent links and the straight links so as to increase or decrease a distance between consecutive conveyor pallets according to a change of speed of a conveyor. 1-3. (canceled) 4. A safety chain for conveyor pallets for transporting at least one of people or goods along a trajectory, the safety chain comprising: a plurality of bent links, with each of the plurality of bent links having two ends and a wheel disposed at each of the two ends; a plurality of straight links positioned in alternating fashion with the plurality of bent links along the trajectory of the safety chain, wherein the plurality of bent links are joined to the plurality of straight links at articulation points; an arm extending from each of the articulation points, with each arm coupled to a conveyor pallet; and roller guides positioned at one of two sides of the safety chain, wherein the roller guides follow the trajectory of the safety chain, wherein the roller guides are configured to rotate the wheels disposed at the ends of the plurality of bent links, wherein the articulation points enable rotation and position change of the plurality of bent links and the plurality of straight links for increasing or decreasing a distance between consecutive conveyor pallets according to a change in speed of a conveyor comprised of the conveyor pallets, wherein depending on a position of each of the plurality of bent links the wheel at one of the ends of each of the plurality of bent links is disposed in or along one of the corresponding roller guides. 5. The safety chain of claim 4 further comprising a drive cart disposed at each of the articulation points, wherein each of the drive carts is fixed to the safety chain, wherein the drive carts are pulled by linear motors and move along a length of a drive guide that follows the trajectory of the safety chain, wherein the drive carts pull the conveyor pallets. 6. The safety chain of claim 5 further comprising a pilot wheel that is coplanar with the safety chain for driving the plurality of bent links, the plurality of straight links, the arms, and the conveyor pallets. 7. The safety chain of claim 5 wherein the roller guides are positioned at only one of the two sides of the safety chain along a majority of a length of the trajectory of the safety chain. 8. The safety chain of claim 4 further comprising a pilot wheel that is coplanar with the safety chain for driving the plurality of bent links, the plurality of straight links, the arms, and the conveyor pallets. 9. The safety chain of claim 8 wherein the roller guides are positioned at only one of the two sides of the safety chain along a majority of a length of the trajectory of the safety chain. 10. The safety chain of claim 4 wherein the roller guides are positioned at only one of the two sides of the safety chain along a majority of the trajectory of the safety chain. 11. The safety chain of claim 4 wherein each of the arms is coupled to at least one of a bent link or a straight link.",
-    "Provided is a method of sending and receiving signals for a user equipment (UE) in a mobile communication system. The method may include: receiving discovery signal configuration information; scanning a discovery signal resource region determined based on the discovery signal configuration information; transmitting a discovery signal at a resource of the discovery signal resource region selected based on the scanning result; and rescanning the discovery signal resource region on the basis of at least one of the discovery signal configuration information and the scanning result. There are provided a method and apparatus for sending and receiving a discovery signal for D2D communication in a wireless communication system. A UE is allocated discovery signal transmission resources via signaling from the ENB and periodically rescans the discovery signal transmission resources. Thereby, it is possible to send and receive discovery signals in a more efficient manner. 1. A method of sending and receiving signals for a user equipment (UE) in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: receiving discovery signal configuration information; scanning a discovery signal resource region determined based on the discovery signal configuration information; transmitting a discovery signal at a resource of the discovery signal resource region selected based on the scanning result; and rescanning the discovery signal resource region on the basis of at least one of the discovery signal configuration information and the scanning result. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting a discovery signal comprises scanning the discovery signal resource region except for the selected resource. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving discovery signal configuration information comprises receiving at least one of rescan period information and rescan offset information, and wherein rescanning the discovery signal resource region comprises rescanning the discovery signal resource region on the basis of the information about at least one of a rescan period and a rescan offset. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein rescanning the discovery signal resource region comprises: transmitting a discovery signal at a resource other than the selected resource in the discovery signal resource region; and rescanning the discovery signal resource region except for the resource used for discovery signal transmission. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein rescanning the discovery signal resource region comprises: changing the existing rescan period when the scanning result indicates that the information about a different UE having sent a discovery signal is changed by an amount greater than or equal to a preset threshold; and rescanning the discovery signal resource region according to the changed rescan period. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving information regarding a change in the discovery signal resource region, and wherein rescanning the discovery signal resource region comprises changing the existing rescan period when the resource used for discovery signal transmission does not belong to the changed discovery signal resource region, and rescanning the changed discovery signal resource region according to the changed rescan period. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein rescanning the discovery signal resource region comprises rescanning the discovery signal resource region according to a rescan period determined based on the mobility of the UE. 8. A user equipment (UE) sending and receiving signals in a mobile communication system, comprising: a transceiver unit to send and receive signals to and from at least one of another UE and a base station (ENB); and a control unit to perform a process of controlling the transceiver unit, scanning a discovery signal resource region determined based on configuration information, transmitting a discovery signal at a resource of the discovery signal resource region selected based on the scanning result, and rescanning the discovery signal resource region on the basis of at least one of the configuration information and the scanning result. 9. The user equipment of claim 8, wherein the control unit scans the discovery signal resource region except for the selected resource. 10. The user equipment of claim 8, wherein the control unit receives at least one of rescan period information and rescan offset information, and rescans the discovery signal resource region on the basis of the information about at least one of a rescan period and a rescan offset. 11. The user equipment of claim 8, wherein the control unit transmits a discovery signal at a resource other than the selected resource in the discovery signal resource region, and rescans the discovery signal resource region except for the resource used for discovery signal transmission. 12. The user equipment of claim 8, wherein the control unit changes the existing rescan period when the scanning result indicates that the information about a different UE having sent a discovery signal is changed by an amount greater than or equal to a preset threshold, and rescans the discovery signal resource region according to the changed rescan period. 13. The user equipment of claim 8, wherein the control unit receives information regarding a change in the discovery signal resource region, changes the existing rescan period when the resource used for discovery signal transmission does not belong to the changed discovery signal resource region, and rescans the changed discovery signal resource region according to the changed rescan period. 14. The user equipment of claim 8, wherein the control unit rescans the discovery signal resource region according to a rescan period determined based on the mobility of the UE. 15. A method of sending and receiving signals for a base station (ENB) in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: sending discovery signal configuration information to a user equipment (UE); and receiving a discovery signal sent by the UE at a resource, wherein a discovery signal resource region is determined by the UE based on the discovery signal configuration information and the resource is selected by the UE from the discovery signal resource region according to the result of scanning the discovery signal resource region, wherein the UE rescans the discovery signal resource region on the basis of at least one of the discovery signal configuration information and the scanning result. 16. A base station (ENB) sending and receiving signals in a mobile communication system, comprising: a transceiver unit to send and receive signals to and from a user equipment (UE); and a control unit to perform a process of controlling the transceiver unit, sending discovery signal configuration information to the UE, and receiving a discovery signal sent by the UE at a resource, wherein a discovery signal resource region is determined by the UE based on the discovery signal configuration information and the resource is selected by the UE from the discovery signal resource region according to the result of scanning the discovery signal resource region, wherein the UE rescans the discovery signal resource region on the basis of at least one of the discovery signal configuration information and the scanning result.",
-    "An apparatus for determining an orientation of anatomical cornea structures includes: a lighting device, configured to direct a first luminous radiation, polarized with an orientable polarization direction, towards a cornea, when the cornea is in an observation seat; a control device, configured to modify an orientation of the polarization direction; an image acquisition device, arranged so as to receive a second luminous radiation, transmitted through the cornea arranged in the observation seat and illuminated by the first luminous radiation; and an acquisition polarizing filter, arranged so as to intercept the second luminous radiation directed towards the image acquisition device. 1) An apparatus for determining the orientation of anatomical cornea structures, comprising: a lighting device configured to direct a first luminous radiation (F1), polarized in an adjustable polarization direction (D1), to a cornea, when the cornea is in an observation seat; an image acquisition device positioned to receive a second luminous radiation (F2) transmitted through the cornea arranged in the observation seat and illuminated by the first luminous radiation (F1); and an acquisition polarizing filter positioned to intercept the second luminous radiation (F2) directed to the image acquisition device; wherein the acquisition polarizing filter is orientable so as to maintain fixed a relative angular position of the acquisition polarizing filter with respect to the polarization direction (D1) at least in a first operative configuration. 2) An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, comprising a control device, configured to modify the polarization direction (D1). 3) An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lighting device comprises a light source; and an emission polarizing filter connected to the light source and orientable so as to maintain fixed a relative angular position with respect to the acquisition polarizing filter in the first operative configuration. 4) An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the acquisition polarizing filter is orientable independently of the polarization direction (D1) of the first luminous radiation (F1) in a second operative configuration. 5) An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the emission polarizing filter is orientable independently of the acquisition polarizing filter. 6) Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the light source and the emission polarising filter have an annular shape and are coaxial with the acquisition polarizing filter. 7) Apparatus according to claim 3, comprising a first actuator and a second actuator coupled to the emission polarizing filter and to the acquisition polarizing filter respectively, and configured to adjust the relative angular position of the emission polarizing filter and the acquisition polarizing filter. 8) An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, comprising locking means activatable to prevent relative rotations between the emission polarizing filter and the acquisition polarizing filter in a first operative configuration, and to prevent relative rotations between the emission polarizing filter and the acquisition polarizing filter in a second operative configuration. 9) An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the image acquisition device is configured to generate image signals (IMG) from the second luminous radiation (F2); and comprising a control unit configured to determine the orientation of anatomical structures of the cornea in the observation seat from the image signals (IMG). 10) An apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein the emission polarizing filter is orientable independently of the acquisition polarizing filter; and wherein the control unit is configured to: rotate the acquisition polarizing filter with respect to the emission polarizing filter in the second operative configuration; rotate the emission polarizing filter and acquisition polarizing filter together along an arc of at least 90\u00b0, with no relative rotation of the emission polarizing filter and acquisition polarizing filter, in the first operative configuration; request the image acquisition device to supply image signals (IMG) corresponding to respective angular positions of the emission polarizing filter and acquisition polarizing filter in the second operative configuration; receive the image signals (IMG) generated by the image acquisition device; determine a background brightness value; search for candidate regions which are continuous and have a brightness value different from the background brightness value; and determine respective angular positions of the candidate regions. 11) An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the control unit is configured to: identify three or four candidate regions; determine respective barycentres of the candidate regions; and determine respective angular positions of the barycentres. 12) A method of determining the orientation of anatomical cornea structures, comprising: directing a first luminous radiation (F1), polarized in a polarization direction (D1), to a cornea inside an observation seat; modifying the polarization direction (D1) of the first luminous radiation (F1); acquiring images (IMG) of the cornea arranged in the observation seat and illuminated by the first luminous radiation (F1); filtering, by an acquisition polarizing filter, a second luminous radiation (F2) transmitted through the cornea located inside the observation seat and illuminated by the first luminous radiation (F1); modifying an orientation of the acquisition polarizing filter so as to maintain fixed a relative angular position of the acquisition polarizing filter with respect to the polarization direction (D1). 13) A method as claimed in claim 12, comprising activating a light source and optically coupling the light source to an emission polarizing filter, the light source and the emission polarizing filter being concentric to the acquisition polarizing filter. 14) A method as claimed in claim 13, comprising orienting the emission polarizing filter independently of the acquisition polarizing filter before modifying the orientation of the acquisition polarizing filter. 15) A method as claimed in claim 13, comprising preventing relative rotations between the emission polarizing filter and the acquisition polarizing filter in a first operative configuration and allowing relative rotations between the emission polarizing filter and the acquisition polarizing filter in a second operative configuration. 16) A method as claimed in comprising generating the images (IMG) from the filtered second luminous radiation (F2), and determining the orientation of anatomical structures of the cornea in the observation seat from the images (IMG). 17) A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein determining the orientation of anatomical structures of the cornea comprises: rotating the polarization direction (D1) of the first luminous radiation (F1) and the acquisition polarizing filter together along an arc of at least 90\u00b0, with no relative rotation between the polarization direction (D1) of the first luminous radiation (F1) and the acquisition polarizing filter in the first operative configuration. 18) A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein determining the orientation of anatomical structures of the cornea comprises: acquiring images (IMG) corresponding to respective angular positions of the emission polarizing filter and of the acquisition polarizing filter in the second operative configuration. 19) A method as claimed in claim 18, wherein determining the orientation of anatomical cornea structures comprises: determining a background brightness value of the images (IMG); searching for continuous candidate regions having a brightness value different from the background brightness value; validating the candidate regions; and determining respective angular positions of the candidate regions. 20) A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein determining the orientation of anatomical structures of the cornea comprises: determining respective barycentres of the candidate regions; and determining respective angular positions of the barycentres. 21) A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein validating comprises identifying three or four candidate regions separated by roughly 90\u00b0 angles in one of the images (IMG). 22) A method as claimed in claim 12, comprising: using a light source to generate the first luminous radiation (F1); setting a current relative angular position of the acquisition polarizing filter with respect to the polarization direction (D1) of the first luminous radiation (F1); acquiring an image (IMG) of the cornea in the observation seat in the current relative angular position; searching for artefacts, produced by reflection of the light source, in the image (IMG) acquired in the current relative angular position; altering the current relative angular position, if artefacts are found; preventing alteration of the current relative angular position, if no artefacts are found.",
-    "A display apparatus comprising an anisotropic absorption layer and a display panel is disclosed. The anisotropic absorption layer is arranged at light-emitting side of the display panel. A predefined angle is formed between an absorption axis of the anisotropic absorption layer and a normal of the display panel. The anisotropic absorption layer is adapted to absorb ambient lights and transmit display lights from the display panel. The anisotropic absorption layer has a high absorptance to the ambient lights and a high transmittance to the display lights, such that the display apparatus can reduce influence of the ambient lights and improve energy usage. 1. A display apparatus, comprising: an anisotropic absorption layer; and a display panel; wherein the anisotropic absorption layer is arranged at light-emitting side of the display panel, wherein a predefined angle is formed between an absorption axis of the anisotropic absorption layer and a normal of the display panel, and wherein the anisotropic absorption layer is adapted to absorb ambient lights and transmit display lights from the display panel. 2. The display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a scattering layer arranged at outer side of the anisotropic absorption layer and adapted to change emitting directions of the display lights from the anisotropic absorption layer such that the display lights have different emitting directions. 3. The display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the scattering layer does not back scatter the display lights, and wherein haze of the scattering layer is in a range from 10% to 40%. 4. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predefined angle is in a range from 0\u00b0 to 30\u00b0. 5. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the anisotropic absorption layer is made of a first material and a second material to which the first material is attached; wherein the first material is adapted to absorb lights; and wherein the second material is adapted to directionally arrange the first material by alignment such that the predefined angle is formed between the absorption axis of the anisotropic absorption layer and the normal of the display panel. 6. The display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the first material is black organic dye and the second material is liquid crystal. 7. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the anisotropic absorption layer is made of a third material on which a functional group is arranged; wherein the functional group is adapted to absorb lights; and wherein the third material is adapted to directionally arrange the functional group by an alignment such that the predefined angle is formed between the absorption axis of the anisotropic absorption layer and the normal of the display panel. 8. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display apparatus is a top-emitting white OLED display apparatus. 9. The display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the alignment comprises photo alignment, voltage alignment or rubbing alignment. 10. The display apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the third material comprises liquid crystal polymer. 11. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the anisotropic absorption layer is made of nano-tubes. 12. The display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the nano-tubes comprise silicon nano-tubes or silicon dioxide nano-tubes. 13. The display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein a fourth material is arranged on surfaces of the nano-tubes and adapted to absorb lights. 14. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the fourth material is nano silver. 15. The display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein thickness of the fourth material is in a range from 1 nm to 10 um. 16. The display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the predefined angle is in a range from 0\u00b0 to 30\u00b0. 17. The display apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the alignment comprises photo alignment, voltage alignment or rubbing alignment. 18. The display apparatus according to claim 12, wherein a fourth material is arranged on surfaces of the nano-tubes and adapted to absorb lights. 19. The display apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the fourth material is nano silver. 20. The display apparatus according to claim 18, wherein thickness of the fourth material is in a range from 1 nm to 10 um.",
-    "An electrical equipment cabinet has a standby battery to supply current when a mains connection is not available. In normal operation the battery is maintained charged by the mains supply. In order to test the condition of the battery, a measuring system is arranged to operation in co-operation with a test of a residual current detection device, which temporarily disconnects the mains supply, thus measuring the condition of the battery, when under load. 1. Apparatus for installation in an electrical equipment cabinet, comprising: a connection to a mains electricity supply; a connection to a battery; a residual current detection device for monitoring the mains electricity connection and for disconnecting the mains electricity supply in the event of detection of an imbalance between the current detected in different parts of the mains electricity connection; a test actuator for triggering the residual detection device, such that the mains electricity supply is disconnected from the battery; an RCD monitor for monitoring the operation of the residual current detection device when activated by the test actuator and reporting it to a remote location; a battery condition detector for monitoring the battery connection to determine the condition of a battery connected thereto; and a control system for transmitting, to a remote location, a signal indicative of the battery condition detected by the battery condition detector when the test actuator has triggered the residual current detection device. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control system is arranged to monitor the battery voltage over a period of time initiated by the operation of the test actuator. 3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the control system is arranged to transmit an alarm signal if the battery voltage falls below a threshold value within a pre-determined time period. 4. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the test actuator is configured to reset the residual current detection device after a predetermined time interval has elapsed after activation, and wherein the control system is configured to reset the residual current detection device to reconnect the equipment to the mains electricity supply if the battery voltage falls below a threshold value before the predetermined interval has elapsed. 5. Apparatus according to any claim 1, further comprising an actuator to disconnect the mains electricity supply in the event that the test actuator fails to operate the residual current detection device. 6. A method for operating electrical equipment, comprising: activating a test actuator for a residual current detection device such that a mains electricity supply to the equipment is disconnected; and monitoring the operation of the residual current detection device; wherein, when the residual current detection device is activated, the equipment draws electrical power from a battery, the battery's condition is monitored whilst the equipment is drawing power from the battery, and a signal indicative of the battery condition is transmitted to a remote location. 7. A method according to claim 5, wherein the battery condition is monitored over a period of time initiated by the operation of the test actuator. 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein an alarm signal is transmitted to the remote location if the battery voltage falls below a threshold value within a pre-determined time period. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the test actuator is arranged to cause the residual current detection device to be reset after a predetermined interval has elapsed after its activation, and wherein, if the battery condition falls below a predetermined threshold value before the predetermined interval has elapsed, the control system resets the residual current detection device to reconnect the equipment to the mains electricity supply. 10. A method according to claim 6, wherein if the test actuator fails to operate the residual current detection device, an alarm is transmitted to the remote location and a further actuator disconnects the mains electricity supply directly, such that the battery condition can be monitored.",
-    "A printing system including a print engine, a drying module, and a heating module. The print engine applies printing fluid on media. The drying module dries the printing fluid and provides dried printing fluid. The heating module applies thermal energy to the dried printing fluid and transitions the dried printing fluid to a cured printing fluid that has improved durability versus the dried printing fluid. 1. A printing system comprising: a print engine to apply printing fluid on media; a drying module to dry the printing fluid and provide dried printing fluid; and a heating module to apply thermal energy to the dried printing fluid and transition the dried printing fluid to a cured printing fluid that has improved durability versus the dried printing fluid. 2. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the heating module comprises: a thermal energy unit to apply the thermal energy to the dried printing fluid; and a sensor to sense a temperature of the media, wherein the thermal energy unit adjusts thermal energy output of the thermal energy unit based on data from the sensor as the printing system continues to print on the media. 3. The printing system of claim 2, wherein the heating module comprises: a controller to receive data from the sensor and provide a control signal to the thermal energy unit to adjust the thermal energy output of the thermal energy unit. 4. The printing system of claim 2, wherein the heating module comprises: an air handling system to regulate heat transfer to the media and air exhaust from the heating module. 5. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the printing fluid is an aqueous based ink and the heating module heats the dried printing fluid to a temperature that exceeds the boiling point of water. 6. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the heating module provides the thermal energy via at least one of infrared emitters, radio frequency emitters, microwave emitters, and resistive heating elements. 7. A printing system comprising: a first print engine to apply first printing fluid on a first side of media; a first drying module to dry the first printing fluid and provide first dried printing fluid on the first side of the media; and a heating module that includes a thermal energy unit spaced apart from the media to apply thermal energy to the first dried printing fluid on the first side of the media. 8. The printing system of claim 7, comprising; a second print engine to apply second printing fluid on a second side of the media; a second drying module to dry the second printing fluid and provide second dried printing fluid on the second side of the media, wherein the heating module is to apply thermal energy to the first dried printing fluid and the second dried printing fluid. 9. The printing system of claim 7, wherein the thermal energy unit provides the thermal energy to the media via one of radiation, conduction, and convection. 10. The printing system of claim 7, wherein the thermal energy unit heats the first dried printing fluid to a critical temperature that transitions the first dried printing fluid to a cured printing fluid that has improved durability versus the first dried printing fluid. 11. A method of printing comprising: applying printing fluid on media; drying the printing fluid to provide dried printing fluid; and applying thermal energy to the dried printing fluid to transition the dried printing fluid to a cured printing fluid that has improved durability versus the dried printing fluid. 12. The method of claim 11, comprising: sensing a temperature of the media; and adjusting an amount of thermal energy output based on data from the sensor. 13. The method of claim 12, comprising: receiving data from the sensor at a controller; and providing a control signal from the controller to adjust the amount of the thermal energy output based on the data from the sensor. 14. The method of claim 12, comprising: regulating heat transfer to the media and air exhaust away from the media. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein applying thermal energy to the dried printing fluid comprises: applying the thermal energy via a thermal energy unit that is spaced apart from the media.",
-    "An anti-dandruff composition comprising an Epilobium angustifolium extract, methods of use thereof and kits using same. 1. An anti-dandruff composition comprising a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an Epilobium angustifolium extract, and a preservative agent. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said Epilobium angustifolium extract is an aqueous extract. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Epilobium angustifolium extract is sufficient to inhibit growth of a Malassezia fungus. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein said Malassezia fungus is: Malassezia furfur, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, or any combination thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Epilobium angustifolium extract is at least 0.069% (w/v) of dry weight Epilobium angustifolium extract. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of Epilobium angustifolium extract is at least 0.25% (w/v) of dry weight Epilobium angustifolium extract. 7. (canceled) 8. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a physiologically acceptable carrier. 9. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an emulsified oil. 10. (canceled) 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said preservative is sodium metabisulfite and/or phenoxyethanol. 12. The composition of claim 1, formulated as a shampoo, a spray, a cream, a lotion, a mask, or a gel. 13. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one other agent useful to treat or prevent a scalp condition or disorder or at least one symptom thereof. 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the at least one other agent useful to treat or prevent a scalp condition or disorder or at least one symptom thereof is: an anti-dandruff agent, an anti-sebum agent, an anti-irritation agent, an antioxidant agent, anti-erythema agent, an anti-fungal agent, an anti-inflammation agent, or an anti-lipase agent. 15.-17. (canceled) 18. A method for reducing or preventing dandruff, said method comprising applying the composition as defined in claim 1 on the scalp of a subject in need thereof, wherein the dandruff is reduced on the scalp of the subject as compared to prior to said administration. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said dandruff is: adherent dandruff; non-adherent dandruff; or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is further for reducing or preventing at least one of: hair regreasing; scalp irritation; scalp erythema; and scalp itching. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein said composition is applied at least three times on the scalp of the subject. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein said composition is applied (a) every 3 days over at least 9 days; (b) every 3 days over at least 12 days; (c) every 3 days over at least 15 days; (d) every 3 days over at least 18 days; (e) every 3 days over at least 21 days; (f) every 3 days over at least 24 days; (g) every 3 days over at least 27 days; or (h) every 3 days over at least 30 days. 23.-33. (canceled) 34. A kit comprising: (A) the composition as defined in claim 1; and (B) at least one of: (i) instructions to use (A) for reducing or preventing dandruff; and (ii) at least one other agent useful to treat or prevent a scalp condition or disorder or at least one symptom thereof. 35. The kit of claim 34, wherein said dandruff is adherent dandruff, non-adherent dandruff, or a combination thereof. 36. The kit of claim 34, wherein the at least one other agent useful to treat or prevent a scalp condition or disorder or at least one symptom thereof is: an anti-dandruff agent, an anti-irritation agent, an antioxidant agent, an anti-sebum agent, an anti-fungal agent, an anti-inflammation agent, and an anti-lipase agent.",
-    "Embodiments herein include a method comprising providing a self-sealing cement slurry comprising an aqueous base fluid, a cementitious material, and a vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite, wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite comprises an elastomer, a crosslinked water swellable superabsorbent polymer, and a hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer; introducing the self-sealing cement slurry into a subterranean formation; and allowing the self-sealing cement slurry to set, wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite is capable of swelling in the presence of a non-aqueous fluid and an aqueous fluid to reduce the permeability of fluid flowpaths in the set self-sealing cement slurry upon loss of structural integrity. 1. A method comprising: providing a self-sealing cement slurry comprising an aqueous base fluid, a cementitious material, and a vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite, wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite comprises an elastomer, a crosslinked water swellable superabsorbent polymer, and a hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer; introducing the self-sealing cement slurry into a subterranean formation; and, allowing the self-sealing cement slurry to set, wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite is capable of swelling in the presence of a non-aqueous fluid and an aqueous fluid to reduce the permeability of fluid flowpaths in the set self-sealing cement slurry upon loss of structural integrity. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the elastomer comprises a non-polar monomer, a polar monomer, and an ionizable polar monomer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the non-polar monomer is selected from the group consisting of a diene; a substituted diene; an alpha-olefin; and any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the polar monomer is non-ionic. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the polar monomer is selected from the group consisting of an acrylonitrile; a N-alkoxyalkyl acrylamide; a vinyl acetate; a vinylformamide; a vinyl acetamide; a vinyl methyl ether; a vinyl pyrrolidone; an acrylate; a vinyl siloxane; and any combination thereof. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the polar monomer is capable of generating a carboxylate group. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the ionizable polar monomer is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid; a carboxylic acid derivative; a salt of carboxylic acid; a sulfonic acid; a salt of sulfonic acid; and any combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked water swellable superabsorbent polymer is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked polyacrylate-based polymer; a crosslinked polyacrylamide-based polymer; a crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer; a crosslinked starch-polyacrylonitrile graft polymer; any copolymer thereof; any terpolymer thereof; and any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer is formed by hydrophobic modification of a hydrophilic polymer. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer is formed by a polymerization reaction of a hydrophilic monomer and a hydrophobically modified hydrophilic monomer. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite further comprises a polyvalent metal oxide; a reinforcing material; and any combination thereof. 12. A vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite comprising: an elastomer, a crosslinked water swellable superabsorbent polymer, and a hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer, wherein the elastomer comprises a non-polar monomer, a polar monomer, and an ionizable polar monomer, and wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite is capable of swelling in the presence of a non-aqueous fluid and an aqueous fluid. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the non-polar monomer is selected from the group consisting of a diene; a substituted diene; an alpha-olefin; and any combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the polar monomer is selected from the group consisting of an acrylonitrile; a N-alkoxyalkyl acrylamide; a vinyl acetate; a vinylformamide; a vinyl acetamide; a vinyl methyl ether; a vinyl pyrrolidone; an acrylate; a vinyl siloxane; and any combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the polar monomer is capable of generating a carboxylate group. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the ionizable polar monomer is selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid; a carboxylic acid derivative; a salt of carboxylic acid; a sulfonic acid; a salt of sulfonic acid; and any combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the crosslinked water swellable superabsorbent polymer is selected from the group consisting of a crosslinked polyacrylate-based polymer; a crosslinked polyacrylamide-based polymer; a crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer; a crosslinked starch-polyacrylonitrile graft polymer; any copolymer thereof; any terpolymer thereof; and any combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer is formed by hydrophobic modification of a hydrophilic polymer. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer is formed by a polymerization reaction of a hydrophilic monomer and a hydrophobically modified hydrophilic monomer. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the vulcanized oil and water swellable particulate composite further comprises a polyvalent metal oxide; a reinforcing material; and any combination thereof.",
-    "The present invention provides a touch panel wire arrangement circuit, the touch panel wire arrangement circuit comprises: an ITO region, metal wires, a touch control hole and an integrated circuit; the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises: a rear end switch set, and the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of switches, and a G electrode of each switch in the plurality of switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the plurality of switches are sequentially coupled to rear ends of the metal wires, and S electrodes of the plurality of switches are inputted with at least one voltage signals; the switch signal is: a signal at high voltage level as a touch panel TP signal does not function; the voltage signal is a common voltage V-com signal as the touch panel is in a display state. 1. A touch panel wire arrangement circuit, the touch panel wire arrangement circuit comprises: an ITO region, metal wires, a touch control hole and an integrated circuit in common Indium Tin Oxide com ITO; wherein the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises: a rear end switch set, and the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of switches, and a G electrode of each switch in the plurality of switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the plurality of switches are sequentially coupled to rear ends of the metal wires, and S electrodes of the plurality of switches are inputted with at least one voltage signals; the switch signal is: a signal at high voltage level as a touch panel TP signal does not function; the voltage signal is a common voltage V-com signal as the touch panel is in a display state. 2. The touch panel wire arrangement circuit according to claim 1, wherein the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of rear end switch sub sets divided in order, and the rear end switch sub set comprises: n switches, and S electrodes of the n switches are respectively inputted with n voltage signals through n metal wires, and the n voltage signals are: voltage signals of n various voltage signal values as the touch panel is in a front section detection; the n is a natural number larger than or equal to 2. 3. The touch panel wire arrangement circuit according to claim 2, wherein the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises a front end switch set, and the front end switch set comprises: a plurality of front end switch sub sets divided in order, and the front end switch sub set comprises: n switches, and S electrodes of the n switches are respectively inputted with n voltage signals through n metal lines, and the n voltage signals are: voltage signals of n various voltage signal values as the touch panel is in a front section detection; a G electrode of each switch in n switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the n switches are sequentially coupled to front ends of the metal wires; voltages inputted to all the metal wires are the same voltage signal. 4. The touch panel wire arrangement circuit according to claim 2, wherein the n is equal to 2. 5. The touch panel wire arrangement circuit according to claim 3, wherein the n is equal to 2. 6. The touch panel wire arrangement circuit according to claim 1, wherein the switch is a thin film transistor TFT. 7. The touch panel wire arrangement circuit according to claim 2, wherein the switch is a thin film transistor TFT. 8. A display panel, wherein the display panel comprises a touch panel wire arrangement circuit, the touch panel wire arrangement circuit comprises: an ITO region, metal wires, a touch control hole and an integrated circuit in common Indium Tin Oxide com ITO; wherein the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises: a rear end switch set, and the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of switches, and a G electrode of each switch in the plurality of switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the plurality of switches are sequentially coupled to rear ends of the metal wires, and S electrodes of the plurality of switches are inputted with at least one voltage signals; the switch signal is: a signal at high voltage level as a touch panel TP signal does not function; the voltage signal is a common voltage V-com signal as the touch panel is in a display state. 9. The display panel according to claim 8, wherein the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of rear end switch sub sets divided in order, and the rear end switch sub set comprises: n switches, and S electrodes of the n switches are respectively inputted with n voltage signals through n metal wires, and the n voltage signals are: voltage signals of n various voltage signal values as the touch panel is in a front section detection; the n is a natural number larger than or equal to 2. 10. The display panel according to claim 9, wherein the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises a front end switch set, and the front end switch set comprises: a plurality of front end switch sub sets divided in order, and the front end switch sub set comprises: n switches, and S electrodes of the n switches are respectively inputted with n voltage signals through n metal lines, and the n voltage signals are: voltage signals of n various voltage signal values as the touch panel is in a front section detection; a G electrode of each switch in n switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the n switches are sequentially coupled to front ends of the metal wires; voltages inputted to all the metal wires are the same voltage signal. 11. The display panel according to claim 9, wherein the n is equal to 2. 12. The display panel according to claim 10, wherein the n is equal to 2. 13. The display panel according to claim 8, wherein the switch is a thin film transistor TFT. 14. The display panel according to claim 9, wherein the switch is a thin film transistor TFT. 15. A display device, wherein the display device comprises: a display panel, and the display panel comprises a touch panel wire arrangement circuit, the touch panel wire arrangement circuit comprises: an ITO region, metal wires, a touch control hole and an integrated circuit in common Indium Tin Oxide com ITO; wherein the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises: a rear end switch set, and the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of switches, and a G electrode of each switch in the plurality of switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the plurality of switches are sequentially coupled to rear ends of the metal wires, and S electrodes of the plurality of switches are inputted with at least one voltage signals; the switch signal is: a signal at high voltage level as a touch panel TP signal does not function; the voltage signal is a common voltage V-com signal as the touch panel is in a display state. 16. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the rear end switch set comprises: a plurality of rear end switch sub sets divided in order, and the rear end switch sub set comprises: n switches, and S electrodes of the n switches are respectively inputted with n voltage signals through n metal wires, and the n voltage signals are: voltage signals of n various voltage signal values as the touch panel is in a front section detection; the n is a natural number larger than or equal to 2. 17. The display device according to claim 16, wherein the touch panel wire arrangement circuit further comprises a front end switch set, and the front end switch set comprises: a plurality of front end switch sub sets divided in order, and the front end switch sub set comprises: n switches, and S electrodes of the n switches are respectively inputted with n voltage signals through n metal lines, and the n voltage signals are: voltage signals of n various voltage signal values as the touch panel is in a front section detection; a G electrode of each switch in n switches is inputted with a switch signal, and D electrodes of the n switches are sequentially coupled to front ends of the metal wires; voltages inputted to all the metal wires are the same voltage signal. 18. The display device according to claim 16, wherein the n is equal to 2. 19. The display device according to claim 17, wherein the n is equal to 2. 20. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the switch is a thin film transistor TFT.",
-    "Methods and devices for manufacturing polymer particles containing a therapeutic material and polymer conjugate particles comprising (a) introducing a first stream comprising a first solvent into a channel, wherein the channel has a first region adapted for flowing one or more streams introduced into the channel and a second region for mixing the contents of the one or more streams; (b) introducing a second stream comprising polymer conjugate in a second solvent into the channel to provide first and second streams flowing in the channel; (c) flowing the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams from the first region of the channel into the second region of the channel; (d) mixing of the contents of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams flowing in the second region of the channel to provide a third stream comprising polymer conjugate nanoparticles. 1. A method for making polymer conjugate nanoparticles, comprising: (a) introducing a first stream comprising a first solvent into a channel, wherein the channel has a first region adapted for flowing one or more streams introduced into the channel and a second region for mixing the contents of the one or more streams; (b) introducing a second stream comprising polymer conjugate in a second solvent into the channel to provide first and second streams flowing in the channel; (c) flowing the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams from the first region of the channel into the second region of the channel; and (d) mixing of the contents of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams flowing in the second region of the channel to provide a third stream comprising polymer conjugate nanoparticles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein mixing the contents of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams comprises varying the concentration or relative mixing rates of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams. 3. The method of claim 1 or 2 further comprising diluting the third stream with an aqueous buffer. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein diluting the third stream comprises flowing the third stream and an aqueous buffer into a second mixing structure. 5. The method of any one of claims 1-4 further comprising diafiltration of the third stream to reduce the amount of the second solvent. 6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the first solvent is an aqueous buffer. 7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the second solvent is a water-miscible solvent. 8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein mixing the contents of the first and second streams comprises chaotic advection. 9. The method of any one of claims 1-8 wherein the second region of the microchannel comprises bas-relief structures. 10. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the second region of the microchannel has a principal flow direction and one or more surfaces having at least one groove or protrusion defined therein, the groove or protrusion having an orientation that forms an angle with the principal direction. 11. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein mixing the contents of the first and second streams comprises mixing with a micromixer. 12. The method of claim 1, where the polymer conjugate comprises a polymer selected from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, semi-synthetic polymers, derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, and copolymers thereof. 13. The method of claim 1, where the polymer conjugate comprises a polymer selected from a polyethylene glycol, polylactide, polyglycolide, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, poly(\u03b5-caprolactone), polyorthoester, polyanhydride, polylysine, polyethyleneimine, cellulose, chitin, alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, acetylated carboxymethylcellulose, chitosan and gelatin, derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, and copolymers thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer conjugate comprises a therapeutic material selected from one or more small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, inorganic ions, radionuclides, and mixtures thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer conjugate is an acetylated carboxymethylcellulose covalently linked to at least one polyethylene glycol and at least one therapeutic agent. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DTX), cabazitaxel (CBZ), larotaxel (LTX), camptothecin (CMT), and doxorubicin (DOX). 18. A method for making polymer particles containing a therapeutic material comprising: (a) introducing a first stream comprising a therapeutic material in a first solvent into a channel, wherein the channel has a first region adapted for flowing one or more streams introduced into the channel and a second region for mixing the contents of the one or more streams; (b) introducing a second stream comprising a polymer in a second solvent into the channel; (c) flowing the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams from the first region of the channel into the second region of the channel; and (d) mixing of the contents of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams flowing in the second region of the channel to provide a third stream comprising polymer nanoparticles containing the therapeutic material. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein mixing the contents of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams comprises varying the concentration or relative mixing rates of the one or more first streams and the one or more second streams. 20. The method of claim 18 or 19 further comprising diluting the third stream with an aqueous buffer. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein diluting the third stream comprises flowing the third stream and an aqueous buffer into a second mixing structure. 22. The method of any one of claims 18-21 further comprising diafiltration of the third stream to reduce the amount of the second solvent. 23. The method of any one of claims 18-22, wherein the first solvent is an aqueous buffer. 24. The method of any one of claims 18-23, wherein the second solvent is a water-miscible solvent. 25. The method of any one of claims 18-24, wherein mixing the contents of the first and second streams comprises chaotic advection. 26. The method of any one of claims 18-25 wherein the second region of the microchannel comprises bas-relief structures. 27. The method of any one of claims 18-25, wherein the second region of the microchannel has a principal flow direction and one or more surfaces having at least one groove or protrusion defined therein, the groove or protrusion having an orientation that forms an angle with the principal direction. 28. The method of any one of claims 18-25, wherein mixing the contents of the first and second streams comprises mixing with a micromixer. 29. The method of claim 18, where the polymer is selected from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, semi-synthetic polymers, derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, and copolymers thereof. 30. The method of claim 18, where the polymer is selected from a polyethylene glycol, polylactide, polyglycolide, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, poly(\u03b5-caprolactone), polyorthoester, polyanhydride, polylysine, polyethyleneimine, cellulose, chitin, alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, acetylated carboxymethylcellulose, chitosan and gelatin, derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, and copolymers thereof. 31. The method of claim 18, wherein the therapeutic material is selected from one or more small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, inorganic ions, radionuclides, and mixtures thereof. 32. The method of claim 18, wherein the therapeutic material is a chemotherapeutic agent. 33. The method of claim 18, wherein the therapeutic material is selected from paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DTX), cabazitaxel (CBZ), larotaxel (LTX), camptothecin (CMT), and doxorubicin (DOX).",
-    "This disclosure relates to the field of angiogenesis, more particularly to the field of pathological angiogenesis. In particular, the disclosure has found that inhibitors reducing the activity of the enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A can be used for treatment of diseases in which pathological angiogenesis is involved. In particular, the disclosure provides siRNAs directed against carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A for the treatment of pathological angiogenesis. The disclosure also provides the use of a therapeutically effective amount of inhibitors of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of pathological angiogenesis. 1. (canceled) 2. A method of treating a subject for pathological ocular angiogenesis, the method comprising: administering to the subject a compound that inhibits the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1a) in the subject so as to treat the pathological ocular angiogenesis. 3. (canceled) 4. A pharmaceutical ophthalmic composition comprising: a compound that inhibits the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1a); and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 5. A method of treating a subject for pathological angiogenesis associated with age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, proliferative retinopathies, and/or choroidal and other intraocular disorders with an excessive angiogenesis component, the method comprising: administering to the subject the pharmaceutical ophthalmic composition according to claim 4 so as to treat the pathological angiogenesis. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the pathological ocular angiogenesis is selected from the group consisting of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic maculopathy, proliferative retinopathies, and choroidal and other intraocular disorders with an excessive angiogenesis component. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA directed against carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, dsRNA directed against carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, anti-sense directed against carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, a ribozyme directed against carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, a microRNA directed against carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, and a chemical inhibitor of palmitoyltransferase 1A.",
-    "Affixed over a transparent growth substrate (34) of an LED die (30) is a transparent rectangular pillar (40), having a footprint approximately the same size as the LED die. The pillar height is greater than a length of the LED die, and the pillar has an index (n) approximately equal to that of the substrate (e.g., 1.8), so there is virtually no TIR at the interface due to the matched indices. Surrounding the pillar and the LED die is a lens portion (42) having a diameter between 1.5-3 times the length of the LED die. The index of the lens portion is about 0.8 times the index of the substrate. The lens portion may have a dome shape (46). A large portion of the light exiting the substrate is internally reflected off the lateral pillar/cylinder interface and exits the top surface of the pillar. Thus, the emission is narrowed and light extraction efficiency is increased. 1. A light emitting device comprising: a light emitting diode (LED) die comprising: epitaxial layers; and a substrate having a first substrate surface and a second substrate surface overlying the epitaxial layers, wherein the first substrate surface is directly connected to the epitaxial layers, and wherein the substrate has a first index of refraction; a pillar overlying the second substrate surface, wherein the pillar is configured to narrow a light emission of the device, the pillar is provided with a top surface, the pillar has a height such that total internal reflection (TIR) of light rays incident on the top surface of the pillar is substantially minimized, the pillar having a second index of refraction; and a lens portion surrounding the pillar, the lens portion having a third index of refraction. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the second index of refraction is within 10% of the first index of refraction. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the third index of refraction is within 0.6-0.85 times the second index of refraction. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein the third index of refraction is approximately 0.8 times the second index of refraction. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the pillar is a rectangular prism. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein a footprint of the pillar is approximately equal to an area of the second substrate surface. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein a height of the pillar is greater than a length of a side of the LED die. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein the first substrate surface is rectangular, including a square, and a footprint of the pillar is also rectangular. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein the light emitting diode (LED) die is coated with phosphor, the phosphor preferably having a refractive index matching the index of the pillar. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein the lens portion comprises: a cylindrical portion surrounding the pillar; and a top lens portion overlying the pillar and the cylindrical portion. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein the top lens portion has a dome shape. 12. The device of claim 1 wherein the pillar and the lens portion are affixed over the LED die using an adhesive. 13. The device of claim 1 further comprising a support substrate on which the LED die is mounted, the lens portion extending down to a top surface of the support substrate. 14. The device of claim 1 wherein the lens portion comprises a material molded around the pillar. 15. The device of claim 1 wherein the substrate is a growth substrate for the epitaxial layers.",
-    "This application describes the use of the compound (I) or a salt thereof, either alone or in combination with other therapeutically active agents, for the treatment of particular cancers, including any solid or hematological cancer in which AXL or c-Met is over-expressed. 1. A method of treating a solid or hematological cancer in which AXL or c-Met is over expressed, comprising administering to a subject in recognized need of such therapy a compound which is or a salt thereof, and wherein said cancer is selected from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer. 2-5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound or salt thereof is administered to said subject from one to four times daily. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the compound or salt thereof is administered to said subject in an amount from about 10 mg/kg to about 55 mg/kg. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound or salt thereof is administered to said subject in combination with another therapeutic agent. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the other therapeutic agent is erlotinib or gefitinib. 10-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is NSCLC. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the NSCLC is resistant or insensitive to treatment with EGFR inhibitors. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the NSCLC is resistant or insensitive to treatment with erlotinib or gefitinib. 24-27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 1, wherein said cancer is breast cancer. 29. The method of claim 1, wherein said cancer is gastric cancer. 30. The method of claim 1, herein said cancer is pancreatic cancer.",
-    "A present disclosure provides a driving method for a liquid crystal display panel having steps of: the control chip simultaneously outputs a first selecting signal on a first voltage level, a second selecting signal on the first voltage level and a third selecting signal on the first voltage level to control the first transistors, the second transistors and the third transistors connecting between the buffers and each pixel column to be turned on; the buffers output a pre-charge signal to charge the sub-pixel units in each pixel column to the pre-charge voltage. Further, the present disclosure also provides a liquid crystal display device. The driving method for a liquid crystal display panel is effectively reduces the power consumption of the liquid crystal display device. 1. A driving method for a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, wherein the method comprises steps of: simultaneously outputting a first selecting signal on a first voltage level, a second selecting signal on the first voltage level and a third selecting signal on the first voltage level by a control chip to control first transistors, second transistors and third transistors connecting between buffers and each pixel column to be turned on; outputting a pre-charge voltage signal to pre-charge sub-pixel units in each pixel column to the pre-charge voltage by the buffers. 2. The driving method for an LCD panel according to claim 1, wherein the pre-charge voltage is any voltage value in a predetermined fluctuation range that takes an average value of a positive pixel voltage value and a negative pixel voltage value of the sub-pixel units corresponding to the same gray scale brightness as a central value. 3. The driving method for an LCD panel according to claim 2, wherein the pre-charge voltage is any voltage value in a predetermined fluctuation range that takes an average value of a positive pixel voltage value and a negative pixel voltage value of the sub-pixel units corresponding to a highest gray scale brightness as a central value. 4. The driving method for an LCD panel according to claim 3, wherein the pre-charge voltage is average value of the positive pixel voltage value and the negative pixel voltage value of the sub-pixel units corresponding to the highest gray scale brightness. 5. The driving method for an LCD panel according to claim 2, wherein when the sub-pixel units in each pixel column are all charged to the pre-charge voltage, the method further comprises steps of: outputting the first selecting signal on the first voltage level, the second selecting signal on a second voltage level and the third selecting signal on the second voltage level by the control chip to control the first transistors to be turned on, and to control the second transistors and the third transistors to be turned off, and outputting a data signal for driving red sub-pixel units by the buffers to charge the red sub-pixel units from the pre-charge voltage to a corresponding pixel voltage. 6. The driving method for an LCD panel according to claim 5, wherein when the red sub-pixel units are charged to the corresponding pixel voltage, the method further comprises steps of: outputting the first selecting signal on the second voltage level, the second selecting signal on the first voltage level and the third selecting signal on the second voltage level by the control chip to control the second transistors to be turned on, and to control the first transistors and the third transistors to be turned off, and outputting a data signal for driving green sub-pixel units by the buffers to charge the green sub-pixel units from the pre-charge voltage to a corresponding pixel voltage. 7. The driving method for an LCD panel according to claim 6, wherein when the green sub-pixel units are charged to the corresponding pixel voltage, the method further comprises steps of: outputting the first selecting signal on the second voltage level, the second selecting signal on the second voltage level and the third selecting signal on the first voltage level by the control chip to control the third transistors to be turned on, and to control the first transistors and the second transistors to be turned off, and outputting a data signal for driving blue sub-pixel units by the buffers to charge the blue sub-pixel units from the pre-charge voltage to a corresponding pixel voltage. 8. An LCD device, wherein the LCD device comprises an LCD panel and a driving circuit for driving the LCD panel; the LCD device comprises multiple pixel columns; each pixel column comprises multiple sub-pixel units; the driving circuit comprises a control chip, multiple buffers and multiple selecting circuits; the control chip is used to output a first selecting signal, a second selecting signal and a third selecting signal; the buffers are used to output a pre-charge voltage signal; each selecting circuit has a first transistor, a second transistor and a third transistor; each buffer connects to the sub-pixel units in the pixel column through the first transistor, the second transistor and the third transistor; the control chip controls the first transistors, the second transistors and the third transistors to be turned on by the first selecting signal, the second selecting signal and the third selecting signal to charge all of the sub-pixel units in each pixel column to a pre-charge voltage by the pre-charge signal outputted by the buffers. 9. The LCD device according to claim 8, wherein the pre-charge voltage is any voltage value in a predetermined fluctuation range that takes an average value of a positive pixel voltage value and a negative pixel voltage value of the sub-pixel units corresponding to the same gray scale brightness as a central value. 10. The LCD device according to claim 9, wherein the pre-charge voltage is any voltage value in a predetermined fluctuation range that takes an average value of a positive pixel voltage value and a negative pixel voltage value of the sub-pixel units corresponding to a highest gray scale brightness as a central value. 11. The LCD device according to claim 10, wherein the pre-charge voltage is average value of the positive pixel voltage value and the negative pixel voltage value of the sub-pixel units corresponding to the highest gray scale brightness. 12. The LCD device according to claim 9, wherein each pixel column comprises multiple pixel units arranged in a column; each pixel unit comprises a red sub-pixel unit, a green sub-pixel unit and a blue sub-pixel unit; the red sub-pixel unit, the green sub-pixel unit and the blue sub-pixel unit are arranged in a row; the first transistor connecting between a corresponding buffer and the red sub-pixel units in one column; the second transistor connects between a corresponding buffer and the green sub-pixel units in one column; the third transistor connects between a corresponding buffer and the blue sub-pixel units in one column. 13. The LCD device according to claim 12, wherein the control chip has a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal; the first terminal is used to output the first selecting signal; the second terminal is used to output the second selecting signal; the third terminal is used to output the third selecting signal; each transistor has a gate, a source and a drain; the first terminal is connected to the gate of each first transistor; the second terminal is connected to the gate of each second transistor; the third terminal is connected to the gate of each third transistor. 14. The LCD device according to claim 13, wherein the buffers are also used to buffer data signals; each buffer has an output terminal; the output terminal of each buffer is connected to the sources of the first transistor, the second transistor and the third transistor of each corresponding selecting circuit; the drains of the first transistor, the second transistor and the third transistor of each selecting circuit are connected to the sub-pixel units in each column of each corresponding pixel column. 15. The LCD device according to claim 14, wherein the first selecting signal, the second selecting signal and the third selecting signal are composed by a first voltage level and a second voltage level; when the first selecting signal is on the first voltage level, the second selecting signal and the third selecting signal are on the second voltage level, the first transistors are turned on and the second transistors and the third transistors are turned off; the data signal buffering in the buffers is transmitted to the red sub-pixel units in one column through the first transistors to charge the red sub-pixel units from the pre-charge voltage to a corresponding pixel voltage. 16. The LCD device according to claim 15, wherein when the second selecting signal is on the first voltage level, the first selecting signal and the third selecting signal are on the second voltage level, the second transistors are turned on and the first transistors and the third transistors are turned off; the data signal buffering in the buffers is transmitted to the green sub-pixel units in one column through the second transistors to charge the green sub-pixel units from the pre-charge voltage to a corresponding pixel voltage. 17. The LCD device according to claim 15, wherein when the third selecting signal is on the first voltage level, the first selecting signal and the second selecting signal are on the second voltage level, the third transistors are turned on and the first transistors and the second transistors are turned off; the data signal buffering in the buffers is transmitted to the blue sub-pixel units in one column through the third transistors to charge the blue sub-pixel units from the pre-charge voltage to a corresponding pixel voltage.",
-    "Disclosed herein are embodiments of thieno-containing compounds suitable for use in electrical devices and/or electrooptical device. Also disclosed herein are methods of making the disclosed compounds, with particular embodiments of the method concerning a novel dione intermediate that may be used to make particular embodiments of the thieno-containing compounds. 1. A compound having a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; each X3 independently is selected from halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, amino, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amide, nitro, azide, carboxyl, ester, ether, thiol, thioether, and cyano; each n independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each m independently is selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein one or more Z is carbon. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is aryl. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R1 is substituted alkynyl. 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein R1 is an alkynyl silane having a formula wherein each R3 independently may be selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl. 6. The compound of claim 5 wherein R3 is methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl. 7. The compound of claim 5 wherein each R3 independently is selected from C1-10alkyl or C1-10alkoxy. 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein R1 is substituted aryl. 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein R1 is substituted aryl comprising from 1 to 5 substituents selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, amino, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amide, nitro, azide, carboxyl, ester, ether, thiol, thioether, or cyano. 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein the substituent is fluoro, bromo, iodo, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, or combinations thereof. 11. The compound of claim 1 having a structure selected from 12. An apparatus comprising an electronic or electrooptical device selected from an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), an organic field-effect transistor (OFET), or an organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) and further comprising a compound of claim 1. 13. A compound having a formula selected from wherein each R1 independently is selected from alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; each X3 independently is selected from halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, amino, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amide, nitro, azide, carboxyl, ester, ether, thiol, thioether, and cyano; each n independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each Y independently is selected from sulfur, oxygen, or NR2, wherein R2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. 14. The compound of claim 13, selected from 15. A compound having a formula selected from wherein each R1 independently is selected from alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; each X3 independently is selected from halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, amino, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amide, nitro, azide, carboxyl, ester, ether, thiol, thioether, and cyano; each n independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each Y independently is selected from sulfur, oxygen, or NR2, wherein R2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl. 16. The compound of claim 15, selected from 17. The compound of claim 1 having a formula selected from or wherein each R1 independently is selected from alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; each Z independently can be selected from carbon or nitrogen; each X3 independently is selected from halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, amino, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amide, nitro, azide, carboxyl, ester, ether, thiol, thioether, and cyano; and each n independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.",
-    "The claimed invention relates to a turbine adapted to extract energy from the velocity of a streaming fluid such as wind, steam, tidal streams and water waves. The invented turbine is arranged with its axis of turbine rotation directed at substantially right angles to the current direction of the streaming fluid and comprising a kind of self-supported blade body which is rotationally symmetric and constructed by rotor blades integrated transversely and supported two by two, allowing the fluid to flow through the turbine with less turbulence compared to other types of turbines equipped with separate rotor blades. 1. A turbine adapted to production of useful energy from the motion of a streaming fluid and arranged at substantially right angles of an axis of turbine rotation to the current direction of the streaming fluid, comprising at least one turbine roller bearing comprising a rotatable bearing housing and a non-rotatable bearing housing, and exhibiting a centre point and a centre line passing through said centre point; and at least one hub arranged in fixed attachment to the rotatable bearing housing and to a supporting structure arranged in fixed attachment to the non-rotatable bearing housing; and a blade body located in whole or in part in the fluid and arranged in attachment to the hub, wherein the motion of the streaming fluid makes the blade body feasible to rotate around the axis of turbine rotation which coincides with the centre line passing through a point identical to said centre point, and comprising a plurality of rotor blades each of which extends continuously in the axial and radial direction of a helix exhibiting an axis coinciding with the axis of turbine rotation, and exhibits a handedness around the axis of turbine rotation and in a plane normal to the helix axis is provided with a cross section exhibiting a centre line normal to said cross section and a wing profile which is provided with two end sections, wherein a first end section is provided with a round nose oriented to coincide with a direction of rotation of the blade body and a second end section is provided with a taper oriented in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the blade body, wherein the turbine exhibits a first point of intersection (PN) between the axis of turbine rotation and a line normal to the axis of turbine rotation, and a plurality of blade joints each of which exhibits a second point of intersection (PB1) between the centre line of a first rotor blade and said line normal to the axis of turbine rotation and a third point of intersection (PB2) between the centre line of a second rotor blade and said line normal to the axis of turbine rotation, wherein each of points of intersection (PN, PB1, PB2) are joined by a joint line which is normal to the axis of turbine rotation and defines an end point (PN) at an intersection with the axis of turbine rotation, wherein a distance PN-PB1 is not equal to a distance PN-PB2, wherein said first and second rotor blade exhibit different hands around the axis of turbine rotation and are attached to each other by at least one of said blade joints, and the blade body exhibits a diameter and a mid-point coinciding with the point of intersection between the axis of turbine rotation and the mid-normal plane, wherein said blade joints are attached to each other by intermediate parts consisting of said rotor blades. 2. The turbine according to claim 1, wherein a first blade joint exhibits the distance PN-PB1 which is larger than the distance PN-PB2 and a second blade joint exhibits the distance PN-PB1 which is smaller than the distance PN-PB2, wherein no blade joint is located between said first and second blade joint. 3. The turbine according to claim 1, wherein the first blade joint exhibits a first sum of the distances PN-PB1 and PN-PB2, and the second blade joint exhibits a second sum of the distances PN-PB1 and PN-PB2, wherein said first sum is equal to said second sum. 4. The turbine according to claim 1, wherein the blade joint comprises two blade caps each of which is provided with a cross section exhibiting a centre line parallel to the centre line of the rotor blade, wherein said cross section in whole or in part encloses the wing profile of the rotor blade. 5. The turbine according to claim 4, wherein the blade joint comprises a bar joint attaching two blade caps with one another in a blade joint and is provided with a bar provided with a cross section exhibiting a centre line, wherein said centre line coincides with the joint line. 6. The turbine according to claim 5, wherein the bar joint comprises at least one bar roller bearing exhibiting a centre line coinciding with the centre line of the bar, wherein said bar roller bearing makes reciprocal rotation of the centre lines of the rotor blades feasible around the joint line. 7. The turbine according to claim 1, wherein the rotor blades are manufactured of polyolefin selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, of polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride or of metal, or of a combination of two or more of said materials. 8. The turbine according to claim 7, wherein the rotor blades are produced in a manufacturing process by extrusion or co-extrusion. 9. The turbine according to claim 8, wherein the wing profile of the rotor blade is limited by a closed outline curve located in a plane normal to the centre line of the rotor blade and encloses an area provided with at least two section holes each of which is limited by a closed boundary curve, wherein said boundary curve is not exhibiting a point of intersection with said outline curve or any other boundary curve. 10. The turbine according to claim 9, wherein the rotor blade comprises at least one reinforced element provided with a cross section exhibiting a centre line, wherein said reinforced element is located in at least one of the section holes and said centre line of said reinforced element is parallel with the centre line of the rotor blade. 11. The turbine according to claim 9, wherein the rotor blade exhibits a first section provided with a first end wall and a second section provided with a second end wall, wherein the rotor blade and said end walls altogether constitute a body provided with a closed surface against the surrounding environment. 12. The turbine according to claim 4, wherein at least one blade cap or reinforced element is manufactured of composite materials made of fibres of glass, carbon or Kevlar included in a material made of synthetic polymer. 13. The turbine according to claim 7, wherein the metal is an aluminium. 14. The turbine according to claim 10, wherein at least one blade cap or reinforced element is manufactured of composite materials made of fibres of glass, carbon or Kevlar included in a material made of synthetic polymer.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a method for preparing hydrogen-rich gas by solid organics. For example, solid organic raw materials are heated in a pyrolysis reaction device to perform pyrolysis reaction, and gaseous product generated from the pyrolysis reaction performs gasification with steam in a moving bed gasification reaction device to generate hydrogen-rich product. The present disclosure also provides a system for preparing hydrogen-rich gas by solid organics, and the system may include a solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device; a pyrolysis reaction device; a moving bed gasification reaction device; and a riser and combustion reactor. The present disclosure may operate at atmospheric pressure, and the technology is simple and suitable for the gasification and co-gasification of various high-volatile solid organics, such as raw materials containing a relatively large amount of moisture, mineral substance, and sulfur content. 1. A method for preparing hydrogen-rich gas from solid organics, the method comprising: heating solid organic raw materials in a pyrolysis reaction device for pyrolytic formation of a gaseous product and steam; and performing gasification of the gaseous product and steam in a moving bed gasification reaction device to generate hydrogen-rich gas, in which the gaseous product is generated from pyrolysis; wherein the pyrolysis reaction device is in parallel with the moving bed gasification reaction device, wherein, by passing through a solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device, the solid heat carrier is divided into two parts that are fed into the pyrolysis reaction device and moving bed gasification reaction device, respectively, wherein, when leaving the pyrolysis reaction device and moving bed gasification reaction device, the two parts of solid heat carrier are fed into a riser and combustion reactor to be heated and raised, and are then passed into the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device to be further divided into two parts, wherein the two further-divided parts are then fed into the pyrolysis reaction device and the moving bed gasification reaction device, respectively, again to create a cycle; wherein the part of the solid heat carrier that is fed into the pyrolysis reaction device is used as a heating medium for the pyrolysis, and the other part of the solid heat carrier that is fed into the moving bed gasification reaction device is used as a heating medium for the gasification. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device divides the solid heat carrier into two parts based on the average particle size, wherein the part with smaller average particle size is fed into the pyrolysis reaction device, and the other part with larger average particle size is fed into the moving bed gasification reaction device. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid organic raw materials is selected from biomass, polymeric solid waste, coal, petroleum coke or combinations of two or more of them. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the biomass comprises components of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and the like, which comprises agricultural waste, forestry waste, or energy crop, or combinations thereof. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device comprises one pyrolysis reactor or at least two parallel pyrolysis reactors, wherein the moving bed gasification reaction device comprises one moving bed gasification reactor or at least two parallel moving bed gasification reactors; wherein each pyrolysis reactor corresponds with at least one moving bed gasification reactor, or each moving bed gasification reactor corresponds with at least one pyrolysis reactor; wherein the gaseous product from each of the pyrolysis reactors is fed into a corresponding moving bed gasification reactor. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device comprises a fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device comprises a moving bed pyrolysis reactor. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein dry-ash-free basis volatile matter in the solid organic raw materials is present in a mass fraction of between 20 to 70%. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising adjusting the temperature of the pyrolysis reaction device by controlling the mixing ratio of the solid heat carrier to the solid organic raw materials in order to control a degree of pyrolysis of the solid organic raw materials. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein in unit time, the mass ratio of the solid heat carrier fed into the pyrolysis reaction device to the solid organic raw materials is 2-7:1. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein in unit time, a mass ratio of the solid heat carrier fed into the pyrolysis reaction device to the solid organic raw materials is 3-5:1. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the solid organic raw materials is up to 8 mm. 13. The method according to claim 1, the particle size of the solid organic raw materials is less than 3 mm. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device has a temperature from 400 to 800\u00b0 C. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device has a temperature from 500 to 700\u00b0 C. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving bed gasification reaction device has a temperature from 700 to 950\u00b0 C. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving bed gasification reaction device has a temperature from 800 to 950\u00b0 C. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature at which gasification is performed is adjusted by controlling the temperature and a circulation rate of a solid heat carrier which is fed into the moving bed gasification reaction device. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein particles of the solid heat carrier form a moving layer in the moving bed gasification reaction device. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein a mixture of the gaseous product generated from pyrolysis in the pyrolysis reaction device and the steam contacts with the moving layer in a contact mode selected from a group consisting of parallel current, counter current, radically cross current, or combinations of the above gas-solid contact and flow modes. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein when nickel-based or iron-based catalyst is used as the solid heat carrier, the mixture of the gaseous products generated from pyrolysis and the steam contacts with the moving layer in a contact mode of counter current or radically cross current. 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid heat carrier is simultaneously used as a catalyst for the gasification and as the heating medium for gasification. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the solid heat carrier is an olivine, olivine-supported nickel-based catalyst, olivine-supported iron-based catalyst, nickel-based perovskite catalyst, commercial nickel-based catalyst, solid product generated from pyrolysis of the solid organic raw materials, or combinations thereof. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein calcium oxide is used as carbon dioxide absorbent, desulfurizer and solid heat carrier for gasification, wherein the gasification is performed at a temperature of 700 to 750\u00b0 C. to prepare gaseous product with high hydrogen concentration. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the steam for gasification is fed from a lower portion of the solid material layer in the pyrolysis reaction device. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid heat carrier in the moving bed gasification reaction device is simultaneously used as a particle filter material and as the heating medium in order to capture dust entrained in the gaseous product of pyrolysis. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein the riser and combustion reactor is equipped with a hot air inlet. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein a secondary reaction of the gaseous product generated from pyrolysis of the solid organic raw materials occurs in the pyrolysis reaction device to form carbon deposit on the surface of the solid heat carrier; solid product generated from pyrolysis when leaving the pyrolysis reaction device forms a mixture with the solid heat carrier which bears the carbon deposit, wherein the mixture joins the solid heat carrier exiting from the moving bed gasification reaction device together with the captured dust in the riser and combustion reactor, and is rapidly fluidized and raised by hot air, wherein, during rising, carbon residue in the solid product generated from pyrolysis and the carbon deposit are burned to provide heat, such that the solid heat carrier is heated and regenerated. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein an inlet temperature of the hot air entering into the riser and combustion reactor is configured to ensure the combustion of the carbon residue and the carbon deposit. 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein an inlet temperature of the hot air is higher than 400\u00b0 C. 31. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid heat carrier is heated to a temperature between 800 to 1100\u00b0 C. in the riser and combustion reactor. 32. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the riser and combustion reactor, the solid heat carrier has a temperature lower than a melting temperature of ash content of the solid product generated from pyrolysis. 33. The method according to claim 1, wherein an inlet for replenishing the solid heat carrier is configured at a lower portion of the riser and combustion reactor. 34. The method according to claim 1, wherein an inlet for replenishing auxiliary fuel is configured at a lower portion of the riser and combustion reactor, wherein the auxiliary fuel is used for one or both of the following purposes: (1) the auxiliary fuel is used for igniting and starting operations of the whole system; (2) the auxiliary fuel is combusted to replenish heat if the solid product generated from pyrolysis of the solid organic raw materials has a low yield of carbon residue such that combustion of carbon residue in the riser and combustion reactor is insufficient to provide desired heat. 35. The method according to claim 1, wherein carbon deposit and solid product comprising carbon residue are generated from pyrolysis of the solid organics, and wherein the carbon residue and the carbon deposit are then burnt in the riser and combustion reactor to provide heat for pyrolysis and gasification. 36. The method according to claim 35, wherein, if pyrolysis generates the carbon residue in a low yield such that the combustion of the carbon residue in the riser and combustion reactor is insufficient to provide desired heat for pyrolysis and gasification, then components of the solid organic raw materials fed into the pyrolysis reaction device\u2014which generates solid product with higher yield of carbon residue\u2014is added, or other solid organic raw materials\u2014which generates solid product with higher yield of carbon residue by pyrolysis\u2014are added, so as to increase yield of carbon residue in the solid product of pyrolysis to provide sufficient heat. 37. The method according to claim 36, wherein other solid organic raw materials in the solid product of pyrolysis that generate solid product with higher yield of carbon residue by pyrolysis include petroleum coke. 38. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid heat carrier is separated from dust-bearing hot flue gas in the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device, and is divided into two parts in which one part has a smaller average particle size and the other part has a larger average particle size, wherein the separation is performed based on flow-rate difference of dust-bearing solid heat carrier due to differences in density of the solid particles with different particle sizes, inertia force of the solid particles with different particle sizes, or centrifugal force of the solid particles with different particle sizes, or combinations of two or three of above property differences. 39. The method according to claim 1, wherein a particle size grading of the solid heat carrier in the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device is performed by means of mechanical sieving. 40. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solid heat carrier comprises particles of olivine, silica sand, corundum sand, calcined magnesite, high-temperature ceramic materials, mullite, zircon sand, iron sand, solid product generated from pyrolysis of the solid organic raw materials, or combinations thereof. 41. The method according to claim 1, wherein particles of the solid heat carrier have a particle size of up to 6 mm. 42. The method according to claim 1, wherein an operating pressure for each reaction device and reactor is atmospheric pressure. 43. The method according to claim 1, wherein in unit time, a mass ratio of the solid heat carrier entering into the moving bed gasification reaction device to the solid heat carrier entering into the pyrolysis reaction device is controlled in the range of 0.5 to 5. 44. A system for preparing hydrogen-rich gas from solid organics, the system comprising: a solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device, for dividing solid heat carrier into two parts, in which one part has a smaller average particle size and the other part has a larger average particle size; a pyrolysis reaction device, for heating the solid organics with the solid heat carrier with a smaller average particle size from the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device for pyrolysis; a moving bed gasification reaction device, for receiving a gaseous product generated from pyrolysis in the pyrolysis reaction device and allowing gasification of the gaseous product and steam to generate the hydrogen-rich gas by means of the solid heat carrier with a larger average particle size from the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device; and a riser and combustion reactor, for receiving and burning the solid heat carrier from the pyrolysis reaction device, the solid product generated from pyrolysis, and the solid heat carrier from the moving bed gasification reaction device such that the solid heat carrier that is received by the riser and combustion reactor can be heated and raised to the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device. 45. The system according to claim 44, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device comprises one pyrolysis reactor or at least two parallel pyrolysis reactors, wherein the moving bed gasification reaction device comprises one moving bed gasification reactor or at least two parallel moving bed gasification reactors, wherein each pyrolysis reactor corresponds with at least one moving bed gasification reactor, or each moving bed gasification reactor corresponds with at least one pyrolysis reactor; wherein the gaseous product from each of the pyrolysis reactors is fed into a corresponding moving bed gasification reactor. 46. The system according to claim 45, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device comprises a moving bed pyrolysis reactor. 47. The system according to claim 45, wherein the pyrolysis reaction device comprises a fluid-bed pyrolysis reactor. 48. The device according to claim 45, wherein carbon-burning regenerators are respectively configured between the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device and the pyrolysis reaction device, and between the solid heat carrier grading-dedusting device and the moving bed gasification reaction device, wherein the carbon-burning regenerator is used for completely burning carbon deposit remaining on the solid heat carrier, wherein the carbon deposit is formed on a surface of the solid heat carrier via a secondary reaction of the gaseous product generated from pyrolysis. 49. The device according to claim 48, wherein the carbon-burning regenerator is a fluidized bed reactor or a moving bed reactor. 50. The system according to claim 45, wherein the moving bed gasification reaction device is further used for capturing dust in the gaseous product generated from pyrolysis. 51. The system according to claim 45, characterized in that the riser and combustion reactor is equipped with a hot air inlet. 52. The system according to claim 51, wherein the solid product generated from pyrolysis leaves the pyrolysis reaction device to form a mixture with the solid heat carrier bearing with the carbon deposit, wherein the mixture is rapidly fluidized and raised by hot air in the riser and combustion reactor together with the solid heat carrier bearing captured dust which leaves the moving bed gasification reaction device, and during the rising the carbon residue contained in the solid product and the carbon deposit is burnt to provide heat such that the solid heat carrier is heated and regenerated, wherein the carbon deposit is formed on a surface of the solid heat carrier via a secondary reaction of the gaseous product generated from pyrolysis. 53. The system according to claim 52, wherein an inlet temperature of the hot air in the riser and combustion reactor is configured to ensure combustion of the carbon residue and the carbon deposit. 54. The system according to claim 45, wherein an inlet temperature of the hot air in the riser and combustion reactor is greater than 400\u00b0 C. 55. The system according to claim 45, further comprises a condensation-cooling device, wherein the condensation-cooling device is used for condensing condensable substances in the hot gaseous product from the moving bed gasification reaction device, and wherein the gaseous product comprises the hydrogen-rich gas.",
-    "An annular culture dish comprising a bottom dish component and a top cover lid. The bottom dish component comprises a bottom plate, a continuous sidewall extending upward from the outer perimeter of the bottom plate, and a central column extending upward from the bottom plate about the centre axis of the bottom dish component, said bottom plate, said sidewall and said central column defining an annular chamber. 1. An annular culture dish comprising: a bottom dish component defining an annular chamber having a first continuous circular sidewall extending upward from the of the bottom plate and a second continuous circular sidewall extending upward from the bottom plate wherein the diameter of the first continuous circular sidewall is greater than the diameter of the second continuous sidewall; and a top cover lid for concurrently contacting the tops of said first continuous circular sidewall and said second continuous circular sidewall. 2. An annular culture dish according to claim 1, wherein the second continuous circular sidewall is defined by a solid cylinder of material extending upward from the bottomplate. 3. An annular culture dish according to claim 1, wherein the second continuous circular sidewall is defined by a hollow cylinder of material extending upward from the bottomplate. 4. An annular culture dish according to claim 1, wherein the bottom dish component comprises two or more adjacent annular chambers. 5. An annular dish according to claim 1, wherein the bottom dish component comprises two or more concentric annular chambers. 6. A multi-well culture dish comprising: a bottom dish component comprising at least two wells, wherein each well is provided with a central column about the centre axis of the well, wherein the inner side surface of the well and the outer side surface of the central column define an annular chamber; and a top cover lid for contacting the top of said bottom dish component.",
-    "This application discloses a method of using NH and NCC pairs to resolve security issues. It includes: an MME sends a sequence including multiple NH and NCC pairs to S1GW that is calculated to correspond to a UE. After the S1GW receives a UE handover message or a UE bearer switch message from a base station, the S1GW may choose a next unused NH and NCC pair from the sequence sent by the MME and send it to a target base station. In using this application, part of the bearer switch of the UE or the switch of the UE can be terminated at the S1GW or HeNB GW, which reduces impact on the bearer switch or UE handover from a base station and core network and cuts down on the use of system resources. 1. A method for resolving security issues using next hop (NH) and next hop chaining counter (NCC) pairs, the method comprising: transmitting, by a mobile management entity (MME), a sequence including multiple NH and NCC pairs that correspond to a first user equipment (UE) to an S1GW; after receiving a handover message or a bearer switch message for the UE from a base station, choosing, by the S1GW, a next unused NH and NCC pair from the sequence received from the MME; and transmitting, by the S1GW, the next unused NH and NCC pair to a target base station. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sequence is sent to the S1GW through at least one of an initial context setup request message, a UE context modification request message, a handover request message, a path switch request confirmation message, or a new message. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the MME, the number of base stations or cells connected to the S1GW based on configuration, and determines the number of NH and NCC pairs to be sent to the S1GW according to the number; determining, by the MME, the number of NH and NCC pairs to be sent to the S1GW based on the number of base stations or cells accessing the S1GW received from the S1GW; or transmitting, by the MME, the sequence including NH and NCC pairs to the S1GW based on the number of NH and NCC pairs requested from the S1GW. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein when a number of unused NH and NCC pairs in the sequence received by the S1GW from the MME is less than a default threshold, the method further comprises: requesting, by the S1GW, a sequence including new NH and NCC pairs from the MME; calculating, by the MME, the sequence including new NH and NCC pairs; and transmitting, by the MME, the sequence to the S1GW. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein after the MME determines a downstream node as the S1GW, transmitting, by the MME, the sequence of multiple NH and NCC pairs to the S1GW. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein determining, by the MME, the downstream node as the S1GW comprises: determining, by the MME, the downstream node as the S1GW through operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) configuration; based on an entity ID of the downstream node and preset corresponding relationships between entity types and entity IDs, determining, by the MME, the downstream node as the S1GW; determining, by the MME, the downstream node as the S1GW based on a TA list received from the downstream node during an S1 setup process; or determining the downstream node as the S1GW based on a base station type indicator included in an S1 setup message or an initial UE message sent to the MME by the downstream node. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein, after the target base station receives the next unused NH and NCC pair, the method further comprises: using, by the target base station, the received NH and NCC pair to calculate a KeNB, wherein the KeNB is used as a new key for the UE and the target base station; or in regards to an X2 handover, after the target base station receives the next NH and NCC pair, the method further comprises: using, by the target base station, the received NH and NCC pair to calculate a KeNB and updating a key used between the UE and the target base station as the calculated KeNB; or storing, by the target base station, a next received NH and NCC pair and using the received NH and NCC pair in a next handover for the UE. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: when the UE is located in a small cell, if a MeNB of the UE switches a bearer of the UE on a SeNB to the MeNB or a new SeNB, including, by the S1GW, a next NH and NCC pair selected in a handover request confirmation message to the MeNB. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, after the S1GW sends the next NH and NCC pair to the MeNB, the method further comprises: storing, by the MeNB, the next received NH and NCC pair for use in a next switch for the UE, and deleting other NH and NCC pairs that already exist; or using, by the MeNB, the next received NH and NCC pair to calculate a KeNB used between the MeNB or new SeNB and the UE, wherein the MeNB or a new SeNB use at least one of the KeNB or the NCC that was calculated. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein after the S1GW sends the next NH and NCC pair to the MeNB, the method further comprises: if the MeNB of the UE switches over the bearer of the UE from the SeNB to a new SeNB, transmitting, by the MeNB, the next received NH and NCC pair to the new SeNB, wherein the new SeNB uses the received NH and NCC pair to calculate a KeNB used between itself and the UE. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the UE is handed over to be within a jurisdiction of a target S1GW, including, by the MME, the NH and NCC pair to be used within a target cell and the sequence formed by the multiple NH and NCC pairs in a handover request message or a path switch request confirmation message to be sent to the target S1GW, wherein a first NCC value in the multiple NH and NCC pairs and an NCC value used by the target cell are consecutive. 12. A system for resolving security issues using next hop (NH) and next hop chaining counter (NCC) pairs, the system comprising: a mobile management entity (MME) configured to transmit a sequence including multiple NH and NCC pairs that correspond to a first user equipment (UE) to an S1GW; and the S1GW, wherein after receiving a handover message or a bearer switch message for the UE from a base station, the S1GW is configured to: choose a next unused NH and NCC pair from the sequence received from the MME, and transmit the next unused NH and NCC pair to a target base station. 13. The system according to claim 12, wherein the sequence is sent to the S1GW through at least one of an initial context setup request message, a UE context modification request message, a handover request message, a path switch request confirmation message, or a new message. 14. The system according to claim 12, wherein the MME is further configured to: determine the number of base stations or cells connected to the S1GW based on configuration, and determines the number of NH and NCC pairs to be sent to the S1GW according to the number; determine the number of NH and NCC pairs to be sent to the S1GW based on the number of base stations or cells accessing the S1GW received from the S1GW; or transmit the sequence including NH and NCC pairs to the S1GW based on the number of NH and NCC pairs requested from the S1GW. 15. The system according to claim 12, wherein when a number of unused NH and NCC pairs in the sequence received by the S1GW from the MME is less than a default threshold, the S1GW is further configured to request a sequence including new NH and NCC pairs from the MME; and when the number of unused NH and NCC pairs in the sequence received by the S1GW from the MME is less than the default threshold, the MME is further configured to: calculate the sequence including new NH and NCC pairs, and transmit the sequence to the S1GW. 16. The system according to claim 12, wherein after the MME determines a downstream node as the S1GW, the MME is further configured to transmit the sequence of multiple NH and NCC pairs to the S1GW. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein the MME is configured to determine the downstream node as the S1GW by: determining the downstream node as the S1GW through operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) configuration; determining the downstream node as the S1GW based on an entity ID of the downstream node and preset corresponding relationships between entity types and entity IDs; determining the downstream node as the S1GW based on a TA list received from the downstream node during an S1 setup process; or determining the downstream node as the S1GW based on a base station type indicator included in an S1 setup message or an initial UE message sent to the MME by the downstream node. 18. The system according to claim 12, wherein the S1GW is further configured to: when the UE is located in a small cell, if a MeNB of the UE switches a bearer of the UE on a SeNB to the MeNB or a new SeNB, include a next NH and NCC pair selected in a handover request confirmation message to the MeNB. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein, after the S1GW transmits the next NH and NCC pair to the MeNB, the MeNB is further configured to: store the next received NH and NCC pair for use in a next switch for the UE, and delete other NH and NCC pairs that already exist; or use the next received NH and NCC pair to calculate a KeNB used between the MeNB or new SeNB and the UE, wherein the MeNB or a new SeNB use at least one of the KeNB or the NCC that was calculated. 20. The system according to claim 18, wherein after the S1GW transmits the next NH and NCC pair to the MeNB, the MeNB is further configured to: transmit the next received NH and NCC pair to the new SeNB if the MeNB of the UE switches over the bearer of the UE from the SeNB to a new SeNB, wherein the new SeNB uses the received NH and NCC pair to calculate a KeNB used between itself and the UE.",
-    "The present disclosure provides driving circuit used to a liquid crystal display, which includes a boost module, a power management module, a power detection module and a micro controller unit, the power management module is connected to the boost module and the micro controller unit, the boost module, the power detection module and the micro controller unit are connected in sequence, the power detection module detects an output power of the boost module, and the micro controller unit switches a working mode of the boost module according to the output power. The driving circuit of the present disclosure may select different working modes according to a magnitude of the output power, so as to distribute the power and increase the efficiency, thus it may effectively solve the problem of lower efficiency and higher temperature of the component under the high power condition. 1. A driving circuit, used to a liquid crystal display, wherein the driving circuit comprises a boost module, a power management module, a power detection module and a micro controller unit, the power management module is connected to the boost module and the micro controller unit, the boost module, the power detection module and the micro controller unit are connected in sequence, the power detection module detects an output power of the boost module, and the micro controller unit switches a working mode of the boost module according to the output power. 2. The driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the micro controller unit comprises a first threshold power and a second threshold power, wherein the first threshold power is less than the second threshold power, the boost module has a first working mode, a second working mode and a third working mode; when the output power is less than the first threshold power, the micro controller unit switches the boost module to the first working mode; when the output power is greater than the first threshold power and is less than the second threshold power, the micro controller unit switches the boost module to the second working mode; when the output power is greater than the second threshold power, the micro controller switches the boost module to the third working mode. 3. The driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein the boost module comprises a first boost sub module, a second boost sub module, a third boost sub module and a fourth boost sub module, each of the boost sub modules comprises a first switch, a second switch, an inductor, a diode and a first resistor; the first switch comprises a terminal for connecting a power source and the other terminal for connecting to the second switch through the inductor, the second switch comprises a terminal for connecting to the inductor and the other terminal for connecting to a ground through the first resistor, the diode comprises a terminal for connecting between the first switch and the inductor and the other terminal for forming an output terminal, the first switch is connected to the micro controller unit, and the second switch is connected to the power management module. 4. The driving circuit according to claim 3, wherein the first switch is a N channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor, the second switch is a P channel MOS transistor; the first switch comprises a source for connecting to the power source, a gate for connecting the micro controller unit and a drain for connecting to the second switch through the inductor; the second switch comprises a source for connecting to the ground through the first resistor, a gate for connecting to the power management module and a drain for connecting to the drain of the first switch. 5. The driving circuit according to claim 3, wherein when the boost module is at the first working mode, the first switches of the first boost sub module and the third boost sub module are turned off, and the first switches of the second boost sub module and the fourth boost sub module are turned on; when the boost module is at the second working mode, the first switches of the first boost sub module to the third boost sub module are turned on, and the first switch of the fourth boost sub module are turned off; when the boost module is at the third working mode, the first switches of the first boost sub module to the fourth boost sub module are turned on. 6. The driving circuit according to claim 3, wherein the power management module comprises a ground pin, a driving pin, a current detection pin and a current output pin, wherein the ground pin is connected to the ground, the driving pin is respectively connected to the second switch of the boost sub module and controls the second switch to turn on and turn off, so as to control the corresponding diode to turn on or turn off; the current detection pin is connected between the second switch and the first resistor of the boost sub module to detect a current magnitude flowing through the first resistor, and the current control pin is connected to the micro controller unit and provides a current to the micro controller unit. 7. The driving circuit according to claim 3, wherein the power detection module comprises a current detection module and a multiplier connected to the current detection module, wherein the current detection module detects an output current of the boost module, the multiplier multiplies the output current and an output voltage of the boost module to obtain the output power of the boost module, and transmits the output power to the micro controller unit. 8. The driving circuit according to claim 7, wherein the current detection module is a photoelectric coupler. 9. The driving circuit according to claim 8, wherein the photoelectric coupler comprises a first terminal, a second terminal, a third terminal and a fourth terminal, the first terminal is connected to the diode of the boost sub module, the second terminal is connected to the output terminal, the third terminal is connected to the power source through a second resistor, the fourth terminal is connected to the ground through a third resistor, and the multiplier comprises a terminal for connecting the third terminal to obtain a current detected by the photoelectric coupler and the other terminal for obtaining the output voltage of the boost module to obtain the output power of the boost module after a multiplication operation. 10. The driving circuit according to claim 6, wherein the micro controller unit comprises a power pin, a switch control pin and a current pin, wherein the power pin is connected to the power detection module to obtain a power detected by the power pin, the switch control pin is connected to the first switch of the boost sub module, and controls the first switch to turn on or turn off, so as to switch a working mode of the boost module.",
-    "A composite sheet (1) for forming a protective film, including an adhesive sheet (2) formed by laminating an adhesive layer (22) on one surface of a base material (21), and a protective-film forming film (3) laminated on the adhesive layer (22) side of the adhesive sheet (2), wherein the adhesive sheet (2) does not have a through hole penetrating through the adhesive sheet (2) in the thickness direction, and the light transmittance of the adhesive sheet (2) at a wavelength of 532 nm which is measured using an integrating sphere is from 75 to 85%. According to this composite sheet (1) for forming a protective film, while using an adhesive sheet having no through holes, it is still possible to suppress the generation of a gas reservoir between the adhesive sheet and the protective-film forming film (protective film) when laser printing is performed on the protective-film forming film (protective film). 1. A composite sheet for forming a protective film, the composite sheet comprising: an adhesive sheet obtained by laminating an adhesive layer on one surface of a base material; and a protective-film forming film laminated on said adhesive layer side of said adhesive sheet, wherein said adhesive sheet does not have a through hole penetrating the adhesive sheet in a thickness direction, and light transmittance of said adhesive sheet at a wavelength of 532 nm measured using an integrating sphere is from 75 to 85%. 2. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion in said adhesive layer which is in contact with said protective-film forming film comprises a material obtained by curing an energy ray-curable adhesive. 3. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein said base material comprises a polypropylene film. 4. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein said protective-film forming film comprises an uncured curable adhesive, and a surface gloss value on said adhesive layer side of said protective-film forming film after curing is equal to or more than 25. 5. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein an object to which said composite sheet for forming a protective film is adhered is a semiconductor wafer, and said protective-film forming film is a layer for forming a protective film onto said semiconductor wafer or a semiconductor chip obtained by dicing said semiconductor wafer.",
-    "Embodiments are directed to a method for processing an input audio signal, comprising: splitting the input audio signal into at least two components, in which the first component is characterized by fast fluctuations in the input signal envelope, and a second component that is relatively stationary over time; processing the second, stationary component by a decorrelation circuit; and constructing an output signal by combining the output of the decorrelator circuit with the input signal and/or the first component signal. 1. A method for processing an input audio signal, comprising: separating the input audio signal into a transient component characterized by fast fluctuations in the input signal envelope and a continuous component characterized by slow fluctuations in the input signal envelope; processing the continuous component in a decorrelation circuit to generate a decorrelated continuous signal; and combining the decorrelated continuous signal with the transient component to construct an output signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fluctuations are measured with respect to time and the transient component is identified by a time-varying characteristic that exceeds a pre-defined threshold value distinguishing the transient component from the continuous component. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the time-varying characteristic is selected from the group consisting of amplitude, energy, loudness, and spectral coherence. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising: estimating the envelope of the input audio signal; and analyzing the envelope of the input audio signal for changes in the time-varying characteristic relative to the pre-defined threshold value to identify the transient component. 5. The method of claim 2 further comprising performing at least one of: pre-filtering the input audio signal to enhance or attenuate certain frequency bands of interest, and estimating at least one sub-band envelope of the envelope of the input audio signal to detect one or more transients in the at least one sub-band envelope and combining the sub-band envelope signals together to generate wide-band continuous and wide-band transient signals. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying weighting values to at least one of the transient component, the continuous component, the input signal, and the decorrelated continuous signal, wherein the weighting values comprise mixing gains. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the decorrelated continuous signal is scaled with a time- varying scaling function, dependent on the envelope of the input audio signal and the output of the decorrelation circuit. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the decorrelation circuit comprises a plurality of all-pass delay sections. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein an envelope of the decorrelated continuous signal is predicted from the envelope of the continuous component. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising filtering at least one of the continuous component and the decorrelated continuous signal to obtain a frequency-dependent correlation in the output signals. 11. The method of claim 6 wherein the input audio signal comprises an object-based audio signal having spatial reproduction data, and in wherein the weighting values depend on the spatial reproduction data. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the spatial reproduction data comprises at least one: object width, object size, object correlation, and object diffuseness. 13. An apparatus for processing an input audio signal, comprising: a transient processor separating the input audio signal into a transient component characterized by fast fluctuations in the input signal envelope and a continuous component characterized by slow fluctuations in the input signal envelope; a decorrelation circuit coupled to the transient processor and decorrelating the continuous component to generate a decorrelated continuous signal; and an output stage coupled to the decorrelation circuit and transient processor combining the decorrelated continuous signal transient component to construct an output signal. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the fluctuations are measured with respect to time and the transient component is identified by a time-varying characteristic that exceeds a pre-defined threshold value distinguishing the transient component from the continuous component, and wherein the time-varying characteristic is selected from the group consisting of amplitude, energy, loudness, and spectral coherence. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising an envelope processor coupled to the transient processor and configure to estimate the envelope of the input audio signal, and analyze the envelope of the input audio signal for changes in the time-varying characteristic relative to the pre-defined threshold value to identify the transient component. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising: a pre-filter stage pre-filtering the input audio signal to enhance or attenuate certain frequency bands of interest; and a sub-band processor estimating at least one sub-band envelope of the envelope of the input audio signal to detect one or more transients in the at least one sub-band envelope and combining the sub-band envelope signals together to generate wide-band continuous and wide- band transient signals. 17. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a gain circuit associated with the output stage and configured to apply weighting values to at least one of the transient component, the continuous component, the input signal, and the decorrelated continuous signal, wherein the weighting values comprise mixing gains, and further wherein the decorrelated continuous signal is scaled with a time-varying scaling function, dependent on the envelope of the input audio signal and the output of the decorrelation circuit. 18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the decorrelation circuit comprises a plurality of all- pass delay sections. 19. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising an envelope predictor coupled to the transient processor, and configured to predict the envelope of the decorrelated continuous signal from the envelope of the continuous component. 20. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a filter stage filtering at least one of the continuous component and the decorrelated continuous signal to obtain a frequency-dependent correlation in the output signals. 21. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the input audio signal comprises an object-based audio signal having spatial reproduction data, and in wherein the weighting values depend on the spatial reproduction data, and wherein the spatial reproduction data comprises at least one: object width, object size, object correlation, and object diffuseness. 22. A method for processing an input signal, comprising: analyzing a signal envelope of the input signal to identify a continuous component of the input signal from a transient component of the input signal; decorrelating the continuous component to generate a decorrelated continuous signal passing the transient component to an output stage; and combining the transient component and the decorrelated continuous signal in the output stage to generate an output signal. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising estimating an envelope of the input signal using one of a Hilbert transform, a peak detection process, or a short-term RMS process. 24. The method of claim 23 further comprising: generating two envelope estimates calculated with different integration times of the input signal; and using a ratio of the two envelope estimates to distinguish the transient component from the continuous component. 25. The method of claim 22 the fluctuations are measured with respect to time and the transient component is identified by a time-varying characteristic that exceeds a pre-defined threshold value distinguishing the transient component from the continuous component, and further wherein the transient component characterized by fast fluctuations in the input signal envelope and a continuous component characterized by slow fluctuations in the input signal envelope. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the time-varying characteristic is selected from the group consisting of amplitude, energy, loudness, and spectral coherence. 27. The method of claim 25 further comprising applying weighting values to at least one of the transient component, the continuous component, the input signal, and the decorrelated continuous signal, wherein the weighting values comprise mixing gains to generate the output signal. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the decorrelated continuous signal is scaled with a time- varying scaling function, dependent on the envelope of the input audio signal and the output of the decorrelation circuit.",
-    "A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel; at least one source driving unit including at least one first fan-out line and at least one second fan-out line which are disposed alternately; at least one demultiplexer electrically coupled to the first fan-out line and the second fan-out line, the demultiplexer including a plurality of buses, a plurality of first output lines, and a plurality of second output lines; and a plurality of pixel units, each of the pixel units including four sub-pixels. The liquid crystal display device is capable of solving the flicker problem and the crosstalk problem in the prior art. 1. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a liquid crystal panel; at least one source driving unit disposed on the liquid crystal panel and comprising at least one first fan-out line and at least one second fan-out line which are disposed alternately; at least one demultiplexer disposed on the liquid crystal panel and electrically coupled to the first fan-out line and the second fan-out line, the demultiplexer comprising a plurality of buses, a plurality of first output lines, and a plurality of second output lines, the first output lines and the second output lines alternately disposed, each of the buses electrically coupled to one of the first output lines and one of the second output lines; and a plurality of pixel units, each of the pixel units comprising four sub-pixels, in the four sub-pixels of each of the pixel units in an N column, a first and a fourth of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a first and a fourth of the first output lines, and a second and a third of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a second and a third of the second output lines, in the four sub-pixels of each of the pixel units in an N+1 column, a first and a fourth of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a first and a fourth of the second output lines, a second and a third of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a second and a third of the first output lines, and N is an odd number greater than or equal to 1. 2. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the first polarity signal and the second polarity signal have opposite polarities. 3. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein frames are made in sets of four, the first polarity signal has the same polarity in a first and fourth frames in each of the sets, and the first polarity signal has the same polarity in a second and a third frames in each of the sets. 4. The liquid crystal display device of claim 3, wherein the frames are made in sets of four, the second polarity signal has the same polarity in the first and fourth frames in each of the sets, and the second polarity signal has the same polarity in the second and third frames in each of the sets. 5. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein each of the buses is utilized for controlling the first polarity signal and the second polarity signal to be outputted to one of the first output lines and one of the second output lines. 6. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of scan lines and four buses, wherein the scan lines are electrically coupled to the pixel units, in odd numbers of frames, when odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a first and a second of the buses are sequentially enabled, when even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a third and a fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled. 7. The liquid crystal display device of claim 6, wherein in even numbers of the frames, when the odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the third and the fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled, when the even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the first and the second of the buses are sequentially enabled. 8. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of scan lines and four buses, wherein the scan lines are electrically coupled to the pixel units, in odd numbers of frames, when odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a first and a third of the buses are sequentially enabled, when even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a second and a fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled. 9. The liquid crystal display device of claim 8, wherein in even numbers of the frames, when the odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the second and the fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled, when the even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the first and the third of the buses are sequentially enabled. 10. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the four sub-pixels comprise a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel, and a white sub-pixel. 11. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a liquid crystal panel; at least one source driving unit disposed on the liquid crystal panel and comprising at least one first fan-out line and at least one second fan-out line; at least one demultiplexer disposed on the liquid crystal panel and electrically coupled to the first fan-out line and the second fan-out line, the demultiplexer comprising a plurality of buses, a plurality of first output lines, and a plurality of second output lines, each of the buses electrically coupled to one of the first output lines and one of the second output lines; and a plurality of pixel units, each of the pixel units comprising four sub-pixels, in the four sub-pixels of each of the pixel units in an N column, a first and a fourth of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a first and a fourth of the first output lines, and a second and a third of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a second and a third of the second output lines, in the four sub-pixels of each of the pixel units in an N+1 column, a first and a fourth of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a first and a fourth of the second output lines, a second and a third of the sub-pixels respectively and electrically coupled to a second and a third of the first output lines, and N is an odd number greater than or equal to 1. 12. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, wherein the first polarity signal and the second polarity signal have opposite polarities. 13. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, wherein frames are made in sets of four, the first polarity signal has the same polarity in a first and fourth frames in each of the sets, and the first polarity signal has the same polarity in a second and a third frames in each of the sets. 14. The liquid crystal display device of claim 13, wherein the frames are made in sets of four, the second polarity signal has the same polarity in the first and fourth frames in each of the sets, and the second polarity signal has the same polarity in the second and third frames in each of the sets. 15. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, wherein each of the buses is utilized for controlling the first polarity signal and the second polarity signal to be outputted to one of the first output lines and one of the second output lines. 16. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of scan lines and four buses, wherein the scan lines are electrically coupled to the pixel units, in odd numbers of frames, when odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a first and a second of the buses are sequentially enabled, when even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a third and a fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled. 17. The liquid crystal display device of claim 16, wherein in even numbers of the frames, when the odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the third and the fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled, when the even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the first and the second of the buses are sequentially enabled. 18. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of scan lines and four buses, wherein the scan lines are electrically coupled to the pixel units, in odd numbers of frames, when odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a first and a third of the buses are sequentially enabled, when even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, a second and a fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled. 19. The liquid crystal display device of claim 18, wherein in even numbers of the frames, when the odd numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the second and the fourth of the buses are sequentially enabled, when the even numbers of the scan lines are turned on, the first and the third of the buses are sequentially enabled. 20. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, wherein the four sub-pixels comprise a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, a blue sub-pixel, and a white sub-pixel.",
-    "A GOA circuit includes GOA circuit units. The GOA circuit units at every two stages share a pull-down circuit. The pull-down circuit includes a first transistor, a second transistor and a third transistor. The present invention uses fewer transistors for the GOA circuit and lower the frequency of the first and second clock signals. The decrease in the frequency of the first and second clock signals helps a decrease in the frequency of charge and discharge to the parasitic capacitance and further a reduction in overall power consumption of the GOA circuit. 1. A gate driver on array (GOA) circuit, comprising: a plurality of GOA circuit units, coupled in cascade, each of the plurality of GOA circuit units at each stage for outputting a scanning signal via an output terminal according to a scanning signal output by a GOA circuit unit at previous two stages, a scanning signal output by a GOA circuit unit at next two stages, a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a third clock signal, a fourth clock signal, a first enabling signal, and a second enabling signal, wherein the GOA circuit units at every two stages share a pull-down circuit, and the pull-down circuit comprises: a first transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the first enabling signal, a drain electrically connected to the first clock signal or the second clock signal; a second transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the second enabling signal, a drain electrically connected to the second clock signal or the first clock signal; and a third transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to a source of the first transistor and a source of the second transistor, and a drain electrically connected to a first constant voltage; each of the plurality of GOA circuit units comprising: an input control module, electrically connected to a controlling node, for controlling a voltage imposed on the controlling node according to the first enabling signal, the second enabling signal, the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at previous two stages, and the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at next two stages; an output control module, electrically connected to the controlling node, for outputting the scanning signal according to the voltage imposed on the controlling node; and a pull-down holding module, electrically connected to the input control module and the output control module, for holding the scanning signal at low voltage level. 2. The GOA circuit of claim 1, wherein the input control module comprises: a fourth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at previous two stages, a drain electrically connected to the first enabling signal, and a source electrically connected to the controlling node; and a fifth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at next two stages, a drain electrically connected to the second enabling signal, and a source electrically connected to the controlling node. 3. The GOA circuit of claim 2, wherein the output control module comprises: a sixth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the first constant voltage, and a drain electrically connected to the controlling node; and a seventh transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to a source of the sixth transistor, a drain electrically connected to the third clock signal or the fourth clock signal, and a source electrically connected to the output terminal. 4. The GOA circuit of claim 3, wherein the pull-down holding module comprises: an eighth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to a source of the third transistor, a drain electrically connected to the controlling node, and a source electrically connected to a second constant voltage; a ninth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the controlling node, a drain electrically connected to the source of the third transistor, and a source electrically connected to the second constant voltage; a tenth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the source of the third transistor, a drain electrically connected to the output terminal, and a source electrically connected to the second constant voltage; and a capacitor, comprising two terminals connected to the gate of the ninth transistor and the second constant voltage, respectively. 5. The GOA circuit of claim 3, wherein one of the GOA circuit units at every two stages comprises the seventh transistor comprising the drain electrically connected to the third clock signal, and the other one of the GOA circuit units at every two stages comprises the seventh transistor comprising the drain electrically connected to the fourth clock signal. 6. The GOA circuit of claim 5, wherein each of the transistors is an N-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor, the first constant voltage is at high voltage level, and the second constant voltage is at low voltage level. 7. The GOA circuit of claim 1, wherein every four GOA circuit units form a GOA circuit unit set, the GOA circuit unit set comprises a first pull-down circuit and a second pull-down circuit, the first pull-down circuit comprises a first transistor comprising a gate and a drain electrically connected to the first enabling signal and the first clock signal, respectively, and comprises a second transistor comprising a gate and a drain electrically connected to the second enabling signal and the second clock signal, respectively; a first transistor of the second pull-down circuit comprises a gate and a drain electrically connected to the first enabling signal and the second clock signal, respectively, and a second transistor of the second pull-down circuit comprises a gate and a drain electrically connected to the second enabling signal and the first clock signal, respectively. 8. The GOA circuit of claim 1, wherein timing of an output pulse of the first clock signal, timing of an output pulse of the second clock signal, timing of an output pulse of the third clock signal, and timing of an output pulse of the fourth clock signal never overlap with one another. 9. A display comprising: a source driver, for outputting data signal to a plurality of pixel units to show images; and a gate driver on array (GOA) circuit, for outputting scan signal to turn a plurality of transistors, the GOA circuit comprising: a plurality of GOA circuit units, coupled in cascade, each of the plurality of GOA circuit units at each stage for outputting a scanning signal via an output terminal according to a scanning signal output by a GOA circuit unit at previous two stages, a scanning signal output by a GOA circuit unit at next two stages, a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a third clock signal, a fourth clock signal, a first enabling signal, and a second enabling signal, wherein the GOA circuit units at every two stages share a pull-down circuit, and the pull-down circuit comprises: a first transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the first enabling signal, a drain electrically connected to the first clock signal or the second clock signal; a second transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the second enabling signal, a drain electrically connected to the second clock signal or the first clock signal; and a third transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to a source of the first transistor and a source of the second transistor, and a drain electrically connected to a first constant voltage; each of the plurality of GOA circuit units comprising: an input control module, electrically connected to a controlling node, for controlling a voltage imposed on the controlling node according to the first enabling signal, the second enabling signal, the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at previous two stages, and the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at next two stages; an output control module, electrically connected to the controlling node, for outputting the scanning signal according to the voltage imposed on the controlling node; and a pull-down holding module, electrically connected to the input control module and the output control module, for holding the scanning signal at low voltage level. 10. The display of claim 9, wherein the input control module comprises: a fourth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at previous two stages, a drain electrically connected to the first enabling signal, and a source electrically connected to the controlling node; and a fifth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the scanning signal output by the GOA circuit unit at next two stages, a drain electrically connected to the second enabling signal, and a source electrically connected to the controlling node. 11. The display of claim 10, wherein the output control module comprises: a sixth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the first constant voltage, and a drain electrically connected to the controlling node; and a seventh transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to a source of the sixth transistor, a drain electrically connected to the third clock signal or the fourth clock signal, and a source electrically connected to the output terminal. 12. The display of claim 11, wherein the pull-down holding module comprises: an eighth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to a source of the third transistor, a drain electrically connected to the controlling node, and a source electrically connected to a second constant voltage; a ninth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the controlling node, a drain electrically connected to the source of the third transistor, and a source electrically connected to the second constant voltage; a tenth transistor, comprising a gate electrically connected to the source of the third transistor, a drain electrically connected to the output terminal, and a source electrically connected to the second constant voltage; and a capacitor, comprising two terminals connected to the gate of the ninth transistor and the second constant voltage, respectively. 13. The display of claim 11, wherein one of the GOA circuit units at every two stages comprises the seventh transistor comprising the drain electrically connected to the third clock signal, and the other one of the GOA circuit units at every two stages comprises the seventh transistor comprising the drain electrically connected to the fourth clock signal. 14. The display of claim 13, wherein each of the transistors is an N-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor, the first constant voltage is at high voltage level, and the second constant voltage is at low voltage level. 15. The display of claim 9, wherein every four GOA circuit units form a GOA circuit unit set, the GOA circuit unit set comprises a first pull-down circuit and a second pull-down circuit, the first pull-down circuit comprises a first transistor comprising a gate and a drain electrically connected to the first enabling signal and the first clock signal, respectively, and comprises a second transistor comprising a gate and a drain electrically connected to the second enabling signal and the second clock signal, respectively; a first transistor of the second pull-down circuit comprises a gate and a drain electrically connected to the first enabling signal and the second clock signal, respectively, and a second transistor of the second pull-down circuit comprises a gate and a drain electrically connected to the second enabling signal and the first clock signal, respectively. 16. The display of claim 9, wherein timing of an output pulse of the first clock signal, timing of an output pulse of the second clock signal, timing of an output pulse of the third clock signal, and timing of an output pulse of the fourth clock signal never overlap with one another.",
-    "In a method for estimating a remaining lifetime of a solenoid coil of a valve controller operating in a process control system, a record of a duration of activation of the solenoid coil is maintained during operation of the solenoid coil. An operating temperature of the solenoid coil is determined. An estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil is generated based on the duration of activation of the solenoid coil and the operating temperature of the solenoid coil. 1. A method for estimating a remaining lifetime of a solenoid coil of a valve controller operating in a process control system, the method comprising: maintaining, by a processor, a record of a duration of activation of the solenoid coil; determining, with the processor, an operating temperature of the solenoid coil; and generating, with the processor, an estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil based on the duration of activation of the solenoid coil and on the operating temperature of the solenoid coil. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein maintaining the record of the duration of activation of the solenoid coil comprises: storing a value of the duration of activation of the solenoid coil; initiating a timer when the solenoid coil is activated; and incrementing the value of the duration of activation of the solenoid coil based on the timer. 3. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein determining the operating temperature of the solenoid coil comprises obtaining a measurement of the operating temperature of the solenoid coil from a temperature sensor. 4. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein estimating the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil comprises: determining, based on the operating temperature, an average expected lifetime of an insulation of the solenoid coil; and calculating the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil by subtracting the duration of activation of the solenoid coil from the average expected lifetime of the insulation of the solenoid coil. 5. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising: comparing the estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil to a threshold value; and generating an alert indication in response to determining that the estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil is below the threshold value. 6. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the acts of determining the operating temperature of the solenoid coil and generating the estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil are performed periodically during operation of the solenoid coil. 7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising causing the alert indication to be displayed to a user. 8. The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising: detecting an imminent failure of the solenoid coil; and generating an alert indication in response to detecting the imminent failure of the solenoid coil. 9. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein detecting the immanent failure comprises: measuring a current draw of the solenoid coil; comparing the current draw to a threshold value; and detecting the immanent failure in response to determining that the current draw exceeds the threshold value. 10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein measuring the current draw of the solenoid coil comprises measuring inrush current of the solenoid valve. 11. A valve controller coupled to a control valve operating in a process control system, the valve position controller comprising: a solenoid valve having a solenoid coil; and an electronic module configured to: maintain a record of a duration of activation of the solenoid coil; determine an operating temperature of the solenoid coil; and generate an estimate of a remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil based on the duration of activation of the solenoid coil and the operating temperature of the solenoid coil. 12. The valve controller according to claim 11, wherein the electronic module is configured to maintaining the record of the duration of activation of the solenoid coil by: initiating a timer each time the solenoid coil is activated; and incrementing a stored value of the duration of activation of the solenoid coil based on the timer. 13. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a temperature sensor adapted to measure the operating temperature of the solenoid coil, wherein the electronic module is configured to obtaining the operating temperature of the solenoid coil from the temperature sensor. 14. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the electronic module is configured to: determine, based on the operating temperature of the solenoid coil, an average expected lifetime of an insulation of the solenoid coil; and calculate the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil by subtracting the duration of activation of the solenoid coil from the average expected lifetime of the solenoid coil. 15. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the electronic module is further configured to: compare the estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil to a threshold value; and generate an alert indication in response to determining that the estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil is below the threshold value. 16. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the electronic module is configured to perform the acts of determining the operating temperature of the solenoid coil and determining the estimate of the remaining lifetime of the solenoid coil periodically during operation of the solenoid coil. 17. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the electronic module is further configured to cause the alert indication to be displayed to a user. 18. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a power monitoring circuit coupled to a power supply line of the solenoid coil, the power monitoring circuit adapted to provide a measurement of a current draw of the solenoid coil to the electronic module, where the electronic module is further configured to: compare the current draw to a threshold value; and detect an imminent failure of the solenoid coil in response to determining that the current draw exceeds the threshold value. 19. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the power circuit is adapted to provide a measurement of inrush current of the solenoid valve to the electronic module. 20. The valve controller according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the electronic module is further configured to: generate an alert indication in response to detecting the imminent failure of the solenoid coil; and cause the alert indication to be displayed to a user.",
-    "A composite sheet (1) for forming a protective film which is provided with an adhesive sheet (2) formed by laminating an adhesive layer (22) on one surface of a base material (21), and a protective-film forming film (3) laminated on the adhesive layer (22) side of the adhesive sheet (2), wherein the adhesive sheet (2) does not have a through hole penetrating the adhesive sheet (2) in the thickness direction, and the light transmittance at a wavelength of 532 nm of the adhesive sheet (2), measured using an integrating sphere, is from 25 to 85%. 1. A composite sheet for forming a protective film, the composite sheet comprising: an adhesive sheet obtained by laminating an adhesive layer on one surface of a base material; and a protective-film forming film laminated on said adhesive layer side of said adhesive sheet, wherein said adhesive sheet does not have a through hole penetrating the adhesive sheet in a thickness direction, and light transmittance of said adhesive sheet at a wavelength of 532 nm measured using an integrating sphere is from 25 to 85%. 2. A composite sheet for forming a protective film, the composite sheet comprising: an adhesive sheet obtained by laminating an adhesive layer on one surface of a base material; and a protective-film forming film laminated on said adhesive layer side of said adhesive sheet, wherein said adhesive sheet does not have a through hole penetrating the adhesive sheet in a thickness direction, and light transmittance of said adhesive sheet at a wavelength of 1,064 nm measured using an integrating sphere is from 25 to 85%. 3. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein Y in a Yxy color system of CIE of said adhesive sheet is from 25 to 80. 4. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion in said adhesive layer which is in contact with said protective-film forming film comprises a material obtained by curing an energy ray-curable adhesive. 5. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein said base material comprises a polypropylene film. 6. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein said base material comprises a polypropylene film. 7. The composite sheet for forming a protective film according to claim 1, wherein an object to which said composite sheet for forming a protective film is attached is a semiconductor wafer, and said protective-film forming film is a layer for forming a protective film onto said semiconductor wafer or a semiconductor chip obtained by dicing said semiconductor wafer.",
-    "The present disclosure provides method for controlling a message signal within a timing controller integrated circuit, the timing controller integrated circuit and a display panel. The method includes: receiving a low voltage differential signaling signal; decoding the low voltage differential signaling signal to obtain a transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal and a control signal, wherein the control signal comprises: a start signal, a horizontal synchronization and a vertical synchronization; processing the transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal to obtain an input RGB data; controlling a timing of the start signal before a timing of the input RGB data; and processing the input RGB data to obtain a mini-low voltage differential signaling data. Therefore, the technical scheme provided by the present disclosure has an advantage of the low cost. 1. A method for controlling a message signal within a timing controller integrated circuit, comprising the following steps: receiving a low voltage differential signaling signal; decoding the low voltage differential signaling signal to obtain a transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal and a control signal, wherein the control signal comprises: a start signal, a horizontal synchronization and a vertical synchronization; processing the transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal to obtain an input RGB data; controlling a timing of the start signal before a timing of the input RGB data; and processing the input RGB data to obtain a mini-low voltage differential signaling data. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the step of controlling the timing of the start signal before a timing of the mini-low voltage differential signaling data comprises: delaying a first set time t1 for the timing of the start signal based on a timing tVsync of the vertical synchronization, wherein tVsync+t1<tm, and tm is the timing of the input RGB data. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein before the step of controlling the timing of the start signal before the timing of the input RGB data comprises: generating a reference signal, synchronizing the timing of the start signal and a timing of the reference signal, and controlling the timing treference of the reference signal to delay a second setting time tx based on a timing tVsync of the vertical synchronization, wherein tVsync+tx<tm, and tm is the timing of the input RGB data. 4. (canceled) 5. A timing controller integrated circuit, wherein the timing controller integrated circuit comprises a low voltage differential signaling receiver, a mini-low voltage differential signaling output data mapping module, a transmitting module and a timing controller; wherein the low voltage differential signaling receiver is used to receive a low voltage differential signaling signal, decode the low voltage differential signaling signal to obtain a transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal and a control signal, wherein the control signal comprises: a start signal, a horizontal synchronization and a vertical synchronization, and transmit the transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal to the mini-low voltage differential signaling output data mapping module and transmit the control signal to the timing controller; wherein the mini-low voltage differential signaling output data mapping module is used to process the transistor-transistor logic RGB data signal to obtain a input RGB data and transmits the input RGB data to the transmitting module; wherein the timing controller is used to control a timing of the start signal before a timing of the input RGB data; and wherein the transmitting module is used to process the input RGB data to obtain a mini-low voltage differential signaling data. 6. The timing controller integrated circuit according to claim 5, wherein the timing controller is used to delay a first set time t1 for the timing of the start signal based on a timing tVsync of the vertical synchronization, wherein tVsync+t1<tm, and tm is the timing of the input RGB data. 7. The timing controller integrated circuit according to claim 5, wherein the timing controller is used to generate a reference signal, synchronize the timing of the start signal and a timing of the reference signal, and control the timing treference of the reference signal to delay a second set time tx based on a timing tVsync of the vertical synchronization, wherein tVsync+tx<tm, and tm is the timing of the input RGB data. 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. A display device, wherein the display device comprises the display panel according to claim 9. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a mode of the low voltage differential signaling signal is: a synchronization mode or an enabling mode. 12. The timing controller integrated circuit according to claim 5, wherein a mode of the low voltage differential signaling signal is: a synchronization mode or an enabling mode. 13. A display panel, wherein the display panel comprises the timing controller integrated circuit according to claim 5.",
-    "To suitably perform information transfer, while suppressing interference to other terminal stations, and preventing a reduction of a transmission opportunity of other terminal stations. A terminal station estimates a distance of another terminal station (within a receivable range), from an MCS or RSSI, for example, and controls a transmission power of itself, in accordance with a value weighted with respect to distance. For example, in the case where it is estimated that a number of terminal stations with a far distance has increased, from the value weighted with respect to distance, a transmission power of itself is lowered. As a result of this, transmission by multi-hop is explicitly performed, and it is possible to suppress electric wave interference of a multi-hop destination. 1. A wireless communication apparatus comprising: a transmission unit which transmits a wireless signal; a reception unit which receives a wireless signal; a transmission power control unit which controls a transmission power of the transmission unit; and an interference suppression unit which instructs the transmission power control unit to change a transmission power so as to suppress interference in accordance with a distance from a surrounding terminal station. 2. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit instructs the transmission power control unit to change a transmission power so as to suppress interference to a terminal station with a far distance. 3. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit instructs the transmission power control unit to change a transmission power in accordance with a decision value weighted according to a distance from another communicable terminal station. 4. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the interference suppression unit performs an instruction so as to lower a transmission power in a case where it is estimated the number of terminal stations with a far distance has increased based on the decision value. 5. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the interference suppression unit performs an instruction so as to raise a transmission power in a case where it is estimated the number of terminal stations with a far distance has decreased based on the decision value. 6. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit instructs the transmission power control unit to reduce a transmission power so as to suppress interference to a terminal station with a distance farther than a presently communicating terminal station. 7. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit performs an instruction so as to reduce a transmission power in a case where a communicable terminal station is present, and a terminal station estimated to be most distant is not a target for performing communication. 8. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the interference suppression unit does not perform an instruction to reduce a transmission power at a time when the number of communicable terminal stations is less than a prescribed number. 9. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the interference suppression unit decides whether or not a terminal station estimated to be most distant is a target for performing communication based on a belonging condition of a group in a mesh network, a communication history, or a specification of nexthop. 10. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit instructs the transmission power control unit to change a transmission power so as to suppress interference with a hidden terminal. 11. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit performs an instruction so as to reduce a transmission power of the transmission power control unit at a time when the total number of terminal stations having a influence on transmission and reception of a packet of itself is estimated, and the total number exceeds a prescribed value. 12. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the interference suppression unit estimates the total number of terminal stations having a influence on transmission and reception of a packet of itself based on a Beacon Interval Timing Element included in a beacon or action frame to be transmitted by each terminal station. 13. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the interference suppression unit causes information related to a transmission power to be transmitted to another terminal station. 14. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the interference suppression unit instructs the transmission power control unit to increase a transmission power at a time when transmitting information related to a transmission power to another terminal station. 15. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the interference control unit causes a packet in which information related to a transmission power is described to be transmitted by broadcast transfer or multicast communication. 16. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the interference control unit transmits a control request of a transmission power to another terminal station as information related to a transmission power. 17. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the interference control unit transmits information related to a transmission power of itself as information related to a transmission power. 18. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the interference control unit performs a control of a transmission power of itself in accordance with receiving information related to a transmission power from another terminal station. 19. The wireless communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a signal detection capability control unit which controls a signal detection capability of the reception unit, wherein the interference suppression unit instructs the signal detection capability control unit to change a signal detection capability in accordance with a change of a transmission power. 20. A wireless communication method comprising: an estimation step which estimates interference corresponding to a distance from a surrounding station; and a transmission power control step which controls a transmission power at a time of data transmission so as to suppress the interference.",
-    "The present invention relates to a medicinal water-soluble antifungal macromolecular compound used for treating infectious diseases, especially, relates to a poly-conjugate which includes an active drug substance and a macro-molecular polymer which are combined with each other through chemical bonds. The active drug substance is a polyene macrolide compound such as amphotericin B. Also provided are a method of preparing the poly-conjugate, a method for increasing solubility of the active drug substance and a method for treating fungal infection, which is any disease related to fungus, such as sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis (caused by cryptococcus and other fungus), abdominal infection (including those related to dialysis), pulmonary infection, urinary tract infection and the like. The poly-conjugate has excellent properties in biological performance and/or physical performance and/or chemical performance. 1. A polyconjugate comprising an active drug substance and a macro-molecular polymer, wherein the active drug substance is conjugated with the macro-molecular polymer by chemical bonds; and wherein, the active drug substance is a polyene macrolide antibiotic; the macro-molecular polymer is selected from poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, and poly-aminohexose formed by polymerizing aminohexoses. 2. (canceled) 3. The polyconjugate according to claim 1, wherein the active drug substance is selected from the following polyene macrolide antibiotics: amphotericin B, nystatin, natamycin, trichomycin, mepartricin, cannitracin, filipin, aureofungin, etruscomycin, hamycin, perimycin. 4. (canceled) 5. The polyconjugate according to claim 1, wherein the macro-molecular polymer is poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, the amino acid is selected from carboxylic acid-type amino acid, amino-type amino acid, or the combination thereof. 6. The polyconjugate according to claim 5, wherein the carboxylic acid-type amino acid is selected from aspartic acid (Asp), glutamate (Glu), or the combinations thereof at any proportion; and/or the amino-type amino acid is selected from ornithine (Orn), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), hydroxylysine (Hyl), or the combinations thereof at any proportion. 7. (canceled) 8. The polyconjugate according to claim 1, wherein the amino acids in the poly-amino acid comprise D-amino acid, L-amino acid, and DL-amino acid; and/or the aminohexose is selected from glucosamine, galactosamine, acetyl glucosamine, acetyl galactosamine, or the combinations thereof. 9. (canceled) 10. The polyconjugate according to claim 1, wherein the average molecular weight of the poly-amino acid is 5000-100000 daltons; and/or the average molecular weight of the poly-aminohexose is 10000-200000 daltons. 11. (canceled) 12. The polyconjugate according to claim 1, wherein the weight of the active drug substance accounts for 5-60% of the total weight of the polyconjugate. 13. A method of preparing a polyconjugate comprising an active drug substance and a macro-molecular polymer, wherein the active drug substance is conjugated with the macro-molecular polymer by chemical bonds; and wherein, the active drug substance is a polyene macrolide antibiotic; the macro-molecular polymer is selected from poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, and poly-aminohexose formed by polymerizing aminohexoses, comprising: i) providing the macro-molecular polymer, dissolving into a solvent to form solution; ii) adding and dissolving the active drug substance into the solution obtained in operation (i); iii) adding catalyst and condensing agent into the solution obtained in operation (ii), condensing the macro-molecular polymer with the active drug substance to form the polyconjugate thereof, wherein the macro-molecular polymer and the active drug substance are combining with each other by chemical bonds; (iv) separating and extracting the obtained polyconjugate; wherein the solvent in operation (i) is an organic solvent, such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide; wherein the catalyst in operation (iii) is 4-dimethylaminopyridine; and wherein the condensing agent in operation (iii) is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. 14-16. (canceled) 17. A method of increasing the solubility of an active drug substance, comprising an operation of combining the active drug substance with a macro-molecular polymer by chemical bonds to form a polyconjugate; wherein the active drug substance is a polyene macrolide antibiotic; the macro-molecular polymer is selected from poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, and poly-aminohexose formed by polymerizing aminohexoses. 18. (canceled) 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the active drug substance is selected from the following polyene macrolide antibiotics: amphotericin B, nystatin, natamycin, trichomycin, mepartricin, cannitracin, filipin, aureofungin, etruscomycin, hamycin, perimycin. 20. (canceled) 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the macro-molecular polymer is poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, the amino acid is selected from carboxylic acid-type amino acid, amino-type amino acid, or the combination thereof. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the carboxylic acid-type amino acid is selected from aspartic acid (Asp), glutamate (Glu), or the combinations thereof at any proportion; and/or the amino-type amino acid is selected from ornithine (Orn), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), hydroxylysine (Hyl), or the combinations thereof at any proportion. 23. (canceled) 24. The method according to claim 17, wherein the amino acids in the poly-amino acid comprise D-amino acid, L-amino acid, and DL-amino acid; and/or the aminohexose is selected from glucosamine, galactosamine, acetyl glucosamine, acetyl galactosamine, or the combinations thereof. 25. (canceled) 26. The method according to claim 17, wherein the average molecular weight of the poly-amino acid is 5000-100000 daltons; and/or the average molecular weight of the poly-aminohexose is 10000-200000 daltons. 27. (canceled) 28. The method according to claim 17, wherein the weight of the active drug substance accounts for 5-60% of the total weight of the polyconjugate. 29. The method according to claim 17, wherein the operation of combining the active drug substance with the macro-molecular polymer by chemical bonds to form the polyconjugate is carried out in accordance with a method of preparing a polyconjugate comprising an active drug substance and a macro-molecular polymer, wherein the active drug substance is conjugated with the macro-molecular polymer by chemical bonds; and wherein; the active drug substance is a polyene macrolide antibiotic; the macro-molecular polymer is selected from poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, and poly-aminohexose formed by polymerizing aminohexoses, comprising: i) providing the macro-molecular polymer, dissolving into a solvent to form solution; ii) adding and dissolving the active drug substance into the solution obtained in operation (i); iii) adding catalyst and condensing agent into the solution obtained in operation (ii), condensing the macro-molecular polymer with the active drug substance to form the polyconjugate thereof, wherein the macro-molecular polymer and the active drug substance are combining with each other by chemical bonds; (iv) separating and extracting the obtained polyconjugate; wherein the solvent in operation (i) is an organic solvent, such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide; wherein the catalyst in operation (iii) is 4-dimethylaminopyridine; and wherein the condensing agent in operation (iii) is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. 30. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a polyconjugate comprising an active drug substance and a macro-molecular polymer, wherein the active drug substance is conjugated with the macro-molecular polymer by chemical bonds; and wherein, the active drug substance is a polyene macrolide antibiotic; the macro-molecular polymer is selected from poly-amino acid formed by polymerizing amino acids, and poly-aminohexose formed by polymerizing aminohexoses, and optionally any pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary materials.",
-    "This invention relates to a multiphase pumping block device comprising a pump and a bypass circuit. Said bypass circuit is suitable for enabling the flow of a fluid from an area upstream of the pump to an area downstream of the pump by bypassing the pump. The latter comprises at least out non-return valve suitable for blocking the flow of the fluid from the area downstream of the pump to the area upstream of the pump in addition, the pumping block device is connected to a set of pumping circuits, comprising a main bypass circuit suitable for enabling the flow of a fluid from an area upstream of the connected pumping block to an area downstream of the connected pumping block. Finally, the pumping block device is arranged in order to be disconnected from said set of circuits for maintenance. 1. Multiphase pumping block device (110) comprising: a pump (110) suitable for pumping a pumping fluid; a recycle circuit (160); a splitter tank (115); wherein, the splitter tank is connected to an area downstream of the pump and is suitable for separating a liquid phase and a gaseous phase using said pumping fluid; wherein the recycle circuit is connected to the splitter tank and is suitable for enabling the flow of the liquid phase from said splitter tank to an area upstream of the pump. wherein the recycle circuit can comprise at least in series: a controllable opening valve (117), and a quick opening valve (116); wherein the quick opening valve authorises on order the flow or not of the liquid phase in the recycle circuit; and wherein, the controllable opening valve is suitable for being pre-opened in order to authorise the partial flow of the liquid phase in the recycle circuit. 2. Device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the device furthermore comprises a mixer tank located upstream of the pump, wherein the flow of the liquid phase through the recycle circuit is carried out towards said mixer device. 3. Device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the device furthermore comprises a multiphase flow meter located downstream of the pump, and wherein the flow of the liquid phase from said splitter tank to an area upstream of the pump is controlled according to at least one measurement of the fluid by said multiphase flow meter. 4. Device according to claim 3, wherein the at least one measurement of the fluid by said multiphase flow meter is a measurement from among a flow volume measurement, and a measurement of the ratio of the gas volume over total volume. 5. Device according to claim 3 or 4, wherein said multiphase flow meter located upstream of the splitter tank.",
-    "This invention is related to dermal matrices and production method thereof, having within its structure micro particles having antioxidant agents with synergistic effects, providing speedy repair of the dermal tissue, used in chronic wound treatments, basically comprising the steps of preparing the dermal matrix system (11), forming micro particles (12), combining the micro particles with the dermal matrix system. 1. A dermal matrix production method, comprising the steps of preparing the dermal matrix system, preparing the collagen solution system, adding laminin onto collagen solution and mixing, freezing and storing the mixture, lyopilization of the stored mixture, cross linking the lyophilisate, forming micro particles, preparing aqueous solution of the polymer, wherein hyaluronic acid (HA) is dissolved in pure water, preparing a mixture of phospholipid, antioxidant agent and alcohol wherein dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and resveratrol are mixed into alcohol and dissolved, adding the aqueous solution onto the alcohol mixture and mixing, spray drying the whole mixture obtained, combining the micro particles with a dermal matrix system wherein resveratrol loaded hyaluronic acid (HA)-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) micro particles are sprayed by means of dry powder spraying onto the dermal matrix. 2. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein during the step of preparing a mixture of phospholipid, antioxidant agent and alcohol, 0.7-0.75 g dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 0.05-0.1 g resveratrol are mixed into 350 mL alcohol and dissolved. 3. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution is added into the alcohol mixture and mixed at 40\u00b11\u00b0 C. 4. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein the step of preparing collagen solution is performed by adding bovine collagen at a concentration of 0.1% to the 0.1M acidic acid. 5. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein the step of adding laminin onto the collagen solution is performed by taking 2.5 mL of the collagen solution that has been prepared, adding 20 \u03bcl laminin into this, and mixing them in an ice bath. 6. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein during the step of freezing and storing the mixture, the collagen and laminin mixture is left to wait for 12 hours overnight at a temperature of \u221220\u00b11\u00b0 C. 7. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein during the step of lyophilisation of the stored mixture the mixture which has been frozen and left to wait is subjected to lyophilisation for 24 hours and as a result the deterioration of the biomaterials sensitive to heat, present inside said mixture is prevented. 8. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein during the step of cross linking lyophilisate, the lyophilisate structure is subjected to cross linking under 254 nm wavelength using an ultraviolet cross linker (UV-cross linker) device. 9. The dermal matrix production method according to claim 1, wherein during the step of preparing an aqueous solution of polymer, wherein 0.2 g hyaluronic acid (HA) is dissolved in 150 mL pure water. 10. A dermal matrix formulation produced by using method according to claim 1, wherein it comprises an antioxidant-loaded hyaluronic acid (El A)-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) micro particles in collagen-laminin scaffold. 11. The dermal matrix formulation according to claim 10, wherein the antioxidant is resveratrol. 12. The dermal matrix formulation according to claim 10, wherein the formulation is biodegradable. 13. The dermal matrix formulation according to claim 10, wherein the formulation is for use in chronic wound treatments.",
-    "An induction-heater mat for heating up hair-styling appliance, the induction-heater mat comprises a mat that is made up of flexible material, the mat having an induction coil embedded therein; and a power supply and controlling unit that is electrically connected with the induction coil of the mat, the power supply and controlling unit operationally controls the power supply to the induction coil to heat up the hair-styling appliance that is placed on the mat. 1. An induction-heater mat for heating up hair-styling appliances, the induction-heater mat comprising: a mat that is made up of flexible material, the mat having an induction coil embedded therein; and a power supply and controlling unit that is electrically connected to the induction coil of the mat, the power supply and controlling unit operationally controls the power supply to the induction coil to heat up the hair-styling appliance that is placed on the mat. 2. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, wherein the mat is fabricated to form a monolithic body to house the induction coil there between. 3. The induction-heater mat according to claim 2, wherein the mat comprises two substrates laminating the induction coil there between. 4. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, wherein the induction coil is made up of flexible, re-shapeable wire. 5. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, wherein the induction coil is disposed on the mat in a serpentine manner. 6. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, wherein the induction coil is disposed on the mat in a swirling manner. 7. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor unit operationally detecting a temperature of the appliance and feeding back information to the power supply and controlling unit. 8. The induction-heater mat according to claim 7, wherein the sensor unit is embedded in/on the mat at a suitable location. 9. The induction-heater mat according to claim 7, wherein the sensor unit is positioned on the power supply and controlling unit. 10. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, wherein the induction-heater mat is a low/mid frequency induction-heater mat. 11. The induction-heater mat according to claim 1, wherein the mat is detachable from the power supply and controlling unit.",
-    "The present invention relates to a surgical instrument for cataract surgery, and provides the surgical instrument for assisting in distinguishing the anterior capsule during cataract surgery, including a ring-shaped body; and a light source provided on a bottom surface portion of the body. 1. A surgical instrument for assisting in distinguishing of an anterior capsule during a cataract surgery, comprising: a ring-shaped body; and a light source provided on a bottom surface portion of the body. 2. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the light source is a light-emitting diode (LED). 3. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein a plurality of light sources are provided in a circumferential direction of the body. 4. The surgical instrument of claim 3, wherein at least one light source is provided to irradiate with light through a bottom surface of the body, and at least one light source is provided to irradiate with light through a side surface of the body. 5. The surgical instrument of claim 3, wherein the plurality of light sources are asymmetrically arranged. 6. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the body has an open space formed by being cut off in a gap of the ring shape. 7. The surgical instrument of claim 6, wherein the plurality of open spaces are provided in a circumferential direction of the body. 8. The surgical instrument of claim 6, wherein a width of the open space increases towards the bottom surface portion of the body. 9. The surgical instrument of claim 6, wherein the width of the open space decreases towards the bottom surface portion of the body. 10. The surgical instrument of claim 6, wherein the width of the open space remains constant towards the bottom surface portion of the body. 11. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the body includes a bottom surface portion, a lower compartment having a ring shape, and an upper compartment having a ring shape provided above a second compartment, and the lower compartment has an open space formed by cutting off the ring shape. 12. The surgical instrument of claim 11, wherein the plurality of open spaces are provided in the circumferential direction of the body. 13. The surgical instrument of claim 11, wherein the upper compartment forms a closed curve in the circumferential direction of the body. 14. The surgical instrument of claim 1, further comprising a handle connected to the body. 15. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the light source is powered by a built-in battery or an external power source. 16. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface portion of the body comes in contact with border regions of a cornea, and the light source is provided to illuminate with light from a side of the cornea. 17. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein a slip preventing layer is provided on the bottom surface portion of the body. 18. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the light source is embedded inside of the bottom surface portion of the body. 19. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein a plurality of vacuum holes is provided on the bottom surface portion of the body. 20. The surgical instrument of claim 19, wherein the vacuum holes are connected to a vacuum pump provided in the body or a vacuum pump separately provided from the body.",
-    "An image processing method for a unmanned aerial vehicle includes: aligning a subject matter by a camera of the unmanned aerial vehicle focusing on the subject matter at A first time, and recording images information in a focus flame as first reference pattern, presetting a separation distance of automatic movement of the unmanned aerial Vehicle, focusing on the subject matter at a second time, and recording image information in the focus frame as a second reference pattern, synthesizing a three-dimensional reference pattern of the subject matter according to the first reference pattern and the second reference pattern, automatically traversing images in whole camera aperture by the focus frame when the unmanned aerial vehicle detects interrupt of controlling signal, and comparing with the three-dimensional reference pattern. If the subject matter cannot be found, location of the unmanned aerial vehicle is automatically adjusted until the subject matter reappears on the camera aperture: presetting a reference straight line between the camera and the subject matter, controlling movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle along the reference straight line, and monitoring moving state of the unmanned aerial vehicle via a three-axis gyroscope. If the unmanned aerial vehicle deviates from the reference straight line in flight, a new reference straight line is reset and the movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle along the new reference straight line is controlled, obtaining distance of movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle along the reference straight line via the three-axis gyroscope, and recording a ratio of display widths of the subject matter before the camera is moving and after the camera is moving, and calculating measuring distance between the camera and the subject matter. If the measuring distance is more than a presetting reference distance, the unmanned aerial vehicle is controlled to move to subject matter until the measuring distance is less than or equal with the presetting reference distance. 1. An image processing method for an unmanned aerial vehicle, comprising: aligning a subject matter by a camera of the unmanned aerial vehicle; focusing on the subject matter at a first time, and recording images information in a focus flame as a first reference pattern; presetting a separation distance of automatic movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle, focusing on the subject matter at a second time, and recording image information in the focus frame as a second reference pattern; synthesizing a three-dimensional reference pattern of the subject matter according to the first reference pattern and the second reference pattern; automatically traversing images in Whole camera aperture by the focus frame when the unmanned aerial vehicle detects interrupt of controlling signal, and comparing with the three-dimensional reference pattern, if the subject matter cannot be found, location of the unmanned aerial vehicle is automatically adjusted until the subject matter reappears on the camera aperture; presetting a reference straight line between the camera and the subject matter, controlling movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle along the reference straight line, and monitoring moving state of the unmanned aerial vehicle via a three-axis gyroscope of the unmanned aerial vehicle; if the unmanned aerial vehicle deviates from the reference straight line in flight, a new reference straight line is reset and the movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle along the new reference straight line is controlled; obtaining distance of movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle along the reference straight line via the three-axis gyroscope, and recording a ratio of display widths of the subject matter before the camera moves and after the camera moves; and calculating measuring distance between the camera and the subject matter; if the measuring distance is more than a presetting reference distance, the unmanned aerial vehicle is controlled to move to the subject matter until the measuring distance is less than or equal with the presetting reference distance. 2. The image processing method for the unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle detects interrupt of controlling signal, analog video signal collected by the camera is converted into digital video signal; the digital video signal is framing and the frame image is divided into a reference frame image and a data frame image; the data frame image is dissociated between two reference frame images according to a preset distance; dissociated data frame image is replaced by adjacent data frame image, and a content difference is calculated between remaining data frame images and corresponding reference frame images; content difference is sent between coded reference frame image and each of the data frame image. 3. The image processing method for the unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 2, wherein reference frame image and the data frame image uses a gray scale to process, the reference frame image is expressed as gray scale value to form a reference gray scale figure; change of a three dimensional angle of the four-axis unmanned aerial vehicle between the reference frame image and the data frame image is acquired by the three-axis gyroscope; the reference gray scale figure is changed according to the change of the three dimensional angle of the unmanned aerial vehicle; the data frame image is expressed as the gray scale value to form a current gray scale figure; result by comparing the current gray scale figure with changed reference gray scale figure is regarded as the content difference. 4. The image processing method for the unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 3, wherein an average brightness difference of the data frame image and the reference frame image and proportion that pixel point of the brightness fluctuation generated by the data frame images accounts for the all pixel points generated by the data frame images are calculated; if the average brightness difference and the proportion exceed the dither threshold, the bit rate of the code is increased; if the average brightness difference and the proportion is less than the dither threshold, the bit rate of the code is decreased. 5. The image processing method for the unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 4, wherein the unmanned aerial vehicle is a four-axis unmanned arerial vehicle. 6. The image processing method for the unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 5, wherein image information of the unmanned aerial vehicle is synchronously sent to a phone end.",
-    "A gate driver on array (GOA) circuit and a display device are provided. The GOA circuit is formed on an array substrate, and has a plurality of GOA units. Each of the GOA units has a drive module, a pull-down module, a pull-down output module, and a pull-up output module, which has a forward and reverse scanning function and avoids providing a forward and reverse scanning control unit and receiving a signal of the forward and reverse scanning control unit by connecting a circuit input of a pull-down output module and a drive module. 1. A gate driver on array (GOA) circuit, including a plurality of GOA units, each of the GOA units provided with an (n\u22121)th level input end, an (n+1)th level input end, a first clock signal input end, a second clock signal input end, a high voltage-level input end, a low voltage-level input end, and a output end, and comprising: a drive module electrically connected to the (n\u22121)th level input end and the (n+1)th level input end; a pull-down module electrically connected to the drive module, the first clock signal input end, and the high voltage-level input end; a pull-down output module electrically connected to the first clock signal input end, the high voltage-level input end, the low voltage-level input end, and the output end, wherein the pull-down output module comprises a circuit input end electrically connected to the drive module and the pull-down module, and a pull-down node electrically connected to the pull-down module; and a pull-up output module electrically connected to the second clock signal input end and the output end, wherein the pull-up output module comprises a pull-up node electrically connected to the pull-down module; wherein the GOA circuit drives a pixel array by four of the GOA units, and the drive module comprises a pre-stage input diode electrically connected to the (n\u22121)th level input end and the circuit input end, and a post-stage input diode electrically connected to the (n+1)th level input end and the circuit input end. 2. The GOA circuit according to claim 1, wherein the pull-down module comprises: a first thin film transistor (TFT) including a gate electrically connected to the high voltage-level input end, a first electrode end electrically connected to the pull-up node of the pull-up output module, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the circuit input end of the pull-down output module; a second TFT including a gate electrically connected to the first clock signal input end, and a first electrode end electrically connected to the second electrode end of the first TFT; and a third TFT including a first electrode end electrically connected to a second electrode end of the second TFT, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the pull-down node of the pull-down output module. 3. The GOA circuit according to claim 2, wherein the pull-down output module comprises: a fourth TFT including a gate electrically connected to the circuit input end, and a first electrode end electrically connected to a gate of the third TFT; a fifth TFT including a gate electrically connected to a second electrode end of the fourth TFT, a first electrode end electrically connected to the first electrode end of the fourth TFT, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the high voltage-level input end; a sixth TFT including a gate electrically connected to the pull-down node, a first electrode end electrically connected to the output end, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the low voltage-level input end; and a pull-down capacitor electrically connected to the pull-down node and the low voltage-level input end. 4. The GOA circuit according to claim 3, wherein the pull-up output module comprises: a seventh TFT including a gate electrically connected to the pull-up node, a first electrode end electrically connected to the second clock signal input end, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the output end; and a pull-up capacitor electrically connected to the pull-up node and the output end. 5. The GOA circuit according to claim 4, wherein the first TFT to the seventh TFT are N type TFTs, and the GOA circuit is formed on an array substrate. 6. A gate driver on array (GOA) circuit, including a plurality of GOA units, each of the GOA units being provided with an (n\u22121)th level input end, an (n+1)th level input end, a first clock signal input end, a second clock signal input end, a high voltage-level input end, a low voltage-level input end, and a output end, and comprising: a drive module electrically connected to the (n\u22121)th level input end and the (n+1)th level input end; a pull-down module electrically connected to the drive module, the first clock signal input end, and the high voltage-level input end; a pull-down output module electrically connected to the first clock signal input end, the high voltage-level input end, the low voltage-level input end, and the output end, wherein the pull-down output module comprises a circuit input end electrically connected to the drive module and the pull-down module, and a pull-down node electrically connected to the pull-down module; and a pull-up output module electrically connected to the second clock signal input end and the output end, wherein the pull-up output module comprises a pull-up node electrically connected to the pull-down module. 7. The GOA circuit according to claim 6, wherein the drive module comprises a pre-stage input diode electrically connected to the (n\u22121)th level input end and the circuit input end, and a post-stage input diode electrically connected to the (n+1)th level input end and the circuit input end. 8. The GOA circuit according to claim 6, wherein the pull-down module comprises: a first thin film transistor (TFT) including a gate electrically connected to the high voltage-level input end, a first electrode end electrically connected to the pull-up node of the pull-up output module, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the circuit input end of the pull-down output module; a second TFT including a gate electrically connected to the first clock signal input end, and a first electrode end electrically connected to the second electrode end of the first TFT; and a third TFT including a first electrode end electrically connected to a second electrode end of the second TFT, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the pull-down node of the pull-down output module. 9. The GOA circuit according to claim 8, wherein the pull-down output module comprises: a fourth TFT including a gate electrically connected to the circuit input end, and a first electrode end electrically connected to a gate of the third TFT; a fifth TFT including a gate electrically connected to a second electrode end of the fourth TFT, a first electrode end electrically connected to the first electrode end of the fourth TFT, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the high voltage-level input end; a sixth TFT including a gate electrically connected to the pull-down node, a first electrode end electrically connected to the output end, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the low voltage-level input end; and a pull-down capacitor electrically connected to the pull-down node and the low voltage-level input end. 10. The GOA circuit according to claim 9, wherein the pull-up output module comprises: a seventh TFT including a gate electrically connected to the pull-up node, a first electrode end electrically connected to the second clock signal input end, and a second electrode end electrically connected to the output end; and a pull-up capacitor electrically connected to the pull-up node and the output end. 11. The GOA circuit according to claim 10, wherein the first TFT to the seventh TFT are N type TFTs, and the GOA circuit is formed on an array substrate. 12. The GOA circuit according to claim 6, wherein the GOA circuit drives a pixel array by at least four of the GOA units. 13. The GOA circuit according to claim 12, wherein the pixel array has two opposite sides electrically connected to four of the first GOA units which are cascaded and four of the second GOA units which are cascaded, respectively, and the first and second GOA units are controlled through four clock signals. 14. The GOA circuit according to claim 12, wherein the pixel array has two opposite sides electrically connected to eight of the GOA units which are cascaded, and the GOA units are controlled through two clock signals. 15. A display device, comprising: an array substrate; and a gate driver on array (GOA) circuit according to claim 6 formed on the array substrate.",
-    "A process for producing synthesis gas (syngas) comprising the endothermic reaction between CO2 and H2S, wherein the energetic supply is provided by the exothermic oxidation of a small portion of H2S to SO2 according to the following reaction scheme: R2: H2S+1.5O2\u2192SO2+H2O said process being carried out according to the following overall theoretical reaction scheme R1, not taking into account the aforementioned exothermic reaction R2, R1:CO2+2H2S\u2192CO+H2+S2+H2O wherein the amount of fed oxygen is comprised between 5% and 25% by volume over the total volume of fed reactants gaseous mixture. 1. A process for producing synthesis gas (syngas) comprising the endothermic reaction between CO2 and H2S, wherein the energetic supply is provided by the exothermic oxidation of a portion of H2S to SO2 according to the following reaction scheme: R2: H2S+1.5O2\u2192SO2+H2O said process being carried out according to the following overall theoretical reaction scheme R1, not taking into account the aforementioned exothermic reaction R2, R1: CO2+2H2S\u2192CO+H2+S2+H2O wherein the amount of fed oxygen is comprised between 5% and 25% by volume over the total volume of fed reactants gaseous mixture. 2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the amount of fed oxygen is comprised between 5% and 15%, when regeneration is very effective. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction temperature is comprised between 850 and 1550\u00b0 C. for residence times comprised between 0.1 s and 3 s. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein said temperature reaction is comprised between 1300 and 1550\u00b0 C. to obtain the maximum conversion of CO2 and H2S. 5. The process according to claim 3 wherein the temperature reaction is comprised between 850\u00b0 C. and 1100\u00b0 C. to obtain a synthesis gas with higher H2/CO ratios. 6. The process according to claim 1, being carried out in a production unit comprising: a reactor, at least one separation section of the various components of the gaseous mixture leaving said thermal/regenerative reactor, and at least one section for recycling the unconverted H2S and CO2. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein said reactor is a regenerative thermal flow reactor or a thermal reactor. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein said regenerative thermal flow reactor comprises: a) a regenerative section being a tubular PFR, in which fed gases are preheated and through which gases pass with a turbulent flow b) a thermal section, being a PFR, in which the reactions R1 and R2 take place and through which gases pass with a turbulent flow, said regenerative thermal reactor being optionally provided downstream with a waste heat boiler. 9. The process according to claim 7 wherein said thermal reactor is a PFR, through which gases pass with a turbulent flow. 10. The process according to claim 8 wherein said waste heat boiler receives the gases leaving the reactor and said gases cool down at the tube side while generating medium-high pressure at the shell side. 11. The process according to claim 6, wherein the effluent of the reactor is purified in a separation section that comprises: a first separation section wherein sulfur is separated by cooling from the gaseous mixture and collected in a suitable tank; a second separation section wherein the gaseous mixture leaving said first separation section and comprising CO, H2, H2O, SO2 and CO2 and unconverted H2S and possibly nitrogen, in case the process is carried out in the presence of air, is cooled down to allow the separation of water by condensation, a possible third separation section, wherein SO2 is separated from the gaseous mixture by washing or chemical conversion, a fourth separation section wherein the mixture leaving said third separation section and comprising H2S, CO2, CO and H2 is washed to separate the synthesis gas from the reactants not yet converted, which are recovered and then recycled at the reactor, said separation sections being able to be combined or integrated with one another. 12. The process according to claim 6, wherein the gases entering the reactor are H2S, O2 or air and CO2 and wherein the gases leaving said reactor are cooled in a boiler for steam recovery and then sent to a first condenser of a Claus unit for sulfur recovery, in a sulfur pit, whereas the gases leaving said condenser are sent to a catalytic conversion section, where the following reaction takes place: R5: 2H2S+SO2\u21923/2S2+H2O said catalytic conversion section comprising at least 1 catalytic converter and arranged in succession and spaced by at least 1 condenser to allow the partial recovery of sulfur, formed in each converter, said sulfur being conveyed into the aforementioned sulfur pit, and the gaseous mixture leaving the last condenser of said catalytic conversion section and comprising CO, H2, CO2, H2S and possibly nitrogen, pass through a hydrogenation reactor and a quenching tower, and then to a solvent washing column, wherein said gaseous mixture is washed with amines to recover the unconverted CO2 and H2S at the top of a stripper and recycled at the thermal/regenerative reactor, whereas the synthesis gas is recovered at the top of said solvent washing column. 13. The process according to claim 6, wherein SO2 coming from the third separation section is sent to a reactor R7 where the following reaction is carried out R6: SO2+0.5O2\u2192SO3 and SO3 thus formed and leaving the reactor R7 is reacted in the presence of water in the reactor R8 to give sulfuric acid according to the following reaction scheme: R7: SO3+H2O\u2192H2SO4 14. The process according to claim 6, wherein syngas leaving the fourth separation section is conveyed to a production unit for producing methanol. 15. The process according to claim 6, wherein the reactants CO2 and H2S come from natural gas deposits. 16. The process according to claim 6, wherein syngas leaving the fourth separation section is sent to a production unit for producing gasoline and gasoil through the gas-to-liquid Fischer Tropsch process. 17. The process according to claim 6, wherein the reactants CO2 and H2S come totally or in part from a coal gasification unit.",
-    "A setting method in a no-fly zone for unmanned aerial vehicles comprises collecting a request of the no-fly zone of the user, and checking the request of the no-fly zone of the users. lithe checking passes, an outline of the no-fly zone is set and a map data is updated. 1. A setting method in a no-fly zone for unmanned aerial vehicles, comprising; collecting a request of the no-fly zone of users of the unmanned aerial vehicles; and checking the request of the no-fly Zone of the Users; if the checking passes, an outline of the no-fly zone is set and a map data is updated. 2. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 1, Wherein the updated map data is sent to the users. 3. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 1, wherein characteristics of the users are obtained: priority of the users is checked according to the characteristics of the users; if the priority of the users is greater than a preset value, the set outline of the no-fly zone updates in the map data and is sent to other users of the map. 4. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 3, wherein the priority of the users is remarked in the updated map data. 5. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 3, wherein location information of the no-fly zone is updated to the map data and is sent to surrounding unmanned aerial vehicles. 6. The image processing method for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 1, wherein a required radius of circular area is regarded as the no-fly zone according to location information of the no-fly zone, is updated to the map data and is sent to map users. 7. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 1, wherein an outline of the no-fly zone is obtained according to a location information of the no-fly zone; a preset outline is equal to or is greater than the outline of the no-fly zone. 8. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 1, wherein a time interval of the no-fly zone is set according to the request of the users and the map data is simultaneously updated to send to the user. 9. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 3, wherein a location information of the no-fly zone comprises an outline of the no-fly zone; when the outline information of the no-fly zone is checked, outline information of the no-fly zone is compared with a setting range of the map data to obtain a result to check. 10. The setting method in the no-fly zone for the unmanned aerial vehicles of claim 1, wherein height of the no-fly zone is set according to priority of the users.",
-    "The invention concerns a method for the machining of the tooth edges between an axially facing surface and the tooth flanks of a gear with a machining tool that has a toothed contour. For the material-removing cutting operation, the machining tool, rotating about the axis of its toothed contour, is brought into rolling engagement with the toothed workpiece under a crossing angle different from zero between the rotary axes of the machining tool and the toothed workpiece. 1. Method for the machining of the tooth edges between an axially facing surface (3) and the tooth flanks of a toothed workpiece (2) wherein a tool (1) with a cutting edge removes material from the tooth edges of the toothed workpiece (2) through a cutting action as the toothed workpiece (2) rotates about its workpiece gear axis (Z), characterized in that the machining tool has a toothed contour and that, for the material-removing cutting operation the machining tool, rotating about the axis (ZW) of its toothed contour, is brought into rolling engagement with the toothed workpiece (2) that is to be machined, with the rotary axes of the toothed workpiece and the machining tool (Z, ZW) in process being positioned relative to each other at an axis-crossing angle (\u03a3) different from zero. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein as a result of the non-vanishing axis-crossing angle, the cutting direction(s) of the cutting movement has a directional component which along the tooth flank adjoining the machined tooth edge runs in the direction of the tooth width. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein as a result of a non-vanishing angle of inclination (\u03b7) of the rotary axis of the tool relative to a plane extending orthogonal to the connecting line between the center of the workpiece gear profile and the center of the tool, the cutting direction(s) of the cutting movement has a directional component which runs orthogonal to the tooth flank. 4. Method according to claim 1 wherein the axis-crossing angle (\u03a3) is at least 4\u00b0, and/or the axis-crossing angle is no larger than 45\u00b0. 5. Method according to claim 3 wherein the angle of inclination (\u03b7) is at least 8\u00b0 and/or the angle of inclination is no larger than 80\u00b0. 6. Method according to claim 1 wherein the cutting velocity is at least 10 m/min, and/or the cutting velocity is no larger than 450 m/min. 7. Method according to claim 1 wherein the tool (1) and the toothed workpiece (2) are subjected to a movement relative to each other which has a directional component parallel to the gear axis (Z) of the workpiece in process and serves to completely finish the tooth edges. 8. Method according to claim 1 wherein the tool is designed with a structure resulting in a machining process with an enlarged engagement area, resulting in the complete finishing of the tooth edges. 9. Method according to claim 1 wherein during the machining of the tooth edges at an axially facing end surface the tool and the toothed workpiece are not subjected to a relative movement with a directional component parallel to the gear axis of the workpiece in process. 10. Machining station for the machining of the tooth edges between each of the axially facing end surfaces (3) and the tooth flanks of a toothed workpiece (2), comprising a driven, rotating workpiece spindle serving to hold a workpiece with the toothed contour to be machined, a driven, rotating tool spindle serving to hold a tool, characterized in that an axis-crossing angle (\u03a3) different from zero can be set between the tool spindle axis and the workpiece spindle axis (Z), and that a controller device is provided which controls the rotary movements of the spindles for a rolling engagement between the toothed workpiece (2) that is to be machined and a toothed contour of the tool (1) at an axis-crossing angle \u03a3 different from zero, according to a method as defined in claim 1. 11. Machining station according to claim 10, with a linear movement axis comprising a first machine axis (X) with a directional component radial to the workpiece spindle axis extending in the radial direction of the workpiece spindle axis. 12. Machining station according to claim 10, wherein a machine axis effecting a relative movement with a directional component parallel to the workpiece spindle axis between the workpiece spindle and the tool spindle is provided. 13. Machining station according to claim 10 wherein an angle of inclination (\u03b7) different from zero can be set between the tool spindle axis and a plane that extends orthogonal to the connecting line between the center of the toothed contour and the center of the tool. 14. Machining station according to claim 10 wherein a further rotary machine axis is provided which comprises a directional component orthogonal to the rotary axis serving to set the axis-crossing angle (\u03a3) as well as to the workpiece spindle axis. 15. Machining station according to claim 10 wherein a second linear machine axis is provided which comprises a directional component lying in a plane that extends orthogonal to the workpiece spindle axis, wherein said directional component is linearly independent of a projection of the first machine axis onto said plane. 16. Machining station according to clam 10 wherein the tool is disk-shaped. 17. Machining station according to claim 10 wherein the tool has a step-ground contour. 18. Machining station according to claim 10 wherein the tool (10) is configured with a structure resulting in a machining process with an enlarged engagement area resulting in the complete finishing of the tooth edges at one axially facing end surface. 19. Machining station according to claim 10 wherein the tool (10) has areas with varying heights of its rake faces measured in the direction of the rotary axis (ZW) of the tool. 20. Machining station according to claim 15, wherein the rake faces of the tool (10) at least in part rise in the form of a spiral. 21. Gear-cutting machine for the machining of toothed workpieces, with a machining station according to claim 10, said gear cutting machine having a further machining station to generate the gear teeth on the workpiece by a soft-cutting process, comprising hobbing, gear shaping, or power-skiving. 22. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention is directed to a process for producing spinnable cellulose at least in part from citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons. In a preferred embodiment, cellulose is extracted from citrus fruits, discarded by the citrus fruits plantations and/or from parts of citrus fruits, waste of the industrial processing of citrus fruits derivatives. Cellulose is extracted from the entire peel of citrus fruits, which includes both albedo and flavedo, or only from albedo. Preferably, cellulose is obtained by chemical extraction, preferably in the absence of chlorine, comprising the treatment of raw materials derived from citrus fruits with hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions. Cellulose obtained by the process of the present invention is optionally mixed with cellulose obtained by different processes, for example with cellulose extracted from wood. 1. A process for producing spinnable cellulose, the process comprising extracting cellulose from at least one citrus fruit. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the at least one citrus fruit is an orange. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the cellulose extracted from the at least one citrus fruit comprises at least 90 wt % alpha-cellulose. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the at least one citrus fruit is the waste of an industrial process. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the extraction of said cellulose from the at least one citrus fruit is performed on albedo and optionally flavedo of the citrus fruit. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the extraction of said cellulose from the at least one citrus fruit comprises steps: i) providing a raw material deriving from the at least one citrus fruit ii) treating said raw material with hydrogen peroxide in basic conditions. 7. The process of claim 6, further comprising: iii) treating the material obtained by step ii) with hydrogen peroxide in acid conditions, and/or iv) treating the material obtained by any of steps ii) or iii) with sodium hydroxide. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein step (iii) comprises treating the material obtained by step ii) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a carboxylic acid and step (iv) comprises treating the material obtained by any of steps ii) or iii) with from 0.1 to 7 wt % sodium hydroxide. 9. The process of claim 6, wherein hydrogen peroxide is present in a solution comprising from 1 v/v % to 3 v/v % hydrogen peroxide. 10. The process of claim 5 comprising: separating albedo from flavedo before extraction of cellulose. 11. The process of claim 6, wherein the raw material comprises both albedo and flavedo; the process further comprising the steps of: treating albedo and flavedo with solvents. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein no chlorine-containing agents are used. 13. The process of claim 1 further comprising: blending the cellulose derived from at least one citrus fruit with cellulose extracted from a different cellulose material and providing a blend of spinnable cellulose. 14. The process of claim 13 wherein the blend comprises of at least 2 wt % cellulose extracted from citrus fruit. 15. The process of claim 6 comprising: i) providing a raw material deriving from the at least one citrus fruit ii) treating said raw material with a solution comprising from 1 v/v % to 3 v/v % hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium hydroxide, wherein no chlorine-containing agents are used. 16. The process of claim 15 further comprising: iii) treating the material obtained by step ii) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of formic acid and/or acetic, and/or iv) treating the material obtained by any of steps ii) or iii) with from 0.1 to 7 wt % sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide. 17. The process of claim 15, wherein the raw material comprises both albedo and flavedo; the process further comprising the steps of: treating albedo and flavedo with ethanol and toluene. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein the raw material comprises albedo; the process further comprising the steps of separating albedo from flavedo before extraction of cellulose. 19. The process of claim 15 wherein the at least one citrus fruit is an orange.",
-    "The present invention relates to a mineral processing technology and method for refractory chalcopyrite ores, particularly to a mineral processing technology and method for the separation of chalcopyrite from multiple natural types of copper ores containing chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, talc and serpentine, which belongs to the technical field of mineral processing. It's characterized by: conducting a two-stage grinding on the chalcopyrite ore, with each grinding stage followed by size grading, and treating ores in different size fractions separately, wherein coarse-grain ores are separated in the presence of xanthate, with calcium oxide and CMC controlling the pH and acting as depressor respectively, while fine-grained ores are subjected to rougher in the presence of kerosene, and subsequently subjected to cleaner in the presence of xanthate. 1. A beneficiation method for processing a chalcopyrite ore, said method comprising the following steps: (1) performing a primary grinding and classification I on a crushed chalcopyrite ore, wherein 60% of a product of the primary classification I has a size of \u22120.074 mm; carrying out a first size grading I on the product obtained from the primary classification I, wherein the size grading I has a cut-point of 0.04 mm; conducting a secondary grinding and classification II on the product obtained from the primary classification I that is coarser than 0.04 mm, wherein 95% of a product of the classification II has a size of \u22120.074 mm; conducting a secondary size grading II on the product obtained from the classification II, wherein the size grading II has a cut-point of 0.04 mm; (2) performing coarse-grain flotation circuits on a coarse-grain product that is coarser than 0.04 mm obtained from the size grading II; undertaking a one-stage rougher on the coarse-grain product, in which calcium oxide is used to adjust the pH value in the rougher, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) used as depressor, xanthate used as collector and pine camphor oil used as frother are added to the rougher cell sequentially; conducting a two-stage scavenger on rougher tailings, wherein types of reagents used in the two-stage scavenger are the same as those used in the rougher; recycling a first scavenger concentrate back to the rougher feed, performing a second scavenger on first scavenger tailings, in which second scavenger tailings are final tailings I; conducting a two-stage cleaner on a rougher concentrate; recirculating first cleaner tailings to the rougher feed; conducting a second cleaner on a first cleaner concentrate; recirculating second cleaner tailings to the first cleaner feed, in which a second cleaner concentrate is a copper concentrate I; (3) carrying out fine-grain flotation circuits on fine-grain product that is smaller than 0.04 mm obtained from the size grading I and the size grading II; conducting a two-stage rougher on the fine-grain product, in which kerosene or diesel used as collector and pine camphor oil used as frother are added to the two rougher cells sequentially; performing a two-stage scavenger on second rougher tailings, in which kerosene or diesel oil is used as collector and pine camphor oil is used as frother in the two-stage scavenger; returning a first scavenger concentrate to the first rougher feed; recycling a second scavenger concentrate back to the first scavenger feed, wherein second scavenger tailings are final tailings II; undertaking a pre-cleaner on concentrates from the two-stage rougher in absence of any reagents; recirculating pre-cleaner tailings to the first scavenger feed; conducting two-stage cleaning rougher on a pre-cleaner concentrate, in which calcium oxide is used to adjust the pH value, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) used as depressor, xanthate used as collector and pine camphor oil used as frother are added to the two cleaning rougher cells sequentially; conducting a second cleaning rougher on first cleaning rougher tailings; and conducting a two-stage cleaning scavenger on second cleaning rougher tailings, wherein types of reagents used in the two-stage cleaning scavenger are the same as those used in the cleaning rougher cells; performing a first cleaning scavenger on second cleaning rougher tailings; recirculating a first cleaning scavenger concentrate to the second cleaning rougher feed and recirculating the second cleaning scavenger concentrate to the first cleaning scavenger feed, in which second cleaning scavenger tailings are final tailings III; performing a re-cleaner on concentrates from the two-stage cleaning rougher; and recirculating re-cleaner tailings to the first cleaning rougher feed, in which a re-cleaner concentrate is a copper concentrate II. 2. The beneficiation method for processing a chalcopyrite ore according to claim 1, wherein in the rougher of the step (2), said pH value is between 11.4 and 11.6, the amount of said depressor is between 65 and 75 g\u00b7t\u22121, the amount of said collector is between 60 and 90 g\u00b7t\u22121 and the amount of said frother is between 20 and 25 g\u00b7t\u22121; wherein said pH value during the scavenger is also between 11.4 and 11.6; wherein the amounts of said depressor, collector and frother used in the first scavenger are half of those used in the rougher respectively; and wherein the amounts of said depressor, collector and frother used in the secondary scavenger are one third of those used in the first rougher respectively. 3. The beneficiation method for processing a chalcopyrite ore according to claim 1, wherein in the first rougher of the step (3), the amount of said collector is between 35 and 40 g\u00b7t\u22121 and the amount of said frother is between 6 and 10 g\u00b7t\u22121; wherein the amounts of said collector and frother used in the second rougher are the same as those used in the first rougher respectively; wherein the amounts of said collector and frother used in the first scavenger are half of those used in the first rougher respectively; and wherein the amounts of said collector and frother used in the second scavenger are one third of those used in the rougher respectively. 4. The beneficiation method for processing a chalcopyrite ore according to claim 1, wherein in the first cleaning rougher of the step (3), said pH value is between 11.8 and 12.0, the amount of said depressor is between 50 and 70 g\u00b7t\u22121, the amount of said collector is between 50 and 75 g\u00b7t\u22121 and the amount of said frother is between 18 and 24 g\u00b7t\u22121; wherein said pH values in the second cleaning rougher, and the first and second cleaning scavengers are all between 11.8 and 12.0; wherein the amount of said depressor used in the second cleaning rougher is between 50 and 70 g\u00b7t\u22121, the amount of said collector used in the second cleaning rougher is between 50 and 75 g\u00b7t\u22121 and the amount of said frother used in the second cleaning rougher is between 18 and 24 g\u00b7t\u22121; wherein said pH value in the scavenger is also between 11.8 and 12.0; wherein the amounts of said depressor, collector and frother used in the first cleaning scavenger are half of those used in the first rougher respectively, and the amounts of said depressor, collector and frother used in the second cleaning scavenger are one third of those used in the first cleaning rougher respectively.",
-    "The invention discloses a treatment method of a chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material, which comprises the following steps: 1) leaching the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material I through an acid solution; 2) selectively extracting zinc through P204-kerosene solvent; 3) implementing stripping-electrolysis zinc recovery; 4) repeating steps 1)-4); 5) taking out the raffinate obtained from the Step (4), mixing the residual taken out raffinate with chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material II when balance on chlorine ion input and taking out is achieved; carrying out liquid-solid separation; leaching the separated deposit through acid raffinate of the step 1); 6) after separated solution achieves preset conditions, purifying the chlorine-containing aqueous phase; 7) evaporating and concentrating to crystallize out KCl and NaCl products. The invention is environment-friendly and energy-saving, and free from process wastewater emission; production cost is greatly reduced and secondary pollution of the current dechloridation process is eliminated thoroughly. 1. A treatment method of a chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material, wherein, the method comprises the following steps: (1) leaching the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material I through an acid solution to obtain leaching liquor and leaching residue; (2) selectively extracting zinc from leaching liquor obtained from the Step (1) through P204-kerosene solvent to obtain a zinc-containing organic phase as well as chlorine and acid containing raffinate; (3) implementing stripping-electrolysis zinc recovery to the zinc-containing organic phase obtained from the Step (2), and returning the organic phase after the stripping to the Step (2) to extract zinc; (4) taking the raffinate obtained from the Step (2) as the acid solution of the Step (1), returning to Step (1) and repeating (1)-(4); (5) taking out the raffinate obtained from the Step (4), when the chlorine ion of chlorine-containing aqueous phase in the step (2) achieves 50-80 g/L after circulating repeating steps (1)-(4), wherein the number of taking out the raffinate shall guarantee the chlorine content of the taken out raffinate is identical to that of raw material added in the Step (1) so as to keep chlorine ion adding and taking out balance; mixing the taken out raffinate with additional chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material II at liquid-solid ratio of 1-3:1; carrying out liquid-solid separation; leaching the separated deposit through acid raffinate of the Step (1); (6) removing impurities of chlorine-containing aqueous phase to obtain the solution containing KCl and NaCl when the Step (5) is completed and the separated solution contains 80-120 g/L of chlorine ion and 160-240 g/L of total salt content; and (7) evaporating and concentrating the KCl and NaCl mixing solution obtained from the Step (6) to crystallize out KCl and NaCl products. 2. The treatment method of the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material according to claim 1, wherein in the Step (1), the leaching conditions are as follows: liquid-solid ratio is controlled according to leaching liquor that contains 25-28 g/L of zinc; depending on different zinc contents of material, the liquid-solid ratio is controlled at 20-40:1; leaching is implemented in a mechanical stirring tank; and leaching end pH value is at 4.5-5.0. 3. The treatment method of the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material according to claim 1, wherein, sulfuric acid serves as acid solution for primary leaching in the Step (1); the sulfuric acid is supplied if the acid from the raffinate of the Step (4) for leaching in the Step (1) is insufficient. 4. The treatment method of the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material according to claim 1, wherein, in the Step (2), the P204-kerosene solvent is prepared by mixing the organic solvent P204 and 260# solvent kerosene and the volume percentage of the organic solvent P204 falls within 20%-40%. 5. The treatment method of the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material according to claim 1, wherein, the stripping-electrolysis zinc recovery in the Step (3) is carried out by implementing stripping on zinc-containing organic phase through zinc electrolysis waste solution, wherein the stripping solution contains 100-120 g/L of Zn and 60-100 g/L of H2SO4, and electrolyzing zinc after deoiling. 6. The treatment method of the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material according to claim 1, wherein, mixing in the Step (5) is carried out in a mechanical stirring tank or in a form of dump leaching; ore pulp shall be filtered to realize liquid-solid separation when the mixing is carried in the mechanical stirring tank. 7. The treatment method of the chlorine-containing zinc oxide secondary material according to claim 1, wherein, impurity removal in the Step (6) comprises the following steps: 1) neutralizing and removing heavy metal: adding lime and controlling pH value at 7.0-7.5; 2) neutralizing and removing Mg: adding lime and controlling pH value at 10; and 3) removing calcium: adding Na2CO3.",
-    "A method, device and system for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending is provided, each node of a system for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending corresponds to a database service node, a plurality of database service nodes perform load balancing or switching on failure within themselves and each node of the system for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending may quickly read the subscription relationships and send down messages to users. The above technical solution increases the database access speed and avoids the problem of database's resources shortage and improves service performance of the telecommunication capability group sending. 1. A method for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending, which is applied in a system carrying out telecommunication capability group sending, the system comprising an application cluster and a database cluster, the application cluster comprising a master control node and child nodes connected with the master control node, the database cluster comprising a plurality of database service nodes and storage equipments connected with each database service node, the master control node being connected with a database service node and each child node being connected with a database service node, the method comprising: the master control node determining a telecommunication capability product of a scheduled telecommunication capability group sending service, and reading, through the database service node connected with the master control node, user quantity information of a scheduled telecommunication capability product from the storage equipment connected with the database service node, and assigning group sending tasks to the master control node and each child node according to the user quantity information; the master control node and each child node accessing, through database service nodes connected with the master control node and each child node respectively, the storage equipments connected with the database service nodes, and reading, according to group sending tasks of the master control node and each child node respectively, subscription relationships of the scheduled telecommunication capability product and content/content set of the subscription relationships of the scheduled telecommunication capability product respectively; and the master control node and each child node sending the subscription relationships and content/content set read by the master control node and each child node respectively to a message center, and sending the subscription relationships and the content/content set obtained by the master control node and each child node respectively to users through the message center. 2. The method for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 1, wherein: various database service nodes are connected with each other in the system carrying out telecommunication capability group sending; and the method further comprises: in the case that the database service nodes are accessing the storage equipment connected with the database service node, if an exception happens, database service nodes connected with the database service node performing an operation of load balancing or switching on failure. 3. The method for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 1, wherein the master control node and each child node accessing, through database service nodes connected with the master control node and each child node respectively, storage equipments connected with the database service node, and reading, according to the group sending tasks of the master control node and each child node respectively, subscription relationships of the scheduled telecommunication capability product and content/content set respectively comprises: the master control node and each child node read user information according to the group sending tasks of the master control node and each child node respectively, and the user information comprising user identification of users who subscribe to the scheduled telecommunication capability product. 4. The method for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 3, wherein: the user information further comprises one or more of VIP user information, white list user information and black list user information; and the master control node and each child node sending the subscription relationships and the content/content set read by the master control node and each child node respectively to a message center comprises: the master control node and each child node determining content/content set which is sent preferentially and/or not sent according to one or more of the VIP user information, the white list user information and the black list user information comprised in the user information, and sending the user identification and the content/content set to the message center. 5. The method for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 1, wherein: the master control node and each child node comprise a first-level scheduling controller cache and a second-level scheduling controller cache; and the method further comprises: in the case that the master control node and each child node interact with the storage equipments, the second-level scheduling controller cache reading data from the storage equipment while the first-level scheduling controller cache reading data from the second-level scheduling controller cache. 6. A device for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending, which is connected with database service nodes, and the database service nodes being connected with storage equipments, the device comprising: a content obtaining unit and a sending unit, wherein: the content obtaining unit is configured to interact with the storage equipments through the database service nodes, read subscription relationships of a scheduled telecommunication capability product according to group sending tasks of the device and read content/content set of the scheduled telecommunication capability product; the sending unit is configured to send the subscription relationships and the content/content set read by the content obtaining unit to a message center, and send the subscription relationships and the content/content set to users through the message center. 7. A device for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 6, the device further comprising a task assignment unit, wherein: the task assignment unit is configured to determine the telecommunication capability product of a scheduled telecommunication capability group sending service, read user quantity information of the scheduled telecommunication capability product from the storage equipments through the database service nodes, and assign group sending tasks to the device and nodes connected with the device according to the user quantity information. 8. A device for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 6, wherein, the content obtaining unit is configured to read subscription relationships of a scheduled telecommunication capability product according to group sending tasks of the device and read content/content set of the scheduled telecommunication capability product as follows: reading user information according to the group sending tasks of the device, the user information comprising user identification of users who subscribe to the scheduled telecommunication capability product; the user information further comprising one or more of VIP user information, white list user information and black list user information; and the sending unit further being configured to determine the content/content set which is sent preferentially and/or not sent according to one or more of the VIP user information, the white list user information and the black list user information comprised in the user information, and send the user identification and the content/content set to the message center. 9. A system for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending, comprising: an application cluster and a database cluster, the application cluster comprising a master control node and child nodes connected with the master control node, the database cluster comprising a plurality of database service nodes and storage equipments connected with each database service node, the master control node being connected with a database service node and each child node being connected with a database service node, wherein: the master control node is configured to determine a telecommunication capability product of a scheduled telecommunication capability group sending service, and read, through the database service node connected with the master control node user, user quantity information of the scheduled telecommunication capability product from the storage equipment connected with the database service node, and assign group sending tasks to the master control node and each child node according to the user quantity information; the master control and each child node are configured to access, through database service nodes connected with the master control node and each child node respectively, the storage equipments connected with the database service nodes, and read, according to group sending tasks of the master control node and each child node respectively, subscription relationships of the scheduled telecommunication capability product and content/content set of the subscription relationships of the scheduled telecommunication capability product respectively; and the master control node and each child node are further configured to send the subscription relationships and content/content set read by the master control node and each child node respectively to a message center, and send the subscription relationships and the content/content set obtained by the master control node and each child node respectively to users through the message center. 10. A device for carrying out telecommunication capability group sending according to claim 9, wherein: each database service node is connected with each other, in the case that any database service node is interacting with the storage equipment, if an exception happens, database service nodes connected with the database service node perform an operation of load balancing or switching on failure.",
-    "Geothermal wells frequently form deposits of geothermal scale that can detrimentally affect subterranean operations. These deposits can be very difficult to remove from a surface. Conventional procedures for addressing geothermal scale often provide inadequate scale removal, in addition to creating a number of other issues. Methods for removing geothermal scale from a wellbore can comprise: introducing a descaling agent comprising an N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof into a wellbore of a geothermal well having geothermal scale present therein; contacting the geothermal scale with the descaling agent; and removing at least a portion of the geothermal scale from the geothermal well using the descaling agent. 1. A method comprising: introducing a descaling agent comprising an N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof into a wellbore of a geothermal well having geothermal scale present therein; contacting the geothermal scale with the descaling agent; and removing at least a portion of the geothermal scale from the geothermal well using the descaling agent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein removing at least a portion of the geothermal scale comprises dissolving at least a portion of the geothermal scale with the descaling agent to produce a metal ion, and complexing the metal ion with the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the metal ion comprises at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of an iron ion, a copper ion, a silver ion, a magnesium ion, a calcium ion, an aluminum ion, a manganese ion, a nickel ion, a barium ion, a strontium ion, a zirconium ion, a zinc ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, a beryllium ion, an antimony ion, an arsenic ion, and any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the geothermal scale comprises a siliceous material and a metal-containing compound. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the descaling agent further comprises hydrofluoric acid or a hydrofluoric acid-generating compound. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the descaling agent is introduced into the wellbore in a treatment fluid that contains about 1 wt. % or less alkali metal ions. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the geothermal scale comprises up to about 50 wt. % of the siliceous material. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the siliceous material comprises silica, a silicate, an aluminosilicate, or any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the geothermal well has a bottom-hole temperature of about 300\u00b0 F. or greater. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the geothermal scale is present in the wellbore, in a fracture of a subterranean formation penetrated by the wellbore, on a tool present in the wellbore, or any combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the descaling agent further comprises hydrofluoric acid or a hydrofluoric acid-generating compound. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid has a structure of wherein n is an integer ranging between 1 and about 5. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid comprises N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof. 14. A method comprising: introducing a treatment fluid comprising a descaling agent into a wellbore of a geothermal well, the geothermal well having a bottom-hole temperature of about 300\u00b0 F. or greater and having geothermal scale comprising a metal-containing compound present therein, the descaling agent comprising an N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof; dissolving at least a portion of the geothermal scale with the descaling agent to produce a metal ion; and complexing the metal ion with the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the treatment fluid contains about 1 wt. % or less alkali metal ions. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the metal ion comprises at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of an iron ion, a copper ion, a silver ion, a magnesium ion, a calcium ion, an aluminum ion, a manganese ion, a nickel ion, a barium ion, a strontium ion, a zirconium ion, a zinc ion, a titanium ion, a tin ion, a beryllium ion, an antimony ion, an arsenic ion, and any combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the geothermal scale further comprises a siliceous material. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the descaling agent further comprises hydrofluoric acid or a hydrofluoric acid-generating compound. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the geothermal scale comprises up to about 50 wt. % of the siliceous material. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the descaling agent further comprises hydrofluoric acid or a hydrofluoric acid-generating compound. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid has a structure of wherein n is an integer ranging between 1 and about 5. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid comprises N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof is present as a solid in the treatment fluid and is introduced to the geothermal well in a slurry form. 24. A method comprising: contacting geothermal scale with a descaling agent comprising an N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof; dissolving at least a portion of the geothermal scale with the descaling agent to produce a metal ion; and complexing the metal ion with the N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the descaling agent further comprises hydrofluoric acid or a hydrofluoric acid-generating compound. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the geothermal scale is present in a wellbore, in a fracture of a subterranean formation penetrated by the wellbore, on a tool present in the wellbore, on a surface structure in fluid communication with the wellbore, or any combination thereof. 27. A system comprising: a pump fluidly coupled to a tubular, the tubular containing a treatment fluid comprising a descaling agent comprising an N-(phosphonoalkyl)iminodiacetic acid or any salt thereof.",
-    "The invention relates to an actuator (1) of a safety switch (10) for detecting and locking a specifiable state of an apparatus (2), in particular for detecting and locking the closed state of a safety device of a machine (4) or the like, wherein the actuator (1) has an inductor (36) for a contact-free signal exchange with a reading inductor (38) of a switch element (16) of the safety switch (10), and wherein the actuator (1) has a locking flank (50) on which a lock element (24) of the switch element (16) can be brought into locking contact and the actuator (1) can therefore be locked on the switch element (16), characterized in that the inductor (36) has at least one winding extending around the locking flank (50) or around a recess or hole in the actuator (1) forming the locking flank (50) so that the at least one winding extends around the lock element (24) or around an extension of the lock element (24) in the state in which the actuator (1) is locked to the switch element (16), as well as a safety switch having such an actuator. 1. Actuator (1) of a safety switch (10) for detecting and locking a specifiable state of an apparatus (2), in particular for detecting and locking the closed state of a safety device of a machine (4) or the like, wherein the actuator (1) has an inductor (36) for a contact-free signal exchange with a reading inductor (38) of a switch element (16) of the safety switch (10), and wherein the actuator (1) has a locking flank (50) on which a lock element (24) of the switch element (16) can be brought into locking contact and the actuator (1) can therefore be locked on the switch element (16), characterized in that the inductor (36) has at least one winding extending around the locking flank (50) or around a recess or hole in the actuator (1) forming the locking flank (50) so that the at least one winding extends around the lock element (24) or around an extension of the lock element (24) in the state in which the actuator (1) is locked to the switch element (16). 2. Actuator (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that a recess or hole forming the locking flank (50) is centrally arranged within the at least one winding of the inductor (36). 3. Actuator (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the actuator (1) has a predetermined breaking point (79) that is arranged between a fastener section (80) and a locking-flank section (44) of the actuator (1) having the locking flank (50) and that the locking-flank section (44) can be separated from the fastener section (80) at the predetermined breaking point (79) when excess tensile force arises in the state of the actuator (1) in which it is locked to the switch element (16). 4. Actuator (1) according to claim 3, characterized in that a first portion of the electrical components of the actuator (1) required for the signal exchange with the switch element (16) are connected to the locking-flank section (44) and a second portion of the electrical components of the actuator (1) required for the signal exchange with the switch element (16) are connected to the fastener section (80) and that an electrical connection of the two portions of the electrical components required for the signal exchange with the switch element (16) can be separated, and the signal exchange will therefore be interrupted, when excess tensile force arises. 5. Actuator (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that the predetermined breaking point (79) can be stretched before the separation of the locking-flank section (44) from the fastener section (80) and that the electrical connection of the two portions of electrical components required for the signal exchange with the safety switch can be separated as long as the locking-flank section (44) has not yet been separated from the fastener section (80). 6. Actuator (1) according to claim 3, characterized in that a circuit board (48) having at least a portion of the electrical components of the actuator (1) required for the signal exchange with the switch element (16) has an armature section (82) that is coupled in a movable fashion to the fastener section (80) of the actuator (1) via a positive interlock. 7. Actuator (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the actuator (1) has at least two sheet metal parts one on top of the other, wherein a first sheet metal part (26) forms the locking-flank section (44) having the locking flank (50) and a second sheet metal part (28) is positioned further back with respect to one end of the first sheet metal part (26) forming the locking-flank section (44). 8. Safety switch (10) for detecting and locking a specifiable state of an apparatus (2), in particular for detecting and locking the closed state of a safety device of a machine (4) or the like, wherein a switch element (16) of the safety switch (10) has a reading inductor (38) for a contact-free signal exchange with an actuator (1) of the safety switch (10) and a lock element (24) that can be moved in a controlled way along its longitudinal axis and that can be brought into a positive interlock with the actuator (1), characterized in that the actuator (1) is designed according to one of the preceding claims and that the reading inductor (38) has at least one winding extending around the lock element (24). 9. Safety switch (10) according to claim 8, characterized in that a socket element (54) extending around the lock element (24) is made of a ferromagnetic material. 10. Safety switch (10) according to claim 8, characterized in that the safety switch (10) has a switch head (20) that has at least one opening (22) for the insertion of the actuator (1) and that the reading head (24) is designed in such a way that a signal exchange between the reading inductor (38) and the inductor (36) of the actuator (1) is only possible when the actuator (1) is completely inserted into the reading head (24).",
-    "An image reconstruction apparatus and related method. The amount of out- field-of view material for a CT scanner (IMA) with a given field of view (FoV) in a bore (B) is established. Based on the measurement, a hybrid-image reconstructor (RECONX) is configured to switch between different reconstruction algorithms. 1. An apparatus for computed tomography image reconstruction of an object, comprising: an input port for receiving a plurality of projection images of an object acquired by an imager along different projection angles with a field of view, FoV, whilst said object resides in a bore of said imager with at least a part of said object inside the FoV; a reconstruction module switchable to operate according to any one of at least two different reconstruction algorithms; an out-of-FoV-determiner; an output port configured to output the so reconstructed image, characterized in that the out-of-FoV-determiner is configured to measure the amount of material in the annular region formed by the region outside the FoV but inside the bore and is configured to instruct the reconstruction module to switch from a first reconstruction algorithm to a second reconstruction algorithm and to reconstruct according to said second reconstruction algorithm if the determined amount of the out-of-FoV material exceeds a threshold. 2. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the first reconstruction algorithm includes a reconstruction of the full field of view or the full bore of the imager. 3. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the reconstruction according the first or the second reconstruction algorithm includes is a region of interest, ROI, only reconstruction. 4. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the reconstruction according to the first reconstruction algorithm is at a resolution less than the resolution for the re-reconstruction according to the second reconstruction algorithm. 5. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the first reconstruction algorithm delivers a higher signal to noise ratio than the second reconstruction algorithm. 6. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the first or second reconstruction algorithm includes filtered back projection, FBP. 7. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the first or second reconstruction algorithm includes or further includes one or more iterations of an iterative reconstruction algorithm. 8. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 7, wherein the iterative reconstruction algorithm is a statistical iterative reconstruction, SIR. 9. An apparatus for image reconstruction of claim 1, wherein the second reconstruction algorithm further includes at least one iteration of an algebraic reconstruction algorithm, ART. 10. An apparatus for image reconstruction according to claim 1, wherein the out of FoV material is measured by an optical camera. 11. An apparatus for image reconstruction according to claim 1, wherein the measurement operation of the out-of-FoV-determiner includes instructing the reconstructor RECONX to reconstruct an exploratory image of the full field of view by using a third reconstruction algorithm or by executing at least a part of the first reconstruction algorithm, wherein the out-of-FoV measurement is at discrete locations in the annulus as per the exploratory image or wherein the out-of-FoV measurement is over the whole of the annulus as per the exploratory image. 12. An image processing method, comprising: receiving a plurality of projection images of an object acquired by an computed tomography imager along different projection angles with a field of view, FoV, whilst said object resides in a bore of said imager with at least a part of said object inside the FoV; measuring the amount of material in the annular region formed by the region outside the FoV but inside the bore; switching from a first reconstruction algorithm to a second reconstruction algorithm and to reconstruct according to said second reconstruction algorithm, if the determined amount of the out-of-FoV material exceeds a threshold; reconstructing an image according to the second reconstruction algorithm; and outputting the image so reconstructed. 13. A computer program element for controlling an apparatus, which, when being executed by a processing unit is adapted to perform the method steps of claim 12. 14. A computer readable medium having stored thereon the program element of claim 13.",
-    "A display apparatus includes: a substrate having a first surface; a light source that is disposed to the first surface of the substrate; a display plate that is disposed adjacent to the first surface of the substrate; and a light block body that surrounds the light source between the substrate and the display plate. The light source includes a light source body that emits light, a light source base material that has a mount surface, the light source body being mounted to the mount surface, and a mold portion that transmits the light and covers a circumference of the light source body on the mount surface of the light source base material. The mount surface is positioned closer to the display plate than an end face of the light block body, the end face being adjacent to the substrate. 1. A display apparatus comprising: a substrate having a first surface; a light source that is disposed to the first surface of the substrate; a display plate that is disposed adjacent to the first surface of the substrate; and a light block body that surrounds the light source between the substrate and the display plate, wherein: the light source includes a light source body that emits light, a light source base material that has a mount surface, the light source body being mounted to the mount surface, and a mold portion that transmits the light and covers a circumference of the light source body on the mount surface of the light source base material; and the mount surface is positioned closer to the display plate than an end face of the light block body, the end face being adjacent to the substrate. 2. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: a thickness of the mold portion satisfies a mold thickness setting condition, which is a condition in which the light emitted from the light source body is not totally reflected at a boundary between the mold portion and air. 3. The display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the mold thickness setting condition satisfies an expression 1, H2>\u221a{square root over ((n2\u22121))}\u00d7y max (Expression 1); the thickness of the mold portion is expressed by H2; a refractive index of the mold portion is expressed by n when a refractive index of the air is set to 1; and a maximum value of a component parallel to the mount surface in a path of light toward the boundary between the mold portion and the air from a point light source is expressed by ymax, when the light source body is set to be a point light source. 4. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the light source body is provided by a light emission diode chip; the light source is provided by a light emission diode package including the light emission diode chip; and the light emission diode package has no reflector. 5. The display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the display apparatus is mounted to a vehicle.",
-    "Problem: To provide a bone conduction speaker that, while it is a bone conduction speaker, additionally has a structure allowing a respiratory tract sound to be generated, thereby the high frequency characteristics thereof being improved, and thus, that, in the case where it is used by a hearing non-impaired person, communications at a good voice level can be made as well as in the case where it is used by a hearing impaired person, and further, when the hearing non-impaired person uses it to listen to a music, the music can be enjoyed with a high sound quality. Solution: A second diaphragm 3 is fixed to a bottom face of a bone conduction speaker unit 2 incorporated in a housing 1; a peripheral part of the second diaphragm 3 is fixed to an inner surface of the housing 1 over its entire periphery, thereby an upper air chamber 4 being formed on the upper side of the second diaphragm 3, and a lower air chamber being formed on the lower side thereof; and a sound emitting port 6 is formed in a side face or a bottom face of the lower air chamber 5. 1. A bone conduction speaker comprising a housing, a bone conduction speaker unit, and a second diaphragm, said second diaphragm being incorporated in said housing, and said second diaphragm being fixed to a bottom face of said bone conduction speaker unit, a peripheral part of said second diaphragm being fixed to an inner surface of said housing over its entire periphery, thereby an upper air chamber being formed on the upper side of said second diaphragm, and a lower air chamber being formed on the lower side thereof, and a sound emitting port being formed in a side face or a bottom face of said lower air chamber. 2. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 1, wherein said second diaphragm has an annular groove and/or an annular convex part in the peripheral part. 3. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, in the central part of said second diaphragm, there is formed a circular base part for securing a gap with respect to the bottom face of said bone conduction speaker unit, said circular base part being fixed to the bottom face of said bone conduction speaker unit. 4. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, in the central part of said second diaphragm, a weight for improving the frequency characteristics is fixedly attached to the central part of said second diaphragm, said weight securing a gap between said second diaphragm and the bottom face of said bone conduction speaker unit. 5. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the bottom face of said bone conduction speaker unit is provided with a convex part, said convex part securing a gap between said second diaphragm and the bottom face of said bone conduction speaker unit. 6. The bone conduction speaker according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said sound emitting port is made capable of being opened and closed. 7. The bone conduction speaker according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said housing has a low cylindrical shape, said sound emitting port being formed in a peripheral side face or a bottom face of said housing. 8. The bone conduction speaker according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said housing has a cylindrical shape at least one end of which is provided with a spherical surface, said sound emitting port being formed in the spherical surface. 9. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 7, wherein said sound emitting port is provided with a sound conduction tube that is formed, being bent so as to be directed to the inside of an ear hole in service. 10. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 9, wherein said sound conduction tube is molded integrally with said housing. 11. The bone conduction speaker according to claim 9, wherein said sound conduction tube is molded separately from said housing, and posteriorly attached to said sound emitting port.",
-    "The present subject matter provides for a multi-layer conductive trace. The trace can be formed by digital printing the individual layers and firing. The individual layers each impart functional characteristics to the conductive trace and each layer has components that can be adjusted to affect the performance characteristics of that particular layer without detrimentally affecting the performance characteristics of the remaining layers. 1-54. (canceled) 55. A fired conductive trace comprising: an interface layer bonded to a substrate, a conductive layer on the interface layer, and a redox control layer covering the conductive layer; wherein the interface layer and the redox control layer prevent the conductive layer from being exposed to the atmosphere. 56. The conductive trace according to claim 55, wherein the conductive layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, nickel, tin, tungsten, zinc, iron, silver, steel, and combinations thereof. 57. The conductive trace according to claim 55, wherein: if the substrate comprises glass or ceramic, then the interface layer comprises a glass frit, if the substrate comprises metal, then the interface layer comprises a dielectric material, and if the substrate comprises polymer, then the interface layer comprises a silane based adhesion promoter. 58. The conductive trace according to claim 57, wherein the substrate comprises glass or ceramic, and the interface layer comprises borosilicate a glass frit. 59. The conductive trace according to claim 55, wherein: the interface layer includes one or more expansion modifiers having a thermal expansion coefficient between that of the conductive layer and that of the substrate, and the expansion modifier is selected from the group consisting of cordierite, beta eucryptite, quartz, zirconia, alumina, spinets, metal, zinc silicates, magnesium silicates, barium silicates, strontium silicates, barium aluminum silicates, strontium aluminum silicates, lithium alumino silicates, zirconium silicates, barium magnesium silicates, barium titanium silicates, silica, titania and combinations thereof. 60. The conductive trace according to claim 55, wherein the interface layer includes a silver migration control additive selected from the group consisting of silicon, iron, zinc, glass frits containing sulfur, and combinations thereof. 61. The conductive trace according to claim 55, wherein the interface layer includes a dielectric material selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass frits, silica, zirconia, alumina, titania based compounds, and a combination thereof. 62. The conductive trace according to claim 55, further comprising a precious metal layer on the redox control layer, wherein the precious metal layer includes one selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, platinum, titanium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, ruthenium, germanium, beryllium, gallium, indium, tellurium, mercury, bismuth, and combinations thereof. 63. The conductive trace according to claim 62, further comprising a dielectric layer over the precious metal layer, the dielectric layer including one selected from the group consisting of porcelain, glass, polymers, and combinations thereof. 64. The conductive trace according to claim 62, wherein the precious metal layer is in electrical communication with the conductive layer through one or more voids in the redox control layer. 65. The conductive trace according to claim 63, wherein: the interface layer is present up to about 10% by volume, the conductive layer is present from about 40 to about 90% by volume, the redox control layer is present up to about 20% by volume, the precious metal layer is present up to about 15% by volume, and the dielectric layer is present up to about 15% by volume. 66. The conductive trace according to claim 64, wherein one or more layers of the conductive trace includes an inorganic pigment selected from the group consisting of CuCr, CuCrMn, FeCrCo, TiO2, NiCrFe, FeCo, FeMn and combinations thereof. 67. A method of forming a conductive trace on a substrate comprising: bonding an interface layer to a surface of a substrate, the interface layer being formed from an interface material, forming a conductive layer from a conductive material on the interface layer, wherein the conductive layer has an exposed portion, layering a redox control material on the conductive layer to thereby form a redox control layer covering the exposed portion of the conductive layer, wherein the interface layer and the redox control layer prevent the conductive layer from being exposed to oxygen present in the environment. 68. The method according to claim 67, wherein: the substrate comprises one of i) glass or ceramic, ii) metal, or iii) polymer; and if the substrate comprises i) glass or ceramic, then the interface material comprises borosilicate glass frit, if the substrate comprises ii) metal, then the interface material comprises a dielectric agent, and if the substrate comprises iii) polymer, then the interface material comprises a silane based adhesion promoter. 69. The method according to claim 67, wherein the interface material comprises a silver migration control additive selected from the group consisting of silicon, iron, zinc, glass frits containing sulfur, and combinations thereof. 70. The method according to claim 67, wherein the interface material comprises a dielectric material selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass frit, silica, zirconia, alumina, titania based compounds, and combinations thereof. 71. The method according to claim 67, wherein the conductive material comprises a conductive metal powder selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, nickel, tin, tungsten, zinc, iron, silver, steel, and combinations thereof. 72. The method according to claim 67, wherein the redox control material comprises a redox control agent selected from the group consisting of carbon particles, oxygen getter material, and combinations thereof. 73. The method according to claim 67, further comprising producing a precious metal layer over the conductive layer, wherein the precious metal layer is formed from a precious metal material including a one selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, platinum, titanium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, ruthenium, germanium, beryllium, gallium, indium, tellurium, mercury, bismuth, and combinations thereof. 74. The method according to claim 73, further comprising generating a dielectric layer over the precious metal layer, wherein the dielectric layer is formed from a dielectric material comprising a dielectric agent selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass frits, silica, zirconia, alumina, titania based compounds, and combinations thereof.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for obtaining organic isocyanate from a phosgenation product comprising the isocyanate, comprising the following steps: a) workup to the phosgenation product, the workup comprising at least one distillation step in which a first portion of the organic isocyanate is removed as distillate and a distillation residue comprising a second portion of the organic isocyanate is obtained, b) workup of the distillation residue obtained in a), the workup comprising at least one distillation step which is conducted at a temperature of up to 110\u00b0 C. at a pressure of not more than 1 mbar, wherein at least 50% by weight of the second portion of the organic isocyanate is removed from the distillation residue. 1. A process for obtaining an organic isocyanate from a phosgenation product comprising the isocyanate, comprising: a) working up the phosgenation product, wherein the workup comprises at least one distillation step where a first portion of the organic isocyanate is removed as distillate and a distillation residue comprising a second portion of the organic isocyanate is obtained, and b) working up the distillation residue obtained in a), wherein the workup comprises at least one distillation step carried out at a temperature of up to 110\u00b0 C. at a pressure of not more than 1 mbar, wherein at least 50 wt % of the second portion of the organic isocyanate is removed from the distillation residue. 2. The process as claimed inof claim 1, wherein the distillation step of the workup b) is carried out at a temperature of up to 90\u00b0 C. and/or at a pressure of not more than 1 mbar. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the residence time of the distillation residue in the distillation step of the workup b) is not longer than 30 minutes. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation step of the workup b) removes at least 60 wt % of the second portion of the organic isocyanate from the distillation residue. 5. The process of claim 1, where during the workup b) thermally induced polymerization of the organic isocyanate is very substantially prevented so that for the change in the polydispersity \u0394D of the relatively high molecular weight fraction having a weight-average molar mass of more than 500 g/mol before and after the workup b) \u0394D<3.0. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the phosgenation product is obtained by phosgenation of a primary organic amine, wherein the phosgenation product comprises the corresponding organic isocyanate and wherein the phosgenation is carried out in the gas phase. 7. The process of claim 6, wherein the primary organic amine is an aromatic di-, tri- or polyamine, and the organic isocyanate is an aromatic di-, tri- or polyisocyanate. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the aromatic di-, tri- or polyisocyanate comprises tolylene diisocyanate comprising at least 80 wt % of the 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate isomer. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation residue obtained after the workup a) exhibits a content of hydrolyzable chlorine compounds of less than 2000 ppm, without any further workup. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation residue obtained after step b) has an NCO content of at least 20 wt %. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the residual content of organic isocyanate in the distillation residue obtained after step b) is up to 30 wt %, in particular up to 25 wt %. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation residue obtained after step b) is at least partially dissolved and removed from the distillation plant in an aprotic polar solvent having an elution power greater than 0.55 e\u00b0 with Al2O3 as the adsorbent. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the distillation step in the workup a) and/or the workup b) is carried out using a forced discharge evaporator, in particular. 14. The process of claim 12 wherein the aprotic polar solvent comprises ethyl acetate or acetone. 15. The process of claim 13 wherein the forced discharge evaporator comprises a single-pass evaporator, a falling film evaporator, a long tube evaporator, a falling tube evaporator, a thin-film evaporator or a short-path evaporator.",
-    "The present invention relates to a device and a method for extracting physiological information indicative of at least one health symptom from remotely detected electromagnetic radiation. The device comprises an interface (20) for receiving a data stream comprising remotely detected image data representing an observed region comprising at least one subject of interest (12), wherein the image data comprises wavelength-dependent image information, wherein the wavelength-dependent image information is composed of at least two color channels (96, 98, 100) representative of respective wavelength portions; an image processor (22) for detecting channel signal strength information for at least two of the at least two color channels (96, 98, 100); and a data comparison unit (24) for comparing detected channel signal strengths with respective reference values. 1. Remote photoplethysmographic monitoring system for extracting physiological information indicative of at least one health symptom from remotely detected electromagnetic radiation, comprising: an interface for receiving a data stream comprising remotely detected video data representing an observed region comprising at least one subject of interest, wherein the video data comprises wavelength-dependent image information, wherein the wavelength-dependent image information is composed of at least two color channels representative of respective wavelength portions; an image processor for detecting relative channel signal strength information for at least two of the at least two color channels; and a data comparison unit for comparing detected relative channel signal strengths with respective reference values obtained from reference data generated by monitoring healthy subjects, wherein the data comparison unit is further configured for determining a ratio of the detected relative channel signal strengths of at least two of the at least two color channels and for comparing the ratio of the relative channel signal strengths with a reference ratio; and a symptom analyzer for deriving blood composition-indicative information from the comparison of actual relative channel signal strengths with the reference values. 2. System as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least two color channels are associated with a color model, the color model being based on a color model convention allocating respective wavelength portions to the at least two color channels. 3. System as claimed in claim 2, wherein the color model is a color space based on a color space mapping convention, wherein respective wavelength portions are assigned to respective axes of the color space. 4. System as claimed in claim 3, wherein the color space is an additive color space composed of three color channels. 5. System as claimed in claim 1, wherein the symptom analyzer is configured for detecting a level of serum bilirubin in the subject's circulating blood under consideration of detected signal strength fluctuations. 6. System as claimed in claim 1, wherein the symptom analyzer is configured for detecting a level of bilirubin accumulated in the subject's dermis under consideration of detected constant or quasi-constant channel signal strengths, preferably the symptom analyzer is further configured for deriving an estimate of a serum bilirubin level compared to a skin-bilirubin level. 7. System as claimed in claim 1, wherein the symptom analyzer is configured for detecting relative channel signal strength information indicative of impending suffocation. 8. System as claimed in claim 7, wherein the symptom analyzer is further configured for assessing oxygenation information under consideration of a ratio of the detected channel signal strengths, the oxygenation information being indicative of a ratio of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin in the subject's blood, and for outputting an alert signal when the ratio exceeds a reference threshold. 9. System as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: an image sensor for remotely recording video data, the image sensor comprising a responsivity adapted to capture electromagnetic radiation in at least two wavelength portions corresponding to the at least two color channels. 10. System as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a pattern detector for detecting at least one indicative skin portion of the at least one subject of interest. 11. System as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a treating radiation source for emitting radiation in a particular wavelength range, wherein the treating radiation source is arranged in such a way that the emitted radiation is directed to the subject of interest, preferably the system further comprises a treatment controller for operating the treating radiation source under consideration of medical condition-indicative data generated by the data comparison unit. 12. Remote photoplethysmographic monitoring method for extracting physiological information indicative of at least one health symptom from remotely detected electromagnetic radiation, comprising the steps of: receiving a data stream comprising video data representing an observed region comprising at least one subject of interest, wherein the video data comprises wavelength-dependent image information, wherein the wavelength-dependent image information is composed of at least two color channels representative of respective wavelength portions; detecting relative channel signal strength information for at least two of the at least two color channels; and comparing detected relative channel signal strengths with respective reference values obtained from reference data generated by monitoring healthy subjects, wherein the step of comparing comprises determining a ratio of the detected relative channel signal strengths of at least two of the at least two color channels and comparing the ratio of the relative channel signal strengths with a reference ratio; and deriving blood composition-indicative information from the comparison of actual relative channel signal strengths with the reference values. 13. Computer program comprising program code means for causing a computer to carry out the steps of the method as claimed in claim 12 when said computer program is carried out on the computer.",
-    "Structure and luminescence properties of a new Cu-Cyteamine (Cu-Cy) crystal material are provided. The crystal structure of the Cu-Cy is determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It is found that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c and cell parameters are a=7.5510(4) \u212b, b=16.9848(7) \u212b, c=7.8364(4) \u212b, \u03b2=104.798(3)\u00b0. The new Cu-Cy crystal material of the invention is also useful for treatment of cancer. 1.-30. (canceled) 31. A compound having the formula: Cu3Cl(SR)2 wherein R is \u2014CH2CH2NH2. 32. The compound according to claim 31, wherein the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c and cell parameters are a=7.5510(4) \u212b, b=16.9848(7) \u212b, c=7.8364(4) \u212b, \u03b2=104.798(3)\u00b0. 33. A method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising: a) contacting the cancer cells an effective amount of a compound having the formula: Cu3Cl(SR)2 wherein R is \u2014CH2CH2NH2; and b) irradiating the cells with a source of electromagnetic radiation. 34. The method according claim 33, wherein the cancer is chosen from brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatic cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, colon cancer, hepatic metastases of advanced colorectal carcinoma, lymphomas, malignant lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, mesenteric cancer, gastric cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, solid breast tumor growth, non-melanoma skin cancer, hemangioma multiple myeloma, and glioma. 35. The method according claim 33, wherein the cancer is chosen from brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatic cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, 36. The method according to claim 33, wherein the source of radiation is chosen from an X-ray source, a gamma-ray source, a beta-ray source, a source of proton emission, a source of electron emission, or a source of neutron emission. 37. The method according to claim 33, wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation is a source of ultraviolet light. 38. The method according to claim 33, wherein source of radiation is the radio isotope technecium-99m. 39. The method according to claim 33, wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation is an X-ray source. 40. A method for producing singlet oxygen in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound having the formula: Cu3Cl(SR)2 wherein R is \u2014CH2CH2NH2; and irradiating the cell with a source of electromagnetic radiation. 41. The method according claim 40, wherein the cell is a cancer cell chosen from brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatic cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer melanoma, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, colon cancer, hepatic metastases of advanced colorectal carcinoma, lymphomas, malignant lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, mesenteric cancer, gastric cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, solid breast tumor growth, non-melanoma skin cancer, hemangioma multiple myeloma, and glioma. 42. The method according claim 40, wherein the cancer is chosen from brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatic cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer. 43. The method according to claim 40, wherein the source of radiation is chosen from an X-ray source, a gamma-ray source, a beta-ray source, a source of proton emission, a source of electron emission, or a source of neutron emission. 44. The method according to claim 40, wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation is a source of ultraviolet light. 45. The method according to claim 40, wherein source of radiation is the radio isotope technecium-99m. 46. The method according to claim 40, wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation is an X-ray source. 47. A method of producing photoluminescent lighting, comprising irradiating a compound having the formula: Cu3Cl(SR)2 wherein R is \u2014CH2CH2NH2; with a source of electromagnetic radiation. 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the source of radiation is chosen from an X-ray source, a gamma-ray source, a beta-ray source, a source of proton emission, a source of electron emission, or a source of neutron emission. 49. The method according to claim 47, wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation is a source of ultraviolet light. 50. The method according to claim 47, wherein the source of electromagnetic radiation is an X-ray source.",
-    "A method for correcting long-term phase drift of a crystal oscillator in a numerically-controlled oscillator is described. The method includes determining the phase error in an oscillator signal in comparison with an external time base; delta-sigma modulating the phase error to generate a delta-sigma error bitstream; conditionally adding or subtracting an error correction step size from a phase increment value in each clock cycle based on the delta-sigma error bitstream, to create a modulated phase increment value; and adding the modulated phase increment value to a phase accumulator to generate an error-corrected output digital signal. The delta-sigma-based error correction method avoids the use of multipliers. The same delta-sigma error signal can be used in multiple numerically-controlled oscillators configured to different output frequency if driven by the same reference oscillator. 1. A method for generating an error-corrected timing signal in a numerically-controlled oscillator, the numerically controlled-oscillator including a phase accumulator clocked at a clock cycle by an oscillator signal, the method comprising: in each clock cycle, generating a modulated phase increment value based on a stored phase increment value by shifting the phase increment value by a predetermined bit shift to create an error correction step size, adding a sign to the error correction step size based upon a delta-sigma modulated error signal to produce a signed error correction step size, and adding the signed error correction step size to the phase increment value to produce the modulated phase increment value; and in each clock cycle, adding the modulated phase increment value to an output value in the phase accumulator to create an updated output value, which is then stored in the phase accumulator. 2. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein generating the modulated phase increment value requires no multiplication. 3. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein the delta-sigma modulated error signal comprises a binary bitstream that pulse-density modulates an error measurement in the oscillator signal as compared to an external time base. 4. The method claimed in claim 3, wherein adding the sign comprises making the error correction step size positive or negative depending upon the binary value of the delta-sigma modulated error signal. 5. The method claimed in claim 1, further including generating the delta-sigma modulated error signal by: comparing the oscillator signal to an external time base to produce an error measurement; and delta-sigma modulating the error measurement to produce the delta-sigma modulated error signal. 6. The method claimed in claim 5, wherein comparing comprises generating a timing signal at the same frequency as the external time base using the oscillator signal and comparing the timing signal with the external time base in a phase-locked loop. 7. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein a crystal oscillator produces the oscillator signal. 8. A method for correcting long-term phase drift of a crystal oscillator in a numerically-controlled oscillator, the numerically controlled-oscillator having a phase increment value and including a phase accumulator clocked at a clock cycle by an oscillator signal from the crystal oscillator, the method comprising: determining the phase error in the in oscillator signal in comparison with an external time base; delta-sigma modulating the phase error to generate a delta-sigma error bitstream; conditionally adding or subtracting an error correction step size from the phase increment value in each clock cycle based on the delta-sigma error bitstream, to create a modulated phase increment value; and adding the modulated phase increment value to the phase accumulator to generate an error-corrected output digital signal. 9. The method claimed in claim 8, wherein the conditionally adding or subtracting requires no multiplication. 10. The method claimed in claim 9, wherein the method is implemented without requiring multiplication. 11. The method claimed in claim 8, wherein conditionally adding or subtracting comprises setting a sign of the error correction step size and adding the signed error correction step size to the phase increment value. 12. The method claimed in claim 8, wherein determining the phase error comprises: generating a timing signal at the same frequency as the external time base using the oscillator signal; and comparing the timing signal with the external time base in a phase-locked loop to determine the phase error. 13. A system for generating an error-corrected digital signal having a selected frequency based on a reference crystal oscillator, wherein the oscillator outputs an oscillator signal at an oscillator frequency, the system comprising: a memory element storing a phase increment value; a phase accumulator clocked at the oscillator frequency; an error measurement circuit to determine the phase error in the oscillator signal in comparison with an external time base; a delta-sigma modulator to modulate the phase error and produce a delta-sigma error bitstream; and an error-correction circuit to conditionally add or subtract an error correction step size from the phase increment value in each clock cycle based on the delta-sigma error bitstream, to create a modulated phase increment value, wherein the modulated phase increment value is added to the phase accumulator in each clock cycle to generate the error-corrected digital signal. 14. The system claimed in claim 13, further comprising a plurality of phase increment values and corresponding phase accumulators and corresponding error-correction circuits having corresponding error correction step sizes, and wherein each error-correction circuit receives the common delta-sigma error bitstream to conditionally add or subtract its corresponding error correction step size from its corresponding phase increment value. 15. The system claimed in claim 14, wherein each of the plurality of phase increment values and their respective corresponding phase accumulators and corresponding error-correction circuits comprise separate numerically-controlled oscillators each producing its respective error-corrected digital signal. 16. The system claimed in claim 15, wherein each of the numerically-controlled oscillators is implemented without multipliers. 17. The system claimed in claim 13, wherein the error-correction circuit includes a bit shifter to shift the phase increment value to generate the error correction step size. 18. A numerically-controlled oscillator for generating an error-corrected digital signal having a selected frequency based on a reference crystal oscillator, wherein the oscillator outputs an oscillator signal at an oscillator frequency, comprising: a memory element storing a phase increment value; an error-correction circuit including a bit shifter to shift the phase increment value by a predetermined bit shift to create an error correction step size, wherein the error correction step size is given a sign based upon a delta-sigma modulated error signal to produce a signed error correction step size, and an adder to produce a modulated phase increment value from the sum of the phase increment value and the signed error correction step size; and a phase accumulator clocked at the oscillator frequency to add the modulated phase increment value to an output value to update and store the output value, wherein the updated output value is the error-corrected digital signal. 19. The numerically-controlled oscillator claimed in claim 18, wherein error-correction circuit contains no multipliers. 20. The numerically-controlled oscillator claimed in claim 18, wherein the error-correction circuit contains a delta-sigma modulator to receive an error measurement between the oscillator signal and an external time based, and wherein the delta-sigma error signal comprises a binary bitstream that pulse-density modulates the error measurement. 21. The numerically-controlled oscillator claimed in claim 20, wherein the error-correction circuit includes a conditional logic element making the error correction step size positive or negative depending upon the binary value of the delta-sigma modulated error signal. 22. The numerically-controlled oscillator claimed in claim 18, further comprising a crystal oscillator to produce the oscillator signal.",
-    "Disclosed is a method for converting an alkyl halide to an olefin. The method includes contacting a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalyst with a feed that includes an alkyl halide under reaction conditions sufficient to produce an olefin hydrocarbon product that includes C2 to C4 olefins. The SAPO catalyst has bimodal acidity designated as weak acid sites and strong acid sites. The weak acid concentration is less than 0.55 mmol/g-cat and the total acid concentration is less than 1.5 mmol/g-cat. 1. A method for converting an alkyl halide to an olefin, the method comprising contacting a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalyst with a feed comprising an alkyl halide under reaction conditions sufficient to produce an olefin hydrocarbon product comprising C2 to C4 olefins, wherein the SAPO catalyst has bimodal acidity designated as weak acid sites and strong acid sites, wherein the weak acid concentration is less than 0.55 mmol/g-cat and the total acid concentration is less than 1.5 mmol/g-cat. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the SAPO catalyst has a weak acid concentration of 0.1 to 0.3 mmol/g-cat and a total acid concentration of less than 0.7 mmol/g-cat, or a weak acid concentration of 0.15 to 0.25 mmol/g-cat and a total acid concentration of 0.5 to 0.7 mmol/g-cat. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the SAPO catalyst has 1 to 2 wt. % of Si. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the SAPO catalyst has a weak acid concentration of 0.3 to 0.5 mmol/g-cat and a total a total acid concentration of 1.3 mmol/g-cat or less or a weak acid concentration of 0.35 to 0.45 mmol/g-cat and a total acid concentration of 1 to 1.25 mmol/g-cat. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the SAPO catalyst has 3 to 4 wt. % of Si. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the SAPO catalyst is SAPO-34. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the SAPO catalyst has an average particle size of 0.1 \u03bcm to 1 \u03bcm, preferably from 0.2 \u03bcm to 0.6 \u03bcm, and most preferably of about 0.4 \u03bcm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the SAPO catalyst has an average pore opening of 3.5 to 4.5 angstroms. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the SAPO catalyst has a P content of 17 to 20 wt. % and an Al content of 22 to 24 wt. %. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the SAPO catalyst has an Si/(Al+P) ratio of less than 0.17 or 0.01 to less than 0.17. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl halide conversion is at least 25% or 25% to 50% at 20 hours of use at a temperature of 300\u00b0 C. to 375\u00b0 C. and a WHSV of the halide feed of 0.5 and 1.5 h\u22121. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the combined selectivity of ethylene and propylene is at least 80%. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. A silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalyst capable of converting a feed comprising an alkyl halide to an olefin hydrocarbon product, the SAPO catalyst having bimodal acidity designated as weak acid sites and strong acid sites, wherein the weak acid concentration is less than 0.55 mmol/g-cat and the total acid concentration is less than 1.5 mmol/g-cat. 20. The SAPO catalyst of claim 19, having a weak acid concentration of 0.1 to 0.3 mmol/g-cat and a total a total acid concentration of less than 0.7 mmol/g-cat, or a weak acid concentration of 0.15 to 0.25 mmol/g-cat and a total acid concentration of 0.5 to 0.7 mmol/g-cat. 21. The SAPO catalyst of claim 20, having a 1 to 2 wt. % of Si. 22. The SAPO catalyst of claim 19, having a weak acid concentration of 0.3 to 0.5 mmol/g-cat and a total a total acid concentration of 1.3 mmol/g-cat or less or a weak acid concentration of 0.35 to 0.45 mmol/g-cat and a total acid concentration of 1 to 1.25 mmol/g-cat. 23. The SAPO catalyst of claim 22, having a 3 to 4 wt. % of Si. 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. The SAPO catalyst of claim 19, having an average particle size of 0.6 \u03bcm or 0.20 \u03bcm to 0.6 \u03bcm or an average pore opening of 3.5 to 4.5 angstroms or both. 27. The SAPO catalyst of claim 19, having a P content of 17 to 20 wt. % and an Al content of 22 to 24 wt. % and a Si/(Al+P) ratio of less than 0.17 or 0.01 to less than 0.17. 28. A system for producing olefins, the system comprising: an inlet for a feed comprising an alkyl halide; a reaction zone that is configured to be in fluid communication with the inlet, wherein the reaction zone comprises the silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalyst of claim 19; and an outlet configured to be in fluid communication with the reaction zone to remove an olefin hydrocarbon product from the reaction zone. 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled)",
-    "A distance of a water flow path and a velocity of the water flow is calculated using data obtained from both a pulsed neutron sensor and distributed acoustic sensors. The two distance and velocity values are compared to obtain a first calculated distance and velocity. The distance of the water flow path and the velocity of the water flow are calculated using the Doppler data obtained from distributed Doppler sensors. The distance and velocity values are compared with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity to obtain a second calculated distance and velocity values. The distance of the water flow path and the velocity of the water flow are calculated using temperature data obtained from distributed temperature sensors. The distance and velocity values are compared with the second calculated distance and velocity to determine a distance of a cement interface, and a velocity of a water flow therein. 1. A method, comprising: conveying a tool string into a wellbore, the wellbore at least partially lined with a first casing and a second casing concentrically overlapping a portion of the first casing, wherein a first annulus is defined between the first and second casings and filled with a first cement, and wherein a second annulus is defined between the second casing and the wellbore and filled with a second cement; obtaining wellbore data from a pulsed neutron sensor included in the tool string and optical fiber measurements from one or more optical fibers included in a cable positioned in the wellbore; calculating a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the wellbore data obtained from the pulsed neutron sensor, the flow path being located at a cement interface in the wellbore; calculating a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) borehole model and distributed acoustic sensing measurements obtained from the one or more optical fibers; comparing the first and second distances and the first and second velocities and thereby obtaining a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow; calculating a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a distributed Doppler sensor (DDS) borehole model and distributed Doppler sensing measurements obtained from the one or more optical fibers; comparing the third distance with the first calculated distance to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and comparing the third velocity and the first calculated velocity to obtain a second calculated velocity of the water flow; calculating a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a distributed temperature sensor (DTS) borehole model and distributed temperature sensing measurements obtained from the one or more optical fibers; and comparing the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining wellbore data from the pulsed neutron sensor comprises at least one of obtaining travel times of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor and obtaining energy spectrum ratios of near counts and far counts of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the optical fiber measurements from the one or more optical fibers comprises one or more of obtaining amplitudes of noise signals detected by the one or more optical fibers from the wellbore, obtaining a frequency spectrum of the noise signals, obtaining a relative phase shift between the noise signals, obtaining frequency ratios of near and far noise signals, and obtaining power spectral density of the noise signals. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining optical fiber measurements from the one or more optical fibers comprises one or more of obtaining amplitude and frequency information of an acoustic wave as modified by the wellbore, and a Doppler frequency shift between an acoustic wave emitted into the wellbore and the modified acoustic wave. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the optical fiber measurements from the one or more optical fibers comprises one or more of obtaining a temperature of the wellbore, obtaining a temperature gradient of the wellbore, and obtaining a derivative of a temperature profile of the wellbore. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the DAS borehole model when a difference between the first and second distances and a difference between the first and second velocities is greater than a predetermined value. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using a corresponding updated model. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the DAS borehole model, and the DDS borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using a corresponding updated model. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the DAS borehole model, the DDS borehole model, and the DTS borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using a corresponding updated model. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising obtaining the DTS borehole model from a static borehole model. 13. A well system, comprising: a tool string and a cable positioned in a wellbore drilled through one or more subterranean formations, wherein the wellbore is at least partially lined with a first casing and a second casing concentrically overlapping a portion of the first casing, wherein a first annulus is defined between the first and second casings and filled with a first cement, wherein a second annulus is defined between the second casing and the wellbore and filled with a second cement, wherein the tool string includes a pulsed neutron sensor, and wherein the cable includes one or more optical fibers used to obtain optical fiber measurements; and a data acquisition system including a processor and a non-transitory computer readable medium, the tool string and the cable communicatively coupled to the data acquisition system, wherein the computer readable medium stores a computer readable program code that, when executed by the processor, configures the processor to: operate the pulsed neutron sensor to obtain wellbore data; calculate a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the wellbore data, the flow path located at a cement interface in the wellbore; operate the data acquisition system to obtain distributed acoustic sensing measurements from the wellbore using the one or more optical fibers; calculate a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) borehole model and the distributed acoustic sensing measurements; compare the first and second distances and the first and second velocities and thereby obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow; operate the data acquisition system to obtain distributed Doppler sensing measurements from the wellbore using the one or more optical fibers; calculate a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a distributed Doppler sensor (DDS) borehole model and the distributed Doppler sensing measurements; compare the third distance and the first calculated distance to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and compare the third velocity and the first calculated velocity to obtain a second calculated velocity of the water flow; operate the data acquisition system to obtain distributed temperature sensing measurements from the wellbore using the one or more optical fibers; calculate a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a distributed temperature sensor (DTS) borehole model and the distributed temperature sensing measurements; and compare the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the DAS borehole model when a difference between the first and second distances and a difference between the first and second velocities is greater than a predetermined value. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first and second distances and the first and second velocities using a corresponding updated model. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the DAS borehole model, and the DDS borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using a corresponding updated model. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the DAS borehole model, the DDS borehole model, and the DTS borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using a corresponding updated model. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the cable is located suspending from the tool string or coupled to the exterior of at least one of the first and second casings.",
-    "The disclosure relates to lanthanum-yttrium oxide scintillators used for detecting radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays and thermal neutron radiation and charged particles, in security, medical imaging, particle physics and other applications. 1. A method for detecting the presence of a radioactive element or a source of radiation, comprising: a) receiving radiation from a radiation source, the radiation impinging upon a scintillator having the formula: AxB2-xO3 wherein A is an element chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; B is an element chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; provided that A and B are not the same element; the index x is greater than 0 and less than 2 (0<x<2); wherein the impinging radiation causes the scintillator to emit electromagnetic radiation; and b) measuring the resulting electromagnetic emission. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the radiation impinging upon the scintillator is from an ultraviolet source and the electromagnetic emission is photoluminescence. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the radiation impinging upon the scintillator is from an X-ray source and the electromagnetic emission is X-ray induced luminescence or fluorescence. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the scintillator has the formula LaxY2-xO3. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the scintillator is chosen from La0.05Y1.95O3, La0.1Y1.9O3; La0.2Y1.8O3; La0.3Y1.7O3; La0.4Y1.6O3; La0.5Y1.5O3; and La0.6Y1.4O3. 6. (canceled) 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the scintillator has the formula LaxSc2-xO3. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the scintillator is chosen from La0.05Sc1.95O3, La0.1Sc1.9O3; La0.2Sc1.8O3; La0.3Sc1.7O3; La0.4Sc1.6O3; La0.5Sc1.5O3; and \u2014La0.6Sc1.4O3. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the scintillator has the formula LaxLu2-xO3. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the scintillator is chosen from La0.05Lu1.95O3, La0.1Lu1.9O3; La0.2Lu1.8O3; La0.3Lu1.7O3; La0.4Lu1.6O3; La0.5Lu1.5O3; and La0.6Lu1.4O3. 11. A method for detecting the presence of a source of radiation, comprising: a) receiving radiation from an ultraviolet radiation source, the radiation impinging upon a scintillator having the formula: AxB2-xO3 wherein A is chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; B is chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; provided that A and B are not the same element; the index x is greater than 0 and less than 2 (0<x<2); wherein the impinging radiation causes photoluminescence; and b) measuring the resulting photoluminescence. 12. (canceled) 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the scintillator has the formula LaxY2-xO3. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the scintillator is chosen from La0.05Y1.95O3, La0.1Y1.9O3; La0.2Y1.8O3; La0.3Y1.7O3; La0.4Y1.6O3; La0.5Y1.5O3; and La0.6Y1.4O3. 15. A device for detecting the presence of radiation, comprising: a) a scintillator having the formula: AxB2-xO3 wherein A is chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; B is chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; provided that A and B are not the same element; the index x is greater than 0 and less than 2 (0<x<2); and b) a detector for receiving emitted electromagnetic radiation. 16. The device according to claim 15, wherein the scintillator has the formula LaxY2-xO3. 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the scintillator is chosen from La0.05Y1.95O3, La0.1Y1.9O3; La0.2Y1.8O3; La0.3Y1.7O3; La0.4Y1.6O3; La0.5Y1.5O3; and La0.6Y1.4O3. 18.-24. (canceled) 25. A method for detecting the presence of a radiation source, comprising: a) contacting a scintillator having the formula: AxB2-xO3 wherein A is chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; B is chosen from La, Y, Lu or Sc; provided that A and B are not the same element; the index x is greater than 0 and less than 2 (0<x<2) with a suspected source of radiation; and b) observing whether induced luminescence or X-ray florescence occurs. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the scintillator has the formula LaxY2-xO3. 27. The method according to claim 25, wherein the scintillator is chosen from La0.05Y1.95O3, La0.1Y1.9O3; La0.2Y1.8O3; La0.3Y1.7O3; La0.4Y1.6O3; La0.5Y1.5O3; and La0.6Y1.6O3. 28. The method according to claim 25, wherein the suspected radiation is in a container. 29. The method according to claim 25, wherein a person has possession of the suspected radiation.",
-    "Disclosed therein is an air conditioner for a vehicle with a photocatalytic module, which can purify air introduced into the inside of an air-conditioning case, sterilize and deodorize an evaporator and provide an optimized installation position of a photocatalytic module so that the photocatalytic module can be easily attached and detached and conveniently maintained and repaired. The air conditioner includes: an air-conditioning case having an air inflow port formed at an entrance side, air outflow ports formed at an exit side and an air passageway formed inside the air-conditioning case; an evaporator mounted on an air passageway of the air-conditioning case; an air blower for blowing inside air of the air-conditioning case; and a photocatalytic module disposed at one side of the air-conditioning case, wherein the photocatalytic module includes: a catalyst part which causes photocatalytic reaction by irradiated light to generate radicals; and at least one light source part for irradiating UV light toward the catalyst part. 1. An air conditioner for a vehicle with a photocatalytic module which includes: an air-conditioning case having an air inflow port formed at an entrance side, air outflow ports formed at an exit side and an air passageway formed inside the air-conditioning case; an evaporator mounted on an air passageway of the air-conditioning case; and an air blower for blowing inside air of the air-conditioning case, the air conditioner comprising: a photocatalytic module disposed at one side of the air-conditioning case, wherein the photocatalytic module comprises: a catalyst part which causes photocatalytic reaction by irradiated light to generate radicals; and at least one light source part for irradiating UV light toward the catalyst part. 2. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic module comprises a module case which surrounds the light source part and the catalyst part and is mounted to communicate with a inside the air-conditioning case in such a way that the catalyst part gets in contact with the air passageway. 3. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic module is mounted on a wall surface of the air-conditioning case at the upstream side of the evaporator in an air flow direction. 4. The air conditioner according to claim 3, wherein the air-conditioning case comprises a passageway converting part for converting a flow direction of the air at the upstream side of the evaporator, and the photocatalytic module is mounted on the passageway converting part. 5. The air conditioner according to claim 4, wherein the photocatalytic module is arranged on the surface of the inner wall of a curved part of the passageway converting part that has relatively shorter air flow path and is more adjacent to the evaporator. 6. The air conditioner according to claim 4, wherein the photocatalytic module is arranged at a lower area, out of the passageway converting part of the air-conditioning case, in the height direction of the air-conditioning case. 7. The air conditioner according to claim 2, wherein the module case is detachably connected to the air-conditioning case. 8. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst part has a honeycomb body in which catalyst is put. 9. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic module comprises a plane part arranged side by side with the air flow direction inside the air-conditioning case. 10. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic module comprises a plane part arranged to be inclined to the air flow direction inside the air-conditioning case. 11. The air conditioner according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of the light source parts are arranged side by side about the catalyst part inside the module case. 12. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalytic module is arranged in the opposite direction to an inside air inlet and an outside air inlet of the air blower in the air flow direction. 13. The air conditioner according to claim 12, wherein the photocatalytic module is arranged below a cutoff of the air blower in the air flow direction. 14. The air conditioner according to claim 13, wherein the photocatalytic module has the structure that the light source part and the catalyst part are arranged in order inside the module case and the module case is connected to the air-conditioning case to be side by side with the arrangement direction of the light source part and the catalyst part, and wherein the connection direction of the module case is side by side with the axial direction of the blast fan of the air blower. 15. The air conditioner according to claim 13, wherein the photocatalytic module has the structure that the light source part and the catalyst part are arranged in order inside the module case and the module case is connected to the air-conditioning case to be side by side with the arrangement direction of the light source part and the catalyst part, and wherein the module case is disposed on a radial direction extension of a blast fan of the air blower. 16. The air conditioner according to claim 13, wherein the photocatalytic module is arrange oppositely to a resistor in the air flow direction, and the resistor is mounted to control electricity supplied to the air blower. 17. The air conditioner according to claim 12, wherein the air conditioner is a center-mounting type air conditioner in which the evaporator, the heater core and the air blower are formed integrally in the air-conditioning case. 18. The air conditioner according to claim 1, wherein the air conditioner is a rear air conditioner for vehicles in which the air blower and the evaporator are formed integrally inside the air-conditioning case and which is mounted at the rear seat of the vehicle, and wherein the photocatalytic module is arranged adjacent to the evaporator than a blast fan on the passageway which passes the cutoff of the air blower in the air flow direction. 19. The air conditioner according to claim 18, wherein the photocatalytic module is arranged lower side of the evaporator in the vertical length direction. 20. The air conditioner according to claim 19, wherein the air-conditioning case has a stepped wall which extends downwardly so that the passageway that introduced inflowing air through the air blower toward the evaporator is expanded in the vertical direction, and wherein the photocatalytic module is located on the stepped wall in the vertical direction. 21. The air conditioner according to claim 19, wherein the air-conditioning case has a stepped wall which extends downwardly so that the passageway that introduced inflowing air through the air blower toward the evaporator is expanded in the vertical direction, and wherein the photocatalytic module is located above the stepped wall in the vertical direction. 22. The air conditioner according to claim 19, wherein the evaporator is arranged to be inclined against the photocatalytic module. 23. The air conditioner according to claim 22, wherein a gradient (p) between a horizontal axis of the photocatalytic module and a vertical axis of the evaporator is more than 90 degrees.",
-    "Methods of genome engineering in cells using a TALEN lacking repeat sequences or Cas9 is provided. 1. A method of altering target DNA in a cell comprising introducing into a cell a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA and the cell undergoes nonhomologous end joining to produce altered DNA in the cell. 2-5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 7-18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 1 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the cell is a yeast cell, a plant cell or an animal cell. 22. The method of claim 1 wherein the cell is a somatic cell. 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the cell is a stem cell. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein the cell is a human stem cell. 25. The method of claim 1 comprising introducing into the cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 26. The method of claim 1 comprising introducing into the cell a virus including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 27. The method of claim 1 comprising introducing into the cell a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN having a TALE sequence (SEQ ID NO: 24) CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGC AAGCACTTGAGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCA TGGATTGACTCCGGAGCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGG AAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTTCAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGG CGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCGCAATAGCAAGTAATATAGG CGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCCCCGTGCTGTGT CAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCACG ACGGGGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCT GTGCCAAGCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCA AATAACGGGGGTAAACAGGCTTTGGAGACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGG TCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTACGCCAGAACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGC CTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAACTGTGCAGAGACTCCTT CCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTTGTGGCCA TCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACT TCTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTT GCCATAGCAAGCAACGGAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGC GCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCTGTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGT CGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGGCAAACAGGCGCTAGAGACAGTC CAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGCCTCACCCCGGAGC AGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCGAAAC AGTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCC GAGCAGGTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCG AGACTGTCCAAAGATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAAC CCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATTGCATCTAACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCC TTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCC TTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGGTGGGAAACA GGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACAC GGGTTGACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCA AGCAGGCACTGGAGACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGC TCATGGGCTCACGCCAGAGCAGGTGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGT GGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCCAGCGTCTTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCC AGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGCTATTGCTAGTAACAA CGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCCGTCCTC TGTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAA ACAATGGTGGAAGACCTGCCCTGGAA, or a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the TALE sequence, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 28. The method of claim 1 comprising introducing into the cell a virus including a first foreign nucleic acid encoding the TALEN having a TALE sequence (SEQ ID NO: 24) CTAACCCCTGAACAGGTAGTCGCTATAGCTTCAAATATCGGGGGCAAGC AAGCACTTGAGACCGTTCAACGACTCCTGCCAGTGCTCTGCCAAGCCCA TGGATTGACTCCGGAGCAAGTCGTCGCGATCGCGAGCAACGGCGGGGGG AAGCAGGCGCTGGAAACTGTTCAGAGACTGCTGCCTGTACTTTGTCAGG CGCATGGTCTCACCCCCGAACAGGTTGTCGCAATAGCAAGTAATATAGG CGGTAAGCAAGCCCTAGAGACTGTGCAACGCCTGCTCCCCGTGCTGTGT CAGGCTCACGGTCTGACACCTGAACAAGTTGTCGCGATAGCCAGTCACG ACGGGGGAAAACAAGCTCTAGAAACGGTTCAAAGGTTGTTGCCCGTTCT GTGCCAAGCACATGGGTTAACACCCGAACAAGTAGTAGCGATAGCGTCA AATAACGGGGGTAAACAGGCTTTGGAGACGGTACAGCGGTTATTGCCGG TCCTCTGCCAGGCCCACGGACTTACGCCAGAACAGGTGGTTGCAATTGC CTCCAACATCGGCGGGAAACAAGCGTTGGAAACTGTGCAGAGACTCCTT CCTGTTTTGTGTCAAGCCCACGGCTTGACGCCTGAGCAGGTTGTGGCCA TCGCTAGCCACGACGGAGGGAAGCAGGCTCTTGAAACCGTACAGCGACT TCTCCCAGTTTTGTGCCAAGCTCACGGGCTAACCCCCGAGCAAGTAGTT GCCATAGCAAGCAACGGAGGAGGAAAACAGGCATTAGAAACAGTTCAGC GCTTGCTCCCGGTACTCTGTCAGGCACACGGTCTAACTCCGGAACAGGT CGTAGCCATTGCTTCCCATGATGGCGGCAAACAGGCGCTAGAGACAGTC CAGAGGCTCTTGCCTGTGTTATGCCAGGCACATGGCCTCACCCCGGAGC AGGTCGTTGCCATCGCCAGTAATATCGGCGGAAAGCAAGCTCTCGAAAC AGTACAACGGCTGTTGCCAGTCCTATGTCAAGCTCATGGACTGACGCCC GAGCAGGTAGTGGCAATCGCATCTCACGATGGAGGTAAACAAGCACTCG AGACTGTCCAAAGATTGTTACCCGTACTATGCCAAGCGCATGGTTTAAC CCCAGAGCAAGTTGTGGCTATTGCATCTAACGGCGGTGGCAAACAAGCC TTGGAGACAGTGCAACGATTACTGCCTGTCTTATGTCAGGCCCATGGCC TTACTCCTGAGCAAGTCGTAGCTATCGCCAGCAACATAGGTGGGAAACA GGCCCTGGAAACCGTACAACGTCTCCTCCCAGTACTTTGTCAAGCACAC GGGTTGACACCGGAACAAGTGGTGGCGATTGCGTCCAACGGCGGAGGCA AGCAGGCACTGGAGACCGTCCAACGGCTTCTTCCGGTTCTTTGCCAGGC TCATGGGCTCACGCCAGAGCAGGTGGTAGCAATAGCGTCGAACATCGGT GGTAAGCAAGCGCTTGAAACGGTCCAGCGTCTTCTGCCGGTGTTGTGCC AGGCGCACGGACTCACACCAGAACAAGTGGTTGCTATTGCTAGTAACAA CGGTGGAAAGCAGGCCCTCGAGACGGTGCAGAGGTTACTTCCCGTCCTC TGTCAAGCGCACGGCCTCACTCCAGAGCAAGTGGTTGCGATCGCTTCAA ACAATGGTGGAAGACCTGCCCTGGAA, or a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the TALE sequence, wherein the TALEN is expressed, and wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA to produce altered DNA in the cell. 29. The method of claim 1 further including providing a donor nucleic acid sequence within the cell wherein the TALEN cleaves the target DNA and the donor nucleic acid sequence is inserted into the DNA in the cell. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the cell undergoes nonhomologous end joining to produce altered DNA in the cell. 31. The method of claim 29 wherein the cell undergoes homologous recombination to produced altered DNA in the cell. 32-58. (canceled) 59. A virus including a nucleic acid sequence encoding a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer. 60-63. (canceled) 64. The virus of claim 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 65-76. (canceled) 77. The virus of claim 59 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer. 78. The virus of claim 59 being a lentivirus. 79. A cell including a nucleic acid sequence encoding a TALEN lacking repeat sequences 100 bp or longer. 80-83. (canceled) 84. The cell of claim 79 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 50 bp or longer. 85-96. (canceled) 97. The cell of claim 79 wherein the TALEN lacks repeat sequences 10 bp or longer 98. The cell of claim 79 being a eukaryotic cell. 99. The cell of claim 79 being a yeast cell, a plant cell or an animal cell. 100. The cell of claim 79 being a somatic cell. 101. The cell of claim 79 being a stem cell. 102. The cell of claim 79 being a human stem cell. 103. A method of making a TALE comprising combining an endonuclease, a DNA polymerase, a DNA ligase, an exonuclease, a plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks encoding repeat variable diresidue domains and a TALE-N/TF backbone vector including an endonuclease cutting site, activating the endonuclease to cut the TALE-N/TF backbone vector at the endonuclease cutting site to produce a first end and a second end, activating the exonuclease to create a 3\u2032 and a 5\u2032 overhang on the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks and to anneal the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks in a desired order, activating the DNA polymerase and the DNA ligase to connect the TALE-N/TF backbone vector and the plurality of nucleic acid dimer blocks. 104-158. (canceled)",
-    "A method of controlling a base station system is provided. The method comprises generating and transmitting a control signal arranged to cause a radio equipment controller to control a first radio equipment from a plurality of radio equipment at a first time; and generating and transmitting a control signal arranged to cause the radio equipment controller to control a second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment instead of the first radio equipment at a later time; wherein each of the plurality of radio equipment is coupled to a respective antenna having a respective coverage area. Also provided is a controller and a computer program product configured to control a base station system. 1. A method of controlling a base station system, the method comprising: generating and transmitting a control signal arranged to cause a radio equipment controller to control a first radio equipment from a plurality of radio equipment at a first time; and generating and transmitting a control signal arranged to cause the radio equipment controller to control a second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment instead of the first radio equipment at a later time; wherein each of the plurality of radio equipment is coupled to a respective antenna having a respective coverage area. 2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment. 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the step of selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment comprises: selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment based on expected and/or existing mobile user traffic load in at least one of the respective coverage areas. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the step of selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment comprises: selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment based on expected and/or existing mobile user traffic load in each of the respective coverage areas. 5. A method according to claim 3, wherein the step of selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment comprises: selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment based on an indication of expected mobile user traffic load in at least one or the respective coverage areas. 6. A method according to claim 3, wherein the step of selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment comprises: receiving an indication of existing mobile user traffic load in at least one of the respective coverage areas; and selecting the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment based on the indication. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of generating and transmitting a control signal arranged to cause the radio equipment controller to control a second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment instead of the first radio equipment further comprises: generating and transmitting a control signal arranged to cause the first radio equipment to switch to a power-down state. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein a second radio equipment controller is configured to control one or more further radio equipment associated with one or more antennas having a combined coverage area overlapping the coverage area of the antenna associated with the first radio equipment; and the method further comprises: determining whether the one or more further radio equipment are able to serve existing mobile users of the first radio equipment and, if so, generating and transmitting the control signal arranged to cause the radio equipment controller to control the second radio equipment instead of the first radio equipment. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the step of determining whether the one or more further radio equipment are able to serve existing mobile users of the first radio equipment comprises: determining whether the one or more further radio equipment are able to meet a quality of service associated with each of the existing mobile users of the first radio equipment. 10. A computer program product which, when run on a computer, performs the method of claim 1. 11. An apparatus A controller comprising: a controller configured to generate and transmit a control signal arranged to cause a radio equipment controller to control a first radio equipment from a plurality of radio equipment at a first time, and to generate and transmit a control signal arranged to cause the radio equipment controller to control a second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment instead of the first radio equipment at a later time; wherein each of the plurality of radio equipment is associated with a respective antenna having a respective coverage area. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: a selecting unit configured to select the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment. 13. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the selecting unit is configured to select the second radio equipment from the plurality of radio equipment based on expected and/or existing mobile user traffic load in at least one of the respective coverage areas. 14. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to generate and transmit a control signal arranged to cause the first radio equipment to switch to a power-down state. 15. An apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a processor configured to determine whether one or more further radio equipment are able to serve existing mobile users of the first radio equipment and, if so, to cause the controller to generate and transmit a control signal arranged to cause the radio equipment controller to control the second radio equipment instead of the first radio equipment. 16. A base station system comprising: a plurality of radio equipment, wherein each of the plurality of radio equipment is coupled to a respective antenna having a respective coverage area; a radio equipment controller; and a controller according to claim 11. 17. A base station system according to claim 16, wherein the radio equipment controller is connected to each of the plurality of radio equipment by a wavelength-switch optical network. 18. A radio access network comprising a base station system according to claim 16 or 17.",
-    "A light-emitting probe mounting kit that can easily be combined with and externally mounted to a medical device that is selected by an operator. The light-emitting probe mounting kit for a medical device is provided with: a light transmission section that transmits light from a light source; a light-emitting probe that is connected to the light transmission section and that emits the light that is transmitted by the light transmission section; and externally mounting sections that are for externally mounting the light-emitting probe to an outer portion of a medical device that is inserted and used within a living body. The externally mounting sections comprise a heat-shrinkable tube having a space into which the medical device can be inserted prior to heat shrinkage. The heat-shrinkable tubes are fixed to the light-emitting probe. 1. A kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device, comprising: a light transmission section that transmits a light from a light source; a light-emitting probe that is connected to the light transmission section and emits a light transmitted by the light transmission section; and an externally mounting section for externally mounting the light-emitting probe to an outer portion of a medical device used by being inserted into a living body. 2. The kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device according to claim 1, wherein a light emitting face of the light-emitting probe is provided on a side face of the light-emitting probe, and continuously extended along an extending direction of the light-emitting probe. 3. The kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device according to claim 1, wherein the externally mounting section comprises a heat-shrinkable tube comprising a space which is capable of being inserted with the medical device inside prior to a heat shrinkage, the heat-shrinkable tube being fixed to the light-emitting probe. 4. The kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device according to claim 1, wherein the externally mounting section is capable of externally mounting plural number of the light-emitting probes to a single body of the medical device. 5. The kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device according to claim 1, wherein the externally mounting section comprises an opening that exposes an electrode formed on an external face of the medical device. 6. The kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device according to claim 1, wherein the externally mounting section comprises a covering portion that covers a surface of the medical device, the covering portion comprising an anisotropic conductive body having a conductivity in the thickness direction, and having an insulation in a direction different from the thickness direction. 7. The kit for mounting a light-emitting probe for a medical device according to claim 1, wherein the medical device is a medical device selected from the group consisting of catheters, sheaths and endoscopes. 8. A medical device, comprising a light transmission section that transmits a light from a light source, a light-emitting probe that is connected to the light transmission section and emits a light transmitted by the light transmission section, a medical device that is used by being inserted into a living body, and an externally mounting section for externally mounting the light-emitting probe to an outer portion of the medical device.",
-    "A method, system and storage device are generally directed to determining for each of a plurality of data points, a neighborhood of data points about each such data point. For each such neighborhood of data points, a projection set of polynomials is generated based on candidate polynomials. The projection set of polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of data points is subtracted from the plurality of candidate polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of data points to generate a subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials. The singular value decomposition of the subtraction matrix is then computed. The resulting polynomials are clustered into multiple clusters and then partitioned based on a threshold. 1. A method, comprising: for each of a plurality of data points, determining, by executing a module stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage device, a neighborhood of data points about each such data point; for each such neighborhood of data points, generating a projection set of polynomials based on a plurality of candidate polynomials, subtracting the projection set of polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of data points from the plurality of candidate polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of data points to generate a subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials, and computing a singular value decomposition of the subtraction matrix; clustering the evaluated resulting polynomials into multiple clusters; and partitioning the evaluated resulting polynomials in each cluster based on a threshold. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising selecting a random set of points Q. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising removing duplicate candidate polynomials from the plurality of candidate polynomials based on Q. 4. The method of claim 2 further comprising removing duplicate candidate polynomials from the plurality of candidate polynomials by computing a projection set of a space linear combination of the plurality of candidate polynomials of degree d on polynomials of degree less than d that do not evaluate on Q to less than a threshold. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein removing the duplicate candidate polynomials also includes computing a singular value decomposition of the subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the neighborhood of points includes selecting points within a threshold distance of said such data point. 7. A system, comprising: a neighborhood determination engine to determine, for a given data point, a neighborhood of points about the given data point; a projection engine to generate a projection set of polynomials of a space linear combination of candidate polynomials a subtraction engine to subtract the projection set of polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of points from the set of candidate polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood points to generate a subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials; a singular value decomposition engine to compute a singular value decomposition of the subtraction matrix; a clustering engine to cluster the evaluated resulting polynomials into multiple clusters; and a partitioning engine to partition the polynomials within each cluster based on a threshold. 8. The system of claim 7 further comprising an initialization engine to select a set of points Q that is not the data points. 9. The system of claim 8 further comprising a polynomial duplicate removal engine to remove duplicate candidate polynomials based on Q. 10. The system of claim 8 further comprising a duplication removal engine to remove duplicate candidate polynomials by computing a projection set of a space linear combination of the candidate polynomials of degree d on polynomials of degree less than d that do not evaluate on Q to less than a threshold. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the duplicate removal engine is to remove the duplicate candidate polynomials by computing a singular value decomposition of the subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials. 12. The system of claim 7 wherein the neighborhood determination engine is to determine the neighborhood of points by selecting points within a threshold distance of the given data point. 13. A non-transitory storage device containing software that, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to: obtain a random set of points Q; remove duplicate candidate polynomials from a set of candidate polynomials based on Q; for each of a plurality of data points, determine a neighborhood of data points about each such data point; for each such neighborhood of data points, generate a projection set of polynomials based on the candidate polynomials with duplicates removed, subtract the projection set of polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of points from the set of candidate polynomials evaluated on the neighborhood of points to generate a subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials, and compute a singular value decomposition of the subtraction matrix of evaluated resulting polynomials; cluster the evaluated resulting polynomials into multiple clusters; and partition the evaluated resulting polynomials in each cluster based on a threshold. 14. The non-transitory storage device wherein the software, when executed, further causes the computer to remove duplicate candidate polynomials by computing a projection set of a space linear combination of the candidate polynomials of degree d on polynomials of degree less than d that do not evaluate on Q to less than a threshold 15. The non-transitory storage device wherein the software, when executed, further causes the computer to determine the neighborhood of data points by selecting points within a threshold of each such data point.",
-    "Among other things, a detector unit for a detector array of a radiation imaging modality is provided. In some embodiments, the detector unit comprises a radiation detection sub-assembly and an electronics sub-assembly. In some embodiments, at least some portions of the detector unit, such as the electronics sub-assembly, may be formed via a semiconductor fabrication technique. By way of example, an electronics sub-assembly may be formed via a semiconductor fabrication technique and may comprise electronic circuitry which is embedded in a molding compound. In some embodiments, such electronic circuitry may be electrically coupled together via electrically conductive traces and/or vias. 1. A detector unit for a detector array of a radiation imaging modality, the detector unit fabricated at least in part using a semiconductor fabrication technique and comprising: an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter configured to convert an analog signal generated in response to detected radiation into a digital signal; a molding compound configured to surround at least a portion of the A/D converter; and an electrically conductive trace configured to electrically couple the A/D converter to at least one of a radiation detection sub-assembly or a digital processing component. 2. The detector unit of claim 1, comprising a via configured to extend through at least a portion of the molding compound. 3. The detector unit of claim 2, the via comprising at least one of copper, nickel, or silicon. 4. The detector unit of claim 1, comprising an insulator element configured to at least one of: electrically isolate the A/D converter from the radiation detection sub-assembly, or electrically isolate a first electrically conductive trace from a second electrically conductive trace. 5. The detector unit of claim 1, comprising a radiation shielding element configured to mitigate exposure of the A/D converter to radiation. 6. The detector unit of claim 1, the molding compound comprising a polymer. 7. The detector unit of claim 1, comprising a fiducial for aligning the detector unit on the detector array. 8. The detector unit of claim 7, the fiducial comprising an optical fiducial for optically aligning the detector unit on the detector array. 9. The detector unit of claim 7, the fiducial comprising a physical fiducial for physically aligning the detector unit on the detector array. 10. The detector unit of claim 1, comprising a thermal conduction element configured to dissipate heat generated by the A/D converter. 11. The detector unit of claim 1, the radiation detection sub-assembly comprising a photodetector. 12. A detector unit for a detector array of a radiation imaging modality, comprising: a radiation detection sub-assembly configured to detect radiation; and an electronics sub-assembly, comprising: an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter configured to convert an analog signal generated by the radiation detection sub-assembly into a digital signal; an insulator element situated between the radiation detection sub-assembly and the A/D converter; and a molding compound in which the A/D converter is embedded. 13. The detector unit of claim 12, the radiation detection sub-assembly comprising: a scintillator configured to convert radiation energy into light energy; and a photodetector configured to convert the light energy into the analog signal. 14. The detector unit of claim 12, the electronics sub-assembly comprising: an electrically conductive trace coupled to ground and configured to provide for electrical shielding. 15. The detector unit of claim 12, the radiation detection sub-assembly comprising: a photodetector configured to generate the analog signal. 16. The detector unit of claim 12, the electronics sub-assembly comprising: a radiation shielding element situated between the A/D converter and the radiation detection sub-assembly and configured to mitigate exposure of the A/D converter to radiation. 17. The detector unit of claim 12, the electronics sub-assembly comprising: a thermal conduction element positioned substantially diametrically opposite the A/D converter relative to the radiation detection sub-assembly and configured to dissipate heat generated by the A/D converter. 18. The detector unit of claim 12, comprising a via configured to extend through at least a portion of the molding compound. 19. The detector unit of claim 12, comprising an electrically conductive trace configured to electrically couple the A/D converter to the radiation detection sub-assembly. 20. A radiation imaging modality, comprising: an ionizing radiation source; and a detector array configured to detect radiation generated by the ionizing radiation source, the detector array comprising a detector unit fabricated at least in part using a semiconductor fabrication technique, the detector unit comprising: an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter configured to convert an analog signal generated in response to detected radiation into a digital signal; a molding compound configured to surround at least a portion of the A/D converter; and an electrically conductive trace configured to electrically couple the A/D converter to at least one of a radiation detection sub-assembly or a digital processing component. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled)",
-    "A method for determining the operation of an image projector for projecting images onto a screen of a projection room. In particular, the method is implemented by computing means and comprises the following steps: driving the projector so as to project onto the screen a test card comprising a distribution of patterns of different hues, acquiring an image of the test card on the screen by a picture taking apparatus, and applying a processing of the image acquired, so as to determine at least one deviation of chrominance of the image acquired with respect to a predefined number of colors. 1. A method for determining the operation of a projector of images on a screen of a projection room, characterized in that it is implemented by computing means and comprises the steps of: controlling the projector so as to project on the screen a test card comprising a distribution of patterns of different hues capturing an image of the test card on the screen by an image capturing device, and processing the captured image to determine at least one chrominance deviation of the captured image with respect to a predefined number of colors. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the test card comprises, at least in a peripheral portion, a distribution of colored patterns, each alternating with homologous patterns of uniform neutral color. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the test card comprises at least twenty-four patterns of different colors, comprising: at least the colors of human skin tones, the sky, and foliage, and six shades of gray. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predefined number of colors is six. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chrominance deviation is compared to a tolerance threshold for each color of said predefined number of colors, and in case of a deviation greater than the tolerance threshold, a man/machine interface signal of non-conformity of the projector adjustment is generated. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the interface signal prompts a user to confirm a command to adjust the chrominance of the projector automatically. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein upper right, lower right, upper left, and lower left edge patterns are white in color to assist with capturing an image of the entire the test card. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the patterns are rectangles separated by black lines of predetermined thickness. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the determination of a luminance distribution on the screen. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the luminance distribution is given by: two coordinates of latitude and longitude on the screen, and a proportion of light intensity received at each of these screen coordinates. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the determination of a luminance lower than a threshold in at least a portion of the screen causes the generation of a man/machine interface signal of non-conformity of the projector settings. 12. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a preliminary step of calibrating the image capturing device. 13. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of progressively adjusting the focus of the projector by projecting a contrasting test card. 14. A non-transitory computer program product comprising instructions for implementing the method according to claim 1 when the program is executed by a processor. 15. A system for determining the operation of a projector of images on a screen of a projection room, comprising: a device for controlling the projector so as to project on the screen a test card comprising a distribution of patterns of different hues, an image capturing device for capturing a digital image of the test card on the screen, and computing means connected to the image capturing device in order to process the captured image and determine at least one chrominance deviation of the captured image with respect to a predefined number of colors. 16. The method according to claim 10, wherein the determination of a luminance lower than a threshold in at least a portion of the screen causes the generation of a man/machine interface signal of non-conformity of the projector settings.",
-    "The present invention relates to the provision of novel centrifuge activated assembly that can be used for reconstitution of dry formulations on addition of diluent and to pharmaceutical or veterinary products suitable for parenteral administration that have been prepared with or in the devices according to the novel method of the invention. 1-15. (canceled) 16. Assembly for reconstitution of a dry product in a centrifuge comprising a holder for a device and a device wherein the holder is adapted to fit within a centrifuge, and wherein the device comprises a chamber containing a liquid and a further chamber containing a dry powder wherein said chambers are separated by an active partition and wherein the active partition is activated upon application of a suitable centrifugal force and liquid is transferred into the chamber containing the dry powder. 17. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein said chambers of the device are detachable from one another or are formed as a single structure. 18. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein said active partition comprises a seal that is ruptured or pierced upon activation by a centrifugal force. 19. The assembly according to claim 16 wherein channels suitable for transfer of said liquid are opened in said active partition upon activation by a centrifugal force. 20. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein the position of said active partition is changed upon activation by a centrifugal force. 21. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein said active partition operates as a valve upon activation by a centrifugal force. 22. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein said holder is adapted to enclose said device and wherein the holder is suitable for use in the rotor of a centrifuge and wherein the holder is adapted to prevent activation of the activation partition until the assembly is placed in the rotor of a centrifuge and a suitable centrifugal force applied. 23. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein on application of a suitable centrifugal force said holder enables components of the device to move relative to each other to activate said active partition but holds the remaining components in a constant relative position. 24. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein said active partition can be activated with a relative centrifugal force in the range of from 50 xg to 5000 xg. 25. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein said active partition can be activated with a relative centrifugal force in the range of from 400 xg to 4000 xg. 26. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein the device comprises a syringe or a cartridge or a vial or an injection device. 27. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein the device and holder are enclosed within sterile packaging. 28. An assembly according to claim 16 wherein reconstitution of a dry product to form a sterile solution is activated by application of a centrifugal force. 29. A method for the reconstitution of a dry product with a suitable diluent in a reconstitution device comprising: (a) introduction of a suitable diluent for the dry product to be reconstituted into a chamber of said device suitable for containing liquid; (b) introduction of dry product to be reconstituted into a further chamber of said device suitable for containing dry product; (c) placing the device with diluent and dry product containing chambers into a suitable holder and optionally placing said device-containing holder within suitable packaging for the provision of a sterile barrier; (d) placing the holder containing the device in the rotor of a centrifuge and rotating the centrifuge; and wherein said chambers are separated by an active partition and wherein upon application of a suitable centrifugal force the active partition is activated and diluent is transferred into the dry product containing chamber. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the device within the holder is an assembly according to claim 16. 31. Use of the method of claim 29 for the reconstitution of dry pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical formulations, or sterile reconstitution of dry pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical formulations, wherein said formulations include lyophilised powders, spray-dried powders and precipitated powders.",
-    "This invention relates to a multi-cycle power generator. More specifically, the invention relates to a power generator having a heat pump cycle and at least a hot power gener-ating cycle, the cycles being configured relative to one another to transfer heat there between two or more times in a single cycle thereby to recover energy through the reuse of unused heat energy that is typically discarded in conventional ther-modynamic cycles. The multi-cycle power gener-ator includes a heat pump cycle and a hot power cycle, wherein at least a pair of heat exchangers of the hot power cycle are common with a pair of heat exchangers of the heat pump cycle. The multi-cycle power generator may further include a cool power generating cycle In combination with the heat pump and hot power generating cycles. 1. A multi-cycle power generator including: a heat pump cycle comprising at least a plurality of heat exchangers, a heat pump for pumping a first working fluid through the heat pump cycle and an expansion valve for throttling the first working fluid; a hot power cycle comprising at least a pair of heat exchangers, a first pump for pumping a second working fluid through the hot power cycle and a first power generating device operatively driven by the second working fluid expanding therein; and a cool power cycle comprising at least a pair of heat exchangers, a second pump for pumping a third working fluid through the cool power cycle and a second power generating device operatively driven by the third working fluid expanding therein; wherein the pair of heat exchangers of the hot power cycle are common with two heat exchangers of the heat pump cycle; and further wherein one of the heat exchangers of the cool power cycle is common with one of the heat exchangers of the heat pump cycle. 2. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 1 further including: a cool power cycle comprising at least a pair of heat exchangers, a second pump for pumping a third working fluid through the cool power cycle and a second power generating device operatively driven by the third working fluid expanding therein; wherein one of the heat exchangers of the cool power cycle is common with one of the heat exchangers of the heat pump cycle. 3. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 2, wherein the heat exchangers are same-direction flow heat exchangers, and/or reverse flow heat exchangers. 4. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 3, wherein the first of the common heat exchangers between the heat pump cycle and the hot power cycle acts as a primary condenser for condensing the second working fluid operatively passing there through, and further wherein the second of the common heat exchangers between the heat pump cycle and the hot power cycle acts as a primary evaporator for evaporating the second working fluid operatively passing there through. 5. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 4, wherein the primary condenser, further to condensing the second working fluid operatively passing there through, operatively heats the first working fluid passing there through as a result of heat transfer acting between the first and second working fluids, thereby to increase the temperature of the first working fluid presented to the heat pump. 6. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 5, wherein in the hot power cycle, the primary evaporator is upstream of the first power generating device, and further wherein the primary condenser is upstream of the primary evaporator. 7. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 6, wherein the first pump is intermediate the primary condenser and the primary evaporator. 8. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 7, wherein the common heat exchanger between the heat pump cycle and the cool power cycle acts as a secondary condenser for condensing the third working fluid operatively passing there through. 9. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 8, wherein the second of the pair of heat exchangers of the cool power cycle is a secondary evaporator for evaporating the third working fluid operatively passing there through. 10. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 9, wherein in the cool power cycle, the secondary evaporator is upstream of the second power generating device, and further wherein the secondary condenser is upstream of the secondary evaporator. 11. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 10, wherein the second pump is intermediate the secondary condenser and the secondary evaporator. 12. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of heat exchangers of the heat pump cycle are the primary condenser, the primary evaporator, the secondary condenser and a fourth heat exchanger. 13. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 12, wherein in the heat pump cycle: the primary condenser is upstream of the primary evaporator; the primary evaporator is upstream of the secondary condenser; the secondary condenser is upstream of the fourth heat exchanger such that the fourth heat exchanger is intermediate the secondary condenser and the primary condenser. 14. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 13, wherein the expansion valve is intermediate the primary evaporator and the secondary condenser. 15. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 14, wherein the heat pump is intermediate the primary condenser and the primary evaporator. 16. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 15, wherein the third working fluid has a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the second working fluid. 17. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 16, wherein the fourth heat exchanger and the secondary evaporator are in the form of radiators. 18. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 17, wherein the radiators comprise fans for blowing air there over. 19. A multi-cycle power generator according to claim 18, wherein the first and second power generating devices are a turbine-generator devices, heat engine devices, thermocouples and/or any other type of electricity generating device capable of converting kinetic energy into electrical energy. 20. (canceled)",
-    "Sonic data, ultrasonic data, and density data of the annulus are obtained using a sonic tool, an ultrasonic tool, and a density tool, respectively, included in a tool string. A first deconvolution operation is performed to obtain an amplitude, a frequency, and a phase of the modified sonic wave. A first inverse modeling operation results in a first density value of the annular media. A second deconvolution operation is performed to obtain an amplitude, a frequency, and a phase of the modified ultrasonic wave. A second inverse modeling operation results in a second density value of the annular media. A third deconvolution operation is performed to obtain far counts, near counts, and an energy spectrum of gamma rays. A third inverse modeling operation results in a third density value of the annular media. 1. A method, comprising: introducing a tool string into a wellbore at least partially lined with casing, wherein an annulus is defined between the casing and the wellbore and is filled with annular media; obtaining sonic data of the annular media using a sonic wave emitted by a sonic tool included in the tool string; performing a first deconvolution operation on the sonic data to obtain an amplitude, a frequency, and a phase of the sonic wave as modified by the annular media; performing a first inverse modeling operation using the amplitude, the frequency, and the phase obtained via the first deconvolution operation to obtain a first density value of the annular media; obtaining ultrasonic data of the annular media using an ultrasonic wave emitted by an ultrasonic tool included in the tool string; performing a second deconvolution operation on the ultrasonic data to obtain an amplitude, a frequency, and a phase of the ultrasonic wave as modified by the annular media; performing a second inverse modeling operation using the amplitude, the frequency, and the phase obtained via the second deconvolution operation to obtain a second density value of the annular media; obtaining density data of the annular media using a density tool included in the tool string; performing a third deconvolution operation on the density data to obtain far counts, near counts, and an energy spectrum of gamma rays scattered by the annular media; and performing a third inverse modeling operation using the far counts, the near counts, and the energy spectrum to obtain a third density value of the annular media. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing the first inverse modeling operation based on an acoustic impedance characteristic of the annular media. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing the second inverse modeling operation based on an acoustic impedance characteristic of the annular media. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the first and second density values to determine whether the first and second density values are within a desired proximity of each other. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising obtaining a first casing-cement interface density from the first density value when the first and second density values are within the desired proximity, the first casing-cement interface density being a density value of the annular media at an interface of the casing and cement disposed within the annulus. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising performing the third inverse modeling operation using the first casing-cement interface density. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising obtaining the third density value based on the first casing-cement interface density. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising predicting a second casing-cement interface density from the third density value, the second casing-cement interface density being a density value of the annular media at the interface of the casing and the cement disposed within the annulus. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising comparing the first casing-cement interface density with the second casing-cement interface density to determine whether the first and second casing-cement interface densities are within a desired proximity of each other. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising recalculating at least one of the first density value and the second density value when the first and second casing-cement interface densities are not within a desired proximity of each other. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising obtaining a width of the interface of the casing and the cement based on the second casing-cement interface density when the first and second density values are within the desired proximity. 12. The method of claim 4, further comprising recalculating at least one of the first density value and the second density value when the first and second density values are not the desired proximity. 13. A well system, comprising: a tool string conveyable into a wellbore drilled through one or more subterranean formations and at least partially lined with casing, wherein an annulus is defined between the casing and the wellbore and filled with annular media and the tool string includes at least a sonic tool, an ultrasonic tool, and a density tool; and a computer system including a processor and a non-transitory computer readable medium, the computer system being communicatively coupled to the tool string and the computer readable medium storing a computer readable program code that, when executed by the processor, configures the processor to: operate the sonic tool to obtain sonic data of the annular media using a sonic wave emitted by the sonic tool; perform a first deconvolution operation on the sonic data to obtain an amplitude, a frequency, and a phase of the sonic wave as modified by the annular media; perform a first inverse modeling operation using the amplitude, the frequency, and the phase obtained via the first deconvolution operation to obtain a first density value of the annular media; operate the ultrasonic tool to obtain ultrasonic data of the annular media using an ultrasonic wave emitted by the ultrasonic tool; perform a second deconvolution operation on the ultrasonic data to obtain an amplitude, a frequency, and a phase of the ultrasonic wave as modified by the annular media; perform a second inverse modeling operation using the amplitude, the frequency, and the phase obtained via the second deconvolution operation to obtain a second density value of the annular media; operate the density tool to obtain density data of the annular media using gamma rays emitted by the density tool; perform a third deconvolution operation on the density data to obtain far counts, near counts, and an energy spectrum of gamma rays scattered by the annular media; and performing a third inverse modeling operation using the far counts, the near counts, and the energy spectrum to obtain a third density value of the annular media. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to perform the first inverse modeling operation based on an acoustic impedance characteristic of the annular media. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to perform the second inverse modeling operation based on an acoustic impedance characteristic of the annular media. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to compare the first and second density values to determine whether the first and second density values are within a desired proximity of each other. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain a first casing-cement interface density from the first density value when the first and second density values are within the desired proximity, the first casing-cement interface density being a density value of the annular media at an interface of the casing and cement disposed within the annulus. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor is further configured to perform the third inverse modeling operation using the first casing-cement interface density. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain the third density value based on the first casing-cement interface density. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the processor is further configured to predict a second casing-cement interface density from the third density value, the second casing-cement interface density being a density value of the annular media at the interface of the casing and the cement disposed with in the annulus. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the processor is further configured to compare the first casing-cement interface density with the second casing-cement interface density to determine whether the first and second casing-cement interface densities are within a desired proximity of each other. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate at least one of the first density value and the second density value when the first and second casing-cement interface densities are not within a desired proximity of each other. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the processor is further configured to obtain a width of the interface of the casing and the cement based on the second casing-cement interface density when the first and second density values are within the desired proximity. 24. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate at least one of the first density value and the second density value when the first and second density values are not the desired proximity.",
-    "An injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus, comprising an incubator (1), a centrifugal device arranged in the incubator (1), and a control system for controlling a temperature in the incubator (1) and an action of the centrifugal device. The centrifugal device comprises a centrifuge, a container base (2) mounted onto the centrifuge, a dosing system for adding preparation reagent, and a stirring system for stirring the reagent. With a controller (17) and a pH sensor (16), a measured pH value will be transmitted by the pH sensor (16) to the controller (17) in real time. The controller (17) controls an action of a driving mechanism via a control module II (21), to drive a piston rod to add NaOH solution into a container tank (6). When the pH value of the solution falls in a predetermined range, the driving mechanism is stopped, to precisely control the pH value of the solution. With the stirring system and the centrifugal device, the solution can be stirred and centrifuged as desired, to eventually in vitro construct an injectable tissue engineered cartilage. This relief the burden of the medical staff and improve production efficiency. 1. An injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus, comprising: an incubator; a centrifugal device arranged in the incubator; and a control system, for controlling a temperature in the incubator and an action of the centrifugal device; wherein the centrifugal device comprises a centrifuge, a container base mounted on the centrifuge, a dosing system for adding preparation reagent, and a stirring system for stirring the reagent; wherein the centrifuge comprises a bottom base and a rotatable plate cooperated with the container base; the bottom base has a motor for driving the rotatable plate to rotate; wherein the container base has a container tank thereon; the stirring system comprises an upper base positioned above the container base; the upper base has a stirring rod aligned with the container tank extending from the bottom of the upper base; and, a driving device is arranged between the upper base and the bottom base for driving the upper base to move up and down; wherein the dosing system comprises a reagent tank on top surface of the upper base for containing preparation reagent, a piston rod cooperated with the reagent tank, and a driving mechanism for driving the piston rod to move; a dosing channel is arranged between the reagent tank and the container tank, with a control valve I arranged thereon; wherein the container base has a receiving device, which comprises an aseptic injector fixing in the container base; a receiving channel is arranged between the aseptic injector and the container tank with a control valve II arranged thereon; wherein the container tank has a PH sensor for detecting PH value of the reagent; and wherein the control system includes a controller, a timer connected with the controller for counting time, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature in the incubator, a motor drive circuit for controlling an action of the motor, a control module I for controlling the driving device to move up and down, and a control module II for controlling an action of the driving mechanism; wherein the incubator is provided with a temperature control output system therein; the controller is respectively connected with the PH sensor, the control valve I, the control valve II and the temperature control output system; the controller receives a signal of PH value of the reagent measured by the PH sensor and sends a control command to the control module II and the control valve I. 2. The injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the driving device comprises a guiding rod arranged between the upper base and the bottom base and a cylinder for driving the guiding rod to perform fore and aft motion; wherein an electromagnetic directional valve is arranged on a gas path of the cylinder, and the control module I is connected with the electromagnetic directional valve. 3. The injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the dosing channel comprises dosing channels I arranged in the upper base corresponding to respective reagent tanks, and dosing channels II arranged in the stirring rod and respectively connected with the dosing channels I. 4. The injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: the control valve I is arranged on the dosing channels I. 5. The injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the driving mechanism comprises a servo motor, a screw rod rotating under driven by the servo motor and in parallel with the piston rod, and a screw sleeve sleeved onto the screw rod, wherein the screw sleeve and the piston rod are fixedly connected, and the control module II is connected with the servo motor. 6. The injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the stirring rod has a stirring blade thereon. 7. The injectable tissue engineered cartilage in vitro construction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the reagent tank is provided with a displacement sensor for detecting position of the piston rod.",
-    "Pick-up devices (1-9) for picking-up signals from first cables (21, 22) in electrically contactless manners comprise first arrangements (31) for picking-up power signals from the first cables (21, 22) in inductive manners and second arrangements (35, 36) for picking-up data signals from the first cables (21, 22) in capacitive manners. The first arrangements (31) may comprise inductive couplings such as magnetic cores (61, 62) with first openings for surrounding parts of first conductors (21) of the first cables (21, 22) and with second openings for surrounding parts of second conductors (22) of the first cables (21, 22). The second arrangements (35, 36) may comprise capacitive couplings such as first and second electrodes (71-74). The pick-up devices (1-9) may be pick-up and transfer devices (3) for transferring the signals to second cables (23, 24) in electrically contactless manners. Provision devices (10) provide the signals in electrically conductive manners and termination devices (11-13) terminate the cables (21-24). 1. A pick-up device for picking-up signals from a first cable in an electrically contactless manner, the pick-up device comprising a first arrangement for picking-up a power signal from the first cable in an inductive manner, and a second arrangement for picking-up a data signal from the first cable in a capacitive manner, the data signal being different from the power signal, the pick-up device being a pick-up and transfer device for transferring the signals to a second cable in an electrically contactless manner, the first arrangement being arranged for transferring the power signal to the second cable in an inductive manner, and the second arrangement being arranged for transferring the data signal to the second cable in a capacitive manner. 2. The pick-up device as defined in claim 1, the first arrangement comprising an inductive coupling, and the second arrangement comprising a capacitive coupling, the inductive coupling comprising a magnetic core with a first opening for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a first conductor of the first cable and for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a third conductor of the second cable and with a second opening for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a second conductor of the first cable and for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a fourth conductor of the second cable, and the capacitive coupling comprising first and second electrodes, the first electrodes being located closer to the first and third conductors than to the second and fourth conductors, and the second electrodes being located closer to the second and fourth conductors than to the first and third conductors. 3. A provision device for providing signals to a first cable in an electrically conductive manner, the provision device comprising a third arrangement for providing a power signal to the first cable, and a fourth arrangement for providing a data signal to the first cable, the data signal being different from the power signal, the third arrangement comprising a current source, the power signal being a current signal flowing through conductors of the first cable, and the fourth arrangement comprising a voltage source, the data signal being a voltage signal present across the conductors of the first cable. 4. A termination device for terminating a first cable coupled to the provision device or for terminating a second cable coupled to the pick-up device as defined in claim 1, the termination device comprising a fifth arrangement for providing a first impedance to the power signal and for providing a second impedance to the data signal, the second impedance being higher than the first impedance. 5. The termination device as defined in claim 4, the fifth arrangement comprising a magnetic core with a first opening for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a first conductor of the first cable or for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a third conductor of the second cable and with a second opening for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a second conductor of the first cable or for surrounding at least a part of a cross section of a fourth conductor of the second cable, the first and second conductors or the third and fourth conductors being coupled to each other in an electrically conductive manner behind the magnetic core, and the fifth arrangement further comprising a resistive and capacitive coupling, the resistive and capacitive coupling comprising a resistor for matching the first or second cable with respect to the data signal and comprising a capacitor for blocking the power signal.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a rolling screen assembly. The rolling screen assembly may include a frame, a screen assembly mounted to the frame, a wheel assembly mounted to the frame, and a foot affixed to the frame, where wheels of the wheel assembly are height adjustable relative to the frame to allow the foot to be raised from, and lowered onto, a support surface. Such assembly may facilitate replacement of a rolling screen assembly with minimal downtime. 1. A rolling screen assembly comprising: a frame; a screen assembly mounted to the frame; at least one wheel assembly mounted to the frame, the wheel assembly comprising one or more wheels; and at least one foot affixed to the frame; wherein, the wheels are height adjustable relative to the frame to allow the foot to be raised from and lowered onto a support surface. 2. The rolling screen assembly of claim 1, wherein the wheel assembly comprises a wheel adjustment mechanism comprising a wheel bracket pivotally mounted to the frame. 3. The rolling screen assembly of claim 2, wherein the wheel adjustment mechanism comprises an actuator to move the wheel relative to the frame between at least an in use position and a stowed position. 4. The rolling screen assembly of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one foot comprises a locking assembly. 5. The rolling screen assembly of claim 4, wherein the locking assembly comprises a locking member configured to move between a locked position and an unlocked position. 6. A rolling screen system comprising: two rolling screen assemblies as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5; a set of rails upon which the rolling screen assemblies traverse; and a support surface adjacent an operating position; wherein a first rolling screen assembly is configured to manoeuvre from the operating position, wherein the foot of the first rolling screen assembly engages with the support surface, to a first storage position offset along the rails from the operating position; and wherein a second rolling screen assembly is configured to manoeuvre from a second storage position, offset along the rails from the operating position and the first storage position, to the operating position, wherein the foot of the second rolling screen assembly engages with the support surface. 7. A method of manoeuvring a rolling screen assembly, the method comprising the steps of: raising a foot of the rolling screen assembly off a support surface; and manoeuvring the rolling screen assembly from an operating position along a set of rails to a storage position that is different to the operating position. 8. A method of replacing a first rolling screen assembly with a second rolling screen assembly, the method comprising the steps of: raising a foot of the first rolling screen assembly in an operating position off a support surface; manoeuvring the first rolling screen assembly along a set of rails to a first storage position that is different to the operating position; manoeuvring the second rolling screen assembly along the set of rails from a second storage position, that is different to the operating position and the first storage position, to the operating position; and lowering a foot of the second rolling screen assembly onto the support surface. 9. The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the step of raising a foot of a rolling screen assembly off a support surface comprises lowering wheels of the rolling screen assembly onto the set of rails. 10. The method of any one of claims 7 to 9, further comprising the step of unlocking the foot of a rolling screen assembly from the support surface",
-    "The present invention provides novel compounds of formula [I] or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: which are useful in the prevention or treatment of diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment, dementia, anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobias, acute stress disorder), depression, drug dependence, spasm, tremor, pain, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder, or sleep disorders, which is based on the glycine uptake-inhibiting action. 1. A compound represented by formula [I] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein Ar represents a phenyl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1, a bicyclic heterocyclyl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1, or a monocyclic heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1, substituent group 1 is the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, a C1-6 haloalkyl group, a C1-6 alkoxy group, a cyano group, a triazolyl group, a C1-6haloalkoxy group, and a C3-6 cycloalkyl group, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are each a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, or a C1-6 haloalkyl group, or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, optionally form a cyclopropane ring, a cyclobutane ring, or an oxetane ring, R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, and R4 represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group. 2. A compound represented by formula [I] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein Ar represents a phenyl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1, a bicyclic heterocyclyl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1, or a monocyclic heteroaryl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1, substituent group 1 is the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, a C1-6 haloalkyl group, a C1-6 alkoxy group, a cyano group, and a triazolyl group, R1 and R2 are the same or different and are each a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, or a C1-6 haloalkyl group, or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, optionally form a cyclopropane ring, a cyclobutane ring, or an oxetane ring, R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, and R4 represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group. 3. The compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar is a pyridyl group optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from substituent group 1. 4. The compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar is a pyridyl group substituted with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a cyano group, a methyl group substituted with one to three halogen atoms, and a methoxy group substituted with one to three halogen atoms. 5. The compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R4 is a hydrogen atom. 6. The compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group, or a C1-6 haloalkyl group, and R2 is a hydrogen atom. 7. The compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof selected from the group consisting of 1-[(6-bromo-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-bromo-6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-(3-chlorobenzyl)-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 6-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-3-fluoropyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-[(6-bromo-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-chloro-6-{[4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)(2H2)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)furan-2-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-{[6-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3,5-trifluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-chloro-6-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-{[5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 6-{[4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-[(5-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5,6-dichloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 6-{[4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}-3-fluoropyridine-2-carbonitrile, 6-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-[(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5,6-dichloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(4-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-[(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-({3,3,7-trifluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)benzonitrile, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-{[5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(2-fluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-7-fluoro-3-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, 1-[(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-3-fluoropyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-benzyl-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-chloro-5-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile, 1-benzyl-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(4-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(4-bromopyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 5-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-2-fluoropyridine-3-carbonitrile, 1-[(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(2-cyclopropylpyridin-4-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 6-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-[(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-1-[(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl]-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 5-{[4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}-2-fluoropyridine-3-carbonitrile, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-(thiophen-3-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-3-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, 3-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-2-methylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-[(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-3,3-difluoro-1-{[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-(1,3-benzoxazol-6-ylmethyl)-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-(quinoxalin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-[(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-[(3-methylquinoxalin-2-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-{[2-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloro-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-({3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 6-chloro-4-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-{[5-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(3-bromo-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile, 3-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-1-methylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 6-{[4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 5-chloro-4-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 1-{[2-(difluoromethoxy)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(4-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-({3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)-3-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, 1-{[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-{[4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}-7-fluoro-3-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-{[2-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl}-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 5-chloro-1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3,7-trifluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3,7-trifluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-[(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-({3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)isoquinolin-1(2H)-one, 3,3-difluoro-1-[(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)methyl]-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-1-[(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(2-cyclopropylpyridin-4-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 2-{[3,3-difluoro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}-3-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-[(2-methyl-2H-indazol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-1-[(5-fluoro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-{[2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-4-(2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-3,3,5-trifluoro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(3,5-dichloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 3-({3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-4-1[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)isoquinolin-1(2H)-one, 1-[(5-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 1-[(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-3,3-difluoro-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one, 6-{[3,3-difluoro-2-oxo-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl}pyridine-2-carbonitrile, 3,3-difluoro-1-[(6-fluoro-5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)methyl]-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising, as an active ingredient, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1. 9. An agent for preventing or treating diseases of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment, dementia, anxiety disorders, depression, drug dependence, spasm, tremor, pain, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorder, or sleep disorders, which comprises, as an active ingredient, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1.",
-    "A radiation emitting apparatus including a substrate, at least one layer sequence arranged on the substrate and producing electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range, having at least one first electrode surface, at least one second electrode surface, and at least one functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer produces electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range in a switched-on operating state, and a scatter layer having a first region and a second region, wherein radiation produced by the functional layer is directly incident on the scatter layer only in the first region of the scatter layer, and the scatter layer at least partially scatters radiation incident upon the first region of the scatter layer so that said radiation enters the second region of the scatter layer. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A radiation emitting apparatus comprising: a substrate, at least one layer sequence arranged on the substrate and producing electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range, having at least one first electrode surface, at least one second electrode surface, and at least one functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer produces electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range in a switched-on operating state, and a scatter layer having a first region and a second region, wherein radiation produced by the functional layer is directly incident on the scatter layer only in the first region of the scatter layer, and the scatter layer at least partially scatters radiation incident upon the first region of the scatter layer so that said radiation enters the second region of the scatter layer. 17. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the radiation-emitting apparatus is an organic light-emitting diode. 18. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the scatter layer comprises a matrix material and scatter particles having a refractive index different from that of the matrix material. 19. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the concentration of scatter particles in the first region of the scatter layer is lower than that in the second region of the scatter layer. 20. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the scatter particles in the first region of the scatter layer take up 0.1 to 5 volume percent of the scatter layer and the scatter particles in the second region of the scatter layer take up 2 to 20 volume percent of the scatter layer. 21. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the scatter particles have a diameter of 5 nm to 1000 nm. 22. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, further comprising a low-refractive layer arranged between the functional layer and the scatter layer, said low-refractive layer having, in the wavelength range, a lower refractive index than that of the scatter layer. 23. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the scatter layer is formed by the substrate. 24. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the scatter layer is an additional layer different from the substrate. 25. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the radiation-emitting apparatus is at least partially mirrored on at least one surface not provided as a radiation-emitting surface. 26. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, further comprising a mirror element arranged between the first electrode surface and the second region of the scatter layer. 27. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the first region of the scatter layer is a central region of the scatter layer and the second region of the scatter layer is an edge region of the scatter layer. 28. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the second region of the scatter layer at least partially surrounds the first region of the scatter layer. 29. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the second region of the scatter layer surrounds the first region of the scatter layer in an annular manner. 30. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the radiation-emitting apparatus is formed at least in a sub-region or overall to be transparent or at least translucent. 31. A radiation emitting apparatus comprising: a substrate, at least one layer sequence arranged on the substrate and producing electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range, having at least one first electrode surface, at least one second electrode surface, and at least one functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer produces electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range in a switched-on operating state, and a scatter layer having a first region and a second region, wherein radiation produced by the functional layer is directly incident on the scatter layer only in the first region of the scatter layer, the scatter layer comprises a matrix material and scatter particles having a refractive index different from that of the matrix material, the scatter particles in the first region of the scatter layer take up 0.1 to 5 volume percent of the scatter layer and the scatter particles in the second region of the scatter layer take up 2 to 20 volume percent of the scatter layer, and the scatter layer at least partially scatters radiation incident upon the first region of the scatter layer so that said radiation enters the second region of the scatter layer. 32. The radiation emitting apparatus according to claim 31, wherein a concentration of the scatter particles in the first region of the scatter layer is 0.1 to 5 volume percent of the scatter layer and a concentration of the scatter particles in the second region is 10 to 20 volume percent of the scatter layer. 33. The radiation emitting apparatus according to claim 31, wherein a low-refractive layer is arranged between the functional layer and the scatter layer, said low-refractive layer having, in the wavelength range, a lower refractive index than that of the scatter layer. 34. A radiation emitting apparatus comprising: a substrate, at least one layer sequence arranged on the substrate and producing electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range, having at least one first electrode surface, at least one second electrode surface, and at least one functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer produces electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range in a switched-on operating state, and a scatter layer having a first region and a second region, wherein radiation produced by the functional layer is directly incident on the scatter layer only in the first region of the scatter layer, the scatter layer at least partially scatters radiation incident upon the first region of the scatter layer so that said radiation enters the second region of the scatter layer, and the radiation-emitting apparatus is formed at least in a sub-region or overall to be transparent or at least translucent. 35. The radiation emitting apparatus according to claim 34, which comprises two radiation-emitting surfaces so that the radiation-emitting apparatus is configured as a top emitter and a bottom emitter.",
-    "One of the embodiments of the present invention relates to a method for operating a routing device in a network. The method comprises: receiving, during routing table calculation for a first topology change associated with a first routing device, a message indicative of a second topology change associated with a second routing device; determining a time duration of a hold time period based on a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between the routing device and the second routing device, wherein the running time is retrieved from a running time database and the running time database is configured to store plural values each of which is indicative of a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between the routing device and each of other routing devices in the network, wherein during the hold time period, the routing device does not perform any further routing table calculation. The present invention also relates to corresponding routing device. 1. A method for operating a routing device in a network, comprising: receiving, during routing table calculation for a first topology change associated with a first routing device, a message indicative of a second topology change associated with a second routing device; determining a time duration of a hold time period based on a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and said second routing device, wherein said running time is retrieved from a running time database and said running time database is configured to store plural values each of which is indicative of a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and each of other routing devices in said network, wherein during said hold time period, said routing device does not perform any further routing table calculation. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: updating at least one of said plural values of said running time database associated with paths influenced by said first topology change based on said routing table calculation. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving a message indicative of a third topology change associated with a third routing device in said network, while said routing device performs no routing table calculation and is not in the hold time period; after waiting for a period of delay, performing routing table calculation in response to said message indicative of said third topology change. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said delay is configured to be a value greater than a value of an interface flooding pacing timer. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said value indicative of said running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for said shortest path between said routing device and each of other routing devices in said network is associated with a running time period required for performing shortest path first calculation between two routing devices of a shortest-path tree using said routing device as the root. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining said hold time period comprises determining said time duration of said hold time period to be a sum of said running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for the shortest path between said routing device and said second routing device, and a time period required for updating route information base and forward information base in said routing device. 7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving a message indicative of a fourth topology change associated with a fourth routing device in said network while said routing device is in the hold time period; and re-determining said time duration of said hold time period based on a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and said fourth routing device, wherein said running time is retrieved from said running time database. 8. A routing device for operating in a network, comprising: a routing table calculation unit configured to perform routing table calculation; a running time database ( 620 )-storing plural values, each of said plural values being indicative of a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and each of other routing devices in said network; a receiving unit configured to receive, during said routing table calculation unit performing routing table calculation for a first topology change associated with a first routing device, a message indicative of a second topology change associated with a second routing device; a hold time determining unit configured to determine a time duration of a hold time period based on a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and said second routing device, wherein said running time is retrieved from said running time database, wherein during said hold time period, said routing table calculation unit is configured to not perform any further routing table calculation. 9. The routing device according to claim 8, further comprising: an updating unit configured to update at least one of said plural values of said running time database associated with paths influenced by said first topology change based on said routing table calculation performed by said routing table calculation unit. 10. The routing device according to claim 8, wherein said receiving unit is further configured to receive a message indicative of a third topology change associated with a third routing device in said network, while said routing device performs no routing table calculation and is not in the hold time period; and said routing table calculation unit is configured to perform, after waiting for a period of delay, routing table calculation in response to said message indicative of said third topology change. 11. The routing device according to any of claims 10, wherein said delay is configured to be a value greater than a value of an interface flooding pacing timer. 12. The routing device according claim 8, wherein said value indicative of said running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for said shortest path between said routing device and each of other routing devices in said network is associated with a running time period required for performing shortest path first calculation between two routing devices of a shortest-path tree using said routing device as the root. 13. The routing device according to claim 8, wherein said hold time determining unit is configured to determine said time duration of said hold time period to be a sum of said running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for the shortest path between said routing device and said second fault routing device, and a time period required for updating route information base and forward information base in said routing device. 14. The routing device according to claim 8, wherein said receiving unit is further configured to receive a message indicative of a fourth topology change associated with a fourth routing device in said network while said routing device is in the hold time period; and said hold time determining unit is further configured to re-determine said time duration of said hold time period based on a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and said fourth routing device, wherein said running time is retrieved from said running time database. 15. An apparatus for operating a routing device in a network, comprising: receiving unit for receiving, during routing table calculation for a first topology change associated with a first routing device, a message indicative of a second topology change associated with a second routing device; determining unit for determining a time duration of a hold time period based on a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and said second routing device, wherein said running time is retrieved from a running time database and said running time database is configured to store plural values each of which is indicative of a running time required for performing shortest path first calculations for a shortest path between said routing device and each of other routing devices in said network; wherein during said hold time period, said routing device is configure to not perform any further routing table calculation in response to receipt of a subsequent message indicative of a further topology change.",
-    "In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus comprises a processor configured to determine a first result of estimating a position based at least in part on a first partial radio map, the processor further configured to perform a first comparison of the first result to a reference position, and a memory configured to store a second result based upon the comparison. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a processor configured to determine a first result of estimating a position based at least in part on a first partial radio map; the processor further configured to perform a first comparison of the first result to a reference position; and a memory configured to store a second result based upon the comparison. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein if the first result is a valid estimate of the position, the second result is a difference between the first result and the reference position or an indication of whether the reference position is included within an uncertainty area of the first result. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second result is an indication of whether a valid estimate was obtained. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to cause transmission of a partial radio map to a user terminal based at least in part on at least one of the first result and the second result. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to determine a third result of estimating the position based at least in part on a second partial radio map; wherein the processor is further configured to perform a second comparison of the third result to the reference position; and wherein the processor is further configured to determine a quality of the first partial radio map relative to a quality of the second partial radio map based at least in part on the first comparison and the second comparison. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first comparison comprises determining a first difference between the first result and the reference position; and wherein the second comparison comprises determining a second difference between the third result and the reference position. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the quality of the first radio map is determined to be better relative to the quality of the second radio map if the first result is a valid estimate of the position and the third result is not a valid estimate of the position. 8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the quality of the first radio map is determined to be better relative to the quality of the second radio map if a distance between the position estimated based upon the first partial radio map and the reference position is less than a distance between the position estimated based upon the second partial radio map and the reference position. 9. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to cause transmission of a partial radio map to a user terminal based at least in part on the quality of the first partial radio map relative to the quality of the second partial radio map. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reference position is an estimate of the position based at least in part on a full radio map, a navigation satellite based system, or both. 11. An apparatus, comprising: a processor configured to determine a first result of estimating a position based at least in part on a first partial radio map; the processor further configured to determine a second result of estimating the position based at least in part on a second partial radio map; the processor further configured to determine a quality of the first partial radio map relative to a quality of the second partial radio map based at least in part on the first result and the second result; and a memory configured to store an indication of the quality of the first partial radio map relative to the quality of the second partial radio map. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein in response to the first result being a valid estimate of the position and the second result being an invalid estimate of the position, the processor is configured to determine that the first partial radio map is of a better quality compared to the second partial radio map. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map are based upon data belonging to different time periods. 14. A method, comprising: determining a first result of estimating a position based at least in part on a first partial radio map; performing a first comparison of the first result to a reference position; and identifying a second result from the first comparison. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein if the first result is a valid estimate of the position, the second result is a difference between the first result and the reference position, an indication of whether the reference position is included within an uncertainty area of the first result, or both. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the second result is an indication of whether a valid estimate was obtained or not. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: causing transmission of a partial radio map to a user terminal based at least in part on the second result. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising: determining a third result of estimating the position based at least in part on a second partial radio map; performing a second comparison of the third result to the reference position; and determining a quality of the first partial radio map relative to a quality of the second partial radio map based at least in part on the first comparison and the second comparison. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first comparison is a first difference between the first result and the reference position; and wherein the second comparison is a second difference between the third result and the reference position. 20.-32. (canceled) 33. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map are based upon data belonging to different time periods.",
-    "In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus comprises a first receiver configured to receive a first partial radio map and a second partial radio map, a processor configured to compare the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map, and the processor further configured to determine to replace the first partial radio map with the second partial radio map based at least in part on a result of the comparison. 1.-7. (canceled) 8. A method, comprising: comparing a first partial radio map and a second partial radio map; and determining to replace the first partial radio map with the second partial radio map based at least in part on a result of the comparison. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the comparing comprises: determining a first number of access points that are included in the first partial radio map but not included in the second partial radio map; wherein the first partial radio map is determined to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the first number of access points exceeds a threshold. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the comparing comprises: determining a second number of access points that are not included in the first partial radio map but are included in the second partial radio map; wherein the first partial radio map is determined to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the second number of access points exceeds a threshold. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the comparing comprises: determining a number of access points with different locations in the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map; wherein the first partial radio map is determined to be replaced with the second partial radio map if a number of access points with different locations in the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map exceeds a threshold. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving a mapping of access points in the first partial radio map and access points in the second partial radio map to at least one node in a grid; wherein the comparing comprises: determining a third number of access points that are assigned to the at least one node in the first partial radio map but are not assigned to the at least one node in the second partial radio map; and wherein the first partial radio map is determined to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the third number of access points exceeds a threshold. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising receiving a mapping of access points in the first partial radio map and access points in the second partial radio map to at least one node in a grid; wherein the comparing comprises: determining a fourth number of access points that are assigned to the at least one node in the second partial radio map but are not assigned to the at least one node in the first partial radio map; and wherein the first partial radio map is determined to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the fourth number of access points exceeds a threshold. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map comprise radio maps of a same geographical area corresponding to different time periods. 15. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: comparing a first partial radio map and a second partial radio map; and determining to replace the first partial radio map with the second partial radio map based at least in part on a result of the comparison. 16-20. (canceled) 21. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the comparing comprises: determining a first number of access points that are included in the first partial radio map but not included in the second partial radio map; and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first partial radio map to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the first number of access points exceeds a threshold. 22. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the comparing comprises: determining a second number of access points that are not included in the first partial radio map but are included in the second partial radio map; and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first partial radio map to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the second number of access points exceeds a threshold. 23. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the comparing comprises: determining a number of access points with different locations in the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map; and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first partial radio map to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the number of access points with different locations in the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map exceeds a threshold. 24. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: a first receiver configured to receive a first partial radio map and a second partial radio map. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising: a second receiver configured to receive a mapping of access points in the first partial radio map and access points in the second partial radio map to at least one node in a grid; wherein the comparing comprises: determining a third number of access points that are assigned to the at least one node in the first partial radio map but are not assigned to the at least one node in the second partial radio map; and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine to cause the first partial radio map to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the third number of access points exceeds a threshold. 26. The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising: a second receiver configured to receive a mapping of access points in the first partial radio map and access points in the second partial radio map to at least one node in a grid; wherein the comparing comprises: determining a fourth number of access points that are assigned to the at least one node in the second partial radio map but are not assigned to the at least one node in the first partial radio map; and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first partial radio map to be replaced with the second partial radio map if the fourth number of access points exceeds a threshold. 27. The apparatus claim 15, wherein the first partial radio map and the second partial radio map comprise radio maps of a same geographical area corresponding to different time periods.",
-    "A cutting apparatus for a tape, on a tape conveying path, sequentially including: a feeding assembly, configured to release the tape at an upstream of the tape conveying path; an roller assembly, including a first roller and a second roller opposite to each other and configured to clamp at least part of the tape therebetween and drive the tape to move on the tape conveying path by rotation of at least one of the first roller and the second roller; and a cutter assembly, configured to cut the tape at a downstream of the tape conveying path, wherein, the cutting apparatus further includes a control assembly, configured to control the cutter assembly to cut the tape according to rotation of at least one of the first roller and the second roller. The cutting apparatus can improve cutting efficiency and accuracy of the tape. 1. A cutting apparatus for a tape, sequentially comprising, on a tape conveying path: a feeding assembly, configured to release the tape at an upstream of the tape conveying path; an roller assembly, including a first roller and a second roller opposite to each other and configured to clamp at least part of the tape therebetween and drive the tape to move on the tape conveying path by rotation of at least one of the first roller and the second roller; and a cutter assembly, configured to cut the tape at a downstream of the tape conveying path, wherein, the cutting apparatus further comprises a control assembly, configured to control the cutter assembly to cut the tape according to the rotation of at least one of the first roller and the second roller. 2. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, the cutter assembly is controlled to cut the tape in response to that the at least one of the first roller and the second roller rotates by a preset angle. 3. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a detecting device, which is arranged on the first roller and/or the second roller and configured for detecting an actual rotated angle of the roller provided with the detecting device, and feeding back an actual angle signal to the control assembly, wherein the control assembly judges whether an error presents between the actual angle and a preset angle according to the actual angle signal, and stops the rotation of the first roller and/or the second roller in response to presence of error. 4. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a discharging plate, positioned on a downstream side of the cutter assembly on the tape conveying path, the discharging plate being provided with a sensing device, the sensing device being configured to send a sending signal to the control assembly according to whether a cutting portion of the tape falls on the discharging plate, the control assembly being configured to control the first roller, the second roller and the cutter assembly to stop or re-start operation based on the sensing signal. 5. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, the feeding device includes a reel and baffles arranged on two ends of the reel, the baffles are movable along an axial direction of the reel and are detachably connected with the reel. 6. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, a plurality of roller assemblies are arranged between the feeding assembly and the cutting assembly on the tape conveying path. 7. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in a vertical direction perpendicular to a horizontal direction, the second roller is positioned above the first roller, the control device is configured to control the first roller to rotate, and the detecting device is arranged on the second roller. 8. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, an anti-adhesive layer is coated on the first roller and/or the second roller. 9. The cutting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, the cutter assembly includes a cutter and a driving device, the driving device is configured to drive the cutter to move between an initial position and a cutting position, and the control assembly is configured to control the cutter to move by controlling the driving device. 10. The cutting apparatus according to claim 7, wherein, the control assembly includes a single chip microcomputer and a motor, the motor is in transmission connection with the first roller, and the single chip microcomputer is configured to control the first roller to rotate by controlling the motor. 11. The cutting apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, the detecting device is a photoelectric rotary encoder. 12. The cutting apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, the sensing device is a photoelectric sensor. 13. The cutting apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, the discharging plate is obliquely arranged to cause a cutting portion of the tape to move out of the discharging plate along a surface of the discharging plate. 14. The cutting apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a detecting device, which is arranged on the first roller and/or the second roller and configured for detecting an actual rotated angle of the roller provided with the detecting device, and feeding back an actual angle signal to the control assembly, wherein the control assembly judges whether an error presents between the actual angle and a preset angle according to the actual angle signal, and stops the rotation of the first roller and/or the second roller in response to presence of error. 15. The cutting apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a discharging plate, positioned on a downstream side of the cutter assembly on the tape conveying path, the discharging plate being provided with a sensing device, the sensing device being configured to send a sending signal to the control assembly according to whether a cutting portion of the tape falls on the discharging plate, the control assembly being configured to control the first roller, the second roller and the cutter assembly to stop or re-start operation based on the sensing signal. 16. The cutting apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a discharging plate, positioned on a downstream side of the cutter assembly on the tape conveying path, the discharging plate being provided with a sensing device, the sensing device being configured to send a sending signal to the control assembly according to whether a cutting portion of the tape falls on the discharging plate, the control assembly being configured to control the first roller, the second roller and the cutter assembly to stop or re-start operation based on the sensing signal. 17. The cutting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, the feeding device includes a reel and baffles arranged on two ends of the reel, the baffles are movable along an axial direction of the reel and are detachably connected with the reel. 18. The cutting apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, the feeding device includes a reel and baffles arranged on two ends of the reel, the baffles are movable along an axial direction of the reel and are detachably connected with the reel. 19. The cutting apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, the feeding device includes a reel and baffles arranged on two ends of the reel, the baffles are movable along an axial direction of the reel and are detachably connected with the reel. 20. The cutting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, a plurality of roller assemblies are arranged between the feeding assembly and the cutting assembly on the tape conveying path.",
-    "A vehicle control device has a controller configured to control a hydraulic pressure required for shifting of a sub-transmission based on an input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift, and to execute limitation processing in which, when an instruction to execute specific control causing fluctuation in the input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift is issued, execution of the specific control is prohibited or the specific control is executed by limiting a control amount. 1. A vehicle control device, adapted to control a vehicle, including a continuously variable transmission and a stepped sub-transmission on a power transmission path from a power source to a driving wheel and executing coordinated shift in which, when the sub-transmission is to be shifted, a speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission is changed in a direction opposite to a changing direction of a speed ratio of the sub-transmission and suppressing a change in a speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission and the sub-transmission in entirety, the vehicle control device comprising: a controller configured to: control a hydraulic pressure required for shifting of the sub-transmission based on an input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift, and execute limitation processing in which, when an instruction to execute specific control causing fluctuation in the input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift is issued, execution of the specific control is prohibited or the specific control is executed by limiting a control amount. 2. The vehicle control device according to claim 1, wherein the limitation controller executes the limitation processing until the coordinated shift is finished and does not execute the limitation processing after the coordinated shift is finished. 3. The vehicle control device according to claim 2, wherein the controller resumes the specific control which was prohibited or to recover the control amount which was limited after the coordinated shift is finished. 4. The vehicle control device according to claim 3, wherein, when there are a plurality of the specific controls to be resumed or whose limited control amounts are to be recovered after the coordinated shift is finished, the controller shifts timing of resumption or recovery of the control amounts from each other. 5. A vehicle control method of a vehicle including a continuously variable transmission and a stepped sub-transmission on a power transmission path from a power source to a driving wheel and executing coordinated shift in which, when the sub-transmission is to be shifted, a speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission is changed in a direction opposite to a changing direction of a speed ratio of the sub-transmission and suppressing a change in a speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission and the sub-transmission in entirety, the vehicle control method comprising: controlling a hydraulic pressure required for shifting of the sub-transmission based on an input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift; and executing limitation processing in which, when an instruction to execute specific control causing fluctuation in the input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift is issued, execution of the specific control is prohibited or the specific control is executed by limiting a control amount. 6. A vehicle control device, adapted to control a vehicle, including a continuously variable transmission and a stepped sub-transmission on a power transmission path from a power source to a driving wheel and executing coordinated shift in which, when the sub-transmission is to be shifted, a speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission is changed in a direction opposite to a changing direction of a speed ratio of the sub-transmission and suppressing a change in a speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission and the sub-transmission in entirety, comprising: hydraulic pressure control means for controlling a hydraulic pressure required for shifting of the sub-transmission based on an input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift; and limitation processing means for executing limitation processing in which, when an instruction to execute specific control causing fluctuation in the input torque to the sub-transmission during the coordinated shift is issued, execution of the specific control is prohibited or the specific control is executed by limiting a control amount.",
-    "Provided are an end-of-life protection circuit for a non-isolated electronic ballast and a method for protecting same. The non-isolated electronic ballast includes a driver circuit (104), a sampling circuit (108), and a control circuit (102). The driver circuit (104) connects to an output circuit (106) for controlling operation of a load. The sampling circuit (108) samples direct current (DC) voltage values of a capacitor of a lamp coupled to the ballast to detect occurrence of an asymmetric event. The control circuit (102) receives a voltage value in response to detecting the asymmetric event and outputs to the driver circuit (104) a control signal to control operation of the driver circuit (104) to prevent end-of-life damage. Provided also are an end-of-life protection circuit for an isolated electronic ballast and a method for protecting same. 1. An end-of-life protection circuit for a non-isolated electronic ballast, comprising: a driver circuit connected to an output circuit for controlling operation of a load; a sampling circuit configured to sample direct current (DC) voltage values of a capacitor of a lamp coupled to the ballast to detect the occurrence of an asymmetric event; and a control circuit for receiving a voltage value in response to the detection of the asymmetric event from the sampling circuit and for outputting to the driver circuit a control signal to control operation of the driver to prevent end of life damage. 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the DC voltage value is changed upon detecting the asymmetric event. 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein driver circuit comprises a half bridge driver circuit including a DC voltage, a half bridge control, a power supply for the half bridge and driver MOSFETs, wherein the half bridge driver is configured to set a frequency output for the output circuit and provide end of life protection for the lamp. 4. The circuit of claim 3, wherein the driver circuit triggers the half bridge driver to change a half bridge control, shut down the half bridge or output a high frequency when the asymmetric event is detected. 5. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the output circuit comprises a limit inductor, an oscillation capacitor and a lamp load. 6. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the sampling circuit comprises a half bridge capacitor, a pair of resistors, and an end of life sensor capacitor. 7. A method for providing end-of-life protection for a non-isolated electronic ballast configure for coupling a lamp thereto, comprising: sampling direct current (DC) voltage values of a capacitor of the lamp to detect occurrence of an asymmetric event in the ballast; receiving, as input to a control circuit, a voltage value in response to detecting the asymmetric event; and outputting, from the control circuit, to a driver circuit, a control signal to control operation of the driver circuit to prevent end of life damage. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising changing the DC voltage value upon detecting the asymmetric event. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the driver circuit comprises a half bridge driver circuit including a DC voltage, a half bridge control, a power supply for the half bridge driver and driver MOSFETs, wherein the half bridge driver is configured to set a frequency output for the output circuit and provide the end of life protection for the lamp. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising triggering the half bridge driver to change a half bridge control, shut down the half bridge or output a high frequency when the asymmetric event is detected. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein outputting, from the control circuit, to a driver circuit further comprises proving an output circuit including a limit inductor, an oscillation capacitor and a lamp load. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein sampling the DC voltage values further comprises providing a sampling circuit including a half bride capacitor, a pair of resistors, and an end of life sensor capacitor. 13. An end-of-life protection circuit for an isolated electronic ballast, comprising: a driver circuit connected to an output circuit for controlling operation of a load; and a detect and control circuit for monitoring direct current (DC) voltage values of a capacitor of lamp to detect the occurrence of an asymmetric event and for outputting to the driver circuit a control signal to control the operation of the driver to prevent end of life damage. 14. The circuit of claim 13, wherein the DC voltage value is changed upon detecting the asymmetric event. 15. The circuit of claim 13, wherein driver circuit comprises a half bridge driver circuit including a DC voltage, a pair of electrolytic capacitors, a limit transformer, an oscillation capacitor, a half bridge power bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and a pair of resistors. 16. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the half bridge power BJT shuts down such that the half bridge driver stops operating when the asymmetric event is detected. 17. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the output circuit comprises an oscillation capacitor, an output transformer, and a lamp load. 18. A method for providing end-of-life protection for an isolated electronic ballast including a driver circuit, the electronic ballast being configured for coupling to a lamp, the method comprising: monitoring direct current (DC) voltage values of a capacitor coupled to the lamp to detect occurrence of an asymmetric event; and outputting to the driver circuit a control signal to control operation of the driver circuit to prevent end of life damage. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising changing the DC voltage value upon the detection of the asymmetric event. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising shutting down the half bridge power BJT such that the half bridge driver stops operating when the asymmetric event is detected.",
-    "Disclosed are a light-emitting member and a method for preparing the same as well as a display device. The light-emitting member includes a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer having a polarity opposite to that of the first electrode layer, a light-emitting layer and an isolation layer, the light-emitting layer is located on the first electrode layer, the second electrode layer is located on a side of the light-emitting layer, and the isolation layer is located on a side of the first electrode layer to isolate the first electrode layer from the second electrode layer. 1. A light-emitting member, comprising a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer having a polarity opposite to that of the first electrode layer, a light-emitting layer, and an isolation layer, wherein: the light-emitting layer is located on the first electrode layer, the second electrode layer is located on a side of the light-emitting layer, and the isolation layer is located on a side of the first electrode layer to isolate the first electrode layer from the second electrode layer. 2. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a cross-sectional shape of the light-emitting layer is a trapezoidal body, and a surface, adjacent to the first electrode layer, of the light-emitting layer is a smaller bottom surface of the trapezoidal body. 3. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein adjacent side surfaces of the second electrode layer and the light-emitting layer have a same inclination angle. 4. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a material of the second electrode layer comprises a reflective material. 5. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a lower edge, adjacent to a side surface of the second electrode layer, of the light-emitting layer is in contact with an edge of a top surface of the isolation layer. 6. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer is an anode layer and the second electrode layer is a cathode layer. 7. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a hole transport layer is provided between the first electrode layer and the light-emitting layer. 8. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a hole injection layer is provided between the first electrode layer and the light-emitting layer. 9. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein an electron transport layer is provided between the second electrode layer and the light-emitting layer. 10. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a hole blocking layer is provided between the second electrode layer and the light-emitting layer. 11. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein an electron blocking layer is provided between the first electrode layer and the light-emitting layer. 12. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein an electron injection layer is provided between the second electrode layer and the light-emitting layer. 13. The light-emitting member according to claim 1, wherein a material of the first electrode layer comprises a reflective material. 14. A display device, comprising the light-emitting member according to claim 1. 15. A method for preparing a light-emitting member, wherein the light-emitting member comprises a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer having a polarity opposite to that of the first electrode layer, a light-emitting layer, and an isolation layer, the method comprising: forming the first electrode layer on a substrate; forming the isolation layer on a side of the first electrode layer on the substrate; forming the second electrode layer on the isolation layer, the second electrode layer being isolated from the first electrode layer by the isolation layer; and forming the light-emitting layer on a side of the second electrode layer and on the first electrode layer. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first electrode layer is an anode layer and the second electrode layer is a cathode layer. 17. The method according to claim 16, after forming the first electrode layer on the substrate, further comprising: forming a hole injection layer on the first electrode layer and forming a hole transport layer on the hole injection layer. 18. The method according to claim 16, after forming the second electrode layer on the isolation layer, further comprising: forming an electron transport layer on a side of the second electrode layer and forming a hole blocking layer on a side of the electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the light-emitting layer is formed on a side of the hole blocking layer away from the electron transport layer and on the hole transport layer. 20. The method according to claim 16, after forming the second electrode layer on the isolation layer, further comprising: forming an electron transport layer on a side of the second electrode layer and forming a hole blocking layer on a side of the electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer.",
-    "A charge pump circuit includes a first PMOS transistor and a first NMOS transistor that are connected in series to a main charging and discharging circuit, where a grid electrode of the first PMOS transistor is controlled by an inverted signal of a first control signal. A grid electrode of the first NMOS transistor is controlled by a second control signal. The circuit further includes a second PMOS transistor that is located in a first branch circuit, where a grid electrode of the second PMOS transistor is controlled by the first control signal; and includes a second NMOS transistor that is located in a second branch circuit, where a grid electrode of the second NMOS transistor is controlled by an inverted signal of the second control signal. The embodiments resolve a problem of leakage currents. 1. A charge pump circuit, comprising: a main charging and discharging circuit, wherein a first PMOS transistor and a first NMOS transistor are connected in series to the main charging and discharging circuit, a grid electrode of the first PMOS transistor is controlled by an inverted signal of a first control signal, and a grid electrode of the first NMOS transistor is controlled by a second control signal; a first branch circuit, wherein a second PMOS transistor is located in the first branch circuit, a source electrode of the second PMOS transistor is connected to a source electrode of the first PMOS transistor, and a grid electrode of the second PMOS transistor is controlled by the first control signal; and a second branch circuit, wherein a second NMOS transistor is located in the second branch circuit, a source electrode of the second NMOS transistor is connected to a source electrode of the first NMOS transistor, and a grid electrode of the second NMOS transistor is controlled by an inverted signal of the second control signal, wherein under control of the different first control signal and the second control signal, a first node at which a drain electrode of the first PMOS transistor and a drain electrode of the first NMOS transistor are located, a second node at which a drain electrode of the second PMOS transistor is located, and a third node at which a drain electrode of the second NMOS transistor is located are maintained at a same voltage or approximate voltages. 2. The charge pump circuit according to claim 1, further comprising 1\u00d7 buffers that are connected between the first node and the second node, and between the first node and the third node, and configured to maintain the first node, the second node and the third node at a same voltage. 3. The charge pump circuit according to claim 1, further comprising a third PMOS transistor, a fourth PMOS transistor and a fifth PMOS transistor, wherein source electrodes of the third PMOS transistor and the fourth PMOS transistor are coupled to a supply voltage, and grid electrodes thereof are controlled by a third control signal; a drain electrode of the third PMOS transistor is connected to the source electrode of the first PMOS transistor; a drain electrode of the fourth PMOS transistor is connected to a source electrode of the fifth PMOS transistor; a grid electrode of the fifth PMOS transistor is coupled to a ground level; and a drain electrode of the fifth PMOS transistor is coupled to the third node. 4. The charge pump circuit according to claim 1, further comprising a third NMOS transistor, a fourth NMOS transistor and a fifth NMOS transistor, wherein source electrodes of the fifth third NMOS transistor and the fourth NMOS transistor are coupled to a ground voltage, and grid electrodes thereof are controlled by a fourth control signal; a drain electrode of the third NMOS transistor is connected to the source electrode of the first NMOS transistor; a drain electrode of the fifth NMOS transistor is connected to a source electrode of the fourth NMOS transistor; a grid electrode of the fifth NMOS transistor is coupled to a supply voltage; and a drain electrode of the fifth NMOS transistor is coupled to the second node. 5. The charge pump circuit according to claim 1, wherein the main circuit comprises a sixth PMOS transistor and a six NMOS transistor, the first branch circuit comprises a seventh PMOS transistor, and the second branch circuit comprises a seventh NMOS transistor, wherein the sixth PMOS transistor matches the seventh PMOS transistor, and the sixth NMOS transistor matches the seventh NMOS transistor. 6. An electronic device, comprising the charge pump circuit according to claim 1. 7. An electronic device, comprising the charge pump circuit according to claim 2. 8. An electronic device, comprising the charge pump circuit according to claim 3. 9. An electronic device, comprising the charge pump circuit according to claim 4. 10. An electronic device, comprising the charge pump circuit according to claim 5.",
-    "The present disclosure provides an OLED display panel and a manufacturing method thereof. The OLED display panel includes a substrate and a bank layer and pixel units disposed on the substrate. The pixel units are partitioned by the bank layer. The bank layer is negative photoresist. Openings obtained by exposing and developing the bank layer are formed in the bank layer. The openings are used for placing light-emitting layers of the pixel units. A light-permeable light enhancement layer is disposed between the bank layer around the opening and the substrate, such that light intensity on one side of the bank layer around the opening close to the substrate is increased during the exposure and development process to obtain the opening having a top wider than a bottom. By using the present disclosure, a manufacturing efficiency of the light-emitting layers of the OLEDs increases. 1. An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel comprising a substrate and a bank layer and a plurality of pixel units disposed on the substrate, the plurality of pixel units being partitioned by the bank layer, each of the pixel units comprising a cathode, an anode, and a light-emitting layer sandwiched between the cathode and the anode, the bank layer being negative photoresist and a plurality of openings obtained by exposing and developing the bank layer being formed in the bank layer, the openings being used for placing light-emitting layers of the pixel units, and a light-permeable light enhancement layer being disposed between the bank layer around the opening and the substrate, such that light intensity on one side of the bank layer around the opening close to the substrate is increased during the exposure and development process to obtain the opening having a top wider than a bottom; wherein the light enhancement layer is made of a semi-reflective translucent material or constituted by a brightness enhanced film; the light enhancement layer extends to an area corresponding to the bottom of the opening, an extended portion of the light enhancement layer completely or partially covers the area corresponding to the bottom of the opening. 2. The OLED display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, the ITO electrode is disposed on the bottom of the opening, two ends of the ITO electrode are disposed in the bank layer, and the light enhancement layer is disposed between the ITO electrode and the substrate. 3. The OLED display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light-emitting layers are formed by inkjet printing. 4. An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel comprising a substrate and a bank layer and a plurality of pixel units disposed on the substrate, the plurality of pixel units being partitioned by the bank layer, each of the pixel units comprising a cathode, an anode, and a light-emitting layer sandwiched between the cathode and the anode, the bank layer being negative photoresist and a plurality of openings obtained by exposing and developing the bank layer being formed in the bank layer, the openings being used for placing light-emitting layers of the pixel units, and a light-permeable light enhancement layer being disposed between the bank layer around the opening and the substrate, such that light intensity on one side of the bank layer around the opening close to the substrate is increased during the exposure and development process to obtain the opening having a top wider than a bottom. 5. The OLED display panel of claim 4, wherein the light enhancement layer is made of a semi-reflective translucent material or constituted by a brightness enhanced film. 6. The OLED display panel of claim 4, wherein the light enhancement layer extends to an area corresponding to the bottom of the opening, an extended portion of the light enhancement layer completely or partially covers the area corresponding to the bottom of the opening. 7. The OLED display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, the ITO electrode is disposed on the bottom of the opening, two ends of the ITO electrode are disposed in the bank layer, and the light enhancement layer is disposed between the ITO electrode and the substrate. 8. The OLED display panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, the ITO electrode is disposed on the bottom of the opening, two ends of the ITO electrode are disposed in the bank layer, and the light enhancement layer is disposed between the ITO electrode and the substrate. 9. The OLED display panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, the ITO electrode is disposed on the bottom of the opening, two ends of the ITO electrode are disposed in the bank layer, and the light enhancement layer is disposed between the ITO electrode and the substrate. 10. The OLED display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the light-emitting layers are formed by inkjet printing. 11. A method for manufacturing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel comprising: forming a light-permeable light enhancement layer and anodes of a plurality of pixel units on a substrate in a first area; coating a bank layer that is negative photoresist on the substrate, and exposing and developing the bank layer to obtain a plurality of openings having a top wider than a bottom, wherein the first area is a peripheral area of the openings; disposing light-emitting layers of the pixel units in the plurality of openings, respectively; forming a cathode of the pixel unit on the top of each of the openings, wherein the light-emitting layer of the pixel unit electrically contacts the anode and the cathode of the pixel unit. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the light enhancement layer is made of a semi-reflective translucent material or constituted by a brightness enhanced film. 13. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the light enhancement layer extends to areas corresponding to the bottoms of the openings, extended portions of the light enhancement layer completely or partially cover the areas corresponding to the bottoms of the openings. 14. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises a metal electrode and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode; the step of forming the light-permeable light enhancement layer and the anodes of the pixel units on the substrate in the first area comprises: forming the metal electrodes on the substrate in the first area; coating the light enhancement layer on the metal electrodes; and forming the ITO electrodes on the light enhancement layer. 15. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises a metal electrode and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode; the step of forming the light-permeable light enhancement layer and the anodes of the pixel units on the substrate in the first area comprises: forming the metal electrodes on the substrate in the first area; coating the light enhancement layer on the metal electrodes; and forming the ITO electrodes on the light enhancement layer. 16. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the anode of the pixel unit comprises a metal electrode and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode; the step of forming the light-permeable light enhancement layer and the anodes of the pixel units on the substrate in the first area comprises: forming the metal electrodes on the substrate in the first area; coating the light enhancement layer on the metal electrodes; and forming the ITO electrodes on the light enhancement layer. 17. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the light-emitting layers are formed by inkjet printing, the anodes of the pixel units and the light enhancement layer are formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD), photo, etching, and stripping, the cathodes of the pixel units are formed by evaporation deposition.",
-    "The invention relates to a surgical robot system comprising a robot arm (8) installed on a substructure (1), a first control instance (16) for producing control commands for the robot arm (8) on the basis of user inputs, and a second control instance (18), which receives the control commands from the first control instance (16) and checks the control commands with respect to whether the execution of the control commands by the robot arm (8) requires the robot arm to leave a specified occupied space (21, 22) of the robot arm (8) and releases a control command for execution by the robot arm (8) at most to the extent to which the control command can be executed without the robot arm leaving the specified occupied space (21, 22, 30). 1. A surgical robot system comprising: a robotic arm (8) mounted on a base element (1); a first control instance (16), configured for generating control commands for the robotic arm (8) on the basis of user inputs; a second control instance (18), electrically coupled to said first control instance, and configured for receiving the control commands from the first control instance (16) and for checking the control commands to determine whether the execution of said control commands by the robotic arm (8) requires said robotic arm to leave a specified movement space (21, 22, 30) of the robotic arm (8) and responsive to said checking, for releasing a received control command for execution by the robotic arm (8) at most to the extent to which the control command can be executed without the robotic arm leaving the specified movement space (21, 22, 30); a patient support (2), detachably connectable to a support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1), said support plate (6) electrically coupled to the second control instance (18), wherein the second control instance (18) is electrically coupled with at least one sensor (15) disposed in said support plate (6), and wherein said second control instance (18) is configured for detecting whether the support plate (6) coupled to said base element (1) is connected with the patient support (2) and is configured to base the checking procedure of the second control instance (18) on different movement spaces (21, 22) depending on whether or not the patient support (2) is connected with the support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1). 2. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that the sensor (15) detects the position of a locking mechanism (14) in said support plate (6), and wherein said locking mechanism (14) is movable between a position in which it secures the patient support (2) to the support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1) and a position in which it releases the patient support (2) from the support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1). 3. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that a locking mechanism (14) in said support plate (6) is movable between a locked position in which it secures the patient support (2) to the support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1) and an unlocked position in which it releases the patient support (2) from the support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1), wherein said second control instance (18) maintains said locking mechanism (14) in said locked position as long as the second control instance (18) bases the checking procedure on the, movement space (22) assigned to the patient support (2) being connected to the support plate (6) mounted on the base element (1). 4. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that the second control instance (18) is coupled to a user interface (20) configured for allowing said second control instance (18) to switch between the movement spaces (21) and (22). 5. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that a camera (23) is connected to the second control instance (18). 6. The surgical robot system according to claim 5, characterised in that the camera (23) is arranged so as to scan a patient (25) on the patient support (2), and wherein the second control instance (18) is configured to specify a movement space (22, 30) of the robotic arm (8) on the basis of the position of the patient (25). 7. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that the second control instance (18) further includes an interface (27) configured for receiving data relating to an operation to be performed on patient (25) and is configured to specify the movement space (30) of the robotic arm (8) on the basis of this data. 8. The surgical robot system according to claim 7, characterised in that the second control instance (18) is configured to check whether the specified movement space (30) is accessible for the robotic arm (8), and to generate an error message if at least a part of the movement space (30) is not accessible. 9. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that the robotic arm (8) can be mounted on the base element (1) in different positions. 10. The surgical robot system according to claim 9, characterised in that the second control instance (18) is configured to detect the mounting position of the robotic arm (8) on the base element (1). 11. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that the movement space (22) comprises a surgical field (34) in body (25) of a patient. 12. The surgical robot system according to claim 11, characterised in that a part of the movement space (22) is located outside of the body (25) and wherein the surgical field (34) is located inside the body (25) and wherein said movement space (22) and said surgical field (34) are connected together via a port (33). 13. The surgical robot system according to claim 1, characterised in that a the robotic arm (8) includes a surgical instrument (17) mounted thereon.",
-    "A method of reducing power consumption in a computing platform is disclosed. An endpoint-device that is coupled to the computing platform includes a first data buffer and a second data buffer. The first data buffer buffers outgoing data to be transmitted to an external device via a first communications medium. The second data buffer buffers incoming data received from the external device via the first communications medium. At least one of the first or second data buffers may selectively communicate with the computing platform, via a second communications medium, during an active window of the other data buffer. The active window may be requested by the first and/or second data buffers based, at least in part, on a system idle signal. For some embodiments, the first communications medium is an Ethernet link. Further, for some embodiments, the second communications medium is a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) link. 1. A method of operating an endpoint device coupled to a computing platform, the method comprising: buffering outgoing data in a first data buffer, wherein the outgoing data is to be transmitted to an external device via a first communications medium; buffering incoming data in a second data buffer, wherein the incoming data is received from the external device via the first communications medium; and enabling at least one of the first or second data buffers to selectively communicate with the computing platform, via a second communications medium, during an active window of the other data buffer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein enabling one of the first or second data buffer comprises at least one member of the group including: enabling the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, via the second communications medium, during an active window of the second buffer in which the second communications medium is reserved for the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform; and enabling the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform, via the second communications medium, during an active window of the first buffer in which the second communications medium is reserved for the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first data buffer retrieve the data during one or more gaps in communications between the computing platform and the second data buffer, and the first data buffer transmits the data during one or more gaps in communications between the computing platform and the first data buffer. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selectively allocating the active window for at least one of the first or second data buffers based, at least in part, on a system idle signal. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein selectively allocating the active window for the first data buffer comprises: allocating a first active window for the first data buffer; enabling the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, during the first active window, until an amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above a first transmit threshold; allocating a second active window for the first data buffer if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below a second transmit threshold, wherein the second transmit threshold is less than the first transmit threshold; enabling the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, during the second active window, until the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold; and terminating the first active window of the first data buffer once the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 4, wherein selectively allocating the active window for the first data buffer further comprises at least one member of the group including: allocating a third active window for the first data buffer if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below at least the first transmit threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; and preventing allocation of the third active window if the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in a low-power idle state or the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein allocating the third active window for the first data buffer comprises: allocating the third active window if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below a third transmit threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; and enabling the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, during the third active window, as long as the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or below the first transmit threshold; wherein the third transmit threshold is less than the first transmit threshold and greater than the second transmit threshold, and wherein at least one of the first, second, or third transmit thresholds is determined based on a latency requirement of the first data buffer. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: enabling the first data buffer to output a latency tolerance requirement (LTR) message to the computing platform indicating the latency requirement of the first data buffer. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein selectively allocating the active window for the second data buffer comprises: allocating a first active window for the second data buffer if an amount of data in the second data buffer is at or above a first receive threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; enabling the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform during the first active window; and preventing allocation of the first active window if the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in a low-power idle state or the amount of data in the second data buffer is below the first receive threshold. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 9, wherein selectively allocating the active window for the second data buffer further comprises: allocating a second active window for the second data buffer if the amount of data in the second data buffer is at or above a second receive threshold, wherein the second receive threshold is greater than the first receive threshold; enabling the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform during the second active window until the amount of data in the second data buffer is below at least the first receive threshold; and terminating the second active window of the second data buffer once the amount of data in the second data buffer is below at least the first receive threshold. 17. (canceled) 18. The method of claim 16, wherein selectively allocating the active window for the second data buffer further comprises: allocating a third active window for the second data buffer if any of the data in the second data buffer has been stored for longer than a duration; and enabling the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform during the third active window until the amount of data in the second data buffer is at or below the third receive threshold. 19-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the first communications medium is an Ethernet link, and wherein the second communications medium is a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) link. 22. The method of claim 6, wherein the system idle signal is an Optimized Buffer Flush/Fill (OBFF) indicator signal. 23. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing program instructions that, when executed by a processor of a communications device, causes the device to: buffer outgoing data in a first data buffer, wherein the outgoing data is to be transmitted to an external device via a first communications medium; buffer incoming data in a second data buffer, wherein the incoming data is received from the external device via the first communications medium; and enable one of the first or second data buffers to selectively communicate with a computing platform, via a second communications medium, during an active window of the other data buffer. 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 23, wherein execution of the program instructions to enable one of the first or second data buffers causes the device to perform at least one member of the group of operations including: enabling the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, via the second communications medium, during an active window of the second buffer in which the second communications medium is reserved for the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform; and enabling the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform, via the second communications medium, during an active window of the first buffer in which the second communications medium is reserved for the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform. 25. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 24, wherein the first data buffer is to retrieve the data during one or more gaps in communications between the computing platform and the second data buffer, and the second data buffer is to transmit the data during one or more gaps in communications between the computing platform and the first data buffer. 26-27. (canceled) 28. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 23, wherein execution of the program instructions causes the device to further: selectively allocate an active window for at least one of the first or second data buffers based, at least in part, on a system idle signal. 29. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, wherein execution of the program instructions to selectively allocate an active window for the first data buffer causes the device to: allocate a first active window for the first data buffer; enable the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, during the first active window, until an amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above a first transmit threshold; allocate a second active window for the first data buffer if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below a second transmit threshold, wherein the second transmit threshold is less than the first transmit threshold; enable the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, during the second active window, until the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold; and terminate the first active window of the first data buffer once the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold. 30. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 29, wherein execution of the program instructions to selectively allocate an active window for the first data buffer causes the device to perform at least one member of the group of operations including: allocating a third active window for the first data buffer if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below at least the first transmit threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; and preventing allocation of the third active window if the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in a low-power idle state or the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold. 31. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 30, wherein execution of the program instructions for allocating the third active window for the first data buffer causes the device to: allocate the third active window if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below a third transmit threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; and enable the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform, during the third active window, as long as the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or below the first transmit threshold; wherein the third transmit threshold is less than the first transmit threshold and greater than the second transmit threshold, and wherein at least one of the first, second, or third transmit thresholds is determined based on a latency requirement of the first data buffer. 32. (canceled) 33. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 23, wherein execution of the program instructions causes the device to further: enable the first data buffer to output a latency tolerance requirement (LTR) message to the computing platform indicating a latency requirement of the first data buffer. 34-35. (canceled) 36. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, wherein execution of the program instructions to selectively allocate the active window for the second data buffer cause the device to: allocate a first active window for the second data buffer if an amount of data in the second data buffer is at or above a first receive threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; enable the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform during the first active window; and prevent allocation of the first active window if the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in a low-power idle state or the amount of data in the second data buffer is below the first receive threshold. 37. (canceled) 38. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 36, wherein execution of the program instructions to selectively allocate the active window for the second data buffer further causes the device to further: allocate a second active window for the second data buffer if the amount of data in the second data buffer is at or above a second receive threshold, wherein the second receive threshold is greater than the first receive threshold; enable the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform during the second active window until the amount of data in the second data buffer is below at least the first receive threshold; and terminate the second active window of the second data buffer once the amount of data in the second data buffer is below at least the first receive threshold. 39. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 38, wherein execution of the program instructions to selectively allocate the active window for the second data buffer causes the device to further: allocate a third active window for the second data buffer if any of the data in the second data buffer has been stored for longer than a duration; and enable the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform during the third active window until the amount of data in the second data buffer is at or below the third receive threshold. 40-42. (canceled) 43. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 23, wherein the first communications medium is an Ethernet link, and wherein the second communications medium is a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) link. 44. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, wherein the system idle signal is an Optimized Buffer Flush/Fill (OBFF) indicator signal. 45. An endpoint device, comprising: a first data buffer to buffer outgoing data to be transmitted to an external device via a first communications medium; and a second data buffer to buffer incoming data received from the external device via the first communications medium; wherein at least one of the first or second data buffers is to selectively communicate with a computing platform, via a second communications medium, during an active window of the other data buffer. 46. The endpoint device of claim 45, wherein: the first data buffer is to retrieve data from the computing platform, via the second communications medium, during an active window in which the second communications medium is reserved for the second data buffer to transmit data to the computing platform; and the second data buffer is to transmit data to the computing platform, via the second communications medium, during an active window in which the second communications medium is reserved for the first data buffer to retrieve data from the computing platform. 47-48. (canceled) 49. The endpoint device of claim 46, wherein: the first data buffer is to retrieve the data from the computing platform during one or more gaps in communications between the computing platform and the second data buffer; and the second data buffer is to transmit the data to the computing platform during one or more gaps in communications between the computing platform and the first data buffer. 50. The endpoint device of claim 45, wherein at least one of the first or second data buffers is to selectively request an active window based, at least in part, on a system idle signal. 51. The endpoint device of claim 50, wherein the first data buffer is to further: request a first active window; retrieve data from the computing platform, during the first active window, until an amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above a first transmit threshold; request a second active window if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below a second transmit threshold, wherein the second transmit threshold is less than the first transmit threshold; retrieve data from the computing platform, during the second active window, until the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold; and terminate the first active window once the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold. 52. (canceled) 53. The endpoint device of claim 51, wherein the first data buffer is to further: request a third active window if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below at least the first transmit threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; and not request the third active window if the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in a low-power idle state or the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or above the first transmit threshold. 54. The endpoint device of claim 53, wherein the first data buffer is to further: request the third active window if the amount of data in the first data buffer is below a third transmit threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; and retrieve data from the computing platform, during the third active window, as long as the amount of data in the first data buffer is at or below the first transmit threshold; wherein the third transmit threshold is less than the first transmit threshold and greater than the second transmit threshold, and wherein at least one of the first, second, or third transmit thresholds is determined based on a latency requirement of the first data buffer. 55-56. (canceled) 57. The endpoint device of claim 45, wherein the first data buffer is to output an LTR message to the computing platform indicating at latency requirement of the first data buffer. 58. The endpoint device of claim 50, wherein the second data buffer is to further: request a first active window if an amount of data in the second data buffer is at or above a first receive threshold and the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in an active state; transmit data to the computing platform during the first active window; and not request the first active window if the system idle signal indicates that the computing platform is in a low-power idle state or the amount of data in the second data buffer is below the first receive threshold. 59. (canceled) 60. The endpoint device of claim 58, wherein the second data buffer is to further: request a second active window if the amount of data in the second data buffer is at or above a second receive threshold-, wherein the second receive threshold is greater than the first receive threshold; transmit data to the computing platform during the second active window until the amount of data in the second data buffer is below at least the first receive threshold; and terminate the second active window of the second data buffer once the amount of data in the second data buffer is below at least the first receive threshold. 61. (canceled) 62. The endpoint device of claim 60, wherein the second data buffer is to further: request a third active window if any of the data in the second data buffer has been stored for longer than a threshold duration; and transmit data to the computing platform during the third active window until the amount of data in the second data buffer is at or below the third receive threshold. 63-64. (canceled) 65. The endpoint device of claim 45, wherein the first communications medium is an Ethernet link, and wherein the second communications medium is a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) link. 66. The endpoint device of claim 50, wherein the system idle signal is an Optimized Buffer Flush/Fill (OBFF) indicator signal. 67. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to improved powderous formulations comprising organic acid amides having an aromatic ring system as well as to the production of such formulations. 1. A powderous formulations (I) comprising (i) 65-95 wt-% (preferably 70-90 wt-%), based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one compound of formula (I) wherein X is \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014CH\u2014 and R1 is H or a C1-C4 alkyl moiety, and R2 is H or a C1-C4 alkyl moiety, and (ii) 5-35 wt-% (preferably 10-30 wt-%), based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one auxiliary compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum ammonium sulphate, aluminum potassium sulfate, ammonium acetate, ammonium bisulphite, ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, bentonite, montmorillonite, calcium aluminates, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, synthetic calcium sulphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, kaolinitic clays (such as Kaolin), diatomaceous earth, perlite, potassium bisulphite, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, sepiolitic clays, silicic acid, synthetic sodium aluminosilicate, sodium aluminosulfate, sodium bisulphate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium sulphate, vermiculite, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcareous marine algae, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, dicalcium phosphate, tri-calcium phosphate, mono-dicalcium phosphate, defluorinated rock-phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, calcium-magnesium phosphate, mono-ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, sodium-calcium-magnesium phosphate, mono-sodium phosphate, glycerol, propylene glycol (E 1520), glyceryl triacetate (E1518), sorbitol (E420), polydextrose, lactic acid and urea. 2. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, wherein R1 in the definition of formula (I) is H, CH3, CH2CH3, (CH2)2CH3 and (CH2)3CH3, and R2 in the definition of formula (I) is H, CH3, CH2CH3, (CH2)2CH3 and (CH2)3CH3, and X is N. 3. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, wherein R2 is H or CH3, and R1 is H or CH3. 4. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, comprising (i) 65-95 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one compound of formula (Ia) 5. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, comprising (i) 65-95 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of a compound of formula (Ia\u2032) 6. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary compound has an average particle size (d 0.5) of 10 \u03bcm-100 \u03bcm. 7. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, having MIE values of 10-100 mJ (determined by the method of EN 13821:2002). 8. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, wherein 0-5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the formulation, of water is present. 9. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, optionally comprising a carrier material chosen from the group consisting of synthetically produced precipitated silica or formiate (such as calcium formiate), proteins, starches, lignosulfonates and gums. 10. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, comprising (ii) 5-35 wt-%, (preferably 10-30 wt-%), based on the total weight of the formulation, of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (purified) diatomaceous earth, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, sodium chloride and sodium hydrogen carbonate. 11. Powderous formulations according to claim 1, consisting of (i) 70-90 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of (ii) 10-30 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one auxiliary compound selected from the group consisting of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (purified) diatomaceous earth, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium hydrogen carbonate, and 0-5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of water. 12. Use of at least one formulation according to claim 1 in food products, feed products and personal care products. 13. Food products, feed products and personal care products comprising at least one formulation according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to improved powderous formulations comprising a high amount of at least one organic acids or esters having an aromatic ring system, as well as to the production of such formulations. 1. A powderous formulation comprising (i) 65-95 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one compound of formula (I) wherein X is \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014CH\u2014 and R1 is H or a C1-C4 alkyl moiety, and (ii) 5-35 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one auxiliary compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum ammonium sulphate, aluminum potassium sulfate, ammonium acetate, ammonium bisulphite, ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, bentonite, montmorillonite, calcium aluminates, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, synthetic calcium sulphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, kaolinitic clays (such as Kaolin), diatomaceous earth, perlite, potassium bisulphite, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, sepiolitic clays, silicic acid, synthetic sodium aluminosilicate, sodium aluminosulfate, sodium bisulphate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium sulphate, vermiculite, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcareous marine algae, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, dicalcium phosphate, tri-calcium phosphate, mono-dicalcium phosphate, defluorinated rock-phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, calcium-magnesium phosphate, mono-ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, sodium-calcium-magnesium phosphate, mono-sodium phosphate, glycerol, propylene glycol (E 1520), glyceryl triacetate (E1518), sorbitol (E420), polydextrose, lactic acid and urea. 2. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (Ia) and/or (Ib) 3. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary compounds have an average particle size (d 0.5) (in the powder formulation) of 10 \u03bcm-100 \u03bcm. 4. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulations have MIE values of 10-1000 mJ. 5. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulations have MIE values of more than 1000 mJ. 6. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, comprising 0-5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the formulation, of water. 7. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulations comprise (ii) 10-30 wt-%, based on the total weight of the formulation, of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (purified) diatomaceous earth, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, sodium chloride and sodium hydrogen carbonate. 8. A powderous formulation according to claim 1, wherein the formulations comprise (iii) up to 40 wt-%, based on the total weight of the formulation, of at least one carrier material chosen from the group consisting of synthetically produced precipitated silica, formiate (such as calcium formiate), proteins, starches, lignosulfonates and gums. 9. A powderous consisting of (i) 65-95 wt-% (preferably 70-90 wt-%), based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of and (ii) 5-35 wt-% (preferably 10-30 wt-%), based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of at least one auxiliary compound selected from the group consisting of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, (purified) diatomaceous earth, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium hydrogen carbonate, and 0-5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the powderous formulation, of water. 10. Use of at least one formulation according to claim 1 in food products, feed products and personal care products. 11. Food products, feed products and personal care products comprising at least one formulation according to claim 1.",
-    "Methods, systems and computer program product for determining parking occupancy. In some embodiments, the parking occupancy is determined based on at least one distance between a parking location of a user and a destination of the user. In some embodiments, the parking occupancy is determined based on one or more parking instances in a paid parking lot and is based on the distance from the paid parking lot. In some embodiments, the parking occupancy is determined based on at least one route of a vehicle while searching for parking. In some embodiments, the parking occupancy is determined based on a parking curve. The parking occupancy can be used to compute an estimated arrival time which includes an estimated searching for parking time. The parking occupancy information can be used to rank parking areas. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining a parking location and a destination; computing, by a processor, a distance between the parking location and the destination; determining, by the processor, a parking occupancy based on the distance; and outputting the parking occupancy. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: determining an occupancy circle that is defined by a center and a radius, wherein the center is the destination, wherein the radius is the distance between the parking location and the destination; and with respect to a target location that is comprised by the occupancy circle, determining the parking occupancy for the target location based on a distance between the center and the target location. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: splitting the occupancy circle to a plurality of rings, wherein each ring is associated with a different parking occupancy level, wherein a first ring is associated with a lower parking occupancy level of a second ring, wherein the first ring is more external than the second ring; and determining the parking occupancy based on the parking occupancy level of a ring in which the target location is comprised. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: obtaining a plurality of occupancy circles in which the target location is comprised; and determining the parking occupancy based on an aggregation of the plurality of occupancy circles. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: determining an occupancy circle that is loosely defined by a center and a radius, wherein the center is the destination, wherein the radius is the distance between the parking location and the destination, wherein the occupancy circle is defined based on an effective distance from the center based on a terrain structure; and with respect to a target location that is comprised by the occupancy circle, determining the parking occupancy for the target location based on a distance between the center and the target location. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the effective distance is based on at least one of the following: the terrain comprising slopes; the terrain comprising highways; the terrain comprising industrial area. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the parking location and the destination are determined by a positioning device, wherein the parking location is determined by the positioning device in response to an automatic determination that a vehicle is parked. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the parking location is determined by a positioning device in response to an automatic determination that a vehicle is parked. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the destination is automatically determined by a positioning device after a predetermined time has elapsed after a vehicle was parked. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the destination is determined based on user input prior to parking, wherein the parking location is determined after parking. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the parking location is associated with a time, wherein the parking occupancy is associated with the time. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprises: obtaining a parking curve indicative of number of used parking spots at a parking zone at different times, wherein the parking curve is defined based on a parking usage dataset which comprises a plurality of records, wherein each record comprises a parking spot location, a parking start time, and a parking end time, wherein the parking usage dataset is a sample of the usage of parking spots by vehicles parking at the parking zone; and determining the parking occupancy of a target location based on a combination of the distance and the parking curve. 13. A computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining a location of a paid parking lot and a time of parking in the paid parking lot; obtaining a target location for which parking occupancy is to be computed; computing, by a processor, a distance between the target location and the location of the paid parking lot; determining, by the processor, a parking occupancy based on the distance, wherein the parking occupancy is proportional to the distance, whereby a parking instance in the paid parking lot is used to estimate parking occupancy outside the paid parking lot; and outputting the parking occupancy. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: determining an parking lot occupancy circle that is defined by a center and a radius, wherein the center is the location of the paid parking lot, wherein the radius is a predetermined radius; and with respect to the target location that is comprised by the occupancy circle, determining the parking occupancy for the target location based on a distance between the center and the target location. 15. A computer-implemented method comprising: determining that a vehicle that is driving is searching for a parking space; tracking a route of the vehicle while searching for the parking space; determining, by a processor, a parking occupancy for a target location based on the route of the vehicle; and outputting the parking occupancy. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: determining that the target location is occupied based on the route passing the target location. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein said determining the parking occupancy comprises: determining an occupancy circle in which the route of the vehicle has passed, wherein a center of the occupancy circle is a destination of the vehicle; and wherein the parking occupancy within the occupancy circle is defined based on a time elapsed while the searching for the parking space. 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein said determining that the vehicle is searching for a parking space comprises: determining, by a positioning device, locations of the vehicle at different times; and based on the locations, identifying that the vehicle has passed through a same location twice within a predetermined timeframe, wherein the predetermined timeframe is shorter than an hour. 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein said determining that the vehicle is searching for a parking space comprises: determining, by a positioning device, locations of the vehicle at different times; and based on the locations, identifying that the vehicle is approximated as circling a target location within a predetermined timeframe, wherein the predetermined timeframe is shorter than an hour. 20. A computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining a target location; obtaining a target time; obtaining a parking curve indicative of number of used parking spots at a parking zone at different times, wherein the parking curve is defined based on a parking usage dataset which comprises a plurality of records, wherein each record comprises a parking spot location, a parking start time, and a parking end time, wherein the parking usage dataset is a sample of the usage of parking spots by vehicles parking at the parking zone; and determining, by a processor, the parking occupancy of the target location at the target time based on the parking curve; and outputting the parking occupancy. 21. A computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining a current location and a target location; computing, by a processor, an estimated driving time from the current location to the target location; obtaining an estimated parking occupancy at the target destination; determining, by the processor, an estimated searching for parking time at the target location based on the estimated parking occupancy; computing, by the processor, an estimated time of arrival based on the estimated driving time and on the estimated parking time. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the estimated searching for parking time is an estimated timeframe to park a vehicle in a vicinity of the target location and walk from a parking location to the target location. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the estimated searching for parking time is determined based on history of parking instances in a vicinity of the target location. 24. The method of claim 21 further comprising obtaining a current time; and wherein said computing the estimated time of arrival comprises adding to the current time the estimated driving time and the estimated searching for parking time. 25. A computer-implemented method comprising: obtaining from a plurality of mobile devices of users, a plurality of parking instances, wherein each parking instance comprises a parking location and a parking time; ranking, by a processor, a set of parking areas at a target time, wherein said ranking comprises: computing a popularity measurement of each parking area at the target time based on the plurality of parking instances; and outputting an indication to a user of said ranking. 26. The computer-implemented method of claim 25 further comprising: receiving from a user a target destination or indication thereof; and wherein the set of parking areas are parking areas in a vicinity of the target destination. 27. The computer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein said outputting comprises providing to the user directions towards a top-ranked parking area. 28. The computer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein the set of parking areas are parking areas that are within a predetermined radius of the target destination. 29. The computer-implemented method of claim 26, wherein the set of parking areas are parking areas that are within a predetermined effective distance of the target destination. 30. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining a parking location and a destination; computing a distance between the parking location and the destination; determining a parking occupancy based on the distance; and outputting the parking occupancy. 31. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining a location of a paid parking lot and a time of parking in the paid parking lot; obtaining a target location for which parking occupancy is to be computed; computing a distance between the target location and the location of the paid parking lot; determining a parking occupancy based on the distance, wherein the parking occupancy is proportional to the distance, whereby a parking instance in the paid parking lot is used to estimate parking occupancy outside the paid parking lot; and outputting the parking occupancy. 32. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: determining that a vehicle that is driving is searching for a parking space; tracking a route of the vehicle while searching for the parking space; determining a parking occupancy for a target location based on the route of the vehicle; and outputting the parking occupancy. 33. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining a target location; obtaining a target time; obtaining a parking curve indicative of number of used parking spots at a parking zone at different times, wherein the parking curve is defined based on a parking usage dataset which comprises a plurality of records, wherein each record comprises a parking spot location, a parking start time, and a parking end time, wherein the parking usage dataset is a sample of the usage of parking spots by vehicles parking at the parking zone; and determining the parking occupancy of the target location at the target time based on the parking curve; and outputting the parking occupancy. 34. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining a current location and a target location; computing an estimated driving time from the current location to the target location; obtaining an estimated parking occupancy at the target destination; determining an estimated searching for parking time at the target location based on the estimated parking occupancy; computing an estimated time of arrival based on the estimated driving time and on the estimated searching for parking time. 35. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining from a plurality of mobile devices of users, a plurality of parking instances, wherein each parking instance comprises a parking location and a parking time; ranking a set of parking areas at a target time, wherein said ranking comprises: computing a popularity measurement of each parking area at the target time based on the plurality of parking instances; and outputting an indication to a user of said ranking. 36. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining a parking location and a destination; computing a distance between the parking location and the destination; determining a parking occupancy based on the distance; and outputting the parking occupancy. 37. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining a location of a paid parking lot and a time of parking in the paid parking lot; obtaining a target location for which parking occupancy is to be computed; computing a distance between the target location and the location of the paid parking lot; determining a parking occupancy based on the distance, wherein the parking occupancy is proportional to the distance, whereby a parking instance in the paid parking lot is used to estimate parking occupancy outside the paid parking lot; and outputting the parking occupancy. 38. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: determining that a vehicle that is driving is searching for a parking space; tracking a route of the vehicle while searching for the parking space; determining a parking occupancy for a target location based on the route of the vehicle; and outputting the parking occupancy. 39. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining a target location; obtaining a target time; obtaining a parking curve indicative of number of used parking spots at a parking zone at different times, wherein the parking curve is defined based on a parking usage dataset which comprises a plurality of records, wherein each record comprises a parking spot location, a parking start time, and a parking end time, wherein the parking usage dataset is a sample of the usage of parking spots by vehicles parking at the parking zone; and determining the parking occupancy of the target location at the target time based on the parking curve; and outputting the parking occupancy. 40. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining a current location and a target location; computing an estimated driving time from the current location to the target location; obtaining an estimated parking occupancy at the target destination; determining an estimated parking time at the target location based on the estimated parking occupancy; computing an estimated time of arrival based on the estimated driving time and on the estimated parking time. 41. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining from a plurality of mobile devices of users, a plurality of parking instances, wherein each parking instance comprises a parking location and a parking time; ranking a set of parking areas at a target time, wherein said ranking comprises: computing a popularity measurement of each parking area at the target time based on the plurality of parking instances; and outputting an indication to a user of said ranking.",
-    "The present invention relates to the use of the inhibitor of the activity of the steroid sulfatase enzyme STX64 for the treatment of ageing and, therefore, to increase the longevity of individuals or improve their quality of life. It also relates to a cosmetic composition that comprises said inhibitor for that purpose. 1. Method for the treatment of ageing in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising STX64 which is an inhibitor of the activity of the steroid sulfatase enzyme. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the steroid sulfatase enzyme is the enzyme with SEQ ID NO: 1. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a cosmetic composition. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a medicament. 5. Method according to claims 1, wherein the composition further comprises another active principle. 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein the other active principle is a compound useful for the treatment of ageing. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated for oral, topical or parenteral administration. 8. Cosmetic composition which comprises the inhibitor of the activity of the steroid sulfatase enzyme STX64. 9. Cosmetic composition which comprises an inhibitor of the activity of the steroid sulfatase enzyme selected from the list consisting of: 2-(hydroxyphenyl) indol sulfate, 5-androstene-3\u03b2, 17\u03b2-diol-3 sulfate, E1-MTP, EMATE, STX64, KW-2581, STX213, morpholine, silencing RNA, and specific antibody against the steroid sulfatase enzyme.",
-    "Disclosed are a cathode active material and a lithium secondary battery including the same, and a method of manufacturing the cathode active material, the method including: (a) manufacturing a lithium metal oxide according to formula 1 below: Li1+zNiaMnbCo1\u2212(a+b)O2 (1) wherein 0\u2266z\u22660.1, 0.1\u2266a\u22660.8, 0.1\u2266b\u22660.8 and a+b<1; (b) dry mixing the lithium metal oxide, and a precursor including zirconium and fluorine; and (c) changing the precursor including zirconium and fluorine into ZrO2 and substituting some of oxygen (O) anions with F by heat-treatment after dry mixing of step (b), wherein the cathode active material is coated with ZrO2 and F. 1. A method of manufacturing a cathode active material for secondary batteries, the method comprising: manufacturing a lithium metal oxide according to formula 1 below: Li1+zNiaMnbCo1\u2212(a+b)O2 (1) wherein 0\u2266z\u22660.1, 0.1\u2266a\u22660.8, 0.1\u2266b\u22660.8 and a+b<1; dry mixing the lithium metal oxide and a precursor comprising zirconium and fluorine; and changing the precursor comprising zirconium and fluorine into ZrO2 and substituting some of oxygen (O) anions with F, by heat-treatment after the dry mixing, wherein the cathode active material is coated with ZrO2 and F. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide of Formula 1 is Li1Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 or LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor comprising zirconium and fluorine is ZrF4. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in the dry mixing, an amount of a lithium transition metal oxide mixed is controlled such that a total amount of ZrO2 and F coated on the lithium transition metal oxide is 0.001 to 0.100 wt % based on the total weight of the cathode active material. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein an amount of the mixed lithium transition metal oxide is controlled such that a total amount of ZrO2 and F is 0.001 to 0.010 wt % based on a total weight of the cathode active material. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dry mixing is carried out by high energy milling. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the heat-treating is carried out at 400 to 1000 \u25a1 for 4 to 7 hours. 8. A cathode active material for secondary batteries coated with ZrO2 and F manufactured using the method according to claim 1. 9. The cathode active material according to claim 8, wherein ZrO2 and F are coated to a thickness of 0.01 to 0.10 \u03bcm. 10. The cathode active material according to claim 8, wherein an area coated with ZrO2 and F is 60 to 100% based on a surface area of the cathode active material. 11. A cathode mix comprising the cathode active material according to claim 8. 12. A cathode for secondary batteries comprising the cathode mix according to claim 11 coated on a collector. 13. A lithium secondary battery comprising the cathode for the secondary batteries according to claim 12. 14. The lithium secondary battery according to 13, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a unit cell of a battery module as a power supply of a medium and large-scale device. 15. The lithium secondary battery according to 14, wherein the medium and large-scale device is an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, or a system for storing power.",
-    "The invention relates to a sensor device and a corresponding method for detecting, in particular imaging, thermoacoustic responses of a medium, comprising a detector for detecting acoustic waves, in particular ultrasonic waves, generated in the medium upon absorption of energy from an electromagnetic field and/or from an alternating magnetic field comprising electromagnetic waves or magnetic waves, respectively, of a first frequency. In order to allow for a detection of thermoacoustic responses of the medium, in particular upon absorption of energy from continuous wave (CW) electromagnetic fields and/or from alternating magnetic fields, the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves of a second frequency which is higher than, in particular twice, the first frequency. 1. Sensor device for detecting, in particular imaging, thermoacoustic responses of a medium, comprising a detector for detecting acoustic waves, in particular ultrasonic waves, generated in the medium upon absorption of energy from an electromagnetic field and/or from an alternating magnetic field comprising electromagnetic waves or magnetic waves, respectively, of a first frequency, characterized in that the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves of a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is higher than the first frequency. 2. Sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the second frequency of the detected acoustic waves is equivalent to 1.8 to 2.2 times the first frequency, preferably twice the first frequency. 3. Sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the sensitivity of the detector exhibits a maximum at a center frequency which is equivalent to 1.5 to 2.5 times the first frequency. 4. Sensor device according to claim 3, wherein the sensitivity of the detector for acoustic waves has a bandwidth around the center frequency, wherein the bandwidth is equivalent to 50% to 80% of the center frequency or higher than 80% of the center frequency. 5. Sensor device according claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic field and/or the alternating magnetic field comprising electromagnetic waves or magnetic waves, respectively, of the first frequency and/or at a first frequency band, and wherein the detector has at least one of the following properties: the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves at the fundamental frequency of the electromagnetic field and/or magnetic field and/or odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency; the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves at a second frequency band, wherein the second frequency band contains higher frequency components and/or harmonics of the first frequency band including the fundamental frequency. 6. Sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the detector comprises an optical interferometry detector for detecting the acoustic waves, in particular the ultrasonic waves, by means of optical interferometry. 7. Sensor device according to claim 6, wherein the optical interferometry detector comprises a wideband light source generating pulsed light. 8. Sensor device according to claim 7, the wideband light source generating coherent pulsed light. 9. Sensor device according to any of the foregoing claims, wherein the detector comprises a fiber bragg grating (FBG) element. 10. Sensor device according to claim 9, the fiber bragg grating element (FBG) being a \u03c0-phase-shifted fiber bragg grating element. 11. Sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the first frequency is in the range between 3 kHz and 300 GHz, in particular between 400 MHz and 2 GHz. 12. Sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic field or magnetic field, respectively, is a field of continuous waves (CW) or of quasi-continuous waves (quasi-CW). 13. Sensor device according to claim 1, comprising a processing unit for deriving from the at least one detected acoustic wave one or more properties relating to the medium, in particular electric and/or dielectric and/or magnetic properties of the medium, like conductivity, permittivity and/or susceptibility. 14. Sensor device according to claim 1, comprising a processing unit for deriving from the at least one detected acoustic wave one or more properties relating to the electromagnetic field or magnetic field, respectively, in particular the strength and/or frequency and/or spatial distribution and/or polarization of the electromagnetic field or magnetic field, respectively. 15. Sensor device according to claim 1 comprising a processing unit for deriving from the at least one detected acoustic wave one or more properties relating to the absorption or deposition of energy from the electromagnetic field and/or magnetic field, respectively, in the medium. 16. Method for detecting, in particular imaging, thermoacoustic responses of a medium, comprising detecting acoustic waves, in particular ultrasonic waves, generated in the medium upon absorption of energy from an electromagnetic field and/or from an alternating magnetic field comprising electromagnetic waves or magnetic waves, respectively, of a first frequency, characterized by detecting acoustic waves of a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is higher than the first frequency.",
-    "The present specification provides an inorganic oxide powder and an electrolyte including a sintered body of the same. 1. An inorganic oxide powder comprising one or more ion conductive particles comprising: the ion conductive particles including a first inorganic oxide particle; and at least one second inorganic oxide particle bonded to a surface of the first inorganic oxide particle, wherein a particle diameter of the second inorganic oxide particle is 1/10,000 to \u00bd of a particle diameter of the first inorganic oxide particle, and the first inorganic oxide particle and the second inorganic oxide particle each have an oxygen ion conductivity of 0.0001 S/cm to 0.5 S/cm at 800\u00b0 C. 2. The inorganic oxide powder of claim 1, wherein the first inorganic oxide particles have an average particle diameter of 200 nm to 20 \u03bcm, and the second inorganic oxide particles have an average particle diameter of 1 nm to 500 nm. 3. The inorganic oxide powder of claim 1, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle and the second inorganic oxide particle comprise the same compound or different compounds. 4. The inorganic oxide powder of claim 1, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle and the second inorganic oxide particle each include one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of zirconia-based compounds; ceria-based compounds; bismuth-based compounds; and lanthanum gallate-based compounds. 5. The inorganic oxide powder of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the first inorganic oxide particle and the second inorganic oxide particle in the inorganic oxide powder is 1,000:1 to 1:10. 6. (canceled) 7. An electrolyte comprising a sintered body of an inorganic oxide powder comprising one or more ion conductive particles comprising: the ion conductive particles including a first inorganic oxide particle; and at least one second inorganic oxide particle bonded to a surface of the first inorganic oxide particle, wherein a particle diameter of the second inorganic oxide particle is 1/10,000 to \u00bd of a particle diameter of the first inorganic oxide particle, and the first inorganic oxide particle and the second inorganic oxide particle each have an oxygen ion conductivity of 0.0001 S/cm to 0.5 S/cm at 800\u00b0 C. 8. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte has a porosity of 0% to 20%. 9. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle is a zirconia-based compound, and a sintering temperature of the inorganic oxide powder at which the electrolyte has a porosity of 20% or less is 1,100\u00b0 C. to 1,300\u00b0 C. 10. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle is a ceria-based compound, and a sintering temperature of the inorganic oxide powder at which the electrolyte has a porosity of 20% or less is 1,300\u00b0 C. to 1,500\u00b0 C. 11. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle is a bismuth-based compound, and a sintering temperature of the inorganic oxide powder at which the electrolyte has a porosity of 20% or less is 1,200\u00b0 C. to 1,400\u00b0 C. 12. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle is a lanthanum gallate-based compound, and a sintering temperature of the inorganic oxide powder at which the electrolyte has a porosity of 20% or less is 1,200\u00b0 C. to 1,400\u00b0 C. 13. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the first inorganic oxide particle and the second inorganic oxide particle comprise the same compound or different compounds. 14. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein a sintering temperature of the sintered body is 70% to 95% of a sintering temperature of the first inorganic oxide particle. 15. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein a content of the sintered body is 5 wt % to 100 wt % based on a total weight of the electrolyte. 16. The electrolyte of claim 7, wherein the electrolyte is an electrolyte for a solid oxide fuel cell. 17. A solid oxide fuel cell comprising: an air electrode; a fuel electrode; and the electrolyte of claim 7 provided between the air electrode and the fuel electrode. 18. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 17, wherein the solid oxide fuel cell is formed by simultaneously sintering the air electrode, the fuel electrode, and the electrolyte. 19. A method for producing the inorganic oxide powder of claim 6, the method comprising: forming a first inorganic oxide particle; preparing a second inorganic oxide particles; and forming one or more ion conductive particles by binding the second inorganic oxide particle to the first inorganic oxide particle. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the forming of the first inorganic oxide particle comprises subjecting one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of zirconia-based compounds; ceria-based compounds; bismuth-based compounds; and lanthanum gallate-based compounds to heat treatment by using a flux, and then filtering particles having a particle diameter of 200 nm or more. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the forming of the ion conductive particle is performed by using a solid-state reaction method, a thermal decomposition method, or an oxidation-reduction method.",
-    "The present invention provides T. reesei endoglucanase I variants exhibiting improved cellulase and/or xylanase activity, in particular at 30\u00b0 C. and/or pH 6. These variants are particularly useful in industrial processes comprising simultaneous degradation of cellulosic biomass into monomeric sugars and fermentation of said sugars, for example to produce ethanol. 1-15. (canceled) 16. An endoglucanase I variant comprising a sequence (i) having at least 96% identity to the full length amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 and (ii) comprising at least one substitution at position corresponding to residue E117, D241, T7 or M91 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said variant exhibits an improved cellulase and/or xylanase activity compared to Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I of SEQ ID NO: 2. 17. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant comprises at least two substitutions at positions corresponding to residues selected from the group consisting of E117, D241, T7 and M91 of SEQ ID NO: 3. 18. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant comprises substitutions at positions corresponding to residues E117 and D241. 19. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant comprises at least three substitutions at positions corresponding to residues selected from the group consisting of E117, D241, T7 and M91 of SEQ ID NO: 3. 20. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant comprises substitutions at positions corresponding to residues E117, D241, T7 and M91 of SEQ ID NO: 3. 21. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant comprises one or several substitutions selected from the group consisting of E117K, D241G, T7I and M91L. 22. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant comprises substitutions at positions corresponding to residues E117, D241, T7 and M91 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and wherein said substitutions are E117K, D241 G, T7I and M91L. 23. The variant according to claim 16, wherein said variant lacks carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) domain. 24. A nucleic acid encoding a variant as defined in claim 16. 25. An expression cassette or vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 24. 26. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 24. 27. A method of producing an endoglucanase I variant comprising: (a) culturing the host cell according to claim 26 in a suitable culture medium under suitable conditions to produce endoglucanase I variant; and (b) recovering said variant from the cell culture. 28. A method of converting cellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars comprising contacting the biomass with the endoglucanase I variant of claim 16. 29. A method of producing a fermentation product from cellulosic biomass comprising: (a) contacting the biomass with the endoglucanase I variant according to claim 16 thereby degrading the biomass into monomeric sugars; and (b) fermenting monomeric sugars obtained in step (a) into said fermentation product. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein steps (a) and (b) are conducted at the same temperature and/or the same pH. 31. A host cell comprising the expression cassette or vector of claim 25. 32. A method of producing a fermentation product from cellulosic biomass comprising: (a) contacting the biomass with the host cell of claim 26 thereby degrading the biomass into monomeric sugars; and (b) fermenting monomeric sugars obtained in step (a) into said fermentation product. 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein steps (a) and (b) are conducted at the same temperature and/or the same pH. 34. The method according to claim 33, wherein steps (a) and (b) are conducted at 30\u00b0 C. and/or pH 6. 35. A method of converting cellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars comprising contacting the biomass with the host cell according to claim 26.",
-    "Apparatuses and methods for producing and/or receiving an optical beam are disclosed, A phased array on a chip comprises phase shifters and off-chip couplers to provide phase controlled pixels. An optical system is arranged in front of the phased array. The optical system is configured to concentrate light from the phased array and/or expand a received beam of light for input into the phased array. 1-22. (canceled) 23. An apparatus for producing and/or receiving an optical beam, comprising a phased array on a chip comprising phase shifters and off-chip couplers to provide phase controlled pixels, and an optical system arranged in front of the phased array, the optical system being configured to concentrate light from the phased array and/or expand a received beam of light for input into the phased array. 24. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the optical system comprises at least one microlens arranged to collimate light emitted by the phased array, and a reverse beam expander arranged to magnify the light beam output from the at least one microlens. 25. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the optical system comprises a confocal beam expander, the beam expander being provided by at least one converging lens and at least one diverging lens, by at least two converging lenses, by a prism beam expander, or by a grating arrangement. 26. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the optical system comprises at least one microlens arranged to reduce the number of diffraction orders of light emitted by the phased array. 27. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein control of the phase of the pixels on the array is arranged to be provided in at least one direction by means of a single parameter. 28. An apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the phase of all pixels of the array is controlled in two orthogonal directions based on respective two parameters. 29. An apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the control of the focus of the pixels on the phased array is arranged to be provided based on one parameter. 30. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the focal length of the at least one microlens approximately equals the ratio of the distance between off-chip couplers and the divergence of the off-chip couplers. 31. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the phase shifters are arranged between the off-chip couplers so that each phase shifter adds the same phase between each consecutive off-chip coupler. 32. An apparatus according to claim 23, comprising additional phase shifters before the pixels. 33. An apparatus according to claim 23, comprising at least one cylindrical lens and/or at least one spherical lens. 34. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the off-chip coupler is provided directly as a periodic structure on a waveguide of the phased array. 35. An apparatus according to claim 23, comprising off-chip couplers configured to provide polarization diversity. 36. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the optical system comprises microlenses provided in a square lattice or hexagonal lattice. 37. A method for producing an optical beam, comprising emitting light by phase controlled pixels of a phased array on a chip, wherein the pixels are provided by phase shifters and off-chip couplers, and guiding the light from the phase controlled pixels through a light concentrating optical system. 38. A method according to claim 37, comprising reducing the diffraction orders of the emitted light by at least one microlens and magnifying the emitted light by a reverse beam expander. 39. A method for receiving an optical beam, comprising using phase shifters and off-chip couplers to provide a phase controlled pixels of a phased array on a chip, and guiding the optical beam to the phase controlled pixels through a beam expanding optical system arranged in front of the phased array. 40. A method according to claim 39, comprising controlling the phase of the pixels on the array in at least one direction by means of a single parameter. 41. A method according to claim 40, comprising controlling the phase and/or focus of all pixels of the array in two orthogonal directions based on respective single parameters. 42. A method according to claim 39, comprising providing polarization diversity.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for the formation of a structured film, a structured film as such, an article comprising the structured film, a device for the continuous formation of such a structured film and a composite comprising the structured film. 1. A process for the formation of a structured porous film comprising: a) applying a porous film onto an elastic substrate in a stretched state such that a reversible adhesion of the porous film on the stretched substrate occurs, and b) relaxing the substrate with the applied film thereon to obtain a structured porous film. 2. The process according to claim 1, further comprising applying a backer material to the structured porous film. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the porous film comprises a member selected from fluoropolymer, a polyvinylalcohol, a polyurethane and combinations thereof. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the porous film comprises a member selected from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a modified PTFE, a fluorothermoplastic, fluoroelastomer and combinations thereof. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the porous film has a thickness of between 0.5 \u03bcm and 250 \u03bcm. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a member selected from a polysiloxane, fluorosilicone rubber and combinations thereof. 7. The process according to, claim 1, wherein the substrate is stretched at a processing ratio of at least 110% in at least one direction. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the elastic substrate is stretched at a processing ratio of at most 1100% in at least one direction. 9. A structured film obtained by the process according to claim 1. 10. The structured film according to claim 9, wherein structures in the structured film have a height of at least two times the thickness of a non-structured film, and wherein the structure density in at least one direction is at least 1/mm. 11. A structured porous film comprising a porous film reversibly adhered to an elastic substrate, wherein structures in the porous film have a height at least two times the thickness of a non-structured film and the structure density in at least one direction is at least 1/mm. 12. The film according to claim 11, wherein the structure density in at least one direction is at least 2/mm, preferably at least 5 per mm. 13. The film according to claim 12, wherein the structure height is from 2 \u03bcm to 2000 \u03bcm. 14. The film according to claim 13, wherein the area increase factor of the structured film is at least 1.8. 15. An article comprising a structured film according to claim 11. 16. The article according to claim 15, wherein the article is a vent or a filter. 17. A device for the continuous formation of a structured film according to the process of claim 1, the device comprising: a) a moveable elastic substrate belt arranged such that at least a portion of the elastic substrate belt is transformed from a stretched state to a relaxed state during movement of the belt, and b) a means to apply a film onto said elastic substrate belt in the stretched state such that adhesion of the film on the stretched substrate occurs, wherein the structured film is obtained through the transformation of the elastic belt from the stretched to the relaxed state with the film applied thereto. 18. A composite comprising a structured film applied to a backer material and having an asymmetric airflow of at least 30%.",
-    "The invention relates to a sensor device and a corresponding method for measuring an electromagnetic field (10) by means of\u2014a sensor unit (1) comprising a medium (2), which can absorb energy from the electromagnetic field (10) and which exhibits transient thermal expansion upon absorption of energy from the electromagnetic field (10), whereby acoustic waves, in particular ultrasonic waves, are generated, and a detector (3) for detecting the acoustic waves and for generating according detector signals and\u2014a processing unit (4) for deriving at least one property of the electromagnetic field (10) from the detector signals. The sensor device and method according to the invention allow for measuring electromagnetic fields in free space, ambience, matter and biological tissue in a simple and reliable way. 1. A sensor device for measuring an electromagnetic field comprising a) a sensor unit comprising a medium which can absorb energy from the electromagnetic field and which exhibits transient thermal expansion upon absorption of energy from the electromagnetic field, whereby acoustic waves, in particular ultrasonic waves, are generated, and a detector for detecting the acoustic waves and for generating according detector signals and b) a processing unit for deriving at least one property of the electromagnetic field from the detector signals. 2. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic field to be measured is an electromagnetic field in free space, in a fluid, like water and/or oil, or in ambient conditions, like air. 3. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic field is a radiofrequency field, preferably in the frequency range between 3 kHz and 300 GHz. 4. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one property of the electromagnetic field relates to a strength and/or a frequency and/or a spatial distribution of the electromagnetic field. 5. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor unit is moveable relative to the electromagnetic field. 6. The sensor device according to claim 1 comprising a moving unit for moving the sensor unit relatively to the electromagnetic field. 7. The sensor device according to claim 5, wherein the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves and for generating according detector signals at each of multiple positions while the sensor unit is moved relative to the electromagnetic field. 8. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the detector is designed for generating multiple detector signals upon detection of acoustic waves generated in the medium upon absorption of energy of the electromagnetic field at multiple positions. 9. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the material and/or dimensions of the sensor unit are chosen such that the electromagnetic field is not significantly influenced or perturbed by the presence of the sensor unit. 10. The sensor device according claim 1, wherein the dimensions of the sensor unit are significantly smaller than the dimensions of the space in which the electromagnetic field is to be measured. 11. The sensor device according to, wherein the acoustic waves are generated in the medium upon absorption of energy from the electromagnetic field and/or from an alternating magnetic field comprising electromagnetic waves or magnetic waves, respectively, of a first frequency and/or at a first frequency band, and wherein the detector has at least one of the following properties: a. the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves at a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is at double the first frequency of the electromagnetic field and/or magnetic field; b. the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves at the fundamental frequency of the electromagnetic field and/or magnetic field and/or odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency; c. the detector is designed for detecting acoustic waves at a second frequency band, wherein the second frequency band contains higher frequency components and/or harmonics of the first frequency band including the fundamental frequency. 12. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the detector comprises an optical interferometry detector for detecting the acoustic waves, in particular ultrasonic waves, by means of optical inter-ferometry. 13. The sensor device according claim 1, wherein the detector comprises a fiber bragg grating (FBG) element. 14. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit is designed for deriving from the detector signals at least one property of the medium, in particular conductivity, a dielectric and/or a magnetic property of the medium and/or a concentration, a size distribution or a distribution of an absorber in the medium. 15. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit is designed for deriving a two- and/or three-dimensional representation of the measured property of the electromagnetic field and/or the medium. 16. The sensor device according to claim 1, the medium being selected and/or designed for differentiating between electric and magnetic properties of the electromagnetic field, in particular for separating the relative strength of electric and magnetic field components of the field. 17. The sensor device according to claim 16, wherein the medium comprises a conductive material primarily interacting with the electric component of the electromagnetic field and/or magnetic material, such as magnetic particles, primarily interacting with an alternating magnetic field or the magnetic part of the electromagnetic field (10) and/or a material exhibiting a combination of both electric and magnetic interactions. 18. The sensor device according to claim 1, comprising a source for generating the electromagnetic field, the source being de-signed for generating a frequency rich electromagnetic field and/or scanning the frequency of the electromagnetic field. 19. A method for measuring an electromagnetic field comprising the following steps a) providing a sensor unit into the electromagnetic field the sensor unit comprising a medium which can absorb energy from the electromagnetic field and which exhibits transient thermal expansion upon absorption of energy from the electromagnetic field, whereby acoustic waves are generated, and a detector for detecting the acoustic waves and for generating according detector signals and b) deriving at least one property of the electromagnetic field from the detector signals.",
-    "Complexes of agomelatine and sulphonic acids of formula (I): Medicinal products containing the same which are useful in treating disorders of the melatoninergic system. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids of formula (I): wherein x represents 0 or 1, and RSO3H represents 1,5-naphthalenedisulphonic acid or benzenesulphonic acid. 18. The agomelatine complex according to claim 17, which is the agomelatine/1,5-naphthalenedisulphonic acid (2/1) complex. 19. The agomelatine complex according to claim 18, having the following X-ray powder diffraction diagram expressed in terms of interplanar distance d, Bragg's angle 2 theta (expressed in \u00b0\u00b10.2), and relative intensity: 2-Theta (\u00b0) exp. d (\u212b) exp. Intensity (%) 6.3716 13.87229 18.97 11.3804 7.77552 17.98 11.9227 7.42299 36.06 12.5064 7.07784 100.00 12.6590 6.99288 13.75 14.5508 6.08767 44.17 15.5658 5.69292 11.96 16.2029 5.47051 42.63 16.9421 5.23346 25.85 17.6267 5.03171 18.67 19.4300 4.56857 49.04 20.2146 4.39301 22.77 21.4353 4.14550 17.80 21.6713 4.10090 22.84 22.2180 4.00121 64.19 22.4174 3.96607 10.83 24.0749 3.69664 29.61 24.5048 3.63275 13.33 25.1744 3.53763 20.58 25.7599 3.45853 23.59 including the forms whose diffraction angles correspond to within \u00b10.2\u00b0. 20. The agomelatine complex according to claim 17, which is the agomelatine/1,5-naphthlenedisulphonic acid (2/1) monohydrate complex. 21. The agomelatine complex according to claim 20, having the following X-ray powder diffraction diagram expressed in terms of interplanar distance d, Bragg's angle 2 theta (expressed in \u00b0\u00b10.2), and relative intensity: 2-Theta (\u00b0) exp. d (\u212b) exp. Intensity (%) 9.6680 9.14852 12.45 12.4885 7.08796 57.23 12.6164 7.01639 28.61 14.5042 6.10715 57.42 16.2684 5.44863 25.67 16.4624 5.38484 32.93 16.8967 5.24739 90.90 19.3772 4.58091 10.50 22.4767 3.95573 100.00 23.4111 3.79992 20.49 23.5330 3.78051 44.02 23.6735 3.75840 21.92 24.0477 3.70076 13.67 24.5716 3.62303 13.43 25.1240 3.54460 12.46 26.6602 3.34374 19.10 28.1333 3.16930 12.07 28.2443 3.15971 22.49 including, the forms whose diffraction angles correspond to within \u00b10.2\u00b0. 22. The agomelatine complex according to claim 17, which is the agomelatine/benzenesulphonic acid (2/1) complex. 23. The agomelatine complex according to claim 22, having the following X-ray powder diffraction diagram expressed in terms of interplanar distance d, Bragg's angle 2 theta (expressed in \u00b0\u00b10.2), and relative intensity: 2-Theta (\u00b0) exp. d (\u212b) exp. Intensity (%) 8.0711 10.95469 35.25 12.6820 6.98026 68.37 12.7706 6.93203 65.37 13.0114 6.80427 15.18 13.3054 6.65458 31.84 14.9475 5.92700 19.42 15.1121 5.86283 70.19 15.4873 5.72160 14.16 16.1644 5.48344 12.98 17.2360 5.14486 21.06 18.1046 4.89993 36.33 18.6255 4.76406 10.91 18.8009 4.72001 33.43 20.0908 4.41978 30.26 20.4742 4.33788 42.37 20.6921 4.29270 56.78 20.8640 4.25771 26.42 21.7142 4.09289 13.88 23.3683 3.80679 15.16 23.6410 3.76349 100.00 24.9314 3.57154 26.81 25.6543 3.47253 10.71 27.5599 3.23660 14.00 including the forms whose diffraction angles correspond to within \u00b10.2\u00b0. 24. A process for obtaining the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, wherein: the agomelatine and sulphonic acids are mixed in an organic or aqueous hydro-organic solvent in the desired proportions; the solution obtained is stirred and optionally heated at a temperature not greater than the boiling point of the chosen solvent; the mixture is cooled, with stirring, and the co-crystal precipitates naturally or precipitates after being taken up in a second solvent; the precipitate obtained is filtered off and dried. 25. A process for the preparation of the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, wherein the two constituents are co-ground. 26. A process for the preparation of the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, wherein the two constituents are mixed in an organic or aqueous-organic solvent and are then frozen and dried at very low temperature. 27. A process for the preparation of the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, wherein the powders of agomelatine and the acid in question are mixed in a mixer and then the mixture is extruded by means of twin-screw extrusion without a die in order to obtain a solid grain directly at the outlet of the extruder. 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, in combination with one or more inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 29. A method of treating disorders of the melatoninergic system in a subject in need thereof, comprising administration of the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, alone or in combination with one or more inert, non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 30. A method of treating a condition selected from stress, sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorders, mood disorders, including bipolar disorders, major depression, seasonal affective disorder, cardiovascular pathologies, pathologies of the digestive system, insomnia and fatigue due to jet-lag, schizophrenia, panic attacks, melancholia, appetite disorders, obesity, insomnia, pain, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, senile dementia, disorders associated with normal or pathological aging, migraine, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral circulation disorders, sexual dysfunctions, conditions requiring an ovulation inhibitor, conditions requiring an immunomodulator, and cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administration of the complex of agomelatine and sulphonic acids according to claim 17, alone or in combination with one or more inert, non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of phenols, in which an aryldiazonium salt, which is prepared by the diazotisation of a corresponding aromatic, primary amine, is decomposed by heating in a mixture containing hot water, a mineral acid and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent contains a ketone of formula (I) R1C(O)R2 in which R1 and R2 independently stand for (C1-C5)-alkyl and R1 and R2 together have at least four carbon atoms, wherein the aromatic primary amine is aniline or a substituted aniline, which contains at least one further substituent which is selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, cyan, alkoxyl and ester, and wherein substantially no copper salts are contained in the mixture. 1. Method for the preparation of phenols in which an aryldiazonium salt, which is prepared by the diazotisation of a corresponding aromatic primary amine, is decomposed by heating in a mixture containing hot water, a mineral acid and an organic solvent, wherein, the organic solvent contains a ketone of formula (I) R1C(O)R2 in which R1 and R2 independently stand for (C1-C5)-alkyl and R1 and R2 together have at least four carbon atoms, wherein the aromatic primary amine is aniline or a substituted aniline which contains at least one further substituent which is selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, cyanide, alkoxyl and ester, and wherein substantially no copper salts are contained in the mixture containing hot water, a mineral acid and an organic solvent. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the aniline contains at least one further substituent, which is selected from: (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C2-C6)-alkynyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, (C1-C3)-haloalkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxyl and ester. 3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the further substituent is selected from: methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, carboxyl groups and two or more thereof. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tent-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, tent-pentyl. 5. Method according to claim 4, wherein R1 stands for methyl or ethyl and R2 stands for ethyl or isobutyl, preferably R1 stands for methyl and R2 stands for isobutyl or R1 and R2 stand for ethyl. 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein methyl isobutyl ketone or 3-pentanol, preferably methyl isobutyl ketone, is used as the ketone of formula (I). 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the mineral acid amounts from approximately 10 to approximately 98%, preferably from approximately 20 to approximately 50% or from approximately 95 to approximately 97%. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of amount of the organic solvent of formula (I) to the aqueous solution of the mineral acid amounts to approximately 1:100 to approximately 100:1, preferably approximately 1:25 to approximately 25:1. 9. Method according to claim 1, wherein sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid, preferably sulphuric acid, is used as a mineral acid. 10. Method according to claim 1, wherein the aryldiazonium salt is decomposed at a temperature of approximately 70 to approximately 120\u00b0 C., preferably from approximately 80 to approximately 110\u00b0 C.",
-    "A rechargeable radio is provided with battery attachment portion for attaching electric power tool battery and radio communication section. An input section, of which an operation input is performed in rechargeable radio, is connected to control section. Input section includes an operation part and microphone part. Output section, of which a sound output and a display output are performed in rechargeable radio, is connected to control section. Audio output section outputs sound based on sound output signal transmitted from control section. Rechargeable radio is configured to access to radio communication function of smart phone via radio communication section, whereby it is possible to perform sound input and output relating to smart phone through rechargeable radio. As a result, added values of rechargeable radio are improved, thereby achieving improvement in terms of interests of rechargeable radio including convenience. 1. A rechargeable radio to which an electric power tool battery is attached as a power source, comprising, a radio communication section configured to perform a radio communication with an external device separate from the rechargeable radio. 2. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, an input and output of a sound relating to the external device is performed via the rechargeable radio by performing a radio communication with the external device via the radio communication section. 3. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, the external device includes an operation input device for performing an operation input relating to the rechargeable radio via the radio communication section. 4. The rechargeable radio according to claim 3, wherein, a function for performing the operation input is installed in the external device having other functions by installing an application provided from outside. 5. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, the radio communication section is configured to transfer a sound data to the external device. 6. The rechargeable radio according to claim 5, wherein, the rechargeable radio includes a data storage part that stores the sound data; the external device includes an other rechargeable radio separate from the rechargeable radio; and the sound data stored in the data storage part in the rechargeable radio can be utilized in the other rechargeable radio via the radio communication section. 7. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, a radio communication is performed between the radio communication section of the rechargeable radio and that of the other rechargeable radio. 8. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, a sound input through a microphone part of the rechargeable radio is output from a speaker part of the other rechargeable radio via the radio communication section. 9. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, the rechargeable radio includes a control processing part configured to control and process an output to the speaker part in correspondence with an input from the microphone part; and the control processing part generates a sound whose frequency includes a reverse phase with respect to the sound input from the microphone part, and outputs the generated sound to the speaker part. 10. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, the rechargeable radio includes a battery remaining capacity detection part configured to detect a remaining capacity of the electric power tool battery attached as the power source; and when the remaining capacity detected by the battery remaining capacity detection part becomes less than a predetermined value, a signal relating to the remaining capacity is transmitted to the external device via the radio communication section. 11. The rechargeable radio according to claim 1, wherein, when the radio communication with the external device via the radio communication section is disconnected, information about the disconnection is informed.",
-    "A novel modified epoxy compound that is capable of providing a coating composition with acceptable viscosity, short tack-free time and thy-hard time, and providing resultant coating films with good impact resistance; a process of preparing the modified epoxy compound; an epoxy resin composition comprising the modified epoxy compound; and a curable coating composition comprising the epoxy resin composition and a curing agent. 1. A modified epoxy compound of Formula (I): wherein each a is independently from 0 to 3; b is from 1 to 5; R1 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl with 15 carbons containing 0 to 2 C\u2550C bond(s); and R2 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl with 15 carbons containing 0 to 3 C\u2550C bond(s). 2. The modified epoxy compound of claim 1, wherein b is from 1 to 3. 3. The modified epoxy compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is \u2014C15H25\u2014, \u2014C15H27\u2014, or \u2014C15H29\u2014 group. 4. A process of preparing the modified epoxy compound of claim 1, comprising: (i) modifying cardanol by a Friedel-Crafts reaction in the presence of an acid catalyst, and (ii) reacting the resultant compound with a third epoxy compound of Formula (III): wherein a is independently from 0 to 3. 5. An epoxy resin composition comprising, based on the total weight of the epoxy resin composition, (a) from 5 to 60 weight percent of the modified epoxy compound of any one of claims 1-3, (b) from 5 to 60 weight percent of a second epoxy compound of Formula (II), wherein R3 is a straight-chain alkyl with 15 carbons containing 0 to 3 C\u2550C bond(s) selected from the group consisting of \u2014C15H31, \u2014C15H29, \u2014C15H27, and \u2014C15H25; and a is independently from 0 to 3; and (c) from 30 to 90 weight percent of a third epoxy compound of Formula (III): wherein a is independently from 0 to 3. 6. The epoxy resin composition of claim 5, wherein the epoxy resin composition comprises: (a) from 5 to 40 weight percent of the modified epoxy compound, (b) from 10 to 30 weight percent of the second epoxy compound, and (c) from 40 to 85 weight percent of the third epoxy compound. 7. The epoxy resin composition of claim 5, wherein the total combined concentration of the modified epoxy compound and the second epoxy compound is from 15 to 60 weight percent, based on the total weight of the epoxy resin composition. 8. The epoxy resin composition of claim 5, wherein the total combined concentration of the modified epoxy compound and the second epoxy compound is from 25 to 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the epoxy resin composition. 9. The epoxy resin composition of claim 5, wherein the third epoxy compound has an epoxide equivalent weight of from 150 to 210. 10. The epoxy resin composition of claim 5, wherein the epoxy resin composition has an epoxide equivalent weight of from 200 to 300. 11. A curable coating composition comprising (I) the epoxy resin composition of claim 5, and (II) a curing agent. 12. The curable coating composition of claim 11, wherein the curing agent comprises a phenalkamine compound. 13. The curable coating composition of claim 11, further comprising solvent, an accelerator, a curing catalyst, an inorganic extender and/or pigment, a filler, or mixtures thereof. 14. The curable coating composition of claim 11, wherein the molar ratio of a) total epoxy functionality of the epoxy resin composition to b) total active hydrogen functionality of the curing agent is from 10:1 to 1:2. 15. The modified epoxy compound of claim 1, wherein b is from 1 to 3; and R1 is \u2014C15H25\u2014, \u2014C15H27\u2014, or \u2014C15H29\u2014 group. 16. The epoxy resin composition of claim 6, wherein the total combined concentration of the modified epoxy compound and the second epoxy compound is from 15 to 60 weight percent, based on the total weight of the epoxy resin composition. 17. The curable coating composition of claim 12, wherein further comprising solvent, an accelerator, a curing catalyst, an inorganic extender and/or pigment, a filler, or mixtures thereof 18. The epoxy resin composition of claim 6, wherein the total combined concentration of the modified epoxy compound and the second epoxy compound is from 25 to 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the epoxy resin composition. 19. The epoxy resin composition of claim 6, wherein the third epoxy compound has an epoxide equivalent weight of from 150 to 210. 20. The epoxy resin composition of claim 6, wherein the epoxy resin composition has an epoxide equivalent weight of from 200 to 300.",
-    "A network controller may include a monitor and a configuration handler. The monitor may determine a service address and a service identifier. The configuration handler may use the service identifier to obtain a configuration for the service address. The configuration handler may also provide the configuration to a network node. 1. A network controller, comprising: a monitor to monitor a service address resolution message exchange to determine a service address and a service identifier for a service; and a configuration handler to use the service identifier to obtain a configuration for the service address and provide the configuration to a network node connected to the client. 2. The network controller of claim 1, wherein the monitor is to detect: a service address resolution request including the service identifier; and a service address resolution response including the service address. 3. The network controller of claim 1, wherein: the monitor is to detect the service being unavailable; and the configuration handler is to cause the network node to remove the configuration if the service becomes unavailable. 4. The network controller of claim 1, further comprising: a management interface to obtain the configuration associated with the service identifier and to provide the configuration to the configuration handler. 5. The network controller of claim 4, wherein: the management interface is to obtain the configuration prior to the service becoming available. 6. The network controller of claim 4, further comprising: a service discoverer to discover the service identifier and provide the service identifier to the management interface. 7. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executable instructions executable by a processor to: implement a monitor by monitoring a service address resolution message exchange to obtain a service identifier and a service address associated with the service identifier; and implement a configuration handler by obtaining a configuration for a network node using the service identifier and causing the configuration to be provided to a network node. 8. The non-transitory computer readable medium 7, further having a stored configuration database, and wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to implement the configuration handler by obtaining the configuration from the configuration database. 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium 8, wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to implement the configuration handler by obtaining the configuration by matching the service identifier with a configuration database entry having a wildcard. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium 8, wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to implement a management interface to obtain the configuration and to add the configuration to the configuration database. 11. A method, comprising: detecting a client using a service by monitoring a service address resolution message; identifying a service identifier for the service from the service address resolution message; obtaining a service address for the service from a server; obtaining a configuration for the service address using the service identifier; and providing the configuration to a network node connected to the client. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein: detecting the client using the service comprises monitoring a service address resolution request sent by the client; and identifying the service identifier comprises inspecting the service address resolution request. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein obtaining a service address for the service comprises inspecting a service address response. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein obtaining the configuration comprises obtaining configuration information associated with the service identifier and associating the configuration information with the service address. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising presenting a list of identifiers of discovered services on a network to a network administrator.",
-    "Methods of purifying O-Ag capsules from an S. enterica NTS serovar, wherein the O-Ag capsule is substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS, are described, as are immunogenic compositions comprising the O-Ag capsules and methods for treating, preventing and diagnosing Salmonella infections. Also described are constructs and methods for producing S. enterica NTS serovar mutants which over-express the O-Ag capsule. 1. A method of preparing an NTS O-Ag capsule preparation comprising purifying the O-Ag capsule from an S. enterica NTS serovar, wherein the O-Ag capsule is substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: (a) providing a cellulose-deficient S. enterica NTS serovar mutant; (b) isolating cell surface components from the S. enterica NTS serovar, wherein the cell surface components comprise the O-Ag capsule; (c) applying the cell surface components to an anion exchange chromatography column under conditions whereby fractions comprising the O-Ag capsule are eluted; (d) applying O-Ag capsule-containing fractions to a size-exclusion chromatography column under conditions whereby fractions comprising the O-Ag capsule are eluted; (e) collecting fractions that include the O-Ag capsule; (f) performing phase separation on the O-Ag capsule-containing fractions under conditions that separate LPS from the O-Ag capsule; to provide O-Ag capsule substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein step (f) is performed using a polyethylene glycol detergent. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of LPS remaining in the final product is under 2\u00d7105 EU/mg. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the S. enterica NTS serovar is selected from serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) or serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg). 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the S. enterica NTS serovar is S. Typhimurium. 7. A composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and (a) an immunogenic S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule, wherein the O-Ag capsule is substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS; (b) an immunogenic fragment of (a), or (c) antibodies reactive with the O-Ag capsule. 8. A composition comprising an immunogenic S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule, wherein the S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule is prepared by the method claim 1. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the S. enterica NTS serovar is selected from serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) or serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg). 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the S. enterica NTS serovar is S. Typhimurium. 11. Original) A method of producing an immunogenic composition comprising (a) providing a purified, immunogenic S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule; and (b) combining said purified O-Ag capsule with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the S. enterica NTS 0-Ag capsule is prepared by purifying the O-Ag capsule from an S. enterica NTS serovar, wherein the O-Ag capsule is substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS. 13. A method of treating or preventing an S. enterica NTS infection in a vertebrate subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to claim 7. 14. A method of reducing the amount of S. enterica NTS in the intestinal tract of a vertebrate subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to claim 7. 15. A method of detecting S. enterica NTS antibodies in a biological sample, comprising: (a) reacting the biological sample with an immunogenic S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule, under conditions which allow NTS antibodies, when present in the biological sample, to bind to the capsule to form an antibody/antigen complex; and (b) detecting the presence or absence of the complex, and thereby detecting the presence or absence of S. enterica NTS antibodies in the sample. 16. An immunodiagnostic test kit for detecting S. enterica NTS infection, the test kit comprising an immunogenic S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule and instructions for conducting the immunodiagnostic test. 17. A polynucleotide encoding an S. enterica NTS serovar mutant, wherein said mutant comprises a deletion of all or a portion of the yihV and/or yihW genes of the 0-Ag capsule operon, wherein when the polynucleotide is expressed, O-Ag capsule production is enhanced as compared to O-Ag capsule production when yihVW remains intact. 18. The polynucleotide of claim 17, wherein said mutant comprises a deletion of the nucleotide sequence encoding the DNA-binding region of YihW. 19. The polynucleotide of claim 18, further comprising a deletion of the gene coding for cellulose synthase. 20. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 17 19 claim 17, wherein the S. enterica NTS serovar is selected from serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) or serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg). 21. The polynucleotide of claim 20, wherein the S. enterica NTS serovar is S. Typhimurium. 22. A recombinant construct comprising; (a) the polynucleotide of claim 17; and (b) control elements that are operably linked to said polynucleotide whereby coding sequences in said polynucleotide can be transcribed and translated in a host cell. 23. A host cell transformed with the recombinant construct of claim 22. 24. A method of producing an O-Ag capsule comprising: (a) providing a population of host cells according to claim 23; and (b) culturing said population of cells under conditions whereby the O-Ag capsule is produced. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising purifying the produced O-Ag capsule to provide an O-Ag capsule preparation, wherein O-Ag capsule is purified under conditions wherein the O-Ag capsule preparation is substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS. 26. A conjugate comprising an S. enterica NTS O-Ag capsule, wherein the O-Ag capsule is substantially free of co-expressed cellulose and LPS conjugated to a carrier molecule. 27. A composition comprising the conjugate of claim 26, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.",
-    "Provided is a chip-embedded RFID tag, comprising: a first metal casing; a spacer insulator disposed on the first metal casing; a second metal casing disposed on the spacer insulator; a first electrical connecting component, the first metal casing and the second metal casing forming electrical connection via the first electrical connecting component; second electrical connecting components, an RFID chip forming electrical connection with the first metal casing and the second metal casing via the second electrical connecting components; and the first metal casing is separated from the second metal casing by the spacer insulator. Also provided is a method for manufacturing the chip-embedded RFID tag. The chip-embedded RFID tag directly utilizes a metal casing as the antenna of a tag, improving the tag read performance, and also greatly impact resistance and environment resistance performance thereof. 1. A chip-embedded RFID tag, comprising: a first metal casing; a spacer insulator disposed on the first metal casing; a second metal casing disposed on the spacer insulator; a first electrical connecting component for connecting the first metal casing and the second metal casing to form electrical connection; second electrical connecting components for connecting an RFID chip with the first metal casing and the second metal casing respectively, to form electrical connections; and wherein the first metal casing is separated from the second metal casing by the spacer insulator. 2. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein the first electrical connecting component and the second electrical connecting components are metal sheets. 3. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein the first electrical connecting component and the first metal casing are of an integrated structure, or the first electrical connecting component and the second metal casing are of an integrated structure. 4. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein the first metal casing and the second metal casing are made of aluminum alloy or stainless steel. 5. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein the first metal casing is welded or adhered to an object. 6. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein through holes are formed in the bottom of the first metal casing and used for mounting the first metal casing to an object in a fastening manner by means of steel ropes, bands or screws. 7. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein the spacer insulator comprises an insulating spacer and filler, wherein the first electrical connecting component, the second electrical connecting components and the RFID chip are sandwiched between the insulating spacer and the filler. 8. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 7, wherein a material of the insulating spacer is selected from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, poly carbonate or nylon. 9. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 7, wherein a material of the filler is selected from ceramic, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic, poly carbonate plastic, polyethylene terephthalate plastic, polytetrafluoroethylene, silica gel or air. 10. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 7, wherein each of the first metal casing and the second metal casing is a cylinder with one end closed and the other end opened, the insulating spacer consists of an annular spacer body and an annular bulge surrounding the circumference of the spacer body, the annular bulge is sandwiched between the adjacent end surfaces of the two metal casings, and the filler is located inside a cavity at the center of the insulating spacer. 11. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 10, wherein the second electrical connecting components are clamped to the inner wall of an body of the insulating spacer, each second electrical connecting component is formed by stamping a metal sheet and has a vertical portion, a horizontal portion connected with the vertical portion and an inclined portion connected with the horizontal portion, and the vertical portions of the two second electrical connecting components are respectively secured to two pins of the RFID chip in a welding manner. 12. The chip-embedded RFID tag according to claim 11, wherein barbs are formed on the inner wall of the first metal casing and the inner wall of the second metal casing. 13. A manufacturing method of a chip-embedded RFID tag, comprising the following steps: a) securing an RFID chip to two second electrical connecting components; b) press-mounting a first electrical connecting component, a spacer insulator and the RFID chip assembled in the step a) to a surface of a first metal casing, and making the first electrical connecting component and second electrical connecting components to contact the first metal casing; and c) press-fitting a second metal casing with the first metal casing assembled in the step b), and making the first electrical connecting component and the second electrical connecting components to contact the second metal casing respectively. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the spacer insulator comprises an insulating spacer and filler, wherein the step a) comprises: stamping a metal sheet to form two second electrical connecting components, and welding two pins of the RFID chip with the two second electrical connecting components; and stamping a metal sheet to form a first electrical connecting component; the step b) comprises: assembling the first electrical connecting component, the assembled second electrical connecting components and the RFID chip with the insulating spacer and the filler, so that the first electrical connecting component, the second electrical connecting components and the RFID chip are sandwiched between the insulating spacer and the filler; and the step c) comprises: press-mounting the filler and the insulating spacer assembled in the step b) to the first metal casing, and making the first electrical connecting component and the second electrical connecting components between the filler and the insulating spacer to contact the first metal casing respectively; and press-fitting the second metal casing with the assembled first metal casing, and making the first electrical connecting component and the second electrical connecting components to contact the second metal casing respectively.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a liquid filtration structure with one or more macromolecule membrane structures including membrane proteins selectively permeable to water molecules and fixed within a pore. A liquid filtration structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure increases stability and durability of macromolecule membrane structures including membrane proteins selectively permeable to water molecules, and, thus, can be effectively used in a filtration device for purifying water. 1. A liquid filtration structure comprising: a porous support including a plurality of pores of which an inner wall is linked to first linkers; and one or more macromolecule membrane structures including membrane proteins selectively permeable to water molecules, and second linkers, wherein the first linkers and the second linkers are connected by first connection parts and the macromolecule membrane structures are fixed to the inner wall of the pore of the porous support. 2. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the one or more macromolecule membrane structures are cross-linked to each other through second connection parts configured to connect the second linkers on the different macromolecule membrane structures. 3. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the first connection parts are polyethylene glycol. 4. The liquid filtration structure of claim 2, wherein the second connection parts are polyethylene glycol. 5. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the macromolecule membrane structures further include a substance that inhibits fluidity of a membrane constituting the macromolecule membrane. 6. The liquid filtration structure of claim 5, wherein the substance that inhibits fluidity of a membrane includes one or more selected from the group consisting of lipids including cholesterol, sphingolipid, and hydrocarbon having 10 or more carbon atoms. 7. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, further comprising: a permeable membrane disposed on an upper end and a lower end of the porous support. 8. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the first linker includes one or more selected from the group consisting of a primary amine reactive cross-linker, a sulfhydryl reactive cross-linker, a carbohydrate reactive cross-linker, a carboxyl reactive cross-linker, a photoreactive cross-linker, polynucleotide, and polydopamine. 9. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the second linkers include one or more selected from the group consisting of a primary amine reactive cross-linker, a sulfhydryl reactive cross-linker, a carbohydrate reactive cross-linker, a carboxyl reactive cross-linker, and a photoreactive cross-linker. 10. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the pore has a diameter of 50 nm to 100 \u03bcm. 11. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the pore has a bottleneck part in a thickness direction of the porous support. 12. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the porous support is formed of a polymer or anodic aluminum oxide. 13. The liquid filtration structure of claim 12, wherein the polymer is polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyetherethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene ether, polydiphenylphenylene ether, polyvinylene cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, polyphenylene sulfide, nitrocellulose, acetylated methylcellulose, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylalcohol, polycarbonate, organic siloxane carbonate, polyestercarbonate, organic polysiloxane, polyethylene oxide, polyamide, polyimide, polyamidoimide, or polybenzimidazole. 14. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the porous support has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 1 mm. 15. The liquid filtration structure of claim 1, wherein the membrane proteins selectively permeable to water molecules are aquaporin. 16. A liquid filtration structure comprising: a porous support including a plurality of pores; and one or more macromolecule membrane structures including membrane proteins selectively permeable to water molecules, and second linkers, wherein the one or more macromolecule membrane structures are cross-linked to each other through second connection parts configured to connect the second linkers on the different macromolecule membrane structures. 17-20. (canceled) 21. The liquid filtration structure of claim 16, wherein the second linkers include one or more selected from the group consisting of a primary amine reactive cross-linker, a sulfhydryl reactive cross-linker, a carbohydrate reactive cross-linker, a carboxyl reactive cross-linker, a photoreactive cross-linker, polynucleotide, and polydopamine, the primary amine reactive cross-linker is imidoesters, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, or glutaraldehyde, the sulfhydryl reactive cross-linker is maleimide, haloacetyl, or pyridyldisulfide, the carbohydrate reactive cross-linker is 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride or 1,3-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, and the photoreactive cross-linker is aryl azide or diazirine. 22. The liquid filtration structure of claim 16, wherein the pore has a diameter of 50 nm to 100 \u03bcm. 23-25. (canceled) 26. The liquid filtration structure of claim 16, wherein the porous support has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 1 mm. 27. The liquid filtration structure of claim 16, wherein the membrane proteins selectively permeable to water molecules are aquaporin.",
-    "The present disclosure provides an OLED display and display module thereof. The OLED display module includes: a cathode plate, an anode plate and a luminance function layer sandwiched in between the cathode plate and the anode plate, and characterized in that multiple reflectivities among multiple layers of the luminance function layer are satisfied with a following relationship, which is a reflectivity of the material of the luminance function layer near to the cathode plate is greatly higher than a reflectivity of another material of the luminance function layer distant from the cathode plate. The display module solves the technical problem of decreasing the contrast and sharpness of the OLED display caused by the cathode plate with the high reflectivity. 1. An OLED display module, comprising: a cathode plate, an anode plate and a luminance function layer sandwiched in between the cathode plate and the anode plate, and characterized in that multiple reflectivities among multiple layers of the luminance function layer are satisfied with a following relationship, which is a reflectivity of the material of the luminance function layer near to the cathode plate is greatly higher than a reflectivity of another material of the luminance function layer distant from the cathode plate, wherein the luminance function layer comprises sequentially along a direction from the cathode plate to the anode plate: an electron ejection layer, an electron transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer and a hole ejection layer; and one-layer or multi-layer reflectivity-change layer(s) are formed among the layers of the luminance function layer. 2. An OLED display module, comprising: a cathode plate, an anode plate and a luminance function layer sandwiched in between the cathode plate and the anode plate, and characterized in that multiple reflectivities among multiple layers of the luminance function layer are satisfied with a following relationship, which is a reflectivity of the material of the luminance function layer near to the cathode plate is greatly higher than a reflectivity of another material of the luminance function layer distant from the cathode plate. 3. The OLED display module according to claim 2, characterized in that the luminance function layer comprises sequentially along a direction from the cathode plate to the anode plate: an electron ejection layer, an electron transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer and a hole ejection layer. 4. The OLED display module according to claim 2, characterized in that one-layer or multi-layer reflectivity-change layer(s) are formed among the layers of the luminance function layer. 5. The OLED display module according to claim 4, characterized in that the reflectivity-change layer is made of inorganic material. 6. The OLED display module according to claim 4, characterized in that a thickness of the reflectivity-change layer is less than 50 nm. 7. The OLED display module according to claim 2, characterized in that a visible light with 500 nm\u00b125 nm luminance wavelength range generated by the luminance function layer. 8. The OLED display module according to claim 3, characterized in that a material of the hole ejection layer comprises one or more of CuPc, TCNQ, PPDN and TiOPC. 9. The OLED display module according to claim 3, characterized in that a material of the hole transport layer comprises one or more of TCTA, F4TCNQ, TCNQ, PPDN, CuPc and TiOPC; and the hole transport layer is a multi-layer structure. 10. The OLED display module according to claim 3, characterized in that the light emitting layer is made of a combination of phosphorescence material, TCTA and TAZ; a material of the electron transport layer comprises one or more of Alq3, BCP, Bphen, TPBi, Liq and Nbphen; and a material of the electron injection layer is one or more of LiF, LiBq4 and Alq3:Li3N. 11. An OLED display, characterized in that the OLED display comprises an OLED display module and the OLED display module comprises: a cathode plate, an anode plate and a luminance function layer sandwiched in between the cathode plate and the anode plate, and characterized in that multiple reflectivities among multiple layers of the luminance function layer are satisfied with a following relationship, which is a reflectivity of the material of the luminance function layer near to the cathode plate is greatly higher than a reflectivity of another material of the luminance function layer distant from the cathode plate. 12. The OLED display according to claim 11, characterized in that the luminance function layer comprises sequentially along a direction from the cathode plate to the anode plate: an electron ejection layer, an electron transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer and a hole ejection layer. 13. The OLED display according to claim 11, characterized in that one-layer or multi-layer reflectivity-change layer(s) are formed among the layers of the luminance function layer. 14. The OLED display according to claim 13, characterized in that the reflectivity-change layer is made of inorganic material. 15. The OLED display according to claim 13, characterized in that a thickness of the reflectivity-change layer is less than 50 nm. 16. The OLED display according to claim 11, characterized in that a visible light with 500 nm\u00b125 nm luminance wavelength range generated by the luminance function layer. 17. The OLED display according to claim 12, characterized in that a material of the hole ejection layer comprises one or more of CuPc, TCNQ, PPDN and TiOPC. 18. The OLED display according to claim 12, characterized in that a material of the hole transport layer comprises one or more of TCTA, F4TCNQ, TCNQ, PPDN, CuPc and TiOPC; and the hole transport layer is a multi-layer structure. 19. The OLED display according to claim 12, characterized in that the light emitting layer is made of a combination of phosphorescence material, TCTA and TAZ; a material of the electron transport layer comprises one or more of Alq3, BCP, Bphen, TPBi, Liq and Nbphen; and a material of the electron injection layer is one or more of LiF, LiBq4 and Alq3:Li3N.",
-    "A single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip and magnetic currency detector head; the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip is installed above a magnetic excitation element; the sensing direction of the chip is parallel to the surface of the chip, and the direction of the magnetic excitation field generated at the chip by the magnetic excitation element is perpendicular to the surface of the chip; the chip comprises a substrate, a magnetic biasing structure deposited on the substrate, a magnetoresistive element, and an input/output terminal; the magnetoresistive element consists of MTJs; the sensing directions of the magnetoresistive element and the MTJs are the same as the sensing direction of the chip; and the direction of a bias magnetic field generated on the chip by the magnetic biasing structure is perpendicular to the sensing direction of the chip. The chip features high sensitivity, high signal-to-noise ratio, small size, high temperature stability and high reliability. 1. A single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip, installed above a magnetic excitation element, the sensing direction of the chip being parallel to the surface of the chip, and the direction of a magnetic excitation field generated on the chip by the magnetic excitation element being perpendicular to the surface of the chip, wherein the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip comprises: a substrate, a magnetic biasing structure deposited on the substrate, a magnetoresistive element, and an input terminal and an output terminal; wherein the magnetoresistive element consists of at least one MTJ unit; wherein the MTJ unit consists of at least one MTJ string; wherein the MTJ string consists of at least one MTJ; wherein the sensing directions of the magnetoresistive element and the at least one MTJ are the same as the sensing direction of the chip; and wherein the direction of a bias magnetic field generated on the chip by the magnetic excitation element is perpendicular to the sensing direction of the chip. 2. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the magnetoresistive element consists of at least two MTJ units connected in parallel or connected in series, the MTJ units are arranged along a direction perpendicular or parallel to the sensing direction of the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip, and a centre distance between two adjacent MTJ units is 200 \u03bcm to 800 \u03bcm; and/or wherein the MTJ units consist of at least two MTJ strings connected in parallel or connected in series, the MTJ strings are arranged along a direction perpendicular or parallel to the sensing direction of the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip, and a centre distance between two adjacent MTJ strings is 20 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm; and/or wherein the MTJ strings consist of at least two MTJs connected in parallel or connected in series, the MTJs are arranged along a direction perpendicular or parallel to the sensing direction of the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip, and a centre distance between two adjacent MTJs is 1 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm. 3. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the shape of the MTJ viewed from above is an ellipse, a ratio of lengths of its major axis and minor axis is greater than 3, and the minor axis of the MTJ is parallel to the sensing direction of the chip. 4. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 3, wherein, in the absence of an external magnetic field, a magnetization direction of a free layer in the MTJ, under the action of the magnetic biasing structure, is parallel to the direction of the major axis of the MTJ. 5. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic biasing structure is blocked or layered, and is made of an alloy consisting of Cr, Co, Pt, Pd, Ni or Fe. 6. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic biasing structure consists of a permanent magnet between two adjacent MTJ strings; wherein along a magnetization direction of the permanent magnet, two sides of the MTJ are both provided with the permanent magnet; and wherein a magnetic field generated at the permanent magnet by the magnetic excitation element is less than half of the coercive force of the permanent magnet, and is less than 0.1 T. 7. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic biasing structure consists of a magnetic film deposited on the MTJ; and wherein a magnetic field generated at the magnetic film by the magnetic excitation element is less than half of the coercive force of the magnetic film, and is less than 0.1 T. 8. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic biasing structure consists of an exchange interaction layer deposited on the MTJ, and the exchange interaction layer comprises an anti-ferromagnetic layer and a ferromagnetic layer weakly coupled with the anti-ferromagnetic layer. 9. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein both the input and output terminals at least comprise two wire bonding pads, and each wire bonding pad is located on two ends of the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip. 10. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 9, wherein multiple single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chips are electrically connected with each other through the wire bonding pads, to form a sensor chip combination, and the sensing zone area of the sensor chip combination is greater than that of a single one of the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chips. 11. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 9, wherein the wire bonding pad has a length of 15 \u03bcm to 2000 \u03bcm and a width of 15 \u03bcm to 1000 \u03bcm. 12. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is provided thereon with an electrical connection conductor for achieving an electrical connection, and the width of the electrical connection conductor is not less than 10 \u03bcm. 13. The single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, wherein the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip has a length of 500 \u03bcm to 3000 \u03bcm and a width of 20 \u03bcm to 1500 \u03bcm. 14. A magnetic currency detector head, the magnetic head comprising: at least one of the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip according to claim 1, a signal processing circuit, a magnetic excitation element, an output pin and a circuit board; wherein the magnetic excitation element is installed below the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip, used for providing a magnetic excitation field, to generate an external magnetic field in the sensing direction of the chip in a measured space; wherein the single magnetoresistor TMR magnetic field sensor chip senses the external magnetic field, and converts the external magnetic field to an electrical signal; and wherein the signal processing circuit converts the electrical signal, which is transferred to the output pin through the circuit board.",
-    "The invention relates to a transmission, in particular a multi-speed transmission for a motor vehicle, comprising one housing, one drive shaft, one output shaft, at least four planetary gear sets, whereas each of the planetary gear sets has one sun gear, at least one planet, one planetary gear carrier and one ring gear along with several shifting elements in the form of at least four clutches and at least two brakes, whereas the sun gears of at least two planetary gear sets, in particular the sun gears of the first and the second planetary gear sets, are connectable through the first brake to the housing. 1. Transmission (1), in particular a multi-speed transmission for a motor vehicle, comprising a housing (G), a drive shaft (ANW), an output shaft (AW), at least four planetary gear sets (GP1, GP2, GP3, GP4), whereas each of the planetary gear sets (GP1, GP2, GP3, GP4) has one sun gear (101, 102, 103, 104), one planet (111, 112, 113, 114), one planetary carrier (121, 122, 123, 124) and one ring gear (131, 132, 133, 134), along with several shifting elements (K1, K2, K3, K4, B1, B2) in the form of at least four clutches (K1, K2, K3, K4) and at least two brakes (B1, B2), characterized in that the drive shaft (ANW) is connected to the planetary carrier (122) of the second planetary gear set, the drive shaft (ANW) is connectable through the first clutch (K1) to the sun gear (104) of the fourth planetary gear set (GP4) and through the first (K1) and the third clutches (K3) to the ring gear (133) of the third planetary gear set (GP3) and through the first clutch (K1), the third clutch (K3) and the second clutch (K2) to the sun gear (123) of the third planetary gear set (GP3) and to the ring gear (132) of the second planetary gear set (GP2), the sun gear (101) of the first planetary gear set (GP1) is connected to the sun gear (102) of the second planetary gear set (GP2) and to the first brake (B1), the planetary gear carrier (121) of the first planetary gear set (GP1) is connected to the ring gear (134) of the fourth planetary gear set (GP4) and is connected through the fourth clutch (K4) to the planetary gear carrier (123) of the third planetary gear set (GP3), the ring gear (131) of the first planetary gear set (GP1) is connected to a second brake (B2), the planetary gear carrier (124) of the fourth planetary gear set (GP4) is connected to the output shaft (AW). 2-10. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides compositions and methods for the selective C\u2014H fluorination of nitrogen-containing heteroarenes with AgF2, which has previously been considered too reactive for practical, selective C\u2014H fluorination. Fluorinated heteroarenes are prevalent in numerous pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. However, the reactions used to introduce fluorine into these molecules require pre-functionalized substrates or the use of F2 gas. The present invention provides a mild and general method for the C\u2014H fluorination of nitrogen-containing heteroarene compounds to 2-fluoro-heteroarenes with commercially available AgF2. In various embodiments, these reactions occur at ambient temperature within one hour and occur with exclusive selectivity for fluorination at the 2-position. Exemplary reaction conditions are effective for fluorinating diazine heteroarenes to form a single fluorinated isomer. 1. A reaction mixture for mono-fluorinating a nitrogen atom-containing heteroarene precursor compound at a carbon atom adjacent said nitrogen atom, said reaction mixture comprising: (i) said heteroarene precursor compound, said compound optionally substituted at one or more positions of the heteroarene ring; (ii) AgF2; and (ii) an organic solvent. 2. The reaction mixture according to claim 1, wherein said precursor compound is of the formula: wherein A is selected from N and CR4; D is selected from N and CR5; E is selected from N and CR6; G is selected from N and CR7; J is selected from N and CR8, wherein R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF3, acyl, \u2014SO2NR9R10, \u2014NR9R10, \u2014OR9, \u2014S(O)2R9, \u2014C(O)R9, \u2014COOR9, \u2014CONR9R10, \u2014S(O)2OR9, \u2014OC(O)R9, \u2014C(O)NR9R10, \u2014NR9C(O)R10, NR9C(O)NR10R1, C(NR9)R10, \u2014NR9SO2R10 and \u2014NO2, wherein two or more of R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8, together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a ring system which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein R9, R10, and R11 are members independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and two or more of R9, R10, and R11, together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 3. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor compound is of the formula: 4. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor compound is of a formula selected from: wherein a is an integer from 0 to 4; and each R1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, halogen, CN, CF3, acyl, \u2014SO2NR2R3, \u2014NR2R3, \u2014OR2, \u2014S(O)2R2, \u2014C(O)R2, \u2014COOR2, \u2014CONR2R3, \u2014S(O)2OR2, \u2014OC(O)R2, \u2014C(O)NR2R3, \u2014NR2C(O)R3, \u2014NR2SO2R, NR2C(O)NR3R12, C(NR2)R3, and \u2014NO2, wherein two or more R1 moieties together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a ring system which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein R2, R3, and R12 are members independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, and two or more of R2, R3, and R12, together with the atoms to which they are bonded, are optionally joined to form a 5- to 7-membered ring which is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 5. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said solvent is CH3CN. 6. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor compound is a substituted or unsubstituted diazine or a substituted or unsubstituted triazine. 7. The mixture according to any preceding claim wherein said reaction mixture further comprises a fluorinated product derived from said precursor compound, said fluorinated product having the formula: 8. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said reaction mixture is essentially free of difluorinated product. 9. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said reaction mixture is essentially free of added base. 10. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, said reaction mixture is essentially free of a source of fluoride other than AgF2. 11. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein the ratio of precursor compound to AgF2 is from about 1:1 to about 1:5. 12. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein the ratio of precursor compound to AgF2 is about 1:3. 13. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor compound is further substituted with a member selected from amine, ether, caroxylic acid, amide, ester, halide, protected alcohol and a combination thereof. 14. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor compound is a member selected from a substituted or unsubstituted quinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine. 15. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor is other than an unsubstituted pyrimidine. 16. The reaction mixture according to any preceding claim, wherein said precursor is other than a five-membered nitrogen-containing heteroarene. 17. A method for mono-fluorinating a nitrogen atom-containing heteroarene compound at a carbon a to said nitrogen atom, said method comprising: (a) forming a reaction mixture according to any preceding claim; and (b) incubating said reaction mixture under conditions appropriate to mono-fluorinate said nitrogen-containing heteroarene compound at said carbon atom a to said nitrogen atom. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said reaction mixture is incubated at about 25\u00b0 C. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said reaction mixture is incubated for about one hour. 20. A compound prepared by the method according to claim 17.",
-    "Multicasting in Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) nodes and the respective nodes. The method in a node configured as an MBMS gateway includes, in response to receipt of a session start request message for a multicast session, allocating a transport network IPv4 multicast address and a transport network IPv6 multicast address for the session, and generating another session start request message and transmitting it to a node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME). The session start request message includes a first pair of the allocated transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address, and a second pair of the allocated transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address. In response to receipt of MBMS data from a node configured as a Broadcast-Multicast Service Center (BM-SC), the MBMS data is sent using at least one of the first and second pair of addresses. 1. A method of multicasting in a node configured as a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) gateway, the method comprising: in response to receipt of a session start request message for a multicast session, allocating a transport network IPv4 multicast address and a transport network IPv6 multicast address for the session; generating another session start request message and transmitting the other session start request message to a node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME), the other session start request message including a first pair of the allocated transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address, and a second pair of the allocated transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; and in response to receipt of MBMS data from a node configured as a Broadcast-Multicast Service Center (BM-SC), sending the MBMS data using at least one of the first and second pair of addresses. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending further comprises sending the MBMS data using the first pair of addresses and sending the MBMS data using the second pair of addresses respectively. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending further comprises sending the MBMS data using one pair of addresses joined by nodes configured as eNodeBs. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the session start request message includes a Re-Auth-Request (RAR) message received from the BM-SC node. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the RAR message includes information indicating a time to MBMS data transfer, wherein the information is set to enable both IPv4 multicast and IPv6 multicast to be established within the time. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising allocating a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port for incoming traffic in the session, and transmitting a Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) message including the allocated UDP port to the BM-SC node. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the other session start request message includes a MBMS IP Multicast Distribution Information Element (IE) which carries the first and second pair of addresses. 8. A method of multicasting in a node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME), the method comprising: receiving a session start request message from a node configured as a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) gateway, the session start request message including a first pair of a transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address, and a second pair of a transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; generating another session start request message which includes at least one of the first and second pair of addresses; and transmitting the other session start request message to a node configured as a Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the other session start request message includes both the first and second pair of addresses. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the other session start request message includes one pair of addresses that is supported by a radio access network of the MCE. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one of the first and second pair of addresses is carried by at least one Transport Network Layer (TNL) information. 12. A method of multicasting in a node configured as a Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE), the method comprising: receiving a session start request message from a node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME), the session start request message including at least one pair of a first pair of a transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address and a second pair of a transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; generating another session start request message including the at least one of the first and second pair of addresses; and transmitting the other session start request message to a node configured as an eNodeB. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the other session start request message includes both the first and second pair of addresses. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the other session start request message includes one pair of addresses that is supported by the eNodeB node. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the other session start request message includes one pair of addresses to the eNodeB node, and the method further comprises: in response to receipt of a response indicating a failure to start the session, generating a further session start request message including the other pair of addresses; and transmitting the further session start request message to the eNodeB node. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one of the first and second pair of addresses is carried by at least one Transport Network Layer (TNL) information. 17. A method of multicasting in a node configured as an eNodeB, the method comprising: receiving a session start request message from a node configured as a Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE), the session start request message including at least one pair of a first pair of a transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address and a second pair of a transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; and joining one of the at least one pair of addresses to enable reception of the MBMS data. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the joining comprises: if only one pair of addresses is included in the session start request message, joining the one pair of addresses. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the joining further comprises: if the one pair of addresses is not supported by the eNodeB node, transmitting to the MCE node a response indicating a failure to start the session; and in response to receipt of another session start request message including the other pair of addresses from the MCE node, joining the other pair of addresses. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the joining comprises: if both the first and second pairs of addresses are included in the session start request message, joining one pair of addresses that is supported by the eNodeB node. 21. A node configured as a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) gateway, the node comprising: a transceiver configured to receive a session start request message for a multicast session; a multicast controlling unit configured to: in response to receipt of the session start request message, allocate a transport network IPv4 multicast address and a transport network IPv6 multicast address for the session; generate another session start request message, wherein the other session start request message includes a first pair of the allocated transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address, and a second pair of the allocated transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; and the transceiver being further configured to: transmit the other session start request message to a node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME); and in response to receipt of MBMS data from a node configured as a Broadcast-Multicast Service Center (BM-SC), send the MBMS data using at least one of the first and second pair of addresses. 22. The node of claim 21, wherein the transceiver is further configured to send the MBMS data using the first pair of addresses and send the MBMS data using the second pair of addresses respectively. 23. The node of claim 21, wherein the transceiver is further configured to send the MBMS data using one pair of addresses joined by nodes configured as eNodeBs. 24. The node of claim 21, wherein the session start request message includes a Re-Auth-Request (RAR) message received from the BM-SC node. 25. The node of claim 24, wherein the RAR message includes information indicating a time to MBMS data transfer, wherein the information is set to enable both IPv4 multicast and IPv6 multicast to be established within the time. 26. The node of claim 24, wherein the multicast controlling unit is further configured to allocate a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port for incoming traffic in the session, and transmit a Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) message including the allocated UDP port to the BM-SC node. 27. The node of claim 21, wherein the other session start request message includes a MBMS IP Multicast Distribution Information Element (IE) which carries the first and second pair of addresses. 28. A node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME), the node comprising: a transceiver configured to receive a session start request message from a node configured as a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) gateway, the session start request message including a first pair of a transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address, and a second pair of a transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; a multicast controlling unit configured to generate another session start request message which includes at least one of the first and second pair of addresses; and the transceiver being further configured to transmit the other session start request message to a node configured as a Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE). 29. The node of claim 28, wherein the other session start request message includes both the first and second pair of addresses. 30. The node of claim 28, wherein the other session start request message includes one pair of addresses that is supported by a radio access network of the MCE. 31. The node of claim 28, wherein the at least one of the first and second pair of addresses is carried by at least one Transport Network Layer (TNL) information. 32. A node configured as a Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE), the node comprising: a transceiver configured to receive a session start request message from a node configured as a Mobility Management Element (MME), wherein the session start request message including at least one pair of a first pair of a transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address and a second pair of a transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; and a multicast controlling unit configured to generate another session start request message including the at least one of the first and second pair of addresses; and the transceiver being further configured to transmit the other session start request message to a node configured as an eNodeB. 33. The node of claim 32, wherein the other session start request message includes both the first and second pair of addresses. 34. The node of claim 32, wherein the other session start request message includes one pair of addresses that is supported by the eNodeB node. 35. The node of claim 32, wherein the other session start request message includes one pair of addresses; the multicast controlling unit is further configured to in response to the transceiver receiving a response indicating a failure to start the session, generate a further session start request message including the other pair of addresses; and the transceiver is further configured to transmit the further session start request message to the eNodeB node. 36. The node of claim 32, wherein the at least one of the first and second pair of addresses is carried by at least one Transport Network Layer (TNL) information. 37. A node configured as an eNodeB, the node comprising: a transceiver configured to receive a session start request message from a node configured as a Multicast Coordination Entity (MCE), wherein the session start request message includes at least one pair of a first pair of a transport network IPv4 multicast address and an IPv4 multicast source address and a second pair of a transport network IPv6 multicast address and an IPv6 multicast source address; and a multicast controlling unit configured to join one of the at least one pair of addresses to enable reception of the MBMS data. 38. The node of claim 37, wherein the multicast controlling unit is further configured to: if only one pair of addresses is included in the session start request message, join the one pair of addresses. 39. The node of claim 37, wherein the transceiver is further configured to: if the one pair of addresses is not supported by the eNodeB node, transmit to the MCE node a response indicating a failure to start the session; receive another session start request message including the other pair of addresses from the MCE node; and the multicast controlling unit is further configured to, in response to receipt of the other session start request message, join the other pair of addresses. 40. The node of claim 37, wherein the multicast controlling unit is further configured to: if both the first and second pairs of addresses are included in the session start request message, join one pair of addresses that is supported by the eNodeB node.",
-    "A control method for controlling a skin analysis device is a control method for controlling a skin analysis device including a camera for obtaining a face image of a subject, a display for displaying the face image of the subject, and a computer, wherein the control method causes the computer of the skin analysis device to execute: obtaining the face image of the subject; determining a target extraction criterion for each of a plurality of skin areas of the face image based on a position on the face image; and extracting a target that satisfies the determined extraction criterion from the face image; and displaying the extracted target on the display of the skin analysis device. 1. A control method for controlling a skin analysis device, the skin analysis device comprising a camera for obtaining a face image of a subject, a display for displaying the face image of the subject, and a computer, wherein: the control method causes the computer of the skin analysis device to execute: obtaining the face image of the subject; determining a target extraction criterion for each of a plurality of skin areas of the face image based on a position on the face image; extracting a target that satisfies the determined extraction criterion from the face image; displaying the extracted target on the display of the skin analysis device; displaying, on the display, a plurality of target extraction criteria for one of the plurality of skin areas in accordance with a relative position on the face image with respect to a face part included in the obtained face image in such a manner that one of the extraction criteria can be selected; when it is determined that one of the plurality of extraction criteria has been selected, extracting a target that satisfies the selected extraction criterion; and displaying the extracted target on the display. 2. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the control method causes the computer to execute: detecting a face part included in the obtained face image; determining the plurality of skin areas each based on a relative position on the face image with respect to the detected face part; and determining the target extraction criterion for the plurality of skin areas determined. 3. (canceled) 4. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the target is a skin groove and/or facial hair. 5. The control method according to claim 4, wherein the extraction criterion is a value representing at least one of an angle, a thickness and a length of the target. 6. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the extracted target is displayed on the display while being superimposed over the face image. 7. The control method according to claim 1, wherein: the target that satisfies the determined extraction criterion is extracted by a filtering process; and the extraction criterion is a property of a filter used in the filtering process. 8. The control method according to claim 2, wherein the target is extracted based on a predetermined extraction criterion stored while being associated with a relative position between the face part and the plurality of skin areas. 9. The control method according to claim 8, wherein the predetermined extraction criterion is stored in a memory of the skin analysis device. 10. The control method according to claim 8, wherein the predetermined extraction criterion is stored in a server that can be accessed by the skin analysis device via a network. 11. A skin analysis method comprising: obtaining a face image of a subject; determining a target extraction criterion for each of a plurality of skin areas of the face image based on a position on the face image; extracting a target that satisfies the determined extraction criterion from the face image; and displaying the extracted target on a display. 12. The skin analysis method according to claim 11, comprising: detecting a face part included in the obtained face image; determining the plurality of skin areas each based on a relative position on the face image with respect to the detected face part; and determining the target extraction criterion for the plurality of skin areas determined. 13. The skin analysis method according to claim 11, comprising: displaying, on the display, a plurality of target extraction criteria for one of the plurality of skin areas in accordance with the relative position in such a manner that one of the extraction criteria can be selected; when it is determined that one of the plurality of extraction criteria has been selected, extracting a target that satisfies the extraction criterion; and displaying the extracted target on the display. 14. The skin analysis method according to claim 11, wherein the target is a skin groove and/or facial hair. 15. The skin analysis method according to claim 14, wherein the extraction criterion is a value representing one of an angle, a thickness and a length of the target. 16. The skin analysis method according to claim 11, wherein: the target that satisfies the determined extraction criterion is extracted by a filtering process; and the extraction criterion is a property of a filter used in the filtering process. 17. (canceled) 18. A skin analysis device comprising: a camera that obtains a face image of a subject; an extraction criterion determination section that determines a target extraction criterion for each of a plurality of skin areas of the face image based on a position on the face image; a target extraction section that extracts a target that satisfies the determined extraction criterion from the face image; and a display that displays the extracted target on a display, wherein the display displays a plurality of target extraction criteria for one of the plurality of skin areas in accordance with a relative position on the face image with respect to a face part included in the obtained face image in such a manner that one of the extraction criteria can be selected; the target extraction section extracts a target that satisfies a selected extraction criterion when it is determined that one of the plurality of extraction criteria has been selected; and the display displays the extracted target. 19. The skin analysis device according to claim 18, further comprising a face detection section that detects a face part included in the face image, and determines the plurality of skin areas each based on a relative position on the face image with respect to the detected face part. 20. The skin analysis device according to claim 19, further comprising: an extraction criterion selection section that displays a plurality of extraction criteria related to each of the plurality of skin areas on the display, and accepts one selection; an extraction result evaluation section that converts a target extracted from each of the plurality of skin areas into a score; and a communication section that transmits the selection result of the extraction criterion selection section and the score to an external server.",
-    "A tetrazolinone compound represented by formula (1): Wherein R1, R2, R3, and R11 each represents a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, etc.; R4 and R5 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group, etc.; R6 represents a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, etc.; R7, R8, and R9 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, etc.; R10 represents a C1-C3 alkyl group, etc.; and R12 represents a phenyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P3, a phenoxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups Group P3, etc., has excellent control activity against pests. 1. A tetrazolinone compound represented by formula (1): wherein R1, R2, R3, and R11 each independently represents a C1-C6 alkyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkynyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C8 alkylamino group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a pentafluorosulfanyl group, a C3-C9 trialkylsilyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, or an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group; R4 and R5 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a C1-C3 alkyl group; R6 represents a C1-C6 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C2-C6 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a cyano group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkynyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a nitro group, an aminocarbonyl group optionally having one or more C1-C6 alkyl groups, a C3-C6 cycloalkyloxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 cycloalkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 alkenyloxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 alkynyloxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 alkenylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 alkynylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxy group, a sulfanyl group, a C1-C8 alkylamino group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a pentafluorosulfanyl group, a C3-C9 trialkylsilyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C5 alkoxyalkyl group, or a C2-C5 alkylthioalkyl group; R7, R8, and R9 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C3 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R10 represents a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C3 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C3 alkynyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C3-C5 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R12 represents a C6-C16 aryl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, a C6-C16 aryloxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, a C6-C16 arylthio group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, a C7-C18 aralkyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, a C7-C18 aralkyloxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, a C7-C16 aryloxyalkyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, an anilino group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2, a C2-C5 alkylthioalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkyl group optionally having one or more C1-C3 alkoxy groups and/or halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C6 cycloalkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C8 alkylamino group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C9 heteroaryloxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2 (provided that the heteroaryl moiety represents a 5-membered ring, a 6-membered ring, a fused ring of a 5-membered ring and a 5-membered ring, a fused ring of a 5-membered ring and a 6-membered ring, or a fused ring of a 6-membered ring and a 6-membered ring), R13R14N\u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, R13R14N\u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a pentafluorosulfanyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, or a C3-C9 trialkylsilyl group; R13 and R14 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C3 alkyl group; and X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom: Group P1 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a cyano group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C4 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, and a C1-C4 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; and Group P2 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C6 alkynyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C8 alkylamino group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a pentafluorosulfanyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonylamino group, an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, and a C3-C9 trialkylsilyl group. 2. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a hydrogen atom, a C2-C3 alkynyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C5 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R2 and R3 represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C4 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a cyano group; R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, and R11 are hydrogen atoms; R6 is a C1-C4 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C5 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C2-C4 alkenyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C2-C4 alkynyl group; R10 is a methyl group; and X is an oxygen atom. 3. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R12 is a phenyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from the following Group P3: Group P3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C4 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, and a C1-C3 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms. 4. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R12 is a phenoxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from the following Group P3: Group P3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C3-C4 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, and a C1-C3 alkylthio group optionally having one or more halogen atoms. 5. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a hydrogen atom, or a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R2 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a C1-C4 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a cyano group; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a C1-C4 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, and R1I are hydrogen atoms; R6 is a C1-C4 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, or a C3-C5 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; R10 is a methyl group; X is an oxygen atom; R12 is a phenyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from the following Group P, or a phenoxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from the following Group P3: Group P3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms, a halogen atom, a cyano group, and a C1-C3 alkoxy group optionally having one or more halogen atoms. 6. A pest control agent comprising the tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1. 7. A method for controlling pests, which comprises treating plants or soil with an effective amount of the tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1. 8. (canceled)",
-    "A pneumatically operable work tool for use in body construction in the motor vehicle industry includes a cylinder which has a cylinder housing, a piston moveable therein and a piston rod, which is connected to said piston, moveable linearly and guided out of the cylinder housing, and with a head housing connected to the cylinder housing, wherein a region of the piston rod protruding into the head housing cooperates with at least one toggle lever to pivot an arm assigned to the toggle lever, in particular a gripper arm or clamping arm, wherein this arm is mounted in the head housing and is pivotable between a closed position and an opened position. In the region of its end protruding into the head housing, the piston rod receives a bearing element for the toggle lever, wherein the bearing element is guided in a guide of the head housing in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the piston rod, and the bearing element, at a radial distance from the longitudinal axis of the piston rod, has a receiver for pivotable mounting of a hinge connector, which in the region of an end facing away from the bearing element is connected pivotably to the arm at a distance from a pivot axis of the arm, wherein the end pivot axes of the hinge connector and the pivot axis of the arm are arranged parallel to each other. 1. A pneumatically operable work tool, with a cylinder which has a cylinder housing, a piston moveable therein and a piston rod which is connected to said piston, moveable linearly and guided out of the cylinder housing, and with a head housing connected to the cylinder housing, wherein a region of the piston rod protruding into the head housing cooperates with at least one toggle lever to pivot an arm assigned to the toggle lever, wherein the arm is mounted in the head housing and is pivotable between a closed position and an opened position, wherein in the region of an end of the piston rod protruding into the head housing, the piston rod receives a bearing element for the toggle lever, wherein the bearing element is guided in a guide of the head housing in the direction of a longitudinal axis of the piston rod, and the bearing element, at a radial distance from the longitudinal axis of the piston rod, has a receiver for pivotable mounting of a hinge connector, which in the region of an end facing away from the bearing element is connected pivotably to the arm at a distance from a pivot axis of the arm, wherein a pair of end pivot axes of the hinge connector and the pivot axis of the arm are arranged parallel to each other. 2. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bearing element has recesses for pivotable mounting of two hinge connectors. 3. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein a single toggle lever is provided for pivoting an assigned arm, or two toggle levers provided for pivoting an assigned arm and each of the toggle levers serves to pivot a respective arm. 4. The work tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein the two hinge connectors connected to the receivers, in the region of the ends facing away from the bearing element, are connected pivotably to the two arms at a distance from the pivot axes of the arms, and wherein the pivot axes of the hinge connectors and the arms are arranged parallel to each other. 5. The work tool as claimed in claim 4, wherein the bearing element, the hinge connectors and the arms are arranged symmetrically to a plane running through the longitudinal axis of the piston rod. 6. The work tool as claimed in claim 4, wherein the respective receiver has a plate-like shoulder connected to a base body of the bearing element, and wherein the shoulder has a hole for receiving a bearing bolt for engagement with the respective hinge connector. 7. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the axial direction of the piston rod, the bearing element has bearing parts arranged behind each other and spaced apart for mounting the bearing element in the head housing, and wherein at least one receiver is arranged between the bearing parts in relation to the axial direction of the piston rod. 8. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bearing element is mounted in the guide of the head housing by means of a plain bearing and/or a roller bearing. 9. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the guide has parallel guide faces which are arranged parallel to the pivot axis of the arm. 10. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the piston rod is not variable in length and in that the opened position of the arm is fully adjustable, wherein the piston rod has a threaded portion and in the region of the threaded portion receives a buffer part which is adjustable in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the piston rod and, in the opened position of the arm, lies on a support face that is stationary relative to the head housing, wherein the piston rod is rotatable relative to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the piston rod is rotatable relative to the bearing element. 11. The work tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein the buffer part is positioned rotationally fixedly in the head housing. 12. The work tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein the stationary support face is formed as a support face of the head housing. 13. The work tool as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the closed position of the arm or arms, the toggle lever or toggle levers is/are arranged in an over-dead-center position. 14. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein a base of the cylinder housing facing away from the head housing has means for rotation of the piston rod in the closed position of the arm when the piston is arranged in the region of the base. 15. The work tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein a base of the cylinder housing facing away from the head housing has means for axially displacing the piston rod in the closed position of the arm when the piston is arranged in the region of the base, in order to move the toggle lever out of an over-dead-center position.",
-    "The present invention relates to a mobile device for detecting light. The mobile device (300) includes a photo detector (320) which is arranged at the end of a socket barrel (114) of an audio jack socket in the mobile device. The socket barrel serves to collimate the light onto the photo detector. 1. A mobile device for detecting light from a light source external to the mobile device having a housing which houses: an audio jack socket configured to receive an audio output component for providing an audio signal generated in the mobile device to a user through an audio jack plug inserted in the audio jack socket; a photo detector arranged in the audio jack socket to detect light when the audio jack socket is not connected to an audio jack plug, whereby the audio jack socket acts to collimate received light from the external light source to be sensed by the photo detector; and a processor arranged to process a signal received from the photo detector and to generate therefrom a function control signal for controlling a function in dependence on the received light. 2. A mobile device according to claim 1, comprising a transmitter operable to transmit the function control signal to an external device for controlling the external light source. 3. A mobile device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is arranged to decode a signal from the detected light, the signal providing an identifier of the external light source. 4. A mobile device according to claim 1, comprising a display operable to display to a user information about the received light responsive to the function control signal. 5. A mobile device according to claim 4, wherein said information is selected from: a luminance measurement; and data associated with the external light source. 6. A mobile device according claim 1, wherein the photo detector is operable to detect infrared light. 7. A mobile device according to claim 1, wherein the photo detector is operable to detect visible light. 8. A mobile device according to claim 1, comprising auxiliary collimating optics in the audio jack socket to further collimate the received light. 9. A mobile device according to claim 8, comprising one or more annularly disposed light guides in the audio jack socket for gathering light collimated by the socket and connected to guide the gathered light to the photo detector. 10. A mobile device according to claim 9, wherein one of the one or more annularly disposed light guides is a circular guide located in a circumference of the audio jack socket, selected from a continuously circular guide and a segmented circular guide. 11. A mobile device according to claim 9, wherein a plurality of annularly disposed light guides are arranged at different depths along a longitudinal axis of the audio jack socket. 12. A mobile device according to claim 9, wherein a plurality of arcuate light guides are arranged annularly around the same circumference of the audio jack socket to provide different non-overlapping fields of view, wherein each arcuate light guide is coupled to a respective photo diode of the photo detector. 13. A mobile device according to claim 1, comprising a data acquisitor which is arranged to acquire and store data about a light source from which light has been detected.",
-    "A distance of a water flow path and a velocity of the water flow is calculated using pulsed neutron data and noise data. The two distance and velocity values are compared with each other to obtain a first calculated distance and a first calculated velocity. The distance of the water flow path and the velocity of the water flow are calculated using Doppler data. The distance and velocity values are compared with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity to obtain a second calculated distance and velocity values. The distance of the water flow path and the velocity of the water flow are calculated using temperature data. The distance and velocity values are compared with the second calculated distance and velocity to determine a distance of a cement interface and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface. 1. A method, comprising: introducing a tool string into a wellbore at least partially lined with a first casing and a second casing concentrically overlapping at least a portion of the first casing, wherein a first annulus is defined between the first and second casings and filled with a first cement, and a second annulus is defined between the second casing and the wellbore and filled with a second cement; obtaining data from a pulsed neutron sensor, a noise sensor, a Doppler sensor, and a temperature sensor, all included in the tool string; calculating a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the data obtained from the pulsed neutron sensor, the flow path being located at a cement interface in the wellbore; calculating a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a noise log borehole model and the data obtained from the noise sensor; comparing the first distance and the first velocity with the second distance and the second velocity, respectively, to obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path; calculating a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a Doppler borehole model and the data obtained from the Doppler sensor; comparing the third distance and the third velocity with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity, respectively, to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and a second calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path; calculating a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a temperature borehole model and the data obtained from the temperature sensor; and comparing the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining data from the pulsed neutron sensor comprises at least one of obtaining travel times of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor and obtaining energy spectrum ratios of near counts and far counts of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining data from the noise sensor comprises one or more of obtaining amplitudes of noise signals detected by the noise sensor from the wellbore, obtaining a frequency spectrum of the noise signals, obtaining a relative phase shift between the noise signals, obtaining frequency ratios of near and far noise signals, and obtaining power spectral density of the noise signals. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining data from the Doppler sensor comprises one or more of obtaining an amplitude and frequency information of an acoustic wave as modified by the wellbore, and obtaining a frequency shift between an acoustic wave emitted by the Doppler sensor into the wellbore and the modified acoustic wave. 5. The method of claim 1, obtaining data from the temperature sensor comprises one or more of obtaining a temperature of the wellbore, obtaining a temperature gradient of the wellbore, and obtaining a derivative of a temperature profile of the wellbore. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the noise log borehole model when a difference between the first distance and the second distance and a difference between the first velocity and the second velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using the corresponding updated model. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, and the Doppler borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using the corresponding updated model. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, the Doppler borehole model, and the temperature borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using the corresponding updated model. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising obtaining the temperature borehole model from a static borehole model. 13. A well system, comprising: a tool string conveyable into a wellbore drilled through one or more subterranean formations, the tool string including at least a pulsed neutron sensor, a noise sensor, a Doppler sensor, and a temperature sensor; and a computer system including a processor and a non-transitory computer readable medium, the computer system communicatively coupled to the tool string, and the computer readable medium stores a computer readable program code, when executed by the processor, configures the processor to: operate the pulsed neutron sensor to obtain pulsed neutron log (PNL) data from the wellbore; calculate a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the PNL data, the flow path located at a cement interface in the wellbore; operate the noise sensor to obtain noise log (NL) data from the wellbore; calculate a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a noise log borehole model and the NL data; compare the first distance and the first velocity with the second distance and the second velocity, respectively, to obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path; operate the Doppler sensor to obtain Doppler log (DL) data from the wellbore; calculate a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a Doppler borehole model and the DL data; compare the third distance and the third velocity with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity, respectively, to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and a second calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path; operate the temperature sensor to obtain temperature data from the wellbore; calculate a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a temperature borehole model and the temperature data; and compare the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the noise log borehole model when a difference between the first distance and the second distance and a difference between the first velocity and the second velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using the corresponding updated model. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, and the Doppler borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using the corresponding updated model. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, the Doppler borehole model, and the temperature borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using the corresponding updated model.",
-    "Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for recovering data units in a wireless communication system. The method of recovering data units in a wireless LAN comprises the steps of: determining a channel state of at least one secondary channel band for a predetermined time after an STA has failed to transmit a first PPDU; and transmitting, at the STA, a second PPDU through a recovery channel band determined on the basis of the channel state, wherein the first PPDU is data transmitted through a primary channel and at least one secondary channel, and the recovery channel band may include, from among the primary channel band and at least one secondary channel, a secondary channel that is in an idle state. 1. A method of recovering a data unit in a wireless local area network (WLAN), the method comprising: determining a channel state of at least one secondary channel band for a specific time after a station (STA) has failed to transmit a first physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU); and transmitting, by the STA, a second PPDU through a recovery channel band determined based on the channel state, wherein the first PPDU is data transmitted through a primary channel band and the at least one secondary channel, and wherein the recovery channel band includes a secondary channel of which the channel state is idle among the at least one secondary channel and the primary channel band. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific time is a point coordination function (PCF) inter-frame space (PIFS), wherein a bandwidth of the primary channel band is 20 MHz, and wherein the at least one secondary channel band includes a first secondary band of a 20 MHz bandwidth adjacent to the primary channel band and a second secondary band of a 40 MHz bandwidth adjacent to the first secondary channel band. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein if only the channel state of the primary channel band is idle, the recovery channel includes the primary channel band, wherein the channel state of the at least one secondary channel band includes a first channel state of the first secondary channel band and a second channel state of the second secondary channel band, wherein if only the first channel state is idle, the recovery channel includes the primary channel band and the first secondary channel band, and wherein if the first channel state and the second channel state are idle, the recovery channel includes the primary channel band, the first secondary channel band, and the second secondary channel band. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, if the STA fails to receive an immediate response frame for the first PPDCH for a determined timeout duration, determining the transmission failure of the first PPDU, wherein the specific time is a time duration corresponding to a point coordination function (PCF) inter-frame space (PIFS) after the timeout point. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein data includes in the second PPDU overlaps with data included in the first PPDU. 6. A station (STA) recovering a data unit in a wireless local area network (WLAN), the STA comprising: a radio frequency (RF) unit configured to transmit or receive radio frequency; a processor operatively connected to the RF unit and configured to: determine a channel state of at least one secondary channel band for a specific time after a station (STA) has failed to transmit a first physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU); and transmit a second PPDU through a recovery channel band determined based on the channel state, wherein the first PPDU is data transmitted through a primary channel band and the at least one secondary channel, and wherein the recovery channel band includes a secondary channel of which the channel state is idle among the at least one secondary channel and the primary channel band. 7. The STA of claim 6, wherein the specific time is a point coordination function (PCF) inter-frame space (PIFS), wherein a bandwidth of the primary channel band is 20 MHz, and wherein the at least one secondary channel band includes a first secondary band of a 20 MHz bandwidth adjacent to the primary channel band and a second secondary band of a 40 MHz bandwidth adjacent to the first secondary channel band. 8. The STA of claim 7, wherein if only the channel state of the primary channel band is idle, the recovery channel includes the primary channel band, wherein the channel state of the at least one secondary channel band includes a first channel state of the first secondary channel band and a second channel state of the second secondary channel band, wherein if only the first channel state is idle, the recovery channel includes the primary channel band and the first secondary channel band, and wherein if the first channel state and the second channel state are idle, the recovery channel includes the primary channel band, the first secondary channel band, and the second secondary channel band. 9. The STA of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to determine the transmission failure of the first PPDU when the STA fails to receive an immediate response frame for the first PPDCH for a determined timeout duration, wherein the specific time is a time duration corresponding to a point coordination function (PCF) inter-frame space (PIFS) after the timeout point if the STA fails to receive an immediate response frame for the first PPDCH for a determined timeout duration. 10. The STA of claim 6, wherein data included in the second PPDU overlaps with data included in the first PPDU.",
-    "Methods, compositions and products for treating or reducing skin thickening in a subject are described. Also described are methods of inhibiting a skin disorder induced by an UV-irradiation. The methods involve topically administering to the subject a composition containing an et adrenergic receptor agonist, such as brimonidine. 1. A method of reducing or inhibiting the progression of a skin thickening in a subject in need thereof, comprising topically administering to a skin area of the subject a topical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one alpha adrenergic receptor agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the skin area has, or is prone to have, the skin thickening, provided that the skin thickening is not associated with one or more selected from the group consisting of a skin tumor, rosacea, erythema, telangiectasias, psoriasis, purpura, sagging skin and wrinkle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the topical composition is selected from the group consisting of an aqueous solution topical formulation, a topical gel formulation, a cream topical formulation, and an ointment formulation. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin thickening is associated with one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of sun exposure, hormonal imbalance, a deficiency in vitamin and/or antioxidant, epidermal hyperplasia, keratinocyte proliferation, EGFR-dependent cell division, and combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin thickening is associated with one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of CREST syndrome, corns and calluses, warts, hives, keratosis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, scleroderma, lipoderamtoscelerosis, age spots (or lentigo). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin thickening is induced by an UV-irradiation. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist is an agonist selective for an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the at least one alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist is brimonidine, and the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of brimonidine. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of (8-Bromo-quinoxalin-6-yl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine, (8-Bromo-quinoxalin-5-yl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine, (5-B romo-3-methyl-qu inoxal in-6-yl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-im idazol-2-yl)-am ine, (5-Bromo-2-methoxy-quinoxalin-6-yl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-im idazol-2-yl)-amine, (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-(8-methyl-quinoxalin-6-yl)-amine, (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-quinoxalin-5-yl-amine, naphazoline, tetrahydrozoline, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, methoxamine, mephentermine, metaraminol, and midodrine. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional agent useful for reducing or inhibiting the progression of skin thickening. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the addition agent is selected from the group consisting of retinoid and derivatives thereof, sun screens, sun-blocks, anti-inflammatory agents, vitamins and nitroglycerin. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the topical composition is administered to the skin area twice daily. 16. A method of inhibiting a skin disorder induced by an UV-irradiation in a subject in need thereof, comprising topically administering to a skin area of the subject a topical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one alpha adrenergic receptor agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the skin disorder is grade 1 erythema, grade 1 flaking, wrinkling, white raised area on skin, or skin thickening induced by sun exposure. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the alpha adrenergic receptor agonist is brimonidine. 19. A method of regulating an EGFR response in a subject in need thereof to thereby result in treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with EGFR in the subject, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of an a adrenergic receptor agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, provided that the disease or condition associated with EGFR is not associated with one or more selected from the group consisting of a skin tumor, rosacea, erythema, telangiectasias psoriasis, purpura, sagging skin and wrinkle. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the EGFR response is induced by an UV-irradiation. 21. The method of any of claim 19, wherein the composition is administered to the subject topically. 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the a adrenergic receptor agonist is brimonidine. 23. (canceled) 24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the composition comprises about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the a2 adrenergic receptor agonist. 25. The method according to claim 19, further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional agent useful for treating or preventing the disease or condition in the subject.",
-    "A receiver (1) is configured to receive an optical transmission, wherein the receiver is configured to determine a plurality of values over time of the quality of the optical transmission. The receiver comprises one or more low pass filter (26) configured to low pass filter the values of quality of the transmission. Based on the low pass filtered values, the receiver (1) is configured to determine a FEC code and/or modulation type for a further optical transmission. 1. A receiver configured to receive an optical transmission, wherein the receiver is configured to determine a plurality of values over time of the quality of the optical transmission, and the receiver comprising one or more low pass filter configured to low pass filter the values of quality of the transmission, and based on the low pass filtered values, the receiver is configured to determine a FEC code and/or modulation type for a further optical transmission. 2. The receiver as claimed in claim 1 wherein the receiver is configured such that variations in the values of quality of transmission which are filtered out by the low pass filter are handled by a different mechanism than a change in FEC code or modulation type. 3. The receiver as claimed in claim 1 wherein the low pass filter is configured to filter out variations of quality of the transmission which occur faster than a threshold time. 4. The receiver as claimed in claim 3 wherein the threshold time is a return trip time of the transmission between the receiver and a transmitter. 5. The receiver as claimed in claim 3 wherein the threshold time is greater than 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, 1 minute, 10 minutes or 1 hour, or between 0.002 s and 10 s, or between 0.005 s and 5 s, or between 0.01 s and 1 s, or between 1 s and 1 hour, or between 1 minute and 1 hour, or between 1 minute and 10 minutes. 6. The receiver as claimed in claim 1 wherein the receiver comprises one or more FEC decoder configured to provide the values of the quality of the transmission. 7. The receiver as claimed in claim 1 wherein the receiver is configured to determine non-linear effects on the optical transmission, the receiver is configured to determine a FEC code and/or modulation type for a further optical transmission based at least partially on the determined non-linear effects. 8. The receiver as claimed in claimed in claim 7 wherein the receiver is configured to determine non-linear effects on the optical transmission from measurements of variance for a plurality of constellation points. 9. The receiver as claimed in claimed in claim 7 wherein the non-linear effects are determined from different values of variance for inner and outer symbols, and/or the non-linear effects are determined from different values of variance along orthogonal directions. 10. The receiver as claimed in claimed in claim 7 wherein the FEC code is determined based on both the low pass filtered values of quality of the transmission and an amount of the determined non-linear effects. 11. The receiver as claimed in claim 7 wherein the receiver is configured to determine one or more of: a changed amount of interleaving, an adaptation of the computation of a soft decision of a detector and non-linear effects compensation in the receiver, based on the determined non-linear effects. 12. The receiver as claimed in claim 1 wherein the receiver is configured to transmit a signal to a transmitter of the optical transmission, the signal requesting the determined FEC code and/or modulation type for further transmissions. 13. A method of adapting a FEC code and/or modulation type for an optical transmission, comprising: receiving an optical transmission, determining a plurality of values over time of the quality of the optical transmission, and low pass filtering the values of quality of the transmission, and based on the low pass filtered values, determining a FEC code and/or modulation type for a further optical transmission. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13 wherein variations in the values of quality of transmission which are filtered out by the low pass filter are handled by a different mechanism than a change in FEC code or modulation type. 15. The method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the low pass filter is configured to filter out variations of quality of the transmission which occur faster than a threshold time, and optionally, wherein the threshold time is a return trip time of the transmission between the receiver and a transmitter, and/or wherein the threshold time is greater than 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, 1 minute, 10 minutes or 1 hour, or between 0.002 s and 10 s, or between 0.005 s and 5 s, or between 0.01 s and 1 s, or between 1 s and 1 hour, or between 1 minute and 1 hour, or between 1 minute and 10 minutes. 16. The method as claimed in claim 13 comprising determining non-linear effects on the optical transmission, and determining a FEC code and/or modulation type for a further optical transmission based at least partially on the determined non-linear effects. 17. The method as claimed in claim 13 comprising determining non-linear effects on the optical transmission from measurements of variance for a plurality of constellation points, and optionally, determining the non-linear effects from different values of variance for inner and outer symbols, and/or determining the non-linear effects from different values of variance along orthogonal directions. 18. The method as claimed in claim 16 comprising weighting the low pass filtered values with weights based on the determined non-linear effects. 19. The method as claimed in claim 13 comprising transmitting a signal to a transmitter of the optical transmission, the signal requesting the determined FEC code and/or modulation type for further transmissions. 20. A system comprising a transmitter and receiver of an optical transmission, the receiver configured to receive an optical transmission, wherein the receiver is configured to determine a plurality of values over time of the quality of the optical transmission, and the receiver comprising one or more low pass filter configured to low pass filter the values of quality of the transmission, and based on the low pass filtered values, the receiver is configured to transmit a signal to the transmitter of the optical transmission, the signal requesting the determined FEC code and/or modulation type for further transmissions. 21. A computer program product arranged, when run on a computer, to carry out the method as claimed in claim 13.",
-    "A modular cooking system includes a body, a grill receiver located in an upper region of the body, a grill top resting on the grill receiver, and a charcoal holder located in a region of the body below the grill receiver. Two pairs of support arms support the charcoal holder. A threaded lever passes through the body into the interior region of the system. There is a horizontal resting on a support bracket in the interior of the system. The horizontal, the support bracket, the threaded lever, and the support arms to lift and lower the charcoal holder. 1. A modular cooking system (10), comprising: a body (12); a grill receiver disposed in an upper region of the body (12); a grill top (14) resting on the grill receiver (22); a heat source holder (24) disposed in a region of the body (12) below the grill receiver (22); at least one pair of support arms (44) adapted to support the heat source holder (24), the pair of support arms (44) and the heat source holder (24) being connected by at least a first support bracket (48); a bar (58) resting on a second support bracket (50); a plate (42) disposed on the bar (58); and a threaded lever (26) disposed through the body (12), the threaded lever (26) adapted to push against the plate (42), wherein the heat source holder (24), the threaded lever (26), the support arms (44), the first support bracket (48), the second support bracket (58), the bar (58), and the plate (42) are oriented such that, when the threaded lever (26) is turned in a first direction, the heat source holder (24) moves in a generally upward direction and when the threaded lever (26) is turned in a second direction the heart source holder (24) moves in a generally downward direction. 2. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, wherein the grill top (14) is a multi-piece grill top (14). 3. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, wherein the grill top (14) further comprises at least one handle (60). 4. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, further comprising a handle (28) at an end of the threaded lever (26). 5. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, further comprising at least one side shelf (40) connected to a side of the body (12). 6. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 5, wherein the at least one side shelf (40) is hingedly connected to the side of the body (12). 7. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 6, wherein the at least one side shelf (40) may be folded up. 8. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 6, wherein the at least one side shelf (40) may be folded down. 9. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 5, wherein the at least one side shelf (40) is removably connected to the side of the body (12). 10. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 9, wherein the body (12) has a side shelf-receiving projection (54). 11. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 10, wherein the at least one side shelf defines a groove (52) at end thereof, the groove (52) being adapted to rest on the side shelf-receiving projection (54). 12. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, further comprising a collection tray (30) below the heat source holder (24). 13. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, further comprising at least one shelf (16) below the body (12). 14. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 13, wherein the at least one shelf (16) is removable. 15. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 1, wherein the body (12) defines a plurality of leg-receiving openings (36) on an underside thereof. 16. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 15, further comprising a plurality of legs (18) disposed within the leg-receiving openings (36). 17. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 16, wherein each of said legs (18) is provided with a caster (20) at an end thereof. 18. A modular cooking system (10), comprising: a body (12); a grill receiver disposed in an upper region of the body (12); a grill top (14) resting on the grill receiver (22); a heat source holder (24) disposed in a region of the body (12) below the grill receiver (22); at least one pair of support arms (44) adapted to support the heat source holder (24), the pair of support arms (44) and the heat source holder (24) being connected by at least a first support bracket (48); a bar (58) resting on a second support bracket (50); a threaded lever (26) disposed through the body (12); a housing (66) surrounding the threaded lever, the housing (66) defining an opening along a lateral side thereof; and a perpendicular member (64) extending from the threaded lever (26), the perpendicular member (64) extending through the opening in the housing (66), wherein the heat source holder (24), the threaded lever (26), the perpendicular member (64), the housing (66), the bar (58), the support arms (44), the first support bracket (48), and the second support bracket (58) are oriented such that, when the threaded lever (26) is turned in a first direction, the heat source holder (24) moves in a generally upward direction and when the threaded lever (26) is turned in a second direction the heat source holder (24) moves in a generally downward direction. 19. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 20, wherein the perpendicular member (64) is oriented to push against the housing (66). 20. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 20, wherein the housing (66) is oriented to push against the bar (58). 21. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 20, wherein the bar (58) is oriented to lift up the support arms (44). 22. The modular cooking system (10) according to claim 20, wherein the support arms (44) and the first support bracket (48) are oriented to lift up the heat source holder (24).",
-    "A backlight module and a fabricating method thereof, and a display apparatus are provided. The backlight module comprises a light emitting unit and a power generating unit for supplying power to the light emitting unit. The backlight module has a light-exiting surface; the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface face each other and are spaced from each other, light rays emitted from the light emitting unit enter between the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface and exit from the backlight module through the light-exiting surface; the power generating unit includes a first electrode, a power generating layer and a second electrode in a direction away from the light-exiting surface, and the first electrode is configured to reflect the light rays from the light emitting unit. 1. A backlight module, comprising a light emitting unit and a power generating unit for supplying power to the light emitting unit, wherein, the backlight module has a light-exiting surface, the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface face each other and are spaced from each other, light rays emitted from the light emitting unit enter between the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface and exit from the backlight module through the light-exiting surface; the power generating unit includes a first electrode, a power generating layer and a second electrode in a direction away from the light-exiting surface, and the first electrode is configured to reflect the light rays from the light emitting unit. 2. The backlight module according to claim 1, further comprising a light guide plate positioned between the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface, and the first electrode of the power generating unit is in direct contact with the light guide plate. 3. The backlight module according to claim 2, wherein, the first electrode is directly deposited on the light guide plate. 4. The backlight module according to claim 1, wherein, the power generating unit is a friction power generating unit. 5. The backlight module according to claim 4, wherein, the power generating layer is a high polymer insulation layer. 6. The backlight module according to claim 1, wherein, among a surface on a side of the first electrode facing the power generating layer, a surface on a side of the second electrode facing the power generating layer, a surface on a side of the power generating layer facing the first electrode and a surface on a side of the power generating layer facing the second electrode, at least one of the surfaces has a concave-convex structure. 7. The backlight module according to claim 1, wherein, an elastic member is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. 8. The backlight module according to claim 1, wherein, the backlight module comprises a plurality of power generating units, wherein at least two of the power generating units are disposed in an overlapping manner. 9. The backlight module according to claim 8, wherein, a balance weight layer is formed between two adjacent power generating units which are disposed in an overlapping manner. 10. The backlight module according to claim 1, wherein, the first electrode is a metal electrode. 11. The backlight module according to claim 1, wherein, the power generating unit further includes a protective layer, and a side of the first electrode facing the power generating layer and a side of the second electrode facing the power generating layer are covered by the protective layer. 12. The backlight module according to claim 7, wherein, the elastic member is of a resin material or a rubber material. 13. The backlight module according to claim 1, further comprising: a voltage stabilizing circuit electrically connected with the power generating unit, the voltage stabilizing circuit being configured to perform voltage stabilization treatment on an electric signal from the power generating unit. 14. The backlight module according to claim 1, further comprising: an electric energy storage device electrically connected with the power generating unit, the electric energy storage device being configured to store electric energy output by the power generating unit. 15. A fabricating method of a backlight module, the backlight module having a light-exiting surface, the method comprising steps of: providing a light emitting unit; and providing a power generating unit for supplying power to the light emitting unit, wherein, the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface face each other and are spaced from each other, light rays emitted from the light emitting unit enter between the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface and exit from the backlight module through the light-exiting surface; the power generating unit includes a first electrode, a power generating layer and a second electrode in a direction away from the light-exiting surface, and the first electrode is configured to reflect the light rays from the light emitting unit. 16. The fabricating method according to claim 15, further comprising: providing a light guide plate positioned between the power generating unit and the light-exiting surface, wherein, the providing a power generating unit includes: depositing a conductive film on the light guide plate to serve as the first electrode. 17. The fabricating method according to claim 15, wherein, the providing a power generating unit includes: providing one power generating unit; arranging a balance weight layer on the power generating unit; arranging another one power generating unit on the balance weight layer. 18. A display apparatus, comprising a display panel and the backlight module according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for the regeneration of a catalyst comprising a titanium-containing zeolite, said catalyst having been used in a process for the preparation of an olefin oxide and having phosphate deposited thereon, said process for the regeneration comprising the steps: (a) separating the reaction mixture from the catalyst, (b) washing the catalyst obtained from (a) with liquid aqueous system; (c) optionally drying the catalyst obtained from (b) in a gas stream comprising an inert gas at a temperature of less than 300\u00b0 C.; (d) calcining the catalyst obtained from (c) in a gas stream comprising oxygen at a temperature of at least 300\u00b0 C. 1. A process for the regeneration of a catalyst comprising a titanium containing zeolite as catalytically active material, said catalyst having been used in a process for the preparation of an olefin oxide comprising (i) providing a mixture comprising an organic solvent, an olefin, an epoxidation agent and an at least partially dissolved potassium comprising salt; (ii) subjecting the mixture provided in (i) in a reactor to epoxidation conditions in the presence of the catalyst, obtaining a mixture comprising the organic solvent and the olefin oxide, and obtaining the catalyst having a potassium salt deposited thereon; said process for the regeneration comprising (a) separating the mixture obtained from (ii) from the catalyst; (b) washing the catalyst obtained from (a) with a liquid aqueous system; (c) optionally drying the catalyst obtained from (b) in a gas stream comprising an inert gas at a temperature of less than 300\u00b0 C.; (d) calcining the catalyst obtained from (b) or (c) in a gas stream comprising oxygen at a temperature of at least 300\u00b0 C. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid aqueous system used in (b) contains at least 75 weight % water, based on a total weight of the liquid aqueous system. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the washing (b) is performed at a pressure in a range of from 0.8 to 1.5 bar, and a temperature in a range of from 40 to 90\u00b0 C. 4-6. (canceled) 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the washing (b) is performed until a potassium content of the liquid aqueous system after having been contacted with the catalyst is at most 1000 weight-ppm. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the washing (b) is performed until a potassium content of the liquid aqueous system after having been contacted with the catalyst relative to the potassium content of the liquid aqueous system before having been contacted with the catalyst is at most 333:1. 9-10. (canceled) 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises the drying (c) and at least 90 volume % of the gas stream comprising the inert gas consist of at least one inert gas selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, helium, and argon. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises the drying (c), which is performed until a water content of the gas stream comprising the inert gas after having been contacted with the catalyst relative to a water content of the gas stream comprising the inert gas before having been contacted with the catalyst is at most 1.10:1. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the process comprises the drying (c) and after (c), the dried catalyst is heated to the calcination temperature according to (d) with a rate in a range of from 0.5 to 5 K/min. 16. (canceled) 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst obtained from (d) has a potassium content of at most 0.5 weight-%, based on a total weight of the catalyst and determined via elemental analysis. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture provided in (i) has a potassium content with a molar range of potassium relative to the epoxidation agent comprised in the mixture in a range of from 10\u00d710\u22126:1 to 1500\u00d710\u22126:1. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least partially dissolved potassium comprising salt in (i) is selected from the group consisting of an inorganic potassium salt, an organic potassium salt, and a combination thereof. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least partially dissolved potassium comprising salt in (i) is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, a potassium halide, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate, potassium perchlorate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, a potassium pyrophosphate, and a potassium etidronate, at least one organic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of a potassium salt of an aliphatic saturated monocarboxylic acid, potassium carbonate, and potassium hydrogen carbonate, and a combination of the at least one inorganic potassium salt and at the at least one organic potassium salt. 21-23. (canceled) 24. The process of claim 1, wherein the titanium containing zeolite has an MFI framework structure, an MEL framework structure, an MWW framework structure, an MWW-type framework structure, an ITQ framework structure, a BEA framework structure, a MOR framework structure, or a mixed structure of two or more thereof. 25. The process of claim 1, wherein the titanium containing zeolite comprises at least one of Al, B, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Pb, Pd, Pt, and Au. 26. The process of claim 1, wherein the titanium containing zeolite is an aluminum-free zeolitic material of MWW or MWW-type framework structure comprising titanium and zinc. 27. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprising the titanium containing zeolite is a micropowder or a molding. 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the molding further comprises at least one binder. 29. The process of claim 1, wherein the process for the regeneration is carried out in the reactor in which the mixture provided in (i) is subjected to epoxidation conditions according to (ii). 30. The process of claim 1, further comprising employing the catalyst obtained from (d) in an olefin epoxidation process comprising (i\u2032) providing a mixture comprising an organic solvent, an olefin, an epoxidation agent and an at least partially dissolved potassium comprising salt; and (ii\u2032) subjecting the mixture provided in (i\u2032) in a reactor to epoxidation conditions in the presence of the catalyst obtained from (d), obtaining a mixture comprising the organic solvent and the olefin oxide. 31. A regenerated catalyst comprising a titanium containing zeolite as catalytically active material obtained by the process according to claim 1. 32-33. (canceled)",
-    "An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) light source includes, in order: (i) a biaxially oriented polyester film substrate including light-scattering particles (P1); (ii) optionally an organic planarising coating layer (OPC1); (iii) optionally a barrier layer (B1); (iv) an organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) including light-scattering particles (P2); (v) optionally a barrier layer (B2); and (vi) a multi-layer light-emitting assembly including a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode; wherein the OLED light source includes at least one of barrier layers (B1) and (B2). 1. An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) light source comprising the following layers, in order: (i) a biaxially oriented polyester film substrate comprising light-scattering particles (P1); (ii) optionally an organic planarising coating layer (OPC1); (iii) optionally a barrier layer (B1); (iv) an organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) comprising light-scattering particles (P2); (v) optionally a barrier layer (B2); and (vi) a multi-layer light-emitting assembly comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode; wherein said OLED light source comprises at least one of barrier layers (B1) and (B2). 2. The OLED light source according to claim 1 which is a bottom-emitting OLED. 3. The OLED light source according to claim 1 which is flexible. 4. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the thickness of the polyester film substrate is in the range of from about 25 to about 250 \u03bcm, preferably from about 50 to about 150 \u03bcm. 5. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said polyester film substrate is selected from a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film and a poly(ethylene naphthalate) film, preferably a poly(ethylene naphthalate) film. 6. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said light-scattering particles (P1) are selected from non-voiding inorganic particles, voiding inorganic particles and incompatible resin filler particles, and mixtures thereof. 7. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said light-scattering particles (P1) are selected from non-voiding inorganic particles, and preferably from titanium dioxide particles. 8. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said polyester film substrate comprises light-scattering particles (P1) in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 vol %, preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5 vol %, based on the total volume of a polyester film substrate of thickness of 100 \u03bcm, wherein concentration ranges at other film thicknesses are calculated according to the formula: VT=V100(100/T) wherein: VT is the particle concentration at a thickness T V100 is said particle concentration in said substrate having a thickness of 100 \u03bcm. 9. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said polyester film substrate exhibits a haze of at least about 30% and/or a total light transmittance (TLT) of at least about 60%. 10. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said polyester film substrate exhibits a shrinkage of less than 1% at 150\u00b0 C. over 30 minutes in both the longitudinal and transverse dimensions. 11. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the internal surface of the polyester film substrate exhibits a surface roughness such that the Roughness Average (Ra) value is at least about 50 nm, and/or such that the Root Mean Square Roughness (Rq) value is at least about 50 nm. 12. The OLED light source according to claim 11 wherein said OLED comprises an organic planarising coating layer (OPC1) on a surface of said polyester film substrate and barrier layer (B1) on the surface of said planarising coating layer (OPC1). 13. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the first barrier layer (B1) and the second barrier layer (B2) are independently selected from inorganic barrier layers selected from the group consisting of metals and the oxides, nitrides and sulphides of Groups IVB, VB, VIB, IIIA, IIB, IVA, VA and VIA of the Periodic Table, and combinations thereof; and preferably from SiO2, SiO, GeO, Al2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, HfO2, AlN, TiN, Si3N4, Al, Ag, Au, Pt and Ni, and preferably from silicon nitride. 14. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the first barrier layer (B1) and the second barrier layer (B2) are independently selected to exhibit a thickness in the range of from about 2 nm to about 200 nm, more preferably from about 10 to about 150 nm, and preferably from about 50 to about 120 nm. 15. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the assembly comprising (i) the polyester film substrate comprising light-scattering particles (P1); (ii) planarising coating layer (OPC1); (iii) optional barrier layer (B1); (iv) organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) comprising light-scattering particles (P2); and (v) optional barrier layer (B2), wherein at least one of said barrier layers is present, exhibits a water vapour transmission rate of less than 10\u22123 g/m2/day and/or an oxygen transmission rate of less than 10\u22123/mL/m2/day. 16. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said organic planarising coating layer(s) is/are independently derived from a composition comprising polymerisable and cross-linkable monomeric compounds and/or polymerisable and cross-linkable oligomeric compounds, particularly wherein said monomeric compounds are monomeric acrylates and said oligomeric compounds are oligomeric acrylates, and preferably wherein said composition comprises (i) a polymerisable monomeric reactive diluent selected from a monomeric acrylate; and/or (ii) an unsaturated oligomer selected from acrylates, urethane acrylates, polyether acrylates, epoxy acrylates, melamine acrylates and polyester acrylates); (iii) optionally a photoinitiator; and (iv) optionally a solvent. 17. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the light-scattering particles (P2) in the organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) are selected from non-voiding inorganic particles, voiding inorganic particles and incompatible resin filler particles, and mixtures thereof, and preferably from titanium dioxide particles. 18. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said organic planarising layer (OPC2) comprises light-scattering particles (P2) in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 vol %, preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5 vol %, based on the total volume of an organic planarising layer (OPC2) of thickness of 20 \u03bcm, wherein concentration ranges at other layer thicknesses are calculated according to the formula: VT=V20(20/T) wherein: VT is the particle concentration at a thickness T V20 is said particle concentration in said organic planarising layer (OPC2) having a thickness of 20 \u03bcm. 19. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the thickness of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) is from about 5 to about 50 \u03bcm. 20. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein said light-scattering particles (P1) and (P2) are independently selected to have a volume distributed median particles diameter in the range of from about 150 nm to 500 nm. 21. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the organic planarising layer (OPC2) and/or where present the organic planarising layer (OPC1) further comprise non-light-scattering particles in amounts of up to about 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the layer, and preferably selected from TiO2 and ZrO2. 22. The OLED light source according to claim 1 wherein the refractive indices of the barrier layer(s) and the organic planarising coating layer(s) are independently selected to exhibit an RI of from about 1.75 to about 1.85, and the RI of the polyester film substrate is in the range of from about 1.45 to about 1.55. 23. A method for fabricating an OLED light-source as defined in claim 1 comprising the steps of: (i) providing a polyester film substrate comprising light-scattering particles (P1); (ii) optionally disposing an organic planarising coating layer (OPC1) on a surface of said polyester film substrate; (iii) optionally disposing a barrier layer (B1) on a surface of said polyester film substrate or, where present, on the surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC1); (iv) disposing an organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) comprising light-scattering particles (P2) on a surface of the polyester film substrate or on the surface of the barrier layer (B1) where the barrier layer (B1) is present; (v) optionally disposing a barrier layer (B2) on the surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC2); and (vi) disposing a multi-layer light-emitting assembly comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode on a surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) or on the surface of the barrier layer (B2) where the barrier layer (B2) is present, wherein step (vi) may be a multi-step process; and wherein said process comprises at least one of steps (iii) and (v). 24. The method according to claim 23 further comprising the steps of providing a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer, a second electrode, and an encapsulating layer over the second electrode. 25. The method according to claim 23 further comprising the step of imparting surface roughness to the internal surface of the polyester film substrate by sandblasting the surface of the polyester film substrate. 26. The method according to claim 25 wherein the method comprises the step of disposing an organic planarising coating layer (OPC1) on a surface of said polyester film substrate and disposing a barrier layer (B1) on the surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC1). 27. An OLED light source fabricated according to the method of claim 23. 28. A method of modulating the directionality of emitted light from an OLED light source comprising a substrate and a multi-layer light-emitting assembly comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode, said method comprising (i) providing a biaxially oriented polyester film comprising light-scattering particles (P1) as said substrate of said OLED; (ii) optionally disposing an organic planarising coating layer (OPC1) on a surface of said polyester film substrate; (iii) optionally disposing a barrier layer (B1) on a surface of said polyester film substrate or, where present, on the surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC1); (iv) disposing an organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) comprising light-scattering particles (P2) on a surface of the polyester film substrate or on the surface of the barrier layer (B1) where the barrier layer (B1) is present; (v) optionally disposing a barrier layer (B2) on the surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC2); and (vi) disposing a multi-layer light-emitting assembly comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode on a surface of the organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) or on the surface of the barrier layer (B2) where the barrier layer (B2) is present, wherein step (vi) may be a multi-step process; and wherein said process comprises at least one of steps (iii) and (v). 29. Use of a biaxially oriented polyester film comprising light-scattering particles (P1) to modulate the directionality of emitted light from an OLED light source, wherein said OLED light source comprises the following layers, in order: (i) a biaxially oriented polyester film substrate comprising light-scattering particles (P1); (ii) optionally an organic planarising coating (OPC1) layer; (iii) optionally a barrier layer (B1); (iv) an organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) comprising light-scattering particles (P2); (v) optionally a barrier layer (B2); and (vi) a multi-layer light-emitting assembly comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode; wherein said OLED light source comprises at least one of barrier layers (B1) and (B2). 30. Use of light-scattering particles to modulate the directionality of emitted light from an OLED light source, wherein said light-scattering particles are disposed in an OLED light source comprising the following layers in order: (i) a biaxially oriented polyester film substrate comprising light-scattering particles (P1); (ii) optionally an organic planarising coating (OPC1) layer; (iii) optionally a barrier layer (B1); (iv) an organic planarising coating layer (OPC2) comprising light-scattering particles (P2); (v) optionally a barrier layer (B2); and (vi) a multi-layer light-emitting assembly comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting organic layer and a second electrode; wherein said OLED light source comprises at least one of barrier layers (B1) and (B2).",
-    "Disclosed are compositions and methods relating to alpha-amylase from Exiguobacterium. The compositions and methods are useful, for example, for starch liquefaction and saccharification, for cleaning starchy stains in laundry, dishwashing, and other applications, for textile processing (e.g., desizing), in animal feed for improving digestibility, and and for baking and brewing. 1. A method for removing a starchy stain or soil from a surface, comprising: contacting the surface with a composition comprising an effective amount of a recombinant Exiguobacterium \u03b1-amylase; and allowing the \u03b1-amylase to hydrolyze starch components present in the starchy stain to produce smaller starch-derived molecules that dissolve in aqueous solution; thereby removing the starchy stain from the surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous composition further comprises a surfactant. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface is a textile surface or a surface on dishware. 4. The method for claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additional enzymes selected from the group consiting of protease, hemicellulase, cellulase, peroxidase, lipolytic enzyme, metallolipolytic enzyme, xylanase, lipase, phospholipase, esterase, perhydrolase, cutinase, pectinase, pectate lyase, mannanase, keratinase, reductase, oxidase, phenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, ligninase, pullulanase, tannase, pentosanase, malanase, \u03b2-glucanase, arabinosidase, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, metalloproteinase, amadoriase, and an amylase other than an Exiguobacterium \u03b1-amylase. 5-13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant Exiguobacterium \u03b1-amylase has an amino acid sequence: (i) having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6; (ii) is derived from a parental \u03b1-amylase having at least 80% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6 by amino acid substitution, deletion or insertion; (iii) differs from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6 by one or a few residues; or (iv) is derived from a parental \u03b1-amylase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6 by substitution, deletion or insertion of one or a few residues. 15-17. (canceled) 18. A recombinant Exiguobacterium \u03b1-amylase having \u03b1-amylase activity and comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 96% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or having at least 93% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. 19. The \u03b1-amylase of claim 18, comprising a deletion of one of more residues corresponding to R179, G180, T181, or G182, and/or one or more substitutions selected from G242Q, T242Q, D188P, N188P, and G477K, refering to SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 for numbering. 20. The \u03b1-amylase of claim 18, further comprising conservative substitutions of one or several amino acid residues, and/or a deletion, substitution, insertion, or addition of one or a few amino acid residues other than 179, 180, 181, 182, 242, 188, and 477, refering to SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 for numbering. 21. The \u03b1-amylase of claim 18, derived from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 by conservative substitution of one or several amino acid residues and/or derived from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5 by deletion, substitution, insertion, or addition of one or a few amino acid residues. 22. The \u03b1-amylase of claim 18, encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid that is complementary to a nucleic acid that encodes SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5. 23. The \u03b1-amylase of claim 18, encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid that is complementary to the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 16. 24. A composition comprising the \u03b1-amylase of claim 18. 25. The composition of claim 24, further comprising a surfactant. 26. The composition of claim 24, wherein the composition is a detergent composition. 27. The composition of claim 24, wherein the composition is a laundry detergent, a laundry detergent additive, or a manual or automatic dishwashing detergent. 28. A detergent composition comprising a recombinant Exiguobacterium \u03b1-amylase and a surfactant. 29. The composition of claim 24, further comprising one or more additional enzymes selected from the group consiting of protease, hemicellulase, cellulase, peroxidase, lipolytic enzyme, metallolipolytic enzyme, xylanase, lipase, phospholipase, esterase, perhydrolase, cutinase, pectinase, pectate lyase, mannanase, keratinase, reductase, oxidase, phenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, ligninase, pullulanase, tannase, pentosanase, malanase, \u03b2-glucanase, arabinosidase, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase, metalloproteinase, amadoriase and an amylase other than a recombinant Exiguobacterium \u03b1-amylase. 30-40. (canceled)",
-    "An intention estimated-weight determination processor 9 determines an intention estimated weight on the basis of an intention hierarchical graphic data 8 and an activated intention. A transfer node determination processor 10 determines an intention to be newly activated through transition, after correcting an intention estimation result according to the intention estimated weight. A dialog turn generator 13 generates a turn of dialog from the activated intention. A dialog management unit 2 controls, when a new input is provided due to the turn of dialog, at least one process among processes performed by an intention estimation processor 7, the intention estimated-weight determination processor 9, the transition node determination processor 10 and the dialog turn generator 13, followed by repeating that controlling, to thereby finally execute a setup command. 1-6. (canceled) 7. An dialog control system comprising: an intention estimation processor that, based on data provided by converting an input in a natural language into a morpheme string, estimates an intention of the input; an intention estimated-weight determination processor that, based on data in which intentions are arranged in a hierarchical structure and based on the intention thereamong being activated at a given object time, determines an intention estimated weight of the intention estimated by the intention estimation processor; a transition node determination processor that determines an intention to be newly activated through transition, after correcting an estimation result by the intention estimation processor according to the intention estimated weight determined by the intention estimated-weight determination processor; a history-considered dialog turn generator that generates a turn of dialog from one or plural intentions activated by the transition node determination processor, and that records each command having been executed as a result by the dialog, to thereby generate a turn of dialog using a list in which selectable intentions in a history of executed commands are registered when, among the intentions, the intention other than the intention having been subjected to execution is thereafter subjected to execution within a specified time period; and an dialog manager that, when a new input in the natural language is provided due to the turn of dialog generated by the history-considered dialog turn generator, controls at least one process among processes performed by the intention estimation processor, the intention estimated-weight determination processor, the transition node determination processor and the history-considered dialog turn generator, followed by repeating that controlling, to thereby finally execute a setup command. 8. The dialog control system of claim 7, wherein, when, among the selectable intentions in the history of executed commands, an intention other than the intention having been subjected to execution is thereafter subjected to execution within a predetermined time period, the history-considered dialog turn generator generates a turn of dialog for making confirmation; and wherein, after generation of said turn of dialog, when, among the selectable intentions being present in the list, the intention other than the intention having been subjected to execution is not subjected to execution within a predetermined time period, and this condition is repeated a setup number of times, the history-considered dialog turn generator deletes the list and stops generation of said turn of dialog for making confirmation. 9. The dialog control system of claim 7, which includes a transition link controller that, when the intention determined by the transition node determination processor is associated with a transition to an unexpected intention out of a link defined by hierarchical intentions, adds information of a link from a corresponding transition source to a corresponding transition destination; wherein the transition node determination processor treats the link added by the transition link controller similarly like a normal link, to thereby determine an intention to be subjected to transition. 10. The dialog control system of claim 9, wherein, when there are a plurality of transitions toward unexpected intentions, each being said unexpected intention, and the plurality of unexpected intentions has a common intention as a parent node, the transition controller replaces a transition to each of the unexpected intentions with a transition to the parent node. 11. An dialog control method using an dialog control system that estimates an intention of an input in a natural language to perform dialog and, as a result, to execute a setup command, comprising: an intention estimation step of estimating the intention of the input, based on data provided by converting the input in the natural language into a morpheme string; an intention estimated-weight determination step of determining, based on data in which intentions are arranged in a hierarchical structure and based on the intention thereamong being activated at a given object time, an intention estimated weight of the intention estimated in the intention estimation step; a transition node determination step of determining an intention to be newly activated through transition, after correcting an estimation result in the intention estimation step according to the intention estimated weight determined in the intention estimated-weight determination step; a history-considered dialog turn generation step of generating a turn of dialog from one or plural intentions activated in the transition node determination step, and that records each command having been executed as a result by the dialog, to thereby generate a turn of dialog using a list in which selectable intentions in a history of executed commands are registered when, among the intentions, the intention other than the intention having been subjected to execution is thereafter subjected to execution within a specified time period; and an dialog control step of controlling, when a new input in the natural language is provided due to the turn of dialog generated in the history-considered dialog turn generation step, at least one step among the intention estimation step, the intention estimated-weight determination step, the transition node determination step and the history-considered dialog turn generation step, followed by repeating that controlling, to thereby finally execute a setup command.",
-    "A method and system for operating an agricultural baler, that includes measuring at least one physical input parameter associated with a compression profile of crop material in a bale chamber of the baler; analyzing the compression profile of the crop material, dependent upon the measured at least one physical input parameter; and adjusting at least one physical output parameter of the baler which affects the compression profile of the crop material in the bale chamber. 1. A method of operating an agricultural baler, comprising the steps of: Measuring with a sensor at least one physical input parameter associated with a compression profile of crop material in a bale chamber of the baler; analyzing the compression profile of the crop material with a controller, dependent upon the measured at least one physical input parameter; and adjusting at least one physical output parameter of the baler using a controller which affects the compression profile of the crop material in the bale chamber. 2. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 1, wherein each said physical input parameter is directly associated with the bale chamber. 3. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 2, wherein each said physical input parameter comprises one of: a force on a plunger which reciprocates within the bale chamber; a position of the plunger within the main bale chamber; a position of at least one structural component defining the bale chamber; and a deformation of the crop material along a length of the bale chamber. 4. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 3, wherein said at least one physical input parameter includes the force on the plunger and the position of the plunger, which are correlated to each other. 5. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 4, wherein the position of the plunger is determined by measuring a rotation of a flywheel associated with the plunger, and a dead point associated with a change in direction of the plunger. 6. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 3, wherein said at least one structural component defining the bale chamber includes a pair of side doors and a top door. 7. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 3, wherein at least one length wheel located within the bale chamber is used to measure the deformation of the crop material along the length of the bale chamber. 8. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 7, wherein each length wheel is located in a floor of the bale chamber. 9. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 1, wherein each said physical output parameter is directly associated with the bale chamber. 10. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 9, wherein each said physical output parameter comprises one of: a position of one or more side walls associated with the bale chamber; a fixed length of the bale chamber; and a cross-sectional shape of the bale chamber. 11. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 1, wherein the step of analyzing the compression profile includes: performing a compression analysis of the crop material within the bale chamber; and performing a relaxation analysis of the crop material within the bale chamber. 12. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 11, wherein the compression analysis utilizes the mathematical expression: \u03c3 x = K 0 ( \uf74d b \ue89e \ue89e c \ue8a0 ( \u03c1 \u03c1 0 - 1 ) - 1 \ue89e ) b c where: \u03c3x=uniaxial stress; K0=crop parameter identifying material behavior; bc=crop parameter identifying material behavior; \u03c10=initial density; and \u03c1=resulting density. 13. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 11, wherein the relaxation analysis utilizes the mathematical expression: F 0 \ue89e t F 0 - F \ue8a0 ( t ) = k 1 + k 2 \ue89e t where: F0 is the force at the beginning of the relaxation; t is time; and k1 and k2 are empirical parameters. 14. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 1, including repeating the steps of measuring, analyzing and adjusting in a feedback loop to optimize performance of the baler. 15. The method of operating an agricultural baler of claim 14, wherein the optimization is carried out with respect to energy consumption of the baler and the compression profile of the crop material. 16. An agricultural baler control system, comprising a sensor configured for measuring at least one physical input parameter associated with a compression profile of crop material in a bale chamber of the baler; a controller connected to the sensor, the controller configured for analyzing the compression profile of the crop material, dependent upon the measured at least one physical input parameter; and wherein the controller is configured to adjust at least one physical output parameter of the baler which affects the compression profile of the crop material in the bale chamber.",
-    "The method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas includes the following steps: 1) feeding the synthesis gas into the bottom of a reactor of an upward concurrent flow transporting bed so as to adequately mix and preheat with methanation catalyst entering the bottom of the reactor until the activation temperature of the catalyst is reached and then the methanation reaction begins; and 2) after the methanation reaction, immediately passing the product gas and the catalyst grains outputted from the transporting bed into a gas-solid separator to perform a rapid separation so as to obtain the product gas. 1. A method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas, the method comprising the steps of: 1) the synthesis gas is fed into bottom of an upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor, the synthesis gas is fully mixed and preheated with methanation catalyst particles entering into the bottom of the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor, and then the mixture undergo methanation reaction after the temperature reaches the activation temperature of the catalyst; 2) after the methanation reaction is completed, product gas and the catalyst particles output from the transporting bed reactor directly enter into a gas-solid separator in order to quickly separate the product gas and the catalyst particles to obtain the product gas. 2. The method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst particles obtained by the separation in step 2) enter into a loop seal and exchange heat in a heat exchanger of the loop seal and then circulate to the transporting bed reactor. 3 The method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 1, wherein heat-exchange tube bundles are embedded inside or a cooling water jacket is installed outside the upward concurrent flow transport bed to remove the exothermic heat of methanation in step 1). 4. The method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 1, wherein the product gas in step 2) produces overheated steam as sub-product after heat exchange via a heat exchanger. 5. The method for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 1, wherein outlet temperature of the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor is from 400\u00b0 C. to 700\u00b0 C., operation pressure is from 0.1 to 6.0 MPa and gas superficial speed is from 1 to 10 m/s. 6. A device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas, comprising: a gas-solid separator and a loop seal, wherein the device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas further comprises an upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor; an inlet of the synthesis gas and an inlet of methanation catalyst particles are disposed at bottom of the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor; top of the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor connects to the gas-solid separator; solid outlet installed at bottom of the gas-solid separator connects to an inlet of the loop seal; outlet of the loop seal connects to bottom of the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor. 7. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 6, wherein a heat transfer pipe is embedded inside the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor. 8. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 6, wherein a water jacket is installed outside the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor. 9. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 6, wherein another outlet is disposed at gas outlet of the gas-solid separator and connects to a gas input pipe of the upward concurrent flow transporting bed reactor through a gas circulating pipe. 10. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 6, wherein a first heat exchanger is installed inside the loop seal. 11. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 7, wherein a first heat exchanger is installed inside the loop seal. 12. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 8, wherein a first heat exchanger is installed inside the loop seal. 13. The device for catalytic methanation of synthesis gas according to claim 9, wherein a first heat exchanger is installed inside the loop seal.",
-    "Methods are provided for chemically removing cured resin product from subterranean formations in case of inappropriate consolidation, plugging of screens or tubing, and equipment damage. A chemical solvent is introduced to a wellbore where a resin has cured. The resin is contacted with the chemical solvent until the resin at least partially dissolves. The dissolved resin is then removed from the wellbore. The disclosed method may also be used to remove consolidated packs consisting of cured resin and particulate materials. 1. A method comprising: introducing a chemical solvent into a wellbore penetrating a portion of a subterranean formation wherein a resin has been at least partially cured; wherein the chemical solvent is selected from the group consisting of \u03b3-butyrolactone, dibasic esters, ketones, tetra hydro furan, 2-butoxy ethanol, butylglycidyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, butylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, methanol, butyl alcohol, d-limonene, fatty acid methyl ester, caprolactone, \u03b3-valerolactone, \u03b4-decalactone, cyclohexylpyrrolidone, \u03b2-propiolactone, 3-oxetanone, any combination thereof, and any derivative thereof; contacting the resin with the chemical solvent to at least partially dissolve the resin; and circulating a fluid in the wellbore to remove the resin from the wellbore. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the chemical solvent comprises \u03b3-butyrolactone. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the resin comprises a two-component epoxy resin. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the resin is contacted with the chemical solvent for at least 30 minutes. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the chemical solvent is introduced into the wellbore using a carrier fluid, wherein the chemical solvent is present in the carrier fluid in a range of about 0.5% to about 99%. 6. A method comprising: introducing a chemical solvent into a wellbore penetrating a consolidated portion of a subterranean formation that has been at least partially consolidated with a resin; wherein the chemical solvent is selected from the group consisting of \u03b3-butyrolactone, dibasic esters, ketones, tetra hydro furan, 2-butoxy ethanol, butylglycidyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, butylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, methanol, butyl alcohol, d-limonene, fatty acid methyl ester, caprolactone, \u03b3-valerolactone, \u03b4-decalactone, cyclohexylpyrrolidone, \u03b2-propiolactone, 3-oxetanone, any combination thereof, and any derivative thereof; contacting the consolidated portion of the subterranean formation with the chemical solvent to at least partially unconsolidate the consolidated portion of the subterranean formation. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the chemical solvent comprises \u03b3-butyrolactone. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the resin comprises a two-component epoxy resin. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein the formation is contacted with the chemical solvent for at least 30 minutes. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the chemical solvent is introduced into the wellbore using a carrier fluid, wherein the chemical solvent is present in the carrier fluid in a range of about 0.5% to about 99%. 11. A method comprising: introducing a resin into a subterranean formation; at least partially curing the resin to produce a cured resin; introducing a chemical solvent into the subterranean formation; contacting at least a portion of the cured resin with the chemical solvent to at least partially dissolve at least a portion the cured resin; and using a circulated fluid to remove the dissolved resin from the subterranean formation. 12. The method of claim 11 that further comprises isolating a zone of the subterranean formation with the cured resin prior to introducing the chemical solvent into the subterranean formation. 13. The method of claim 12 that further comprises treating a zone of the subterranean formation that has been isolated by the cured resin. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the chemical solvent comprises \u03b3-butyrolactone. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the chemical solvent is selected from the group consisting of dibasic esters, ketones, tetra hydro furan, 2-butoxy ethanol, butylglycidyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyleneglycol butyl ether, diethyleneglycol butyl ether, butylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, methanol, butyl alcohol, d-limonene, fatty acid methyl ester, caprolactone, \u03b3-valerolactone, \u03b4-decalactone, cyclohexylpyrrolidone, \u03b2-propiolactone, 3-oxetanone, any combination thereof, and any derivative thereof. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the resin comprises a two-component epoxy resin. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein the formation is contacted with the chemical solvent for at least 30 minutes. 18. The method of claim 11 wherein the chemical solvent is introduced into the subterranean formation using a carrier fluid, wherein the chemical solvent is present in the carrier fluid in a range of about 0.5% to about 99%. 19. The method of claim 11 wherein the portion of the resin contacted with the chemical solvent is attached to or resides within downhole equipment. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the downhole equipment is selected from the group consisting of screens and tubing.",
-    "The present invention describes methods and compositions for improving the therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic agents previously limited by suboptimal therapeutic performance by either improving efficacy as monotherapy or reducing side effects. Such methods and compositions are particularly applicable to bisantrene or derivatives, analogs, or prodrugs thereof. 1. A composition to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of suboptimally administered drug therapy comprising a therapeutically effective quantity of a therapeutic agent or modified therapeutic agent or a derivative, analog, or prodrug of a therapeutic agent or modified therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent or modified therapeutic agent or the derivative, analog or prodrug of the therapeutic agent or modified therapeutic agent possesses increased therapeutic efficacy or reduced side effects, wherein the composition: (a) includes at least one bulk drug product improvement; (b) is produced in a specified dosage form; (c) includes a drug conjugate form; (d) includes a compound analog; or (e) includes a prodrug; wherein the therapeutic agent, the modified therapeutic agent, or the derivative, analog, or prodrug of a therapeutic agent or modified therapeutic agent subject to the bulk drug product improvement possesses increased therapeutic efficacy or reduced side effects as compared with an unmodified therapeutic agent; wherein the unmodified therapeutic agent is bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene, the modified therapeutic agent is a modification of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene, and the derivative, analog, or prodrug is a derivative, analog, or prodrug of bisantrene or of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises bisantrene. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the derivative or analog of bisantrene is selected from the group consisting of: (a) the analog of Formula (II) (b) the bisantrene analog of Formula (III) (c) the bisantrene analog of Formula (IV) (d) the bisantrene analog of Formula (V) (e) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VI) (f) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VII) (g) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VIII) (h) the bisantrene analog anthracen-9-ylmethylene-[2-methoxyethoxymethylsulfanyl]-5-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-amine; (i) the bisantrene analog of Formula (X) (j) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XI) (k) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XII) (l) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XIII) (m) bisantrene analogs of Formula (XIV) wherein R1 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014R5, wherein R5 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent can be ortho, meta, or para and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, SO3H; wherein only one of R1 and R3 may be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R2 and R4 are the same or different and are: hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl or \u2014C(O)\u2014R6, where R6 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent may be in the ortho, meta, or para position and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, or \u2014CH2OCH3. The compounds can have the schematic structure B(Q)n, wherein B is the residue formed by removal of a hydrogen atom from one or more basic nitrogen atoms of an amine, amidine, guanidine, isourea, isothiourea, or biguanide-containing pharmaceutically active compound, and Q is hydrogen or A, wherein A is such that R\u2032 and R\u2033 are the same or different and are R (where R is C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroalkyl, NC\u2014CH2CH2\u2014, Cl3C\u2014CH2\u2014, or R7OCH2CH2\u2014, where R7 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation or R\u2032 and R\u2033 are linked to form a \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 group or a group, and n is an integer representing the number of primary or secondary basic nitrogen atoms in the compound such that at least one Q is A; (n) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)iminomethyl]anthracene; (o) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(\u22122-hydroxyethyl amino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (p) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(\u22122-hydroxyethyl amino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (q) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (r) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethyl]anthracene; (s) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(2-hydroxyethyl amino)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (t) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene hexahydrochloride; (u) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (v) N,N\u2032-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); (w) N,N\u2032-bis(1-ethyl-3-piperidinyl)-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); and (x) derivatives and salt forms of the compounds of (a)-(w). 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent is bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene, and the bisantrene or derivative or analog of bisantrene is subjected to a bulk drug product improvement, wherein the bulk drug product improvement is selected from the group consisting of: (a) preparation as a free base form; (b) salt formation; (c) preparation as a homogeneous crystalline structure; (d) amorphous structure; (e) preparation as a pure isomer; (f) increased purity; (g) preparation with lower residual solvent content; and (h) preparation with lower residual heavy metal content. 6. The composition of claim 5 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is bisantrene. 7. The composition of claim 5 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent is bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene, and the bisantrene or derivative or analog of bisantrene is incorporated into a dosage form selected from the group consisting of: (a) tablets; (b) capsules; (c) topical gels; (d) topical creams; (e) patches; (f) suppositories; (g) lyophilized dosage fills; (h) immediate-release formulations; (i) slow-release formulations; (j) controlled-release formulations; (k) liquid in capsules; and (l) liposomal formulations. 9. The composition of claim 8 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is bisantrene. 10. The composition of claim 8 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent is bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene and the bisantrene or derivative or analog of bisantrene is present in the composition in a drug conjugate form selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polymer system; (b) polylactides; (c) polyglycolides; (d) amino acids; (e) peptides; (f) multivalent linkers; (g) conjugates to fatty acids; (h) conjugates to fatty alcohols; (i) conjugates to elastin-like peptide; (j) conjugates with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, proteins, or peptides; (k) conjugates with cell-binding agents through a charged or pro-charged cross-linker; (l) conjugates to antibodies targeted to tumor markers; (m) biodegradable polymer-bioactive moiety conjugates; (n) conjugates with 2-nitroimidazole compounds with a secondary basic nitrogen atom and a linker; (o) conjugates with ladder frame polyether compounds, including those derived from brevenal, brevisin, tamulamide, brevetoxins, hemibrevetoxins, gambierols, and gambieric acids; (p) conjugates to antibodies having one or more non-natural amino acid residues at specific positions in the heavy or light chains; (q) conjugates to a sialoadhesin binding moiety; (r) pheophorbide-\u03b1 conjugates; (s) conjugates to multi-component nanochains; (t) conjugates to activatable antibodies that include a masking moiety, a cleavable moiety, and an antibody binding specifically to interleukin-6; (u) conjugates including hydrophilic linkers; (v) conjugates to antibodies specific for p97; (w) conjugates including a modified amino acid incorporating an azido group; (x) conjugates to albumin; and (y) conjugates to folate. 12. The composition of claim 11 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is bisantrene. 13. The composition of claim 11 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent is a modified bisantrene or a modified derivative or analog of bisantrene and the modification is selected from the group consisting of: (a) alteration of side chains to increase or decrease lipophilicity; (b) addition of an additional chemical functionality to alter a property selected from the group consisting of reactivity, electron affinity, and binding capacity; and (c) alteration of salt form. 15. The composition of claim 14 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is bisantrene. 16. The composition of claim 14 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 17. The composition of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent is bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene and the bisantrene or derivative or analog of bisantrene is in the form of a prodrug system, wherein the prodrug system is selected from the group consisting of: (a) enzyme sensitive esters; (b) dimers; (c) Schiff bases; (d) pyridoxal complexes; (e) caffeine complexes; (f) plasmin-activated prodrugs; and (g) drug targeting complexes comprising a targeting carrier molecule that is selectively distributed to a specific cell type or tissue containing the specific cell type; a linker which is acted upon by a molecule that is present at an effective concentration in the environs of the specific cell type; and a therapeutically active agent to be delivered to the specific cell type; and (h) a prodrug molecule comprising a conjugate of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene, a protease-specific cleavable peptide, and optionally, a targeting peptide, with the prodrug molecule being substantially inactive prior to degradation of the protease-specific cleavable peptide by a proteolytic enzyme within or in close proximity to the cancer cell. 18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is bisantrene. 19. The composition of claim 17 wherein the bisantrene or the derivative or analog of bisantrene is a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 20. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is optimized to treat a hyperproliferative disease. 21.-147. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention describes methods and compositions for improving the therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic agents previously limited by suboptimal therapeutic performance by either improving efficacy as monotherapy or reducing side effects. Such methods and compositions are particularly applicable to bisantrene or derivatives, analogs, or prodrugs thereof. 1. A method to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of suboptimally administered drug therapy comprising the steps of: (a) identifying at least one factor or parameter associated with the efficacy and/or occurrence of side effects of the drug therapy, wherein the factor or parameter is additionally associated with at least one of: (i) the specific disease or condition being treated; (ii) the stage of the disease or condition being treated; (iii) selection of an appropriate patient for treatment; (iv) selection of an appropriate phenotype of the patient or the disease or condition being treated; and (v) selection of an appropriate phenotype of the patient or the disease or condition being treated; and (b) modifying the factor or parameter to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of the drug therapy; wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the derivative or analog of bisantrene is selected from the group consisting of: (a) the analog of Formula (II) (b) the bisantrene analog of Formula (III) (c) the bisantrene analog of Formula (IV) (d) the bisantrene analog of Formula (V) (e) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VI) (f) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VII) (g) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VIII) (h) the bisantrene analog anthracen-9-ylmethylene-[2-methoxyethoxymethylsulfanyl]-5-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-amine; (i) the bisantrene analog of Formula (X) (j) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XI) (k) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XII) (l) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XIII) (m) bisantrene analogs of Formula (XIV) wherein R1 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014R5, wherein R5 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent can be ortho, meta, or para and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, \u2014SO3H; wherein only one of R1 and R3 may be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R2 and R4 are the same or different and are: hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl or \u2014C(O)\u2014R6, where R6 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent may be in the ortho, meta, or para position and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, or \u2014CH2OCH3. The compounds can have the schematic structure B(Q)n, wherein B is the residue formed by removal of a hydrogen atom from one or more basic nitrogen atoms of an amine, amidine, guanidine, isourea, isothiourea, or biguanide-containing pharmaceutically active compound, and Q is hydrogen or A, wherein A is such that R\u2032 and R\u2033 are the same or different and are R (where R is C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroalkyl, NC\u2014CH2CH2\u2014, Cl3C\u2014C2\u2014, or R7OCH2CH2\u2014, where R7 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation or R\u2032 and R\u2033 are linked to form a \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 group or a group, and n is an integer representing the number of primary or secondary basic nitrogen atoms in the compound such that at least one Q is A; (n) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)iminomethyl]anthracene; (o) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(-2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (p) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(-2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (q) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (r) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethyl]anthracene; (s) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (t) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene hexahydrochloride; (u) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (v) N,N\u2032-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); (w) N,N\u2032-bis(1-ethyl-3-piperidinyl)-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); and (x) derivatives and salt forms of the compounds of (a)-(w). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the drug therapy is administered to treat a hyperproliferative disease. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the hyperproliferative disease is cancer. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the cancer is a form of cancer selected from the group consisting of refractory breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, acute myelocytic leukemia, and acute leukemias of childhood. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement is made by an indication for use. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the indication for use is selected from the group consisting of: (a) use for treatment of refractory breast cancer; (b) use for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer; (c) use for treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML); (d) use for treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) of childhood; (e) use for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome; (f) use for treatment of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), either subsequent to or in combination with the administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors or homoharringtonine; (g) use for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; (h) use for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma; (i) use for treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; (j) use for treatment of mycosis fungoides; (k) use for treatment of prostate cancer, especially androgen-resistant prostate cancer; (l) use for treatment of lung small-cell carcinoma, either subsequent to or in combination with the administration of an EGFR inhibitor, wherein the lung small-cell carcinoma is characterized by either wild-type or mutated EGFR; (m) use for treatment of lung non-small cell carcinoma, subsequent to or in combination with an EGFR inhibitor, wherein the lung non-small cell carcinoma is characterized by either wild-type or mutated EGFR; (n) use for treatment of breast cancer characterized by overexpressed Her-2-neu; (o) use for treatment of glioblastoma that is resistant to one or both of the following therapeutic agents: temozolomide (Temodar) or bevacizumab (Avastin), or is characterized by EGFR variant III, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents; (p) use for treatment of malignancies characterized by overexpressed topoisomerase II; and (q) use for treatment of malignancies characterized by overexpressed and/or mutated EGFR. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement is made by selection of disease stage. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the disease stage is selected from the group consisting of: (a) use for the treatment of localized polyp stage colon cancer; (b) use for the treatment of leukoplakia in the oral cavity; (c) use to induce angiogenesis inhibition to prevent or limit metastatic spread; (d) use against HIV with AZT, DDI, or reverse transcriptase inhibitors; (e) use for recurrent leukemia; and (f) use for recurrent breast cancer. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement is made by other indications. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the other indication is selected from the group consisting of: (a) use as an anti-infective agent; (b) use as an antiviral agent; (c) use as an antibacterial agent; (d) use for control of pleural effusions; (e) use as an antifungal agent; (f) use as an antiparasitic agent; (g) use for treatment of eczema; (h) use for treatment of shingles; (i) use for treatment of condylomata; (j) use for treatment of human papilloma virus (HPV); and (k) use for treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV). 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement is made by patient selection. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 23. The method of claim 20 wherein the patient selection is a patient selection carried out by a criterion selected from the group consisting of: (a) selecting patients with a disease condition characterized by a high level of a metabolic enzyme selected from the group consisting of histone deacetylase, protein kinases, and ornithine decarboxylase; (b) selecting patients with a disease condition characterized by a low level of a metabolic enzyme selected from the group consisting of histone deacetylase, protein kinases, and ornithine decarboxylase; (c) selecting patients with a low or high susceptibility to a condition selected from the group consisting of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia; (d) selecting patients intolerant of GI toxicities; (e) selecting patients characterized by over- or under-expression of a gene selected from the group consisting of jun, GPCRs, signal transduction proteins, VEGF, prostate specific genes, protein kinases, and telomerase; (f) selecting patients as the result of immune screening; (g) selecting patients as the result of DNA methylation screening; (h) selecting patients with recurrent disease characterized by the duration of their initial response; (i) selecting patients without mutations in p53; and (j) selecting for patients without extensive prior treatment. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement is made by analysis of patient or disease phenotype. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 27. The method of claim 24 wherein the analysis of patient or disease phenotype is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of: (a) use of a diagnostic tool, a diagnostic technique, a diagnostic kit, or a diagnostic assay to confirm a patient's particular phenotype; (b) use of a method for measurement of a marker selected from the group consisting of histone deacetylase, ornithine decarboxylase, VEGF, a protein that is a gene product of a prostate specific gene, a protein that is a gene product of jun, and a protein kinase; (c) surrogate compound dosing; (d) low dose pre-testing for enzymatic status; (e) determination of the multi-drug resistance activity of cells; (f) determining expression or activation of a signaling or metabolic protein, where an alteration in the level of expression or activation of the signaling or metabolic protein indicates the therapeutic potential of a chemotherapeutic agent; (g) detection or assay of expression of biomarkers indicating sensitivity to apoptosis-inducing agents; (h) use of an in vitro human tumor clonal assay to determine patients with enhanced responses; (i) use of an immunohistochemical assay to determine overexpression of HIF-1\u03b1; (j) assessment of p53 mutation; and (k) determination of the quantity or activity of topoisomerase 2\u03b2 in cardiac cells. 28. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement is made by analysis of patient or disease genotype. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 30. The method of claim 28 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 31. The method of claim 28 wherein the analysis of patient or disease genotype is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of: (a) genetic tests to determine the absence or nonfunctionality of ABCG2; (b) genetic tests to determine the presence or functionality of FABP7; (c) use of a diagnostic tool, a diagnostic technique, a diagnostic kit, or a diagnostic assay to confirm a patient's particular genotype; (d) use of a gene chip; (e) use of gene expression analysis; (f) use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis; (g) measurement of the level of a metabolite or a metabolic enzyme; (h) determination of the presence of one or more specific genetic variants of the MDR1 gene associated with increased efficacy of an antineoplastic drug transported by MDR1 protein; (i) identification of one or more biomarkers associated with sensitivity or resistance to bisantrene, derivatives or analogs thereof, or other intercalating agents or topoisomerase II inhibitors; and (j) determination of the presence or absence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs229109 and/or 72552784 associated with sensitivity to bisantrene. 32. A method to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of suboptimally administered drug therapy comprising the steps of: (a) identifying at least one factor or parameter associated with the efficacy and/or occurrence of side effects of the drug therapy, wherein the factor or parameter is additionally associated with at least one of: (i) the chemical composition of the drug being administered; (ii) the physical form of the drug being administered or a pharmaceutical composition including the drug being administered; (iii) the makeup of a pharmaceutical composition including the drug being administered; (iv) the specific use of the drug being administered; (v) the target cell, organ, or receptor targeted by the drug being administered; or (vi) additional agents administered with the drug being administered; and (b) modifying the factor or parameter to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of the drug therapy; wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the derivative or analog of bisantrene is selected from the group consisting of: (a) the analog of Formula (II) (b) the bisantrene analog of Formula (III) (c) the bisantrene analog of Formula (IV) (d) the bisantrene analog of Formula (V) (e) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VI) (f) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VII) (g) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VIII) (h) the bisantrene analog anthracen-9-ylmethylene-[2-methoxyethoxymethylsulfanyl]-5-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-amine; (i) the bisantrene analog of Formula (X) (j) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XI) (k) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XII) (l) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XIII) (m) bisantrene analogs of Formula (XIV) wherein R1 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014R5, wherein R5 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent can be ortho, meta, or para and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, \u2014SO3H; wherein only one of R1 and R3 may be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R2 and R4 are the same or different and are: hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl or \u2014C(O)\u2014R6, where R6 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent may be in the ortho, meta, or para position and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, or \u2014CH2OCH3. The compounds can have the schematic structure B(Q)n, wherein B is the residue formed by removal of a hydrogen atom from one or more basic nitrogen atoms of an amine, amidine, guanidine, isourea, isothiourea, or biguanide-containing pharmaceutically active compound, and Q is hydrogen or A, wherein A is such that R\u2032 and R\u2033 are the same or different and are R (where R is C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroalkyl, NC\u2014CH2CH2\u2014, Cl3C\u2014C2\u2014, or R7OCH2CH2\u2014, where R7 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation or R\u2032 and R\u2033 are linked to form a \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 group or a group, and n is an integer representing the number of primary or secondary basic nitrogen atoms in the compound such that at least one Q is A; (n) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)iminomethyl]anthracene; (o) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(-2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (p) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(-2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (q) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (r) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethyl]anthracene; (s) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (t) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene hexahydrochloride; (u) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (v) N,N\u2032-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); (w) N,N\u2032-bis(1-ethyl-3-piperidinyl)-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); and (x) derivatives and salt forms of the compounds of (a)-(w). 36. The method of claim 32 wherein the drug therapy is administered to treat a hyperproliferative disease. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein the hyperproliferative disease is cancer. 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the cancer is a form of cancer selected from the group consisting of refractory breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, acute myelocytic leukemia, and acute leukemias of childhood. 39. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by dose modification. 40. The method of claim 39 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 41. The method of claim 39 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 42. The method of claim 39 wherein the dose modification is selected from the group consisting of: (a) continuous i.v. infusion for hours to days; (b) biweekly administration; (c) doses greater than 5 mg/m2/day; (d) progressive escalation of dosing from 1 mg/m2/day based on patient tolerance; (e) doses less than 1 mg/m2 for greater than 14 days; (f) use of caffeine to modulate metabolism; (g) use of isoniazid to modulate metabolism; (h) selected and intermittent boost dose administrations; (i) bolus single and multiple doses of 1-5 mg/m2; (j) oral dosing including multiple daily dosing; (k) micro-dosing; (l) immediate release dosing; (m) slow release dosing; and (n) controlled release dosing. 43. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by route of administration. 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 45. The method of claim 43 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 46. The method of claim 43 wherein the route of administration is selected from the group consisting of: (a) central venous administration; (b) intraperitoneal administration; (c) intravenous administration; (d) intravesicular administration for bladder cancer; (e) intrathecal administration; (f) intraarterial administration; (g) continuous infusion; and (h) intermittent infusion. 47. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by schedule of administration. 48. The method of claim 47 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 49. The method of claim 47 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 50. The method of claim 47 wherein the schedule of administration is selected from the group consisting of: (a) administration to avoid anaphylaxis; (b) daily administration; (c) weekly administration for three weeks; (d) weekly administration for two weeks; (e) biweekly administration; (f) biweekly administration for three weeks with a 1-2 week rest period; (g) intermittent boost dose administration; and (h) administration daily for one week then once per week for multiple weeks. 51. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by means of pre-/post-treatment preparation. 52. The method of claim 51 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 53. The method of claim 51 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 54. The method of claim 51 wherein the method of pre-/post-treatment preparation is a method selected from the group consisting of: (a) the use of colchicine or an analog thereof; (b) the use of a uricosuric; (c) the use of uricase; (d) the non-oral use of nicotinamide; (e) the use of a sustained-release form of nicotinamide; (f) the use of an inhibitor of poly-ADP ribose polymerase; (g) the use of caffeine; (h) the use of leucovorin rescue; (i) infection control; and (j) the use of an anti-hypertensive agent. 55. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by toxicity management. 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 57. The method of claim 55 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 58. The method of claim 55 wherein the toxicity management is a method of toxicity management selected from the group consisting of: (a) the use of colchicine or an analog thereof; (b) the use of a uricosuric; (c) the use of uricase; (d) the non-oral use of nicotinamide; (e) the use of a sustained-release form of nicotinamide; (f) the use of an inhibitor of poly-ADP ribose polymerase; (g) the use of caffeine; (h) the use of leucovorin rescue; (i) the use of sustained-release allopurinol; (j) the non-oral use of allopurinol; (k) the administration of bone marrow transplant stimulants, blood, platelet infusions, Neupogen, G-CSF; or GM-CSF; (l) pain management; (m) infection control; and (n) administration of anti-inflammatories; (o) administration of fluids; (p) administration of corticosteroids; (q) administration of insulin control medications; (r) administration of antipyretics; (s) administration of anti-nausea treatments; (t) administration of anti-diarrhea treatment; (u) administration of antihistamines as pre-treatment to prevent anaphylaxis; (v) administration of agents for reduction of gastric toxicity; (w) administration of steroids as pre-treatment to prevent anaphylaxis; (x) administration of sympathetomimetics as pre-treatment to prevent anaphylaxis; and (y) administration of an agent to control or prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. 59. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic monitoring. 60. The method of claim 59 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 61. The method of claim 59 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 62. The method of claim 59 wherein the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic monitoring is a method selected from the group consisting of: (a) multiple determinations of blood plasma levels; (b) multiple determinations of at least one metabolite in blood or urine; (c) monitoring of immune function; (d) use of ELISPOT to measure immune responses; (e) determination of surface marker upregulation; and (f) monitoring of checkpoint inhibition. 63. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by drug combination. 64. The method of claim 63 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 65. The method of claim 63 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 66. The method of claim 63 wherein the drug combination is a drug combination selected from the group consisting of: (a) use with fraudulent nucleosides; (b) use with fraudulent nucleotides; (c) use with thymidylate synthetase inhibitors; (d) use with signal transduction inhibitors; (e) use with cisplatin or platinum analogs; (f) use with alkylating agents; (g) use with anti-tubulin agents; (h) use with antimetabolites; (i) use with berberine; (j) use with apigenin; (k) use with colchicine or an analog thereof; (l) use with genistein; (m) use with etoposide; (n) use with cytarabine; (o) use with camptothecins; (p) use with vinca alkaloids; (q) use with topoisomerase inhibitors; (r) use with 5-fluorouracil; (s) use with curcumin; (t) use with rosmarinic acid; (u) use with mitoguazone; (v) use with meisoindigo; (w) use with imatinib; (x) use with dasatinib; (y) use with nilotinib; (z) use with epigenetic modulators; (aa) use with transcription factor inhibitors; (ab) use with taxol; (ac) use with homoharringtonine; (ad) use with pyridoxal; (ae) use with spirogermanium; (af) use with caffeine; (ag) use with nicotinamide; (ah) use with methylglyoxalbisguanylhydrazone; (ai) use with poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors; (aj) use with EGFR inhibitors; (ak) use with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors; (al) use with bis-[thio-hydrazide] amides; (am) use with succinimide or maleimide derivatives as inhibitors of topoisomerase II; (an) use with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors; and (ao) use with immunostimulants; (ap) use with telomerase inhibitors; (aq) use with agents that inhibit the expression or activity of Her2; (ar) use with agents that inhibit the expression or activity of estrogen receptors; (as) use with agents that inhibit the expression or activity of antigens associated with specific tumor targets; (at) use with G-quadruplex ligands; (au) use with polycyclic lysophosphatidic receptor antagonists; (av) use with anti-CTGF agents; (aw) use with myeloid differentiation inducing agents; (ax) use with covalent diabodies binding to a tumor-associated antigen; (ay) use with bispecific antibodies that have a cell-penetrating determinant and an intracellular target-binding determinant; (az) use with multidomain molecules that comprise a cell binding ligand that binds to cells in the tumor stroma such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or immune cells and an oligonucleotide that inhibits the nonsense-mediated decay pathway; (ba) use with tumor-specific antibodies binding to a portion of the CD44 protein or a binding protein derived from the light-chain or heavy-chain complementary-determining regions of such antibodies; (bb) use with inhibitors of CXCR4; (bc) use with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK1) inhibitors; (bd) use with epherin receptor targeting agents; (be) use with binding proteins for Axl; (bf) use with Wnt pathway inhibitors together with MAPK pathway inhibitors; (bg) use with TEC family kinase inhibitors; (bh) use with substituted macrocyclic compounds with proteasome activity; (bi) use with peptide-based PACE4 inhibitors; (bj) use with azaindole derivatives as JAK3 inhibitors; (bk) use with inhibitors of Myc; (bl) use with inhibitors of furin and other pro-protein convertases; (bm) use with GPBP-1 inhibitors, optionally together with a p21 inhibitor; (bn) use with PGE2 inhibitors; and (bo) use with activatable antibodies targeting tumor-specific markers. 67. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of bisantrene or a bisantrene derivative or analog for chemosensitization. 68. The method of claim 67 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 69. The method of claim 67 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 70. The method of claim 67 wherein the chemosensitization is selected from the group consisting of: not limited to: (a) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with topoisomerase inhibitors; (b) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with fraudulent nucleosides; (c) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with fraudulent nucleotides; (d) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with thymidylate synthetase inhibitors; (e) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with signal transduction inhibitors; (f) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with cisplatin or platinum analogs; (g) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with alkylating agents; (h) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with anti-tubulin agents; (i) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with antimetabolites; (j) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with berberine; (k) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with apigenin; (l) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with colchicine or analogs of colchicine; (m) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with genistein; (n) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with etoposide; (o) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with cytarabine; (p) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with camptothecins; (q) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with vinca alkaloids; (r) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with 5-fluorouracil; (s) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with curcumin; (t) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with rosmarinic acid; and (u) use as a chemosensitizer in combination with mitoguazone. 71. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of bisantrene or a bisantrene derivative or analog for chemopotentiation. 72. The method of claim 71 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 73. The method of claim 71 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 74. The method of claim 71 wherein the chemopotentiation is selected from the group consisting of: (a) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with topoisomerase inhibitors; (b) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with fraudulent nucleosides; (c) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with fraudulent nucleotides; (d) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with thymidylate synthetase inhibitors; (e) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with signal transduction inhibitors; (f) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with cisplatin or platinum analogs; (g) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with alkylating agents; (h) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with anti-tubulin agents; (i) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with antimetabolites; (j) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with berberine; (k) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with apigenin; (l) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with colchicine or analogs of colchicine; (m) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with genistein; (n) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with etoposide; (o) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with cytarabine; (p) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with camptothecins; (q) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with vinca alkaloids; (r) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with 5-fluorouracil; (s) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with curcumin; (t) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with rosmarinic acid; and (u) use as a chemopotentiator in combination with mitoguazone. 75. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by post-treatment management. 76. The method of claim 75 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 77. The method of claim 75 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 78. The method of claim 75 wherein the post-treatment management is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a therapy associated with pain management; (b) nutritional support; (c) administration of an anti-emetic; (d) an anti-nausea therapy; (e) administration of an anti-inflammatory agent; (f) administration of an antipyretic agent; (g) administration of an immune stimulant; and (h) administration of a growth factor. 79. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by alternative medicine/post-treatment support. 80. The method of claim 79 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 81. The method of claim 79 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 82. The method of claim 79 wherein the alternative medicine/post-treatment support is selected from the group consisting of: (a) hypnosis; (b) acupuncture; (c) meditation; (d) administration of a herbal medication created either synthetically or through extraction; and (e) applied kinesiology. 83. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by a bulk drug product improvement. 84. The method of claim 83 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 85. The method of claim 83 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 86. The method of claim 83 wherein the bulk drug product improvement is selected from the group consisting of: (a) preparation as a free base form; (b) salt formation; (c) preparation as a homogeneous crystalline structure; (d) amorphous structure; (e) preparation as a pure isomer; (f) increased purity; (g) preparation with lower residual solvent content; and (h) preparation with lower residual heavy metal content. 87. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a diluent. 88. The method of claim 87 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 89. The method of claim 87 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 90. The method of claim 87 wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of: (a) an emulsion; (b) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); (c) N-methylformamide (NMF) (d) dimethylformamide (DMF) (e) dimethylacetamide (DMA); (f) ethanol; (g) benzyl alcohol; (h) dextrose-containing water for injection; (i) Cremophor; (j) cyclodextrins; and (k) PEG. 91. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a solvent system. 92. The method of claim 91 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 93. The method of claim 91 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 94. The method of claim 91 wherein the solvent system is selected from the group consisting of: (a) an emulsion; (b) DMSO; (c) NMF; (d) DMF; (e) DMA; (f) ethanol; (g) benzyl alcohol; (h) dextrose-containing water for injection; (i) Cremophor; (j) PEG; and (k) salt systems. 95. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of an excipient. 96. The method of claim 95 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 97. The method of claim 95 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 98. The method of claim 95 wherein the excipient is selected from the group consisting of: (a) mannitol; (b) albumin; (c) EDTA; (d) sodium bisulfite; (e) benzyl alcohol; (f) carbonate buffers; (g) phosphate buffers; (h) PEG; (i) vitamin A; (j) vitamin D; (k) vitamin E; (l) esterase inhibitors; (m) cytochrome P450 inhibitors; (n) multi-drug resistance (MDR) inhibitors; (o) organic resins; and (p) detergents. 99. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by a dosage form. 100. The method of claim 99 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 101. The method of claim 99 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 102. The method of claim 89 wherein the dosage form is selected from the group consisting of: (a) tablets; (b) capsules; (c) topical gels; (d) topical creams; (e) patches; (f) suppositories; (g) lyophilized dosage fills; (h) immediate-release formulations; (i) slow-release formulations; (j) controlled-release formulations; (k) liquid in capsules; and (l) liposomal formulations. 103. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by dosage kits and packaging. 104. The method of claim 103 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 105. The method of claim 103 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 106. The method of claim 103 wherein the dosage kits and packaging are selected from the group consisting of the use of amber vials to protect from light and the use of stoppers with specialized coatings to improve shelf-life stability. 107. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a drug delivery system. 108. The method of claim 107 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 109. The method of claim 107 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 110. The method of claim 107 wherein the drug delivery system is selected from the group consisting of: (a) oral dosage forms; (b) nanocrystals; (c) nanoparticles; (d) cosolvents; (e) slurries; (f) syrups; (g) bioerodible polymers; (h) liposomes; (i) slow-release injectable gels; (j) microspheres; (k) amphiphilic block copolymer systems; (l) emulsion vehicles comprising an emulsion of \u03b1-tocopherol stabilized by biocompatible surfactants; (m) biodegradable polymer compositions containing phosphorus and desaminotyrosyl L-tyrosine linkages in the polymer backbone; (n) substantially anhydrous injectable semi-solid compositions comprising a water immiscible fatty acid matrix and a cytostatic agent; (o) lipophilic vehicles; (p) pH-dependent carriers that include a compound that includes at least one ionizable group; (q) pH-dependent carriers that include a monocarboxylic acid having at least 8 carbons and less than about 10% by weight of zwitterionic phospholipids; (r) liposomes comprising the bisantrene or the derivative or analog thereof followed by administration of a lipid nanoparticle comprising a triggering agent; and (s) nonpegylated liposomes. 111. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a drug conjugate form. 112. The method of claim 111 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 113. The method of claim 111 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 114. The method of claim 111 wherein the drug conjugate form is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polymer system; (b) polylactides; (c) polyglycolides; (d) amino acids; (e) peptides; (f) multivalent linkers; (g) conjugates to fatty acids; (h) conjugates to fatty alcohols; (i) conjugates to elastin-like peptide; (j) conjugates with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, proteins, or peptides; (k) conjugates with cell-binding agents through a charged or pro-charged cross-linker; (l) conjugates to antibodies targeted to tumor markers; (m) biodegradable polymer-bioactive moiety conjugates; (n) conjugates with 2-nitroimidazole compounds with a secondary basic nitrogen atom and a linker; (o) conjugates with ladder frame polyether compounds, including those derived from brevenal, brevisin, tamulamide, brevetoxins, hemibrevetoxins, gambierols, and gambieric acids; (p) conjugates to antibodies having one or more non-natural amino acid residues at specific positions in the heavy or light chains; (q) conjugates to a sialoadhesin binding moiety; (r) pheophorbide-\u03b1 conjugates; (s) conjugates to multi-component nanochains; (t) conjugates to activatable antibodies that include a masking moiety, a cleavable moiety, and an antibody binding specifically to interleukin-6; (u) conjugates including hydrophilic linkers; (v) conjugates to antibodies specific for p97; (w) conjugates including a modified amino acid incorporating an azido group; (x) conjugates to albumin; and (y) conjugates to folate. 115. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a compound analog. 116. The method of claim 115 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 117. The method of claim 115 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 118. The method of claim 115 wherein the compound analog is selected from the group consisting of: (a) alteration of side chains to increase or decrease lipophilicity; (b) addition of an additional chemical functionality to alter a property selected from the group consisting of reactivity, electron affinity, and binding capacity; and (c) alteration of salt form. 119. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a prodrug system. 120. The method of claim 119 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 121. The method of claim 119 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 122. The method of claim 119 wherein the prodrug system is selected from the group consisting of: (a) the use of enzyme sensitive esters; (b) the use of dimers; (c) the use of Schiff bases; (d) the use of pyridoxal complexes; (e) the use of caffeine complexes; (f) the use of plasmin-activated prodrugs; (g) the use of a drug targeting complex comprising a targeting carrier molecule that is selectively distributed to a specific cell type or tissue containing the specific cell type; a linker which is acted upon by a molecule that is present at an effective concentration in the environs of the specific cell type; and a therapeutically active agent to be delivered to the specific cell type; and (h) the use of a prodrug molecule comprising a conjugate of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene, a protease-specific cleavable peptide, and optionally, a targeting peptide, with the prodrug molecule being substantially inactive prior to degradation of the protease-specific cleavable peptide by a proteolytic enzyme within or in close proximity to the cancer cell. 123. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a multiple drug system. 124. The method of claim 123 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 125. The method of claim 123 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 126. The method of claim 112 wherein the multiple drug system is selected from the group consisting of the use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene with: (a) inhibitors of multi-drug resistance; (b) specific drug resistance inhibitors; (c) specific inhibitors of selective enzymes; (d) signal transduction inhibitors; (e) meisoindigo; (f) imatinib; (g) hydroxyurea; (h) dasatinib; (i) capecitabine; (j) nilotinib; (k) repair inhibition agents; (l) topoisomerase inhibitors with non-overlapping side effects; (m) PARP inhibitors; (n) a taxane; (o) cytarabine; (p) microtubule inhibitors; (q) EGFR inhibitors; and (r) HDAC inhibitors. 127. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by biotherapeutic enhancement. 128. The method of claim 127 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 129. The method of claim 127 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 130. The method of claim 127 wherein the biotherapeutic enhancement is use in combination as sensitizers/potentiators with a therapeutic agent or technique that is a therapeutic agent or technique selected from the group consisting of: (a) biological response modifiers; (b) cytokines; (c) lymphokines; (d) therapeutic antibodies; (e) antisense therapies; (f) gene therapies; (g) ribozymes; (h) RNA interference; (i) vaccines (cellular and non-cellular); (j) stem cells; and (k) autologous cell transplants. 131. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by biotherapeutic resistance modulation. 132. The method of claim 131 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 133. The method of claim 131 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 134. The method of claim 131 wherein the biotherapeutic resistance modulation is use against tumors resistant to a therapeutic agent or technique selected from the group consisting of: (a) biological response modifiers; (b) cytokines; (c) lymphokines; (d) therapeutic antibodies; (e) antisense therapies; (f) gene therapies; (g) ribozymes; and (h) RNA interference. 135. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by radiation therapy enhancement. 136. The method of claim 135 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 137. The method of claim 135 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 138. The method of claim 135 wherein the radiation therapy enhancement is a radiation therapy enhancement agent or technique selected from the group consisting of: (a) use with hypoxic cell sensitizers; (b) use with radiation sensitizers/protectors; (c) use with photosensitizers; (d) use with radiation repair inhibitors; (e) use with thiol depletion; (f) use with vaso-targeted agents; (g) use with radioactive seeds; (h) use with radionuclides; (i) use with radiolabeled antibodies; and (j) use with brachytherapy; and (k) use with bioreductive alkylating agents. 139. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of a novel mechanism of action. 140. The method of claim 139 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 141. The method of claim 139 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 142. The method of claim 139 wherein the novel mechanism of action is a novel mechanism of action that is a therapeutic interaction with a target or mechanism selected from the group consisting of: (a) inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase; (b) agents that affect vasculature; (c) agents that promote vasodilation; (d) oncogenic targeted agents; (e) signal transduction inhibitors; (f) agents inducing EGFR inhibition; (g) agents inducing Protein Kinase C inhibition; (h) agents inducing Phospholipase C downregulation; (i) agents including jun downregulation; (j) agents modulating expression of histone genes; (k) agents modulating expression of VEGF; (l) agents modulating expression of ornithine decarboxylase; (m) agents modulating expression of jun D; (n) agents modulating expression of v-jun; (o) agents modulating expression of GPCRs; (p) agents modulating expression of protein kinase A; (q) agents modulating expression of protein kinases other than protein kinase A; (r) agents modulating expression of telomerase; (s) agents modulating expression of prostate specific genes; (t) agents modulating expression of histone deacetylase; (u) agents modulating expression of checkpoint regulators; and (v) agents modulating expression of mTOR or a related molecule selected from the group consisting of Akt3 and PI3K. 143. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of selective target cell population therapeutics. 144. The method of claim 143 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 145. The method of claim 143 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 146. The method of claim 143 wherein the use of selective target cell population therapeutics is a use selected from the group consisting of: (a) use against radiation sensitive cells; (b) use against radiation resistant cells; (c) use against energy depleted cells; and (d) use against endothelial cells. 147. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use with an agent to enhance the activity of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof. 148. The method of claim 147 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 149. The method of claim 147 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 150. The method of claim 147 wherein the agent to enhance the activity of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof is an agent selected from the group consisting of: (a) nicotinamide; (b) caffeine; (c) tetandrine; and (d) berberine. 151. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof to modulate DNA methylation. 152. The method of claim 151 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 153. The method of claim 152 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 154. The method of claim 151 wherein the use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof to modulate DNA methylation is a use selected from the group consisting of: (a) use to promote gene silencing; and (b) use with a drug that inhibits DNA methylation. 155. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof to inhibit telomerase or induce telomere dysfunction. 156. The method of claim 155 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 157. The method of claim 155 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 158. The method of claim 155 wherein the use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene is a use selected from the group consisting of: (a) use to inhibit telomerase; and (b) use to induce telomere dysfunction. 159. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof to activate macrophages or induce innate immunity. 160. The method of claim 159 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 161. The method of claim 159 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 162. The method of claim 159 wherein the use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene is a use selected from the group consisting of: (a) use to activate macrophages; (b) use to induce innate immunity; and (c) use to induce adaptive immunity. 163. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use with an inhibitor of survivin or to inhibit the activity of survivin. 164. The method of claim 163 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 165. The method of claim 163 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 166. The method of claim 163 wherein the use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog of bisantrene is a use selected from the group consisting of: (a) use to inhibit expression of survivin; and (b) use with an inhibitor of survivin. 167. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use with a multidrug resistance reversal agent to reduce multidrug resistance. 168. The method of claim 167 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 169. The method of claim 167 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 170. The method of claim 167 wherein the multidrug resistance reversal agent is verapamil. 171. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use with a directed antibody conjugate. 172. The method of claim 171 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 173. The method of claim 157 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 174. The method of claim 32 wherein the improvement is made by use with an adjuvant. 175. The method of claim 174 wherein the drug therapy is administration of bisantrene. 176. The method of claim 174 wherein the drug therapy is administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 177. The method of claim 160 wherein the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of GM-CSF, poly-ICLC (carboxymethylcellulose, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and poly L-lysine), nanoparticles, microparticles, aluminum salts, squalene, QS-21 (a plant extract from Quillaja saponaria containing water-soluble triterpene glycosides), virosomes, IL-2, IL-7, IL-21, and type 1 interferons. 178. A method to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of suboptimally administered drug therapy comprising the steps of: (a) identifying at least one factor or parameter associated with the efficacy and/or occurrence of side effects of the drug therapy; and (b) modifying the factor or parameter to improve the efficacy and/or reduce the side effects of the drug therapy; wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof; and wherein the factor or parameter is use of bisantrene or a derivative or analog thereof in a combinatorial regime. 179. The method of claim 178 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of bisantrene. 180. The method of claim 178 wherein the drug therapy comprises administration of a derivative or analog of bisantrene. 181. The method of claim 180 wherein the derivative or analog of bisantrene is selected from the group consisting of: (a) the analog of Formula (II) (b) the bisantrene analog of Formula (III) (c) the bisantrene analog of Formula (IV) (d) the bisantrene analog of Formula (V) (e) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VI) (f) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VII) (g) the bisantrene analog of Formula (VIII) (h) the bisantrene analog anthracen-9-ylmethylene-[2-methoxyethoxymethylsulfanyl]-5-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-amine; (i) the bisantrene analog of Formula (X) (j) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XI) (k) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XII) (l) the bisantrene analog of Formula (XIII) (m) bisantrene analogs of Formula (XIV) wherein R1 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014R5, wherein R5 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent can be ortho, meta, or para and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, \u2014SO3H; wherein only one of R1 and R3 may be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R2 and R4 are the same or different and are: hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl or \u2014C(O)\u2014R6, where R6 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl (wherein the substituent may be in the ortho, meta, or para position and is fluoro, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, or cyano), pentafluorophenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, or \u2014CH2OCH3. The compounds can have the schematic structure B(Q)n, wherein B is the residue formed by removal of a hydrogen atom from one or more basic nitrogen atoms of an amine, amidine, guanidine, isourea, isothiourea, or biguanide-containing pharmaceutically active compound, and Q is hydrogen or A, wherein A is such that R\u2032 and R\u2033 are the same or different and are R (where R is C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroalkyl, NC\u2014CH2CH2\u2014, Cl3C\u2014CH2\u2014, or R7OCH2CH2\u2014, where R7 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation or R\u2032 and R\u2033 are linked to form a \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 group or a group, and n is an integer representing the number of primary or secondary basic nitrogen atoms in the compound such that at least one Q is A; (n) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)iminomethyl]anthracene; (o) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (p) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (q) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]iminomethyl}anthracene; (r) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethyl]anthracene; (s) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (t) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene hexahydrochloride; (u) the bisantrene analog 9,10-bis{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]aminomethyl}anthracene tetrahydrochloride; (v) N,N\u2032-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); (w) N,N\u2032-bis(1-ethyl-3-piperidinyl)-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine); and (x) derivatives and salt forms of the compounds of (a)-(w). 182. The method of claim 178 wherein the drug therapy is administered to treat a hyperproliferative disease. 183. The method of claim 182 wherein the hyperproliferative disease is cancer. 184. The method of claim 183 wherein the cancer is a form of cancer selected from the group consisting of refractory breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, acute myelocytic leukemia, and acute leukemias of childhood. 185. The method of claim 178 wherein the combinatorial regime is a combinatorial regime selected from the group consisting of: (a) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one agent inducing immunoactivity; (b) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one agent inducing macrophage activation; (c) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one cytokine; (d) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one agent inhibiting telomerase; (e) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one agent inhibiting survivin; (f) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one agent inducing demethylation; (g) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one adjuvant; (h) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one antibody; (i) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one innate or adaptive immune stimulator; (j) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one checkpoint inhibitor; (k) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one mTOR antagonist; (l) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one Akt inhibitor; (m) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one notch inhibitor; (n) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one HSP inhibitor; (o) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor; (p) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with at least one kinase inhibitor; (q) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with cytarabine; (r) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with taxane; (s) use in a combinatorial regime as a chemotherapeutic agent with taxol; (t) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one agent inducing telomerase inhibition; (u) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one cytokine; (v) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one agent inhibiting survivin; (w) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one agent inducing demethylation; (x) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one adjuvant; (y) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one antibody; (z) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one innate or adaptive immune stimulator; (aa) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one checkpoint inhibitor; (ab) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one mTOR antagonist; (ac) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one Akt inhibitor; (ad) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one notch inhibitor; (ae) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one HSP inhibitor; (af) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor; (ag) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with at least one kinase inhibitor; (ah) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with cytarabine; (aj) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with taxane; and (ak) use in a combinatorial regime as an agent inducing macrophage activation with taxol.",
-    "An inflatable camping mattress for use in the polar region includes an upper body and a lower body. The upper body is stacked on the lower body. The circumferential edges of the upper body and the lower body are sealed to form a separation layer between the upper body and the lower body. The inflatable camping mattress of the present invention can lower thermal conduction by the separation layer. When the present invention is used at the polar region, it can keep out the cold and prevent thermal loss for sleeping. 1. An inflatable camping mattress, comprising: an upper body, the upper body being a closed configuration with a plurality of pressed portions to form upper bladders; and a lower body, the lower body being a closed configuration with a plurality of pressed portions to form lower bladders, the upper body being stacked on the lower body; wherein, circumferential edges of the upper body and the lower body are sealed so that the upper body and the lower body become one-piece; after sealed, the upper body and the lower body have a connecting hole therebetween so that the upper bladders communicate with the lower bladders through the connecting hole; and the upper body and the lower body form a separation layer therebetween. 2. The inflatable camping mattress as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a nozzle. 3. The inflatable camping mattress as claimed in claim 2, wherein the nozzle communicates with the inside of the inflatable camping mattress, the nozzle being disposed on either of the upper body and the lower body. 4. The inflatable camping mattress as claimed in claim 1, wherein by means of the pressed portions of the upper body, the upper bladders of the upper body are connected side by side, and by means of the pressed portions of the lower body, the lower bladders of the lower body are connected side by side.",
-    "The present invention provides a process for preparing a precipitated calcium carbonate product comprising the steps of: (a) preparing an aqueous suspension of precipitated calcium carbonate seeds by carbonating a suspension of Ca(OH)2 in the presence of 0.005 to 0.030 moles of Sr, in the form of Sr(OH)2, per mole of Ca(OH)2, (b) dewatering and dispersing the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds prepared in step (a) to obtain an aqueous suspension of precipitated calcium carbonate seeds having a d50 of less than or equal to 0.1 to 0.3 um and a BET specific surface area of 10 to 30 m2/g, and (c) forming an aqueous suspension of a precipitated calcium carbonate product by carbonating a slurry of Ca(OH)2 in the presence of 0.5 to 5% by dry weight of the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds obtained in step (b), wherein the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds have a d50 that is less than the d50 of the precipitated calcium carbonate product and the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds have an aragonitic polymorph content greater than or equal to the precipitated calcium carbonate product obtained in step (c) characterized in that the dewatering of step (b) is carried out by the use of a tube press. 1. A process for preparing a precipitated calcium carbonate product comprising the steps of: (a) preparing an aqueous suspension of precipitated calcium carbonate seeds by carbonating a suspension of Ca(OH)2 in the presence of 0.005 to 0.030 moles of Sr, in the form of Sr(OH)2, per mole of Ca(OH)2, (b) dewatering and dispersing the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds prepared in step (a) to obtain an aqueous suspension of precipitated calcium carbonate seeds having a d50 of less than or equal to 0.1 to 0.3 \u03bcm and a BET specific surface area of 10 to 30 m2/g, and (c) forming an aqueous suspension of a precipitated calcium carbonate product by carbonating a slurry of Ca(OH)2 in the presence of 0.5 to 5% by dry weight of the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds obtained in step (b), wherein the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds have a d50 that is less than the d50 of the precipitated calcium carbonate product and the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds have an aragonitic polymorph content greater than or equal to the precipitated calcium carbonate product obtained in step (c) characterized in that the dewatering of step (b) is carried out by the use of a tube press. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the suspension of Ca(OH)2 in step (a) is carbonated in the presence of 0.01 to 0.02 moles of Sr per mole of Ca(OH)2. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the Sr(OH)2in step (a) is formed in situ by the addition of a SrO\u2014comprising mineral. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution of precipitated calcium carbonate seeds formed in step (a) has an aragonitic polymorph content of greater than 85% by dry weight, preferably of greater than 90% by dry weight, and most preferably of greater than 95% by dry weight. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated calcium carbonate seeds are added to the slurry of Ca(OH)2 in step (c) prior to the carbonation of the slurry of Ca(OH)2, or during the first quarter of the total carbonation time of the carbonation of the slurry of Ca(OH)2. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the dewatering of step (b) is carried out under a pressure in the range of 50 to 150 bar, preferably under a pressure in the range of 60 to 120 bar, and most preferably under a pressure in the range of 80 to 100 bar. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the dewatering of step (b) is carried out at a starting temperature in the range of 15 to 80\u00b0 C., preferably at a starting temperature in the range of 20 to 70\u00b0 C., and more preferably at a starting temperature in the range of 30 to 60\u00b0 C. 8. The process according to claim 1, further comprising the step of performing one or more of dewatering and dispersion of the precipitated calcium carbonate product obtained in step (c) to obtain a precipitated calcium carbonate product having a d50 of between 0.30 and 0.45 micrometers and a BET specific surface area of between 8 and 20 m2/g. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated calcium carbonate product obtained in step (c) has a total strontium quantity of 0.2 to 15 mol/dry metric tonne, and preferably of 1 to 5 mol/dry metric tonne. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the precipitated calcium carbonate product obtained in step (c) contains an aragonitic polymorph content of greater than 60% by dry weight, and preferably of greater than 70% by dry weight. 11. An aqueous suspension of precipitated calcium carbonate seeds obtained after step (b) of the process according to claim 1, the suspension having a pH of less or equal to 9, preferably in the range of 8.5 to 9. 12. A material comprising the precipitated calcium carbonate product obtained in the process according to claim 1. 13. The material of claim 12, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of a paper, a paper product, an ink, a paint, a coating, a plastic, an adhesive, a building product, a foodstuff, and a pharmaceutical product. 14. Use of a tube press in the process for preparing a precipitated calcium carbonate product according to claim 1.",
-    "A fuel tank dam closes a gap that is formed between a first structural component and a second structural component. The fuel tank dam includes a first portion disposed on a first structural component side, a second portion disposed on a second structural component side, an elastic member that is supported by the first portion at one end while supported by the second portion at the other end and closes a gap that is formed between the first portion and the second portion, and a sealing mechanism that seals between the first member and the elastic member. 1. A fuel tank dam closing a gap formed between a first structural component and a second structural component comprising: a first portion disposed on a first structural component side; a second portion disposed on a second structural component side; an elastic member supported by the first portion at one end while supported by the second portion at the other end, and closing a gap formed between the first portion and the second portion; and a sealing mechanism configured to seal between the first portion and the elastic member, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises a lip seal portion of the elastic member. 2. The fuel tank dam according to claim 1, wherein the first portion comprises: a first member disposed on the first structural component; and a second member disposed on the first member, and wherein the one end of the elastic member is sandwiched between the first member and the second member so as to be supported by the first member and the second member. 3. The fuel tank dam according to claim 2, wherein the lip seal portion comprises a first lip seal portion and a second lip seal portion which are configured to sandwich a part of the first portion. 4. The fuel tank dam according to claim 3, wherein one member of the first member and the second member comprises a contact portion contacting the other member of the first member and the second member, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises: a first extending portion extending from the contact portion such that a space is formed between the first extending portion and the other member; and a second extending portion extending from the first extending portion toward the other member, and wherein the first lip seal portion and the second lip seal portion sandwich the second extending portion. 5. The fuel tank dam according to claim 4, wherein the sealing mechanism further comprises a third extending portion extending from the first extending portion toward the other member on a tip side of the second extending portion, and wherein the one end of the elastic member is sandwiched between the third extending portion and the other member. 6. The fuel tank dam according to claim 4, wherein the first lip seal portion is disposed on an inner side of the second extending portion in the space, wherein the sealing mechanism further comprises a support portion, and wherein the support portion is disposed between the first lip seal portion and a wall surface of the space such that the lip seal portion is pushed against the second extending portion. 7. The fuel tank dam according to claim 6, wherein the support portion is a part of the elastic member. 8. The fuel tank dam according to claim 6, wherein the support portion includes a support member provided separately from the elastic member. 9. The fuel tank dam according to claim 6, wherein the support portion comprises a sealant portion filled between the first lip seal portion and the wall surface of the space. 10. A fuel tank dam closing a gap formed between a first structural component and a second structural component comprising: a first portion disposed on a first structural component side; a second portion disposed on a second structural component side; an elastic member supported by the first portion at one end while supported by the second portion at the other end, and closing a gap formed between the first portion and the second portion; and a sealing mechanism configured to seal between the first portion and the elastic member, wherein the first portion comprises: a first member disposed on the first structural component; and a second member disposed on the first member, and wherein the one end of the elastic member is sandwiched between the first member and the second member so as to be supported by the first member and the second member. 11. The fuel tank dam according to claim 10, wherein one member of the first member and the second member comprises a contact portion contacting the other member of the first member and the second member, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises: a first extending portion extending from the contact portion such that a space is formed between the first extending portion and the other member; and a second extending portion extending from the first extending portion toward the other member; a seal portion of the elastic member; and a support portion disposed on an inner side of the second extending portion in the space, wherein the seal portion is disposed on the inner side of the second extending portion in the space, and wherein the support portion is disposed between the seal portion and a wall surface of the space such that the seal portion is pushed against the second extending portion. 12. The fuel tank dam according to claim 10, wherein one member of the first member and the second member comprises a contact portion contacting the other member of the first member and the second member, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises: an extending portion extending from the contact portion such that a space is formed between the extending portion and the other member; and a compressed portion formed on the one end of the elastic member, and wherein the compressed portion is sandwiched between the extending portion and the other member so as to be compressed. 13. The fuel tank dam according to claim 10, wherein one member of the first member and the second member comprises a contact portion contacting the other member of the first member and the second member, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises: an extending portion extending from the contact portion such that a space is formed between the extending portion and the other member; and a compressed member disposed in the space, wherein the one end of the elastic member is disposed in the space, and wherein the compressed member is disposed between the one end of the elastic member and the extending portion while being compressed. 14. The fuel tank dam according to claim 10, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises: a first sealant portion disposed between the one end of the elastic member and the first member; and a second sealant portion disposed between the one end of the elastic member and the second member. 15. The fuel tank dam according to claim 10, wherein the sealing mechanism has a labyrinth seal structure formed by the first portion and a shape of the one end of the elastic member, and wherein the labyrinth seal structure is filled with a sealant. 16. The fuel tank dam according to claim 10, wherein the sealing mechanism comprises: a first member contact portion of the first member contacting the second member; a first member extending portion extending from the first member contact portion such that a space is formed between the first member extending portion and the second member; a first member holding portion extending from the first member extending portion toward the second member; a second member contact portion of the second member contacting the first member contact portion; a second member extending portion extending from the second member contact portion such that the space is formed between the second member extending portion and the first member; a second member holding portion extending from the second member extending portion toward the first member; a first lip seal portion of the elastic member pushed against the first member in the space; and a second lip seal portion of the elastic member pushed against the second member in the space, and wherein the elastic member is sandwiched between the first member holding portion and the second member holding portion. 17. The fuel tank dam according to claim 1, wherein the first structural component is extending along a first direction, wherein the second structural component is disposed along a plane perpendicular to the first direction, wherein a cutout portion is formed at an end portion of the second structural component, wherein the first structural component is arranged to pass through the cutout portion, and wherein the elastic member is disposed to close the gap formed between the first structural component and the second structural component in the cutout portion. 18. A fuel tank dam comprising an elastic member contacting a first structural component of a fuel tank at one end and contacting a second structural component of the fuel tank at the other end, wherein the one end of the elastic member is fixed to the first structural component by a fastener, wherein the other end of the elastic member is fixed to the second structural component by another fastener, and wherein the elastic member is disposed to close a gap formed between the first structural component and the second structural component. 19. A fuel tank dam comprising: a first resin member joined to a first structural component of a fuel tank; a second resin member joined to a second structural component of the fuel tank; and an elastic member embedded in the first resin member at one end while embedded in the second resin member at the other end, wherein the elastic member is disposed to close a gap formed between the first structural component and the second structural component. 20. The fuel tank dam according to claim 19, wherein uneven structures are formed at the one end and the other end of the elastic member, respectively. 21. The fuel tank dam according to claim 19, wherein a surface of at least one of the elastic member and the first resin member is roughened at a joint portion between the one end of the elastic member and the first resin member, and wherein a surface of at least one of the elastic member and the second resin member is roughened at a joint portion between the other end of the elastic member and the second resin member.",
-    "Provided are methods and materials for treating a neurological, behavioural, psychological, psychiatric, or personality disorder or syndrome in an individual, which disorder or syndrome is associated with a plurality of aberrant thoughts, behaviors and/or dispositions to behaviour. The methods comprise (i) selecting an individual suffering from, or believed to suffer from, said disorder or syndrome; and (ii) selecting a set of effector junctions in the individual, wherein at least one of said aberrant thoughts, behaviors or dispositions is modifiable by modulation of transmission across the set of effector junctions; (iii) treating the individual with an agent (for example botulinum toxin or a derivative or analog thereof) or intervention which causes blockade of or interference with the set of effector junctions, wherein blockade of the set of effector junctions results in an inhibition of the plurality of aberrant thoughts, behaviors and/or dispositions associated with the disorder. 1. A method for treating a neurological, behavioural, psychological, psychiatric, or personality disorder or syndrome in an individual, which disorder or syndrome is associated with a plurality of aberrant thoughts, behaviors and/or dispositions to behaviour, the method comprising (i) selecting an individual suffering from, or believed to suffer from, said disorder or syndrome; and (ii) selecting a set of effector junctions in the individual, wherein at least one of said aberrant thoughts, behaviors or dispositions is modifiable by modulation of transmission across the set of effector junctions; (iii) treating the individual with an agent or intervention which causes blockade of or interference with the set of effector junctions, wherein blockade of the set of effector junctions results in an inhibition of the plurality of aberrant thoughts, behaviors and/or dispositions associated with the disorder. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the behaviours are involuntary or semi-involuntary in nature. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the effector is a neuromuscular junction. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the effector is a neuroglandular junction. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the disorder is an eating disorder leading to an abnormally enhanced appetite and excessive eating, and the effector junction is one which activates saliva production in the salivary glands. 6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the disorder is bulimia or one which leads to clinical obesity. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the disorder is emotional lability leading to an exaggeration of emotional responses, and the effector junction is one which activates facial musculature whose contraction is characteristic of at least one of the emotional responses. 8. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the disorder is intermittent explosive disorder leading to expression of anger, hatred or extreme contempt, and the effector junction is one which activates the facial musculature whose contraction is characteristic of anger. 9. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the disorder is a disorder of anxiety and/or social withdrawal, and the effector junction is one which is present in the shoulder, neck and head musculature whose contraction is characteristic of the posture associated with such disorder. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the method comprises further administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of an additional modality of treatment for the disorder. 11. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment is with an agent which causes blockade of the effector junction. 12. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the agent is pharmacological agent causing long term interruption of junction function through chemical interference with the junction. 13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein the agent interferes with release of a neurotransmitter. 14. A method as claimed it claim 13 wherein the agent is botulinum toxin or a derivative or analog thereof. 15. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the botulinum toxic is serotype A, B or F. 16. A method as claimed in claim 15 wherein about 20-40 Units of Botulinum toxin type A is administered to the region of the effector junction. 17. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the treatment is with an electrical intervention causing long term interruption of effector junction function through electrical interference with the junction. 18. A method as claimed in claim 17 wherein the electrical intervention is via an implanted electronic device that modifies the excitability of the nerves feeding into the junction locally. 19. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the effector junction is targeted within a target tissue in step (ii) using electrophysiology or functional imaging. 20. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the effector junction is targeted within a target tissue in step (ii) using ultrasonography or any other structural imaging modality. 21. A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein step (ii) is carried out with device which measures muscle tone using electrophysiology. 22. A method as claimed in claim 21 wherein the device is a portable ambulatory device which can be worn by the individual over a period of time so as to capture its ecological variation in muscle tone. 23. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the muscle tone is facial muscle tone. 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. A device adapted for use in a method as claimed in claim 23.",
-    "A flow rate sensor comprising a body comprising an inlet and an outlet and a flight-tube interconnecting there between. A plurality of electrodes are disposed along the flight tube. The electrodes are electrically operable to introduce a marker to the fluid at a first position in the form of a local fluid composition variation and to detect the position of the marker at least at a second position downstream of the first position, thereby determining the displacement of a fluid volume in the flight-tube and infer the volumetric flow rate of the fluid at a flow pulse. 1. A sensor for measuring volumetric flow rate of a fluid, comprising a body comprising an inlet and an outlet and at least one flight tube there between comprising at least one marker detector disposed along said flight tube configured to detect a position of at least one marker in the fluid; and a control circuitry for determining the volumetric displacement of the fluid along the flight tube from a first known position of said marker, and at least a second position of the marker detected by said at least one detector. 2. The sensor of claim 1 further comprising a marker generator where said first know position of the marker is determined by the position of the marker generator. 3. The sensor of claim 1 further comprising a second marker detector to detect said first known position of the marker. 4. The sensor of claim 1 comprising a plurality of marker detectors for detecting multiple positions of the marker along said flight tube. 5. The sensor of claim 1 where at least one marker detector is further utilized to perform time of flight flow measurement. 6. The sensor of claim 1 where at least one marker detector is utilized to determine diffusion or dissipation of said marker. 7. The sensor of claim 1 where said marker is a local compositional variation of said fluid. 8. The sensor of claim 7 where the compositional variation is generated by a marker generator. 9. The sensor of claim 8 where the marker generator comprises electrodes configured to perform electrolysis of said fluid. 10. The sensor of claim 7 where said marker detector is at least one electrode. 11. The sensor of claim 10 where said electrode in configured to sense at least one of a change in conductivity, pH, and capacitance of the fluid. 12. The sensor of claim 1 further comprising at least one flow control device for regulating said fluid flow in at least one flight tube consisting of at least one of a valve, a flow regulator, a pressure regulator, and a pump. 13. The sensor of claim 12 where the flow control device is configured to produce a volumetric flow stroke of the fluid such that the marker position is detectable by at least one marker detector after stroke has been completed. 14. A method for sensing volumetric flow of a fluid that comprises at least one marker, by utilizing a sensor comprising a body comprising an inlet and an outlet and at least one flight tube there between comprising at least one marker detector disposed along said flight tube configured to detect a position of at least one marker in the fluid; the method comprising: a. determining a first position of a marker from at least one of the position of the marker generator, detection of the marker by at least one marker detector, and the flow rate prior to detecting the marker by a marker detector; b. determining a second position of a marker from at least one marker detector; and c. calculating the volumetric flow from at least the marker displacement from said first position to the second position, and the geometry of the flight tube. 15. The method of claim 14 where said marker varies in its composition from the surrounding fluid. 16. The method of claim 14 where the marker generator performs electrolysis of the fluid. 17. The method of claim 14 where the marker detector detects the marker by sensing the variation of at least one of the conductivity, capacitance, and pH of the fluid. 18. The method of claim 14 where the sensor further comprises a flow control device configured to stop and turn on the flow, where the marker generator generates a marker in the fluid before the flow is opened.",
-    "Provided are methods, corresponding apparatuses, and computer program products for a fast handover. A method comprises generating, at a source base station serving a user equipment, a first message and a second message including security information for security communication between a target base station and the user equipment after a fast handover. The method also comprises transmitting simultaneously, from the source base station, the first and second messages respectively to the target base station and the user equipment. With the claimed inventions, a fast X2 handover procedure is complemented and becomes more feasible with proposed security handlings, making it possible to decrease the service interruption during X2 handover for users and hence improve the user experiences. 1-28. (canceled) 29. A method, comprising: generating, at a source base station serving a user equipment, a first message and a second message including security information for security communication between a target base station and the user equipment after a fast handover; and transmitting simultaneously, from the source base station, the first and second messages respectively to the target base station and the user equipment. 30. The method as recited in claim 29, further comprising: receiving from the target base station cryptography algorithm information including an identifier of at least one cryptography algorithm; and generating the first and second messages based on the cryptography algorithm information. 31. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the cryptography algorithm information further includes corresponding priorities for each of the at least one cryptography algorithm. 32. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the first message includes at least an identifier of a cryptography algorithm selected from the at least one cryptography algorithm based on security capability of the user equipment, and a derived key. 33. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the derived key (KeNB*) is derived through a key derivation function using, as inputs, a key (KeNB), the predefined physical random access channel information and the cell radio network temporary identity. 34. The method as recited in claim 32, wherein the derived key and the identifier of the cryptography algorithm are used by the target base station and the user equipment to establish security communication after the fast handover. 35. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the second message includes at least physical random access channel information and a cell radio network temporary identity predefined to be used by the user equipment for the fast handover, and the identifier of the selected cryptography algorithm. 36. The method as recited in claim 30, wherein the second message is sent as a radio resource control message. 37. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; at least one memory including computer program code, the memory and the computer program code configured to, working with the processor, cause the apparatus at least to: generate, at the apparatus serving a user equipment, a first message and a second message including security information for security communication between a target base station and the user equipment after a fast handover; and transmit simultaneously, from the apparatus, the first and second messages respectively to the target base station and the user equipment. 38. The apparatus as recited in claim 37, wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, working with the processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive from the target base station cryptography algorithm information including an identifier of at least one cryptography algorithm; and generate the first and second messages based on the cryptography algorithm information. 39. The apparatus as recited in claim 38, wherein the cryptography algorithm information further includes corresponding priorities for each of the at least one cryptography algorithm. 40. The apparatus as recited in claim 38, wherein the first message includes at least an identifier of a cryptography algorithm selected from the at least one cryptography algorithm based on security capability of the user equipment, and a derived key. 41. The apparatus as recited in claim 40, wherein the derived key (KeNB*) is derived through a key derivation function using, as inputs, a key (KeNB), the predefined physical random access channel information and the cell radio network temporary identity. 42. The apparatus as recited in claim 40, wherein the derived key and the identifier of the cryptography algorithm are used by the target base station and the user equipment to establish security communication after the fast handover. 43. The apparatus as recited in claim 38, wherein the second message includes at least physical random access channel information and a cell radio network temporary identity predefined to be used by the user equipment for the fast handover, and the identifier of the selected cryptography algorithm. 44. The apparatus as recited in claim 38, wherein the second message is sent as a radio resource control message. 45. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; at least one memory including computer program code, the memory and the computer program code configured to, working with the processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a source base station serving the apparatus, a message including security information for security communication between a target base station and the apparatus after a fast handover, wherein the security information includes at least an identifier of a cryptography algorithm; derive, at the apparatus, a key for security communication with the target base station based on the identifier of the cryptography algorithm; and use the derived key for the security communication with the target base station after the fast handover. 46. The apparatus as recited in claim 45, wherein the message including the security information is a radio resource control message. 47. The apparatus as recited in claim 45, wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, working with the processor, cause the apparatus at least to receive, from the source base station, physical random access channel information and a cell radio network temporary identity predefined by the target base station to be used by the apparatus for the fast handover. 48. The apparatus as recited in claim 45, wherein the derived key (KeNB) is derived through a key derivation function using, as inputs, a key (KeNB), the physical random access channel information and the cell radio network temporary identity.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for detecting a pedestrian (27) moving in an environmental region of a motor vehicle relatively to the motor vehicle based on a temporal sequence of images (18) of the environmental region, which are provided by means of a camera of the motor vehicle (1), wherein characteristic features are extracted from the images (18) and a plurality of optical flow vectors is determined to the characteristic features of at least two consecutively captured images of the sequence by means of an image processing device of the motor vehicle, which indicate a movement of the respective characteristic features over the sequence, wherein for detecting the pedestrian (27), several confidence metrics are determined based on the characteristic features and the optical flow vectors, and based on the confidence metrics, it is examined if a preset plausibility check criterion required for the detection of the pedestrian (27) is satisfied, wherein the pedestrian (27) is supposed to be detected if the plausibility check criterion with respect to the confidence metrics is satisfied. 1. A method for detecting a pedestrian moving in an environmental region of a motor vehicle relatively to the motor vehicle based on temporal sequence of images of the environmental region, which are provided by a camera of the motor vehicle, the method comprising: extracting characteristic features from the images; determining a plurality of optical flow vectors to the characteristic features of at least two consecutively captured images of the sequence by an image processing device of the motor vehicle, wherein the plurality of optical flow vectors indicate a movement of the respective characteristic features over the sequence; determining several confidence metrics for detecting the pedestrian, based on the characteristic features and the optical flow vectors, and based on the confidence metrics; and examining whether a preset plausibility check criterion required for the detection of the pedestrian is satisfied, wherein the pedestrian is detected when the plausibility check criterion with respect to the confidence metrics is satisfied. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a threshold value is preset for each confidence metric and the preset plausibility check criterion includes that all of the confidence metrics pass the respectively associated threshold value. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of properties of the characteristic features and/or of the optical flow vectors is determined and a confidence metric is respectively defined to each property, the value of which is determined depending on the respective property. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the number of the characteristic features and/or of the optical flow vectors is determined as property. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein a magnitude of the optical flow vectors is determined as a property. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein a direction of the optical flow vectors is determined as a property. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein as a property, the number of characteristic features is determined, the flow vectors of which have the same direction. 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the characteristic features are tracked over the sequence of the images, and as a property of the characteristic features, a period of time is determined, which has elapsed since the first detection of the respective feature. 9. The method according to claim 3, wherein a change of the direction and/or a change of the magnitude of the optical flow vectors over the sequence are determined as a property. 10. The method according to claim 3, wherein the number of the flow vectors is determined as a property, which have a magnitude decreasing over the sequence of the images, and/or the number of the flow vectors is determined as a property, which have a magnitude increasing over the sequence of the images. 11. A camera system for a motor vehicle including a camera for providing a sequence of images ROSA of an environmental region of the motor vehicle and including an image processing device adapted to perform a method according to claim 1. 12. A motor vehicle with a camera system according to claim 11.",
-    "A system is disclosed for simple, non-invasive, sustained delivery of ophthalmic substances to the interior of the eye, for the prevention and treatment of eye diseases and conditions. Liposomes and inverted micelles are disclosed as suitable vehicles, and timed release of the substances is effected. Delivery methods include coating of a lens or injection into the eye. 1. A composition comprising liposomes and an ocular drug or medicament encapsulated therein, wherein timed release is extended compared to a control composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising additives to prevent damage due to oxidation and hydrolysis, and surface modification of the liposomes. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ocular drug or medicament is incorporated into a primary coating of polylactic glycolic acid (PLGA) and a secondary coating of hydrophilic mucoadhesive. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the timed release is extended at least 120 days. 5. Stable liposomal formulations with extended shelf life, the formulations comprising additives to prevent damage to the liposomes due to oxidation and hydrolysis, and with surface modifications prolonging timed release of substances encapsulated in the liposomes. 6. The formulations of claim 5 wherein the additives are selected from the group consisting of cantaxanthin and beta carotene. 7. The formulations of claim 5 wherein the surfaces of liposomes are modified by PEG coating. 8. The formulations of claim 5 prepared by the combination of lipid hydration and extrusion. 9. The formulations of claim 5 wherein the liposomes are prepared by a combination of lipid hydration, extrusion and mannitol freeze drying. 10. A system to deliver substances to the interior of a mammalian eye, the system comprising: (a) encapsulating the substances within vehicles; and (b) delivering the substances within the vehicles to the interior of the mammalian eye, wherein timed release is extended, and stability of the vehicles is improved. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the encapsulating vehicles are selected from the group consisting of liposomes and inverted micelles. 12. The system of claim 10 wherein the substances are liquids or gels. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the liquids or gels comprise drugs, medicaments or other treatments for diseases or conditions of the mammalian eye. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the diseases or conditions are selected from the group consisting of AMD, cataract surgery, dry eye, and infection. 15. The system of claim 10 wherein delivering is by injecting the encapsulated substances into the vitreous. 16. The system of claim 10 further defined as providing a coating to a contact lens or IOL, the coating comprising the encapsulated substances. 17. A method of treating diseases of a mammalian eye, the method comprising: (a) encapsulating substances in vehicles to treat the eye; (b) incorporating the vehicles in a contact lens or tethering them to a surface to form a mixture; and (c) delivering the encapsulated substances to the eye by an implantable device comprising the vehicle. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the diseases are selected from the group consisting of AMD, cataract surgery, dry eye, and infection. 19. The method of claim 17 further defined as delivering sustained release. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 17 wherein the substances are encapsulated in liposomes to provide the controlled release vehicles. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled)",
-    "An IC cartridge is provided, which includes: a cartridge body provided with hollowed-out parts, and an ejection mechanism including a substrate and projected structures which are provided on the substrate and can be slideably extended into the hollowed-out parts for pushing out IC chips; the hollowed-out parts and the projected structures cooperate to form groove structures for accomodating the IC chips. In usage, the IC chip in the groove structure are pushed out by sliding of the projected structures of the ejection mechanism through the hollowed-out parts. Thus, removing and flipping over of the IC chips is facilitated, and the processing safety of the IC chip can be ensured. 1. An integrated chip (IC) cartridge, comprising: a cartridge body provided with hollowed-out parts; and an ejection mechanism, which includes a substrate and projected structures which are provided on the substrate and capable of being extended into the hollowed-out parts; wherein the hollowed-out parts and the projected structures cooperatively form groove structures for containing IC chips; and the projected structures are slideable through the hollowed-out parts of the cartridge body and are configured to push the IC chips out from the hollowed-out parts. 2. The IC cartridge according to claim 1, further comprising at least one buffer spring, wherein two ends of the buffer spring press against the cartridge body and the substrate respectively. 3. The IC cartridge according to claim 2, wherein the cartridge body is provided with at least one mounting hole for mounting the at least one buffer spring. 4. The IC cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises: a supporting base fixedly connected with the cartridge body; and a gap formed between the supporting base and the cartridge body for accommodating the substrate. 5. The IC cartridge according to claim 4, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises a pushing piece, and the pushing piece is provided on a side wall of the supporting base, and is slideably engaged with the supporting base, and reciprocates between a first position and a second position; an arcuate convex structure is provided on the substrate for cooperating with the pushing piece; while the pushing piece is placed at the first position, the pushing piece presses against a bottom of the arcuate convex structure and pushes up the arcuate convex structure and hence pushes up the substrate, such that the projected structures on the substrate raise and push the IC chips contained in the groove structures out from the hollowed-out parts; and while the pushing piece is disposed at the second position, the pushing piece is disengaged from the bottom of the arcuate convex structure which is then not under any thrust force, such that the substrate and the projected structures on the substrate are restored to their initial positions. 6. The IC cartridge according to claim 5, wherein the supporting base further comprises a sliding passage for slidably engaging with the pushing piece, and a longitudinal direction of the sliding passage is parallel to an end surface of the cartridge body. 7. The IC cartridge according to claim 4, wherein the ejection mechanism further comprises a pushing piece which is pivotally connected with the supporting base so as to pivot between a first position and a second position; the substrate is provided with an arcuate convex structure for cooperating with the pushing piece; while the pushing piece is pivoted to the first position, the pushing piece presses against a bottom of the arcuate convex structure and pushes up the arcuate convex structure and hence pushes up the substrate, so that the projected structures on the substrate raise and push the IC chips contained in the groove structures out from the hollowed-out parts; and while the pushing piece is pivoted to the second position, the pushing piece is disengaged from the bottom of the arcuate convex structure which is then not under any thrust force, so that the substrate and the projected structures on the substrate are restored to their initial positions. 8. The IC cartridge according to claim 7, wherein the pushing piece is pivoted within a plane parallel to an end surface of the cartridge body. 9. The IC cartridge according to claim 5, wherein the arcuate convex structure and the substrate are formed in an integral structure. 10. The IC cartridge according to claim 9, wherein the arcuate convex structure is a arcuate plate with four pins; and the substrate further comprises fixing holes matching with the pins respectively.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a polarising lens for spectacles in which the lens is obtained by injection co-moulding the material of the lens on a polarising optical filter structure is described. The optical filter structure which already has its curved shape received during the stage of filter manufacture is subjected to a thermoforming stage before being inserted into the injection mould in order that the optical filter should obtain the desired curvature for the subsequent stage of injection co-moulding the lens onto the optical filter structure. 1. A method of manufacturing a polarized lens for spectacles, wherein the lens is produced by co-injection moulding of the lens on to a polarizing optical filter structure, wherein the optical filter structure, which already has a curved shape imparted to it during the production of the filter, is subjected, before insertion into the injection mould, to a step of thermoforming for the purpose of providing the desired curvature in the optical filter for the subsequent step of co-injection moulding of the lens on to the optical filter structure. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein in the thermoforming step, the optical filter is positioned in a thermoforming mould with the convex surface of the filter bearing on the mould surface which is made with the desired curvature, the application of a vacuum between these surfaces during the thermoforming step enabling the filter to assume the curvature defined by the mould and to retain the curvature when the filter has been cooled and removed from the thermoforming mould. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein after the thermoforming step, provision is made for a step of cleaning the optical filter structure, the cleaning step comprising a step of ultrasonic washing by immersion of the optical filter in an aqueous solution with alkaline soap. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the washing solution is prepared with a pH value of 13.4 and a temperature of about 50\u00b0 C., and provision is made for the optical filter to be kept immersed for about 5 minutes. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the ultrasonic washing step is made to be followed by a first rinsing of the optical filter in water by oscillation of a filter carrying basket in the aqueous solution for about 30 seconds at ambient temperature. 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein provision is made for a second ultrasonic wash by immersion of the optical filter in an aqueous solution with slightly acid soap, preferably with a pH value of 5. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the second washing step is made to be followed by a further step of rinsing in water by immersion of the optical filter for about 30 seconds at ambient temperature. 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein provision is made for a further step of rinsing in demineralized water for about four minutes at a temperature of about 50\u00b0 C. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the washing and rinsing steps are followed by a step of drying the optical filter in a conventional oven at 55\u00b0 C. for a period of about 10 minutes. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the drying step is followed by a step of blowing the optical filter with ionized air. 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the optical filter is made with a layered structure including a true optical layer and at least one protective polyamide layer for protecting the true optical layer. 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the portion of the lens structure co-moulded on to the optical filter is made of polyamide. 13. A polarized lens for spectacles made according to the method of claim 1.",
-    "A panel device includes a protective cover that has an insertion hole for an ON/OFF knob of a molded case circuit breaker and is formed to cover an exposed live part of the molded case circuit breaker and provided with an engaging part at a predetermined portion thereof; a cover support member that openably and closably supports this protective cover; and a cover locking member that engages with the engaging part when the protective cover is closed and restricts turning of the protective cover; wherein any one of the protective cover, the cover support member and the cover locking member is movably provided in conjunction with movement of the ON/OFF knob, and the engaging part and the cover locking member are engaged with each other or released from each other by the movement of the any one of those. 1-9. (canceled) 10. A panel device, comprising: a protective cover that has an insertion hole for an ON/OFF knob of a molded case circuit breaker and is formed to cover an exposed live part of the molded case circuit breaker and provided with an engaging part at a predetermined portion thereof; a cover support member that openably and closably supports this protective cover; and a cover locking member that engages with the engaging part when the protective cover is closed, so as to restrict turning of the protective cover; wherein either one of the protective cover and the cover support member is movably provided in conjunction with movement of the ON/OFF knob, and the engaging part and the cover locking member are engaged with each other or released from each other by the movement of the either one of those. 11. A panel device, comprising: a protective cover that has an insertion hole for an ON/OFF knob of a molded case circuit breaker and is formed to cover an exposed live part of the molded case circuit breaker and provided with an engaging part at a predetermined portion thereof; a cover support member that openably and closably supports this protective cover; and a cover locking member that engages with the engaging part when the protective cover is closed, so as to restrict turning of the protective cover; wherein the cover locking member is movably provided in conjunction with movement of the ON/OFF knob, the engaging part and the cover locking member are engaged with each other or released from each other by the movement of the cover lock member, and the protective cover is opened and closed as turnably supported by the cover support member. 12. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein any one of the protective cover, the cover support member and the cover locking member is movably provided in conjunction with the movement of the ON/OFF knob via the insertion hole for the ON/OFF knob. 13. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein a monitoring window enabling visual inspection of the live part is provided in the protective cover. 14. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein in a state of the ON/OFF knob being turned on when the protective cover is in an open state, the protective cover interferes with the cover locking member or the ON/OFF knob, thereby making the protective cover unable to close. 15. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein the protective cover is slidably supported in parallel to a moving direction of the ON/OFF knob with respect to the cover support member, the length of the insertion hole along the moving direction is made the same as a moving range of the ON/OFF knob, one end portion of the insertion hole interferes with the ON/OFF knob when the ON/OFF knob is at a turned-on position so as to restrict the sliding and also the engagement between the engaging part and the cover locking member is maintained, the protective cover becomes slidable toward a turned-off position of the ON/OFF knob when the ON/OFF knob is at the turned-off position, and the engaging part can be released from the cover locking member at a position of the protective cover being slid. 16. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein the cover support member is slidably provided in conjunction with the ON/OFF knob, in parallel to a moving direction of the ON/OFF knob, and turnably supports the protective cover at a predetermined portion thereof. 17. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein the cover locking member is slidably provided in conjunction with the ON/OFF knob, in parallel to a moving direction of the ON/OFF knob, and a locking part that can engage with the engaging part is formed at a predetermined portion thereof. 18. A panel device according to claim 17, wherein one of the engaging part and the locking part is formed of a tongue-shaped protrusion and the other is formed of a notch or a hole that receives the protrusion. 19. A panel device according to claim 10, wherein the protective cover is slidably supported in parallel to a moving direction of the ON/OFF knob with respect to the cover support member provided near the molded case circuit breaker and also turnably supported at any sliding position; the engaging part is formed of an engaging pin erected on the protective cover at a radially predetermined distance from the turning central axis; the cover locking member is formed of a sheet guide member provided with a guide groove that includes a straight section that is parallel to the sliding direction and has the same length as the sliding distance and an arc section that continuously connects to the straight section, and engages with the engaging pin; and when the ON/OFF knob is turned on, the engaging pin is located in the straight section of the guide groove, thereby restricting movement of the protective cover in an opening direction.",
-    "The disclosure provides a method for bandwidth assignment of an Optical Burst Ring (OBRing), which includes that: a master node acquires current bandwidth resources, and excludes bandwidth resources occupied by over-the-master-node connections from the current bandwidth resources to obtain bandwidth resources to be assigned; and the master node assigns the bandwidth resources to be assigned to each node according to bandwidth requests of each node in the OBRing. The disclosure also provides a device for bandwidth assignment of an OBRing. According to embodiments of the disclosure, the bandwidth resources occupied by the over-the-master-node connections are excluded before bandwidth assignment is started, so that the problem of receiving conflict caused by an over-the-master-node service data connection is solved. 1. A method for bandwidth assignment of an Optical Burst Ring, OBRing, comprising: acquiring, by a master node, current bandwidth resources, and excluding bandwidth resources occupied by over-the-master-node connections from the current bandwidth resources to obtain bandwidth resources to be assigned; and assigning, by the master node, the bandwidth resources to be assigned to each node according to bandwidth requests of each node in the OBRing. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the master node takes one Optical Burst, OB, timeslot as a unit and performs the bandwidth assignment on OB timeslots one by one when the bandwidth resources to be assigned are assigned to each node, and executes an operation of excluding the bandwidth resources occupied by the over-the-master-node connections from the current bandwidth resources before the bandwidth assignment is performed on each OB timeslot. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method further comprises: before the bandwidth assignment is performed, acquiring, by the master node, bandwidth requests in one Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment, DBA, period, classifying, by the master node, each bandwidth request of the bandwidth requests in the DBA period according to service levels to obtain one or more types of bandwidth requests, wherein, each type of bandwidth requests corresponds to one priority, and sequentially performing, by the master node, one or more rounds of bandwidth assignment on each type of bandwidth requests consistent with a preset condition according to priorities of the one or more types of bandwidth requests, wherein each round of bandwidth assignment corresponds to one type of bandwidth requests and bandwidth assignment being performed on OB timeslots one by one by taking one OB timeslot as a unit in each round of bandwidth assignment. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method further comprises: before the bandwidth assignment is performed on each OB timeslot, setting, by the master node, a logic destination node, called a first logic destination node, for the master node and an adjacent upstream node of the master node, setting, by the master node, two logic destination nodes, respectively called the first logic destination node and a second logic destination node, for the other nodes except for the master node and the adjacent upstream node of the master node, wherein the first logic destination node is configured to establish a not-over-the-master-node connection with an upstream node of the first logic destination node, and the second logic destination node is configured to establish an over-the-master-node connection with a downstream node of the second logic destination node, and setting, by the master node, one or more logic source nodes for each node; acquiring, by the master node, the current bandwidth resources, and excluding the bandwidth resources occupied by the over-the-master-node connections from the current bandwidth resources comprises: before bandwidth assignment is performed on each OB timeslot, acquiring, by the master node, a destination node of an over-the-master-node connection in the current OB timeslot, and excluding the first logic destination node corresponding to the destination node of the over-the-master-node connection; and assigning, by the master node, the bandwidth resources to be assigned to each node according to the bandwidth requests of each node in the OBRing comprises: in each OB timeslot, looking for and establishing, by the master node, connections between the rest of logic source nodes and logic destination nodes according to bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot, wherein the bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot are determined based on bandwidth requests according to which this round of bandwidth assignment is performed, bandwidth requests which are not met before this round of bandwidth assignment and bandwidth requests, which have been met in timeslots on which bandwidth assignment has been performed, in this round of bandwidth assignment. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein in each OB timeslot, looking for and establishing, by the master node, the connections between the rest of logic source nodes and logic destination nodes according to the bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot comprises: executing the following iteration process: sending, by the logic source nodes with bandwidth requests existing in this iteration, virtual requests to logic destination nodes, and specifying, by the logic source nodes with bandwidth requests existing in this iteration, priorities of the virtual requests, wherein the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration are the bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot during the first iteration; selecting, by the logic destination nodes, virtual requests with the highest priorities, and sending, by the logic destination nodes, virtual grants to the corresponding logic source nodes, which sends the virtual requests with the highest priorities, wherein priorities of the virtual grants are consistent with the priorities of the virtual requests upon which the virtual grants are responded; selecting, by the logic source nodes, the virtual grants with the highest priorities, and establishing connections with the corresponding logic destination nodes, which sends the virtual grants with the highest priorities; and judging whether a specified number of iteration times has been reached or not, ending the iteration process if the specified number of iteration times has been reached, otherwise subtracting the bandwidth requests corresponding to which the connections have been established from the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration, excluding the logic source nodes and logic destination nodes between which the connections have been established, and restarting the iteration process. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the priorities of the virtual requests are determined according to at least one of the following: magnitudes of the bandwidth requests between the logic source nodes and logic destination nodes corresponding to the virtual requests, caching queue head queuing time of cached data which is sent to the corresponding logic destination nodes by the logic source nodes initiating the virtual requests and a guaranteed bandwidth threshold for the connections between the logic source nodes and logic destination nodes corresponding to the virtual requests. 7. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the method further comprises: removing all the second logic destination nodes before bandwidth assignment is performed on a specified OB timeslot. 8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein setting the one or more logic source nodes for each node comprises: setting one logic source node for each node. 9. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein setting the one or more logic source nodes for each node comprises: setting two logic source nodes for each node, comprising a first logic source node and a second logic source node, wherein the first logic source node is configured to establish connections with the destination nodes in the current DBA period, and the second logic source node is configured to reserve bandwidth resources for not-over-the-master-node connections established with downstream nodes in the next DBA period; when the iteration process is executed, sending, by the logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration, the virtual requests to the logic destination nodes comprises: sending, by first logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration, the virtual requests to the logic destination nodes, and sending, by the second logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests for the not-over-the-master-node connections existing in this iteration, the virtual requests to the second logic destination nodes; and discarding connections established by the second logic source nodes. 10. A device for bandwidth assignment of an Optical Burst Ring, OBRing, comprising: an input component, configured to acquire current bandwidth resources, and exclude bandwidth resources occupied by over-the-master-node connections from the current bandwidth resources to obtain bandwidth resources to be assigned; and a bandwidth assignment component, configured to assign the bandwidth resources to be assigned to each node according to bandwidth requests of each node in the OBRing. 11. The device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the bandwidth assignment component is configured to take one Optical Burst, OB, timeslot as a unit and perform the bandwidth assignment on OB timeslots one by one when the bandwidth resources to be assigned are assigned to each node; and the input component is configured to execute an operation of excluding the bandwidth resources occupied by the over-the-master-node connections from the current bandwidth resources before the bandwidth assignment is performed on each OB timeslot. 12. The device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the input component is further configured to, before bandwidth assignment is performed, acquire the bandwidth requests in one Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment, DBA, period, and classify each bandwidth request of the bandwidth requests in the DBA period according to service levels to obtain one or more types of bandwidth requests, wherein, each type of bandwidth requests corresponds to one priority; and the bandwidth assignment component is further configured to sequentially perform one or more rounds of bandwidth assignment on each type of bandwidth requests consistent with a preset condition according to their priorities of the one or more types of bandwidth requests, wherein each round of bandwidth assignment corresponds to one type of bandwidth requests and bandwidth assignment being performed on OB timeslots one by one by taking one OB timeslot as a unit in each round of bandwidth assignment. 13. The device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the bandwidth assignment component comprises a control element and an iteration element, wherein the control element is configured to, before the bandwidth assignment is performed on each OB timeslot, by a master node, set a logic destination node, called a first logic destination node, for the master node and an adjacent upstream node of the master node, set two logic destination nodes, respectively called the first logic destination node and a second logic destination node, for the other nodes except for the master node and the adjacent upstream node of the master node, wherein the first logic destination node is configured to establish a not-over-the-master-node connection with an upstream node of the first logic destination node and the second logic destination node is configured to establish an over-the-master-node connection with a downstream node of the second logic destination node, and set one or more logic source nodes for each node; the input component is further configured to, before bandwidth assignment is performed on each OB timeslot, acquire a destination node of an over-the-master-node connection in the current OB timeslot, and exclude the first logic destination node corresponding to the destination node of the over-the-master-node connection; and the iteration element is configured to, in each OB timeslot, look for and establish connections between the rest of logic source nodes and logic destination nodes according to bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot, wherein the bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot are determined based on the bandwidth requests according to which this round of bandwidth assignment is performed, bandwidth requests which are not met before this round of bandwidth assignment and bandwidth requests which have been met in timeslots on which bandwidth assignment has been performed in this round of bandwidth assignment. 14. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the iteration unit is configured to perform the operation of looking for and establishing the connections between the rest of logic source nodes and logic destination nodes according to the bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot in each OB timeslot comprises that: the following iteration process is executed: the logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration send virtual requests to logic destination nodes, and specify priorities of the virtual requests, wherein the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration are the bandwidth requests existing in the current timeslot during the first iteration; the logic destination nodes select virtual requests with the highest priorities, and send virtual grants to the corresponding logic source nodes, which sends the virtual requests with the highest priorities, wherein priorities of the virtual grants are consistent with the priorities of the virtual requests upon which the virtual grants are responded; the logic source nodes select the virtual grants with the highest priorities, and establish connections with the corresponding logic destination nodes, which sends the virtual grants with the highest priorities; and whether a specified iteration number of times has been reached or not is judged, the iteration process ends if the specified number of iteration times has been reached, otherwise the bandwidth requests corresponding to which the connections have been established are subtracted from the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration, the logic source nodes and logic destination nodes between which the connections have been established are excluded, and the iteration process is restarted. 15. The device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the iteration unit determines the priorities of the virtual requests according to at least one of the following: magnitudes of the bandwidth requests between the logic source nodes and logic destination nodes corresponding to the virtual requests, caching queue head queuing time of cached data which is sent to the corresponding logic destination nodes by the logic source nodes initiating the virtual requests and a guaranteed bandwidth threshold for the connections between the logic source nodes and logic destination nodes corresponding to the virtual requests. 16. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the input component is further configured to remove all the second logic destination nodes before bandwidth assignment is performed on a specified OB timeslot. 17. The device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the control element is configured to perform the operation of setting the one or more logic source nodes for each node comprises that: one logic source node is set for each node; or, two logic source nodes are set for each node, comprising a first logic source node and a second logic source node, wherein the first logic source node is configured to establish connections with the destination nodes in the current DBA period, and the second logic source node is configured to reserve bandwidth resources for not-over-the-master-node connections established with the downstream nodes in the next DBA period; when the iteration element executes the iteration process, the operation that the logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration send the virtual requests to the logic destination nodes comprises that: the first logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests existing in this iteration send the virtual requests to the logic destination nodes, and the second logic source nodes with the bandwidth requests for the not-over-the-master-node connections existing in this iteration send the virtual requests to the second logic destination nodes; and connections established by the second logic source nodes are discarded.",
-    "This invention relates to a main optical system for an endoscope, in particular, to a main optical system for an endoscope that is focally imaging in the visible and near-infrared lights, which belongs to the technical field of minimally invasive surgery. The used approach is: the objective lens set has a positive off-focus and positive field curvature. The steering set has the negative off-focus and negative field curvature. Moreover, a field lens set is added between the objective lens set and the steering set. The field lens set is located near the focus of the objective lens set. After the field lens is combined with the objective lens set, it will have the positive off-focus and positive field curvature that match to the steering set so that the 850 m defocus amount is less than 0.05 mm and the edge field curvature is less than 0.1 mm in the main endoscope optical system. The system is good in imaging. The invention controls the defocus amount and field curvature in the infrared and visible light bands by offsetting the negative and positive defocus amount and field curvature of the objective lens set, field lens set and steering set; it ensures the imaging quality of the main endoscope optical system and effectively addresses the shortcoming that it is difficult to realize the image difference correction within the broad spectral range for the objective lens set and steering sets independently; it has the advantages, such as more simpler processing, better control precision and lower cost, etc comparing the structure of used steering set and the traditional HOPKINS steering system; and it is especially applicable to the minimally invasive surgery under the infrared fluorescent lights, thus addressing the problems of repeated refocusing in traditional endoscope used for such operation. 1. A main endoscope optical system structure that yields parfocal images in the visible (400 nm-700 nm) and near infrared (700 nm-900 nm), including an objective lens group (1), a steering set (2), a field lens set (3), which is characterized in that the objective lens set (1) is an optical lens set. The wavelength 850 nm has a positive field curvature and a positive defocus and the defocus amount is less than 0.5 mm in the imaging plane of the objective lens set (1). The field lens set (3) is placed between the objective lens set (1) and the steering set (2), and located near the imaging place of the objective lens set(1) to form the telecentric virtual images of the objective lens set (1). In the virtual image location, the wavelength 850 nm has a positive defocus amount less than the objective lens set(1), the edge view field has a curvature less than the objective lens set(1), and the steering set (2) is a focus-free system and composed by 3 or 5 sets of identically-structured rod lens steering system (21) by \u22121 time. The rod lens steering system (21) by \u22121 time consists of 3 glued lenses, including a front rod lens set (211), a middle rod lens set (212), and a rear lens set (213). The middle rod lens set (212) consists of a positive lens (2121), a negative rod lens (2122) and a positive lens (2123) in a gluing way. The positive lens (2121) and the positive lens (2123) are positive biconvex lens. The positive lens (2121) and the positive lenses (2123) are made from the same material in the same structure and size. The negative rod lens (2122) is negative biconcave lens, which are equal in the spherical curvature radius and has the same curvature radius as the glued planes of the positive lens (2121) and the positive lens (2123). The rear rod lens (213) has the same material, structure and size as the front rod lens (211) and arranged symmetrically against the middle rod lens (212). The front rod lens (211), the middle rod lens (212) and the rear rod lens (213) are arranged in coaxial manner. The distance between front rod lens (211) and the middle rod lens (212) is equal to that between the middle rod lens (212) and the rear rod lens (213). The objective distance and image distance of the rod lens steering system (21) by \u22121 time are equal. The steering system (21) composed by 3 or 5 sets of rod lens by \u22121 time is arranged in such a way that the objective plane and image plane are superposed in two adjacent sets of rod lens steering systems (21) by \u22121 time to form the steering set (2). The steering set (2) has the negative defocus amount and negative field curvature. The defocus amount value is larger than 0.1 mm. The main endoscope optical system composed by the objective lens set (1), the field lens set (3) and the steering set (2) has the smallest defocus amount and less edge view field curvature. The def-focus amount is less than 0.05 mm and the field curvature is less than 0.1 mm. The transfer function MTF value of the central view field is larger than 0.3 at 150 alignment/mm and the transfer function MTF value of the edge view field is larger than 0.2 at 150 alignment/mm. 2. According to claim 1, the said main endoscope optical system structure that yields parfocal images in the visible (400 nm-700 nm) and near infrared (700 nm-900 nm), characterized in that the said field lens set (3) is a double-glued crescent lens. 3. According to claim 1, the said main endoscope optical system structure that yields parfocal images in the visible (400 nm-700 nm) and near infrared (700 nm-900 nm), characterized in that the said front rod lens (211) of the rod lens steering system (21) by \u22121 time contains a positive lens (211), a negative lens (2122) and a positive lens (2113). The positive lens (2111) is a positive biconvex lens and the negative rod lens (2112) is a negative biconcave lens. The positive lens (2113) and the positive lens (2111) have the same material, structure and size fully. The negative lens (2112) has the same curvature radius in both spherical surface and has the same curvature radius as the gluing surfaces of the positive lens (2111) and (2113). 4. According to claims 1, 2 and 3, the said main endoscope optical system structure that yields parfocal images in the visible (400 nm-700 nm) and near infrared (700 nm-900 nm), characterized in that a 10 mm main laparoscope optical system with a field angle 75 degrees and the numerical aperture 0.12 in the image side. The objective lens set (1) is structurally illustrated in Drawing 3, including 5 sets of lens. The field lens set (3) is a double-glued crescent lens. The image-transferring set (2) consists of 3 sets of rod lens steering system by \u22121 time (21). The rod lens steering system by \u22121 time (21) is showed schematically in Drawing 4. The front rod lens set (211) contains the positive lens (2111), negative rod lens (2112) and the positive lens (2113). The positive lens (2111) is a biconvex lens. The negative rod lens (2112) is a biconcave lens. The positive lens (2113) has the same material, structure and size as the positive lens (2111). The negative lens (2112) has the same curvature radius in the spherical surface, has the same curvature radius of the glued surface of the positive lens (2111) and (2113). The defocus amount and field curvature curve are illustrated in Drawing 5. The defocus amount and field curvature curve are illustrated in Drawing for the objective lens set (1) and the field lens set (2). The defocus amount and field curvature curve are illustrated in Drawing 7 for the steering set (3). The defocus amount and field curvature curve are illustrated in Drawing 8 for the main endoscope optical system. The transfer function of the main endoscope optical system is illustrated in Drawing 9.",
-    "A self-contained magazine intended for a firearm, including a main housing configured to receive a plurality of cartridges and having an open upper end through which the cartridges are loaded and unloaded, a follower arranged relative to the main housing and able to slide in a longitudinal axial direction along the main housing, a spring urging the follower toward the upper end so as to push the cartridges toward the upper end, a secondary housing fixed and preferably removably relative to a substantially planar lower end of the main housing, and an indicator device arranged at least partially inside the secondary housing to indicate the number of cartridges contained in the main housing. 1. A self-contained magazine intended for a firearm, comprising: a main housing intended to receive a plurality of cartridges, said main housing comprising an open upper end through which the cartridges are loaded and unloaded, a follower arranged in said main housing, said follower being able to slide in a longitudinal axial direction of said main housing, a spring urging the follower toward said upper end so as to push the cartridges toward said upper end, a secondary housing fixed, preferably removably, to a substantially planar lower end of said main housing, an indicator device arranged at least partially inside said secondary housing and attended to indicate the number of cartridges contained in the main housing, wherein the indicator device comprises: a rotary drum, referred to as winding drum, arranged inside the secondary housing and of which the axis of rotation is substantially perpendicular to the plane defined by the lower end of the main housing, a flexible connecting means intended to connect the follower to said winding drum, said winding drum being configured to allow said flexible connecting means to be wound and respectively, unwound, mound at least part of the peripheral perimeter thereof as said follower nears or, respectively, moves away from, said lower end, a tensioning means intended to tension the flexible connecting means, notably as it is being wound around the winding drum, at least one deflection means intended to alter the direction defined by the flexible connecting means in such a way that said direction is substantially parallel to the axial direction of the main housing in a portion extending between the follower and said deflection means and that said direction is substantially parallel to the plane defined by the lower end of the main housing in a portion extending between said deflection means and the winding drum, a display means intended to display the number of cartridges contained in the main housing according to the angular position of the winding drum. 2. The magazine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said flexible connecting means is filiform, and preferably consists of a wire or of a cable. 3. The magazine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said tensioning means comprises a spring, preferably a spiral-wound spring, connected at a first end to the secondary housing and at a second end to the winding drum. 4. The magazine as claimed in claim 2, wherein said spring is a spiral-wound spring which is arranged fully inside an internal housing of the winding drum. 5. The magazine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said tensioning means comprises a spring, preferably a spiral-wound spring, connected at a first end to the secondary housing and at a second end to an additional rotary drum, referred to as a reduction drum, rotationally driven at the same time as said winding drum, the axis of rotation of said reduction drum being parallel to the axis of rotation of said winding drum. 6. The magazine as claimed in claim 5, wherein said spring is a spiral-wound spring which is located fully inside an internal housing of the reduction drum. 7. The magazine as claimed in claim 5, wherein said winding drum and said redaction drum are both rotationally driven by a torque transmission means. 8. The magazine as claimed in claim 7, wherein said torque transmission means is chosen from a belt, a cable, a wire or a gearing. 9. The magazine as claimed in claim 5, wherein the mid-plane of the winding drum is substantially aligned with the mid-plane of the reduction drum so as to optimize. the space available inside the secondary housing. 10. The magazine as claimed in claim 3, wherein the display means consists of a marking affixed to the winding drum and visible through an opening made in the secondary housing. 11. The magazine as claimed in claim 3, wherein the display means consists of a marking affixed to a belt driven by the winding drum and visible through an opening made in the secondary housing. 12. The magazine as claimed in claim 5, wherein the display means consists of a marking affixed to the reduction drum and visible through an opening made to the secondary housing. 13. The magazine as claimed in claim 8, wherein the display means consists of a marking affixed to a belt driving both said winding drum and said reduction drum and visible through an opening made in the secondary housing. 14. The magazine as claimed in claim 10, wherein said marking consists of a series of consecutive figures. uniformly spaced on an external perimeter of said winding drum, of said reduction drum or of said belt, the figures corresponding to the number of cartridges contained in the main housing. 15. The magazine as claimed in claim 10, wherein said marking consists of a gauge present on an external perimeter of said winding drum, of said reduction drum or of said belt, the length of said gauge visible through said opening being proportional to the number of cartridges contained in the main housing. 16. The magazine as claimed in claim 15, wherein the height of the secondary housing, measured in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the winding drum, is less than 2 cm and preferably less than 1 cm. 17. A combination of a firearm intended to fire cartridges from same, said firearm comprising a magazine housing, and of a self-contained magazine as claimed in claim 1, designed to be accommodated in said magazine housing for the purposes of feeding the firearm with cartridges. 18. The combination as claimed in claim 17, wherein an opening is made in the secondary housing of the magazine so as to allow the number of cartridges contained in said magazine to be displayed, said opening being positioned in such a way that it Ewes toward the user when he is holding the firearm in its normal operating position.",
-    "Polymorphs of a bis-mesylate salt of a compound of Formula (I): or a hydrate thereof, are provided. The bis-mesylate salt may also be depicted as a compound of Formula (IA): Provided herein are also compositions thereof, methods for their preparation and methods for such polymorphs. 1. A bis-mesylate salt of a compound of Formula I: or a hydrate thereof. 2. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt, or a hydrate thereof, is: a compound of Formula IB: or a compound of Formula IC: or a compound of Formula ID: wherein y is at least 0.5. 3. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt, or a hydrate thereof, is crystalline. 4. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 13.8, 16.9, 22.9, and 26.1. 5. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 4, wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 7.7, 12.9, 17.7, and 18.1. 6. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 7.7, 12.9, 17.7, and 18.1. 7. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 6, wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 13.8, 16.9, 22.9, and 26.1. 8. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 4.9, 9.8, and 26.7. 9. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 8, wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 15.0 and 18.0. 10. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 15.0 and 18.0. 11. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 10, wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 4.9, 9.8, and 26.7. 12. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 1A or 1B. 13. The bis-mesylate salt of claim 1, wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 2A or 2B. 14. A polymorph of a bis-mesylate salt of a compound of Formula I: or a hydrate thereof, wherein the polymorph is bioequivalent to the bis-mesylate salt of claim 2, or a hydrate thereof. 15. A method of producing polymorph Form 3 of monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt of compound of Formula I: comprising: adding an amount of polymorph Form 3 seeds and a solvent to polymorph Form 7 of a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt of a compound of Formula I to form a mixture; and producing polymorph Form 3 in the mixture, wherein the polymorph Form 3 has an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, selected from the group consisting of A: 13.8, 16.9, 22.9, and 26.1; B: 7.7, 12.9, 17.7 and 18.1; and C: 7.7, 12.9, 13.8, 16.9, 17.7, 18.1, 22.9, and 26.1; and wherein the polymorph Form 7 has an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, selected from the group consist of A: 4.9, 9.8, and 26.7; B: 15.0 and 18.0; and C: 4.9, 9.8, 15.0, 18.0, and 26.7. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising isolating the polymorph Form 3. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the solvent comprises acetone. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the solvent further comprises water. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the ratio of water to acetone is about 1:15 to about 1:40. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the ratio of water to acetone is about 1:18 to about 1:22. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising: agitating the mixture; heating the agitated mixture; and cooling the heated mixture. 22. A method of producing polymorph Form 3 of a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt of a compound of Formula I: comprising: a) adding a solvent to a compound of Formula I to form a mixture; b) adding an amount of methanesulfonic acid to the mixture of step (a); c) heating the mixture of step (b); d) adding an amount of polymorph Form 3 seeds to the mixture of step (c); and e) cooling the mixture of step (d) to produce polymorph Form 3; wherein an X-ray diffraction pattern of the polymorph Form 3 comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, selected from the group consisting of A: 13.8, 16.9, 22.9, and 26.1; B: 7.7, 12.9, 17.1, and 18.1; and C: 7.7, 12.9, 13.8, 16.9, 17.7, 18.1, 22.9, and 26.1. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising isolating the polymorph Form 3. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the amount of methanesulfonic acid added is between 2.0 and 2.4 molar equivalents with respect to 1 molar equivalent of the compound of Formula I. 25. Polymorph Form 3 of a monohydrate bis-mesylate salt of a compound of Formula I prepared by the method of claim 15. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a bis-mesylate salt of a compound of formula I, or a hydrate thereof; and a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient, adjuvant, or vehicle. 27. (canceled) 28. A method of treating a condition in a human in need thereof, comprising administering to the human therapeutically effective amount of a bis-mesylate salt of a compound of formula I, or a hydrate thereof, according to claim 1; wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer and autoimmune disease. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disease, chronic myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia, T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the condition is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is non-follicular lymphoma indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus. 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt, or a hydrate thereof, is: a compound of Formula IB: or a compound of Formula IC: or a compound of Formula ID: wherein y is at least 0.5. 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 13.8, 16.9, 22.9, and 26.1. 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 36 wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 7.7, 12.9, 17.7, and 18.1. 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 7.7, 12.9, 17.7, and 18.1. 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38 wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 13.8, 16.9, 22.9, and 26.1. 40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 4.9, 9.8, and 26.7. 41. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40 wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 15.0 and 18.0. 42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus 0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 15.0 and 18.0. 43. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 42 wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern further comprises 2\u03b8-reflections, plus or minus-0.2 degrees 2\u03b8, at 4.9, 9.8, and 26.7. 44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a monohydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 1A or 1B. 45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the bis-mesylate salt is a hydrate, bis-mesylate salt polymorph characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 2A or 2B.",
-    "The present invention relates to a curved display device and a housing thereof. A housing according to one aspect of the present invention includes a case top for covering a front surface of a curved display device; a cover bottom coupled to the case top and including a bottom surface section for covering a rear surface of the curved display device and a sidewall section having a linear sidewall extending from a linear edge of the bottom surface section and a curved sidewall extending from a curved edge of the bottom surface section; and a plurality of guide holders fitted with the curved sidewall of the cover bottom in a predetermined interval to fix a light guide plate arranged on the bottom surface section in a curved shape. 1. A housing comprising: a case top for covering a front surface of a curved display device; a cover bottom coupled to the case top and including a bottom surface section for covering a rear surface of the curved display device and a sidewall section having a linear sidewall extending from a linear edge of the bottom surface section and a curved sidewall extending from a curved edge of the bottom surface section; and a plurality of guide holders fitted with the curved sidewall of the cover bottom in a predetermined interval to fix a light guide plate arranged on the bottom surface section in a curved shape. 2. The housing of claim 1, wherein the guide holder includes a body part having a \u201cU\u201d shape formed with an insertion groove into which the curved sidewall is inserted and a fixing part vertically extending from an inside of the body part and having a flat bottom surface making contact with the light guide plate to fix the light guide plate, and the fixing part has a length equal to or less than a predetermined size such that a gap between the flat bottom surface and the curved light guide plate has a size less than a threshold value. 3. The housing of claim 2, wherein the body part includes an outer sidewall arranged at an outer portion of the curved sidewall, an inner sidewall arranged at an inner portion of the curved sidewall, and a flat upper wall arranged at an upper end of the curved sidewall to connect the outer sidewall to the inner sidewall, and the body part has a length equal to or less than a predetermined size such that a gap between the flat upper wall and an upper end of the sidewall has a size less than a threshold value. 4. The housing of claim 2, further comprising a panel guide in a form of a picture frame for guiding the curved display panel, wherein a top surface of the fixing part of the guide holder makes contact with a bottom surface of the panel guide to support the panel guide. 5. The housing of claim 1, wherein the curved display device has a radius of curvature in a range of 3000 mm to 7000 mm. 6. The housing of claim 1, wherein five to ten guide holders are arranged at a pair of curved sidewalls, respectively. 7. The housing of claim 1, further comprising a light source array, wherein the light source array has a \u201cU\u201d shape formed with a fixing groove and is arranged on the cover bottom such that the linear sidewall is inserted into the fixing groove. 8. The housing of claim 7, wherein the light source array includes an outer sidewall arranged at an outer portion of the linear sidewall, an inner sidewall arranged at an inner portion of the linear sidewall, and an upper wall arranged at an upper end of the linear sidewall to connect the outer sidewall to the inner sidewall, and the light source array is fixed to the cover bottom by a fastening member screw-coupled into through holes formed in the linear sidewall, the inner sidewall and the outer sidewall. 9. A curved display device including the housing claimed in claim 1.",
-    "Provided are a CAPTCHA processing method and device, a terminal and a server. The method includes that: a CAPTCHA is received, wherein the CAPTCHA indicates a physical operation generated according to configuration information of a terminal; the physical operation corresponding to the CAPTCHA is executed; and an execution result of the physical operation is sent to a server. By the disclosure, the problem that CAPTCHAs are either less in verification function or complex in format and easy to crack by the program, and are poor in user experience and low in security in the related technology is solved, and effects of prevention of cracking with the program, high security and great improvement in user experiences are further achieved. 1. A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) processing method, comprising: receiving a CAPTCHA, wherein the CAPTCHA indicates a physical operation generated according to configuration information of a terminal; executing the physical operation corresponding to the CAPTCHA; and sending an execution result of the physical operation to a server. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of: whether the terminal has a light sensor or not, whether the terminal has an acceleration sensor or not, whether the terminal has a magnetic sensor or not, whether the terminal has a direction sensor or not, whether the terminal has a gyroscope sensor or not, whether the terminal has a proximity sensor or not, whether the terminal supports a touch screen or not, whether the touch screen of the terminal is a capacitive touch screen or not, the number of touch points of the capacitive touch screen of the terminal and an application program supported by the terminal. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical operation comprises at least one of: changing intensity of light received by the terminal, changing a movement speed of the terminal, rotating a direction of the terminal, changing a magnitude of a magnetic field around the terminal, changing stability of the terminal, changing a distance away from the terminal, changing the number of points at which the touch screen of the terminal is simultaneously touched and starting a preset application program according to a preset condition. 4. A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) processing method, comprising: acquiring configuration information of a terminal; generating a CAPTCHA according to the configuration information, wherein the CAPTCHA indicates one or more physical operations; and performing verification processing according to the physical operation of the CAPTCHA. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein generating the CAPTCHA according to the configuration information comprises: determining, according to the configuration information, hardware configured to generate the CAPTCHA; and generating the physical operation corresponding to the CAPTCHA according to the determined hardware and a preset algorithm. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of: whether the terminal has a light sensor or not, whether the terminal has an acceleration sensor or not, whether the terminal has a magnetic sensor or not, whether the terminal has a direction sensor or not, whether the terminal has a gyroscope sensor or not, whether the terminal has a proximity sensor or not, whether the terminal supports a touch screen or not, whether the touch screen of the terminal is a capacitive touch screen or not, the number of touch points of the capacitive touch screen of the terminal and an application program supported by the terminal. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the physical operation comprises at least one of: changing intensity of light received by the terminal, changing a movement speed of the terminal, rotating a direction of the terminal, changing a magnitude of a magnetic field around the terminal, changing stability of the terminal, changing a distance away from the terminal, changing the number of points at which the touch screen of the terminal is simultaneously touched and starting a preset application program according to a preset condition. 8. A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) processing device, comprising: a receiving component, configured to receive a CAPTCHA, wherein the CAPTCHA indicates a physical operation generated according to configuration information of a terminal; an execution component, configured to execute the physical operation corresponding to the CAPTCHA; and a sending component, configured to send an execution result of the physical operation to a server. 9. (canceled) 10. A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) processing device, comprising: an acquisition component configured to acquire configuration information of a terminal; a generation component configured to generate a CAPTCHA according to the configuration information, wherein the CAPTCHA indicates one or more physical operations; and a processing component configured to perform verification processing according to the physical operation of the CAPTCHA. 11. The device according to claim 10, wherein the generation component comprises: a determination element configured to determine, according to the configuration information, hardware configured to generate the CAPTCHA; and a generation element configured to generate the physical operation corresponding to the CAPTCHA according to the determined hardware and a preset algorithm. 12. (canceled) 13. The method according to claim 5, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of: whether the terminal has a light sensor or not, whether the terminal has an acceleration sensor or not, whether the terminal has a magnetic sensor or not, whether the terminal has a direction sensor or not, whether the terminal has a gyroscope sensor or not, whether the terminal has a proximity sensor or not, whether the terminal supports a touch screen or not, whether the touch screen of the terminal is a capacitive touch screen or not, the number of touch points of the capacitive touch screen of the terminal and an application program supported by the terminal. 14. The method according to claim 5, wherein the physical operation comprises at least one of: changing intensity of light received by the terminal, changing a movement speed of the terminal, rotating a direction of the terminal, changing a magnitude of a magnetic field around the terminal, changing stability of the terminal, changing a distance away from the terminal, changing the number of points at which the touch screen of the terminal is simultaneously touched and starting a preset application program according to a preset condition.",
-    "There are provided to a biodegradable composition containing ground cellulose having a diameter of 300 \u03bcm to 1 nm, pulp, and water, a manufacturing method for the same, and a water-proof agent and a molded product using the composition. A molded product manufactured using the biodegradable composition of the present invention has a waterproofing function and an excellent strength for a certain period of time, and when the molded product is discarded, it is biodegraded without damage to the natural environment. 1. A biodegradable composition comprising: cellulose having a diameter of 300 \u03bcm to 1 nm; pulp; and water, wherein a content ratio of the cellulose to the pulp is a weight ratio of the cellulose to the pulp in a range of 1:99 to 99:1, and a content of the water is 50 to 99 weight % with respect to the total weight of the composition. 2. The biodegradable composition of claim 1, wherein among the cellulose having a diameter of 300 \u03bcm to 1 nm, one or more of the cellulose different in diameter are mixed. 3. The biodegradable composition of claim 1, wherein other water-soluble fibroid materials or plant fibers selected from pectin, alginic acid, guar gum, and agar are added to the cellulose. 4. The biodegradable composition of claim 1, wherein the cellulose and the pulp are is bleached or dyed. 5. A manufacturing method for a biodegradable composition according to claim 1, comprising the following steps: first step of preparing comminuted cellulose; second step of preparing pulp; third step of preparing water; and fourth step of manufacturing the composition by mixing the cellulose, the pulp, and the water prepared in the first to third steps, respectively. 6. The manufacturing method for a biodegradable composition of claim 5, wherein in the first step, the comminuted cellulose is prepared by grinding (isolating) cellulose to have a diameter of 300 \u03bcm to 1 nm. 7. The manufacturing method for a biodegradable composition of claim 5, wherein in the first step, among the cellulose having a diameter of 300 \u03bcm to 1 nm, one or more of the cellulose different in diameter are mixed. 8. The manufacturing method for a biodegradable composition of claim 5, wherein in the first step and the second step, each of the cellulose and the pulp is bleached or stained. 9. The manufacturing method for a biodegradable composition of claim 5, wherein in the first step, other water-soluble fibroid materials or plant fibers selected from pectin, alginic acid, guar gum, and agar are added to the cellulose. 10. A water-proof agent comprising a biodegradable composition according to claim 1. 11. A molded product manufactured using a biodegradable composition according to claim 1. 12. The molded product of claim 11, wherein the molded product includes a paper, a disposable product, or an alternative to plastic.",
-    "Methods, apparatuses and products for associating external devices to vehicles and usage of said association. One method obtains information from one or more mobile devices that are connected to the external device. The information is used to determine that the external device is associated with a vehicle, whereby another mobile device is enabled to determine that it is being located on the vehicle based on the mobile device being connected to the external device. Another method obtains an indication that a mobile device is connected to an external device. A database is accessed to retrieve an associated of the external device with a vehicle, whereby it is deduced that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle. In response to the deduction, a predetermined action may be performed. 1. A method comprising: obtaining information from a plurality of mobile devices, wherein the information is gathered by sensors of the plurality of mobile devices, while the plurality of the mobile devices are connected to an external device; and determining, based on the information, that the external device is associated with a vehicle, wherein said determining is performed by a processor; whereby enabling a mobile device to determine that the mobile device is located on the vehicle, based on the mobile device being connected to the external device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is a public vehicle. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprises: storing the association between the external device and the public vehicle in a database, wherein the database is accessible to the mobile device; and wherein the mobile device is configured to access the database to determine that the mobile device is located on the public vehicle, based on the mobile device being connected to the external device. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the information comprises a first physical datum gathered by a first mobile device while the first mobile device is connected to the external device and a second physical datum gathered by a second mobile device while the second mobile device is connected to the external device; wherein said determining comprises identifying a correlation over time between the first physical datum and the second physical datum. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein, for each point in time, the first and second physical datum comprise at least one of: a location of a mobile device at a point in time; a speed of a mobile device at a point in time; a direction of a mobile device at a point in time; an acceleration of a mobile device at a point in time; an altitude of a mobile device at a point in time; a light measurement measured by a mobile device at a point in time; and a sound measurement measured by a mobile device at a point in time. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the information comprises a positional data of one mobile device of the plurality of mobile devices in various points in time; wherein said determining comprises identifying a correlation over time between the positional data of the one mobile device and a path of the public vehicle, wherein the path is obtained from a database. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the information comprises a speed of one mobile device of the plurality of mobile devices in at least one point in time; wherein said determining comprises determining that the speed of the one mobile device is greater than a predefined speed threshold; wherein the predefined speed threshold is associated with a speed of the public vehicle. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the information comprises positional data of one mobile device of the plurality of mobile devices in various points in time; wherein said determining comprises determining a movement patternon the positional data in the various points in time; wherein the movement pattern is associated with the mobile device being located in or on the public vehicle. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the information is indicative of a position and speed of one mobile device of the plurality of mobile devices in various points in time; wherein said method further comprises: obtaining traffic information pertaining to the position of the one mobile device in the various points in time; wherein said determining comprises identifying a contradiction between the traffic information and the speed of the one mobile device. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the information comprises user interaction information indicating interactions by a user of one mobile device with the one mobile device; wherein said determining comprises identifying that the user interaction information is indicative of the user being on or in the vehicle. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said identifying that the user interaction is indicative of the user being on or in the vehicle comprises utilizing a classifier, wherein the classifier is trained by training data. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the information comprises mobility information of the plurality of mobile devices at various points in time, wherein said determining comprises: calculating a total driving time of the external device, wherein said calculating is based on the mobility information ; calculating a total connection time between the plurality of mobile devices and the external device; comparing a ratio between the total driving time and the total connection time with a predefined threshold. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein the mobility information is computed based on information gathered by accelerometers of the plurality of mobile device. 14. A method comprising: obtaining an indication that a mobile device is connected to an external device; accessing a database to retrieve an association of the external device with a vehicle, wherein the database retains associations between external devices and vehicles, whereby deducing that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle based on the indication; and in response to deducing that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle, performing a predetermined action, wherein said performing the predetermined action is performed by a processor. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the mobile device executing an application having a first User Interface (UI), wherein said performing the predetermined action comprises: changing the first UI to second UI, wherein the second UI is associated with the vehicle. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the vehicle is a public vehicle, wherein said performing the predetermined action comprises: logging a user of the mobile device on to a social network, wherein the social network is associated with the public vehicle. 17. The method of claim 14 further comprises: determining, based on the vehicle, an estimated destination of a user of the mobile device; and wherein the predetermined action is associated with the estimated destination. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said performing the predetermined action comprises: serving one or more content items to the mobile device, wherein the one or more content items are associated with the estimated destination. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more content items comprise a content item indicating an estimated arrival time of the vehicle to the estimated destination. 20. The method of claim 17 further comprises: estimating, based on information gathered by the mobile device, that a user of the mobile device is sleeping; wherein said performing the predetermined action comprises: determining that the vehicle is nearby the estimated destination; and in response to said determining that the vehicle is nearby the estimated destination, issuing a notification. 21. The method of claim 14 further comprises: obtaining information gathered from a plurality of mobile devices, wherein the plurality of mobile devices comprise the mobile device; wherein said performing the predetermined action comprises filtering the information based on deduced association of the plurality of mobile devices with one or more vehicles thereby providing filtered information; and analyzing, by a processor, the filtered information gathered from the plurality of mobile devices. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtered information is information gathered from mobile devices not associated with public vehicles, wherein said analyzing comprises analyzing the filtered information to calculate parking occupancy. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtered information is information gathered from mobile devices not associated with public vehicles, wherein said analyzing comprises analyzing the filtered information to calculate traffic information. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the filtered information is information gathered from mobile devices associated with a public vehicle, wherein said analyzing comprises analyzing the filtered information to determine locations of the public vehicle without a use of a positioning device constantly affixed to the public vehicle. 25. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining information from a plurality of mobile devices, wherein the information is gathered by sensors of the plurality of mobile devices, while the plurality of the mobile devices are connected to an external device; and determining, based on the information, that the external device is associated with a vehicle; whereby enabling a mobile device to determine that the mobile device is located on the vehicle, based on the mobile device being connected to the external device. 26. A computerized apparatus having a processor, the processor being adapted to perform the steps of: obtaining an indication that a mobile device is connected to an external device; accessing a database to retrieve an association of the external device with a vehicle, wherein the database retains associations between external devices and vehicles, whereby deducing that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle based on the indication; and in response to deducing that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle, performing a predetermined action. 27. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining information from a plurality of mobile devices, wherein the information is gathered by sensors of the plurality of mobile devices, while the plurality of the mobile devices are connected to an external device; and determining, based on the information, that the external device is associated with a vehicle; whereby enabling a mobile device to determine that the mobile device is located on the vehicle, based on the mobile device being connected to the external device. 28. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium retaining program instructions, which program instructions when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method comprising: obtaining an indication that a mobile device is connected to an external device; accessing a database to retrieve an association of the external device with a vehicle, wherein the database retains associations between external devices and vehicles, whereby deducing that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle based on the indication; and in response to deducing that the mobile device is located in or on the vehicle, performing a predetermined action.",
-    "A method and a device for the remote control of a function of a vehicle is disclosed. A wireless communication connection is established between a portable operating device and the vehicle. A gesture executed by a user is detected by the portable operating device and transmitted, for controlling the function, to the vehicle by the communication connection. The function is executed if the detected gesture corresponds to a predefined gesture allocated to the function. The predefined gesture corresponds to a continuous movement and the function is executed only as long as the gesture executed by the user is detected. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method for remote control of a driving safety relevant function of a vehicle, comprising the steps of: establishing a wireless communication connection between a portable operating device and the vehicle; detecting a gesture executed by a user by the portable operating device and transmitting the gesture, for controlling the function, to the vehicle by the wireless communication connection; and executing the function if the detected gesture corresponds to a predefined gesture allocated to the function; wherein the predefined gesture corresponds to a continuous movement; and wherein the function is executed only as long as the gesture executed by the user is detected. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the continuous movement corresponds to a circular movement of a finger or a swiping back and forth of the finger without stopping the finger. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the function is a function for controlling the vehicle during entering and exiting a parking space. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein: the detected gesture is allocated to a gesture movement by the portable operating device and by the vehicle independently of each other; the gesture movement allocated by the portable operating device in the vehicle and the gesture movement allocated by the vehicle are compared to each other; and in a case where the gesture movement allocated by the portable operating device in the vehicle and the gesture movement allocated by the vehicle correspond, the function of the vehicle is executed which is allocated to the gesture. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the wireless communication connection is a Bluetooth connection or a wireless local area network (WLAN) connection. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein during the transmitting a touch course traced on a touch-sensitive display and operating surface or a speed of the touch course or a directional change of the touch course or a gesture movement allocated by the portable operating device is transferred from the portable operating device to the vehicle. 17. A device for remote control of a driving safety relevant function, comprising: a portable operating device, wherein the portable operating device is operable by a touch-sensitive display and operating surface and includes a gesture detection; a vehicle, wherein the vehicle includes: a memory unit for storing a predefined gesture that corresponds to a continuous movement and that is allocated to the driving safety relevant function; a control unit configured to execute the driving safety relevant function, if and as long as the gesture detection detects a gesture that corresponds to the predefined gesture; and a communication device for establishing a wireless communication connection between the portable operating device and the vehicle. 18. The device according to claim 17, wherein: the portable operating device includes a graphical guide to enter the gesture; and the driving safety relevant function is executable if an executed gesture is entered in the graphical guide. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the graphical guide reproduces a symbolized shift gate. 20. The device according to claim 17, wherein the device includes a moveable image element and wherein the moveable image element symbolizes a gear lever of a gearbox of the vehicle.",
-    "A conductive structure and a manufacturing method thereof, an array substrate and a display device. The conductive structure includes a plurality of first metal layers made of aluminum, and between every two first metal layers that are adjacent, there is also provided a second metal layer, which is made of a metal other than aluminum. With the conductive structure, the hillock phenomenon that happens to the conductive structure when it is heated can be decreased without reducing the overall thickness of the conductive structure. 1. A conductive structure, comprising at least two first metal layers made of aluminum, and between every two first metal layers that are adjacent, there is also provided a second metal layer, which is made of a metal other than aluminum. 2. The conductive structure according to claim 1, wherein, densities of two adjacent first metal layers differ. 3. The conductive structure according to claim 1, wherein, each of the second metal layers has a thickness in a range of 1 nm to 8 nm. 4. The conductive structure according to claim 1, wherein, each of the first metal layers has a thickness in a range of 200 angstroms to 2800 angstroms. 5. The conductive structure according to claim 1, wherein, a number of the first metal layers included in the conductive structure is 2 to 4. 6. The conductive structure according to claim 1, further comprising a third metal layer made of Ti or Mo and a fourth metal layer made of Ti or Mo, and each of the first metal layers and each of the second metal layers are each located between the third metal layer and the fourth metal layer. 7. The conductive structure according to claim 1, wherein, a material of the second metal layer is any one or more selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, MoTa, MoNb and Ti. 8. An array substrate, comprising a gate line, a data line, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a gate electrode, at least one of the gate line, the data line, the source electrode, the drain electrode and the gate electrode being the conductive structure according to claim 1. 9. A display device, comprising the array substrate according to claim 8. 10. A manufacturing method of a conductive structure, comprising fabricating a plurality of first metal layers on a substrate by using aluminum, and fabricating a second metal layer between every two adjacent first metal layers by using a metal than other aluminum. 11. The manufacturing method of the conductive structure according to claim 10, further comprising fabricating a third metal layer on the substrate by using Ti or Mo before fabricating of the plurality of first metal layers on the substrate by using aluminum, and fabricating of the second metal layer between every two adjacent first metal layers by using the metal other than aluminum; fabricating a fourth metal layer by using Ti or Mo after fabricating of the plurality of first metal layers on the substrate by using aluminum, and fabricating of the second metal layer between every two adjacent first metal layers by using the metal other than aluminum. 12. The conductive structure according to claim 2, wherein, each of the second metal layers has a thickness in a range of 1 nm to 8 nm. 13. The conductive structure according to claim 2, wherein, each of the first metal layers has a thickness in a range of 200 angstroms to 2800 angstroms. 14. The conductive structure according to claim 2, wherein, a number of the first metal layers included in the conductive structure is 2 to 4. 15. The conductive structure according to claim 2, further comprising a third metal layer made of Ti or Mo and a fourth metal layer made of Ti or Mo, and each of the first metal layers and each of the second metal layers are each located between the third metal layer and the fourth metal layer. 16. The array substrate according to claim 8, wherein, densities of two adjacent first metal layers differ. 17. The array substrate according to claim 8, wherein, each of the second metal layers has a thickness in a range of 1 nm to 8 nm. 18. The array substrate according to claim 8, wherein, each of the first metal layers has a thickness in a range of 200 angstroms to 2800 angstroms. 19. The array substrate according to claim 8, wherein, a number of the first metal layers included in the conductive structure is 2 to 4. 20. The array substrate according to claim 8, further comprising a third metal layer made of Ti or Mo and a fourth metal layer made of Ti or Mo, and each of the first metal layers and each of the second metal layers are each located between the third metal layer and the fourth metal layer.",
-    "The invention provides methods for treating with cancer vaccines patients whose cancers undergo clonal evolution. The invention makes use of a series of cancer vaccines to stimulate a patient's immune system to mount both a humoral and cellular immune response against cancer cells as cancer-specific antigens on the cancer cells change by clonal evolution. Vaccines used in the invention are derived from antigens unique to the cancer. In one aspect of the invention, such unique antigens are determined by generating sequence-based profiles of cancer related nucleic acids. In some embodiments, cancer antigens may be identified in sequence-based profiles of exon sequences from a sample suspected of containing cancer cells; in other embodiments in which lymphoid or myeloid cancers are being treated, cancer antigens may be identified in sequence-based clonotype profiles. 1. A method of controlling a myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder of a patient, the method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining from the patient a sample comprising T-cells and/or B-cells; (b) generating a clonotype profile from one or more recombined nucleic acid sequences from T-cell receptor genes and/or immunoglobulin genes; (c) determining from the clonotype profile a presence, absence and/or level of one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder and phylogenic clonotypes thereof; (d) formulating a peptide vaccine composition whenever the levels of any of the one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder or phylogenic clonotypes thereof exceed a predetermined value, wherein the peptide vaccine composition comprises peptides encoded by nucleic acid sequences of the one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder or phylogenic clonotypes thereof which exceed such predetermined value; and (e) administering an effective amount of the peptide vaccine composition to the patient to control the myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder. 2. The method of claim 1 further including the step of repeating said steps (a) through (e) after a predetermined monitoring interval. 3. The method of claim 2 whereins said predetermined monitoring interval is in the range of from 1 to 12 months. 4. The method of claim 1 further including a step of determining an immune response of said patient to said peptide vaccine composition and optionally repeating said steps (a) through (e) if the immune response of said patient is below a predetermined level. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said immune response is a level of T cell activation by peptides of said peptide vaccine composition and wherein said predetermined level of said immune response to said peptide vaccine composition is at least a two-fold increase in the level of T cell activation by peptides of said peptide vaccine composition within one month of said step of administering. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said level of T cell activation is measured by an ELISPOT assay. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said peptide vaccine composition is an idiotypic vaccine composition comprising one or more peptides encoded by clonotypes correlated with said myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein at least one of said one or more peptides is incorporated into a Fab fragment in said peptide vaccine composition. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said predetermined value of said one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with said myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder or phylogenic clonotypes thereof is a value measured immediately after said patient received induction therapy for said myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder is a B cell leukemia or lymphoma and wherein said clonotype profile includes segments encompassing at least a portion of a CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 region of an IgH or IgL variable region. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said myeloid or lymphoid proliferative disorder is a T cell leukemia or lymphoma and wherein said clonotype profile includes segments encompassing at least a portion of a CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 region of a TCR\u03b1 or a TCR\u03b2 variable region. 12. A method of controlling a cancer of a patient, the method comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining from the patient a sample comprising cancer cells; (b) generating an exome profile and/or an expression profile from nucleic acid sequences from cells of the sample; (c) determining from the exome profile and/or expression profile a presence, absence and/or level of one or more patient-specific exons and/or transcripts correlated with the cancer and phylogenic exons or transcripts thereof; (d) formulating a peptide vaccine composition whenever the levels of any of the one or more patient-specific exons or transcripts correlated with the cancer or phylogenic clonotypes thereof exceed a predetermined value; (e) administering the peptide vaccine composition to the patient to control the cancer. 13. The method of claim 12 further including the step of repeating said steps (a) through (e) after a predetermined monitoring interval. 14. The method of claim 13 whereins said predetermined monitoring interval is in the range of from 1 to 12 months. 15. The method of claim 12 further including a step of determining an immune response of said patient to said peptide vaccine composition and optionally repeating said steps (a) through (e) if the immune response of said patient is below a predetermined level. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said immune response is a level of T cell activation by peptides of said peptide vaccine composition and wherein said predetermined level of said immune response to peptides of said peptide vaccine composition is at least a two-fold increase in the level of T cell activation by peptides of said peptide vaccine composition within one month of said step of administering. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said level of T cell activation is measured by an ELISPOT assay. 18. The method of any of claims 12 through 17 wherein said cancer cells are B cells and/or T cells and wherein said exome profile and/or expression profile is a clonotype profile. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein said cancer is a myeloid or lymphoid cancer and wherein said peptide vaccine composition is an idiotypic vaccine composition comprising one or more peptides encoded by clonotypes correlated with the myeloid or lymphoid cancer.",
-    "The present disclosure provides an array substrate, its driving method and a display device. The array substrate includes a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines, and a plurality of subpixels defined by the gate lines and the data lines crossing each other. At least one additional line for providing an additional data signal is arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to at least one additional line, and at least one subpixel among the subpixels in an identical column is driven by the additional line corresponding to the at least one subpixel. 1. An array substrate, comprising a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines, and a plurality of subpixels defined by the gate lines and the data lines crossing each other, wherein at least one additional line for providing an additional data signal is arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to at least one additional line, and at least one subpixel among the subpixels in an identical column is driven by the additional line corresponding to the at least one subpixel. 2. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein one additional line is arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to one data line and one additional line, switching units of the subpixels in a (2i+1)th row are connected to the data line corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (2i+2)th row are connected to the additional line corresponding to the subpixels, and i is an integer greater than or equal to 0. 3. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein two additional lines are arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to one data line and two additional lines, the two additional lines comprise a first additional line and a second additional line, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+1)th row are connected to the data lines corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+2)th row are connected to the first additional lines corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+3)th row are connected to the second additional lines corresponding to the subpixels, and i is an integer greater than or equal to 0. 4. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein the first additional line is arranged between the subpixels and the second additional line, a source electrode of the switching unit of each subpixel among the subpixels in the (3i+3)th row is provided with a first via-hole, the second additional line is provided with a second via-hole, and the source electrode of the switching unit of each subpixel among the subpixels in the (3i+3)th row is connected to the second additional line via a first lapping electrode layer through the first via-hole and the second via-hole. 5. The array substrate according to claim 4, wherein a width of a portion of the first additional line overlapping the first lapping electrode layer is smaller than a width of the other portion of the first additional line, or a width of a portion of the first lapping electrode layer overlapping the first additional line is smaller than a width of the other portion of the first lapping electrode layer. 6. The array substrate according to claim 4, wherein a width of a portion of the second additional line provided with the second via-hole is greater than a width of the other portion of the second additional line, or a width of a portion of the first lapping electrode layer overlapping the second additional line is greater than a width of the other portion of the first lapping electrode layer. 7. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein the first additional line is arranged between the subpixels and the second additional line, and the first additional line is divided into an upper portion and a lower portion at a position where the second additional line is connected to a source electrode of the switching unit, the upper portion and the lower portion of the first additional line are each provided with a fourth via-hole through which the upper portion and the lower portion of the first additional line are electrically connected to each other via a second lapping electrode layer. 8. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein an extension direction of each additional line is approximately identical to an extension direction of the data line. 9. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein all or parts of the additional lines are arranged at a layer and made of a material identical to the data lines. 10. A display device comprising the array substrate according to claim 1. 11. A method for driving an array substrate, comprising steps of: inputting a scanning signal to at least two gate lines simultaneously, inputting a data signal to subpixels controlled by one of the gate lines via a data lines, and inputting an additional data signal to subpixels controlled by the other gate lines via at least one additional line. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein when switching units of the subpixels in a (2i+1)th row are connected to the data lines corresponding to the subpixels and switching units of the subpixels in a (2i+2)th row are connected to the additional line corresponding to the subpixels, the method comprises: inputting a scanning signal to gate lines in the (2i+1)th row and in the (2i+2)th row simultaneously, inputting the data signal to each subpixel in the (2i+1)th row via the data line, and inputting the additional data signal to each subpixel in the (2i+2)th row via the additional line, wherein i is an integer greater than or equal to 0. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein when two additional lines are arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to one data line and two additional lines, the two additional lines comprise a first additional line and a second additional line, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+1)th row are connected to the data lines corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+2)th row are connected to the first additional line corresponding to the subpixels, and switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+3)th row are connected to the second additional line corresponding to the subpixels, the method comprises: inputting a scanning signal to gate lines in the (3i+1)th row, in the (3i+2)th row and in the (3i+3)th row simultaneously, inputting the data signal to each subpixel in the (3i+1)th row via the data line, inputting a first additional data signal to each subpixel in the (3i+2)th row via the first additional line, and inputting a second additional data signal to each subpixel in the (3i+3)th row via the second additional line, wherein i is an integer greater than or equal to 0. 14. The display device according to claim 10, wherein one additional line is arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to one data line and one additional line, switching units of the subpixels in a (2i+1)th row are connected to the data line corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (2i+2)th row are connected to the additional line corresponding to the subpixels, and i is an integer greater than or equal to 0. 15. The display device according to claim 10, wherein two additional lines are arranged between the subpixels in two adjacent columns, the subpixels in an identical column correspond to one data line and two additional lines, the two additional lines comprise a first additional line and a second additional line switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+1)th row are connected to the data lines corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+2)th row are connected to the first additional lines corresponding to the subpixels, switching units of the subpixels in a (3i+3)th row are connected to the second additional lines corresponding to the subpixels, and i is an integer greater than or equal to 0. 16. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the first additional line is arranged between the subpixels and the second additional line, a source electrode of the switching unit of each subpixel among the subpixels in the (3i+3)th row is provided with a first via-hole, the second additional line is provided with a second via-hole, and the source electrode of the switching unit of each subpixel among the subpixels in the (3i+3)th row is connected to the second additional line via a first lapping electrode layer through the first via-hole and the second via-hole. 17. The display device according to claim 16, wherein a width of a portion of the first additional line overlapping the first lapping electrode layer is smaller than a width of the other portion of the first additional line, or a width of a portion of the first lapping electrode layer overlapping the first additional line is smaller than a width of the other portion of the first lapping electrode layer. 18. The display device according to claim 16, wherein a width of a portion of the second additional line provided with the second via-hole is greater than a width of the other portion of the second additional line, or a width of a portion of the first lapping electrode layer overlapping the second additional line is greater than a width of the other portion of the first lapping electrode layer. 19. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the first additional line is arranged between the subpixels and the second additional line, and the first additional line is divided into an upper portion and a lower portion at a position where the second additional line is connected to a source electrode of the switching unit, the upper portion and the lower portion of the first additional line are each provided with a fourth via-hole through which the upper portion and the lower portion of the first additional line are electrically connected to each other via a second lapping electrode layer. 20. The display device according to claim 10, wherein an extension direction of each additional line is approximately identical to an extension direction of the data line.",
-    "An apparatus (1) for marking a laboratory sample carrier (2), includes a guide (5) configured to guide a sample carrier (2) from an entry location (6) to an exit location (7), and a print head (23) configured and positioned to mark a sample carrier (2) at a marking location (24) at a guide position intermediate the entry and exit locations (6, 7). The guide (5) is inclined such that a laboratory sample carrier (2) can travel from the entry to the exit locations (6, 7) under the influence of gravity. The apparatus (1) further includes a selectively deployable stop (41) for arresting the travel of a sample carrier (2) down the guide (5) at the marking location (24), the stop (41) being undeployable to allow the sample carrier (2) to travel from the marking location (24) to the exit location (7). 1. An apparatus (1) for marking a laboratory sample carrier (2), including: (i) a guide (5) configured to guide a sample carrier (2) from an entry location (6) to an exit location (7); and (ii) a marking apparatus (23) configured and positioned to mark a sample carrier (2) at a marking location (24) at a guide position intermediate the entry and exit locations (6, 7), wherein the guide (5) is vertical or inclined such that a sample carrier (2) can travel from the entry to the exit locations (6, 7) under the influence of gravity and the apparatus (1) further includes a selectively deployable first stop (41) for arresting the travel of a sample carrier (2) down the guide (5) at the marking location (24), the first stop (41) being undeployable to allow the sample carrier (2) to travel from the marking location (24) to the exit location (7). 2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a first sensor (39) that senses that a said laboratory sample carrier (2) has entered the apparatus (1). 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a tape positioning member between the marking apparatus (23) and the marking location (24). 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a selectively deployable second stop (33) for stopping the travel of a laboratory sample carrier (2) from the entry location (6) to the marking location (24), the second stop (33) being undeployable to allow the sample carrier (2) to travel to the marking location (24). 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a second sensor (47) that senses that the laboratory sample carrier (2) has been placed in the correct position at the marking location (24). 6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first stop (41) is arranged to be undeployed when the second sensor (47) senses that the laboratory sample carrier (2) has been placed in an incorrect orientation at the marking location (24). 7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a translating member (16, 18, 19, 22) arranged to move the marking apparatus (23) in a first direction (25) towards or away from the marking location (24). 8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 7, including a moving member (11, 12, 13, 14) arranged to move the marking apparatus (23) in a second direction (15) along the guide (5) transversely to the first direction (25). 9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the moving member (12) is arranged to undeploy a selectively deployable second stop (33) for stopping the travel of a laboratory sample carrier (2) from the entry location (6) to the marking location (24), the second stop (33) being undeployable to allow the sample carrier (2) to travel to the marking location (24). 10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the moving member (12) is arranged to undeploy the first stop (41). 11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a marking apparatus biasing member (21) that biases the marking apparatus (23) towards the marking location (24). 12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, including an actuator (18, 19) arranged to counter the marking apparatus biasing member (21) to move the marking apparatus (23) away from the marking location (24). 13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a carriage (12) to which the marking apparatus (23) is mounted. 14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13, including a member (38) to undeploy said first stop (33) mounted to move with the carriage (12). 15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, including a selectively deployable sample carrier holding apparatus (84) that holds a laboratory sample carrier (61) at the marking location (80). 16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the translating member (75, 97) is arranged to deploy a selectively deployable sample carrier holding apparatus (84) that holds a laboratory sample carrier (61) at the marking location (80). 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sample carrier holding apparatus comprises a pair of sample carrier holding portions (84) arranged to be deployed by being rotated towards the marking location (80) and arranged to be undeployed by being rotated away from the marking location (80). 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the first stop (86, 88) comprises part of the sample carrier holding apparatus (84). 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sample carrier holding apparatus (84) includes a mechanism (89) for rotating the laboratory sample carrier (61) at the marking location (80). 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the sample carrier holding apparatus rotating mechanism (89) is arranged to rotate the laboratory sample carrier (61) when the marking apparatus (76) is positioned to mark the laboratory sample carrier (61).",
-    "Disclosed is a pressure determining unit configured for determining a pressure of a fluid. The pressure determining unit comprises a body structure and a deformation detector. The body structure has a fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension. The deformation detector is configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the body structure by generating a signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the body structure. The fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments, each first channel segment having a height into the third dimension being at least twice of its width into the second dimension. 1. A pressure determining unit configured for determining a pressure of a fluid, the pressure determining unit comprising: a body structure comprising a fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension, and a deformation detector configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the body structure by generating a signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the body structure, wherein the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments each first channel segment having a height into the third dimension being at least twice its width into the second dimension. 2. The pressure determining unit of claim 1, wherein each first channel segment has a height into the third dimension being at least three times its width into the second dimension. 3. The pressure determining unit of claim 1, comprising at least one of: the plurality of first channel segments are oriented so that a direction of flow is substantially in the first dimension; at least two of the first channel segments are arranged in a respective row along the first dimension and having a respective intermediate area between neighboring channel segments arranged in the respective row, which intermediate area is not part of the fluidic path; the fluidic path comprises a plurality of respective rows along the first dimension, and a plurality of second channel segments each oriented so that a direction of flow is substantially in the second dimension, wherein at least one of the second channel segments is surrounded by at least one intermediate area, wherein preferably each row along the first dimension comprises two channel segments and has a respective intermediate area between two channel segments, each row along the first dimension is coupled by a respective second channel segment, and the last row is further coupled to a respective second channel segment which is respectively surrounded by the respective intermediate areas of the rows. 4. A pressure determining unit configured for determining a pressure of a fluid, the pressure determining unit comprising: a body structure comprising a fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension, and a deformation detector configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the body structure by generating a signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the body structure, wherein: the fluidic path of the body structure comprises a plurality of first channel segments oriented so that a direction of flow is substantially in the first dimension, and at least two of the first channel segments are arranged in a respective row along the first dimension and having a respective intermediate area between neighboring channel segments arranged in the respective row, which intermediate area is not part of the fluidic path. 5. The pressure determining unit of claim 4, wherein: the fluidic path comprises a plurality of respective rows along the first dimension and a plurality of second channel segments each oriented so that a direction of flow is substantially in the second dimension, wherein at least one of the second channel segments is surrounded by at least one intermediate area. 6. The pressure determining unit of claim 4, wherein: each row along the first dimension comprises two channel segments and has a respective intermediate area between two channel segments, each row along the first dimension is coupled by a respective second channel segment, and the last row is further coupled to a respective second channel segment which is respectively surrounded by the respective intermediate areas of the rows. 7. The pressure determining unit of claim 4, wherein each first channel segment has a height into the third dimension being at least twice its width into the second dimension. 8. A pressure determining unit configured for determining a pressure of a fluid, the pressure determining unit comprising: a body structure comprising a fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension, a deformation detector configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the body structure by generating a signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the body structure, a reference body structure comprising a reference fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the reference body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension, and a reference deformation detector configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the reference body structure by generating a reference signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the reference body structure, wherein: the fluidic path and the reference fluidic path are fluidically coupled with each other, and the reference body structure is configured to have a pattern of variation in thickness on its first surface under the influence of a variation in pressure in the reference fluid path, which substantially matches to a pattern of variation in thickness of the body structure on its first surface under the influence of a variation in pressure in the fluid path. 9. The pressure determining unit of claim 8, comprising at least one of: a signal processing unit for deriving a value of the pressure of the fluid by jointly analyzing the signal and the reference signal; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments, each first channel segment having a width into the second dimension, and the reference fluidic path of the reference body structure comprises one or more first reference channel segments, each first reference channel segment having a width into the second dimension, wherein the width of the first channel segments substantially corresponds to the width of the first reference channel segments; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments each first channel segment having a height into the third dimension, and the reference fluidic path of the reference body structure comprises one or more first reference channel segments, each first reference channel segment having a height into the third dimension, wherein the height of the first channel segments is at least twice the height of the first reference channel segments. 10. The pressure determining unit of claim 8, comprising at least one of: each first channel segment has a height into the third dimension being at least twice its width into the second dimension; the plurality of first channel segments are oriented so that a direction of flow is substantially in the first dimension; at least two of the first channel segments are arranged in a respective row along the first dimension and having a respective intermediate area between neighboring channel segments arranged in the respective row, which intermediate area is not part of the fluidic path; the fluidic path comprises a plurality of respective rows along the first dimension, and a plurality of second channel segments each oriented so that a direction of flow is substantially in the second dimension, wherein at least one of the second channel segments is surrounded by at least one intermediate area, wherein each row along the first dimension comprises two channel segments and has a respective intermediate area between two channel segments, each row along the first dimension is coupled by a respective second channel segment, and the last row is further coupled to a respective second channel segment which is respectively surrounded by the respective intermediate areas of the rows. 11. The pressure determining unit of claim 1, comprising at least one of: the body structure comprises a plurality of layers laminated to one another; the body structure comprises a plurality of layers laminated to one another, wherein the layers are elongated into the first dimension and into the second dimension, and each layer has a thickness into the third dimension being significantly smaller than the respective elongations into the first dimension and into the second dimension; the body structure is comprised of one or more materials of a group of materials comprising: metal, ceramic, polymer, composite material; the body structure comprises a plurality of layers, each layer being a material selected from the group consisting of: metal, ceramic, polymer, and composite material; at least one channel segment is comprised of a plurality of sub-channels arranged in parallel and having a respective separator between neighboring sub-channels. 12. The pressure determining unit of claim 1, comprising at least one of: the pressure determining unit is configured for determining pressure in a range where compressibility of the fluid becomes noticeable; the pressure determining unit is configured for determining pressure in a range beyond 200 bar, or beyond 500 bar, or beyond 1000 bar; the third dimension is substantially perpendicular to the first dimension and to the second dimension; the first dimension the second dimension, and the third dimension are substantially perpendicular to each other; the deformation detector is or comprises one of a strain gauge and a strain gauge pressure transducer. 13. The pressure determining unit of claim 1, comprising at least one of: the fluidic path is meandering through the body structure; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises a plurality of the first channel segments and a plurality of intermediate channels coupling between consecutive first channel segments; each first channel segment is oriented so that a direction of flow is in the first dimension. 14. A fluid separation system for separating compounds of a sample fluid in a mobile phase, the fluid separation system comprising: a mobile phase drive adapted to drive the mobile phase through the fluid separation system, a separation unit adapted for separating compounds of the sample fluid in the mobile phase, and the pressure determining unit of claim 1 configured for determining a pressure of the mobile phase. 15. The fluid separation system of claim 14, further comprising at least one of: a sample dispatcher adapted to introduce the sample fluid into the mobile phase; a detector adapted to detect separated compounds of the sample fluid; a collection unit adapted to collect separated compounds of the sample fluid; a data processing unit adapted to process data received from the fluid separation system; a degassing apparatus for degassing the mobile phase. 16. The pressure determining unit of claim 1, comprising: a reference body structure comprising a reference fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the reference body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension; and a reference deformation detector configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the reference body structure by generating a reference signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the reference body structure, wherein the fluidic path and the reference fluidic path are fluidically coupled with each other, and the reference body structure is configured to have a pattern of variation in thickness on its first surface under the influence of a variation in pressure in the reference fluid path, which substantially matches to a pattern of variation in thickness of the body structure on its first surface under the influence of a variation in pressure in the fluid path. 17. The pressure determining unit of claim 16, comprising at least one of: a signal processing unit for deriving a value of the pressure of the fluid by jointly analyzing the signal and the reference signal; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments, each first channel segment having a width into the second dimension, and the reference fluidic path of the reference body structure comprises one or more first reference channel segments, each first reference channel segment having a width into the second dimension, wherein the width of the first channel segments substantially corresponds to the width of the first reference channel segments; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments, each first channel segment having a height into the third dimension, and the reference fluidic path of the reference body structure comprises one or more first reference channel segments, each first reference channel segment having a height into the third dimension, wherein the height of the first channel segments is at least twice the height of the first reference channel segments. 18. The pressure determining unit of claim 4, comprising: a reference body structure comprising a reference fluidic path configured for conducting the fluid, wherein the reference body structure has a first surface in a first dimension and in a second dimension, and a thickness in a third dimension; and a reference deformation detector configured for responding to an elongation into the second dimension of the first surface of the reference body structure by generating a reference signal indicative of a value of the pressure of the fluid in the reference body structure, wherein the fluidic path and the reference fluidic path are fluidically coupled with each other, and the reference body structure is configured to have a pattern of variation in thickness on its first surface under the influence of a variation in pressure in the reference fluid path, which substantially matches to a pattern of variation in thickness of the body structure on its first surface under the influence of a variation in pressure in the fluid path. 19. The pressure determining unit of claim 18, comprising at least one of: a signal processing unit for deriving a value of the pressure of the fluid by jointly analyzing the signal and the reference signal; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments, each first channel segment having a width into the second dimension, and the reference fluidic path of the reference body structure comprises one or more first reference channel segments, each first reference channel segment having a width into the second dimension, wherein the width of the first channel segments substantially corresponds to the width of the first reference channel segments; the fluidic path of the body structure comprises one or more first channel segments, each first channel segment having a height into the third dimension, and the reference fluidic path of the reference body structure comprises one or more first reference channel segments, each first reference channel segment having a height into the third dimension, wherein the height of the first channel segments is at least twice the height of the first reference channel segments.",
-    "The invention relates to compounds of the formula (1) in which R1 and R2 respectively are a sterically hindered cyclic amine and their use as additive for increasing the notched impact resistance of polyetherketones. 1. A compound of the formula (1) wherein R1 and R2 respectively are a sterically hindered cyclic amine. 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the moieties R1 and R2 correspond to the formulae (2a), (2b), and (2c) wherein R3 are H, C1-C5-alkyl, or C1-C10-alkoxy, R4 are H, C1-C4-alkyl, or C6-cycloalkyl, and R5 are H, or C1-C4-alkyl. 3. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R3 is H or C1-C2-alkyl. 4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R4 is C1-C2-alkyl. 5. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R5 is H or methyl. 6. The compound as claimed in claim 5, wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different and are a moiety of the formula (2d), (2e), or (2f) 7. The compound as claimed in claim 1, which is N,N\u2032-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,5-furandicarboxamide or N,N\u2032-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) 2,5-furandicarboxylate. 8. A process for the preparation of a compound-of the formula (1) wherein R1 and R2 respectively are a sterically hindered cyclic amine, comprising the step of condensing 2,5-furandicarbonyl dichloride with two equivalents of sterically hindered cyclic amine of the formula H\u2014R1, H\u2014R2 or a combination thereof. 9. A process for the preparation of a compound of the formula (1) wherein R1 and R2 respectively are a sterically hindered cyclic amine, comprising the step of aminolysis or transesterification of dialkyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate with two equivalents of the compounds of the formula H\u2014R1, H\u2014R2 or a combination thereof, in the presence of a metal alkoxide catalyst. 10. A method for increasing the notched impact resistance of a polyetherketone comprising the step of adding a compound of the formula (1) wherein R1 and R2 respectively are a sterically hindered cyclic amine, as an additive during the manufacture of the polyetherketone.",
-    "Systems and methods for distributed acoustic sensing based on coherent Rayleigh scattering are disclosed herein. A system comprises a pulse generator, an optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, an interferometer coupled to the optical fiber, a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, and an information handling system, which activates two optical gain elements so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer. A method comprises sending an optical pulse down an optical fiber, splitting backscattered light from the optical pulse into a first backscattered pulse and a second backscattered pulse, activating a first optical gain element and a second optical gain element, sending the first backscattered pulse into a first arm of an interferometer, sending the second backscattered pulse into a second arm of an interferometer, combining the first and second backscattered pulses to form an interferometric signal, and receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly. 1. A distributed acoustic sensing system based on coherent Rayleigh scattering, comprising: a pulse generator, which generates an optical pulse; an optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator; an interferometer coupled to the optical fiber, further comprising: a first interferometer arm coupled to a first optical gain element; a second interferometer arm coupled to a second optical gain element; and a third interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element; a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, wherein the photodetector assembly detects backscattered interfered light; and an information handling system, which activates two optical gain elements of the first optical gain element, the second optical gain element, and the third optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the interferometer is disposed between the pulse generator and the optical fiber. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is disposed between the interferometer and the pulse generator. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is arranged in coils. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the optical fiber is coupled to at least one of a casing and a tubing. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the information handling system activates the first and third optical gain elements. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the information handling system activates the first and second optical gain elements. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a low reflection device coupled to the optical fiber. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the pulse generator is operable to generate optical pulses having variable pulse widths. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein a portion of an optical pulse is reflected along the optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter. 15. A method for distributed acoustic sensing comprising: sending a first optical pulse down an optical fiber, wherein light from the first optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering; splitting backscattered light from the first optical pulse into a first backscattered pulse and a second backscattered pulse; activating a first optical gain element and a second optical gain element; sending the first backscattered pulse into a first arm of an interferometer, the first arm of the interferometer comprising the first optical gain element; sending the second backscattered pulse into a second arm of an interferometer, the second arm of the interferometer comprising the second optical gain element; combining the first and second backscattered pulses to form an interferometric signal; receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly; providing output relating to the interferometric signal to an information handling system. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: sending a second optical pulse down the optical fiber; and varying the activation of the first and second optical gain elements in the interferometer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein light from the second optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering; the method further comprising: splitting backscattered light from the second optical pulse into a third backscattered pulse and a fourth backscattered pulse; and wherein varying the activation of the first and second optical gain elements in the interferometer comprises: activating the first optical gain element and a third optical gain element; de-activating the second optical gain element; sending the third backscattered pulse into the first arm of an interferometer; sending the fourth backscattered pulse into a third arm of an interferometer, the third arm of the interferometer comprising the third optical gain element. 18. A method for distributed acoustic sensing comprising: generating a first optical pulse; splitting the first optical pulse into a first portion and a second portion; activating a first optical gain element and a second optical gain element; sending the first portion into a first arm of an interferometer, the first arm of the interferometer comprising the first optical gain element; sending the second portion into a second arm of an interferometer, the second arm of the interferometer comprising the second optical gain element; combining the first portion from the first arm and second portion from the second arm; sending the first and second portions down an optical fiber, wherein light from the first and second portions is backscattered from positions along the length of the optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering to form an interferometric signal; receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly; providing output relating to the interferometric signal to an information handling system. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: generating a second optical pulse; and varying the activation of the first and second optical gain elements in the interferometer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein light from the second optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering; the method further comprising: splitting the second optical pulse into a third portion and a fourth portion; and wherein varying the activation of the first and second optical gain elements in the interferometer comprises: activating the first optical gain element and a third optical gain element; de-activating the second optical gain element; sending the third portion into the first arm of an interferometer; sending the fourth portion into a third arm of an interferometer, the third arm of the interferometer comprising the third optical gain element.",
-    "The epicyclic reduction gear comprises a planetary input shaft, planet gears meshing around said shaft and supported by a planet carrier, and two transverse sides. According to the invention, the reduction gear comprises at least one fluid transfer pipe suitable for being connected to a fluid supply source and passing through the planet carrier, being linked in rotation to same, from a first of said transverse sides of the reduction gear to a second of said transverse sides of the latter in order to open on the outside of the reduction gear and dispense the fluid. 1. Reduction gear having an epicyclic train comprising a planetary input shaft, planets meshing around said shaft and supported by a planet carrier, and two transverse sides comprising at least one fluid-transfer pipe able to be connected to a fluid-supply source and passing through the planet carrier, while being constrained to rotate therewith, from a first of said transverse sides of the reduction gear as far as a second of said transverse sides thereof in order to emerge outside the reduction gear and distribute the fluid, and in which the pipe is provided, on said second of said transverse sides, with an annular cavity containing the fluid to be distributed at the exit from the planet carrier. 2. Reduction gear according to claim 1, wherein the pipe lubricates a bearing arranged on a transverse side of the planet carrier, external to the latter. 3. Reduction gear according to claim 2, wherein around the planets an external ring gear meshes, to which an output shaft carrying the bearing to be lubricated by the fluid emerging from the pipe is able to be connected. 4. Reduction gear according to claim 1, wherein the fluid pipe passes axially through one of a plurality of hollow shafts of the planet carrier, the planets being respectively mounted around the hollow shafts. 5. Reduction gear according to claim 1, wherein a ring having lateral fingers is connected on a transverse side to the planet carrier and supports the fluid cavity. 6. Reduction gear according to claim 5, wherein a plurality of hollow shafts of the planet carrier have a fluid pipe passing through each of them. 7. Reduction gear according to claim 6, wherein the lateral fingers of the ring pass through the hollow shafts of the planet carrier, so as to emerge on a transverse side of the planet carrier in order to support the fluid cavity. 8. Reduction gear according to claim 7, wherein the fluid cavity is formed by an annulus connected to the free ends of the lateral fingers of the ring and has an axially open compartment to which the fluid pipes are connected on one side, and which is able on the other side to come into sealing contact with a support face of the shaft carrying the bearing to be lubricated. 9. Reduction gear according to claim 8, wherein the free ends of the lateral fingers of the ring are joined by a support annulus against which the annulus forming the fluid cavity is mounted, and between the two assembled annuluses a seal is provided which is configured to absorb the functional clearances and to axially press the compartment of the annulus forming the cavity against the support face. 10. Reduction gear according to claim 1, wherein said first of said transverse sides of the reduction gear is an upstream side, and said second of said transverse sides of the reduction gear is a downstream side. 11. Turbine engine for an aircraft comprising: a gas generator part and a propulsion part having a pair of coaxial contra-rotating propellers driven by a differential epicyclic reduction gear of claim 1 that is connected to a turbine of the gas generator part.",
-    "In this disclosure, methods for antenna combining to meet the pilot requirement of the massive MIMO system, and apparatuses for the same are provided. In a user equipment (UE) perspective of view, the UE transmits first pilot signals via each of multiple antennas of the UE, and receives antenna combining information from a base station. Here, the antenna combining information combines the multiple antennas into one or more antenna groups based on the first pilot signals, and each of orthogonal sequences is allocated to each of the antenna groups. The UE transmits second pilot signals using the allocated orthogonal sequences for each of the antenna groups. The second pilot signals can be used for estimating downlink channel from the base station to the UE. 1. A method for a user equipment (UE) to operate in a wireless communication system employing a massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scheme, the method comprising: transmitting first pilot signals via each of multiple antennas of the UE; receiving antenna combining information from a base station, wherein the antenna combining information combines the multiple antennas into one or more antenna groups based on the first pilot signals, wherein each of orthogonal sequences is allocated to each of the antenna groups; and transmitting second pilot signals using the allocated orthogonal sequences for each of the antenna groups, wherein the second pilot signals are used for estimating downlink channel from the base station to the UE. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antenna combining information is determined to minimize a correlation between effective channels of the antenna groups. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting a preferred antenna combining method to the base station, wherein the UE determines the preferred antenna combining method based on an amount of data to be transmitted. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving modified antenna combining information from the base station, wherein the modified antenna combining information is based on the second pilot signals. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is within a first UE group, and wherein the UE transmits the second pilot signals at different time period other than a time period where a UE of a second UE group transmits the second pilot signals. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station comprises multiple antennas, wherein a number of multiple antennas is greater than a threshold number. 7. A method for a base station to operate in a wireless communication system employing a massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scheme, the method comprising: receiving first pilot signals transmitted via each of multiple antennas of a user equipment (UE); transmitting antenna combining information to the UE, wherein the antenna combining information combines the multiple antennas of the UE into one or more antenna groups based on the received first pilot signals, wherein each of orthogonal sequences is allocated to each of the antenna groups; receiving second pilot signals generated by using the allocated orthogonal sequences for each of the antenna groups; and estimating downlink channel from the base station to the UE based on the received second pilot signals. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the antenna combining information is determined to minimize a correlation between effective channels of the antenna groups. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving a preferred antenna combining method from the UE, wherein the preferred antenna combining method is determined based on an amount of data to be transmitted by the UE. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the UE is within a first UE group, and wherein the base station receives the second pilot signals from the UE at different time period other than a time period where the base station receives the second pilot signals from a UE of a second UE group. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: transmitting modified antenna combining information to the UE, wherein the modified antenna combining information is based on the received second pilot signals. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the base station comprises multiple antennas, wherein a number of multiple antennas is greater than a threshold number. 13. A user equipment (UE) operating in a wireless communication system employing a massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scheme, the UE comprising: multiple antennas; a transceiver configured to transmit and receive signals via the multiple antennas; and a processor being connected to and controlling the transceiver, wherein the processor is configured to transmit first pilot signals via each of multiple antennas, receive antenna combining information from a base station, wherein the antenna combining information combines the multiple antennas into one or more antenna groups based on the first pilot signals, wherein each of orthogonal sequences is allocated to each of the antenna groups, and transmit second pilot signals using the allocated orthogonal sequences for each of the antenna groups, wherein the second pilot signals are used for estimating downlink channel from the base station to the UE. 14. A base station operating in a wireless communication system employing a massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) scheme, the base station comprising: multiple antennas; a transceiver configured to transmit and receive signals via the multiple antennas; and a processor being connected to and controlling the transceiver, wherein the processor is configured to receive first pilot signals transmitted via each of multiple antennas of a user equipment (UE); transmit antenna combining information to the UE, wherein the antenna combining information combines the multiple antennas of the UE into one or more antenna groups based on the received first pilot signals, wherein each of orthogonal sequences is allocated to each of the antenna groups; receive second pilot signals generated by using the allocated orthogonal sequences for each of the antenna groups; and estimate downlink channel from the base station to the UE based on the received second pilot signals.",
-    "The present invention relates to genetically modified rumen microbes which has been transformed by inserting into it a plasmid vector containing a gene of interest, an inducible promoter etc. The modified rumen microbes is used for efficient, cost-effective and environment-friendly production of ethanol, and allied down-stream products from plant material including but not limited to agricultural and forestry processing wastes or plant based industrial waste. The process of producing ethanol from lignocelluloses using genetically modified microbes offers various advantages over existing methods that the ethanol is produced in higher yield. As the process utilizes plant material wastes that are generated in various paper and pulp industry as feedstock, the process helps in agricultural waste management. 1. A genetically modified ruminoccocus albus comprising: a) a gene responsible for hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses; b) a inducible promoter; and c) a mobilisable plasmid which is cloned to a vector. 2. The genetically modified microbes according to claim 1 wherein said microbe is isolated from a group of animals like cow, chinkara, blackbuck, sheep etc. 3. The genetically modified microbe according to claim 1 wherein said promoter is araBAD. 4. The genetically modified microbe according to claim 1 wherein said plasmid is of size 4448 without insert and of size 7494 with insert. 5. The genetically modified microbe according to claim 1 wherein said plasmid vector contains the his-patch (HP) thioredoxin leader for increased translation efficiency and solubility of recombinant fusion proteins. 6. The genetically modified microbe according to claim 1 wherein said plasmid vector contains AraC gene product which positively regulates said promoter. 7. A genetically modified microbe according to claim 1 wherein the said microbe is prepared by a process comprising steps as below: a) isolating rumen microbes from a group of ruminant animals; b) identifying cellulose and hemicelluloses degrading genes in said microbes; c) preparing plasmid vector to be cloned to said genes; d) inserting said plasmid vector into the ruminoccocus albus. 8. The genetically modified microbe produced by a process according to claim 7 wherein said genes are identified by de novo sequencing. 9. A method of producing ethanol from lignocelluloses using a genetically modified microbe, comprising: a) mixing feedstock and genetically modified microbe in a apparatus; b) incubating the mixture for specified time to allow hydrolysis of the lignocellulose to hexose and pentose sugars; c) fermenting the content obtained after hydrolysis for about 32-36 hours in presence of industrial yeast and at PH of 4-4.5; d) repeating hydrolysis and fermentation step several times for complete degradation of lignocelluloses. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein said feedstock is selected from a group of cornstover, trash, sorghum, stover, paddy straw etc., as a starting material.",
-    "Provided are wireless communication methods for D2D communication and UEs therefor. A wireless communication method involves transmitting either a first DCI or a second DCI based on whether a first UE and a second UE are to be in a communication type of groupcast or unicast. In the wireless communication methods, the first DCI and the second DCI are scrambled by the UE ID of the second UE if the first UE and the second UE are in the communication type of unicast upon transmitting the first DCI and the second DCI, and the first DCI and the second DCI are scrambled by the group ID if the first UE and the second UE are in the communication type of groupcast upon transmitting the first DCI and the second DCI. 1-18. (canceled) 19. A wireless communication method, comprising: transmitting a first control information which includes a communication type of groupcast, a group ID and is scrambled by the second UE ID, from a first user equipment (UE) to a second UE, when the first UE and the second UE start groupcast communication; and transmitting a physical shared channel usable for groupcast which is following the first control information and is scrambled by the group ID, from the first UE to the second UE; wherein the first control information indicates a resource allocation information for a groupcast communication. 20. The wireless communication method according to claim 19, wherein the resource allocation information includes a frequency hopping pattern. 21. The wireless communication method according to claim 19, wherein the resource allocation information includes a resource allocation pattern and a transmission life whose unit is Transmission Time Interval (TTI). 22. The wireless communication method according to claim 19, wherein the first control information is scrambled by the group ID when the first UE and the second UE are to be in the groupcast communication. 23. The wireless communication method according to claim 19, wherein the communication type of groupcast is implicitly indicated by the physical resource block (PRB) index or the control channel element (CCE) index of the first control information, or by the PRB index of PDSCH usable for groupcast or the PRB index difference between t the PDSCH usable for groupcast and the first control information. 24. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: a transmitting unit configured to transmit a first control information which includes a communication type of groupcast, a group ID and is scrambled by the second UE ID to a second UE, when the UE and the second UE start groupcast communication, and transmit a physical shared channel usable for groupcast which is following the first control information and is scrambled by the group ID to the second UE; wherein the first control information indicates a resource allocation information for groupcast communication. 25. The user equipment according to claim 24, wherein the resource allocation information includes a frequency hopping pattern. 26. The user equipment according to claim 24, wherein the resource allocation information includes a resource allocation pattern and a transmission life whose unit is Transmission Time Interval (TTI). 27. The user equipment according to claim 24, wherein the first control information is scrambled by the group ID when the first UE and the second UE are to be in the groupcast communication. 28. An integrated circuit indicated a user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: a processing circuit configured to transmit a first control information which includes a communication type of groupcast, a group ID and is scrambled by the second UE ID to a second UE, when the UE and the second UE start groupcast communication, and transmit a physical shared channel usable for groupcast which is following the first control information and is scrambled by the group ID to the second UE; wherein the first control information indicates a resource allocation information for groupcast communication.",
-    "There is provided a method for producing with a high efficiency a heterocyclic compound that is useful as a raw material for pharamaceuticals. A novel production method for producing 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline (compound (6)) that has a quinoline ring and a chromene ring using N-(3-acetyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)butylamide (compound (1\u2032)) that is commercially available as a raw material for pharamaceuticals or the like as a starting raw material; and a method for purifying compound (6), characterized by purifying by subjecting it to conversion into a salt form. 1. A method for producing 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-amine comprising the following steps (a) to (d) (in the following formulae (1) to (4), R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group): (a) reacting a compound of Formula (1): with acetone to obtain a chromanone ring derivative of Formula (2): (b) reducing the obtained chromanone ring derivative to obtain an alcohol derivative of Formula (3): (c) dehydrating the obtained alcohol derivative to obtain a chromene ring derivative of Formula (4): and (d) hydrolyzing the obtained chromene ring derivative to obtain 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-amine of Formula (5). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein R1 is a n-propyl group. 3. A method for producing 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline comprising the following steps (e) and (f): (e) reacting 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-amine of Formula (5): with 3-penten-2-one for cyclization to obtain 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline of Formula (6): and (f) converting the obtained 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline into a salt form, to obtain the salt of 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline as a crystal, and neutralizing the crystal of the salt to obtain 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline having higher purity. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein, in the step (f), maleic acid is used for formation of a salt to produce 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline malate of Formula (7). 5. A method for producing 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline comprising the following steps (a) to (f): (in the following formulae (1) to (4), R1 is a C1-6 alkyl group): (a) reacting a compound of Formula (1): with acetone to obtain a chromanone ring derivative of Formula (2): (b) reducing the obtained chromanone ring derivative to obtain an alcohol derivative of Formula (3): (c) dehydrating the obtained alcohol derivative to obtain a chromene ring derivative of Formula (4): (d) hydrolyzing the obtained chromene ring derivative to obtain 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-amine of Formula (5): (e) reacting the obtained 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-amine with 3-penten-2-one for cyclization, to obtain 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline of Formula (6): and (f) converting the obtained 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline into a salt form, to obtain the salt of 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline as a crystal, and neutralizing the crystal of the salt to obtain 2,2,7,9-tetramethyl-2H-pyrano[2,3-g]quinoline having higher purity. 6. A compound of Formula (2\u2032). 7. A compound of Formula (3\u2032). 8. A compound of Formula (4\u2032).",
-    "The invention relates to a method for defining a working range (A, A\u2032) in which a robot (3) can guide a tool (7) fastened to the robot. According to the invention, the working range (A, A\u2032) is defined in that a viewing body (K, K\u2032), within which an image-capturing unit (6) captures images, is defined by positioning and/or setting the focal length of the image-capturing unit (6) and the working range (A, A\u2032) is defined in dependence on the lateral boundary (11, 11\u2032). 1. A method for defining a working range in which a robot can guide a tool fastened thereto or the end effector thereof, comprising the following steps: defining a viewing body, within which an image-capturing device can capture images, by positioning the image-capturing device and/or by setting the focal width of the image-capturing device; determining geometric data with regard to the boundary of the viewing body; and defining a working range depending on the boundary of the viewing body. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the working range is defined in a spatial region which lies at least partially within the boundary of the viewing body of the image-capturing device. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the working range is defined in such a way that the lateral boundary thereof corresponds to the lateral boundary of the viewing body. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the working range is defined in a spatial region with a rectangular cross-section which lies within the lateral boundary of the viewing body and has the format of a screen on which an image captured by the image-capturing device is displayed. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein a diagonal of the rectangular cross-section at a certain position corresponds to the diameter of the viewing body at this position. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the working range is conical, pyramidal, cylindrical or cuboidal. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the working range is limited in depth. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the working range is limited in depth depending on a user specification. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the working range is limited in depth in a spatial region which is arranged between two surfaces. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the surfaces are planes. 11. A robot system having at least one first robot on which an image-capturing device is mounted which can capture images within the boundaries of a viewing body, and a second robot to which a tool, in particular a surgical instrument, is fastened, wherein the robot system comprises an input device, by means of which one or both robots are able to be controlled, wherein a control unit is provided which determines geometric data with regard to the boundary of the viewing body and defines a working range which is dependent on the lateral of the viewing body of the image-capturing device. 12. The robot system according to claim 11, wherein the control unit defines a working range which lies at least partially within the boundaries of the viewing body of the image-capturing device. 13. The robot system according to claim 11, wherein a device to provide a depth limitation of the working range is provided.",
-    "Adsorptive bed devices include a scaffold in housing having a stress absorbing rigid structure and open cells filled with adsorptive beads. The scaffold restricts movement of the plurality of adsorptive beads, absorbs stress induced by a hydraulic pressure gradient along a direction of liquid flow and transfers a portion of the induced compressive stress to the housing. In one embodiment the adsorptive bed is packed into a chromatography column, and in another embodiment the adsorptive bed is sealed in a monolithic block. In another embodiment, the adsorptive bed device includes an adsorptive block, first and second planar distributors and peripheral seal. The adsorptive media includes multiple layers of planarly cohesive media and when operated in a shallow bed configuration possesses significant tensile strength along its planar dimensions enabling it to support the hydraulic pressures that will be generated by the fluids being processed through the adsorptive devices. 1. An adsorptive bed to receive a liquid flow comprising: a housing having a first surface; a scaffold disposed within the housing in contact with the first surface comprising: a stress absorbing substantially planarly cohesive rigid structure; and a plurality of open cells disposed within the rigid structure; a plurality of adsorptive beads filling the plurality of open cells forming a packed bed of the plurality of adsorptive beads; and wherein the scaffold restricts movement of the plurality of adsorptive beads, absorbs tensile stress induced by a hydraulic pressure within the bed, absorbs compressive stress induced on the plurality of adsorptive beads by a hydraulic pressure gradient along a direction of the liquid flow and transfers a portion of the induced compressive stress to the first surface of the housing. 2. The adsorptive bed of claim 1, wherein the rigid structure comprises a plurality of stacked planarly cohesive separator sheets, each of the plurality of stacked planarly cohesive separator sheets being in intimate contact with adjacent ones of the plurality of stacked planarly cohesive separator sheets, each of the plurality of stacked planarly cohesive separator sheets comprising a plurality of rigid structural members arranged to define the plurality open cells. 3. The adsorptive bed of claim 2, wherein each planarly cohesive separator sheet comprises one of: a bi-planar plastic netting; a woven screen; a molded plate; an extruded sheet; a perforated plate; and a sheet of randomly packed packing pieces bonded into a planarly cohesive sheet. 4. The adsorptive bed of claim 2, wherein the first surface is a sidewall of the housing and the housing further comprises: a top planar surface; a bottom planar surface; a peripheral seal bonded to the plurality of stacked planarly cohesive separator sheets at the sidewall; wherein the liquid flow is along a plane of the plurality of stacked planarly cohesive separator sheets. 5. The adsorptive bed of claim 2, wherein the housing comprises a chromatography column; wherein the first surface is a bottom of the chromatography column; and wherein the liquid flow is perpendicular to the plurality of planarly cohesive separator sheets and to the bottom of the chromatography column. 6. The adsorptive bed of claim 1, wherein the scaffold has a tensile strength greater than 100 psi. 7. The adsorptive bed of claim 6, wherein the adsorptive bed supports a liquid flow velocity greater than 150 cm/hour. 8. The adsorptive bed of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of open cells has a characteristic diameter at least ten times larger than the characteristic diameter of the plurality of adsorptive beads. 9. The adsorptive bed of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of adsorptive beads has a diameter of less than 100 microns. 10. The adsorptive bed of claim 1, wherein the rigid structure comprises a plurality of randomly packed packing pieces, each one of the plurality of randomly packed packing pieces comprising a rigid structural material and the plurality of randomly packed packing pieces arranged to define the plurality of open cells. 11. The adsorptive bed of claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of random packing pieces comprises one of: Raschig rings; Lessig rings; splined rings; Pall rings; Berl saddles; glass shot; helices; Nutter rings; and Super Plastic spheres. 12. The adsorptive bed of claim 10, wherein the adsorptive bed is packed into a chromatography column. 13. The adsorptive bed of claim 1 wherein the scaffold is a monolithic scaffold and the monolithic scaffold comprises: a peripheral seal; passageways for distribution of feed stream; passageways for collection of eluent stream; and passageways for insertion of packing retainer. 14. A chromatographic method to process a liquid flow comprising: providing an adsorptive bed comprising: a housing having a first surface; a scaffold disposed within the housing in contact with the first surface comprising: a rigid structure resisting stress along a direction of the liquid flow; and a plurality of open cells; a plurality of adsorptive beads filling the plurality of open cells forming a packed bed of the plurality of adsorptive beads; wherein the scaffold restricts movement of the plurality of adsorptive beads, absorbs compressive stress induced by hydraulic pressure gradient along the direction of the liquid flow and transfers a portion of the induced stress to the first surface of the housing; processing the liquid; and operating at a pressure of greater than 100 psi. 15. The chromatographic method of claim 14 further comprising operating in a shallow bed configuration. 16. The chromatographic method of claim 14 wherein the liquid flowing through the packed bed is flowing at a velocity greater than 150 cm/hr. 17. The chromatographic method of claim 14, further comprising: a rapid cycling purification process comprising: adsorbing target solute in the adsorptive bed; washing non-adsorbed solutes; releasing purified target solute; and conditioning the adsorptive bed for a following purification cycle; and wherein the rapid cycling purification process has one of: a rapid purification process cycle time less than about ten minutes. 18. A chromatography system for processing a liquid flow comprising: an adsorptive bed comprising: a housing having a first surface; a scaffold disposed within the housing in contact with the first surface comprising: a rigid structure resisting stress along a direction of the liquid flow; and a plurality of open cells; a plurality of adsorptive beads filling the plurality of open cells forming a packed bed of the plurality of adsorptive beads; wherein the scaffold restricts movement of the plurality of adsorptive beads, absorbs compressive stress induced by hydraulic pressure gradient along the direction of the liquid flow and transfers a portion of the stress to the first surface of the housing; at least one pump and at least one valve controlling a liquid feed stream; and a rapid cycling controller coupled to the at least one pump and at least one valve. 19. The chromatography system of claim 18 further comprising a shallow bed configuration including: a first plurality of distribution passageways disposed within the scaffold; a second plurality of distribution passageways disposed within the scaffold; and wherein the system is operated in a shallow bed configuration using the first and second plurality of distribution passageways.",
-    "A smart device-based home network system including: a plurality of peripheral devices; a smart device in which a home network application is installed; a video phone for receiving and processing information on a peripheral device, transmitted from the corresponding peripheral device, and then transmitting the information to a push server in a push manner; and the push server for transmitting, to all smart devices included in the information, a wake-up signal together with the information on the peripheral device on the basis of the processed information on the peripheral device, transmitted from the video phone. 1. A smart device-based home network system, comprising: a plurality of peripheral devices to which a home network is connected by wireless; a smart device equipped with an operating system (OS), the smart device in which a home network application is installed to control the peripheral devices; a video phone connected to the plurality of peripheral devices through the wireless home network to receive and process information on a peripheral device, transmitted from the corresponding peripheral device and then transmit the information to a push server; and a push server for transmitting, to all smart devices included in the information, a wake-up signal together with the information on the peripheral device on the basis of the processed information on the peripheral device, transmitted from the video phone, wherein the smart device is awakened from a sleep state by receiving the wake-up signal to execute the home network application, and informs an IP address of the video phone, which is included in the received information on the peripheral device, of the reception of the wake-up signal such that a session is connected between the video phone and the smart device. 2. The smart device-based home network system of claim 1, wherein the video phone includes: an information receiving unit for receiving information on a peripheral device, transmitted from the corresponding peripheral device and transmitting the information on the peripheral device to a signal processing unit; the signal processing unit for processing the information on the peripheral device, transmitted from the information receiving unit, to allow information on a list of smart devices and addresses of the smart devices registered in the video phone and the IP address information of the video phone to be included in the information on the peripheral device, and then transmitting the processed information on the peripheral device to a push engine; and the push engine for transmitting, to the push server, the processed information on the peripheral device, transmitted from the information receiving unit. 3. The smart device-based home network system of claim 2, wherein the video phone further includes a session initiation protocol (SIP) engine for allowing streaming data to be continuously transmitted/received between the smart device and a transceiver and a camera of the video phone in a state in which a session is connected between the video phone and the smart device, thereby making a video/voice call with visitors. 4. The smart device-based home network system of claim 3, wherein, when a visitor call is made through the video phone, the signal processing unit receives and processes information on the visitor call to allow the information on the list of smart devices and the addresses of the smart devices registered in the video phone and the IP address information of the video phone to be included in the information on the visitor call, and then transmits the information on the visitor call to the push server through the push engine. 5. The smart device-based home network system of claim 4, wherein, when a plurality of lists of smart devices are registered in the video phone, the video phone connects sessions to all of the smart devices registered in the video phone and transmits information to the smart devices, and wherein, when any one smart devices among the smart devices attempts to make a call corresponding to a visitor call, the video phone disconnects the sessions to the other smart devices. 6. A method for controlling a smart device-based home network system including a peripheral device, a video phone, a push server, and a smart device, the method comprising: when information on the peripheral device is changed, transmitting, by the peripheral device, the information on the peripheral device, and receiving, by an information receiving unit of the video phone, the information on the peripheral device and then transmitting the information on the peripheral device to a signal processing unit; receiving and processing, by the signal processing unit, the information on the peripheral device and transmitting the processed information on the peripheral device to a push engine; transmitting, by the push engine, the processed information on the peripheral device to the push server; transmitting, by the push server, a wake-up signal together with the processed information on the peripheral device to the smart device included in the processed information on the peripheral device; executing, by the smart device receiving the wake-up signal, a home network application by being awakened from a sleep state, and informing an IP address of the video phone of the reception of the wake-up signal on the basis of the processed information on the peripheral device; and controlling, by the smart device, the peripheral device through the video phone or outputting the information on the peripheral device on a screen of the smart phone as a session is directly connected between the video phone and the smart device. 7. A method for controlling a smart device-based home network system including a peripheral device, a video phone, a push server, and a smart device, the method comprising: when a visitor call is made through the video phone, receiving and processing, by a signal processing unit of the video phone, information on the visitor call and transmitting the processed information on the visitor call to a push engine; transmitting, by the push engine, the processed information on the visitor call to the push server; transmitting, by the push server, a wake-up signal together with the processed information on the visitor call to the smart device included in the processed information on the visitor call; executing, by the smart device receiving the wake-up signal, a home network application by being awakened from a sleep state, and informing an IP address of the video phone of the reception of the wake-up signal on the basis of the processed information on the visitor call; and allowing, by an SIP engine of the video phone, streaming data to be continuously transmitted/received between the smart device and a transceiver and a camera of the video phone as a session is connected between the video phone and the smart device, thereby making a video/voice call with visitors. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein, in the processing, by 54the signal processing unit, of the information on the peripheral device or the information on the visitor call, information on a list of smart devices and addresses of the smart devices registered in the video phone and an IP address information of the video phone are included in the information on the peripheral device or the information on the visitor call. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein, in the processing, by the signal processing unit, of the information on the peripheral device or the information on the visitor call, information on a list of smart devices and addresses of the smart devices registered in the video phone and an IP address information of the video phone are included in the information on the peripheral device or the information on the visitor call.",
-    "This rail with a friction control tread surface for an inner rail includes an inner wheel contract surface that is provided so as to be curved along a line shape of a permanent, and is subjected to being in contact with an inner wheel of the rail car which rolls therealong. A plurality of grooves extending in a direction orthogonal to the line shape are formed on the inner wheel contract surface. This rail with a friction control tread surface for an outer rail includes an outer wheel contact surface that is provided so as to be curved along a line shape of a permanent way, and is subjected to being in contact with an outer wheel of the rail car which rolls therealong. A plurality of grooves extending in a direction of the line shape are formed on the outer wheel contract surface. 1. A rail with a friction control tread surface for an inner rail, comprising: an inner wheel contact surface that is provided so as to be curved along a line shape of a permanent way along which a rail car travels, and is subjected to being in contact with an inner wheel of the rail car which rolls therealong, wherein a plurality of grooves extending in a direction orthogonal to the line shape while being arranged at intervals in a direction of the line shape are formed on the inner wheel contact surface. 2. The rail with a friction control tread surface for an inner rail according to claim 1, wherein the grooves are formed on only the inner wheel contact surface. 3. A rail with a friction control tread surface for an outer rail, comprising: an outer wheel contact surface that is provided so as to be curved along a line shape of a permanent way along which a rail car travels, and is subjected to being in contact with an outer wheel of the rail car which rolls therealong, wherein a plurality of grooves extending in a direction of the line shape while being arranged at intervals in a direction orthogonal to the line shape are formed on the outer wheel contact surface. 4. A permanent way comprising: the rail with a friction control tread surface for an inner rail according to claim 1; and a rail with a friction control tread surface for an outer rail comprising: an outer wheel contact surface that is provided so as to be curved along a line shape of a permanent way along which a rail car travels, and is subjected to being in contact with an outer wheel of the rail car which rolls therealong, wherein a plurality of grooves extending in a direction of the line shape while being arranged at intervals in a direction orthogonal to the line shape are formed on the outer wheel contact surface. 5. A permanent way, comprising: the rail with a friction control tread surface for an inner rail according to claim 2; and a rail with a friction control tread surface for an outer rail, comprising: an outer wheel contact surface that is provided so as to be curved along a line shape of a permanent way along which a rail car travels, and is subjected to being in contact with an outer wheel of the rail car which rolls therealong, wherein a plurality of grooves extending in a direction of the line shape while being arranged at intervals in a direction orthogonal to the line shape are formed on the outer wheel contact surface.",
-    "[Object] To provide a shift control device that, in a shift control device of a vehicle equipped with an idling-stop mechanism and a shift-by-wire mechanism, is capable of preventing setting off at a timing that the driver does not expect when returning from an idling-stop state. [Solution] The SBW-CU (40) that constitutes the shift control device (1), in the case of selection information for selecting the R range being output during an idling stop, switches the shift range of the automatic transmission (10) to the R range when the vehicle is braked, and switches the shift range to the N range or the P range when the vehicle is not braked and the shift range of the automatic transmission (10) is the D range. Also, the SBW-CU (40), in the case of selection information for selecting the R range being output during an idling stop, maintains the shift range without switching it when the vehicle is braked and the shift range of the automatic transmission (10) is other than the D range. 1. A shift control device of a vehicle equipped with an idling-stop mechanism and a shift-by-wire mechanism, the shift control device comprising: a selection means that receives an operation to select a shift range of an automatic transmission and outputs a selection information corresponding to the operation; a switching control means that switches the shift range of the automatic transmission in accordance with the selection information output by the selection means; and a braking means that brakes the vehicle, wherein the switching control means, in a case of a selection information for selecting a reverse travel range being output by the selection means during an idling stop, switches the shift range of the automatic transmission to the reverse travel range when the vehicle is braked by the braking means, and switches the shift range of the automatic transmission to a neutral range or a parking range when the vehicle is not braked and the shift range of the automatic transmission is a forward travel range. 2. The shift control device according to claim 1, wherein the switching control means, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output by the selection means during the idling stop, maintains the shift range of the automatic transmission without switching the shift range of the automatic transmission when the vehicle is not braked and the shift range of the automatic transmission is other than the forward travel range. 3. The shift control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a gradient detecting means that detects a gradient of a road surface, wherein the switching control means, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output during the idling stop, switches the shift range of the automatic transmission to the parking range when the vehicle is not braked and the gradient of the road surface detected by the gradient detecting means is greater than a predetermined threshold. 4. The shift control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a warning means that, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output during the idling stop, issues a warning to a driver when the shift range of the automatic transmission is switched by the switching control means to a shift range other than the reverse travel range, and the shift range of the automatic transmission is maintained by the switching control means. 5. The shift control device according to claim 2, further comprising: a gradient detecting means that detects a gradient of a road surface, wherein the switching control means, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output during the idling stop, switches the shift range of the automatic transmission to the parking range when the vehicle is not braked and the gradient of the road surface detected by the gradient detecting means is greater than a predetermined threshold. 6. The shift control device according to claim 2, further comprising: a warning means that, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output during the idling stop, issues a warning to a driver when the shift range of the automatic transmission is switched by the switching control means to a shift range other than the reverse travel range, and the shift range of the automatic transmission is maintained by the switching control means. 7. The shift control device according to claim 3, further comprising: a warning means that, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output during the idling stop, issues a warning to a driver when the shift range of the automatic transmission is switched by the switching control means to a shift range other than the reverse travel range, and the shift range of the automatic transmission is maintained by the switching control means. 8. The shift control device according to claim 5, further comprising: a warning means that, in a case of the selection information for selecting the reverse travel range being output during the idling stop, issues a warning to a driver when the shift range of the automatic transmission is switched by the switching control means to a shift range other than the reverse travel range, and the shift range of the automatic transmission is maintained by the switching control means.",
-    "The present invention provides a GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor to control the voltage levels of the first node, the second node and the third node (Q(n), P1(n), P2(n)) with the forward scan direct current control signal (U2D) and the backward scan direct current control signal (D2U). The clock signal (CK(M)) is merely in charge of the output of the GOA unit of corresponding stage, which can effectively reduce the loading of the clock signal. It ensures that the entire loading of the clock signal after the GOA units of multiple stages are coupled to promote the output stability of the GOA circuit, and to realize the forward-backward scan of the GOA circuit. 1. A GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor, comprising GOA units of a plurality of stages which are cascade coupled, and the GOA unit of each stage comprises: a scan control unit, a forward scan pull-down unit, a backward scan pull-down unit and an output unit; n is set to be a positive integer and except the GOA units of the first, the second, the next to last and the last stages, in the nth stage GOA unit: the scan control unit comprises: a first thin film transistor, and a gate of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to an output end of a two former stage n\u22122th GOA unit, and a source is electrically coupled to a forward scan direct current control signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to a source of a fourth thin film transistor; and a third thin film transistor, and a gate of the third thin film transistor is electrically coupled to an output end of a two latter stage n+2th GOA unit, and a drain is electrically coupled to the source of the fourth thin film transistor, and a source is electrically coupled to a backward scan direct current control signal; and the fourth thin film transistor, a gate of the fourth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a constant high voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to a first node; the forward scan pull-down unit comprises: a fifth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fifth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the forward scan direct current control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant high voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to a second node; a sixth thin film transistor, and a gate of the sixth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the backward scan direct current control signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; a thirteenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the first node, and a drain is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; a ninth thin film transistor, and a gate of the ninth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the first node; and a tenth thin film transistor, a gate of the tenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to and output end; the backward scan pull-down unit comprises: an eighth thin film transistor, and a gate of the eighth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the forward scan direct current control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to a third node; a seventh thin film transistor, and a gate of the seventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the backward scan direct current control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant high voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the third node; a fourteenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fourteenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the first node, and a drain is electrically coupled to the third node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; an eleventh thin film transistor, a gate of the eleventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the third node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the first node; and a twelfth thin film transistor, and a gate of the twelfth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the third node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the output end; the output unit comprises: a second thin film transistor, and a gate of the second thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the first node, and a source is electrically coupled to a Mth clock signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to an output end; and a bootstrap capacitor, and one end of the bootstrap capacitor is electrically coupled to a first node, and the other end is electrically coupled to the output end; voltage levels of the forward scan direct current control signal and the backward scan direct current control signal are opposite. 2. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein the voltage level of the first node, the voltage level of the second node and the voltage level of the third node are all controlled by the forward scan direct current control signal and the backward scan direct current control signal. 3. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in the first stage GOA unit and the second stage GOA unit, the gate of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal. 4. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in the next to last stage GOA unit and the last stage GOA unit, the gate of the third thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal. 5. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein as the forward scan direct current control signal is high voltage level and the backward scan direct current control signal is low voltage level, a forward scan is performed. 6. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein as the forward scan direct current control signal is low voltage level and the backward scan direct current control signal is high voltage level, a backward scan is performed. 7. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein the clock signal comprises four clock signals: a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a third clock signal and a fourth clock signal. 8. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein the thin film transistors are all N type LTPS thin film transistors. 9. A GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor, comprising GOA units of a plurality of stages which are cascade coupled, and the GOA unit of each stage comprises: a scan control unit, a forward scan pull-down unit, a backward scan pull-down unit and an output unit; n is set to be a positive integer and except the GOA units of the first, the second, the next to last and the last stages, in the nth stage GOA unit: the scan control unit comprises: a first thin film transistor, and a gate of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to an output end of a two former stage n\u22122th GOA unit, and a source is electrically coupled to a forward scan direct current control signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to a source of a fourth thin film transistor; and a third thin film transistor, and a gate of the third thin film transistor is electrically coupled to an output end of a two latter stage n+2th GOA unit, and a drain is electrically coupled to the source of the fourth thin film transistor, and a source is electrically coupled to a backward scan direct current control signal; and the fourth thin film transistor, a gate of the fourth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a constant high voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to a first node; the forward scan pull-down unit comprises: a fifth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fifth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the forward scan direct current control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant high voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to a second node; a sixth thin film transistor, and a gate of the sixth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the backward scan direct current control signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; a thirteenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the first node, and a drain is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; a ninth thin film transistor, and a gate of the ninth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the first node; and a tenth thin film transistor, a gate of the tenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to and output end; the backward scan pull-down unit comprises: an eighth thin film transistor, and a gate of the eighth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the forward scan direct current control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to a third node; a seventh thin film transistor, and a gate of the seventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the backward scan direct current control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant high voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the third node; a fourteenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fourteenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the first node, and a drain is electrically coupled to the third node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; an eleventh thin film transistor, a gate of the eleventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the third node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the first node; and a twelfth thin film transistor, and a gate of the twelfth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the third node, and a source is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a drain is electrically coupled to the output end; the output unit comprises: a second thin film transistor, and a gate of the second thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the first node, and a source is electrically coupled to a Mth clock signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to an output end; and a bootstrap capacitor, and one end of the bootstrap capacitor is electrically coupled to a first node, and the other end is electrically coupled to the output end; voltage levels of the forward scan direct current control signal and the backward scan direct current control signal are opposite; wherein the voltage level of the first node, the voltage level of the second node and the voltage level of the third node are all controlled by the forward scan direct current control signal and the backward scan direct current control signal. In the first stage GOA unit and the second stage GOA unit, the gate of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal. In the next to last stage GOA unit and the last stage GOA unit, the gate of the third thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal. 10. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 9, wherein as the forward scan direct current control signal is high voltage level and the backward scan direct current control signal is low voltage level, a forward scan is performed. 11. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 9, wherein as the forward scan direct current control signal is low voltage level and the backward scan direct current control signal is high voltage level, a backward scan is performed. 12. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 9, wherein the clock signal comprises four clock signals: a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a third clock signal and a fourth clock signal. 13. The GOA circuit based on LTPS semiconductor thin film transistor according to claim 9, wherein the thin film transistors are all N type LTPS thin film transistors.",
-    "A switch-operation-determining device provided with a determination circuit for determining whether a switch has been operated, wherein the determination circuit is provided with: a first resistor, a first diode, and a second diode serially connected in the stated order from the power-source side, such that current flows from the power source toward a ground; and a control unit for comparing the anode potential of the first diode and a threshold potential, and determining that the switch has been operated when the anode potential of the first diode is lower. Of the first diode and the second diode, it is the second diode that is connected in parallel with the switch. 1. A switch operation determining device, comprising: a switch; a determination circuit for determining whether or not the switch has been operated; wherein the determination circuit further comprises: a first resistor, a first diode, and a second diode, which are serially connected in this order from a power source, such that current flows to ground from the power source; and a controller that compares an anode potential of the first diode with a threshold potential, and determines that the switch has been operated if the anode potential of the first diode is lower than the threshold potential; wherein, between the first diode and the second diode, the second diode is connected in parallel with the switch. 2. The switch operation determining device according to claim 1, wherein: the determination circuit further comprises a second resistor and a third diode, which is connected in series with the second resistor, and the second resistor and the third diode are connected in parallel with the first resistor, the first diode, and the second diode, such that current flows to ground from the power source; a forward voltage of the third diode is set higher than a forward voltage of the first diode, and lower than a sum of the forward voltages of the first diode and the second diode; and the threshold potential is an anode potential of the third diode. 3. The switch operation determining device according to claim 2, wherein a rate of change of a temperature characteristic of the third diode resides within a range of a rate of change of a temperature characteristic of the first diode, and a rate of change of a temperature characteristic of the first diode and the second diode in total. 4. The switch operation determining device according to claim 3, wherein: the forward voltage of the second diode is higher than the forward voltage of the first diode; and the second diode and the third diode are standard products having the same temperature characteristics.",
-    "The present invention provides a pixel unit and an array substrate. The pixel electrode includes four branch sections to divide the pixel zone into four display domains, helping improve the large angle color shifting problem of a display product and also simplifying the structure of the pixel electrode and making the manufacturing process simple, and facilitating the production of large-size wide-angle display products. The array substrate of the present invention is composed, in the horizontal direction, of multiple pixel units. The pixel units each include a pixel electrode that includes four branch sections to divide the pixel zone into four display domains, helping improve the large angle color shifting problem of a display product, and the pixel electrode has a simple structure to simplify the manufacturing process and facilitate the production of large-size wide-angle display products. 1. A pixel unit, comprising a pixel zone that comprises two long edges opposite to each other and two short edges respectively connected to the two long edges, a pixel electrode arranged at a center of the pixel zone, a data line arranged alone one of the long edges of the pixel zone, and a gate line perpendicular to the data line and extending through the pixel electrode; the pixel electrode comprising a connection section located at a center thereof and four branch sections extending from the connection section to a perimeter of the pixel zone, the four branch sections being symmetric, in a top-bottom direction and a left-right direction, with respect to straight lines that extend through the connection section and are respectively parallel to the long edges and the short edges of the pixel zone, the branch sections each starting from the connection section, then extending in a direction, which is parallel to the long edges of the pixel zone, toward the short edges of the pixel zone, and further extending toward the long edges of the pixel zone at a location close to the short edges of the pixel zone, wherein each of the branch sections comprises an electrode strip that is of a closed form having a starting point and an ending point both coincident with the connection section. 2. The pixel unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrode strip comprises a smooth curve. 3. The pixel unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrode strip comprises a plurality of linear segments, the plurality of linear segments comprising a first slope segment starting from the connection section, a first vertical segment connected to a distal end of the first slope segment and extending toward one of the short edges of the pixel zone, a second slope segment connected to a distal end of the first vertical segment and extending toward one of the long edges of the pixel zone, a first horizontal segment connected to a distal end of the second slope segment and parallel to the short edges of the pixel zone, a third slope segment connected to a distal end of the first horizontal segment and parallel to the second slope segment, a second vertical segment connected to a distal end of the third slope segment and parallel to the first vertical segment, and a fourth slope segment connecting the second vertical segment to the connection section. 4. An array substrate, comprising, in a vertical direction, a backing plate, a light-shielding layer arranged on the backing plate, a buffer layer arranged on the light-shielding layer and the backing plate, a poly-silicon layer arranged on the buffer layer, a gate insulation layer arranged on the poly-silicon layer, a gate electrode and a gate line arranged on the gate insulation layer, an inter-layer insulation layer arranged on the gate electrode and the gate insulation layer, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a data line arranged on the inter-layer insulation layer, a planarization layer arranged on the source electrode, the drain electrode, and the inter-layer insulation layer, a common electrode arranged on the planarization layer, a passivation layer arranged on the common electrode, and a pixel electrode arranged on the passivation layer; the array substrate being divided, in a horizontal direction, into multiple pixel zones, each of the pixel zones comprising a pixel electrode, the pixel zone comprising two long edges that are opposite to each other and two short edges respectively connected to the two long edges, the data line being arranged, in the horizontal direction, along one of the long edges of the pixel zone, the gate line being arranged, in the horizontal direction, to be perpendicular to the data line and extending through the pixel electrode; the pixel electrode comprising a connection section located at a center thereof and four branch sections extending from the connection section to a perimeter of the pixel zone, the four branch sections being symmetric, in a top-bottom direction and a left-right direction, with respect to straight lines that extend through the connection section and are respectively parallel to the long edges and the short edges of the pixel zone, the branch sections each starting from the connection section, then extending in a direction, which is parallel to the long edges of the pixel zone, toward the short edges of the pixel zone, and further extending toward the long edges of the pixel zone at a location close to the short edges of the pixel zone, wherein each of the branch sections comprises an electrode strip that is of a closed form having a starting point and an ending point both coincident with the connection section. 5. The array substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the electrode strip comprises a smooth curve. 6. The array substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the electrode strip comprises a plurality of linear segments, the plurality of linear segments comprising a first slope segment starting from the connection section, a first vertical segment connected to a distal end of the first slope segment and extending toward one of the short edges of the pixel zone, a second slope segment connected to a distal end of the first vertical segment and extending toward one of the long edges of the pixel zone, a first horizontal segment connected to a distal end of the second slope segment and parallel to the short edges of the pixel zone, a third slope segment connected to a distal end of the first horizontal segment and parallel to the second slope segment, a second vertical segment connected to a distal end of the third slope segment and parallel to the first vertical segment, and a fourth slope segment connecting the second vertical segment to the connection section. 7. The array substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the inter-layer insulation layer and the gate insulation layer comprise first vias formed therein to respectively correspond to two ends of the poly-silicon layer and the source electrode and the drain electrode are respectively connected, through the first vias, to the poly-silicon layer. 8. The array substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the planarization layer comprises a second via formed therein to correspond to the drain electrode, the connection section of the pixel electrode being arranged in the second via and is connected to the drain electrode that is located under the second via. 9. The array substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the array substrate is applicable to a fringe field switching (FFS) liquid crystal display panel. 10. The array substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the common electrode and the pixel electrode are each formed of a material comprising indium tin oxide (ITO). 11. An array substrate, comprising, in a vertical direction, a backing plate, a light-shielding layer arranged on the backing plate, a buffer layer arranged on the light-shielding layer and the backing plate, a poly-silicon layer arranged on the buffer layer, a gate insulation layer arranged on the poly-silicon layer, a gate electrode and a gate line arranged on the gate insulation layer, an inter-layer insulation layer arranged on the gate electrode and the gate insulation layer, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a data line arranged on the inter-layer insulation layer, a planarization layer arranged on the source electrode, the drain electrode, and the inter-layer insulation layer, a common electrode arranged on the planarization layer, a passivation layer arranged on the common electrode, and a pixel electrode arranged on the passivation layer; the array substrate being divided, in a horizontal direction, into multiple pixel zones, each of the pixel zones comprising a pixel electrode, the pixel zone comprising two long edges that are opposite to each other and two short edges respectively connected to the two long edges, the data line being arranged, in the horizontal direction, along one of the long edges of the pixel zone, the gate line being arranged, in the horizontal direction, to be perpendicular to the data line and extending through the pixel electrode; the pixel electrode comprising a connection section located at a center thereof and four branch sections extending from the connection section to a perimeter of the pixel zone, the four branch sections being symmetric, in a top-bottom direction and a left-right direction, with respect to straight lines that extend through the connection section and are respectively parallel to the long edges and the short edges of the pixel zone, the branch sections each starting from the connection section, then extending in a direction, which is parallel to the long edges of the pixel zone, toward the short edges of the pixel zone, and further extending toward the long edges of the pixel zone at a location close to the short edges of the pixel zone, wherein each of the branch sections comprises an electrode strip that is of a closed form having a starting point and an ending point both coincident with the connection section; wherein the inter-layer insulation layer and the gate insulation layer comprise first vias formed therein to respectively correspond to two ends of the poly-silicon layer and the source electrode and the drain electrode are respectively connected, through the first vias, to the poly-silicon layer; wherein the planarization layer comprises a second via formed therein to correspond to the drain electrode, the connection section of the pixel electrode being arranged in the second via and is connected to the drain electrode that is located under the second via; wherein the array substrate is applicable to a fringe field switching (FFS) liquid crystal display panel; and wherein the common electrode and the pixel electrode are each formed of a material comprising indium tin oxide (ITO). 12. The array substrate as claimed in claim 11, wherein the electrode strip comprises a smooth curve. 13. The array substrate as claimed in claim 11, wherein the electrode strip comprises a plurality of linear segments, the plurality of linear segments comprising a first slope segment starting from the connection section, a first vertical segment connected to a distal end of the first slope segment and extending toward one of the short edges of the pixel zone, a second slope segment connected to a distal end of the first vertical segment and extending toward one of the long edges of the pixel zone, a first horizontal segment connected to a distal end of the second slope segment and parallel to the short edges of the pixel zone, a third slope segment connected to a distal end of the first horizontal segment and parallel to the second slope segment, a second vertical segment connected to a distal end of the third slope segment and parallel to the first vertical segment, and a fourth slope segment connecting the second vertical segment to the connection section.",
-    "The present invention provides a display device, which includes a color filter, a quantum dot (QD)-injected photonic crystal film, and a backlight module. The QD-injected photonic crystal film is formed by injecting QDs into a photonic crystal film. Due to the light guiding effect of the photonic crystal, the light emission efficiency of the QDs can be effectively improved. The photonic crystal film includes red, green, and blue light transmission zones. The QDs injected into red, green, and blue light transmission zones of the photonic crystal film are respectively red, green, and blue QDs, so that when white mixed light emitting from the backlight source reaches the QD-injected photonic crystal film, light transmission zones of the photonic crystal film allow only light of corresponding colors to pass such that the QDs contained therein emit light of corresponding colors. Further, these colors of light respectively transmit through the color filters of corresponding colors. Light of other colors is reflected back by the photonic crystal film to be subjected to scattering and re-reflection by the optical film for being subsequently allowed to transmit through the other two light transmission zones of photonic crystal film. 1. A display device, comprising a color filter, a quantum dot (QD)-injected photonic crystal film located below the color filter, a backlight module located below the QD-injected photonic crystal film, and an optical film located between the QD-injected photonic crystal film and the backlight module; the color filter comprising a red filter, a green filter, and a blue filter; the QD-injected photonic crystal film being formed of a photonic crystal film in which QDs are injected, the photonic crystal film comprising red, green, and blue light transmission zones respectively corresponding to the red, green, and blue filters of the color filter, the photonic crystal film being formed of a three-dimensional photonic crystal, the three-dimensional photonic crystal comprising periodically distributed three-dimensional pores; the red, green, and blue light transmission zones of the photonic crystal film respectively allowing red, green, and blue light to transmit therethrough, wherein for the QD-injected photonic crystal film, the QDs that are injected into the red, green, and blue light transmission zones of the photonic crystal film are respectively red, green, and blue QDs. 2. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the photonic crystal film is formed of an organic material, an inorganic material, or an organic/inorganic composite material. 3. The display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the photonic crystal film is formed of a material comprising one of TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2, Y2O3\u2014ZrO2, CuO, Cu2O, Tr2O5, and monodisperse inverse opal. 4. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the photonic crystal film of the QD-injected photonic crystal film is formed on the optical film by means of a photolithography etching process. 5. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the QDs are selected from one or more of the following QDs, which are doped or non-doped: zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, gallium nitride, gallium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium telluride, lead telluride, indium phosphide, and gallium arsenide. 6. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the QDs are graphene QDs or carbon QDs. 7. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein light emitting from the backlight module is white light. 8. The display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical film comprises a brightness enhancement film having a prismatic structure. 9. The display device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a first transparent substrate, a second transparent substrate located under the first transparent substrate, a liquid crystal layer arranged between the first and second transparent substrates, a thin-film transistor (TFT) layer arranged on a surface of the second transparent substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer, an upper polarizer, and a lower polarizer. 10. The display device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the color filter is arranged on a surface of the first transparent substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer; the upper polarizer is arranged on a surface of the first transparent substrate that is distant from the liquid crystal layer; the lower polarizer is arranged on a surface of the second transparent substrate that is distant from the liquid crystal layer; and the QD-injected photonic crystal film is located below the lower polarizer. 11. A display device, comprising a color filter, a quantum dot (QD)-injected photonic crystal film located below the color filter, a backlight module located below the QD-injected photonic crystal film, and an optical film located between the QD-injected photonic crystal film and the backlight module; the color filter comprising a red filter, a green filter, and a blue filter; the QD-injected photonic crystal film being formed of a photonic crystal film in which QDs are injected, the photonic crystal film comprising red, green, and blue light transmission zones respectively corresponding to the red, green, and blue filters of the color filter, the photonic crystal film being formed of a three-dimensional photonic crystal, the three-dimensional photonic crystal comprising periodically distributed three-dimensional pores; the red, green, and blue light transmission zones of the photonic crystal film respectively allowing red, green, and blue light to transmit therethrough, wherein for the QD-injected photonic crystal film, the QDs that are injected into the red, green, and blue light transmission zones of the photonic crystal film are respectively red, green, and blue QDs; wherein the photonic crystal film is formed of an organic material, an inorganic material, or an organic/inorganic composite material; wherein the photonic crystal film is formed of a material comprising one of TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2, Y2O3\u2014ZrO2, CuO, Cu2O, Tr2O5, and monodisperse inverse opal; wherein the photonic crystal film of the QD-injected photonic crystal film is formed on the optical film by means of a photolithography etching process; wherein light emitting from the backlight module is white light; and wherein the optical film comprises a brightness enhancement film having a prismatic structure. 12. The display device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the QDs are selected from one or more of the following QDs, which are doped or non-doped: zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, gallium nitride, gallium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium telluride, lead telluride, indium phosphide, and gallium arsenide. 13. The display device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the QDs are graphene QDs or carbon QDs. 14. The display device as claimed in claim 11 further comprising a first transparent substrate, a second transparent substrate located under the first transparent substrate, a liquid crystal layer arranged between the first and second transparent substrates, a thin-film transistor (TFT) layer arranged on a surface of the second transparent substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer, an upper polarizer, and a lower polarizer. 15. The display device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the color filter is arranged on a surface of the first transparent substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer; the upper polarizer is arranged on a surface of the first transparent substrate that is distant from the liquid crystal layer; the lower polarizer is arranged on a surface of the second transparent substrate that is distant from the liquid crystal layer; and the QD-injected photonic crystal film is located below the lower polarizer.",
-    "The invention relates to a control system. In particular, the invention has an object to provide a lighting device control system for controlling a lighting device upon receiving a turn-on signal to turn on the lighting device, to emit light capable of generating an illuminance equal to or lower than an ambient illuminance around a place where the lighting device is installed. 1. An indoor illumination control system comprising: a first lighting device installed in a first space, to emit light; a first switch for receiving a user control signal for control of brightness of the first lighting device; a first illuminance sensor installed in the first space, to detect a first illuminance of the first space; a second lighting device installed in a second space, to emit light; a second switch for receiving a user control signal for control of brightness of the second lighting device; a second illuminance sensor installed in the second space, to detect a second illuminance of the second space; and a spatial illuminance controller storing a look-up table in which relations among illuminance, start brightness, and target brightness are set, and receiving the first illuminance and the second illuminance, the spatial illuminance controller sending, to the second lighting device, a controller control signal to turn on the second lighting device at a start brightness corresponding to the first illuminance while being stored in the look-up table, upon receiving a turn-on signal from the second switch in accordance with movement of an object from the first space to the second space, and sending, to the second lighting device, a controller control signal to increase a brightness of the second lighting device to a target brightness corresponding to the first illuminance while being stored in the look-up table, wherein the controller control signal selects, as the start brightness, a brightness to generate an illuminance higher than a minimum illuminance that the second lighting device can generate, but equal to or lower than the first illuminance, and selects, as the target brightness, a brightness to generate an illuminance higher than the first illuminance, but equal to or lower than a maximum illuminance that the second lighting device can generate. 2. The indoor illumination control system according to claim 1, wherein: the first switch comprises a first main switch for turning on the first lighting device or sending a turn-on signal to the spatial illuminance controller, upon receiving the turn-on signal, while cutting off supply of electric power to the first lighting device upon receiving a turn-off signal, and a first sub-switch for receiving a user control signal to increase or decrease a brightness of the first lighting device, and sending, to the spatial illuminance controller, a lighting device control signal corresponding to the user control signal; the second switch comprises a second main switch for turning on the second lighting device or sending a turn-on signal to the spatial illuminance controller, upon receiving the turn-on signal, while cutting off supply of electric power to the second lighting device upon receiving a turn-off signal, and a second sub-switch for receiving a user control signal to increase or decrease the brightness of the second lighting device, and sending, to the spatial illuminance controller, a lighting device control signal corresponding to the user control signal received by the second sub-switch. 3. The indoor illumination control system according to claim 1, wherein the spatial illuminance controller sends, to the second lighting device, a controller control signal to control the second lighting device to generate a brightness higher than the target brightness, but lower than or equal to a maximum brightness of the second lighting device, upon receiving, from the second switch, a lighting device control signal to increase the brightness of the second lighting device.",
-    "The present invention provides an adjustable pulsed gas agitator comprising a gas accumulation chamber with a gas discharge pipe, a gas supply unit, and an adjustable gas discharge unit. The adjustable gas discharge unit comprises an elongatable gas pipe slidably disposed over the lower part of the gas discharge pipe, and a gas cap disposed underneath the elongatable gas pipe; so that when the adjustable gas discharge unit is moved upward or downward, the volume of the stirring gas accumulated within the gas accumulation chamber is decreased or increased; thereby the frequency and strength of the discharged pulsed gas flows is varied. 1. An adjustable pulsed gas agitator comprising: a gas accumulation chamber with an inverted enclosure having a downward liquid communicable opening when immersed in a liquid and having a gas discharge pipe through the top of the gas accumulation chamber; a gas supply unit for providing a stirring gas at a position higher than the downward liquid communicable opening within the gas accumulation chamber so that the stirring gas is accumulated within the gas accumulation chamber; and an adjustable gas discharge unit for discharging the stirring gas accumulated within the gas accumulation chamber intermittently in the form of pressured pulsed gas flows, wherein the adjustable gas discharge unit comprises an elongatable gas pipe slidably disposed over the lower part of the gas discharge pipe, and a gas cap disposed underneath the elongatable gas pipe; so that when the adjustable gas discharge unit is moved upward or downward, the volume of the stirring gas accumulated within the gas accumulation chamber is decreased or increased; thereby the frequency and strength of the discharged pulsed gas flows is varied. 2. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, wherein the gas accumulation chamber has a rectangular or cylindrical configuration. 3. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, wherein the gas supply unit comprises a gas supply pipe in a gas communication with an external gas supply source. 4. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 3, wherein the external gas supply source is continuous, intermittent or fluctuated. 5. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 3, wherein the gas supply unit further comprises a gas supply nozzle disposed at the distal end of the gas supply pipe for control of the supplied gas flow. 6. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, wherein the gas cap has a side wall with a variable height and a bottom preventing the liquid from directly flowing through the gas cap, and the distance between the bottom tip of the elongatable gas pipe and the bottom of the gas cap is changeable. 7. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, further comprising a secure means between the gas discharge pipe and the elongatable gas pipe so as to prevent the air accumulated within the gas accumulation chamber from escaping from the gap between the gas discharge pipe and elongatable gas pipe. 8. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, wherein the adjustable gas discharge unit further comprises three or more radial supports integrally connecting the elongatable gas pipe and the gas cap so that they can be moved together upward and downward. 9. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 8, wherein the adjustable gas discharge unit further comprises a translational means that is coupled to the bottom of the gas cap for moving the adjustable gas discharge unit upward and downward. 10. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, further comprises a pipe size controller that can be removably plugged into the gas discharge pipe, wherein the pipe size controller can be changed with different inner diameters for changing the size and shape of the discharged gas bubbles. 11. The adjustable pulsed gas agitator of claim 1, further comprises an adjustable partition disposed within the gas accumulation chamber, wherein the adjustable partition can change the volume of the gas chamber so as to control the volume of the discharged gas bubbles.",
-    "A GOA (Gate driver On Array) for an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) device is disclosed herein. The LCD device comprises a plurality of scanning lines. The GOA circuit comprises a plurality of GOA units, which are cascaded with each other as a plurality of level GOA units. The (n)th level GOA unit comprises a clock circuit, a pull-down circuit, a bootstrap capacitor circuit, a pull-up circuit, and a pull-down sustain circuit, to improve the color shift issue of a Tri-gate. 1. A GOA (Gate driver On Array) circuit for an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) device, the LCD device comprises a plurality of scanning lines, the GOA circuit comprising: a plurality of GOA units, being cascaded with each other as multiple levels of GOA units, the (n)th level GOA unit comprising: a clock circuit for receiving an (m)th level clock signal of a plurality of level clock signals, and being connected with an (n)th level starting signal and an (n)th level scanning line of the scanning lines; a pull-down circuit being connected with a gate signal point, the (n)th level scanning line, an (n+2)nd level scanning line of the plurality of scanning lines, an (n+2)nd level starting signal and a constant voltage source; a bootstrap capacitor circuit for connecting with the gate signal point and the constant voltage source; a pull-up circuit for connecting with the gate signal point, an (n\u22122)nd level scanning line of the plurality of scanning lines, and an (n\u22122)nd level starting signal; a pull-down sustain circuit for connecting with the gate signal point, the constant voltage source, and the (n)th level scanning line; wherein the numeral m and the numeral n are positive integers, the clock circuit comprises a first transistor, a control terminal of the first transistor is connected with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the first transistor receives the (m)th level clock signal, an output terminal of the first transistor is connected with the (n)th level scanning line, the pull-down circuit comprises a third transistor, a control terminal of the third transistor is connected with the (n+2)nd level scanning line and the (n+2)nd level starting signal, an input terminal of the third transistor is connected with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the third transistor is connected with the (n)th level scanning line. 2. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the clock circuit comprises: a second transistor, a control terminal of the second transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the second transistor connects with the input terminal of the first transistor, an output terminal of the second transistor connects with the (n)th level starting signal. 3. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of level clock signals has the same duty cycle. 4. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the pull-down circuit comprises: a fourth transistor, a control terminal of the fourth transistor connects with the (n+2)nd level scanning line and the (n+2)nd level starting signal, an input terminal of the fourth transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the fourth transistor connects with the gate signal point. 5. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the bootstrap capacitor circuit comprises: a first capacitor having two terminals which are connected with the gate signal point and the (n)th level scanning line. 6. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the pull-up circuit comprises: a fifth transistor, a control terminal of the fifth transistor connects with the (n\u22122)nd level scanning line and the (n\u22122)nd level starting signal, an input terminal of the fifth transistor connects with the control terminal of the fifth transistor, an output terminal of the fifth transistor connects with the gate signal point. 7. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the pull-down sustain circuit comprises a first pull-down sustain circuit and a second pull-down sustain circuit; the first pull-down sustain circuit comprises: a sixth transistor, an input terminal of the sixth transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the sixth transistor connects with the gate signal point; a seventh transistor, a control terminal of the seventh transistor receives a first low-frequency signal, an output terminal of the seventh transistor connects with the control terminal of the seventh transistor; and an eighth transistor, a control terminal of the eighth transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the eighth transistor connects with the constant voltage source; the second pull-down sustain circuit comprises: a ninth transistor, an input terminal of the ninth transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the ninth transistor connects with the gate signal point; a tenth transistor, a control terminal of the tenth transistor receives a second low-frequency signal, an output terminal of the tenth transistor connects with the control terminal of the tenth transistor; and an eleventh transistor, a control terminal of the eleventh transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the eleventh transistor connects with the constant voltage source. 8. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 7, wherein the first low-frequency signal and the second frequency signal are reversed. 9. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 7, wherein the first low-frequency signal and the second frequency signal exchange directions every 100 frames. 10. A GOA (Gate driver On Array) circuit for an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) device, the LCD device comprises a plurality of scanning lines, the GOA circuit comprising: a plurality of GOA units, being cascaded to each other as multiple levels of GOA units, the nth level GOA unit comprising: a clock circuit for receiving an (m)th level clock signal of a plurality of level clock signals, and being connected with an nth level starting signal and an nth level scanning line of the scanning lines; a pull-down circuit being connected with a gate signal point, the (n)th level scanning line, an (n+2)nd level scanning line of the plurality of scanning lines, an (n+2)nd level starting signal and a constant voltage source; a bootstrap capacitor circuit for connecting with the gate signal point and the constant voltage source; a pull-up circuit for connecting with the gate signal point, an (n\u22122)nd level scanning line of the plurality of scanning lines, and an (n\u22122)nd level starting signal; a pull-down sustain circuit for connecting with the gate signal point, the constant voltage source, and the (n)th level scanning line; wherein the numeral m and the numeral n are positive integers. 11. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 10, wherein the clock circuit comprises: a first transistor, a control terminal of the first transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the first transistor receives the (m)th level clock signal, an output terminal of the first transistor connects with the (n)th level scanning line; and a second transistor, a control terminal of the second transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the second transistor connects with the input terminal of the first transistor, an output terminal of the second transistor connects with the (n)th level starting signal. 12. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of level clock signals has the same duty cycle. 13. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 10, wherein the pull-down circuit comprises: a third transistor, a control terminal of the third transistor connects with the (n+2)nd level scanning line and the (n+2)nd level starting signal, an input terminal of the third transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the third transistor connects with the (n)th level scanning line; and a fourth transistor, a control terminal of the fourth transistor connect with the (n+2)nd level scanning line and the (n+2)nd level starting signal, an input terminal of the fourth transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the fourth transistor connects with the gate signal point. 14. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 10, wherein the bootstrap capacitor circuit comprises: a first capacitor having two terminals which are connected with the gate signal point and the (n)th level scanning line. 15. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 10, wherein the pull-up circuit comprises: a fifth transistor, a control terminal of the fifth transistor connects with the (n\u22122)nd level scanning line and the (n\u22122)nd level starting signal, an input terminal of the fifth transistor connects with the control terminal of the fifth transistor, an output terminal of the fifth transistor connects with the gate signal point. 16. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 10, wherein the pull-down sustain circuit comprises a first pull-down sustain circuit and a second pull-down sustain circuit; the first pull-down sustain circuit comprises: a sixth transistor, an input terminal of the sixth transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the sixth transistor connects with the gate signal point; a seventh transistor, a control terminal of the seventh transistor receives a first low-frequency signal, an output terminal of the seventh transistor connects with the control terminal of the seventh transistor; and an eighth transistor, a control terminal of the eighth transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the eighth transistor connects with the constant voltage source; the second pull-down sustain circuit comprises: a ninth transistor, an input terminal of the ninth transistor connects with the constant voltage source, an output terminal of the ninth transistor connects with the gate signal point; a tenth transistor, a control terminal of the tenth transistor receives a second low-frequency signal, an output terminal of the tenth transistor connects with the control terminal of the tenth transistor; and an eleventh transistor, a control terminal of the eleventh transistor connects with the gate signal point, an input terminal of the eleventh transistor connects with the constant voltage source. 17. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 16, wherein the first low-frequency signal and the second frequency signal are reversed. 18. The GOA circuit for the LCD device according to claim 16, wherein the first low-frequency signal and the second frequency signal exchange directions every 100 frames. 19. An LCD device, which comprises the GOA circuit of claim 10.",
-    "A pixel structure of a liquid crystal display panel and a manufacturing method thereof are provided, the pixel structure adopts a tri-gate frame, and one thin film transistor and one storage capacitor are simultaneously formed during the manufacturing process. The storage capacitor has a first via and a second via to connect a first capacitor layer and a second capacitor layer of the storage capacitor. A main storage portion of the storage capacitor further includes a lower portion of a common line, so as to substantially increase the capacity of the storage capacitor and reduce a feed through effect produced by the parasitic capacitor of the liquid crystal display panel, and to improve the display quality of the panel. 1. A pixel structure of a liquid crystal display panel, formed on a substrate, comprising: a first metal layer formed on the substrate, and including a scan line and a gate electrode of a thin film transistor; an active layer formed on the gate electrode; a first insulation layer formed on the first metal layer and the active layer; a second metal layer formed on the insulation layer, and including a data line, a common line, and a source electrode and a drain electrode of the thin film transistor, wherein the data line is connected with the source electrode; the thin film transistor is adjacent to the scan line and the data line; and the common line is parallel to the data line; a second insulation layer formed on the second metal layer; and a transparent conductive layer formed above the second metal layer, and including a pixel electrode and a common electrode; wherein the pixel structure further comprises a storage capacitor which includes: a first capacitor layer formed on one side of the pixel structure; a second capacitor layer formed above the first capacitor layer, and having a first area and a second area, wherein the first area of the second capacitor layer is connected with the drain electrode; and the second area of the second capacitor layer is connected with the common line to form a protrusion of the common line; a first via and a second via, wherein the first via is located at a border between the first capacitor layer and the first area of the second capacitor layer; a part of the first via is connected with the first capacitor layer, and the other part of the first via passes through and connects with the first area of the second capacitor layer, so that the first capacitor layer is connected with the second capacitor layer at this location; and the second via passes through the second area of the second capacitor layer, so that the first capacitor layer is connected with the second capacitor layer at this location; and a third capacitor layer having a first area and a second area, wherein a part of the first area of the third capacitor layer is located above the first via and is connected with the first via, and the other part of that is located above the common line and is connected with the pixel electrode; and the second area of the third capacitor layer is located above the second via and connected with the second via, and is connected with the common electrode. 2. The pixel structure according to claim 1, wherein the storage capacitor is between the data line and the common line. 3. The pixel structure according to claim 1, wherein the first area of the second capacitor layer is adjacent to the drain electrode. 4. The pixel structure according to claim 1, wherein the pixel electrode forms a plurality of comb-like branches from the first area of the third capacitor layer along a positive direction of the scan line; one part of the common electrode overlaps above the scan line, and the other part thereof is formed on the opposite side corresponding to the storage capacitor, and forms a plurality of comb-like branches along a negative direction of the scan line; and the comb-like branches of the pixel electrode and the comb-like branches of the common electrode correspond to and alternate with each other. 5. A pixel structure of a liquid crystal display panel, formed on a substrate, comprising: a first metal layer formed on the substrate, and including a scan line and a gate electrode of a thin film transistor; an active layer formed on the gate electrode; a first insulation layer formed on the first metal layer and the active layer; a second metal layer formed on the insulation layer, and including a data line, a common line, and a source electrode and a drain electrode of the thin film transistor, wherein the data line is connected with the source electrode; a second insulation layer formed on the second metal layer; and a transparent conductive layer formed above the second metal layer, and including a pixel electrode and a common electrode; wherein the pixel structure further comprises a storage capacitor which includes: a first capacitor layer formed on one side of the pixel structure; a second capacitor layer formed above the first capacitor layer, and having a first area and a second area, wherein the first area of the second capacitor layer is connected with the drain electrode; and the second area of the second capacitor layer is connected with the common line to form a protrusion of the common line; a first via and a second via, wherein the first via is located at a border between the first capacitor layer and the first area of the second capacitor layer; a part of the first via is connected with the first capacitor layer, and the other part of the first via passes through and connects with the first area of the second capacitor layer, so that the first capacitor layer is connected with the second capacitor layer at this location; and the second via passes through the second area of the second capacitor layer, so that the first capacitor layer is connected with the second capacitor layer at this location; and a third capacitor layer having a first area and a second area, wherein a part of the first area of the third capacitor layer is located above the first via and is connected with the first via, and the other part of that is located above the common line and is connected with the pixel electrode; and the second area of the third capacitor layer is located above the second via and connected with the second via, and is connected with the common electrode. 6. The pixel structure according to claim 5, wherein the thin film transistor is adjacent to the scan line and the data line. 7. The pixel structure according to claim 5, wherein the common line is parallel to the data line. 8. The pixel structure according to claim 5, wherein the storage capacitor is between the data line and the common line. 9. The pixel structure according to claim 5, wherein the first area of the second capacitor layer is adjacent to the drain electrode. 10. The pixel structure according to claim 5, wherein the pixel electrode forms a plurality of comb-like branches from the first area of the third capacitor layer along a positive direction of the scan line; one part of the common electrode overlaps above the scan line, and the other part thereof is formed on the opposite side corresponding to the storage capacitor, and forms a plurality of comb-like branches along a negative direction of the scan line; and the comb-like branches of the pixel electrode and the comb-like branches of the common electrode correspond to and alternate with each other. 11. A manufacturing method of a pixel structure of a liquid crystal display panel, comprising steps of: (a) forming a first metal layer on a substrate, wherein a scan line, a gate electrode of a thin film transistor, and a first capacitor layer of a storage capacitor are formed; (b) forming an active layer of the thin film transistor on the gate electrode; (c) forming a first insulation layer on the first metal layer and the active layer; (d) forming a second metal layer on the insulation layer, wherein a data line, a common line, a source electrode and a drain electrode of the thin film transistor, and a second capacitor layer of the storage capacitor are formed; wherein the data line is connected with the source electrode, the second capacitor layer is formed above the first capacitor layer and has a first area and a second area; the first area of the second capacitor layer is connected with the drain electrode; and the second area of the second capacitor layer is connected with the common line, so as to form a protrusion of the common line; (e) forming a first via and a second via of the storage capacitor, wherein the first via is located at a border between the first capacitor layer and the first area of the second capacitor layer; a part of the first via is connected with the first capacitor layer, and the other part of the first via passes through and connects with the first area of the second capacitor layer, so that the first capacitor layer is connected with the second capacitor layer at this location; and the second via passes through the second area of the second capacitor layer, so that the first capacitor layer is connected with the second capacitor layer at this location; (f) forming a second insulation layer on the second metal layer; and (g) forming a transparent conductive layer above the second metal layer, wherein a pixel electrode, a common electrode, and a third capacitor layer of the storage capacitor are formed; the third capacitor layer has a first area and a second area; a part of the first area of the third capacitor layer is located above the first via and is connected with the first via, and the other part of that is located above the common line and is connected with the pixel electrode; and the second area of the third capacitor layer is located above the second via and connected with the second via, and is connected with the common electrode. 12. The manufacturing method according to claim 11, wherein the thin film transistor is adjacent to the scan line and the data line. 13. The manufacturing method according to claim 11, wherein the common line is parallel to the data line. 14. The manufacturing method according to claim 11, wherein the storage capacitor is between the data line and the common line. 15. The manufacturing method according to claim 11, wherein the first area of the second capacitor layer is adjacent to the drain electrode. 16. The manufacturing method according to claim 11, wherein the pixel electrode forms a plurality of comb-like branches from the first area of the third capacitor layer along a positive direction of the scan line; one part of the common electrode overlaps above the scan line, and the other part thereof is formed on the opposite side corresponding to the storage capacitor, and forms a plurality of comb-like branches along a negative direction of the scan line; and the comb-like branches of the pixel electrode and the comb-like branches of the common electrode correspond to and alternate with each other.",
-    "A GOA circuit located in a display panel is disclosed. The GOA circuit includes a first thin film transistor, a second thin film transistor, a third thin film transistor, a fourth thin film transistor, a fifth thin film transistor, a sixth thin film transistor, a seventh thin film transistor, an eighth thin film transistor, a ninth thin film transistor, a first boost thin film transistor, a second boost thin film transistor, a boost capacitor, a twelfth thin film transistor, a thirteenth thin film transistor, a fourteenth thin film transistor, and a fifteenth thin film transistor. Through the first boost thin film transistor, the second boost thin film transistor, and the boost capacitor, a voltage level of a gate output signal outputted by a gate of the second thin film transistor is lifted. 1. A display panel, comprising a GOA (gate driver on array) circuit, wherein the GOA circuit comprises: a first thin film transistor, a gate of the first thin film transistor connected to a source of the first thin film transistor, and receiving a frequency signal; a second thin film transistor, a source of the second thin film transistor connected to a drain of the first thin film transistor, and a gate of the second thin film transistor outputting a gate output signal; a third thin film transistor, a gate of the third thin film transistor connected to the source of the second thin film transistor, and a source of the third thin film transistor connected to the source of the first thin film transistor; a fourth thin film transistor, a source of the fourth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the third thin film transistor, and a gate of the fourth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the second thin film transistor; a fifth thin film transistor; a sixth thin film transistor, a source of the sixth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the fifth thin film transistor, and a gate of the sixth thin film transistor connected to the source of the fourth thin film transistor; a seventh thin film transistor, a gate of the seventh thin film transistor connected to the gate of the sixth thin film transistor; an eighth thin film transistor, a source of the eighth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the fifth thin film transistor, and a drain of the eighth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the fifth thin film transistor; a ninth thin film transistor, a gate of the ninth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the eighth thin film transistor, and a source of the ninth thin film transistor connected to a source of the seventh thin film transistor; a first boost thin film transistor, a gate of the first boost thin film transistor connected to the source of the ninth thin film transistor, and outputting a gate line output signal; a second boost thin film transistor, a source of the second boost thin film transistor connected to a drain of the first boost thin film transistor at a dividing point, and a gate of the second boost thin film transistor connected to one of the gate of the ninth thin film transistor and a start signal transmitted from a previous stage GOA circuit; a boost capacitor, connected between a drain of the eighth thin film transistor and the dividing point; a twelfth thin film transistor, a source of the twelfth thin film transistor connected to the drain of the eighth thin film transistor; a thirteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor connected to the source of the twelfth thin film transistor; a fourteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the fourteenth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor, and a drain of the fourteenth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the first boost thin film transistor; and a fifteenth thin film transistor, a source of the fifteenth thin film transistor connected to the drain of the fourteenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fifteenth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the twelfth thin film transistor; wherein the gate of the second boost thin film transistor receives a control signal transmitted by the display panel. 2. A GOA circuit, located in a display panel, comprising: a first boost thin film transistor, a gate of the first boost thin film transistor outputting a gate line output signal; a second boost thin film transistor, a source of the second boost thin film transistor connected to a drain of the first boost thin film transistor at a dividing point; and a boost capacitor, connected to the dividing point; wherein the gate of the second boost thin film transistor receives a control signal transmitted by the display panel, the control signal controls at least one of the first boost thin film transistor and the second boost thin film transistor to be turned off. 3. The GOA circuit of claim 2, further comprising: a first thin film transistor, a gate of the first thin film transistor connected to a source of the first thin film transistor, and receiving a frequency signal; a second thin film transistor, a source of the second thin film transistor connected to a drain of the first thin film transistor, and a gate of the second thin film transistor outputting a gate output signal; a third thin film transistor, a gate of the third thin film transistor connected to the source of the second thin film transistor, and a source of the third thin film transistor connected to the source of the first thin film transistor; a fourth thin film transistor, a source of the fourth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the third thin film transistor, and a gate of the fourth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the second thin film transistor; a fifth thin film transistor; a sixth thin film transistor, a source of the sixth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the fifth thin film transistor, and a gate of the sixth thin film transistor connected to the source of the fourth thin film transistor; a seventh thin film transistor, a gate of the seventh thin film transistor connected to the gate of the sixth thin film transistor; an eighth thin film transistor, a source of the eighth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the fifth thin film transistor, and a drain of the eighth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the fifth thin film transistor; a ninth thin film transistor, a gate of the ninth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the eighth thin film transistor, and a source of the ninth thin film transistor connected to a source of the seventh thin film transistor; a twelfth thin film transistor, a source of the twelfth thin film transistor connected to the drain of the eighth thin film transistor; a thirteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor connected to the source of the twelfth thin film transistor; a fourteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the fourteenth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor, and a drain of the fourteenth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the first boost thin film transistor; and a fifteenth thin film transistor, a source of the fifteenth thin film transistor connected to the drain of the fourteenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fifteenth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the twelfth thin film transistor. 4. The GOA circuit of claim 3, wherein a gate of the second boost thin film transistor is connected to the gate of the ninth thin film transistor. 5. The GOA circuit of claim 3, wherein a gate of the second boost thin film transistor is connected to a start signal transmitted from a previous stage GOA circuit. 6. The GOA circuit of claim 5, wherein when the first boost thin film transistor is turned on, the second boost thin film transistor is turned off, a voltage of the dividing point is a high voltage level, and a voltage level of the gate output signal is lifted through the boost capacitor. 7. The GOA circuit of claim 5, wherein when the first boost thin film transistor is turned off, the second boost thin film transistor is turned on, the voltage of the dividing point is a low voltage level, the voltage level of the gate output signal is not lifted through the boost capacitor. 8. A display panel, comprising a GOA circuit, wherein the GOA circuit comprises: a first thin film transistor, a gate of the first thin film transistor connected to a source of the first thin film transistor, and receiving a frequency signal; a second thin film transistor, a source of the second thin film transistor connected to a drain of the first thin film transistor, and a gate of the second thin film transistor outputting a gate output signal; a third thin film transistor, a gate of the third thin film transistor connected to the source of the second thin film transistor, a source of the third thin film transistor connected to the source of the first thin film transistor; a fourth thin film transistor, a source of the fourth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the third thin film transistor, a gate of the fourth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the second thin film transistor; a fifth thin film transistor; a sixth thin film transistor, a source of the sixth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the fifth thin film transistor, a gate of the sixth thin film transistor connected to the source of the fourth thin film transistor; a seventh thin film transistor, a gate of the seventh thin film transistor connected to the gate of the sixth thin film transistor; an eighth thin film transistor, a source of the eighth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the fifth thin film transistor, a drain of the eighth thin film transistor connected to a drain of the fifth thin film transistor; a ninth thin film transistor, a gate of the ninth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the eighth thin film transistor, a source of the ninth thin film transistor connected to a source of the seventh thin film transistor; a first boost thin film transistor, a gate of the first boost thin film transistor connected to the source of the ninth thin film transistor, and outputting a gate line output signal; a second boost thin film transistor, a source of the second boost thin film transistor connected to a drain of the first boost thin film transistor at a dividing point, a gate of the second boost thin film transistor connected to one of the gate of the ninth thin film transistor and a start signal transmitted from a previous stage GOA circuit; a boost capacitor, connected between a drain of the eighth thin film transistor and the dividing point; a twelfth thin film transistor, a source of the twelfth thin film transistor connected to the drain of the eighth thin film transistor; a thirteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor connected to the source of the twelfth thin film transistor; a fourteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the fourteenth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the thirteenth thin film transistor, a drain of the fourteenth thin film transistor connected to the gate of the first boost thin film transistor; and a fifteenth thin film transistor, a source of the fifteenth thin film transistor connected to the drain of the fourteenth thin film transistor, a gate of the fifteenth thin film transistor connected to a gate of the twelfth thin film transistor. 9. The display panel of claim 8, wherein the gate of the second boost thin film transistor receives a control signal transmitted by the display panel, the control signal controls at least one of the first boost thin film transistor and the second boost thin film transistor to be turned off. 10. The display panel of claim 9, wherein when the first boost thin film transistor is turned on, the second boost thin film transistor is turned off, a voltage of the dividing point is a high voltage level, and a voltage level of the gate output signal is lifted through the boost capacitor. 11. The display panel of claim 9, wherein when the first boost thin film transistor is turned off, the second boost thin film transistor is turned on, the voltage of the dividing point is a low voltage level, the voltage level of the gate output signal is not lifted through the boost capacitor.",
-    "The present invention encompasses compounds of the formula (I), wherein the variables are defined herein which are suitable for the modulation of RORC and the treatment of diseases related to the modulation of RORC. The present invention also encompasses processes of making compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutical preparations containing them. 1. A compound of formula (I) R1 is: CN, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6cyanoalkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6haloalkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6cycloalkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 hydroxyalkyl, \u2014S(O)mCl1-6alkyloxy, \u2014SO2NRaRb, \u2014NRaS(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014NRaS(O)mC3-6cycloalkyl, \u2014S(O)(NRc)C1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)(NRc)C3-6cycloalkyl or \u2014S(O)(NRc)NRaRb wherein Ra and Rb are each independently H, C1-6alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, C1-6haloalkyl, C1-6cyanoalkyl,or C1-6alkyloxy; or Ra and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a C2-6 heterocyclic ring optionally containing 1-4 additional groups selected from NH, O and S; Rc is each independently H, C1-6alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, or C1-6alkyloxy; W is: C6-14 aryl, a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, saturated and partially saturated C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or saturated and partially saturated C3-12 cycloalkyl ring , wherein each W is optionally substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl-oxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd\u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, \u2014NRcRd, NRcRd\u2014C1-6alkyl-, and RcO\u2014C1-6alkoxy NRcRd\u2014C1-6alkoxy-, wherein Rc and Rd is each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, or a C2-10heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or Rc and Rd taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a C2-6 heterocyclic ring optionally containing 1-4 additional groups selected from NH, O and S; R2 is: \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014C3-6cylcoalkyl, \u2014C1-6alkyloxy, \u2014C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, \u2014C1-6haloalkyl, \u2014H, or \u2014C(O)ORe, or \u2014C(O)NReRf, wherein Re and Rf is each independently H or C1-6 alkyl; R3 is: \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014C3-6cylcoalkyl, \u2014C1-6alkyloxy; \u2014H, \u2014C(O)ORe, or C(O)NReRf, wherein Re and Rf is each independently H or C1-6 alkyl; or R2 and R3 taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a C3-12 carbocyclic ring or a C2-10 heterocyclic containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S; R4 is: \u2014H, \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014C1-6alkyloxy, or \u2014C3-6cylcoalkyl; X, Y and Z are chosen independently from N and CRe wherein one and only one of X, Y and Z is N and Re is: \u2014H, -halo, \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, \u2014C1-6 haloalkenyl, \u2014C1-6 haloalkynyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C1-6 alkoxy, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014OC1-6alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRfRg, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORf, or \u2014NRfRg, wherein Rf and Rg is each independently H or \u2014C1-6 alkyl; C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C3-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; R5 is: \u2014H -halo, \u2014C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, \u2014C1-6 alkoxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014C6-14 aryl, \u2014C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, \u2014C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, \u2014CN, \u2014C3-C6cycloalkyl, or \u2014C1-6haloalkyl, wherein R5 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, CN, C3-C6cycloalkyl, OH or \u2014C(O)\u2014NRaRb, R6 is: -halo, \u2014C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, \u2014C1-6 alkoxy, S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014C6-14 aryl, \u2014C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, \u2014C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, \u2014H, \u2014CN, \u2014C3-C6cycloalkyl, or \u2014C1-6haloalkyl, wherein R6 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, CN, C3-C6cycloalkyl, OH or \u2014C(O)\u2014NRaRb, or R5 and R6 taken together with the carbon to which they attached form a C3-12 carbocyclic ring or a C2-10 heterocyclic containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; L is: a direct bond, \u2014C\u2550C\u2014 S(O)m\u2014, \u2014NRaS(O)m, \u2014S(O)mNRa\u2014 \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014(CH2)n\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014, \u2014N(Ra)\u2014, \u2014N(Ra)\u2014(CH2)n\u2014, \u2014(CH2)a\u2014N(Ra)\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014N(Ra)\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014N(Ra)\u2014(CH2)n\u2014 or \u2014N(Ra)\u2014C(O)\u2014N(Rb)\u2014; wherein Ra and Rb is each independently H or C1-3 alkyl; R7 is: halo, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, \u2014C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, wherein R7 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-7 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, NRcRd and NRcRd C1-6alkyl-, wherein Rc and Rd is each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, cycloalkyl, \u2014C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, wherein each heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted by C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy; or Rc and Rd\u2014together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a C2-6 heterocyclic ring optionally containing 1-4 additional groups selected from N, NH, O and S, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by C1-6 alkyl, hydroxy or C1-6 alkoxy; each n is independently 1-4; each m is independently 0-2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: R1 is: \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6haloalkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6cycloalkyl, SO2NRaRb, wherein Ra and Rb are each independently H, C1-6alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, or C1-6alkyloxy, or Ra and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a C2-6 heterocyclic ring optionally containing 1-4 additional groups selected from NH, O and S; \u2014S(O)(NRc)C1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)(NRc) C3-6cycloalkyl, wherein Rc is each independently H, C1-6alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, or C1-6alkyloxy, or \u2014CN; and each m is independently 0-2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 wherein: W is: C6-14 aryl, C3-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, or bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, wherein each W is optionally substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, and NRcRd wherein Rc and Rd is each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, cycloalkyl, \u2014C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: R2 is: H, or C1-6alkyl; and R3 is: H, or C1-6alkyl; or R2 and R3 taken together form a cyclopropane ring or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 5. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: R4 is: H, or C1-6alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 6. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: X is N, and both Y and Z are chosen independently from CRe and Re is as defined in claim 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: Y is N and both X and Z are chosen independently from CRe and Re is as defined in claim 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 8. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: R5 is: H; C1-6 alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein R5 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, CN, or C3-C6cycloalkyl; R6 is: H; C1-6 alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein R6 may be optionally substituted optionally substituted with 0-5 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, and NRcRd wherein Rc and Rd is H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, cycloalkyl, \u2014C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; or R5 and R6 taken together with the carbon to which they attached form a C3-12 carbocyclic ring or a C2-10 heterocyclic ring containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 9. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: L is: a bond, \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 10. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: R7 is: halo, or C6-14 aryl or C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; wherein R7 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, and NRcRd, wherein Rc and Rd is H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; each m is independently 0-2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 11. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, wherein: R1 is: \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6cycloalkyl, or SO2NRaRb wherein Ra and Rb are each independently H, C1-6alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, or C1-6alkyloxy, or Ra and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a C2-6 heterocyclic ring optionally containing 1-4 additional groups selected from NH, O and S; or \u2014CN; W is: C6-14 aryl or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, wherein each W is optionally substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, and NRcRd wherein Rc and Rd is each independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; R2 is: H, or C1-6alkyl; R3 is: H, or C1-6alkyl; R4 is: H, or C1-6alkyl; X is N, and both Y and Z are chosen independently from CRe, or Y is N and both X and Z are chosen independently from CRe, and Re is: H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRfRg, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORf, or \u2014NRfRg, wherein Rf and Rg is H or C1-6 alkyl, \u2014C1-6 alkenyl, \u2014C1-6 alkynyl, or \u2014C3-12 cycloalkyl; R5 is: H; C1-6 alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein R5 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-6alkyl, -C6-14 aryl, C2-10 heterocyclyl containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S, CN, or C3-C6cycloalkyl; R6 is: H; C1-6 alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl; wherein R6 may be optionally substituted optionally substituted with 0-5 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mX1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mX3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, and NRcRd wherein Rc and Rd is H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; or R5 and R6 taken together with the carbon to which they attached form a C3-12 carbocyclic ring; L is: a bond, \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014; R7 is: halo, C6-14 aryl or C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; wherein R7 may be optionally substituted with 0-5 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 haloalkenyl, C1-6 haloalkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, \u2014S(O)mC1-6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)mC3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)\u2014NRcRd, \u2014C(O)\u2014ORc, and NRcRd, wherein Rc and Rd is H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkynyl, C3-12 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C2-6 heterocycle containing 1-4 groups selected from NH, O and S, or a C2-10 heteroaryl containing 1-4 groups selected from N, NH, O and S; each m is independently 0-2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12. A compound selected from the compounds in the following table: Example Structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 14. (canceled) 15. A method for treating an autoimmune disease or allergic disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the autoimmune disease or allergic disorder is selected from psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythromatosis, scleroderma, Type II diabetes, asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic eczema, multiple sclerosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, graft versus host disease, spondyloarthropathies and uveitis.",
-    "The invention concerns a gear-cutting machine for the machining of gear teeth with a gear-cutting tool driven in rotary movement about its tool axis, further with an assembly that includes a tool holder for the gear-cutting tool and is rotatably mounted on a carrier, allowing the tool axis to be set in a desired orientation, with an actuator device through which the assembly can be set to a desired angular position, and with a locking device that allows the assembly to be secured against being dislodged from the set angular position. According to the invention, a protruding arm that is a functional element of the actuator device is coupled to the assembly through a non-rotatable connection. 1. Gear-cutting machine for the machining of gear teeth with a gear-cutting tool driven in rotary movement about its tool axis, comprising an assembly (60) that includes a tool holder for the gear-cutting tool and is rotatably mounted on a carrier (50, 40), allowing the tool axis (Y) to be set in a desired orientation, an actuator device through which the assembly can be set to a desired angular position, and a locking device that allows the assembly to be secured against being dislodged from a set angular position, characterized by a protruding arm (70) that is coupled to the assembly through a non-rotatable connection and is a functional element of the actuator device. 2. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a first linear carriage (50). 3. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 2, wherein the drive source of the first linear carriage in an operating position of the gear-cutting machine is a functional element of the actuator device. 4. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 1 wherein the actuator device comprises a counter bearing (82, 80) cooperating with the end of the protruding arm on the opposite side of the non-rotating connection. 5. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 4, wherein the cooperation takes place in the form of a rolling support. 6. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 3 wherein the drive source of the first linear carriage in a second operating position of the gear-cutting machine is not a functional element of the actuator device. 7. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 3 wherein a transition between the first and the second operating position can be effected by a relative movement between the first linear carriage (50) and the counter bearing (82, 80), wherein said relative movement runs transverse to the movement direction of the first linear carriage. 8. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 2 wherein the first linear carriage (50) is supported by a further linear carriage (40). 9. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 7 wherein the relative movement can be effected by a movement of the second linear carriage. 10. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 1 wherein the angular positions that can be set for the assembly cover a range of at least 90\u00b0 and wherein the orientation that can be set for the tool axis to cover a range of at least \u00b145\u00b0 relative to a horizontal orientation. 11. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 1 wherein the gear-cutting machine is configured as a hobbing machine and can accept a hob as gear-cutting tool. 12. Method for the machining of gear teeth with a machining tool driven in rotary movement about its tool axis and at a prescribed orientation of the tool axis, wherein as a first step, the tool axis is set to, and locked at, the prescribed orientation, and next prior to and/or during the machining, a relative movement is executed between the tooth-cutting tool and the toothed workpiece, characterized in that the setting of the orientation of the tool axis and the execution of the relative movement are actuated by the same drive mechanism. 13. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 2 wherein said first linear carriage is a vertical carriage. 14. Gear-cutting machine according to claim 8 wherein said further linear carriage is a horizontal carriage.",
-    "Provided herein are compounds, compositions, pharmaceutical formulations, methods of treating and methods of using aPKC inhibitors for treating and/or preventing of aPKC abnormalities. 1. A method of treating or preventing an aPKC abnormality in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering an effective amount of an aPKC inhibitor or a derivative thereof to the subject, where the aPKC inhibitor has a formula according to Formula I: where each R1, when taken separately, is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, C\u2014C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkoxyl, hydroxy, carboxy, oxo, sulfanyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfanyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)sulfonyl, and arylsulfonyl, or, when taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a C5-C10-membered aromatic, heterocyclic, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, biaromatic, or bihetereocyclic ring, and where R2 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, tert-butyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkoxyl, hydroxy, carboxy, oxo, sulfanyl, C1-C6 alkyl furan, C2-C6 alkenyl furan, C1-C6 alkylsulfanyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and 2-acetyl-3-oxobutanimidoyl cyanide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the derivative is a salt or an alcohol of Formula I. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of: 2-propylfuran, (E)-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)furan, and tert-butyl. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the R1 together with the atoms to which they are attached form benzene. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount ranges from about 0.001 mg to about 1,000 mg. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount is administered in a dosage form formulated for oral, vaginal, intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular administration. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the aPKC abnormality is selected from the group consisting of obesity, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, hepatosteatosis, non-alcoholic cirrhosis, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, polycystic ovary disease, and Alzheimer's disease. 8. A method for treating or preventing an aPKC abnormality comprising: contacting a hepatic cell with an effective amount of an aPKC inhibitor or a derivative thereof, where the aPKC inhibitor has a formula according to Formula I: where each R1, when taken separately, is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, C\u2014C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkoxyl, hydroxy, carboxy, oxo, sulfanyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfanyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)sulfonyl, and arylsulfonyl, or, when taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a C5-C10-membered aromatic, heterocyclic, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, biaromatic, or bihetereocyclic ring, and where R2 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, tert-butyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkoxyl, hydroxy, carboxy, oxo, sulfanyl, C1-C6 alkyl furan, C2-C6 alkenyl furan, C1-C6 alkylsulfanyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and 2-acetyl-3-oxobutanimidoyl cyanide. 9. The method of claim 8, the derivative is a salt or an alcohol of Formula I. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the effective amount ranges from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg. 11.-14. (canceled) 15. A pharmaceutical formulation for treating or preventing an aPKC abnormality in a subject in need thereof comprising: an effective amount of aPKC inhibitor or a derivative; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where the aPKC inhibitor has a formula according to Formula I: where each R1, when taken separately, is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, C\u2014C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkoxyl, hydroxy, carboxy, oxo, sulfanyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfanyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)sulfonyl, and arylsulfonyl, or, when taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a C5-C10-membered aromatic, heterocyclic, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, biaromatic, or bihetereocyclic ring, and where R2 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, tert-butyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C8 cycloalkyl) C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C2-C6 alkenyl, (C3-C7 heterocycloalkyl)C1-C6 alkoxyl, hydroxy, carboxy, oxo, sulfanyl, C1-C6 alkyl furan, C2-C6 alkenyl furan, C1-C6 alkylsulfanyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aralkoxy, heteroaralkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-C6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and 2-acetyl-3-oxobutanimidoyl cyanide. 16. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 16, wherein the derivative is a salt or an alcohol of Formula I. 17. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 15, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of: 2-propylfuran, (E)-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)furan, and tert-butyl. 18. The pharmaceutical formulation as in claim 15, wherein the R1 together with the atoms to which they are attached form benzene. 19. The pharmaceutical formulation as in claim 15, wherein the effective amount ranges from about 0.001 mg to about 1,000 mg. 20. The pharmaceutical formulations as in claim 15, wherein the aPKC abnormality is selected from the group consisting of obesity, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, hepatosteatosis, non-alcoholic cirrhosis, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, polycystic ovary disease, and Alzheimer's disease.",
-    "This image pickup element unit is provided with: an image pickup element substrate having mounted thereon an image pickup element that converts inputted light into electric signals; and a temperature adjusting member for adjusting the temperature of the image pickup element. The image pickup element unit is configured such that: the temperature adjusting member is configured to have a recessed section, and include a left-side member, a right-side member, an upper-side member, a lower-side member, and a rear-side member of the recessed section; the image pickup element is disposed to be surrounded by the left-side member, the right-side member, the upper-side member, the lower-side member, and the rear-side member; and the image pickup element unit is attached to the image pickup element substrate by having the rear-side member therebetween. 1. An image pickup element unit comprising an image pickup element substrate having an image pickup element to convert incident light into electric signals mounted thereto and a temperature adjusting member for adjusting the temperature of the image pickup element, wherein the temperature adjusting member has a recessed section and is configured to comprise a left side member, a right side member, a top side member, a bottom side member, and a rear side member with respect to the recessed section, wherein a heat generating member is installed in the left side member or the right side member, and wherein the image pickup element is placed so as to be surrounded by the left side member, the right side member, the top side member, the bottom side member, and the rear side member and is fixed to the image pickup element substrate with the intermediate positioning of the rear side member. 2. The image pickup element unit according to claim 1, wherein the height of the image pickup element is lower than the height of every one of the left side member, the right side member, the top side member, and the bottom side member. 3. The image pickup element unit according to claim 1, wherein the heat generating member is buried in the left side member or the right side member. 4. The image pickup element unit according to claim 1, wherein a temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the image pickup element is provided on the image pickup element substrate. 5. The image pickup element unit according to claim 4, wherein, on the surface of the image pickup element substrate, opposite to the image pickup element, the temperature sensor is provided in a position facing the image pickup element. 6. The image pickup element unit according to claim 1, wherein the heat generating member is installed only in either the left side member or the right side member and the solid volume of the left side member or the right side member with the heat generating member installed therein is smaller than that of the right side member or the left side member in which the heat generating member is not installed. 7. An image pickup apparatus comprising an image pickup element substrate having an image pickup element to convert incident light into electric signals mounted thereto, a signal processing substrate which processes electric signals from the image pickup element, a temperature adjusting member for adjusting the temperature of the image pickup element, and a housing which houses the image pickup element substrate, the signal processing substrate, and the temperature adjusting member, wherein the temperature adjusting member has a recessed section and is configured to comprise a left side member, a right side member, a top side member, a bottom side member, and a rear side member with respect to the recessed section, wherein a heat generating member is installed in the left side member or the right side member, and wherein the image pickup element is placed so as to be surrounded by the left side member, the right side member, the top side member, the bottom side member, and the rear side member and is fixed to the image pickup element substrate with the intermediate positioning of the rear side member. 8. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the height of the image pickup element is lower than the height of every one of the left side member, the right side member, the top side member, and the bottom side member. 9. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the heat generating member is buried in the left side member or the right side member. 10. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 7, wherein a temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the image pickup element is provided on the image pickup element substrate, and wherein, on the signal processing substrate, a control unit is provided which switches between an On state in which electric power is supplied to the heat generating member and an Off state in which electric power is not supplied to the heat generating member, according to temperature detected by the temperature. 11. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the heat generating member is installed only in either the left side member or the right side member and the heat dissipation capability of the left side member or the right side member with the heat generating member installed therein is smaller than that of the right side member or the left side member in which the heat generating member is not installed. 12. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a fixing bracket for fixing the temperature adjusting member to the housing, wherein a contact area between the left side member or the right side member with the heat generating member installed therein and the fixing bracket is smaller than a contact area between the right side member or the left side member in which the heat generating member is not installed and the fixing bracket. 13. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a heat dissipation sheet which is provided between the fixing bracket and the housing, wherein the area of the heat dissipation sheet placed under the left side member or the right side member with the heat generating member installed therein is smaller than the area of the heat dissipation sheet placed under the right side member or the left side member in which the heat generating member is not installed. 14. (canceled)",
-    "An acquirer acquires information concerning an energy management system for controlling a plurality of apparatuses installed in a dwelling. A display displays, in a first display region, the information acquired by the acquirer, and displays, in a second display region, a layout diagram in which images indicating the apparatuses are arranged at positions corresponding to installation locations of the apparatuses in the dwelling. Upon a determination that the information displayed in the first display region includes information concerning a specific apparatus among the plurality of apparatuses, the display displays with relative emphasis an image indicating the specific apparatus in the second display region. 1. An energy management system for controlling a plurality of apparatuses installed in a dwelling, the energy management system comprising: an acquirer configured to acquire information concerning the energy management system; and a display configured to display, in a first display region, the information acquired by the acquirer, and to display, in a second display region, a layout diagram in which images indicating the plurality of apparatuses are arranged at positions corresponding to installation locations of the plurality of apparatuses in the dwelling, wherein the display is configured: to display, when the information displayed in the first display region includes information concerning a specific apparatus among the plurality of apparatuses, an image indicating the specific apparatus in the second display region with relative emphasis; and to update, at a date and time that is not included in a target period, display in the first display region and display in the second display region with a first cycle, and to update, at a date and time that is included in the target period, the display in the first display region and the display in the second display region with a second cycle that is shorter than the first cycle, wherein the target period includes a first period that ends at a date and time set by a user and a second period that starts at the date and time set by the user. 2. The energy management system according to claim 1, wherein: the information concerning the energy management system includes information indicating an operation status of the specific apparatus; and the display is configured to display, in the first display region, the information indicating the operation status of the specific apparatus, and to display, in the second display region, the layout diagram configured to emphasize the image indicating the specific apparatus. 3. The energy management system according to claim 1, wherein: the information concerning the energy management system includes information indicating a schedule for causing the specific apparatus to perform a predetermined operation at the date and time set by the user; and the display is configured to display the schedule in the first display region, and to display, in the second display region, the layout diagram configured to emphasize the image indicating the specific apparatus that performs the predetermined operation in accordance with the schedule. 4. The energy management system according to claim 1, wherein: the information concerning the energy management system includes collective operation information indicating an instruction to cause a plurality of the specific apparatuses to perform a predetermined operation all together; and the display is configured to display, in the first display region, a button configured to receive from the user the instruction to cause the plurality of the specific apparatuses to perform the predetermined operation all together, and to display, in the second display region, the layout diagram configured to emphasize images indicating the plurality of the specific apparatuses caused to perform the predetermined operation. 5. The energy management system according to claim 1, wherein: the information concerning the energy management system includes information indicating a total amount of power consumed by the energy management system as a whole; and the display is configured to display, in the first display region, the total amount of power consumed, and to display, in the second display region, the layout diagram configured to emphasize images indicating a predetermined number of the specific apparatuses in descending order of contribution to the total amount of power consumed. 6. (canceled) 7. The energy management system according to claim 1, further comprising: an input receiver configured to receive an instruction to update the display in the first display region, and to receive an instruction to update the display in the second display region; wherein the display is configured to update the display in the first display region when the instruction to update the display in the first display region is received by the input receiver, and to update the display in the second display region when the instruction to update the display in the second display region is received by the input receiver. 8. A terminal apparatus comprising: an acquirer configured to acquire information concerning an energy management system configured to control a plurality of apparatuses installed in a dwelling; and a display configured to display, in a first display region, the information acquired by the acquirer, and to display, in a second display region, a layout diagram in which images indicating the plurality of apparatuses are arranged at positions corresponding to installation locations of the plurality of apparatuses in the dwelling, wherein the display is configured: to display, when the information displayed in the first display region includes information concerning a specific apparatus among the plurality of apparatuses, an image indicating the specific apparatus in the second display region with relative emphasis; and to update, at a date and time that is not included in a target period, display in the first display region and display in the second display region with a first cycle, and to update, at a date and time that is included in the target period, the display in the first display region and the display in the second display region with a second cycle that is shorter than the first cycle, wherein the target period includes a first period that ends at a date and time set by a user and a second period that starts at the date and time set by the user. 9. A display control method comprising: acquiring information concerning an energy management system for controlling a plurality of apparatuses installed in a dwelling; and displaying, in a first display region, the acquired information, and displaying, in a second display region, a layout diagram in which images indicating the plurality of apparatuses are arranged at positions corresponding to installation locations of the plurality of apparatuses in the dwelling; displaying, when the information displayed in the first display region includes information concerning a specific apparatus among the plurality of apparatuses, an image indicating the specific apparatus in the second display region with relative emphasis; and updating, at a date and time that is not included in a target period, display in the first display region and display in the second display region with a first cycle, and updating, at a date and time that is included in the target period, the display in the first display region and the display in the second display region with a second cycle that is shorter than the first cycle, wherein the target period includes a first period that ends at a date and time set by a user and a second period that starts at the date and time set by the user. 10. A non-transitory recording medium storing a program that causes a computer to function as: an acquirer configured to acquire information concerning an energy management system for controlling a plurality of apparatuses installed in a dwelling; and a display configured to display, in a first display region, the information acquired by the acquirer, and to display, in a second display region, a layout diagram in which images indicating the plurality of apparatuses are arranged at positions corresponding to installation locations of the plurality of apparatuses in the dwelling, wherein the display is configured: to display, when the information displayed in the first display region includes information concerning a specific apparatus among the plurality of apparatuses, an image indicating the specific apparatus in the second display region, with relative emphasis; and to update, at a date and time that is not included in a target period, display in the first display region and display in the second display region with a first cycle, and to update, at a date and time that is included in the target period, the display in the first display region and the display in the second display region with a second cycle that is shorter than the first cycle, wherein the target period includes a first period that ends at a date and time set by a user and a second period that starts at the date and time set by the user. 11. The energy management system according to claim 1, wherein the display is configured to display, in the second display region and in association with the image indicating the specific apparatus that is displayed with emphasis, notice that the information concerning the specific apparatus is being displayed in the first display region. 12. The energy management system according to claim 1, wherein: the information concerning the energy management system includes information indicating a total amount of power consumed by the energy management system as a whole; and the display is configured to display, in the first display region, the total amount of power consumed, and to display, in the second display region, the layout diagram configured to emphasize the image indicating the specific apparatus that consumes an amount of power that is greater than a predetermined threshold.",
-    "The invention relates to methods of producing a diatom biomass. More particularly, the invention relates to methods to produce a diatom biomass using a continuous culture to produce a volumetric production rate of biomass of at least 20 g dry weight/L/day, wherein the culture medium is designed to provide the essential nutrients to maintain the diatom in log phase growth. In a preferred embodiment the biomass comprises highly unsaturated fatty acid. 1. A method of producing a diatom biomass, the method comprising the step of continuously culturing a diatom in a culture medium to produce a volumetric production rate of biomass of at least 20 g dry weight/L/day, wherein the culture medium is designed to provide the essential nutrients to maintain the diatom in log phase growth. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the diatom produces at least one highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the HUFA is selected from any one or more of EPA, DHA and ARA. 4-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the diatom biomass contains EPA at a level of at least 2% of dry cell weight of the biomass. 10-11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mean volumetric production rate of biomass is at least 20 g dry weight/L/day over a period of at least a month. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the diatom is selected from any one of a Nitzschia species, a Cyclotella species, a Phaeodactylum species. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the diatom is cultivated heterotrophically. 17-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes replacement of at least 50% of the culture volume with fresh medium every 24 hr. 22-26. (canceled) 27. A method of producing a diatom biomass, the method comprising: a) cultivating a diatom in a culture medium to produce an active culture; b) removing a portion of the active culture to collect the biomass; c) adding fresh culture medium to the remaining active culture that is substantially equivalent in volume to the portion of the active culture removed in step (b) and further cultivating the diatom; and d) repeating step (b) and step (c) as desired so that at least 20 g dry cell weight of biomass per liter of active culture is collected in a 24 hour period, wherein the culture medium is designed to provide the essential nutrients to maintain the diatom in log phase growth. 28-29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the diatom produces at least one highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA). 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the HUFA is selected from any one or more of EPA, DHA and ARA. 32-33. (canceled) 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the diatom microbial biomass contains EPA at a level of at least 2% of dry cell weight of the biomass. 35-36. (canceled) 37. The method of claim 27, wherein at least 20 g dry cell weight of biomass is collected per liter of active culture each day for at least seven consecutive days. 38. (canceled) 39. The method of claim 27, wherein the density of biomass in the active culture is at least 20 g/L. 40. The method of claim 27, wherein the diatom is selected from any one of a Nitzschia species, a Cyclotella species, a Phaeodactylum species. 41. The method of claim 27, wherein the diatom is cultivated heterotrophically. 42. The method of claim 27, wherein steps (b) and (c) are carried out sequentially. 43. The method of claim 27, wherein steps (b) and (c) are carried out simultaneously. 44. The method of claim 27, wherein the method includes the removing of a portion of the active culture in step (b) and the adding of fresh culture medium in step (c) such that there is replacement of at least 50% of the active culture volume every 24 hours. 45. An active culture in a continuous culture, the active culture comprising culture medium, a diatom at a diatom biomass density of at least 20 g/L. 46-50. (canceled) 51. A composition of a highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) or an ester thereof obtained from the biomass produced by the method of claim 2. 52. A method of producing a composition of a highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) or an ester thereof, the method including the step of extracting the HUFA or an ester thereof from the biomass produced by the method of claim 2. 53-55. (canceled) 56. A nutritional supplement, medical food, food or feed additive, or pharmaceutical product comprising the composition produced by the method of claim 52.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for determining at least one physical variable in a positive displacement pump, wherein the positive displacement pump has a movable displacer element which delimits the metering chamber which is connected via valves to a suction and pressure line, with the result that delivery fluid can alternately be sucked into the metering chamber via the suction line and can be pressed out of the metering chamber via the pressure line as a result of an oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein a drive is provided for the oscillating movement of the displacer element. 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A method of determining at least one physical variable in a positive displacement pump, wherein the positive displacement pump has a moveable displacer element delimiting the metering chamber which is connected by way of valves to a suction and a pressure line so that delivery fluid can alternately be sucked into the metering chamber by way of the suction line and urged out of the metering chamber by way of the pressure line by an oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein there is provided a drive for the oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein for the displacer element a differential equation is established based on a physical model, at least the position of the displacer element is measured and the physical variable is determined by means of the differential equation, wherein the fluid pressure p of a delivery fluid in a metering chamber of a positive displacement pump is determined as the physical variable, characterized in that if the actual fluid pressure reaches or exceeds a predetermined maximum value a warning signal is output and the warning signal is sent to an automatic shut-down arrangement which shuts down the metering pump in response to reception of the warning signal. 18. A method of determining at least one physical variable in a positive displacement pump, wherein the positive displacement pump has a moveable displacer element delimiting the metering chamber which is connected by way of valves to a suction and a pressure line so that delivery fluid can alternately be sucked into the metering chamber by way of the suction line and urged out of the metering chamber by way of the pressure line by an oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein there is provided a drive for the oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein for the displacer element a differential equation is established based on a physical model, at least the position of the displacer element is measured and the physical variable is determined by means of the differential equation, wherein the fluid pressure p of a delivery fluid in a metering chamber of a positive displacement pump is determined as the physical variable, characterized in that for a movement cycle of the displacer element a target fluid pressure curve, a target position curve of the displacer element and/or the target current pattern through the electromagnetic drive is provided and the actual fluid pressure is compared to the target fluid pressure, the actual position of the displacer element is compared to the target position of the displacer element and/or the actual current through the electromagnetic drive is compared to a target current through the electromagnetic drive and a warning signal is output if the differences between the actual and target values satisfy a predetermined criterion. 19. A method of determining at least one physical variable in a positive displacement pump, wherein the positive displacement pump has a moveable displacer element delimiting the metering chamber which is connected by way of valves to a suction and a pressure line so that delivery fluid can alternately be sucked into the metering chamber by way of the suction line and urged out of the metering chamber by way of the pressure line by an oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein there is provided a drive for the oscillating movement of the displacer element, wherein for the displacer element a differential equation is established based on a physical model, at least the position of the displacer element is measured and the physical variable is determined by means of the differential equation, characterized in that the mass m of the displacer element, the spring constant k of the spring prestressing the displacer element, the damping d and/or the electrical resistance RCu of the electromagnetic drive is determined as the physical variable. 20. A method as set forth in claim 17, characterized in that the positive displacement pump is an electromagnetically driven metering pump. 21. A method as set forth in claim 20 characterized in that besides the position of the displacer element the current through the electromagnetic drive is measured and the differential equation uses both the position of the displacer element and also the current through the electromagnetic drive as measurement variables, wherein the differential equation does not have any further measurement variables to be detected. 22. A method as set forth in claim 18 characterized in that a weighted sum of the relative deviations from the target value is determined and the criterion is so selected 23. A method as set forth in claim 18 characterized in that a plurality of criteria are predetermined, a fault event is associated with each criterion and, if a criterion is fulfilled, the associated fault event is diagnosed. 24. A method as set forth in claim 17 characterized in that a model-based closed-loop control is used for the drive. 25. A method as set forth in claim 24 characterized in that a non-linear state space model is selected as the model, wherein the non-linear closed-loop control is effected either by way of control-Lyapunov functions, by way of flatness-based closed-loop control methods with flatness-based precontrol, by way of integrator backstepping methods, by way of sliding mode methods or by way of predictive closed-loop control, wherein non-linear closed-loop control by way of control-Lyapunov functions is preferred. 26. A method as set forth in claim 24 characterized in that the difference between the detected actual position profile of the displacer element and a predetermined target position profile of the displacer element is detected during a suction-pressure cycle and the difference of at least a part of the detected difference and the predetermined target position profile is used as the target value profile for the next suction-pressure cycle. 27. A method as set forth in claim 17 characterized in that hydraulic parameters in the positive displacement pump are determined, for the hydraulic system a physical model is established with hydraulic parameters, the force exerted by the displacer element on the fluid in the metering chamber or the pressure in the metering chamber as well as the position of the displacer element is determined and at least one hydraulic parameter is calculated by means of an optimization calculation. 28. A method as set forth in claim 27 characterized in that the density of the fluid in the metering chamber and/or the viscosity of the fluid in the metering chamber is determined as the hydraulic parameter. 29. A method as set forth in claim 27 characterized in that the physical model is set up for the situation where the valve to the suction line is opened and the valve to the pressure line is closed and/or for the situation where the valve to the suction line is closed and the valve to the pressure line is opened, wherein if the physical model is set up both for the situation where the valve to the suction line is opened and the valve to the pressure line is closed and also for the situation where the valve to the suction line is closed and the valve to the pressure line is opened, the valve opening times are determined, and the physical model is selected in dependence on the result of determining the valve opening times. 30. A method as set forth in claim 28 characterized in that after determination of the hydraulic parameter same and the physical model is used for determining the force exerted by the delivery fluid on the displacer element and the force determined in that way is used in a closed-loop control of the movement of the displacer element. 31. A method as set forth in claim 18, characterized in that the positive displacement pump is an electromagnetically driven metering pump. 32. A method as set forth in claim 19, characterized in that the positive displacement pump is an electromagnetically driven metering pump. 33. A method as set forth in claim 18 characterized in that a model-based closed-loop control is used for the drive. 34. A method as set forth in claim 19 characterized in that a model-based closed-loop control is used for the drive.",
-    "The present disclosures and inventions relate to a catalyst or catalyst composition and the methods of making and using the catalyst or catalyst composition. In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a catalyst composition that includes a catalyst having the formula CA CB Ox and a catalyst support; a) CA is CoaMnbXd, wherein X comprises Si, Ti, Cu, Zns Pd, or La or a combination thereof; a ranges from 0.8 to 1.2; b ranges from 0.1 to 1; and d ranges from 0 to 0.5; and b) CB is NieCufMghSim, wherein e ranges from about 0.8 to 1.2; f ranges from 0 to 1; h ranges from 0 to 0.5; and m ranges from 0 to 0.5; wherein Ox is determined by the valence requirements of the other elements present, wherein in the catalyst support consists essentially of magnesia, alumina, silica, titanic, carbon, or zeolite, or a combination thereof; and wherein the catalyst composition converts synthesis gas to at least one olefin. 1. A catalyst composition comprising a catalyst having the formula CACBOx and a catalyst support; wherein: a. CA is CoaMnbXd, wherein X comprises Si, Ti, Cu, Zn, Pd, or La or a combination thereof; a ranges from 0.8 to 1.2; b ranges from 0.1 to 1; and d ranges from 0 to 0.5; and b. CB is NieCufMghSim, wherein e ranges from about 0.8 to 1.2; f ranges from 0 to 1; h ranges from 0 to 0.5; and m ranges from 0 to 0.5; wherein Ox is determined by the valence requirements of the other elements present; wherein in the catalyst support consists essentially of magnesia, alumina, silica, titania, carbon, or zeolite, or a combination thereof; and wherein the catalyst composition converts synthesis gas to at least one olefin. 2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein f ranges from 0.1 to 1. 3. The catalyst composition of claim 2, wherein h ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. 4. The catalyst composition of claim 3, wherein m ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. 5. The catalyst composition of claim 4, wherein d ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. 6. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst does not comprise an alkyl or an acyl group. 7. (canceled) 8. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst support comprises carbon comprising activated carbon or nonactivated carbon, or a combination thereof. 9. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst composition does not comprise boehmite. 10. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the catalyst composition does not comprise a polar organic solvent. 11. A method for using a catalyst composition comprising: a. contacting the catalyst composition of claim 1 with a synthesis gas; and b. forming a product mixture comprising at least one olefin. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one olefin comprises carbons ranging from two carbons to 12 carbons. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one olefin comprises ethylene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 2-ethyl-hexylene, 2-ethyl-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, or 1-decene, or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the product mixture comprises methane. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the conversion percent of synthesis gas to the product mixture ranges from 30% to 100%. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the product mixture comprises at least one olefin in an amount ranging from 60 wt % to 90 wt %, based on total weight of the product mixture. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the product mixture comprises carbon dioxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 5 wt %, based on total weight of the product mixture. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the product mixture comprises methane in an amount ranging from 2 wt % to 20 wt %, based on total weight of the product mixture. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the product mixture consists essentially of carbon dioxide, methane, and one or more olefins. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the method comprises the further step of removing a solvent from the catalyst composition. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the solvent comprises water. 23. (canceled)",
-    "In at least some implementations, a constant velocity joint includes a first rotational member and a boot can assembly coupled to the first rotational member. The boot can assembly includes a boot can, a boot and a seal carried by the boot can and arranged to engage and seal against the first rotational member when the boot can assembly is coupled to the first rotational member. The boot and seal may be formed from the same piece of material and may be bonded to the boot can. The boot and seal may be overmoulded onto the boot can. 1. A constant velocity joint, comprising: a first rotational member; and a boot can assembly coupled to the first rotational member and having a boot can, a boot coupled to the boot can, and a seal formed in one piece with the boot, carried by the boot, arranged to engage said first rotational member when said boot can assembly is coupled to said first rotational member, and wherein said seal includes a plurality of ribs extending from said boot and engaged with said first rotational member. 2. The joint of claim 1, wherein said seal including said ribs and said boot are features defined in the same piece of material that is bonded to and carried by said boot can. 3. The joint of claim 2, wherein said boot can includes a transition portion configured to create a plurality of contact areas between said seal, said boot and said first rotational member. 4. The joint of claim 3, wherein the contact areas include at least one area of radial compression against said first rotational member and at least one area of axial compression against said first rotational member. 5. The joint of claim 1, wherein said plurality of ribs extend inwardly from said boot and are engaged with said first rotational member. 6. The joint of claim 1, wherein recesses are provided between said ribs and the ribs provide multiple areas of contact with the first rotational member. 7. The joint of claim 1, wherein said boot includes said seal and an end of said boot overlaps an end of said boot can and is coupled to said boot can, and said seal and said end of the boot are integrally formed from the same piece of material. 8. The joint of claim 1, wherein said boot can is crimped on to said first rotational member to maintain said boot can assembly coupled to said first rotational member. 9. The joint of claim 1, which also includes a second rotational member and wherein the boot includes a main portion with a boot neck and an extension interconnecting the main portion and the seal, and extending axially between the seal and the main portion of the boot and circumferentially about an interior of the boot can. 10. (canceled) 11. The joint of claim 1 wherein the boot overlaps two axially opposed surfaces of the boot can so that the boot and boot can are mechanically interlocked to at least inhibit unintentional separation of the boot and boot can. 12. The joint of claim 1 wherein: the seal is configured to surround at least a portion of a first rotational member, and includes at least one rib extending from said boot and engaged with said first rotational member and the boot can is at least partially embedded in said boot and radially overlaps said seal, wherein said boot can and said boot are coupled together without an additional connection member. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The assembly of claim 12, wherein said at least one rib extends radially away from said boot can and is compressed between the boot can and the first rotational member. 16. (canceled) 17. The assembly of claim 12, wherein said boot overlaps at least two sides of said boot can. 18. The assembly of claim 12, wherein said boot also radially overlaps part of an inner surface of said boot can and part of an outer surface of said boot can. 19. The assembly of claim 12 wherein the boot overlaps two axially opposed surfaces of the boot can so that the boot and boot can are mechanically interlocked to at least inhibit unintentional separation of the boot and boot can.",
-    "The disclosed subject matter presents a catalyst or catalyst composition as well as the methods of making and using the catalyst or catalyst composition. In one aspect, the disclosed subject matter relates to a catalyst comprising CoMnaSibXcYdOx wherein in X comprises an element from Group 11; Y comprises an element from Group 12; a ranges from 0.8 to 1.2; b ranges from 0.1 to 1; c ranges from 0.01 to 0.05; d ranges from 0.01 to 0.05; x is a number determined by the valency requirements of the other elements present; and wherein the catalyst converts synthesis gas to at least one olefin. 1. A catalyst comprising CoMnaSibXcYdOx wherein X comprises an element from Group 11; Y comprises an element from Group 12; a ranges from 0.8 to 1.2; b ranges from 0.1 to 1; c ranges from 0.001 to 0.05; d ranges from 0.001 to 0.05; x is a number determined by the valency requirements of the other elements present; and wherein the catalyst converts synthesis gas to at least one olefin. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the catalyst does not comprise a carbonate group. 7. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein X is copper and wherein Y is zinc. 8. (canceled) 9. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the Si is an amorphous silica and wherein the amorphous silica has a pH in the range from 3 to 5. 10. (canceled) 11. The catalyst of claim 9, wherein the specific surface area of the amorphous silica ranges from 100 m2/g to 800 m2/g. 12. A catalyst composition comprising the catalyst of claim 1 and a catalyst support comprising magnesia, alumina, silica, zirconia, titania, carbon, or zeolite, or a combination thereof. 13. The catalyst composition of claim 12, wherein the catalyst composition comprises carbon comprising activated carbon or nonactivated carbon, or a combination thereof. 14. The catalyst composition of claim 12, wherein the catalyst composition is in the form of a fluidizable particle, a shaped pellet, a sphere, or a shaped extrudate. 15. A method for using a catalyst composition comprising: a) contacting the catalyst of claim 1 with a synthesis gas; and b) forming a product mixture comprising an olefin. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the olefin comprises carbons ranging from two carbons to 12 carbons. 17. (canceled) 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the olefin comprises ethylene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 2-ethyl-hexylene, 2-ethyl-heptene, or 1-octene, 1-nonene, or 1-decene, or a combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the conversion of synthesis gas to the product mixture ranges from 20% to 100%. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the product mixture comprises a total amount of olefin in an amount ranging from 25 wt. % to 75 wt. %, based on the total weight of the product mixture. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the product mixture comprises carbon dioxide in an amount ranging from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the product mixture. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the product mixture comprises methane in an amount ranging from 3 wt. % to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the product mixture. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the product mixture comprise a total amount of paraffin in an amount ranging from 15 wt. % to 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the product mixture. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the product mixture consists essentially of carbon dioxide, methane, one or more paraffins, and one or more olefins. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled)",
-    "There are provided a graphene having an oxygen atom content in a predetermined range or less and a carbon/oxygen weight ratio in a specific range to show excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties, and a barrier property, and a method and an apparatus for preparing the graphene having excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties and a barrier property by using a subcritical-state fluid or a supercritical-state fluid. According to the method and the apparatus for preparing the graphene, impurities such as graphene oxide, and the like, may be effectively removed, such that uniformity of the graphene to be prepared may be increased, and therefore, the graphene which is highly applicable as materials throughout the industry may be mass-produced. 1. A graphene having 20 wt % or less of an oxygen content and 5 or more of a carbon/oxygen weight ratio (C/O ratio). 2. The graphene of claim 1, wherein a primary differential curve has a peak at 600 to 850\u00b0 C. in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). 3. The graphene of claim 1, wherein a primary differential curve does not have a peak at 100 to 300\u00b0 C. in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). 4. The graphene of claim 1, wherein a weight loss rate at 900\u00b0 C. is 90% or more in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). 5. The graphene of claim 1, wherein an electrical conductivity is 20 S/cm or more. 6. The graphene of claim 1, wherein it is used as at least one selected from the group consisting of barrier materials, lightweight materials, energy, batteries, electronics, electrics, semiconductors, steel, displays, home electronics, mobile phones, nano-industries, biotechnologies, polymer composites, metal composites, paints, pastes, inks, water treatment, waste-water treatment, antistatic materials, electrostatic dispersion materials, conductive materials, electromagnetic wave shielding materials, electromagnetic wave absorbers, radio frequency (RF) absorbers, materials for solar cell, electrode materials for dye-sensitized-solar-cell (DSSC), electrical device materials, electronic device materials, semiconductor device materials, photoelectric device materials, notebook component materials, computer component materials, memory devices, mobile phone component materials, PDA component materials, PSP component materials, component materials for game machine, housing materials, transparent electrode materials, opaque electrode materials, field emission display (FED) materials, back light unit (BLU) materials, liquid crystal display (LCD) materials, plasma display panel (PDP) materials, light emitting diode (LED) materials, touch panel materials, electronic quotation board materials, billboard materials, display materials, heating elements, heat radiating elements, plating materials, catalysts, co-catalysts, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, automobile component materials, ship component materials, aircraft component materials, protective tape materials, adhesive materials, tray materials, clean room materials, transport component materials, flame retardant materials, antibacterial materials, metal composite materials, non-ferrous metal composite materials, materials for medical devices, building materials, flooring materials, materials for wallpaper, light source component materials, lamp materials, optical instrument component materials, materials for fabricating fibers, materials for manufacturing clothing, materials for electric products, materials for manufacturing electronic products, materials for secondary battery including cathode active materials for secondary battery, anode active materials for secondary battery and conductors for secondary battery, fuel cell materials, hydrogen storage material, and capacitor materials. 7. A method for preparing a graphene comprising: forming a mixed solution including a graphite oxide, a solvent, a first oxidizing agent; and a sulfur compound or a nitrogen compound; forming the graphene by reacting the mixed solution under a subcritical condition or a supercritical condition of the solvent; and recovering the graphene. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the sulfur compound is represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and the nitrogen compound is represented by the following Chemical Formula 2: HO-A1-Q-A2-OH [Chemical Formula 1] in Chemical Formula 1, A1 and A2 are each independently linear or branched C1-C10 alkylene group or C6-C20 arylene group, and Q is a sulfur atom (\u2014S\u2014) or a sulfone group(\u2014(O\u2550S\u2550O)\u2014), and in Chemical Formula 2, at least one of R1 to R4 is a nitro group (\u2014NO2), and the remainder is hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C7 alkyl group or C6-C20 aryl group. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the solvent includes water, carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the graphite oxide is formed by treating a graphite oxide precursor with an acid and a second oxidizing agent. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the graphite oxide precursor is at least one kind selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphene, graphite nanoplatelet, graphene nanoplatelet, expanded graphite, diamond, fullerene, carbon black, activated carbon, charcoal, carbon nanoribbon, carbon nanowire, carbon nanoclay, carbon nanotube, pitch carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, carbon glass fiber, and asphalt. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the first oxidizing agent is at least one kind selected from the group consisting of oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the graphite oxide is included in an amount of 0.0001 to 30 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the solvent. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the nitrogen compound or the sulfur compound is included at 0.0001 to 1 molar ratio (M) with respect to the mixed solution. 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the subcritical condition or the supercritical condition has a temperature of 50 to 600\u00b0 C. 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the subcritical condition or the supercritical condition has a pressure of 30 to 500 atm. 17. The method of claim 7, wherein in the forming of the graphene, the mixed solution further including a reducing adjuvant is reacted under the subcritical condition or the supercritical condition. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the reducing adjuvant is at least one selected from the group consisting of an ammonia water, amine, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium hydride (NaH), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), hydroquinone (HO\u2014Ph\u2014OH), hydrogen sulfide (HS), urea (NH2\u2014CO\u2014NH2), urea sulfide (NH2\u2014CS\u2014NH2), and sulfide dioxide urea (NH2\u2014C(NH)\u2014SOOH). 19. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after the forming of the mixed solution and before the forming of the graphene, pre-heating the mixed solution to 50 to 500\u00b0 C. 20. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after the forming of the graphene and before the recovering of the graphene, high-pressure-filtering the graphene. 21. The method of claim 7, further comprising, after the forming of the graphene and before the recovering of the graphene, washing the formed graphene. 22. An apparatus for preparing a graphene comprising: a mixing bath forming a pre-mixed solution by mixing a graphite oxide, a solvent, and a sulfur compound or a nitrogen compound; a first oxidizing agent feeding pump supplying a first oxidizing agent; a pre-heater pre-heating the pre-mixed solution and the first oxidizing agent supplied from the mixing bath and the first oxidizing agent feeding pump, respectively; a reactor connected to a rear end of the pre-heater, and generating a reaction of a mixed solution including the pre-mixed solution and the first oxidizing agent under a subcritical condition or a supercritical condition of the solvent; a cooler connected to a rear end of the reactor and cooling a product of the reaction; and recovering baths connected to a rear end of the cooler and recovering the graphene from the product. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising a circulating pump connected to the mixing bath, and circulating and mixing the graphite oxide, the solvent, and the sulfur compound or the nitrogen compound to form the pre-mixed solution. 24. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising a reducing adjuvant feeding pump connected to the middle of the reactor and injecting a reducing adjuvant into the reactor. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the reducing adjuvant feeding pump is connected to a point of \u2159 to \u00bd from an entrance of the reactor. 26. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising a heat exchanger provided between the mixing bath and the pre-heater, and connected to the rear end of the reactor and a front end of the cooler. 27. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising a cooling and pressure-releasing bath provided between the cooler and the recovering bath, and cooling and pressure-releasing the product. 28. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the recovering bath further includes filters filtering the product delivered from the cooler.",
-    "The present disclosures and inventions relate to a method including the steps of: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising an olefin, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and d) converting at least some process hydrogen and at least some process and/or external carbon dioxide to syngas by a reverse water gas shift reaction, and recycling such reverse water gas shift reaction produced syngas to before step c). 1. A method comprising: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and d) converting at least some process hydrogen and at least some process and/or external carbon dioxide to syngas by a reverse water gas shift reaction, and recycling such reverse water gas shift reaction produced syngas to before step c). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method produces waste water prior to step d). 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method recovers the waste water; wherein some or all of the recovered waste water is used to saturate the natural gas prior to being introduced. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises recovering carbon dioxide using an acid gas removal process. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein some of the recovered waste water is recycled as steam in step b). 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein some of the recovered waste water comprises one or more alcohols or one or more hydrocarbons, or a combination thereof. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the one or more alcohols or the one or more hydrocarbons, or a combination thereof is reformed in step b) with the natural gas. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises purifying one or more olefins by a cryogenic separation process. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the purifying the olefin comprises removing methane, nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbon monoxide, or a combination thereof. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises recycling the methane or nitrogen, or a combination thereof back to step b). 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises recycling the hydrogen, or carbon monoxide, or a combination thereof back to step c). 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises recovering heat and/or power from step b). 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conversion of the syngas to a product mixture is in the range of from 40% to 90%. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the product mixture has a hydrocarbon selectivity in the range of from 50% to 90%. 18. An apparatus comprising: a) a steam reformer, which is in fluid communication with a reactor; wherein the steam reformer reforms natural gas to syngas; b) the reactor, which is in fluid communication with the saturator; wherein the reactor converts the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin by contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and c) reverse water gas shifter, which is in fluid communication with the reactor; wherein at least some hydrogen and at least some carbon dioxide is converted to syngas. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus further comprises a saturator, which is in fluid communication with the steam reformer; wherein the saturator recovers waste water. 20. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus further comprises an acid gas removal apparatus, which is in fluid communication with the reactor, wherein the acid gas removal apparatus recovers carbon dioxide. 21. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus further comprises a cryogenic separation apparatus, which is in fluid communication with the reactor, wherein the cryogenic separation apparatus purifies the at least one olefin. 22. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus further comprises a heat and power recovery apparatus after the steam reformer. 23. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus further comprises a hydrodesulfurization apparatus before the steam reformer.",
-    "There are a method and an apparatus for modifying a graphene, and more specifically, a method and an apparatus for modifying a graphene capable of obtaining the graphene having a desired crystallite size by repeating a process for modifying the graphene using subcritical or supercritical carbon dioxide several times. According to the method and the apparatus for modifying the graphene of the present invention, the graphene having excellent electrical conductivity and dispersibility may be obtained. 1. A method for modifying a graphene comprising: injecting carbon dioxide in a liquid state into a reactor having the graphene; modifying the graphene by temperature-raising and pressure-raising carbon dioxide to 20 to 50\u00b0 C. and 73 to 200 atm, respectively; pressure-releasing and cooling the modified graphene; and recovering the pressure-released graphene by a recovering bath filled with deionized water. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene is prepared from at least one kind selected from the group consisting of graphene platelet, graphene nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, graphite, graphite oxide, graphite nanoplatelet, expanded graphite, diamond, fullerene, carbon black, activated carbon, charcoal, carbon nanoribbon, carbon nanowire, carbon nanoclay, carbon nanotube, pitch carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, carbon glass fiber, and asphalt. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature-raising and pressure-raising of the carbon dioxide; and the pressure-releasing and cooling of the modified graphene are repeated two times or more. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature-raising and pressure-raising of the carbon dioxide is performed in the presence of surfactant. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure-releasing and cooling of the modified graphene has a temperature of 20 to 30\u00b0 C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure-releasing and cooling of the modified graphene has a pressure of 1 to 10 atm. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: recovering the carbon dioxide discharged from the pressure-releasing and cooling of the modified graphene so that the carbon dioxide is reused. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene is used as at least one selected from the group consisting of barrier materials, lightweight materials, energy, batteries, electronics, electrics, semiconductors, steel, displays, home electronics, mobile phones, nano-industries, biotechnologies, polymer composites, metal composites, paints, pastes, inks, water treatment, waste-water treatment, antistatic materials, electrostatic dispersion materials, conductive materials, electromagnetic wave shielding materials, electromagnetic wave absorbers, radio frequency (RF) absorbers, materials for solar cell, electrode materials for dye-sensitized-solar-cell (DSSC), electrical device materials, electronic device materials, semiconductor device materials, photoelectric device materials, notebook component materials, computer component materials, memory devices, mobile phone component materials, PDA component materials, PSP component materials, component materials for game machine, housing materials, transparent electrode materials, opaque electrode materials, field emission display (FED) materials, back light unit (BLU) materials, liquid crystal display (LCD) materials, plasma display panel (PDP) materials, light emitting diode (LED) materials, touch panel materials, electronic quotation board materials, billboard materials, display materials, heating elements, heat radiating elements, plating materials, catalysts, co-catalysts, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, automobile component materials, ship component materials, aircraft component materials, protective tape materials, adhesive materials, tray materials, clean room materials, transport component materials, flame retardant materials, antibacterial materials, metal composite materials, non-ferrous metal composite materials, materials for medical devices, building materials, flooring materials, materials for wallpaper, light source component materials, lamp materials, optical instrument component materials, materials for fabricating fibers, materials for manufacturing clothing, materials for electric products, materials for manufacturing electronic products, materials for secondary battery including cathode active materials for secondary battery, anode active materials for secondary battery and conductors for secondary battery, fuel cell materials, hydrogen storage material, and capacitor materials. 9. An apparatus for modifying a graphene comprising: a first modification reactor performing a first modification reaction of the graphene using carbon dioxide at a temperature of 20 to 50\u00b0 C. and a pressure of 73 to 200 atm; a carbon dioxide feeding pump feeding carbon dioxide into the first modification reactor; a raw material injection apparatus injecting the graphene into the first modification reactor; a first pressure-releaser connected to a rear end of the first modification reactor; and a recovering bath connected to a rear end of the first pressure-releaser and recovering the graphene in a state in which deionized water is filled into the recovering bath.",
-    "The present disclosures and inventions relate to a method comprising: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin and a byproduct comprising a paraffin and a gasoline; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and d) converting the byproduct to syngas. 1. A method comprising: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin and a byproduct comprising a paraffin and a gasoline; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and d) converting the byproduct to syngas. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method produces waste water prior to step d). 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method recovers the waste water; wherein some or all of the recovered waste water is used to saturate the natural gas prior to being introduced. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step d), the converting the byproduct to syngas comprises partially oxidizing the byproduct and recycling the partially oxidized byproduct to after step b) and before step c). 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step d), the converting the byproduct to syngas comprises hydrogenation and pre-reforming of the byproduct and recycling the hydrogenated and pre-reformed byproduct to before step b). 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises recovering carbon dioxide using an acid gas removal process. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein some of the recovered waste water is recycled as steam in step b). 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein some of the recovered waste water comprises one or more alcohols or one or more hydrocarbons, or a combination thereof. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the one or more alcohols or the one or more hydrocarbons, or a combination thereof is reformed in step b) with the natural gas. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises purifying one or more olefins by a cryogenic separation process. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the purifying the olefin comprises removing methane, nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbon monoxide, or a combination thereof. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the method comprises recycling the methane or nitrogen, or a combination thereof back to step b). 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises recycling the hydrogen, or carbon monoxide, or a combination thereof back to step c). 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises recovering heat and/or power from step b). 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. An apparatus comprising: a) a steam reformer, which is in fluid communication with a reactor; wherein the steam reformer reforms natural gas to syngas; b) the reactor, which is in fluid communication with a saturator; wherein the reactor converts the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin by contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and c) a partial oxidation reactor, which is in fluid communication with the reactor; wherein the byproduct is converted to syngas. 21. An apparatus comprising: a) a steam reformer, which is in fluid communication with a reactor; wherein the steam reformer reforms natural gas to syngas; b) the reactor, which is in fluid communication with a saturator; wherein the reactor converts the syngas to a product mixture comprising an olefin by contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; c) a hydrogenator in fluid communication with the reactor; and d) an adiabatic pre-reformer in fluid communication with the hydrogenator. 22. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the apparatus further comprises a saturator, which is in fluid communication with the steam reformer; wherein the saturator recovers the waste water. 23. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the apparatus further comprises an acid gas removal apparatus, which is in fluid communication with the reactor, wherein the acid gas removal apparatus recovers carbon dioxide. 24. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the apparatus further comprises a cryogenic separation apparatus, which is in fluid communication with the reactor, wherein the cryogenic separation apparatus purifies at least one olefin. 25. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the apparatus further comprises a heat and power recovery apparatus after the steam reformer. 26. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device including a photo-alignment film and capable of sufficiently improving the display quality. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device including a photo-alignment film. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device successively includes a step (1) of forming on a substrate a film from a photo-alignment-film material that contains a solvent, a polymer including a photo-functional group that is capable of causing at least one chemical reaction selected from the group consisting of photodimerization, photoisomerization, and photo-Fries rearrangement, and a polymer including a polyamic acid backbone and free from the photo-functional group; a step (2) of pre-heating the film to evaporate the solvent; a step (3) of irradiating the pre-heated film with polarized light; and a step (4) of main-heating the polarized-light-irradiated film. The liquid crystal display device is of an in-plane switching mode or a fringe field switching mode in each of which a pre-tilt angle is substantially 0\u00b0. 1: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device including a photo-alignment film, the method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device successively comprising: a step (1) of forming on a substrate a film from a photo-alignment-film material that contains a solvent, a polymer including a photo-functional group that is capable of causing at least one chemical reaction selected from the group consisting of photodimerization, photoisomerization, and photo-Fries rearrangement, and a polymer including a polyamic acid backbone and free from the photo-functional group; a step (2) of pre-heating the film to evaporate the solvent; a step (3) of irradiating the pre-heated film with polarized light; and a step (4) of main-heating the polarized-light-irradiated film, the liquid crystal display device being of an in-plane switching mode or a fringe field switching mode in each of which a pre-tilt angle is substantially 0\u00b0. 2: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the main heating in the step (4) is performed at a temperature of 90\u00b0 C. or higher. 3: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the pre-heating in the step (2) is performed at a temperature of 90\u00b0 C. or lower. 4: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal display device aligns liquid crystal molecules having negative anisotropy of dielectric constant by the photo-alignment film. 5: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the main heating in the step (4) includes an operation performed so as to include multiple temperature-constant periods at different temperatures from a lower temperature to a higher temperature. 6: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 5, wherein the main heating in the step (4) includes two main heating operations at different temperatures, the first main heating operation is performed at a temperature of 90\u00b0 C. or higher and 140\u00b0 C. or lower, and the second main heating operation is performed at a temperature of 180\u00b0 C. or higher. 7: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the main heating in the step (4) is performed using multiple heaters set to different temperatures. 8: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the main heating in the step (4) is performed using a single heater and the temperature of the heater is successively changed to a different temperature. 9: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the main heating in the step (4) is performed by transferring the substrate in a heater that includes a region having a temperature gradient. 10: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the photo-functional group is at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a cinnamate group, a chalcone group, a coumarin group, a stilbene group, a phenyl ester group, and an azobenzene group. 11: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the polymer including the photo-functional group includes a backbone that has at least one structure selected from the group consisting of polyamic acids, polyimides, acrylic structures, methacrylic structures, maleimide, and polysiloxanes. 12: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the photo-functional group is capable of causing at least photodimerization, the step (4) includes two main heating operations at different temperatures and, between the first and second main heating operations, a step (4a) of irradiating the film after the first main heating with light. 13: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein a material of the polymer contained in the photo-alignment-film material includes in a main chain or a side chain a structure represented by any of the following formulas (A) to (C): wherein X represents a direct bond, O, COO, OCO, CO, or C\u2261C. 14: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein a material of the polymer contained in the photo-alignment-film material includes one or both of a carboxyl group and an amide group in a main chain or a side chain. 15: The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is a mixture of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of N-methyl-pyrrolidone, N-ethyl-pyrrolidone, and \u03b3-butyrolactone and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of butyl cellosolve, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diisobutyl ketone and structural isomers thereof, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, and diacetone alcohol.",
-    "The monitoring device for a weaving machine includes at least one camera and a weft-thread beat-up device. The weft-thread beat-up device includes at least one reed and/or a batten and the reed and/or the batten extends in a longitudinal direction of the weft-thread beat-up device. The at least one camera apparatus is fastened to the weft-thread beat-up device and includes sensor elements arranged adjacent to one another. The camera is designed to record an image using the sensor elements, wherein the sensor elements are arranged in a row that extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the weft-thread beat-up device. 1. A monitoring device (100, 100a) for a weaving machine (2) which monitoring device comprises at least one camera apparatus (20) and a weft-thread beat-up device (1), wherein the weft-thread beat-up device (1) comprises at least one reed (17) and/or a batten (13) and the reed (17) and/or the batten (13) extend in a longitudinal direction (LA1, LA2) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1), characterized in that the at least one camera apparatus (20) is fastened to the weft-thread beat-up device (1), wherein the at least one camera apparatus (20) comprises a plurality of sensor elements arranged adjacent to one another, wherein the camera apparatus (20) is configured to record an image by means of the sensor element and wherein the sensor elements are arranged in a row which extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction (LA1, LA2) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1). 2. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, wherein the weft-thread beat-up device (1) comprises at least one reed (17) and the camera apparatus (20) is disposed on a first collar (24a) or on a second collar (24b) of the reed (17). 3. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, wherein at least one vibration damping device (28) is disposed between the weft-thread beat-up device (1) and the camera apparatus (20). 4. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, having a device (29) for adjusting the position of the at least one camera apparatus (20) relative to the weft-thread beat-up device (1). 5. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, having at least one image processing device (BV) for analysis of an image recorded by the camera apparatus (20) in order to detect defects and having a data storage device (SM) which is in data communication with the image processing device (BV), wherein the image processing device (BV) and the data storage device (SM) are mechanically connected to the weft-thread beat-up device (1). 6. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, wherein the camera apparatus (20) is configured to provide image data representing a recorded image, having an image processing device (BV) which is designed to analyze image data provided by the camera apparatus (20) and generate data as a result of an analysis of the image data, having a data transmitting device which is connected mechanically to the weft-thread beat-up device (1) and which is configured to wirelessly transmit image data provided by the camera apparatus (20) and/or data generated by the image processing device (BV). 7. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, having a multiplicity of camera apparatuses (20), wherein the plurality of camera apparatuses (20) are disposed consecutively in a row along the longitudinal direction (LA1, LA2) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1) and wherein each camera apparatus (20) has at least one image region (22) and two of the camera apparatuses (20) are disposed adjacent to one another in such a manner that image regions (22) of the two of the camera apparatuses (20) overlap. 8. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 7, wherein at least two of the camera apparatuses (20) are disposed in a module (M0, ME) with at least one lighting device (39) and the module additionally at least comprises: a common image control device (BSE) for triggering the at least two of the camera apparatuses (20) in order to cause the at least two of the camera apparatuses (20) to record images and/or a common image processing device (BV) for processing the images recorded by the at least two camera apparatuses (20). 9. The monitoring device according to claim 7, wherein the weft-thread beat-up device (1) has a longitudinal section which comprises passages (18a) for the warp threads (4) formed in a reed (17) and wherein the camera apparatuses (20) are disposed consecutively in such a manner that the entirety of all the image regions (22) of the camera apparatuses (20) extend in a direction parallel to the longitudinal direction (LA1, LA2) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1) over a distance (Ref) which is greater than or equal to the length (B) of the longitudinal section of the weft-thread beat-up device (1). 10. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, wherein in addition one sensor device (BS) for determining an instantaneous position of the weft-thread beat-up device (1) is fastened to the weft-thread beat-up device (1) and the sensor device (BS) is in data communication: with an image control device (BSE) for triggering the at least one camera apparatus (20) in order to cause the camera apparatus (20) to record an image and/or with an image processing device (BV) for processing an image recorded by the camera apparatus (20). 11. The monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1, having a synchronizing unit (SE) which is configured to synchronize the camera apparatus (20) with a position (15, 16) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1) in order to control the camera apparatus (20) depending on a position of the weft-thread beat-up device (1). 12. A weaving machine (2) having a monitoring device (100, 100a) according to claim 1 and at least one control device (KW) for triggering at least one component of the weaving machine (2), wherein the control device (KW) is configured to receive data directly or indirectly from the camera apparatus (20). 13. A method for monitoring at least warp threads (4) in a weaving machine (2) having at least one camera apparatus (20), which weaving machine (2) comprises a movable weft-thread beat-up device (1) which during a movement from a back position (15) into a beat-up position (16) during a weaving process conveys a weft thread (5) into a position extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal direction (LA1, LA2) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1), characterized in that the camera apparatus (20) is co-moved with the weft-thread beat-up device (1) during the movement of the weft-thread beat-up device (1) and the camera apparatus (20) records an image at at least a specific position (15, 16) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1) during a weaving process. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein an image processing (BV) of at least one image recorded by the camera apparatus (20) is carried out in order to detect a defect for at least one of the warp threads (4) and localize the defect along a direction which runs at least partially parallel to the longitudinal direction (LA1, LA2) of the weft-thread beat-up device (1). 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the camera apparatus (20) records each image in the form of a multiplicity of adjacently disposed pixels, an assignment of the warp threads (4) is performed for the weaving process in which, to each warp thread (4) to be monitored, at least one of the pixels is assigned, and the defect is localized with the aid of the assignment. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein if a defect is detected by means of the image processing (BV), a device disposed on the weft-thread beat-up device (1), preferably a lighting device (39) is triggered so that the device visibly displays the position of the defect. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein warp thread defects and in addition weft thread defects and/or weaving defects are monitored.",
-    "The current invention relates to a power conversion device (10), for supplying a load (11) with a PWM signal through an inductive output filter (105). The power conversion device (10) comprises a power conversion module (101) supplied by a DC input voltage (Vin) and is configured for providing a plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn) having a level amplitude that is a fraction of the input voltage (Vin) level. Each output signal is floating with a bias component equally split in a plurality of steps ranging from a determined lowest fraction level amplitude to a determined highest fraction level amplitude. The power conversion device (10) further comprises a multiplexer (103) receiving as a plurality of inputs the plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn). The multiplexer is configured for outputting one output signal (PWMx) selected from the plurality of inputs, whereby the output signal (PWMx) of the multiplexer (103) is connected to the output filter (105). 1. Power conversion device, for supplying a load with a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal, comprising an inductive output filter having at least an output configured to be connected to the load, the power conversion device comprising: a power conversion module supplied by a DC input voltage (Vin) and configured for providing a plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn) having a level amplitude that is a fraction of the input voltage (Vin) level, each output signal being floating with a bias component split in a plurality of steps ranging from a determined lowest fraction level amplitude to a determined highest fraction level amplitude; a selection module adapted to select one output signal among said plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn), the selected output signal being connected to the output filter. 2. Power conversion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said selection module comprises a multiplexer receiving as a plurality of inputs said plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn) and configured for outputting one output signal (PWMx) selected from said plurality of inputs. 3. Power conversion device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said selection module comprises a wiring of the selected output signal to the output filter. 4. Power conversion device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a controller configured for controlling a duty cycle and/or a frequency of the output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn) of the power conversion module as a function of at least one component among the group consisting of input signals representative of a sensed supply voltage (Vin), a sensed output voltage (vo) of the power conversion module, and a signal representative of a sensed load voltage, load current or load power. 5. Power conversion device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the power conversion module comprises a Switched Capacitor Converter (SCC), comprising a plurality of switches controlled by the controller. 6. Power conversion device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the power conversion module is based on a Dickson ladder topology. 7. Power conversion device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn) are formed by voltages (vx1, . . . , vxn) at respective internal nodes (N1, . . . , N9) of the power conversion module (101). 8. A Driver for a Light Emitting Diode (LED) comprising a power conversion device as claimed in claim 1. 9. LED package comprising at least one LED and an associated driver as claimed in claim 8. 10. LED package as claimed in claim 9, integrated as a Power System on a Chip (PSoC) or Power System in a Package (PSiP). 11. A Method for supplying a load with a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal through an inductive output filter having at least an output configured to be connected to the load, comprising: converting the power supplied by a DC input voltage (Vin) into a plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn) having a level amplitude that is a fraction of the input voltage (Vin) level, each output signal being floating with a bias component split in a plurality of steps ranging from a determined lowest fraction level amplitude to a determined highest fraction level amplitude, and selecting one output signal (PWMx) selected from said plurality of output signals (PWM1, . . . , PWMn), to supply the load supply signal through the output filter.",
-    "A graphene display device includes a graphene display unit and a display control unit electrically connected with the graphene display unit. The graphene display unit includes a plurality of graphene light emitting structures constituting dynamic sub-pixels of the graphene display unit. The graphene display unit is configured for dividing pixel gamut of multiple base colors of pixels of the graphene display unit. A relationship between the pixel gamut and a pixel gamut coordinate is configured, and the graphene display unit controls the dynamic sub-pixel to display corresponding light in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinate of the inputted pixel. In addition, a display driving method of graphene display devices is disclosed. The graphene display device may accomplish multiple base colors display with fewer pixels such that wider color gamut coverage may be provided, and the aperture rate of the display device is enhanced and the power consumption is reduced. 1. A graphene display device, comprising: a graphene display unit and a display control unit electrically connected with the graphene display unit, the graphene display unit comprises a plurality of graphene light emitting structures constituting dynamic sub-pixels of the graphene display unit, wherein: the graphene display unit is configured for dividing pixel gamut of multiple base colors of pixels of the graphene display unit, a relationship between the pixel gamut and a pixel gamut coordinate is configured, and the graphene display unit controls the dynamic sub-pixel to display corresponding light in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinate of the inputted pixel. 2. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light emitting structure comprises a light emitting layer, a gate, a source, and a drain, the display control unit controls a displayed color of the dynamic sub-pixel in accordance with a gate voltage. 3. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the gate covers the light emitting layer, and the source and the drain are arranged on one side of the light emitting layer facing away the gate. 4. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the light emitting layer is reduced graphene oxide semiconductor; and/or the gate is graphene oxide; and and/or the source and the drain are reduced oxide graphene. 5. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the graphene display unit comprises a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate, and the light emitting structure is arranged between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate. 6. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the graphene display unit comprises a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate, and the light emitting structure is arranged between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate. 7. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the graphene display unit comprises a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate, and the light emitting structure is arranged between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate. 8. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the graphene display device further comprises a protection layer covering the light emitting structure, and the second transparent substrate covers the light emitting structure and the protection layer; and/or the graphene display unit comprises a masking layer formed on one surface of the first transparent substrate facing toward the second transparent substrate; and/or the graphene display unit comprises a reflective layer formed on one surface of the first transparent substrate facing away the light emitting structure. 9. The graphene display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the pixels of the graphene display unit comprises three graphene light emitting structures operating as the dynamic sub-pixels, the display control unit controls the three dynamic sub-pixels to display five base colors in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinates of the inputted pixel; or each of the pixels of the graphene display unit comprises one graphene light emitting structure operating as the dynamic sub-pixel, the display control unit controls the dynamic sub-pixel to display five base colors in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinates of the inputted pixel. 10. The graphene display device as claimed 9, wherein: when each of the pixels of the graphene display unit comprises three graphene light emitting structures operating as the dynamic sub-pixels, within the XY coordinate system, the pixel color gamut comprises five triangular areas having WBR, WCB, WGC, WYG, and WRY, each of the triangular areas corresponds to one displayed color of the dynamic sub-pixel; when each of the pixels of the graphene display unit comprises one graphene light emitting structure operating as the dynamic sub-pixel, the display control unit divides the timing sequences of the pixel gamut, each of the timing sequences is configured with one displayed color corresponding to the graphene dynamic sub-pixel, and the displayed color and the timing sequence of the three base colors are determined in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinate of the inputted pixel. 11. A display driving method of graphene display devices, comprising: dividing a color gamut of pixel and configuring relationship between a pixel gamut coordinate and the color gamut; and determining the corresponding gamut of the pixel in accordance with the color gamut coordinate of the inputted RGB pixel, and determining a displayed color of the graphene dynamic sub-pixel in accordance with the color gamut. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the method further comprises adopting three graphene dynamic sub-pixels to display multiple base colors, and the step further comprises: within a XY coordinate system, dividing the pixel gamut into a plurality of multiple base colors display areas, each of the display areas is configured with one corresponding displayed color of the graphene dynamic sub-pixel; determining location of the pixel gamut in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinate and displaying the corresponding displayed color when the graphene dynamic sub-pixel is controlled in accordance with the location; or adopting one graphene dynamic sub-pixel to display multiple base colors, and the step further comprises: dividing timing sequences of the pixel gamut, and each of the timing sequences corresponds to the displayed color of the graphene dynamic sub-pixels; and determining the corresponding timing sequence and color of the pixel gamut coordinate in accordance with the pixel gamut coordinate of the inputted pixel, and determining the corresponding displayed color when the graphene dynamic sub-pixel is controlled in accordance with the location.",
-    "The present invention discloses a display device and a driving method thereof. The display device comprises a display panel, a grating, a voltage generating unit, a touch sensing unit and a control unit. The grating comprises a first electrode and a second electrode having a p plurality of electrode blocks. The voltage generating unit provides first and second voltages to the first and second electrodes, respectively. The control unit controls the values of the first, second voltages such that the grating is transparent during the 2D display phase and functions well during the 3D display phase. During a touch phase, the electrode blocks serve as touch electrodes so as to provide a touch function together with the touch sensing unit. Since the second electrode is used during both the display phase and the touch phase, the display device has a reduced thickness, lower costs and enhanced transmittance. 1. A display device, comprising: a display panel and a grating mating with the display panel, the display device further comprising a voltage generating unit, a touch sensing unit and a control unit; wherein the grating comprises a first electrode and a second electrode having a plurality of electrode blocks sequentially arranged at the light-emitting side of the display panel; wherein the voltage generating unit is configured to provide a first voltage to the first electrode and a second voltage to the second electrode; wherein the control unit is configured to control the values of the first voltage and the second voltage generated by the voltage generating unit such that the grating is in a transparent state during the 2D display phase and is shown as alternately arranged light-shielding areas and light-transmitting areas during the 3D display phase; and wherein, during a touch phase, the touch sensing unit is configured to provide touch scanning signals to the electrode blocks of the second electrode under the control of the control unit, and to determine a touch position according to feedback signals provided by the electrode blocks. 2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the grating comprises: at the position of the light-shielding area between the first electrode and the second electrode, electrochromic layers which are in a transparent state during the 2D display phase and are in a light-shielding state during the 3D display phase. 3. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the display panel comprises: a plurality of pixel units arranged in rows and columns, and wherein the electrochromic layer has a width that is the same as that of the pixel unit and is arranged in a position corresponding to that of the pixel unit in the vertical direction. 4. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of electrode blocks of the second electrode are arranged in rows and columns with each electrode block being connected with the touch sensing unit by a single lead. 5. The display device according to claim 4, wherein the gap between any two adjacent columns of the electrode blocks corresponds to that between two adjacent columns of the pixel units, and wherein the leads that are connected with the electrode blocks in the same column are arranged in the gap between two adjacent columns of the electrode blocks. 6. The display device according to claim 4, wherein during the touch phase, the touch sensing unit inputs the touch scanning signals into each column of the electrode blocks in turn, and wherein when the touch scanning signals are input into one column of the electrode blocks, the rest columns of the electrode blocks are maintained at the second voltage. 7. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the display device further comprises an on/off switch unit, wherein the on/off switch unit is configured to, under the control of the control unit, transmit the second voltage provided by the voltage generating unit to the second electrode, or transmit the touch scanning signals output by the touch sensing unit to the second electrode. 8. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the voltage generating unit comprises a first voltage generating module and a second voltage generating module; the first voltage generating module is configured to generate the first voltage for the first electrode; and the second voltage generating module is configured to generate the second voltage for the second electrode. 9. The display device according to claim 1, wherein during the 2D display phase, the value of the first voltage is equal to that of the second voltage; and during the 3D display phase, the value of the first voltage is not equal to that of the second voltage. 10. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the first voltage is a planar voltage. 11. A method for driving the display devices in claim 1, the method comprising the steps of: during the display phase, inputting a first voltage to a first electrode and inputting a second voltage to a second electrode, and achieving a 2D or 3D image display by controlling the values of the first and second voltages; during the touch phase, providing touch scanning signals to the electrode blocks of the second electrode, and determining a touch position according to feedback signals provided by the electrode blocks. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 2. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 3. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 4. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 5. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 6. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 7. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 8. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 9. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the display device is the display device of claim 20.",
-    "Compounds of formula (I) wherein the other substituents HetAr, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are as defined in claim 1, and their use in compositions and methods for the control and/or prevention of microbial infection, particularly fungal infection, in plants and to processes for the preparation of these compounds. 1. A compound of formula (I) wherein HetAr is an optionally substituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaromatic ring system which may be monycyclic or bicyclic n is an integer with a value of 0, 1, 2 or 3 R1 and R2 are independently halogen or R1 and R2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered ring, optionally containing an oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atom R3 is hydroxy, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6haloalkoxy, cyano, halo, or \u2014OSi(C1-C6alkyl)3 R4 is C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkly, optionally substituted C1-C8cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted C1-C8halocycloalkyl R5 is independently alkyl, cyano, C1-C6haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6alkoxy, halogen, or C1-C6haloalkoxy; m is an integer with a value of 0, 1, 2 or 3 R6 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-C8cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4 to 11 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted 6 to 10 membered aryl which may be monycyclic or bicyclic or an optionally substituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaromatic which may be monycyclic or bicyclic or R1, R2 and R6 together can form a triple bond to form an optionally substituted C1-C7alkynyl R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl or C1-C6haloalkyl or R7 and R8 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered ring, optionally containing an oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atom or a agronomically acceptable salt or a N-oxide thereof, with the proviso that if n is an integer with a value of 1, 2 or 3, then R6 cannot be hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl or C1-C6haloalkyl. 2. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 characterized in that HetAr is an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaromatic moiety n is an integer with a value of 0, 1 or 2 R1 and R2 are independently fluoride or chloride or R1 and R2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered ring, optionally containing an oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atom R3 is hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, cyano, halo, or \u2014OSi(alkyl)3 R4 is C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkly, optionally substituted C3-C6cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted C3-C6halocycloalkyl R5 is independently C1-C4alkyl, cyano, C1-C4haloalkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, halogen, or C1-C4haloalkoxy m is an integer with a value of 0, 1 or 2 R6 is C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C6cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C5heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-C10aryl or an optionally substituted C1-C3heteroaromatic and agronomically acceptable salts thereof. When n is equal to 1: R1, R2 and R6 together can form a triple bond to form an optionally substituted C1-C7alkynyl R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl or C1-C4haloalkyl or R7 and R8 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered ring, optionally containing an oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atom. 3. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 characterized in that HetAr is an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic moiety comprising 1, 2 or 3 Nitrogen atoms n is an integer with a value of 0, 1 n is an integer with a value of 0, 1 R1 and R2 are independently fluoride or R1 and R2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an oxetane, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl R3 is hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy or cyano R4 is alkyl, haloalkly, optionally substituted C1-C6cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted C1-C6halocycloalkyl R5 is independently C1-C2alkyl, cyano, C1-C2haloalkyl, C1-C2alkoxy, fluorine, chloride or C1-C2haloalkoxy m is an integer with a value of 0 or 1 R6 is C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4haloalkyl, optionally substituted C3-C6cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl and agronomically acceptable salts thereof. When n is equal to 1: R1, R2 and R6 together can form a triple bond to form an optionally substituted C1-C6alkynyl R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl or R7 and R8 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form an optionally substituted cyclopropyl. 4. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 characterized in that HetAr is an imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl n is an integer with a value of 0, 1 R1 and R2 are independently fluoride or R1 and R2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cyclopropyl R3 is hydroxyl or cyano R4 is C3-C6cycloalkyl R5 is independently methyl, fluorine or chloride m is an integer with a value of 0 or 1 R6 is C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl and agronomically acceptable salts thereof. When n is equal to 1: R1, R2 and R6 together can form a triple bond to form an optionally substituted C1-C6alkynyl R7 and R8 are hydrogen or R7 and R8 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a cyclopropyl. 5. The compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 characterized in that HetAr is an imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl or pyrimidinyl n is an integer with a value of 0, 1 R1 and R2 are independently fluoride or R1 and R2 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cyclopropyl R3 is hydroxyl or cyano R4 is C1-C6alkyl R5 is independently methyl, fluorine or chloride m is an integer with a value of 0 or 1 R6 is C1-C4alkyl, optionally substituted cyclopropyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl. When n is equal to 1: R1, R2 and R6 together can form a triple bond to form an optionally substituted C1-C6alkynyl R7 and R8 are hydrogen or R7 and R8 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a cyclopropyl. 6. A method of controlling or preventing infestation of useful plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, wherein a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 or a composition, a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 as active ingredient, is applied to the plants, to parts thereof or the locus thereof. 7. A composition for controlling and protecting against phytopathogenic microorganisms, comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 and at least one auxiliary. 8. A method of controlling phytopathogenic diseases on useful plants or plant propagation material thereof, which comprises applying to said plant propagation material a fungicidally effective amount of a plant propagation material protecting composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, together with a suitable carrier therefor. 9. A composition comprising a fungicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1, optionally comprising at least one additional active ingredient.",
-    "The invention relates to a fireproof (refractory) ceramic impact pad (also called impact pot, German: Pralltopf), which is typically installed along the bottom of a vessel treating metallurgical melts at an area where the metal melt, poured into the vessel, normally hits the vessel bottom. Insofar the impact pot has the task to protect the refractory bottom of the metallurgical vessel (to reduce its wear) and/or to distribute the metal melt within the vessel. 1. Fireproof ceramic impact pad with the following features in its functional position: 1.1 a bottom (10) defining an upper impact surface (10i), 1.2 a first wall (20), extending upwardly from said bottom (10) and providing at least one of the following shapes in a top view: C, U, V, W, E, 3, with opposed free end sections (22, 24) having a minimum distance X1 to each other, 1.3 a second wall (30), extending upwardly from said bottom (10) and providing at least one of the following shapes in a top view: C, U, V, W, E, 3, with opposed free end sections (32, 34) having a maximum distance X2 to each other, wherein 1.4 X1 being larger than X2, 1.5 the free end sections (32, 34) of the second wall (30) are arranged between the free end sections (22, 24) of the first wall (20), 1.6 the free end sections (22, 24) of the first wall (20) overlap the free end sections (32, 34) of the second wall (30) in a horizontal direction, 1.7 at least one channel (40, 50) is formed between adjacent free end sections (22, 24) of said first wall (20) and said second wall (30). 2. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein adjacent free end sections (22, 24; 32, 34) of said first and second wall (20, 30) are arranged parallel to each other. 3. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein adjacent free end sections (22, 24; 32, 34) of said first and second wall (20, 30) are arranged in a converging manner to each other. 4. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein adjacent free end sections (22, 24; 32, 34) of said first and second wall (20, 30) are arranged in a diverging manner to each other. 5. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said free end sections (22, 24; 32, 34) of said first and second wall (20, 30) is planar. 6. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said free end sections (22, 24; 32, 34) of said first and second wall (20, 30) are curved about a vertical axis. 7. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein at least part of the first wall (20) is planar between the at least two end sections (22, 24). 8. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1 with at least one material bridge between said first and second wall (30). 9. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1 with at least one material bridge between adjacent free end sections (22, 32; 24, 34) of said first and second wall (20, 30). 10. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein a lower end section of at least one of said first wall (20) or second wall (30) is inserted into at least one corresponding pocket provided within said bottom (10). 11. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein the bottom (10) and at least one of said first wall (20) or second wall (30) are designed as one monolithic piece. 12. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein said first wall (20) and second wall (30) have different heights perpendicular to said bottom (10). 13. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said first wall (20) or second wall (30) provides an upper rim (20r, 30r) protruding an adjacent wall section in at least one direction parallel to the bottom (10). 14. Fireproof ceramic impact pad according to claim 13, wherein said rim (20r, 30r) protrudes towards an area of said pad, where a corresponding melt hits the bottom (10).",
-    "A LCD includes a liquid crystal panel, a backlight module opposite to the liquid crystal panel, at least one quantum rod film and at least one wavelength film. The quantum rod film is between the liquid crystal panel and the backlight module, and the wavelength film is between the quantum rod film and the liquid crystal panel. Light beams generated by the backlight module pass through the quantum rod film and the wavelength film in sequence to arrive the liquid crystal panel. By adopting the quantum rod film, the saturation of the LCD may be greatly enhanced. 1. A liquid crystal device (LCD), comprising: a liquid crystal panel and a backlight module opposite to the liquid crystal panel, wherein the LCD further comprises at least one quantum rod film and at least one wavelength film, wherein the quantum rod film is between the liquid crystal panel and the backlight module, and the wavelength film is between the quantum rod film and the liquid crystal panel, light beams generated by the backlight module pass through the quantum rod film and the wavelength film in sequence to arrive the liquid crystal panel. 2. The LCD as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantum rod film further comprises: a plurality of green quantum rod films, a plurality of red quantum rod films, and a plurality of blue quantum rod films, wherein the red quantum rod films and the blue quantum rod films are arranged in an alternative manner and are spaced apart from each other, and the green quantum rod film is arranged between the red quantum rod film and the blue quantum rod film. 3. The LCD as claimed in claim 2, wherein an arrangement direction of the green quantum rod films is perpendicular to the polarization direction of the down polarizer, and the arrangement directions of the red quantum rod films and the blue quantum rod films are parallel to the polarization direction of the down polarizer. 4. The LCD as claimed in claim 3, wherein the wavelength film comprises a plurality of full-wavelength films, and a plurality of half-wavelength films arranged between two full-wavelength films, each of the green quantum rod films respectively faces toward one half-wavelength film, and each of the red quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength film, and each of the blue quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength films. 5. The LCD as claimed in claim 2, wherein an arrangement direction of the green quantum rod films is perpendicular to the polarization direction of the down polarizer, and the arrangement directions of the red quantum rod films and the blue quantum rod films are perpendicular to the polarization direction of the down polarizer. 6. The LCD as claimed in claim 5, wherein the wavelength film comprises a plurality of half-wavelength films, and a plurality of full-wavelength films arranged between two half-wavelength films, each of the green quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength film, and each of the red quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength film, and each of the blue quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength films. 7. The LCD as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the quantum rod film comprises a plurality of double-colors quantum rod films spaced apart from each other, wherein each of the double-colors quantum rod films comprises the green quantum rod film and the red quantum rod film, and the blue light beams generated by the backlight module pass through the quantum rod film and the full-wavelength films. 8. The LCD as claimed in claim 7, wherein the LCD further comprises a blue reflective polarizer between the quantum rod film and the backlight module, the blue light beams generated by the backlight module pass through the backplate reflective polarizer, the quantum rod film, and the wavelength films to arrive the liquid crystal panel. 9. The LCD as claimed in claim 8, wherein an arrangement direction of the green quantum rod films is perpendicular to the polarization direction of the down polarizer, and the arrangement directions of the red quantum rod films and the blue quantum rod films are parallel to the polarization direction of the down polarizer; and the wavelength film comprises a plurality of full-wavelength films, and a plurality of half-wavelength films arranged between two full-wavelength films, each of the green quantum rod films respectively faces toward one half-wavelength film, and each of the red quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength film, and each of the blue quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength films. 10. The LCD as claimed in claim 8, wherein an arrangement direction of the green quantum rod films is parallel to the polarization direction of the down polarizer, and the arrangement directions of the red quantum rod films and the blue reflective polarizer are perpendicular to the polarization direction of the down polarizer; and the wavelength film comprises a plurality of half-wavelength films, and a plurality of full-wavelength films arranged between two half-wavelength films, wherein each of the green quantum rod films respectively faces toward one full-wavelength film, and each of the red quantum rod films respectively faces toward one half-wavelength film, and the gap between two adjacent double-colors quantum rod films faces toward one half-wavelength films.",
-    "A tetrazolinone compound represented by formula (1): wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom, etc.; R3 represents a C1-C6 alkyl group, etc.; R4, R5, and R6 are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom, etc.; A represents a C6-C10 aryl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, etc.; Q represents the following group Q1; and X represents an oxygen atom, has excellent control activity against pests. 1. A tetrazolinone compound represented by formula (1): wherein R1 and R2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a C1-C3 alkyl group; R3 represents a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C2-C6 alkynyl group, a nitro group, a cyano group, an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkenyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkynyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 cycloalkylthio group, a C2-C6 alkenyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkynyloxy group, a C2-C6 haloalkenyloxy group, a C2-C6 haloalkynyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkenylthio group, a C2-C6 alkynylthio group, a C2-C6 haloalkenylthio group, a C2-C6 haloalkynylthio group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonylthio group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a hydroxy group, a sulfanyl group, an amino group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, a pentafluorosulfanyl group, a C3-C9 trialkylsilyl group, a C5-C14 trialkylsilylethynyl group, a C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C4 haloalkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C4 haloalkylsulfinyl group, a C2-C5 alkoxyalkyl group, or a C2-C5 alkylthioalkyl group; R4, R5, and R6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group, a C1-C3 haloalkyl group, or a C1-C3 alkoxy group; R7 represents a C1-C3 alkyl group optionally having one or more halogen atoms; Q represents the following group: in which X1, X2, X3, and X4 each independently represents a nitrogen atom or CRx, Rx represents a hydrogen atom, or one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P2 (provided that one or more of X1, X2, X3, and X4 represent a nitrogen atom, the symbol # represents a binding site for A, and the symbol \ue8a0 represents a binding site for an oxygen atom; X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; A represents a C6-C10 aryl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, a C6-C10 aryloxy group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, a C6-C10 arylthio group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, a C6-C10 arylamino group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, a 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic group having one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms as a ring-constituent atom, provided that the heterocyclic group optionally has one or more groups or atoms selected from Group P1, a 5-membered heterocyclic group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1 (provided that the 5-membered heterocyclic group has, as a ring-constituent atom, one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom and, when the 5-membered heterocyclic group has two or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, the atoms may be the same or different to each other), an aliphatic C2-C9 heterocyclic group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, provided that the aliphatic C2-C9 heterocyclic group has, as a ring-constituent atom, one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom and, when the aliphatic C2-C9 heterocyclic group has two or more atoms selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, the atoms may be the same or different to each other, and also a carbon or nitrogen atom constituting a ring of the aliphatic C2-C9 heterocyclic group is bound to Q, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group optionally having one or more atoms or groups selected from Group P1, a C7-C18 aralkyl group, a C7-C18 haloaralkyl group, a C7-C18 arylalkoxy group, a C7-C18 haloarylalkoxy group, or an oxime ether group optionally having one or more groups selected from Group P3: Group P1 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C6 alkenyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkenyl group, a C2-C6 alkynyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkynyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyloxy group, a C3-C6 cycloalkylthio group, a C3-C6 alkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkenyloxy group, a C3-C6 haloalkynyloxy group, a C3-C6 alkenylthio group, a C3-C6 alkynylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkenylthio group, a C3-C6 haloalkynylthio group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 haloalkylcarbonyl group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonyloxy group, a C2-C6 alkylcarbonylthio group, a hydroxycarbonyl group, a formyl group, a C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a hydroxy group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl group, a C6-C10 arylsulfonyl group, a C6-C10 haloarylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl group, an amino group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, an aminosulfonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group, and an aminocarbonyl group optionally having a C1-C6 alkyl group; Group P2 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-C4 alkyl group, a C1-C4 haloalkyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a C3-C6 halocycloalkyl group, a C1-C4 alkoxy group, a C1-C4 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C4 alkylthio group, and a C1-C4 haloalkylthio group; and Group P3 is selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C1-C6 cycloalkyl group, and a C1-C6 halocycloalkyl group. 2. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms, R3 is a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, or a C1-C6 alkoxy group, and Q is the following group Q11: in which R81, R91, and R101 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group, or a C1-C4 haloalkyl group, n represents 0, X represents an oxygen atom, the symbol # represents a binding site for A, and the symbol \ue8a0 represents a binding site for an oxygen atom. 3. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein A is the following group A111: in which R301, R311, R321, R331, and R341 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl group, or a cyano group, and the symbol # represents a binding site for Q. 4. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein A is the following group A131: in which m1 represents 0, R401, R411, R421, and R431 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C1-C6 haloalkoxy group, a C1-C6 alkylthio group, a C1-C6 haloalkylthio group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl group, a C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl group, or a cyano group, and the symbol # represents a binding site for Q. 5. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein A is the following group A311: in which R441 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group, or a halogen atom, R451 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C3 alkoxy group, a C1-C3 alkylthio group, or a cyano group, R461 represents a C1-C3 alkyl group, and the symbol # represents a binding site for Q. 6. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms, R3 is a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a halogen atom, or a C1-C6 alkoxy group, Q is Q11; R81, R91, and R101 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a C1-C4 alkyl group, A is a group A111: and R301, R311, R321, R331, and R341 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, or a cyano group. 7. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms, R3 is a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, a halogen atom, or a C1-C6 alkoxy group, Q is Q11: R81, R91, and R101 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-C4 alkyl group, A is a group A131: and R401, R411, R421, and R431 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, or a cyano group. 8. The tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, and R6 are hydrogen atoms, R3 is a C1-C6 alkyl group, Q is the following group Q21: in which R121 and R131 represent a hydrogen atom, R111 represents a C1-C4 alkyl group, n1 is 0, the symbol # represents a binding site for A, and the symbol \ue8a0 represents a binding site for an oxygen atom), X is an oxygen atom, A is a group A111: and R301, R311, R321, R331, and R341 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, or a cyano group. 9. A pest control agent comprising the tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1. 10. A method for controlling pests, which comprises treating plants or soil with an effective amount of the tetrazolinone compound according to claim 1. 11. (canceled)",
-    "Sensor for enabling positioning of a flexible element subject to applied forces, the sensor includes at least two spatially separated light permeable tubes, 10 each having a first end 1a, 10a arranged on a first frame portion 11a and a second end 1b, 10b arranged on a second frame portion 11b of the flexible element. Each of the light permeable tubes in the sensor includes a light detecting device 3, that is connectable to a processing unit 4, and arranged at a light detecting position of each of the light permeable tubes and configured to detect light emitted from a light emitting source 2 through each 10 of the at least two light permeable tubes 1, 10 and configured to transfer information including information relating to the detected light to the processing unit 4. 1-30. (canceled) 31. Method for enabling the positioning of a flexible element comprising a sensor having at least two spatially separated light permeable tubes (1, 10) provided with first end portions (1a) and second end portions (1b) attached to corresponding first and second frame portions (11a, 11b), wherein the method comprises the steps of: emitting (S1) light through a first end of each of said at least two light permeable tubes; detecting (S2) light having propagated through said light permeable tubes at a specific light detecting position for each of said at least two light permeable tubes; processing (S3) characteristics of the light detected at the specific light detecting positions for each of said light permeable tubes to determine the bend of each of said light permeable tubes. 32. Method according to claim 31, wherein the step of processing (S3) further comprises the step of: determining (S31) the length between two reference points (Pa, Pb) along each of the said at least one light permeable tubes based on the determined bend of each of said light permeable tubes. 33. Method according to claim 32, further comprising the step of: computing (S32), based on said determined lengths for each of said at least two light permeable tubes, a resulting vector corresponding to a vector directed from the frame portion (11a) to the frame portion (11b). 34. Method according to claim 31, wherein the number of light permeable tubes is two and wherein the computed resultant vector provides a two-dimensional representation of the position of said frame portions relative each other. 35. Method according to claim 33, wherein the number of light permeable tubes is three and wherein the computed resultant vector provides a three-dimensional representation of the position of said frame portions relative each other. 36. Method according to claim 35, wherein the step of computing (S32) further comprises the step of trilateration (S321) of said determined lengths to obtain a three dimensional vector corresponding to a vector directed from the first frame portion (11a) to the second frame portion (11b) to thereby provide a three-dimensional representation of the position of the frame portions relative each other. 37. Method according to claim 31, wherein the step of processing (S3) characteristics of the detected light comprises processing the intensity of the detected light to thereby determine the bend of each of said at least two light permeable tubes. 38. Sensor for enabling positioning of a flexible element subject to applied forces, wherein said sensor comprises: at least two spatially separated light permeable tubes (1, 10) each having a first end (1a, 10a) arranged on a first frame portion (11a) and a second end (1b, 10b) arranged on a second frame portion (11b) of said flexible element, and wherein each of said at least two spatially separated light permeable tubes comprises, a light detecting device (3), connectable to a processing unit (4), and arranged at a light detecting position of each of said light permeable tubes and configured to detect light emitted from a light emitting source (2) through each of said at least two light permeable tubes (1, 10) and configured to transfer information comprising information relating to said detected light to said processing unit (4) to enable said processing unit to determine the bend of said light permeable tubes (1, 10). 39. Sensor according to claim 38, comprising a processing unit (4) connected to said light detecting device (3) and configured to receive information comprising information relating to said characteristics of said detected light and configured to determine a degree of bending for each of said at least two light permeable tubes (1, 10) based on the received information. 40. Sensor according to claim 39, wherein the processing unit (4) further comprises: a determining unit (41) configured to determine the length between two reference points along each of the said at least two light permeable tubes based on the determined bend of each of said light permeable tubes. 41. Sensor according to claim 40, wherein the processing unit further comprises: a computing unit (42), configured to compute, based on said determined lengths for each of said at least two light permeable tubes, a resulting vector corresponding to a vector directed from the frame portion (11a) to the frame portion (11b). 42. Sensor according to claim 38, comprising two light permeable tubes, wherein the computing unit is configured to compute a resultant vector to thereby provide a two-dimensional representation of the positions of said frame portions (11a, 11b) relative each other. 43. Sensor according to claim 41, comprising three light permeable tubes and wherein the computed resultant vector provides a three-dimensional representation of the positions of said frame portions. 44. Sensor according to claim 43, wherein the computing unit (42) is configured to perform trilateration of said determined lengths to obtain a three dimensional vector corresponding to a vector directed from the first frame portion (11a) to the second frame portion (11b) to thereby provide a three-dimensional representation of the positions of the frame portions relative each other. 45. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein the processing unit (4) is configured to determine the bend of each of said light permeable tubes based on the intensity of the detected light. 46. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein the inside of said light permeable tubes is prepared to reduce direct reflection and maintain the light polarization. 47. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein the light permeable tube is constructed from a light weight material such as carbon fiber. 48. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein the material of at least one of the light permeable tubes (1, 10) is electrically conducting or provided with electrically conducting means to enable the light permeable tube to conduct an electrical current between at least part of the distance between said end points (1a, 1b) on said tube (1, 10). 49. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the light permeable tubes comprises means (112) for giving light a second polarization, different from the first polarization of the emitted light, where said means (112) are arranged in said at least one light permeable tube (1, 10) in a position between the light emitting source (2) and the light detecting position or at the light detection position. 50. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein at least one of the light permeable tubes comprises first polarization means (111) for giving light a first polarization, said means being arranged after the light emitting source (2) in proximity to the first end portion (1a) of said at least one light permeable tube (1, 10), and second polarization means (112) for giving light a second polarization, different from the first polarization, where said second polarization means (112) are arranged closer to the light detecting position than is the first polarization means (111). 51. Sensor according to claim 39, wherein said second polarization means (112) are arranged at the light detection position and is comprised in the light detecting device (3). 52. Sensor according to claim 39, wherein the first polarization means (111) is configured to provide linearly polarized light, and wherein the second polarization means (112) is configured to provide a 45 degree polarization of the light relative said first polarization. 53. Sensor according to claim 40, wherein the sensor comprises, or is connectable to, a regulating means (113) configured to activate the first means (111) and the second means (112) according to a predetermined pattern. 54. Sensor according to claim 40, wherein at least one of the light permeable tubes further comprises a liquid crystal device (115) connected to a variable voltage source (116), said liquid crystal device being arranged between said first means (111) and said second means (112). 55. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein said light permeable tubes (1, 10, 100) are rotatable attached to said frame portions (11a, 11b). 56. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein said sensor comprises further stabilizing frames (12) arranged along the light permeable tubes (1, 10). 57. Sensor according to claim 56, wherein said stabilizing frames (12) are movably arranged along said light permeable tubes (1, 10). 58. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein the flexible element is a robotic limb. 59. Sensor according to claim 38, wherein each of said light permeable tubes (1, 10) are provided with a light emitting source (2) arranged at a light emitting position of said light permeable tubes (1, 10). 60. Robot comprising a sensor according to claim 38.",
-    "A disc brake for a motor vehicle, wherein it is possible to displace the actuating piston in the housing both by hydraulic pressure activation of a hydraulic chamber formed in the housing and via a mechanical actuator, wherein the sealing ring is accommodated in an annular groove formed in the housing. Provision is made here for the annular groove to have a groove floor, which runs substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piston, and two groove walls, which adjoin the groove floor, wherein as seen in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the piston a first groove wall is directed away from the hydraulic chamber and a second groove wall is directed towards the hydraulic chamber, wherein the first groove wall merges into the groove floor via a rounded or bevelled transition region at a varying distance from the longitudinal axis of the piston. 1. A disc brake for an automotive vehicle, wherein the disc brake comprises a housing, a brake disc rotatable relative to the housing, at least one friction pad, and at least one actuation device, which is formed to effect a relative movement between the brake disc and the friction pad, such that the friction pad can be brought into contact with the brake disc, wherein the actuation device has at least one actuating piston movable along a piston longitudinal axis, which actuating piston is guided in a hydraulically sealing manner within the housing (12) by means of a sealing arrangement having a sealing ring, wherein the actuating piston is movable within the housing both by means of applying a hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic chamber provided within the housing and by means of a mechanical actuator, wherein the sealing ring is taken up in an annular groove formed in the housing, wherein the annular groove comprises a groove floor extending substantially parallel to the piston longitudinal axis as well as two groove walls adjacent to the groove floor, wherein\u2014as viewed in the direction of the piston longitudinal axis\u2014a first groove wall is directed away from the hydraulic chamber and a second groove wall is directed towards the hydraulic chamber, wherein the first groove wall merges via a rounded or bevelled transition area with a varying distance to the piston longitudinal axis into the groove floor. 2. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein the transition area has a profile that is substantially in the shape of a circular arc as viewed in a section containing the axis. 3. The disc brake according to claim 2, wherein the radius of the profile in the shape of a the circular arc is in the range between 0.5 and 2 mm. 4. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein the transition area is formed as an oblique transition surface, which extends at an angle of between 35 and 55\u00b0 relative to the groove floor. 5. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein the first groove wall or/and the second groove wall runs radially within the transition area substantially perpendicular to the piston longitudinal axis. 6. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein the second groove wall runs out in its radially inner area in a surface section, which deviates from the perpendicular progression to piston longitudinal axis. 7. The disc brake according to claim 6, wherein the surface section is formed by a bevel, which encloses an angle of between 15\u00b0 and 45\u00b0 with the second groove wall. 8. The disc brake according to claim 6, wherein the surface section extends over an area of 30% to 70% of the radial height of the annular groove. 9. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein a transition surface is provided between the groove floor and the second groove wall. 10. The disc brake according to claim 9, wherein the transition surface is formed as a bevel, which runs at an angle of 30\u00b0 to 50\u00b0 relative to the groove floor. 11. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein the sealing ring is formed with a larger outer diameter than the inner diameter of the annular groove. 12. The disc brake according to claim 11, wherein a volume of the cavity enclosed by the annular groove is greater than a volume of the sealing ring. 13. The disc brake according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical actuator is formed as a component of an electrically activatable parking brake. 14. A housing for a disc brake, comprising: a cylindrical piston receptacle opening forming a hydraulic chamber, in which opening an actuating piston of an actuation device can be taken up, which piston is movable along a piston longitudinal axis, wherein the actuation device is formed to effect a relative movement between a brake disc and a friction pad, so that the friction pad can be brought into contact with the brake disc, wherein the actuating piston is guided movably within the housing in a hydraulically sealing manner by means of a sealing arrangement with a sealing ring and wherein the actuating piston is movable within the housing both by applying hydraulic pressure of the hydraulic chamber and by means of a mechanical actuator, wherein the sealing ring can be fitted in an annular groove formed in the housing, characterised in that the annular groove has a groove floor running substantially parallel to the piston longitudinal axis as well as two groove walls adjacent to the groove floor, wherein as viewed in the direction of the piston longitudinal axis a first groove wall is directed away from the hydraulic chamber and a second groove wall is directed towards the hydraulic chamber, wherein the first groove wall merges via a rounded or bevelled transition area with a varying distance to the piston longitudinal axis into the groove floor. 15. The disc brake according to claim 11, wherein the outer diameter of the sealing ring is formed with a radial oversize of 0.5-1.2 mm. 16. The disc brake according to claim 12, wherein the volume of the cavity enclosed by the annular groove is greater than the volume of the sealing ring by a factor of 1.1 to 1.5.",
-    "A touch panel having an active area where a touch input is performed, including: a tempered glass substrate having a compressive stress layer formed in a surface thereof; a transparent electrode made of an inorganic oxide film formed within the active area of the touch panel over the tempered glass substrate; a base layer made of an organic film provided between the transparent electrode and the compressive stress layer, the base layer being sandwiched between the transparent electrode and the compressive stress layer such that the transparent electrode and the compressive stress layer are not in contact with each other; and an overcoat layer made of an organic film provided on a side of the transparent electrode that is opposite to the compressive stress layer, the overcoat layer covering the transparent electrode so as to contact the transparent electrode on the base layer. 1. A touch panel including an active area where a touch input is performed, comprising: a tempered glass substrate having a compressive stress layer formed in a surface thereof; a transparent electrode made of an inorganic oxide film formed within the active area of the touch panel over the tempered glass substrate; a base layer made of an organic film provided between the transparent electrode and the compressive stress layer, said base layer being sandwiched between the transparent electrode and the compressive stress layer such that the transparent electrode and the compressive stress layer are not in contact with each other; and an overcoat layer made of an organic film provided on a side of the transparent electrode that is opposite to the compressive stress layer, said overcoat layer covering the transparent electrode so as to contact the transparent electrode on the base layer. 2. The touch panel according to claim 1, wherein an elastic modulus of the overcoat layer is greater than an elastic modulus of the base layer. 3. The touch panel according to claim 2, wherein a ratio G1/G2, where G1 is the elastic modulus of the base layer and G2 is the elastic modulus of the overcoat layer, is approximately 13/2000. 4. The touch panel according to claim 3, wherein a ratio t1/t2, where t1 is a thickness of the base layer and t2 is a thickness of the overcoat layer, is approximately 2/3.",
-    "Embodiments include methods and apparatuses for allocating computing elements in a data receiving link. Aspects include receiving baseband data in the data receiving link and allocating a computing element from a resource pool of computing elements for converting the baseband data to transmission block data. 1. A method for allocating computing elements in a data receiving link, comprising: receiving baseband data in the data receiving link; and allocating a computing element from a resource pool of computing elements for converting the baseband data to transmission block data, wherein the computing element is a computing element that can be called by a general-purpose processor. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the allocating a computing element from a resource pool of computing elements for converting the baseband data to transmission block data comprises: identifying the baseband data as data objects; in a current stage of multiple stages, retrieving a workload parameter P associated with the data objects, wherein the workload parameter P describes a total number of necessary computing elements when the general-purpose processor processes the data objects; and allocating the total number of computing elements from the resource pool of computing elements for converting the data objects to data objects used for a next stage. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the retrieving a workload parameter P associated with the data objects comprises: calculating the workload parameter P=N*M based on a minimum number N of computing elements needed for processing one basic processing unit of the data objects and a number M of the basic processing units comprised in the data objects. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the current stage is a first stage, the data objects are the baseband data, and wherein the calculating the workload parameter P=N*M comprises: estimating the minimum number N based on system bandwidths in single-sector single-antenna more associated with the baseband data; and calculating the number of the basic processing units M=\u03a3i=1S Ai comprised in the data objects based on a number S of sectors associated with the data objects and a number Ai of antennas in each sector. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the current stage is a second stage, the data objects are frequency-domain data, and wherein the calculating workload parameter P=N*M comprises: estimating the minimum number N based on a workload needed by resource blocks associated with a single antenna of a single user among frequency-domain signals; and calculating a number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e ( A i * R i ) of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number I in each sector associated with the frequency-domain data, an antenna number Ai of each user and a number Ri of allocated resource blocks, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the current stage is a third stage, the data objects are data carrier symbols and channel estimation symbols, and wherein the calculating the workload parameter P=N*M comprises: estimating the minimum number N based on a data amount of the data carrier symbols and channel estimation symbols on a single OFDM symbol in a single resource block of a single user; and calculating the number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e ( R i * F i ) of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number Is in each sector associated with frequency-domain data, the number Ri of allocated resource blocks and a number Fi of OFDM symbols, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the current stage is a fourth stage, the data objects are an estimated value of an original code stream, and wherein the calculating the workload parameter P=N*M comprises: estimating the minimum number N based on the maximum data amount of code blocks associated with an estimated value of an original code stream; and calculating the number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e C i of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number Is in each sector associated with the estimated value of the original code stream and a number Ci of code blocks of each user, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein the current stage is a fifth stage, the data objects are transmission code blocks, and wherein the calculating the workload parameter P=N*M comprises: estimating the minimum number N based on the maximum data amount of code blocks associated with the transmission code blocks; and calculating the number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e C i of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number Is in each sector associated with an estimated value of an original code stream and a number Ci of code blocks of each user, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein the allocating the total number of computing elements from the resource pool of computing elements for converting the data objects to data objects used for a next stage comprises: allocating computing elements from the resource pool of computing elements for converting the data objects to data objects used for a next stage in response to the total number of computing elements in the resource pool of computing elements being greater than or equal to the workload parameter P. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the allocating computing elements from the resource pool of computing elements for converting the data objects to data objects used for a next stage in response to the total number of computing elements in the resource pool of computing elements being greater than or equal to the workload parameter P comprises at least one of: allocating computing elements from a single server in the resource pool of computing elements; and allocating computing elements from multiple servers in the resource pool of computing elements. 11. An apparatus for allocating a computing element in a data receiving link, comprising: a receiving module configured to receive baseband data in the data receiving link; and an allocating module configured to allocate a computing element from a resource pool of computing elements for converting the baseband data to transmission block data, wherein the computing element is a computing element that can be called by a general-purpose processor. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the allocating module comprises: an identifying module configured to identify the baseband data as data objects; a retrieving module configured to in a current stage of multiple stages, retrieve a workload parameter P associated with the data objects, wherein the workload parameter P describes a total number of necessary computing elements when the general-purpose processor processes the data objects; and a resource allocating module configured to allocate the total number of computing elements from the resource pool of computing elements for converting the data objects to data objects used for a next stage. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the retrieving module comprises: a calculating module configured to calculate the workload parameter P=N*M based on a minimum number N of computing elements needed for processing one basic processing unit of the data objects and a number M of the basic processing units comprised in the data objects. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the current stage is a first stage, the data objects are the baseband data, and wherein the calculating module comprises: a first estimating module configured to estimate the minimum number N based on system bandwidths in single-sector single-antenna more associated with the baseband data; and a first calculating module configured to calculate the number of the basic processing units M=\u03a3i=1S Ai comprised in the data objects based on a number S of sectors associated with the baseband data and a number Ai of antennas in each sector. 15. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the current stage is a second stage, the data objects are frequency-domain data, and wherein the calculating module comprises: a second estimating module configured to estimate the minimum number N based on a workload needed by resource blocks associated with a single antenna of a single user among frequency-domain signals; and a second calculating module configured to calculate a number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e ( A i * R i ) of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number I in each sector associated with the frequency-domain data, an antenna number Ai of each user and a number Ri of allocated resource blocks, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 16. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the current stage is a third stage, the data objects are data carrier symbols and channel estimation symbols, and wherein the calculating module comprises: a third estimating module configured to estimate the minimum number N based on a data amount of the data carrier symbols and channel estimation symbols on a single OFDM symbol in a single resource block of a single user; and a third calculating module configured to calculate the number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e ( R i * F i ) of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number Is in each sector associated with frequency-domain data, the number Ri of allocated resource blocks and a number Fi of OFDM symbols, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 17. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the current stage is a fourth stage, the data objects are an estimated value of an original code stream, and wherein the calculating module comprises: a fourth estimating module configured to estimate the minimum number N based on the maximum data amount of code blocks associated with an estimated value of an original code stream; and a fourth calculating module configured to calculate the number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e C i of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number Is in each sector associated with the estimated value of the original code stream and a number Ci of code blocks of each user, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 18. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the current stage is a fifth stage, the data objects are transmission code blocks, and wherein the calculating module comprises: a fifth estimating module configured to estimate the minimum number N based on the maximum data amount of code blocks associated with the transmission code blocks; and a fifth calculating module configured to calculate the number M = \u2211 s = 1 S \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 I s \ue89e C i of basic processing units comprised in the data objects based on a user number Is in each sector associated with an estimated value of an original code stream and a number Ci of code blocks of each user, wherein S is a number of sectors associated with the data objects. 19. The apparatus according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the resource allocating module comprises: a computing element allocating module configured to, in response to the total number of computing elements in the resource pool of computing elements being greater than or equal to the workload parameter P, allocate computing elements in the resource pool of computing elements for converting the data objects to data objects used for a next stage. 20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the computing element allocating module comprises at least one of: a first allocating module configured to allocate computing elements from a single server in the resource pool of computing elements; and a second allocating module configured to allocate computing elements from multiple servers in the resource pool of computing elements. 21. (canceled)",
-    "The invention refers to compounds of general formula (I) wherein the variables take various meanings, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in medicine, particularly in pain therapy. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A compound of general formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, prodrug or solvate thereof: wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclylalkyl; R2 and R3, which may be identical or different, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; or R2 and R3, together with the bridging nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclyl. 16. The compound according to claim 15, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 17. The compound according to claim 16, wherein R1 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C6-C14 aryl or substituted or unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl. 18. The compound according to claim 17, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of: 19. The compound according to claim 15, wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or R2 and R3, together with the bridging nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclyl. 20. The compound according to claim 19, wherein R2 and R3, together with the bridging nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl. 21. The compound according to claim 20, wherein R2 and R3, together with the bridging nitrogen to which they are attached, atom form a non-aromatic heterocyclyl selected from the group consisting of: 22. The compound according to claim 15, which is selected from: 1-(((1S,2R)-2-(Phenoxymethyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)pyrrolidine, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(Phenoxymethyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 4-methyl-1-(((1S,2R)-2-(Phenoxymethyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)piperidine, 1-(((1S,2R)-2-((3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)pyrrolidine, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-((3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 1-(((1S,2R)-2-((3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)-4-methylpipendine, 4-Methyl-1-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)piperidine, 4-Methyl-1-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)piperidine, 1-Methyl-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 1-Methyl-5-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-Methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-1H-pyrazole, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-1H-pyrazole, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(Phenoxymethyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine hydrochloride, 1-(((1S,2R)-2-((3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-((3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine hydrochloride, 1-(((1S,2R)-2-((3,4-dichlorophenoxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidine hydrochloride, 1-Methyl-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine hydrochloride, 1-Methyl-5-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-Methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine hydrochloride, 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, 4-(((1S,2R)-2-(((1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine hydrochloride, 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(((1R,2R)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-1H-pyrazole, 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-3-(((1R,2R)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-1H-pyrazole, 4-(((1R,2R)-2-(((1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, 1-Methyl-3-(((1R,2R)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, 1-Methyl-3-(((1R,2R)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, 1-Methyl-3-(((1S,2R)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, 1-Methyl-3-(((1S,2R)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, 1-Methyl-3-(((1S,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, 4-(((1S,2S)-2-(((1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)morpholine, N,N-Diethyl-N-(((1S,2S)-2-(phenoxymethyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)ethanamine, 1-methyl-3-(((1S,2S)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)cyclobutyl)methoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride, N,N-Diethyl-N-(((1S,2S)-2-(phenoxymethyl)cyclobutyl)methyl)ethanamine hydrochloride, or a solvate or prodrug thereof as well as any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the free-base compounds. 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) as defined in claim 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, prodrug or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 24. A method for the manufacture of a medicament comprising the step of combining a compound of general formula (I) as defined in claim 15 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, prodrug or solvate thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 25. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a sigma receptor-mediated disease or condition, the method comprising administering to the subject in need of such a treatment or prophylaxis a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of general formula (I) as defined in claim 15 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, prodrug or solvate thereof. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the sigma receptor-mediated disease or condition is selected from pain; diarrhoea; lipoprotein disorders; hyperlipidemia; hypertriglyceridemia; hypercholesterolemia; obesity; migraine; arthritis; hypertension; arrhythmia; ulcer; glaucoma; learning, memory and attention deficits; cognition disorders; neurodegenerative diseases; demyelinating diseases; addiction to drugs and chemical substances; tardive dyskinesia; stroke: epilepsy; stress; cancer; psychotic conditions; inflammation and autoimmune diseases. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the pain is selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain and other pain conditions involving allodynia and/or hyperalgesia. 28. The method according to claim 26, wherein the addiction to drugs and chemical substances is selected from addiction to cocaine, amphetamine, ethanol and nicotine; wherein the stroke is ischemic stroke; and wherein the psychotic conditions are selected from depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.",
-    "The present invention relates to a loudspeaker (1). The loudspeaker (1) includes: a U-yoke for holding a magnet having a base (12) with an upstanding side (14) around the perimeter of the base (12); a frame (20) having a ring (22) around the U-yoke, the ring having a U-shaped cross-section orientated with a base (24) of the U abutting the side (12) of the U-yoke; a dome shaped diaphragm (40) connected to the frame (20) by a resilient member (30) around the dome (40), the resilient member (30) and the dome (40) being suspended from the frame (20); a first cavity (70) defined by the dome (40), resilient member (30), frame (20) and U-yoke; an external wall (80) around the circumference of the frame (20), the external wall (80) sealing a top of the U-shaped cross-section of the ring (22) forming a second cavity (100) between the external wall (80) and the ring (22); a port (110) in the frame (20) between the first cavity (70) and second cavity (100), wherein the first cavity (70) and second cavity (100) and the port (110) form a Helmholtz resonator system. The shape of the frame (20) in combination with the external wall (80) allows a Helmholtz resonator system to be established within the existing footprint of the loudspeaker. 1. A loudspeaker, including: a U-yoke for holding a magnet, the U-yoke having a base with an upstanding side around the perimeter of the base; a frame having a ring around the U-yoke, the ring having a U-shaped cross-section orientated with a base of the U abutting the side of the U-yoke; a diaphragm connected to the frame by a resilient member around the diaphragm, the resilient member and the diaphragm being suspended from the frame; a first cavity defined by the diaphragm, resilient member, frame and U-yoke; a wall around the circumference of the frame, the wall sealing a top of the U-shaped cross-section of the ring forming a second cavity between the wall and the ring; a port in the frame between the first and second cavities, wherein the first and second cavities and the port form a Helmholtz resonator system. 2. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, wherein the Helmholtz resonator system is tuned to 0.5 to 4 times the fundamental resonance frequency of the loudspeaker. 3. A loudspeaker according to claim 2, wherein the Helmholtz resonator system is tuned to within 1.5 to 2 times the fundamental resonance frequency of the loudspeaker. 4. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, wherein the diaphragm is a dome shaped diaphragm. 5. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, wherein the Helmholtz resonator system is a damped Helmholtz resonator system, wherein the Helmholtz resonator system is damped by damping material in the Helmholtz resonator system. 6. (canceled) 7. A loudspeaker according to claim 5, wherein damping material is in the second cavity, in the first cavity or in the port in the frame. 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. A loudspeaker according to claim 5, wherein the damping material is open cell foam, fibrous material or fabric. 11. A loudspeaker according to claim 5, wherein the port is sized to induce air flow losses in the port. 12. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, wherein the frame is made of UV-transparent plastic. 13. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, wherein there is a venting hole between the Helmholtz resonator system and the exterior of the loudspeaker, wherein the venting hole is between the first cavity and the exterior of the loudspeaker. 14. (canceled) 15. A loudspeaker according to claim 13, wherein there are a plurality of venting holes, wherein the loudspeaker is mounted on a body, the loudspeaker having a first venting hole and second venting hole, wherein in use the first venting hole is higher than the second venting hole such that air is drawn through the loudspeaker due to the Chimney Effect. 16. (canceled) 17. A loudspeaker according to claim 15, wherein the loudspeaker has a plurality of first venting holes and/or a plurality of second venting holes. 18. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, wherein a lead wire from the loudspeaker voice coil is electrically connected to an end of a conductive tag in the first cavity, the conductive tag having an opposing end at the exterior of the loudspeaker, wherein the conductive tag is orientated through the frame from one side of U-shaped cross-section of the ring to the other. 19. (canceled) 20. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, further including a filter capacitor for reducing the bandwidth of the loudspeaker wherein the filter capacitor is located in a holder in the frame in part of the ring, the holder being acoustically isolated from the Helmholtz resonator system. 21. (canceled) 22. A loudspeaker according to claim 20, wherein a long axis of the filter capacitor is orientated out of a plane of the ring, the capacitor protruding from a back of the loudspeaker distal to the diaphragm. 23. A loudspeaker according to claim 1, further comprising a cooling device connected to the U-yoke, the cooling device having a larger surface area exposed to the exterior of the speaker than the U-yoke. 24. A loudspeaker according to claim 23, wherein the cooling device is a plate attached to the base of the U-yoke, wherein the plate is bent or ribbed. 25. (canceled) 26. A loudspeaker according to any claim 1, wherein a front cover for protecting the dome is located over the dome and is connected to the wall of the loudspeaker. 27. (canceled) 28. A method of manufacturing a loudspeaker, including the steps: mounting a frame on a centring jig, the frame having a ring with a U-shaped cross-section orientated with a base of the U at an interior edge of the ring and a top of the U at an exterior edge of the ring; putting a coil on the centring jig; putting adhesive on an edge of a diaphragm and an outer edge of a resilient member around the diaphragm; placing the edge of the diaphragm on the coil and the resilient member on the frame; curing the adhesive; mounting a wall around the exterior edge of the ring; mounting a U-yoke magnetic system within the interior edge of the ring, the U-yoke magnetic system having a base with an upstanding side around the perimeter of the base, the upstanding side abutting the interior edge of the ring; applying adhesive between the wall and the ring, and between the ring and the U-yoke magnetic system; and curing the adhesive, wherein a first cavity is formed by the diaphragm, resilient member, frame and U-yoke, and there is a second cavity between the wall and the frame, and wherein there is a port in the frame between the first and second cavities, the first and second cavities and the port forming a Helmholtz resonator system. 29. (canceled) 30. A method of manufacturing a loudspeaker according to claim 28, wherein the Helmholtz resonator system is tuned to within 1.5 to 2 times the fundamental resonance frequency of the loudspeaker. 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled)",
-    "An acid curing agent inclusion according to the present invention contains an acid curing agent having an acidic group; and a polyester. The acid curing agent exists in a state that the acidic group thereof is blocked by a compound having reactivity with the acidic group. This makes it possible to provide an acid curing agent inclusion capable of preparing a resin composition which can reliably cure an acid curable resin at a required place, and a method for producing (preparing) such an acid curing agent inclusion. 1. An acid curing agent inclusion, comprising: an acid curing agent having an acidic group; and a polyester, wherein the acid curing agent exists in a state that the acidic group thereof is blocked by a compound having reactivity with the acidic group. 2. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the acid curing agent inclusion is composed of a plurality of particles, and each of the particles is formed of the polyester in which the acid curing agent is dispersed. 3. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyester is a biodegradable polyester. 4. Hie acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 3, wherein the biodegradable polyester is one selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, polyethylene succinate and polycaprolactone. 5. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyester is hydrolyzed in a water having a temperature of 80\u00b0 C. within 5 days. 6. Hie acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein a weight average molecular weight of the polyester is in the range of 1,000 to 500.000. 7. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the block compound has a functional group, and the functional group is chemically bonded to the acidic group of the acid curing agent so that the acid curing agent is blocked. 8. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 7, wherein the functional group of the compound includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group and an amino group. 9. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 7, wherein the compound is an alkyl alcohol having a hydroxyl group as the functional group. 10. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 9, wherein the alkyl alcohol is a monovalent alkyl alcohol. 11. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 7, wherein the compound is an alkyl amine having an amino group as the functional group. 12. Hie acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the case where the number of the acidic group of the acid curing agent is defined as \u201c1 (one)\u201d, the compound is contained in the acid curing agent inclusion so that the number of the functional group thereof is in the range of 0.1 to 1.9. 13. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the acidic group of the acid curing agent includes a sulfonic acid group. 14. The acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 13, wherein the acid curing agent includes at least one selected from the group consisting of p-toluene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, phenol sulfonic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid, dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid and dinonyl naphthalene disulfonic acid. 15. Hie acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the acid curing agent inclusion is used for preparing a resin composition to form surface layers coating at least a part of outer surfaces of particles, the particles adapted to be packed in fractures formed in a subterranean formation. 16. A method for producing the acid curing agent inclusion defined by claim 1, comprising: a preparing step of preparing the acid curing agent being in the blocked state, and the polyester; a kneading step of kneading the acid curing agent and the polyester with each other while being melted to obtain a kneaded product; and a crushing step of solidifying the kneaded product to bring into a solidified product and then crushing the solidified product to thereby obtain a plurality of particles. 17. Hie method for producing the acid curing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 16, wherein a heating temperature in the kneading step is in the range of 130 to 250\u00b0 C. 18. The method for producing the acid airing agent inclusion as claimed in claim 16, wherein in the kneading step, the acid curing agent is added to the polyester in an amount of 0.1 to 300 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polyester.",
-    "A drive device capable of detecting individual variations of an injection quantity of a fuel injection device of each cylinder and adjusting a current waveform provided to an injection pulse width and a solenoid such that the individual variations of the fuel injection devices are reduced. The fuel injection device in the present invention includes a valve body that closes a fuel passage by coming into contact with a valve seat and opens the fuel passage by separating from the valve seat and a magnetic circuit constructed of a solenoid, a fixed core, a nozzle holder, a housing, and a needle and when a current is supplied to the solenoid, a magnetic suction force acts on the needle and the needle has a function to open the valve body by colliding against the valve body after performing a free running operation and changes of acceleration of the needle due to collision of the needle against the valve body are detected by a current flowing through the solenoid. 1.-21. (canceled) 22. A drive device for a fuel injection device including a step-up circuit that steps up a battery voltage and a first switching element that controls passage/stop of current from the step-up circuit to a solenoid of the fuel injection device, wherein the fuel injection device includes a valve body driven by the solenoid, opened by being brought into contact with a valve seat, and closed by being separated from the valve seat, a needle that is driven by a magnetic suction force from the solenoid and energizes the valve body in a valve opening direction when coming into contact with the valve body, and an air gap provided between the valve body and a contact surface of the needle and used by the needle to come into contact with the valve body after performing a free running operation by the needle due to the magnetic suction force from the solenoid and the drive device includes a drive unit that drives the valve body in a valve opening direction by supplying a current to the solenoid with passage of the current to the first switching element and a valve opening start period detector that detects a valve opening start period when the valve body separates from the valve seat by detecting changes of velocity or acceleration of the needle caused by contact with the valve body by performing a free running operation in the air gap based on a current value flowing through the solenoid. 23. The drive device according to claim 22, wherein the drive unit applies a negative voltage to the solenoid after the current is passed to the first switching element and the valve opening start period detector detects the valve opening start period after the negative voltage is applied. 24. The drive device according to claim 22, wherein the fuel injection device includes a needle that is driven by a magnetic suction force from the solenoid and energizes the valve body in the valve opening direction when coming into contact with the valve body and an air gap provided between the valve body and the needle and used by the needle to come into contact with the valve body after performing a free running operation due to the magnetic suction force from the solenoid, the drive device includes a fuel injection device variation correction unit that varies an energization time or an energization current of the solenoid based on the valve opening start period, and the valve opening start period detector detects the valve opening start period by detecting, based on the current value flowing through the solenoid, changes of velocity or acceleration of the needle caused by contact with the valve body by performing the free running operation in the air gap after the drive signal generator drives the valve body in the valve opening direction by passing the current to the first switching element and attenuates the energization current of the solenoid by stopping the current to the first switching element. 25. The drive device according to claim 24, wherein the drive device includes a second switching element that controls the passage/stop of current from the battery to the solenoid, a third switching element that controls the passage/stop of current between a ground potential side terminal of the solenoid and a ground potential, a first diode provided between the ground potential side terminal of the solenoid and a terminal of the first switching element on a side of the step-up circuit to supply the current to the side of the step-up circuit, and a second diode provided between a voltage source side terminal of the solenoid and the ground potential to supply the current from the side of the ground potential to the side of a voltage source and the drive signal generator applies a voltage in a negative direction from the step-up circuit to the solenoid by passing the current to the first switching element and the third switching element to supply the current to the solenoid and then stopping the current to the first switching element and the third switching element to return the current to the step-up circuit from the ground potential via the second diode, the solenoid, and the first diode and after applying the voltage in the negative direction, causes the needle to collide against the valve body. 26. The drive device according to claim 25, wherein the drive device includes a first resistor provided between the third switching element and the ground potential to detect the current flowing through the solenoid and a storage unit that stores a time from a start of voltage application from the step-up circuit to the solenoid to the valve opening start period as a valve opening start lag time, the valve opening start period detector detects changes of the acceleration of the needle caused by a collision of the needle against the valve body by detecting a time when a second differential value of the current detected by the first resistor takes a maximum value as the valve opening start period of the valve body for the fuel injection device installed in each cylinder of an internal combustion engine, and the fuel injection device variation correction unit varies the energization time or the energization current of the solenoid based on information stored in the storage unit. 27. The drive device according to claim 24, wherein the drive device includes a battery voltage detection function that detects a voltage value of the battery and the valve opening start period detector detects the valve opening start period under a condition that values of the voltage value of the battery are equal to or less than a predetermined voltage value and have a predetermined variation range or less. 28. The drive device according to claim 26, wherein a drive device includes a solenoid current detection means configured to detect a resistance value of the first resistor, a second resistor and a first operational amplifier are connected in series between a terminal of the first resistor on the side of the third switching element and the solenoid current detection means, and a third resistor and a first capacitor are connected in parallel to the first operational amplifier. 29. The drive device according to claim 26, wherein the fuel injection device variation correction unit corrects the energization time or an energization current waveform of the solenoid in injections after the injection from which the valve opening start period is detected based on the valve opening start lag time stored in the storage unit. 30. The drive device according to claim 28, wherein the needle includes a first needle driven from a valve closed state in which the valve body is in contact with the valve seat in the valve opening direction by the magnetic suction force to collide against the valve body to open the valve body and a second needle energized in the valve closing direction by a first spring in the valve closed state, a lower end face of the second needle and an upper end face of the valve body are in contact in the valve closed state of the valve body, a collar provided on an outer edge is in contact with the first needle in a valve open state in which the first needle is in contact with the fixed core, and a function to allow the first needle to separate from the second needle by a relative displacement is provided when current supply to the solenoid is stopped from a state in which the valve body is open and the valve body comes into contact with the valve seat and the drive device includes a fourth resistor and a fifth resistor in parallel with the third switching element and the first resistor, the fifth resistor is connected to the ground potential, the resistance value of the fourth resistor and the fifth resistor is set larger than a coil resistance value of the solenoid, the resistance value of the fifth resistor is set smaller than the resistance value of the fourth resistor, a sixth resistor and a second operational amplifier are connected in series between a terminal of the fifth resistor on the side of the fourth resistor and the solenoid current detection means, and a seventh resistor and a second capacitor are connected in parallel with the second operational amplifier. 31. The drive device according to claim 25, wherein the drive signal generator causes the fuel injection device to perform a plurality of divided injections in one intake and exhaust stroke of a cylinder injection type internal combustion engine and at least one injection of the divided injections finishes the injection in an intermediate lift operation in which the needle is not in contact with the fixed core, and the valve opening start period detector detects the valve opening start period in the intermediate lift operation. 32. The drive device according to claim 25, wherein the fuel injection device includes a first spring energizing the valve body in a valve closing direction, the valve body includes a first regulating that regulates a relative displacement of the needle in the valve closing direction in a state in which the valve body and the valve seat are in contact and a second regulating unit that regulates the relative displacement of the needle in the valve opening direction so as to receive an energizing force from the needle when the needle performs a valve opening operation, and the needle includes a spring seat provided on the side of the valve seat to oppose the first regulating unit and a third spring provided between the spring seat and the first regulating unit to energize the needle in the valve closing direction in a valve closed state, the needle and the first regulating unit are in contact in the valve closed state, and the air gap is formed between the needle and the second regulating unit. 33. The drive device according to claim 25, wherein when the valve body is closed from a state in which the valve body is open, a period in which a voltage signal of the solenoid is fetched is divided into a first fetch period and a second fetch period after the first fetch period, a minimum value of a first differential value of the voltage signal of the solenoid in the first fetch period is determined as valve closing finish timing when the valve body comes into contact with the valve seat, the drive device is caused to store a time after a voltage is applied to the solenoid in the second fetch period until timing when the first differential value of the voltage signal takes the minimum value as resting timing of the needle after the needle collides against the second regulating unit and when a plurality of divided injections is performed in one intake and exhaust stroke, the timing when the voltage is applied to the solenoid for a second injection or thereafter is set later than the resting timing of the needle the drive device is caused to store, and based on the resting timing of the needle, voltage application timing to the solenoid for the second injection or thereafter is controlled. 34. The drive device according to claim 26, wherein when a valve opening operation in which the valve body in a closed state is operated to a valve open state is performed, the current is passed to the first switching element and the third switching element to increase the current of the solenoid and then, when the current value supplied to the solenoid exceeds a setting value or a set period passes, the current to the first switching element and the third switching element is stopped to stop energization of the solenoid and the setting value or the set period is corrected based on detection information of a valve opening lag time of the fuel injection device of each cylinder. 35. The drive device according to claim 26, wherein when driven under a condition of an intermediate lift in which the valve body is not fully open, by detecting valve closing finish timing of the fuel injection device of each cylinder and calculating a valve closing lag time, a deviation value of an injection period in which the valve body is displaced obtained by subtracting the valve opening start time from the valve closing lag time determined from a command value of an injection quantity of the drive device for the fuel injection device of each cylinder, and the energization time or the energization current of the solenoid in subsequent injections are corrected for the fuel injection device of each cylinder such that the deviation value of the injection period becomes smaller. 36. The drive device according to claim 26, wherein when the valve body performs an intermediate lift operation, the current is passed to the first switching element and the third switching element and the time in which the voltage from the step-up circuit is applied is corrected such that an injection period obtained by subtracting the valve opening lag time from the valve closing lag time match for the fuel injection device of each cylinder. 37. The drive device according to claim 33, wherein after correcting an injection period in an intermediate lift operation for the fuel injection device of each cylinder, the current to the first switching element and the third switching element are stopped and the voltage in the negative direction is applied from the step-up circuit to the solenoid and then, the current is passed to the first switching element and the third switching element and the voltage is applied from the step-up circuit to the solenoid and when the current flowing to the solenoid reaches a certain value, the current to the first switching element is stopped and the current value flowing to the solenoid is maintained at a certain holding current value by repeating passage/stop of the current to the second switching element and the third switching element, and an injection quantity in the intermediate lift is controlled by controlling the time in which the holding current value is supplied. 38. The drive device according to claim 37, wherein after correcting the injection period in the intermediate lift operation for the fuel injection device of each cylinder, the current to the first switching element and the third switching element is stopped and the time in which the voltage in the negative direction is applied from the step-up circuit to the solenoid is corrected for the fuel injection device of each cylinder. 39. The drive device according to claim 38, wherein the holding current value is adjusted based on the valve opening finish lag time for the fuel injection device of each cylinder and at least one of the peak current value, a voltage application time from the step-up circuit, and the delay time is corrected in accordance with a fuel pressure supplied to the fuel injection device. 40. The drive device according to claim 37, wherein when, after correcting the injection period in the intermediate lift operation for the fuel injection device of each cylinder, the energization time of the holding current value is increased with an increasing injection pulse width, the timing when the second differential value of the voltage between the terminal of the solenoid on the side of the ground potential and the ground potential takes the minimum value is detected at two points or more of different injection pulse widths for the fuel injection device of each cylinder as the valve closing lag time and stored, a relation between the injection period and the injection pulse width in the intermediate lift for the fuel injection device of each cylinder is approximated as a function, and a first injection pulse width to obtain the injection period required for the fuel injection device of each cylinder by deriving coefficients of the function from information of the injection period of the fuel injection device of each cylinder to correct the injection quantity of the fuel injection device of each cylinder. 41. The drive device according to claim 40, wherein when the valve body performs a full lift operation in which the valve body comes into contact with the fixed core, an actual injection period is acquired at two points or more of different injection pulse widths for the fuel injection device of each cylinder and stored, the relation between the actual injection period and the injection pulse width is approximated as a function, a second injection pulse width to obtain the injection period required for the fuel injection device of each cylinder by deriving coefficients of the function from information of the actual injection period of the fuel injection device of each cylinder, and the injection pulse width where the injection periods of the function of the first injection pulse and the actual injection period determined for the intermediate lift and the function of the second injection pulse and the actual injection period match as the injection pulse width to switch a correction formula of the intermediate lift and a correction formula of a full lift. 42. The drive device according to claim 26, wherein after an engine is started, valve opening start timing, valve opening finish timing, and valve closing finish timing are each detected in one of periods of idling and a few cycles of an intake and exhaust stroke under engine stop conditions. 43. A fuel injection system including a fuel injection device that injects fuel into an internal combustion engine and a drive device for the fuel injection device including a step-up circuit that steps up a battery voltage and a first switching element that controls passage/stop of current from the step-up circuit to a solenoid of the fuel injection device, wherein the fuel injection device includes a valve body driven by the solenoid, closed by being brought into contact with a valve seat, and opened by being separated from the valve seat, a needle that is driven by a magnetic suction force from the solenoid and energizes the valve body in a valve opening direction when coming into contact with the valve body, and an air gap provided between the valve body and a contact surface of the needle and used by the needle to come into contact with the valve body after performing a free running operation due to the magnetic suction force from the solenoid, the drive device includes a drive signal generator that drives the valve body in the valve opening direction by supplying a current to the solenoid with passage of current to the first switching element, a valve opening start period detector that detects a valve opening start period when the valve body separates from the valve seat based on a current value flowing through the solenoid, and a fuel injection device variation correction unit that varies an energization time or an energization current of the solenoid based on the valve opening start period, and the valve opening start period detector detects the valve opening start period by detecting, based on the current value flowing through the solenoid, changes of velocity or acceleration of the needle caused by contact with the valve body by performing the free running operation in the air gap after the drive signal generator drives the valve body in the valve opening direction by passing the current to the first switching element and attenuates the energization current of the solenoid by stopping the current to the first switching element.",
-    "A method for manufacturing poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid), preferably a poly(lactic acid), is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: mixing a cyclic diester of a 2-hydroxyalkanoic acid and a polymerization catalyst, polymerizing the cyclic diester to form poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in liquid phase, adding a peroxide-based compound as a catalyst deactivating agent to the liquid phase, applying a devolatilisation step to the liquid phase, and allowing the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) to solidify, characterized in that an end-capping agent is added to the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in the liquid phase. The present invention also relates to a poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid), preferably a poly(lactic acid), obtainable with said method characterized in that the polymer has a Mn abs ranging between 10000 and 250000 g/mol, preferably between 20000 and 85000 g/mol. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method for manufacturing poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid), comprising the steps of: mixing a cyclic diester of a 2-hydroxyalkanoic acid and a polymerization catalyst, polymerizing the cyclic diester to form poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in liquid phase, adding a peroxide-based compound as a catalyst deactivating agent to the liquid phase, applying a devolatilisation step to the liquid phase, adding an end-capping agent to the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in the liquid phase, and allowing the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) to solidify. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) is a poly(lactic acid). 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the end-capping agent is an anhydride. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the end-capping agent is an anhydride in the absence of a solvent. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the anhydride is one selected from the group consisting of phthalic anhydride, acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride and their mixtures. 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein the peroxide-based compound is an organic peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, or perester. 22. The method according to claim 21 wherein the peroxide-based compound is selected from 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylhydroperoxide, benzoyl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, tert-butylperoxy-diethylacetate, tert-butylperoxy-2-ethyl hexanoate, tert-butylperoxy-isobutyrate, tert-butylperoxy-acetate, tert-butylperoxy-benzoate, dibenzoyl peroxide, and their mixtures. 23. The method according to claim 16, wherein the cyclic diester is lactide, the polymerization catalyst is a tin-based catalyst. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the polymerization catalyst is tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate. 25. The method according to claim 16, wherein an amount of the added end-capping agent to the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in the liquid phase is in the range between 0.1 and 4 molar excess as compared to the amount of end groups of the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in the liquid phase. 26. The method according to claim 16, wherein the end-capping agent and the catalyst deactivating agent are added to the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in the liquid phase at different stages of the polymerization process. 27. The method according to claim 16, wherein the end-capping agent is added prior to the deactivating agent. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the end-capping agent is added prior to the devolatilization step. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the deactivating agent is added after the devolatilization step. 30. The method according to claim 16, wherein an additional devolatilization step is applied on the formed poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) in the liquid phase after the addition of the deactivating agent. 31. A poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) obtainable with the method according to claim 16, wherein the polymer has a Mn absolute as determined by gel permeation chromotography ranging between 10000 and 250000 g/mol, and wherein the polymer contains a detectable residue of both an endcapping agent and a peroxide-based compound as a catalyst deactivating agent. 32. The poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) according to claim 31, in which the poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) is a poly(lactic acid). 33. The poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) according to claim 31, wherein a concentration of cyclic diester in the corresponding polymer is less than 0.5% by weight. 34. The poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) according to claim 31, wherein a portion of the end groups are derived from an anhydride. 35. The poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) according to claim 31, wherein a portion of the end groups are carboxylic acid end groups. 36. The poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) according to claim 35, wherein the carboxylic acid end groups comprise \u2014O\u2014(C\u2550O)R(C\u2550O)\u2014OH, wherein R is a C1 to C8 alkyl. 37. The poly(2-hydroxyalkanoic acid) according to claim 31, containing a residue of a tin-based catalyst and a residue of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylhydroperoxide",
-    "Provided is a content delivery service method using printed matter. The content delivery service method using printed matter may include executing, by a first terminal, a service app and selecting an image, editing content on the selected image in an app screen, sending, by the first terminal, the image and information about the edited content to a server, storing, by the server, the image and the information about the edited content and sending information about the storage to the first terminal, generating, by the first terminal, specific recognition code in which the storage information has been recorded and inserting the specific recognition code into the image, and sending, by the first terminal, the image into which the recognition code has been inserted to a printing device so that the image is printed by the printing device. 1. A content delivery service method using printed matter, comprising: executing, by a first terminal, a service app and selecting an image; editing content on the selected image in an app screen; sending, by the first terminal, the image and information about the edited content to a server; storing, by the server, the image and the information about the edited content and sending information about the storage to the first terminal; generating, by the first terminal, specific recognition code in which the storage information has been recorded and inserting the specific recognition code into the image; and sending, by the first terminal, the image into which the recognition code has been inserted to a printing device so that the image is printed by the printing device. 2. The content delivery service method of claim 1, further comprising: executing, by a second terminal, a service app and detecting the information about the storage by recognizing the recognition code in printed matter that has been offline delivered; accessing, by the second terminal, the server based on the detected storage information and receiving the image and the content edit information from the server; and representing or executing, by the second terminal, the image and the edited content based on the received edit information. 3. The content delivery service method of claim 1, wherein the content comprises at least any one of text, a sound, an emoticon, two-dimensional (2D) animation, three-dimensional (3D) animation, a sticker, and a video. 4. The content delivery service method of claim 3, wherein the app screen provides at least any one of text input mode, sound input mode, emoticon input mode, 2D animation input mode, 3D animation input mode, sticker input mode, and video input mode so that a user is able to edit the content on the selected image. 5. The content delivery service method of claim 1, wherein the content edit information comprises one or more of a type, contents, size, angle, color, execution order, coordinate information, and priority of the content. 6. The content delivery service method of claim 1, wherein the storage information recorded in the recognition code comprises a serial number of a repository of the server or information about a URL of the server in which the image or the content edit information is stored. 7. The content delivery service method of claim 1, further comprising setting a password in the app screen of the first terminal. 8. The content delivery service method of claim 7, further comprising entering the password that allows access to the server in an app screen of the second terminal. 9. The content delivery service method of claim 1, further comprising storing the content edited on the image in the first terminal after editing the content is edited on the image. 10. A content delivery service method using printed matter, comprising: executing, by a first terminal, a service app and selecting an image; editing content on the selected image in an app screen; sending, by the first terminal, information about the edited content to a server; storing, by the server, the information about the edited content and sending information about the storage to the first terminal; generating, by the first terminal, specific recognition code in which the storage information has been recorded and inserting the specific recognition code into the image; and sending, by the first terminal, the image into which the recognition code has been inserted to a printing device so that the image is printed by the printing device. 11. The content delivery service method of claim 10, further comprising: offline delivering printed matter printed by the printing device; executing, by a second terminal, a service app, obtaining the image of the printed matter, and recognizing the recognition code in the printed matter; detecting the storage information recorded in the recognition code, accessing, by the second terminal, the server based on the detected storage information, and receiving the content edit information from the server; and displaying, by the second terminal, the image of the printed matter and representing or executing the content based on the received edit information. 12. The content delivery service method of claim 10, wherein the content comprises at least any one of text, a sound, an emoticon, two-dimensional (2D) animation, three-dimensional (3D) animation, a sticker, and a video. 13. The content delivery service method of claim 12, wherein the app screen provides at least any one of text input mode, sound input mode, emoticon input mode, 2D animation input mode, 3D animation input mode, sticker input mode, and video input mode so that a user is able to edit the content on the selected image. 14. The content delivery service method of claim 10, wherein the content edit information comprises one or more of a type, contents, size, angle, color, execution order, coordinate information, and priority of the content. 15. The content delivery service method of claim 10, wherein the storage information recorded in the recognition code comprises a serial number of a repository of the server or information about a URL of the server in which the image or the content edit information is stored. 16. he content delivery service method of claim 10, further comprising setting a password in the app screen of the first terminal. 17. The content delivery service method of claim 16, further comprising entering the password that allows access to the server in an app screen of the second terminal. 18. The content delivery service method of claim 10, further comprising storing the content edited on the image in the first terminal after editing the content is edited on the image. 19. A content delivery service method using printed matter, comprising: executing, by a first terminal, a service app and selecting an image; editing content on the selected image in an app screen; generating, by the first terminal, specific recognition code in which contents of the content have been recorded and inserting the specific recognition code into the image; and sending, by the first terminal, the image into which the recognition code has been inserted to a printing device so that the image is printed by the printing device. 20. The content delivery service method of claim 19, further comprising: offline delivering printed matter printed by the printing device; executing, by a second terminal, a service app and obtaining the image of the printed matter; recognizing the recognition code in the printed matter and extracting the recorded contents of the content; and overlapping and representing or executing, by the second terminal, the obtained image and the extracted content. 21. The content delivery service method of claim 20, wherein recognizing the recognition code in the printed matter and extracting the recorded contents of the content comprises extracting the contents of the content recorded in a data region of the recognition code and converting the extracted contents of the content into content capable of being displayed on a screen of the second terminal.",
-    "A metallocene complex according to formula 1 wherein M is a metal selected from lanthanides or transition metals from group 3, 4, 5, or 6, Q is an anionic ligand to M, k is the number of Q groups and equals the valence of M minus 2, X is a cyclic bridging group that is bonded to a carbon atom of the cyclopentadienyl ligand and to nitrogen, Z1, and Z4 are hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms; adjacent substituents Z2 and Z3 and are connected to form an indenyl or tetrahydroindenyl ring system and R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms. Also described is a composition comprising the metallocene complex, a process for the preparation of the complex, and a process for the polymerization of olefin polymers in the presence of the metallocene complex. 1. A metallocene complex according to formula 1 wherein M is a lanthanide metal or a transition metal of group 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the Periodic System of the Elements; Q is an anionic ligand to M; k is the number of Q groups and equals the valence of M minus 2; X is a cyclic bridging group; Z1 and Z4 are identical or different and are hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms; adjacent substituents Z2 and Z3 are connected to form an indenyl or tetrahydroindenyl ring system together with the carbon atoms of the Cp ring to which they are bound; and R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms. 2. The metallocene complex according to claim 1, wherein the metal M is Ti, Zr, Hf, V, or Sm, and wherein Q is a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms. 3. The metallocene complex according to claim 1, wherein X is cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, cyclohexadienylene, tolylene, benzylene, naphthylene, anthrylene, pyrenylene, biphenylene or binaphthylene. 4. The metallocene complex according to claim 1, wherein the metallocene complex a 2-indenyl group and is represented by formula 4 wherein M is Ti, Zr, or Hf; X is a cyclic bridging group; R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms; Q is chlorine or a methyl group; and k is the number of Q groups and equals the valence of M minus 2, wherein k is an integer. 5. The metallocene complex according to claim 4, wherein M is Zr; R is t-butyl; Q is chlorine or methyl; k=2; and X is phenylene, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, cyclohexadienylene, tolylene, benzylene, naphthylene, anthrylene, pyrenylene, biphenylene or binaphthylene. 6. The metallocene complex according to claim 1, wherein the metallocene complex is present on a support. 7. A ligand precursor having a structure according to formula 8 wherein X is a cyclic bridging group; Z1 and Z4 are identical or different and are hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms; adjacent substituents Z2 and Z3 are connected to form an indenyl or tetrahydroindenyl ring system together with the carbon atoms of the Cp ring to which they are bound; and R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms. 8. A ligand precursor having a structure according to formula 9: wherein LF is a ligand fragment of the formula wherein Z1 and Z4 are identical or different and are hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms; adjacent substituents Z2 and Z3 are connected to form an indenyl or tetrahydroindenyl ring system together with the carbon atoms of the Cp ring to which they are bound; and R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms. 9. The ligand precursor according to claim 7, wherein the ligand precursor has a structure according to formula 10 or 11 wherein R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms. 10. A process for the preparation of the metallocene complex according to formula 5 comprising: a) reacting 2-bromophenyl boronic acid with 1,8-diaminonaphthalene to form a protected compound according to formula 13, b) reacting\u2014the protected compound (13) with a compound according to formula 14, in the presence of a Pd catalyst and in the presence of a base to form a protected compound according to formula 15, c) deprotecting the protected compound (15) by reaction with an acid to provide the compound according to formula 16, reacting the compound (16) with an N-substituted 2-bromoaniline in the presence of a Pd catalyst and in the presence of a base, to form a ligand precursor according to formula 11, wherein the N-substituted 2-bromoaniline is substituted with hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-20 carbon atoms, d) creating an anion of the ligand precursors (11) with an organic or inorganic base, e) reacting the anion of the ligand precursor with (Me2N)aMQk, wherein Me is methyl; M is a lanthanide metal or a transition metals of group 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the Periodic System of the Elements; Q is an anionic ligand to M; k is the number of Q groups and equals the valence of M minus 2; and a equals the valence of M minus k, to yield a metallocene complex according to formula 5. 11. A process for the preparation of an olefin polymer, comprising polymerizing one or more olefins in the presence of the metallocene complex according to claim 1 and a cocatalyst. 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein the olefins comprise a mixture of ethylene and at least one other olefin of 3 or more carbon atoms. 13. An article comprising the polyolefin prepared according to the process of claim 11. 14. The metallocene complex according to claim 1, wherein the metal M is Ti, Zr, or Hf; Q is a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms. X is cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cyclohexenylene, cyclohexadienylene, tolylene, benzylene, naphthylene, anthrylene, pyrenylene, biphenylene or binaphthylene. 15. A process for the preparation of an olefin polymer, comprising polymerizing one or more olefins in the presence of the metallocene complex according to claim 14 and an aluminium- or boron-containing cocatalyst. 16. The metallocene complex according to claim 14, wherein X is a 2,2\u2032-biphenylene group. 17. A process for the preparation of an olefin polymer, comprising polymerizing one or more olefins in the presence of the metallocene complex according to claim 16 and an aluminium- or boron-containing cocatalyst. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the N-substituted 2-bromoaniline is N-tert-butyl-2-bromoaniline; the metal M is Ti, Zr, Hf, V, or Sm; and Q is a halogen or a hydrocarbyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal M is Zr; Q is chlorine or a methyl; and k=2.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a triptycene-based A-B monomer, a method of making a triptycene-based A-B monomer, a triptycene-based ladder polymer, a method of making a triptycene-based ladder polymers, a method of using triptycene-based ladder polymers, a structure incorporating triptycene-based ladder polymers, a method of gas separation, and the like. 1. A composition, comprising: a triptycene-based ladder polymer having the following structure: wherein n is 1 to 10,000, wherein Ar is a substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety, wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or un-substituted, branched or linear alkyl group, a substituted or un-substituted aryl group, a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group, and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or un-substituted aryl group and a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group and each of R1 and R2 are independently an alkyl group. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the triptycene-based ladder polymer has the following structure: 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the triptycene-based ladder polymer has the following structure: 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the triptycene-based ladder polymer has the following structure: 7. A composition, comprising: a monomer described by the following structure: wherein Ar is a substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety, wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a substituted or un-substituted, linear or branched alkyl group, a substituted or un-substituted aryl group, a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group, and substituted or un-substituted phenyl group, and wherein X is a halogen. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein each of R1 and R2 are independently an alkyl group. 10. A method of making a monomer, comprising: wherein Ar is a substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety, wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a substituted or un-substituted, linear or branched alkyl group, a substituted or un-substituted aryl group, a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group, and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group, wherein: step (i) includes a diazonium salt of anthranilic acid or substituted anthranilic acid, 1,2-epoxypropane, CH2Cl2, reflux; step (ii) includes 0.25 M HNO3, AcOH and CH2Cl2 (1:1, v:v); step (iii) includes 4,5-difluoro-1,2-diaminobenzene, ethanol, reflux; and step (iv) includes BBr3, CH2Cl2. 11. A method of making a triptycene-based ladder polymer, comprising: wherein Ar is a substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety, wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a substituted or un-substituted, linear or branch alkyl group, a substituted or un-substituted aryl group, a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group, and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group, and wherein X is a halogen. 12. A membrane, comprising: a polymer including a triptycene-based ladder polymer having the following structure: wherein n is 1 to 10,000, wherein Ar is a substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety, wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or un-substituted, branched or linear alkyl group, a substituted or un-substituted aryl group, a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group, and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group. 13. The membrane of claim 12, wherein the substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group. 14. The membrane of claim 12, wherein each of R1 and R2 are independently an alkyl group. 15. A method of separating a gas from a gas mixture, comprising: separating a first gas from a first gas mixture with a membrane to form a second gas mixture, wherein the membrane includes a polymer including a triptycene-based ladder polymer having the following structure: wherein n is 1 to 10,000, wherein Ar is a substituted or un-substituted aromatic moiety, wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or un-substituted, branched or linear alkyl group, a substituted or un-substituted aryl group, a substituted or un-substituted heteroaryl group, and a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first gas is selected from the group consisting of: He, H2, CO2, H2S, O2, N2, CH4, saturated C2 + hydrocarbons, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8 and a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the second gas mixture is oxygen enriched when compared to the first gas mixture. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the second gas mixture is nitrogen enriched when compared to the first gas mixture. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the second gas mixture is H2 or CO2 enriched when compared to the first gas mixture. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the second gas mixture is oxygen, nitrogen, H2 or CO2 enriched when compared to the first gas mixture.",
-    "A modular glass panel comprising a glass structure having at least one thin glass sheet having a thickness ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm, a backing frame positioned adjacent the glass structure and situated along the perimeter of the glass structure, and a polymer layer intermediate the glass structure and backing frame to adhere the glass structure together with the backing frame. The glass structure can further comprise the at least one thin glass sheet and a second glass sheet having a polymer interlayer therebetween. The backing frame generally has a geometric cross-section with a rounded interior edge adjacent the glass structure to prevent breakage of the structure upon loading or impact of an exterior surface of the structure. 1. A modular glass panel comprising a glass structure having at least one glass sheet with a thickness ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm; a backing frame positioned adjacent the glass structure and situated along the perimeter of the glass structure; and a polymer layer intermediate the glass structure and backing frame to adhere the glass structure together with the backing frame. 2. The modular glass panel of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the at least one glass sheet ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm. 3. The modular glass panel of claim 1 wherein the glass structure further comprises the at least one glass sheet and a second glass sheet having a polymer interlayer therebetween. 4. The modular glass panel of claim 3 wherein the at least one glass sheet is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet. 5. The modular glass panel of claim 4 wherein the second glass sheet is selected from the group consisting of a chemically-strengthened glass sheet, a soda lime glass sheet, and a monolithic tempered glass sheet. 6. (canceled) 7. The modular glass panel of claim 5 wherein the at least one glass sheet is adjacent the backing frame. 8. The modular glass panel of claim 3 wherein the polymer interlayer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and combinations thereof. 9. The modular glass panel of claim 1 wherein the backing frame has a cross-section selected from the group consisting of a substantially rectangular cross-section with a rounded interior edge adjacent the glass structure, a substantially square cross-section with a rounded interior edge adjacent the glass structure, a circular cross-section, a domed cross section, a substantially rectangular cross-section with rounded interior and exterior edges adjacent the glass structure, a substantially square cross-section with rounded interior and exterior edges adjacent the glass structure, asymmetrical cross-sections, symmetrical cross-sections. 10.-11. (canceled) 12. The modular glass panel of claim 1 wherein the backing frame defines a space containing a device selected from the group consisting of a light source, a light emitting diode (LED), an array of LEDs, a luminaire, a speaker, a microphone, a light emitting fiber, a laser, a display, electronic devices, and combinations thereof. 13. (canceled) 14. The modular glass panel of claim 1 wherein the backing frame is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, phenolic material, steel, glass, wood, aluminum, ceramic and combinations thereof. 15. The modular glass panel of claim 1 wherein the backing frame includes a honeycomb structure comprising a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, steel, ceramic, polymer, graphite, carbon, and combinations thereof. 16. A modular panel comprising a planar structure; a backing frame positioned adjacent the planar structure and situated along the perimeter of the planar structure, the backing frame have a geometric cross-section with a rounded interior edge adjacent the planar structure to prevent breakage of the planar structure upon loading or impact of an exterior surface of the planar structure; and a polymer layer intermediate the planar structure and backing frame to adhere the planar structure together with the backing frame. 17. The modular panel of claim 16 wherein the planar structure is selected from the group consisting of a glass sheet, a polymeric material, and a multi-layer laminate structure. 18. The modular panel of claim 17 wherein the thickness of the glass sheet ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm or from about 0.5 mm to about 0.7 mm. 19. The modular panel of claim 17 wherein the multi-layer laminate structure further comprises the at least one thin glass sheet and a second glass sheet having a polymer interlayer therebetween. 20. The modular panel of claim 18 wherein the at least one thin glass sheet is a thin, chemically-strengthened glass sheet. 21. The modular panel of claim 19 wherein the second glass sheet is selected from the group consisting of a chemically-strengthened glass sheet, a thin chemically-strengthened glass sheet, a soda lime glass sheet, and a monolithic tempered glass sheet. 22. The modular panel of claim 19 wherein the polymer interlayer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyethylene tcrephthalate (PET), and combinations thereof. 23. The modular panel of claim 16 wherein the geometric cross-section is selected from the group consisting of a substantially rectangular cross-section with a rounded interior edge adjacent the glass structure, a substantially square cross-section with a rounded interior edge adjacent the glass structure, a circular cross-section, a domed cross section, a substantially rectangular cross-section with rounded interior and exterior edges adjacent the glass structure, a substantially square cross-section with rounded interior and exterior edges adjacent the glass structure, asymmetrical cross-sections, symmetrical cross-sections. 24.-25. (canceled) 26. The modular panel of claim 16 wherein the backing frame defines a space containing a device selected from the group consisting of a light source, a light emitting diode (LED), an array of LEDs, a light emitting fiber, a laser, a luminaire, a speaker, a microphone, a display, electronic devices, and combinations thereof. 27.-29. (canceled)",
-    "In a radio communication system performing radio communications using multiple antenna ports, a radio base station apparatus transmits a reference signal from each of the antenna ports in multiple patterns corresponding to a plurality of antenna port configurations formed of single antenna elements or groups of antenna elements, and determines the antenna elements that form the respective antenna ports based upon feedback information supplied from a mobile device that has received the reference signal in the multiple patterns. 1. A radio communication system comprising: a radio base station apparatus, wherein the radio base station apparatus has a plurality of antenna port configurations formed of single antenna elements or groups of antenna elements, and wherein the radio base station apparatus is configured to transmit a reference signal from each antenna port in patterns corresponding to said plurality of antenna port configurations. 2. The radio communication system according to claim 1, further comprising: a mobile device, wherein the mobile device is configured to receive the reference signal for each of the patterns and transmit feedback information to the radio base station apparatus, and wherein the radio base station apparatus is configured to determine an antenna element that forms said each antenna port based upon the feedback information. 3. The radio communication system according to claim 1, wherein the radio base station apparatus is configured to transmit the reference signal in different subframe offset patterns corresponding to said plurality of antenna port configurations. 4. The radio communication system according to claim 3, further comprising: a mobile device, wherein the mobile device is configured to receive the reference signal in the different subframe offset patterns and create feedback information containing information about an optimum antenna port configuration. 5. The radio communication system according to claim 1, wherein the radio base station apparatus is configured to transmit the reference signals at different frequencies corresponding to said plurality of antenna port configurations. 6. The radio communication system according to claim 5, further comprising: a mobile device, wherein the mobile device is configured to receive the reference signals at the different frequencies and create feedback information containing information about an optimum antenna port configuration. 7. An antenna configuration determination method, comprising: at a base station apparatus, transmitting a reference signal from each antenna port in multiple patterns corresponding to a plurality of antenna port configurations formed of single antenna elements or groups of antenna elements; and determining an antenna element that forms said each antenna port based upon feedback information supplied from a mobile device that has received the reference signal in said multiple patterns. 8. The antenna port configuration determination method according to claim 7, wherein the reference signal is transmitted in different subframe offset patterns corresponding to said plurality of antenna port configurations. 9. The antenna port configuration determination method according to claim 7, wherein the reference signal is transmitted at different frequencies corresponding to one of said multiple antenna port configurations.",
-    "The invention provides a provides a lighting unit (100) comprising a first light source (110), a second light source (210), a first wavelength converting (1100), a second wavelength converting element (2100), wherein the lighting unit further comprises a transport infrastructure (20) configured to arrange the first light source, the second light source, the first wavelength converting element, and the second wavelength converting element in a first configuration or a second configuration by transport of one or more of these, wherein in the first configuration and the second configuration the lighting unit provides lighting unit light having substantially the same color point while having different color rendering indices. With such lighting unit, it is possible to switch between high CRI-low efficiency and low CRI-high efficiency at a given color temperature (or color point). 1. A lighting unit comprising: a first light source configured to generate first light source light, a second light source configured to generate second light source light having a spectral distribution different from the first light source light, a first wavelength converting element able to convert at least part of one or more of the first light source light and the second light source light into first wavelength converting element light, a second wavelength converting element able to convert at least part of one or more of the first light source light, the second light source light, and the first wavelength converting element light into second wavelength converting element light having a spectral distribution different from the first wavelength converting element light, wherein the lighting unit further comprises a transport infrastructure configured to arrange the first light source, the second light source, the first wavelength converting element, and the second wavelength converting element in a first configuration or a second configuration by transport of one or more of these, wherein in the first configuration and the second configuration the lighting unit provides lighting unit light having substantially the same color point while having different color rendering indices. 2. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein the first light source comprises a blue emitting light source, wherein the second light source comprises a red emitting light source, wherein the first wavelength converting element and the second wavelength converting element each independently comprise one or more of a green luminescent material, a yellow luminescent material and an orange luminescent material. 3. The lighting unit according to claim 2, wherein the first light source and the second light source are independently selected from the group consisting of a LED and a laser, and wherein the one or more luminescent materials are selected from the group consisting of quantum dot luminescent materials, inorganic luminescent materials and organic luminescent materials. 4. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the first light source and the second light source have a tunable light intensity, and wherein the lighting unit receives a control signal from a control unit configured to control tunable light intensity of the one or more of the first light source and the second light source having a tunable light intensity as function of the first and the second configuration. 5. (canceled) 6. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein in the first configuration and in the second configuration the lighting unit provides lighting unit light having color points within 15 SDCM (standard deviation of color matching) of each other. 7. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein in one or more of the first configuration and the second configuration one or more of the first wavelength converting element and the second wavelength converting element are arranged in a transmissive mode. 8. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein the transport infrastructure is configured to arrange in the first configuration the first wavelength converting element downstream of the first light source and the second light source and in the second configuration the first wavelength converting element and the second wavelength converting element in a stacked configuration downstream of the first light source and the second light source. 9. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein the transport infrastructure is configured to arrange in a first configuration the first wavelength converting element downstream of the first light source and the second light source and in a second configuration the second wavelength converting element in a stacked configuration downstream of the first light source and the second light source. 10. The lighting unit according to claim 1, comprising a plurality wavelength converting elements, wherein the transport infrastructure is configured to arrange the first light source, the second light source and the plurality of wavelength converting element in a plurality of configurations, by transport of one or more of these, wherein at least in the first configuration and the second configuration the lighting unit provides lighting unit light having substantially the same color point while having different color rendering indices. 11. The lighting unit according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor configured to sense a condition external from the lighting unit, wherein the lighting unit further comprises a control unit configured to control the lighting unit light as function of a sensor signal of the sensor. 12. The lighting unit according to claim 1, wherein the transport infrastructure comprises an actuator. 13. A luminaire comprising the lighting unit according to claim 1. 14. A method for providing white light that has a controllable color rendering index using the lighting unit of claim 1, the method comprising: arranging the first wavelength converting element in the first configuration; and arranging the second wavelength converting element in the second configuration. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising controlling, using a control unit, the tunable light intensity of the one or more of the first light source and the second light source having a tunable light intensity as function of the first and the second configuration. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising controlling the lighting unit in the first configuration and in the second configuration the lighting unit to provide lighting unit light having color points within 15 SDCM (standard deviation of color matching) of each other. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising arranging in the first configuration the first wavelength converting element downstream of the first light source and the second light source; and arranging in the second configuration the first wavelength converting element and the second wavelength converting element in a stacked configuration downstream of the first light source and the second light source. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the lighting unit is further comprising a plurality wavelength converting elements , the method further comprising arranging the first light source, the second light source and the plurality of wavelength converting element using the transport infrastructure in a plurality of configurations, wherein at least in the first configuration and the second configuration the lighting unit provides lighting unit light having substantially the same color point while having different color rendering indices. 20. A lighting system comprising: the lighting unit according to claim 1, a control unit configured to control tunable light intensity of the one or more of the first light source and the second light source having a tunable light intensity as function of the first and the second configuration; and an optical sensor, wherein the control unit is configured to control the tunable light intensity of the one or more of the first light source and the second light source having a tunable light intensity as function of a sensor signal of the optical sensor.",
-    "Deposition on a sightglass in a reactor for CVD deposition of silicon is reduced by conducting a first purge gas stream substantially parallel to the reactor end surface of the sightglass, and conducting a second purge gas stream within the sightglass tube at an angle from the sightglass surface toward the interior of the reactor. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A process for producing polycrystalline silicon, comprising introducing a reaction gas comprising a silicon-containing component and hydrogen into a reactor containing at least one heated filament rod on which polycrystalline silicon is deposited, said reactor comprising at least one sightglass tube secured to an orifice in the reactor wall by a reactor end and having a sight glass at the other end, the sightglass having a reactor end surface disposed toward the interior of the reactor and supplying a purge gas through holes in the sightglass tube during the deposition, wherein one purge gas stream M1 runs close to the reactor end surface of the sightglass and essentially parallel to the reactor end surface and, spaced apart from this purge gas stream M1 in the direction of the reactor end of the sightglass, at least one further purge gas stream M2 running at an angle relative to the glass surface in the direction of the reactor end of the sightglass. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the purge gas is selected from the group consisting of noble gases, nitrogen, chlorosilanes of the SiHnCln-4 form, n=0-4, in conjunction with a chlorosilane-free gas, hydrogen, HCl and mixtures of said gases. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein a ratio L/D of tube length L to tube diameter D is 0.5-4.0. 14. The process of claim 11, wherein the ratio of the purge mass flow rates M1/M2 is more than \u2153 and less than 20. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein purge gas stream M2 is supplied through one or more holes having geometric axes that form an angle range \u03b1 of 10\u00b0-80\u00b0 with a geometric axis of the sightglass tube. 16. The process of claim 11, wherein the two purge gas streams are injected via one or more mutually offset rows of holes, each comprising a plurality of holes, in the sightglass tube. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein holes in a row of holes are each arranged within an angle range of 40\u00b0-180\u00b0 with respect to an internal cross section of the sightglass. 18. The process of claim 11, wherein a ratio D/S1_n between tube diameter D and an axial separation S1_n of a row of holes, comprising holes that run essentially parallel to the glass surface, is greater than 1 and less than 40. 19. The process of claim 11, wherein a ratio D/S2_k between tube diameter D and a maximum axial separation S2_k of a row of holes, comprising holes that run parallel at an angle with respect to the glass surface in the direction of the reactor end of the sightglass, is greater than 0.4 and less than 40. 20. The process of claim 11, wherein the cross section of the tube AT based on the total cross section AM2 of all the holes provided for supply of purge gas stream M2 is greater than 5 and less than 500. 21. The process of claim 11, wherein the sightglass comprises an infrared transmitting glass. 22. The process of claim 11, wherein the sightglass comprises a quartz glass.",
-    "The invention relates to a basin molding (1), for example a kitchen sink, a washbasin or the like, made of a composite material having a polymerized cured binder (14) and fillers (16) incorporated therein, wherein the basin molding (1) has a visible side (34) and a rear side (36), which is located opposite the visible side (34), characterized in that unidirectionally oriented fibers (10) are polymerized into the composite material on, or in the vicinity of, the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1), and to a method for producing such a basin molding (1). 1. A basin molding (1) such as a kitchen sink, a washbasin, or the like, made of a composite material comprising a polymerized, cured binder (14) and fillers (16) incorporated therein, wherein the basin molding (1) has a visible side (34) and a rear side (36) that is located opposite the visible side (34), characterized in that unidirectionally oriented fibers (10) are polymerized into the composite material on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1). 2. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that with the exception of fibers on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1), the composite material is free of unidirectionally oriented fibers (10). 3. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that more than 50 wt%, in particular more than 70 wt%, and preferably more than 80 wt% of the fibers (10) polymerized on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) are unidirectionally oriented in a first direction. 4. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the unidirectionally oriented fibers on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) are polymerized into the composite material in the form of a fiber fabric, fiber mat, or fiber mesh. 5. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers (10) unidirectionally oriented on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) and polymerized into the composite material are arranged on less than 30%, in particular on less than 20%, and preferably on less than 10% of the surface area of the rear side (6) of the basin molding 6. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers (10) unidirectionally oriented on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) are polymerized into the composite material in the form of at least one strip (6, 8) and that the length: width ratio of the strip (6, 8) is preferably greater than 3:1, in particular greater than 5:1, and preferably greater than 7:1. 7. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibers (10) unidirectionally oriented on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) and polymerized into the composite material extend in the portion of a wall (12) of a basin (2) of the basin molding (1) as well as in another portion (4) of the basin molding (1) adjoining the basin (2). 8. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance (30) of the fibers (10) unidirectionally oriented on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) and polymerized into the composite material from the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) is less than 40%, in particular less than 30%, and preferably less than 20% of the thickness of the basin molding (1) in the portion comprising the fibers (10). 9. The basin molding (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the mass fraction of the fibers (10) unidirectionally oriented on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1) and polymerized into the composite material is less than 1.2%, in particular less than 0.6%, and preferably less than 0.2% of the total mass of the basin molding (1). 10. A method for producing a basin molding (1) such as a kitchen sink, a washbasin, or the like from a composite material comprising a polymerized binder (14) and fillers (16) incorporated therein, wherein the basin molding (1) has a visible side (34) and a rear side (36) that is located opposite the visible side (34), characterized in that unidirectionally oriented fibers (10) are polymerized into the composite material on or in the vicinity of the surface of the rear side (36) of the basin molding (1). 11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the basin molding (1) is produced by casting a mold part (18, 20), in particular by casting molds. 12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that before the filling of the mold part (18, 20) with the binder (14) comprising the particulate fillers (16), the fibers (10) are arranged on the mold part (18, 20) and saturated with the binder (14) before the polymerization of the binder (14).",
-    "The present invention provides an emulsion for sorting droplets in a microfluidic device, the emulsion comprising: a discontinuous aqueous phase; and a continuous oil phase; wherein said aqueous phase comprises at least one analyte, said oil phase comprises a fluorous oil and a refractive index modifying compound comprising at least one aromatic ring, and the refractive index of said aqueous phase and the refractive index of said oil phase are substantially matched. 1. An emulsion for sorting droplets in a microfluidic device, the emulsion comprising: a discontinuous aqueous phase; and a continuous oil phase; wherein said aqueous phase comprises at least one analyte, said oil phase comprises a fluorous oil and a refractive index modifying compound comprising at least one aromatic ring, and the refractive index of said aqueous phase and the refractive index of said oil phase are substantially matched. 2. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein the difference in the refractive index of said aqueous phase and the refractive index of said oil phase is 0 to 0.005. 3. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fluorous oil has a refractive index of 1.250 to 1.337. 4. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fluorous oil is a partially fluorinated hydrocarbon. 5. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fluorous oil is a perfluorinated hydrocarbon. 6. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fluorous oil comprises a compound of formula (I) or (II): X3C\u2014(CX2)n\u2014(CX2)m-CX3 (I) wherein each X is independently F, H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 fluoroalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy or C1-6 fluoroalkoxy, with the proviso that at least one X is F; Z is (CX2) or NY; Y is (CX2)pCX3; n is an integer from 1 to 8, m is an integer from 1 to 8, and p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 8 wherein one or two carbon atoms in the ring, together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally replaced by a heteroatom; g is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3 or 4; A, B and C are each independently selected from F, H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 fluoroalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy or C1-6 fluoroalkoxy; D and E are each independently selected from F, H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 fluoroalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy or C1-6 fluoroalkoxy or together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, D and E form a fluorocycloalkyl ring system. 7. An emulsion as claimed in claim 6, wherein said fluorous oil comprises a compound of formula (I). 8. An emulsion as claimed in claim 7, wherein at least 80% of the X groups present are F or C1-6 fluoroalkyl. 9. An emulsion as claimed in claim 8, wherein each X is F. 10. An emulsion as claimed in claim 7, wherein at least one X group is C1-6 fluoroalkyl. 11. An emulsion as claimed in claim 7, wherein at least one X group is C1-6 alkyl. 12. An emulsion as claimed in claim 7, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5. 13. An emulsion as claimed in claim 7, wherein m is an integer from 2 to 5. 14. An emulsion as claimed in claim 7, wherein p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 5. 15. An emulsion as claimed in claim 6, wherein said fluorous oil comprises a compound of formula (II). 16. An emulsion as claimed in claim 15, wherein n is 1 and the compound is of formula (IIa): wherein each of A, B, C and D are as defined in claim 6. 17. An emulsion as claimed in claim 6, wherein D is selected from F and a C1-6 fluoroalkyl group. 18. An emulsion as claimed in claim 15, wherein n is 2 and the compound is of formula (IIb) wherein each of A, B, C, D and E are as defined in claim 6. 19. An emulsion as claimed in claim 18, wherein A, B and C are F. 20. An emulsion as claimed in claim 18, wherein together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, D and E form a fluorocycloalkyl ring system. 21. An emulsion as claimed in claim 20, wherein said ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic. 22. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fluorous oil comprises at least one compound of formula (Ii)-(Ivi) or formula (IIi)-(IIiv): 23. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said refractive index modifying compound has a refractive index of greater than 1.333. 24. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said refractive index modifying compound is fluorinated. 25. An emulsion as claimed in claim 24, wherein the % mass of fluorine in said refractive index modifying compound is greater than 15%. 26. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said refractive index modifying compound is a compound of formula (IIIb) wherein K is optionally present; and each of I, J and K, when present, are independently selected from halogen, a fluoroalkyl group of formula CnF2n+1, OR, CO2R, CONHR, CONR2, CSOR, CSNHR, CSNR2, SR, SOR, SO2R, SO3R, NHCO2R, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCONR2, NHCSOR, NHCSR, NHCSNHR, NHCSNR2, NHSOR, NHSO2R or NHSO3R wherein n is an integer between 1 and 6, m is 0, 1 or 2, and R is C1-6 alkyl, CnF2n+1 or (CH2)mCnF2n+1. 27. An emulsion as claimed in claim 26, wherein I is a fluoroalkyl group of formula CnF2n+1, wherein n is an integer between 1 and 6. 28. An emulsion as claimed in claim 26, wherein J is a halogen or a fluoroalkyl group of formula CnF2n+1, wherein n is an integer between 1 and 6. 29. An emulsion as claimed in claim 26, wherein K is absent. 30. An emulsion as claimed in claim 26, wherein K is halogen, OR, SR, SOR, SO2R, SO3R, NHCO2R, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCONR2, NHCSOR, NHCSR, NHCSNHR, NHCSNR2, NHSOR, NHSO2R or NHSO3R wherein n is an integer between 1 and 6, m is 0, 1 or 2, and R is C1-6 alkyl, CnF2n+1 or (CH2)mSnF2n+1. 31. An emulsion as claimed in claim 26, wherein the compound of formula (IIIb) is selected from: 32. An emulsion as claimed in claim 26, wherein the compound of formula (IIIb) is selected from: 33. An emulsion as claimed claim 1, wherein said aqueous phase in said emulsion is in the form of droplets having an average size of 5 to 100 \u25a1m. 34. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein each discontinuous aqueous phase (e.g. droplet) comprises an average number of 0 to 100 analytes. 35. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said analyte is a bead, a particle, a crystal, a micelle, a macromolecule (e.g. a protein or an oligonucleotide), a cell (e.g. mammalian cell, plant cell, algal cell, yeast cell), cell organelles (e.g. cell nucleus, mitochondrion), a bacterium, a virus or a prion. 36. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, wherein said aqueous phase comprises a culture medium. 37. An emulsion as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a surfactant. 38.-49. (canceled)",
-    "A security device is presented, including: an array of focusing elements, each focusing element being adapted to focus light in at least two orthogonal directions, the focusing elements being arranged on a regular two-dimensional grid; and an array of elongate image elements overlapping the array of focusing elements, configured such that each focusing element can direct light from any one of a respective set of at least two elongate image elements to the viewer, in dependence on the viewing angle. In a first region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a first direction, and in a second region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a second direction which is different to the first direction. 1-31. (canceled) 32. A security device comprising: an array of focusing elements, each focusing element being adapted to focus light in at least two orthogonal directions, the focusing elements being arranged on a regular two-dimensional grid; and an array of elongate image elements overlapping the array of focusing elements, configured such that each focusing element can direct light from any one of a respective set of at least two elongate image elements to the viewer, in dependence on the viewing angle; wherein in a first region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a first direction, and in a second region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a second direction which is different to the first direction. 33. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the first and second directions are orthogonal. 34. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the array of focusing elements is continuous across and between the first and second regions. 35. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the array of elongate image elements is continuous across and between the first and second regions. 36. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the first and second regions are arranged adjacent one another. 37. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the array of elongate image elements is configured such that the first region or the second region, or both, displays a series of at least two different images as the security device is tilted about an axis parallel to the direction along which the elongate image elements extend in the respective region. 38. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the array of elongate image elements is configured such that the first region or the second region, or both, displays a series of at least two different colours as the security device is tilted about an axis parallel to the direction along which the elongate image elements extend in the respective region. 39. A security device according to claim 38, wherein at at least one viewing position, the first and second regions both display the same colour such that the first and second regions have the same appearance. 40. A security device according to claim 38 wherein the relative arrangement of the first and second regions defines an image which is recognisable at at least one viewing angle due to contrast between the colour of the first region and the colour of the second region at that viewing angle. 41. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the array of elongate image elements is configured such that the first region or the second region, or both, displays the appearance of a moving image as the security device is tilted about an axis parallel to the direction along which the elongate image elements extend in the respective region. 42. A security device according to claim 33, wherein, when viewed at at least one viewing angle, the first and second regions together present a recognisable image to the naked eye of the viewer made up by image portions from each region, wherein the elongate image elements define different views of the respective image portion such that as the security device is tilted about an axis parallel to either the first or second direction, the respective image portion from one of the regions appears to move laterally, while the other image portion remains stationary. 43. A security device according to claim 37, wherein the or each image comprises one of a letter, number, symbol, character, logo, portrait or graphic. 44. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the array of focusing elements is registered to the array of elongate image elements. 45. A security device according to claim 32, wherein the security device is formed as a security thread, strip, foil, insert, label or patch. 46. An article provided with a security device according to claim 32. 47. An article according to claim 46, wherein the article is selected from banknotes, cheques, passports, identity cards, certificates of authenticity, fiscal stamps and other documents for securing value or personal identity. 48. An article according to claim 46, wherein the article comprises a substrate with a transparent portion, on opposite sides of which the focusing elements and elongate image elements respectively are provided. 49. A method of manufacturing a security device, the method comprising: providing an array of focusing elements, each focusing element being adapted to focus light in at least two orthogonal directions, the focusing elements being arranged on a regular two-dimensional grid; and overlapping an array of elongate image elements with the array of focusing elements, the array of elongate image elements being configured such that each focusing element can direct light from any one of a respective set of at least two elongate image elements to the viewer, in dependence on the viewing angle; wherein in a first region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a first direction, and in a second region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a second direction which is different to the first direction. 50. A method according to claim 49, wherein the first and second directions are orthogonal. 51. A method according to claim 49 adapted to manufacture a security device comprising: an array of focusing elements, each focusing element being adapted to focus light in at least two orthogonal directions, the focusing elements being arranged on a regular two-dimensional grid; and an array of elongate image elements overlapping the array of focusing elements, configured such that each focusing element can direct light from any one of a respective set of at least two elongate image elements to the viewer, in dependence on the viewing angle; wherein in a first region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a first direction, and in a second region of the security device, the elongate image elements extend along a second direction which is different to the first direction.",
-    "A locking system is disclosed. The locking system comprises a locking bar rotatable between a locked position and an unlocked position. A locking feature on the locking bar engages a tab when the locking bar is rotated into the locked position. 1. rotating the display into the A locking system for a computer, comprising: a locking bar mounted in a first side of a first component of the computer, the locking bar rotatable between a locked position and an unlocked position, the first component having a second side opposite the first side; at least one locking feature located along a length of the locking bar a second component of the computer having a first edge and a second edge opposite the first edge, the first edge of the second component rotationally coupled to the second edge of the first component thereby allowing the second component to be rotated between an open position and a closed position along the first edge of the second component; at least one tab attached to a bottom side of the second edge of the second component, the at least one tab mating with the at least one locking feature when the second component is in the closed position and the locking bar is rotated into the locked position thereby locking the second component to the first component. 2. The locking system for a computer of claim 1, wherein the locking bar is a cylinder rotatable around the cylindrical axis and the at least one locking feature is a 90 degree cutout formed in the locking bar. 3. The locking system for a computer of claim 1, wherein the second component is a display and the first component is a case for a tablet. 4. The locking system for a computer of claim 1, wherein the computer is a laptop and the second component is a display component and the first component is a keyboard component. 5. The locking system for a computer of claim 1, further comprising: a security device attached to the locking bar that prevents the locking bar from rotating from the locked position into the unlocked position until the security feature is disengaged. 6. The locking system for a computer of claim 5, wherein the security feature is an electromechanical device that is disengaged when a password is entered into the computer. 7. The locking system for a computer of claim 5, wherein the first edge of the second component is removably coupled to the second edge of the first component allowing the second component to be removed from the first component. 8. A computer, comprising: a case having a floor and four side walls where the four side walls and the floor form an enclosure, a first one of the four side walls is opposite a second one of the four side walls; a locking bar located inside the enclosure at the first side wall, the locking bar rotatable between a locked position and an unlocked position; at least one locking feature located along a length of the locking, bar; a display having a first edge and a second edge opposite the first edge, the first edge coupled to the second side wall, allowing the display to be rotated between an open position and a closed position: at least one tab attached to the bottom side of the second edge of the display, the at least one tab mating with the at least one locking feature when the display is in the closed position and the locking bar is rotated into the locked position thereby locking the display to the case. 9. The computer of claim 8, wherein the first edge of the display is coupled to the second side wall with a lip attached to a bottom side of the first edge of the display, the lip allowing the display to be rotated along the first edge between an open position and a closed position when the lip is engaged with the second side wall. 10. The computer of claim 8. wherein the locking bar is a cylinder rotatable around the cylindrical axis and the at least one locking feature is a 90 degree cutout formed in the locking bar. 11. The computer of claim 8, further comprising; a first support rail formed on an inside face of a third one of the four side walls and a second support rail formed on an inside face of a forth one of the four side walls where the third side wall is opposite the fourth side wall. 12. The computer of claim 8, further comprising: a spring loaded plug mounted in the locking bar that mates with a detent in the case when the locking bar is at the closed position. 13. The computer of claim 8, wherein the locking bar moves the second edge of the display above the case when the locking bar is rotated to the unlocked position. 14. The computer of claim 8, wherein the computer is a tablet and the display is a touch screen display. 15. A method of manufacturing a computer, comprising: providing a case comprising a floor and four side walls where the four side walls and the floor form an enclosure, a first one of the four side walls is opposite a second one of the four side walls;; installing a locking bar into the enclosure at a first side wall, the locking bar rotatable between a locked position and an unlocked position wherein the locking bar has at least one locking feature located along a length of the locking bar; installing a display, having a first edge and a second edge opposite the first edge, into the case where the first edge is coupled to the left side wall of the case thereby allowing the display to be rotated between an open position and a closed position, the second edge of the display having at least one tab attached to a bottom of the second edge; closed position where the at least one tab is mated with the at least one locking feature; rotating the locking bar into the locked position thereby locking the display to the case.",
-    "Mechanisms are provided for energy management signalling with an apparatus for processing data, such as a system-on-chip integrated circuit (2). Processing circuitry (6, 8, 10) is coupled to consumer energy interface circuitry (14, 16, 18) which communicates with energy management circuitry (4). The energy management signals which are communicated include a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of power consumption which is independent of processing operations being performed and a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption which is dependent upon the processing operations being performed. 1. Apparatus for processing data comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform processing operations; and consumer energy interface circuitry coupled to said processing circuitry and configured to communicate energy management signals with energy management circuitry; wherein said energy management signals include: (i) a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of static power consumption of said apparatus independent of processing operations performed by said processing circuitry; and (ii) a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus dependent upon processing operations performed by said apparatus. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said static power consumption signal is indicative of power consumed at least partially due to leakage currents within said processing circuitry. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said static power consumption signal varies in accordance with a selected one of a plurality of modes of said apparatus when not performing processing operations, said plurality of modes including at least one of: (i) a standby mode in which state signals of said apparatus remain in situ such that said apparatus is able to resume processing without having to reinstate said state signals; (ii) a state retention mode in which state signals of said apparatus are saved to state retention circuitry within said apparatus such that said apparatus is able to resume processing by restoring said state signals from said state retention circuitry; and (iii) a power-down mode in which state signals of said apparatus are no longer stored within said apparatus and a power supply to said apparatus is gated off. 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said static power consumption signal is independent of an operating temperature of said apparatus. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dynamic power consumption signal is indicative of a prediction of power consumed by said processing operations; 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said dynamic power consumption signal varies in dependence upon a level of detected processing activity within said apparatus. 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said dynamic power consumption signal varies in dependence upon a mode of processing operations performed by said apparatus. 8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said energy management signals include an allocation signal indicative of a power level allocated by said energy management circuitry for use by said apparatus. 9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, comprising operation control circuitry responsive to said allocation signal to control operation of said processing circuitry such that power consumption of said apparatus does not exceed said power level allocated by said energy management circuitry. 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of said energy management signals uses a logarithmic encoding of power level. 11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of said energy management signals uses a thermometer encoding of power level. 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more of said static power consumption signal and said dynamic power consumption signal represent an absolute level of power consumption by said apparatus. 13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein communication of said energy management signals with said energy management circuitry uses asynchronous request-acknowledge handshaking between said consumer energy interface circuitry and said energy management circuitry. 14. Apparatus for processing data comprising: processing means for performing processing operations; and consumer energy interface means for communicating energy management signals with energy management means for managing energy; wherein said energy management signals include: (i) a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of static power consumption of said apparatus independent of processing operations performed by said processing means; and (ii) a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus dependent upon processing operations performed by said processing means. 15. Energy management circuitry for managing power consumption of at least one apparatus for processing data, said energy management circuitry comprising: manager energy interface circuitry configured to communicate energy management signals with said at least one apparatus for processing data; wherein said energy management signals include: (i) a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of static power consumption of said apparatus independent of processing operations performed by processing circuitry within said apparatus; and (ii) a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus dependent upon processing operations performed by said processing circuitry. 16. Energy management circuitry as claimed in claim 15, comprising energy controller circuitry configured to determine at least one of: (i) an absolute level of static power consumption of said apparatus corrected for an operating temperature of said apparatus detected by said energy management circuitry; (ii) an absolute level of static power consumption of said apparatus corrected for an operating voltage of said apparatus detected by said energy management circuitry; (iii) an absolute level of static power consumption of said apparatus corrected for manufacturing process variation of said apparatus; (iv) an absolute level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus corrected for an operating temperature of said apparatus detected by said energy management circuitry; (v) an absolute level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus corrected for an operating voltage of said apparatus detected by said energy management circuitry; (vi) an absolute level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus corrected for manufacturing process variation of said apparatus; and (vii) an absolute level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus corrected for an operating frequency of said apparatus detected by said energy management circuitry. 17. Energy management circuitry as claimed in claim 16, wherein said energy controller circuitry stores data indicative of one or more of: (i) a rate at which said static and dynamic power consumption of said apparatus varies with temperature of said apparatus; and (ii) a rate at which said static dynamic power consumption of said apparatus varies with an operating voltage of said apparatus. 18. Energy management apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein said energy controller circuitry is configured to respond to said energy management signals by changing one or more of: (i) a frequency of an operating clock signal supplied to said apparatus when said apparatus is performing processing operations; (ii) an operating voltage supplied to said apparatus when said apparatus is performing processing operations; and (iii) an operating voltage supplied to said apparatus when said apparatus is not performing processing operations. 19. Energy management circuitry as claimed in claim 15, wherein said energy management circuitry is an energy management state machine. 20. Energy management circuitry as claimed in claim 16, comprising energy supply circuitry configured to supply energy to at least said apparatus for processing data and to provide to said energy management circuitry a signal indicative of how much power said energy supply circuitry can provide. 21. Energy management circuitry as claimed in claim 20, wherein said energy supply circuitry comprises one or more of: energy harvesting circuitry; charge storage circuitry; and external power supply circuitry. 22. Energy management circuitry for managing power consumption of at least one apparatus for processing data, said energy management circuitry comprising: manager energy interface means for communicating energy management signals with said at least one apparatus for processing data; wherein said energy management signals include: (i) a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of static power consumption of said apparatus independent of processing operations performed by processing circuitry within said apparatus; and (ii) a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus dependent upon processing operations performed by said processing circuitry. 23. A method of processing data comprising the steps of: performing processing operations with processing circuitry; and communicating energy management signals with energy management circuitry; wherein said energy management signals include: (i) a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of static power consumption of said apparatus independent of processing operations performed by said processing circuitry; and (ii) a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus dependent upon processing operations performed by said processing circuitry. 24. A method of managing power consumption of at least one apparatus for processing data, said method comprising the step of: communicating energy management signals with said at least one apparatus for processing data; wherein said energy management signals include: (i) a static power consumption signal indicative of a level of static power consumption of said apparatus independent of processing operations performed by processing circuitry within said apparatus; and (ii) a dynamic power consumption signal indicative of a level of dynamic power consumption of said apparatus dependent upon processing operations performed by said processing circuitry.",
-    "A vehicle has a body. A pivotable seat has a front portion pivotally connected to the body about a front pivot point and extending rearwardly therefrom to a back portion. A rear left leg is pivotally connected to the body about a left lower pivot point and to the back portion to about a left upper pivot point. A rear right leg is pivotally connected to the body about a right lower pivot point and to the back portion about a right upper pivot point. A distance between the lower pivot points is greater than a distance between the upper pivot points. The seat is pivotable relative to the body about an instantaneous seat pivot axis passing through the front pivot point, a left axis extending through the left upper and lower pivot points, and a right axis extending through the right upper and lower pivot points. 1. A vehicle comprising: a vehicle body defining a longitudinal axis of the vehicle; a pivotable seat having a seat front portion and a seat back portion, the seat front portion being pivotally connected to the vehicle body about a front pivot point and extending rearwardly therefrom to the seat back portion; a rear left leg being pivotally connected to the vehicle body to pivot about a left lower longitudinal pivot axis passing through a left lower pivot point, the rear left leg being pivotally connected to the seat back portion to pivot about a left upper longitudinal pivot axis passing through a left upper pivot point; and a rear right leg being pivotally connected to the vehicle body to pivot about a right lower longitudinal pivot axis passing through a right lower pivot point, the rear right leg being pivotally connected to the seat back portion to pivot about a right upper longitudinal pivot axis passing through a right upper pivot point, a distance between the left and right lower pivot points being greater than a distance between the left and right upper pivot points, the seat being pivotable relative to the vehicle body about an instantaneous seat pivot axis passing through the front pivot point, a left axis extending through the left upper and lower pivot points, and a right axis extending through the right upper and lower pivot points. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the rear left leg and the rear right leg form a four-bar linkage with the seat back portion and the vehicle body. 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the seat moves in an arc centered about the front pivot point when viewed from above and when viewed from the rear. 4. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a right stopper limiting pivoting of the rear right leg and a left stopper limiting pivoting of the rear left leg. 5. (canceled) 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the seat comprises a seat frame and a seat cushion, the seat frame comprising a front frame member pivotably connected to the vehicle body about the front pivot point, the seat cushion being connected to the front frame member. 7. (canceled) 8. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a spring connected between one of the seat, the rear left leg and the rear right leg and an other of the seat, the rear left leg and the rear right leg, the spring biasing the seat to an untilted position where the instantaneous seat pivot axis is aligned with a longitudinal centerplane defined by the vehicle body. 9. (canceled) 10. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein: the rear left leg extends forwardly and upwardly from the left lower pivot point, and rearwardly and upwardly to the left upper pivot point; and the rear right leg extends forwardly and upwardly from the right lower pivot point, and rearwardly and upwardly to the right upper pivot point. 11. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a ball joint pivotably connecting the seat front portion to the vehicle body. 12. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the seat front portion extends rearwardly and downwardly from the front pivot point. 13. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the seat front portion comprises a front left brace and a front right brace connected together at respective front ends thereof. 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein a distance between the front right brace and the front left brace increases with distance from the front pivot point. 15. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the front left brace is parallel to a portion of the front right brace. 16. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is a snowmobile comprising a longitudinally extending tunnel, the rear left leg and the rear right leg being connected to the tunnel and extending upwardly therefrom. 17. The vehicle of claim 16, wherein: the snowmobile further comprises an upper structure rigidly connected to the tunnel, the seat front portion being pivotably connected to the upper structure about the front pivot point; and the upper structure comprises a rear left upper structure brace and a rear right upper structure brace extending forwardly and upwardly from the tunnel, the seat front portion is disposed laterally between the left and right upper structure braces. 18.-21. (canceled) 22. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein when a rider is seated on the seat, a center of gravity of the rider is disposed vertically lower than an intersection point of the left axis with the right axis. 23. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein when a rider is seated on the seat, the instantaneous pivot axis extends upwardly and rearwardly from the front pivot point above a center of gravity of the rider. 24. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the front pivot point is disposed vertically higher than a bottom surface of the seat. 25. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the front pivot point is disposed vertically higher than the left upper pivot point and the right upper pivot point. 26. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein, as viewed from behind: when the seat pivots rightwardly from an untilted position, a laterally centered portion of a top edge of the seat moves rightwardly and upwardly; and when the seat pivots leftwardly from the untilted position, the laterally centered portion of the top edge of the seat moves leftwardly and upwardly. 27. The vehicle of claim 26, wherein, as viewed from above: when the seat pivots rightwardly from the untilted position, a laterally centered portion of the top edge of the seat moves rightwardly and forwardly; and when the seat pivots leftwardly from the untilted position, the laterally centered portion of the top edge of the seat moves leftwardly and forwardly.",
-    "The present invention relates to an electrolyte composition (A) containing (i) at least one aprotic organic solvent; (ii) at least one conducting salt; (iii) at least one compound of formula (I) and (iv) optionally at least one further additive. 1. An electrolyte composition (A) comprising: (i) an aprotic organic solvent; (ii) a conducting salt; (iii) a compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of C(O)R7, C(O)OR7, C(O)C(O)OR7, S(O)2R7, S(O)2OR7, P(O)(OR7)R7, and P(O)(OR7)2; R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, ORB, C(O)R8, C(O)OR8, OC(O)R8, OC(O)OR8, OC(O)C(O)OR8, S(O)2OR8 and OS(O)2R8; R3 and R4 are each independently from ch other selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, (hetero)aryl, and aralkyl, may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, and oxiranyl; R5 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, and oxiranyl; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, OR9, OC(O)R9, C(O)R9, C(O)OR9, OC(O)OR9, OC(O)C(O)OR9, S(O)2OR9, OS(O)2R9, and C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl which may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, C6-C 13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, and oxiranyl; R8 and R9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, and oxiranyl; and (iv) optionally a further additive. 2. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein R1 is C(O)R7. 3. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1 wherein R1 is C(O)OR7. 4. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1 wherein R1 is C(O)C(O)OR7. 5. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1 wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of S(O)2R7, S(O)2OR7, P(O)(OR7)R7, and P(O)(OR7)2. 6. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) comprises at least two oxirane cycles. 7. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein R7 comprises an oxirane cycle. 8. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (T) has a formula (II) wherein R1a is selected from the group consisting of \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)O\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)C(\u2550O)O\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)R7aC(\u2550O)O\u2014, \u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014S(O)2O\u2014, \u2014P(O)(OR7b)\u2014, and \u2014P(O)(OR7b)O\u2014; R2, R2a, R3, R3a, R4, R4a, R5, R5a, R6 and R6a are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, and oxiranyl; R7a is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alkanediyl, C2-C4 alkenediyl, C2-C4 alkynediyl and 1,2-oxiranediyl; and R7b is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 aralkyl, wherein alkyl, (hetero)cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, (hetero)cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, CN, and oxiranyl. 9. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein the aprotic organic solvent (i) is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a cyclic or noncyclic organic carbonate, which may be partly halogenated, (b) a di-C1-C10 alkylether, which may be partly halogenated, (c) a di-C1-C4-alkyl-C2-C6-alkylene ether or polyether, which may be partly halogenated, (d) a cyclic ether, which may be partly halogenated, (e) a cyclic or acyclic acetale or ketale, which may be partly halogenated, (f) an orthocarboxylic acid ester, which may be partly halogenated, (g) a cyclic or noncyclic ester of a carboxylic acid, which may be partly halogenated, (h) a cyclic or noncyclic sulfone, which may be partly halogenated, (i) a cyclic or noncyclic nitrile or dinitrile, which may be partly halogenated, and (j) an ionic liquid, which may be partly halogenated. 10. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein the conducting salt (ii) is selected from the group consisting of Li[F6+xP(CyF2y+1)x], wherein x is an integer in the range from 0 to 6 and y is an integer in the range from 1 to 20; Li[B(R9)4], Li[B(R9)2(OR10O)] and Li[B(OR10O)2] wherein each R9 is each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, and C2-C4 alkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl may be substituted by one or more OR11, wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl, and (OR10O) is a bivalent group derived from a 1,2- or 1,3-diol, a 1,2- or 1,3-dicarboxlic acid or a 1,2- or 1,3-hydroxycarboxylic acid, wherein the bivalent group forms a 5- or 6-membered cycle via both oxygen atoms with the central B-atom; LiClO4; LiAsF6; LiCF3SO3; Li2SiF6; LiSbF6; LiAlCl4, lithium tetrafluoro (oxalato) phosphate; lithium oxalate; and a salt of formula Li[X(CnF2n+1SO2)m], where m and n are defined as follows: m=1 when X is oxygen or sulfur, m=2 when X is nitrogen or phosphorus, m=3 when X is carbon or silicon, and n is an integer in the range from 1 to 20. 11. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, comprising at least one further additive (iv) selected from the group consisting of vinylene carbonate, a derivative of vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, a derivative of vinyl ethylene carbonate, methyl ethylene carbonate, a derivative of methyl ethylene carbonate, lithium (bisoxalato) borate, lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate, lithium tetrafluoro (oxalato) phosphate, lithium oxalate, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinyl pyridine, a cyclic exo-methylene carbonate, a sultone, an organic ester of an inorganic acid, an acyclic or cyclic alkane having a boiling point at 1 bar of at least 36\u00b0 C., and an aromatic compound, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic sulfonylimide, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic phosphate ester, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic phosphine, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic phosphite, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic phosphazene, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic silylamine, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic halogenated ester, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic amide, an optionally halogenated cyclic or acyclic anhydride, an ionic liquid and an optionally halogenated organic heterocycle. 12. The electrolyte composition (A) according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the compound of formula (I) is 0.001 to 10 wt.-% based on a total weight of the electrolyte composition (A). 13. (canceled) . 14. An electrochemical cell comprising (A) the electrolyte composition according to claim 1, (B) a cathode comprising a cathode active material, and (C) an anode comprising an anode active material. 15. The electrochemical cell according to claim 14, wherein the electrochemical cell is a secondary lithium ion battery.",
-    "The present invention provides for 4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-1-{2-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]ethyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a pharmaceutically acceptable anion thereof for use in the topical treatment or prophylaxis of excessive sweating, and compositions containing these ingredients. 1. (canceled) 2. The method according to claim 27, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, hydroxide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, fumarate, citrate, tartrate, oxalate, succinate, mandelate, methanesulfonate, and p-toluenesulfonate. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable anion is bromide. 4. The method according to claim 27, wherein the 4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-1-{2-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]ethyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a pharmaceutically acceptable anion thereof is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight applied to a maximum of 20% of the BSA. 5. The method according to claim 27, wherein the 4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-1-{2-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]ethyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a pharmaceutically acceptable anion thereof is present in an amount with a dose of 0.01 to 10,000 mg. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the individual dose applied to the affected area is from about 0.37 to about 31.6 mg/dose 4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-1-{2-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]ethyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a pharmaceutically acceptable anion thereof (equivalent to 0.44 to 38 mg/dose umeclidinium bromide). 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the umeclidinium produces a maximum systemic plasma level of less than 1607 pcg/mL at steady state. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the umeclidinium produces a systemic AUC(0-tau) at steady state of less than 2541 hr*pcg/mL. 9-11. (canceled) 12. The method according to claim 27, wherein the composition is applied to the affected area of the skin twice daily, once daily, once every second day, three times weekly, twice weekly or once weekly. 13. (canceled) 14. A pharmaceutical composition for topical administration comprising a therapeutically effective amount of 4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-1-{2-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]ethyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and a pharmaceutically acceptable anion thereof (umeclidinium), and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. 15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition has a skin flux of at least 0.2 ng/cm2/hour measured in vitro using ex vivo human abdominal skin. 16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the solvent comprises a mixture of water and at least one water miscible organic solvent. 17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein the water is present in an amount from about 5% to about 55% by weight and the water miscible organic solvent is present in an amount from about 45% to about 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the solvent is a water miscible organic solvent and is an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, ethyl hexanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, propanediol, propylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. 19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 18, wherein the water miscible organic solvent comprises a mixture of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and propylene glycol. 20. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 18 further comprising a penetration enhancer. 21. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 20 wherein the penetration enhancer and the at least one water miscible solvent are the same. 22. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition is a solution. 23. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition is a gel. 24. A topical pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) umeclidinium present in an amount from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight; b) water in an amount from about 5% to about 55% by weight; and c) at least one water miscible organic solvent in an amount from about 45% to about 90% by weight, wherein all % are based on the total weight of the composition. 25. The topical pharmaceutical composition according to claim 24 comprising: a) umeclidinium present in an amount from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight; b) water in an amount from about 5% to about 25% by weight; and c) at least one water miscible organic solvent in an amount from about 70% to about 90% by weight, which is a mixture comprising diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and propylene glycol, wherein all % are based on the total weight of the composition. 26. (canceled) 27. A method of treating hyperhidrosis in a human in need thereof, comprising applying to the skin of said human a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising 4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]-1-{2-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]ethyl}-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and a pharmaceutically acceptable anion thereof (umeclidinium), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. 28-33. (canceled)",
-    "An acoustic tool for evaluating a geologic formation includes a housing member disposed between transmitter and receiver sections of the acoustic tool. The housing member defines a change in direction in an acoustic path extending therethrough such that acoustic signals traveling through the housing member are delayed and disrupted. The delay and disruption may isolate the acoustic signals traveling through the housing member from acoustic signals traveling through the geologic formation. Thus, the acoustic tool may facilitate identification and evaluation of acoustic signals traveling through the geologic formation. 1. An acoustic tool for evaluating a geologic formation, the acoustic tool comprising: a transmitter section including at least one acoustic transmitter therein; a receiver section including at least one receiver therein and longitudinally separated from the transmitter section; and a housing member coupled between the transmitter section and the receiver section and defining an acoustic path therebetween, the housing member comprising a plurality of layers, wherein each layer of the plurality of layers includes a first longitudinal end separated from an adjacent layer and a second longitudinal end coupled to the adjacent layer at a first longitudinal end of the adjacent layer such that an alteration in direction is defined in the acoustic path between adjacent layers. 2. The acoustic tool of claim 1, wherein the housing member comprises at least three lateral layers each coupled to one another at longitudinal ends thereof such that an alteration of direction is defined in the acoustic path where each lateral layer is coupled to an adjacent lateral layer. 3. The acoustic tool of claim 2, wherein the alterations of direction defined in the acoustic path between each lateral layer comprises a reversal of direction in the acoustic path. 4. The acoustic tool of claim 3, wherein the housing member is constructed of a plurality of housing modules coupled to one another at longitudinal ends thereof such that the acoustic path extends through each housing module of the plurality of housing modules, and wherein a first housing module of the plurality of housing module includes a different number of lateral layers than a second housing module of the plurality of housing modules. 5. The acoustic tool of claim 3, wherein a first layer of the at least three lateral layers is thicker than a second layer of the at least three lateral layers. 6. The acoustic tool of claim 3, wherein each of the at least three lateral layers generally circumscribes a longitudinal axis defined by the housing member, and wherein a first layer of the at least three lateral layers defines a first layer axis, and wherein a second layer of the at least three lateral layers defines a second layer axis that is offset from the first layer axis. 7. The acoustic tool of claim 1, wherein the housing member further comprises a plurality of discontinuities defined therein in a preselected continuous pattern. 8. The acoustic tool of claim 1, further comprising a drill bit coupled to a lower end of the receiver section. 9. The acoustic tool of claim 8, wherein the at least one receiver is operably coupled to a logging-while-drilling memory module carried by the acoustic tool and operable to collect data from the at least one receiver. 10. The acoustic tool of claim 3, wherein a first one of the plurality of housing modules is dissimilar from a second one of the plurality of housing modules in at least one of the following: a longitudinal length; a material of construction; a shape or curvature of the layers; a thickness of the layers; and a number of layers. 11. The acoustic tool of claim 1, further comprising a damping material disposed adjacent the housing member; the damping material exhibiting a relatively greater acoustic damping characteristics than the housing member. 12. The acoustic tool of claim 11, wherein the damping material includes at least one of a rubber, a polymer, and an epoxy, and wherein the damping material is disposed within at least one of an interior and an exterior lateral space defined between adjacent lateral layers. 13. The acoustic tool of claim 1, further comprising at least one modulating mass mounted to the housing member and acoustically coupled to the transmitter section to modulate natural frequencies of the housing member. 14. The acoustic tool of claim 1, wherein the housing member comprises at least one radially oriented layer therein. 15. A housing apparatus for supporting a receiver section of an acoustic tool a longitudinal distance from a transmitter section of the acoustic tool, the housing apparatus comprising: a first lateral layer having a first longitudinal end and a second longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end of the first lateral layer for coupling to the transmitter section and the second longitudinal end of the first lateral layer disposed a first longitudinal distance from the first longitudinal end of the first lateral layer; and a second lateral layer laterally offset from the first lateral layer and having a first longitudinal end and a second longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end of the second lateral layer coupled to the second longitudinal end of the first lateral layer such that the second longitudinal end of the second lateral layer is disposed a second longitudinal distance from the first longitudinal end of the first lateral layer, wherein the second longitudinal distance is less than the first longitudinal distance. 16. The housing apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a third lateral layer laterally offset from the first and second lateral layers and having a first longitudinal end and a second longitudinal end, the first longitudinal end of the third lateral layer coupled to the second longitudinal end of the second lateral layer and the second longitudinal end of the third lateral layer disposed a third longitudinal distance from the first longitudinal end of the first lateral layer, wherein the third longitudinal distance is greater than the second longitudinal distance. 17. The housing apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first, second and third lateral layers are constructed of a single piece of material. 18. The housing apparatus of claim 16, further comprising at least one housing module coupled to the second longitudinal end of the third lateral layer, and wherein the at least one housing module is operable to be coupled to the receiver section of the acoustic tool. 19. The housing apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a pocket formed therein for supporting a receiver of the acoustic tool. 20. A wellbore tool system comprising: a conveyance extending from a surface location into a wellbore; and an acoustic tool coupled to a lower end of the conveyance, the acoustic tool comprising: a transmitter section including at least one acoustic transmitter therein; a receiver section including at least one receiver therein and longitudinally separated from the transmitter section; and a housing member coupled between the transmitter section and the receiver section and defining an acoustic path therebetween, the housing member comprising: a first lateral layer having a first end and a second end, the first end of the first lateral layer coupled to the transmitter section and the second end of the first lateral layer disposed a first longitudinal distance from the transmitter section; a second lateral layer laterally offset from the first lateral and having a first end and a second end, the first end of the second lateral layer coupled to the second end of the first lateral layer and the second end of the second lateral layer disposed a second longitudinal distance from the transmitter section, wherein the second longitudinal distance is less than the first longitudinal distance; and a third lateral layer laterally offset from the first and second lateral layers and having a first end and a second end, the first end of the third lateral layer coupled to the second end of the second lateral layer and the second end of the third lateral layer disposed a third longitudinal distance from the transmitter section, wherein the third longitudinal distance is greater than the second longitudinal distance; and wherein the second end of the second lateral layer and the first end of the third lateral layer are substantially disconnected from the transmitter section except through the first lateral layer.",
-    "Examples disclosed herein provide a protective cover for a portable computing device. The protective cover can include a first portion and a second portion pivotally attached to the first portion at a first end of the second portion. A second end of the second portion can be coupled to a back surface of the device, The first portion can include a keyboard and a connector to electrically couple the keyboard with the device when the connector is connected with a port of the device. 1. A system, comprising: a portable computing device including a display surface and a back surface opposite the display surface; and a protective cover for the device, comprising: a first portion; a keyboard attached to the first portion; a connector attached to the first portion to electrically couple the keyboard with the device when the connector is connected with a port of the device; and a second portion pivotally attached to the first portion at a first end of the second portion and coupled to the back surface of the device at a second end of the second portion. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the protective cover is magnetically coupled to the back surface of the portable computing device by a hinge mechanism attached to the second end of the second portion to rotate the second portion through a range relative to the back surface when the hinge mechanism is magnetically coupled to the back surface. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the back surface of the portable computing device is formed of non-magnetic material and the portable computing device includes magnetic members disposed within the device. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the hinge mechanism of the protective cover comprises magnetic members to magnetically couple with the magnetic members disposed within the portable computing device when the hinge mechanism is placed within proximity of the back surface of the device. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein: the magnetic members of the protective cover is to magnetically couple with the magnetic members disposed within the portable computing device according to a specific orientation. 6. The system of claim 2, wherein the second portion of the protective cover is to rotate via the hinge mechanism to protect a portion of the back surface of the portable computing device and the first portion of the protective cover is to protect the display surface of the device. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the second portion of the protective cover is to rotate via the hinge mechanism for the first portion of the protective cover to protect the back surface of the portable computing device. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the protective cover is to support the portable computing device at a viewing angle for a user when the connector is connected with the port of the device. 9. A protective cover for a device, comprising: a first portion; a keyboard attached to the first portion; a connector attached to the first portion to electrically couple the keyboard with the device when the connector is connected with a port of the device; a second portion pivotally attached to the first portion at a first end of the second portion; and a hinge mechanism attached to a second end of the second portion to magnetically couple to a back surface of the device and rotate the second portion through a range relative to the back surface when the hinge mechanism is magnetically coupled to the back surface. 10. The protective cover of claim 9, wherein the hinge mechanism comprises magnetic members to magnetically couple with magnetic members disposed within the device when the hinge mechanism is placed within proximity of the back surface of the device. 11. The protective cover of claim 10, wherein the magnetic members of the hinge mechanism is to magnetically couple with the magnetic members disposed within the device according to a specific orientation. 12. The protective cover of claim 9, wherein the second portion is to support the device at a viewing angle for a user when the connector is connected with the port of the device. 13. A protective cover for a device, comprising: a first portion; a keyboard attached to the first portion; a connector attached to the first portion to electrically couple the keyboard with the device when the connector is connected with a port of the device; and a second portion flexibly attached to the first portion at a first end of the second portion and coupled to a back surface of the device at a second end of the second portion. 14. The protective cover of claim 13, wherein the second portion is magnetically coupled to a back surface of the device by a hinge mechanism attached to the second end of the second portion to rotate the second portion through a range relative to the back surface when the hinge mechanism is magnetically coupled to the back surface. 15. The protective cover of claim 14, wherein the hinge mechanism comprises magnetic members to magnetically couple with magnetic members disposed within the device when the hinge mechanism is placed within proximity of the back surface of the device.",
-    "The present invention provide a method for purifying exhaust gas in which nitrogen oxides (NOx) gas is removed from a combustion exhaust gas. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to the invention is characterized in that water vapor is further added to raw exhaust gas to be processed to increase the water vapor concentration in the exhaust gas and the resulting moisture-adjusted exhaust gas is introduced into a denitration catalyst layer. The water vapor concentration in the moisture-adjusted exhaust gas is preferably 22.0% by volume or less in the total of the water vapor originally contained in the raw exhaust gas and the added water vapor. 1. A method for purifying exhaust gas in which nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas is removed by bringing a combustion exhaust gas having an alcohol added as a reducing agent into contact with a denitration catalyst, wherein water vapor is further added to a raw exhaust gas to be processed, thereby increasing a water vapor concentration in the exhaust gas to give a moisture-adjusted exhaust gas, and the moisture-adjusted exhaust gas is introduced into a denitration catalyst layer. 2. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 1, wherein the water vapor concentration in the moisture-adjusted exhaust gas is 22.0% by volume or less in the total of the water vapor originally contained in the raw exhaust gas and the added water vapor. 3. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 1, wherein the addition of water vapor to the raw exhaust gas is performed by introducing liquid or gaseous water into the combustion exhaust gas. 4. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 1, wherein the addition of water vapor to the raw exhaust gas is performed by introducing an alcohol aqueous solution into the combustion exhaust gas. 5. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 4, wherein the alcohol is ethanol, and a concentration of the ethanol aqueous solution introduced into the raw exhaust gas is 5.0% by volume or less. 6. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 1, wherein the denitration catalyst is a denitration catalyst of cobalt supported on a ZSM-5 (MFI) type zeolite. 7. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas is a combustion exhaust gas from a marine diesel engine. 8. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 2, wherein the addition of water vapor to the raw exhaust gas is performed by introducing liquid or gaseous water into the combustion exhaust gas. 9. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 2, wherein the addition of water vapor to the raw exhaust gas is performed by introducing an alcohol aqueous solution into the combustion exhaust gas. 10. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 9, wherein the alcohol is ethanol, and a concentration of the ethanol aqueous solution introduced into the raw exhaust gas is 5.0% by volume or less. 11. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 2, wherein the denitration catalyst is a denitration catalyst of cobalt supported on a ZSM-5 (MFI) type zeolite. 12. The method for purifying exhaust gas according to claim 2, wherein the exhaust gas is a combustion exhaust gas from a marine diesel engine.",
-    "Examples of a one-time power-on password are disclosed, in one example implementation according to aspects of the present disclosure, a computing device may include a processor and a memory. Additionally, the computing device may include a one-time power-on password module stored in the memory and executing on the processor to store a one-time power-on password for booting-up the computing device; to prompt a user of the computing device to enter the one-time power-on password, and to disable the prompt for subsequent boot-ups when the user enters the one-time power-on password. A boot loader module may also be stored in the memory and executing on the processor to boot-up the computing device in response to the user entering the one-time power-on password. 1. A method comprising: securing a computing device with a one-time power-on password for booting-up the computing device by storing the one-time power-on password in a memory of the computing device; and providing the one-time power-on password, wherein the one-time power-on password is usable to boot-up a boot loader of the computing device upon the end user entering the one-time power-on password in response to the computing device prompting the end user to enter the one-time power-on password, wherein prompting the user to enter the one-time power-on password is disabled for subsequent boot-up occurrences. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: preventing the computing device from booting up when no one-time power-on password is provided. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: preventing the computing device from booting up when the one-time power-on password is entered incorrectly. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein securing the computing device with the one-time power-on password is performed by a provider of the computing device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one-time power-on password is unique to the computing device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the boot loader is a BIOS. 7. A computing device comprising: a processor; a memory; a one-line power-on password module stored in the memory and executable by the processor to store a one-time power-on password for booting-up the computing device, to prompt a user of the computing device to enter the one-time power-on password, and to disable the prompt for subsequent boot-ups when the user enters the one-time power-on password; and a boot loader module stored in the memory and executable by the processor to boot-up the computing device in response to the user entering the one-time power-on password. 8. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the one-time power-on password is an exclusive password. 9. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the one-time power-on password module prevents the computing device from booting up when the one-time power-on password is entered incorrectly. 10. The computing device of claim 7, further comprising, a password prompt module stored in the memory and executable by the processor to display a message to prompt the user to enter the one-time power-on password. 11. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the one-time power-on password is unique to the computing device. 12. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the boot loader module is a BIOS. 13. A method comprising; initiating, by a computing device, a boot sequence; determining, by the computing device, whether a one-time power-on password is set; in response to determining that the one-time power-on password has been set, prompting, by the computing device, a user of the computing device to enter the one-time power-on password; receiving, by the computing device, the one-time power-on password from the user of the computing device; deactivating, by the computing device, prompting the user to enter the one-time power-on password for subsequent boot-ups; and completing, by the computing device, the boot sequence. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: in response to determining that the one-time power-on password is not set, completing, by the computing device, the boot sequence. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: in response to receiving an incorrect one-time power-on password from the user of the computing device, powering off the computing device.",
-    "A power transmitting apparatus transmits power by a first wireless power transmission method, transmits power by a second wireless power transmission method, detects a wireless power transmission method supported by a power receiving apparatus, and determines whether power is transmitted to a first power receiving apparatus by the first power transmission method or the second power transmission method, based on a detected wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and a detected wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus. 1. A power transmitting apparatus comprising: a first power transmitting unit configured to transmit power by a first wireless power transmission method; a second power transmitting unit configured to transmit power by a second wireless power transmission method; a detection unit configured to detect a wireless power transmission method supported by a power receiving apparatus; and a determination unit configured to determine whether power is transmitted to a first power receiving apparatus by the first power transmitting unit or the second power transmitting unit, based on a wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and detected by the detection unit, and a wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus and detected by the detection unit. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the first transmitting unit is transmitting power to the first power receiving apparatus, the determination unit determines whether to switch power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from power transmission by the first transmitting unit to power transmission by the second power transmitting unit, based on the wireless power transmission method supported by the second power receiving apparatus and detected by the detection unit. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a communicable distance of communication for controlling power transmission is different between the first wireless power transmission method and the second wireless power transmission method. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an amount of power transmissible to a power receiving apparatus is different between the first wireless power transmission method and the second wireless power transmission method. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the determination unit determines whether power is transmitted to each of the first power receiving apparatus and the second power receiving apparatus by the first power transmitting unit or the second power transmitting unit in accordance with whether an amount of power transmissible by the first power transmitting unit is exceeded when power is transmitted to the first power receiving apparatus and the second power receiving apparatus by the first power transmitting unit. 6. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the determination unit determines whether to switch power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from power transmission by the first power transmitting unit to power transmission by the second power transmitting unit in accordance with whether the number of power receiving apparatuses to which it is possible to transmit power by the first wireless power transmission method is exceeded when power transmission to the second power receiving apparatus starts while power is transmitted to the first power receiving apparatus by the first power transmitting unit. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit configured to communicate with a power receiving apparatus, wherein after the determination unit determines to change power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from power transmission by the first power transmitting unit to power transmission by the second power transmitting unit, if the communication unit receives control information about the second wireless power transmission method from the first power receiving apparatus, the second power transmitting unit starts power transmission to the second power receiving apparatus. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit configured to communicate with a power receiving apparatus, wherein if the determination unit determines to change power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from power transmission by the first power transmitting unit to power transmission by the second power transmitting unit, the second power transmitting unit starts power transmission to the second power receiving apparatus. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus is switched from power transmission by the first power transmitting unit to power transmission by the second power transmitting unit, and the first power transmitting unit is transmitting power to the second power receiving apparatus, if power transmission to the second power receiving apparatus is stopped, the power transmitting apparatus returns power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from power transmission by the second power transmitting unit to power transmission by the first power transmitting unit. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the detection unit detects that the first power receiving apparatus supports the first wireless power transmission method and the second wireless power transmission method, and the first power transmitting unit is transmitting power to the first power receiving apparatus, if the detection unit detects that the second power receiving apparatus supports the first wireless power transmission method, the determination unit determines to change power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from power transmission by the first power transmitting unit to power transmission by the second power transmitting unit, and determines to transmit power to the second power receiving apparatus by the first power transmitting unit. 11. A control method for a power transmitting apparatus, comprising: transmitting power by a first wireless power transmission method; transmitting power by a second wireless power transmission method; detecting a wireless power transmission method supported by a power receiving apparatus; and determining whether power is transmitted to a first power receiving apparatus by a first wireless power transmission method or a second wireless power transmission method, based on a wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and detected in the detecting, and a wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus and detected in the detecting. 12. (canceled) 13. A first power receiving apparatus for receiving power wirelessly supplied from a power transmitting apparatus, comprising: a detection unit configured to detect a wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus; and an instruction unit configured to instruct, to the power transmitting apparatus, a wireless power transmission method to be used for power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus based on a wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and the wireless power transmission method supported by the second power receiving apparatus and detected by the detection unit. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising a first power receiving unit configured to receive power by a first wireless power transmission method, and a second power receiving unit configured to receive power by a second wireless power transmission method, wherein when the first power receiving unit is receiving power from the power transmitting apparatus, the instruction unit instructs to change the wireless power transmission method used by the power transmitting apparatus for power transmission from the first wireless power transmission method to the second wireless power transmission method in accordance with the wireless power transmission method supported by the second power receiving apparatus. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein when the second power receiving apparatus supports not the first wireless power transmission method but the second wireless power transmission method, the instruction unit instructs to change the wireless power transmission method used by the power transmitting apparatus for power transmission from the first wireless power transmission method to the second wireless power transmission method. 16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the instruction unit instructs the power transmitting apparatus to change the wireless power transmission method used for power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus in accordance with whether an amount of power transmissible by the power transmitting apparatus is exceeded when the power transmitting apparatus transmits power to the first power receiving apparatus and the second power receiving apparatus by the first wireless power transmission method. 17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the instruction unit instructs the power transmitting apparatus to change the wireless power transmission method used for power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus in accordance with whether the number of power receiving apparatuses to which the power transmitting apparatus is capable of transmitting power by the first wireless power transmission method is exceeded when the power transmitting apparatus transmits power to the first power receiving apparatus and the second power receiving apparatus by the first wireless power transmission method. 18. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein to change power reception to power reception by the second power receiving unit while the first power receiving unit receives power, the instruction unit instructs to change the wireless power transmission method used by the power transmitting apparatus for power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from the first wireless power transmission method to the second wireless power transmission method by transmitting a signal for ending power transmission by the first wireless power transmission method to the power transmitting apparatus, and transmitting a signal for starting power transmission by the second wireless power transmission method to the power transmitting apparatus. 19. The apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising an input unit configured to input, by a user, a wireless power transmission method to be used by the power transmitting apparatus for power transmission. 20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein when the first power receiving apparatus supports the first wireless power transmission method and the second wireless power transmission method, and the first power receiving unit is receiving power, if the detection unit detects that the second power receiving apparatus supports the first wireless power transmission method, the instruction unit instructs the power transmitting apparatus to change power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus from the first wireless power transmission method to the second wireless power transmission method. 21. A control method for a first power receiving apparatus for receiving power wirelessly supplied from a power transmitting apparatus, comprising: detecting a wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus; and instructing, to the power transmitting apparatus, a wireless power transmission method to be used for power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus based on a wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and the wireless power transmission method supported by the second power receiving apparatus and detected in the detecting. 22. (canceled) 23. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute a control method for a power transmitting apparatus, the control method comprising: transmitting power by a first wireless power transmission method; transmitting power by a second wireless power transmission method; detecting a wireless power transmission method supported by a power receiving apparatus; and determining whether power is transmitted to a first power receiving apparatus by a first wireless power transmission method or a second wireless power transmission method, based on a wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and detected in the detecting, and a wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus and detected in the detecting. 24. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute a control method for a first power receiving apparatus for receiving power wirelessly supplied from a power transmitting apparatus, the control method comprising: detecting a wireless power transmission method supported by a second power receiving apparatus; and instructing, to the power transmitting apparatus, a wireless power transmission method to be used for power transmission to the first power receiving apparatus based on a wireless power transmission method supported by the first power receiving apparatus and the wireless power transmission method supported by the second power receiving apparatus and detected in the detecting.",
-    "An illumination system includes different color LEDs, a controller, and an input device. The controller controls intensities of the LEDs. The input device accepts an input corresponding to a total color of the LEDs. The input device includes a display, a pointer, and an output circuit. The display displays a chromaticity diagram. The pointer specifies a color point in the diagram. The output circuit detects the coordinates of the point and provides them to the controller. The controller includes a limiter, and a calculator. The limiter provides a limiter signal for limiting the maximum output the LED. The calculator calculates outputs of the LEDs based on the coordinates and the limiter signal so that the total color is adjusted to the point. 1-10. (canceled) 11. An illumination system comprising: LEDs that emit light in different colors; a control circuit that controls light intensities of the LEDs; and an input device that is connected to said control circuit and accepts an input corresponding to a total light color to be obtained by mixing the light colors of the LEDs, wherein said input device further comprises a color display portion that displays a chromaticity diagram in color, a color-point pointer that specifies a color point in the chromaticity diagram, which is displayed on said color display portion, and an output circuit that detects the coordinates of the color point, which is specified by said color-point pointer, and provides the detected coordinates to said control circuit, wherein said control circuit further comprises a limiter circuit that provides a limiter signal for limiting the maximum output at the peak wavelength of the LED, and a calculator circuit that calculates light outputs of the LEDs based on the coordinates, which are provided from said input device and the limiter signal, which is provided from said limiter circuit, wherein said control circuit is configured to control light outputs of the LEDs based on the coordinates, which are provided from said input device, and the limiter signal, which is provided from said limiter circuit, whereby adjusting the total light color of the LEDs to the color point, which is specified by the color-point pointer of said input device. 12. The illumination system according to claim 11, wherein said input device includes a use input portion that accepts an input for specifying a use type of the illumination system, and said limiter circuit stores limiter signals of the LED corresponding to use types to be provided from said use input device, wherein light outputs of the LEDs are controlled based on the limiter signal that is selected corresponding to the use type that is specified in said use input portion from the limiter signals stored in said limiter circuit. 13. The illumination system according to claim 11, wherein said input device includes a light intensity input device that accepts an input for specifying a total light intensity of said LEDs, wherein light outputs of the LEDs are controlled based on a light intensity signal that corresponds to the input and is provided from said light intensity input device, x and y values that are provided as the coordinates from said input device, and the limiter signal, which is provided from said limiter circuit. 14. The illumination system according to claim 11 further comprising a light output detection circuit that detects the total light color of said LEDs, wherein said control circuit includes a feedback circuit that compares the total light color that is detected by said light output detection circuit with the color point, which is specified by said input device, whereby correcting the total light color of said LEDs to the color point, which is specified by said input device. 15. The illumination system according to claim 11, wherein said chromaticity diagram is the x-y chromaticity diagram, and the coordinates are x and y values. 16. The illumination system according to claim 11, wherein said chromaticity diagram is the UCS diagram, and the coordinates are u and v values. 17. The illumination system according to claim 11, wherein said color-point pointer includes a photo sensor that detects red, green and blue components of a specified area in said color display portion, and the red, green and blue components, which are detected by said photo sensor, are provided as the coordinates to the control circuit. 18. The illumination system according to claim 11 further comprising a diffusion plate that is arranged on the light-outgoing side relative to said LEDs and diffuses light that is emitted by the LEDs. 19. The illumination apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said LEDs includes red, green, and blue light color LEDs. 20. The illumination apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said LEDs includes white, red, green, and blue light color LEDs.",
-    "Disclosed is a bearing limiting system. The limiting system comprises a limiting bulge formed integrally with a shaft, a bearing inner race, and an acting force conduction part, wherein the acting force conduction part is arranged between the limiting bulge and the bearing inner race, and the inner diameter of the bearing inner race is larger than the outer diameter of the limiting bulge. The bearing limiting system is convenient in installation, can realize the effective limiting of a bearing inner race while not affecting either the strength of the shaft or the assembly and disassembly of the bearing, and is especially suitable for a bearing with a long shaft. 1. A bearing limiting system, comprising a position-limiting projection, a bearing inner race, and a force transferring part arranged between the position-limiting projection and the bearing inner race, wherein an inner diameter of the bearing inner race is larger than an outer diameter of the position-limiting projection. 2. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 1, wherein the position-limiting projection is integrally formed with a shaft. 3. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 1, wherein the force transferring part abut against the position-limiting projection and the bearing inner race. 4. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the bearing inner race is smaller than a maximum outer diameter of the force transferring part, and an outer diameter of the bearing inner race is larger than the maximum outer diameter of the force transferring part. 5. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 1, wherein the force transferring part is a rigid component and/or an elastic component. 6. (canceled) 7. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 6, wherein the rigid force transferring part comprises a first rigid component and a second rigid component, the first rigid component is located close to the bearing inner race, the second rigid component is located dose to the position-limiting projection. 8. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 7, wherein a connecting component is provided between the first rigid component and the second rigid component for connecting the first rigid component and the second rigid component. 9. (canceled) 10. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 7, wherein the first rigid component is a rigid ring mounted on the shaft by an interference fit and abutting against the bearing inner race. 11. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 7, wherein the second rigid component is provided with a stuck part cooperated with the position-limiting projection. 12. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 11, wherein the position-limiting projection is in a form of a plurality of projected blockers arranged along the circumference, and the second rigid component is a tapered ring-shaped structure, the stuck part is a half through slot, and a through slot is further provided on the second rigid component, and the half through slot and the through slot match the projected blockers in size and number. 13. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 6, wherein the force transferring part is provided with a stuck part cooperated with the position-limiting projection. 14. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 13, wherein the position-limiting projection is in a form of a plurality of projected blockers arranged along the circumference, and the force transferring part is a tapered ring-shaped structure, and the clamping part is a half through slot, and a through slot is further provided in the force transferring part and the half through slot and the through slot match the projected blockers in size and number. 15. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 6, wherein the force transferring part is at least one integrally formed circular ring and/or at least one multi-piece snapping circular ring. 16. A bearing position-limiting method, comprising: applying a radial force to a bearing inner race along a shaft at an mounting position of a bearing to a proximal end from a distal end by taking a position-limiting projection integrally formed with the shaft as a force application point, wherein an outer diameter of the position-limiting projection is smaller than an inner diameter of the bearing inner race. 17. The bearing position-limiting method according to claim 16, comprising providing an force transferring part between the position-limiting projection and the bearing inner race, wherein the inner diameter of the bearing inner race is smaller than a maximum outer diameter of the force transferring part, and an outer diameter of the bearing inner race is larger than the maximum outer diameter of the force transferring part. 18. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 2, wherein the force transferring part abuts against the position-limiting projection and the bearing inner race. 19. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 2, wherein the inner diameter of the bearing inner race is smaller than a maximum outer diameter of the force transferring part, and an outer diameter of the bearing inner race is larger than the maximum outer diameter of the force transferring part. 20. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 2, wherein the force transferring part is a rigid component and/or an elastic component. 21. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 20, wherein the rigid force transferring part comprises a first rigid component and a second rigid component, the first rigid component is located close to the bearing inner race, the second rigid component is located close to the position-limiting projection. 22. The bearing position-limiting system according to claim 21, wherein a connecting component is provided between the first rigid component and the second rigid component for connecting the first rigid component and the second rigid component.",
-    "Disclosed are a method, a device and a system for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform, and the method includes: taking a picture of a preset calibration board synchronously as a controlled equipment on an X-Y motion platform moves, and analyzing the picture to obtain pixel coordinates of a calibration point in the picture, where the preset calibration board is taken as a reference; acquiring actual coordinates of the calibration point on the calibration board, and calculating actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the calibration point; and adjusting a motion control system of the X-Y motion platform according to the actual position coordinates, to control the motion of the X-Y motion platform to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment. With the technical solution of the invention, the system accuracy can be improved, and the requirements for assembly and device selection can be reduced. 1. A method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform, comprising: taking a picture of a preset calibration board synchronously as a controlled equipment on an X-Y motion platform moves, and analyzing the picture to obtain pixel coordinates of a calibration point in the picture, wherein the preset calibration board is taken as a reference; acquiring actual coordinates of the calibration point on the calibration board, and calculating actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the calibration point; and adjusting a motion control system of the X-Y motion platform according to the actual position coordinates, to control the motion of the X-Y motion platform to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment. 2. The method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 1, wherein before taking a picture of a preset calibration board synchronously as a controlled equipment on an X-Y motion platform moves, and analyzing the picture to obtain pixel coordinates of a calibration point in the picture, wherein the preset calibration board is taken as a reference, the method further comprises: presetting an auxiliary coordinate system for the X-Y motion platform, wherein the auxiliary coordinate system comprises a calibration board and an industrial lens, the calibration board is fixed in position relative to the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform, the coordinates of the calibration point on the calibration board are known, and the industrial lens is movable synchronously with the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform. 3. The method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 2, wherein the taking a picture of a preset calibration board synchronously as a controlled equipment on an X-Y motion platform moves and analyzing the picture to obtain pixel coordinates of a calibration point in the picture comprises: taking the picture of the calibration board by the industrial lens, and calculating to obtain pixel coordinates of 4 calibration points in the picture around a center point of the picture; wherein the acquiring actual coordinates of the calibration point on the calibration board and calculating actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the calibration point comprises: acquiring actual coordinates of the 4 calibration points on the calibration board, and calculating the actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the 4 calibration points. 4. The method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 3, wherein the calculating actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the calibration point comprises: calculating first actual position coordinates (Xmm11, Ymm11) of the controlled equipment by formulae: X mm \ue89e 11 - X mm \ue89e 1 X mm \ue89e \ue89e 2 - X mm \ue89e 1 = X mm \ue89e 11 - X \ue89e \ue89e 1 X \ue89e \ue89e 2 - X \ue89e \ue89e 1 ; Y mm \ue89e 11 - Y mm \ue89e 1 Y mm \ue89e \ue89e 2 - Y mm \ue89e 1 = Y mm \ue89e 11 - Y \ue89e \ue89e 1 Y \ue89e \ue89e 2 - Y \ue89e \ue89e 1 ; calculating second actual position coordinates (Xmm22, Ymm22) of the controlled equipment by formulae: X mm \ue89e 22 - X mm \ue89e 3 X mm \ue89e \ue89e 4 - X mm \ue89e 3 = X mm \ue89e 22 - X \ue89e \ue89e 3 X \ue89e \ue89e 4 - X \ue89e \ue89e 3 ; and Y mm \ue89e 22 - Y mm \ue89e 3 Y mm \ue89e \ue89e 4 - Y mm \ue89e 3 = Y mm \ue89e 22 - Y \ue89e \ue89e 3 Y \ue89e \ue89e 4 - Y \ue89e \ue89e 3 ; calculating the actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment according to the first actual position coordinates and the second actual position coordinates, wherein (X1, Y1), (X2, Y2), (X3, Y3) and (X4, Y4) represent the pixel coordinates of the 4 calibration points, respectively, and (Xmm1, Ymm1), (Xmm2, Ymm2), (Xmm3, Ymm3) and (Xmm4, Ymm4) represent the actual coordinates of the 4 calibration points, respectively. 5. The method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 4, wherein the calculating the actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment according to the first actual position coordinates and the second actual position coordinates comprises: obtaining the actual position coordinates (Xmm, Ymm) of the controlled equipment by formulae: Xmm=0.5\u00d7(Xmm11+Xmm22); Ymm=0.5\u00d7(Ymm11+Ymm22). 6. The method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 1, wherein the adjusting a motion control system of the X-Y motion platform according to the actual position coordinates to control the motion of the X-Y motion platform to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment comprises: attaining preset target position coordinates of the controlled equipment; obtaining a position offset of the controlled equipment according to the actual position coordinates and the target position coordinates, and feeding back the position offset to the motion control system of the X-Y motion platform; and the motion control system of the X-Y motion platform adjusting control parameters according to the position offset, to control the movement of the X-Y motion platform so as to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment. 7. The method for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 6, wherein the obtaining the position offset of the controlled equipment according to the actual position coordinates and the target position coordinates comprises: obtaining the position offset (Dx, Dy) of the controlled equipment by formulae: DX=Xmm\u2212Xmm0; DY=Ymm\u2212Ymm0; wherein (Xmm0, Ymm0) represents the target position coordinates; wherein the controlling the movement of the X-Y motion platform so as to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment comprises: controlling the controlled equipment to move in a direction X by a distance Dx and to move in a direction Y by a distance Dy, so as to perform the motion compensation for the controlled equipment. 8. A device for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform, comprising: a calibration board, an industrial lens and an auxiliary calibrating module, wherein the industrial lens is movable synchronously with a controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform, the calibration board is fixed in position relative to the controlled equipment, the coordinates of the calibration point on the calibration board are known, the calibration board and the industrial lens are in communication with the auxiliary calibrating module, and the auxiliary calibrating module is in communication with the motion control system of the X-Y motion platform; the industrial lens is configured to take a picture of the calibration board synchronously as the controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform moves; and the auxiliary calibrating module is adapted to: analyze the picture to obtain pixel coordinates of the calibration point in the picture; calculate actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the calibration point; and adjust a motion control system of the X-Y motion platform according to the actual position coordinates, to control the X-Y motion platform to move correspondingly so as to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment. 9. The device for improving system accuracy of an X-Y motion platform according to claim 8, wherein the calibration board is disposed above, below, on the left of, on the right of, in front of or in back of the controlled equipment; the industrial lens is disposed on the X-Y motion platform and is oriented to the calibration board. 10. A high-accuracy X-Y motion platform system, comprising: an X-Y motion platform; a motion control system configured to control the motion of the X-Y motion platform in directions X and Y; and an auxiliary calibrating device in communication with the motion control system; wherein a controlled equipment is disposed on the X-Y motion platform; the auxiliary calibrating device comprises: a calibration board, an industrial lens and an auxiliary calibrating module; wherein the industrial lens is movable synchronously with the controlled equipment, the calibration board is fixed in position relative to the controlled equipment, coordinates of each calibration point on the calibration board are known, and the calibration board and the industrial lens are in communication with the auxiliary calibrating module; the industrial lens is configured to take a picture of the calibration board synchronously as a controlled equipment on the X-Y motion platform moves; and the auxiliary calibrating module is configured to: analyze the picture to obtain pixel coordinates of the calibration point in the picture; calculate actual position coordinates of the controlled equipment from the actual coordinates and the pixel coordinates of the calibration point; and adjust the motion control system according to the actual position coordinates, to control the motion of the X-Y motion platform so as to perform motion compensation for the controlled equipment. 11. The high-accuracy X-Y motion platform system according to claim 10, wherein the calibration board is disposed above, below, on the left of, on the right of, in front of or in back of the controlled equipment; and the industrial lens is disposed on the X-Y motion platform and is oriented to the calibration board.",
-    "Systems and methods of determining settlement characteristics of a drilling mud are disclosed. Conditions under which heavier elements of the drilling mud settle under the influence of gravity can be determined. Samples of drilling mud can be placed in testing cells, and ultrasonic test pulses can be transmitted through the samples. Responses to the test pulses can be detected and compared to other responses detected at different vertical positions within the testing cell. Settlement can be detected when the responses from different vertical positions are generally dissimilar. An environmental temperature of the testing cell can be changed over a testing time interval, and a settlement temperature can be determined by detecting a divergence in the responses from different vertical positions. 1. A method of characterizing settlement characteristics of a drilling mud, the method comprising: disposing a sample of the drilling mud in an aging cell such that the sample of the drilling mud extends along a vertical axis of the aging cell; imparting a plurality of main pulses of energy to the sample of drilling mud, wherein each of the main pulses of energy is spaced over a testing time interval; recording upper responses and lower responses to the main pulses of energy respective upper and lower vertical positions along the vertical axis, wherein the upper vertical position is disposed above the lower vertical position; determining that a first upper response and a first lower response recorded at a first response time within the testing interval are generally equivalent; and determining that a second upper response and a second lower response recorded at a second response time within the testing interval subsequent to the first response time are generally dissimilar; and estimating a settlement time, based on the first response time and the second response at which settlement of heavier elements of the sample of chilling mud settle toward the lower vertical position. 2. The method of claim I, further comprising changing an environmental temperature of the drilling mud along a predetermined schedule for the testing interval and determining a settlement temperature based on the settlement time. 3. The method of claim wherein imparting the plurality of main pulses of energy to the sample of drilling mud comprises imparting ultrasonic acoustic test pulses to the sample of drilling mud. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein recording upper responses and lower responses comprises recording acoustic transducer response signatures from the upper and lower vertical positions. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising selecting a monitoring window from within a resonance portion of the acoustic transducer response signatures following a main pulse portion of the acoustic transducer response signature, and comparing the acoustic transducer response signatures within the monitoring window to determine that the second upper response and the second lower response are generally dissimilar. The method of claim 5, wherein comparing the acoustic transducer response signatures comprises comparing at least one of the group consisting of frequency, propagation speed, wavelength, amplitude power and intensity of the acoustic transducer response signatures. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein recording upper responses and lower responses comprises recording transducer response signatures from upper and lower transducers supported by the aging cell spaced vertically from one another along the vertical axis. 8. A method of characterizing settlement characteristics of a drilling mud, the method comprising: disposing a sample of the drilling mud in an aging cell such that he sample of the drilling mud extends along a vertical axis of the aging cell; changing an environmental temperature of the drilling mud along a predetermined schedule over a testing time interval; imparting a plurality of main pulses of energy to the sample of drilling mud, wherein each of the main pulses of energy is spaced over the testing time interval; recording upper responses and lower responses to the main pulses of energy from respective upper and lower vertical positions along the vertical axis, wherein the upper vertical position is disposed above the lower vertical position; and determining a settlement temperature along the predetermined schedule at which settlement of heavier elements of the sample of drilling mud settle toward the lower vertical. position by determining a time within the testing time interval at which the upper responses and lower responses recorded generally diverge. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the predetermined schedule comprises an initial constant temperature portion and a subsequent increasing temperature portion. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the settlement temperature is determined to be within the increasing temperature portion of the predetermined schedule. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein recording upper responses and lower responses comprises recording transducer response signatures from upper and lower transducers supported by the aging cell spaced vertically from one another along the vertical axis. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising recording intermediate transducer response signatures from one or more intermediate transducers supported by the aging cell spaced. vertically between the upper and lower transducers. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein recording upper responses and lower responses comprises recording acoustic transducer response signatures from the upper and lower transducers. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein imparting a plurality of main pulses of energy to the sample of drilling mud comprises imparting the plurality of main pulses from the upper and lower transducers. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising selecting a monitoring window from within a resonance portion of the acoustic transducer response signatures following a main pulse portion of the acoustic transducer response signatures, and wherein recording upper responses and lower responses to the main pulses comprises recording an ultrasonic parameter of the upper and lower responses from the monitoring window, and wherein the ultrasonic parameter comprises at least one of the group consisting of frequency, propagation speed, wavelength, amplitude power and intensity. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein selecting the monitoring window comprises selecting the monitoring window dependent on an aspect of one or more of the acoustic transducer response signatures. 17. A testing system for characterizing settlement characteristics of a drilling mud, the system comprising: an aging cell defining a vertical axis therealong; a plurality of transducers supported by the aging cell and spaced vertically along the vertical axis, the transducers operable to record responses to main pulses of energy imparted to a sample of drilling mud disposed within the aging cell from respective upper and lower vertical positions along the vertical axis; and a processor coupled to the plurality of transducers and operable to receive the responses the plurality of transducers; and a non-transitory memory including instructions thereon to cause the processor to compare the responses from the upper and lower vertical positions, and to determine whether the responses from the upper and lower vertical positions are generally equivalent or generally divergent. 18. The testing system of clan , wherein the plurality of transducers comprises a plurality of ultrasonic transducers. 19. The testing system of claim 17, wherein the non-transitory memory further includes instructions to cause the plurality of transducers to impart a plurality of main pulses of energy to the sample of drilling mud spaced over a testing time interval. 20. The testing system of claim 17, further comprising a heater operably coupled to the processor, and wherein the non-transitory memory further includes instructions to cause the heater to change an environmental temperature of the testing cell along a predetermined schedule.",
-    "A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided to selectively configure alarms prior to commencement of a silent mode of operation. In the context of a method, an indication of at least a start time for a silent mode of operation of a device is received. Responsive to the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation, one or more alarms are identified. Each alarm has an activation mode and an activation time during the silent mode of operation of the device. Responsive to identifying one or more alarms and prior to commencing the silent mode of operation, the method also causes a prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising: receiving an indication of at least a start time for a silent mode of operation of a device; responsive to the receiving of the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation, identifying one or more alarms, each alarm having an activation mode and an activation time during the silent mode of operation of the device; and responsive to the identifying one or more alarms and prior to commencing the silent mode of operation, causing a prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified. 22. A method according to claim 21 wherein causing a prompt to be presented comprises causing one or more user-configurable options to be presented regarding changing at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one of: (i) each of the at least one alarm and/or (ii) each group of one or more alarms. 23. A method according to claim 21 wherein identifying one or more alarms comprises identifying one or more alarms having an activation mode that comprises generation of an audible alert and an activation time during the silent mode of operation, and wherein causing the prompt to be presented comprises causing the prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified to have an activation mode that comprises generation of an audible alert and an activation time during the silent mode of operation. 24. A method according to claim 21 wherein receiving the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation comprises receiving an indication of a fixed duration of the silent mode of operation. 25. A method according to claim 24 wherein causing the prompt to be presented comprises causing the prompt to be presented in conjunction with configuration of the fixed duration of the silent mode of operation including receipt of the indication of the fixed duration. 26. A method according to claim 24 wherein causing the prompt to be presented comprises causing the prompt to be presented following configuration of the fixed duration of the silent mode of operation including following receipt of the indication of the fixed duration. 27. A method according to claim 21 further comprising, following configuration of the silent mode of operation, causing a prompt to be presented upon creation of at least one additional alarm regarding at least one of the activation mode or activation time of the additional alarm in an instance in which the additional alarm has an activation time during the silent mode of operation. 28. A method according to claim 21 wherein identifying one or more alarms comprises identifying a plurality of alarms, and wherein causing the prompt to be presented comprises causing a plurality of prompts to be presented with each prompt associated with the manner in which a respective alarm is to be administered. 29. An apparatus comprising a processor and a memory including computer program code, the memory and the computer program code configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to: receive an indication of at least a start time for a silent mode of operation of a device; responsive to the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation, identify one or more alarms, each alarm having an activation mode and an activation time during the silent mode of operation of the device; and responsive to identifying one or more alarms and prior to commencing the silent mode of operation, cause a prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified. 30. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to cause a prompt to be presented by causing one or more user-configurable options to be presented regarding changing at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one of: (i) each of the at least one alarm and/or (ii) each group of one or more alarms. 31. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to identify one or more alarms by identifying one or more alarms having an activation mode that comprises generation of an audible alert and an activation time during the silent mode of operation, and wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to cause the prompt to be presented by causing the prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified to have an activation mode that comprises generation of an audible alert and an activation time during the silent mode of operation. 32. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to receive the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation by receiving an indication of a fixed duration of the silent mode of operation. 33. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the memory and the computer program code are further configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus, following configuration of the silent mode of operation, to cause a prompt to be presented upon creation of at least one additional alarm regarding at least one of the activation mode or activation time of the additional alarm in an instance in which the additional alarm has an activation time during the silent mode of operation. 34. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to cause a plurality of prompts to be presented with each prompt associated with the manner in which a respective alarm is to be administered. 35. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the apparatus is embodied as a mobile terminal. 36. A non-transitory computer readable medium having program code portions stored thereon, the program code portions configured, upon execution, to: receive an indication of at least a start time for a silent mode of operation of a device; responsive to the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation, identify one or more alarms, each alarm having an activation mode and an activation time during the silent mode of operation of the device; and responsive to identifying one or more alarms and prior to commencing the silent mode of operation, cause a prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified. 37. A non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 36 wherein the program code portions configured to cause a prompt to be presented comprise program code portions configured to cause one or more user-configurable options to be presented regarding changing at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one of: (i) each of the at least one alarm and/or (ii) each group of one or more alarms. 38. A non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 36 wherein the program code portions configured to identify one or more alarms comprise program code portions configured to identify one or more alarms having an activation mode that comprises generation of an audible alert and an activation time during the silent mode of operation, and wherein the program code portions configured to cause the prompt to be presented comprise program code portions configured to cause the prompt to be presented regarding a potential change to at least one of the activation mode or the activation time for at least one alarm that was identified to have an activation mode that comprises generation of an audible alert and an activation time during the silent mode of operation. 39. A non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 36 wherein the program code portions configured to receive the indication of at least the start time for the silent mode of operation comprise program code portions configured to receive an indication of a fixed duration of the silent mode of operation. 40. A non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 36 wherein the program code portions are further configured, following configuration of the silent mode of operation, to cause a prompt to be presented upon creation of at least one additional alarm regarding at least one of the activation mode or activation time of the additional alarm in an instance in which the additional alarm has an activation time during the silent mode of operation.",
-    "A radio communication system includes: a visit information storage unit that stores plural visit information elements each indicating information on a visit to a cell visited by a user equipment; an event detector that detects an event that occurs in the user equipment; a cell identifier detector that detects a cell identifier that indicates a cell visited by the user equipment; and a location characteristic determiner that determines a location characteristic of the cell indicated by the cell identifier based on one or more visit information elements corresponding to the cell. The location to characteristic determiner determines the location characteristic of a cell visited by the user equipment when the event detector detects a no-cell-change event other than a cell-change event that indicates a change in the cell identifier. 1. A radio communication system comprising: a visit information storage unit configured to store plural visit information elements each indicating information about a visit to a cell visited by a user equipment; an event detector configured to detect an event that occurs in the user equipment; a cell identifier detector configured to detect a cell identifier that indicates a cell visited by the user equipment; and a location characteristic determiner configured to determine a location characteristic of the cell indicated by the cell identifier based on one or more visit information elements corresponding to the cell, wherein the location characteristic determiner determines the location characteristic of a cell visited by the user equipment when the event detector detects a no-cell-change event other than a cell-change event that indicates a change in the cell identifier. 2. The radio communication system according to claim 1, further comprising a visit information editor configured to edit the visit information elements, wherein, when the event detector detects the no-cell-change event and a cell identifier indicated by a latest visit information element that corresponds to a latest visit from among the plural visit information elements stored in the visit information storage unit matches the cell identifier detected by the cell identifier detector, subsequent to the visit information editor having updated the latest visit information element, the location characteristic determiner determines the location characteristic of the cell indicated by the cell identifier detected by the cell identifier detector, and wherein, when the event detector detects the no-cell-change event and a cell identifier indicated by the latest visit information element that corresponds to the latest visit from among the plural visit information elements stored in the visit information storage unit does not match the cell identifier detected by the cell identifier detector, subsequent to the location characteristic determiner having determined the location characteristic of the cell indicated by the cell identifier that is detected by the cell identifier detector, the visit information editor generates and writes in the visit information storage unit a new visit information element corresponding to the cell identifier detected by the cell identifier detector. 3. The radio communication system according to claim 2, further comprising a ping-ponging state determiner configured to determine whether a ping-ponging state has occurred, in which state start and ending of a visit to a single cell is repeated, wherein, when the event detector detects the cell-change event, the visit information editor updates the latest visit information element from among plural visit information elements corresponding to a cell identifier before the cell change, wherein, when the ping-ponging state determiner determines that the ping-ponging state has occurred in the cell after the cell change, subsequent to the visit information editor having updated a visit information element corresponding to the latest visit to the cell after the cell change, the location characteristic determiner determines the location characteristic of the cell after the cell change, and wherein, when the ping-ponging state determiner determines that the ping-ponging state has not occurred in the cell after the cell change, subsequent to the location characteristic determiner having determined the location characteristic of the cell after cell change, the visit information editor generates and writes in the visit information storage unit a new visit information element corresponding to the cell after the cell change. 4. The radio communication system according to claim 2, wherein the visit information editor generates the new visit information element that includes a time obtained by adding a predetermined value to a current time as a visit end time. 5. A location characteristic determination method comprising: in a radio communication system comprising a visit information storage unit configured to store plural visit information elements each indicating information about a visit to a cell visited by a user equipment, detecting an event that occurs in the user equipment; detecting a cell identifier indicating a cell visited by the user equipment; and determining a location characteristic of the cell indicated by the cell identifier based on one or more visit information elements corresponding to the cell, wherein, when a no-cell-change event other than a cell-change event indicating a change in the cell identifier is detected, the location characteristic of a cell visited by the user equipment is determined.",
-    "A sheet processing apparatus (3) includes a pressing lever (46) turnable between a first position where the pressing lever (46) abuts with the sheet bundle on a stacking tray (34) and a second position where the pressing lever (46) is displaced on a side of a discharging part (44) side from the first position. The discharging part (44) has an upper roller (56) and a lower roller (57). The lower roller (57) abuts with a lowermost sheet of the sheet bundle and an upper roller (56) is configured to separate upward from the lower roller (57) during the shifting and to be displaced in a direction approaching the lower roller (57) during the discharging. The pressing lever (46) is configured to project upward from above an apex portion of the lower roller (57) at the second position and to turn into the second position during the shifting. 1. A sheet processing apparatus applying a post-processing on a conveyed sheet comprising: a processing tray on which a plurality of sheet are loaded into a sheet bundle; a shifting unit configured to shift the sheet bundle in a width direction intersecting with a conveying direction of the sheet on the processing tray; a discharging part configured to discharge the sheet bundle from the processing tray; a stacking tray on which the sheet bundle discharged by the discharging part is stacked; and a pressing lever turnable between a first position where the pressing lever abuts with the sheet bundle on the stacking tray and a second position where the pressing lever is displaced on the discharging part side from the first position; wherein the discharging part includes a lower roller abutting with a lowermost sheet of the sheet bundle and an upper roller configured to separate upward from the lower roller during the shifting and to be displaced in a direction approaching the lower roller during the discharging of the sheet bundle; and the pressing lever is configured to project upward from above an apex portion of the lower roller at the second position and to turn into the second position during the shifting. 2. The sheet processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressing lever is configured to be turned into the first position in the loading of the sheet onto the processing tray and in the discharging of the sheet bundle. 3. The sheet processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressing lever is formed such that a coefficient of friction of a portion where comes in contact with the lowermost sheet at the second position is lower than that of the lower roller. 4. The sheet processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the pressing lever projecting above an apex portion of the lower roller is formed into an arcuate shape along an outer circumferential surface of the lower roller. 5. The sheet processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a turning shaft of the pressing lever is provided below a rotating shaft of the lower roller and a turning orbit of the pressing lever viewed from an axial direction of the turning shaft does not interfere with the rotating shaft of the lower roller. 6. The sheet processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the pressing lever includes a base part extending upward from the turning shaft, a bent part bent on an upstream side in the conveying direction from an tip end of the base part and a curved part curved arcuately on a downstream side in the conveying direction from an tip end of the bent part over the base part, in a front view viewed from the axial direction of the turning shaft. 7. An image forming apparatus provided with the sheet processing apparatus as set forth in claim 1.",
-    "A round hole machining method and a round-hole machining device in which machining can be accurately performed regardless of the wear of an edge tool. A non-round hole machining device includes: a machining load data acquisition section for obtaining machining load data corresponding to a machining load acting on the cutting edge of a cutting tool when boring a bore in a cylinder block; a machined shape prediction section for predicting a machined shape of the workpiece by utilizing the obtained machining load data and elastic deformation amounts at respective positions on the workpiece; and a motor control section for machining the workpiece so as to form an inverted shape, that is, a shape formed by inverting the predicted machined shape with respect to a target shape. 1. A round hole machining method of machining a round hole in a work, the round hole machining method comprising: a step of acquiring machining load data corresponding to a machining load placed on an edge when the work is machined; a step of utilizing the machining load data acquired in the previous step and rigidity data for each part of the work to predict a machining shape of the work; and a step of machining the work such that an inverted shape obtained by inverting the machining shape predicted in the previous step with respect to a target shape is formed. 2. The round hole machining method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of acquiring the machining load data, the machining load data is acquired based on a variation in torque when an immediately preceding work is machined. 3. The round hole machining method according to claim 1, wherein master data in which a number of works machined is associated with machining load data corresponding to an amount of wear of the edge is provided, and in the step of acquiring the machining load data, the machining load data corresponding to the number of works machined is read from the master data such that the machining load data is acquired. 4. The round hole machining method according to claim 1, wherein the machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 5. A round-hole machining device for machining a round hole in a work, the round-hole machining device comprising: a machining load data acquisition section for acquiring machining load data corresponding to a machining load placed on an edge when the work is machined; a machining shape prediction section for utilizing the machining load data acquired and rigidity data for each part of the work to predict a machining shape of the work; and a motor control portion for machining the work such that an inverted shape obtained by inverting the machining shape predicted with respect to a target shape is formed. 6. The round-hole machining device according to claim 5, wherein the machining load data acquisition section acquires the machining load data based on a variation in torque when an immediately preceding work is machined. 7. The round-hole machining device according to claim 5, wherein master data in which a number of works machined is associated with machining load data corresponding to an amount of wear of the edge is provided, and the machining load data acquisition section acquires the machining load data by reading, from the master data, the machining load data corresponding to the number of works machined. 8. The round-hole machining device according to claim 5, wherein the machining device uses an edge tool for boring. 9. The round hole machining method according to claim 2, wherein the machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 10. The round hole machining method according to claim 3, wherein the machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 11. The round-hole machining device according to claim 6, wherein the machining device uses an edge tool for boring. 12. The round-hole machining device according to claim 7, wherein the machining device uses an edge tool for boring.",
-    "A notification apparatus includes: an obtaining unit that obtains information on a use of a first mobile communication network when a mobile communication terminal configured to use selectively one of a first identifier and a second identifier which are assigned to the first mobile communication network and the second mobile communication network, respectively so as to perform a communication currently connects to the second mobile communication network using the second identifier; and a notifying unit that notifies the information obtained by the obtaining unit to the mobile communication terminal via the second mobile communication network. 1-10. (canceled) 11. An apparatus comprising: a memory that stores a credit balance available for a user of a mobile communication terminal; an obtaining unit that obtains information on a use of a first mobile communication network, which is generated based on the credit balance when a mobile communication terminal is currently connected to a second mobile communication network using a second identifier, the mobile communication terminal configured to use selectively one of a first identifier and a second identifier which are assigned to the first mobile communication network and the second mobile communication network, respectively, so as to perform communication; and a notifying unit that notifies the information to the mobile communication terminal via the second mobile communication network. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the information includes a notice that the balance is less than an amount predetermined for the first mobile communication network. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: an inquiring unit that inquires about the balance available for the user of the mobile communication terminal at a management apparatus, wherein: the information includes information indicative of whether the balance obtained by the management apparatus is less than the amount predetermined for the first mobile communication network. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising: a requesting unit that requests a payment apparatus to withdraw an amount of money greater than a difference between the predetermined amount and the balance from an account of the user of the mobile communication terminal when changing from the second mobile communication network to the first mobile communication network in a case where the balance is less than the predetermined amount. 15. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the notifying unit changes a format of the information in conformity with the second mobile communication network before being sent. 16. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: a determination unit that determines whether the mobile communication terminal currently connected to the second mobile communication network a moves to an area in which the first mobile communication network can be used, wherein the notifying unit initiates the notification upon detection of the mobile communication terminal moving to the area. 17. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: a receiving unit that receives an instruction of a user, which is input to the mobile communication terminal, wherein: the notifying unit initiates the notification when the instruction indicates changing from the second mobile communication network to the first mobile communication network. 18. A system comprising: a mobile communication terminal configured to use selectively one of identifiers each of which is assigned to respective one of communication networks, so as to perform communication; and a notification apparatus configured to notify the mobile communication terminal of information, the notification apparatus comprising: a memory that stores a credit balance available for a user of the mobile communication terminal; an obtaining unit that obtains information on a use of a first mobile communication network, which is generated based on the balance when the mobile communication terminal is currently connected to a second mobile communication network using a second identifier; and a notifying unit that notifies the information to the mobile communication terminal via the second mobile communication network, the mobile communication terminal comprising: a memory that stores a plurality of identifiers such that an identifier in use for performing communication is distinguishable from another identifier; and a prohibiting unit that prohibits a use of the other identifier. 19. A method comprising: obtaining information on a use of a first mobile communication network, which is generated based on a credit balance available for a user of a mobile communication terminal when the mobile communication terminal is currently connected to a second mobile communication network using a second identifier, the mobile communication terminal configured to use selectively one of a first identifier and a second identifier which are assigned to the first mobile communication network and the second mobile communication network, respectively, so as to perform communication; and notifying information to the mobile communication terminal via the second mobile communication network. 20. A program stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium, the program for causing a computer to execute: obtaining information on a use of a first mobile communication network, which is generated based on a credit balance available for a user of a mobile communication terminal when the mobile communication terminal is currently connected to a second mobile communication network using a second identifier, the mobile communication terminal configured to use selectively one of a first identifier and a second identifier which are assigned to the first mobile communication network and the second mobile communication network, respectively, so as to perform communication; and notifying information to the mobile communication terminal via the second mobile communication network.",
-    "A shift register unit and a driving method thereof, a scan driving circuit and a display device, wherein the shift register unit comprises an input terminal (INPUT), an output terminal (OUTPUT), a reset terminal (RESET), and a first noise leak terminal (LEAK1), and further comprises an output pull-down module (14), and also an input module (11), an output module (12), a reset module (13) and a first noise leak module (15) that are connected to a first node (PU), the input module (11) being configured to pull up a voltage at the first node (PU) under control of a signal received at the input terminal (INPUT), the first noise leak module (15) being configured to release a noise voltage at the first node (PU) to the first noise leak terminal (LEAK1) under control of a third clock signal (CLK1), and to disconnect an electrical connection between the first noise leak terminal (CLK1) and the first node (PU) during a time period in which the voltage at the first node (PU) is pulled up, by which a stable output of the GOA unit with noise interference being eliminated can be achieved with relatively few circuit elements. 1. A shift register unit, comprising an input terminal, an output terminal, a reset terminal and a first noise leak terminal, the shift register unit further comprising: an input module connected to the input terminal and a first node, and configured to pull up a voltage at the first node under control of a signal received at the input terminal; an output module connected to the output terminal and the first node, and configured to pull up a voltage at the output terminal by using a first clock signal under control of the voltage at the first node; a reset module connected to the reset terminal and the first node, and configured to pull down the voltage at the first node under control of a signal received at the reset terminal; an output pull-down module connected to the output terminal, and configured to pull down the voltage at the output terminal under control of a second clock signal; and a first noise leak module connected to the first noise leak terminal and the first node, and configured to release a noise voltage at the first node to the first noise leak terminal under control of a third clock signal; wherein the first noise leak module is further configured to disconnect an electrical connection between the first noise leak terminal and the first node during a time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up. 2. The shift register unit according to claim 1, wherein the first noise leak module comprises a first transistor, a gate of the first transistor being connected to the third clock signal, one of a source and a drain of the first transistor being connected to the first noise leak terminal, and the other of the source of and the drain of the first transistor being connected to the first node; and during at least a part of the time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up, a voltage of a signal received at the first noise leak terminal is greater than or equal to a voltage of the third clock signal. 3. The shift register unit according to claim 1, wherein the shift register unit further comprises: a second noise leak terminal; and a second noise leak module connected to the second noise leak terminal and the first node, and configured to release a noise voltage at the first node to the second noise leak terminal under control of a fourth clock signal; wherein the second noise leak module is further configured to disconnect an electrical connection between the second noise leak terminal and the first node during a time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up. 4. The shift register unit according to claim 3, wherein the second noise leak module comprises a second transistor, a gate of the second transistor being connected to the fourth clock signal, one of a source and a drain of the second transistor being connected to the second noise leak terminal, and the other of the source and the drain of the second transistor being connected to the first node; and during at least a part of the time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up, a voltage of a signal received at the second noise leak terminal is greater than or equal to a voltage of the fourth clock signal. 5. The shift register unit according to claim 4, wherein phases of the third clock signal, the first clock signal, the fourth clock signal and the second clock signal lag sequentially within a single clock cycle of the shift register unit. 6. The shift register unit according to claim 1, wherein the output module comprises: a first capacitor, a first terminal thereof being connected to the first node; and a third transistor, a gate thereof being connected to the first node, one of a source and a drain thereof being connected to the first clock signal, and the other of the source and the drain thereof being connected to the output terminal. 7. The shift register unit according to claim 1, wherein the output pull-down module comprises a fourth transistor, a gate of the fourth transistor being connected to the second clock signal, one of a source and a drain of the fourth transistor being connected to the output terminal, and the other of the source and the drain of the fourth transistor being connected to a low level voltage line. 8. The shift register unit according to claim 1, wherein the input module comprises a fifth transistor, a gate of the fifth transistor being connected to the input terminal, one of a source and a drain of the fifth transistor being connected to a high level voltage line, and the other of the source and the drain of the fifth transistor being connected to the first node. 9. The shift register unit according to claim 1, wherein the reset module comprises a sixth transistor, a gate of the sixth transistor being connected to the reset terminal, one of a source and a drain of the sixth transistor being connected to the first node, and the other of the source and the drain of the sixth transistor being connected to a low level voltage line. 10. A driving method for a shift register unit, wherein the shift register unit comprises an input terminal, an output terminal, a reset terminal, a first noise leak terminal, and also a first node located inside the shift register unit, the driving method comprises: pulling up a voltage at the first node under control of a signal received at the input terminal; pulling up a voltage at the output terminal by using a first clock signal under control of a voltage at the first node, and disconnecting an electrical connection between the first noise leak terminal and the first node during a time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up; pulling down the voltage at the first node under control a signal received at the reset terminal, and pulling down the voltage at the output terminal under control of a second clock signal; and releasing a noise voltage at the first node to the first noise leak terminal under control of the third clock signal. 11. A scan driving circuit comprising multiple stages of shift register units, wherein the shift register unit comprises: an input terminal; an output terminal; a reset terminal; a first noise leak terminal; an input module connected to the input terminal and a first node, and configured to pull up a voltage at the first node under control of a signal received at the input terminal; an output module connected to the output terminal and the first node, and configured to pull up a voltage at the output terminal by using a first clock signal under control of the voltage at the first node; a reset module connected to the reset terminal and the first node, and configured to pull down the voltage at the first node under control of a signal received at the reset terminal; an output pull-down module connected to the output terminal, and configured to pull down the voltage at the output terminal under control of a second clock signal; and a first noise leak module connected to the first noise leak terminal and the first node, and configured to release a noise voltage at the first node to the first noise leak terminal under control of a third clock signal, and further configured to disconnect an electrical connection between the first noise leak terminal and the first node during a time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up; wherein an input terminal of the shift register unit at an N-th stage is connected to an output terminal of the shift register unit at an (N\u22122)-th stage, a first noise leak terminal of the shift register unit at the N-th stage is connected to an output terminal of the shift register unit at the (N\u22121)-th stage, and a reset terminal of the shift register unit at the N-th stage is connected to an output terminal of the shift register unit at the (N+2)-th stage, the N being greater than or equal to 3. 12. The scan driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the shift register unit further comprises a second noise leak terminal, a second noise leak terminal of the shift register unit at the N-th stage being connected to an output terminal of the shift register unit at the (N+1)-th stage. 13. A display device comprising a scan driving circuit according to claim 11. 14. The shift register unit according to claim 2, wherein the output module comprises: a first capacitor, a first terminal thereof being connected to the first node; and a third transistor, a gate thereof being connected to the first node, one of a source and a drain thereof being connected to the first clock signal, and the other of the source and the drain thereof being connected to the output terminal. 15. The shift register unit according to claim 2, wherein the output pull-down module comprises a fourth transistor, a gate of the fourth transistor being connected to the second clock signal, one of a source and a drain of the fourth transistor being connected to the output terminal, and the other of the source and the drain of the fourth transistor being connected to a low level voltage line. 16. The shift register unit according to claim 2, wherein the input module comprises a fifth transistor, a gate of the fifth transistor being connected to the input terminal, one of a source and a drain of the fifth transistor being connected to a high level voltage line, and the other of the source and the drain of the fifth transistor being connected to the first node. 17. The shift register unit according to claim 2, wherein the reset module comprises a sixth transistor, a gate of the sixth transistor being connected to the reset terminal, one of a source and a drain of the sixth transistor being connected to the first node, and the other of the source and the drain of the sixth transistor being connected to a low level voltage line. 18. The scan driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the first noise leak module comprises a first transistor, a gate of the first transistor being connected to the third clock signal, one of a source and a drain of the first transistor being connected to the first noise leak terminal, and the other of the source of and the drain of the first transistor being connected to the first node; and during at least a part of the time period in which the voltage at the first node is pulled up, a voltage of a signal received at the first noise leak terminal is greater than or equal to a voltage of the third clock signal. 19. The scan driving circuit according to claim 18, wherein the shift register unit further comprises a second noise leak terminal, a second noise leak terminal of the shift register unit at the N-th stage being connected to an output terminal of the shift register unit at the (N+1)-th stage. 20. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the shift register unit further comprises a second noise leak terminal, a second noise leak terminal of the shift register unit at the N-th stage being connected to an output terminal of the shift register unit at the (N+1)-th stage.",
-    "It is an object to secure a state where an operator easily reaches various operating means with a hand, and to reliably maintain an original function of an arm rest (to put the hand on the arm for rest). A working vehicle is configured such that speed of power from an engine provided in a traveling machine body is changed by a hydraulic continuously variable transmission, and the power is transmitted to a traveling unit and a working unit. An arm rest on which the operator's arm and hand are put is placed on a side of a cockpit in the traveling machine body. A main transmission lever which changes traveling speed by the traveling unit is arranged on a front end of the arm rest on the side of the cockpit. An elevating dial which hoists and lowers the working unit is arranged on a side surface of the arm rest on the opposite side from the cockpit. 1. A working vehicle in which speed of power from an engine provided in a traveling machine body is changed by a hydraulic continuously variable transmission and transmitted to a traveling unit and a working unit, and an arm rest on which an arm and a hand of an operator are put is placed lateral to a cockpit in the traveling machine body, wherein a main transmission lever for changing traveling speed by the traveling unit is arranged on a front end of the arm rest close to the cockpit, and an elevating dial for hoisting and lowering the working unit is arranged on a side surface of the arm rest on an opposite side from the cockpit. 2. The working vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the main transmission lever projects front the front end of the arm rest on the side of the cockpit, and a front surface of the arm rest is formed into a curved surface corresponding to a turning locus of the main transmission lever. 3. The working vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the elevating dial is fitted to a side surface of the arm rest such that an upper end of the elevating dial is located lower than an upper surface of the arm rest, a side notch for operating a dial is provided in the side surface of the arm rest above an installation region of the elevating dial, an operating projection is provided above the elevating dial, and front and rear step portions of the side notch are brought into abutment against the operating projection, thereby configuring the step portions as a rotation-restricting portion which restricts rotation of the elevating dial. 4. The working vehicle according to claim 1, wherein a rear portion of the arm rest is parallel to the cockpit, and a front portion of the arm rest is separated from the cockpit toward a front end. 5. The working vehicle according to claim 1, wherein arranged on the upper surface of the arm rest at a position behind the main transmission lever and on the side of the cockpit are a setting dial for setting a value of maximum speed of the traveling speed or a maximum rotation number of the engine, and a selecting switch for selecting whether the value set by the setting dial is the maximum speed of the traveling speed and the maximum rotation number of the engine.",
-    "A continuous process for the preparation of propylene oxide, comprising (i) providing a liquid feed stream comprising propene, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, water, optionally propane, and at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid wherein the molar ratio of potassium relative to phosphorus in the at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid is in the range of from 0.6 to 1.4; (ii) passing the liquid feed stream provided in (i) into an epoxidation reactor comprising a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of structure type MVVW comprising zinc, and subjecting the liquid feed stream to epoxidation reaction conditions in the epoxidation reactor, obtaining a reaction mixture comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, the at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid, optionally propene, and optionally propane; (iii) removing an effluent stream from the epoxidation reactor, the effluent stream comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, at least a portion of the at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid, optionally propene, and optionally propane. 1. A continuous process for the preparation of propylene oxide, comprising (i) providing a liquid feed stream comprising propene, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, water, optionally propane, and at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid; (ii) passing the liquid feed stream provided in (i) into an epoxidation reactor comprising a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of structure type MWW comprising zinc, and subjecting the liquid feed stream to epoxidation reaction conditions in the epoxidation reactor, obtaining a reaction mixture comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, the at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid, optionally propene, and optionally propane; (iii) removing an effluent stream from the epoxidation reactor, the effluent stream comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, at least a portion of the at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid, optionally propene, and optionally propane; wherein a molar ratio of potassium relative to phosphorus in the at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid is in a range of from 0.6 to 1.4. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid has the following formula (I) KnxH2+n(1-x)PnO3n+1 (I) wherein n is an integer in a range of from 1 to 10, and wherein x is in a range of from 0.6 to 1.4. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein n is 1. 4. The process of claim 2, wherein x is in a range of from 0.95 to 1.05. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of water relative to acetonitrile in the liquid feed stream provided in (i) is at most 1:4. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of potassium comprised in the at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid relative to hydrogen peroxide in the liquid feed stream provided in (i) is in a range of from 25\u00d710\u22126:1 to 250\u00d710\u22126:1. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed stream provided in (i) contains ammonium NH4+ in an amount of at most 2 weight-ppm. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed stream provided in (i) contains sodium in a molar ratio of sodium relative to hydrogen peroxide in a range of from 1\u00d710\u22126:1 to 250\u00d710\u22126:1. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed stream provided in (i) comprises acetonitrile in an amount of from 60 to 75 weight-%, based on a total weight of the liquid feed stream; hydrogen peroxide in an amount of from 6 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the liquid feed stream; propene with a molar ratio of propene relative to hydrogen peroxide comprised in the liquid feed stream in a range of from 1:1 to 1.5:1; and optionally propane with a molar ratio of propane relative to a sum of propene and propane in a range of from 0.0001:1 to 0.15:1; wherein at least 95 weight % of the liquid feed stream provided in (i) consist of propene, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, water, the at least one dissolved potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid, and optionally propane. 10-19. (canceled) 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the titanium zeolite of framework structure type MWW comprising zinc comprised in the catalyst in (ii) contains titanium, calculated as elemental titanium, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on a total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure type MWW comprising zinc, and contains zinc, calculated as elemental zinc, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure type MWW comprising zinc. 21. The process of claim 1, wherein a propylene oxide selectivity of the epoxidation reaction according to (ii) is at least 95%, wherein the propylene oxide selectivity is defined as a molar amount of propylene oxide comprised in the effluent stream removed in (iii) relative to a molar amount of hydrogen peroxide comprised in the liquid feed stream provided in (i). 22-23. (canceled) 24. The process of claim 1, wherein the effluent stream removed in (iii) comprises propene, optionally propane, and optionally oxygen, the process further comprising (iv) separating propene, optionally together with propane and oxygen, from the effluent stream, obtaining a stream S01 enriched in propylene oxide, acetonitrile, and water; (v) separating propylene oxide from S01, obtaining a stream comprising propylene oxide and being depleted of acetonitrile and water. 25. A catalytic system comprising a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of structure type MWW comprising zinc and at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid, wherein a molar ratio of potassium relative to phosphorus in the potassium salt of the at least one phosphorus oxyacid is in a range of from 0.6 to 1.4. 26. The catalytic system of claim 25, wherein the at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid has the following formula (I) KnxH2+n(1-x)PnO3n+1 (I) wherein n is an integer in a range of from 1 to 10, and wherein x is in a range of from 0.6 to 1.4. 27. The catalytic system of claim 25, wherein the titanium zeolite of structure type MWW comprising zinc which is comprised in the catalyst in (ii) contains titanium, calculated as elemental titanium, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on a total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure type MWW comprising zinc, and contains zinc, calculated as elemental zinc, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure type MWW comprising zinc. 28-30. (canceled) 31. A method for preparing propylene oxide, the method comprising: employing at least one potassium salt of a phosphorus oxyacid wherein a molar ratio of potassium relative to phosphorus in the potassium salt of the at least one phosphorus oxyacid is in a range of from 0.6 to 1.4 as an additive for a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of framework structure type MWW comprising zinc. 32. (canceled)",
-    "A head mounted display is used in a state of being mounted on a user's head and includes a convex lens disposed at a position facing the user's cornea when the head mounted display is mounted. An infrared light source emits infrared light toward the convex lens. A camera captures an image including the user's cornea in a subject. A housing houses the convex lens, the infrared light source, and the camera. The convex lens is provided with a plurality of reflection regions that reflects infrared light in an inside of the convex lens. The infrared light source causes a pattern of infrared light to appear on the user's cornea by emitting infrared light to each of the plurality of reflection regions provided in the convex lens. 1.-6. (canceled) 7. A head mounted display used in a state of being mounted on a user's head comprising: a convex lens disposed at a position facing a user's cornea when the head mounted display is mounted; an infrared light source that emits infrared light toward the convex lens; a camera that captures an image including the user's cornea in a subject; and a housing that houses the convex lens, the infrared light source, and the camera, wherein the convex lens is provided with a plurality of reflection regions that reflect infrared light in an inside of the convex lens, and the infrared light source causes a pattern of infrared light to appear on the user's cornea by emitting infrared light to each of the plurality of reflection regions provided in the convex lens. 8. The head mounted display according to claim 7, wherein the convex lens has the plurality of reflection regions formed therein so that the pattern of infrared light appearing on the user's cornea forms structured light. 9. The head mounted display according to claim 7, wherein the pattern is formed by a plurality of infrared light dots, and the convex lens is provided with the reflection regions so that a different dot pattern appears at a different position of the user's cornea. 10. The head mounted display according to claim 7, wherein the camera is a stereo camera including two or more imaging units. 11. The head mounted display according to claim 7, further comprising an image output unit that analyzes a pattern of infrared light present in an image captured by the camera, and outputs the image captured by the camera to a cornea coordinate acquisition unit that acquires spatial coordinates of the user's cornea. 12. The head mounted display according to claim 11, wherein the image output unit further outputs the image captured by the camera to an eyesight detection unit that detects an eyesight direction of the user. 13. The head mounted display according to claim 8, wherein the pattern is formed by a plurality of infrared light dots, and the convex lens is provided with the reflection regions so that a different dot pattern appears at a different position of the user's cornea. 14. The head mounted display according to claim 8, wherein the camera is a stereo camera including two or more imaging units. 15. The head mounted display according to claim 9, wherein the camera is a stereo camera including two or more imaging units. 16. The head mounted display according to claim 8, further comprising an image output unit that analyzes a pattern of infrared light present in an image captured by the camera, and outputs the image captured by the camera to a cornea coordinate acquisition unit that acquires spatial coordinates of the user's cornea. 17. The head mounted display according to claim 9, further comprising an image output unit that analyzes a pattern of infrared light present in an image captured by the camera, and outputs the image captured by the camera to a cornea coordinate acquisition unit that acquires spatial coordinates of the user's cornea. 18. The head mounted display according to claim 10, further comprising an image output unit that analyzes a pattern of infrared light present in an image captured by the camera, and outputs the image captured by the camera to a cornea coordinate acquisition unit that acquires spatial coordinates of the user's cornea.",
-    "A method for machining an optical lens via a trimming machine, includes:\u2014a step of locking the optical lens,\u2014a step of acquiring shape characteristics of the optical faces of the optical lens,\u2014a step of generating an instruction for trimming the optical lens, and\u2014a step of trimming the optical lens along a desired contour. The method also includes the following steps:\u2014a step of generating an instruction for etching the optical lens depending on the acquired shape characteristics, and\u2014a step of etching the optical lens along a line located inside the desired contour, during which a pointed etching tool of the trimming machine is controlled according to the etching instruction in such a way that the point of same continually slides against the optical face in order to score same along the line. 1. A method for machining an optical lens by way of a trimming machine, comprising: a step of immobilizing said optical lens on immobilizing means of said trimming machine, a step of acquiring geometric characteristics relating to the shape of at least one of the optical faces of the optical lens, a step of defining trimming instructions for the optical lens as a function of the geometric characteristics acquired, and a step of trimming the optical lens around a desired outline, during which a trimming tool of the trimming machine is driven relative to said immobilizing means according to said trimming instructions, wherein said method further comprises: a step of defining etching instructions for said optical face of the optical lens as a function of the geometric characteristics acquired, and a step of etching said optical face of the optical lens along a line situated inside said desired outline, during which a sharp etching tool of said trimming machine is driven relative to said immobilizing means according to said etching instructions in such a way that its point slides continuously on said optical face in order to scratch it along said line. 2. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, during the etching step, said etching tool is driven relative to said immobilizing means in such a way that it creates a scratch on said optical face, said scratch having a width and a depth of between 0.005 and 0.5 millimeter. 3. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, since said point has an axis of revolution, starting from the etching step, said etching tool is driven relative to said immobilizing means in such a way that said axis of revolution is positioned orthogonally to the plane which is tangential to said optical face and which passes through the initial point of contact between said point and said optical face. 4. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, since said trimming machine has a chassis with respect to which said immobilizing means are mounted so as to pivot with a first pivoting mobility and with respect to which a finishing arm is mounted so as to pivot with two other pivoting mobilities, the finishing arm carrying said etching tool, during the etching step, said etching tool is kept fixed in terms of rotation with respect to said finishing arm. 5. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, since said etching tool is equipped with a strain gage suitable for measuring a stress relating to the force exerted by the etching tool on the optical lens, during the etching step, said stress is acquired and said etching tool is driven relative to said immobilizing means as a function of the stress acquired. 6. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, since said etching tool comprises a sheath in which a mount for said point is mounted so as to be able to move in translation, and also a return means for returning said mount into the position extended out of the sheath, during the etching step, said etching tool is driven relative to said immobilizing means in such a way that said point is pressed theoretically into the optical lens to a setpoint depth determined as a function at least of the material of the optical lens. 7. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, during the step of defining the etching instructions, the following are provided: an operation of acquiring the shape and the position of at least one interference zone, this interference zone comprising at least the zone of contact between said optical face and said immobilizing means, and an operation of identifying, inside the desired outline, at least one suitable zone in which the line can be etched, taking the shape and the position of each interference zone into account. 8. The machining method as claimed in claim 7, wherein, during the step of defining the etching instructions, provision is made of an automatic operation of positioning said line inside said suitable zone. 9. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, during the step of defining the etching instructions, provision is made of a manual operation of positioning said line inside the desired outline. 10. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, since said optical face of the optical lens has a surface coating, said line is situated in a temporal or nasal zone of said optical face and forms a surface portion that is free of coating. 11. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein provision is made of a subsequent step of coloring the scratch obtained, during which a marker of said trimming machine is driven relative to said immobilizing means in such a way that it slides inside said scratch. 12. The machining method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said line forms a tracking code for the optical lens. 13. A machine for trimming an optical lens, comprising: means for immobilizing the optical lens, a first acquisition means for acquiring geometric characteristics relating to the shape of at least one of the optical faces of the optical lens immobilized in said immobilizing means, a second acquisition means for acquiring trimming instructions for the optical lens, a trimming tool suitable for trimming the optical lens, a driving means suitable for driving said trimming tool relative to said immobilizing means according to said trimming instructions, wherein provision is made of an etching tool which comprises an abrasive point suitable for scoring said optical face of said optical lens, in that said second acquisition means is intended to acquire etching instructions for said optical face of the optical lens, and in that said driving means is intended to drive said etching tool relative to said immobilizing means according to said etching instructions in such a way that said point slides on said optical face in order to scratch it. 14. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 13, wherein said etching tool comprises a nonabrasive mount, at the end of which said point is fixed, which is made of a different material than the material of said point, and wherein said point extends along a length of less than 5 millimeters. 15. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 13, which comprises a chassis with respect to which said immobilizing means are mounted so as to pivot with a first pivoting mobility and with respect to which a finishing arm is mounted so as to pivot with two other pivoting mobilities, wherein the finishing arm carries said etching tool. 16. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 15, wherein the finishing arm carries at least one other tool chosen from the following list: a mini polishing wheel, a mini chamfering wheel, a milling cutter, a drill bit. 17. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 15, wherein the mount for the etching tool is mounted on the finishing arm in a fixed manner in terms of rotation. 18. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 15, wherein the finishing arm carries a rotary chuck for a drill bit and wherein the mount for the etching tool has a gripping part mounted removably in said rotary chuck. 19. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 15, wherein the first acquisition means comprises at least one sensor which is intended to come into contact with said optical face of the optical lens, which is mounted so as to move in translation with another translational mobility with respect to said chassis, and which carries a marker. 20. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 13, which comprises a chassis with respect to which said immobilizing means are mounted so as to pivot with a first pivoting mobility, wherein the first acquisition means comprises at least one sensor which is intended to come into contact with said optical face of the optical lens, which is mounted so as to move in translation with another translational mobility with respect to said chassis, and which carries said etching tool. 21. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 13, wherein said etching tool is equipped with a strain gage suitable for measuring a stress relating to the force exerted by the etching tool on the optical lens. 22. The trimming machine as claimed in claim 13, wherein the mount for the etching tool is mounted so as to be able to move in translation in a sheath, and wherein provision is made of a return means for returning said mount into the position extended out of the sheath.",
-    "Capturing at least one heavy metal, from mercury and arsenic, contained in a moist gas comprising water vapour, by the following steps: a) heating the moist gas by heat exchange with a compressed heat transfer fluid obtained in step e) in order to obtain a condensed heat transfer fluid and a gas reheated to a temperature Tc; b) bringing the reheated gas into contact with a heavy metal capture mass in order to obtain a gas depleted in heavy metal; c) decompressing the cooled heat transfer fluid; d) cooling the gas depleted in heavy metal by heat exchange with the heat transfer fluid produced in step c) in order to obtain a cooled gas at a temperature Tf, the heat transfer fluid being vaporized; e) compressing the vaporized heat transfer fluid in a manner such as to obtain a compressed heat transfer fluid, the compressed heat transfer fluid being recycled. 1. A process for capturing at least one heavy metal, selected from mercury and arsenic, contained in a moist gas comprising water vapour, in which the following steps are carried out: a) heating (1001) the moist gas by heat exchange with a compressed heat transfer fluid obtained in step e) in order to obtain a condensed heat transfer fluid and a gas reheated to a temperature Tc; b) bringing the reheated gas obtained in step a) into contact with a heavy metal capture mass (2000) in order to obtain a gas which is depleted in heavy metal; c) decompressing (4000) the cooled heat transfer fluid obtained in step a); d) cooling (1003) the gas depleted in heavy metal by heat exchange with the heat transfer fluid produced in step c) in order to obtain a cooled gas at a temperature Tf, the heat transfer fluid being vaporized during step d); e) compressing (3000) the vaporized heat transfer fluid obtained in step d) in a manner such as to obtain a compressed heat transfer fluid, the compressed heat transfer fluid being recycled to step a). 2. The process according to claim 1 in which, before carrying out step a), a heat exchange is carried out between the moist gas and the gas depleted in heavy metal obtained from step b). 3. The process according to claim 1, in which the temperature Tc is determined in a manner such that the reheated gas obtained in step a) has a relative humidity of less than 90%. 4. The process according to claim 1, in which the difference between Tc and Tf is less than 50\u00b0 C. 5. The process according to claim 1, in which the capture mass comprises an active phase selected from at least one metallic sulphide based on a metal selected from the group constituted by copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni). 6. The process according to claim 1, in which the capture mass comprises an active phase composed of elemental sulphur. 7. The process according to claim 1 in which, when the gas contains H2S, the capture mass comprises an active phase composed of at least one metallic oxide of a metal selected from copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni). 8. The process according to claim 1, in which the capture mass comprises an active phase composed of at least one metallic oxide of a metal selected from copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). 9. The process according to claim 5, in which the active phase is distributed over a porous support, the porous support being selected from the group constituted by aluminas, phosphorus-containing aluminas, silica-aluminas, silicas, clays, activated carbons, zeolites, titanium oxides, zirconium oxides and mixtures thereof. 10. The process according to claim 1, in which the heat transfer fluid is selected from hydrocarbons containing 1 to 7 carbon atoms and optionally one or more heteroatomic ligands. 11. The process according to claim 1, in which at least one of the following operations is carried out: before carrying out step e), carrying out a supplemental step for heating the vaporised heat transfer fluid obtained in step d); before carrying out step b), carrying out a supplemental step for heating the reheated gas obtained in step a); before carrying out step c), carrying out a supplemental step for cooling the cooled heat transfer fluid obtained in step a). 12. The process according to claim 11, in which an exchange of heat of the vaporized heat transfer fluid obtained in step d) with the cooled heat transfer fluid obtained in step a) is carried out. 13. The process according to claim 1, in which the moist gas is selected from one of the following gases: a natural gas, a shale gas, a coal gas, a synthesis gas, combustion fumes, a gaseous hydrocarbon effluent, chlor-alkali plant exhaust gases, and rare earth production plant exhaust gases. 14. The process according to claim 1, in which the moist gas is composed of a natural gas and in which before carrying out step a), the following steps are carried out: extracting a natural gas from an underground deposit; then introducing the natural gas into a sludge elimination device; then introducing the natural gas into a gas-liquid separation device then sending the natural gas to step a); then, after step e), the following steps are carried out: eliminating at least a portion of the H2S and CO2 contained in the gas depleted in heavy metal; then eliminating at least a portion of the water vapour contained in the gas depleted in heavy metal.",
-    "The present invention relates to a novel tricyclic benzoxaborole derivative, a preparation method thereof, and use of antibiotics pharmaceutical composition including the same as an active ingredient. 1. A tricyclic benzoxaborole compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: 2. The tricyclic benzoxaborole compound, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the isomer is represented by Chemical Formula 2: 3. The tricyclic benzoxaborole compound, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the isomer is represented by Chemical Formula 3: 4. The tricyclic benzoxaborole compound, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 1) (7-methyl-7,8-dihydro-2H-1,6,9-trioxa-9a-borabenzo[cd]azulen-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride; 2) ((2S)-7-methyl-7,8-dihydro-2H-1,6,9-trioxa-9a-borabenzo[cd]azulen-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride; 3) ((2S,7R)-7-methyl-7,8-dihydro-2H-1,6,9-trioxa-9a-borabenzo[cd]azulen-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride; 4) ((2S,7R)-7-methyl-7,8-dihydro-2H-1,6,9-trioxa-9a-borabenzo[cd]azulen-2-yl)methanamine; and 5) ((2S, 7S)-7-methyl-7,8-dihydro-2H-1,6,9-trioxa-9a-borabenzo[cd]azulen-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride. 5. The tricyclic benzoxaborole compound, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is formed by acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, tartaric acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, gluconic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. 6. A method of preparing a tricyclic benzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 1, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, comprises the steps of: coupling a compound of Chemical Formula 4 and a compound of Chemical Formula 5 to prepare a compound of Chemical Formula 6; performing a borylation reaction of the compound of Chemical Formula 6 to prepare a compound of Chemical Formula 7 and then performing cyanation to prepare a cyanobenzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 8; reducing the compound of Chemical Formula 8 to prepare an amino benzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 9 by substitution of the cyano group with an amino group; introducing a protecting group (PG2) into the amino group of the compound of Chemical Formula 9 to prepare a compound of Chemical Formula 10, performing a condensation reaction of the compound of Chemical Formula 10 to deprotect the protecting group (PG1), and then performing a cyclization reaction to prepare a tricyclic benzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 11; and deprotecting the amino group (PG2) of the compound of Chemical Formula 11 to prepare a compound of Chemical Formula 1 in Chemical Formulae 4 to 11, PG1 and PG2 are each independently benzyl, t-butyl, Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl), pmb (4-methoxybenzyl), Fmoc (Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl), Ts (tosylate), MOM (methoxymethyl), THP (tetrahydropyranyl), TBDMS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), or TBDPS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), LG is halogen, para-toluenesulfonyl group or a methanesulfonyl group, X is hydrogen, halogen, or trifluoromethanesulfonyl, and Y is hydrogen or PG2. 7. A method of preparing a tricyclic benzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 1, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1 comprises the steps of: coupling the compound of Chemical Formula 4 and the compound of Chemical Formula 5 to prepare the compound of Chemical Formula 6; performing a nitration reaction of the compound of Chemical Formula 6 or using a chiral ligand or a chiral catalyst to prepare a compound of Chemical Formula 12 or isomers thereof, reducing the compound of Chemical Formula 12 to prepare the compound of Chemical Formula 13 by substitution of the nitro group with an amino group; introducing a protecting group (PG2) into the amino group of the compound of Chemical Formula 13 to prepare a compound of Chemical Formula 14, and performing a borylation reaction of the compound of Chemical Formula 14 to prepare the benzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 10; performing a condensation reaction of the compound of Chemical Formula 10 to remove the protecting group (PG1) and then performing a cyclization reaction to prepare a tricyclic benzoxaborole compound of Chemical Formula 11; and deprotecting the amino group of the compound of Chemical Formula 11 to prepare the compound of Chemical Formula 1 in Chemical Formulae 4 to 6 and 10 to 14, PG1 and PG2 are each independently benzyl, t-butyl, Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl), pmb (4-methoxybenzyl), Fmoc (Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl), Ts (tosylate), MOM (methoxymethyl), THP (tetrahydropyranyl), TBDMS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), or TBDPS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), LG is halogen, para-toluenesulfonyl group or a methanesulfonyl group, X is hydrogen, halogen, or trifluoromethanesulfonyl, and Y is hydrogen or PG2. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the borylation reaction is performed using bis (pinacolato)diboron or 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan. 9. A pharmaceutical composition with an antibiotic activity to Gram-negative bacterium, comprises the compound, isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, as an active ingredient. 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein the Gram-negative bacterium is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterium. 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the Gram-negative bacterium is carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterium. 12. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein the Gram-negative bacterium is A. baumannii, C. freundii, E. coli, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, M. morganii, P. aeruginosa P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, N. gonorrhoeae or S. marcescens. 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, wherein the Gram-negative bacterium is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterium. 14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein the Gram-negative bacterium is carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterium. 15. The method according to claim 7, wherein the borylation reaction is performed using bis (pinacolato)diboron or 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan. 16. A method of treating Gram-negative bacterial infection in a mammal, which comprises administering to said mammal a composition comprising a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a tricyclic benzoxaborole compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:",
-    "In the present invention, the following are carried out: a shaft disconnecting step of disconnecting rotary machines that are respectively connected to both ends of a shaft of a generator; a gap forming step of forming a gap in a vertical direction between the generator and an installation stand; a pathway installing step of inserting into the gap a portion of a movement pathway member extending in a lateral direction which includes a horizontal direction component and a radial direction component of the shaft; a moving step of moving the generator in the lateral direction on the movement pathway member; and an inspecting step of inspecting the generator having undergone the moving step. 1. A generator inspection method of inspecting a generator in which rotary machines are respectively connected to both ends of a shaft, the method comprising: a shaft disconnecting step of disconnecting the rotary machines respectively connected to the ends of the shaft; a gap forming step of forming a gap, in a vertical direction, between an installation stand of the generator and the generator; a pathway installing step of inserting into the gap a portion of a movement pathway member extending in a lateral direction, the lateral direction including a horizontal direction component and a radial direction component of the shaft; a moving step of moving the generator in the lateral direction on the movement pathway member; and an inspecting step of inspecting the generator having undergone the moving step. 2. The generator inspection method according to claim 1, wherein following the gap forming step and before the moving step, a roller arranging step is carried out to arrange a roller, which rolls in the lateral direction, between the movement pathway member and the generator. 3. The generator inspection method according to claim 2, wherein in the roller arranging step, a roller carriage is arranged, the roller carriage being provided with at least one roller and a base which has a placement portion, on which an object is placed, above the at least one roller and which rotatably supports the at least one roller. 4. The generator inspection method according to claim 2, wherein the movement pathway member has a roller guide member that regulates a movement of the roller in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the lateral direction. 5. The generator inspection method according to claim 2, wherein in the moving step, a rolling of the roller is restricted after moving the generator to an intended position in the lateral direction. 6. The generator inspection method according to claim 1, wherein in the gap forming step, the generator is lifted upward using a jack, and a gap is formed in the vertical direction between the installation stand of the generator and the generator. 7. The generator inspection method according to claim 1, wherein a structure that supports the movement pathway member is installed in advance at a position in the lateral direction of the generator, and in the pathway installing step, the portion of the movement pathway member is inserted into the gap and then the movement pathway member is placed on the installation stand and the structure. 8. The generator inspection method according to claim 7, wherein the structure has a floor board and a support structure that supports the floor board from below, and a portion of the floor board is cut out along a section on which the movement pathway member is placed above the support structure. 9. The generator inspection method according to claim 8, wherein the structure has a lid board that closes the cutout section of the floor board. 10. The generator inspection method according to claim 1, wherein in the inspecting step, the shaft is pulled out, in an axial direction, from a casing that covers the shaft. 11. The generator inspection method according to claim 1, wherein, after the inspecting step, the following steps are carried out: a return moving step of returning the generator to an original position thereof above the installation stand in the horizontal direction by moving the generator in the lateral direction on the movement pathway member; a gap forming step of forming a gap in the vertical direction between the movement pathway member and the generator; a pathway removing step of removing the movement pathway member; a placing step of placing the generator on the installation stand; and a shaft connecting step of connecting the rotary machines respectively to the ends of the shaft.",
-    "A system for holding a stick in a casing includes an inner cup provided with a plurality of at least partially flexible claws that can assume two positions:\u2014an open position, in which the claws allow the stick to be inserted into the inner cup;\u2014a blocked position in which the claws can penetrate into the stick previously inserted into the inner cup in order to block it; the system further including an outer cup of which the dimensions are designed to allow the claws to shift from the open position to the closed position, and elements for locking the inner cup in the outer cup when the claws are in the blocked position. 1-9. (canceled) 10. System for retaining a cosmetic product in the form of a stick of material, in particular a stick of lipstick, in a casing, wherein the system comprises an inner cup forming a housing for the stick, the inner cup comprising an opening through which the stick can be inserted, the edge of the opening being provided with a plurality of at least partially flexible claws, arranged in a crown extending between a proximal boundary edge, of dimensions greater than or equal to the dimensions of the edge of the opening, and a distal boundary edge, the claws being able to take two positions: an open position, in which the dimensions of the distal boundary edge are greater than or equal to the dimensions of the edge of the opening, the claws allowing insertion of the stick into the inner cup; a locking position, in which the dimensions of the distal boundary edge are less than the dimensions of the edge of the opening, the claws being able to penetrate into the stick previously inserted into the inner cup in order to lock said stick; the system further comprising an outer cup, adapted to be slidably mounted in the casing, and forming a sleeve for the inner cup, the sleeve dimensions being adapted to allow the crown of claws to shift from the open position to the closed position by insertion of the inner cup into the outer cup, and elements for locking the inner cup in the outer cup when the claws are in locking position. 11. The retaining system according to claim 10, wherein the outer cup comprises, on the outer surface of a side wall, at least one lug adapted to be in helical connection with the casing so as to guide the sliding of the outer cup in the casing. 12. The retaining system according to claim 10, wherein the outer cup comprises, on its bottom, a guide rod provided with at least one fin adapted to be in helical connection with the casing. 13. The retaining system according to claim 10, wherein the locking elements comprise at least one tab projecting from the outer surface of the bottom (6) of the inner cup and at least one hole in the bottom of the outer cup, the tab and hole snap-fitting together to lock the inner cup in the outer cup when the crown of claws is in the locking position. 14. The retaining system according to claim 10, wherein the locking elements comprise at least one bead projecting from an outer surface of a side wall of the outer cup and at least one recess in an outer surface of a side wall of the inner cup, the bead and recess snap-fitting together to lock the inner cup in the outer cup when the claws are in the locking position. 15. The retaining system according to claim 10, wherein the claws each have an inner side facing the housing for the stick, the inner side of the claws being provided with teeth. 16. The retaining system according to claim 10, wherein the claws are identical to one another and are four to ten in number, regularly distributed around the opening of the inner cup. 17. Casing of a stick of material for a cosmetic product, provided with a retaining system according to claim 10, the outer cup cooperating in translation with the casing so as to cause the stick to extend from the casing or retract into the casing. 18. Method for assembling a stick of material for a cosmetic product in a casing according to claim 17, wherein the method comprises the following operations: insertion of the outer cup into the casing, insertion of the inner cup into the outer cup, the claws being in the open position, insertion of the stick into the housing of the inner cup, application of force on the stick so as to force the crown of claws of the inner cup into the outer cup, the claws coming into the locking position, engaging the locking elements between the inner cup and outer cup.",
-    "A white pigment dispersion includes 10 to 60 wt % of low effective density TiO2, 1 to 40 wt % of a latex, and the balance a dispersing medium. Inks using the low effective density TiO2 and methods for preparing the low effective density TiO2 are also disclosed. 1. A white pigment dispersion comprising: 10 to 60 wt % of low effective density TiO2; 1 to 40 wt % of a latex; and balance a dispersing medium. 2. The white pigment dispersion of claim 1 wherein the effective density of TiO2 is less than 4. 3. The white pigment dispersion of claim 2 wherein the effective density of TiO2 is within a range of about 2.5 to 3.8. 4. The white pigment dispersion of claim 1 wherein the latex is selected from the group consisting of styrene-acrylic latex, polyurethane latex, polyvinyl acetate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) latex, acrylic polymers, and poly(ethylene acrylic acid). 5. The white pigment dispersion of claim 1 wherein the dispersing medium is selected from the group consisting of water and an alcohol having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. 6. An ink including a white pigment dispersion, including: 10 to 60 wt % of a white pigment dispersion, the white pigment dispersion comprising: 10 to 60 wt % of low effective density TiO2, 1 to 40 wt % of a latex, and balance a dispersing medium; 1 to 10 wt % of co-solvent; and up to 10 wt % of a component selected from the group surfactants, biocides, fungicides, sequestering agents, buffering agents and anti-kogation agents and mixtures thereof. 7. The ink of claim 6 wherein the low effective density TiO2 has a particle size within a range of about 100 to 300 nm. 8. A method for manufacturing low effective density TiO2 comprising: providing a template having a surface; coating the template surface with a titanium-containing compound that can be reduced to TiO2 at high temperature; and removing the template, thereby forming porous TiO2 particles. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the titanium-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxysulfate, titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate), titanium(IV) ethoxide, and tetrakis(diethylamido)titanium(IV). 10. The method of claim 8 comprising: forming the template comprising a polymer emulsion with carboxylate groups; coating the template surface with the titanium-containing compound; and removing the polymer template, thereby forming porous TiO2 particles. 11. The method of claim 8 comprising: providing a bubble nucleating agent; combining the titanium-containing compound with the bubble nucleation agent and stirring to form the template, which comprises oxygen bubbles, coated with TiO(OH)2; removing water; and removing the oxygen bubble template, thereby forming porous TiO2 particles. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the bubble nucleating agent comprises a mixture of hydrogen peroxide, urea, and water. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the effective density of TiO2 is less than 4. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the effective density of TiO2 is within a range of about 2.5 to 3.8. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein the template is removed by calcining at a temperature of at least 500\u00b0 C. for a period of time of at least 5 hours.",
-    "In an ejector, a passage formation member is disposed inside a body forming a space therein. Provided between an inner peripheral surface of the body and the passage formation member are a nozzle passage functioning as a nozzle, a mixing passage in which an ejection refrigerant ejected from the nozzle passage and a suction refrigerant drawn through a suction passage are mixed together, and a diffuser passage that converts a kinetic energy of the refrigerant that has flowed out of the mixing passage into a pressure energy. The mixing passage has a shape gradually reducing in cross-sectional area toward a downstream side in the refrigerant flow. 1. An ejector for a vapor compression refrigeration cycle device, comprising: a body including a depressurizing space in which a refrigerant is depressurized, a suction passage that communicates with a downstream side of the depressurizing space in a refrigerant flow and draws a refrigerant from an external, a mixing space in which an ejection refrigerant ejected from the depressurizing space and a suction refrigerant drawn through the suction passage are merged, and a pressurizing space into which a mixed refrigerant mixed in the mixing space flow; and a passage formation member which is arranged at least in the depressurizing space, the mixing space and the pressurizing space, and has a conical shape that increases in cross-sectional area with distance from the depressurizing space, wherein the depressurizing space has a nozzle passage, which functions as a nozzle that depressurizes and ejects the refrigerant, between an inner peripheral surface of the body and an outer peripheral surface of the passage formation member, the mixing space has a mixing passage, in which the ejection refrigerant and the suction refrigerant are mixed together, between the inner peripheral surface of the body and the outer peripheral surface of the passage formation member, the pressurizing space has a diffuser passage, which functions as a diffuser that converts a kinetic energy of the mixed refrigerant into a pressure energy, between the inner peripheral surface of the body and the outer peripheral surface of the passage formation member, and the mixing passage has a shape that is constant or gradually reduces in cross-sectional area toward a downstream side in the refrigerant flow. 2. An ejector for a vapor compression refrigeration cycle device, comprising: a body including a depressurizing space in which a refrigerant is depressurized, and a first suction passage that communicates with a downstream side of the depressurizing space in a refrigerant flow and draws a refrigerant from an external; and a passage formation member which is arranged at least in the depressurizing space, has a conical shape increasing in cross-sectional area with distance from the depressurizing space, and includes a second suction passage that communicates with the downstream side of the depressurizing space in the refrigerant flow and draws a refrigerant from the external, wherein the body further includes a pressurizing space into which a mixed refrigerant of an ejection refrigerant ejected from the depressurizing space, a first suction refrigerant drawn through the first suction passage and a second suction refrigerant drawn through the second suction passage are mixed together flow, the depressurizing space has a nozzle passage, which functions as a nozzle that depressurizes and ejects the refrigerant, between an inner peripheral surface of the body and an outer peripheral surface of the passage formation member, the pressurizing space has a diffuser passage, which functions as a diffuser that converts a kinetic energy of the mixed refrigerant into a pressure energy, between the inner peripheral surface of the body and the outer peripheral surface of the passage formation member, a refrigerant outlet of the first suction passage is opened on an outer peripheral side of a refrigerant outlet of the nozzle passage, and a refrigerant outlet of the second suction passage is opened on an inner peripheral side of the refrigerant outlet of the nozzle passage. 3. The ejector according to claim 2, wherein the body has a mixing space in which the ejection refrigerant, the first suction refrigerant, and the second suction refrigerant are merged, the mixing space has a mixing passage, in which the ejection refrigerant, the first suction refrigerant, and the second suction refrigerant are mixed together, between the inner peripheral surface of the body and the outer peripheral surface of the passage formation member, and the mixing passage has a shape that is constant or gradually reduces in cross-sectional area toward a downstream side in the refrigerant flow. 4. The ejector according to claim 2, wherein the body has a swirling space in which a refrigerant flowing from a refrigerant inlet port swirls, and the refrigerant on a swirling center side flows out to the depressurizing space, and a flow rate of the refrigerant flowing out of the first suction passage is defined as Vs1, and a flow rate of the refrigerant flowing out of the second suction passage is defined as Vs2, a ratio of an opening area of the refrigerant outlet of the first suction passage to an opening area of the refrigerant outlet of the second suction passage is determined to satisfy Vs2\u2266Vs1.",
-    "The invention relates to a wireless communication device (UE) configured to be operating in a wireless cellular network supporting a wireless technology standard. For solving the problem of blockage of the UE in regards with one cellular network the UE makes a comparison of communication conditions in downlink and in uplink in order to detect unbalanced communication conditions between downlink and uplink channels and, in case downlink communication conditions are acceptable, but uplink communication conditions show a degradation, initiate an inter-RAT reselection. 1. Method for providing seamless communication of a wireless communication device operating within a wireless cellular network, the method including the steps for the wireless communication device: registering to a cell of the wireless cellular network by communicating with a network node representing at least said cell, operating in idle mode, receiving downlink communication from the network node, measuring communication conditions of downlink communication, deciding based on measurement that downlink communication conditions fulfil predefined downlink threshold values, monitoring at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions, deciding based on the at least one monitored parameter that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values, in such case initiating an inter-RAT reselection. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the step of monitoring of at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions comprises: executing attempts of uplink communication, detecting if the attempts are unsuccessful, after a predetermined number of unsuccessful attempts of uplink communication the at least one monitored parameter is set to a value indicating a degradation of uplink communication, and wherein the step of deciding based on the monitored parameter comprises that a value indicating a degradation of uplink communication leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 3. Method according to claim 2, wherein wireless communication device is detecting unsuccessful attempts of uplink communication in case said network node does not reply properly in response to the uplink communication, wherein no proper response comprises at least one of: reception of a failure message from the network node, no reception of a response at all from the network node within a predetermined timeframe, reception of a message from the network node, which is not expected to be received upon the request. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the step of monitoring of at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions comprises detection of change of temperature conditions prior to an attempt of uplink communication, the at least one monitored parameter is set to a value indicating the change of temperature conditions, and wherein the step of deciding based on the monitored parameter comprises that a value indicating a change of temperature conditions in terms of temperature increase leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the step of monitoring of at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions comprises detection of reduction of output power of uplink communication, after a reduction of output power the at least one monitored parameter is set to a value indicating the reduction of output power, and wherein the step of deciding based on the monitored parameter comprises that a value indicating a reduction of output power leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 6. Method according to claim 1, wherein monitoring of at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions comprises detection of temperature conditions by way of a prediction of a temperature increase during a scheduled service fulfilment, and the at least one monitored parameter is set to a value indicating one of: a predicted temperature increase and/or, a reduction of output power in response to predicted temperature increase, and wherein the step of deciding based on the monitored parameter comprises that a value indicating a predicted temperature increase or a reduction of output power leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 7. Method according to claim 6, wherein prediction of temperature increase is based on currently required RACH power in comparison to a power required in the wireless technology of the wireless cellular network the wireless communication device is currently operating in for the scheduled service fulfilment. 8. Method according to claim 1, wherein monitoring of at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions comprises executing uplink communication attempts to the network node on certain channels and/or carriers, receiving of response from the network node comprising reporting of received power and comparing used power for said uplink communication attempt and reported received power, the at least one monitored parameter is set to a value indicating a degradation of certain carriers and/or channels of uplink communication if the difference of used power for uplink communication and reported received power exceeds a predetermined threshold, and wherein the step of deciding based on the monitored parameter comprises that a value indicating a degradation of certain carriers and/or channels leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 9. Method according to claim 1, wherein the inter-RAT cell-reselection is targeting a second wireless cellular network supporting a wireless technology standard which can be operated with lower power consumption than the wireless cellular network, the wireless communication device is currently operating in, and which downlink communication conditions fulfil predefined second downlink threshold values. 10. Wireless communication device, comprising a wireless network communication unit, a monitoring unit, a communication condition judgement unit and a reselection decision unit, wherein the wireless network communication unit is configured to: register to a cell of wireless cellular network by communicating with a network node representing at least said cell, operate in idle mode, receive downlink communication from the network node, measure communication conditions of downlink communication, the monitoring unit is configured to monitor at least one parameter relative to uplink communication conditions, the communication condition judgement unit is configured to, decide based on the measurements of wireless network communication unit, if downlink communication conditions fulfil predefined downlink threshold values, decide based on the at least one monitored parameter that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values, the reselection decision unit is configured to: initiate an inter-RAT reselection in case communication condition judgement unit decided that downlink communication conditions fulfil predefined downlink threshold values and uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 11. Wireless communication device according to claim 10, wherein the wireless network communication unit is configured to: execute attempts of uplink communication, detect if the attempts are unsuccessful, after a predetermined number of unsuccessful attempts of uplink communication set the at least one monitored parameter to a value indicating a degradation of uplink communication, the communication condition judgement unit is configured to decide based on the monitored parameter that a value indicating a degradation of uplink communication leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 12. Wireless communication device according to claim 11, wherein for detection of an unsuccessful attempt of uplink communication, the wireless communication device is configured to determine that the network node does not reply properly in response to the uplink communication. 13. Wireless communication device according to claim 10, further comprising a temperature condition sensor, wherein the temperature condition sensor is configured to detect a change of temperature conditions, the wireless network communication unit is configured to reduce in response to the detected change of temperature condition the output power of uplink communication, and set the at least one monitored parameter to a value indicating the reduction of output power, the communication condition judgement unit is configured to decide based on the monitored parameter that a value indicating a reduction of output power leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 14. Wireless communication device according to claim 10, further comprising an temperature prediction unit, wherein the temperature prediction unit (260) is configured to predict a temperature increase during a scheduled service fulfilment, and set the at least one monitored parameter to a value indicating one of: a predicted temperature increase, and/or a reduction of output power in response to predicted temperature increase, the communication condition judgement unit is configured to decide based on the monitored parameter that a value indicating a predicted temperature increase or a reduction of output power leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 15. Wireless communication device according to claim 10, wherein the wireless network communication unit is configured to: execute attempts of uplink communication to the network node on certain channels and/or carriers, receive response from the network node comprising reporting of received power compare used power for said uplink communication attempt and reported received power, if the difference of used power for uplink communication and reported received power exceeds a predetermined threshold, set the at least one monitored parameter to a value indicating a degradation of certain carriers and/or channels of uplink communication, the communication condition judgement unit is configured to decide based on the monitored parameter that a value indicating a degradation of uplink communication leads to the decision that uplink communication conditions do not fulfil predefined uplink threshold values. 16. Wireless communication device according to claim 10, wherein the reselection decision unit is configured to: target a second wireless cellular network supporting a wireless technology standard which can be operated with lower power consumption than the wireless cellular network, the wireless communication device is currently operating in, and for which second wireless cellular network the communication condition judgement unit decided based on the measurements of wireless network communication unit, if downlink communication conditions fulfils predefined second downlink threshold values.",
-    "Described herein is a receiver for a navigation system, which receives a navigation signal modulated with a pseudorandom sequence along a line-of-sight path and reflected paths. The receiver includes a delay-locked loop, which generates a local sequence, and a first correlator and a second correlator, which operate in open-loop mode and generate a first correlation signal. 1-13. (canceled) 14. An electronic receiver for a global navigation satellite system, configured to receive, along a line-of-sight path, a navigation signal (si(t)) modulated with a sequence of a pseudo-random type, and to receive, along reflected paths, a number of replicas of the navigation signal, said electronic receiver comprising: an input stage configured to generate an input signal (si(n)) of a numeric type, as a function of the navigation signal and of the replicas of the navigation signal; a delay-locked loop including a local waveform generator configured to generate a local sequence (cr0(n)), said delay-locked loop being configured to receive the input signal and time align the local sequence to the sequence received along the line-of-sight path; and a first correlator and a second correlator, which are configured to receive the input signal and to generate, respectively, a first replica of the local sequence (A1(n)) and a second replica of the local sequence (A2(n)), said first and second correlators being moreover configured to generate, respectively, a first correlation signal (y1(w), y2(w)) and a second correlation signal (ym1(w), ym2(w)), the first correlation signal indicating the correlation between the combination of the sequences received and the first replica of the local sequence, the second correlation signal indicating the correlation between the combination of the sequences received and the second replica of the local sequence; wherein, in a first operating mode, the first and second correlators operate in open-loop mode and said first and second replicas of the local sequence are both in advance with respect to the local sequence, said receiver further comprising a processing unit configured to determine a first estimate of an alignment error (\u03c4) between the sequence received along the line-of-sight path and the local sequence, as a function of the first and second correlation signals and of the phase shifts between the local sequence and the first and second replicas of the local sequence; and wherein, in said first operating mode, the first replica of the local sequence (A1(n)) is in advance with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)) by a first amount (sA1), the second replica of the local sequence (A2(n)) being in advance with respect to the local sequence by a second amount (sA2), said first and second amounts being fixed; and wherein the processing unit is configured to determine a time indicating the positions of a first point ((x11(w), y11(w)) and a second point ((x21(w), y21(w)) of a reference correlation function, wherein said reference correlation function assumes values equal to the values of the first and second correlation signals (y11(w), y21(w), ym1(w), ym2(w)), respectively with respect to a first reference point ((x10(w), y10(w)) and a second reference point ((x20(w), y20(w))) of said reference correlation function, said first and second reference points being separated from the main peak of said reference correlation function by distances proportional, respectively, to the first and second amounts; and wherein said reference correlation function indicates the correlation function in the absence of multipaths of the sequence received along the line-of-sight path. 15. The electronic receiver according to claim 14, wherein said reference correlation function has a predetermined profile between said first and second reference points ((x10(w), y10(w); (x20(w),y20(w))). 16. The electronic receiver according to claim 14, wherein the first estimate of alignment error is proportional to the ratio: (dy11+x10y11\u2212x10y21)/(y21\u2212y11) where d is a function of the time shift between the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)), and the values of the parameters y11, y21 and x10 are a function, respectively, of the first correlation signal (y1(w); ym1(w)), of the second correlation signal (y2(w); ym2(w)), and of the time shift of the first replica of the local sequence with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)). 17. The electronic receiver according to claim 16, wherein the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)) are time shifted with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)) by a delay equal to 1\u2212d and by a delay equal to 1\u22122\u00b7d, respectively, with d equal to a fraction of a chip of the sequence received. 18. The electronic receiver according to claim 14, wherein the processing unit stores a calibration curve (\u03c4cal(\u03b8j)) indicating a part of the alignment error caused by the input stage (4), the processing unit being moreover configured to calculate a second estimate (\u03c4acc) of the alignment error between the sequence received and the local sequence (cr0(n)), on the basis of the first estimate of the alignment error (\u03c4) and of the calibration curve. 19. The electronic receiver according to claim 14, wherein the delay-locked loop comprises a third correlator (P), which is controlled in closed-loop mode and is configured to generate a third correlation signal (ymPsp)(w)) indicating the correlation between the combination of the sequences received and the local sequence (cr0(n)); and wherein, in a second operating mode, one between the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)) is in advance with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)) by a third amount, the other being delayed with respect to the local sequence by a fourth amount, the third amount being a function of the time distance between the main peak of the reference correlation function and a first secondary peak of said reference correlation function, the fourth amount being a function of the time distance between said main peak and a second secondary peak of said reference correlation function; and wherein the processing unit is moreover configured to: calculate a quantity (U) proportional to the ratio between a numerator equal to the difference between the second correlation signal and the first correlation signal and a denominator equal to one from among the first, second, and third correlation signals, or else to an algebraic function of two or more of the first, second, and third correlation signals; compare said quantity with at least one first threshold (TH_U1) and one second threshold (TH_U2), the first threshold being a function of the ratio between the difference between the two values of the reference correlation function that are separated from the first secondary peak by the same distance that is present between the main peak and the first secondary peak, and the value of the first secondary peak, the second threshold being a function of the ratio between the difference between the two values of the reference correlation function that are separated from the second secondary peak by the same distance that is present between the main peak and the second secondary peak, and the value of the second secondary peak; and modify the time shifts between the sequence received and, respectively, the local sequence and the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)) as a function of the mutual arrangement of said main peak and said first and second secondary peaks and of the arrangement of said quantity with respect to the interval ([TH_U1, TH_U2]) comprised between the first and second thresholds. 20. The electronic receiver according to claim 14, further comprising a component-extraction stage configured to extract an in-phase component (I(n)) and a quadrature component (Q(n)) of the input signal (si(n)); and wherein the first and second correlators are configured to receive the in-phase component and the quadrature component of the input signal; and wherein the first correlator is configured to generate an in-phase part (sd_A1_I(w)) and a quadrature part (sd_A1_Q(w)) of the first correlation signal, which indicate the correlation between the first replica of the local sequence (A1(n)) and, respectively, the in-phase component (I(n)) of the input signal and the quadrature component (Q(n)) of the input signal; and wherein the second correlator is configured to generate an in-phase part (sd_A2_I(w)) and a quadrature part (sd_A2_Q(w)) of the second correlation signal, which indicate the correlation between the second replica of the local sequence (A2(n)) and, respectively, the in-phase component of the input signal and the quadrature component of the input signal; and wherein the processing unit is configured to: generate a filtered in-phase part (sM_A1_I(W)) and a filtered quadrature part (sM_A1_Q(w)) of the first correlation signal by filtering, respectively, the in-phase part and the quadrature part of the first correlation signal; generate a filtered in-phase part (sM_A2_I(W)) and a filtered quadrature part (sM_A2_Q(w)) of the second correlation signal by filtering, respectively, the in-phase part and the quadrature part of the second correlation signal; calculate a filtered modulus of the first correlation signal (ym1) proportional to the sum of the squares of the filtered in-phase part and of the filtered quadrature part of the first correlation signal; calculate a filtered modulus of the second correlation signal (ym2) proportional to the sum of the squares of the filtered in-phase part and of the filtered quadrature part of the second correlation signal; and determine said first estimate of an alignment error (\u03c4) on the basis of the filtered moduli of the first and second correlation signals. 21. The electronic receiver according to claim 20, wherein, in a second operating mode, one of the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)) is in advance with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)) by a third amount, the other being delayed with respect to the local sequence by a fourth amount, the third amount being a function of the time distance between the main peak of the reference correlation function and a first secondary peak of said reference correlation function, the fourth amount being a function of the time distance between said main peak and a second secondary peak of said reference correlation function; and wherein the delay-locked loop comprises a third correlator (P), which is controlled in closed-loop mode (P) and is configured to generate an in-phase part of a third correlation signal (sdI,0(w)), indicating the correlation between the in-phase component (1(n)) of the input signal and the local sequence, and a quadrature part of the third correlation signal (sdQ,0(w)), indicating the correlation between the quadrature component (Q(n)) of the input signal and the local sequence; and wherein the processing unit is further configured to: generate a filtered in-phase part (sM_P_I(W)) and a filtered quadrature part (sM_P_Q(W)) of the third correlation signal by filtering, respectively, the in-phase part and the quadrature part of the third correlation signal; calculate a filtered modulus (ymPsp(w)) of the third correlation signal, proportional to the sum of the squares of the filtered in-phase part and of the filtered quadrature part of the third correlation signal; calculate a quantity (U) proportional to the ratio between a numerator equal to the difference between the filtered moduli of the second correlation signal and of the first correlation signal and a denominator equal to one from among the filtered moduli of the first, second, and third correlation signals, or else to an algebraic function of two or more of the filtered moduli of the first, second, and third correlation signals; compare said quantity with at least one first threshold (TH_U1) and one second threshold (TH_U2), the first threshold being a function of the ratio between the difference between the two values of the reference correlation function that are separated from the first secondary peak by the same distance that is present between the main peak and the first secondary peak, and the value of the first secondary peak, the second threshold being a function of the ratio between the difference between the two values of the reference correlation function that are separated from the second secondary peak by the same distance that is present between the main peak and the second secondary peak, and the value of the second secondary peak; and modify the time shifts between the sequence received and, respectively, the local sequence and the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)), as a function of the mutual arrangement of said main peak and said first and second secondary peaks and of the arrangement of said quantity with respect to the interval ([TH_U1, TH_U2]) comprised between the first and second thresholds. 22. A method for estimating an alignment error (\u03c4) of an electronic receiver for a global navigation satellite system, said method comprising: receiving, along a line-of-sight path, a navigation signal (si(t)) modulated with a sequence of a pseudo-random type, and receiving, along reflected paths, a number of replicas of the navigation signal; generating an input signal (si(n)) of a numeric type as a function of the navigation signal and of the replicas of the navigation signal; generating a local sequence (cr0(n)); time aligning the local sequence to the sequence received along the line-of-sight path; generating a first replica of the local sequence (A1(n)) and a second replica of the local sequence (A2(n)); and generating, as a function of the input signal, a first correlation signal (y1(w); ym1(w)) and a second correlation signal (y2(w); ym2(w)), the first correlation signal indicating the correlation between the combination of the sequences received and the first replica of the local sequence, the second correlation signal indicating the correlation between the combination of the sequences received and the second replica of the local sequence; wherein said generating a first correlation signal and a second correlation signal is carried out in open-loop mode, and said generating a first replica of the local sequence and a second replica of the local sequence is carried out, in a first operating mode, in such a way that said first and second replicas of the local sequence are both in advance with respect to the local sequence; said method further comprising: determining a first estimate of an alignment error (\u03c4) between the sequence received along the line-of-sight path and the local sequence as a function of the first and second correlation signals and of the phase shifts between the local sequence and the first and second replicas of the local sequence; and wherein, in said first operating mode, the first replica of the local sequence (A1(n)) is in advance with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)) by a first amount (sA1), the second replica of the local sequence (A2(n)) being in advance with respect to the local sequence by a second amount (sA2), said first and second amounts being fixed; and wherein said determining a first estimate of alignment error comprises determining a time indicating the positions of a first point ((x11(w), y11(w)) and a second point (x21(w), y21(w))) of a reference correlation function, wherein said reference correlation function assumes values equal to the values of the first and second correlation signals (y11(w), y21(w); ym1(w), ym2(w)), respectively with respect to a first reference point ((x10(w), y10(w)) and a second reference point (x20(w), y20(w)) of said reference correlation function, said first and second reference points being separated from the main peak of said reference correlation function by distances proportional, respectively, to the first and second amounts, said reference correlation function indicating the correlation function in the absence of multipaths of the sequence received along the line-of-sight path. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said reference correlation function has a predetermined profile between said first and second reference points ((x10(w), y10(w)); (x20(w), y20(w))). 24. The method according to claim 22, further comprising: storing a calibration curve (\u03c4cal(\u03b8j)) indicating a part of the alignment error caused by an input stage of the electronic receiver; and calculating a second estimate (\u03c4acc) of the alignment error between the sequence received and the local sequence (cr0(n)), on the basis of the first estimate of the alignment error (\u03c4) and of the calibration curve. 25. The method according to claim 22, further comprising generating in closed-loop mode a third correlation signal (ymPsp(w)) indicating the correlation between the combination of the sequences received and the local sequence (cr0(n)); and wherein said generating a first replica of the local sequence and a second replica of the local sequence is executed, in a second operating mode, in such a way that one of the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)) is in advance with respect to the local sequence (cr0(n)) by a third amount, the other being delayed with respect to the local sequence by a fourth amount, the third amount being a function of the time distance between the main peak of the reference correlation function and a first secondary peak of said reference correlation function, the fourth amount being a function of the time distance between said main peak and a second secondary peak of said reference correlation function; said method further comprising: determining a first threshold (TH_U1), proportional to the ratio between the difference between the two values of the reference correlation function that are separated from the first secondary peak by the same distance that is present between the main peak and the first secondary peak, and the value of the first secondary peak; determining a second threshold (TH_U2), proportional to the ratio between the difference between the two values of the reference correlation function that are separated from the second secondary peak by the same distance that is present between the main peak and the second secondary peak, and the value of the second secondary peak; calculating a quantity (U) proportional to the ratio between a numerator equal to the difference between the second correlation signal and the first correlation signal and a denominator equal to one from among the first, second, and third correlation signals, or else to an algebraic function of two or more of the first, second, and third correlation signals; comparing said quantity with said first and second thresholds (TH_U1, TH_U2); and modifying the time shifts between the sequence received and, respectively, the local sequence and the first and second replicas of the local sequence (A1(n), A2(n)), as a function of the mutual arrangement of said main peak and said first and second secondary peaks, and of the arrangement of said quantity with respect to the interval ([TH_U1, TH_U2]) comprised between the first and second thresholds. 26. The method according to claim 22, further comprising: extracting an in-phase component (I(n)) and a quadrature component (Q(n)) of the input signal (si(n)); and wherein said generating a first correlation signal (y1(w); ym1(w)) and a second correlation signal (y2(w), ym2(w)) comprises: generating an in-phase part (sd_A1_I(w)) and a quadrature part (sd_A1_Q(w)) of the first correlation signal, which indicate the correlation between the first replica of the local sequence (A1(n)) and, respectively, the in-phase component of the input signal and the quadrature component of the input signal; and generating an in-phase part (sd_A2_I(w)) and a quadrature part (sd_A2_Q(W)) of the second correlation signal, which indicate the correlation between the second replica of the local sequence (A2(n)) and, respectively, the in-phase component of the input signal and the quadrature component of the input signal; said method further comprising: generating a filtered in-phase part (sM_A1_I(w)) and a filtered quadrature part (sM_A1_Q(W)) of the first correlation signal by filtering, respectively, the in-phase part and the quadrature part of the first correlation signal; generating a filtered in-phase part (sM_A2_I(W)) and a filtered quadrature part (sM_A2_Q(W)) of the second correlation signal by filtering, respectively, the in-phase part and the quadrature part of the second correlation signal; calculating a filtered modulus of the first correlation signal (ym1), proportional to the sum of the squares of the filtered in-phase part and of the filtered quadrature part of the first correlation signal; calculating a filtered modulus of the second correlation signal (ym2), proportional to the sum of the squares of the filtered in-phase part and of the filtered quadrature part of the second correlation signal; and determining said first estimate of an alignment error (\u03c4) on the basis of the filtered moduli of the first and second correlation signals.",
-    "In a machine (1) according to the invention, machine-readable codes (2, 3, 4) that can be externally read out are attached to said machine and read out using a reader (7), each machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) being converted into at least one piece of information (15) concerning the operating instructions, maintenance instructions and/or assembly instructions using an electronic database (11, 12), this information subsequently being displayed on an optical receiving unit (8) of the reader (7). 1. A method for at least one of operation, maintenance or assembly of a machine (1) comprising keeping items of information (15) concerning at least one of operation instructions, maintenance instructions or assembly instructions available on the machine (1) by attaching at least one machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) to the machine (1), reading the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) using a reader (7), and automatically selecting at least one associated one of the items of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions from an electronic database (11, 12) and displaying the at least one associated one of the items of information on a display unit (9). 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) is a 1D code, 2D code or 3D code, or the machine-readable code is read out optically or via an RFID. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein or the at least one item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions contains at least one voice-independent graphical information item. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an image of the machine (1) to designate a part of the machine (1) to which the at least one item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions relates. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a user recording an image is in temporal proximity to the reading of the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4). 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions is brought to registration with a recorded image, or the at least one item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions contains a representation of a part of the machine (1) that is not visible externally, or both. 7. A machine (1) comprising at least one machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) that is readable externally, a reader (7) configured for reading out the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4), a database (11, 12) having items of information (15) concerning at least one of operation instructions, maintenance instructions or assembly instructions assigned to the machine-readable codes (2, 3, 4) that is accessible by the reader, and a display unit (9) upon which the reader displays the at least one item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions (15) assigned to the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) that has been read out. 8. The machine (1) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reader (7) is releasably fixed to a mount (18) of the machine (1). 9. The machine (1) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the database (11, 12) is provided in the reader (7). 10. The machine (1) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) is provided on a marker (19) that is readable optically or using RFID technology, on an externally visible location of the machine (1). 11. The machine (1) as claimed in claim 7, further comprising an optical receiving unit (8) integrated into the reader (7), and the reader (7) is configured to an image recorded by the optical receiving unit (8) with the at least one item of information (15) concerning that at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions. 12. The machine (1) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reader (7) is configured to determine an image position of the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) in a recorded image. 13. The machine (1) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reader (7) is a tablet PC or a smartphone or a smartwatch or smartglasses or an intelligent reading or visual aid or a mobile data processing unit. 14. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the machine readable code is a barcode, a QR code, or a data matrix code. 15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein that the at least one item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions is stored as a multimedia file. 16. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising automatically determining a position of the machine-readable code (2, 3, 4) in the recorded image. 17. The machine as claimed in claim 7, wherein the display unit (9) is integrated into the reader. 18. The machine as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reader (7) is connectable to the database (11, 12) via a data connection (13, 14). 19. The machine as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reader (7) comprises an RFID reader (16). 20. The machine as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reader (7) is configured to register an image recorded by the optical receiving unit (8) with the item of information (15) concerning the at least one of the operation instructions, the maintenance instructions or the assembly instructions.",
-    "The present invention provides an apparatus of transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including, an encoder for encoding service data, a frame builder for building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data, a modulator for modulating data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme and a transmitter for transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 1. An apparatus of transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including: an input processor to process service data; an encoder to encode the service data; a frame builder to build at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data; a modulator to modulate data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme; and a transmitter to transmit the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the input processor processes transport stream (TS) packets with synchronization byte removal and TS packet header deletion, and wherein the input processor further processes Internet Protocol (IP) packets with IP header compression. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder encodes the service data according to a code rate to generate an FEC block, wherein the generated FEC block includes information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated by accumulating the information bits based on addresses of the parity check matrix, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix is defined according to the code rate. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder encodes the data according to a code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated acing the information hits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a length of the codeword is 16200 bits and the code rate is 13/15. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: 71 334 645 779 786 1124 1131 1267 1379 1554 1766 1798 1939 6 183 364 506 512 922 972 981 1039 1121 1537 1840 2111 6 71 153 204 253 268 781 799 873 1118 1194 1661 2036 6 247 353 581 921 940 1108 1146 1208 1268 1511 1527 1671 6 37 466 548 747 1142 1203 1271 1512 1837 1904 2125 6 171 863 953 1025 1244 1378 1396 1723 1783 1816 1914 2121 1268 1360 1647 1769 6 458 1231 1414 183 535 1244 1277 107 360 498 1456 6 2007 2059 2120 1480 1523 1670 1927 139 573 711 1790 6 1541 1889 2023 6 374 957 1174 287 423 872 1285 6 1809 1918 65 818 1396 590 766 2107 192 817 1843 775 1163 1256 42 735 1415 334 1008 2055 109 596 1785 406 534 1852 684 719 1543 401 465 1040 112 392 621 82 897 1950 887 1962 2125 793 1088 2159 723 919 1139 610 839 1302 218 1080 1816 627 1646 1749 496 1165 1741 916 1055 1662 182 722 945 5 595 1674 wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated. 7. An apparatus of receiving broadcast signals, the apparatus including: a receiver to receive the broadcast signals; a demodulator to demodulate the received broadcast signals by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme; a parser to parse at least one signal frame from the demodulated broadcast signals; and a decoder and an output processor to decode and output process data in the parsed at least one signal frame to output service data. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the output processing includes synchronization byte restoration and TS packet header restoration, and wherein the output processing further includes IP header decompression. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the decoder decodes the data according to a code rate, wherein the data in the parsed at least one signal frame includes information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated by accumulating the information bits based on addresses of the parity check matrix, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix is defined according to the code rate. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the decoder decodes the data according to a code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein a length of the codeword is 16200 bits and the code rate is 13/15. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: 71 334 645 779 786 1124 1131 1267 1379 1554 1766 1798 1939 6 183 364 506 512 922 972 981 1039 1121 1537 1840 2111 6 71 153 204 253 268 781 799 873 1118 1194 1661 2036 6 247 353 581 921 940 1108 1146 1208 1268 1511 1527 1671 6 37 466 548 747 1142 1203 1271 1512 1837 1904 2125 6 171 863 953 1025 1244 1378 1396 1723 1783 1816 1914 2121 1268 1360 1647 1769 6 458 1231 1414 183 535 1244 1277 107 360 498 1456 6 2007 2059 2120 1480 1523 1670 1927 139 573 711 1790 6 1541 1889 2023 6 374 957 1174 287 423 872 1285 6 1809 1918 65 818 1396 590 766 2107 192 817 1843 775 1163 1256 42 735 1415 334 1008 2055 109 596 1785 406 534 1852 684 719 1543 401 465 1040 112 392 621 82 897 1950 887 1962 2125 793 1088 2159 723 919 1139 610 839 1302 218 1080 1816 627 1646 1749 496 1165 1741 916 1055 1662 182 722 945 5 595 1674 wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated.",
-    "A gearing arrangement, comprising a planetary stage comprising a planet carrier arranged to rotate around a transmission shaft, a plurality of planet pins each planet pin comprising respective first and second end regions, planet gears arranged on the planet carrier and seated on the plurality of planet pins, and at least one sun gear, and a spur gear arranged to direct torque into the planet carrier, wherein the planet carrier comprises a cage element axially arranged on the spur gear, and the plurality of planet pins are arranged within the spur gear and radially supported in the cage element with the respective first end regions arranged to face the spur gear and the respective second end regions arranged to face away from the spur gear. 1-10. (canceled) 11: A gearing arrangement, comprising: a planetary stage comprising: a planet carrier arranged to rotate around a transmission shaft; a plurality of planet pins each planet pin comprising respective first and second end regions; planet gears arranged on said planet carrier and seated on said plurality of planet pins; and, at least one sun gear; and, a spur gear arranged to direct torque into said planet carrier, wherein: said planet carrier comprises a cage element axially arranged on said spur gear; and, said plurality of planet pins are arranged within said spur gear and radially supported in said cage element with said respective first end regions arranged to face said spur gear and said respective second end regions arranged to face away from said spur gear. 12: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 11, wherein: said spur gear comprises a plurality of bores arranged sequentially in a circumferential direction in said spur gear; and, said plurality of planet pins is inserted into said plurality of bores from a first side. 13: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 12, wherein said plurality of planet pins is arranged within said bores with an interference fit. 14: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 12, wherein: said cage element is fabricated as a formed sheet-metal part; and, said cage element comprises perforations into which said plurality of planet pins are inserted. 15: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 11, further comprising: a plurality of rivets mating said cage element to said spur gear. 16: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 11, further comprising: a first bearing arrangement radially supporting said cage element by a cage bottom of said cage element, wherein: the planetary stage comprises at least one sun gear stud; said at least one sun gear is seated on said at least one sun gear stud; said at least one sun gear stud forms a first bearing seat on which the first bearing arrangement is arranged. 17: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 16, further comprising: a second bearing set that supports said spur gear and said at least one sun gear stud radially against one another, wherein said at least one sun gear stud forms a second bearing seat on which the second bearing arrangement is arranged. 18: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 16, wherein said first bearing arrangement forms a fixed bearing. 19: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 16, further comprising: a sliding sleeve carrier mated to said spur gear on said cage element, said sliding sleeve carrier arranged to face away from said spur gear. 20: The gearing arrangement recited in claim 19, further comprising: a plurality of rivets: mating said sliding sleeve carrier to said spur gear; and, arranged to secure said cage element, wherein: said plurality of rivets is arranged on a pitch circle larger than said at least one sun gear; said sliding sleeve carrier forms a shifting mechanism arranged to selectively couple said spur gear with said at least one sun gear stud; said shifting mechanism comprises a sliding sleeve guided in an axial direction in a displaceable manner on said sliding sleeve carrier; and, said sliding sleeve carrier is secured to said spur gear radially outside of said at least one sun gear.",
-    "This disclosure relates generally to the field of wireless communication infrastructure, and more particularly to a method, apparatus and system for envelope tracking. The system for envelope tracking comprising: a transistor; an RF transistor; a driver; a switcher current source; and a subtracting network; wherein the system is configured such that when an envelope voltage is less than a predetermined voltage value, the RF transistor is configured for decreasing an amount of absorbed biasing current, and when the envelope voltage is greater than a predetermined voltage value, the RF transistor is configured for increasing an amount of absorbed biasing current. The goal of RF transistor sinking is to absorb the redundant biasing current generated by the envelope tracking supply modulator to eliminate distortions. 1. An apparatus comprising: a power transistor; an RF transistor; a driver; a switcher current source; and a subtracting network. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus is an envelope modulator. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the RF transistor is in communication with the subtracting network and is configured for absorbing biasing current in the apparatus. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the driver is configured for receiving envelope voltage and comparing the envelope voltage to a predetermined voltage value. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 further including: a transistor gate; and an RF transistor gate; wherein when the envelope voltage is above the predetermined value, the driver is configured to decrease the current through the transistor by acting on the transistor gate by decreasing bias and by acting on the RF transistor gate by increasing bias. 6. The apparatus of claim 4 further including: a transistor gate; and an RF transistor gate; wherein when the envelope voltage is below the predetermined value, the driver is configured to increase the current through the transistor by acting on the transistor gate by increasing bias and by acting on the RF transistor gate by decreasing bias. 7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein when the envelope voltage exceeds the predetermined voltage value, the RF transistor is configured for increasing an amount of absorbed biasing current. 8. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein when the envelope voltage is less than the predetermined voltage value, the RF transistor is configured for decreasing an amount of absorbed biasing current. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the switcher current source is a BUCK DC-DC converter configured for providing current to the transistor and the RF transistor. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the subtracting network includes two passive transformers for signal coupling and scaling down. 11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the subtracting network includes an active operational amplifier to generate and amplify an error signal. 12. A system for envelope tracking comprising: a transistor; an RF transistor; a driver; a switcher current source; and a subtracting network; wherein the system is configured such that when an envelope voltage is less than a predetermined voltage value, the RF transistor is configured for decreasing an amount of absorbed biasing current, and when the envelope voltage is greater than a predetermined voltage value, the RF transistor is configured for increasing an amount of absorbed biasing current. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the subtracting network includes two passive transformers for signal coupling and scaling down. 14. The system of claim 12 wherein the subtracting network includes an active operational amplifier to generate and amplify an error signal. 15. A method comprising: providing an envelope modulator apparatus, the apparatus including a transistor, an RF transistor, a driver, a switcher current source and a subtracting network; modulating, at the subtracting network, a gate of the RF transistor based on an envelope error voltage; and sinking, at the RF transistor, redundant biasing current generated by the transistor. 16. The method of claim 15 further including the steps of, prior to the modulating: receiving, at the driver, the envelope voltage; comparing, at the driver, the received envelope voltage to a predetermined voltage; and determining, based on the predetermined voltage, whether the received envelope voltage is greater than or is less than the predetermined voltage. 17. The method of claim 16 further including the steps of, in response to the determining: increasing a current at the transistor if the envelope voltage is less than the predetermined value; and decreasing the sunk biasing current at the RF transistor if the envelope voltage is less than the predetermined value. 18. The method of claim 16 further including the steps of, in response to the determining: decreasing the current at the transistor if the envelope voltage is greater than a predetermined value; and increasing the sunk biasing current at the RF transistor if the envelope voltage is greater than the predetermined value. 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the modulating occurs at two passive transformers for signal coupling and scaling down. 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the modulating occurs at an active operational amplifier to generate and amplify the error signal.",
-    "Example embodiments presented herein are directed towards a Packet Domain Network Gateway (PGW) (400), and corresponding methods therein, for service usage reporting and quota management in a Policy and Charging Control (PCC) based network. Example embodiments presented herein are also directed towards an Online Charging System (OCS) (500) for receiving service usage reporting and quota management in a PCC based network. Quota reporting and quota management is performed on a per-rating group basis. 1. A method, in a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, for reporting service usage with respect to a single rating group, the PGW being configured to operate in a communications network, the method comprising: sending, to an Online Charging System, OCS, a first and second Multiple Services Credit Control, MSCC, report, said first MSCC report comprising a usage report for one of at least two services and at least two Quality of Service Class Identifiers, QCIs, associated with a single rating group, and said second MSCC report comprising a quota request for the single rating group; receiving, from the OCS, an updated quota threshold, said updated quota threshold providing an indication of a maximum allowed usage for any number of one of services, and QCIs, associated with the single rating group; and implementing said updated quota threshold. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending is performed upon detecting that a usage of any number of one of services and QCIs, associated with the single rating group has reached a common threshold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sending is performed over a Gy interface. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring packet data at least one of to and/or and from a wireless terminal; determining one of a service and a QCI associated with the packet data; determining a rating group associated with the determined one of the service and the QCI; and mapping the determined one of the service and the QCI, and rating group, wherein the rating group is previously mapped to at least one other of the at least one of a service and a QCI. 5. A Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, for reporting service usage with respect to a rating group, the PGW being configured to operate in a communications network, the PGW comprising: digital circuitry configured to send, to an Online Charging System, OCS, a first and second Multiple Services Credit Control, MSCC, report, said first MSCC report comprising one of a usage report for at least two services and at least two Quality of Service Class Identifiers, QCIs, associated with a single rating group, and said second MSCC report comprising a quota request for the single rating group; the digital circuitry further configured to receive, from the OCS, an updated quota threshold, said updated quota threshold providing an indication of a maximum allowed usage for any number of one of services and QCIs, associated with the single rating group; and processing circuitry configured to implement said updated quota threshold. 6. The PGW of claim 5, the processing circuitry further configured to determine that a usage of any number of one of services and QCIs, associated with the single rating group has reached a common threshold, wherein the digital circuitry is configured to send the first and second MSCC report upon the determination that the common threshold has been reached. 7. The PGW of claim 5, wherein the digital circuitry (is configured to send the first and second MSCC report over a Gy interface. 8. The PGW of claim 5, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to monitor packet data at least one of to and from a wireless terminal, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine one of a service and a QCI associated with the packet data; determine a rating group associated with the determined one of the service and the QCI; and map the determined one of the service and the QCI and rating group, wherein the rating group is previously mapped to at least one other of the at least one of a service and a QCI. 9. A method in an Online Charging System, OCS, for establishing a usage quota for wireless terminal service usage with respect to a rating group, the OCS being configured to operate in a communications network, the method comprising: receiving, from a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW a first and second Multiple Services Credit Control, MSCC, report, said first MSCC report comprising a usage report for one of at least two services and at least two Quality of Service Class Identifiers, QCIs, associated with a single rating group, and said second MSCC report comprising a quota request for the single rating group; establishing an updated quota for the single rating group, wherein the wireless terminal is capable of receiving packet data within the updated quota for the one of the at least two services and the at least two QCIs associated with the single rating group; and sending, to the PGW, the updated quota. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the receiving and establishing further comprises maintaining a record of an allowed quota per rating group, wherein any number of one of services and QCIs are associated with a same rating group. 11. An Online Charging System, OCS, for establishing a usage quota for wireless terminal service usage with respect to a rating group, the OCS being configured to operate in a communications network, the OCS comprising: receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a Packet Data Network Gateway, PGW, a first and second Multiple Services Credit Control, MSCC, report, said first MSCC report comprising a usage report for one of at least two services and at least two Quality of Service Class Identifiers, QCIs, associated with a single rating group, and said second MSCC report comprising a quota request for the single rating group; processing circuitry configured to establish an updated quota for the single rating group, the wireless terminal being capable of receiving packet data within the updated quota for the one of the at least two services and the at least two QCIs associated with the single rating group; and the receiving circuitry further configured to send, to the PGW, the updated quota. 12. The OCS of claim 11, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to maintain a record of an allowed quota per rating group, wherein any number of one of services and QCIs are associated with a same rating group. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the sending is performed over a Gy interface. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: monitoring packet data at least one of to and from a wireless terminal; determining one of a service and QCI associated with the packet data; determining a rating group associated with the determined one of the service and the QCI; and mapping the determined one of the service and the QCI, and rating group, wherein the rating group is previously mapped to at least one other of the at least one of service and QCI. 15. The method of claim 2, further comprising: monitoring packet data at least one of to and from a wireless terminal; determining one of a service and QCI associated with the packet data; determining a rating group associated with the determined one of the service and the QCI; and mapping the determined one of the service and the QCI, and rating group, wherein the rating group is previously mapped to at least one other of the at least one of service and QCI. 16. The PGW of claim 6, wherein the digital circuitry is configured to send the first and second MSCC report over a Gy interface. 17. The PGW of claim 16, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to monitor packet data at least one of to and from a wireless terminal, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine one of a service and a QCI associated with the packet data; determine a rating group associated with the determined one of the service and the QCI; and map the determined one of the service and the QCI, and rating group, wherein the rating group is previously mapped to at least one other of the at least one of service and QCI. 18. The PGW of claim 6, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to monitor packet data at least one of to and from a wireless terminal, the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine one of a service and a QCI associated with the packet data; determine a rating group associated with the determined one of the service and the QCI; and map the determined one of the service and QCI, and rating group, wherein the rating group is previously mapped to at least one other of the at least one of a service and a QCI.",
-    "A lighting device or a lamp bulb (100, 200) comprises at least one light source (101) and a driver assembly (108), said driver assembly comprising driver electronics; wherein during operation of the light source, a distance between an optical axis (120) of the lighting device and a heat flow of the lighting device is less than a distance between the optical axis (120) and a component of the driver electronics having the highest temperature sensitivity. 1. A lighting device comprising: at least one light source; a driver assembly, said driver assembly comprising driver electronics; and a heat sink component having a bottom and a sidewall extending from the bottom; wherein during operation of the light source, a distance between an optical axis of the lighting device and a heat flow of the lighting device is less than a distance between the optical axis and a component of the driver electronics having the highest temperature sensitivity; and wherein the sidewall comprises a patch corresponding to a mounting position of the driver assembly. 2. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the heat sink component further has a concave part extending from the bottom into the heat sink component, and wherein the at least one light source thermally contacts the concave part; wherein the heat sink component comprises a heat sink opening, and the heat sink opening comprises a plurality of holes in the bottom of the heat sink component between the concave part and the sidewall; and a cover provided on the sidewall and opposite to the bottom, thereby defining an air chamber between the cover, the sidewall, the bottom and the concave part; wherein the cover comprises a cover opening, and the air chamber forms a channel between the cover opening and the heat sink opening to allow a flow of air between the cover opening and the heat sink opening or vice versa; wherein the driver assembly is arranged in the air chamber. 3. The lighting device according to claim 2, further comprising a housing having a plurality of first holes; wherein the concave part has a side surface and a top surface, and wherein the side surface of the concave part forms a portion of the air chamber; wherein a plurality of second holes is formed in the side surface to communicate with the plurality of first holes; and wherein a further channel is formed between the first holes and the second holes to allow a further flow of air between the first and the second holes, or vice versa, during operation of the light source; the distance between an optical axis of the lighting device and the further flow of air is less than the distance between the optical axis and the driver assembly. 4. The lighting device according to claim 2, wherein the driver assembly is arranged in a compartment within the air chamber. 5. The lighting device according to claim 2, wherein the cover comprises a rim at its outer periphery, and the cover opening comprises a plurality of holes in the rim. 6. The lighting device according to claim 2, wherein the cover is of a thermally conductive material which thermally contacts the sidewall of the heat sink component. 7. The lighting device according to claim 2, wherein the cover comprises a recess which accommodates the at least one light source, and the recess thermally contacts the concave part. 8. The lighting device according to claim 7, wherein the recess further comprises at least one optical element for the at least one light source. 9. The lighting device according to claim 8, wherein the at least one optical element is selected from a group comprising a diffuser, a reflector, a lens, a collimator or a combination thereof. 10. The lighting device according to claim 2, wherein a cross section of the channel is larger than at least one of the cover opening and the heat sink opening. 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. The lighting device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one light source is thermally coupled to a PCB, which PCB extends into the air chamber, and which PCB has a plurality of PCB openings to allow the flow of air between the cover opening and the heat sink opening or vice versa. 14. The lighting device according to claim 13, wherein the PCB comprises a thermally conductive material, so that the thermal conductivity of the PCB is at least 28W/mK measured along the surface of the PCB. 15. A luminaire comprising a lighting device according to claim 1.",
-    "A round hole machining method and a round-hole machining device in which machining can be accurately performed regardless of a residual stress caused by casting. An out-of-round hole machining device, which carries out inner diameter machining for a bore in a cast cylinder block includes the following: a stress deformation amount correspondence table that stores, for each portion of the cylinder block, a stress deformation amount based on stress that resides in the cylinder block during casting; a machining shape prediction section that predicts the machining shape on the basis of the stress deformation amount read from the stress deformation amount correspondence table; and a motor control unit that reverses the predicted machining shape with respect to a target shape and carries out reverse machining on a workpiece. 1. A round hole machining method of performing inside diameter machining on a cast work, wherein first master data storing an amount of stress deformation per part of the cast work is provided, and the round hole machining method comprises: a step of predicting, in the inside diameter machining, a machining shape of the cast work based on the amount of stress deformation read from the first master data; and a step of performing the inside diameter machining on the cast work such that an inverted shape obtained by inverting the machining shape predicted in the step with respect to a target shape is formed. 2. The round hole machining method according to claim 1 further comprising: a step of acquiring, in the inside diameter machining, machining load data corresponding to a machining load placed on an edge, wherein in the step of predicting the machining shape of the cast work, the machining shape of the cast work is predicted based on an amount of elastic deformation of the cast work corresponding to the machining load data and the amount of stress deformation. 3. The round hole machining method according to claim 2, wherein in the step of acquiring the machining load data, the machining load data is acquired based on a variation in torque when an immediately preceding cast work is machined. 4. The round hole machining method according to claim 2, wherein second master data in which a number of cast works machined is associated with a machining load corresponding to an amount of wear of the edge is provided, and in the step of acquiring the machining load data, the machining load data is acquired by reading the machining load corresponding to the number of cast works machined from the second master data. 5. The round hole machining method according to claim 1, wherein the inside diameter machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 6. A round hole-machining device for performing inside diameter machining on a cast work, the round hole-machining device comprising: first master data for storing an amount of stress deformation per part of the cast work; a machining shape prediction section for predicting, in the inside diameter machining, a machining shape of the cast work based on the amount of stress deformation read from the first master data; and a motor control section for performing the inside diameter machining on the cast work such that an inverted shape obtained by inverting the machining shape predicted with respect to a target shape is formed. 7. The round hole-machining device according to claim 6 further comprising: a machining load data acquisition section for acquiring, in the inside diameter machining, machining load data corresponding to a machining load placed on an edge, wherein the machining shape prediction section predicts the machining shape of the cast work based on an amount of elastic deformation of the cast work corresponding to the machining load data and the amount of stress deformation. 8. The round hole-machining device according to claim 7, wherein the machining load data acquisition section acquires the machining load data based on a variation in torque when an immediately preceding cast work is machined. 9. The round hole-machining device according to claim 7, wherein second master data in which a number of cast works machined is associated with a machining load corresponding to an amount of wear of the edge is provided, and the machining load data acquisition section acquires the machining load data by reading the machining load corresponding to the number of cast works machined from the second master data. 10. The round hole-machining device according to claim 6, wherein the round hole-machining device is a machining device using an edge tool for boring. 11. The round hole machining method according to claim 2, wherein the inside diameter machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 12. The round hole machining method according to claim 3, wherein the inside diameter machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 13. The round hole machining method according to claim 4, wherein the inside diameter machining is performed by using an edge tool for boring. 14. The round hole-machining device according to claim 7, wherein the round hole-machining device is a machining device using an edge tool for boring. 15. The round hole-machining device according to claim 8, wherein the round hole-machining device is a machining device using an edge tool for boring. 16. The round hole-machining device according to claim 9, wherein the round hole-machining device is a machining device using an edge tool for boring.",
-    "A catalyst composition including: (a) a chromium compound; (b) a ligand of the general structure (A) R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(R4)\u2014NR5R6 or (B) R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(XR7)R8 or R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(XR7)2, with X=O or S, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or trialkylsilyl, or any cyclic derivatives of (A) and (B), wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN-unit or PNP-unit is a member of the ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of structures (A) or (B) by substitution; and (c) an activator or co-catalyst; and a process for tri- and/or tetramerization. 1. A catalyst composition comprising: (a) a chromium compound; (b) a ligand of the general structure (A) R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(R4)\u2014NR5R6 or (B) R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(XR7)R8 or R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(XR7)2, with X=O or S, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or trialkylsilyl, or any cyclic derivatives of (A) and (B), wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN-unit or PNP-unit is a member of the ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of structures (A) or (B) by substitution; and (c) an activator or co-catalyst. 2. The catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the chromium compound is an organic salt, an inorganic salt, a coordination complex, an organometallic complexes of Cr(II), or Cr(III), or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 3. The catalyst composition according to claim 2, wherein the chromium compound is CrCl3(THF)3, Cr(III)acetylacetonate, Cr(III)octanoate, chromium hexacarbonyl, Cr(III)-2-ethylhexanoate, (benzene)tricarbonyl-chromium, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 4. The catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, or xylyl. 5. The catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the activator or co-catalyst is trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisopropylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, ethylaluminumsesquichloride, diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminumdichloride, methylaluminoxane (MAO), modified methylaminoxane (MMAO), or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 6. The catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the ligand is Ph2P\u2014N(i-Pr)\u2014P(Ph)-N(i-Pr)Ph, Ph2P\u2014N(i-Pr)\u2014P(Ph)-N(Me)C6H6, Ph2P\u2014N(i-Pr)\u2014P(Ph)S(i-Pr), Ph2P\u2014N(i-Pr)\u2014P(Ph)OC2H5, Ph2P\u2014N(i-Pr)P(Ph)OCH3, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 7. The catalyst composition according to claim 1, additionally comprising a solvent, wherein the solvent is one of aromatic hydrocarbons, straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons, straight-chain olefins, ethers, toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, cumene, xylenes, mesitylene, hexane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, hexene, heptene, octene, diethylether, tetrahydrofuran, chlorobenzene, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 8. The catalyst composition according to claim 7, wherein the concentration of the chromium compound is from 0.01 to 100 mmol/l. 9. The catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the ligand/Cr molar ratio is from 0.5 to 50. 10. The catalyst composition according to claim 5, wherein the Al/Cr molar ratio is from 1:1 to 1000:1. 11. A catalyst composition, obtainable by combining at least: (a) a chromium compound; (b) a ligand of the general structure (A) R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(R4)\u2014NR5R6 or (B) R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(XR7)R8 or R1R2P\u2014N(R3)\u2014P(XR7)2, wherein X=O or S, and R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, C6-C20-aryl, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, or trialkylsilyl, or any cyclic derivatives of (A) and (B), wherein at least one of the P or N atoms of the PNPN-unit or PNP-unit is a member of the ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of structures (A) or (B) by substitution; and (c) an activator or co-catalyst. 12. A process for tri- and/or tetramerization of ethylene, comprising subjecting the catalyst composition according to claim 1 to a gas phase of ethylene in a reactor and conducting an oligomerization. 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the oligomerization is carried out at a pressure of 1 to 200 bar. 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the oligomerization is carried out at a temperature of from 10 to 200\u00b0 C. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the mean residence time is from 10 minutes to 20 hours. 16. The process according to claim 13, wherein the pressure is 10 to 50 bar. 17. The process according to claim 14, wherein the temperature is from 20 to 100\u00b0 C. 18. The process according to claim 15, wherein the mean residence time is from 1 to 4 hours.",
-    "In manufacturing a hollow molded article by an apparatus for manufacturing a hollow molded article, a pair of molding dies and another pair of molding dies disposed to position a sheet-like parison therebetween are provided, and the sheet-like parison is transformed into a predetermined shape. Built-in parts are fixed by piston portions to the transformed sheet-like parison, then, at a position between a portion transformed by the pair of molding dies and another portion transformed by the other pair of molding dies, the sheet-like parison is cut by a cutter. After this cutting, predetermined molding dies are faced each other to be clamped. Thereby, both of transformed sheet-like parisons are joined together to manufacture a hollow molded article. 1-3. (canceled) 4. An apparatus for manufacturing a hollow molded article, comprising: a first molding device including a pair of a recessed molding die and a molding die disposed to position a sheet-like parison being in a plane state between the recessed molding die and the molding die, the device being a device to transform a portion of the sheet-like parison into a predetermined shape; a second molding device juxtaposed with the first molding device and including a pair of a recessed molding die and a molding die disposed to position the sheet-like parison between the recessed molding die and the molding die, the device being a device to transform a different portion of the sheet-like parison different from the portion into a predetermined shape; a fixing device disposed in the molding die facing the recessed molding die of at least one of the first molding device and the second molding device, the device being a device to fix a part to the transformed sheet-like parison; a cutting device to cut the sheet-like parison at a position between the portion transformed by the first molding device and the different portion transformed by the second molding device; and a moving device to relatively move the first molding device and the second molding device so that after cutting by the cutting device, the recessed molding die of the first molding device and the recessed molding die of the second molding device face each other and the recessed molding dies are clamped, wherein each of the first molding device and the second molding device comprises at least one of an evacuating device and an air blow device to transfer the sheet-like parison to a corresponding recessed molding die. 5. A method of manufacturing a hollow molded article, comprising: a step of transforming a portion of a sheet-like parison disposed in a plane state into a predetermined shape by a recessed molding die and a molding die of a first molding device while vacuuming by an evacuating device included in the first molding device, or while air-blowing by an air blow device included in the first molding device; a step of transforming a different portion of the sheet-like parison different from the portion into a predetermined shape by a recessed molding die and a molding die of a second molding device juxtaposed with the first molding device while vacuuming by an evacuating device included in the second molding device, or while air-blowing by an air blow device included in the second molding device; a step of fixing a part to a corresponding transformed portion of the sheet-like parison by a fixing device included in the molding die facing the recessed molding die of at least one of the first molding device and the second molding device; a step of cutting the sheet-like parison at a position between the portion transformed by the first molding device and the different portion transformed by the second molding device; and a step of facing the recessed molding die of the first molding device and the recessed molding die of the second molding device each other and clamping the recessed molding dies, the step of facing and clamping being performed after the step of cutting.",
-    "Remotely authenticating a device includes generating authentication data and secret key data in a controlled environment, sending the authentication data to a remote authentication engine, and sending the secret key data to a personalization engine to apply the secret key data to a device after sending the authentication data to the remote authentication engine such that the remote authentication engine has an ability to authenticate the device. 1. A method for remotely authenticating a device, comprising: generating authentication data and secret key data in a controlled environment; sending said authentication data to a remote authentication engine; and sending said secret key data to a personalization engine to apply said secret key data to a device after sending said authentication data to said remote authentication engine such that said remote authentication engine has an ability to authenticate said device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying said secret key data to said device includes applying said secret key data to an authentication microcontroller. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising incorporating said authentication microcontroller into circuitry of said device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein sending said authentication data to a remote authentication engine includes sending said authentication data in a signed format. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said device is a printer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said secret key data includes a symmetric key. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said authentication data includes a challenge data and expected responses. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising recording a device identifier from said device and a microcontroller identifier of a microcontroller incorporated into said device during an initial authentication session. 9. A system for remotely authenticating a device, comprising: a generating engine to generate authentication data and secret key data in a controlled environment; a sending engine to send said authentication data to a remote authentication engine and said secret key data to a personalization engine where said personalization engine applies said secret key data to a microcontroller. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein said microcontroller is part of a printer. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein said authentication data includes a public key. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein said secret key data includes a private key. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein said authentication data includes challenge data and expected responses, and said secret key data includes a symmetric key. 14. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium, comprising computer readable instructions that, when executed, causes a processor to: generate a symmetric key; send said symmetric key to said personalization engine to be incorporated into a printer; and send challenge data and expected response to a remote authentication engine to authenticate said printer remotely in response to a service request. 15. The computer program product of claim 14, further comprising computer readable instructions to cause said processor to send said challenge data and said expected responses to said remote authentication engine before sending said symmetric key to said personalization engine.",
-    "The invention relates to a process for separating a composition of matter with the aid of a membrane cascade having at least two stages, in which a separation is effected in each stage at at least one membrane at a separation temperature set for the particular stage. The invention further relates to a corresponding membrane cascade, to the use of said membrane cascade for catalyst separation from homogeneously catalysed mixtures, and to a process for hydroformylation, in which the catalyst is separated by means of a membrane cascade. The problem addressed thereby is that of specifying a membrane-based process for separating compositions of matter, which has a minimum membrane area requirement and nevertheless fulfils the separation task and separation performance required. This problem is solved by the use of a membrane cascade with falling separation temperature. 1. Process for separating a composition of matter with the aid of a membrane cascade having at least two stages, in which a separation is effected in each stage at at least one membrane at a separation temperature set for the particular stage, characterized in that the particular separation temperature falls from stage to stage in the direction of the incoming composition of matter. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane cascade is an enriching cascade. 3. Process according to claim 2, characterized in that the permeate that results from the membrane cascade has permeated through all the stages of the membrane cascade. 4. Process according to claim 2, characterized in that at least the retentate of one stage is recycled into the feed to the same stage and/or into the feed to another stage positioned counter to the direction of the incoming composition of matter. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the membrane cascade has exactly two or exactly three or exactly four stages. 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that each stage of the membrane cascade has a dedicated temperature control unit which sets the temperature of the feed to the particular stage to the particular temperature set for that stage. 7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one temperature control unit is a cooler. 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition of matter originates from a homogeneously catalyzed chemical reaction, and in that it comprises at least one product of the reaction, at least one reactant unconverted in the reaction, and the catalyst system present in the reaction and/or at least one constituent and/or a degradation product thereof, the catalyst system or constituent thereof or degradation product thereof being dissolved in the composition of matter. 9. Process according to claim 8, characterized in that the reaction is a hydroformylation, the product being an aldehyde or an alcohol, the reactant being an olefin or synthesis gas, and the catalyst system being rhodium complexed with an organometallic complex, especially with an organophosphorus complex. 10. Membrane cascade, especially enriching cascade, for separating a composition of matter, comprising at least two stages arranged in series, characterized in that each stage of the membrane cascade has a dedicated temperature control unit, by mean of which the temperature of the feed to the particular stage is set to a particular temperature set for that stage, and the particular separation temperatures are set such that\u2014viewed in the direction of the incoming composition of matter\u2014the particular separation temperature falls from stage to stage. 11. Use of a membrane cascade according to claim 10 for separation of a dissolved catalyst complex and/or at least one constituent and/or degradation product thereof from a composition of matter originating from a chemical reaction homogeneously catalysed in the presence of the catalyst complex. 12. Process for hydroformylating ethylenically unsaturated compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a dissolved metal complex of a metal of the eighth transition group of the Periodic Table of the Elements with at least one organophosphorus compound as ligands, in which a reaction mixture comprising not only hydroformylation products but also unconverted reactants and the catalyst system or at least constituents and/or degradation products thereof in dissolved form is obtained, wherein the reaction mixture is sent to a catalyst separation in which the catalyst system or constituents and/or degradation products thereof are separated from the reaction mixture at least partly by means of membrane technology for the purpose of recycling into the hydroformylation, characterized in that the catalyst separation comprises a membrane cascade having at least two stages, in which a separation is effected in each stage at at least one membrane at a separation temperature set for that particular stage, the particular separation temperature falling from stage to stage\u2014viewed in the direction of the incoming reaction mixture. 13. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that at least the retentate of one stage is recycled into the feed to the same stage and/or into the feed to another stage positioned counter to the direction of the incoming composition of matter.",
-    "A vehicular side airbag apparatus including chambers corresponding to an occupant's shoulder, lumbar, and chest and having three-dimensional shapes formed by baffles inside a side airbag and providing a thickness. The first baffle extends in a vehicular front-rear direction and is joined to a rear edge 103a of a side airbag 103 at a rear end 107b of the first baffle. The second baffle extends in a vehicular up-down direction and has an overlap portion 109 which is set at a longitudinally intermediate position of the second baffle and to which a longitudinally front end 107c of the first baffle is connected along with a vehicular interior panel 105 and a vehicular exterior panel 106. Longitudinal both ends 108b and 108c of the second baffle are joined to an outer peripheral edge of the side airbag 103. 1. A vehicular side airbag apparatus in the form of a side airbag that is built into a seatback and that is deployed and inflated from a vehicular rear direction toward a vehicular front direction through a gap between an occupant and a vehicular side portion when an inflator gas is fed into the side airbag, comprising; the side airbag is formed by joining, along an outer peripheral seam line, outer peripheral edges of a vehicular interior panel and a vehicular exterior panel that face each other, the side airbag forming three chambers including a lumbar restraining chamber, a shoulder restraining chamber, and a chest restraining chamber inside the side airbag, an inflator that injects the inflator gas is provided in a vehicular rear portion inside the side airbag, a main portion of the side airbag is formed of at least one of the shoulder and lumbar restraining chambers, the side airbag is attached to the seatback such that a vehicular rear portion of the main portion is inflated inside the seatback, the three chambers are separated from one another by a first baffle and a second baffle, the first baffle is shaped like a band having a width in a vehicular width direction and extends in a vehicular front-rear direction inside the side airbag, and is joined, at a longitudinally rear end of the first baffle, to a rear edge of the side airbag, and the second baffle is shaped like a band having a width in the vehicular width direction and extends in a vehicular up-down direction inside the side airbag, and has a baffle overlap area which is set at an intermediate position of the second baffle and to which a longitudinally front end of the first baffle is connected along with the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, and both ends of the second baffle are joined to an outer peripheral edge of the side airbag. 2. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; in the baffle overlap area, an angle formed by the second baffle and the first baffle on a side facing the inflator is set to an acute angle. 3. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; a gap is formed between the longitudinally front end of the first baffle and the second baffle so as to form an internal vent hole. 4. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; the first baffle is formed using one panel material and is joined at both side edges of the first baffle, to the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, respectively, and is simultaneously joined, at the longitudinally rear end of the first baffle, to the outer peripheral seam line. 5. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; the second baffle is formed using one panel material and is joined, at both side edges of the second baffle, to the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, respectively, and is simultaneously joined to the outer peripheral seam line at a longitudinally upper end of the second baffle that extends at least from the baffle overlap area toward an upper side of the side airbag. 6. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; the second baffle is formed using one panel material, is joined, at the both side edges of the second baffle, to the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, respectively, and is simultaneously joined to the outer peripheral seam line at a longitudinally lower end of the second baffle that extends at least from the baffle overlap area toward a lower side of the side airbag. 7. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; the first baffle includes at least two panel pieces with substantially the same length and substantially the same width, the first baffle is formed by joining together first side edges of the panel pieces in the longitudinal direction between the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, second side edges of the panel pieces of the first baffle are joined to the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, respectively, and the longitudinally rear end of the first baffle is simultaneously joined to the outer peripheral seam line. 8. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; the second baffle includes at least two panel pieces with substantially the same length and substantially the same width, the second baffle is formed by joining together first side edges of the panel pieces in the longitudinal direction between the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, second side edges of the panel pieces of the second baffle are joined to the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, respectively, and a longitudinally upper end of the second baffle that extends at least from the baffle overlap area toward an upper side of the side airbag is simultaneously joined to the outer peripheral seam line. 9. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; the second baffle includes at least two panel pieces with substantially the same length and substantially the same width, the second baffle is formed by joining together first side edges of the panel pieces in the longitudinal direction between the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, second side edges of the panel pieces of the second baffle are joined to the vehicular interior panel and the vehicular exterior panel, respectively, and a longitudinally lower end of the second baffle that extends at least from the baffle overlap area toward a lower side of the side airbag is simultaneously joined to the outer peripheral seam line. 10. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; a flexible sleeve having openings at both ends thereof is provided inside the side airbag so as to surround the inflator and to penetrate the first baffle, and the flexible sleeve is deformed by the inflator gas flowing into one of the shoulder and lumbar restraining chambers partitioned from each other by the first baffle to inhibit the inflator gas from flowing out toward the other of the shoulder and lumbar restraining chambers. 11. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 10 further comprising; the inflator is shaped like a cylinder, has a plurality of gas injection holes arranged in a circumferential direction near one of longitudinal both ends of the inflator and has a connector for supply of an ignition signal provided at the other longitudinal end of the inflator, an opening through which an interior and an exterior of the side airbag are connected together is formed in the vehicular rear portion of the side airbag such that the connector is exposed to the outside of the side airbag and the gas injection holes are arranged inside the side airbag, and the inflator is installed so as to penetrate the opening. 12. A vehicular side airbag apparatus comprising a side airbag that includes a vehicular interior panel member and a vehicular exterior panel member and that is deployed and inflated from a vehicular rear direction toward a vehicular front direction between an occupant and a vehicular side portion when an inflator gas is fed into the side airbag, the vehicular side airbag apparatus further comprising: a front up-down partitioning portion formed inside the side airbag so as to extend in a vehicular front-rear direction from a front end toward a rear end of the side airbag to a point at a distance from the rear end of the side airbag; a rear up-down partitioning portion formed inside the side airbag so as to extend in the vehicular front-rear direction from the rear end toward the front end of the side airbag to a point at a distance from the front end of the side airbag, the rear up-down partitioning portion including an overlap portion partially facing the front up-down partitioning portion in the up-down direction; an upper bag area defined in an internal upper portion of the side airbag by the front and rear up-down partitioning portions; a lower bag area defined in an internal lower portion of the side airbag by the front and rear up-down partitioning portions; and an inflator arranged on a rear side of the side airbag in the vehicular front-rear direction to feed the inflator gas into the upper bag area, and between the overlap portion and the front up-down partitioning portion, a gas passage is formed through which the inflator gas flows from the upper bag area into the lower bag area and which is closed off by at least one of the overlap portion and the front up-down partitioning portion that are flexibly deformed by the inflator gas fed into the lower bag area. 13. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising; the front up-down partitioning portion includes an upper extension portion extending continuously from a rear end of the front up-down partitioning portion in the vehicular front-rear direction toward an upper side in a vehicular up-down direction and reaching an upper end of the side airbag, the upper bag area is partitioned into a front upper bag area and a rear upper bag area by the upper extension portion, and a gas introduction path for feeding the inflator gas from the rear upper bag area to the front upper bag area is formed in the upper extension portion. 14. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising; the front up-down partitioning portion is formed using a first band-like member, widthwise both ends of the first band-like member are integrally joined to the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member, respectively, and a front end of the first band-like member is integrally joined to the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member. 15. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising; the rear up-down partitioning portion is formed using a second band-like member, widthwise both ends of the second band-like member are integrally joined to the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member, respectively, and a rear end of the second band-like member is integrally joined to the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member. 16. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising; the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member each include an upper panel portion and a lower panel portion, and the upper panel portion and the lower panel portion are joined together by laying a lower portion of the upper panel portion on top of an upper portion of the lower panel portion. 17. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 15 further comprising; both side edges of the first band-like member are joined to the lower panel portions included in the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member such that the first band-like member bridges upper portions of the lower panel portions, and both side edges of the second band-like member are joined to the upper panel portions integrally with the lower panel portions and the first band-like member such that the second band-like member is sandwiched between the upper portions of the lower panel portions. 18. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 16 further comprising; a mountain fold portion is formed in the upper portion of the lower panel portion such that the lower panel portion curves upward, the first band-like member is laid on top of the lower panel portion so as to stride over the mountain fold portion, and both side edges of the second band-like member are joined to the upper panel portions integrally with the lower panel portion and the first band-like member such that the second band-like member is held by the mountain fold portion of the lower panel portion in a sandwiched manner. 19. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising; the first band-like member has a mountain fold portion formed by folding the first band-like member downward, both side edges of the second band-like member are joined to the vehicular interior panel member and the vehicular exterior panel member integrally with the first band-like member such that the second band-like member is held by the mountain fold portion of the first band-like member in a sandwiched manner. 20. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising; upon inflation of the side airbag the inflator gas is first supplied to inflate the shoulder restraining chamber and thereafter the lumbar restraining chamber is inflated. 21. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 12 further comprising; the inflator gas is injected from the inflator to first inflate the upper bag area and thereafter the lower bag area. 22. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 14 further comprising; wherein when the lower bag area is deployed and inflated and the inflator gas acts on the overlap portion and a gas pressure acts on the overlap portion, a portion of the second band-like member is pushed upward toward the first band-like member. 22. The vehicular side airbag apparatus according to claim 21 further comprising; upon activation of the side airbag wherein the lower bag is filled with the inflator gas to increase the pressure in the lower bag area and when the pressure in the lower bag area reaches a set pressure the overlap portion is flexibly deformed and brought into contact with the front up-down partitioning portion and the gas passage is closed off, and the inflator gas is fed into the upper bag area to further deform the first band-like member so as to push the first band-like member down toward the portion of the second band-like member located at the overlap portion.",
-    "A continuous process for the preparation of propylene oxide, comprising (i) providing a liquid feed stream comprising propene, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, water, optionally propane, and at least one dissolved potassium salt; (ii) passing the feed stream provided in (i) into an epoxidation reactor comprising a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of structure type MWW, and subjecting the feed stream to epoxidation reaction conditions in the epoxidation reactor, obtaining a reaction mixture comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, the at least one potassium salt, optionally propene, and optionally pane; (iii) removing an effluent stream from the epoxidation reactor, the effluent stream comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, at least a portion of the at least one potassium salt, optionally propene, and optionally propane. 1. A continuous process for the preparation of propylene oxide, the process comprising (i) providing a liquid feed stream comprising propene, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, water, optionally propane, and at least one dissolved potassium salt; (ii) passing the feed stream provided in (i) into an epoxidation reactor comprising a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of structure MWW, and subjecting the feed stream to epoxidation reaction conditions in the epoxidation reactor, obtaining a reaction mixture comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, the at least one potassium salt, optionally propene, and optionally propane; and (iii) removing an effluent stream from the epoxidation reactor, the effluent stream comprising propylene oxide, acetonitrile, water, at least a portion of the at least one potassium salt, optionally propene, and optionally propane. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one potassium salt is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt, at least one organic potassium salt, and a combination of at least one inorganic potassium salt and at least one organic potassium salt. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one potassium salt is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, a potassium halide, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate, and potassium perchlorate, at least one organic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of a potassium salt of aliphatic saturated monocarboxylic acid, potassium carbonate, and potassium hydrogen carbonate, and a combination of at least one of the at least one inorganic potassium salt and at least one of the at least one organic potassium salt. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one potassium salt is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, potassium chloride, and potassium nitrate, at least one organic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium formate, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, and potassium hydrogen carbonate, and a combination of at least one of the at least one inorganic potassium salt and at least one of the at least one organic potassium salt. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one potassium salt comprises potassium formate, potassium acetate, or a mixture thereof. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the at least one dissolved potassium salt in the liquid feed stream provided in (i) is at least 10%, of the solubility limit of the at least one potassium salt in the liquid feed stream provided in (i). 7. The process of claim 1, wherein in (i), a molar ratio of potassium comprised in the at least one potassium salt relative to hydrogen peroxide comprised in the liquid feed stream is in a range of from 5\u00d710\u22126:1 to 1000\u00d710\u22126:1. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein in (i), a molar ratio of potassium relative to hydrogen peroxide in the liquid feed stream is in a range of from 5\u00d710\u22126:1 to 1000\u00d710\u22126:1. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed stream provided in (i) comprises acetonitrile in an amount of from 60 to 75 weight-%, based on a total weight of the liquid feed stream; hydrogen peroxide in an amount of from 6 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the liquid feed stream; water in a molar ratio of water relative to acetonitrile of at most 1:4; propene with a molar ratio of propene relative to hydrogen peroxide comprised in the liquid feed stream in a range of from 1:1 to 1.5:1; and optionally propane with a molar ratio of propane relative to a sum of propene and propane in a range of from 0.0001:1 to 0.15:1; wherein at least 95 weight-% of the liquid feed stream provided in (i) consist of propene, hydrogen peroxide, acetonitrile, water, the at least one potassium salt, and optionally propane. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed stream provided in (i) contains ammonium NH4+ in an amount of at most 2 weight-ppm. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid feed stream provided in (i) contains sodium in a molar ratio of sodium relative to hydrogen peroxide in a range of from 1\u00d710\u22126:1 to 250\u00d710\u22126:1. 12-21. (canceled) 22. The process of claim 1, wherein the titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW comprised in the catalyst in (ii) contains titanium, calculated as elemental titanium, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on a total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW. 23. The process of claim 1, wherein the titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW comprised in the catalyst in (ii) contains zinc, calculated as elemental zinc, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on a total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW. 24. The process of claim 1, wherein the epoxidation reaction according to (ii) has a propylene oxide selectivity of at least 95%, wherein the propylene oxide selectivity is defined as a molar amount of propylene oxide comprised in the effluent stream removed in (iii) relative to a molar amount of hydrogen peroxide comprised in the liquid feed stream provided in (i). 25-26. (canceled) 27. The process of claim 1, wherein the effluent stream removed in (iii) comprises propene, optionally propane, and optionally oxygen, the process further comprising (iv) separating propene, optionally together with propane and oxygen, from the effluent stream, obtaining a stream S01 enriched in propylene oxide, acetonitrile, and water; and (v) separating propylene oxide from S01, obtaining a stream comprising propylene oxide and depleted of acetonitrile and water. 28. A catalytic system comprising a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of structure MWW optionally comprising zinc, and at least one potassium salt, wherein the at least one potassium salt is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt, at least one organic potassium salt, and a combination of at least one inorganic potassium salt and at least one organic potassium salt. 29. The catalytic system of claim 28, wherein the at least one potassium salt is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, potassium chloride, and potassium nitrate, at least one organic potassium salt selected from the group consisting of potassium formate, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, and potassium hydrogen carbonate, and a combination of at least one of the at least one inorganic potassium salt and at least one of the at least one organic potassium salt. 30. The catalytic system of claim 28, wherein the titanium zeolite of structure MWW optionally comprising zinc which is comprised in the catalyst contains titanium, calculated as elemental titanium, in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on a total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW optionally comprising zinc, and optionally contains zinc, calculated as elemental zinc, in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW optionally comprising zinc. 31-32. (canceled) 33. A process for preparing propylene oxide, the process comprising: employing at least one potassium salt as an additive for a catalyst comprising a titanium zeolite of framework structure MWW optionally comprising zinc. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the at least one potassium salt is selected from the group consisting of at least one inorganic potassium salt least one organic potassium salt, and a combination of at least one of the at least one inorganic potassium salt and at least one of the at least one organic potassium salt. 35. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention includes a reactor main body (4) that is formed into a tubular shape having an axis (O) as the center and accumulates a slurry (S); a gas supply line (10) for incorporating a synthesis gas (G) into the reactor main body (4), and a sparger part (5) that is disposed in a lower portion within the reactor main body (4), communicates with the gas supply line (10), and sprays the synthesis gas (G). The sparger part (5) includes a header tube (15) in which a plurality of openings are formed so as to be separated from each other in a first direction and which sprays the synthesis gas (G) from the openings, and a pair of wall surface parts that protrude from the header tube (15), on opposing sides of the plurality of openings and in a direction orthogonal to the first direction. 1. A reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis that brings a synthesis gas including carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas as main components into contact with a slurry having a solid catalyst suspended in liquid hydrocarbons to synthesize hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, the reactor comprising: a reactor main body that is formed into a tubular shape having an axis as the center and accumulates the slurry; a gas supply line for incorporating a synthesis gas into the reactor main body; and a sparger part that is disposed at a lower portion within the reactor main body, communicates with the gas supply line, and sprays the synthesis gas; wherein the sparger part includes: a header tube in which a plurality of openings are formed so as to be separated from each other in a first direction and which sprays the synthesis gas from the openings; and a pair of wall surface parts that are provided to protrude from the header tube, on opposing sides of the plurality of openings and in a direction orthogonal to the first direction. 2. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the header tubes are annularly formed around the axis and are concentrically provided; wherein the plurality of openings open downward and are formed at a distance from each other in a circumferential direction of the axis as the first direction in the header tube; and wherein the pair of wall surface parts protrude downward from the header tube. 3. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the header tubes extend in a horizontal direction orthogonal to the axis and are formed in parallel so as to be separated from each other; wherein the plurality of openings open downward and are formed at a distance from each other in an extending direction of the header tube as the first direction in the header tube; and wherein the pair of wall surface parts protrude downward from the header tube. 4. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 1, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts to the opening diameter of the openings is 1 to 8 and the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the opening diameter is 4 to 10. 5. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 1, wherein the opening diameter of the openings is 5 mm; wherein the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is 5 mm to 40 mm; and wherein the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts is 20 mm to 50 mm. 6. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 1, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is equal to or greater than 2.5. 7. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 2, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts to the opening diameter of the openings is 1 to 8 and the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the opening diameter is 4 to 10. 8. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 3, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts to the opening diameter of the openings is 1 to 8 and the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the opening diameter is 4 to 10. 9. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 2, wherein the opening diameter of the openings is 5 mm; wherein the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is 5 mm to 40 mm; and wherein the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts is 20 mm to 50 mm. 10. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 3, wherein the opening diameter of the openings is 5 mm; wherein the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is 5 mm to 40 mm; and wherein the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts is 20 mm to 50 mm. 11. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 4, wherein the opening diameter of the openings is 5 mm; wherein the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is 5 mm to 40 mm; and wherein the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts is 20 mm to 50 mm. 12. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 2, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is equal to or greater than 2.5. 13. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 3, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is equal to or greater than 2.5. 14. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 4, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is equal to or greater than 2.5. 15. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 5, wherein the pair of wall surface parts are provided so that the ratio of the protruding height of the pair of wall surface parts to the separation distance between the pair of wall surface parts is equal to or greater than 2.5.",
-    "A composition includes: a continuous liquid phase including an acrylic monomer and an epoxy monomer; and a dispersed nanoparticulate including ZrO2 modified with an acrylic silane; and wherein the composition is transparent to visible light when coated on a lens. In addition, a method including the steps of: mixing an acrylic silane and a methanol-based ZrO2 sol to create a methanol-based silane-modified ZrO2 sol; then mixing at least an acrylic monomer, an epoxy monomer, and the methanol-based silane-modified ZrO2 sol to obtain the composition. The composition can be adapted for coating and curing onto another substrate, such as an ophthalmic lens. 1. A method comprising the steps of: mixing an acrylic silane and a methanol-based ZrO2 sol to create a methanol-based silane-modified ZrO2 sol; then mixing at least an acrylic monomer, an epoxy monomer, and the methanol-based silane-modified ZrO2 sol to obtain a composition comprising: a continuous liquid phase comprising an acrylic monomer and an epoxy monomer; and a dispersed nanoparticulate comprising ZrO2 modified with an acrylic silane; and wherein the composition is transparent to visible light. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: forming the methanol-based ZrO2 sol. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of forming the methanol-based ZrO2 sol comprises the step of: dialyzing a water-based ZrO2 sol in a methanol bath. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the acrylic silane to ZrO2 is in the range of 0.1:1 to 0.2:1. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the acrylic monomer to the epoxy monomer is in the wt % range of approximately 10:90 to 90:10. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the dispersed nanoparticulate is in the range of 10 to 70 wt % of the composition. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: removing essentially all the methanol from the composition. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises at least one photo-polymerization initiator for polymerizing the acrylic and epoxy monomers. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a surfactant. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of coating the composition onto an ophthalmic substrate. 11. A composition comprising: a continuous liquid phase comprising an acrylic monomer and an epoxy monomer; and a dispersed nanoparticulate comprising ZrO2 modified with an acrylic silane; and wherein the composition is transparent to visible light. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the acrylic silane is 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (\u201cMPS\u201d). 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the molar ratio of the acrylic silane to ZrO2 is in the range of 0.1:1 to 0.2:1. 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the ratio of the acrylic monomer to the epoxy monomer is in the wt % range of approximately 10:90 to 90:10. 15. The composition of claim 11, wherein the acrylic monomer is a difunctional (meth)acrylic monomer(s) or a multifunctional (meth)acrylic monomer(s). 16. The composition of claim 11, wherein the acrylic monomer is 1,6-hexandiol diacrylate (HDDA). 17. The composition of claim 11, wherein the epoxy monomer is a difunctional epoxy monomer(s) or a multifunctional epoxy monomer(s). 18. The composition of claim 11, wherein the epoxy monomer is 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE). 19. The composition of claim 11, wherein the dispersed nanoparticulate is in the range of 10 to 70 wt % of the wet composition. 20. An optical article comprising: an ophthalmic lens substrate; and a transparent, cured coating on the ophthalmic lens substrate, wherein the coating comprises: a continuous solid phase comprising an acrylic-epoxy copolymer; and a dispersed nanoparticulate of ZrO2 modified with an acrylic silane.",
-    "The method for the long-term storage of waste nuclear fuel of a nuclear reactor consists in that, first, prior to the waste fuel assembly of the nuclear reactor being disposed in a steel case and the latter being hermetically sealed with a cover, a material which is chemically inert in relation to the material of the casing of the fuel elements of the waste fuel assemblies, to the material of the body of the case, to air and to water, is arranged in the steel case, the steel case is mounted in a heating device, the steel case is heated along with the material arranged in said steel case until said material passes into a liquid state, and then the waste fuel assembly which has been extracted from the nuclear reactor is arranged in the steel case in such a way that the fuel part of the fuel elements of the waste fuel assemblies is lower than the level of the liquid material in the steel case, the waste fuel assembly is fixed in this position, and the case is hermetically sealed by the cover, whereupon the hermetically sealed steel case is extracted from the heating device and mounted in a storage facility which is cooled by atmospheric air. This technical solution makes it possible to ensure long-term safe storage of waste fuel assemblies of a nuclear reactor in storage facilities with cooling using atmospheric air, in particular with natural circulation of atmospheric air, and also to transport the waste fuel assemblies to a factory for processing so as to ensure an increased level of safety. 1. A method for the long-term storage of waste nuclear fuel of a nuclear reactor, comprising the steps of: placing waste fuel assemblies of the nuclear reactor in a steel case; hermetically sealing the steel case with a cover; wherein prior to that, a material that is chemically inert in relation to the material of a casing of fuel elements of the waste fuel assemblies, to the material of a body of the steel case, to air and to water, is arranged in the steel case; mounting the steel case in a heating device; heating the steel case along with the material arranged in the steel case until the material passes into a liquid state; arranging the waste fuel assembly that has been extracted from the nuclear reactor in the steel case in such a way that a fuel part of the fuel elements of the waste fuel assemblies is lower than a level of the liquid material in the steel case, wherein the waste fuel assembly is fixed in this position; extracting the hermetically sealed steel case from the heating device; and mounting the hermetically sealed steel case in a storage facility that is cooled by atmospheric air. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein lead is used as the material that is chemically inert. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the storage facility that is cooled using atmospheric air includes boxes for the steel cases with the waste fuel assemblies and protector plugs above each box, wherein the storage facility is closed after it is filled up, and wherein cooling of the steel cases in the storage facility is performed using natural circulation of atmospheric air.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a wide viewing angle panel and a display device, in each row of sub pixels of the wide viewing angle panel, every three sub pixels constitute a pixel unit, which is arranged in an array, the pixel unit includes a first pixel unit and a second pixel unit, the brightness of the first pixel unit is higher than that of the second pixel unit, the area of the first pixel unit is equal to that of the second pixel unit, the first pixel unit and the second pixel unit are uniformly disposed on the array. The display device includes the wide viewing angle panel as descripted above. The present disclosure can increase the transmittance of the wide viewing angle panel, reduce the energy consumption of backlight, and make the design of the pixel unit distribution more flexible in the wide viewing angle panel. 1. A wide viewing angle panel, which comprises a plurality of scan lines parallel to each other, a plurality of data lines parallel to each other, and a plurality of sub pixels; the scan lines and the data lines are intersecting with each other, the sub pixels are arranged in an array, the sub pixels in each row and each of the scan lines are disposed at intervals, the sub pixels in each column and each of the data lines are disposed at intervals, each of the sub pixels is electrically connected to the scan line and the data line; in each row of the sub pixels, every three sub pixels constitute a pixel unit, the pixel unit is arranged in an array, the pixel unit comprises a first pixel unit and a second pixel unit, a brightness of the first pixel unit is higher than that of the second pixel unit, an area of the first pixel unit is equal to that of the second pixel unit, the first pixel unit is uniformly disposed on the array, the second pixel unit is uniformly disposed on the array; wherein, a ratio of the number of the first pixel unit and the number of the second pixel unit is 0.1-100; the sub pixels that constitute the first pixel unit are regarded a first sub pixel; the sub pixels that constitute the second pixel unit are regarded as a second sub pixel; the first sub pixel and the second sub pixel in the same row are both connected to a scan line corresponding to a row where the sub pixels are disposed; the first sub pixel and the second sub pixel in the same column are both connected to a data line corresponding to a column where the sub pixels are disposed; each sub pixel is connected to a first TFT, a gate of the first TFT is connected to the scan line corresponding to the sub pixel, a source of the first TFT is connected to the data line corresponding to the sub pixel, a drain of the first TFT is connected to a capacitor and further connected to a pixel electrode of the sub pixel; each of the second sub pixel is further connected to a second TFT for reducing a voltage of a pixel electrode of the second sub pixel; in each row of the pixel units, each of the first pixel unit and each of the second pixel unit are disposed at intervals, and in each column of the pixel units, each of the first pixel unit and each of the second pixel unit are disposed at intervals. 2. A wide viewing angle panel, which comprises a plurality of scan lines parallel to each other, a plurality of data lines parallel to each other, and a plurality of sub pixels; the scan lines and the data lines are intersecting with each other, the sub pixels are arranged in an array, the sub pixels in each row and each of the scan lines are disposed at intervals, the sub pixels in each column and each of the data lines are disposed at intervals, each of the sub pixels is electrically connected to the scan line and the data line; in each row of the sub pixels, every three sub pixels constitute a pixel unit, the pixel unit is arranged in an array, the pixel unit comprises a first pixel unit and a second pixel unit, a brightness of the first pixel unit is higher than that of the second pixel unit, an area of the first pixel unit is equal to that of the second pixel unit, the first pixel unit is uniformly disposed on the array, the second pixel unit is uniformly disposed on the array. 3. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein a ratio of the number of the first pixel unit and the number of the second pixel unit is 0.1-100. 4. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sub pixels that constitute the first pixel unit are regarded a first sub pixel; the sub pixels that constitute the second pixel unit are regarded as a second sub pixel; the first sub pixel and the second sub pixel in the same row are both connected to a scan line corresponding to a row where the sub pixels are disposed; the first sub pixel and the second sub pixel in the same column are both connected to a data line corresponding to a column where the sub pixels are disposed. 5. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein each sub pixel is connected to a first TFT, a gate of the first TFT is connected to the scan line corresponding to the sub pixel, a source of the first TFT is connected to the data line corresponding to the sub pixel, a drain of the first TFT is connected to a capacitor and further connected to a pixel electrode of the sub pixel; each of the second sub pixel is further connected to a second TFT for reducing a voltage of a pixel electrode of the second sub pixel. 6. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein a gate of the second TFT is connected to the scan line corresponding to the sub pixels in the row where the second sub pixel is disposed, one end of a source/drain of the second TFT is connected to a pixel electrode of the second sub pixel, another end of the second TFT is connected to a common electrode corresponding to the second sub pixel. 7. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein the gate of the second TFT is connected to a scan line corresponding to the sub pixels in a row next to the row where the second sub pixel is disposed, one end of the source/drain of the second TFT is connected to the pixel electrode of the second sub pixel, another end of the second TFT is connected to a capacitor and further connected to the common electrode corresponding to the second sub pixel. 8. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein in each row of the pixel units, each of the first pixel unit and each of the second pixel unit are disposed at intervals, and in each column of the pixel unit, each of the first pixel unit and each of the second pixel unit are disposed at intervals. 9. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein in each row of the pixel units, at least two adjacent pixel units constitute a row pixel unit group, the row pixel unit group comprises a first row pixel unit group and a second row pixel unit group, the pixel units of the first row pixel group are regarded as the first pixel unit, the pixel units of the second row pixel unit group are regarded as the second pixel unit, the first row pixel unit group and the second row pixel unit group are disposed at intervals in each row of the pixel units; and in each column of the pixel units, at least two adjacent pixel units constitute a column pixel unit group, the column pixel unit group comprises a first column pixel unit group and a second column pixel unit group, the pixel units of the first column pixel group are regarded as the first pixel unit, the pixel units of the second column pixel unit group are regarded as the second pixel unit, the first column pixel unit group and the second column pixel unit group are disposed at intervals in each column of the pixel units. 10. The wide viewing angle panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein in the array formed by the pixel units, eight pixel units that surround each of the second pixel unit are regarded as the first pixel unit. 11. A display device, wherein the display device comprises a wide viewing angle panel, the wide viewing angle panel comprises a plurality of scan lines parallel to each other, a plurality of data lines parallel to each other, and a plurality of sub pixels; the scan lines and the data lines are intersecting with each other, the sub pixels are arranged in an array, the sub pixels in each row and each of the scan lines are disposed at intervals, the sub pixels in each column and each of the data lines are disposed at intervals, each of the sub pixels is electrically connected to the scan line and the data line; in each row of the sub pixels, every three sub pixels constitute a pixel unit, the pixel unit is arranged in an array, the pixel unit comprises a first pixel unit and a second pixel unit, a brightness of the first pixel unit is higher than that of the second pixel unit, an area of the first pixel unit is equal to that of the second pixel unit, the first pixel unit is uniformly disposed on the array, the second pixel unit is uniformly disposed on the array. 12. The display device as claimed in claim 11, wherein a ratio of the number of the first pixel unit and the number of the second pixel unit is 0.1-100. 13. The display device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the sub pixels that constitute the first pixel unit are regarded a first sub pixel; the sub pixels that constitute the second pixel unit are regarded as a second sub pixel; the first sub pixel and the second sub pixel in the same row are both connected to a scan line corresponding to a row where the sub pixels are disposed; the first sub pixel and the second sub pixel in the same column are both connected to a data line corresponding to a column where the sub pixels are disposed. 14. The display device as claimed in claim 13, wherein each sub pixel is connected to a first TFT, a gate of the first TFT is connected to the scan line corresponding to the sub pixel, a source of the first TFT is connected to the data line corresponding to the sub pixel, a drain of the first TFT is connected to a capacitor and further connected to a pixel electrode of the sub pixel; each of the second sub pixel is further connected to a second TFT for reducing a voltage of a pixel electrode of the second sub pixel. 15. The display device as claimed in claim 14, wherein a gate of the second TFT is connected to the scan line corresponding to the sub pixels in the row where the second sub pixel is disposed, one end of a source/drain of the second TFT is connected to a pixel electrode of the second sub pixel, another end of the second TFT is connected to a common electrode corresponding to the second sub pixel. 16. The display device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the gate of the second TFT is connected to a scan line corresponding to the sub pixels in a row next to the row where the second sub pixel is disposed, one end of the source/drain of the second TFT is connected to the pixel electrode of the second sub pixel, another end of the second TFT is connected to a capacitor and further connected to the common electrode corresponding to the second sub pixel. 17. The display device as claimed in claim 13, wherein in each row of the pixel units, each of the first pixel unit and each of the second pixel unit are disposed at intervals, and in each column of the pixel units, each of the first pixel unit and each of the second pixel unit are disposed at intervals. 18. The display device as claimed in claim 13, wherein in each row of the pixel units, at least two adjacent pixel units constitute a row pixel unit group, the row pixel unit group comprises a first row pixel unit group and a second row pixel unit group, the pixel units of the first row pixel group are regarded as the first pixel unit, the pixel units of the second row pixel unit group are regarded as the second pixel unit, the first row pixel unit group and the second row pixel unit group are disposed at intervals in each row of the pixel units; and in each column of the pixel units, at least two adjacent pixel units constitute a column pixel unit group, the column pixel unit group comprises a first column pixel unit group and a second column pixel unit group, the pixel units of the first column pixel group are regarded as the first pixel unit, the pixel units of the second column pixel unit group are regarded as the second pixel unit, the first column pixel unit group and the second column pixel unit group are disposed at intervals in each column of the pixel units. 19. The display device as claimed in claim 13, wherein in the array formed by the pixel units, eight pixel units that surround each of the second pixel unit are regarded as the first pixel unit.",
-    "The disclosure provides methods of preventing or treating Friedreich's ataxia in a mammalian subject, reducing risk factors, signs and/or symptoms associated with Friedreich's ataxia, and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of Friedreich's ataxia. The methods comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of an aromatic-cationic peptide to e.g., reduce oxidative stress, increase mitochondrial metabolism, or a combination thereof. 1. A method for treating or preventing Friedreich's ataxia or the signs or symptoms of reduced frataxin levels or activity in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the peptide D-Arg-2\u2032,6\u2032-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject displays reduced levels of frataxin expression compared to a normal control subject. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide is administered daily for 6 weeks or more. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide is administered daily for 12 weeks or more. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has been diagnosed as having Friedreich's ataxia. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the Friedreich's ataxia comprises one or more of muscle weakness, loss of coordination, vision impairment, hearing impairment, slurred speech, curvature of the spine, diabetes, and heart disorders. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is human. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide is administered orally, topically, systemically, intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising separately, sequentially or simultaneously administering to the subject one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of ACE inhibitors, digoxin, enalapril, or lisinopril, diuretics, beta blockers, idebenone, deferiprone, and insulin. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt comprises acetate or trifluoroacetate salt. 11. A method for reducing mitochondrial iron in a mammalian subject having or suspected of having Friedreich's ataxia, the method comprising: administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the peptide D-Arg-2\u2032,6\u2032-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the mammalian subject has decreased expression of frataxin compared to a normal control subject. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the peptide is administered daily for 6 weeks or more. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the peptide is administered daily for 12 weeks or more. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the Friedreich's ataxia comprises one or more of muscle weakness, loss of coordination, motor control impairment, vision impairment, hearing impairment, slurred speech, curvature of the spine, diabetes, and heart disorders. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject is human. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the peptide is administered orally, topically, systemically, intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising separately, sequentially or simultaneously administering to the subject one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of ACE inhibitors, digoxin, enalapril, or lisinopril, diuretics, beta blockers, idebenone, deferiprone, and insulin. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the combination of peptide and an additional therapeutic agent has a synergistic effect in the prevention or treatment of Friedreich's ataxia. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the combination of peptide and an additional therapeutic agent has a synergistic effect in the prevention or treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.",
-    "A circuit, an installation that uses the circuit, and its design method, the circuit for distributing electricity that can supply at least two loads from two sources, and including: conductors, some of which form outputs configured to be connected to external equipment, and switching devices configured to establish a path between each load and the two sources by connecting the loads and sources to the outputs. For at least one pair of determined loads, the two switching devices on the paths connecting each source to the two loads of the pair are integrated in a double-flow switch. The double-flow switch is connected at its central point to the output that can be connected to the corresponding source. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A circuit for distributing electricity that can supply at least two loads from two sources, comprising: conductors, some of which form outputs configured to be connected to the sources and to the loads; and switching devices; wherein the conductors with the switching devices establish at least one path conducting electricity between each load and the two sources; wherein each path between a source and a load comprises a single switching device; and wherein, for at least one pair of determined loads, the two switching devices on the paths connecting each source to the two loads of the pair are integrated in a double-flow switch, which is an apparatus integrating two switching devices each configured to control connection of a conductor to a same central contact as a central point, the double-flow switch being connected at its central point to the output configured to be connected to the corresponding source. 10. A circuit for distributing electricity according to claim 9, wherein, for each load that does not belong to the pair, the switching devices on the paths connecting the load to the two sources are integrated in a double-flow switch that is connected at its central point to the output configured to be connected to the load. 11. A circuit for distributing electricity according to claim 10, wherein the double-flow switches that are connected at their central point to the outputs configured to be connected to a load are configured for operating stresses that are less than, or equal to the greatest operating stress of the two double-flow switches that are connected at their central point to the outputs configured to be connected to a source. 12. A circuit for distributing electricity according to claim 9, wherein the conductors and the switching devices are configured to process three-phase current. 13. An installation comprising a circuit according to claim 9, with two sources and loads supplied by the sources by the circuit, each switch of which is configured to respond to operating stresses of the load or of the source connected to its central point. 14. An installation according to claim 13, comprising two sources each configured to deliver a determined power and at least two loads having operating modes that can require the supply from the two sources, the two loads forming the pair of loads. 15. An installation according to claim 14, wherein the two loads forming part of the pair are loads that impose, on a switching component placed in series therewith, maximum stresses on all of the loads of the installation. 16. A method for manufacturing an installation according to claim 14, comprising identifying stresses that the loads impose on a switching device placed in series therewith, and comprising production of a circuit for distributing electricity, wherein the pair of loads include those loads that impose two greatest stresses.",
-    "A center-mounted control system for a bicycle includes a torsion detector, a torque transducer, first and second wireless transceiving units, and a control unit. The torsion detector is sleeved on a crank shaft and detects a torque signal of the crank shaft and transmit the detected torque signal to the torque transducer; the torque transducer is fixedly connected to the torsion detector and senses the torque signal transmitted from the torsion detector and sends the torque signal to the first wireless transceiving unit; the control unit receives and processes the torque signal and controls an electrical motor according to the processed torque signal; and a first clutch of the bicycle is sleeved on the crank shaft and is fixedly connected to one end, close to a chain ring, of the torsion detector, and the first clutch of the bicycle is fixedly connected to the chain ring. 1. A center-mounted control system for a bicycle, comprising a torsion detector, a torque transducer, a first wireless transceiving unit, a second wireless transceiving unit, and a control unit; wherein, the torsion detector is sleeved on a crank shaft of the bicycle and configured to detect a torque signal of the crank shaft and transmit the detected torque signal to the torque transducer; the torque transducer is fixedly connected to the torsion detector and configured to sense the torque signal transmitted from the torsion detector and send the torque signal to the first wireless transceiving unit; the first wireless transceiving unit is electrically connected to the torque transducer and configured to receive the torque signal and send the torque signal to the second wireless transceiving unit; the second wireless transceiving unit is configured to receive the torque signal and send the torque signal to the control unit; the control unit is configured to receive the torque signal, process the torque signal and control an electrical motor of the bicycle according to the processed torque signal; and a first clutch of the bicycle is sleeved on the crank shaft and is fixedly connected to one end, close to a chain ring, of the torsion detector, and the first clutch of the bicycle is fixedly connected to the chain ring configured to install a chain of the bicycle. 2. The center-mounted control system according to claim 1, wherein one end, away from the chain ring, of the torsion detector is connected to the crank shaft via a first spline, and one end, close to the chain ring, of the torsion detector is fixedly connected to the first clutch via a second spline. 3. The center-mounted control system according to claim 1, further comprising a speed and direction detecting unit configured to detect a rotation speed signal and a rotation direction signal of the chain ring and transmit the rotation speed signal and the rotation direction signal to the first wireless transceiving unit; wherein, the first wireless transceiving unit is further configured to receive the rotation speed signal and the rotation direction signal and send the rotation speed signal and the rotation direction signal to the second wireless transceiving unit; the second wireless transceiving unit is further configured to receive the rotation speed signal and the rotation direction signal and then transmit the rotation speed signal and the rotation direction signal to the control unit; and the control unit is further configured to receive and process the rotation speed signal and the rotation direction signal, and control the electrical motor according to the processed torque signal, the processed rotation speed signal and the processed rotation direction signal. 4. The center-mounted control system according to claim 3, wherein the system further comprises a magnetic ring, the speed and direction detecting unit is a Hall sensor, and the Hall sensor comprises two Hall chips and a peripheral circuit for the chips; and the Hall sensor is configured to detect a magnetic signal of the magnetic ring, obtain a rotation speed signal according to the magnetic signal and output the rotation speed signal, and obtain a rotation direction signal of the chain ring according to a phase difference between two detected magnetic signals and output the rotation direction signal. 5. The center-mounted control system according to claim 4, wherein the system further comprises a wireless power supply unit configured to supply power to the crank shaft, the torsion detector and the first clutch, an outer ring, and an inner ring inserted in the outer ring and rotatable with respect to the outer ring; the wireless power supply unit comprises an inner coil and an outer coil; the inner ring is sleeved on the torsion detector, and is rotatable together with the torsion detector; two first annular grooves are provided in an outer surface of the inner ring, and two second annular grooves are provided in an inner surface of the outer ring at positions corresponding to the first annular grooves; the inner coil is located in one of the first annular grooves, and the outer coil is located in the respective second annular groove; and the magnetic ring is located in another first annular groove, and the speed and direction detecting unit is located in another second annular groove. 6. The center-mounted control system according to claim 5, wherein the system further comprises a first housing mounted in a bottom bracket of the bicycle; the torsion detector, the torque transducer, the speed and direction detecting unit, the first clutch, the first wireless transceiving unit, the inner ring, the outer ring, and the wireless power supply unit are all located inside the first housing; the outer ring is fixedly connected to the first housing, and the first wireless transceiving unit is fixed on the outer surface of the inner ring; and a middle section of the crank shaft is inserted in the first housing, and two ends of the crank shaft are exposed outside the first housing. 7. The center-mounted control system according to claim 6, wherein a seal ring is provided at one end, away from the chain ring, of the first housing; one end, away from the chain ring, of the middle section of the crank shaft is connected to the seal ring via a first bearing, and another end of the middle section of the crank shaft is fixedly connected to the chain ring. 8. The center-mounted control system according to claim 7, wherein the system further comprises a transmission mechanism; the transmission mechanism comprises a transmission shaft, and a second clutch sleeved on the transmission shaft; and a motor shaft of the electrical motor is configured to mesh with a gear on the second clutch, and the transmission shaft has one end inserted in the electrical motor and another end meshing with the gear on the first clutch via a through hole provided in the first housing. 9. The center-mounted control system according to claim 8, wherein the system further comprises a second housing fixedly connected below the first housing; the electrical motor, the control unit, the transmission mechanism and the second wireless transceiving unit are arranged inside the second housing; the electrical motor is mounted below the crank shaft; and another end of the transmission shaft is configured to mesh with the gear on the first clutch via a through hole provided in the second housing. 10. The center-mounted control system according to claim 9, wherein the gear is a plastic gear. 11. The center-mounted control system according to claim 9, wherein the system further comprises at least one interface of Internet of vehicles arranged in the second housing. 12. The center-mounted control system according to claim 9, wherein the first housing and the second housing form a sealed housing. (Original) The center-mounted control system according to claim 12, wherein the system further comprises a battery monitoring and protecting unit electrically connected to the first wireless transceiving unit and configured to send a collected electrical signal parameter of a power supply battery of the bicycle to the first wireless transceiving unit and control the power supply battery according to a control instruction received from the first wireless transceiving unit; the first wireless transceiving unit is further configured to send a received electrical signal parameter to the second wireless transceiving unit, and send a control instruction received from the second wireless transceiving unit to the electronic motor monitoring and protecting unit; the second wireless transceiving unit is further configured to send the received electrical signal parameter to the control unit, and send the received control instruction to the first wireless transceiving unit; and the control unit is further configured to receive the electrical signal parameter and generate a corresponding control instruction based on the electrical signal parameter, and send the control instruction to the second wireless transceiving unit. 14. The center-mounted control system according to claim 12, wherein the system further comprises a battery monitoring and protecting unit electrically connected to the first wireless transceiving unit and configured to send a collected electrical signal parameter of a power supply battery of the bicycle to the first wireless transceiving unit and control the power supply battery according to a control instruction received from the first wireless transceiving unit; the first wireless transceiving unit is further configured to send the received electrical signal parameter to the second wireless transceiving unit, and send a control instruction received from a third wireless transceiving unit to the battery monitoring and protecting unit; the second wireless transceiving unit is further configured to send the received electrical signal parameter to the control unit; the third wireless transceiving unit is configured to send the control instruction received from an upper computer to the first wireless transceiving unit; the control unit is further configured to receive the electrical signal parameter; and the upper computer is configured to generate a corresponding control instruction according to the electrical signal parameter and send the control instruction to the third wireless transceiving unit. 15. The center-mounted control system according to claim 13, wherein the first wireless transceiving unit comprises a first wireless transceiver corresponding to the torque transceiver and arranged inside the first housing, and a second wireless transceiver corresponding to the battery monitoring and protecting unit; and the center-mounted control system further comprises a third housing in which the power supply battery of the bicycle, the battery monitoring and protecting unit and the second wireless transceiver are arranged, or the center-mounted control system further comprises a third housing in which the battery monitoring and protecting unit and the second wireless transceiver are arranged, and the third housing is fixedly connected to a battery box for the power supply battery of the bicycle. 16. The center-mounted control system according to claim 1, wherein the first wireless transceiving unit comprises a rectifying and voltage-stabilizing unit, a first signal processing unit and a radio-frequency emission unit, and the second wireless transceiving unit comprises a power supply module and a radio-frequency receiving unit; the rectifying and voltage-stabilizing unit and the first signal processing unit are configured to process a received signal and send the processed signal to the radio-frequency emission unit; the radio-frequency emission unit is configured to send the received signal to the radio-frequency receiving unit; and the radio-frequency receiving unit is configured to send the received signal to the control unit. 17. The center-mounted control system according to claim 16, wherein the control unit comprises an electrical motor controller configured to receive a signal sent from the radio-frequency emission unit, process the signal and control the electrical motor according to the processed signal; or; the control unit comprises an electrical motor controller and a main controller, the main controller is configured to receive a signal sent from the radio-frequency emission unit, process the signal and send the processed signal to the electrical motor controller, and the electrical motor controller is configured to control the electrical motor according to the processed signal; or; the control unit comprises an electrical motor controller, and a second signal processing unit provided inside the second wireless transceiving unit, the second signal processing unit is configured to receive a signal sent from the radio-frequency emission unit, process the signal and send the processed signal to the electrical motor controller, and the electrical motor controller is configured to control the electrical motor according to the processed signal; or; the control unit comprises an electrical motor controller, a main controller, and a second signal processing unit provided inside the second wireless transceiving unit, the second signal processing unit is configured to receive a signal sent from the radio-frequency emission unit, initially process the signal and send the initially-processed signal to the main controller; and the main controller is configured to receive the initially-processed signal, secondly process the initially-processed signal, and send the secondly-processed signal to the electrical motor controller, and the electrical motor controller is configured to control the electrical motor according to the secondly-processed signal. 18. The center-mounted control system according to claim I, wherein the system further comprises a human-computer interaction unit connected to the control unit and configured to receive information inputted by a user, send the information to the control unit, receive information sent from the control unit and display the information. 19. The center-mounted control system according to claim 1, wherein the torsion detector is a torsion sleeve, and the torsion sleeve is sleeved on the crank shaft. 20. The center-mounted control system according to claim 14, wherein the first wireless transceiving unit comprises a first wireless transceiver corresponding to the torque transceiver and arranged inside the first housing, and a second wireless transceiver corresponding to the battery monitoring and protecting unit; and the center-mounted control system further comprises a third housing in which the power supply battery of the bicycle, the battery monitoring and protecting unit and the second wireless transceiver are arranged, or the center-mounted control system further comprises a third housing in which. the battery monitoring and protecting unit and the second wireless transceiver are arranged, and the third housing is fixedly connected to a battery box for the power supply battery of the bicycle.",
-    "The present specification relates to a solid oxide fuel cell and a method for manufacturing the same. 1. A solid oxide fuel cell comprising: an air electrode; a fuel electrode; and an electrolyte provided between the air electrode and the fuel electrode, wherein at least one of the air electrode, the fuel electrode and the electrolyte includes a glass frit or a material derived from the glass frit. 2. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the glass frit or the material derived from the glass frit is a sintering aid. 3. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the glass frit includes one or more types selected from the group consisting of SiO2, B2O3, Al2O3, Bi2O3, PbO, CaO, BaO, LiO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, ZnO, MnO, ZrO2, V2O5, P2O5, Y2O3, SrO, GaO, Se2O3, TiO2 and La2O3. 4. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the glass frit includes one or more types selected from the group consisting of ZnO-SiO2-based, ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-based, ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-based, Bi2O3-SiO2-based, Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2-based, Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-based, Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-based, Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-based and La2O3-B2O3-BaO-TiO2-based glass frits. 5. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the glass frit has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of greater than or equal to 450\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 900\u00b0 C. 6. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte includes the glass frit or the material derived from the glass frit. 7. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 6, wherein content of the glass frit or the material derived from the glass frit is greater than or equal to 0.01% by weight and less than or equal to 10% by weight with respect to the total weight of the electrolyte. 8. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 6, wherein the electrolyte has a baking temperature lower by 1% to 50% compared to a state without the glass frit or the material derived from the glass frit. 9. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the material derived from the glass frit is the glass frit melted and then re-solidified. 10. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte has porosity of greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 5%. 11. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte includes one or more types selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide-based, cerium oxide-based, lanthanum oxide-based, titanium oxide-based and bismuth oxide-based materials. 12. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1, which is a flat plate-type, a cylinder-type or a flat-tube type. 13. A method for manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell comprising: preparing an air electrode precursor; preparing an electrolyte precursor; preparing a fuel electrode precursor; providing the electrolyte precursor between the air electrode precursor and the fuel electrode precursor; and baking the air electrode precursor, the electrolyte precursor and the fuel electrode precursor simultaneously, wherein at least one of the air electrode precursor, the electrolyte precursor and the fuel electrode precursor includes a glass frit. 14. The method for manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell of claim 13, wherein a temperature of the baking is greater than or equal to 800\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 1,600\u00b0 C. 15. The method for manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell of claim 13, wherein the electrolyte precursor includes a glass frit. 16. The method for manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell of claim 13, wherein the preparing of an air electrode precursor; the preparing of an electrolyte precursor; and the preparing of a fuel electrode precursor each independently include forming a membrane using a tape casting method or a screen printing method, and then drying the membrane.",
-    "A method for determining a location of a target device and an electronic device thereof are provided. The method includes acquiring an image photographing a first electronic device, determining a distance between the second electronic device and the first electronic device based on the acquired image, determining a direction in which the second electronic device photographs the first electronic device, determining a location of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device based on the decided distance and direction, and registering the determined location. 1. A method of determining a location of at least one electronic device in a second electronic device, the method comprising: acquiring an image comprising a first electronic device; determining a distance between the first electronic device and the second electronic device based on the acquired image; determining a direction of the second electronic device; determining a location of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device based on the determined distance and direction; and storing the determined location. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising previously determining location information of any one of the second electronic device and the first electronic device, wherein the determining of the location of any one of the second electronic device and the first electronic device comprises: confirming the device of which the location is previously determined among the first electronic device and the second electronic device; and determining a location of the other device based on location information of the device of which the location is previously determined. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the previously determining of the location information of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device comprises: receiving location information of the first electronic device from the first electronic device; and previously determining the received location information of the first electronic device as the location information of the first electronic device. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the previously determining of the location of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device comprises: receiving an input of current location information of the second electronic device in accordance to user control; and determining the inputted current location information of the second electronic device as the location information of the second electronic device. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting an identifier of a new electronic device using tag information before acquiring the image comprising the first electronic device; detecting the existence of the new electronic device based on the detected identifier; requesting to acquire the image comprising the first electronic device in a location of the new electronic device to a user; and if a location of the second electronic device is determined based on the determined distance and direction, determining the determined location of the second electronic device as the location of the detected new electronic device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the acquiring of the image comprising the first electronic device comprises photographing the first electronic device in the second electronic device, or receiving an image comprising the first electronic device in other electronic device from the other electronic device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the distance between the first electronic device and the second electronic device based on the acquired image comprises: determining the first electronic device in the acquired image; and determining a distance between a location of the determined first electronic device and a location of other electronic device taking the image. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a zone where the first electronic device is located, based on the determined location of the first electronic device. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the first electronic device based on the determined location, wherein the controlling of the first electronic device based on the determined location comprises: confirming a type and feature of a zone where the first electronic device is located; and controlling the first electronic device based on at least one of the confirmed type and feature of the zone and the kind of the first electronic device, wherein the controlling of the first electronic device based on the determined location comprises installing or uninstalling an application in the first electronic device, or controlling a menu of the application. 10. A method of determining a location of a target device in a host device, the method comprising: detecting the target device; requesting an image capture to at least one client device; receiving a captured image from the at least one client device; and comparing a stored captured image and the currently received captured image from the at least one client device and determining a location of the target device. 11. A second electronic device for determining a location of at least one electronic device, the second electronic device comprising: at least one processor configured to: after acquiring an image comprising a first electronic device, determine a distance between the second electronic device and the first electronic device based on the acquired image; determine a direction of the second electronic device; and determine a location of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device based on the determined distance and direction; and a memory configured to storing the determined location. 12. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: previously determine location information of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device; and when determining the location of any one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device, determine a location of the other device based on location information of the device of which the location is previously determined among the first electronic device and the second electronic device. 13. The second electronic device of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive location information of the first electronic device from the first electronic device; and previously determine the received location information of the first electronic device as the location information of the first electronic device. 14. (canceled) 15. A host device for determining a location of a target device, the host device comprising: at least one processor configured to: detect the target device, request an image capture to at least one client device, to receive a captured image from the at least one client device, compare a stored captured image and the currently received captured image from the at least one client device, and determine a location of the target device. 16. The second electronic device of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive an input of current location information of the second electronic device in accordance to user control; and determine the inputted current location information of the second electronic device as the location information of the second electronic device. 17. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: detect an identifier of a new electronic device using tag information before acquiring the image comprising the first electronic device; detect the existence of the new electronic device based on the detected identifier; request to acquire the image comprising the first electronic device in a location of the new electronic device to a user; and if a location of the second electronic device is determined based on the determined distance and direction, determine the determined location of the second electronic device as the location of the detected new electronic device. 18. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to photograph the first electronic device in the second electronic device, or receive an image comprising the first electronic device in other electronic device from the other electronic device. 19. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: determine the first electronic device in the acquired image; and determine a distance between a location of the determined first electronic device and a location of other electronic device taking the image. 20. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determine a zone where the first electronic device is located, based on the determined location of the first electronic device. 21. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: control the first electronic device based on the determined location, wherein the controlling of the first electronic device based on the determined location comprises: confirming a type and feature of a zone where the first electronic device is located; and controlling the first electronic device based on at least one of the confirmed type and feature of the zone and the kind of the first electronic device, wherein the controlling of the first electronic device based on the determined location comprises installing or uninstalling an application in the first electronic device, or controlling a menu of the application.",
-    "Pressure reduction-absorbing bottle includes: cylindrical shoulder portion; cylindrical body portion connecting to the shoulder portion lower end; and bottom portion formed in cylindrical shape with bottom and connecting to the body portion lower end. The bottom portion includes: heel portion connected to the body portion lower opening section, and bottom wall portion closing the heel portion lower opening section. The bottom wall portion includes: grounding portion, rising circumferential wall portion, movable wall portion, and recessed circumferential wall portion. The movable wall portion capable of rotating around the connection portion with the rising circumferential wall portion to move the recessed circumferential wall portion in up-and-down direction. The body portion includes straight cylindrical part connecting to the shoulder portion lower end and extending downward. The straight cylindrical part outer diameter is greater than or equal to 0.60 times the heel portion outer diameter and is smaller than the heel portion outer diameter. 1. A pressure reduction-absorbing bottle, comprising: a cylindrical shoulder portion; a cylindrical body portion connecting to a lower end of the shoulder portion; and a bottom portion formed in a cylindrical shape with a bottom and connecting to a lower end of the body portion; wherein the bottom portion includes: a heel portion, an upper opening section of the heel portion being connected to a lower opening section of the body portion, and a bottom wall portion closing a lower opening section of the heel portion; wherein the bottom wall portion includes: a grounding portion positioned at an outer circumferential edge of the bottom wall portion, a rising circumferential wall portion connecting to an inner side in a radial direction of the grounding portion and extending upward, an annular movable wall portion extending inward in the radial direction from an upper end of the rising circumferential wall portion, and a recessed circumferential wall portion extending upward from an inner end in the radial direction of the movable wall portion; wherein the movable wall portion is arranged to be capable of rotating around a connection portion between the rising circumferential wall portion and the movable wall portion so as to move the recessed circumferential wall portion in an up-and-down direction; wherein the body portion includes a straight cylindrical part connecting to the lower end of the shoulder portion and extending downward; and wherein the outer diameter of the straight cylindrical part is greater than or equal to 0.60 times the outer diameter of the heel portion and is smaller than the outer diameter of the heel portion. 2. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the body portion is provided with two or more panel portions at intervals in a circumferential direction of the body portion, the panel portions being depressed inward in a radial direction of the body portion, and a pillar portion being formed between panel portions next to each other in the circumferential direction; a panel portion includes a panel bottom wall positioned at the inside of the panel portion in the radial direction, and a sidewall extending outward in the radial direction from an outer circumferential edge of the panel bottom wall; and the panel bottom wall is provided with a rib formed between vertical sidewall parts of the sidewall intersecting with the circumferential direction, the rib projecting outward in the radial direction, and a gap being formed between the rib and each of the vertical sidewall parts. 3. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 2, wherein the rib is formed on the entire length of the panel bottom wall in a bottle axis direction. 4. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 2, wherein an outer surface of a top wall of the rib is positioned on an edge of an imaginary circle in a horizontal cross section of the body portion parallel to the radial direction, the imaginary circle being formed by connecting outer surfaces of top parts of a plurality of pillar portions in the circumferential direction, and the top parts being positioned at the outside of the pillar portions in the radial direction. 5. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 1, wherein the body portion includes a lower body part extending downward from a lower end of the straight cylindrical part and connecting to an upper end of the heel portion, and the outer diameter of the lower body part gradually increases downward. 6. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 3, wherein an outer surface of a top wall of the rib is positioned on an edge of an imaginary circle in a horizontal cross section of the body portion parallel to the radial direction, the imaginary circle being formed by connecting outer surfaces of top parts of a plurality of pillar portions in the circumferential direction, and the top parts being positioned at the outside of the pillar portions in the radial direction. 7. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 2, wherein the body portion includes a lower body part extending downward from a lower end of the straight cylindrical part and connecting to an upper end of the heel portion, and the outer diameter of the lower body part gradually increases downward. 8. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 3, wherein the body portion includes a lower body part extending downward from a lower end of the straight cylindrical part and connecting to an upper end of the heel portion, and the outer diameter of the lower body part gradually increases downward. 9. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 4, wherein the body portion includes a lower body part extending downward from a lower end of the straight cylindrical part and connecting to an upper end of the heel portion, and the outer diameter of the lower body part gradually increases downward. 10. The pressure reduction-absorbing bottle according to claim 6, wherein the body portion includes a lower body part extending downward from a lower end of the straight cylindrical part and connecting to an upper end of the heel portion, and the outer diameter of the lower body part gradually increases downward.",
-    "A premium threaded joint has a pin-side shoulder angle \u03b81, a box-side shoulder angle \u03b82, a seal interference quantity \u03b4 and a seal point distance xp satisfying \u03b82\u2212\u03b81=\u03b1\u00d7\u03b4/xp, \u03b1=7 to 14, and a pin distal end thickness tp1 defined by a difference Re\u2212Ri between a radius Re of a pin most distal end portion and an inner radius Ri of a pin distal end portion is 0.25 times or more as large as a pin raw pipe thickness tp0. 1. (canceled) 2. A threaded joint for an oil country tubular goods comprising: pins, each of which occupies a pipe end portion of a steel pipe for an oil well pipe, and includes an externally-threaded portion, a nose extending toward a pipe end side from the externally-threaded portion, and a shoulder forming a distal end surface of the nose; and a box including internally-threaded portions each forming a threaded portion by being threadedly joined with the externally-threaded portion, and shoulders brought into contact with the shoulders of the pins, the pins and the box are joined to each other by the threaded joining so that portions between the threaded portions and the shoulders are brought into metal-to-metal contact with each other thus forming seal portions which seal a fluid at the contact portions, and the shoulders of the pins and the shoulders of the box are brought into contact with each other at the time of make-up the threaded joint thus forming shoulders, wherein a pin-side shoulder angle \u03b81, a box-side shoulder angle \u03b82, a seal interference quantity \u03b4 and a seal point distance xp defined below satisfy \u03b82\u2212\u03b81=\u03b1\u00d7\u03b4/xp, \u03b1=7 to 14, and a pin distal end thickness tp1 defined by a difference Re\u2212Ri between a radius Re of a pin most distal end portion and an inner radius Ri of a pin distal end portion is 0.25 times or more as large as a pin raw pipe thickness tp0. wherein \u03b81, \u03b82, \u03b4 and xp are: (i) the pin-side shoulder angle \u03b81 is a value of an angle (degrees) of an intersecting angle between an orthogonal line of tube axis and the pin-side shoulder at an acute angle side, (ii) the box-side shoulder angle \u03b82 is a value of an angle (degrees) of an intersecting angle between the orthogonal line of tube axis and the box-side shoulder on an acute angle side, (iii) the seal interference quantity \u03b4 is a maximum value of a length in a pipe radial direction of an overlapping portion where cross-sectional views at the same scale of both the pin and the box in a tube axis direction overlap with each other such that a tube axis of the pin and a tube axis of the box agree with each other and positions in a tube axis direction of points remotest from the tube axes in the respective shoulders of both the pin and the box agree with each other, and (iv) the seal point distance xp is a distance in a tube axis direction from a seal point SP which is a pin outer diameter in-plane position where a length of the overlapping portion in a pipe radial direction becomes the largest to a pin most distal end position.",
-    "The present invention is directed to an improved process to convert morphine into noroxymorphone having economic and ecological advantages. 1. A process for producing noroxymorphone from morphine wherein morphine is reacted to a compound of formula (Va) or (Vb), wherein R1, and R1\u2032 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyloxyalkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyloxyaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyloxyalkylaryl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, or a silylgroup of formula Si(R4)3, wherein the groups R4 can be the same or different and are each selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl groups, respectively, and wherein R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic acyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein the compound of formula (Va) or (Vb) is reacted to a compound of formula (VIa) or (VIb), respectively, and the compound of formula (VIa) or (VIb) is then reacted to noroxymorphone; wherein the reaction of the compound of formula (Va) or (Vb) to the compound of formula (VIa) or (VIb) is carried out with hydrogen peroxide and an organic acid, wherein the organic acid and the hydrogen peroxide are mixed and allowed to react for a defined induction time prior to addition to the compound of formula (Va) or (Vb, the process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, comprising the following further steps: (i) reacting morphine of formula (II) to a compound of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), wherein R1 and R1\u2032 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyloxyalkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, or a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyloxyaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyloxyalkylaryl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, or a silylgroup of formula Si(R4)3, wherein the groups R4 can be the same or different and are each selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and unsubstituted or substituted phenyl groups, respectively; (ii) reacting the compound of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb) to a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb), respectively; (iii) reacting the compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) to a compound of formula (Va) or (Vb), respectively; (v) reacting the compound of formula (VIa) or (VIb) to a compound of formula (VIIa) or (VIIb), respectively; and (vi) reacting the compound of formula (VIIa) or (VIIb) to noroxymorphone of formula (I), respectively, Wherein step (ii) is conducted using a Swern oxidation with pre-cooled solutions, 2. (canceled) 3. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the mixing and reacting of the hydrogen peroxide and the organic acid is carried out in a separate vessel. 4. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the mixing and reacting of the hydrogen peroxide and the organic acid is carried out by dosing two flows via a mixer, preferably in a continuous flow device. 5. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the organic acid is formic acid or acetic acid, preferably formic acid. 6. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the induction time is between 1 minute and 1 hour. 7. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein a part of the organic acid is added to the compound of formula (Va) or (Vb) prior to the addition of the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and the remaining organic acid. 8. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the mixing and reacting of hydrogen peroxide and the organic acid is carried out at a temperature between \u221220\u00b0 C. and 40\u00b0 C., preferably room temperature. 9. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the reacted mixture of hydrogen peroxide and the organic acid is added to the compound of formula (Va) or (Vb) over a time from 1 minute to 3 hours at a temperature between \u221240\u00b0 C. and 40\u00b0 C., preferably \u221220\u00b0 C. and 20\u00b0 C., further preferably about 0\u00b0 C. 10. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein after the reaction of the compound of formula (Va) or (Vb) to the compound of formula (VIa) or (VIb) an aging step (iv-a) for 1 to 5 hours at a temperature between \u221240\u00b0 C. and 40\u00b0 C., preferably \u221220\u00b0 C. and 20\u00b0 C., further preferably about 0\u00b0 C. is carried out and the obtained mixture is optionally worked up afterwards. 11. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 2, wherein step (i) is carried out in absence of a highly toxic solvent. 12. (canceled) 13. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 1, wherein the pre-cooled solutions in step (ii) are cooled to a temperature between \u2212100\u00b0 C. and 0\u00b0 C., preferably \u221290\u00b0 C. and \u221220\u00b0 C. and/or are added either via a cold reactor wall that is cooled to a temperature between \u2212100\u00b0 C. and 0\u00b0 C. or via a separate cooling device, preferably cooled to a temperature between \u221290\u00b0 C. and \u221220\u00b0 C. 14. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 2, wherein step (vi) is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent. 15. The process for producing noroxymorphone according to claim 14, wherein step (vi) is carried out with a mixture comprising an aqueous acid and an organic solvent miscible with the aqueous acid, preferably wherein the organic solvent miscible with the aqueous acid is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, polyethers, sulfones and sulfoxides or with a mixture comprising an aqueous organic acid. 16. (canceled)",
-    "The present disclosure discloses a scan driving circuit on an array substrate which includes a multi-stage cascade circuit, each stage of the cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to a current stage, and outputs an current stage scanning signal and a current stage cascade signal, different stages of the cascade circuit are connected with each other via a cascade signal; a plurality of cancellation circuits, each cancellation circuit is corresponding to one stage of the cascade circuit, the cancellation circuit corresponding to the current stage cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to an adjacent stage cascade circuit, and outputs a cancellation signal to offset a part of the current stage scanning signal outputted from the current stage cascade circuit, so that the scanning signals outputted from two adjacent stages of the cascade circuit are not overlapped. An array substrate is also disclosed in the present disclosure. 1. A scan driving circuit on an array substrate, which comprises: a multi-stage cascade circuit, each stage of the cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to a current stage, and outputs a current stage scanning signal and a current stage cascade signal, different stages of the cascade circuit are connected with each other via the cascade signal; a plurality of cancellation circuits, each cancellation circuit is corresponding to one stage of the cascade circuit, the cancellation circuit corresponding to a current stage cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to an adjacent stage cascade circuit, and outputs a cancellation signal, the cancellation signal offsets a part of the current stage scanning signal outputted from the current stage cascade circuit, so that the scanning signals outputted from two adjacent stages of the cascade circuit are not overlapped; a total group of the clock signals are m, wherein m is an even number, an average duty cycle of each clock signal is 50%, the current stage cascade circuit is a n-th stage, wherein n is a positive integer, the current stage cascade circuit is connected to a cascade signal ST (n\u2212m/2) outputted from a (n\u2212m/2) stage cascade circuit and a cascade signal ST (n+m/2) outputted from a (n+m/2) stage cascade circuit; the cancellation circuit comprises a first transistor, a control terminal of the first transistor is connected a clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a first connecting terminal of the first transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the first transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; the cascade circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring an on-resistance ratio of the output transistor and the first transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 2. A scan driving circuit on an array substrate, which comprises: a multi-stage cascade circuit, each stage of the cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to a current stage, and outputs a current stage scanning signal and a current stage cascade signal, different stages of the cascade circuit are connected with each other via the cascade signal; a plurality of cancellation circuits, each cancellation circuit is corresponding to one stage of the cascade circuit, the cancellation circuit corresponding to a current stage cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to an adjacent stage cascade circuit, and outputs a cancellation signal, the cancellation signal offsets a part of the current stage scanning signal outputted from the current stage cascade circuit, so that the scanning signals outputted from two adjacent stages of the cascade circuit are not overlapped. 3. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cancellation circuit comprises a first transistor, a control terminal of the first transistor is connected a clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a first connecting terminal of the first transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the first transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal. 4. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 3, wherein the cascade circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring an on-resistance ratio of the output transistor and the first transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 5. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cancellation circuit comprises a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a fifth transistor; a first connecting terminal of the second transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the second transistor is connected to a first control signal, a second connecting terminal of the second transistor is connected to a control terminal of the third transistor, a first connecting terminal of the third transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the third transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; a first connecting terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a second control signal, a second connecting terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a control terminal of the fifth transistor, a first connecting terminal of the fifth transistor is connected to the low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the fifth transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; wherein a phase of the first control signal and a phase of the second control signal are opposite, frequencies of the first control signal and the second control signal are smaller than that of the clock signal. 6. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the cascade circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring on-resistance ratios of the output transistor, the third transistor, and the fifth transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 7. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cancellation circuit comprises a sixth transistor, a seventh transistor, an eighth transistor, and a ninth transistor; a first connecting terminal of the sixth transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the sixth transistor is connected to a forward scanning signal, a second connecting terminal of the sixth transistor is connected to a control terminal of the seventh transistor, a first connecting terminal of the seventh transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the seventh transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; a first connecting terminal of the eighth transistor is connected to a clock signal corresponding to another adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the eighth transistor is connected to a reverse scanning signal, a second connecting terminal of the eighth transistor is connected to a control terminal of the ninth transistor, a first connecting terminal of the ninth transistor is connected to the low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the ninth transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal. 8. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 7, wherein the cascade circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring on-resistance ratios of the output transistor, the seventh transistor, and the ninth transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 9. The scan driving circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein a total group of the clock signals are m, wherein m is an even number, an average duty cycle of each clock signal is 50%, the current stage cascade circuit is a n-th stage, wherein n is a positive integer, the current stage cascade circuit is connected to a cascade signal ST (n\u2212m/2) outputted from a (n\u2212m/2) stage cascade circuit and a cascade signal ST (n+m/2) outputted from a (n+m/2) stage cascade circuit. 10. An array substrate comprising a scan driving circuit, wherein the scan driving circuit comprises a multi-stage cascade circuit, each stage of the cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to a current stage, and outputs a current stage scanning signal and a current stage cascade signal, different stages of the cascade circuit are connected with each other via the cascade signal; a plurality of cancellation circuits, each cancellation circuit is corresponding to one stage of the cascade circuit, the cancellation circuit corresponding to a current stage cascade circuit inputs a clock signal corresponding to an adjacent stage cascade circuit, and outputs a cancellation signal, the cancellation signal offsets a part of the current stage scanning signal outputted from the current stage cascade circuit, so that the scanning signals outputted from two adjacent stages of the cascade circuit are not overlapped. 11. The array substrate as claimed in claim 10, wherein the cancellation circuit of the scan driving circuit comprises a first transistor, a control terminal of the first transistor is connected a clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a first connecting terminal of the first transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the first transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal. 12. The array substrate as claimed in claim 10, wherein the cascade circuit of the scan driving circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring an on-resistance ratio of the output transistor and the first transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 13. The array substrate as claimed in claim 10, wherein the cancellation circuit of the scan driving circuit comprises a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor, and a fifth transistor; a first connecting terminal of the second transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the second transistor is connected to a first control signal, a second connecting terminal of the second transistor is connected to a control terminal of the third transistor, a first connecting terminal of the third transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the third transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; a first connecting terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a second control signal, a second connecting terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a control terminal of the fifth transistor, a first connecting terminal of the fifth transistor is connected to the low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the fifth transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; wherein a phase of the first control signal and a phase of the second control signal are opposite, frequencies of the first control signal and the second control signal are smaller than that of the clock signal. 14. The array substrate as claimed in claim 13, wherein the cascade circuit of the scan driving circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring on-resistance ratios of the output transistor, the third transistor, and the fifth transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 15. The array substrate as claimed in claim 10, wherein the cancellation circuit of the scan driving circuit comprises a sixth transistor, a seventh transistor, an eighth transistor, and a ninth transistor; a first connecting terminal of the sixth transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the sixth transistor is connected to a forward scanning signal, a second connecting terminal of the sixth transistor is connected to a control terminal of the seventh transistor, a first connecting terminal of the seventh transistor is connected to a low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the seventh transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; a first connecting terminal of the eighth transistor is connected to a clock signal corresponding to another adjacent stage cascade circuit, a control terminal of the eighth transistor is connected to a reverse scanning signal, a second connecting terminal of the eighth transistor is connected to a control terminal of the ninth transistor, a first connecting terminal of the ninth transistor is connected to the low constant potential Vss, a second connecting terminal of the ninth transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal. 16. The array substrate as claimed in claim 15, wherein the cascade circuit of the scan driving circuit comprises an output transistor, a control terminal of the output transistor is connected to a control node, a first connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the clock signal corresponding to the current stage, a second connecting terminal of the output transistor is connected to the current stage scanning signal; configuring on-resistance ratios of the output transistor, the seventh transistor, and the ninth transistor, so that in a pulse duration when the clock signals corresponding to the adjacent stage and the current stage are overlapped, a potential of the current stage scanning signal cannot turn on a TFT that being connected to the current stage scanning signal and used for charge sharing. 17. The array substrate as claimed in claim 10, wherein a total group of the clock signals are m, wherein m is an even number, an average duty cycle of each clock signal is 50%, the current stage cascade circuit is a n-th stage, wherein n is a positive integer, the current stage cascade circuit is connected to a cascade signal ST (n\u2212m/2) outputted from a (n\u2212m/2) stage cascade circuit and a cascade signal ST (n+m/2) outputted from a (n+m/2) stage cascade circuit. 18. The array substrate as claimed in claim 10, wherein the array substrate further comprises a plurality of pixels arranged in array, each of the pixels comprises a main-region and a sub-region, the main-region comprises a first pixel electrode and a first TFT, the sub-region comprises a second pixel electrode, a coupling capacitor, a second TFT, and a third TFT; in the main-region of each pixel, a control terminal of the first TFT is connected to the current stage scanning signal outputted from the cascade circuit corresponding to a row where the pixel is disposed, a first connecting terminal of the first TFT is connected to a data line corresponding to a column where the pixel is disposed, a second connecting terminal of the first TFT is connected to the first pixel electrode; in the sub-region of each pixel, a control terminal of the second TFT is connected to the current stage scanning signal outputted from the cascade circuit corresponding to the row where the pixel is disposed, a first connecting terminal of the second TFT is connected to the data line corresponding to the column where the pixel is disposed, a second connecting terminal of the second TFT is connected to the second pixel electrode and a first connecting terminal of the third TFT, a control terminal of the third TFT is connected to a scanning signal outputted from a cascade circuit corresponding to a row next to the row where the pixel is disposed, a second connecting terminal of the third TFT is connected to the coupling capacitor. 19. The array substrate as claimed in claim 18, wherein the array substrate further comprises scan lines corresponding to the pixels, the control terminal of the first TFT in each pixel and the control terminal of the third TFT in all the pixels on a row previous to the row where the pixel is disposed are connected to the current stage scanning signal outputted from the cascade circuit corresponding to the row where the pixel is disposed, via the same scan line.",
-    "A filtering apparatus and method of a multimode multiband transceiver is provided for filtering a signal carrying an analog baseband signal. A filtering apparatus of a multimode multiband radio transceiver of the present invention includes a filtering unit which filters Radio Frequency (RF) signals on one of at least one frequency bands, a switching unit which switches the signals among at least one filter block included in the filtering unit according to a selected communication mode, and a controller which selects the communication mode and controls the switching unit. The analog signal filtering apparatus and method of the present invention is advantageous in terms of providing a variable gain amplifier, filter circuit, and algorithm capable of fulfilling the gains and bandwidths required by the baseband receiver for all mobile communication standards complied by 2G, 3G, and 4G systems. 1. A filtering apparatus of a multimode multiband radio transceiver, the apparatus comprising: a filtering unit which filters Radio Frequency (RF) signals on one of at least one frequency bands; a switching unit which switches the signals among at least one filter block included in the filtering unit according to a selected communication mode; and a controller which selects the communication mode and controls the switching unit. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filtering unit comprises at least 1 RF unit which receive the RF signals as input and outputs baseband signals, the at least one filter block filters and amplifies the baseband signals, the switching unit connects at least two of the at least one RF units to at least one of the filter blocks, and at least one filter block of the at least one filter block is configured to be connectable to a capacitor region of another filter block. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the capacitor region of the at least one filter block of the at least one filter blocks is arranged close to the capacitor region of another filter block. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one RF unit comprises at least one RF unit which outputs In Phase (I) and Quadrature Phase (Q) signals corresponding to the RF signal of a primary High Band (HB) among the frequency bands in a first communication mode and outputs I and Q signals corresponding to the RF signal of a Low Band (LB) among the frequency bands in a second communication mode. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the capacitor region of the at least one filter block shares active devices of the other filter block close thereto in the second communication mode, the active devices being turned off. 6. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the control unit activates the filter blocks in correspondence to the second communication mode when the at least one RF unit receives the RF signals on at least two LB s, and the switching unit performs switching to transfer the signals received by the RF units to the activated filter blocks. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising an output switching unit which connects the signals output from the activated filter blocks to a specific output port. 8. A method for controlling a filtering apparatus of a multimode multiband radio transceiver, the method comprising: receiving, at a filtering unit including at least one filter block, Radio Frequency (RF) signal on at least one frequency bands; determining a communication mode based on the received signal; switching the signal among at least one filter block included in the filtering unit according to the communication mode; and filtering and amplifying, at the filtering unit, the signal. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the filtering unit comprises at least 1 RF unit which receive the RF signals as input and outputs baseband signals, the at least one filter block filters and amplifies the baseband signals, the switching unit connects at least two of the at least one RF units to at least one of the filter blocks, and at least one filter block of the at least one filter block is configured to be connectable to a capacitor region of another filter block. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the capacitor region of the at least one filter block of the at least one filter blocks is arranged close to the capacitor region of another filter block. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one RF unit comprises at least one RF unit which outputs In Phase (I) and Quadrature Phase (Q) signals corresponding to the RF signal of a primary High Band (HB) among the frequency bands in a first communication mode and outputs I and Q signals corresponding to the RF signal of a Low Band (LB) among the frequency bands in a second communication mode. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the capacitor region of the at least one filter block shares active devices of the other filter block close thereto in the second communication mode, the active devices being turned off. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: activating, at the control unit, the filter blocks in correspondence to the second communication mode when the at least one RF unit receives the RF signals on at least two LBs; and switching, at the switching unit, the signals received by the RF units to the activated filter blocks. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising connecting the signals output from the activated filter blocks to a specific output port by controlling a output switching unit.",
-    "Disclosed is a winch control arrangement, including a retaining device for a cable, a rotatable drum having a rotational axis, and a substantially circular, centric storage part with a storage surface containing at least two windings of cable. The distance of the storage surface to the rotational axis is substantially constant. An eccentric holding part with a holding surface contains at least two cable windings. The distance of the holding surface to the rotational axis varies around the circumference of the holding part. A cable guide lies at a perpendicular distance from the rotational axis and the drum itself, and is movable substantially parallel to the rotational axis between a first position allowing cable winding on the centric storage part and a second position allowing cable winding on the eccentric part. The cable guide is connected to automatic movement unit for moving the cable guide between the two positions. 1. Winch control arrangement, comprising a retaining device (1) for a cable (21), comprising a rotatable drum (2) having a rotational axis (X), comprising a substantially circular, centric storage part (4) with a storage surface for containing at least two windings of cable, wherein the distance of the storage surface to the rotational axis is substantially constant, and an eccentric holding part (3) with a holding surface for containing at least two windings of cable, wherein the distance of the holding surface to the rotational axis varies around the circumference of the holding part, wherein a cable guide (7) is arranged at a perpendicular distance from the rotational axis and the drum itself, the cable guide being movable in a movement direction (18) substantially parallel to the rotational axis between a first position (I) for allowing the cable to be wound up on the centric storage part and a second position (II) for allowing the cable to be wound up on the eccentric part, wherein the cable guide is connected to automatic movement means (8) for moving the cable guide between the first (I) and the second (II) positions, wherein the automatic movement means are configured to be controllable by remote control means (12), and remote control means arranged at a distance from the retaining device, wherein the remote control means are communicatively connected (13) to the retaining device for controlling the operation of the automatic movement means, wherein the remote control means are configured to automatically cause the automatic movement means to move the cable guide from the second position to the first position when a signal is given via the remote control means to start paying in or paying out of the cable and/or to move the cable guide from the first position to the second position when a signal is given via the remote control means to stop paying in or paying out of the cable. 2. Winch control arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the retaining device comprises guide means (9) for guiding the movement of the cable guide between the first and the second positions, wherein the automatic movement means comprise a push-pull device (10) attached to drive means to push or pull the cable guide along the guide means between the first and second positions. 3. Winch control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the guide means comprise one or more rods (11) extending in the movement direction, wherein the cable guide is slideably arranged on the one or more rods. 4. Winch control arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the one or more rods comprise a pair of rods and the push-pull device extends between the pair of rods, in the movement direction (18). 5. Winch control arrangement according to claim 4, wherein the push-pull device comprises a hydraulic actuator. 6. Winch control arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the remote control means are configured to unwind a predetermined amount of windings from the eccentric holding part prior to moving the cable guide from the second position to the first position and/or to wind a predetermined amount of windings onto the eccentric holding part after moving the cable guide from the first position to the second position. 7. Winch control arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the remote control means comprise a programmable logic controller (PLC). 8. Tug (14) comprising a winch control arrangement according to claim 1. 9. Tug according to claim 8, wherein the remote control means are arranged in a pilot house (15) of the tug. 10. Method for operating a winch control arrangement according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: causing the automatic movement means to move the cable guide from the second position to the first position when a signal is given via the remote control means to start paying in or paying out of the cable and/or causing the automatic movement means to move the cable guide from the first position to the second position when a signal is given via the remote control means to stop paying in or paying out of the cable. 11. Method according to claim 10, wherein a predetermined amount of windings are unwound from the eccentric holding part prior to moving the cable guide from the second position to the first position and/or a predetermined amount of windings are wound up onto the eccentric holding part after moving the cable guide from the first position to the second position. 12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the predetermined amount of windings lies between 2. 13. Winch control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the remote control means are configured to unwind a predetermined amount of windings from the eccentric holding part prior to moving the cable guide from the second position to the first position and/or to wind a predetermined amount of windings onto the eccentric holding part after moving the cable guide from the first position to the second position. 14. Winch control arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the remote control means are configured to unwind a predetermined amount of windings from the eccentric holding part prior to moving the cable guide from the second position to the first position and/or to wind a predetermined amount of windings onto the eccentric holding part after moving the cable guide from the first position to the second position. 15. Winch control arrangement according to claim 4, wherein the remote control means are configured to unwind a predetermined amount of windings from the eccentric holding part prior to moving the cable guide from the second position to the first position and/or to wind a predetermined amount of windings onto the eccentric holding part after moving the cable guide from the first position to the second position. 16. Winch control arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the remote control means are configured to unwind a predetermined amount of windings from the eccentric holding part prior to moving the cable guide from the second position to the first position and/or to wind a predetermined amount of windings onto the eccentric holding part after moving the cable guide from the first position to the second position. 17. Winch control arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the remote control means comprise a programmable logic controller (PLC). 18. Winch control arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the remote control means comprise a programmable logic controller (PLC). 19. Winch control arrangement according to claim 4, wherein the remote control means comprise a programmable logic controller (PLC). 20. Winch control arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the remote control means comprise a programmable logic controller (PLC).",
-    "The present invention is applicable to the technical field of noise maps and provides a method for drawing a noise map and device, the method for drawing a noise map comprises: obtaining an environmental noise uploaded by a terminal, the environmental noise includes a noise value, a time information, and a position information; when the terminal uploads a picture corresponding to the environmental noise, detecting whether the picture is a valid picture or not; when the picture is a valid picture and the position where the picture is taken lies indoor, identifying the environmental noise as an indoor environmental noise; when the picture doesn't exist, identifying the environmental noise as an outdoor environmental noise, or when the picture is invalid, identifying the environmental noise as an outer door environmental noise, or when the picture is a valid picture and the position where the picture is taken lies outdoor, identifying the environmental noise as the outdoor environmental noise; drawing a noise map according to the indoor environmental noise and the outdoor environmental noise. The present invention can not only improve drawing accuracy of the noise map, but also increase reliability of the noise map. 1. A method for drawing a noise map, comprising: obtaining an environmental noise uploaded by a terminal, the environmental noise comprises a noise volume, time information, and position information; when the terminal uploads a picture corresponding to the environmental noise, detecting whether the picture is a valid picture or not; when the picture is a valid picture and the position where the picture is taken lies indoor, identifying the environmental noise as an indoor environmental noise; when the picture does not exist, identifying the environmental noise as an outdoor environmental noise; or when the picture is an invalid picture, identifying the environmental noise as the outer door environmental noise; or when the picture is a valid picture and the position where the picture is taken lies outdoor, identifying the environmental noise as the outdoor environmental noise; drawing a noise map according to the indoor environmental noise and the outdoor environmental noise. 2. The method for drawing a noise map according to claim 1, wherein the step of when the terminal uploads the picture corresponding to the environmental noise, detecting and determining whether the picture comprises: detecting whether the picture carries a mark generated by a rear camera or not; when the picture carries the mark generated by the rear camera, judging that the picture is a valid picture, and when the picture doesn't carry the mark generated by the rear camera, judging that the picture is an invalid picture. 3. The method for drawing a noise map according to claim 1, wherein the step of generating the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise and the outdoor environmental noise comprises: drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and a pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the environmental noise mining model comprises at least one selected from an environmental noise clustering model, a noise decibel mean value model, and a noise weighted mean value model. 4. The method for drawing a noise map according to claim 1, wherein before the step of drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the method for drawing a noise map further comprises: configuring the environmental noise mining model, the environmental noise mining model comprises at least one selected from the environmental noise clustering model, the noise decibel mean value model, and the noise weighted mean value model; wherein the environmental noise clustering model is: \u0394 = \u2211 i , m \ue89e ( \u2211 j \ue89e \u03b3 i | \u03b8 ij \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 mj \ue89e | \u2202 ) \ue89e \u2202 wherein in the environmental noise clustering model, a symbol \u0394 represents similarity, a symbol \u2202 represents times of rooting, a symbol \u03b8ij represents a noise value of a jth dimension of a ith vector quantity, a symbol \u03b8mj represents a jth dimension data of a mth type center, a symbol \u03b3 represents a weighted coefficient, and \u03a3i \u03b3=1; wherein the noise decibel mean value model is: value = \u03a3 \ue89e \ue89e value i n ; wherein a symbol value represents an mean value of noise decibel, a symbol valuei represents a noise value of a ith environmental noise, a symbol n represents the number of environmental noise; wherein the noise weighted mean value model is: value \u2032 = \u03a3 \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 i \u00d7 value i n ; wherein a symbol value\u2032 represents a noise weighted mean value, a symbol valuei represents the noise value of the ith environmental noise, and \u03a3\u03c9i=1. 5. The method for drawing a noise map according to claim 3, wherein the step of when the environmental noise mining model applies the noise weighted mean value model, drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model comprises: obtaining a noise weighted mean value according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the noise weighted mean value comprises a noise weighted mean value of the indoor environmental noise and a noise weighted mean value of the outdoor environmental noise; mining an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the indoor environmental noise and an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the outdoor environmental noise; drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the association rules. 6. A device for drawing a noise map, comprising: an obtaining module configured for obtaining an environmental noise uploaded by a terminal, the environmental noise comprises a noise value, a time information and a position information; a valid picture detecting module configured for detecting whether the picture is a valid picture or not when the terminal uploads a picture corresponding to the environmental noise; an indoor environmental noise module configured for identifying the environmental noise as an indoor environmental noise when the picture is valid and the position where the picture is taken lies indoor; an outdoor environmental noise module configured for identifying the environmental noise as an outdoor environmental noise when the picture does not exist, or when the picture is invalid, or when the picture is valid and the position where the picture is taken lies outdoor; and a noise map drawing module configured for drawing a noise map according to the indoor environmental noise and the outdoor environmental noise. 7. The device for drawing a noise map according to claim 6, wherein the valid picture detecting module comprises: a detecting unit configured for detecting whether the picture carries a mark generated by a rear camera or not; and a judging unit configured for judging that the picture is a valid picture when the picture carries the mark generated by the rear camera, and judging that the picture is an invalid picture when the picture doesn't carry the mark generated by the rear camera. 8. The device for drawing a noise map according to claim 6, wherein the noise map drawing module is specifically configured for drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the environmental noise mining model comprises at least one selected from an environmental noise clustering model, a noise decibel mean value model and a noise weighted mean value model. 9. The device for drawing a noise map according to claim 8, wherein the device for drawing a noise map further comprises: an environmental noise mining model configuring module configured for configuring the environmental noise mining model, the environmental noise mining model comprises at least one selected from an environmental noise clustering model, a noise decibel mean value model, and a noise weighted mean value model; wherein the environmental noise clustering model is: \u0394 = \u2211 i , m \ue89e ( \u2211 j \ue89e \u03b3 i | \u03b8 ij \ue89e - \ue89e \u03b8 mj \ue89e | \u2202 ) \ue89e \u2202 wherein in the environmental noise clustering model, a symbol \u0394 represents similarity, a symbol \u2202 represents times of rooting, a symbol \u03b8ij represents a noise value of a jth dimension of a ith vector quantity, a symbol \u03b8mj represents a jth dimension data of a mth type center, a symbol \u03b3 represents a weighted coefficient, and \u03a3i \u03b3=1; wherein the noise decibel mean value model is: value = \u03a3 \ue89e \ue89e value i n ; wherein a symbol value represents an mean value of noise decibel, a symbol valuei represents a noise value of a ith environmental noise, a symbol n represents the number of environmental noise; wherein the noise weighted mean value model is: value \u2032 = \u03a3 \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 i \u00d7 value i n ; wherein a symbol value\u2032 represents a noise weighted mean value, a symbol valuei represents the noise value of the ith environmental noise, and \u03a3\u03c9i=1. 10. The device for drawing a noise map according to claim 8, wherein the noise map drawing module comprises: a noise weighted mean value obtaining unit configured for obtaining a noise weighted mean value according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the noise weighted mean value comprises a noise weighted mean value of the indoor environmental noise and a noise weighted mean value of the outdoor environmental noise; an association rule mining unit configured for mining an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the indoor environmental noise, and an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the outdoor environmental noise; and a noise map drawing unit configured for drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise, and the association rule. 11. The method for drawing a noise map according to claim 4, wherein the step of when the environmental noise mining model applies the noise weighted mean value model, drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model comprises: obtaining a noise weighted mean value according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the noise weighted mean value comprises a noise weighted mean value of the indoor environmental noise and a noise weighted mean value of the outdoor environmental noise; mining an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the indoor environmental noise and an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the outdoor environmental noise; drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the association rules. 12. The device for drawing a noise map according to claim 9, wherein the noise map drawing module comprises: a noise weighted mean value obtaining unit configured for obtaining a noise weighted mean value according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise and the pre-configured environmental noise mining model, the noise weighted mean value comprises a noise weighted mean value of the indoor environmental noise and a noise weighted mean value of the outdoor environmental noise; an association rule mining unit configured for mining an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the indoor environmental noise, and an association rule between the noise weighted mean value and the outdoor environmental noise; and a noise map drawing unit configured for drawing the noise map according to the indoor environmental noise, the outdoor environmental noise, and the association rule.",
-    "Provided are a reagent supply method and device capable of using up a reagent in a container without a remnant to the extent possible, and supplying the reagent to an analysis device without mixing air bubbles even when the remaining amount of the reagent is extremely small. The reagent supply device includes: at least one reagent container including: a container body for storing a liquid reagent; and a reagent supply port arranged on the container body; and a support member for supporting the at least one reagent container so that the reagent supply port is positioned on a lower side of the container body. The reagent supply port is sealed by a plug including at least one nozzle penetration portion. The at least one nozzle penetration portion is formed of a material having a Shore hardness of from A5\u00b0 to A90\u00b0. 1: A reagent supply device, comprising: a reagent container comprising: a container body suitable for storing a liquid reagent; and a reagent supply port arranged on the container body; and a support member suitable for supporting the reagent container, so that the reagent supply port is positioned on a lower side of the container body, wherein the reagent supply port comprises a nozzle penetration portion, wherein the nozzle penetration portion comprises a material having a Shore hardness of from A5\u00b0 to A90\u00b0. 2: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, further comprising a liquid feeder suitable for feeding the liquid reagent to a sample analysis unit. 3: The reagent supply device according to claim 2, wherein the reagent container is arranged at a position higher than the sample analysis unit. 4: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, wherein the support member comprises a nozzle, and the nozzle is arranged at a position corresponding to the nozzle penetration portion of the reagent container. 5: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, wherein, when the reagent container is supported by the support member, the nozzle is inserted into the nozzle penetration portion of the reagent container. 6: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, wherein the material having a Shore hardness of from A5\u00b0 to A90\u00b0 comprises an olefin-based elastomer or a styrene-based elastomer. 7: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, wherein the reagent supply port comprises a plug body and the nozzle penetration portion, and wherein the plug body and the nozzle penetration portion are joined to each other at flanges thereof. 8: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, further comprising a housing suitable for accommodating the reagent container in a uniformly-spaced arrangement. 9: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, further comprising a housing suitable for accommodating the reagent container in a non-uniformly-spaced arrangement. 10: The reagent supply device according to claim 8, wherein the support member supports the reagent container by supporting the housing. 11: The reagent supply device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid reagent comprises a reagent suitable for liquid chromatography. 12: A sample analysis device, comprising: the reagent supply device of claim 1; and a sample analysis unit. 13: A method of supplying a reagent to a sample analysis unit, the method comprising: setting at least one reagent container, wherein the reagent container comprises a container body suitable for storing a liquid reagent, and a reagent supply port arranged on a lower side of the container body, the reagent supply port comprises a nozzle penetration portion, and the nozzle penetration portion comprises a material having a Shore hardness of from A5\u00b0 to A90\u00b0; causing the liquid reagent to flow out of the reagent container in a downward direction through a nozzle inserted into the reagent container through the nozzle penetration portion; and feeding the liquid reagent to the sample analysis unit. 14: A method of analyzing a sample, the method comprising: setting at least one reagent container, wherein the reagent container comprises a container body suitable for storing a liquid reagent, and a reagent supply port arranged on a lower side of the container body, the reagent supply port comprises a nozzle penetration portion, and the nozzle penetration portion comprises a material having a Shore hardness of from A5\u00b0 to A90\u00b0; causing the liquid reagent to flow out of the reagent container in a downward direction through a nozzle inserted into the reagent container through the nozzle penetration portion, and feeding the liquid reagent to a sample analysis unit; and processing or analyzing the sample using the fed liquid reagent. 15: The method according to claim 13, wherein the feeding of the liquid reagent to the sample analysis unit is controlled by at least one liquid feeder. 16: The method according to claim 13, wherein the reagent container is arranged at a position higher than the sample analysis unit. 17: The method according to claim 13, wherein the liquid reagent comprises a reagent suitable for liquid chromatography. 18: The method according to claim 14, wherein the sample comprises blood, wherein the analyzing comprises liquid chromatography, and wherein the liquid reagent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a solution for hemolyzing or diluting the blood sample, a washing solution, and an eluent.",
-    "The present invention relates to peptides, nucleic acids and cells for use in immunotherapeutic methods. In particular, the present invention relates to the immunotherapy of cancer. The present invention furthermore relates to tumor-associated cytotoxic T cell (CTL) peptide epitopes, alone or in combination with other tumor-associated peptides that serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients of vaccine compositions that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses. The present invention relates to more than 70 novel peptide sequences and their variants derived from HLA class I and HLA class II molecules of human tumor cells that can be used in vaccine compositions for eliciting anti-tumor immune responses. 1. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 65, and SEQ ID No. 76 to SEQ ID No. 84, and SEQ ID No. 92, or a variant sequence thereof which is at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 65, and SEQ ID No. 76 to SEQ ID No. 84 and SEQ ID No. 92, wherein said variant induces antibodies and/or T cells specifically binding to said peptide, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 65, and SEQ ID No. 76 to SEQ ID No. 84, and SEQ ID No. 92, wherein said peptide is not the underlying full-length polypeptide. 2. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein said peptide or variant thereof has an overall length of between 8 and 100, optionally between 8 and 30, of optionally between 8 and 14 amino acids for a peptide comprising SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 65, and SEQ ID No. 78 to SEQ ID No. 84, and SEQ ID No. 92, and of between 12 and 100, optionally between 12 and 30, optionally of between 12 to 18 amino acids for a peptide comprising SEQ ID No. 76 or SEQ ID No. 77. 3. The peptide according claim 1, having the ability to bind to a molecule of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I or -II. 4. The peptide according claim 1, wherein said peptide consists or consists essentially of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 65, and SEQ ID No. 76 to SEQ ID No. 84, and SEQ ID No. 92. 5. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein said peptide is modified, elongated N- and/or C-terminally by up to four amino acids, and/or includes non-peptide bonds. 6. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein said peptide is a part of a fusion protein, optionally fused to the N-terminal amino acids of the HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (Ii), or is fused to an antibody. 7. A nucleic acid, encoding for a peptide according to claim 1. 8. The nucleic acid according to claim 7, which is DNA, cDNA, PNA, RNA or combinations thereof. 9. An expression vector capable of expressing the nucleic acid according to claim 7. 10. The peptide according to claim 1 capable for use in medicine. 11. A host cell, comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 7, wherein said host cell is not a human embryonic stem cell. 12. The host cell according to claim 11, wherein said cell is an antigen presenting cell, optionally a dendritic cell. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, and at least one other component selected from the group of pharmaceutically acceptable, optionally aqueous, carriers and/or excipients, optionally buffers, binding agents, blasting agents, diluents, flavours, lubricants, and immune stimulating or immune modulating substances, such as cytokines, immuno-modulators, adjuvants and therapeutic substances with immune modulating properties. 14. Method for producing a peptide the method comprising culturing the host cell according to claim 11 and isolating said peptide from the host cell or a culture medium thereof. 15. An in vitro method for producing an activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) or T helper cell (Th cell), the method comprising contacting in vitro a CTL or Th cell with antigen-loaded human class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell for a period of time sufficient to activate said CTL in an antigen specific manner, wherein said antigen is the peptide according to claim 1. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said antigen is loaded onto class I or II MHC molecules expressed on the surface of a suitable antigen-presenting cell by contacting a sufficient amount of said antigen with said antigen-presenting cell. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein said antigen-presenting cell comprises an expression vector capable of expressing a peptide according to claim 1. 18. An activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) or T helper cell (Th cell), produced by the method according to claim 15, wherein said CTL or Th cell selectively recognises a cell which aberrantly expresses a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence as given in said peptide. 19. An in vitro method for producing a TCR or sTCR or fragment thereof that is specific for the peptide according to claim 1, comprising cloning of variable domains from an activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) or T helper cell (Th cell), and expressing said TCR or sTCR or fragment thereof in a suitable host and/or expression system. 20. An isolated binding agent optionally an antibody or fragment thereof, a protein, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a TCR or an sTCR or fragment thereof that binds, and optionally binds specifically, to the peptide according to claim 1 or to a complex of the peptide with an MHC-molecule. 21. An isolated T-cell receptor reactive with an HLA ligand that is at least 80% identical with an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 92. 22. The isolated T-cell receptor of claim 21, wherein said amino acid sequence is at least 90%, optionally at least 95%, optionally 100% identical to SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 92. 23. A method of killing target cells in a patient, wherein said target cells aberrantly express and/or present a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence as given in claim 1, the method comprising administering to said patient an effective number of T lymphocytes (CTL) or Th cells. 24. A peptide according to claim 1 as a medicament, wherein said medicament is active against cancer. 25. The peptide according to claim 24, wherein said medicament is a vaccine. 26. The peptide according to claim 24, wherein said cancer is selected from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), lung cancer, gastric cancer, and/or glioblastoma. 27. The peptide according to claim 24 for adoptive cellular therapy in humans. 28. An autologous or allogeneic human cytotoxic T cell (CTL) or T helper cell (Th cell), recombinantly transfected with an isolated binding agent optionally a T-cell receptor according to claim 20. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) an entity selected from the group consisting of: (a1) an isolated peptide according to claim 1, (a2) a T cell receptor, sTCR or fragment thereof (a3) a fusion protein (a4) a nucleic acid (a5) an expression vector (a6) a host cell (a7) an activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte or T helper cell wherein a2-a7 comprise or are derived from said peptide, and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally (c) at least one other component selected from the group of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, buffers, binding agents, blasting agents, diluents, flavours, lubricants, and immune stimulating or immune modulating substances, such as cytokines, immunomodulators, adjuvants and therapeutic substances with immune modulating properties",
-    "A COA substrate manufacturing method including: forming a TFT on a base substrate; forming a second insulation layer on the TFT; forming a color resist layer on the second insulation layer; forming a third insulation layer on the color resist layer; forming a through hole which reveals the drain electrode of the TFT; forming an ITO film layer on the third insulation layer; forming a photoresist layer on the ITO film layer; performing a light-shielding process to the photoresist layer on the vias-region ITO film layer and an exposure process to the photoresist layer on the non vias-region ITO film layer; developing the photoresist layer on the vias-region ITO and the non vias-region ITO film layers to obtain a photoresist layer plug covered on the vias-region ITO film layer. The present invention utilizes the photoresist to fill the through hole which can improve the quality of a display device. 1. A Color Filter on Array (COA) substrate manufacturing method comprising: forming a thin-film transistor on a base substrate, wherein the thin-film transistor includes a first metal layer on the base substrate, a first insulation layer disposed on the first metal layer, a semiconductor active layer disposed on the first insulation layer, and a second metal layer disposed on the semiconductor active layer, wherein the second metal layer forms a drain electrode of the thin-film transistor; forming a second insulation layer on the thin-film transistor; forming a color resist layer on the second insulation layer; forming a third insulation layer on the color resist layer; forming at least one through hole which exposes the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor, and sequentially passes through the third insulation layer, the color resist layer and the second insulation layer; wherein, the method further comprises: forming an ITO film layer on the third insulation layer, wherein, the ITO film layer includes a vias-region ITO film layer located on and attached in the through hole and a non vais-region ITO film layer located outside the through hole; forming a photoresist layer on the ITO film layer; performing a light-shielding process to the photoresist layer located only on the vias-region ITO film layer, and performing an exposure process to the photoresist layer on the non vias-region ITO film layer; and developing the photoresist layer on the vias-region ITO film layer and the photoresist layer on the non vias-region ITO film layer in order to obtain a photoresist layer plug only covered on the vias-region ITO film layer. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the non vias-region ITO film layer includes a trace-region ITO film layer located adjacent to and outside the through hole and a non trace-region ITO film layer located corresponding to the thin-film transistor; the step of performing an exposure process to the photoresist layer on the non vias-region ITO film layer includes: performing a partial exposure process to the photoresist layer on the trace-region ITO film layer in order to partially remove the photoresist layer on the trace-region ITO film layer, and performing a full exposure process to the photoresist layer on the non trace-region ITO film layer in order to completely remove the photoresist layer non trace-region ITO film layer. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of performing a partial exposure process to the photoresist layer on the trace-region ITO film layer includes: using a semi-transparent mask to perform a semi-exposure process to the photoresist layer on the trace-region ITO film layer. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein after the step of developing the photoresist layer on the vias-region ITO film layer, the method further includes: using an etching process to remove the non trace-region ITO film layer. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein after the step of using an etching process to remove the non trace-region ITO film layer, the method further includes: using a dry etching process to the photoresist layer on the trace-region ITO film layer and the photoresist layer on the vias-region ITO film layer in order to completely remove the photoresist layer on the trace-region ITO film layer, and partially remove the photoresist layer on the vias-region ITO film layer such that the photoresist layer plug is only covered on the through hole. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a side plane of the photoresist layer plug exposed outside the through hole is perpendicular to the base substrate. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first metal layer forms a gate electrode of the thin-film transistor, and the second metal layer forms a source electrode of the thin-film transistor, and a volume of the photoresist layer plug is equal to a volume of the through hole, the horizontal plane is corresponding to a height of the trace-region ITO film layer. 8. A Color Filter on Array (COA) substrate comprising: a base substrate; a thin-film transistor disposed on the base substrate, wherein the thin-film transistor includes a first metal layer disposed on the base substrate, a first insulation layer disposed on the first metal layer, a semiconductor active layer disposed on the first insulation layer and a second metal layer disposed on the semiconductor active layer, and wherein the second metal layer forms a drain electrode of the thin-film transistor; a second insulation layer disposed on the thin-film transistor, a color resist layer disposed on the second insulation layer; a third insulation layer disposed on the color resist layer and at least one through hole which exposes the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor, and sequentially passes through the third insulation layer, the color resist layer and the second insulation layer; wherein, the COA substrate further includes: a ITO film layer disposed on the third insulation layer, wherein the ITO film layer includes a vias-region ITO film layer located on and attached in the through hole and a trace-region ITO film layer located adjacent to and outside the through hole; and a photoresist layer plug only covered on the vias-region ITO film layer. 9. The COA substrate according to claim 8, wherein the photoresist layer plug includes a plug portion and a protrusion portion, the plug portion is filled in the through hole, and the protrusion portion is protruded out from the through hole. 10. The COA substrate according to claim 9, wherein the protrusion portion includes a horizontal plane in parallel with the base substrate and a side plane perpendicular to the base substrate. 11. The COA substrate according to claim 9, wherein the protrusion portion includes a horizontal plane in parallel with the base substrate and a side plane forming an inclined angle with respect to the base substrate. 12. The COA substrate according to claim 11, wherein the inclined angle formed between the side plane and the base substrate is less than 30 degrees. 13. The COA substrate according to claim 8, wherein the first metal layer forms a gate electrode of the thin-film transistor, and the second metal layer forms a source electrode of the thin-film transistor, and a volume of the photoresist layer plug is equal to a volume of the through hole, the horizontal plane is corresponding to a height of the trace-region ITO film layer. 14. A display device including a Color Filter on Array (COA) substrate comprising: a base substrate; a thin-film transistor disposed on the base substrate, wherein the thin-film transistor includes a first metal layer disposed on the base substrate, a first insulation layer disposed on the first metal layer, a semiconductor active layer disposed on the first insulation layer and a second metal layer disposed on the semiconductor active layer, and wherein the second metal layer forms a drain electrode of the thin-film transistor; a second insulation layer disposed on the thin-film transistor, a color resist layer disposed on the second insulation layer; a third insulation layer disposed on the color resist layer and at least one through hole which exposes the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor, and sequentially passes through the third insulation layer, the color resist layer and the second insulation layer; wherein, the COA substrate further includes: a ITO film layer disposed on the third insulation layer, wherein the ITO film layer includes a vias-region ITO film layer located on and attached in the through hole and a trace-region ITO film layer located adjacent to and outside the through hole; and a photoresist layer plug only covered on the vias-region ITO film layer, wherein, the photoresist layer plug is contacted with liquid crystals near the photoresist layer plug. 15. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the photoresist layer plug includes a plug portion and a protrusion portion, the plug portion is filled in the through hole, and the protrusion portion is protruded out from the through hole. 16. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the protrusion portion includes a horizontal plane in parallel with the base substrate and a side plane perpendicular to the base substrate such that a tilting direction of the liquid crystals is unchanged. 17. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the protrusion portion includes a horizontal plane in parallel with the base substrate and a side plane forming an inclined angle with respect to the base substrate. 18. The display device according to claim 17, wherein the inclined angle formed between the side plane and the base substrate is less than 30 degrees. 19. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the first metal layer forms a gate electrode of the thin-film transistor, and the second metal layer forms a source electrode of the thin-film transistor, and a volume of the photoresist layer plug is equal to a volume of the through hole, the horizontal plane is corresponding to a height of the trace-region ITO film layer such that a tilting direction of the liquid crystals is unchanged.",
-    "The present disclosure proposes a TFT. The source and the drain of the TFT are disposed on the same side as the gate. The gate includes a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer that are stacked from bottom to top, and the second buffer layer is disposed on the side that is close to the source and drain. The source and drain include a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer that are stacked, and the first buffer layer is disposed on the side that is close to the gate. The first copper layer is deposited by a first power, the second copper layer is deposited by a second power lower than the first power. Through the above method, it is prevents photoresist from shedding when etching. 1. An array substrate, comprising a substrate and a plurality of thin film transistors (TFT) installed on the substrate, with the TFTs comprising a gate, a source and a drain, the source and the drain being disposed on the same side as the gate; wherein the gate comprises a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer that are stacked from bottom to top, and the second buffer layer is disposed on the side that is close to the source and drain; and/or the source and drain comprises a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer that are stacked from bottom to top, and the first buffer layer is disposed on the side that is close to the gate; the first copper layer is deposited by a first power, the second copper layer is deposited by a second power, with the first power higher than the second power, wherein the first power is between 50 KW and 70 KW, and the second power is between 20 KW and 40 KW. 2. (canceled) 3. The array substrate of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first buffer layer is between 100 \u212b and 200 \u212b, the thickness of the first copper layer is between 3000 \u212b and 5000 \u212b, the thickness of the second copper layer is between 1000 \u212b and 2000 \u212b, and the thickness of the second buffer layer is between 100 \u212b and 200 \u212b. 4. The array substrate of claim 1, wherein the first buffer layer and the second buffer layer is molybdenum film, titanium film, or a stacked structure of molybdenum and titanium films. 5. The array substrate of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first buffer layer, the first copper layer, the second copper layer and the second buffer layer is formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD). 6. The array substrate of claim 1, wherein the thin film transistor further comprises a gate insulator (GI) and channel layer disposed between the gate and the source and the drain. 7. A thin film transistors (TFT) comprising a gate, a source and a drain, with the source and the drain being disposed on the same side as the gate, wherein the gate comprises a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer that are stacked from bottom to top, and the second buffer layer is disposed on the side that is close to the source and drain; and/or the source and drain comprises a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer that are stacked from bottom to top, and the first buffer layer is disposed on the side that is close to the gate; the first copper layer is deposited by a first power, the second copper layer is deposited by a second power, with the first power higher than the second power, wherein the first power is between 50 KW and 70 KW, and the second power is between 20 KW and 40 KW. 8. (canceled) 9. The thin film transistor of claim 7, wherein the thickness of the first buffer layer is between 100 \u212b and 200 \u212b, the thickness of the first copper layer is between 3000 \u212b and 5000 \u212b, the thickness of the second copper layer is between 1000 \u212b and 2000 \u212b, and the thickness of the second buffer layer is between 100 \u212b and 200 \u212b. 10. The thin film transistor of claim 7, wherein the first buffer layer and the second buffer layer is molybdenum film, titanium film, or a stacked structure of molybdenum and titanium films. 11. The thin film transistor of claim 7, wherein at least one of the first buffer layer, the first copper layer, the second copper layer and the second buffer layer is formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD). 12. The thin film transistor of claim 7, further comprising a gate insulator (GI) and channel layer disposed between the gate and the source and the drain. 13. A method of forming an array substrate, comprising: forming gates of TFTs on the substrate; forming sources and drains of the TFTs on the gate; wherein the forming of the gate and/or the source and drain comprises: forming, from bottom to top, a first buffer layer, a first copper layer, a second copper layer and a second buffer layer, wherein the first copper layer is formed by a first power, the second copper layer is formed by a second power, with the first power higher than the second power, wherein the first power is between 50 KW and 70 KW, and the second power is between 20 KW and 40 KW, the thickness of the first buffer layer is between 100 \u212b and 200 \u212b, the thickness of the first copper layer is between 3000 \u212b and 5000 \u212b, the thickness of the second copper layer is between 1000 \u212b and 2000 \u212b, and the thickness of the second buffer layer is between 100 \u212b and 200 \u212b; and coating the second buffer layer with photoresist and etching. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of the first buffer layer, the first copper layer, the second copper layer and the second buffer layer is formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD). 15-16. (canceled)",
-    "An optical fiber core butting apparatus comprises a butting panel (1) with multiple butting devices including butting holes (11), optical fiber core butting connectors and mechanical hands (3); the optical fiber core butting connectors comprise a wire-line connector (21) and a cord-line connector (22); the wire-line connector (21) comprises a first slide bar (211), a first wire-line core connector (212) and a second wire-line core connector (213), and the input terminals and the output terminals of the first and second wire-line core connectors (212, 213) are both connected by connecting fibers; the cord-line connector (22) comprises a second slide bar (221), a first cord-line core connector (222) and a second cord-line core connector (223), and the first and second cord-line connector (222, 223) are connected by a connecting fiber; the mechanical hands (3) are used for holding the core connectors and driving the core connectors to move. 1. An apparatus for butting optical fiber cores, comprising: a butting plate with a plurality of butting devices, wherein each of the plurality of butting devices comprise a butting hole in a center of the butting device; a connector for butting the optical fiber cores, wherein the connector for butting the optical fiber cores is fixed on the butting plate and comprises a plurality of line connectors parallel to each other and a plurality of cord connectors parallel to each other, wherein each of the plurality of line connectors comprises a first slide bar, a first line fiber core connector and a second line fiber core connector, both of the first line fiber core connector and the second line fiber core connector being slidable along the first slide bar, an input end and an output end of the first line fiber core connector being connected to each other through a connection optical fiber, and an input end and an output end of the second line fiber core connector being connected to each other through a connection optical fiber, and wherein each of the plurality of cord connectors comprises a second slide bar, a first cord fiber core connector and a second cord fiber core connector, both of the first cord fiber core connector and the second cord fiber core connector being slidable along the second slide bar, the first cord fiber core connector and the second cord fiber core connector being connected to each other through a connection optical fiber; and a manipulator configured to grip the fiber core connectors and drive the fiber core connectors to move. 2. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of butting devices further comprises: a plurality of arc-shaped holes distributed around a circumference of each of the butting holes, wherein two ends of each of the plurality of arc-shaped holes are far away from the butting hole; and a plurality of embossments provided, along radial directions of the plurality of arc-shaped holes and opposite to the arc-shaped holes, on an inner wall of each of the butting holes, wherein each of the plurality of embossments corresponds to a respective one of the plurality of arc-shaped holes. 3. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of arc-shaped holes are evenly distributed around the circumference of the butting hole. 4. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 3, wherein number of the plurality of arc-shaped holes is 4. 5. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 1, further comprising a drag chain for wrapping the connection optical fiber. 6. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 1, wherein each of the fiber core connectors comprises: a connecting portion; a fixing portion having a cavity, wherein the cavity passes through the fixing portion from left side to right side of the fixing portion, and two through-holes are provided side-by-side at the bottom of the cavity; and two optical fiber core connecting flanges, wherein one end of each of the optical fiber core connecting flanges is fixed in one of the through-holes, the other end includes a second cylinder portion for fixing an external optical fiber core, and at least one of the optical fiber core connecting flanges has a stepped through-hole. 7. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 6, wherein the connecting portion comprises an upper part and a lower part, and in a direction perpendicular to a passing-through direction of the cavity, a cross section area of the upper part of the connecting portion is larger than a cross section area of the lower part of the connecting portion, and a groove shape is formed by the upper part of the connecting portion, the lower part of the connecting portion, and the fixing portion. 8. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 1, wherein the manipulator comprises: a first transmission gear and a plug which is embedded partly in the first transmission gear, wherein embedding portions of the first transmission gear and the plug form a thread-screw structure, and the plug has a grip portion in a lower part of the plug to grip the fiber core connectors. 9. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 8, wherein the manipulator further comprises: two bearings which are provided on a top surface and a bottom surface of the first transmission gear to fix the first transmission gear. 10. The apparatus for butting optical fiber cores according to claim 8, wherein the manipulator further comprises: a second transmission gear engaging with the first transmission gear, wherein, when rotating transversely, the second transmission gear drives the first transmission gear to rotate transversely in a direction opposite to a direction in which the second transmission gear rotates transversely; and a power output portion fixedly connected to the second transmission gear to transfer kinetic energy to the second transmission gear; and a motor for driving the power output portion.",
-    "A medicament for inhibiting platelet aggregation, comprising atractylenolide compound or its derivatives, wherein the said atractylenolide compound has the following structural formula shown in formula (I), wherein R1 represents H or C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl, R2 represents H or C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl, and R3 represents H or hydroxyl. Use of atractylenolide compound shown in formula (I) or its derivatives in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting platelet aggregation. The medicament for inhibiting platelet aggregation of the present application has good efficacy without toxic-and-side effect, lower tendency of tolerance, convenient to take and applicable for preventing or treating diseases caused by high platelet aggregation rate. 1-12. (canceled) 13: A method for inhibiting platelet aggregation comprising administering an atractylenolide compound of formula (I): or a derivative thereof, wherein: R1 is H or C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl; R2 is H or C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl; and R3 is H or hydroxyl. 14: The method of claim 13, wherein in the atractylenolide compound of formula (I) or a derivative thereof, R1 is methyl. 15: The method of claim 13, wherein in the atractylenolide compound of formula (I) or a derivative thereof, R2 is methyl. 16: The method of claim 14, wherein in the atractylenolide compound of formula (I) or a derivative thereof, R2 is methyl. 17: The method of claim 16, wherein the atractylenolide compound is of the formula (II): or a derivative thereof. 18: The method of claim 16, wherein the atractylenolide compound is of the formula (III): or a derivative thereof. 19: The method of claim 17, wherein the derivative of the atractylenolide compound is of the formula (IV): 20: The method of claim 13, wherein the atractylenolide compound or a derivative thereof is administered in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of a tablet, a granule, a capsule, a patch and an injection. 21: The method of claim 13, further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 22: The method of claim 21, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient comprises one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a propellent, a solubilizer, a cosolvent, an emulsifier, a colorant, an adhesive, a disintegrant, a filling agent, a lubricant, a wetting agent, an osmotic pressure regulator, a stabilizer, a glidant, a corrigent, a preservative, a suspending agent, a coating material, a fragrance, an anti-adhesive, a chelating agent, a penetration enhancer, a pH regulator, a buffering agent, a plasticizer, a surfactant, a foaming agent, a defoaming agent, a thickening agent, a clathrate agent, a humectant, an absorbent, a diluent, a flocculant, a deflocculant, a filter aid agent, and a releasing blocker. 23: A method for treating or preventing a disease caused by high platelet aggregation rate in a subject comprising administering to the subject an atractylenolide compound of formula (I): or a derivative thereof, wherein: R1 is H or C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl; R2 is H or C1-C10 linear or branched alkyl; and R3 is H or hydroxyl. 24: The method of claim 23, wherein in the atractylenolide compound of formula (I) or a derivative thereof, R1 is methyl and R2 is methyl. 25: The method of claim 23, wherein the disease caused by high platelet aggregation rate is viscous blood, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis in lower extremities, or deep venous thrombosis in lower extremities.",
-    "A communication mode switching method and device. The method comprises: receiving a sending request; detecting whether the radio-frequency signal strength of a downlink channel meets a first threshold; when the radio-frequency signal strength is greater than or equal to the first threshold, determining that a relay station is in a working state, and keeping a relaying mode to finish the sending request; when the radio-frequency signal strength is less than the first threshold, determining that the relay station is in an abnormal state, and switching to an offline mode to finish the sending request, the offline mode specifically being to perform sending after regulating the sending frequency to be the receiving frequency of the downlink channel. It can be seen that, whether the relay station is in the abnormal state is determined by detecting whether the signal strength of the downlink channel meets the preset threshold, and sequentially, the working mode is switched between the relaying mode and the offline mode in a targeted manner, so that when the relay station is in the abnormal state, the receiving frequency of the downlink channel is used as the sending frequency for sending signals, so as to ensure that other mobile stations are capable of receiving the sent signals, and the rate of call loss is lowered. 1. A communication mode switching method, comprising: receiving a transmission request; detecting whether radio frequency signal strength of a downlink channel meets a first threshold; and determining that a relay station is in an operating state, and keeping a mobile station in a relay mode to complete a transmission request, in a case that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is greater than or equal to the first threshold, wherein in the relay mode, a transmission is performed in a transmitting frequency of an uplink channel; and determining that the relay station is in an abnormal state and switching the mobile station into an offline mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is less than the first threshold, wherein in the offline mode, the transmitting frequency is adjusted to a receiving frequency of the downlink channel to perform the transmission. 2. The communication mode switching method according to claim 1, wherein in a case that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is detected to be less than the first threshold, the communication mode switching method further comprises: transmitting an access request frame to the relay station and monitoring whether a relay signal is transmitted on the downlink channel; determining that the relay station is in the operating state and keeping the mobile station in the relay mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the relay signal is detected; and determining that the relay station is in the abnormal state and switching the mobile station into the offline mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that no relay signal is detected. 3. The communication mode switching method according to claim 2, wherein before the transmitting the access request frame to the relay station and monitoring whether the relay signal is transmitted on the downlink channel, the communication mode switching method further comprises: detecting whether signal strength of the uplink channel meets a second threshold; switching the mobile station into the offline mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that signal strength for accessing the uplink channel is greater than or equal to the second threshold; and transmitting the access request frame to the relay station and monitoring whether the relay signal is transmitted on the downlink channel in a case that the signal strength for accessing the uplink channel is less than the second threshold. 4. The communication mode switching method according to claim 1, wherein in a case that the mobile station is switched into a keeping state in the offline mode, the communication mode switching method further comprises: detecting whether the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel meets the first threshold on reception of the transmission request; determining that the relay station is in the operating state and switching the mobile station into the relay mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is greater than or equal to the first threshold; and determining that the relay station is in the abnormal state and keeping the mobile station in the offline mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is less than the first threshold. 5. The communication mode switching method according to claim 1, wherein in a case that the mobile station is switched into a keeping state in the offline mode, the communication mode switching method further comprises: performing a call admission, in a case that a call request for the mobile station is received; determining whether an end frame of the call request is a relay signal on reception of the end frame; switching the mobile station into the relay mode in a case that the end frame is the relay signal; and keeping the mobile station in the offline mode and switching the mobile station into the keeping state, in a case that the end frame is not the relay signal. 6. The communication mode switching method according to claim 1, wherein in a case that the mobile station is switched into a keeping state in the offline mode, the communication mode switching method further comprises: switching the mobile station into the relay mode, in a case that no operation is performed in a period from an activation of a keeping timer to an expiration of the keeping timer. 7. A communication mode switching device, comprising: a transmission request receiving unit configured to receive a transmission request; a first threshold detecting unit configured to detect whether radio frequency signal strength of a downlink channel meets a first threshold; a relay mode keeping unit configured to determine that a relay station is in an operating state, and to keep in a relay mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the first threshold detecting unit detects that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is greater than or equal to the first threshold, wherein in the relay mode, a transmission is performed in a transmitting frequency of an uplink channel; and an offline mode switching unit configured to determine that the relay station is in an abnormal state, and to switch to an offline mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the first threshold detecting unit detects that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is less than the first threshold, wherein in the offline mode, a transmitting frequency is adjusted to a receiving frequency of the downlink channel to perform a transmission. 8. The communication mode switching device according to claim 7, further comprising: a downlink channel monitoring unit configured to transmit an access request frame to the relay station and monitor whether a relay signal is transmitted on the downlink channel, in a case that the first threshold detecting unit detects that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is less than the first threshold; and wherein the relay mode keeping unit is further configured to determine that the relay station is in the operating state and keep in the relay mode to complete the transmission request in a case that the relay signal is monitored by the downlink channel monitoring unit; and the offline mode switching unit is further configured to determine that the relay station is in the abnormal state and switch to the offline mode to complete the transmission request in a case that no relay signal is monitored by the downlink channel monitoring unit. 9. The communication mode switching device according to claim 8, further comprising: an uplink channel detecting unit configured to detect whether signal strength of the uplink channel meets a second threshold before the downlink channel monitoring unit is activated; and wherein the offline mode switching unit is further configured to switch to the offline mode to complete the transmission request in a case that the uplink channel detecting unit detects that signal strength for accessing the uplink channel is greater than or equal to the second threshold; and the downlink channel monitoring unit is further configured to transmit the access request frame to the relay station and monitor whether the relay signal is transmitted on the downlink channel, in a case that the uplink channel detecting unit detects that the signal strength for accessing the uplink channel is less than the second threshold. 10. The communication mode switching device according to claim 7, further comprising: wherein the first threshold detecting unit is further configured to, in a case that the offline mode switching unit is switched into a keeping state after the transmission request is completed, detect whether the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel meets the first threshold on reception of the transmission request; a relay mode switching unit is configured to determine that the relay station is in the operating state and switch to the relay mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the first threshold detecting unit detects that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is greater than or equal to the first threshold; and an offline mode keeping unit is configured to determine that the relay station is in the abnormal state and keep in the offline mode to complete the transmission request, in a case that the first threshold detecting unit detects that the radio frequency signal strength of the downlink channel is less than the first threshold. 11. The communication mode switching device according to claim 7, further comprising: a call admission unit configured to perform a call admission when a call request for a mobile station is received, in a case that the offline mode switching unit is switched into a keeping state after the transmission request is completed; and an end frame determining unit configured to determine whether an end frame of the call request is a relay signal on reception of the end frame; wherein the relay mode switching unit is further configured to switch into the relay mode in a case that the end frame determining unit determines that the end frame is the relay signal; and a the offline mode keeping unit is further configured to keep in the offline mode and switch into the keeping state in a case that the end frame determining unit determines that the end frame is not the relay signal.",
-    "A sensor device includes electrodes disposed in a detection region having plural segments such that the electrodes do not overlap each other. The plural segments are arranged in a matrix shape with plural, three or more rows and plural, three or more columns. Each of the electrodes is located on certain segments out of the plural segments. The certain segments are located certain rows out of the plural rows and certain columns out of the plural columns. When each of the segments in the detection region is operated, the electrodes output signals different from each other correspondingly to each of the plural segments. The sensor device can easily detect the operated position with a simple configuration. 1. A sensor device comprising a plurality of electrodes disposed in a detection region having a plurality of segments such that the plurality of electrodes do not overlap each other, the plurality of segments being arranged in a matrix shape with a plurality of rows not fewer than three rows and a plurality of columns not fewer than three columns, each of the plurality of electrodes having an area larger than an area of any of the plurality of segments, wherein each of the plurality of electrodes is located over a plurality of certain segments out of the plurality of segments, the plurality of certain segments being located at a plurality of certain rows out of the plurality of rows and a plurality of certain columns out of the plurality of columns, and wherein, when the plurality of segments in the detection region are operated, the plurality of electrodes outputs signals different from each other correspondingly to respective ones of the plurality of segments based on a table for determining the operated segments out of the plurality of segments. 2. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein a line separating the plurality of electrodes inclines with respect to at least one of a plurality of lines separating the plurality of segments. 3. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein one of the plurality of electrodes occupies respective predetermined ranges segments out of the plurality of segments adjacent to each other. 4. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein an outer circumference of the detection region includes an arcuate shape. 5. The sensor device according to claim 1, wherein the number of the plurality of rows is an odd number while the number of the plurality of columns is an odd number. 6. A detection method using a sensor device, comprising: providing a sensor device including a plurality of electrodes disposed in a detection region having a plurality of segments such that the plurality of electrodes do not overlap each other, the plurality of segments being arranged in a matrix shape with a plurality of rows not fewer than three rows and a plurality of columns not fewer than three columns, each of the plurality of electrodes having an area larger than an area of any of the plurality of segments; obtaining a positional information signal from the plurality of electrodes when one segment out of the plurality of segments in the detection region is operated; and determining the operated one segment out of the plurality of segments based on the obtained positional information signal based on a table for determining the operated one segment out of the plurality of segments.",
-    "A gain contribution of the audio signal for each of the N audio objects to at least one of M speakers may be determined. Determining the gain contribution may involve determining a center of loudness position that is a function of speaker (or cluster) positions and gains assigned to each speaker (or cluster). Determining the gain contribution also may involve determining a minimum value of a cost function. A first term of the cost function may represent a difference between the center of loudness position and an audio object position. 1-30. (canceled) 31. A method, comprising: receiving audio data comprising N audio objects, the audio objects including audio signals and associated metadata, the metadata including at least audio object position data; and performing an audio object clustering process that produces M clusters from the N audio objects, M being a number less than N, wherein the clustering process comprises: selecting M representative audio objects; determining a cluster centroid position for each of the M clusters according to audio object position data of each of the M representative audio objects, each cluster centroid position being a single position that is representative of positions of all audio objects associated with a cluster; and determining a gain contribution of the audio signal for each of the N audio objects to at least one of the M clusters, wherein determining the gain contribution involves: determining a center of loudness position that is a function of cluster centroid positions and gains assigned to each cluster; and determining a minimum value of a cost function, the cost function including three terms, a first term representing a difference between the center of loudness position and an audio object position, a second term representing a distance between the object position and a cluster centroid position and a third term setting a scale for determined gain contributions allowing the cost function to discriminate between determined gain contributions and select a single set of gain contributions from multiple sets of gain contributions, wherein the number of clusters is minimized for which the single set of gain contributions is selected. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein determining the center of loudness position involves combining cluster centroid positions via a weighting process in which a weight applied to a cluster centroid position corresponds to a gain assigned to the cluster centroid position. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein determining the center of loudness position involves: determining products of each cluster centroid position and a gain assigned to each cluster centroid position; calculating a sum of the products; determining a sum of the gains for all cluster centroid positions; and dividing the sum of the products by the sum of the gains. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the second term of the cost function is proportional to a square of the distance between the object position and a cluster centroid position. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the cost function is a quadratic function of the gains assigned to each cluster. 36. The method of claim 31, further comprising modifying at least one cluster centroid position according to gain contributions of audio objects in the corresponding cluster. 37. The method of claim 31, wherein at least one cluster centroid position is time-varying. 38. A non-transitory medium having software stored thereon, the software including instructions for controlling at least one apparatus to perform the method of claim 31. 39. An apparatus, comprising: an interface system; and a logic system capable of: receiving, via the interface system, audio data comprising N audio objects, the audio objects including audio signals and associated metadata, the metadata including at least audio object position data; and performing an audio object clustering process that produces M clusters from the N audio objects, M being a number less than N, wherein the clustering process comprises: selecting M representative audio objects; determining a cluster centroid position for each of the M clusters according to audio object position data of each of the M representative audio objects, each cluster centroid position being a single position that is representative of positions of all audio objects associated with a cluster; and determining a gain contribution of the audio object signal for each of the N audio objects to at least one of the M clusters, wherein determining the gain contribution involves: determining a center of loudness position that is a function of cluster centroid positions and gains assigned to each cluster; and determining a minimum value of a cost function, the cost function including three terms, a first term representing a difference between the center of loudness position and an audio object position, a second term representing a distance between the object position and a cluster centroid position and a third term setting a scale for determined gain contributions allowing the cost function to discriminate between determined gain contributions and select a single set of gain contributions from multiple sets of gain contributions, wherein the number of clusters is minimized for which the single set of gain contributions is selected. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein determining the center of loudness position involves combining cluster centroid positions via a weighting process in which a weight applied to a cluster centroid position corresponds to a gain assigned to the cluster centroid position. 41. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the second term of the cost function is proportional to a square of the distance between the object position and a speaker position or a cluster centroid position. 42. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein at least one cluster centroid position is time-varying. 43. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the cost function is a quadratic function of the gains assigned to each speaker or cluster. 44. The apparatus of claim 39, further comprising a memory device, wherein the interface comprises an interface between the logic system and the memory device. 45. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the interface comprises a network interface. 46. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the logic system includes at least one element selected from a group of elements consisting of a general purpose single- or multi-chip processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic and discrete hardware components.",
-    "A management computing device receives, from a target computing device located within a remote network, an event generated at the target computing device resulting from an issue at the target computing device. The management computing device determines a remediation process to resolve the issue at the target computing device in an automated manner. The management computing devices executes the remediation process in conjunction with a software agent running on the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising a computer program executable by a processor of a management computing device to: receive, from a target computing device located within a remote network, an event generated at the target computing device resulting from an issue at the target computing device; determine whether a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network; determine a remediation process to resolve the issue at the target computing device in an automated manner; in response to a determination that no computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network, execute the remediation process in conjunction with a software agent running on the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and in response to a determination that a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network, execute the remediation process in conjunction with the computing device residing within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution, to resolve the issue in the automated manner. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 0, wherein the computer program is executable to, in the execution of the remediation process in conjunction with the software agent: send instructions to the software agent for execution at the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and receive execution results back from the software agent regarding resolution of the issue. 3. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 0, wherein the computer program is executable to, in the execution of the remediation process in conjunction with the software agent: interact with the software agent at the target computing device via a software agent at the management computing device employed in lieu of a computing device within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the computer program is executable to, in the execution of the remediation process in conjunction with the computing device residing within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution: send instructions to the computing device residing within the remote network for execution at the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and receive execution results back from the computing device residing within the remote network regarding resolution of the issue. 7. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein, when a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution: the computing device has access to an administrator or root account at the target computing device, the computing device has a direct connection to the remote network in which the target computing device is located, and a plurality of network ports are open at the target computing device for the computing device to communicate with the target computing device. 8-12. (canceled) 13. A management computing device comprising: a processor; and memory comprising instructions executable by the processor to: receive, from a target computing device located within a remote network, an event generated at the target computing device resulting from an issue at the target computing device; determine whether a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network; determine a remediation process to resolve the issue at the target computing device in an automated manner; in response to a determination that no computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network, execute the remediation process in conjunction with a software agent running on the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and in response to a determination that a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network, execute the remediation process in conjunction with the computing device residing within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution, to resolve the issue in the automated manner. 14. The management computing device of claim 13, wherein the instructions to execute the remediation process in conjunction with the software agent are executable to: send instructions to the software agent for execution at the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and receive execution results back from the software agent regarding resolution of the issue. 15. The management computing device of claim 13, wherein the instructions to execute the remediation process in conjunction with the software agent are executable to: interact, via a software agent at the management computing device, with the software agent at the target computing device employed in lieu of a computing device within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network, wherein the software agent at the target computing device is installed within or in conjunction with a server automation infrastructure at the target computing device, such that the software agent is to leverage the server automation infrastructure in assisting the execution of the remediation process. 16. The management computing device of claim 13, wherein the instructions to execute the remediation process in conjunction with the computing device residing within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution are executable to: send instructions to the computing device residing within the remote network for execution at the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and receive execution results back from the computing device residing within the remote network regarding resolution of the issue. 17. The management computing device of claim 13, wherein, when a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network: the computing device that resides within the remote network has access to an administrator or root account at the target computing device, the computing device that resides within the remote network has a direct connection to the remote network in which the target computing device is located, and a plurality of network ports are open at the target computing device for the computing device that resides within the remote network to communicate with the target computing device. 18. A method of a management computing device, the method comprising: receiving, from a target computing device located within a remote network, an event generated at the target computing device resulting from an issue at the target computing device; determining whether a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network; determining a remediation process to resolve the issue at the target computing device in an automated manner; and based on the determination of whether a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network, executing the remediation process in conjunction with a software agent running on the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner or in conjunction with the computing device residing within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution, to resolve the issue in the automated manner. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein executing the remediation process in conjunction with the software agent comprises: sending instructions to the software agent for execution at the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and receiving execution results back from the software agent regarding resolution of the issue. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein executing the remediation process in conjunction with the software agent comprises: interacting with the software agent at the target computing device via a software agent at the management computing device employed in lieu of a computing device within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution at the remote network. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein executing the remediation process in conjunction with a computing device residing within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution comprises: sending instructions to the computing device residing within the remote network for execution at the target computing device to resolve the issue in the automated manner; and receiving execution results back from the computing device residing within the remote network regarding resolution of the issue. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein, when a computing device resides within the remote network that is responsible for issue resolution: the computing device has access to an administrator or root account at the target computing device, the computing device has a direct connection to the remote network in which the target computing device is located, and a plurality of network ports are open at the target computing device for the computing device to communicate with the target computing device.",
-    "The present invention provides a thin film transistor array substrate and a liquid crystal display panel. The thin film transistor array substrate comprises: a substrate, and the substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface oppositely located; a thin film transistor array, located on the first surface; a common electrode layer, and the common electrode layer is isolated from the thin film transistor array, and the common electrode layer comprises a plurality of first strip holes; a sensing electrode layer, and the sensing electrode layer is isolated from the common electrode layer, and the sensing electrode layer comprises a plurality of sensing units and a plurality of sensing wires, and the sensing units are distributed in row and column, and the sensing wires are electrically coupled to the sensing units of each row or each column respectively, and the sensing wires are located corresponding to the first strip holes. 1. A thin film transistor array substrate, wherein the thin film transistor array substrate comprises: a substrate, and the substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface, which are oppositely located; a thin film transistor array, located on the first surface; a common electrode layer, and the common electrode layer is isolated from the thin film transistor array, and the common electrode layer comprises a plurality of first strip holes; a sensing electrode layer, and the sensing electrode layer is isolated from the common electrode layer, and the sensing electrode layer comprises a plurality of sensing units and a plurality of sensing wires, and the sensing units are distributed in row and column, and the sensing wires are electrically coupled to the sensing units of each row or each column respectively, and the sensing wires are located corresponding to the first strip holes. 2. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thin film transistor array substrate further comprises: a plurality of gate lines, located on the thin film transistor array, and the gate lines are aligned along a first direction and extend along a second direction; a plurality of data lines, located above the gate lines, and the data lines are aligned along the second direction and extend along the first direction; the common electrode layer is located above the data lines, and isolated from the data lines and the gate lines, and the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, or the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines. 3. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 2, wherein as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, a width of the first strip hole corresponding to the gate line is smaller or equal to a width of the gate line; as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, a width of the first strip hole corresponding to the data line is smaller or equal to a width of the data line. 4. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein each first strip hole comprises a plurality of first sub strip holes, and the first sub strip holes are located in spaces. 5. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 4, wherein as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, the first sub strip holes are aligned along the first direction and extend along the second direction; as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, the first sub strip holes are aligned along the second direction and extend along the first direction. 6. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the thin film transistor array substrate further comprises second strip holes, and as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, the second strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines; as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, the second strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines. 7. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 6, wherein as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, a width of the second strip hole corresponding to the data line is smaller or equal to a width of the data line; as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, a width of the second strip hole corresponding to the gate line is smaller or equal to a width of the gate line. 8. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 7, wherein each second strip hole comprises a plurality of second sub strip holes, and the second sub strip holes are located in spaces. 9. The thin film transistor array substrate according to claim 8, wherein as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, the second sub strip holes are aligned along the second direction and extend along the first direction; as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, the second sub strip holes are aligned along the first direction and extend along the second direction. 10. A liquid crystal display panel, wherein the liquid crystal display comprises a thin film transistor array substrate, and the thin film transistor array substrate comprises: a substrate, and the substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface, which are oppositely located; a thin film transistor array, located on the first surface; a common electrode layer, and the common electrode layer is isolated from the thin film transistor array, and the common electrode layer comprises a plurality of first strip holes; a sensing electrode layer, and the sensing electrode layer is isolated from the common electrode layer, and the sensing electrode layer comprises a plurality of sensing units and a plurality of sensing wires, and the sensing units are distributed in row and column, and the sensing wires are electrically coupled to the sensing units of each row or each column respectively, and the sensing wires are located corresponding to the first strip holes. 11. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 10, wherein the thin film transistor array substrate further comprises: a plurality of gate lines, located on the thin film transistor array, and the gate lines are aligned along a first direction and extend along a second direction; a plurality of data lines, located above the gate lines, and the data lines are aligned along the second direction and extend along the first direction; the common electrode layer is located above the data lines, and isolated from the data lines and the gate lines, and the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, or the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines. 12. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 11, wherein as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, a width of the first strip hole corresponding to the gate line is smaller or equal to a width of the gate line; as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, a width of the first strip hole corresponding to the data line is smaller or equal to a width of the data line. 13. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 10, wherein each first strip hole comprises a plurality of first sub strip holes, and the first sub strip holes are located in spaces. 14. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 13, wherein as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, the first sub strip holes are aligned along the first direction and extend along the second direction; as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, the first sub strip holes are aligned along the second direction and extend along the first direction. 15. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 11, wherein the thin film transistor array substrate further comprises second strip holes, and as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, the second strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines; as the first strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, the second strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines. 16. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 15, wherein as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, a width of the second strip hole corresponding to the data line is smaller or equal to a width of the data line; as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, a width of the second strip hole corresponding to the gate line is smaller or equal to a width of the gate line. 17. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 16, wherein each second strip hole comprises a plurality of second sub strip holes, and the second sub strip holes are located in spaces. 18. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 17, wherein as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the data lines, the second sub strip holes are aligned along the second direction and extend along the first direction; as the second strip holes are located corresponding to the gate lines, the second sub strip holes are aligned along the first direction and extend along the second direction.",
-    "Anisotropy errors in seismic velocity data for a geophysical structure are detecting by obtaining seismic data for the geophysical structure, using conventional ray-based tomography to generate an initial model of the geophysical structure, the initial model containing initial values for Thomsen parameters velocity along an axis of symmetry, epsilon and delta, using a first inversion process preferably transmission-based full waveform inversion of the seismic data to obtain updated values for epsilon and using a second inversion process preferably ray-based reflection tomography of the seismic data to obtain updated values for velocity along the axis of symmetry. 1. A method for detecting and correcting anisotropy errors in seismic velocity data for a geophysical structure, the method comprising: obtaining seismic data for the geophysical structure; obtaining an initial model of the geophysical structure, the initial model containing initial values for Thomsen parameters velocity along an axis of symmetry, epsilon and delta; using a first inversion process of the seismic data to obtain updated values for epsilon; and using a second inversion process separate from the first inversion process of the seismic data to obtain updated values for velocity along the axis of symmetry. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the geophysical structure comprises a vertically transverse isotropic geophysical structure. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the axis of symmetry comprises a vertical axis through the geophysical structure. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein delta is a function of epsilon. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein using the first inversion process comprises using transmission based full waveform inversion and using the second inversion process comprises using ray-based reflection tomography. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein transmission-based full waveform inversion and ray-based reflection tomography are used on a portion of the seismic data from about 3 Hz to about 4 Hz. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising simultaneously minimizing a misfit for a transmission-based full waveform inversion function and a ray-based reflection tomography function. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein using transmission-based full waveform inversion further comprises using transmission-based full waveform inversion on a subset of the seismic data associated with transmission energy that includes diving energy and refractions. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein using ray-based reflection tomography further comprises using ray-based reflection tomography on a subset of the seismic data associated with pre-stack depth migration reflection events. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein using transmission-based full waveform inversion of the seismic data to obtain updated values for epsilon is repeated iteratively until an acceptable misfit between a modeled graph of diving energy and an actual graph of diving energy in a data domain is achieved. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein using ray-based reflection tomography of the seismic data to obtain updated values for velocity along the axis of symmetry is repeated iteratively until gathers in an image domain graph are flat. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises performing well tie tomography using a value of for delta obtained from well data to obtain updated values for velocity along the axis of symmetry and epsilon and to tie migration gathers to well locations. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising determining if an acceptable misfit between a modeled graph of diving energy and an actual graph of diving energy in a data domain is achieved, if gathers in an image domain graph are flat and if well ties from the well tie tomography are reasonable. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining if the well ties are reasonable comprises: computing an error difference between a actual well ties the migrated locations of the gathers to obtain error distances; and determining if the obtained error distances are acceptable. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising detecting anisotropy of the geophysical structure from results of the well tie tomography. 16-21. (canceled) 22. A computer-readable storage medium containing a computer-readable code that when read by a computer causes the computer to perform a method for detecting and correcting anisotropy errors in seismic velocity data for a geophysical structure, the method comprising: obtaining seismic data for the geophysical structure; using conventional ray-based tomography to generate an initial model of the geophysical structure, the initial model containing initial values for Thomsen parameters velocity along an axis of symmetry, epsilon and delta; using a first inversion process of the seismic data to obtain updated values for epsilon; and using a second inversion process separate from the first inversion process of the seismic data to obtain updated values for velocity along the axis of symmetry. 23. (canceled)",
-    "A multileaf collimator includes leaves extending in a first direction; a frame supporting the leaves so that the leaves are advanceable and retractable in a state where the leaves are placed side by side in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; shafts extending in the second direction and corresponding to the leaves; driving units respectively connected to base ends of the shafts for rotating the shafts around axial lines; and driving units provided at tips of the shafts and contacting portions of the leaves for advancing and retracting the leaves in the first direction by the rotation of the shafts around the axial lines. At least some of the shafts have the same shaft length. The driving units are arranged so that the positions thereof in the second direction are shifted from each other according to the positions of the tips of the shafts having the same length. 1. A multileaf collimator comprising: a plurality of leaves that extend in a first direction; a frame that supports the plurality of leaves so that the plurality of leaves are individually advanceable and retractable in a state where the plurality of leaves are placed side by side in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a plurality of shafts that extend in the second direction and are provided to correspond to the plurality of leaves, respectively; a plurality of driving units that are respectively connected to first ends of the plurality shafts in directions of axial lines and rotate the shafts around the axial lines; and advance and retraction driving sections that are provided at second ends of the shafts in the directions of the axial lines, contact portions of the leaves, and advance and retract the leaves in the first direction by the rotation of the shafts around the axial lines, wherein at least some of the plurality of shafts have the same shaft length as each other, and wherein the plurality of driving units are arranged so that the positions thereof in the second direction are shifted from each other according to the positions of the second ends of the plurality of shafts having the same length. 2. The multileaf collimator according to claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of driving units are supported via spacers with respect to the frame, and wherein the thicknesses of the spacers in the second direction are set in a plurality of steps according to the positions of the driving units in the second direction. 3. The multileaf collimator according to claim 1, wherein the frame includes pedestal parts that fix the driving units, and wherein the heights of the pedestal parts of the second direction are set in a plurality of steps according to the positions of the driving units in the second direction. 4. The multileaf collimator according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of shafts includes shafts having at least two types of length. 5. The multileaf collimator according to claim 1, wherein the driving units are arranged so that the projection dimensions thereof from the frame in the second direction become gradually larger from the outside of an attachment surface of the frame to which the plurality of driving units are attached toward a central side of the attachment surface. 6. A radiation therapy apparatus comprising: the multileaf collimator according to claim 1; and a radiation irradiation device that radiates radiation. 7. A radiation therapy system comprising: the radiation therapy apparatus according to claim 6; and a control apparatus that controls the operation of the radiation therapy apparatus.",
-    "A picture taking device includes at least three camera modules, each having a sensor of resolution equal to or higher than thirteen megapixels. A diagonal of the photosensitive surface of the sensor of between 5 mm and 7 mm. An objective lens opening at minimum to f/2.0 for at least one focal length value. The device has a power supply and, a rigid connector to connect it to a mobile phone or tablet comprising a screen, and communicates images and/or commands with the mobile phone or tablet. The device also includes a digital processor to reduce noise while preserving the textures in at least one image captured by one of the sensors. 1-25. (canceled) 26. A picture taking device comprising: at least three camera modules, each comprising a sensor of resolution equal to or higher than thirteen megapixels; a photosensitive surface of each sensor has a diagonal dimension between 5 mm and 7 mm; an objective lens opening at minimum to f/2.0 for at least one focal length value; a power supply; a rigid connector to connect the picture taking device to a mobile phone or tablet type device comprising a screen; a digital processor to reduce noise in at least one image captured by one of the sensors; a communication connector to communicate at least one of images and commands with the mobile phone or tablet type device; and wherein the picture taking device has dimensions meeting the following criteria: maximum and minimum of a height, a width and a depth of a smallest rectangular parallelepiped inside which the picture taking device can be inscribed are less than 65 mm and less than 25 mm, respectively, and a volume of the picture taking device is less than 65 000 mm3. 27. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the digital processor comprises a calculation unit to produce an image of resolution identical to that of the sensors by a spatial and temporal merger of P*N images captured using the sensors, where P and N are non-zero natural integers and where N denotes the number of camera modules and is greater than or equal to three. 28. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the digital processor autonomously or in combination with the mobile phone or tablet type device is configured to produce a visible image of at least thirteen megapixels, having an exposure configured to have elements of which a reflectance is 18% in a scene to be captured which reaches a middle of a dynamic range in the visible image with a signal to noise ratio midway through the dynamic range equal to or greater than 35.5 dB, spatial frequency response edge and spatial frequency response texture values which differ by less than 10% and which, at one quarter of the Nyquist frequency, are less than or equal to 120% and which, at half the Nyquist frequency, are greater than or equal to 50%, from a capture of images for exposure times of 1/30 s or less of a scene illuminated with light at a lighting level less than or equal to 10 lux. 29. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 27, wherein the digital processor performs the spatial and temporal merger first in a spatial plane and then in a temporal plane. 30. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 27, wherein said camera modules are arranged in a line and wherein N is equal to three. 31. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 27, wherein said camera modules are arranged in a cross and wherein N is equal to five. 32. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein some of said camera modules comprises a color sensor and each remaining camera modules comprises a monochrome sensor. 33. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26 comprises no screen to allow previewing or post-viewing of an image. 34. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein said communication connector is configured to allow an image taken by the picture taking device to be previewed on the screen of the mobile phone or tablet type device. 35. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein said communication connector is configured to allow the picture taking device to be controlled using the screen of the mobile phone or tablet type device. 36. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein said communication connector is configured to allow parameters of the picture taking device to be set using the screen of the mobile phone or tablet type device. 37. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 27, further comprising a noise reduction element which takes the spatial and temporal merger into consideration. 38. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 27, wherein the calculation unit is hosted remotely on the mobile phone or tablet type device. 39. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, further comprising a recorder to record raw images in addition to or in place of a recording of visible images after digital processing operations have been performed. 40. The picture taking device as claimed claim 26, wherein the rigid connector is positioned in a hinge allowing its orientation relative to the picture taking device to change. 41. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, further comprising an image processor to provide a digital image stabilization. 42. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, further comprising an autofocus element to maximize a sharpness of a subject being photographed or filmed. 43. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 42, wherein the autofocus element operates continuously to keep the subject permanently in focus. 44. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 27, wherein the digital processor is configured to modify parameters of the spatial merger of the images derived from said camera modules to reduce a depth of field in the image and to adjust a focus in an initial depth of field range after capture. 45. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, wherein some of said camera modules are exposed differently to capture images with different exposures. 46. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, further comprising a button to start a recording. 47. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 46, wherein the button has two modes of operation: partially depressed and fully depressed. 48. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, further comprising a programmable processor. 49. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 26, further comprising a transmitter to transmit at least one raw image to the mobile phone or tablet type device in at least one mode of operation. 50. A picture taking method, comprising the steps of: capturing, at 1/30 s or lower, a scene comprising lighting of 10 lux or below using a picture taking device comprising: at least three camera modules, each comprising a sensor of resolution equal to or higher than thirteen megapixels; a photosensitive surface of each sensor has a diagonal dimension between 5 mm and 7 mm; an objective lens opening at minimum to f/2.0 for at least one focal length value; a power supply; a rigid connector to connect the picture taking device to a mobile phone or tablet type device comprising a screen; a digital processor to reduce noise in at least one image captured by one of the sensors; a communication connector to communicate at least one of images and commands with the mobile phone or tablet type device; and wherein the picture taking device has dimensions meeting the following criteria: maximum and minimum of a height, a width and a depth of a smallest rectangular parallelepiped inside which the picture taking device can be inscribed are less than 65 mm and less than 25 mm, respectively, and a volume of the picture taking device is less than 65 000 mm3; and producing a visible image of a quality higher than thirteen megapixels, the image having an exposure configured to have elements of which a reflectance is 18% in the scene to be captured which reaches a middle of a dynamic range, with a signal to noise ratio midway through the dynamic range of 35.5 dB or higher, spatial frequency response edge and spatial frequency response texture values which differ by less than 10% and which, at a quarter of the Nyquist frequency, are less than or equal to 120% and which, at half the Nyquist frequency, are greater than or equal to 50%.",
-    "A feed for ruminants may include at least one fatty acid component covalently linked with a carrier particle such that ingestion of the feed by lactating ruminants may provide for an increase in the amount of milk produced by the ruminant, and/or an increase in the fat content of the milk produced. 1. A feed composition for ruminants, the feed composition comprising: at least one carrier; at least one fatty acid moiety covalently linked to the carrier; and at least one nutritional component. 2. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid moiety is derived from a fatty acid, and the at least one carrier is derived from a carrier comprising at least one functional group capable of binding with a functional group of the fatty acid to covalently link the fatty acid moiety with the carrier. 3. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is at least one feed particle. 4. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is at least one wood particle, hay particle, grain particle, alfalfa particle, plant stalk particle, plant stem particle, soybean straw particle, protein particle, yeast particle, corn stover particle, or combinations thereof. 5. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is at least one polymer. 6. The feed composition of claim 5, wherein the at least one polymer is a carbohydrate, triglyceride, plant cuticular wax, cutin, yeast cell wall polymer, glucan, lignan, tannin, polymerized polyphenol, protein, chitin polymer, xylan, fructan, pullulan, or combination thereof. 7. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is at least one co-polymer. 8. The feed composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one co-polymer is a plant-sourced glycoprotein. 9. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is a polysaccharide, a protein, cuticle, lignocellulose, a nucleic acid, a nucleotide, hemicellulose, polyethylene glycol, or combinations thereof. 10. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier is starch, galactan, pectin, glycan, arabinogalactan, xylan, a monosaccharide, or combinations thereof. 11. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid moiety is covalently linked to the carrier through a linker, wherein the linker comprises an ether bond, thioether bond, carbonyl bond, ester bond, imino bond, amide bond, imide bond, urethane bond, urea bond, carbonate bond, disulfide bond, maleimide bond, sulfonyl bond, sulfonate bond, phosphonyl bond, a phosphonate bond, Schiff-base bond, Amadori rearrangement bond, Ugi reaction bond, a bond resultant of a Diels-Alder rearrangement, or combinations thereof. 12. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid moiety comprises at least about 90% palmitic acid moiety. 13. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid moiety is a palmitic acid moiety. 14. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is linked to the carrier through an ester bond. 15. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the feed composition at a concentration of at least about 4 wt %. 16. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the feed composition at a concentration of at least about 10 wt %. 17. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the feed composition contains less than about 5 wt % trans-fatty acid. 18. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the feed composition contains substantially no trans-fatty acid. 19. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the feed composition does not contain trans-fatty acid. 20. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the nutritional component comprises at least one of a carbohydrate source, a nitrogen source, an amino acid, an amino acid derivative, a mineral, a vitamin, an antioxidant, and a glucogenic precursor. 21. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the carbohydrate source comprises microalgae, sugar beet pulps, sugar canes, wheat bran, oat hulls, grain hulls, soybean hulls, peanut hulls, wood, brewery by-product, beverage industry by-products, forages, roughages, molasses, sugars, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, millet, barley, barley fiber, barley hulls, barley middlings, barley bran, making barley screenings, making barley and fines, malt rootlets, maize bran, maize middlings, maize cobs, maize screenings, maize fiber, millet, rice, rice bran, rice middlings, rye, triticale, brewers grain, coffee grinds, tea leaf \u2018fines\u2019, citrus fruit pulp, rind residues, or combinations thereof. 22. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the nitrogen source comprises microalgae, soy meals, bean meals, rapeseed meals, sunflower meals, coconut meals, olive meals, linseed meals, grapeseed meals, distiller dry grains solids, camelina meal, camelina expeller, cotton seed meal, cotton seed expeller, linseed expeller, palm meal, palm kernel meal, palm expeller, rapeseed expeller, potato protein, olive pulp, horse beans, peas, wheat germ, corn germ, corn germ pressed fiber meal residue, corn germ protein meal, whey protein concentrate, milk protein slurries, milk protein powders, animal protein, or combinations thereof. 23. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the amino acid comprises leucine, lysine, histidine, valine, arginine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, or combinations thereof. 24. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the amino acid derivative comprises a leucine derivative, a lysine derivative, a histidine derivative, a valine derivative, an arginine derivative, a threonine derivative, an isoleucine derivative, a phenylalanine derivative, a methionine derivative, a tryptophan derivative, an alanine derivative, an asparagine derivative, an aspartate derivative, a cysteine derivative, a glutamate derivative, a glutamine derivative, a glycine derivative, a proline derivative, a serine derivative, a tyrosine derivative, or combinations thereof. 25. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the mineral comprises salts of Ca, Na, Mg, P, K, Mn, Zn, Se, Cu, I, Fe, Co, Mo, or combinations thereof. 26. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the vitamin comprises vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin K, vitamin Q, Pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin, choline, carnitine, or combinations thereof. 27. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the glucogenic precursor comprises glycerol, propylene glycol, molasses, propionate, glycerine, propane diol, calcium propionate, steam-exploded sawdust, steam-exploded wood chips, steam-exploded wheat straw, or combinations thereof. 28. The feed composition of claim 20, wherein the antioxidant comprises alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, ethoxyquin, BHA, BHT, cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, alpha-lipoic acid, or combinations thereof. 29. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein: the carrier comprises at least one of polysaccharides, proteins, lignocellulosics, nucleic acids, hemicelluloses, and polyethylene glycol; the fatty acid moiety comprises at least one palmitic acid moiety and is linked to the polymer carrier through an ester bond; the palmitic acid moiety is present in the feed composition at a concentration of at least about 10 wt %; the feed composition contains substantially no trans-fatty acid; and the nutritional component comprises a carbohydrate source, a nitrogen source, an amino acid, an amino acid derivative, a mineral, a vitamin, an antioxidant, a glucogenic precursor, or combinations thereof. 30. A nutriment for ruminants, the nutriment comprising: an ingestible polymer carrier; and at least one palmitic acid moiety covalently linked to the polymer carrier. 31. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the nutriment is configured for being dispersed in drinking water. 32. The nutriment of claim 31, further comprising a dispersant for dispersing the nutriment in drinking water. 33. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the nutriment is configured for being dispersed in feed. 34. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is covalently linked to the polymer carrier through a linker, wherein the linker comprises an ether bond, a thioether bond, a carbonyl bond, an ester bond, an imino bond, an amide bond, an imide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, a carbonate bond, a sulfonyl bond, a sulfonate bond, a phosphonyl bond, a phosphonate bond, a Schiff-base bond, an Amadori rearrangement bond, a Ugi reaction bond, a bond resultant of a Diels-Alder rearrangement, or combinations thereof. 35. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is covalently linked to the polymer carrier through an ester bond. 36. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the polymer carrier comprises at least one of: polysaccharides, proteins, lignocellulosics, nucleic acids, hemicelluloses, and polyethylene glycols. 37. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the nutriment at a concentration of at least about 4 wt %. 38. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the nutriment at a concentration of at least about 10 wt %. 39. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the nutriment contains less than about 5% trans-fatty acid. 40. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the nutriment substantially does not contain trans-fatty acid. 41. The nutriment of claim 30, wherein the nutriment does not contain trans-fatty acid. 42. The nutriment of claim 30, further comprising at least one feed component selected from the group consisting of carbohydrate sources, nitrogen sources, amino acids, amino acid derivatives, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and glucogenic precursors. 43. A method for producing a nutriment for ruminants, the method comprising: covalently bonding at least one palmitic acid moiety to a carrier to produce palmitic acid particles; and dispersing the palmitic acid particles in at least one of ruminant feed and drinking water for ingestion by the ruminant. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the dispersing comprises mixing the palmitic acid particles with ruminant feed to produce a feed mixture, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the feed mixture at a concentration of at least about 4 wt %. 45. The method of claim 43, further comprising extruding the feed mixture, pelletizing the feed mixture, or both. 46. The method of claim 43, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the feed mixture at a concentration of at least about 10 wt %. 47. The method of claim 43, wherein the feed mixture substantially does not contain trans-fatty acids. 48. The method of claim 44, wherein the mixing comprises mixing the palmitic acid particles with a carbohydrate source, a nitrogen source, an amino acid, an amino acid derivative, a mineral, a vitamin, an antioxidant, a glucogenic precursor, or combinations thereof. 49. The method of claim 43, wherein the carrier is at least one polymer or at least one co-polymer. 50. The method of claim 43, wherein the carrier is a polysaccharide, a protein, lignocellulose, a nucleic acid, hemicellulose, polyethylene glycol, or combinations thereof. 51. A method for increasing at least one of an amount of milk produced by a lactating ruminant and a milk fat content in the milk produced by the lactating ruminant, the method comprising feeding the lactating ruminant a feed composition comprising at least one palmitic acid moiety covalently bound to a carrier. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the feeding of the lactating ruminant comprises providing to the lactating ruminant an amount of the feed composition to provide the lactating ruminant with a daily amount of about 0.2 kg to about 1 kg palmitic acid moiety. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the feeding of the lactating ruminant comprises: determining an average amount of milk produced per day for the lactating ruminant; and providing to the lactating ruminant an amount of the feed composition to provide the lactating ruminant with a daily amount of about 1 g to about 30 g fatty acid per kg milk produced per day. 54. The method of claim 51, wherein the feeding of the lactating ruminant comprises: determining an average amount of milk produced per day for the lactating ruminant; and providing to the lactating ruminant an amount of the feed composition to provide the lactating ruminant with a daily amount of about 10 g fatty acid per kg milk produced per day. 55. The method of claim 51, wherein the palmitic acid moiety is present in the feed mixture at a concentration of at least about 10 wt %. 56. The method of claim 51, wherein the feed mixture substantially does not contain trans-fatty acids. 57. The method of claim 51, wherein the carrier is at least one polymer or at least one co-polymer. 58. The method of claim 51, wherein the carrier is a polysaccharide, a protein, lignocellulose, a nucleic acid, hemicellulose, polyethylene glycol, or combinations thereof.",
-    "Textiles backed with a polyurethane cushion are produced by applying a layer of frothed polyurethane-forming mixture to a surface of the textile. The mixture contains both water and a physical blowing agent. The layer expands due to the action of the water and the physical blowing agent and cures to form an attached cushion having a density of 176 g/L or less. 1. A process for making a cushion-backed textile, comprising: a) forming a frothed polyurethane-forming composition having a density of about 250 to 600 grams per liter wherein the polyurethane-forming composition includes one or more polyols including at least one polyol having a hydroxyl equivalent weight of at least 400, 0.25 to 2 parts of water per 100 parts by weight polyol(s) having a hydroxyl equivalent weight of at least 400, 3 to 10 parts by weight of a physical blowing agent having a boiling temperature of \u221230 to 40\u00b0 C. per 100 parts by weight polyol(s) having a hydroxyl equivalent weight of at least 400, 100 to 400 parts by weight of a filler per 100 parts by weight polyol(s) having a hydroxyl equivalent weight of at least 400, a foam stabilizing surfactant, at least one polyisocyanate in an amount sufficient to provide an isocyanate index of from 85 to 130 and a polyurethane catalyst in an amount such that the polyurethane-forming composition has a gel time of at least 180 seconds; b) forming the uncured froth into a 0.05 to 0.75 inch (0.127 to 1.9 cm) thick layer across the top surface of a textile having a width of at least 24 inches (61 cm); and c) curing the layer of the frothed composition with its top surface open to the atmosphere such that the frothed composition can freely rise to form a foamed polyurethane cushion having a density of no greater than 176 grams/liter (11 pounds/cubic foot) bonded to the textile. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the amount of water is 1 to 1.8 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol(s) having a hydroxyl equivalent weight of at least 400. 3. The process of claim 2 wherein the physical blowing agent has a boiling temperature of 10 to 30\u00b0 C. 4. The process of claim 3 wherein the amount of physical blowing agent is 5 to 8 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight polyol(s) having a hydroxyl equivalent weight of at least 400. 5. The process of claim 3 wherein the foamed polyurethane cushion has a density of 96 to 160 g/L. 6. The process of claim 3, wherein step a) is performed by mixing the polyol(s) and the filler, and combining the mixture of polyol and filler with the polyisocyanate and the physical blowing agent simultaneously with the frothing step by adding the polyisocyanate and physical blowing agent as separate streams into the frothing apparatus. 7. The process of claim 3, wherein the water is added after the frothing step. 8. The process of claim 3, wherein step a) is performed by mixing the polyol(s) and the filler, and then combining the mixture of polyol and filler with the polyisocyanate, and then adding the physical blowing agent and water simultaneously to frothing. 9. The process of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is added after the frothing step. 10. The process of claim 3 wherein step b) is performed by dispensing the frothed polyurethane-forming composition to form a puddle on the substrate, and then passing the puddle under a doctor blade to gauge the layer.",
-    "An insulating layer is conformally deposited on a plurality of mesa structures in a trench on a substrate. The insulating layer fills a space outside the mesa structures. A nucleation layer is deposited on the mesa structures. A III-V material layer is deposited on the nucleation layer. The III-V material layer is laterally grown over the insulating layer. 1. A method to manufacture an electronic device, comprising: conformally depositing a first insulating layer around a plurality of mesa structures in a trench on a substrate; depositing a nucleation layer on the mesa structures; and depositing a III-V material layer on the nucleation layer, wherein the III-V material layer is laterally grown over the first insulating layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a device layer on the laterally grown III-V material layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the III-V material layer includes gallium nitride, and substrate includes silicon. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first insulating layer includes silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer includes AlN. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a second insulating layer on the substrate; patterning the second insulating layer; etching the substrate through the patterned second insulating layer to form the trench. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a hard mask layer within the trench; patterning the hard mask layer; and etching the substrate through the patterned hard mask layer to form the mesa structures; and removing the hard mask layer. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first insulating layer covers a sidewall of the trench. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the laterally grown III-V material layer is formed in direct contact with the first insulating layer. 11. (canceled). 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the laterally grown III-V material layer is separated from the insulating layer by a space. 13. An electronic device, comprising a plurality of mesa structures within a trench on the substrate; an insulating layer filling a space around the mesa structures; a nucleation layer on the mesa structures; and a III-V material layer on the nucleation layer, wherein the III-V material layer extends laterally over the insulating layer. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, further comprising a device layer on the laterally extended III-V material layer. 15. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the III-V material layer includes GaN and the mesa structures include silicon. 16. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the insulating layer includes silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or a combination thereof. 17. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the nucleation layer includes AlN. 18. (canceled) 19. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the first insulating layer covers a sidewall of the trench. 20. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein at least one of the mesa structures is aligned along {0001} crystal orientation. 21. (canceled) 22. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the laterally extended III-V material layer is formed in direct contact with the insulating layer. 23. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the laterally extended III-V material layer is formed not in direct contact with the insulating layer. 24. A method to manufacture an electronic device comprising: forming a plurality of mesa structures within a trench on a substrate; conformally depositing a first insulating layer within the trench; depositing a nucleation layer on the mesa structures; depositing a III-V material layer on the nucleation layer; and laterally growing the III-V material layer from the nucleation layer over the first insulating layer. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising depositing a device layer on the laterally grown III-V material layer. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein forming the plurality of mesa structures comprises depositing a mask layer in the trench; patterning the mask layer; and etching the substrate through the patterned mask layer. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the laterally grown III-V material layer is in a direct contact with the first insulating layer. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the III-V material layer is separated from the insulating layer by a space. 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising: removing portions of the III-V material layer that are directly above the nucleation layer, thereby leaving behind portions of the III-V material layer that are directly above the first insulating layer. 30. (canceled)",
-    "The circuit of the present invention comprises a detection module and a feedback module, wherein an output end of a power supply management module is coupled to one end of a voltage level shift module, and the other end of the voltage level shift module is coupled to a first end of the detection module, and a second end of the detection module is coupled to a WOA route module or a GOA route module, and a third end of the detection is coupled to one end of the feedback module, and the other end of the feedback module is coupled to an enable end of the power supply management module, and the detection module detects whether the WOA route module or the GOA route module is short, and feeds back a short signal; the feedback module receives the short signal, and sends a disable signal to the enable end. 1. A route protection circuit, comprising a detection module and a feedback module, wherein an output end of a power supply management module is coupled to one end of a voltage level shift module, and the other end of the voltage level shift module is coupled to a first end of the detection module, and a second end of the detection module is coupled to a WOA route module or a GOA route module, and a third end of the detection is coupled to one end of the feedback module, and the other end of the feedback module is coupled to an enable end of the power supply management module, and the detection module comprises an optocoupler and a current-limiting resistance, wherein a first input end of the optocoupler is employed to couple to another end of the voltage level shift module, and a second input end of the optocoupler is employed to couple to the WOA route module or the GOA route module, and a first output end of the optocoupler is coupled to one end of the current-limiting resistance, and the other end of the current-limiting resistance is employed to couple to a power supply, and a second output end of the optocoupler is employed to be grounded; the feedback module comprises a voltage comparator and a switch, and a negative end of the voltage comparator is coupled to a common end of the optocoupler and the current-limiting resistance, and a positive end of the voltage comparator is employed to input a reference voltage, and an output end of the voltage comparator is coupled to a first end of the switch, and a second end of the switch is coupled to the enable end of the power supply management module, and a third end of the switch is grounded. 2. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein the resistance value of the current-limiting resistance is 10 kilohm. 3. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein the switch is a P channel enhancement mode triode. 4. A route protection circuit, comprising a detection module and a feedback module, wherein an output end of a power supply management module is coupled to one end of a voltage level shift module, and the other end of the voltage level shift module is coupled to a first end of the detection module, and a second end of the detection module is coupled to a WOA route module or a GOA route module, and a third end of the detection is coupled to one end of the feedback module, and the other end of the feedback module is coupled to an enable end of the power supply management module, and the detection module is employed to detect whether the WOA route module or the GOA route module is short, and feeds back a short signal to the feedback module as the WOA route module or the GOA route module is short; the feedback module is employed to receive the short signal fed back by the detection module, and sends a disable signal to the enable end of the power supply management module to make the power supply management module be disabled. 5. The circuit according to claim 4, wherein the detection module comprises an optocoupler and a current-limiting resistance, wherein a first input end of the optocoupler is employed to couple to another end of the voltage level shift module, and a second input end of the optocoupler is employed to couple to the WOA route module or the GOA route module, and a first output end of the optocoupler is coupled to one end of the current-limiting resistance, and the other end of the current-limiting resistance is employed to couple to a power supply, and a second output end of the optocoupler is employed to be grounded. 6. The circuit according to claim 4, wherein the feedback module comprises a voltage comparator and a switch, and a negative end of the voltage comparator is coupled to a common end of the optocoupler and the current-limiting resistance, and a positive end of the voltage comparator is employed to input a reference voltage, and an output end of the voltage comparator is coupled to a first end of the switch, and a second end of the switch is coupled to the enable end of the power supply management module, and a third end of the switch is grounded. 7. The circuit according to claim 6, wherein the resistance value of the current-limiting resistance is 10 kilohm. 8. The circuit according to claim 4, wherein the switch is a P channel enhancement mode triode. 9. A liquid crystal display, comprising a liquid crystal display panel and a bottom plate, and the liquid crystal display panel comprises a route protection circuit, and the route protection circuit comprises a detection module and a feedback module, wherein an output end of a power supply management module is coupled to one end of a voltage level shift module, and the other end of the voltage level shift module is coupled to a first end of the detection module, and a second end of the detection module is coupled to a WOA route module or a GOA route module, and a third end of the detection is coupled to one end of the feedback module, and the other end of the feedback module is coupled to an enable end of the power supply management module, and the detection module is employed to detect whether the WOA route module or the GOA route module is short, and feeds back a short signal to the feedback module as the WOA route module or the GOA route module is short; the feedback module is employed to receive the short signal fed back by the detection module, and sends a disable signal to the enable end of the power supply management module to make the power supply management module be disabled. 10. The liquid crystal display according to claim 9, wherein the detection module comprises an optocoupler and a current-limiting resistance, wherein a first input end of the optocoupler is employed to couple to another end of the voltage level shift module, and a second input end of the optocoupler is employed to couple to the WOA route module or the GOA route module, and a first output end of the optocoupler is coupled to one end of the current-limiting resistance, and the other end of the current-limiting resistance is employed to couple to a power supply, and a second output end of the optocoupler is employed to be grounded. 11. The liquid crystal display according to claim 9, wherein the feedback module comprises a voltage comparator and a switch, and a negative end of the voltage comparator is coupled to a common end of the optocoupler and the current-limiting resistance, and a positive end of the voltage comparator is employed to input a reference voltage, and an output end of the voltage comparator is coupled to a first end of the switch, and a second end of the switch is coupled to the enable end of the power supply management module, and a third end of the switch is grounded. 12. The liquid crystal display according to claim 11, wherein the resistance value of the current-limiting resistance is 10 kilohm. 13. The liquid crystal display according to claim 9, wherein the switch is a P channel enhancement mode triode.",
-    "A thin-film transistor array substrate and a liquid crystal display panel are provided. The thin-film transistor array substrate includes a substrate, a thin-film transistor array, a color resisting layer and an alignment film The substrate includes a first surface and a second surface opposing to each other. The first surface has a revealing region and a non-revealing region surrounding the revealing region. The thin-film transistor array is arranged on the first surface of the substrate. The color resisting layer is arranged on the thin-film transistor array and has a trench located correspondingly to the non-revealing region. The alignment film is arranged on the color resisting layer. 1. A thin-film transistor array substrate, comprising: a substrate comprising a first surface and a second surface opposing to each other, the first surface having a revealing region and a non-revealing region surrounding the revealing region; a thin-film transistor array arranged on the first surface of the substrate; a color resisting layer which is arranged on the thin-film transistor array and comprises a trench located correspondingly to the non-revealing region; and an alignment film arranged on the color resisting layer. 2. The thin-film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the color resisting layer comprises at least one trench. 3. The thin-film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the color resisting layer comprises a plurality of trenches that are parallel with each other. 4. The thin-film transistor array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the color resisting layer comprises a plurality of trenches that are formed in a grid pattern. 5. A liquid crystal display panel, comprising a thin-film transistor array substrate which comprises: a first substrate comprising a first surface and a second surface opposing to each other, the first surface having a revealing region and a non-revealing region surrounding the revealing region; a thin-film transistor array arranged on the first surface of the first substrate; a color resisting layer which is arranged on the thin-film transistor array and comprises a first trench located correspondingly to the non-revealing region; and a first alignment film arranged on the color resisting layer. 6. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 5, wherein the color resisting layer comprises at least one first trench. 7. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 5, wherein the color resisting layer comprises a plurality of first trenches that are parallel with each other. 8. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 5, wherein the color resisting layer comprises a plurality of first trenches that are formed in a grid pattern. 9. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 5 further comprising a second substrate, the second substrate comprising a third surface and a fourth surface opposing to each other, the third surface which is closer to the first surface in comparison with the fourth surface having a black matrix layer, the black matrix layer having a second trench opposing to the first trench. 10. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 9, wherein the second trench faces directly to the first trench or interlaces with the first trench.",
-    "A manufacturing method of electroluminescent devices includes: providing a first electrode; electrically depositing a first carrier injection layer on the first electrode to form a first electrode component; adopting a multiple transfer-print method to form a plurality of functional layers on the first electrode component in turn, one functional layer is manufactured by executing the transfer-print method once; and arranging a second electrode on the farthest functional layer away from the first carrier injection layer. The manufacturing method is capable of manufacturing the electroluminescent devices having a plurality of functional layers. The material utilization rate is high and the cost is low. 1. A manufacturing method of electroluminescent devices, comprising: providing a first electrode; electrically depositing a first carrier injection layer on the first electrode to form a first electrode component; adopting a multiple transfer-print method to form a plurality of functional layers on the first electrode component in turn, one functional layer is manufactured by executing the transfer-print method once, the transfer-print method comprises: providing a template electrode; arranged a sacrificial layer on the template electrode; electrically depositing the functional layer on the sacrificial layer; bonding the template electrode having the functional layer on one side of the first electrode component arranged with a first carrier injection layer to form an intermediate component, the functional layer faces toward the first carrier injection layer; and immersing the intermediate component within a solvent to resolve or to peel off the sacrificial layer to split up the template electrode and the functional layer; and arranging a second electrode on the farthest functional layer away from the first carrier injection layer. 2. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sacrificial layer is electrically conductive, and a thickness of the sacrificial layer is less than 10 nm. 3. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the sacrificial layer is a monolayer. 4. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sacrificial layer is made by Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). 5. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the functional layers comprises a first carrier transmission layer and a light emitting layer stacked on the first carrier injection layer in turn. 6. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the functional layers comprises a first carrier transmission layer and a light emitting layer stacked on the first carrier injection layer in turn. 7. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the functional layers comprises a first carrier transmission layer and a light emitting layer stacked on the first carrier injection layer in turn. 8. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the functional layers comprises a first carrier transmission layer and a light emitting layer stacked on the first carrier injection layer in turn. 9. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the functional layers comprises a second carrier transmission layer and a second carrier injection layer stacked on the light emitting layer in turn. 10. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the functional layers comprises a second carrier transmission layer and a second carrier injection layer stacked on the light emitting layer in turn. 11. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the functional layers comprises a second carrier transmission layer and a second carrier injection layer stacked on the light emitting layer in turn. 12. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the functional layers comprises a second carrier transmission layer and a second carrier injection layer stacked on the light emitting layer in turn. 13. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first electrode is an anode of the electroluminescent device, the second electrode is a cathode of the electroluminescent device, the first carrier injection layer is a hole injection layer, the second carrier injection layer is an electron injection layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the electron injection layer. 14. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first electrode is an anode of the electroluminescent device, the second electrode is a cathode of the electroluminescent device, the first carrier injection layer is a hole injection layer, the second carrier injection layer is an electron injection layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the electron injection layer. 15. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first electrode is an anode of the electroluminescent device, the second electrode is a cathode of the electroluminescent device, the first carrier injection layer is a hole injection layer, the second carrier injection layer is an electron injection layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the electron injection layer. 16. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first electrode is an anode of the electroluminescent device, the second electrode is a cathode of the electroluminescent device, the first carrier injection layer is a hole injection layer, the second carrier injection layer is an electron injection layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the electron injection layer. 17. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first electrode is a cathode of the electroluminescent device, the second electrode is an anode of the electroluminescent device, the first carrier injection layer is an electron injection layer, the second carrier injection layer is a hole injection layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the hole injection layer. 18. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first electrode is a cathode of the electroluminescent device, the second electrode is an anode of the electroluminescent device, the first carrier injection layer is an electron injection layer, the second carrier injection layer is a hole injection layer, and the second electrode is arranged on the hole injection layer. 19. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the step of electrically depositing the functional layer on the sacrificial layer further comprises: arranging Ag/AgCl within electrolyte solvent to be a reference electrode, arranging a platinum sheet to be a counter electrode, immersing the template electrode having the sacrificial layer within the electrolyte solvent to operate as an operational electrode, and applying an operational voltage, and electrically depositing one functional layer on the sacrificial layer. 20. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the light emitting layer is tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum or poly-phenylene ethylene derivatives.",
-    "A hydraulic wave energy converter, for converting wave energy into high-pressure water energy, includes a rectangular upper floating body (1) floating on water surface, a cylindrical housing-shaped lower floating body (2) under water, a first cable (3), a second cable (4), a hanging rod (5), a ball hinged hook (6), a sea floor anchor pile (7), and other mooring facilities. A plurality of water hydraulic cylinders (8) are vertically fixed at two wider sides of the upper floating body (1) and are reliably connected with the lower floating body (2) through piston heads (27), piston rods (28) and piston rod seats (29). The hydraulic wave energy converter can convert the vertical component and the horizontal component of the wave motion into high-pressure water energy for impacting a hydraulic generator set to generate power, and is lower in cost, simple in maintenance and high in wave energy conversion efficiency. 1. A hydraulic wave energy converter, comprising: an upper floating body (1), a lower floating body (2), a first cable (3), a second cable (4), a hanging rod (5), a ball hinged hook (6) and a sea floor anchor pile (7), wherein the upper floating body (1) is a rectangular hollow concrete building, at least two hydraulic cylinders (8) are respectively vertically and equidistantly fixed to two wider sides of the upper floating body (1), a flared joint (9) is fixed to an upper end of every hydraulic cylinder (8), a flared joint (10) is fixed to a lower end of every hydraulic cylinder (8), a cylinder cover (11) is located at a wider end of the flared joint (9), a water outlet (12) is provided at a middle of the cylinder cover (11), two water inlets (13) are respectively provided at two sides of the cylinder cover (11), a cylinder cover (14) is located at a wider end of the flared joint (10), a bearing (15) is mounted in a circular hole at a middle of the cylinder cover (14), a water outlet (16) and two water inlets (17) are respectively provided at a periphery of the cylinder cover (14), the water outlet (12) is connected with a water discharging valve chamber (18) and a water discharging pipe (19), the water outlet (16) is connected with the water discharging valve chamber (18) and a water discharging pipe (20), both the two water inlets (13) and the two water inlets (17) are connected with a water inflowing valve chamber (21) and a water inflowing pipe (22), a water discharging valve (23) and a spring (24) are located within the water discharging valve chamber (18), a water inflowing valve (25) and a spring (26) are located within the water inflowing valve chamber (21), a piston head (27) slidably fitted with a cylinder wall and a piston rod (28) connected with the piston head (27) are located within every hydraulic cylinder (8), a proportion of the upper floating body (1) with every hydraulic cylinder (8) is 0.5, the lower floating body (2) is a sealing cylindrical housing, a piston rod seat (29) is located at an upper portion of the lower floating body (2), an amount and a position of the piston rod seat (29) are corresponding to those of the piston rod (28), a first pair of earrings (30) and (31) are located at one side of the lower floating body (2), a second pair of earrings (32) and (33) are located at the other side of the lower floating body (2), the first cable (3) is fixedly connected with the first pair of earrings (30) and (31) via the hanging rod (5), the second cable (4) is fixedly connected with the second pair of earrings (32) and (33) via the hanging rod (5), the hanging rod (5) is connected with the sea floor anchor pile (7) via the ball hinged hook (6). 2. The hydraulic wave energy converter, as recited in claim 1, wherein every hydraulic cylinder (8) is made of seamless steel tube, and a cylinder sleeve made of titanium metal plate which is resistant from sea water corrosion, is located at an inner wall of the hydraulic cylinder (8). 3. The hydraulic wave energy converter, as recited in claim 1, wherein the first cable (3) and the second cable (4) are made of steel wires with high strength, or carbon fiber or aromatic polyamide fiber with higher strength and corrosion resistance, an armored protective layer is coated on the carbon fiber cable or aromatic polyamide fiber cables.",
-    "The invention provides a manufacturing method for color film substrate and LCD apparatus. The method utilizes the quantum dot (QD) material to form a color film layer having a red, green, cyan and blue filter layer on the bottom substrate to realize four-color display scheme, improve QD utilization and improve display color domain; the LCD apparatus comprises a color film layer and a blue backlight module, the color film layer comprises red, green, cyan and blue filter layer, the red filter layer comprises a red filter film and a red QD film on the red filter film; the green filter layer comprises a green filter film and a green QD film on the green filter film; the cyan filter layer comprises a green QD film; by using QD material to mix blue backlight and color film layer to realize four-color scheme, improve QD utilization and improve display color domain. 1. A manufacturing method for color film substrate, which comprises: Step 1: providing a bottom substrate, forming a black matrix on the bottom substrate, the black matrix arranged to form a plurality of red sub-pixel areas, a plurality of green sub-pixel areas, a plurality of cyan sub-pixel areas, and a plurality of blue sub-pixel areas; Step 2: forming red color filter films and green color films in the red sub-pixel areas and green sub-pixel areas respectively; Step 3: forming red quantum dot films in the red sub-pixel areas on the bottom substrate, green quantum dot films in the green sub-pixel areas on the bottom substrate, and green quantum dot films in the cyan sub-pixel areas on the bottom substrate; wherein after Steps 2-3, a color film layer being obtained on the bottom substrate, the color film layer comprising a plurality of red, green, cyan, and blue filter layers corresponding to the plurality of red, green, cyan, and blue sub-pixel areas; and the red filter layer comprising the red filter film and the red quantum dot film on the red filter film; the green filter layer comprising the green filter film and the green quantum dot film on the green filter film; the cyan filter layer comprising the green quantum dot film; and the blue filter layer comprising no material or a transparent film. 2. The manufacturing method for color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 1, the black matrix formed on the bottom substrate has a thickness of 1-3 um. 3. The manufacturing method for color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 2, the red filter films and green filter films are formed by a lithography or sputter printing process; and in Step 3, the red quantum dot film and the green quantum dot film are formed by a lithography or sputter printing process. 4. The manufacturing method for color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 2 or Step 3, transparent layers are formed in the blue sub-pixel areas on the bottom substrate; the blue filter layer comprises the transparent layers in the blue sub-pixel areas. 5. The manufacturing method for color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the red quantum dot film emits a red light with a 620-640 nm peak and a half wave width of 30-40 nm when excited by light; the green quantum dot film emits a green light with a 520-540 nm peak and a half wave width of 30-40 nm when excited by light; the transmittance of the red filter film is above 95.8% for light having wavelength within 620-780 nm, and below 0.2% for light having wavelength within 430-570 nm; the transmittance of the green filter film is above 90% for light having wavelength within 486-560 nm, and below 50% for light having wavelength within 640-730 nm. 6. A liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus, which comprise: an LCD panel, and a backlight module disposed below the LCD panel; wherein: the LCD panel comprising an upper substrate and a lower substrate, disposed correspondingly with each other; a liquid crystal layer, disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate; an upper polarizer, disposed above the upper substrate; and a lower polarizer, disposed below the lower substrate; the upper substrate comprising a first bottom substrate, a black matrix and a color film layer, disposed on the side of the first bottom substrate closer to the liquid crystal layer, a common electrode layer, disposed on the black matrix and the color film layer, and a first alignment film, disposed on the common electrode layer; wherein the black matrix forming a plurality of red sub-pixel areas, a plurality of green sub-pixel areas, a plurality of cyan sub-pixel areas, and a plurality of blue sub-pixel areas on the bottom substrate, the color film layer comprising a plurality of red, green, cyan, and blue filter layer corresponding to the plurality of red, green, cyan, and blue sub-pixel areas; the red filter layer comprising the red filter film and a red quantum dot film on the red filter film; the green filter layer comprising the green filter film and a green quantum dot film on the green filter film; the cyan filter layer comprising a green quantum dot film; and the blue filter layer comprising no material or a transparent film; the backlight module emitting blue light; the red quantum dot film emitting red light under excitation of blue light, and the green quantum dot film emitting green light under excitation of blue light; when the LCD apparatus displaying colors, the blue backlight passing the red quantum dot film of the red filter layer to emit a mixed light of blue and red, which filtered by the red filter film to emit red light; the blue backlight passing the green quantum dot film of the green filter layer to emit a mixed light of blue and green, which filtered by the green filter film to emit green light; the blue backlight passing the green quantum dot film of the cyan filter layer to emit a mixed light of blue and green to display cyan light; and the blue backlight passing the blue filter layer to emit blue light; so as to realize a four-color scheme based on red, green cyan and blue. 7. The liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the lower substrate comprises a second bottom substrate, a thin film transistor (TFT) layer disposed on the side of the second bottom substrate closer to the liquid crystal layer, a pixel electrode layer disposed on the TFT layer, and a second alignment film disposed on the pixel electrode layer. 8. The liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the black matrix formed on the bottom substrate has a thickness of 1-3 um. 9. The liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the red quantum dot film emits a red light with a 620-640 nm peak and a half wave width of 30-40 nm when excited by light; the green quantum dot film emits a green light with a 520-540 nm peak and a half wave width of 30-40 nm when excited by light; the transmittance of the red filter film is above 95.8% for light having wavelength within 620-780 nm, and below 0.2% for light having wavelength within 430-570 nm; the transmittance of the green filter film is above 90% for light having wavelength within 486-560 nm, and below 50% for light having wavelength within 640-730 nm. 10. A liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus, which comprise: an LCD panel, and a backlight module disposed below the LCD panel; wherein: the LCD panel comprising an upper substrate and a lower substrate, disposed correspondingly with each other; a liquid crystal layer, disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate; an upper polarizer, disposed above the upper substrate; and a lower polarizer, disposed below the lower substrate; the upper substrate comprising a first bottom substrate, a black matrix and a color film layer, disposed on the side of the first bottom substrate closer to the liquid crystal layer, a common electrode layer, disposed on the black matrix and the color film layer, and a first alignment film, disposed on the common electrode layer; wherein the black matrix forming a plurality of red sub-pixel areas, a plurality of green sub-pixel areas, a plurality of cyan sub-pixel areas, and a plurality of blue sub-pixel areas on the bottom substrate, the color film layer comprising a plurality of red, green, cyan, and blue filter layer corresponding to the plurality of red, green, cyan, and blue sub-pixel areas; the red filter layer comprising the red filter film and a red quantum dot film on the red filter film; the green filter layer comprising the green filter film and a green quantum dot film on the green filter film; the cyan filter layer comprising a green quantum dot film; and the blue filter layer comprising no material or a transparent film; the backlight module emitting blue light; the red quantum dot film emitting red light under excitation of blue light, and the green quantum dot film emitting green light under excitation of blue light; when the LCD apparatus displaying colors, the blue backlight passing the red quantum dot film of the red filter layer to emit a mixed light of blue and red, which filtered by the red filter film to emit red light; the blue backlight passing the green quantum dot film of the green filter layer to emit a mixed light of blue and green, which filtered by the green filter film to emit green light; the blue backlight passing the green quantum dot film of the cyan filter layer to emit a mixed light of blue and green to display cyan light; and the blue backlight passing the blue filter layer to emit blue light; so as to realize a four-color scheme based on red, green cyan and blue; the liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the lower substrate comprises a second bottom substrate, a thin film transistor (TFT) layer disposed on the side of the second bottom substrate closer to the liquid crystal layer, a pixel electrode layer disposed on the TFT layer, and a second alignment film disposed on the pixel electrode layer; the liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the black matrix formed on the bottom substrate has a thickness of 1-3 um; the liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the red quantum dot film emits a red light with a 620-640 nm peak and a half wave width of 30-40 nm when excited by light; the green quantum dot film emits a green light with a 520-540 nm peak and a half wave width of 30-40 nm when excited by light; the transmittance of the red filter film is above 95.8% for light having wavelength within 620-780 nm, and below 0.2% for light having wavelength within 430-570 nm; the transmittance of the green filter film is above 90% for light having wavelength within 486-560 nm, and below 50% for light having wavelength within 640-730 nm.",
-    "A door (1) includes a tabular main body (2), a liquid crystal device (4) which is disposed in an aperture portion formed in the main body (2), a handheld portion (3A) which is attached to the main body (2), and a touch sensor (3) which is attached to the handheld portion (3A). Because the touch sensor (3) is attached to the handheld portion (3A), when a person's hand touches the handheld portion (3A), the touch sensor (3) senses the person's hand. The liquid crystal device (4) is capable of varying between an invisible state and a visible state reversibly, and is made into a visible state in the case where the touch sensor (3) senses a person's hand. 1. An opening and closing device comprising: a sensing unit which senses an object; and a liquid crystal device which is capable of varying between an invisible state and a visible state reversibly, and which is driven at a low voltage, to be made into the visible state or the invisible state in the case where the sensing unit senses an object. 2. The opening and closing device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal device is able to be driven at less than 30 volts. 3. The opening and closing device according to claim 2, wherein the liquid crystal device is able to be driven by batteries. 4. The opening and closing device according to claim 1 further comprising: a main body in which an aperture portion is formed, and the liquid crystal device is disposed in the aperture portion; and a handheld portion which is attached to the main body, wherein the sensing unit senses an object which comes into contact with the handheld portion. 5. The opening and closing device according to claim 1 further comprising: a main body in which an aperture portion is formed; a transparent member which is disposed in the aperture portion, and in which the liquid crystal device is attached to at least a part; and a handheld portion which is attached to the main body, wherein the sensing unit senses an object which comes into contact with the handheld portion. 6. The opening and closing device according to claim 1, wherein the sensing unit senses an object located within a predetermined range from the liquid crystal device. 7. The opening and closing device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal device is made into the invisible state or the visible state in the case where sensing by the sensing unit is released. 8. The opening and closing device according to claim 1 further comprising: a time setting unit which sets a time needed for the liquid crystal device to be made from the invisible state into the visible state, and a time needed for the liquid crystal device to be made from the visible state into the invisible state in the case where the sensing unit senses an object, or in the case where sensing by the sensing unit is released.",
-    "Provided herein are sphingolipid-polyalkylamine phosphoramidites, methods of generating sphingolipid-polyalkylamine-oligonucleotide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and to methods of use thereof in treating cancer. 1. A compound comprising a sphingolipid-polyalkylamine conjugate, having general formula I: wherein R1 is a branched or linear C7-C24 alkyl, alkenyl or polyenyl; R2, R3 and R4 each independently is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a branched or linear polyalkylamine or derivative thereof, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide a coupling moiety and a protecting group; R3\u2032 is hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl or a protecting group; A2, A3 and A4 are each independently present or absent, but if present is selected from the group consisting of C(O), C(O)NHX, C(O)NHR5X, C(O)R5X, C(O)R5C(O)X, R5X and R5OC(O)X; R5 is a branched or linear C1-C10 alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more heteroatoms; X is present or absent but if present is S, P, O or NH; at least one of R2, R3 or R4 is a branched or linear polyalkylamine or derivative thereof; and at least one of R2, R3 or R4 is a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or a coupling moiety; or a salt of such compound. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C7-C24 alkyl, C10-C20 alkyl or C10-C16 alkyl. 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R1 is C13 alkyl. 4. The compound of claim 2 or 3, wherein A2 or A4 is C(O). 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein A2 is C(O). 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein R2 is a linear polyalkylamine or derivative thereof. 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein the linear polyalkylamine is spermine or derivative thereof. 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein R3\u2032 is H, A2 is C(O) and A3 is absent. 9. The compound of claim 8, having general formula (Ia): wherein A4 is present or absent, but if present is selected from the group consisting of C(O), C(O)NHX, C(O)NHR5X, C(O)R5X, C(O)R5C(O)X, R5X and R5OC(O)X; R3 and R3\u2032 independently is hydrogen or a protecting group; R4 is a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or a coupling moiety; R5 is a branched or linear C1-C10 alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more heteroatoms; and each R6 independently is hydrogen or a protecting group; or a salt of such compound. 10. The compound of claim 6, wherein the linear polyalkylamine is spermidine or derivative thereof. 11. The compound of claim 10 wherein R3\u2032 is H, A2 is C(O) and A3 is a bond. 12. The compound of claim 11, having general formula (Ib): wherein A4 is present or absent, but if present is selected from the group consisting of C(O), C(O)NHX, C(O)NHR5X, C(O)R5X, C(O)R5C(O)X, R5X and R5OC(O)X; R3 and R3\u2032 independently is hydrogen or a protecting group; R4 is a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or a coupling moiety; R5 is a branched or linear C1-C10 alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more heteroatoms; and each R6 independently is hydrogen or a protecting group; or a salt of such compound. 13. The compound of claim 9 or 12, wherein A4 is C(O)NHR5X. 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R5 is a C6 alkyl chain and X is O. 15. The compound of any one of claims 1-14, wherein R4 is a coupling moiety. 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein the coupling moiety is selected from the group consisting of a phosphoramidite, a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester; an amine (\u2014NH2); a carboxyl (\u2014COOH) or activated carboxyl; a sulfhydryl (\u2014SH) and disulfide bond (\u2014S\u2014S\u2014); a carbonyl (\u2014CHO); a cyano (\u2014CN), a hydroxyl (\u2014OH) and an azide, 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein the coupling moiety is a phosphoramidite and wherein the phosphoramidite is 2-cyanoethyl N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite. 18. The compound of claim 17, having general formula IIa or IIb: wherein each of R3, R3\u2032 and R6 independently is a hydrogen or protecting group. 19. The compound of claim 16, wherein the coupling moiety is NHS ester, having general formula IIIa or IIIb: wherein each of R3, R3\u2032 and R6 independently is a hydrogen or protecting group. 20. The compound of any one of claims 1-14, wherein R4 is an oligonucleotide. 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein the oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide or a double-stranded oligonucleotide. 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein the single-stranded oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule selected from the group consisting of a DNA antisense, a RNA antisense, a DNA/RNA chimera antisense, an exon skipping molecule, an anti-miR, an aRNA, an aptamer, a synthetic mRNA and shRNA. 23. The compound of claim 21, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide is a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule selected from the group consisting of siRNA, miRNA, and miRNA mimetic. 24. The compound of claim 21, wherein the oligonucleotide is partially or fully chemically modified. 25. The compound of claim 23, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) having the structure set forth below 5\u2032 (N)x-Z 3\u2032 (antisense strand) 3\u2032 Z\u2032-(N\u2032)y-z\u2033 5\u2032 (sense strand) wherein each of N and N\u2032 is an unmodified ribonucleotide, a modified ribonucleotide or an unconventional moiety; wherein each of (N)x and (N\u2032)y is an oligonucleotide in which each consecutive N or N\u2032 is joined to the next N or N\u2032 by a covalent bond; wherein each of x and y is independently an integer between 15 and 49; wherein z\u2033 is present or absent, but if present is a capping moiety covalently attached to the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand; wherein each of Z and Z\u2032 is independently present or absent, but if present is 1-5 consecutive nucleotides or non-nucleotide moieties or a combination thereof covalently attached at the 3\u2032 terminus of the strand in which it is present; wherein the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine conjugate is covalently attached to at least one of the 3\u2032 terminus of the antisense strand, the 3\u2032 terminus of the sense strand or the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand; wherein the sequence of (N\u2032)y is substantially complementary to the sequence of (N)x; and wherein (N)x comprises an antisense sequence complementary to a consecutive sequence in a target RNA; with the proviso that when the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine conjugate is attached at the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand z\u2033 is absent. 26. The compound of claim 25, wherein the covalent bond joining each consecutive N or N\u2032 is a phosphodiester bond or a phosphorothioate bond. 27. The compound of claim 25 or 26, wherein x=y and each of x and y is 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23, preferably x=y=19. 28. The compound of claim 25 or 26, wherein x is an integer from 19-25 and y is an integer from 15-17. 29. The compound of any of claims 25-28, wherein the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine conjugate is covalently attached to the 3\u2032 terminus of (N\u2032)y. 30. The compound of any of claims 25-28, wherein the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine conjugate is covalently attached to the 3\u2032 terminus of (N)x. 31. The compound of any of claims 25-28, wherein the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine conjugate is covalently attached to the 5\u2032 terminus of (N\u2032)y. 32. The compound of claim 29 or 31, wherein Z is present. 33. The compound of claim 30 or 31, wherein Z\u2032 is present. 34. The compound of any one of claims 25-33, wherein each N and N\u2032 is an unmodified ribonucleotide. 35. The compound of any one of claims 25-33, wherein at least one of N or N\u2032 is a sugar modified ribonucleotide. 36. The compound of any one of claims 25-33, wherein at least one of N or N\u2032 is an unconventional moiety, the unconventional moiety selected from the group consisting of a DNA, a LNA, a mirror nucleotide, a 2\u20325\u2032 linked nucleotide and an abasic moiety. 37. The method of any one of claims 25-36, wherein the sequence of (N\u2032)y is fully complementary to the sequence of (N)x, and the sequence of (N)x is fully complementary to the target RNA. 38. The method of any one of claims 25-36, wherein the sequence of (N\u2032)y is fully complementary to the sequence of (N)x and the sequence of (N)x is partially complementary to the target RNA. 39. The method of any one of claims 25-36, wherein the sequence of (N\u2032)y is partially complementary to the sequence of (N)x and the sequence of (N)x is partially complementary to the target RNA. 40. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the 5\u2032 terminal nucleotide of the antisense strand [(N)x] is mismatched to the target RNA. 41. The compound of any one of claims 25-40, wherein a target RNA is mRNA or a non-coding RNA, either long or short, transcribed from a mammalian genome. 42. A composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-19, or the salt of such a compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 43. A composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 20-41, or the salt of such a compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 44. A method for treating cancer in a subject having cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutic amount of a sphingolipid-polyalkylamine-oligonucleotide compound of any one of claims 20-41 or a composition of claim 43. 45. The sphingolipid-polyalkylamine-oligonucleotide compound of any one of claims 20-41 or the composition of claim 43, for use in treating cancer. 46. Use of the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine oligonucleotide compound of any one of claims 20-41 or the composition of claim 43, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer. 47. The method of claim 44 or the use of claims 45-46, wherein the compound is formulated for intratumoral, systemic, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration. 48. A method for enhancing endosomal release of a therapeutic oligonucleotide into the cytoplasm of a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of any of claims 20-41 or a composition of claim 43, thereby enhancing endosomal release. 49. A sphingolipid-polyalkylamine phosphoramidite. 50. The sphingolipid-polyalkylamine phosphoramidite of claim 49 wherein the sphingolipid is sphingosine; and wherein the polyalkylamine is spermine or spermidine. 51. A method of synthesizing a sphingolipid-polyalkylamine phosphoramidite substantially as disclosed in the specification.",
-    "The present invention provides a GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage. An eleventh thin film transistor (T11) and a first capacitor (R1) coupled to the eleventh thin film transistor (T11) in series are added in a pull-down output unit (400). In the output process of the GOA circuit, the eleventh thin film transistor (T11) is activated with the added output control signal (CKF). With the voltage division function of the first resistor (R1), one more falling edge is generated to the waveform outputted by the output end (G(n)). Namely, the waveform outputted by the output end (G(n)) comprises two falling edges. Thereby, the voltage difference before and after the gate of the TFT in the pixel can be decreased to reduce the feed-through voltage and raise the display uniformity of the liquid crystal panel. 1. A GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage, comprising a plurality of GOA units, which are cascade coupled, and the GOA unit of each stage comprises: a forward-backward scan control unit, a pull-up output unit, a first node pull-down unit, a pull-down output unit and a third thin film transistor; n is set to be a positive integer, and except the GOA unit of the first and last stages, in the GOA unit of the nth stage: the forward-backward scan control unit comprises: a first thin film transistor, and a gate of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a forward scan control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to an output end of a n\u22121th GOA unit of the former stage, and a drain is electrically coupled to a source of the third thin film transistor; and a second thin film transistor, a gate of the second thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a backward scan control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to an output end of a n+1th GOA unit of the latter stage, and a drain is electrically coupled to the source of the third thin film transistor; a gate of the third thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a Mth clock signal, and the source is electrically coupled to the drain of the first thin film transistor and the drain of the second thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to a gate of a fourth thin film transistor; the pull-up output unit comprises: a ninth thin film transistor, and a gate of the ninth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a first node, and a source is electrically coupled to a M+1th clock signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to an output end; and a first capacitor, one end of the first capacitor is electrically coupled to the first node, and the other end is electrically coupled to the output end; the pull-down output unit comprises: a fourth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fourth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the drain of the third thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to a second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the Mth clock signal; a fifth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fifth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the Mth clock signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to a constant high voltage level; a tenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the tenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a drain is electrically coupled to the output end, and a source is electrically coupled to a constant low voltage level; an eleventh thin film transistor, and a gate of the eleventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to an output control signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to the output end, and a source is electrically coupled to one end of a first resistor; the first resistor, the other end of the first resistor is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a second capacitor, and one end of the second capacitor is electrically coupled to the second node, and the other end is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; the first node pull-down unit comprises: a sixth thin film transistor, and a gate of the sixth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to a drain of a seventh thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; the seventh thin film transistor, and a gate of the seventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the M+1th clock signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the drain of the third thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to the source of the sixth thin film transistor; and an eighth thin film transistor, and a gate of the eighth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the constant high voltage level, and a source is electrically coupled to the drain of the third thin film transistor, and a source is electrically coupled to the first node; the output control signal is a pulse signal, of which a period is \u00bd of a clock signal period; a signal waveform outputted by the output end comprises two falling edges. 2. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein in the GOA unit of the first stage, a source of the first thin film transistor is coupled to a circuit start signal. 3. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein in the GOA unit of the last stage, a source of the second thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal. 4. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein as the forward scan control signal provides high voltage level, and the backward scan control signal provides low voltage level, the GOA circuit performs forward scan, and as the forward scan control signal provides low voltage level, and the backward scan control signal provides high voltage level, the GOA circuit performs backward scan. 5. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein the clock signal comprises two clock signals: a first clock signal and a second clock signal; as the Mth clock signal is the first clock signal, the M+1th clock signal is the second clock signal; as the Mth clock signal is the second clock signal, the M+1th clock signal is the first clock signal. 6. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein in one period of the output control signal, a rising edge of the output control signal is generated at a high voltage level phase of the M+1th clock signal, and a falling edge is generated simultaneously with a falling edge of the M+1th clock signal. 7. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein a high voltage level of the M+1th clock signal and a voltage level of the constant high voltage level are the same. 8. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 7, wherein a voltage level of the first falling edge of a signal waveform outputted by the output end is dropped between the constant high voltage level and the constant low voltage level. 9. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 8, wherein a channel width to length ratio of the eleventh thin film transistor and a resistance of the first resistor are adjusted to control a voltage level that the first falling edge of the signal waveform outputted by the output end drops to. 10. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 1, wherein the thin film transistors are all N type LTPS semiconductor thin film transistors. 11. A GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage, comprising a plurality of GOA units, which are cascade coupled, and the GOA unit of each stage comprises: a forward-backward scan control unit, a pull-up output unit, a first node pull-down unit, a pull-down output unit and a third thin film transistor; n is set to be a positive integer, and except the GOA unit of the first and last stages, in the GOA unit of the nth stage: the forward-backward scan control unit comprises: a first thin film transistor, and a gate of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a forward scan control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to an output end of a n\u22121th GOA unit of the former stage, and a drain is electrically coupled to a source of the third thin film transistor; and a second thin film transistor, a gate of the second thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a backward scan control signal, and a source is electrically coupled to an output end of a n+1th GOA unit of the latter stage, and a drain is electrically coupled to the source of the third thin film transistor; a gate of the third thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a Mth clock signal, and the source is electrically coupled to the drain of the first thin film transistor and the drain of the second thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to a gate of a fourth thin film transistor; the pull-up output unit comprises: a ninth thin film transistor, and a gate of the ninth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a first node, and a source is electrically coupled to a M+1th clock signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to an output end; and a first capacitor, one end of the first capacitor is electrically coupled to the first node, and the other end is electrically coupled to the output end; the pull-down output unit comprises: a fourth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fourth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the drain of the third thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to a second node, and a source is electrically coupled to the Mth clock signal; a fifth thin film transistor, and a gate of the fifth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the Mth clock signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to a constant high voltage level; a tenth thin film transistor, and a gate of the tenth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a drain is electrically coupled to the output end, and a source is electrically coupled to a constant low voltage level; an eleventh thin film transistor, and a gate of the eleventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to an output control signal, and a drain is electrically coupled to the output end, and a source is electrically coupled to one end of a first resistor; the first resistor, the other end of the first resistor is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level, and a second capacitor, and one end of the second capacitor is electrically coupled to the second node, and the other end is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; the first node pull-down unit comprises: a sixth thin film transistor, and a gate of the sixth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the second node, and a source is electrically coupled to a drain of a seventh thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to the constant low voltage level; the seventh thin film transistor, and a gate of the seventh thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the M+1th clock signal, and a source is electrically coupled to the drain of the third thin film transistor, and a drain is electrically coupled to the source of the sixth thin film transistor; and an eighth thin film transistor, and a gate of the eighth thin film transistor is electrically coupled to the constant high voltage level, and a source is electrically coupled to the drain of the third thin film transistor, and a source is electrically coupled to the first node; the output control signal is a pulse signal, of which a period is \u00bd of a clock signal period; a signal waveform outputted by the output end comprises two falling edges; wherein in the GOA unit of the first stage, the source of the first thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal; wherein in the GOA unit of the last stage, the source of the second thin film transistor is electrically coupled to a start signal; wherein as the forward scan control signal provides high voltage level, and the backward scan control signal provides low voltage level, the GOA circuit performs forward scan, and as the forward scan control signal provides low voltage level, and the backward scan control signal provides high voltage level, the GOA circuit performs backward scan. 12. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 11, wherein the clock signal comprises two clock signals: a first clock signal and a second clock signal; as the Mth clock signal is the first clock signal, the M+1th clock signal is the second clock signal; as the Mth clock signal is the second clock signal, the M+1th clock signal is the first clock signal. 13. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 11, wherein in one period of the output control signal, a rising edge of the output control signal is generated at a high voltage level phase of the M+1th clock signal, and a falling edge is generated simultaneously with a falling edge of the M+1th clock signal. 14. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 11, wherein a high voltage level of the M+1th clock signal and a voltage level of the constant high voltage level are the same. 15. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 14, wherein a voltage level of the first falling edge of a signal waveform outputted by the output end is dropped between the constant high voltage level and the constant low voltage level. 16. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 15, wherein a channel width to length ratio of the eleventh thin film transistor and a resistance of the first resistor are adjusted to control a voltage level that the first falling edge of the signal waveform outputted by the output end drops to. 17. The GOA circuit of reducing feed-through voltage according to claim 11, wherein the thin film transistors are all N type LTPS semiconductor thin film transistors.",
-    "The invention provides the following advantages: the present invention provides a quantum dot polarizer and manufacturing method thereof. The quantum dot polarizer comprises a first protective layer and a second protective layer, and the first protective layer or the second protective layer being a complex film comprising quantum dots. As such, without increasing the thickness of display, the invention can improve color spectrum and transmittance, and is applicable to ultra-thin display devices at low cost. The manufacturing method adds the quantum dots to the cotton glue for forming protective layers by extension or coating process to obtain quantum dot protective layer used for quantum dot polarizer. As such, the invention can avoid humidity and oxygen affecting the quantum dots and reduce cost by eliminating manufacturing independent quantum dot element separately. 1. A quantum dot polarizer, which comprises: a polarization layer, a first protective layer and a second protective layer, disposed respectively on the two sides of the polarization layer, a surface protective film disposed on the first protective layer, an adhesive layer disposed on the second protection layer and a peel-off film disposed on the adhesive layer; wherein the first protective layer or the second protective layer being a complex film comprising quantum dots. 2. The quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the quantum dot polarizer is used as an upper polarizer for an LCD panel, the first protective layer is the complex film comprising quantum dots. 3. The quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the quantum dot polarizer is used as a lower polarizer for an LCD panel, the second protective layer is the complex film comprising quantum dots. 4. A manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer, which comprises: Step 1: preparing a cotton glue for quantum dot protective layer; Step 2: forming a complex film comprising quantum dots with the cotton glue to obtain a quantum dot protective layer through an extension process or a coating process; Step 3: using the quantum dot protective layer to manufacture the quantum dot polarizer; wherein the quantum dot polarizer comprising a polarization layer, a first protective layer and a second protective layer, disposed respectively on the two sides of the polarization layer, a surface protective film disposed on the first protective layer, an adhesive layer disposed on the second protection layer and a peel-off film disposed on the adhesive layer; and the first protective layer or the second protective layer being a quantum dots protective layer obtained in Step 2; Step 1 comprising the following steps: Step 11: mixing a material for the protective layer and a solution, slowly stirring at a speed of 10-22 rpm/min for 1-3 hours; Step 12: accelerating stirring speed to 23-38 rpm/m in for 2-3.5 hours; Step 13: accelerating stirring speed to 40-60 rpm/min for 1.5-2.5 hours; and Step 14: slowing down stirring speed to 10-22 rpm/min for 0.5-2 hours; Step 1 further comprising: adding plasticizer in any one of the above Steps 11-14 to obtain a protective layer solution with better solubility; and adding quantum dots in any one of the above Steps 11-14. 5. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein the quantum dots are one or more of the following doped or non-doped quantum dots: ZnS, CdS, ZnO, GaN, GaSe, ZnSe, CdSe, ZnTe, CdTe, PbTe, InP, CdAs. 6. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein the quantum dots are graphene quantum dots or carbon quantum dots. 7. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein in Step 11, the material for the protective layer is poly triacetylcellulose with 250-350 degree of polymerization. 8. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein in Step 11, the solution comprises a primary solution and an auxiliary solution, the primary solution is dichloromethane, and the auxiliary solution is methanol, ethanol, or butanol. 9. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein the plasticizer is a mixed plasticizer comprising a primary plasticizer and an auxiliary plasticizer, the primary plasticizer is triphenyl phosphate, and the auxiliary plasticizer is one or more of the following: dibutyl phthalate, butoxyethyl phthalate, and octyl phthalate. 10. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein in Step 11, the stirring time is 2 hours; in Step 12, the stirring time is 3 hours; in Step 13, the stirring time is 2 hours; and in Step 14, the stirring time is 1 hour. 11. A manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer, which comprises: Step 1: preparing a cotton glue for quantum dot protective layer; Step 2: forming a complex film comprising quantum dots with the cotton glue to obtain a quantum dot protective layer through an extension process or a coating process; Step 3: using the quantum dot protective layer to manufacture the quantum dot polarizer; wherein the quantum dot polarizer comprising a polarization layer, a first protective layer and a second protective layer, disposed respectively on the two sides of the polarization layer, a surface protective film disposed on the first protective layer, an adhesive layer disposed on the second protection layer and a peel-off film disposed on the adhesive layer; and the first protective layer or the second protective layer being a quantum dots protective layer obtained in Step 2; Step 1 comprising the following steps: Step 11: mixing a material for the protective layer and a solution, slowly stirring at a speed of 10-22 rpm/min for 1-3 hours; Step 12: accelerating stirring speed to 23-38 rpm/min for 2-3.5 hours; Step 13: accelerating stirring speed to 40-60 rpm/min for 1.5-2.5 hours; and Step 14: slowing down stirring speed to 10-22 rpm/min for 0.5-2 hours; Step 1 further comprising: adding plasticizer in any one of the above Steps 11-14 to obtain a protective layer solution with better solubility; and adding quantum dots in any one of the above Steps 11-14; in Step 11, the material for the protective layer is poly triacetylcellulose with 250-350 degree of polymerization; in Step 11, the solution comprises a primary solution and an auxiliary solution, the primary solution is dichloromethane, and the auxiliary solution is methanol, ethanol, or butanol; the plasticizer is a mixed plasticizer comprising a primary plasticizer and an auxiliary plasticizer, the primary plasticizer is triphenyl phosphate, and the auxiliary plasticizer is one or more of the following: dibutyl phthalate, butoxyethyl phthalate, and octyl phthalate. 12. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 11, wherein the quantum dots are one or more of the following doped or non-doped quantum dots: ZnS, CdS, ZnO, GaN, GaSe, ZnSe, CdSe, ZnTe, CdTe, PbTe, InP, CdAs. 13. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 11, wherein the quantum dots are graphene quantum dots or carbon quantum dots. 14. The manufacturing method for quantum dot polarizer as claimed in claim 11, wherein in Step 11, the stirring time is 2 hours; in Step 12, the stirring time is 3 hours; in Step 13, the stirring time is 2 hours; and in Step 14, the stirring time is 1 hour.",
-    "A method for check pointing a global state of a distributed system with one or more distributed applications organized in a directed acyclic graph topology includes, upon receiving a marker in an active input channel of a first task application, putting an active input channel on hold, performing check pointing by saving an internal state of the first task application when all input channels have received a marker and are put on hold, forwarding the marker via all output channels of the first task application to at least one other task application of the one or more task applications, and reactivating all input channels of the first task application, wherein the global state is a union of all internal states of the task applications after each of the one or more task applications has been check pointed. 1. A method car check pointing a global state of a distributed system with one or more distributed applications organized in a directed acyclic graph topology, wherein one or more source applications provide data to one or more task applications each having one or more input channels and one or more output channels for exchanging processed data with others of the one or more task applications, wherein at least one of the one or more task applications processes data received on its input channels sends processed data out on one or more of its output channels to at least one other of the one or more task applications, and wherein one or more destinations collect processed data, the method comprising: a) upon receiving a marker in an active input channel of a first task application, putting the input channel on hold, b) performing check pointing by saving an internal state of the first task application when all input channels have received a marker and are on hold, c) forwarding the marker via all output channels of the first task application to at least one other task application of the one or more task applications, and d) reactivating the input channels of the first task application, wherein the global state is a union of all internal states of the task applications after each of the one or more task applications has been check pointed. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a marker is provided by the one or more source applications downstream along the one or more task applications of the directed acyclic graph topology. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the input and output channels of the first task application are unidirectional and/or messages in these channels are ordered according to the first-in-first-out principle. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein messages received in an input channels on hold are queued until the input channel on hold is reactivated. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein steps b) occurs before step c). 6. A distributed system with one or more distributed applications on a plurality of nodes wherein the nodes are operable to execute one or more distributed applications which are organized in a directed acyclic graph topology, wherein one or more source applications provide data to one or more task applications each having one or more input channels and one or more output channels for exchanging processed data with others of the one or more task applications, wherein at least one of the one or more task applications processes data received on its input channels and sends processed data out on one or more of its output channels to at least one other of the one or more task applications, and wherein one or more destinations collect processed data, the system comprising: a first node operable to: a) put an active input channel of a first task application running on the node on hold upon receiving a marker in the input channel, b) perform check pointing by saving the internal state of the first task application when all input channels have received a marker and are put on hold, c) forward the marker via all output channels of the first task application to at least one task application of the other task applications, and d) reactivate the input channels of the first task application, wherein the global state is a union of all internal states of the task applications after each of the one or more task applications has been check pointed.",
-    "Provided herein are sphingolipid-polyalkylamine siRNA compounds pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of use in therapy. 1. A sphingolipid-polyalkylamine-oligonucleotide compound having general formula I: wherein R1 is a branched or linear C7-C24 alkyl, alkenyl or polyenyl; R2, R3 and R4 each independently is hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, a branched or linear polyalkylamine or derivative thereof, or an oligonucleotide; R3\u2032 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; A2, A3 and A4 each independently is present or absent but if present is one of C(O), C(O)NHX, C(O)NHR5X, C(O)R5X, C(O)R5C(O)X, R5X or R5OC(O)X; R5 is a branched or linear C1-C20 alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more heteroatoms; X is present or absent but if present is S, P, O or NH; at least one of R2, R3 or R4 is a branched or linear polyalkylamine or derivative thereof; at least one of R2, R3 or R4 is an oligonucleotide; or a salt of such compound; for use in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject; and with the proviso that the disease or disorder is other than cancer. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of an inner ear disease or disorder, an eye disease or disorder, a respiratory disease or disorder, a central nervous system or peripheral nervous system disease or disorder, a skin disease or disorder, a renal disease or disorder, a cardiac disease or disorder, a liver disease or disorder, inflammatory disease or disorder, an infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal) disease and a fibrotic disease or disorder of any organ. 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein the inner ear disease or condition is a hearing loss or a balance loss or disorder, and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via a local otic administration route selected from ear drops to the tympanic membrane, transtympanic delivery to the middle ear and intraoperational delivery methods to the round window or to the endolymph. 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein the disease or condition is an eye disease or disorder, and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via a local ocular administration route or local otic administration route selected from eye drops, intravitreal, subretinal, subscleral or transtympanic administration. 5. The compound of claim 2, wherein the disease or condition is a respiratory disease or disorder and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via a local pulmonary administration routes selected from intranasal, intratracheal and/or intrabronchal instillation or inhalation. 6. The compound of claim 2, wherein the disease or condition is selected from a central nervous system disease or disorder or peripheral nervous system disease or disorder; and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via a local administration route selected from intraotic, intrathecal/suprathecal or intraventricular administration. 7. The compound of claim 2, wherein the disease or condition is a skin disease or disorder; and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via a local administration route selected from topical, subcutaneous or intradermal administration. 8. The compound of claim 2, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of a cardiac disease or disorder; and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via a local administration route selected from intramyocardial or intracoronary administration. 9. The compound of claim 2, wherein the disease or condition is a renal disease or disorder, a cardiac disease or disorder, a liver disease or disorder and an inflammatory or fibrotic disease or disorder of any location; and wherein the compound or salt of such compound is to be administered to the subject via parenteral administration selected from the group consisting of intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, transdermal, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular administration. 10. The compound of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein in the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine oligonucleotide compound R1 is C7-C24 alkyl selected from the group consisting of C10-C20 alkyl, C10-C16 alkyl and C13 alkyl, preferably C13 alkyl. 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein in the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine-oligonucleotide compound R1 is C13 alkyl, A2 is C(O), A3 is absent and R2 is selected from spermine and having general formula (Ia) or spermidine and having general formula (Ib) wherein A4 is selected from the group consisting of C(O), C(O)NHX, C(O)NHR5X, C(O)R5X, C(O)R5C(O)X, R5X and R5OC(O)X; R5 is a branched or linear C1-C20 alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more heteroatoms; R3 and R3\u2032 each independently is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; R4 is an oligonucleotide; or a salt of such compound. 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the oligonucleotide is a single-stranded oligonucleotide or a double-stranded oligonucleotide. 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein the single-stranded oligonucleotide is selected from an antisense nucleic acid (NA) molecule, pre-mRNA, a non-coding RNA, an aRNA, an aptamer, a ribozyme, a synthetic mRNA and shRNA. 14. The compound of claim 12, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide is a double stranded NA (dsNA) molecule capable of acting via RNA interference and selected from the group consisting of a siRNA, a miRNA and a miRNA mimetic. 15. The compound of any of claims 12 to 14, wherein the oligonucleotide is partially or fully chemically modified. 16. The compound of any of claims 1 to 15, wherein the double-stranded oligonucleotide has the duplex structure set forth below 5\u2032 (N)x-Z 3\u2032 (antisense strand) 3\u2032 Z\u2032\u2014(N\u2032)y-z\u2033 5\u2032 (sense strand) wherein each of N and N\u2032 is an unmodified ribonucleotide, a modified ribonucleotide or an unconventional moiety; wherein each of (N)x and (N\u2032)y is an oligonucleotide in which each consecutive N or N\u2032 is joined to the next N or N\u2032 by a covalent bond; wherein each of x and y is independently an integer from 8 to 49 and y is an integer from 15 to 49; wherein z\u2033 is present or absent, but if present is a capping moiety covalently attached to the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand; wherein each of Z and Z\u2032 is independently present or absent, but if present is 1-5 consecutive nucleotides or non-nucleotide moieties or a combination thereof covalently attached at the 3\u2032 terminus of the strand in which it is present; wherein a sphingolipid-polyalkylamine is covalently attached to at least one of the 3\u2032 terminus of the antisense strand, the 3\u2032 terminus of the sense strand, the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand or the 5\u2032 terminus of the antisense strand; wherein the nucleotide sequence of (N\u2032)y has complete or partial complementarity to the nucleotide sequence of (N)x; and wherein (N)x comprises a nucleotide sequence with complete or partial complementary to a consecutive sequence in a target RNA; wherein when the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine is attached at the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand then z\u2033 is absent; wherein when the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine is attached at the 3\u2032 terminus of the sense strand then Z\u2032 is absent; wherein when the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine is attached at the 3\u2032 terminus of the antisense strand then Z is absent. 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein each covalent bond joining each consecutive N or N\u2032 is independently selected from the group consisting of a phosphodiester bond, a phosphotriester bond and a phosphorothioate bond. 18. The compound of claim 16 or 17, wherein x is an integer from 19 to 25 and y is an integer from 15 to 25; preferably x=y=19. 19. The compound of any of claims 16 to 18, wherein a capping moiety (z\u2033) is covalently attached to the 5\u2032 terminus of (N\u2032)y and is selected from the group consisting of an abasic ribose, an abasic deoxyribose; an inverted abasic ribose, an inverted abasic deoxyribose; C6-amino-Pi and a mirror nucleotide. 20. The compound of any of claims 16 to 19, wherein each of Z and Z\u2032 is a non-nucleotide moiety independently selected from the group consisting of C3OH, C3Pi, C3Ps, C3Pi-C3OH, C3Pi-C3Pi, C3Ps-C3OH and C3Ps-C3Ps. 21. The compound of any of claims 14 to 20, wherein the 5\u2032 terminal nucleotide of the antisense strand [(N)x] is a complementary DNA or is mismatched to the target RNA and is selected from the group of A, U, dA, dU, or dT with or without additional chemical modifications to the sugar and/or to the linkage, and wherein the corresponding nucleotide on the sense strand [(N\u2032)y] is complementary to the 5\u2032 terminal nucleotide of the antisense strand. 22. The compound of any of claims 16 to 21, wherein the sphingolipid-polyalkylamine is covalently attached to at least one of the 3\u2032 terminus of the antisense strand, the 3\u2032 terminus of the sense strand or the 5\u2032 terminus of the sense strand. 23. The compound of any of claims 16 to 22, wherein at least one of N or N\u2032 is a modified ribonucleotide or an unconventional moiety 24. The compound of claim 23, wherein the at least one unconventional nucleotide is present in (N\u2032)y or (N)x and is selected from the group consisting of a 2\u2032-5\u2032 linked nucleotide, a threose nucleic acid (TNA), a locked nucleic acid (LNA), a pyrazolotriazine nucleotide and a mirror nucleotide. 25. The compound of any of claims 16 to 24, wherein x=y=19 and at least one of a 2\u2032-5\u2032 linked nucleotide is present in positions (5\u2032>3\u2032) 16, 17, 18, and 19 or 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 of (N\u2032)y and/or wherein a 2\u2032-5\u2032 linked nucleotide, a threose nucleic acid (TNA) or a mirror nucleotide is present in at least one of positions 6, 7, or 8 in (N)x. 26. The compound of any of claims 16 to 25, wherein at least one of N or N\u2032 is a sugar modified ribonucleotide, wherein the sugar modification comprises a 2\u2032 sugar modification selected from the group consisting of 2\u2032O-methyl sugar modification (2\u2032OMe), 2\u2032deoxyribose sugar modification (2\u2032H), 2\u2032deoxyfluoro sugar modification (2\u2032F), 2\u2032-O-methoxyethyl (2\u2032MOE) sugar modification and a 2\u2032-amino sugar modification, preferably a 2\u2032O-methyl sugar modification. 27. The compound of any of claims 16 to 26, wherein the target RNA is the transcription product of mammalian, viral, plant, fungal or bacterial genome representing either coding or non-coding RNA. 28. The compound of any of claims 1 to 27, for generating a plant with an altered phenotype or treatment a plant disease. 29. A sphingolipid-polyalkylamine siRNA compound selected from a compound set forth in Table 2.",
-    "The invention is directed to foamed caps and closure seals comprising as one of the layers polyethylene foam. The polyethylene foam is obtained by foaming of low density polyethylene copolymer obtained by a high pressure polymerisation process in the presence of 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate. 1. Foamed caps and closure seal comprising as one of the layers polyethylene foam wherein the foam is obtained by foaming of low density polyethylene copolymer obtained by a high pressure polymerisation process in the presence of 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate. 2. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 1 wherein low density polyethylene obtained by the high pressure polymerisation process in the presence of 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate has a density between 910 kg/m3 and 935 kg/m3 (according to ISO 1183) and a melt index between 0.10 and 100 dg/minute (according to ASTM D1133). 3. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 1, wherein the high pressure polymerisation process is a tubular polymerisation process. 4. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 1, wherein the foam is obtained by physically foaming of low density polyethylene. 5. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 1, comprising as one of the layers polyethylene foam with a foam structure wherein more than 50% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 70 micrometres and wherein more than 95% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 150 micrometres. 6. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 2, wherein the high pressure polymerisation process is a tubular polymerisation process. 7. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 2, wherein the foam is obtained by physically foaming of low density polyethylene. 8. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 2, comprising as one of the layers polyethylene foam with a foam structure wherein more than 50% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 70 micrometres and wherein more than 95% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 150 micrometres. 9. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 3, comprising as one of the layers polyethylene foam with a foam structure wherein more than 50% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 70 micrometres and wherein more than 95% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 150 micrometres. 10. The foamed caps and closure seal according to claim 4, comprising as one of the layers polyethylene foam with a foam structure wherein more than 50% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 70 micrometres and wherein more than 95% of the cells have a cell diameter smaller than 150 micrometres.",
-    "Processes are provided for preparing synthetic para-eugenol and polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymers including the synthetic para-eugenol. In an embodiment, a process for synthesizing para-eugenol can comprise: a) hydrolyzing methyl 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylate to form 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylic acid; b) decarboxylating the 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylic acid to form a product comprising para-eugenol. The polysiloxane-polycarbonate copolymer prepared by the process may be isolated by, for example, anti-solvent precipitation followed by vacuum drying. 1. A process for synthesizing para-eugenol, comprising: a) hydrolyzing methyl 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylate to form 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylic acid; b) decarboxylating the 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylic acid to form a product comprising para-eugenol. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein step a) comprises refluxing a mixture of methyl 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylate in an aqueous base. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein after the refluxing, step a) further comprises cooling the mixture and neutralizing the mixture with an acid. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein after cooling and neutralizing, step a) further comprises filtering and drying the 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylic acid. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein step b) comprises heating a mixture of 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylic acid in a polar aprotic solvent, a base, or a combination thereof. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein step b) further comprises cooling the mixture and diluting the mixture with an organic solvent to provide a diluted organic mixture. 7. The process of claim 6, further comprising adding a mineral acid to the diluted organic mixture and maintaining the temperature at less than about 25\u00b0 C., and stirring the mixture. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the mineral acid comprises aqueous hydrochloric acid. 9. A process for synthesizing para-eugenol, comprising: decarboxylating methyl 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylate to form a product comprising para-eugenol. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the decarboxylating step comprises providing a mixture of methyl 5-allyl-3-methoxysalicylate and a catalyst in a polar aprotic solvent or a base, and heating the mixture. 11. A process for synthesizing para-eugenol, comprising: a) providing a first mixture comprising a catalytic amount of a Group IB metal salt and a nitrogen-containing compound; b) cooling the first mixture to about 0\u00b0 C. to about 15\u00b0 C.; c) adding about 0.8 to about 1 equivalent of an alkali metal halide to the first mixture to form a second mixture; d) adding an aqueous solution of about 0.7 to about 1 equivalent of a base to the second mixture to form a third mixture; e) adding about 1 equivalent of guaiacol to the third mixture dropwise to form a fourth mixture; f) allowing the fourth mixture to warm to a temperature of about 15\u00b0 C. to about 25\u00b0 C.; g) adding about 1.0 to about 1.5 equivalents of an allyl halide to the fourth mixture, maintaining a temperature of less than about 30\u00b0 C., to form a fifth mixture comprising para-eugenol. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein step b) comprises cooling the first mixture to about 10\u00b0 C. 13. The process of claim 11, wherein step c) comprises adding about 0.9 equivalent of sodium iodide to the first mixture. 14. The process of claim 11, wherein step c) further comprises maintaining a temperature of less than about 15\u00b0 C. during the adding of the alkali metal halide. 15. The process of claim 11, wherein step f) comprises allowing the fourth mixture to warm to a temperature of about 20\u00b0 C. to about 22\u00b0 C. 16. The process of claim 11, wherein step g) comprises maintaining a temperature of between about 20\u00b0 C. and about 25\u00b0 C. 17. The process of claim 11, wherein step g) further comprises stirring the fifth mixture for about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes. 18. The process of claim 11, further comprising neutralizing the fifth mixture by adding a mineral acid dropwise and maintaining the temperature at about 25\u00b0 C., to form a sixth mixture. 19. The process of claim 18, further comprising extracting the sixth mixture with an organic solvent to provide an organic extract. 20. The process of claim 19, further comprising drying the organic extract and removing the organic solvent to provide a crude product.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to an overhead storage system that includes a storage volume (140) and an access panel (180) with a transparent window. This permits users to view the storage volume when the access panel is closed. The window is made from a clear polycarbonate material. 1. An overhead storage system for a railcar or an aircraft, comprising: an access panel, the access panel having a front surface facing outwardly from a storage volume, a length defined by a first lateral side and an opposite second lateral side, and a height defined by a top edge and a bottom edge; a latch mechanism for securing the overhead storage bin in a closed position, the latch mechanism including a handle positioned on the front surface of the access panel along the top edge or the bottom edge of the access panel; and at least one transparent window on the front surface of the access panel that permits viewing of the storage volume when the access panel is in the closed position, wherein the transparent window includes a cutout portion that engages the latch mechanism at the top edge or the bottom edge of the access panel. 2. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the access panel has an arcuate profile. 3. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transparent window includes a flange on a rear surface of the window that abuts a back surface of the access panel. 4. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transparent window includes a first side portion, a second side portion, and a bridge portion joining the first and second side portions. 5. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transparent window has a height that is greater than one-half the height of the access panel. 6. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transparent window covers substantially the entire front surface of the access panel. 7. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the access panel is made from an opaque material. 8. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transparent window is formed from a polycarbonate polymer composition having a light transmittance of 80% or higher, and a haze of 1% or less, when measured at 2.54 mm thickness according to ASTM D1003. 9. The storage system of claim 8, wherein the polycarbonate polymer composition contains a polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymer. 10. The storage system of claim 8, wherein the polycarbonate polymer composition contains a copolyester-polycarbonate copolymer derived from bisphenol-A, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and resorcinol. 11. The storage system of claim 8, wherein the polycarbonate polymer composition contains a copolymer derived from a bisphenol monomer and a benzophenone monomer. 12. The storage system of claim 8, wherein the polycarbonate polymer composition meets fire, smoke, and toxicity regulations. 13. The storage system of claim 8, wherein the polycarbonate polymer composition meets the OSU 65/65 heat release standard. 14. The storage system of claim 8, wherein the polycarbonate polymer composition has a peak heat release rate of less than 65 kW/m2. 15. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the transparent window is formed from a light guide sandwiched between two separate panels. 16. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the transparent window includes a coating on an exterior surface or an interior surface. 17. The storage system of claim 16, wherein the coating is a reflective coating or a scratch resistant coating. 18. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the access panel is a door, and the storage volume is defined by a plurality of walls. 19. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the access panel is a wall of a storage bin containing the storage volume. 20. An overhead storage system for a railcar or an aircraft, comprising: an access panel, the access panel having a front surface facing outwardly from a storage volume, a length defined by a first lateral side and an opposite second lateral side, and a height defined by a top edge and a bottom edge; a latch mechanism for securing the overhead storage bin in a closed position, the latch mechanism including a handle positioned on the front surface of the access panel along the top edge or the bottom edge of the access panel; and at least one transparent window on the front surface of the access panel that permits viewing of the storage volume when the access panel is in the closed position, wherein a portion of the perimeter of the transparent window extends around the latch mechanism at the top edge or the bottom edge of the access panel; wherein the transparent window is made from a polycarbonate polymer composition that meets fire, smoke, and toxicity regulations and meets the OSU 65/65 heat release standard.",
-    "Disclosed is a luminaire (100) comprising a chamber delimited by a body (110) defining a light exit surface of the luminaire; and an optical cavity (135) inside the chamber such that the chamber comprises a volume (112) delimited by the body and the optical cavity, wherein the optical cavity is delimited by a first parabolic mirror (120) and a second parabolic mirror (130) facing the first parabolic mirror, the second parabolic mirror comprising an aperture (132) facing the volume, the optical cavity comprising a light source (140) mounted inside said cavity; wherein the first parabolic mirror and the second parabolic mirror are shaped to create an image (12) of the light source in the volume. 1. A luminaire comprising a chamber delimited by a body defining a light exit surface of the luminaire; and an optical cavity inside the chamber such that the chamber comprises a volume delimited by the body and the optical cavity, wherein the optical cavity is delimited by a first parabolic mirror and a second parabolic mirror facing the first parabolic mirror, the second parabolic mirror comprising an aperture facing the volume, the optical cavity comprising a light source mounted inside said cavity; wherein the first parabolic mirror and the second parabolic mirror are shaped to create an image of the light source in the volume; wherein the luminaire further comprising a plurality of solid state lighting elements in said chamber, wherein the solid state lighting elements are arranged to create a luminous distribution under a first range of viewing angles outside said luminaire such that the image can be observed outside said first range. 2. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the optical cavity is mounted in an upper or lower region of the chamber with the aperture facing said volume 3. The luminaire of claim 2, wherein the optical cavity is mounted in said upper region and defines a lid of said chamber, the luminaire further comprising at least one fixing member for securing the lid to the chamber. 4. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the light source is placed in a decorative holder. 5. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the first parabolic mirror creates a first focal point and the second parabolic mirror creates a second focal point, wherein the first focal point is spatially separated from the second focal point. 6. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising a lens array over each of the solid state lighting elements for shaping the luminous distribution of said solid state lighting elements. 7. The luminaire of claim 6, wherein the lens array comprises a plurality of micro lenses each having a light exit surface angled relative to the normal of the main surface of the lens array for redirecting light from the solid state lighting element in a direction determined by said angle, wherein said plurality of micro lenses comprises a subset of micro lenses cooperating to create a pattern in said luminous distribution. 8. The luminaire of claim 7, wherein the pattern is projected onto said body. 9. The luminaire of claim 6, wherein the solid state elements are mounted on a holder. 10. The luminaire of claim 9, wherein the holder comprises a cavity housing a heat sink thermally coupled to at least some of the solid state lighting elements. 11. The luminaire of claim 9, wherein the lens array each solid state lighting element is mounted on said holder such that the lens array is spatially separated from said solid state lighting element. 12. The luminaire of claim 10, wherein the holder is mounted against the second parabolic mirror. 13. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising a mounting post, wherein the luminaire is mounted at one end of the mounting post. 14. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the light exit surface is at least partially translucent or transparent.",
-    "An organic light emitting diode display panel is provided. The organic light emitting diode display panel comprises a glass substrate, a conductive layer, an anode, a hole inject layer, a hole transport layer, an organic light-emitting layer, an electron inject layer and a cathode. The present invention further provides an organic light emitting diode display device. The organic light emitting diode display panel and the organic light emitting diode display device can effectively reduce a horizontal resistance of the organic light emitting diode display panel through setting the conductive layer, thereby improving the luminous uniformity of the organic light emitting diode display panel. 1. An organic light emitting diode display panel, comprising: a glass substrate; an anode, disposed on the glass substrate utilized, for generating a hole when a driving voltage is applied; a hole inject layer, disposed on the anode, for injecting the hole into an organic light-emitting layer; a hole transport layer, disposed on the hole inject layer, for transporting the hole injected by the hole inject layer to the organic light-emitting layer; the organic light-emitting layer, disposed on the hole transport layer, for recombining the hole with an electron transported by an electron transport layer to emit light; the electron transport layer, disposed on the organic light-emitting layer, for transporting an electron injected by a cathode to the organic light-emitting layer; and the cathode utilized for generating the electron when the driving voltage is applied; wherein a conductive layer is disposed between the anode and the glass substrate; wherein the conductive layer is a metal grids layer, a conductivity of the metal grids layer is greater than a conductivity of the anode, the conductive layer is disposed on the glass substrate through a manner of using a metallic ink for performing a screen printing. 2. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 1, wherein a grid structure of the metal grids layer is square, hexagonal, or rectangular. 3. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 1, wherein a material of the metallic ink is a conductive silver paste or a carbon nanotube solution. 4. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 1, wherein a material of the anode is Indium Tin Oxide or Aluminum Zinc Oxide. 5. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 1, wherein an electron inject layer configured for injecting the electron into the organic light-emitting layer is disposed between the electron transport layer and the cathode. 6. An organic light emitting diode display panel, comprising: a glass substrate; an anode disposed on the glass substrate utilized for generating a hole when a driving voltage is applied; a hole inject layer disposed on the anode for injecting the hole into an organic light-emitting layer; a hole transport layer disposed on the hole inject layer for transporting the hole injected by the hole inject layer to the organic light-emitting layer; the organic light-emitting layer disposed on the hole transport layer for recombining the hole with an electron transported by an electron transport layer to emit light; the electron transport layer disposed on the organic light-emitting layer for transporting an electron injected by a cathode to the organic light-emitting layer; and the cathode utilized for generating the electron when the driving voltage is applied; wherein a conductive layer is disposed between the anode and the glass substrate. 7. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 6, wherein the conductive layer is a metal grids layer, a conductivity of the metal grids layer is greater than a conductivity of the anode. 8. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 7, wherein a grid structure of the metal grids layer is shaped as a square, hexagonal, or rectangular. 9. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 6, wherein the conductive layer is disposed on the glass substrate with a metallic ink by using screen printing. 10. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 9, wherein a material of the metallic ink is a conductive silver paste or a carbon nanotube solution. 11. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 9, wherein a material of the anode is Indium Tin Oxide or Aluminum Zinc Oxide. 12. The organic light emitting diode display panel according to claim 6, wherein an electron inject layer configured for injecting the electron into the organic light-emitting layer is disposed between the electron transport layer and the cathode. 13. An organic light emitting diode display device, comprising an organic light emitting diode display panel, which comprises: a glass substrate; an anode disposed on the glass substrate utilized for generating a hole when a driving voltage is applied; a hole inject layer disposed on the anode for injecting the hole into an organic light-emitting layer; a hole transport layer disposed on the hole inject layer for transporting the hole injected by the hole inject layer to the organic light-emitting layer; the organic light-emitting layer disposed on the hole transport layer for recombining the hole with an electron transported by an electron transport layer to emit light; the electron transport layer disposed on the organic light-emitting layer for transporting an electron injected by a cathode to the organic light-emitting layer; and the cathode utilized for generating the electron when the driving voltage is applied; wherein a conductive layer is disposed between the anode and the glass substrate. 14. The organic light emitting diode display device according to claim 13, wherein the conductive layer is a metal grids layer, a conductivity of the metal grids layer is greater than a conductivity of the anode. 15. The organic light emitting diode display device according to claim 14, wherein a grid structure of the metal grids layer is square, hexagonal, or rectangular. 16. The organic light emitting diode display device according to claim 13, wherein the conductive layer is disposed on the glass substrate through a manner of using a metallic ink for performing a screen printing. 17. The organic light emitting diode display device according to claim 16, wherein a material of the metallic ink is a conductive silver paste or a carbon nanotube solution. 18. The organic light emitting diode display device according to claim 16, wherein a material of the anode is Indium Tin Oxide or Aluminum Zinc Oxide. 19. The organic light emitting diode display device according to claim 13, wherein an electron inject layer configured for injecting the electron into the organic light-emitting layer is disposed between the electron transport layer and the cathode.",
-    "A lighting controller and method has light sources which are activated for a respective lighting duration in a repeating non-overlapping sequence. The end of the lighting duration for one light source is detected for triggering the switching on of the next light source in the sequence. This provides non-overlapping control of the light sources and provides an efficient and easy to implement the required controller. 1. A lighting controller for controlling a lighting arrangement comprising a set of at least two light sources, the controller comprising: a timing unit for controlling the timing of operation of the light sources in a repeating non-overlapping sequence, wherein the timing unit is adapted to switch on each light source for a respective lighting duration, wherein the timing unit comprises a detection subunit adapted to detect the end of the lighting duration for one light source and the timing unit is adapted to use the detected end of the lighting duration as a timing trigger for switching on the next light source in the sequence; wherein the controller further comprises an adjustment interface, adapted to receive information about lengths of the durations, and wherein the controller is adapted to independently and individually configure each of the durations according to the received information. 2. A controller as claimed in claim 1, wherein the timing unit is adapted to generate a control duration in response to a timing trigger at the detected end of the lighting duration for each of at least one of the light sources, the detection subunit is further adapted to detect the end of the control duration, and the timing unit is further adapted to switch on the next light source in the sequence in response to the detected end of the control duration which thereby functions as a further timing trigger, and the lighting durations for the light sources and the control duration or durations together cover each period of time during which the lighting arrangement is controlled; wherein the control duration is a blank channel which does not result in any light output. 3. A controller as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the controller is a controller adapted to provide the lighting durations for at least two light sources in succession, and to generate the control duration in response to a timing trigger at the end of the successive lighting durations for the at least two light sources. 4. A controller as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the controller is a controller adapted to trigger a respective control duration at the end of the lighting duration for each of the light sources. 5. A controller as claimed in claim 1, wherein the timing unit comprises: a first processor adapted to generate respective output signals for each of the durations, wherein the first processor is further adapted to detect the trailing edge of one output signal corresponding to a first duration and, when the trailing edge is detected, to trigger another output signal corresponding to a second duration succeeding the first duration in the sequence. 6. A controller as claimed in claim 1, wherein the timing unit comprises: a second processor adapted to generate output signals for each of the lighting durations, wherein the output signals are on simultaneously but off at the end of the respective lighting durations; a set of one or more logic circuits, each circuit comprising: a first input for receiving a signal corresponding to a first duration from a corresponding output of the second processor; a second input for receiving a signal corresponding to a second duration to be triggered by the end of the first duration from a corresponding output of the second processor, wherein at least said second duration is a lighting duration; a logic operation module for calculating a logic result based on the signals corresponding to the first duration and the second duration, said logic result comprising the logic AND between the signal corresponding to the second duration and an inversion of the signal corresponding to the first duration; and an output for outputting said logic result as control signal to a corresponding one of the light sources. 7. A lighting system comprising: a lighting arrangement comprising a set of light sources; and a controller as claimed in claim 1 for controlling the lighting arrangement. 8. A lighting system as claimed in claim 7, wherein said lighting arrangement comprises respective drivers, each of which being adapted to drive one of said set of light sources respectively, and wherein said controller is adapted to provide commands to the respective drivers to control the operation of the LED; or said lighting arrangement comprises a driver; a set of at least two switches, wherein the input of each switch is coupled to said driver and the output of each switch is coupled to one of said set of light sources respectively, and said set of switches is controlled by said controller to be conductive in the non-overlapping sequence. 9. A lighting system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the single driver further comprises an interface for receiving dimming signal based on a dimming protocol comprising 1-10V or DALI. 10. A system as claimed in claim 7, wherein the lighting arrangement comprises a set of three light sources giving different colour outputs, wherein the light sources each comprise an LED arrangement. 11. A method of controlling a lighting arrangement comprising a set of at least two light sources, the method comprising: switching on each light source for a respective lighting duration in a repeating non-overlapping sequence; and detecting the end of the lighting duration for one light source and using the detected end of the lighting duration for one light source as a timing trigger for switching on the next light source in the sequence; further comprising: receiving information about lengths of the durations, and independently and individually configuring each of the durations according to the received information. 12. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein at the end of the lighting duration for one light source, the next light source in the sequence is switched on, such that the lighting durations together cover each period of time during which the lighting arrangement is controlled. 13. A method as claimed in claim 11, wherein at the detected end of the lighting duration for each of at least one of the light sources, a control duration is triggered on by the detected end of the lighting duration for said at least one light source before the next light source in the sequence is switched on, and the method further comprises detecting the end of the control duration and using the detected end of the control duration as a timing trigger for switching on the next light source in the sequence, and the lighting durations for the light sources and the control duration or durations together cover each period of time during which the lighting arrangement is controlled; wherein the control duration is a blank channel which does not result in any light output. 14. A method as claimed in claim 13, wherein: the lighting durations for at least two light sources are in succession, and the control duration is triggered at the detected end of the successive lighting durations of the at least two light sources. 15. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein: a respective control duration is triggered at the detected end of the lighting duration for each of the light sources.",
-    "High frequency ballasts are provided herein for ignition control of a ceramic high intensity discharge (HID) lamp. A sensor senses a lamp parameter on the output terminals. A microprocessor is attached to the ignition circuit and the sensor. The ignition circuit is configured by the microprocessor to apply a train of pre-ignition bursts to the electrodes and stop the train of pre-ignition bursts responsive to measurement of the lamp parameter. The measured lamp parameter is indicative of a stable arc at the proximal ends of the capillaries. 1. A method for ignition of a ceramic high intensity discharge (HID) lamp, wherein the ceramic HID lamp includes an arc chamber and two capillaries each connected to the arc chamber at respective proximal ends, two electrodes each sealed within the capillaries by respective seals near the distal ends of the capillaries, wherein the two electrodes extend from the seals through respective bores in the capillaries and protrude into the arc chamber at the proximal ends of the capillaries, the method including the steps of: applying a train of pre-ignition voltage bursts to the two electrodes while increasing the duration of the pre-ignition voltage bursts; measuring a lamp parameter during a time interval between the pre-ignition voltage bursts; and responsive to the measured lamp parameter, stopping the pre-ignition voltage bursts, wherein the measured lamp parameter is indicative of a stable arc between the proximal ends of the capillaries. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lamp parameter is selected from the group consisting: a voltage across said two electrodes, a current through said two electrodes, a frequency at said two electrodes, a phase difference at said two electrodes, a power at said two electrodes, an impedance at said two electrodes and a temperature at said two electrodes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step: adaptively increasing time duration of the pre-ignition bursts responsive to the measured lamp parameter. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step: adaptively increasing burst rate of the pre-ignition bursts responsive to the measured lamp parameter. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the measured lamp parameter indicates a lamp current which is substantially symmetric between positive and negative current flow. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the measured lamp parameter indicates an absolute value average lamp current less than a previously determined value. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the measured lamp parameter indicates that said two electrodes are fully warmed up and any metallic halides previously deposited on said two electrodes are substantially evaporated from said two electrodes. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: heating said two electrodes prior to normal operation, thereby avoiding arcing in the bores of the capillaries surrounding said two electrodes, wherein said heating is performed by the pre-ignition bursts. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: subsequent to said stopping said pre-ignition voltage bursts, delaying a time period between half and three seconds; and applying a final ignition burst to ignite the HID lamp. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-ignition bursts momentarily ignite the ceramic HID lamp and cause significant current to momentarily flow, wherein during said pre-ignition bursts an arc is formed substantially only between the proximal ends of said two electrodes. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-ignition voltage bursts are configured to have sufficiently short duration to avoid arcing in the bores of the capillaries surrounding said two electrodes. 14. A high frequency ballast for adaptive ignition control of a ceramic high intensity discharge (HID) lamp including an arc chamber and two capillaries each connected to the arc chamber at respective proximal ends of the capillaries, two electrodes each sealed within the capillaries by respective seals near the distal ends of the capillaries, wherein the two electrodes extend from the seals through respective bores in the capillaries and protrude into the arc chamber at the proximal ends of the capillaries, the high frequency ballast comprising: an ignition circuit connected to output terminals, wherein the two electrodes are adapted to connect to said output terminals; a sensor adapted to sense a lamp parameter on said output terminals; a microprocessor operatively attached said ignition circuit and said sensor; wherein the ignition circuit is configured by said microprocessor to apply a train of pre-ignition voltage bursts to the two electrodes during a time interval between the pre-ignition voltage bursts while the duration of the pre-ignition voltage bursts are increased and stop the train of pre-ignition bursts responsive to the lamp parameter sensed, and wherein the sensed lamp parameter is indicative of a stable arc at the proximal ends of the capillaries. 15. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein the lamp parameter is measured during a time interval between the pre-ignition voltage bursts. 16. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein the lamp parameter is selected from the group consisting: a voltage across said output terminals, a current through said output terminals, a frequency at said output terminals, a phase difference at said output terminals, a power at said output terminals, an impedance at said output terminals and a temperature at said output terminals. 17. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein a time duration of the pre-ignition bursts is adaptively increased responsive to said measured parameter. 18. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein a burst rate of the pre-ignition bursts is adaptively increased responsive to said measured parameter. 19. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein the ignition circuit is configured by said microprocessor during the pre-ignition bursts to momentarily ignite the ceramic HID lamp and cause thereby significant current to momentarily flow, wherein during said pre-ignition bursts an arc is produced substantially only between the proximal ends of the said two electrodes. 20. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein the ignition circuit is configured by said microprocessor to apply a final ignition burst and to operate the lamp, only after said two electrodes are sufficiently heated by said pre-ignition bursts to avoid arcing in the bores of the capillaries during the final ignition burst. 21. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein the pre-ignition voltage bursts have a peak voltage of 2000-4000 volts. 22. The high frequency ballast of claim 14, wherein the pre-ignition voltage bursts have a frequency of 100-500 kilohertz.",
-    "A transmission system is provided that has a drive pulley, at least one driven pulley and an oil wet toothed belt. The toothed belt includes a toothing and a back, a first portion, wherein the toothing is coupled to the drive pulley, a second portion wherein the toothing is coupled to at least one driven pulley, a first taut branch which develops towards the driving pulley and a second slack branch which develops towards the driven pulley. The transmission system also includes a fixed containment guide having at least a first wall facing the toothing and/or the back positioned at a distance from the toothed belt between a minimum distance where at rest it is not in contact with the toothed belt and a maximum distance equal to 5% of the length of one between the taut branch and the slack branch. 1. A transmission system comprising: a drive pulley, at least a driven pulley, an oil wet toothed belt, said toothed belt comprising a toothing and a back, a first portion, wherein said toothing is coupled to said drive pulley, a second portion wherein said toothing is coupled to said at least one driven pulley, a first taut branch which develops towards the driving pulley and a second slack branch which develops towards the driven pulley, and a fixed containment guide comprising at least a first wall facing said toothing or said back, said first wall being at a distance from said toothed belt comprised between a minimum distance in which at rest is not in contact with said toothed belt and a maximum distance equal to 5% of one between said taut branch and said slack branch. 2. The transmission system according to claim 1, further comprising a second wall facing said back, the distance D between said first and second walls being greater than the height H of said toothed belt, said walls defining a channel in which is at least partially housed said toothed belt and at rest there is no contact between said first and second walls and said toothed belt. 3. The transmission system according to claim 1, further comprising a tensioning device. 4. The transmission system according to claim 3, characterized in that said tensioning device is a mechanical tensioner or a tensioner shoe. 5. Transmission system according to claim 3, characterized in that said tensioning device is of a bearing type or a containment guide type. 6. The transmission system according to claim 3, characterized in that said tensioning device is maintained in contact against said back of the toothed belt by way of hydraulic or elastic drive means. 7. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixed containment guide defines a closed channel of approximately parallelepiped shape comprising at least the first wall facing said toothing and a second wall facing said back. 8. The transmission system according to claim 2, characterized in that said fixed containment guide dampens vibrations of said belt when the toothing or the back of said toothed belt come into contact with at least one of the first wall or second wall. 9. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixed containment guide extends in length for at least the length corresponding to the distance between two teeth of said toothed belt of the transmission system. 10. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixed containment guide is rectilinear for at least the length of two teeth. 11. The transmission system according to claim 9, characterized in that the first wall which forms said fixed containment guide has an inlet portion having a distance from the toothed belt greater than at least another portion of said wall. 12. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixed containment guide extends for a length comprised between the length of the winding arc of the toothed belt on a touching belt tensioner of 30 mm in diameter and the winding angle of 20\u00b0 and 95% of the length of a free branch of the toothed belt. 13. The transmission system according to claim 2, characterized in that the distance D between said first and second walls is greater than the height H of the toothed belt by a distance comprised between 0.1 mm and 1.5 mm. 14. The transmission system according to claim 2, characterized in that the distance D between said first and second walls is comprised between 0.5 and 1 mm. 15. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that the height H2 of at least one of the first and second walls of the fixed containment guide 18a is at least equal to half the width L of the toothed belt. 16. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that the height H2 of at least one of the first and second walls of the fixed containment guide is at least equal to the width L of the toothed belt. 17. The transmission system according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixed containment guide is arranged on the longer branch between said slack branch and said taut branch.",
-    "The present invention provides a catalyst for the decomposition of nitrous oxide, said catalyst comprising oxides of cobalt, zinc and aluminium and an alkali metal promoter. 1. A catalyst for the decomposition of nitrous oxide, said catalyst comprising oxides of cobalt, zinc and aluminium and an alkali metal promoter. 2. A catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal promoter is present in at least 0.1 wt % based on the overall weight of the catalyst. 3. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alkali metal promoter is selected from potassium, cesium and mixtures thereof. 4. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the catalyst also comprises a binder, selected from the group of alkaline earth metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, alumina, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silica and mixtures thereof. 5. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cobalt is present in an amount of at least 20 and at most 75 wt % based on the overall weight of the catalyst. 6. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the zinc is present in an amount of at least 3 and at most 20 wt % based on the overall weight of the catalyst. 7. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aluminium, excluding any aluminium present in the binder, is present in an amount of at least 2 and at most 20 wt % based on the overall weight of the catalyst. 8. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is in the form of an extrudate and has a side crush strength in the range of from 2 to 40 N/mm. 9. A catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the catalyst is in the form of a tablet and has a top crush strength (based on a 3 mm\u00d73 mm tablet) in the range of from at least 40 N/tablet to at most 300 N/tablet. 10. A process for the preparation of the catalyst according to claim 1, said process comprising the steps of: i) providing an aqueous solution comprising metal salts of zinc, cobalt and aluminium; ii) precipitating the bulk metal oxide using an aqueous alkaline solution; iii) drying the precipitated material; iv) forming catalyst particles from the precipitated material; and v) calcining the thus-formed catalyst particles wherein an alkali metal promoter is added during or after at least one of steps i) to v). 11. A process according to claim 10, wherein alkali metal promoter is incorporated into the precipitated material during step ii). 12. A process according to claim 10, wherein alkali metal promoter is incorporated into the precipitated material by an impregnation method. 13. A process for the decomposition of nitrous oxide in a gas stream said process comprising the steps of: i) providing a gas stream containing in the range of from 50 ppmw to 50 wt % of nitrous oxide; ii) contacting said gas stream with a catalyst according to claim 1, at a temperature in the range of from 250 to 750\u00b0 C.",
-    "An arrangement for a motor vehicle includes a master controller and a slave controller that use different reference-earth voltages and respectively comprise a transmission and a reception unit for shared data interchange. The transmission and reception units are connected to one another via a shared communication line. The communication line contains a diode that prevents a flow of current from the slave controller to the master controller. The master controller contains a pull-up resistor via which the shared communication line can be connected to a first reference-earth potential of the reference-earth voltage of the master controller. 1. An arrangement for a motor vehicle, comprising: a master controller including a first transceiver unit; a slave controller including a second transceiver unit; and a communication line connecting the first and the second transceiver units, wherein the master controller operates at a first reference voltage and the slave controller operates at a second reference voltage, wherein the first reference voltage is different from the second reference voltage, and wherein a diode is included in the communication line that is configured to prevent a current flow from the second transceiver unit in a direction of the first transceiver unit. 2. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first reference voltage has a first reference potential which is lower than a first reference potential of the second reference voltage. 3. The arrangement as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first and second reference voltages have a shared second reference potential which is interconnected at a central ground point of the motor vehicle. 4. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the communication line is configured to connect to a first power supply line via a pull-up resistor, and the pull-up resistor is included in the master controller. 5. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first transceiver unit of the master controller includes a first electric switch, and the second transceiver unit of the slave controller includes a second electric switch. 6. The arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein a pulsing transmission signal is generated on the communication line by alternately opening and closing the first or the second electric switch. 7. The arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein a transmission signal from the master controller to the slave controller is generated by alternately opening and closing the first switch. 8. The arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein a transmission signal from the slave controller to the master controller is generated by alternately opening and closing the second switch. 9. The arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first electric switch of the first transceiver unit of the master controller is closed in a reception mode. 10. The arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first electric switch and/or the second electric switch are configured as transistors. 11. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diode is included in the second transceiver unit of the slave controller. 12. A master controller for an arrangement for a motor vehicle, comprising: a first transceiver unit; and a pull-up resistor, wherein the arrangement includes a slave controller including a second transceiver unit, and a communication line connecting the first transceiver unit and the second transceiver unit, wherein the master controller is configured to operate at a first reference voltage and the slave controller is configured to operate at a second reference voltage, wherein the first reference voltage is different from the second reference voltage, wherein a diode is included in the communication line that is configured to prevent a current flow from the second transceiver unit in a direction of the first transceiver unit, and wherein the communication line is configured to connect to a first power supply line via the pull-up resistor. 13. A slave controller for an arrangement for a motor vehicle, comprising: a transceiver unit; and a diode, wherein the arrangement includes a master controller including another transceiver unit, and a communication line connecting the transceiver unit and the other transceiver unit, wherein the master controller is configured to operate at a first reference voltage and the slave controller is configured to operate at a second reference voltage, wherein the first reference voltage is different from the second reference voltage, wherein the diode is included in the communication line and is configured to prevent a current flow from the transceiver unit in a direction of the other transceiver unit.",
-    "The embossing device for embossing packaging material comprises a set of embossing rollers with male die and female die rollers co-operating with one another, the surface of which is provided with texture elements, wherein the texture elements (M6R6) on the surface of the female die roller (M6), which are assigned to the texture elements (P6E6) on the surface of the male die roller (P6) are not inversely congruent by an amount of above 15 \u03bcm in axial and radial direction and the texture elements of the male die and female roller associated with one another comprise facets (F) for the purpose of local pressure elevation. A facet (F) comprises faces (FN), which with respect to the imaginary, continuous surface of the texture is inclined. With such facetted rollers, a very large variety of films can be embossed in an aesthetically appealing manner, wherein the films can be mainly employed in the tobacco and foodstuff industry. 1-14. (canceled) 15. An embossing device for embossing packaging material comprising: a set of embossing rollers including a male die roller and a female die roller co-operating with each other, a surface of the male die roller having texture elements, and a surface of the female die roller having texture elements, wherein the texture elements of the female die roller, which are assigned to the texture elements of the male die roller, are not inversely congruent by an amount of above 15 \u03bcm in an axial and a radial direction, and wherein the texture elements of the male die roller, which are assigned to the texture elements of the female die roller, have facets configured to increase a local pressure. 16. The embossing device according to claim 15, wherein each of the facets have faces which are inclined at a defined angle, with respect to an imaginary and continuous surface of a texture of a logo represented by the texture elements. 17. The embossing device according to claim 15, wherein a minimal area for each of the facets is 0.4 mm\u00d70.4 mm, or 0.16 mm2. 18. The embossing device according to claim 15, further comprising: a second female die roller, wherein the male die roller, the female die roller, and the second female die roller are arranged such that the male die roller with a male die elevation first interacts with the female die roller with an associated first female die depression, and thereafter the male die roller with the male die elevation interacts with the second female die roller and an associated second female die depression. 19. The embossing device according to claim 15, further comprising: a second male die roller, wherein the male die roller, the second male die roller, and the female die roller are arranged such that the female die roller with a female die depression first interacts with the male die roller with an associated male die elevation, and thereafter the female die roller with the female die depression interacts with the second male die roller with an associated second male die elevation. 20. The embossing device according to claim 18, wherein the male die roller, the female die roller, and the second female die roller are arranged in a three-roller embossing device, wherein the male die elevation is arranged on the male die roller in such a manner that during an embossing process, the male die elevation interacts first with recesses of the female die roller, and thereafter with recesses of the second female die roller. 21. The embossing device according to claim 18, wherein the male die roller, the female die roller, and the second female die roller are each arranged in pairs in a two-roller embossing device. 22. The embossing device according to claim 19, wherein the male die roller, the second male die roller, and the female die roller are arranged in a three-roller embossing device, wherein the female die depression is arranged on the female die roller in such a manner that during an embossing process, the female die depression interacts first with elevations of the male die roller, and thereafter with elevations of the second male die roller. 23. The embossing device according to claim 19, wherein the male die roller, the second male die roller, and the female die roller are each arranged in pairs in a two-roller embossing device. 24. The embossing device according to claim 15, wherein at least one of a height and a depth of the elevations and recesses and a number of embossing rollers are configured to create high or raised reliefs on the packaging material through multiple embossing, the at least one of the height and the depth and width being greater than remaining textures of the packaging material. 25. The embossing device according to claim 15, wherein a diameter of one of the embossing rollers is wider than the width of a web of the packaging material, the diameter being smaller by an amount S than the other embossing roller, wherein S has a value of over 0.02 mm. 26. The embossing device according to claim 15, wherein the surface of the embossing rollers is made of at least one of of metal, hard metal, hard material, and ceramic, and wherein the surface is covered by a protection layer. 27. The embossing device according to claim 15, wherein the set of embossing rollers is arranged in a quick-change device such that the male die roller and the female die roller can be replaced individually and independently of each other, wherein the male die roller and the female die roller are rotatably held in a male die roller carrier and a female die roller carrier, respectively, and are fastened individually and removably independently from each other in a quick-change housing in a defined position, wherein an end of the male die roller carrier is held in a needle bearing and an other end if the male die roller carrier is held in a ball bearing. 28. The embossing device according to claim 27, wherein at least one of the male die roller carrier and the female die roller carrier includes a key at a lower part, and a corresponding slot at a bottom of the quick-change housing.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for monitoring a winding device (10), comprising the following steps: Displaying of a schematic illustration of functional units (20) of the winding device (10) on a display device (30), Detection of at least one operating parameter (40) of at least one functional unit (20) of the winding device (10), Displaying of the at least one detected operating parameter (40) on the display device (30) next to the schematic illustration of the corresponding functional unit (20). 1-9. (canceled) 10. Method for monitoring a winding device, comprising the following steps: Displaying of a schematic illustration of functional units of the winding device on a display device, Detection of at least one operating parameter of at least one functional unit of the winding device, Displaying of the at least one detected operating parameter on the display device next to the schematic illustration of the corresponding functional unit. 11. Method according to claim 10, wherein the display steps occur on a display device in form of a touch-sensitive display. 12. Method according to claim 11, wherein during a selection of a displayed operating parameter a key pad is shown on the display device. 13. Method according to claim 10, wherein next to the at least one detected and displayed operating parameter a color coding of this operating parameter is displayed. 14. Method according to claim 10, wherein an input of a desired value occurs for the at least one detected and displayed operating parameter. 15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the input of the desired value occurs in the same display level like the display of the at least one detected and displayed operating parameter. 16. Method according to claim 10, wherein next to an input of a selection and an assembly of winding sleeves on the winding shaft of the winding device occurs. 17. Method according to claim 10, wherein at least one of the following operating parameters of at least one functional unit is detected and displayed on at least one functional unit: Rotational speed of a supply roller Leading between two neighboring supply rollers Contact pressure of a supply roller Wrap angle of a supply roller 18. Method according to claim 10, wherein that displaying of the at least one detected operating parameter on the display device occurs next to the schematic illustration of the corresponding functional unit on one and the same display level. 19. Method according to claim 10, wherein sensor units are intended in order to enable the detection of operating parameters. 20. Control device for monitoring a winding device comprising a control unit, which is configured for the performance of a method according to the invention according to claim 10.",
-    "Disclosed is a method and apparatus for a packet data flow to use markings on packets (93, 94) that indicate the longest instantaneous queue length on a path in order to rapidly increase the flow rate up to an available capacity of a network node without overshoot, in order to avoid the TCP Slow start process. 1. A method for initialising a flow of packets between a source node and a node along a path in a network, comprising at the source node: sending one or more initial burst of packets over a round-trip at a chosen rate; receiving from the network node a sequence of feedback packets, said sequence indicating a queue length at the network node at the arrival of a packet from the initial burst or bursts of packets; estimating from the sequence a mismatch between the chosen rate and a rate available at the network node; and sending a further burst of packets using a fraction of said initially chosen rate. 2. A method according to claim 1 where the initial burst of packets comprises 6 to 12 packets. 3. A method according to claim 1 comprising varying the spacing between packets over the round-trip. 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the spacing between packets is varied by varying the size of the packets. 5. A method according to claim 1 comprising the source node further releasing a paced sequence of packets at a higher rate than the estimated achievable rate of the network node in order to induce a slight queue at the network node, and in the next round of sent packets calibrating the estimate of the network node rate by comparing a determined queue growth with an expected queue growth. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the queue length and/or queue growth is determined from a sequence of tag status values generated by the network node by, upon receiving a packet carrying a status tag set to a first status value, checking if any packet already in a queue at the time of arrival of said packet has upon leaving the queue a status tag set to said first status value; and if so changing the tag status value of the received packet to a different status value. 7. A method according to claim 5 comprising the source node monitoring the tag status value relating to the first packet in each burst of packets in order to estimate a level of competing traffic. 8. A method according to claim 1 further comprising the source node measuring an inter-arrival time between pairs of acknowledgment packets returning from the initial burst and accumulating a running average in order to derive an initial estimate of delay at the network node. 9. A method according to claim 6 further comprising determining a mismatch ratio between the rate at which the source node sends packets to the network node and the rate achievable at said network node by determining from said received sequence of tag status values a spacing between a received packet having a status tag set to said first status value and the previously received packet having a status tag set to said first status value; and calculating said mismatch ratio by dividing the determined spacing by the most recent, previously determined spacing. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the calculating step is implemented as a repeated addition. 11. A method according to claim 9 comprising the source node adjusting the size of a sending window or rate based on the rate mismatch ratio. 12. A method according to claim 3 wherein the spacing is measured in packets, in bytes or in time. 13. A source node arranged in operation to determine a mismatch ratio between a rate at which the source node is configured to send packets to one or more nodes along a path in a network and the available capacity of at least one of said nodes, said source node comprising: a receiving module arranged to receive a sequence of tag status values associated with packets which have been routed via one or more of said other nodes, wherein at least one of said nodes is arranged in operation to indicate its queue length by, upon receiving a packet carrying a status tag set to a first status value, to check if any packet already in a queue at the time of arrival of said packet has upon leaving the queue a status tag set to said first status value; and if so to change the tag status value of the received packet to a different status value; a module arranged to determine the spacing between a received packet having a tag status value set to said first status value and the previously received packet having a tag status set to said first status value; and a calculation module arranged to calculate said mismatch ratio by dividing the determined spacing by the most recent, previously determined spacing. 14. A method for distinguishing between transmission losses and congestion losses in a packet network comprising: receiving at a source node a sequence of tag status values associated with packets which have been routed via one or more other nodes in a network, wherein at least one of said other nodes is arranged in operation to indicate its queue length by the spacing between packets associated with a first tag status value; detecting a loss of packets; determining from said sequence of tag status values a first spacing between a pair of packets having said first tag status value, which packets were received before said loss, and optionally a second spacing between a pairs of packets having said first tag status value, which packets were received after said loss; determining from said spacing or spacings the length of the queue before the loss and optionally the length of the queue after the loss; and if the length of each queue is less than a defined number of packets categorising the loss as a transmission loss. 15. A computer program or suite of computer programs executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform the method of claim 1. 16. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a computer program or a suite of computer programs according to claim 15.",
-    "A modular jack connector includes a housing defining a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. A plurality of terminals are disposed in the housing. Each terminal having a body portion and a contact end portion connected to the body portion. Each contact end has a contact surface facing the first direction for connecting to a counter-part connector. The contact surface is a rolled surface of a metal sheet from which the contact terminals are formed. Plating process becomes more efficient and plating quality is improved, resulting in terminals with high contact surface quality being made for better electrical connectivity when connected to counterpart connectors. 1. A modular jack connector comprising: a housing defining a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a plurality of terminals disposed in the housing, each terminal having a body portion and a contact end connected to the body portion, wherein each contact end has a contact surface facing the first direction for connecting to a counterpart connector, the contact surface is a rolled surface of a metal sheet from which the terminals are formed. 2. The modular connector of claim 1, wherein the body portions of the terminals are disposed in a main plane, wherein the contact end of each of the terminals is offset from the main plane along the first direction. 3. The modular connector of claim 1, wherein the contact ends of the terminals are aligned in a column parallel to the second direction. 4. The modular connector of claim 1, wherein the body portions of the terminals are molded to a support block to form an integral part, the contact end of each terminal being fixed to the support block in a cantilevered manner and being resiliently deflectable relative to the support block along the first direction to form electrical connection with the counterpart connector. 5. The modular jack connector of claim 4, further comprising a support member disposed in the housing, the support block being fixed in the support member. 6. The modular jack connector of claim 5, wherein the support member has a plurality of grooves within each of which the contact end of a terminal is movably disposed. 7. The modular jack connector of claim 6, wherein the contact ends of the terminals are resiliently deflectable within the grooves along the first direction to form electrical connection with the counterpart connector. 8. A terminal module for an electrical connector, the terminal module comprising: a support member having a cavity at a first end and a plurality of grooves at a second end; the support member defining a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a pair of insert-molded parts each including a support block and a plurality of terminals each having a body portion fixed to the support block, the support block being inserted into the cavity and a contact end of each terminal being disposed in one of the grooves; wherein each contact end has a contact surface facing the first direction for connecting to a counterpart connector, wherein the contact surface is a rolled surface of a metal sheet from which the contact terminals are formed. 9. The terminal module of claim 8, wherein the contact ends being resiliently deformable within the grooves along the first direction to form electrical connection with the counterpart connector. 10. The terminal module of claim 8, wherein the pair of insert-molded parts being symmetrically disposed in the support member, the contact surface of the terminals fixed to the support block of a first insert-molded part and the contact surface of the terminals fixed to the support block of a second insert-molded part face each other to form a gap therebetween for receiving the counterpart connector.",
-    "Disclosed is a storage device which provides data with higher data throughput performance during in-memory storage access in an access environment with little locality. This storage device is equipped with: a data storage means, which includes a main memory that stores data in a block unit, and a cache memory capable of storing, in the block unit, the data stored in the main memory; access request accumulation means for accumulating an access request for data stored in the data storage means; data scanning means for, when the access request accumulated in the access request accumulation means satisfy a prescribed condition, reads the data stored in the main memory, in the block units and writes the data in the cache memory in order, and scans the data; and access retrieval means for reading from the access request accumulation means an access request for data specified by means of the scan, and returns information with which the specified data can be specified to the source from which that access request was transmitted. 1. A storage device comprising: a data storage unit which has a main memory that stores data in a block unit, and a cache memory capable of storing the data stored in the main memory in the block unit; an access request accumulation unit which accumulates an access request for data stored in the data storage unit; a data scanning unit, when the access request accumulated in the access request accumulation unit satisfy a prescribed condition, reads the data stored in the main memory included in the data storage unit in order in the block unit, and writes the data in the cache memory and scans the data; and an access retrieval unit which reads from the access request accumulation unit an access request for data specified by the scan, and replies information with which the specified data can be specified to a source from with the access request was transmitted. 2. The storage device according to claim 1, wherein the data scanning unit reads the data in order of memory addresses of the main memory by the block units, and writes the data in the cache memory. 3. The storage device according to claim 1, wherein, when data is stored in the cache memory, the data scanning unit scans the data, and then, reads unscanned data in the order by the block units from the main memory, and writes the unscanned data in the cache memory. 4. The storage device according to claim 1, further comprising: a data decomposition unit which decomposes data including a key value and a property associated with the key value into the key value and the property, and stores the data in the data storage unit in a decomposition manner, wherein the data scanning unit writes the property of the data stored in the main memory included in the data storage unit in the cache memory, and scans the property. 5. The storage device according to claim 1, further comprising: an access sorting unit which accumulates the access requests in different regions of the access request accumulation unit with respect to each target for specifying the data, wherein the access retrieval unit reads the access request for specified data by the scan from the region in which the access request including the target for specifying the data is accumulated. 6. The storage device according to claim 1, further comprising: an access compression unit which extracts information capable of specifying the data from the access requests, and accumulates the extracted information and the access requests in different regions of the access request accumulation unit, wherein the access retrieval unit reads the access request for specified data by the scan from the region in which the information capable of specifying the data is accumulated. 7. The storage device according to claim 1, wherein the data scanning unit reads all of the data in an order of memory addresses of the main memory in the block units, and writes the all of the data in the cache memory. 8. A data access method comprising: accumulating an access request for data stored in a data storage unit which includes a main memory that stores data in a block unit, and a cache memory capable of storing the data stored in the main memory in the block unit, in an access request accumulation unit; when the access request accumulated in the access request accumulation unit satisfy a prescribed condition, reading the data stored in the main memory included in the data storage unit in order in the block unit, and writing the data in the cache memory and scanning the data by a data scanning unit; and by an access retrieval unit, reading from the access request accumulation unit an access request for data specified by the scanning, and replying information with which the specified data can be specified to a source from with the access request was transmitted. 9. The data access method according to claim 8, wherein, in the scanning, the data is written in the cache memory in an order of memory addresses of the main memory in the block unit. 10. A program recording medium recording a data access program which makes a computer execute: processing of accumulating an access request for data stored in a data storage unit which includes a main memory that stores data in a block unit, and a cache memory capable of storing the data stored in the main memory in the block unit, in an access request accumulation unit; processing of, when the access request accumulated in the access request accumulation unit satisfy a prescribed condition, reading the data stored in the main memory included in the data storage unit in order in the block unit, and writing the data in the cache memory and scanning the data; and processing of reading from the access request accumulation unit an access request for data specified by the scanning, and replying information with which the specified data can be specified to a source from with the access request was transmitted.",
-    "The present invention relates to an inhibitor of neurocalcin delta (NCALD) for use in a method for the treatment or prevention of a patient suffering from a disorder associated with a pathological calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, the present invention refers to the use of such inhibitor of NCALD for inducing axon proliferation in vitro and to a method for the differentiation and/or maturation of neuronal stem cells (NSCs) in vitro and to the use of such inhibitor of NCALD to restore impaired endocytosis being a consequence of disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis in synaptic terminals essential for development, maturation and maintenance of synapses and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). 1. A method for the treatment or prevention of a patient suffering from or being at risk of developing a disorder associated with a pathological calcium homeostasis and/or disturbed neuromuscular transmission comprising administering to said patient a sufficient amount of an inhibitor of neurocalcin delta (NCALD). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor reduces the expression rate of NCALD. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide analogue. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is an oligonucleotide having a sequence homology of at least 80% to any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-6 or 15-19. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is (a) covalently and/or non-covalently bound to at least one cell-penetrating peptide and/or at least one membrane disrupting peptide; (b) included in or covalently and/or non-covalently bound to a liposome; (c) included in or covalently and/or non-covalently bound to a micelle; (d) included in or covalently and/or non-covalently bound to a polymersome; (e) included in an episome; (f) covalently and/or non-covalently bound to or included in a microbead and/or nanobead; and/or (g) covalently and/or non-covalently bound to a non-toxic polymer. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder is a neuronal disorder 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the patient is further administered with an HDAC inhibitor. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the patient is further administered with an agent increasing survival motor neuron (SMN) activity. 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitor according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A method for the differentiation and/or maturation of neuronal stem cells (NSCs) in vitro comprising the following steps: i) providing neuronal stem cells (NSCs); ii) contacting said cells with an inhibitor of NCALD; and iii) cultivating the cells under conditions allowing their differentiation and/or maturation. 13. (canceled) 14. The method according to claim 12 further comprising administering to the cells at least one selected from the following: (a) an agent increasing survival motor neuron (SMN) activity; and (b) an HDAC inhibitor. 15. A method for the treatment of a pathological condition associated with disordered and/or injured spinal cord and/or nerve cord(s) in a patient suffering therefrom, comprising administering to said patient a matured cell obtainable from the method of claim 12. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor knocks down the NCALD expression. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide analogue selected from the group consisting of: (a) an antisense oligonucleotide; (b) an antisense oligonucleotide analogue; (c) an interfering oligonucleotide; (d) an oligonucleotide modifying the splicing of pre-mRNA; (e) an oligonucleotide analogue modifying the splicing of pre-mRNA; and (f) an oligonucleotide encoding for one or more of the aforementioned (a)-(e). 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein said inhibitor is an oligonucleotide has a sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2-6 or 15-19. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder is a motoneuron disease. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary motor neuron disease (HMN) or a neurodegenerative disorder. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Alzheimer' s disease, Ataxia, Morbus Huntington, and polyglutamic acid disease. 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the patient is further administered with an agent increasing survival motor neuron (SMN) activity selected from the group consisting of: (a) an agent increasing the expression rate of SMN; (b) an agent increasing the rate of functional SMN; (c) an agent comprising genetic material encoding for functional SMN; (d) an agent stabilizing the SMN; or inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of SMN; (e) an agent that is increasing activity of the SMN; and (f) replacement by gene therapy expressing SMN1 in an self-complementary adenovirus vector. 23. The method according to claim 12 further comprising administering to the cells at least one selected from the following: (a)an agent increasing survival motor neuron (SMN) activity, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) an agent increasing the expression rate of SMN, more preferably wherein said agent is an antisense oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide analogue blocking a silencer or enhancing an splice enhancer of exon 7 inclusion of survival motor neuron activity 2 (SMN2), in particular wherein said agent is an oligonucleotide having a sequence homology of at least 80% to any of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14, preferably of at least 90% to any of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14, more preferably of at least 95% to any of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14, more in particular wherein the oligonucleotide has a sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14; (ab) an agent increasing the rate of functional SMN, in particular wherein said agent is an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide analogue modifying pre-mRNA splicing; (ac) an agent comprising genetic material encoding for functional SMN, optionally wherein said genetic material is embedded in a vector; (ad) an agent stabilizing the SMN; and inhibitory proteasomal degradation of SMN; and (ae) an agent that is increasing activity of the SMN; and (b) an HDAC inhibitor.",
-    "Process for manufacturing a photovoltaic module placed on an emissive display device, said photovoltaic module comprising an array containing a plurality of photovoltaic cells and a plurality of transparent zones called \u201corifices\u201d, and said photovoltaic module comprising an array of optical elements able to focus, by refraction or reflection, the light emitted by the device into the orifices. 1. A method of fabricating a photovoltaic module disposed on an emissive display device, said photovoltaic module comprising an array having a plurality of zones of photovoltaic cells and a plurality of transparent zones termed \u201corifices\u201d, and said photovoltaic module comprising an array of optical elements able to focus, by refraction or by reflection, light emitted by the device in the orifices, said method comprising: supplying a substrate, comprising an array having a plurality of zones of photovoltaic cells and a plurality of orifices; supplying a textured polarizer, comprising a textured surface composed of an array of crests and of troughs which represent a negative shape of said array of optical elements, in such a way that troughs of said array of optical elements are represented on said textured surface of said textured polarizer by crests and crests of said array of optical elements are represented by troughs of the surface of the textured polarizer; fixing the textured face of said textured polarizer on a face of said substrate which comprises said photovoltaic cells, with the aid of a liquid or semi-liquid transparent polymer, the respective positioning of said textured polarizer and of said substrate being such that the crests or the troughs of said textured polarizer are approximately aligned with the centers of said zones of photovoltaic cells or with the centers of said orifices; and crosslinking of said polymer so as to obtain a bond between said textured polarizer and said substrate comprising zones of photovoltaic cells. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said array of photovoltaic cells is at least partially covered with an array of colored zones. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said textured polarizer is fabricated by: supplying a first polarizer; depositing a liquid or semi-liquid polymer on one surface of the first polarizer; imparting a desired texture to this polymer so as to obtain said textured surface; and crosslinking of said polymer so that said polymer, after crosslinking, is optically transparent. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said polymer is the same material as that of said first polarizer. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said textured polarizer is fabricated by: supplying a first polarizer; and imparting a desired texture to one surface of the first polarizer so as to obtain said textured surface. 6. A display device with integrated photovoltaic cells and light concentrators, comprising: a light source; a second polarizer; an electro-optical modulator; an array of colored image zones; a first polarizer; an array having a plurality of zones of photovoltaic cells and a plurality of transparent zones termed \u201corifices\u201d; an array of optical concentrators able to focus, by reflections, the light in said orifices; a textured optical layer in contact with the first polarizer, which has an optical index which is close to that of the first polarizer; a substrate which protects said array of zones of photovoltaic cells, and on which said zones of photovoltaic cells are disposed. 7. The display device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the array of colored image zones is placed between (i) the electro-optical modulator and the first polarizer, or (ii) the array of zones of photovoltaic cells and the array of optical concentrators. 8. The display device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said optical concentrators comprise one or more plane, concave or convex surfaces, and parabolic, conical, pyramidal, tetrahedral, semi-cylindrical or cylindro-parabolic shapes. 9. A fixed or portable electronic apparatus, comprising a display device as claimed in claim 6. 10. The display device of claim 6, further including a collimation device comprising a plurality of individual films. 11. The display device of claim 6, wherein the optical index of said textured optical layer is within \u00b10.05 of the optical index of said first polarizer. 12. The display device of claim 11, wherein the optical index of said textured optical layer is within \u00b10.03 of the optical index of said first polarizer. 13. The display device of claim 12, wherein the optical index of said textured optical layer is identical to that of said first polarizer. 14. The display device of claim 6, wherein the textured optical layer is formed by the surface of the first polarizer itself which has been textured with crests and troughs of the array of optical concentrators. 15. The method of claim 5, wherein the desired texture is imparted by means of a textured pad or roller.",
-    "Embodiments of the disclosure relate to selectively substituted quinoline compounds that act as antagonists or inhibitors for Toll-like receptors 7 and/or 8, and their use in pharmaceutical compositions effective for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis. 1. A compound of Formula (I): wherein R5 is H or methyl; R9 is \u2014H, methyl, or hydroxyl; R10 is \u2014H, methyl, hydroxyl, or NR11R12, and wherein R11 and R12 are independently selected, and wherein R11 is \u2014H, methyl, or \u2014CH2\u2014C(O)CH2CH3; and R12 is \u2014H, oxopyrrolidinyl, dioxidothiopyranyl, isopropylsulfonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, hydroxyl, dimethylaminethanesulfonyl, aminethanesulfonyl, dimethylaminpropanesulfonyl, C1-C6 alkyl that is linear, branched, or cyclic, optionally substituted with methoxy, \u2014F, \u2261N, methyl oxetanyl, ethoxy, oxo-, methyl imidazolyl, methylthio piperazinyl optionally substituted with methyl or \u2014CF3, acetamidyl optionally substituted with methyl or ethyl, oxazolyl optionally substituted with methyl, pyrazolyl optionally substituted with methyl, cyano, or hydroxyl, \u2014C(O)R13, wherein R13 is C1 to C7 alkyl that is cyclic, branched, or linear, optionally substituted with NR13R14, wherein R13 and R14 are independently selected from methyl and \u2014H; methoxy, hydroxyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfonyl, oxo-, thiazolidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, methyl amino, thiazolyl, \u2014F, morpholinyl, methylisoxazolyl, methyl oxetanyl, aminooxetanyl, phenyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl, \u2014C(O)NH2; a five membered cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, in which 1 or 2 carbon atoms are replaced by nitrogen atoms, wherein the cycloamine or cyclodiamine is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or methyl. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: (R)-5-(3-aminopiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-amino-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(dimethylamino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; (R)-5-(5-amino-3,3-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile dihydrochloride; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)acetamide; 5-((3R,5S)-3-hydroxy-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(methylamino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile hydrochloride; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-methoxyacetamide; 2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)acetamide; 5-((3R,5S)-3-((2-methoxyethyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-((2-methoxyethyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate; 2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-methylpropanamide hydrochloride; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylamino)acetamide hydrochloride; 5-((3R,5S)-3-amino-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carboxamide hydrochloride; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-hydroxyacetamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxybenzamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylthio)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(ethylthio)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)propanamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)propanamide; 1-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxypropanamide; (R)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide; 2-(azetidin-3-yl)-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide; 2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methylbutanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methylbutanamide; 5-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pentanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pentanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methoxypropanamide; (2R,3S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxybutanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)piperazine-2-carboxamide; (2S,4R)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxamide; (2S,3S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methylpentanamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-methylpentanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-methylpentanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutanamide; 2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamide; (S)-3-amino-N1-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)succinamide; (S)-2-amino-N1-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)succinamide; (R)-2-amino-N1-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)succinamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)thiazolidine-4-carboxamide; 4-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)benzamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(piperidin-4-yl)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamide; 1-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,4-dimethylpentanamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylamino)hexanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)pentanediamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(ethylthio)propanamide; 2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-(methylthio)butanamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenylacetamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenylacetamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(piperidin-2-yl)propanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(piperidin-3-yl)propanamide; 1-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-phenylpropanamide; (2S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-(methylsulfinyl)butanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)propanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)propanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)propanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-M-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 2-(1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl)-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)acetamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(thiazol-4-yl)propanamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropanamide; (R)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylamino)-3-phenylpropanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)butanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)propane-2-sulfonamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanamide; (S)-3-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-methylpentanamide; (S)-3-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)butanamide; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-((2,2-difluoroethyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)morpholine-2-carboxamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(methylamino)propanamide; (R)-3-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-4-methylpentanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-5-methylisoxazole-3-carboxamide; (R)-3-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)butanamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)nicotinamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-M-imidazole-5-carboxamide; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; (S)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanamide; (R)-2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropanamide; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-((cyanomethyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-methyloxetane-3-carboxamide; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; (R)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)morpholine-3-carboxamide; (S)\u2014N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)morpholine-3-carboxamide; 3-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)oxetane-3-carboxamide hydrochloride; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(((3-aminooxetan-3-yl)methyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile hydrochloride; ethyl 2-(((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino)acetate; diethyl 2,2\u2032-(((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)azanediyl)diacetate; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(ethylamino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(oxetan-3-ylamino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 2-(((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino)acetamide; 2-(((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino)-N-methylacetamide; 2-(((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino)-N-ethylacetamide; 2-(((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino)-N,N-dimethylacetamide; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((oxazol-2-ylmethyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(((1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(((1,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-((2-cyanocyclopentyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(((1S,4S)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-(((1R,4R)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((4-oxocyclohexyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3R,5S)-3-((1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-((1-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile; 2-amino-N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)ethanesulfonamide hydrochloride; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)ethanesulfonamide hydrochloride; N-((3R,5S)-1-(8-cyanoquinolin-5-yl)-5-methylpiperidin-3-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propane-1-sulfonamide hydrochloride; 5-((3S,5R)-3-methyl-5-(methyl(oxetan-3-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile acetate; and 5-((5S)-3-((1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)amino)-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is 5-((3R,5S)-3-amino-5-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-8-carbonitrile. 4. A method for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus or lupus, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said compound is administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. 6. A method for antagonizing TLR7, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1. 7. A method for antagonizing TLR8, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein said compound or pharmaceutically effective salt thereof has an IC50 less than or equal to 100 nM against human TLR7 receptors in a HEK-293 cell line. 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein said compound or pharmaceutically effective salt thereof has an IC50 less than or equal to 20 nM against human TLR7 receptors expressed in a HEK-293 cell line. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein said compound or pharmaceutically effective salt thereof has an 1050 less than or equal to 5 nM against human TLR7 receptors expressed in a HEK-293 cell line. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the 1050 against human TLR7 receptors expressed in a HEK-293 cell line is measured by (1) plating cells of the HEK-293 cell line stably expressing TLR7 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at a density of 2.22\u00d7105 cells/ml into a 384-well plate and incubating for 2 days at 37\u00b0 C., 5% CO2; (2) adding the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and incubating the cells for 30 minutes; (3) adding CL097 (InvivoGen) at 3 ug/ml and incubating the cells for approximately 20 hours; and (4) quantifying NF-kappaB dependent reporter activation by measuring luminescence. 13. A method for treatment of a systematic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus, neuropsychiatric lupus, or lupus, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of claim 1. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said compound is administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. 15. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of claim 1.",
-    "The present invention is directed to selective AT2 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treatment of cachexia, preferably for use in treatment of cancer cachexia. 1.-3. (canceled). 4. A selective AT2 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the selective AT2 receptor agonist is a compound of formula I: wherein one of X1 and X2 represents \u2014N\u2014 and the other represents \u2014C(R1)\u2014; X3 represents \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014C(R2)\u2014; X4 represents \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014C(R3)\u2014; R1, R2 and R3 independently represent H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkoxy-C1-6-alkyl or halo; provided that, when X1 represents \u2014C(R1)\u2014, X3 represents \u2014C(R2)\u2014 and X4 represents \u2014C(R3)\u2014, then R1 represents H; Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 independently represent \u2014CH\u2014 or \u2014CF; Z1 represents \u2014CH\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014N\u2014 or \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014; Z2 represents \u2014CH\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014N\u2014; provided that: (a) Z1 and Z2 are not the same; (b) when Z1 represents \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, then Z2 may only represent \u2014CH\u2014 or N\u2014; and (c) other than in the specific case in which Z1 represents \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, and Z2 represents \u2014CH\u2014, when one Z1 and Z2 represents \u2014CH\u2014, then the other represents \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014S\u2014; R4 represents \u2014S(O)2N(H)C(O)R6, \u2014S(O)2N(H)S(O)2R6, \u2014C(O)N(H)S(O)2R6, or, when Z1 represents \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, R4 may represent \u2014(H)S(0)2N(H)C(O)R7 or \u2014N(H)C(O)N(H)S(0)2R7; R5 represents C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkoxy-C1-6-alkyl or di-C1-3alkylamino-C1-4-alkyl; R6 represents C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkoxy-C1-6-alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy-C1-6-alkoxy, C1-6 alkylamino or di-C1-6 alkylamino; and R7 represents C1-6 alkyl, wherein alkyl groups, and the alkyl parts of alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino and alkylaminoalkyl groups, as defined herein may be straight-chain or, when there is a sufficient number (i.e. a minimum of three) of carbon atoms, be branched-chain, and/or cyclic; or when there is a sufficient number (i.e. a minimum of four) of carbon atoms, such groups may also be part cyclic/acyclic; or alkyl groups, and alkyl parts of alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino and alkylaminoalkyl groups, may also be saturated or, when there is a sufficient number (i.e. a minimum of two) of carbon atoms, be unsaturated; or such groups may also be substituted by one or more halo, and especially fluoro, atoms. 5. The selective AT2 receptor agonist of claim 4, wherein X1 represents \u2014C(R1)-, X2 represents N, X3 represents \u2014C(R2)-, and X4 represents \u2014C(R3)-. 6. The selective AT2 receptor agonist of claim 4, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are all H. 7. The selective AT2 receptor agonist of claim 4, wherein Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 all represent \u2014CH\u2014. 8. The selective AT2 receptor agonist of claim 4, wherein Z1 represents \u2014S\u2014 and Z2 represents \u2014CH\u2014. 9. The selective AT2 receptor agonist of claim 4, wherein R4 represents \u2014S(O)2N(H)C(O)R6, R5 represents iso-butyl, and R6 represents n-butoxy. 10. The selective AT2 receptor agonist of claim 4, wherein X2 represents N, X1, X3 and X4 all represent \u2014CH\u2014; Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 all represent \u2014CH\u2014; Z1 represents \u2014S\u2014; Z2 represents \u2014CH\u2014; R4 represents \u2014S(O)2N(H)C(O)R6; R5 represents iso-butyl; and R6 represents n-butoxy. 11. A method of treatment of cachexia, wherein a patient in need of such therapy is administered an effective dose of a selective AT2 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with at least one further active pharmaceutical agent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said at least one further active pharmaceutical agent is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the ACE inhibitor is one of captopril, zofenopril, enalapril, ramipril, quinapril, perindopril, lisinopril, benazepril, imidapril, trandolapril, fosinopril, moexipril, cilazapril, spirapril, temocapril, alacepril, ceronapril, delepril, moveltipril, and/or combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said at least one further active pharmaceutical agent is a selective AT1 receptor antagonist. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said at least one further active pharmaceutical agent is one of azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, fimasartan, irbesartan, losartan, milfasartan, olmesartan, pomisartan, pratosartan, ripiasartan, saprisartan, tasosartan, telmisartan, valsartan and/or combinations thereof. 16. A method of treatment of cachexia, wherein a patient in need of such therapy is administered an effective dose of a selective AT2 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein cachexia is cachexia associated with cancer, AIDS, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, chronic renal failure, chronic infection, diabetes, heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, multiple sclerosis, tubercolosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, heavy metal poisoning, arthritis, motor neuron diseases, burns and hormonal deficiency syndromes. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein cachexia is cancer cachexia.",
-    "There is provided a method of manufacturing a metal shell formed body by cold forging for a metal shell of a spark plug. In the manufacturing method, a semi-finished formed body is first provided with a second inner step without the formation of an annular front end portion. After the semi-finished formed body is inserted from its front end side into a die, a punch having an annular is pushed into the semi-finished formed body from its rear end side. By pushing the punch, an annular front-facing surface of the punch is pushed onto the second inner step so as to press a front end portion of the formed body against an annular front end portion forming part of the die. By such a forming step, the metal shell formed body is obtained in which the annular front end portion is formed by extrusion. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A manufacturing method of a metal shell formed body for a spark plug, the metal shell formed body comprising: a body part having formed therein an axial hole for insertion of an insulator and having formed thereon a radially outwardly protruding flanged portion; a cylindrical intermediate portion located in front of the body part; and an annular front end portion located in front of the cylindrical intermediate portion and made smaller in outer diameter than the cylindrical intermediate portion, the manufacturing method comprising: a semi-finished formed body producing step for producing a semi-finished formed body from a metal material, the semi-finished formed body having an axial hole formed therein along a center axis thereof such that the axial hole includes, in order of mention from the rear to the front, a large-diameter hole region, a first middle-diameter hole region smaller in diameter than the large-diameter hole region, a small-diameter hole region smaller in diameter than the first middle-diameter hole region and a second middle-diameter hole region larger in diameter than the small-diameter hole region; and an annular front end portion forming step for, after the semi-finished formed body producing step, forming the annular front end portion. 10. The manufacturing method of the metal shell formed body for the spark plug according to claim 9, wherein the semi-finished formed body producing step includes forming a first inner step between the large-diameter hole region and the first middle-diameter hole region and forming a second inner step between the first middle-diameter hole region and the small-diameter hole region; and wherein the annular front end portion forming step includes: providing a die, the die being finable around the semi-finished formed body by clearance fitting and having an inner circumferential cylindrical surface shaped to mate with the cylindrical intermediate portion, a reduced-diameter inner cylindrical surface smaller in inner diameter than the inner circumferential cylindrical surface and a tapered inner circumferential surface between the inner circumferential cylindrical surface and the reduced-diameter inner cylindrical surface; providing a punch, the punch having an annular front-facing surface shaped to push at least one of the first and second inner steps; and inserting and placing the semi-finished formed body from a front end side thereof into the die; and pushing the punch into the semi-finished formed body from a rear end side thereof so as to, by pushing of the annular front-facing surface onto at least one of the first and second inner steps, force the semi-finished formed body toward the front, press a front end portion of the semi-finished formed body against the reduced-diameter inner cylindrical surface and the tapered inner circumferential surface of the die and thereby form the annular front end portion by cold forging. 11. The manufacturing method of the metal shell formed body for the spark plug according to claim 10, wherein the punch is shaped to push both of the first and second inner steps and force the semi-finished formed body toward the front. 12. The manufacturing method of the metal shell formed body for the spark plug according to claim 11, wherein an axial dimension of the small-diameter hole region of the semi-finished formed body is larger than a design dimension of a small-diameter hole region of the metal shell formed body; and wherein an axial dimension from the first inner step to the second inner step of the semi-finished formed body is smaller than a design dimension between first and second inner steps of the metal shell formed body. 13. The manufacturing method of the metal shell formed body for the spark plug according to claim 9, further comprising, after the semi-finished formed body producing step, a step for forming a second inner step between the first middle-diameter hole region and the small-diameter hole region in addition to the annular front end portion forming step for forming the annular front end portion. 14. The manufacturing method of the metal shell formed body for the spark plug according to claim 13, wherein the semi-finished formed body producing step includes forming a first inner step between the large-diameter hole region and the first middle-diameter hole region and forming a temporary tapered portion between the first middle-diameter hole region and the small-diameter hole region; and wherein the annular front end portion forming step includes: providing a die, the die being fittable around the semi-finished formed body by clearance fitting and having an inner circumferential cylindrical surface shaped to mate with the cylindrical intermediate portion, a reduced-diameter inner cylindrical surface smaller in inner diameter than the inner circumferential cylindrical surface and a tapered inner circumferential surface between the inner circumferential cylindrical surface and the reduced-diameter inner cylindrical surface; providing a punch, the punch having an annular front-facing surface shaped to push the first inner step and a small-diameter hole region forming surface shaped to push the temporary tapered portion; and inserting and placing the semi-finished formed body from a front end side thereof into the die; and pushing the punch into the semi-finished formed body from a rear end side thereof so as to, by at least one of pushing of the annular front-facing surface onto the first inner step and pushing of the small-diameter hole region forming surface onto the temporary tapered portion, force the semi-finished formed body toward the front, press a front end portion of the semi-finished formed body against the reduced-diameter inner cylindrical surface and the tapered inner circumferential surface of the die and thereby form the annular front end portion by cold forging and, at the same time, press the small-diameter hole region forming surface of the punch against the temporary tapered portion of the semi-finished formed body and thereby form the second inner step by cold forging. 15. The manufacturing method of the metal shell formed body for the spark plug according to claim 13, wherein an axial dimension of the small-diameter hole region of the semi-finished formed body is larger than a design dimension of a small-diameter hole region of the metal shell formed body; and wherein an axial dimension from the first inner step to the second inner step of the semi-finished formed body is smaller than a design dimension between first and second inner steps of the metal shell formed body. 16. A manufacturing method of a metal shell for a spark plug, according to claim 9, further comprising: forming a thread on at least a part of the cylindrical intermediate portion of the metal shell formed body. 17. A manufacturing method of a spark plug, comprising: manufacturing a metal shell formed body, the metal shell formed body comprising: a body part having formed therein an axial hole for insertion of an insulator and having formed thereon a radially outwardly protruding flanged portion; a cylindrical intermediate portion located in front of the body part; and an annular front end portion located in front of the cylindrical intermediate portion and made smaller in outer diameter than the cylindrical intermediate portion, the manufacturing method comprising: a semi-finished formed body producing step for producing a semi-finished formed body from a metal material, the semi-finished formed body having an axial hole formed therein along a center axis thereof such that the axial hole includes, in order of mention from the rear to the front, a large-diameter hole region, a first middle-diameter hole region smaller in diameter than the large-diameter hole region, a small-diameter hole region smaller in diameter than the first middle-diameter hole region and a second middle-diameter hole region larger in diameter than the small-diameter hole region; an annular front end portion forming step for, after the semi-finished formed body producing step, forming the annular front end portion; forming a thread on at least a part of the cylindrical intermediate portion of the metal shell formed body, and placing an insulator in the metal shell formed body.",
-    "An automatic or semi-automatic preparation system and process is provided for forming a medicament solution from a vial containing one of a liquid and a non-liquid material. 1. An automatic or semi-automatic preparation system for forming a medicament solution from a vial containing one of a liquid and a non-liquid material, the preparation system comprising: a carousel configured to provide three axes of motion, the carousel including a manipulator having: at least one first rail defining a first axis; at least one second rail defining a second axis, the second axis being oriented orthogonal to the first axis; at least one third rail defining a third axis, the third axis being oriented orthogonal to the each of the first axis and the second axis; a first gear belt movably supported on at least one of the first rails, the second rails or the third rails, wherein the first gear belt, the first gear belt is movably supported on a series of sprockets; a second gear belt movably supported on at least one of the first rails, the second rails or the third rails, wherein the second gear belt, the first gear belt is movably supported on a series of sprockets; the first gear belt and the second gear belt being spaced apart from one another and being arranged in parallel with one another; at least one component holder supported on at least one of the first gearbelt and the second gear belt, each component holder being configured to selectively hold a syringe, a vial, a syringe adapter or a vial adapter; and at least one of a rotation station, a transfer station, and a weigh station disposed about the carousel; wherein the rotation station is configured for inverting and reverting a syringe and vial assembly; wherein the transfer station is configured for transferring material from a vial to a syringe; and wherein the weigh station is configured for weighing at least one of the syringe, the vial, and the syringe and vial assembly. 2. The preparation system according to claim 1, wherein the first gearbelt is movable in a first plane defined by the first axis that is defined by the first rail and the second axis that is defined by the second rail. 3. The preparation system according to claim 2, wherein the second gearbelt is movable in a second plane defined by the first axis that is defined by the first rail and the second axis that is defined by the second rail, the second plane being parallel to the first plane and being spaced a distance therefrom. 4. The preparation system according to claim 3, wherein at least one component holder is movable along the third axis, between the first plane and the second plane. 5. The preparation system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one syringe adapter manipulatable by a component holder of the carousel, each syringe adapter including: a body portion defining a lumen therethrough; and a seal member connected to a distal end of the body portion and extending across the lumen thereof; and at least one vial adapter connectable to a neck of a vial and configured to receive the body portion of the syringe adapter, the vial adapter including: a base having at least one retainer configured to engage the neck of the vial, the base defining an opening having a seal member disposed therewithin; a stem extending from the base, the stem defining a lumen therethrough and being in operative communication with the opening of the base, the stem defining an opening through a wall thereof; a needle shuttle valve slidably disposed within the lumen of the stem, the needle shuttle valve forming a fluid tight seal with the stem, the needle shuttle valve supporting a transfer needle such that the transfer needle extends from a first and a second end thereof and supporting a vacuum needle such that the vacuum needle extends from the first end of the needle shuttle valve; and a vacuum cup slidably supported on the stem, the vacuum cup being in fluid tight contact with the stem and with the base, wherein a vacuum chamber is defined in the space between the base, the stem and the vacuum cup, the vacuum chamber being in fluid communication with the lumen of the stem through the opening formed in the wall of the stem. 6. The preparation system according to claim 5, further comprising a transfer station having a first condition in which the needle shuttle valve of the vial adapter is in a retracted position such that the transfer needle and the vacuum needle do not extend through the seal member of the base of the vial adapter, and the vacuum cup is in an advanced position such that the volume of the vacuum chamber is at a minimum. 7. The preparation system according to claim 6, wherein the transfer station has a second condition in which the body portion of the syringe adapter is advanced through the lumen of the stem such that the second end of the transfer needle penetrates through the seal member of the body portion and the needle shuttle valve is advanced through the lumen of the stem to penetrate the first end of the transfer needle and a tip of the vacuum needle through the seal member of the vial adapter, and wherein the vacuum needle is brought into fluid communication with the opening formed in the wall of the stem. 8. The preparation system according to claim 7, wherein the transfer station has a third condition in which the vacuum cup is moved to a proximal position thereby enlarging the vacuum chamber and drawing a vacuum through the vacuum needle. 9. The preparation system according to claim 8, wherein the carousel is configured to connect a syringe adapter to a syringe, and to transport the assembled syringe and syringe adapter to a vial having a vial adapter connected thereto. 10. The preparation system according to claim 9, wherein the carousel is configured to connect the syringe adapter, that is connected to the syringe, to the vial adapter, that is connected to the vial. 11. The preparation system according to claim 1, wherein a component holder includes a gripper having: a first pair of fixed, spaced apart jaws, the first pair of jaws including a first jaw and a second jaw; and a second pair of fixed, spaced apart jaws, the second pair of jaws including a first jaw and a second jaw; wherein the first pair of jaws is translatable relative to the second pair of jaws; and wherein the first jaw of the first pair of jaws is interposed between the second pair of jaws, and the second jaw of the second pair of jaws is interposed between the first pair of jaws. 12. The preparation system according to claim 11, wherein operation of the gripper includes translation of the first pair of jaws relative to the second pair of jaws to grip a component at: a first gripping position located between the first jaw of the first pair of jaws and the first jaw of the second pair of jaws; a second gripping position located between the second jaw of the first pair of jaws and the first jaw of the second pair of jaws; and a third gripping position located between the second jaw of the first pair of jaws and the second jaw of the second pair of jaws. 13. The preparation system according to claim 12, wherein the first pair of jaws supports a rack, and the second pair of jaws supports a rack, and wherein a pinion interconnects the each rack, wherein rotation of the pinion results in axial translation of the first pair of jaws and the second pair of jaws relative to one another. 14. The preparation system according to claim 12, further comprising an error trapping protocol to check and confirm that correct components are being manipulated about the carousel relative to one another, wherein, for a particular stage in the process, the error trapping protocol compares a known dimension of a component expected in the gripper against a real-time dimension of a components gripped within the gripper, and triggers an alert when a known expected dimension for the component is different than a real-time measured dimension of the component that is present in the gripper. 15. A component holder for an automatic or semi-automatic preparation system for forming a medicament solution from a vial containing one of a liquid and a non-liquid material, the component holder comprising: a gripper including: a first pair of fixed, spaced apart jaws, the first pair of jaws including a first jaw and a second jaw; and a second pair of fixed, spaced apart jaws, the second pair of jaws including a first jaw and a second jaw; wherein the first pair of jaws is translatable relative to the second pair of jaws; and wherein the first jaw of the first pair of jaws is interposed between the second pair of jaws, and the second jaw of the second pair of jaws is interposed between the first pair of jaws. 16. The component holder according to claim 15, wherein operation of the gripper includes translation of the first pair of jaws relative to the second pair of jaws to grip a component at: a first gripping position located between the first jaw of the first pair of jaws and the first jaw of the second pair of jaws; a second gripping position located between the second jaw of the first pair of jaws and the first jaw of the second pair of jaws; and a third gripping position located between the second jaw of the first pair of jaws and the second jaw of the second pair of jaws. 17. The component holder according to claim 16, wherein the first pair of jaws supports a rack, and the second pair of jaws supports a rack, and wherein a pinion interconnects the each rack, wherein rotation of the pinion results in axial translation of the first pair of jaws and the second pair of jaws relative to one another. 18. A process of operating an automatic or semi-automatic preparation system for forming a medicament solution from a vial containing one of a liquid and a non-liquid material, the process comprising: loading a preselected vial, containing a quantity of a medicament, into a component holder of the preparation system; loading a vial adapter into a component holder of the preparation system; loading a syringe into a component holder of the preparation system; loading a syringe adapter into a component holder of the preparation system; performing a medicament extraction process, including: approximating the vial and the vial adapter; mechanically and fluidly coupling the vial and the vial adapter to form an assembly; approximating the syringe and the syringe adapter; mechanically and fluidly coupling the syringe and the syringe adapter to form an assembly; then, moving the syringe adapter into engagement with the vial adapter, wherein a seal of the syringe adapter makes connection with a seal of the vial adapter; advancing the syringe adapter toward the vial adapter until a stopper of the vial is engaged by the seal of the vial adapter; withdrawing a plunger of the syringe relative to a barrel of the syringe to begin withdrawing a fluid from the vial; advancing the plunger of the syringe relative to the barrel of the syringe to inject fluid back into the vial; and withdrawing the plunger of the syringe relative to the barrel of the syringe to withdraw the fluid from the vial to complete a transfer of a medicament from the vial to the syringe; and disengaging the syringe adapter from the vial adapter. 19. The process according to claim 18, further comprising connecting the syringe containing the medicament to a container, and injecting the medicament into the container. 20. The process according to claim 19, further comprising: reconstituting a lyopholized medicament contained in the vial, the reconstituting step including: injecting a dilutent into the vial containing the lyopholized medicament; and agitating the vial containing the lyopholized medicament to dissolve the lyopholized medicament. 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein the reconstituting step occurs after the vial adapter is connected to the syringe adapter. 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reconstituting step includes inverting the syringe, the syringe adapter, the vial adapter and the vial after the vial adapter is connected to the syringe adapter. 23. The process according to claim 22, further comprising: weighing the vial prior to the reconstituting step; and weighing the vial after the reconstituting step.",
-    "An object is to provide a technique that improves the power generation performance, while enhancing the strength of a reinforced electrolyte membrane. There is provided a method of manufacturing a reinforced electrolyte membrane that comprises a first reinforcing film on one surface of an electrolyte membrane and a second reinforcing film on the other surface of the electrolyte membrane. The method of manufacturing the reinforced electrolyte membrane comprises (a) process of thermally compressing the first reinforcing film and the second reinforcing film to the electrolyte membrane. In the process (a), a number of times of thermally compressing the second reinforcing film to the electrolyte membrane is less than a number of times of thermally compressing the first reinforcing film to the electrolyte membrane. 1. A method of manufacturing a reinforced electrolyte membrane that comprises a first reinforcing film on one surface of an electrolyte membrane and a second reinforcing film on the other surface of the electrolyte membrane, the method of manufacturing the reinforced electrolyte membrane comprising (a) process of thermally compressing the first reinforcing film and the second reinforcing film to the electrolyte membrane, wherein number of times of thermally compressing the second reinforcing film to the electrolyte membrane is less than number of times of thermally compressing the first reinforcing film to the electrolyte membrane in the process (a). 2. The method of manufacturing the reinforced electrolyte membrane according to claim 1, wherein the process (a) comprises: (a1) process of thermally compressing the first reinforcing film to one surface of the electrolyte membrane; and (a2) after the process (a1), process of placing the second reinforcing film on the other surface of the electrolyte membrane to which the first reinforcing film is thermally compressed and thermally compressing a stacked body including the first reinforcing film, the electrolyte membrane and the second reinforcing film. 3. A method of manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly that comprises a reinforced electrolyte membrane manufactured by the method of manufacturing according to claim 1, an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer, the method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly comprises (b) process of forming the anode catalyst layer on a side of the reinforced electrolyte membrane to which the first reinforcing film is thermally compressed and forming the cathode catalyst layer on a side of the reinforced electrolyte membrane to which the second reinforcing film is thermally compressed. 4. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising: a reinforced electrolyte membrane that comprises an electrolyte membrane, a first reinforcing film placed on one surface of the electrolyte membrane and a second reinforcing film placed on the other surface of the electrolyte membrane; an anode catalyst layer that is placed on a surface of a side of the reinforced electrolyte membrane on which the first reinforcing film is placed; and a cathode catalyst layer that is placed on a surface of a side of the reinforced electrolyte membrane on which the second reinforcing film is placed, wherein the second reinforcing film has a lower surface elastic modulus than a surface elastic modulus of the first reinforcing film.",
-    "A torsion bar portion is of a meandering shape including a plurality of straight sections and a plurality of turnover sections. The plurality of straight sections extends in a first direction along a swing axis and is juxtaposed in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. The plurality of turnover sections alternately couples two ends of the straight sections. Wiring is disposed on the torsion bar portion. The wiring includes first wiring sections and second wiring sections. The first wiring sections include damascene wiring sections that are disposed so as to be embedded in grooves formed in the turnover sections and that are made of a first metal material including Cu. The second wiring sections are disposed on the straight sections and are made of a second metal material more resistant to plastic deformation than the first metal material. 1. An actuator device comprising: a support portion; a movable portion on which a conductor is disposed; and a torsion bar portion on which wiring connected to the conductor is disposed and that couples the movable portion to the support portion so as to be swingable, wherein the torsion bar portion is of a meandering shape including a plurality of straight sections extending in a first direction along a swing axis of the torsion bar portion and juxtaposed in a second direction intersecting with the first direction, and a plurality of turnover sections alternately coupling two ends of the straight sections, wherein the wiring includes first wiring sections disposed on the respective turnover sections and second wiring sections connected to the first wiring sections and disposed on the respective straight sections, wherein the first wiring sections include damascene wiring sections that are disposed so as to be embedded in grooves formed in the turnover sections and that are made of a first metal material including Cu, and wherein the second wiring sections are disposed on the straight sections and are made of a second metal material more resistant to plastic deformation than the first metal material. 2. The actuator device according to claim 1, wherein the first wiring section further includes a section that is disposed on the damascene wiring section so as to cover an opening of the groove and that is made of the second metal material. 3. The actuator device according to claim 1, wherein a connection point between the torsion bar portion and the support portion and a connection point between the torsion bar portion and the movable portion are located on a virtual line passing through a central region in the second direction of the torsion bar portion and extending in the first direction. 4. The actuator device according to claim 3, wherein the torsion bar portion further includes a first connection section that connects the support portion to one straight section located outermost in the second direction out of the plurality of straight sections, and a second connection section that connects the movable section to the other straight section located outermost in the second direction out of the plurality of straight sections, and wherein the wiring further includes third wiring sections that are connected to the first wiring sections and that are disposed on the first and second connection sections, respectively. 5. The actuator device according to claim 4, wherein the third wiring sections include damascene wiring sections that are disposed so as to be embedded in grooves formed in the first and second connection sections, respectively, and that are made of the first metal material. 6. The actuator device according to claim 1, wherein the second metal material is made of Al or an alloy containing Al. 7. The actuator device according to claim 1, wherein the movable portion includes a first section to which the torsion bar portion is coupled, and a second section supported on the first section so as to be swingable around a swing axis extending in a direction orthogonal to the swing axis of the torsion bar portion. 8. The actuator device according to claim 1, wherein a coil as the conductor is disposed on the movable portion, and the actuator device further comprising a magnetic field generating portion is configured to let a magnetic field act on the coil. 9. A mirror driving device comprising: the actuator device as set forth in claim 1; and a mirror disposed on the movable portion.",
-    "A computer-implemented method and corresponding system for determining the concentration of one or more scale inhibiting polymers in a fluid received from one or more porous and permeable hydrocarbon-bearing rock formations is provided. Each polymer comprises a different chemical marker and the fluid comprises a plurality of commingled said scale inhibiting polymers. The method comprises receiving first input data representing a measured absorption spectrum, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the commingled scale inhibiting polymers, wherein the measured absorption spectrum is measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the fluid; receiving second input data representing reference absorption spectra, the reference absorption spectra comprising: a) an absorption spectrum, over the predetermined wavelength range, of each of the scale inhibiting polymers; and b) baseline reference absorption spectra of other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range that are expected to be present in the fluid; inputting the first and second input data into a computer program; and operating the computer program. The computer program is operated to, at each of a plurality of discrete time steps over an elution time from the separation, determine a factor for each reference absorption spectrum that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the second input data to the first input data. For each scale inhibiting polymer, the computer program also operates to use the factors corresponding to the absorption spectrum of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps to determine an indication of the concentration of the scale inhibiting polymer. 1-30. (canceled) 31. A computer-implemented method of determining the concentration of one or more scale inhibiting polymers, each scale inhibiting polymer comprising a different chemical marker, in a fluid received from one or more porous and permeable hydrocarbon-bearing rock formations, the fluid comprising a plurality of commingled said scale inhibiting polymers, the method comprising: receiving first input data representing a measured absorption spectrum, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the commingled scale inhibiting polymers, wherein the measured absorption spectrum is measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the fluid; receiving second input data representing reference absorption spectra, the reference absorption spectra comprising: a) an absorption spectrum, over the predetermined wavelength range, of each of the scale inhibiting polymers; and b) baseline reference absorption spectra of other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range that are expected to be present in the fluid; inputting the first and second input data into a computer program; and operating the computer program to perform the steps of: at each of a plurality of discrete time steps over an elution time for the separation, determining a factor for each reference absorption spectrum that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the second input data to the first input data; and for each scale inhibiting polymer: using the factors corresponding to the absorption spectrum of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps to determine an indication of the concentration of the scale inhibiting polymer. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the baseline reference absorption spectra comprise at least: iv) an absorption spectrum of each scale inhibiting polymer in the absence of its chemical marker; v) an absorption spectrum of produced fluid or of fluid representing produced fluid produced from the one or more rock formations; and vi) an absorption spectrum of water comprising other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range that are expected to be present in the fluid. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the absorption spectrum of water comprising other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range comprises at least one absorption spectrum of water which has been exposed to air from the atmosphere in which the method is being conducted. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the absorption spectrum of water comprising other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range comprises at least two absorption spectra of water which has been exposed to air from the atmosphere in which the method is being conducted, at least one of which is an absorption spectra of water which has been degassed before being exposed to said atmospheric air. 35. The method of claim 32, further comprising operating the computer program to derive the absorption spectrum of each scale inhibiting polymer in the absence of its chemical marker and/or the absorption spectrum of produced fluid or of fluid representing produced fluid produced from the one or more rock formations by selecting at least one spectrum from absorption spectra measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of said scale inhibiting polymer in the absence of its chemical marker and/or of said fluid. 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the absorption spectrum, over the predetermined wavelength range, of each of the scale inhibiting polymers is derived by measuring the static absorption spectrum of each individual scale inhibiting polymer dissolved in water. 37. The method of claim 36, comprising the step of refining the absorption spectrum of each individual scale inhibiting polymer by: i) receiving third input data representing measured spectra, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the scale inhibiting polymer in water, wherein the measured spectra are measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the scale inhibiting polymer in water; ii) operating the computer program to: for each measured spectrum in the third input data, determine a factor for each of the reference absorption spectra that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the reference absorption spectra to said measured spectrum and subtract the baseline reference absorption spectra multiplied by their corresponding factors, from said measured spectrum to produce refined reference absorbance data; and select from the refined reference absorbance data produced from all of the measured spectra, the refined reference absorbance data which corresponds to the greatest absorption. 38. The method of claim 31, further comprising the steps of operating the computer program so as to, for each scale inhibiting polymer, sum the factors corresponding to the absorption spectrum of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps, and to determine the predetermined number of discrete time steps over which the factors are summed, by: determining the time steps over which the factor of the scale inhibiting polymer is greater than a predefined threshold value; or determining the time steps over which an error in the best-fit is lower than a predefined threshold value; or determining the time steps over which a least squares correlation coefficient of a linear model generated for each scale inhibiting polymer is greater than a predefined threshold value. 39. The method of claim 31, wherein the method further comprises the steps of operating the computer program so as to: for a particular scale inhibiting polymer under consideration, and at each of a plurality of discrete time steps across the measured absorption spectrum, produce a modelled baseline spectrum based on a best-fit of a linear combination of the baseline reference absorption spectra and each of the scale inhibiting polymer reference spectra other than that of a specific said scale inhibiting polymer being considered, to the measured absorption spectrum; determine, from the modelled baseline spectrum, a corresponding factor that is applied, in order to produce the best-fit, to each baseline absorption spectrum and each of the scale inhibiting polymer reference spectra other than a specific said scale inhibiting polymer being considered at each of said discrete time steps; subtract the modelled baseline spectrum from the measured absorption spectrum to define a first set of absorbance data; subtract the modelled baseline spectrum from the relevant modelled spectrum to define a second set of absorbance data; apply a best-fit linear model to a plot of the first set of absorbance data against the second set of absorbance data; and calculate at least one of: a standard error in the gradient of the linear model; and a least squares correlation coefficient of the linear model. 40. The method of any of claim 31, comprising determining an indication of the concentration of the each scale inhibiting polymer by comparing the factors corresponding to the absorption spectra of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps against reference factors corresponding to reference absorption spectra of said scale inhibiting polymer. 41. The method of claim 40, comprising receiving reference input data representing measured spectra, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the scale inhibiting polymer in water, wherein the measured spectra are measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the scale inhibiting polymer in water, and operating the computer program to: for each measured spectrum in the reference input data, determine a reference factor for each of the reference absorption spectra that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the reference absorption spectra to said measured spectrum; determine a gradient of a plot of the factors corresponding to the absorption spectra of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps, against reference factors corresponding to reference absorption spectra of said scale inhibiting polymer. 42. The method of claim 31, comprising the step of calibrating the summed factors according to a calibration factor to determine an absolute concentration of the scale inhibiting polymer, the calibration factor for each scale inhibiting polymer being calculated by: receiving the second input data representing the reference absorption spectra; receiving third input data representing a measured absorption spectrum, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the respective scale inhibiting polymer; inputting the second and third input data into the computer program; and operating the computer program to perform the steps of: at each of a plurality of discrete time steps over an elution time of the respective scale inhibiting polymer, determining a factor for each reference absorption spectrum that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the second input data to the third input data; and summing the factors corresponding to the measured absorption spectrum of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps to determine an output concentration; and dividing the known concentration by the output concentration to calculate the respective calibration factor. 43. A computer program or a suite of computer programs comprising a set of instructions arranged to cause a computer or a suite of computers to perform the steps according to claim 31. 44. A computer readable medium comprising the computer program of claim 43. 45. A system arranged to determine the concentration of one or more scale inhibiting polymers, each scale inhibiting polymer comprising a different chemical marker, in a fluid received from one or more porous and permeable hydrocarbon-bearing rock formations, the fluid comprising a plurality of commingled said scale inhibiting polymers, the system comprising: data receiving means arranged to receive: first input data representing a measured absorption spectrum, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the commingled scale inhibiting polymers, wherein the measured absorption spectrum is measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the fluid; and second input data representing reference absorption spectra, the reference absorption spectra comprising: c) an absorption spectrum, over the predetermined wavelength range, of each of the scale inhibiting polymers; and d) baseline reference absorption spectra of other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range that are expected to be present in the fluid; concentration determining means configured to: at each of a plurality of discrete time steps over an elution time for the separation, determine a factor for each reference absorption spectrum that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the second input data to the first input data; and for each scale inhibiting polymer: use the factors corresponding to the absorption spectrum of said scale inhibiting polymer that have been determined for a predetermined number of said discrete time steps to determine an indication of the concentration of the scale inhibiting polymer. 46. The system of claim 45, further comprising first absorption spectrum deriving means configured to derive the absorption spectrum of each scale inhibiting polymer in the absence of its chemical marker by selecting at least one spectrum from absorption spectra measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the scale inhibiting polymer in the absence of its chemical marker. 47. The system of claim 45, further comprising second absorption spectrum deriving means configured to derive at least one absorption spectrum of produced fluid or of fluid representing produced fluid produced from the one or more rock formations by selecting at least one spectrum from absorption spectra measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of said fluid. 48. The system of claim 45, further comprising third absorption spectrum deriving means configured to derive at least one absorption spectrum of water comprising other chemicals having absorbance values within the predetermined wavelength range by selecting at least one spectrum from absorption spectra of water which has been exposed to air from the atmosphere in which the spectra have been measured. 49. The system of claim 45, wherein the data receiving means is further arranged to receive third input data representing measured spectra, within a predetermined wavelength range, of the scale inhibiting polymer in water, wherein the measured spectra are measured using a detector after chromatographic separation of the scale inhibiting polymer in water; the system further comprising refining means configured to, for each scale inhibiting polymer, refine an absorption spectrum of said scale inhibiting polymer by: i) for each measured spectrum in the third input data, determining a factor for each of the reference absorption spectra that results in a modelled spectrum comprising a best-fit linear combination of the reference absorption spectra to said measured spectrum and subtracting the baseline reference absorption spectra multiplied by their corresponding factors, from said measured spectrum to produce refined reference absorbance data; and ii) selecting from the refined reference absorbance data produced from all of the measured spectra, the refined reference absorbance data which corresponds to the greatest absorption. 50. The system of claim 45, wherein the system further comprises operating mode determining means arranged to determine, on the basis of the determined concentration of the respective one or more scale inhibiting polymers comprising said chemical markers, an operating mode of a scale inhibitor treatment system. 51. The system of claim 50, wherein the system is operatively connected to a controller of the scale inhibitor treatment system such that the controller of the scale inhibitor treatment system is automatically configured with the one or more operating modes determined, the controller being arranged to apply the one or more operating modes.",
-    "A power conversion device includes: a rectifier, a converter unit including a reactor, a backflow prevention element, and a switching element, the converter unit being configured to boost a DC voltage rectified by the rectifier, a smoothing capacitor, a reactor current detection unit, a bus voltage detection unit, a temperature detection unit, and a control unit. The control unit includes a converter control unit configured to calculate a switching command value for driving the switching element, on the basis of a target command voltage which is the bus voltage to be targeted, the bus voltage detected by the bus voltage detection unit, and the reactor current detected by the reactor current detection unit, and a temperature correction unit configured to correct the temperature of the switching element detected by the temperature detection unit, on the basis of the switching command value calculated by the converter control unit. 1. A power conversion device comprising: a rectifier configured to rectify an input voltage supplied from an AC power supply; a converter including a reactor connected to an output end of the rectifier, a backflow prevention element connected in series to the reactor, and a switching element connected between the reactor and the backflow prevention element, the converter being configured to boost a DC voltage rectified by the rectifier; a smoothing capacitor configured to smooth a bus voltage outputted from the converter; a reactor current detector configured to detect a reactor current flowing through the reactor; a bus voltage detector configured to detect the bus voltage; a temperature detector configured to detect a temperature of the switching element; a converter control unit configured to calculate a switching command value for driving the switching element, on a basis of a target command voltage which is the bus voltage to be targeted, the bus voltage detected by the bus voltage detector, and the reactor current detected by the reactor current detector; and a temperature correction unit configured to correct the temperature of the switching element detected by the temperature detector, on a basis of the switching command value calculated by the converter control unit. 2. The power conversion device of claim 1, further comprising: a storage unit configured to store a correction table or a correction function showing a relationship between the switching command value and a correction amount of the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit; and wherein the temperature correction unit corrects the temperature of the switching element detected by the temperature detector, by using, as the switching command value, a switching command value calculated during accrual operation, on a basis of the switching command value and the correction table or the correction function stored in the storage unit. 3. The power conversion device of claim 2, wherein the rectifier, the switching element, and the backflow prevention element are integrated in a module, and the correction table or the correction function is set on a basis of a distance between the temperature detection unit detector and the switching element within the module. 4. The power conversion device of claim 1, wherein the converter control unit averages the switching command value which pulsates in a cycle which is six times that of the AC power supply. 5. The power conversion device of claim 1, further comprising: a fault suppression control unit configured to instruct each component to perform an operation for suppressing a fault, on a basis of the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit. 6. The power conversion device of claim 5, further comprising: a threshold determination unit configured to determine whether the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit exceeds a preset first threshold, and determine whether the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit exceeds a preset second threshold. 7. The power conversion device of claim 6, wherein when the threshold determination unit determines that the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit exceeds the first threshold, the fault suppression control unit instructs the converter control unit to decrease output of the converter. 8. The power conversion device of claim 6, further comprising: an inverter unit configured to convert the bus voltage smoothed by the smoothing capacitor, to an AC voltage; and an inverter control unit configured to control operation of the inverter unit, wherein when the threshold determination unit determines that the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit exceeds the first threshold, the fault suppression control unit instructs the inverter control unit to decrease output of the inverter unit. 9. The power conversion device of claim 6, wherein when the threshold determination unit determines that the temperature corrected by the temperature correction unit exceeds the second threshold, the fault suppression control unit instructs abnormal stop. 10. The power conversion device of claim 6, wherein the first threshold is lower than the second threshold. 11. The power conversion device of claim 6, wherein the second threshold is set to a temperature lower than a heat resistance temperature of the switching element. 12. The power conversion device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the switching element and the backflow prevention element is composed of a wide band gap semiconductor. 13. An air-conditioning apparatus comprising: the power conversion device of claim 1; and a motor driven by the power conversion device.",
-    "Compounds having the structure of Formula I, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, wherein X is \u2014C(\u2550O) or \u2014S(O)2\u2014, are CETP inhibitors and are useful for raising HDL-cholesterol, reducing LDL-cholesterol, and for treating or preventing atherosclerosis. 1. A compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein X is \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550S)\u2014, or \u2014C(\u2550NR), wherein R is H, \u2014CN, \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, phenyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, or HET(3), wherein when R is phenyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, or HET(3), R is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituent groups which are each independently halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014OC1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, or \u2014SO2NR6R7, and when R is \u2014C1-C5 alkyl or \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, R is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituent groups which are independently halogen, \u2014OC1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014CN, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, or \u2014SO2NR6R7; R1 is H, \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OH, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, HET(3), or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, and wherein HET(3) and C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds are optionally substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently halogen, \u2014C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C3 alkyl, \u2014C2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C3 alkynyl, or \u2014OC2-C3 alkynyl, wherein \u2014C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C3 alkyl, \u2014C2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C3alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C3 alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; R6 and R7 are each independently H, \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, or HET(3), wherein phenyl, naphthyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, and HET(3) are optionally substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently halogen, \u2014C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C3 alkyl, \u2014C2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C3 alkynyl, or \u2014OC2-C3 alkynyl, wherein \u2014C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C3 alkyl, \u2014C2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C3 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C3alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C3 alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; R8 is H or \u2014C1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; R9 is H or \u2014C1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; HET(3) is a 3-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatom groups which are each independently N, NH, O, S, S(O), or S(O)2 and optionally having 1-3 double bonds; The dashed line in Formula I represents an optional double bond; D1 is N or CR2; D2 is N or CR3; D3 is N or CR4; R2, R3, and R4 are each independently H, \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OH, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, or \u2014SO2NR6R7, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; Each R5 is independently \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OH, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, or \u2014SO2NR6R7, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; A1 is phenyl, HET(1), or C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, wherein A1 is optionally substituted with one substituent group Z and is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl, halogen, \u2014OH, or \u2014CN, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; HET(1) is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatom groups which are each independently \u2014N\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S(O)\u2014, or \u2014S(O)2\u2014, optionally having one group \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, and optionally having 1-3 double bonds; Z is A3, \u2014C1-C3alkylene-CO2R8, \u2014C1-C3alkylene-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014C1-C3alkylene-SO2NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, or \u2014C1-C3alkylene-HET(2), wherein \u2014C1-C3alkylene in all uses is optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, and HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are independently \u2014C1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014OC1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, halogen or NR6R7; A3 is phenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, or HET(1), wherein A3 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl, halogen, \u2014OH, or \u2014CN, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; and A3 is optionally substituted with one group which is HET(2), \u2014C1-4 alkylene-CO2R8, \u2014C1-4alkylene-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014C1-C4alkylene-SO2NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, or \u2014C(O)NR6C3-6cycloalkyl in which C3-6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are independently selected from halogen, C1-2alkyl, and \u2014CN, wherein \u2014C1-C4alkylene in all uses is optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; and wherein HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently halogen, \u2014C1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, \u2014OC1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, or NR6R7; HET(2) is a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatom groups which are each independently N, NH, O, or S, optionally having one group \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, and optionally having 1-3 double bonds; A2 is phenyl or HET(1), wherein A2 is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5alkynyl, \u2014OC2-C5alkynyl, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014OH, or C3-6cycloalkyl, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, \u2014C2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014OC2-C5 alkenyl, \u2014C2-C5alkynyl, and \u2014OC2-C5 alkynyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, and C3-6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are each independently halogen, \u2014C1-C3 alkyl, or \u2014OC1-C3 alkyl, wherein-C1-C3 alkyl and \u2014OC1-C3 alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; and a is 0 or an integer from 1-3. 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein R1 is \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, halogen, \u2014NR6R7, HET(3), or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl and \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, and wherein HET(3) and C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds are optionally substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently halogen, CH3, CF3, OCH3, or OCF3; At least one of D1, D2, and D3 is CR2, CR3, or CR4; R2, R3, and R4 are each independently H, \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, or halogen, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl and \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; Each R5 is independently \u2014C1-C5 alkyl, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl, or halogen, wherein \u2014C1-C5 alkyl and \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl are optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; A1 is phenyl, HET(1), or C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, wherein A1 is optionally substituted with one substituent group Z and is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently halogen, \u2014OH, \u2014CN, \u2014C1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, or \u2014OC1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens; A3 is phenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, or HET(1), wherein A3 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently \u2014C1-C5 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, \u2014OC1-C5 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, \u2014OH, or halogen, and is optionally substituted with one group which is HET(2), \u2014C1-2 alkylene-C O2R8, \u2014C1-2alkylene-C(O)NR6R7, \u2014C1-C2alkylene-SO2NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, or \u2014C(O)NR6C3-6cycloalkyl wherein C3-6cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are independently selected from halogen, C1-2alkyl, and \u2014CN, wherein \u2014C1-C2alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 halogens; and wherein HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently halogen, \u2014C1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, \u2014OC1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, or NR6R7; and A2 is phenyl or HET(1), wherein A2 is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently C1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, \u2014OC1-5alkyl optionally substituted with 1-7 halogens, halogen, \u2014OH, \u2014CN, or C3-6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are each independently halogen, CF3, CH3, \u2014OCF3, or \u2014OCH3. 3. The compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein X is \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014 or \u2014S(O)2\u2014; R1 is CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, halogen, or \u2014NR6R7; R6 and R7 are each independently H or \u2014C1-C5 alkyl; R2, R3, and R4 are each independently H, C1-3alkyl, CF3, \u2014OC1-3alkyl, \u2014OCF3, or halogen; Each R5 is independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, or halogen; A1 is phenyl, HET(1), or C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, wherein A1 is optionally substituted with one substituent group Z and is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently \u2014C1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014OC1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, halogen, \u2014OH, or \u2014CN; Each HET(l) is a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatom groups which are each independently \u2014N\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or \u2014O\u2014, optionally having one group \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, and optionally having 1-3 double bonds; Z is A3, \u2014(CH2)1-3\u2014CO2R8, \u2014(CH2)1-3\u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014(CH2)1-3\u2014SO2NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, or \u2014(CH2)1-3-HET(2), wherein HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are independently \u2014C1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, \u2014OC1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens, halogen or NR6R7; R8 is H or \u2014C1-3alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halogens; R9 is H or \u2014C1-5alkyl; A3 is phenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally having 1-2 double bonds, or HET(1), wherein A3 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014OH, or halogen, and is optionally substituted with one group which is HET(2), \u2014(CH2)1-2\u2014CO2R8, \u2014(CH2)1-2\u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014(CH2)1-2\u2014SO2NR6R7, \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, or \u2014C(O)NR6cyclopropyl, wherein cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are independently selected from 1-3 halogens, one CH3, and one \u2014CN, and HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, halogen, or NR6R7; A2 is phenyl or HET(1), wherein A2 is substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014OH, or C3-4cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are each independently halogen, CF3, CH3, \u2014OCF3, or \u2014OCH3; and a is 0,1, or 2. 4. The compound of claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R1 is CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, F, Cl, or \u2014NR6R7; R6 and R7 are each independently H or \u2014C1-C3 alkyl; D1 is N or CR2, wherein R2 is H, \u2014C1-3alkyl, F, or Cl; D2 is N or CR3, wherein R3 is H, \u2014C1-3alkyl, F, or Cl; D3 is N or CR4, wherein R4 is H, \u2014C1-3alkyl, F, or Cl; At least one of D1, D2, or D3 is CR2, CR3, or CR4; R5 is H or CH3; A1 is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclopentenyl, wherein A1 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently F, Cl, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014C1-3alkyl, \u2014CN, or CF3, and optionally one substituent group Z; Z is A3, \u2014CH2CH2CO2R8, \u2014CH2CH2C(O)NR6R7, \u2014CH2CH2SO2NR6R7, or \u2014CH2CH2-HET(2), wherein HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-2 substituent groups which are each independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3,\u2014OCF3, halogen, or NR6R7; R8 is H or \u2014CH3; R9 is H or \u2014C1-3alkyl; HET(2) is a 5-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatom groups which are each independently N, NH, O, or S, optionally having one group \u2014C(\u2550O), and optionally having 1-3 double bonds; A3 is phenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, or HET(1), wherein HET(1) is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, or a 5-6-membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatom groups which are independently \u2014N\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014, and optionally one \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014 group, wherein A3 is optionally substituted with 1-2 groups which are each independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014OH, or halogen, and is optionally substituted with 1 group which is \u2014CO2R8, \u2014C(O)NR6R7, \u2014SO2NR6R7, HET(2), or \u2014C(O)NR6cyclopropyl wherein cyclopropyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents which are independently selected from 1-3 halogens, one CH3 and one \u2014CN, and HET(2) is optionally substituted with 1-2 substituent groups which are each independently CH3, CF3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, halogen, or NR6R7; A2 is phenyl or HET(1) wherein A2 is substituted with 1-3 substituent groups which are each independently CF3, CH3, F, Cl, \u2014CN, or cyclopropyl; and a is 0 or 1. 5. The compound of claim 4 having Formula 1a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein R1 is CF3, F, or \u2014N(CH3)2; R6 and R7 are each independently H or \u2014CH3; D1 is N or CR2, wherein R2 is H or C1-3alkyl; D2 is N or CR3, wherein R3 is H or CH3; D3 is N or CR4, wherein R4 is H or CH3; A1 is phenyl, pyridinyl, thienyl, furyl, cyclohexenyl, or cyclopentenyl, wherein A1 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently F, Cl, \u2014OCH3, isopropyl, \u2014CN, \u2014CH3, or CF3, and optionally one substituent group Z; Z is A3, \u2014CH2CH2CO2R8, \u2014CH2CH2-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl), or \u2014CH2CH2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl); R8 is H or \u2014CH3; R9 is H or \u2014CH3; A3 is phenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or HET(1), wherein HET(1) is pyridinyl, 6-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidinyl, 2-oxo-1,3-oxazinanyl, 5-oxopyrrolidinyl, -(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl), or -(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) wherein A3 is optionally substituted with 1-2 groups \u2014CH3, \u2014OCH3, or \u2014OH, and is optionally substituted with 1 group which is \u2014CO2R8 or \u2014C(\u2550O)NHcyclopropyl which is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from one \u2014CN and 1-3 halogens, and A2 is phenyl or pyridinyl, wherein A2 is substituted with 1 or 2 groups which are each independently CF3, CH3, F, or Cl. 6. The compound of claim 5 having Formula 1a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is CF3; D1 is N or CR2, wherein R2 is H; D2 is CR3, wherein R3 is H; D3 is CR4, wherein R4 is H; A1 is phenyl or pyridinyl, wherein A1 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups which are each independently F, \u2014OCH3, or isopropyl, and optionally one substituent group Z, Z is A3 or \u2014CH2CH2CO2R8; R8 is H or \u2014CH3; R9 is H or \u2014CH3; A3 is phenyl, cyclohexyl, or HET(1), wherein HET(1) is pyridinyl or 5-oxopyrrolidinyl, wherein A3 is optionally substituted with 1-2 groups \u2014CH3 and is optionally substituted with 1 group which is \u2014CO2R8 or \u2014C(\u2550O)NHcyclopropyl which has a geminal \u2014CN substituent on the cyclopropyl ring; and A2 is phenyl or pyridinyl, wherein A2 is substituted with 1-2 groups which are selected from CF3 and F. 7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014. 8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is \u2014S(O)2\u2014. 9. The compound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure below: 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 11. A method of treating atherosclerosis in a patient in need of treatment comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 to said patient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12. A method of raising HDL-C in a patient in need of treatment comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 to said patient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 13. A method of lowering LDL-C in a patient in need of treatment comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 to said patient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 14. A method of treating dyslipidemia in a patient in need of treatment comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 to said patient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 15-16. (canceled) 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of: (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; (ii) bile acid sequestrants; (iii) niacin and related compounds; (iv) PPAR\u03b1 agonists; (v) cholesterol absorption inhibitors; (vi) acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors; (vii) phenolic anti-oxidants; (viii) microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)/ApoB secretion inhibitors; (ix) anti-oxidant vitamins; (x) thyromimetics; (xi) LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptor inducers; (xii) platelet aggregation inhibitors; (xiii) vitamin B12 (also known as cyanocobalamin); (xiv) folic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof; (xv) FXR and LXR ligands; (xvi) agents that enhance ABGA1 gene expression; (xvii) ileal bile acid transporters; and (xviii) niacin receptor agonists.",
-    "The present technology relates to an imaging device that can reduce the size thereof, and to an electronic apparatus. An upper substrate and a lower substrate are stacked. A pixel and a comparing unit that compares the voltage of a signal from the pixel with the ramp voltage are provided on the upper substrate, the ramp voltage varying with time. A storage unit that stores a code value obtained at a time when a comparison result from the comparing unit is inverted is provided on the lower substrate. The comparing unit is formed with a transistor that receives the voltage of the signal from the pixel at the gate, receives the ramp voltage at the source, and outputs a drain voltage. Accordingly, the imaging device can be made smaller in size. The present technology can be applied to image sensors. 1. An imaging device comprising: an upper substrate and a lower substrate, the upper substrate and the lower substrate being stacked, wherein a pixel and a comparing unit configured to compare a voltage of a signal from the pixel with a ramp voltage of a ramp signal are provided on the upper substrate, the ramp voltage varying with time, and a storage unit storing a code value obtained at a time when a comparison result from the comparing unit is inverted is provided on the lower substrate. 2. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the comparing unit is formed with a transistor configured to receive the voltage of the signal from the pixel at a gate, receive the ramp voltage at a source, and output a drain voltage. 3. The imaging device according to claim 2, wherein a voltage for resetting the transistor is higher than a power-supply voltage of a circuit of a later stage. 4. The imaging device according to claim 3, wherein a power-supply voltage of the storage unit is lower than the power-supply voltage of the circuit of the later stage. 5. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein a power-supply voltage of the upper substrate is higher than a power-supply voltage of the lower substrate. 6. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein an analog circuit is provided on the upper substrate, and a digital circuit is provided on the lower substrate. 7. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the comparing unit and the storage unit are formed with Negative channel Metal Oxide Semiconductors (NMOSs), and the comparing unit and the storage unit have the same high power supply, and have different low power supplies. 8. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the comparing unit and the storage unit are formed with Positive channel Metal Oxide Semiconductors (PMOSs), and the comparing unit and the storage unit have the same low power supply, and have different high power supplies. 9. The imaging device according to claim 1, wherein, of transistors included in the storage unit, a transistor configured to receive a signal from the comparing unit is made to have a high withstand voltage. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising: an imaging device including: an upper substrate and a lower substrate, the upper substrate and the lower substrate being stacked, wherein a pixel and a comparing unit configured to compare a voltage of a signal from the pixel with a ramp voltage of a ramp signal are provided on the upper substrate, the ramp voltage varying with time, and a storage unit storing a code value obtained at a time when a comparison result from the comparing unit is inverted is provided on the lower substrate; and a signal processing unit configured to perform signal processing on a signal output from the imaging device.",
-    "The present disclosure increases the braking force of a parking spring brake mechanism without enlarging a device and without substantial increase in cost. The subject of the present disclosure is a brake cylinder device provided with a parking spring brake mechanism wherein a first piston moves in a prescribed braking direction. The brake cylinder device is provided with a brake force transmitting section having an inclined surface 38 that is inclined so as to press a brake output section in an advancement direction by moving along with the first piston in the braking direction. The inclined surface includes a first inclined surface provided in a distal end portion, and a second inclined surface provided in a proximal end portion and inclined more than the first inclined surface with respect to the advancement direction. 1. A brake cylinder device comprising: a parking spring brake mechanism for parking a vehicle, wherein a first piston installed in a first cylinder section travels in a predetermined braking direction due to a biasing force of a first spring installed in the first cylinder section; a brake output section capable of advancing and withdrawing along a direction intersecting the braking direction; and a brake force transmitting section having an inclined surface inclined so as to press the brake output section in an advancement direction by traveling in the braking direction along with the first piston, wherein the inclined surface includes a first inclined surface provided in a distal end portion of the brake force transmitting section, and a second inclined surface provided in a proximal end portion of the brake force transmitting section and inclined more than the first inclined surface with respect to the advancement direction. 2. The brake cylinder device of claim 1, wherein the first inclined surface and the second inclined surface are constituted by planar surfaces. 3. The brake cylinder device of claim 1, further comprising: a fluid brake mechanism wherein a second piston installed in a second cylinder section travels in the braking direction; and a transmission mechanism configured to transmit a biasing force of the first piston in the braking direction to the second piston or a shaft section to be displaced along with the second piston, wherein the fluid brake mechanism is formed of a member separate from the second cylinder section and contained in the second cylinder section, and wherein the fluid brake mechanism further includes an internal cylinder member having a cylindrical shape, wherein the second piston slides on an inner circumferential surface of the internal cylinder member. 4. The brake cylinder device of claim 1, wherein the brake output section includes: a sleeve member formed of a cylindrical member having an axis along the advancement direction; and a shaft member configured to travel in the advancement direction relative to the sleeve member when the sleeve member is rotated in a predetermined direction, and wherein the brake cylinder device further comprises a gap adjusting mechanism including: a ratchet mechanism having a ratchet gear configured to rotate integrally with the sleeve member and a ratchet pawl configured to mesh with teeth of the ratchet gear; a link mechanism having a first link member connected to the ratchet pawl at one end thereof, wherein the ratchet pawl is configured to travel in a direction opposite to the predetermined direction and mesh with the teeth when a pressed section provided on the other end of the first link member or a second link member swingably connected to the other end of the first link member at one end thereof is pressed for a predetermined distance or more; and a link pressing mechanism configured to press the pressed section so as to move the ratchet pawl in a direction opposite to the predetermined direction. 5. The brake cylinder device of claim 4, wherein the link pressing mechanism includes: a lever member formed so as to be swingable around a proximal end portion thereof, wherein an application portion between the proximal end portion and a distal end section is pressed such that the distal end portion presses the pressed section; and a pressing section provided on a member fixed on or integrated with the first cylinder section and configured to press the application portion traveling in accordance with the traveling of the brake output section in the advancement direction. 6. The brake cylinder device of claim 5, wherein the application portion has a recess into which the pressing section is to be fitted. 7. The brake cylinder device of claim 5, wherein a portion of the lever member between the application portion and the distal end portion is bent to the pressed section side relative to a direction in which a portion of the lever member between the proximal end portion and the application portion extends. 8. A disc brake device comprising: the brake cylinder device of claim 1; and a caliper body equipped with the brake cylinder device and mounted on a vehicle, wherein, when the brake cylinder device operates, a pair of brake pads mounted on the caliper body nips a disc on a wheel axle to be braked, so as to produce a brake force.",
-    "An image decoding method supporting a plurality of layers according to the present invention may comprise the steps of: generating an inter-layer reference picture set with respect to one or more reference layers to which a current picture can refer; generating an initial reference picture list including the inter-layer reference picture set; and predicting the current picture on the basis of the initial reference picture list. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for generating a reference picture list including a picture of a layer, which is different from a layer to be currently encoded and decoded, and an apparatus using the same. 1. A method for decoding a video supporting multiple layers, comprising: generating an inter-layer reference picture set for at least one reference layer capable of being referred to by a current picture; generating an initial reference picture list including the inter-layer reference picture set; and performing prediction of the current picture based on the initial reference picture list. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the inter-layer reference picture set comprises: generating at least one of a spatial reference layer picture set, a video quality reference layer picture set, a multiview reference layer picture set, and a depth map reference layer picture set that are capable of being referred to by the current picture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein reference pictures being included in the inter-layer reference picture set are obtained by up-sampling pictures in the reference layer to correspond to the current picture. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein reference pictures being included in the inter-layer reference picture set are corresponds to long-term reference pictures. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having Picture Order Counts (POCs) less than that of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than that of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than that of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than that of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises a first sub-reference layer picture set and a second sub-reference layer picture set, and the first sub-reference layer picture set and the second sub-reference layer picture set are aligned in the initial reference picture list separately. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is aligned in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than that of the current picture, the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than that of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is aligned in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the inter-layer reference picture set is performed based on an index (tempralId) of a temporal sub-layer of the current picture. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein, as the index (tempralId) of the temporal sub-layer of the current picture is smaller, the inter-layer reference picture set is aligned at a lower sequential position of the initial reference picture set. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein, as a difference between values of the index (tempralId) of the temporal sub-layer of the current picture and an index of a temporal sub-layer of the reference layer is smaller, the inter-layer reference picture set is aligned at a lower sequential position of the initial reference picture set. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the inter-layer reference picture set is performed based on a maximum number of temporal sub-layers to which inter-layer prediction is permitted. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein, when a value of an index of a temporal sub-layer of the current picture is greater than the maximum number of temporal sub-layers, the inter-layer reference picture set is not added to the initial reference picture list. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein, when a value of an index of a temporal sub-layer of the reference layer is greater than the maximum number of temporal sub-layers, the inter-layer reference picture set is not added to the initial reference picture list. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a final reference picture list by modifying the initial reference picture list. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein performing prediction of the current picture is configured to use reference pictures included in the inter-layer reference picture set as reference pictures of the current picture. 18. An device for decoding a video supporting multiple layers, comprising: an entropy decoding unit for decoding information required for prediction and decoding of video received via a bitstream; and a prediction unit for generating an inter-layer reference picture set for at least one reference layer capable of being referred to by a current picture to be decoded, and an initial reference picture list that includes the inter-layer reference picture set, and for performing prediction of the current picture based on the initial reference picture list. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit generates at least one of a spatial reference layer picture set, a video quality reference layer picture set, a multiview reference layer picture set, and a depth map reference layer picture set that are capable of being referred to by the current picture. 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the reference pictures included in the inter-layer reference picture set are obtained by up-sampling pictures in the reference layer correspond to the current picture. 21. The device of claim 18, wherein the reference pictures included in the inter-layer reference picture set are indicated by long-term reference pictures. 22. The device of claim 18, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having Picture Order Counts (POC) less than POCs of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, an inter-layer reference picture set, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 24. The device of claim 18, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises a first sub-reference layer picture set and a second sub-reference layer picture set, and the first sub-reference layer picture set and the second sub-reference layer picture set are aligned in the initial reference picture list separately. 25. The device of claim 24, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 26. The device of claim 24, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than that of the current picture, the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than that of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than that of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than that of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 27. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction part generates the inter-layer reference picture based on an index (tempralId) of a temporal sub-layer of the current picture. 28. The device of claim 27, wherein, as the index (tempralId) of the temporal sub-layer of the current picture is smaller, the inter-layer reference picture set is aligned at a lower sequential position of the initial reference picture set. 29. The device of claim 27, wherein, as a difference between values of the index (tempralId) of the temporal sub-layer of the current picture and an index of a temporal sub-layer of the reference layer is smaller, the inter-layer reference picture set is aligned at a lower sequential position of the initial reference picture set. 30. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction part generates the inter-layer reference picture set based on a maximum number of temporal sub-layers to which inter-layer prediction is permitted. 31. The device of claim 30, wherein, when a value of an index of a temporal sub-layer of the current picture is greater than the maximum number of temporal sub-layers, the inter-layer reference picture set is not added to the initial reference picture list. 32. The device of claim 30, wherein, when a value of an index of a temporal sub-layer of the reference layer is greater than the maximum number of temporal sub-layers, the inter-layer reference picture set is not added to the initial reference picture list. 33. The device of claim 1, wherein the prediction part generates a final reference picture list by modifying the initial reference picture list. 34. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction part uses reference pictures included in the inter-layer reference picture set as reference pictures of the current picture.",
-    "Methods and systems facilitate troubleshooting or maintenance of in vitro diagnostic equipment. An operator of the equipment utilizes an app on mobile device to receive status information from the equipment and capture images of the equipment. Tutorials and interactive remote technical support can be provided utilizing this data. 1. A system for troubleshooting IVD equipment, comprising: a processor configured to receive sensor data pertaining to a status of the IVD equipment and to transmit the sensor data in substantially real-time to at least one of a mobile device and a remote technical support center; and one or more memory devices containing software instructions to configure the mobile device to: facilitate a call between a user of the IVD equipment and a representative at the remote technical support center; display one or more images to the user at substantially the same time that the representative can see the one or more images; and receive at least one command from the representative to change the one or more images displayed to the user. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one command comprises one or more commands to allow the representative to emphasize a portion of the one or more images. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more images comprise at least one image captured by a camera on the mobile device. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one command comprises one or more commands to allow the representative to instruct the mobile device to do at least one of: performing a zoom function on the camera and turning on a light to illuminate the image plane of the camera. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the software instructions further comprise instructions to enable user and the representative to see one another during the call. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processor at the technical support center configured to record an interaction between the representative and the user. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the software instructions further comprise instructions to present a pre-recorded tutorial to the user. 8. A method for assisting a user in troubleshooting IVD equipment, comprising steps of: receiving sensor data pertaining to the status of the IVD equipment in substantially real-time at least one of a mobile device and a remote technical support center; facilitating, via software instructions on a mobile device, a call between a user and a representative at the remote technical support center; displaying one or more images to the user at substantially the same time that the representative can see the one or more images; and receiving at least one command from the representative to change the one or more images displayed to the user. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one command comprises one or more commands to allow the representative to emphasize a portion of the one or more images. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more images comprise at least one image captured by a camera on the mobile device. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one command comprises one or more commands to allow the representative to instruct the mobile device to do at least one of: performing a zoom function on the camera and turning on a light to illuminate the image plane of the camera. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of facilitating a call further comprises enabling user and the representative to see one another during the call. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising recording an interaction between the representative and the user. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising presenting a pre-recorded tutorial to the user. 15. A method for assisting a user in troubleshooting IVD equipment, comprising steps of: receiving sensor data pertaining to the status of the IVD equipment in substantially real-time at a mobile device; requesting a first tutorial from a stored plurality of tutorials, in response to user input of the mobile device, wherein the first tutorial includes a plurality of pictures or videos to be displayed on a screen of the mobile device; determining, based on the sensor data if a first step of the tutorial has been completed by the user; advancing to a second step in the tutorial in response to the determining step; determining, by the mobile device, if an error condition exists upon completion of a last step of the first tutorial; and connecting the user with a representative at a remote technical support center, wherein the representative receives the sensor data and can view one or more images on the mobile device screen. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising receiving, at the mobile device, one or more commands to allow the representative to draw on one or more images presented on the mobile device screen. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more images comprise at least one image captured by a camera on the mobile device. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising receiving, at the mobile device, one or more commands to allow the representative to instruct the mobile device to do at least one of: performing a zoom function on the camera and turning on a light to illuminate the image plane of the camera. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising recording an interaction between the representative and the user. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising presenting to the user a second tutorial relating to a possible root cause based on the determining step.",
-    "A built-in appliance designed for being embedded in a furniture cabinet (110) having a furniture cabinet door (125) swiveling about an axis, the appliance comprising an appliance cabinet (105) and an appliance door (150) swiveling about an axis parallel to the swiveling axis of the furniture cabinet door (125). A coupling member (210) is provided for mechanically coupling the appliance door (150) to the furniture cabinet door (125) such that opening of the furniture cabinet door (125) causes the appliance door (150) to be opened, and closing of the furniture cabinet door (125) causes the appliance door (150) to close, the coupling member comprising a flexible central portion (401) and a first and a second opposite lateral portions (402, 403) and being configured to be attached to the outside of the appliance door (150) along the first lateral portion (402), and to the inside of the furniture cabinet door (150) along the second lateral portion (403). 1. A built-in appliance designed for being embedded in a furniture cabinet (110) having a furniture cabinet door (125) swiveling about an axis, the appliance comprising an appliance cabinet (105) and an appliance door (150) swiveling about an axis parallel to the swiveling axis of the furniture cabinet door (125), characterized by comprising a coupling member (210) for mechanically coupling the appliance door (150) to the furniture cabinet door (125) such that opening of the furniture cabinet door (125) causes the appliance door (150) to be opened, and closing of the furniture cabinet door (125) causes the appliance door (150) to close, the coupling member comprising a flexible central portion (401) and a first and a second opposite lateral portions (402, 403) and being configured to be attached to the outside of the appliance door (150) along the first lateral portion (402), and to the inside of the furniture cabinet door (150) along the second lateral portion (403). 2. The built-in appliance of claim 1, wherein the flexible central portion (401) of the coupling member (210) is made of silicon, rubber or felt. 3. The built-in appliance of claim 1, wherein the first and a second opposite lateral portions (402,403) of the coupling member (210) are more rigid than the flexible central portion (401). 4. The built-in appliance of claim 3, wherein the flexible central portion (401) is formed by a flexible body (434) and the first and second opposite lateral portions (402,403) are totally formed by rigid members (435), attached or fixed to lateral sides of the flexible body (434). 5. The built-in appliance of claim 4, wherein the rigid members (435) extend along the two opposite longer sides (405) of the flexible body (434). 6. The built-in appliance of claim 3, wherein both the central portion (401) and the first and second lateral portions (402,403) of the coupling member (210) are formed by a flexible body (434), and wherein the first and second lateral portions (402,403) have rigid members (435) embedded in the flexible body (434), such embedded rigid members (435) defining reinforcing parts for locally reinforcing the coupling member (210). 7. The built-in appliance of claim 6, wherein the rigid members (435) extend along two opposite longer sides (405) of the coupling member (210). 8. The built-in appliance of claim 6 or 7, wherein the coupling member (210) is fabricated by moulding of material, preferably injection moulding, over-moulded on the rigid members (435). 9. The built-in appliance of claim 3, wherein both the central portion (401) and the first and second lateral portions (402,403) are formed by a flexible body (434), and wherein the first and second lateral portions (402,403) further comprise U-shaped rigid members (435) enclosing the first and second lateral portions of the flexible body (434). 10. The built-in appliance of claim 9, wherein edges of the first and second lateral portions (402,403) fit by interference into the U-shaped rigid members (435). 11. The built-in appliance of claim 3, wherein the coupling member (210) is made of a single flexible body (434) and wherein the central portion (401) thereof is loaded with a substance adapted to provide more flexibility to the material of the flexible body, thereby the first and second lateral portions (402,403) are more rigid than the central portion (401) of the coupling member (201). 12. The built-in appliance of claim 1, wherein both the central portion (401) and the lateral portions (402,403) of the coupling member (210) have a height in the range from 10 cm to 60 cm, preferably 15-30 cm, a length in the range from 50 cm to 70 cm and a thickness in the range from 0.5 to 5 mm. 13. The built-in appliance of claim 1, wherein one of the first and second lateral portions (402,403) of the coupling member (210) is attached on or close to a lateral free edge of the refrigerator door (150), preferably around the edge between a front surface (215) of the refrigerator door (150) and a side (220) of the refrigerator door (150), and the opposite lateral portion (403) of the coupling member (210) is attached to an inner side of the furniture cabinet door (125) in a position where it does not overlap with the lateral portion (402) attached to the refrigerator door when the two doors are closed. 14. The built-in appliance of claim 1, wherein one of the first and second lateral portions (402,403) of the coupling member (210) is attached to an inner side of the furniture cabinet door (125) in a position close to a lateral free edge of the furniture cabinet door (125), where it partially or totally overlaps with the opposite lateral portion (402,403) of the coupling member (210) when the two doors are closed.",
-    "An apparatus (100) and method are provided for translating diagnostic information provided by a circuit protective device, such as a circuit breaker, to a graphic display format. The apparatus and method monitor through a sensor (120) a trip sequence implemented by the circuit protective device as a function of time during a read out operation to indicate a type of fault condition from a plurality of fault conditions for a prior occurrence of a trip event or diagnostic information. The apparatus and method then determine a time period of the monitored trip sequence, and determined time period. Information concerning the determined type of fault condition is outputted. 1. A method of translating diagnostic information provided by a circuit protective device, the method comprising: monitoring through a sensor a trip sequence implemented by a circuit protective device as a function of time during a read out operation to indicate a type of fault condition from a plurality of fault conditions for a prior occurrence of a trip event or diagnostic information; determining a time period of the monitored trip sequence; determining the type of fault condition based on the determined time period; and outputting information indicating the determined type of fault condition. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the time period is a time interval from when a contact of the circuit protective device is initially placed in a closed position to when the contact trips to an open position during the read out operation. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein monitoring comprises sensing sounds associated with a mechanical operation of the circuit protective device. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein monitoring comprises sensing one of a voltage or a current on a circuit connected to the circuit protective device. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein sensing comprises engaging an electrical probe to an electrical receptacle that is connected to the circuit. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising storing in memory information of the determined type of fault condition of the prior trip event for the circuit protective device. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the outputting of the type of fault condition comprises: searching a diagnostic information database that stores data concerning the plurality of fault conditions in relation to time; and identifying a type of fault condition that matches the determined time period from the diagnostic information database. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein two different types of fault conditions from the plurality of fault conditions are associated with time periods which are in the seconds to sub-second range apart from each other. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the type of fault condition is determined based on the determined time period and a type of the circuit protective device. 10. An apparatus for translating diagnostic information provided by a circuit protective device, the apparatus comprising: a memory; a sensor for monitoring an operation of a circuit protective device; an output device; a controller in communication with the memory, the sensor and the output device and configured to: monitor through the sensor a trip sequence implemented by the circuit protective device as a function of time during a read out operation to indicate a type of fault condition from a plurality of fault conditions for a prior occurrence of a trip event or diagnostic information; determine a time period of the monitored trip sequence; determine the type of fault condition based on the determined time period; and indicate the determined type of fault condition though the output device. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the time period is a time interval from when a contact of the circuit protective device is initially placed in a closed position to when the contact trips to an open position during the read out operation. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the sensor comprises an acoustic sensor for sensing sounds associated with a mechanical operation of the circuit protective device. 13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the sensor comprises an electrical probe for sensing one of a voltage or a current on a circuit connected to the circuit protective device. 14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the controller is further configured to store in the memory information of the determined type of fault condition of the prior trip event for the circuit protective device. 15. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein to determine the output of the type of fault condition, the controller searches a diagnostic information database that stores data concerning the plurality of fault conditions in relation to time, and identifies a type of fault condition that matches the determined time period from the diagnostic information database. 16. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein two different types of fault conditions from the plurality of fault conditions are associated with time periods which are in the seconds to sub-second range apart from each other. 17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to determine the type of fault condition based on the determined time period and a type of the circuit protective device.",
-    "The present invention relates to formulations comprising A) sphinganine and B) at least one active ingredient selected from the group creatine, creatinine, caffeine, carnitine, biotin, arjunolic acid, xymenynic acid, minoxidil, arginine and derivatives thereof. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A formulation, comprising: component A): sphinganine; and component B): at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: creatine; creatinine; caffeine; carnitine; biotin; arjunolic acid; xymenynic acid; minoxidil; arginine; and derivatives thereof. 10. The formulation of claim 9, wherein component B comprises one or more derivatives selected from the group consisting of: creatine hydrates; disodium phosphocreatine; caffeine benzide; caffeine carboxylic acid; caffeine hydrates; carnitine HCl; acetyl carnitine; acetyl carnitine HCl; carnitine fumarate; carnitine hydroxycitrate; carnitine linoleate; carnitine pyroglutamate; carnitine tartrate; palmitoyl carnitine; D/L-carnitine; D/L-carnitine HCl; hexadecanoyl carnitine; levo carnitine; allantoin biotin; biotinoyl hexapeptide-2 amide; biotinoyl pentapeptide-4; biotinoyl tripeptide-1; biotinoyl tripeptide-35; ethyl biotinate; monoethanolamine biotinate biotin ethyl ester; biotinum; acetyl arginine; and arginine HCl. 11. The formulation of claim 9, wherein component A is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 5.0% by weight. 12. The formulation of claim 9, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 13. The formulation of claim 10, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 14. The formulation of claim 11, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 15. The formulation of claim 10, wherein component A is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 5.0% by weight. 16. The formulation of claim 15, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 17. The formulation of claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of component A to component B is 1:1 to 1:2000. 18. The formulation of claim 17, wherein component B comprises one or more derivatives selected from the group consisting of: creatine hydrates; disodium phosphocreatine; caffeine benzide; caffeine carboxylic acid; caffeine hydrates; carnitine HCl; acetyl carnitine; acetyl carnitine HCl; carnitine fumarate; carnitine hydroxycitrate; carnitine linoleate; carnitine pyroglutamate; carnitine tartrate; palmitoyl carnitine; D/L-carnitine; D/L-carnitine HCl; hexadecanoyl carnitine; levo carnitine; allantoin biotin; biotinoyl hexapeptide-2 amide; biotinoyl pentapeptide-4; biotinoyl tripeptide-1; biotinoyl tripeptide-35; ethyl biotinate; monoethanolamine biotinate biotin ethyl ester; biotinum; acetyl arginine; and arginine HCl. 19. The formulation of claim 17, wherein component A is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 5.0% by weight. 20. The formulation of claim 17, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 21. The formulation of claim 18, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 22. The formulation of claim 19, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 23. The formulation of claim 18, wherein component A is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 5.0% by weight. 24. The formulation of claim 23, wherein component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 25. A method of treating a human for alopecia, comprising administering to said human the formulation of claim 9. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein, in said formulation, component A is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 5.0% by weight and component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight. 27. A method of conditioning hair to increase stability, resistance, colour intensity or loadability, comprising treating said hair with the formula of claim 9. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein, in said formulation, component A is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 5.0% by weight and component B is present at a concentration of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight.",
-    "In an interior permanent magnet motor, each of permanent magnets has a radially-inner magnet contour surface, a radially-outer magnet contour surface, and a pair of side-end magnet contour surfaces. Each of magnet insertion holes has a radially-inner insertion hole contour surface, a radially-outer insertion hole contour surface, and a pair of side-end insertion hole contour surfaces. The radially-outer magnet contour surface and the radially-outer insertion hole contour surface are each formed by a first arc surface. The radially-inner magnet contour surface and the radially-inner insertion hole contour surface are each formed by a second arc surface and at least one straight surface configured to suppress movement of the permanent magnet along the magnet insertion hole having an arc shape. 1. An interior permanent magnet motor, comprising: a stator; and a rotor rotatably arranged so as to be opposed to the stator, wherein the rotor comprises a rotor core having a plurality of magnet insertion holes formed therein, into which corresponding permanent magnets are respectively inserted, wherein the plurality of permanent magnets and the plurality of magnet insertion holes are each formed into an arc shape that is convex toward a center side of the rotor, wherein each of the permanent magnets has a radially-inner magnet contour surface, a radially-outer magnet contour surface, and a pair of side-end magnet contour surfaces, wherein each of the magnet insertion holes has a radially-inner insertion hole contour surface, a radially-outer insertion hole contour surface, and a pair of side-end insertion hole contour surfaces, wherein the radially-outer magnet contour surface and the radially-outer insertion hole contour surface are each formed by a first arc surface, wherein the radially-inner magnet contour surface and the radially-inner insertion hole contour surface are each formed by a second arc surface and at least one straight surface configured to suppress movement of the permanent magnet along the magnet insertion hole having the arc shape, and wherein air gap portions are formed between the side-end magnet contour surfaces and the side-end insertion hole contour surfaces under a state in which the permanent magnets are inserted into the corresponding magnet insertion holes. 2. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 1, wherein, when viewed in an extending direction of a rotation center line of the rotor, at least a part of the straight surface of the radially-inner magnet contour surface and at least a part of the straight surface of the radially-inner insertion hole contour surface are held in contact with each other. 3. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 2, wherein, when viewed in the extending direction of the rotation center line of the rotor, at least a part of the radially-outer magnet contour surface and at least a part of the radially-outer insertion hole contour surface are held in contact with each other, at least a part of the second arc surface of the radially-inner magnet contour surface and at least a part of the second arc surface of the radially-inner insertion hole contour surface are held in contact with each other, and at least the part of the straight surface of the radially-inner magnet contour surface and at least the part of the straight surface of the radially-inner insertion hole contour surface are held in contact with each other. 4. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 1, wherein the straight surface is formed in a direction orthogonal to the corresponding magnetic pole center line when viewed in a cross-section orthogonal to the rotation center line of the rotor. 5. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 4, wherein, assuming that a thickness of the permanent magnet between the first arc surface and the second arc surface is represented by T1, and a thickness of the permanent magnet on the magnetic pole center line is represented by T2, the thickness T1 and the thickness T2 fall within a range of 0.85\u2266(T2/T1)\u22660.95. 6. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 1, wherein at least one air hole is formed in the rotor core so as to be positioned on a radially inner side with respect to the straight surface of the each of the magnet insertion holes. 7. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 1, wherein an air gap is secured between a rotor outer peripheral surface of the rotor and a stator inner peripheral surface of the stator, wherein, when viewed in the cross-section orthogonal to the rotation center line of the rotor, the rotor outer peripheral surface is formed by a plurality of first radial surfaces and a plurality of second radial surfaces, wherein each of the first radial surfaces is positioned in a corresponding magnetic pole center portion on the rotor outer peripheral surface, wherein each of the second radial surfaces is positioned in a corresponding inter-pole portion on the rotor outer peripheral surface, and wherein the first radial surface bulges toward a radially outer side to a higher degree than the second radial surface so that the air gap is varied in a manner of being increased as approaching from each of the magnetic pole center portions to the adjacent inter-pole portions. 8. An interior permanent magnet motor according to claim 1, wherein the permanent magnets comprise ferrite magnets. 9. A compressor, comprising, in an airtight container: a motor; and a compression element, wherein the motor comprises the interior permanent magnet motor of claim 1. 10. A refrigeration and air conditioning apparatus, comprising the compressor of claim 9 as a component of a refrigeration cycle.",
-    "A rock bolt includes an elongate metallic body having a first end and an opposed second end, a threaded portion at the second end, for attaching thereto and locating thereon, a nut and a bearing plate, a mechanical anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body and a first resistive anchor, located between the threaded portion and the mechanical anchor. 1. A rock bolt for being grouted in a borehole in a rock which includes an elongate body of a suitable steel material having a first distal end and an opposed second proximal end, a threaded portion at the second end, a mechanical anchor or a composite anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body, a second anchor integrally formed on the body, between the threaded portion and the mechanical or composite anchor, a first stem portion between the mechanical or composite anchor and the second anchor, and a second stem portion between the second anchor and the threaded portion, wherein the first and second stem portions have a smooth cylindrical surface, and wherein the second anchor is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction to be locally anchored in a grouted borehole and is adapted to be harder than the stem portions. 2. A rock anchor according to claim 1 wherein the mechanical anchor is an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor which is actuated to radially expand into frictional engagement with the walls of the borehole. 3. A rock anchor according to claim 1 wherein the composite anchor includes an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor component and an integrally formed anchor component which is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction, wherein the mechanical anchor component and the integral anchor component are consecutively serially positioned on the rock bolt body. 4. A rock anchor according to claim 1 wherein the second anchor is positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end. 5. A rock anchor according to claim 4 wherein the second anchor is positioned 600 mm from the second end. 6. A rock bolt which includes an elongate cylindrical body having a first end and an opposed second end, a threaded portion at the second end for attaching thereto, and locating thereon, a nut and a bearing plate, a mechanical anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body and a first resistive anchor, located between the threaded portion and the mechanical anchor. 7. A rock bolt according to claim 6 wherein the mechanical anchor is an expansion shell-type anchor. 8. A rock bolt according to claim 6 r wherein the first resistive anchor is integral with the body, formed by adapting a section of the body, between 400 mm and 700 mm from the second end, to exceed the diametric dimension of the body at least in one radial direction. 9. A rock bolt according to claim 6, further comprising a second resistive anchor located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor. 10. A rock bolt according to claim 9 wherein the second resistive anchor is consecutively serially positioned relatively to the mechanical anchor. 11. A rock bolt according to claim 10, further comprising a first and a second stem portion, each of which is adapted to elongate under tensile load and each of which is defined between the second resistive anchor and the first resistive anchor and the first resistive anchor and the threaded portion respectively. 12. A rock anchor according to claim 2 wherein the composite anchor includes an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor component and an integrally formed anchor component which is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction, wherein the mechanical anchor component and the integral anchor component are consecutively serially positioned on the rock bolt body. 13. A rock anchor according to claim 2 wherein the second anchor is positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end. 14. A rock anchor according to claim 3 wherein the second anchor is positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end. 15. A rock bolt according to claim 7 wherein the first resistive anchor is integral with the body, formed by adapting a section of the body, between 400 mm and 700 mm from the second end, to exceed the diametric dimension of the body at least in one radial direction. 16. A rock bolt according to claim 7, further comprising a second resistive anchor located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor. 17. A rock bolt according to claim 8, further comprising a second resistive anchor located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor.",
-    "A machine tool for machining workpieces, wherein the machine tool has at least one first spindle assembly with at least one working spindle on which a machining tool for workpiece machining is arrangeable, wherein the machine tool has a workpiece holding device for holding workpieces for the purpose of workpiece machining by way of the machining tool, wherein the machine tool has a guide arrangement for the relative positioning of the workpiece holding device holding the workpieces and the first spindle assembly for workpiece machining, wherein the guide arrangement comprises a workpiece-holder guide for guiding the workpiece holding device so as to position a workpiece holder holding the workpieces relative to the first spindle assembly. 1. A machine tool for machining workpieces, wherein the machine tool comprises at least one first spindle assembly having at least one working spindle on which a machining tool for machining workpieces can be mounted, wherein the machine tool comprises a work holding device for holding workpieces for workpiece machining by means of the machining tool, wherein the machine tool comprises a guide arrangement for the relative positioning of the work holding device holding the workpieces and of the first spindle assembly for workpiece machining, wherein the guide arrangement comprises a work holder guide for guiding the work holding device for a positioning of a work holder holding the workpieces relative to the first spindle assembly, and wherein the machine tool further comprises a loading and unloading device for exchanging workpieces at the work holding device, which loading and unloading device follows a positioning movement of the work holder while workpieces are being machined during the machining process by the respective machining tool, and which loading and unloading device is configured for exchanging at least one workpiece not being machined at the work holder while another workpiece held by the work holder is being machine by the first spindle assembly. 2. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein in order to synchronise the movements of the work holding device and the loading and unloading device, the machine tool comprises a common control unit for controlling the work holding device and the loading and unloading device or a holder control unit provided for controlling the work holding device and a loading and unloading control unit synchronised with the holder control unit and provided for controlling the loading and unloading device. 3. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured for the execution of a first control module and a second control module, which can be executed jointly on a processor of the control unit and directly communicate with one another, via a common storage area, or wherein the control unit is configured for the execution of a single control module, which is configured for the control of the work holding device and the loading and unloading device. 4. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein the loading and unloading device or its control unit comprises an input interface, via which a position signal indicating the position of the work holding device can be received, and wherein the loading and unloading device is configured to perform a superimposed positioning movement, with a second positioning movement for simultaneously following the movement of the work holding device being superimposed on a first positioning movement provided for exchanging workpieces at a stationary work holding device. 5. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein a position marking is provided on the loading and unloading device, and wherein the loading and unloading device comprises a locating device for locating and tracing the position marking, so that the loading and unloading device can follow a movement of the work holding device. 6. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein a workpiece magazine holder for holding at least two workpieces is provided on the loading and unloading device, so that the loading and unloading device can simultaneously exchange at least two workpieces at the work holding device. 7. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein at least one feed slant for feeding in the respective workpiece and/or a latching device for latching the respective workpiece is/are provided on the work holding device. 8. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein the work holding device is configured for moving the work holding device into a holding position provided for holding a workpiece and/or into a release position provided for releasing and removing a workpiece. 9. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein the loading and unloading device is configured for positioning the workpieces in at least one further working station away from the work holding device for deburring and/or measuring of workpieces. 10. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein the loading and unloading device is, in addition to exchanging workpieces, configured for exchanging machining tools at a tool magazine and/or at the at least one stationary working spindle in the working region for passing through a frame of the tool holding device. 11. A machine tool according to claim 1, further comprising at least one second spindle assembly with at least one working spindle. 12. A machine tool according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or the second spindle assembly comprise(s) at least one second working spindle. 13. A machine tool according to claim 12, wherein the first spindle assembly is guided on a first spindle assembly guide of the guide arrangement and the at least one second spindle assembly is guided on a second spindle assembly guide separate from the first spindle assembly guide of the guide arrangement, so that the spindle assemblies are movable independently of one another into a working region, in which the workpieces are provided for workpiece machining by the work holding device, and a tool changing region provided for changing machining tools on the working spindles. 14. A machine tool according to claim 13, wherein the tool changing region for at least two spindle assemblies is provided on the single tool changing side adjacent to the working region, so that the at least two spindle assemblies are moved to the same tool changing side for tool change.",
-    "In one example, a media support includes a platen and multiple suction cups in the platen. Each suction cup in the platen has a port through which air may be evacuated from the cup. 1. A media support, comprising a platen and multiple suction cups in the platen, each suction cup having a port through which air may be evacuated from the suction cup. 2. The media support of claim 1, wherein the density of suction cups in the platen varies between different parts of the platen. 3. The media support of claim 1, wherein the platen comprises multiple pallets each with multiple suction cups. 3. The media support of claim 3, wherein the density of suction cups in each pallet varies between different parts of the pallet. 5. The media support of claim 1, wherein each suction cup comprises a discrete part embedded in the platen. 6. The media support of claim 1, wherein each suction cup comprises an integral part of the platen. 7. The media support of claim 1, wherein each suction cup includes a rim surrounding the port, the rim protruding from a face of the platen. 8. The media support of claim 7, wherein the rim is formed at the perimeter of a flexible ring surrounding the port in a space such that the ring may flex into the space away from the face of the platen when a media supported on the face of the platen is sucked onto the rim. 9. The media support of claim 8, wherein each suction cup includes multiple ridges each extending radially out from the port toward the rim. 10. A media support, comprising: a flat, rigid platen having multiple suction cups therein to apply a vacuum to media on the platen; and a detachable plate configured to cover at least part of the platen, the plate having holes therein through which vacuum may be applied to media on the plate and each hole in the plate aligned with a suction cup or a vacuum hole in the platen when the plate is attached to the platen. 11. The media support of claim 10, wherein the plate comprises multiple detachable plates each configured to cover part of the platen and each having holes therein through which vacuum may be applied to media on the plate, each hole in each plate aligned with a suction cup or a vacuum hole in the platen when the plate is attached to the platen. 12. The media support of claim 11, further comprising multiple vacuum holes in the platen interspersed among the suction cups and wherein some of the holes in each plate are aligned with a suction cup in the platen and some of the holes in each plate are aligned with a vacuum hole in the platen. 13. A media support, comprising a platen and multiple suctions cups embedded in or an integral part of the platen, the suction cups arranged in a first part having a first density and a second part having a second density less than the first density. 14. The media support of claim 13, wherein: each suction cup in the first part is spaced apart from adjacent suction cups a first distance both in a first direction and in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and each suction cup in the second part is spaced apart from adjacent suction cups the first distance in the first direction and a second distance greater than the first distance in the second direction. 15. The media support of claim 13, wherein: each suction cup in the first part is spaced apart from adjacent suction cups a first distance in both a first direction and in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and each suction cup in the second part is spaced apart from adjacent suction cups a second distance greater than the first distance both in the first direction and in the second direction.",
-    "A hybrid system includes an engine, a first rotary machine, a speed change device to which the engine is connected, a differential gear to which the speed change device and the first rotary machine are connected, a clutch and a brake causing the speed change device to change gears by engagement and disengagement between first plates and second plates, a casing configured to house therein these members except the engine and to be connected to the engine, and a cover wall configured to cover an opening of the casing which opening is provided on an engine side. The first rotary machine is placed on the engine side relative to the clutch and the brake, the clutch is placed inside a cylinder member of the brake, and the cylinder member is connected to a cover wall. 1. A hybrid system comprising: an engine including a rotating shaft; a rotary machine including a rotor; a speed change device including an input shaft and an output shaft, the input shaft being connected to the rotating shaft; a differential device including a plurality of differential rotation elements including a first differential rotation element and a second differential rotation element, the first differential rotation element being connected to the output shaft, the second differential rotation element being connected to the rotor, and the differential device being configured such that the plurality of differential rotation elements is differentially rotatable relative to each other; a first engaging device including a first engaging member and a second engaging member, the first engaging device being configured to shift gears of the speed change device by engaging or disengaging the first engaging member with or from the second engaging member; a second engaging device including a third engaging member and a fourth engaging member, the second engaging device being configured to shift gears of the speed change device by engaging or disengaging the third engaging member with or from the fourth engaging member, the second engaging device including a cylinder member, the fourth engaging member of the second engaging device being disposed in the cylinder member, and the cylinder member being configured to support the first engaging device; a casing configured to house the rotary machine, the speed change device, the differential device, the first engaging device, and the second engaging device, the casing being connected to the engine, the casing having an opening on an engine side, and the rotary machine being disposed on the engine side relative to the first engaging device and the second engaging device; and a cover wall configured to cover the opening, the cover wall being connected to the cylinder member. 2. The hybrid system according to claim 1, wherein the first engaging device is disposed inside the cylinder member of the second engaging device in a radial direction. 3. The hybrid system according to claim 1, further comprising: a first bearing disposed between the rotor and the cylinder member, wherein the rotor of the rotary machine is configured to cover the cylinder member of the second engaging device in a radial direction, the cylinder member includes a tubular portion, the tubular portion and the rotor are configured to be supported by each other via the first bearing, and the cover wall is connected to the tubular portion of the cylinder member. 4. The hybrid system according to claim 3, further comprising: a spline joint provided between the tubular portion and the cover wall. 5. The hybrid system according to claim 3, wherein the tubular portion and the cover wall are connected to each other via splines provided on the tubular portion and the cover wall. 6. The hybrid system according to claim 3, further comprising: a second bearing disposed between the tubular portion and the input shaft of the speed change device, wherein the tubular portion is configured to cover the input shaft in the radial direction, and the tubular portion and the input shaft are configured to be supported by each other via the second bearing. 7. The hybrid system according to claim 1, wherein the rotor of the rotary machine is connected to the second differential rotation element of the differential device via a connecting member, and the connecting member is disposed outside the first engaging device and the second engaging device in a radial direction.",
-    "A preform, which makes it possible to obtain PEF containers (bottles) having the awaited properties, notably mechanical, by an industrial injection stretch blow molding process, is of made of a thermoplastic PEF polymer of 2,5-FuranDiCarboxylic Acid (2,5-DCA) monomer and monoethylene glycol (MEG) monomer and comprises a neck end 2, a neck support ring 3, and a closed tubular body portion 4. The preform is designed so as to produce, by injection stretch blow-molding, a container, the axial stretch ratio of which is greater than or equal to its hoop stretch ratio. Also provided is a plastic container 10, preferably a bottle, obtained by injection stretch blow-molding of PEF preform, the bottle 10 having an axial stretch ratio greater than or equal to the hoop stretch ratio. A method for manufacturing the bottle 10 is also provided. 1. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, obtained by stretch blow-molding of a preform (1), made of at least one thermoplastic polymer of at least one FuranDiCarboxylic Acid (FDCA) monomer, preferably 2,5-FuranDiCarboxylic Acid (2,5-FDCA) monomer, and at least one diol monomer, preferably monoethylene glycol (MEG) monomer, wherein the axial stretch ratio is greater than or equal to the hoop stretch ratio. 2. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to claim 1, a axial stretch ratio greater than or equal to\u2014in an increasing order of preference\u2014: 3.5; 4.0; 4.15; 4.30; 4.5; 5.0; and a hoop stretch ratio smaller than or equal to\u2014in an increasing order of preference\u2014: 4.0; 3.75; 3.60; 3.50; 3.40; 3.30; 3.20; 3.0; 2.5. 3. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to claim 1, said container including from the top to the base: a neck 20, a shoulder 35, a tubular body portion 41, and a bottom 42, wherein the ratio [bottom mass BM/total mass TM]\u00d7100, is such that\u2014in % by weight and in an increasing order of preference\u2014: (BM/TM)\u226610.5 1<(BM/TM)\u22669 5<(BM/TM)\u22668 6<(BM/TM)\u22667 4. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to claim 1, comprising at least one imprint (51), which is preferably selected from the group consisting of splines, grooves, ribs, embossings, decorative patterns, gripping elements, trademark indications, production indications, Braille characters and a combination thereof. 5. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to claim 3, wherein the bottom 42 includes: a terminal curved portion (421), an internal axially inwardly directed dome (423), a base (422) joining the terminal curved portion (421) to the dome (423), and reinforcements (424-424\u2032). 6. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to claim 5, wherein the reinforcements (424-424\u2032) comprise radially extended grooves and/or ribs (424-424\u2032) with respect to the axis (A) on the bottom (42), said grooves and/or ribs (424-424\u2032) being regularly arranged around the axis (A), preferably on the terminal curved portion (421) and on the base (422), and possibly on the dome (423). 7. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to at least claim 5, wherein there is at least one imprint (51) which is a bulge located close to the apex of the dome (423). 8. A plastic container (10), preferably a bottle, according to at least claim 1, filled with a liquid, preferably a beverage. 9. A preform (1) for the manufacture by stretch blow molding of a plastic container (10), preferably a bottle,\u2014notably according at least claim 1\u2014, said preform being of made by injection molding of at least one thermoplastic polymer of at least one FuranDiCarboxylic Acid (FDCA) monomer, preferably 2,5-FuranDiCarboxylic Acid (2,5-FDCA) monomer, and at least one diol monomer, preferably monoethylene glycol (MEG) monomer and said preform comprising a neck end (2); a neck support ring (3); and a closed tubular body portion (4); said preform having a ratio \u00d8/L, wherein \u00d8 is a specific outer diameter of the closed tubular body portion and L is the generatrix length of the preform closed tubular body portion; \u00d8/L being such that\u2014in an increasing order of preference\u2014: 0.10<(\u00d8/L)\u22660.50, 0.15<(\u00d8/L)\u22660.45, 0.20<(\u00d8/L)\u22660.40, 0.25<(\u00d8/L)\u22660.35. 10. A preform (10) according to claim 9 wherein said preform (10) is designed so as to produce, by injection stretch blow-molding a container (10), in a manner that the axial stretch ratio is greater than or equal to the hoop stretch ratio. 11. A preform (1) according to at least claim 1, wherein the minimal thickness (tmin) of the side wall of the closed tubular body portion (4) is\u2014in mm and in an increasing order of preference\u2014: 1.0<(tmin)\u22663.5, 1.2<(tmin)\u22663.2, 1.5<(tmin)\u22663.0, 1.8<(tmin)\u22662.5 12. A preform (1) according to at least claim 9, the base of which presents an extra-thickness (6) on which the lower end of the blowpipe is intended to rest during the blowing of the injection stretch blow-molding. 13. A method of manufacturing a container (10), preferably a bottle, comprising the steps of: providing a preform (1)\u2014notably according to claim 9, placing the preform (1) in a mold, blowing the preform (1) in the mold with a blowing device including a blowpipe, adapted to supply the cavity with a fluid at a blowing pressure to form the container (10), so as the axial stretch ratio of the container (10) be greater than or equal to its hoop stretch ratio. 14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the blowing pressure is less than or equal to 35 bars, preferably 30 bars, more preferably 25 bars, more preferably 20 bars, more preferably 15 bars, more preferably 10 bars. 15. A method according to claim 13, wherein the end of the blowpipe is brought inside the preform (1) against the extra-thickness (6) of the bottom end (5) of the preform (1) so as said presses on the preform (1) and contributes to the stretching. 16. A method according to claim 13, further comprising a step of filling the bottle (10) with a liquid, preferably a beverage.",
-    "The present invention relates to synthetic cables comprising a core formed of high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other, wherein the ends of the cable comprise splice-type termination ends (1), wherein each splice (1) comprises high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other forming an eyelet (11) on each splice, wherein each leg of the threads (13, 13) comprising each splice is connected to a thread (21) that forms the core of the cable, wherein the splice threads (13, 13) and the core threads are arranged in parallel to each other at an interpenetration region (12). The present invention further discloses a method for manufacturing a synthetic cable comprising a core formed of high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other, wherein the ends of the cable comprise splice-type termination ends (1), wherein each splice (1) comprises high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other, which method comprises the steps of: individually connecting each leg of the threads (13) comprising a positive splice to a thread (21) of the beginning end of the cable core (2) forming a loop; joining the threads of the positive splice (13) so as to form a loop, straining all the threads, wherein the splice threads (13) and the core threads (21) are arranged in parallel to each other at an interpenetration region (12); applying a normal compression force at the interpenetration region (12) of the positive splice (1); applying at least one protective element (32) along the entire length of the cable; individually connecting each leg of the threads (21) that form a negative splice to a thread (21) of the final end of the cable core (2) forming a loop; joining the threads (13) of the positive splice so as to form a loop, straining all the threads, wherein threads (31) from the splice and threads (21) from the core are arranged in parallel to each other at an interpenetration region (12); and applying a normal compression force at the interpenetration region (12) of the negative splice. 1. A synthetic cable comprising a core formed by high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other, wherein the ends of the cable comprise splice-type termination ends, wherein each splice comprises high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other forming an eyelet in each splice, characterized in that each leg of the threads comprising each splice is connected to a thread comprising the core of the cable, wherein the splice threads and the core threads are arranged in parallel to each other in a interpenetration region. 2. The cable of claim 1, characterized by comprising a means for application of a normal compression force at the interpenetration region, wherein the means for application of a normal compression force is selected from the group consisting of external tightening threads; tightening ribbons; and tightening screens. 3. The cable of claim 1, characterized in that each eyelet comprises a thimble protector against wearing. 4. The cable of claim 2, characterized in that the splice comprises, at the interpenetration region, at least one from: of a surface finishing liquid; and an adhesive. 5. A method for manufacturing a synthetic cable comprising a core made of high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other, wherein the ends of the cable comprise splice-type termination ends, wherein each splice comprises high modulus threads arranged in parallel to each other, characterized by comprising the steps of: individually connecting each leg of the wires comprising a positive splice to a thread of the beginning end of the cable core, forming a loop; joining the threads of the positive splice so as to form a loop, straining all the threads, wherein the splice threads and the core threads are arranged in parallel to each other at an interpenetration region; applying a normal compression force at the interpenetration region of the positive splice; applying at least one protective element over the entire length of the cable; individually connecting each leg of the threads that form a negative splice to a thread of the final end of the cable core, forming a loop; joining the threads of the positive splice so as to form a loop, straining all the threads, wherein threads from the splice and threads from the core are arranged in parallel to each other at an interpenetration region; and applying a normal compression force at the interpenetration region of the negative splice. 6. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 5, characterized in that the threads of the positive and negative splices are connected to the threads of the core by means of one of splicers and knoters. 7. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 5, characterized in that the cable further passes through a pull extrusion process. 8. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 5, characterized in that the splices are further coated with reinforcing layers and a cover. 9. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 5, characterized in that the splice threads are stored in accumulator tubes connected to a suction grid, such that connection between the core threads and the splice threads is made by an automated head. 10. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 5, characterized in that: after the connection between the positive splice threads and the core threads, all the loops of the positive splice are arranged in a hook that is pulled by a flexible cable, such that the core threads are pulled by the positive splice threads; after the connection between the negative splice threads and the core threads, such that the negative splice threads are pulled by the core threads, wherein all the loops of the negative splice are arranged in a second hook, which is stretched against the movement direction of the first hook to maintain the cable stretched. 11. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 10, characterized in that before the positive splice threads are arranged in the first hook, each loop formed by the positive splice threads is arranged in holes of a hole plate, such that the holes are arranged at positions where the threads should be allocated at the core of the cable. 12. The method for manufacturing a synthetic cable of claim 11, characterized in that after passing through the hole plate, the splice loops and the core threads of the cable pass through diameter reducing rings, until the normal compression force is applied to the interpenetration region of the positive splice and, thereafter, the at least one protective element over the entire length of the cable.",
-    "A reinforcement strip (20) suitable for repairing a fluid transport pipe (10) during which the strip is wound, under traction, around the portion of the pipe where the repair needs to be made at the same time that a crosslinking resin is applied to the strip in such a way as to form a sleeve around the portion to be repaired. The reinforcement strip includes at least one integrated metal wire, the electrical properties of the wire being used for operations including crosslinking the resin, detecting the portion of the pipe that includes the sleeve or detecting repaired portions of the pipe that have increased in diameter due to a thinning of the wall of the pipe. 1. A reinforcing tape (20) suitable for repairing a fluid transport pipe (10), wherein said tape is wrapped under tension around the portion of the pipe where the repair must be performed while, at the same time, a crosslinking resin is applied to form a sleeve (16) around said portion of the pipe; said reinforcing tape being characterised in that it includes at least one metal wire (22) embedded in the longitudinal direction of the tape, the electrical properties of said wire being used for operations involving the crosslinking of said resin, the detection of said portion of the pipe comprising the sleeve or the detection of repaired portions of the pipe that have increased in diameter due to wall thinning. 2. The reinforcing tape (20) according to claim 1, wherein several wires have been embedded. 3. The reinforcing tape (20) according to claim 2, wherein said wires are embedded in only half of said tape such that, each time the tape is wrapped around the pipe, the half comprising the wires overlaps half-way the previous winding not comprising wires such that there can be no short-circuiting between the portions of wires of the consecutive windings. 4. A method for repairing a deteriorated portion of a pipe (10) in which a sleeve (16) installed on said portion includes a reinforcing tape (20) according to claim 1, including applying an electric voltage to the metal wire (22) embedded in said tape so as to increase the temperature by Joule heating in order to reach a minimum temperature, for example 10\u00b0 C., required to initiate the polymerisation of the crosslinking resin applied on said tape. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the ohmic resistance of the reinforcing tape (20) is measured before and after placement, the difference between the two measurements reflecting the mechanical tension applied during the wrapping process. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the resistance measurement of said embedded wire, the resistivity of which is known, allows the determination of the total length of the reinforcement tape (20) to be applied. 7. A method for detecting a sleeve (16) installed on a deteriorated portion of pipe (10) and including a reinforcing tape (20) according to claim 1, said method being characterised in that an instrumented pig is moved along inside said pipe, said pig including a magnet producing a magnetic flux, which enables a modification of said magnetic flux to be recorded owing to the presence of the metal wire embedded in said tape so as to detect the sleeve and the repaired portion of the pipe. 8. A method for detecting an increase in the diameter owing to thinning of the wall of a deteriorated portion of a pipe (10) comprising a sleeve (16) including a reinforcing tape (20) according to claim 1, said method being characterised in that a voltage is applied between the ends (26, 28) of the metal wire embedded in said tape so as to measure the resistivity of said wire, the variation of which is a function of the increase in the diameter of the pipe.",
-    "Provided is a display device in a mechanical method using wind, vibration. The mechanoluminescent display device includes a substrate having a predetermined shape, and projections formed with a predetermined pattern on the substrate. The projections are formed of a mixture of a stress luminescent material emitting light by mechanical energy which is applied and a stress transmission material transmitting the mechanical energy applied from the outside to the stress luminescent material. 1. A mechanoluminescent display device, comprising: a substrate having a predetermined shape; and projections formed with a predetermined pattern on the substrate, wherein the projections are formed of a mixture of a stress luminescent material emitting light by mechanical energy which is applied and a stress transmission material transmitting the mechanical energy applied from the outside to the stress luminescent material. 2. The mechanoluminescent display device of claim 1, wherein the projections included in a first area among the projections which form a predetermined pattern include a first stress luminescent material, and the projections included in a second area include a second stress luminescent material different from the first stress luminescent material. 3. The mechanoluminescent display device of claim 2, wherein the first stress luminescent material and the second stress luminescent material have light emitting spectrums different from each other according to the mechanical energy applied from the outside. 4. The mechanoluminescent display device of claim 1, wherein at least one characteristic among an optical spectrum, brightness, and a color coordinate of each of the first stress luminescent material and the second stress luminescent material is varied as a period of transmitting the mechanical energy applied to the first stress luminescent material and the second stress luminescent material is varied. 5. The mechanoluminescent display device of claim 1, wherein the second stress luminescent material emits white light as the mechanical energy is applied, and a mixing ratio of red and blue phosphors in the second stress luminescent material is at least one of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5. 6. The mechanoluminescent display device of claim 1, wherein the stress transmission material is an elastic organic material in which transmittance is 80% or more in a visible ray region, and the elastic organic material is formed of at least one among polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS), a silicon rubber, and an ultraviolet (UV) cured epoxy.",
-    "A process for manufacturing 1,3-propanediol by reacting glycerol with hydrogen in the presence of a supported catalyst, the supported catalyst comprising at least one first compound of an element selected from iridium, rhodium, palladium and platinum and at least one second compound of an element selected from chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, both compounds being supported on alumina, wherein the at least one second compound content in the catalyst expressed in weight of trioxide per weight of catalyst is lower than 20% by weight and wherein the reaction is carried out in a liquid medium containing water in an amount of at least 3 g and less than 900 g of water per kg of liquid medium. 1. A process for manufacturing 1,3-propanediol by reacting glycerol with hydrogen in the presence of a supported catalyst, the supported catalyst comprising at least one first compound of an element selected from the group consisting of iridium, rhodium, palladium and platinum and at least one second compound of an element selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, both said compounds being supported on alumina, wherein the at least one second compound content in the catalyst expressed in weight of trioxide per weight of catalyst is lower than 20% by weight and wherein the reaction is carried out in a liquid medium containing water in an amount of at least 3 g and less than 900 g of water per kg of liquid medium. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid medium contains at most 600 g of water per kg of liquid medium. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second compound content in the catalyst expressed in weight of trioxide per weight of catalyst is lower than or equal to 15% by weight. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alumina in the supported catalyst is selected from the group consisting of gamma alumina, delta alumina, theta alumina, and any mixture thereof. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein in the supported catalyst at least part of the first compound is present under metallic form and at least part of the second compound is present under oxide form. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein in the supported catalyst the first compound is a compound of platinum and the second compound is a compound of tungsten. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the supported catalyst exhibits at least one of the following features: a nitrogen BET specific area higher than or equal to 50 m2/g and lower than or equal to 400 m2/g; a nitrogen BET total pore volume higher than or equal to 0.2 cm3/g and lower than or equal to 1.5 cm3/g; a nitrogen BET average pore size higher than or equal to 2 nm and lower than or equal to 150 nm; a TEM average particle size of the first compound lower than or equal to 15 nm; a content of the at least one first compound with respect to the supported catalyst higher than or equal to 0.1 percent by weight and lower than or equal to 20% by weight; and a content of the at least one second compound expressed in weight of trioxide per weight of catalyst higher than or equal to 1 percent by weight and lower than 20 percent by weight; and wherein the reaction is carried out in at least one of the following conditions: A temperature higher than or equal to 70\u00b0 C. and lower than or equal to 300\u00b0 C.; A hydrogen partial pressure higher than or equal to 1 bar absolute and lower than or equal to 200 bar absolute; A residence time of the liquid reaction medium higher than or equal to 5 min and lower than or equal to 25 h, when the process is carried out continuously. 8. The process according to claim 1 carried out in the continuous mode in a trickle-bed reactor. 9. A process for making a polyester comprising the steps of obtaining 1,3-propanediol according to the process of claim 1, and further submitting said 1,3-propanediol to a reaction with a carboxylic acid and/or a carboxylic acid ester. 10. A process for making a polyester fiber comprising the steps of obtaining a polyester according to the process of claim 9, and further converting said polyester into a fiber. 11. 1,3-propanediol obtainable by the process of claim 1. 12. A method of manufacturing a polyester comprising the step of using 1,3-propanediol according to claim 11. 13. A polyester obtainable by the process of claim 12. 14. A method of manufacturing a polyester fiber comprising the step of using the polyester according to claim 13. 15. A process for preparing a supported catalyst comprising at least one first compound of an element selected from the group consisting of iridium, rhodium, palladium and platinum and at least one second compound of an element selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, both said compounds being supported on alumina, wherein the at least one second compound content in the catalyst expressed in weight of trioxide per weight of catalyst is lower than 20% by weight comprising: a) Providing an alumina support; b) Contacting said support with an aqueous solution containing at least one precursor of the second compound; c) Removing the water of b) in order to obtain a first dried solid; d) Calcining the first dried solid of c) under air in order to obtain a first calcined solid; e) Optionally repeating b) to d); f) Contacting the first calcined solid of d) or e) with an aqueous solution of at least one precursor of the first compound; g) Removing the water of f) in order to obtain a second dried solid; h) Calcining the second dried solid of g) under air in order to obtain a second calcined solid; i) Contacting the second calcined solid of h) with a gas containing hydrogen in order to obtain the supported catalyst.",
-    "This paper feeding apparatus (100) includes a pickup roller (21) including a first portion (21a) that picks up paper (150) in a first state where the paper is to be picked up and a second portion (21b) that transports, in a second state where the paper is to be transported, the paper picked up in the first state and a friction pad (22) that suppresses transport of paper subsequent to the picked up paper, and the pickup roller is in surface contact such that a contact area between the first portion and the friction pad and a contact area between the second portion and the friction pad are substantially equal to each other. 1-20 (canceled) 21. A printer including a paper feeding apparatus, comprising: a pickup roller that picks up paper by rotation; and a friction pad arranged to face the pickup roller, wherein the pickup roller includes: a first portion that contacts with a surface of the paper that is stacked in a first state where the paper is to be picked up, and a second portion that transports the paper picked up in the first state in a second state where the paper is to be transported, and the friction pad has a width equal to widths of the first portion and the second portion. 22. The printer according to claim 21, wherein: a surface of the first portion has a first curvature on a cross-sectional surface orthogonal to a rotation axis of the pickup roller, a surface of the second portion has a second curvature on the cross-sectional surface orthogonal to the rotation axis of the pickup roller, and the first curvature and the second curvature are equal to each other. 23. The printer according to claim 21, further comprising: an urging portion that urges the friction pad toward the pickup roller, wherein the urging portion includes a first urging portion and a second urging portion having urging force weaker than urging force of the first urging portion, and the first urging portion of the urging portion urges the friction pad in the first state, and the second urging portion of the urging portion urges the friction pad in the second state. 24. The printer according to claim 22, wherein a center of curvature of the first portion and a center of curvature of the second portion are different from each other. 25. The printer according to claim 21, wherein an amount of protrusion of the pickup roller toward the friction pad is larger in the first state than in the second state. 26. The printer according to claim 22, wherein: the center of curvature of the first portion is arranged closer to the first portion than a center of the pickup roller, and the center of curvature of the second portion is arranged closer to the second portion than the center of the pickup roller. 27. The printer according to claim 26, wherein the center of curvature of the second portion coincides with the rotation axis of the pickup roller. 28. The printer according to claim 22, wherein the surface of the first portion and the surface of the second portion adjacent to the first portion are flush with each other. 29. The printer according to claim 23, further comprising: a first friction pad holding member and a second friction pad holding member that hold the friction pad, wherein the first friction pad holding member is arranged between the first urging portion and the second urging portion, and the second friction pad holding member is arranged between the friction pad and the second urging portion. 30. The printer according to claim 29, wherein: the first friction pad holding member includes a plate-like partition portion, and the partition portion is arranged between the first urging portion and the second urging portion. 31. The printer according to claim 30, wherein the partition portion includes an engaging portion that engages with the urging portion. 32. The printer according to claim 29, wherein: movement of the first friction pad holding member toward the pickup roller is restricted in the second state, and the second urging portion urges the second friction pad holding member in the second state. 33. The printer according to claim 29, wherein: the first urging portion is a first spring portion that has a first pitch, and the second urging portion is a second spring portion that has a second pitch larger than the first pitch. 34. The printer according to claim 33, wherein the first spring portion has a natural length in the second state. 35. The printer according to claim 33, wherein the urging portion is a single spring member. 36. The printer according to claim 29, wherein the second friction pad holding member is movable relative to the first friction pad holding member. 37. The printer according to claim 36, wherein the first friction pad holding member and the second friction pad holding member linearly move in a direction in which the urging portion expands and contracts. 38. The printer according to claim 36, wherein the second friction pad holding member rotates with respect to the first friction pad holding member. 39. The printer according to claim 22, wherein the pickup roller has a near-circular shape, as viewed along the axis. 40. The printer according to claim 21, wherein the first portion is detachable.",
-    "An image decoding method supporting a plurality of layers according to the present invention may comprise the steps of: when an initial reference picture list of a current picture is configured, receiving flag information indicating whether reference picture set information of a reference layer to which the current picture refers is used; generating the initial reference picture list on the basis of the flag information; and predicting the current picture on the basis of the initial reference picture list. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for generating a reference picture list including a picture of a layer, which is different from a layer to be currently encoded and decoded, and an apparatus using the same. 1. A method for decoding video supporting multiple layers, comprising: when an initial reference picture list of a current picture is configured, receiving flag information indicating whether information about a reference picture set of a reference layer, referred to by the current picture, is used; generating the initial reference picture list based on the flag information; and performing prediction of the current picture based on the initial reference picture list. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flag information indicates whether a short-term reference picture set and a long-term reference picture set of the reference layer are derived as a short-term reference picture set and a long-term reference picture set of the current picture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the flag information indicates whether a short-term reference picture set of the reference layer is derived as a short-term reference picture set of the current picture. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flag information indicates whether a long-term reference picture set of the reference layer is derived as a long-term reference picture set of the current picture. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the reference layer is a base layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flag information indicates whether a position to which an inter-layer reference picture set of the reference layer is to be added in an initial reference picture list of the reference layer is used as a position to which an inter-layer reference picture set of the current picture is to be added in the initial reference picture list of the current picture. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the flag information indicates whether an inter-layer reference picture set of the reference layer is derived as an inter-layer reference picture set of the current picture. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the flag information is received, with the flag information being included in a sequence parameter set. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a final reference picture list by modifying the initial reference picture list. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein performing prediction of the current picture is configured to use a reference picture, included in an inter-layer reference picture set, as a reference picture of the current picture. 11. An apparatus for decoding video supporting multiple layers, comprising: an entropy decoding unit for decoding information required for prediction and decoding of the video received via a bitstream; and a prediction unit for generating an initial reference picture list of a current picture based on flag information that indicates whether information about a reference picture set of a reference layer referred to by the current picture is used, when the initial reference picture list of the current picture is configured, and for performing prediction of the current picture based on the initial reference picture list. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the flag information indicates whether a short-term reference picture set and a long-term reference picture set of the reference layer are derived as a short-term reference picture set and a long-term reference picture set of the current picture. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the flag information indicates whether a short-term reference picture set of the reference layer is derived as a short-term reference picture set of the current picture. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the flag information indicates whether a long-term reference picture set of the reference layer is derived as a long-term reference picture set of the current picture. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the reference layer is a base layer. 16. The apparatus device of claim 11, wherein the flag information indicates whether a position to which an inter-layer reference picture set of the reference layer is to be added in an initial reference picture list of the reference layer is used as a position to which an inter-layer reference picture set of the current picture is to be added in the initial reference picture list of the current picture. 17. The apparatus device of claim 11, wherein the flag information indicates whether an inter-layer reference picture set of the reference layer is derived as an inter-layer reference picture set of the current picture. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the flag information is received, with the flag information being included in a sequence parameter set. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the prediction unit further generates a final reference picture list by modifying the initial reference picture list. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the prediction unit uses a reference picture, included in an inter-layer reference picture set, as a reference picture of the current picture.",
-    "Compounds of the formula I in which R, Y, R1, X1, X2, X3 and q have the meanings indicated in claim 1, are inhibitors of fatty acid synthase, and can be employed, inter alia, for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system injury and different forms of inflammation. 1. Compounds of the formula I in which R denotes Ar or Het, Y denotes \u2014CO\u2014W or \u2014N(R4)CO\u2014W1, W denotes NR2R2\u2032, Het1, CH2Het1, A, Cyc, Ar or CH2Ar, \u2014CONR2R2\u2032 or Het1, W1 denotes NR2R2\u2032, Het1, CH2Het1, A, Cyc, Ar, CH2Ar, CH2Cyc or CH(OH)CH2OH, R1 denotes H, F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NO2, A\u2032, OA\u2032, SA\u2032, SO2Me, COA\u2032, CONH2, CONHA\u2032 or CONA\u20322, R2, R2\u2032 each, independently of one another, denote H, A or [C(R3)2]nCyc, X1, X2, X3 each, independently of one another, denote CR8 or N, X4 denotes CR8 or N, X5 denotes CR8 or N, R4 denotes H or A\u2032, A denotes unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-10 C-atoms, wherein two adjacent carbon atoms may form a double bond and/or one or two non-adjacent CH\u2014 and/or CH2-groups may be replaced by N-, O- and/or S-atoms and wherein 1-7H-atoms may be replaced by R5, Cyc denotes cycloalkyl with 3-7 C-atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted by OH, Hal or A, A\u2032 denotes unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-6 C-atoms, wherein 1-5H-atoms may be replaced by F, R5 denotes F, Cl or OH, Ar denotes phenyl, which is unsubstituted or mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentasubstituted by Hal, A, O[C(R3)2]nHet1, Ar1, [C(R3)2]pOR3, [C(R3)2]pN(R3)2, NO2, CN, [C(R3)2]pCOOR3, CON(R3)2, Het1, OCH2Cyc, [C(R3)2]pN(R3)2, N(R3)2COA, NR3SO2A, [C(R3)2]pSO2N(R3)2, S(O)nA, O[C(R3)2]mN(R3)2, NHCOOA, NHCON(R3)2 and/or COA, Ar1 denotes phenyl or naphthyl, which is unsubstituted or mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentasubstituted by Hal, A, [C(R3)2]pOR3, [C(R3)2]pN(R3)2, NO2, CN, [C(R3)2]pCOOR3, [C(R3)2]pN(R3)2, N(R3)2COA, NR3SO2A, [C(R3)2]pSO2N(R3)2, S(O)nA, O[C(R3)2]nN(R3)2, NHCOOA, NHCON(R3)2 and/or COA, R3 denotes H or unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-6 C-atoms, R8 denotes H or A\u2032, Het denotes a mono- or bicyclic saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle having 1 to 4 N, O and/or S atoms, which is unsubstituted or mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentasubstituted by Hal, A, [C(R3)2]nOA\u2032, [C(R3)2], N(R3)2, SR3, NO2, CN, COORS, CON(R3)2, COHet1, NR3COA, NR3SO2A, SO2N(R3)2, S(O)nA, O[C(R3)2]mN(R3)2, NHCOOA, NHCON(R3)2, CHO, COA, \u2550S, \u2550NH, \u2550NA and/or \u2550O (carbonyl oxygen), Het1 denotes a mono- or bicyclic saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle having 1 to 4 N, O and/or S atoms, which is unsubstituted or mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentasubstituted by Hal, A, [C(R3)2]nOR3, [C(R3)2], N(R3)2, SR3, NO2, CN, COORS, CON(R3)2, NR3COA, NR3SO2A, SO2N(R3)2, S(O)nA, O[C(R3)2]mN(R3)2, NHCOOA, NHCON(R3)2, CHO, COA, \u2550S, \u2550NH, \u2550NA and/or \u2550O (carbonyl oxygen), Hal denotes F, Cl, Br or I, m denotes 1, 2 or 3, n denotes 0, 1 or 2, p denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, q denotes 0, 1, 2 or 3, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 2. Compounds according to claim 1 in which R4 denotes H, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 3. Compounds according to claim 1, in which A denotes unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-6 C-atoms, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 4. Compounds according to claim 1, in which Ar denotes phenyl, which is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted by Hal, A, Het1, [C(R3)2]pOR3, [C(R3)2]pCOOR3, OCH2Cyc, CON(R3)2 and/or CN, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 5. Compounds according to claim 1, in which Het denotes a mono- or bicyclic aromatic heterocycle having 1 to 4 N, O and/or S atoms, which is unsubstituted or mono- or disubstituted by Hal, A and/or \u2550O, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 6. Compounds according to claim 1, in which Het denotes furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, indolyl, benzo-1,3-dioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, benzothiadiazolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridyl, oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, 2,3-dihydro-indolyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzimidazolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridyl or oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridyl, each of which is unsubstituted or mono- or disubstituted by Hal, A and/or \u2550O, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 7. Compounds according to claim 1, in which Het1 denotes furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, [1,3]dioxolanyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or morpholinyl, each of which is unsubstituted or mono- or disubstituted by Hal, A and/or \u2550O, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 8. Compounds according to claim 1, in which R denotes Ar or Het, Y denotes \u2014CO\u2014W or \u2014N(R4)CO\u2014W1, W denotes NR2R2\u2032, W1 denotes A, Cyc, Het1, CH2Cyc or CH(OH)CH2OH R1 denotes H or F, R2, R2\u2032 each, independently of one another, denote H, A or [C(R3)2]nCyc, X1, X2, X3 each, independently of one another, denote CR8 or N, X4 denotes CR8 or N, X5 denotes CR8 or N, R4 denotes H, A denotes unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-6 C-atoms, Cyc denotes cycloalkyl with 3-7 C-atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted by A, A\u2032 denotes unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-6 C-atoms, Ar denotes phenyl, which is unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted by Hal, A, Het1, [C(R3)2]pOR3, [C(R3)2]pCOOR3, OCH2Cyc, CON(R3)2 and/or CN, R3 denotes H or unbranched or branched alkyl with 1-6 C-atoms, R8 denotes H or A\u2032, Het denotes a mono- or bicyclic aromatic heterocycle having 1 to 4 N, O and/or S atoms, which is unsubstituted or mono- or disubstituted by Hal, A and/or \u2550O, Het1 denotes furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, [1,3]dioxolanyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or morpholinyl, each of which is unsubstituted or mono- or disubstituted by Hal, A and/or \u2550O, Hal denotes F, Cl, Br or I, n denotes 0, 1 or 2, p denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, q denotes 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 9. Compounds according to claim 1, selected from the group No. Name \u201cA1\u201d 4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-[(1R,3S)-3- (ethylcarbamoyl)cyclopentyl]-N-methyl-benzamide \u201cA2\u201d (1S,3R)-3-(5-biphenyl-4-yl-imidazol-1-yl)- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA3\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA4\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA5\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]- imidazol-1-yl}-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl- cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA6\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzothiazol-6-yl-phenyl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide amide \u201cA7\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-imidazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA8\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(5-fluoro-1H-indol-2-yl)-phenyl]-imidazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA9\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-benzotriazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-imidazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA10\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]-imidazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA11\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-imidazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA12\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA13\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA14\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA15\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA16\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA17\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA18\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid propylamide \u201cA19\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA20\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA21\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-imidazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA22\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-imidazol-1-yl}- cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA23\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA24\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-acetamide \u201cA25\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA26\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA27\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}- cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA28\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA29\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA30\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{3-[4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA31\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA32\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA33\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA34\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzothiazol-6-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-amide \u201cA35\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{3-[4-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA36\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-5-methyl- [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA37\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA38\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA39\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA40\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA41\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-5-ethyl- [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA42\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{3-[4-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,4]triazol-4- yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA43\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-benzothiazol-6-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA44\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{3-[4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl}- cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA45\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA46\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA47\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-Indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-pyrazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA48\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzothiazol-6-yl-phenyl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA49\u201d (1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-pyrazol-1-yl}- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA50\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA51\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA52\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA53\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenyl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA54\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA55\u201d (N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-chloro-biphenyl-4-yl)-pyrazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA56\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-pyrazol-1-yl}- cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA57\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-pyrazol-1-yl}- cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA58\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyano-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA59\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-Indol-6-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}- cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA60\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-Benzothiazol-6-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA61\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA62\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyano-2\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA63\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-indazol-6-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA64\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4\u2032-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-biphenyl-4-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA65\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[3-(4-Benzothiazol-6-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA66\u201d Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid {(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-benzooxazol-2- yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-amide \u201cA67\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-Benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-2-cyclopentyl-acetamide \u201cA68\u201d (R)-Tetrahydro-furan-2-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4- benzooxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}- amide \u201cA69\u201d (S)-Tetrahydro-furan-2-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4- benzooxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}- amide \u201cA70\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-Quinolin-3-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA71\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA72\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-Indazol-6-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA73\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-Benzimidazol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA74\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-Indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA75\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Chloro-3\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA76\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Pyrazol-1-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA77\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1-Methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl)- phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA78\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(6-Methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA79\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(2-Oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA80\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyano-3\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA81\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Chloro-2\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA82\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Methoxy-2\u2032-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA83\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(3\u2032-Fluoro-4\u2032-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA84\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA85\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(3\u2032-Chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA86\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(2\u2032,4\u2032-Dimethoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol- 1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA87\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(2-Oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)- phenyl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA88\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(3\u2032,4\u2032-Dimethoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol- 1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA89\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(2\u2032,4\u2032-Dimethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA90\u201d (S)-2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolane-4-carboxylic acid {(1S,3R)-3- [5-(4-benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}- amide \u201cA91\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(2-Oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA92\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyclopropylmethoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA93\u201d (S)-N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-Benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)-[1,2,3]triazol- 1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-2,3-dihydroxy-propionamide \u201cA94\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-Methoxy-2\u2032-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA95\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-Chloro-3\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA96\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[3-(4\u2032-Pyrazol-1-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazol-4- yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA97\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{3-[4-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA98\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{3-[4-(6-Methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA99\u201d 4\u2032-[3-((1R,3S)-3-Ethylcarbamoyl-cyclopentyl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazol- 4-yl]-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid amide \u201cA100\u201d 4\u2032-[3-((1R,3S)-3-Ethylcarbamoyl-cyclopentyl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazol- 4-yl]-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid \u201cA101\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Isopropyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]- cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA102\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(3\u2032,4\u2032-Dimethoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA103\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyclopropylmethoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA104\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Chloro-3\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA105\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyano-3\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA106\u201d (1S,3R)-3-[5-(4\u2032-Cyano-2\u2032-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethylamide \u201cA107\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[6-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridin-3-yl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA108\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[6-(4-Fluoro-1H-indol-5-yl)-pyridin-3-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA109\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(6-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl-pyridin-3-yl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA110\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(4-Fluoro-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA111\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(4-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl-phenyl)- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA112\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(6-Fluoro-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA113\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[4-(1H-Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA114\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[5-(6-Chloro-benzoxazol-2-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA115\u201d N-{(1S,3R)-3-[5-(5-Benzoxazol-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,2,3]triazol- 1-yl]-cyclopentyl}-propionamide \u201cA116\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[5-(4-Fluoro-1H-indol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA117\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[5-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA118\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[5-(1H-Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA119\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[3-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA120\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[3-Fluoro-4-(6-fluoro-1H-indol-5-yl)-phenyl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA121\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[6-(1H-Indol-6-yl)-pyridin-3-yl]-[1,2,3]triazol-1- yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA122\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[6-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-pyridin-3-yl]- [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide \u201cA123\u201d N-((1S,3R)-3-{5-[6-(1H-Indazol-4-yl)-pyridin-3-yl]-[1,2,3]triazol- 1-yl}-cyclopentyl)-propionamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios. 10. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I according to claim 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, characterised in that a compound of the formula I, wherein R denotes Br, is reacted with a compound of the formula II R\u2014Z II in which R has the meanings indicated in claim 1, and Z denotes H, or Z denotes a boronic acid or a boronic acid ester group, in a Suzuki-type coupling, and/or a base or acid of the formula I is converted into one of its salts. 11. Medicaments comprising at least one compound of the formula I of claim 1 and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and optionally an pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or vehicle. 12. A method comprising administering a compound of the formula I of claim 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for the use for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system injury and different forms of inflammation. 13. Method according to claim 12 for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases selected from the group cancer of head, neck, eye, mouth, throat, esophagus, bronchus, larynx, pharynx, chest, bone, lung, colon, rectum, stomach, prostate, urinary bladder, uterine, cervix, breast, ovaries, testicles or other reproductive organs, skin, thyroid, blood, lymph nodes, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, central nervous system, solid tumors and blood-borne tumors. 14. A medicament composition comprising at least one compound of the formula I of claim 1 and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and at least one further medicament active ingredient. 15. Set (kit) consisting of separate packs of (a) an effective amount of a compound of the formula I and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, and (b) an effective amount of a further medicament active ingredient.",
-    "A method and apparatus is disclosed to support an instantaneous traffic load situation by selecting the most appropriate cell for user equipment (UE) by means of connecting a UE to a cell that has a reduced transmitting power so a UE can connect to a weaker cell. Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) is a multi-cell Radio Resource Management (RRM) function that has the task of managing radio resources such that inter-cell interference is kept under control. A measurement is periodically taken to evaluate the traffic load situation. The resources are reallocated by taking into account information about the resource usage status and traffic load situation. The transmitted power of a stronger cell with a high traffic load is reduced and resources reallocated so a UE can receive data or perform measurement on a weaker cell. Certain embodiments of the invention deal with different measurement/reporting in the presence of interferers. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of measuring interference capability in a multi-mode user equipment (UE), said method comprising: measuring, by the multi-mode UE, a network signal strength; sending, by the multi-mode UE, a measurement report based on said measuring; and receiving, by the multi-mode UE, a report to inform a serving cell of an interference capability of the UE and measurement of signals received by the UE from the serving cell and a neighbor cell. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the measuring is periodic. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising setting, by the UE, a reporting configuration based on a condition, wherein the condition triggers the sending. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the measuring occurs when no data is transmitted. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the network signal strength is a network pilot signal strength. 16. A method of measuring interference capability in a multi-mode user equipment (UE), said method comprising: transmitting, by the multi-mode UE, a measurement for interference capabilities; receiving, by the multi-mode UE, a request to report interference capabilities and a measurement parameter; determining, by the multi-mode UE, the measurement parameter; and generating and transmitting, by the multi-mode UE, a report, wherein interference capabilities and the measurement parameter is reported. 17. A multi-mode user equipment (UE) comprising: a transmitter configured to send a periodic measurement to track and monitor traffic load performance and inform a serving cell of interference capability and of a signal measurement received, by the multi-mode UE, from the serving cell and a neighbor cell; and wherein the measurement includes a parameter for determining, based on a report, whether to reduce transmitted power of a stronger cell with a high traffic load and reallocate resources so the multi-mode UE can receive data or perform measurement on a weaker cell. 18. The multi-mode UE of claim 17, wherein the transmitter is further configured to send a measurement report when a criterion is triggered. 19. The multi-mode UE of claim 18, wherein the transmitter is further configured to send the measurement report periodically. 20. A method in a communication system comprising: receiving a report to inform a serving cell of an interference capability of a multi-mode user equipment (UE) and of measurements of signals received by the multi-mode UE from the serving cell and a neighbor cell, wherein the report includes a parameter; and determining, based on the parameter, whether to connect the multi-mode UE to a cell that is weaker than the strongest detected cell.",
-    "The present invention provides compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are inhibitors of the ROMK (Kir1.1) channel. The compounds may be used as diuretic and/or natriuretic agents and for the therapy and prophylaxis of medical conditions including cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease and conditions associated with excessive salt and water retention. 1. A compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is Y is \u2014O\u2014 or a bond; Z is where is a single or double bond; R is independently H, alkyl or haloalkyl; R1 is H, alkyl, \u2014F, \u2014OR, or \u2014N(R13)(R14); R2 is H or alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR; R3 is H or alkyl; R4 is H or alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR; R5 is H or alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR; or R4 and R5 are joined together to represent \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2NCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2N(CH3)CH2\u2014 or \u2014CH2OCH2\u2014; R6 is H, halo, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR, cycloalkyl or \u2014OR; or R6 and R1 are joined together to represent \u2014CH2CH2O\u2014; R7 is H, halo, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR, cycloalkyl or \u2014OR; R8 is independently H or alkyl; R8\u2032 is H or alkyl; R9 is \u2014CN, tetrazolyl, or \u2014S(O)2R13; R10 is halo, \u2014OR, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR, \u2014S-alkyl, \u2014N\u2014 alkyl or \u2014O-cyclopropyl; R11 is \u2014CN, \u2014S(O)2R13, or optionally substituted heteroaryl wherein the optional substitutent is halogen or alkyl; R12 is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or \u2014OR; R13 is H, alkyl, allyl or cycloalkyl; R14 is H, alkyl or cycloalkyl; R15 independently oxo, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl optionally substituted by halogen, \u2014CN, alkyl or haloalkyl; a is 1 or 2; b is 0 or 1; n is 0, 1 or 2; o is 1, 2 or 3; and p is 1 or 2. 2. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is Y is \u2014O\u2014 or a bond; Z is where is a single or double bond; R is independently H, alkyl or haloalkyl; R1 is H, alkyl, \u2014F, \u2014OR, or \u2014N(R13)(R14); R2 is H or alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR; R3 is H or alkyl; R4 is H or alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR; R5 is H or alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR; or R4 and R5 are joined together to represent \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2NCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2N(CH3)CH2\u2014 or \u2014CH2OCH2\u2014; R6 is H, halo, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR, cycloalkyl or \u2014OR; or R6 and R1 are joined together to represent \u2014CH2CH2O\u2014; R7 is H, halo, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR, cycloalkyl or \u2014OR; R8 is independently H or alkyl; R8\u2032 is H or alkyl; R9 is \u2014CN, tetrazolyl, or \u2014S(O)2R13; R10 is halo, \u2014OR, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 halogen atoms or \u2014OR, \u2014S-alkyl, \u2014N\u2014 alkyl or \u2014O-cyclopropyl; R11 is \u2014CN, \u2014S(O)2R13, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, wherein the optional substitutent is halogen or alkyl; R12 is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or \u2014OR; R13 is H, alkyl, allyl or cycloalkyl; R14 is H, alkyl or cycloalkyl; R15 independently oxo, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl optionally substituted by halogen, \u2014CN, alkyl or haloalkyl; a is 1 or 2; b is 0 or 1; n is 0, 1 or 2; o is 1, 2 or 3; and p is 1 or 2. 3. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Z is 5. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Z is 6. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Z is 7. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Z is 8. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Ra is H, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, or cycloalkyl; and Z is 9. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Z is 10. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ra is H, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, or cycloalkyl; and Z is 11. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ra is H, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, or cycloalkyl; and Z is 12. A compound as defined in claim 1, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein Z is 13. A compound as defined in claim 3, which has the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Ra is H, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, or cycloalkyl; and Z is where is a single or double bond. 14. A compound as defined in claim 3, which has the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein Ra is H, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, or cycloalkyl; and Z is where is a single or double bond. 15. A compound as defined in claim 3, which has the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: Ra is H, \u2014F, \u2014CN, alkyl optionally substituted by 1-5 fluorine atoms or \u2014OR, or cycloalkyl; and Z is where is a single or double bond. 16. A compound of claim 1 which is: (R)-5-(1-Hydroxy-2-(2-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)ethyl)-4-methylisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one; (R)-5-(1-Hydroxy-2-(2-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)ethyl)-4-methylisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one; (R)-8-(2-Hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-2-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one; (R)-8-(2Hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-2-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one; (R)-6-(9-(2-Hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-3-oxo-1-oxa-4,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-4-yl)-4-methoxynicotinonitrile; (R)-8-(2-Hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-3-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyrazin-2-yl)-1-oxa-3,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one; (R)-6-(8-(2-amino-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)nicotinonitrile; (R)-5-(8-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-2, 8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile; (R)-6-(9-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-3-yl)pyrimidine-4-carbonitrile; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 18. The pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 17, which further comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of losartan, valsartan, candesartan, olmesartan, telmesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, amlodipine, alacepril, benazepril, captopril, ceronapril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, imidapril, lisinopril, moveltipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, temocapril, or trandolapril, amiloride, spironolactone, epleranone or triamterene, or a pro-drug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing. 19. (canceled) 20. A method for inhibiting ROMK comprising administering in a patient in need thereof which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound as defined in claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 21. (canceled) 22. A method for the treatment of one or more disorders selected from hypertension, acute heart failure, chronic heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, endothelial dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, stable and unstable angina pectoris, thromboses, restenosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac insufficiency, pulmonary hypertonia, atherosclerosis, hepatic cirrhosis, ascitis, pre-eclampsia, cerebral edema, nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney insufficiency, chronic kidney disease, hypercalcemia, Dent's disease, Meniere's disease, or edematous states in a patient in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound as defined in claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said patient.",
-    "An automated treatment planning system having a planning image memory (14) which stores a volume diagnostic image; a user interface device (32) configured for a user to input data defining a plurality of regions of interest within the volume diagnostic image; and one or more processors. The processors are configured to receive the volume diagnostic image and plurality of user-defined regions of interest indicated within the volume diagnostic image; map the plurality of regions of interest to the body atlas (35) to determine anatomical locations within the plurality of regions of interest; map each region of interest of the plurality of regions of interest to the body atlas to select correct corresponding anatomical structures; receive a treatment plan template based upon the anatomical structures from a knowledge base (36). A planning module (38) is configured to generate a treatment plan using the treatment plan template. 1. An automated treatment planning system comprising: a planning image memory (14) which stores a volume diagnostic image; a user interface device (32) configured for a user to input data defining a plurality of regions of interest within the volume diagnostic image; a ROI mapper (34) having a processor configured to: receive the volume diagnostic image and plurality of user-defined regions of interest indicated within the volume diagnostic image; map the plurality of regions of interest of the volume diagnostic image to anatomical structures using a body atlas (35); and a planning module (38) configured to generate a treatment plan using the mapped plurality of regions of interest. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the ROI mapper (34) is further configured to: map the plurality of regions of interest to the body atlas (35) to determine anatomical locations within the plurality of regions of interest; and map each region of interest of the plurality of regions of interest to the body atlas (35) to select correct corresponding anatomical structures. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the ROI mapper (34) is further configured to: select the correct corresponding anatomical structures by calculating a similarity metric score between each region of interest of the plurality of regions of interest and each anatomical structure of the body atlas (35). 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the ROI mapper (34) is further configured to: associate the anatomical structure of the body atlas (35) having the highest similarity metric score with the individual region of interest. 5. The system according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the planning module (38) is further configured to: receive a treatment plan template based upon the mapped regions of interests from a knowledgebase (36); and generate an optimal treatment plan according to the treatment plan template. 6. The system according to claim 5, wherein the treatment plan template includes automated clinical goals and priorities that are unique to the anatomical structures mapped to the plurality of regions of interest. 7. The system according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the user interface device (32) is configured to receive dose and plan requirements from a user. 8. The system according to claim 7, wherein the planning module (38) is further configured to: determine whether the automatically generated plan meets the user input requirements; and if the user input requirements are not met, iteratively tune dose and plan constraints such that the user input requirements are satisfied. 9. A method for automating treatment planning, comprising: receiving (124) a volume anatomical image of a patient including a plurality of user-defined regions of interest indicated within the image volume; mapping (126) the plurality of regions of interest of the image volume to anatomical structures using a body atlas (35); and generating (138) a treatment plan using the mapped plurality of regions of interest. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the mapping step includes: mapping of the plurality of regions of interest to the body atlas (35) to determine anatomical locations within the plurality of regions of interest; and mapping each region of interest of the plurality of regions of interest to the body atlas (35) to select correct corresponding anatomical structures. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the selection of correct corresponding anatomical structures includes: calculating a similarity metric score between each region of interest of the plurality of regions of interest and each anatomical structure of the body atlas (35). 12. The method according to claim 11, further including: associating the anatomical structure of the body atlas (35) having the highest similarity metric score with the individual region of interest, if the highest similarity metric score exceeds a threshold metric score. 13. The method according to any one of claims 9-12, wherein the generating step includes: receiving a treatment plan template based upon the mapped regions of interests from a knowledgebase; and generating a treatment plan according to the treatment plan template. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the treatment plan template includes automated clinical goals and priorities that are unique to the anatomical structure mapped to the plurality of regions of interest. 15. The method according to any one of claims 9-14, further including: initially receiving dose and plan requirements from a user via a user input. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the plan generation step further includes: determining whether the automatically generated plan meets the user input requirements; and if the user input requirements are not met, iteratively tuning dose and plan constraints such that the user input requirements are satisfied. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium carrying software for controlling one or more processors to perform the method of any of claims 9-16. 18. An automated treatment planning system comprising: a planning image memory (14) which stores a volume diagnostic image; a user interface device (32) configured for a user to input data defining a plurality of regions of interest within the volume diagnostic image; and one or more processors configured to: receive the volume diagnostic image and plurality of user-defined regions of interest indicated within the volume diagnostic image; map the plurality of regions of interest of the volume diagnostic image to anatomical structures using a body atlas (35); and generate a treatment plan using the mapped plurality of regions of interest. 19. The automated treatment planning system according to claim 18, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: rank anatomical structures in the body atlas (35) according to a similarity score to a particular region of interest; select the highest ranked anatomical structure; access a template associated with the highest ranked anatomical structure to receive dose and plan requirements; and generate an optimal treatment plan using the template requirements. 20. The automated treatment planning system according to either of claim 18 or 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: determine whether the automatically generated plan meets the user input requirements; and if the user input requirements are not met, iteratively tune dose and plan constraints such that the user input requirements are satisfied.",
-    "A device comprising a metal layer on a crystalline silicon substrate, and a waveguide that has a refractive index greater than that of the crystalline silicon, wherein the waveguide is arranged to couple light to a surface plasmon mode at an interface between the silicon substrate and the metal layer when a waveguide mode is phase matched to the surface plasmon mode. 1. A device comprising a metal layer on a crystalline silicon substrate, and a waveguide that has a refractive index greater than that of the crystalline silicon, wherein the waveguide is arranged to couple light to a surface plasmon mode at an interface between the silicon substrate and the metal layer when a waveguide mode is phase matched to the surface plasmon mode. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1 comprising a dielectric layer between the metal layer and the waveguide. 3. The device as claimed in claim 1 comprising means of modulating the refractive index of the crystalline silicon substrate to change a phase matching condition between the surface plasmon mode and waveguide mode to modulate light carried by the waveguide. 4. The device as claimed in claim 2 wherein the means of modulating are operable to accumulate or deplete the carrier density in the crystalline silicon. 5. The device as claimed in claim 2 wherein the means for modulating comprise an electrical device formed in or on the crystalline silicon substrate. 6. The device as claimed in claim 4 wherein the electrical device comprises a pin junction. 7. The device as claimed in claim 4 wherein the electrical device comprises a Schottky junction at the metal-silicon substrate interface. 8. The device as claimed in claim 1 wherein a thin oxide layer is provided between the crystalline silicon substrate and the metal. 9. Device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the waveguide comprises amorphous silicon or Silicon Germanium or Germanium. 10. Device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the waveguide is created by ion-implantation. 11. Device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the waveguide is an amorphous silicon waveguide created by ion-implantation. 12. An electrical circuit comprising at least one optical interconnect that includes at least one device as claimed in claim. 1. 13. A method for forming an amorphous silicon waveguide comprising using ion implantation to distort crystalline silicon.",
-    "A rubber tyre compound production method having a mixing step, in which at least one cross-linking, unsaturated-chain polymer base, silica, a silane bonding agent, and 0.6 to 5 phr of a chemical of general formula (I) are mixed with one another; and a following mixing step, in which at least stearic acid and a curing system are added to and mixed with the compound being prepared; wherein: R1, R2 and R3, which are the same or different, are chosen from the group consisting of: hydrogen and groups in the alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, heterocyclic compound, aromatic compound, amine, imine, amide, sulphide, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ether, ester, nitrile, nitro-derivative, and isocyanate families. 1-10. (canceled) 11) A rubber tyre compound production method, comprising a mixing step, in which at least one cross-linking, unsaturated-chain polymer base, silica, a silane bonding agent, and 0.6 to less than 5 phr of a chemical of general formula (I) are mixed with one another; and a following mixing step, in which at least stearic acid and a curing system are added to and mixed with the compound being prepared; wherein: R1, R2 and R3, which are the same or different, are chosen from the group consisting of: hydrogen and groups in the alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, heterocyclic compound, aromatic compound, amine, imine, amide, sulphide, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ether, ester, nitrile, nitro-derivative, and isocyanate families. 12) A rubber tyre compound production method as claimed in claim 11, wherein R1, R2 and R3, which are the same or different, are chosen from the group consisting of: H, CH3, CH3CH2, CH3CH2CH2, CH3CH2CH2CH2, CH2CHCHCH, CH3CH3CH, C6H5, C6H11, C10H7, CH3C6H4CH3, CH3CH2C6H5, C6H4OH, C4H5O2, CH3C6H4OCH3, CH3OC6H4OCH3, NH2, C6H4NH2, C4H7NH, C6H10NH2, C(CH3)2OH, C5H9NH, NH2CH2C7H12, CHCHOCH2C6H5, C6H10OH, CH2C6H3C3H2NH, SO3C6H4CH3, C6H4NO2, C6H11, C10H7, C6H4OH, CH3OC6H4, (CH3)3CC6H4, CH3C6H3NO2, (CH2)3Cl, CH3X, CH3CH2X, CH3CH2CH2X, CH3CH2CH2CH2X, C6H5X, C6H5CH2X, (CH3)3CX, C4H3X, CH2CHCH2X, C6H4SO3CH3X, C6H4NO2X, C6H11X, C11H7X, OHCH2CH2X, OHC4H4X, CH3OC6H4X, (CH3)3CC6H4X, CH2C6H4CHX, NH2C6H10X, OHC(CH3)2X, NHC5H9X, NHC5H9NC5H9X, NH2CH2C7H12X, OHC6H10X, NHCH2C6H3C3H2X, wherein X may be O or S. 13) A rubber tyre compound production method as claimed in claim 12, wherein R1 and R2 are H, and R3 is NH2. 14) A rubber tyre compound production method as claimed in claim 11, wherein 20 phr or more of silica is used in the first mixing step. 15) A rubber tyre compound production method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the polymer base is chosen from the group comprising styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, natural rubber, or mixtures thereof. 16) A rubber tyre compound production method as claimed in claim 11, wherein 1 to 6 phr of stearic acid is used in the final mixing step. 17) A tyre portion compound produced using the method as claimed in claim 11. 18) A tread made from the compound as claimed in claim 17. 19) A tyre, at least one part of which is made from the compound as claimed in claim 17.",
-    "An image decoding method supporting a plurality of layers according to the present invention may comprise the steps of: receiving location information on a location in which an inter-layer reference picture set for one or more reference layers, to which a current picture can refer, is added to a reference picture list; generating an initial reference picture list including the inter-layer reference picture set on the basis of the location information; and predicting the current picture on the basis of the initial reference picture list. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for signaling location information on a location in which an inter-layer reference picture is added to a reference picture list, and an apparatus using the same. 1. A method for decoding video supporting multiple layers, comprising: receiving information about a position, to which an inter-layer reference picture set for at least one reference layer capable of being referred to by a current picture is to be added, in a reference picture list; generating an initial reference picture list including the inter-layer reference picture set based on the position information; and performing prediction of the current picture based on the initial reference picture list. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a short-term reference picture set and a long-term reference picture set, each including pictures present in a layer identical to that of the current picture, wherein generating the initial reference picture list is configured to add, based on the position information, the inter-layer reference picture set to a position in the initial reference picture list, indicated by the position information. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the position information is received, with the position information being included in a slice header or a sequence header. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the position information comprises: receiving an indication flag that indicates whether an indication index indicating the position, to which an inter-layer reference picture capable of being referred to by the current picture is to be added, in the initial reference picture list has been transmitted; and receiving the indication index when the indication flag is 1. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the indication flag is received, with the indication flag being included in a video parameter set of each layer. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the indication index is received, with the indication index being included in a slice header or a sequence header. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having Picture Order Counts (POCs) less than POCs of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises a first sub-reference layer picture set and a second sub-reference layer picture set, and the first sub-reference layer picture set and the second sub-reference layer picture set are separated and aligned in the initial reference picture list. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is aligned in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is aligned in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than POCs of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving flag information that indicates whether the inter-layer reference picture set is separated into at least two sub-reference layer picture sets and then added to the reference picture list. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising, when the flag information is 1, receiving information about a number of sub-reference layer picture sets into which the inter-layer reference picture set is separated. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the inter-layer reference picture set is performed based on a temporal sub-layer index (tempralId) of the current picture. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the inter-layer reference picture set is performed based on a maximum number of temporal sub-layers to which inter-layer prediction is permitted. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a final reference picture list by modifying the initial reference picture list. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein performing prediction of the current picture is configured to use reference pictures included in the inter-layer reference picture set as reference pictures of the current picture. 18. A device for decoding video supporting multiple layers, comprising: an entropy decoding unit for decoding information required for prediction and decoding of video received via a bitstream; and a prediction unit for deriving information about a position, to which an inter-layer reference picture set for at least one reference layer capable of being referred to by a current picture is to be added, in a reference picture list, generating an initial reference picture list including the inter-layer reference picture set based on the position information, and performing prediction of the current picture based on the initial reference picture list. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit is configured to: further generate a short-term reference picture set and a long-term reference picture set, each including pictures present in a layer identical to that of the current picture, and add, based on the position information, the inter-layer reference picture set to a position in the initial reference picture list, indicated by the position information. 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the position information is received, with the position information being included in a slice header or a sequence header. 21. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit derives an indication flag that indicates whether an indication index indicating the position, to which an inter-layer reference picture capable of being referred to by the current picture is to be added, in the initial reference picture list has been transmitted, and derives the indication index when the indication flag is 1. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the indication flag is received, with the indication flag being included in a video parameter set of each layer. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein the indication index is received, with the indication index being included in a slice header or a sequence header. 24. The device of claim 18, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having Picture Order Counts (POCs) less than POCs of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 25. The device of claim 18, wherein: the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, the inter-layer reference picture set, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, and a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures. 26. The device of claim 18, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises a first sub-reference layer picture set and a second sub-reference layer picture set, and the first sub-reference layer picture set and the second sub-reference layer picture set are separated and aligned in the initial reference picture list. 27. The device of claim 26, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 0, and the initial reference picture list 0 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 28. The device of claim 26, wherein: the inter-layer reference picture set comprises multiview reference layer pictures, the initial reference picture list comprises initial reference picture list 1, and the initial reference picture list 1 is configured in a sequence of a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs greater than POCs of the current picture, the second sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position higher than POCs of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures, a short-term reference picture set including short-term reference pictures having POCs less than POCs of the current picture, a long-term reference picture set including long-term reference pictures, and the first sub-reference layer picture set including pictures having a view sequential position lower than a view sequential position of the current picture among the multiview reference layer pictures. 29. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit derives flag information that indicates whether the inter-layer reference picture set is separated into at least two sub-reference layer picture sets and then added to the reference picture list. 30. The device of claim 29, wherein the prediction unit further derives information about a number of sub-reference layer picture sets into which the inter-layer reference picture set is separated when the flag information is 1. 31. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit generates the inter-layer reference picture set based on a temporal sub-layer index (tempralId) of the current picture. 32. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit generates the inter-layer reference picture set based on a maximum number of temporal sub-layers to which inter-layer prediction is permitted. 33. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit generates a final reference picture list by modifying the initial reference picture list. 34. The device of claim 18, wherein the prediction unit uses reference pictures included in the inter-layer reference picture set as reference pictures of the current picture.",
-    "The objective of the present invention is to improve the robustness, sensitivity, and maintainability of a mass spectrometer to which a liquid chromatograph can be connected. This mass spectrometer includes: an ion source; a mass spectrometry unit; a plurality of flat plates used as electrodes having openings through which ions can be introduced to the mass spectrometer from an orthogonal direction along an ion introduction axis; a porous member provided between the mass spectrometry unit and the plurality of flat plates; and a mechanism for feeding gas to the plurality of flat plates for the side opposite from the ion introduction direction; the plurality of flat plates being disposed under atmospheric pressure, and the plurality of electrodes being set at a temperature higher than room temperature. 1. A mass spectrometer, comprising: an ion source; a mass spectrometry unit; a plurality of flat plates which function as electrodes having openings through which ions are introduced in a direction orthogonal to an ion introduction axis for the mass spectrometer; a porous member which is provided between the mass spectrometry unit and the plurality of flat plates; and a mechanism which flows gas to the plurality of flat plates for the side opposite to the ion introduction direction, wherein the plurality of flat plates are disposed under atmospheric pressure and temperatures of the plurality of electrodes are set to temperatures higher than a room temperature. 2. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the two flat plates of the plurality of flat plates are disposed such that a gap thereof faces a pore provided in the porous member and a diameter of the pore is smaller than an interval of the two flat plates. 3. The mass spectrometer according to claim 2, wherein the interval of the two flat plates is 2 mm or less. 4. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein a flow rate of the gas of the mechanism which flows the gas is 2.0 L/min or less. 5. The mass spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein electrode temperatures of the plurality of flat plates are equal to or lower than 250\u00b0 C. 6. A mass spectrometer, comprising: an ion source; a mass spectrometry unit; a plurality of flat plates which function as electrodes having openings through which ions are introduced in a direction orthogonal to an ion introduction axis for the mass spectrometer; and a porous member which is provided between the mass spectrometry unit and the plurality of flat plates, wherein absolute values of direct-current voltages applied to the plurality of flat plates decrease toward the side of the mass spectrometry unit from the side of the ion source or are the same as an absolute value of one flat plate of the side of the ion source. 7. A mass spectrometer, comprising: an ion source; a mass spectrometry unit; a plurality of flat plates which function as electrodes having openings through which ions are introduced in a direction orthogonal to an ion introduction axis for the mass spectrometer; and a porous member which is provided between the mass spectrometry unit and the plurality of flat plates, wherein the two flat plates of the plurality of flat plates are disposed such that a gap thereof faces a pore provided in the porous member and an RF voltage in which a positive component and a negative component are asymmetrical is applied to at least one of the two flat places. 8. The mass spectrometer according claim 7, wherein amplitude of the RF voltage to be asymmetrical is different in a solvent used by a liquid chromatograph and a sample of a measurement target.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for preparing a highly pure neurotoxic component of a botulinum toxin by cultivating clostridium botulinum under conditions that allow production of a botulinum toxin, and isolating the neurotoxic com-ponent from the botulinum toxin. In addition, the present invention relates to a highly pure neurotoxic component of a botulinum toxin obtainable by the process of the present invention and uses thereof. 1. A process for preparing a highly pure neurotoxic component of a botulinum toxin, comprising: (a) cultivating Clostridium botulinum under conditions that allow production of a botulinum toxin, and (b) isolating the neurotoxic component from the botulinum toxin, wherein cultivating (a) and isolating (b) are conducted in a pressure gradient device, which comprises a first isolator unit containing a fermenter for cultivating Clostridium botulinum and, optionally, a second or further isolator unit, the first and second or further isolator units being located in a production room that is connected to the environment via an air lock, wherein the pressure in the first and second or further isolator units is lower than that in the production room, the pressure in the production room is lower than ambient pressure, and the pressure in the air lok is higher than ambient pressure, and wherein the pressure gradient device further comprises a safety work bench which is a Class II BSC (Biological Safety Cabinet) provided with a transfer system that allows for the aseptic transfer of material into and out of the BSC, the safety work bench being also located in the production room. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the cultivating temperature is maintained at a temperature of 33.5\u00b0 C.\u00b11.0\u00b0 C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the cell density during cultivation (a) is monitored by turbidity measurements using formazin as a primary turbidity standard. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the cultivation of Clostridium botulinum is continued until cell density decreases from a cell density of 1.3\u00b10.3 FTU reached after 24 hours of cultivation to less than 0.8 FTU. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the Clostridium botulinum culture used in (a) is obtained by (i) providing an initial culture of Clostridium botulinum having a cell density of 530 to 850 FTU and (ii) adding a pre-determined amount of initial culture to a fermentation medium. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the initial culture is added to the fermentation medium in an amount of from 5.0% to 10.0% v/v. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the transfer system of the Class II BSC comprises a first transfer unit and a second transfer unit detachably connectable to each other, the first transfer unit being a sealable part mounted on a surface, or fixed to a wall, of the BSC, and the second transfer unit being a sealable container. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the Clostridium botulinum is Clostridium botulinum type A, including the Hall strain (ATCC 3502). 9. A highly pure neurotoxic component of a Clostridium botulinum toxin having a single-chain content of less than 2.00 wt. %. 10. The highly pure neurotoxic component of claim 9, further having a total purity of at least 99.90 wt. %. 11. The highly pure neurotoxic component of claim 9, further having an endotoxin content of 5.0 IU/ml or less and/or a total anaerobic viable count of less than 1 cfu/ml. 12. The highly pure neurotoxic component of any one of claim 9, obtainable by the process according to claim 1. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a highly pure neurotoxic component of a Clostridium botulinum toxin according to claim 9 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 14. A highly pure neurotoxic component of a Clostridium botulinum toxin according to claim 9 for use as a medicament. 15. A highly pure neurotoxic component of a Clostridium botulinum toxin according to claim 9 for use in the treatment of a disease or condition associated with hyperactive cholinergic innervation of muscles or exocrine glands.",
-    "A pixel structure, an array substrate and a display device. The pixel substrate comprises a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode arranged in a first direction, and a thin film transistor (TFT) disposed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. The TFT includes a comb-shaped source, a comb-shaped first drain and a comb-shaped second drain; and a channel region of the TFT is defined by the comb-shaped source respectively and the comb-shaped first drain and the comb-shaped second drain. The channel region has a greater ratio of width to length, thus improving the driving capability of the TFT for driving the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. 1: A pixel structure, comprising a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode arranged along a first direction, and a thin film transistor (TFT) disposed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; the TFT including a source, a first drain and a second drain; the source including a comb-shaped first source and a comb-shaped second source arranged along a second direction different from the first direction and interconnected; the first drain and the second drain are comb-shaped, and comb teeth of the first drain and comb teeth of the first source are interdigitally disposed, and comb teeth of the second drain and comb teeth of the second source are interdigitally disposed. 2: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, the comb teeth of the first source extend to the first pixel electrode, and the comb teeth of the second source extend to the second pixel electrode; the comb teeth of the first drain are connected to the first pixel electrode and extend to the second pixel electrode, and the comb teeth of the second drain are connected to the second pixel electrode and extend to the first pixel electrode. 3: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, the first source and the second source are connected by a common comb tooth. 4: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, a comb handle connecting the comb teeth of the first source and a comb handle connecting the comb teeth of the second source are band-shaped electrodes respectively extending along the second direction, and the comb handle of the first source is close to the second pixel electrode, and the comb handle of the second source is close to the first pixel electrode. 5: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, the comb handle of the first source and the comb handle of the second source are parallel. 6: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, the comb teeth of the first source and the comb teeth of the first drain are parallel to each other, and the comb teeth of the second source and the comb teeth of the second drain are parallel to each other. 7: The pixel structure of claim 6, wherein, distances between each of the comb teeth of the first source and two adjacent comb teeth of the first drain are equal, and distances between each of the comb teeth of the second source and two adjacent comb teeth of the second drain are equal. 8: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, the gate of the TFT is disposed above or below a layer where the source, the first drain and the second drain are located. 9: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, a width of the gate in the first direction is greater than the length of the comb teeth of the first source and the comb teeth of the second source in the first direction. 10: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, a width of an active layer in the first direction is less than or equal to a width of the gate in the first direction. 11: The pixel structure of claim 1, wherein, the comb teeth of the first source and the comb handle of the first source are perpendicular to each other, and the comb teeth of the second source and the comb handle of the second source are perpendicular to each other, and the comb teeth of the first drain and the comb handle of the first drain are perpendicular to each other, and the comb teeth of the second drain and the comb handle of the second drain are perpendicular to each other. 12: An array substrate, comprising an array of pixel units formed on a substrate, wherein, each of the pixel units comprises the pixel structure of claim 1. 13: The array substrate of claim 12, wherein, a gate line is disposed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode of the pixel unit belonging to a same row, the gate line is connected to the gate of the pixel unit in the row, and the comb handle of the first source and the comb handle of the second source of the pixel unit in the row are parallel to the gate line, and the comb teeth of the first source, the second source, the first drain and the second drain are perpendicular to the gate line. 14: A display device, comprising the array substrate of claim 12. 15: The pixel structure of claim 2, wherein, the first source and the second source are connected by a common comb tooth. 16: The pixel structure of claim 15, wherein, a comb handle connecting the comb teeth of the first source and a comb handle connecting the comb teeth of the second source are band-shaped electrodes respectively extending along the second direction, and the comb handle of the first source is close to the second pixel electrode, and the comb handle of the second source is close to the first pixel electrode. 17: The pixel structure of claim 15, wherein, the comb handle of the first source and the comb handle of the second source are parallel. 18: The pixel structure of claim 15, wherein, the comb teeth of the first source and the comb teeth of the first drain are parallel to each other, and the comb teeth of the second source and the comb teeth of the second drain are parallel to each other. 19: The pixel structure of claim 15, wherein, distances between each of the comb teeth of the first source and two adjacent comb teeth of the first drain are equal, and distances between each of the comb teeth of the second source and two adjacent comb teeth of the second drain are equal. 20: The pixel structure of claim 15, wherein, the gate of the TFT is disposed above or below a layer where the source, the first drain and the second drain are located.",
-    "This invention relates to thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines derivatives, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions, and their use in treating viral infections. 1. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer(s), stereo-isomeric form, solvate or polymorph thereof, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, \u2014CH3 and \u2014CF3; R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C1-6 alkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl; R3 is C1-8 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, aryloxy, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkoxy, CO2H, CO2C1-6 alkyl, CO2NH2, CN, SO2NHC1-3alkyl, NHSO2C1-3alkyl, \u2014NH(SO2)NH2, and SO2N(H)(COC1-6 alkyl; or R3 is an alkylaryl optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, aryloxy, halogen, alkylamino, dialkylamino, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkoxy, CO2H, CO2C1-6 alkyl, CO2NH2, CN, SO2NHC1-3alkyl, \u2014NHSO2C1-3alkyl, NH(SO2)NH2, and C(O)NHSO2C1-3alkyl. 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R1 and R2 are both hydrogen and wherein R3 is C1-8 alkyl substituted by hydroxyl. 3. A compound according to claim 2 having the structure 4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carriers. 5. (canceled) 6. A method of treating a disorder in which the modulation of TLR 7 and/or TLR 8 is involved, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the disorder is a viral infection. 8. A compound according to claim 1 having the structure 9. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R2 is H, CH3 or C(CH3)3. 10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of 11. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R1 is H and R2 is CH3. 12. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R1 is CH3 and R2 is H. 13. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R1 and R2 are H. 14. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of 15. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is 16. A compound selected from the group consisting of 17. A compound as claimed in claim 16, selected from the group consisting of 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 16 together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carriers. 19. A method of treating a disorder in which the modulation of TLR 7 and/or TLR 8 is involved, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as claimed in claim 16. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder is a viral infection. 21. A method of preparing a compound of claim 1.",
-    "A lawn care device may include a cutting deck housing at least one blade, a rotatable shaft, and a blade mount perably coupled to the rotatable shaft. The blade mount may include a clasp to secure the at least one blade within an engagement slot of the blade mount. The cover assembly may form a cavity with at least one sidewall extending substantially around a periphery of the blade mount. 1. A lawn care device comprising: a cutting deck housing at least one blade; a rotatable shaft; a blade mount operably coupled to the rotatable shaft, the blade mount comprising a clasp to secure the at least one blade within an engagement slot of the blade mount; and a cover assembly forming a cavity with at least one sidewall extending substantially around a periphery of the blade mount, wherein the cover assembly comprises a cover base and a cover top that form the cavity and receive the blade mount therein, wherein the cover top is configured to pivot relative to the cover base between an open position and a closed position and, in the closed position, engage the cover base via a latch assembly, wherein the latch assembly is disposed proximate to a periphery of the cover assembly at an opposite side of the cover assembly relative to a pivot assembly about which the cover top pivots relative to the cover base, and wherein the pivot assembly comprises a first bracket supporting a pivot hook, wherein the latch assembly is supported by a second bracket, and wherein the first and second brackets combine to hold the blade mount within the cover base. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the cover top and cover base combine to house the blade mount entirely therein. 5. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly is operable without tools. 6. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a snap buckle. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein a protective side wall extends around the periphery of the cover assembly proximate to the latch assembly to shield the latch assembly. 10. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the blade mount is snap fitted into the cover base. 11. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a threaded fastener engaging the cover top to the cover base. 12. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a rotatable cap that selectively engages or disengages a locking head that extends from the cover base through a slot in the rotatable cap. 13. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a rotatable cap that snaps into a recess in the cover top and rotates a slot in the rotatable cap in or out of alignment with a receiving slot disposed in the cover top to selectively engage or disengage a locking head that extends from the cover base. 14. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a locking head disposed to extend from the second bracket that at least in part secures the blade mount to the cover base through the cover top to be selectively engaged by a rotatable cap. 15. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a first protrusion comprising a first head and a second protrusion comprising a second head, the first and second protrusions extending substantially parallel to each other such that, responsive to closing the top cover relative to the cover base, the first and second heads engage respective ramp portions exerting a biasing force on the first and second heads until the heads pass through a receiving orifice where the biasing force is released as the first and second heads engage respective receiving slots. 16. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a first protrusion comprising having a first head and a second protrusion comprising a second head, the first and second protrusions extending substantially parallel to each other away from the cover base to engage respective receiving slots on the cover top to lock the cover assembly in the closed position, and wherein the first and second heads are pressed toward each other to unlatch the latch assembly. 17. The lawn care device of claim 1, wherein the latch assembly comprises a first protrusion comprising a first head and a second protrusion comprising a second head, the first and second protrusions extending substantially parallel to each other away from a bracket that at least in part secures the blade mount to the cover base to engage the cover top to lock the cover assembly in the closed position. 18. A lawn care device comprising: a cutting deck housing at least one blade; a rotatable shaft; a blade mount operably coupled to the rotatable shaft, the blade mount comprising a clasp to secure the at least one blade within an engagement slot of the blade mount and a cover assembly comprising a cover top and a cover base, the cover assembly forming a cavity with at least one sidewall extending substantially around a periphery of the blade mount, wherein the cover top defines a blade channel comprising a longitudinal length that is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal length of a blade mount reception channel of the cover base, in which the blade mount is retained. 19. A cover assembly for housing a blade mount configured to couple a blade to a rotatable shaft, the blade mount comprising a clasp to secure the at least one blade within an engagement slot of the blade mount, the cover assembly comprising a sidewall extending around a periphery of the cover assembly to form a cavity in which the blade mount is provided, the sidewall extending substantially around a periphery of the blade mount wherein the cover assembly further comprises a cover base proximate to the shaft, and a cover top, wherein the cover top is configured to pivot relative to the cover base between an open position and a closed position and, in the closed position, engage the cover base via a latch assembly, wherein the latch assembly is disposed proximate to a periphery of the cover assembly at an opposite side of the cover assembly relative to a pivot assembly about which the cover top pivots relative to the cover base, and wherein the pivot assembly comprises a first bracket supporting a pivot hook, wherein the latch assembly is supported by a second bracket, and wherein the first and second brackets combine to hold the blade mount within the cover base. 20-29. (canceled) 30. The cover assembly of claim 19, wherein the latch assembly comprises a rotatable cap that selectively engages or disengages a locking head that extends from the cover base through a slot in the rotatable cap. 31. The cover assembly of claim 19, wherein the latch assembly comprises a rotatable cap that snaps into a recess in the cover top and rotates a slot in the rotatable cap in or out of alignment with a receiving slot disposed in the cover top to selectively engage or disengage a locking head that extends from the cover base. 32. The cover assembly of claim 19, wherein the latch assembly comprises a locking head disposed to extend from a bracket that at least in part secures the blade mount to the cover base through the cover top to be selectively engaged by a rotatable cap. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. The cover assembly of claim 19, wherein the latch assembly comprises a first protrusion comprising a first head and a second protrusion comprising a second head, the first and second protrusions extending substantially parallel to each other away from a bracket that at least in part secures the blade mount to the cover base to engage the cover top to lock the cover assembly in the closed position. 36. The cover assembly of claim 19, wherein the cover top defines a blade channel comprising a longitudinal length that is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal length of a blade mount reception channel of the cover base, in which the blade mount is retained.",
-    "A hybrid electric vehicle is capable of direct drive by internal combustion engine, electric motor, or both. In order to provide a consistent overrun response, a torque controller determines an appropriate deceleration characteristic according to, for example, transmission speed ratio, vehicle gradient and vehicle mass, and commands the electric motor and the engine to contribute a negative torque which meets the required deceleration characteristic. A \u2018tip\u2019 function modifies the characteristic in the event of a change commanded by the vehicle driver, for example a change of speed ratio. 1. A method of obtaining a consistent overrun response of a hybrid electric vehicle capable of direct drive by internal combustion engine, electric motor, or a combination thereof, said electric motor being capable of operation as a generator, said method comprising: determining a target deceleration by reference to one or more of vehicle speed, transmission speed ratio, gradient, vehicle mass and vehicle mode; measuring real-time vehicle deceleration; continually determining a difference between said target deceleration and said real-time deceleration; commanding said internal combustion engine and/or electric motor to provide said difference by generating a negative torque; identifying a downshift of transmission speed ratio; modifying said target deceleration by reference to the downshifted transmission ratio; and smoothing a transition to the modified target deceleration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said difference between said target deceleration and said real-time deceleration is provided by said electric motor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said difference between said target deceleration and said real-time deceleration is provided by said internal combustion engine operating in a mode in which a fuel supply is cut-off. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said internal combustion engine is adapted to supply the negative torque via a clutch, and said clutch is slipped to vary a negative torque output thereof. 5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said transition is completed within a pre-determined time period. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising a preparatory step of detecting a substantially zero movement of an accelerator pedal to implement a requirement for an overrun response. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining an estimate of negative torque to achieve a target deceleration, applying said estimate as an initial command to said internal combustion engine and electric motor, and thereafter continually determining said difference and commanding said internal combustion engine and/or electric motor to provide said difference. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: continually monitoring gradient, detecting a change of gradient exceeding a gradient threshold, and adjusting said target deceleration according to a gradient change exceeding a gradient threshold. 10. A torque controller of a hybrid electric vehicle, said torque controller comprising a processor and a memory having a plurality of deceleration characteristics for said vehicle, and said processor being adapted to implement the method of claim 1. 11. A hybrid electric vehicle capable of direct drive by internal combustion engine, electric motor or a combination thereof, said vehicle being adapted to implement the method of claim 1. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the modified target deceleration is determined in an event of a driver request of transmission downshift.",
-    "A controller comprising a control module configured to: use a non-optical sensor to perform motion detection; in response to the non-optical sensor detecting motion whilst one or more lighting device is operating in a first state whereby the lighting device(s) illuminates an environment according to a first level or emits no light, control the lighting device(s) to operate in a second state whereby the lighting device(s) illuminates the environment according to a second level higher than the first level, use a light sensor to perform motion detection whilst the lighting device(s) is operating in the second state; if no motion is detected by the light sensor, control the lighting device(s) to operate in the first state or a further state; and in response to the light sensor detecting motion, control the lighting device(s) to illuminate the environment according to a third level higher than the second level. 1. A controller comprising: an output for controlling one or more lighting device to illuminate an environment; an input for receiving motion detection signals from a non-optical sensor and from a light sensor; and a control module configured to: use the non-optical sensor to perform motion detection; in response to receiving a signal indicative of sensed motion from the non-optical sensor whilst the one or more lighting device is operating in a first operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to a first illumination level or emits no light, control the one or more lighting device to operate in a second operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to a second illumination level, the second illumination level being higher than the first illumination level; use the light sensor to perform motion detection whilst the one or more lighting device is operating in the second operating state; if no motion is detected by the light sensor, control the one or more lighting device to operate in the first operating state or a further operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to an illumination level lower than the second illumination level; and in response to receiving a signal indicative of sensed motion from the light sensor control the one or more lighting device to operate in a third operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to a third illumination level, the third illumination level being higher than the second illumination level. 2. The controller of claim 1, wherein using the light sensor to perform motion detection comprises activating the light sensor from an inactive state. 3. The controller of claim 2, wherein the control module is configured to determine that no motion is detected by the light sensor if the control module does not receive a signal indicative of sensed motion from the light sensor within a predetermined time period from said activation. 4. The controller of claim 2, wherein the control module is configured to determine that no motion is detected by the light sensor based on receiving a signal from the light sensor, said signal indicating that the light sensor has detected no motion within a predetermined time period from said activation. 5. The controller of claim 1, wherein the control module is configured to use the non-optical sensor to perform motion detection in response to determining that light incident on the light sensor is at a level less than a predetermined light level threshold. 6. The controller of claim 5, wherein the control module is configured to determine that the light incident on the light sensor is at a level less than the predetermined light level threshold based on a detection by the light sensor of the level of light incident on the light sensor. 7. The controller of claim 6, wherein the control module is configured to receive an indication from the light sensor indicating whether the level of light incident on the light sensor is less than said predetermined light level threshold, and determine that the light incident on the light sensor is at a level less than the predetermined light level threshold based on said indication. 8. The controller of claim 6, wherein the control module is configured to receive an indication from the light sensor indicating the level of light incident on the light sensor, and determine that the light incident on the light sensor is at a level less than the predetermined light level threshold based on comparing the level of light incident on the light sensor with the predetermined light level threshold 9. The controller of claim 5, wherein the control module is configured to determine that the light incident on the light sensor is at a level less than the predetermined light level threshold based on time of day information. 10. The controller of claim 5, wherein the control module is configured to determine that the light incident on the light sensor is at a level less than the predetermined light level threshold based on a detection by a further sensor of the amount of light in the environment. 11. The controller of claim 1, wherein both the non-optical sensor and the light sensor have an associated sensing region, and the sensing region of the non-optical sensor is within the sensing region of the light sensor. 12. The controller of any of claim 1, wherein both the non-optical sensor and the light sensor have an associated sensing region, and the sensing region of the non-optical sensor is outside the sensing region of the light sensor. 13. The controller of claim 5, wherein in response to determining that light incident on the light sensor is greater than the predetermined light level threshold, the control module configured to: use the light sensor to perform motion detection; and in response to receiving a signal indicative of sensed motion from the light sensor control the one or more lighting device to operate in the third operating state. 14. A lighting system comprising: the controller according to claim 1; the non-optical sensor; the light sensor; and the one or more lighting device; 15. A computer program product for performing sensing using a non-optical sensor and a light sensor to control one or more lighting device to illuminate an environment, the computer program product comprising code embodied on a computer-readable medium and being configured so as when executed on a processor to: use the non-optical sensor to perform motion detection; in response to receiving a signal indicative of sensed motion from the non-optical sensor whilst the one or more lighting device is operating in a first operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to a first illumination level or emits no light, control the one or more lighting device to operate in a second operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to a second illumination level, the second illumination level being higher than the first illumination level; use the light sensor to perform motion detection whilst the one or more lighting device is operating in the second operating state; if no motion is detected by the light sensor, control the one or more lighting device to operate in the first operating state or a further operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to an illumination level lower than the second illumination level; and in response to receiving a signal indicative of sensed motion from the light sensor, control the one or more lighting device to operate in a third operating state in which the one or more lighting device illuminates the environment according to a third illumination level, the third illumination level being higher than the second illumination level.",
-    "The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising trophoblast derived microparticles for the treatment of damaged tissue, including, ischemic tissue and wounds. 1-28. (canceled) 29. A method of treating damaged tissue in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of microparticles derived from trophoblast cells. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the wound is a chronic wound. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the damaged tissue is ischemic tissue. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the trophoblast cells are early-stage trophoblast cells. 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the trophoblast cells comprise an in vitro grown trophoblast cell culture. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the microparticles are obtained from the in vitro trophoblast cell culture. 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising culturing the trophoblast cell culture under starvation condition prior to obtaining said microparticles. 37. The method of claim 29, wherein the microparticles comprise membrane vesicles. 38. The method of claim 29, wherein the microparticles comprise non-classical HLAG. 39. The method of claim 29, wherein the microparticles comprise growth factors. 40. The method of claim 29, wherein the microparticles comprise epidermal growth factor. 41. The method of claim 29, wherein the microparticles comprise cytokines. 42. The method of claim 29, wherein the microparticles are derived from trophoblast cells isolated from the plasma of pregnant subjects. 43. The method of claim 29, wherein the subject in need thereof is diabetic. 44. The method of claim 29, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered topically. 45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of microparticles derived from trophoblasts for treating damaged tissue, wherein said microparticles are isolated from a trophoblast cell culture. 46. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 45, wherein prior to isolating said microparticles, the trophoblast cell culture is exposed to a stress condition. 47. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 46, wherein the stress condition is selected from starvation, hypoxia or a combination thereof.",
-    "A method of producing a cover element for an optoelectronic component includes producing a frame having a multiplicity of openings, wherein the frame is made of a material having embedded particles of TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, AlN, SiO2, or another optically reflective material and/or an embedded colored pigment; introducing a material into a multiplicity of the openings; and dividing the frame. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method of producing a cover element for an optoelectronic component, comprising: producing a frame having a multiplicity of openings, wherein the frame is made of a material having embedded particles of TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, AlN, SiO2, or another optically reflective material and/or an embedded colored pigment; introducing a material into a multiplicity of the openings; and dividing the frame. 22. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the frame is produced by injection molding or transfer molding. 23. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the frame is made of a matrix material comprising a silicone or an epoxy resin. 24. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the material is introduced into the openings by blading, spraying or dispensing. 25. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the material has embedded wavelength-converting particles. 26. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the openings are respectively formed with an essentially rectangular cross-sectional surface. 27. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein dividing the frame is carried out by sawing, laser separation, cutting or stamping. 28. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the frame is produced such that the openings are regularly arranged. 29. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the frame is divided such that portions with respectively one opening are formed. 30. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the frame is divided such that at least one portion is formed having an opening annularly bordered by a section of the frame. 31. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein, before dividing the frame, for a multiplicity of openings the material introduced into the opening is divided. 32. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein dividing the material is carried out by boring, stamping, sawing, cutting, water-jet cutting or a laser process. 33. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the frame is treated with a plasma before the material is introduced. 34. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein introducing the material is carried out before the frame is fully cured. 35. A method of producing an optoelectronic component, comprising: producing a cover element by a method as claimed in claim 21; providing an optoelectronic semiconductor chip; and arranging the cover element on a radiation emission surface of the optoelectronic semiconductor chip. 36. The method as claimed in claim 35, further comprising: arranging the optoelectronic semiconductor chip on a surface of a carrier; arranging an encapsulation material on the surface of the carrier such that side surfaces of the optoelectronic semiconductor chip and the cover element are at least partially covered by the encapsulation material. 37. An optoelectronic component comprising: an optoelectronic semiconductor chip having a radiation emission surface, and a cover element arranged on the radiation emission surface, wherein the cover element comprises a first section having a first material, and comprises a second section having a second material different from the first material, at least the first material has embedded wavelength-converting particles, and the second material has embedded particles of TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, AlN, SiO2, or another optically reflective material and/or an embedded colored pigment.",
-    "The present invention relates to new forms of co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid, to a process for their preparation and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. The co-crystals according to the invention have better solubility than agomelatine and are therefore more suitable for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. They also have better stability and purity and, moreover, are obtained by a simple process which does not include any difficult steps. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A Crystalline form of co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid of formula (I): wherein n represents 0 or 1. 14. The crystalline form according to claim 13, which is the co-crystal of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate, having the following X-ray powder diffraction diagram expressed in terms of interplanar distance d, Bragg's angle 2 theta (expressed in \u00b0\u00b10.2), and relative intensity: 2-Theta (\u00b0) exp. d (\u212b) exp. Intensity (%) 6.9631 12.6846 77.52 9.4831 9.31871 16.21 12.8823 6.86648 100 13.9527 6.34201 23.16 14.1761 6.24258 16.06 15.1817 5.83128 13.38 15.379 5.75689 25 15.5788 5.68351 46.24 16.7156 5.29947 94.46 17.2926 5.12391 37.98 18.4671 4.80058 92.47 18.6356 4.75756 22.34 19.199 4.6192 25.69 19.6747 4.50857 35.74 20.1398 4.4055 28.53 21.6248 4.1062 14.93 22.0586 4.02643 52.23 22.2859 3.98587 99.09 23.2175 3.82799 15.22 23.9607 3.71092 32.37 25.1733 3.53485 42.09 26.0152 3.42233 16.64 27.7148 3.2162 39.29 28.23 3.15866 11.25 28.4033 3.13979 16.33 including the forms whose diffraction angles correspond to within \u00b10.2\u00b0. 15. The crystalline form according to claim 13, which is the co-crystal of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid, having the following X-ray powder diffraction diagram expressed in terms of interplanar distance d, Bragg's angle 2 theta (expressed in \u00b0=0.2), and relative intensity: 2-Theta (\u00b0) exp. d (\u212b) exp. Intensity (%) 11.2964 7.82664 21.53 11.6596 7.58367 20.45 13.4436 6.58103 61.31 15.2416 5.80848 18.42 16.0185 5.52847 30.89 17.3473 5.10789 41.39 17.8289 4.97096 54.3 18.2535 4.85629 100 20.4891 4.33118 19.84 20.6912 4.28932 45.12 20.9516 4.23659 36.73 21.3088 4.16638 14.93 22.2998 3.98342 33.92 23.129 3.84244 24.66 23.4107 3.79685 12.89 23.6474 3.75938 12.34 23.9983 3.7052 12.8 including the forms whose diffraction angles correspond to within \u00b10.2\u00b0. 16. A process for obtaining the co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid according to claim 13, wherein: agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate are mixed in an organic or aqueous-organic solvent in the desired proportions; the solution obtained is stirred and optionally heated at a temperature not greater than the boiling point of the chosen solvent; the mixture is cooled, with stirring, and the complex precipitates naturally or precipitates after being taken up in a second solvent; the precipitate obtained is filtered and dried; optionally, the precipitate is dried by heating. 17. A process for the preparation of the co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid according to claim 13, wherein the two constituents are co-ground. 18. A process for the preparation of the co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid according to claim 13, wherein the two constituents are mixed in an organic or aqueous-organic solvent and then frozen and dried at a very low temperature. 19. A process for the preparation of the co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid according to claim 13, wherein the powders of agomelatine and the acid in question are mixed in a mixer and the mixture is then extruded by twin-screw extrusion without a die in order to obtain a solid grain directly at the outlet of the extruder. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient the co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid according to claim 13, in combination with one or more inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 21. A method of treating disorders of the melatoninergic system in a subject in need thereof, comprising administration of the co-crystals of agomelatine and p-toluenesulphonic acid according to claim 13, alone or in combination with one or more inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the disorder is selected from stress, sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorders, mood disorders, including bipolar disorders, major depression, seasonal affective disorder, cardiovascular pathologies, pathologies of the digestive system, insomnia and fatigue due to jet-lag, schizophrenia, panic attacks, melancholia, appetite disorders, obesity, insomnia, pain, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, senile dementia, disorders associated with normal or pathological aging, migraine, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral circulation disorders, sexual dysfunctions, conditions requiring an ovulation inhibitor, conditions requiring an immunomodulator, and cancer.",
-    "A transmission normalization in a wireless communication system adopting hybrid beamforming is provided. An operating method of a transmitter includes transmitting control information on transmission power normalization, receiving information indicating a precoding matrix and an analog beam selected based on the control information, and transmitting a signal normalized using a normalization coefficient corresponding a combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam. 1. A method for operating a transmitter in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting control information on transmission power normalization; receiving information indicating a precoding matrix and an analog beam selected based on the control information; and transmitting a signal normalized using a normalization coefficient corresponding to a combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam, wherein the control information comprises information for determining the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam for which a transmission power of at least one antenna element exceeds a limit. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level to apply to data to be transmitted to a receiver, using an offset corresponding to the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the normalization coefficient corresponding to the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam, in a look-up table. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the normalized signal comprises: performing a digital beamforming using the precoding matrix; performing the normalization by multiplying transmit signal per chain by the normalization coefficient corresponding to the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam; and performing an analog beamforming using the analog beam. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: normalizing the signal based on the control information; determining whether a power value of at least one antenna exceeds the limit for the normalized signal; and in response to determining that the power value of at least one antenna exceeds the limit for the normalized signal, normalizing and transmitting the signal. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: in response to determining that the power value of any antenna exceeds the limit for the normalized signal, entering a default Multi-Input Multi-Output mode and transmitting the signal. 7. A method for operating a receiver in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving control information on transmission power normalization; and transmitting information indicating a precoding matrix and an analog beam selected based on the control information, wherein the control information comprises information for determining the combination of the precoding and the analog beam for which a transmission power of at least one antenna element exceeds a limit. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: selecting a combination among other combinations than the precoding matrix and analog beam combinations corresponding to flags indicating excess of the transmission power over the limit. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: compensating for a channel quality with the offset when transmitting data using the selected combination. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the control information comprises analog beam coefficients used by a transmitter, further comprising: determining at least one combination of the transmission power exceeding the limit, using the analog beam coefficients; and selecting one combination among one or more combinations other than the at least one determined combination. 11-15. (canceled) 16. An apparatus of a transmitter supporting digital beamforming and analog beamforming in a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising: a transmitting part configured to transmit control information on transmission power normalization; and a receiving part configured to receive information indicating a precoding matrix and an analog beam selected based on the control information, wherein the transmitting part is further configured to transmit a signal normalized using a normalization coefficient corresponding a combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam, and wherein the control information comprises information for determining the combination of the precoding and the analog beam where a transmission power of at least one antenna element exceeds a limit. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a controller configured to determine a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level to apply to data to be transmitted to a receiver, using the offset corresponding to the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a controller configured to determine the normalization coefficient corresponding to the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam, in a predefined look-up table. 19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the transmitting part is further configured to: perform a digital beamforming using the precoding matrix, perform the normalization by multiplying transmit signal per chain by the normalization coefficient corresponding to the combination of the precoding matrix and the analog beam, and perform the analog beamforming using an analog beam coefficient. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a controller configured to: normalize the signal based on the control information, determine whether a power value of at least one antenna exceeds the limit for the normalized signal, and in response to determining that the power value of at least one antenna exceeds the limit for the normalized signal, normalize the signal, wherein the transmitting part is further configured to transmit the signal. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to determining that the power value of any antenna exceeds the limit for the normalized signal, enter a default Multi-Input Multi-Output mode, wherein the transmitting part is further configured to transmit the signal. 22. An apparatus of a receiver in a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising: a receiving part configured to receive control information on transmission power normalization; and a transmitting part configured to transmit information indicating a precoding matrix and an analog beam selected based on the control information, wherein the control information comprises information for determining the combination of the precoding and the analog beam where a transmission power of at least one antenna element exceeds a limit. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising a controller configured to select a combination among other combinations than the precoding matrix and analog beam combinations corresponding to flags indicating excess of the transmission power over a limit. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the controller is further configured to compensate for a channel quality with the offset when transmitting data using the selected combination. 25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the control information comprises analog beam coefficients used by a transmitter, the apparatus further comprising a controller configured to: determine at least one combination of the transmission power exceeding the limit, using the analog beam coefficients, and select one combination among one or more combinations other than the at least one determined combination.",
-    "An unbonded flexible pipe for offshore transportation of fluids from a subsea facility. The unbonded flexible pipe has a length along a longitudinal center axis, and a first and a second end, and a first end fitting connected to the first end. The unbonded flexible pipe comprises from inside and out an electrically conductive carcass, an electrically insulating innermost sealing sheath, at least one electrically conductive armor layer comprising at least one helically wound electrically conductive wire and an electrically insulating outer sealing sheath. At least the electrically conductive layers are mechanically terminated in the first end fitting and the pipe comprises electrical connections arranged to apply a voltage over the electrically conductive layers which electrically conductive layers are electrically connected at a distance along the length of the unbonded flexible pipe from the first end fitting of the unbonded flexible pipe to provide an electric circuit. 1-52. (canceled) 53. An unbonded flexible pipe for transportation of fluids, the unbonded flexible pipe has a length along a longitudinal center axis, and a first and a second end, and a first end fitting connected to the first end, the unbonded flexible pipe comprises from inside and out an electrically conductive carcass, an electrically insulating innermost sealing sheath, at least one electrically conductive armor layer comprising at least one helically wound electrically conductive wire and an electrically insulating outer sealing sheath, at least the electrically conductive layers are mechanically terminated in the first end fitting and the pipe comprises electrical connections in the first end fitting arranged to apply a voltage over the electrically conductive layers which electrically conductive layers are electrically connected at a far position of the unbonded flexible pipe at a distance from the first end fitting of the unbonded flexible pipe to provide an electric circuit and wherein the electrically conductive carcass and the electrically conductive armor layer are selected such that a voltage drop Vc over the electrically conductive carcass is larger than a voltage drop Va over the electrically conductive armor layer. 54. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein Vc>1.5 times Va, such as Vc>2 times Va, such as Vc>5 times Va, such as Vc>10 times Va. 55. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein the first end fitting comprises a bore extending through a front end in which the electrically conductive layers are mechanically terminated, and through a rear end of the first end fitting, the rear end of the first end fitting comprises a flange for being connected to a production site structure in fluid connection with a flow path thereof, the rear end of the first end fitting comprises an annular wall surface defining the rear end of the bore of the first end fitting, wherein at least a part of the annular wall surface is electrically insulated from the electrically conductive carcass. 56. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein an electric power blocking is arranged in the rear end of the bore of the end fitting. 57. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 56, wherein the electric power blocking is a valve, such as a ball valve or a gate valve. 58. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 56, wherein the electric power blocking is a sacrificial anode comprising a metal or a metal alloy which is less noble than the annular wall surface of the first end fitting, such as an anode comprising magnesium, brass, aluminum, zinc or titanium. 59. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein the electrical connections arranged to apply a voltage over the electrically conductive layers are arranged to be connected to a main power supply for applying the voltage over the electrically conductive layers in said first end fitting, the main power supply is a dual power supply wherein one sub-power supply is connected over one of the electrically conductive layers and zero and it adds a high potential to said one of the electrically conductive layers and another sub-power supply is connected over the other one of the electrically conductive layers and zero and it adds a low potential to said other one of the electrically conductive layers. 60. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein the unbonded flexible pipe comprises electrical connections for applying a support power supply in the electric circuit at a distance from the main power supply. 61. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein the unbonded flexible pipe comprises two or more pipe length sections which are mechanically and electrically connected via respective intermediate end fittings, each pipe length section comprises from inside and out an electrically conductive carcass length section, an electrically insulating innermost sealing sheath length section, at least one armor layer length section comprising a length section of the at least one helically would electrically conductive wire and an electrically insulating outer sealing sheath length section, wherein the respective length sections of the conductive layers are electrically interconnected to provide the electric circuit. 62. The unbonded flexible pipe of claim 53, wherein the unbonded flexible pipe comprises a temperature sensor. 63. An offshore system comprising a production site structure and an unbonded flexible pipe suitable for transporting fluids from a subsea facility to the production site structure, the unbonded flexible pipe has a length along a longitudinal center axis, and a first and a second end, and a first end fitting connected to the first end, wherein the unbonded flexible pipe is connected to said production site structure via said first end fitting, the unbonded flexible pipe comprises from inside and out an electrically conductive carcass, an electrically insulating innermost sealing sheath, at least one electrically conductive armor layer comprising at least one helically wound electrically conductive wire and an electrically insulating outer sealing sheath, at least the electrically conductive layers are mechanically terminated in the first end fitting and the pipe comprises electrical connections in the first end fitting arranged to apply a voltage over the electrically conductive layers which electrically conductive layers are electrically connected at a far position of the unbounded flexible pipe at a distance from the first end fitting of the unbonded flexible pipe to provide an electric circuit and wherein the electrically conductive carcass and the electrically conductive armor layer are selected such that a voltage drop Vc over the electrically conductive carcass is larger than a voltage drop Va over the electrically conductive armor layer. 64. The offshore system of claim 63, wherein the flow path of the production site structure comprises an inflow flow path section surrounded by an inflow flow path wall surface which in at least a length section is electrically insulated. 65. The offshore system as claimed in claim 63, wherein the system further comprises a main power supply for applying the voltage over the electrically conductive layers, the main power supply is electrically connected to at least one of the electrical connections to the electrically conductive layers in said first end fitting. 66. The offshore system as claimed in claim 63, wherein the system further comprises a main power supply for applying the voltage over the electrically conductive layers, the main power supply is electrically connected to both of the electrical connections to the electrically conductive layers in said first end fitting. 67. The offshore system as claimed in claim 63, wherein the system further comprises a main power supply for applying the voltage over the electrically conductive layers, the main power supply is a dual power supply wherein one sub-power supply is connected over one of the electrically conductive layers and zero and it adds a high potential to said one of the electrically conductive layers and another sub-power supply is connected over the other one of the electrically conductive layers and zero and it adds a low potential to said other one of the electrically conductive layers. 68. The offshore system as claimed in claim 63, wherein the system comprises a support power supply in the electric circuit arranged at a distance from the main power supply, the support power supply is arranged to impress an electrical potential difference between the electrically conductive layers at the far position of the unbounded flexible pipe such that the impressed electrical potential at the far position of each of the respective electrically conductive layers is negative where the electrical potential impressed by the main power supply at the first end of the unbounded flexible pipe to each of said respective electrically conductive layers is positive and positive where the electrical potential impressed by the main power supply at the first end of the unbounded flexible pipe to each of said respective electrically conductive layers is negative. 69. The offshore system as claimed in claim 63, wherein the electrically conductive armor layer and/or the electrically conductive carcass layer is grounded. 70. The offshore system as claimed in claim 63, wherein the inflow flow path comprises an inflow path section comprising an electric power blocking. 71. The offshore system as claimed in claim 70, wherein the electric power blocking is at least one bend of the inflow path section.",
-    "Disclosed are gas permeable 3D electrodes, preferably that have practical utility in, particularly, electro-energy and electro-synthetic applications. Gas permeable materials, such as non-conductive porous polymer membranes, are attached to one or more porous conductive materials. In another aspect there is provided a method for the fabrication of gas permeable 3D electrodes, for example gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The 3D electrodes can be utilised in electrochemical cells or devices. 1. A gas permeable 3D electrode comprising: a gas permeable material that is non-conductive; and a porous conductive material attached to the gas permeable material; wherein a three-phase solid-liquid-gas boundary is able to form at or near a surface of the gas permeable material facing the porous conductive material. 2. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode is flexible. 3. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 2, wherein the electrode is spiral-wound or rolled. 4. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein during normal operational use of the electrode the gas permeable material is impermeable to a liquid electrolyte, and the porous conductive material is permeable to the liquid electrolyte. 5. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is provided adjacent to the gas permeable material. 6. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material abuts the gas permeable material. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is selected from the group of: metallic meshes; metallic grids; metallic lattices; metallic cloths; perforated metallic sheets; polymeric meshes, grids, lattices or cloths coated with a metallic layer; carbon fibres or carbon cloths; and, porous or spaced apart metallic elements. 10. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, further comprising a binder material to attach the porous conductive material to the gas permeable material. 11. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material is provided with a catalytic material. 12. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material is provided with a conductive material. 13. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material includes carbon black particles, graphene, carbon nanotubes, or buckyballs. 14. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material includes Nickel particles or nanoparticles. 15. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material includes an ionomer. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material is present between the porous conductive material and the gas permeable material. 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material penetrates into the gas permeable material to a depth less than the thickness of the gas permeable material. 22. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 10, wherein the binder material penetrates into or around the porous conductive material. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, comprising a barrier layer. 26. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 25, wherein the barrier layer limits an amount of an undesired gas permeating through the electrode. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, further comprising a second porous conductive material positioned on an opposite side of the gas permeable material to the porous conductive material. 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable material has a characteristic pore size <500 nm. 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a wetting pressure above 0.2 bar. 39. (canceled) 40. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a width of about 0.05 m or greater, about 0.1 m or greater, about 0.2 m or greater, about 0.3 m or greater, about 0.4 m or greater, about 0.5 m or greater, about 1 m or greater, or about 2 m or greater. 41. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a length of about 0.5 m or greater, about 1 m or greater, about 2 m or greater, about 3 m or greater, about 4 m or greater, about 5 m or greater, or about 10 m or greater. 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein in use the three-phase solid-liquid-gas boundary is macroscopically substantially two-dimensional in relation to the width of the 3D electrode. 46. (canceled) 47. (canceled) 48. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is at least partially formed using Nickel. 49. (canceled) 50. (canceled) 51. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is at least partially formed using Ti, Cr, Pt, Cu, Pb, Sn, Co, Mn, Au and/or Ag. 52. (canceled) 53. (canceled) 54. (canceled) 55. (canceled) 56. An electrochemical cell comprising the gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1. 57. The electrochemical cell of claim 56, wherein the cell includes a plurality of 3D electrodes that are flexible. 58. (canceled) 59. (canceled) 60. (canceled) 61. (canceled) 62. (canceled) 63. (canceled) 64. (canceled) 65. A method of fabricating a gas permeable 3D electrode, comprising the steps of: selecting a gas permeable material that is non-conductive; and attaching a porous conductive material to a side of the gas permeable material using a binder material; wherein the binder material penetrates the porous conductive material. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the porous conductive material and the gas permeable material are laminated together. 67. (canceled) 68. (canceled) 69. (canceled) 70. (canceled) 71. (canceled) 72. (canceled) 73. (canceled) 74. (canceled) 75. (canceled)",
-    "Grinding is performed on an outer peripheral surface of a shaft member (2) while rotationally driving the shaft member (2) under a state in which both end surfaces of the shaft member (2) are sandwiched between a pair of support portions (a backing plate (74) and a pressure plate (75)). A convex surface (2a6) is formed on one axial end surface of the shaft member by swelling an inner-diameter portion thereof, and a flat surface is formed on an end surface (75a) of the pressure plate (75) configured to support the convex surface in a contact manner. The end surface (75a) of the pressure plate (75) and an apex (2a7) of the convex surface (2a6) of the shaft member (2) are brought into contact with each other to support one axial end portion of the shaft member (2). 1. A method of manufacturing a shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device, comprising grinding an outer peripheral surface of a shaft member while rotationally driving the shaft member under a state in which both end surfaces of the shaft member are sandwiched between a pair of support portions from both axial sides of the shaft member, wherein one of one axial end surface of the shaft member and an end surface of one support portion, which is configured to support the one axial end surface in a contact manner, has a flat surface formed thereon, wherein another one of the one axial end surface of the shaft member and the end surface of the one support portion has a convex surface formed thereon by swelling an inner-diameter portion thereof to the flat surface side, and wherein the manufacturing method further comprises bringing the flat surface and an apex of the convex surface into contact with each other to support one axial end portion of the shaft member. 2. The method of manufacturing a shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device according to claim 1, wherein both of another axial end surface of the shaft member and an end surface of another support portion, which is configured to support the another axial end surface in a contact manner, have flat surfaces formed thereon, wherein the manufacturing method further comprises bringing the flat surfaces into contact with each other to support another axial end portion of the shaft member, and wherein the rotationally driving of the shaft member is performed by the another support portion. 3. The method of manufacturing a shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device according to claim 2, wherein the grinding is performed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft member after grinding is performed on the another axial end surface of the shaft member. 4. The method of manufacturing a shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device according to claim 1, wherein the grinding is performed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft member after the shaft member is formed by turning. 5. The method of manufacturing a shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device according to claim 1, wherein the grinding is performed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft member while the outer peripheral surface of the shaft member is supported by a support member in a contact manner. 6. The method of manufacturing a shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device according to claim 1, wherein the shaft member comprises a flange portion. 7. A shaft member for a fluid dynamic bearing device, which is used for a fluid dynamic bearing device, the shaft member comprising a convex surface formed on one axial end surface of the shaft member by swelling an inner-diameter portion thereof, the convex surface having a support mark formed on an apex of the convex surface.",
-    "The present invention discloses a method and a system for protecting root CA certificates in a virtualization environment. The method installs a root CA certificate security manager on a host computer. The root CA certificate security manager stores the lists of root CA certificates and provides certificate validation service to virtual machines via a read-only interface. When a virtual machine needs the verification of a certificate, it sends a certificate validation service request to the root CA security manager. The root CA certificate security manager provides certificate validation services to the virtual machine in response to the request. The virtual list of root CA certificates in the present invention has the following features: it isolates the list of the root CA certificates from the virtual machine; the virtual machine can only access the list of the root CA certificates in a read-only manner; modification or configuration of the lists of root CA certificates can only be made via an interface of the CA certificate security manager on the host computer; and the virtual machine can flexibly choose the way how a certificate is to be verified. 1. A method for protecting root CA certificate in a virtualization environment, comprising: 1) installing a root CA certificate security manager on a host computer; operating the root CA certificate security manager in a virtual machine monitor on the host computer; storing lists of root CA certificates in the root CA certificate security manager; providing certificate validation service to virtual machines by the root CA certificate security manager via a read-only interface to virtual machines in a virtualization environment; accessing the lists of root CA certificates in the root CA certificate security manager by the virtual machine via the read-only interface; and) 2) sending a service request from the virtual machine to the root CA certificate security manager when the virtual machine needs verification of a certificate; providing certificate validation service for the certificate by the root CA certificate security manager in response to the service request. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting a mode of certificate validation service by the virtual machine when sending a service request from the virtual machine to the root CA certificate security manager, wherein the step of providing certificate validation service by the root CA certificate security manager comprises one of the following steps: a) when the virtual machine requests the root CA certificate security manager to verify a certificate, verifying the certificate received from the virtual machine by the root CA certificates security manager using the root CA certificate list corresponding to the virtual machine; returning a result to the virtual machine via the read-only interface; or b) when the virtual machine requests to read a root CA certificate from the root CA certificate security manager, sending information about the root CA certificate from the root CA certificates security manager to the virtual machine via the read-only interface; completing the verification of the certificate by the virtual machine. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the lists of root CA certificates is associated with a virtual machine, wherein the lists of root CA certificates are configured only via an interface of the root CA certificate security manager on the host computer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the virtual machine sends the service request for certificate validation service to the root CA certificate security manager through a secure virtual communication channel shared with the root CA certificate security manager. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the root CA certificate security manager is implemented in a Xen-based virtualization system, or based on VMware ESX/ESXi, or based on Hyper-V virtualization system, or based on KVM-QEMU virtualization system. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the root CA certificate security manager is implemented in KVM-QEMU virtualization system, wherein the root CA certificate security manager uses Virtio in combination with QEMU to deliver the service requests and responses for certificate validation between the root CA certificate security manager and the virtual machine. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the Virtio system comprises a front-end driver in a driver module of the virtual machine, a back-end processing program implemented in QEMU, and two layers between the back-end processing program and the front-end driver to support communications between the virtual machines and QEMU, wherein the two layers comprises a virtual queue interface and a virtio-ring, wherein the virtual queue interface attaches the front-end driver to the back-end processing program, and the virtual queue interface calls the virtio-ring in a lower layer to enable the front-end driver and the back-end processing program to send and receive data with each other using the same Application Binary Interface, thus providing a communication channel between the two sides, wherein the virtio-ring implements a ring buffer for storing information processed by the front-end driver and the back-end processing program, wherein the virtio-ring stores multiple I/O requests from the front-end driver altogether, and sends such information to the back-end processing program for batch processing. 8. A system for protecting root CA certificates in a virtualization environment, comprising: a host computer comprising a root CA certificate security manager on the host computer, wherein the root CA certificate security manager operates in a virtual machine monitor on the host computer, wherein the root CA certificate security manager stores lists of root CA certificates; and a virtual machine, wherein the root CA certificate security manager provides certificate validation service via a read-only interface to the virtual machine, wherein the virtual machine accesses the list of root CA certificates in the root CA certificate security manager via the read-only interface, wherein the virtual machine sends a service request for certificate validation to the root CA certificate security manager when the virtual machine needs to verify a certificate, wherein the root CA certificate security manager provides certificate validation service for the certificate in response to the service request. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the virtual machine selects a mode of certificate validation when it sends the service request for certificate validation to the root CA certificate security manager, wherein the root CA certificate security manager provides certificate validation service in one of the following ways: a) when the virtual machine requests the root CA certificate security manager to verify the certificate, the root CA certificate security manager verifies the certificate received from the virtual machine, uses the lists of root CA certificates corresponding to the virtual machine, and returns a result to the virtual machine via the read-only interface; or b) when the virtual machine requests to read a root CA certificate from the root CA certificate security manager, the root CA certificate security manager sends the root CA certificate to the virtual machine via the read-only interface, wherein the root CA certificate is associated with the information in the request, wherein the virtual machine completes certificate verification of the certificate. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the configuration of the lists of root CA certificates, including adding, deleting, modifying the list of root CA certificates used by each virtual machine, is achieved only via an interface provided by the root CA certificate security manager.",
-    "A method of diagnosing and treating proliferative disorders in connection with the use of a Smac mimetic. 1. A method of monitoring the response of a patient undergoing treatment with a SM, said method comprising monitoring levels of NF-\u03baB activation in patient samples of target cells over time during a course of SM treatment, whereby decreasing levels of activated NF-\u03baB in said cells is an indicator that the SM is having the desired pharmacologic effect. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient is undergoing treatment with a SM in order to treat a cancer and wherein the target cells are abnormally proliferating cells. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the cancer is MDS/AML. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein patient samples of targetted cells are collected and analyzed for NF-\u03baB activation by imaging flow cytometry and measurement of relative amounts of cytoplasmic (unactivated) NF-\u03baB and of nuclear (activated) NF-\u03baB. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein levels of NF-\u03baB activation are measured by calculating a similarity score that reflects the amount of cytoplasmic NF-\u03baB relative to the amount of nuclear NF-\u03baB. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the SM is a peptidomimetic of the four N-terminal amino acids of Smac. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the SM is birinapant. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the cancer is MDS/AML. 9. A method of treating a patient for whom SM therapy is indicated, said method comprising: (a) internally administering a SM to the patient during at least one treatment cycle, (b) monitoring the response of the patient to the SM during each treatment cycle by monitoring levels of NF-\u03baB activation in patient samples of targeted cells over time, whereby decreasing levels of activated NF-\u03baB in said cells is an indicator that the SM is having the desired pharmacologic effect, and (c) (i) discontinuing the SM treatment following completion of the at least one treatment cycle if the level of activated NF-\u03baB relative to the level of unactivated NF-\u03baB in target cells does not decrease while the patient is being treated with the SM or (c)(ii) continuing the SM treatment and the NF-\u03baB monitoring for at least one additional treatment cycle following completion of the at least one treatment cycle if the level of activated NF-\u03baB relative to the level of unactivated NF-\u03baB in target cells decreases while the patient is being treated with the SM. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein SM therapy is indicated for the treatment of a cancer and wherein a treatment cycle comprises at least one administration of the SM per week for at least one week, optionally followed by a one week rest interval. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the patient is treated with the SM by administering the SM to the patient one, two, or three times/week in accordance with one of the following treatment cycles: two weeks on/one week off one week on/one week off two weeks on/one week off three weeks on/one week off no rest interval. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the patient is undergoing treatment with a SM in order to treat a cancer and wherein the targetted cells are abnormally proliferating cells. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the cancer is MDS/AML. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein patient samples of targetted cells are collected and analyzed for NF-\u03baB activation by imaging flow cytometry and measurement of relative amounts of cytoplasmic (unactivated) NF-\u03baB and of nuclear (activated) NF-\u03baB. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein levels of NF-\u03baB activation are measured by calculating a similarity score that reflects the amount of cytoplasmic NF-\u03baB relative to the amount of nuclear NF-\u03baB. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the SM is a peptidomimetic of the four N-terminal amino acids of Smac. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the SM has the structure: [P1-P2-P3-P4] (Formula I) or [P1-P2-P3-P4]-L-[P1\u2032-P2\u2032-P3\u2032-P4\u2032] (Formula II) wherein P1-P2-P3- and P1\u2032-P2\u2032-P3\u2032- are amino acid replacements of, respectively, the N-terminal Ala-Val-Pro- of mature Smac and P4 and P4\u2032 are amino acid replacements of the fourth N-terminal amino acid, Phe, Tyr, Ile, or Val, and L is a linking group or bond covalently linking [P1-P2-P3-P4] to [P1\u2032-P2\u2032-P3\u2032-P4\u2032]. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the SM has the structure of Formula II and wherein: P1 and P1\u2032 are NHR1\u2014CHR2\u2014C(O)\u2014; P2 and P2\u2032 are \u2014NH\u2014CHR3\u2014C(O)\u2014; P3 and P3\u2032 are independently pyrrolidine, pyrrolidine fused to a cycloalkyl, or pyrrolidine fused to a heterocycloalkyl having a\u2014N\u2014 heteroatom, optionally substituted in each case, and wherein the pyrrolidine of P3/P3\u2032 is bound to P2/P2\u2032 by an amide bond; P4 and P4\u2032 are -M-Qp-R7; each R1 is independently \u2014H or \u2014CH3; each R2 is independently \u2014CH3, \u2014CH2CH3 or \u2014CH2OH; each R3 is independently C2-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, or C6-C8 aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted in each case; each M is independently a covalent bond, C1-6 alkylene, or a substituted C1-C6 alkylene; each Q is independently a covalent bond, C1-6 alkylene, substituted C1-C6 alkylene, \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014NR8\u2014; each P is independently 0 or 1; each R7 is independently cycloalkyl, cycloalkylaryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted in each case; each R8 is independently \u2014H or C1-6 alkyl. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the SM is selected from: is birinapant. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the cancer is MDS/AML. 21. A method of marketing a drug product comprising a Smac mimetic (\u201cSM\u201d) for the treatment of a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated, said method comprising informing patients, physicians or other healthcare providers, or insurers that the SM is unlikely to be effective in treating patients whose abnormally proliferating cells have an undetectable or low basal level of NF-\u03baB activation. 22. A method of monitoring response of a patient suffering from a proliferative disorder to treatment with a SM, said method comprising monitoring levels of NF-\u03baB activation in samples of the patient's abnormally proliferating cells over time, whereby decreasing levels of activated NF-\u03baB in said cells is an indicator that the disorder is responding to the treatment. 23. A method of treating a patient suffering from a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated, said method comprising measuring the level of activated NF-\u03baB in the patient's abnormally proliferating cells and: if NF-\u03baB is activated, e.g., if the level of activated NF-\u03baB is high such as when p65 is present in the nucleus as measured, e.g. by imaging flow cytometry, then treating the patient by internally administering an effective amount of a SM; or, if NF-\u03baB is activated, e.g., if the level of activated NF-\u03baB is low such as when p65 is not detected in the nucleus as measured, e.g. by imaging flow cytometry, then treating the patient with an alternative therapy. 24. A method of predicting the likelihood of efficacy of treatment of a patient suffering from a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated with a SM, said method comprising measuring the basal activity level of NF-\u03baB in the patient's abnormally proliferating cells whereby if said basal activity level is low, then the patient is unlikely to respond to treatment with a SM. 25. A method of predicting the likelihood of efficacy of treatment of a patient suffering from a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated with a SM, said method comprising: (i) obtaining a sample of abnormally proliferating cells associated with the disorder; (ii) having the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in the cells measured; (iii) receiving a measure of the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in the cells; wherein if said basal activity level is low, then the patient is unlikely to respond to treatment with a SM. 26. A method of treating a patient suffering a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated that comprises: (i) determining a basal level of NF-\u03baB activity that correlates with a Treatment Threshold for a SM; (ii) determining the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in abnormally proliferating cells from the patient; (iii) if the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity is at or greater than the Treatment Threshold, then internally administering to the patient an effective amount of the SM and if it is below the Treatment Threshold, then treating the patient with an alternative therapy. 27. A method of treating a patient suffering a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated that comprises: (i) determining or otherwise receiving a measure of the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in the patient's abnormally proliferating cells, either at the time of treatment or from a previously obtained sample of abnormally proliferating cells; (ii) if the level of NF-\u03baB is above normal, then treating the patient by internally administering an effective amount of a SM; or, if the level of NF-\u03baB is normal or below normal, then treating the patient with an alternative therapy. 28. A method of stratifying patients suffering from a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated into at least two categories: (a) Likely Responders and (b) Likely Non-responders, said method comprising: (i) determining or otherwise receiving a measure of the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in the patient's abnormally proliferating cells, either at the time of treatment or from a previously obtained sample of the patient's abnormally proliferating cells; or, (ii) if said basal activity level is high, then assigning that patient to the Likely Responders category and if said basal activity level is low, then assigning that patient to the Likely Non-Responders category. 29. A method of treating a patient suffering a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated that comprises: (i) obtaining a sample of abnormally proliferating cells associated with the disorder; (ii) having the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in said cells measured; (iii) receiving the measure of basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in said cells, wherein the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in said cells is directly related to the likelihood of efficacy of the treatment; (iv) internally administering to the patient an effective amount of a SM if the basal level of NF-\u03baB activity in said cells indicates a likelihood of efficacy of the treatment. 30. The method of any of claims 21-29 further defined by one or more of the following limitations: the SM is birinapant; the disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated is a cancer; the proliferative disorder is a NF-\u03baB-dependent cancer; the proliferative disorder is a leukemia; the proliferative disorder is a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML); a low basal level of NF-\u03baB activation is normal or below normal level of NF-\u03baB activation; treatment with a SM is in combination therapy with a chemotherapeutic (including without limitation, a biological) agent and/or radiation NF-\u03baB activation is determined by assaying for a phosphorylated NF-\u03baB protein in the nucleus of abnormally proliferating cells; NF-\u03baB activation is determined by assaying for RelA (p65) in the nucleus of abnormally proliferating cells; NF-\u03baB activation is determined by assaying for a NF-\u03baB protein, e.g., RelA, in the nucleus of abnormally proliferating cells by use of imaging flow cytometery and NF-\u03baB is determined to be activated if NF-\u03baB protein, e.g., RelA, is detected in the nucleus in amounts that are higher than amounts in normal cells and/or NF-\u03baB is determined not to be activated if NF-\u03baB protein, e.g., RelA, is not detected in the nucleus or is detected in the nucleus in amounts that are normal or below normal. 31. The method of any of claims 21-29 applied to the treatment of a cancer or pre-cancerous condition. 32. The method of any of claims 21 to 29 applied to the treatment of MDS/AML. 33. The method of any of claims 21 to 29 applied to the treatment of an autoimmune disorder. 34. The method of any of claims 21 to 29 applied to the treatment of infection. 35. A computer system that comprises: (1) a computer processor; (2) a stored bit pattern encoding the basal NF-\u03baB activity level in a sample of abnormally proliferating cells from a patient suffering from a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated. 36. A computer system that comprises: (1) a computer including a computer processor; (2) a stored bit pattern encoding information relating to the basal NF-\u03baB activity level in a sample of abnormally proliferating cells from a patient suffering from a disorder for which treatment with a SM is indicated, which may be stored in the computer; (3) and a program for quantifying in absolute or relative terms the level of NF-\u03baB activation in said cells.",
-    "An annular seal may include a seal body configured for disposing around a rotor, a plurality of grooves and a plurality of projections formed on an inner circumferential surface of the seal body, and a plurality of dams circumferentially disposed on a first surface of the seal body. The first surface may extend radially from the inner circumferential surface of the seal body. The plurality of dams may be configured to increase a pressure of a working fluid contacting the plurality of dams such that the increase in the pressure may center the annular seal about the rotor. 1. An annular seal, comprising: a seal body configured for disposition around a rotor; a plurality of grooves and a plurality of projections formed on an inner circumferential surface of the seal body; and a plurality of dams circumferentially disposed on a first surface of the seal body, the first surface extending radially from the inner circumferential surface of the seal body, and the plurality of dams configured to increase a pressure of a working fluid contacting the plurality of dams such that the increase in the pressure centers the annular seal about the rotor. 2. The annular seal of claim 1, wherein an axial width of each dam of the plurality of dams is the same. 3. The annular seal of claim 1, wherein each dam of the plurality of dams extends circumferentially between two ends thereof and a radial height of each dam at the two circumferential ends thereof is different. 4. The annular seal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of grooves are helical. 5. The annular seal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of grooves are annular. 6. The annular seal of claim 1, wherein the plurality of dams are configured such that the increase in the pressure of the working fluid contacting at least one dam proximate the rotor centers the annular seal about the rotor. 7. The annular seal of claim 1, wherein the seal body is a unitary structure or comprises at least two segments. 8. An annular seal, comprising: a seal body configured for disposition around a rotor, an outer circumferential surface of the seal body defining at least partially a first portion having a first diameter and a second portion having a second diameter less than the first diameter; a plurality of grooves and a plurality of projections formed on an inner circumferential surface of the seal body; and a plurality of dams circumferentially disposed on a first surface of the second portion, the first surface extending radially from the inner circumferential surface of the seal body, and the plurality of dams configured to increase a pressure of a working fluid contacting the plurality of dams such that the increase in the pressure centers the annular seal about the rotor. 9. The annular seal of claim 8, wherein an axial width of each dam of the plurality of dams is the same. 10. The annular seal of claim 8, wherein each dam of the plurality of dams extends circumferentially between two ends thereof and a radial height of each dam at the two circumferential ends thereof is different. 11. The annular seal of claim 10, wherein the circumferential end having the greater radial height is configured to increase the pressure of the working fluid. 12. The annular seal of claim 8, wherein the plurality of grooves are helical. 13. The annular seal of claim 8, wherein the plurality of grooves are annular. 14. The annular seal of claim 8, wherein the plurality of dams are configured such that the increase in the pressure of the working fluid contacting at least one dam proximate the rotor centers the annular seal about the rotor. 15. The annular seal of claim 8, wherein the seal body is a unitary structure or comprises at least two segments. 16. An annular seal, comprising: a seal body having a first surface, a second surface axially opposite the first surface, an outer circumferential surface extending between the first surface and the second surface, and an inner circumferential surface extending between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the outer circumferential surface and the inner circumferential surface are radially separated from each other, and the outer circumferential surface defines at least partially a first portion having a first diameter and a second portion having a second diameter less than the first diameter; a plurality of grooves and a plurality of projections formed on the inner circumferential surface and extending between the first surface and the second surface; and a plurality of dams circumferentially disposed on the second surface, wherein the plurality of dams form at least partially the second portion of the outer circumferential surface of the seal body, and the plurality of dams are configured to increase a pressure of a working fluid contacting the plurality of dams such that the increase in the pressure centers the annular seal about a rotor. 17. The annular seal of claim 16, wherein an axial width of each dam of the plurality of dams is the same. 18. The annular seal of claim 16, wherein each dam of the plurality of dams extends circumferentially between two ends thereof and a radial height of each dam at the two circumferential ends thereof is different. 19. The annular seal of claim 16, wherein the plurality of dams are configured such that the increase in the pressure of the working fluid contacting at least one dam proximate the rotor centers the annular seal about the rotor. 20. The annular seal of claim 16, wherein the seal body is a unitary structure or comprises at least two segments.",
-    "A vehicle periphery monitoring device comprises: an in-region object detecting unit which detects an in-region object present in contact determination regions on the basis of a photographic image from a camera per prescribed control cycle; and a warning control unit which performs warning control processing to give warning of a detected in-region object when an in-region object was not detected in the last control cycle, but the in-region object was detected in the present control cycle, and to restrain warning of a new in-region object when an in-region object was detected in the last control cycle and the new in-region object different from the in-region object detected in the last control cycle has been detected in the present control cycle. 1. A vehicle periphery monitoring device comprising: an in-region object detecting unit which detects an in-region object that is an object present in a contact determination region set at a periphery of a vehicle, based on detection data obtained by a thing detecting device which is mounted on the vehicle and detects a thing per prescribed control cycle; and a warning control unit which performs warning control processing to give warning of a detected in-region object when the in-region object was not detected by the in-region object detecting unit in a last control cycle, but the in-region object is detected by the in-region object detecting unit in a present control cycle, and to restrain warning of a new in-region object when the in-region object was detected by the in-region object detecting unit in the last control cycle and the new in-region object different from the in-region object detected in the last control cycle is detected by the in-region object detecting unit in the present control cycle, wherein a plurality of the contact determination regions are set; the in-region object detecting unit detects the in-region object in each contact determination region; and the warning control unit performs the warning control processing for each contact determination region. 2. (canceled) 3. The vehicle periphery monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of contact determination regions are composed of a first region situated in a travelling direction of the vehicle and two second regions situated in left and right directions of the vehicle relative to the first region. 4. The vehicle periphery monitoring device according to claim 1, comprising a gaze determining unit which determines whether or not a driver of the vehicle is gazing at the contact determination regions, wherein the warning control unit gives warning of the new in-region object without restraining warning of the new in-region object if the driver of the vehicle is determined to be not gazing at the contact determination regions by the gaze determining unit. 5. The vehicle periphery monitoring device according to claim 1, comprising a type detecting unit which detects a type of the in-region object, wherein the warning control unit gives warning of the new in-region object without restraining warning of the new in-region object if a type of the new in-region object detected by the type detecting unit in the present control cycle is different from a type of the in-region object detected by the type detecting unit in the last control cycle. 6. The vehicle periphery monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the warning control unit: performs, as the warning, image display processing to display a position corresponding to a real space position of the in-region object on a display device mounted on the vehicle, and sound generating processing to generate attention calling sound from a sound generating device mounted on the vehicle; and restrains the warning by only performing the image display processing among the image display processing and the sound generating processing.",
-    "The disclosure includes compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of Formula (I). Certain compounds and salts of Formula (I) are selective inhibitors of the Dopamine D2 receptor. The variables R1-R4, n, and L are defined herein. The disclosure also provides methods of synthesizing compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of Formula (I). Additionally the disclosure provides methods or treating patients suffering from central nervous system disorders, including Tourette's syndrome, bipolar disorder, hyperprolactinemia, tardive dyskinesia, Huntington's chorea, psychosis, depression, or schizophrenia. 1. A compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L is NHC(O)\u2014, C(O)NH\u2014, \u2014OC(O)\u2014 or C(O)O\u2014; n is and integer from 1 to 4 and is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C1-C2haloalkyl, or C1-C2haloalkoxy; R1 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)C0-C2alkyl, (mono- or di-C1-C4alkylamino)C1-C4alkyl, or (mono- or di-C1-C4alkylamino)C1-C4 alkoxy; R2 is mono-, bi-, or tricyclic carbocyclic or heterocylic group, a (mono- or di-C1-C4alkylamino)C2-C4alkyl group, or C4-C8alkyl, each of which R2 is unsubstituted or substituted with one more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, \u2014OR11, \u2014(CH2)0-4C(O)R11, \u2014(CH2)0-4NR11R12, \u2014(CH2)0-4C(O)NR11R12, \u2014(CH2)0-4N(R11)C(O)(R12), \u2014(CH2)0-4C(O)OR11, \u2014(CH2)0-4OC(O)R11, \u2014(CH2)0-4C(S)R11, \u2014(CH2)0-4 S(O)aR11, \u2014(CH2)0-4 S(O)bNR11R12, \u2014(CH2)0-4N(R11)S(O)bR12, and (phenyl)C0-C2alkyl, where a is 0, 1, or 2, and b is 1 or 2, R11, R12, and R13 are independently chosen at each occurrence from hydrogen and a C1-C6aliphatic group; each of R11, R12, and R13 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from: halogen, hydroxyl, vinyl, allenyl, oxo, cyano, amino, \u2014COOH, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, (mono- and di-C1-C6alkylamino)C0-C2alkyl, C1-C6alkylester, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C2haloalkyl, and C1-C2haloalkoxy; R3 and R4 are 0 or 1 or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C2-C4alkanoyl, (mono- and di-C1-C4alkylamino)C0-C2alkyl, C1-C2haloalkyl, and C1-C2haloalkoxy; with the proviso that when R1 is ethyl, the group is not 4-methoxybenzyl-NHC(O)\u2014, pyridin-2-ylmethyl-NHC(O)\u2014, 3-(morpholin-1-yl)propyl-NHC(O)\u2014, 3-(azepan-1-yl)propyl-NHC(O)\u2014, 3-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl-NHC(O)\u2014, 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl-NHC(O)\u2014, 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl-NHC(O)\u2014, 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl-NHC(O)\u2014, di-isopropylaminopropyl-NHC(O)\u2014, di-propylaminopropyl-NHC(O)\u2014, di-butylaminopropyl-NHC(O)\u2014, or 3-(butyl(ethyl)amino)propyl-NHC(O)\u2014. 2. A compound or salt of claim 1, of the formula 3. A compound or salt of claim 1, of the formula 4. A compound or salt of claim 1, of the formula 5. A compound or salt of claim 1, wherein R1 is C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, benzyl, or (C3-C7cycloalkyl)C0-C2alkyl. 6. A compound or salt of claim 5 wherein R1 is C1-C6alkyl. 7. A compound or salt of claim 1, wherein R1 is methyl or ethyl, and R3 and R4 are both 0 substituents. 8. A compound or salt of claim 1, wherein R3 and R4 are both 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C2alkyl, C1-C2alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy. 9. A compound or salt of claim 1, wherein n is 1, 2, or 3 and is unsubstituted or substituted with one C1-C4alkyl substituent or one trifluoromethyl substituent. 10. A compound or salt of claim 9, wherein n is 1 or 2 and is unsubstituted or substituted with one methyl substituent. 11. A compound or salt of claim 9, wherein R2 is C3-C7cycloalkyl, 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyl fused to a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, or imidazolyl, each of which R2 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, (mono- and di-C1-C4alkylamino)C0-C2alkyl, C1-C4alkylthio, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl, C1-C2haloalkyl, and C1-C2haloalkoxy. 12. A compound or salt of claim 11, wherein R2 is phenyl, naphthyl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, morpholinyl, each which is substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, (mono- and di-C1-C4alkylamino)C0-C2alkyl, C1-C4alkylthio, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl, C1-C2haloalkyl, and C1-C2haloalkoxy. 13. A compound or salt of claim 11, wherein R2 is phenyl, naphthyl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, pyridyl, thienyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, each which is substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, methylthio, methylsulfonyl, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy. 14. A compound or salt of claim 3, wherein R1 is C1-C6alkyl, or (C3-C7cycloalkyl)C0-C2alkyl; R3 and R4 and both 0, 1, or 2 substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C2alkyl, C1-C2alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy; n is 1, 2, or 3 and is unsubstituted or substituted with one C1-C4alkyl substituent or one trifluoromethyl substituent; and R2 is phenyl, naphthyl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, morpholinyl, each which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, (mono- and di-C1-C4alkylamino)C0-C2alkyl, C1-C4alkylthio, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl, C1-C2haloalkyl, and C1-C2haloalkoxy; and R3 and R4 are both 0 substituents. 15. (canceled) 16. A compound or salt of claim 14, wherein R2 is thienyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, C1-C2alkyl, or C1-C2alkoxy. 17. A compound or salt of claim 14, wherein R2 is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently chosen from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, (mono- and di-C1-C4alkylamino)C0-C2alkyl, C1-C4alkylthio, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl, C1-C2haloalkyl, and C1-C2haloalkoxy. 18. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound is 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-Benzyl-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(1-phenylethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methylbenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(benzo[d] [1,3] dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11 dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-phenyl-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10-propyl-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f] [1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Benzyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f] [1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-phenyl-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-Benzyl-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(3-Chlorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(3-(Dimethylamino)propyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide; N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5,5-dioxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1, 4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1, 4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-Benzyl-N,10-diethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 4-Methoxybenzyl 10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxylate 5-oxide; N-(10-Ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-8-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide 5-oxide; N-(10-Ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-8-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; (R)\u2014N-(1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; (R)-10-Ethyl-N-(1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(S)-oxide; Benzyl 10-benzyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxylate 5-oxide; N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(3-Chlorobenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(Biphenyl-3-ylmethyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(3-phenylpropyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(2,3-Dimethoxybenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-((4-methylthiophen-2-yl)methyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(2-morpholinoethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(2-methylbenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-((1H-Indol-6-yl)methyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; N-(2,6-Dimethoxybenzyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-isobutyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(4-methylphenethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(4-phenylbutyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(2-(furan-2-yl)propyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-((1H-Imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(3-methoxyphenethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(1-Adamantyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-((2-methylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; (E)-2-(8-Chlorodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine 5-oxide; (E)-2-(8-chlorodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yloxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine 5,5-dioxide; 10-Ethyl-N-(3-fluorobenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(3-(Dimethylamino)propyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Aminophenethyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5,5-dioxide; N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; N-(4-Iodobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(3-Fluorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; (S)-10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(1-phenylethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; N-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; N-(4-(Dimethylamino)butyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1, 4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; (R)-10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(1-phenylethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; (S)\u2014N-(1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; (R)\u2014N-(1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-3-yl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Ethyl-11-oxo-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; 10-Methyl-11-oxo-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; N-(3,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-10-methyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; (R)\u2014N-(1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; (R)\u2014N-(1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethyl)-10-ethyl-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide; (R)-10-Ethyl-N-(1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b, f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-oxide; or (R)-10-Ethyl-N-(1-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b, f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5-(R)-oxide. 19. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound is N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxamide; 10-ethyl-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-11-oxo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine-8-carboxamide 5,5-dioxide; or 3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzamide. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or salt of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 21. A method of treating a patient suffering from Tourette's syndrome, bipolar disorder, hyperprolactinemia, psychosis, depression, Huntington's chorea, or schizophrenia, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or salt of claims 1 to the patient.",
-    "When one of at least two independently driven gripper chains (102) of a coiled tubing injector (100) begins to turn faster than another one of the injector's other independently drive gripper chains by an amount that indicates slipping of one of the independently driven gripper chains relative to tubing (109) being held between the driven gripper chains, a hydraulic timing circuit (318), which is coupled with the driven chains through hydraulic timing motors (214, 216), generates a pressure signal that causes the injector's hydraulic traction system to increase the hydraulic pressure applied by hydraulic cylinders (220) to generate a normal force applied by grippers on the chains to the tubing. 1. A coiled tubing injector, comprising: at least two chains, each with a plurality of grippers for gripping coiled tubing within a gripping zone between the at least two chains; a traction system for generating a gripping force applied to the at least two chains; a hydraulic timing circuit coupled with the at least two chains, the hydraulic timing circuit generating a hydraulic pressure signal indicating that a difference in speeds of the at least two chains is greater than a predetermined amount, wherein the traction system increases the gripping force in response to the hydraulic pressure signal. 2. The coiled tubing injector of claim 1, wherein each of the at least two chains is independently driven. 3. The coiled tubing injector of claim 1, wherein the hydraulic timing circuit comprises at least two timing motors, each coupled to a separate one of the at least two chains, the timing motors being connected within the hydraulic timing circuit in a manner to generate pressure within the hydraulic timing circuit when the speed at which one of the at least two chains turns one of the timing motors is at least a predetermined amount faster than the speed that another one of the at least two chains turns the other timing motor. 4. The coiled tubing injector of claim 3, wherein the at least two timing motors are connected in series in a closed circuit through a timing manifold that permits speed differences between the at least two timing motors less than a predetermined amount to exist without building pressure within the hydraulic timing circuit by allowing a small, predetermined amount of hydraulic fluid to bleed across the closed circuit, thereby reducing pressure that would otherwise exist. 5. The coiled tubing injector of claim 3, wherein a pressure differential within the timing circuit is used as the hydraulic pressure signal. 6. The coiled tubing injector of claim 1, further comprising: a hydraulic traction pressure circuit comprised in the traction system; and a valve, wherein the hydraulic pressure signal actuates the valve to increase pressure of hydraulic fluid supplied to the hydraulic traction pressure circuit. 7. The coiled tubing injector of claim 6. further comprising: a supply of hydraulic fluid at a set pressure, a supply of hydraulic fluid at a priority pressure. wherein the priority pressure is greater than the set pressure, wherein the valve selectively connects the supply of hydraulic fluid at the priority pressure to the hydraulic traction pressure circuit. 8. The coiled tubing injector of claim 7, wherein the supply of hydraulic fluid at the priority pressure is from an injector-mounted hydraulic pressure supply. 9. The coiled tubing injector of claim 7, wherein the supply of hydraulic fluid at the priority pressure is from a main hydraulic power supply for one or more hydraulic drive motors coupled with the at least two chains. 10. The coiled tubing injector of claim wherein the traction system further comprises: a plurality of skates, at least one skate for each of the at least two chains, for pressing grippers within the gripping zone toward the coiled tubing; and a plurality of hydraulic cylinders coupled to the plurality of skates at discrete positions along the length of the gripping zone for applying the gripping force. 11-14. (canceled) 15. The coiled tubing injector of claim 1, wherein the traction system comprises a valve for shifting between supplies of hydraulic fluid under different pressures. 16-23. (canceled) 24. A coiled tubing injector, comprising: a plurality of skates to press, within a gripping zone, first and second chains toward a coiled tubing; at least one hydraulic cylinder coupled to one of the plurality of skates to apply a force to the one of the plurality of skates; first and second timing motors, coupled to the first and second chains, respectively; a closed circuit hydraulically connecting the first and second timing motors in series to transfer force between the first and second chains; a first supply of hydraulic fluid at a first pressure level, the first supply being connected to the at least one hydraulic cylinder; a second supply of hydraulic fluid at a second pressure level; and a valve actuated by a pressure differential within the closed circuit, wherein the valve selectively connects the second supply of hydraulic fluid to the at least one hydraulic cylinder. 25. The coiled tubing injector of claim 24, wherein the second pressure level is greater than the first pressure level, and wherein a magnitude of the pressure differential in excess of a predetermined level causes the valve to connect the second supply of hydraulic fluid to the at least one hydraulic cylinder. 26. The coiled tubing injector of claim 24, wherein the valve is piloted in parallel with at least one of the first and second timing motors. 27. The coiled tubing injector of claim 24, wherein the closed hydraulic circuit comprises a manifold coupled across at least one of the first and second timing motors, to bleed hydraulic fluid. 28. The coiled tubing injector of claim 24, wherein the second supply of hydraulic fluid comprises: a main hydraulic supply coupled to a. drive motor to rotate least one of the first and second chains; and a pressure reducing valve coupled to the main hydraulic supply. 29. The coiled tubing injector of claim 24 further comprising first and second drive motors coupled to the first and second chains, respectively, wherein a main hydraulic supply is connected in parallel to the first and second drive motors to rotate the first and second chains independently. 30. A method of using a coiled tubing injector, comprising: rotating first and second timing motors in a fixed relationship to the speeds of first and second chains of the coiled tubing injector, respectively; transferring force between the first and second timing motors via hydraulic fluid in a closed circuit hydraulically connecting the first and second timing motors in series; applying a first pressure level to at least one hydraulic cylinder coupled to one of a plurality of skates of the coiled tubing injector; actuating a valve by a pressure differential within the closed circuit to selectively apply a second pressure level larger than the first pressure level to the at least one hydraulic cylinder; apply an adjustable pressing force to the one of a plurality of skates coupled to the at least one hydraulic cylinder; and pressing within a gripping zone, the first and second chains toward a coiled tubing with the plurality of skates. 31. The method of using the coiled tubing injector of claim 30, further comprising: causing the valve to connect a supply of hydraulic fluid at the second pressure level to the at least one hydraulic cylinder upon a magnitude of the pressure differential being in excess of a predetermined level. 32. The method of using the coiled tubing injector of claim 30, wherein the valve is piloted in parallel with at least one of the first or the second timing motor. 33. The method of using the coiled tubing injector of claim 30, further comprising: bleeding hydraulic fluid through a manifold coupled across at least one of the first and second timing motors. 34. The method of using the coiled tubing injector of claim 30, further comprising: rotating at least one of the first and second chains with a drive motor coupled to a main hydraulic supply; coupling he main hydraulic supply a pressure reducing valve; and selectively coupling the pressure reducing valve to the at least one hydraulic cylinder to apply the second pressure level to the at least one hydraulic cylinder. 35. The method of using the coiled tubing injector of claim 30, further comprising: driving rotation of the first chain independently from rotation of the second chain by supplying hydraulic fluid in parallel to first and second drive motors coupled to the first and second chains, respectively.",
-    "A scalable video signal decoding method according to the present invention decodes a corresponding picture of a reference layer corresponding to a current picture of a current layer, generates an inter-layer reference picture by up-sampling the decoded corresponding picture, generates a reference picture list including a temporal reference picture and an inter-layer reference picture, and inter-predicting the current picture on the basis of the generated reference picture list. 1. A scalable video signal decoding method, comprising: decoding a corresponding picture of a reference layer that corresponds to a current picture of a current layer; generating an inter-layer reference picture by up-sampling the decoded corresponding picture; generating a reference picture list including a temporal reference picture and the inter-layer reference picture; and performing inter-prediction of the current picture based on the reference picture list. 2. The scalable video signal decoding method of claim 1, wherein: the temporal reference picture comprises at least one of a first short-term reference picture, a second short-term reference picture, and a long-term reference picture, and the first short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a Picture Order Count (POC) value less than that of the current picture, and the second short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a POC value greater than that of the current picture. 3. The scalable video signal decoding method of claim 2, wherein: the reference picture list comprises at least one of reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1, the reference picture list 0 is constructed in a sequence of the first short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the second short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture, and the reference picture list 1 is constructed in a sequence of the second short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the first short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture. 4. The scalable video signal decoding method of claim 3, wherein a position of the inter-layer reference picture in the reference picture list 0 or the reference picture list 1 is specified based on a list order index. 5. A scalable video signal decoding device, comprising: a lower layer decoding unit for decoding a corresponding picture of a reference layer that corresponds to a current picture of a current layer; and a prediction unit for generating an inter-layer reference picture by up-sampling the decoded corresponding picture, for generating a reference picture list including a temporal reference picture and the inter-layer reference picture, and for performing inter-prediction of the current picture based on the reference picture list. 6. The scalable video signal decoding device of claim 5, wherein: the temporal reference picture comprises at least one of a first short-term reference picture, a second short-term reference picture, and a long-term reference picture, and the first short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a Picture Order Count (POC) value less than that of the current picture, and the second short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a POC value greater than that of the current picture. 7. The scalable video signal decoding device of claim 6, wherein: the reference picture list comprises at least one of reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1, the reference picture list 0 is constructed in a sequence of the first short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the second short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture, and the reference picture list 1 is constructed in a sequence of the second short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the first short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture. 8. The scalable video signal decoding device of claim 7, wherein a position of the inter-layer reference picture in the reference picture list 0 or the reference picture list 1 is specified based on a list order index. 9. A scalable video signal encoding method, comprising: decoding a corresponding picture of a reference layer that corresponds to a current picture of a current layer; generating an inter-layer reference picture by up-sampling the decoded corresponding picture; generating a reference picture list including a temporal reference picture and the inter-layer reference picture; and performing inter-prediction of the current picture based on the reference picture list. 10. The scalable video signal encoding method of claim 9, wherein: the temporal reference picture comprises at least one of a first short-term reference picture, a second short-term reference picture, and a long-term reference picture, and the first short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a Picture Order Count (POC) value less than that of the current picture, and the second short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a POC value greater than that of the current picture. 11. The scalable video signal encoding method of claim 10, wherein: the reference picture list comprises at least one of reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1, the reference picture list 0 is constructed in a sequence of the first short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the second short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture, and the reference picture list 1 is constructed in a sequence of the second short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the first short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture. 12. The scalable video signal encoding method of claim 11, wherein a position of the inter-layer reference picture in the reference picture list 0 or the reference picture list 1 is specified based on a list order index. 13. A scalable video signal encoding device, comprising: a lower layer decoding unit for decoding a corresponding picture of a reference layer that corresponds to a current picture of a current layer; and a prediction unit for generating an inter-layer reference picture by up-sampling the decoded corresponding picture, for generating a reference picture list including a temporal reference picture and the inter-layer reference picture, and for performing inter-prediction of the current picture based on the reference picture list. wherein the temporal reference picture comprises at least one of a first short-term reference picture, a second short-term reference picture, and a long-term reference picture, and the first short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a Picture Order Count (POC) value less than that of the current picture, and the second short-term reference picture means a short-term reference picture having a POC value greater than that of the current picture. 14. The scalable video signal encoding device of claim 13, wherein: the reference picture list comprises at least one of reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1, the reference picture list 0 is constructed in a sequence of the first short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the second short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture, and the reference picture list 1 is constructed in a sequence of the second short-term reference picture, the inter-layer reference picture, the first short-term reference picture, and the long-term reference picture. 15. The scalable video signal encoding device of claim 14, wherein a position of the inter-layer reference picture in the reference picture list 0 or the reference picture list 1 is specified based on a list order index.",
-    "A method in a cellular radio network, the method comprising, at a first basestation, synchronising physical radio resource time-frequency radio resource units for the first basestation and a second, neighbouring basestation, and determining that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units and determining that the second basestation intends to transmit normally on the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s). As a result of the determination, a threshold for switching of user equipment (UE) from the first to the second base station is lowered, where the UEs are to be allocated to the one or more given time-frequency radio resource units of the second basestation following switching. 1. A method in a cellular radio network, the method comprising, at a first basestation: synchronising physical radio resource time-frequency radio resource units for the first basestation and a second, neighbouring basestation; determining that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units and determining that the second basestation intends to transmit normally on the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s); and as a result of the determination, lowering a threshold for switching of user equipment (UE) from the first to the second base station, where the UEs are to be allocated to the one or more given time-frequency radio resource units of the second basestation following switching. 2. The method according to claim 1, and comprising, at the first basestation: sending a first notification that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s) selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units; receiving a second notification that the second basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more further given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units; wherein the step of determining that the second basestation is transmitting normally on the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s) comprises receiving the second notification. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein switching UEs from the first to the second basestation comprises transmitting a shared data channel PDSCH from the second basestation to the UEs, and does not comprise transmitting either a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, or an enhanced control channel, EPDCCH, from the second basestation to the UEs. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein switching UEs from the first to the second basestation comprises handing over the UEs from the first to the second basestations. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the UEs are to be additionally allocated to time-frequency radio resource units of the first basestation other than the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s). 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the allocation is performed using LTE transmission mode. 7. An apparatus configured to operate as a first basestation for use in a cellular network, the apparatus comprising: a transceiver for communicating with user equipments within a coverage area; a synchronisation unit configured to synchronise the physical radio resource time-frequency radio resource units provided by the first basestation with those provided by a second, neighbouring basestation; an interference coordination unit configured to determine that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units and to determine that the second basestation intends to transmit normally on the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s); and a switching unit configured to, as a result of the determination, lower a threshold for switching of user equipment, UEs, from the first to the second base station where the UEs are to be allocated to the one or more given time-frequency radio resource units of the second basestation following switching. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, and comprising: a backend communication unit configured to send a first notification that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s) selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units and to receive a second notification that the second basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more further given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units; wherein the interference coordination unit determines that the second basestation intends to transmit normally on the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s) using the second notification. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the switching unit is additionally configured to, following switching of the UEs, allocate the UEs to time-frequency radio resource units of the first basestation other than the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s). 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the switching unit is configured to perform the allocation using LTE transmission mode. 11. A method in a cellular radio network, the method comprising: synchronising physical radio resource time-frequency radio resource units for first and second neighbouring basestations; at the first basestation, transmitting at reduced power or not transmitting on one or more time-frequency radio resource units selected from a set of available time-frequency radio resource units; at the second basestation, transmitting normally on one or more time-frequency radio resource units selected from a set of available time-frequency radio resource units; lowering a threshold for switching of user equipment, UEs, from the first to the second basestation, where, following switching, the UEs are to be allocated to time-frequency radio resource units on which the first basestation transmits at reduced power or does not transmit, and on which the second basestation transmits normally. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of determining comprises, at the first basestation: sending a notification to the second basestation that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s) selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units; receiving a notification from the second basestation that the second basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more further given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein switching UEs from the first to the second basestation comprises transmitting a shared data channel PDSCH from the second basestation to the UEs, and does not comprise transmitting either a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, or an enhanced control channel, EPDCCH, from the second basestation to the UEs. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein switching UEs from the first to the second basestation comprises handing over the UEs from the first to the second basestation. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the UEs are to be additionally allocated to time-frequency radio resource units of the first basestation other than the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s). 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein the allocation is performed using LTE transmission mode. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon computer readable code which, when run on a first basestation, causes the first basestation to carry out a method comprising: synchronising physical radio resource time-frequency radio resource units for the first basestation and a second, neighbouring basestation; determining that the first basestation intends to transmit at reduced power for, or not transmit on, one or more given time-frequency radio resource units selected from the set of available time-frequency radio resource units and determining that the second basestation intends to transmit normally on the given time-frequency radio resource unit(s); and as a result of the determination, lowering a threshold for switching of user equipment (UE) from the first to the second base station, where the UEs are to be allocated to the one or more given time-frequency radio resource units of the second basestation following switching. 18. (canceled)",
-    "A novel aqueous dispersion including a plurality of microcapsules and which contains high fragrance loadings. The dispersion is suitable for inclusion into non-edible consumer goods products, laundry products, personal care products and cosmetic products. The dispersion can be obtained in an economic and efficient manner by polymerizing an emulsion so that emulsion droplets are finally encapsulated into polymeric shells. 1. An aqueous dispersion including a plurality of microcapsules, each microcapsule comprising a perfume composition enclosed within a polymeric shell, wherein the perfume composition includes a fragrance, the polymeric shell includes solid colloidal particles having an average primary particle size comprised between 5 nm and 1 \u03bcm, the polymeric shell further includes in polymerized form a monomer blend including: i) between 30% and 80% by weight over the combined weight of compounds (I) to (II) in the monomer blend of a compound (I) which is a monoethylenically unsatured monomer and/or dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride, ii) between 20% and 70% by weight over the combined weight of compounds (I) to (II) in the monomer blend of a compound (II) which is a polyethylenically unsatured monomer, and wherein the fragrance represents between 20% and 45% by weight over the weight of the aqueous dispersion. 2. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein a monomer (I) having water solubility at 20\u00b0 C. greater than 20 g/100 ml is contained as the compound (I) and a monomer (II) having water solubility at 20\u00b0 C. greater than 20 g/100 ml is contained as the compound (II), and the monomer blend includes more than 15% by weight and less than 60% by weight over the weight of the monomer blend of the monomers (I) and (II). 3. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the compound (II) is a polyethylenically unsatured monomer selected from the group consisting of a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyester of (meth)acrylic acid, a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyamide of (meth)acrylic acid and mixtures thereof, and the compound (II): A1. contains two or more (meth)acrylate ester groups or two or more (meth)acrylate amide groups per monomer, and B1. has a molecular weight which, once divided by the number of (meth)acrylate ester or amide groups, gives a value of more than 85 and lower than 135. 4. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the fragrance represents between 30% and 45% by weight over the weight of the aqueous dispersion. 5. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the compound (I) is selected from (meth)acrylate monomers which are polymerizable through free-radical polymerization. 6. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the compound (I) is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and mixtures thereof. 7. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the compound (I) is a combination of: ia) between 50% and 100% by weight over the weight of the combination of a neutral monomethacrylate monomer (Ia) having a solubility in water at pH 7 and 20\u00b0 C. equal to, or more of 2 g/100 ml, ib) between 0% and 50% by weight over the weight of the combination of another neutral monoethylenically unsatured monomer (Ib), and ic) between 0% and 15% by weight over the weight of the combination of a ionized or ionizable monoethylenically unsatured monomer (Ic). 8. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 7, wherein the neutral monomethacrylate monomer (Ia) is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and mixtures thereof. 9. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 1, wherein the compound (II) is a di- or polyester resulting from the esterification of (meth)acrylic acid with a linear or branched polyhydric C2-C24 alcohol and/or C2-C24 polyethylene glycols. 10. The aqueous dispersion according to claim 9, wherein the compound (II) comprises one or more of 1,4-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,3-propylene glycol dimethacrylate. 11. A product comprising the aqueous dispersion as defined in claim 1, and which is a non-edible consumer goods product, a household cleaner or laundry product, a personal care product or a cosmetic product. 12. A process for the manufacture of the aqueous dispersion as defined in claim 1, said process comprising the following steps: a) providing an oil-in-water emulsion having an oil phase and a water phase, said emulsion being obtainable by mixing: colloidal particles having an average primary particle size comprised between 5 nm and 1 \u03bcm, a polymerization initiator, a perfume composition including a fragrance, an emulsifier, and the monomer blend as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10, b) triggering polymerization within the oil-in-water emulsion obtained in step a), c) letting the polymerization propagate thereby obtaining microcapsules; wherein the fragrance represents between 20% and 70% by weight of the weight of the oil-in-water emulsion. 13. Use of solid colloidal particles having an average primary particle size comprised between 5 nm and 1 \u03bcm to microencapsulate an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion contains a fragrance in an amount comprised between 20% and 70% by weight of the weight of the oil-in-water emulsion.",
-    "A lighting device used as a backlight of a display apparatus includes multiple light guide plates, and a light source located near an entrance edge of each light guide plate to emit light. A gap is provided between the light guide plates, and the position of the entrance edge is fixed among the edges of the light guide plate. If the light guide plates are expanded in accordance with a change in temperature or humidity, the entrance edge do not move while the light guide plates are expanded so as to approach each other. Since the light guide plate does not hit the light source and the amount of expansion of the light guide plates is absorbed into the gap, the light source may be arranged as close as possible to the entrance edge of the light guide plate in the lighting device. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A lighting device, comprising: a plurality of light guide plates which have light emitting surfaces facing in a same direction for emitting incident light and are arranged in planar shape, with a gap provided between the light guide plates; and a light source directing light to at least one of portions at an edge of each of the light guide plates that are not opposed to another light guide plate, wherein a portion of the edge of each of the light guide plates where light enters from the light source has a fixed position. 8. The lighting device according to claim 7, wherein a size of the gap is equal to or larger than a size corresponding to an amount of expansion of the light guide plates expanding in directions along the light emitting surface in accordance with a change in temperature or humidity. 9. The lighting device according to claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of light guide plates is provided with a reflection material reflecting inside light at a portion of the edge of the light guide plates that is opposed to each other. 10. The lighting device according to claim 7, wherein one light guide plate of two adjacent light guide plates includes, at a portion of the edge that is opposed to the other light guide plate, an edge face inclined at an acute angle with respect to the light emitting surface, the other light guide plate of the two adjacent light guide plates includes, at a portion of the edge that is opposed to the one light guide plate, an edge face inclined at an obtuse angle with respect to the light emitting surface, and the edge faces of the two adjacent light guide plates are partly overlapped with each other in the thickness direction. 11. The lighting device according to claim 7, wherein two adjacent light guide plates include, at portions of edge that are opposed to each other, protrusions protruding at positions different from each other in a thickness direction, and the protrusions of the two adjacent light guide plates are partly overlapped with each other in the thickness direction. 12. A display apparatus, comprising: a display panel for displaying an image; and the lighting device according to claim 7, illuminating the display panel from one side of the display panel.",
-    "In response to attaching to a mobile network, a user equipment (10) receives a provisioning message (207) from the mobile network. The provisioning message indicates a list of one or more applications which are allowed to perform data communication in a disaster situation. The user equipment (10) may authenticate the provisioning message (207) and then use the list for performing application specific congestion control. 1. A method for application specific congestion control in a mobile network, the method comprising: in response to detecting attachment of a user equipment to the mobile network, a node of the mobile network sending a provisioning message to the user equipment; wherein the provisioning message indicates a list of one or more applications which are allowed to perform data communication in a disaster situation. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provisioning message is authenticable by the user equipment. 3. The method according to claim 2, comprising: on the basis of at least one information element to be included into the provisioning message, the node obtaining a signed response from an authentication node of the mobile network; and the node generating the provisioning message to include the at least one information element and the signed response. 4. The method according to claim 3, comprising: the node generating a hash value from the at least one information element; and the node obtaining the signed response on the basis of the hash value. 5. The method according to claim 1, comprising: the node generating a random number; on the basis of the random number, the node obtaining a signed response from an authentication node of the mobile network; and the node generating the provisioning message to include an encrypted part which is encrypted using the signed response as key, and an unencrypted part including the random number. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the signed response is based on an authentication key of the user equipment. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provisioning message comprises an identifier of the list. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provisioning message comprises a hash value of the list. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the provisioning message comprises an Access Point Name to be used by the user equipment for obtaining the list. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the Access Point Name is specified by a standard of a communication technology utilized by the mobile network. 11. A method for application specific congestion control in a mobile network, the method comprising: in response to attaching to the mobile network, a user equipment receiving a provisioning message from the mobile network; wherein the provisioning message indicates a list of one or more applications which are allowed to perform data communication in a disaster situation. 12. The method according to claim 11, comprising: the user equipment authenticating the provisioning message. 13. The method according to claim 12, comprising: on the basis of at least one information element included in the provisioning message, the user equipment obtaining a signed response from a subscriber identity module of the user equipment; and in response to a match of the obtained signed response to a signed response in the provisioning message, the user equipment determining the provisioning message as authenticated. 14. The method according to claim 13, comprising: the user equipment generating a hash value from the at least one information element; and the user equipment obtaining the signed response on the basis of the hash value. 15. The method according to claim 11, comprising: the user equipment obtaining a random number from an unencrypted part of the provisioning message; on the basis of the random number, the user equipment obtaining a signed response from a subscriber identity module of the user equipment; and using the signed response as key, the user equipment decrypting an encrypted part of the provisioning message. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the signed response is based on an authentication key stored in the subscriber identity module. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the provisioning message comprises a download resource identifier of the list. 18. The method according to claim 17, comprising: on the basis of the download resource identifier, the user equipment obtaining the list from a server. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the provisioning message comprises a hash value of the list. 20. The method according to claim 19, comprising: on the basis of the hash value, the user equipment determining whether the list is already stored on the user equipment. 21. The method according to claim 11, wherein the provisioning message comprises an Access Point Name to be used by the user equipment for obtaining the list. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the Access Point Name is specified by a standard of a communication technology used for implementing the mobile network. 23. A node for a mobile network, the node comprising: an interface for communication with a user equipment; and a processor, the processor being configured to: in response to detecting attachment of the user equipment to the mobile network, send a provisioning message to the user equipment; wherein the provisioning message indicates a list of one or more applications which are allowed to perform data communication in a disaster situation. 24. A node for a mobile network, the node comprising: an interface for communication with a user equipment; and a processor, the processor being configured to: in response to detecting attachment of the user equipment to the mobile network, send a provisioning message to the user equipment; wherein the provisioning message indicates a list of one or more applications which are allowed to perform data communication in a disaster situation, wherein the processor is configured to perform steps of a method as defined in claim 1. 25. A user equipment, comprising: an interface for connecting to a mobile network; and a processor, the processor being configured to: in response to the user equipment attaching to the mobile network, receive a provisioning message from the mobile network; wherein the provisioning message indicates a list of one or more applications which are allowed to perform data communication in a disaster situation. 26. (canceled)",
-    "This disclosure relates to the field of the microbial production of specific types of glycolipids that are potentially useful as replacements for petroleum-based detergents and emulsifiers. This disclosure, more specifically, discloses the usage of yeasts having a dysfunctional acetyltransferase for producing high amounts of bolaamphiphilic glycolipids when using conventional and cheap substrates. Furthermore, the disclosure relates to yeasts having a dysfunctional acetyltransferase optionally combined with a dysfunctional lactonase and/or second glucosyltransferase. The latter microorganisms are capable of producing high amounts of bolaamphiphilic sophorolipids. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A method of producing bolaamphiphilic glycolipids having a hydrophobic spacer with hydrophilic glucose molecules at both ends of the spacer, the method comprising: utilizing a fungal strain that comprises a dysfunctional acetyltransferase, wherein the fungal strain is selected from the group consisting of Starmerella (Candida) bombicola, Candida apicola, Candida batistae, Candida floricola, Candida riodocensis, Candida stellate, Candida kuoi, Candida sp. NRRL Y-27208, Rhodotorula bogoriensis sp., Wickerhamiella domericqiae and a sophorolipid-producing strain of the Starmerella clade. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the fungal strain further comprises a dysfunctional lactonase. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the fungal strain further comprises a dysfunctional second glucosyltransferase. 19. A method of producing bolaamphiphilic glycolipids having a hydrophobic spacer with hydrophilic glucose molecules at both ends of the spacer, the method comprising: culturing a fungal strain comprising a dysfunctional acetyltransferase in a broth, wherein the fungal strain is selected from the group consisting of Starmerella (Candida) bombicola, Candida apicola, Candida batistae, Candida floricola, Candida riodocensis, Candida stellate, Candida kuoi, Candida sp. NRRL Y-27208, Rhodotorula bogoriensis sp., Wickerhamiella domericqiae and a sophorolipid-producing strain of the Starmerella clade, in order to obtain a fermentation broth comprising a mixture of several types of glycolipids; and recovering the bolaamphiphilic glycolipids from the fermentation broth. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the fungal strain comprises: a dysfunctional lactonase, a dysfunctional second glucosyltransferase, or both a dysfunctional lactonase and a dysfunctional second glucosyltransferase. 21. The method according to claim 19, wherein conventional substrates are used during the culturing of a microbial strain in order to obtain a fermentation broth. 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the bolaamphiphilic glycolipids are recovered from the fermentation broth with an organic solvent. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the organic solvent comprises methanol and/or ethanol. 24. The method according to claim 19, wherein the bolaamphiphilic glycolipids are recovered from the fermentation broth using a membrane filtration technique. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the membrane filtration technique is ultrafiltration or diafiltration. 26. The method according to claim 20, wherein any dysfunctional acetyltransferase, lactonase, and/or second glucosyltransferase is produced by: mutating the gene encoding the acetyltransferase, lactonase and/or glucosyltransferase, or silencing transcription or translation of the gene encoding for the acetyltransferase, lactonase, and/or glucosyltransferase, and/or disrupting the function of the acetyltransferase, lactonase, and/or glucosyltransferase. 27. The method according to claim 20, wherein the fungal strain comprises: a dysfunctional acetyltransferase, or a dysfunctional acetyltransferase and a dysfunctional lactonase, and wherein the bolaamphiphilic glycolipids are non-acetylated, bolaamphiphilic sophorolipids consisting of four (4) glucose molecules. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the bolaamphiphilic glycolipids are non-acetylated bolaamphiphilic glycolipids consisting of two (2) glucose molecules. 29. The method according to claim 19, wherein the total amount of the bolaamphiphilic sophorolipids is at least 10% of the total amount of several types of glycolipids. 30. The method according to claim 19, further comprising: performing an alkaline hydrolysis of the bolaamphiphilic glycolipids produced thereby so as to produce sophorose and acidic sophorolipids. 31. A method of producing symmetric bolaamphiphilic glycolipids having a hydrophobic spacer with hydrophilic glucose molecules at both ends of the spacer, wherein the hydrophilic glucose molecules are linked to both sides of the spacer by a glycosidic bond, the method comprising: culturing a fungal strain selected from the group consisting of Starmerella (Candida) bombicola, Candida apicola, Candida batistae, Candida floricola, Candida riodocensis, Candida stellate, Candida kuoi, Candida sp. NRRL Y-27208, Rhodotorula bogoriensis sp., Wickerhamiella domericqiae and a sophorolipid-producing strain of the Starmerella clade, wherein the fungal strain comprises: a dysfunctional acetyltransferase, a dysfunctional acetyltransferase and a dysfunctional lactonase, or a dysfunctional acetyltransferase and a dysfunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, or a dysfunctional acetyltransferase, a dysfunctional lactonase, and a dysfunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, utilizing fatty alcohols and/or diols as a substrate in order to obtain a fermentation broth comprising a mixture of several types of glycolipids, and recovering the symmetric bolaamphiphilic glycolipids from the fermentation broth.",
-    "A decision device for deciding whether an eye having a macula and an optical axis is real or false includes: lighting means emitting an infrared flux towards the eye along an entry axis; an infrared capture means for capturing an image of the eye along an exit axis, the entry and exit axes being aligned with the optical axis so that the macula illuminated by the lighting means under the incidence of the entry axis is seen by the capture means; processing means for detecting, on an image captured by the capture means, whether a peripheral zone representing the iris exists and whether a central zone in the peripheral zone, the colour of which is representative of the macula existence, exists, and for delivering information representing this detection; and decision means for deciding whether the eye is real or false according to the information delivered by the processing means. 1. Decision device provided for deciding whether an eye having a macula and an optical axis is real or false, said decision device comprising: lighting means emitting an infrared flux towards the eye along an entry axis, an infrared capture means capturing an image of the eye along an exit axis, the entry axis and the exit axis being aligned with the optical axis so that the macula illuminated by the lighting means under the incidence of the entry axis is seen by the capture means, processing means detecting, on an image captured by the capture means, whether a peripheral zone representing the iris exists and whether a central zone in the peripheral zone, a colour of which is representative of the existence of the macula, exists, and delivering information representing this detection, and decision means deciding whether the eyes is real or false according to the information delivered by the processing means. 2. Decision device according to claim 1, wherein the detection device further comprises tracking means tracking a face of an individual passing in front of the lighting means and the capture means, in order to locate an eye on this face and to determine the direction of the optical axis of this eye, and positioning means controlled by the tracking means and aligning the entry axis, the exit axis and the optical axis. 3. Decision device according to claim 2, wherein the detection device further comprises offsetting means controlled by the tracking means and offsetting the entry axis and the exit axis with respect to the optical axis so that, even if the macula remains partly illuminated by the lighting means, it is no longer seen by the capture means. 4. Decision device according to claim 3, wherein the lighting means have an emission direction, the capture means has a reception direction, the emission direction and the reception direction are vertical, the optical axis is horizontal, the positioning means comprise firstly a base on which a 45\u00b0 mirror is mounted, disposed vertically above the lighting means and the capture means, and secondly a linear movement means provided for linearly moving the base parallel to the emission direction, and the offsetting means comprise an angular movement means mounted on the base and carrying the mirror. 5. Decision method for deciding whether an eye having a macula and an optical axis is real or false and implemented by a decision device comprising lighting means emitting an infrared flux along an entry axis, an infrared capture means capturing an image on an exit axis, processing means, and decision means, said decision method comprising: an alignment step during which the entry axis and the exit axis are aligned with the optical axis so that illumination of the macula by the lighting means under the incidence of the entry axis is seen by the capture means, a lighting step during which the lighting means illuminate the eye, a capture step which the capture means captures an image of the zone of the eye thus illuminated, a processing step during which the processing means detect on an image thus captured whether a peripheral zone representative of the iris exists and whether a central zone in the peripheral zone, the colour of which is representative of the existence of the macula, exists, and deliver a first item of information representing this detection, and a decision step during which the decision means decide whether the eye is real or false according to the information delivered by the processing means. 6. Decision method according to claim 5, wherein, when the decision device comprises tracking means and positioning means controlled by the tracking means, the alignment step consists of a step of tracking the face, a step of locating an eye on this face thus tracked, a step of determining the direction of the optical axis of this eye, and a positioning step during which the positioning means align the entry axis and the exit axis with the optical axis. 7. (canceled) 8. Decision method according to claim 6, wherein the decision device further comprises offsetting means controlled by the tracking means and said decision method comprises, after the processing step: a disalignment step during which the offsetting means offset the entry axis and the exit axis from the optical axis so that, even if the macula remains partly illuminated by the lighting means, it is no longer seen by the capture means, a second lighting step during which the lighting means illuminate the eye, a second capture step during which the capture means captures an image of the zone of the eye thus illuminated, a second processing step during which the processing means detect, on an image thus captured, whether a peripheral zone representative of the iris exists and whether a central zone in the peripheral zone, the colour of which is representative of the existence of the macula, exists, and deliver a second item of information representing this detection, and, during the decision step, the decision means decide whether the eye is real or false according to said item of information and said second item of information delivered by the processing means.",
-    "The present teachings relates to a method for sector selection performed in a network node of a communication system. The communication system comprises two or more sectors using a common cell identification, the two or more sectors each providing uplink and/or downlink connections to wireless devices located within a coverage area of the sectors. The method comprises: estimating, for a wireless device, a sector combining gain, wherein the sector combining gain is related to an increment in spectrum efficiency for the wireless device, and selecting one or more of the sectors for use by the wireless device based on an adjustable sector selection criterion, wherein a sector is selected if the estimated sector combining gain fulfills the adjustable sector selection criterion. 1. A method for sector selection performed in a network node of a communication system, the communication system comprising two or more sectors using a common cell identification, the two or more sectors each providing uplink and/or downlink connections to wireless devices located within a coverage area of the sectors, the method comprising: estimating, for a wireless device, a sector combining gain, wherein the sector combining gain is related to an increment in spectrum efficiency for the wireless device, and selecting one or more of the sectors for use by the wireless device based on an adjustable sector selection criterion, wherein a sector is selected if the estimated sector combining gain fulfills the adjustable sector selection criterion. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the estimating comprises: determining, for each of the two or more sectors, a radio condition value for the wireless device, and estimating the sector combining gain based on the determined radio condition values, and wherein the selecting comprises: selecting a sector for reception and/or transmission for the wireless device if the estimated sector combining gain is greater than an adjustable combining gain threshold. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the adjustable combining gain threshold is a value adaptively depending on a radio condition. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the radio condition value comprises a downlink signal to interference plus noise ratio or an uplink signal to interference plus noise ratio. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the adjustable sector selection criterion is adjusted adaptively within a sector for the wireless devices located within the coverage area. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the adjustable sector selection criterion is adjusted adaptively based on one or more of: a radio condition of the wireless device, network load status and operative state of the wireless device. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sector combining gain comprises transport block size increment, modulation and coding scheme increment, signal to interference plus noise ratio increment or data rate increment. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising scheduling resources on the selected one or more sectors to the wireless device. 9. A network node of a communication system configured for sector selection, the communication system comprising two or more sectors using a common cell identification, the two or more sectors each providing uplink and/or downlink connections to wireless devices located within a coverage area of the sectors, the network node comprising: a processor; and memory, the memory containing instructions executable by the processor, whereby the network node is operative to: estimate, for a wireless device, a sector combining gain, wherein the sector combining gain is related to an increment in spectrum efficiency for the wireless device, and select one or more of the sectors for use by the wireless device based on an adjustable sector selection criterion, wherein a sector is selected if the estimated sector combining gain fulfills the adjustable sector selection criterion. 10. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the network node is configured to estimate by: determining, for each of the two or more sectors, a radio condition value for the wireless devices, and estimating the sector combining gain based on the determined radio condition values, and wherein the network node is configured to select by: selecting a sector for reception and/or transmission for the wireless device if the estimated sector combining gain is greater than an adjustable combining gain threshold. 11. The network node as claimed in claim 10, wherein the radio condition value comprises a downlink signal to interference plus noise ratio or an uplink signal to interference plus noise ratio. 12. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the network node is configured to adjust the adjustable sector selection criterion adaptively within a sector for the wireless devices located within the coverage area. 13. The network node as claimed in claim 12, wherein the network node is configured to adjust the adjustable sector selection criterion adaptively based on one or more of: a radio condition of the wireless device, network load status and operative state of the wireless device. 14. The network node as claimed in claim 9, wherein the sector combining gain comprises transport block size increment, modulation and coding scheme increment, signal to interference plus noise ratio increment or data rate increment. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program for a network node of a communication system configured for sector selection, the communication system comprising two or more sectors using a common cell identification, the two or more sectors each providing uplink and/or downlink connections to wireless devices located within a coverage area of the sectors, the computer program comprising computer program code, which, when run on the network node causes the network node to: estimate, for a wireless device, a sector combining gain, wherein the sector combining gain is related to an increment in spectrum efficiency for the wireless device, and select one or more of the sectors for use by the wireless device based on an adjustable sector selection criterion, wherein a sector is selected if the estimated sector combining gain fulfills the adjustable sector selection criterion. 16. (canceled)",
-    "The present technology relates to a conversion apparatus, an imaging apparatus, an electronic apparatus, and a conversion method that are capable of reducing the scale of a circuit. The conversion apparatus includes: a comparison unit that compares an input voltage of an input signal and a ramp voltage of a ramp signal that varies with time; and a storage unit that holds a code value when a comparison result from the comparison unit is inverted, the holding of the code value by the storage unit being repeated a plurality of times, to generate a digital signal having a predetermined bit number. The predetermined bit number is divided into high-order bits and low-order bits, the low-order bits are acquired earlier than the high-order bits, and the acquired low-order bits and the high-order bits are combined with each other, to generate the digital signal having the predetermined bit number. The present technology can be applied to a portion of an image sensor, in which AD conversion is performed. 1. A conversion apparatus, comprising: a comparison unit that compares an input voltage of an input signal and a ramp voltage of a ramp signal that varies with time; and a storage unit that holds a code value when a comparison result from the comparison unit is inverted, the holding of the code value by the storage unit being repeated a plurality of times, to generate a digital signal having a predetermined bit number. 2. The conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined bit number is divided into high-order bits and low-order bits, the low-order bits are acquired earlier than the high-order bits, and the acquired low-order bits and the high-order bits are combined with each other, to generate the digital signal having the predetermined bit number. 3. The conversion apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the low-order bits are Gray codes. 4. The conversion apparatus according to claim 2, wherein at least one bit of the low-order bits and the high-order bits is shared. 5. The conversion apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the digital signal is corrected by a value of a bit that is one-order lower than the shared bit. 6. The conversion apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the ramp signal for acquiring the low-order bits and the ramp signal for acquiring the high-order bits have different cycles. 7. The conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the input signal is a signal output from a pixel and provided by each pixel. 8. An imaging apparatus, comprising: an upper substrate and a lower substrate that are laminated on each other, the upper substrate including thereon pixels and a comparison unit that compares a voltage of a signal from the pixels and a ramp voltage of a ramp signal that varies with time, the lower substrate including thereon a storage unit that holds a code value when a comparison result from the comparison unit is inverted, the holding of the code value by the storage unit being repeated a plurality of times, to generate a digital signal having a predetermined bit number. 9. The imaging apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the predetermined bit number is divided into high-order bits and low-order bits, and the low-order bits are acquired earlier than the high-order bits, a signal of a reference level and a signal of a signal level are acquired in an order of low-order bits of the reference level of the pixels, high-order bits of the reference level of the pixels, low-order bits of the signal level of the pixels, and high-order bits of the signal level of the pixels, and one of the signals is subtracted from the other signal, to generate a digital signal representing a charge amount accumulated in the pixels. 10. The imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the ramp voltage when the signal of the reference level is acquired and the ramp voltage when the signal level is acquired are different from each other. 11. The imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a change in voltage of the ramp signal when a signal on a high-intensity side of the signal level is acquired is sharper than a change in voltage of the ramp signal when a signal on a low-intensity side is acquired, or a speed at which the code value is supplied to the storage unit when the signal on the high-intensity side of the signal level is acquired is slower than a speed at which the code value is supplied to the storage unit when the signal on the low-intensity side is acquired. 12. The imaging apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the signal on the high-intensity side is corrected based on a difference between a signal acquired at a time point at which the change in voltage of the ramp signal is made sharp or a time point at which the speed for supply of the code value is changed, and the reference level. 13. An electronic apparatus, comprising: an imaging apparatus including: an upper substrate and a lower substrate, the upper substrate including thereon pixels and a comparison unit that compares a voltage of a signal from the pixels and a ramp voltage of a ramp signal that varies with time, the lower substrate including thereon a storage unit that holds a code value when a comparison result from the comparison unit is inverted, the holding of the code value by the storage unit being repeated a plurality of times, to generate a digital signal having a predetermined bit number; and a signal processing unit that performs signal processing on an image signal output from the semiconductor apparatus. 14. A conversion method for a conversion apparatus including: a comparison unit that compares an input voltage of an input signal and a ramp voltage of a ramp signal that varies with time, and a storage unit that holds a code value when a comparison result from the comparison unit is inverted, the conversion method comprising generating a digital signal having a predetermined bit number by repeating the holding of the code value by the storage unit a plurality of times.",
-    "An exhaust system state detection device includes an intake air oxygen concentration sensor that detects an oxygen concentration of an intake air of an engine, an engine revolution sensor and an accelerator position sensor that in combination detect a running condition, an indicated thermal efficiency calculation unit that calculates an amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine based on the intake air oxygen concentration, the fuel injection start timing, and a first model formula defining the relation among the intake air oxygen concentration, the injection start timing, and the amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency, and an exhaust gas temperature calculating unit that calculates an exhaust gas temperature based on the amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency and a second model formula defining the relation between the exhaust gas temperature and the amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency. 1. An exhaust system state detection device comprising: an oxygen concentration detecting unit that detects an oxygen concentration in an intake air of an engine; a running condition detecting unit that detects a running condition of the engine; an indicated thermal efficiency change calculating unit that calculates an amount of change in an indicated thermal efficiency of the engine based on the detected intake air oxygen concentration, a fuel injection start timing set in accordance with the detected running condition, and a first model formula that is stored in advance and defines a relation among at least the intake air oxygen concentration, the fuel injection start timing and the amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency; and an exhaust gas temperature calculating unit that calculates a first exhaust gas temperature of the engine based on the calculated amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency and a second model formula that is stored in advance and defines a relation between at least the first exhaust gas temperature and the amount of change in the indicated thermal efficiency. 2. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, further comprising: a recirculated exhaust gas cooling unit that cools a recirculated exhaust gas, the recirculated exhaust gas cooling unit being disposed on a recirculated exhaust gas passage, which connects an intake system of the engine to an exhaust system of the engine; an exhaust gas temperature detecting unit that is disposed on the recirculated exhaust gas passage downstream of the recirculated exhaust gas cooling unit, the exhaust gas temperature detecting unit being configured to detect a second exhaust gas temperature; and a diagnosing unit that diagnoses a cooling efficiency of the recirculated exhaust gas cooling unit based on the first exhaust gas temperature calculated by the exhaust gas temperature calculating unit and the second exhaust gas temperature detected by the exhaust gas temperature detecting unit. 3. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, wherein the first model formula includes a reference intake air oxygen concentration set in accordance with the running condition, an intake air oxygen concentration correction coefficient set in accordance with the running condition, a reference fuel injection start timing set in accordance with the running condition, and a fuel injection start timing correction coefficient set in accordance with the running condition. 4. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, wherein the second model formula includes a reference exhaust gas energy set in accordance with the running condition, a reference intake air energy set in accordance with the running condition, an intake air energy calculated from at least an amount of intake air and a temperature of the intake air, and a combustion energy calculated from an amount of fuel injection set in accordance with the running condition. 5. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 2, wherein the first model formula includes a reference intake air oxygen concentration set in accordance with the running condition, an intake air oxygen concentration correction coefficient set in accordance with the running condition, a reference fuel injection start timing set in accordance with the running condition, and a fuel injection start timing correction coefficient set in accordance with the running condition. 6. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 2, wherein the second model formula includes a reference exhaust gas energy set in accordance with the running condition, a reference intake air energy set in accordance with the running condition, an intake air energy calculated from at least an amount of intake air and a temperature of the intake air, and a combustion energy calculated from an amount of fuel injection set in accordance with the running condition. 7. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 3, wherein the second model formula includes a reference exhaust gas energy set in accordance with the running condition, a reference intake air energy set in accordance with the running condition, an intake air energy calculated from at least an amount of intake air and a temperature of the intake air, and a combustion energy calculated from an amount of fuel injection set in accordance with the running condition. 8. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, wherein the running condition of the engine includes an engine revolution speed and an accelerator position. 9. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas temperature calculating unit calculates the first exhaust gas temperature in real time. 10. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 2, wherein when a difference between the first exhaust gas temperature and the second exhaust gas temperature is smaller than a threshold value, the diagnosing unit determines that a fault has occurred in the recirculated exhaust gas cooling unit. 11. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 2, wherein when a ratio of the first exhaust gas temperature to the second exhaust gas temperature is smaller than a predetermined value, the diagnosing unit determines that a fault has occurred in the recirculated exhaust gas cooling unit. 12. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas temperature calculating unit does not use a temperature sensor when calculating the first exhaust gas temperature. 13. The exhaust system state detection device according to claim 1, wherein the engine is a diesel engine.",
-    "Even in the case of satellite communications to which LTE is applied, a difference between reception timings of uplink singles transmitted from a plurality of mobile stations UE located in the same cell is kept within GI specified in LTE. A mobile station UE#1 according to the present invention includes: an offset calculation unit 23 configured to calculate an offset \u03b4 from a transmission timing to be referenced, based on a distance Lx between the mobile station UE#1 and a satellite 1 used in satellite communications, and a distance Lref between the satellite 1 and a reference mobile station UE; and an RACH functional unit 24 configured to adjust a transmission timing of a random access preamble based on the calculated offset \u03b4. 1. A mobile station usable in satellite communications to which LTE is applied, comprising: an offset calculation unit configured to calculate an offset from a transmission timing to be referenced, based on a distance between the mobile station and a satellite used in the satellite communications, and a distance between the satellite and a reference mobile station; and an RACH functional unit configured to adjust a transmission timing of a random access preamble based on the calculated offset. 2. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the transmission timing to be referenced is broadcasted by a network. 3. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the offset calculation unit is configured to periodically calculate the offset. 4. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the offset calculation unit is configured to calculate the offset \u03b4 in accordance with \u201c\u03b4=(Lx\u2212Lref)\u00d72/c\u201d, where \u201cLx\u201d is the distance between the satellite and the mobile station, \u201cLref\u201d is the distance between the satellite and the reference mobile station, and \u201cc\u201d is a light speed. 5. The mobile station according to claim 2, wherein the offset calculation unit is configured to periodically calculate the offset. 6. The mobile station according to claim 2, wherein the offset calculation unit is configured to calculate the offset \u03b4 in accordance with \u201c\u03b4=(Lx\u2212Lref)\u00d72/c\u201d, where \u201cL\u201d is the distance between the satellite and the mobile station, \u201cLref\u201d is the distance between the satellite and the reference mobile station, and \u201cc\u201d is a light speed. 7. The mobile station according to claim 3, wherein the offset calculation unit is configured to calculate the offset \u03b4 in accordance with \u201c\u03b4=(Lx\u2212Lref)\u00d72/c\u201d, where \u201cLx\u201d is the distance between the satellite and the mobile station, \u201cLref\u201d is the distance between the satellite and the reference mobile station, and \u201cc\u201d is a light speed.",
-    "A process for preparing linear or branched primary alcohols with 3 to 13 carbon atoms from linear or branched alkanes with 3 to 13 carbon atoms by incubating a host organism having a functional P153 enzyme under elevated pressure in the presence of oxygen. 1. A process for preparing a linear or branched primary alcohol with 3 to 13 carbon atoms from a linear or branched alkane with 3 to 13 carbon atoms by incubating a host organism having a functional P153 enzyme under elevated pressure in the presence of oxygen. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the host organism is unable to use linear or branched primary alcohols with 3 to 13 carbon atoms as a carbon source. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the host organism is E. coli. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the pressure is from 2-20 bar. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the incubation temperature is from 0-50\u00b0 C. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the P153 enzyme is isolated from the organism selected from the group of Pseudomonas, Polaromonas and Mycobacterium. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the P153 enzyme has a polypeptide sequence selected from the group which is formed by SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2 and derivatives of SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 wherein the derivatives have up to three amino acid exchanges compared to SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein a minor amount of a linear or branched secondary alcohol with 3 to 13 carbon atoms is produced in addition to the linear or branched primary alcohol with 3 to 13 carbon atoms. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkane is n-butane, n-octane, 2-ethylhexane, n-nonane, n-decane, a mixture of n-nonane, methyloctane, a dimethylheptane, and ethylheptane, or a mixture of propylhexane, isopropylhexane, and methylpropylpentane, and the linear or branched primary alcohol with 3 to 13 carbon atoms is 1-butanol, 1-octanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, a mixture of 1-nonanol, methyl-1-octanol, dimethyl-1-heptanol, and ethyl-1-heptanol, or a mixture of propyl-1-hexanol, isopropyl-1-hexanol, and methylpropyl-1-pentanol. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkane is n-butane, n-octane, 2-ethylhexane, n-nonane or n-decane, and the linear or branched primary alcohol is 1-butanol, 1-octanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-nonanol or 1-decanol.",
-    "A diagnosis device diagnoses a cooler adapted to cool a fluid flowing through intake and exhaust systems of an engine, and includes: a downstream temperature sensor for detecting a fluid temperature downstream of the cooler; a fluid temperature calculation unit for calculating a fluid temperature upstream of the cooler based on a fluid state quantity; a sensor output value calculation unit for assuming an upstream temperature sensor configured to detect a fluid temperature upstream of the cooler, reflecting a sensor response delay in the calculated fluid temperature, and calculating an estimated sensor output value of the upstream temperature sensor; and a cooler diagnosis unit for diagnosing the cooling efficiency of the cooler based on an actual sensor input value entered from the downstream temperature sensor and the calculated estimated sensor output value. 1. A diagnosis device for a cooler, the cooler being configured to cool a fluid flowing in an intake and exhaust system of an engine, the diagnosis device comprising: a downstream temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the fluid on a downstream side of the cooler; a fluid temperature calculation unit that calculates a temperature of the fluid on an upstream side of the cooler based on at least a state quantity of the fluid; a sensor output value calculation unit that assumes an upstream temperature sensor configured to detect the temperature of the fluid on the upstream side of the cooler, and reflects a sensor response delay into the temperature of the fluid calculated by the fluid temperature calculation unit to calculate an estimated sensor output value of the upstream temperature sensor; and a cooler diagnosis unit that diagnoses a cooling efficiency of the cooler based on an actual sensor input value entered from the downstream temperature sensor and the estimated sensor output value calculated by the sensor output value calculation unit. 2. The diagnosis device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor output value calculation unit calculates the estimated sensor output value based on the temperature of the fluid calculated by the fluid temperature calculation meansunit, and a pre-stored model formula describing a relation among a temperature change time constant of a temperature sensor, a fluid flow rate, and a fluid temperature. 3. The diagnosis device according to claim 2, wherein the model formula further includes a relation among a temperature change time constant of a flow pipe in which the fluid flows, the fluid flow rate, and the fluid temperature. 4. The diagnosis device according to claim 1, wherein the fluid is an intake air flowing in an intake pipe connected to the engine; and the cooler is an intercooler arranged on the intake pipe. 5. The diagnosis device according to claim 1, wherein the fluid is a recirculated exhaust gas which is discharged from the engine and recirculated into the intake system; and the cooler is a recirculated exhaust gas cooler configured to cool the recirculated exhaust gas. 6. The diagnosis device according to claim 2, wherein the fluid is an intake air flowing in an intake pipe connected to the engine, and the cooler is an intercooler arranged on the intake pipe. 7. The diagnosis device according to claim 3, wherein the fluid is an intake air flowing in an intake pipe connected to the engine, and the cooler is an intercooler arranged on the intake pipe. 8. The diagnosis device according to claim 2, wherein the fluid is a recirculated exhaust gas which is discharged from the engine and recirculated into the intake system, and the cooler is a recirculated exhaust gas cooler configured to cool the recirculated exhaust gas. 9. The diagnosis device according to claim 3, wherein the fluid is a recirculated exhaust gas which is discharged from the engine and recirculated into the intake system, and the cooler is a recirculated exhaust gas cooler configured to cool the recirculated exhaust gas. 10. The diagnosis device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor output value calculation unit calculates the estimated sensor output value in real time. 11. The diagnosis device according to claim 1, wherein the engine is a diesel engine.",
-    "A molded foam member manufacturing method including: a first process of placing a foam molded first portion (11) (first molded body) and a rigid member (3) (rigid plate) in a second portion forming mold (20) (forming mold); and a second process of pouring a second portion-forming synthetic resin raw material (U) (foamable material) into the second portion forming mold (20) (forming mold) and foam molding a second portion (12) (second molded body) so as to surround a portion of the rigid member (3) (rigid plate) and form an integral unit with the first portion (11) (first molded body). 1. A molded foam member manufacturing method, comprising: a first process of placing a foam molded first molded body and a rigid plate in a forming mold; and a second process of pouring a foamable material into the forming mold and foam molding a second molded body so as to surround one or more portions of the rigid plate and form an integral unit with the first molded body. 2. The molded foam member manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein: in the first process, the placement in the forming mold is performed so as to provide a space between the first molded body and the rigid plate; and in the second process, the foamable material is made to enter the space and, further to surrounding the one portion of the rigid plate with the second molded body, joins the first molded body with the second molded body. 3. The molded foam member manufacturing method of claim 2, wherein, in the first process, the rigid plate is placed so as to create a gap between an inner wall of the forming mold and a peripheral edge portion of the rigid plate. 4. The molded foam member manufacturing method of claim 2, wherein, in the second process, the rigid plate that is used is formed with a through hole, and the foamable material is made to enter the space through the through hole. 5. The molded foam member manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein, in the first process, the placement is made such that a portion of the rigid plate is pressed against an inner face of the forming mold such that the foamable material does not enter between the portion of the rigid plate and the forming mold. 6. A shock absorbing member, comprising: a first molded body that is foam molded to a portion of one face of a rigid plate; and a second molded body that is foam molded to the entirety of another face of the rigid plate. 7. The shock absorbing member of claim 6, wherein the first molded body and the second molded body are respectively formed from different types of foamable material. 8. The shock absorbing member of claim 6, wherein a through hole is provided at a part of the rigid plate that is disposed between the first molded body and the second molded body. 9. The shock absorbing member of claim 8, wherein a diameter of the through hole is from 10 mm to 20 mm. 10. The shock absorbing member of claim 8, wherein: from two to ten of the through holes are provided per 10,000 mm2 of a plate face of the rigid plate; and a spacing between adjacent of the through holes is from 10 mm to 70 mm. 11. The shock absorbing member of claim 6, wherein, in the second molded body, the second molded body is joined to the first molded body by foamable material that has flowed around to the first molded body side of the rigid plate.",
-    "The purpose of the present invention is to increase the calorific value, and to obtain coal having further reduced mercury content. A drying step (S1) of drying low-rank coal (1) constituting coal to obtain dried coal (2), a dry deashing step of removing ash (6) from the dried coal (2) obtained in the drying step (S1) by a dry deashing apparatus, and a pyrolyzing step (S3) of pyrolyzing the deashed dried coal (3) obtained in the dry deashing step (S2) to obtain deashed pyrolyzed coal (4) are performed. 1. A production method of reformed coal, the method comprising: a drying step of drying coal to obtain dried coal; a dry deashing step of removing ash from the dried coal obtained in the drying step to obtain deashed dried coal; and a pyrolyzing step of pyrolyzing the deashed dried coal obtained in the dry deashing step to obtain deashed pyrolyzed coal. 2. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 1, further comprising: a dividing step of dividing out a portion of the deashed dried coal obtained in the dry deashing step; and a mixing step of mixing the deashed dried coal divided out in the dividing step with the deashed pyrolyzed coal obtained in the pyrolyzing step to obtain mixed coal. 3. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 1, wherein the dry deashing step is performed using a pulverizer that pulverizes the dried coal and a magnetic separation apparatus that magnetically separates and removes the ash from the dried coal pulverized by the pulverizer. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 2, wherein the dry deashing step is performed using a pulverizer that pulverizes the dried coal and a magnetic separation apparatus that magnetically separates and removes the ash from the dried coal pulverized by the pulverizer. 7. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 1, wherein the dry deashing step is performed using an air stream separation apparatus that, with an air stream, separates and removes the ash from the dried coal. 8. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 2, wherein the dry deashing step is performed using an air stream separation apparatus that, with an air stream, separates and removes the ash from the dried coal. 9. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 1, wherein the coal is low-grade coal. 10. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 2, wherein the coal is low-grade coal. 11. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 3, wherein the coal is low-grade coal. 12. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 6, wherein the coal is low-grade coal. 13. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 7, wherein the coal is low-grade coal. 14. The production method of reformed coal according to claim 8, wherein the coal is low-grade coal.",
-    "An input seismic data set is obtained, and a first inversion is conducted on a first frequency filtered input seismic data set across all slowness values in the plurality of slowness values using an inversion matrix with dipole modulation containing a plurality of Tau-p operators and a plurality of dipole terms to transform the first frequency filtered input seismic data set from a time domain to a Tau-p domain having a plurality of first inversion Tau-p coefficients. Each Tau-p coefficient associated with one of the plurality of slowness values. The first inversion Tau-p coefficients are used to identify a subset of slowness values from the plurality of slowness values, and iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values is performed. The input seismic data set is modified to generate a noise attenuated seismic data set based on the iterative sparse Tau-p inversion. 1. A method for noise reduction of seismic data, the method comprising: obtaining an input seismic data set; conducting a first inversion on a first frequency filtered input seismic data set across all slowness values in the plurality of slowness values using an inversion matrix with dipole modulation comprising a plurality of Tau-p operators and a plurality of dipole terms to transform the first frequency filtered input seismic data set from a time domain to a Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of first inversion Tau-p coefficients, each Tau-p coefficient associated with one of the plurality of slowness values; using the first inversion Tau-p coefficients to identify a subset of slowness values from the plurality of slowness values; performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values; and modifying the input seismic data set to generate a noise attenuated seismic data set based on the iterative sparse Tau-p inversion. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the inversion matrix with dipole modulation comprises a plurality of matrix terms, each term comprising a product of one of a plurality of Tau-p operators and one of a plurality of dipole terms. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the inversion matrix with dipole modulation contains one dipole term for each one of the plurality of slowness values. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each dipole term comprises a slowness dependent time-differential operator to attenuate low-frequency and high-dip noise in the input seismic data set while preserving a primary signal in the input seismic data set. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the first frequency filtered seismic data set by removing frequencies from the input seismic data set that are above a pre-defined frequency. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the pre-defined frequency is about 10 Hz. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein using the first inversion Tau-p coefficients to identify the subset of slowness values further comprises identifying first inversion Tau-p coefficients associated with most dominant slowness values in the Tau-p representation. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the most dominant slowness values in combination account for at least about 90% of all energy in input seismic data set. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values comprises: conducting a second inversion on a second frequency filtered input seismic data set across the identified subset of slowness values using the inversion matrix with dipole modulation to transform the second frequency filtered input seismic data set from the time domain to the Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of second inversion Tau-p coefficients; and using the plurality of second inversion Tau-p coefficients to define a weight function. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values further comprises: conducting a third inversion on a full-bandwidth input seismic data set across the identified subset of slowness values using the weight function and the inversion matrix with dipole modulation to transform the full-bandwidth input seismic data set from the time domain to the Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of third inversion Tau-p coefficients. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the subset of slowness values further comprises: identifying dominant third inversion Tau-p coefficients from the plurality of third inversion Tau-p coefficients; transforming the identified dominant third inversion Tau-p coefficients back to the time domain; and subtracting the transformed identified dominant third inversion Tau-p coefficients from the full-bandwidth input seismic data set to generate an updated residual input seismic data set. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the subset of slowness values is repeated a pre-determined number of iterations. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the subset of slowness values is repeated iteratively until a pre-determined percentage of all energy in the input seismic data set is removed from the final residual input seismic data set. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein generating the noise attenuated seismic data set further comprises: combining third inversion Tau-p coefficients from all iterative sparse Tau-p inversions using the identified subset of slowness values; applying a p-dependent bandpass filter to the combined third inversion Tau-p coefficients to generate bandpass filtered combined third inversion Tau-p coefficients; and applying an inverse Tau-p transform to the bandpass filtered combined third inversion Tau-p coefficients to generate the noise attenuated seismic data set. 15. A computer device configured to reduce noire in seismic data, the computer device comprising: an interface configured to receive an input seismic data set; and a processor connected to the interface and configured to, conduct a first inversion on a first frequency filtered input seismic data set across all slowness values in the plurality of slowness values using an inversion matrix with dipole modulation comprising a plurality of Tau-p operators and a plurality of dipole terms to transform the first frequency filtered input seismic data set from a time domain to a Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of first inversion Tau-p coefficients, each Tau-p coefficient associated with one of the plurality of slowness values; use the first inversion Tau-p coefficients to identify a subset of slowness values from the plurality of slowness values; perform iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values; and modify the input seismic data set to generate a noise attenuated seismic data set based on the iterative sparse Tau-p inversion. 16. The computer device of claim 15, wherein the processor in performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values is further configured to: conduct a second inversion on a second frequency filtered input seismic data set across the identified subset of slowness values using the inversion matrix with dipole modulation to transform the second frequency filtered input seismic data set from the time domain to the Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of second inversion Tau-p coefficients; and use the plurality of second inversion Tau-p coefficients to define a weight function. 17. The computer device of claim 16, wherein the processor in performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values is further configured to conduct a third inversion on a full-bandwidth input seismic data set across the identified subset of slowness values using the weight function and the inversion matrix with dipole modulation to transform the full-bandwidth input seismic data set from the time domain to the Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of third inversion Tau-p coefficients. 18. The computer device of claim 17, wherein the processor in performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values is further configured to: identify dominant third inversion Tau-p coefficients from the plurality of third inversion Tau-p coefficients; transform the identified dominant third inversion Tau-p coefficients back to the time domain; and subtract the transformed identified dominant third inversion Tau-p coefficients from the full-bandwidth input seismic data set to generate an updated residual input seismic data set. 19. The computer device of claim 17, wherein the processor in generating the noise attenuated seismic data set is further configured to: combine third inversion Tau-p coefficients from all iterative sparse Tau-p inversions using the identified subset of slowness values; apply a p-dependent bandpass filter to the combined third inversion Tau-p coefficients to generate bandpass filtered combined third inversion Tau-p coefficients; and apply an inverse Tau-p transform to the bandpass filtered combined third inversion Tau-p coefficients to generate the noise attenuated seismic data set. 20. A computer-readable storage medium containing a computer-readable code that when read by a computer causes the computer to perform a method for noise reduction of seismic data, the method comprising: obtaining an input seismic data set; conducting a first inversion on a first frequency filtered input seismic data set across all slowness values in the plurality of slowness values using an inversion matrix with dipole modulation comprising a plurality of Tau-p operators and a plurality of dipole terms to transform the first frequency filtered input seismic data set from a time domain to a Tau-p domain comprising a plurality of first inversion Tau-p coefficients, each Tau-p coefficient associated with one of the plurality of slowness values; using the first inversion Tau-p coefficients to identify a subset of slowness values from the plurality of slowness values; performing iterative sparse Tau-p inversion using the identified subset of slowness values; and modifying the input seismic data set to generate a noise attenuated seismic data set based on the iterative sparse Tau-p inversion.",
-    "A method, apparatus and system are provided for distributing auxiliary advertisements which include receiving profile information, searching a database for auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information and communicating auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information to a display device for presentation on at least a portion of a screen of the display device. In one instance, a primary display device presents primary advertisements and a secondary screen device presents associated, targeted auxiliary advertisement(s) at a time concurrent with or relative to the presentation of the primary advertisement; an auxiliary advertisement to be presented to an identified viewer/audience being selected by matching metadata associated with the auxiliary advertisement to known characteristics of the identified viewer/audience. 1. A method for distribution of auxiliary advertisements, comprising: receiving profile information; searching a database for auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information; and communicating auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information to a display device for presentation on at least a portion of a screen of the display device. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising: receiving information regarding when a primary advertisement associated with at least one auxiliary advertisement is to be presented on a primary display device. 3. The method of claim 2, comprising: presenting an auxiliary advertisement communicated for presentation on a screen of a secondary display device at a time concurrent with or relative to the presentation of the associated primary advertisement on the primary display device. 4. The method of claim 1, comprising: receiving information regarding at least one of a channel and a program being presented on a primary display device. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising: presenting an auxiliary advertisement associated with the program being presented on the primary display device at a time concurrent with or relative to the program being presented on the primary display device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an auxiliary advertisement includes metadata identifying characteristics of at least one of a target audience and a viewer to whom the auxiliary advertisement is intended to be presented. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the display device comprises a secondary display device and program content and primary advertisements are presented on a primary display device. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising: receiving auxiliary advertisements; and storing said auxiliary advertisements. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said profile information is received from at least one of a check-in application receiving viewer inputs, an advertiser, a television network, and a display device. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said profile information comprises characteristic information of an intended viewer of at least one auxiliary advertisement. 11. The method of claim 1, comprising grouping auxiliary advertisements via profile characteristics for communication to different display devices. 12. An apparatus for distributing auxiliary advertisements, comprising: a memory for storing program routines, content and data; and a processor for executing said program routines; said apparatus configured to: receive profile information; search a database for auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information; and communicate auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information to a display device for presentation on at least a portion of a screen of the display device. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising: an application provider for receiving the profile information; and an auxiliary advertisement provider for searching a database for auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information and communicating auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information to a display device for presentation on at least a portion of a screen of the display device. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said apparatus comprises at least a portion of at least one of a set-top box, a display device and a mobile communications device. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said apparatus is further configure to: receive information regarding when a primary advertisement associated with at least one auxiliary advertisement is to be presented on a screen of a primary display device; and communicate an associated auxiliary advertisement for presentation on a screen of the secondary display device at a time concurrent with or relative to the presentation of the primary advertisement on the screen of the primary display device. 16. A system for distributing auxiliary advertisements, comprising: a database for storing at least auxiliary advertisements; a primary display device for displaying programming content and primary advertisements; a secondary display device for displaying auxiliary advertisements; and an apparatus configure to: receive profile information; search the database for auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information; and communicate auxiliary advertisements associated with the received profile information to the secondary display device for presentation on at least a portion of a screen of the secondary display device. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said secondary display device comprises a check-in application for enabling a user to enter said profile information. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein said secondary device provides, to the apparatus, information regarding at least one of a channel and a program being presented on the primary display device. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein said apparatus is further configured to: receive information regarding when a primary advertisement associated with at least one auxiliary advertisement is to be presented on a screen of the primary display device; and communicate an associated auxiliary advertisement for presentation on a screen of the secondary display device at a time concurrent with or relative to the presentation of the primary advertisement on the screen of the primary display device.",
-    "A blank for producing an external packaging includes: at least four areas, each of which has a rear wall, a bottom surface and at least one inner lateral surface. Each rear wall has four sides. Each rear wall is on one of its sides connected to the bottom surface assigned thereto along a folding line. Each rear wall is on one of its sides connected to a rear wall of an adjacent area along a folding line arranged on a centre axis. Each rear wall is on at least one of its sides connected to the inner lateral surface assigned thereto along a folding line. The at least one inner lateral surface of an area is connected to an inner lateral surface of an adjacent area along a folding line. 1. A blank for producing an external packaging, comprising: at least four areas, each of which a rear wall, a bottom surface assigned to the rear wall and at least one inner lateral surface assigned to the rear wall, wherein each rear wall has four sides, wherein each rear wall is on one of its sides connected to the bottom surface assigned thereto along a folding line, wherein each rear wall is on one of its sides connected to a rear wall of an adjacent area along a folding line arranged on a centre axis of the blank, wherein each rear wall is on at least one of its sides connected to the inner lateral surface assigned thereto along a folding line, wherein the at least one inner lateral surface of an area is connected to an inner lateral surface of an adjacent area along a folding line, and wherein the inner lateral surfaces are spaced apart from the centre axis such that an offset is created between the inner lateral surfaces and the centre axis, wherein the inner lateral surfaces have a rectangular shape. 2. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the length of the offset amounts to at least 10 mm. 3. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the blank is realized in one piece. 4. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the blank is made of paper or cardboard. 5. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the blank has a thickness in the range between 1 mm and 3 mm. 6. The blank according to claim 1, wherein each area of the blank comprises two lateral surfaces that are assigned to the rear wall. 7. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the rear walls have a rectangular shape. 8. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the bottom surfaces have a rectangular shape. 9. The blank according to claim 1, wherein each bottom surface is exclusively connected to one rear wall and/or one lateral surface. 10. (canceled) 11. The blank according to claim 1, wherein the blank comprises in each of the areas two connecting straps that are connected to the lateral surfaces and/or to the bottom surfaces along folding lines. 12. The blank according to claim 1, wherein each lateral surface comprises a connecting strap that is connected to the lateral surface along a folding line. 13. The blank according to claim 1, wherein at least two of the interconnected rear walls comprise an opening. 14. A method for producing an external packaging of a blank according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the following steps: a) folding the blank along the folding lines between the rear walls and the lateral surfaces assigned to the rear walls, b) folding the blank along the folding lines between the inner lateral surfaces of one area and the inner lateral surfaces of an adjacent area, c) folding the blank along the folding lines between the rear walls and the bottom surfaces assigned to the rear walls, d) connecting the folded bottom surfaces to the folded lateral surfaces, and e) folding the blank along the folding lines between the rear wall of one area and the rear wall of an adjacent area that are arranged on a centre axis. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the following step is carried out before step d): f) folding the blank along the folding lines between the connecting straps and the lateral surfaces and/or between the connecting straps and the bottom surfaces. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the following step is carried out after step f): g) gluing the connecting straps to the lateral surfaces and/or the bottom surfaces. 17. A packaging system, comprising: an external packaging folded from a blank according to claim 1, at least one package for each area of the blank and means for fixing the packages on/in the external packaging. 18. The packaging system according to claim 17, wherein the means for fixing the packages is an adhesive. 19. The packaging system according to claim 17, wherein the means for fixing the packages is a fixing strap. 20. The blank according to claim 4, wherein the blank is made of corrugated board. 21. The blank according to claim 2, wherein the length of the offset lies in the range between 10 mm and 40 mm.",
-    "A silicon carbide powder which, when used as a raw material in a sublimation recrystallization method, enables improvement in productivity of a silicon carbide single crystal by exhibiting a high sublimation rate and allowing a small amount of silicon carbide to remain without being sublimated, and enables an increase in size of the silicon carbide single crystal (for example, a single crystal wafer). The silicon carbide powder has a Blaine specific surface area of from 250 cm2/g to 1,000 cm2/g and a ratio of a silicon carbide powder having a particle size of more than 0.70 mm and 3.00 mm or less of 50 vol % or more with respect to a total amount of the silicon carbide powder. When a silicon carbide powder accommodated in a crucible is heated to be sublimated, a silicon carbide single crystal is formed on a seed crystal provided on an undersurface of a lid. 1. A silicon carbide powder, having a Blaine specific surface area of from 250 cm2/g to 1,000 cm2/g and having a ratio of a silicon carbide powder having a particle size of more than 0.70 mm and 3.00 mm or less of 50 vol % or more with respect to a total amount of the silicon carbide powder. 2. The silicon carbide powder according to claim 1, wherein the silicon carbide powder comprises aggregated particles of primary particles having a ratio of particles each having a particle size of 1 \u03bcm or more and 1 mm or less of 90 vol % or more. 3. The silicon carbide powder according to claim 1, wherein the silicon carbide powder is a powder formed of \u03b1-type silicon carbide, a powder formed of (\u03b2-type silicon carbide, or a powder formed of a mixture of \u03b1-type silicon carbide and \u03b2-type silicon carbide. 4-6. (canceled) 7. The silicon carbide powder according to claim 2, wherein the silicon carbide powder is a powder formed of \u03b1-type silicon carbide, a powder formed of \u03b2-type silicon carbide, or a powder formed of a mixture of \u03b1-type silicon carbide and \u03b2-type silicon carbide. 8. A method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal, the method comprising growing a silicon carbide single crystal on a silicon carbide seed crystal by a sublimation recrystallization method through use of the silicon carbide powder according to claim 1 as a raw material. 9. The method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal according to claim 8, wherein the silicon carbide powder comprises aggregated particles of primary particles having a ratio of particles each having a particle size of 1 \u03bcm or more and 1 mm or less of 90 vol % or more. 10. The method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal according to claim 8, wherein the silicon carbide powder is a powder formed of \u03b1-type silicon carbide, a powder formed of \u03b2-type silicon carbide, or a powder formed of a mixture of \u03b1-type silicon carbide and \u03b2-type silicon carbide. 11. The method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal according to claim 9, wherein the silicon carbide powder is a powder formed of \u03b1-type silicon carbide, a powder formed of \u03b2-type silicon carbide, or a powder formed of a mixture of \u03b1-type silicon carbide and \u03b2-type silicon carbide. 12. The method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal according to claim 8, wherein the growing of the silicon carbide single crystal is done by growing the silicon carbide single crystal on the silicon carbide seed crystal provided on an undersurface of a lid of a crucible by accommodating the silicon carbide powder in the crucible so that the silicon carbide powder has a bulk density of from 0.7 g/cm3 to 1.4 g/cm3, followed by heating. 13. The method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal according to claim 8, wherein the growing of the silicon carbide single crystal is done by growing the silicon carbide single crystal on the silicon carbide seed crystal provided on an undersurface of a lid of a crucible by accommodating the silicon carbide powder in the crucible so that the silicon carbide powder has a thermal conductivity of from 0.05 W/m\u00b7K to 0.15 W/m\u00b7K, followed by heating. 14. The method of producing a silicon carbide single crystal according to claim 12, wherein the growing of the silicon carbide single crystal is done by growing the silicon carbide single crystal on the silicon carbide seed crystal provided on an undersurface of a lid of a crucible by accommodating the silicon carbide powder in the crucible so that the silicon carbide powder has a thermal conductivity of from 0.05 W/m\u00b7K to 0.15 W/m\u00b7K, followed by heating.",
-    "Provided is a battery module of which temperature can be homogenized regardless of the material. This battery module includes: a first heat dissipation plate and a second heat dissipation plate; a laminated type battery group disposed between the first heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate and formed by stacking two or more laminated type batteries; and a case housing the laminated type battery group, and the first heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate, wherein: a third heat dissipation plate is disposed between the two laminated type batteries among the laminated type battery group; each of the first heat dissipation plate, the second heat dissipation plate, and the third heat dissipation plate includes a contact portion in contact with the case, and a flat portion in contact with and opposite to the laminated type battery; and the flat portion of the first heat dissipation plate and the flat portion of the second heat dissipation plate are provided with a plurality of holes. 1. A battery module comprising: a first heat dissipation plate and a second heat dissipation plate; a laminated type battery group disposed between the first heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate and formed by stacking two or more laminated type batteries; and a case housing the laminated type battery group, and the first heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate, wherein: a third heat dissipation plate is disposed between the two laminated type batteries among the laminated type battery group; each of the first heat dissipation plate, the second heat dissipation plate, and the third heat dissipation plate includes a contact portion in contact with the case, and a flat portion in contact with and opposite to the laminated type battery; and the flat portion of the first heat dissipation plate and the flat portion of the second heat dissipation plate are provided with a plurality of holes. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein: the number of laminated type batteries included in the laminated type battery group is four or more; two or more laminated type batteries are disposed between the third heat dissipation plate and the first heat dissipation plate and between the third heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate; a fourth heat dissipation plate is disposed each between the two laminated type batteries disposed between the third heat dissipation plate and the first heat dissipation plate and between the two laminated type batteries disposed between the third heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate; the fourth heat dissipation plate includes a contact portion in contact with the case, and a flat portion in contact with and opposite to the laminated type battery; and the flat portion of the fourth heat dissipation plate is provided with a plurality of holes. 3. The battery module according to claim 2, wherein: a total area of the holes provided for the flat portion of the first heat dissipation plate is larger than a total area of the holes provided for the flat portion of the fourth heat dissipation plate; and a total area of the holes provided for the flat portion of the second heat dissipation plate is larger than a total area of the holes provided for the flat portion of the fourth heat dissipation plate. 4. The battery module according to claim 3, wherein: the flat portion of the third heat dissipation plate is provided with a plurality of holes; and the total area of the holes provided for the flat portion of the fourth heat dissipation plate is larger than a total area of the holes provided for the flat portion of the third heat dissipation plate. 5. The battery module according to claim 3, wherein: each of the first heat dissipation plate and the second heat dissipation plate is formed of a flat plate material and a heat conduction plate; the heat conduction plate is formed of a material different from the flat plate material; and the heat conduction plate is provided with a plurality of holes. 6. The battery module according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of holes provided for the fourth heat dissipation plate is bottomed holes. 7. The battery module according to claim 3, wherein: each of the flat portion of the first heat dissipation plate and the flat portion of the second heat dissipation plate has a rectangular shape with a short side and a long side; and the plurality of holes provided for the flat portion of the first heat dissipation plate and the plurality of holes provided for the flat portion of the second heat dissipation plate have larger area in a direction from a center of the short side to an end of the short side. 8. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein: the flat portion of the first heat dissipation plate is in contact with the case through a first heat insulating material; and the flat portion of the second heat dissipation plate is in contact with the case through a second heat insulating material.",
-    "A Benzotriazole derivative represented by the following general formula (1), wherein, Ar1 is a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, or a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group, A is a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group, B is a divalent condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group or a single bond, and C is a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group, and wherein if A is a phenylene group, B is a divalent condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group or C is a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group other than a pyridyl group. 1. A Benzotriazole derivative represented by the following general formula (1), wherein, Ar1 is a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, or a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group, A is a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group, B is a divalent condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group or a single bond, and C is a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group, and wherein if A is a phenylene group, B is a divalent condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group or C is a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group other than a pyridyl group. 2. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 1, wherein A is a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group in the general formula (1). 3. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 2, wherein A is a phenylene group in the general formula (1). 4. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 3, wherein, in the general formula (1), B is a single bond and C is a group selected from quinolyl group, isoquinolyl group, indolyl group, carbazolyl group, carbolinyl group, benzoxazolyl group, benzothiazolyl group, quinoxalyl group, benzimidazolyl group, naphthyridinyl group, phenanthrolinyl group and acridinyl group. 5. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 1, wherein B is a divalent condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group in the general formula (1). 6. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 5 wherein B is a naphthalenylene group in the general formula (1). 7. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 5, wherein B is an anthracenylene group in the general formula (1). 8. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 1, wherein A is a divalent condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group in the general formula (1). 9. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 8, wherein A is a naphthalenylene group in the general formula (1). 10. The benzotriazole derivative according to claim 8, wherein B is a single bond in the general formula (1). 11. An organic electroluminescent device having a pair of electrodes and at least one organic layer held therebetween, wherein at least the one organic layer contains the benzotriazole derivative of claim 1. 12. The organic electroluminescent device according to claim 11, wherein the at least one organic layer is an electron-transporting layer, a hole-blocking layer, a luminous layer or an electron injection layer.",
-    "Image processing apparatus and method of calculating distance information and size information of an object within an image frame are provided. The method of processing an image includes: sequentially moving a focus lens from infinity to a short distance; overlapping and storing frames including an object focused at each movement location of the focus lens; and displaying a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, calculating relative distance information of objects focused at different locations of the focus lens based on an object focused at an arbitrary location of the focus lens, and displaying the relative distance information in the synthesis frame. 1. A method of processing an image, the method comprising: sequentially moving a focus lens from infinity to a short distance; overlapping and storing frames comprising an object focused at each movement location of the focus lens; displaying a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, calculating relative distance information of objects focused at different locations of the focus lens based on an object focused at an arbitrary location of the focus lens, and displaying the relative distance information in the synthesis frame; and calculating a size of each object inside the synthesis frame, calculating an actual distance information ratio of focused other objects based on actual distance information mapped to a focused arbitrary object, and calculating and displaying actual size information of the objects by applying the ratio to a size of the each object. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the overlapping and displaying comprises: when at least two objects exist at an arbitrary location of movement locations of the focus lens, overlapping and storing frames comprising a selected object. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: establishing a database that maps actual distance information from an image processing apparatus to an object to each movement location of the focus lens. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the displaying comprises: displaying a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, and retrieving the actual distance information mapped to the location of the focus lens when each object is focused from the database, and displaying the actual distance information in the synthesis frame. 5. (canceled) 6. A method of processing an image, the method comprising: operating an opening degree of an aperture from a maximum opening to a minimum opening; overlapping and storing frames comprising an object focused under each open state of the aperture; displaying a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, calculating relative distance information of objects focused under other open states of the aperture based on an object focused under an arbitrary open state of the aperture, and displaying the relative distance information in the synthesis frame; and calculating a size of each object inside the synthesis frame, calculating an actual distance information ratio of focused other objects based on actual distance information mapped to a focused arbitrary object, and calculating and displaying actual size information of the objects by applying the ratio to the size of the each object. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the overlapping and storing comprises: when at least two objects exist under an arbitrary open state of open states of the aperture, overlapping and storing frames comprising a selected object. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: establishing a database that maps actual distance information from an image processing apparatus to an object to each open state of the aperture. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: mapping and storing a different shutter speed depending on each open state of the aperture when establishing the database. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the displaying comprises: displaying a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, and retrieving the actual distance information mapped to an open state of the aperture from the database when each object is focused, and displaying the retrieved actual distance information inside the synthesis frame. 11. (canceled) 12. An image processing apparatus comprising: a focus lens; a lens driver sequentially moving a focus lens from infinity to a short distance; a distance information calculator overlapping and storing frames comprising an object focused at each movement location of the focus lens, and displaying a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, calculating and displaying relative distance information of objects focused at different locations of the focus lens based on an object focused at an arbitrary location of the focus lens; and a size information calculator calculating a size of each object inside the synthesis frame, calculating an actual distance information ratio of focused other objects based on actual distance information mapped to a focused arbitrary object, and calculating and displaying actual size information of the objects by applying the ratio to the size of the each object. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the distance information calculator overlaps and stores frames comprising a selected object when at least two objects exist at an arbitrary location of movement locations of the focus lens. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the distance information calculator establishes a database that maps actual distance information from an image processing apparatus to an object to each movement location of the focus lens, and retrieves the actual distance information mapped to the location of the focus lens when each object is focused from the database, and displays the actual distance information inside the synthesis frame. 15. (canceled) 16. An image processing apparatus comprising: an aperture; an aperture driver operating an opening degree of an aperture from a maximum opening to a minimum opening; a distance information calculator overlapping and storing frames comprising an object focused under each open state of the aperture, display a synthesis frame that synthesizes the overlapped frames in one frame, and simultaneously, calculating and displaying relative distance information of objects focused under other open states of the aperture based on an object focused under an arbitrary open state of the aperture; and a size information calculator calculating a size of each object inside the synthesis frame, calculating an actual distance information ratio of focused other objects based on actual distance information mapped to a focused arbitrary object, and calculating and displaying actual size information of the objects by applying the ratio to the size of the each object. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the distance information calculator overlaps and stores frames comprising a selected object when at least two objects exist under an arbitrary open state of open states of the aperture. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the distance information calculator establishes a database that maps actual distance information from the image processing apparatus to an object to each open state of the aperture, and retrieves the actual distance information mapped to an open state of the aperture when each object is focused from the database, and displays the retrieved actual distance information inside the synthesis frame. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the distance information calculator maps and stores a different shutter speed depending on each open state of the aperture when establishing the database. 20. (canceled)",
-    "A body cover construction for a motorcycle includes a body cover having a front mudguard which covers an outer circumference of a front wheel, a front cover covering a front portion of a vehicle body from a front to sides of a headstock, floorboards extending from a lower rear portion of the front cover to below a seat so that rider's feet rest thereon, and underside covers covering sides of the vehicle body lying below and forwards of the floorboards. When the vehicle body is seen from a side, a lower edge portion of a front side surface of the front cover extends in a longitudinal direction and is at a similar level as a lower edge portion of a mudguard side surface of the mudguard. A front upper end portion of the underside cover extends upwards to a position which is a predetermined distance from the lower edge portion. 1. A body cover construction for a motorcycle comprising a body cover having: a front mudguard which is provided so as to cover an outer circumference of a front wheel from thereabove; a front cover which covers a front portion of a vehicle body from a front to sides of a headstock; step floorboards which are disposed to extend from a lower and rear portion of the front cover to below a mounting seat so that feet of a rider rest thereon; and under side covers which cover sides of the vehicle body which lie below and forwards of the step floorboards, wherein a lower edge portion of a front side surface of the front cover extends in a front-to-rear direction and is formed substantially at the same level as a lower edge portion of a mudguard side surface of the front mudguard such that they can be identified as a continuous line when the vehicle body is seen from a side thereof, and wherein a front upper end portion of the under side cover extends upwards to a position which is spaced a predetermined distance away from the lower edge portion of the front side surface. 2. The body cover construction for the motorcycle of claim 1, wherein there is provided a front lower cover which covers a front surface of the vehicle body situated at the rear of the front wheel below the front cover, wherein a projecting portion is formed on the front lower cover so as to be exposed between the lower edge portion of the front side surface and the front upper end portion and so as to face an external surface of the body cover, and wherein the projecting portion curves convexly towards the front of the vehicle body. 3. The body cover construction for the motorcycle of claim 2, wherein the step floorboard constitutes a lower side cover which rises upwards from a foot rest portion which extends in the front-to-rear direction, and wherein a front end edge portion of the lower side cover and a rear end edge portion of the projecting portion are formed continuously. 4. The body cover construction for the motorcycle of claim 2, wherein an external surface of the projecting portion constitutes a step in a widthwise direction and is formed so as to be depressed in the widthwise direction in relation to at least either of the front cover and the under side cover. 5. The body cover construction for the motorcycle of claim 3, wherein the projecting portion and the lower side cover are formed from a different material or in a different color in relation to the front cover or the under side cover. 6. The body cover construction for the motorcycle of claim 2, wherein the projecting portion is locked on at least one of the body covers lying adjacent thereto via a locking portion.",
-    "There is provided a radiation detector including: a plurality of photoelectric conversion devices, each photoelectric conversion device formed at least partially within an embedding layer and having a light receiving surface situated at least partially outside of the embedding layer, and a plurality of scintillator crystals, at least a first scintillator crystal of the plurality of scintillator crystals in contact with at least one light receiving surface at a proximal end, wherein a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at the proximal end is smaller than a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at a distal end. 1. A radiation detector, comprising: a plurality of photoelectric conversion devices, each photoelectric conversion device formed at least partially within an embedding layer and having a light receiving surface situated at least partially outside of the embedding layer; and a plurality of scintillator crystals, at least a first scintillator crystal of the plurality of scintillator crystals in contact with at least one light receiving surface at a proximal end, wherein a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at the proximal end is smaller than a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at a distal end. 2. The radiation detector of claim 1, wherein the first scintillator crystal is configured to convert incident radiation into light. 3. The radiation detector of claim 1, further comprising a space between the first scintillator crystal and a second scintillator crystal adjacent to the first scintillator crystal. 4. The radiation detector of claim 3, wherein the first scintillator crystal contacts the second scintillator crystal of the plurality of scintillator crystals at the distal end of the first scintillator crystal. 5. The radiation detector of claim 1, wherein a surface of the first scintillator crystal is curved between the proximal end and the distal end. 6. The radiation detector of claim 1, further comprising a light reflecting surface in contact with the first scintillator crystal at the distal end. 7. The radiation detector of claim 1, wherein the embedding layer comprises a light blocking material. 8. The radiation detector of claim 7, wherein the embedding layer comprises a silicone-based resin. 9. The radiation detector of claim 1, wherein at least a first photoelectric conversion device of the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices includes an insulating layer, a semiconductor layer and an electrode coupled to the semiconductor layer. 10. The radiation detector of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of switch devices connected in series to the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices; a wiring substrate including a plurality of wirings on a support substrate, the plurality of wirings being electrically connected to respective switch devices of the plurality of switch devices; and a circuit substrate including a plurality of conversion circuits connected to ends of the wirings and configured to convert a current signal into a voltage signal, wherein the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices and the plurality of switch devices are made of crystalline silicon. 11. The radiation detector of claim 1, further comprising: a wiring substrate including a plurality of switch devices and a plurality of wirings on a support substrate, the plurality of switch devices being connected in series to respective photoelectric conversion devices, and the plurality of wirings being connected to respective switch devices; and a circuit substrate including a plurality of conversion circuits connected to respective ends of the wirings and configured to convert a current signal into a voltage signal, wherein the photoelectric conversion devices are made of crystalline silicon. 12. A method of forming a radiation detector, comprising: forming a plurality of photoelectric conversion devices on a substrate, at least a first photoelectric conversion device of the plurality of photoelectric conversion devices including one or more electrodes, wherein the first photoelectric conversion device is formed such that at least one of the one or more electrodes are coupled to a circuit formed within the substrate; forming an embedding layer on the substrate such that at least a portion of the first photoelectric conversion device is embedded within the embedding layer; and forming a scintillator layer on a surface of the first photoelectric conversion layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the embedding layer comprises a silicone-based resin. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the scintillator layer is formed via vacuum deposition. 15. An imaging unit, comprising: a radiation detector; and a drive circuit configured to drive the radiation detector, the radiation detector including: a plurality of pixels, at least a first pixel of the plurality of pixels comprising: a photoelectric conversion device formed at least partially within an embedding layer and having a light receiving surface situated at least partially outside of the embedding layer; and a first scintillator crystal in contact with the light receiving surface at a proximal end, wherein a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at the proximal end is smaller than a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at a distal end. 16. The imaging unit of claim 15, further comprising an air gap between the first scintillator crystal and a second scintillator crystal in a second pixel adjacent to the first pixel. 17. The imaging unit of claim 16, wherein the first scintillator crystal contacts the second scintillator crystal at the distal end of the first scintillator crystal. 18. The imaging unit of claim 15, wherein a surface of the first scintillator crystal is curved between the proximal end and the distal end. 19. The imaging unit of claim 15, wherein the embedding layer comprises a light blocking material. 20. An imaging and display system comprising: an imaging unit; and a display unit configured to perform image display based on an imaging signal obtained by the imaging unit, the imaging unit including: a radiation detector; and a drive circuit configured to drive the radiation detector, the radiation detector including: a plurality of pixels, at least a first pixel of the plurality of pixels comprising: a photoelectric conversion device formed at least partially within an embedding layer and having a light receiving surface situated at least partially outside of the embedding layer; and a first scintillator crystal in contact with the light receiving surface at a proximal end, wherein a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at the proximal end is smaller than a cross-section of the first scintillator crystal at a distal end.",
-    "Systems and methods for distributed acoustic sensing based on coherent Rayleigh scattering are disclosed herein. A system comprises a pulse generator, optical fibers coupled to the pulse generator, an interferometer coupled to the optical fibers, a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, and an information handling system configured to detect a difference in backscattered light from the optical fibers. A method comprises sending an optical pulses down optical fibers, receiving backscattered light from the optical pulses, combining the backscattered light from the optical pulses to form an interferometric signal, receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly, and determining a difference in the interferometric signal at an information handling system. 1. A distributed acoustic sensing system, comprising: a pulse generator configured to generate optical pulses; a first optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, the first optical fiber configured to selectively receive the an optical pulse from the pulse generator based on activation of a first optical gain element, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal; a second optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, the second optical fiber configured to selectively receive an optical pulse from the pulse generator based on activation of a second optical gain element; an interferometer coupled to the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber, the interferometer configured to receive backscattered light from the an optical pulse traveling through the first optical fiber or the second optical fiber, the interferometer comprising: a first interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element; a second interferometer arm coupled to a fourth optical gain element; and a third interferometer arm coupled to a fifth optical gain element; a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, the photodetector assembly configured to detect backscattered light from the interferometer and generate an electronic signal based on the backscattered light; and an information handling system, which: activates one optical gain element of the first optical gain element and the second optical gain elements so as to determine which optical fiber of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber an optical pulse generated by the pulse generator may travel through, activates two optical gain elements of the third optical gain element, the fourth optical gain element, and the fifth optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system, and determines a difference between backscattered light from a first optical pulse that selectively travels through the first optical fiber and backscattered light from a second optical pulse that selectively travels through the second optical fiber. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the backscattered light is reflected along the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction. 7. A distributed acoustic sensing system, comprising: a pulse generator configured to generate optical pulses; an interferometer coupled to the pulse generator and configured to receive an optical pulse from the pulse generator, the interferometer comprising: a first interferometer arm coupled to a first optical gain element; a second interferometer arm coupled to a second optical gain element; and a third interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element; a first optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, the first optical fiber configured to selectively receive the an optical pulse from the interferometer based on activation of a fourth optical gain element, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal; a second optical fiber coupled to the interferometer, the second optical fiber configured to selectively receive an optical pulse from the interferometer based on activation of a fifth optical gain element; a photodetector assembly coupled to the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber, the photodetector assembly configured to detect backscattered light from the first optical fiber and second optical fiber and generate an electronic signal based on the backscattered light; and an information handling system, which: activates two optical gain elements of the first optical gain element, the second optical gain element, and the third optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system, and activates one optical gain element of the fourth optical gain element and the fifth optical gain elements so as to determine which optical fiber of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber an optical pulse generated by the pulse generator may travel through, determines a difference between backscattered light from a first optical pulse that selectively travels through the first optical fiber and backscattered light from a second optical pulse that selectively travels through the second optical fiber. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the backscattered light is reflected along the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction. 13. A method for distributed acoustic sensing comprising: sending a first optical pulse through a first optical fiber based on activation of a first optical gain element, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal; sending a second optical pulse through a second optical fiber based on activation of a second optical gain element; receiving, at an interferometer coupled to the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber, backscattered light from the first optical pulse and the second optical pulse, the interferometer comprising: a first interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element; a second interferometer arm coupled to a fourth optical gain element; and a third interferometer arm coupled to a fifth optical gain element; receiving, at a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, the backscattered light from the interferometer; generating an electronic signal based on the backscattered light; and activating, by an information handling system, two optical gain elements of the third optical gain element, the fourth optical gain element, and the fifth optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system, and determining, at the information handling system, a difference between backscattered light from the first optical pulse and backscattered light from the second optical pulse. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the backscattered light is reflected along the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction. 19. A method for distributed acoustic sensing comprising: sending a first optical pulse down a first optical fiber, wherein light from the first optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the first optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal; sending a second optical pulse down a second optical fiber, wherein light from the second optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the second optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering; combining the backscattered light from the first optical pulse and the backscattered light from the second optical pulse to form an interferometric signal; receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly; providing, from the photodetector assembly, output relating to the interferometric signal to an information handling system; determining, at the information handling system, a difference in the interferometric signal using the output relating to the interferometric signal. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a battery module assembly having unit modules, each of which is configured to have a structure in which unit cells are loaded on a cartridge in a state in which the unit cells are electrically connected to each other via busbars, the battery module assembly including two or more sub-modules arranged in a lateral direction while being spaced apart from each other, each of the sub-modules including two or more unit modules that are stacked in a height direction from the ground, a battery management system (BMS) mounted in a space defined between the sub-modules, the BMS being provided at one side thereof with communication terminals, a base plate on which the sub-modules and the BMS are loaded, side cover plates mounted at sides of the sub-modules, a top cover plate loaded on top surfaces of the sub-modules, the top cover plate being coupled to the sub-modules and to the side cover plates by fastening, and a front cover plate mounted at fronts of the sub-modules, the front cover plate being coupled to the sub-modules, the base plate, and the side cover plates, the front cover plate being provided with through holes, through which the communication terminals are exposed. 1. A battery module assembly having unit modules, each of which is configured to have a structure in which unit cells are loaded on a cartridge in a state in which the unit cells are electrically connected to each other via busbars, the battery module assembly comprising: two or more sub-modules arranged in a lateral direction while being spaced apart from each other, each of the sub-modules comprising two or more unit modules that are stacked in a height direction from a ground; a battery management system (BMS) mounted in a space defined between the sub-modules, the BMS being provided at one side thereof with communication terminals; a base plate on which the sub-modules and the BMS are loaded; side cover plates mounted at sides of the sub-modules; a top cover plate loaded on top surfaces of the sub-modules, the top cover plate being coupled to the sub-modules and to the side cover plates by fastening; and a front cover plate mounted at fronts of the sub-modules, the front cover plate being coupled to the sub-modules, the base plate, and the side cover plates, the front cover plate being provided with through holes, through which the communication terminals are exposed. 2. The battery module assembly according to claim 1, wherein the communication terminals protrude from the front cover plate through the through holes. 3. The battery module assembly according to claim 1, wherein each of the unit cells is a single plate-shaped battery cell, or is configured to have a structure in which two or more plate-shaped battery cells are mounted in a cell cover in a state in which electrode terminals are exposed. 4. The battery module assembly according to claim 3, wherein the plate-shaped battery cell is configured to have a structure in which an electrode assembly is mounted in a battery case made of a laminate sheet comprising a metal layer and a resin layer, and an outer edge of the battery case is sealed. 5. The battery module assembly according to claim 3, wherein the plate-shaped battery cell is a lithium secondary battery. 6. The battery module assembly according to claim 3, wherein the cell cover comprises a pair of sheathing members coupled to each other for covering outer surfaces of the battery cells excluding the electrode terminals. 7. The battery module assembly according to claim 1, wherein the unit cells of each of the unit modules are connected in parallel to each other. 8. The battery module assembly according to claim 7, wherein the unit cells are mounted on the cartridge such that electrode terminals are opposite to each other, and the electrode terminals are connected in parallel to each other via busbars mounted at the cartridge. 9. The battery module assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cartridge is provided at opposite sides thereof with protrusions, each of which has a fastening hole, and cartridges are coupled to each other so as to constitute each of the sub-modules by inserting cartridge fastening members through the fastening holes. 10. The battery module assembly according to claim 1, wherein the unit modules of each of the sub-modules are connected in series to each other. 11. The battery module assembly according to claim 1, wherein the BMS is configured to have a hexahedral structure, and the communication terminals protrude from an upper end and a lower end of one surface of the hexahedral structure. 12. The battery module assembly according to claim 11, wherein the sub-modules are connected to each other via a sub-module fastening member, the sub-module fastening member extends between the upper communication terminal and the lower communication terminal of the BMS, and one surface of the BMS at which the sub-module fastening member extends is depressed such that the sub-module fastening member is mounted in the depression. 13. A battery pack comprising a battery module assembly according to claim 1. 14. A device comprising a battery pack according to claim 13. 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the device is a household power supply, a power supply for public facilities, a power supply for large-sized stores, a power supply for emergency, a power supply for computer rooms, a portable power supply, a power supply for medical facilities, a power supply for fire extinguishing facilities, a power supply for alarm facilities, a power supply for refuge facilities, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.",
-    "An optical coupling device includes a multi-core fiber alignment station, a single-mode fiber alignment station, and a furcation lens assembly. The multi-core fiber alignment station and single-mode fiber alignment station include alignment hardware configured to position optical fibers at fixed positions relative to an optical axis of the furcation lens assembly. The furcation lens assembly includes a furcating and projecting axicon surfaces that are rotationally invariant and are configured such that optical modes of an optical fiber aligned in one of the fiber alignment stations are spatially separated and substantially telecentrically mapped to corresponding optical modes of optical fibers aligned in the other fiber alignment station. 1. An optical coupling device comprising a multi-core fiber alignment station, a single-mode fiber alignment station, and a furcation lens assembly, wherein: the multi-core fiber alignment station comprises multi-core fiber alignment hardware configured to position a multi-core optical fiber at a fixed position relative to an optical axis of the furcation lens assembly; the single-mode fiber alignment station comprises single-mode fiber alignment hardware configured to position single-mode optical fibers at fixed positions relative to the optical axis of the furcation lens assembly; the furcation lens assembly comprises a magnifying aspheric surface, a demagnifying aspheric surface, a furcating axicon surface, and a projecting axicon surface; the aspheric and axicon surfaces of the furcation lens assembly are positioned along the optical axis such that the magnifying aspheric surface is positioned between the multi-core fiber alignment station and the furcating axicon surface, the furcating axicon surface is positioned between the magnifying aspheric surface and the projecting axicon surface, the projecting axicon surface is positioned between the furcating axicon surface and the demagnifying aspheric surface, and the demagnifying aspheric surface is positioned between the projecting axicon surface and the single-mode fiber alignment station; the furcating axicon surface comprises at least one furcation slope component configured to spatially separate, relative to the optical axis of the furcation lens assembly, optical modes of a multi-core optical fiber aligned in the multi-core fiber alignment station; the projecting axicon surface comprises at least one telecentric slope component configured to ensure that optical modes of a multi-core optical fiber aligned in the multi-core fiber alignment station are substantially telecentric when focused at respective input faces of single-mode optical fibers aligned in the single-mode fiber alignment station; the furcating and projecting axicon surfaces are rotationally invariant relative to the optical axis of the furcation lens assembly; and the aspheric and axicon surfaces of the furcation lens assembly are configured such that optical modes of a multi-core optical fiber aligned in the multi-core fiber alignment station are spatially separated and substantially telecentrically mapped to corresponding optical modes of furcated single-mode optical fibers aligned in the single-mode fiber alignment station. 2. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the furcating axicon surface comprises n furcation slope components and the projecting axicon surface comprises n telecentric slope components, where n>0. 3. The optical coupling device of claim 2, wherein n=2. 4. The optical coupling device of claim 2, wherein n>2. 5. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein: the projecting axicon surface comprises at least two telecentric slope components; the furcating axicon surface comprises at least two furcation slope components; one of the two furcation slope components is orthogonal to the optical axis; and one of the two telecentric slope components is orthogonal to the optical axis. 6. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the spatial separation (r2-r1) of the optical modes at a single-mode fiber input plane defined by the single-mode fiber alignment station is at least approximately 50 \u03bcm. 7. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the spatial separation (r2-r1) of the optical modes at a single-mode fiber input plane defined by the single-mode fiber alignment station is between approximately 30 \u03bcm and approximately 100 \u03bcm. 8. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the spatial separation (r2-r1) of the optical modes at a single-mode fiber input plane defined by the single-mode fiber alignment station is at least 25 \u03bcm greater than the spatial separation (r2-r1) of the optical modes at a multi-core fiber output plane defined by the multi-core fiber alignment station. 9. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the aspheric and axicon surfaces have fixed positions relative to each other along the optical axis. 10. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the aspheric and axicon surfaces are movable relative to each other along the optical axis. 11. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein: the furcation lens assembly further comprises a collecting lens element and a dispersing lens element; the magnifying aspheric surface and the furcating axicon surface are positioned at either end of the collecting lens element along the optical axis; and the projecting axicon surface and the demagnifying aspheric surface are positioned at either end of the dispersing lens element along the optical axis. 12. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein: the furcation lens assembly further comprises a collecting lens element, an axicon lens element, and a dispersing lens element; the magnifying aspheric surface is positioned along the optical axis at an end of the collecting lens element proximate to a multi-core optical fiber positioned in the multi-core fiber alignment station; the furcating axicon surface and the projecting axicon surface are positioned at either end of the axicon lens element along the optical axis; and the demagnifying aspheric surface is positioned along the optical axis at an end of the dispersing lens element proximate to a single-mode optical fiber positioned in the single-mode fiber alignment station. 13. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the optical coupling device is structurally configured to impart an optical coupling loss less than or equal to approximately 0.1 dB for propagating optical signals between approximately 400 nm and approximately 1600 nm. 14. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the optical coupling device is structurally configured to impart a change in mode field of less than or equal to approximately 10% for propagating optical modes between approximately 400 nm and approximately 1600 nm. 15. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the optical coupling device is structurally configured to impart a change in mode field of less than or equal to approximately 5% for propagating optical modes between approximately 400 nm and approximately 1600 nm. 16. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the optical coupling device is structurally configured to impart a change in mode field of less than or equal to approximately 1% for propagating optical modes between approximately 400 nm and approximately 1600 nm. 17. The optical coupling device of claim 1, wherein the optical coupling device is structurally configured to impart a root mean square wavefront error of less than or equal to about 1/75, where \u03bb is a wavelength of the optical mode of the multi-core optical fiber and is between approximately 400 nm and approximately 1600 nm. 18. An optical coupling system comprising an optical coupling device, a multi-core optical fiber, and a plurality of single-mode optical fibers, wherein: the optical coupling device comprises a multi-core fiber alignment station, a single-mode fiber alignment station, and a furcation lens assembly; the multi-core optical fiber is positioned in the multi-core fiber alignment station at a fixed position relative to an optical axis of the furcation lens assembly; the plurality of single-mode optical fibers are positioned in the single-mode fiber alignment station at fixed positions relative to the optical axis of the furcation lens assembly; the furcation lens assembly comprises a magnifying aspheric surface, a demagnifying aspheric surface, a furcating axicon surface, and a projecting axicon surface; the aspheric and axicon surfaces of the furcation lens assembly are positioned along the optical axis such that the magnifying aspheric surface is positioned between the multi-core fiber alignment station and the furcating axicon surface, the furcating axicon surface is positioned between the magnifying aspheric surface and the projecting axicon surface, the projecting axicon surface is positioned between the furcating axicon surface and the demagnifying aspheric surface, and the demagnifying aspheric surface is positioned between the projecting axicon surface and the single-mode fiber alignment station; the furcating axicon surface comprises at least one furcation slope component configured to spatially separate, relative to the optical axis of the furcation lens assembly, optical modes of the multi-core optical fiber aligned in the multi-core fiber alignment station; the projecting axicon surface comprises at least one telecentric slope component configured to ensure that optical modes of the multi-core optical fiber aligned in the multi-core fiber alignment station are substantially telecentric when focused at respective input faces of the plurality of single-mode optical fibers aligned in the single-mode fiber alignment station; the furcating and projecting axicon surfaces are rotationally invariant relative to the optical axis of the furcation lens assembly; and the aspheric and axicon surfaces of the furcation lens assembly are configured such that the optical modes of the multi-core optical fiber aligned in the multi-core fiber alignment station are spatially separated and substantially telecentrically mapped to corresponding optical modes of furcated single-mode optical fibers aligned in the single-mode fiber alignment station. 19. The optical coupling system of claim 18, wherein: the multi-core optical fiber comprises a plurality of optical cores disposed at n radial distances from a longitudinal axis of the multi-core optical fiber at the multi-core fiber alignment station, where n>0; the furcating axicon surface comprises n furcation slope components; and the projecting axicon surface comprises n telecentric slope components. 20. The optical coupling system of claim 19, wherein the longitudinal axis is at the center of the multi-core optical fiber at the multi-core fiber alignment station. 21. The optical coupling system of claim 19, wherein the plurality of single-mode optical fibers are disposed at n radial distances from a common fiber axis at the single-mode fiber alignment station. 22. The optical coupling system of claim 19, wherein n=2. 23. The optical coupling system of claim 19, wherein n>2.",
-    "The invention provides a composition comprising 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132a); a second component selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroethane (R-116), ethane (R-170) and mixtures thereof; and, optionally carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744). 1. A composition comprising: (i) 1,1-difluoroethene (R-1132a); (ii) a second component selected from the group consisting of hexafluoroethane (R-116), ethane (R-170) and mixtures thereof; and, optionally (iii) carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744). 2. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising from about 10 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 90% by weight of R-116; comprising from about 14 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 86% by weight of R-116; comprising from about 35 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a and from about 1 to about 65% by weight of R-116; and comprising up to about 30% by weight of R-1132a and at least about 70% by weight of R-116. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is azeotropic or near-azeotropic. 6. A composition according to claim 5 comprising from about 45 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a and from about 40 to about 55% by weight of R-116. 7. (canceled) 8. A composition according to claim 2 further comprising CO2. 9. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising R-1132a, R-116 and up to about 70% by weight CO2; comprising from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a, from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-116 and from about 2 to about 60% by weight CO2; and comprising from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-116 and from about 4 to about 50% by weight CO2. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A composition according to claim 8 wherein the CO2 is present in an amount selected from the group consisting of from about 6 to about 40% by weight; and up to about 15% by weight. 13. (canceled) 14. A composition according to claim 12 comprising up to about 35% by weight of R-1132a, at least about 55% by weight of R-116 and up to about 13% by weight CO2. 15. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising from about 1 to about 80% by weight of ethane and from about 20 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a; comprising from about 1 to about 50% by weight of ethane and from about 50 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a; and comprising from about 1 to about 25% by weight of ethane and from about 75 to about 99% by weight of R-1132a. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. A composition according to claim 15 wherein the composition is azeotropic or near-azeotropic. 19. A composition according to claim 18 comprising from about 40 to about 60% by weight of ethane and from about 40 to about 60% by weight of R-1132a. 20. A composition according to claim 15 further comprising CO2. 21. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: comprising R-1132a, ethane and up to about 70% by weight CO2; comprising from about 2 to about 98% by weight of R-1132a, from about 2 to about 98% by weight of ethane and from about 2 to about 60% by weight CO2; and comprising from about 4 to about 96% by weight of R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight of ethane and from about 4 to about 50% by weight CO2. 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. A composition according to claim 20 wherein the CO2 is present in an amount of from about 6 to about 40% by weight. 25. A composition according to claim 1 comprising R-1132a, R-116 and ethane. 26. A composition according to claim 25, selected from the group of compositions: comprising from about 4 to about 70% by weight R-1132a, from about 4 to about 96% by weight R-116 and from about 4 to about 92% by weight ethane; and comprising from about 4 to about 70% by weight R-1132a, from about 4 to about 88% by weight R-116 and from about 8 to about 92% by weight ethane. 27. (canceled) 28. A composition according to claim 25 further comprising CO2. 29. A composition according to claim 28, selected from the group of compositions: wherein the sum of ethane and CO2 present is less than 50% by weight of the composition; wherein the composition contains at least as much CO2 as ethane; wherein the composition contains at least twice as much CO2 as ethane; comprising from about 2 to about 20% by weight ethane, from about 2 to about 45% by weight CO2, from about 15 to about 85% by weight R-1132a and from about 5 to about 80% by weight R-116; and comprising from about 4 to about 12% by weight ethane, from about 4 to about 40% by weight CO2, from about 20 to about 80% by weight R-1132a and from about 8 to about 76% by weight R-116. 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising pentafluoroethane (R-125). 34. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising a hydrocarbon, wherein the hydrocarbon is in addition to any ethane present in the composition. 35. A composition according to claim 1, selected from the group of compositions: consisting essentially of R-1132a and the second component; and consisting essentially of R-1132a, the second component, and CO2. 36. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is less flammable than R-1132a alone. 37. A composition according to claim 36 wherein the composition has: (a) a higher flammable limit; (b) a higher ignition energy; and/or (c) a lower flame velocity compared to R-1132a alone. 38. A composition according to claim 1 which is non-flammable. 39. A composition according to claim 38 wherein the composition is non-flammable at ambient temperature, said ambient temperature including at least 60\u00b0 C. 40. A composition according to claim 1 which has a temperature glide in an evaporator or condenser of less than about 10K. 41. A composition according to claim 1 which has a critical temperature of greater than about 0\u00b0 C. 42. A composition according to claim 1 whose volumetric refrigeration capacity is at least 90% of that of R-508B at comparable cycle conditions. 43. A composition according to claim 1 whose compressor discharge temperature is within 15K of that of R-508B at comparable cycle conditions. 44. A composition comprising a lubricant and a composition according to claim 1. 45. A composition according to claim 44, wherein the lubricant is selected from mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof, preferably wherein the lubricant is selected from PAGs or POEs. 46. A composition comprising a stabiliser and a composition according to claim 1. 47. A composition according to claim 46, wherein the stabiliser is selected from diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds and epoxides, and any mixtures thereof. 48. A composition comprising a flame retardant and a composition according to claim 1. 49. A composition according to claim 48, wherein the flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl) phosphate, tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate, tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminium trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof. 50. A heat transfer device containing a composition as defined in claim 1. 51. A heat transfer device according to claim 50 wherein the heat transfer device comprises a component selected from a group consisting of one or more of: a refrigeration device; an ultra-low temperature refrigeration system; and a cascade system. 52. (canceled) 53. (canceled) 54. A sprayable composition comprising material to be sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition as defined in claim 1. 55. A method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition defined in claim 1 and thereafter evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled. 56. A method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition as defined in claim 1 in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating the composition. 57. A method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising contacting biomass with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the substance from the solvent. 58. A method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the article with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1. 59. A method of extracting a material from an aqueous solution or from a particulate solid matrix comprising contacting the aqueous solution or the particulate solid matrix with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the material from the solvent. 60. A mechanical power generation device containing a composition as defined in claim 1. 61. A mechanical power generating device according to claim 60 which is adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from heat. 62. A method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the step of removing an existing heat transfer composition, and introducing a composition as defined in claim 1. 63. A method of claim 62 wherein the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device. 64. A method for reducing the environmental impact arising from the operation of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the existing compound or composition with a composition as defined in claim 1. 65. A method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the composition as defined in claim 1 has a lower GWP than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step. 66. A method of claim 65 wherein the use of the composition of the invention results in a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than is attained by use of the existing compound or composition. 67. A method of claim 62 carried out on a product from the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration, heat transfer, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics, flame suppression, solvents, cleaners, topical anesthetics, and expansion applications. 68. A method according to claim 64 wherein the product is selected from a heat transfer device, a sprayable composition, a solvent or a mechanical power generation device, preferably a heat transfer device. 69. A method according to claim 68 wherein the product is a heat transfer device. 70. A method according to claim 64 wherein the existing compound or composition is a heat transfer composition. 71. (canceled) 72. A method according to claim 70, wherein the heat transfer composition is a refrigerant selected from R-508A, R-508B, R23 and R13B1.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a driving circuit, a driving method thereof and a display device. The driving circuit includes a timing controller, a timing adjustor and a driver, wherein the timing controller outputs first data signal and first clock signal, the timing adjustor adjusts phases of first data signal and first clock signal, so as to generate second data signal and second clock signal corresponding to each other, and the driver generates driving signal based on second data signal and second clock signal. The timing adjustor actively adjusts first data signal and first clock signal output from the timing controller, so as to generate second data signal and second clock signal corresponding to each other and actually needed by the driver, thereby realizing a perfect match with a display panel, which in turn improves display quality of a display device. 1. A driving circuit, which includes a timing controller, a timing adjustor and a driver, the timing adjustor being connected with an output of the timing controller, and an output of the timing adjustor being connected with the driver, wherein the timing controller is configured to output a first data signal and a first clock signal; the timing adjustor is configured to adjust phases of the first data signal and the first clock signal, so as to generate a second data signal and a second clock signal corresponding to each other; and the driver is configured to generate a driving signal based on the second data signal and the second clock signal. 2. The driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the timing adjustor includes a conversion unit and a synchronization unit, an input of the conversion unit being connected with the timing controller, a first output of the conversion unit being connected with a first input of the synchronization unit, a second output of the conversion unit being connected with the driver, a second input of the synchronization unit being connected with the timing controller, and an output of the synchronization unit being connected with the driver; and wherein the conversion unit is configured to adjust the phase of the first clock signal, so as to generate the second clock signal; and the synchronization unit is configured to adjust the phase of the first data signal based on the second clock signal, so as to generate the second data signal, the second data signal and the second clock signal having a predetermined phase difference therebetween. 3. The driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein the conversion unit includes a plurality of delay circuits. 4. The driving circuit according to claim 3, wherein the delay circuit includes an inverter. 5. The driving circuit according to claim 4, wherein the inverter is selected from a NMOS-type inverter, a PMOS-type inverter and a CMOS-type inverter. 6. The driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein the synchronization unit includes a D flip-flop. 7. The driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the driver includes a source driver. 8. The driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the driver and the timing adjustor are provided integrally. 9. A display device, which includes a display panel and the driving circuit according to claim 1. 10. A driving method for a driving circuit including a timing controller, a timing adjustor and a driver, the timing adjustor being connected with an output of the timing controller, and an output of the timing adjustor being connected with the driver, the driving method including: outputting a first data signal and a first clock signal by the timing controller; adjusting phases of the first data signal and the first clock signal by the timing adjustor, so as to generate a second data signal and a second clock signal corresponding to each other; and generating a driving signal by the driver based on the second data signal and the second clock signal. 11. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 10, wherein the timing adjustor includes a conversion unit and a synchronization unit, an input of the conversion unit being connected with the timing controller, a first output of the conversion unit being connected with a first input of the synchronization unit, a second output of the conversion unit being connected with the driver, a second input of the synchronization unit being connected with the timing controller, and an output of the synchronization unit being connected with the driver; and wherein the step of adjusting phases of the first data signal and the first clock signal by the timing adjustor, so as to generate a second data signal and a second clock signal corresponding to each other includes: adjusting the phase of the first clock signal by the conversion unit, so as to generate the second clock signal; adjusting the phase of the first data signal by the synchronization unit based on the second clock signal, so as to generate the second data signal, the second data signal and the second clock signal having a predetermined phase difference therebetween. 12. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the conversion unit includes a plurality of delay circuits. 13. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 12, wherein the delay circuit includes an inverter. 14. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 13, wherein the inverter is selected from a NMOS-type inverter, a PMOS-type inverter and a CMOS-type inverter. 15. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 11, wherein the synchronization unit includes a D flip-flop. 16. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 10, wherein the driver includes a source driver. 17. The driving method for the driving circuit according to claim 10, wherein the driver and the timing adjustor are provided integrally.",
-    "The container (1) for a dairy product or similar food composition is provided with a hollow body (2), a bottom (2a) and an opening (6) typically surrounded by a generally planar annular flange (7) connected to the top of the body. Two flexible closure lids (15, 20) are used to define with the side wall of the body an upper compartment that extends between the two lids. The lower compartment is filled with the food composition. The inner lid (15) has an annular outer portion which is in continuous annular contact with an inner shoulder of the side wall (4) and extends upwardly from a central covering portion. A spoon (18) or other solid content may be provided in the upper compartment, below the outer lid (20). Several identical containers (1) can be grouped in a pack with breakable junctions at an outer side edge of the flange. 1. A two compartment container for a food composition, comprising: a body comprising a bottom and a side wall extending along a longitudinal axis from the bottom to a top, the body being a thermoplastic hollow body; a first annular surface formed on an interior face of the side wall, the first annular surface extending between the bottom and the top of the hollow body; a generally planar second annular surface surrounding an upper opening of the container; a first flexible closure lid, sealed on the first annular surface so that a lower compartment is defined between the bottom and the first flexible closure lid; and a second flexible closure lid, sealed on the second annular surface so that an upper compartment is defined at the opposite from the bottom between the first flexible closure lid and the second flexible closure lid; wherein the side wall is provided with an inner shoulder that defines a slope and wherein the first flexible closure lid comprises: a central covering portion that defines an upper limit of the lower compartment; an annular rim; and an annular outer portion that comprises the annular rim and extends upwardly from the central covering portion to the annular rim, said annular outer portion being in continuous annular contact with the inner shoulder. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the side wall comprises an upper portion and a lower portion the upper portion being connected to the lower portion via the inner shoulder which is rounded to define a curved connection profile between the lower portion and the upper portion. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein the side wall is annularly covered by a decorative strip. 4. The container of claim 2, wherein the side wall is provided with more than one radius of curvature above the lower portion and below the top of the body. 5. The container according to claim 1, wherein the inner shoulder has a constant height which is superior or equal to 2 mm. 6. The container according to claim 1, wherein the first flexible closure lid is a one-piece foil of a film material and the annular outer portion is folded with respect to the central portion, and wherein the second flexible closure lid is a one-piece foil. 7. The container according to claim 1, wherein the annular rim of the first flexible closure lid is axially spaced from the top of the body. 8. The container according to claim 1, wherein the first flexible closure lid comprises a flap adapted for removing the first flexible closure lid from the first annular surface, the flap protruding radially outwards and/or inwards in a folded state, the flap comprising a free end that extends at a distance from the inner shoulder. 9. The container according to claim 1, comprising a generally planar annular flange integral with the body and connected to the top of the body, the flange defining the second annular surface and comprising an inner edge that defines the upper opening of the container. 10. The container according to claim 9, wherein the flange has a constant thickness which is higher than the thickness of the side wall at the inner shoulder. 11. The container according to claim 1, wherein the body has a flanged cup-like shape and is stretched from a plastic sheet. 12. The container according to claim 1, wherein the lower compartment is filled with a food composition and the upper compartment contains an article in a solid state. 13. The container according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the second flexible closure lid and an upper portion of the side wall comprises a transparent material or a semi-transparent material so that the upper compartment can be viewed before removal of the second flexible closure lid. 14.-15. (canceled) 16. A food pack comprising a plurality of containers for a food composition, wherein each of the containers is a two compartment container and comprises: a body comprising a bottom and a side wall extending along a longitudinal axis from the bottom to a top, the body being a thermoplastic hollow body; a first annular surface formed on an interior face of the side wall, the first annular surface extending between the bottom and the top of the body; a generally planar second annular surface surrounding an upper opening of the container; a first flexible closure lid, sealed on the first annular surface so that a lower compartment is defined between the bottom and the first flexible closure lid; and a second flexible closure lid, sealed on the second annular surface so that an upper compartment is defined at the opposite from the bottom between the first flexible closure lid and the second flexible closure lid; wherein the side wall is provided with an inner shoulder that defines a slope and wherein the first flexible closure lid comprises: a central covering portion that defines an upper limit of the lower compartment; an annular rim; and an annular outer portion that comprises the annular rim and extends upwardly from the central covering portion to the annular rim, said annular outer portion being in continuous annular contact with the inner shoulder; and wherein each of the containers comprises a generally planar annular flange integral with the body and defining the second annular surface, and said containers are arranged in at least one row and separably joined to each other at a junction of two flange portions of two distinct containers of the pack. 17. A method of making a two-compartment container, using a container having a bottom and an upper opening and a cavity defined by a thermoplastic hollow body, the method comprising: providing the thermoplastic hollow body with a side wall extending along a longitudinal axis from the bottom to a top, the side wall having on an interior face thereof a first annular surface and an inner shoulder that defines a slope, and providing the thermoplastic hollow body with a generally planar second annular surface surrounding the upper opening; filling the cavity defined by the thermoplastic hollow body with a food composition entirely below the inner shoulder; shaping a first flexible closure lid according to a 3D shape when attaching an annular outer portion of the first flexible closure lid to the inner shoulder, in order to seal a lower compartment of the container, a central covering portion of the first flexible closure lid defining an upper limit of the lower compartment, the annular outer portion extending upwardly from the central covering portion to an annular rim and continuously contacting the inner shoulder; positioning through the upper opening a solid content into an upper compartment of the container above the first flexible closure lid; closing the upper opening and sealing the upper compartment by attaching a second flexible closure lid to an upper end of the thermoplastic hollow body, the second flexible closure lid being sealed on the second annular surface and defining an upper limit of the upper compartment.",
-    "The present invention is generally drawn to a novel method for determining a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotype using a PTO-SNV (Probing and Tagging Oligonucleotide for Single Nucleotide Variation). The present invention provides novel protocols for SNP genotyping in which only one allele-specific oligonucleotide permits in a SNP genotyping reaction to determine whether a target nucleic acid sequence to be analyzed is homozygous or heterozygous for the SNP allele of interest or has no SNP allele of interest. 1. A method for determining a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotype, comprising: (a) hybridizing a target nucleic acid sequence containing a SNP with an upstream oligonucleotide and a PTO-SNV (Probing and Tagging Oligonucleotide for Single Nucleotide Variation); wherein the upstream oligonucleotide comprises a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence; the PTO-SNV comprises (i) a 3\u2032-targeting portion comprising a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, (ii) a 5\u2032-tagging portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, and (iii) a single nucleotide variation discrimination site comprising a nucleotide complementary to a SNP nucleotide at a SNP site of the SNP allele of interest on the target nucleic acid sequence, positioned on a 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion; wherein the 3\u2032-targeting portion is hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence and the 5\u2032-tagging portion is not hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence; the upstream oligonucleotide is located upstream of the PTO-SNV; the upstream oligonucleotide or its extended strand induces cleavage of the PTO-SNV by an enzyme having a 5\u2032 nuclease activity; (b) contacting the resultant of the step (a) to an enzyme having a 5\u2032 nuclease activity under conditions for cleavage of the PTO-SNV; wherein when the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the SNP allele of interest having the SNP nucleotide complementary to the single nucleotide variation discrimination site, the 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion forms a double strand with the target nucleic acid sequence to induce cleavage from a first initial cleavage site, and a first fragment is released; wherein when the PTO-SNV is hybridized with a different SNP allele from the SNP allele of interest having a SNP nucleotide non-complementary to the single nucleotide variation discrimination site, the 5-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion does not form a double strand with the target nucleic acid sequence to induce cleavage from a second initial cleavage site located downstream of the first initial cleavage site, and a second fragment is released; wherein the second fragment comprises an additional 3\u2032-end portion allowing the second fragment different from the first fragment; (c) hybridizing the fragment released from the PTO-SNV with a CTO (Capturing and Templating Oligonucleotide); wherein the CTO comprises in a 3\u2032 to 5\u2032 direction (i) a capturing portion comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion or a part of the 5\u2032-tagging portion of the PTO-SNV and (ii) a templating portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion and the 3\u2032-targeting portion of the PTO-SNV; wherein the first fragment or the second fragment released from the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO; (d) performing an extension reaction using the resultant of the step (c) and a template-dependent nucleic acid polymerase; wherein when the first fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO, it is extended to form an extended strand comprising an extended sequence complementary to the templating portion of the CTO; wherein when the second fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO, it is not extended; (e) detecting a signal indicating the presence of the extended strand; wherein the signal shows higher intensity for the target nucleic acid sequence homozygous for the SNP allele of interest than that of the target nucleic acid sequence heterozygous for the SNP allele of interest, and the signal is not provided from the target nucleic acid sequence having no SNP allele of interest; and (f) determining a SNP genotype in the target nucleic acid sequence by the intensity of the signal detected in the step (e). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CTO has a sequence selected such that the CTO is not hybridized with the additional 3\u2032-end portion of the second fragment to prevent the second fragment from extension when the second fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the single nucleotide variation discrimination site is located within 10 nucleotides apart from the 5\u2032-end of the 3\u2032-targeting portion of the PTO-SNV. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion of the PTO-SNV comprises a non-base pairing moiety located within 1-5 nucleotides apart from the single nucleotide variation discrimination site; wherein the non-base pairing moiety enhances differentiation between the first initial cleavage site and the second initial cleavage site. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the non-base pairing moiety is (i) a nucleotide comprising an artificial mismatch base, a non-base pairing base modified to be incapable of base pairing or a universal base, (ii) a non-base pairing nucleotide modified to be incapable of base pairing, or (iii) a non-base pairing chemical compound. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extended strand of the first fragment and the CTO form an extended duplex in the step (d); wherein the extended duplex has a Tm value adjustable by (i) a sequence and/or length of the first fragment, (ii) a sequence and/or length of the CTO or (iii) the sequence and/or length of the first fragment and the sequence and/or length of the CTO; wherein the extended duplex provides the signal by (i) at least one label linked to the first fragment and/or CTO, (ii) a label incorporated into the extended duplex during the extension reaction, (iii) at least one label linked to the first fragment and/or CTO and a label incorporated into the extended duplex during the extension reaction or (iv) intercalating label; and wherein the presence of the extended strand is detected by measuring the signal from the extended duplex in accordance with a melting analysis or a hybridization analysis for the extended duplex. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extended strand of the first fragment and the CTO form an extended duplex in the step (d); wherein the extended duplex has a Tm value adjustable by (i) a sequence and/or length of the first fragment, (ii) a sequence and/or length of the CTO or (iii) the sequence and/or length of the first fragment and the sequence and/or length of the CTO; wherein the extended duplex provides the signal by (i) at least one label linked to the first fragment and/or CTO, (ii) a label incorporated into the extended duplex during the extension reaction, (iii) at least one label linked to the first fragment and/or CTO and a label incorporated into the extended duplex during the extension reaction or (iv) intercalating label; and wherein the presence of the extended strand is detected by measuring the signal from the extended duplex at a pre-determined temperature sufficient to maintain a double strand of the extended duplex. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extended strand of the first fragment is detected by using a signaling oligonucleotide (SO); wherein the SO comprises a complementary sequence to the extended strand and at least one label; the SO provides the signal by association with or dissociation from the extended strand. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the signal is provided by (i) the label linked to the SO, (ii) a combination of the label linked to the SO and a label linked to the first fragment, (iii) a combination of the label linked to the SO and a label to be incorporated into the extended strand during the extension reaction of the step (d), or (iv) a combination of the label linked to the SO and an intercalating dye. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method uses an additional SO comprising a complementary sequence to the extended strand, the two SOs are hybridized with the extended strand in an adjacent manner, and the two SOs each comprises one label among a reporter molecule and a quencher molecule of an interactive dual label. 11. (canceled) 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the signal is a peak provided from a melting analysis or a hybridization analysis using the extended strand and the intensity of the signal is a height or area of the peak. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the PTO-SNV and/or CTO is blocked at its 3\u2032-end to prohibit its extension. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the upstream oligonucleotide is an upstream primer or an upstream probe. 15-16. (canceled) 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises repeating all or some of the steps (a)-(e) with denaturation between repeating cycles. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is performed to detect at least two types of SNPs; wherein the upstream oligonucleotide comprises at least two types of oligonucleotides and the PTO-SNV comprises at least two types of the PTO-SNVs. 19-21. (canceled) 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is performed to detect a single SNP nucleotide of a plurality of SNP nucleotides found in the SNP. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is performed in the presence of a downstream primer. 24. A method for determining a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotype, comprising: (a) hybridizing a target nucleic acid sequence containing a SNP with a primer pair comprising an upstream primer and a downstream primer and a PTO-SNV (Probing and Tagging Oligonucleotide for Single Nucleotide Variation); wherein the upstream primer and the downstream primer comprise a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence; the PTO-SNV comprises (i) a 3\u2032-targeting portion comprising a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, (ii) a 5\u2032-tagging portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, and (iii) a single nucleotide variation discrimination site comprising a nucleotide complementary to a SNP nucleotide at a SNP site of the SNP allele of interest on the target nucleic acid sequence, positioned on a 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion: wherein the 3\u2032-targeting portion is hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence and the 5\u2032-tagging portion is not hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence; the PTO-SNV is located between the upstream primer and the downstream primer; wherein the PTO-SNV is blocked at its 3\u2032-end to prohibit its extension; (b) contacting the resultant of the step (a) to a template-dependent nucleic acid polymerase having a 5\u2032 nuclease activity under conditions for extension of the primers and for cleavage of the PTO-SNV; wherein when the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the SNP allele of interest having the SNP nucleotide complementary to the single nucleotide variation discrimination site, the 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion forms a double strand with the target nucleic acid sequence to induce cleavage from a first initial cleavage site, and a first fragment is released; wherein when the PTO-SNV is hybridized with a different SNP allele from the SNP allele of interest having a SNP nucleotide non-complementary to the single nucleotide variation discrimination site, the 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion does not form a double strand with the target nucleic acid sequence to induce cleavage from a second initial cleavage site located downstream of the first initial cleavage site, and a second fragment is released; wherein the second fragment comprises an additional 3\u2032-end portion allowing the second fragment different from the first fragment; (c) hybridizing the fragment released from the PTO-SNV with a CTO (Capturing and Templating Oligonucleotide); wherein the CTO comprises in a 3\u2032 to 5\u2032 direction (i) a capturing portion comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion or a part of the 5\u2032-tagging portion of the PTO-SNV and (ii) a templating portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion and the 3\u2032-targeting portion of the PTO-SNV; wherein the first fragment or the second fragment released from the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO; (d) performing an extension reaction using the resultant of the step (c) and a template-dependent nucleic acid polymerase; wherein when the first fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO, it is extended to form an extended strand comprising an extended sequence complementary to the templating portion of the CTO; wherein when the second fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO, it is not extended; (e) detecting a signal indicating the presence of the extended strand; wherein the signal shows higher intensity for the target nucleic acid sequence homozygous for the SNP allele of interest than that of the target nucleic acid sequence heterozygous for the SNP allele of interest, and the signal is not provided from the target nucleic acid sequence having no SNP allele of interest; and (f) determining a SNP genotype in the target nucleic acid sequence by the intensity of the signal detected in the step (e). 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the method further comprises repeating all or some of the steps (a)-(e) with denaturation between repeating cycles. 26. A method for determining a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotype, comprising: (a) hybridizing a target nucleic acid sequence containing a SNP with a PTO-SNV (Probing and Tagging Oligonucleotide for Single Nucleotide Variation); wherein the PTO-SNV comprises (i) a 3\u2032-targeting portion comprising a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, (ii) a 5\u2032-tagging portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, and (iii) a single nucleotide variation discrimination site comprising a nucleotide complementary to a SNP nucleotide at a SNP site of the SNP allele of interest on the target nucleic acid sequence, positioned on a 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion; wherein the 3\u2032-targeting portion is hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence and the 5\u2032-tagging portion is not hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence; (b) contacting the resultant of the step (a) to an enzyme having a 5\u2032 nuclease activity under conditions for cleavage of the PTO-SNV; wherein when the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the SNP allele of interest having the SNP nucleotide complementary to the single nucleotide variation discrimination site, the 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion forms a double strand with the target nucleic acid sequence to induce cleavage from a first initial cleavage site, and a first fragment is released; wherein when the PTO-SNV is hybridized with a different SNP allele from the SNP allele of interest having a SNP nucleotide non-complementary to the single nucleotide variation discrimination site, the 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion does not form a double strand with the target nucleic acid sequence to induce cleavage from a second initial cleavage site located downstream of the first initial cleavage site, and a second fragment is released; wherein the second fragment comprises an additional 3\u2032-end portion allowing the second fragment different from the first fragment; (c) hybridizing the fragment released from the PTO-SNV with a CTO (Capturing and Templating Oligonucleotide); wherein the CTO comprises in a 3\u2032 to 5\u2032 direction (i) a capturing portion comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion or a part of the 5\u2032-tagging portion of the PTO-SNV and (ii) a templating portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion and the 3\u2032-targeting portion of the PTO-SNV; wherein the first fragment or the second fragment released from the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO; (d) performing an extension reaction using the resultant of the step (c) and a template-dependent nucleic acid polymerase; wherein when the first fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO, it is extended to form an extended strand comprising an extended sequence complementary to the templating portion of the CTO; wherein when the second fragment is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO, it is not extended; (e) detecting a signal indicating the presence of the extended strand; wherein the signal shows higher intensity for the target nucleic acid sequence homozygous for the SNP allele of interest than that of the target nucleic acid sequence heterozygous for the SNP allele of interest, and the signal is not provided from the target nucleic acid sequence having no SNP allele of interest; and (f) determining a SNP genotype in the target nucleic acid sequence by the intensity of the signal detected in the step (e). 27. A kit for determining SNP genotype of a sample comprising: (a) PTO-SNV (Probing and Tagging Oligonucleotide for Single Nucleotide Variation); wherein the PTO-SNV comprises (i) a 3\u2032-targeting portion comprising a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, (ii) a 5\u2032-tagging portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence, and (iii) a single nucleotide variation discrimination site comprising a nucleotide complementary to a SNP nucleotide at a SNP site of the SNP allele of interest on the target nucleic acid sequence, positioned on a 5\u2032-end part of the 3\u2032-targeting portion; wherein the 3-targeting portion is hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence and the 5\u2032-tagging portion is not hybridized with the target nucleic acid sequence; (b) an upstream oligonucleotide; wherein the upstream oligonucleotide comprises a hybridizing nucleotide sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence; wherein the upstream oligonucleotide is located upstream of the PTO-SNV; the upstream oligonucleotide or its extended strand induces cleavage of the PTO-NV by an enzyme having a 5\u2032 nuclease activity; and (c) a CTO (Capturing and Templating Oligonucleotide); wherein the CTO comprises in a 3\u2032 to 5\u2032 direction (i) a capturing portion comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion or a part of the 5\u2032-tagging portion of the PTO-SNV and (ii) a templating portion comprising a nucleotide sequence non-complementary to the 5\u2032-tagging portion and the 3\u2032-targeting portion of the PTO-SNV; wherein a first fragment or ae second fragment released from the PTO-SNV is hybridized with the capturing portion of the CTO; and (d) an instruction describing the method of claim 1.",
-    "Provided is a steering device including a hollow upper jacket that accommodates a steering shaft, a first engagement member, a rotary shaft that extends in a direction intersecting an axial direction of the steering shaft, and a second engagement member that is a component independent from the rotary shaft. The first engagement member has an engagement hole and is attached to the upper jacket. The second engagement member has an engagement projection which is engageable with the engagement hole. The second engagement member is movable between a lock position where the engagement projection engages with the engagement hole and a release position where the engagement projection is disengaged from the engagement hole, in accordance with a rotation of the rotary shaft. A vertical direction of the second engagement member between the lock position and the release position is different from a rotating direction of the rotary shaft. 1. A steering device comprising: a steering shaft in which a steering member is attached to one end thereof and which is extendable and retractable in an axial direction thereof; a column jacket which includes a hollow lower jacket and a hollow upper jacket positioned closer to the steering member than the lower jacket and accommodates and rotatably supports the steering shaft, the column jacket being extendable and retractable together with the steering shaft due to a relative movement of the upper jacket in the axial direction with respect to the lower jacket; a first engagement member which is formed with a plurality of engagement holes arranged in the axial direction and is attached to the upper jacket; a bracket which is supported by a vehicle body in a state where a position thereof in the axial direction is fixed; a rotary shaft which extends in a direction intersecting the axial direction and to which an operation lever is connected, the rotary shaft being supported by the bracket so as to be rotatable in accordance with an operation of the operation lever; and a second engagement member which includes an engagement projection being engageable with any of the engagement holes and being elastically deformable and is a component independent from the rotary shaft, the second engagement member being supported by the bracket so as to be movable between a lock position where the engagement projection engages with the engagement hole and a release position where the engagement projection is disengaged from the engagement hole, in accordance with a rotation of the rotary shaft, wherein a movement direction of the second engagement member between the lock position and the release position is different from a rotating direction of the rotary shaft. 2. The steering device according to claim 1, further comprising: a cam which is attached to the rotary shaft, eccentrically rotates in accordance with a rotation of the rotary shaft, and moves the second engagement member between the lock position and the release position. 3. The steering device according to claim 2, wherein the second engagement member includes: a main body in which the engagement projection is provided; and a pressing member which is provided as a component independent from the main body, is elongated in the axial direction, and presses the main body against the first engagement member when being pressed by the cam while being at the lock position. 4. The steering device according to claim 3, wherein the main body is formed of a leaf spring, and wherein the engagement projection is a portion which is cut and raised from the main body toward a side of the first engagement member. 5. The steering device according to claim 3, further comprising: a biasing portion which is provided in the main body and biases the second engagement member toward the release position. 6. The steering device according to claim 3, further comprising: a positioning portion which is provided in the main body and positions the pressing member in the main body. 7. The steering device according to claim 3, further comprising: a shock absorption portion which is provided in the first engagement member and is deformed while accompanying the upper jacket at the time of vehicle collision so as to absorb a shock at the time of vehicle collision. 8. The steering device according to claim 3, further comprising: a shock absorption portion which is provided in the main body so as to be disposed between the main body and the pressing member and is deformed while accompanying the upper jacket or sliding with respect to the pressing member at the time of vehicle collision so as to absorb a shock at the time of vehicle collision. 9. The steering device according to claim 8, further comprising: a fixing-releasing portion which fixes a portion of the shock absorption portion in the axial direction in order to cause the shock absorption portion to be deformed at the time of vehicle collision, and releases a fixed portion of the shock absorption portion in the axial direction in order to cause the shock absorption portion to slide with respect to the pressing member at the time of vehicle collision. 10. The steering device according to claim 8, further comprising: a second shock absorption portion which is disposed so as to overlap the shock absorption portion, has a portion fixed in the axial direction, and is deformed while accompanying the upper jacket at the time of vehicle collision so as to absorb a shock at the time of vehicle collision. 11. A steering device comprising: a steering shaft in which a steering member is attached to one end thereof and which is extendable and retractable in an axial direction thereof; a column jacket which includes a hollow lower jacket and a hollow upper jacket positioned closer to the steering member than the lower jacket and accommodates and rotatably supports the steering shaft, the column jacket being extendable and retractable together with the steering shaft due to a relative movement of the upper jacket in the axial direction with respect to the lower jacket; a bracket which is supported by a vehicle body in a state where a position thereof in the axial direction is fixed; a rotary shaft which extends in a direction intersecting the axial direction and to which an operation lever is connected, the rotary shaft being supported by the bracket so as to be rotatable in accordance with an operation of the operation lever; a first engagement member which is formed with a plurality of engagement holes arranged in the axial direction; a second engagement member which includes an engagement projection being engageable with any of the engagement holes and being elastically deformable and is a component individually independent from the rotary shaft and the first engagement member, the second engagement member being supported by the upper jacket so as to be relatively movable between a lock position where the engagement projection engages with the engagement hole and a release position where the engagement projection is disengaged from the engagement hole, with respect to the first engagement member in accordance with a rotation of the rotary shaft; and a pressing member which is disposed on a side opposite to the second engagement member with respect to the first engagement member, is supported on a side of the vehicle body, pinches the first engagement member between the pressing member and the second engagement member while being at the lock position, and releases the first engagement member pinched between the pressing member and the second engagement member while the second engagement member is at the release position, wherein a relative movement direction of the second engagement member between the lock position and the release position is different from a rotating direction of the rotary shaft, and wherein the first engagement member also serves as a shock absorption portion which is deformed while accompanying the upper jacket or slides with respect to the pressing member at the time of vehicle collision so as to absorb a shock at the time of vehicle collision. 12. The steering device according to claim 11, further comprising: a fixing-releasing portion which fixes a portion of the shock absorption portion in the axial direction in order to cause the shock absorption portion to be deformed at the time of vehicle collision, and releases the fixed portion of the shock absorption portion in the axial direction in order to cause the shock absorption portion to slide with respect to the pressing member at the time of vehicle collision. 13. The steering device according to claim 11, further comprising: a second shock absorption portion which is disposed so as to overlap the shock absorption portion, has a portion fixed in the axial direction, and is deformed while accompanying the upper jacket at the time of vehicle collision so as to absorb a shock at the time of vehicle collision.",
-    "A piece of electronic equipment of a turbomachine, including a wall of which the inner surface defines at least one channel for the passage of a ventilating air stream of which the outlet opens on an outer surface of the wall with a view to discharging the ventilating air stream towards the outside of the equipment, wherein, at the outlet, a mechanism for diverting and/or guiding at least a portion of the discharged air stream, over at least a part of the outer surface of the wall. 1. An electronic equipment for a turbine engine, comprising a first wall of which the inner surface defines at least one duct through which a ventilation air flow passes, the outlet of which leads onto an outer surface of the wall with a view to discharging the ventilation air flow towards the outside of the equipment, wherein, in the region of this outlet, means for diverting and/or guiding at least some of the discharged air flow over at least part of said outer surface of the wall. 2. The equipment according to claim 1, wherein the equipment is an on-board computer of the EEC type and comprises a housing comprising electronic boards, said wall covering the housing. 3. The equipment according to claim 1, wherein the diverting and/or guiding means comprise at least one member that is attached and fastened to the equipment. 4. The equipment according to claim 1, wherein said outlet of the duct is formed by a slot, the diverting and/or guiding means comprising at least one metal sheet which extends along the slot and covers said slot at least in part. 5. The equipment according to claim 4, wherein the metal sheet is inclined at least in part relative to the plane of the wall by an angle (\u03b1) of between 30\u00b0 and 60\u00b0. 6. The equipment according to claim 4, wherein the metal sheet comprises a portion that is parallel to the plane of the wall. 7. The equipment according to claim 1, comprising a second wall, opposite the first wall, the inner surface of this second wall also defining at least one duct through which a ventilation air flow passes, the outlet of which leads onto an outer surface of this second wall and does not comprise diverting and/or guiding means of the above-mentioned type, such that the direction of the air flow discharged by this outlet is substantially opposite that of the air flow discharged by the outlet in the first wall. 8. A turbine engine, comprising at least one piece of equipment according to claim 1. 9. A kit for modifying a piece of electronic equipment for a turbine engine, in order to improve the ventilation thereof, comprising means for diverting and/or guiding an air flow, such as at least one metal sheet, which are intended to be attached and fastened to the equipment, in the region of the outlet of a duct through which an air flow for ventilating the equipment passes, such that a ventilation air flow circulates on an outer surface of the equipment. 10. A method for ventilating a nacelle of a turbine engine, this nacelle defining an annular space in which equipment is mounted, including at least one piece of equipment according to claim 7, comprising ventilating a circumferential portion of the annular space using the air flow discharged through the outlet in the first wall and ventilating the remaining circumferential portion of the annular space using the air flow discharged through the outlet in the second wall.",
-    "Each of blue light emitting elements includes: a photoanode; a translucent cathode; an organic light emitting layer between the photoanode and the translucent cathode; a first functional layer between the organic light emitting layer and the photoanode; and a second functional layer between the organic light emitting layer and the translucent cathode, and has a resonator structure. The first functional layer has an optical film thickness of 48-62 nm. The translucent cathode is a stack of a first translucent conductive layer, a metal layer, and a second translucent conductive layer stacked in this order from the second functional layer side. The first translucent conductive layer has a refractivity of 2.0-2.4, and a film thickness of 85-97 nm. The metal layer has a refractivity different by 0 to 2.0 from that of the first translucent conductive layer, and has a film thickness of 2-22 nm. 1. An organic light emitting element comprising: a first electrode which reflects incident light; a second electrode which is disposed opposing the first electrode, and allows the incident light to pass through; an organic light emitting layer which is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and emits at least blue light; a first functional layer which is disposed between the first electrode and the organic light emitting layer, and formed of one or more layers; and a second functional layer which is disposed between the organic light emitting layer and the second electrode, and formed of one or more layers, wherein the following paths are formed in the organic light emitting element: a first optical path in which part of the blue light emitted from the organic light emitting layer enters the first electrode through the first functional layer, is reflected by the first electrode, and is emitted outside through the first functional layer, the organic light emitting layer, the second functional layer, and the second electrode; and a second optical path in which remaining part of the blue light emitted from the organic light emitting layer travels to the second electrode through the second functional layer without travelling toward the first electrode, and is emitted outside through the second electrode, the first functional layer has an optical film thickness ranging from 48 nm to 62 nm, the second electrode is a stack of a first conductive layer made of a translucent conductive material, a metal layer, and a second conductive material made of a translucent conductive material stacked in this order from a side close to the organic light emitting layer, the first conductive layer has a refractivity ranging from 2.0 to 2.4, and has a film thickness ranging from 85 nm to 97 nm, and the metal layer has a refractivity which is different by 0 to 2.0 from the refractivity of the first conductive layer, and has a film thickness ranging from 2 nm to 22 nm. 2. The organic light emitting element according to claim 1, wherein in the second electrode, when the film thickness of the first conductive layer is X3, and the film thickness of the metal layer is Y3, X3 and Y3 each take a value within a range expressed by a corresponding one of the following relational expressions: X3=Rx cos \u03b8 cos \u03c6\u2212Ry sin \u03b8 sin \u03c6+X0; and Y3=Rx cos \u03b8 sin \u03c6+Ry sin \u03b8 cos \u03c6+Y0, where \u03b8 is a variable parameter which changes within a range of 0\u2266\u03b8\u22662\u03c0, and X0=91.4, Y0=10.7, Rx=5.6, Ry=9.6, and \u03c6=0 (rad) are satisfied. 3. An organic light emitting element comprising: a first electrode which reflects incident light; a second electrode which is disposed opposing the first electrode, and allows the incident light to pass through; an organic light emitting layer which is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and emits at least blue light; a first functional layer which is disposed between the first electrode and the organic light emitting layer, and formed of one or more layers; and a second functional layer which is disposed between the organic light emitting layer and the second electrode, and formed of one or more layers, wherein the following paths are formed in the organic light emitting element: a first optical path in which part of the blue light emitted from the organic light emitting layer enters the first electrode through the first functional layer, is reflected by the first electrode, and is emitted outside through the first functional layer, the organic light emitting layer, the second functional layer, and the second electrode; and a second optical path in which remaining part of the blue light emitted from the organic light emitting layer travels to the second electrode through the second functional layer without travelling toward the first electrode, and is emitted outside through the second electrode, the first functional layer has an optical film thickness ranging from 272 nm to 286 nm, the second electrode is a stack of a first conductive layer made of a translucent conductive material, a metal layer, and a second conductive material made of a translucent conductive material stacked in this order from a side close to the organic light emitting layer, the first conductive layer has a refractivity ranging from 2.0 to 2.4, and has a film thickness ranging from 86 nm to 97 nm, and the metal layer has a refractivity which is different by 0 to 2.0 from the refractivity of the first conductive layer, and has a film thickness ranging from 8 nm to 16 nm. 4. The organic light emitting element according to claim 3, wherein in the second electrode, when the film thickness of the first conductive layer is X3, and the film thickness of the metal layer is Y3, X3 and Y3 each take a value within a range expressed by a corresponding one of the following relational expressions: X3=Rx cos \u03b8 cos \u03c6\u2212Ry sin \u03b8 sin \u03c6+X0; and Y3=Rx cos \u03b8 sin \u03c6+Ry sin \u03b8 cos \u03c6+Y0, where \u03b8 is a variable parameter which changes within a range of 0\u2266\u03b8\u22662\u03c0, and X0=91.3, Y0=11.9, Rx=5.3, Ry=4.4, and \u03c6=0 (rad) are satisfied. 5. An organic light emitting element comprising: a first electrode which reflects incident light; a second electrode which is disposed opposing the first electrode, and allows the incident light to pass through; an organic light emitting layer which is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and emits at least blue light; a first functional layer which is disposed between the first electrode and the organic light emitting layer, and formed of one or more layers; and a second functional layer which is disposed between the organic light emitting layer and the second electrode, and formed of one or more layers, wherein the following paths are formed in the organic light emitting element: a first optical path in which part of the blue light emitted from the organic light emitting layer enters the first electrode through the first functional layer, is reflected by the first electrode, and is emitted outside through the first functional layer, the organic light emitting layer, the second functional layer, and the second electrode; and a second optical path in which remaining part of the blue light emitted from the organic light emitting layer travels to the second electrode through the second functional layer without travelling toward the first electrode, and is emitted outside through the second electrode, the first functional layer has an optical film thickness ranging from 17 nm to 33 nm, the second electrode is a stack of a first conductive layer made of a translucent conductive material, a metal layer, and a second conductive material made of a translucent conductive material stacked in this order from a side close to the organic light emitting layer, the first conductive layer has a refractivity ranging from 2.0 to 2.4, and has a film thickness ranging from 35 nm to 65 nm, and the metal layer has a refractivity which is different by 0 to 2.0 from the refractivity of the first conductive layer, and has a film thickness ranging from 7 nm to 22 nm. 6. The organic light emitting element according to claim 5, wherein in the second electrode, when the film thickness of the first conductive layer is X3, and the film thickness of the metal layer is Y3, X3 and Y3 each take a value within a range expressed by a corresponding one of the following relational expressions: X3=Rx cos \u03b8 cos \u03c6\u2212Ry sin \u03b8 sin \u03c6+X0; and Y3=Rx cos \u03b8 sin \u03c6+Ry sin \u03b8 cos \u03c6+Y0, where \u03b8 is a variable parameter which changes within a range of 0\u2266\u03b8\u22662\u03c0, and X0=50, Y0=15, Rx=15, Ry=6, and \u03c6=25 (rad) are satisfied. 7. The organic light emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the metal layer has a film thickness of 10 nm or more. 8. The organic light emitting element according to claim 1, further comprising a blue color filter which allows passage of light to be emitted outside through the second electrode. 9. An organic light emitting display panel comprising the organic light emitting element according to claim 1. 10. An organic light emitting display apparatus comprising the organic light emitting display panel according to claim 9.",
-    "An arithmetic logic operation device including a memory device configured to store a lookup table and receive an input of a bit string N bits long, N being an integer of at least 2, the input bit string representing an address in the lookup table at which is stored multiple-bit data of which a part includes a bit representative of the result of a logical operation performed between the bits included in the input bit string. The memory device is accessed to output the bits included in the data stored at the address represented by the received bit string. The arithmetic logic device achieves arithmetic processing in a relatively short time on a relatively small circuit scale. 1. A logic operation device comprising: a memory device configured to receive an input of a N-bit long bit string and to store a lookup table, N being an integer of at least 2, the lookup table storing multiple-bit long data in an address represented by the input bit string, and a bit representative of a result of a logical operation performed between the bits included in the input bit string being stored in a part of the multiple-bit long data; and an output means configured to access the memory device and outputs the bits included in the data stored at the address represented by the received bit string 2. The logic operation device according to claim 1, wherein the data stored in the memory device includes a bit indicating the result of the logical operation performed between the bits in the input bit string and a bit indicating an inverse of the logical operation result; and the output means selectively outputs either the bit indicating the result of the logical operation performed between the bits or the bit indicating the inverse of the logical operation result 3. The logic operation device according to claim 2, further comprising: dividing means configured to receive the input of a bit string M bits long, M being an integer larger than N, the time-shared extracting means extracting an N-bit string from the M-bit string to output the extracted N-bit string to the memory device on a time-sharing basis; wherein, at the time the N-bit string is output on a time-sharing basis, the output means outputs selectively either the bit indicating the result of the logical operation performed between the bits retrieved by accessing the memory device using the previously output bits, or the bit indicating the inverse of the logical operation result 4. The logic operation device according to claim 1, wherein the result of the logical operation stored in the memory device is the result of an exclusive-OR operation performed between the bits included in the input bit string. 5. The logic operation device according to claim 2, wherein the result of the logical operation stored in the memory device is the result of an exclusive-OR operation performed between the bits included in the input bit string. 6. The logic operation device according to claim 3, wherein the result of the logical operation stored in the memory device is the result of an exclusive-OR operation performed between the bits included in the input bit string.",
-    "Technologies are generally described for a memory system that may be a solid state drive. The memory system may include memory blocks, where each memory block may have multiple memory pages, and each memory page may have multiple memory cells. The memory cells may have multiple programmed states. In various examples, a method to control the memory system may include determining one or more memory pages to be analyzed, identifying read threshold voltages of each memory cell associated with the memory pages to be analyzed, performing statistical analysis on the identified read threshold voltages, and determining a distribution of the read threshold voltages based at least in part on the statistical analysis. 1. A method to control a memory system that includes memory blocks, wherein each memory block has memory pages, and each memory page has memory cells, the method to control the memory system comprising: determining one or more memory pages to be analyzed; identifying read threshold voltages of each memory cell associated with the one or more memory pages to be analyzed; calculating a read disturb count for a respective one of the determined one or more memory pages, wherein the identified read threshold voltages are associated with the read disturb count; performing statistical analysis on the identified read threshold voltages associated with the read disturb count; and determining a distribution of the identified read threshold voltages associated with the read disturb count based at least in part on the statistical analysis. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the one or more memory pages to be analyzed is performed at a specific time interval, after each memory page is invalidated, when the memory block that includes the memory pages is to be erased, or after a specific number of accesses. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: decoding data written on at least one memory page of the memory system based at least in part on the determined distribution of the identified read threshold voltages. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages comprises determining a distribution model and at least one associated parameter of the distribution model. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the calculating of the read disturb count for the respective one of the determined one or more memory pages comprises calculating a sum of read counts of other memory pages associated with a memory block that includes the respective one of the memory pages. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: reading data that is written on one of the memory pages of the memory system; calculating a target read disturb count for the memory page on which the data is written, as a sum of read counts of other memory pages associated with a memory block that includes the memory page on which the data is written; determining a target distribution of the read threshold voltages that is associated with the target read disturb count; and decoding the data based at least in part on the determined target distribution. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the determining the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages comprises varying the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages depending on the read disturb count. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the varying the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages comprises modifying the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages to be asymmetric as the read disturb count increases. 12. A method to control a memory system that includes memory blocks, wherein each memory block has memory pages, and each memory page has memory cells, the method to control the memory system comprising: invalidating each memory page of each selected memory block of the memory system; identifying read threshold voltages associated with each memory cell of the each memory page of the each selected memory block; storing the identified read threshold voltages associated with each memory cell in a memory portion of the memory system; erasing the each selected memory block; and determining a distribution of the identified read threshold voltages. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: decoding data written on at least one memory page of the memory system based at least in part on the determined distribution of the identified read threshold voltages. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the determining the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages comprises determining a distribution model and at least one associated parameter of the distribution model. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the storing the identified read threshold voltages associated with each memory cell in the memory portion of the memory system comprises storing the identified read threshold voltages associated with each memory cell in a random access memory in the memory system. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: calculating a read disturb count for the each memory page of the each selected memory block as a sum of read counts of other memory pages of the each selected memory block, before erasing the each selected memory block. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: associating the identified read threshold voltages with the read disturb count calculated for a memory page that includes each memory cell, wherein the storing comprises storing the identified read threshold voltages together with the associated read disturb count. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: decoding data written on one of the memory pages based at least in part on the association between the identified read threshold voltages and the read disturb count. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the decoding comprises: calculating a target read disturb count for the memory page on which the data is written, as a sum of read counts of other memory pages of a memory block that includes the memory page on which the data is written; determining a target distribution of the read threshold voltages associated with the target read disturb count; and decoding the data based at least in part on the determined target distribution. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the determining the distribution of the identified read threshold voltages comprises determining a distribution model and at least one associated parameter of the distribution model, and the associating comprises varying the distribution model and the at least one associated parameter depending on the read disturb count. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the varying the distribution model comprises modifying the distribution model to be asymmetric as the read disturb count increases. 22. A memory system comprising: a plurality of memory blocks, wherein each memory block includes memory pages, and each memory page includes memory cells; and a memory controller coupled to the plurality of memory blocks, wherein the memory controller is configured to: identify one or more memory blocks to be erased; identify read threshold voltages of each memory cell of each memory page of each identified memory block; calculate a read disturb count for each memory page of each identified memory block, wherein the identified read threshold voltages are associated with the read disturb count; perform statistical analysis on the identified read threshold voltages associated with the read disturb count to determine a distribution of read threshold voltages; and decode data stored in the plurality of memory blocks based at least in part on the determined distribution of read threshold voltages. 23. The memory system of claim 22, wherein the memory controller is configured to: calculate the read disturb count for each memory page of each identified memory block as a sum of read counts of other memory pages of a memory block that includes each memory page. 24. The memory system of claim 22, wherein the memory system includes a solid state drive.",
-    "The present subject matter relates to compositions containing and synthesis of fluorescent materials e made from tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative compounds exhibiting aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties. Further contemplated herein are applications for TPE derivative compounds such as electroluminescent devices since they have a high efficiency, low turn on voltage, and excellent brightness. Additionally, application of TPE derivatives exhibiting AIE properties in various fields such as OLEDs, fingerprinting and forensic technology, and various other biological and industrial sectors are discussed. 1. An organometallic composition containing luminogens with AIE properties and tribolumescence, comprising: at least one luminogen having a backbone structure selected from the group consisting of: wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and wherein each X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, and At. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organometallic composition is in crystalline form. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein mechanochromic properties of the luminogen are exhibited upon grinding and quick cooling from a melted state. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein triboluminescence is exhibited upon pressure, fracture, or grinding of a crystals of the organometallic composition. 5. A method of synthesizing an organometallic composition containing a luminogen with AIE properties and tribolumescence of claim 1, comprising: (a) reacting an diphenyl oxalated ester solution with hydrogen peroxide to obtain a four-membered ring; and (b) reacting the four membered ring with a dye such that an excited dye molecule is produced along with carbon dioxide wherein radiative relaxation of the excited state generates light emission. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein NSTPE is used as the dye molecule, wherein NSTPE has the formula 7. The method of claim 6, wherein NSTPE produced greenish-yellow light. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein a cation of NSTPE is formed. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein an anion is formed due to the decomposition of the four-membered ring. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cation and the anion recombine to produce an excited NSTPE dye molecule. 11. A TPE derivative composition having a luminogen exhibiting aggregation induced emission comprising: at least one luminogen having a backbone structure selected from a group consisting of wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 each can be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, Si, Ge, P, As, and Sb. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is STPE when X is sulphur, STPE having the formula 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is OTPE when X is oxygen, OTPE having the formula 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is insoluble in water. 15. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is soluble in organic solvents. 16. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is soluble in DCM, chloroform and THF. 17. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is resistant to high voltage. 18. The composition of claim 12, wherein STPE emits red light or green light mixed with blue emissions. 19. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen emits light in solid state. 20. The composition of claim 11, wherein each X can further include a hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or a combination thereof. 21. The composition of claim 11, wherein the luminogen is used in electroluminescent devices. 22. A method of synthesizing a TPE derivative composition having a luminogen exhibiting aggregation induced emission, comprising the following steps: (a) Adding benzoyl chloride to DBT or DBF; (b) Refluxing the reaction mixture to obtain an intermediate compound; and (c) Subjecting the intermediate compound to McMurry coupling reactions to obtain a TPE derivative. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the intermediate compound is Dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-2-yl(phenyl)methanone or Dibenzo[b,d]furan-2-yl(phenyl)methanone. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein aluminium chloride and dicholoromethane are added to step (a). 25. A one-pot method of synthesizing an aromatic ketone derivative comprising: (a) reacting a carboxylic starting material, of formula I with thionyl chloride and DMF to obtain Ar1-carbonyl chloride, wherein Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of toluene, methoxyphenyl and halogenated phenyls; and (b) reacting Ar1-carbonyl chloride with DBT under DCM reflux to obtain an aromatic ketone derivative of Formula II, wherein Ar2 is DBT; wherein Formula I is and wherein Formula II is 26. The one-pot method of claim 25, wherein Formula II is further subjected to one or more McMurry reactions to produce a compound selected from the group consisting of: 27. The one-pot method of claim 25, wherein the aromatic ketone structure of Formula II is TPA-CO-DBT: 28. The one-pot method of claim 26, wherein Formula II is subject to TMF reflux and McMurray reactions. 29. An aromatic ketone derivative composition used in synthesizing TPE-derivatives having the formula TPA-CO-DBT: 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein TPA-CO-DBT exhibits a powerful emission under UV light. 31. The composition of claim 29, wherein TPA-CO-DBT is used as a building block to synthesize a compound selected from the group consisting of: 32. The composition of claim 29, wherein TPA-CO-DBT emits light in the bluish-green wavelength of 480 nm. 33. The composition of claim 29, wherein TPA-CO-DBT in a methanol and water mixture system behaves like an AIE luminophore. 34. A TPE derivative composition having a luminogen exhibiting aggregation induced emission comprising: at least one luminogen having a backbone structure selected from the group consisting of wherein each R and R\u2032 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, C, Si, Ge, P, As, and Sb. 35. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein the at least one luminogen attaches with a second luminogen via a spacer which is selected from the group consisting of a carbon single bond, a carbon double bond, a carbon triple bond, or a combination thereof. 36. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein R and R\u2032 are 37. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein the TPE composition has a symmetrical structure. 38. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein the TPE composition is DiCyan-DBTPE having the formula: 39. The TPE composition of claim 38, wherein DiCyan-DBTPE emits a light closer to the red wavelength when placed in a mixture of THF and water. 40. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein the double-cyano group is an electron acceptor. 41. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein the composition is in powder form. 42. The TPE composition of claim 34, wherein the composition is used in forensic analysis. 43. A s-TPE composition for cell imaging, use as a halogen sensor, or as a light enhancement having formula III wherein formula III is 44. The s-TPE composition of claim 43, wherein s-TPE exhibits a stockes shift of about 100 nm. 45. The s-TPE composition of claim 43, wherein the s-TPE composition emits light in the visible bluish-green region. 46. The s-TPE composition of claim 43, wherein the four phenyl rings are unlocked and are freely rotatable. 47. A method of converting s-TPE to TPE comprising: brominating a DCM solution of s-TPE under UV excitation to produce a bromine product; and eliminating the bromine product to produce TPE. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the conversion of s-TPE to TPE is reversible. 49. A method for producing s-TPE of claim 43, said method comprising the steps: (a) hydrogenating a suspension of TPE in methanol; (b) filtering the mixture after a given time period to obtain a solvent; (c) evaporating the solvent under vacuum to obtain a crude product; and (d) purifying the crude product to obtain the s-TPE composition. 50. A s-TPE composition for cell imaging, use as a halogen sensor, or as a light enhancement having formula IV wherein formula IV is",
-    "A pulse-transformer-based isolated gate driver circuit uses a small count of high-temperature-qualified components to drive a power semiconductor switch with asymmetrical voltage biases. A differential driver generates a pulse signal from a pulse-width-modulated signal, which is passed to a charge and lock circuit through a transformer. The charge and lock circuit includes an activation path and a deactivation path, which are selectively open to current flow based on positive or negative voltage pulses in the pulse signal, to selectively turn the main semiconductor switch on or off. The charge and lock circuit can lock voltage across the main semiconductor switch to keep the main semiconductor switch in an \u201con\u201d or and \u201coff\u201d state. 1. A driver circuit, comprising: a transformer having a secondary winding; and a charge and lock circuit couplable to a main semiconductor switch, the charge and lock circuit including: a first diode and a transistor switch in an activation path and coupled to the secondary winding to provide a positive voltage across the main semiconductor switch; and a second diode and a Zener diode in a deactivation path and coupled to the secondary winding to provide a negative voltage across the main semiconductor switch, the negative voltage having a first magnitude that is different than a second magnitude of the positive voltage. 2. The driver circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode and the transistor switch are oriented in the activation path to lock the positive voltage across the main semiconductor switch; and wherein the second diode and the Zener diode are oriented in the deactivation path to lock the negative voltage across the main semiconductor switch. 3. The driver circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge and lock circuit further includes a shunting resistor coupled between a gate and a source of the main semiconductor switch. 4. The driver circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge and lock circuit further includes a first resistor coupled in series with the transistor switch to control an activation current through the activation path; and a second resistor coupled in series with the Zener diode to control a deactivation current through the deactivation path. 5. The driver circuit of claim 4, wherein the charge and lock circuit further includes a third resistor coupled between a gate of the transistor switch and a center tap of the secondary winding. 6. The driver circuit of claim 1, wherein the charge and lock circuit further includes an additional transistor switch coupled in series between the Zener diode and the secondary winding. 7. The driver circuit of claim 6, wherein a gate of the transistor switch and a gate of the additional transistor switch are both coupled to a center tap of the secondary winding, and wherein a source of the transistor switch and an additional source of the additional transistor switch are coupled to opposite ends of the secondary winding. 8. The driver circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a differential driver circuit coupled to a primary winding of the transformer to provide a pulse signal to the primary winding in response to receiving a pulse-width-modulated signal. 9. The driver circuit of claim 8, wherein the differential driver circuit includes a first driver, a second driver, and a signal delay circuit, the first driver couplable to a source of the pulse-width-modulated signal, the second driver couplable to the source through the signal delay circuit, the signal delay circuit having a delay time, wherein the first driver and the second driver are coupled to the primary winding to generate a positive voltage pulse at a beginning of a pulse instance in the pulse-width-modulated signal and a negative voltage pulse at an end of the pulse instance. 10. A method, comprising: delivering, to a charge and lock circuit couplable to a main semiconductor switch, by a secondary winding of a transformer, a pulse signal comprising a positive voltage pulse, a neutral voltage pulse signal, and a negative voltage pulse; providing, by the charge and lock circuit, a positive voltage across a gate and a source of the main semiconductor switch in response to delivery of the positive voltage pulse, wherein the positive voltage is derived from the positive voltage pulse; locking a gate voltage of the main semiconductor switch, by the charge and lock circuit, in response to delivery of the neutral voltage pulse signal; and providing, by the charge and lock circuit, a negative voltage across the gate and the source of the main semiconductor switch in response to delivery of the negative voltage pulse, wherein the negative voltage is derived from passing the negative voltage pulse through a Zener diode to reduce a magnitude of the negative voltage to below a second magnitude of the positive voltage. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein locking the gate voltage includes allowing a potential difference to build between opposite sides of a diode and a transistor switch in the charge and lock circuit. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein locking the gate voltage includes allowing a potential difference to build between opposite sides of a second diode and a second transistor switch in the charge and lock circuit. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein providing the positive voltage includes controlling an activation current by passing the positive voltage pulse through a first resistor, and wherein providing the negative voltage includes controlling a deactivation current by passing the negative voltage pulse through a second resistor. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: generating, by a differential driver circuit, the pulse signal; and delivering the pulse signal to a primary winding of the transformer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the pulse signal further comprises: receiving a pulse-width-modulated signal by a first driver of the differential driver circuit; receiving a delayed pulse-width-modulated signal by a second driver of the differential driver circuit, wherein the delayed pulse-width-modulated signal is obtained by passing the pulse-width-modulated signal through a signal delay circuit; generating the positive voltage pulse at a beginning of a pulse instance in the pulse-width-modulated signal; generating the negative voltage pulse at an end of the pulse instance in the pulse-width-modulated signal; and generating the neutral voltage pulse signal between the positive voltage pulse and the negative voltage pulse. 16. A system, comprising: a control source; a main semiconductor switch; a power source having a first voltage; a differential driver circuit coupled to the control source and the power source to convert a pulse-width-modulated signal from the control source, the pulse-width-modulated signal having a first frequency, into a pulse signal having a second frequency that is equal to the first frequency, a second voltage that is equal to the first voltage, and a constant pulse width; and a charge and lock circuit coupled to the differential driver circuit through a transformer to receive the pulse signal and to operate the main semiconductor switch, wherein the charge and lock circuit includes: a first diode and a transistor switch in an activation path and coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer to provide a positive voltage across the main semiconductor switch; and a second diode and a Zener diode in a deactivation path and coupled to the secondary winding to provide a negative voltage across the main semiconductor switch, the negative voltage having a first magnitude that is smaller than a second magnitude of the positive voltage. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the differential driver circuit includes a first driver couplable to the control source and a second driver couplable to the control source through a signal delay circuit, the signal delay circuit having a delay time, wherein the constant pulse width is based on the delay time. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the charge and lock circuit further includes an additional transistor switch coupled in series between the Zener diode and the secondary winding, wherein a gate of the transistor switch and a gate of the additional transistor switch are both coupled to a center tap of the secondary winding, and wherein a source of the transistor switch and an additional source of the additional transistor switch are coupled to opposite ends of the secondary winding. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the charge and lock circuit further includes a first resistor coupled in series with the transistor switch to control an activation current through the activation path; and a second resistor coupled in series with the Zener diode to control a deactivation current through the deactivation path. 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising: a controllable component of a tool positioned in a wellbore, wherein the controllable component is controlled by the main semiconductor switch, and wherein the main semiconductor switch is a power switch.",
-    "A novel microcapsule which is endowed for example with reduced leakage of encapsulated materials. The microcapsule contains one or more fragrances and is suitable for inclusion in non-edible consumer goods products, laundry products, personal care products and cosmetic products. The microcapsule can be obtained in an economic and efficient manner by polymerizing an emulsion so that emulsion droplets are encapsulated into a subsequently cured polymeric shell. 1. A microcapsule comprising a perfume composition enclosed within a polymeric shell, wherein: the perfume composition includes a fragrance, and the polymeric shell includes in polymerized form a blend including: i) between 40% and 70% by weight over the combined weight of compounds (I) and (II) in the blend of a compound (I) which is a combination of: ia) between 50% and 100% by weight over the weight of the combination of a neutral monomethacrylate monomer (Ia) having a solubility in water at pH 7 and 20\u00b0 C. equal to, or more than 2 g/100 ml, ib) between 0% and 50% by weight over the weight of the combination of another neutral monoethylenically unsatured monomer (Ib), and ic) between 0% and 15% by weight over the weight of the combination of a ionized or ionizable monoethylenically unsatured monomer (Ic), ii) between 30% and 60% by weight over the combined weight of compounds (I) and (II) in the blend of a compound (II) which is a polyethylenically unsatured monomer selected from the group consisting of divinylbenzene, trivinylbenzene, a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyester of (meth)acrylic acid, a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyamide of (meth)acrylic acid and mixtures thereof. 2. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the compound (II) is such that the microcapsule provides for a fragrance leakage of less than 60% when tested upon storage for 4 weeks at 40\u00b0 C. in a test liquid base, according to a leakage test method, when the microcapsule is prepared according to a leakage test manufacturing procedure, and the microcapsule encapsulates fragrance no. 1, the test liquid base, the leakage test method, the leakage test manufacturing procedure and the fragrance no. 1 being as defined in the examples. 3. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the compound (II) is a polyethylenically unsatured monomer selected from the group consisting of a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyester of (meth)acrylic acid, a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyamide of (meth)acrylic acid and mixtures thereof, and wherein the compound (II): A1. contains two or more (meth)acrylate ester groups or two or more (meth)acrylate amide groups per monomer, and B1. has a molecular weight which, once divided by the number of (meth)acrylate ester or amide groups, gives a value of more than 85 and lower than 135. 4. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric shell further comprises solid colloidal particles having an average primary particle size comprised between 5 nm and 1 \u03bcm. 5. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the neutral monomethacrylate monomer (Ia) is selected from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, triethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate; PEG300 methacrylate methyl ether, and mixtures thereof. 6. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the neutral monomethacrylate monomer (Ia) includes 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. 7. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the another neutral monoethylenically unsatured monomer monomer (Ib) includes methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate. 8. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the compound (II) is a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyester of (meth)acrylic acid. 9. The microcapsule according to claim 8, wherein the compound (II) includes one or more of 1,4-butane diol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,3-propylene glycol dimethacrylate. 10. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein: the neutral monomethacrylate monomer (Ia) comprises 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; the another neutral monoethylenically unsatured monomer (Ib) is a C1-C24 linear or branched alkyl ester of methacrylic acid and comprises methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate; the compound (II) which is a C2-C24 alkyl di- or polyester of methacrylic acid and comprises one or more of 1,4-butane diol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,3-propylene glycol dimethacrylate. 11. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the blend is substantially free of any one of (meth)acrylic acid, C1-C24 alkyl monoesters of acrylic acid and C2-C24 alkyl polyesters of acrylic acid. 12. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the combined amounts of compounds (I) and (II) make 100% of the weight of the blend. 13. A water-based dispersion including the microcapsule as defined in claim 1. 14. A process for the manufacture of the microcapsule as defined in claim 1, which is a free radical polymerization process and which includes the following steps: a) providing an oil-in-water emulsion having an oil phase and a water phase, said oil-in-water emulsion being obtainable by mixing: a polymerization initiator, a perfume composition including a fragrance, an emulsifier, and the blend as defined in claim 1, b) triggering polymerization within the oil-in-water emulsion obtained in step a), c) letting the polymerization propagate thereby obtaining microcapsules. 15. A product comprising the microcapsule as defined in claim 1, and which is a non-edible consumer goods product, a household cleaner or laundry product, a personal care product or a cosmetic product.",
-    "The present invention provides a sputtering target of a Cu\u2014Ga sintered body in which the oxygen content is further reduced and the abnormal discharging can be suppressed, and a method for producing the same. The sputtering target according to the present invention is a sintered body having: a texture in which Na compound phases are dispersed in a matrix with a \u03b3 phase and a \u03b6 phase of a Cu\u2014Ga alloy; and a component composition made of: 20 atomic % to 30 atomic % of Ga; 0.05 atomic % to 10 atomic % of Na; and the Cu balance and inevitable impurities including elements other than Na in the Na compound, wherein an average grain size of the \u03b3 phase is 30 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm, and an average grain size of the Na compound phases is equal to or less than 8.5 \u03bcm. 1. A Cu\u2014Ga alloy sputtering target that is a sintered body having: a texture in which Na compound phases are dispersed in a matrix with a \u03b3 phase and a \u03b6 phase of a Cu\u2014Ga alloy; and a component composition made of: 20 atomic % to 30 atomic % of Ga; 0.05 atomic % to 10 atomic % of Na; and the Cu balance and inevitable impurities including elements other than Na in the Na compound, wherein an average grain size of the \u03b3 phase is 30 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm, and an average grain size of the Na compound phases is equal to or less than 8.5 \u03bcm. 2. The Cu\u2014Ga alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein a maximum grain size of the Na compound phases is equal to or less than 20 \u03bcm. 3. The Cu\u2014Ga alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein a main peak intensity in X-ray diffraction attributed to the \u03b6 phase is equal to or more than 5% of a main peak intensity in X-ray diffraction attributed to the \u03b3 phase. 4. The Cu\u2014Ga alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein the Na compound phases are formed of at least one or more of NaF, Na2S, Na2Se, and Na3AlF6. 5. The Cu\u2014Ga alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, wherein an oxygen content of the sintered body is equal to or less than 200 mass ppm. 6. A method of producing the Cu\u2014Ga alloy sputtering target according to claim 1, the method comprising the step of performing pressureless sintering by heating a molded body formed from a powder mixture of a pure Cu powder, a Cu\u2014Ga alloy powder, and a Na compound, in a reducing atmosphere.",
-    "Described herein are block copolymers, and methods of making and utilizing such copolymers. The described block copolymers are disruptive of a cellular membrane, including an extracellular membrane, an intracellular membrane, a vesicle, an organelle, an endosome, a liposome, or a red blood cell. Preferably, in certain instances, the block copolymer disrupts the membrane and enters the intracellular environment. In specific examples, the block copolymer is endosomolytic and capable of delivering an oligonucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) to a cell. Compositions comprising a block copolymer and an oligonucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) are also disclosed. 1. A block copolymer having the formula VII T1-L1-[A]x\u2032-b-[B1-B2-B3-B4]y\u2032Z VII wherein T1 is absent or a first targeting moiety; L1 is absent or a linking moiety; A is a first block that is a polymer formed from monomers comprising formula A2 or a random copolymer formed from monomers comprising formulae A2 and A3; A2, A4 and A5; A2 and A5; or A4 and A5; wherein n is 1-120, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl-NH2, C1-C6 alkyl-NH(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl-N(C1-C6 alkyl)2; wherein R7 and R10 independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R8 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and R9 is O or S and R11 is an amine protecting group; wherein n is 1-230, R17 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R18 is O, S, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R19 is O or S, and R20 is OH, NH, H, T2, or C1-C6 alkyl, where T2 is a second targeting moiety; wherein R21 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R22 is O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R23 is H, aryl, arylhalide, alkyl, alkyl alcohol; B is a second block that is a random copolymer formed from monomers comprising formulae B1, B2, B3 and B4 or B1, B2 and B3 wherein R12, R13, R14, R15, R16 and R17 are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R18 is O, S, NH, N(C1-C6 alkyl), or (OCH2CH2)1-120, and Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-G, (ii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iii) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), (vii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, and (viii) S\u2014S-pyridyl, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; x is 2-20 kDa; y is 2-20 kDa; Z is H, SH, C(CH3)2CN or wherein R24 is S\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), aryl, arylhalide, O\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), NR25R26 wherein R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; the ratio of x to y is from 2:1 to 1:4; and designates a point of attachment. 2. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 3. The block copolymer of claim 2, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 4. The block copolymer of any one claims 1-3, wherein G is the cationic peptide. 5. A block co-polymer of the formula I T1-L1-[A]x-[B]y\u2014Z I wherein T1 is absent or a first targeting moiety; L1 is absent or a linking moiety; A is a first block that is a polymer formed from monomers comprising formula A2 or a random copolymer formed from monomers comprising formulae A1; A2 and A3; A1 and A2; A2, A4 and A5; A2 and A5; or A4 and A5; wherein R1 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is O, S, NH, N(C1-C6 alkyl), or (OCH2CH2)1-120, and Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-pyridyl, (ii) S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; wherein n is 1-120, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl-NH2, C1-C6 alkyl-NH(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl-N(C1-C6 alkyl)2; wherein R7 and R19 are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R8 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and R9 is O or S and R11 is an amine protecting group; wherein n is 1-230, R17 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R19 is O, S, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), le is O or S, and R20 is OH, NH, H, T2, or C1-C6 alkyl, where T2 is a second targeting moiety; wherein R21 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R22 is O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R23 is H, aryl, arylhalide, alkyl, alkyl alcohol; B is a second block that is a random copolymer formed from monomers comprising formulae B1, B2, B3 and B4 or B1, B2 and B3 wherein R12, R13, R14, R15, R16 and R17 are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R18 is O, S, NH, N(C1-C6 alkyl), or (OCH2CH2)1-120, and Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) pyridyl, (ii) S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; x is 2-20 kDa; y is 2-20 kDa; Z is H, SH, C(CH3)2CN or wherein R24 is S\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), aryl, arylhalide, O\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), NR25R26 wherein R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; the ratio of x to y is from 2:1 to 1:4; and designates a point of attachment. 6. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 7. The block copolymer of claim 3 or 6, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 8. The block copolymer of claim 3 or 6, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 9. The block copolymer of claim 3 or 6, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 10. The block copolymer of claim 3 or 6, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 11. The block copolymer of claim 3 or 6, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 12. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 13. The block copolymer of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 14. The block copolymer of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or an mRNA. 15. The block copolymer of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 16. The block copolymer of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 17. The block copolymer of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 18. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is 2-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)ethyl methacrylate or wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 19. The block copolymer of claim 18, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent. 20. The block copolymer of claim 18, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 3-15 mole percent. 21. The block copolymer of claim 18, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent. 22. The block copolymer of claim 18, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 23. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein monomer A1 is absent. 24. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 1-120. 25. The block copolymer of claim 24, wherein n is 3-6. 26. The block copolymer of claim 24, wherein n is 4 or 5. 27. The block copolymer of claim 24, wherein n is 7-20. 28. The block copolymer of claim 24, wherein n is 7-9. 29. The block copolymer of claim 24, wherein n is 17-19. 30. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 24, wherein monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-95 mole percent. 31. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 24, wherein monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent. 32. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 24, wherein monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent. 33. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 24, wherein monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent. 34. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 24, wherein monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent. 35. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 24, wherein monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 100 mole percent. 36. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the monomer of formula A3 is wherein R11 is an amine protecting group. 37. The block copolymer of claim 36, wherein R11 is tert-butyloxycarbonyl. 38. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 36, wherein monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent. 39. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 36, wherein monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 40. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 36, wherein monomer A3 is absent. 41. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate. 42. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 41, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent. 43. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 41, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent. 44. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 41, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent. 45. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 41, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 45-60 mole percent. 46. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid. 47. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 46, wherein monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent. 48. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 46, wherein monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent. 49. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 46, wherein monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 50. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 46, wherein monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 3-15 mole percent. 51. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. 52. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 51, wherein monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 53. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 51, wherein monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-40 mole percent. 54. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5 or 51, wherein monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 55. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein the monomer of formula B4 is 2-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)ethyl methacrylate or wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 56. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula B4 is 2-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)ethyl methacrylate or wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 57. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5, 55 or 56, wherein monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 2-25 mole percent. 58. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5, 55 or 56, wherein monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 3-15 mole percent. 59. The block copolymer of claim 1, 5, 55 or 56, wherein monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-10 mole percent. 60. The block copolymer of any one of claims 55-59, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 61. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein monomer B4 is absent. 62. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl, S\u2014S-G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation, the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, and designates a point of attachment. 63. The block copolymer of claim 62, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, and monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent. 64. The block copolymer of claim 62, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, and monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 65. The block copolymer of claim 62, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, and monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 66. The block copolymer of claim 62, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, and monomer A3 is absent. 67. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl or S\u2014S-G wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation, the monomer of formula A2 is and the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate. 68. The block copolymer of claim 67, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 69. The block copolymer of claim 68, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 70. The block copolymer of claim 68, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 71. The block copolymer of claim 68, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 72. The block copolymer of claim 68, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 73. The block copolymer of claim 68, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 74. The block copolymer of claim 67, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 75. The block copolymer of claim 74, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 76. The block copolymer of claim 74, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 77. The block copolymer of claim 74, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 78. The block copolymer of claim 74, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 79. The block copolymer of claim 74, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 80. The block copolymer of claim 67, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, and monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent. 81. The block copolymer of claim 67, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, and monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 82. The block copolymer of claim 67, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, and monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent. 83. The block copolymer of claim 67, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, and monomer A3 is absent. 84. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is absent, the monomer of formula A2 is and the monomer of formula A3 is absent. 85. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is absent, the monomer of formula A2 is and the monomer of formula A3 is absent. 86. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is absent, the monomer of formula A2 is and the monomer of formula A3 is absent. 87. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and the monomer B4 is absent. 88. The block copolymer of claim 5 or 87, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 89. The block copolymer of claim 5 or 87, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 90. The block copolymer of claim 5 or 87, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 91. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and the monomer B4 is wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-pyridyl, (ii) S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, and wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 92. The block copolymer of claim 5 or 91, wherein monomers A1 and A3 are absent. 93. The block copolymer of claim 92, wherein monomers A4 and A5 are absent. 94. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein monomer A3 is absent. 95. The block copolymer of claim 94, wherein monomers A4 and A5 are absent. 96. The block copolymer of any one of claims 5 and 91-95, wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl or S\u2014S-G and G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 97. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 91-95, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 98. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 91-96, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 99. The block copolymer of any one of claims 91-97, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 100. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 91-98, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-20 mole percent. 101. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 91-98, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-15 mole percent. 102. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 91-98, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-10 mole percent. 103. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 91-98, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 45-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 3-15 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-40 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 2-25 mole percent. 104. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein T1 is and designates a point of attachment. 105. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein L1 is wherein m is 1-100 or 10-460 and each of w, x, y, and z is independently 1-48, and designates a point of attachment. 106. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein m is 1-25. 107. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein m is 10-20. 108. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein m is 11 or 12. 109. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein m is 20-60. 110. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein m is 36 or 48. 111. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein each of w, x, y, and z is independently 10-48. 112. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein each of w, x, y, and z is independently 20-30. 113. The block copolymer of claim 105, wherein each of w, x, y, and z is 23. 114. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein T1-L1- together are and designates a point of attachment. 115. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-15 kDa. 116. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-10 kDa. 117. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-8 kDa. 118. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-7 kDa. 119. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 3-4 kDa. 120. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 2-10 kDa. 121. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 3-8 kDa. 122. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 3-7 kDa. 123. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 3-6 kDa. 124. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 4-8 kDa. 125. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 4-6 kDa. 126. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 3-5 kDa. 127. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5 and 115-119, wherein y is 5-7 kDa. 128. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-15 kDa and y is 3-8 kDa. 129. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-8 kDa and y is 3-8 kDa. 130. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 2-7 kDa and y is 4-8 kDa. 131. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein x is 3-4 kDa and y is 5-7 kDa. 132. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the ratio of x to y is from 1:1 to 1:2. 133. The block copolymer of claim 1 or 5, wherein the ratio of x to y is 1:2. 134. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl, S\u2014S-G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation, the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and designates a point of attachment. 135. The block copolymer of claim 134, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 136. The block copolymer of claim 134, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 137. The block copolymer of claim 134, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 138. The block copolymer of claim 134, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, monomer A3 is absent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 139. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl or S\u2014S-G wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation, the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, and the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. 140. The block copolymer of claim 139, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 141. The block copolymer of claim 140, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 142. The block copolymer of claim 140, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 143. The block copolymer of claim 140, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 144. The block copolymer of claim 140, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 145. The block copolymer of claim 140, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 146. The block copolymer of claim 140, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 147. The block copolymer of claim 146, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 148. The block copolymer of claim 146, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 149. The block copolymer of claim 146, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 150. The block copolymer of claim 146, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 151. The block copolymer of claim 146, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 152. The block copolymer of claim 139, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 153. The block copolymer of claim 139, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 154. The block copolymer of claim 139, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 155. The block copolymer of claim 139, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, monomer A3 is absent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 156. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and the monomer of formula B4 is wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-G, (ii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iii) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (vii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, and (viii) S\u2014S-pyridyl, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 157. The block copolymer of claim 156, wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl or S\u2014S-G and G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 158. The block copolymer of claim 156 or 157, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 159. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer A1 is absent, the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and the monomer of formula B4 is wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-pyridyl, (ii) S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, and wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 160. The block copolymer of claim 159, wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl or S\u2014S-G and G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 161. The block copolymer of claim 159 or 160, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 162. The block copolymer of any one of claims 159-161, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 163. The block copolymer of any one of claims 156-161, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 164. The block copolymer of claim 163, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 165. The block copolymer of claim 163, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 166. The block copolymer of claim 163, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 167. The block copolymer of claim 163, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 168. The block copolymer of claim 163, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 169. The block copolymer of claim 161, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 170. The block copolymer of claim 169, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 171. The block copolymer of claim 169, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 172. The block copolymer of claim 169, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 173. The block copolymer of claim 169, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 174. The block copolymer of claim 169, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 175. The block copolymer of any one of claims 5, 91-96, 100-103, 159, and 160, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl and G is the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 176. The block copolymer of claim 175, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 177. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5, 91-96, 100-103, 159, 160, and 163-168, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl and G is the cationic peptide. 178. The block copolymer of claim 177, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide. 179. The block copolymer of any one of claims 156-168, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-20 mole percent. 180. The block copolymer of any one of claims 156-168, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-15 mole percent. 181. The block copolymer of any one of claims 156-168, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 5-10 mole percent. 182. The block copolymer of any one of claims 156-168, wherein monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 45-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 3-15 mole percent, monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-40 mole percent and monomer B4 is present in block B in an amount of 2-25 mole percent. 183. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl, S\u2014S-G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and T-L- together are and designates a point of attachment. 184. The block copolymer of claim 183, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 185. The block copolymer of claim 183, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 186. The block copolymer of claim 183, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 187. The block copolymer of claim 183, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, monomer A3 is absent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 188. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl or S\u2014S-G wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and T-L- together are and designates a point of attachment. 189. The block copolymer of claim 188, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 190. The block copolymer of claim 189, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 191. The block copolymer of claim 189, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 192. The block copolymer of claim 189, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 193. The block copolymer of claim 189, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 194. The block copolymer of claim 189, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 195. The block copolymer of claim 188, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 196. The block copolymer of claim 195, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 197. The block copolymer of claim 195, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 198. The block copolymer of claim 195, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 199. The block copolymer of claim 195, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 200. The block copolymer of claim 195, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 201. The block copolymer of claim 188, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 202. The block copolymer of claim 188, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 203. The block copolymer of claim 188, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 204. The block copolymer of claim 188, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, monomer A3 is absent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 205. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl, S\u2014S-G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, x is 2-8 kDa, y is 3-8 kDa, and T-L- together are and designates a point of attachment. 206. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 207. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 208. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 209. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, monomer A3 is absent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 210. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein x is 2-7 kDa and y is 4-8 kDa. 211. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein x is 3-4 kDa and y is 5-7 kDa. 212. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein the ratio of x to y is from 1:1 to 1:2. 213. The block copolymer of claim 205, wherein the ratio of x to y is 1:2. 214. The block copolymer of claim 5, wherein the monomer of formula A1 is wherein Q is S\u2014S-pyridyl, S\u2014S-G wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is absent or 2-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate, the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid, the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, x is 2-8 kDa, y is 3-8 kDa, and T-L- together are and designates a point of attachment. 215. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-90 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 5-20 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 35-65 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-30 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 15-35 mole percent. 216. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 70-85 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 50-60 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-25 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 25-35 mole percent. 217. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-10 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 75-80 mole percent, monomer A3 is present in block A in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 218. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein monomer A1 is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent, monomer A2 is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent, monomer A3 is absent, monomer B1 is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent, monomer B2 is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent, and monomer B3 is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent. 219. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein x is 2-7 kDa and y is 4-8 kDa. 220. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein x is 3-4 kDa and y is 5-7 kDa. 221. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein the ratio of x to y is from 1:1 to 1:2. 222. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein the ratio of x to y is 1:2. 223. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 224. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 225. The block copolymer of claim 224, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 226. The block copolymer of claim 224, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 227. The block copolymer of claim 224, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 228. The block copolymer of claim 224, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 229. The block copolymer of claim 224, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 230. The block copolymer of claim 214, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 231. The block copolymer of claim 230, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 232. The block copolymer of claim 230, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 233. The block copolymer of claim 230, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 234. The block copolymer of claim 230, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 235. The block copolymer of claim 230, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 236. A block copolymer of claim 5 having the formula III T1-L1-[A1-A2]x\u2032-b-[B1-B2-B3]y\u2032Z III wherein the monomer of formula A1 is and is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent and wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-pyridyl, (ii) S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; monomer A2 is and is present in block A in an amount of 85-95 mole percent; monomer B1 is butyl methacrylate and is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent; monomer B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid and is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent; monomer B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent; x\u2032 is 3-4 kDa; y\u2032 is 5-7 kDa; T1-L1- together are Z is H, SH or wherein R24 is S\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), aryl, arylhalide, O\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), NR25R26 wherein R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and designates a point of attachment. 237. The block copolymer of claim 236, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 238. The block copolymer of claim 236, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 239. The block copolymer of claim 238, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 240. The block copolymer of claim 238, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 241. The block copolymer of claim 238, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 242. The block copolymer of claim 238, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 243. The block copolymer of claim 238, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 244. The block copolymer of claim 236, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 245. The block copolymer of claim 244, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 246. The block copolymer of claim 244, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 247. The block copolymer of claim 244, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 248. The block copolymer of claim 244, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 249. The block copolymer of claim 244, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 250. A block copolymer of claim 5 having the formula IV T1-L1-[A2]x\u2032-[B1-B2-B3-B4]y\u2032Z IV wherein the monomer A2 is monomer B1 is butyl methacrylate and is present in block B in an amount of 53-58 mole percent; monomer B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid and is present in block B in an amount of 10-15 mole percent; monomer B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and is present in block B in an amount of 30-35 mole percent; monomer of B4 is and is present in block A in an amount of 5-15 mole percent and wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-pyridyl, (ii), S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; x\u2032 is 3-4 kDa; y\u2032 is 5-7 kDa; T1-L1- together are Z is H, SH or wherein R24 is S\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), aryl, arylhalide, O\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), NR25R26 wherein R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and designates a point of attachment. 251. A block copolymer of claim 5 having the formula VI T1-L1-[A2]x\u2032-b-[1-B2-B3-B4]y\u2032Z VI wherein the monomer A2 is is selected from the group consisting of monomer B1 is butyl methacrylate and is present in block B in an amount of 45-60 mole percent; monomer B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid and is present in block B in an amount of 3-15 mole percent; monomer B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and is present in block B in an amount of 25-40 mole percent; monomer of B4 is and is present in block B in an amount of 2-25 mole percent and wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of (i) S\u2014S-pyridyl, (ii) S\u2014S-G, (iii) (OCH2CH2)1-120\u2014S\u2014S-G, (iv) V-L3-G wherein V is an amide, ester, imine, oxime, thioester, product of a [3+2] cycloaddition, product of a [4+1] cycloaddition, carbonate, carbamate, urea, acetal, ketal, or hydrazone, and L3 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, or thioether, wherein R29 is C1-C6 alkyl, (OCH2CH2)1-50, C1-C6 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-50, O, NH, or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and (viii) S\u2014S-L2-G wherein L2 is wherein n=1-35 and designates a point of attachment of L2 to G, wherein G is an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation; x\u2032 is 3-10 kDa; y\u2032 is 3-7 kDa; T1-L1- together are selected from the group consisting of Z is H, SH or wherein R24 is (C1-C12 alkyl), aryl, arylhalide, O\u2014(C1-C12 alkyl), NR25R26 wherein R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and designates a point of attachment. 252. The block copolymer of claim 250 or 251, wherein G is a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 253. The block copolymer of claim 252, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 254. The block copolymer of claim 253, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 255. The block copolymer of claim 250 or 251, wherein G is a cationic peptide. 256. The block copolymer of claim 255, wherein the cationic peptide includes 5-30 lysine or arginine residues or a combination thereof. 257. The block copolymer of claim 255, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine. 258. The block copolymer of claim 255, wherein the cationic peptide is a polylysine or polyarginine of 5-30 residues. 259. The block copolymer of claim 255, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101) or -Cys-(Arg)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:102). 260. The block copolymer of claim 255, wherein the cationic peptide is -Cys-(Lys)10-OH (SEQ ID NO:101). 261. The block copolymer of any one of claims 255-260, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 262. The block copolymer of claim 261, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide. 263. The block copolymer of claim 250, wherein G is an oligonucleotide. 264. The block copolymer of claim 263, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid, a dicer substrate, mRNA, a miRNA, an aiRNA or an shRNA. 265. The block copolymer of claim 263, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or mRNA. 266. The block copolymer of claim 263, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 267. The block copolymer of claim 263, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 268. The block copolymer of claim 263, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 269. A method for the intracellular delivery of an oligonucleotide comprising: a) contacting a block copolymer of claim 5, wherein Q is S\u2014S-oligonucleotide, with a cell wherein the copolymer is introduced into an endosomal membrane within the cell through endocytosis; and b) destabilizing the endosomal membrane, whereby the copolymer or the oligonucelotide is delivered to the cytosol of the cell. 270. The method of claim 269, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA or an mRNA. 271. A method of treating hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatitis, hypercholesterolemia, liver fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis or haemochromatosis comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a copolymer of claim 1, wherein Q is S\u2014S-oligonucleotide, and designates a point of attachment. 272. The method of claim 271, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 273. The method of claim 271, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 274. The method of claim 271, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 275. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a block copolymer of claim 5 and pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers, wherein Q is S\u2014S-oligonucleotide, and designates a point of attachment. 276. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 275, wherein the oligonucleotide is an siRNA that inhibits expression of the beta-catenin or MET gene. 277. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 275, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. 278. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 275, wherein the oligonucleotide is a dsRNA molecule wherein the sense strand consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 and the antisense region consists of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:78. 279. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a block copolymer of claim 1, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl, (b) an mRNA molecule and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. 280. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 279, wherein the mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 281. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a block copolymer of any one of claims 5, 91-96, 250, and 251, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl and G is the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation, (b) an mRNA molecule and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. 282. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 281, wherein the mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 283. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a block copolymer of any one of claims 1, 5, 91-96, 250, and 251, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl and G is the cationic peptide, (b) an mRNA molecule and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. 284. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 283, wherein the mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide. 285. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 283, wherein the nitrogen to phosphorous ratio between the cationic peptide and mRNA is between 100:1 and 1:1. 286. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 283, wherein the nitrogen to phosphorous ratio between the cationic peptide and mRNA is between 50:1 and 1:1. 287. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 283, wherein the nitrogen to phosphorous ratio between the cationic peptide and mRNA is between 20:1 and 1:1. 288. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 283, wherein the nitrogen to phosphorous ratio between the cationic peptide and mRNA is between 30:1 and 10:1. 289. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 283, wherein the nitrogen to phosphorous ratio between the cationic peptide and mRNA is between 25:1 and 15:1. 290. A method for increasing the amount of a protein in a cell comprising contacting the cell with the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 279, 281, and 283. 291. The method of claim 290, wherein the protein is ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1), fumarylacetoacetase (FAH) enzyme, alanine:glyoxylate-aminotransferase (AGT), methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT), propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA), propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB), a subunit of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), copper-transporting ATPase Atp7B, bilirubin uridinediphosphate glucuronyltransferase (BGT) enzyme, hepcidin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose 6-phosphate translocase, lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GB), Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), Factor IX, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; galactokinase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, transthyretin; a complement regulatory protein, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, porphobilinogen deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), or P-type ATPase protein FIC-1. 292. The method of claim 291, wherein the protein is OTC. 293. The method of claim 292, wherein the OTC protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 294. The method of claim 293, wherein the OTC protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 295. The method of claim 294, wherein the OTC protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:107 or SEQ ID NO:108. 296. The method of claim 295, wherein the mRNA molecule of the pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleotide sequence as shown in residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:112, residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:113, or residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:114. 297. The method of claim 291, wherein the protein is methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT). 298. The method of claim 291, wherein the protein is propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA) or propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB). 299. The method of claim 290, wherein the cell is in vivo. 300. A method for treating a disease is characterized by a genetic defect that results in a deficiency of a functional protein, the method comprising: administering to a subject having the disease a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 279, 281, or 283, wherein the mRNA molecule of the pharmaceutical composition encodes the functional protein or a protein having the same biological activity as the functional protein, and wherein the mRNA molecule is delivered intracellularly to a target tissue and is translated during protein synthesis so as to produce the encoded protein, thereby treating the disease. 301. The method of claim 300, wherein the disease is a protein deficiency disease of the liver. 302. The method of claim 301, wherein the protein deficiency disease of the liver is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD). 303. The method of claim 302, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional OTC protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 304. The method of claim 303, wherein the OTC protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 305. The method of claim 304, wherein the OTC protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:107 or SEQ ID NO:108. 306. The method of claim 305, wherein the mRNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence as shown in residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:112, residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:113, or residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:114. 307. The method of claim 301, wherein the protein deficiency disease of the liver is an organic acidemia. 308. The method of claim 307, wherein the organic acidemia is methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). 309. The method of claim 308, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (MUT) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 33-750 of SEQ ID NO:117. 310. The method of claim 309, wherein the MUT protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 33-750 of SEQ ID NO:117. 311. The method of claim 307, wherein the organic acidemia is propionic acidemia (PA). 312. The method of claim 311, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 53-728 of SEQ ID NO:119. 313. The method of claim 312, wherein the PCCA protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 53-728 of SEQ ID NO:119. 314. The method of claim 311, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 29-539 of SEQ ID NO:121. 315. The method of claim 314, wherein the PCCB protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 29-539 of SEQ ID NO:121. 316. The method of claim 300, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional protein selected from the group consisting of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1), fumarylacetoacetase (FAH) enzyme, alanine:glyoxylate-aminotransferase (AGT), methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT), propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA), propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB), a subunit of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), copper-transporting ATPase Atp7B, bilirubin uridinediphosphate glucuronyltransferase (BGT) enzyme, hepcidin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose 6-phosphate translocase, lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GB), Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT), Factor IX, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, galactokinase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, transthyretin, a complement regulatory protein, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, porphobilinogen deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and P-type ATPase protein FIC-1. 317. The block copolymer of any one of claims 3, 176, 178, 254, and 262, wherein the mRNA molecule is at least 1,000 nucleotide monomeric units in length. 318. The pharmaceutical compositions of any one of claims 279-289, wherein the mRNA molecule is at least 1,000 nucleotide monomeric units in length. 319. The method of any one of claims 290, 300, and 301, wherein the mRNA molecule is at least 1,000 nucleotide monomeric units in length. 320. The block copolymer of any one of claims 3, 176, 178, 254, and 262, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional protein selected from the group consisting of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1), fumarylacetoacetase (FAH) enzyme, alanine:glyoxylate-aminotransferase (AGT), methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT), propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA), propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB), a subunit of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), copper-transporting ATPase Atp7B, bilirubin uridinediphosphate glucuronyltransferase (BGT) enzyme, hepcidin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose 6-phosphate translocase, lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GB), Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT), Factor IX, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, galactokinase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, transthyretin, a complement regulatory protein, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, porphobilinogen deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and P-type ATPase protein FIC-1. 321. The block copolymer claim 320, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional OTC protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 322. The block copolymer of claim 321, wherein the OTC protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 323. The block copolymer of claim 322, wherein the OTC protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:107 or SEQ ID NO:108. 324. The block copolymer of claim 323, wherein the mRNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence as shown in residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:112, residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:113, or residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:114. 325. The block copolymer of claim 320, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (MUT) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 33-750 of SEQ ID NO:117. 326. The block copolymer of claim 325, wherein the MUT protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 33-750 of SEQ ID NO:117. 327. The block copolymer of claim 320, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 53-728 of SEQ ID NO:119. 328. The block copolymer of claim 327, wherein the PCCA protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 53-728 of SEQ ID NO:119. 329. The block copolymer of claim 320, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 29-539 of SEQ ID NO:121. 330. The block copolymer of claim 329, wherein the PCCB protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 29-539 of SEQ ID NO:121. 331. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 279-289, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional protein selected from the group consisting of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1), fumarylacetoacetase (FAH) enzyme, alanine:glyoxylate-aminotransferase (AGT), methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT), propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA), propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB), a subunit of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), copper-transporting ATPase Atp7B, bilirubin uridinediphosphate glucuronyltransferase (BGT) enzyme, hepcidin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose 6-phosphate translocase, lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GB), Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2), acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT), Factor IX, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, galactokinase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, transthyretin, a complement regulatory protein, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, porphobilinogen deaminase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and P-type ATPase protein FIC-1. 332. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 331, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional OTC protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 333. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 332, wherein the OTC protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 35-354 of SEQ ID NO:107. 334. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 333, wherein the OTC protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:107 or SEQ ID NO:108. 335. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 334, wherein the mRNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence as shown in residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:112, residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:113, or residues 48-1112 or 1-1221 of SEQ ID NO:114. 336. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 331, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (MUT) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 33-750 of SEQ ID NO:117. 337. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 336, wherein the MUT protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 33-750 of SEQ ID NO:117. 338. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 331, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional propionyl CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 53-728 of SEQ ID NO:119. 339. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 338, wherein the PCCA protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 53-728 of SEQ ID NO:119. 340. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 331, wherein the mRNA molecule encodes a functional propionyl CoA carboxylase beta subunit (PCCB) protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to residues 29-539 of SEQ ID NO:121. 341. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 340, wherein the PCCB protein comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in residues 29-539 of SEQ ID NO:121. 342. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein L1 is a polymer having a molecular weight of from 0.5 kDa to 6 kDa and comprising at least 10 ethylene oxide units. 343. The block copolymer of claim 342, wherein L1 has a molecular weight of from 2 kDa to 3 kDa and comprises at least 36 ethylene oxide units. 344. The block copolymer of claim 343, wherein L1 is wherein x and y are each 24 and designates a point of attachment. 345. The block copolymer of claim 342, wherein L1 has a molecular weight of from 3 kDa to 6 kDa and comprises at least 48 ethylene oxide units. 346. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1-4 and 342-345, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 4 or 5. 347. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1 and 342-345, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 7-9. 348. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1 and 342-345, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 17-19. 349. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1 and 342-348, wherein T1 is present and specifically binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptor. 350. The block copolymer of claim 349, wherein T1 comprises a N-acetyl galactoseamine (NAG) moiety. 351. The block copolymer of claim 350, wherein T1 is a tri-NAG structure having three NAG moieties. 352. The block copolymer of any one of claims 342-351, wherein Q is not S\u2014S-pyridyl. 353. The block copolymer of claim 352, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation. 354. The block copolymer of any one claims 342-353, wherein G is the cationic peptide. 355. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein the copolymer is selected from the group consisting of: NAG-PEG12[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.45k-b-[BMA47.5%-PAA9.2%-DMAEMA35.8%-PDSMA7.5%]6.6 k; NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA500 (100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA50%-PAA8%-PDSMA6%]5.2k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA300, 100%]3.5k-b-[BMA50%-PAA9%-DMAEMA35%-PDSMA6%]4.9k; NAG-PEG24-amido-PEG24-[PEGMA300, 100%]3.6k-b-[BMA50%-PAA %-DMAEMA32%-PDSMA7%]3.8k; NAG-C5-PEG24-amido-PEG24-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; NAG-C5-PEG5k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA-47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; ECT-[PEGMA (300, 58%)-NAG-C5-PEG36 (42%)]19.9k-b-[DMAEMA31%-BMA49%-PAA12%-PDSMA8%]5.03k; NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA (300, 73%)-NAG-C5-PEG36 (18%)-TFPMA5%]11k-b-[DMAEMA36%-BMA46%-PAA10%-PDSMA7%]5.33k; NAG-C5-PEG10k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; NAG-C5-PEG20k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; NAG-C5-PEG24-amido-PEG24-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG5k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG10k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG20k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG24-amido-PEG24-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-C5-PEG5k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-C5-PEG10k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-C5-PEG20k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]6.19k-b-[DMAEMA31.6%-BMA48.4%-PAA13.1%-PDSMA6.8%]4.3k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]6.19k-b-[DMAEMA30.8%-BMA50.8%-PAA11.6%-PDSMA6.8%]3.5k; NAG-PEG48-[PEGMA (300,100%)]3.8k-b-[BMA49.3%-PAA9%-DMAEMA31.4%-PDSMA9%]6.3k; NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA50%-PAA8%-PDSMA6%]5.2k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA300,100%]3.5k-b-[BMA50%-PAA9%-DMAEMA35%-PDSMA6%]4.9k; Tri-NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(300, 80%)-PDSMA10%-BPAM10%]6.1k-[BMA50%-PAA25%-DMAEMA25%]4.9k; Tri-NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(300, 80%)-PDSMA10%-BPAM10%]6.4k-[BMA50%-PAA25%-DMAEMA25%]3.2k; and Tri-NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(300, 80%)-PDSMA10%-BPAM10%]6.4k-[BMA50%-PAA25%-DMAEMA25%]4.2k. 356. The block copolymer of claim 1, wherein the copolymer is a cationic peptide conjugate of a polymer selected from the group consisting of: NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.45k-b-[BMA47.5%-PAA9.2%-DMAEMA35.8%-PDSMA7.5%]6.6 k; NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA500 (100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA50%-PAA8%-PDSMA6%]5.2k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA300, 100%]3.5k-b-[BMA50%-PAA9%-DMAEMA35%-PDSMA6%]4.9k; NAG-PEG24-amido-PEG24-[PEGMA300, 100%]3.6k-b-[BMA50%-PAA11%-DMAEMA32%-PDSMA7%]3.8k; NAG-C5-PEG24-amido-PEG24-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; NAG-C5-PEG5k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA-47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; ECT-[PEGMA (300, 58%)-NAG-C5-PEG36 (42%)]19.9k-b-[DMAEMA31%-BMA49%-PAA12%-PDSMA8%]5.03k; NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA (300, 73%)-NAG-C5-PEG36 (18%)-TFPMA5%]11k-b-[DMAEMA36%-BMA46%-PAA10%-PDSMA7%]5.33k; NAG-C5-PEG10k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; NAG-C5-PEG20k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (300, 100%)]3.8k-b-[DMAEMA32%-BMA47%-PAA14%-PDSMA7%]4.0k; NAG-C5-PEG24-amido-PEG24-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG5k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG10k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG20k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA48%-PAA9%-PDSMA8%]5.3k; NAG-C5-PEG24-amido-PEG24-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-C5-PEG5k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-C5-PEG10k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-C5-PEG20k-Ph-aldehyde(oxime)NO-PEG11-[PEGMA (1000, 100%)]9.1k-[DMAEMA32.3%-BMA48.4%-PAA11.8%-PDSMA7.5%]8.15k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]6.19k-b-[DMAEMA31.6%-BMA48.4%-PAA13.1%-PDSMA6.8%]4.3k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA (500, 100%)]6.19k-b-[DMAEMA30.8%-BMA50.8%-PAA11.6%-PDSMA6.8%]3.5k; NAG-PEG48-[PEGMA (300,100%)]3.8k-b-[BMA49.3%-PAA9%-DMAEMA3.14%-PDSMA9%]6.3k; NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(500, 100%)]5.8k-b-[DMAEMA35%-BMA50%-PAA8%-PDSMA6%]5.2k; NAG-PEG36-[PEGMA300,100%]3.5k-b-[BMA50%-PAA9%-DMAEMA35%-PDSMA6%]4.9k; Tri-NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(300, 80%)-PDSMA10%-BPAM10%]6.1k-[BMA50%-PAA25%-DMAEMA25%]4.9k; Tri-NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(300, 80%)-PDSMA10%-BPAM10%]6.4k-[BMA50%-PAA25%-DMAEMA25%]3.2k; and Tri-NAG-PEG12-[PEGMA(300, 80%)-PDSMA10%-BPAM10%]6.4k-[BMA50%-PAA25%-DMAEMA25%]4.2k. 357. The block copolymer of claim 356, wherein the cationic peptide is CK10NH2 (SEQ ID NO:103). 358. The block copolymer of claim 356 or 357, wherein an mRNA molecule is complexed to the cationic peptide. 359. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1-23, 36-61, and 87-133, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 1-20, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl-NH2, C1-C6 alkyl-NH(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl-N(C1-C6 alkyl)2. 360. The block copolymer of any one of claims 1-24, 36-61, and 87-133, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 1-20. 361. A process for preparation of the block copolymer of claim 5, the process comprising: a) contacting a compound of Structure Va, Vb, Vc, or Vd, wherein R27\u2550C1-C12 alkyl, wherein R28\u2550C1-C12 alkyl, wherein R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein T1 is absent or a first targeting moiety and L1 is absent or a linking moiety; with one or more monomers selected from monomers of the formulae A1, A2 and A3, wherein R1 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R2 is O, S, NH, N(C1-C6 alkyl), or (OCH2CH2)1-120, Q is \u2014SR20 or S\u2014S-pyridyl, and R20 is a thiol-protecting group; wherein n is 1-120, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H or C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R7 and R19 are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R8 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and R9 is O or S and R11 is an amine protecting group; in the presence of a free radical; b) contacting the product of step a) with monomers of formulae B1, B2 and B3, wherein R12, R13, R14, R15 and R16 are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl; in the presence of a free radical; and c) deprotecting the product of step b) and contacting it with an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol-reactive or amine-reactive group; or contacting the product of step b) with an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol group. 362. The process of claim 361, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 1-20, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H or C1-C6 alkyl. 363. The process of claim 361, wherein the compound of formula Va is the monomer of formula A1 is the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula A3 is wherein R11 is an amine protecting group; the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate; the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid; and the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. 364. A process for preparation of the block copolymer of claim 1, the process comprising: a) contacting a compound of Structure Va, Vb, Vc, or Vd, where R27\u2550C1-C12 alkyl, where R28\u2550C1-C12 alkyl, where R25 and R26 are independently H, alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein T1 is absent or a first targeting moiety and L1 is absent or a linking moiety; with one or more monomers selected from monomers of the formulae A2, A4 and A5, wherein n is 1-120, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H or C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R17 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R18 is O, S, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R19 is O or N, R20 is H, T2, or C1-C6 alkyl, where T2 is a second targeting moiety; wherein R21 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R22 is O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R23 is H, aryl, arylhalide, alkyl, alkyl alcohol; in the presence of a free radical; b) contacting the product of step a) with monomers of formulae B1, B2, B3, and B4, where R12, R13, R14, R15, R16 and R17 are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R18 is O, S, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), and Q is \u2014SR20 or S\u2014S-pyridyl, and R20 is a thiol-protecting group; in the presence of a free radical; and c) deprotecting the product of step b) and contacting it with an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol-reactive or amine-reactive group; or contacting the product of step b) with an oligonucleotide, cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol group. 365. The process of claim 364, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is wherein n is 1-20, R3 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, R4 is S, O, NH or N(C1-C6 alkyl), R5 is O or S and R6 is H or C1-C6 alkyl. 366. The process of claim 364, wherein the monomer of formula A2 is the monomer of formula B1 is butyl methacrylate; the monomer of formula B2 is 2-propyl acrylic acid; the monomer of formula B3 is 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate; and the monomer of formula B4 is 367. The process of claim 364, wherein the product of step b) is contacted with a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol-reactive or amine-reactive group, or with a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol group, and wherein the process further comprises contacting the product of step c) with an mRNA molecule to form a complex comprising the block copolymer and the mRNA molecule. 368. The process of claim 367, wherein the product of step b) is contacted with the cationic peptide. 369. The process of claim 366, wherein the product of step b) is contacted with a cationic peptide, polyamine, or polycation comprising a thiol group, and wherein the process further comprises contacting the product of step c) with an mRNA molecule to form a complex comprising the block copolymer and the mRNA molecule. 370. The process of claim 369, wherein the product of step b) is contacted with the cationic peptide. 371. A compound of the formula 372. A block copolymer having the formula",
-    "A gas diffusion electrode for an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, for example a fuel cell, including one or more gas permeable layers, a first conductive layer provided on a first side of the gas diffusion electrode, and a second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, provided on a second side of the gas diffusion electrode. The one or more gas permeable layers are positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, and the one or more gas permeable layers provide a gas channel. The one or more gas permeable layers are gas permeable and substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. The porous conductive material is gas permeable and liquid electrolyte permeable. The gas diffusion electrode can be one of a plurality of alternating anode/cathode sets. 1. A gas diffusion electrode for an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, comprising: one or more gas permeable layers; a first conductive layer provided on a first side of the gas diffusion electrode; and a second layer provided on a second side of the gas diffusion electrode; wherein the one or more gas permeable layers provide a gas channel, and the one or more gas permeable layers are positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer. 2. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer comprises a porous conductive material. 3. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second layer provides a second conductive layer. 4. The electrode of claim 3, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a porous conductive material. 5. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the porous conductive material is a porous metallic material. 6. The electrode of claim 1, wherein, in use, the first side of the gas diffusion electrode and the second side of the gas diffusion electrode contact a liquid electrolyte. 7. The electrode of claim 6, wherein the one or more gas permeable layers are gas permeable and impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. 8. The electrode of claim 2, wherein the porous conductive material is gas permeable and liquid electrolyte permeable. 9. The electrode of claim 1, wherein there are two or more gas permeable layers. 10. The electrode of claim 1, comprising a spacer positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer. 11. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the spacer forms at least part of the gas channel. 12. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the spacer is a different material to the one or more gas permeable layers. 13. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion electrode is a double-sided electrode. 14. The electrode of claim 13, further comprising an electrolyte spacerpositioned between adjacent gas diffusion electrodes. 15. The electrode of claim 14, wherein a liquid electrolyte can move through the electrolyte spacer. 16. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer and/or the second layer are provided adjacent to or on the one or more gas permeable layers. 17. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer and/or the second layer are deposited on the one or more gas permeable layers. 18. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas channel is able to transport gas internally in the gas diffusion electrode. 19. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the one or more gas permeable layers are formed from a gas permeable material. 20. The electrode of claim 19, wherein the gas permeable material is selected from the group of PTFE, ePTFE, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethersulfone and polysulfone. 21. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the one or more gas permeable layers and the spacer are contiguous. 22. The electrode of claim 1, wherein a gas is extracted or introduced in the gas channel that is substantially parallel to an electrolyte channel. 23. The electrode of claim 22, wherein the gas is extracted or introduced in one direction and a second gas is extracted or introduced in another direction via a second gas channel in a second gas diffusion electrode. 24. The electrode of claim 23, wherein the electrolyte channel is separate from the gas channel and is positioned between the gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode. 25. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the spacer is flexible. 26. The electrode of claim 10, wherein the spacer is a non-conductive polymer, a polyolefin mesh, an electrically insulating polymer net or is provided by embossed polymer structures. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. The electrode of claim 1, wherein bubbles of gas are not produced at the gas diffusion electrode. 31. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion electrode includes a barrier layer, and the barrier layer limits an amount of an undesired gas permeating through the gas diffusion electrode. 32. (canceled) 33. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion electrode has a wetting pressure above 0.2 bar. 34. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas diffusion electrode has a wetting pressure about 3.4 bar or greater. 35-56. (canceled)",
-    "A hybrid system includes an engine, a speed change device, a differential device, a rotary machine, a first engagement device, a case, and a cover wall. The first engagement device is configured to shift the speed change device, and be actuated by hydraulic pressure. The first engagement device includes a first oil chamber. The rotary machine is arranged between the first engagement device and the engine. The case houses the rotary machine, the speed change device, the differential device, and the first engagement device, and is connected to the engine and has an opening on the engine side. The cover wall covers the opening, and operating oil is supplied to the first oil chamber via the cover wall. 1. A hybrid system comprising: an engine; a rotary machine; a speed change device that has an input shaft, the input shaft being connected to a rotating shaft of the engine; a differential device that has a plurality of differential rotating elements capable of differential rotation, the plurality of differential rotating elements including a first differential rotating element to which an output shaft of the speed change device is connected, and a second differential rotating element to which a rotating shaft of the rotary machine is connected; a first engagement device configured to shift the speed change device, the first engagement device being configured to be actuated by hydraulic pressure, the first engagement device including a first oil chamber, the rotary machine being arranged between the first engagement device and the engine; a case within which the rotary machine, the speed change device, the differential device, and the first engagement device are housed, the case being connected to the engine, and the case having an opening on the engine side; and a cover wall that covers the opening, operating oil being supplied to the first oil chamber via the cover wall. 2. The hybrid system according to claim 1, further comprising: a first oil passage arranged inside the cover wall; and a second oil passage that connects the first oil passage to the first oil chamber. 3. The hybrid system according to claim 2, further comprising: a second engagement device being configured to shift the speed change device, the second engagement device being configured to be actuated by hydraulic pressure, the second engagement device being arranged inside the case, and the rotary machine being arranged between the second engagement device and the engine, wherein the second oil passage is provided in the second engagement device. 4. The hybrid system according to claim 3, wherein the second engagement device includes a second oil chamber, the hybrid system further comprising: a third oil passage arranged inside the cover wall; and a fourth oil passage that connects the third oil passage to the second oil chamber, the fourth oil passage provided in the second engagement device. 5. The hybrid system according to claim 2, further comprising: a second engagement device being configured to shift the speed change device, the second engagement device being configured to be actuated by hydraulic pressure, the second engagement device being arranged inside the case, and the second engagement device being arranged between the rotary machine and the engine, wherein the second oil passage is provided in the input shaft of the speed change device. 6. The hybrid system according to claim 5, wherein the second engagement device includes a second oil chamber, the hybrid system further comprising a third oil passage that is arranged inside the cover wall, and the third oil passage is configured to supply operating oil to the second oil chamber.",
-    "The claims define a submerged combustion melter comprising a submerged combustion burner (1) comprising three concentric tubes, all being closed at one end and open at the same opposite end, the internal tube (3) being connected to a source of oxygen containing gas (7), the middle tube (9) surrounding the internal tube (3) being connected to a source of fuel gas (11), and the outer tube (15) being connected to a source (19) of oxygen containing gas. The claims are also directed to a method of introducing a flame and/or combustion products into a melt from a submerged combustion burner and also directed to the use of the burner as a submerged combustion burner in a melter. 1. A submerged combustion melter (100) comprising a submerged combustion burner (1) comprising three substantially concentric tubes (3,9,15), each being closed at one end of the burner and open at an opposite nozzle end of the burner, the internal tube (3) being connected (5) to a source of oxygen containing gas (7), the middle tube (9) surrounding the internal tube (3) being connected (11) to a source of fuel gas (13), and the outer tube (15) being connected (17) to a source of oxygen containing gas (19). 2. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the submerged combustion burner further comprises a connection (23) to a nitrogen source through a connection to the central tube (3). 3. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which at least part of the burner length is enveloped by a further tube (25), closed at both ends and comprising an inlet (29) connected to a source of cooling fluid and an outlet (33) connected to the cooling fluid circuit. 4. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the open end of the outer tube (15) of the burner connected to an oxygen containing gas protrudes beyond the open end of the middle tube (9) connected to fuel gas (11). 5. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the open end of the middle tube (9) protrudes beyond the open end of the internal tube (3) connected to a source of oxygen containing gas (7). 6. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the tube (25) containing the cooling fluid extends up to the open end of the outer tube (15). 7. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the burner is adapted for combustion gas velocities in the range of about 60 to 300 m/s, about 100 to 200 m/s, or about 110 to 160 m/s. 8. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the melter comprises at least two, or at least four, submerged combustion burners (1) each comprising three substantially concentric tubes (3,9,15), each being closed at one end of the burner and open at an opposite nozzle end of the burner, the internal tube (3) being connected (5) to a source of oxygen containing gas (7), the middle tube (9) surrounding the internal tube (3) being connected (11) to a source of fuel gas (13), and the outer tube (15) being connected (17) to a source of oxygen containing gas (19). 9. The submerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the burner(s) (1) are arranged at the bottom of the melter. 10. ubmerged combustion melter of claim 1 in which the melter is a glass melter. 11. A method of introducing a flame and/or combustion products from a submerged combustion burner into a melt comprising: projecting a first, central stream of an oxygen containing gas along an axis; projecting a second stream of a hydrocarbon containing combustible gas along the axis so that it substantially surrounds the central stream of an oxygen containing gas; projecting a third stream of an oxygen containing gas along the axis so that it substantially surrounds both the central stream of an oxygen containing gas and the second stream of a hydrocarbon containing combustible gas; and introducing combustion products from combustion of the hydrocarbon containing combustible gas with the oxygen containing gas or gasses into a melt of vitrifiable material. 12. The method of claim 11, in which the melt is a glass melt which is formed in to mineral fibers selected from glass fibers, continuous glass fibers, glass wool fibers and stone wool fibers. 13. A burner used as a burner of a submerged combustion burner in a melter, the submerged combustion burner (1) comprising three substantially concentric tubes (3,9,15), each being closed at one end of the burner and open at an opposite nozzle end of the burner, the internal tube (3) being connected (5) to a source of oxygen containing gas (7), the middle tube (9) surrounding the internal tube (3) being connected (11) to a source of fuel gas (13), and the outer tube (15) being connected (17) to a source of oxygen containing gas (19). 14. The burner of claim 13 in which the melter is a glass melter producing a glass melt which is formed in to mineral fibers selected from glass fibers, continuous glass fibers, glass wool fibers and stone wool fibers.",
-    "A submerged combustion melter 10 is arranged with a vertical melting chamber 11, which may be cylindrical, and at least five submerged combustion burners 21-26 in the bottom base 13, the burners so spaced apart from each other and from the walls and angled from the vertical that in use a toroidal flow pattern can be achieved, providing intensive mixing. The claims also pertain to a method of melting a vitrifiable material from solid batch by submerged combustion melting. 1. A submerged combustion melter (10) comprising a melting chamber (11) having a periphery (12), a base (13), a vertical central melting chamber axis (7) and a burner positioning plane (14), the melter being equipped with: a raw material feeder(15); a melt outlet (16); and at least five submerged combustion burners (21, 22, 23, 24, 25), each of the at least five submerged combustion burners (21, 22, 23, 24, 25) having a respective central burner axis (31, 32, 33, 34, 35) and one or more nozzle outlets (41,42,43,44,45); the burner positioning plane being perpendicular to the central melter axis (7) and arranged at a weighted average distance with respect to each of the nozzle outlets (41,42,43,44,45); characterized in that each of the at least five submerged combustion burners (21, 22, 23, 24, 25) is arranged to project from a respective burner position (51,52,53,54,55) defined by the intersection between the projection of its central burner axis (31, 32, 33, 34, 35) and the positioning plane (14); each burner position (51,52,53,54,55) is arranged at a respective adjacent burner spacing (512,523,534,545,551) with respect to each of its two closest adjacent burner positions (51,52,53,54,55) and the difference between each adjacent burner spacing and the mean average of the adjacent burner spacings is less than or equal to 20% of the mean average of the adjacent burner spacings; each central burner axis (31, 32, 33, 34, 35) has a respective burner axis circle (71,72,73,74,75) which projects around the central burner axis (31, 32, 33, 34, 35) and has a radius (r1,r2,r3,r4,r5) which is equal to its weighted burner axis-periphery distance in the melter; the difference between the radius of each burner-axis circle (71,72,73,74,75) and the mean average radius of the burner-axis circles (71,72,73,74,75) is less than or equal to 20% of the mean average radius of burner-axis circles; and the melter has a central zone (70) at the positioning plane (14) defined between the burner axis circles (71,72,73,74,75) at the positioning plane (14), the central melting zone (70) having a diameter of at least 250 mm. 2. The melter of claim 1, in which the melter is equipped with between 5 and 10 submerged combustion burners. 3. The melter of claim 1, in which each central burner axis is arranged at an angle of less than 15\u00b0 from vertical. 4. The melter of claim 1, in which for one or more burners the central burner axis forms an angle of at least 1\u00b0 with respect to a plane which is: perpendicular to burner positioning plane; passes through the vertical central melting chamber axis; and passes through the burner position. 5. The melter of claim 1, in which the central burner axis of one of more of the submerged combustion burners comprises the central axis of concentric tubes of a tube in tube burner. 6. The melter of claim 1, in which the melting chamber is substantially cylindrical. 7. The melter of claim 1, in which the melting chamber is substantially cylindrical and has a periphery having a diameter between 1.5 m and 3.5 m. 8. The melter of claim 1, in which the weighted burner axis-periphery distance in respect of each of the at least five submerged combustion burners is between 5 cm and 80 cm. 9. The melter of claim 1, in which the adjacent burner spacing with respect to each of the at least five submerged combustion burners is between 25 cm and 120 cm. 10. The melter of claim 1, in which the distance between each burner position in respect of each of the at least five submerged combustion burners and the central melter axis is between 50 cm and 150 cm. 11. A production line for a glass product selected from the group consisting of glass fibers, glass wool and stone wool comprising: the melter of claim 1; and a fiberiser arranged to transform melt from the melter in to fibers. 12. A method of providing a molten vitrifiable material comprising the steps of: introducing solid batch material into the melter of claim 1; and melting the solid batch material in the melter by submerged combustion to provide the molten vitrifiable material within the melter; wherein during the melting step an essentially toroidal melt flow pattern is generated in the melt of vitrifiable material, comprising a major centrally inwardly convergent flows at the melt surface, the central axis of revolution of the torroidal flow being essentially vertical and the said torroidal melt flow comprising major centrally inwardly convergent flows at the melt surface. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the melt moves downwardly in the center at proximity of the axis of revolution and is recirculated in an ascending movement back to the melt surface, thus defining an essentially toroidal flow pattern. 14. (canceled)",
-    "The invention relates to a device for cleaning the pipes of the drinking water circuit of an aircraft, in which the device is independent of the aircraft and is connected to the circuit intermittently and supplied with liquid. The device is characterised in that it comprises a mobile chassis supporting a plurality of functional sub-assemblies required to produce a hot liquid, including a closed-furnace gas condensing boiler. The invention can be used to clean the pipes of aircraft. 1. Device (D) for cleaning pipes in the drinking-water system (R) of an aircraft (A), said device (D) being independent of said aircraft (A) and being connected to said system (R) occasionally and being supplied with liquid, the device comprising a plurality of functional subassemblies necessary for the production of a hot liquid characterised by the fact that it comprises a mobile chassis (C) supporting a condensing gas boiler with sealed combustion chamber (110) and accommodating several gas bottles (210, 220) proposing a sufficient volume of gas able to supply the energy necessary for the production of a large quantity of heat over a very short period. 2. (canceled) 3. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that it comprises an intermediate gas reservoir (240) positioned between the boiler (110) and the pressure-reducing valve or valves (230) associated with gas bottles, to receive the gas that has just been expanded and to supply the boiler (110). 4. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that the boiler (110) heats a liquid in a primary circuit (130) exchanging its heat with a liquid situated in a vessel (410). 5. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that the boiler (110) heats a liquid in a primary circuit (130) that exchanges with a secondary circuit (420) in an exchanger (430). 6. Device (D) according to claim 5, characterised by the fact that the liquid in the secondary circuit (420) is preheated by means of the liquid in the primary circuit (130) emerging from the exchanger (430). 7. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that said boiler (110) is equipped with a dual-flow discharge flue (111). 8. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that it comprises a module (540) for metering a treatment product that is injected into the heated liquid discharged from the device (D) before it is introduced into the drinking-water system (R) of the aircraft (A). 9. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that it comprises a module (800) for connection to the drinking-water system of the aircraft (A) equipped with a valve (810), selecting the position of which makes it possible: to drain the water or liquid present in the system (R) of the aircraft (A), to stop the injection of hot liquid without creating an air vacuum, to drain the liquid already present in the device (D). 10. Device (D) according to claim 1, characterised by the fact that it comprises a mobile chassis (C) equipped with damped wheels (711). 11. Device (D) according to claim 1 and supplied by the domestic water system, characterised by the fact that it comprises a module (900) for accelerating the water issuing from the domestic system in order to increase the filling speed of the system (R) of the aircraft (A).",
-    "A fabric conditioning composition comprising: (a) at least 8 wt % of a fabric conditioning active; (b) a first capsule containing an active material, wherein the first capsule comprises a cured polymeric wall and a core; and (c) a second capsule containing an active material wherein the second capsule comprises a cured polymeric wall and a core; wherein the first and second capsules differ in properties due to their polymer walls having been made using the same polymer and different cure temperatures, curing times, or a combination thereof. 1. A fabric conditioning composition comprising: (a) at least 8 wt % of a fabric conditioning active; (b) a first capsule containing an active material, wherein the first capsule comprises a cured polymeric wall and a core; and (c) a second capsule containing an active material wherein the second capsule comprises a cured polymeric wall and a core; wherein the first and second capsules differ in properties due to their polymer walls having been made using the same polymer and different cure temperatures, curing times, or a combination thereof. 2. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the active materials of the first and second capsules are the same. 3. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the active materials of the first and second capsules are different. 4. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed claim 1 wherein the active material of at least the first or second capsule is a fragrance. 5. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first capsule is cured at a temperature above 120\u00b0 C. 6. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second capsule is cured at a temperature above 80\u00b0 C. 7. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first capsule is cured for 2 to 4 hours. 8. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second capsule is cured for 1 to 2 hours. 9. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first capsule and second capsule are present in a 1:1 ratio. 10. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first capsule (i) contains a fragrance as the active material, wherein about 50 to 100 weight % of the fragrance has a saturated vapor pressure at 23\u00b0 C. of greater than 0.01 mm Hg, and (ii) is cured at a temperature at or above 100\u00b0 C. for at least 2 hours; (iii) and the second capsule contains a fragrance as the active material, wherein 20 to 100 weight % of the fragrance has a saturated vapor pressure at 23\u00b0 C. of greater than or equal to 0.01 mm Hg, and (iv) is cured at a temperature of less than 100\u00b0 C. for less than 2 hours. 11. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active materials of the first or second capsules comprise a malodor counteractant. 12. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a third capsule, a fourth capsule, a fifth capsule, a sixth capsule or a seventh capsule. 13. A fabric conditioning composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fabric conditioning active is an ester-linked quaternary ammonium active compound. 14. A method for treating fabric comprising contacting the fabric with an aqueous dispersion comprising the composition defined in claim 1 during a laundry process. 15. Use of a composition as claimed in claim 1 to improve perfume bloom from fabric treated with the composition.",
-    "A magnetoresistive current limiter, comprising a substrate, a magnetoresistive sensor layer, a first insulating layer, a coil, a second insulating layer, a magnetic shield layer, and an input electrode and output electrode. The coil is located between the magnetic shield layer and the magnetoresistive sensor layer. The first and second insulating layers are isolated from the magnetoresistive sensor layer and the coil, and from the coil and the magnetic shield layer, respectively; the magnetoresistive sensor layer and the coil are connected in series, and are connected to the input electrode and the output electrode. The magnetoresistive sensor layer comprises N rows of array-type magnetic tunnel junction lines; the coil comprises 2*N+M (N>1, M=\u22121 or 3) conductive lines in series or N+M (N>1, M=0 or 2) conductive lines in parallel; current flows in the same direction into the conductive lines located above or below the tunnel junction lines and produces, at the magnetic tunnel junction lines, a uniform magnetic field. The magnetic tunnel junction of the magnetically sensitive axis is perpendicular to the magnetic tunnel junction lines, and the magnetoresistive sensor layer has the feature of a monotonic or axisymmetric linear rise in resistance to the magnetic field. The magnetoresistive current limiter has the features of rapid response, continuous operation, and ability to increase or decrease current. 1. A magnetoresistive current limiter, comprising: a substrate, an input electrode, an output electrode, a magnetoresistive sensor layer, a first insulating layer, a coil, a second insulating layer and a magnetic shield layer; wherein the coil is located between the magnetic shield layer and the magnetoresistive sensor layer, the first insulating layer isolates the coil from the magnetoresistive sensor layer, and the second insulating layer isolates the coil from the magnetic shield layer; and wherein the magnetoresistive sensor layer comprises N rows of array-type magnetic tunnel junction lines, N is an integer greater than 1, each row of magnetic tunnel junction lines comprise one or more interconnected magnetic tunnel junction units, the magnetic tunnel junction lines form a two-port structure of the magnetoresistive sensor layer in a mode of series connection, parallel connection or a combination of series connection and parallel connection, the coil also has a two-port structure, one port of the magnetoresistive sensor layer is connected with one port of the coil, the other port of the magnetoresistive sensor layer is connected with the input electrode, and the other port of the coil is connected with the output electrode; and current flows into the magnetoresistive sensor layer via the input electrode and then flows out of the output electrode via the coil. 2. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the resistance of the magnetoresistive sensor layer is in a linear relationship with a magnetic field produced by the current flowing through the input electrode-output electrode, or the resistance of the magnetoresistive sensor layer forms symmetric linear distribution characteristics with an absolute value of the magnetic field produced by the current flowing through the input electrode-output electrode, when the current flowing through the input electrode-output electrode is a normal value, the resistance of the magnetoresistive sensor layer is in the position of a minimum value or maximum value, and with increase or decrease of direct current, the corresponding resistance thereof also increases or decreases correspondingly. 3. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic tunnel junction units are connected in a mode of series connection, parallel connection or a combination of series connection and parallel connection, and magnetically sensitive axes of the magnetic tunnel junction units are perpendicular to the magnetic tunnel junction lines. 4. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the coil comprises (2*N+M) conductive lines, wherein N>1, M=\u22121 or 3, the conductive lines are connected in series, the conductive lines are parallel to the magnetic tunnel junction lines, part of the conductive lines are located above or below the magnetic tunnel junction lines, the other part of the conductive lines are located between the magnetic tunnel junction lines, the current flows, in the positive direction, into the conductive lines located above or below the magnetic tunnel junction lines, and flows, in the negative direction, into the conductive lines located between the two magnetic tunnel junction lines. 5. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the coil comprises (N+M) conductive lines, wherein N>1, M=0 or 2, the conductive lines are connected in parallel, the conductive lines are parallel to the magnetic tunnel junction lines, the conductive lines are located above or below the magnetic tunnel junction lines, and current flows in the same direction into the conductive lines respectively. 6. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 4, wherein, when M>0, sectional dimensions of the conductive lines of the coil are the same; when M=0 or M<0, the sectional dimensions of the conductive lines of the coil are changed so as to ensure that a constant magnetic field in the direction of a sensitive axis is produced at the position of each magnetic tunnel junction line of the magnetoresistive sensor layer. 7. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer are made of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, photoresist or benzocyclobutene. 8. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the coil is made of such a high conductivity metal material as copper, gold or silver. 9. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic shield layer is made of such a high permeability ferromagnetic alloy as NiFe, CoFeSiB, CoZrNb, CoFeB, FeSiB or FeSiBNbCu. 10. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the coil has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 10 \u03bcm, the conductive lines have a width of 5 \u03bcm to 40 \u03bcm, and the spacing between two adjacent conductive lines is 10 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm. 11. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein both the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer have a thickness of 100 \u03bcm to 1000 \u03bcm. 12. The magnetoresistive current limiter according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic shield layer has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 10 \u03bcm.",
-    "Disclosed are a method for metering granular material, such as seeds, fertilizer, or the like, in particular within a distribution unit or sowing unit of a distribution machine or sowing machine as well as a corresponding metering apparatus. By way of the method, the granular material being carried and conveyed by an airflow and/or by its own kinetic energy is directed through a feed tube into a metering unit, where it is guided along an approximately circular arc path and tangentially directed into an outlet tube, which is adjacent to the metering unit and which runs, at least in a section, slightly curved. The granular material being approximately evenly spaced and/or evenly metered and conveyed in an outer area of the curved outlet tube is at least partially carried by the airflow being discharged and exiting the metering unit through the outlet tube. 1. A method for metering granular material, such as seeds, fertilizer, or the like, in particular within a distribution unit or sowing unit of a distribution machine or sowing machine, in which the granular material being carried and conveyed by an airflow and/or by its kinetic energy is directed through a feed tube into a metering unit, guided therein along an approximately circular arc path and tangentially directed into an outlet tube, which is adjacent to the metering unit and which runs slightly curved at least along a section. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the granular material being approximately evenly spaced and/or evenly metered and conveyed in an outer area of the curved outlet tube is at least partially carried by the airflow being discharged and exiting the metering unit through the outlet tube. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the granular material being approximately evenly spaced and/or evenly metered and conveyed in an outer area of the curved outlet tube is conveyed by its own kinetic energy through the outlet tube after leaving the metering unit. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the circular arcs of the outlet tube and the inner cover surface of the metering unit tangentially abut and the air-guiding path and the grain-guiding path steplessly or seamlessly, merge into each other. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, in which a radius of curvature of the outlet tube increases continuously or discontinuously with increasing distance from the metering unit. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, in which a radius of curvature of the outlet tube is approximately constant, at least in a section abutting the metering unit. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the granular material is guided largely collision-free and/or swirl-free in the outlet tube. 8. The method as recited in claim 7, in which the granular material approximately follows the path of the outlet tube in its path of movement. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, in which a velocity gradient of the airflow being guided in the outlet tube increases from the inner radius to the outer radius. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the granular material is guided within the metering unit with mechanical support and/or under at least partial separation from the carrying airflow along an inner cover surface or inner wall, wherein approximately equal spacing from one another is imposed on the individual grains approaching the outlet tube. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, in which an airflow carrying the granular material is guided uninterruptedly from the feed tube through the metering unit, and to the outlet tube. 12. The method as recited in claim 10, in which the airflow being guided through the outlet tube and carrying and conveying the granular material, which is being conveyed in approximately equal spacing, is accelerated within the metering unit. 13. The method as recited in claim 12, in which the airflow, which is accelerated in the metering unit, enters into and exits from the outlet tube at a speed that is greater than a feed speed at which the airflow enters into the feed tube. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the speed of the airflow being guided in the outlet tube increases as the distance from the metering unit increases and as the cross section of the outlet tube decreases. 15. A metering apparatus for granular material, such as seeds, fertilizer, or the like, which is, in particular, a component of a distribution unit or a sowing unit of a distribution machine or a sowing machine, with a metering unit, into which a feed tube leads for receiving an airflow and conveying it into the metering unit, which airflow at least partly carries and conveys the granular material, wherein the airflow is guidable within the metering unit along an approximately circular arc path and is tangentially directed into an outlet tube, which is adjacent to the metering unit and which runs slightly curved, at least in sections, wherein the circular arcs of the outlet tube and the inner cover surface of the metering unit tangentially abut and the air-guiding path and the grain-guiding path steplessly or seamlessly merge into each other, and wherein a radius of curvature of the outlet tube is approximately constant, at least in a section abutting the metering unit. 16. The metering apparatus as recited in claim 15, in which a radius of curvature of the outlet tube increases continuously or discontinuously with increasing distance from the metering unit. 17. The metering apparatus as recited in claim 15, in which the radius of curvature of the outlet tube decreases in the direction toward the side of the outlet exit. 18. The metering apparatus as recited in claim 15, in which the granular material is guided within the metering unit with mechanical support and/or under at least partial separation from the carrying airflow along an inner cover surface or inner wall, wherein approximately equal spacing from one another is imposable on the individual grains approaching the outlet tube. 19. The metering apparatus as recited in claim 15, in which an airflow carrying the granular material is guided uninterruptedly from the feed tube through the metering unit, and to the outlet tube. 20. The metering apparatus as recited in claim 19, in which the airflow being guided through the outlet tube and carrying and conveying the granular material, which is being conveyed in approximately equal spacing, is accelerated within the metering unit. 21. The metering apparatus as recited in claim 15, in which a cross section of the outlet tube is continuously or discontinuously reduced, at least along sections, as the distance from the metering unit increases. 22. A metering apparatus for granular material which is a component of a distribution unit or a sowing unit of a distribution machine or a sowing machine, including a metering unit, into which a feed tube leads for receiving an airflow and conveying the airflow into the metering unit with the airflow at least partly carrying and conveying the granular material, wherein the airflow is guided within the metering unit along an approximately circular arc path and is directed into an outlet tube which extends adjacent to the metering unit and is curved, at least along a section of the outlet tube abutting the metering unit 23. The metering apparatus as in claim 22 wherein the outlet tube and the inner cover surface of the metering unit abut and a radius of curvature of the outlet tube is approximately constant, at least along the section abutting the metering unit. 24. The metering apparatus as in claim 22 in which circular arcs of the outlet tube and the inner cover surface of the metering unit tangentially abut and steplessly or seamlessly, merge into each other. 25. The metering apparatus as in claim 22 in which a radius of curvature of the outlet tube increases continuously or discontinuously with increasing distance from the metering unit. 26. The metering apparatus as in claim 22, in which a radius of curvature of the outlet tube is approximately constant, at least in a section abutting the metering unit. 27. The metering apparatus as in claim 22 in which a cross section of the outlet tube is continuously or discontinuously reduced, at least along sections, as the distance from the metering unit increases.",
-    "The present invention relates to an antibody binding to the transmembrane protein \u2018glycoprotein A repetitions predominant\u2019 (GARP) in the presence of TGF-\u03b2 and uses thereof. 1. A protein capable of binding to Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) in the presence of TGF-\u03b2. 2. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein binds to GARP only in the presence of TGF-\u03b2. 3. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is capable of binding to GARP when GARP is complexed to TGF-\u03b2. 4. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein binds to a complex of GARP and TGF-\u03b2. 5. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein inhibits TGF-\u03b2 signaling. 6. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is an antibody molecule selected from the group consisting of a whole antibody, a humanized antibody, a single chain antibody, a dimeric single chain antibody, a Fv, a Fab, a F(ab)\u20322, a defucosylated antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a diabody, a triabody, a tetrabody; or an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of a unibody, a domain antibody, and a nanobody; or an antibody mimetic selected from the group consisting of an affibody, an affilin, an affitin, an adnectin, an atrimer, an evasin, a DARPin, an anticalin, an avimer, a fynomer, a versabody and a duocalin. 7. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and wherein the protein binds to a conformational epitope comprising one or more amino acids of GARP or an epitope of GARP modified as a result of GARP being complexed with latent TGF-\u03b2. 8. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and wherein the variable region of the heavy chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VH-CDR1: (SEQ ID NO: 2) GFSLTGYGIN or (SEQ ID NO: 52) GYGIN; VH-CDR2: (SEQ ID NO: 3) MIWSDGSTDYNSVLTS; and VH-CDR3: (SEQ ID NO: 4) DRNYYDYDGAMDY, or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 2-4 or 52; or wherein the variable region of the light chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VL-CDR1: (SEQ ID NO: 5) KASDHIKNWLA; VL-CDR2: (SEQ ID NO: 6) GATSLEA; and VL-CDR3: (SEQ ID NO: 7) QQYWSTPWT, or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 5-7; or the variable region of the heavy chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VH-CDR1: (SEQ ID NO: 13) SYYID; VH-CDR2: (SEQ ID NO: 14) RIDPEDGGTKYAQKFQG; and or VH-CDR3: (SEQ ID NO: 15) NEWETVVVGDLMYEYEY, or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 13-15; or wherein the variable region of the light chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VL-CDR1: QASQX1IX2SX3LA (SEQ ID NO: 16), wherein X1 is S or T, X2 is S or V, X3 is Y or F; VL-CDR2: X1X2SX3X4X5T (SEQ ID NO: 17), wherein X1 is G or R; X2 is A or T; X3 is R or I; X4 is L or P; X5 is Q or K; and VL-CDR3: QQYX1SX2PX3T, wherein X1 is D, A, Y or V; X2 is A, L or V; X3 is V or P (SEQ ID NO: 18), or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 16-18. 9. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and wherein the variable region of the heavy chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VH-CDR1: (SEQ ID NO: 2) GFSLTGYGIN or (SEQ ID NO: 52) GYGIN; VH-CDR2: (SEQ ID NO: 3) MIWSDGSTDYNSVLTS; and VH-CDR3: (SEQ ID NO: 4) DRNYYDYDGAMDY, or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 2-4 or 52, and the variable region of the light chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VL-CDR1: (SEQ ID NO: 5) KASDHIKNWLA; VL-CDR2: (SEQ ID NO: 6) GATSLEA; and VL-CDR3: (SEQ ID NO: 7) QQYWSTPWT, or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 5-7; or the variable region of the heavy chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VH-CDR1: (SEQ ID NO: 13) SYYID; VH-CDR2: (SEQ ID NO: 14) RIDPEDGGTKYAQKFQG; and VH-CDR3: (SEQ ID NO: 15) NEWETVVVGDLMYEYEY, or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 13-15, and the variable region of the light chain comprises at least one of the following CDRs: VL-CDR1: QASQX1IX2SX3LA (SEQ ID NO: 16), wherein X1 is S or T, X2 is S or V, X3 is Y or F; VL-CDR2: X1X2SX3X4X5T (SEQ ID NO: 17), wherein X1 is G or R; X2 is A or T; X3 is R or I; X4 is L or P; X5 is Q or K; and VL-CDR3: QQYX1SX2PX3T, wherein X1 is D, A, Y or V; X2 is A, L or V; X3 is V or P (SEQ ID NO: 18), or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with SEQ ID NO: 16-18. 10. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and wherein the variable region of the heavy chain comprises the following CDRs: GFSLTGYGIN (SEQ ID NO: 2), MIWSDGSTDYNSVLTS (SEQ ID NO: 3), DRNYYDYDGAMDY (SEQ ID NO: 4), and the variable region of the light chain comprises the following CDRs: KASDHIKNWLA (SEQ ID NO: 5), GATSLEA (SEQ ID NO: 6), QQYWSTPWT (SEQ ID NO: 7), or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with said SEQ ID NO: 2-7; or wherein the variable region of the heavy chain comprises the following CDRs: GYGIN (SEQ ID NO: 52), MIWSDGSTDYNSVLTS (SEQ ID NO: 3), DRNYYDYDGAMDY (SEQ ID NO: 4), and the variable region of the light chain comprises the following CDRs: KASDHIKNWLA (SEQ ID NO: 5), GATSLEA (SEQ ID NO: 6), QQYWSTPWT (SEQ ID NO: 7), or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with said SEQ ID NO: 52 and 3-7; or wherein the variable region of the heavy chain comprises the following CDRs: SYYID (SEQ ID NO: 13), RIDPEDGGTKYAQKFQG (SEQ ID NO: 14), NEWETVVVGDLMYEYEY (SEQ ID NO: 15); and the variable region of the light chain comprises the following CDRs: QASQX1IX2SX3LA (SEQ ID NO: 16), wherein X1 is S or T; X2 is S or V; X3 is Y or F; X1X2SX3X4X5T (SEQ ID NO: 17), wherein X1 is G or R; X2 is A or T; X3 is R or I; X4 is L or P; X5 is Q or K; QQYX1SX2PX3T, wherein X1 is D, A, Y or V; X2 is A, L or V; X3 is V or P (SEQ ID NO: 18); or any CDR having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with said SEQ ID NO: 16-18. 11. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein is an antibody or antibody binding fragment thereof, and wherein the amino acid sequence encoding the heavy chain variable region is SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 50 and the amino acid sequence encoding the light chain variable region is SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 51, or the amino acid sequence encoding the heavy chain variable region is SEQ ID NO: 34 and the amino acid sequence encoding the light chain variable region is one of SEQ ID NO: 35-39 or any sequence having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 60% of identity with said SEQ ID NO: 8-9, 50-51 or 34-39. 12. The protein according to claim 1, wherein the protein binds to an epitope on a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No: 1, wherein the protein is an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or in SEQ ID NO: 50 and a light chain variable region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or in SEQ ID NO: 51, or the protein is an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34 and one of the light chain variable regions as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35-39. 13. An antibody or antigen binding fragment produced by the hybridoma registered under accession number LMBP 10246CB on May 30, 2013. 14. A hybridoma cell line producing an antibody against GARP registered under accession number LMBP 10246CB on May 30, 2013. 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the protein according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 16. A method for treating a subject with a TGF-\u03b2 related disorder comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 to a subject in need thereof. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the TGF-\u03b2 related disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory diseases, chronic infection, cancer, fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease (e.g. ischemic stroke), and neurodegenerative diseases. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with another treatment for cancer or another immunotherapeutic agent such as a tumor vaccine or an immunostimulatory antibody. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the protein is an immunostimulatory antibody, and wherein the TGF-\u03b2 related disorder is cancer.",
-    "A composition comprising a surfactant, a co-surfactant, and a vanillin or an analogue thereof, that can be used to inhibit the growth of fungus on plants. The composition is diluted with water to form an oil-in-water microemulsion which can be applied to plants to inhibit the growth of fungus on plants. 1. A water-in-oil microemulsion composition comprising a surfactant, a co-surfactant, vanillin or an analogue thereof, and water; wherein the surfactant and the co-surfactant are non-ionic surfactants; and wherein the vanillin analogue is selected from hydroxybenzaldehyde, dihydroxybenzaldehyde, hydroxybenzoic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxybenzyl alcohol and dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, wherein any of the compounds may be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups. 2. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, further comprising a solvent. 3. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 2, wherein the solvent is water-miscible. 4. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 2, wherein the solvent comprises one or more of: an alcohol, ether, sulfoxide, ketone, lactone, glycol, glycol ether and carboxylic acid. 5. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 2, wherein the solvent is present in a solvent:vanillin ratio of between about 0.3:1 and about 1:1. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the co-surfactant mass ratio is between about 0.1 and about 0.9. 9. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant is present in a surfactant:vanillin ratio of between about 0.2:1 and about 1.6:1; and/or the co-surfactant is present in a co-surfactant:vanillin ratio of between about 0.2:1 and about 1.6:1. 10. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant and co-surfactant are independently selected from one or more of: nonionic surfactants including ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated fatty acid esters, alkoxy block copolymers, poloxamers, polysorbates, alkylpolyglycosides, alkoxylated alkanolamines, amine oxides selected from the group consisting of alkyl di(lower alkyl) amine oxides, alkyl di(hydroxy lower alkyl) amine oxides, alkylamidopropyl di(lower alkyl) amine oxides and alkylmorpholine oxides and other types; wherein alkyl refers to a C1-20 alkyl and lower alkyl refers to C1-8 alkyl. 11. (canceled) 12. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant is a polysorbate and the co-surfactant is an ethoxylated alcohol. 13. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant is an ethoxylated alcohol and the co-surfactant is a poloxamer. 14. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises an adjuvant. 15. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 14, wherein the adjuvant is in an adjuvant:vanillin ratio of between about 0.05:1 and about 0.6:1. 16. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 14, wherein said adjuvant is a film-forming agent. 17. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 16, wherein the film-forming agent is selected from alkyl polyglycosides, polysorbates, polysaccharides, alcohol ethoxylates, block copolymers, ethoxylated tallow amines and alkoxylated fatty alcohols. 18. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a photostabiliser. 19. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 18, wherein the photostabiliser is present in a photostabiliser:vanillin ratio of between 0:1 and about 0.4:1. 20. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 18, wherein the photostabiliser comprises diethylhexyl syringyldenemalonate, caprylic/capric triglyceride (Oxynex ST). 21. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 18, wherein the photostabiliser comprises diethylhexyl syringyldenemalonate, caprylic/capric triglyceride (Oxynex ST) and ascorbic acid. 22. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises a leaf-penetrating agent. 23. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 22, wherein the leaf-penetrating agent comprises an alkoxylated polyol ester. 24. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises: i) a biocide; and/or ii) a pH modifying agent. 25. (canceled) 26. The water-in-oil microemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition forms an oil-in-water microemulsion upon dilution with water. 27. The oil-in-water microemulsion comprising the composition of claim 1 and water; wherein the surfactant is present in a surfactant:vanillin ratio of between about 0.2:1 and about 1.6:1; and the co-surfactant is present in a co-surfactant:vanillin ratio of between about 0.2:1 and about 1.6:1. 28. The oil-in-water microemulsion according to claim 27, wherein the water is in an amount between about 60% and about 99.99%. 29. The An oil-in-water microemulsion according to claim 27, wherein the microemulsion comprises between about 0.01% and about 40% of the composition in water. 30. A method of inhibiting the growth of fungus on plants comprising use of a composition according to claim 1. 31. A method of inhibiting the growth of fungus on plants, comprising diluting the composition of claim 1 with water to form a microemulsion and applying said microemulsion to said plants. 32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the composition is diluted with water to between about 0.01% and about 40%. 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled)",
-    "A computer implemented method of analysing the content of a digital image, for example a page to be printed, computes a boundary enclosing all the non-white content of the image. The image within the boundary is then divided into regions based on a predetermined division rule. For each region the number of unique colours and the proportion of non-white pixels are computed. The image is then categorised according to the result of those computations. The categorisation can be used to automatically set print settings according to the content of the image. 1. A computer implemented method of analysing the content of a digital image, the method comprising the steps of: a) computing a boundary enclosing all the non-white content of the image; b) dividing the enclosed non-white content into regions based on a predetermined division rule; c) for each region, computing the number of unique colours and the proportion of non-white pixels; and d) categorising the image according to the result of the computation in step c). 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising automatically assigning a print setting to the image according to the categorisation of the image. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the category is selected from the group consisting of grayscale CAD, colour CAD, photo, GIS and poster. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising producing an estimate of the cost of printing the image based on the category of the image. 5. The method according to claim 1, comprising deriving the said digital image as a lower resolution image from a higher resolution image. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step a) comprises computing the minimum bounding box containing all the non-white content of the image. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the said regions are rectangles or are regions based on Manhattan layout, colour segmentation or edge preservation. 8. The method comprising automatically determining whether an image is a grayscale image or a color image and if it is a color image carrying out the method of claim 1 on the color image. 9. A computer program which, when run on a suitable processor, carries out the method of claim 1. 10. A computer programmed to carry out the method of claim 1. 11. A printing system for printing a digital image and comprising a computer programmed to a) compute a boundary enclosing all the non-white content of the image; b) divide the enclosed non-white content into regions based on a predetermined division rule; c) for each region, compute the number of unique colours and the proportion of non-white pixels; and d) categorise the image according to the result of the computation in step c). 12. The printing system according to claim 11, further programmed to automatically assign a print setting to the image according to the categorisation of the image. 13. The printing system according to claim 11, further programmed to produce an estimate of the cost of printing the image based on the category of the image. 14. The printing system according to claim 11, wherein the step a) comprises computing the minimum bounding box containing all the non-white content of the image. 15. The printing system according to claim 11, wherein the said regions are rectangles or are regions based on Manhattan layout, colour segmentation or edge preservation.",
-    "Influence from a rear bag section is prevented or suppressed from being applied to an occupant out of position. In a state in which a side airbag inflates and deploys frontward of a side support section of a seat back, a front-rear partition cloth that partitions a bag body into a front bag section and a rear bag section brings an intermediate portion in a vehicle width direction of a front surface of the rear bag section to be recessed toward a vehicle rearward direction so as to be a valley-shaped recessed portion. Through this, even if the side airbag inflates and deploys while the occupant is located frontward of the side support section, it is possible to prevent or suppress influence from the rear bag section to this occupant. 1-21. (canceled) 22. A vehicle side airbag device comprising: an inflator that generates gas by being actuated; a bag body formed in a bag form, the bag body housed in a folded-up state inside a side support section of a seat back of a vehicle seat, the bag body inflating and deploying to a vehicle frontward direction of the side support section if the gas is supplied inside the bag body; and a front-rear partition that partitions the bag body into a front bag section and a rear bag section, the front-rear partition bringing an intermediate portion in a vehicle width direction of a front surface of the rear bag section to be recessed toward a vehicle rearward direction if the inflation and deployment state of the bag body is viewed from a plan sectional view. 23. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 22, wherein the front-rear partition partitions the rear bag section into left and right chambers that are arranged side by side in the vehicle width direction in the inflation and deployment state. 24. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 23, wherein the front-rear partition includes a left partition and a right partition that are arranged side by side in the vehicle width direction in the inflation and deployment state. 25. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 23, wherein the inflator and a rectifying portion that distributes the gas from the inflator into the left and right chambers are provided inside the rear bag section, and left and right communicating ports that respectively communicate the left and right chambers with an inside of the front bag section are formed in the front-rear partition. 26. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 25, wherein the rectifying portion is composed of part of the front-rear partition. 27. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 26, wherein the rectifying portion is formed in a cylindrical shape having flexibility, and the inflator is housed inside the rectifying portion. 28. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 27, wherein an aperture is formed in an intermediate portion in an axial direction of the rectifying portion. 29. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 22, wherein if the inflation and deployment state is viewed from the vehicle width direction, the front-rear partition is provided in such a manner that at least part of a front edge of the rear bag section is located at a more vehicle rearward position than a front edge of the side support section. 30. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 29, wherein the seat back is located at a lateral position of a side door of the vehicle, and the at least part of the front edge of the rear bag section is defined at a height equivalent to a height of an upper surface of an armrest provided to the side door. 31. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 22, wherein the front-rear partition is provided in such a manner that the front edge of the inflating and deploying rear bag section extends along an up-down direction of the seat back. 32. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 22, wherein the front-rear partition is provided in such a manner that the front edge of the inflating and deploying rear bag section is composed of a vertical extending portion extending along the up-down direction of the seat back and a tilting portion obliquely upwardly extending in the vehicle frontward direction from an upper end of the vertical extending portion. 33. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 32, further comprising: an up-down partition that partitions the bag body into the front and rear bag sections and a lower bag section; and a check valve that guides the gas from the inflator provided inside the rear bag section into the lower bag section, the check valve restricting a gas flow from the lower bag section to the rear bag section by increase in inner pressure of the lower bag section. 34. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 33, wherein if the inflation and deployment state is viewed from the vehicle width direction, the up-down partition is so defined as to downwardly tilt in the frontward direction relative to a front-rear direction of the seat back. 35. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 24, wherein the front-rear partition is a front-rear partition cloth formed of a cloth material, and the front-rear partition cloth integrally includes the left partition and the right partition, and the cylindrical-shaped rectifying portion that distributes the gas from the inflator to the left and right chambers. 36. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 29, wherein the at least part is a lower portion of the front edge of the rear bag section. 37. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 23, wherein the left and right chambers are formed to be left-right asymmetric. 38. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 23, wherein in an upper portion of the rear bag section, a front extending portion that extends above the front bag section in the inflation and deployment state is formed, and the upper portion of the rear bag section including the front extending portion is not partitioned into the left and right chambers. 39. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 23, wherein in an upper portion of the rear bag section, a front extending portion that extends above the front bag section in the inflation and deployment state is formed, and the upper portion of the rear bag section including the front extending portion is partitioned into the left and right chambers. 40. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 35, wherein in the front-rear partition cloth, the left partition and the right partition are stitched to the rectifying portion at a seam, and the left partition and the right partition are stitched to each other at another seam defined to be closer to a front end of the bag body than the seam. 41. The vehicle side airbag device according to claim 22, wherein the front-rear partition includes: a main body that partitions the bag body into the front bag section and the rear bag section; a cylindrical-shaped rectifying portion that is stitched to a rear end of the bag body, and rectifies the gas from the inflator; and a strap portion extending across between the main body and the rectifying portion. 42. A vehicle seat comprising: a seat cushion; a seat back; and the vehicle side airbag device according to claim 22, the vehicle side airbag device housed inside a side support section of the seat back in a state in which the bag body is folded up.",
-    "The present invention discloses an array substrate and a display panel. The array substrate comprises a plurality of data lines and a plurality of gate lines which are provided to intersect each other. The data lines are provided in parallel and the gate lines are provided in parallel, and the data lines and the gate lines vertically intersect to divide the array substrate into a plurality of pixel units each having a pixel electrode provided therein. The pixel electrode comprises a sub-pixel electrode comprising a root portion and a branch portion group connected to the root portion, the branch portion group consisting of a plurality of branch portions, adjacent ones of which are separated by slits. The branch portion group partially overlaps the data lines and/or the gate lines. 1. An array substrate, comprising a plurality of data lines and a plurality of gate lines which are provided to intersect each other, wherein the data lines are provided in parallel and the gate lines are provided in parallel, and the data lines and the gate lines vertically intersect to divide the array substrate into a plurality of pixel units each having a pixel electrode provided therein; the pixel electrode comprises a sub-pixel electrode comprising a root portion and a branch portion group connected to the root portion, the branch portion group consisting of a plurality of branch portions, adjacent ones of which are separated by slits; and the branch portion group partially overlaps the data lines and/or the gate lines. 2. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein each of the pixel electrodes comprises one or more sub-pixel electrodes, in the case where there are a plurality of sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes, the plurality of sub-pixel electrodes are provided in a direction parallel to the data lines. 3. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes further comprises a connection portion, and the connection portion is used for connecting ends of all the branch portions of the sub-pixel electrodes facing the data lines to each other. 4. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes further comprises a connection portion, and the connection portion is used for connecting ends of a portion of adjacent branch portions of the sub-pixel electrodes facing the data lines to each other. 5. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the branch portion group of at least one of the sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes partially overlaps the gate line adjacent to the branch portion group. 6. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the branch portion group of at least one of the sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes partially overlaps at least one of the two gate lines adjacent to the branch portion group. 7. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the slits in at least one of the sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes and the slits in sub-pixel electrodes adjacent to the sub-pixel electrodes are provided oppositely, the sub-pixel electrodes and the adjacent sub-pixel electrodes being defined by the same gate lines and different data lines. 8. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the slits in at least one of the sub-pixel electrodes in each of the pixel electrodes and the slits in sub-pixel electrodes adjacent to the sub-pixel electrodes are provided in a staggered manner, the sub-pixel electrodes and the adjacent sub-pixel electrodes being defined by the same gate lines and different data lines. 9. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising a resin layer provided between the pixel electrodes and the data lines. 10. The array substrate according to claim 9, wherein a thickness of the resin layer ranges from 0.5 \u03bcm to 5 \u03bcm. 11. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising a color filter layer provided between the pixel electrodes and the data lines. 12. The array substrate according to claim 11, wherein a thickness of the color filter layer ranges from 0.5 \u03bcm to 3 \u03bcm. 13. A display panel, comprising the array substrate according to claim 1 and a cell-aligned substrate which is provided in a cell-aligned manner with respect to the array substrate.",
-    "The present invention relates to the preparation of novel anion exchange membranes from bicomponent or tricomponent copolymers containing both quaternizable and cross-linkable moieties. The bicomponent copolymers consisted with polyacrylonitrile and poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate and the tricomponent copolymers consisted with polyacryloniterle and poly2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate and polyn-butyl acrylate. Quaternization of dimethyl amino groups of copolymer by methyl iodide followed by cross-linking of acrylonitrile groups of copolymer by hydrazine hydrate resulted anion exchange membrane with desired properties such as high ion exchange capacity (1.30-1.50 meqg\u22121), high transport number (0.92-0.93) for direct use in electrodyalysis unit. The tricomponent anion exchange membrane containing 32 wt % PDMA, 17 wt % PnBA, and 51 wt % PAN exhibited improved performance mainly in terms of low power consumption and high current efficiency during desalination of water. 1. Anion exchange membranes (AEM) comprising quaternized, cross linked copolymers, wherein said copolymers are poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate (PDMA) in the range of 7 to 42 wt % and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in the range of 30 to 93 wt %, optionally along with 17 to 50 wt % of poly-n-butyl acrylate (PnBA). 2. A process for the preparation of anion exchange membranes (AEM) as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of: i. providing a copolymer synthesized by free radical polymerization; ii. treating the copolymers as provided in step (i) with an alkyl halide in the ratio ranging between 1 to 1.5 wt % in presence of DMF, followed by stirring at a temperature in the range of 30 to 50\u00b0 C. for a period in the range of 12 to 24 hr to obtain quaternized copolymer; iii. treating the quaternized copolymer as obtained in step (ii) with diamine in presence of DMF at a temperature in the range of 70 to 80\u00b0 C. for a period in the range of 40 to 50 minute, followed by drying at a temperature in the range of 70 to 80\u00b0 C. for a period in the range of 3-4 h to obtain the anion exchange membranes. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein copolymer of step (i) is selected from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-co-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate (PDMA) (PAN-co-PDMA) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-co-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate (PDMA)-co-poly-n-butylacrylate (PnBA) (PAN-co-PDMA-co-PnBA). 4. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein copolymer (PAN-co-PDMA) is prepared by free radical copolymerization of a mixture of acrylonitrile in the range of 72-70 wt % and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in the range of 28-30 wt % monomers. 5. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein copolymer (PAN-co-PDMA-co-PNBA) is prepared by free radical copolymerization of mixture of acrylonitrile in the range of 49-55 wt %, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in the range of 28-33 wt % and n-butyl acrylate in the range of 17-18 wt % monomers. 6. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the alkyl halide is selected from methyl iodide and methyl bromide. 7. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the alkyl halide concentration is 4 to 10 mol % of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate unit present in the respective copolymers for quaternization reaction. 8. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the diamine is selected from hydrazine hydrate, or ethylenediamine individually or in combination thereof. 9. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the diamine concentration is in the range of 15 to 40 wt % to PAN unit present in the copolymer for the cross-linking reaction. 10. The membrane as claimed in claim 1, wherein current efficiency of the membrane is in the range of 63 to 92%. 11. The membrane as claimed in claim 1, wherein power consumption of the membrane is in the range of 0.73 to 1.35 KWh/Kg at 1.5-2.0 volts/cell pair during desalination of water of TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) 5000 ppm.",
-    "It is intended to provide an anti-human CD26 antibody which permits analysis, etc., of the expression of CD26 in cancer tissues, immune tissues, or the like, for example, in order to select a patient applicable to treatment or to monitor therapeutic effects, and can also be used in immunostaining. The present invention relates to an anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, binding to an epitope which is recognized by a monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01642, a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01643, or a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01644. 1. An anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, binding to an epitope which is recognized by a monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01642, a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01643, or a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01644. 2. The anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof has complementarity-determining regions of the monoclonal antibody. 3. The anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody is the monoclonal antibody. 4. The anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof does not substantially exhibit competition for binding with an anti-human CD26 humanized antibody YS110. 5. A composition for detecting human CD26, the composition comprising an anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim 1. 6. The composition according to claim 5, wherein detection of human CD26 is detection by immunostaining. 7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the detection of human CD26 is performed for a fixed tissue preparation. 8. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the fixed tissue preparation is obtained by fixation by treatment with formalin and/or paraffin embedding. 9. A method for detecting human CD26, the method comprising: contacting an anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim 1 with a sample derived from a subject; and detecting human CD26, if present, in the sample by immunostaining. 10. A method for determining the suitability of administration of an antibody for treatment of a human CD26-related disease for a patient having or suspected of having the human CD26-related disease, the method comprising: contacting an anti-human CD26 monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof according to claim 1 with a sample derived from a subject; and detecting human CD26, if present, in the sample by immunostaining. 11. The determination method according to claim 10, further comprising: determining the suitability of administration of an antibody for treatment of a human CD26-related disease according to the degree of detection of human CD26 in the immunostaining. 12. The determination method according to claim 10, wherein the human CD26-related disease is a cancer, an immune disease, a viral disease, or a metabolic disease. 13. The determination method according to claim 12, wherein the cancer, the immune disease, the viral disease, or the metabolic disease is selected from the group consisting of malignant mesothelioma, liver cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, thyroid gland cancer, T-cell malignant lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), glioma, autoimmune disease, graft versus host disease (GVHD), disease caused by coronavirus, and diabetes mellitus. 14. A process, comprising detecting human CD26 with the anti-human CD25 monoclonal antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment thereof, according to claim 1. 15. A hybridoma selected from the group consisting of a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01642, a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01643, and a hybridoma deposited under Accession No. NITE BP-01644.",
-    "An assembly (3) comprising at least a first module (1) and a second module (2) with respective longitudinal axes (5) is described. Each one of the modules (1, 2) comprises a connection side (6, 7, 8, 9) which is facing the other module (1, 2) and is arranged between the upper side (6, 7, 8, 9) and the underside (20, 42), and at least two elongated bendable members (12) which connects the first module (1) with the second module (2). The first module (1) comprises at least a first connection side (6) which comprises a first recess (13) which is a part of a rotationally symmetrical form with a symmetry axis (43) which is parallel with the connection side (6). The assembly (3) comprises at least a first connection member (17), which comprises an inelastic member (22) and a longitudinal axis (35) which is parallel with the symmetry axis (43), and which is in engagement with and rotatable around the symmetry axis (43) in relation to the first recess (13). 1. Assembly comprising at least a first module and a second module with respective longitudinal axes, which modules are caissons or pontoons, wherein each one of the modules comprises an upper side and an underside arranged to be facing upwards and downwards, respectively, when the module floats on water, and at least a first connection side which is facing the other module and is arranged between the upper side and the underside, and at least two elongated bendable members which connect the first module with the second module, wherein: the first connection side of the first module comprises at least one first recess which is a part of a rotationally symmetrical form with a symmetry axis which is parallel with the connection side, the assembly comprises at least a first connection member, which comprises an inelastic member and a longitudinal axis which is parallel with the symmetry axis, and which is in engagement with and rotatable around the symmetry axis in relation to the first recess, and the first connection side of the second module is in engagement with said at least one connection member, wherein the first module is rotatable in relation to the second module by the connection member being rotatable in relation to the first recess, and the bendable members extend in through holes in said at least one connection member. 2. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein the connection side of the second module comprises at least a first recess with the same shape as the first recess in the first module around a symmetry axis and wherein the first connection member is in engagement with and rotatable in relation to said at least first recess in the second module. 3. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein the connection sides are essentially perpendicular to the length axis of the modules. 4. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein the bendable members are wires. 5. Assembly according to claim 1, comprising at least two connection members and a first recess and a second recess on each connection side. 6. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein the recesses in the modules essentially has the shape of a part of a cylinder and the parts of the connection member which are in engagement with the recesses have the shapes of parts of cylinders. 7. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein the inelastic member on the surfaces facing the recesses is covered with a contact layer for providing a low friction between the connection member and the recesses. 8. Assembly according to claim 7, wherein the material in the contact layer is chosen from the group consisting of: plastic, Teflon and rubber. 9. Assembly according to claim 7, wherein the contact layer has a thickness being no more than 10% and preferably no more than 5% of the largest extension transverse the longitudinal axis of the inelastic member. 10. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein said inelastic member comprises a tube. 11. Assembly according to claim 10, wherein the tube is filled with concrete. 12. Assembly according to claim 10, wherein the tube is made of metal. 13. Assembly according to claim 12, wherein the metal is steel. 14. (canceled) 15. Assembly according to claim 10, wherein the tube comprises transverse tubes which define the holes and through which the bendable members extend. 16. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein each module comprises two parallel connection sides for connection to other modules. 17. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein the symmetry axes of the recesses are parallel with the water surface when the assembly floats on water. 18. Assembly according to claim 1, wherein there is arranged a set of bendable members for each pair of modules so that each bendable member only connects two modules. 19. Method for connecting modules to an assembly, which modules are caissons or pontoons, wherein each one of the modules comprises a longitudinal axis, an upper side and an underside arranged to be facing upwards and downwards, respectively, when the module floats on water, and at least one connection side which is facing the other module and is arranged between the upper side and the underside, comprising the steps of: connecting at least a first and a second module with at least two elongated bendable members, by: providing on at least the connection side of the first module at least a first recess which is a part of a rotationally symmetrical form with a symmetry axis which is parallel with the connection side, arranging at least a first connection member, comprising an inelastic shaft, in engagement with and rotatable in relation to said at least one first recess, and arranging said at least first connection member in engagement with the connection side of the second module, wherein the first module is rotatable in relation to the second module by the connection member being rotatable in relation to the recess, providing the at least first connection member with through holes, and arranging the bendable members to extend in the through holes in said at least one connection member. 20. Assembly comprising at least a first module and a second module with respective longitudinal axes, which modules are caissons or pontoons, wherein each one of the modules comprises an upper side and an underside arranged to be facing upwards and downwards, respectively, when the module floats on water, and at least a first connection side which is facing the other module and is arranged between the upper side and the underside, and at least two elongated bendable members intended to connect the first module with the second module, wherein: the first connection side of the first module comprises at least a first recess which is a part of a rotationally symmetrical form with a symmetry axis which is parallel with the connection side, the assembly comprises at least a first connection member, which comprises an inelastic member and a longitudinal axis which is parallel with the symmetry axis, and is arranged to be arranged in engagement with the first recess and the first connection side of the second module, and the bendable members extend in through holes in said at least one connection member.",
-    "An apparatus and method for use in capturing image data of an output of a printing device during a print run, the method comprising capturing a first portion of image data of a first spread, capturing a second portion of image data of a second spread, wherein the location of the second portion of image data on the second spread is different from the location of the first portion of image data on the first spread, and combining the first portion with the second portion to generate oversampled image data. 1. A method of capturing image data of an output of a printing device during a print run, the method comprising: capturing a first portion of image data of a first spread; capturing a second portion of image data of a second spread, wherein the location of the second portion of image data on the second spread is different from the location of the first portion of image data on the first spread; and combining the first portion with the second portion to generate oversampled image data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second spreads comprise registration marks, and wherein the captured portions of the spreads are captured based on the registration marks. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising capturing a further portion of image data of a further spread, wherein the location of the further portion of image data on the further spread is different from the location of the first or second portions of image data on the first or second spreads. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the location of the second portion of image data on the second spread is shifted by half the distance between registration marks relative to the first portion on the first spread. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein each spread comprises registration marks, and wherein the location of each captured portion of image data is shifted by a distance equal to the distance between registration marks on a spread divided by the number of portions of image data to be captured. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising capturing the portion of the image data using one of an in-line camera, an in-line scanner, or a spectrophotometer. 7. A method of calibrating a printing device comprising generating oversampled image data of an output of the printing device according to the method of claim 1; the method further comprising adjusting at least one calibration parameter of the printing device based on the oversampled image data. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least one calibration parameter comprises one of colour plane registration, uniformity and scaling linearity. 9. A computer program product comprising computer program code configured when executed on a processor to perform the method of claim 1. 10. A apparatus comprising: an image data capture device; a controller comprising an oversampling module, the oversampling module configured to control the image data capture device to: capturing a first portion of image data of a first spread; capturing a second portion of image data of a second spread, wherein the location of the second portion of image data on the second spread is different from the location of the first portion of image data on the first spread; and the oversampling module further configured to combining the first portion with the second portion to generate oversampled image data. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the image capture device comprises an in-line camera. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the image capture device comprises one of: an in-line scanner or an in-line spectrophotometer. 13. A printing device comprising the apparatus of claim 10. 14. The printing device of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to adjust at least one calibration parameter of the printing device based on the oversampled image data. 15. The printing device of claim 14, wherein the at least one calibration parameter comprises one of colour plane registration, uniformity and scaling linearity.",
-    "Adjustable drill string housings are described for use in the directional drilling of wellbores, e.g. wellbores for hydrocarbon recovery wells. The adjustable drill string housings permit adjustment of a bend angle in the housings without removing the housings from a wellbore. In some exemplary embodiments, the bend angle can be adjusted by changing the internal stresses in a support member carried by the housings. In other embodiments, the bend angle may be adjusted by causing failure of sacrificial support members carried by the housings, and the failure may be caused by delivering chemicals through a chemical delivery system to the sacrificial support members. Methods of operating the adjustable drill string housings include multi-lateral drilling operations wherein the bend angle is adjusted when a casing window has been detected. 1. An adjustable drill string housing, comprising: an annular member having an upper end and a lower end, the annular member defining an upper longitudinal axis extending through the upper end and a lower longitudinal axis extending through the lower end, the annular member deformable about a bend axis between a first configuration wherein the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first bend angle with respect to one another and a second configuration wherein the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a second bend angle with respect to one another; and an adjustment mechanism comprising at least one support member carried by the annular member radially offset from the upper and lower longitudinal axes and extending across the bend axis, the adjustment mechanism selectively movable between a first arrangement for maintaining the annular member in the first configuration and a second arrangement for maintaining the annular member in the second configuration, wherein the adjustment mechanism changes an real stress in the at least one support member to move between the first and second arrangements. 2. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the adjustment mechanism further comprises an actuator operably coupled to the at least one support member for selectively changing the internal stress in the at least one support member. 3. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the actuator is communicatively coupled to a communication unit, and wherein the actuator is responsive to instruction signals received by the communication unit. 4. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 3, further comprising a feedback device operable to provide a signal from which the bend angle is determinable to the communication unit, wherein the communication unit is operable to provide a confirmation signal indicative of a successful adjustment of the bend angle. 5. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 4, wherein the feedback device is operably coupled to the at leas(one support member to detect a change in a longitudinal length of the at least one support member. 6. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the actuator comprises a motor operably coupled to a torque nut for imparting internal stresses to the at least one support member. 7. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 6, wherein the torque nut is supported on the annular member such that movement of the at least one support member in a first direction with respect to the torque nut increases the internal stresses in the at least one support member and movement of the at leas(one support member in a second direction decreases the internal stresses in the at least one support member 8. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the actuator comprises a thermal actuator responsive to temperature changes to change the internal stresses in the at least one support member. 9. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 8, wherein the at least one support member comprises at least one of a shape memory alloy operable to change shape responsive to at least a threshold temperature change and an outer expansion sleeve having a coefficient of thermal expansion greater than that of the annular member. 10. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the actuator comprises a hydraulic actuator having a piston movable in response to the displacement of hydraulic fluid, and wherein the piston is operably coupled to the at least one support member for selectively changing the internal stress in the at least one support member. 11. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, further comprising upper and lower flanges extending radially from the annular member, and wherein the at least one support member is supported by the upper and lower flanges. 12. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the annular member defines an initial bend angle in an unstressed state such that the annular member defines an interior-angle radial side and an exterior-angle radial side. 13. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 12, wherein the at least one support member comprises one or more of the group consisting of an interior-angle support member disposed on the interior-angle radial side of the annular member and an exterior-angle support member disposed on the exterior-angle radial side of the annular member. 14. A method of forming and operating an adjustable drill string housing, comprising: manufacturing an annular member defining an initial bend angle therein about a bend axis, the bend angle defined between upper and lower longitudinal axes extending through respective upper and lower ends of the annular member; installing at least one support member on the annular member such that the at least one support member is radially offset from the upper and lower longitudinal axes and extends across the bend axis; and pre-stressing the at least one support member to move the annular member to a first configuration wherein the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first bend angle different from the initial bend angle. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein pre-stressing the at least one support member comprises imparting a compressive force to a first support member of the at least one support member and imparting a tensile force to a second support member of the at least one support member. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: deploying the adjustable drill string housing into a wellbore in the first configuration; and triggering, with the adjustable drill string housing in the wellbore, a change in an internal stress in the at least one support member to thereby bend the annular member from the first configuration to a second configuration within the wellbore. 17. A method of forming a wellbore, comprising: defining a planned well profile for the wellbore; initiating chilling along the planned well profile with a drill string; determining that an adjustment to a bend angle defined in an annular member interconnected in the drill string would facilitate following the planned well profile; and triggering a change in an internal stress of at least one support member carried by the annular member and extending across a bend axis of the annular member to thereby bend the annular member from a first configuration to a second configuration. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein triggering the change in the at least one support member comprises imparting a compressive force to a first support member of the at least one support member and imparting a tensile force to a second support member of the at least one support member. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising querying a measurement mechanism operably coupled to the annular member to verify a change in the bend angle. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising determining a radial orientation of the annular member in the wellbore, and selecting the radial support member in which to trigger the change in the internal stress from a plurality of support members radially spaced around the annular member.",
-    "In a tire inflation pressure detection device, a receiver functions such that, when an ignition switch is on, power is generated by a power supply controller to set the power supply state of the receiver to one in which frame reception is enabled to detect the inflation pressure of a tire, and such that, when the IG is off, in each predetermined intermittent cycle power is generated by the power supply controller to set the power supply state of the receiver to one in which frame reception is enabled to detect the inflation pressure of the tire. A transmitter determines whether a decrease in tire inflation pressure occurs, and when the decrease occurs, the transmitter transmits frames more frequently than before the occurrence of the decrease in tire inflation pressure at a shorter frame transmission time interval than a regular transmission cycle during a high-frequency transmission period. 1. A tire inflation pressure detection device, comprising: a plurality of transmitters correspondingly provided to a plurality of wheels which are respectively equipped with a tire, and each of the plurality of transmitters having: a sensor that outputs a detection signal relating to a tire inflation pressure of each corresponding wheel, a first controller that forms data relating to the tire inflation pressure by applying signal processing to the detection signal of the sensor and creates a frame in which the data is stored, and a radio transmitter that transmits the frame in a predetermined regular transmission cycle; and a receiver provided to a vehicle body side, and having: a radio receptor that receives the frame, a power-supply controller that controls a power supply to enable a reception of the frame at the radio receptor, and a second controller that detects an occurrence of a decrease of the tire inflation pressure based on the data relating to the tire inflation pressure stored in the frame which is received, wherein: the receiver operates on a supply of power from a battery and detects the tire inflation pressure while an ignition switch is in an on state by generating the power supply to enable the reception of the frame at the radio receptor using the power-supply controller to change a power-supply state of the receiver to a state in which the receiver is enabled to receive the frame, and detects the tire inflation pressure while the ignition switch is in an off state by generating the power supply to enable the reception of the frame at the radio receptor using the power-supply controller in every predetermined intermittent cycle to change the power-supply state of the receiver to the state in which the receiver is enabled to receive the frame; and each of the plurality of transmitters determines based on the detection signal of the sensor whether a decrease of the tire inflation pressure occurs, and transmits, when a decrease of the tire inflation pressure occurs, the frame at a frame transmission time interval less than the regular transmission cycle during a high-frequency transmission zone set to be greater than or equal to the predetermined intermittent cycle at a frequency higher than a frequency before a decrease of the tire inflation pressure occurs. 2. The tire inflation pressure detection device according to claim 1, wherein: a reception enable cycle during which the receiver changes the power-supply state of the receiver to the state in which the receiver is enabled to receive the frame in the every intermittent cycle is set to be greater than or equal to a total of a frame transmission time interval of the transmitters during the high-frequency transmission zone and a frame time length of one frame. 3. The tire inflation pressure detection device according to claim 2, wherein: the reception enable cycle is set to be greater than or equal to the predetermined regular transmission cycle plus the frame time length of one frame. 4. The tire inflation pressure detection device according to claim 1, wherein: each of the plurality of transmitters determines whether the tire inflation pressure is restored to a normal state from a decreased state based on the detection signal of the sensor, and transmits, when the tire inflation pressure is restored to the normal state, the frame at the frame transmission time interval less than the regular transmission cycle during the high-frequency transmission zone set to be greater than or equal to the intermittent cycle at a frequency higher than a frequency before a decrease of the tire pressure occurs. 5. The tire inflation pressure detection device according to claim 1, further comprising: a warning device for a warning on the decrease of the tire inflation pressure upon detection of the decrease of the tire inflation pressure in the receiver, wherein the receiver stores, upon the detection of the decrease of the tire inflation pressure while the ignition switch is in an off state, a record of the detection of the decrease of the tire inflation pressure, and gives a warning on the decrease of the tire inflation pressure based on the record through the warning device when a driver uses a vehicle. 6. The tire inflation pressure detection device according to claim 4, further comprising: a warning device for giving a warning on the decrease of the tire inflation pressure upon detection of the decrease of the tire inflation pressure in the receiver, wherein the receiver stores, upon the detection of the decrease of the tire inflation pressure while the ignition switch is in an off state, a record of the detection of the decrease of the tire inflation pressure, and gives a warning on the decrease of the tire inflation pressure based on the record through the warning device when a driver uses a vehicle, and stops giving the warning on the decrease of the tire inflation pressure by erasing the record when the tire inflation pressure is restored to a normal state from a decreased state while the ignition switch is in an off state.",
-    "An arrangement is provided comprising a vessel (1) for holding a liquid. The arrangement further comprises at least one of a controllable lock (3) to controllably enable a release of said vessel from a support (2) and a controllable lock (4) to controllably enable opening of said vessel (1). The arrangement further comprises a controller (5) to control the at least one controllable lock. The arrangement is provided with a sensor unit (6) including at least one sensor to sense a mechanical interaction occurring when the vessel is gripped and to issue a sense signal (C6) that is indicative for said mechanical interaction, wherein said controller controls the at least one controllable lock (3, 4) dependent on said sense signal (C6) and on one or more safety conditions. 1. Arrangement comprising a vessel for holding a liquid, the arrangement further comprising at least one of a controllable lock to controllably enable a release of said vessel from a support and a controllable lock to controllably enable opening of said vessel, the arrangement further comprising a controller to control the at least one controllable lock, wherein the arrangement is provided with a sensor unit including at least one sensor to sense a mechanical interaction occurring when the vessel is gripped and to issue a sense signal (C6) that is indicative for said mechanical interaction, wherein said controller controls the at least one controllable lock dependent on said sense signal (C6). 2. Arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said at least one sensor is arranged in a handle for carrying the vessel and the at least one sensor is arranged to measure a contact area between a users hand and the handle, wherein the sense signal (C6) is indicative for a size of said contact area, and is compared with one or more safety conditions including a first threshold value, and wherein the controller prevents unlocking of the controllable lock, therewith disabling release of said vessel from said support, if said indicated size is less than the first threshold value. 3. Arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said at least one sensor is arranged in a handle for carrying the vessel and the at least one sensor is arranged to measure a magnitude of force exerted by a users hand on the handle, wherein the sense signal is indicative for the magnitude of said force, and is compared with one or more safety conditions including a second threshold value, and wherein the controller prevents unlocking of the controllable lock, therewith disabling release of said vessel from said support, if said indicated magnitude is less than the second threshold value. 4. Arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said at least one sensor is arranged to measure an amount of vibration, wherein the sense signal is indicative for amount of vibration, and is compared with one or more safety conditions including a third threshold value, and wherein the controller prevents unlocking of the controllable lock, therewith disabling release of said vessel from said support if said indicated amount exceeds the third threshold value. 5. Arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said at least one sensor is arranged to measure a magnitude of a force aiming to remove the vessel from the support, wherein the sense signal is indicative for the magnitude of said force, and is compared with one or more safety conditions including a fourth threshold value, and wherein the controller prevents unlocking of the controllable lock, therewith disabling release of said vessel from said support if said indicated magnitude is less than the fourth threshold value. 6. Arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the sense signal is compared with one or more safety conditions including a fifth threshold value greater than said fourth threshold value, wherein the controller prevents unlocking of the controllable lock, therewith disabling release of said vessel from said support if said indicated magnitude exceeds the exceeds the fifth threshold value. 7. Arrangement according to 1, wherein the controller does not enable unlocking of the controllable lock, until said one or more safety conditions are met during a predetermined consecutive minimum amount of time. 8. Arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor to measure a property of the liquid (L) inside the vessel and to issue a sense signal (C7, C8) indicative for a value of said measured property and wherein the controller is arranged to adapt at least one safety condition of said one or more safety conditions depending on the value of said measured property indicated by the sense signal. 9. Arrangement according to claim 8, wherein the sensor is a weight sensor and the measured property is a weight of the liquid (L) inside the vessel. 10. Arrangement according to claim 8, wherein the sensor is a temperature sensor and the measured property is a temperature of the liquid (L) inside the vessel. 11. Arrangement according to claim 1, including a facility for logging and/or analyzing the sense signals. 12. Arrangement according to claim 11, additionally including a user identification unit for associating the sensed signals to an individual. 13. Arrangement according to claim 11 wherein said one or more safety conditions are adapted in accordance with said logged and analyzed signals. 14. Arrangement according to claim 1, further including a feedback element coupled to the controller and arranged to indicate to the user whether the at least one safety condition is met. 15. Method for preventing unintended spill of liquid from a vessel for holding a liquid (L), the arrangement comprising at least one of a controllable lock to controllably enable a release of said vessel from a support, and a controllable lock to controllably enable opening of said vessel, the method comprising sensing a mechanical interaction occurring when gripping the vessel and issuing a sense signal that is indicative for said mechanical interaction, controlling said at least one controllable lock dependent on said sense signal.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a packaging method with films, a film package structure and a display device, which can effectively prevent water and oxygen from invading into a display unit and improve the bending resistance of the display unit. The method comprises: step 1, placing an device to be packaged in a PECVD device, and setting a mask plate to expose a packaging region of the device and mask a region of the device that does not need to be packaged; step 2, adjusting a gas that is passed into the PECVD device, and depositing a layer of inorganic silicon material film; step 3, adjusting N2 gas that is passed into the PECVD device, and depositing a layer of organosilane film on the layer of the inorganic silicon material film using an organic material that reacts with the inorganic silicon material. 1. A packaging method with films, comprising: step 1, placing a device to be packaged in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and setting a mask plate to expose a packaging region of the device to be packaged and mask a region of the device to be packaged that does not need to be packaged; step 2, adjusting a gas that is passed into the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and depositing a layer of inorganic silicon material film; step 3, adjusting N2 gas that is passed into the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and depositing a layer of organosilane film on the layer of inorganic silicon material film using an organic material that reacts with the inorganic silicon material. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step 2) comprises: adjusting SiH4 and N2O gases that are passed into the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and depositing and growing a layer of inorganic SiOx film. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the SiH4 gas is diluted by helium gas or argon gas so that its volume concentration is in the range of 5% to30%. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step 3) comprises: adjusting N2 gas that is passed into the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and depositing a layer of organosilane film on the layer of inorganic silicon material film using a chlorine atom-containing organic aliphatic silane that reacts with the inorganic silicon material. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises a step 4): repeating steps 2) and 3). 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein after the step 4), the method further comprises a step 5): adjusting O2 gas that is passed into the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and depositing a layer of hexamethyldisiloxane film on the layer of organosilane film using an organosilicon precursor. 7. The method according to claim 6, comprising: repeating steps 2), 3) and 5); or performing step 5) after repeating steps 2) and 3) several times. 8. A film package structure, which consists of at least one layer of inorganic silicon material films and at least one layer of organosilane films that are set alternately, wherein the organosilane films is bonded with the inorganic silicon material films via chemical bonds. 9. The film package structure according to claim 8, wherein the inorganic silicon material is selected from SiOx, SiNx or a combination thereof. 10. The film package structure according to claim 8, wherein an organic material for forming the layer of organosilane films is a chlorine atom-containing organic aliphatic silane. 11. The film package structure according to claim 10, wherein the chlorine atom-containing organic aliphatic silane is one selected from octadecyltrichlorosilane, eicosyltrichlorosilane, tetradecyltrichlorosilane and hexadecyltrichlorosilane. 12. The film package structure according to claim 8, wherein a thickness of one layer of the inorganic silicon material films is in the range of 20 to 2000 nm, and the number of layers of the inorganic silicon material films is in the range of 1 to 10. 13. The film package structure according to claim 8, wherein a thickness of one layer of the organosilane films is in the range of 100 to 2000 nm, and the number of layers of the organosilane films is in the range of 1 to 10. 14. The film package structure according to claim 8, wherein a layer of hexamethyldisiloxane film is further deposited on the layer of organosilane films. 15. The film package structure according to claim 14, wherein a thickness of one layer of hexamethyldisiloxane films is in the range of 100 to 2000 nm, and the number of layers of hexamethyldisiloxane films is in the range of 1 to 8. 16. A display device, comprising the film package structure according to claim 8. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step 2) comprises: adjusting SiH4 and NH3 gases that are passed into the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition device, and depositing and growing a layer of inorganic SiNx film. 18. The film package structure according to claim 12, wherein a thickness of one layer of the organosilane films is in the range of 100 to 2000 nm, and the number of layers of the organosilane films is in the range of 1 to 10. 19. The display device according to claim 16, wherein a thickness of one layer of the inorganic silicon material films is in the range of 20 to 2000 nm, and the number of layers of the inorganic silicon material films is in the range of 1 to 10. 20. The display device according to claim 16, wherein a thickness of one layer of the organosilane films is in the range of 100 to 2000 nm, and the number of layers of the organosilane films is in the range of 1 to 10.",
-    "In various embodiments, eroded sputtering targets are partially refurbished by spray-depositing particles of target material to at least partially fill certain regions (e.g., regions of deepest erosion) without spray-deposition within other eroded regions (e.g., regions of less erosion). The partially refurbished sputtering targets may be sputtered after the partial refurbishment without substantive changes in sputtering properties (e.g., sputtering rate) and/or properties of the sputtered films. 1. A method of refurbishing an eroded sputtering target while minimizing material consumption, the eroded sputtering target (a) having a surface contour defining (i) an upper surface level, (ii) a first eroded region having a surface depth recessed below the upper surface level, and (iii) a second eroded region having a surface depth deeper than the surface depth of the first eroded region, and (b) comprising a target material, the method comprising: identifying one or more characteristics of the second eroded region; spray-depositing particles of the target material to at least partially fill the second eroded region; and during spray deposition of particles of the target material, substantially preventing deposition of particles of the target material in the first eroded region, whereby the surface depth of the first eroded region remains recessed below the upper surface level thereafter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more characteristics of the second eroded region comprise at least one of a difference between the surface depth of the second eroded region and the upper surface level, a shape of the surface contour of the eroded sputtering target in the second eroded region, or a difference between the surface depth of the second eroded region and the surface depth of the first eroded region. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein substantially preventing deposition of particles of the target material in the first eroded region comprises disposing a mask over at least a portion of the eroded sputtering target, the mask defining one or more openings that reveal the second eroded region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein (i) during spray deposition, particles of the target material are deposited over the mask, and (ii) after spray deposition, the particles of the target material deposited over the mask are recovered for future use. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein substantially preventing deposition of particles of the target material in the first eroded region comprises programming an automated spraying apparatus to spray particles of the target material from a spray gun substantially only when the spray gun is disposed over the second eroded region. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein substantially preventing deposition of particles of the target material in the first eroded region comprises translating a hand-held spray gun substantially over only the second eroded region when the spray gun is spraying particles of the target material. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising sputtering the sputtering target after spray deposition without deposition of target material in the first eroded region therebetween. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein no surface grinding or polishing is performed on the sputtering target between the spray deposition and the sputtering. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein spray-depositing particles of the target material comprises cold spraying. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the target material comprises at least one of Mo, Ti, Mo/Ti, Nb, Ta, W, Zr, a mixture of two or more thereof or one or more thereof with one or more other metals, or an alloy of two or more thereof or one or more thereof with one or more other metals. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the target material comprises at least one of Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, a mixture of two or more thereof or one or more thereof with one or more other metals, or an alloy of two or more thereof or one or more thereof with one or more other metals. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein, before spray deposition, a volume of the second eroded region is less than a volume of the first eroded region. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising annealing at least the spray-deposited particles that are at least partially filling the second eroded region. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein: the eroded sputtering target comprises a target plate of the target material and, affixed to the target plate, a backing plate comprising a backing-plate material different from the target material, and the particles of the target material are spray deposited on the target plate while the target plate is affixed to the backing plate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the target plate is affixed to the backing plate with a bonding agent. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein a melting point of the bonding agent is less than approximately 200\u00b0 C. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the bonding agent comprises indium solder. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the backing-plate material comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, or steel. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles of the target material are spray deposited with a spraying apparatus comprising a hand-held spray gun. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein: the eroded sputtering target comprises a substantially rectangular target plate of the target material having first and second opposing ends; the first eroded region defines an annulus, the surface contour of at least a portion of a center of the annulus corresponding to the upper surface level; and the second eroded region comprises (i) a first end portion of the annulus defined by the first eroded region proximate the first end of the target plate and (ii) a second end portion of the annulus defined by the first eroded region proximate the second end of the target plate. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles of the target material are spray-deposited via a jet of sprayed particles, an obliquity angle between the jet and the surface contour within the second eroded region being between approximately 45\u00b0 and approximately 90\u00b0. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the obliquity angle is between approximately 60\u00b0 and approximately 90\u00b0. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the second eroded region is filled with the particles of the target material at least to the surface depth of the first eroded region. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the second eroded region is filled with the particles of the target material at least to the upper surface level. 25-148. (canceled)",
-    "A transmission system is used in a method of transmitting a camouflaged transmission of signals by generating an underlying transmission comprising a plasma transmission discharge constituting background noise having a first amplitude and generating an embedded transmission of signals within the underlying transmission. 1. A method of transmitting a camouflaged transmission of signals comprising: generating an underlying transmission comprising a plasma transmission discharge constituting background noise having a first amplitude; and generating an embedded transmission of signals within the underlying transmission, at least a percentage of the embedded transmission having a second amplitude within the first amplitude of the underlying transmission. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the percentage is 90%, 95%, or 100%. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the underlying transmission comprises a known structure of plasma transmission discharge. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the underlying transmission comprises a random structure of plasma transmission discharge. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the transmitted camouflaged signals are received and the known structure of plasma transmission discharge is bandpass filtered to reveal the embedded transmission. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the embedded transmission of signals within the underlying transmission has a known structure and that known structure is extracted from the camouflaged transmission of signals. 7. A method comprising: receiving a camouflaged transmission of signals, wherein the camouflaged transmission of signals comprises an underlying transmission comprising a plasma transmission discharge constituting background noise having a first amplitude and an embedded transmission of signals, and wherein at least a percentage of the embedded transmission has a second amplitude within the first amplitude of the underlying transmission; determining a known structure of the plasma transmission discharge associated with the underlying transmission; and applying a filter based on the known structure of the plasma transmission discharge to reveal the embedded transmission. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the percentage is 90%, 95%, or 100%. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein applying a filter based on the known structure of the plasma transmission discharge to reveal the embedded transmission comprises applying a bandpass filter. 10. A system for the generation, transmission and reception of a camouflaged transmission of signals comprising: a first subsystem configured to generate an underlying transmission comprising a plasma transmission discharge constituting background noise having a first amplitude; a second subsystem configured to generate an embedded transmission of signals within the underlying transmission, at least 90% of the embedded transmission having a second amplitude within the first amplitude of the underlying transmission; and a receiver configured to receive the camouflaged transmission of signals and extract the embedded transmission of signals from the camouflaged transmission of signals. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the receiver comprises a processor having informational knowledge of structure existing in the underlying transmission, and the processor is configured to extract known structure of the underlying transmission from the camouflaged transmission to leave a readable structure of embedded transmission of signals. 12. The system of claim 10 wherein the receiver comprises a processor having informational knowledge of structure existing in the embedded transmission, and the processor is configured to extract known structure of the embedded transmission from the camouflaged transmission to provide a readable structure of embedded transmission of signals.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for erecting a structure 0 comprising at least two prefabricated concrete elements 1, 2, the method comprising: installing a first concrete element 1; placing a second concrete element 2 with at least one spacer 4 maintaining a gap between respective end faces 104, 203 of the first element and second element; tensioning at least one bar 105, 3 held on the first and second elements and passing through the gap maintained by the spacer, and introducing a hardenable interface product 5 into said gap. The method thus makes it possible to move off the critical path relating to the erection the need to wait, between two assembly operations, for the joints between the assembled pieces to have hardened. Incidentally, a significant reduction in the time taken for erecting such a structure is obtained. 1. A method for erecting a structure comprising at least two prefabricated concrete elements, the method comprising: installing a first concrete element; placing a second concrete element with at least one spacer maintaining a gap between respective end faces of the first element and second element; tensioning at least one bar held on the first and second elements and passing through the gap maintained by the spacer, and putting a hardenable interface product in said gap. 2. The method according to claim 1, in which the bar comprises a first segment extending in the first element and a second segment extending in the second element, at least one of the first and second prefabricated elements having a channel disposed so as to emerge on the end face of said prefabricated element and to receive a respective segment of the bar when the second element is put in place. 3. The method according to claim 2, in which a hardenable sealing product is injected into the channel after the bar is tensioned in order to make the bar adhere to the concrete of the element having said channel. 4. The method according to claim 2, in which one of the first and second segments of the bar is embedded in the concrete of one of the prefabricated elements, and the other segment of the bar is fitted into said channel formed in the other prefabricated element when the second element ) is put in place. 5. The method according to claim 2, in which the first and second segments are initially two distinct pieces, the bar further comprising a coupler for assembling the first and second segments after installation of the first element. 6. The method according to claim 5, in which the first segment of the bar is embedded in the concrete of the first prefabricated element, and in which the coupler comprises: a threaded coupling terminating the first segment of the bar in line with the end face of the first element; and a thread formed on the second segment of the bar, said thread being engaged in the threaded coupling in order to join the first and second segments of the bar. 7. The method according to claim 2, in which at least one of the first and second segments of the bar, received in a channel formed in one of the first and second prefabricated elements, has a threaded end opposite to the other segment of the bar, said threaded end being accessible after the second element is fitted and receiving a nut for assembling the first and second elements. 8. The method according to claim 7, in which said threaded end of a segment of the bar is accessible in a niche formed in a wall of the element comprising said channel, adjacent to the gap between said respective end faces of the first and second elements. 9. The method according to claim 8, in which a hardenable sealing product is injected into the channel and into the niche after the bar is tensioned in order to make the bar adhere to the concrete of the element having said channel and to at least partially fill in the niche by coating the nut )-and the threaded end of the segment of the bar. 10. The method according to claim 1, in which the spacer is passive, and in which the tensioning of the bar comprises the application of a tensile force to at least one end of the bar. 11. The method according to claim 10, in which the bar has at least one threaded end and the tensile force is applied by tightening a nut on said threaded end. 12. The method according to claim 1, in which the first and second prefabricated elements are assembled by means of the bar, after which the tensioning of the bar comprises the application of a compression force tending to widen said gap. 13. The method according to claim 12, in which the spacer comprises a chamber in which a fluid is injected under pressure in order to apply said compression force when the bar is tensioned. 14. The method according to claim 1, in which at least part of the hardenable interface product is placed in said gap when the second concrete element is fitted. 15. A structure comprising at least two prefabricated concrete elements erected using the erection method according to claim 1.",
-    "Adjustable drill string housings are described for use in the directional drilling of wellbores, e.g. wellbores for hydrocarbon recovery wells. The adjustable drill string housings permit adjustment of a bend angle in the housings without removing the housings from a wellbore. In some exemplary embodiments, the bend angle can be adjusted by changing the internal stresses in a support member carried by the housings. In other embodiments, the bend angle may be adjusted by causing failure of sacrificial support members carried by the housings, and the failure may be caused by delivering chemicals through a chemical delivery system to the sacrificial support members. Methods of operating the adjustable drill string housings include multi-lateral drilling operations wherein the bend angle is adjusted when a casing window has been detected. 1. An adjustable drill string housing, comprising: an annular member having an upper end and a lower end, the annular member deformable about a bend axis between first and second operational configurations, wherein the annular member maintains an internal preload therein in the first operational configuration such that the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first bend angle with respect to one another, and wherein at least a portion of the internal preload is relieved in the second operational configuration such that the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a second bend angle with respect to one another; at least one support member carried by the annular member, the at least one support member coupled to the annular member to maintain at least a portion of the internal preload in the annular member such that failure of the at least one support member induces the annular member to move to the second operational configuration; and an energy delivery system operable to deliver a fluid to the at least one support member from a remote location on the adjustable drill string housing, the energy delivery system comprising: an energy reservoir for the fluid disposed at the remote location; a fluid conduit extending between the energy reservoir and the at least one support member; and an initiator selectively operable to promote fluid flow through the fluid conduit. 2. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the initiator comprises an electric pump fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit. 3. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the at least one support member comprises a target area thereon, wherein the at least one support member is more susceptible to failure at the target area than at a remainder of the at least one support member. 4. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 3, wherein an exit of the fluid conduit is arranged about an axis intersecting the target area such that fluid flowing through the exit is directed to the target area. 5. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 3, wherein the target area defines an annular band circumscribing the at least one support member. 6. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the initiator comprises a valve operable to selectively permit and obstruct fluid flow through the fluid conduit. 7. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 6, wherein the valve comprises a diaphragm and a rupture tool, wherein the diaphragm defines a boundary of the energy reservoir and a maintains the fluid within the energy reservoir, and wherein the rupture tool is selectively operable to rupture the diaphragm. 8. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 6, wherein the valve comprises a piston that is operatively coupled at least one of an electromagnetic actuator, a hydraulic actuator and a thermal actuator to selectively permit and obstruct fluid flow through the fluid conduit. 9. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 8, wherein the piston is operatively coupled to a hydraulic actuator, and wherein the hydraulic actuator is operatively coupled to an internal passageway extending through the annular member such that the piston is responsive to pressure changes within the annular member. 10. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 8, wherein the piston is operatively coupled to a thermal actuator, wherein thermal actuator comprises a thermal expansion chamber charged with a fluid, and wherein the piston is responsive to a change in volume of the fluid induced by a temperature change in the fluid. 11. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the energy reservoir comprises an internal passageway extending through the annular member. 12. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 11, wherein the initiator comprises at least one of a rupture disk and a check valve disposed within the fluid conduit, wherein the at least one of the rupture disk and check valve is responsive to an increase in pressure within the internal passageway to open the fluid conduit and thereby permit fluid flow therethrough. 13. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 11, wherein an exit of the fluid conduit comprises a nozzle that focuses the fluid on the at least one support member. 14. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the energy reservoir contains the fluid therein, and wherein the fluid comprises a chemical solution operable to induce corrosion of the at least one support member. 15. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 14, wherein the at least one support member is disposed in a sealed corrosion chamber, and wherein the sealed corrosion chamber is defined by a protective cover coupled to the annular member about the at least one support member. 16. A method of forming a wellbore, comprising: defining a planned well profile for the wellbore; initiating drilling along the planned well profile with a drill string; determining that an adjustment to a bend angle defined in an annular member interconnected in the drill string would facilitate following the planned well profile; and operating an energy delivery system responsive to determining that the adjustment to the bend angle would facilitate following the planned well profile, wherein operating the energy delivery system comprises actuating an initiator to deliver a fluid from an energy reservoir carried by the annular member to at least one support member carried by the annular member, to thereby induce failure of the at least one support member and release an internal preload from the annular member to adjust the bend angle. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein operating the energy delivery system comprises activating a pump to pump the fluid through a fluid conduit extending between the energy reservoir and the at least one support member. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising verifying the adjustment to the bend angle, and adjusting operation of the pump in response to verifying the adjustment of the bend angle. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein activating the pump comprises activating a mud pump at a surface location to increase a pressure of drilling mud flowing through an internal passageway extending through the annular member. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein operating the energy delivery system comprises transmitting an instruction signal to the energy delivery system cause a rupture tool to penetrate a diaphragm and thereby release the fluid from the energy reservoir.",
-    "Various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an electronic device with a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) type antenna and a wireless signal transmitting/receiving device of the electronic device. The electronic device may include: a PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) type antenna which is transmitting or receiving a wireless signal; a wireless communication unit which is processing the transmitted or received wireless signal; a printed circuit board which is mounted with the wireless communication unit and includes a ground area; a power feeding pad which is electrically connected with a signal transmitting/receiving terminal of the wireless communication unit, and connected with a power feeding section of the PIFA type antenna when the PIFA type antenna is equipped in the electronic device; a ground pad which is electrically connected with the ground area, and connected with a ground section of the PIFA type antenna when the PIFA type antenna is equipped in the electronic device; and a connection section which forms an electric route between the power feeding pad and the ground pad. Meanwhile, various exemplary embodiments may be made based on a technical idea of the present disclosure. 1. An electronic device comprising: a PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) type antenna which is transmitting or receiving a wireless signal; a wireless communication unit which is processing the transmitted or received wireless signal; a printed circuit board which is mounted with the wireless communication unit and includes a ground area; a power feeding pad which is electrically connected with a signal transmitting/receiving terminal of the wireless communication unit, and connected with a power feeding section of the PIFA type antenna when the PIFA type antenna is equipped in the electronic device; a ground pad which is electrically connected with the ground area, and connected with a ground section of the PIFA type antenna when the PIFA type antenna is equipped in the electronic device; and a connection section which forms an electric route between the power feeding pad and the ground pad. 2. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connection section is formed by a conductive line which electrically connects the power feeding pad with at least one of the ground area and the ground pad. 3. The electronic device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the connection section includes one or more lumped elements which are connected in at least one of serial and parallel. 4. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power feeding pad, the ground pad, and the connection section is formed in a fill-cut region of the printed circuit board which is formed by removing a conductive layer. 5. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power feeding pad is positioned on the printed circuit board, and the ground pad is positioned on a case of the electronic device, and wherein the connection section connects the power feeding pad with the ground area of the printed circuit board, and the ground area of the printed circuit board is electrically connected with the ground pad through a conductive area of the case of the electronic device. 6. An electronic device comprising: a PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) type antenna which is transmitting or receiving a wireless signal; a wireless communication unit which is processing the transmitted or received wireless signal; a printed circuit board which is mounted with the wireless communication unit and includes a ground area; a power feeding pad which is connected with a signal transmitting/receiving terminal of the wireless communication unit, contacted with a side of the PIFA type antenna when the PIFA type antenna is equipped in the electronic device, and positioned on the printed circuit board; and a connection section which forms an electric route between the ground area and the power feeding pad. 7. The electronic device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the connection section includes one or more lumped elements connected in at least one of serial and parallel. 8. The electronic device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the power feeding pad and the connection section is formed in a fill-cut region of the printed circuit board which is formed by removing a conductive layer. 9. A wireless signal transmitting/receiving apparatus of an electronic device, the wireless transmitting/receiving apparatus comprising: a PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) type antenna which is transmitting or receiving a wireless signal; a wireless communication unit which is connected with a side of the PIFA type antenna, and processing the transmitted or received wireless signal; a printed circuit board which is mounted with the wireless communication unit and includes a ground area; and a connection section which electrically connects a route between the PIFA type antenna and the wireless communication unit with the ground area of the printed circuit board. 10. The wireless signal transmitting/receiving device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the PIFA type antenna comprises: a power feeding section which is connected with the wireless communication unit; and a ground section which is connected with the connection section. 11. The wireless signal transmitting/receiving device as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: a case which comprises a conductive area, the conductive area connected with the ground area of the printed circuit board. 12. The wireless signal transmitting/receiving device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the PIFA type antenna comprises: a power feeding section which is connected with the wireless communication unit; and a ground section which is connected with the conductive area of the case. 13. The wireless signal transmitting/receiving device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the connection section includes one or more lumped elements which are connected in serial and/or parallel. 14. The wireless signal transmitting/receiving device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the connection section is formed by a conductive line having a length, a width, a position, and a shape according to optimization of a performance of the PIFA type antenna.",
-    "Disclosed are a header assembly and a heat exchanger. The header assembly includes: a header; a distribution member disposed in the header and having a distribution opening; a regulating member disposed movably at the distribution member and configured to regulate the distribution opening; and a driving member configured to magnetically drive the regulating member to move so as to regulate the distribution opening. By means of changing the position of the driving member, the header assembly and the heat exchanger are capable of changing the position of the regulating member via magnetic force, thereby regulating the distribution opening. Therefore, requirements under different operating conditions can be satisfied, and the applicability and distributing effect for refrigerant are improved. 1. A header assembly comprising: a header; a distribution member disposed within the header and having at least one distribution opening; a regulating member disposed movably on the distribution member to regulate the distribution opening; and a driving member configured to drive the regulating member via magnetic force to move so as to regulate the distribution opening. 2. (canceled) 3. The header assembly according to claim 1, wherein the driving member is disposed on an outer wall of the header and a position of the driving member is adjustable. 4. The header assembly according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the regulating member and the driving member is a permanent magnet. 5. The header assembly according to claim 4, wherein one of the regulating member and the driving member is a permanent magnet, and the other of the regulating member and the driving member is capable of interacting with the permanent magnet via magnetic force. 6. (canceled) 7. The header assembly according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member is movable along an axis direction of the header and a position of the driving member is adjustable along the axial direction of the header. 8. The header assembly according to claim 7, wherein a protrusion is disposed on an outer wall of the header, wherein at least one groove is formed in the protrusion and adapted to receive the driving member, wherein the position of the driving member is adjustable along the axial direction of the header. 9. The header assembly according to claim 8, wherein one groove is formed in the protrusion and extended along the axial direction of the header, wherein the driving member is slidably disposed in the one groove. 10. The header assembly according to claim 8, wherein a plurality of grooves are formed in the protrusion and spaced apart from each other along the axial direction of the header, wherein the driving member is adapted to be selectively disposed in any of the plurality of grooves. 11. The header assembly according to claim 7, wherein a plurality of distribution openings, a plurality of regulating members and a plurality of driving members are provided, wherein the plurality of distribution openings are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of regulating members, and with the plurality of driving members, respectively, wherein the distribution member comprises a sliding groove formed at a position corresponding to the plurality of the distribution openings, wherein the regulating member is fitted in the sliding groove and movable along the axial direction of the header. 12. (canceled) 13. The header assembly according to claim 7, wherein the distribution opening is configured as an elongated groove extended along the axial direction of the header, wherein a plurality of regulating members are provided, a plurality of driving members are provided and in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of regulating members, and the plurality of regulating members are spaced apart from each other in the axial direction of the header. 14. The header assembly according to claim 1, wherein the distribution member is configured as a distributing tube, and the distribution opening is configured as an elongated groove extended along a circumferential direction of the distributing tube, wherein the regulating member is disposed on a wall of the distributing tube and movable along the circumferential direction of the distributing tube, wherein the driving member is disposed on an outer wall of the header and a position of the driving member is adjustable along a circumferential direction of the header wherein a protrusion is disposed on an outer wall of the header and at least one groove is formed in the protrusion, wherein the driving member is disposed in the groove and the position of the driving member is adjustable along the circumferential direction of the header. 15. (canceled) 16. The header assembly according to claim 14, wherein a plurality of grooves are provided, and the driving member is adapted to be selectively disposed in any of the plurality of grooves. 17. The header assembly according to claim 14, wherein one groove is provided and extended along the circumferential direction of the header, and the driving member is disposed in the groove and slidable along the circumferential direction of the header. 18. The header assembly according to claim 14, wherein a plurality of distribution openings are provided and spaced apart in the axial direction of the distributing tube, wherein a plurality of protrusions are provided, spaced apart along the axial direction of the header and in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of distribution openings, wherein a plurality of driving members and a plurality of regulating members are provided, and the plurality of driving members are in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of regulating members, with the plurality of distribution openings, and with the plurality of protrusions, respectively. 19. The header assembly according to claim 1, wherein the distribution member is configured as a distributing tube, wherein the distribution opening is configured as an elongated groove extended along a spiral direction of the distributing tube, and the regulating member is disposed on a wall of the distributing tube and movable along the spiral direction, wherein the driving member is disposed on an outer wall of the header and a position of the driving member is adjustable along the spiral direction. 20. The header assembly according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member is a permanent magnet or a member capable of interacting with the permanent magnet via magnetic force, wherein the driving member comprises a plurality of electromagnets disposed along a circumferential direction or an axial direction of the header and spaced apart from each other wherein the driving member is disposed on an inner wall of the header. 21. (canceled) 22. The header assembly according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member is a permanent magnet or a member capable of interacting with the permanent magnet via magnetic force, wherein the driving member comprises a plurality of electromagnets disposed along a circumferential direction or an axial direction of the header and spaced apart from each other wherein the driving member is disposed on an outer wall of the header. 23. (canceled) 24. The header assembly according to claim 20, wherein a plurality of driving members are provided, and a plurality of regulating members are provided and in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of driving members. 25. The header assembly according to claim 20, wherein the distribution opening is configured as an elongated groove extended along an axial direction of the distribution member, wherein a plurality of regulating members are provided, and a plurality of driving members are provided and in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of regulating members, wherein the plurality of regulating members are spaced apart from each other in the axial direction of the distribution member. 26. A heat exchanger comprising: first and second header assemblies, the first header assembly comprising a first header and the second header assembly comprising a second header; a distribution member disposed within at least one of the first and second headers and having at least one distribution opening; a regulating member disposed movably on the distribution member to regulate the distribution opening; a driving member configured to drive the regulating member via magnetic force to move so as to regulate the distribution opening; tubes each defining a first end connected with a first header of the first header assembly, and a second end connected with a second header of the second header assembly; and fins disposed between adjacent tubes.",
-    "The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals. The method includes, encoding Data Pipe, DP, data according to a code rate, wherein the encoding further includes Low-Density Parity-Check, LDPC, encoding the DP data, Bit interleaving the LDPC encoded DP data, and mapping the bit interleaved DP data onto constellations; building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded DP data; and modulating data in the built signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 1. A method of transmitting broadcast signals, the method including: encoding Data Pipe, DP, data according to a code rate; Multi-Input Multi-Output, MIMO, encoding the encoded DP data; building at least one signal frame by mapping the MIMO encoded DP data; and modulating data in the built signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 2. The method of claim 1, further including: constellation mapping the encoded DP data into at least one symbol, wherein the MIMO encoding is performed after the constellation mapping. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the encoding encodes the DP data according to the code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a length of the codeword is 64800 bits and the code rate is 10/15. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated. 6. A method of receiving broadcast signals, the method including: receiving broadcast signals having modulated data in signal frames and de-modulating the modulated data by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method; parsing at least one signal frame by de-mapping Data Pipe, DP, data; Multi-Input Multi-Output, MIMO, decoding the DP data; and decoding the MIMO decoded DP data according to a code rate. 7. The method of claim 6, further including: constellation demapping the MIMO decoded DP data, wherein the MIMO decoding is performed before the constellation mapping. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the decoding decodes the DP data according to the code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein a length of the codeword is 64800 bits and the code rate is 10/15. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated.",
-    "A silicon carbide semiconductor device capable of effectively increasing a threshold voltage and a method for manufacturing the silicon carbide semiconductor device. The silicon carbide semiconductor device includes a gate insulating film formed on part of surfaces of the well regions and the source region; and a gate electrode formed on a surface of the gate insulating film so as to be opposite to an end portion of the source region and the well regions. Furthermore, the gate insulating film has, in an interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film, defects that each form a first trap having an energy level deeper than a conduction band end of silicon carbide and that include a bond between silicon and hydrogen. 1-11. (canceled) 12. A silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising: a drift layer of a first conductivity type formed on a surface of a silicon carbide substrate; a plurality of well regions of a second conductivity type formed at an interval in a surface layer portion of the drift layer; a source region of the first conductivity type formed in part of a surface layer portion of the well regions; a gate insulating film formed on surfaces of the well regions and the source region; and a gate electrode formed on a surface of the gate insulating film so as to be opposite to an end portion of the source region and the well regions, wherein a coefficient X [eV] in which an energy level of interface traps is in a range of 0.1 eV to 0.4 eV is 0.09 eV or more and 0.13 eV or less in Math 1 D it \ue8a0 ( E ) = A + B \ue89e \ue89e exp \ue8a0 ( - E c - E X ) [ Math \ue89e \ue89e 1 ] where a density of the interface traps formed in an interface region between the gate insulating film and the well regions is Dit [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], an energy level of the interface traps at a depth from an energy level Ec of a conduction band of silicon carbide is (Ec\u2212E) [eV], an asymptotic value of a density Dit of the interface traps having an energy level of \u221e [eV] is a coefficient A [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], a coefficient B [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is a value in which a density Dit of the interface traps having an energy level of 0 [eV] is equal to (A+B) [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], and X [eV] is a coefficient, and a ratio R is 0.54 or more and 0.67 or less in Math 2 R = D it \ue89e 2 D it \ue89e 8 [ Math \ue89e \ue89e 2 ] where a density of the interface traps when an energy level of the interface traps is 0.1 eV is a reference value Dit1 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], a difference between a density of the interface traps when an energy level of the interface traps is 0.2 eV and Dit1 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is Dit2 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], a difference between a density of the interface traps when an energy level of the interface traps is 0.8 eV and Dit1 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is Dit8 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], and a ratio of Dit2 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] to Dit8 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is the ratio R. 13. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the gate insulating film has defects comprising a bond between silicon and hydrogen in the interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film, and the interface traps comprise a first trap that is formed by each of the defects and has an energy level deeper than a conduction band end of silicon carbide. 14. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein the first trap has an energy level at a depth of 0.6 eV or more and 1.5 eV or less from the conduction band end of silicon carbide. 15. A silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising: a drift layer of a first conductivity type formed on a surface of a silicon carbide substrate; a plurality of well regions of a second conductivity type formed at an interval in a surface layer portion of the drift layer; a source region of the first conductivity type formed in part of a surface layer portion of the well regions; a gate insulating film formed on surfaces of the well regions and the source region; and a gate electrode formed on a surface of the gate insulating film so as to be opposite to an end portion of the source region and the well regions, wherein a ratio R is 0.54 or more and 0.67 or less in Math 2 R = D it \ue89e 2 D it \ue89e 8 [ Math \ue89e \ue89e 2 ] where of interface traps formed in an interface region between the gate insulating film and the well regions, a density of the interface traps when an energy level from a conduction band end of silicon carbide is 0.1 eV is a reference value Dit1 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], a difference between a density of the interface traps when an energy level from the conduction band end is 0.2 eV and Dit1 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is Dit2 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], a difference between a density of the interface traps when an energy level from the conduction band end is 0.8 eV and Dit1 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is Dit8 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121], and a ratio of Dit2 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] to Dit8 [cm\u22122 eV\u22121] is the ratio R, the gate insulating film has defects comprising a bond between silicon and hydrogen in the interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film, and the interface traps comprise a first trap that is formed by each of the defects and has an energy level at a depth of 0.6 eV or more and 1.5 eV or less from the conduction band end. 16. A silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising: a drift layer of a first conductivity type formed on a surface of a silicon carbide substrate; a plurality of well regions of a second conductivity type formed at an interval in a surface layer portion of the drift layer; a source region of the first conductivity type formed in part of a surface layer portion of the well regions; a gate insulating film formed on surfaces of the well regions and the source region; and a gate electrode formed on a surface of the gate insulating film so as to be opposite to an end portion of the source region and the well regions, wherein of interface traps formed in an interface region between the gate insulating film and the well regions, a density of the interface traps when an energy level from a conduction band end of silicon carbide is 0.8 eV is 1\u00d71011 cm\u22122 eV\u22121 or more, the gate insulating film has defects comprising a bond between silicon and hydrogen in the interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film, and the interface traps comprise a first trap that is formed by each of the defects and has an energy level at a depth of 0.6 eV or more and 1.5 eV or less from the conduction band end. 17. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the gate insulating film further has a second trap therein, the second trap is formed by each of defects comprising a bond between silicon and hydrogen. 18. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the gate insulating film further has a second trap therein, the second trap is formed by each of defects comprising a bond between silicon and hydrogen. 19. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the gate insulating film further has a second trap therein, the second trap is formed by each of defects comprising a bond between silicon and hydrogen. 20. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the gate insulating film contains nitrogen atoms in the interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film. 21. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the gate insulating film contains nitrogen atoms in the interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film. 22. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the gate insulating film contains nitrogen atoms in the interface region between the well regions and the gate insulating film. 23. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the gate insulating film comprises a SiO2 film. 24. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the gate insulating film comprises a SiO2 film. 25. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the gate insulating film comprises a SiO2 film. 26. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the well regions include a channel region of the first conductivity type in a region in which a channel is formed. 27. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the well regions include a channel region of the first conductivity type in a region in which a channel is formed. 28. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the well regions include a channel region of the first conductivity type in a region in which a channel is formed.",
-    "This invention provides an apparatus and method for culturing cells to probe the influence that the properties of a surface onto which the cells are bonded has on the properties of the cell. 1. A cell culture apparatus for culturing cells, the apparatus comprising at least one chamber for containing and growing the cells therein, the chamber being adapted to connect with at least one removable member of a set of removable members, each of the removable members of said set providing a surface for cell adhesion and having a different stiffness relative to other removable members of the set, the stiffness of each removable member of said set being selected to induce cell growth that is different from other removable members within the set. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising at least one containment layer for containing cells within the chamber during cell culture, the containment layer disposed between the interior of the chamber and the surface for cell adhesion of the removable member connected to the chamber. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the containment layer is dimensioned to enable cell growth to be affected by the surface for cell adhesion of the removable member. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the containment layer comprises a polymer membrane. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the polymer membrane comprises a polymer sheet disposed between sidewalls of the chamber and the surface for cell adhesion of the removable member. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the polymer membrane has a thickness in the range of 50 nm to 5 \u03bcm. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each removable member independently comprises a polymer substrate. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the stiffness of each polymer substrate of said set is selected to be different due to the presence of different amounts of one or more additives that confer stiffness on the polymer substrates. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the one or more additives that confers stiffness to the polymer substrate is selected from the group consisting of dielectric gel, elastomer, curing agent, solvent and any combination thereof. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the polymer substrate comprises dielectric gel and elastomer in a ratio in the range of 2:1 to 1:20. 11. The apparatus according to claim 2, comprising a liquid layer disposed between the removable member and the containment layer for reducing adhesion of the removable member to the containment layer. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the chamber is capable of being connected to plural removable members during cell growth. 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, comprising plural chambers. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein multiple removable members are configured to interact with multiple chambers so that cells contained within the containment layer of each chamber are able to be contacted with the multiple removable members during cell growth. 15. A method for culturing cells in a cell culture apparatus, the method comprising the step of incubating cells while exposed to a set of surfaces for cell adhesion, wherein each surface of the set has a different stiffness to other surfaces within the set, wherein the stiffness of each surface is selected to induce cell growth that is different from other surfaces within the set. 16. The method according to claim 15, comprising the step of consecutively exposing the cells to the set of surfaces for cell adhesion. 17. The method according to claim 15, comprising the step of simultaneously exposing the cells to the set of surfaces for cell adhesion. 18. The method according to claim 15, comprising the step of providing at least one chamber for containing and growing the cells therein, the chamber being adapted to connect with at least one removable member of a set of removable members, each removable member having the surface for cell adhesion thereon. 19. The method according to claim 18, comprising the step of separating the cells from the surface for growing the cells using a containment layer therebetween. 20. A cell culture kit for culturing cells having different growth characteristics, the kit comprising: at least one chamber for containing and growing the cells therein and containing at least one receiving conduit for being coupled to a removable members that contains surface of growing cells thereon; a set of removable members that are configured to couple to receiving conduit of the chamber, each of said removable members having a selected stiffness that is different to other removable members of the set, the stiffness of each member being selected to induce cell growth that is different from other removable members within the set.",
-    "The present invention relates to an organic light emitting device. An organic light emitting device according to the present application includes: a substrate; a first electrode provided on the substrate; an auxiliary electrode provided on at least a partial region of the first electrode; an insulating layer provided on the auxiliary electrode, and having an overhang structure in which the insulating layer has a greater width than that of the auxiliary electrode; and a second electrode provided on the first electrode and the insulating layer, in which the second electrode provided on the first electrode and the second electrode provided on the insulating layer have an electrode structure with an electrically short-circuited form. 1. An organic light emitting device, comprising: a substrate; a first electrode provided on the substrate; an auxiliary electrode provided on at least a partial region of the first electrode; an insulating layer provided on the auxiliary electrode, and having an overhang structure in which the insulating layer has a greater width than that of the auxiliary electrode; and a second electrode provided on the first electrode and the insulating layer, wherein the second electrode provided on the first electrode and the second electrode provided on the insulating layer have an electrode structure with an electrically short-circuited form. 2. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second electrode and the auxiliary electrode provided on the first electrode have a structure with an electrically short-circuited form. 3. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second electrode and the insulating layer provided on the first electrode have a structure with an electrically short-circuited form. 4. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary electrode and the insulating layer comprise materials of which etching speeds by the same etchant are different from each other. 5. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein kinds of etchant used for forming the auxiliary electrode and the insulating layer are different from each other. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the etchant includes one or more selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid (HF), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), a buffered oxide etchant (BOE), a buffered HF solution (BHF), a hydrogen peroxide-based etchant, CH3COOH, HCl, HNO3, and a ferric-based etchant. 7. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary electrode comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, indium, yttrium, lithium, gadolinium, aluminum, silver, tin, lead, chrome, molybdenum, copper, and an alloy thereof. 8. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the insulating layer comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of a photoresist material; polyimide; polyacryl; a silicon nitride; a silicon oxide; an aluminum oxide; an aluminum nitride; an alkali metal oxide; and an alkaline earth metal oxide. 9. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode or the second electrode comprises at least one oxide selected from indium (In), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), cerium (Ce), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), silver (Ag), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), copper (Cu), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), and lanthanum (La). 10. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode or the second electrode includes one or more selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, indium, yttrium, lithium, gadolinium, aluminum, silver, platinum, gold, tungsten, tantalum, copper, tin, lead, and an alloy thereof. 11. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein on the first electrode, a region, on which the auxiliary electrode is provided, is a non-emission region, and a region, on which the auxiliary electrode is not provided, is an emission region. 12. The organic light emitting device of claim 11, further comprising: an organic material layer on the first electrode within the emission region. 13. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the organic light emitting device is intended for lighting.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a packaging device and a packaging method. The packaging device includes a first platform and a second platform facing the first platform. The first platform moves back and forth towards or away from the second platform. The first platform is provided with a first electromagnetic device. The packaging device further includes at least one patch which is capable of being adsorbed by the first electromagnetic device. One side of the patch is attached to the first platform, and the other side of the patch is configured to be attached to a substrate to be packaged. The substrate is detachably fixed onto the first platform. 1. A packaging device, comprising: a first platform and a second platform facing the first platform; wherein the first platform is configured to move back and forth towards or away from the second platform; the first platform is provided with a first electromagnetic device; wherein the packaging device further comprises at least one patch which is capable of being adsorbed by the first electromagnetic device; when the patch is adsorbed by the first electromagnetic device, one side of the patch is attached to the first platform, and the other side of the patch is configured to be attached to a substrate to be packaged. 2. The packaging device according to claim 1, wherein the patch is a magnetic patch. 3. The packaging device according to claim 2, wherein the first platform is further provided with at least one vacuum adsorption hole defined therein; the vacuum adsorption hole is configured to fix the substrate to be packaged on the first platform via adsorption. 4. The packaging device according to claim 3, wherein the vacuum adsorption hole has an end surface having a shape of square wave or a shape of Chinese word \u201c. 5. The packaging device according to claim 2, wherein the second platform is provided with a second electromagnetic device at a position corresponding to the first electromagnetic device; the magnetic patch is capable of being adsorbed by the second electromagnetic device. 6. The packaging device according to claim 5, wherein the first electromagnetic device comprises a plurality of electromagnetic induction coils; the electromagnetic induction coils are arranged on at least two opposite sides of the first platform. 7. The packaging device according to claim 2, wherein the magnetic patch comprises a magnetic body and ultraviolet (UV) separation glue arranged on the magnetic body; the UV separation glue is configured to be attached to the substrate to be packaged. 8. The packaging device according to claim 2, wherein the first platform is further provided with a recess; the magnetic patch is arranged in the recess; a depth of the recess is not greater than a thickness of the magnetic patch. 9. The packaging device according to claim 8, further comprising a compressible spacer arranged in the recess; wherein the compressible spacer is in contact with the magnetic patch. 10. The packaging device according to claim 2, further comprising a carrier reel which is wound with a carrier tape; wherein the magnetic patch is detachably arranged on the carrier tape; when the carrier reel rotates relative to the second platform, the carrier tape wound on the carrier reel is laid on the second platform, and the magnetic patch is arranged on a surface of the carrier tape towards the first platform; when the first platform moves towards the second platform, the magnetic patch is adsorbed by the first electromagnetic device and attached to the first platform. 11. The packaging device according to claim 10, wherein the magnetic patch is detachably arranged on the carrier tape by the UV separation glue. 12. The packaging device according to claim 10, further comprising a tape retracting reel; wherein the tape retracting reel is configured to retract the empty carrier tape after completion of packaging. 13. The packaging device according to claim 2, further comprising an adjusting part arranged on a side of the first platform away from the second platform, and a driving device connected to the adjusting part; wherein the adjusting part is configured to adjust a relative position of the first platform to the second platform. 14. A packaging method for using packaging device to package a first substrate and a second substrate with packaging material arranged on the first substrate or the second substrate; wherein the packaging device comprises a first platform and a second platform facing the first platform; wherein the first platform is configured to move back and forth towards or away from the second platform; the first platform is provided with a first electromagnetic device; wherein the packaging device further comprises at least one patch which is capable of being adsorbed by the first electromagnetic device; when the patch is adsorbed by the first electromagnetic device, one side of the patch is attached to the first platform, and the other side of the patch is configured to be attached to a substrate to be packaged; wherein the method comprises steps of: activating the first electromagnetic device on the first platform, to cause the patch to be attached to the first platform; placing the first substrate on the second platform, and causing the first platform to move towards the second platform until the patch is in contact with the first substrate and the first substrate is fixed on the first platform; causing the first platform to move away from the second platform, placing the second substrate on the second platform, and vacuum pumping a chamber; causing the first platform to move towards the second platform, and adjusting a position of the first platform to align the first substrate with the second substrate; deactivating the first electromagnetic device to release the first substrate, so as to cause the first substrate to be jointed with the second substrate; and restoring a pressure of the chamber to the atmospheric pressure, and irradiating the packaging material to cure the packaging material, so as to complete the packaging of the first substrate and the second substrate. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the first platform is provided with at least one vacuum adsorption hole defined therein; the first substrate is fixed on the first platform by the vacuum adsorption hole via adsorption. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the second platform is provided with a second electromagnetic device at a position corresponding to the first electromagnetic device; the magnetic patch is capable of being adsorbed by the second electromagnetic device; before deactivating the first electromagnetic device, the method further comprises a step of activating the second electromagnetic device.",
-    "The present invention is directed to piperazine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and their use in the inhibition of HIV protease, the inhibition of HIV replication, the prophylaxis of infection by HIV, the treatment of infection by HIV, and the prophylaxis, treatment, and delay in the onset or progression of AIDS. 1. A compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is selected from C3-7 cycloalkyl or wherein C3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen and OH; p is an integer equal to 1 or 2; Q is N(H)S(O)2\u2014**, N(C1-4alkyl)S(O)2\u2014**, \u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C1-6alkylenyl-C(O)\u2014** or CH2\u2014, wherein the double asterisk (**) is the point of attachment of Q to the nitrogen atom in the piperazine or 1,4-diazepane ring depicted in Formula I; V is CH2 or O; Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are independently selected from C(R) and N; X is selected from H, OR8 and NR7R8; each R is independently selected from H, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyl-S(O)k\u2014, CF3, CN, benzyl, or two R groups on adjacent atoms may be joined together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a fused phenyl, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, or triazine, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, CF3 and CN; each k is independently 0, 1 or 2; ZA is selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen, (2) C1-10 alkyl, (3) C2-10alkenyl, (4) C3-7 cycloalkyl, (5) ArylA, (6) HetA and (7) HetB, wherein said C1-10 alkyl, C2-10alkenyl and C3-7 cycloalky are optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents as allowed by valence independently selected from the group consisting of: fluoro, hydroxy, carbamoyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C(O)O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, C(O)OH, C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, ArylA, ArylA-O\u2014, HetA, HetA-O\u2014, HetB and HetB-O\u2014; each R1 is independently selected from C1-6alkyl and C3-6cycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OC(O)NH2, OC(O)N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl or OC(O)N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, or two R1 groups on adjacent carbon atoms or the same carbon atom may be joined together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a fused 3- to 6-membered nonaromatic cyclic ring; R6 is selected from: wherein the asterisk (*) denotes the point of attachment to the rest of the compound and U1 is selected from (1) H, (2) C1-10alkyl, wherein said C1-10alkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4haloalkyl, hydroxy and C1-4alkoxy, (3) C3-7 cycloalkyl, wherein said C3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4haloalkyl, hydroxy and C1-4alkoxy, (4) ArylA, (5) HetA, (6) HetB, (7) C1-10alkyl substituted with ArylA, (8) C1-10alkyl substituted with HetA, and (9) C1-10alkyl substituted with HetB; and Ring B is selected from C3-7 cycloalky and HetB, wherein C3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, C1-4alkyl and C1-4alkoxyl; R6A is selected from H or C1-6 alkyl; each XA, each XB, each XC, each XD, each YB and each YC are independently selected from the group consisting of: (1) C1-6 alkyl, (2) C3-6 cycloalkyl, (3) C1-6 haloalkyl, (4) OH, (5) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (6) O\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, (7) O\u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, (8) SH, (9) S\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (10) S\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, (11) S\u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, (12) halo, (13) CN, (14) NO2, (15) NH2, (16) N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (17) N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, (18) N(H)C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (19) N(H)CH(O), (20) CH(O), (21) C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (22) C(O)OH, (23) C(O)O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (24) C(O)NH2, (25) C(O)N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (26) C(O)N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, (27) C(O)N(H)C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (28) C(O)N(H)CH(O) (29) SO2H, (30) SO2\u2014C1-6 alkyl; (31) phenyl, benzyl or phenoxy, each optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from halogen and C1-6 alkyl, (32) HetA, \u2014O-HetA or CH2-HetA, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from halogen and C1-6 alkyl, (33) trimethylsilyl, and (34) C2-6alkenyl, wherein C1-6 alkyl in each instance of (1), (3) (5), (6), (9), (10), (16), (17), (18), (21), (23), (25), (26), (27), (30), (31) and (32) above is optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents as allowed by valence selected from the group consisting of: (a) C1-6 haloalkyl, (b) OH (c) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (d) O\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, (e) O\u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, (f) SH, (g) S\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (h) halo, (i) CN, (j) NO2, (k) NH2, (l) N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (m) N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, (n) C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (o) C(O)OH, (p) C(O)O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, and (q) SO2\u2014C1-6 alkyl; T is O, S, S(O), or SO2; m is an integer equal to 0, 1, 2, or 3; n is an integer equal to 0, 1, 2, or 3; R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkyl substituted with C3-6 cycloalkyl, C(O)\u2014RK or SO2\u2014RK; R8 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl and C3-6 cycloalkyl; RK is: (1) C1-6 alkyl, (2) C1-6 fluoroalkyl (3) C3-6 cycloalkyl, (4) C1-6 alkyl substituted with C3-6 cycloalkyl, (5) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (6) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl substituted with O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (7) O\u2014C1-6 fluoroalkyl, (8) C(O)O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (9) C1-6 alkyl substituted with C(O)O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (10) C1-6 alkyl substituted with C(O)OH, (11) C1-6 alkyl substituted with C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (12) N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, (13) N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, (14) C1-6 alkyl substituted with NH2, N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, or N(\u2014C1-6alkyl)2, (15) ArylA, (16) C1-6 alkyl substituted with ArylA, (17) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl substituted with ArylA, (18) HetA, (19) C1-6 alkyl substituted with HetA, (20) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl substituted with HetA, (21) HetB, (22) O-HetB, or (23) O\u2014C1-6 alkyl substituted with HetB; each ArylA is an aryl which is independently phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl or naphthyl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 YB; each HetA is a heteroaromatic ring system which is independently (i) a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring containing from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or (ii) is a 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; wherein the monocylcic ring (i) or the bicyclic ring (ii) is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 YC; and each HetB is independently a 4- to 7-membered monocyclic, or 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic heterocyclic ring system containing at least one carbon atom and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, where each S is optionally oxidized to S(O) or S(O)2, and wherein the saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents each of which is independently halogen, CN, C1-6 alkyl, OH, oxo, O\u2014C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, O\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, C(O)NH2, C(O)N(H)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, C(O)N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)2, C(O)H, C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, CO2H, CO2\u2014C1-6 alkyl, N(H)SO2\u2014C1-6 alkyl, N(H)C(O)\u2014C1-6 alkyl, SO2H, SO2\u2014C1-6 alkyl, C(O)N(H)\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, C(O)N(\u2014C1-6 alkyl)(\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl), C(O)N(\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl)2, C(O)\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, CO2\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, N(H)SO2\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, N(H)C(O)\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl, or SO2\u2014C1-6 haloalkyl. 2. The compound according to claim 1 of Formula Ia. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. The compound according to claim 2 of Formula Ib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R6 is selected from: wherein the asterisk (*) denotes the point of attachment to the rest of the compound and U1 is selected from (1) H, (2) C1-10alkyl, wherein said C1-10alkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy and C1-4alkoxy, (3) C3-7 cycloalkyl, wherein said C3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4haloalkyl, hydroxy and C1-4alkoxy, (4) ArylA, (5) HetA, (6) HetB, (7) C1-10alkyl substituted with ArylA, (8) C1-10alkyl substituted with HetA, and (9) C1-10alkyl substituted with HetB; and Ring B is selected from C3-7 cycloalky and HetB, wherein C3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, C1-4alkyl and C1-4alkoxy. 5. The compound according to claim 4 wherein R6A is H; and R6 is: (a) wherein W1 to W5 are each independently CH or N, with the proviso that no more that three are N, or (b) wherein Ring B is tetrahydropyran or piperidine. 6. The compound according to claim 1 wherein Q is \u2014S(O)2\u2014. 7. The compound according to claim 1 wherein Q is \u2014C(O)\u2014. 8. The compound according to claim 1 of Formula Ic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 9. The compound according to claim 8 wherein: R is H or fluoro, Y3 is CH or N, XB is selected from F, Cl, \u2014OCH3, \u2014CF3 and \u2014OCF3, U1 is selected from: 1-methylethyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, wherein W1 is CH or N, and Xc is selected from F, Cl, \u2014OCH3, \u2014CF3 and \u2014OCF3, and m and n are independently 0, 1 or 2. 10. The compound according to claim 9 wherein X is selected from: H, \u2014OH, \u2014NH2 and \u2014N(H)\u2014C(O)\u2014OC1-4alkyl. 11. The compound according to claim 8, wherein U1 is one XB group is present and substituted at the 4-position, one or two XC groups are present and substituted at the 3- or 3,5-positions respectively, and the XB group is a different group with respect to either XC group. 12. The compound according to claim 1 wherein ZA is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluoro groups. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The compound according to claim 1 wherein ZA is phenyl or benzyl, each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, formyl, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014N(H)2, \u2014N(H)(C1-4alkyl), \u2014N(C1-4alkyl)2, \u2014N(H)\u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014C1-4alkyl and \u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-4alkyl, wherein each C1-4alkyl in the aforementioned list is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halo groups. 16. The compound according to claim 1 wherein ZA is C3-6 cycloalkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl-methyl. 17-18. (canceled) 19. The compound according to claim 1 wherein ZA is HetA selected from pyridine, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrdazine, triazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, dithiazole, or a benzo analog of any of the foregoing, each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, formyl, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014N(H)2, \u2014N(H)(C1-4alkyl), \u2014N(C1-4alkyl)2, \u2014N(H)\u2014C(O)\u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014N(H)\u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014C1-4alkyl and \u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-4alkyl, wherein each C1-4alkyl in the aforementioned list is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halo groups. 20. (canceled) 21. The compound according to claim 1 wherein ZA is HetB selected from pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine and morpholine, or a benzo analog of any of the foregoing, each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, C1-4alkyl, formyl, \u2014OC1-4alkyl, \u2014N(H)2, \u2014N(H)(C1-4alkyl), \u2014N(C1-4alkyl)2, \u2014N(H)\u2014C(O)\u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014N(H)\u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014C1-4alkyl and \u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-4alkyl, wherein each C1-4alkyl in the aforementioned list is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halo groups. 22. (canceled) 23. The compound according to claim 1 wherein p is 2. 24. A compound selected from the group consisting of: 2S-Amino-3,3-di-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-(1-methylsulfonylpiperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; Methyl ((S)-1-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-3,3-bis(3-fluorophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-2-Amino-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridine-3-yl)-3,3-bis(3-fluorophenyl)propanamide; Methyl ((1S,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((3-fluoro-2-(2((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperizin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-1-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-yl)propanamide; Methyl ((2S,3R)-1-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-oxo-3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl ((2S,3R)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-((5-fluoro-4-(2-((2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperzin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)carbamate; (2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((2S,6S)-1-((4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propanamide; (S)-2-Amino-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3,3-bis(3-fluorophenyl)propanamide; Methyl ((1S,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((4-(2-((2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl (1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-(2-((2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-3-fluorophenylamino)-3-oxo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-ylcarbamate; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6R)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; Methyl ((1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6R)-1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-3-oxo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl ((1S,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-5-phenylsulfonyl)-5,8-diazaspiro[2.6]nonan-6-yl)ethyl)phenylamino)-1-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl ((2S,3R)-1-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-5-(phenylsulfonyl)-5,8-diazaspiro[2.6]nonan-6-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-oxo-3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; N-(4-{2-[1-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide (S)-2-amino-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (S)-2-amino-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((R)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (S)-2-amino-N-(4-(2-((S)-1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (S)-2-amino-N-(4-(2-((R)-1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((R)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl-]-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide N-(4-{2-[1-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide (S)-2-amino-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (S)-2-amino-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((R)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (S)-2-amino-N-(4-(2-((S)-1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (S)-2-amino-N-(4-(2-((R)-1-((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-(2-((R)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide (S)-2-amino-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((R)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; \u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (3R)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)propanamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2R)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl ((1S,2S)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-((5-fluoro-4-(2-((S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; methyl ((1S,2S)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-((5-fluoro-4-(2-((R)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; \u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-\u03b2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-\u03b2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)propanamide; 3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2R)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)propanamide; 2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)acetamide; N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-(3-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)acetamide; (\u03b2R)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-\u03b2-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S)-1-[methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfamoyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-[2-(2-{(2S)-1-[(cyclopropylmethyl)(methyl)sulfamoyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-4-fluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (2S)-2-amino-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)ethanamide; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-\u03b2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N\u03b1-acetyl-N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N\u03b1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N\u03b1-(cyclopropylacetyl)-N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; S)\u2014N\u03b1-acetyl-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N\u03b1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N\u03b1-(cyclopropylacetyl)-3,5-difluoro-\u03b2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,5R)-5-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,5S)-5-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2R,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2R,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,5R)-5-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-(3-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-[2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-[2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N\u03b1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-(3-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(4-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(4-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(4-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(4-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(4-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-(3-(6-methoxy pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-(3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-(3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-cyclopropyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-(3-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-(3-(3-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-6-(methoxy methyl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-(3-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-\u03b2-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-6-[(1-methylethoxy)methyl]-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S)-6-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-[(1-methylethoxy)methyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S,6R)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S,6R)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-\u03b2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-[(1-methylethoxy)methyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6R)-1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-\u03b2-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-6-[(1-methylethoxy)methyl]-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3-chloro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-[3-fluoro-2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)phenyl]-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[2-(2-{(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-[(1-methylethoxy)methyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxy carbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-6-(methoxy methyl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-3-chloro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-(3-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-{[4-(difluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-(3-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-1-{[4-(difluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl ((1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((2-(2-((2S,6R)-6-ethyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl)amino)-3-oxo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; methyl ((1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((2-(2-((2S,6S)-6-ethyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl)amino)-3-oxo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-ethyl-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-3-fluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[2-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl]-\u03b2-(1-methylethyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(2-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-\u03b2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-fluoro-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (2S)-2-amino-2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)ethanamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[4-(2-{(2S,6R)-1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[4-(2-{(2S,6S)-1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3,5-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3,5-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; (2S)-2-amino-2-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)ethanamide; (\u03b2R)-3,4-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3,4-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; (2S)-2-amino-2-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)ethanamide; (2S)-2-amino-2-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)ethanamide; (\u03b2R)-3,4-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3,5-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3,4-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (\u03b2R)-3,5-difluoro-N-(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)-N\u03b1-(methoxycarbonyl)-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl {(1S)-1-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-2-[(3-fluoro-2-{2-[(2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate; (\u03b2R)-4-chloro-N-[4-(2-{(2S,6R)-1-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-\u03b2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl ((S)-1-((2R,4r,6S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)carbamate; (S)-2-amino-2-((2R,4r,6S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6S)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)acetamide; (S)-2-amino-2-((2R,4r,6S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)acetamide; (3S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyridin-2-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[2-(acetylamino)-5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(5-pyridin-2-ylthiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]propanamide; ethyl 3-[5-({(2S)-2-[2-(3-{[(3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]amino}-5-fluoropyridin-4-yl)ethyl]piperazin-1-yl}sulfonyl)thiophen-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carboxylate; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[2-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(4-formylphenyl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[3-(acetylamino)phenyl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(quinolin-3-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(1-methylethyl)sulfamoyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[(3R)-3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[(3S)-3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(4-fluoropiperidin-1-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(3,3-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-[5-fluoro-4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(3-fluoropiperidin-1-yl)sulfonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-({4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]piperidin-1-yl}sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[4-(acetylamino)piperidin-1-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylpropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-({(3R)-3-[(trifluoroacetyl)amino]pyrrolidin-1-yl}sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(3-chloro-2-fluoropropyl)sulfamoyl]piperazin-2-yl})-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-(4-{2-[(2S)-1-(diethylsulfamoyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (2S)-2-[2-(3-{[(3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]amino}-5-fluoropyridin-4-yl)ethyl]-N-phenylpiperazine-1-carboxamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenoxyacetyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)carbonyl]piperazin-2-yl}ethyl)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-{[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbonyl}piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(2-phenoxypropanoyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(5-fluoro-4-{2-[(2S)-1-(3-phenoxypropanoyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (3S)\u2014N-[4-(2-{(2S)-1-[(4-tert-butylphenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-2-yl})-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl]-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; Methyl ((S)-1,1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxo-3-(((1S,2R)-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclopentyl)amino)propan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl ((S)-1,1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxo-3-(((1R,2S)-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclopentyl)amino)propan-2-yl)carbamate; 4-fluoro-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-Nalpha-(methoxycarbonyl)-N-(2-{2-[(2S)-1-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}cyclopentyl)-L-phenylalaninamide; 4-fluoro-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}cyclohexyl]-L-phenylalaninamide; methyl ((S)-1,1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxo-3-(((1S,2R)-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)amino)propan-2-yl)carbamate; methyl ((1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-3-(((1S,2R)-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)amino)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; methyl ((1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxo-3-((2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclopentyl)amino)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl ((2R)-1,1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((4-hydroxy-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclopentyl)amino)-3-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; Methyl ((2R)-1-((4,4-difluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclopentyl)amino)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate; (betaS)-4-chloro-N-(4,4-difluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}cyclopentyl)-beta-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; (betaS)-4-chloro-N-(4,4-difluoro-2-{2-[(2S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl]ethyl}cyclopentyl)-beta-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-L-phenylalaninamide; Methyl ((2R)-1,1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxo-3-((2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)cyclopropyl)amino)propan-2-yl)carbamate; (S)\u2014N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropanamide; (R)\u2014N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octan-5-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-4-(methylsulfonyl)-4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octan-5-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (S)-2-amino-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-4-(2-phenoxyacetyl)-4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octan-5-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; ((1R,2S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octan-5-yl)ethyl)phenyl)amino)-3-oxo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate; (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-((2R,4r,6S)-2,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6R)-6-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-((2R,4r,6S)-2,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((2S,6S)-1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-6-methylpiperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (2S,3S)-2-amino-N-(2-(2-((S)-1-(benzofuran-2-ylsulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(3-fluoro-2-(2-((S)-1-((5-methylfuran-2-yl)sulfonyl)piperazin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing compounds. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally further comprising an effective amount of an anti-HIV agent selected from the group consisting of HIV antiviral agents, immunomodulators, and anti-infective agents. 26. A method for the treatment or prophylaxis of infection by HIV or for the treatment, prophylaxis, or delay in the onset of AIDS in a subject in need thereof, which comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 27-29. (canceled)",
-    "The disclosure provides a light guide plate, a backlight unit, a display device and a display control system. The light guide plate has a first operation state and a second operation state. In the first operation state, an upper surface of the light guide plate is a surface where light comes out, and in the second operation state, the upper surface of the light guide plate includes a light exiting region and a non-light exiting region. In the technical solution of the present disclosure, when the display device performs a regional displaying, the light guide plate operates in the second operation state, here the upper surface of the light guide plate includes the light exiting region and the non-light exiting region; light emitted by a light source finally comes out from the light exiting region of the light guide plate after reflections inside the light guide plate. 1. A light guide plate having a first operation state and a second operation state; wherein in the first operation state, an upper surface of the light guide plate is a surface where light comes out; in the second operation state, the upper surface of the light guide plate comprises a light exiting region and a non-light exiting region. 2. The light guide plate according to claim 1, wherein a first electrophoresis film is arranged at a sectional interface of the light guide plate between the light exiting region and the non-light exiting region; wherein the first electrophoresis film, under the control of a first voltage, is transmittable by light, and the light guide plate operates in the first operation state; and wherein the first electrophoresis film, under the control of a second voltage, reflects the light, and the light guide plate operates in the second operation state. 3. The light guide plate according to claim 2, wherein the first electrophoresis film is perpendicular to the upper surface, and the light exiting region and the non-light exiting region locates at two sides of the first electrophoresis film. 4. The light guide plate according to claim 1, wherein a second electrophoresis film is arranged in the non-light exiting region of the light guide plate; the second electrophoresis film, under the control of a third voltage, is transmittable by light and the light guide plate operates in the first operation state; and the second electrophoresis film, under the control of a fourth voltage, reflects the light and the light guide plate operates in the second operation state. 5. The light guide plate according to claim 4, wherein the second electrophoresis film is laid on the upper surface in the non-light exiting region. 6. The light guide plate according to claim 5, wherein a light transmittable film is arranged in the light exiting region of the light guide plate; and the light transmittable film and the second electrophoresis film are adjacent and located in a same layer. 7. The light guide plate according to claim 1, comprising a wedge-shaped light guide plate or a flat light guide plate. 8. A backlight unit, comprising a light guide plate according to and a light source located at a side of the light guide plate where light enters; wherein the light guide plate has a first operation state and a second operation state; wherein in the first operation state, an upper surface of the light guide plate is a surface where light comes out in the second operation state, the upper surface of the light guide plate comprises a light exiting region and a non-light exiting region. 9. The backlight unit according to claim 8, wherein there are at least two light sources, and one of the light sources corresponding to the non-light exiting region of the light guide plate is turned on when the light guide plate operates in the first operation state and is turned off when the light guide plate operates in the second operation state. 10. A display device, comprising a liquid crystal panel and a backlight unit; wherein the backlight unit comprises a light guide plate and a light source located at a side of the light guide plate where light enters; wherein the light guide plate has a first operation state and a second operation state; wherein in the first operation state, an upper surface of the light guide plate is a surface where light comes out in the second operation state, the upper surface of the light guide plate comprises a light exiting region and a non-light exiting region. 11. The display device according to claim 10, wherein the liquid crystal panel comprises at least two gate line driving units; one of the gate line driving units corresponding to the non-light exiting region of the light guide plate outputs a signal to a corresponding gate line when the light guide plate operates in the first operation state and stops outputting the signal to the corresponding gate line when the light guide plate operates in the second operation state; and/or the liquid crystal panel further comprises at least two data line driving units; one of the data line driving units corresponding to the non-light exiting region of the light guide plate outputs a signal to a corresponding data line when the light guide plate operates in the first operation state and stops outputting the signal to the corresponding data line when the light guide plate operates in the second operation state. 12. A display control system, comprising a liquid crystal panel, a backlight unit, and a control unit in signal communication with both the liquid crystal panel and the backlight unit; wherein the backlight unit comprises a light guide plate and a light source located at a side of the light guide plate where light enters; wherein the light guide plate has a first operation state and a second operation state; wherein in the first operation state, an upper surface of the light guide plate is a surface where light comes out in the second operation state, the upper surface of the light guide plate comprises a light exiting region and a non-light exiting region; wherein the control unit is configured to, on reception of a regional displaying instruction, control the light guide plate of the backlight unit to operate in the second operation state. 13. A backlight unit, comprising: a light guide plate provided with an electrophoresis film; and a light source arranged at a side of the light guide plate; wherein the light guide plate comprises an operating surface, the operating surface is divided into a first region and a second region by the electrophoresis film, and the first region is a light exiting surface; wherein the electrophoresis film, under the control of a first voltage, is transmittable by light, and allows light emitted by the light source to come out from the second region by passing through the electrophoresis film, and the second region functions as a light exiting surface; and wherein the electrophoresis film, under the control of a second voltage, reflects the light, and allows no light emitted by the light source to pass through the electrophoresis film to come out from the second region, and the second region functions as a non-light exiting surface. 14. The backlight unit according to claim 13, wherein the electrophoresis film is perpendicular to the operating surface, the first region and the second region locate at two sides of the electrophoresis film, and the light source locates at a lateral side of the light guide plate. 15. The backlight unit according to claim 13, wherein the electrophoresis film is laid in the second region; wherein the light source locates at a lateral side of the light guide plate, or the light source locates at a side of the light guide plate, the side being opposite to the operating surface.",
-    "Adjustable drill string housings are described for use in the directional drilling of wellbores, e.g. wellbores for hydrocarbon recovery wells. The adjustable drill string housings permit adjustment of a bend angle in the housings without removing the housings from a wellbore. In some exemplary embodiments, the bend angle can be adjusted by changing the internal stresses in a support member carried by the housings. In other embodiments, the bend angle may be adjusted by causing failure of sacrificial support members carried by the housings, and the failure may be caused by delivering chemicals through a chemical delivery system to the sacrificial support members. Methods of operating the adjustable drill string housings include multi-lateral drilling operations wherein the bend angle is adjusted when a casing window has been detected. 1. A method of forming a branch wellbore, comprising: running a bottom hole assembly into a main wellbore on a drill string; adjusting a bend angle, within the main wellbore, of an adjustable drill string housing defined by the bottom hole assembly to thereby induce a contact between the bottom hole assembly and a casing in the main wellbore; moving the bottom hole assembly in contact with the casing to a window defined in the casing such that the contact is relieved; detecting the relief of the contact; altering the bend angle, subsequent to detecting the relief of the contact, to define a direction of the branch wellbore; and commencing drilling the branch wellbore through the window in response to detecting the relief of the contact. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein adjusting the bend angle within the main wellbore comprises sending a signal to the bottom hole assembly that induces an adjustment mechanism on the bottom hole assembly to change an internal stress on at least one support member carried by the adjustable drill string housing. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein sending the signal to the bottom hole assembly induces an actuator to reversibly impart the internal stress on the at least one support member, and wherein the actuator comprises at least one of the group consisting of: an electrically actuated motor; a hydraulically actuated piston; and a thermally actuated sleeve. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein altering the bend angle comprises inducing failure of at least one support member carried by the adjustable drill string housing. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein commencing drilling the branch wellbore comprises conveying a drilling fluid through the drill string, and wherein inducing failure of the at least one support member comprises inducing corrosion of the at least one support member in the drilling fluid. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein inducing failure of at least one support member comprises providing an electric current to the at least one support member to accelerate galvanic corrosion of the at least one support member. 7. A method of forming and operating an adjustable drill string housing to form a branch wellbore therewith, comprising: providing an annular member defining an initial bend angle therein about a bend axis, the bend angle defined between upper and lower longitudinal axes extending through respective upper and lower ends of the annular member; pre-stressing at least one support member on the annular member that is radially offset from the upper and lower longitudinal axes and extends across the bend axis to move the annular member to a first configuration wherein the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first bend angle different from the initial bend angle; running the annular member into a main wellbore on a drill string with the annular member in the first configuration; locating a casing window in the main wellbore with a drill bit supported by the annular member in the first configuration; triggering, with the drill bit extending through the casing window, a change in an internal stress in the at least one support member to thereby bend the annular member from the first configuration to a second configuration within the wellbore; and rotating the drill bit with the annular member in the second configuration to form the branch wellbore. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein triggering the change in the internal stress comprises inducing failure in the at least one support member to relieve at least a portion of an internal pre stress maintained in the annular member by the at least one support member. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein inducing failure in the at least one support member comprises returning the annular member to the first configuration. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein inducing failure in the at least one support member comprises inducing an electric current through the at least one support member and through a cathode member to accelerate galvanic corrosion of the at least one support member. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising operating an energy delivery system to deliver a fluid from an energy reservoir carried by the annular member to the at least one support member, to thereby accelerate failure of the at least one support member. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein locating the casing window comprises moving the drill bit in contact with a casing in which the casing window is defined, and detecting a change in resistance to the motion when the drill bit enters the casing window. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein moving the drill bit in contact with the casing comprises rotating the drill string about a longitudinal axis of the main wellbore. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein running the annular member into the main wellbore comprises maintaining a lateral offset between the drill bit and the casing, and wherein the method further comprises adjusting the bend angle within the main wellbore to engage the casing with the drill bit prior to moving the drill bit in contact with the casing. 15. The method of claim 7, further comprising measuring the bend angle subsequent to triggering the change in the internal stress to thereby verify the bend in the annular member from the first configuration to the second configuration. 16. A method of forming a branch wellbore, comprising: running a bottom hole assembly into a main wellbore on a drill string; adjusting a bend angle, within the main wellbore, of an adjustable drill string housing defined by the bottom hole assembly to thereby induce a contact between the bottom hole assembly and a casing in the main wellbore; moving the bottom hole assembly in contact with the casing to a window defined in the casing such that the contact is relieved; detecting the relief of the contact; and commencing drilling the branch wellbore through the window in response to detecting the relief of the contact. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein adjusting the bend angle comprises inducing failure in at least one support member by inducing an electric current through the at least one support member and through a cathode member to accelerate galvanic corrosion of the at least one support member. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein adjusting the bend angle comprises operating an actuator to increase an internal stress in at least one support member to thereby increase the bend angle. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising altering the bend angle, subsequent to detecting the relief of the contact, to define a direction of the branch wellbore. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein altering the bend angle comprises operating the actuator to decrease the internal stress in the at least one support member to thereby decrease the bend angle.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for producing an electrode for OLEDs, comprising the following successive steps: (a) depositing, on a transparent substrate, a metal film composed of silver or of an alloy of silver having a thickness in the range between 35 and 70 nm, preferably between 45 and 65 nm; (b) heating the substrate covered with the metal film to a temperature in the range between 200\u00b0 C. and 400\u00b0 C., for a period of at least 5 minutes, preferably in the range between 20 and 60 minutes, so as to obtain the dewetting of the metal film and the formation of a random metal grid on the transparent substrate; (c) covering the transparent substrate and the random metal grid with a continuous layer of a transparent conductive material. 1: A method for producing an electrode for OLEDs, comprising the following successive steps: (a) on a transparent substrate, depositing a metal film composed of silver or of an alloy of silver having a thickness in the range between 35 and 70 nm, preferably between 40 and 65 nm; (b) heating the substrate covered with the metal film to a temperature in the range between 200\u00b0 C. and 400\u00b0 C., for a period of at least 5 minutes, preferably in the range between 20 and 60 minutes, so as to obtain the dewetting of the metal film and the formation of a random metal grid on the transparent substrate; (c) covering the transparent substrate and the random metal grid with a continuous layer of a transparent conductive material. 2: The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the transparent conductive material is a transparent conductive oxide. 3: The method of claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises, after step (c), a second annealing step (d) at a temperature in the range of between 150 and 350\u00b0 C. for a period of 5 and 60 minutes. 4: The method of claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a step (e) of polishing the layer of transparent conductive oxide. 5: The method of claim 1, characterized in that the deposition of the metal film at step (a) and the deposition of the transparent conductive oxide at step (c) are implemented by physical vapor deposition (PVD), preferably by magnetron sputtering. 6: The method of claim 1, characterized in that steps (a), (b) and (c) are implemented on the same magnetron sputtering system. 7: An electrode obtainable by a method of claim 1 comprising, successively: a transparent substrate, an irregular grid of silver or of an alloy of silver obtained by dewetting of a metal film, and a continuous layer of a transparent conductive material covering said grid of silver or of an alloy of silver.",
-    "The invention relates to an application (10) for a cosmetic product, comprising a core (12) having a first end, referred to as the proximal end (13), and a free second end, referred to as the distal end (16), and a plurality of protuberances (30) that project from the core (12), said protuberances (30) being moulded together with the core (12), wherein the core (12) has a central part (11) and ribs (17) extending between its proximal end (13) and its distal end (16) from the central part (11). The invention also relates to an associated applicator assembly. 1. Applicator for a cosmetic product, comprising: a core having a first end, referred to as a proximal end, and a second, free end, referred to as a distal end, and a plurality of protrusions projecting from the core, said protrusions being moulded with the core, wherein the core has a centre and ribs extend, from the centre, between the proximal end and distal end of said core, all or some of said protrusions extending from said ribs. 2. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein the core has a constant cross section from its proximal end to its distal end. 3. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein the ribs extend from the proximal end to the distal end of the core. 4. Applicator according claim 1, wherein the ribs are moulded with the core. 5. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein the ribs are parallel to an axis (X) of the core. 6. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein the ribs have a round cross section. 7. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein the core is solid. 8. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein said protrusions have a substantially circular cross section. 9. Applicator according to claim 1, wherein the ribs are radially spaced around the periphery of the core at a constant angular distance. 10. Applicator assembly for a cosmetic product, comprising: a receptacle comprising a body which forms a container intended to contain the cosmetic product, and an applicator according to claim 1 that is capable of being attached to the receptacle such that the applicator is housed within the container.",
-    "In a wireless transmission system, a transmitter sends a plurality of data packets to a receiver. The transmitter identifies channel quality indicators corresponding to properties of a communication channel between the transmitter and the receiver. During operation, the transmitter adjusts one or more parameters that affect the Quality of Service (QoS) of data transmission between the transmitter and receiver to enable data transmission at different quality levels over a range of channel quality levels. In one embodiment, the transmitter sends data packets corresponding to video from a camera to the receiver. 1. A method of operating an in-vehicle video monitoring system comprising: generating with a camera in a vehicle a first image frame of an environment exterior to the vehicle, the first image frame having a first resolution and first image quality level; transmitting with a transmitter operatively connected to the camera the first image frame to a receiver through a wireless channel; generating with the camera in the vehicle a second image frame of the environment exterior to the vehicle, the second image frame having the first resolution and first image quality level, the second image being generated after generation of the first image frame and after the transmitter beings transmitting the first image frame to the receiver; transmitting with the transmitter operatively connected to the camera the second image frame to the receiver through the wireless channel after the first image frame is transmitted to the receiver; displaying with a display device in the vehicle the first image frame and the second image frame received by the receiver, the second image frame being displayed after the first image frame; identifying with a controller operatively connected to the receiver a plurality of channel quality indicators, corresponding to: an average frame rate corresponding to the received transmissions of the first and second images; a first ratio corresponding to an average frame transmission time for the first image frame and the second image frame to a constant time interval for frame transmission corresponding to a first selected rate of frame transmission from the transmitter; a second ratio corresponding to a sum of the average frame transmission time with an average channel access delay for the first image frame and the second image frame to the constant time interval for frame transmission; generating with the controller a command to reduce at least one of a frame transmission rate, frame resolution, and frame quality level for a subsequent frame from the camera in response to at least one of the plurality of channel quality indicators being beneath a predetermined quality threshold; transmitting with the receiver the command to the transmitter and the camera; and transmitting with the transmitter a third image frame from the camera a second selected frame rate that is less than the first selected frame rate in response to the command. 2. The method of claim 1, the transmission of the first image further comprising: selecting with the transmitter and the receiver a sub-channel in the wireless channel having a minimum level of interference relative to at least one other sub-channel in the wireless channel; and transmitting with the transmitter the first image to the receiver using the selected sub-channel. 3. The method of claim 1, the transmission of the first image further comprising: transmitting with the transmitter the first image to the receiver using a plurality of packets, each packet including a portion of data in the first image and a first packet in the plurality of packets is transmitted at a maximum power level for the transmitter; receiving with the transmitter a message from the receiver indicating a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the first packet at the receiver; and transmitting with the transmitter at least one subsequent packet in the plurality of packets a reduced power level from the transmitter in response to the message from the receiver indicating that the SNR of the first packet exceeds a predetermined threshold. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: generating with the camera the third image frame of the environment exterior to the vehicle, the third image frame having at least one of a second image quality level that is less than the first image quality level and a second resolution that is less than the first resolution in response to the command from the controller. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: generating with the controller another command to increase at least one of the frame transmission rate, frame resolution, and frame quality level for another subsequent frame from the camera in response to each of the plurality of channel quality indicators being above the predetermined quality threshold; transmitting with the receiver the other command to the transmitter and the camera; and transmitting with the transmitter a fourth image frame from the camera at an increased average frame rate from the average frame rate corresponding to the received transmissions of the first and second images in response to the command. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: generating with the camera the fourth image frame of the environment exterior to the vehicle, the fourth image frame having at least one of a second image quality level that is greater than the first image quality level and a second resolution that is greater than the first resolution in response to the other command from the controller. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: identifying with a global positioning system device in the vehicle a location of the vehicle; and generating with the controller another command specifying the frame transmission rate, frame resolution, and frame quality level for generation of the first image frame and the second image frame with reference to predetermined frame transmission rate, frame resolution, and frame quality level for generation that are stored in a memory in association with the location of the vehicle identified by the global positioning system; transmitting with the receiver the other command to the transmitter and the camera; generating with the camera the first image frame and the second image frame having the frame resolution and the frame quality level specified in the other command; and transmitting with the transmitter the first image frame and the second image frame at the frame transmission rate specified in the other command. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising: identifying with a clock in the vehicle a time of day; and generating with the controller the other command specifying the frame transmission rate, frame resolution, and frame quality level for generation of the first image frame and the second image frame with reference to predetermined frame transmission rate, frame resolution, and frame quality level for generation that are stored in a memory in association with the location of the vehicle identified by the global positioning system and the time of day identified by the clock. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying with the controller a plurality of frame resolutions for a plurality of image frames received with the receiver prior to receiving the first image frame; identifying with the controller one resolution in the plurality of frame resolutions that occurs with a greatest frequency; and scaling with the controller the first image frame from the first resolution to the one resolution for display with the display device at the one resolution in response to the first resolution being different than the one resolution.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method and a device for transmitting and receiving advanced UHD broadcasting content in a digital broadcasting system. The method for transmitting and receiving advanced UHD broadcasting content, according to one embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of: encoding data of a base layer; encoding data of one or more enhancement layers; encoding broadcast network program metadata including information on an advanced UHD broadcast program transmitted through a broadcast network, and encoding IP network program metadata including information on an advanced UHD broadcast program transmitted through an IP network; packetizing the encoded data of the base layer and/or the data of a first enhancement layer into a broadcast packet; packetizing the encoded data of a second enhancement layer into an IP packet; transmitting the broadcast packet through the broadcast network; and transmitting the IP packet through the IP network. 1. A method for transmitting advanced UHD broadcasting content, comprising the steps of: encoding data of a base layer configuring an essential UHD broadcasting program; encoding data of one or more enhancement layers including supplemental information, the supplemental information being required for providing the advanced UHD broadcasting program based upon the data of the base layer; encoding broadcasting network program metadata including information on the advanced UHD broadcasting program being transmitted through a broadcasting network and IP network program metadata including information on advanced UHD broadcasting program being transmitted through an IP network; packetizing the encoded data of the base layer and/or the encoded data of a first enhancement layer, among the one or more enhancement layers, to a broadcasting packet; packetizing the encoded data of a second enhancement layer, among the one or more enhancement layers, to an IP packet; transmitting the broadcasting packet through the broadcasting network; and transmitting the IP packet through the IP network. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata include at least any one of program type information indicating a type of UHD broadcasting program that is capable of finally being provided by the data of the layer being transmitted through the broadcasting network, number of layer information indicating a number of layers being transmitted through the broadcasting network, number of layer combination information indicating a number of layer combinations being transmitted through the broadcasting network, and layer combination type information indicating combination information of layers being transmitted through the broadcasting network. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata include at least any one of layer identification information identifying each layer being transmitted through the broadcasting network, layer encoding type information indicating the codec type used by each layer being transmitted through the broadcasting network, layer elementary stream packet identification information indicating packet identification information of an elementary stream including the data of each layer being transmitted through the broadcasting network, and scalable type information indicating scalable items that are capable of being simultaneously provided by each layer being transmitted through the broadcasting network. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the IP network program metadata include at least any one of Is scalable flag information indicating whether or not the data of the layer being transmitted through the IP network is encoded by using a scalable codec, number of IP network layer information indicating the number of layers being transmitted through the IP network, number of IP network layer combination information indicating the number of layer combinations being transmitted through the IP network, and IP network layer combination type information indicating combination information of the layers being transmitted through the IP network. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the IP network program metadata include at least any one of IP network layer identification information identifying each layer being transmitted through the IP network, IP network elementary stream packet identification information indicating packet identification information of the elementary stream including the data of each layer being transmitted through the IP network, and IP linkage information indicating information on a transmission path of the data of each layer being transmitted through the IP network. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the IP linkage information include at least any one of IP address type information indicating a type of IP address that is capable of receiving the data of each layer being transmitted through the IP network, IP address information indicating an IP address having an IP address type respective to the IP address type information, and port number information indicating a UDP port number that is capable of receiving the data of each layer being transmitted through the IP network. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and transmitted. 8. A device for receiving advanced UHD broadcasting content, comprising: a first receiving unit configured to receive, through a broadcasting network, data of a base layer configuring an essential UHD broadcasting program and/or data of a first enhancement layer, among one or more enhancement layers, including supplemental information, the supplemental information being required for providing the advanced UHD broadcasting program based upon the data of the base layer, wherein the first receiving unit receives broadcasting network program metadata including information on the advanced UHD broadcasting program being transmitted through the broadcasting network and IP network program metadata including information on advanced UHD broadcasting program being transmitted through the IP network; a second receiving unit configured to receive, through an IP network, a data of a second enhancement layer, among the one or more enhancement layers; a first decoder configured to decode the data of the base layer and/or the data of the first enhancement layer received by the first receiving unit; a second decoder configured to decode the data of the second enhancement layer received by the second receiving unit; and a playing unit configured to play the advanced UHD broadcasting program provided by the decoded data of the base layer and the decoded data of the one or more enhancement layers. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata include at least any one of program type information indicating a type of UHD broadcasting program that is capable of finally being provided by the data of the layer being received through the broadcasting network, number of layer information indicating a number of layers being received through the broadcasting network, number of layer combination information indicating a number of layer combinations being received through the broadcasting network, and layer combination type information indicating combination information of layers being received through the broadcasting network. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata include at least any one of layer identification information identifying each layer being received through the broadcasting network, layer encoding type information indicating the codec type used by each layer being received through the broadcasting network, layer elementary stream packet identification information indicating packet identification information of an elementary stream including the data of each layer being received through the broadcasting network, and scalable type information indicating scalable items that are capable of being simultaneously provided by each layer being received through the broadcasting network. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the IP network program metadata include at least any one of Is scalable flag information indicating whether or not the data of the layer being received through the IP network is encoded by using a scalable codec, number of IP network layer information indicating the number of layers being received through the IP network, number of IP network layer combination information indicating the number of layer combinations being received through the IP network, and IP network layer combination type information indicating combination information of the layers being received through the IP network. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the IP network program metadata include at least any one of IP network layer identification information identifying each layer being received through the IP network, IP network elementary stream packet identification information indicating packet identification information of the elementary stream including the data of each layer being received through the IP network, and IP linkage information indicating information on a transmission path of the data of each layer being received through the IP network. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the IP linkage information include at least any one of IP address type information indicating a type of IP address that is capable of acquiring the data of each layer being received through the IP network, IP address information indicating an IP address having an IP address type respective to the IP address type information, and port number information indicating a UDP port number that is capable of acquiring the data of each layer being received through the IP network. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and received. 15. The method of claim 3, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and transmitted. 16. The method of claim 4, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and transmitted. 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and transmitted. 18. The device of claim 10, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and received. 19. The device of claim 11, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and received. 20. The device of claim 13, wherein the broadcasting network program metadata and IP network program metadata are included a PMT, a SDT, an EIT, a TVCT, or a CVCT in a descriptor format and received.",
-    "The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals. The method includes, encoding Data Pipe, DP, data according to a code rate, wherein the encoding further includes Low-Density Parity-Check, LDPC, encoding the DP data, Bit interleaving the LDPC encoded DP data, and mapping the bit interleaved DP data onto constellations; building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded DP data; and modulating data in the built signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 1-4. (canceled) 5. An apparatus for transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including: an encoder to encode Data Pipe, DP, data according to a code rate; a frame builder to build at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded DP data; a modulator to modulate data in the built signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method; a preamble inserter to insert a preamble; and a transmitter to transmit the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the preamble is inserted at a beginning of the built signal frame in a time domain, wherein the preamble includes guard interval, and wherein the preamble enables signal discovery and synchronization. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the encoder encodes the data according to the code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the apparatus further includes a time interleaver which interleaves the encoded DP data by using virtual Forward Error Correction (FEC) blocks. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the encoded DP data is written column-wise into the time interelaver and cells of the time interleaver are read out diagonal-wise. 10. An apparatus of receiving broadcast signals, the method including: a receiver to receive broadcast signals having modulated data in signal frames; a preamble detector to detect a preamble; a de-modulator to de-modulate the modulated data by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method; a parser to parse at least one signal frame by de-mapping Data Pipe, DP, data; and a decoder to decode the DP data according to a code rate. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the preamble is located at a beginning of the signal frame in a time domain, wherein the preamble includes guard interval, and wherein the preamble enables signal discovery and synchronization. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the encoder encodes the data according to the code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus further includes a time deinterleaver which deinterleaves the DP data by using virtual Forward Error Correction (FEC) blocks.",
-    "The present invention relates to the field of medical technology, and in particular, to a variety of substituted N-(5-(quinolin-6-yl)pyridin-3-yl) benzsulfamide derivatives represented by formula (1) (groups therein are as defined in the specification). The compounds according to the present invention have favorable anti-tumor activity against human lung cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer and glioblastoma multiforme, which contribute to development of highly effective, low toxic and high specific anti-tumor drugs, and have high value of development. The present invention also relates to a composition, preparation method and use thereof in the preparation of anti-tumor drugs. 1. A compound represented by formula (1), or the solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pro-drug or polymorph thereof: wherein, R1 group may be independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halogen, nitrile group, nitro, hydroxyl, carboxyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-8 acyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted C1-8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-8 alkoxy, which may be single, double or multi-substituted; R2 group may be independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-8 alkoxy, or halogen; R3 group is selected from any of the following groups: wherein, R4, R5, R6 may be independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-8 straight or branched alkyl, or R5 and R6 may form a ring, with a proviso that R5 and R6 are not simultaneously hydrogen; or R4, R5 and R6 being \u2014(CH2)nNR7R8, wherein n is 1-8, R7 and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-8 straight or branched alkyl, or R7 and R8 form a ring; wherein when R5 and R6 form a ring, or R7 and R8 form a ring, they may form a nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen attached, while the heterocyclic ring may be substituted; the term \u201csubstituted\u201d means a group substitution by one or more of the following substituents: C1-5 alkyl, C2-5 alkenyl, C2-5 alkynyl, C1-5 alkoxy, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, or oxo. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 group is mono-, di- or poly-substituted by halogen. 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R1 group is 2, 4-difluoro, 4-fluoro or 2-fluoro-substituted. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 group is methoxy or halogen. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein when R5 and R6 form a ring, or R7 and R8 form a ring, they form a nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen attached, which comprises: pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, imidazole, 2-methylimidazole, pyrazole, 1H-1, 2, 4-triazole. 6. The compound of claim 1, it is selected from the group consisting of: (1). N-(5-(4-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (2). N-(2-methoxy-5-(4-(pyridin-1-yl)quinolin-6-yl)pyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (3). N-(2-methoxy-5-(4-morpholine quinolin-6-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (4). N-(5-(4-chlorinequinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (5). N-(5-(4-(4-((diethylamine)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (6). N-(2-methoxy-5-(4-(p-methylphenyl)quinolin-6-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (7). 4-(6-(5-(2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamideyl)-6-methoxypyridine-3-yl)quinolin-4-yl)methyl benzoate; (8). 4-(6-(5-(2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamideyl)-6-methoxypyridine-3-yl)quinolin-4-yl) ethyl benzoate; (9). N-(5-(4-(4-((dimethylamine)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (10). N-(5-(4-(4-((1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (11). N-(2-methoxy-5-(4-(4-(pyrrolidinyl-1-carbonyl)phenyl) quinolin-6-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (12). N-(5-(4-(4-((tetrahydropyridinyl-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (13). N-(5-(4-(4-((morpholino-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (14). N-(5-(4-(4-((piperidine-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (15). N-(5-(4-(4-((1H-imidazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (16). N-(5-(4-(4-((2-methyl-1H-imidazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (17). N-(5-(4-(4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (18). N-(5-(4-(4-((4-isopropylpiperazine-1-yl) methyl) phenyl) quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (19). N-(5-(4-(4-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (20). N-(5-(4-(4-((di(2-hydroxyethyl)amino) methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (21). N-(5-(4-(4-((1H-pyrazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (22). N-(5-(4-(4-((cyclohexyl(ethyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (23). N-(5-(4-(4-((4-methylpiperazine-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (24). N-(5-(4-(4-(((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino))methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (25). N-(5-(4-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (26). N-(5-(4-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl) quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (27). N-(5-(4-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (28). N-(5-(4-(4-((morpholino-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (29). N-(5-(4-(4-((morpholino-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (30). N-(5-(4-(4-((morpholino-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (31). N-(5-(4-(4-((dimethylamine)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (32). N-(5-(4-(4-((dimethylamine)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (33). N-(5-(4-(4-((1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (34). N-(5-(4-(4-((1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (35). N-(5-(4-(4-((1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; (36). N-(5-(4-(4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide; (37). N-(5-(4-(4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-chlorinepyridin-3-yl)-2, 4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide; and (38). N-(5-(4-(4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)quinolin-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide. 7. A preparation method for a compound of formula (IV), which comprises the following steps of: (1) Preparation of intermediate (III) dissolving 6-bromo-4-chloro-quinoline (II) in DMF, adding various substituted amines, heating and reacting to get intermediate (III); (2) Preparation of desired product (IV) intermediate (III) is dissolved in dioxane, and bis (pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing under inert gas protected condition until raw materials point of TLC testing disappears; then the reaction is stopped; adding various substituted brominated aromatic compounds (I) and the other part of palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution, heating and refluxing under inert gas protected condition, thereby forming the desired product (IV). 8. A preparation method for the compound of formula (VIII), which comprises the following steps of: (1) Preparation of compound (VI) dissolving bromine bromide (V) in DMF, adding various nitrogen substituted compounds, stirring overnight under nitrogen protected condition at room temperature to generate compound (VI); (2) Preparation of intermediate (VII) nitrogen-substituted benzyl derivatives (VI) are dissolved in dioxane; and bis(pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and a palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition until raw materials point of TLC testing disappears, then stop the reaction; 6-bromo-4-iodo-quinoline, the other part of palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution are added into the mixed system, the reaction is stopped after heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition, then stop the reaction, thereby forming the desired product (VII); (3) Preparation of desired product (VIII) intermediate (VII) is dissolved in dioxane, and bis (pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and a palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition until raw materials point of TLC testing disappears, then the reaction is stopped; adding brominate substituted aromatic compound (I), palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution into the mixed system; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition, thereby forming the desired product (VIII). 9. A preparation method for the compound of formula (XII), which comprises the following steps of: (1) Preparation of p-bromobenzoate ester derivative (X) para-bromobenzoic acid (IX) is dissolved in alcohols, and a few droplets of concentrated sulfuric acid is added dropwise, followed by stirring under heating to reflux to form compound (X); (2) Preparation of intermediate (XI) para-bromobenzoic acid ester derivatives (X) are dissolved in dioxane, and bis(pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and a palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition until raw material point of TLC testing disappears, then the reaction is stopped; adding 6-bromo-4-iodo-quinoline, the other part of palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution into the mixed system, heating and refluxing several hours under argon protected condition, and stopping the reaction to obtain the intermediate (XI); (3) Preparation of desired product (XII) intermediate (XI) is dissolved in dioxane, and bis (pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and a palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition until raw material point of TLC testing disappears, then the reaction is stopped; adding substituted brominated aromatic compounds (I), palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution into the mixed system, heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition, and stopping the reaction to obtain the intermediate (XII). 10. A preparation method for the compound of formula (XVI), which comprises the following steps of: (1) Preparation of para-bromobenzamide derivative (XIV) para-bromobenzoic acid (XIII) is dissolved in dichloromethane, EDC/HCl and DMAP are then added; after reacting for two hours, adding another raw material various amine, heating overnight at the room temperature to form compound (XIV); (2) Preparation of the intermediate (XV) para-bromobenzamide derivatives (XIV) are dissolved in dioxane, and bis (pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition until raw materials point of TLC testing disappears, then the reaction is stopped; adding 6-bromo-4-iodo-quinoline and another part of palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution into the mixed system, heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition, and stopping the reaction to obtain the intermediate (XV); (3) Preparation of desired product (XVI) intermediate (XV) is dissolved in dioxane, and bis (pinacolato) diboron, potassium acetate and a palladium catalyst are added; heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition until raw material point of TLC testing disappears, then the reaction is stopped; adding brominated aromatic compound (I), palladium catalyst and K2CO3 solution into the mixed system, heating and refluxing for several hours under argon protected condition, and stopping the reaction to obtain the intermediate (XII). 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and an anti-tumor compound selected from the group consisting of: anti-microtubule agents, platinum coordination complexes, alkylating agents, antibiotics, topoisomerase II inhibitors, antimetabolites, topoisomerase I inhibitors, hormones or hormonal analogues, signal transduction pathway inhibitors, non-receptor tyrosine kinase angiogenesis inhibitors, immunosuppressive agents, pro-apoptotic inhibitors and cell cycle signal transduction inhibitors. 13-15. (canceled) 16. A method for treating tumor comprising administrating a safe and efficient amount of compound of claim 1 to a mammal subject. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the tumor is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, leukemia, colon cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and brain cancer.",
-    "A method of manufacturing an electromagnetic induction device with On-Load Tap Changer. The method includes: a) providing an electromagnetic core with windings, b) suspending an OLTC insulation barrier from the electromagnetic induction device by a suspension, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is arranged to act as a barrier between an electromagnetic core housing and an OLTC, and wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is provided with a first set of electrical connections arranged to be connected to the windings and a second set of electrical connections arranged to be connected to the OLTC, c) connecting the first set of electrical connections to the windings, and d) subjecting the windings and the OLTC interface barrier arrangement to a drying process. 1. A method of manufacturing an electromagnetic induction device with On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) capabilities, wherein the method comprises: a) providing an electromagnetic core with windings, b) suspending an OLTC interface barrier from the electromagnetic induction device by means of suspension means, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is arranged to act as a barrier between an electromagnetic core housing and an OLTC unit, and wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is provided with a first set of electrical connections arranged to be connected to the windings and a second set of electrical connections arranged to be connected to the OLTC unit, c) connecting the first set of electrical connections to the windings, and d) subjecting the windings and the OLTC interface barrier arrangement to a drying process. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, including the steps of e) manoeuvring the suspension means such that the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is moved to the electromagnetic core housing. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, including the steps of fixating the OLTC interface barrier arrangement to the electromagnetic core housing. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, including the steps of sealing the OLTC interface barrier arrangement to the electromagnetic core housing. 5. The method as claimed in claim 3, including the steps of connecting the second set of electrical connections to the OLTC unit. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, including the steps of mounting and sealing the OLTC unit to the electromagnetic core housing. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended from an upper yoke of the electromagnetic induction device. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended from an electromagnetic core housing lid mounted to the electromagnetic core. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended such that the OLTC interface barrier arrangement has a free end during step d). 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement has a main extension along a direction defined from one electromagnetic core leg towards another electromagnetic core leg. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic induction device is a high voltage power transformer or a high voltage reactor. 12. An electromagnetic induction device having On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) capabilities, wherein the electromagnetic induction device comprises: an electromagnetic core housing, an electromagnetic core, windings arranged around the electromagnetic core, suspension means, and an OLTC interface barrier arrangement arranged to act as a barrier between the electromagnetic core housing and an OLTC unit, which OLTC interface barrier arrangement is provided with a first set of electrical connections arranged to be connected to the windings and a second set of electrical connections arranged to be connected to the OLTC unit, wherein the suspension means is arranged to suspend the OLTC interface barrier arrangement from the electromagnetic induction device. 13. The electromagnetic induction device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is manoeuvrable towards the electromagnetic core housing by means of the suspension means. 14. The electromagnetic induction device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended from an upper yoke of the electromagnetic induction device. 15. The electromagnetic induction device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended from an electromagnetic core housing lid of the electromagnetic core. 16. The electromagnetic induction device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended from an upper yoke of the electromagnetic induction device. 17. The electromagnetic induction device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the OLTC interface barrier arrangement is suspended from an electromagnetic core housing lid of the electromagnetic core.",
-    "Improved compositions, treatment fluids, and methods for providing paraffin inhibition in subterranean operations, pipelines, and other related operations are provided. In one embodiment, the methods comprise: providing a tagged inhibitor that comprises a base compound capable of inhibiting precipitation of paraffins or asphaltenes bonded with a detectable moiety; and introducing the tagged inhibitor into at least a portion of a subterranean formation. 1. A method comprising: providing a tagged inhibitor that comprises a base compound capable of inhibiting precipitation of paraffins or asphaltenes bonded with a detectable moiety; and introducing the tagged inhibitor into at least a portion of a subterranean formation. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising analyzing a sample of fluid from at least a portion of the subterranean formation to determine a concentration of the tagged inhibitor in the fluid. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry technique is used to analyze the fluid sample. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein: the concentration of the tagged inhibitor in the fluid sample is less than a predetermined effective amount; and the method further comprises introducing an additional paraffin or asphaltene inhibitor into at least a portion of the subterranean formation. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the additional paraffin or asphaltene inhibitor comprises an additional tagged paraffin or asphaltene inhibitor. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein a well bore penetrates the portion of the subterranean formation, and at least a portion of tubing resides in the well bore. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein introducing the tagged inhibitor into at least a portion of the subterranean formation comprises injecting the tagged inhibitor into a capillary injection tube disposed in a well bore that penetrates at least a portion of the subterranean formation. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the base compound comprises a maleic anhydride copolymer. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the base compound comprises a polyacrylate. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the detectable moiety comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of: boron, phosphorus, bromine, iodine, selenium, and any combination thereof. 11. A method comprising: providing a tagged inhibitor that comprises a base compound capable of inhibiting the precipitation of paraffins or asphaltenes bonded with a detectable moiety; and introducing the tagged inhibitor into at least a portion of a pipeline carrying one or more fluids from one location along the pipeline to another location along the pipeline. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising analyzing a sample of fluid from at least a portion of the pipeline to determine a concentration of the tagged inhibitor in the fluid. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry technique is used to analyze the fluid sample. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein: the concentration of the tagged inhibitor in the fluid sample is less than a predetermined effective amount; and the method further comprises introducing an additional paraffin or asphaltene inhibitor into at least a portion of the pipeline. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the base compound comprises a maleic anhydride copolymer. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the base compound comprises a polyacrylate. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein the detectable moiety comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of: boron, phosphorus, bromine, iodine, selenium, and any combination thereof. 18. A method comprising: providing a tagged inhibitor that comprises a maleic anhydride copolymer bonded with a detectable moiety comprising phosphorous; introducing the tagged inhibitor into at least a portion of a subterranean formation; and using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine a concentration of the tagged inhibitor in a sample of fluid from at least a portion of the subterranean formation. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein: the concentration of the tagged inhibitor in the fluid sample is less than a predetermined effective amount; and the method further comprises introducing an additional paraffin or asphaltene inhibitor into at least a portion of the subterranean formation. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein introducing the tagged inhibitor into at least a portion of the subterranean formation comprises injecting the tagged inhibitor into a capillary injection tube disposed in a well bore that penetrates at least a portion of the subterranean formation.",
-    "A method for deblurring a blurry image (400) includes the steps of: performing a first phase of deconvolution (202) with a first phase regularization spatial mask (300) to reconstruct the main edges and generate a first phase latent sharp image (404) having reconstructed main edges; and performing a second phase of deconvolution (204) with a second phase regularization spatial mask (304) to reconstruct the texture and generate a second phase latent sharp image (406). The second phase regularization spatial mask (304) can be different from the first phase Has the Desired Number No Update Regularization Mask regularization spatial mask (300). 1. A method for deblurring a blurry image that includes main edges and texture, the method comprising the steps of: performing a first phase of deconvolution with a first phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the main edges and generate a first phase latent sharp image having reconstructed main edges; and performing a second phase of deconvolution with a second phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the texture and generate a second phase latent sharp image, the second phase regularization spatial mask being different from the first phase regularization spatial mask. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of generating the second phase regularization spatial mask using the first phase latent sharp image. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein (i) the step of performing a first phase includes using a first phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the first phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (ii) the step of performing a second phase includes using a second phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the second phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of (i) identifying any outlier regions in the blurry image, and (ii) creating a fidelity term mask based on the identified outlier regions; wherein the step of performing a first phase of deconvolution includes using a first phase algorithm that uses the fidelity term mask; and wherein the step of performing a second phase of deconvolution includes using a second phase algorithm that uses the fidelity term mask. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein (i) the step of performing a first phase includes using the first phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the first phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (ii) the step of performing a second phase includes using the second phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, a spatial prior, and includes the second phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts. 6. The method of claim 4 further comprising the steps of (i) performing a third phase of deconvolution on the blurry image with a third phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the main edges to generate a third phase latent sharp image; and (ii) performing a fourth phase of deconvolution with a fourth phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the texture to generate a fourth phase latent sharp image, the fourth phase regularization spatial mask being different from the third phase regularization spatial mask. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of merging the second phase latent sharp image with the fourth phase latent sharp image to create the output latent sharp image. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein (i) the step of performing a first phase includes using the first phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the first phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, (ii) the step of performing a second phase includes using the second phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the second phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts; (iii) the step of performing a third phase includes using a third phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the third phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (iv) the step of performing a fourth phase includes using a fourth phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the fourth phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of (i) converting the blurry image to a color space that includes a luminance channel and a chrominance channel, (ii) performing deconvolution of the luminance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution, (iii) generating the second phase regularization spatial mask using the deblurred luminance channel, and (iv) performing deconvolution of the chrominance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution. 10. A method for deblurring a blurry image with a known or estimated point spread function, the method comprising the steps of: performing a first phase of deconvolution with a first latent sharp image cost function that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior regularization to generate a first phase latent sharp image having reconstructed main edges; and performing a second phase of deconvolution with a second latent sharp image cost function that assumes a Gaussian prior regularization and includes a spatial prior regularization to generate a second phase latent sharp image with reconstructed texture. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of performing a first phase of deconvolution includes using a first phase regularization spatial mask in the first latent sharp image cost function; wherein the step of performing a second phase of deconvolution includes using a second phase regularization spatial mask in the second latent sharp image cost function; and wherein the method includes generating the second phase regularization spatial mask using the first phase latent sharp image. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising the steps of (i) identifying any outlier regions in the blurry image, and (ii) creating a fidelity term mask based on the identified outlier regions; wherein the step of performing a first phase of deconvolution includes using the fidelity term mask in the first latent sharp image cost function; and wherein the step of performing a second phase of deconvolution includes using the fidelity term mask in the second latent sharp image cost function. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising the steps of (i) performing a third phase of deconvolution on the blurry image with a third phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the main edges to generate a third phase latent sharp image; and (ii) performing a fourth phase of deconvolution with a fourth phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the texture to generate a fourth phase latent sharp image, the fourth phase regularization spatial mask being different from the third phase regularization spatial mask. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of merging the second phase latent sharp image with the fourth phase latent sharp image to create the output latent sharp image. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein (i) the step of performing a third phase includes using a third phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the third phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (ii) the step of performing a fourth phase includes using a fourth phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the fourth phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts. 16. The method of claim 10 further comprising the steps of (i) converting the blurry image to a color space that includes a luminance channel and a chrominance channel, (ii) performing deconvolution of the luminance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution, and (iii) performing deconvolution of the chrominance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution. 17. A system for deblurring a blurry image that includes main edges and texture, the system comprising: a control system that includes a processor that (i) performs a first phase of deconvolution with a first phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the main edges and generate a first phase latent sharp image having reconstructed main edges; and (ii) performs a second phase of deconvolution with a second phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the texture and generate a second phase latent sharp image, the second phase regularization spatial mask being different from the first phase regularization spatial mask. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the control system generates the second phase regularization spatial mask using the first phase latent sharp image. 19. The system of claim 17 wherein (i) the first phase of deconvolution uses a first phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the first phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (ii) the second phase of deconvolution uses a second phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the second phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts. 20. The system of claim 17 wherein the control system (i) identifies any outlier regions in the blurry image, and (ii) creates a fidelity term mask based on the identified outlier regions; wherein the first phase of deconvolution uses a first phase algorithm that uses the fidelity term mask, and the second phase of deconvolution uses a second phase algorithm that uses the fidelity term mask. 21. The system of claim 20 wherein (i) the first phase algorithm assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the first phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (ii) the second phase algorithm assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the second phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts. 22. The system of claim 20 wherein the control system (i) performs a third phase of deconvolution on the blurry image with a third phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the main edges to generate a third phase latent sharp image; and (ii) performs a fourth phase of deconvolution with a fourth phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the texture to generate a fourth phase latent sharp image, the fourth phase regularization spatial mask being different from the third phase regularization spatial mask. 23. The system of claim 22 wherein the control system merges the second phase latent sharp image with the fourth phase latent sharp image to create the output latent sharp image. 24. The system of claim 17 wherein the control system (i) converts the blurry image to a color space that includes a luminance channel and chrominance channels, (ii) performs deconvolution of the luminance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution, (iii) generates the second phase regularization spatial mask using the deblurred luminance channel, and (iv) performs deconvolution of the chrominance channels of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution. 25. The system of claim 13 further comprising a capturing system that captures an image of the scene. 26. A system for deblurring a blurry image that includes main edges and texture, the system comprising: a control system that includes a processor that (i) performs a first phase of deconvolution with a first latent sharp image cost function that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior regularization to generate a first phase latent sharp image having reconstructed main edges; and (ii) performs a second phase of deconvolution with a second latent sharp image cost function that assumes Gaussian prior regularization and includes a spatial prior regularization to generate a second phase latent sharp image with reconstructed texture. 27. The system of claim 26 wherein the first phase of deconvolution includes using a first phase regularization spatial mask in the first latent sharp image cost function; wherein the second phase of deconvolution includes using a second phase regularization spatial mask in the second latent sharp image cost function; and wherein the method includes generating the second phase regularization spatial mask using the first phase latent sharp image. 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the control system (i) identifies any outlier regions in the blurry image, (ii) creates a fidelity term mask based on the identified outlier regions, (iii) uses the fidelity term mask in the first latent sharp image cost function; and (iv) uses the fidelity term mask in the second latent sharp image cost function. 29. The system of claim 26 wherein the control system (i) performs a third phase of deconvolution on the blurry image with a third phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the main edges to generate a third phase latent sharp image; and (ii) performs a fourth phase of deconvolution with a fourth phase regularization spatial mask to reconstruct the texture to generate a fourth phase latent sharp image, the fourth phase regularization spatial mask being different from the third phase regularization spatial mask. 30. The system of claim 29 wherein the control system merges the second phase latent sharp image with the fourth phase latent sharp image to create the output latent sharp image. 31. The system of claim 26 wherein the control system (i) converts the blurry image to a color space that includes a luminance channel and a chrominance channel, (ii) performs deconvolution of the luminance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution, and (iii) performs deconvolution of the chrominance channel of the blurry image with the first phase and the second phase of deconvolution. 32. The system of claim 22 wherein (i) the first phase algorithm assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the first phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, (ii) the second phase algorithm assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the second phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts; (iii) the third phase of regularization includes using a third phase algorithm that assumes a Laplacian or Hyper-Laplacian prior and includes the third phase regularization spatial mask to suppress ringing artifacts and noise, and (iv) the fourth phase of regularization includes using a fourth phase algorithm that assumes a Gaussian prior, and includes a spatial prior, and the fourth phase regularization spatial mask to help to recover image texture without introducing strong ringing artifacts.",
-    "A light source device which includes a light source, a diffusion member configured to diffuse light from the light source, a reflection sheet configured to reflect the light from the light source to the diffusion member, a storage housing in which the diffusion member and the reflection sheet are stored to face each other, and positioning parts configured to position the diffusion member and the reflection sheet in the storage housing is provided. And the reflection sheet is provided with convex parts in one edge part thereof at positions corresponding, in a facing direction, to notches of the diffusion member which correspond to the positioning parts, such that light reflectance in the vicinity of the notches of the diffusion member is increased. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A light source device which includes a light source, a diffusion member configured to diffuse light from the light source, a reflection sheet configured to reflect the light from the light source to the diffusion member, a storage housing in which the diffusion member and the reflection sheet are stored to face each other, and positioning parts which are provided in the storage housing and position the diffusion member and the reflection sheet in the storage housing, wherein the diffusion member is provided with notches corresponding to the positioning parts in one side surface part thereof, the reflection sheet has concaves and convexes in one edge part corresponding to the one side surface part of the diffusion member, and the notches of the diffusion member are disposed to correspond to convex parts of the one edge part of the reflection sheet in the facing direction in which the diffusion member and the reflection sheet face each other. 17. The light source device according to claim 16, wherein residual part other than the notches of the one side surface part of the diffusion member is disposed to correspond to concave parts of the one edge part of the reflection sheet in the facing direction. 18. The light source device according to claim 16, wherein the convex parts of the reflection sheet have lacking parts having a similar figure to the notches at positions corresponding to the notches of the diffusion member in the facing direction. 19. The light source device according to claim 18, wherein the lacking part of the reflection sheet is substantially a triangle. 20. The light source device according to claim 18, wherein the lacking part of the reflection sheet is substantially a circle. 21. The light source device according to claim 16, wherein the convex part of the reflection sheet includes a fluorescent agent. 22. The light source device according to claim 21, wherein the fluorescent agent has a constant reflection spectral distribution characteristic. 23. A light source device which includes a light source, a diffusion member configured to diffuse light from the light source, a reflection sheet configured to reflect the light from the light source to the diffusion member, a storage housing in which the diffusion member and the reflection sheet are stored to face each other, and positioning parts which are provided in the storage housing and position the diffusion member and the reflection sheet in the storage housing, wherein the diffusion member is provided with notches corresponding to the positioning parts in one side surface part thereof, the diffusion member has residual part other than the notches of the one side surface part, which faces a bottom of the storage housing in the facing direction in which the diffusion member and the reflection sheet face each other, and a film is formed on a portion of the bottom of the storage housing, the portion facing the residual part, and has a lower reflectance than the other portions. 24. The light source device according to claim 23, wherein the film of the storage housing has a constant reflection spectral distribution characteristic. 25. The light source device according to claim 23, wherein the film of the storage housing is formed by printing of a plurality of dots. 26. The light source device according to claim 25, wherein the dots have a diameter which is configured so as to be decreased toward a central part of the bottom of the storage housing. 27. The light source device according to claim 16, wherein the diffusion member includes one surface to emit light, which has a lens shape. 28. The light source device according to claim 23, wherein the diffusion member includes one surface to emit light, which has a lens shape. 29. The light source device according to claim 16, wherein the diffusion member includes one surface to emit light, which has diffusion beads. 30. The light source device according to claim 23, wherein the diffusion member includes one surface to emit light, which has diffusion beads. 31. The light source device according to claim 16, wherein the diffusion member includes the diffusion beads. 32. The light source device according to claim 23, wherein the diffusion member includes the diffusion beads. 33. A display apparatus comprising: the light source device according to claim 16, and a display panel which is provided on one surface side of the diffusion member, and displays an image using light made incident thereon through the diffusion member.",
-    "An object of the present invention is to provide a coagulant for a tire puncture repair liquid with excellent coagulability, and a tire puncture repair kit that uses the tire puncture repair liquid. The coagulant of the present invention coagulates a tire puncture repair liquid, and contains an \u03b1-starch and/or a dextrin having a weight average molecular weight of 3,000 to 50,000. 1. A coagulant that coagulates a tire puncture repair liquid, the coagulant comprising an \u03b1-starch and a dextrin having a weight average molecular weight of 3,000 to 50,000. 2. The coagulant according to claim 1, wherein the coagulant comprises at least the \u03b1-starch, and an amylopectin content of the \u03b1-starch is 75 mass % or more. 3. (canceled) 4. The coagulant according to claim 1, further comprising at least one deliquescent inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. 5. The coagulant according to claim 1, wherein the tire puncture repair liquid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a natural rubber latex and a synthetic resin emulsion. 6. The coagulant according to claim 5, wherein the tire puncture repair liquid further comprises an anti-freezing agent. 7. The coagulant according to claim 1, wherein a used amount with respect to the tire puncture repair liquid is 5 to 150 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the tire puncture repair liquid. 8. A tire puncture repair kit comprising: the coagulant according to claim 1; and a tire puncture repair liquid. 9. The coagulant according to claim 2, further comprising at least one deliquescent inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. 10. The coagulant according to claim 2, wherein the tire puncture repair liquid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a natural rubber latex and a synthetic resin emulsion. 11. The coagulant according to claim 4, wherein the tire puncture repair liquid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a natural rubber latex and a synthetic resin emulsion. 12. The coagulant according to claim 2, wherein a used amount with respect to the tire puncture repair liquid is 5 to 150 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the tire puncture repair liquid. 13. The coagulant according to claim 4, wherein a used amount with respect to the tire puncture repair liquid is 5 to 150 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the tire puncture repair liquid. 14. The coagulant according to claim 5, wherein a used amount with respect to the tire puncture repair liquid is 5 to 150 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the tire puncture repair liquid. 15. The coagulant according to claim 6, wherein a used amount with respect to the tire puncture repair liquid is 5 to 150 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the tire puncture repair liquid. 16. A tire puncture repair kit comprising: the coagulant according to claim 2; and a tire puncture repair liquid. 17. A tire puncture repair kit comprising: the coagulant according to claim 4; and a tire puncture repair liquid. 18. A tire puncture repair kit comprising: the coagulant according to claim 5; and a tire puncture repair liquid. 19. A tire puncture repair kit comprising: the coagulant according to claim 6; and a tire puncture repair liquid. 20. A tire puncture repair kit comprising: the coagulant according to claim 7; and a tire puncture repair liquid.",
-    "The present invention relates to a novel metallocene compound, a catalyst composition including the same, and a method of preparing an olefinic polymer by using the same. The metallocene compound according to the present invention and the catalyst composition comprising the same can be used for producing olefinic polymers, have outstanding polymerizing ability, and can produce olefinic polymers of ultra high molecular weight. In particular, when the metallocene compound according to the present invention is employed, an olefinic polymer of ultra high molecular weight can be obtained because it shows high polymerization activity even when it is supported on a carrier and maintains high activity even in the presence of hydrogen because of its low hydrogen reactivity. 1. A metallocene compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 1: in Chemical Formula 1, A is hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C7-C20 alkylaryl group, a C7-C20 arylalkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a C2-C20 alkoxyalkyl group, a C3-C20 heterocycloalkyl group, or a C5-C20 heteroaryl group; D is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014N(R)\u2014, or \u2014Si(R)(R\u2032)\u2014, wherein R and R\u2032 are same or different each other, and are independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, or a C6-C20 aryl group; L is a C1-C10 linear or branched alkylene group; B is carbon, silicon, or germanium; Q is hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C7-C20 alkylaryl group, or a C7-C20 arylalkyl group; M is a group 4 transition metal; X1 and X2 are, same to or different from each other, independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a nitro group, an amido group, a C1-C20 alkylsilyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, or a C1-C20 sulfonate group; C1 is represented by any one of the following Chemical Formula 2a and Chemical Formula 2b; and C2 is represented by the following Chemical Formula 3: in Chemical Formulae 2a, 2b and 3, R1 to R17 and R1\u2032 to R9\u2032 are, same to or different from each other, independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C1-C20 alkylsilyl group, a C1-C20 silylalkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxysilyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C7-C20 alkylaryl group, or a C7-C20 arylalkyl group, wherein 2 or more adjacent groups among R10 to R17 may form a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic ring by being connected together. 2. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 to R17 and R1\u2032 to R9\u2032 in Chemical Formulae 2a, 2b and 3 are independently hydrogen, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, phenyl group, a halogen group, trimethylsilyl group, triethylsilyl group, tripropylsilyl group, tributylsilyl group, triisopropylsilyl group, trimethylsilylmethyl group, methoxy group, or ethoxy group. 3. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein L in Chemical Formula 1 is a C4-C8 linear or branched alkylene group. 4. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein A in Chemical Formula 1 is hydrogen, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, tert-butyl group, methoxymethyl group, tert-butoxybutyl group, 1-ethoxyethyl group, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl group, tetrahydropyranyl group, or tetrahydrofuranyl group. 5. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 2a is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 6. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 2b is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 7. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 3 is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 8. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 9. A catalyst composition, including the metallocene compound of claim 1 and a cocatalyst. 10. The catalyst composition according to claim 9, wherein the cocatalyst includes one or more of the compounds represented by Chemical Formulae 4 to 6: \u2014[Al(R18)-O]n\u2014 [Chemical Formula 4] in Chemical Formula 4, each R18 may be same or different, and is independently a halogen; a C1-C20 hydrocarbon; or a halogen-substituted C1-C20 hydrocarbon; and n is an integer of 2 or more; J(R18)3 [Chemical Formula 5] in Chemical Formula 5, R18 is same as that in Chemical Formula 4; and J is aluminum or boron; [E-H]+[ZA\u20324]\u2212 or [E]+[ZA\u20324]\u2212 [Chemical Formula 6] in Chemical Formula 6, E is a neutral or cationic Lewis acid; H is hydrogen atom; Z is group 13 element; and each A\u2032 may be same or different, and is independently a C6-C20 aryl group or a C1-C20 alkyl group of which at least one hydrogen atom is unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen, a C1-C20 hydrocarbon, an alkoxy, or phenoxy. 11. The catalyst composition according to claim 10, wherein the catalyst is supported on a carrier. 12. The catalyst composition according to claim 11, wherein the carrier is one or more carriers selected from the group consisting of silica, silica-alumina, and silica-magnesia. 13. A method of preparing an olefinic polymer, including the step of polymerizing olefinic monomers in the presence of the catalyst composition according to claim 9. 14. The method of preparing an olefinic polymer according to claim 13, wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out according to a solution polymerization process, slurry process, or a gas phase process. 15. The method of preparing an olefinic polymer according to claim 13, wherein the olefinic monomer is one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and 1-eicosene. 16. An olefinic polymer prepared by the preparation method according to claim 13. 17. The olefinic polymer according to claim 16, of which the weight average molecular weight is 50,000 to 3,000,000 g/mol.",
-    "Provided are a laminate including an organic material mask and a method for preparing an organic light emitting device using the same. The laminate includes a substrate; and a mask provided on the substrate and including an organic material. 1. A laminate, comprising: a substrate; and a mask provided on the substrate and including an organic material. 2. The laminate of claim 1, wherein the substrate is glass, an inorganic material substrate, a plastic substrate, or a flexible substrate. 3. The laminate of claim 1, wherein the mask including the organic material includes one or more selected from a group consisting of polyimide, polyethylene, and polyvinylchloride. 4. The laminate of claim 1, wherein the mask including the organic material is formed on the substrate by a printing method. 5. A method for preparing an organic light emitting device, comprising: forming one or more of a first electrode, an organic material layer, and a second electrode, by using the laminate of claim 1. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the forming of one or more of the first electrode, the organic material layer, and the second electrode is performed by using a deposition process. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: removing the mask including the organic material, after the forming of one or more of the first electrode, the organic material layer, and the second electrode.",
-    "The present invention includes a plurality of access points (APs); a plurality of user equipments (UEs); and a macro cell, wherein the macro cell is configured to receive feedback including a first matrix comprising connection information between identifiers of the plurality of APs and the plurality of UEs, generate a second matrix including information on a specific AP to be activated, the specific AP being determined on the basis of the first matrix, and broadcast the generated second matrix. 1. A wireless communication system comprising: a plurality of access points (APs); a plurality of user equipments (UEs); and a macro cell, wherein the macro cell is configured to receive feedback including a first matrix comprising connection information between identifiers of the plurality of APs and the plurality of UEs, generate a second matrix including information on a specific AP to be activated, the specific AP being determined on the basis of the first matrix, and broadcast the generated second matrix. 2. The wireless communication system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of APs is activated per predetermined period and configured to transmit a beacon message and identify the generated second matrix. 3. The wireless communication system according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of APs performs turn-off if it does not correspond to the specific AP included in the generated second matrix. 4. The wireless communication system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of UEs is configured to receive the beacon message from the plurality of APs and feed a report message, which includes at least one of connectivity and transportable speed, back to each AP. 5. The wireless communication system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of UEs is configured to identify whether to receive the beacon message of the AP and determine whether to perform handover if the beacon message can be received. 6. The wireless communication system according to claim 1, wherein the specific AP is determined by an Equation A for maximizing throughput, max \u00b7 \u03a3 j \ue89e \u03a3 i \ue89e A ij \ue89e S ij S j - \u03b7 \ue89e \ue89e \u03a3 j \ue89e P j \u00d7 1 \ue89e ( S j ) , [ Equation \ue89e \ue89e A ] where, i is an index of UE, j is an index of AP, Aij is a value corresponding to the index of the UE and the index of the AP in the first matrix, Sij is a value corresponding to the index of the UE and the index of the AP in the second matrix, 1 \ue89e ( S j ) \u2237 = { 1 , if \ue89e \ue89e S j > 0 0 , if \ue89e \ue89e S j = 0 , Sj=Ei=1ISij, (in this case, I is the number of all UEs), \u03b5[0, \u221e) is a tradeoff parameter between a transport speed and energy consumption, and Pj is a power consumed by a small AP(j). 7. The wireless communication system according to claim 6, wherein the second matrix is characterized in that a value simultaneously corresponding to both a first AP of which transportable throughput to the plurality of UEs is maximum and a first UE associated with the first AP is set to 1 based on the first matrix. 8. The wireless communication system according to claim 6, wherein the second matrix is characterized in that a value simultaneously corresponding to both a second UE that may be connected to a minimum number of APs and a second AP that may be connected to a maximum number of UEs among APs connected to the second UE is set to 1 based on the first matrix. 9. The wireless communication system according to claim 6, wherein the second matrix is characterized in that a value corresponding to an AP that provides the highest throughput to a specific UE is set to 1 based on the first matrix. 10. The wireless communication system according to claim 6, wherein the macro cell is configured to transmit a message indicating handover when broadcasting the generated second matrix.",
-    "A method is described for making electrically conductive tracks or areas within a material. By using as material cellulose or its derivatives; and by locally raising the temperature of a portion of the material, one can trace tracks in a simple, economic and fast way manner. 1. A method for making electrically conductive tracks or areas within a material, said method comprising the steps of: using as the material, cellulose or its derivatives; and locally raising the temperature of a portion of the material. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a laser locally raises the temperature of a portion of the material. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the material is nitrocellulose. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein silver or copper or gold or platinum or indium or tungsten particles are inserted in the material, having an average diameter from 5 \u03bcm to 17 \u03bcm, and percentage by weight with respect to the material that contains them from 3% to 20%. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein a glycol is added to the material, and/or a solvent is added to the material. 6. A compound inside which to form electrically conductive tracks or areas, the compound comprising by weight: cellulose or a derivative thereof from 2% to 10%; particles of silver or copper or gold or platinum or indium or tungsten, having an average diameter from 5 \u03bcm to 17 \u03bcm, and percentage by weight from 3% to 20%; and solvent, the remaining %. 7. The compound according to claim 6, wherein the derivative is nitrocellulose. 8. The compound according to claim 6, wherein the average diameter is 10-11 \u03bcm. 9. The compound according to claim 6, comprising a glycol. 10. A method of using cellulose or a derivative thereof as a material in which to form electrically conductive tracks or areas through local increase of temperature of a portion of the material. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein PEG (polyethylene glycol) is added to the material, and/or ethyl ether is added to the material. 12. The compound according to claim 6, comprising a PEG (polyethylene glycol) of 2-4%.",
-    "The present disclosure provides an array substrate, its manufacturing method and a display device. The array substrate includes operating circuit interfaces, testing interfaces, and testing lines connecting the operating circuit interfaces and the testing interfaces. Each testing line includes at least one cut-off point, and conductive contacts extending to an upper surface of the array substrate are arranged at two sides of each cut-off point of the testing line. When testing an operating circuit, electrically connecting the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point enables the testing line to be conductive. 1. An array substrate, comprising: operating circuit interfaces; testing interfaces; and testing lines connecting the operating circuit interfaces and the testing interfaces; wherein each testing line comprises at least one cut-off point, and conductive contacts extending to an upper surface of the array substrate are arranged at two sides of each cut-off point of the testing line. 2. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the testing lines comprises a cut-off point at its midpoint. 3. The array substrate according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the testing lines comprises cut-off points at its two ends. 4. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the conductive contact is a via-hole extending from one side of the cut-off point to the upper surface of the array substrate, and a conductive material is arranged in the via-hole and extends to the upper surface of the array substrate. 5. The array substrate according to claim 4, wherein a distance between the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point is greater than 5 \u03bcm. 6. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point are electrically connected to each other through a silver conductive adhesive. 7. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein each testing line is segmented by the at least one cut-off point into a plurality of testing sub-lines arranged at an identical layer or at different layers of the array substrate. 8. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the operating circuit interfaces comprise an operating circuit interface at a display region and an operating circuit interface at a peripheral region; the testing interfaces comprise a testing interface at the display region and a testing interface at the peripheral region; the testing lines comprise a testing line at the display region and a testing line at the peripheral region; the testing line at the display region connects the operating circuit interface at the display region to the testing interface at the display region, and the testing line at the peripheral region connects the operating circuit interface at the peripheral region to the testing interface at the peripheral region. 9. A method for manufacturing an array substrate, comprising steps of: forming, on a substrate, testing lines each including at least one cut-off point, two ends of each testing line being connected to an operating circuit interface and a testing interface, respectively; forming, at two sides of each cut-off point of the testing line, conductive contacts extending to an upper surface of the array substrate; and electrically connecting the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point to each other when testing an operating circuit, so as to enable each testing line to be conductive. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the testing lines comprises a cut-off point at its midpoint. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein at least one of the testing lines comprises cut-off points at its two ends. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein each conductive contact is a via-hole in which a conductive material is provided, and the step of forming, at two sides of each cut-off point of each testing line, the conductive contacts extending to the upper surface of the array substrate comprises: forming, at two sides of each cut-off point of each testing line, the via-holes extending to the upper surface of the array substrate; and providing the conductive material in each via-hole, the conductive material extending to the upper surface of the array substrate. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein a distance between the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point is greater than 5 \u03bcm. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of electrically connecting the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point comprises electrically connecting the conductive contacts at two sides of each cut-off point through a silver conductive adhesive. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of forming, on the substrate, the testing lines each including at least one cut-off point comprises: forming, on the substrate, the testing lines each including at least one cut-off point and a gate electrode pattern; or, forming, on the substrate with an insulation layer, the testing lines each including at least one cut-off point and a source-drain electrode pattern. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of forming, on the substrate, the testing lines each including at least one cut-off point comprises: forming, on the substrate, a first testing sub-line pattern and a gate electrode pattern; forming, on the substrate with the first testing sub-line pattern and the gate electrode pattern, an insulation layer; and forming, on the substrate with the insulation layer, a second testing sub-line pattern and a source-drain electrode pattern, the first testing sub-line pattern and the second testing sub-line pattern being formed together as the testing line including at least one cut-off point. 17. The method according to claim 9, wherein the operating circuit interfaces comprise an operating circuit interface at a display region and an operating circuit interface at a peripheral region; the testing interfaces comprise a testing interface at the display region and a testing interface at the peripheral region; the testing lines comprise a testing line at the display region and a testing line at the peripheral region; the testing line at the display region connects the operating circuit interface at the display region to the testing interface at the display region; and the testing line at the peripheral region connects the operating circuit interface at the peripheral region to the testing interface at the peripheral region. 18. A display device comprising an array substrate; wherein the array substrate comprises: operating circuit interfaces; testing interfaces; and testing lines connecting the operating circuit interfaces and the testing interfaces; wherein each testing line comprises at least one cut-off point, and conductive contacts extending to an upper surface of the array substrate are arranged at two sides of each cut-off point of the testing line. 19. The display device according to claim 18, wherein at least one of the testing lines comprises a cut-off point at its midpoint. 20. The display device according to claim 18, wherein at least one of the testing lines comprises cut-off points at its two ends.",
-    "A process for recovering and purifying polyhydroxyalkanoates from a cell culture may include: (a) acidifying the culture to obtain a pH value less than or equal to 6, and submitting the culture to a cell fractionation treatment using high-pressure homogenization at a temperature greater than or equal to 10\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 80\u00b0 C. to obtain a suspension; (b) basifying the suspension to obtain a pH value greater than or equal to 8; (c) diluting the suspension and submitting the diluted PHA suspension to tangential filtration to obtain a concentrated suspension as retentate and an aqueous phase as permeate; (d) submitting the concentrated suspension to bleaching; (e) diluting the suspension after the bleaching and submitting the diluted bleached suspension to tangential filtration to obtain a concentrated bleached suspension as retentate and an aqueous phase as permeate; and/or (f) submitting the concentrated bleached suspension to drying. 1. A process for recovering and purifying polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from a cell culture, the process comprising: (a) acidifying the cell culture so as to obtain a pH value less than or equal to 6, and submitting the cell culture to a cell fractionation treatment using high-pressure homogenization at a temperature greater than or equal to 10\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 80\u00b0 C., so as to obtain a PHA suspension; (b) basifying the PHA suspension thus obtained so as to obtain a pH value greater than or equal to 8; (c) diluting the PHA suspension and submitting the diluted PHA suspension to first tangential filtration so as to obtain a concentrated PHA suspension as first retentate and a first aqueous phase as first permeate; (d) submitting the concentrated PHA suspension to bleaching; (e) diluting the PHA suspension after the bleaching and submitting the diluted bleached suspension to second tangential filtration so as to obtain a concentrated bleached PHA suspension as second retentate and a second aqueous phase as second permeate; and (f) submitting the concentrated bleached PHA suspension to drying. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the cell culture is submitted to a preliminary step of concentration. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the preliminary step of concentration yields a cell concentration greater than or equal to 20 g/L and less than or equal to 800 g/L. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein in step (a), the cell culture is acidified so as to obtain a pH value less than or equal to 5. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein a pressure greater than or equal to 500 bar and less than or equal to 2,000 bar is applied during the homogenization. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein in step (b), the PHA suspension is basified so as to obtain a pH value greater than or equal to 9. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the PHA suspension thus basified is treated with at least one surfactant at a temperature greater than or equal to 10\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 80\u00b0 C. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein after the treatment according to step (b), the PHA suspension is diluted so as to obtain a solid concentration greater than or equal to 10 g/L and less than or equal to 500 g/L. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein in at least one of the tangential filtration steps, at least one ceramic or polymeric membrane is used, having a mean pore dimension greater than or equal to 0.05 \u03bcm and less than or equal to 10 \u03bcm. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein in at least one of the tangential filtration steps, the PHA suspension is fed through at least one tangential flow filter with a pressure greater than or equal to 1 bar and less than or equal to 10 bar. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein in at least one of the tangential filtration steps, flow speed greater than or equal to 2 m/sec and less than or equal to 10 m/sec is maintained through at least one tangential flow filter. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the bleaching step (d) is carried out by adding oxidizing agent. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the bleaching step (d) is carried out at a temperature greater than or equal to 10\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 60\u00b0 C. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein after the treatment according to step (d), the bleached PHA suspension is diluted so as to obtain a solid concentration greater than or equal to 10 g/L and less than or equal to 100 g/L. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the concentrated bleached PHA suspension obtained from step (e) is further concentrated using orthogonal filtration and then directed to the drying step (f). 16. The process of claim 15, wherein at least one flocculating agent is added to the concentrated bleached PHA suspension, and a resulting combination is then fed to the orthogonal filtration step. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein a pressure greater than or equal to 500 bar and less than or equal to 1,500 bar is applied during the homogenization. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the PHA suspension thus basified is treated with at least one surfactant at a temperature greater than or equal to 20\u00b0 C. and less than or equal to 50\u00b0 C. 19. The process of claim 1, wherein after the treatment according to step (b), the PHA suspension is diluted so as to obtain a solid concentration greater than or equal to 25 g/L and less than or equal to 100 g/L. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein in at least one of the tangential filtration steps, at least one ceramic or polymeric membrane is used, having a mean pore dimension greater than or equal to 0.2 \u03bcm and less than or equal to 5 \u03bcm.",
-    "Constructs comprising GDF15, and mutants thereof are provided. In various embodiments the constructs comprising GDF15, and mutants thereof, can be of use in the treatment or ameliorating a metabolic disorder. In various embodiments the metabolic disease or disorder is type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated glucose levels, elevated insulin levels and diabetic nephropathy. 1. A fusion protein comprising a GDF15 region and an Fc domain. 2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the Fc domain comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:16, 22, 28, 29, 33, 35, 38, 48, 85, 91, 106, 132, 141, 148, 155, 162, 169, 176, 183, 192, 199, 206, 213, 220, 227, 233, 236, 268, 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 and 302. 3. The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 region comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:4, 8, 12, 25, 52 and 55. 4. The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 region and the Fc domain are joined by a polypeptide linker. 5. The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein the polypeptide linker is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:18, 30, 34, 40, 58, 61, 64, 69, 72, 75, 78, 113, 116, 119, 122, 125, 128. 6. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 24, 27, 32, 37, 20, 42, 50, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 74, 77, 82, 84, 88, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 134, 137, 139, 143, 146, 150, 153, 269, 272, 276, 279, 157, 160, 164, 167, 171, 174, 178, 181, 185, 188, 194, 197, 201, 204, 208, 211, 215, 218, 222, 225, 229, 232, 233, 238 and 240. 7. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises two or more Fc domains. 8. A dimer comprising (i) a first polypeptide chain comprising a GDF15 region and a first Fc domain, and (ii) a second polypeptide chain comprising a second Fc domain. 9. The dimer of claim 8, wherein first Fc domain comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:16, 22, 28, 29, 33, 35, 38, 48, 85, 91, 106, 132, 141, 148, 155, 162, 169, 176, 183, 192, 199, 206, 213, 220, 227, 233, 236, 268, 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 and 302. 10. The dimer of claim 9, wherein second Fc domain comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:16, 22, 28, 29, 33, 35, 38, 48, 85, 91, 106, 132, 141, 148, 155, 162, 169, 176, 183, 192, 199, 206, 213, 220, 227, 233, 236, 268, 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 and 302. 11. The dimer of claim 9, wherein the GDF15 region comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:4, 8, 12, 25, 52 and 55. 12. The dimer of claim 9, wherein the GDF15 region and the Fc domain are joined by a polypeptide linker. 13. The dimer of 12, wherein the polypeptide linker is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:18, 30, 34, 40, 58, 61, 64, 69, 72, 75, 78, 113, 116, 119, 122, 125, 128. 14. The dimer of claim 8, wherein the fusion protein comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 24, 27, 32, 37, 20, 42, 50, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 74, 77, 82, 84, 88, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 134, 137, 139, 143, 146, 150, 153, 269, 272, 276, 279, 157, 160, 164, 167, 171, 174, 178, 181, 185, 188, 194, 197, 201, 204, 208, 211, 215, 218, 222, 225, 229, 232, 233, 238 and 240. 15. The dimer of claim 8, wherein the first and second polypeptide chains are non-covalently associated. 16. The dimer of claim 8, wherein the first and second polypeptide chains are covalently associated. 17. The dimer of claim 16, wherein the first and second polypeptide chains are covalently associated via disulfide bonds between their respective Fc domains. 18. A tetramer comprising (i) a first dimer and (ii) a second dimer, wherein the first and second dimer independently comprise a dimer of claim 1 and wherein the first polypeptide chain of the first dimer is linked to the first polypeptide chain of the second dimer via an interchain disulfide bond between their respective GDF15 regions. 19. The tetramer of claim 18, wherein the Fc domain of the first polypeptide of the first dimer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:16, 22, 28, 29, 33, 35, 38, 48, 85, 91, 106, 132, 141, 148, 155, 162, 169, 176, 183, 192, 199, 206, 213, 220, 227, 233, 236, 268, 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 and 302. 20. The tetramer of claim 19, wherein the GDF15 region of the first polypeptide chain of the first dimer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:4, 8, 12, 25, 52 and 55. 21. The tetramer of claim 20, wherein the GDF15 region and the Fc domain are joined by a polypeptide linker. 22. The tetramer of claim 21, wherein the polypeptide linker is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:18, 30, 34, 40, 58, 61, 64, 69, 72, 75, 78, 113, 116, 119, 122, 125, 128. 23. The tetramer of claim 18, wherein the Fc domain of the first polypeptide of the first dimer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 24, 27, 32, 37, 20, 42, 50, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 74, 77, 82, 84, 88, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 134, 137, 139, 143, 146, 150, 153, 269, 272, 276, 279, 157, 160, 164, 167, 171, 174, 178, 181, 185, 188, 194, 197, 201, 204, 208, 211, 215, 218, 222, 225, 229, 232, 233, 238 and 240. 24. The tetramer of claim 19, wherein the Fc domain of the first polypeptide of the second dimer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:16, 22, 28, 29, 33, 35, 38, 48, 85, 91, 106, 132, 141, 148, 155, 162, 169, 176, 183, 192, 199, 206, 213, 220, 227, 233, 236, 268, 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 and 302. 25. The tetramer of claim 24, wherein the Fc domain of the first polypeptide of the second dimer comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 46, 24, 27, 32, 37, 20, 42, 50, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 74, 77, 82, 84, 88, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 134, 137, 139, 143, 146, 150, 153, 269, 272, 276, 279, 157, 160, 164, 167, 171, 174, 178, 181, 185, 188, 194, 197, 201, 204, 208, 211, 215, 218, 222, 225, 229, 232, 233, 238 and 240.",
-    "Provided a connector for establishing an electrical connection between an electrical conductor and a printed circuit board. The connector includes an insulating element which has a plurality of cavities for accommodating contact elements. The printed circuit board can be inserted in the connector via a slot in a connection face of the insulating element and can be connected to the first contact faces of the contact element provided in the connection face. Opposite the first contact face, the contact elements have a second contact face which is provided for the insulation-piercing contacting of the electrical conductor. The arrangement of the contact elements in the insulating element allows a particularly space-saving design of the connector. 1-22. (canceled) 23: An electrical connector comprising an insulating body and at least one electrical contact element, wherein the insulating body has at least one cavity, which in the insulating body forms a first part formed as an insertion region and a second part formed as a contact region, wherein the contact element has a first contact side and a second contact side, wherein the first contact side of the contact element is suitable for contacting a PC board and the second contact side is suitable for contacting an electrical conductor in an insulation-penetrating manner, wherein the contact element is arranged in the cavity of the insulating body such that the first contact side is arranged in the insertion region and the second contact side is arranged in the contact region, wherein the first contact side of the contact element is fork-shaped and forms two contact arms, wherein the contact arms form two opposed contact points, wherein the contact arms of the contact side of the contact element are mirror-symmetrical, wherein the second contact side of the contact element is arranged laterally relative to the symmetry of the first contact side. 24: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 23, wherein the second contact side of the contact element is formed as a piercing or insulation-displacement contact. 25: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 23, wherein the contact element is a stamped and bent part. 26: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 25, wherein the first contact side and the second contact side of the contact element are rotated or bent relative to one another. 27: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 26, wherein the first contact side and the second contact side of the contact element are rotated or bent through 90\u00b0 relative to one another. 28: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 23, wherein the contact element has at least one detent, which latches in a detent recess in the insulating body. 29: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 23, wherein the insulating body has at least one cable-receiving channel, wherein the cable-receiving channel crosses the at least one cavity at right angles in the contact region. 30: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 29, wherein the insulating body has a plurality of cavities arranged side by side, and the same number of cable-receiving channels arranged side by side, wherein each of the cable-receiving channels crosses exactly one of the cavities. 31: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 30, wherein the contact regions of the cavities lie in various planes each crossing a cable-receiving channel. 32: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 23, wherein the insulating body has a slot, wherein the slot intersects the insertion regions of the at least one cavity perpendicularly. 33: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 32, wherein the slot is open on three sides. 34: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 32, wherein the second contact side of the contact element is formed as a piercing or insulation-displacement contact, and the contact points of the contact arms protrude at least in regions into the slot. 35: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 32, wherein at least one detent shaping is formed on the side walls of the slot. 36: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 35, wherein the detent shaping is wedge-shaped or dome-like. 37: The electrical connector s claimed in claim 32, wherein the insulating body is formed in two parts, wherein a first part forms a main body, in which the insertion regions of the cavities, the slot and the detent recesses are provided, and a second part forms a cable manager, in which the contact regions of the cavities and the cable-receiving channels are arranged, wherein the main body and the cable manager can be latched to one another by detent arms. 38: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 37, wherein the latching between main body and cable manager is performed in two stages, wherein in a first latching stage the second contact side of a contact element latched in the cavity is located out-side the cable-receiving channel, and in a second latching stage the second contact side intersects the cable-receiving channel. 39: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 23, wherein the insertion region of the cavity has an opening facing away from the connection region, through which opening the contact element can be introduced into the cavity. 40: The electrical connector as claimed in claim 37, wherein the insertion region of the cavity has an opening facing toward the connection region, through which opening the contact element can be introduced into the cavity.",
-    "Disclosed are a silicon substrate for a solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same, wherein the reflectance of solar light can be decreased by gap-filling with AZO, and electrical properties, especially resistivity, can be reduced through e-beam irradiation, thus maximizing the cell efficiency and improving the electrical properties of AZO applied to a silicon solar cell. 1. A silicon substrate for a solar cell, configured such that a silicon substrate having a microwire structure is deposited with AZO (Al-doped ZnO) so as to gap-fill spaces between microwires with the AZO, and is irradiated with an e-beam. 2. The silicon substrate of claim 1, wherein the silicon substrate is configured such that a p-type silicon substrate is doped with an n-type dopant to form a p-n junction. 3. The silicon substrate of claim 1, wherein a p-layer of the silicon substrate is doped with aluminum to form an aluminum back-surface field (Al-BSF). 4. The silicon substrate of claim 1, wherein the microwires of the silicon substrate have a height of 0.5 to 1.0 \u03bcm, a width of 1.5 to 6 \u03bcm, and a spacing of 2 to 6 \u03bcm therebetween. 5. The silicon substrate of claim 1, wherein the AZO is deposited to a thickness of 0.2 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 6. A method of manufacturing a silicon substrate for a solar cell, comprising: manufacturing a microstructured silicon substrate by forming microwires to protrude at a predetermined spacing on a flat base; gap-filling spaces between the microwires by depositing AZO on the microstructured silicon substrate; and irradiating the silicon substrate having the gap-filled microwires with an e-beam. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the microwires of the microstructured silicon substrate are formed using an etching process. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the microstructured silicon substrate is manufactured by forming a p-n junction of a p-type silicon substrate and an n-type silicon substrate. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein a p-layer of the microstructured silicon substrate is doped with aluminum to form an aluminum back-surface field (Al-BSF). 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the microwires of the microstructured silicon substrate have a height of 0.5 to 1.0 \u03bcm, a width of 1.5 to 6 \u03bcm, and a spacing of 2 to 6 \u03bcm therebetween. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein in the gap-filling the spaces between the microwires, the AZO is deposited on the microstructured silicon substrate using any one process selected from among DC sputtering, RF sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition, and activated reactive evaporation (ARE). 12. The method of claim 6, wherein in the gap-filling the spaces between the microwires, the AZO is deposited to a thickness of 0.2 to 1.0 \u03bcm. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein the e-beam is applied at an intensity of 1 to 4 keV for a period of time ranging from 50 to 450 sec.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a display substrate, a driving method thereof and a display device. The display substrate includes a touch region. Multiple touch electrodes are arranged in columns at the touch region, and the touch electrodes in each column are connected together. At a touch detection stage, the touch electrodes in each column at the touch region are disconnected from the touch electrodes in the other columns, and at a display stage, the touch electrodes in the columns at the touch region are connected together and serve as common electrodes. 1. A display substrate, comprising a touch region, wherein a plurality of touch electrodes is arranged in columns at the touch region, and the touch electrodes in each column are connected together; at a touch detection stage, the touch electrodes in each column at the touch region are disconnected from the touch electrodes in the other columns; and at a display stage, the touch electrodes in all the columns at the touch region are connected together and serve as common electrodes. 2. The display substrate according to claim 1, further comprising a set of switching units, and a control signal line connected to a control end of each switching unit in the set of switching units, wherein the touch electrodes in each column are connected to a first end of one switching unit in each set of switching units, the touch electrodes in the respective columns at the touch region are connected to different switching units, and second ends of the switching units in the set of switching unit are connected to each other, and wherein at the touch detection stage, the switching units in the set of switching units are turned off under the control of the control signal line, and at the display stage, the switching units in the set of switching units are turned on under the control of the control signal line. 3. The display substrate according to claim 2, further comprising a common electrode line, to which the second ends of the switching units in the set of switching units are connected. 4. The display substrate according to claim 3, further comprising a driver circuit located at a lower portion of the display substrate. 5. The display substrate according to claim 4, wherein the set of switching units is located at an upper portion of the display substrate and at a position opposite to that of a connecting end of the driver circuit, the connecting end of the driver circuit being configured to connect with the touch electrodes in the respective columns. 6. The display substrate according to claim 5, wherein a number of the set of switching units and a number of the common electrode line are both two; the second ends of the switching units in one set of switching units are connected to one common electrode line, and the second ends of the switching units in the other set of switching units are connected to the other common electrode line; one set of switching units and one common electrode line connected to the one set of switching units are located at a first side of the display substrate, and the other set of switching units and the other common electrode line connected to the other set of switching units are located at a second side of the display substrate opposite to the first side; and the touch electrodes in each column are connected to the first end of one switching unit in the set of switching units located at the first side of the display substrate and to the first end of one switching unit in the set of switching units located at the second side of the display substrate. 7. The display substrate according to claim 2, comprising a plurality of touch regions, wherein a number of the columns of the touch electrodes at each touch region is identical to a number of the switching units in each set of switching units, and the touch electrodes in an ith column at each touch region are connected to the first end of an ith switching unit in each set of switching units, where i is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to the number of the switching units in each set of switching units. 8. The display substrate according to claim 7, wherein there are twelve columns of the touch electrodes at each touch region and twelve switching units in each set of switching units. 9. The display substrate according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of touch regions respectively corresponds to a plurality of sets of switching units; the plurality of sets of switching transistors is arranged at a first side of the display substrate or a second side of the display substrate opposite to the first side; the plurality of touch regions is arranged sequentially along a direction from an upper portion of the display substrate to a lower portion of the display substrate; and the plurality of sets of switching units corresponding to the plurality of touch regions is arranged sequentially along the direction from the upper portion of the display substrate to the lower portion of the display substrate. 10. The display substrate according to claim 9, wherein when one touch region is closer to the upper portion of the display substrate, the set of switching units corresponding to the one touch region is closer to the upper portion of the display substrate; and when one touch region is farther away from the upper portion of the display substrate, the set of switching units corresponding to the one touch region is farther away from the upper portion of the display substrate. 11. The display substrate according to claim 7, wherein for each touch region of the plurality of touch regions, one set of switching units is arranged at each of a first side and a second side opposite to the first side of the display substrate; the plurality of touch regions is arranged sequentially along a direction from an upper portion of the display substrate to a lower portion of the display substrate, a plurality of sets of switching units corresponding to the plurality of touch regions and located at the first side of the display substrate is arranged sequentially along the direction from the upper portion of the display substrate to the lower portion of the display substrate, and a plurality of sets of switching units corresponding to the plurality of touch regions and located at the second side of the display substrate is arranged sequentially along the direction from the upper portion of the display substrate to the lower portion of the display substrate. 12. The display substrate according to claim 11, wherein when one touch region is closer to the upper portion of the display substrate, the set of switching units corresponding to the one touch region is closer to the upper portion of the display substrate; and when one touch region is farther away from the upper portion of the display substrate, the set of switching units corresponding to the one touch region is farther away from the upper portion of the display substrate. 13. The display substrate according to claim 2, wherein the set of switching units is arranged at a peripheral region. 14. The display substrate according to claim 13, wherein the set of switching units is arranged at a dummy region of the peripheral region. 15. The display substrate according to claim 2, wherein each switching unit in the set of switching units is an N-type transistor and the control signal line is a gate-controlled high level signal line. 16. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein the touch electrodes in the respective columns are configured to provide a touch detection driving signal. 17. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein the display substrate is an array substrate or a color filter substrate. 18. A method for driving the display substrate according to claim 1, comprising: connecting touch electrodes in the respective columns at the touch region to each other at the display stage; and disconnecting the touch electrodes in each column at the touch region from the touch electrodes in the other columns at the touch detection stage. 19. A display device, comprising the display substrate according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to a wireless communication system. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for performing an HARQ process by a first D2D terminal in a wireless communication system, and an apparatus for the same, the method comprising the steps of: receiving data from a second D2D terminal; transmitting an HARQ response for the data to the second D2D terminal; and when the HARQ response is NACK, receiving a retransmission signal for the data from a base station. 1. A method of performing a HARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request) procedure, which is performed by a first D2D (device-to-device) UE in a wireless communication system, comprising the steps of: receiving data from a second D2D UE; transmitting a HARQ response to the second D2D UE in response to the data; and if the HARQ response corresponds to NACK (negative acknowledgement), receiving a retransmission signal from a base station in response to the data. 2. The method of claim 1, if the HARQ response corresponds to the NACK (negative acknowledgement), further comprising the step of receiving a retransmission indicator from the second D2D UE at first timing, wherein second timing at which the retransmission signal received from the base station in response to the data is determined based on the first timing. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a CRC (cyclic redundancy check) of a PDCCH (physical downlink control channel) scheduling the data is masked with a group-RNTI (radio network temporary identifier) and wherein the group-RNTI is determined based on a group ID (identifier) of a group to which the first D2D UE and the second D2D UE belong thereto. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein if a plurality of data are continuously received from the first D2D UE, the HARQ response is transmitted in a subframe satisfying (10*SFN+SF) mod N=0 only, wherein the SFN corresponds to a radio frame index, wherein the SF corresponds to a subframe index in a radio frame, wherein the mod indicates a modulo calculation and wherein the N corresponds to an integer equal to or greater than 2. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein if the HARQ response corresponds to ACK, transmission of the HARQ response signal is omitted at timing assigned to transmit the HARQ response. 6. A first D2D (device-to-device) UE configured to perform a HARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request) procedure in a wireless communication system, comprising: an RF (radio frequency) unit; and a processor, the processor configured to receive data from a second D2D UE, the processor configured to transmit a HARQ response to the second D2D UE in response to the data, the processor, if the HARQ response corresponds to NACK (negative acknowledgement), configured to receive a retransmission signal from a base station in response to the data. 7. The first D2D UE of claim 6, wherein if the HARQ response corresponds to the NACK (negative acknowledgement), the processor is configured to receive a retransmission indicator from the second D2D UE at first timing and wherein second timing at which the retransmission signal received from the base station in response to the data is determined based on the first timing. 8. The first D2D UE of claim 6, wherein a CRC (cyclic redundancy check) of a PDCCH (physical downlink control channel) scheduling the data is masked with a group-RNTI (radio network temporary identifier) and wherein the group-RNTI is determined based on a group ID (identifier) of a group to which the first D2D UE and the second D2D UE belong thereto. 9. The first D2D UE of claim 6, wherein if a plurality of data are continuously received from the first D2D UE, the HARQ response is transmitted in a subframe satisfying (10*SFN+SF) mod N=0 only, wherein the SFN corresponds to a radio frame index, wherein the SF corresponds to a subframe index in a radio frame, wherein the mod indicates a modulo calculation and wherein the N corresponds to an integer equal to or greater than 2. 10. The first D2D UE of claim 6, wherein if the HARQ response corresponds to ACK, transmission of the HARQ response signal is omitted at timing assigned to transmit the HARQ response.",
-    "Disclosed is a lighting device which includes: a cover; a placement portion disposed within the cover; a light source which includes a substrate disposed on the placement portion, a light emitting device disposed on the substrate, and a connector connected to the substrate; a cap which is coupled to both ends of the cover respectively and has at least one opening; a socket including a connection portion which is coupled to the cap and is inserted into the opening of the cap. The connection portion of the socket is inserted into the opening of the cap and is rotated, and then is physically and electrically connected to the connector of the light source. The lighting device according to the embodiment of the present invention can be substituted for a conventional fluorescent lamp. Since the lighting device according to the embodiment of the present invention does not use a wire electrically connecting the socket to the light source, there is no requirement for a soldering process. 2. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the connection portion of the socket comprises a first connection portion and a second connection portion which are disposed apart from each other, wherein the opening of the cap is formed in the central portion of the cap, and wherein the first connection portion and the second connection portion are disposed in the opening, wherein an end of the first connection portion and an end of the second connection portion pass through the concave portion of the cap, wherein a diameter of the opening is less than a distance between the end of the first connection portion and the end of the second connection portion, and wherein, when the socket is rotated, the end of the first connection portion and the end of the second connection portion move along an inner surface of the cap. 3. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the concave portion of the cap is disposed on a vertical axis perpendicular to a horizontal axis parallel to a top or bottom surface of the substrate of the light source. 4. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the concave portion of the cap is disposed between a horizontal axis parallel to a top or bottom surface of the substrate of the light source and a vertical axis perpendicular to the horizontal axis. 5. (canceled) 6. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the socket further comprises a pin electrically connected to the connection portion, and wherein the in further comprises a first in and a second pin which are disposed apart from each other, and wherein the socket comprises a body comprising an inner surface on which the connection portion is disposed and an outer surface on which the pin is disposed, and wherein the inner surface of the body blocks the opening and the concave portion of the cap. 7. The lighting device of claim 6, wherein the connection portion of the socket comprises: a first contacting part which is connected to the body and is disposed in the opening of the cap; an extension part which is connected to the first contacting part and is disposed in the opening of the cap; and a second contacting part which is disposed on the first contacting part, is connected to the extension part, and passes through the opening and the concave portion of the cap. 8. The lighting device of claim 7, wherein the extension part extends in a direction perpendicular to the first contacting part. 9. The lighting device of claim 6, wherein the connection portion of the socket has a quadrangular cross section of which one side is open or a U-shaped cross section. 10. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the connector of the light source has a predetermined elasticity, wherein the connector of the light source has one end connected to the substrate and the other end protruding outward from the substrate, and wherein, when the connection portion of the socket passes through the concave portion of the cap and is rotated, the other end of the connector is directly connected to the connection portion of the socket. 11. The lighting device of claim 10, wherein the other end of the connector is spaced apart from a side of the substrate by a predetermined distance. 12. The lighting device of claim 10, wherein a central portion between the one end and the other end of the connector is a plate having a predetermined curvature. 13. The lighting device of claim 12, wherein the central portion comprises a plurality of plates having at least two mutually different curvatures. 14. The lighting device of claim 10, wherein the one end of the connector is disposed on a top or bottom surface of the substrate. 15. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the cover part comprises a first cover part and a second cover part, wherein the first cover part comprises a coupling portion, wherein the second cover part comprises a placement portion on which the substrate is disposed and a coupling groove into which the coupling portion is inserted, and radiates heat from the light source. 16. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the cover part comprises a catching protrusion, and wherein the cover part further comprises a placement portion which is caught by the catching protrusion of the cover part and fixed and on which the substrate is disposed. 17. (canceled) 18. The lighting device of claim 1, wherein the cap further comprises a catching protrusion, and wherein the catching protrusion restricts the rotation of the connection portion of the socket. 19. A lighting device comprising: a cover part which has an end and a cap disposed on the end; a light source which comprises a substrate disposed within the cover part, a light emitting device disposed on the substrate, and a connector disposed on the substrate; and a socket disposed on the cap, wherein the cap of the cover part has an opening and a concave portion connected with the opening, wherein the socket comprises a connection portion which is inserted into the opening of the cap and passes through the concave portion of the cap, and wherein, when the connection portion of the socket passes through the concave portion of the cap and is rotated, the connection portion of the socket is coupled to the cap and is electrically connected to the connector of the light source. 20. The lighting device of claim 19, wherein the connector of the light source has a predetermined elasticity, wherein the connector of the light source has one end connected to the substrate and the other end protruding outward from the substrate, and wherein, when the connection portion of the socket passes through the concave portion of the cap and is rotated, the other end of the connector is directly connected to the connection portion of the socket. 21. A lighting device comprising: a cover part which has an end and a cap disposed on the end, wherein the cap has an opening and a concave portion connected with the opening; a light source which comprises a substrate disposed within the cover part, a light emitting device disposed on the substrate, and a connector disposed on the substrate; and a socket comprising a body disposed on the cap, a pin disposed on an outer surface of the body, and a connection portion disposed on an inner surface of the body, wherein the connection portion is inserted into the opening of the cap and passes through the concave portion of the cap, when the socket is rotated at a predetermined angle, the connection portion of the socket is electrically and mechanically connected to the connector of the light source, and is mechanically connected to the cap of the cover part. 22. The lighting device of claim 21, wherein the connector of the light source has a predetermined elasticity.",
-    "This disclosure relates to aldolase, an aldolase mutant, and a method and a composition for producing tagatose by using the same. The feature of the disclosure is environment-friendly due to the use of an enzyme acquired from microorganisms, requires only a simple process of enzyme immobilization, uses a low-cost substrate in a substrate compared with a conventional method for producing tagatose and has a remarkably high yield, thereby greatly reducing production costs and maximizing production effects. 1.-2. (canceled) 3. A method of producing tagatose from fructose, the method comprising: reacting fructose 6-phosphate with fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase or a mutant of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4. 5.-11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 3, wherein the mutant includes a substitution at one or more residues at positions of 332, 314, 227, and 62 of fructose aldolased enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the residue at position 332 is substituted from arginine to glutamine, the residue at position 314 is substituted from glutamine to alanine, the residue at position 227 is substituted from histidine to alanine, and the residue at position 62 is substituted from serine to alanine. 13.-14. (canceled) 15. A mutant enzyme of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, which is an enzyme selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4. 16. The mutant enzyme of claim 15, wherein the mutant enzyme includes a substitution at one or more residues at positions of 332, 314, 227, and 62 of fructose aldolased enzyme of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the residue at position 332 is substituted from arginine to glutamine, the residue at position 314 is substituted from glutamine to alanine, the residue at position 227 is substituted from histidine to alanine, and the residue at position 62 is substituted from serine to alanine. 17. The mutant enzyme of claim 15, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 1. 18. The mutant enzyme of claim 15, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 2. 19. The mutant enzyme of claim 15, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 3. 20. The mutant enzyme of claim 15, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 4. 21. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 1. 22. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 2. 23. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 3. 24. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase is SEQ ID NO: 4.",
-    "[Problem to be Solved] The present invention has an objective to improve operability in information input in an information processing device that includes a head mounted display to enable head tracking display. [Solution] An information processing device includes a hand-held operation unit (10), a head mounted display (20), a first motion sensor (506 to 508) that can detect at least the orientation of the head of the operator, and an information processing unit (30) that executes a head tracking displaying process in which the first motion sensor is used, and a specific process corresponding to an indication of the operator identified by the motion of the operation unit, wherein the motion of the operation unit is detected using a second motion sensor (1603 to 1605) incorporated in the operation unit. 1. An information processing device, comprising: an operation unit that is configured to be hand-held or wearable by an operator of the information processing device; a head mounted display that is mounted to a head of the operator of the information processing device in such a manner as to be disposed in front of the eyes of the operator; a first motion sensor that is configured to detect a motion of the head of the operator, including at least a triaxial acceleration sensor and a triaxial geomagnetic sensor; a second motion sensor that is configured to detect a motion of the operation unit, including at least a triaxial acceleration sensor and a triaxial geomagnetic sensor; and an information processing unit that displays, on the display, an image in a predetermined angle-of-view frame in a global image defined on a preset world coordinate system, where the predetermined angle-of-view frame corresponds to an orientation of the head of the operator detected using the first motion sensor, and where the information processing unit has a processor to execute a specific process corresponding to a posture of the operation unit detected using the second motion sensor; where the information processing unit, further includes a basic posture acquisition unit that acquires a basic posture of the head of the operator on a first local coordinate system from a detection output of the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the first motion sensor, and a posture of the operation unit on a second local coordinate system from a detection output of the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the second motion sensor, respectively; a specific absolute azimuthal direction acquisition unit that acquires a specific absolute azimuthal direction of the head of the operator based on a specific azimuthal direction component detected using the triaxial geomagnetic sensor included in the first motion sensor and a vertical downward direction component detected using the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the first motion sensor, and a specific absolute azimuthal direction of the operation unit based on a specific azimuthal direction component detected using the triaxial geomagnetic sensor included in the second motion sensor and a vertical downward direction component detected using the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the second motion sensor, respectively; and a posture composition unit that composes the posture of the head of the operator and the posture of the operation unit on the world coordinate system based on the basic posture of the head of the operator on the first local coordinate system and the basic posture of the operation unit on the second local coordinate system, acquired by the basic posture acquisition unit, and the specific absolute azimuthal direction of the head of the operator and the specific absolute azimuthal direction of the operation unit, acquired by the specific absolute azimuthal direction acquisition unit. 2. The information processing device according to claim 1, the specific process is a process of drawing a predetermined cursor on the global image in the direction indicated by the operation unit, or a process of determining that a predetermined event has occurred based on, at least, a comparison of i) an indicated position on the global image in the direction indicated by the operation unit to ii) a target position disposed in advance on the global image, and determining that both of these coincide within a predetermined allowable range. 3. The information processing device according to claim 1, the specific process is a process of drawing a figure corresponding to a path of the movement of the object at a corresponding position on the global image in the direction indicated by the operation unit, or a process of determining that a predetermined event has occurred based on, at least, a comparison of i) the path of the movement of the object to ii) a target path disposed in advance on the global image, and determining that both of these coincide within a predetermined allowable range. 4. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the information processing unit is a unit that has the processor to execute a computer program stored in a memory for implementing a shooter game, where the operation unit has an exterior shape in a form of a predetermined shooting weapon, and the specific process is a process of drawing a predetermined sight mark on the global image in direction indicated by the operation unit, or a process of determining that a hitting event has occurred at least on condition that a sight position on the global image in the direction indicated by the operation unit is compared with a predetermined target position disposed in advance on the global image and these both coincides within a predetermined allowable range. 5. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the information processing unit is a unit that has the processor to execute a computer program stored in a memory for implementing a racing game game, where the operation unit has an exterior shape in a form of a steering tool of a predetermined movable body, and where the specific process is a process of drawing a figure corresponding to the movable body on the global image in such a manner that the figure travels in the direction indicated by the operation unit. 6. The information processing device according to claim 5, wherein the racing game is a car racing game, where the steering tool has an exterior shape in a form of a steering wheel of a racing car, and where the specific process is a process of drawing a figure corresponding to the racing car on the global image in such a manner that the figure travels in the direction indicated by the steering wheel. 7. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the information processing unit is a unit that has the processor to execute a computer program stored in a memory for implementing a sports game involving an action of hitting or returning a ball with the operation unit in a form of a ball-hitting tool such as a bat and a paddle, and where the specific process is a process of drawing a figure corresponding to a path of the movement of the operation unit on the global image at a corresponding position, or a process of determining that a ball-hitting event has occurred based on, at least, a comparison of i) the path of the movement of the operation unit to ii) a target ball path disposed in advance on the global image, and these both coincide within a predetermined allowable range. 8. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the information processing unit further includes a function of displaying, on the display, an image in a predetermined angle-of-view frame in the global image, the predetermined angle-of-view frame corresponding to a direction indicated by the operation unit that is identified using the second motion sensor, instead of an image corresponding to the orientation of the head of the operator or together with an image facing the orientation of the head of the operator. 9. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the information processing unit further includes a function of displaying images in one or more predetermined angle-of-view frames in the global image, the one or more predetermined angle-of-view frames corresponding to one or more of directions such as a rightward, leftward, rearward, upward, and downward direction with respect to the orientation of the head of the operator identified using the first motion sensor, in one or more predetermined windows on the display together with an image corresponding to the orientation of the head of the operator. 10. (canceled) 11. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the display retained on the head, the first motion sensor, and the information processing unit are substituted with corresponding functions of a commercial smartphone. 12. The information processing device according to claim 11, further comprising: a head mounted tool that is mountable to a head and surrounds the head except a front opening, a lid plate portion that is hinged so as to open and close the front opening of the head mounted tool, a smartphone that is retained on an inner surface of the lid plate portion with the screen turned inward, and an optical system that is interposed between eyes of a wearer and the screen of the smartphone retained on the lid portion. 13. The information processing device according to claim 1, wherein the global image includes a full spherical panoramic image, a hemispherical panoramic image, a 360-degree panoramic image, or a panoramic image of a given area thereof. 14. A computer program stored in a memory in form executable by a processor to cause a computer to function as an information processing unit in an information processing device, where the information processing unit is configured to cooperate with other components of the information processing device, comprising: where the information processing device, includes a head mounted display that is mounted to a head of an operator in such a manner as to be disposed in front of the eyes of the operator; a first motion sensor that is configured to detect at least an orientation of the head of the operator, where the first motion sensor includes at least a triaxial acceleration sensor and a triaxial geomagnetic sensor; an operation unit in which a second motion sensor is incorporated, the operation unit being configured to be hand-held or wearable by the operator, where the second motion sensor is configured to detect a motion of the operation unit and includes at least a triaxial acceleration sensor and a triaxial geomagnetic sensor; and the information processing unit, wherein the information processing unit includes a unit for displaying, on a display for the information processing device, an image in a predetermined angle-of-view frame in a global image defined on a preset world coordinate system, where the predetermined angle-of-view frame corresponding to the orientation of the head of the operator identified using the first motion sensor; and an information processing unit for executing a specific process corresponding to a posture of the operation unit detected using the second motion sensor; where the information processing unit, further includes a basic posture acquisition unit that acquires a basic posture of the head of the operator on a first local coordinate system from a detection output of the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the first motion sensor, and a posture of the operation unit on a second local coordinate system from a detection output of the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the second motion sensor, respectively; a specific absolute azimuthal direction acquisition unit that acquires a specific absolute azimuthal direction of the head of the operator based on a specific azimuthal direction component detected using the triaxial geomagnetic sensor included in the first motion sensor and a vertical downward direction component detected using the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the first motion sensor, and a specific absolute azimuthal direction of the operation unit based on a specific azimuthal direction component detected using the triaxial geomagnetic sensor included in the second motion sensor and a vertical downward direction component detected using the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the second motion sensor, respectively; and a posture composition unit that composes the posture of the head of the operator and the posture of the operation unit on the world coordinate system based on the basic posture of the head of the operator on the first local coordinate system and the basic posture of the operation unit on the second local coordinate system, acquired by the basic posture acquisition unit, and the specific absolute azimuthal direction of the head of the operator and the specific absolute azimuthal direction of the operation unit, acquired by the specific absolute azimuthal direction acquisition unit. 15. An information processing device, comprising: a head mounted tool; a smartphone that is in the head mounted tool and is disposed such that a display screen of the smartphone faces a front of the eyes of a wearer through a predetermined optical system, where the smartphone includes a first motion sensor incorporated therein; an operation unit that includes a second motion sensor incorporated therein, and that is configured to be hand-held or wearable by the wearer, and further has a communication unit configured is to be in a wireless or wired connection with the smartphone, wherein the smartphone includes: a head tracking image display unit for displaying, on the display, an image in a predetermined angle-of-view frame in a global image defined on a preset world coordinate system, predetermined angle-of-view frame corresponding to the orientation of the head of the operator identified using the first motion sensor; a specific processing execution unit for executing a specific process corresponding to an indication of the operator identified by the motion of the operation unit that is detected using the second motion sensor, and where the smartphone, further includes a basic posture acquisition unit that acquires a basic posture of the head of the operator on a first local coordinate system from a detection output of a triaxial acceleration sensor included in the first motion sensor, and a posture of the operation unit on a second local coordinate system from a detection output of a triaxial acceleration sensor included in the second motion sensor, respectively; a specific absolute azimuthal direction acquisition unit that acquires a specific absolute azimuthal direction of the head of the operator based on a specific azimuthal direction component detected using a triaxial geomagnetic sensor included in the first motion sensor and a vertical downward direction component detected using the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the first motion sensor, and a specific absolute azimuthal direction of the operation unit based on a specific azimuthal direction component detected using a triaxial geomagnetic sensor included in the second motion sensor and a vertical downward direction component detected using the triaxial acceleration sensor included in the second motion sensor, respectively; and a posture composition unit that composes the posture of the head of the operator and the posture of the operation unit on the world coordinate system based on the basic posture of the head of the operator on the first local coordinate system and the basic posture of the operation unit on the second local coordinate system, acquired by the basic posture acquisition unit, and the specific absolute azimuthal direction of the head of the operator and the specific absolute azimuthal direction of the operation unit, acquired by the specific absolute azimuthal direction acquisition unit. 16. The information processing device according to claim 15, wherein the operation unit has an exterior shape in a form of a tool that is used in a virtual space perceived through the display. 17. The information processing device according to claim 16, wherein the operation unit has an exterior shape in a form of a gun and includes: an operating element that is positioned in a trigger portion; an operation information generation unit that generates operation information corresponding to an operation of the operating element in response to the operation of the operating element; and the communication unit is configured to transmit the operation information to the smartphone in a wired or wireless manner. 18. (canceled) 19. The information processing device according to claim 15, wherein the head mounted tool includes: a main body with a window opening that opens in front of eyes of the wearer; a window plate that is hinged in such a manner as to open and close the window opening of the main body and open outward; a retainer that retains a smartphone on an inner side of the window plate with the screen of the smartphone facing inward; and an optical system that is interposed between the eyes of the wearer and the smartphone in a state where the window plate is closed. 20. The information processing device according to claim 15, further comprising: An inputting operation unit for the information processing device, that includes a main body that has an exterior shape in a form of a gun, wherein the main body includes an operating element that is positioned in a trigger portion; an operation information generation unit that generates corresponding operation information in response to the operation of the operating element; a motion sensor that includes one or more of a triaxial acceleration sensor, a triaxial angular velocity sensor, and a triaxial geomagnetic sensor; a motion information generation unit that generates motion information based on an output from the motion sensor; and a communication unit that sends out the operation information generated by the operation information generation unit and the motion information generated by motion information generation unit to the information processing device in a wired or a wireless manner.",
-    "Provided is a holographic data storage system characterized by including: a first polarizing beam splitter (PBS), wherein at least either of a first lens module and a second lens module transmits P-polarized light and reflects S-polarized light; a relay lens collecting light passing through the first PBS; a mirror reflecting the light collected through the relay lens back to the relay lens; and a quarter wave plate located between a second PBS beam splitter and the relay lens, converting transmitted linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light, and converting the circularly polarized light into linearly polarized light. By reducing the volume of the relay lens, it is possible to decrease the size of the holographic data storage system, and by decreasing the number of lenses, it is possible to lower manufacturing costs. 1.-5. (canceled) 6. A holographic data storage system comprising: a light source unit configured to supply light vibrating in a given direction; a reference lens configured to direct the light supplied from the light source unit to a holographic storage medium; a spatial light modulator (SLM) configured to combine digital information with the light supplied from the light source unit so as to modulate the light into a signal beam having a phase shift of \u03bb/2 in relation to the light supplied from the light source unit; a second polarizing beam splitter (PBS) located in front of the spatial light modulator and configured to pass P-polarized light and reflect S-polarized light; a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor oriented perpendicular to the spatial light modulator and configured to convert input light into an electrical signal; an objective lens configured to record the digital information on the holographic storage medium by directing the modulated signal beam to the holographic storage medium at a prescribed angle in relation to the reference lens; a first lens module configured to transmit light input from the light source unit to the spatial light modulator; a second lens module oriented perpendicular to the first lens module about the second polarizing beam splitter and configured to transmit the signal beam to the objective lens; and a half wave plate selectively located between the second polarizing beam splitter and the second lens module and configured to shift a phase of input light by \u03bb/2, wherein at least one of the first lens module or the second lens module includes: a first polarizing beam splitter (PBS) configured to pass P-polarized light and reflect S-polarized light; a relay lens configured to collect the light having passed through the first polarizing beam splitter; a mirror configured to reflect the light collected while passing through the relay lens so as to return the light back to the relay lens; and a quarter wave plate located between the second polarizing beam splitter and the relay lens and configured to convert linearly polarized light passing therethrough into circularly polarized light and to convert circularly polarized light passing therethrough into linearly polarized light, and wherein a reconstructed beam, which is generated by emitting light from the reference lens to the holographic storage medium, is input to the CMOS image sensor through the objective lens, the second lens module, and the second polarizing beam splitter. 7. The holographic data storage system according to claim 6, wherein the mirror is located at a focal distance of the relay lens. 8. The holographic data storage system according to claim 6, wherein the mirror has a diameter within a range from 100 \u03bcm to 100 mm. 9. The holographic data storage system according to claim 6, wherein the spatial light modulator is oriented opposite to the first lens module about the second polarizing beam splitter when P-polarized light is supplied from the first lens module, and wherein the spatial light modulator is oriented perpendicular to the first lens module about the second polarizing beam splitter when S-polarized light is supplied from the first lens module. 10. The holographic data storage system according to claim 6, wherein the half wave plate is selectively located between the second polarizing beam splitter and the second lens module when the signal beam is emitted from the objective lens or when the reconstructed beam is input to the objective lens.",
-    "Provided is a method for producing a surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers including: a first process of forming an iron-nickel alloy plating layer on at least one side of a steel sheet; a second process of forming a nickel plating layer on the iron-nickel alloy plating layer; and a third process of performing a thermal treatment after forming the nickel plating layer to form an iron-nickel alloy layer having an outermost surface, at which a content ratio of Fe atoms is 12 to 55% by atom, on an outermost layer by thermal diffusion. The invention makes it possible to provide the method for producing the surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers that can suppress the elution of iron inside the battery when being used for a battery container, whereby the service life of the battery can be extended and battery characteristics such as discharge characteristics can be improved. 1. A method for producing a surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers, comprising: a first process of forming an iron-nickel alloy plating layer on at least one side of a steel sheet; a second process of forming a nickel plating layer on the iron-nickel alloy plating layer; and a third process of performing a thermal treatment after forming the nickel plating layer so as to form an iron-nickel alloy layer having an outermost surface, at which a content ratio of Fe atoms is 12 to 55 atomic %, on an outermost layer by thermal diffusion. 2. The method for producing the surface-treated steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the iron-nickel alloy plating layer is formed in the first process to have a content ratio of Fe atoms being 15 to 65 atomic %. 3. The method for producing the surface-treated steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the nickel plating layer is formed in the second process to have a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 \u03bcm.",
-    "A semiconductor substrate (epitaxial substrate) having a main surface (upper surface) and made of a wide band gap semiconductor is provided, the semiconductor substrate including a device region formed in the semiconductor substrate, and a peripheral region formed to surround the device region. In the peripheral region, the semiconductor substrate includes a first semiconductor region (drift layer) having a first conductivity type, and a second semiconductor region (electric field relaxing region) formed on the first semiconductor region (drift layer) and having the main surface, the second semiconductor region having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, and a plurality of trenches annularly surrounding the device region are formed in the main surface of the second semiconductor region (electric field relaxing region). Consequently, a wide band gap semiconductor device capable of achieving a higher breakdown voltage is provided without an increase in size. 1. A wide band gap semiconductor device, comprising a semiconductor substrate having a main surface and made of a wide band gap semiconductor, the semiconductor substrate including a device region formed in the semiconductor substrate, and a peripheral region formed to surround the device region, in the peripheral region, the semiconductor substrate including a first semiconductor region having a first conductivity type, and a second semiconductor region formed on the first semiconductor region and having the main surface, the second semiconductor region having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, a plurality of peripheral region trenches annularly surrounding the device region being formed in the main surface of the second semiconductor region. 2. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a bottom of each of the peripheral region trenches is located at the second semiconductor region side with respect to an interface between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. 3. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a bottom of each of the peripheral region trenches is located at the first semiconductor region side with respect to an interface between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. 4. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a dielectric layer covering the peripheral region trenches is formed on the main surface of the second semiconductor region. 5. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein a material forming the dielectric layer includes at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, polyimide, and silicon nitride. 6. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the device region, a device trench is provided in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate, a width of each of the peripheral region trenches at the main surface in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the peripheral region trench extends is smaller than a width of the device trench at the main surface in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the device trench extends, and a depth of each of the peripheral region trenches in a direction perpendicular to the main surface is smaller than a depth of the device trench in the direction perpendicular to the main surface. 7. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the device region, the semiconductor substrate includes the first semiconductor region having the main surface, a pair of third semiconductor regions spaced apart from and facing each other at the main surface, the third semiconductor regions having the second conductivity type, and a fourth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type in each of the pair of third semiconductor regions, a width of each of the peripheral region trenches at the main surface in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the peripheral region trench extends is smaller than spacing between the third semiconductor regions facing each other with the first semiconductor region interposed therebetween at the main surface, and a depth of each of the peripheral region trenches in a direction perpendicular to the main surface is smaller than a depth of a bottom of each of the third semiconductor regions from the main surface. 8. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a sidewall of each of the peripheral region trenches is inclined with respect to the main surface. 9. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity type is n type, and the second conductivity type is p type.",
-    "In some embodiments, a terminal-to-terminal network may include one or more terminals each configured to receive a timing reference signal. The one or more terminals may be Base Station further configured to select a timing offset relative to a periodic transmission frame of the terminal-to-terminal network. The timing offset may be associated with a time relative to the periodic transmission frame at which a timing synchronization signal is broadcast. The timing synchronization signal may be based at least in part on the timing reference signal. The one or more terminals may be further configured to select a timing synchronization signal transmission rate. The one or more terminals may be further configured to broadcast the timing synchronization signal at the timing offset and at the timing synchronization signal transmission rate. 1. A terminal-to-terminal network comprising: one or more terminals, each configured to: receive a timing reference signal; select a timing offset relative to a periodic transmission frame of the terminal-to-terminal network, the timing offset associated with a time relative to the periodic transmission frame at which a timing synchronization signal is broadcast, the timing synchronization signal based at least in part on the timing reference signal; select a timing synchronization signal transmission rate; and broadcast the timing synchronization signal at the timing offset and at the timing synchronization signal transmission rate. 2. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, the one or more terminals each further configured to monitor other timing synchronization signals to determine an average timing synchronization signal rate. 3. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 2, the one or more terminals each further configured to adjust the synchronization signal transmission rate based at least in part on a comparison of the average timing synchronization signal rate and a target timing synchronization signal rate. 4. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, wherein the timing synchronization signal includes a code division multiple access (CDMA) sequence of a plurality of CDMA sequences, each of the plurality of CDMA sequences associated with a different one of a plurality of timing offsets including the timing offset. 5. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, the one or more terminals each further configured to select the timing offset randomly. 6. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, wherein the timing synchronization signal transmission rate is 2, 4, 8, or 16 times a length of the periodic transmission frame. 7. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, wherein the timing reference signal includes an external timing reference signal and the timing synchronization signal includes a primary timing synchronization signal. 8. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 7, wherein the external timing reference signal includes a global positioning system (GPS) signal. 9. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, wherein the timing reference signal is a primary timing synchronization signal and the timing synchronization signal includes a relayed timing synchronization signal. 10. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, wherein: the periodic transmission frame includes a length of 10 milliseconds (ms), the timing offset is 1 of 10 timing offsets defined relative to the periodic transmission frame, the 10 timing offsets including an offset granularity of 1 ms, and the one or more terminals are each further configured to listen for other timing synchronization signals different from the timing synchronization signal at 9 of the 10 timing offsets during which the timing synchronization signal is not broadcast. 11. The terminal-to-terminal network of claim 1, the one or more terminals each further configured to receive a maximal timing synchronization signal transmission rate. 12. A method comprising: determining whether an external timing reference signal is detected at a terminal; in response to detecting an external timing reference signal, synchronizing a terminal timing of the terminal to the external timing reference signal and transmitting a first primary timing synchronization signal based at least in part on the external timing reference signal; in response to failing to detect the external timing reference signal and detecting one or more second primary timing synchronization signals, synchronizing the terminal timing to at least one of the one or more second primary timing synchronization signals and transmitting a first relayed timing synchronization signal based at least in part on the at least one of the one or more second primary timing synchronization signals; and in response to failing to detect the external timing reference signal, failing to detect one or more of the second primary timing synchronization signals, and detecting one or more second relayed timing synchronization signals, synchronizing the terminal timing to at least one of the one or more second relayed timing synchronization signals. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: synchronizing the terminal to a local clock of the terminal in response to failing to detect the external timing reference signal, failing to detect one or more of the second primary timing synchronization signals, and failing to detect one or more of the second relayed timing synchronization signals. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more second primary timing synchronization signals includes a first of the second primary timing synchronization signals and a second of the second primary timing synchronization signals, and the method further comprises: synchronizing to the first of the second primary timing synchronization signals and transmitting a third relayed timing synchronization signal based at least in part on the first of the second primary timing synchronization signals in response to failing to detect the external timing reference signal, detecting the first of the second primary timing synchronization signals, and detecting the second of the second primary timing synchronization signals; and the first of the second primary timing synchronization signals is stronger than the second of the second primary timing synchronization signals as detected by the terminal. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising synchronizing the terminal timing to at least one of the one or more second primary timing synchronization signals and transmitting the first relayed timing synchronization signal based at least in part on the at least one of the one or more second primary timing synchronization signals in response to failing to detect the external timing reference signal, detecting one or more second primary timing synchronization signals, and detecting one or more second relay synchronization signals. 16. A method comprising: receiving a timing reference signal; selecting a timing offset of a plurality of timing offsets relative to a periodic 10-millisecond (ms) transmission frame of a terminal-to-terminal network, each of the plurality of timing offsets associated with a code division multiple access (CDMA) sequence of a plurality of CDMA sequences, the plurality of CDMA sequences each associated with a timing synchronization signal; selecting a timing synchronization signal transmission rate associated with a 20 ms or higher transmission interval; broadcasting the CDMA sequence associated with the selected timing offset during a first transmission frame; monitoring for the CDMA sequences not associated with the selected timing offset during the first transmission frame; monitoring for each of the plurality CDMA sequences during a second transmission frame; broadcasting the CDMA sequence associated with the selected timing offset during a third transmission frame; monitoring for the CDMA sequences not associated with the selected timing offset during the third transmission frame; and selecting a new timing synchronization signal transmission rate based at least in part on a target timing synchronization signal rate and a CDMA sequence rate during one or more of the first transmission frame, the second transmission frame, and the third transmission frame. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of timing offsets include 10 timing offsets having a granularity of 1 ms. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of timing offsets include 5 timing offsets having a granularity of 2 ms. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the timing synchronization signal transmission rate is associated with a 20 ms transmission interval, a 40 ms transmission interval, an 80 ms transmission interval, or a 160 ms transmission interval. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of timing offsets is associated with a subframe of the first transmission frame, the second transmission frame, and the third transmission frame.",
-    "The HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is a critical component in controlling HIV replication and is an important part of the ultimate failure to eradicate the virus. Disclosed herein are methods for genetically enhancing the HIV-specific CTL response to allow long-term viral suppression or viral clearance. Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were genetically modified such that they differentiate into mature CTLs that will kill HIV infected cells. As disclosed herein, the functional effector cells are not human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted. As disclosed herein, stem cells are transduced with non HLA-restricted chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that allow the recognition of HIV or HIV infected cells when expressed by a CTL. 1. A recombinant progenitor cell which comprises a stem cell transduced with a vector containing a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for a virus or an epitope thereof, wherein the recombinant progenitor cell is capable of differentiating into a functional effector cell. 2. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is contained within a CAR construct. 3. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 1, wherein the stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell or a hematopoietic progenitor cell. 4. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 3, wherein the stem cell is a memory T stem cell. 5. The recombinant progenitor cell according to claim 1, wherein the vector is a lentiviral vector. 6. The recombinant progenitor cell according to claim 1, wherein the chimeric antigen receptor comprises a CD4 extracellular and transmembrane domains and a CD3 zeta signaling domain (CD4\u03b6). 7. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 6, wherein the CD4 extracellular domain binds gp120 expressed on the surface of cells infected with HIV. 8. The recombinant progenitor cell according to claim 1, wherein the virus is a lentivirus. 9. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 8, wherein the lentivirus is a human immunodeficiency virus. 10. The recombinant progenitor cell according to claim 1, wherein the functional effector cell is a T-cell. 11. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 10, wherein the T-cell expresses CD4\u03b6 CAR on its cell surface. 12. The recombinant progenitor cell according to claim 1, wherein the vector further comprises one or more genetic sequences which protect the recombinant progenitor cell from infection by the virus. 13. The recombinant progenitor cell of claim 12, wherein the genetic sequences are selected from the group consisting of: sh1005, sh516, and a nucleic acid molecule encoding C46, and the virus is a human immunodeficiency virus. 14. A method of producing a functional effector cell which comprises differentiating or developing the recombinant progenitor cell of claim 1 and then maturing it into the functional effector cell. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the recombinant progenitor cell is administered to or engrafted in a subject. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the recombinant progenitor cell is subjected to the thymus tissue of a subject. 17. An engineered functional effector cell made by the method according to claim 14. 18. The engineered functional effector cell of claim 17, which expresses CD4\u03b6 CAR on its cell surface. 19. A method of inhibiting, reducing or treating a viral infection in a subject which comprises administering the recombinant progenitor cell according to claim 1 or a functional effector cell matured therefrom to the subject. 20. The invention according to claim 1, wherein the cell lacks HLA-restricted T cell receptors. 21. A nucleic acid molecule which comprises a sequence encoding CD4 fused to the signaling domain of the CD3 complex \u03b6-chain. 22. (canceled) 23. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 21, wherein the molecule is CD4\u03b6 CAR, Double CAR C46, Triple CD4\u03b6 CAR, CD4D1D2D3CAR, CD4D1D2CAR, or CD4D1CAR. 24. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 21, wherein the molecule contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a single chain antibody having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:6; SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:9; SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO:11; SEQ ID NO:12; SEQ ID NO:13; SEQ ID NO:14; and SEQ ID NO:15.",
-    "A liquid formulation comprising a peptide agonist of the calcium sensing receptor and method of preparing and using the formulation are provided. 1. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising AMG 416 in aqueous solution, wherein the formulation has a pH of 2.0 to 5.0. 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation has a pH of 2.5 to 4.5. 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation has a pH of 2.5 to 4.0. 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation has a pH of 3.0 to 3.5. 5. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the pH is maintained by a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer. 6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the buffer is succinate. 7. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the AMG 416 is present in the formulation at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL 8. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the AMG 416 is present in the formulation at a concentration of 1 mg/mL to 15 mg/mL. 9. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the AMG 416 is present in the formulation at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL to 10 mg/mL. 10. The formulation of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable tonicity modifier. 11. The formulation of claim 10, wherein the tonicity modifier is present in the formulation at a concentration sufficient for the formulation to be approximately isotonic. 12. The formulation of claim 10, wherein the tonificer is NaCl. 13. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation has less than 10% degradation when stored at 2-8\u00b0 C. for 2 years. 14. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation has less than 10% degradation when stored at room temperature for 2 years. 15. A formulation comprising 2 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL of AMG 416 in aqueous solution, a succinate buffer that maintains the formulation at a pH of about 3.0 to 3.5, and a sufficient concentration of sodium chloride for the formulation to be approximately isotonic.",
-    "The present invention provide water soluble polyfluorenes functionalized with glucuronic acid useful in sensing bilirubin in aqueous medium and process for preparation thereof. The invention further deals with detecting bilirubin in human serum samples in the range from normal (<25 \u03bc\u03b7ioI/L\u02dc1.2 mg/dL) human bilirubin level to jaundiced bilirubin level (>50 \u03bc\u03b7ioI/L\u02dc2.5 mg/dL). This is a fluorescence turn-off mode of detection where blue fluorescence of polymer quenches and becomes colorless. The water soluble polyfluorenes functionalized with glucuronic acid can detect free bilirubin in the range from 1\u00d71O\u20334M to 1\u00d710\u20327M moles in aqueous and buffer media as a change in the fluorescence signal. 2. A compound of formula (I) 3. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compounds are water soluble. 4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compounds are useful for sensing bilirubin in aqueous medium by fluorescence in the range of 1\u00d710\u22124 M to 1\u00d710\u22127 M micro moles. 5. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compounds are useful for detecting bilirubin in human serum samples in the range from normal (<25 \u03bcmol/L\u02dc1.2 mg/dL) human bilirubin level to jaundiced bilirubin level (>50 \u03bcmol/L\u02dc2.5 mg/dL).1 6. A process for the preparation of compound as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of: a) refluxing the reaction mixture of 2,7-diromofluorene and 1,6-dibromo-hexane in presence of NaH in THF for period in the range of 10 to 12 hr followed by extraction to get 2,7 dibromo-9,9-(6-bromohexyl)fluorene; b) etherifying the 2,7 dibromo-9,9-(6-bromohexyl)fluorene as obtained instep (a) with propargyl alcohol to give 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis (6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)hexyl)-9H-fluorene; c) protecting D-Glucuronic acid with acetic anhydride to give penta acetylated product. d) refluxing the penta acetate product as obtained in step (c) with methanol to give 6-(methoxy-carbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate; e) reacting 6-(methoxy-carbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate as obtained in step (d) with TMS-N3 and SnCl4 followed by purification by column chromatography to obtain 2-azido-6-(methoxy-carbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate; f) reacting compound of step (b) and compound of step (e) to get the sugar functionalized fluorene monomer; g) polymerizing the compound of step (f) by suzuki coupling to get glucuronic acid functionalized polyfluorene; h) stirring the glucuronic acid functionalized polyfluorene in methanol and dichloromethane, CH3ONa in methanol solution at temperature in the range of 25 to 30\u00b0 C. for period in the range of 5 to 6 hrs followed by hydrolyzing the ester using dilute HCl for period in the range of 20 to 24 h, purifying by dialysis to give water soluble compound of formula I. 7. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the suzuki coupling in step (g) is carried out by refluxing the monomer with phenyl 1,4-diboronic ester in presence of K2CO3 and THF for 36 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. 8. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the click reaction is carried out in step (f) for 24 hrs in argon atmosphere. 9. A process for determining free bilirubin content within an aqueous medium comprising the steps of: d) preparing bilirubin stock solution in water or buffer at pH=10 by the addition of NaOH; e) titrating polyfluorene functionalized with glucuronic acid polymeric solution in distilled water or buffer with bilirubin; f) determining by fluorimetry, quenching of fluorescence intensity at 420 nm. 10. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the stock solution concentration ranges from 1\u00d710\u22124M to 1\u00d710\u22127M. 11. The use of polyfluorene functionalized with glucuronic acid for determination of free bilirubin content within an aqueous medium. 12. The use of polyfluorene functionalized with glucuronic acid according to claim 10, wherein polyfluorene functionalized with glucuronic acid compounds are water soluble.",
-    "According to the support frame of the present invention, a user can simultaneously fix legs at different angles by moving up a fixing member by an operation of the user, so the support frame can be stably installed on an uneven ground. 1. A support frame comprising: a housing having a rotational groove; a plurality of legs having an upper end inserted in the rotational groove of the housing to turn up and down and a lower end supported on the ground; and a fixing module disposed on the housing to be moved by an operating force of a user and simultaneously fixing the legs simultaneously in close contact with the upper ends of the plurality of legs. 2. The support frame of claim 1, wherein the fixing module includes a fixing member that is turned or moved up and down by an operating force of a user and simultaneously fixes the plurality of legs. 3. The support frame of claim 1, wherein the legs has a rotary portion inserted in the rotational groove 12, hinge-coupled to the housing, and fixed by interference with the fixing module, and a leg portion connected to the rotary portion to be supported on the ground. 4. The support frame of claim 1, wherein the fixing module includes: an operation member disposed on the housing and turned by an operating force of a user; and a fixing member disposed in the housing, interfering with the operation member, and simultaneously interfering with the plurality of legs by changing turn of the operation member in the up-down direction. 5. The support frame of claim 4, wherein the operation member has: an interference groove where the fixing member is inserted; and an interference portion generating interference with the fixing member, on the inner side of the interference groove. 6. The support frame of claim 5, wherein the fixing member has: a fixing body disposed in the housing; an interference tooth portion that is formed on the fixing body and generates interference by being coupled to the interference portion; a fixing tooth portion that is formed on the outer side of the fixing body and simultaneously generates interference with the plurality of legs; and a fixing guide that is formed on the fixing body and moves along the housing. 7. The support frame of claim 5, wherein the housing has a housing guide that generates interference with turn of the fixing member and guides the fixing member moving up and down. 8. The support frame of claim 1, further comprising a fixing pin fixed to the housing to be stuck into the ground. 9. The support frame of claim 4, wherein the operation member is formed in a lever shape, is connected to the fixing member through a lever shaft, and moves the fixing member up and down on the housing when being turned. 10. The support frame of claim 1, wherein the fixing member and the legs generate interference by friction or engagement.",
-    "Disclosed herein are a system, non-transitory computer-readable medium, and method to check the integrity of de-duplication objects. An integrity check of the most frequently referenced or used de-duplication objects is given higher priority. 1. A system comprising: a storage device to store units of data and to store a de-duplication object in lieu of at least one redundant copy of a given unit of data, the de-duplication object comprising a pointer to the given unit of data; an integrity module which, if executed, instructs at least one processor to: determine which de-duplication objects are most frequently referenced; execute an integrity check of the de-duplication objects such that the most frequently referenced de-duplication objects are given priority over other de-duplication objects; and generate a warning, if the integrity check of a given de-duplication object fails. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the integrity module, if executed, further instructs at least one processor to: generate a checksum for each de-duplication object; and check the integrity of each de-duplication object using the checksum thereof. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the integrity module, if executed, further instructs at least one processor to embed the checksum with the de-duplication object associated therewith in a file system of the storage device. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the integrity module, if executed, further instructs the processor to store the checksum generated for each de-duplication object in a database. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the integrity module, if executed, further instructs the processor to: retain a backup copy of a unit of data in the storage device; determine whether the unit of data is corrupt; and if the unit of data is corrupt, modify each de-duplication object associated with the corrupt unit of data to point to the backup copy. 6. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions therein which, if executed, cause a processor to: scan de-duplication objects in a storage device, each de-duplication object comprising a reference to a unit of data in the storage device such that each de-duplication object substitutes for redundant copies of the unit of data; determine which de-duplication objects are most frequently referenced by programs accessing the storage device; schedule an integrity check of the de-duplication objects such that the most frequently referenced de-duplication objects are given higher priority; and generate a warning, if the integrity check of a given de-duplication object fails. 7. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 6, wherein the instructions therein, if executed, further instruct at least one processor to: generate a checksum for each de-duplication object; and check the integrity of each de-duplication object using the checksum thereof. 8. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 7, wherein the instructions therein, if executed, further instruct at least one processor to embed the checksum with the de-duplication object associated therewith in a file system of the storage device. 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 7, wherein the instructions therein, if executed, further instruct at least one processor to store the checksum generated for each de-duplication object in a database. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 7, wherein the instructions therein, if executed, further instruct at least one processor to retain a backup copy of the unit of data in the storage device; determine whether the unit of data is corrupt; and if the unit of data is corrupt, modify each de-duplication object associated with the corrupt unit of data to point to the backup copy. 11. A method comprising monitoring, using at least one processor, de-duplication objects in a storage device, each de-duplication object comprising a reference to a unit of data in the storage device such that each de-duplication object substitutes for redundant copies of the unit of data; determining, using at least one processor, which de-duplication objects are most frequently used by programs accessing data in the storage device; executing, using at least one processor, an integrity check of the de-duplication objects such that the most frequently used de-duplication objects are given higher priority over other de-duplication objects; and generating, using at least one processor, a warning, if the integrity check of a given de-duplication object fails. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: generating, using at least one processor, a checksum for each de-duplication object; and checking, using at least one processor, the integrity of each de-duplication object using the checksum thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising embedding, using at least one processor, the checksum with the de-duplication object associated therewith in a file system of the storage device. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising storing, using at least one processor, the checksum generated for each de-duplication object in a database. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising: retain a backup copy of the unit of data in the storage device; determine whether the unit of data is corrupt; and if the unit of data is corrupt, modify each de-duplication object associated with the corrupt unit of data to point to the backup copy.",
-    "A liquid crystal display device includes: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first substrate has thereon a first planar electrode, a first dielectric layer on the first planar electrode, and a pair of comb-shaped electrodes on the first dielectric layer. The second substrate has thereon a second planar electrode and a second dielectric layer on the second planar electrode. The liquid crystal layer includes liquid crystal molecules having a positive dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystal display device is configured such that, when displaying a minimum gradation, a same voltage is applied to the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, and a relationship among voltages applied to the first planar electrode, the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, and the second planar electrode satisfies a prescribed relational expression. 1. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first substrate has thereon a first planar electrode, a first dielectric layer on the first planar electrode, and a pair of comb-shaped electrodes on the first dielectric layer, an additional dielectric layer being essentially absent between the liquid crystal layer and the pair of comb-shaped electrodes and between the liquid crystal layer and the first dielectric layer, wherein the second substrate has thereon a second planar electrode and a second dielectric layer on the second planar electrode, an additional dielectric layer being essentially absent between the second dielectric layer and the liquid crystal layer, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes liquid crystal molecules having a positive dielectric anisotropy, and wherein the liquid crystal display device is configured such that, when displaying a minimum gradation, a same voltage is applied to the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, and a relationship among voltages applied to the first planar electrode, the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, and the second planar electrode satisfies the following expressions (1) and (2): 0 < \uf603 V a \uf604 < 2 \ue89e \uf603 V a \ue89e \ue89e _ \ue89e 0 \uf604 - 0.1 ( 1 ) V a \ue89e \ue89e _ \ue89e 0 = \u025b \uf605 \ue89e \u025b 2 \ue89e d 1 \u025b 1 \ue89e \u025b 2 \ue89e d LC + \u025b 1 \ue89e \u025b \uf605 \ue89e d 2 \ue89e V b ( 2 ) where Va (unit: V) is a voltage differential between the voltage of the first planar electrode and the voltage of the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, Vb (unit: V) is a voltage differential between the voltage of the pair of comb-shaped electrodes and the voltage of the second planar electrode, \u22081 is a permittivity of the first dielectric layer, \u22082 is a permittivity of the second dielectric layer, \u22081 is a permittivity in a direction that is horizontal with respect to a director of the liquid crystal molecules included in the liquid crystal layer, d1 is a thickness (unit: \u03bcm) of the first dielectric layer, d2 is a thickness (unit: \u03bcm) of the second dielectric layer, and dLC is a thickness (unit: \u03bcm) of the liquid crystal layer. 2. A liquid crystal display device, comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first substrate has thereon a first planar electrode, a first dielectric layer on the first planar electrode, and a pair of comb-shaped electrodes on the first dielectric layer, an additional dielectric layer being essentially absent between the liquid crystal layer and the pair of comb-shaped electrodes and between the liquid crystal layer and the first dielectric layer, wherein the second substrate has thereon a second planar electrode, a dielectric layer being essentially absent between the second planar electrode and the liquid crystal layer, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes liquid crystal molecules having a positive dielectric anisotropy, and wherein the liquid crystal display device is configured such that, when displaying a minimum gradation, a same voltage is applied to the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, and a relationship among voltages applied to the first planar electrode, the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, and the second planar electrode satisfies the following expressions (1) and (2): 0 < \uf603 V a \uf604 < 2 \ue89e \uf603 V a \ue89e \ue89e _ \ue89e 0 \uf604 - 0.1 ( 1 ) V a \ue89e \ue89e _ \ue89e 0 = \u025b \uf605 \ue89e d 1 \u025b 1 \ue89e d LC \ue89e V b [ [ ( 3 ) ] ] \ue89e ( 2 ) where Va (unit: V) is a voltage differential between the voltage of the first planar electrode and the voltage of the pair of comb-shaped electrodes, Vb (unit: V) is a voltage differential between the voltage of the pair of comb-shaped electrodes and the voltage of the second planar electrode, \u22081 is a permittivity of the first dielectric layer, \u2208\u2225 is a permittivity in a direction that is horizontal with respect to a director of the liquid crystal molecules included in the liquid crystal layer, d1 is a thickness (unit: \u03bcm) of the first dielectric layer, and dLC is a thickness (unit: \u03bcm) of the liquid crystal layer. 3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal molecules included in the liquid crystal layer are oriented in a direction perpendicular to respective main surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate when no voltage is being applied. 4. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the first planar electrode and the second planar electrode are AC-voltage driven with polarities opposite to each other. 5. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 6. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the liquid crystal molecules included in the liquid crystal layer are oriented in a direction perpendicular to respective main surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate when no voltage is being applied. 7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the first planar electrode and the second planar electrode are AC-voltage driven with polarities opposite to each other. 8. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, wherein the first planar electrode and the second planar electrode are AC-voltage driven with polarities opposite to each other. 9. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, wherein the first planar electrode and the second planar electrode are AC-voltage driven with polarities opposite to each other. 10. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 11. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 12. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 13. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 14. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 15. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 8, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor. 16. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a thin film transistor element, and wherein said thin film transistor element includes a semiconductor layer having an oxide semiconductor.",
-    "Provided are a flat heat exchange tube, a heat carrier-heating device, and an air conditioner for a vehicle by which it is possible to reduce thermal contact resistance and improve thermal conductivity. A flat heat exchange tube is provided with: a flat tube constituted of a pair of molded plates; and wavy inner fins that are inserted between the molded plates, tips protruding in one direction and tips protruding in another direction of the wavy inner fins being soldered to the inner surfaces of the pair of molded plates. The wavy inner fins are provided with expansion allowance portions in a wall surface between the tips allowing deformation in a direction by which the distance between the tips increases, the flat heat exchange tube being expandable through the expansion allowance portion in a state in which the tips between the pair of molded plates are soldered thereto. 1. A flat heat exchange tube comprising: a flat tube configured by soldering together an opposing pair of molded plates formed from sheet materials having inner surfaces clad in solder; and wavy inner fins inserted between the molded plates of the flat tube, the wavy inner fins each having a tip protruding in one direction that is soldered to the inner surface of one of the molded plates, and a tip protruding in another direction that is soldered to the inner surface of another of the molded plates, the wavy inner fins each including an expansion allowance portion on a wall surface between the tip protruding in the one direction and the tip protruding in the other direction, the expansion allowance portions allowing deformation in a direction by which a distance between the tips increases, the flat tube being expandable through the expansion allowance portion in a state in which the tips are soldered to the pair of molded plates. 2. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 1, wherein the expansion allowance portion is configured as stepwise bends formed in the wall surface between the tip protruding in the one direction and the tip protruding in the other direction. 3. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 1, wherein the expansion allowance portion is a reverse-tapered surface that is tapered towards the respective tips, the reverse-tapered surface being formed of the wall surface between the tip protruding in the one direction and the tip protruding in the other direction. 4. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 1, wherein the expansion allowance portion is configured such that the tip protruding in the one direction and the tip protruding in the other direction are arranged alternately and continuously in a width direction of the wavy inner fin, and alternately and at a prescribed interval in a length direction of the wavy inner fin, with slits being provided in the wall surface at a base portion of the tips. 5. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 1, wherein the pair of molded plates include tube expansion allowance portions in vertical walls thereof from soldered portions of edges of the pair of molded plates, the tube expansion allowance portion allowing deformation in a direction by which a distance between flat surfaces of the molded plates increases. 6. A heat carrier-heating device, wherein a plurality of groups of PTC heaters are layered alternately between a plurality of flat heat exchange tubes, a heat carrier flowing through the flat heat exchange tubes being heated by control of electricity flowing to the PTC heaters, and wherein the flat heat exchange tubes are the flat heat exchange tubes described in claim 1, the PTC heaters and the flat heat exchange tubes being in close contact with each other by the flat heat exchange tubes being expanded while the PTC heaters are layered alternately between the plurality of flat heat exchange tubes. 7. An air conditioner for a vehicle configured such that a heat carrier heated by a heat carrier-heating device can circulate to a heat radiator disposed in an airflow path, wherein the heat carrier-heating device is the heat carrier-heating device described in claim 6. 8. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 2, wherein the pair of molded plates include tube expansion allowance portions in vertical walls thereof from soldered portions of edges of the pair of molded plates, the tube expansion allowance portion allowing deformation in a direction by which a distance between flat surfaces of the molded plates increases. 9. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 3, wherein the pair of molded plates include tube expansion allowance portions in vertical walls thereof from soldered portions of edges of the pair of molded plates, the tube expansion allowance portion allowing deformation in a direction by which a distance between flat surfaces of the molded plates increases. 10. The flat heat exchange tube according to claim 4, wherein the pair of molded plates include tube expansion allowance portions in vertical walls thereof from soldered portions of edges of the pair of molded plates, the tube expansion allowance portion allowing deformation in a direction by which a distance between flat surfaces of the molded plates increases. 11. A heat carrier-heating device, wherein a plurality of groups of PTC heaters are layered alternately between a plurality of flat heat exchange tubes, a heat carrier flowing through the flat heat exchange tubes being heated by control of electricity flowing to the PTC heaters, and wherein the flat heat exchange tubes are the flat heat exchange tubes described in claim 2, the PTC heaters and the flat heat exchange tubes being in close contact with each other by the flat heat exchange tubes being expanded while the PTC heaters are layered alternately between the plurality of flat heat exchange tubes. 12. A heat carrier-heating device, wherein a plurality of groups of PTC heaters are layered alternately between a plurality of flat heat exchange tubes, a heat carrier flowing through the flat heat exchange tubes being heated by control of electricity flowing to the PTC heaters, and wherein the flat heat exchange tubes are the flat heat exchange tubes described in claim 3, the PTC heaters and the flat heat exchange tubes being in close contact with each other by the flat heat exchange tubes being expanded while the PTC heaters are layered alternately between the plurality of flat heat exchange tubes. 13. A heat carrier-heating device, wherein a plurality of groups of PTC heaters are layered alternately between a plurality of flat heat exchange tubes, a heat carrier flowing through the flat heat exchange tubes being heated by control of electricity flowing to the PTC heaters, and wherein the flat heat exchange tubes are the flat heat exchange tubes described in claim 4, the PTC heaters and the flat heat exchange tubes being in close contact with each other by the flat heat exchange tubes being expanded while the PTC heaters are layered alternately between the plurality of flat heat exchange tubes. 14. A heat carrier-heating device, wherein a plurality of groups of PTC heaters are layered alternately between a plurality of flat heat exchange tubes, a heat carrier flowing through the flat heat exchange tubes being heated by control of electricity flowing to the PTC heaters, and wherein the flat heat exchange tubes are the flat heat exchange tubes described in claim 5, the PTC heaters and the flat heat exchange tubes being in close contact with each other by the flat heat exchange tubes being expanded while the PTC heaters are layered alternately between the plurality of flat heat exchange tubes.",
-    "An anchoring group (20) for an external fixator (1), comprising: a connecting body (11) designed to be coupled to a bar (2) of an external fixator (1), said connecting body (11) being crossed by a median plane (M); a first locking device (10) for locking first unicortical pins and connected to the connecting body (11), said first locking device (10) comprising at least one seat; and a second locking device (10) for locking second unicortical pins and also connected to the connecting body (11), said second locking device (10) comprising at least one auxiliary seat, which is not aligned with the at least one seat of the first locking device (10), said first and second locking devices (10) extending from different side of said median plane (M), wherein the connecting body (11) has at least two fastening seats (110a, 110b) for each the first and the second locking devices (10) so as to allow at least two alternative mounting configurations from each side with respect to the median plane (M) of the connecting body (11). 1. An anchoring group for an external fixator, comprising: a connecting body designed to be coupled to a bar of an external fixator, said connecting body being crossed by a median plane; a first locking device for locking first unicortical pins and connected to the connecting body, said first locking device comprising at least one seat; and a second locking device for locking second unicortical pins and also connected to the connecting body, said second locking device comprising at least one auxiliary seat, which is not aligned with the at least one seat of the first locking device, said first and second locking devices extending from a different side of said median plane, wherein the connecting body has at least two fastening seats for each of the first and the second locking devices so as to allow at least two alternative mounting configurations from each side with respect to the median plane of the connecting body. 2. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein the mounting of one of the locking devices on either one of the fastening seats on the same side of the connecting body defines two different inclinations of the locking device with respect to the median plane of the connecting body. 3. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein said fastening seats of the connecting body comprise a respective hole designed to be passed through by a threaded connection element and a respective depression intended to allow easy mating of a projecting of the locking devices. 4. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein said connecting body has a cusp portion with opposite inclined surfaces symmetrical with respect to the median plane, said fastening seats being symmetrically formed on the opposite inclined surfaces of said cusp portion. 5. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein said locking devices have two alternative right-handed and two alternative left-handed configurations which are a mirror image of each other, allowing for the formation of a plurality of alternative configurations of the anchoring group. 6. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the locking device is formed as one piece with the connecting body. 7. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the locking device is connected removably with at least one fastening seat of the connecting body. 8. The anchoring group according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second locking devices comprise a respective pin-locking arm provided with seats suitable for the locking of the unicortical pins. 9. The anchoring group according to claim 8, wherein the two locking devices have their respective pin-locking arms oriented in opposite directions. 10. The anchoring group according to claim 8, wherein the two locking devices have their respective pin-locking arms both oriented in the direction of a locking clamp associated with the connecting body and designed to be coupled with a bar of an external fixator. 11. The anchoring group according to claim 8, wherein the two locking devices have their respective pin-locking arms both oriented opposite the position of a locking clamp associated with the connecting body and designed to be coupled with a bar of an external fixator. 12. The anchoring group according to claim 1, further comprising a locking clamp designed to lock a bar of an external fixator in position, said locking clamp being coupled by means of an articulation hinge to the connecting body. 13. The anchoring group according to claim 10, wherein said locking clamp comprises a threaded shank and a locking nut which allow locking of two gripping jaws of the clamp, said threaded shank comprising an eyelet end which embraces a pin of said articulation hinge so as to allow locking of the articulation hinge simultaneously with the clamping of the gripping jaws. 14. An external fixator for the fixation of long bones, comprising a distal anchoring group and a proximal anchoring group connected by a bar, at least one of the distal anchoring group and the proximal anchoring group being an anchoring group according to claim 1.",
-    "There has conventionally been a problem that a cable duct must be disposed as a separate member apart from a device when cable wiring between devices is carried out, and a fixed space is necessary for disposing the cable duct, and thus the space cannot be effectively used. An electrical device incorporates an electrical unit such as an inverter that is wired to a cable, and a cable duct part that houses a cable wired to another device, and has structure in which, by providing slide structure, the size of cable duct part can be adjusted in accordance with the requirements of cable wiring. 1-6. (canceled) 7. An electrical device with an incorporated cable duct comprising: an electrical unit to which a cable is wired; and a first case member and a second case member that house the electrical unit, wherein the first case member and the second case member constitute a unified case; the second case member includes a duct functional part that houses a cable wired to another device through an opening between the first case member and the second case member; and the first case member and the second case member are coupled through slide structure and the slide structure enables a size of the duct functional part to be adjustable. 8. The electrical device with an incorporated cable duct according to claim 7, wherein the slide structure enables the first case member and the second case member to be brought into close contact when the cable is not wired. 9. The electrical device with an incorporated cable duct according to claim 7, wherein the second case member can be separated into two covers. 10. The electrical device with an incorporated cable duct according to claim 7, wherein the second case member includes a hole through which a cable is drawn into the inside of the second case member. 11. The electrical device with an incorporated cable duct according to claim 7, wherein the second case member includes a knob for carrying out slide operation with one's fingertip.",
-    "The present invention provides a separation method and device, comprising columns with at least two types of gels selected from the group consisting of silica gel, silver nitrate-impregnated gel and polymer gel filled therein, preferably at least three silver nitrate-impregnated gel columns and at least one silica gel column, by SMB chromatography. The present invention also provides a separation method and device, comprising columns with at least two types of columns selected from the group consisting of C18 columns, C8 columns C4 columns and C1 columns, preferably at least three C18 columns and at least one C8 column and/or C4 column and/or C1 column, by SMB chromatography. 1. A method for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, wherein a device for performing separation by the SMB chromatography comprises: (1) at least three C18 columns; (2) at least one column selected from the group consisting of a C8 column, a C4 column and a C1 column; and (3) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the method comprises: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sample is a distilled sample. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fat-soluble substance is a fatty acid or a fatty acid derivative. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fat-soluble substance is selected from the group consisting of \u03b1-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and lower alcohol ester thereof. 5. A method for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, wherein a device for performing separation by the SMB chromatography comprises: (1) at least two types of at least four columns selected from the group consisting of a C18 column, a C8 column, a C4 column, and a C1 column; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the method comprises: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the sample is a distilled sample. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the fat-soluble substance is a fatty acid or a fatty acid derivative. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fat-soluble substance is selected from the group consisting of \u03b1-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and lower alcohol ester thereof. 9. A device for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, comprising: (1) at least three C18 columns (2) at least one column selected from the group consisting of a C8 column, a C4 column and a C1 column; and (3) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the device separates the fat-soluble substance by a method comprising: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a raw material to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 10. A device for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, comprising: (1) at least two types of at least four columns selected from the group consisting of a C18 column, a C8 column, a C4 column, and a C1 column; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the device separates the fat-soluble substance by a method comprising: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a raw material to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 11. A method for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, wherein a device for performing separation by the SMB chromatography comprises: (1) at least two types of at least four reversed phase columns; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the method comprises: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 12. A device for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, comprising: (1) at least two types of at least four reversed phase columns; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the device separates the fat-soluble substance by a method comprising: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a raw material to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 13. A method for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, wherein a device for performing separation by the SMB chromatography comprises: (1) at least four columns including a normal phase column with a first carrier filled therein and a normal phase column with a second carrier different from the first carrier, filled therein; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the method comprises: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 14. A method for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, wherein a device for performing separation by the SMB chromatography comprises: (1) at least four columns including a normal phase column with a first carrier filled therein and a normal phase column with a second carrier different from the first carrier, filled therein, wherein the first carrier and the second carrier are selected from the group consisting of silica gel, silver nitrate-impregnated gel and polymer gel; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the method comprises: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 15. A method for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, wherein a device for performing separation by the SMB chromatography comprises: (1) at least four columns including at least one column with silver nitrate-impregnated gel filled therein as a carrier and at least one column with silica gel filled therein as a carrier; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the method comprises: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the device for performing separation by SMB chromatography comprises: at least two columns with silver nitrate-impregnated gel filled therein as a carrier; and at least two columns with silica gel filled therein as a carrier. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the device for performing separation by SMB chromatography comprises: at least one column with silver nitrate-impregnated gel filled therein as a carrier; and at least three columns with silica gel filled therein as a carrier. 18. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the sample is a distilled sample. 19. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the fat-soluble substance is a fatty acid or a fatty acid derivative. 20. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the fat-soluble substance is selected from the group consisting of \u03b1-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and lower alcohol ester thereof. 21. A device for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, comprising: (1) at least four columns including a normal phase column with a first carrier filled therein and a normal phase column with a second carrier different from the first carrier, filled therein; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the device separates the fat-soluble substance by a method comprising: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 22. A device for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, comprising: (1) at least four columns including a normal phase column with a first carrier filled therein and a normal phase column with a second carrier different from the first carrier, filled therein, wherein the first carrier and the second carrier are selected from the group consisting of silica gel, silver nitrate-impregnated gel and polymer gel; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the device separates the fat-soluble substance by a method comprising: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 23. A device for separating a fat-soluble substance by SMB chromatography, comprising: (1) at least four columns including at least one column with silver nitrate-impregnated gel filled therein as a carrier and at least one column with silica gel filled therein as a carrier; and (2) the same number of circulation lines as the number of the columns, for connecting the columns, wherein the device separates the fat-soluble substance by a method comprising: (a) supplying an eluent to a first circulation line; (b) supplying a sample to a third circulation line; (c) eluting a separation solution from a second circulation line and a fourth circulation line; and (d) switching the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line, wherein the first to fourth circulation lines are arranged in the order of the first circulation line, the second circulation line, the third circulation line and the fourth circulation line from upstream to downstream. 24. The device according to claim 23, wherein the device comprises: at least two columns with silver nitrate-impregnated gel filled therein as a carrier; and at least two columns with silica gel filled therein as a carrier. 25. The device according to claim 23, wherein the device comprises: at least one column with silver nitrate-impregnated gel filled therein as a carrier; and at least three columns with silica gel filled therein as a carrier.",
-    "A hand region is detected in a captured image, and for each part of the background area, a light source presence degree indicating the probability that a light source is present is determined according to the luminance or color of that part; on the basis of the light source presence degree, a region in which the captured image is affected by a light source is estimated, and if the captured image includes a region estimated to be affected by a light source, whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image is decided; on the basis of the result of this decision, an action is determined. Gesture determinations can be made correctly even when the hand region in the captured image is affected by a light source at the time of gesture manipulation input. 1. A manipulation input device comprising: a hand region detection unit for detecting a hand region in a captured image obtained by imaging by an image capture unit; a light source presence degree information generating unit for setting a light source presence degree as an index indicating a probability that a light source is present, for each part of a background region comprising a region other than the hand region detected by the hand region detection unit, on a basis of luminance or color of the part; a light source estimation unit for estimating, on a basis of the light source presence degree, a light source region which is a region affected by a light source in the captured image, and determining whether or not the estimated light source region and the hand region detected by the hand region detection unit are within a predetermined distance of each other; a shape analysis/evaluation unit for making a decision, on a basis of a shape of the hand region detected by the hand region detection unit, as to whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image, when the estimated light source region and the hand region are determined to be within the predetermined distance of each other; and an action determination unit for making a determination of an action of a hand on a basis of a result of the decision made by the shape analysis/evaluation unit and information representing the hand region detected by the hand region detection unit. 2. The manipulation input device of claim 1, wherein the action determination unit comprises: a shape correction unit for correcting the shape of the hand region detected by the hand region detection unit when the shape analysis/evaluation unit decides that a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image; and an action information generating unit for generating action information indicating the action of the hand on a basis of the shape of the hand region having been corrected by the shape correction unit. 3. The manipulation input device of claim 1, wherein the shape analysis/evaluation unit: detects a position of a center of a palm; determines a distance from the detected center of the palm to a perimeter of the hand region in each direction; and decides whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image on a basis of a relation between the distance in each direction and the direction. 4. The manipulation input device of claim 3, wherein the shape analysis/evaluation unit: estimates a probability that the relation between the distance in each direction and the direction corresponds to a shape of the hand made when a gesture for manipulation input is performed; and decides whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image on a basis of the estimated probability. 5. The manipulation input device of claim 3, wherein the shape analysis/evaluation unit decides whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image on a basis of a size of a direction range having only one local minimum point on a curve representing the relation between the distance in each direction and the direction. 6. The manipulation input device of claim 5, wherein said direction range is such that, when a local maximum point is present in an interior of the direction range on the curve representing the relation between the distance in each direction and the direction, a difference between the local maximum point and the local minimum point is smaller than a predetermined threshold value. 7. The manipulation input device of claim 5, wherein said direction range is such that, in the interior of the direction range, a magnitude of a change in the distance with respect to a change in the direction is equal to or less than a predetermined value. 8. The manipulation input device of claim 2, wherein the image obtained by the image capture unit is a moving image comprising a series of frames, each representing a still image; on a basis of information representing the estimated light source region in the current frame, and information about a feature point in the hand region in at least one temporally preceding frame, the shape correction unit makes an estimate of a position of the feature point in the hand region in the current frame, in the estimated light source region in the current frame; and the shape correction unit performs the correction on a basis of a result of the estimate. 9. The manipulation input device of claim 8, wherein the shape analysis/evaluation unit detects a center position of a palm; when, among pixels on a line segment joining the estimated position of the feature point and the detected center position of the palm, all the pixels except pixels which are within the predetermined distance from the hand region are positioned in the light source region or the hand region, the shape analysis/evaluation unit recognizes the estimated position of the feature point as a corrected position of the feature point; and when among the pixels on the line segment joining the estimated position of the feature point and the detected center position of the palm, any one or more of all the pixels except the pixels which are within the predetermined distance from the hand region are not included in either of the light source region and the hand region, the shape analysis/evaluation unit recognizes, as the corrected position of the feature point, a position of a pixel that is adjacent to a pixel closest to the center position of the palm, among the pixels on the line segment not included in either of the light source region and the hand region, and that is positioned on the side of the center position of the palm. 10. The manipulation input device of claim 1, further comprising a manipulation content determination unit for giving a manipulation instruction corresponding to the action of the hand determined on a basis of a result of the determination made by the action determination unit. 11. The manipulation input device of claim 10, wherein, when the shape analysis/evaluation unit decides that a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image, the action determination unit furnishes the manipulation content determination unit with information to that effect, on a basis of which the manipulation content determination unit gives a manipulation instruction for informing an operator that a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image. 12. The manipulation input device of claim 1, wherein, when the shape analysis/evaluation unit decides that a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image, the action determination unit does not make the determination of the action of the hand based on that captured image. 13. A manipulation input method comprising: a hand region detection step for detecting a hand region in a captured image obtained by imaging by an image capture step; a light source presence degree information generating step for setting a light source presence degree as an index indicating a probability that a light source is present, for each part of a background region comprising a region other than the hand region detected by the hand region detection step, on a basis of luminance or color of the part; a light source estimation step for estimating, on a basis of the light source presence degree, a light source region which is a region affected by a light source in the captured image, and determining whether or not the estimated light source region and the hand region detected by the hand region detection step are within a predetermined distance of each other; a shape analysis/evaluation step for making a decision, on a basis of a shape of the hand region detected by the hand region detection step, as to whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image, when the estimated light source region and the hand region are determined to be within the predetermined distance of each other; and an action determination step for making a determination of an action of a hand on a basis of a result of the decision made by the shape analysis/evaluation step and information representing the hand region detected by the hand region detection step. 14. (canceled) 15. A computer readable recording medium in which a program for causing a computer to execute the steps in the manipulation input method as set forth in claim 13 is recorded. 16. The manipulation input device of claim 2, wherein the shape analysis/evaluation unit: detects a position of a center of a palm; determines a distance from the detected center of the palm to a perimeter of the hand region in each direction; and decides whether or not a dropout has occurred in the hand region in the captured image on a basis of a relation between the distance in each direction and the direction. 17. The manipulation input device of claim 2, further comprising a manipulation content determination unit for giving a manipulation instruction corresponding to the action of the hand determined on a basis of a result of the determination made by the action determination unit.",
-    "The embodiments provide a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist peptide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, including pharmaceutical compositions comprising a CGRP agonist peptide. The embodiments further provide treatment methods, including method of treating metabolic disorders and metabolic disorders selected from metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obesity. The methods involve administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of CGRP peptide. 1. A calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist having the structure of Formula I: X1\u2014Y1\u2014Z1 (I) wherein: X1 is an N-terminal fragment comprising at least about five to about seven amino acid residues having the general formula: (SEQ ID NO: 6) X1 X2 X3 Thr X4 Thr Cys wherein X1 is Ala or Cys or is not present, X2 is Cys, Ser or Gly, provided however that at least one of X1 and X2 is Cys and only one of X1 or X2 is Cys, X3 is Asp or Asn and X4 is Ala or Ser and wherein the terminal Cys of X1 is capable of forming a disulfide bridge with the Cys residue in X1 or X2; Y1 is a central core comprising at least about 12 to about 24 and preferably about 15 amino acid residues wherein at least some of the residues of the central core are capable of forming an \u03b1-helix under physiological conditions, said central core having the general formula: X5 Leu Gly Arg X6 X7 Gln X8 X9 X10 Arg X11 X12 Thr X13 (SEQ ID NO: 7) wherein X5 is Val or Met, X6 is Leu or Tyr, X7 is Ser or Thr, X8 is Asp or Glu, X9 is Phe or Leu, X10 is His or Asn, X11 is Phe or Leu, X12 is His or Gln, X13 is Phe or Tyr; and Z1 is a C-terminal fragment comprising at least about six to about twelve amino acid residues, preferably about ten amino acid residues, said C-terminal fragment comprising a C-terminal amide, said fragment having the general formula: (SEQ ID NO: 8) Pro X14 Thr X15 Val Gly Ser Lys Ala Phe, wherein X14 is Arg or Gln and X15 is Asn or Ala; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said CGRP agonist has a higher binding affinity for human CGRP receptor than does human CGRP. 2. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 1, wherein X1 comprises 6 or 7 amino acids. 3. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 2, wherein Y1 comprises 15 amino acids. 4. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 3, wherein Z1 comprises 10 amino acids. 5. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 1, wherein X1 comprises 6 or 7 amino acids, Y1 comprises 15 amino acids and Z1 comprises 10 amino acids. 6. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 5, wherein X1 is Cys, and X2 is Ser or Gly. 7. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 6, wherein X2 is Cys, and X1 is Ala. 8. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 1, wherein X1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 9. 9. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 1, wherein Z1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 10. 10. A calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:5 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 11. A calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist comprising at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist of claim 1, wherein the amide group is \u2014C(O)NH2. 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist of claim 1. 21. A method of treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 1. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from the group comprising diabetes and obesity. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the subject is human. 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist of claim 10. 25. A method of treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonist according to claim 10.",
-    "A maintenance apparatus maintains a pipe under the sea. The maintenance apparatus includes: a first grip device that has a plurality of joints and includes a first grip portion holding releasably a first portion of the pipe; a second grip device that has a plurality of joints, includes a second grip portion holding releasably a second portion of the pipe, and is movable relative to the first grip device; a maintenance device that is mounted on at least one of the first grip device and the second grip device and is used for maintenance of the pipe; and a drive device that drives the first grip device and the second grip device such that the first grip device and at least portion of the second grip device move relative to each other. 1. A maintenance apparatus for maintaining a pipe under the sea, comprising: a first grip device that includes a plurality of joints and includes a first grip portion holding releasably a first portion of the pipe; a second grip device that includes a plurality of joints, includes a second grip portion holding releasably a second portion of the pipe, and is configured to be movable relative to the first grip device; a maintenance device that is mounted on at least one of the first grip device and the second grip device and is used for maintenance of the pipe; and a drive device that drives the first grip device and the second grip device such that the first grip device and at least portion of the second grip device move relative to each other wherein the drive device includes: a first grip drive device that is configured to move the first grip portion to hold the pipe by the first grip portion and release the pipe from the first grip portion; a second grip drive device that is configured to move the second grip portion to hold the pipe by the second grip portion and release the pipe from the second grip portion; and a coupling mechanism including a movement device that is configured to move at least one of the first grip device and the second grip device such that the first grip device and the second grip device move relative to each other in a direction around an axis of the pipe, a direction orthogonal to the axis, and a radial direction relative to the axis, the first grip device includes an internal space in which the first grip drive device is disposed, and a first support portion configured to support a first grip portion, the second grip device includes an internal space in which the second grip drive device is disposed, and a second support portion configured to support a second grip portion, the first support portion and the second support portion are disposed in a two-tiered manner and are coupled with the coupling mechanism including the movement device which allows the first support portion and the second support portion to relatively move in the radial direction relative to the axis, and the drive device is configured to release the pipe from the second grip portion while the first grip portion holds the pipe, and activates the movement device of the coupling mechanism to move the first grip device and the second grip device relative to each other in a direction around an axis of the pipe, a direction orthogonal to the axis and a radial direction relative to the axis, while moving the second grip device relative to the first grip device relative to each other. 2. (canceled) 3. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movement device includes a screw arranged at one or both of the first grip device and the second grip device. 4. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movement device includes a rotary roller that is provided at one or both of the first grip device and the second grip device so as to be capable of contacting the surface of the pipe and is capable of running over the surface of the pipe. 5. (canceled) 6. The maintenance apparatus according to any claim 4, further comprising a cleaning device provided at least one of the first grip device and the second grip device, wherein the cleaning device performs cleaning of at least portion of the pipe. 7. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the pipe is released from the second grip portion while the first grip portion holds the pipe, and the cleaning device provided at the second grip device performs the cleaning while the second grip device moves relative to the first grip device. 8. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a detection device that is provided at least one of the first grip device and the second grip device to detect the state of the pipe. 9. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the pipe is released from the second grip portion while the first grip portion holds the pipe, and the detection device provided at the second grip device detects the state of the pipe while the second grip device moves relative to the first grip device. 10. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising: a housing that has an internal space where at least portion of the drive device is arranged; and a pressure adjustment device that makes the pressure in the internal space of the housing higher than the pressure in the external space of the housing. 11. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a pressure sensor that detects the pressure in the internal space, wherein the pressure adjustment device adjusts the pressure in the internal space based on the result of detection by the pressure sensor. 12. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the first grip portion and the second grip portion is arrange in the external space of the housing, and the maintenance apparatus includes: a driving force transfer member that is at least partially arranged in an opening provided in the housing to transfer driving force of the drive device to one or both of the first grip portion and the second grip portion; and a seal member that seals the opening. 13. The maintenance apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a housing that has an internal space where at least portion of the drive device is arranged, wherein the internal space is filled with oil.",
-    "A ship propulsion performance predicting apparatus includes: a theoretical propulsion performance computing unit computing theoretical propulsion performance for a desired navigation condition using a physical model of a propulsion system of a target ship; and a corrector correcting the theoretical propulsion performance using the smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term stored in a correction term database. The smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term stored in the correction term database are derived by a correction term deriver from operation experience data. The correction term deriver includes: a smooth water correction term deriver deriving the smooth water correction term using the operation experience data and the like under a smooth water condition; and a disturbance correction term deriver using the operation experience data items and the like corresponding to the respective disturbance conditions to compute the disturbance correction term corresponding to the disturbance condition. 1. A ship propulsion performance predicting apparatus, comprising: a theoretical propulsion performance computing means for computing theoretical propulsion performance for a desired navigation condition using a physical model of a propulsion system of a target ship; a storing means for storing a smooth water correction term and a disturbance correction term which have been derived from operation experience data; a correction means for correcting the theoretical propulsion performance using the smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term stored in the storing means; and a correction term deriving means for deriving the smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term stored in the storing means, from the operation experience data, wherein the disturbance correction term is associated with a disturbance condition, and stored in the storing means, the correction term deriving means comprises: a smooth water correction term deriving means for deriving propulsion performance in smooth water from the operation experience data under a smooth water condition, and deriving the smooth water correction term from a difference between the propulsion performance in smooth water and the theoretical propulsion performance under the smooth water condition; and a disturbance correction term deriving means for calculating a disturbance propulsion component due to the disturbance condition, using the operation experience data corresponding to the disturbance condition, and the propulsion performance in smooth water, for each of multiple disturbance conditions, and computing the disturbance correction term corresponding to the disturbance condition from a theoretical disturbance propulsion component included in the theoretical propulsion performance under the distribution condition and from the disturbance propulsion component. 2. The ship propulsion performance predicting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the disturbance correction term deriving means divides the operation experience data under the predetermined disturbance condition with respect to a speed into multiple classes, and derives the disturbance correction term for each of the speed classes. 3. The ship propulsion performance predicting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an operation experience database in which the operation experience data is accumulated at any time, wherein the correction term deriving means repeatedly derives the smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term at predetermined timing using the operation experience data stored in the operation experience database, and updates the smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term stored in the storing means. 4. A ship navigation assistance system, comprising the ship propulsion performance predicting apparatus according to claim 1. 5. A ship propulsion performance predicting method, comprising: a correction term deriving step of deriving a smooth water correction term and a disturbance correction term in each disturbance condition from operation experience data; a theoretical propulsion performance computing step of computing theoretical propulsion performance for a desired navigation condition using a physical model of a propulsion system of a target ship; and a correction step of correcting the theoretical propulsion performance using the smooth water correction term and the disturbance correction term which are derived in the correction term deriving step, wherein the correction term deriving step comprises: a smooth water correction term deriving step of deriving propulsion performance in smooth water from the operation experience data under a smooth water condition, and deriving the smooth water correction term from a difference between the propulsion performance in smooth water and the theoretical propulsion performance under the smooth water condition; and a disturbance correction term deriving step of calculating a disturbance propulsion component due to the disturbance condition, using the operation experience data corresponding to the disturbance condition, and the propulsion performance in smooth water, for each of multiple disturbance conditions, and computing the disturbance correction term corresponding to the disturbance condition from a theoretical disturbance propulsion component included in the theoretical propulsion performance under the distribution condition and from the disturbance propulsion component.",
-    "Disclosed is a method for analyzing retinal image data obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The image data comprise a cross-section of the retina and an en face image of the retina of a subject having AMD (age-related macular degeneration). The image data are processed to obtain an accurate structure showing locations, shape, size, and other data on drusen (deposits under the retina). This structural information is processed to extract quantitative drusen features that are indicative of a risk of progression of AMD from the dry form to the wet form of the disease in a given subject and defined time period, including short time intervals (one year or less). Relevant drusen features used include number, en face area and volume of drusen detected; shape of drusen detected; density of drusen; and reflectivity of drusen. The method uses the extracted drusen features in combination with clinical data and measurement of the changes of the quantitative image features over time to derive a risk score for whether or not the subject will progress from dry AMD to wet AMD in a defined time period. 1. A method for analyzing optical coherence tomography (\u201cOCT\u201d) images of a retina, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining an OCT image of a subject's retina and corresponding demographic data, including age, gender, presence of age-related macular degeneration (\u201cAMD\u201d) in the subject; (b) processing an OCT image of step (a) to define an inner retinal pigment epithelium boundary and an outer retinal pigment epithelium boundary; (c) identifying drusen using boundaries defined in step (b); (d) characterizing identified drusen by quantitative values representing characteristics of identified drusen; and (e) using quantitative values obtained in step (d) and demographic data from step (a) to obtain a score indicating a likelihood of progressing from dry AMD to wet AMD. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of characterizing identified drusen comprises determining values for one or more of: (i) drusen slope expressed as height versus en face area; (ii) drusen reflectivity expressed as pixel intensity; (iii) drusen height; (iv) drusen area, (v) drusen volume, and (vi) drusen number. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising a step wherein values (i) through (vi) are measured at separate time points, and a difference in measurements between time points is calculated. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the quantitative values include one, two or three of maximum height of drusen and standard deviation of pixel intensity in a normalized SD-OCT image inside drusen regions; and a slope of linear fit through time of mean en face area per drusen. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the quantitative values are a measurement of standard deviation of drusen reflectivity and changes with time in mean drusen area. 6. The method of claim 1 comprising using SD-OCT (\u201cspectral domain\u201d OCT or \u201cfourier domain\u201d OCT) to generate the OCT images. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said demographic data of step (a) further includes at least one, two or three of: (a) exceeding an age of 60 years; (b) a previous diagnosis of dry AMD; and (c) a genetic predisposition to AMD. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of processing an OCT image in step (b) further includes determination of one or more of the following retina layer boundaries: inner limiting membrane (ILM), inner retinal nerve fiber layer boundary (iRNFL), outer retinal nerve fiber layer boundary (oRNFL), outer boundary of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), outer boundary of the inner nuclear layer (INL), outer boundary of the outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner boundary of the inner segment/outer segment junction (IS), and outer boundary of the inner segment/outer segment junction (OS), in addition to inner retinal pigment epithelium boundary (iRPE), and outer retinal pigment epithelium boundary (oRPE). 9. The method of claim 8 comprising determining at least nine boundary layers. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein boundary determination includes calculation of particular curvature of boundary layers. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of characterizing identified drusen further comprises the step of measuring maximum drusen height, wherein an increase in drusen height indicates an increased likelihood of progression to wet AMD. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of characterizing identified drusen further comprises measuring standard deviation of pixel intensity resulting from drusen reflectivity. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of comparing previously measured values from other patients to those measured in step (d), wherein increased values in measured values in step (d) compared to previously measured values indicate an increased likelihood of progression from dry AMD to wet AMD. 14. A method for analyzing optical coherence tomography (\u201cOCT\u201d) images of a retina, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a subject's demographic data, including age, gender, presence of age-related macular degeneration (\u201cAMD\u201d), and further obtaining OCT images of the subject's retina; (b) processing OCT images of step (a) to define segmentations of three dimensional retinal layers, including an inner boundary and an outer boundary of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); (c) identifying drusen segmentations using boundaries obtained in step (b); (d) using drusen segmentations calculated in step (c) to determine a plurality of three-dimensional drusen features having individual numerical values; and (e) using (i) the individual numerical values obtained in step (d); (ii) historical numerical values corresponding to values measured in step (d); and (iii) subject demographic data in step (a) to obtain an AMD score representing a likelihood of progression of AMD. 15. A method for assessing risk for progression from Age-Related Macular Degeneration (\u201cAMD\u201d), comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining subject demographic data and OCT images of said retina; (b) processing said OCT images to define segmentations of three dimensional retinal layers, including an inner boundary and an outer boundary of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); (c) identifying drusen segmentations using boundaries obtained in step (b); (d) using drusen segmentations calculated in step (c) to determine a plurality of three dimensional drusen features having individual a numerical values comprising (i) number of drusen identified, (ii) extent of retinal area affected by drusen, (iii) mean area per drusen detected, (iv) mean volume of drusen detected, (v) shape of drusen detected, (vi) density of drusen, and (vii) reflectivity of drusen; and (e) using (i) the individual numerical values obtained in step (d); (ii) historical numerical values corresponding to values measured in step (d); and (iii) subject demographic data in step (a) to assess a risk of progression of AMD, wherein higher values of values in (i) through (vii) indicate a higher risk of progression. 16. An OCT device comprising (a) storage means for holding a subject's demographic data, including age, gender, presence of age-related macular degeneration (\u201cAMD\u201d); (b) components for obtaining OCT images of the subject's retina; (c) instructions for analyzing OCT images of a subject to define an inner retinal pigment epithelium boundary and an outer retinal pigment epithelium boundary; (d) instructions for identifying drusen using boundaries to identify drusen by quantitative values for at least one of: (i) drusen slope expressed as height versus en face area; (ii) drusen reflectivity expressed as pixel intensity; a value that is at least one of (iii) drusen height; (iv) drusen area, (v) drusen volume, (vi) drusen number and (vii) drusen reflectivity, wherein measured values (i) through (vii) as determined in step (d) are measured at separate time points, and a difference in measurements between time points is calculated; and (e) logic means for using quantitative values obtained in step (d) and demographic data from step (a) to obtain a score wherein increases in value in the quantitative values indicates an increased likelihood of progressing from dry AMD to wet AMD. 17. The OCT device of claim 16 wherein the quantitative values used in step (e) are all of (iii) through (vii), inclusive. 18. The OCT device of claim 16 further comprising and SD-OCT device. 19. An OCT device configured to carry out and store retinal images derived according to instructions comprising: (a) obtaining an OCT image of a subject's retina and corresponding demographic data, including age, gender, presence of age-related macular degeneration (\u201cAMD\u201d) in the subject; (b) processing an OCT image of step (a) to define an inner retinal pigment epithelium boundary and an outer retinal pigment epithelium boundary; (c) identifying drusen using boundaries defined in step (b) (d) characterizing identified drusen by quantitative values representing characteristics of identified drusen; and (e) using quantitative values obtained in step (d) and demographic data from step (a) to obtain a score wherein a score over a threshold indicates an increased likelihood of progressing from dry AMD to wet AMD.",
-    "The invention relates to an improved handover procedure for a mobile terminal. Under control of the target base station, the mobile terminal is to perform a handoff to a target base station, wherein it is to be configured for communication with the target base station via a target radio cell comprising a downlink carrier and an uplink carrier. The mobile terminal receives a handoff command message for the handoff to the target base station including a handoff execution condition as trigger for executing handoff to the target base station. Then, the mobile terminal determines, based on the received handoff execution condition, whether or not the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. In case the mobile terminal determines that it is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station. 1-48. (canceled) 49. A mobile terminal for performing a handoff of a mobile terminal to a target base station, wherein the mobile terminal is to be configured, under control of the target base station, for communication with the target base station via a target radio cell comprising a downlink carrier and an uplink carrier, comprising: a receiving circuit configured to receive a handoff command message for the handoff to the target base station including a handoff execution condition as trigger for executing handoff to the target base station; and a processor configured to determine, based on the received handoff execution condition included in the handoff command message, whether or not the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station; wherein, in case the processor determines that the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station (a) by performing a random access channel, RACH, procedure with the target base station to thereby time align the uplink carrier of the target radio cell, and (b) by transmitting to the target base station a handoff complete message thereby indicating completion of the handoff to the target base station including completion of configuration of the mobile terminal for communication with the target base station via the target radio cell. 50. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the mobile terminal, prior to receiving the handoff command message, is configured for communication with a source base station via a source radio cell; and the receiving circuit is configured to receive the handoff command message from the source base station via a downlink carrier of the source radio cell; and, after receiving the handoff command message, the mobile terminal is configured to detach from the source radio cell whereby communication with the source base station is stopped. 51. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein in case the processor does not, within a first pre-configured period of time, determine that the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal is configured to discard the received handoff command message. 52. The mobile terminal according to claim 51, wherein the received handoff command message includes a handoff validity timer, and the processor is configured to re-configure the first pre-configured period of time based on the handoff validity timer. 53. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff execution condition, included in the received handoff command message, corresponds to a timer value; and the processor is configured to determine whether or not a timer with the timer value has expired; wherein, upon expiration of the timer with the timer value, the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. 54. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff execution condition, included in the received handoff command message, corresponds to an indication to trigger execution of the handoff based on pre-configured threshold values for the signal strength or signal quality of a source and/or target radio cell; and the processor is configured to determine whether or not the respective signal strength or signal quality of the source radio cell falls below one of the pre-configured threshold values and/or the respective signal strength or signal quality of target radio cell rises above another of the pre-configured threshold values; wherein, upon the respective signal strength or signal quality having fallen below the one of the pre-configured threshold values and/or having risen above the other of the pre-configured threshold values, the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. 55. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff execution condition, included in the received handoff command message, corresponds to at least one threshold value for the signal strength or signal quality of a source and/or target radio cell; and the processor is configured to determine whether or not the respective signal strength or signal quality of the source radio cell falls below one of the received threshold value(s) and/or the respective signal strength or signal quality of target radio cell rises above another of the received threshold value(s); wherein, upon the respective signal strength or signal quality having fallen below one of the at least one threshold value(s) and/or having risen above the other of the at least one threshold value(s), the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. 56. The mobile terminal according to claim 54, wherein the threshold value for the signal strength corresponds to a threshold value for the reference signal received power, RSRP, to be measured by the mobile terminal based on reference signals, RSs, transmitted in the source and/or target radio cell; and/or the threshold value for the signal quality corresponds to a threshold value for the reference signal received quality, RSRQ, to be measured by the mobile terminal based on reference signals, RSs, transmitted in the source and/or target radio cell. 57. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff execution condition, included in the received handoff command message, corresponds to an indication to trigger execution of the handoff based on out-of-sync events where a channel quality of a source radio cell falls below a pre-configured out-of-sync threshold (Qout); and the processor is configured to determine whether or not the number of out-of-sync events exceeds the pre-configured number (N310) for the predefined period of time, wherein, in case the number of out-of-sync events exceeds the pre-configured number (N310) for the predefined period of time, the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. 58. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff execution condition, included in the received handoff command message, corresponds to a counter value for out-of-sync events where a channel quality of a source radio cell falls below a pre-configured out-of-sync threshold (Qout); and the processor is configured to determine whether or not the number of out-of-sync events exceeds the received counter value (N310-alike) for the predefined period of time, wherein, in case the number of out-of-sync events exceeds the received counter value (N310-alike) for the predefined period of time, the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station. 59. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff command message corresponds to a RRCConnectionReconfiguration message. 60. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein the handoff complete message corresponds to a RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message. 61. The mobile terminal according to claim 49, wherein: in case the processor determines, within a second pre-configured period of time, that the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station including (a) performing a contention-free RACH procedure based on a random access preamble included in the handoff command message; and in case the processor determines, after expiry of the second pre-configured period of time, that the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station including (a) performing a contention-based RACH procedure based on a random access preamble randomly selected by the mobile terminal. 62. The mobile terminal according to claim 61, wherein the received handoff command message includes a RACH validity timer, and the processor is configured to re-configure the second pre-configured period of time based on the RACH validity timer. 63. A computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a mobile terminal, cause the mobile terminal to perform a handoff to a target base station, wherein the mobile terminal is to be configured, under control of the target base station, for communication with the target base station via a target radio cell comprising a downlink carrier and an uplink carrier, by: receiving a handoff command message for the handoff to the target base station including a handoff execution condition as trigger for executing handoff to the target base station; and determining, based on the received handoff execution condition included in the handoff command message, whether or not the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station; wherein, in case the mobile terminal determines that it is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station (a) by performing a random access channel, RACH, procedure with the target base station to thereby time align the uplink carrier of the target radio cell, and (b) by transmitting to the target base station a handoff complete message thereby indicating completion of the handoff to the target base station including completion of configuration of the mobile terminal for communication with the target base station via the target radio cell. 64. A method for performing a handoff of a mobile terminal to a target base station, wherein the mobile terminal is to be configured, under control of the target base station, for communication with the target base station via a target radio cell comprising a downlink carrier and an uplink carrier, the method comprising the steps of: receiving by the mobile terminal a handoff command message for the handoff to the target base station including a handoff execution condition as trigger for executing handoff to the target base station; and determining by the mobile terminal, based on the received handoff execution condition included in the handoff command message, whether or not the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station; wherein, in case the mobile terminal determines that it is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal executes the handoff to the target base station (a) by performing a random access channel, RACH, procedure with the target base station to thereby time align the uplink carrier of the target radio cell, and (b) by transmitting to the target base station a handoff complete message thereby indicating completion of the handoff to the target base station including completion of configuration of the mobile terminal for communication with the target base station via the target radio cell. 65. The method for performing the handoff according to claim 64, wherein the mobile terminal, prior to receiving the handoff command message, is configured for communication with a source base station via a source radio cell; and the mobile terminal receives the handoff command message from the source base station via a downlink carrier of the source radio cell; and after receiving the handoff command message the mobile terminal detaches from the source radio cell thereby stopping communication with the source base station. 66. The method for performing the handoff according to claim 64, wherein in case the mobile terminal does not, within a first pre-configured period of time, determine that it is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station, the mobile terminal discards the received handoff command message. 67. The method for performing the handoff according to claim 66, wherein the received handoff command message includes a handoff validity timer, and the method further comprises the step of: re-configuring, by the mobile terminal, the first pre-configured period of time based on the handoff validity timer. 68. The method for performing the handoff according to claim 64, wherein the handoff execution condition, included in the received handoff command message, corresponds to a timer value; and the determining step further includes determining whether or not a timer with the timer value has expired; wherein, upon expiration of the timer with the timer value, the mobile terminal is to trigger execution of the handoff to the target base station.",
-    "A method of communicating wireless communication resource scheduling may include determining a scheduling of a wireless communication resource associated with a device-to-device (D2D) data channel transmission over a D2D data channel. The method may also include transmitting the scheduled wireless communication resource associated with the D2D data channel transmission over a D2D control channel in a D2D control channel transmission. The D2D control channel transmission may be transmitted before transmitting the D2D data channel transmission. The D2D control channel may be separate from the D2D data channel. 1. A method of performing device-to-device (D2D) data channel signaling, the method comprising: determining a scheduling of a wireless communication resource associated with a device-to-device (D2D) data channel transmission over a D2D data channel; and transmitting the scheduled wireless communication resource associated with the D2D data channel transmission over a D2D control channel in a D2D control channel transmission before transmitting the D2D data channel transmission, the D2D control channel being separate from the D2D data channel. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the scheduling of the wireless communication resource based on at least one of frequency and time hopping. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the frequency hopping is between two or more Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) within a same subframe of the D2D data channel transmission. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: estimating interference associated with a plurality of wireless communication resources associated with the D2D data channel transmissions; and determining the scheduling of the wireless communication resource from the plurality of wireless communication resources based on the estimated interference. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a receiving D2D wireless device configured to receive the D2D data channel transmission and the D2D control channel transmission is configured to estimate the interference based on one or more signals transmitted by a transmitting D2D wireless device configured to transmit the D2D data channel transmission and the D2D control channel transmission. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein a receiving D2D wireless device configured to receive the D2D data channel transmission and the D2D control channel transmission is configured to estimate the interference based on one or more other D2D data channel transmissions transmitted by one or more other transmitting D2D devices. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the D2D control channel transmission further includes one or more of a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) used by the D2D data channel, an identifier (ID) associated with the transmission of D2D data between a transmitting D2D wireless device and one or more receiving D2D wireless devices, and a new data indicator (NDI) indicating a range of wireless communication resources for one or more variable length packets of the D2D data channel transmission. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the D2D data channel transmission and the D2D control channel transmission are transmitted by a transmitting D2D wireless device to a receiving D2D wireless device, the receiving D2D wireless device being out of a coverage area of a wireless communication network configured to provide wireless communication services to the receiving D2D wireless device. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a scheduling of a plurality of wireless communication resources for a plurality of D2D data channel transmissions; and transmitting the scheduled plurality of wireless communication resources over the D2D control channel transmission. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein determining the scheduling of the plurality of wireless communication resources follows one or more of a periodic repetition, a pre-defined time and frequency permutation, and a signaled time and frequency permutation. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising transmitting the scheduled plurality of wireless communication resources over the D2D control channel transmission on a periodic or a psuedo-periodic basis. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the D2D control channel includes a pre-defined set of wireless communication resources and the method further comprises transmitting the D2D control channel transmission over a wireless communication resource selected from the pre-defined set of wireless communication resources. 13. A computer-readable storage medium configured to store instructions that cause a system to perform operations for performing device-to-device (D2D) data channel signaling, the operations comprising: determining a scheduling of a wireless communication resource associated with a device-to-device (D2D) data channel transmission over a D2D data channel; and transmitting the scheduled wireless communication resource associated with the D2D data channel transmission over a D2D control channel in a D2D control channel transmission before transmitting the D2D data channel transmission, the D2D control channel being separate from the D2D data channel. 14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise determining the scheduling of the wireless communication resource based on at least one of frequency and time hopping. 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the frequency hopping is between two or more Physical Resource Blocks (PRB's) within a same subframe of the D2D data channel transmission. 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: estimating interference associated with a plurality of wireless communication resources associated with the D2D data channel transmissions; and determining the scheduling of the wireless communication resource from the plurality of wireless communication resources based on the estimated interference. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein: the D2D data channel transmission and the D2D control channel transmission are transmitted by a transmitting D2D device; and estimating the interference is based on one or more other D2D data channel transmissions transmitted by one or more other transmitting D2D devices that are not the transmitting D2D device. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the D2D data channel transmission and the D2D control channel transmission are transmitted by a transmitting D2D wireless device to a receiving D2D wireless device, the receiving D2D wireless device being out of a coverage area of a wireless communication network configured to provide wireless communication services to the receiving D2D wireless device. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: determining a scheduling of a plurality of wireless communication resources for a plurality of D2D data channel transmissions; and transmitting the scheduled plurality of wireless communication resources over the D2D control channel transmission. 20. A wireless device comprising: a computer-readable storage medium configured to store instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to cause the wireless device to perform operations for performing device-to-device (D2D) data channel signaling, the operations comprising: determining a scheduling of a wireless communication resource associated with a device-to-device (D2D) data channel transmission over a D2D data channel; and transmitting the scheduled wireless communication resource associated with the D2D data channel transmission over a D2D control channel in a D2D control channel transmission before transmitting the D2D data channel transmission, the D2D control channel being separate from the D2D data channel. 21. The wireless device of claim 20, wherein the operations further comprise: estimating interference associated with a plurality of wireless communication resources associated with the D2D data channel transmissions; and determining the scheduling of the wireless communication resource from the plurality of wireless communication resources based on the estimated interference. 22. The wireless device of claim 20, wherein the operations further comprise: determining a scheduling of a plurality of wireless communication resources for a plurality of D2D data channel transmissions; and transmitting the scheduled plurality of wireless communication resources over the D2D control channel transmission.",
-    "The invention relates to a measuring apparatus (10) for measuring a filling level of a container, which measuring apparatus has a measuring arm (12) with a float element (18) which is designed to change its angular position about a rotation axis (38) depending on the filling level. A magnet element (24) is connected to one end of the measuring arm (12) in a rotationally fixed manner. A magnet-sensitive element (26) is designed to output a measurement signal (27) depending on the angular position of the magnet element (24). The measuring apparatus (10) is characterized in that the measuring arm (12) is mounted in a first bearing (22) and additionally in a second bearing (36), wherein the magnet element (24) is arranged in an intermediate space (34) between the first bearing (22) and the second bearing (36). 1. A measuring apparatus (10) for the measurement of a filling level of a container, the measuring apparatus comprising a measurement arm (12) having an angular position that changes about a rotation axis (38) depending on the filling level; wherein the measurement arm (12) comprises a float element (18) on a first end and a magnet element (24) on a second end; and wherein the magnet element (24) is rotationally fixedly connected to the measurement arm (12) and has an angular position; a magnetically sensitive element (26) configured to output a measurement signal (27) depending on the angular position of the magnet element (24); a first bearing (22), in which the measurement arm (12) is rotatably supported; and a second bearing (36) in which the measurement arm (12) is rotatably supported; wherein the magnet element (24) of the measurement arm (12) is disposed in an intermediate space (34) between the first bearing (22) and the second bearing (36). 2. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first bearing (22) and the second bearing (36) are provided on a housing (28). 3. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetically sensitive element (26) is provided on the second bearing (36). 4. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the measurement arm has thereon a connecting piece (40) that protrudes with a first segment (52) into the intermediate space (34) and that is supported with a second segment (54) on the second bearing (36). 5. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the connecting piece (40) comprises a recess (56), into which the first bearing (22) protrudes to support the measurement arm (12). 6. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first segment (52) of the connecting piece (40) comprises the magnet element (24). 7. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the measurement arm (12) extends through the recess (56) of the connecting piece (40) into the first segment (52) of the connecting piece (40). 8. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a bearing surface of the first (22) bearing comprises a metal. 9. A motor vehicle, comprising a measuring apparatus (10) as claimed in claim 1. 10. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein a bearing surface of the second (36) bearing comprises a metal. 11. The measuring apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a bearing surface of the second (36) bearing comprises a metal.",
-    "An apparatus is provided for extracting slowness dispersion characteristics of sonic wave forms in broadband acoustic waves received by multiple sensors including means to digitize the sonic wave forms to form discrete time wave forms and converting the discrete time wave forms into frequency domain wave forms and means to divide a processing band of the wave forms into frequency sub-bands. For each sub-band approximating a family of candidate dispersion curves for multiple modes, parameterizing each of the curves by phase and group slowness, and forming a frequency dependent over-complete dictionary of basis elements, each corresponding to a pair of phase and group slownesses. In addition, forming multiple measurement vectors from the frequency domain data and implementing a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) algorithm on the vectors with a block sparse signal model and outputting the results. Also, a means for generating a fmal dispersion curve. 1. An apparatus for extracting slowness dispersion characteristics of one or more sonic wave forms in broadband acoustic waves received by an array of two or more sensors comprising: means for digitizing the sonic wave forms to form discrete time wave forms and converting the discrete time wave forms into frequency domain wave forms; means for dividing a processing band of the frequency domain wave forms into frequency sub-bands and for each sub-band; approximating a family of candidate dispersion curves for multiple modes; parameterizing each of the family of approximated candidate dispersion curves by phase and group slowness; forming a frequency dependent over-complete dictionary of basis elements, each corresponding to a pair of phase and group slownesses, and spanning a range of values thereof; forming multiple measurement vectors from the frequency domain data; implementing a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) algorithm on the multiple measurement vectors with a block sparse signal model by: estimating a mode spectrum amplitude with a Bayesian approach; estimating a mode spectrum variance, noise variance and other model parameters with a maximum likelihood estimation; optionally utilizing spectrum correlation patterns of multiple modes; pruning mode candidates by comparing the estimated mode parameters with a threshold; iterating between the Bayesian approach and the maximum likelihood estimation until convergence according to a criterion; outputting the phase and group slowness and the mode spectrum amplitude for the given sub-band; and means for generating a final dispersion curve over the processing frequency band. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein; the Bayesian minimum mean square estimation and/or the Bayesian maximum a posteriori estimation is implemented during the broadband SBL method. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein; the maximum marginal likelihood estimation or the Type-II maximum likelihood estimation is implemented during the broadband SBL method. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein; the broadband SBL method uses a fixed-point (FP) algorithm. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein; the broadband SBL uses an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein; the utilization of spectrum correlation in the SBL is achieved by a means of joint Gaussian distributions and/or conditional stochastic distributions. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein; the conditional stochastic distributions include a conditional uniform distribution and a truncated Gaussian distribution. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the broadband SBL uses a global workflow and a peak estimating function applied over each frequency band. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the broadband SBL uses a local workflow and a peak estimating function applied over a whole frequency range. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the broadband SBL uses a correlation matrix structure for the parameter estimation. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein: the correlation matrix structure includes a Hermittian, Toeplitz, persymmetric, band-limited structures. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the pruning process is implemented by thresholding out the modes with estimated variances and/or amplitudes of less than a certain value.",
-    "A technique includes reading or writing at least one unit of data to or from a sequential access storage medium, which has a physical dimension that is subject to expansion and contraction; and reading or writing a value that indicates the physical dimension. 1. A method comprising: writing at least one dataset to a sequential access storage medium; and writing a value associated with the at least one dataset and indicating a physical dimension of the medium subject to expansion and contraction to a dataset information table of the sequential access storage medium. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein writing the datasets comprises: writing the value to a table associated with administrative information about the at least one dataset. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sequential access storage medium is contained in a cartridge, the method further comprising: writing additional data to a memory of the cartridge indicative of at least one additional value indicating a dimension of the medium subject to expansion and contraction and at least one location of the medium associated with the at least one additional value. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: selectively performing the writing of the additional data based at least in part on a comparison of a current expansion/contraction value to a historical pattern of medium contraction values. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein writing the dataset comprises writing an appended dataset in an appended operation, the method further comprising: selectively performing the writing of the additional data based at least in part on a comparison of a current medium expansion/contraction value to a medium expansion/contraction value of a dataset stored on the tape prior to the appended expansion being appended. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein writing the at least one dataset comprises writing the at least one dataset to a magnetic storage tape, and the value indicates a lateral dimension of the tape. 7. An apparatus comprising: at least one write element; and a controller to use the write element to write a unit of data to a sequential access storage medium stored in a cartridge and selectively write a value indicative of a physical dimension of the medium to a memory of the cartridge separate from the medium, the physical dimension being subject to contraction and expansion. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising an interface to communicate with the memory to perform random access to at least one storage location the memory. 9. The apparatus claim 7, wherein the controller writes data to the medium indicative of values for the physical dimension at different corresponding times. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the controller distributes the values among user data stored on the physical medium. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the controller selectively performs the writing based on a rate at which the values distributed on the physical medium vary. 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the controller further writes the value to the memory as an entry that also includes a location on the medium associated with the physical dimension. 13. An article comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a computer cause the computer to: read datasets from a sequential access storage medium subject to contraction and expansion; read medium expansion values stored in tables on the sequential access storage medium, each of the values being associated with one of the datasets and indicating a value for a physical dimension of the medium associated with the writing of the associated dataset to the sequential storage access medium; and selectively perform corrective action to adjust a drive for the physical dimension of the medium based on the values. 14. The article of claim 13, wherein the sequential access storage medium is contained in a cartridge, the storage medium storing instructions that when executed by the computer cause the computer to: read additional data from a memory of the cartridge indicative of at least one additional value for a location of the medium and indicating a value for the physical dimension; and selectively perform corrective action based on the at least one additional value. 15. The article of claim 13, wherein the sequential access storage medium comprises a magnetic storage tape, and the physical dimension comprises a width of the tape.",
-    "An exercise device has a pair of axially spaced reels 102a, 102b, which are each biased by a spiral spring 108. Each reel is attached to one end of a respective strap 130a, 130b and an outer end of each strap is attached to a carabiner 134a, 34b. Each reel is selectably releaseable by a locking arrangement 112a, 112b,16, 117, that is able to interfere with rotation of the reels 102a, 102b, in dependence upon action by a user. Each reel is independently rotatable and each strap 130a, 130b may be extended or retracted independently of one another. Using the carabiners 134a, 134b, each strap may be secured to an attachment 10 beam so that the straps form a V-configuration and it is envisaged that two such exercise devices may be used so that a user may perform exercises such as push-ups, triceps dips, back pulls and pull-ups. Non-suspended exercises may be performed by providing rubber feet 127a, 127b, and two such exercise devices may be connected together by interconnecting male 123a and female connectors 124b. 1-22. (canceled) 23. An exercise device including a pair of axially spaced rotatable reels having axes in spaced apart planes, spring bias means arranged to bias each said reel in a direction of rotation, each said reel having associated therewith an inelastic strap, and selectably releaseable locking means arranged to release and lock said reels from rotation, wherein each said reel is arranged to extend a respective one of said straps against the bias of said spring bias means or to rewind said strap about a respective reel under the influence of said spring bias means. 24. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein spring bias means is provided for each said reel. 25. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein the locking means is arranged to simultaneously lock or unlock both said reels from rotation. 26. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein each said reel, when unlocked by said locking means, is arranged to rotate independently of the other said reel so that the length of strap deployed from each said reel is selectably variable. 27. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein each said reel comprises a pair of axially spaced sprockets and said strap is arranged to be wound around an axle spacing said sprockets, and one distal end of said strap is arranged to be attached to said axle. 28. An exercise device as claimed in claim 27, wherein said spring bias means is at least one spiral spring connected to said axle, whereby said sprockets are rotatable with or against the bias of said at least one spiral spring. 29. An exercise device as claimed in claim 27, wherein a spiral spring is provided at each opposing end of said axle. 30. An exercise device as claimed in claim 27, wherein said locking means includes a pivoted arm having at opposed ends thereof a transverse member arranged to inter-engage between teeth of the axially spaced sprockets. 31. An exercise device as claimed in claim 30, wherein the transverse member is manually movable by a user to pivot the arm so that the transverse member is movable to simultaneously lock or unlock the axially spaced sprockets from rotation of at least one said reel. 32. An exercise device as claimed in claim 31, wherein the arm is spring biased to lock the sprockets from rotation and said transverse member is movable by a user against the spring bias to enable rotation of the sprockets. 33. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein each said reel, when released by the locking means, is arranged to rotate independently of the other reel in either direction at a speed controlled by a user. 34. An exercise device as claimed in claim 27, wherein an end of the strap remote from said distal end attached to the axle is arranged into a loop to secure a carabiner. 35. An exercise device as claimed in claim 34, wherein a plurality of longitudinally spaced hoops are provided on the strap adjacent to the carabiner to facilitate the attachment of a carabiner of another strap. 36. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein the reels and locking means are located within a casing, said casing being generally dumbbell-shaped with the reels being longitudinally axially spaced apart and each located in a drum-shaped end, and said drum-shaped ends being interconnected by a member forming a handle. 37. An exercise device as claimed in claim 36, wherein each drum-shaped end of the casing has a circumferential portion on which is provided a planar surface and on one said planar surface of one drum-shaped end is provided a male connector and on the other said planar surface of the other drum-shaped end is provided a female connector, whereby two exercise devices may be secured together by interlocking respective male and female connectors so as to create one double handle or two single handles. 38. An exercise device as claimed in claim 36, wherein said casing is provided in two longitudinally conjoined halves, with the reels and locking means located between the two halves and the spring bias means being located in an outer portion of each drum-shaped end. 39. An exercise device as claimed in claim 36, wherein mounted on an opposite side of said drum-shaped end to respective male and female connectors is a rubber foot for engagement with the ground. 40. An exercise device as claimed in claim 23, wherein each said reel comprises a single sprocket toward one end of an axle about which said strap is wound. 41. An exercise device as claimed in claim 40, wherein a spiral spring is provided at only one end of said axle. 42. An exercise device as claimed in claim 40, wherein the reel has a longitudinally extending diametric slot therein and an axle, wherein the straps are inserted through the slot and secured in overlapping manner about the axle. 43. An exercise device as claimed in claim 42, wherein the locking means comprises the sprocket attached to the reel and a spring biased manually operable shaft slideably mounted in a barrel, said shaft and barrel each having a cut-out therein disposed along a longitudinal axis thereof, said cut-outs having a width greater than a width of the sprocket wheel, whereby the sprocket wheel is arranged to locate through the cut-out in the barrel, and the shaft has at least a portion thereof having a full diameter sufficient to locate between the teeth of the toothed sprocket wheel, and translational motion of the shaft within the barrel permits the sprocket wheel to rotate within the cut-outs of the barrel and shaft, or to have rotation thereof arrested by said full diameter of the shaft engaging between adjacent teeth of the sprocket wheel. 44. An exercise device as claimed in claim 43, wherein the shaft is prevented from rotation within the barrel by a pin located transverse to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, which said pin engages within a diametric slot in the barrel.",
-    "The present inventions are directed to compositions and methods regarding the reprogramming of biological samples (such as cells) without introducing exogenous genes to the sample. In particular, the present inventions are directed to transducible materials that are capable of transducing into the nuclei and have enhanced retention in the nuclei of the biological sample. The present inventions also are directed to methods of reprogramming a biological sample or treating diseases using the transducible compositions thereof. 1. A transducible material comprising an isolated polypeptide capable of transducing and retaining in a cell nucleus, said isolated polypeptide comprising an effector domain, wherein the effector domain comprises an amino acid sequence mutated from a nuclear export signal (NES). 2. (canceled) 3. The transducible material of claim 1, wherein the NES comprises an amino acid sequence of Y1-X(2-3)-Y2-X-Y3, wherein Y1, Y2 and Y3 are independently selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, valinine, phenylalanine and methionine, and X=spacing amino acid. 4. The transducible material of claim 3, wherein the NES comprises an amino acid residue sequence of LX(1-3)LX(2-3)LXL, wherein L=leucine and X=spacing amino acid. 5. The transducible material of claim 1, wherein the NES is mutated by replacing at least one of Y1, Y2 and Y3 with alanine. 6. The transducible material of claim 1, wherein the effector domain is derived from a protein selected from the group consisting of Ascl1, Baf60c, Bach2, Brg1, Brm, Brn2, Brn4, Chd5, cMyc, Dlx1, Dlx2, Ets2, Foxp1, Foxp2, Foxp3, Gata4, Hand1, Hes1, Hes5, Isl1, Lhx2, Lin28, Klf4 MafA, Mef2c, Mesp1, MyoD, Myt1L, Nanog, Nap1L2, NeuroD1, NeuroD2, Ngn2, Ngn3, Nhlh2, Nkx2.2, Nkx2.5, Nkx6.1, Npas4, Nrip3, Oct4, Oligo2, Pax6, Pax7, Pdx1, Prdm8, Satb2, Shox2, Sox2, Sox9, Tbr1, Tbx5, Tbx18 and Zic1. 7. The transducible material of claim 1, wherein the effector domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 50-98. 8. The transducible material of claim 1, further comprising an agent that inhibits nuclear export. 9. The transducible material of claim 8, wherein the agent is leptomycin B. 10. The transducible material of claim 1, further comprising a nuclear localization signal (NLS). 11. The transducible material of claim 10, wherein the NLS is exogenous to the effector domain. 12. The transducible material of claim 11, wherein the NLS is linked to the effector domain covalently, non-covalently or via a linker. 13. The transducible material of claim 11, wherein the NLS is a SV40 large T antigen NLS, a c-Myc NLS or a nucleoplasmin NLS. 14. The transducible material of claim 1, further comprising a transduction domain. 15. The transducible material of claim 14, wherein the transduction domain is linked to the effector domain covalently, non-covalently or via a linker. 16. The transducible material of claim 14, wherein the transduction domain is selected from the group consisting of a protein transduction domain, a cell penetrating peptide, a cell permeating peptide, an activatable cell penetrating peptide, a cell-targeting peptide and a polymer. 17. The transducible material of claim 16 wherein the protein transduction domain is a supercharged protein. 18. The transducible material of claim 1, wherein the effector domain is inherently transducible. 19. The transducible material of claim 14, wherein the isolated polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106-154. 20. A composition comprising a biological sample and the transducible material of claim 1, wherein the transducible material has transduced into the biological sample. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the biological sample is a cell, a tissue, or an organ from a biological organism. 22. A method for reprogramming a biological sample, comprising: exposing the biological sample to the transducible material of claim 1. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the biological sample is reprogrammed so as to increase or decrease proliferation, change cell transcription network or metabolism, or to induce differentiation, transdifferentiation, retrodifferentiation, transdetermination, dedifferentiation, apoptosis or morphogenesis. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the biological sample is a cell, wherein the cell is reprogrammed to change from a first type cell to a second type cell. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the first type cell is a fibroblast and the second type cell is a muscle progenitor cell. 26-30. (canceled)",
-    "Techniques for processing a partial response channel are disclosed. A segment of the signal is matched to one or more of a set of signal patterns. The set of the signal patterns is changed for a subsequent segment of the signal. 1. A system to process a partial response channel, the system comprising: an input to receive a signal from a partial response channel; and, a matching unit to match one or more available ones of a set of signal patterns to a segment of the signal; and a controller to change the availability of one or more of the signal patterns of the set of signal patterns to the matching unit for a subsequent segment of the signal. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a memory to encode availability data on each of the set of signal patterns, the controller including a processor to execute computer program code to write to the memory to change the availability data on the one or more of the signal patterns. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the matching unit is connected to the memory to read the availability data and determine available ones of the set of signal patterns. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising an output and a processor, wherein each signal pattern has a phase error term and the processor executes computer program code to calculate a phase error from the phase error term of each matched signal pattern and output the calculated phase error at the output. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processor further executes computer program code, upon multiple signal patterns matching the segment of the signal, to determine a contribution to calculated the phase error from the phase error term for each matched signal pattern. 6. The system of claim 5, further comprising a memory to encode an enable or disable state for the phase error term of each signal pattern, the processor further executing computer program code to read the memory for the phase error term of each matched signal pattern and suppress a contribution to the calculated phase error for a phase error term not having an enable state. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a repository to encode data on expected sequences of signal patterns, the controller including a processor executing computer program code to determine an expected sequence of signal patterns in the repository from the segment of the signal and to execute computer program code to change the availability of one or more of the signal patterns of the set of signal patterns to the matching unit for a subsequent segment of the signal in dependence on the determined expected sequence of signal patterns. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing instructions to process a partial response channel signal, the instructions when executed by a processor causing the processor to: match a sample of the partial response channel signal to one or more signal patterns of a set of signal patterns, each signal pattern encoding timing and signal amplitude to be matched against; and change the set of signal patterns for a subsequent sample of the signal. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to calculate a phase error from the signal sample for each matched signal pattern. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to calculate the phase error from a phase error term associated with a matched signal pattern. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein each signal pattern encodes an enable or disable state for its associated phase error term, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to determine the encoded enable or disable state for the phase error term of each matched signal pattern and skip calculating the phase error for a phase error term having a disable state. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to change the set of signal patterns to comprise signal patterns representing signals predicted to follow a signal represented by a currently matched signal pattern or signal patterns. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to change the set of signal patterns to comprise signal patterns representing signals predicted to follow a signal sequence represented by a currently matched signal pattern or signal patterns and a number of previously matched signal patterns. 14. A method for processing a partial response channel comprising: i) applying a window to sample the partial response channel; ii) matching the sample to one or more signal patterns of a set of signal patterns to classify the sample as a data type corresponding to the matched one or more signal patterns; iii) changing the set of signal patterns; iv) advancing the window along the partial response channel to obtain a further sample; and v) repeating ii), iii) and iv) in sequence until the window reaches an end of the partial response channel. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein step ii) further comprises calculating a phase error from each matched signal pattern.",
-    "The present invention provides a method using a non contact Z height laser scan sensor to measure/detect an object surface containing extruded shapes with different Z axis elevation heights to determine the position where to precisely inkjet print outline contours, legends, logo images, or solid fill with materials. The apparatus consist of a printing carriage, a supporting beam, a printing platen for the object to be placed and a control system. The said printing carriage is installed with print heads and a laser Z height scan sensor. The object with uneven Z height surface elevation features to be printed is placed on the printing platen. The said printing carriage with the laser Z height scan sensor will scan across the object on the X and Y axis to detect the exact target positions of the uneven Z height surface elevation contours on the object. The image processing program can then calculate a precise position to print a given image, or compute an image from the contour shapes to be printed on the object. The method can be featured with high degree of automation, easy control and accurate positioning, so as to improve the inkjet printing quality. 1. A method of printing on elevation contours of the print object comprising: a). An inkjet printing apparatus, including a printing carriage, a supporting beam, a printing platen for the object to be placed and a control system, wherein the said printing carriage is installed with print heads and a laser Z height scan sensor, and one or more objects with one or multiple uneven Z height surface elevation features are placed on the said printing platen; b). Pre-process given images to be printed on the uneven Z height surface elevation features of the print object; c). A laser Z height scan sensor to detect the uneven Z height surface elevation features of the print object by one or more scan pass on the X and Y axis; d). An image processing program to recognize the position of a reference point which is the center of each elevation contour relative to the printing platen; e). Matching position coordinate of the center of each elevation contour on the print object with the center of each pre-process given image and then putting together one or multiple pre-process given images that have the exact position coordinates to form a combined image to be printed; f). A control system controls the print heads to print the combined image composed by one or multiple pre-process given images on the object. 2. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the pre-process given image in step e) is the two-dimension outline of each uneven Z height surface elevation feature on the print object, and the control system in step f) controls the print heads to print the image of all outlines on the object through scan printing horizontally forward (left) and backward (right) along the X axis. 3. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the printing carriage included in the printing apparatus in step a) can move forward and backward which is perpendicular with the supporting beam, according with the object motion direction on the Y axis; the pre-process given image in step e) is all the pixel points composing the uneven Z height surface elevation features on the object; and the control system in step f) controls the print heads to fill print image/logo/legend or solid fill print with materials into the contour shapes on the object through multi-pass printing forward and backward along the X axis and Y axis. 4. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the surface of the object with Z height elevation contours to be printed may be regardless of color. 5. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the laser Z height scan sensor is a two dimensional in-line profilometer sensor which detects the cross section shape through the laser. 6. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the laser Z height scan sensor width is larger than the maximum width of the Z height elevation contours on the print object. 7. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein one or multiple the objects to be printed and placed on the platen have the same Z height elevation contours. 8. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the print heads use UV curving ink. 9. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein a linear encoder scale is installed on the supporting beam. 10. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the printing platen includes the Z axis height adjustment device by which the distance between the print heads and the printing platen can be adjusted. 11. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the printing carriage's one side or both sides can be installed with the UV curing device. 12. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 1, wherein the supporting beam is installed with final UV curing device. 13. A method of printing on elevation contours of the print object comprising: a). An inkjet printing apparatus, including a printing carriage, a supporting beam, a printing platen for the object to be placed and a control system, wherein the said printing carriage is installed with print heads and a laser Z height scan sensor, and one or more objects with one or multiple uneven Z height surface elevation features are placed on the said printing platen; b). A laser Z height scan sensor to detect the uneven Z height surface elevation features of the print object by scan pass on the X and Y axis, and an image processing program to recognize the position of elevation contours on each object relative to the printing platen; c). Forming a combined image of one or multiple contours to be printed according to the position coordinates of the uneven Z height surface elevation features on each print object; d). A control system controls the print heads to print the image on the object. 14. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 13, wherein the surface of the object with Z height elevation contours to be printed may be regardless of color. 15. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 13, wherein the laser Z height scan sensor width is larger than the maximum width of the Z height elevation contours on the print object. 16. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 13, wherein the Z height elevation contours on the print object can be the same or different. 17. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 13, wherein the height of the Z height elevation contours on the print object is the same. 18. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 13, wherein the combined image of one or multiple contours to be printed in step c) is the two-dimension outlines of the uneven Z height surface elevation features on the print object, and the control system in step d) controls the print heads to print the image of all outlines on the object through scan printing horizontally forward (left) and backward (right) along the X axis. 19. The method of printing on elevation contours of the print object claim 13, wherein the printing carriage included in the printing apparatus in step a) can move forward and backward along the Y axis which is perpendicular with the supporting beam, according with the object motion direction; the combined image of one or multiple contours to be printed in step c) is all the pixel points composing the uneven Z height surface elevation features on the object; and the control system in step d) controls the print heads to fill print image/logo/legend or solid fill print with materials into the contour shapes on the object through multi-pass printing forward and backward along the X axis and Y axis.",
-    "The present application provides a method of fabricating a COA type liquid crystal display panel and the COA type liquid crystal display panel, which utilizes reactive liquid crystal, reactive monomers, red quantum-rods and green quantum-rods to fabricate a color filter thin film. Due that light generated by the red and green quantum rods in the color filter thin film when they are excited are polarized light, and the red and green quantum rods therein are arranged along the same direction, the excited red and green quantum rods generate red and green linear polarized light conforming to the polarized direction so as to play a role of a lower polarizer and to allow the COA type liquid crystal display panel fabricated by the method not only obtain bright trichromatic light for increasing color saturation, but also omit the lower polarizer for reducing fabrication cost. 1. A method of fabricating a COA type liquid crystal display panel, comprising steps as follows: step 1, providing a TFT substrate, wherein the TFT substrate comprises a first substrate, a TFT layer disposed on the first substrate, a passivation layer disposed on the TFT layer, fabricating a black matrix on the TFT substrate, wherein the black matrix partitions the TFT substrate into a plurality of sub pixel regions, which comprises red sub pixel regions, green pixel regions and blue pixel regions; step 2, coating an alignment material layer on the TFT substrate and the black matrix, rubbing the alignment material layer to obtain a first alignment film; step 3, dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals, reactive monomers, and red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions, dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals, reactive monomers, and green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions, dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals and reactive monomers in the blue sub pixel regions; after the mixtures are dropped, all the reactive liquid crystals in the plurality of sub pixel regions are arranged along an alignment direction of the first alignment film, due that strong intermolecular forces are formed between the reactive liquid crystals and the red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions, and formed between the reactive liquid crystals and the green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions, the red quantum rods and the green quantum rods with the reactive liquid crystals are arranged along the same direction; step 4, performing UV irradiation to the plurality of sub pixel regions, allowing the reactive monomers react with the reactive liquid crystals in each the sub pixel region to form a polymer network, so that arrangement directions of the red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions and the green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions are fixed by the polymer network, then respectively forming polymer thin films of red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions, polymer thin films of green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions, and polymer thin films in the blue sub pixel regions, so as to obtain a color filter film, which comprises the polymer thin films of red quantum rods, the polymer thin films of green quantum rods, and the polymer thin films; step 5, forming a pixel electrode layer on the color filter film, forming a second alignment film on the pixel electrode layer, forming photoresist spacers on the second alignment film corresponding to the black matrix, so as to obtain a lower substrate; step 6, providing an upper substrate and an upper polarizer, wherein the upper substrate comprises a second substrate, a common electrode layer disposed on the second substrate, and a third alignment film disposed on the common electrode layer; performing a seal connection of the upper substrate and the lower substrate by using a box glue, and simultaneously priming liquid crystal molecules between the upper substrate and the lower substrate to form a liquid crystal layer, then adhering an upper polarizer above the upper substrate, so as to complete the fabrication of the COA type liquid crystal display panel. 2. The method of fabricating the COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1, wherein a structural formula of the reactive liquid crystals is: 3. The method of fabricating the COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1, wherein the reactive monomers are acrylates monomers containing two or more than two carbon-carbon double bonds. 4. The method of fabricating the COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1, wherein the quantum rods are a quantum rod comprising a CdSe core and a CdS shell. 5. The method of fabricating the COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1, in step 1, the plurality of sub pixel regions further comprising white sub pixel regions; step 3 further comprising: dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals, reactive monomers, red quantum rods and green quantum rods in the white sub pixel regions; after the UV irradiation in step 4, forming polymer thin films of red and green quantum rods so as to obtain the color filter film, which further comprises the polymer thin films of red and green quantum rods. 6. A COA type liquid crystal display panel, comprising: oppositely disposed an upper substrate and a lower substrate, a box glue disposed peripheral position between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, and a upper polarizer adhered to an upper surface of the upper substrate; wherein the lower substrate comprises a TFT substrate, a black matrix disposed on the TFT substrate, a first alignment film disposed on the TFT substrate and the black matrix, a color filter film disposed on the first alignment film, a pixel electrode layer disposed on the color filter film, a second alignment film disposed on the pixel electrode layer, and photoresist spacers disposed on the second alignment film corresponding to the black matrix; wherein the color filter film comprises polymer thin films of red quantum rods, polymer thin films of green quantum rods, and polymer thin films; the polymer thin films of red quantum rods comprises red quantum rods, and a polymer formed by performing UV irradiation to reactive liquid crystals and reactive monomers; the polymer thin films of green quantum rods comprises green quantum rods, and a polymer formed by performing UV irradiation to reactive liquid crystals and reactive monomers; the polymer thin films comprises a polymer by performing UV irradiation to reactive liquid crystals and reactive monomers; the polymer thin films of red quantum rods, the polymer thin films of green quantum rods, and the polymer thin films respectively emit red light, green light, and blue light under blue backlight irradiation. 7. The COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 6, wherein the TFT substrate comprises a first substrate, a TFT layer disposed on the first substrate, and a passivation layer disposed on the TFT layer; the upper substrate comprises a second substrate, a common electrode layer disposed on the second substrate, and a third alignment film disposed on the common electrode layer. 8. The COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 6, wherein the color filter film further comprises polymer thin films of red and green quantum rods comprising red quantum rods, green quantum rods, and a polymer formed by performing UV irradiation to reactive liquid crystals and reactive monomers, and the polymer thin films of red and green quantum rods emit white light under blue backlight irradiation. 9. The COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 6, wherein a structural formula of the reactive liquid crystals is: 10. The COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 6, wherein the reactive monomers are acrylates monomers containing two or more than two carbon-carbon double bonds; the quantum rods are a quantum rod comprising a CdSe core and a CdS shell. 11. A method of fabricating a COA type liquid crystal display panel, comprising steps as follows: step 1, providing a TFT substrate, wherein the TFT substrate comprises a first substrate, a TFT layer disposed on the first substrate, a passivation layer disposed on the TFT layer, fabricating a black matrix on the TFT substrate, wherein the black matrix partitions the TFT substrate into a plurality of sub pixel regions, which comprises red sub pixel regions, green pixel regions and blue pixel regions; step 2, coating an alignment material layer on the TFT substrate and the black matrix, rubbing the alignment material layer to obtain a first alignment film; step 3, dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals, reactive monomers, and red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions, dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals, reactive monomers, and green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions, dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals and reactive monomers in the blue sub pixel regions; after the mixtures are dropped, all the reactive liquid crystals in the plurality of sub pixel regions are arranged along an alignment direction of the first alignment film, due that strong intermolecular forces are formed between the reactive liquid crystals and the red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions, and formed between the reactive liquid crystals and the green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions, the red quantum rods and the green quantum rods with the reactive liquid crystals are arranged along the same direction; step 4, performing UV irradiation to the plurality of sub pixel regions, allowing the reactive monomers react with the reactive liquid crystals in each the sub pixel region to form a polymer network, so that arrangement directions of the red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions and the green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions are fixed by the polymer network, then respectively forming polymer thin films of red quantum rods in the red sub pixel regions, polymer thin films of green quantum rods in the green sub pixel regions, and polymer thin films in the blue sub pixel regions, so as to obtain a color filter film, which comprises the polymer thin films of red quantum rods, the polymer thin films of green quantum rods, and the polymer thin films; step 5, forming a pixel electrode layer on the color filter film, forming a second alignment film on the pixel electrode layer, forming photoresist spacers on the second alignment film corresponding to the black matrix, so as to obtain a lower substrate; step 6, providing an upper substrate and an upper polarizer, wherein the upper substrate comprises a second substrate, a common electrode layer disposed on the second substrate, and a third alignment film disposed on the common electrode layer; performing a seal connection of the upper substrate and the lower substrate by using a box glue, and simultaneously priming liquid crystal molecules between the upper substrate and the lower substrate to form a liquid crystal layer, then adhering an upper polarizer above the upper substrate, so as to complete the fabrication of the COA type liquid crystal display panel; wherein a structural formula of the reactive liquid crystals is: wherein the reactive monomers are acrylates monomers containing two or more than two carbon-carbon double bonds; and wherein the quantum rods are a quantum rod comprising a CdSe core and a CdS shell. 12. The method of fabricating the COA type liquid crystal display panel according to claim 11, in step 1, the plurality of sub pixel regions further comprising white sub pixel regions; step 3 further comprising: dropping a mixture comprising reactive liquid crystals, reactive monomers, red quantum rods and green quantum rods in the white sub pixel regions; after the UV irradiation in step 4, forming polymer thin films of red and green quantum rods so as to obtain the color filter film, which further comprises the polymer thin films of red and green quantum rods.",
-    "The invention provides a quantum dot color film substrate, manufacturing method thereof and an LCD apparatus. The manufacturing method comprises forming an organic transparent photo-resist layer on transparent sub-pixel areas of a transparent substrate; forming a red quantum dot layer, a green quantum dot layer on corresponding red sub-pixel areas and green sub-pixel areas respectively by a sputter printing process using the organic transparent layer as stop walls to improve printing precision. The manufacturing method is simple, and requires less time and facility cost. 1. A manufacturing method for quantum dot (QD) color film substrate, which comprises: Step 1: providing a transparent substrate, dividing the transparent substrate into a plurality of pixel areas, with each pixel area comprising a red sub-pixel area, a green sub-pixel area, and a transparent sub-pixel area; on the transparent substrate, the red sub-pixel area and the green sub-pixel area being separated by the transparent sub-pixel area, with each red sub-pixel area located between two transparent sub-pixel areas, and each green sub-pixel area being located between two transparent sub-pixel areas; Step 2: forming a patterned organic transparent photo-resist layer on the corresponding transparent sub-pixel areas on the transparent substrate; Step 3: using the organic transparent photo-resist layer as a stop wall, forming a patterned red quantum dot layer on the corresponding red sub-pixel areas of the transparent substrate by sputter printing process, forming a patterned green quantum dot layer on the corresponding green sub-pixel areas of the transparent substrate by sputter printing process to obtain a color filter layer comprising an organic transparent photo-resist layer, a red quantum dot layer, a green quantum dot layer; Step 4: forming a transparent conductive layer on the color filter layer; and Step 5: forming a black photo-resist layer on the transparent conductive layer. 2. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 3, to prevent overflowing, the thickness of the red quantum dot layer and the green quantum dot layer is less than the organic transparent photo-resist layer by 0.01-2 um. 3. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 2, wherein the black photo-resist layer comprises a black matrix, a main spacer disposed on the black matrix, and an auxiliary spacer on the black matrix. 4. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 3, wherein the main spacer is disposed according to the black matrix on the organic transparent photo-resist layer, the auxiliary space is disposed according to the black matrix on the red quantum dot layer and the green quantum dot layer. 5. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 2, the material for the organic transparent photo-resist layer is a transparent photo-resist material with UV curing property, a transparent photo-resist with thermal curing property, or a transparent photo-resist with both UV curing property and thermal curing property; the organic transparent photo-resist layer is formed by a photo lithography process. 6. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 3, the red quantum dot layer and the green quantum dot layer are formed with a quantum dot ink comprising a red quantum dot material and a green quantum dot material respectively; the quantum dot ink having a viscosity of 1-40 cp, and surface tension of 30-70 dy/cm. 7. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein the quantum dot material in the quantum dot ink comprises one or more of II-VI group quantum dot material, and I-III-VI group quantum dot material. 8. The manufacturing method for QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio between the area AT of the transparent sub-pixel area and the area AR of the red sub-pixel area is 0.05\u2266AT/AR\u22660.5; and the ratio between the area AR of the red sub-pixel area and the area AG of the green sub-pixel area is 0.3\u2266AR/AG\u22661. 9. A quantum dot (QD) color film substrate, which comprises: a transparent substrate, a color filter layer disposed on the transparent substrate, a transparent conductive layer disposed on the color filter layer, and a black photo-resist layer disposed on the transparent conductive layer; the transparent substrate comprising a plurality of pixel areas, with each pixel area comprising a red sub-pixel area, a green sub-pixel area, and a transparent sub-pixel area; on the transparent substrate, the red sub-pixel area and the green sub-pixel area being separated by the transparent sub-pixel area, with each red sub-pixel area located between two transparent sub-pixel areas, and each green sub-pixel area being located between two transparent sub-pixel areas; the color filter layer comprising an organic transparent photo-resist layer, a red quantum dot layer and a green quantum dot layer disposed on the transparent sub-pixel area, the red sub-pixel area and the green sub-pixel area, respectively; the red quantum dot layer and the green quantum dot layer being formed with a quantum dot ink comprising a red quantum dot material and a green quantum dot material respectively by a sputter printing process using the organic transparent photo-resist layer as a stop wall. 10. A liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus, which comprise: an LCD panel, and a backlight module disposed below the LCD panel; wherein: the LCD panel comprising the aforementioned QD color film substrate as claimed in claim 9, an array substrate, and a liquid crystal (LC) layer disposed between the color film substrate and the array substrate; and the light source of the backlight module being a blue light-emitting diode (LED), with a wavelength between 450-480 nm.",
-    "The present invention provides a curved liquid crystal display panel. In the curved liquid crystal display panel of the present invention, a TFT substrate is provided thereon with a black matrix corresponding to a trunk portion of a pixel electrode such that portions of the sub-pixels within two opposite side zones of the curved liquid crystal display panel that generate dark patterns and portions of the sub-pixels within a central zone of the curved liquid crystal display panel having the same width as that of the dark patterns are shielded, whereby through sacrifice of a portion of aperture ratio, the brightness of the curved liquid crystal display panel is made homogenized through all areas thereof thereby preventing brightness difference between the central zone and two opposite side zones of the curved liquid crystal display panel. 1. A curved liquid crystal display panel, which is formed by curving a liquid crystal display panel, the liquid crystal display panel comprising a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate, a color filter (CF) substrate opposite to the TFT substrate, and a liquid crystal layer arranged between the TFT substrate and the CF substrate; the TFT substrate comprising a first base plate, a first black matrix formed on the first base plate, a plurality of light-shielding metal frame formed on the first base plate and the first black matrix, an insulation layer formed on the first base plate and covering the plurality of light-shielding metal frame, and a plurality of data lines, a plurality of gate scan lines, and a pixel electrode layer formed on the insulation layer; the plurality of data lines and the plurality of gate scan lines circumferentially delimiting and defining a plurality of sub-pixel zones, the plurality of light-shielding metal frame being respectively arranged in the plurality of sub-pixel zones, the pixel electrode layer comprising a pixel electrode corresponding to each of the sub-pixel zones, the pixel electrode comprising a multi-domain structure, the multi-domain structure comprising a trunk portion and branch portions, the first black matrix comprising a black light-shielding strip corresponding to each of the sub-pixel zones; wherein when the liquid crystal display panel is in a planar state, the black light-shielding strip is located under the trunk portion of the pixel electrode and the black light-shielding strip has a width that is less than or equal to a width of the trunk portion; wherein when the liquid crystal display panel is in a curved state, in two opposite side zones of the curved liquid crystal display panel, the CF substrate is sideways shifted with respect to the TFT substrate such that a dark pattern zone is generated at a location above one side of the trunk portion of the pixel electrode and the black light-shielding strip shields the dark pattern zone; and in a central zone of the curved liquid crystal display panel, the black light-shielding strip shields a portion of a normal zone having the same width as that of the dark pattern zone, whereby brightness of the curved liquid crystal display panel is made homogenized; the CF substrate comprising second base plate and a color resist layer formed on the second base plate. 2. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light-shielding metal frame comprises a first light-shielding section located under the trunk portion and a second light-shielding section located on a circumference of the sub-pixel zone, the first light-shielding section having a width that is less than the width of the trunk portion. 3. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the width of the black light-shielding strip is substantially equal to the width of the trunk portion. 4. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the planar state, the black light-shielding strip is located exactly under the trunk portion and two opposite ends of the black light-shielding strip are respectively in alignment with two ends of the trunk portion. 5. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the width of the black light-shielding strip is less than the width of the trunk portion. 6. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein the curved liquid crystal display panel is divided into a left portion and a right portion according to a direction in which the CF substrate shifts with respect to the TFT substrate in the curved state; wherein in the planar state, in the left portion of the liquid crystal display panel, in a vertical direction, a left end of the black light-shielding strip is in alignment with a left end of the first light-shielding section and a right end of the black light-shielding strip is in alignment with a right end of the trunk portion; and in the right portion of the liquid crystal display panel, in the vertical direction, a right end of the black light-shielding strip is in alignment with a right end of the first light-shielding section and a left end of the black light-shielding strip is in alignment with a left end of the trunk portion; and wherein in the curved state, in the left portion of the liquid crystal display panel, in the vertical direction, a left side portion of the black light-shielding strip shields the dark pattern zone, and in the right portion of the liquid crystal display panel, in the vertical direction, a right side portion of the black light-shielding strip shields the dark pattern zone. 7. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first base plate comprises a groove formed therein and the first black matrix is arranged in the groove. 8. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first base plate comprises a groove formed therein and the first black matrix is arranged in the groove. 9. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the CF substrate further comprises a second black matrix formed on the second base plate and the second black matrix is arranged to correspond to edges of the sub-pixel zone. 10. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the TFT substrate further comprises a second black matrix formed on the first base plate and the second black matrix and the first black matrix are formed through the same manufacturing process. 11. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first base plate comprises grooves formed therein and the first black matrix and the second black matrix are arranged in the grooves. 12. A curved liquid crystal display panel, which is formed by curving a liquid crystal display panel, the liquid crystal display panel comprising a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate, a color filter (CF) substrate opposite to the TFT substrate, and a liquid crystal layer arranged between the TFT substrate and the CF substrate; the TFT substrate comprising a first base plate, a first black matrix formed on the first base plate, a plurality of light-shielding metal frame formed on the first base plate and the first black matrix, an insulation layer formed on the first base plate and covering the plurality of light-shielding metal frame, and a plurality of data lines, a plurality of gate scan lines, and a pixel electrode layer formed on the insulation layer; the plurality of data lines and the plurality of gate scan lines circumferentially delimiting and defining a plurality of sub-pixel zones, the plurality of light-shielding metal frame being respectively arranged in the plurality of sub-pixel zones, the pixel electrode layer comprising a pixel electrode corresponding to each of the sub-pixel zones, the pixel electrode comprising a multi-domain structure, the multi-domain structure comprising a trunk portion and branch portions, the first black matrix comprising a black light-shielding strip corresponding to each of the sub-pixel zones; wherein when the liquid crystal display panel is in a planar state, the black light-shielding strip is located under the trunk portion of the pixel electrode and the black light-shielding strip has a width that is less than or equal to a width of the trunk portion; wherein when the liquid crystal display panel is in a curved state, in two opposite side zones of the curved liquid crystal display panel, the CF substrate is sideways shifted with respect to the TFT substrate such that a dark pattern zone is generated at a location above one side of the trunk portion of the pixel electrode and the black light-shielding strip shields the dark pattern zone; and in a central zone of the curved liquid crystal display panel, the black light-shielding strip shields a portion of a normal zone having the same width as that of the dark pattern zone, whereby brightness of the curved liquid crystal display panel is made homogenized; the CF substrate comprising second base plate and a color resist layer formed on the second base plate; wherein the light-shielding metal frame comprises a first light-shielding section located under the trunk portion and a second light-shielding section located on a circumference of the sub-pixel zone, the first light-shielding section having a width that is less than the width of the trunk portion; wherein the width of the black light-shielding strip is substantially equal to the width of the trunk portion; wherein in the planar state, the black light-shielding strip is located exactly under the trunk portion and two opposite ends of the black light-shielding strip are respectively in alignment with two ends of the trunk portion; wherein the first base plate comprises a groove and the first black matrix is arranged in the groove. 13. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 12, wherein the CF substrate further comprises a second black matrix formed on the second base plate and the second black matrix is arranged to correspond to edges of the sub-pixel zone. 14. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 12, wherein the TFT substrate further comprises a second black matrix formed on the first base plate and the second black matrix and the first black matrix are formed through the same manufacturing process. 15. The curved liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first base plate comprises grooves formed therein and the first black matrix and the second black matrix are arranged in the grooves.",
-    "The present invention provides a pixel structure, which includes a plurality of sub-pixels arranged in the form of a point lattice exhibiting a honeycomb configuration comprising honeycomb cells each showing a regular hexagon having edges that have a length a; for two rows of the sub-pixels that are adjacent to each other in an up-down direction, the sub-pixels of one of the rows are arranged in a horizontal direction such that spacing distances therebetween are of an alternate arrangement of a and 2a, wherein for every two sub-pixels of which the spacing distance therebetween is a, the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the right-hand side is a first color sub-pixel (1), while the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the left-hand side is a second color sub-pixel (2); and, the sub-pixels of the other one of the rows are arranged in a horizontal direction such that spacing distances therebetween are of an alternate arrangement of 2a and a, wherein for every two sub-pixels of which the spacing distance therebetween is a, the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the right-hand side is a first color sub-pixel (1), while the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the left-hand side is a third color sub-pixel (3); for each column of the sub-pixels, multiple ones of the sub-pixels having the same color are arranged in a straight line in a vertical direction. Such a pixel structure achieves an effect of mimicking a high resolution with a low resolution and also reduces the design difficulty of a drive circuit thereby helping simplify the manufacturing process and lower down costs. 1. A pixel structure, comprising a plurality of sub-pixels, the plurality of sub-pixels being arranged in the form of a point lattice exhibiting a honeycomb configuration comprising honeycomb cells each showing a regular hexagon having edges that have a length a, the sub-pixels being respectively located at vertices of the plurality of regular hexagons; the plurality of sub-pixels comprising a plurality of first color sub-pixels, a plurality of second color sub-pixels, and a plurality of third color sub-pixels; wherein for two rows of the sub-pixels that are adjacent to each other in an up-down direction, the sub-pixels of one of the rows are arranged in a horizontal direction such that spacing distances therebetween are of an alternate arrangement of a and 2a, wherein for every two sub-pixels of which the spacing distance therebetween is a, the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the right-hand side is a first color sub-pixel, while the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the left-hand side is a second color sub-pixel; and, the sub-pixels of the other one of the rows are arranged in a horizontal direction such that spacing distances therebetween are of an alternate arrangement of 2a and a, wherein for every two sub-pixels of which the spacing distance therebetween is a, the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the right-hand side is a first color sub-pixel, while the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the left-hand side is a third color sub-pixel; and for each column of the sub-pixels, multiple ones of the sub-pixels having the same color are arranged in a straight line in a vertical direction, while two columns that are adjacent to each other in a left-right direction comprise sub-pixels of different colors. 2. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple first color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction, a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple second color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction, a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple first color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction, and a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple third color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction are arranged, in such an order, from left to right. 3. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first color sub-pixels each have a surface area that is \u00bd of a surface area of one second color sub-pixel and the surface area of each of the second color sub-pixels is identical to a surface area of one third color sub-pixel. 4. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 3, wherein each of the first color sub-pixels and three other sub-pixels that are arranged with the first color sub-pixel as a center and are spaced from the first color sub-pixel by a distance a in different directions of edges of a hexagon collectively form a pixel. 5. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first color sub-pixel, the second color sub-pixel, the third color sub-pixel is one of combinations of a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel. 6. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first color sub-pixel is a green sub-pixel; the second color sub-pixel is a red sub-pixel; and the third color sub-pixel is a blue sub-pixel. 7. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein a ratio among numbers of green sub-pixels, red sub-pixels, and blue sub-pixels contained in each of the pixels is 1:1:2 or 1:2:1. 8. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein when the pixel of which the ratio of the numbers of the green sub-pixels, the red sub-pixels, and the blue sub-pixels is 1:1:2 display white color, the green sub-pixels and the red sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 100%, while the blue sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 50%; and when pixel of which the ratio of the numbers of the green sub-pixels, the red sub-pixels, and the blue sub-pixels is 1:2:1 display white color, the green sub-pixels and the blue sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 100%, while the red sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 50%. 9. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein multiple scan lines that are respectively connected to the rows of the sub-pixels are arranged from top to bottom with identical spacing distances therebetween and multiple data lines that are respectively connected to the columns of the sub-pixels are arranged from left to right with alternate spacing distances of a/2 and a therebetween. 10. A pixel structure, comprising a plurality of sub-pixels, the plurality of sub-pixels being arranged in the form of a point lattice exhibiting a honeycomb configuration comprising honeycomb cells each showing a regular hexagon having edges that have a length a, the sub-pixels being respectively located at vertices of the plurality of regular hexagons; the plurality of sub-pixels comprising a plurality of first color sub-pixels, a plurality of second color sub-pixels, and a plurality of third color sub-pixels; wherein for two rows of the sub-pixels that are adjacent to each other in an up-down direction, the sub-pixels of one of the rows are arranged in a horizontal direction such that spacing distances therebetween are of an alternate arrangement of a and 2a, wherein for every two sub-pixels of which the spacing distance therebetween is a, the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the right-hand side is a first color sub-pixel, while the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the left-hand side is a second color sub-pixel; and, the sub-pixels of the other one of the rows are arranged in a horizontal direction such that spacing distances therebetween are of an alternate arrangement of 2a and a, wherein for every two sub-pixels of which the spacing distance therebetween is a, the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the right-hand side is a first color sub-pixel, while the one of the sub-pixels that is located at the left-hand side is a third color sub-pixel; and for each column of the sub-pixels, multiple ones of the sub-pixels having the same color are arranged in a straight line in a vertical direction, while two columns that are adjacent to each other in a left-right direction comprise sub-pixels of different colors; wherein a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple first color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction, a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple second color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction, a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple first color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction, and a sub-pixel column that is formed of multiple third color sub-pixels arranged in the vertical direction are arranged, in such an order, from left to right; wherein the first color sub-pixels each have a surface area that is \u00bd of a surface area of one second color sub-pixel and the surface area of each of the second color sub-pixels is identical to a surface area of one third color sub-pixel; and wherein multiple scan lines that are respectively connected to the rows of the sub-pixels are arranged from top to bottom with identical spacing distances therebetween and multiple data lines that are respectively connected to the columns of the sub-pixels are arranged from left to right with alternate spacing distances of a/2 and a therebetween. 11. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 10, wherein each of the first color sub-pixels and three other sub-pixels that are arranged with the first color sub-pixel as a center and are spaced from the first color sub-pixel by a distance a in different directions of edges of a hexagon collectively form a pixel. 12. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first color sub-pixel, the second color sub-pixel, the third color sub-pixel is one of combinations of a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel. 13. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first color sub-pixel is a green sub-pixel; the second color sub-pixel is a red sub-pixel; and the third color sub-pixel is a blue sub-pixel. 14. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 13, wherein a ratio among numbers of green sub-pixels, red sub-pixels, and blue sub-pixels contained in each of the pixels is 1:1:2 or 1:2:1. 15. The pixel structure as claimed in claim 14, wherein when the pixel of which the ratio of the numbers of the green sub-pixels, the red sub-pixels, and the blue sub-pixels is 1:1:2 display white color, the green sub-pixels and the red sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 100%, while the blue sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 50%; and when pixel of which the ratio of the numbers of the green sub-pixels, the red sub-pixels, and the blue sub-pixels is 1:2:1 display white color, the green sub-pixels and the blue sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 100%, while the red sub-pixels show brightness that is set at 50%.",
-    "An assembly includes a handheld power tool. The handheld power tool comprises a housing, a drive shaft mounted at the housing via a bearing, a drive unit to drive the drive shaft, handles which are fixedly attached to the housing, a fastening device to fasten a roughing disk to the drive shaft, a first sensor to measure a power consumption value or an acceleration sensor to measure positional change information, an evaluating unit to evaluate the power consumption value sensed or the positional change information produced so as to produce an evaluation result, and an outputting device to output the evaluation result. 1-15. (canceled) 16. An assembly comprising: a handheld power tool comprising: a housing, a drive shaft mounted at the housing via a bearing, a drive unit configured to drive the drive shaft, handles which are fixedly attached to the housing, and a fastening device configured to fasten a roughing disk to the drive shaft; a first sensor configured to measure a power consumption value or an acceleration sensor configured to measure positional change information; an evaluating unit configured to evaluate the power consumption value sensed or the positional change information produced so as to produce an evaluation result; and an outputting device configured to output the evaluation result. 17. The assembly as recited in claim 16, further comprising: a second sensor configured to measure mechanical loading values which act on the bearing of the drive shaft; wherein, the evaluating unit is further configured to evaluate the mechanical loading values measured. 18. The assembly as recited in claim 16, further comprising a display attached to the handheld power tool. 19. The assembly as recited in claim 16, wherein the assembly further comprises: a data processing assembly arranged remote from the handheld power tool; and a data connection, wherein, the data processing assembly is connected to the handheld power tool at least temporarily via the data connection. 20. The assembly as recited in claim 19, wherein the outputting device is arranged on the data processing assembly. 21. The assembly as recited in claim 20, wherein the acceleration sensor is attached to the housing. 22. A method for operating the assembly as recited in claim 21, the method comprising: measuring the power consumption value with the first sensor; evaluating the power consumption value with the evaluation unit so as to obtain the evaluation result; and outputting the evaluation result via the outputting device. 23. The method as recited in claim 22, further comprising: measuring the mechanical loading values acting on the bearing of the drive shaft with the second sensor; and factoring in the mechanical loading values with the evaluating unit when producing the evaluation result. 24. The method as recited in claim 23, further comprising: measuring positional change information with the acceleration sensor; and evaluating the positional change information with the evaluating unit when producing the evaluation result. 25. The method as recited in claim 24, wherein the evaluation result further comprises corrective information for an operator, the method further comprising, using the corrective information by the operator to correct an alignment of the handheld power tool. 26. The method as recited in claim 25, further comprising checking the correction of the alignment based on the positional change information of the acceleration sensor. 27. The method as recited in claim 24, wherein the evaluation result further comprises efficiency information on a work process. 28. The method as recited in claim 22, wherein, the handheld power tool further comprises a mounted roughing disk; and a third sensor is arranged either in the handheld power tool or in the assembly, the third sensor being configured to detect a type of the mounted roughing disk, the method further comprising: detecting the mounted roughing disk with the third sensor, and at least one of, selecting an operating mode of the handheld power tool based on the type of roughing disk detected by the third sensor, setting an operating mode of the handheld power tool based on the type of roughing disk detected by the third sensor, and reviewing an operating mode of the handheld power tool chosen by the operator. 29. The method as recited in claim 28, wherein, the assembly further comprises a data memory, the data memory being configured to store roughing disk parameters relating to individual roughing disks, the method further comprising, using the roughing disk parameters stored in the data memory of the assembly during the evaluating. 30. The method as recited in claim 29, further comprising updating the roughing disk parameters stored in the data memory of the assembly. 31. A method of using an acceleration sensor to monitor vibrations and/or oscillating movements when using the handheld power tool as recited in claim 16, the method comprising: providing the assembly comprising the handheld power tool as recited in claim 16; providing an acceleration sensor configured to produce positional change information fastened to an arm of the operator and/or arranged in the assembly of the handheld power tool; using the acceleration sensor to monitor the vibrations and/or the oscillating movements when using the handheld power tool with the roughing disk during a rough machining of a workpiece; and communicating corrective information for an improved machining to an operator via the outputting device based on the positional change information produced by the acceleration sensor. 32. The method of using as recited in claim 31, wherein the acceleration sensor fastened to the arm of the operator is integrated into an armband.",
-    "An input device set that is placed on a touch panel and includes a collection of individually identifiable input devices, each of the input devices has a plurality of contacts that project from a base and input coordinates into the touch panel, each of the contacts includes a contact surface that touches a placing surface of the touch panel and inputs the coordinates and a coordinates identifying area that is included in the contact surface and includes a center of gravity of the contact surface, the coordinates identifying areas are disposed so as not to overlap one another among the input devices, and areas of the contact surfaces are disposed so as to overlap in at least two input devices. 1. An input device set that is placed on a touch panel comprising: a collection of individually identifiable input devices, each of the input devices haying a base and a plurality of contacts; wherein the plurality of contacts project from the base; wherein the plurality of contacts input coordinates into the touch panel; wherein each of the contacts includes a contact surface that touches a placing surface of the touch panel and inputs the coordinates: wherein the contact surface includes a coordinates identifying area that includes a center of gravity of the contact surface; wherein the coordinates identifying areas are disposed so as not to overlap one another among the input devices, and wherein areas of the contact surfaces are disposed so as to overlap in at least two input devices. 2. The input device set according to claim 1, wherein the contacts include one or more reference contacts and an identifying contact, wherein the coordinates identifying areas of the identifying contacts to the reference contacts are disposed so as not to overlap one another among the input devices, and wherein areas of the contact surfaces are disposed so as to overlap in at least two input devices. 3. The input device set according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of the reference contacts are provided to the base. 4. The input device set according to claim 2, wherein the reference contacts are provided at three places on the base. 5. A composite input device set comprising a plurality of input device sets according to claim 2, wherein input devices included in each input device set share a same placement of positions of reference contacts, and wherein placement positions of the reference contacts vary among the input device sets. 6. The composite input device set according to claim 5, wherein each of the input device sets is given a different system of specific information. 7. A composite input device set comprising a plurality of input device sets according to claim 3, wherein input devices included in each input device set share a same placement of positions of reference contacts, and wherein placement positions of the reference contacts vary among the input device sets. 8. The composite input device set according to claim 7, wherein each of the input device sets is given a different system of specific information. 9. A composite input device set comprising a plurality of input device sets according to claim 4, wherein input devices included in each input device set share a same placement of positions of reference contacts, and wherein placement positions of the reference contacts vary among the input device sets. 10. The composite input device set according to claim 9, wherein each of the input device sets is given a different system of specific information.",
-    "A liquid crystal composition satisfies at least one of characteristics such as a high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, a low minimum temperature of the nematic phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large negative dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light and heat, or has a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics. The composition contains a specific compound having high stability to ultraviolet light as a first component, and a liquid crystal display device includes the composition. The composition may contain a specific compound having large negative dielectric anisotropy as a second component, a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a third component, and a specific compound having a polymerizable group as an additive component. 1. A liquid crystal composition that has a negative dielectric anisotropy, and contains at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1) as a first component: wherein, in formula (1), R1, R2 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, in which at least one of R2 and R3 may be hydrogen; ring A is 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, chlorine or methyl; X1, X2 and X3 are independently fluorine, chlorine, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are independently a single bond, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014 or \u2014OCO\u2014; a, b and c are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and d is 0, 1 or 2. 2. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (1-1) to (1-3) as the first component: wherein, in formula (1-1) to formula (1-3), R1 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine; rings A1 and A2 are independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, or 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine, chlorine or methyl; X1, X2 and X3 are independently fluorine, chlorine, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine; and a, b and c are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 3. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (1-1-1) to (1-1-9), formula (1-2-1) and formula (1-2-2) as the first component: wherein, in formulas (1-1-1) to (1-1-9), formula (1-2-1) and formula (1-2-2), R1 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. 4. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the first component is in the range of 0.03% by weight to 10% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 5. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (2) as a second component: wherein, in formula (2), R4 and R5 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons; ring B and ring D are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl; ring C is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z5 and Z6 are independently a single bond, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014 or \u2014OCO\u2014; and e is 1, 2 or 3, f is 0 or 1 and a sum of e and f is 3 or less. 6. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 5, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (2-1) to (2-19) as the second component: wherein, in formula (2-1) to formula (2-19), R4 and R5 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons. 7. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 5, wherein a ratio of the second component is in the range of 10% by weight to 90% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 8. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, further containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component: wherein, in formula (3), R6 and R7 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine; ring E and ring F are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z7 is a single bond, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014 or \u2014OCO\u2014; and g is 1, 2 or 3. 9. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 8, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (3-1) to (3-13) as the third component: wherein, in formula (3-1) to formula (3-13), R6 and R7 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. 10. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 8, wherein a ratio of the third component is in the range of 10% by weight to 90% by weight based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition. 11. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 1, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4) as an additive component: wherein, in formula (4), ring G and ring J are independently cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydropyran-2-yl, 1,3-dioxane-2-yl, pyrimidine-2-yl or pyridine-2-yl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by halogen, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by halogen; ring I is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-1,3-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,5-diyl, naphthalene-1,6-diyl, naphthalene-1,7-diyl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl, naphthalene-2,3-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,7-diyl, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or pyridine-2,5-diyl, and in the rings, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by halogen, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by halogen; Z8 and Z9 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014 may be replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014 or \u2014OCO\u2014, and at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014 may be replaced by \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550C(CH3)\u2014 or \u2014C(CH3)\u2550C(CH3)\u2014, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; P1, P2 and P3 are a polymerizable group; Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014 may be replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014 or \u2014OCOO\u2014, and at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014 may be replaced by \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine; h is 0, 1 or 2; and j, k and m are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and a sum of j, k and m is 1 or more. 12. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, wherein in formula (4), P1, P2 and P3 are independently a polymerizable group selected from the group of groups represented by formulas (P-1) to (P-5): wherein, in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by halogen; in formula (P-5), n1 is 1, 2, 3 or 4; when both P1 and P3 are a group represented by formula (P-4), in formula (4), at least one of Sp1 and Sp3 is alkylene in which at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014 is replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014 or \u2014OCOO\u2014. 13. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, containing at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formulas (4-1) to (4-27) as the additive component: wherein, in formula (4-1) to formula (4-27), P4, P5 and P6 are independently a group represented by formulas (P-1) to (P-3); wherein, in formula (P-1) to formula (P-3), M1, M2 and M3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 5 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by halogen; in formula (4-1) to formula (4-27), Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3 are independently a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 10 carbons, and in the alkylene, at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014 may be replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014 or \u2014OCOO\u2014, and at least one of \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014 may be replaced by \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, and in the groups, at least one of hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine or chlorine. 14. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, wherein a ratio of addition of the additive component is in the range of 0.03% by weight to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the liquid crystal composition before adding an additive thereto. 15. A liquid crystal display device, including the liquid crystal composition according to claim 1. 16. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 15, wherein an operating mode in the liquid crystal display device is an IPS mode, a VA mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode, and a driving mode in the liquid crystal display device is an active matrix mode. 17. A polymer sustained alignment mode liquid crystal display device, wherein the liquid crystal display device includes the liquid crystal composition according to claim 11, and a polymerizable compound in the composition is polymerized. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The liquid crystal composition according to claim 5, further containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component: wherein, in formula (3), R6 and R7 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one of hydrogen is replaced by fluorine; ring E and ring F are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z7 is a single bond, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014 or \u2014OCO\u2014; and g is 1, 2 or 3.",
-    "The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device and a manufacturing method thereof. The liquid crystal display device uses a quantum rod orientation layer (2) to conduct parallel alignment of a quantum rod layer (3) so that the aligned quantum rod layer (3) may replace a conventional lower polarizer. The liquid crystal display device manufacturing method applies an inclined vapor deposition process to form a quantum rod orientation layer (2). The quantum rod orientation layer (2) includes a plurality of grooves (21) that has an extension direction substantially perpendicular to a transmission axis direction of an upper polarizer (7). A quantum rod layer (3) is then formed on the quantum rod orientation layer (2). The quantum rod layer (3) so formed includes a plurality of quantum rods (31) that has a long axis direction substantially parallel to the extension direction of the grooves (21), namely parallel alignment of the quantum rod layer (3). The aligned quantum rod layer (3) may replace a conventional lower polarizer to improve light transmission rate and utilization of backlighting, increasing displaying brightness and reducing manufacturing cost. 1. A liquid crystal display device, comprising a liquid crystal display panel and a backlight source arranged under the liquid crystal display panel; the liquid crystal display panel comprising a lower substrate, a quantum rod orientation layer arranged on the lower substrate, a quantum rod layer arranged on the quantum rod orientation layer, an upper substrate arranged opposite to the lower substrate, an upper polarizer arranged on one side of the upper substrate that is distant from the lower substrate, a first liquid crystal alignment layer that is arranged on the quantum rod layer at one side of the lower substrate that is adjacent to the upper substrate, a second liquid crystal alignment layer that is arranged on the upper substrate at one side adjacent to the lower substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first liquid crystal alignment layer and the second liquid crystal alignment layer; the quantum rod orientation layer comprising a plurality of nanometer scale grooves that is arranged parallel to each other and have an extension direction substantially perpendicular to a transmission axis direction of the upper polarizer; the quantum rod layer comprising a plurality of quantum rods, the plurality of quantum rods each having a long axis direction that is substantially parallel to the extension direction of the grooves. 2. The liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantum rod orientation layer is formed through an inclined vapor deposition process with a material being silicon nitride. 3. The liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the inclined vapor deposition process is conducted at an evaporation angle of 20 to 45 degrees. 4. The liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the backlight source comprises an ultraviolet backlight source; the plurality of quantum rods being arranged according to different sizes to respectively generate, through excitation, red polarization light, green polarization light, and blue polarization light. 5. The liquid crystal display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the backlight source comprises a blue backlight source; the plurality of quantum rods being arranged according to different sizes to respectively generate, through excitation, red polarization light and green polarization light. 6. A liquid crystal display device manufacturing method, comprising the following steps: (1) providing a lower substrate and forming a quantum rod orientation layer on a surface of the lower substrate with an inclined vapor deposition process such that the quantum rod orientation layer comprises a plurality of parallel grooves formed therein; (2) coating a quantum rod solution on the quantum rod orientation layer to form a quantum rod layer such that the quantum rod layer comprises a plurality of quantum rods, the plurality of quantum rods being caused by the quantum rod orientation layer to achieve parallel alignment so that a long axis direction of each of the plurality of quantum rods is substantially parallel to an extension direction of the grooves; (3) forming a first liquid crystal alignment layer on the quantum rod layer; (4) providing an upper substrate and forming a second liquid crystal alignment layer on one side of the upper substrate; (5) combining the lower and upper substrates together to have the first liquid crystal alignment layer and the second liquid crystal alignment layer opposing each other and filling liquid crystal between the first liquid crystal alignment layer and the second liquid crystal alignment layer to form a liquid crystal layer; (6) attaching an upper polarizer to one side of the upper substrate that is distant from the lower substrate, wherein the upper polarizer has a transmission axis direction that is substantially perpendicular to the extension direction of the grooves, so as to form a liquid crystal display panel; and (7) arranging a backlight source under the liquid crystal display panel to form a liquid crystal display device. 7. The liquid crystal display device manufacturing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in step (1), the inclined vapor deposition process is conducted at an evaporation angle of 20 to 45 degrees, the quantum rod orientation layer being formed of a material comprising silicon nitride. 8. The liquid crystal display device manufacturing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in step (2), the quantum rods are coated with a trioctylphosphine oxide solvent, the quantum rods that are coated with the trioctylphosphine oxide solvent are uniformly dispersed in toluene solvent to form the quantum rod solution. 9. The liquid crystal display device manufacturing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in step (2), the plurality of quantum rods is arranged according to different sizes to respectively generate, through excitation, red polarization light, green polarization light, and blue polarization light; and in step (7), the backlight source comprises an ultraviolet backlight source. 10. The liquid crystal display device manufacturing method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in step (2), the plurality of quantum rods is arranged according to different sizes to respectively generate, through excitation, red polarization light and green polarization light; and in step (7), the backlight source comprises a blue backlight source. 11. A liquid crystal display device, comprising a liquid crystal display panel and a backlight source arranged under the liquid crystal display panel; the liquid crystal display panel comprising a lower substrate, a quantum rod orientation layer arranged on the lower substrate, a quantum rod layer arranged on the quantum rod orientation layer, an upper substrate arranged opposite to the lower substrate, an upper polarizer arranged on one side of the upper substrate that is distant from the lower substrate, a first liquid crystal alignment layer that is arranged on the quantum rod layer at one side of the lower substrate that is adjacent to the upper substrate, a second liquid crystal alignment layer that is arranged on the upper substrate at one side adjacent to the lower substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first liquid crystal alignment layer and the second liquid crystal alignment layer; the quantum rod orientation layer comprising a plurality of nanometer scale grooves that is arranged parallel to each other and have an extension direction substantially perpendicular to a transmission axis direction of the upper polarizer; the quantum rod layer comprising a plurality of quantum rods, the plurality of quantum rods each having a long axis direction that is substantially parallel to the extension direction of the grooves; wherein the quantum rod orientation layer is formed through an inclined vapor deposition process with a material being silicon nitride; wherein the inclined vapor deposition process is conducted at an evaporation angle of 20 to 45 degrees; and wherein the backlight source comprises an ultraviolet backlight source; the plurality of quantum rods being arranged according to different sizes to respectively generate, through excitation, red polarization light, green polarization light, and blue polarization light.",
-    "The present invention provides a color filter film manufacturing method and a color filer film. The color filter film manufacturing method of the present invention includes forming transparent photoresist layers in blue sub-pixel zones and forming first and second recesses respectively in red and green sub-pixel zones and subjecting bottoms thereof to a treatment for hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. The difference of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity between the bottoms of the first and second recesses and a surface of the photoresist layer, in combination with altitude differences, makes the red and green quantum dot materials to respectively form red and green quantum dot layers in the first and second recesses through autonomous flowing. The red and green quantum dot layers are excited by blue backlight source to respectively emit red light and green light, while the blue backlight source directly transmits through the transparent photoresist layers to give off blue light thereby providing three primary colors of red, green, and blue to achieve color displaying, increasing utilization of quantum dots, the effect of autonomous flowing of the quantum dot paste being made better for higher resolution and denser arrangement of pixels, and thus, making it better suitable for manufacture of high-resolution panels than ink-jet printing techniques. 1. A color filter film manufacturing method, comprising the following steps: (1) providing a base plate and forming a black matrix on the base plate such that the black matrix defines and circumferentially surrounds a plurality of red sub-pixel zones, a plurality of green sub-pixel zones, and a plurality of blue sub-pixel zones on the base plate; and forming transparent photoresist layers in the blue sub-pixel zones; (2) coating a photoresist layer on the base plate, the black matrix, and the transparent photoresist layers and forming first recesses in the photoresist layer to correspond to the red sub-pixel zones; and subjecting bottoms of the first recesses to a treatment for hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity so as to be opposite to hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of a surface of the photoresist layer; (3) coating a red quantum dot material on the photoresist layer with the red quantum dot material having hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity consistent with hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the bottoms of the first recesses to allow the red quantum dot material to autonomously flow from the surface of the photoresist layer to the bottoms of the first recesses and then allowing the red quantum dot material to cure so as to form red quantum dot layers in the red sub-pixel zones; (4) forming second recesses in the photoresist layer to correspond to the green sub-pixel zones and subjecting bottoms of the second recesses to a treatment for hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity so as to be opposite to hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the surface of the photoresist layer; (5) coating a green quantum dot material on the photoresist layer with the green quantum dot material having hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity consistent with hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the bottoms of the second recesses to allow the green quantum dot material to autonomously flow from the surface of the photoresist layer to the bottoms of the second recesses and then allowing the green quantum dot material to cure so as to form green quantum dot layers in the green sub-pixel zones; and (6) subjecting a surface of the base plate to ultraviolet irradiation and development to remove a remaining portion of the photoresist layer so as to complete the manufacture of a color filer film; wherein the red quantum dot layers and the green quantum dot layers are excited by the blue backlight source to respectively give off red light and green light and the blue backlight source transmits directly through the transparent photoresist layers to emit blue light so as to provide three primary colors of red, green, and blue to achieve color displaying. 2. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the black matrix is formed by coating a black matrix material on the base plate and applying exposure and development operations thereto and the black matrix material comprises negative photoresist and a black light-shielding material. 3. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (2), the photoresist layer comprises positive photoresist. 4. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (2), a first mask is used to subject portions of the photoresist layer within the red sub-pixel zones to ultraviolet irradiation and development so as to form the first recesses; and in step (4), a second mask is used to subject portions of the photoresist layer within the green sub-pixel zones to ultraviolet irradiation and development so as to form the second recesses. 5. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (3) and step (5), a thermal process is applied to have the red quantum dot material and the green quantum dot material cured. 6. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the thermal process is conducted at a temperature of 60\u00b0 C.-100\u00b0 C. 7. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (2), the bottoms of the first recesses are subjected to a hydrophilicity treatment and the surface of the photoresist layer is hydrophobic; in step (3), the red quantum dot material is hydrophilic; in step (4), the bottoms of the second recesses are subjected to a hydrophilicity treatment; and in step (5), the green quantum dot material is hydrophilic. 8. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (2), the bottoms of the first recesses are subjected to a hydrophobicity treatment and the surface of the photoresist is hydrophilic; in step (3), the red quantum dot material is hydrophobic; in step (4), the bottoms of the second recesses are subjected to a hydrophobicity treatment; and in step (5), the green quantum dot material is hydrophobic. 9. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base plate comprises a glass plate. 10. A color filer film, comprising a base plate, a black matrix arranged on the base plate, and a plurality of transparent photoresist layers, a plurality of red quantum dot layers, and a plurality of green quantum dot layers arranged on the base plate and are spaced from each other by the black matrix, wherein the red quantum dot layers are formed of a material comprising a mixture of red quantum dots and a paste; and the green quantum dot layers are formed of a material comprising a mixture of green quantum dots and a paste; and the color filer film is operable in combination with a blue backlight source such that the red quantum dot layers and the green quantum dot layers are excitable by the blue backlight source to respectively give off red light and green light, and the blue backlight source is allowed to directly transmit through the transparent photoresist layers to give off blue light thereby providing three primary colors of red, green, and blue to achieve color displaying. 11. A color filter film manufacturing method, comprising the following steps: (1) providing a base plate and forming a black matrix on the base plate such that the black matrix defines and circumferentially surrounds a plurality of red sub-pixel zones, a plurality of green sub-pixel zones, and a plurality of blue sub-pixel zones on the base plate; and forming transparent photoresist layers in the blue sub-pixel zones; (2) coating a photoresist layer on the base plate, the black matrix, and the transparent photoresist layers and forming first recesses in the photoresist layer to correspond to the red sub-pixel zones; and subjecting bottoms of the first recesses to a treatment for hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity so as to be opposite to hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of a surface of the photoresist layer; (3) coating a red quantum dot material on the photoresist layer with the red quantum dot material having hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity consistent with hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the bottoms of the first recesses to allow the red quantum dot material to autonomously flow from the surface of the photoresist layer to the bottoms of the first recesses and then allowing the red quantum dot material to cure so as to form red quantum dot layers in the red sub-pixel zones; (4) forming second recesses in the photoresist layer to correspond to the green sub-pixel zones and subjecting bottoms of the second recesses to a treatment for hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity so as to be opposite to hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the surface of the photoresist layer; (5) coating a green quantum dot material on the photoresist layer with the green quantum dot material having hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity consistent with hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the bottoms of the second recesses to allow the green quantum dot material to autonomously flow from the surface of the photoresist layer to the bottoms of the second recesses and then allowing the green quantum dot material to cure so as to form green quantum dot layers in the green sub-pixel zones; and (6) subjecting a surface of the base plate to ultraviolet irradiation and development to remove a remaining portion of the photoresist layer so as to complete the manufacture of a color filer film; wherein the red quantum dot layers and the green quantum dot layers are excited by the blue backlight source to respectively give off red light and green light and the blue backlight source transmits directly through the transparent photoresist layers to emit blue light so as to provide three primary colors of red, green, and blue to achieve color displaying; wherein in step (1), the black matrix is formed by coating a black matrix material on the base plate and applying exposure and development operations thereto and the black matrix material comprises negative photoresist and a black light-shielding material; wherein in step (2), the photoresist layer comprises positive photoresist; wherein in step (2), a first mask is used to subject portions of the photoresist layer within the red sub-pixel zones to ultraviolet irradiation and development so as to form the first recesses; and in step (4), a second mask is used to subject portions of the photoresist layer within the green sub-pixel zones to ultraviolet irradiation and development so as to form the second recesses; wherein in step (3) and step (5), a thermal process is applied to have the red quantum dot material and the green quantum dot material cured; and wherein the base plate comprises a glass plate. 12. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the thermal process is conducted at a temperature of 60\u00b0 C.-100\u00b0 C. 13. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 11, wherein in step (2), the bottoms of the first recesses are subjected to a hydrophilicity treatment and the surface of the photoresist layer is hydrophobic; in step (3), the red quantum dot material is hydrophilic; in step (4), the bottoms of the second recesses are subjected to a hydrophilicity treatment; and in step (5), the green quantum dot material is hydrophilic. 14. The color filter film manufacturing method as claimed in claim 11, wherein in step (2), the bottoms of the first recesses are subjected to a hydrophobicity treatment and the surface of the photoresist is hydrophilic; in step (3), the red quantum dot material is hydrophobic; in step (4), the bottoms of the second recesses are subjected to a hydrophobicity treatment; and in step (5), the green quantum dot material is hydrophobic.",
-    "The present invention provides a display device using a quantum dot film, including a display panel, a backlight module (2) located under the display panel, a quantum dot film (3) located between the display panel and the backlight module (2), and a plurality of reflector units (41) located between the quantum dot film (3) and the display panel. The quantum dot film (3) can be excited by light emitting from the backlight module to give off excitation light. The liquid crystal panel includes therein a black matrix. The plurality of reflector units (41) is arranged to correspond to the black matrix. The display device using a quantum dot film of the present invention has a wide color gamut range and has good image quality and high quantum dot excitation rate and utilization of backlighting. 1. A display device using a quantum dot film, comprising a display panel, a backlight module located under the display panel, a quantum dot film located between the display panel and the backlight module, and a plurality of reflector units located between the quantum dot film and the display panel; the quantum dot film being excitable by light emitting from the backlight module to give off excitation light; the liquid crystal panel comprising therein a black matrix, the plurality of reflector units being arranged to correspond to the black matrix. 2. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality reflector units is arranged in the form of an array and collectively defines a reflective material array. 3. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 2, wherein the reflector units are made of a material that comprises metals or films formed by dispersing tiny glass particles having high refractive index or micro-crystallite structure dispersed in resin. 4. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reflector units are arranged on the quantum dot film. 5. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 1, wherein the display panel comprises a color filter substrate, a thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate opposite to the color filter substrate, a liquid crystal layer sealed between the color filter substrate and the TFT array substrate, an upper polarizer located on one side of the color filter substrate that is distant from the TFT array substrate, and a lower polarizer located on one side of the TFT array substrate that is distant from the color filter substrate; and the black matrix is arranged on the color filter substrate or the TFT array substrate. 6. The display device using a quantum dot film as claimed in claim 5, wherein the reflector units are arranged on the lower polarizer. 7. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 6, wherein the reflector units have surface that face the quantum dot film and are subjected to physical or chemical modification to provide a scattering effect. 8. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantum dot film is formed of a paste base material and a quantum dot material dispersed in the paste base material, the backlight module emitting blue light or blue-violet light. 9. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 6, wherein the quantum dot material is composed of a red quantum dot material, a green quantum dot material, and a blue quantum dot material that, when excited by light, respectively give off red, green, and blue light. 10. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 6, wherein the quantum dot material is composed of a red quantum dot material and a green quantum dot material that, when excited by light, respectively give off red and green light; the backlight module emits blue light. 11. A display device using a quantum dot film, comprising a display panel, a backlight module located under the display panel, a quantum dot film located between the display panel and the backlight module, and a plurality of reflector units located between the quantum dot film and the display panel; the quantum dot film being excitable by light emitting from the backlight module to give off excitation light; the liquid crystal panel comprising therein a black matrix, the plurality of reflector units being arranged to correspond to the black matrix; wherein the plurality reflector units is arranged in the form of an array and collectively defines a reflective material array; wherein the reflector units are made of a material that comprises metals or films formed by dispersing tiny glass particles having high refractive index or micro-crystallite structure dispersed in resin; wherein the display panel comprises a color filter substrate, a thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate opposite to the color filter substrate, a liquid crystal layer sealed between the color filter substrate and the TFT array substrate, an upper polarizer located on one side of the color filter substrate that is distant from the TFT array substrate, and a lower polarizer located on one side of the TFT array substrate that is distant from the color filter substrate; and the black matrix is arranged on the color filter substrate or the TFT array substrate; wherein the quantum dot film is formed of a paste base material and a quantum dot material dispersed in the paste base material, the backlight module emitting blue light or blue-violet light. 12. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 11, wherein the reflector units are arranged on the quantum dot film. 13. The display device using a quantum dot film as claimed in claim 11, wherein the reflector units are arranged on the lower polarizer. 14. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 13, wherein the reflector units have surface that face the quantum dot film and are subjected to physical or chemical modification to provide a scattering effect. 15. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 13, wherein the quantum dot material is composed of a red quantum dot material, a green quantum dot material, and a blue quantum dot material that, when excited by light, respectively give off red, green, and blue light. 16. The display device using a quantum dot as claimed in claim 13, wherein the quantum dot material is composed of a red quantum dot material and a green quantum dot material that, when excited by light, respectively give off red and green light; the backlight module emits blue light.",
-    "In an interface apparatus for presenting a force sense at a remote place or in a virtual space to a user, the number of motors for exerting force upon fingers of the user is decreased. The interface apparatus includes a first arm and a second arm for being attached to the thumb and a finger other than the thumb, respectively. A motor includes a motor main body supported for rotation, and a rotary shaft that relatively rotates with respect to the motor main body. The rotary shaft is connected to the second arm. The motor main body is connected to the first arm so as to impart rotation thereof to the first arm. 1. An interface apparatus comprising: a first arm and a second arm mounted for opening and closing motion being attached to a thumb and a finger other than the thumb, respectively; and a motor configured to exert force in opening and closing directions on the first arm and the second arm and include a motor main body supported for rotation and a rotary shaft that relatively rotates with respect to the motor main body, the rotary shaft being connected to one of the first arm and the second arm while an other one of the first and second arms and the motor main body are connected to each other so as to impart rotation of the motor main body to the other one of the arms. 2. The interface apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first arm is rotatable around a first axis; and the second arm is rotatable around a second axis positioned in a spaced relationship from the first axis. 3. The interface apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the motor is disposed in a posture in which the rotary shaft extends orthogonally to a plane on which the first arm and the second arm open or close. 4. The interface apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the motor is disposed between the first arm and the second arm. 5. The interface apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a motor case configured to accommodate the motor main body therein and support the motor main body for rotation; and a member positioned in a spaced relationship in a radial direction from the motor case and cooperating with the motor case to sandwich a hand of the user therebetween. 6.-13. (canceled)",
-    "The invention provides a manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate. After forming N+ areas on both sides of polysilicon layer, the first gate insulating layer, first gate, second gate insulating layer, and second gate are sequentially formed on polysilicon layer, and the second gate is wider than first gate to produce a low electric field region in the polysilicon layer to reduce leakage current; alternatively, forming first gate and first gate insulating layer, forming polysilicon layer and N+ areas on both sides of polysilicon layer, forming second gate insulating layer and second gate on polysilicon layer, the second gate insulating layer is thicker than first gate insulating layer and the second gate is wider than first gate, so that the second gate insulating layer sandwiched by the second gate beyond first gate and polysilicon layer is thicker and produces a smaller electric field, which simplifies process and reduce cost. 1. A manufacturing method for low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, which comprises: Step 1: providing a substrate, and depositing a buffer layer on the substrate; Step 2: depositing an amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer on the buffer layer, performing dehydrogenation treatment on the a-Si layer, performing a crystallization process to turn the a-Si layer into a polysilicon layer, and patterning the polysilicon layer to obtain the island-shape polysilicon layer; Step 3: coating a photo-resist on the island-shape polysilicon layer and performing exposure and development on the photo-resist to form a photo-resist layer; using the photo-resist layer as a masking layer to perform ion implantation on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer to form an N-type heavily doped (N+) area on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer and an undoped area between the two N+ areas, and then peeling the photo-resist layer off; Step 4: depositing a first gate insulating layer on the island-shape polysilicon gate layer, depositing a first metal layer on the first gate insulating layer, and patterning the first metal layer to obtain a corresponding first gate above the undoped area, and the first gate having a width smaller than the width of the undoped area; Step 5: depositing a second gate insulating layer on the first gate insulating layer and the first gate, depositing a second metal layer on the second gate insulating layer, patterning the second metal layer to obtain a corresponding second gate above the first gate, the second gate having a width equal to the width of the undoped area, and both ends of the second gate exceeding beyond both ends of the first gate so that the portion of the undoped area covered by both the first gate and the second gate forming a groove area with strong electric field, and the portion of the undoped area covered only by the second gate forming a low electric field area; Step 6: depositing an interlayer insulating layer between the second gate insulting layer and the second gate; performing a lithography process to form vias on the interlayer insulating layer, the first gate insulating layer, and the second gate insulating layer over the N+ areas on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer; and Step 7: depositing a third metal layer on the interlayer insulating layer, patterning the third metal layer to obtain source/drain, the source/drain contacting through the vias the N+ areas on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer., which comprises: 2. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 1, the substrate is a glass substrate; the buffer layer is a composite layer with a silicon nitride layer and a silicon oxide layer; the thickness of the silicon nitride layer is 40-100 nm; the thickness of the silicon oxide layer is 100-200 nm. 3. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein in Step 2, the thickness of the a-Si layer is 40-60 nm; the crystallization process is an excimer laser annealing or solid-phase crystallization process. 4. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first gate insulating layer and the second gate insulating layer are made of silicon nitride or silicon oxide; the first gate and the second gate are made of molybdenum; the interlayer insulating layer is a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, or a combination of the two; the source/drain is a molybdenum/aluminum/molybdenum composite layer. 5. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ends of the second gate exceed beyond both ends of the first gate by 1-2 \u03bcm, respectively. 6. A manufacturing method for low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, which comprises: Step 1: providing a substrate, and depositing a buffer layer on the substrate; Step 2: depositing a first metal layer on the buffer layer, patterning the first metal layer to obtain a first gate, and depositing a first gate insulating layer on the first gate; Step 3: depositing an amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer on the first gate insulating layer, performing dehydrogenation treatment on the a-Si layer, performing a crystallization process to turn the a-Si layer into a polysilicon layer, and patterning the polysilicon layer to obtain the island-shape polysilicon layer above the corresponding first gate; Step 4: coating a photo-resist on the island-shape polysilicon layer and performing exposure and development on the photo-resist to form a photo-resist layer; using the photo-resist layer as a masking layer to perform ion implantation on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer to form an N-type heavily doped (N+) area on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer and an undoped area between the two N+ areas, and then peeling the photo-resist layer off, wherein the undoped area having a width greater than the width of the first gate; Step 5: depositing a second gate insulating layer on the island-shape polysilicon gate layer, depositing a second metal layer on the second gate insulating layer, and patterning the second metal layer to obtain a corresponding second gate above the undoped area, and the second gate insulating layer having a thickness greater than the thickness of the first gate insulating layer, wherein the second gate having a width equal to the width of the undoped area, and both ends of the second gate exceeding beyond both ends of the first gate so that the portion of the undoped area covered by both the first gate and the second gate forming a groove area with strong electric field, and the portion of the undoped area covered only by the second gate forming a low electric field area; Step 6: depositing an interlayer insulating layer between the second gate insulting layer and the second gate; performing a lithography process to form vias on the interlayer insulating layer and the second gate insulating layer over the N+ areas on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer; and Step 7: depositing a third metal layer on the interlayer insulating layer, patterning the third metal layer to obtain source/drain, the source/drain contacting through the vias the N+ areas on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer. 7. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein in Step 1, the substrate is a glass substrate; the buffer layer is a composite layer with a silicon nitride layer and a silicon oxide layer; the thickness of the silicon nitride layer is 40-100 nm; the thickness of the silicon oxide layer is 100-200 nm. 8. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein in Step 2, the thickness of the a-Si layer is 40-60 nm; the crystallization process is an excimer laser annealing or solid-phase crystallization process. 9. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first gate insulating layer and the second gate insulating layer are made of silicon nitride or silicon oxide; the first gate and the second gate are made of molybdenum; the interlayer insulating layer is a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, or a combination of the two; the source/drain is a molybdenum/aluminum/molybdenum composite layer. 10. The manufacturing method for LTPS TFT substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein the thickness of the second gate insulating layer is greater than the thickness of the first gate insulating layer by 200-500 \u212b; the ends of the second gate exceed beyond both ends of the first gate by 1-2 \u03bcm, respectively. 11. A manufacturing method for low temperature polysilicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, which comprises: Step 1: providing a substrate, and depositing a buffer layer on the substrate; Step 2: depositing a first metal layer on the buffer layer, patterning the first metal layer to obtain a first gate, and depositing a first gate insulating layer on the first gate; Step 3: depositing an amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer on the first gate insulating layer, performing dehydrogenation treatment on the a-Si layer, performing a crystallization process to turn the a-Si layer into a polysilicon layer, and patterning the polysilicon layer to obtain the island-shape polysilicon layer above the corresponding first gate; Step 4: coating a photo-resist on the island-shape polysilicon layer and performing exposure and development on the photo-resist to form a photo-resist layer; using the photo-resist layer as a masking layer to perform ion implantation on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer to form an N-type heavily doped (N+) area on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer and an undoped area between the two N+ areas, and then peeling the photo-resist layer off, wherein the undoped area having a width greater than the width of the first gate; Step 5: depositing a second gate insulating layer on the island-shape polysilicon gate layer, depositing a second metal layer on the second gate insulating layer, and patterning the second metal layer to obtain a corresponding second gate above the undoped area, and the second gate insulating layer having a thickness greater than the thickness of the first gate insulating layer, wherein the second gate having a width equal to the width of the undoped area, and both ends of the second gate exceeding beyond both ends of the first gate so that the portion of the undoped area covered by both the first gate and the second gate forming a groove area with strong electric field, and the portion of the undoped area covered only by the second gate forming a low electric field area; Step 6: depositing an interlayer insulating layer between the second gate insulting layer and the second gate; performing a lithography process to form vias on the interlayer insulating layer and the second gate insulating layer over the N+ areas on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer; and Step 7: depositing a third metal layer on the interlayer insulating layer, patterning the third metal layer to obtain source/drain, the source/drain contacting through the vias the N+ areas on both sides of the island-shape polysilicon layer; wherein in Step 1, the substrate is a glass substrate; the buffer layer is a composite layer with a silicon nitride layer and a silicon oxide layer; the thickness of the silicon nitride layer is 40-100 nm; the thickness of the silicon oxide layer is 100-200 nm; wherein in Step 2, the thickness of the a-Si layer is 40-60 nm; the crystallization process is an excimer laser annealing or solid-phase crystallization process; wherein the first gate insulating layer and the second gate insulating layer are made of silicon nitride or silicon oxide; the first gate and the second gate are made of molybdenum; the interlayer insulating layer is a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, or a combination of the two; the source/drain is a molybdenum/aluminum/molybdenum composite layer; wherein the thickness of the second gate insulating layer is greater than the thickness of the first gate insulating layer by 200-500 \u212b; the ends of the second gate exceed beyond both ends of the first gate by 1-2 \u03bcm, respectively.",
-    "The present invention relates to a modified oligoester including an oligoester (1) that in one of its ends has a group that reacts with alcohols or organic acids forming covalent bonds and in one or more of its other terminations has one or more cyclic acetal groups (2). In addition, relates to the processes for the production of such modified oligoester, as well as the use of the same in the manufacture of polyester resins, coating compositions, and composite, as well as the process for producing these resins. The scope of the present invention is related to the chemical sector, particularly in what refers to modified oligoesters with cyclic acetal groups. 1. A modified oligoester comprising: an oligoester (1) containing at least one esterifiable functional group in one terminations and bounded in one or more of the ends of a chain with a cyclic acetal group (2). 2. The modified oligoester according to claim 1, wherein the modified oligoester has a formula: where: R1 and R2 independently represent organic groups in general, and hydrogen; R3, R4, and R5 represent (CH2)a groups, with whole integer values of \u201ca\u201d greater or equal to zero, independent for each group; R6 and R7 independently represent organic groups; R8 represents a group that forms covalent bonds with \u2014OH groups or \u2014COOH groups, selected from the group consisting of alcohols (6), carboxylic acids (7), aldehydes (8), ketones (9), amines (10), acyl halides (11), inorganic acids (12), and hydroxides (13); \u201cn\u201d is a positive number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 10. 3. The modified oligoester according to claim 1, wherein the oligoester (1) comes from: an esterification reaction between esterifiables monomers selected from the group consisting of polyols (3), carboxylic polyacids (4), and hydroxyacids (5), or depolymerization of virgin or waste polyesters, including at least one of the following: polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyethylene adipate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polyhydroxybutyrate, and polyhydroxyvalerate. 4. The modified oligoester according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic acetals (2) groups come from oligoacetals (15) or monohydric cyclic acetals (17). 5. The modified oligoester modified according to claim 4, wherein the oligoacetals (15) come from the reaction between a triol (16) with an aldehyde (8) or a ketone (9). 6. The modified oligoester according to claim 4, wherein the monohydric cyclic acetals (17) come from the reaction between a triol (16) with an (8) aldehyde or a ketone (9). 7. The modified oligoester modified according to claim 4, wherein the monohydric cyclic acetals (17) come from reaction between glycerol (18) with an aldehyde (8) or a ketone (9). 8. A process to obtain the modified oligoester of the claim 1, the process comprising the steps of: (a) synthesizing an oligoester (1) via the depolymerization of polyesters or a reaction between esterifiables monomers selected from the group consisting of polyols (3), carboxylic polyacids (4), and hydroxyacids (5); (b) reacting the oligoester (1) of the step (a) and a compound containing one or more cyclic acetal groups and one or more alcohol groups. 9. The process for obtaining modified oligoester according to claim 8, wherein the compound containing acetals groups and the hydroxyl groups of the step (b) are selected from the group comprising monohydric cyclic acetals (17) and oligoacetals (15). 10. The process for obtaining modified oligoester according to claim 8, wherein the reaction temperature is between about 100 to about 300\u00b0 C. and with a pressure of between about 20 kPa and about 2 MPa. 11. The process for obtaining modified oligoester according to claim 8, wherein a degree of polymerization is between about 2 and about 10. 12. The process for obtaining modified oligoester according to claim 8, at further including the step of purification of the modified oligoester resulting from step (b). 13. A chemical composition comprising the modified oligoester according to claim 1, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydroxy acids (5), polyols (3) and carboxylic polyacids (4), and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of catalysts (19), solvents (20), and additives (21). 14. The chemical composition according to claim 13 wherein the chemical composition is a polyester resin. 15. The chemical composition according to claim 14, wherein the polyester resin contains dicyclopentadiene. 16. The chemical composition according to claim 14, wherein the polyester resin includes a solvent content of less than 35% by weight. 17. The chemical composition according to claim 16, wherein the solvent is styrene in an amount between 0% and 35% by weight. 18. The chemical composition according to claim 16, wherein the polyester resin has a content of compounds classified as HAPS equal to or less than 35% by weight and a content of compounds classified as VOCs equal to or less than 35% by weight. 19. The chemical composition according to claim 14, wherein the chemical composition is a coating composition containing a polyester resin as film former. 20. The chemical composition according to claim 14, wherein the chemical composition is a composite including a polyester resin as a polymeric matrix. 21. A process for obtaining the polyester resin according to claim 14, further including the steps of: (c) polymerization in the presence of the modified oligoester of claim 1, two or more monomers selected group comprising hydroxy acids (5), polyols (3), carboxylic polyacids (4); (d) adjusting the polyester obtained in step (a) 22. The process for the production of resin polyester according to claim 21, wherein the polymerization step (a) is performed in the presence of lipids (22), catalysts (19), solvents (20) and additives (21). 23. The process for the production of resin polyester according to claim 21, wherein the reaction of the step (a) the temperature is between about 100 to about 300\u00b0 C. and the pressure is between about 20 kPa and about 2 MPa. 24. The process for the production of resin polyester according to claim 21, wherein in the polymerization step (a) includes an esterification process, a transesterification process, or combination thereof. 25. The process for the production of resin polyester according to claim 21, wherein the reaction has a final acid value preferably between about 10 and about 60 mg KOH/g resin. 26. The process for the production of resin polyester according to claim 21, further including a purification step for the resin. 27. The use of the modified oligoester of claim 1, as a chain stopper for the manufacture of polyester resins.",
-    "A radio base station apparatus including a function for determining a transmission power, including: a neighbor cell detection unit configured to detect a neighbor cell that interferes with a target cell that the radio base station apparatus can form; a received power measurement unit configured to measure, for each neighbor cell detected by the neighbor cell detection unit, a received power from the neighbor cell; and a transmission power determination unit configured to calculate, for each band part that overlaps with a transmission band of the radio base station apparatus in transmission bands of each neighbor cell, a sum of received powers for neighbor cells having transmission bands each including the band part, and to determine an interference amount in the target cell based on the sum of received powers so as to determine the transmission power by using the interference amount. 1. A radio base station apparatus including a function for determining a transmission power, comprising: a neighbor cell detection unit configured to detect a neighbor cell that interferes with a target cell that the radio base station apparatus can form; a received power measurement unit configured to measure, for each neighbor cell detected by the neighbor cell detection unit, a received power from the neighbor cell; and a transmission power determination unit configured to calculate, for each band part that overlaps with a transmission band of the radio base station apparatus in transmission bands of each neighbor cell, a sum of received powers for neighbor cells having transmission bands each including the band part, and to determine an interference amount in the target cell based on the sum of received powers so as to determine the transmission power by using the interference amount. 2. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transmission power determination unit regards the largest value in sums of received powers calculated for each band part to be the interference amount in the target cell, and determines the transmission power by using the interference amount. 3. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transmission power determination unit obtains the number of terminals connected to the radio base station apparatus, and selects, based on the number of terminals, a value to be used as the interference amount in the target cell from among sums of received powers calculated for each band part so as to determine the transmission power by using the value. 4. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transmission power determination unit weights the received power for each communication scheme of neighbor cells detected by the neighbor cell detection unit, calculates sums of weighted received powers for each band part, regards the largest value in sums of the weighted received powers to be the interference amount in the target cell, and determines the transmission power by using the interference amount. 5. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transmission power determination unit weights sums of received powers for each band part, regards the largest value in weighted sums of the received powers to be the interference amount in the target cell, and determines the transmission power by using the interference amount. 6. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein, when detecting the neighbor cell, the neighbor cell detection unit searches a smaller number of measurement points than the number of measurement points where a center of a band of a neighbor cell may exist. 7. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, comprising: an other-cell transition parameter determination transmission unit configured to determine a parameter, based on the interference amount determined by the transmission power determination unit, that is used by a mobile terminal to perform other cell transition, and to transmit the parameter to the mobile terminal. 8. The radio base station apparatus as claimed in claim 1, comprising: a path loss obtaining unit configured to obtain a path loss of downlink from a mobile terminal connected to the radio base station apparatus, wherein the transmission power determination unit adjusts the transmission power based on a path loss of a pre-registered mobile terminal from among path losses obtained by the path loss obtaining unit. 9. A transmission power determination method executed by a radio base station apparatus, comprising: a neighbor cell detection step of detecting a neighbor cell that interferes with a target cell that the radio base station apparatus can form; a received power measurement step of measuring, for each neighbor cell detected by the neighbor cell detection step, a received power from the neighbor cell; and a transmission power determination step of calculating, for each band part that overlaps with a transmission band of the radio base station apparatus in transmission bands of each neighbor cell, a sum of received powers for neighbor cells having transmission bands each including the band part, and determining an interference amount in the target cell based on the sum of received powers so as to determine the transmission power by using the interference amount. 10. The transmission power determination method as claimed in claim 9, wherein, in the transmission power determination step, the radio base station apparatus regards the largest value in sums of received powers calculated for each band part to be the interference amount in the target cell, and determines the transmission power by using the interference amount.",
-    "In CA performed using three or more frequency bands, whether or not a mobile station UE is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap is properly determined. The mobile station UE according to the invention includes a transmission unit 11 configured to transmit \u201cUE Capability\u201d indicating a capability of the mobile station UE to a radio base station eNB. The transmission unit 11 is configured to notify frequency bands in which the mobile station UE is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap for each \u201cCA band combination\u201d as the \u201cUE Capability\u201d. 1. A mobile station, comprising: a transmission unit configured to transmit capability information indicating a capability of the mobile station to a radio base station, wherein the transmission unit notifies a frequency band in which the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap for each combination of two or more frequency bands as the capability information. 2. A radio base station, comprising: a carrier aggregation control unit configured to control carrier aggregation of a mobile station; and a reception unit configured to receive an information element as capability information indicating a capability of the mobile station from the mobile station, the information element indicating a frequency band in which the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap for each combination of two or more frequency bands, wherein the carrier aggregation control unit determines, based on the information element, whether or not the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap in carrier aggregation performed using three or more frequency bands. 3. A radio base station, comprising: a carrier aggregation control unit configured to control carrier aggregation of a mobile station; and a reception unit configured to receive an information element as capability information indicating a capability of the mobile station from the mobile station, the information element indicating whether or not the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap for each combination of two frequency bands, wherein when the information element indicates that an inter-frequency measurement is performable without a gap in all combinations of two frequency bands among three or more frequency bands, the carrier aggregation control unit determines that the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap in carrier aggregation performed using the three or more frequency bands. 4. A radio base station, comprising: a carrier aggregation control unit configured to control carrier aggregation of a mobile station; and a reception unit configured to receive an information element as capability information of the mobile station from the mobile station, the information element indicating whether or not the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap for each combination of two frequency bands, wherein when the information element indicates that the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap in all combinations of a frequency band including a primary component carrier and a frequency band including a secondary component carrier among three or more frequency bands, the carrier aggregation control unit determines that the mobile station is capable of performing an inter-frequency measurement without a gap in carrier aggregation performed using the three or more frequency bands.",
-    "A composition for use in developing and/or improving brain function comprises a glyceride having a palmitoyl group at the 2-position wherein at least 40% by weight of the palmitic acid content of the composition is present as palmitoyl groups bonded at the 2-position of a glyceride. 1. Composition comprising a glyceride having a palmitoyl group at the 2-position wherein at least 40% by weight of the palmitic acid content of the composition is present as palmitoyl groups bonded at the 2-position of a glyceride, for use in developing and/or improving brain function. 2. Composition as claimed in claim 1, for use in developing and/or improving brain function by increasing the level of oleoylethanolamide. 3. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the glyceride having a palmitoyl group is a triglyceride. 4. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the glyceride having a palmitoyl group is 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glyceride (OPO). 5. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the glyceride having a palmitoyl group is derived from a vegetable source. 6. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the glyceride having a palmitoyl group is produced by the reaction of palm oil stearin with oleic acid or an ester thereof in the presence of a lipase. 7. Composition as claimed in claim 1, which comprises alpha-linolenic acid or a derivative thereof in an amount of greater than 1% by weight alpha-linoleic acid based on total free and bound C6 to C24 fatty acids and/or linoleic acid or a glyceride thereof, and wherein the weight ratio of total free and bound linoleic acid to total free and bound alpha-linolenic acid is preferably 15:1 or less. 8. Composition as claimed in claim 1 which is a blend comprising (i) a composition comprising alpha-linolenic acid or a glyceride thereof and (ii) a triglyceride composition comprising OPO in an amount of at least 20% by weight, and wherein the composition comprising alpha-linolenic acid or a glyceride thereof is preferably a vegetable oil. 9. Composition as claimed in claim 1 which is free of phospholipids. 10. Composition as claimed in claim 1, for use in developing brain function in an infant, wherein the composition is preferably an infant formula further comprising protein, carbohydrate, minerals and vitamins. 11. Composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the developing and/or improving brain function comprises one or more of motor skills, learning, memory, intelligence (for example IQ), language skills and cognitive functions. 12.-13. (canceled) 14. A method of developing and/or improving brain function in a subject comprising providing to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition for consumption, where the composition comprises a glyceride having a palmitoyl group at the 2-position wherein at least 40% by weight of the palmitic acid content of the composition is present as the palmitoyl. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, where the composition consists of the glyceride.",
-    "Various embodiments may relate to a lighting device, including an excitation radiation source and a two-sided luminescent-material wheel. At least one luminescent material is provided on each of the two sides of the two-sided luminescent-material wheel, thus both on the front side and on the opposite back side. The luminescent materials on both sides are excited sequentially in time. For this purpose, at least one transmissive region is provided in the rotating luminescent-material wheel, through which transmissive region the excitation radiation can radiate, which excitation radiation can be deflected onto the luminescent material on the back side by means of an optical unit. 1. A lighting device, comprising; an excitation radiation source for the emission of excitation radiation, a phosphor wheel, comprising a carrier substrate having a front side and a rear side, wherein the phosphor wheel is arranged in a beam path of the excitation radiation such that the excitation radiation can pass onto the front side, and wherein the phosphor wheel further comprises: at least one phosphor arranged on the front side and serving for irradiation with excitation radiation and wavelength conversion of the excitation radiation into wavelength-converted radiation, at least one phosphor arranged on the rear side and serving for irradiation with excitation radiation and wavelength conversion of the excitation radiation into wavelength-converted radiation, a first region transmissive to the excitation radiation, said first region being designed to the effect that the excitation radiation can pass onto the rear side, and an optical device, which is designed to deflect the excitation radiation that irradiates the front side of the carrier substrate and radiates through the first transmissive region thereof onto the rear side of the carrier substrate. 2. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical device is designed such that the wavelength-converted radiation emitted by a phosphor on the rear side of the carrier substrate radiates counter to the excitation radiation back through the first transmissive region of the phosphor wheel. 3. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical device comprises a dichroic mirror, which transmits the wavelength-converted radiation emitted by a phosphor on the rear side of the carrier substrate. 4. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical device comprises at least one optical element which acts as a deflection mirror for the excitation radiation and the wavelength-converted radiation emitted by a phosphor on the rear side of the carrier substrate. 5. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a filter element arranged in the beam path of the wavelength-converted radiation emitted by the rear side of the carrier substrate. 6. The lighting device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the filter element is designed as a wavelength- and/or polarization-dependent filter. 7. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an optical element arranged in the beam path between excitation radiation source and front side of the carrier substrate of the phosphor wheel, said optical element being designed to transmit the excitation radiation and to reflect the wavelength-converted radiation, or vice versa. 8. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carrier substrate comprises a second and a third region transmissive to the excitation radiation, and the lighting device is designed such that the excitation radiation irradiating the front side of the carrier substrate radiates through the second transmissive region, is deflected onto the rear side of the carrier substrate with the aid of the optical device and radiates through the third transmissive region. 9. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the excitation radiation source comprises a laser diode matrix. 10. The lighting device as claimed in claim 8, wherein the first or each transmissive region is formed by an opening in the carrier substrate. 11. The lighting device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the opening is filled with transparent or translucent material. 12. The lighting device as claimed in claim 8, wherein the first and/or a further or each transmissive region is provided with a color or polarization filter or a polarization-rotating optical element. 13. A method for operating a lighting device, the lighting device comprising: an excitation radiation source for the emission of excitation radiation, a phosphor wheel, comprising a carrier substrate having a front side and a rear side, wherein the phosphor wheel is arranged in a beam path of the excitation radiation such that the excitation radiation can pass onto the front side, and wherein the phosphor wheel further comprises: at least one phosphor arranged on the front side and serving for irradiation with excitation radiation and wavelength conversion of the excitation radiation into wavelength-converted radiation, at least one phosphor arranged on the rear side and serving for irradiation with excitation radiation and wavelength conversion of the excitation radiation into wavelength-converted radiation, a first region transmissive to the excitation radiation, said first region being designed to the effect that the excitation radiation can pass onto the rear side, and an optical device, which is designed to deflect the excitation radiation that irradiates the front side of the carrier substrate and radiates through the first transmissive region thereof onto the rear side of the carrier substrate, the method comprising: irradiating the at least one phosphor arranged on the front side of the carrier substrate of the rotating phosphor wheel with the excitation radiation, and causing the excitation radiation to radiate through the first transmissive segment from the front side and deflecting the transmitted excitation radiation onto the at least one phosphor arranged on the rear side of the carrier substrate of the rotating phosphor wheel. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, further comprising: causing the excitation radiation to radiate through the second transmissive segment in a manner coming from the front side, deflecting the transmitted excitation radiation onto the third transmissive segment, and causing the deflected excitation radiation to radiate through the third transmissive segment in a manner coming from the rear side. 15. The lighting device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lighting device is used in a projector for data or video projection.",
-    "A docking device, for a milking parlor with a rotary platform and a plurality of milking stalls, includes a first docking unit with a part of a first milk line connected to the platform and a second docking unit with a part of a second milk line separately arranged from the platform. At least one of the docking units includes an adjusting mechanism allowing an adjustment of a position of said docking unit in relation to the other docking unit. At least one of the docking units is associated with a guiding surface configured to guide the other docking unit during the movement in order to reach the docking position in which a closed connection is provided between the outlet opening of the first docking unit and the inlet opening of the second docking unit. 1. A docking device of a milking parlour in the form of a rotatable, rotary platform (2) with a plurality of milking stalls (3) and a common circular milk line (20) that receives milk from animals milked in the milking stalls (3), the docking device comprising: a first milk line (30-34), connected to the rotatable platform (2) configured to receive a milk sample from an animal (1) milked in a milking stall (3), the milk sample received by the first milk line being separate from the milk received by the common circular milk line (20); a second milk line (35,37) separate from the rotatable platform (2) and configured to feed the milk sample to a milk sampling apparatus that is also separate from the rotatable platform (2); a first docking unit (34) comprising an outlet opening (34a) of the first milk line (30-34); and a second docking unit (35) comprising an inlet opening (35a) of the second milk line (35, 37), one of the first and second docking units (34, 35) is moveable towards the other of the first and second docking units (34, 35) to reach a docking position when the milking stall (3) on the rotatable platform (2) operationally moves along with the rotatable platform to a predetermined rotary position (pn), wherein the one of the first and second docking units (34, 35) comprises an adjusting mechanism (38) that adjusts a position of the one of said first and second docking units (34, 35) in relation to the other of said first and second docking units (34, 35), at least one of the first and second docking units (34, 35) being associated with a guiding surface (34b) configured to guide the other of the first and second docking units (34, 35) during movement of the first and second docking units (34, 35) relative to each other in order to reach the docking position in which a closed connection is accomplished between the outlet opening (34a) of the first docking unit (34) and the inlet opening (35a) of the second docking unit (35). 2. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein the first docking unit (34) and the second docking unit (35) comprises complementary shaped contact surfaces (34b, 35b) in the docking position forming the closed connection between the inlet opening (34a) and the outlet opening (35a). 3. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second docking units (34, 35) comprises a contact surface with the other docking unit in the docking position formed by a sealing member. 4. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein said movable docking unit (34, 35) is configured to provide a substantially vertical movement towards the other docking unit (34, 35). 5. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein said movable docking unit (34, 35) is configured to provide a movement towards the other docking unit (34, 35) by means of an extensible power member (39). 6. The docking device according to claim 5, wherein said extensible power member (39) is separately mounted in relation to the platform (2). 7. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein said guiding surface comprises a conically shaped surface (34b). 8. The docking device according to claim 7, wherein said docking unit associated with the guiding surface (34b) is a funnel-shaped docking unit (34). 9. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein the docking unit associated with the guiding surface (34b) is associated with the first milk line (30-34). 10. The docking device according to claim 11, wherein the docking device comprises a spring member (44) coiled around the tubular portion, a first end of the spring member (44) resting against a contact surface (42a) of the bracket (42) at a location of the through hole (42b). 11. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein the movable one of the first and second docking units is mounted atop a piston thereby to be moved towards the other of the first and second docking units (34, 35), and wherein the adjusting mechanism (38) comprises a bracket (42) having a through hole (42b), through which a tubular portion of the one of the first and second docking units (34, 35) extends, the tubular portion configured to pivot about a pivot axis formed by through hole (42b). 12. The docking device according to claim 10, opposing end of the coil spring (44) is arranged between a contact surface (35c2) of the docking unit (35) and the contact surface (42a). 13. The docking device according to claim 12, wherein the adjusting mechanism (38) comprises a second bracket (41) with a second through hole (41b) through which the docking unit (35) extends, and wherein the second through hole (41b) in the second bracket (41) has a larger diameter than a diameter of the tubular portion of the unit (35). 14. The docking device according to claim 13, wherein the docking unit (35) is provided with an annular flange (35c) having a larger diameter than the second through hole (41b) in the first bracket (41), a second end of the spring resting against a first surface of the annular flange (35c), and an opposing second surface of the annular flange (35c) resting against a perimeter of the second through hole (41b). 15. The docking device according to claim 14, wherein the annular flange (35c) has a curved surface (35c1) to be in contact with the second bracket (41) in the vicinity of the second through hole (41b). 16. (canceled) 17. The docking device according to claim 1, wherein the outlet opening (34a) of said first docking unit (34) is located at a free end portion (34b) of the first docking unit (34). 18. The docking device according to claim 12, wherein a free end portion (35b) of the second docking unit (35) is formed with a convex surface in the vicinity of the inlet opening (35a). 19. (canceled)",
-    "A remote operation receiver (111) is configured to communicate with a communication terminal and receive a remote operation from outside a home. A remote operation monitor (112) is configured to monitor a state of communication with the communication terminal at the remote operation receiver (111) during an operation based on the remote operation. A notifier (114) is configured to provide in the home guidance to urge a user to conduct a manual operation on a manual operation receiver (121) when the remote operation monitor (112) detects that the communication with the communication terminal is discontinued. Then, an indoor device (10) is configured to make a shift to normal operation upon reception of the manual operation within a reference time period. An abnormal remote operation processor (124) is configured to set an extended time period corresponding to an operation state and then make a transition of the indoor device (10) to a safe operation when no manual operation is received even if the reference time period has elapsed. 1. An indoor device installed in a home and configured to operate a predetermined main function, the indoor device comprising: a remote operation receiver configured to communicate with a communication terminal and to receive a remote operation from outside the home; an operation receiver configured to receive an operation from inside the home; a main function controller configured to control an operation of the main function based on the remote operation received by the remote operation receiver or the operation received by the operation receiver; a communication monitor configured to monitor a state of communication with the communication terminal at the remote operation receiver during execution of an operation based on the remote operation; and a notifier configured to provide notice that the remote operation is disabled or guidance to urge a user to conduct an operation on the operation receiver when the communication monitor detects that the communication with the communication terminal is discontinued. 2. The indoor device according to claim 1, wherein the main function controller is configured to terminate the remote operation when the operation receiver receives an operation within a reference time period after the notifier provides the notice or the guidance, and to control the operation of the main function based on the operation received by the operation receiver. 3. The indoor device according to claim 1, further comprising: an abnormal event processor configured to control the main function controller to make a transition to a predetermined safe operation when the operation receiver receives no operation after elapse of a reference time period after the notifier provides the notice or the guidance. 4. The indoor device according to claim 10, further comprising: a device monitor configured to collect a device state collectable from the communication terminal in place of the communication terminal, wherein the abnormal event processor is configured to control the main function controller to immediately make a transition to the safe operation without waiting for the elapse of the extended time period when occurrence of an abnormal device event is determined from the device state collected by the device monitor. 5. The indoor device according to claim 1, wherein the communication monitor is configured to cut off a transmission path connecting the remote operation receiver to the main function controller when the communication with the communication terminal is detected to be discontinued. 6. The indoor device according to claim 1, wherein a unit including at least the remote operation receiver and the communication monitor is separate from a unit including at least the operation receiver and the main function controller. 7. A home system including an indoor device installed in a home and configured to operate a predetermined main function, a control device configured to manage the indoor device in the home, and a communication terminal configured to be used outside the home, wherein the indoor device comprises: a remote operation receiver configured to receive a remote operation from the communication terminal; an indoor operation receiver configured to receive an operation from inside the home via the control device; a main function controller configured to control an operation of the main function based on the remote operation received by the remote operation receiver or an indoor operation received by the indoor operation receiver; a communication monitor configured to monitor a state of communication with the communication terminal at the remote operation receiver during execution of an operation based on the remote operation; and a notification requestor configured to request the control device to provide notice that the remote operation is disabled or guidance to urge an indoor operation when the communication monitor detects that the communication with the communication terminal is discontinued, and the control device comprises: an outdoor communicator configured to relay communication between the communication terminal and the indoor device; an operator configured to be operated by a user in the home; an indoor communicator configured to send the indoor operation corresponding to an operation on the operator to the indoor device and to receive a notification request sent from the indoor device; and a notifier configured to provide notice that the remote operation is disabled or guidance to urge a user to conduct an operation on the operator when the indoor communicator receives the notification request. 8. A control method for an indoor device installed in a home and configured to operate a predetermined main function, the control method comprising: a remote operation reception step of communicating with a communication terminal and receiving a remote operation from outside the home; an operation reception step of receiving an operation from inside the home; a main function control step of controlling an operation of the main function based on the remote operation received in the remote operation reception step or the operation received in the operation reception step; a communication monitoring step of monitoring a state of communication with the communication terminal in the remote operation reception step during execution of an operation based on the remote operation; and a notification step of providing notice that the remote operation is disabled or guidance to urge a user to conduct the operation in the operation reception step when the communication with the communication terminal is detected to be discontinued in the communication monitoring step. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a program, the program causing a computer installed in a home and configured to operate a predetermined main function to function as: a remote operation receiver configured to communicate with a communication terminal and to receive a remote operation from outside the home; an operation receiver configured to receive an operation from inside the home; a main function controller configured to control an operation of the main function based on the remote operation received by the remote operation receiver or the operation received by the operation receiver; a communication monitor configured to monitor a state of communication with the communication terminal at the remote operation receiver during execution of an operation based on the remote operation; and a notifier configured to provide notice that the remote operation is disabled or guidance to urge a user to conduct an operation on the operation receiver when the communication monitor detects that the communication with the communication terminal is discontinued. 10. The indoor device according to claim 3, wherein the abnormal event processor is configured to set an extended time period to make a transition to the safe operation based on an operation state of the main function, and the main function controller is configured to make a transition to the safe operation after elapse of the extended time period.",
-    "A wheel includes a main wheel having a stepped core part and a tire formed of a urethane material as an outer surface thereof, and an auxiliary wheel having a ring shape and provided on a circumferentially-central portion of an outer surface of the main wheel, on which the tire is provided, in an insertion manner. The main wheel is formed of a plastic material, and the auxiliary wheel is formed of a metallic material that is different from the material of the main wheel. 1. A wheel comprising: a main wheel (110) having a stepped core part (111) and a tire (101) formed of a urethane material as an outer surface thereof; and an auxiliary wheel (120) having a ring shape and provided on a circumferentially-central portion of the outer surface of the main wheel (110), on which the tire (101) is provided, in an insertion manner, wherein the main wheel (110) is formed of a plastic material, and the auxiliary wheel (120) is formed of a metallic material that is different from the material of the main wheel (110). 2. The wheel of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary wheel (120) and the main wheel (110) have a difference in specific gravity (density) and the metallic auxiliary wheel (120) is coupled to the outer surface of the main wheel (110) so as to increase a rotation speed of the wheel due to a local mass increase at the same volume. 3. The wheel of claim 1, wherein the main wheel (110) is provided with a protruded ring-type recess (112) in which the auxiliary wheel (120) is inserted into and coupled to along a circumferentially-central portion of an outer surface of the recess, wherein the auxiliary wheel (120) protrudes farther than the protruded ring-type recess (112). 4. The wheel of claim 1, wherein the main wheel (110) is configured such that the auxiliary wheel (120) is integrally embedded in the circumferentially-central portion of the outer surface of the main wheel (110). 5. The wheel of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary wheel (120) having the ring shape is formed of any one material selected from the group including steel, aluminum, tungsten, brass, titanium, and stainless steel. 6. The wheel of claim 5, wherein the wheel in which the auxiliary wheel (120) is disposed in the main wheel (110) is used for extreme sports, inline-skating, skateboarding, essboarding, kickboarding, or the like.",
-    "A device is provided for regulating an assistance power of a bicycle fitted with an electrical power assistance machine. The device includes a rotation-sense detector, a speed sensor, and a central electronic controller. The detector is arranged to detect a sense of rotation of pedals of the bicycle. The speed sensor is arranged to measure a speed of a wheel of the bicycle. The central electronic controller is configured to calculate a total power of the bicycle from the measured speed, and to determine a power setpoint of an electric motor from the calculated total power, the sense of rotation of the pedals, and a power assistance factor selected by a cyclist of the bicycle. A method for regulating an assistance power of an electric power-assisted bicycle also is provided. 1-9. (canceled) 10. A device for regulating an assistance power of a bicycle fitted with an electrical power assistance machine, the device comprising: a rotation-sense detector arranged to detect a sense of rotation of pedals of the bicycle; a speed sensor arranged to measure a speed of a wheel of the bicycle; a central electronic controller arranged to calculate a total power of the bicycle from the speed, and to determine a power setpoint of an electric motor from the total power, the sense of rotation of the pedals, and a power assistance factor selected by a cyclist of the bicycle. 11. The device according to claim 10, further comprising a gradient sensor arranged to determine a gradient of a road on which the bicycle is travelling, the gradient being used to calculate the total power of the bicycle. 12. The device according to claim 10, wherein the gradient sensor includes an inertial platform equipped with an accelerometer and a gyroscope. 13. The device according to claim 10, further comprising a speed variator or a torque variator arranged to control the electric motor as a function of the power setpoint determined by the central electronic controller. 14. The device according to claim 10, wherein the rotation-sense detector includes two magnetic sensors, each of the two magnetic sensors being arranged to interact with at least one magnet fitted to a chainset of the pedals. 15. The device according to claim 10, wherein the speed sensor includes a magnetic sensor arranged to interact with at least one magnet fitted to the wheel. 16. The device according to claim 10, further comprising: a power selector arranged to enable the cyclist to select a power assistance mode; and a transmitter arranged to transmit the power assistance mode selected by the cyclist to the central electronic controller as the power assistance factor. 17. A method for regulating an assistance power of a bicycle fitted with an electrical power assistance machine, the method comprising: determining a wheel speed and a sense of rotation of pedals of the bicycle; calculating a total power of the bicycle as a function of the sense of rotation, the wheel speed, and a set of predetermined parameters; calculating a power setpoint of the electrical power assistance machine as a function of the total power of the bicycle and a predetermined power assistance factor. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising determining an angle of the bicycle, the angle representing a gradient of a ground surface on which the bicycle is travelling.",
-    "An optoelectronic filter having at least one input and an output includes a modulator circuit having at least first and second inputs with a first one of the modulator circuit inputs adapted to couple to a respective one of the at least one input of the optoelectronic filter. The modulator circuit receives at least a first radio frequency (RF) signal having a first power level and a second RF signal having a second, different power level at the first one of the modulator circuit inputs and in response thereto generates a modulated signal at an output thereof. The first RF signal is suppressed relative to the second RF signal in the modulated signal. The optoelectronic filter additionally includes a light source adapted to couple to a second one of the modulator circuit inputs. A corresponding method is also provided. 1. An optoelectronic filter having at least one input and an output, the optoelectronic filter comprising: a modulator circuit having at least first and second inputs with a first one of the modulator circuit inputs adapted to couple to a respective one of the at least one input of the optoelectronic filter, said modulator circuit configured to receive at least a first radio frequency (RF) signal having a first power level and a second RF signal having a second, different power level at the first one of the modulator circuit inputs and in response thereto said modulator circuit generates a modulated signal at an output thereof, wherein the first RF signal is suppressed relative to the second RF signal in the modulated signal; and a light source adapted to couple to a second one of the modulator circuit inputs, said light source configured to provide a beam having an optical intensity to the second one of the modulator circuit inputs. 2. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 wherein an optical intensity of the beam is selected to provide gain to the modulated signal. 3. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 further comprising: a signal level control circuit having an input adapted to couple to the respective one input of the optoelectronic filter and the first one of the modulator circuit inputs, said signal level control circuit configured to receive the first and second RF signals, attenuate a power level of the first RF signal and/or a power level of the second RF signal, and provide a level-adjusted signal to the first one of the modulator circuit inputs as the first and second RF signals. 4. The optoelectronic filter of claim 3 wherein the signal level control circuit attenuates or amplifies the power level of the first RF signal and/or the power level of the second RF signal using a respective plurality of level control factors. 5. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 further comprising: a signal level control circuit having an input adapted to couple to the modulator circuit output, said signal level control circuit configured to receive the modulated signal, attenuate one or more respective portions of the modulated signal representative of the first power level of the first RF signal and/or the power level of the second RF signal such that the first RF signal is further suppressed relative to the second RF signal, and provide an attenuated signal at an output thereof. 6. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 further comprising: a detector circuit having an input coupled to the modulator circuit output, said detector circuit configured to receive the modulated signal at the input thereof and to provide a detected signal at an output thereof. 7. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 wherein phase noise of the first RF signal is substantially suppressed from the output signal. 8. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 wherein a ratio of the power level of the first RF signal to a voltage level required to transition the first RF signal from constructive to destructive interference in said modulator circuit is given by \u03c0v1/V\u03c0, where v1 is the power level of the first RF signal and V\u03c0 is the voltage level. 9. The optoelectronic filter of claim 8 wherein the ratio produces an interference pattern having a generally sinusoidal shape. 10. The optoelectronic filter of claim 8 wherein when the ratio is in the range of about 3.7 to about 3.9, the first RF signal is substantially suppressed and the second RF signal is proximate a local maximum. 11. The optoelectronic filter of claim 8 wherein when the ratio is about 3.83 the transmission characteristic of the first RF signal from the respective input of the optoelectronic filter to a respective output of the optoelectronic filter is about zero and the transmission characteristic of the second RF signal from the respective input of the optoelectronic filter to the respective output of the optoelectronic filter is proximate a local maximum. 12. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 wherein the modulator circuit is a Mach-Zehnder modulator. 13. The optoelectronic filter of claim 1 wherein the light source comprises a light emitting diode (LED), and/or a laser diode. 14. A method of filtering received signals in an optoelectronic filter, the method comprising: receiving first and second radio frequency (RF) signals at an input of the optoelectronic filter, wherein the first RF signal is provided having a first power level and the second RF signal is provided having a second, lower power level; adjusting the power level of the first RF signal and/or the power level of the second RF signal to produce a level adjusted signal; and generating a modulated signal from the level adjusted signal at an output of a modulator circuit, wherein the first RF signal is suppressed relative to the second RF signal in the modulated signal. 15. In a communication system, a receiver coupled to receive first and second radio frequency (RF) signals from one or more remote locations, wherein the first RF signal is provided having a first power level and the second RF signal is provided having a second, different power level, said receiver comprising: an optoelectronic filter having at least one input and an output, the optoelectronic filter comprising: a modulator circuit having at least first and second inputs with a first one of the modulator circuit inputs adapted to couple to a respective one of the at least one input of the optoelectronic filter, said modulator circuit configured to receive at least the first and second RF signals at the first one of the modulator circuit inputs and in response thereto said modulator circuit generates a modulated signal at an output thereof, wherein the first RF signal is suppressed relative to the second RF signal in the modulated signal; and a light source adapted to couple to a second one of the modulator circuit inputs, said light source configured to provide a beam having an optical intensity to the second one of the modulator circuit inputs. 16. The receiver of claim 15 wherein the optical intensity of the beam is selected to provide gain to the modulated signal. 17. The receiver of claim 15 wherein the optoelectronic filter further comprises: a signal level control circuit having an input adapted to couple to the respective one input of the optoelectronic filter and the first one of the modulator circuit inputs, said signal level control circuit configured to receive the first and second RF signals, adjust the power level of the first RF signal and/or the power level of the second RF signal, and provide a level adjusted signal to the first one of the modulator circuit inputs as the first and second RF signals. 18. The receiver of claim 17 wherein the signal level control circuit adjusts the power level of the first RF signal and/or the power level of the second RF signal using a respective plurality of level control factors. 19. The receiver of claim 15 wherein the optoelectronic filter further comprises: a signal level control circuit having an input adapted to couple to the modulator circuit output, said signal level control circuit configured to receive the input signal and adjust signal levels of one or more respective portions of the input signal representative of the power level of the first RF signal and/or the power level of the second RF signal. 20. The receiver of claim 15 wherein the optoelectronic filter further comprises: a detector circuit having an input coupled to the modulator circuit output, said detector circuit configured to receive the modulated signal at the input thereof and to provide a detected signal at an output thereof.",
-    "The present invention provides an external apparatus that allows automated quantification of the quality of the endoscopy procedure and methods for using the same. The apparatus of the invention includes an endoscope tracking device that is operatively connected to an endoscope cord surface so that a variety of information related to movement of the endoscope can be accurately captured. Exemplary movement information include, but are not limited to, distance travelled by the endoscope, direction of movement by the endoscope, torque exerted by the endoscope, etc. The endoscope tracking device comprises an electromechanical tracking sensor(s) that produce movement information of the endoscope including the ratio of forward and backward movements as well as withdrawal time of the endoscope. As these metrics can be obtained automatically, the apparatus and the method of the present invention can be used as a quality control in daily medical practice. Furthermore, the apparatus and the method of the invention can be used to create or determine best practice standards for endoscopy procedure training or as part of medical skills evaluation. 1. An electromechanical tracking device configured for use in an endoscopy procedure, said electromechanical tracking device comprising: a rotatable wheel configured such that an endoscope is adapted to be in contact with said rotatable wheel, wherein said rotatable wheel is further configured to rotate in proportion to the amount of movement of the endoscope that is in contact with said rotatable wheel; an electromechanical sensor operatively connected to said rotatable wheel, wherein said electromechanical sensor is configured to generate a first signal when said rotatable wheel moves in one direction and a different signal when said rotatable wheel moves in an opposite direction; and an electrical signal receiving unit that is configured to receive the electric signal generated by said electromechanical sensor, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is further configured to determine the direction and the amount of said rotatable wheel movement. 2. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 1, wherein said device comprises two of said rotatable wheels that are configured such that the endoscope is adapted to be in contact with both of said rotatable wheels. 3. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 1, wherein said rotatable wheel comprises a channel that is adapted to maintain the endoscope within said channel when the endoscope is placed in said electromechanical tracking device. 4. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 1, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is further configured to measure time. 5. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 1, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is further configured to record the direction and the amount of movement of said rotatable wheel. 6. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 5, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is further configured to associate a particular video image frame obtained by the endoscope to a particular time or position of the endoscope. 7. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 6, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is configured to identify a blurry video image frame obtained by the endoscope based on a set of quality metrics. 8. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 7, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is operatively connected to a display unit. 9. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 8, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is configured to alert a user of a blurry video image frame based on said set of quality metrics. 10. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 8, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit is configured to delete, remove, alert, tag, or not display a blurry video image frame based on said set of quality metrics. 11. The electromechanical tracking device of claim 1, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit comprises a central processing unit. 12. An apparatus for performing an endoscopy procedure, said apparatus comprising: an endoscope having a camera for capturing images during an endoscopy procedure; and an electromechanical tracking device of claim 1 operatively connected to said endoscope, wherein said electrical signal receiving unit of said electromechanical tracking device generates a set of qualitative metrics data as a function of the endoscopy procedure, said set of quality metrics comprising the direction and the speed of endoscope movement. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising an annular-shaped device comprising a movement detecting element configured to detect torque of said endoscope within said annular-shaped device. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said movement detecting element comprises a spherical trackball such that a surface of said spherical trackball contacts the outer surface of said endoscope when said apparatus is in operation. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said spherical trackball is further configured to detect the pressure exerted by said endoscope. 16-18. (canceled) 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said annular-shaped device comprises an elastic portion that is capable of allowing the inner diameter of said annular-shaped device to increase or decrease as a function of the outer diameter of said endoscope. 20. (canceled) 21. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said set of quality metrics further comprises change in the speed of endoscope, change in the direction of the endoscope movement, or a combination thereof. 22. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein said electromechanical tracking device generates a set of qualitative metrics data as a function of elapsed time of the endoscopy procedure. 23. A method for performing an endoscopy procedure on a subject, said method comprising: operatively attaching an endoscope to an electromechanical tracking device of claim 1; performing an endoscopy procedure on a subject using said endoscope while generating a set of qualitative metrics data as a function of the endoscopy procedure, said set of quality metrics comprising the direction and the speed of endoscope movement during the endoscopy procedure; and determining the quality of the endoscopy procedure based on said set of qualitative metrics. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said set of qualitative metrics data is a function of elapsed time of the endoscopy procedure.",
-    "A circuit is disclosed for supplying energy to a sequential circuit of typically non-linear loads by a current source. The load is preferably a series circuit of light emitting diodes (LEDs). Said current-operated load, preferably a LED series circuit, consisting of one to N elements is partially short-circuited and thus dimmed. 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A device for supplying energy to at least one consumer comprising: at least one current source; an energy supply unit including at least one energy storage; and a first output node, the first output node receiving energy from each of the at least one current source and the at least one energy storage, wherein the device is configured to supply energy at least temporarily to the consumer through the first output node and further wherein the energy storage is configured to supply energy when the energy delivery by the current source is insufficient and the energy storage still has sufficient energy content; at least one switch configured for connection in parallel with the consumer; and at least one of: a first measurement circuit configured to determine an operating state of the consumer; and a second measurement circuit configured to determine an operating state of the energy storage; and at least one controller programmed, based on at least one of the operating state of the consumer and the operating state of the energy storage, to do at least one of: close the switch; open the switch; and change a resistance of the switch. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein: the operating state of the consumer includes at least one of: a) a current value through the consumer; b) a current value through a sequential circuit of one or more consumers including the consumer; c) a rate of change of the current value through the consumer; d) a rate of change of the current value through the circuit of consumers including the consumer; e) a higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer; and f) a higher time derivative of the current value through the sequential circuit of consumers including the first consumer; and the operating state of the energy storage device includes at least one of: a) a remaining energy content in the energy storage; b) a rate of change of the energy content in the energy storage; and c) a higher time derivative of the energy content in the energy storage. 19. The device of claim 17, wherein determining the operating state of the energy storage is based on a variable representing the operating state of the energy storage. 20. The device of claim 17, wherein the at least one consumer supplied by the device includes a first consumer and one or more second consumers, and the first consumer and one or more second consumers can be supplied by at least a partial current of the current source. 21. The device of claim 18, wherein the controller is programmed not to do either of closing the switch and reducing the resistance of the switch, upon determining that at least one of: a) a measured current value of the current through the consumer lies above a specified maximum current value; b) a measured rate of change in the current value through the consumer lies above a specified maximum rate of change value; and c) a measured amount of a higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer lies above a specified maximum higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer; and the controller is further programmed not to do either of opening the switch and increasing the resistance of the switch upon determining that at least one of: a) the measured current value of the current through the consumer lies below a specified minimum current value; b) the measured rate of change in the current value through the consumer lies below a specified minimum rate of change value; and c) the measured amount of a higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer lies below a specified minimum higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer. 22. The device of claim 18, wherein the controller is programmed to: reduce, at least temporarily, one of a mean duration of the closing and a reduction of the resistance of the switch relative to a time period upon determining that at least one of: a) a measured current value of the current through the first consumer lies above a specified maximum current value; b) a measured rate of change in the current value through the first consumer lies above a specified maximum rate of change value; and c) a measured amount of a higher time derivative of the current value through the first consumer lies above a specified maximum higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer; and increase, at least temporarily, one of the mean duration of the closing and the reduction in the resistance of the switch relative to the time period upon determining that at least one of: a) the measured current value of the current through the first consumer lies below a specified minimum current value; b) the measured rate of change in the current value through the first consumer lies below a specified minimum rate of change value; and c) the measured amount of a higher time derivative of the current value through the first consumer lies below a specified minimum higher time derivative of the current value through the consumer. 23. The device of claim 18, wherein the controller is programmed to: lower, one of a mean duration of the closing and a reduction of the resistance of the switch relative to a time period upon determining that at least one of: a) a measured energy content of the energy storage lies above a specified maximum value for the energy content of the energy storage; b) a measured rate of change in the energy content of the energy storage lies above a specified maximum value for the rate of change in the energy content of the energy storage; and c) an amount of a measured higher time derivative of the energy content of the energy storage lies above a specified maximum value of the amount of the higher time derivative of the energy content; and increase, one of the mean duration of the closing and a reduction in the resistance of a switch relative to a time period upon determining that at least one of: a) a measured energy content of the energy storage lies below a specified minimum value for the energy content of the element storage; b) a measured rate of change in the energy content of the energy storage lies below a specified minimum value for the rate of change in the energy content of the energy storage; and c) an amount of a measured higher time derivative of the energy content of the energy storage lies below a specified minimum value of the amount of the higher time derivative of the energy content. 24. The device of claim 17 wherein the at least one switch includes a power transistor. 25. The device of claim 24, wherein the controller is programmed to control the transistor, such that a current value captured by a sensing element during a switching process can be used as at least one controlled variable of the controller. 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the current value captured by the sensing element is limited to a value smaller than 1.4 times the value of the current through the consumer without a switching process. 27. The device of claim 25, wherein the current value captured by the sensing element is limited to a value smaller than 0.9 times the value of the current through the consumer without a switching process. 28. The device of claim 17, the controller is further programmed to do one of closing a first switch and reducing a resistance of the first switch substantially simultaneously with one of opening and increasing a resistance of a second switch such that at least one of: a) a current value captured by a sensing element; b) a rate of change in the current captured by the sensing element; and c) a higher time derivative of the rate of change in the current captured by a sensing element; is maintained within a specified range. 29. The device of claim 17, wherein the controller is programmed to control a second switch such that a state transition of the second switch is temporally separated from a state transition of a first switch by at least a specified time period. 30. The device of claim 29, wherein the state transition of the first switch includes at least one of a closing of the first switch, an opening of the first switch and a changing of the resistance of the first switch and the state transition of the second switch includes at least one of a closing of the second switch, an opening of the second switch and a changing of the resistance of the second switch. 31. The device of claim 17, wherein the at least one consumers includes at least three consumers; the three consumers connected in at least two series circuits arranged in parallel, wherein a first one of the at least the two series circuit includes at least two consumers and a second of the at least two series circuit includes at least one consumer; and further wherein the at least three consumers can at least temporarily be supplied with energy through the first output node; and the switch is configured to be connected in parallel with at least one of the three consumers. 32. The device of claim 32, wherein the first measurement device determines at least one of: a current value through at least one of the at least two series circuits connected in parallel; a rate of change in the current value through at least one of the at least two series circuits connected in parallel; and a higher time derivative of the current value through at least one of the at least two series circuits connected in parallel. 33. The device of claim 17, wherein the at least one consumer includes a first consumer and a second consumer; the at least one switch includes a first switch and a second switch, the first switch configured to be connected in parallel with the first consumer and the second switch configured to be connected in parallel with the second consumer; and wherein the controller is programmed to: control the common energy consumption of the at least two consumers such that it corresponds with a value, the value specified by one of the controller and a source external to the controller; and control a relative energy consumption of the at least two consumers, each individually, such that maintaining the common energy consumption within a specified range is independent of the individual relative energy consumption of the at least two consumers. 34. The device of claim 33, wherein the consumers are one of lamps and light emitting diodes. 35. The device of claim 17, wherein the controller is programmed to control least one of a total amount of energy provided to at least one consumer and an apportionment of energy between the at least one consumers based on at least one of: a value that is received through an interface; a value that is programmed; a measured value of one or more color sensors; a measured value of a temperature sensor; and a measured value of a sensor that measures an effect of at least one of the consumers.",
-    "A method for operating an internal combustion engine having a plurality of cylinders includes: measuring, by exhaust gas sensors arranged at an exhaust gas of every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out, for each respective cylinder, at least one actual combustion value; comparing each respective measured actual combustion value with a reference combustion value to determine at least one cylinder-specific control deviation for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out; determining at least one cylinder-specific control variable for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out based on the cylinder-specific control deviation or on every cylinder-specific control deviation; and operating each cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out based on the respective cylinder-specific control variable to bring the respective actual combustion value closer to the respective reference combustion value and minimize the respective control deviation. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A method for operating an internal combustion engine having a plurality of cylinders for cylinder-specific combustion control, the method comprising: measuring, by at least one exhaust gas sensor arranged at an exhaust gas of every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out, individually for each respective cylinder, at least one actual combustion value; comparing each respective measured actual combustion value with a reference combustion value to determine at least one cylinder-specific control deviation between the reference combustion value and the respective actual combustion values for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out; determining at least one cylinder-specific control variable for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out based on the respective cylinder-specific control deviation or based on every cylinder-specific control deviation; and operating each cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out based on the determined at least one cylinder-specific control variable to bring the respective actual combustion value closer to the respective reference combustion value and minimize the respective control deviation. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the actual combustion value or every actual combustion value is measured by at least one cylinder-specific exhaust gas sensor for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the respective actual combustion values are acquired at the respective exhaust gas sensors of the respective cylinders exclusively in a cylinder-specific crankshaft angle range so as to minimize an interaction with the exhaust gas expelled from other cylinders during the cylinder-specific acquisition of the actual combustion value. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the actual combustion value or every actual combustion value is measured by a shared exhaust gas sensor for a plurality of cylinders for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the exhaust gas of always exclusively one cylinder is supplied to the shared exhaust gas sensor so as to minimize an interaction with the exhaust gas expelled from other cylinders during the cylinder-specific acquisition of the actual combustion value. 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reference combustion value of the cylinders is dependent on an operating point of the internal combustion engine. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein a cylinder-specific reference combustion value is predetermined depending on the operating point of the internal combustion engine for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out. 21. The method according to claim 14, wherein an actual NOx value is acquired as the actual combustion value for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out by an exhaust gas sensor configured as a NOx sensor. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein when a cylinder-specific control deviation between the reference NOx value and the actual NOx value is greater than zero, at least one action is carried out selected from the group of actions consisting of: an injection pressure of the respective cylinder as control variable is increased, a start of injection in the respective cylinder as control variable is retarded, an ignition time of the respective cylinder as control variable is retarded, a pre-injection into the respective cylinder as control variable is disabled, and a post-injection into the respective cylinder as control variable is enabled; and when a cylinder-specific control deviation between the reference NOx value and the actual NOx value is less than zero, at least one action is carried out selected from the group of actions consisting of: an injection pressure of the respective cylinder as control variable is reduced, a start of injection into the respective cylinder as control variable is advanced, an ignition time of the respective cylinder as control variable is advanced, a pre-injection into the respective cylinder as control variable is enabled, and a post-injection into the respective cylinder as control variable is disabled. 23. The method according to claim 14, wherein a fuel-air ratio or residual oxygen content is acquired as the actual combustion value by an exhaust gas sensor configured as lambda sensor for every cylinder for which cylinder-specific combustion control is carried out. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein when a cylinder-specific control deviation between the reference value and the actual value of the fuel-air ratio is greater than zero, at least one action is carried out selected from among the group of actions consisting of: a fuel injection amount in the cylinder as control variable is increased, and a throttling of a charge air supply as control variable is reduced; and when the cylinder-specific control deviation between the reference value and the actual value of the fuel-air ratio is less than zero, at least one action is carried out selected from among the group of actions consisting of: a fuel injection amount in the cylinder as control variable is reduced, and a throttling of a charge air supply as control variable is increased. 25. The method according to claim 14, wherein a current measurement of the actual combustion value is used as the actual combustion value. 26. The method according to claim 14, wherein an average value or a maximum value or a time integral or an inflection point from measurements acquired over a measurement interval is used as the actual combustion value.",
-    "A passenger seat assembly comprising an assembly of seating modules arranged for relative pivotal movement; a membranous mesh fixed about each module for providing support to a passenger in said passenger seat assembly; said mesh comprising a passenger support face and a reaction face on an opposed face of each of said modules; said mesh fixed so as to permit relative movement between the passenger face and reaction face and arranged to redistribute tension between the passenger face and the reaction face. The passenger seat assembly including a passenger space comprising a video screen assembly attached to an articulated arm and a tray assembly. The video screen assembly including a graphical user interface and touch screen arranged to move components of the passenger seat assembly. 1. A video screen assembly for a passenger seat the assembly comprising: a ceiling mount for mounting the assembly to a ceiling of the cabin; an articulated arm coupling a video screen to the ceiling mount; said articulated arm arranged to retract the screen proximate to the ceiling mount and extend the screen to a viewing position; wherein said screen is mounted to the articulated arm so as to permit rotation about at least one principle axis. 2. The video screen assembly according to claim 1, further including a selectively releasable lock arranged to lock the articulated arm in either the retracted position or viewing position. 3. The video screen assembly according to claim 1, further including a recess in the ceiling mount for receiving the video screen in the retracted position. 4. The video screen assembly according to claim 1, wherein the screen to arm mounting provides up to three degrees of freedom for adjustment of the video screen relative to the articulated arm. 5. The video screen assembly according to claim 4, wherein the screen to arm mounting provides three degrees of freedom for adjustment of the video screen. 6. The video screen assembly according to claim 1, wherein the ceiling mount includes either a locker for receiving passenger luggage, or a module, said module mountable to a bulkhead of said cabin. 7. (canceled) 8. A passenger seat assembly comprising: a plurality of seat modules, said seat modules comprising a headrest mounted to one end of a backrest and a seat pedestal to which the backrest is pivotally mounted, said seat pedestal mounted to a floor of the cabin; wherein each of said modules, backrest and seat pedestal comprise a peripheral frame for receiving a membranous mesh. 9. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 8, wherein each module mounting includes a rotational actuator arranged to rotate said adjacent modules relative to each other. 10. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 8, wherein said mountings include a cross member and axle collinear with said cross member, said cross member including a protective layer arranged to preventive impact injury to a passenger. 11. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 8, further including either a video screen mounted to a rear face of said head rest or a tray table pivotally mounted to a rear face of said back rest. 12-16. (canceled) 17. A passenger seat assembly comprising: an assembly of seating modules arranged for relative pivotal movement; a membranous mesh fixed about each module for providing support to a passenger in said passenger seat assembly; said mesh comprising a passenger support face and a reaction face on an opposed face of each of said modules; said mesh fixed so as to permit relative movement between the passenger face and reaction face and arranged to redistribute tension between the passenger face and the reaction face. 18. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 17, wherein the mesh is fixed to a frame of said modules through an eyelet in sliding engagement with a lug coupled to said frame, said eyelet and lug providing relative movement between said frame and mesh. 19. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 17, wherein the mesh is a laminate material, having a plurality of layers. 20. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 19, wherein said layers include a tensile layer and a resilience layer. 21. The passenger seat assembly according to claim 20, wherein the layers includes either an abrasion resistant protective layer covering the resilience layer or an outer layer of a superamphiphobic coating. 22-35. (canceled)",
-    "The invention relates to a method for producing polyether carbonate polyols, (i) one or more alkylene oxide(s) and carbon dioxide being added to one or more H-functional starter substance(s) in the presence of a double metal cyanide catalyst or in the presence of a metal complex catalyst based on the metals zinc and/or cobalt, a reaction mixture containing the polyether carbonate polyol being obtained, characterized in that (ii) at least one component K is added to the obtained reaction mixture containing the polyether carbonate polyol, wherein component K is selected from at least one compound that contains a phosphorus-oxygen bond or a compound of phosphorus that can form one or more P\u2014O bonds by reaction with OH-functional compounds. 1. A process for preparing polyether carbonate polyols, comprising (i) adding one or more alkylene oxide(s) and carbon dioxide onto one or more H-functional starter substance(s) in the presence of a double metal cyanide catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture comprising the polyether carbonate polyol, and (ii) adding at least one component K to the reaction mixture comprising the polyether carbonate polyol obtained in (i), wherein component K is at least one compound containing a phosphorus-oxygen bond or a compound of phosphorus that can form one or more P\u2014O bonds by reaction with one or more OH-functional compounds. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the content of volatile constituents in the polyether carbonate polyol from step (i) is reduced by thermal means at a temperature of 80\u00b0 C. to 200\u00b0 C. prior to step (ii). 3. The process of claim 1, wherein (iii) the content of volatile constituents in the reaction mixture from step (ii) is reduced by thermal means at a temperature of 80\u00b0 C. to 200\u00b0 C. 4. The process of claim 3, comprising (iv) adding at least one component K to the reaction mixture comprising the polyether carbonate polyol from step (iii). 5. The process of claim 4, wherein in step (iv) component K is added in an amount of from 20 ppm to 1000 ppm. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein in step (ii) component K is added in an amount of from 20 ppm to 1000 ppm. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein component K is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid, phosphonous acid, phosphinous acid, phosphine oxides and salts, esters, halides and amides of phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid, phosphonous acid, phosphinous acid, phosphorus(V) sulfide, phosphorus tribromide, phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus triiodide. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein component K is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, mono-, di- or trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid, mono-, di- or triaryl esters of phosphoric acid, mono-, di- or trialkaryl esters of phosphoric acid, (NH4)2HPO4, phosphonic acid, mono- or dialkyl esters of phosphonic acid, mono- or diaryl esters of phosphonic acid, mono- or dialkaryl esters of phosphonic acid, phosphorous acid, mono-, di- or trialkyl esters of phosphorous acid, mono-, di- or triaryl esters of phosphorous acid, mono-, di- or trialkaryl esters of phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid, phosphonous acid and phosphinous acid. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein component K is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, dibutyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, phosphonic acid and (NH4)2HPO4. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the polyether carbonate polyol corresponds to formula (Ia) wherein the ratio of e:f is from 2:1 to 1:20. 11. A process for preparing polyether carbonate polyols, comprising (i) adding one or more alkylene oxide(s) and carbon dioxide onto one or more H-functional starter substance(s) in the presence of a metal complex catalyst based on the metals zinc and/or cobalt to obtain a reaction mixture comprising the polyether carbonate polyol, (ii) adding at least one component K to the polyether carbonate polyol obtained in (i), wherein component K is at least one compound containing a phosphorus-oxygen bond or a compound of phosphorus that can form one or more P\u2014O bonds by reaction with one or more OH-functional compounds. 12. A mixture comprising polyether carbonate polyol and component K, wherein component K is at least one compound containing a phosphorus-oxygen bond or a compound of phosphorus that can form one or more P\u2014O bonds by reaction with one or more OH-functional compounds. 13. The mixture of claim 12, wherein said mixture comprises polyether carbonate polyol and component K in a weight ratio of 200,000:1 to 1000:1. 14. The mixture of claim 12, wherein aid mixture comprises polyether carbonate polyol and component K in a weight ratio of 50,000:1 to 1000:1. 15. The mixture of claim 12, wherein component K is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, mono-, di- or trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid, mono-, di- or triaryl esters of phosphoric acid, mono-, di- or trialkaryl esters of phosphoric acid, (NH4)2HPO4, phosphonic acid, mono- or dialkyl esters of phosphonic acid, mono- or diaryl esters of phosphonic acid, mono- or dialkaryl esters of phosphonic acid, phosphorous acid, mono-, di- or trialkyl esters of phosphorous acid, mono-, di- or triaryl esters of phosphorous acid, mono-, di- or trialkaryl esters of phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid, phosphonous acid and phosphinous acid. 16. The mixture of claim 12, wherein component K is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, dibutyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, phosphonic acid and (NH4)2HPO4.",
-    "A method for operating an internal combustion engine having a motor and an exhaust gas aftertreatment system having an exhaust gas aftertreatment component, wherein exhaust gas formed in the motor during combustion of fuel is guided via the exhaust gas aftertreatment system for cleaning, includes: determining an exhaust gas actual value that depends upon an actual value of a nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component; and changing at least one operating parameter for the motor such that the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction is brought closer to a corresponding reference value for the nitrogen dioxide fraction. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A method for operating an internal combustion engine (10) having a motor (11) and an exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13) having an exhaust gas aftertreatment component (14), wherein exhaust gas formed in the motor (11) during combustion of fuel is guided via the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13) for cleaning, the method comprising: determining an exhaust gas actual value that depends upon an actual value of a nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component (14); and changing at least one operating parameter for the motor (11) such that the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction is brought closer to a corresponding reference value for the nitrogen dioxide fraction, whereby the exhaust gas aftertreatment component (14) operates in an optimized mariner. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the reference value for the nitrogen dioxide fraction is selected as a function of a load point of the motor. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the reference value for the nitrogen dioxide fraction is determined based on at least one selected from the group consisting of: at least one operating parameter of the motor (10) and at least one operating parameter of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13). 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of: a lambda value, an ignition time, valve control times, a motor compression, and an exhaust gas proportion in the motor combustion chamber is or are changed as operating parameter(s) for the motor (10). 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13) has an SCR catalyst, the method further comprising, determining the exhaust gas actual value based on the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of a SCR catalyst of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13). 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13) has a particular filter, the method further comprising determining the exhaust gas actual value based on the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of a particle filter of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13). 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13) has a NOx storage catalyst, the method further comprising determining the exhaust gas actual value based on the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of a NOx storage catalyst of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13). 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the internal combustion engine (10) has a NOx sensor, the method further comprising: measuring, by the NOx sensor, the NOx actual value as the exhaust gas actual value downstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component (14) of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (13); determining the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component (14) based on the measured exhaust gas actual value; comparing the determined actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction with the reference value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction; and changing at least one operating parameter for the motor (11) depending on the comparison such that the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction is brought closer to the reference value for the nitrogen dioxide fraction. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein operating parameters for the motor (11) are changed such that raw NOx emissions of the motor are reduced by a maximum of 15%. 20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the motor of the internal combustion engine is a gas motor configured to burn gaseous and methane-containing fuel.",
-    "The present invention relates to metal-carbene complexes of the general formula (I), where variable M is Ir or Pt and that are characterized by variable R being a group of formula (a). The complexes are used in organic electronic devices, especially OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes), illuminating elements, stationary visual display units and in material layers as emitter, charge transport material and/or charge or exiton blocker. 1.-23. (canceled) 24. A metal-carbene complex of the general formula M is Pt, or Ir; if M is Ir, m is 1, 2, or 3; o is 0, 1, or 2; and the sum of m+o is 3; with the proviso that, if o=2, the ligands L may be the same or different; if M is Pt, m is 1, or 2; o is 0, or 1; and the sum of m+o is 2; L is a monoanionic bidentate ligand, R is a group of formula R\u2032 is H, C1-C5alkyl group, or a fluoroC1-C4alkyl group; R1 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a fluoroC1-C4alkyl group, or a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, R2 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a fluoroC1-C4alkyl group, or a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, R3, R3\u2032 and R3\u2033 are independently of each other hydrogen; a C1-C18alkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D; a C3-C12cycloalkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; a C3-C10heterocycloalkyl radical which is interrupted by at least one of O, S and NR65 and/or substituted by E; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C30heteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; a halogen atom, especially F or Cl, CF3, CN, or SiR80R81R82; R3 and R3\u2032, or R1 and R3\u2032 together form a group of formula wherein X is O, S, NR75 or CR73R74; R4, R4\u2032 and R5 are independently of each other hydrogen; a C1-C18alkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and/or interrupted by D; a C3-C12cycloalkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E; a C3-C10heterocycloalkyl radical which is interrupted by at least one of O, S and NR65 and/or substituted by E; a C6-C14aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C10heteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; a halogen atom, especially F or Cl, CF3, CN, or SiR80R81R82; or R4 and R4\u2032 together form a group of formula R6 and R7 are independently of each other hydrogen, a C1-C8alkyl group, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom selected from \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 and \u2014NR65\u2014, optionally bearing at least one substituent, which is selected from the group consisting of C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, and C1-C8haloalkyl, such as CF3; a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, optionally bearing at least one substituent, which is selected from the group consisting of C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, C1-C8haloalkyl, such as CF3; a heteroC3-C6cyclo alkyl group, interrupted by at least one heteroatom selected from \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 and \u2014NR65\u2014, optionally bearing at least one substituent, which is selected from C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, C1-C8haloalkyl, such as CF3; or a C6-C14aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by one, or two C1-C8alkyl groups; or R6 and R7 form together a ring wherein A21, A21\u2032; A22, A22\u2032, A23, A23\u2032, A24\u2032 and A24 are independently of each other H, a C1-C4alkyl group, a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, a fluoroC1-C4alkyl group; D is \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR65\u2014, \u2014SiR70R71\u2014, \u2014POR72\u2014, \u2014CR63\u2550CR64\u2014, or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, E is \u2014OR69, \u2014SR69, \u2014NR65R66, \u2014COR68, \u2014COOR67, \u2014CONR65R66, \u2014CN, or F, G is E, or a C1-C18alkyl group, a C6-C14aryl group, a C6-C14aryl group, which is substituted by F, C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkyl, which is substituted by F and/or interrupted by O; a C2-C10heteroaryl group, or a C2-C10heteroaryl group, which is substituted by F, C1-C18alkyl, SiR80R81R82, or C1-C18alkyl which is substituted by F and/or interrupted by O; R63 and R64 are independently of each other H, C6-C18aryl; C6-C18aryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkoxy; C1-C18alkyl; or C1-C18alkyl which is interrupted by \u2014O\u2014; R65 and R66 are independently of each other a C6-C18aryl group; a C6-C18aryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkoxy; a C1-C18alkyl group; or a C1-C18alkyl group, which is interrupted by \u2014O\u2014; or R65 and R66 together form a five or six membered ring, R67 is a C6-C18aryl group; a C6-C18aryl group, which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkoxy; a C1-C18alkyl group; or a C1-C18alkyl group, which is interrupted by \u2014O\u2014, R68 is H; a C6-C18aryl group; a C6-C18aryl group, which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkoxy; a C1-C18alkyl group; or a C1-C18alkyl group, which is interrupted by \u2014O\u2014, R69 is a C6-C18aryl; a C6-C18aryl, which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkoxy; a C1-C18alkyl group; or a C1-C18alkyl group, which is interrupted by \u2014O\u2014, R70 and R71 are independently of each other a C1-C18alkyl group, a C6-C18aryl group, or a C6-C18aryl group, which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, and R72 is a C1-C18alkyl group, a C6-C18aryl group, or a C6-C18aryl group, which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, R73 and R74 are independently of each other H, C1-C25alkyl, C1-C25alkyl which is interrupted by O, C7-C25arylalkyl, C6-C24aryl, C6-C24aryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, C2-C20heteroaryl, or C2-C20heteroaryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl; R73 and R74 together form a group of formula \u2550CR76R77, wherein R76 and R77 are independently of each other H, C1-C18alkyl, C1-C18alkyl which is interrupted by O, C6-C24aryl, C6-C24aryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C2-C20heteroaryl, or C2-C20heteroaryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or R73 and R74 together form a five or six membered ring, which optionally can be substituted by C1-C18alkyl, C1-C18alkyl which is interrupted by O, and R75 is a C6-C18aryl group; a C6-C18aryl which is substituted by C1-C18alkyl, or C1-C18alkoxy; a C1-C18alkyl group; or a C1-C18alkyl group, which is interrupted by \u2014O\u2014, and R80, R81 and R82 are independently of each other a C1-C25alkyl group, which can optionally be interrupted by O; a C6-C14aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by C1-C18alkyl; or a C2-C10heteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by C1-C18alkyl. 25. The metal-carbene complex according to claim 24, which is a metal carbene complex of formula wherein R is a group of formula and R\u2032 is H; or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially H; wherein M, m, o, L, R1, R2, R3, R3\u2032, R3\u2033, R4, R4\u2032, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in claim 24. 26. The metal complex according to claim 24, which is a metal complex of formula R is a group of formula and R6 in formula (IIa) is a C1-C8alkyl group, optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom selected from \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 and \u2014NR65\u2014, optionally bearing at least one substituent, which is selected from the group consisting of C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, and C1-C8haloalkyl, such as CF3; a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, optionally bearing at least one substituent, which is selected from the group consisting of C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, C1-C8haloalkyl, such as CF3; a heteroC3-C6cyclo alkyl group, interrupted by at least one heteroatom selected from \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 and \u2014NR65\u2014, optionally bearing at least one substituent, which is selected from C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, preferably F, C1-C8haloalkyl, such as CF3; a group of formula R22 and R23 are independently of each other a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R24 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group; R25 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R26 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R27 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R26 and R27 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; R6 and R7 in formula (IIc) form together a ring wherein M, m, L, o, R1, R2, R3, R3\u2032, R3\u2033, R4, R4\u2032, R5 and R65 are as defined in claim 24. 27. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein R is a group of formula wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a group of formula wherein R10 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R11 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R12 is a C1-C5alkyl group, and R12\u2032 is a C1-C5alkyl group. 28. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein R is a group of formula wherein R2 is CF3, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R3\u2032 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H. 29. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein R is a group of formula wherein R3 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, and R3\u2032 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, and R3\u2033 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, with the proviso that if R3\u2032 and R3\u2033 are different from H, then R3 is H. 30. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein R4\u2032 is H; R4 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group; and R5 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group; or R4 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R5 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R4\u2032 is a group of formula wherein R20 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R21 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R22 is a C1-C5alkyl group, and R22\u2032 is a C1-C5alkyl group; or R4 is H; R5 is H; and R4\u2032 is a group of formula wherein R22 and R22\u2032 are as defined above. 31. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein R4 is H; R4\u2032 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group; and R5 is H, or C1-C5alkyl group; or R4 and R4\u2032 are H; and R5 is a group of formula wherein R20 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R21 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, R22 is a C1-C5alkyl group, and R22\u2032 is a C1-C5alkyl group. 32. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein R6 and R7 are independently of each other hydrogen, a C1-C8alkyl group, a C3-C6cycloalkyl group; or R6 and R7 form together a ring with the proviso that if one of R6 and R7 is a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, the other is H. 33. The metal-carbene complex according to claim 24, which is a metal complex of formula wherein o is 0, 1, or 2 and m is 1, 2, or 3, the sum of m+o is 3, X is O, or S, preferably O, R1 is H, C1-C5alkyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, R2 is H, C1-C5alkyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, R3 is H, C1-C5alkyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, R4 and R5 are H, C1-C5alkyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl; preferably H, and L is defined as in claim 24. 34. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein L is a group of formula 35. The metal complex according to claim 24, wherein L is a group of formula which is different from the ligand wherein Z1 and Z2 are N, or Z1 and Z2 are CH; R* has the meaning of R\u2032, R54 has the meaning of R4, R54\u2032 has the meaning of R4\u2032, R55 has the meaning of R5, R56 has the meaning of R6 and R57 has the meaning of R7 and each group R is the same within one metal-carbene complex, wherein R, R\u2032, R4, R4\u2032, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in claim 24. 36. The metal-carbene complex according to claim 24 which is a compound of formula wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl and neopentyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, R3 is H, a C1-C4alkyl group, especially methyl, isopropyl, a group of formula wherein R10 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group; R11 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; R12 is a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; and R12 is a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; wherein R2 is CF3, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R3\u2032 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; or wherein R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl group; R3\u2032 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, and R3\u2033 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; and with the further proviso that in case one of R3\u2033 and R3 is a cyclopentyl or a cyclohexyl group, the other is H; m is 1, or 2; o is 1 or 2; and the sum of m+o is 3; L is a group of formula (X-1), (X-2), (X-3), (X-4), (X-5), (X-6), (X-7), (X-8), (X-9), (X-10), (X-11), (X-12), (X-13), (X-14), (X-15), (X-16), (X-17), (X-18), (X-19), (X-20), (X-21), (X-22), (X-23), (X-24), (X-25), (X-26), or (X-27) as defined in claim 33; R4 and R5 are independently of each other H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, or isobutyl, tert-butyl, or sec-butyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R6 and R7 are independently of each other hydrogen, a C1-C8alkyl group, a C3-C6cycloalkyl group; or R6 and R7 form together a ring with the proviso that if one of R6 and R7 is a C1-C8alkyl group, or a C3-C6cycloalkyl group, the other is H. 37. The metal-carbene complex according to claim 24, which is a compound of formula of formula wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, R3 is H, a C1-C4alkyl group, especially methyl, isopropyl, a group of formula wherein R10 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; R11 is a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; R12 is a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; R12\u2032 is a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, or isopropyl; wherein R2 is H, especially CF3, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R3\u2032 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; or wherein R3 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, and R3\u2032 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, and R3\u2033 is H, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; and with the further proviso that in case one of R3\u2033 and R3 is a cyclopentyl or a cyclohexyl group, the other is H; and R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in claim 34. 38. The metal-carbene complex according to claim 24, which is a metal-carbene complex of formula wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl and neopentyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, R3 is H, or a C1-C4alkyl group; wherein R2 is CF3, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R3\u2032 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; wherein R3 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; R3\u2032 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; and R3\u2033 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; with the proviso that if R3\u2032 and R3\u2033 are different from H, then R3 is H; L is a group (X-1), (X-2), (X-3), or (X-4), especially (X-2), (X-3), or (X-4), very especially (X-4); wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, isobutyl and neopentyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, R3 is H, or a C1-C4alkyl group; wherein R2 is CF3, especially a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; R3 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; and R3\u2032 is H, a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group; with the proviso that in case one of R3 and R3\u2032 is a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group, the other is H; or wherein R3 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; R3\u2032 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; and R3\u2033 is H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and isobutyl; with the proviso that if R3\u2032 and R3\u2033 are different from H, then R3 is H; and R4 and R5 are independently of each other H, or a C1-C5alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, or isobutyl. 39. The metal-carbene complex according to claim 33, wherein R4 and R5 are H. 40. An organic electronic device, comprising at least one metal-carbene complex according to claim 24. 41. A light-emitting layer comprising, at least one metal-carbene complex according to claim 24. 42. An apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units, illuminations, information panels, and mobile visual display units; illumination units; keyboards; items of clothing; furniture; wallpaper, comprising the organic electronic device according to claim 40, or the emitting layer according to claim 41. 43. Use of metal-carbene complex according to claim 24 for electrophotographic photoreceptors, photoelectric converters, organic solar cells (organic photovoltaics), switching elements, organic light emitting field effect transistors (OLEFETs), image sensors, dye lasers and electroluminescent devices. 44. A process for preparing a metal-carbene complex according to claim 24 wherein M is Pt and m is 2; or M is Ir and m is 3, R is a group of formula which process comprises reacting a compound of formula with a compound of formula wherein X1 is Cl, Br, or I, especially Br; Y is \u2014B(OH)2, \u2014B(OY1)2, wherein Y1 is independently in each occurrence a C1-C10alkyl group and Y2 is independently in each occurrence a C2-C10alkylene group, such as \u2014CY3Y4\u2014CY5Y6\u2014, or \u2014CY7Y8\u2014CY9Y10\u2014CY11Y12\u2014, wherein Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y10, Y11 and Y12 are independently of each other hydrogen, or a C1-C10alkyl group, especially \u2014C(CH3)2C(CH3)2\u2014, \u2014CH2C(CH3)2CH2\u2014, or \u2014C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2\u2014, and Y13 and Y14 are independently of each other hydrogen, or a C1-C10alkyl group; \u2014SnR307R308R309, wherein R307, R308 and R309 are identical or different and are H or C1-C6alkyl, wherein two radicals optionally form a common ring and these radicals are optionally branched or unbranched; ZnR310R311, wherein R310 is halogen and R311 is a C1-C10alkyl group, a C6-C12aryl group, or C1-C10alkenyl group; or SiR312R313R314, wherein R312, R313 and R314 are identical or different and are halogen, or C1-C6alkyl; and R, R\u2032, R1, R2, R3, R3\u2032, R3\u2033, R4, R4\u2032, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in claim 24. 45. The process according to claim 44, which process comprises reacting a compound of formula with a halogenating agent to obtain a compound of formula (X), wherein R\u2032, R4, R4\u2032, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in claim 24. 46. Use of ligands of formula for the production of metal carbene-complexes, wherein R, R\u2032, R4, R4\u2032, R5, R6 and R7 are as defined in claim 24.",
-    "An eye fundus image photographing device and method that can acquire images of higher quality. The eye fundus image photographing device photographs a wide-angle eye fundus image on an appropriate exposure condition with respect to a peripheral area different from an optic disk region of an eye fundus area and detects the optic disk region from the wide-angle eye fundus image. Moreover, based on the detection result of the optic disk region, the eye fundus image photographing device photographs a narrow-angle eye fundus image which assumes an area of the optic disk region as an object, on an appropriate exposure condition with respect to the area of the optic disk region. Further, the eye fundus image photographing device generates a synthetic eye fundus image of a high dynamic range by synthesizing the wide-angle eye fundus image and the narrow-angle eye fundus image. 1: An image processing device comprising: a detection unit configured to detect a narrow-angle area of a wide-angle image, wherein the wide-angle image was generated using a first exposure condition, the first exposure condition based on a first area of the wide-angle image, different from the narrow-angle area; a control unit configured to determine a second exposure condition for the narrow-angle area; and an image synthesis unit configured to generate a synthetic image by synthesizing a narrow-angle image and the wide-angle image, wherein the narrow-angle image has narrower angle of view than the wide-angle image and was generated using the second exposure condition. 2: The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the image synthesis unit generates the synthesis image by synthesizing a plurality of narrow-angle images that are continuously photographed and the wide-angle image. 3: The image processing device according to claim 2, wherein the image synthesis unit performs motion compensation on the plurality of narrow-angle images and synthesizes the plurality of narrow-angle images acquired by the motion compensation and the wide-angle image. 4: The image processing device according to claim 2, wherein the control unit determines a pixel area in order to photograph the narrow-angle image using the pixel area and based on a detection of the narrow-angle area. 5: The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the control unit controls a light source that outputs illumination light irradiated to the narrow-angle area or a photographing unit that photographs the narrow-angle image based on the second exposure condition with respect to the narrow-angle area. 6: The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the control unit controls a light source such that the narrow-angle area is illuminated by equal light outputs from the light source when the wide-angle image is photographed and when the narrow-angle image is photographed. 7: The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the second exposure condition is set such that a pixel of the narrow-angle area in the narrow-angle image is not saturated. 8: The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the narrow-angle area is a portion of an eye fundus. 9: The image processing device according to claim 8, wherein the portion of the eye fundus is an area of an optic disk. 10: An image processing method comprising: detecting a narrow-angle area of a wide-angle image, wherein the wide-angle image was generated using a first exposure condition, the first exposure condition based on a first area of the wide-angle image, different from the narrow-angle area; determining a second exposure condition for the narrow-angle area; and generating a synthetic image by synthesizing a narrow-angle image and the wide-angle image, wherein the narrow-angle image has a narrower angle of view than the wide-angle image and was generated for the narrow-angle area using the second exposure condition. 11: An image photographing method comprising: photographing a wide-angle image using a first exposure condition based on a first area of the wide-angle image; determining a second exposure condition for a narrow-angle area, different from the first area, based on the wide-angle image; and photographing a narrow-angle image having a narrower angle of view than the wide-angle image, based on the second exposure condition and the narrow-angle area. 12: The image photographing method according to claim 11, wherein: the narrow-angle area is detected based on the wide-angle image; and the second exposure condition with respect to the narrow-angle area is determined based on a detection result of the narrow-angle area. 13: The image photographing method according to claim 11, wherein photographing the narrow-angle image comprises continuously photographing a plurality of narrow-angle images. 14: The image photographing method according to claim 12, wherein, the narrow-angle image is photographed using a pixel area of a photographing unit, the pixel area determined based on the detection result of the narrow-angle area. 15: The image photographing method according to claim 11, wherein a light source is controlled such that the narrow-angle area is illuminated by equal light outputs from the light source when photographing the wide-angle image and when photographing the narrow-angle image. 16: The image photographing method according to claim 11, wherein the second exposure condition is set such that a pixel of the narrow-angle area in the narrow-angle image is not saturated. 17: The image photographing method according to claim 11, wherein the narrow-angle area is a portion of an eye fundus. 18: The image photographing method according to claim 17, wherein the portion of the eye fundus is an area of an optic disk. 19: An eye fundus image photographing device comprising: a photographing unit configured to photograph a wide-angle image using a first exposure condition based on a first area of an eye fundus, and photograph a narrow-angle image, having a narrower angle of view than the wide-angle image, using a second exposure condition based on a narrow-angle area of the eye fundus; a detection unit configured to detect the narrow-angle area of the eye fundus from the wide-angle image based on the wide-angle image; a control unit configured to determine the second exposure condition with respect to the narrow-angle area of the eye fundus based on the detection of the narrow-angle area of the eye fundus; and an image synthesis unit configured to generate a synthetic image by synthesizing the narrow-angle image and the wide-angle image.",
-    "In one example of the disclosure, subscription data is received from a computer via a web application. The subscription data is indicative of a subscription for a printer that is, or is to be, connected to a supply of marking agent. The subscription authorizes the printer to consume a subscription amount of marking agent. A browser plug-in is sent to the computer, via the web application, to enable the computer to discover the printer via a wireless connection. Identification data obtained via the browser plug-in is received from the computer printer. The identification data is utilized to establish an operative connection with the printer. A credit is sent to the printer, via the operative connection, to authorize consumption of at least a portion of the subscription amount from the supply. 1. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing resource, cause a system to: receive from a computer, via a web application, subscription data indicative of a subscription for a printer, wherein the printer is connected to a supply of marking agent, the subscription authorizes the printer to consume a subscription amount of marking agent; send to the computer, via the web application, a browser plug-in to enable the computer to discover the printer via a wireless connection; receive from the computer printer identification data obtained via the browser plug-in; utilize the identification data to establish an operative connection with the printer; and send to the printer, via the operative connection, a credit to authorize consumption of at least a portion of the subscription amount from the supply. 2. The medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions cause the system to: store in association the identification data and an email address for the printer; receive a print job via the email address; and send the job to the printer for printing. 3. The medium of claim 2, wherein the web application is a first web application that is a marking agent subscription service application; and wherein the instructions cause the system to provide the identification data and the email address to a second web application that is an email printing service application. 4. The medium of claim 1, wherein the printer is a first printer and the identification data is first identification data; wherein the first identification data is stored in association with a user entity; and wherein the instructions cause the system to identify a second printer that is associated with the user entity, and to store the first identification data in association with a second identification data for the second printer. 5. The medium of claim 1, wherein the wireless connection is a Wi-Fi or a Bluetooth connection. 6. The medium of claim 2, wherein the job is sent to the printer utilizing the identification data. 7. A system, comprising: a subscription engine, to receive from a computer, via a web application, data that is indicative of a subscription, wherein the subscription is for a printer operatively connected to a supply of marking agent, and authorizes consumption by the printer, from the supply, of a subscription amount of marking agent; a plug-in sending engine, to send a browser plug-in to the computer via the web application, the browser plug-in to facilitate discovery of the printer via a wireless connection; a printer identification engine, to receive printer identification data that was obtained by the computer from the printer through utilization of the browser plug-in; utilize the identification data to establish an operative connection with the printer; and an authorization engine, to send to the printer, via the operative connection, a credit to authorize printer consumption of at least a portion of the subscription amount. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising an email print engine, to: store a printer email address in correlation with the identification data; receive an email, sent to the email address, the email including a print job; and send the job to the printer. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the email print engine performs a rasterization operation upon the job before sending the job to the printer. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the identification data is first identification data; wherein the printer is a first printer and is assigned to a user entity; wherein the printer identification engine is to identify a plurality of other printers assigned to the user entity, and is to store the first identification data in association with identification data for the plurality of printers. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the job is sent to the printer utilizing an address that includes at least a portion of the identification data. 12. A processor-implemented method, comprising: receiving from a computing device, via a web application, subscription data indicative of a subscription for a printer, wherein the printer is operatively connected to a supply of marking agent, the subscription authorizes the printer to consume a subscription amount of marking agent from the supply; sending, with a processing resource of a host computer system, a browser plug-in to the computing device via the web application, the plug-in to enable printer discovery via a wireless connection; receiving, from the computing device, identification data for the printer that the computing device obtained via the browser plug-in; utilizing the identification data to establish an operative connection with the printer; and sending to the printer, via the operative connection, a credit to authorize consumption of at least a portion of the subscription amount from the supply. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the job is sent to the printer utilizing an address that incorporates at least a portion of the identification data. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the subscription data is received as a result of a user selection of a marking agent subscription from a plurality of subscription alternatives presented by the web application. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the printer is a first printer and the identification data is first identification data; wherein the first identification data is stored in association with entity data indicative of a user entity associated with the first printer; and further comprising identifying a second printer that is associated with the user entity, and storing the first identification data in association with second identification data that identifies the second printer.",
-    "The present invention lies in the field of electrocaloric energy conversion. More specifically, the present invention relates to improvements in systems and methods which employ electrocaloric materials as a source of temperature variation in electrocaloric refrigeration processes. Even more specifically, the present invention relates to the application of electrocaloric materials in combination with a working fluid communicating with a heat source and a heat sink in counter flow. 1. A system for electrocaloric energy conversion, said system comprising a heat sink; a heat source; a first convective stream of working fluid flowing towards said heat sink; a second convective stream of said fluid flowing towards said heat source; and an electrocaloric material (ECM); wherein means are provided for alternately exposing said ECM to increasing and decreasing electrical fields, wherein, when said ECM is exposed to an increasing electrical field, the temperature of said ECM is increased, and wherein, when said ECM is exposed to a decreasing electrical field, the temperature of said ECM is reduced; said system further comprising means for allowing selective transport of heat from said ECM to said first convective stream, when the ECM is at a higher temperature than the temperature of said first convective stream, thereby increasing the temperature of said first convective stream; and means for allowing selective transport of heat from said second convective stream to said ECM, when said ECM is at a lower temperature than the temperature of said second convective stream, thereby decreasing the temperature of said second convective stream; such that said first and second convective streams of said working fluid, upon operation, result in a net flow of heat energy from said heat source to said heat sink, wherein said first and second convective streams of working fluid are in separate conduits, and said means for allowing transport of heat from the ECM to said first convective stream and said means for allowing transport of heat from the second convective stream to said ECM both comprise a thermal diode or a thermal switch. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said first and said second convective streams are each thermally coupled to said ECM via said thermal diode or a thermal switch. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said ECM is selected from the group consisting of: electrocaloric polymers, electrocaloric single crystals, and electrocaloric ceramics. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the working fluid is selected from the group consisting of liquid working fluid, water, aqueous solutions, liquid metal, alcohols, saline, oil and refrigerants. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said heat source is at a temperature level lower than the temperature level of said heat sink. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said means for allowing transport of heat from said second convective stream to said ECM, and from said ECM to said first convective stream allows transport of heat at multiple stages along said ECM, such that a temperature gradient in said first and second convective flow is established. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the number of stages is defined according to the required temperature gradient. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said first and second convective streams are connected front to end, such as to allow circular flow of the working fluid between heat source and heat sink. 9. A method of electrocaloric energy conversion, said method comprising the steps of: providing a heat; providing a heat source; providing a first convective stream of working fluid flowing towards said heat sink; providing a second convective stream of said working fluid flowing towards said heat source; providing an ECM; and alternately exposing said ECM to an increasing and a decreasing electrical field, wherein, when said ECM is exposed to said increasing electrical field, the temperature of said ECM is increased, and, when said ECM is exposed to said decreasing electrical field, the temperature of said ECM is decreased; and allowing for the selective transport of heat from said ECM to said first convective stream, when said ECM is at a higher temperature level than is said first convective stream, thereby increasing the temperature of said first convective stream of working fluid; and allowing for the selective transport of heat from said second convective stream of working fluid to the ECM, when said ECM is at a lower temperature level than is said second convective stream of working fluid, thereby decreasing the temperature of said second convective stream of working fluid; thereby producing a net flow of heat from said heat source to said heat sink by said first and second convective streams of working fluid, wherein said first and second convective streams of working fluid are provided in separate conduits, and the transport of heat from said ECM to said first convective stream, and said transport of heat from said second stream of working fluid to said ECM are respectively effected through a thermal diode or through a thermal switch. 10. Method of claim 9, wherein said transport of heat from said second convective stream to said ECM, and from said ECM towards said first convective stream occurs at multiple stages along said ECM. 11. Method of claim 10, wherein a temperature gradient in said first and in said second convective flow is established. 12. Method of claim 9, wherein the working fluid is selected from the group consisting of liquid working fluid, water, aqueous solutions, liquid metal, alcohols, saline, oil or refrigerants.",
-    "An intelligent somatic full-balance electric vehicle comprises two wheels (11, 12) of a same size and a motor (4) disposed between the two wheels (11, 12), the two wheels (11, 12) being coaxially connected to the motor (4) through an axle (3); the intelligent somatic full-balance electric vehicle further comprises a control system (10) and a power supply (9); both the control system (10) and the power supply (9) are disposed inside a housing of the vehicle body and located above the wheels, or between the two wheels (11, 12); or one of the control system (10) and the power supply (9) is located between the two wheels (11, 12), and the other is located above the wheels; vertical columns (6) are separately disposed at two ends of the axle (3), and the vertical columns (6) are separately provided with pedals (5) on external sides of the wheels. Because the two coaxial wheels (11, 12) are used, the electric vehicle can implement full balance like a bicycle, and in addition, has unique advantages of a monocycle, namely, having a small size and being easy to carry. 1. An intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle, characterized by comprising two wheels of the same size and a motor arranged between the two wheels, wherein the two wheels are coaxially connected to the motor via an axle; the intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle further comprises a control system and a power supply, both of which are arranged inside a body housing and located above the wheels, or located between the two wheels, or one of the control system and the power supply is located between the two wheels and the other one is located above the wheels; each end of the axle is provided with a post which is provided with a foot rest located at an outer side of the wheel. 2. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that a distance between tire centers of the two wheels is 3 cm to 12 cm, and a distance between the outer sides of the two wheels is less than or equal to 35 cm. 3. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that the center of gravity of the two wheels and the motor coincides with the geometric center. 4. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 3, characterized in that the center of gravity of the control system and the power supply is located at a plumb line passing by the center of gravity of a combination of the two wheels and the motor. 5. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that the motor is an in-wheel motor. 6. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 5, characterized in that three Hall sensors are equidistantly arranged on a coil of the in-wheel motor with an interval of 120 degrees. 7. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 2, characterized in that the distance between the tire centers of the two wheels is 5 cm to 10 cm. 8. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that a vehicle condition information display device is further arranged on the body housing. 9. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 8, characterized in that the vehicle condition information display system comprises an electric quantity information indicator of a power supply and/or an alarm system before power exhaustion. 10. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 8, characterized in that the vehicle condition information display system comprises an information indicator of a running distance or a remaining distance to be run. 11. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 8, characterized in that the vehicle condition information display system comprises a running speed indicator. 12. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that the control system comprises a somatosensory balanced system, an electrical control system and an information processing system. 13. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that the foot rest can be switched between an operating position and a storage position. 14. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 13, characterized in that when the foot rest is at the storage position, a magnet arranged in the foot rest oppositely attracts a magnet in the body housing for fixing the foot rest. 15. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 1, characterized in that a mounting position of the foot rest on the post can be adjusted up and down. 16. An intelligent electric vehicle, comprising: a motor having a center axle; a couple of wheels mounting on the motor and rotating round the axle of the motor; a body housing covering at least a topper of the two wheels; a control device arranged inside the body housing for receiving and transmitting signals between rider and the motor; a power supply arranged inside the body housing for supplying power to the motor; wherein, both of the control device and the power supply located above the wheels, or located between the two wheels, or one of the control system and the power supply is located between the two wheels and the other one is located above the wheels; each end of the center axle is provided with a post which is provided with a foot rest located at an outer side of the wheel. 17. An intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle, characterized by comprising two wheels parallel connected to a motor, wherein the motor joins wheel rims of the two wheels and has a center axle; the intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle further comprises a control system and a power supply, both of which are arranged inside a body housing and located above the wheels, or located between the two wheels, or one of the control system and the power supply is located between the two wheels and the other one is located above the wheels; each end of the axle is provided with a post which is provided with a foot rest located at an outer side of the wheel. 18. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 17, characterized in that a distance between tire centers of the two wheels is 3 cm to 12 cm, and a distance between the outer sides of the two wheels is less than or equal to 35 cm. 19. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 17, characterized in that the center of gravity of the two wheels and the motor coincides with the geometric center. 20. The intelligent somatosensory full-balanced electric vehicle according to claim 17, characterized in that the center of gravity of the control system and the power supply is located at a plumb line passing by the center of gravity of a combination of the two wheels and the motor.",
-    "A method for controlling an electric drive of a vehicle is provided, e.g., an electric bicycle, which is able to be operated by muscular energy and/or motor power, the vehicle including a crank gear and the electric drive being disposed at the crank gear. The method includes: ascertaining a driving situation, for which the electric drive is to be used, and in this situation, initially running up the electric drive at a first gradient, and then at a second gradient, the first gradient being greater than the second gradient. 1-11. (canceled) 12. A method for controlling an electric drive of a vehicle, the vehicle being configured to be selectably powered by at least one of human muscular energy and the electric drive, the vehicle including a crank gear, and the electric drive being situated at the crank gear, the method comprising: ascertaining, by a control unit of the vehicle, a target driving situation for which the electric drive is to be used for powering the vehicle; in the target driving situation, initially running up the electric drive at a first gradient, and subsequently running up the electric drive at a second gradient, wherein the first gradient is greater than the second gradient; and coupling the electric drive into the crank gear using the second rotational frequency gradient. 13. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the vehicle includes a gearshift mechanism having (i) a minimum ratio which supplies a maximum rotational frequency, and (ii) a maximum ratio which supplies a minimum rotational frequency, the electric drive being run up at the first gradient to a percentage share that is less than 100% of the minimum rotational frequency. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the control unit ascertains at least one of the first gradient, the second gradient, and a switchover instant from the first to the second gradient based on a transmission ratio of the gearshift mechanism. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein one of: (i) the control unit ascertains at least one of the first gradient, the second gradient, and a switchover instant from the first to the second gradient based on at least one of a maximum transmission ratio and a minimum transmission ratio of the gearshift mechanism; or (ii) the transmission ratio of the gearshift mechanism is a current transmission ratio detected by a sensor. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the at least one of the first gradient, the second gradient, and a switchover instant from the first to the second gradient is ascertained based on at least one of (i) a vehicle speed, (ii) a torque, which is supplied by human muscular energy at the crank gear, and (iii) a rotational frequency which is supplied by human muscular energy at the crank gear. 17. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein at least one of (i) the run-up of the electric drive at the first gradient and (ii) the run-up of the electric drive at the second gradient is carried out only during a predefined period of time. 18. A vehicle configured to be selectably powered by at least one of human muscular energy and the electric drive, the vehicle comprising: a crank gear; an electric drive situated in the region of the crank gear; and a control unit configured to: ascertain a target driving situation for which the electric drive is to be used for powering the vehicle; in the target driving situation, initially run up the electric drive at a first gradient, and subsequently run up the electric drive at a second gradient, wherein the first gradient is greater than the second gradient; and coupling the electric drive into the crank gear using the second rotational frequency gradient. 19. The vehicle as recited in claim 18, further comprising: a gearshift mechanism; and a memory which stores at least one of (i) a maximum transmission ratio of the gearshift mechanism which supplies a minimum rotational frequency, and (ii) a minimum transmission ratio of the gearshift mechanism which supplies a maximum rotation frequency; wherein the control unit is configured to ascertain at least one of the first gradient and the second gradient based on at least one of the maximum transmission ratio and the minimum transmission ratio of the gearshift mechanism. 20. The vehicle as recited in claim 19, further comprising: a speed sensor, which detects a speed of the vehicle; wherein the control unit is configured to ascertain at least one of the first gradient and the second gradient based on the detected speed of the vehicle. 21. The vehicle as recited in claim 19, further comprising: a rotational frequency sensor, which detects at least one of (i) a rotational frequency applied at the crank gear by human muscular energy, and (ii) a torque applied at the crank gear by human muscular energy; wherein the control unit is configured to ascertain at least one of the first gradient and the second gradient based on at least one of the detected rotational frequency and the detected torque at the crank gear. 22. The vehicle as recited in claim 19, further comprising: a sensor for detecting an actual transmission ratio of a gearshift mechanism.",
-    "A slot-die coating apparatus for manufacturing a patterned coating layer (3) on a substrate (1) comprises a substrate carrier (6), a coating device, a sensor facility (70) and a controller (80). The substrate carrier (6) is arranged on a support for providing the substrate (1). The coating device comprises a head-side unit and a support-side unit (50, 55; 52 resp.) that are mutually movable with respect to each other by a motor (52, 56). The head-side unit comprises a translator part (52) and a slot-die coating head (2). The support-side unit (55) comprises a stator part (56) of the motor. The controller (80) controls the motor (52) to position the slot-die coating head at a desired distance (Ds). The support-side unit (55) has a mass that is at least equal to the mass of the head-side unit (50), and the support-side unit (55) is flexibly coupled to the support (60). 1. Slot-die coating apparatus for manufacturing a patterned coating layer on a substrate, the apparatus comprising a substrate carrier arranged on a support, arranged for providing the substrate comprising a substrate surface; a coating device comprising at least a head-side unit and a support-side unit that are mutually movable with respect to each other by at least one motor, the head-side unit comprising a translator part of the at least one motor and a slot-die coating head, the slot-die coating head comprising an outflow opening from which flows a coating fluid, wherein the outflow opening forms a slit that is, in use, arranged in a slit direction over the substrate surface, the at least a support-side unit comprising a stator part of the at least one motor, a sensor facility for measuring a distance between the outflow opening and the surface of the substrate carrier or the substrate surface in a translation direction transverse to the slit direction and for providing a sense signal indicative for a measured value of said distance; a controller for controlling the at least one motor in accordance with an input signal indicative for a desired value of said distance, in order to position the slot-die coating head at a distance having said desired value, wherein the at least a support-side unit has a mass that is at least equal to the mass of the at least a head-side unit, and the at least a support-side unit is flexibly coupled to the support. 2. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the translation direction is arranged in a horizontal plane. 3. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 1, comprising at least a further support-side unit comprising a stator part of a second motor, the at least a support-side unit and the at least a further support-side unit together having a mass that is at least equal to the mass of the at least a head-side unit, and the at least a further support-side unit being flexibly coupled to the support, the head-side unit further comprising a translator part of the second motor and a central stage to which the coating head is mounted at a first end and to which the translator of the first and the second motor are arranged at a respective side. 4. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the flexible coupling of each of the support-side unit and the further support-side unit includes a respective first and second leaf spring arranged in a plane transverse to said translation direction, the support-side unit and the further support-side unit being coupled at a respective end with their respective first and second leaf spring to the support. 5. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the support-side unit and the further support-side unit each are provided with a damper plate that is slidingly arranged in a rail mounted on the support. 6. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the central stage is coupled at its first end via one or more leaf springs to the support, arranged in a plane transverse to said translation direction. 7. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the central stage is coupled at its second end to the support by a bar extending in a direction transverse to said slit direction and said translation direction, enabling said second end to translate in directions transverse to extension directions of the bar. 8. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a blocking member stiffly coupled to the support that protrudes in a direction transverse to the translation direction with play through an opening in the central stage. 9. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller comprises a damping facility for actively damping a movement of the at least a support-side unit. 10. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the damping facility is deactivated while displacing the head-side unit. 11. Slot-die coating apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the damping facility includes a separate control unit for controlling a position of the support-side unit. 12. The slot die coating apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a further controller for controlling a coating fluid supply, the further controller being synchronized with the controller for controlling the at least one motor. 13. Method for manufacturing a patterned coating layer on a substrate, the method comprising providing a substrate comprising a substrate surface; providing a coating device comprising at least a head-side unit and a support-side unit that are mutually movable with respect to each other by at least one motor, the head-side unit comprising a translator part of the at least one motor and a slot-die coating head, the slot-die coating head comprising an outflow opening from which outflow opening, in use, flows a coating fluid, wherein the outflow opening forms a slit that is, in use, arranged in a slit direction over the substrate surface, the at least a support-side unit comprising a stator part of the at least one motor, providing a sensor facility for measuring a distance between the outflow opening and the surface of the substrate carrier or the substrate surface in a translation direction transverse to the slit direction and for providing a sense signal indicative for a measured value of said distance; providing a controller arranged for controlling the at least one motor in accordance with an input signal indicative for a desired value of said distance, in order to position the slot-die coating head at a distance having said desired value, wherein the at least a support-side unit has a mass that is at least equal to the mass of the at least a head-side unit, and the at least a support-side unit is flexibly coupled to the support.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a weep hole insert (10, 10\u2032) for providing a barrier in a weep hole (11). A handle (24, 24\u2032) for facilitating insertion of the insert (10, 10\u2032) in the weep hole (11) is also disclosed. 1-17. (canceled) 18. An insert for providing a barrier in a weep hole in a masonry wall, said insert comprising: a body comprising: a spine portion defining a longitudinal axis and having a reinforcing rib extending therearound, and a resilient fringe extending at least partially around said spine portion and adapted to engage walls of said weep hole, wherein said insert is formed from metal sheet that is strengthened by said reinforcing rib. 19. The insert according to claim 18, wherein said reinforcing rib is defined by a deformed portion of said metal sheet. 20. The insert according to claim 18, wherein said fringe is formed by radially inwardly extending slits around a periphery of said insert which define tabs therebetween. 21. The insert according to claim 20, wherein said fringe extends along at least two sides of said body. 22. The insert according to claim 18, wherein said resilient fringe is preformed with a curve away from a plane of said spine portion to facilitate insertion of said insert into said weep hole. 23. The insert according to claim 18, wherein said spine portion defines openings therein. 24. The insert according to claim 23, wherein said openings are axially spaced apart along said longitudinal axis. 25. The insert according to claim 24, wherein some of said openings are provided on one lateral side of a plane of said spine portion and some of said tabs are provided on an opposite lateral side of said plane. 26. The insert according to claim 25, wherein said openings comprise several pairs of laterally spaced apart openings, with each of said pairs of said laterally spaced apart openings being axially spaced apart along a major dimension of a distal end of said body. 27. The insert according to claim 26 further comprises a handle having a configuration capable of facilitating manual insertion of said insert into said weep hole and manipulation of said insert within said weep hole. 28. The insert according to claim 27, wherein said handle comprising: an elongate handle body, defining a handle longitudinal axis, said handle body having a proximal end and a distal end, said distal end being sized to fit within said weep hole and defining an elongate, substantially rectangular, abutment surface for abutting said insert; and projections extending longitudinally from said distal end of said handle body for engaging corresponding said openings in said insert, wherein said projections are axially spaced apart along a major dimension of said distal end of said handle body, and wherein some of said projections extend from one lateral side of said distal end of said handle body and some of said projections extend from an other lateral side of said distal end of said handle body. 29. The handle according to claim 28, wherein said projections comprise several pairs of laterally spaced apart projections, with each of said pairs of projections being axially spaced apart along a major dimension of said distal end of said handle body. 30. The handle according to claim 29, wherein said handle further comprising: a depth setting flange extending outwardly from said handle body between said proximal and distal ends, said depth setting flange being oversized relative to said weep hole so as to engage said weep hole during insertion of said insert to control an insertion depth of said insert; wherein a distance between said depth setting flange and said distal end is selected to correspond with a desired insertion depth of said insert. 31. The handle according to claim 30, wherein said proximal end is sized to fit within said weep hole, and wherein a distance between said depth setting flange and said proximal end is different to said distance between said depth setting flange and said distal end and is selected to correspond with another desired insertion depth of said insert. 32. The handle according to claim 30, wherein said depth setting flange has a fixed position on said handle body. 33. The handle according to claim 30, wherein said depth setting flange is longitudinally moveable along said handle body to adjust said desired insertion depth of said insert. 34. An insert system for a weep hole, said insert system comprising: an insert for providing a barrier in a weep hole in a masonry wall, said insert comprising an insert body having a spine portion and a resilient fringe extending at least partially around said spine portion, said resilient fringe having a configuration capable of engaging walls of said weep hole; and a handle having a configuration capable of engaging with said insert to facilitate insertion of said insert into said weep hole, said handle comprising an elongate handle body, defining a handle longitudinal axis, said handle body having a proximal end and a distal end, said distal end being sized to fit within said weep hole and defining an elongate, substantially rectangular, abutment surface for abutting said insert. 35. The insert system according to claim 34, wherein said spine portion defines openings therein, said openings are axially spaced apart along said longitudinal axis, wherein some of said openings are provided on one lateral side of a plane of said spine portion and some of said tabs are provided on an opposite lateral side of said plane, and further wherein said openings comprise several pairs of laterally spaced apart openings, with each of said pairs of said laterally spaced apart openings being axially spaced apart along a major dimension of a distal end of said body. 36. The insert system according to claim 35, wherein said handle further comprises projections extending longitudinally from said distal end of said handle body for engaging corresponding said openings in said insert, wherein said projections are axially spaced apart along a major dimension of said distal end of said handle body, and further wherein some of said projections extend from one lateral side of said distal end of said handle body and some of said projections extend from an other lateral side of said distal end of said handle body. 37. The insert system according to claim 36, wherein said handle further comprises a depth setting flange extending outwardly from said handle body between said proximal and distal ends, said depth setting flange being oversized relative to said weep hole so as to engage said weep hole during insertion of said insert to control an insertion depth of said insert, and wherein a distance between said depth setting flange and said distal end is selected to correspond with a desired insertion depth of said insert.",
-    "In an image-processing method, a stack is provided for storing a predetermined number of frame portions. An image including a target object is obtained, the image being formed by an array of pixels. A frame portion is extracted from the image, the frame portion being at least a portion of the pixels forming the image, corresponding to a region of interest in the image, the region of interest comprising the target object. The frame portion is stored in the stack, the storing including discarding an oldest previously stored frame portion from the stack if the number of frame portions stored in the stack has reached the predetermined number. The steps of the method are repeated a plurality of times. Frame portions in the stack having a phase substantially equal to a given phase are averaged. A super-resolved image is calculated from the plurality of stored frame portions. 1. An image-processing method comprising the steps of: (i) providing a stack for storing a predetermined number of frame portions; (ii) obtaining an image including a target object, the image being formed by an array of pixels; (iii) extracting a frame portion from the image, the frame portion being at least a portion of the pixels forming the image, corresponding to a region of interest in the image, the region of interest comprising the target object; the frame portion having an associated phase, representative of the sub-pixel translation shift of the region of interest defined by the frame portion, (iv) storing the frame portion in the stack, the storing including discarding an oldest previously stored frame portion from the stack if the number of frame portions stored in the stack has reached the predetermined number; (v) repeating steps (ii) to (iv) a plurality of times; and (vi) calculating a super-resolved image from the plurality of stored frame portions, including a sub-step of averaging all frame portions in the stack having a phase substantially equal to a given phase. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the target object is identified in the first image by a user or a target recognition algorithm. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the region of interest is defined by a user or by an algorithm in an image obtained from the imager and then calculated in subsequent images. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a shift in the position of the target in successive images is calculated, and the integer part of the calculated shift is used to shift the region of interest in the later image relative to the position of the region of interest in the earlier image. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a working frame portion is extracted from each subsequent image. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the translation shift between a pair of images is calculated by a correlation. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which a translation shift between a first pair of frame portions is calculated and the resulting calculated translation shift is used in calculating a first super-resolved image derived from a first set of frame portions including said first pair of frame portions, and then subsequently a second super-resolved image is calculated from a second set of frame portions, different from the first set, but still including said first pair of frame portions, wherein the second super-resolved image is calculated using the previously calculated translation shift. 8. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the calculation of the super-resolved image includes updating a super-resolved image calculated in a previous iteration by changing in the calculation only the phases which have changed in a new frame. 9. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the calculation of a super-resolved image from the plurality of stored frame portions includes updating a super-resolved image calculated in a previous iteration by removing the oldest frame from its corresponding phase average, adding the new frame to its corresponding phase average, and updating the phase average over phases with the two modified phases. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the calculation of the super-resolved image includes a deblurring step. 11. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the calculation of the super-resolved image is bypassed on each iteration until a predefined minimum number of frame portions have been stored on the stack. 12. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the super-resolved images are generated in real time. 13. An image-processing apparatus comprising: (i) an imager for obtaining an image including a target object, the image being formed by an array of pixels; (ii) a stack for storing a predetermined number of frame portions; (iii) an image processor configured to a. extract a frame portion from the image, the frame portion being at least a portion of the pixels forming the image, corresponding to a region of interest in the image, the region of interest comprising the target object, the frame portion having an associated phase, representative of the sub-pixel translation shift of the region of interest defined by the frame portion; b. store the frame portion in the stack, the storing including discarding an oldest previously stored frame portion from the stack if the number of frame portions stored in the stack has reached the predetermined number; and c. calculate a super-resolved image from a plurality of stored frame portions, including averaging all frame portions in the stack having a phase substantially equal to a given phase. 14. A missile seeker including an image processing apparatus according to claim 13. 15. A computer program product configured to cause, when the computer program is executed, data-processing apparatus to: (i) receive an image including a target object, the image being formed by an array of pixels; (ii) extract a frame portion from the image, the frame portion being at least a portion of the pixels forming the image, corresponding to a region of interest in the image, the region of interest comprising the target object, the frame portion having an associated phase, representative of the sub-pixel translation shift of the region of interest defined by the frame portion; (iii) store the frame portion in a stack for storing a predetermined number of frame portions, the storing including discarding an oldest previously stored frame portion from the stack if the number of frame portions stored in the stack has reached the predetermined number; (iv) repeat steps (i) to (iii) a plurality of times; and (v) calculate a super-resolved image from the plurality of stored frame portions, including averaging all frame portions in the stack having a phase substantially equal to a given phase.",
-    "A method of treating lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia or CD34 positive acute myeloid leukemia comprising the step of administering to a patient a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a composition comprising a thienotriazolodiazepine compound according to Formula (1) as a solid dispersion wherein X is a halogen, R1 is C1-C4 alkyl, R2 is C1-C4 alkyl, a is an integer of 1-4, R3 is C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, phenyl optionally having substituent(s), or heteroaryl optionally having substituent(s), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer is HPMCAS. 1. A method of treating an acute lymphoblastic leukemia comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a composition comprising a thienotriazolodiazepine compound, said thienotriazolodiazepine compound being represented by the following Formula (1): wherein R1 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, R2 is a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4 optionally substituted by a halogen atom or a hydroxyl group, R3 is a halogen atom; phenyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4 or cyano; \u2014NR5\u2014(CH2)m\u2014R6 wherein R5 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, m is an integer of 0-4, and R6 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom; or \u2014NR7\u2014CO\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R8 wherein R7 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, n is an integer of 0-2, and R8 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, and R4 is \u2014(CH2)a\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014R9 wherein a is an integer of 1-4, and R9 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; hydroxyalkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4; or phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4, amino or a hydroxyl group or \u2014(CH2)b\u2014COOR10 wherein b is an integer of 1-4, and R10 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is formed as a solid dispersion comprising an amorphous thienotriazolodiazepine compound wherein the solid dispersion exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially free of diffraction lines associated with crystalline thienotriazolodiazepine compound of Formula (1), and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound represented by Formula 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) (S)-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide or a dihydrate thereof, (ii) methyl (S)-{4-(3\u2032-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]tri-azolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate, (iii) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-(4-phenylaminophenyl)-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triaz-olo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate; and (iv) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-[4-(3-phenylpropionylamino)phenyl]-6H-thieno[3,2-f-][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is (S)-2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide dihydrate. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate having a thienotriazolodiazepine compound to hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), weight ratio of 1:3 to 1:1. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the solid dispersion exhibits a single glass transition temperature (Tg) inflection point ranging from about 130\u00b0 C. to about 140\u00b0 C. 6. A method of treating an acute myeloid leukemia comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a composition comprising a thienotriazolodiazepine compound, said thienotriazolodiazepine compound being represented by the following Formula (1): wherein R1 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, R2 is a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4 optionally substituted by a halogen atom or a hydroxyl group, R3 is a halogen atom; phenyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4 or cyano; \u2014NR5\u2014(CH2)m\u2014R6 wherein R5 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, m is an integer of 0-4, and R6 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom; or \u2014NR7\u2014CO\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R8 wherein R7 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, n is an integer of 0-2, and R8 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, and R4 is \u2014(CH2)a\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014R9 wherein a is an integer of 1-4, and R9 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; hydroxyalkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4; or phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4, amino or a hydroxyl group or \u2014(CH2)b\u2014COOR10 wherein b is an integer of 1-4, and R10 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is formed as a solid dispersion comprising an amorphous thienotriazolodiazepine compound wherein the solid dispersion exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially free of diffraction lines associated with crystalline thienotriazolodiazepine compound of Formula (1) and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound represented by Formula 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) (S)-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide or a dihydrate thereof, (ii) methyl (S)-{4-(3\u2032-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]tri-azolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate, (iii) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-(4-phenylaminophenyl)-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triaz-olo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate; and (iv) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-[4-(3-phenylpropionylamino)phenyl]-6H-thieno[3,2-f-][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is (S)-2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide dihydrate. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate having a thienotriazolodiazepine compound to hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), weight ratio of 1:3 to 1:1. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the solid dispersion exhibits a single glass transition temperature (Tg) inflection point ranging from about 130\u00b0 C. to about 140\u00b0 C. 11. A method of treating a BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a composition comprising a thienotriazolodiazepine compound, said thienotriazolodiazepine compound being represented by the following Formula (1): wherein R1 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, R2 is a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4 optionally substituted by a halogen atom or a hydroxyl group, R3 is a halogen atom; phenyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4 or cyano; \u2014NR5\u2014(CH2)m\u2014R6 wherein R5 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, m is an integer of 0-4, and R6 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom; or \u2014NR7\u2014CO\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R8 wherein R7 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, n is an integer of 0-2, and R8 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, and R4 is \u2014(CH2)a\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014R9 wherein a is an integer of 1-4, and R9 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; hydroxyalkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4; or phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4, amino or a hydroxyl group or \u2014(CH2)b\u2014COOR10 wherein b is an integer of 1-4, and R10 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate or solvate thereof. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound represented by Formula 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) (S)-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide or a dihydrate thereof, (ii) methyl (S)-{4-(3\u2032-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]tri-azolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate, (iii) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-(4-phenylaminophenyl)-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triaz-olo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate; and (iv) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-[4-(3-phenylpropionylamino)phenyl]-6H-thieno[3,2-f-][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is (S)-2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide dihydrate. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is formed as a solid dispersion comprising an amorphous thienotriazolodiazepine compound of the Formula (1) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the solid dispersion exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially free of diffraction lines associated with crystalline thienotriazolodiazepine compound of Formula (1). 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate having a thienotriazolodiazepine compound to hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), weight ratio of 1:3 to 1:1. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the solid dispersion exhibits a single glass transition temperature (Tg) inflection point ranging from about 130\u00b0 C. to about 140\u00b0 C. 18. A method of treating a CD34 positive acute myeloid leukemia comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a composition comprising a thienotriazolodiazepine compound, said thienotriazolodiazepine compound being represented by the following Formula (1): wherein R1 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, R2 is a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4 optionally substituted by a halogen atom or a hydroxyl group, R3 is a halogen atom; phenyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4 or cyano; \u2014NR5\u2014(CH2)m\u2014R6 wherein R5 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, m is an integer of 0-4, and R6 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom; or \u2014NR7\u2014CO\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R8 wherein R7 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, n is an integer of 0-2, and R9 is phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by a halogen atom, and R4 is \u2014(CH2)a\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014R9 wherein a is an integer of 1-4, and R9 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; hydroxyalkyl having a carbon number of 1-4; alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4; or phenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, alkoxy having a carbon number of 1-4, amino or a hydroxyl group or \u2014(CH2)b\u2014COOR10 wherein b is an integer of 1-4, and R10 is alkyl having a carbon number of 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate or solvate thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound represented by Formula 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) (S)-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide or a dihydrate thereof, (ii) methyl (S)-{4-(3\u2032-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]tri-azolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate, (iii) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-(4-phenylaminophenyl)-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triaz-olo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate; and (iv) methyl (S)-{2,3,9-trimethyl-4-[4-(3-phenylpropionylamino)phenyl]-6H-thieno[3,2-f-][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl}acetate. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is (S)-2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide dihydrate. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the thienotriazolodiazepine compound is formed as a solid dispersion comprising an amorphous thienotriazolodiazepine compound of the Formula (1) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the solid dispersion exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially free of diffraction lines associated with crystalline thienotriazolodiazepine compound of Formula (1). 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable polymer is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate having a thienotriazolodiazepine compound to hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), weight ratio of 1:3 to 1:1. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the solid dispersion exhibits a single glass transition temperature (Tg) inflection point ranging from about 130\u00b0 C. to about 140\u00b0 C.",
-    "A mirror drive device is provided as one capable of efficiently gaining a driving force. The mirror drive device 1 has a fixed frame 5; a movable portion 7 supported so as to be swingable relative to the fixed frame 5, through torsion bars 10a, 10b extending on an identical straight line, and being of a circular shape; a mirror 9 arranged on a principal surface 7a of the movable portion 7; and a permanent magnet 3 forming a magnetic field around the movable portion 7; the movable portion 7 has a drive coil 12 arranged below the mirror 9; the drive coil 12 is of a 2n-sided polygon shape (where n is an integer of 3 or more) when viewed from a direction orthogonal to the principal surface 7a, at least one side of which is orthogonal to a direction of the magnetic field F. 1: A mirror drive device comprising: a support portion; a movable portion supported so as to be swingable relative to the support portion, through a coupling member and being of a circular shape; a mirror arranged on a principal surface of the movable portion; and a magnet forming a magnetic field around the movable portion, wherein the movable portion has a drive coil arranged below the mirror and arranged at least in part inside the mirror when viewed from a direction orthogonal to the principal surface, and wherein the drive coil is of a 2n-sided polygon shape (where n is an integer of three or more) when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the principal surface, at least one side of the 2n-sided polygon is orthogonal to a direction of the magnetic field. 2: The mirror drive device according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic field is formed along an in-plane direction of the principal surface of the movable portion, and wherein the direction of the magnetic field makes a predetermined angle to a swing axis, when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the principal surface. 3: The mirror drive device according to claim 1, wherein the movable portion has a base material having a groove in which the drive coil is embedded, and wherein the drive coil is comprised of Cu which is a metal material arranged in the groove.",
-    "Disclosed is a method for metering granular material, such as seeds, fertilizer, or the like. By way of the method, the granular material being carried and conveyed by an airflow is directed through a feed tube into a metering unit, and guided therein along an approximately circular arc path and tangentially directed into an outlet tube, which is adjacent to the metering unit. The airflow being guided through the outlet tube and carrying and conveying the granular material, which is being conveyed in approximately equal spacing, is conveyed and/or accelerated within the metering unit by means of at least one conveyor disk or fan disk, which is electromotively driven at a regulatable rotational speed and which rotates approximately concentrically within the metering unit. The drive speed is increased or reduced based on a detected torque of the electromotive drive of the at least one rotating conveyor disk or fan disk. 1. A method for metering granular material, such as seeds, fertilizer, or the like, in particular within a distribution unit or sowing unit of a distribution machine or sowing machine, in which the granular material being carried and conveyed by an airflow is directed through a feed line into a metering unit, and guided therein along an approximately circular arc path and tangentially directed into an outlet tube, which is adjacent to the metering unit, wherein the airflow being guided through the outlet tube and carrying and conveying the granular material, which is being conveyed in approximately equal spacing, is moved and/or circulated within the metering unit by means of at least one conveyor disk or fan disk, which is electromotively driven at a regulatable rotational speed and which rotates approximately concentrically within the metering unit, and wherein the drive speed is increased or reduced on the basis of a detected torque of the electromotive drive for the at least one rotating conveyor disk or fan disk. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the torque of the drive motor is derived from its electrical current consumption. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the drive speed is increased or reduced, based on a detected torque of the electromotive drive of the at least one rotating conveyor disk or fan disk, until the detected torque is within a definable target range. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the drive speed is increased in the instance of a torque that is increased above the target range. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the drive speed is reduced in the instance of a torque that is reduced below the target range. 6. The method as recited in claim 4, in which the rotational speed is approximately continuously increased or reduced. 7. The method as recited in claim 4, in which the rotational speed is increased or reduced at pre-definable intervals. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the sensor values of a grain flow sensor arranged in the outlet tube are additionally analyzed and used for the regulation of the drive speed. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the approximately evenly metered and/or equally spaced and conveyed granular material is carried largely or completely by the airflow being discharged and exiting the metering unit through the outlet tube. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the granular material is guided within the metering unit with mechanical support and/or under at least partial separation from the carrying airflow along an inner cover surface or inner wall, wherein approximately equal spacing from one another is imposed on the individual grains approaching the outlet tube. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the airflow carrying the granular material is guided uninterruptedly from the feed tube, through the metering unit, and to the outlet tube. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the airflow being guided through the outlet tube and carrying and conveying the granular material, which is being conveyed in approximately equal spacing, is accelerated within the metering unit. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, in which the airflow, which is accelerated in the metering unit, enters into and exits from the outlet tube at a speed that is greater than a feed speed at which the airflow enters into the feed tube. 14. A regulatable arrangement for metering granular material, such as seeds, fertilizer, or the like, in particular within a distribution unit or sowing unit of a distribution machine or sowing machine, in which the granular material being carried and conveyed by an airflow is directed through a feed line into a metering unit, and guided therein along an approximately circular arc path and tangentially directed into an outlet tube, which is adjacent to the metering unit, with at least one conveyor disk or fan disk, which is electromotively driven at a regulatable rotational speed and which rotates approximately concentrically within the metering unit, for the movement and/or circulation within the metering unit of the airflow being guided through the outlet tube Oil) and carrying and conveying the granular material, which is being conveyed in approximately equal spacing, and with devices for detecting a torque of the electromotive drive for the at least one rotating conveyor disk or fan disk and for varying the drive speed if a detected torque is outside of a definable target range. 15. The arrangement as recited in claim 14 with devices for the detection and evaluation of sensor values of at least one grain flow sensor arranged in the outlet tube for regulating the drive speed. 16. A sowing apparatus or spreading apparatus for granular material or seeds, respectively, with a plurality or multitude of rows or seed rows located next to each other, each with a sowing unit and/or seed drill coulter or a similar apparatus for placing the grains or the seeds into the soil at a definable placement depth, which sowing units and/or seed drill coulters are supplied with grains or seeds from at least one grain storage hopper via respectively separate feed tubes, wherein each of these sowing units and/or seed drill coulters is equipped with respectively one metering apparatus for granular material as recited in claim 14, which metering units are respectively connected, in terms of signal technology, with a central control unit and/or regulating unit which processes the motor torques measured in the metering units and which regulates the grain distances for each sowing unit by varying the drive speeds of the drives under consideration of target values for the grain spacing and/or of a longitudinal distribution of the grains from single, multiple, or all sowing units. 17. The sowing apparatus or spreading apparatus as recited in claim 16, in which grain flow rate sensors are arranged in the outlet tubes, which grain flow rate sensors are connected, in terms of signal technology, with the control unit and/or regulating unit, which additionally takes into account the sensor values of the grain flow rate sensors with regard to regulating the grain spacing or the longitudinal distribution of the grains, respectively. 18. A metering apparatus for granular material within a distribution unit or sowing unit of a distribution machine or sowing machine in which granular material being carried and conveyed by an airflow is directed through a feed line into a metering unit and guided therein along an arcuate path and into an outlet tube adjacent to the metering unit, with at least one rotating element, which is electromotively driven at a regulatable rotational speed and which rotates approximately concentrically within the metering unit for the circulation of air and granular material within the metering unit and out through the outlet tube with the granular material being conveyed in the outlet tube in approximately equal spacing, wherein the metering system further includes at least one torque sensor for detecting a torque of the electromotive drive for the at least one rotating element in communication with a controller for varying the drive speed of the electromotive drive if a torque detected by the torque sensor is outside of a definable target range. 19. The metering apparatus as in claim 18 further comprising at least one grain flow sensor arranged in the outlet tube and in communication with the controller for adjusting the speed of the electromotive drive in response to the value of the flow of granular material detected by the grain flow sensor. 20. The metering apparatus as in claim 18 further comprising at least one sensor for detecting the drive speed of the distribution machine or sowing machine and in communication with the controller for adjusting the speed of the electromotive drive in response to the value of the drive speed detected. 21. A method for metering granular material within a distribution unit or sowing unit of a distribution machine or sowing machine in which the granular material being carried and conveyed by a stream of air is directed through a feed line into a metering unit and guided therein along an approximately circular arc path and into an outlet tube adjacent to the metering unit, wherein the method comprises electromotively driving a drive motor connected to at least one conveyor disk or fan disk which rotates approximately concentrically within the metering unit for moving and/or circulating the stream of air within the metering unit, and adjusting the drive speed of the drive motor on the basis of a detected torque of the electromotive drive motor. 22. The method as in claim 21, in which the detected torque of the drive motor is derived from an electrical current consumption of the drive motor. 23. The method as in claim 21, in which the drive speed is increased or reduced, based on the detected torque of the drive motor of the at least one rotating conveyor disk or fan disk, until the detected torque is within a definable target range. 24. The method as in claim 21 further comprising analyzing a detected value of a grain flow sensor arranged in the outlet tube and using the detected value of the grain flow sensor to adjust the drive speed of the drive motor.",
-    "To provide a method for producing a lens member with which an intended lens shape can be formed on an arbitral substrate, and a lens member and a curved surface shape pattern which are produced by the said method. Also to provide a resin film for forming a curved surface shape pattern with which a lens can be formed. [Solution] A method for producing a lens comprises: Step A in which a laminate body comprising a substrate, a resin layer for forming a curved surface shape disposed on the substrate, and a resin layer for forming a columnar member disposed between the substrate and the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape is formed; Step B in which the resin layer for forming a columnar member and the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape are etched to form a columnar laminate part comprising a columnar member and a member for forming a curved surface shape on the substrate; and Step C in which the member for forming a curved surface shape is heated to cause thermal sagging thereby forming a lens. 1. A method for producing a lens member, wherein the said method comprises: Step A in which a laminate body comprising a substrate, a resin layer for forming a curved surface shape disposed on the substrate, and a resin layer for forming a columnar member disposed between the substrate and the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape is formed; Step B in which the resin layer for forming a columnar member and the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape are etched to form a columnar laminate part comprising a columnar member and a member for forming a curved surface shape on the substrate; and Step C in which the member for forming a curved surface shape is heated to cause thermal sagging thereby forming a lens. 2. The method for producing a lens member according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape is a photosensitive resin layer. 3. The method for producing a lens member according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer for forming a columnar member is a photosensitive resin layer. 4. The method for producing a lens member according to claim 1, wherein in the Step B, after the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape is photo-cured by light-exposure, the resin layer for forming a columnar member and the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape are etched. 5. The method for producing a lens member according to claim 1, wherein in the Step B, light-exposure of the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape and light-exposure of the resin layer for forming a columnar member are carried out at the same time to photo-cure the resin layer for forming a columnar member. 6. The method for producing a lens member according to claim 1, wherein the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape and/or the resin layer for forming a columnar member are resin layers formed of dry films. 7. The method for producing a lens member according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a transparent substrate. 8. A lens member obtained by the production method according to claim 1. 9. A method for producing a curved surface shape pattern, wherein the said method comprises the Step A and the Step B in the production method of a lens member according to claim 1, and by thermal sagging of the member for forming a curved surface shape that is formed in the Step B, a curved surface shape is formed to the member for forming a curved surface shape. 10. A resin film for forming a curved surface shape pattern, wherein the said resin film comprises a laminate body comprising a resin layer for forming a curved surface shape and a resin layer for forming a columnar member. 11. The resin film for forming a curved surface shape pattern according to claim 10, wherein the said film has a supporting film laminated on a side of the resin layer for forming a curved surface shape and/or a protective film laminated on a side of the resin layer for forming a columnar member.",
-    "Disclosed are a display substrate and a manufacturing method thereof, as well as a display device. The display substrate includes a base substrate, a wire grating polaroid and a light shield layer. The light shield layer is disposed on the base substrate and partly covers a surface of the base substrate. The wire grating polaroid is disposed on the light shield layer at a position corresponding to the light shield layer. The display substrate addresses the problem of reflecting external light by the wire grating polaroid, enhances definition of images viewed by a user and improves user's use experience. 1. A display substrate, comprising: a base substrate, a wire grating polaroid and a light shield layer, wherein: the light shield layer is disposed on the base substrate and partly covers a surface of the base substrate; and the wire grating polaroid is disposed on the light shield layer at a position corresponding to the light shield layer. 2. The display substrate of claim 1, the display substrate further comprising: a color filter layer, wherein: the color filter layer is disposed at a position on the wire grating polaroid and immediately adjacent to the wire grating polaroid. 3. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein a material for the light shield layer is a material having light shielding function. 4. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein a material for the light shield layer is selected from the group consisting of a black resin material, a black metal material, or a light sensitive organic material added with a black material. 5. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the light shield layer has a thickness of 0.3 \u03bcm\u02dc10 \u03bcm. 6. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the wire grating polaroid has a thickness of 40 nm\u02dc400 nm. 7. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the wire grating polaroid has a pitch less than or equal to 50\u02dc500 nm. 8. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the light shield layer is disposed immediately adjacent to the base substrate. 9. A manufacturing method of a display substrate, the method comprising: providing a base substrate; forming a light shield layer partly covering the base substrate on the base substrate; and forming a wire grating polaroid on the light shield layer at a position corresponding to the light shield layer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the light shield layer is immediately adjacent to the base substrate and partly covers a surface of the base substrate. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: forming a color filter layer covering the light shield layer on the light shield layer. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the light shield layer and the wire grating polaroid comprises: forming a film of material having light shielding function on the base substrate; forming the wire grating polaroid on the film; and forming the film into the light shield layer at a position corresponding to the wire grating polaroid. 13. The method of claim 9, comprising: forming a film of material having light shielding function on the base substrate; forming a film of metal material on the film of the material having light shielding function; and processing the film of material having light shielding function and the film of metal material with one patterning process to form the light shield layer and the wire grating polaroid. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein a material for the light shield layer is selected from the group consisting of a black resin material, a black metal material, or a light sensitive organic material added with a black material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the light shield layer has a thickness of 0.3 \u03bcm\u02dc10 \u03bcm. 16. A display apparatus, comprising the display substrate of claim 1. 17. The display apparatus of claim 16, wherein a material for the light shield layer is a material having light shielding function. 18. The display apparatus of claim 16, wherein a material for the light shield layer is selected from the group consisting of a black resin material, a black metal material, or a light sensitive organic material added with a black material. 19. The display apparatus of claim 16, wherein the light shield layer has a thickness of 0.3 \u03bcm\u02dc10 \u03bcm. 20. The display apparatus of claim 16, wherein the light shield layer is disposed immediately adjacent to the base substrate.",
-    "A system and method are for reducing the probability of detection of a Line of Sight type communication and sensor mast. The mast has an upper portion extending upwardly relatively the ground, and a lower portion closer to the ground than the upper portion. The mast at the upper portion is equipped with at least a communication or sensor element. The mast is equipped with an actuator that, based on calculated instructions, is designed to alter the elevation above ground of the mast upper portion so as to achieve an acceptable signal quality with the upper portion of the mast at the lowest possible elevation. 1.-14. (canceled) 15. A system for reducing the probability of detection of a Line of Sight type communication and a sensor mast, the system comprising a mast having an upper portion extending upwardly relatively the ground, and a lower portion closer to the ground than the upper portion, where the mast at the upper portion is equipped with at least a communication or sensor element, wherein the mast is equipped with an actuator, and wherein the actuator, based on calculated instructions, is configured to alter the elevation above ground of the mast upper portion so as to achieve an acceptable signal quality with the upper portion of the mast at the lowest possible elevation. 16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the system is configured for first extending the mast until the signal quality is acceptable and then retracting the upper portion as much as possible retaining acceptable signal quality. 17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the calculated instructions includes data from a radio propagation analysis. 18. The system according to claim 15, wherein the calculated instructions includes data from a geospatial database. 19. The system according to claim 15, wherein the calculated instructions includes feedback data. 20. The system according to claim 18, wherein the feedback data includes Received Signal Strength Indication data. 21. The system according to claim 15, wherein the initial elevation above ground is calculated in a mission planning system. 22. The device according to claim 15, wherein calculations and height adjustment are repeated sufficiently often to follow a moving object. 23. The device according to claim 15, wherein the communication includes any signals requiring Line of Sight or near Line of Sight. 24. A method for reducing the probability of detection of a Line of Sight type communication and sensor mast, the mast having an upper portion extending upwardly relatively the ground, and a lower portion closer to the ground than the upper portion, where the mast at the upper portion is equipped with at least a communication or sensor element, and an actuator, the method comprising altering the elevation above ground of the mast upper portion, based on calculated instructions, so as to achieve an acceptable signal quality with the upper portion of the mast at the lowest possible elevation. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the method comprises extending the mast until the signal quality is acceptable and then retracting the upper portion as much as possible retaining acceptable signal quality. 26. The system according to claim 24, wherein the method comprises including use of data from a radio propagation analysis in the calculated instructions. 27. The system according to claim 24, wherein the method comprises including data from a geospatial database analysis in the calculated instructions. 28. The system according to claim 24, wherein the method comprises including data from a feedback analysis in the calculated instructions.",
-    "Adjustable drill string housings are described for use in the directional drilling of wellbores, e.g. wellbores for hydrocarbon recovery wells. The adjustable drill string housings permit adjustment of a bend angle in the housings without removing the housings from a wellbore. In some exemplary embodiments, the bend angle can be adjusted by changing the internal stresses in a support member carried by the housings. In other embodiments, the bend angle may be adjusted by causing failure of sacrificial support members carried by the housings, and the failure may be caused by delivering chemicals through a chemical delivery system to the sacrificial support members. Methods of operating the adjustable drill string housings include multi-lateral drilling operations wherein the bend angle is adjusted when a casing window has been detected. 1. An adjustable drill string housing, comprising: an annular member having an upper end and a lower end, the annular member defining an upper longitudinal axis extending through the upper end and a lower longitudinal axis extending through the lower end, the annular member deformable about a bend axis between: a first operational configuration wherein the annular member maintains an internal preload therein such that the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first bend angle with respect to one another; and a second operational configuration wherein at least a portion of the internal preload is relieved such that the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a second bend angle with respect to one another; and at least one sacrificial support member carried by the annular member, the at least one sacrificial support member coupled to the annular member to maintain at least a portion of the internal preload in the annular member, and wherein the at least one sacrificial support member is constructed of at least one disintegrable material, the at least one disintegrable material selectively disintegrable to induce failure in the at least one sacrificial support member to move the annular member to the second operational configuration. 2. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the at east one disintegrable material is responsive to a trigger fluid to dissolve in the trigger fluid and thereby induce failure in the at least one support member. 3. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the at least one sacrificial support member comprises first and second portions coupled to one another by a bonding material, and wherein the bonding material comprises the disintegrable material. 4. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the sacrificial support member is coupled to the annular member with the bonding material, and wherein the bonding material comprises the disintegrable material. 5. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, further comprising a cathode member constructed of a material having a lower electrolytic potential than the sacrificial support member such that an ion migration from the sacrificial support member the cathode member in an electrolyte fluid accelerates the corrosion of the sacrificial support member. 6. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 5, further comprising a selectively activated current source electrically coupled to the sacrificial support member and the cathode member. 7. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 5, wherein the sacrificial support member comprises a core and a protective coating disposed around the core, wherein the protective coating is more resistant to corrosion than the core. 8. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 7, wherein the protective coating defines at least one opening therein adjacent the cathode member. 9. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 7, further comprising an actuator selective operable to penetrate the protective coating. 10. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 9, wherein the actuator comprises at least one of an electric motor operatively coupled to an abrasive medium, a valve in communication with a source of an abrasive fluid, and a mechanical linkage operatively coupled to a cutting tool. 11. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 5, wherein the at least one sacrificial support member includes at least one stress concentrator therein adjacent the cathode member. 12. A method of forming and operating an adjustable drill string housing, comprising: providing an annular member defining an initial bend angle therein about a bend axis, the bend angle defined between upper and lower longitudinal axes extending through respective upper and lower ends of the annular member; imparting a preload to the annular member to move the annular member to a first operational configuration wherein the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first operational bend angle different from the initial bend angle; installing at least one sacrificial support member on the annular member to maintain the internal preload in the annular member such that the annular member remains in the first operational configuration; deploying the annular member into a wellbore in the first operational configuration on a drill string; and disintegrating, with the annular member in the wellbore, a disintegrable material provided on the at least one sacrificial support member to induce a failure in the at least one sacrificial support member to relieve at least a portion of the preload and thereby induce the annular member to move to a second operational configuration in the wellbore. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein disintegrating the disintegrable material comprises providing a trigger fluid to the at least one sacrificial support member to dissolve the disintegrable material in the trigger fluid. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein disintegrating the disintegrable material comprises providing an electric current to the sacrificial support member to accelerate galvanic corrosion of the disintegrable material of the sacrificial support member. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein disintegrating the disintegrable material comprises interrupting an electric current to the sacrificial support member to accelerate galvanic corrosion of the disintegrable material of the sacrificial support member. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising penetrating a protective coating disposed around a core of the at least one sacrificial support member, wherein the protective coating is more resistant to corrosion than the core. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein penetrating the protective coating comprises activating an actuator carried by the annular member. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein penetrating the protective coating comprises inducing contact between the protective coating with at least one of a geologic formation and a casing within the wellbore.",
-    "An in-cell touch screen and display device, which multiplex the common electrode layer as self-capacitance electrodes using self-capacitance principle, modify the pattern of the common electrode layer to segment it into a plurality of independent self-capacitance electrodes, and add on the array substrate touch control data lines that connect the respective self-capacitance electrodes to the touch control detection chip. Orthographic projections of the respective touch control data lines on the array substrate are all within areas where gaps between the pixel areas reside, so as to not affect the aperture ratio of pixel. Embodiments of the present invention modify the structure of the common electrode layer to segment it into self-capacitance electrodes, thus avoiding additional processes of manufacturing an array substrate, saving the production cost, and improving the production efficiency. 1-21. (canceled) 22. An in-cell touch screen, comprising an array substrate having a plurality of pixel areas arranged in an array, wherein said array substrate is provided with: a common electrode layer segmented into a plurality of self-capacitance electrodes independent from each other; and touch control data lines which are arranged in a different layer from and connected to said self-capacitance electrodes, wherein orthographic projections of said respective touch control data lines on said array substrate all being within areas where gaps between the pixel areas reside; wherein said in-cell touch screen further comprises a touch control detection chip which is connected to the respective self-capacitance electrodes via said touch control data lines, wherein said touch control detection chip is used for loading a common electrode signal for said respective self-capacitance electrodes via said touch control data lines in a display time period, and wherein detecting variation in capacitance values of said respective self-capacitance electrodes via said touch control data lines in a touch control time period determines a touch control position. 23. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 22, wherein each of said self-capacitance electrodes covers a plurality pixel areas. 24. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 22, wherein each of the respective pixel areas of said array substrate is provided with a thin film transistor structure which is located below said common electrode layer and closer to a substrate of said array substrate, wherein said touch control data lines are located in a film layer between said common electrode layer and said thin film transistor structure. 25. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 24, wherein said array substrate is further provided with gate signal lines and data signal lines which are arranged crossly to each other; and wherein the extension direction of said touch control data lines is identical with that of said gate signal lines, or identical with that of said data signal lines. 26. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 24, wherein the bezel of said in-cell touch screen has four sides, wherein said respective self-capacitance electrodes are connected to said touch control detection chip after being connected to the nearest side via the corresponding touch control data lines on the basis that said touch control data lines do not cross with each other. 27. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 26, wherein said touch control data lines are distributed uniformly on said array substrate. 28. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 27, wherein leads that are arranged at said sides for connecting said touch control data lines to said touch control detection chip are designed to have a wider line width than said touch control data lines. 29. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 24, wherein said array substrate is further provided with pixel electrodes located between said common electrode layer and the film layer where said touch control data lines reside. 30. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 29, wherein said array substrate is further provided with first conducting parts which are arranged in the same layer as and insulated from said pixel electrode, and wherein said self-capacitance electrode is connected to a respective touch control data line via said first conducting part. 31. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 24, wherein said array substrate is further provided with pixel electrodes which are located above said common electrode layer and farther away from said array substrate. 32. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 24, wherein said array substrate is further provided with second conducting parts which are arranged in the same layer as and insulated from said common electrode layer, and wherein a drain of said thin film transistor is connected to said pixel electrode via said second conducting part. 33. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 29, wherein said common electrode layer is a plate-like electrode, said pixel electrode is a slit electrode, and wherein an insulating layer is provided between said pixel electrode and said common electrode layer. 34. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 31, wherein said pixel electrode is a plate-like electrode, wherein said common electrode layer is a slit electrode, and wherein an insulating layer is provided between said pixel electrode and said common electrode layer. 35. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 33, wherein said slit electrode has a slit structure at a position corresponding to an opening area of said pixel area. 36. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 34, wherein said slit electrode has a slit structure at a position corresponding to an opening area of said pixel area. 37. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 29, wherein said pixel electrodes and said common electrodes layer are both ITO electrodes. 38. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 24, wherein said thin film transistor structure is a bottom-gate-type thin film transistor or a top-gate-type thin film transistor. 39. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 38, wherein when said thin film transistor structure is a top-gate-type thin film transistor, a shading layer is further provided between said top-gate-type thin film transistor and said substrate; and wherein an orthographic projection of a pattern of said shading layer on said array substrate covers an orthographic projection of a pattern of the gate in said thin film transistor structure on said array substrate. 40. The in-cell touch screen according to claim 22, wherein opposite sides of said two adjacent self-capacitance electrodes are both set as a shape with fold line. 41. A display device, characterized in comprising an in-cell touch screen according to claim 22.",
-    "An optoelectronic device includes a carrier, a housing, and a radiation source that emits electromagnetic radiation arranged on the carrier, wherein the housing is fixed to the carrier by a glue layer, the glue layer is arranged between a first face of the housing and a second face of the carrier, the first face of the housing and the second face of the carrier are arranged at an inclination angle to each other, a distance between the first face and the second face increases from an outer rim in a direction to a middle area of the carrier, and a thickness of the glue layer increases at least partially from the outer rim in the direction to the middle area of the carrier. 1-14. (canceled) 15. An optoelectronic device comprising a carrier, a housing, and a radiation source that emits electromagnetic radiation arranged on the carrier, wherein the housing is fixed to the carrier by a glue layer, the glue layer is arranged between a first face of the housing and a second face of the carrier, the first face of the housing and the second face of the carrier are arranged at an inclination angle to each other, a distance between the first face and the second face increases from an outer rim in a direction to a middle area of the carrier, and a thickness of the glue layer increases at least partially from the outer rim in the direction to the middle area of the carrier. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the second face is a plane face arranged in parallel to a middle plane of the carrier, and the first face is inclined to the middle plane of the carrier. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the first face is a plane face. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises several first faces and the carrier comprises several second faces. 19. The device of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises several first faces and the carrier comprises several second faces, two first faces are arranged at opposite rim areas of the housing, and the second faces are arranged at opposite rim areas of the carrier. 20. The device of claim 15, wherein the first face extends to an outer edge of the housing. 21. The device of claim 15, wherein the glue layer is arranged at a given distance from an outer edge of the housing. 22. The device of claim 15, wherein the radiation source is a light-emitting diode or a laser diode. 23. The device of claim 15, wherein the inclination angle between the first face and the second face is larger than 1 degree. 24. The device of claim 15, wherein the inclination angle between the first face and the second face is larger than 1 degree, and the inclination angle between the first face and the second face is smaller than 20 degrees. 25. The device of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises an optical lens for electromagnetic radiation. 26. The device of claim 15, wherein the glue layer has a cross-sectional area with a triangle shape. 27. A method of producing an optoelectronic device according to claim 15, comprising providing a carrier and a housing, arranging an electromagnetic radiation source on the carrier, wherein the housing comprises a first face and the carrier comprises a second face, and arranging glue between the first and the second face, wherein the first face of the housing and the second face of the carrier are arranged with an inclination angle between the first and second face, the housing and the carrier are pushed together and the first face and the second face are arranged adjacently, the glue layer is squeezed in a direction to a middle area of the carrier, a distance between the first face and the second face increases from an outer rim in a direction to the middle area of the carrier, and a thickness of the glue layer increases at least along a section in a direction to the middle area of the carrier. 28. The method according to claim 17, wherein the housing comprises an optical lens and the electromagnetic radiation source is a light-emitting diode or a laser diode.",
-    "A method using additive manufacturing technologies and processes to manufacture a three-dimensional ophthalmic lens with a high management level of the homogeneity during the construction of the ophthalmic lens, through a control of two technical characteristics of voxel: the ability to modify their viscosity, and the ability to inter-diffuse together to provide a final homogeneous element. These two technical characteristics are managed by the choice of component(s) used to manufacture each voxel and by the kind of physical and/or chemical treatment apply to each of them. 1. A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens comprising the following steps: /1/ constituting at least a voxel of a liquid composition (A) in a state 1a; /2/constituting at least a voxel of a liquid composition (B) in a state 1b; /3/ increasing viscosity of at least a said constituted voxel to reach it from a state 1 to a state 2; /4/ inter-diffusing through a physical and/or a chemical treatment, at least a voxel wherein viscosity is increased, either of a composition (A) to a state 2a or a composition (B) to a state 2b, with another voxel either of a composition (A) in a state 1a or 2a, or of a composition (B) in a state 1b or 2b, to create an intermediate element (n); /5/ repeating, (X) times, at least one of the step selected from /1/, /2/, /3/ and /4/ to form an intermediate element (n+(X)) until a three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens is obtained, and when at least two steps from said steps are repeated, said at least two steps may be repeated in the same order as cited or in a different order according to chemical compound(s) involved to said liquid composition (A) and said liquid composition (B); and /6/ optionally applying at least a post-treatment after at least one step selected from step /3/, /4/ and /5/ to improve homogenization of at least one of the intermediate element from (n) to (n+(X)) and/or of the transparent ophthalmic lens. 2. A method according to claim 1 comprising the following steps: /1/ constituting a first voxel of a liquid composition (A) in a state 1a; /2/ constituting a new voxel, adjacent to said first voxel, of a liquid composition (B) to a state 1b; /3/ increasing viscosity of said first voxel and said new voxel to reach them respectively to a state 2a and to a state 2b; /4/ inter-diffusing said first voxel and said new voxel, by submitting them to a physical and/or chemical treatment, to create an intermediate element (n) in a state 3 by merging the two voxels; /5/ repeating, (X) times, steps /2/ to /4/ respectively by applying said steps \u201cincreasing viscosity\u201d and \u201cinter-diffusing\u201d to each new voxel and to intermediate element to form a intermediate element (n+(X)) until a three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens is obtained; and /6/ optionally applying at least a post-treatment after at least one step selected from step /3/, /4/ and /5/ to improve homogenization of intermediate element(s) from (n) to (n+(X)) to provide the transparent ophthalmic lens. 3. A method of claim 1, wherein: step /3/ is performed between steps /1/ and /2/ and is then applied to the first voxel of a liquid composition (A) in a state 1a; and comprising further a step /3A/ increasing viscosity after step /4/ and applying to intermediate element which is the result of step /4/. 4. A method of claim 1, wherein liquid composition (A) and liquid composition (B) are identical. 5. A method of claim 1, wherein liquid composition (A) and liquid composition (B) are different. 6. A method of claim 1, wherein each new voxel may be comprised a liquid composition (A) or liquid composition (B), or alternatively a liquid composition (A) then a liquid composition (B). 7. A method of claim 1, wherein during step /5/, each new voxel comprises alternatively a liquid composition (A) and a liquid composition (B), and wherein liquid composition (A) and liquid composition (B) are different. 8. A method of claim 1, wherein during step /5/ each new voxel comprises a liquid composition (A), and wherein liquid composition (A) in the step /1/ and liquid composition (B) in the step /2/ are identical. 9. A method of claim 1, wherein the step(s) of increasing viscosity are selected from the group consisting of: a crosslinking process, which could be initiate by cationic reaction, by free radical reaction or by condensation reaction by applying activating light or thermal treatment to liquid composition; an evaporation process, and more particularly evaporation of solvent comprised into liquid composition; and a process consisting to submit liquid composition to a temperature which is below the temperature used at the deposition step of the voxel. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein each step of increasing viscosity is identical or different. 11. A method of claim 1, wherein the inter-diffusing step(s) are selected from: spontaneous inter-diffusion; and induced inter-diffusion, which represent a process selected from the group consisting of exposure to radiation, mechanical agitation, decrease of molecular mass of voxel, and exposure to a solvent. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein each step of inter-diffusing is identical or different. 13. A method of claim 1, wherein the post-treatment step(s) are selected from the group consisting of: a crosslinking process, which could be initiated by cationic reaction, by free radical reaction or by condensation reaction by applying activating light or thermal treatment to liquid composition; an annealing process; and a drying process by thermal treatment or solvent extraction. 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein each step of post-treatment is identical or different. 15. A method according claim 1, wherein: the step of increasing the viscosity is able to increase the initial viscosity of the liquid composition from 5 times to 20 times, the final viscosity of the ophthalmic lens manufactured by said method being more than 50 000 cPs at 25\u00b0 C. 16. A method of claim 1, wherein the step of increasing viscosity by a cross-linking process represents a photo-polymerization or a thermal-polymerization process wherein the liquid composition comprises: at least a monomer and/or oligomer comprising at least a reactive group selected from epoxy, thioepoxy, epoxysilane, (meth)acrylate, vinyl, urethane, thiourethane, isocyanate, mercapto, and alcohol, and preferentially selected from epoxy, epoxysilane, and (meth)acrylate; and at least an initiator being able to be activated by activating light or activating temperature, said initiator being selected from cationic initiator and free-radical initiator; and wherein activated initiator being able to initiate activation of at least one reactive group from monomer and/or oligomer to generate their polymerization reaction via propagation process. 17. A method of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition (A) and (B) comprised: at least a mixture of two monomers and/or oligomers each of them comprising different reactive groups wherein at least a reactive group of the first monomer and/or oligomer is able to increase its viscosity by a photo-polymerization process and a reactive group of the second monomer is able to increase its viscosity by a photo-polymerization process or by a thermal-polymerization process; and at least a mixture of two initiators, the first initiator being able to activate the at least a reactive group of said first monomer by treatment of activating light, the second initiator being able to activate the at least a reactive group of said second monomer by thermal treatment or by activating light treatment which is different than previous activating light. 18. A method of claim 1, wherein steps of constituting voxels comprises a step of constituting alternatively voxels based of two different liquid compositions (A) and (B): a liquid composition (A) comprising at least a monomer and/or oligomer with two families of reactive groups, one family being able to be activated by photo-polymerization in the presence of a photo-initiator, preferentially selected from a cationic photo-initiator; a liquid composition (B) comprising at least same monomer and/or oligomer of said first composition and an initiator which is different than said first photo-initiator and is able to be activated by photo-polymerization or by thermal-polymerization. 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein said liquid composition (B) comprises a photo-initiator being able to be activated by photo-polymerization said photo-initiator being: either a cationic initiator which is activatable by irradiation to a different wavelength and/or intensity of activating light than activating light used to activate the initiator of the liquid composition (A); or a free-radical initiator; 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein said photo-initiator represents a free-radical initiator. 21. A method of claim 1, wherein: the step of constituting a voxel comprises the use of a liquid composition comprised at least of a monomer and/or oligomer comprising at least a reactive group selected from epoxy, thioepoxy, (meth)acrylic, and (meth)acrylate, at least a cationic initiator or a free-radical initiator, and a solvent or mixture of solvent; and the step of increasing the viscosity comprises an evaporation process which is done after each step of constituting a voxel of liquid composition to create stable voxels. 22. A method of claim 1, wherein: the step of constituting a voxel comprises the use of a liquid composition comprising at least a thermoplastic polymer dissolved in an solvent; and the step of increasing the viscosity comprises an evaporation process which is done after each step of constituting a voxel of liquid composition to create stable voxels. 23. A method of claim 1, comprising: a\u2014a step of constituting a first voxel wherein the liquid composition (A) represents a thermoplastic polymer dissolved in a solvent in a state 1a; b\u2014a step of increasing viscosity by an evaporation process to end-up said voxel as a stable voxel of liquid composition (A) to a state 2a; c\u2014a step of constituting a new adjacent voxel of a liquid composition (B), identical to said liquid composition (A), to a state 1b; d\u2014a step of inter-diffusing by spontaneous diffusion of said new voxel to said first voxel, to create an intermediate element (n); e\u2014a step of increasing viscosity by an evaporation process to end-up said intermediate element (n) as a stable element; f\u2014a step of repeating X times, steps b to e, until the constitution of an intermediate element (n+(X)); g\u2014a post-treatment step, like heating by convection or using infra-red irradiation, being applied to enhance homogenization inside said intermediate element (n+(X)) and to produce a three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens. 24. A method of claim 1, comprising the following steps: constituting a first voxel of liquid composition (A) comprising a mixture of at least: a) an epoxy or thioepoxy monomer and/or oligomer, or an acrylic or (meth)acrylic monomer and/or oligomer, b) a solvent or mixture of solvent c) and a photo-initiator selected from cationic initiator for epoxy or thioepoxy monomer and/or oligomer, and from free-radical initiator for acrylic and (meth)acrylic monomer and/or oligomer, in a state 1a; increasing the viscosity by evaporating a sufficient amount of the solvent, resulting in a stable first voxel, in a state 2a and to substantially maintain its geometry during later steps; repeating x times the two first preceding steps with new voxels up to a desired amount; inter-diffusing the plurality of deposited voxels either by a spontaneous interdiffusion or by a thermal diffusion process by heat convexion or infra-red radiation up to constitute an intermediate element (n+x) which represents part of the transparent ophthalmic lens; repeating (X\u2212x) times all preceding steps with new voxels up to constitute of an intermediate element (n+(X)); applying a post-treatment process by UV activating light to cure said intermediate elements to obtain the three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens. 25. A method according to claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional ophthalmic lens is manufactured by an additive manufacturing technology selected from stereolithography, mask stereolithography, mask projection stereolithography, polymer jetting, and fused deposition modeling. 26. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: adding at least a functional coating and/or a functional film, on at least one face of the ophthalmic lens. 27. A method according to claim 26 wherein the functionality of said coating and/or said film is selected from the group consisting of anti-impact, anti-abrasion, anti-soiling, anti-static, anti-reflective, anti-fog, anti-rain, self-healing, polarization, tint, photochromic, and selective wavelength filter which could be obtained through an absorption filter or reflective filter; 28. A method according to claim 26 wherein the functionality may be added by at least one process selected from dip-coating, spin-coating, spray-coating, vacuum deposition, transfer process or lamination process. 29. A method according to claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens is selected from a blank lens, semi-finished lens, and finished lens, 30. A method according to claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens is selected from the afocal, unifocal, bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lens, said ophthalmic lens being able to be mounted either to traditional frame comprising two distinctive ophthalmic lenses, one for the right eye and one for the left eye, or to mask, visor, helmet sight or goggle, wherein one ophthalmic lens facing simultaneously the right and the left eyes, and said ophthalmic lens may be produced with traditional geometry as a circle or may be produced to be fitted to the geometry to the frame intended. 31. Three-dimensional transparent ophthalmic lens obtained from a method of claim 1.",
-    "A system for cooling electronic components. The system includes tubing having a central portion attachable to a heat source disposed within a sealed enclosure. Distal portions of the tubing extend outside the enclosure through walls thereof. The system also includes fins attachable to the distal portions. 1. A system for cooling electronic components, comprising: a heat transfer device having a central portion attachable to a heat source disposed within a sealed enclosure; wherein distal portions of the device extend through respective walls of the enclosure; and fins are attachable to the distal portions. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fins form a heat sink. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device includes heat pipes. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device includes a vapor chamber. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the sealed enclosure is hermetically sealed. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the respective walls include sealable ports, the distal portions of the device extending therethrough. 7. A system for cooling a heat source disposed within a sealed enclosure, comprising: a heat transfer device attachable to the heat source, distal portions of the device extending through walls of the enclosure via respective sealed ports. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising fins attachable to the distal portions. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the heat transfer device includes heat pipes. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the heat transfer device includes a vapor chamber. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the fins form a heat sink. 12. A sealable chassis configured for use as a line replaceable unit, comprising: ports respectively disposed within opposing walls of the chassis; wherein the ports are configured for extending respective ends of a pipe therethrough. 13. The sealable chassis of claim 12, further comprising connectors for attaching a circuit board therewithin. 14. The sealable chassis of claim 13, wherein the pipe is a heat transfer device; and wherein the circuit board is configured for mounting an electronic component thereon. 15. The sealable chassis of claim 14, wherein the heat transfer device is connectable to the electronic component. 16. The sealable chassis of claim 12, wherein the sealed enclosure is configured to facilitate transfer of heat from an electronic component mounted therein, to an area external to the enclosure. 17. The sealable chassis of claim 12, wherein the ports are sealable after extending the respective ends of the pipe therethrough. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled)",
-    "Adjustable drill string housings are described for use in the directional drilling of wellbores, e.g. wellbores for hydrocarbon recovery wells. The adjustable drill string housings permit adjustment of a bend angle in the housings without removing the housings from a wellbore. In some exemplary embodiments, the bend angle can be adjusted by changing the internal stresses in a support member carried by the housings. In other embodiments, the bend angle may be adjusted by causing failure of sacrificial support members carried by the housings, and the failure may be caused by delivering chemicals through a chemical delivery system to the sacrificial support members. Methods of operating the adjustable drill string housings include multi-lateral drilling operations wherein the bend angle is adjusted when a casing window has been detected. 1. An adjustable drill string housing, comprising: an annular member having an upper end and a lower end, the annular member defining an upper longitudinal axis extending through the upper end and a lower longitudinal axis extending through the lower end, the annular member deformable about a bend axis between: a first operational configuration wherein the annular member maintains an internal preload therein such that the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first bend angle with respect to one another, and a second operational configuration wherein at least a portion of the internal preload is relieved such that the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a second bend angle with respect to one another; at least one sacrificial support member carried by the annular member, the at least one sacrificial support member extending across the bend axis and coupled to the annular member to maintain at least a portion of the internal preload in the annular member such that failure of the at least one sacrificial support member induces the annular member to move to the second operational configuration. 2. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, further comprising an actuator carried by the annular member, the actuator selectively operable to induce failure in the at least one support member. 3. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the actuator comprises a mechanical actuator selectively operable to penetrate an exterior surface of the at least one sacrificial support member. 4. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 3, wherein the mechanical actuator comprises at least one of an electric motor operatively coupled to an abrasive medium, a mechanical linkage operatively coupled to a cutting tool, and an abrasive fluid selectively communicable with the exterior surface of the at last one sacrificial support member. 5. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 3, wherein the mechanical actuator comprises a motor operatively coupled to a mud-powered power unit to receive rotational motion from the mud-powered power unit. 6. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 2, wherein the actuator comprises a thermal actuator selectively operable provide heat to the at least one sacrificial support member to induce failure of the at least one sacrificial support member. 7. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 6, wherein the thermal actuator comprises at least one of an electric resistance heater, an induction coil, and a thermite material. 8. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 6, wherein the thermal actuator comprises an explosive operable to apply a pressure force to the at least one sacrificial support member to induce failure of the at least one sacrificial support member. 9. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial support member comprises a latch member selectively disengageable from the annular member to release the internal preload from the annular member. 10. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the at least one sacrificial support member includes an elongate member extending along an axis that is generally parallel to a bend axis of the annular member such that the internal preload imparts shear stresses to the sacrificial support member. 11. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the at least one sacrificial support member comprises a plurality of radially spaced sacrificial support members, and wherein each of the radially spaced sacrificial support members is individually operable to selectively fail. 12. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 1, wherein the at least one sacrificial support member comprises at a plurality of longitudinally spaced sacrificial support members, and wherein each of the longitudinally spaced sacrificial support member extends longitudinally across a corresponding respective bend axis. 13. The adjustable drill string housing of claim 12, wherein the plurality of longitudinally spaced sacrificial support members are disposed in a nested arrangement in which the sacrificial support members at least partially overlap in a longitudinal direction. 14. A method of forming and operating an adjustable drill string housing, comprising: providing an annular member defining an initial bend angle therein about a bend axis, the bend angle defined between upper and lower longitudinal axes extending through respective upper and lower ends of the annular member; imparting a preload to the annular member to move the annular member to a first operational configuration wherein the upper and lower longitudinal axes are disposed at a first operational bend angle different from the initial bend angle; installing at least one sacrificial support member on the annular member to maintain the internal preload in the annular member such that the annular member remains in the first operational configuration; deploying the annular member into a wellbore in the first operational configuration on a drill string; and inducing, with the annular member in the wellbore, a failure in the at least one sacrificial support member to relieve at least a portion of the preload and thereby induce the annular member to move to a second operational configuration in the wellbore. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein inducing a failure in the at least one sacrificial support member comprises penetrating an exterior surface of the at least one sacrificial support member with a mechanical actuator. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein inducing a failure in the at least one sacrificial support member comprises heating the at least one sacrificial support member. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein heating the at least one sacrificial support member comprises heating the at least one sacrificial support member above a melting point of the sacrificial support member to thereby cut the at least one sacrificial support member. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein inducing failure in the at least one sacrificial support member comprises applying compressive stresses to the at least one sacrificial support member to thereby induce buckling of the at least one sacrificial support member. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein inducing failure in the at least one sacrificial support member comprises changing down-hole loads on the drill string to overload the at least one sacrificial support member by at least one of the group consisting of applying weight on bit, applying a torque to the drill string, and applying pressure through the drill string. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein inducing a failure in the at least one sacrificial support member comprises inducing failure in a first sacrificial support member while a second sacrificial support member remains intact, and subsequently inducing failure in the second sacrificial support member.",
-    "A process for preparing 1-butanol from butane by incubating a host organism having a functional P153 enzyme under elevated butane pressure in the presence of oxygen. 1. A process for preparing 1-butanol from butane by incubating a host organism having a functional P153 enzyme under elevated butane pressure in the presence of oxygen. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the host organism is unable to use 1-butanol as a carbon source. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the host organism is E. coli. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the butane pressure is from 2-20 bar. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the incubation temperature is from 0-50\u00b0 C. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the P153 enzyme is isolated from the organism selected from the group of Pseudomonas, Polaromonas and Mycobacterium. 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the P153 enzyme has a polypeptide sequence selected from the group which is formed by SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2 and derivatives of SEQ ID NOS:1 and 2 wherein the derivatives have up to three amino acid exchanges compared to SEQ ID NOS:1 and 2. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein a minor amount of 2-butanol is produced in addition to 1-butanol.",
-    "The present invention relates to a carboxylic branched chain-cutting agent for a golf ball-covering ionomer resin, a golf ball coating composition, and a method for manufacturing a golf ball. The present invention can provide a coating composition containing within an appropriate range, a specific compound for use as a carboxylic branched chain-cutting agent for a golf ball-covering ionomer resin, and thus can provide a golf ball on which a bridge is formed between a golf ball covering resin and a coating resin. By providing the coating composition containing a specific composition for use as a carboxylic branched chain-cutting agent for a golf ball-covering ionomer resin, the present invention is appropriate for ensuring the physical properties of the golf ball, such as yellowing resistance, and workability, such as pot life, even eliminating an adhesion pretreatment step, thereby reducing side effects due to the existing pretreatment step while providing a golf ball having excellent physical properties. 1. A carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of a golf ball cover ionomer resin, comprising a compound represented by the following formula 1: wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C10 alkyl, C5-C15 aralkyl, C6-C16 aryl, and 2. The carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent is a compound represented by the following formula 2: 3. The carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of claim 1, wherein the golf ball cover ionomer resin is one or more selected from the group consisting of a hard ionomer which is a magnesium, lithium, sodium or zinc salt of a copolymer of a C2-C8 olefin with a C3-C8 unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and has a modulus of 30,000 to 55,000 P.S.I., and a soft ionomer which is a magnesium, lithium, sodium or zinc salt of a copolymer of a C2-C8 olefin with a C2-C22 acrylate ester-based unsaturated monomer and has a modulus of 3,000 to 7,000 P.S.I. 4. The carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of claim 3, wherein the golf ball cover ionomer resin is one or more selected from the group consisting of a hard ionomer which is a magnesium, lithium, sodium or zinc salt of a copolymer of ethylene with methacrylic acid, and a soft ionomer which is a sodium salt of a terpolymer of n-butyl acrylate or iso-butyl acrylate, ethylene and methacrylic acid. 5. A top coating composition for a golf ball, comprising a carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of a golf ball cover ionomer resin according to claim 1 and a coating resin. 6. The top coating composition of claim 5, wherein the carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of the golf ball cover ionomer resin comprises 1 to 3.5 parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of the coating resin. 7. The top coating composition of claim 5, wherein the coating resin is selected from the group consisting of a two-component urethane resin, a two-component acrylic urethane resin and a PVC resin. 8. The top coating composition of claim 5, wherein the composition comprises a pigment in an amount of 1 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the composition. 9. The top coating composition of claim 8, wherein the pigment is one or more selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, barium sulfide, zinc oxide and zinc sulfide. 10. The top coating composition of claim 5, wherein the composition comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of an ethyleneimine-based crosslinker, a propyleneimine-based crosslinker and a blocked aziridine crosslinker, as an amount of 1 to 150 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the carboxylic branched chain cleavage agent of the golf ball cover ionomer resin. 11. A method for manufacturing a golf ball, comprising the steps of: manufacturing a golf ball core, manufacturing a cover surrounding the core, grinding a mold seam of the cover, an adhesion pretreatment onto a surface of the cover, a top coating, and a drying, wherein the step of the top coating use the top coating composition of claim 5, and the step of the adhesion pretreatment onto the surface of the cover is omitted. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising a step of marking prior to the step of the top coating. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of manufacturing the cover comprises a step of overlapping one to four cover over-layers around the core to provide two-piece to five-piece golf balls. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of the top coating is performed by air-spray coating or electrostatic coating. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the drying step is performed by thermal drying, near infrared (NIR) drying or hot-air drying. 16. A golf ball which is manufactured by the method of claim 11, wherein the golf ball has a coating layer formed onto the surface of a dimple parts of the golf ball, wherein the coating layer has a structure in which a bridge is formed between a cover resin constituting the dimple parts of the golf ball and a coating resin. 17. The golf ball of claim 16, wherein the coating layer has a thickness of 5 to 50 \u03bcm.",
-    "A data processing network, a cluster controller, a data processing node, methods and computer program products are disclosed. The data processing network comprises: a cluster controller operable to store a plurality of configurations; and a cluster of data processing nodes, said cluster controller and said cluster of data processing nodes being operable to co-operate to make one of said plurality of configurations available as an allocated read-only configuration to each data processing node in said cluster, each data processing node being operable to boot-up using said configuration, said cluster controller and cluster of data processing nodes being further operable to co-operate to allocate a read/write storage area for each data processing node in said cluster for accessing data to be utilised during operation of that data processing node following boot-up. This approach provides for the flexible set-up of a cluster that can dynamically load a specific configuration and automatically be operative on an undetermined number of active nodes. At the same time this approach allows a separation of the available machines so to be able to concurrently run different HPC services. 1. A data processing network, comprising: a cluster controller operable to store a plurality of configurations; and a cluster of data processing nodes, said cluster controller and said cluster of data processing nodes being operable to co-operate to make one of said plurality of configurations available as an allocated read-only configuration to each data processing node in said cluster, each data processing node being operable to boot-up using said configuration, said cluster controller and cluster of data processing nodes being further operable to co-operate to allocate a read/write storage area for each data processing node in said cluster for accessing data to be utilised during operation of that data processing node following boot-up. 2. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein said cluster controller and said cluster of data processing nodes are operable to co-operate to make said allocated read-only configuration available by transferring at least part of said configuration from said cluster controller to each data processing node in said cluster. 3. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein each configuration comprises a disk image. 4. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein each configuration comprises a disk image of a combined operating system and at least one application. 5. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein each data processing node in said cluster is operable to mount said disk image on said cluster controller as at least one of a local disk and a boot disk. 6. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein said read/write storage area is mounted as said file system overlay on a root directory of said disk image. 7. The data processing network of claim 6, wherein said file system overlay is allocated a higher priority than said disk image to enable file system overlay-modified files to be accessed in preference to corresponding disk image files. 8. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein said read/write storage area is located at each data processing node and each data processing node is operable to transfer contents of said read/write storage area to centralised storage when instructed to perform one of a deactivation and reconfiguration. 9. The data processing network of claim 1, wherein said cluster controller is operable to instruct said cluster of data processing nodes to reboot with said configuration. 10. A data processing network method, comprising: storing a plurality of configurations at a cluster controller; and providing a cluster of data processing nodes; making one of said plurality of configurations available as an allocated read-only configuration to each data processing node in said cluster and booting-up using said configuration; and allocating a read/write storage area for each data processing node in said cluster for accessing data to be utilised during operation of that data processing node following boot-up. 11. A cluster controller for a data processing network, comprising: storage operable store a plurality of configurations; and co-operation logic operable to co-operate with a cluster of data processing nodes to make one of said plurality of configurations available as an allocated read-only configuration to each data processing node in said cluster and to allocate a read/write storage area for each data processing node in said cluster for accessing data to be utilised during operation of that data processing node following boot-up. 12. A cluster controller method, comprising: storing a plurality of configurations; co-operating with a cluster of data processing nodes to make one of said plurality of configurations available as an allocated read-only configuration to each data processing node in said cluster; and allocating a read/write storage area for each data processing node in said cluster for accessing data to be utilised during operation of that data processing node following boot-up. 13. A data processing node for a data processing network, comprising: co-operation logic operable to co-operate with a cluster controller to make one of a plurality of configurations stored by said cluster controller available as an allocated read-only configuration; and boot-up logic operable to boot-up using said configuration, said co-operation logic being further operable to co-operate to allocate a read/write storage area for accessing data to be utilised during operation following boot-up. 14. A data processing node method, comprising: co-operating with a cluster controller to make one of a plurality of configurations stored by said cluster controller available as an allocated read-only configuration; and booting-up using said configuration; and 15. A computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform the method of claim 10. 16. A computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform the method of claim 12. 17. A computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform the method of claim 14.",
-    "A hydraulic damper (3) includes a tube (4), a piston assembly (5) disposed slidably inside the tube (4), and an additional valve assembly (13). A compression chamber (9) is defined between the piston assembly (5) and the additional valve assembly (13). An additional compensation chamber (14) is defined between the additional valve assembly (13) and one side of a slideable partition (10). A gas chamber (11) is defined at the other side of the slidable partition (10). The damper includes an additional chamber assembly (15) to retain all the advantages of a twin-tube damper while providing the single construction offered by a mono-tube damper. One end of the additional chamber assembly (15) is attached to the slidable piston chamber (5) or to said piston rod (6) at the compression side thereof and the other end of said additional chamber assembly (15) is terminated with the additional valve assembly (13). 1. A hydraulic damper (3), in particular a motor vehicle suspension damper, comprising: a tube (4); a piston assembly (5) disposed slidably inside the tube (4) and attached to a piston rod (6) led outside the tube through a sealed piston rod guide (7) located at the end of the tube (4), wherein a rebound chamber (8) filled with working liquid is defined between said piston rod guide (7) and said piston assembly (5); an additional valve assembly (13), wherein a compression chamber (9) filled with working liquid is defined between said piston assembly (5) and said additional valve assembly (13); a slidable partition (10), wherein an additional compensation chamber (14) filled with working liquid is defined between said additional valve assembly (13) and one side of said slidable partition (10); a gas chamber (11) filled with pressurised gas and defined at the other side of said slidable partition (10); said piston assembly (5) provided with rebound valves (51) and compression valves (52) to control the flow of working liquid passing between said rebound chamber (8) and said compression chamber (9), respectively, during rebound and compression stroke of the damper said additional valve assembly (13) provided with rebound valve (131) and compression valve (132) to control the flow of working liquid passing between said additional compensation chamber (14) and said compression chamber (9), respectively, during rebound and compression portions of the stroking cycle of the damper; and an additional chamber assembly (15), wherein one end of said additional chamber assembly (15) is attached to said slidable piston assembly (5) or to said piston rod (6) at the compression side thereof and the other end of said additional chamber assembly (15) is terminated with said additional valve assembly (13), wherein said pressurised gas chamber (11) and said additional compensation chamber (14) are located inside said additional chamber assembly (15) and are separated by said slidable partition (10). 2. The hydraulic damper according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic chamber is a mono-tube damper. 3. The hydraulic damper according to claim 1, wherein said additional chamber assembly (15) comprises a uniform body (151), preferably screwed to the end of the piston rod (6). 4. The hydraulic damper according to claims 1, wherein said additional chamber assembly (15) is a separate subassembly of the damper (3) independently assembled and filled with a pressurized gas. 5. The hydraulic damper according to claim 2, wherein said additional chamber assembly (15) comprises a uniform body (151), preferably screwed to the end of the piston rod (6). 6. The hydraulic damper according to claim 2, wherein said additional chamber assembly (15) is a separate subassembly of the damper (3) independently assembled and filled with a pressurized gas. 7. The hydraulic damper according to claim 3, wherein said additional chamber assembly (15) is a separate subassembly of the damper (3) independently assembled and filled with a pressurized gas. 8. The hydraulic damper according to claim 5, wherein said additional chamber assembly (15) is a separate subassembly of the damper (3) independently assembled and filled with a pressurized gas.",
-    "A signal converting method includes: receiving RGB signals; enhancing color of a red component, a green component, and a blue component of the RGB signals to convert the RGB signals into RGBY signals; and outputting the converted RGBY signals. The signal converting method may enhance the saturation of the red component, the green component, and the blue component of the RGBY signals, such that the components of each of the colors are more vivid and more balanced. 1. A signal converting method, comprising: receiving RGB signals; enhancing color of a red component, a green component, and a blue component of the RGB signals to convert the RGB signals into RGBY signals; and outputting the converted RGBY signals. 2. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of converting the RGB signals into the RGBY signals further comprises: (A) detecting a red component value, a green component value, and a blue component value within the RGB signals of a respective pixel; (B) determining whether the blue component value is the minimum one among the red component value, the green component value, and the blue component value; (C) when the blue component value is not the minimum one, configuring the yellow component value within the RGBY signals to be zero, and enhancing the color of the red component, the green component, and the blue component of the RGB signals in view of a HSV color space to convert the RGB signals into the RGBY signals; (D) when the blue component value is the minimum one, converting the RGB signal into the RGBY signals in accordance with at least one predetermined rule; and wherein steps (A) through (D) are executed for each of the pixels. 3. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step (C) of enhancing the color of the red component, the green component, and the blue component of the RGB signals in view of a HSV color space further comprises: (C1) converting the RGB signals into the HSV signals; (C2) stretching a saturation of the HSV signals; and (C3) converting the stretched HSV signals into the RGB signals. 4. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the step of (C2) further comprises stretching the saturation of the HSV signals via at least one sine function. 5. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step (C2), the sine function below is adopted to stretch the saturation of the HSV signals: S \u2032 = K \u00b7 sin \ue8a0 ( S \u00b7 P 2 ) Wherein S\u2032 represents the stretched saturation, S represents the saturation before being stretched, K is a stretch factor, and P is pi. 6. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the predetermined rules comprises a first predetermined rule and a second predetermined rule, wherein the step (D) further comprises: (D1) if the red component value is the minimum value, determining if the red component value is the maximum value among the red component value, the green component value, and the blue component value; (D2) if the red component value is the maximum value, converting the RGB signals into the RGBY signals in accordance with the first predetermined rule; and (D3) if the red component value is not the maximum value, converting the RGB signals into the RGBY signals in accordance with the second predetermined rule. 7. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first predetermined rule comprises: configuring the yellow component value within the RGBY signals to be the green component value within the RGB signals, configuring the green component value within the RGBY signals to be zero, configuring the blue component value within the RGBY signals to be the blue component value within the RGB signals, and determining the red component value within the RGBY signals in accordance with the red component value within the RGB signals and the yellow component value within the RGBY signals. 8. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the red component value within the RGBY signals is determined in accordance with the red component value within the RGB signals and the yellow component value within the RGBY signals by the equation: R 0 = 255 \u00b7 [ ( R 255 ) r - ( Y 255 ) r ] 1 / r ; Wherein R0 represents the red component value within the RGBY signals, R represents the red component value within the RGB signals, Y represents the yellow component value within the RGBY signals, and r represents Gamma value. 9. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second predetermined rule comprises: configuring the yellow component value within the RGBY signals to be the red component value within the RGB signals, configuring the red component value within the RGBY signals to be zero, configuring the blue component value within the RGBY signals to be the blue component value within the RGB signals, and determining the green component value within the RGBY signals in accordance with the green component value within the RGB signals and the yellow component value within the RGBY signals. 10. The signal converting method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the green component value within the RGBY is determined in accordance with the green component value within the RGB signals and the yellow component value within the RGBY signals by the equation: G 0 = 255 \u00b7 [ ( G 255 ) r - ( Y 255 ) r ] 1 / r Wherein G0 represents the green component value within the RGBY signals, G represents the green component value within the RGB signals, Y represents the yellow component value within the RGBY signals, and r represents Gamma value.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a memory cell that includes a resistive memory element disposed between a first conductor and a second conductor, the first conductor and the second conductor configured to activate the resistive memory element. The memory cell also includes a diode disposed in parallel with the memory element between the first conductor and the second conductor. 1. A memory cell, comprising: a resistive memory element disposed between a first conductor and a second conductor, the first conductor and the second conductor configured to activate the resistive memory element; and a diode disposed in parallel with the memory element between the first conductor or the second conductor. 2. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the resistive memory element comprises at least one of a memristor, a Phase Change Material resistor, a conductive bridge resistor, and a transition metal oxide based resistor. 3. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein a first conduction threshold voltage of the diode is approximately equal to a designed set voltage of the memory element and a second conduction threshold voltage of the diode is approximately equal to a designed reset voltage of the memory element. 4. The memory cell of claim 3, wherein the first conduction threshold voltage of the diode is the forward conduction mode threshold voltage and a second conduction threshold voltage of the diode is the reverse conduction mode threshold voltage. 5. The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the diode is a Zener diode or an avalanche diode. 6. A data storage device, comprising a memory cell array comprising a plurality memory cells; word lines electrically coupled to the plurality of memory cells; and bit lines electrically coupled to the plurality of memory cells, wherein each memory cell in the plurality of memory cells lies at a crosspoint of one of the word lines and one of the bit lines; wherein each of the plurality of memory cells comprises: a resistive memory element disposed between one of the word lines and one of the bit lines; and a diode disposed in parallel with the memory element between the the word line and the bit line. 7. The data storage device of claim 6, wherein the resistive memory element comprises at least one of a Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) element, a Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) element, a conductive bridge resistor, and a transition metal oxide based resistor. 8. The data storage device of claim 6, wherein a first conduction threshold voltage of the diode is approximately equal to a designed set voltage of the memory element and a second conduction threshold voltage of the diode is approximately equal to a designed reset voltage of the memory element. 9. The data storage device of claim 8, wherein the first conduction threshold voltage of the diode is the forward conduction mode threshold voltage and a second conduction threshold voltage of the diode is the reverse conduction mode threshold voltage. 10. The data storage device of claim 6, wherein the memory cell array is a multi-layer array comprising alternating layers of memory cells, bit lines, and word lines. 11. The data storage device of claim 6, wherein a selected memory cell is configured to be read by applying a voltage across the word line and the bit line corresponding to the selected memory cell, a magnitude of the voltage being less than a magnitude of a threshold voltage of the diode. 12. A method of forming a memory cell, comprising: disposing a resistive memory element between two electrodes; disposing a diode in parallel with the resistive memory element between the two electrodes. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein disposing the resistive memory element comprises forming a memristor. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein disposing the diode comprises forming a zener diode or an avalanche diode. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein disposing the diode comprises forming a diode with a first conduction threshold voltage approximately equal to a designed set voltage of the memory element and a second conduction threshold voltage approximately equal to a designed reset voltage of the memory element.",
-    "A release mechanism includes a clutch, a bearing, a hydraulic actuator, and a return spring. The clutch transmits a torque between an input-side rotational member and an output-side rotational member by pressing the pressure plate against a clutch disc by an elastic force of a diaphragm spring. The bearing transmits a load in a direction in which a pressure plate is separated from the clutch disc. The bearing is placed on an outer peripheral side of the hydraulic actuator in a radial direction of the output-side rotational member. The hydraulic actuator transmits, to the bearing, a load to separate the pressure plate from the clutch disc. The return spring, the hydraulic actuator, and the bearing are placed so as to overlap with each other in an axis direction of the output-side rotational member. The return spring is placed on an outer peripheral side of the bearing. 1. A release mechanism comprising: a clutch configured to transmit a torque between an input-side rotational member and an output-side rotational member by pressing a pressure plate against a clutch disc by an elastic force of a diaphragm spring, the input-side rotational member being configured to rotate integrally with the pressure plate, the clutch disc being connected to the output-side rotational member; a bearing that makes contact with the diaphragm spring, the bearing configured to transmit a load in a direction in which the pressure plate is separated from the clutch disc; a hydraulic actuator configured to transmit, to the bearing, the load to separate the pressure plate from the clutch disc, the hydraulic actuator configured to cause the load according to a hydraulic pressure to be supplied to the hydraulic actuator, and the bearing disposed on an outer peripheral side of the hydraulic actuator in a radial direction of the output-side rotational member; and a return spring configured to apply, to the bearing, a spring force in the same direction as the load, the return spring, the hydraulic actuator, and the bearing disposed so as to overlap with each other in the radial direction of the output-side rotational member, and the return spring disposed on an outer peripheral side of the bearing. 2. The release mechanism according to claim 1, wherein: the hydraulic actuator includes a piston to be pressed in an axial direction of the output-side rotational member according to a load based on the hydraulic pressure to be supplied to the piston, and the hydraulic actuator includes a plate member configured to receive pressing force in the axial direction from the piston and the return spring, and the plate member is configured to transmit the pressing force to the bearing. 3. The release mechanism according to claim 1, wherein: the pressure plate is connected to an outer peripheral portion of the diaphragm spring, and the bearing makes contact with an inner peripheral portion of the diaphragm spring.",
-    "An array substrate and a fabricating method thereof and a display apparatus are provided. The array substrate comprises a base substrate, a pixel electrode layer formed on the base substrate, and a first wire grid polarizing film disposed on a surface of the pixel electrode layer, wherein the first wire grid polarizing film includes a plurality of first metal lines (L1) which are mutually parallel and are periodically arranged; the surface of the pixel electrode layer is a surface of the pixel electrode layer facing the base substrate or a surface of the pixel electrode layer opposite to the base substrate. The array substrate and the fabricating method thereof and the display apparatus can facilitate an ultrathin design. 1. An array substrate, comprising a base substrate, a pixel electrode layer formed on the base substrate, and a first wire grid polarizing film disposed on a surface of the pixel electrode layer, wherein the first wire grid polarizing film includes a plurality of first metal lines which are mutually parallel and are periodically arranged; the surface of the pixel electrode layer is a surface of the pixel electrode layer facing the base substrate or a surface of the pixel electrode layer opposite to the base substrate. 2. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the wire grid polarizing film is in direct contact with the pixel electrode layer. 3. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: a signal line formed on the base substrate and a second wire grid polarizing film disposed on a surface of the signal line, wherein the second wire grid polarizing film includes a plurality of second metal lines which are mutually parallel and are periodically arranged; the surface of the signal line is a surface of the signal line close to the base substrate or a surface of the signal line opposite to the base substrate; polarizing direction of the second wire grid polarizing film are identical with polarizing direction of the first wire grid polarizing film. 4. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein the second wire grid polarizing film is in direct contact with the signal line. 5. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein the signal line includes at least one of a data line and a gate line. 6. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein pitch of the first wire grid polarizing film and pitch of the second wire grid polarizing film are within a range of 80\u02dc150 nm. 7. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein materials of the first wire grid polarizing film and the second wire grid polarizing film are both aluminum, silver or an aluminum-silver alloy. 8. The array substrate according to claim 3, wherein thickness of the first wire grid polarizing film and thickness of the second wire grid polarizing film are within a range of 100\u02dc200 nm. 9. A fabricating method of an array substrate, comprising: providing a base substrate; forming a pixel electrode layer on the base substrate; and forming a first wire grid polarizing film on a surface of the pixel electrode layer, wherein the surface of the pixel electrode layer is a surface of the pixel electrode layer facing the base substrate or a surface of the pixel electrode layer opposite to the base substrate, and the first wire grid polarizing film includes a plurality of first metal lines which are mutually parallel and are periodically arranged. 10. The fabricating method according to claim 9, wherein the first wire grid polarizing film is in direct contact with the pixel electrode layer. 11. The fabricating method according to claim 9, wherein the method further comprises: forming a signal line on a base substrate; forming a second wire grid polarizing film on a surface of the signal line; the surface of the signal line is a surface of the signal line facing the base substrate or a surface of the signal line opposite to the base substrate, wherein the second wire grid polarizing film includes a plurality of second metal lines which are mutually parallel and are periodically arranged, and polarizing direction of the second wire grid polarizing film are identical with polarizing direction of the first wire grid polarizing films. 12. The fabricating method according to claim 11, wherein the second wire grid polarizing film is in direct contact with the signal line. 13. The fabricating method according to claim 9, wherein the forming a first wire grid polarizing film on a surface on the pixel electrode layer includes: forming a layer of metal thin film on a surface of the pixel electrode layer, wherein a material of the metal thin film is aluminum, silver or an aluminum-silver alloy; treating the metal thin film by patterning process including exposure, development and etching, to form the first wire grid polarizing film. 14. The fabricating method according to claim 9, wherein the forming a first wire grid polarizing film on a surface of the pixel electrode layer includes: forming a layer of metal thin film on a surface of the pixel electrode layer, wherein a material of the metal thin film is aluminum, silver or an aluminum-silver alloy; treating the metal thin film by an imprinting photoetching patterning process, to form the first wire grid polarizing film. 15. The fabricating method according to claim 11, wherein the forming a second wire grid polarizing film on a surface of the signal line includes: forming a layer of metal thin film on the surface of the signal line, wherein a material of the metal thin film is aluminum, silver or an aluminum-silver alloy; treating the metal thin film by patterning process including exposure, development and etching, to form the second wire grid polarizing film. 16. The fabricating method according to claim 11, wherein the forming a second wire grid polarizing film on a surface of the signal line includes: forming a layer of metal thin film on the surface of the signal line, wherein a material of the metal thin film is aluminum, silver or an aluminum-silver alloy; treating the metal thin film by an imprinting photoetching patterning process to form the second wire grid polarizing film. 17. The fabricating method according to claim 11, wherein pitch of the first wire grid polarizing film and pitch of the second wire grid polarizing film are both within a range of 80\u02dc150 nm. 18. The fabricating method according to claim 11, wherein thickness of the first wire grid polarizing film and thickness of the second wire grid polarizing film are both within a range of 100\u02dc200 nm. 19. A display apparatus, comprising the array substrate according to claim 1.",
-    "A storage device (1) for bulk material intended for powdery materials, includes a flexible container (2) for bulk material and an insulating inner liner (3), of which the surface resistivity is greater than 1.0\u00d71012 \u03a9, without a static electricity conductive layer and without a static electricity dissipation layer, the inner lining (3) covering the inner walls of the container, the inner lining (3) including micro-perforations that pass there through, distributed over the whole surface of the inner lining (3) in such a way that the breakdown voltage of the inner liner (3) is lower than 4 kV and the breakdown voltage of the wall of the container is lower than 6 kV. 1. A bulk storage device (1) intended for powdery materials, said device comprising: a flexible bulk container (2), the material of the container being an insulator, without antistatic additive or electrically conductive layer, an insulating inner liner (3), of surface resistivity greater than 1.0\u00d71012\u03a9, without a static electricity conducting layer and without a static electricity dissipation layer, said inner liner (3) covering the inner walls of the container, said inner liner (3) comprising micro-perforations (4) that pass therethrough, distributed over the whole surface of said inner liner (3) and in such a way that the breakdown voltage of said inner liner (3) is lower than 4 kV and in that the breakdown voltage of the wall of the container is lower than 6 kV without requiring the device to be earthed, such that the storage device can be qualified as a intermediate flexible bulk container classified as type B according to the standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the inner liner (3) consists of a single film of material having said micro-perforations (4). 3. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the inner liner is a multilayer of several different insulators. 4. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the flexible bulk container (2) is formed from fabric (20). 5. The device as claimed in claim 4, in which the fabric (20) is a coated fabric. 6. The device as claimed in claim 4, in which the fabric (20) is a laminated fabric. 7. The device as claimed in claim 4, in which the fabric (20) is a non-laminated and non-coated fabric. 8. The device as claimed in claim 4, in which the fabric (20) of the flexible bulk container is a fabric permeable to air, preferably non-laminated and non-coated, so as to allow the de-aeration of the device (1) through the micro-perforations (4) of the inner liner (3) and through the fabric (20) of said container (2). 9. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the density of the micro-perforations (4) over the whole surface of the inner liner (3) is such that two neighboring micro-perforations are separated by a dimension 5 less than or equal to 2 cm. 10. The device as claimed in claim 9, in which the maximum surface area of the inner liner not having any micro-perforations must not exceed a disk of 2.5 cm in diameter. 11. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the diameter of the micro-perforations (4) is between 5 microns and 130 microns. 12. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the breakdown voltage of the container (2)/inner liner (3) assembly is lower than or equal to 6 kV. 13. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the thickness \u0394 of the inner liner (3) is between 20 microns and 700 microns. 14. The device as claimed in claim 13, in which the thickness \u0394 of the inner liner (3) is between 90 microns and 500 microns. 15. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the container forms a body comprising a bottom wall (21), four side walls (22 to 25) and a roof (26), said device comprising a flexible filling chute (27), fixed to the roof (26), extending from an opening of the roof, outside the body, and a flexible emptying chute (28), extending from an opening of the bottom wall (21), outside the body and in which the perforated inner liner (3) cover not only the inner walls of the body of the container, but also the inner wall of the filling chute (27) and the inner wall of the emptying chute (28). 16. The device as claimed in claim 15, in which the perforated inner liner (3) covering not only the inner walls of the body of the container, the inner wall of the filling chute (27) and the inner wall of the emptying chute (28) consists of a gusset sheath, of a single piece, extending lengthwise, from the filling chute (27) to the emptying chute (28). 17. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the density of the micro-perforations on the inner liner (3) is between 0.2 perforations per cm2 and 2 perforations per cm2. 18. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the distribution of the micro-perforations (4) over the inner liner is uniform. 19. The device as claimed in claim 18, in which the micro-perforations (4) are arranged in parallel lines, the micro-perforations of each line being separated by a constant distance between any two successive micro-perforations of the line, and in which the perforations of two successive lines are arranged staggered relative to one another. 20. The device as claimed in claim 1, in which the material of the container (2) and/or the material of the inner liner (3) are chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, PET and a biopolymer. 21. A method for manufacturing a device as claimed in claim 1, in which the micro-perforated inner liner is obtained from a non-perforated inner liner and by means of a perforation device comprising at least one roller provided, on its circumference, with needles, driven in rotation about its axis and rolling over the inner liner while perforating same. 22. The method as claimed in claim 21, in which the perforation device comprises two contra-rotating rollers, each provided with needles on its circumference, driven in counter rotations, the two rollers rolling over the inner liner while perforation same. 23. The method as claimed in claim 21, in which the micro-perforations are produced from a gusset sheath (6), directly in the gusset sheath, when the sheath is flat, in the form of a strip. 24. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides a display substrate and a manufacturing method thereof. The display substrate of the present invention comprises a first structure and a second structure; wherein, the second structure is provided with a lap portion disposed on the first structure and a main body portion connected with the lap portion and outside the first structure; the first structure has a thinned region connected to an edge thereof, and a thickness of the first structure in the thinned region is smaller than that outside the thinned region; and at least part of the lap portion is located on the thinned region, and at least part of the main body portion outside the thinned region is in direct connection with the part of the lap portion on the thinned region. 1. A display substrate, comprising a first structure and a second structure; wherein, the second structure is provided with a lap portion disposed on the first structure, and a main body portion disposed outside the first structure and connected with the lap portion; the first structure has a thinned region connected to an edge thereof, and a thickness of the first structure in the thinned region is smaller than that of the first structure outside the thinned region; and at least part of the lap portion is located on the thinned region, and at least part of the main body portion outside the thinned region is in direct connection with the part of the lap portion on the thinned region. 2. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein, the display substrate is an array substrate, the first structure is a drain of a thin film transistor, and the second structure is a pixel electrode. 3. The display substrate according to claim 2, wherein, the drain is entirely disposed on an active region. 4. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein, the display substrate further comprises a base, and a distance between the first structure and the base is larger than or equal to that between the main body portion of the second structure and the base. 5. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein, the lap portion covers the entire thinned region. 6. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein, a part, which is covered by the lap portion, of the thinned region comprises a plurality of sub-thinned regions, and the first structure in a sub-thinned region closer to the edge thereof has a smaller thickness. 7. The display substrate according to claim 1, wherein, the thickness of the first structure in the thinned region is a half to two thirds of that of the first structure outside the thinned region. 8. A manufacturing method of a display substrate, comprising: step 1: forming a first structure such that the first structure has a thinned region adjacent to an edge thereof; and step 2: forming a second structure such that the second structure has a lap portion disposed on the first structure and a main body portion disposed outside the first structure and connected with the lap portion, wherein at least part of the lap portion is located on the thinned region; and at least part of the main body portion outside the thinned region is in direct connection with the part of the lap portion on the thinned region. 9. The manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein, forming the first structure in the step 1 comprises: covering with a photoresist and performing dry etching so that the first structure is provided with the thinned region adjacent to the edge thereof. 10. The manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein, in the step 1, the first structure is formed by stepwise exposure in one patterning process so that the first structure is provided with the thinned region adjacent to the edge thereof. 11. The manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein, the display substrate is an array substrate, the first structure is a drain of a thin film transistor, and the second structure is a pixel electrode. 12. The manufacturing method according to claim 11, wherein, in the step 1, an active region of the thin film transistor is also formed at the same time and the drain is entirely disposed on the active region. 13. The manufacturing method according to claim 12, wherein, the step 1 comprises: sequentially forming a semiconductor layer, a source-drain metal layer and a photoresist layer on a base; performing stepwise exposure and development on the photoresist layer so that the photoresist layer has a first thickness in a first region, has a second thickness in a second region, has a third thickness in a third region, and does not remain in the other region; wherein, the first region corresponds to an area of the active region which is conductive when the thin film transistor is turned on, the second region corresponds at least to the thinned region of the drain, and the third region corresponds at least to an area of the active region other than the first region and the second region, the first thickness is smaller than the second thickness, and the second thickness is smaller than the third thickness; removing parts of the source-drain metal layer and the semiconductor layer which are not covered by the photoresist, so as to form the active region; performing ashing on the photoresist layer, so as to remove the photoresist layer in the first region, and preserve parts of the photoresist layer in the second region and the third region; removing the source-drain metal layer in the first region, so as to form a source and the drain; performing ashing on the photoresist layer to remove the photoresist layer in the second region and preserve a part of the photoresist layer in the third region; thinning the source-drain metal layer in the second region to form the thinned region; and removing the photoresist layer in the third region. 14. The manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein, the thinned region formed in step 1 comprises a plurality of sub-thinned regions which are thinned to different degrees in different regions, so that a sub-thinned region closer to the edge of the first structure is thinned to a larger degree; and the lap portion formed in the step 2 covers the plurality of sub-thinned regions. 15. The display substrate according to claim 2, wherein, the lap portion covers the entire thinned region. 16. The display substrate according to claim 3, wherein, the lap portion covers the entire thinned region. 17. The display substrate according to claim 2, wherein, a part, which is covered by the lap portion, of the thinned region comprises a plurality of sub-thinned regions, and the first structure in a sub-thinned region closer to the edge thereof has a smaller thickness. 18. The display substrate according to claim 3, wherein, a part, which is covered by the lap portion, of the thinned region comprises a plurality of sub-thinned regions, and the first structure in a sub-thinned region closer to the edge thereof has a smaller thickness. 19. The display substrate according to claim 2, wherein, the thickness of the first structure in the thinned region is a half to two thirds of that of the first structure outside the thinned region. 20. The display substrate according to claim 3, wherein, the thickness of the first structure in the thinned region is a half to two thirds of that of the first structure outside the thinned region.",
-    "The invention relates to a contact apparatus (11) and to a charging contact unit (12) for a rapid-charging system for electrically driven vehicles, in particular electric buses or the like, and to a method for forming an electrically conductive connection between a vehicle and a stationary charging station, wherein the contact apparatus serves to form an electrically conductive connection between the vehicle and the stationary charging station comprising a charging contact unit, wherein the contact apparatus can be arranged on a vehicle, wherein the contact apparatus comprises a contact device (14), wherein the contact device can make contact with the charging contact unit, wherein the contact apparatus or the charging contact unit comprises a positioning device (15), wherein the contact device can be positioned relative to the charging contact unit by means of the positioning device, wherein the positioning device has a pantograph or a swing arm (19), by means of which the contact device can be positioned in the vertical direction relative to the charging contact unit, wherein the contact device has a contact element support comprising contact elements (17), wherein the contact elements can make contact with the charging contact elements of the charging contact unit so as to form contact pairs, wherein the positioning device has a transverse guide (25), by means of which the contact element support can be positioned transversely relative to the charging contact unit, wherein the transverse guide is arranged at a distal end of the pantograph or of the swing arm (19). 1. A contact apparatus for a rapid-charging system for electrically driven vehicles, wherein the contact apparatus serves to form an electrically conductive connection between a vehicle and a stationary charging station having a charging contact, said contact apparatus comprising: a contact device contactable with the charging contact unit; a positioning device positioning the contact device relative to the charging contact unit, wherein the positioning device has a pantograph or a swing arm positioning the contact device in the vertical direction relative to the charging contact unit, and; a contact element support having contact elements, wherein the contact elements contact charging contact elements of the charging contact unit so as to form contact pairs, the positioning device having a transverse guide positioning the contact element support transversely relative to the charging contact unit, wherein the transverse guide is arranged at a distal end of the pantograph or of the swing arm. 2. The contact apparatus according to claim 1, in which the contact device can be arranged on a roof of the vehicle. 3. The contact apparatus according to claim 1, in which the contact elements are arranged on the contact element support relative to the charging contact elements in such a manner that a defined order is maintained when forming contact pairs when the contact device and the charging contact unit are joined. 4. The contact apparatus according to claim 1, in which the contact element support forms at least two positioning surfaces that match contact surfaces of the charging contact unit for coming into contact with the contact element support. 5. The contact apparatus according to claim 1, in which the contact element support is arranged on the transverse guide in a freely displaceable manner. 6. The contact apparatus according to claim 1, in which the contact elements are bolt-shaped and elastically mounted on the contact element support. 7. The contact apparatus according to claim 1, in which at least two contact elements protrude at different heights relative to a surface of the contact element support. 8. A charging contact unit for a rapid-charging system for electrically driven vehicles, wherein the charging contact unit serves to form an electrically conductive connection between a vehicle and a stationary charging station, the vehicle having a contact apparatus and the stationary charging station including the charging contact unit, wherein the contact apparatus is arranged on the vehicle and includes a contact device that can make contact with the charging contact unit, wherein the contact apparatus or the charging contact unit includes a positioning device positioning the contact device relative to the charging contact unit, wherein the positioning device has a pantograph or a swing arm positioning the contact device in the vertical direction relative to the charging contact unit, wherein the contact device has a contact element support including contact elements that can make contact with charging contact elements of the charging contact unit so as to form contact pairs, said charging contact unit comprising: a transverse guide positioning the charging contact unit transversely relative to the contact element support. 9. The charging contact unit according to claim 8, in which the charging contact unit is arranged on the transverse guide in a freely displaceable manner. 10. The charging contact unit according to claim 8, in which the charging contact unit forms a receiving opening for the contact device, wherein the contact device can be inserted into the receiving opening of the charging contact unit. 11. The charging contact unit according to claim 10, in which the receiving opening forms a guide for the contact device when the contact device and the charging contact unit are joined. 12. The charging contact unit according to claim 8, in which the charging contact unit is composed of a charging contact element support and of the charging contact elements, wherein the charging contact element support is made of a plastic material. 13. The charging contact unit according to claim 8, in which the charging contact unit is a roof-shaped longitudinal rail, which can be arranged in a direction of travel of the vehicle. 14. The charging contact unit according to claim 8, in which the charging contact elements are conductor strips. 15. A rapid-charging system comprising: a contact apparatus according to claim 1; and/or a charging contact unit having a transverse guide positioning the charging contact unit transversely relative to a contact element support including contact elements that can make contact with charging contact elements of the charging contact unit so as to form contact pairs. 16. A method for forming an electrically conductive connection between a vehicle and a stationary charging station for electrically driven vehicles, comprising a contact apparatus and a charging contact unit, wherein the contact apparatus is arranged on a vehicle, wherein the contact apparatus comprises a contact device, said method comprising: bringing a contact device into contact with a charging contact device of the charging station; positioning the contact device relative to the charging contact unit using a positioning device having a pantograph or a swing arm positioning the contact device in the vertical direction relative to the charging contact unit; bringing contact elements of a contact element support into contact with charging contact elements of the charging contact unit so as to form contact pairs; and positioning the contact element support transversely relative to the charging contact unit using a transverse guide forming part of the positioning device during joining of the contact device and the charging contact unit when bringing the contact elements of the contact element support into contact with the charging contact elements. 17. The method according to claim 16, including forming a first contact pair between a first contact element and a first charging contact element before another contact pair is formed between another contact element and another charging contact element.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film and a thin film transistor, a thin film transistor, a display panel and a display device are provided. The method includes: forming an amorphous silicon thin film (01) on a substrate (1); forming a pattern of a silicon oxide thin film (02) covering the amorphous silicon thin film (01), a thickness of the silicon oxide thin film (02) located at a preset region being larger than that of the silicon oxide thin film (02) located at other regions; and irradiating the silicon oxide thin film (02) by using excimer laser to allow the amorphous silicon thin film (01) forming an initial polycrystalline silicon thin film (04), the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film (04) located at the preset region being a target low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film (05). The polycrystalline silicon thin film has more uniform crystal size. 1. A method of manufacturing a low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film, comprising: forming an amorphous silicon thin film on a substrate; forming a pattern of a silicon oxide thin film covering the amorphous silicon thin film, wherein a thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at a preset region is larger than that of the silicon oxide thin film located at other regions other than the preset region; and irradiating the silicon oxide thin film by using excimer laser to allow the amorphous silicon thin film forming an initial polycrystalline silicon thin film, wherein the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film located at the preset region is a target low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film. 2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising: after forming the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film by using the amorphous silicon thin film, removing the silicon oxide thin film on the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film; hydrotreating the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film; and patterning the hydrotreated initial polycrystalline silicon thin film to remain the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film located at the preset region and remove the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film located at other regions other than the preset region so as to obtain the target low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film. 3. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at the preset region is 5 nm\u02dc20 nm. 4. The manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein the thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at other regions other than the preset region is a half of the thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at the preset region. 5. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising: after removing the silicon oxide thin film on the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film and before patterning the hydrotreated initial polycrystalline silicon thin film, smoothing a surface of the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film. 6. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the silicon oxide thin film is made of silicon dioxide. 7. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the forming the pattern of the silicon oxide thin film covering the amorphous silicon thin film comprises: forming the silicon oxide thin film on the amorphous silicon thin film; applying a layer of photoresist on the silicon oxide thin film; exposing and developing the photoresist layer by using a mask to obtain a completely remained region of the photoresist and a partially remained region of the photoresist, wherein the completely remained region of the photoresist corresponds to the preset region; and etching the completely remained region of the photoresist and the partially remained region of the photoresist to form a pattern of the silicon oxide thin film. 8. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising: after forming the amorphous silicon thin film and before forming the pattern of the silicon oxide thin film covering the amorphous silicon thin film, hydrotreating and cleaning a surface of the amorphous silicon thin film. 9. A low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film, wherein the low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film is prepared by using the manufacturing method according to claim 1. 10. A method of manufacturing a thin film transistor, comprising: forming a pattern of an active layer and a gate electrode insulated from each other on a substrate, and forming a pattern of a source electrode and a drain electrode electrically connected with the active layer, respectively; wherein the active layer is a low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film, and the low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film is prepared by using the manufacturing method according to claim 1, and the preset region is a region at which the active layer is located. 11. A thin film transistor, wherein the thin film transistor is prepared by the manufacturing method according to claim 10. 12. A display panel, comprising the thin film transistor according to claim 11. 13. A display device, comprising the display panel according to claim 12. 14. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at the preset region is 5 nm\u02dc20 nm. 15. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at other regions other than the preset region is a half of the thickness of the silicon oxide thin film located at the preset region. 16. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, further comprising: after removing the silicon oxide thin film on the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film and before patterning the hydrotreated initial polycrystalline silicon thin film, smoothing a surface of the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film. 17. The manufacturing method according to claim 3, further comprising: after removing the silicon oxide thin film on the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film and before patterning the hydrotreated initial polycrystalline silicon thin film, smoothing a surface of the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film. 18. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, further comprising: after removing the silicon oxide thin film on the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film and before patterning the hydrotreated initial polycrystalline silicon thin film, smoothing a surface of the initial polycrystalline silicon thin film. 19. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein the forming the pattern of the silicon oxide thin film covering the amorphous silicon thin film comprises: forming the silicon oxide thin film on the amorphous silicon thin film; applying a layer of photoresist on the silicon oxide thin film; exposing and developing the photoresist layer by using a mask to obtain a completely remained region of the photoresist and a partially remained region of the photoresist, wherein the completely remained region of the photoresist corresponds to the preset region; and etching the completely remained region of the photoresist and the partially remained region of the photoresist to form a pattern of the silicon oxide thin film. 20. The manufacturing method according to claim 2, further comprising: after forming the amorphous silicon thin film and before forming the pattern of the silicon oxide thin film covering the amorphous silicon thin film, hydrotreating and cleaning a surface of the amorphous silicon thin film.",
-    "The disclosure relates, in various embodiments, to methods for forming activated carbon comprising (a) providing a feedstock mixture comprising a carbon feedstock, at least one activating agent chosen from alkali metal hydroxides, and at least one additive chosen from fats, oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and polyhydroxylated compounds to form a feedstock mixture; (b) optionally heating the feedstock mixture to a first temperature, and when a step of heating the feedstock mixture to a first temperature is performed, optionally holding the feedstock mixture at the first temperature for a time sufficient to react the at least one activating agent with the at least one additive; (c) optionally milling and/or grinding the feedstock mixture; (d) heating the feedstock mixture to an activation temperature; and (e) holding the feedstock mixture at the activation temperature for a time sufficient to form activated carbon. 1. A method for forming activated carbon, said method comprising: providing a feedstock mixture comprising a carbon feedstock, at least one activating agent chosen from alkali metal hydroxides, and at least one additive chosen from fats, oils, fatty acids, and fatty acid esters; optionally heating the feedstock mixture to a first temperature, and when a step of heating the feedstock mixture to a first temperature is performed, optionally holding the feedstock mixture at the first temperature for a time sufficient to react the at least one activating agent with the at least one additive; optionally granulating the feedstock mixture; heating the feedstock mixture to an activation temperature; and holding the feedstock mixture at the activation temperature for a time sufficient to form activated carbon. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock mixture is formed by mixing the carbon feedstock and the at least one additive, and subsequently adding the at least one activating agent. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock mixture is mixed at a temperature ranging from about 25\u00b0 C. to about 150\u00b0 C. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising forming the carbon feedstock by carbonizing at least one carbonaceous material in an inert atmosphere at a temperature ranging from about 500\u00b0 C. to 950\u00b0 C. and optionally crushing, pulverizing, and/or milling the carbon feedstock to form a carbonized powder. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one activating agent is chosen from KOH, NaOH, LiOH, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one additive is chosen from animal fats, vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the at least one additive is chosen from tallow, fish oil, whale oil, liver oil, butter, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, nutmeg oil, olive oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, castor oil, canola oil, and mixtures thereof. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acids are chosen from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids comprising from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the fatty acids are chosen from acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linoleric acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid, and mixtures thereof. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one activating agent to the at least one additive in the feedstock mixture is greater than or equal to about 1:1. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the molar ratio of the at least one activating agent to the at least one additive in the feedstock mixture is greater than or equal to about 3:1. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the at least one activating agent to the at least one additive in the feedstock mixture ranges from about 5:1 to about 30:1. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock mixture is wet or dry. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first temperature ranges from about 25\u00b0 C. to about 250\u00b0 C. and the feedstock mixture is optionally held at the first temperature for a time period ranging from about 1 minute to about 120 minutes. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock mixture is optionally granulated at a temperature less than or equal to about 500\u00b0 C. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the activation temperature ranges from about 700\u00b0 C. to about 900\u00b0 C. and the feedstock mixture is held at the activation temperature for a time ranging from about 5 minutes to about 6 hours. 17. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of cooling, collecting, rinsing, and/or heat treating the activated carbon. 18. A method for forming activated carbon, said method comprising: providing a feedstock mixture comprising a carbon feedstock, at least one activating agent chosen from alkali metal hydroxides, and at least one additive chosen from polyols, cellulose ethers, and ionic and non-ionic silicone oils; optionally grinding and/or milling the feedstock mixture; heating the feedstock mixture to an activation temperature; and holding the feedstock mixture at the activation temperature for a time sufficient to form activated carbon, wherein the feedstock mixture is in particulate form. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the polyols are chosen from glycerol, polyether polyols, and polyester polyols. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the cellulose ethers are chosen from methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxyethylcellulose, hydroxyypropylcellulose, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.",
-    "Provided is a sliding electric component that extends the service life of a slider, inhibits the occurrence of abnormal sounds during sliding, smooths the sliding of the slider, and inhibits the occurrence of abrasion powder from carbon paste. The sliding electric component comprises a first power collection part (12), a second power collection part (13), and a slider (15) for sliding on the first power collection part (12) and the second power collection part (13), wherein the a plurality of areas (12a, 13a) composed of carbon paste are formed in the sliding direction of the slider (15) in continuous fashion on the second power collection part (13) on which the slider (15) slides. 1. A sliding electric component comprising: a first power collecting portion; a second power collecting portion; and a wiper configured to slide on the first and the second power collecting portions, wherein: a plurality of regions each composed of carbon paste are formed on the second power collecting portion where the wiper slides, the plurality of regions being intermittently formed in a direction in which the wiper slides. 2. The sliding electric component according to claim 1, wherein the regions composed of carbon paste each have a rectangular shape. 3. The sliding electric component according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of regions composed of carbon paste form a plurality of rows, and the plurality of regions composed of carbon paste included in adjacent rows are alternately disposed. 4. The sliding electric component according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of regions composed of carbon paste are dispersedly disposed. 5. The sliding electric component according to claim 4, wherein the regions composed of carbon paste each have a circular shape. 6. The sliding electric component according to claim 4, wherein the regions composed of carbon paste each have a rhombus shape. 7. The sliding electric component according to claim 4, wherein the regions composed of carbon paste each have a trapezoidal shape. 8. The sliding electric component according to claim 4, wherein the regions composed of carbon paste each have a star shape. 9. The sliding electric component according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of regions composed of carbon paste are formed with a predetermined interval from an edge of the second power collecting portion in a short-side direction of the second power collecting portion. 10. The sliding electric component according to claim 1, further comprising an insulating portion at a position which is adjacent to the second power collecting portion and where the wiper slides. 11. The sliding electric component according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of regions composed of carbon paste are formed on the first power collecting portion where the wiper slides, the plurality of regions being intermittently formed in a direction in which the wiper slides.",
-    "The present invention relates to a golf ball and a method for manufacturing same and may provide a golf ball having improved hitting sensation and the flight distance by applying an existing manufacturing process without changes even while changing the material for the golf ball or even by applying a shortened manufacturing process. 1. A golf ball comprising a first pole, a second pole, and a seam located between the first pole and the second pole, and having a section structure comprising an outer surface having a plurality of dimples formed thereon, a core, and a cover surrounding the core, wherein the core comprises a composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a butadiene rubber and 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of a polymer resin, or 100 parts by weight of an elastomeric resin, and the cover comprises 100 parts by weight of an ionomer resin and 1 to 10 parts by weight of a butadiene rubber having a 1,2-bond content of 90% or more. 2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein a difference in Shore D hardness (Cs-Cc), between an outermost surface (Cs) and a center (Cc) of the core is in the range of 8 to 15. 3. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the butadiene rubber is a polybutadiene rubber having a cis content of 90% or more. 4. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric resin is one or more selected from neutralized ionomers and commercial ionomers. 5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polymer resin is one or more selected from the group of consisting of PET(polyethylene terephthalate), PP(polypropylene), PE(polyethylene), PVC(polyvinyl chloride), EVA(ethylene vinyl acetate) and nylon. 6. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core has a compressive strength (COMP\u2032) in the range of 40 to 70 PGA. 7. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core has a diameter in the range of 38.0 to 41.0 mm. 8. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the ionomer resin is one or more selected from the group consisting of a hard ionomer which is a magnesium, lithium, sodium or zinc salt of a copolymer of a C2-C8 olefin with a C3-C8 unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and has a modulus of 30,000 to 55,000 P.S.I., and a soft ionomer which is a magnesium, lithium, sodium or zinc salt of a copolymer of a C2-C8 olefin with a C2-C22 acrylate ester-based unsaturated monomer and has a modulus of 3,000 to 7,000 P.S.I. 9. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the ionomer resin is one or more selected from the group consisting of a hard ionomer which is a magnesium, lithium, sodium or zinc salt of a copolymer of ethylene with methacrylic acid, and a soft ionomer which is a sodium salt of a terpolymer of n-butyl or iso-butyl acrylate, ethylene and methacrylic acid. 10-13. (canceled) 14. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the golf ball is coated with at least one coating resin selected from the group consisting of one-component/two-component urethane resins, one-component/two-component acrylic urethane resins, and PVC resins, to a coating thickness in the range of 5 to 40 \u03bcm. 15. The golf ball of claim 14, wherein the golf ball is coated with a top coating composition comprising 100 parts by weight of the coating resin and 1 to 3.5 parts by weight of a compound represented by the following formula 1: 16. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the coating resin comprises 1 to 10 parts by weight of at least one pigment selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, barium sulfide, zinc oxide and zinc sulfide, based on 100 parts by weight of the coating resin. 17. A method for manufacturing a golf ball, comprising the steps of: manufacturing a core; manufacturing a cover surrounding the core; grinding a mold seam on the cover; an adhesion pretreatment of the cover; a top coating; and a drying, wherein the core is prepared by a composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a butadiene rubber and 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of a polymer resin, or 100 parts by weight of an elastomeric resin, and the cover is prepared by a composition comprising 100 parts by weight of an ionomer resin and 1 to 10 parts by weight of a butadiene rubber having a 1,2-bond content of 90% or more. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of the adhesion pretreatment of the cover is performed by primer treatment, corona discharge, or plasma discharge. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising a step of a marking prior to the step of the top coating. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of manufacturing the cover comprises a step of overlapping one to four cover over-layers around the core to manufacture two-piece to five-piece golf balls. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of the top coating is performed by air-spray coating or electrostatic coating. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of the drying is performed by thermal drying, near infrared (NIR) drying or hot-air drying. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of the top coating is performed by the using the composition of claim 15, and the step of the adhesion pretreatment of the cover is omitted.",
-    "Provided is a thermosetting sheet for sealing which is used to seal an electronic device. One surface of the sheet has a surface roughness (Ra) of 3 \u03bcm or less before the sheet is cured. 1. A sheet for sealing, which is a thermosetting sheet used to seal an electronic device, one surface of the sheet having a surface roughness (Ra) of 3 \u03bcm or less. 2. The sheet for sealing according to claim 1, wherein a colorant is added to the side of the one surface of the sheet. 3. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: a step A of flip-chip bonding an electronic device onto a circuit-forming surface of a semiconductor wafer, and a step B of embedding the electronic device flip-chip bonded onto the semiconductor wafer into a sheet for sealing to form a sealed body, wherein a surface of the sheet for sealing, the surface being opposite to a surface of the sheet that faces the semiconductor wafer, has a surface roughness (Ra) of 3 \u03bcm or less. 4. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein a colorant is added to the side of the sheet surface opposite to the surface of the sheet that faces the semiconductor wafer.",
-    "The invention relates to a coupling point serving to form a coupling station between at least two senders and at least one receiver of a pneumatic conveyance system for conveying bulk material. The bulk material is directed by sender tubes and receiver tubes, which fluidically connect the sender and the receiver to the coupling station (6). The coupling point is a plug-in module which has at least one sender divider tube (7) and at least one receiver divider tuber (12). The sender divider tube (7) has at least one outlet (10) and the receiver divider tube (12) has at least one inlet (15) for the bulk material. The sender divider tube (7) and the receiver divider tube (12) each have at least one connection (9, 14) for a next plug-in module (21) or a sender tube (4) or receiver tube (5). The outlet (10) of the sender divider tube (7) and the inlet (15) of the receiver divider tube (12) can be closed or released. The coupling station has at least two dimensionally stable plug-in modules, each having at least one sender divider tube and at least one receiver divider tube which are fluidically connected or connectable to each other. 1.-18. (canceled) 19. A coupling point for forming a coupling station between at least two senders and at least one receiver of a pneumatic conveyance system for conveying bulk material, wherein the pneumatic conveyance system comprises sender pipes and receiver pipes fluidically connecting the at least two senders and the at least one receiver with the coupling station, the coupling point comprising: a plug module comprising at least one sender pipe part and at least one receiver pipe part; wherein the at least one sender pipe part comprises at least one outlet for the bulk material and further comprises at least one first connector configured to connect to a further plug module or to a sender pipe; wherein the at least one receiver pipe part comprises at least one inlet for the bulk material and further comprises at least one second connector configured to connect to a further plug module or to a receiver pipe; wherein the outlet of the at least one sender pipe part and the inlet of the at least one receiver pipe part are configured to be closable or openable. 20. The coupling point according to claim 19, wherein the outlet of the at least one sender pipe part and the inlet of the at least one receiver pipe part are positioned oppositely slanted relative to each other such that the outlet in a flow direction of the bulk material extends at a slant upwardly and at least one part of the inlet in the flow direction of the bulk material extends at a slant downwardly. 21. The coupling point according to claim 19, wherein the outlet branches off a pipe section of the at least one sender pipe part and wherein the inlet branches of a pipe section of the at least one receiver pipe part. 22. The coupling point according to claim 21, wherein the at least one first connector is provided at least at one end of the pipe section of the at least one sender pipe part and wherein the at least one second connector is provided at least at one end of the pipe section of the at least one receiver pipe part. 23. The coupling point according to claim 19, wherein the at least one first connector and the at least one second connector are slidable coupling sleeves. 24. The coupling point according to claim 19, further comprising at least one support, wherein the at least one sender pipe part and the at least one receiver pipe part are supported relative to each other by the at least one support. 25. The coupling point according to claim 19, further comprising a connecting pipe, wherein the outlet of the at least one sender pipe part is connected to the inlet of the at least one receiver pipe part by the connecting pipe. 26. The coupling point according to claim 25, wherein the connecting pipe comprises a center part and pipe ends connected to opposite ends of the center part and extending slantedly away from the center part. 27. The coupling point according to claim 26, wherein the pipe ends of the connecting pipe extend in a common plane. 28. The coupling point according to claim 25, further comprising a closure device provided in the area of the connecting pipe and configured to open or close the connecting pipe. 29. The coupling point according to claim 19, wherein the outlet branches off a pipe section of the at least one sender pipe part and wherein the inlet branches of a pipe section of the at least one receiver pipe part, wherein an axis of the pipe section of the at least one sender pipe part and an axis of the pipe section of the at least one receiver pipe part are positioned in different planes, respectively. 30. The coupling point according to claim 29, wherein the different planes extend parallel to each other. 31. The coupling point according to claim 29, wherein a spacing between the different planes corresponds at least to a diameter of the pipe section of the at least one sender pipe part or of the pipe section of the at least one receiver pipe part. 32. The coupling point according to claim 31, wherein the spacing is a multiple of said diameter. 33. The coupling point according to claim 29, further comprising a connecting pipe, wherein the outlet of the at least one sender pipe part is connected to the inlet of the at least one receiver pipe part by the connecting pipe, wherein the connecting pipe extends at a slant relative to the different planes. 34. The coupling point according to claim 29, wherein the pipe section of the at least one sender pipe part and the pipe section of the at least one receiver pipe part are positioned perpendicularly to each other. 35. The coupling point according to claim 29, wherein a pipe configuration connecting the at least one sender pipe part to the at least one receiver pipe part comprises deflections that in total amount to at least 270\u00b0. 36. The coupling point according to claim 35, wherein the inlet of the at least one receiver pipe part comprises pipe sections that adjoin each other at an angle, respectively. 37. A coupling station arranged between at least two senders and at least one receiver, wherein sender pipes and receiver pipes connect fluidically the at least two senders and the at least one receiver to the coupling station, the coupling station comprising at least two shape-stable plug modules each comprising at least one sender pipe part and at least one receiver pipe part fluidically connected or connectable to each other. 38. The coupling station according to claim 37, wherein the plug modules each are a plug module according to claim 19.",
-    "A drilling and through-wall fire extinguishing device comprises a main water turbine, a forward and reverse commutator, a reducing sleeve, a hollow drill bit, a handwheel booster, a guide rail, a water separator, a vice water turbine and a high pressure water pump. The handwheel booster is connected with the main water turbine, the main water turbine is drivingly connected with the hollow drill bit through the forward and reverse commutator, the reducing sleeve is arranged between the hollow drill bit and the forward and reverse commutator, and the main water turbine and the forward and reverse commutator are fixed on the guide rail; and fire-fighting pressure water is fed by the water separator, a first water outlet of the water separator is communicated with the main water turbine, a second water outlet is communicated with the vice water turbine, and the vice water turbine is drivingly connected with the high pressure water pump. 1. A hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device, wherein it comprises main hydroturbine, forward/backward diverter, adapting sleeve, hollow drill bit, hand-wheel booster, guide rail, water distributor, auxiliary hydroturbine, high-pressure water pump; The said hand-wheel booster is connected with the main hydroturbine, the main hydroturbine is connected with the drive of the hollow drill bit via the forward/backward diverter, adapting sleeve is also provided between the said hollow drill bit and forward/backward diverter, and the said main hydroturbine and forward/backward diverter are fixed on the guide rail; the high-pressure water hose used for connecting the pressure fire water pipe is connected with the inlet of the water distributor, the first outlet of the said water distributor is connected with the main hydroturbine, the second outlet of the said water distributor is connected with the auxiliary hydroturbine, the said auxiliary hydroturbine is connected with the drive of the high-pressure water pump, the third outlet of the said water distributor is connected with the inlet of the high-pressure water pump, and the outlet of the said high-pressure water pump is connected with the hollow drill bit via the adaptive sleeve; and a number of small pores used for direct jetting and diffusing are provided near the tip of the said hollow drill bit. 2. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said main hydroturbine is a singular hydroturbine or a hydroturbine bank composed of at least two hydroturbines. 3. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said forward/backward diverter is a reversing gearbox composed of one gear set which turns the singular rotating direction inputted by the main hydroturbine into two rotating directions, namely, forward and backward directions. 4. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said hollow drill bit is a carbon steel drill bit used for cutting iron and steel, a diamond drill bit used for cutting glass or an artificial hollow thin-walled diamond drill bit used for cutting concrete. 5. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said adapting sleeve is installed at the rear-end neck of the hollow drill bit, on which more than one quick couplings are provided and used for connecting with the external fire extinguishing agent. 6. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said hand-wheel booster is composed of rotating hand-wheel and thick screw, and the said hand-wheel and thick screw are horizontally connected one after another, or are connected at 90\u00b0 with each other through a right-angle bevel gear. 7. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said high-pressure water pump is a plunger type or centrifugal light-duty high-pressure water pump. 8. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said fire extinguishing device also includes a multi-angle support used for fixing the guide rail and changing the operating angle of the components on the guide rail, and the said multi-angle support is fixedly coupled with the guide rail. 9. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said fire extinguishing device also includes chuck used for fixing the multi-angle support, and the said support fixing chuck is manual vacuum chuck or motorized vacuum chuck. 10. The hole-drilling and wall-penetrating fire extinguishing device according to claim 1, wherein the said fire extinguishing device also includes cooling pipe used for cooling the hollow drill bit, and the cooling pipe is connected with the outlet of the main hydroturbine.",
-    "The present invention provides a method for determining the nucleic acid composition in a total nucleic acid mixture comprising a first nucleic acid and a second nucleic acid. The method comprises: 1) treating the total nucleic acid mixture with a bisulfate, to convert the non-methylated cytosine in the total nucleic acid mixture into uracil, and obtain a converted total nucleic acid mixture; 2) subjecting the converted total nucleic acid mixture to multiplexed fluorescent quantitative PCR using a first set of amplification primers and a second set of amplification primers; and 3) based on the ratio R of the methylated amplification product to the non-methylated amplification product of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment, a methylation proportion M1 of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment in the first nucleic acid, and a methylation proportion M2 of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment in the second nucleic acid, determining the nucleic acid composition in the total nucleic acid mixture. 1. A method for determining the nucleic acid composition of a total nucleic acid mixture comprising a first nucleic acid and a second nucleic acid, in which the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid are derived from different sources, the method comprising: 1) treating the total nucleic acid mixture with a bisulfite to convert non-methylated cytosine in the total nucleic acid mixture into uracil and to obtain a converted total nucleic acid mixture; 2) subjecting the converted total nucleic acid mixture to multiplexed fluorescent quantitative PCR using a first set of amplification primers and a second set of amplification primers to capture and amplify a predetermined nucleic acid fragment and obtain a ratio R of a methylated amplification product to a non-methylated amplification product of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment; wherein the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid each contain the predetermined nucleic acid fragment, and the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid have different methylation level in the predetermined nucleic acid fragment; wheren the first set of amplification primers specifically recognize the predetermined nucleic acid fragment after the non-methylated cytosine in the redetermined nucleic acid fragment is converted into uracil, and the second set of amplification primers specifically recognize the unconverted predetermined nucleic acid fragment; and wherein a methylation proportion M1 of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment in the first nucleic acid and a methylation proportion M2 of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment in the second nucleic acid are predetermined; and 3) determining the nucleic acid composition in the total nucleic acid mixture based on the ratio R of the methylated amplification product to the non-methylated amplification product of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment, the methylation proportion M1 of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment in the first nucleic acid, and the methylation proportion M2 of the predetermined nucleic acid fragment in the second nucleic acid. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total nucleic acid mixture is a parental plasma DNA, the first nucleic acid is a fetal DNA, and the second nucleic acid is a maternal DNA. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first nucleic acid is a cancer cell DNA, and the second nucleic acid is a non-cancer cell DNA. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step 3), content \u03b5 of the first nucleic acid in the total nucleic acid mixture is determined according to the formula \u03b5=(M2+RM2\u2212R)/[R(M2\u2212M1)\u2212(M1\u2212M2)]. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein M1 is at least 10\u00d7, or at least 50\u00d7 the value of M2. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein in step 3), the content \u03b5 of the first nucleic acid in the total nucleic acid mixture is determined according to the formula \u03b5=R/[M1R+M1]. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined nucleic acid fragment comprises one or more nucleic acid fragments located on different chromosomes. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined nucleic acid fragment comprises one or more nucleic acid fragments located within different genes. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the predetermined nucleic acid fragment is selected from the group consisting of at least a portion of genes: RASSF1A, SERPINB5, C21orf63, OLIG2, CBR1, SIM2, DSCAM, TRPM2, C21orf29, COL18A1, AIRE, ERG, CD48, FAIN/13, ARHGAP25, BMP3, VIM, NDRG4, TFPI2, SFRP2, SEPT9, and SELPLG. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein for each genes, the predetermined nucleic acid fragment comprises at least one region selected from a group consisting of the following nucleic acid sequences: Gene Nucleic acid sequence RASSF1A chr3: 50378097-50378226 AIRE chr21: 45703903-45704111 SIM2 chr21: 38078780-38079213 ERG chr21: 39878777-39879107 CD48 chr1: 160681560-160681732 FAIM3 chr1: 207096473-207096654 ARHGAP25 chr2: 69001823-69002052 SELPLG chr12: 109028663-109028901 BMP3 chr4: 81951942-81952808 VIM chr10: 17270431-17272617 NDRG4 chr16: 58497034-58498595 TFPI2 chr7: 93519367-93520184 SFRP2 chr4: 154709513-154710827, and SEPT9 chr17: 75368689-75370506 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined nucleic acid fragment is a portion of the RASSF1A gene, and the first set of amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined nucleic acid fragment is a portion of the RASSF1A gene, and the second set of amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 5. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein a methylation specific probe and a non-methylation specific probe are further used in the multiplexed fluorescent quantitative PCR. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the methylation specific probe and the non-methylation specific probe are each labeled with at least one marker selected from the group consisting of FAM, JOE, and TAMRA. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the methylation specific probe has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 6, and the non-methylation specific probe has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 9. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the methylation specific probe is labeled with FAM and TAMRA. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the methylation specific probe is labeled with JOE and TAMRA. 18. The method according to claim 4, wherein M1 is at least 90 X or at least 100 X the value of M2. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein in step 3), the content s of the first nucleic acid in the total nucleic acid mixture is determined according to the formula \u03b5=R/[M1R+M1].",
-    "System and Method to adjust the orientation of a mobile video camera suited to film a pair of athletes moving on a field of play, wherein the position of the athletes is determined relative to a coordinate system integral to the field of play by using radio transmitters, which are applied to the bodies of the athletes, and radio receivers arranged around the field of play, and fixed relative to the field of play and interfaced with a processing and control unit, the processing and control unit determines an intermediate position between the two athletes as a function of the current positions of two athletes, and a motor-driven moving device moves the mobile video camera so as to center the respective camera framing on the intermediate position. 1. A method to adjust mobile video camera orientation to film two or more athletes moving on a field of play, comprising: determining the position of at least two moving athletes relative to a coordinate system integral to a field of play by using a plurality of radio transmitters, each said radio transmitter being applied to the respective bodies of said at least two athletes, and a radio receiver, said radio receiver being arranged around at least part of said field of play and fixed relative thereto; interfacing the positioning of said at least two moving athletes to a processor; determining, in real time, by means of said processor, an intermediate position between said at least two moving athletes relative to said coordinate system, as a function of the current positions of said at least two athletes; and moving, by means of a motor-driven mover controlled by said processor, the mobile video camera to center a respective camera framing on said intermediate position. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of radio transmitters comprises at least two radio transmitters, each of which is applied to the body of a respective athlete, and said radio receiver comprises a plurality of radio receivers, which are arranged in known positions along at least one portion of the perimeter of said field of play. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said determining the position of the at least two moving athletes comprises: transmitting, by means of said at least two radio transmitters, at least two respective radio signals having at least two different frequencies; receiving, by said plurality of radio receivers, said at least two radio signals; measuring, by means of said processor, the intensity and/or the phase of said at least two radio signals received by said plurality of radio receivers for each of said two frequencies; and determining, by means of said processor, the position of each of said at least two moving athletes on the field of play as a function of the measured intensity and/or phases of the signals received at the respective frequency and the positions of said at least two radio receivers. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of radio transmitters comprises at least two Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, respective tags being applied to the bodies of respective athletes, and wherein said radio receiver comprises at least two receiver devices, each of which comprises a respective antenna array and a respective plurality of UWB receivers. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said determining the position of said at least two moving athletes comprises: transmitting, by means of respective at least two RFID tags, at least two respective UWB radio signals; and receiving, by means of said at least two receiver devices, said at least two respective UWB radio signals; determining, by means of said processor, the position of each of said at least two moving athletes on said field of play, as a function of the signals received by said at least two receiver devices for said at least two UWB radio signals transmitted. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the position of each of said at least two moving athletes is determined by a multi-lateration algorithm based on the calculation of the time difference of arrival of the received signals by said at least two receiver devices for each of the respective UWB radio signals transmitted. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein said at least two receiver devices are arranged facing one another on opposite sides of said field of play. 8. A system for filming at least two moving athletes, said system comprising: a mobile video camera to film at least two moving athletes on a field of play; a motor-driven mover to move said mobile video camera about by changing the orientation thereof relative to said field of play; a position detector, said position detector providing signals indicating the position of said at least two moving athletes, a plurality of radio transmitters, respective radio transmitters being applied to the respective bodies of said at least two athletes; a radio receiver, said radio receiver being arranged in a fixed manner around said field of play; and a processor, said processor being interfaced with said radio receiver, and configured to determine, in real time, as a function of signals from said radio receiver, an intermediate position between said at least two two athletes relative to a coordinate system that corresponds to said field of play, said processor controlling said motor-driven mover so as to center camera framing of said mobile video camera on said intermediate position. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein said radio transmitter comprises at least two said radio transmitters, respective radio transmitters being applied to respective bodies of said at least two athletes, each said radio transmitter capable of transmitting a respective radio signal at a respective frequency; 10. The system according to claim 8, wherein said radio receiver comprises a plurality of radio receivers, each arranged along at least one portion of the perimeter of said field of play, and capable of receiving said radio signals. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein said processor is configured for determining said intermediate position as a function of the signals received by said plurality of radio receivers. 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein said plurality of radio receivers are arranged in series and substantially equally spaced apart along said at least one portion of the perimeter of said field of play. 13. The system according to claim 8, wherein said radio transmitter comprises at least two Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, respective tags being applied to the bodies of respective athletes, and each tag being suited to transmit a respective UWB radio signal, wherein said radio receiver comprises at least two radio receivers, each said radio receiver comprising a respective antenna array and a respective plurality of UWB receivers for receiving said UWB radio signals, and wherein said processor is configured for determining said intermediate position as a function of the signals received by the respective radio receivers. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein said processor is configured for determining the position of each of said at least two athletes by a multi-lateration algorithm based on the calculation of the time difference of arrival of the received signals at said at least two radio receivers for each of said UWB radio signals transmitted. 15. The system according to claim 13, wherein said processor determines said intermediate position as a function of the positions of said at least two athletes. 16. The system according to claim 13, wherein said two radio receivers are arranged facing each other from opposite sides of said field of play.",
-    "An anode body for a solid electrolytic capacitor element, which is an anode body for a solid electrolytic capacitor element having a dielectric layer on the surface of a sintered body, wherein at least a part of the surface of the valve-acting metal particles constituting the sintered body is covered with a dielectric layer, and a part of the dielectric layer on the particle surface has a larger thickness than the other part; and a method for producing the same, in which a sintered body of a valve-acting metal is immersed in an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent after being subjected to chemical formation, the resulting sintered body is then immersed in water-soluble alcohol and dried, and the oxidizing agent is removed by water washing. 1. An anode body for a solid electrolytic capacitor element, which is an anode body for a solid electrolytic capacitor element having a dielectric layer on a surface of a sintered body, wherein at least a part of a surface of valve-acting metal particles constituting the sintered body is covered with a dielectric layer, and a thickest part of the dielectric layer has a thickness 1.5 to three times larger than a thinnest part of the dielectric layer. 2. (canceled) 3. The anode body as claimed in claim 1, wherein the valve-acting metal is at least one member of tantalum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, and alloy thereof. 4. A solid electrolytic capacitor element, obtained by forming sequentially a semiconductor layer and a conductor layer on the anode body claimed in claim 1. 5. A method for producing an anode body for a solid electrolytic capacitor element, wherein at least a part of a surface of valve-acting metal particles constituting a sintered body is covered with a dielectric layer, and a thickest part of the dielectric layer has a thickness 1.5 to three times larger than a thinnest part of the dielectric layer, comprising a process in which a sintered body of a valve-acting metal is immersed in an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent after being subjected to chemical formation, then the resulting sintered body is immersed in water-soluble alcohol and dried, and the oxidizing agent is removed by water washing. 6. (canceled) 7. The method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor element as claimed in claim 5, wherein the oxidizing agent is an oxidizing agent which is water-soluble and insoluble in alcohol. 8. The method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor element as claimed in claim 5, wherein the oxidizing agent is a persulfuric acid compound. 9. The method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor element as claimed in claim 5, wherein the oxidizing agent is at least one member of a halogen acid compound and an organic peroxide. 10. The method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor element as claimed in claim 5, wherein concentration of the oxidizing agent is 0.1 mass % or more and a saturated solubility or less. 11. The method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor element as claimed in claim 5, wherein the dielectric layer is formed by chemical oxidation and/or electrolytic oxidation. 12. A method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor element, comprising sequentially laminating a semiconductor layer and a conductor layer on the anode body obtained by the production method claimed in claim 5.",
-    "An anchor bolt which is surely fixed to, for example, a rock wall and is easy to carry and store is provided. The anchor bolt according to the present invention has expandable devices (5) which are disposed at three locations of a rod (3). When the anchor bolt is inserted into a bore (2), a free end of an abutment part (16) of the expandable device (5) abuts an inner peripheral surface (26) of the bore (2), and expandable members (13) are held in the bore (2). In this state, when a taper member (12) is moved toward a base end of the anchor bolt along with the rod (3), an inclined surface (15) of the taper member (12) surface-contacts an inner surface (19) of the abutment part (16), and an outer peripheral surface (20) of the abutment part (16) is pressed against an inner peripheral surface 26 of the bore (2). 1.-8. (canceled) 9. An anchor bolt fixed in a bore provided in a wall surface, comprising: a cylindrical rod; and at least two expandable devices which are independent with respect to each other for fixing the anchor bolt on an inner peripheral surface of the bore; the expandable devices including an expandable device located at a tip of the rod and another expandable device located at at least immediate location or a base end of the rod; wherein each expandable device has a taper member and an expandable member fitted over the taper member, the taper member has an internal thread formed along a central axis of the taper member for being threadably engaged with an external thread of the rod, and a plurality of inclined surfaces of an outer peripheral surface of the taper member, wherein the expandable member has a plurality of abutment parts and a bridge connecting tips of the abutment parts with each other, the abutment part has an inner surface which can surface-contact the inclined surface of the taper member, and the bridge of the expandable devices which is located at the immediate location or the base end has an aperture through which the rod passes, wherein each inclined surface of the taper member is inclined so as to come closer to the central axis of the taper member toward a base end of the anchor bolt, wherein the abutment part of the expandable member is configured to go away from the rod toward a free end of the abutment part, wherein when the anchor bolt is inserted from its tip into the bore, the expandable member is inserted into the bore in an elastically deformed state and the free end of the abutment part is pushed against the inner peripheral surface of the bore, wherein when in this state of the expandable member, the taper member is moved toward the base end of the anchor bolt, the inclined surface of the taper member surface-contacts the inner surface of the abutment part and an outer peripheral surface of the abutment part is pushed against the inner peripheral surface of the bore. 10. The anchor bolt according to claim 9, wherein the rod is divided into a plurality of rod pieces, each rod piece having an external thread on at least a portion along a longitudinal direction of the rod piece, and wherein the rod pieces are coupled to each other with a joint. 11. The anchor bolt according to claim 10, wherein the rod piece is provided with a cutout for being engaging with a tool. 12. An anchor bolt fixed in a bore provided in a wall surface, comprising: a cylindrical rod having on its outer peripheral surface an external thread, and an expandable device disposed on the rod for fixing the anchor bolt on an inner peripheral surface of the bore; wherein the expandable device has a taper member and an expandable member fitted over the taper member, the taper member having an internal thread formed along a central axis of the taper member for being threadably engaged with the external thread of the rod and a plurality of planar inclined surfaces of an outer peripheral surface of the taper member, wherein the expandable member has a plurality of abutment parts and a bridge connecting tips of the abutment parts with each other, the abutment part having a planar inner surface which can surface-contact the inclined surface of the taper member, wherein each inclined surface of the taper member is inclined so as to go away from the central axis of the taper member toward a tip of the anchor bolt, wherein the tip of the taper member has a tip peripheral surface which is located adjacent to and on the tip side of the inclined surface and is formed as an upright surface along the central axis of the taper member, and wherein when the taper member is moved toward a base end of the bore in a state in which the anchor bolt is inserted into the bore, the inclined surface of the taper member is surface-pressed against the inner surface of the abutment part and an outer peripheral surface of the abutment part is pressed against the inner peripheral surface of the bore. 13. The anchor bolt according to claim 12, wherein the rod is divided into a plurality of rod pieces, each rod piece having an external thread on at least a portion along a longitudinal direction of the rod piece, wherein the rod pieces are coupled to each other with a joint, and wherein the external threads of at least two of the rod pieces are threadably engaged with the taper members of the respective expandable devices. 14. The anchor bolt according to claim 12, wherein the abutment part of the expandable member is configured so as to go away from the rod toward a free end of the abutment part, and wherein when the anchor bolt is inserted into the bore, the expandable member is inserted into the bore in an elastically deformed state and the free end of the abutment part is pushed against the inner peripheral surface of the bore due to an elastically recovery force. 15. The anchor bolt according to claim 12, wherein the bridge consists of a main body located at a tip of the expandable device, and a plurality of connecting parts connecting the main body to the tip of each abutment part, the main body and the connecting parts being integrally formed, wherein at least each connecting part of the bridge is elastically deformable. 16. An anchor bolt fixed in a bore provided in a wall surface, comprising: a cylindrical rod; and at least two expandable devices which are independent with respect to each other for fixing the anchor bolt on an inner peripheral surface of the bore; the expandable devices including an expandable device located at a tip of the rod and another expandable device located at at least immediate location or a base end of the rod; wherein the rod is divided into a plurality of rod pieces, each rod piece having an external thread on at least a portion along a longitudinal direction of the rod piece, wherein the rod pieces are coupled to each other with a joint, wherein each expandable device has a taper member and an expandable member fitted over the taper member, and the taper member has an internal thread formed along a central axis of the taper member for being threadably engaged with an external thread of the rod piece, and a plurality of inclined surfaces of an outer peripheral surface of the taper member, wherein the expandable member has a plurality of abutment parts and a bridge connecting tips of the abutment parts with each other, the abutment part has an inner surface which can surface-contact the inclined surface of the taper member, and the bridge of the expandable devices which is located at the immediate location or the base end has an aperture through which the rod passes, wherein each inclined surface of the taper member is inclined so as to come closer to the central axis of the taper member toward a base end of the anchor bolt, and wherein when the taper member is moved toward the base end of the anchor bolt, the inclined surface of the taper member surface-contacts the inner surface of the abutment part and an outer peripheral surface of the abutment part is pushed against the inner peripheral surface of the bore. 17. The anchor bolt according to claim 12, wherein the expandable device includes at least two expandable devices which are independent with respect to each other. 18. The anchor bolt according to claim 12, wherein a length of the tip peripheral surface along the central axis is 1-10 mm. 19. The anchor bolt according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of inclined surfaces on the outer peripheral surface of the taper member are inclined surfaces formed on four sides of the outer peripheral surface, and the plurality of abutment parts are four abutment parts disposed so as to face the inclined surfaces. 20. The anchor bolt according to claim 13, wherein the abutment part of the expandable member is configured so as to go away from the rod toward a free end of the abutment part, and wherein when the anchor bolt is inserted into the bore, the expandable member is inserted into the bore in an elastically deformed state and the free end of the abutment part is pushed against the inner peripheral surface of the bore due to an elastically recovery force. 21. The anchor bolt according to claim 13, wherein the bridge consists of a main body located at a tip of the expandable device, and a plurality of connecting parts connecting the main body to the tip of each abutment part, the main body and the connecting parts being integrally formed, wherein at least each connecting part of the bridge is elastically deformable.",
-    "Transdermal administration system comprising doxofylline as the active ingredient, for use in the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases having a broncho-obstructive component. 1. System for transdermal administration comprising doxofylline as the active ingredient for the use in the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases having a broncho-obstructive component in an adult patient. 2. System for administration according to claim 1, for use in the long term treatment of asthma, nocturnal asthma, chronic lung diseases having a broncho-obstructive component, forms of broncho-obstructive reaction secondary to bronchial inflammatory diseases or cardiovascular diseases, optionally in multiple treatment with drugs active on the cardiovascular system. 3. System for administration according to claim 1, in the form of a reservoir. 4. System for administration according to claim 1, in the form of a transdermal patch comprising a first supporting polymer barrier layer, a second layer of polymer matrix containing doxofylline and a third layer comprising a pressure-sensitive adhesive. 5. System for administration according to claim 1, in the form of a transdermal patch comprising a supporting layer of polymer material and a second polymer layer of matrix including doxofylline, having adhesive properties. 6. System for administration according to claim 4, in which the matrix polymer is selected from the group comprising acrylic and silicone (co)polymers and styrene block copolymers. 7. System for administration according to claim 1, without any agents potentiating permeation of the active ingredient. 8. Doxofylline for use in the therapeutic treatment of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, having a broncho-obstructive component, in an adult patient by transdermal administration. 9. Doxofylline according to claim 8, for use in the therapeutic treatment of asthma, nocturnal asthma, forms of broncho-obstructive reaction secondary to bronchial inflammatory diseases and secondary to cardiovascular diseases.",
-    "Disclosed are a device and a method for continuously polymerizing polybutene by removing halogen acid, which is included in a reaction raw material, by adsorbing the halogen acid using an adsorbent and then re-supplying the reaction raw material into a reactor. The device for re-circulating the raw material when manufacturing polybutene comprises a reactor, into which a catalyst and a reaction raw material (diluted with an inactive organic solvent) are supplied and polymerized to produce a reaction product; a neutralizing/washing tank for removing the catalyst from the reaction product and neutralizing the reaction product; a separation tank for separating the reaction product into organic compounds and water; a C4 distillation column for distilling an unreacted raw material and the inactive organic solvent from the organic compounds; and an impurity adsorption column for removing halogen acid from the distilled unreacted raw material and the inactive organic solvent using an adsorbent. 1. A device for re-circulating a raw material in polybutene preparation, comprising: a reactor, into which a catalyst and a reaction raw material (diluted with an inactive organic solvent) are supplied and polymerized to produce a reaction product; a neutralizing/washing tank for removing the catalyst from the reaction product and neutralizing the reaction product; a separation tank for separating the reaction product into organic compounds and water; a C4 distillation column for distilling an unreacted raw material and the inactive organic solvent from the organic compounds; and an impurity adsorption column for removing halogen acid from the distilled unreacted raw material and the inactive organic solvent using an adsorbent. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the adsorbent is selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, solid silicas, solid aluminas, an anion exchange resin having a resin to which an amine group is attached and a cation exchange resins having a resin to which a sulfo group is attached. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the adsorbent particle is 0.1 to 100 mm. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a main catalyst, a cocatalyst, and an auxiliary cocatalyst, wherein the main catalyst is a Lewis acid selected from the group consisting of boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, aluminum trichloride, and zinc chloride, the cocatalyst is water or an alcoholic compound, and the assistant cocatalyst is an alkyl ether compound. 5. The device according to claim 4, wherein the alcoholic compound is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol), butanol, and isobutanol, and the alkyl ether compound is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, isopropyl sec-butyl ether, sec-butyl ether, isoamyl ether, isopropyl isoamyl ether, and sec-butyl isoamyl ether. 6. The device according to claim 4, wherein a content of the boron trifluoride is 0.05 to 1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the isobutene. 7. Method for re-circulating a raw material in polybutene preparation, comprising: producing a reaction product at a reactor, into which a catalyst and a reaction raw material diluted with an inactive organic solvent are supplied and polymerized therein; removing the catalyst from the reaction product and neutralizing the reaction product; separating the reaction product into organic compounds and water; distilling an unreacted raw material and the inactive organic solvent from the organic compounds, after heating the organic compounds; removing halogen acid from the distilled unreacted raw material and the inactive organic solvent using an adsorbent; and re-supplying the unreacted raw material and inactive organic solvent,\u2014from which the halogen acid is removed, to the reactor. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the polybutene is high reactivity polybutene, midrange reactivity polybutene, and non-reactive polybutene. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the high reactivity polybutene is polymerized at a temperature of \u221240 to 20\u00b0 C. and a pressure of 3 kg/cm2 or more for a retention time of 5 to 100 minutes.",
-    "Examples of determining the position of a mobile device within a structure are disclosed. In one example implementation according to aspects of the present disclosure, a computing device may include a processor and a memory. The computing device may further include an extraction module stored in the memory and executing on the processor to extract from a location-based service data stream a signal measurement of the path loss between a mobile device and a plurality of radio nodes distributed throughout a structure. The computing device may also include a positioning determining module stored in the memory and executing on the processor to determine the position of the mobile device within the structure using a known location for each of the plurality of radio nodes distributed throughout the structure by performing a linear optimization using the extracted signal measurement of the path loss. 1. A computing device, comprising: a processor; a memory; an extraction module stored in the memory and executing on the processor to extract from a location-based service data stream a signal measurement of the path loss between a mobile device and a plurality of radio nodes distributed throughout a structure; and a position determining module stored in the memory and executing on the processor to determine the position of the mobile device within the structure using a known location for each of the plurality of radio nodes distributed throughout the structure by performing a linear optimization using the extracted signal measurement of the path loss. 2. The computing device of claim 1, further comprising: a position refining module stored in the memory and executing on the processor to filter the determined position through a filter. 3. The computing device of claim 2, wherein the filter is selected from the group consisting of an historical filter, a smoothing filter, and domain knowledge filter. 4. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the determined position is transmitted to a location-driven enterprise application to provide context-aware information to the mobile device. 5. A method comprising: receiving, by a computing system, a location-based service data stream from an enterprise radio access network (eRAN) controller, the location-based service data stream based on a received and processed measurement report from each of a plurality of mobile devices communicatively coupled to the eRAN controller via a plurality of radio nodes distributed throughout a structure; extracting, by the computing system, from the location-based service data stream a signal measurement of the path loss between each of the plurality of mobile devices and at least one of the plurality of radio nodes; determining, by the computing system, the position of each of the plurality of mobile devices within the structure using a known location for each of the plurality of radio nodes within the structure by performing a linear optimization; and transmitting, by the computing system, the determined position of each of the plurality of mobile devices to a location based services module. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein determining the position of each of the plurality of mobile devices utilizes multilateration techniques. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the location based services module enables a location-driven enterprise application to provide location-driven data to at least one of the plurality of mobile devices. 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising: refining, by the computing device, the determined position by filtering the determined position of each of the plurality of mobile devices based on historical data and by smoothing the determined position of each of the plurality of mobile devices. 9. A system, comprising: an enterprise radio access network controller communicatively couplable to a plurality of radio nodes and to a cellular operator network; a plurality of radio nodes that are setup to be communicatively coupled to the enterprise radio access network controller and to provide cellular service within a structure; and a location engine to determine the position of the mobile device within the structure containing the radio nodes. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the signal received from the mobile device is a measurement report generated periodically for the mobile device in relation to each of the plurality of radio nodes. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the position of the mobile device is determined based on a known position of each of the plurality of radio nodes distributed throughout the structure. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the position of the mobile device within the structure is determined based on a signal path loss between the mobile device and at least one of the plurality of radio nodes. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the position of the mobile device within the structure is determined based a first-order linear optimization. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the position of the mobile device within the structure is determined based on multilaterate techniques. 15. The system of claim 9, further comprising a location driven enterprise application to provide the mobile device with location related content based on the determined position of the mobile device.",
-    "The present invention refers to a compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, preferably those used in refrigeration systems, in general. More specifically, the present invention refers to an acoustic attenuator device comprising technical, structural, and functional features capable of simplifying the method of fabricating these parts and increasing acoustic attenuation levels of hermetic compressors, in general. In this sense, the attenuator device of the present invention comprises a hollow body closed by a cover to form a structure having at least one inlet hole and an outlet hole, wherein there is provided between said hollow body and said cover at least one intermediate body dividing said structure into at least two acoustic chambers (A, A\u2032), and is formed by a platform provided with a connecting channel, which is in fluid communication between said acoustic chambers (A, A\u2032) and further surrounds an outlet channel, which is interconnected with said outlet hollow disposed on said cover. 1. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, being comprised by a hollow body closed by a cover, forming a structure provided with at least one inlet hole and one outlet hole, CHARACTERIZED in that there is provided between said hollow body and said cover at least one intermediate body which divides said structure into at least two acoustic chambers, said at least one intermediate body is formed by a platform provided with at least one connecting channel in fluid communication with said acoustic chambers, said at least one connecting channel further surrounds an outlet channel which is interconnected with said outlet hole. 2. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said connecting channel and said outlet channel form a space to allow for gases to pass between said acoustic chambers. 3. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said intermediate chamber is directly secured to the edges of the hollow body and the cover. 4. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it is made of a low thermal conductivity material. 5. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said connecting channel of said intermediate body comprises a configuration which section is \u201c8\u201d-shaped. 6. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said connecting channel of said intermediate body comprises a configuration which section is circular, squared, rectangular, triangular, oval or in star form. 7. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said outlet channel comprises forms equivalent to that of the connecting channel. 8. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said outlet channel comprises forms different from the shape of said connecting channel. 9. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that that the fixation of said hollow body with the edge of said cover, pressing and locking said intermediate body, is carried out by welds, glues, adhesives or mechanical locks. 10. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said connecting channel and said outlet channel are concentrically disposed. 11. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said connecting channel and said outlet channel are off-centered disposed. 12. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises at least one intermediate adapter disposed between said hollow body and said cover. 13. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 12, CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises two intermediate bodies, positioned and fixed between the edges of said hollow body to the intermediate adapter and between the edge of this adapter to the edge of said cover, respectively. 14. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 12, CHARACTERIZED in that said intermediate adapter is made by incorporating an intermediate body. 15. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that its constituting elements are vertically or horizontally structured and said platforms are horizontally or vertically disposed. 16. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said cover and said outlet channel are fabricated into one single part. 17. Compressor with an acoustic attenuator device, in accordance with claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that said cover and said outlet channel are independently fabricated.",
-    "Ceramic inks formulated for additive formation of proppants are provided, as well as methods of manufacturing such ink and ink systems including such ink. The proppant formed can contain a proppant core, a proppant shell, a proppant outer coating or any combination thereof. Additive methods for forming proppants are also provided. The ceramic ink can be applied drop-wise, linearly, in a planar fashion, or any combination thereof to form proppants. Additive fabricators configured to produce proppant are further provided, as are systems including the same and software for running the same. 1. A green body proppant comprising layers of at least one ceramic ink, wherein the ceramic ink comprises at least one ceramic material and at least one binding agent. 2. The green body proppant of claim 1, wherein the ceramic ink comprises a dispersion, suspension, solution, colloid, sol, gel, paste, powder, solid, a tape, a film, or any combination thereof. 3. The green body proppant of claim 1, wherein the ceramic material comprises a metal oxide, a metal oxide, a metal carbide, or any combination thereof. 4. The green body proppant of claim 1, wherein the binding agent comprises a polymerizable monomer, a polymer, a resin, a wax, or any combination thereof, wherein the ceramic ink comprises at least one solvent. 5. (canceled) 6. The green body proppant of claim 1, wherein the ceramic ink further comprises a stabilizing agent, a polymerization initiator, a plasticizer, a dispersing agent, a viscosity agent, a tackifier, a metal hydride, or any combination thereof. 7. The green body proppant of claim 1, wherein the at least one ceramic material comprises at least 25 wt % of the total weight of the ceramic ink. 8.-11. (canceled) 12. The green body proppant of claim 1, wherein the at least one ceramic ink comprises at least two ceramic inks differing in respect to chemical composition, at least one physical property, or both. 13. (canceled) 14. An additive method for forming proppants comprising: applying at least one ceramic ink to a printer stage to form a green proppant; and sintering the green proppant to produce a proppant. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the ceramic ink is applied drop-wise, linearly, in a planar fashion, or any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising forming at least one layer of the green proppant from the application of the at least one ceramic ink. 17. (canceled) 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising curing the at least one layer after formation of the layer and before formation of a subsequent layer. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the ceramic ink comprises at least one binding agent. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one binding agent comprises at least one monomer and further comprises at least one polymerization initiator. 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising debindering the green proppant. 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising applying energy to the applied ceramic ink to generate polymerization. 23.-27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 14, wherein at least two ceramic inks differing from one another are applied. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least two ceramic inks comprise a first ink comprising ceramic material and a second ink comprising a binding agent, and the first ink is applied before applying the second ink. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the application of the first and second inks are repeated multiple times to form the green proppant. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least two ceramic inks comprise a first ink comprising a first ceramic material and a second ink comprising a second ceramic material differing in chemical composition from the first ceramic material. 32. The method of claim 14, wherein the proppant comprises a proppant core, a proppant shell, a proppant outer coating or any combination thereof. 33. The method of claim 14, wherein the green proppant comprises a green proppant core, a green proppant shell, a green proppant outer coating, or any combination thereof. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the green proppant comprises the green proppant core, the at least one ceramic ink comprises a first ceramic ink, and the first ceramic ink is applied to form the proppant core. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the green proppant further comprises the green proppant shell, the at least one ceramic ink comprises a second ceramic ink, the second ceramic ink is applied to form the green proppant shell. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the green proppant further comprises the green proppant outer coating, the at least one ceramic ink comprises a third ceramic ink, and the third ceramic ink is used to form the green proppant outer coating. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein at least two of the three ceramic inks differ from each other in respect to chemical property and/or physical property. 38. The method of claim 14, further comprising at least one subtractive process, herein the subtractive process comprises milling, lathing, stamping, crushing, etching, carving, or any combination thereof. 39.-75. (canceled)",
-    "Methods and systems are described to determine authenticity of a consumable product. The determining of authenticity may include communicating with a listing engine that contains a list of identifiers for consumable products classified as non-authentic, installing a consumable product in the host device where the consumable product stores an identifier in memory, and determining whether the consumable product matches one of the identifiers. 1. A method of determining an authenticity of a consumable product, comprising: communicating with a listing engine that contains a list of identifiers for consumable product classified as non-authentic; installing said consumable product in said host device where said consumable product stores an identifier in memory; and determining whether said consumable product identifier matches one of said identifiers classified as non-authentic. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said identifiers classified as non-authentic are associated with at least one of a geography of occurrence, and a frequency of failed authentication. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising verifying only a portion of said list based on at least one of a geography of said host device, and said frequency of failed authentication. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising denying an authentication request for said consumable product during an authentication session based on said identifier of said consumable product being included in said list. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising preventing usage in response to denying said authentication. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising downloading a portion of said list to said host device based on available or allocated memory in said host device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said device is a printer and said consumable product is a print cartridge. 8. A system of determining an authenticity of a consumable product, comprising: a storing engine to store an identifier in a memory of a consumable product; a recognizing engine to recognize that said consumable product is connected to a device; and a communicating engine to communicate with a listing engine that contains a list of identifiers for a consumable product classified as non-authentic. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a prevention engine to prevent said usage of said consumable product if said consumable product matches one of said identifiers. 10. The system of claim 8, further comprising an authentication engine to initiate an authentication session between said device and said consumable product. 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising a denying engine to deny an authentication request from said consumable product during said authentication session based on an identifier of said consumable product being included in said list. 12. The system of claim 8, further comprising a downloading engine to download at least a portion of said identifiers on said list. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein said device is a printer and said consumable product is a print cartridge. 14. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising computer readable instructions to determine if a consumable product is authentic, that, when executed, cause a processor to: recognize that a consumable product is connected to a device; communicate with a listing engine that contains a list of identifiers for a consumable product classified as non-authentic; and initiate an authentication session between said device and said consumable product. 15. The computer program product of claim 14, further comprising program instructions that, when executed, cause a processor to deny an authentication request from said consumable product during said authentication session based on an identifier of said consumable product being included in said list.",
-    "In a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the radio base station apparatus stores information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication, which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses, and controls execution of the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. The radio terminal apparatuses determine whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication based on information transmitted from the radio base station apparatus and indicating whether execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible. 1. A radio base station apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via the radio base station apparatus, the radio base station apparatus comprising: an inter-terminal direct communication permission condition storage unit which stores information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses; and an inter-terminal direct communication control unit which controls execution of the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. 2. The radio base station apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible based on the permission condition and inter-terminal direct communication attribute information received from a radio terminal apparatus inside a communicable area of the radio base station apparatus. 3. The radio base station apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication attribute information is included in an inter-terminal direct communication request from the radio terminal apparatus inside the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus and is attribute information of the inter-terminal direct communication by the radio terminal apparatus inside the communicable area. 4. The radio base station apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication control unit responds to the inter-terminal direct communication request regarding whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication by the radio terminal apparatus inside the communicable area is possible. 5. The radio base station apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication attribute information is included in inter-terminal direct communication detection signaling received from the radio terminal apparatus inside the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus and is attribute information of the inter-terminal direct communication by a radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus. 6. The radio base station apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication control unit responds to the inter-terminal direct communication detection signaling regarding whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication by the radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area is possible. 7. A radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the radio terminal apparatus comprising: an inter-terminal direct communication control unit which controls inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication based on information transmitted from the radio base station apparatus and indicating whether execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible. 8. The radio terminal apparatus according to claim 7, wherein, when the radio terminal apparatus is inside a communicable area of the radio base station apparatus, the inter-terminal direct communication control unit incorporates attribute information of the inter-terminal direct communication by the radio terminal apparatus into an inter-terminal direct communication request and transmits the inter-terminal direct communication request to the radio base station apparatus, and receives the information indicating whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible from the radio base station apparatus as a response to the inter-terminal direct communication request. 9. The radio terminal apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a radio unit which measures radio resources for inter-terminal direct communication used for the inter-terminal direct communication, wherein, when the radio terminal apparatus is inside a communicable area of the radio base station apparatus, the inter-terminal direct communication control unit incorporates attribute information of the inter-terminal direct communication by a radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus into inter-terminal direct communication detection signaling and transmits the inter-terminal direct communication detection signaling to the radio base station apparatus based on a measurement result of the radio resources for inter-terminal direct communication, and the inter-terminal direct communication control unit receives information indicating whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication by the radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area is possible from the radio base station apparatus as a response to the inter-terminal direct communication detection signaling and transmits the received information indicating whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible to the radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area. 10. The radio terminal apparatus according to claim 9, wherein, when the radio terminal apparatus is outside of the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus, the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication based on the information indicating whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible and received from the radio terminal apparatus inside the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus. 11. A radio communication system comprising: the radio base station apparatus according to claim 1; and a radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the radio terminal apparatus comprising: an inter-terminal direct communication control unit which controls inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses, wherein the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication based on information transmitted from the radio base station apparatus and indicating whether execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible. 12. A radio base station apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via the radio base station apparatus, the radio base station apparatus comprising: an inter-terminal direct communication permission condition storage unit which stores information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses; and a radio unit which transmits the information regarding the permission condition to the radio terminal apparatus. 13. A radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the radio terminal apparatus comprising: a radio unit which receives information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses from the radio base station apparatus; an inter-terminal direct communication information storage unit which stores the received information regarding the permission condition; and an inter-terminal direct communication control unit which controls the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. 14. The radio terminal apparatus according to claim 13, wherein, when the radio terminal apparatus is inside a communicable area of the radio base station apparatus, the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible based on the permission condition and attribute information of the inter-terminal direct communication by the radio terminal apparatus. 15. The radio terminal apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the radio unit measures radio resources for inter-terminal direct communication used for the inter-terminal direct communication, the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible based on the permission condition and the attribute information of the inter-terminal direct communication when the radio terminal apparatus is inside the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus and the inter-terminal direct communication by a radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus is detected based on a measurement result of the radio resources for inter-terminal direct communication, and the inter-terminal direct communication control unit transmits information indicating whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible to the radio terminal apparatus outside of the communicable area based on a determination result. 16. The radio terminal apparatus according to claim 15, wherein, when the radio terminal apparatus is outside of the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus, the inter-terminal direct communication control unit determines whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication based on the information indicating whether the execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible received from the radio terminal apparatus inside the communicable area of the radio base station apparatus. 17. A radio communication system comprising: the radio base station apparatus according to claim 12; and a radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the radio terminal apparatus comprising: a radio unit which receives information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses from the radio base station apparatus: an inter-terminal direct communication information storage unit which stores the received information regarding the permission condition; and an inter-terminal direct communication control unit which controls the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. 18. An inter-terminal direct communication control method in a radio base station apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via the radio base station apparatus, the method comprising: a step of storing, by the radio base station apparatus, information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses in an inter-terminal direct communication permission condition storage unit; and a step of controlling, by the radio base station apparatus, execution of the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. 19. An inter-terminal direct communication control method in a radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the method comprising: an inter-terminal direct communication control step of controlling, by the radio terminal apparatus, inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses, wherein, in the inter-terminal direct communication control step, whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication is determined based on information transmitted from the radio base station apparatus and indicating whether execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible. 20. An inter-terminal direct communication control method in a radio base station apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via the radio base station apparatus, the method comprising: a step of storing, by the radio base station apparatus, information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses in an inter-terminal direct communication permission condition storage unit; and a step of transmitting, by the radio base station apparatus, the information regarding the permission condition to a radio terminal apparatus. 21. An inter-terminal direct communication control method in a radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus, the method comprising: a step of receiving, by the radio terminal apparatus, information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses from the radio base station apparatus; a step of storing, by the radio terminal apparatus, the received information regarding the permission condition in an inter-terminal direct communication information storage unit; and a step of controlling, by the radio terminal apparatus, the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. 22. A computer program causing a computer of a radio base station apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via the radio base station apparatus to execute: a step of storing information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses in an inter-terminal direct communication permission condition storage unit; and a step of controlling execution of the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition. 23. A computer program causing a computer of a radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus to execute: an inter-terminal direct communication control step of controlling inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses, wherein, in the inter-terminal direct communication control step, whether to execute the inter-terminal direct communication is determined based on information transmitted from the radio base station apparatus and indicating whether execution of the inter-terminal direct communication is possible. 24. A computer program causing a computer of a radio base station apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via the radio base station apparatus to execute: a step of storing information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses in an inter-terminal direct communication permission condition storage unit; and a step of transmitting the information regarding the permission condition to a radio terminal apparatus. 25. A computer program causing a computer of a radio terminal apparatus of a radio communication system in which communication is possible between radio terminal apparatuses via a radio base station apparatus to execute: a step of receiving information regarding a permission condition of inter-terminal direct communication which is direct communication between the radio terminal apparatuses from the radio base station apparatus; a step of storing the received information regarding the permission condition in an inter-terminal direct communication information storage unit; and a step of controlling the inter-terminal direct communication based on the permission condition.",
-    "The invention relates to a circuit breaker that can be switched between an ON position and an OFF position, such that in the OFF position an interruption path comprising an arcing space is formed. The circuit breaker comprises a storage volume for a quenching gas, which is in gaseous communication with the arcing space and has an inlet port for the quenching gas. The inlet port also has a valve comprising an obturator, and the obturator has a heat-insulating coating. 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A circuit breaker, which can be switched between a making position and a breaking position such that, in the breaking position, an interruption path is formed, comprising an arcing space; wherein the circuit breaker comprises: a storage volume for a quenching gas which is in gaseous communication with the arcing space, wherein said storage volume is provided with an inlet for the quenching gas, and wherein said inlet is also fitted with a valve comprising an obturator; and wherein said obturator is provided with a heat-insulating coating for the prevention of plastic strain. 18. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the heat-insulating coating is formed of a thermosetting plastic. 19. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the heat-insulating coating is formed of a plastic material having an elastic modulus E of E\u22675 GN/m2. 20. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 19, wherein the heat-insulating coating is formed of a plastic material haying an elastic modulus E of E\u226720 GN/m2. 21. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the heat-insulating coating is formed of a material having a longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion a of \u03b1\u226620\u00b710\u22126/K. 22. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 21, wherein the heat-insulating coating material is a plastic material having a longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion \u03b1 of \u03b1\u226610\u00b710\u22126/K. 23. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the heat-insulating coating is formed of epoxy resin. 24. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the heat-insulating coating is formed of a ceramic material. 25. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein a permanent and irreversible material bond is formed between the obturator and the heat-insulating coating. 26. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the arcing space is formed between a first contact element and a second contact element, wherein the quenching gas which is heated by an are generated between the contact elements during a breaking operation can be routed from the arcing space via the inlet to the storage volume. 27. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the heat-insulating coating is applied to a surface of the obturator which, in the closed position thereof, faces away from the storage volume. 28. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the storage volume is configured as a heating chamber, in which the quenching gas can be heated by the heat energy radiated by an arc which is generated by a breaking operation. 29. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the obturator is formed of an aluminum or steel metal. 30. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the storage volume, for the exchange of gas with the arcing space, is provided with an outlet for the quenching gas which is oriented in opposition to the arcing space. 31. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 30, wherein said outlet for the quenching gas is configured as a puffer opening. 32. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the circuit breaker comprises a pressure chamber which communicates with the arcing space in an axial direction, and which is in gaseous communication with the storage volume via the inlet. 33. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 32, wherein a return duct for the quenching gas is arranged between the pressure chamber and the inlet. 34. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 27, wherein the storage volume encloses the arcing space in the radial direction. 35. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 34, wherein the storage volume encloses the arcing space in an at least essentially annular or toroidal form. 36. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the quenching gas is selected from the group of SF6, CO2, N2, and air, or a mixture of said gases. 37. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 26, wherein the heat-insulating coating is applied to a surface of the obturator which, in the closed position thereof, faces away from the storage volume, wherein the circuit breaker is a generator circuit breaker, and the contact elements between which an arc is generated during a breaking operation form part of an arcing contact arrangement, and the generator circuit breaker is also provided with rated current contacts. 38. The circuit breaker as claimed in claim 17, wherein the storage volume is enclosed in the radial direction by an external extinction chamber in which the rated current contacts are arranged, and wherein a circumferential third partition of heat-insulating material separates the storage volume from the external extinction chamber.",
-    "The present invention provides a glycerin-modified silicone which has an excellent emulsification/dispersion performance and thickening effect when used alone, particularly when the oil phase is a continuous phase. The present invention is a specific diglycerin derivative-modified silicone having a long-chain hydrocarbon group at a prescribed ratio in a molecule and having as a hydrophilic group only a diglycerin derivative group not having an oxyalkylene structure with an average value of the number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more; and a composition containing the diglycerin derivative-modified silicone. 1. A diglycerin derivative-modified silicone comprising: halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 9 to 30 carbon atoms in a molecule; and as a hydrophilic group only a glycerin derivative group not having an oxyalkylene structure with an average value of a number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more, an average value of a number of repetitions of glycerin units being in a range of 1.5 to 2.4, the diglycerin derivative-modified silicone not comprising other hydrophilic groups in the molecule, and a ratio occupied by the monovalent hydrocarbon group in the molecule being at least 0.5 mass %. 2. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, wherein the other hydrophilic group is a (poly)glycerin derivative group excluding a glycerin derivative group having an average value of the number of repetitions of glycerin units in a range of 1.5 to 2.4, or an oxyalkylene derivative group having an oxyalkylene structure with an average value of the number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more. 3. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, having a number average molecular weight of at least 20,000. 4. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, represented by the following general formula (1): R1aR2bRSicL1dQeSiO(4-a-b-c-d-e)/2 (1) wherein R1 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, a hydrogen atom, or a hydroxyl group; R2 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 9 to 30 carbon atoms; RSi is a chain organosiloxane group represented by the following general formula (2-1): wherein R11 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, or a hydrogen atom, and at least one of the R11 moieties is the monovalent hydrocarbon group; t is a number in a range of 2 to 10; and r is a number in a range of 1 to 500); or the following general formula (2-2): wherein R11 and r are synonymous with those described above; L1 represents a silylalkyl group having the siloxane dendron structure represented by the following general formula (3) when i=1; wherein R3 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted, straight-chain or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R4 is each independently an alkyl group or phenyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; Z is a divalent organic group; i is a generation of the silylalkyl group represented by L\u2032 and is an integer of 1 to k when k is a number of generations serving as a number of repetitions of the silylalkyl group; the number of generations k is an integer from 1 to 10; Li+1 is the silylalkyl group when i is less than k, and R4 when i=k; and hi is a number in a range of 0 to 3; Q is a glycerin derivative group having an average value of the number of repetitions of glycerin units in a range of 1.5 to 2.4; and a, b, c, d, and e are numbers in ranges so that 0\u2266a\u22662.5, 0\u2266b\u22661.5, 0\u2266c+d\u22661.5, and 0.001\u2266e\u22661.5. 5. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, wherein the glycerin derivative group is a diglycerin derivative group-containing organic group bonded to a silicon atom via a divalent linking group and comprising at least one type of glycerin unit selected from hydrophilic units represented by the following structural formulae (4-1) to (4-3), wherein a number of repetitions thereof is in a range of 1.5 to 2.4 on average, the substance not having an oxyalkylene structure having an average value of the number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more in the same group: wherein W is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; wherein W is synonymous with the group described above; 6. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, wherein the glycerin derivative group is a diglycerin derivative group-containing organic group represented by the following general formula (5-1): wherein R5 is a divalent organic group that does not have an oxyalkylene structure with an average value of the number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more; or the following general formula (5-2): wherein R5 is synonymous with those described above. 7. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, represented by the following structural formula (1-1): wherein R1 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, a hydrogen atom, or a hydroxyl group; R2 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 9 to 30 carbon atoms; RSi is a chain organosiloxane group represented by the following general formula (2-1): wherein R11 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, or a hydrogen atom, and at least one of the R11 moieties is the monovalent hydrocarbon group; t is a number in a range of 2 to 10; and r is a number in a range of 1 to 500); or the following general formula (2-2): wherein R11 and r are synonymous with those described above; L1 represents a silylalkyl group having the siloxane dendron structure represented by the following general formula (3) when i=1; wherein R3 is a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted, straight-chain or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R4 is each independently an alkyl group or phenyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; Z is a divalent organic group; i is a generation of the silylalkyl group represented by L\u2032 and is an integer of 1 to k when k is a number of generations serving as a number of repetitions of the silylalkyl group; the number of generations k is an integer from 1 to 10; Li+1 is the silylalkyl group when i is less than k, and R4 when i=k; and hi is a number in a range of 0 to 3; Q is a glycerin derivative group having an average value of the number of repetitions of glycerin units in a range of 1.5 to 2.4; and R is a group selected from R1, R2, RSi, L1, and Q; (n1+n2+n3+n4+n5) is a number in a range of 201 to 1200; n1 is a number in a range of 100 to 1000; n2 is a number in a range of 0 to 500; n3 is a number in a range of 0 to 100; n4 is a number in a range of 0 to 100; and n5 is a number in a range of 0 to 100; provided when n2=0, at least one R moiety is R2, and when n5=0, at least one R moiety is Q. 8. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, wherein a ratio occupied by the monovalent hydrocarbon group in the molecule is at most 50 mass %. 9. The diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1, wherein a ratio occupied by the monovalent hydrocarbon group in the molecule is at least 15 mass % and at most 40 mass %. 10. A composition containing the diglycerin derivative-modified silicone according to claim 1. 11. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the (A) diglycerin derivative-modified silicone is a mixture of the following: (A1) a high-molecular-weight diglycerin derivative-modified silicone with a number average molecular weight of at least 20,000 having a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 9 to 30 carbon atoms in a molecule and having as a hydrophilic group only a glycerin derivative group not having an oxyalkylene structure with an average value of a number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more, an average value of a number of repetitions of glycerin units being in a range of 1.5 to 2.4, the diglycerin derivative-modified silicone not having other hydrophilic groups in the molecule, and a ratio occupied by the monovalent hydrocarbon group in the molecule being at least 0.5 mass %; and (A2) a low-molecular-weight diglycerin derivative-modified silicone with a number average molecular weight of less than 20,000 having a halogen atom-substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 9 to 30 carbon atoms in a molecule and having as a hydrophilic group only a glycerin derivative group not having an oxyalkylene structure with an average value of a number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more, an average value of a number of repetitions of glycerin units being in a range of 1.5 to 2.4, the diglycerin derivative-modified silicone not having other hydrophilic groups in the molecule, and a ratio occupied by the monovalent hydrocarbon group in the molecule being at least 0.5 mass %. 12. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the composition is at least one functional material selected from the group consisting of surfactants, dispersants, and thickening agents. 13. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the composition is a thickening emulsifier for a water-in-oil emulsion or a polyol-in-oil emulsion. 14. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the composition does not contain a compound having an oxyalkylene structure having an average value of the number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more. 15. An external use preparation or a cosmetic composition containing the composition according to claim 10. 16. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the composition is at least one functional material selected from the group consisting of surfactants, dispersants, and thickening agents. 17. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the composition is a thickening emulsifier for a water-in-oil emulsion or a polyol-in-oil emulsion. 18. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the composition does not contain a compound having an oxyalkylene structure having an average value of the number of repetitions of oxyalkylene units of two or more. 19. An external use preparation or a cosmetic composition containing the composition according to claim 11.",
-    "An air spring 2 includes: an upper surface plate 21; a lower surface plate 22; an elastic film 23 airtightly coupling a peripheral portion of the upper surface plate 21 and a peripheral portion of the lower surface plate 22 to each other to form an air chamber 24 inside the elastic film 23; an elastic stopper 25 connected to the lower surface plate 22; and at least one of an internal pipe 45 or internal wire 55 extending from an upper surface of the upper surface plate 21 to a side surface of the elastic stopper 25. A part of a pipe and/or wire extending between a carbody 11 and a bogie 1 of a railcar 100 is constituted by the internal pipe 45 and/or internal wire 55 of the air spring 2. 1. An air spring comprising: an upper surface plate; a lower surface plate provided so as to oppose the upper surface plate; an elastic film airtightly coupling a peripheral portion of the upper surface plate and a peripheral portion of the lower surface plate to each other to form an air chamber inside the elastic film; an elastic stopper connected to the lower surface plate; and at least one of an internal pipe or an internal wire, the internal pipe extending from an upper surface of the upper surface plate to a side surface of the elastic stopper, the internal wire extending from the upper surface of the upper surface plate to the side surface of the elastic stopper. 2. The air spring according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the internal pipe or the internal wire extends through the upper surface plate, the air chamber, the lower surface plate, and the elastic stopper. 3. The air spring according to claim 1, wherein a part of at least one of the internal pipe or the internal wire is constituted by a flexible pipe or a flexible wire, the flexible pipe extending in the air chamber in a circular-arc shape, the flexible wire extending in the air chamber in the circular-arc shape. 4. The air spring according to claim 1, wherein: the air spring is a bolster spring of a railcar; and the internal pipe is a part of a brake pipe, compressed air being supplied from an air source at a carbody of the railcar through the brake pipe to brake equipment at a bogie of the railcar. 5. The air spring according to claim 1, wherein: the air spring is a bolster spring of a railcar; and the internal wire is a part of at least one of a conducting wire connecting an electric motor driving device at a carbody of the railcar and an electric motor at a bogie of the railcar to each other, a conducting wire connecting a control device at the carbody of the railcar and a sensor at the bogie of the railcar to each other, or a conducting wire, the carbody of the railcar being grounded through the conducting wire. 6. A railcar comprising: a carbody; a bogie; an interface plate provided at the carbody; and the air spring according to claim 1, the air spring being provided between the interface plate and a bogie frame of the bogie. 7. The railcar according to claim 6, further comprising at least one of a pipe or a wire, the pipe extending between the carbody and the bogie, the wire extending between the carbody and the bogie, wherein: the pipe extending between the carbody and the bogie includes a carbody pipe, the interface plate, the internal pipe of the air spring, and a bogie pipe; and the wire extending between the carbody and the bogie includes a carbody wire, the interface plate, the internal wire of the air spring, and a bogie wire. 8. The railcar according to claim 7, wherein: the air spring includes a first connection portion, an end portion of at least one of the internal pipe or the internal wire is provided at the first connection portion; the first connection portion is located at an upper surface of the air spring; and the interface plate includes a second connection portion fittingly connected to the first connection portion, the second connection portion being located at a lower surface of the interface plate and connected to the carbody pipe or the carbody wire.",
-    "Provided is a glass film ribbon manufacturing device (1), including: a transverse conveyance unit (4), which is configured to convey a glass film ribbon (G) in a transverse direction; and a cleaving unit (5), which is arranged on a conveyance path of the transverse conveyance unit (4), and is configured to cleave the glass film ribbon (G) along a preset cleaving line extending in a longitudinal direction, the transverse conveyance unit (4) including a wrinkle-smoothing unit (14) configured to smooth a wrinkle generated in the glass film ribbon (G) before the glass film ribbon (G) is cleaved by the cleaving unit (5). 1. A glass film ribbon manufacturing method, comprising: cleaving a glass film ribbon by a cleaving unit, which is arranged on a conveyance path of a transverse conveyance unit, along a preset cleaving line extending in a longitudinal direction while conveying the glass film ribbon in a transverse direction by the transverse conveyance unit; and smoothing, before the cleaving the glass film ribbon by the cleaving unit, a wrinkle generated in the glass film ribbon by a wrinkle-smoothing unit arranged in the transverse conveyance unit. 2. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the wrinkle-smoothing unit is arranged on a lower surface side of the glass film ribbon conveyed by the transverse conveyance unit. 3. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the wrinkle-smoothing unit is configured to smooth the wrinkle by causing an orthogonal rod-like body, which is arranged on an upstream side of a cleaving position for the glass film ribbon to be cleaved by the cleaving unit so as to extend in a direction orthogonal to a conveyance direction of the glass film ribbon, to lift up the glass film ribbon from the lower surface side. 4. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the wrinkle-smoothing unit is configured to smooth the wrinkle by causing a parallel rod-like body, which is arranged in a region from the upstream side to a downstream side of the cleaving position for the glass film ribbon to be cleaved by the cleaving unit so as to extend in a direction parallel to the conveyance direction of the glass film ribbon, to lift up each of both end portions in a width direction of the glass film ribbon from the lower surface side. 5. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the wrinkle-smoothing unit comprises a bedplate, which is arranged in a region from the upstream side to the downstream side of the cleaving position for the glass film ribbon to be cleaved by the cleaving unit, and is configured to support the glass film ribbon from the lower surface side, and to float both the end portions in the width direction of the glass film ribbon while extending off both ends in the width direction of the bedplate. 6. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 5, wherein an upper surface of the bedplate is formed so that both end portions in the width direction of the bedplate are lower in height than a center portion in the width direction of the bedplate. 7. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the wrinkle-smoothing unit is configured to smooth the wrinkle by causing a raising body, which is arranged in a region including the cleaving position for the glass film ribbon to be cleaved by the cleaving unit and extending from the cleaving position to each of the upstream side and the downstream side, to lift up the glass film ribbon from the lower surface side. 8. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the transverse conveyance unit further comprises a holding body arranged at a position corresponding to each of both the end portions in the width direction of the glass film ribbon, and wherein the holding body is configured to hold the each of both the end portions in the width direction of the glass film ribbon from above when the wrinkle-smoothing unit supports both the end portions in the width direction of the glass film ribbon in a floated state. 9. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the wrinkle-smoothing unit is installed at a fixed position. 10. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 9, wherein the transverse conveyance unit further comprises a conveyance sheet ribbon having flexibility, which is interposed between the wrinkle-smoothing unit and the glass film ribbon, and wherein the conveyance sheet ribbon is configured to convey the glass film ribbon by moving a lower surface of the conveyance sheet ribbon while sliding on the wrinkle-smoothing unit. 11. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising a direction changing unit, which is arranged on an upstream side of the transverse conveyance unit, and is configured to change a direction of conveyance of the glass film ribbon drawn vertically downward from a forming unit into the transverse direction. 12. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 1, further comprising a roll take-up unit, which is arranged on a downstream side of the transverse conveyance unit, and is configured to take up the glass film ribbon in a state of laminating the glass film ribbon on a protective sheet. 13. A glass film ribbon manufacturing device, comprising: a transverse conveyance unit, which is configured to convey a glass film ribbon in a transverse direction; and a cleaving unit, which is arranged on a conveyance path of the transverse conveyance unit, and is configured to cleave the glass film ribbon along a preset cleaving line extending in a longitudinal direction, the transverse conveyance unit comprising a wrinkle-smoothing unit configured to smooth a wrinkle generated in the glass film ribbon before the glass film ribbon is cleaved by the cleaving unit. 14. The glass film ribbon manufacturing device according to claim 13, wherein the transverse conveyance unit further comprises a holding body configured to hold each of both end portions in a width direction of the glass film ribbon from above when the wrinkle-smoothing unit supports both the end portions in the width direction of the glass film ribbon in a floated state. 15. A glass film ribbon manufacturing method, comprising: cleaving a glass film ribbon by a cleaving unit, which is arranged on a conveyance path of a transverse conveyance unit, along a preset cleaving line defining a boundary line between an unnecessary portion on at least one end side in a width direction of the glass film ribbon and an effective portion on a center side in the width direction of the glass film ribbon while conveying the glass film ribbon in a transverse direction by the transverse conveyance unit; and supporting, after the cleaving the glass film ribbon by the cleaving unit, the unnecessary portion by an unnecessary portion supporting part having a gap in the width direction from the effective portion. 16. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 15, wherein the unnecessary portion has a selvage portion that is thicker than the effective portion, and wherein the unnecessary portion supporting part is configured to support the unnecessary portion in a state in which the selvage portion protrudes to an outer side in the width direction. 17. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 15, wherein the unnecessary portion supporting part is configured to support a position closer to the outer side in the width direction of the unnecessary portion. 18. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 15, wherein the unnecessary portion supporting part has a length in the width direction of from 0.1 time to 2.0 times of a length in the width direction of the gap in the width direction. 19. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 15, wherein the effective portion is supported by an effective portion supporting part in a state in which both end portions in the width direction of the effective portion each protrude to the outer side in the width direction. 20. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 19, wherein a distance between a conveyance track of the unnecessary portion, which is formed by the unnecessary portion supporting part, and a conveyance track of the effective portion, which is formed by the effective portion supporting part, is gradually increased in a vertical direction as approaching to a downstream side in a conveyance direction. 21. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 19, wherein the unnecessary portion supporting part and the effective portion supporting part are formed to protrude from a downstream end in the conveyance direction of a surface plate installed at a fixed position along the conveyance path of the transverse conveyance unit. 22. The glass film ribbon manufacturing method according to claim 21, wherein the transverse conveyance unit comprises a conveyance sheet ribbon having flexibility, which is interposed between each of the surface plate, the unnecessary portion supporting part, and the effective portion supporting part and the glass film ribbon, and wherein the conveyance sheet ribbon is configured to convey the glass film ribbon by moving a lower surface of the conveyance sheet ribbon while sliding on the surface plate, the unnecessary portion supporting part, and the effective portion supporting part. 23. A glass film ribbon manufacturing device configured to cleave a glass film ribbon by a cleaving unit, which is arranged on a conveyance path of a transverse conveyance unit, along a preset cleaving line defining a boundary line between an unnecessary portion on at least one end side in a width direction of the glass film ribbon and an effective portion on a center side in the width direction of the glass film ribbon while conveying the glass film ribbon in a transverse direction by the transverse conveyance unit, wherein, after the glass film ribbon is cleaved by the cleaving unit, the unnecessary portion is supported by an unnecessary portion supporting part having a gap in the width direction from the effective portion.",
-    "An image processing device (1000) includes a luminance variation detection unit (1), an angular variation detection unit (2), an image region detection unit (3), and an image processing unit (4). The luminance variation detection unit (1) detects a degree of variation of pixel value in a pixel reference region including a pixel of interest and pixels around the pixel of interest. The angular variation detection unit (2) acquires a contour direction where the pixel value is constant in the pixel reference region for each pixel and detects a degree of variation of the acquired contour direction. The image region detection unit (3) acquires an image region detection signal representing characteristics of the image region including the pixel of interest based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction. The image processing unit (4) performs a predetermined image process on the pixel of interest based on the image region detection signal. 1. An image processing device comprising: a luminance variation detector which detects a degree of variation of pixel value in a pixel reference region including a pixel of interest and pixels around the pixel of interest; an angular variation detector which acquires a contour direction where the pixel value is constant in the pixel reference region for each pixel and detects a degree of variation of the contour direction acquired for each pixel; an image region detector which acquires an image region detection signal representing characteristics of an image region including the pixel of interest based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction; and an image processor which performs a predetermined image process on the pixel of interest based on the image region detection signal. 2. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the image processor performs a predetermined image process on the pixel of interest based on a process strength determined based on the image region detection signal. 3. The image processing device according to claim 2, wherein the image region detector acquires an edge detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in an edge region as the image region detection signal based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction, and wherein the image processor performs the predetermined image process on the pixel of interest according to a process strength determined based on the edge detection signal. 4. The image processing device according to claim 2, wherein the image region detector acquires a texture detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in a texture region as the image region detection signal based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction, and wherein the image processor performs the predetermined image process on the pixel of interest according to a process strength determined based on the texture detection signal. 5. The image processing device according to claim 2, wherein the image region detector acquires two detection signals of an edge detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in an edge region and a texture detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in a texture region as the image region detection signal based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction, and wherein the image processor performs the predetermined image process on the pixel of interest according to a process strength determined based on at least one of the edge detection signal and the texture detection signal. 6. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the image processor performs an image process according to the characteristics of the image region represented by the image region detection signal on the pixel of interest. 7. The image processing device according to claim 6, wherein the image region detector acquires an edge detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in an edge region as the image region detection signal based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction, wherein (1) in a case where it is determined according to the edge detection signal that the pixel of interest is not included in the edge region, the image processor performs a general enhancement process of emphasizing a high frequency component on the pixel of interest, and wherein (2) in a case where it is determined according to the edge detection signal that the pixel of interest is included in the edge region, the image processor acquires a low pass filtering process signal by performing a smoothening process on the pixel of interest by using a pixel value of a reference pixel where the contour direction acquired by the angular variation detection unit is the same as or approximate to that of the pixel of interest and acquires a high frequency extension signal obtained by emphasizing the high frequency component of the acquired low pass filtering process signal, so that a direction enhancement process taking into consideration a direction dependency on an image is performed on the pixel of interest. 8. The image processing device according to claim 6, wherein the image region detector acquires a texture detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in a texture region as the image region detection signal based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction, wherein (1) in a case where it is determined according to the texture detection signal that the pixel of interest is included in the texture region, the image processor performs a general enhancement process of emphasizing a high frequency component on the pixel of interest, and wherein (2) in a case where it is determined according to the texture detection signal that the pixel of interest is not included in the texture region, the image processor acquires a low pass filtering process signal by performing a smoothening process on the pixel of interest by using a pixel value of a reference pixel where the contour direction acquired by the angular variation detection unit is the same as or approximate to that of the pixel of interest and acquires a high frequency extension signal obtained by emphasizing the high frequency component of the acquired low pass filtering process signal, so that a direction enhancement process taking into consideration a direction dependency on an image is performed on the pixel of interest. 9. The image processing device according to claim 6, wherein the image region detector acquires two detection signals of an edge detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in an edge region and a texture detection signal representing that the pixel of interest is included in a texture region as the image region detection signal based on the degree of variation of the pixel value and the degree of variation of the contour direction, wherein (1) in a case where it is determined according to at least one of the edge detection signal and the texture detection signal that the pixel of interest is included in the texture region, the image processor performs a general enhancement process of emphasizing a high frequency component on the pixel of interest, and wherein (2) in a case where it is determined according to at least one of the edge detection signal and the texture detection signal that the pixel of interest is included in the edge region, the image processor acquires a low pass filtering process signal by performing a smoothening process on the pixel of interest by using a pixel value of a reference pixel where the contour direction acquired by the angular variation detection unit is the same as or approximate to that of the pixel of interest and acquires a high frequency extension signal obtained by emphasizing the high frequency component of the acquired low pass filtering process signal, so that a direction enhancement process taking into consideration a direction dependency on an image is performed on the pixel of interest. 10. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein when the coordinate of the pixel of interest on the image is denoted by (x, y); the pixel value of the pixel of interest is denoted by P(x, y); and variables i, j, and n are set as integers, when the filter coefficient Wx(x+i, y+j) is set as follows: (1) when \u2212n\u2266i<0, Wx(x+i, y+j)=\u22121; (2) when i=0, Wx(x+i, y+j)=0; and (3) when 0<i\u2266n, Wx(x+i, y+j)=1, when the filter coefficient Wy(x+i, y+j) is set as follows: (1) when \u2212n\u2266j<0, Wy(x+i, y+j)=\u22121; (2) when j=0, Wy(x+i, y+j)=0; and (3) when 0<j\u2266n, Wy(x+i, y+j)=1, wherein the angular variation detector calculates an x-directional partial derivative value Gx(x, y) of the pixel of interest (x, y) and a y-directional partial derivative value Gy(x, y) of the pixel of interest by the following equations, and Gx \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = \u2211 j = - n n \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = - n n \ue89e \ue89e P \ue8a0 ( x + i , y + j ) \u00b7 Wx \ue8a0 ( x + i , y + j ) ( cl \ue89e \ue89e 10 \ue89e - \ue89e 1 ) Gy \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = \u2211 j = - n n \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 i = - n n \ue89e \ue89e P \ue8a0 ( x + i , y + j ) \u00b7 Wy \ue8a0 ( x + i , y + j ) ( cl \ue89e \ue89e 10 \ue89e - \ue89e 2 ) wherein the angular variation detector calculates a value representing the contour direction based on an angle \u03b8(x, y) calculated by the following equation. \u03b8(x, y)=tan\u22121(Gy(x, y)/Gx(x, y))",
-    "An ink jetting digital printing apparatus supporting double-side printing is provided. The ink jetting digital printing apparatus comprises: a first sprayer module and a corresponding first group of color plane control servers, a second sprayer module and a corresponding second group of color plane control servers, a rasterization image processing server, and a system control server. The first and second sprayer modules comprise a group of sprayers of the same two or more colors; the first group comprises color plane control servers in one-to-one correspondence with sprayers in the first sprayer module; the second group comprises color plane control servers in one-to-one correspondence with sprayers in the second sprayer module; the first group color plane control servers parallel with the second group color plane control servers. 1. An ink jetting digital printing apparatus supporting double-side printing, characterized in comprising: a first sprayer module and a corresponding first group of color plane control servers, a second sprayer module and a corresponding second group of color plane control servers, a rasterization image processing server, and a system control server; wherein the first sprayer module and the second sprayer module comprise a group of sprayers of the same two or more colors respectively; the first group of color plane control servers comprise color plane control servers in one-to-one correspondence with sprayers in the first sprayer module; the second group of color plane control servers comprise color plane control servers in one-to-one correspondence with sprayers in the second sprayer module; the color plane control servers in the first group of color plane control servers are arranged in parallel with the color plane control servers in the second group of color plane control servers; the rasterization image processing server is used to perform a rasterization process on a print file of a current print job, and transmit page data obtained after the process to a corresponding group of color plane control servers; the first group of color plane control servers are used to generate complete font-side print data according to the page data received from the rasterization image processing server, and transmit the font-side print data to a corresponding first hardware control module; the first hardware control module is used to control the first sprayer module according to the complete font-side print data to complete the printing of the font-side print data; the second group of color plane control servers are used to generate complete back-side print data according to the page data received from the rasterization image processing server, and transmit the back-side print data to a corresponding second hardware control module; and the second hardware control module is used to control the second sprayer module according to the complete back-side print data to complete the printing of the back-side print data. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the rasterization image processing server comprises: a data obtaining unit for obtaining print data of the print file; a data processing unit for performing a rasterization process on the print data to obtain page data; a page determination unit for determining whether a page the page data belongs to is a odd page or an even page; and a data transmission unit for transmitting page data of an odd page determined by the page determination unit to various color plane control servers of the first group of color plane control servers, and transmitting page data of an even page determined by the page determination unit to various color plane control servers of the second group of color plane control servers. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that various color plane control servers of the first group of color plane control servers and various color plane control servers of the second group of color plane control servers are further used to transmit print progress information to a system control server; and the system control server is used to, according to the print progress information of the various color plane control servers, calculate a number of pages that have been printed in the current print job and display the page number information on a user interface. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that the system control server is further used to, when it is required to browse a print job, according to whether a page to be browsed is an odd or even page, send a command to the first group of color plane control servers or the second group of color plane control servers to instruct the group of color plane control servers to return print data of the specified page; the first group of color plane control servers and the second group of color plane control servers are further used to, after receiving the command sent from the system control server, return print data of the specified page to the system control server respectively; and the system control server is further used to, after receiving the print data returned from the group of color plane control servers, convert the print data to an image and display the image on the user interface. 5. An ink jetting digital printing method supporting double-side printing, characterized in comprising the following steps: A. performing, by a rasterization image processing server, a rasterization process on a print file of a current print job, and transmitting page data obtained after the process to various color plane control servers of a corresponding group of color plane control servers; B. generating, by the group of color plane control servers, complete print data according to the page data received from the rasterization image processing server and storing the print data locally; and C. during a print process, controlling corresponding sprayers by various color plane control servers of the group of color plane control servers according to print data stored locally to complete the print job. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the group of color plane control servers comprise a first group of color plane control servers and a second group of color plane control servers, various color plane control servers of one group of color plane control servers being arranged in parallel with color plane control servers of the other group of color plane control servers. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that step A comprises: performing a rasterization process on the print file of the current print job by the rasterization image processing server to obtain the page data; determining whether the page data belongs to an odd page or an even page; in the case of an odd page, transmitting the page data to various color plane control servers of the first group of color plane control servers; and in the case of an even page, transmitting the page data to various color plane control servers of the second group of color plane control servers. 8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the method further comprises: transmitting, by various color plane control servers of the group of color plane control servers, print progress information to a system control server during a print process; according to the print progress information received from the various color plane control servers, calculating by the system control server a number of pages that have been printed in the current print job and displaying the page number information on a user interface. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the method further comprises: when it is required to browse the print job, according to whether a page to be browsed is an odd or even page, sending by the system control server a command to the first group of color plane control servers or the second group of color plane control servers to instruct the group of color plane control servers to return print data of the specified page; after receiving the command sent from the system control server, returning print data of the specified page to the system control server by the first group of color plane control servers and the second group of color plane control servers respectively; and after receiving the print data returned from the group of color plane control servers, converting the print data to an image by the system control server and displaying the image on the user interface. 10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, according to whether a page to be browsed is an odd or even page, sending by the system control server a command to the first group of color plane control servers or the second group of color plane control servers to instruct the group of color plane control servers to return print data of the specified page comprises: if page n to be browsed is an odd page, sending by the system control server a command to the first group of color plane control servers to instruct the first group of color plane control servers to return print data of the page (n+1)/2; and if page n to be browsed is an even page, sending by the system control server a command to the second group of color plane control servers to instruct the second group of color plane control servers to return print data of the page n/2.",
-    "The present invention relates to a novel process for the synthesis of abiraterone and in particular abiraterone acetate, a compound of formula (I) reported below: having pharmacological activity suitable for slowing down the progression of advanced stage prostate cancer. The process is characterised by the fact that the intermediate triflation step is carried out on prasterone (DHEA) or its 3-acetate using Ar\u2014N(OTf)2 as the triflation reagent, but where Ar is not phenyl, and by the fact that the base used in this step is an alkali metal alcoholate. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A process for preparing abiraterone or abiraterone acetate of formula I: wherein X is H or CH3\u2014C(O)\u2014, comprising: (i) reacting prasterone or prasterone acetate of formula III: wherein X is as above, with an aromatic bis (trifluoromethane sulphonamide) of formula Ar\u2014N(Tf)2, wherein Ar is an aromatic radical other than phenyl, and N(Tf)2 is: in the presence of an alcoholate of an alkali metal, to form: wherein X is as above, and (ii) reacting the compound of formula II with diethylpyridylborane in the presence of a palladium(II) catalyst, to form abiraterone or abiraterone acetate. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein said aromatic bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) has formula (IV) or (V): wherein: R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5, independently, may be hydrogen, halo, \u2014NO2, a linear or branched alkyl radical, an amide radical RC(O)NH\u2014 or an alkoxy radical RO\u2014, wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group with the proviso that that R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 cannot be all hydrogen atoms at the same time; and one of R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 in formula (V) is \u2014N(Tf)2, wherein the remaining radicals R6-R10, independently, have the same meanings as do R1-R5. 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) is N-(2-pyridyl)-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide). 11. The process according to claim 8, wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) is used in an amount ranging from 0.8 to 2 times the weight of prasterone or prasterone acetate. 12. The process according to claim 8, wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of sodium tert-butylate and potassium tert-butylate. 13. The process according to claim 8, wherein (i) is carried out at a reaction temperature between \u221280\u00b0 C. and 30\u00b0 C. for a reaction time of from 2 to 24 hours. 14. The process according to claim 8, wherein the palladium (II) catalyst is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride Pd(PPh3)2Cl2.",
-    "The present invention relates to data packet processing in a data network, and provides a method and system for processing data packets. The method comprising: dividing flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter, wherein, an elephant flow contains more data packets than a mice flow; transmitting the divided elephant flows and mice flows to a virtual switch in a server; processing the mice flows at the virtual switch, and transmitting the elephant flows and the processed mice flows to a hardware switch in network; and processing the elephant flows at the hardware switch, and forwarding the received mice flows and the processed elephant flows. With the method and system, network performance may be effectively improved. 1. A method for processing data packets, comprising: dividing flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter, wherein, an elephant flow contains more data packets than a mice flow; transmitting the divided elephant flows and mice flows to a virtual switch in a server; processing the mice flows at the virtual switch; and transmitting the elephant flows and the processed mice flows to a hardware switch in network, so as that the hardware switch may process the elephant flows and forward the processed elephant flows and the received processed mice flows. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: identifying the divided flows. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the particular division parameter may be dynamically adjusted based on load related information of the virtual switch and the hardware switch. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the particular division parameter is a threshold, wherein, the step of dividing flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter comprises: recording number of data packets of each flow, dividing the flow of which the number is lower than the threshold as mice flow, and dividing the flow of which the number is equal to or larger than the threshold as elephant flow. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the processing comprises one or more of buffering flow information, replacing packet headers, encapsulating, and decapsulating. 6. A method for processing data packets, comprising: dividing flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter, wherein, an elephant flow contains more data packets than a mice flow; transmitting the divided elephant flows and mice flows to a virtual switch in a server; processing the mice flows at the virtual switch, and transmitting the elephant flows and the processed mice flows to a hardware switch in network; and processing the elephant flows at the hardware switch, and forwarding the processed elephant flows and the received processed mice flows. 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: identifying the divided flows. 8. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: dynamically adjusting the particular division parameter based on load related information of the virtual switch and the hardware switch. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the particular division parameter is a threshold, wherein, the step of dividing flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter comprises: recording number of data packets of each flow, dividing the flow of which the number is lower than the threshold as mice flow, and dividing the flow of which the number is equal to or larger than the threshold as elephant flow. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the processing comprises one or more of buffering flow information, replacing packet headers, encapsulating, and decapsulating. 11. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: at the hardware switch: receiving flows containing data packets; recognizing elephant flows; processing the elephant flows; transmitting the received mice flows and the processed elephant flows to a virtual switch in the server; and processing the mice flows by the virtual switch, and forwarding the processed mice flows and the received processed elephant flows. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, the step of at the hardware switch, recognizing elephant flows comprises: recognizing the elephant flows based on an identifier contained in data packets within the flows. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein, the step of at the hardware switch, recognizing elephant flows comprises: dividing the flows into elephant flows and mice flows according to the particular division parameter, wherein, an elephant flow contains more data packets than a mice flow. 14. A system for processing data packets in a server, comprising: a divider configured to divide flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter and transmit them to a virtual switch, wherein, the elephant flow contains more data packets than the mice flow; and a virtual switch configured to process the mice flows from the divider and transmit the received elephant flows and the processed mice flows to a hardware switch in network, so as that the hardware switch may process the elephant flows and forward the processed elephant flows and the received processed mice flows. 15. The system according to claim 14, wherein, the particular division parameter may be dynamically adjusted based on load related information of the virtual switch and the hardware switch. 16. A system for processing data packets, comprising: a divider in a server, configured to divide flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter and transmit them to a virtual switch, wherein, the elephant flow contains more data packets than the mice flow; a virtual switch in the server, configured to process the mice flows from the divider and transmit the received elephant flows and the processed mice flows to a hardware switch in network; and a hardware switch in the network, configured to process the elephant flows and then forward the processed elephant flows and the received processed mice flows. 17. The system according to claim 16, further comprising: a monitor configured to dynamically adjust the particular division parameter based on load related information of the virtual switch and the hardware switch. 18. The system according to claim 16, wherein, the hardware switch is further configured to: receive flows containing data packets; recognize elephant flows; process the elephant flows; and transmit the received mice flows and the processed elephant flows to the virtual switch in the server; and the virtual switch is configured to process the mice flows, and forward the processed mice flows and the received processed elephant flows. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein, the hardware switch is configured to recognize the elephant flows based on an identifier contained in data packets within the flows. 20. The system according to claim 18, wherein, the hardware switch is configured to divide the flows into elephant flows and mice flows according to the particular division parameter, wherein, an elephant flow contains more data packets than a mice flow. 21. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, said program code executable by a computer to cause said computer to perform a method of processing data packets comprising: dividing flows containing data packets into elephant flows and mice flows according to a particular division parameter, wherein, an elephant flow contains more data packets than a mice flow; transmitting the divided elephant flows and mice flows to a virtual switch in a server; processing the mice flows at the virtual switch; and transmitting the elephant flows and the processed mice flows to a hardware switch in network, so as that the hardware switch may process the elephant flows and forward the processed elephant flows and the received processed mice flows.",
-    "A method for calibrating a tape drive is disclosed herein. The method includes writing a calibration track onto a tape cartridge using a first tape drive. The method includes reading the calibration track using a plurality of tape drives to measure a plurality of write element offset values, in which each write element offset value corresponds to each of the plurality of tape drives. The method includes determining a calibration factor based on an average write element offset value, in which the calibration factor is used to align a write element of a drive head of the first tape drive. 1. A method, comprising: writing a calibration track onto a tape cartridge using a first tape drive; reading the calibration track using a plurality of tape drives to measure a plurality of write element offset values, each of the plurality of tape drives to produce a write element offset value; and determining a calibration factor based on an average write element offset value, the calibration factor used to align a write element of a drive head of the first tape drive. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising writing a gold calibration track to the tape cartridge using the first tape drive after aligning the write element of the drive head of the first tape drive using the calibration factor. 3. The method of claim 2, comprising: reading the gold calibration track using a second tape drive to measure a read element offset value corresponding to the second tape drive; and determining a read calibration factor based on the read element offset value, the read calibration factor to align a read element of the drive head of the second tape drive. 4. The method of claim 3, comprising: writing a write calibration track to a blank tape using the second tape drive after aligning the read element of the drive head of the of the second tape drive; reading the write calibration track using the second tape drive to measure a write element offset value of the second tape drive; and determining a write calibration factor based on the write element offset value of the second tape drive, the write calibration factor to align a write element of the drive head of the second tape drive. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising storing the plurality of write element offset values on the tape cartridge. 6. A tape drive library, comprising: a plurality of tape drives including a first tape drive; a tape cartridge; and and a library controller to: write a calibration track onto the tape cartridge using the first tape drive; read the calibration track using the plurality of tape drives to measure a plurality of write element offset values; each write element offset value corresponding to each of the plurality of tape drives; and determine a calibration factor based on an average write element offset value, the calibration factor used to align a write element of a drive head of the first tape drive. 7. The tape drive library of claim 6, the library controller to write a gold calibration track to the tape cartridge using the first tape drive after aligning the write element of the drive head of the first tape drive using the calibration factor. 8. The tape drive library of claim 7, the library controller to: read the gold calibration track using a second tape drive to measure a read element offset value corresponding to the second tape drive; and determine a read calibration factor based on the read element offset value, the read calibration factor to align a read element of the drive head of the second tape drive. 9. The tape drive library of claim 8, the library controller to: write a write calibration track to a blank tape using the second tape drive after aligning the read element of the drive head of the of the second tape drive; read the write calibration track using the second tape drive to measure a write element offset value of the second tape drive; and determine a write calibration factor based on the write element offset value of the second tape drive, the write calibration factor to align a write element of the drive head of the second tape drive. 10. The tape drive library of claim 6, the library controller to store the plurality of write element offset values on the tape cartridge. 11. A tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium comprising instructions configured to direct a processor to: write a calibration track onto a tape cartridge using a first tape drive; read the calibration track using a plurality of tape drives to measure a plurality of write element offset values; each write element offset value corresponding to each of the plurality of tape drives; and determine a calibration factor based on an average write element offset value, the calibration factor used to align a write element of a drive head of the first tape drive. 12. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 11, comprising instructions configured to direct the processor to write a gold calibration track to the tape cartridge using the first tape drive after aligning the write element of the drive head of the first tape drive using the calibration factor. 13. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 12, comprising instructions configured to direct the processor to: read the gold calibration track using a second tape drive to measure a read element offset value corresponding to the second tape drive; and determine a read calibration factor based on the read element offset value, the read calibration factor to align a read element of the drive head of the second tape drive. 14. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 13, comprising instructions configured to direct the processor to: write a write calibration track to a blank tape using the second tape drive after aligning the read element of the drive head of the of the second tape drive; read the write calibration track using the second tape drive to measure a write element offset value of the second tape drive; and determine a write calibration factor based on the write element offset value of the second tape drive, the write calibration factor to align a write element of the drive head of the second tape drive. 15. The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 11, comprising instructions configured to direct the processor to store the plurality of write element offset values on the tape cartridge.",
-    "A current interruption device includes a deforming plate, a contact plate and a conducting plate which configure a current path. The deforming plate includes one surface on an opposite side from the contact plate facing a first space, a pressure of which is retained to a same pressure as the internal pressure of the casing and the other surface opposed to the contact plate facing a second space, a pressure of which is retained to a same pressure as an external pressure of the casing. When the internal pressure rises above the predetermined level, the second contact portion is separated from the conducting plate by deformation of the deforming plate toward the contacting plate. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A current interruption device used for an electricity storage device, the current interruption device configured to electrically connect a positive or negative electrode terminal and an electrode assembly that comprises a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and to interrupt a serial current path of the electrode terminal and the electrode assembly when an internal pressure of a closed casing accommodating the electrode assembly rises above a predetermined level, the current interruption device comprising: a deforming plate configured to deform when the internal pressure rises above the predetermined level; and a contact plate and a conducting plate which configures the current path in a state where the contact plate and the conducting plate are electrically connected to the electrode assembly and the electrode terminal, wherein the conducting plate is disposed to be intervened between the deforming plate and the contact plate, the conducting plate includes a first contact portion configured to contact the contact plate, the contact plate includes a second contact portion configured to contact the first contact portion, a first space is provided in the casing, a second space is provided between the deforming plate and the contact plate, an outside of the casing and the second space are communicated by a communicating portion, the deforming plate includes one surface of the deforming plate on an opposite side from the contact plate, facing the first space, a pressure of which is retained to a same pressure as the internal pressure of the casing, and the other surface opposed to the contact plate facing the second space, a pressure of which is retained to a same pressure as an external pressure of the casing through the communicating portion, the deforming plate includes a contacting portion configured to contact the first contact portion or the second contact portion, and at least the second contact portion, among the first contact portion and the second contact portion, is configured to be separable from the conducting plate by deformation of the deforming plate causing the contacting portion to move toward the contact plate when the internal pressure rises above the predetermined level. 10. The current interruption device according to claim 9 further comprising: a conductive cover electrically connected to the contact plate, wherein one side portion of the cover is exposed to the outside of the casing through an opening provided on the casing, and the other side portion of the cover configures a part of a case body of the current interruption device, a communicating hole piercing the cover from one side portion to the other side portion is provided in the cover, and the second space is retained to the same pressure as the external pressure of the casing through the communicating hole. 11. The current interruption device according to claim 10, wherein the one side of the cover exposed to the outside of the casing includes a connecting portion connecting a conductive member configured to supply electric power to an external device from the electrode assembly. 12. The current interruption device according to claim 11, wherein the connecting portion is provided on an inner surface of the communicating hole of the cover and includes an inner thread for fixing the conductive member. 13. The current interruption device according to claim 10, wherein an outer thread is provided on a side surface on the one side of the cover exposed to the outside of the casing, and the current interruption device is fixed to the casing by holding a wall of the casing between a fixing member engaged with the outer thread and a part of the cover positioned in the casing. 14. The current interruption device according to claim 9, wherein a center portion of the deforming plate provides an insulating projection projecting toward the contact plate, and the projection includes the contacting portion. 15. The current interruption device according to claim 14 further comprising: a contacting member disposed between the deforming plate and the conducting plate; and an insulating cap, wherein the insulating projection is composed of the contacting member and the cap, the contacting member is disposed in a center portion of a surface of the deforming plate facing the conducting plate, the cap includes a cap portion covering the contacting member, and a guide portion regulating a position of the cap portion in a plane orthogonal to a direction connecting the deforming plate and the conducting plate. 16. An electricity storage device comprising: the current interruption device according to claim 9.",
-    "Provided herein are recombinant yeast cells having an active 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HP) pathway and further comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding an aspartate 1-decarboxylase (ADC) of the Class Insecta, Bivalvia, Branchioporia, Gastropoda, or Leptocardii. Also described are methods of using the recombinant yeast cells to produce 3-HP and acrylic acid. 1. A recombinant yeast cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding an aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Insecta, Bivalvia, Branchiopoda, Gastropoda, or Leptocardii, wherein the cell is capable of producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). 2. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Insecta is an insect aspartate 1-decarboxylase of an Order selected from the group consisting of Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Embiidina, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Microcoryphia, Neuroptera, Notoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Plecoptera, Psocoptera, Raphidioptera, Siphonaptera, Strepsiptera, Thysanoptera, Trichoptera, Zoraptera, and Zygentoma. 3. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Insecta has at least 60%, sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, or 191. 4. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Branchiopoda has at least 60% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192. 5. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Gastropoda has at least 60% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193. 6. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Leptocardii has at least 60% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194. 7. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase of the Class Bivalvia has at least 60%, sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195. 8. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase comprises a glutamine at a residue corresponding to position 377 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162. 9. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 8, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase comprises a glutamine at a position corresponding to position 377 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162, and a partial amino acid sequence having at least 75%, sequence identity to amino acids 382-516 SEQ ID NO: 162. 10. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the aspartate 1-decarboxylase comprises a F1aa19S2aaY3 motif or an Y1aa19S2aaY3 motif, wherein F1 is phenylalanine, Y1 is tyrosine, aa19 is an intervening sequence of nineteen amino acids, S2 is serine, aa is a single amino acid, and Y3 is tyrosine. 11. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the aspartate 1-decarboxylase comprises a promoter foreign to the polynucleotide encoding the aspartate 1-decarboxylase. 12. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the cell produces a greater amount of 3-HP compared to the cell without the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the aspartate 1-decarboxylase, when cultivated under identical conditions. 13. (canceled) 14. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the cell further comprises one or more heterologous polynucleotides selected from: a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a PYC; a heterologous polynucleotide encoding an AAT; a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a BAAT or gabT; a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a 3-HPDH; and a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a PPC. 15. (canceled) 16. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the cell belongs to a genus selected from Candida, Issatchenkia, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Zygosaccharomyces. 17. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 16, wherein the cell belongs to a clade selected from the I. orientalis/P. fermentans clade and the Saccharomyces clade. 18. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 16, wherein the cell is selected from I. orientalis, C. lambica, and S. bulderi. 19. (canceled) 20. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is capable of growing at a pH of less than 4 in media containing 75 g/L or greater 3-HP. 21. (canceled) 22. A method of producing 3-HP, comprising: (a) cultivating the recombinant yeast cell of claim 1 in a fermentable medium under suitable conditions to produce 3-HP; and (b) recovering the 3-HP. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the fermentable medium is at a pH of less than 5. 24. A method of producing acrylic acid or a salt thereof, comprising: (a) cultivating the recombinant yeast cell of claim 1 in a fermentable medium under suitable conditions to produce 3-HP; (b) recovering the 3-HP; (c) dehydrating the 3-HP under suitable conditions to produce acrylic acid or a salt thereof; and (d) recovering the acrylic acid or salt thereof.",
-    "According to one aspect, a transistor gate drive comprises a first input configured to be coupled to a DC voltage source, a second input configured to receive a control signal, a third input configured to couple to a ground connection, a transformer, a first switch configured to couple the first input to a first end of a primary winding of the transformer in response to receipt of the control signal, and to decouple the first input from the first end of the primary winding in response to the receipt of the control signal, a second switch configured to couple a second end of the primary winding to the third input in response to receipt of the control signal, and to decouple the second end of the primary winding from the third input in response to the receipt of the control signal. 1. A transistor gate drive comprising: a first input configured to be coupled to a DC voltage source; a second input configured to receive a control signal; a third input configured to couple to a ground connection; a transformer having a primary winding and at least one secondary winding, the primary winding having a first end and a second end; a first switch having a control input and configured to couple the first input to the first end of the primary winding in response to receipt of the control signal having a first level, and to decouple the first input from the first end of the primary winding in response to the receipt of the control signal having a second level; a second switch having a control input and configured to couple the second end of the primary winding to the third input in response to receipt of the control signal having the first level, and to decouple the second end of the primary winding from the third input in response to the receipt of the control signal having the second level; a first diode coupled between the first switch and the first end of the primary winding and further coupled to the third input; and a second diode coupled to the first input and further coupled between the second switch and the second end of the primary winding. 2. The transistor gate drive of claim 1, wherein the first diode and the second diode are configured to provide a path for a reset of the primary winding. 3. The transistor gate drive of claim 1, wherein the first switch includes a control pin coupled to the second input, a collector coupled to the first input and an emitter coupled between the first diode and the primary winding of the transformer. 4. The transistor gate drive of claim 1, wherein the second switch is a MOSFET having a drain coupled between the primary winding and the second diode and a source coupled to the third input. 5. The transistor gate drive of claim 1, wherein the primary winding and the secondary winding have a same polarity. 6. The transistor gate drive of claim 5, further comprising at least one secondary circuit coupled to the at least one secondary winding of the transformer and having an output configured to drive a control pin of a transistor based on a level of the control signal. 7. The transistor gate drive of claim 6, wherein the at least one secondary circuit comprises: a turn-off switch; and a turn-on diode, wherein the turn-off switch and the turn-on diode are coupled in parallel with the at least one secondary winding of the transformer, and wherein a junction point between the turn-on diode and the turn-off switch are coupled to the output of the at least one secondary circuit. 8. The transistor gate drive of claim 7, further comprising a pull-down resistor coupled between the output of the at least one secondary circuit and an output ground connection. 9. The transistor gate drive of claim 1, further comprising a PWM controller coupled to the first switch and the second switch, the PWM controller configured to generate the control signal. 10. The transistor gate drive of claim 9, wherein the PWM controller is configured to generate a control signal having a duty cycle of 50% or less. 11. The transistor gate drive of claim 10, wherein the duty cycle is a variable duty cycle based on input signal provided to the PWM controller. 12. A method of operating a transistor gate drive circuit, the method comprising: receiving a DC input voltage at a first input of the transistor gate drive circuit; receiving, in a turn-on mode, a control signal at a second input of the transistor gate drive circuit, the control signal having a first level; coupling, responsive to receipt of the control signal having the first level, the first input to a first end of a primary winding of a transformer; coupling, responsive to receipt of the control signal having the first level, a second end of the primary winding of the transformer to a ground connection; receiving, in a turn-off mode, the control signal at the second input of the transistor gate drive circuit, the control signal having a second level; and discharging, in response to the receipt of the control signal having the second level, the transformer. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: inducing, in the turn-on mode, a current in at least one secondary winding of the transformer; and using the current, driving at least one primary switch of at least one output circuit to turn on. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: decoupling, responsive to receipt of the control signal having the second level, the first input from the first end of the primary winding of the transformer; decoupling, responsive to receipt of the control signal having the second level, the second end of the primary winding of the transformer from the ground connection; and resetting the primary winding of the transformer through a first diode and a second diode. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein resetting includes limiting a voltage across the first switch and the second switch. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: driving, in response to resetting the primary winding, a turn-off switch to turn on; and coupling, in response to the turn-off switch turning on, a control pin of at least one primary switch of at least one output circuit to a second ground connection; and driving the at least one primary switch to turn off. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein receiving further includes receiving the control signal from a pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller, the control signal having a duty cycle. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: changing the duty cycle of the control signal from a first duty to a second duty cycle. 19. A transistor gate drive circuit comprising: a first input configured to be coupled to a DC voltage source; a second input configured to receive a control signal; a third input configured to couple to a ground connection; a transformer, the transformer having a primary winding and at least one secondary winding; and means for inducing a current on the secondary winding, in a turn-on mode of operation, by coupling the primary winding of the transformer to the first input and the ground connection creating a first current path that includes the primary winding of the transformer, and in a turn-off mode of operation, resetting the primary winding of the transformer through a second current path, wherein neither the first current path nor the second current path includes a capacitor. 20. The transistor gate drive of claim 19, further comprising means for limiting voltage across the first switch and the second switch during the turn-off mode.",
-    "Disclosed are a communication switching and establishing method and device. A switching procedure comprises: an access network device determining to switch from a D2N link to a D2D link; sending a switching command to a first terminal and a second terminal; receiving a switching complete response; and saving bearer information of a bearer, which needs to be switched to the D2D link, in the D2N link, or requesting to send a bearer keep request to a core network node. A communication establishing procedure comprises: after the access network device determines that communication needs to be established with the D2D link, determining whether a core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first terminal and the second terminal; if yes, sending a service request to a core network device, so that the core network device establishes a core network side link for the service request; and sending configuration information of the D2D link and establishment instruction information of the D2D link to the first terminal and/or the second terminal. The present application enables a first terminal and a second terminal to perform D2D communication, thereby enhancing network transmission efficiency. 1. A method for switching communication, the method comprising: determining, by an access network device, that communication between a first user equipment and a second user equipment needs to be switched from a Device to Network (D2N) link to a Device to Device (D2D) link; sending, by the access network device, a switching command to the first user equipment and the second user equipment to instruct communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be switched at the air interface side from the D2N link to the D2D link; receiving, by the access network device, a response message of completed switching by the first user equipment, and a response message of completed switching by the second user equipment; and storing, by the access network device, bearer information of a bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, or sending a bearer maintenance request to a core network node to request the core network node for maintaining a core network side link corresponding to the bearer to be switched to the D2D link. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein storing, by the access network device, the bearer information of the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, or sending the bearer maintenance request to the core network node comprises: after switching is completed, if there are still service data being transmitted over the bearer to be switched to the D2D link, then storing, by the access network device, the bearer information of the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, so that the access network device switches communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment from the D2D link to the D2N link according to the stored bearer information; after switching is completed, if there are no service data being transmitted over the bearer to be switched to the D2D link, then sending, by the access network device, the bearer maintenance request to the core network node to request the core network node for maintaining the core network side link corresponding to the bearer to be switched to the D2D link. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the bearer information of the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link includes: a bearer mapping relationship between the bearer to be switched to the D2D link, and a data stream, in the D2D link, and/or General packet radio service Tunnel Protocol (GTP) information of the bearer to be switched to the D2D link. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the switching command further includes Internet Protocol (IP) 5-tuple information and/or a mapping relationship between IP 5-tuples and D2D bearers so that the first user equipment and the second user equipment switch service data satisfying the IP 5-tuple information onto the D2D link. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the switching command includes D2D link configuration information, and a D2D link establishing instruction to instruct the D2D link for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be established according to the D2D link configuration information; the D2D link configuration information comprises D2D link bearer information; and the D2D link bearer information indicates at least one D2D link bearer, wherein each D2D link bearer corresponds to at least one bearer of the core network side link, and the bearers of the core network side link, corresponding to the respective D2D link bearers are different from each other; or the D2D link bearer information indicates D2D link bearers corresponding to different service characteristics. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein after the response message of completed switching by the first user equipment, and the response message of completed switching by the second user equipment are received, the method further comprises: for service data in the un-acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, discarding, by the access network device, the service data in the un-acknowledgment mode, or continuing with transmission of the service data in the un-acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link; and for service data in the acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, continuing, by the access network device, with transmission of the service data in the acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein after the response message of completed switching by the first user equipment, and the response message of completed switching by the second user equipment are received, the method further comprises: modifying, by the access network device, D2N link configuration information of the D2N link to thereby save a resource occupied by the D2N link; or determining, by the access network device, the bearer of the D2N link, over which no service data need to be transmitted, and removing the determined D2N link bearer over which no service data need to be transmitted. 8. A method for establishing communication, the method comprising: judging, by an access network device, whether a core network side link needs to be established for communication between a first user equipment and a second user equipment upon determining that D2D link communication needs to be established between the first user equipment and the second user equipment; if a core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment, then sending, by the access network device, a service request for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to a core network device so that the core network device establishes a core network side link for the service request; and sending D2D link configuration information and a D2D link establishing instruction to the first user equipment and/or the second user equipment to instruct a D2D link for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be established according to the D2D link configuration information, upon reception of an air interface link establishing instruction sent by the core network device; if no core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment, then sending, by the access network device, D2D link configuration information and a D2D link establishing instruction to the first user equipment and/or the second user equipment to instruct a D2D link for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be established according to the D2D link configuration information. 9. (canceled) 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein judging whether a core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment comprises: judging whether switching from the D2D link to a D2N link needs to be supported, and if so, then determining that a core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment; otherwise, determining that no core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the D2D link configuration information comprises at least one of: identifier information of the second user equipment or the first user equipment, and D2D link bearer information; and the D2D link bearer information indicates at least one D2D link bearer, wherein each D2D link bearer corresponds to at least one bearer of the core network side link, and the bearers of the core network side link, corresponding to the respective D2D link bearers are different from each other; or the D2D link bearer information indicates D2D link bearers corresponding to different service characteristics. 12-22. (canceled) 23. An access network device comprising a processor and a radio frequency module, wherein: the processor is configured to determine that communication between a first user equipment and a second user equipment needs to be switched from a D2N link to a D2D link; the radio frequency module is configured to send a switching command to the first user equipment and the second user equipment to instruct communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be switched at the air interface side from the D2N link to the D2D link; and to receive a response message of completed switching by the first user equipment, and a response message of completed switching by the second user equipment; and the processor is further configured to store bearer information of a bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, or to send a bearer maintenance request to a core network node to request the core network node for maintaining a core network side link corresponding to the bearer to be switched to the D2D link. 24. The access network device according to claim 23, wherein the processor is configured: after switching is completed, if there are still service data being transmitted over the bearer to be switched to the D2D link, to store the bearer information of the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, so that the access network device switches communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment from the D2D link to the D2N link according to the stored bearer information; and after switching is completed, if there are no service data being transmitted over the bearer to be switched to the D2D link, to send the bearer maintenance request to the core network node to request the core network node for maintaining the core network side link corresponding to the bearer to be switched to the D2D link. 25. The access network device according to claim 24, wherein the bearer information of the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link comprises: a bearer mapping relationship between the bearer to be switched to the D2D link, and a data stream, in the D2D link, and/or General packet radio service Tunnel Protocol (GTP) information of the bearer to be switched to the D2D link. 26. The access network device according to claim 23, wherein the switching command further comprises Internet Protocol (IP) 5-tuple information and/or a mapping relationship between IP 5-tuples and D2D bearers so that the first user equipment and the second user equipment switch service data satisfying the IP 5-tuple information onto the D2D link. 27. The access network device according to claim 23, wherein the switching command comprises D2D link configuration information and a D2D link establishing instruction, wherein the D2D link establishing instruction is configured to instruct the D2D link for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be established according to the D2D link configuration information; the D2D link configuration information comprises D2D link bearer information; and the D2D link bearer information indicates at least one D2D link bearer, wherein each D2D link bearer corresponds to at least one bearer of the core network side link, and the bearers of the core network side link, corresponding to the respective D2D link bearers are different from each other; or the D2D link bearer information indicates D2D link bearers corresponding to different service characteristics. 28. The access network device according to claim 27, wherein the processor is further configured: after the radio frequency module receives the response message of completed switching by the first user equipment, and the response message of completed switching by the second user equipment, for service data in the un-acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, to discard the service data in the un-acknowledgment mode, or to continue with transmission of the service data in the un-acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link; and for service data in the acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link, to continue with transmission of the service data in the acknowledgment mode over the bearer of the D2N link, to be switched to the D2D link. 29. The access network device according to claim 27, wherein the access network device further comprises the processor is further configured: after the radio frequency module receives the response message of completed switching by the first user equipment, and the response message of completed switching by the second user equipment, to modify D2N link configuration information of the D2N link to thereby save a resource occupied by the D2N link; or to determine the bearer of the D2N link, over which no service data need to be transmitted, and to remove the determined D2N link bearer over which no service data need to be transmitted. 30. An access network device, comprising a processor and a radio frequency module, wherein: the processor is configured to judge whether a core network side link needs to be established for communication between a first user equipment and a second user equipment upon determining that D2D link communication needs to be established between the first user equipment and the second user equipment; and if so, to send a service request for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to a core network device through the radio frequency module so that the core network device establishes a core network side link for the service request, and to send D2D link configuration information and a D2D link establishing instruction to the first user equipment and/or the second user equipment through the radio frequency module to instruct a D2D link for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be established according to the D2D link configuration information, after the radio frequency module receives an air interface link establishing instruction sent by the core network device; otherwise, to send D2D link configuration information and a D2D link establishing instruction to the first user equipment and/or the second user equipment through the radio frequency module to instruct a D2D link for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment to be established according to the D2D link configuration information. 31. (canceled) 32. The access network device according to claim 30, wherein the processor is configured: to judge whether switching from the D2D link to a D2N link needs to be supported, and if so, to determine that a core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment; otherwise, to determine that no core network side link needs to be established for communication between the first user equipment and the second user equipment. 33. The access network device according to claim 30, wherein the D2D link configuration information comprises at least one of: identifier information of the second user equipment or the first user equipment, and D2D link bearer information; and the D2D link bearer information indicates at least one D2D link bearer, wherein each D2D link bearer corresponds to at least one bearer of the core network side link, and the bearers of the core network side link, corresponding to the respective D2D link bearers are different from each other; or the D2D link bearer information indicates D2D link bearers corresponding to different service characteristics.",
-    "Methods and systems for monitoring a target volume are characterized by having sources and detectors buried under the weathering layer and comparing data corresponding to refracted waves acquired during different surveys to infer changes in the target volume, wherein locations of sources and detectors are the same for the different surveys. 1. A method for monitoring a target volume, the method comprising: deploying one or more seismic sources and one or more seismic detectors under the weathering layer so that seismic waves emitted by the one or more seismic sources propagate through the target volume before reaching the one or more seismic detectors; obtaining a first refracted dataset during a first survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources; obtaining a second refracted dataset during a second survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources; and comparing the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset to estimate changes inside the target volume between the first survey and the second survey, wherein locations of the one or more seismic sources and of the one or more seismic detectors are the same for the first survey and for the second survey. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the target volume is monitored continuously, the second survey being performed immediately after the first survey. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first refracted dataset is obtained by generating a first mono-frequency seismic signal at an instant by the one or more seismic sources, recording a first seismic dataset with one or more seismic detectors in response to the first mono-frequency seismic signal, and extracting the first refracted dataset from the first seismic dataset; and the second refracted data is obtained by generating a second mono-frequency seismic signal at another instant by the one or more seismic sources, recording a second seismic dataset with the one or more seismic detectors in response to the second mono-frequency seismic signal, and extracting the second refracted dataset from the second seismic dataset. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more seismic sources and one or more seismic detectors are arranged such that the first and second refracted datasets to correspond to a critical refraction angle from a reservoir bottom surface. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the first and second refracted datasets are extracted using one or more of a windowing method, a beam forming method, a slant stacking method, a migration method and a tomography method. 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising: extracting a first reflected dataset from the first seismic dataset; extracting a second reflected dataset from the second seismic dataset; and comparing the first reflected dataset with the second reflected dataset to enhance an initial estimate of the changes inside the target volume obtained from comparing the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the comparing of the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset includes one or more of a difference method, a cross-correlation method, and/or a tomography differences method. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: extracting complementary information about an evolution of the target volume by performing an inversion using additional information. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing a full inversion of the first and second refracted datasets using any waveform inversion method. 10. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising: obtaining a third refracted dataset during a third survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources; and comparing the third refracted dataset with at least one of the first refracted dataset and the second refracted dataset. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more seismic sources and the one or more seismic detectors are operated to continuously record seismic data, time intervals corresponding to the first and second surveys being defined during data processing. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second refracted datasets are related to detected P-waves. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second refracted datasets are related to detected S-waves. 14. A monitoring system, comprising: one or more seismic sources and one or more seismic detectors deployed so that seismic waves emitted by the one or more seismic sources propagate through a target volume before reaching the one or more seismic detectors; a seismic data processing unit configured to receive a first seismic dataset obtained during a first survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources, and a second seismic dataset obtained during a second survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources, to extract a first refracted dataset from the first seismic dataset and a second refracted dataset from the second seismic dataset, and to compare the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset to estimate an evolution of the target volume, wherein locations of the one or more seismic sources and of the one or more seismic detectors are not changed between the first survey and the second survey. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the seismic data processing unit is further configured to extract a first reflected dataset from the first seismic dataset and a second reflected dataset from the second seismic dataset; and to compare the first reflected dataset with the second reflected dataset to enhance an initial estimate of the evolution of the target volume obtained from comparing the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the locations of the one or more seismic sources and one or more seismic detectors are placed below the weathering layer. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the seismic data processing unit is configured to extract the first and second refracted datasets so as to correspond to a critical refraction from a predetermined surface inside the target volume. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more seismic sources and one or more seismic detectors are buried under the seafloor. 19. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable codes which, when executed by a processor that receives a first seismic dataset obtained during a first survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources arranged so that seismic waves emitted by the one or more seismic sources travel through a target volume before reaching the one or more seismic detectors, and a second dataset obtained during a second survey using the one or more seismic detectors and the one or more seismic sources which have the same location as during the first seismic survey, makes the processor perform a method comprising: extracting a first refracted dataset from the first seismic dataset and a second refracted dataset from the second dataset; and comparing the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset to estimate changes that occurred inside the target volume between the first survey and the second survey. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein the method further comprises: extracting a first reflected dataset from the first seismic dataset and a second reflected dataset from the second seismic dataset; and comparing the first reflected dataset with the second reflected dataset to enhance an initial estimate of the evolution of the target volume obtained from comparing the first refracted dataset with the second refracted dataset.",
-    "A method and an apparatus of building an intermediate character library are provided. The method comprises: acquiring an original character library which stores contour information of characters therein; dividing the characters in the original character library into character components, so as to acquire contour information of character components after division; and storing the contour information of the character components into the original character library so as to build an intermediate character library on the original character library. With the intermediate character library constructed by the method of the present invention, the font creation person can perform selecting and processing simultaneously on multiple single-contour components of a single character during creating of fonts, so that the operation process is simplified and the operation efficiency is improved. 1. A method of building an intermediate character library, characterized by comprising the following steps: 1) acquiring an original character library which stores contour information of characters therein; 2) dividing a character in the original character library into character components, so as to acquire contour information of the character components obtained by the dividing; 3) storing the contour information of the character components into the original character library so as to build an intermediate character library on the original character library. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step 2) further comprises: acquiring structure information of the character components, wherein the structure information includes mapping relation between the character components and the character corresponding to the character components, and information regarding positions of the character components in the corresponding character; the step 3) comprises: storing the contour information and the structure information of the character components into the original character library so as to build an intermediate character library on the original character library. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the step 2) comprises: 21) reading one arbitrary character in the original character library, and dividing this character into two or more character components so as to acquire contour information of respective character components obtained by the dividing; 22) creating structure information of respective character components; 23) repeating the steps 21)-22), so as to acquire contour information and structure information of a next character in the original character library. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized by, before the step 21), further comprising the following step: 20) reading one arbitrary character in the original character library, and determining whether this character can be divided into character components or not; if so, proceeding to the step 21); otherwise, proceeding to the step 23). 5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that in the step 2), the character components obtained by dividing the character are character, radical or stroke. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the original character library has a character code of the character stored therein, the step of acquiring structure information of the character components in the step 2) comprises acquiring structure codes of the character components, wherein the structure code of one of the character components includes the character code of the character corresponding to this character component, component code of this character component itself, and position code of this character component in its corresponding character. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that in the step 2), in the case that the character component is a character, the component code of this character component itself is set to be the character code of this character; in the case that the character component is a radical or stroke, each of single-contours in this character component is marked by adding an index to it, and the component code of this character component itself is set to be comprised of values of the indexes added to respective single-contours. 8. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the character in the original character library is read by a font creation tool, which also can display, process and store the character in the original character library, and can identify and store the contour information and structure information of the character components. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized by, before the step 1), further comprising the following step: creating the original character library. 10. An apparatus of building an intermediate character library, characterized by comprising: acquiring unit, configured for acquiring an original character library which stores contour information of characters therein; character components forming unit, configured for dividing a character in the original character library into character components, so as to acquire contour information of the character components obtained by the dividing; storing unit, configured for storing the contour information of the character components into the original character library. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that, the character components forming unit is further configured for acquiring structure information of the character components, wherein the structure information includes mapping relation between the character components and the character corresponding to the character components, and information regarding positions of the character components in the corresponding character; the storing unit is further configured for storing the structure information of the character components into the original character library. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, characterized by further comprising: determining unit, configured for reading a character in the original character library, and determining whether this character can be divided into character components or not; and if so, outputting this character to the character components forming unit; otherwise, reading a next character in the original character library. 13. The apparatus according to claim 10, characterized by further comprising: original character library creation unit, configured for creating the original character library.",
-    "An example method for allocating resources in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure includes collecting proposals from a plurality of modules, the proposals assigning the resources to the plurality of modules and resulting in topology changes in a computer network environment, identifying a set of proposals in the proposals, the set of proposals complying with policies associated with the plurality of modules, instructing the plurality of modules to evaluate the set of proposals, selecting a proposal from the set of proposals, and instructing at least one module associated with the selected proposal to instantiate the selected proposal. 1. A method for allocating resources, comprising: collecting proposals from a plurality of modules, the proposals assigning the resources to the plurality of modules and resulting in topology changes in a computer network environment; identifying a set of proposals in the proposals, the set of proposals complying with policies associated with the plurality of modules; instructing the plurality of modules to evaluate the set of proposals; selecting a proposal from the set of proposals; and instructing at least one module associated with the selected proposal to instantiate the selected proposal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of modules evaluate the set of proposals by assigning each proposal a value. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein selecting the proposal from the set of proposals further comprises summing the values assigned to each proposal and identifying the proposal with the highest value. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising eliminating a proposal if the summed value associated with the proposal is negative. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of modules generates multiple proposals per round. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each proposal has a range of start times and a range of end times, and wherein a value associated with each proposal changes based on the start times and end times. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising confirming with the at least one module associated with the selected proposal that the ranges of start and end times of the selected proposal are acceptable. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of modules comprises a centralized flow assigner creating an assignment for each proposal. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each module has policies and objectives, policies expressing constraints and objectives expressing costs and benefits associated with the proposals. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of modules comprises at least one of a bandwidth allocator, a flow latency controller, a flow-level traffic engineering module, a VM migrator and a power control manager. 11. An system, comprising: a plurality of controller modules to generate proposals; and a central coordinator to: collect the proposals from a plurality of controller modules; identify a set of proposals in the proposals, the set of proposals complying with policies associated with the plurality of controller modules; instruct the plurality of controller modules to evaluate the set of proposals; select a proposal from the set of proposals; and instruct at least one module associated with the selected proposal to instantiate the selected proposal. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a database to record the assignment of resources to the plurality of controller modules. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the proposals assign resources to the plurality of modules, and wherein the selected proposal maximizes benefits of the system. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of controller modules comprises a flow assigner to create an assignment for each proposal. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the central coordinator proceeds in periodic rounds. 16. The system of claim 11, further comprising an application programming interface having a set of calls made from the central coordinator to the plurality of modules. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the set of calls comprises make proposals, check proposal, evaluate proposal, proposal rejected, proposal accepted and instantiate proposal. 18. The system of claim 11, further comprising a software defined network controller central coordinator operating the central coordinator, and a plurality of virtual machines in communication with the software defined network controller. 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising at least one switch in communication with the software defined network controller, wherein any communication between the central coordinator and at least one switch is controlled by the software defined network controller. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that when executed cause a system to: collect proposals from a plurality of modules; identify a set of proposals in the proposals, the set of proposals complying with policies associated with the plurality of modules; instruct the plurality of modules to evaluate the set of proposals; select a proposal from the set of proposals; and instruct at least one module associated with the selected proposal to instantiate the selected proposal.",
-    "Sustained-release Gliclazide tablets devoid of calcium phosphate dibasic, and containing only soluble excipients. The mixing of two high viscosity HPMC with a low viscosity one allows to obtain releases similar to those of the reference products on the market, and it shows also a certain pH dependence. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A modified-release pharmaceutical composition comprising; Gliclazide, in admixture with a mixture of at least three cellulose derivatives, at least two of which are different derivatives have medium or high viscosity and at least one of which has low viscosity; and the rest of the composition being at least one additional diluent, wherein said additional diluents are all soluble in water; said composition being devoid of CaHFO4. 15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein said cellulose derivatives are selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC). 16. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the mixture of cellulose derivatives consists of three HPMCs, wherein one HPMC has a viscosity higher than 50000 cps, one HPMC has a viscosity from 2000 to 50000 cps, and one HPMC has a viscosity lower than 100 cps. 17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the HPMCs are chosen from the group consisting of HPMC Sops, HPMC 4000 cps, HPMS 15000 cps and HPMC 100000 cps. 18. The composition according to claim 14, wherein said mixture of cellulose derivatives is present at a percentages of from 20% to 40% why with respect to the total weight of the composition. 19. The composition according to claim 14, wherein said water-soluble diluents are selected from the group consisting of polyalcohols and mixtures thereof. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein said polyalcohol is selected in the group consisting of mannitol, maltodextrin, sorbitol, isomalt and mixtures thereof. 21. The composition according to claim 14, comprising a glidant and/or a lubricant. 22. The composition according to claim 21, wherein the glidant is magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearic acid or mixtures thereof, and the lubricant is anhydrous colloidal silica. 23. The composition according to claim 14, consisting of the following % w/w composition with respect to the total composition: Gliclazide 15-20%; mixture of cellulose derivatives 20-40%; water-soluble diluents 40-60%; glidant 0-1%; lubricant 0-1%. 24. The composition according to claim 14 in tablet form. 25. The composition according to claim 14, wherein said tablet contains 60 mg Gliclazide, said tablet being divisible into two or more dosing fractions. 26. A method of producing a composition according to claim 14, comprising adding Gliclazide to a mixture of cellulose derivates in order to obtain a first mixture and adding a water-soluble diluent to said first mixture to obtain a second mixture. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising adding a glidant and/or a lubricant to said second mixture. 28. The method according to claim 26, wherein the mixture of all the components is subjected to direct compression or to induction granulation.",
-    "The present invention relates to an external cavity type laser provided with a wavemeter capable of precisely measuring a wavelength of a laser beam based on a transmission wavelength band of a wavelength selective filter inserted into a cavity regardless of a driving current of a laser diode chip. The external cavity type laser apparatus includes: a laser diode chip 100 emitting a laser beam; a beam feedback partial reflection mirror 500 reflecting a portion of the beam emitted from the laser diode chip 100 to feed the beam back to the laser diode chip 100; a collimating lens 200 installed on a path of a beam between the laser diode chip 100 and the beam feedback partial reflection mirror 500 to collimate the beam emitted from the laser diode chip 100; a 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300 converting a laser beam moving in parallel with a package bottom surface into a laser beam moving perpendicularly to the package bottom surface; a wavelength selective filter 400 transmitting a beam having a selected specific wavelength therethrough; a beam strength monitoring photodiode 600 disposed on a path of a beam moving from the collimating lens 200 to the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300 and transmitting through the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300; and a wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 disposed on a path of a beam moving from the wavelength selective filter 400 to the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300 and transmitting through the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300. A magnitude of a photocurrent flowing to the wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 is changed depending on a strength of a beam output oscillated in the laser diode chip 100 and a reflectivity at the wavelength selective filter 400, and a photocurrent flowing to the beam strength monitoring photodiode 600 is determined by the strength of the beam output outputted from the laser diode chip 100. Therefore, a value obtained by dividing the photocurrent flowing to the wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 by the photocurrent flowing to the beam strength monitoring photodiode 600 depends on only the reflectivity at the wavelength selective filter 400. Therefore, the value obtained by dividing the photocurrent flowing to the wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 by the photocurrent flowing to the beam strength monitoring photodiode 600 provides information on the wavelength of the laser beam based on the transmission band wavelength of the wavelength selective filter 400, and the wavelength of the laser beam may be figured out by measuring the value, and may be very precisely determined to be a predetermined wavelength. 1. An external cavity type laser apparatus comprising: a laser diode chip 100 emitting a laser beam; a beam feedback partial reflection mirror 500 reflecting a portion of the beam emitted from the laser diode chip 100 to feed the beam back to the laser diode chip 100; a collimating lens 200 installed on a path of a beam between the laser diode chip 100 and the beam feedback partial reflection mirror 500 to collimate the beam emitted from the laser diode chip 100; a 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300 converting a laser beam moving in parallel with a package bottom surface into a laser beam moving perpendicularly to the package bottom surface; a wavelength selective filter 400 transmitting a beam having a selected specific wavelength therethrough; a beam strength monitoring photodiode 600 disposed on a path of a beam moving from the collimating lens 200 to the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300 and transmitting through the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300; and a wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 disposed on a path of a beam moving from the wavelength selective filter 400 to the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300 and transmitting through the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300. 2. The external cavity type laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the laser diode chip 100, the collimating lens 200, the 45-degree partial reflection mirror 300, the wavelength selective filter 400, the beam feedback partial reflection mirror 500, the beam strength monitoring photodiode 600, and the wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 are disposed above a thermoelectric element 800. 3. The external cavity type laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wavelength selective filter is manufactured by stacking dielectric thin films having high and low refractive indices on glass or quartz. 4. The external cavity type laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wavelength selective filter is manufactured by stacking a GaAs/AlGaAs layer on a GaAs substrate. 5. The external cavity type laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein a wavelength of the laser beam is figured out based on a transmission wavelength band of the wavelength selective filter using a value obtained by dividing a photocurrent flowing to the wavelength monitoring photodiode 700 by a photocurrent flowing to the beam strength monitoring photodiode 600.",
-    "A machine with horizontally oriented cone-rolling devices produces rolled wafer cones. The cone-rolling devices are arranged one behind the other along a circulatory path in an elongate machine framework and are conveyed along the circulatory path, by an endless conveyor, from an infeed station to the delivery station of the machine. Each cone-rolling device has a rolling mold connected rigidly to the carrying frame of the device, a cone stripper, which can be displaced along the carrying frame, and a rolling mandrel, which can be displaced along the carrying frame. The rolling mold is arranged on a lateral end portion of the carrying frame, the cone stripper is arranged on a first carriage, which can be displaced along the carrying frame, and the rolling mandrel is arranged on a second carriage, which can be displaced along the carrying frame. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A machine, comprising: horizontally aligned cone rolling devices for producing rolled wafer cones, said cone rolling devices each having a supporting frame; an elongate machine frame in which said cone rolling devices are disposed consecutively along a circumferential path extending in a longitudinal direction of said elongate machine frame; an input station; an output station; an endless conveyor disposed along the circumferential path and supporting said cone rolling devices, said endless conveyor conveying said cone rolling devices along the circumferential path from said input station disposed on a machine upper side to said output station disposed on a machine lower side, said endless conveyor having transport chains disposed on lateral edges of the circumferential path to which said elongate supporting frame of each of said cone rolling devices is affixed; and each of said cone rolling devices having a rolling mold rigidly connected to said elongate supporting frame, a cone scraper being displaceable along said elongate supporting frame, a rolling mandrel being displaceable along said elongate supporting frame, a first carriage and a second carriage, said rolling mold disposed on a lateral end section of said supporting frame, said cone scraper is disposed on said first carriage being displaceable along said elongate supporting frame and said rolling mandrel is disposed on said second carriage which is displaceable along said elongate supporting frame. 15. The machine according to claim 14, wherein: said second carriage has a bearing block; and said rolling mandrel has a rolling mandrel drive wheel and a rolling mandrel shaft rotatably mounted in said bearing block on said second carriage, said rolling mandrel shaft carrying said rolling mandrel at a front end and said rolling mandrel drive wheel at a rear end. 16. The machine according to claim 15, wherein said rolling mandrel shaft is configured as a rolling mandrel shaft which can be pushed together axially into itself, wherein said rolling mandrel shaft has an outer sleeve which is mounted rotatably but axially non-displaceably in said bearing block, and carries said rolling mandrel drive wheel, an inner shaft which is axially displaceably in said outer sleeve and which carries said rolling mandrel, and a polygonal coupling which mechanically connects said outer sleeve with said inner shaft. 17. The machine according to claim 16, wherein: said polygonal coupling is disposed in a rear part of said rolling mandrel shaft; said outer sleeve defining an outer coupling section having an inner side formed as a polygonal sleeve, said outer coupling section forming part of said polygonal coupling; and said inner shaft defining an inner coupling section having an outer side functioning as a polygonal shaft, said inner coupling section is received form-fitting in said outer coupling section, said inner coupling section forming part of said polygonal coupling. 18. The machine according to claim 16, wherein said rolling mandrel is fastened on said inner shaft of said rolling mandrel shaft and is supported resiliently on said outer sleeve of said rolling mandrel shaft. 19. The machine according to claim 18, further comprising a helical spring, said rolling mandrel fastened on said inner shaft of said rolling mandrel shaft is resiliently supported by means of said helical spring on said outer sleeve of said rolling mandrel shaft. 20. The machine according to claim 19, wherein said helical spring is disposed between a rear side of said rolling mandrel and a front end of said outer sleeve of said rolling mandrel shaft. 21. The machine according to claim 20, wherein said helical spring is disposed between a front end section of said inner shaft of said rolling mandrel shaft which carries said rolling mandrel and said front end of said outer sleeve of said rolling mandrel shaft. 22. The machine according to claim 14, further comprising a guide device disposed along the circumferential path in said elongate machine frame; and wherein said second carriage carrying said rolling mandrel has an entrainer which can be brought into engagement with said guide device disposed along the circumferential path in said elongate machine frame, said guide device together with said entrainer controls a position of said second carriage in said cone rolling device. 23. The machine according to claim 22, wherein: said guide device has two guide rails disposed parallel to one another, between which said entrainer attached to said second carriage is disposed; said guide device has a first guide section mounted in front of said input station and has obliquely running guide rails disposed in said elongate machine frame, said first guide section together with said entrainer attached to said second carriage produces a forwards movement of said second carriage which introduces said rolling mandrel into said rolling mold; and said guide device has a second guide section disposed in an area of said output station, said second guide section having guide rails running obliquely in said elongate machine frame and together with said entrainer attached to said second carriage produces a backwards movement of said second carriage which withdraws said rolling mandrel from said rolling mold. 24. The machine according to claim 14, wherein said first carriage can be moved passively with said second carriage; wherein said first carriage has a spacer rod, a front carriage part which is disposed in front of said second carriage and carries said cone scraper and a rear carriage part disposed behind said second carriage; wherein said front carriage part is disposed at a distance from said rear carriage part and is rigidly connected to said rear carriage part by said spacer rod; further comprising a helical spring, said first carriage is coupled to said second carriage by said helical spring disposed behind said second carriage; and further comprising a stop, at a rear end of said supporting frame said stop is disposed for delimiting a displacement path of said first carriage. 25. The machine according to claim 14, wherein said first carriage can be moved passively with said second carriage; wherein said first carriage has a front carriage part disposed in front of said second carriage and carries said cone scraper and a rear carriage part disposed behind said second carriage; further comprising a spacer rod; said front carriage part is disposed at a distance from said rear carriage part and is rigidly connected to said rear carrier part by said spacer rod; further comprising a detachable binding member, said first carriage is coupled to said second carriage by said detachable binding member; and further comprising a stop, at a rear end of said supporting frame said stop is disposed for delimiting a displacement path of said first carriage. 26. The machine according to claim 25, further comprising a detachable binding member, said first carriage is coupled to said second carriage by said detachable binding member, said detachable binding member includes a magnet attached to a front side of said second carriage and a counterpiece attached to a rear side of said front carriage part of said first carriage.",
-    "Condensation sensor systems and methods are described herein. Methods for forming a condensation sensor can include depositing a Ill-nitride on a substrate via sputtering, and implementing conductive contacts on the deposited Ill-nitride via a shadow mask. 1. A method for forming a condensation sensor, comprising: depositing a III-nitride material on a substrate via sputtering; and implementing conductive contacts on the deposited III-nitride material via a shadow mask. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the III-nitride is indium nitride. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the flexible substrate is a plastic material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a glass material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a material in a wafer form. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the material in the wafer form comprises one of: a silicon wafer; a sapphire wafer; and a carbide wafer. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising determining a current passing through the deposited III-nitride material. 9. The method of claim 8, comprising determining a humidity based on the current passing through the deposited III-nitride material. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the current includes determining the current passing through the deposited III-nitride material between the conductive contacts. 11. The method of claim 8, comprising determining a condensation concentration based on the determined current. 12. The method of claim 1, comprising applying a voltage to one of the conductive contacts. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein implementing the conductive contacts includes coupling the conductive contacts to a computing device. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein sputtering includes a physical vapor deposition of the III-nitride material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the III-nitride material includes depositing the III-nitride material at 1.8 microns thick.",
-    "An assay cartridge processing system includes an agitation source for agitating assay components within an assay cartridge, and a timing module for controlling timing of agitation. An assay cartridge processing method includes applying agitation to an assay cartridge to mix assay components, and electronically controlling timing of agitation. An assay cartridge processing system includes a puncture device for puncturing an assay cartridge to allow fluid flow, and a timing module for controlling timing of puncturing. An assay cartridge processing method includes puncturing a vent of a capillary channel of an assay cartridge to allow fluid flow from an inlet port of the assay cartridge into the capillary channel, and electronically controlling timing of the step of puncturing. An assay cartridge includes a capillary channel, an inlet port, and a vent including a frangible seal for preventing fluid flow from into the capillary channel when the frangible seal is intact. 1. An assay cartridge processing system comprising: a fixture for holding an assay cartridge; and at least one agitation source, integrated with the fixture, for mixing assay components within a fluidic chamber of the assay cartridge. 2. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 1, the at least one agitation source including at least one mechanical oscillator for vibrating the assay cartridge through mechanical coupling between the mechanical oscillator and an external surface of the assay cartridge. 3. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 2, the mechanical oscillator being at least intermittently in direct contact with the external surface. 4. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 2, the mechanical oscillator being at least intermittently coupled with the external surface via the fixture. 5. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 2, the mechanical oscillator including at least one of a piezoelectric material, an offset-weight motor, and an induction coil vibrator. 6. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 1, the at least one agitation source including an oscillating-magnetic-field generator for generating an oscillating magnetic field to magnetically induce motion of the assay cartridge by inducing motion of a magnetic material rigidly coupled thereto. 7. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 1, the at least one agitation source including a magnetic field generator for generating a temporally varying magnetic field to induce motion of an oblong magnetic stir element within an inlet port of the fluidic chamber. 8. (canceled) 9. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 7, the magnetic field generator being configured to produce spinning movement of the oblong magnetic stir element. 10. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 1, further comprising a puncture device, integrated with the fixture, for puncturing a vent of the fluidic chamber to allow fluid flow through the fluidic chamber. 11. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 10, further comprising: a sensor for sensing insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture; and electronic circuitry, communicatively coupled with the sensor and the puncture device, for controlling said puncturing at least partly based upon insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture as sensed by the sensor. 12. (canceled) 13. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 1, further comprising: a sensor for sensing full insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture; and electronic circuitry for controlling agitation by the agitation source at least partly based upon insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture as sensed by the sensor. 14. (canceled) 15. An assay cartridge processing method comprising: holding an assay cartridge in a fixture; and agitating the assay cartridge, using an agitation source integrated with the fixture, to mix assay components in the assay cartridge. 16. The assay cartridge processing method of claim 15, further comprising: sensing full insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture; and performing the step of agitating at least partly based upon said sensing full insertion. 17. The assay cartridge processing method of claim 15, the step of holding comprising holding the assay cartridge in the fixture such that the assay cartridge is movable relative to the fixture; and the step of agitating comprising vibrating an external surface of the assay cartridge through physical coupling of the external surface to a mechanical oscillator integrated with the fixture. 18. The assay cartridge processing method of claim 15, the step of agitating comprising: generating a temporally varying magnetic field to induce motion of an oblong magnetic stir element in the assay cartridge. 19. The assay cartridge processing method of claim 18, the step of generating comprising generating the temporally varying magnetic field to induce motion of the oblong magnetic stir element within an inlet port of the assay cartridge. 20. The assay cartridge processing method of claim 15, further comprising puncturing a vent of a capillary channel of the assay cartridge, using a puncture device integrated with the fixture, to allow flow of the assay components, mixed in the step of agitating, from the inlet port into the capillary channel. 21. (canceled) 22. The assay cartridge processing method of claim 20, further comprising: sensing insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture; and performing one or both of the step of puncturing and the step of agitating based at least in part upon said sensing insertion. 23-24. (canceled) 25. An assay cartridge processing system comprising: a fixture for holding an assay cartridge; and a puncture device, integrated with the fixture, for puncturing a fluidic chamber of the assay cartridge to allow fluid flow through the fluidic chamber, the puncture device being configured to puncture the fluidic chamber through physical contact between the puncture device and the fluidic chamber. 26. The assay cartridge processing system of claim 25, further comprising: a sensor for sensing insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture; and electronic circuitry for controlling said puncturing at least partly based upon insertion of the assay cartridge into the fixture as sensed by the sensor. 27-39. (canceled)",
-    "A geomodeling method embodiment includes: (a) obtaining a model of a subsurface region having a reservoir, the model including a discrete fracture network; (b) determining an aperture map for each fracture in the discrete fracture network, each aperture map having aperture values based at least in part on a lateral dimension of the fracture; (c) for each of a plurality of cells in the model: (c1) identifying a portion of the discrete fracture network contained within the given cell; (c2) deriving a fracture permeability from aperture maps for the identified portion; and (c3) calculating a fracture porosity from aperture maps for the identified portion; and (d) displaying the fracture porosity and fracture permeability as a function of position throughout the sub surface region. 1. A geomodelling method that comprises: obtaining a model of a subsurface region having a reservoir, the model including a discrete fracture network; determining an aperture map for each fracture in the discrete fracture network, each aperture map having aperture values based at least in part on a lateral dimension of the fracture; for each of a plurality of cells in the model: identifying a portion of the discrete fracture network contained within the given cell; deriving a fracture permeability from aperture maps for the identified portion; and calculating a fracture porosity from aperture maps for the identified portion; and displaying the fracture porosity and fracture permeability as a function of position throughout the subsurface region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said calculating includes: converting each aperture map into a localized fracture porosity map; and integrating localized fracture porosity map values for the identified portion of the discrete fracture network. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said deriving includes: transforming each aperture map into a localized fracture permeability map; applying directional component weightings to localized fracture permeability map values; and aggregating weighted localized fracture permeability map values for the identified portion of the discrete fracture network. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising estimating producible reservoir volume based at least in part on a spatial dependence of the fracture porosity. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising estimating a reservoir production rate based at least in part on a spatial dependence of the fracture permeability. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining includes using a length-correlated geostatistical technique to associate an aperture value with each face of a tessellated representation of the fracture. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the geostatistical technique comprises at least one of: kriging, sequential Gaussian simulation, and co-simulation. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining includes using a geometric technique to assign a length-correlated aperture value to each face of a tessellated representation of the fracture. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the geometric technique assigns aperture values for providing the fracture with an elliptical cross-section. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the model further includes matrix porosity and matrix permeability values for each cell. 11. A geomodeling system that comprises: nonvolatile information storage having a model of a subsurface region, the model including a discrete fracture network; memory having modeling software; and one or more processors coupled to the memory to execute the modeling software, the software causing the one or more processors to derive spatially-dependent fracture porosity values and spatially-dependent fracture permeability tensor values from the discrete fracture network by: determining an aperture map for each fracture in the discrete fracture network, each aperture map having aperture values that are based at least in part on a short dimension of the fracture; for each of a plurality of cells in the model: identifying a portion of the discrete fracture network contained within the given cell; deriving a fracture permeability from aperture maps for fractures in that portion; and calculating a fracture porosity from the aperture maps for fractures in that portion; and wherein the software further causes the one or more processors to display or store the fracture permeability and fracture porosity as a function of position throughout the subsurface region. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said calculating includes: converting each aperture map into a localized fracture porosity map; and integrating localized fracture porosity map values for the identified portion of the discrete fracture network. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein said deriving includes: transforming each aperture map into a localized fracture permeability map; applying directional component weightings to localized fracture permeability map values; and aggregating weighted localized fracture permeability map values for the identified portion of the discrete fracture network. 14. The system of claim 11, further comprising estimating producible reservoir volume based at least in part on a spatial dependence of the fracture porosity. 15. The system of claim 11, further comprising estimating a reservoir production rate based at least in part a spatial dependence of the fracture permeability. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the determining includes using a length-correlated geostatistical technique to associate an aperture value with each face of a tessellated representation of the fracture. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the geostatistical technique comprises at least one of: kriging, sequential Gaussian simulation, and co-simulation. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the determining includes using a geometric technique to assign a length-correlated aperture value to each face of a tessellated representation of the fracture. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the geometric technique assigns aperture values for providing the fracture with an elliptical cross-section. 20. The system, of claim 11, wherein the model further includes matrix porosity and matrix permeability values for each cell.",
-    "Iterative inversion of composite source data obtains recorded seismic data at a plurality of receivers from a plurality of sources. A selected orthogonal function is applied to a set of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify candidate sources in the set of sources to receive a time shift. A time shift is applied only to the candidate sources, and all sources in the set of sources are combined into a composite source. A current earth model performs forward modeling for the composite source to generate a synthetic seismic data set. A composite recorded seismic data set associated with the set of sources at the receivers is determined and is used with the synthetic seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set. The current earth model performs a gradient update that is used to update the current earth model and generate an updated earth model. 1. A method for iterative inversion of composite source data, the method comprising: obtaining recorded seismic data at a plurality of receivers from a plurality of sources; selecting an orthogonal function; applying the orthogonal function to a set of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify candidate sources in the set of sources to receive a time shift; applying a time shift only to the candidate sources in the set of sources; combining all sources in the set of sources into a composite source; using a current earth model to perform forward modeling for the composite source to generate a synthetic seismic data set; determining a composite recorded seismic data set associated with the set of sources at the receiver; using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set; using the current earth model to perform backward modeling for the residual seismic data and to generate a gradient update to the current earth model; and updating the current earth model in accordance with the gradient update to generate an updated earth model. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the orthogonal function comprises applying the orthogonal function to the set of sources in accordance with a pre-defined order through the plurality of sources. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the pre-defined order comprises selecting sources from the plurality of sources randomly, selecting sources from the plurality of sources in accordance with a regular two-dimensional spacing between adjacent selections, selecting every nth source in a sequence of sources comprising the plurality of sources where n comprises a whole number or selecting sources sequentially through the plurality of sources such that a next source selected comprises a maximum spatial distance away from all previously selected sources. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of sources comprises all sources in the plurality of sources. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the orthogonal function comprises selecting a Walsh function. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein: the Walsh function comprises a fixed set comprising a series of +1 and \u22121 values; and applying the orthogonal function comprises associating each source in the set of sources with either a +1 or a \u22121, the candidate sources associated with a \u22121 indicating applying a time shift to a selected source and the candidate sources associated with a +1 in the Walsh function indicating applying no time shift. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the time shift comprises applying a time shift forward in time. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: selecting a current seismic bandpass frequency of the recorded seismic data for iterative inversion; and applying a time shift further comprises applying a constant time shift corresponding to a lag of the maximum negative value in an autocorrelation of a source wavelet derived for recorded seismic data filtered in accordance with the current seismic bandpass frequency. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set comprises calculating a difference between the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: applying the orthogonal function to the set of sources further comprises applying the orthogonal function to a plurality of sets of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify candidate sources in each set of sources to receive a time shift; applying the time shift further comprises applying the time shift only to the candidate sources in each set of sources; combining the set of sources further comprises combining each set of sources to create a plurality of composite sources; using the current earth model to perform forward modeling further comprises using the current earth model to perform forward modeling for each one of the plurality of composite sources to generate a plurality of synthetic seismic data sets; determining the composite recorded seismic data set further comprises determining a composite recorded seismic data set for each one of the plurality of sets of sources at the receivers; using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set further comprises using the plurality of synthetic seismic data sets and the plurality of composite recorded seismic data sets to determine a plurality of residual seismic data sets, one residual seismic data set for each one of the sets of sources; and using the current earth model to perform backward modeling further comprises using the current earth model to perform backward modeling for each one of the plurality of residual seismic data sets to generate a plurality of gradient contributions and combining the plurality of gradient contributions to obtain the gradient update to the current earth model. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one source from the plurality of sources is contained in at least two sets of sources in the plurality of sets of sources. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein combining the plurality of gradient contributions comprises summing the plurality of gradient contributions. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein: applying the orthogonal function to the set of sources further comprises applying a plurality of orthogonal functions to the set of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify a separate group of candidate sources to receive a time shift, each separate group of candidate sources associated with one of the orthogonal functions; applying a time shift further comprises applying the time shift only to the candidate sources in each group of candidate sources; combining the set of sources further comprises combining the set of sources to create a plurality of composite sources, each composite source comprises only one of the separate group of candidate sources associated with one of the plurality of orthogonal functions; using the current earth model to perform forward modeling further comprises using the current earth model to perform forward modeling for each one of the plurality of composite sources to generate a plurality of synthetic seismic data sets; determining the composite recorded seismic data set further comprises determining a composite recorded seismic data set for each one of the plurality of sets of sources at the receivers; using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set further comprises using the plurality of synthetic seismic data sets and the plurality of composite recorded seismic data sets to determine a plurality of residual seismic data sets, one residual seismic data set for each one of the sets of sources; and using the current earth model to perform backward modeling further comprises using the current earth model to perform backward modeling for each one of the plurality of residual seismic data sets to generate a plurality of gradient contributions and combining the plurality of gradient contributions to obtain the gradient update to the current earth model. 14. A method for iterative inversion of composite source data, the method comprising: obtaining recorded seismic data at a plurality of receivers from a plurality of sources; and iteratively updating a current earth model corresponding to the recorded seismic data by performing a plurality of iterations of the following steps: selecting an orthogonal function; applying the orthogonal function to a set of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify candidate sources in the set of sources to receive a time shift; applying a time shift only to the candidate sources in the set of sources; combining all sources in the set of sources into a composite source; using a current earth model to perform forward modeling for the composite source to generate a synthetic seismic data set; determining a composite recorded seismic data set associated with the set of sources at the receivers; using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set; using the current earth model to perform backward modeling for the residual seismic data and to generate a gradient update to the current earth model; and updating the current earth model in accordance with the gradient update to generate an updated earth model; wherein a new orthogonal function is selected for each iteration. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the method further comprises selecting a pre-determined number of iterations; and performing the plurality of iterations comprises performing the pre-determined number of iterations. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein performing the plurality of iterations comprises performing the plurality of iterations until convergence of the updated earth model. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises iteratively updating the current earth model corresponding to the recorded seismic data for each one of a plurality of seismic bandpass frequencies. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein selecting the orthogonal function further comprises selecting a Walsh function for each iteration. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein: applying the orthogonal function to the set of sources further comprises applying a separate orthogonal function to each one of a plurality of sets of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify candidate sources in each set of sources to receive a time shift; applying the time shift further comprises applying the time shift only to the candidate sources in each set of sources; combining the set of sources further comprises combining each set of sources to create a plurality of composite sources; using the current earth model to perform forward modeling further comprises using the current earth model to perform forward modeling for each one of the plurality of composite sources to generate a plurality of synthetic seismic data sets; determining the composite recorded seismic data set further comprises determining a composite recorded seismic data set for each one of the plurality of sets of sources at the receivers; using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set further comprises using the plurality of synthetic seismic data sets and the plurality of composite recorded seismic data sets to determine a plurality of residual seismic data sets, one residual seismic data set for each one of the sets of sources; and using the current earth model to perform backward modeling further comprises using the current earth model to perform backward modeling for each one of the plurality of residual seismic data sets to generate a plurality of gradient contributions and combining the plurality of gradient contributions to obtain the gradient update to the current earth model; wherein a new separate orthogonal function is selected for each one of the plurality of sets of sources for each iteration. 20. A computer-readable storage medium containing a computer-readable code that when read by a computer causes the computer to perform a method for iterative inversion of composite source data, the method comprising: obtaining recorded seismic data at a plurality of receivers from a plurality of sources; selecting an orthogonal function; applying the orthogonal function to a set of sources selected from the plurality of sources to identify candidate sources in the set of sources to receive a time shift; applying a time shift only to the candidate sources in the set of sources; combining all sources in the set of sources into a composite source; using a current earth model to perform forward modeling for the composite source to generate a synthetic seismic data set; determining a composite recorded seismic data set associated with the set of sources at the receivers; using the synthetic seismic data set and the composite recorded seismic data set to determine a residual seismic data set; using the current earth model to perform backward modeling for the residual seismic data and to generate a gradient update to the current earth model; and updating the current earth model in accordance with the gradient update to generate an updated earth model.",
-    "A lottery ticket distribution device (10) for dispensing scratch-off lottery tickets, which includes; a housing, a lottery ticket feeding device, a cutter (36), a guiding press plate (38), and a guiding press plate drive device and a control device (23). The guiding press plate drive device includes a linear electromagnet (50), a lever (51), a pulling plate (52) and a spring (53). The linear motion of the linear electromagnet (50) pushes the lever (51) to rotate, and the rotation of the lever (51) drives the pulling plate (52) and the guiding press plate (38) connected to the pulling plate (52) to rotate, so that a lottery ticket tape (16) is bent toward the cutter (36). The lottery tickets feeding device makes the lottery tickets to roll back, thereby a lottery ticket is separated. 1. A lottery ticket dispensing device for dispensing scratch-off lottery tickets, comprising: a housing; a lottery ticket feeding device mounted on the housing, which comprises: a drive motor, a first drive roller and a driven roller, wherein the drive motor drives the first drive roller to rotate, the driven roller is pressed against the first drive roller, and a lottery ticket tape is allowed to pass between the first drive roller and the driven roller; a cutter, which is fixed on the housing, for separating the lottery ticket tape; a guiding press plate, which can rotate to make the lottery ticket tape bend toward the cutter and contact the cutter; a guiding press plate drive device, which comprises a linear electromagnet, a lever, a pulling plate and a spring, wherein the linear electromagnet is fixed on the housing, the lever is rotatably mounted on the housing, the first end of the lever contacts a push rod of the linear electromagnet, and the second end of the lever is rotatably connected with the first end of the pulling plate, the second end of the pulling plate is rotatably connected with the guiding press plate, the first end of the spring is fixed on the housing, and the second end of the spring is connected with the pulling plate; and a control device, which controls the rotation of the drive motor and thus controls the forward and backward movement of the lottery ticket tape, and further controls the driving and releasing of the linear electromagnet. 2. The lottery ticket dispensing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second drive roller, which is mounted behind the first drive roller along the lottery ticket feeding direction and is set adjacent to the cutter. 3. The lottery ticket dispensing device according to claim 2, wherein, the rotation axis of the lever, the rotation axis of the guiding press plate and the rotation axis of the second drive roller are set coaxially, and the lever, the guiding press plate and the second drive roller rotate independently. 4. The lottery ticket dispensing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a ticket guiding device, which is mounted behind the first drive roller and the driven roller along the lottery ticket feeding direction and has a guide surface, wherein the ticket guiding device is set in such a way that a lottery ticket will contact the guide surface after the front edge of the lottery ticket leaves the first drive roller and the driven roller, so that the lottery ticket tape is guided to the cutter. 5. The lottery ticket dispensing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a first sensor and a second sensor, wherein the first sensor is set in front of the first drive roller and the driven roller along the lottery ticket feeding direction, and the second sensor is set behind the first drive roller and the driven roller along the lottery ticket feeding direction.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a pulverulent ceramide producing method that enables easily and efficiently extracting and separating ceramide from sugar beet pulp, and efficiently pulverizing the ceramide by spray drying. The pulverulent ceramide can be efficiently obtained by a process that includes concentrating, with and/or without adding water, a sugar beet pulp ethanol extract obtained by extraction of a sugar beet pulp (for example, such as a beet fiber) with ethanol, adding pectinase to the resulting concentrate and performing an enzymatic reaction, performing emulsification after inactivating the enzyme, and pulverizing the resulting emulsion using spray drying. 1. A method for producing pulverulent ceramide, the method comprising: concentrating, with and/or without adding water, a sugar beet pulp ethanol extract obtained through extraction of a sugar beet pulp with ethanol to obtain a concentrate; adding pectinase to thus obtained concentrate thus performing an enzymatic reaction to degrade pectin; inactivating the pectinase and emulsifying the product of the enzymatic reaction to produce an emulsion; and spray drying the resulting emulsion to produce a pulverant ceramide. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the enzymatic reaction is performed at a temperature of 10 to 70\u00b0 C. for 6 minutes or more. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the enzymatic reaction is performed at a temperature of 45 to 50\u00b0 C. for 0.5 to 2 hours. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pectinase is added in 0.0002 weight % or more of an amount of the raw material sugar beet pulp. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pectinase is added in 0.005 to 0.2 weight % of an amount of the raw material sugar beet pulp. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein an excipient is added as a pulverization auxiliary agent before the emulsification. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein a processed starch is added as the excipient. 8. A method for improving a spray drying yield of a ceramide-containing emulsion, the method comprising: concentrating, with and/or without adding water, a sugar beet pulp ethanol extract obtained by extracting sugar beet pulp using ethanol; adding pectinase to the resulting concentrate and performing an enzymatic reaction to lower the viscosity of the concentrate; and emulsifying the low-viscosity concentrate to obtain an emulsion.",
-    "A dispenser and applicator head (T1) having a connection stub (1) made of a substantially-rigid first material; an assembly core (2) made of the same material; a flexible link section (S) that interconnects the connection stub and the assembly core; an applicator pad (5) made of a heat-transfer material to impart a cold sensation on contact with the skin and mounted on the assembly core; and a dispenser channel (6) that passes through the stub, the link section, the core, and the pad in which it forms a dispenser orifice. The link section includes a flexible bridge (3) made of the same material as the stub and interconnecting the stub and the core; and sheathing (4) made of an elastically-deformable material, the sheathing surrounding the bridge, at least in part, and interconnecting the stub and the core. 1. A dispenser and applicator head (T1; T2) for associating with a dispenser unit (P; R2), such as a pump, a valve, or a squeezable tube, the head comprising: a connection stub (1; 1\u2032) that is made out of a substantially-rigid first material and that is for connecting to the dispenser unit (P; R2); an assembly core (2; 2\u2032) that is made out of the same material as the connection stub (1; 1\u2032); a flexible link section (S; S\u2032) that interconnects the connection stub (1; 1\u2032) and the assembly core (2; 2\u2032); a fluid applicator pad (5; 5\u2032) for coming into contact with an application surface such as the skin, so as to apply fluid to the application surface, the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032) being made out of a heat-transfer material, such as metal or ceramic, so as to impart a cold sensation on contact with the skin, the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032) being mounted on the assembly core (2; 2\u2032); and a dispenser channel (6; 6\u2032) that passes through the connection stub (1; 1\u2032), the flexible link section (S; S\u2032), the assembly core (2; 2\u2032), and the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032) in which it forms a dispenser orifice (53); the dispenser and applicator head being characterized in that the flexible link section (S; S\u2032) comprises: a flexible bridge (3; 3\u2032) that is made out of the same material as the connection stub (1; 1\u2032) and the assembly core (2; 2\u2032), the flexible bridge (3; 3\u2032) interconnecting the connection stub (1; 1\u2032) and the assembly core (2; 2\u2032) in such a manner as to form a single-piece base (E; E\u2032); and sheathing (4; 4\u2032) that is made out of an elastically-deformable second material that is more flexible than the substantially-rigid first material, the sheathing (4; 4\u2032) surrounding the flexible bridge (3; 3\u2032), at least in part, and interconnecting the connection stub (1; 1\u2032) and the assembly core (2; 2\u2032). 2. A head according to claim 1, wherein the sheathing (4; 4\u2032) is overmolded on the single-piece base ( ). 3. A head according to claim 1, wherein the flexible bridge (3; 3\u2032) presents a wall thickness that is small compared to the connection stub (1; 1\u2032) and the assembly core (2; 2\u2032). 4. A head according to claim 1, wherein the dispenser channel (6), at the link section (S), is formed by the flexible bridge (3) only. 5. A head according to claim 1, wherein the dispenser channel (6\u2032), at the link section (S\u2032), may be formed both by the flexible bridge (3\u2032) and by the sheathing (4\u2032). 6. A head according to claim 1, wherein the dispenser channel, at the link section, is formed by the sheathing only. 7. A head according to claim 1, wherein the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032) has a segment (56) of dispenser channel (6) passing therethrough and defining an upstream inlet (54) and a downstream end that is formed by the dispenser orifice (53), the sheathing (4; 4\u2032) including a sealing extension (43) that forms an O-ring gasket (44) that is wedged between the assembly core (2; 2\u2032) and the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032), around the upstream inlet (54), so as to form a sealed connection between the rigid assembly core (2; 2\u2032) and the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032) at the dispenser channel (6; 6\u2032). 8. A head according to claim 1, wherein the sheathing (4; 4\u2032) includes trim (42) that extends around the assembly core (2; 2\u2032) as far as the applicator pad (5; 5\u2032), so as to mask the assembly core (2; 2\u2032), at least in part. 9. A head according to claim 1, wherein the flexible bridge (3\u2032) presents deformability that is substantially unidirectional, the flexible bridge (3\u2032) advantageously comprising at least one flat blade that is foldable in a single plane. 10. A head according to claim 1, defining a main axis (X) that extends at least through the connection stub (1), the applicator pad (5) being mechanically fitted and mounted on the assembly core (2) along a mounting axis (Z) that extends transversally relative to the main axis (X). 11. A head according to claim 10, wherein the assembly core (2) includes two mounting slideways (28) and the applicator pad (5) includes two slide rails (58) that are received in the two mounting slideways (28) along the mounting axis (Z) that is advantageously perpendicular to the dispensing axis (Y) of the dispenser orifice (53). 12. A fluid dispenser comprising a fluid dispenser unit and a dispenser and applicator head (T1; T2) according to claim 1, wherein the dispenser unit comprises a pump (P) or a squeezable tube (R2) including an opening (P5; R21) on which the connection stub (1; 1\u2032) is mounted.",
-    "A single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor. The sensor comprises a substrate, bonding pads, magnetoresistance sensing elements, and flux concentrators, wherein the magnetoresistance sensing elements are positioned in the clearances of the adjacent flux concentrators, and the directions of the pinning layers of the magnetoresistance sensing elements are identical. The flux concentrators are divided into a push arm type and a pull arm type, the included angle between one type and an X-axis forward direction is positive, and the included angle between the other type and the X-axis forward direction is negative. The working principle of the sensor is that the magnetic field along the X-axis direction in the clearances of the flux concentrators are oppositely oriented. The sensor has the advantages of small size, low cost, simplicity in manufacturing, high sensitivity, good linearity, high sensitivity, wide working dynamic range, and the like. 1. A single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor, comprising: a substrate in an XY plane, wherein the XY plane is defined by coordinate axes, an X axis and a Y axis; at least one push arm consisting of one or more magnetoresistance sensing elements; at least one pull arm consisting of one or more magnetoresistance sensing elements; multiple push arm flux concentrators and pull arm flux concentrators disposed on the substrate, and certain clearances are provided between every two of the multiple push arm flux concentrators and between every two of the multiple pull arm flux concentrators, wherein an included angle between the push arm flux concentrators and the X-axis forward direction is positive while an included angle between the pull arm flux concentrators and the X-axis forward direction is negative, or an included angle between the push arm flux concentrators and an X-axis forward direction is negative while an included angle between the pull arm flux concentrators and the X-axis forward direction is positive; magnetization directions of magnetic pinning layers of the magnetoresistance sensing elements are identical; the magnetoresistance sensing elements are respectively located at the clearances between two adjacent push arm flux concentrators or two adjacent pull arm flux concentrators correspondingly, to detect a difference value of components of magnetic fields between the push arm flux concentrators and the pull arm flux concentrators in the direction of the X axis; and a microelectronic electrical connection and packaging method is used to interconnect the magnetoresistance sensing elements into a push-pull bridge and form input and output connections. 2. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein the magnetoresistance sensing elements are GMR or TMR sensing elements. 3. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein, in the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetoresistance sensing elements magnetization directions are perpendicular to the magnetization directions of the magnetic pinning layers through the use of permanent magnet biasing, double exchange interaction, shape anisotropy, or any combination thereof. 4. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein the number of the magnetoresistance sensing elements on the push arm and the pull arm are the same and the magnetoresistance sensing elements in relative positions of the push arm and the pull arm are parallel to each other. 5. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein rotational angles of the magnetoresistance sensing elements on the push arm and the pull arm are at the same magnitude but opposite polarity. 6. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein the included angle between the push arm flux concentrators and the X-axis forward direction is 5\u00b0 to 85\u00b0, and the included angle between the pull arm flux concentrators and the X-axis forward direction is \u22125\u00b0 to \u221285\u00b0. 7. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein the push-pull bridge is a half bridge, a full bridge, or a quasi bridge. 8. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein both the push arm flux concentrators and the pull arm flux concentrators are comprised of arrays of elongated bars, which are made of a material selected from a soft ferromagnetic alloy consisting of one or more elements of Ni, Fe, Co and Al. 9. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein the number of the push arm flux concentrators and the number of the pull arm flux concentrators are the same. 10. The single chip push-pull bridge-type magnetic field sensor according to claim 1, wherein the microelectronic connection and packaging method comprises bonding pads, a lead frame, flip chip, ball grid array, wafer level packaging, or chip on board direct mounting.",
-    "Techniques for protecting tape heads from wear are provided. In an example, a method includes forming a coating over elements on the magnetic tape head, wherein the elements can comprise read elements, write elements, or both and wherein the coating does not extend over adjacent tape bearing surfaces. 1. A magnetic read/write head comprising: a read/write region comprising a read element and a write element; a protective coating over the read element, the write element, or both, wherein the protective coating does not cover tape bearing surfaces disposed proximally to the read/write region, and wherein the protective coating is designed to protect the read/write region from wear. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the protective coating comprises a layer of an insulating material and a layer of wear resistant material. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the protective coating comprises a layer of silicon nitride and a layer of titanium with titanium oxide. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the protective coating covers a read element at a first thickness and a write element at a second thickness. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the read element has a protective coating and the write element does not. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the read/write region is recessed relative to the tape bearing surfaces. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the upper surface of the coating over the read/write region is substantially even with the tape bearing surfaces. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising two tape bearing surfaces, wherein a first tape bearing surface is disposed in the direction of tape motion before the read/write head and a second tape bearing surface is disposed in the direction of tape motion after the read/write head. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein at least one of the two tape bearing surfaces is comprised of an alumina titanium carbide (AlTiC) composite. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the read element is in a separate substrate from the write element. 11. A method for protecting a magnetic tape head, the method comprising forming a coating over elements on the magnetic tape head, wherein the elements can comprise read elements, write elements, or both and wherein the coating does not extend over adjacent tape bearing surfaces. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: depositing a coating over a magnetic tape head; and removing a portion of the coating, wherein the coating is left intact over at least a portion of the elements of the magnetic tape head. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the coating is removed by photolithography, ion-beam etching, chemical etching, diamond lapping, or any combination thereof. 14. A tape drive comprising: a tape head comprising a read/write region that comprises a read element and a write element, wherein a protective coating is disposed over the read element, the write element, or both, wherein the protective coating does not cover tape bearing surfaces disposed proximally to the read/write region, and wherein the protective coating is designed to protect the read/write region from wear; and a tape transport mechanism comprising a supply reel, a take-up reel, and a drive mechanism. 15. The tape drive of claim 14, further comprising: a tape cartridge, wherein the tape cartridge comprises the supply reel; and a tape drive body, wherein the tape drive body comprises the take-up reel.",
-    "An image generation method is described, comprising obtaining a plurality of 2D images through an object to be imaged, obtaining a 3D image data set of the object to be imaged, and registering the 2D images with the 3D image data set. The method then further includes defining an image reconstruction plane internal to the object, being the plane of an image to be reconstructed from the plurality of 2D images. Then, for a pixel in the image reconstruction plane, corresponding pixel values from the plurality of 2D images are mapped thereto, and the mapped pixel values are combined into a single value to give a value for the pixel in the image reconstruction plane. Another aspect of the method provides for clutter removal from the image. In a medical imaging context this can provide for \u201cde-boned\u201d images, allowing soft tissue to be more clearly seen. 1. An image generation method, comprising: obtaining a plurality of 2D images through an object to be imaged; obtaining a 3D image data set of the object to be imaged; registering, if required, the 2D images with the 3D image data set; defining within the 3D image data set an image reconstruction plane, being the plane of an image to be reconstructed from the plurality of 2D images; for a pixel in the image reconstruction plane, mapping corresponding pixel values from the plurality of 2D images thereto, and combining the mapped pixel values into a single value to give a value for the pixel in the image reconstruction plane. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the image reconstruction plane is any of: i) angled planar or multi-planar; ii) curved; and/or iii) discontinuous; or any combinations thereof. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the image reconstruction plane is shaped to substantially follow a feature in the object to be imaged. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mapping comprises: defining a target output image plane; for a pixel in the target output image plane, back projecting from the pixel to the image reconstruction plane, to determine a reconstruction plane interception position; from the reconstruction plane interception position, forward projecting to the plurality of 2D images to determine respective 2D image interception positions; and determining a value for the pixel in the target output image plane by combining the values of the pixels at the respective 2D interception positions, wherein the combining is an averaging operation. 5. (canceled) 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising processing the plurality of 2D images to remove clutter features therefrom. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the clutter removal comprises, for a 2D image: obtaining, from the 3D data set, a synthetic image of the clutter to be removed; and subtracting the synthetic image from the 2D image to give a clutter free 2D image. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein clutter removal is performed prior to the mapping of pixel values from the 2D images to the image reconstruction plane. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the 3D image data set is obtained from a computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) or cone beam computerised tomography scan, and the synthetic image is a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR). 10. An image generation method, comprising: obtaining a plurality of 2D images through an object to be imaged; obtaining a 3D image data set of the object to be imaged; registering, if required, the 2D images with the 3D image data set; the method further comprising processing the plurality of 2D images to remove clutter features therefrom, the clutter features being defined in dependence on the 3D image data set. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the clutter removal comprises, for a 2D image: obtaining a synthetic image of the clutter to be removed from the 3D data set; and subtracting the synthetic image from the 2D image to give a clutter free 2D image. 12. The method according to claim 11, and further comprising generating digital tomosynthesis (DTS) image slices from the plurality of 2D images, wherein clutter removal is performed prior to the generation of the DTS image slices. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein, the 3D image data set is obtained from a computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) or cone beam computerised tomography scan, and the synthetic image is a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR). 14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the 2D images are fluoroscopy images. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein the 3D image data set is a CT or MR or cone beam CT data set. 16. The method according to claim 10, wherein the method is an intraoperative method used during a surgical procedure on the human or animal body. 17. An image generation system, comprising: an image processor, the image processor being arranged to; register, if required, a plurality of 2D images through an object to be imaged with a 3D image data set of the object to be imaged; define an image reconstruction plane using the 3D image data set, being the plane of an image to be reconstructed from the plurality of 2D images; for a pixel in the image reconstruction plane, map corresponding pixel values from the plurality of 2D images thereto, and combine the mapped pixel values into a single value to give a value for the pixel in the image reconstruction plane. 18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the image reconstruction plane is any of: i) angled planar or multi-planar; ii) curved; and/or iii) discontinuous; or any combinations thereof. 19. The system according to claim 17, wherein the image reconstruction plane is shaped to substantially follow a feature in the object to be imaged. 20. The system according to claim 17, wherein the mapping comprises: defining a target output image plane; for a pixel in the target output image plane, back projecting from the pixel to the image reconstruction plane, to determine a reconstruction plane interception position; from the reconstruction plane interception position, forward projecting to the plurality of 2D images to determine respective 2D image interception positions; and determining a value for the pixel in the target output image plane by combining the values of the pixels at the respective 2D interception positions, wherein the combining is an averaging operation. 21. (canceled) 22. The system according to claim 17, the image processor being further arranged to process the plurality of 2D images to remove clutter features therefrom. 23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the clutter removal comprises, for a 2D image: obtaining a synthetic image of the clutter to be removed from the 3D data set; and subtracting the synthetic image from the 2D image to give a clutter free 2D image. 24. The system according to claim 22, wherein clutter removal is performed prior to the mapping of pixel values from the 2D images to the image reconstruction plane. 25. The system according to claim 22, wherein, the 3D image data set is obtained from a computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) or cone beam computerised tomography scan, and the synthetic image is a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR). 26-48. (canceled)",
-    "In a 3GPP LTE-A support for Mobile Type Communications, that is, M2M communications scheme, improvements of the random access are necessary to prevent random channel overload. Enhanced backoff in the presence of overload is such a mechanism, Counting the number of devices seeking RACH based on the number of received random access requests or else responses, and allocating Random Access resources on the basis of the number of requests, is another. Further, a channel aware resource allocation approach provides a way of determining, from the received requests, delay-tolerance of the M2M devices, based on which they are prioritised in accessing the random channel. Even within the prioritised devices, a smaller subset thereof may be prioritised further, according to radio conditions, to provide better access to those with higher SNR RBs. 1. A method of performing radio access network (RAN) level access barring for a machine-to-machine (M2M) device in a wireless communications network, comprising maintaining a count of contention based random access channel (RACH) requests to the M2M device from other M2M devices in the network, and allocating channel resource blocks to requesting M2M devices in accordance with the count. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the maintaining of a count comprises counting RACK requests received by the M2M device. 3. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the maintaining of a count comprises counting random access responses (RAR) sent by the M2M device in response to RACH requests. 4. A method of performing radio access network (RAN) level access barring for a machine-to-machine (M2M) device in a wireless communications network, comprising, for a random access channel (RACH) opportunity comprising a plurality of random access opportunities (RAO): determining from received RACH requests, a number of least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices, the number being no more than the number of available RAOs, allocating those determined least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices to RAOs, and barring any remaining requesting M2M devices in respect of that RACH opportunity. 5. A method in accordance with claim 4 comprising determining the number of available RAOs from the number of RAOs not allocated to other communications. 6. A method in accordance with claim 4 wherein said allocating comprises constructing a channel state information matrix with respect to signal to noise ratio (SNR) measurements gathered at the M2M device, and allocating the determined requesting M2M devices to available RBs by reference to SNR. 7. A method in accordance with claim 6 wherein the least delay tolerant determined requesting M2M device is allocated to the RB with highest SNR. 8. A method in accordance with claim 7 wherein the determined requesting M2M devices are ordered by delay tolerance, and are allocated to the RBs in order of SNR. 9. A method of performing radio access network (RAN) level access barring for a machine-to-machine device in a wireless communication network, comprising: determining from received RACH requests, a number of least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices, the number being no more than the number of available RAOs, determining a density of M2M devices accessible to the M2M device and, if the density is in excess of a threshold, firstly allocating firstly a first subset of the number of least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices to RAOs; secondly allocating the others in the number of least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices; and barring any remaining requesting M2M devices in respect of that RACH opportunity; otherwise allocating the determined number of least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices to RAOs; and barring any remaining requesting M2M devices in respect of that RACH opportunity. 10. A method in accordance with claim 9 wherein determining a number of least delay tolerant requesting M2M devices comprises sorting a list of requesting M2M devices by reference to delay tolerance, and selecting a number of the sorted list. 11. A method in accordance with claim 9 wherein the number of devices determined as said number of least delay tolerant devices is 200. 12. A machine-to-machine (M2) communications device for use in a communications network, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of the preceding claims. 13. A non-transient computer program product, comprising computer executable instructions which, when loaded into a suitable machine-to-machine communications device, cause that device to perform a method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 11.",
-    "A head-up display device includes a screen, a projector that projects a visual image to the screen using a projection lens, and a processor. The processor is programmed to generate a virtual image of the visual image from the projected visual image and determine an image-generation position at which the virtual image is to be generated. The screen and the projection lens are configured to be movable along an optical path of the projector. The processor is programmed to determine a screen position to which the screen is to be moved based on the decided image-generation position and determine a lens position to which the projection lens is to be moved based on the determined screen position. The projector includes a screen-drive motor that moves the screen to the determined screen position and a lens-drive motor that moves the projection lens to the determined lens position. 1. A head-up display device characterized by comprising: a screen; a projector that projects a visual image to the screen using a projection lens; a processor programmed to: generate a virtual image of the visual image from the projected visual image; determine an image-generation position at which the virtual image is to be generated, the screen and the projection lens being configured to be movable along an optical path of the projector; determine a screen position to which the screen is to be moved on the basis of the decided position; determine a lens position to which the projection lens is to be moved on the basis of the determined screen position; a screen-drive motor that moves the screen to the determined screen position; and a lens-drive motor that moves the projection lens to the determined lens position. 2. The head-up display device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to: determine, on the basis of the determined screen position, a direction of screen movement and an amount of screen movement for moving the screen to the determined screen position; and determine, on the basis of the determined lens position, a direction of lens movement and an amount of lens movement for moving the lens to the determined lens position, wherein: the screen-drive motor moves the screen in accordance with the determined direction of screen movement and the determined amount of screen movement; and the lens-drive motor moves the lens in accordance with the determined direction of lens movement and the determined amount of lens movement. 3. The head-up display device according to claim 1, wherein: the processor is programmed to determine the position of the projection lens so as to adjust a focal point of the visual image projected from the projection lens on the screen. 4. The head-up display device according to claim 2, wherein: the processor is programmed to determine the direction of lens such that the projection lens and the screen are moved in directions different from each other along the optical path. 5. The head-up display device according to claim 2, wherein: the screen-drive motor repeatedly performs a first operation, in which the screen is moved by a predetermined first unit amount in the determined direction of screen movement until the screen is moved by the determined amount of screen movement; the lens-drive motor repeatedly performs a second operation, in which the projection lens is moved by a predetermined second unit amount in the determined direction of lens movement until the projection lens is moved by the determined amount of lens movement; and each time the first operation is performed for the screen, the second operation is performed for the projection lens such that a focal point of the visual image projected from the projection lens is adjusted on the screen after being moved by the first unit amount. 6. The head-up display device according to claim 5, wherein: the first operation and the second operation are started at the same timing; and a speed of movement of the projection lens by the lens-drive motor is defined as a value obtained by dividing the second unit amount by a time required for the screen to be moved by the first unit amount. 7. The head-up display device according to claim 1, wherein: the projector continuously projects the visual image to the screen while correcting the visual image in accordance with variations in position of the screen during a period for which the screen is moved by the screen-drive motor.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for obtaining rifaximin \u03ba comprising the following steps: a) reacting rifamycin O with 2-amino-4-picoline in the presence of a solvent mixture comprising water and a solvent selected from methyl isobutylketone, ethylacetate and a water soluble solvent; b) obtaining a rifaximin solution by removing the aqueous phase; c) obtaining rifaximin \u03ba from the rifaximin solution, wherein when the solvent is a water soluble solvent, either methyl isobutylketone or ethylacetate is further added in step a). In another aspect the process of the invention relates to a process for obtaining the crystalline form \u03ba of rifaximin comprising the following steps: i) contacting rifaximin or a rifaximin solution with exclusively ethylacetate, ii) obtaining the rifaximin in crystalline form \u03ba by removing ethylacetate. 1-17. (canceled) 18. A process for obtaining the crystalline form \u03ba of rifaximin comprising: i) contacting rifaximin or a rifaximin solution with a solvent consisting of ethylacetate, and, ii) removing said ethylacetate to obtain rifaximin in crystalline form \u03ba. 19. The process of claim 18, comprising contacting said rifaximin or a rifaximin solution with ethylacetate at a temperature in the range from 40 to 60\u00b0 C. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein said ethylacetate is at a temperature of 50\u00b0 C. 21. The process of claim 18, wherein said rifaximin solution is a solution of rifaximin in ethylacetate. 22. The process of claim 19, wherein said rifaximin solution is a solution of rifaximin in ethylacetate. 23. A solvated rifaximin crystalline form characterized by a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum with peaks at values of angles 2\u03b8 of 5.23\u00b0, 6.70\u00b0, 7.57\u00b0, 8.09\u00b0, 8.49\u00b0, 8.95\u00b0, 11.78\u00b0, 12.08\u00b0, 13.17\u00b0, 14.62\u00b0, 14.80\u00b0, 15.78\u00b0, 16.24\u00b0, 16.64\u00b0, 19.13\u00b0, 21.38\u00b0, 23.70\u00b0. 24. The solvated rifaximin crystalline form of claim 23 having a powder XRD as shown in FIG. 5. 25. The solvated rifaximin crystalline form of claim 23 having the following crystal characteristics: Molecular content 2(C43H51N3O11)\u20222(C4H8O2)\u2022\u00bd(H2O) Formula C94H119N6O26.5 M 1756.95 dimension [mm] 0.25 \u00d7 0.25 \u00d7 0.12 crystal system orthorhombic space group P 212121 (no. 19) a [\u212b] 16.1303(10) b [\u212b] 23.0956(15) c [\u212b] 24.7584(16) = = [\u00b0] 90 V [\u212b3] 9223.5(10) 26. The solvated rifaximin crystalline form of claim 24 having the following crystal characteristics: Molecular content 2(C43H51N3O11)\u20222(C4H8O2)\u2022\u00bd(H2O) Formula C94H119N6O26.5 M 1756.95 dimension [mm] 0.25 \u00d7 0.25 \u00d7 0.12 crystal system Orthorhombic space group P 212121 (no. 19) a [\u212b] 16.1303(10) b [\u212b] 23.0956(15) c [\u212b] 24.7584(16) = = [\u00b0] 90 V [\u212b3] 9223.5(10) 27. A process for preparing the solvated rifaximin crystalline form of claim 23 comprising contacting rifaximin or a rifaximin solution with a solvent consisting of ethylacetate.",
-    "An additive C capable of changing microvia-filling method by TSV copper plating, and electroplating solution containing same. The additive C contains by mass percentage: 5%-10%, one of polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol with the molecular weight of 200-100,000, or the mixture with different molecular weight thereof; 0.001%-0.5% isomer of the surfactant which including the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether or fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether; and the solvent is water. The electroplating solution containing the additive C could be used for microvia-filling by TSV copper plating, the electroplating current distribution could be adjusted reasonably to realize the smooth transition between the conformal and bottom-up plating, so as to reduce the possibility of the seam or void in the coating, realize the high-speed electroplating, reduce the thickness of the copper layer, reduce the TSV plating duration and the cost of the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), and significantly improve the production efficiency. 1. An additive C capable of changing microvia-filling method by TSV copper plating, wherein, the additive C contains by mass percentage: 5%-10%, one of polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol with the molecular weight of 200-100,000, or the mixture with different molecular weight thereof; 0.001%-0.5% isomer of the surfactant which including the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether or fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether; and the solvent is water. 2. The additive C capable of changing microvia-filling method by TSV copper plating of claim 1, wherein, the general formula of the fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether is R\u2014O\u2014(CH2CH2O)n\u2014H, which is obtained through the polycondensation of Alkyl alcohol and ethylene oxide, the reaction route is as follows: R is C12-18, the saturated or unsaturated linear chain alkyl or the alkyl with branch chains. 3. The additive C capable of changing microvia-filling method by TSV copper plating of claim 1, wherein, the surfactant which is the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether contains one or more of the nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, polyoxyethylene dodecyl and di-nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether. 4. The additive C capable of changing microvia-filling method by TSV copper plating of claim 1, wherein, the solvent of the additive C is the high purity water with the resistivity of 18 M\u03a9\u00b7cm. 5. A electroplating solution containing additive C of claim 1, wherein, the electroplating solution contains 30-130 g/L copper ion and 5-50 g/L methanesulfonic acid, 20-150 mg/L chloridion; 1-30 ml/L accelerator A, 5-50 ml/L inhibitor S and 1-30 ml/L leveling agent L and 0.1-5 ml/L additive C. 6. The electroplating solution of claim 5, wherein, the accelerator A is a sulfocompound containing one or several of the Dithiobis-1-Propanesulfonic Acid Disodium Salt, Sodium alcohlpropane sulfonate, Sodium phenyl Polydipropyl Sulfonate, Sodium dimethylformamide sulfonate, Sodium 3-(benzothiazol-2-ylthio)-1-propane sulfonate, Sodium 3-mercaptopropanesulphonate, Dimethyl-dithio-formamide sulfonic acid. 7. The electroplating solution of claim 5, wherein, the inhibitor S is an oxygen-containing compound, containing one of or the combination of the polyethylene glycol, alkoxide, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide segmented copolymer with the molecular weights of 400, 1000, 6000 and 20000, respectively. 8. The electroplating solution of claim 5, wherein, the leveling agent L is one of or the combination of thiourea compounds, alkyl pyridine compounds and janus green B compounds, and, one of or the combination of fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether with different molecular weight, ether series, emulsifier TX series. 9. An electroplating method employing the electroplating solution of claim 5, wherein, the process conditions of the electroplating are: current density: 0.01 A-10 A/dm2, and temperature: 20-30\u00b0 C. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein, the electroplating filling method is the V-shaped filling with the low current density of 0.01-0.3 A/dm2, and the U-shaped filling with the high current density of 0.5-10 A/dm2.",
-    "Disclosed is a dispenser for dispensing a flowable substance, comprising: a base having at least one contact portion lying in a first plane for stably standing the dispenser on a horizontal support surface; a holder movably connected to the base and lying in a second plane parallel to the first plane, the holder being for holding, in an inverted state, a container defining a chamber storing a flowable substance; and a conduit fluidly connecting the chamber with a discharge opening; wherein the holder is movable relative to the base to cause the flowable substance to be pumped from the chamber towards the discharge opening. 1. A dispenser for dispensing a flowable substance, comprising: a base having at least one contact portion lying in a first plane for stably standing the dispenser on a horizontal support surface; a holder movably connected to the base and lying in a second plane above the first plane, the holder being for holding, in an inverted state, a container defining a chamber storing a flowable substance; and a conduit fluidly connecting the chamber with a discharge opening; wherein the holder is movable relative to the base to cause the flowable substance to be pumped from the chamber towards the discharge opening. 2. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the discharge opening lies in a third plane above the second plane, wherein the second plane is between the first and third planes. 3. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the holder is movable manually relative to the base to cause the flowable substance to be pumped from the chamber towards the discharge opening. 4. The dispenser of claim 3, wherein the holder is movable manually relative to the base to cause the flowable substance to be pumped manually from the chamber towards the discharge opening. 5. The dispenser of claim 1, further comprising a cavity for receiving the flowable substance from the chamber of the container. 6. The dispenser of claim 5, wherein the cavity is at least partially defined by the base and/or by the holder. 7. The dispenser of claim 5, wherein the cavity is at least partially defined by a bellows. 8. The dispenser of claim 5, comprising a first valve configured to permit fluid flow from the chamber to the cavity and to prevent or hinder fluid flow from the cavity to the chamber. 9. The dispenser of claim 5, comprising a second valve configured to permit fluid flow from the cavity to the discharge opening and to prevent or hinder fluid flow from the discharge opening to the cavity. 10. The dispenser of claim 5, wherein the holder is movable relative to the base to cause a volume of the cavity to be reduced, thereby to cause the flowable substance to be pumped through the cavity towards the discharge opening. 11. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the holder is movable towards the base to cause the flowable substance to be pumped from the chamber towards the discharge opening. 12. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the holder is movable in a direction orthogonal to the second plane to cause the flowable substance to be pumped from the chamber towards the discharge opening. 13. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the holder is biased away from the base. 14. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a distance between the second and third planes and a distance between the first and second planes is greater than or equal to 1:1. 15. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the holder includes a securing device for securing the container to the holder. 16. The dispenser of claim 15, wherein the securing device comprises a screw thread. 17. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the discharge opening faces towards the second plane. 18. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the base defines a hollow within which at least a portion of the container is disposed when the container is held in an inverted state by the holder. 19. The dispenser of claim 1, comprising the container held by the holder, wherein application of a force by a user on the container in a direction towards the base causes movement of the container and the holder towards the base, thereby causing the flowable substance to be pumped from the chamber to the discharge opening. 20. The dispenser of claim 19, comprising a seal between the holder and the container. 21. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the flowable substance comprises a fluid personal care product.",
-    "An impression material automatic kneading apparatus where packages can be replaced easily is provided. Included are: a holder that holds a package containing pasty materials; and a main body that is connected to an opening part of the package, sucks the pasty materials, and kneads the pasty materials. The holder includes: a holding member that holds the opening part of the package; a moving member that holds an end part that is in a side opposite to the opening part of the package, the moving member movably arranged along the holding member; and an elastic member one end of which is attached to the holding member and another end of which is attached to the moving member. The holder can be attached to and detached from the main body in a state where the package is energized by the elastic member. 1. An impression material automatic kneading apparatus that kneads and discharges at least two kinds of pasty materials which form a dental impression material, the apparatus comprising: a holder that holds a package which is a container like a bag, the package containing the pasty materials; and a main body that is connected to an opening part of the package, sucks the pasty materials from the package, and kneads said at least two kinds of pasty materials, wherein the holder includes: a holding member that holds the opening part of the package; a moving member that holds an end part that is in a side opposite to the opening part of the package, the moving member movably arranged along the holding member; and an elastic member one end of which is attached to the holding member and another end of which is attached to the moving member, and wherein the holder can be attached to and detached from the main body in a state where the package is energized by the elastic member.",
-    "A steering device including tie rods connected to right and left wheels, and configured to steer the wheels, and rack bars connected to the respective tie rods, and, is capable of simultaneously steering the right and left wheels to the right or left of the vehicle, by moving the rack bars to the right or left. A rack bar moving arrangement is provided which is capable of moving the rack bars in opposite directions by the same distance, and rack teeth are arranged along the opposite directions. The rack bar moving arrangement includes a synchronizing gear in mesh with the rack bars, and configured to convert the movement of one of the rack bars in one of the opposite directions to the movement of the other rack bars in the other opposite directions, thereby steering the wheels in opposite directions. 1. A steering device comprising: tie rods connected, respectively, to right and left wheels which are constituted by a pair of front wheels of a vehicle or a pair of rear wheels of the vehicle, and configured to steer the respective right and left wheels; and a pair of rack bars connected to the respective tie rods, wherein the steering device is capable of simultaneously steering the right and left wheels in one of right and left directions of the vehicle with respect to a direction in which the vehicle travels in a straight line, by moving, together with each other, the pair of rack bars in one of the right and left directions, and wherein a rack bar moving arrangement is provided which is capable of moving the pair of rack bars in opposite directions to each other by a same distance, and rack teeth are arranged along said opposite directions. 2. The steering device of claim 1, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement includes a synchronizing gear in mesh with the pair of rack bars, and configured to convert a movement of one of the rack bars in one of the opposite directions to a movement of the other of the rack bars in the other of the opposite directions. 3. The steering device of claim 2, wherein each of the rack bars includes a synchronizing rack gear which is in mesh with the synchronizing gear, and a steering rack gear configured such that a driving force for moving a corresponding one of the rack bars in one of the opposite directions. 4. The steering device of claim 3, wherein the synchronizing rack gear and the steering rack gear of each of the rack bars are separate members integrally fixed to each other. 5. The steering device of claim 2, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement includes a first pinion gear and a second pinion gear which are mounted directly, or indirectly through another member, to a steering shaft, wherein the first pinion gear is in mesh with said one of the rack bars, and the second pinion gear is in mesh with the other of the rack bars, and wherein the rack bar moving arrangement is movable to a position where a rotation of the steering shaft is transmitted only to said one of the rack bars through the first pinion gear. 6. The steering device of claim 2, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement include a first pinion gear and a second pinion gear which are mounted directly, or indirectly through another member, to an actuator configured to be actuated when a steering of the vehicle is operated, wherein the first pinion gear is in mesh with said one of the rack bars, and the second pinion gear is in mesh with the other of the rack bars, and wherein the rack bar moving arrangement is movable to a position where a movement of the actuator is transmitted only to said one of the rack bars through the first pinion gear. 7. The steering device of claim 5, wherein a coupling mechanism is provided between the first pinion gear and the second pinion gear, and configured such that the first pinion gear and the second pinion gear can be selectively coupled to and uncoupled from each other through the coupling mechanism. 8. The steering device of claim 7, wherein the right and left wheels are steerable about axes of respective kingpins supported by a frame, and wherein the coupling mechanism is configured to be capable of moving, together with each other, the rack bars in one of the right and left directions of the vehicle, with the rack bars coupled to each other through the first and second pinion gears by means of the coupling mechanism, thereby simultaneously steering the right and left wheels in a same direction about the axes of the respective kingpins. 9. The steering device of claim 7, wherein the right and left wheels are steerable about axes of respective kingpins supported by a frame, and wherein the coupling mechanism is configured to be capable of moving the rack bars in the respective opposite directions, with the first and second pinion gears uncoupled from each other by the coupling mechanism, thereby steering the right and left wheels in opposite directions to each other about the axes of the respective kingpins. 10. A vehicle wherein the steering device of claim 1 is used at least either for front right and front left wheels of the vehicle or to rear right and rear left wheels of the vehicle. 11. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein an in-wheel motor is mounted to at least one of the right and left wheels to which the steering device is connected, wherein the right and left wheels are steerable about axes of respective kingpins supported by a frame, and wherein the vehicle is configured such that the rack bars are moved in the respective opposite directions, whereby the right and left wheels are steered about the axes of the respective kingpins. 12. The steering device of claim 3, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement includes a first pinion gear and a second pinion gear which are mounted directly, or indirectly through another member, to a steering shaft, wherein the first pinion gear is in mesh with said one of the rack bars, and the second pinion gear is in mesh with the other of the rack bars, and wherein the rack bar moving arrangement is movable to a position where a rotation of the steering shaft is transmitted only to said one of the rack bars through the first pinion gear. 13. The steering device of claim 4, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement includes a first pinion gear and a second pinion gear which are mounted directly, or indirectly through another member, to a steering shaft, wherein the first pinion gear is in mesh with said one of the rack bars, and the second pinion gear is in mesh with the other of the rack bars, and wherein the rack bar moving arrangement is movable to a position where a rotation of the steering shaft is transmitted only to said one of the rack bars through the first pinion gear. 14. The steering device of claim 3, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement include a first pinion gear and a second pinion gear which are mounted directly, or indirectly through another member, to an actuator configured to be actuated when a steering of the vehicle is operated, wherein the first pinion gear is in mesh with said one of the rack bars, and the second pinion gear is in mesh with the other of the rack bars, and wherein the rack bar moving arrangement is movable to a position where a movement of the actuator is transmitted only to said one of the rack bars through the first pinion gear. 15. The steering device of claim 4, wherein the rack bar moving arrangement include a first pinion gear and a second pinion gear which are mounted directly, or indirectly through another member, to an actuator configured to be actuated when a steering of the vehicle is operated, wherein the first pinion gear is in mesh with said one of the rack bars, and the second pinion gear is in mesh with the other of the rack bars, and wherein the rack bar moving arrangement is movable to a position where a movement of the actuator is transmitted only to said one of the rack bars through the first pinion gear. 16. The steering device of claim 6, wherein a coupling mechanism is provided between the first pinion gear and the second pinion gear, and configured such that the first pinion gear and the second pinion gear can be selectively coupled to and uncoupled from each other through the coupling mechanism.",
-    "A probe (100) comprises a frame (2), a movable armset (3) and a processing circuit (30; 30\u2032) for processing signals. The processing circuit is able to individually detect the state of contacts (13) defined by the cooperation between mechanical elements of the armset and mechanical elements of the frame, that is the closing or opening of the contacts, and provide a signal indicative of a rest position of the probe when it detects no more than one open contact. A method for processing signals uses said circuit in order to provide a signal indicative of a rest position of the probe. The circuit and the method for processing signals are advantageously implemented for processing the output signals of a touch probe adapted to check dimensions or position of a workpiece in coordinate measuring machines and machine tools. 1. A touch probe for checking position and/or dimensions of a workpiece, comprising a support and protective frame with a rest and locating area, an armset that is movable with respect to and partly housed in the support and protective frame, comprising an arm carrying a feeler adapted to touch the workpiece to be checked, a thrust device adapted to urge the armset against the rest and locating area, a constraint and positioning system arranged between the armset and the support and protective frame at the rest and locating area, comprising a rest system with reference mechanical stops and contacts that are closed when mechanical elements of the armset cooperate with mechanical elements of the support and protective frame, the reference mechanical stops being adapted to define a rest position of the touch probe, and a processing circuit adapted to detect the state of the contacts and to provide a signal indicative of said rest position when all the contacts are closed, wherein the processing circuit is able to individually detect the state of each of said contacts, the processing circuit is adapted to provide said signal indicative of the rest position even when it detects that one of said contacts is not closed. 2. The touch probe according to claim 1, wherein said contacts are electrical contacts. 3. The touch probe according to claim 1, wherein each of said contacts is comprised in a circuital branch of the processing circuit and said circuital branches are connected in parallel. 4. The touch probe according to claim 1, wherein the processing circuit comprises a voltage divider adapted to provide a signal representative of the number of closed contacts. 5. The touch probe according to claim 4, wherein the processing circuit comprises a pulse generator and a threshold comparator, both connected to said voltage divider, the pulse generator being adapted to detect the opening of one contact starting from a state wherein all the contacts are closed and to generate a pulsed signal, the comparator being adapted to generate a two level output signal, one level being indicative of a state wherein at least two of said contacts are open, the other level being indicative of a state wherein no more than one contact is open, said pulsed signal and two level output signal being used to process the signal indicative of the rest position. 6. The touch probe according to claim 1, comprising, at the rest and locating area, a detection system adapted to provide a control signal. 7. The touch probe according to claim 6, wherein said detection system comprises at least one piezoelectric transducer. 8. A method for processing a signal that is output by a touch probe for checking position and/or dimensions of a workpiece, comprising a support and protective frame, an armset that is movable with respect to and partly housed in the support and protective frame, a rest system with reference mechanical stops and contacts that are closed when mechanical elements of the armset cooperate with mechanical elements of the support and protective frame, the reference mechanical stops being adapted to define a rest position of the touch probe, a processing circuit for detecting the state of the contacts and providing a signal indicative of said rest position when all the contacts are closed, the method comprising the following steps: individually detecting the state of each of the contacts by means of the processing circuit, and providing said signal indicative of the rest position by means of the processing circuit even when the processing circuit detects that one of said contacts is not closed. 9. The method according to claim 8, comprising the step of detecting the number of the closed contacts. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said contacts of the touch probe are six and said signal indicative of the rest position is provided when five closed contacts are detected. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein a pulsed signal is generated when, starting from a state wherein all the contacts are closed, the opening of one contact is detected, and a two-level output signal is generated, one level being indicative of a state wherein at least two of said contacts are open, the other level being indicative of a state wherein no more than one contact is open, said pulsed signal and two-level output signal being used to process the signal indicative of the rest position. 12. The method according to claim 8, comprising the further step of providing control signals to the processing circuit, and processing the control signals for said checking position and/or dimensions of the workpiece. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the control signals are provided by means of a detection system separate from said contacts. 14. The method according to claim 8, wherein the signal indicative of the rest position is provided when, starting from a state wherein one or two contacts are open, and pursuant to mutual movements between the armset and the support and protective frame, it is detected that one of such one or two contacts is closed.",
-    "In a first aspect, the invention provides an ink formulation comprising: (a) a near infrared absorbing system comprising a compound of the formula M1W1.6O6, wherein M1 is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of H, He, alkali metals such as Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, alkaline earth metals such as Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, rare-earth elements, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, AL Ga, in, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, B, F, P, S, Se, Br, Te, Ti, Nb, V, Mo, Ta, Re, Hf, Os, Bi and I, or ammonium; (b) a colour change agent; and (c) a binder. The invention also provides alternative ink formulations for laser marking, a method of forming an image using the ink formulations and a substrate coated with the ink formulation of the invention. Ink formulations according to the invention have been found to have good laser imaging efficacy, and an essentially negligible impact on the background colour of the coating. 1. An ink formulation comprising: (a) a near infrared absorbing system comprising a compound of the formula M1W1.6O6, wherein M1 is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of H, He, alkali metals such as Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, alkaline earth metals such as Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, rare-earth elements, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, B, F, P, S, Se, Br, Te, Ti, Nb, V, Mo, Ta, Re, Hf, Os, Bi and I, or ammonium; (b) a colour change agent; and (c) a binder. 2. An ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein M1 is an alkali metal selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. 3. (canceled) 4. An ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the near infrared absorbing system further comprises a tungsten bronze of the formula M2xWyOz, wherein M2 is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of H, He, alkali metals such as Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, alkaline earth metals such as Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, rare-earth elements, Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, B, F, P, S, Se, Br, Te, Ti, Nb, V, Mo, Ta, Re, Hf, Os, Bi and I, or ammonium; and wherein x, y and z satisfy the relationships 0.001\u2266x/y\u22661 and 2.2\u2266z/y\u22663. 5. An ink formulation according to claim 4, wherein M2 is an alkali metal selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. 6. (canceled) 7. An ink formulation according to claim 4, wherein x, y and z satisfy the relationships 0.2\u2266x/y<1 and z/y=3. 8. An ink formulation according to claim 4, wherein the tungsten bronze of the formula M2xWyOz is Cs0.28-0.34WO3, preferably Cs0.32WO3. 9. An ink formulation according to claim 4, wherein the compound of the formula M1W1.6O6 and the tungsten bronze of the formula M2xWyOz are present at a ratio of M1W1.6O6:M2xWyOz of from 1:100 to 5:1, preferably from 1:50 to 1:1, more preferably from 1:20 to 1:2, most preferably from 1:10 to 1:5. 10-22. (canceled) 23. An ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the near infrared absorbing system is in the form of a powder having an average particle size in the range 1 nm to 1,000 nm, preferably 1 nm to 500 nm, even more preferably 1 nm to 200 nm, and most preferably 1 nm to 100 nm. 24. An ink formulation according to claim 1, wherein the near infrared absorbing system has a ratio of \u03b1 to \u03b2 represented by \u03b1/\u03b2, of less than 2, where \u03b2 denotes an average value of absorption intensities with respect to light having wavelengths in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm, and \u03b1 denotes a maximum value among absorption intensities with respect to light having wavelengths greater than 700 nm but smaller than or equal to 1,200 nm. 25. An ink formulation according to claim 1 wherein the colour change agent forms colour essentially irreversibly and is selected from metal oxyanion, a diacetylene, a leuco dye, a charge transfer agent, a charrable agent or combination thereof. 26. An ink formulation according to claim 25, wherein the metal oxyanion is a molybdenum compound. 27. An ink formulation according to claim 26, wherein the molybdenum compound is ammonium molybdate or a metal molybdate. 28. An ink formulation according to claim 27, wherein the metal molybdate is sodium molybdate. 29. An ink formulation according claim 28, wherein the ammonium molybdate is ammonium octamolybdate. 30. An ink formulation according to claim 25, wherein the diacetylene is either irreversibly or reversibly activatable. 31. An ink formulation according to claim 25, wherein the leuco dye is photochromic, thermochromic or halochromic. 32. An ink formulation according to claim 31, wherein the leuco dye is use in combination with a colour developing agent. 33. An ink formulation according to claim 32, wherein the colour developing agent is a thermal acid generating compound. 34. An ink formulation according to claim 33, where the acid generating compound is a boron- or silicon-based complex ammonium salt compound. 35. An ink formulation according to claim 25, where the charrable agent is a compound that comprises at least one hydroxyl group such as a carbohydrate. 36. An ink formulation according to claim 35, where the charrable agent is used in combination with an acid or base generating agent such as a metal salt. 37. A substrate coated with the ink formulation according to claim 1. 38. A substrate according to claim 37, where the substrate is cellulose-based such as paper, cardboard, corrugated fiberboard or cellulose film, a plastic film such as PE, PP, BOPP, PET, metal foil, textile, ridged plastic article, foodstuff or pharmaceutical preparation. 39. A method of providing an image on a substrate comprising: (a) applying an ink formulation according to claim 1 to the substrate to form a coating; and (b) exposing at least part of the coating to electromagnetic radiation so as to form an image. 40. A method according to claim 39, wherein the electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength range 200 nm to 20,000 microns. 41. A method according to claim 40, wherein the radiation is near infrared radiation having a wavelength in the range 700 nm to 2,500 nm. 42. A method according to claim 40, where the radiation is supplied by a laser such as a CO2, fibre or YAG laser, or a diode or an array of such sources.",
-    "An expression vector for production of a recombinant protein in a host cell is provided. The expression vector includes a nucleotide sequence of Sequence ID No 2 encoding for a leader peptide of sequence ID No 3. 1. An expression vector for production of a recombinant protein in a host cell comprising a nucleotide sequence of Sequence ID No 2 encoding for a leader peptide of sequence ID No 3. 2. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein said expression vector expresses said recombinant protein as a fusion protein comprising fusion of said leader peptide of SEQ ID NO 3 and said recombinant protein. 3. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein, said host cell is bacteria, preferably E. coli. 4. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein said leader peptide has Methionine at N-terminus, followed by Glycine to impart stability to fusion of said recombinant protein and said leader peptide. 5. The expression vector of claim 1 further comprises DNA sequence encoding for a cleavage site or Restriction Enzyme (RE) site ligated to DNA sequence of said leader peptide. 6. The expression vector of claim 1 further comprises DNA sequence encoding a multiple cloning site (MCS) in upstream region of said leader peptide, a DNA sequence of said heterologous protein is cloned in said MCS; a DNA sequence encoding ribosome binding site (RBS) ligated to N-terminus of said leader peptide, a DNA sequence encoding a promoter or operator in the downstream of said ribosome binding site and DNA sequence encoding an antibiotic selection marker in upstream region of said promoter/operator sequence. 7. The expression vector of claim 6 wherein, said antibiotic selection marker is kanamycin. 8. A process for production of recombinant proteins comprising expressing said recombinant protein in a host cell through said expression vector of claim 1. 9. The expression vector of claim 1 having sequence os SEQ ID No 1. 10. The expression vector of claim 1 further comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding for Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF) separated by said nucleotide sequence for leader peptide by an enterokinase cleavage site.",
-    "This invention relates to printing, and discloses a method and apparatus for variable data printing. The method comprises: obtaining a current page of a file to be printed; performing a rasterization process on the current page to obtain a current page dot matrix; determining a reference page for the current page and obtaining a reference page dot matrix corresponding to the reference page; dividing the reference page dot matrix and the current page dot matrix into dot matrix blocks having a predetermined granularity; identifying variable data blocks in the current page dot matrix based on the dot matrix blocks; dynamically adjusting the size of the variable data blocks; extracting a variable data dot matrix in the current page dot matrix splitting the current page dot matrix up into the reference page dot matrix and the variable data dot matrix and then storing and outputting them. 1. A page processing method for variable data printing, characterized in that the method comprises: obtaining a current page of a file to be printed; performing a rasterization process on the current page to obtain a current page dot matrix; determining a reference page for the current page and obtaining a reference page dot matrix corresponding to the reference page; dividing the reference page dot matrix and the current page dot matrix into dot matrix blocks having a predetermined granularity according to fixed length and width values; identifying variable data blocks in the current page dot matrix based on the dot matrix blocks; dynamically adjusting the size of the variable data blocks; extracting a variable data dot matrix in the current page dot matrix with respect to the reference page dot matrix, according to the adjusted variable data blocks; splitting the current page dot matrix up into the reference page dot matrix and the variable data dot matrix and then storing and outputting them. 2. The method of claim 1, characterized by further comprising: before determining a reference page for the current page, determining whether the current page is a reference page; if the current page is a reference page, adding the current page into a reference page list as a reference page, and adopting the current page dot matrix as the reference page dot matrix and storing the reference page dot matrix in a reference page memory; if the current page is not a reference page, executing the step of determining a reference page for the current page. 3. The method of claim 2, characterized in that the step of determining whether the current page is a reference page comprises: obtaining a sequence number of the current page; if the sequence number of the current page is the same as a sequence number of a predetermined reference page, determining that the current page is a reference page. 4. The method of claim 2, characterized in that the step of determining whether the current page is a reference page comprises: if the current page is a first page, determining that the current page is a reference page; if the current page is not a first page: sequentially calculating a similarity between the current page and each reference page in the reference page list, using the current reference page as the reference page for the current page and ending the calculating, when a calculated similarity is larger than a predetermined threshold, determining the current page as a reference page, when all of the calculated similarities are less than the threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, characterized in that the step of identifying variable data blocks in the current page dot matrix based on the dot matrix blocks comprises: identifying, in the current page dot matrix, dot matrix blocks having content different from corresponding blocks in the reference page dot matrix; traversing the dot matrix blocks and generating a Mask dot matrix in which the variable data blocks in the current page dot matrix are identified in the form of a black-white dot matrix. 6. The method of claim 5, characterized in that the step of dynamically adjusting the size of the variable data blocks comprises: sequentially extracting connected components from the Mask dot matrix and recording minimum bounding rectangles of the connected components to obtain a set of rectangles; performing a joining process on rectangles in the set of rectangles to remove contained or intersected rectangles from the set of rectangles; performing a splitting and/or merging process on the rectangles according to the number and densities of the rectangles obtained after the joining process. 7. The method of claim 6, characterized in that the step of performing a joining process on rectangles in the set of rectangles to remove contained or intersected rectangles comprises: sorting the rectangles in the set of rectangles in descending order according to their areas and using a rectangle having the largest area as a reference rectangle; sequentially comparing other rectangles with the reference rectangle respectively; if the other rectangle is contained in the reference rectangle, removing this other rectangle; if the other rectangle intersects with the reference rectangle, splitting one of the other rectangle and the reference rectangle, which has a smaller density. 8. The method of claim 6, characterized in that the step of performing a splitting and/or merging process on the rectangles according to the number and densities of the rectangles obtained after the joining process comprises: counting densities of respective rectangles in the set of rectangles; sequentially splitting rectangles having densities less than a specified density threshold so that all rectangles obtained after the splitting have densities larger than or equal to the density threshold; counting the number of the rectangles in the set of rectangles; if the number is larger than a specified threshold, expanding some of the rectangles in the set of rectangles so as to contain their adjacent rectangles, and then returning to execute the step of performing a joining process on rectangles in the set of rectangles. 9. A page processing apparatus for variable data printing, characterized by comprising: a raster image processor for obtaining a current page of a file to be printed, and performing a rasterization process on the current page to obtain a current page dot matrix; a variable data region extractor for extracting a variable data dot matrix in the current page dot matrix with respect to a reference page dot matrix and dynamically adjusting the variable data dot matrix during the extracting process; a page outputting manager for splitting the current page dot matrix up into the reference page dot matrix and the variable data dot matrix and then outputting and storing them, wherein the variable data region extractor comprises: a reference page memory, a reference page manager and a separator, wherein the reference page memory is configured to buffer the reference page dot matrix; the reference page manager is configured to determine a reference page for the current page; the separator comprises: an obtaining unit for obtaining a reference page dot matrix corresponding to the reference page from the reference page memory; a dividing unit for dividing the reference page dot matrix and the current page dot matrix into dot matrix blocks having a predetermined granularity according to fixed length and width values; an identification unit for identifying variable data blocks in the current page dot matrix based on the dot matrix blocks; an adjustment unit for dynamically adjusting the size of the variable data blocks; an extraction unit for extracting a variable data dot matrix in the current page dot matrix with respect to the reference page dot matrix according to the adjusted variable data blocks. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, characterized in that the variable data region extractor further comprises: a reference page detector configured for, before the reference page manager determines a reference page for the current page, determining whether the current page is a reference page; if the current page is a reference page, adding the current page into a reference page list as a reference page and adopting the current page dot matrix as the reference page dot matrix and storing the reference page dot matrix in the reference page memory; if the current page is not a reference page, instructing the reference page manager to determine a reference page for the current page. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, characterized in that the reference page detector is configured to obtain a sequence number of the current page, and determine that the current page is a reference page if the sequence number of the current page is the same as a sequence number of a predetermined reference page. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, characterized in that the reference page detector is configured to: if the current page is a first page, determine that the current page is a reference page; and if the current page is not a first page: sequentially calculate a similarity between the current page and each reference page in the reference page list, use the current reference page as the reference page for the current page and end the calculating when a calculated similarity is larger than a predetermined threshold, and determine the current page as a reference page when all of the calculated similarities are less than the threshold. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, characterized in that the identification unit is configured to identify, in the current page dot matrix, dot matrix blocks having contents different from corresponding blocks in the reference page dot matrix; traverse the dot matrix blocks and generate a Mask dot matrix in which the variable data blocks in the current page dot matrix are identified in the form of a black-white dot matrix. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, characterized in that the adjustment unit comprises: a connected component extraction unit for sequentially extracting connected components from the Mask dot matrix and recording minimum bounding rectangles of the connected components to obtain a set of rectangles; a joining unit for performing a joining process on rectangles in the set of rectangles to remove contained or intersected rectangles from the set of rectangles; a merging unit for performing a splitting and/or merging process on the rectangles according to the number and densities of the rectangles obtained after the joining process. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, characterized in that the joining unit comprises: a sorting unit for sorting the rectangles in the set of rectangles in descending order according to their areas and using a rectangle having the largest area as a reference rectangle; a comparing unit for sequentially comparing other rectangles with the reference rectangle respectively; if the other rectangle is contained in the reference rectangle, removing this other rectangle; and if the other rectangle intersects with the reference rectangle, splitting one of the other rectangle and the reference rectangle, which has a smaller density. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, characterized in that the merging unit comprises: a counting unit for counting densities of respective rectangles in the set of rectangles; a splitting unit for sequentially splitting rectangles having densities less than a specified density threshold so that all rectangles obtained after splitting have densities larger than or equal to the density threshold; the counting unit is further configured to count the number of the rectangles in the set of rectangles; an expanding unit for, if the number is larger than a specified threshold, expanding some of the rectangles in the set of rectangles so as to contain their adjacent rectangles, and then instructing the joining unit to perform a joining process on rectangles in the set of rectangles.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a self-cleaning evaporation type humidification apparatus. The self-cleaning humidification apparatus is a floating drop evaporation type humidification apparatus of a new concept using a super hydrophobic surface, which provides safe humidification and does not require maintenance and repair, such as cleaning, by naturally or forcedly evaporating floating drops through control of the floating drops in the super hydrophobic surface based on the self-cleaning function, virus reproduction inhibition function, and water-repellant function of the super hydrophobic surface. 1. A self-cleaning humidification apparatus based on droplet evaporation, comprising: an evaporation plate for being supplied with water; water supply means for supplying the water to a surface of the evaporation plate; water movement means for moving the water supplied to the surface of the evaporation plate from a first side of the evaporation plate to a second side of the evaporation plate; evaporation acceleration means for accelerating an evaporation of the water on the surface of the evaporation plate; and water discharge means formed at a location where the movement of the water is terminated in the evaporation plate, wherein the evaporation acceleration means comprises a heater for heating the evaporation plate, a fan for forcedly moving air around the surface of the evaporation plate, an infrared radiation device or microwave radiation device for supplying radiation heat to the water on the surface of the evaporation plate, or a combination of two or more of the heater, the fan, and the infrared radiation device or microwave radiation device. 2. A self-cleaning humidification apparatus based on droplet evaporation, comprising: an evaporation plate for being supplied with water from a first side, having a surface of a specific inclination so that the supplied water moves by gravity; water supply means for supplying water to a surface of the evaporation plate; evaporation acceleration means for accelerating an evaporation of the water on the surface of the evaporation plate; and water discharge means formed at a location where the movement of the water is terminated in the evaporation plate, wherein the evaporation acceleration means comprises a heater for heating the evaporation plate, a fan for forcedly moving air around the surface of the evaporation plate, an infrared radiation device or microwave radiation device for supplying radiation heat to the water on the surface of the evaporation plate, or a combination of two or more of the heater, the fan, and the infrared radiation device or microwave radiation device. 3. The self-cleaning humidification apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein the surface of the evaporation plate is made of super water-repellant-processed aluminum. 4. The self-cleaning humidification apparatus of claim 3, wherein the heater heats the evaporation plate at 200\u00b0 C. to 300\u00b0 C. so that a vapor layer is formed between the surface of the evaporation plate and the water. 5. The self-cleaning humidification apparatus of claim 2, wherein the evaporation plate is configured to comprise a plurality of separated plates formed in plural layers in zigzags so that water flowing down along a plate at a higher layer drops to an end of a plate right under the plate at the higher layer. 6. The self-cleaning humidification apparatus of claim 2, wherein the evaporation plate is configured to have a spiral form or track form so that the evaporation plate is inclined from top to bottom.",
-    "The present invention describes a filter fastening system 1 comprising a filter socket 2 and a filter locking unit 3, wherein the filter socket 2 has a first end 4 being a top end and a second end 5 being a bottom end and a longitudinal body 6, wherein the filter locking unit 3 comprises a locking arm 7 with a connection end 8 and a locking end 9, a stopper 10 and a connection 11 where the connection end 8 of the locking arm is fixated with a joint 12 so that the locking arm 7 is pivotably arranged in the filter fastening system 1 so that the filter socket 2 may be fastened by pivoting the locking arm 7 until the bottom end 5 of the filter socket 2 is tightened against the stopper 10 and the top end 4 hence is tightened and sealed against a water piping connection for the filter socket (2). 1. A filter fastening system comprising a filter socket and a filter locking unit, wherein the filter socket has a first end being a top end and a second end being a bottom end and a longitudinal body, wherein the filter locking unit comprises a locking arm with a connection end and a locking end, a stopper and a connection where the connection end of the locking arm is fixated with a joint so that the locking arm is pivotably arranged in the filter fastening system so that the filter socket may be fastened by pivoting the locking arm until the bottom end of the filter socket is tightened against the stopper and the top end hence is tightened and sealed against a water piping connection for the filter socket. 2. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the locking end of the locking arm has a shape matching the longitudinal body of the filter socket. 3. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the filter socket may be fastened by pivoting the locking arm until the locking end of the locking arm touches the longitudinal body of the filter socket. 4. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the filter socket is cylindrical and the locking end of the locking arm is bent to match the longitudinal body of the filter socket. 5. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the locking arm is an eccentric lever. 6. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the top end of the filter socket is provided with a top packing having through holes for both inflow and outflow. 7. The filter fastening system according to claim 6, wherein the top packing also has a ventilating through hole. 8. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the filter socket is provided with at least one inspection window on the longitudinal body of the filter socket. 9. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the filter socket is provided with at least one diode. 10. The filter fastening system according to claim 1, wherein the filter fastening system is provided with an UV lamp.",
-    "A battery module includes: a plurality of battery cells held in a case; and a collector plate disposed on one side or the other side of the plurality of battery cells. The collector plate includes connection terminals connected to a collector plate main body so that the plurality of connection terminals are disposed to face an electrode provided in each of the battery cells. In at least one of the electrodes, the plurality of the connection terminals facing the at least one electrode include a first connection terminal welded to the electrode and a second connection terminal not welded to the electrode. 1. A battery module comprising: a plurality of battery cells held in a case; and a collector plate disposed on one side or the other side of the plurality of battery cells, wherein the collector plate includes a plurality of connection terminals connected to a collector plate main body so that the plurality of the connection terminals are disposed to face an electrode provided in each of the battery cells, and in at least one of the electrodes, the plurality of the connection terminals facing the at least one electrode include a first connection terminal welded to the at least one electrode and a second connection terminal not welded to the at least one electrode. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the first connection terminal and the second connection terminal are arranged side by side at an interval to protrude from an inner peripheral edge of an opening formed in the collector plate main body and are bent to approach the electrode. 3. The battery module according to claim 2, wherein a base end of each of the first connection terminal and the second connection terminal is connected to the inner peripheral edge of the opening via a curved face part having an arc-shaped cross section. 4. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the collector plate includes: a fuse part connected to an inner peripheral edge of an opening formed in the collector plate main body; and a battery-side disposed part connected to an opposite end of the fuse part from an end of the fuse part connected to the opening, and the first connection terminal and the second connection terminal branch off from a tip end of the battery-side disposed part. 5. A method of manufacturing a battery module, the battery module including: a plurality of battery cells held in a case; and a collector plate disposed on one side or the other side of the plurality of battery cells, the collector plate including a plurality of connection terminals which have a first connection terminal and a second connection terminal and are connected to a collector plate main body so that the plurality of the connection terminals are disposed to face an electrode provided in each of the battery cells, the method comprising a main welding step of carrying out a welding operation for welding only the first connection terminal in the plurality of connection terminals facing each of the electrodes to the electrode and not welding the second connection terminal facing the electrode to the electrode. 6. The method of manufacturing the battery module according to claim 5 further comprising a re-welding step of carrying out, when a welded state of at least one of the first connection terminals is unsatisfactory, a re-welding operation for welding the second connection terminal facing the electrode with the unsatisfactorily welded first connection terminal, to the electrode after the main welding step is carried out.",
-    "An antenna includes a dielectric substrate, an antenna conductor, a ground conductor, a waveguide tube, a shield, and short-circuit portions. The shield is provided with a cut having a reverse-taper shape whose width becomes greater from an open end of the cut to an inward end of the cut. The short-circuit portions are provided along a whole periphery of the shield except for a portion provided with the cut. 1. An antenna comprising: a dielectric substrate; an antenna conductor on a front surface of the dielectric substrate, the antenna conductor being a comb-line antenna conductor including a power feed line and stubs; a ground conductor on a back surface of the dielectric substrate, the ground conductor including an opening in a region facing an input end of the power feed line; a waveguide tube joined to the back surface of the dielectric substrate, the waveguide tube having (i) a tube axis orthogonal to the back surface of the dielectric substrate and (ii) a tube wall whose edge surface surrounds the opening; a shield on the front surface of the dielectric substrate, the shield having a cut into which the input end of the power feed line is inserted; and short-circuit portions each short-circuiting the ground conductor and the shield, the short-circuit portions each penetrating the dielectric substrate, the short-circuit portions being provided along a whole periphery of the shield except for a portion provided with the cut, the cut having a reverse-taper shape whose width becomes greater from an open end of the cut to an inward end of the cut. 2. The antenna as set forth in claim 1, wherein a ratio x1/x0 is 2.5 or less, where x0 is a width of the cut at the open end of the cut, and x1 is a width of the cut at the inward end of the cut. 3. The antenna as set forth in claim 2, wherein the ratio x1/x0 is 1.0 or more and 2.0 or less. 4. The antenna as set forth in claim 3, wherein the ratio x1/x0 is 1.0 or more and 1.5 or less. 5. The antenna as set forth in claim 4, wherein the ratio x1/x0 is 1.35 or more and 1.45 or less. 6. The antenna as set forth in claim 1, wherein Ly/\u03bb, is 0.28 or more and 0.31 or less, where Ly is a length from the open end of the cut to a front end of the power feed line, and \u03bb is a resonant wavelength of a microstrip antenna constituted by the dielectric substrate, the antenna conductor, and the ground conductor. 7. The antenna as set forth in claim 1, wherein: each of the stubs extends in a direction orthogonal to the power feed line; and each of the stubs is provided, at a root, with a slit extending in a direction from an output-end side of the power feed line toward an input-end side of the power feed line. 8. The antenna as set forth in claim 7, wherein Wst/Wmsl and Lst/Wmsl are each 0.23 or more and 0.45 or less, where Wmsl is a width of the each stub, Wst is a width of the slit at the root of the each stub, and Lst is a depth of the slit at the root of the each stub.",
-    "A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) element includes at least one DSC. The DSC includes a first base material having a transparent substrate, a second base material facing the first base material, an oxide semiconductor layer provided between the first and second base materials, and a sealing portion connecting the first and second base materials. One transparent substrate is provided for the at least one DSC, and a coating layer covering a light receiving surface, which is opposite to the second base material, of the transparent substrate and transmitting light is provided on the first base material. The coating layer includes an annular peripheral portion, and a center portion provided at the inner side of the peripheral portion. An average thickness of the peripheral portion is smaller than a maximum thickness of the center portion, and the coating layer has a refractive index higher than that of the transparent substrate. 1. A dye-sensitized solar cell element comprising at least one dye-sensitized solar cell, the dye-sensitized solar cell including: a first base material having a transparent substrate; a second base material facing the first base material; an oxide semiconductor layer provided between the first base material and the second base material; and an annular sealing portion connecting the first base material and the second base material, one transparent substrate being provided for the at least one dye-sensitized solar cell, a coating layer being provided on the first base material, the coating layer being capable of covering a light receiving surface, which is opposite to the second base material, of the transparent substrate and transmitting light, and the coating layer including: an annular peripheral portion; and a center portion provided at the inner side of the peripheral portion, wherein an average thickness of the peripheral portion is smaller than a maximum thickness of the center portion, the coating layer has a refractive index higher than a refractive index of the transparent substrate, and the peripheral portion of the coating layer is, in a case where the dye-sensitized solar cell element has one dye-sensitized solar cell, when it is assumed that an inner circumferential surface of the annular sealing portion extends to pass over the coating layer along a thickness direction of the sealing portion, a portion at the outer side of the inner circumferential surface of the extended sealing portion, in a case where the dye-sensitized solar cell element has a plurality of the dye-sensitized solar cells and the sealing portions of the adjacent dye-sensitized solar cells are integrated with each other, when it is assumed that an inner circumferential surface of an annular portion at the outer side of the integrated sealing portion extends to pass over the coating layer along the thickness direction of the sealing portion, a portion at the outer side of the inner circumferential surface of the extended annular portion, and in a case where the dye-sensitized solar cell element has a plurality of the dye-sensitized solar cells and the sealing portions of the adjacent dye-sensitized solar cells are separated from each other, when an annular portion formed by combining portions facing the outer side of the sealing portion of each of the dye-sensitized solar cells with each other is assumed and it is assumed that an inner circumferential surface of the annular portion extends to pass over the coating layer along the thickness direction of the sealing portion, a portion at the outer side of the inner circumferential surface of the extended annular portion. 2. The dye-sensitized solar cell element according to claim 1, wherein the light receiving surface of the transparent substrate is convex toward a side opposite to the coating layer. 3. The dye-sensitized solar cell element according to claim 2, wherein a peripheral portion of the light receiving surface is curved to be convex toward a side opposite to the coating layer. 4. The dye-sensitized solar cell element according to claim 2, wherein the entire transparent substrate is curved to be convex toward a side opposite to the coating layer. 5. The dye-sensitized solar cell element according to claim 2, wherein a surface, which is opposite to the transparent substrate, of surfaces of the coating layer is a flat surface. 6. The dye-sensitized solar cell element according to claim 3, wherein the entire transparent substrate is curved to be convex toward a side opposite to the coating layer. 7. The dye-sensitized solar cell element according to claim 3, wherein a surface, which is opposite to the transparent substrate, of surfaces of the coating layer is a flat surface.",
-    "The patent discloses novel indazole compounds of general formula 1 and analogues thereof, use thereof for the treatment of diabetes, diabetic complications, cardiovascular dysfuntion or related diseases, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and processes for their preparation. 1. Indazole compounds of formula 1, Wherein: R1 are hydrogen or alkyl oraryl or heteroaryl; R2 are H or halogen R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or alkyl, aryl, hetero aryl; any two adjacent groups selected from R3, R4, R5, and R6 may form a 3-8 membered cycle which may additionally contain hetero atoms; and their analogues, positional isomers, stereoisomers, derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. Indazole compounds of formula 1 as claimed in claim 1 are represented by following compounds 5-Chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indazole; 5-Chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-methyl-3a,7a-dihydro-1H-indazole; 5-chloro-3-(3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indazole; 5-Chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-ethyl-1H-indazole; 1-Benzyl-5-chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indazole; 3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indazole; 3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indazole; 3-(3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indazole. 3. A process for the preparation of Indazole compounds of formula 1 as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said process comprising the steps of; i. converting 5-Chloro isatin (I) into 5-chloro indazole 3-carboxylic acid (2); ii. treating the compound 5-chloro indazole 3-carboxylic acid (2) with isobutyl chloroformate and N-methylmorpholine under argon followed by reaction with aq. ammonia to obtain 5-chloro-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (3); iii. treating the compound 5-chloro-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (3) with pyridine and trifluroacetic anhydride to obtain cyano compound (4); iv. reacting cyano compound (4) with potassium carbonate and alkyl halide in a solvent selected from acetone to obtain substituted indazole carbonitrile; v. reacting substituted indazole carbonitrile with diamine in presence of P2S5 to obtain compounds of general formula 1 4. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein alkyl halide used in step (iv) is selected from the group consisting of ethyl bromide, methyl iodide, benzyl bromide. 5. A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein diamine used in step (v) is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-Cyclohexanediamine, ethylene diamine. 6. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising compound of Formula 1 as claimed in claim 1 as an active ingredient, or their analogues, positional isomers, stereoisomers, derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients. 7. Indazole compounds of formula 1 as claimed in claim 1 are useful for treatment of diabetes, diabetic complications, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular dysfunctions or related diseases where impaired glucose disposal, altered triglyceride levels or reduced beta-cell functions is present. 8. Indazole compounds of formula 1 as claimed in claim, wherein it administered to mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula 1, or their analogues, positional isomers, stereoisomers, derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt.",
-    "A transmission device, wherein the compound planetary gear mechanism increases the speed of the power transmitted to the input element and transmits the resultant power to the first and the second output elements when the fixable element is non-rotatably held stationary by the first brake; and the first and the second clutches are disposed on a side closer in the axial direction to the compound planetary gear mechanism than the first and the second planetary gear mechanisms. 1. A transmission device that changes a speed of power transmitted from a motor to an input shaft and transmits resultant power to an output shaft, the transmission device comprising: a compound planetary gear mechanism including an input element, a fixable element, a first output element, and a second output element; a first planetary gear and a second planetary gear disposed coaxially and side by side in an axial direction with the compound planetary gear mechanism, and each including a plurality of rotational elements; a first brake that connects and non-rotatably holds the fixable element of the compound planetary gear mechanism stationary to a case and releases the fixable element such that the fixable element is rotatable; a first clutch that connects the first output element and at least one of the rotational elements of the first and the second planetary gears and releases the connection therebetween; and a second clutch that connects the second output element and at least one of the rotational elements of the first and the second planetary gears and releases the connection therebetween, wherein the compound planetary gear mechanism increases the speed of the power transmitted to the input element and transmits the resultant power to the first and the second output elements when the fixable element is non-rotatably held stationary by the first brake; and the first and the second clutches are disposed on a side closer in the axial direction to the compound planetary gear mechanism than the first and the second planetary gear mechanisms. 2. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the second planetary gear is disposed on a side closer to the compound planetary gear mechanism than the first planetary gear, the first clutch connects the first output element and any one of the rotational elements of the second planetary gear and releases the connection therebetween, the second clutch connects the second output element and any one of the rotational elements of the second planetary gear and releases the connection therebetween, and the first and the second clutches are disposed on a side closer to the compound planetary gear mechanism than the second planetary gear. 3. The transmission device according to claim 2, wherein the second clutch connects the second output element to the rotational element of the second planetary gear connected to the first output element by the first clutch. 4. The transmission device according to claim 3, further comprising: a third clutch that connects the first output element of the compound planetary gear mechanism and a rotational element of the second planetary gear other than the rotational element thereof that is connected to the first output element by the first clutch and connected to the second output element by the second clutch and releases the connection therebetween, wherein the third clutch is disposed on a side closer to the compound planetary gear mechanism than the second planetary gear. 5. The transmission device according to claim 4, wherein the case is provided with a center wall located between the compound planetary gear mechanism and the first and the second planetary gears, the third clutch includes a hydraulic servo including at least a friction engagement plate and a piston that presses the friction engagement plate, and hydraulic oil is supplied from a hydraulic oil supply passage formed in the center wall to the hydraulic servo of the third clutch without passing through the input shaft. 6. The transmission device according to claim 5, further comprising a second brake that includes at least a friction engagement plate and a piston pressing the friction engagement plate and connects and non-rotatably holds the rotational element of the second planetary gear connected to the first output element by the third clutch stationary to the case, wherein the case is provided with a center wall located between the compound planetary gear mechanism and the first and the second planetary gears, and an engagement oil chamber of the second brake is defined between the piston of the second brake and the center wall. 7. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second clutches each include a hydraulic servo that includes at least a friction engagement plate and a piston pressing the friction engagement plate and is disposed on the input shaft, and hydraulic oil is supplied from a hydraulic oil supply passage formed in the case to the hydraulic servo of each of the first and the second clutches through an in-shaft oil-passage formed in the input shaft. 8. The transmission device according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth clutch that connects any one of the rotational elements of the first planetary gear and the output shaft and releases the connection therebetween, wherein the second planetary gear includes a rotational element always connected to the output shaft and a rotational element always connected to a rotational element of the first planetary gear other than the rotational element thereof connected to the output shaft by the fourth clutch. 9. The transmission device according to claim 8, wherein the fourth clutch includes at least a friction engagement plate and a piston that presses the friction engagement plate, and an engagement oil chamber of the fourth clutch is defined between the piston of the fourth clutch and the output shaft and is supplied with hydraulic oil through an in-shaft oil-passage formed in the output shaft. 10. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the compound planetary gear mechanism includes third and fourth planetary gears each including three rotational elements and is structured by always connecting each of any two of the rotational elements of the third planetary gear to corresponding one of any two of the rotational elements of the fourth planetary gear. 11. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the first planetary gear includes a first rotational element, a second rotational element, and a third rotational element that are sequentially arranged side by side at intervals corresponding to a gear ratio in a velocity diagram, the second planetary gear includes a fourth rotational element, a fifth rotational element, and a sixth rotational element that are sequentially arranged side by side at intervals corresponding to a gear ratio in a velocity diagram, the first rotational element of the first planetary gear is always connected to the fourth rotational element of the second planetary gear, the second rotational element of the first planetary gear and the input element of the compound planetary gear mechanism are always connected to the input shaft, the fifth rotational element of the second planetary gear is always connected to the output shaft, the first clutch connects the first rotational element of the first planetary gear and the fourth rotational element of the second planetary gear always connected to each other and the first output element of the compound planetary gear mechanism and releases the connection therebetween, the second clutch connects the first rotational element of the first planetary gear and the fourth rotational element of the second planetary gear always connected to each other and the second output element of the compound planetary gear mechanism and releases the connection therebetween, and the transmission device further includes a third clutch that connects the sixth rotational element of the second planetary gear and the first output element of the compound planetary gear mechanism and releases the connection therebetween, a fourth clutch that connects the output shaft and the fifth rotational element of the second planetary gear always connected to each other and the third rotational element of the first planetary gear and releases the connection therebetween, and a second brake that non-rotatably holds the sixth rotational element of the second planetary gear stationary and releases the sixth rotational element such that the sixth rotational element is rotatable. 12. The transmission device according to claim 11, wherein a first forward speed is established by engaging the first clutch, the second clutch, and the second brake, a second forward speed is established by engaging the first clutch, the first brake, and the second brake, a third forward speed is established by engaging the second clutch, the first brake, and the second brake, a fourth forward speed is established by engaging the fourth clutch, the first brake, and the second brake, a fifth forward speed is established by engaging the second clutch, the fourth clutch, and the first brake, a sixth forward speed is established by engaging the first clutch, the fourth clutch, and the first brake, a seventh forward speed is established by engaging the first clutch, the third clutch, and the fourth clutch, an eighth forward speed is established by engaging the third clutch, the fourth clutch, and the first brake, a ninth forward speed is established by engaging the first clutch, the third clutch, and the first brake, a tenth forward speed is established by engaging the second clutch, the third clutch, and the first brake and a reverse speed is established by engaging the second clutch, the third clutch, and the second brake. 13. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the compound planetary gear mechanism includes a single-pinion type third planetary gear including a third sun gear, and a third ring gear, a third carrier that rotatably and revolvably holds a plurality of third pinion gears each meshing with the third sun gear and the third ring gear, and also includes a single-pinion type fourth planetary gear including a fourth sun gear, a fourth ring gear, and a fourth carrier that rotatably and revolvably holds a plurality of fourth pinion gears each meshing with the fourth sun gear and the fourth ring gear, and the fixable element is the third sun gear and the fourth sun gear always connected to each other, the input element is the third carrier, the first output element is the third ring gear and the fourth carrier always connected to each other, and the second output element is the fourth ring gear. 14. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the compound planetary gear mechanism includes a single-pinion type third planetary gear including a third sun gear, a third ring gear, and a third carrier that rotatably and revolvably holds a plurality of third pinion gears each meshing with the third sun gear and the third ring gear, and also includes a single-pinion type fourth planetary gear including a fourth sun gear, a fourth ring gear, and a fourth carrier that rotatably and revolvably holds a plurality of fourth pinion gears each meshing with the fourth sun gear and the fourth ring gear, and the fixable element is the fourth sun gear, the input element is the third ring gear and the fourth carrier always connected to each other, the first output element is the third carrier and the fourth ring gear always connected to each other, and the second output element is the third sun gear. 15. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the compound planetary gear mechanism is a Ravigneaux type planetary gear including a third sun gear, a fourth sun gear, a third pinion gear meshing with the third sun gear, a fourth pinion gear meshing with the fourth sun gear and also meshing with the third pinion gear, a third carrier rotatably and revolvably holding the third and the fourth pinion gears, and a third ring gear meshing with the fourth pinion gear, and the fixable element is the fourth sun gear, the input element is the fourth carrier, the first output element is the third ring gear, and the second output element is the third sun gear. 16. The transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the output shaft is connected to rear wheels of a vehicle via a differential gear.",
-    "A vehicle including a combustion engine, a belt alternator starter, and a decouplable accessory power take-off for auxiliary units, wherein the accessory power take-off includes, as auxiliary units, at least an air-conditioning compressor and an electric motor as belt alternator starter that is usable as a motor and as a generator, wherein a coupling and a decoupling of the accessory power take-off occurs by means of a form-fitting clutch, and wherein at a standstill of the combustion engine during a short stop phase, a stationary air-conditioning operation occurs by means of a reverse rotation of the auxiliary units, and wherein a starting of the combustion engine after the short stop phase occurs by means of a reversal of the direction of rotation of the electric motor. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A vehicle comprising: a combustion engine; a belt alternator starter; and, a decouplable accessory power take-off for auxiliary units, wherein the accessory power take-off includes, as auxiliary units, at least an air-conditioning compressor and an electric motor as belt alternator starter that is usable as a motor and as a generator, wherein a coupling and a decoupling of the accessory power take-off occurs by means of a form-fitting clutch, and wherein at a standstill of the combustion engine during a short stop phase, a stationary air-conditioning operation occurs by means of a reverse rotation of the auxiliary units, and wherein a starting of the combustion engine after the short stop phase occurs by means of a reversal of the direction of rotation of the electric motor. 12. The vehicle recited in claim 11, wherein the coupling and the decoupling of the accessory power take-off occurs by means of a switchable pawl freewheel. 13. The vehicle recited in claim 12, wherein the switchable pawl freewheel comprises: a switching device; and, at least one generator pawl switchable from a locking position to a freewheel position by means of the switching device. 14. The vehicle recited in claim 13, wherein the switchable pawl freewheel comprises: a boost pawl that locks in a relative direction of rotation opposite a direction of rotation of the generator pawl. 15. The vehicle recited in claim 11, wherein the belt alternator starter is combined with a pulley decoupler. 16. The vehicle recited in claim 11, wherein a belt decoupler comprises a torsional vibration damper. 17. A method for operating the vehicle recited in claim 11, wherein the coupling and the decoupling of the accessory power take-off occurs by means of the form-fitting clutch, and during the standstill of the combustion engine during the short stop phase, the stationary air-conditioning operation occurs by means of the reverse rotation of the auxiliary units, and wherein the starting of the combustion engine after the short stop phase occurs by means of the reversal of the direction of rotation of the electric motor. 18. The method recited in claim 17, wherein a boost clutch is overrun in a freewheel-like way in the stationary air-conditioning operation. 19. The method recited in claim 17, wherein a polarity of the electric motor, which is usable as a belt alternator starter, is changed when a start of the combustion engine is requested after the short stop phase. 20. The method recited in claim 18, wherein a polarity of the electric motor, which is usable as a belt alternator starter, is changed when a start of the combustion engine is requested after the short stop phase. 21. The method recited in claim 19, wherein a generator pawl is switched to its locking position after the start of the combustion engine. 22. The method recited in claim 20, wherein a generator pawl is switched to its locking position after the start of the combustion engine.",
-    "An instrument changing assembly includes a magazine having one or more probe assembly stations. The assembly further includes at least one probe change tool including a receptacle socket. One or more probe assemblies are retained within the one or more probe assembly stations. The one or more probe assemblies each include a probe receptacle including a probe retention recess and a common socket fitting configured for complementary fitting with a common receptacle socket. The probe change tool is configured to install or extract the respective probes from a mechanical testing instrument according to the complementary fit between the common socket fitting and the common receptacle socket of the probe assemblies. Alternatively, the instrument changing assembly includes an instrument array housing including a plurality of instruments. Each of the one or more instruments (probe and transducer combination) are deployed relative to the instrument array housing with an instrument deployment actuator. 1. An instrument changing assembly comprising: a magazine having one or more probe assembly stations; at least one probe change tool including a receptacle socket; one or more probe assemblies retained within the one or more probe assembly stations of the magazine, each of the one or more probe assemblies includes: a probe receptacle including a probe retention recess and a socket fitting configured for complementary fitting with the receptacle socket, and a probe received in the probe retention recess, wherein the probe retention recess has a corresponding size and shape to the probe, and the probe retention recess has a complementary fit with the probe based on the corresponding size and shape; and wherein the socket fittings of the one or more probe assemblies have the same size and shape for complementary fitting with the receptacle socket of the at least one probe change tool, and the at least one probe change tool is configured to install or extract the respective probes from a mechanical testing instrument according to the complementary fit. 2. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein at least first and second probes of the one or more probe assemblies have one or more of different sizes or shapes from each other, and the probe retention recesses of the respective probe receptacles for the first and second probes have complementary sizes and shapes to provide the complementary fit with the respective first or second probes. 3. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein the magazine includes handling prongs at each of the one or more probe assembly stations and each of the probe receptacles of the one or more probe assemblies includes a receptacle handling surface configured for handling by the handling prongs. 4. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein the magazine includes a magazine actuator configured to move the one or more probe assemblies toward and away from the at leak one probe change tool in an automated fashion. 5. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein the socket fitting of each of the probe receptacles of the one or more probe assemblies includes one or more drive flanges, and with the socket fitting received within the receptacle socket the probe change tool is configured to rotate the probe receptacle and the probe received therein through the drive flanges. 6. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein the socket fitting includes one or more magnetic drive flanges, and the one or more magnetic drive flanges guide the socket fitting into the complementary fit with the receptacle socket and retain the complementary fit with the receptacle socket. 7. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein at least third and fourth probes of the one or more probe assemblies are transducer calibration weights, and the transducer calibration weights have differing weights configured to calibrate a transducer when coupled with the transducer by the at least one probe change tool. 8. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1 comprising a sample stage surface having a stage receptacle flange, and the at least one probe change tool is coupled along the stage receptacle flange. 9. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1 comprising a telescoping arm, and the at least one probe change tool is coupled near an extendable end of the telescoping arm. 10. The instrument changing assembly of claim 9, wherein the telescoping arm is movable between retracted and extended positions, in the extended position the at least one probe change tool overlies a portion of a sample stage surface, and in the retracted position the at least one probe change tool is laterally spaced from the sample stage surface. 11. (canceled) 12. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one probe change tool includes a torque limiting clutch. 13. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one probe change tool includes at least an installation probe change tool and an extraction probe change tool, wherein the installation probe change tool provides an installation torque, and the extraction probe change tool provides an extraction torque greater than the installation torque. 14. The instrument changing assembly of claim 1 comprising: a mechanical testing instrument configured to test a sample with the probe; and a sample stage surface configured to retain the sample thereon; and the at least one probe change tool is coupled near an extendable end of a telescoping arm. 15. An instrument change tool and receptacle assembly comprising: a probe change tool including a rotatable tool head having a receptacle socket; a plurality of probe receptacles, each of the probe receptacles includes: a socket face including a socket fitting configured for complementary fitting with the receptacle socket, a probe face including a probe retention recess, the probe retention recess having a size and shape corresponding to a probe size and shape of a probe, and a receptacle handling surface configured for handling by a magazine having a plurality of probe assembly stations; and wherein the plurality of probe receptacles includes at least first and second probe receptacles, each of the plurality of probe receptacles include the socket fitting having the same size and shape for complementary fitting with the receptacle socket, and the probe retention recess of the first probe receptacle is configured to provide a complementary fit with a first probe size and shape, and the probe retention recess of the second probe receptacle is configured to provide a complementary fit with a second probe size and shape. 16. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15, wherein the socket fitting includes one or more drive flanges, and the probe change tool is configured to rotate a probe and the probe receptacle with the drive flanges while the probe is fit with the probe receptacle according to the complementary fit. 17. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15, wherein the socket fitting includes one or more magnetic drive flanges, and the one or more magnetic drive flanges guide the socket fitting into alignment with the receptacle socket and retain the socket fitting in the complementary fit with the receptacle socket. 18. (canceled) 19. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15 comprising first and second probes, the first probe having the first probe size and shape, and second probe having the second probe size and shape different from the first probe size or shape. 20. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15 comprising at least third and fourth probes including transducer calibration weights, and the transducer calibration weights have differing weights configured to calibrate a transducer when coupled with the transducer by the at least one probe change tool. 21. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15, wherein the probe change tool includes a torque limiting clutch. 22. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15 comprising: a mechanical testing instrument configured to test a sample with a probe; a sample stage surface configured to retain the sample thereon; and a magazine having two or more probe assembly stations, and each of the probe receptacles of the plurality of probe receptacles are received within respective probe assembly stations. 23. The instrument changing assembly of claim 15 comprising one or more actuators configured to move the probe change tool and a probe receptacle of the plurality of probe receptacles between a magazine storing the plurality of probe receptacles and a mechanical testing instrument configured to test a sample with a probe, the one or more actuators move the probe change tool automatically. 24. A method for automated changing of an instrument of a mechanical testing instrument comprising: removing a probe assembly from a magazine, the probe assembly includes a probe receptacle including a probe retention recess and a socket fitting, the probe retention recess having a complementary fit to a probe within the probe retention recess, removing including: aligning a probe change tool with the probe assembly in the magazine with one or more actuators, and coupling a receptacle socket of the probe change tool with the socket fitting of the probe assembly, the receptacle socket having a complementary fit to the socket fitting, installing the probe to a mechanical testing instrument including: aligning the probe change tool having the probe assembly with the mechanical testing instrument with the one or more actuators, and rotating the probe assembly with the probe change tool, rotation of the probe change tool rotating the probe into an installed configuration with the mechanical testing instrument by rotation of the probe receptacle; and withdrawing the probe change tool and the probe receptacle from the installed probe and the mechanical testing instrument with the one or more actuators. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein removing the probe assembly from the magazine includes: lowering the magazine to the probe change tool, and fitting the socket fitting into the receptacle socket according to the lowering. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein fitting the socket fitting includes fitting drive flanges of the socket fitting into the receptacle socket. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein fitting the socket fitting includes: guiding the socket fitting into the complementary fit with the receptacle socket with magnetic drive flanges, and retaining the complementary fit with the magnetic drive flanges. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein one or more of aligning the probe change tool with the probe assembly or aligning the probe change tool with the probe assembly with the mechanical testing instrument includes moving a sample stage surface, and the probe change tool is coupled along a stage receptacle flange of the sample stage surface. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein one or more of aligning the probe change tool with the probe assembly or aligning the probe change tool with the probe assembly with the mechanical testing instrument includes moving the probe change tool over a sample stage surface with a telescoping arm. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 24 comprising: reading probe calibration information from a probe or probe indicia, associating the probe calibration information with at least one probe assembly station of the magazine, and automatically calibrating a transducer of the mechanical testing instrument with the probe calibration information with one or more of removal of the probe assembly including the probe from the associated probe assembly station or installing the probe. 32. (canceled) 33. The method of claim 24 comprising extracting an existing probe from the mechanical testing instrument with the probe change tool. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the probe change tool includes an installation probe change tool and an extraction probe change tool, installing the probe includes rotating the probe assembly with the installation probe change tool at an installation torque, and extracting the existing probe from the mechanical testing instrument includes rotating the probe assembly with the extraction probe change tool at an extraction torque greater than the installation torque. 35. The method of claim 24 comprising calibration of the mechanical testing instrument including: installing a first calibration probe having a first calibration weight to a transducer of the mechanical testing instrument with the probe change tool; conducting a transducer calibration to measure a transducer response with the first calibration weight; placing the first calibration probe within a magazine with the probe change tool; installing a second calibration probe having a second calibration weight to the transducer with the probe change tool, the second calibration weight having a different weight relative to the first calibration weight; conducting the transducer calibration to measure the transducer response with the second calibration weight; comparing the transducer response with the first and second calibration weights to predicted transducer calibration responses; and calibrating the transducer according to the comparison. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein installing the first calibration probe to the transducer of the mechanical testing instrument with the probe change tool includes installing the first calibration probe coupled with a second probe receptacle, the second probe receptacle having a socket fitting providing a complementary fit with the receptacle socket of the probe change tool, and installing the second calibration probe to the transducer of the mechanical testing instrument with the probe change tool includes coupled the second calibration probe coupled with a third probe receptacle, the second probe receptacle having a socket fitting providing a complementary fit with the receptacle socket of the probe change tool. 37-46. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to sintered balls comprising tungsten carbide (WC) and partially stabilized zirconium oxide, nX:ZrO2,, and to powder mixtures and green bodies for the production thereof, and to methods for the production of the green bodies and the sintered balls. The sintered balls have high densities, high wear resistance and a long service life. 1. A sintered ball comprising tungsten carbide, (WC) and partially stabilized zirconium oxide (nX:ZrO2) wherein the proportion of WC in the material composition is from 1 to 60% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2 and the proportion of nX:ZrO2 in the material composition is from 99 to 40% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2. 2. The sintered ball of claim 1, wherein the tungsten carbide has been passivated by contact with at least one organic additive. 3. The sintered ball of claim 1, wherein the zirconium oxide has been partially stabilized by a metal oxide X selected from among rare earth oxides, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide. 4. The sintered ball of claim 1, wherein the proportion by weight of X in the nX:ZrO2, calculated from the mole fraction n with the aid of the molar mass of the respective compound, is from 2 to 25.0% by weight of the nX:ZrO2. 5. The sintered ball of claim 1, wherein the zirconium oxide further comprises one or more further elements M. 6. The sintered ball of claim 5, wherein the content of the one or more further elements M is from 0 to 2% by weight of the nX:ZrO2. 7. The sintered ball of claim 1, wherein the sintered ball has been admixed with a sintering aid. 8. The sintered ball of claim 1, wherein the sintered ball has a diameter of from 0.05 mm to 3 mm. 9. A powder mixture produced from a material composition comprising tungsten carbide, (WC) and partially stabilized zirconium oxide (nX:ZrO2) by a spray drying process, a freeze drying process, a freeze granulation process, or a dispersing process, wherein the proportion of WC in the material composition is from 1 to 60% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2 and the proportion of nX:ZrO2 in the material composition is from 99 to 40% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2. 10. A green body comprising the powder mixture of claim 9. 11. The green body of claim 10, wherein the green body is in the form of a sphere having a width-to-length ratio (b/l3) in the range from 0.90 to 0.99. 12. A process for producing the green body of claim 10, comprising: (a) mixing a powder mixture produced from a material composition comprising tungsten carbide (WC) and partially stabilized zirconium oxide (nX:ZrO2) by a spray drying process, a freeze drying process, a freeze granulation process, or a dispersing process, wherein the proportion of WC in the material composition is from 1 to 60% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2 and the proportion of nX:ZrO2 in the material composition is from 99 to 40% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2 with: (i) deionized water until a solids content in the range from 40 to 80% by weight has been reached: (ii) from 0 to 1.5% by weight of binder; and (iii) from 0 to 1.5% by weight of an auxiliary to produce a slip; and (b) subsequently processing the slip by droplet formation to give a green body. 13. A process for producing the sintered ball of claim 1, comprising sintering a green body comprising a powder mixture produced from a material composition comprising tungsten carbide (WC) and partially stabilized zirconium oxide (nX:ZrO2) by a spray drying process, a freeze drying process, a freeze granulation process, or a dispersing process, wherein the proportion of WC in the material composition is from 1 to 60% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2 and the proportion of nX:ZrO2 in the material composition is from 99 to 40% by volume of the WC and nX:ZrO2 at a temperature in the range from 1200 to 1800\u00b0 C. under a protective gas atmosphere consisting of helium, argon, nitrogen, or a mixture thereof, or under reduced pressure or under a reducing atmosphere, or under gas pressure, and under a pressure in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 MPa, and optionally with a sintering aid. 14. The process of claim 13, further comprising hot isostatically after-densifying the sintered ball at temperatures in the range from 1200 to 1700\u00b0 C. and at a pressure generated by a protective gas atmosphere of from 150 to 350 MPa (from 1500 to 3500 bar) in a second sintering step. 15. The sintered ball of claim 2, wherein the at least one organic additive is stearic acid. 16. The powder mixture of claim 9, wherein the powder mixture is produced in a stirred ball mill. 17. The green body of claim 11, wherein the green body is in the form of a sphere having a width-to-length ratio (b/l3) in the range from 0.93 to 0.98.",
-    "The present invention relates a process for the recovery of one or more steviol glycosides from a steviol glycoside-containing fermentation broth, which method comprises (a) providing a fermentation broth comprising one or more steviol glycosides and one or more non-steviol glycoside components; (b) separating the liquid phase of the broth from the solid phase of the broth; (c) providing an adsorbent resin; (d) contacting the liquid phase of the broth with the adsorbent resin in order to separate at least a portion of the one or more steviol glycosides from the non-steviol glycoside components, thereby to recover one or more steviol glycosides from the fermentation broth containing one or more steviol glycosides. The invention also relates to a purified steviol glycoside composition prepared using such a process. 1. A process for the recovery of one or more steviol glycosides from a steviol glycoside-containing fermentation broth, which method comprises (a) providing a fermentation broth comprising one or more steviol glycosides and one or more non-steviol glycoside components; (b) separating a liquid phase of the broth from a solid phase of the broth; (c) providing an adsorbent resin; (d) contacting the liquid phase of the broth with the adsorbent resin in order to separate at least a portion of the one or more steviol glycosides from the non-steviol glycoside components, thereby to recover one or more steviol glycosides from the fermentation broth containing one or more steviol glycosides. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the adsorbent resin is provided in a packed column. 3. A process for the recovery of one or more steviol glycosides from a steviol glycoside-containing fermentation broth, which method comprises (a) providing a steviol glycoside-containing fermentation broth; (b) providing an adsorbent resin; (c) contacting the broth with the adsorbent resin in order to separate at least a portion of the one or more steviol glycosides from the non-steviol glycoside components, thereby to recover one or more steviol glycosides from the fermentation broth containing one or more steviol glycosides. 4. A process according to claim 3, wherein the adsorbent resin is provided in a packed column in an expanded bed mode. 5. A process according to claim 2, wherein the adsorbent resin is a polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin, a polymethacrylate resin, a polyaromatic resin, a functionalized polymethacrylate-divinybenzene resin, a functionalized polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin or an amino (NH2) bonded methacrylate/divinylbenzene copolymer resin. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the method of separating comprises adsorb/desorb chromatography. 7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the adsorb/desorb chromatography comprises (a) providing a liquid phase or a broth and a solvent; (b) providing an adsorbent resin; (c) providing an elution solvent; (d) contacting the adsorbent resin with the liquid phase or broth and elution solvent so that at least a portion of the non-steviol glycoside components adsorbs onto the adsorbent enriching the glycoside solution in steviol glycosides and resulting in the formation of a purified steviol glycoside composition that is eluted from the adsorbent along with the elution solvent; and (e) optionally, desorbing the non-steviol glycoside components from the adsorbent. 8. A process according to claim 7, wherein the adsorbent resin is provided in a packed column. 9. A process according to claim 7, wherein the elution solvent comprises about 20% weight or less alcohol, optionally comprising ethanol; and about 80% weight or greater water. 10. A process according to claim 7, wherein the elution solvent comprises about 50% weight or less alcohol, such as optionally comprising ethanol; and about 50% weight or greater water. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein the method of separating comprises fractionation chromatography. 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the fractionation chromatography comprises: (a) providing a liquid phase or a broth and a solvent; (b) providing an adsorbent; and (c) contacting the adsorbent with the liquid phase or broth so that at least a portion of non-steviol glycoside components adsorb onto the adsorbent and so that at least a portion of steviol glycoside adsorbs onto the adsorbent, wherein steviol glycosides propagate through the adsorbent at a faster rate than non-steviol glycosides; and (d) collecting a steviol glycoside-containing solution from the adsorbent. 13. A process according to claim 12, wherein the adsorbent is provided in a packed column. 14. A process according to claim 12, wherein the solvent comprises about 20% weight or greater alcohol, optionally comprising ethanol, and about 80% weight or less water. 15. A process according to claim 12, wherein the solvent comprises about 25% to about 35% weight alcohol, optionally comprising ethanol, and about 65% to about 75% water. 16. A process according to claim 12, wherein the solvent comprises water and wherein the adsorbent is a strongly acidic cationic exchange resin. 17. A process according to claim 1, wherein the adsorbent has a surface area of about 900 m2/gram or greater. 18. A process according to claim 5, wherein the adsorbent is functionalized with one or more tertiary amines or quaternary amines. 19. A process according to claim 1, wherein the recovered steviol glycoside-containing solution has a purity that is at least about 10% greater as compared to a purity of the liquid phase or broth. 20. A process according to claim 1, wherein the purified steviol glycoside-containing solution comprises, on a dry solids basis, at least about 95% weight of Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside D or Rebaudioside M. 21. A process according to claim 1, wherein the steviol glycoside-containing solution is spray-dried to provide a powder. 22. A solution comprising one or more steviol glycosides obtainable by a process according to claim 1. 23. A solution according to claim 22 which comprises one or more of steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, stevioside or rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rubusoside, dulcoside A or rebaudioside M. 24. A solution according to claim 22 which comprises, on a dry solids basis, at least about 95% weight of Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside D or Rebaudioside M. 25. A composition which comprises at least about, on a dry solids basis, at least about 95% fermentatively-produced Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside D or Rebaudioside M. 26. A composition according to claim 25 which is a powder obtainable by a process wherein the steviol glycoside-containing solution is spray-dried to provide a powder.",
-    "There is provided a display driving circuit, including: a touch signal terminal, a first clock terminal, a second clock terminal, a power supply terminal, a drive signal enabling terminal, a drive electrode signal terminal, a common electrode signal terminal, and a plurality of sub-circuits connected in cascades, each of the sub-circuits including: a logic unit, a driving unit and a transmission unit, wherein the logic unit is connected to the touch signal terminal, the first clock terminal, the second clock terminal, the power supply terminal, the drive signal enabling terminal, and the driving unit, the driving unit is connected to the transmission unit, and the transmission unit is connected to the drive electrode signal terminal and the common electrode signal terminal. The present application realizes co-electrode time-division multiplexing of the in-cell capacitive touch screen in the narrow-fame display apparatus. 1. A display driving circuit, comprising: a touch signal terminal for inputting a touch signal; a first clock terminal for inputting a first clock signal; a second clock terminal for inputting a second clock signal; a power supply terminal for inputting a power supply signal; a drive signal enabling terminal for inputting a drive enabling signal; a drive electrode signal terminal for inputting a drive electrode signal; a common electrode signal terminal for inputting a common electrode signal; and a plurality of sub-circuits connected in cascades, wherein each of the sub-circuits comprises: a logic unit connected to the touch signal terminal, the first clock terminal, the second clock terminal, the power supply terminal, the drive signal enabling terminal, and configured to control whether to gate a present stage of sub-circuit under the control of the touch signal, the first clock signal, and the second clock signal; a driving unit connected to the logic unit, and configured to process a signal transmitted from the logic unit to reduce time delay produced in a process of signal transmission, and transmit the processed signal to the transmission unit; and a transmission unit connected to the drive electrode signal terminal and the common electrode signal terminal and connected to the driving unit, and configured to output a drive electrode signal or a common electrode signal according to the processed signal, if the processed signal is a drive enabling signal, then the drive electrode signal is output; otherwise, the common electrode signal is output; and wherein a logic unit of each stage of sub-circuit is connected sequentially, and when the present stage of sub-circuit is gated under the control of the logic unit, an operation period of time of a common electrode connected to the present stage of sub-circuit is controlled to be a touch period of time, and the drive enabling signal is transmitted to the driving unit; when the present stage of sub-circuit is not gated, the operation period of time of the common electrode connected to the present stage of sub-circuit is a display period of time, and the power supply signal is transmitted to the driving unit. 2. The display driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the logic unit comprises: a latch unit, a first transmission gate, a second transmission gate, a first thin film transistor, a second thin film transistor, a first inverter and a second inverter. 3. The display driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein for a logic unit of an odd number stage of sub-circuit, the first clock terminal is connected to a first input terminal of a latch unit of the present stage of sub-circuit, and the second clock terminal is connected to an input terminal of the first transmission unit of the present stage of sub-circuit, for a logic unit of an even number stage of sub-circuit, the second clock terminal is connected to the first input terminal of the latch unit of the present state of sub-circuit, and the first clock terminal is connected to the input terminal of the first transmission gate of the present stage of sub-circuit; the touch signal terminal is connected to a second input terminal of a latch unit of a first stage of sub-circuit, and the touch signal is transmitted to a second input terminal of a latch unit of a next stage of sub-circuit sequentially after being latched by the latch unit of the present stage of sub-circuit. 4. The display driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein for a logic unit of each sub-circuit, an output terminal of the latch unit is connected to an input terminal of the first inverter and a first control terminal of the first transmission gate, an output terminal of the first inverter is connected to a second control terminal of the first transmission gate, an output terminal of the first transmission gate is connected to an input terminal of the second inverter and a first control terminal of the second transmission gate, an output terminal of the second inverter is connected to a second control terminal of the second transmission gate, the drive signal enabling terminal is connected to an input terminal of the second transmission gate, and an output terminal of the second transmission gate is connected to the driving unit; a gate of the first thin film transistor is connected to the output terminal of the first inverter, a source thereof is connected to the output terminal of the first transmission gate, and a drain thereof is connected to the power supply terminal; and a gate of the second thin film transistor is connected to the output terminal of the second inverter, a source thereof is connected to the output terminal of the second transmission gate, and a drain thereof is connected to the power supply terminal. 5. The display driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein the latch unit is configured to latch the touch signal under the control of a clock terminal connected to the first input terminal of the latch unit; the first thin film transistor is configured to pull the output terminal of the first transmission gate to the power supply signal; and the second thin film transistor is configured to pull the output terminal of the second transmission gate to the power supply signal, and output the power supply signal to the driving unit. 6. The display driving circuit according to claim 2, wherein the latch unit is further configured to transmit a latched touch signal to the first control terminal of the first transmission gate under the control of the clock terminal connected to the first input terminal of the latch unit, and transmit the latched touch signal to the second control terminal of the first transmission gate via the first inverter, to open the first transmission gate; the first transmission gate is used to transmit a clock signal connected to the first transmission gate to the first control terminal of the second transmission gate, and transmit the clock signal to the second control terminal of the second transmission gate via the second inverter, to open the second transmission gate, and the drive enabling signal passes through the second transmission gate to be transmitted to the driving unit. 7. The display driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein levels of the first clock signal and the second clock signal are opposite. 8. The display driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the driving unit comprises: an inverter group composed of at least two inverters connected in series, and a first inverter of the inverter group is connected to the output terminal of the second transmission gate. 9. The display driving circuit according to claim 8, wherein number of inverters in the inverter group is an even number. 10. The display driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein the transmission unit comprises: a third transmission gate and a fourth transmission gate, an input terminal of the third transmission gate is connected to the drive electrode signal terminal, an output terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal of the present stage of sub-circuit, a first control terminal thereof is connected to an output terminal of a last inverter in the inverter group, and a second control terminal thereof is connected to an input terminal of the last inverter; and an input terminal of the fourth transmission gate is connected to the common electrode signal terminal, an output terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal of the present stage of sub-circuit, a first control terminal thereof is connected to the input terminal of the last inverter, and a second control terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal of the last inverter; the third transmission gate is configured to output the drive electrode signal when the driving unit outputs a drive enabling signal; and the fourth transmission gate is configured to output the common electrode signal when the driving unit outputs a power supply signal. 11. The display driving circuit according to claim 1, wherein levels of the power supply signal and the drive enabling signal are opposite. 12. An array substrate, on which the display driving circuit according to claim 1 is disposed. 13. A touch display apparatus, comprising the array substrate according to claim 12. 14. The display driving circuit according to claim 3, wherein for a logic unit of each sub-circuit, an output terminal of the latch unit is connected to an input terminal of the first inverter and a first control terminal of the first transmission gate, an output terminal of the first inverter is connected to a second control terminal of the first transmission gate, an output terminal of the first transmission gate is connected to an input terminal of the second inverter and a first control terminal of the second transmission gate, an output terminal of the second inverter is connected to a second control terminal of the second transmission gate, the drive signal enabling terminal is connected to an input terminal of the second transmission gate, and an output terminal of the second transmission gate is connected to the driving unit; a gate of the first thin film transistor is connected to the output terminal of the first inverter, a source thereof is connected to the output terminal of the first transmission gate, and a drain thereof is connected to the power supply terminal; and a gate of the second thin film transistor is connected to the output terminal of the second inverter, a source thereof is connected to the output terminal of the second transmission gate, and a drain thereof is connected to the power supply terminal. 15. The array substrate according to claim 12, wherein the logic unit comprises: a latch unit, a first transmission gate, a second transmission gate, a first thin film transistor, a second thin film transistor, a first inverter and a second inverter. 16. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein for a logic unit of an odd number stage of sub-circuit, the first clock terminal is connected to a first input terminal of a latch unit of the present stage of sub-circuit, and the second clock terminal is connected to an input terminal of the first transmission unit of the present stage of sub-circuit, for a logic unit of an even number stage of sub-circuit, the second clock terminal is connected to the first input terminal of the latch unit of the present state of sub-circuit, and the first clock terminal is connected to the input terminal of the first transmission gate of the present stage of sub-circuit; the touch signal terminal is connected to a second input terminal of a latch unit of a first stage of sub-circuit, and the touch signal is transmitted to a second input terminal of a latch unit of a next stage of sub-circuit sequentially after being latched by the latch unit of the present stage of sub-circuit. 17. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein for a logic unit of each sub-circuit, an output terminal of the latch unit is connected to an input terminal of the first inverter and a first control terminal of the first transmission gate, an output terminal of the first inverter is connected to a second control terminal of the first transmission gate, an output terminal of the first transmission gate is connected to an input terminal of the second inverter and a first control terminal of the second transmission gate, an output terminal of the second inverter is connected to a second control terminal of the second transmission gate, the drive signal enabling terminal is connected to an input terminal of the second transmission gate, and an output terminal of the second transmission gate is connected to the driving unit; a gate of the first thin film transistor is connected to the output terminal of the first inverter, a source thereof is connected to the output terminal of the first transmission gate, and a drain thereof is connected to the power supply terminal; and a gate of the second thin film transistor is connected to the output terminal of the second inverter, a source thereof is connected to the output terminal of the second transmission gate, and a drain thereof is connected to the power supply terminal. 18. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein the latch unit is configured to latch the touch signal under the control of a clock terminal connected to the first input terminal of the latch unit; the first thin film transistor is configured to pull the output terminal of the first transmission gate to the power supply signal; and the second thin film transistor is configured to pull the output terminal of the second transmission gate to the power supply signal, and output the power supply signal to the driving unit. 19. The array substrate according to claim 15, wherein the latch unit is further configured to transmit a latched touch signal to the first control terminal of the first transmission gate under the control of the clock terminal connected to the first input terminal of the latch unit, and transmit the latched touch signal to the second control terminal of the first transmission gate via the first inverter, to open the first transmission gate; the first transmission gate is used to transmit a clock signal connected to the first transmission gate to the first control terminal of the second transmission gate, and transmit the clock signal to the second control terminal of the second transmission gate via the second inverter, to open the second transmission gate, and the drive enabling signal passes through the second transmission gate to be transmitted to the driving unit. 20. The array substrate according to claim 12, wherein the transmission unit comprises: a third transmission gate and a fourth transmission gate, an input terminal of the third transmission gate is connected to the drive electrode signal terminal, an output terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal of the present stage of sub-circuit, a first control terminal thereof is connected to an output terminal of a last inverter in the inverter group, and a second control terminal thereof is connected to an input terminal of the last inverter; and an input terminal of the fourth transmission gate is connected to the common electrode signal terminal, an output terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal of the present stage of sub-circuit, a first control terminal thereof is connected to the input terminal of the last inverter, and a second control terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal of the last inverter; the third transmission gate is, configured to output the drive electrode signal when the driving unit outputs a drive enabling signal; and the fourth transmission gate is configured to output the common electrode signal when the driving unit outputs a power supply signal.",
-    "The present invention discloses a circuit, a display substrate and a display device, the circuit comprises a plurality of circuit modules, distances of at least one circuit module from two circuit modules adjacent thereto are a first distance and a second distance, respectively, the first distance is smaller than the second distance, and the absolute value of the difference between the second distance and the first distance is not equal to an integer multiple of the first distance. In the present invention, distances of at least one circuit module from two circuit modules adjacent thereto satisfy the above specific condition, so that at least one circuit module can be prevented from being positioned at the middle position of the standing wave field between the two circuit modules adjacent thereto, therefore, interference of standing wave to transmission signals is reduced, and signal distortion and signal attenuation are alleviated. 1. A circuit, comprising a plurality of circuit modules, wherein for at least one of the circuit modules, distances of the circuit module from two circuit modules adjacent thereto are a first distance and a second distance, respectively, the first distance is smaller than the second distance, and the absolute value of the difference between the second distance and the first distance is not equal to an integer multiple of the first distance. 2. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the absolute value of the difference between the first distance and the second distance to the sum of the first distance and the second distance is larger than a predetermined value. 3. The circuit according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined value is 0.1048. 4. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein, the circuit modules are COFs, and the COFs are connected to a timing control circuit. 5. The circuit according to claim 1, wherein, the circuit modules are COGs, and the COGs are connected to a timing control circuit. 6. The circuit according to claim 4, wherein the circuit further comprises a first printed circuit board, on which a plurality of bonding areas respectively corresponding to the COFs are provided, a plurality of first gold fingers are provided in each bonding area, and each COF is connected to the first printed circuit board through the corresponding bonding area. 7. The circuit according to claim 6, wherein a distance between any two adjacent circuit modules is the first distance or the second distance, and the first distance and the second distance alternate with each other. 8. The circuit according to claim 4, wherein, a part of the COFs form a first COF set, the rest of the COFs form a second COF set, and the first COF set and the second COF set are connected to the timing control circuit, respectively. 9. The circuit according to claim 5, wherein a part of the COGs form a first COG set, the rest of the COGs form a second COG set, and the first COG set and the second COG set are connected to the timing control circuit, respectively. 10. The circuit according to claim 8, wherein the circuit further comprises a second printed circuit board, on which a plurality of bonding areas respectively corresponding to the COFs are provided, a plurality of first gold fingers are provided in each bonding area, and each COF is connected to the second printed circuit board through the corresponding bonding area. 11. The circuit according to claim 10, wherein, a distance between any two adjacent COFs is the first distance or the second distance, and the first distance and the second distance alternate with each other. 12. The circuit according to claim 11, wherein the first COF set comprises a first COF and a third COF, the second COF set comprises a second COF and a fourth COF, the first and second COFs are adjacent to each other, the third and first COFs are adjacent to each other, the fourth and second COFs are adjacent to each other, and a distance between the first COF and the third COF is the same or approximately the same as that between the second COF and the fourth COF. 13. The circuit according to claim 6, wherein for at least one of the bonding areas, distances of the bonding area from two bonding areas adjacent thereto are a first bonding distance and a second bonding distance, respectively, the first bonding distance corresponds to the first distance, the second bonding distance corresponds to the second distance, the first bonding distance is K1 times as large as the first distance, and the second bonding distance is K2 times as large as the second distance, where both K1 and K2 are larger than 0. 14. The circuit according to claim 13, wherein K1 ranges from 1.01 to 1.10, and K2 ranges from 1.01 to 1.10. 15. The circuit according to claim 14, wherein K1 is equal to K2. 16. The circuit according to claim 15, wherein both K1 and K2 equal to 1.05. 17. The circuit according to claim 13, wherein a plurality of second gold fingers are provided between adjacent bonding areas. 18. A display substrate, comprising the circuit according to claim 1. 19. A display device, comprising the display substrate according to claim 18.",
-    "The present invention relates to a novel process for the synthesis of abiraterone, and in particular of abiraterone acetate, compound of formula (I) reported below: N O (I) which has pharmacological activity useful for slowing down the progression of prostate cancer at an advanced stage. The process is characterised by an intermediate step wherein DHEA-acetate is triflated using Ar-N(OTf)2 as the triflation reagent. 1-8. (canceled) 9. Process for the preparation of 3\u03b2-hydroxyandrost-5,16-dien-17-yl-trifluorornethanesulfonate or 3\u03b2-acetoxyandrost-5,16-dien-17-yl-trifluoromethanesulfonate (II) that comprises reacting prasterone or prasterone acetate (III) with a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) of general formula Ar\u2014N(Tf)2 and a base, to obtain 3\u03b2-hydroxyandrost-5,16-dien-17-yl-trifluoromethanesulfonate or 3\u03b2-acetoxyandrost-5,16-dien-17-yl-trifluoromethanesulfonate: wherein X is hydrogen or the acyl radical CH3\u2014CO\u2014. 10. Process according to claim 9 wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) has the general formula (IV): wherein: the aromatic radical is derived from phenyl; and R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5, independently of each other, can be hydrogen, halogen, \u2014NO2, a linear or branched alkyl radical, an RCONH\u2014 amide radical or an RO\u2014 alkoxide radical, wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group. 11. Process according to claim 9 wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) has the general formula (IV) or (V): wherein: the aromatic radical is derived from pyridine; and one of R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 is the \u2014N(Tf)2 radical, while the remaining radicals among R6 and R10, independently of each other, can be hydrogen, halogen, \u2014NO2, a linear or branched alkyl radical, an RCONH\u2014 amide radical or an RO\u2014 alkoxide radical, wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group. 12. Process according to claim 10 wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesuifonimide) is N-phenyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide). 13. Process according to claim 11 wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) is N-(2-pyridyl)-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide). 14. Process according to claim 9, wherein said bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) is used in an amount between 0.6 and 2 times by weight with respect to the starting prasterone or prasterone acetate. 15. Process according to claim 9, wherein said base is selected from potassium hexamethyldisilazane, lithium hexamethyldisilazane, sodium hexamethyldisilazane, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride, potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride, sodium tert-butoxide and potassium tert-butoxide. 16. Process according to claim 9, wherein the reaction temperature is between \u221280\u00b0 C. and 30\u00b0 C. and the reaction time is between 2 and 24 hours. 17. Process according to claim 9, further comprising the transformation reaction of 3\u03b2-hydroxyandrost-5,16-dien-17-yl-trifluoromethanesulfonate or 3\u03b2-acetoxyandrost-5,16-dien-17-yl-trifluoromethanesulfonate (II): respectively into abiraterone or abiraterone acetate (I) wherein X is hydrogen or the acyl radical CH3\u2014CO\u2014, by reacting the mixture resulting from the process of claim 1 with diethyl borane in the presence of a palladium (II) catalyst. 18. Process according to claim 17 wherein said palladium (II) catalyst is bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2.",
-    "A camera module is disclosed. One embodiment of the present invention comprises: a printed circuit board provided with an image sensor; a lens unit mounted at the upper side of the printed circuit board and arranged at a position corresponding with the image sensor; and an actuator unit for fixing the lens unit and adjusting the focus of an image, wherein a lens barrel has a groove formed on the outer peripheral surface thereof. 1. A camera module, the camera module comprising: a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) mounted with an image sensor; a lens unit installed at an upper side of the PCB, and disposed at a position corresponding to that of the image sensor; and an actuator unit fixing the lens unit and adjusting a focus of an image, wherein a groove is formed at a peripheral surface of the lens unit. 2. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the lens unit further includes at an upper side a flange unit so formed as to protrude to outside. 3. The camera module of claim 2, wherein the groove is formed at a bottom side of the flange unit. 4. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the actuator unit includes a bobbin coupled to a peripheral surface of the lens unit to fix the lens unit, a coil unit formed at a peripheral surface of the bobbin, a magnet unit formed at a position corresponding to that of the coil unit, and a yoke unit configured to fix the magnet unit. 5. The camera module of claim 4, wherein the bobbin includes an upper end unit configured to form an upper end of the bobbin and to have a minor diameter same as or greater than an outer diameter of the flange unit, a taper unit formed by being extended from a bottom side of the upper end unit and formed by being slanted to an optical axis direction, and a bottom end unit formed by being extended from a bottom side of the taper unit and having a minor diameter same as or greater than an outer diameter of the lens unit. 6. The camera module of claim 5, wherein the groove is formed at a peripheral surface of the lens unit positioned at a bottom end unit of the bobbin. 7. The camera module of claim 5, wherein the groove is formed at a peripheral surface of the lens unit positioned at the taper unit of the bobbin. 8. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the groove takes a semi-circular shape or a V shape. 9. The camera module of claim 1, further comprising a cover can that forms an exterior look of the camera module. 10. The camera module of claim 1, wherein at least two grooves are formed in the camera module. 11. A camera module, comprising: a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) mounted with an image sensor; a lens unit disposed at a position corresponding to that of the image sensor; and a base fixing the lens unit, and coupled to the PCB, wherein a groove is formed at a peripheral surface of the lens unit. 12. The camera module of claim 11, wherein the lens unit further includes at an upper side a flange unit so formed as to protrude to outside. 13. The camera module of claim 12, wherein the groove is formed at a bottom side of the flange unit. 14. The camera module of claim 11, wherein the base further includes an actuator configured to adjust a focus of an image. 15. The camera module of claim 12, wherein the base includes an upper end unit configured to have a minor diameter same as or greater than an outer diameter of the flange unit, a taper unit formed by being extended from a bottom side of the upper end unit and formed by being slanted to an optical axis direction, and a bottom end unit formed by being extended from a bottom side of the taper unit and having a minor diameter same as or greater than an outer diameter of the lens unit. 16. The camera module of claim 15, wherein the groove is formed at a peripheral surface of the lens unit positioned at a bottom end unit of the base. 17. The camera module of claim 15, wherein the groove is formed at a peripheral surface of the lens unit positioned at the taper unit of the base. 18. The camera module of claim 11, wherein the groove takes a semi-circular shape or a V shape. 19. The camera module of claim 11, further comprising a cover can that forms an exterior look of the camera module. 20. The camera module of claim 11, wherein at least two grooves are formed in the camera module.",
-    "The present invention relates to a novel metallocene compound, a catalyst composition including the same, and a method of preparing an olefinic polymer by using the same. The metallocene compound according to the present invention and the catalyst composition comprising the same can be used for producing olefinic polymers, have outstanding polymerizing ability, and can produce olefinic polymers of ultra high molecular weight. In particular, when the metallocene compound according to the present invention is employed, an olefinic polymer of ultra high molecular weight can be obtained because it shows high polymerization activity even when it is supported on a carrier and maintains high activity even in the presence of hydrogen because of its low hydrogen reactivity. 1. A metallocene compound, represented by the following Chemical Formula 1: in Chemical Formula 1, A is hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C7-C20 alkylaryl group, a C7-C20 arylalkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a C2-C20 alkoxyalkyl group, a C3-C20 heterocycloalkyl group, or a C5-C20 heteroaryl group; D is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014N(R)\u2014, or \u2014Si(R)(R\u2032)\u2014, wherein R and R\u2032 are same to or different from each other, and are independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, or a C6-C20 aryl group; L is a C1-C10 linear or branched alkylene group; B is carbon, silicon, or germanium; Q is hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C7-C20 alkylaryl group, or a C7-C20 arylalkyl group; M is a group 4 transition metal; X1 and X2 are, same to or different from each other, independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a nitro group, an amido group, a C1-C20 alkylsilyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, or a C1-C20 sulfonate group; and C1 and C2 are, same to or different from each other, independently represented by any one of the following Chemical Formula 2a and Chemical Formula 2b: in Chemical Formulae 2a and 2b, R1 to R9 and R1\u2032 to R9\u2032 are, same to or different from each other, independently hydrogen, a halogen, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C2-C20 alkenyl group, a C1-C20 alkylsilyl group, a C1-C20 silylalkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxysilyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a C6-C20 aryl group, a C7-C20 alkylaryl group, or a C7-C20 arylalkyl group. 2. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein R1 to R9 and R1\u2032 to R9\u2032 in Chemical Formulae 2a and 2b are independently hydrogen, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, phenyl group, a halogen group, trimethylsilyl group, triethylsilyl group, tripropylsilyl group, tributylsilyl group, triisopropylsilyl group, trimethylsilylmethyl group, methoxy group, or ethoxy group. 3. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein L in Chemical Formula 1 is a C4-C8 linear or branched alkylene group. 4. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein A in Chemical Formula 1 is hydrogen, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, tert-butyl group, methoxymethyl group, tert-butoxybutyl group, 1-ethoxyethyl group, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl group, tetrahydropyranyl group, or tetrahydrofuranyl group. 5. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 2a is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 6. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 2b is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 7. The metallocene compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 is one of the compounds represented by the following structural formulae: 8. A catalyst composition, including the metallocene compound according to claim 1. 9. The catalyst composition according to claim 8, include at least one cocatalyst represented by Chemical Formula 3, Chemical Formula 4, or Chemical Formula 5: \u2014[Al(R10)-O]n\u2014 [Chemical Formula 3] in Chemical Formula 3, each R10 may be same or different, and is independently a halogen; a C1-C20 hydrocarbon; or a halogen-substituted C1-C20 hydrocarbon; and n is an integer of 2 or more; J(R10)3 [Chemical Formula 4] in Chemical Formula 4, R10 is same as that in Chemical Formula 3; and J is aluminum or boron; [E-H]+[ZA\u20324]\u2212 or [E]+[ZA\u20324]\u2212 [Chemical Formula 5] in Chemical Formula 5, E is a neutral or cationic Lewis acid; H is hydrogen atom; Z is group 13 element; and each A\u2032 may be same or different, and is independently a C6-C20 aryl group or a C1-C20 alkyl group of which at least one hydrogen atom is unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen, a C1-C20 hydrocarbon, an alkoxy, or phenoxy. 10. The catalyst composition according to claim 9, wherein the catalyst is supported on a carrier. 11. The catalyst composition according to claim 10, wherein the carrier is one or more carriers selected from the group consisting of silica, silica-alumina, and silica-magnesia. 12. A method of preparing an olefinic polymer, including the step of polymerizing olefinic monomers in the presence of the catalyst composition according to claim 9. 13. The method of preparing an olefinic polymer according to claim 12, wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out according to a solution polymerization process, slurry process, or a gas phase process. 14. The method of preparing an olefinic polymer according to claim 12, wherein the olefinic monomer is one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and 1-eicosene. 15. An olefinic polymer prepared by the preparation method according to claim 12. 16. The olefinic polymer according to claim 15, of which the weight average molecular weight is 20,000 to 3,000,000 g/mol.",
-    "The present invention provides a solid-state image sensor in which degradation in image quality can be reduced. The solid-state image sensor includes an optical isolation layer between a pupil dividing unit and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units. The optical isolation layer includes a plurality of high-refractive-index areas and a low-refractive-index area having a lower refractive index than that of the high-refractive-index areas. The high-refractive-index areas are disposed above the photoelectric conversion units, and the low-refractive-index area is disposed between the high-refractive-index areas. The refractive index changes stepwise at the boundaries between the high-refractive-index areas and the low-refractive-index area. The refractive index difference of the stepwise changing portion is 0.15 or more. A value obtained by multiplying the physical thickness of the optical isolation layer by the refractive index of the high-refractive-index areas is 2.0 or less times as large as the wavelength of incident light. 1. A solid-state image sensor comprising: a ranging pixel including a pupil dividing unit and a plurality of photoelectric conversion units, wherein the pupil dividing unit is configured to divide light that has passed through an exit pupil of an imaging optical system; the photoelectric conversion units are configured to receive the light that has passed though the pupil dividing unit; the ranging pixel includes an optical isolation layer between the pupil dividing unit and the plurality of photoelectric conversion units, wherein the optical isolation layer includes a plurality of high-refractive-index areas and a low-refractive-index area having a lower refractive index than the refractive index of the high-refractive-index areas, the high-refractive-index areas being disposed above the plurality of photoelectric conversion units, and the low-refractive-index area being disposed between the plurality of the high-refractive-index areas; the refractive index changes stepwise at the boundaries between the high-refractive-index areas and the low-refractive-index area; the refractive index difference of the stepwise changing portion is 0.15 or more; and a value obtained by multiplying the physical thickness of the optical isolation layer by the refractive index of the high-refractive-index areas is 2.0 or less times as large as the wavelength of incident light. 2. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the high-refractive-index areas are enclosed by the low-refractive-index area and a low refractive index medium disposed closer to the pupil dividing unit than the high-refractive-index areas. 3. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index difference of the stepwise change portion is 0.30 or more. 4. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index difference of the stepwise change portion is 0.50 or less. 5. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein a value obtained by multiplying the physical thickness of the optical isolation layer by the refractive index difference of the stepwise change portion is 0.10 or more times as large as the wavelength of incident light. 6. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the low-refractive-index area has a width of 0.40 or more times as large as the distance between the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 7. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the low-refractive-index area has a width of 1.4 or less times as large as the distance between the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 8. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the stepwise change portion has a width equal to or less than the wavelength of incident light. 9. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the stepwise change portion has a width of 0.20 or less times as large as the wavelength of incident light. 10. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the high-refractive-index areas are disposed only above the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 11. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the high-refractive-index areas extend to the outside of the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 12. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the pupil dividing unit is a lens disposed astride the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 13. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the pupil dividing unit is a waveguide disposed astride the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 14. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the high-refractive-index areas of the optical isolation layer are rectangular in plan view. 15. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of lenses between the optical isolation layer and the plurality of photoelectric conversion units, the lenses being corresponding to the plurality of photoelectric conversion units, respectively. 16. The solid-state image sensor according to any claim 1, further comprising a plurality of waveguides between the optical isolation layer and the plurality of photoelectric conversion units, the waveguides being corresponding to the plurality of photoelectric conversion units, respectively. 17. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 16, further comprising a waveguide top layer between the waveguide and the optical isolation layer, the waveguide top layer being formed of the same material as that of a core of the waveguide, wherein the high-refractive-index areas, the waveguide top layer, and the waveguide are connected together. 18. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 17, wherein the waveguide top layer has a thickness of 200 nm or more and 800 nm or less. 19. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a wire in an area corresponding to the area between the plurality of photoelectric conversion units. 20. The solid-state image sensor according to claims 1, further comprising an image-capturing pixel including a single photoelectric conversion unit. 21. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 20, wherein the ranging pixel has a size of integer times as large as the size of the image-capturing pixel. 22. The solid-state image sensor according to claim 20, wherein the ranging pixel has a wire in an area corresponding to the area between the plurality of photoelectric conversion units; the image-capturing pixel has a wire outside the photoelectric conversion unit; and the wire in the ranging pixel and the wire in the image-capturing pixel have the same pattern. 23. An image capturing apparatus comprising an imaging optical system and the solid-state image sensor according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention relates to a signature comprising at least 2 cycling hypoxia markers. The present invention also relates to a non-invasive method for the prognosis of cancer in a subject, wherein said method comprises assessing the expression of markers of a signature of the invention in a sample from said subject; and to a kit for implementing this non-invasive method. 1. A non-invasive method for the prognosis of cancer in a subject, or for predicting the response of a subject to a specific treatment, wherein said method comprises obtaining a sample from the subject, and assessing the expression of markers of a signature comprising at least 2 cycling hypoxia markers. 2. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said signature comprises at least 3 cycling hypoxia markers. 3. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 1379 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 1, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 4. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 651 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 2, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 5. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 298 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 3, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 6. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 167 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 4, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 7. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 96 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 5, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 8. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 74 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 6, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 9. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 37 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 7, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 10. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said cycling hypoxia markers are selected from the list of 10 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 8, fragments, variants and equivalents thereof. 11. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said signature comprises the 10 cycling hypoxia markers of Table 8, variants, fragments and equivalents thereof. 12. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises mathematically combining the expression profile of markers in a score. 13. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said sample is a biopsy sample or a bodily fluid sample of said subject. 14. The non-invasive method according to claim 1, further comprising comparing said expression with a reference expression profile. 15. A kit for implementing the non-invasive method according to claim 1, wherein said kit comprises means for determining the expression of the cycling hypoxia markers of the signature. 16. The kit according to claim 15, wherein said means for determining the expression of the markers of the signature is a microarray comprising probes specific for said cycling hypoxia markers. 17. The kit according to claim 15, wherein said means for determining the expression of the cycling hypoxia markers are qPCR primers specific for said cycling hypoxia markers. 18. The kit according to claim 15, wherein said means for determining the expression of the cycling hypoxia markers are probes to detect qPCR amplicons obtained with qPCR primers.",
-    "The present invention provides an apparatus of transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including, an encoder for encoding service data, a frame builder for building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data, a modulator for modulating data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme and a transmitter for transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 1. An apparatus of transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including: an encoder to encode service data; a frame builder to build at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data; a modulator to modulate data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme; and a transmitter to transmit the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder encodes the data according to a code rate, wherein the encoder further calculates parity bits by accumulating information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix indicates addresses of parity bits to be calculated, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix is defined according to the code rate. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder encodes the data according to a code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein a length of the codeword is 16200 bits and the code rate is 6/15. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: 27 430 519 828 1897 1943 2513 2600 2640 3310 3415 4266 5044 5100 5328 5483 5928 6204 6392 6416 6602 7019 7415 7623 8112 8485 8724 8994 9445 9667 27 174 188 631 1172 1427 1779 2217 2270 2601 2813 3196 3582 3895 3908 3948 4463 4955 5120 5809 5988 6478 6604 7096 7673 7735 7795 8925 9613 9670 27 370 617 852 910 1030 1326 1521 1606 2118 2248 2909 3214 3413 3623 3742 3752 4317 4694 5300 5687 6039 6100 6232 6491 6621 6860 7304 8542 8634 990 1753 7635 8540 933 1415 5666 8745 27 6567 8707 9216 2341 8692 9580 9615 260 1092 5839 6080 352 3750 4847 7726 4610 6580 9506 9597 2512 2974 4814 9348 1461 4021 5060 7009 1796 2883 5553 8306 1249 5422 7057 3965 6968 9422 1498 2931 5092 27 1090 6215 26 4232 6354 wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated. 6. An apparatus of receiving broadcast signals, the apparatus including: a receiver to receive the broadcast signals; a demodulator to demodulate the received broadcast signals by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme; a frame parser to parse at least one signal frame from the demodulated broadcast signals; and a decoder to decode data in the parsed at least one signal frame to output service data. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the decoder decodes the data according to a code rate, wherein the data includes information bits and parity bits according to an codeword, wherein the codeword is one of short codeword or long codeword, wherein the parity bits are calculated by accumulating information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix and the addresses of the parity check matrix indicates addresses of the calculated parity bits, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix is defined according to the code rate. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the encoder encodes the data according to a code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a length of the codeword is 16200 bits and the code rate is 6/15. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: 27 430 519 828 1897 1943 2513 2600 2640 3310 3415 4266 5044 5100 5328 5483 5928 6204 6392 6416 6602 7019 7415 7623 8112 8485 8724 8994 9445 9667 27 174 188 631 1172 1427 1779 2217 2270 2601 2813 3196 3582 3895 3908 3948 4463 4955 5120 5809 5988 6478 6604 7096 7673 7735 7795 8925 9613 9670 27 370 617 852 910 1030 1326 1521 1606 2118 2248 2909 3214 3413 3623 3742 3752 4317 4694 5300 5687 6039 6100 6232 6491 6621 6860 7304 8542 8634 990 1753 7635 8540 933 1415 5666 8745 27 6567 8707 9216 2341 8692 9580 9615 260 1092 5839 6080 352 3750 4847 7726 4610 6580 9506 9597 2512 2974 4814 9348 1461 4021 5060 7009 1796 2883 5553 8306 1249 5422 7057 3965 6968 9422 1498 2931 5092 27 1090 6215 26 4232 6354 wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated.",
-    "To provide a bottled carbonated drink including a sweetener and a caramel composition, wherein the drink contains an indigestible dextrin and the amount of 4-methylimidazole in the drink is less than 200 ppb. The drink is a bottled carbonated drink of which foam is stabilized. 1. A bottled carbonated drink comprising a sweetener and a caramel composition, wherein the drink contains an indigestible dextrin and the amount of 4-methylimidazole in the drink is less than 200 ppb. 2. The bottled carbonated drink according to claim 1, wherein the sweetener is a high-intensity sweetener. 3. The bottled carbonated drink according to claim 2, wherein the high-intensity sweetener comprises aspartame. 4. The bottled carbonated drink according to claim 2, wherein the high-intensity sweetener comprises 0.01 to 0.2% by mass of the drink. 5. The bottled carbonated drink according to claim 1, wherein the caramel composition is a caramel pigment. 6. The bottled carbonated drink according to claim 5, wherein the caramel pigment comprises 0.01 to 0.5% by mass of the drink. 7. A method for producing a bottled carbonated drink comprising a sweetener and a caramel composition, the method comprises adjusting so that the drink contains an indigestible dextrin and the amount of 4-methylimidazole in the drink is less than 200 ppb. 8. A method for stabilizing foam of a bottled carbonated drink comprising a sweetener and a caramel composition, the method comprises adjusting so that the drink contains an indigestible dextrin and the amount of 4-methylimidazole in the drink is less than 200 ppb.",
-    "The invention relates to methods of preparing nicotinamide riboside and derivatives thereof. In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of preparing a compound of formula (I), wherein n is 0 or 1; m is 0 or 1; Y is O or S; R1 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted primary or secondary amino, and substituted or unsubstituted azido; R2-R5, which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and X\u2212 is an anion, selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate. 1. A method of preparing a compound of formula (I) wherein n is 0 or 1; m is 0 or 1; Y is O or S; R1 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted primary or secondary amino, and substituted or unsubstituted azido; R2-R5, which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and X\u2212 is an anion, selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate; comprising reacting a compound of formula (II) wherein n, m, Y and R1-R5 are as defined above; with a compound of the formula Z+X\u2212, wherein X\u2212 is as defined above, and wherein Z+ is a N-containing cation; in the presence of an aqueous solution and a carbon-containing catalyst; to form the compound of formula (I). 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein Z+ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted ammonium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinium, a substituted or unsubstituted imidazolium and a substituted or unsubstituted triazolium. 3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein Z+ is a substituted or unsubstituted ammonium of the formula N+HRIRIIRIII, wherein RI, RII and RIII, which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl. 4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein Z+ is an unsubstituted ammonium of the formula NH4+. 5. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the aqueous solution comprises, in addition to water, an organic solvent. 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the aqueous solution comprises water and organic solvent in a respective ratio by volume of from about 1:5 to about 5:1, optionally from about 1:3 to about 3:1, further optionally from about 1:2 to about 2:1, still further optionally about 1:1. 7. A method according to claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the organic solvent is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted ether, a substituted or unsubstituted ester, a substituted or unsubstituted ketone, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, or a combination thereof. 8. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the organic solvent comprises an ether selected from diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, di-tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyran, or a combination thereof. 9. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein the organic solvent comprises an ester selected from methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and n-butyl acetate, or a combination thereof. 10. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 9, wherein the organic solvent comprises a ketone selected from methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl isopropyl ketone, or a combination thereof. 11. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein the organic solvent comprises an unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent selected from pentane, hexane, cyclohexane and heptane, or a combination thereof. 12. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 11, wherein the organic solvent comprises a substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, optionally a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, further optionally a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent selected from dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,2-chloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene, or a combination thereof. 13. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 12, wherein the organic solvent comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent selected from benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, or a combination thereof. 14. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the compound of formula (II) and the compound of the formula Z+X\u2212 are present in a respective molar ratio of from about 1:5 to about 5:1, 35 optionally from about 1:3 to about 3:1, further optionally from about 1:2 to about 2:1, still further optionally about 1:1. 15. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the compound of formula (II) and the carbon-containing catalyst are present in a respective molar ratio of from about 10:1 to about 1:10, optionally from about 5:1 to about 1:5, further optionally from about 4:1 to about 1:4, still further optionally about 1:1 or 1:2 or 1:3 or 1:4. 16. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the reaction is carried out in a pH range of from about 6 to about 8, optionally from about 6.5 to about 7.5. 17. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from about 10\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C., optionally from about 15\u00b0 C. to about 35\u00b0 C., further optionally from about 15\u00b0 C. to about 30\u00b0 C., still further optionally from about 15\u00b0 C. to about 20\u00b0 C., even further optionally from about 20\u00b0 C. to about 25\u00b0 C., even further optionally at a temperature of about 20\u00b0 C. or 21\u00b0 C. or 22\u00b0 C. or 23\u00b0 C. or 24\u00b0 C. or 25\u00b0 C. 18. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the reaction is carried out for a period of time of from about 1 minute to about 180 minutes, optionally from about 2 minutes to about 120 minutes, further optionally from about 5 minutes to about 120 minutes, still further optionally from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes, even further optionally from about 20 minutes to about 120 minutes, even further optionally from about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes, still further optionally from about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, even further optionally from about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, still further optionally about 60 minutes or 70 minutes or 80 minutes. 19. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid and an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted dicarboxylic acid. 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of a substituted monocarboxylic acid, optionally an anion of a substituted propanoic acid or an anion of a substituted acetic acid. 21. A method according to claim 20, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of a substituted propanoic acid, optionally an anion of a hydroxy propanoic acid, further optionally an anion of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, being lactate. 22. A method according to claim 20, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of a substituted acetic acid, being a substituted acetate, optionally a trihaloacetate selected from trichloroacetate, tribromoacetate and trifluoroacetate, further optionally trifluoroacetate. 23. A method according to claim 19, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of an unsubstituted monocarboxylic acid selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, being formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. 24. A method according to claim 19, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino-monocarboxylic acid or an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted amino-dicarboxylic acid, wherein, optionally, X\u2212 is an anion of an amino-dicarboxylic acid, further optionally selected from glutamic acid and aspartic acid, being glutamate and aspartate, respectively. 25. A method according to claim 19, wherein X\u2212 is an anion of ascorbic acid, being ascorbate. 26. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein X\u2212 is a halide selected from chloride, bromide, fluoride and iodide, optionally chloride or bromide. 27. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein X\u2212 is selected from chloride, acetate, formate, trifluoroacetate, ascorbate, aspartate, glutamate and lactate, optionally selected from chloride, acetate, formate and trifluoroacetate. 28. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the compound of the formula Z+X\u2212 is selected from ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium trifluoroacetate, ammonium ascorbate, ammonium aspartate, ammonium glutamate and ammonium lactate, optionally selected from ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate and ammonium trifluoroacetate. 29. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the method further comprises a filtration step to remove the carbon-containing catalystfrom the compound of formula (I). 30. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein, in the compound of formula (I), n is 0, m is 1, R1 is NH2, R2-R5 are each H, and X\u2212 is selected from chloride, acetate, formate and trifluoroacetate. 31. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the compound of formula (II) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (III) wherein n, m, Y and R1-R5 are as defined in the preceding claims; and R6, R7 and R8, which may be the same or different, are each independently a hydroxyl-protecting group; with a deprotecting agent; to form the compound of formula (II). 32. A method according to claim 31, wherein R6, R7 and R8 are each independently an ester-type protecting group, an ether-type protecting group, or a silyl-type protecting group. 33. A method according to claim 32, wherein an ester-type protecting group is a protecting group selected from acetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, benzoyl, and trihaloacetyl, optionally trifluoroacetyl or trichloroacetyl. 34. A method according to claim 32, wherein an ether-type protecting group is a protecting group selected from benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, methoxymethyl and allyl ethers. 35. A method according to claim 32, wherein a silyl-type protecting group is a protecting group selected from trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl and tetraisopropyldisilyl. 36. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the R6, R7 and R8 moieties are selected from substituted and unsubstituted acetyl, and substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl. 37. A method according to claim 36, wherein least two of R6, R7 and R8 are selected from unsubstituted acetyl or unsubstituted benzoyl. 38. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 37, wherein the deprotecting agent is an acid or a base. 39. A method according to claim 37, wherein R6, R7 and R8 each comprise unsubstituted acetyl or unsubstituted benzoyl and the deprotecting agent is a base, optionally selected from NH3, Na2CO3 and NaOH. 40. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 39, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a protic or aprotic solvent or a combination thereof. 41. A method according to claim 41, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a protic solvent selected from water, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol, or a combination thereof. 42. A method according to claim 42, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of methanol. 43. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 42, wherein the reactants are subjected to mechanical grinding, optionally using a ball milling or planetary ball milling machine. 44. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein, in the compound of formula (III), n is 0, m is 1, R1 is NH2, R2-R5 are each H, and R6-R8 are each acetyl. 45. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein, in the compound of formula (III), n is 1, Y is O, m is 1, R1 is ethyl, R2-R5 are each H, and R6-R8 are each acetyl. 46. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 43, wherein, in the compound of formula (III), n is 0, m is 1, R1 is NH2, R2-R5 are each H, and R6-R8 are each benzoyl. 47. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 46, wherein the compound of formula (III) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV) wherein n, m, Y, R1-R8 and X\u2212 are as defined in the preceding claims; with a reducing agent, an aqueous solution, and an organic solvent, to form a compound of formula (III). 48. A method according to claim 47, wherein the organic solvent is as defined in any one of claims 7 to 13. 49. A method according to claim 47 or claim 48, wherein when at least two of R6, R7 and R8 comprise unsubstituted acetyl, the organic solvent is selected from dichloromethane, 1,2-chloroethane, n-butyl acetate, chloroform and ethyl acetate, or a combination thereof, further optionally ethyl acetate. 50. A method according to claim 47 or claim 48, wherein when at least two of R2, R3 and R4 comprise unsubstituted benzoyl, the organic solvent is selected from trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, diisopropyl ether, toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether, benzene and diethyl ether, or a combination thereof, further optionally diethyl ether. 51. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 50, wherein the reducing agent is selected from sodium dithionite or sodium borohydride. 52. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 51, wherein the method comprises the additional steps of separating the organic phase from the aqueous phase; and extracting the compound of formula (III) from the organic solvent. 53. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 52, wherein the reactants are subjected to mechanical grinding, optionally using a ball mill or planetary ball milling machine. 54. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 53, wherein, in the compound of formula (IV), n is 0, m is 1, R1 is NH2, R2-R5 are each H, R6-R8 are each acetyl, and X\u2212 is \u2014OTf. 55. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 53, wherein, in the compound of formula (IV), n is 1, Y is O, m is 1, R1 is ethyl, R2-R5 are each H, R6-R8 are each acetyl, and X\u2212 is \u2014OTf. 56. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 53, wherein, in the compound of formula (IV), n is 0, m is 1, R1 is NH2, R2-R5 are each H, and R6-R8 are each benzoyl, and X\u2212 is \u2014OTf.",
-    "A first object of the present invention is to provide high reliability, a long lifetime, miniaturization, and high speed protective operation of a unit for separating a phase in which a failure has occurred upon failure and for connecting a drive circuit to a motor terminal to be driven. For a semiconductor replaced from an unit for separating the phase in which the failure has occurred upon failure and for connecting the drive circuit to the motor terminal to be driven, a second object of the present invention is to provide interruption of output that causes regenerative braking to a motor even when any of phase output lines is short-circuited to the ground or short-circuited to a power source, in addition to a short fault of a MOSFET included in an inverter. In order to achieve the first object of the present invention, in a power conversion device according to the present invention, a semiconductor element is used as an unit that is connected to each phase and a neutral point of a four-phase motor or a three-phase motor and that separates the phase and connects a drive circuit to a motor terminal to be driven. In order to achieve the second object of the present invention, the semiconductor switching element included in the power conversion device according to the present invention is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the semiconductor switching element is connected in a direction in which a current path is not formed between a power source and a ground and so that the diode is further connected in a direction in which a current path is formed neither between a winding of the motor and the power source nor between the winding of the motor and the ground. 1. A power conversion device configured to convert power supplied from a power source into a driving current of a motor by using a plurality of semiconductor switching elements, the driving current to be supplied from phase output, wherein a first semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed between the phase output of the power conversion device and the power source, a second semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching element is disposed between the phase output of the power conversion device and a ground, a first semiconductor switching element group includes a diode connected to parallel with the first semiconductor switching element and a diode connected to parallel with the second semiconductor switching element, and at least one of the diodes is connected in an inverse direction to the other, in a current path between a winding of the motor and the power source and in a current path between the winding of the motor and the ground, one of the first semiconductor switching element group is connected in series with the winding of the motor, one of the first semiconductor switching element group is connected in series with the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, at least two of the semiconductor switching elements are connected in series, the at least two of the semiconductor switching elements each including the diode disposed in a direction from the winding of the motor to the power source in the current path from the winding of the motor to the power source, and at least two of the semiconductor switching elements are connected in series, the at least two of the semiconductor switching elements each including the diode disposed in a direction from the ground to the winding of the motor in the current path from the ground to the winding of the motor. 2. The power conversion device according to claim 1, wherein a third semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed in series with the first semiconductor switching element between the power source and the phase output of the power conversion device, a fourth semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed between phase output of the motor and the phase output of the power conversion device, the third semiconductor element is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the third semiconductor element is connected in a direction in which current flows with respect to the motor, the fourth semiconductor switching element is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the fourth semiconductor switching element is connected in a direction in which the current from the motor flows to the power conversion device, and a fifth semiconductor switching element is connected in series with the second semiconductor switching element, the fifth semiconductor switching element including a diode connected in parallel with the fifth semiconductor switching element, the diode causing current to flow in a direction similar to the second semiconductor switching element. 3. The power conversion device according to claim 2, wherein a booster circuit includes the third semiconductor switching element as a semiconductor switching element, the booster circuit disposed on a side of the power source of the power conversion device. 4-7. (canceled) 8. The power conversion device according to claim 1, wherein a voltage of the power source boosted by a booster circuit controls a gate terminal of at least one of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements, and an alternating signal to be input operates the booster circuit. 9. The power conversion device according to claim 8, further comprising a microprocessor configured to control the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, wherein the microprocessor outputs the alternating signal. 10. The power conversion device according to claim 8, further comprising: a first microprocessor and a second microprocessor configured to control the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, respectively; and a comparator circuit configured to compare output of the first microprocessor and output of the second microprocessor, and configured to output a result of the comparison, wherein the comparator circuit outputs the alternating signal as the result of the comparison. 11-17. (canceled) 18. A power conversion device configured to convert power supplied from a power source into a driving current of a motor by using a plurality of semiconductor switching elements, the driving current to be supplied from phase output, wherein a first semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed between the phase output of the power conversion device and the power source, a second semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching element is disposed between the phase output of the power conversion device and a ground, a first semiconductor switching element group includes a diode connected to parallel with the first semiconductor switching element and a diode connected to parallel with the second semiconductor switching element, and at least one of the diodes is connected in an inverse direction to the other, in a current path between a winding of the motor and the power source and in a current path between the winding of the motor and the ground, one of the first semiconductor switching element group is connected in series with the winding of the motor, one of the first semiconductor switching element group is connected in series with the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, the phase output includes at least four pieces of phase output, each of the at least four pieces of phase output is connected to a motor including at least four phases, or each of at least three of the at least four pieces of phase output is connected to a motor including at least three phases, and one of the at least four pieces of phase output is connected to a neutral point of the motor including at least three phases. 19. The power conversion device according to claim 18, wherein a third semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching element is disposed in series with the first semiconductor switching element between the power source and the phase output of the power conversion device, a fourth semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed between phase output of the motor and the phase output of the power conversion device, the third semiconductor switching element is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the third semiconductor switching element is connected in a direction in which current flows with respect to the motor, and the fourth semiconductor switching element is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the fourth semiconductor switching element is connected in a direction in which the current from the motor flows to the power conversion device. 20. The power conversion device according to claim 19, wherein a booster circuit includes the third semiconductor switching element as a semiconductor switching element, the booster circuit disposed on a side of the power source of the power conversion device. 21-23. (canceled) 24. The power conversion device according to claim 18, wherein a voltage of the power source boosted by a booster circuit controls a gate terminal of at least one of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements, and an alternating signal to be input operates the booster circuit. 25. The power conversion device according to claim 24, further comprising a microprocessor configured to control the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, wherein the microprocessor outputs the alternating signal. 26. The power conversion device according to claim 24, further comprising: a first microprocessor and a second microprocessor configured to control the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, respectively; and a comparator circuit configured to compare output of the first microprocessor and output of the second microprocessor, and configured to output a result of the comparison, wherein the comparator circuit outputs the alternating signal as the result of the comparison. 27-33. (canceled) 34. A power conversion device configured to convert power supplied from a power source into a driving current of a motor by using a plurality of semiconductor switching elements, the driving current to be supplied from phase output, wherein a first semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed between the phase output of the power conversion device and the power source, a second semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching element is disposed between the phase output of the power conversion device and a ground, at least one of a diodes connected to parallel with the first semiconductor switching element and a diode connected to parallel with the second semiconductor switching element, is connected in an inverse direction to the other, in a current path between a winding of the motor and the power source and in a current path between the winding of the motor and the ground, the phase output includes at least four pieces of phase output, each of the at least four pieces of phase output is connected to a motor including at least four phases, or each of at least three of the at least four pieces of phase output is connected to a motor including at least three phases, and one of the at least four pieces of phase output is connected to a neutral point of the motor including at least three phases. 35. The power conversion device according to claim 34, wherein a third semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching element is disposed in series with the first semiconductor switching element between the power source and the phase output of the power conversion device, a fourth semiconductor switching element in the plurality of semiconductor switching elements is disposed between phase output of the motor and the phase output of the power conversion device, the third semiconductor switching element is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the third semiconductor switching element is connected in a direction in which current flows with respect to the motor, and the fourth semiconductor switching element is connected so that a diode connected in parallel with the fourth semiconductor switching element is connected in a direction in which the current from the motor flows to the power conversion device. 36. The power conversion device according to claim 35, wherein a booster circuit includes the third semiconductor switching element as a semiconductor switching element, the booster circuit disposed on a side of the power source of the power conversion device. 37-39. (canceled) 40. The power conversion device according to claim 34, wherein a voltage of the power source boosted by a booster circuit controls a gate terminal of at least one of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements, and an alternating signal to be input operates the booster circuit. 41. The power conversion device according to claim 40, further comprising a microprocessor configured to control the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, and the microprocessor outputs the alternating signal. 42. The power conversion device according to claim 40, further comprising: a first microprocessor and a second microprocessor configured to control the first semiconductor switching element and the second semiconductor switching element, respectively; and a comparator circuit configured to compare output of the first microprocessor and output of the second microprocessor, and configured to output a result of the comparison, wherein the comparator circuit outputs the alternating signal as the result of the comparison. 43-51. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention discloses a structure of pixel arrangement and a display device. The structure of pixel arrangement includes a first sub-pixel, and second sub-pixels and third sub-pixels that are provided surrounding the first sub-pixel, the first sub-pixel, portions of the second sub-pixels and portions of the third sub-pixels constituting a virtual rhombus, wherein a center of the first sub-pixel coincides with a center of the virtual rhombus; a center of the second sub-pixel coincides with a first vertex of the virtual rhombus; and a center of the third sub-pixel coincides with a second vertex of the virtual rhombus. Compared with the prior art, the number of sub-pixels required to achieve high resolution display in the present invention is smaller, so that the number of the sub-pixels is decreased. 1. A structure of pixel arrangement, which includes a first sub-pixel, and second sub-pixels and third sub-pixels that are provided surrounding the first sub-pixel, the first sub-pixel, portions of the second-sub-pixels and portions of the third sub-pixels constituting a virtual rhombus, wherein a center of the first sub-pixel coincides with a center of the virtual rhombus; a center of the second sub-pixel coincides with a first vertex of the virtual rhombus; and a center of the third sub-pixel coincides with a second vertex of the virtual rhombus. 2. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the virtual rhombus includes a portion of each second sub-pixel of two second sub-pixels, and the two second sub-pixels are spaced apart from each other by the first sub-pixel. 3. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 2, wherein, in the virtual rhombus, the portion of one second sub-pixel of the two second sub-pixels is provided opposite to the portion of the other second sub-pixel. 4. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the virtual rhombus includes a portion of each third sub-pixel of two third sub-pixels, and the two third sub-pixels are spaced apart from each other by the first sub-pixel. 5. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 4, wherein, in the virtual rhombus, the portion of one third sub-pixel of the two third sub-pixels is provided opposite to the portion of the other third sub-pixel. 6. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein a first vertex angle of the virtual rhombus corresponding to the first vertex is 60\u00b0, and a second vertex angle of the virtual rhombus corresponding to the second vertex is 120\u00b0. 7. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the virtual rhombus includes a portion of each second sub-pixel of two second sub-pixels, the two second sub-pixels being spaced apart from each other by the first sub-pixel, and the virtual rhombus includes a portion of each third sub-pixel of two third sub-pixels, the two third sub-pixels being spaced apart from each other by the first sub-pixel, wherein a first vertex angle of the virtual rhombus corresponding to the first vertex is 60\u00b0, and a second vertex angle of the virtual rhombus corresponding to the second vertex is 120\u00b0. 8. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein a shape of the first sub-pixel is a quadrilateral, a shape of the second sub-pixel is a hexagon, and a shape of the third sub-pixel is a triangle. 9. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein a shape of the first sub-pixel is a quadrilateral that is surrounded by two lines perpendicular to lines connecting a center of the first sub-pixel with centers of the second sub-pixels adjacent to the first sub-pixel and two lines perpendicular to lines connecting the center of the first sub-pixel with centers of the third sub-pixels adjacent to the first sub-pixel; a shape of the second sub-pixel is a hexagon that is surrounded by six lines each perpendicular to a line connecting a center of the second sub-pixel with a center of the respective first sub-pixel adjacent to the second sub-pixel; and a shape of the third sub-pixel is a triangle that is surrounded by three lines each perpendicular to a line connecting a center of the third sub-pixel with a center of the respective first sub-pixel adjacent to the third sub-pixel. 10. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 8, wherein the shape of the first sub-pixel is a rectangle, the shape of the second sub-pixel is a regular hexagon, and the shape of the third sub-pixel is a regular triangle. 11. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 10, wherein area ratios of the portions of the two second sub-pixels included in the virtual rhombus to the respective second sub-pixels are identical, and area ratios of the portions of the two third sub-pixels included in the virtual rhombus to the respective third sub-pixels are identical. 12. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 11, wherein the ratio of the area of the portion of each second sub-pixel of the two second sub-pixels included in each virtual rhombus to the area of the respective second sub-pixel is 1/6, and the ratio of the area of the portion of each third sub-pixel of the two third sub-pixels included in each virtual rhombus to the area of the respective third sub-pixel is 1/3. 13. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 12, wherein a ratio of the number of the first sub-pixels, the number of the second sub-pixels and the number of the third sub-pixels in the structure of pixel arrangement is 3:1:2. 14. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the first sub-pixel is a green sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel is a blue sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel is a red sub-pixel. 15. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the first sub-pixels, the second sub-pixels and the third sub-pixels are arranged in a compact arrangement manner. 16. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein three adjacent virtual rhombuses constitute a pixel group, and extending directions of long diagonals of the three virtual rhombuses included in the pixel group coincide with a first direction, a second direction and a third direction that are different with each other, respectively. 17. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the first direction is a horizontal direction, the second and third directions are provided intersecting with the first direction at different intersection points, and the second and third directions are provided intersecting with each other. 18. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 17, wherein the long diagonals of the three virtual rhombuses included in the pixel group are connected to form a regular triangle. 19. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 16, wherein any two virtual rhombuses of the three virtual rhombuses included in the pixel group share a side. 20. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 16, wherein adjacent pixel groups share a side. 21. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein adjacent two second sub-pixels in one row are spaced apart from each other by a first sub-pixel, distances between centers of every adjacent two second sub-pixels in one row are identical, and a center of each one of second sub-pixels in one row is located at a perpendicular bisector of a line connecting centers of two second sub-pixels located in a different row and nearest to the one second sub-pixel. 22. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein adjacent two first sub-pixels in one row are spaced apart from each other by a second sub-pixel, adjacent two first sub-pixels in a row adjacent to the one row are spaced apart from each other by a third sub-pixel, distances between centers of every adjacent two first sub-pixels in one row are identical, and each of centers of the first sub-pixels spaced by the second sub-pixel is located at a perpendicular bisector of a line connecting centers of two first sub-pixels adjacent to the first sub-pixel and spaced by the third sub-pixel. 23. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein adjacent two third sub-pixels in one row are spaced apart from each other by a first sub-pixel, distances between centers of every adjacent two third sub-pixels in one row are identical, and a center of each one of third sub-pixels in one row is located at a perpendicular bisector of a line connecting centers of two second sub-pixels nearest to the one third sub-pixel in a row of second sub-pixels adjacent to the one row of the third sub-pixels. 24. The structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein each of the second sub-pixels is surrounded by six of the first sub-pixels, each of the third sub-pixels is surrounded by three of the first sub-pixels, and each of the first sub-pixels is surrounded by two of the second sub-pixels and two of the third sub-pixels. 25. A display device, which includes the structure of pixel arrangement according to claim 1.",
-    "The invention refers to a Holder having grip means for a detachable tablet computer or the like with a screen, said holder having a frame, which comprise holder means for reception of said tablet computer. The holder is provided for controlling a machine and comprises a hand grip side or hand grip side portion with buttons or sensors, which are provided for operating a machine by means of said tablet computer mounted thereon and which are able to be activated through finger touch/contact of said holder in order to communicate with certain functions of said tablet computer and/or of the machine which it is arranged to control. Said machine could be an agricultural implement, like a seed drill or the like. 1. Holder having grip means for a detachable tablet computer or the like with a screen, said holder having a frame, which comprise holder means for reception of said tablet computer, wherein the holder is provided for controlling a machine, and in that it further comprises a hand grip side or hand grip side portion with buttons or sensors, which are provided for operating a machine by means of said tablet computer mounted on said holder and which are able to be activated through finger touch/contact of said holder in order to communicate with certain functions of said tablet computer and/or of the machine which it is arranged to control. 2. Holder according to claim 1, wherein said hand grip side is integral with the frame of the holder. 3. Holder according to claim 1, wherein said hand grip portion is detachably mounted at the frame of the holder. 4. Holder according to claim 3, wherein said hand grip side portion can be detachably mounted on a short side or a long side of a substantially rectangular frame of the holder. 5. Holder according to claim 1, wherein the graphical interface of the tablet computer has been given icons or areas that match the buttons and which are adapted to alter character, for example light up, when a button is activated. 6. Holder according to claim 1, wherein at least one button is adapted to activate the tablet computer, so that it can only be manoeuvred through the holder, i.e. a so-called \u2018dead man's handle\u2019. 7. Holder according to claim 1, wherein said buttons are able to be activated in two steps, i.e. first a function is selected, such as one of the buttons on the underside of the holder, and then a function is manoeuvred with the buttons on the upper side of the holder, such as left, right, up, down etc. 8. Holder according to claim 1, wherein one of the buttons on the underside is adapted to activate an icon on the screen of the tablet computer, which can be touched or pushed to control preselected functions of the machine, whereby one icon can be used and other icons remain inactive, wherein the icons on the screen of the tablet computer can replace the buttons on the front side of the holder, i.e. the buttons activated with the thumb of the user. 9. Holder according to claim 1, wherein said buttons of the holder and their electronics are built-in into the holder. 10. Holder according to claim 1, wherein said buttons of the holder are adapted to communicate wirelessly with the tablet computer. 11. Holder according to claim 1, wherein the holder is provided with a socket for a charging cable for the tablet computer and/or the holder, wherein when the charging cable is removed only certain functions of the holder can be activated or certain functions of the tablet computer are blocked. 12. Holder according to claim 1, wherein said holder and said detachable computer tablet are provided on a vehicle, such as a towing vehicle, preferably a tractor, said holder and said detachable computer tablet being arranged to control functions of said machine being an agricultural implement, like a seed drill or the like. 13. Holder according to claim 2, wherein the graphical interface of the tablet computer has been given icons or areas that match the buttons and which are adapted to alter character, for example light up, when a button is activated. 14. Holder according to claim 3, wherein the graphical interface of the tablet computer has been given icons or areas that match the buttons and which are adapted to alter character, for example light up, when a button is activated. 15. Holder according to claim 4, wherein the graphical interface of the tablet computer has been given icons or areas that match the buttons and which are adapted to alter character, for example light up, when a button is activated. 16. Holder according to claim 2, wherein at least one button is adapted to activate the tablet computer, so that it can only be manoeuvred through the holder, i.e. a so-called \u2018dead man's handle\u2019. 17. Holder according to claim 3, wherein at least one button is adapted to activate the tablet computer, so that it can only be manoeuvred through the holder, i.e. a so-called \u2018dead man's handle\u2019. 18. Holder according to claim 4, wherein at least one button is adapted to activate the tablet computer, so that it can only be manoeuvred through the holder, i.e. a so-called \u2018dead man's handle\u2019. 19. Holder according to claim 5, wherein at least one button is adapted to activate the tablet computer, so that it can only be manoeuvred through the holder, i.e. a so-called \u2018dead man's handle\u2019. 20. Holder according to claim 2, wherein said buttons are able to be activated in two steps, i.e. first a function is selected, such as one of the buttons on the underside of the holder, and then a function is manoeuvred with the buttons on the upper side of the holder, such as left, right, up, down etc.",
-    "The present invention discloses an operating fluid container (10) made of thermoplastic material for a motor vehicle and a method for equipping an operating fluid container with a stiffening element (20). The operating fluid container (10) here has the following features: the operating fluid container (10) has a container opening (12) which is arranged in a container wall (11) and is edged by a surround (13); the operating fluid container (10) comprises at least one fastening device (15), which is arranged in the operating fluid container (10) and is connected to a container base (14) located opposite the container opening (12); the operating fluid container (10) further comprises a stiffening element (20), which is connectable and/or connected to a closure element (22) for closing the container opening (12) and is connectable to the fastening device (15); and the stiffening element (20) which is fastened to the container base (14) by means of the fastening device (15) and to the container wall by means of the closure element (22) counteracts deformation caused by the internal pressure of the operating fluid container (10). 1-12. (canceled) 13. An operating fluid container made of thermoplastic material for a motor vehicle, having the following features: the operating fluid container has a container opening which is arranged in a container wall and is edged by a surround; the operating fluid container comprises at least one fastening device, which is arranged in the operating fluid container and is connected to a container base located opposite the container opening; the operating fluid container further comprises a stiffening element, which is connectable and/or connected to a closure element for closing the container opening and is connectable to the fastening device; the stiffening element which is fastened to the container base by means of the fastening device and to the container wall by means of the closure element counteracts deformation caused by the internal pressure of the operating fluid container, wherein the operating fluid container is characterized in that the operating fluid container further comprises a further fastening device connected to the container base and a fluid conveying unit, which is connectable and/or connected to the container base by means of the further fastening device. 14. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that at least one fluid line and/or at least one electrical line is guided through the closure element. 15. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the stiffening element has a tubular configuration. 16. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the stiffening element has recesses along the axial longitudinal extent thereof. 17. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that a filling level sensor is arranged inside the stiffening element. 18. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the operating fluid container comprises a baseplate, which comprises the fastening device. 19. The operating fluid container according to claim 18, characterized in that the baseplate further comprises the further fastening device. 20. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the fastening device is welded to the container base. 21. The operating fluid container as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that the fastening device is riveted to the container base.",
-    "A lighting device is disclosed, which comprises a light transmitting element extending along a perimeter such that a hollow is defined by the light transmitting element. The light transmitting element comprises a light in-coupling surface adapted to couple light emitted by at least one light emitting element into the light transmitting element, and a light out-coupling surface adapted to couple light out of the light transmitting element. The lighting device is combined with a light reflecting envelope arranged to enclose the lighting device such that light emitted from the light out-coupling surface is reflected at an inner surface of the envelope. Thereby a reflected image may be produced, having an appearance resembling a candle flame. 1. A lighting device comprising: a light transmitting element extending along a perimeter and having an inner sidewall, an outer sidewall and a top surface such that said light transmitting element defines a hollow, said light transmitting element comprising: a light in-coupling surface adapted to couple light emitted by at least one light emitting element, into the light transmitting element, the at least one light emitting element being arranged on the perimeter; a light out-coupling surface, adapted to couple light out of the light transmitting element; and a partially light reflecting envelope at least partially enclosing the light transmitting element and arranged to create a reflected image of the light coupled out of the light transmitting element. 2. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the lighting device comprises a plurality of light emitting elements arranged along the perimeter or wherein the at least one light emitting element comprises a light emitting surface extending along said perimeter. 3. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light transmitting element has a shape conforming to the shape of a toroid, a ring, a circle, an oval or a polygon. 4. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the envelope has a shape conforming to a tapering cylinder and the reflected image resembles a candle flame. 5. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the candle flame has a relatively dark inner region enclosed by a relatively bright contour. 6. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the hollow is at least partly filled with an at least partly light reflecting material and/or heat conducting material. 7. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light transmitting element comprises a light diffusing and/or luminescent material. 8. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein at least one additional light emitting element and/or light transmitting element is arranged within the hollow. 9. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light out-coupling surface comprises a portion of the top surface of the light transmitting element. 10. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light out-coupling surface comprises a portion of the outer sidewall of the light transmitting element. 11. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein the light out-coupling surface comprises a portion of the outer sidewall and a portion of the top surface of the light transmitting element. 12. The lighting device according to claim 1, wherein outer sidewalls and a top surface of the light transmitting element comprise a luminescent material. 13. The lighting device according to claim 12, wherein the inner sidewalls, are provided with a diffusively light reflecting material. 14. The lighting device according to claim 12, wherein a diffuser foil is arranged to cover the top surface and the hollow. 15. The lighting device according to claim 12, wherein a specularly reflecting metallic mirror is arranged to cover the top surface and the hollow.",
-    "An integrated mobile thermal treatment system and method is disclosed for processing organic material. In a first mode of operation, the system includes all process components necessary to thermally treat organic material to achieve cell lysing and cell formation integrated in a common skid-assembled unit. In a second mode of operation, the system additionally includes pre-slurrying, pressurization, selective solids separation, and/or post-dewatering process components to minimize feed volume by pre-slurrying, deliver feed at the necessary treatment pressure, thermally treat organic material to achieve cell lysing and cell formation integrated in a separate or common skid-assembled unit, and produce a dewatered sludge cake suitable for disposal or use as a fertilizer of fuel. 1. A mobile thermal treatment system for processing a feedstock including organic material and water, the system comprising: a mobile support structure; a slurrying device that produces a slurry from the feedstock, the slurry having a solids content of about 16% solids or less; a pump that pressurizes the slurry to a pressure above the saturation pressure of water at a subsequent elevated temperature; a thermal input device coupled to the mobile support structure, the thermal input device heating the pressurized slurry to the elevated temperature sufficient for cell lysing and char formation; and a reaction device coupled to the mobile support structure, the reaction device providing a retention time to thermally treat the heated slurry at the elevated temperature. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an aerobic or anaerobic digester that biologically treats the thermally treated slurry from the reaction device. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein a waste sludge from the digester is recycled into the feedstock. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a dewatering device to remove water from the thermally treated slurry to produce a dewatered sludge cake. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising an aerobic or anaerobic digester that biologically treats the removed water from the dewatering device. 6. The system of claim 4, further comprising a water supply to the thermally treated slurry after the reaction device and prior to the dewatering device to facilitate reduction of residual dissolved organic material within the dewatered sludge cake. 7. The system of claim 4, further comprising a chemical source to the thermally treated organic material after the reaction device and prior to the dewatering device to facilitate removal of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from an aqueous phase of the thermally treated organic material by precipitating ammonia and phosphate as struvite or other precipitated filterable particles that are subsequently retained within the dewatered sludge cake. 8. The system of claim 4, wherein the dewatering device selectively separates the thermally treated slurry, via differences in settling rates resulting from particle size and specific gravity differences, into a first portion including faster-settling, non-degradable suspended solids present in the thermally treated slurry and a second portion including slower-settling, degradable suspended solids present in the thermally treated slurry, the dewatering device directing the second portion to a digester. 9. The system of claim 4, wherein the dewatered sludge cake is suitable for use as a fertilizer or a renewable fuel. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a spray dryer to dry the thermally treated slurry. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is diluted with water in the slurrying device. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedstock comes from more than one source. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the mobile support structure comprises a skid. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the slurry from the slurrying device has a solids content of about 4% to about 16% solids. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the slurry from the slurrying device has a solids content of about 8% to about 12% solids. 16. The system of claim 4, wherein at least one of the slurrying device, the pump, and the dewatering device is coupled to the mobile support structure with the thermal input device and the reaction device. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising a holding tank downstream of the reaction device, the holding tank providing additional time to further treat the thermally treated slurry at a temperature greater than or equal to the elevated temperature. 18. A mobile thermal treatment system for processing a feedstock including organic material and water, the system comprising: a mobile support structure; a slurrying device that produces a slurry from the feedstock; a first pump that pressurizes the slurry to a first pressure above the saturation pressure of water at a first elevated temperature; a first thermal input device coupled to the mobile support structure downstream of the first pump, the first thermal input device heating the pressurized slurry to the first elevated temperature; a second pump coupled to the mobile structure downstream of the first thermal input device, the second pump further pressurizing the heated slurry to a second pressure above the saturation pressure of water at a second elevated temperature; a second thermal input device coupled to the mobile support structure downstream of the second pump, the second thermal input device further heating the pressurized slurry to the second elevated temperature sufficient for cell lysing and char formation; and a reaction device coupled to the mobile support structure, the reaction device providing a retention time to thermally treat the heated slurry at the second elevated temperature. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the slurry from the slurrying device has a solids content of about 35% solids or less. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the first pump is an air-diaphragm pump. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the second pump is a progressive cavity pump. 22. The system of claim 18, further comprising a dewatering device to remove water from the thermally treated slurry to produce a dewatered sludge cake.",
-    "A process to produce polycarbamate comprising providing urea in liquid form; and adding the urea in liquid form to a polyol in a reduced gradient profile to form polycarbamate product is provided. Also provided are: (a) a reaction product of the process and (b) an apparatus for operating the process. 1. A process to produce polycarbamate comprising: providing urea in liquid form; adding the urea in liquid form to a polyol in a reduced gradient profile to form polycarbamate product. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the urea in liquid form is urea dissolved in a solvent. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the solvent is water. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the urea feeding rate is dynamically updated according to the following: C u \u2248 constant \ue89e \ue89e during \ue89e \ue89e feeding \ue89e \ue89e time ; F u \ue8a0 ( t ) \u00b7 \u03c1 soln \u00b7 Conc \ue8a0 ( urea ) / M urea V r = \u03b1 \u00b7 C OH = \u03b1 \u00b7 C OH 0 \ue89e \uf74d - kC u \ue89e t \ue89e \ue89e and \ue89e \u222b 0 t f \ue89e F u \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e \ue89e \uf74c t = V u , wherein tf=urea solution feeding time; Cu=concentration of urea in reactor during feeding, Cu\u2266solubility of urea in the reaction system; Fu(t)=urea solution feeding rate; \u03c1soln=urea solution density; Murea=urea molecular weight; Conc(urea)=concentration of urea in the feeding stream; COH=hydroxyl molar concentration; COH0=initial hydroxyl molar concentration; k=reaction rate coefficient of the desired reaction; \u03b1=proportional coefficient of OH concentration and feeding rate; Vr=total reactant mixture volume in reactor and Vu=total urea solution volume. 5. The process according to claim 4, wherein hydroxyl molar concentration, COH is determined by measurement. 6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the adding the urea in liquid form to a polyol occurs in a reactor and measurement is conducted in the reactor or by sampling from the reactor followed by analysis external to the reactor. 7. The process according to claim 4, wherein the reactor volume, Vr, is measured. 8. The process according to claim 4, wherein the hydroxyl molar concentration, COH is determined by kinetic modeling. 9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the kinetic modeling is based upon F u \ue8a0 ( t ) = \u03b1 \u00b7 C OH 0 \ue89e \uf74d - kC u \ue89e t \u00b7 V r \u00b7 M urea \u03c1 soln \u00b7 conc \ue8a0 ( urea ) . 10. An apparatus for operating the process according to claim 1, the apparatus comprising a control system for adjusting a feed rate of urea. 11. A reaction product produced by the process according to claim 1.",
-    "A pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to the present invention includes a molten-metal holding furnace (101) that holds molten metal (M1), a starter (ST) that draws the molten metal (M1) held in the molten-metal holding furnace (101) from a molten-metal surface of the molten metal (M1), and a shape defining member (102) that defines a cross-sectional shape of a cast-metal article (M3) to be cast by applying an external force to the held molten metal (M2) drawn by the starter (ST), in which the starter (ST) includes a body part (107) and a tip part (108), the tip part (108) including a tip (109) having a horizontal cross section smaller than that of the body part (107). 1. A pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus comprising: a holding furnace that holds molten metal; a drawing member that draws the molten metal held in the holding furnace from a molten-metal surface of the molten metal; and a shape defining member that defines a cross-sectional shape of a cast-metal article to be cast by applying an external force to the molten metal drawn by the drawing member, wherein the drawing member comprises a body part and a tip part, the tip part comprising a tip having a horizontal cross section smaller than that of the body part. 2. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tip part has a tapered shape such that the tip part becomes narrower toward its tip. 3. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the angle of the tip is 45 degrees or smaller. 4. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tip part comprises a plurality of tips. 5. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the drawing member further comprises at least one of a first protrusion part protruding from a side of the tip part or the body part and a first recessed part recessed from the side of the tip part or the body part. 6. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the protrusion length of the first protrusion part or the recess depth of the first recessed part is 1 mm or larger. 7. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the drawing member comprises a plurality of first protrusion parts or a plurality of first recessed parts. 8. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tip part further comprises: an opening opened from the tip; and at least one of a second protrusion part protruding from a side of the opening and a second recessed part recessed from the side of the opening. 9. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the protrusion length of the second protrusion part or the recess depth of the second recessed part is 1 mm or larger. 10. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the tip part comprises a plurality of second protrusion parts or a plurality of second recessed parts. 11. A pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus comprising: a holding furnace that holds molten metal; a drawing member that draws the molten metal held in the holding furnace from a molten-metal surface of the molten metal; and a shape defining member that defines a cross-sectional shape of a cast-metal article to be cast by applying an external force to the molten metal drawn by the drawing member, wherein the drawing member comprises a body part, and at least one of a first protrusion part protruding from a side of the body part and a first recessed part recessed from the side of the body part. 12. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the protrusion length of the first protrusion part or the recess depth of the first recessed part is 1 mm or larger. 13. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the drawing member comprises a plurality of first protrusion parts or a plurality of first recessed parts. 14. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the body part further comprises: an opening opened from the tip; and at least one of a second protrusion part protruding from a side of the opening and a second recessed part recessed from the side of the opening. 15. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the protrusion length of the second protrusion part or the recess depth of the second recessed part is 1 mm or larger. 16. The pulling-up-type continuous casting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the body part comprises a plurality of second protrusion parts or a plurality of second recessed parts. 17. A pulling-up-type continuous casting method comprising: a step of submerging a drawing member into a molten-metal surface of molten metal held in a holding furnace; and a step of drawing the molten metal by the drawing member and making the drawn molten metal pass through a shape defining member, the shape defining member being configured to define a cross-sectional shape of a cast-metal article to be cast, wherein the drawing member is formed from a body part and a tip part, the tip part comprising a tip having a horizontal cross section smaller than that of the body part. 18.-26. (canceled) 27. A pulling-up-type continuous casting method comprising: a step of submerging a drawing member into a molten-metal surface of molten metal held in a holding furnace; and a step of drawing the molten metal by the drawing member and making the drawn molten metal pass through a shape defining member, the shape defining member being configured to define a cross-sectional shape of a cast-metal article to be cast, wherein the drawing member is formed from a body part, and at least one of a first protrusion part protruding from a side of the body part and a first recessed part recessed from the side of the body part. 28-32. (canceled)",
-    "A silicon carbide semiconductor device includes a silicon carbide layer and a gate insulating layer. The silicon carbide layer has a main surface. The gate insulating layer is arranged as being in contact with the main surface of the silicon carbide layer. The silicon carbide layer includes a drift region having a first conductivity type, a body region having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type and being in contact with the drift region, a source region having the first conductivity type and arranged as being spaced apart from the drift region by the body region, and a protruding region arranged to protrude from at least one side of the source region and the drift region into the body region, being in contact with the gate insulating layer, and having the first conductivity type. 1. A silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising: a silicon carbide layer having a main surface; and a gate insulating layer arranged as being in contact with said main surface of said silicon carbide layer, said silicon carbide layer including a drift region having a first conductivity type, a body region having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type and being in contact with said drift region, a source region having said first conductivity type and arranged as being spaced apart from said drift region by said body region, and a protruding region arranged to protrude from at least one side of said source region and said drift region into said body region, being in contact with said gate insulating layer, and having said first conductivity type. 2. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein said protruding region includes a first protruding region arranged to protrude from a side of said drift region into said body region and a second protruding region arranged to protrude from a side of said source region into said body region. 3. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a dimension of said first protruding region along a direction in parallel to said main surface is greater than a dimension of said first protruding region along a direction perpendicular to said main surface and a dimension of said second protruding region along the direction in parallel to said main surface is greater than a dimension of said second protruding region along the direction perpendicular to said main surface. 4. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a dimension of each of said first protruding region and said second protruding region along a direction perpendicular to said main surface is smaller than half a dimension of said source region along the direction perpendicular to said main surface. 5. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a dimension of each of said first protruding region and said second protruding region along a direction perpendicular to said main surface is smaller than 100 nm. 6. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein in said body region, a length of a channel region being in contact with said main surface and lying between said first protruding region and said second protruding region is smaller than 0.5 \u03bcm. 7. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein in said body region, a length of a channel region being in contact with said main surface and lying between said first protruding region and said second protruding region is smaller than a length of said channel region corresponding to a threshold voltage which is 90% of an ideal threshold voltage. 8. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein said protruding region is arranged to protrude from one side of said source region and said drift region into said body region. 9. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein said protruding region is arranged to protrude from a side of said drift region into said body region, and said silicon carbide layer further includes a first-conductivity-type region protruding from said protruding region into said drift region, being in contact with said gate insulating layer, and being higher in impurity concentration than said drift region. 10. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein a dimension of said protruding region along a direction in parallel to said main surface is greater than a dimension of said protruding region along a direction perpendicular to said main surface. 11. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein a dimension of said protruding region along a direction perpendicular to said main surface is smaller than half a dimension of said source region along the direction perpendicular to said main surface. 12. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein a dimension of said protruding region along a direction perpendicular to said main surface is smaller than 100 nm. 13. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein in said body region, a length of a channel region being in contact with said main surface and lying between said protruding region and an end portion of said body region opposed to said protruding region is smaller than 0.5 \u03bcm. 14. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein in said body region, a length of a channel region being in contact with said main surface and lying between said protruding region and an end portion of said body region opposed to said protruding region is smaller than a length of said channel region corresponding to a threshold voltage which is 90% of an ideal threshold voltage. 15. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein said protruding region is higher in impurity concentration than said body region. 16. The silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein an n-type is defined as said first conductivity type and a p-type is defined as said second conductivity type. 17. A method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: forming a silicon carbide layer having a main surface; and forming a gate insulating layer in contact with said main surface of said silicon carbide layer, said silicon carbide layer including a drift region having a first conductivity type, a body region having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type and being in contact with said drift region, a source region having said first conductivity type and arranged as being spaced apart from said drift region by said body region, and a protruding region arranged to protrude from at least one side of said source region and said drift region into said body region, being in contact with said main surface, and having said first conductivity type. 18. The method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein said step of forming a silicon carbide layer includes the steps of forming a mask layer in contact with said body region at said main surface and forming said protruding region in contact at least with said body region by using said mask layer. 19. The method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein said step of forming said protruding region includes the steps of forming a first protruding region arranged to protrude from a side of said drift region into said body region and forming a first-conductivity-type region protruding from said first protruding region into said drift region, being in contact with said main surface, and being higher in impurity concentration than said drift region, and said step of forming a first protruding region and said step of forming a first-conductivity-type region are simultaneously performed. 20. The method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein said step of forming said protruding region is performed by implanting ions.",
-    "A convertiplane has the ability to take off like a helicopter and then fly horizontally like a conventional aircraft. The aircraft includes a variable incidence front wing of variable span located below the fuselage and mounted on a structure in the form of a venturi tube, a rear wing having two propellers for controlling the stability of the vehicle in pitch and roll installed therein, two counter-rotating, pivotally mounted ducted propellers equipped with four flaps orthogonal to each other provided on the sides of the cockpit, engines placed behind the cockpit close to the center of gravity, a static balancing system for controlling the center of gravity of the aircraft consisting of a weight placed in the lower part of the fuselage, self-propelled on the track rack longitudinally to the fuselage, and a digital flight control system. 1. Convertiplane, comprising a supporting fuselage, supporting two complex wing surfaces, one in front and one in back, both aerodynamically bearers, the fuselage have placed inside two engines which are connected to each other as tandem, placed behind the pilots, these give the motion to two counter-rotating ducted propeller with variable pitch, possibly also with cyclic variation of the pitch, placed at the sides of the fuselage, their backbone is placed on the vertical plane passing through the center of gravity of the aircraft, the rear wing surfaces contain, at the ends in their profile, two small propellers pitch reversible, in the lower part of the fuselage is placed a weight longitudinally self-propelled and a digital control system of the assets of flight, managed by three computers, that receive data from sensors accelerometers, gyroscopic, flexed metric and trim, there is a system of navigation and piloting, which considers the aeronautical and road maps using a GPS, characterized by the fact that the convertiplane adopts a series of technical and aerodynamic solutions that allow the aircraft to fly safely, the aircraft has the characteristic of being composed with a fuselage sections (vertical and horizontal) that respect each other (+/\u221210%) the ratio between 1:4.5 width/height and length, the fuselage supports the wing surfaces connected to her through two shelves as structural supports, these shelves have shaping such as to bring the fuselage from the front wings of about 30 centimeters above it, this structure creates, with the help of a fairing, a venturi tube that enhances the bearing capacity of the \u2018wing area located below the nacelle itself, shelves support a tubular axis aluminum placed on the axis of aerodynamic lift of the wing (fire), in that axis, integral with the fuselage, is placed a tube integral with the wings front, and with bearings, allows these to rotate to change the incidence, such a solution, with a higher incidence increases lift at low speeds and with lower incidence decreases the aerodynamic resistance at high speed, the front wings can be rotated of 14\u00b0 about their longitudinal axis, parallel to the plane of the horizontal flight of the aircraft, normally from 3\u00b0 to 6\u00b0 and their ends can be retracted within the central parts of the same, in such a way as to allow a variation of the lift and the running resistance of the aircraft and to pass from a flight horizontal trim to the vertical one and vice versa without incurring the danger of loss of altitude or loss of control of the vehicle, the axis of the tubular support to the front wing is perpendicular to the direction of horizontal flight and is connected to the central structural element of the front wings, the axis together with other structures creates a volume boxed to which are anchored the longitudinal members of the wing front that protrude to the right and to the left of the fuselage, in each side of the wing, between the mentioned longitudinal members is formed a space suitable for the reception of the retractable wing of suitable length such as to occupy the whole the half wing attached to the fuselage until stiff ribs under the fuselage itself, the two half wings retractable, are controlled by a hydraulic or electromechanical system controlled by the onboard computer system for buoyancy control; in the ends of the retractable wings are placed winglets to improve aerodynamics and reduce aerodynamical resistance, the rear wing surfaces are aerodynamically bearers and are supported by the empennage, they are placed in a position such as not to be influenced by the yield air of the pushing ducted propeller, rear wings move the point of application of the lift of the complex of the wing surfaces (Fire wing of the complex) towards the center of gravity of the aircraft, the fixed rear wings are to incidence of about 3\u00b0 to the direction running, on the opposite ends of these are placed, in the thickness of the section of the same and parallel to their rope, two variable pitch propellers that can vary pushing from \u221220 kg+20 kg each independently creating rotation torques to counter any rolling motion and pitching during the flight in vertical orientation, such propellers are moved by electric motors and their pitch is controlled by electromechanical actuators at high speed, controlled management system of buoyancy; to the sides of the fuselage there are two ducted propellers that rotate from \u22122\u00b0 to +100\u00b0 (counterclockwise) on the supporting axis, respect to the plane vertical to the plane of horizontal flight of the aircraft, with functions of the bearing capacity and governability in vertical asset and pushed forward in the horizontal asset, these supporting propellers can have normal variation of the pitch jointly to the possible cyclic pitch variation, the front wings and propellers can rotate on their axis independently of each other; on each half wing, there are two front and rear spoilers (8 total) one of these for each half wing is managed automatically by the computer control system during the horizontal flight and the other by the pilot for manual operations of government of the airplane; The airplane also makes use of a management system of the center of gravity, it is constituted by a weight, suitably calibrated, self-propelled on the rail, which at the time of vertical takeoff, commanded by the computer system management, on solicitation of three gyroscopes digital, moving longitudinally makes that the center of gravity falls exactly on the axis of thrust of the propellers. 2. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the ducted propellers placed at the sides of the fuselage are supported from the axis made with a tubular placed on the plane vertical to the longitudinal axis of center of gravity of the aircraft fixed to the supporting structure of the plane, in this rotate the axis of transmission of motion to the propellers, the front wings and the propellers can rotate on their axis independently of each other, in the final part of intubation of the propellers are placed on orthogonal axes four ailerons which serve for the aircraft government during flight at vertical asset. 3. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the management of the rotation of the bearing elements, wing surfaces and propellers, together with the position of the movable weight and the thrust of the propellers placed in the profile of the rear wings, both for control of the proper position of the CG/asset at any time of the flight is coordinated and controlled simultaneously, but in different ways, according to the specific flight conditions and as required by the pilot, the computer system management framework that linked to sensors accelerometers, gyroscopic, measuring tapes and trim, measure the attitude of the aircraft, the bearing capacity of the apparatuses, and then determines its rotation, for the bearing capacity, the position of the weight to the center of gravity and the thrust of the propellers rear for the control of the pitching and roll at low speed. 4. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the control elements of the structure of flight can be four, one constituted by two propellers placed at the end of the rear wings in the thickness of the section and parallel to the wing chord, moved by electric motors and pitch variable operated by electromechanical fast actuators for a complete inversion of the thrust +/\u2212100% (about 20 kg), designed to control the movements of pitch and roll at low speed, jointly to the possible cyclic variation of the pitch of the supporting propellers the other consisting of a weight placed in the most bottom of the fuselage centerline, self-propelled on a rail longitudinally, act, with its movement, to place at the time of takeoff the center of gravity on the axis of thrust of the propellers to the horizontal attitude and the center of gravity in an optimal position relative to the center of lift (fire) of the wing system, the third is formed by a series of flaps on each wing which are juxtaposed with those of government optimizing the horizontal stability, in fact, on each wing, front and rear there are two ailerons (8 altogether), one of these, for each wing, is managed automatically by the asset system control during horizontal flight and the other by the pilot to manual operations of government of the aircraft at the indication of 3 digital gyroscopes, the propellers and the weight of self-propelled are used for the vertical position, the ailerons and also the weight for the horizontal asset. 5. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the system engines (1 or 2) is placed inside the fuselage, in case of double motor these are stacked in tandem with each other and connected with a transmission system composed of mixed of sprockets and chains, also with reductive function of the number of revolutions of the propellers, by a transmission axis parallel to the shafts of the motors that motors via two bevel gears inverted enable propellers rotate against for the annulment torque drift of the aircraft. 6. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the front wings can be retracted up to 50% of their length inside the first part of the wings themselves, in fact, in each of the lateral wings, between the two side members of the internal wing, connected with the support brackets, is a space suitable for the reception of the final external retractable wing at the ends of the wings retractable fins are placed end to improve aerodynamics, reduce rolling resistance and decrease the size maximum of the aircraft. 7. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that for the navigation system uses the overlap of a terrestrial and aircraft cartographic system to allows the rider to get as close as possible to the desired point of arrival and allows the vertical takeoff and landing attended by almost automatic determination of the landing point identified by a camera connected to a GPS for the automatic determination of the coordinates of the location, near the landing is assisted by proximity sensors useful for avoiding obstacles. 8. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the steering system is wireless and allows the aircraft to be remote controlled from the ground without driver with the simple release of the control console from the aircraft, in this situation the console becomes a radio command to distance. 9. The convertiplane of claim 1, characterized in that the aircraft is equipped with an electronic asset management system that is informed by three gyros electronic for the control of the three axes of the aircraft, by the tension sensors of the wing structures for the control of the bearing capacity, a GPS system to control the location, altitude and speed of the aircraft coupled with the typical aircraft instruments, pitometer, altimeter, compass, trim, accelerometer, sensors are managed by three computers which run during the vertical flight asset of the aircraft by moving the counterweight for positioning the center of gravity axis of the propellers, as a function of the weight distribution at the time of take-off, and the propellers on the rear wings during the flight with vertical thrust, the passage from the vertical asset to horizontal flight, and vice versa, managing the carrying capacities of the wings, the position of the gravity center and the thrust of the propellers maintaining the aircraft flight on the axis of pre-established without loss of altitude or other drawbacks. During the transition assets the commands, stick and pedals, manage, during the vertical flight the ailerons of intubation propellers, in horizontal flight the ailerons of the wings, the tail planes, and only in aid, the ailerons intubation of the propellers, the three computers manage as part of pre-determined intervals and in different phases of flight, the power of the engines, the pitch of the propellers, the incidence of the front wings, the extraction or retraction of the semi outer front wings, the three computers operate separately in cascade, the first controlling all the operations described, the second repeats simultaneously to the first all the operations provided by the system and the third, in addition to repeat all of the same operations, check that there are no discrepancies between the two and in case of malfunction excludes that broken down and joins the residual communicating malfunction.",
-    "This invention is directed to novel mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalysts for the extraction of oxygen from CO2 and the selective reaction with organic compounds. 1. A mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst for catalyzing CO2 oxidation of carbon or an organic compound. 2. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 1, wherein the mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst is an iron (II/III) and a second metal selected from the group consisting of Ag, Bi, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Sn, Ru, and Zn. 3. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 1, further comprising a support. 4. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 1, further comprising an alkali or alkaline-earth element promoter. 5. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 3, wherein the support is Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2 or a mixture thereof. 6. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 5, having the formula Fe2O3(SnO2)0.1-10(Al2O3)0.1-10. 7. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 6, having the formula Fe2O3(SnO2)1.0-3.0(Al2O3)1.0-3.0. 8. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 2, having the formula (RuO2)0.001-0.2Fe2O3. 9. The mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 2, having the formula (RuO2)0.005-0.05Fe2O3. 10. A method for converting CO2 and carbon to carbon monoxide which comprises contacting the mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst of claim 1 with an appropriate CO2 feed stream under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the carbon, the mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst, and the appropriate CO2 feed stream are reacted together at the same time. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the carbon, the mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalyst, and the appropriate CO2 feed stream are reacted together in a fluidized bed. 13. A method for converting a hydrocarbon to an oxygenated hydrocarbon which comprises contacting the mixed transition iron (II/III) metal catalyst of claim 1 with the hydrocarbon and an appropriate CO2 feed stream under appropriate conditions so as to form the oxygenated hydrocarbon. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydrocarbon is an alkane, an alkene, an alkyne, an aromatic compound, a cyclic compound, a polyaromatic compound or a polycyclic compound. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the alkane is butane, ethane, methane, or propane. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the alkene is ethylene or propylene. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the oxygenated hydrocarbon is an alcohol, aldehyde, an anhydride, a carboxylic acid, an ester, an ether, an epoxide, or a ketone. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the epoxide is ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. 19. A method for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of a first hydrocarbon comprising contacting the mixed transition iron (II/III) metal catalyst of claim 1 with the first hydrocarbon and an appropriate CO2 feed stream under appropriate conditions so as to form a dehydrogenated second hydrocarbon. 20. The method of claim 20, wherein the first hydrocarbon is an alkane, an alkene, an alkyne, an aromatic compound, a cyclic compound, a polyaromatic compound or a polycyclic compound. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the alkane is methane, ethane, propane or butane. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the cyclic compound is cyclohexane. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the aromatic compound is ethyl benzene. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the first hydrocarbon is methane and the second hydrocarbon is ethane or a higher molecular weight hydrocarbon.",
-    "A structure, made from composite materials for a vehicle chassis, being configured to receive an undercarriage at its ends and includes at least one central beam that includes a median box having a central part and two ends with a reinforced structure, and the central part includes a reinforced part increasing the strength of the beam with respect to the bending stresses imposed by the transported load. The median box is reinforced by two lateral boxes extending over the entire length of the median box), assembled to the median box, the upper faces of which, together with the upper face of the median box, form the upper face of the beam. The structure includes a floor that covers the upper faces of the median box and the lateral boxes. The elements making up the structure have shapes that are simple, easy to make from composite materials and easy to assemble. 1. A composite material structure, for chassis of vehicles for transporting freight, or passengers, said structure being configured to accept running gear at each of its ends, the structure includes at least one central beam forming a platform on which the load of the vehicle rests, said beam including: a middle box having a central portion and two ends, said ends having reinforcements for withstanding the stresses transmitted to the chassis by the articulation elements of the running gear and by the shock absorber elements disposed at the ends of the vehicle, the central portion of the middle box being configured so as to have a reinforced portion increasing the resistance of the beam to bending forces imposed by the transported load; two lateral boxes extending over all the length of the middle box, assembled to said middle box, the upper faces of which form with the upper face of the middle box the upper face of the beam, said lateral boxes being configured so as to reinforce the resistance of the beam to longitudinal and transverse bending forces imposed on it; a covering floor forming a skin, configured so as to cover the upper faces of the middle box and the lateral boxes; The various elements constituting the beam being made of composite materials reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers or a mixture of glass fibers and carbon fibers. 2. The structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the middle box consists of an upper half-box extending over all the length of the beam and a lower half-box disposed in the central portion, the two half-boxes each including a bottom and two lateral walls, the upper half-box and the lower half-box being arranged relative to each other so that the bottom of the upper half-box forms the upper face of the middle box and the bottom of the lower half-box forms the lower face of said box, the bottom of the lower half-box extending externally thereof toward the ends of the beam. 3. The structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein a composite material intermediate partition is placed between the upper half-box and the lower half-box so as to reinforce the stiffness of the middle box and the resistance to buckling of the lateral walls of the upper half-box and of the lateral walls of the lower half-box. 4. The structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the covering floor consists of a principal element in the form of a monolithic composite material plate reinforced with glass fibers including in its middle portion a composite material reinforcing element sized so as to cover the upper face of the middle box. 5. The structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom of the upper half-box, the bottom of the lower half-box and a middle reinforcing element of the principal element of the skin disposed on the upper face of the structure are made of monolithic composite material reinforced primarily with unidirectional fibers, said fibers preferably being carbon fibers. 6. The structure as claimed in claim 1, further includes composite material lateral reinforcements disposed on either side of the beam and adapted to absorb forces applied to the lateral portions of the structure by the transported load, each reinforcement being fastened to a lateral box by one of its ends and to the middle box by its other end. 7. The structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elements forming the beam consist of composite material plane faces. 8. The structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein the upper half-box includes a plane bottom consisting of a monolithic composite material plate and two lateral walls with a sandwich structure consisting of two composite material thin skins reinforced with glass fibers and a core consisting of an element formed of polymer material foam or a honeycomb structure material or a balsa type wood. 9. The structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein the lower half-box includes a bottom consisting of a monolithic composite material plate and lateral walls with a sandwich structure consisting of two composite material thin skins reinforced with glass. fibers and a core consisting of an element made of polymer material foam or a honeycomb structure material or a balsa type wood. 10. The structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the lateral reinforcing elements have a sandwich structure consisting of two composite material thin skins reinforced with glass fibers and a core consisting of an element made of polymer material foam or a honeycomb structure material or a balsa type wood. 11. The structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the various elements of said structure include rims adapted to enable the assembly of said elements by gluing and/or bolting and/or riveting, two elements assembled to each other having rims adapted to be placed face-to-face at the time of assembly.",
-    "A process for production of insulin or insulin analogues by expression of Insulin or Insulin analogues through an expression vector in a host cell is provided. The expression vector includes a leader peptide of SEQ ID NO 3; a nucleotide sequence encoding an affinity tag linked to C-terminal end or N terminal end of nucleotide sequence of the leader peptide; and a nucleotide sequence encoding for a cleavage site ligated to nucleotide sequence of the leader peptide through nucleotide sequence encoding the affinity tag. 1. A process for production of insulin or insulin analogues by expression of Insulin or Insulin analogues through an expression vector in a host cell, wherein said expression vector comprises: a leader peptide of SEQ ID NO 3; a nucleotide sequence encoding an affinity tag linked to C-terminal end or N terminal end of nucleotide sequence of said leader peptide; and a nucleotide sequence encoding for a cleavage site ligated to nucleotide sequence of said leader peptide through nucleotide sequence encoding said affinity tag. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein, said leader peptide is expressed as a fusion protein; said fusion protein comprising fusion of said leader peptide of SEQ ID NO 3 and Insulin or Insulin analogues. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein, said host cell is bacteria, preferably E. coli. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein, said leader peptide has Methionine at N-term in us, followed by glycine to impart stability to fusion of said heterologous protein and said leader peptide. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein, said affinity tag is his-tag. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein, said leader peptide is linked to proinsulin via said cleavage site. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said cleavage site is arginine. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein, said expression vector further comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a multiple cloning site (MCS) in upstream region of said leader peptide; a nucleotide sequence encoding ribosome binding site (RBS) ligated to N-terminus or C-terminus of said leader peptide; a nucleotide sequence encoding a promoter or operator in the downstream of said ribosome binding site; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibiotic selection marker in upstream region of said promoter/operator sequence. 9. The process of claim 7 wherein, said antibiotic selection marker is kanamycin. 10. The process of claim 7 further comprising formation of a compound of formula from group consisting of: A-L-Arg-B-A-C, L-A-Arg-B-A-C, L-A-Arg-A-C-B or A-L-Arg-A-C-B in said host cells; wherein A is said affinity tag, L is said leader peptide of SEQ ID NO 3, Arg is arginine, B is B-chain of Proinsulin or Proinsulin analogue, A is A-chain of Proinsulin or Proinsulin Analogue, C is C-chain of Proinsulin or Proinsulin Analogue. 11. The process of claim 9 further comprising digesting said compound with Trypsin to cleave off said leader peptide with affinity tag and C-chain of proinsulin to obtain molecule of insulin or insulin analogues having B-chain and A-Chain. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein, said expression vector comprises nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1. 13. A process for production of insulin or insulin analogues by expression of insulin or insulin analogues through an expression vector in a host cell, wherein said expression vector comprises: a leader peptide of SEQ ID NO 3; a nucleotide sequence encoding an affinity tag linked to C-terminal end or N-terminal end of nucleotide sequence of said leader peptide; a nucleotide sequence encoding for a cleavage site or Restriction Enzyme (RE) site ligated to nucleotide sequence of said leader peptide through nucleotide sequence encoding said affinity tag; a nucleotide sequence encoding a multiple cloning site (MCS) in upstream region of said leader peptide; a nucleotide sequence encoding ribosome binding site (RBS) ligated to N-terminus or C-terminus of said leader peptide; a nucleotide sequence encoding a promoter or operator in the downstream of said ribosome binding site; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibiotic selection marker in upstream region of said promoter/operator sequence. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein said affinity tag is his-tag. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein said cleavage site is arginine.",
-    "A binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery contains a water dispersion of a polyurethane. The polyurethane has been formed of (A) a polyisocyanate, (B) a compound having two or more active hydrogen groups, (C) a compound having one or more active hydrogen groups and a hydrophilic group, and (D) a chain extending agent. The (B) compound having two or more active hydrogen groups contains an olefinic polyol and/or a carbonate diol having a carbon number between carbonate bond chains of less than 6. The binder has high adhesiveness to a collector, does not cause release in press molding, has high flexibility, and is excellent in bindability and resistance to an electrolytic solution. 1. A binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery, comprising a water dispersion of a polyurethane formed of (A) a polyisocyanate, (B) a compound having two or more active hydrogen groups, (C) a compound having one or more active hydrogen groups and a hydrophilic group, and (D) a chain extending agent, wherein the (B) compound having two or more active hydrogen groups comprises an olefinic polyol and/or a polycarbonate diol having a carbon number between carbonate bond chains of less than 6. 2. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the olefinic polyol contained as the (B) component is contained in a ratio of 40% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less with respect to the polyurethane. 3. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate diol having a carbon number between carbonate bond chains of less than 6, contained as the (B) component, is contained in a ratio of 50% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less with respect to the polyurethane. 4. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the polyurethane has a crosslinking density of 0.01 or more and 0.50 or less per 1,000 molecular weight of the polyurethane. 5. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the polyurethane has a urethane bond equivalent of 200 g/eq or more and 2,000 g/eq or less. 6. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the olefinic polyol contained as the (B) component is one kind or two or more kinds selected from polybutadiene polyol, polyisoprene polyol, hydrogenated polybutadiene polyol, and hydrogenated polyisoprene polyol. 7. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the (C) compound having one or more active hydrogen groups and a hydrophilic group contains a carboxyl group as the hydrophilic group. 8. The binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the (A) polyisocyanate contains an alicyclic isocyanate and/or an aromatic isocyanate. 9. An electrode produced by using the binder for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery described in claim 1. 10. A lithium secondary battery comprising the electrode described in claim 9.",
-    "A method for producing an engineered tissue scaffold for neural repair is described. The method includes tethering a hydrogel matrix seeded with tension-generating cells to a frame, and allowing the tension-generating cells to generate tension within the matrix, such that the cells self-align. The matrix may then be at least partially dehydrated to form a sheet. The tension-generating cells are stem cells capable of differentiating into cells having Schwann-cell-like properties, or are derived from such stem cells. In preferred embodiments, the cells are neural stem cells, for example conditionally immortalized neural stem cells of fetal cortex origin. 1. A method for producing an engineered tissue scaffold for neural repair, the method comprising: i) providing a cell guide comprising a hydrogel matrix seeded with tension-generating cells, the matrix being tethered at opposed first and second ends to a frame; ii) allowing the tension-generating cells to generate tension within the matrix, such that the cells self-align within the matrix; and iii) removing liquid from the hydrogel matrix in order to at least partially dehydrate the matrix to form a sheet while retaining cells within the matrix; thereby providing an engineered tissue scaffold, wherein the tension-generating cells are not Schwann cells, but are stem cells capable of differentiating into cells having Schwann-cell-like properties, or are derived from such stem cells. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells are a therapeutic cell type. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells are stem cells. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells are neural stem cells. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the cells are the CTX or CX neural stem cell line, produced by ReNeuron Group plc, United Kingdom. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising, as step i), the steps of i)a) providing a cell guide comprising a hydrogel matrix, and i)b) seeding the matrix with tension-generating cells. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of allowing the tension-generating cells to generate tension within the matrix comprises the step of allowing the cells to differentiate within the matrix. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells are derived from stem cells, and have been differentiated into cells showing Schwann-cell-like properties prior to seeding the cells within the matrix. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrogel matrix is a collagen matrix. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of removing liquid from the hydrogel matrix comprises contacting the matrix with an absorbent material. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the method further comprises the step of iv) forming the sheet into a rod shape. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of forming the sheet into a rod comprises rolling the sheet, or a portion of the sheet, to form a rod. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of encapsulating one or more sheets and/or rods in an outer sheath. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the outer sheath is an at least partially dehydrated matrix without cells seeded within it. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of freezing the engineered tissue scaffold. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of implanting the engineered tissue scaffold into a human or animal patient. 17. An engineered tissue growth guide for neuronal regeneration, the guide comprising one or more sheets of at least partially dehydrated aligned matrix material, the matrix being seeded with tension generating cells which are not Schwann cells, but are stem cells capable of differentiating into cells having Schwann-cell-like properties, or are derived from such stem cells. 18. The guide of claim 17 wherein the cells are stem cells, preferably neural stem cells, and more preferably the CTX or CX neural stem cell line, produced by ReNeuron Group plc, United Kingdom. 19. The guide of claim 17, wherein the sheets are formed into one or more rods, preferably by rolling the sheets into rod-like forms. 20. The guide of claim 17, further comprising an outer sheath encapsulating the one or more rods or sheets. 21. A kit comprising one or more engineered neural tissue sheets of at least partially dehydrated aligned matrix material, the matrix being seeded with tension generating cells which are not Schwann cells but are stem cells capable of differentiating into cells having Schwann-cell-like properties, or are derived from such stem cells; and one or more outer sheaths, each sheath being formed from a sheet of at least partially dehydrated matrix material without cells seeded within. 22. A method for promoting regrowth and/or repair of damaged neural tissue, the method comprising implanting an engineered tissue scaffold as produced according to claim 1, or a guide according to claim 17, into a patient having damaged neural tissue.",
-    "Disclosed are a method and apparatus for implementing a wireless body area network (WBAN). The present invention relates to multiple input multiple output MIMO technologies; and more particularly to a method and apparatus for implementing a wireless body area network. The method includes: performing a spread spectrum on channels in a WBAN system; performing a connection interference cancellation on spread-spectrum signals in accordance with an intensity. The technical solution provided in the embodiment of the present invention is applicable to a WBAN to realize a WBAN with an optimized signal propagation effect. 1. A method for implementing wireless body area network, wherein, the method is applied in a multipath multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) wireless body area network (WBAN) and comprises: performing a spread spectrum on channels in the WBAN system; performing a connection interference cancellation on spread-spectrum signals in accordance with an intensity. 2. The method for implementing WBAN of claim 1, wherein, a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM/DS UWB) signal uses a zero correlation duration (ZCD) sequence as a spreading code, said performing a spread spectrum on channels in the WBAN system comprises: at a transmitting end, calculating signals on a nth transmitting antenna according to a following expression: x n \ue8a0 ( t ) = \u2211 i = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e E s \ue89e d n0 \ue8a0 ( i ) \ue89e p \ue8a0 ( t - iT s ) , wherein, dn(i) is an ith information symbol on the nth transmitting antenna and dn(i)=bn(i)cn, bn(i) is a data sequence on the nth transmitting antenna, cn is an nth-path ZCD sequence, Es is energy of a basic pulse p(t), and Ts is an average pulse repetition period; at the transmitting end, calculating a periodic cross-correlation function of two ZCD sequences Ck(x) and Ck(y) according to a following expression: C x , y \ue8a0 ( \u03c4 ) = \u2211 k = 0 K - 1 \ue89e \u2295 c k ( x ) \ue89e c k ( y ) , where, K is a sequence period, and \u2295 denotes summation of modulo K; at a receiving end, calculating a received signal ym(t) according to a following expression: y m \ue8a0 ( t ) = \u2211 n = 1 N \ue89e \u2211 l = 0 L \ue89e h m , n \ue8a0 ( l ) \ue89e x n \ue8a0 ( t - lT p ) + n m \ue8a0 ( t ) , wherein, hm,n(l) denotes an attenuation coefficient of signals in an lh path transmitted by the nth transmitting antenna and received on an mth receiving antenna, and nm(t) denotes additive white Gaussian noise. 3. The method for implementing WBAN of claim 2, wherein, for two ZCD sequences, when side lobes are minimum, both an autocorrelation function and a periodic cross-correlation function of the two ZCD sequences are 0. 4. The method for implementing WBAN of claim 1, wherein, said performing a connection interference cancellation on spread-spectrum signals in accordance with an intensity comprises: using a zero forcing algorithm to obtain a pseudo-inverse matrix G1 of a channel characteristic matrix H according to a following expression: Gi=H+=(HHH)1HH, wherein, an initial value of i is 1, and i is not greater than the total number of paths n, at a transmitting end; sorting signal-to-noise ratios of various paths, and obtaining a sorted result L={ki, ki+1, . . . , knT}, detecting that a sub-information flow with maximum signal-to-noise ratio after sorting is: k i = arg \ue89e \ue89e min j \ue89e \uf605 ( G i ) j \uf606 2 ; calculating a weighted vector wki=(Gi)ki according to the zero forcing algorithm; for ki, determining that the sub-information flow with maximum signal-to-noise ratio is valid when the weighted vector obtained according to the zero forcing algorithm meets a following expression: w k i T \ue8a0 ( H ) j = { 0 j \u2260 k i 1 j = k i ; separating a first determination statistic from a received signal vector yk1 according to a following expression: y k i = w k i T \ue89e r i = \u2211 j = 1 n R \ue89e w k i T \ue8a0 ( H ) j \ue89e s j + w k i T \ue89e \u03b7 = s k i + w k i T \ue89e \u03b7 , wherein, wkiT\u03b7 is noise, decoding yki according to an employed modulation method to obtain an estimated value of ski: \u015dki=Q(yki), wherein, Q denotes quantization processing; re-modulating the \u015dki to obtain a corresponding received signal, and cancelling out from the received signal vector to obtain a new received signal vector according to a following expression: ri+1=y1\u2212hi\u015dki, wherein, hki is a ki-th column of H; judging whether the value of i is equal to nT or not, when the value of i is not equal to nT, the value of i added by 1, repeating steps from calculating the pseudo-inverse matrix G1 to calculating the new received signal vector ri+1. 5. The method for implementing WBAN of claim 4, wherein, after detecting the sub-information flow k, with maximum signal-to-noise ratio, the method further comprises: for k1, when the weighted vector obtained according to the zero forcing algorithm does not meet a following expression, w k i T \ue8a0 ( H ) j = { 0 j \u2260 k i 1 j = k i ; determining that the sub-information flow with maximum signal-to-noise ratio is invalid, and returning to calculate the pseudo-inverse matrix Gi. 6. The method for implementing WBAN of claim 4, wherein, said re-modulating the \u015dki to obtain the corresponding received signal is: inverse-modulating the \u015dki according to a discovery modulation mode to obtain a corresponding received signal. 7. An apparatus for implementing wireless body area network, wherein, in a multipath MIMO WBAN, the apparatus comprises: a spread spectrum module, configured to: perform a spread spectrum on channels in the WBAN system; an interference cancellation module, configured to: perform a connection interference cancellation on spread-spectrum signals in accordance with an intensity. 8. The apparatus for implementing WBAN of claim 7, wherein, a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM/DS UWB) signal uses a zero correlation duration (ZCD) sequence as a spreading code, the spread spectrum module comprises: a transmitting-end signal calculating unit, configured to: at a transmitting end, calculate signals on an nth transmitting antenna according to a following expression: x n \ue8a0 ( t ) = \u2211 i = - \u221e \u221e \ue89e E s \ue89e d n \ue8a0 ( i ) \ue89e p \ue8a0 ( t - iT s ) , wherein, dn(i) is an ith information symbol on the nth transmitting antenna and dn(i)=bn(i)c n, bn(i) is a data sequence on the nth transmitting antenna, cn is an nth-path ZCD sequence, ESs is energy of a basic pulse p(t), and Ts is an average pulse repetition period; a transmitting-end periodic cross-correlation function calculating unit, configured to: at the transmitting end, calculate a periodic cross-correlation function of two ZCD sequences Ck(x) and Ck(y) according to a following expression: C x , y \ue8a0 ( \u03c4 ) = \u2211 k = 0 K - 1 \ue89e \u2295 c k ( x ) \ue89e c k ( y ) , where, K is a sequence period, and \u2295 denotes summation of modulo K; a receiving-end receiving signal calculating unit, configured to: at a receiving end, calculate a received signal ym(t) according to a following expression: y m \ue8a0 ( t ) = \u2211 n = 1 N \ue89e \u2211 l = 0 L \ue89e h m , n \ue8a0 ( l ) \ue89e x n \ue8a0 ( t - lT p ) + n m \ue8a0 ( t ) , wherein, hm,n(l) denotes an attenuation coefficient of signals in an lth path transmitted by the nth transmitting antenna and received on an mth receiving antenna, and nm(t) denotes additive white Gaussian noise. 9. The apparatus for implementing WBAN of claim 8, wherein, the interference cancellation module comprises: a pseudo-inverse matrix calculating unit, configured to: use a zero forcing algorithm to obtain a pseudo-inverse matrix G1 of a channel characteristic matrix H according to a following expression: G1=H+=(HHH)\u22121HH, a sub-information flow sorting unit, configured to: sort signal-to-noise ratios of various paths to obtain a sorted result L={k1, k2, . . . , knT}, wherein ki=1, 2, . . . , nT, and detect that a sub-information flow with maximum signal-to-noise ratio after sorting is k1=arg minj\u2225(G1)j\u22252; a weighted vector calculating unit, configured to: calculate a weighted vector wki=(Gi)ki according to the zero forcing algorithm; a determination unit, configured to: for the k1, determine that the sub-information flow with maximum signal-to-noise ratio is valid when the weighted vector obtained according to the zero forcing algorithm meets a following expression: w k 1 T \ue8a0 ( H ) j = { 0 j \u2260 k 1 1 j = k 1 ; an estimated value calculating unit, configured to: separate a first determination statistic from a received signal vector yk1 according to a following expression: y k 1 = w k 1 T \ue89e r 1 = \u2211 j = 1 n R \ue89e w k 1 T \ue8a0 ( H ) j \ue89e s j + w k 1 T \ue89e \u03b7 = s k 1 + w k 1 T \ue89e \u03b7 , wherein, wk1T\u03b7 is noise, decode yk1 according to an employed modulation method to obtain an estimated value of sk1: \u015dki=Q(yk1) of the \u015dk1, wherein Q denotes quantization processing; a received signal vector calculating unit, configured to: re-modulate the \u015dk1 to obtain a corresponding received signal, and cancel out from a received signal vector to obtain a new received signal vector according to a following expression: r2=y1\u2212h1\u015dk1, wherein, hki is a ki-th column of H; a process controlling unit, configured to: when an entire received signal vector is not separated and obtained, return to the sub-information flow sorting unit to separate a sub-information flow with second largest signal-to-noise ratio from updated received signal vector. 10. The apparatus for implementing WBAN of claim 9, wherein, the determination unit is further configured to: for k1, when the weighted vector obtained according to the zero forcing algorithm meets a following expression, w k 1 T \ue8a0 ( H ) j = { 0 j \u2260 k 1 1 j = k 1 ; determine that the sub-information flow with maximum signal-to-noise ratio is invalid, and return to the pseudo-inverse matrix calculating unit.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a MoS2 thin film and a method for manufacturing the same. The present disclosure provides a MoS2 thin film and a method for manufacturing the same using an atomic layer deposition method. In particular, the MoS2 thin film is manufactured by an atomic layer deposition method without using a toxic gas such as H2S as a sulfur precursor. Thus, the present disclosure is eco-friendly. Furthermore, it is possible to prevent the damage and contamination of manufacturing equipment during the manufacturing process. In addition, it is possible to manufacture the MoS2 thin film by precisely controlling the thickness of the MoS2 thin film to the level of an atomic layer. 1-19. (canceled) 20. A MoS2 thin film which is formed from a molybdenum precursor and a sulfur precursor and grown by an atomic layer deposition method. 21. The MoS2 thin film according to claim 20, wherein the molybdenum precursor is one or more selected from a group consisting of MoF6, MoCl6 and Mo(CO)6. 22. The MoS2 thin film according to claim 20, wherein the sulfur precursor is a dialkyl disulfide or a dihalodisulfide. 23. The MoS2 thin film according to claim 20, wherein the Raman spectrum of the MoS2 thin film has peaks observed at 375-385 cm\u22121 and 400-410 cm\u22121. 24. The MoS2 thin film according to claim 20, wherein the MoS2 thin film is comprised in any one selected from a group consisting of a semiconductor active layer of a transistor, a catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction and an electrode of a lithium-ion battery. 25. The MoS2 thin film according to claim 20, wherein the molybdenum precursor is Mo(CO)6 and the sulfur precursor is dimethyl disulfide. 26. The MoS2 thin film according to claim 25, wherein the ALD temperature window of the atomic layer deposition method is 100-120\u00b0 C. 27. A method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film, comprising: 1) forming a chemical functional group layer comprising Mo on a substrate by supplying a molybdenum precursor into a reactor in vacuum state; 2) removing an excess molybdenum precursor that has not formed the chemical functional group layer comprising Mo and a byproduct by supplying an inert gas into the reactor after 1); 3) forming a MoS2 atomic layer by chemically adsorbing a sulfur precursor on the chemical functional group layer comprising Mo by supplying the sulfur precursor into the reactor; and 4) removing a sulfur precursor that has not been adsorbed in 3) and a byproduct by supplying an inert gas into the reactor after 3). 28. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 27, wherein the molybdenum precursor is one or more selected from a group consisting of MoF6, MoCl6 and Mo(CO)6. 29. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 27, wherein the sulfur precursor is a dialkyl disulfide or a dihalodisulfide. 30. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 27 wherein the molybdenum precursor is Mo(CO)6 and the sulfur precursor is dimethyl disulfide. 31. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 30, wherein the ALD temperature window of the atomic layer deposition in 3) is 100-120\u00b0 C. 32. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 27, wherein, in 1), the molybdenum precursor is supplied at a pressure of 0.1-10 Torr. 33. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 27, wherein, in 3), the sulfur precursor is supplied at a pressure of 0.1-10 Torr. 34. The method for manufacturing a MoS2 thin film according to claim 27, which further comprises heat treatment at 400-1,000\u00b0 C. after repeating 1) through 4).",
-    "The invention relates to a method for operating a driver assistance device of a motor vehicle (1), wherein the driver assistance device is switched between an automatic drive mode, in which control signals are output at least to a steering device of the motor vehicle (1) by means of the driver assistance device and hereby a steering angle of the motor vehicle (1) is autonomously controlled by the driver assistance device, and a manual drive mode, in which the steering angle is manually controlled by a driver by operating a steering wheel (7) of the motor vehicle (1), wherein with the switching the driver assistance device at least in one switching direction from one of the drive modes into the other drive mode, a moving light is generated along a predetermined lighting path (20) in a movement direction (21, 22) associated with the switching direction by means of a lighting device (4). 1. A method for operating a driver assistance device of a motor vehicle, wherein the driver assistance device is switched between an automatic drive mode, in which control signals are output at least to a steering device of the motor vehicle by the driver assistance device and a steering angle of the motor vehicle is autonomously controlled by the driver assistance device, and a manual drive mode, in which the steering angle is manually controlled by a driver by operating a steering wheel of the motor vehicle, the method comprising: switching the driver assistance device at least in one switching direction from one of the drive modes into the other drive mode; and as a result of the switching, generating a moving light along a predetermined lighting path in a movement direction associated with the switching direction by a lighting device. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving light is generated along a lighting path disposed on the steering wheel and/or outside of the steering wheel along a lighting path disposed partially on the steering wheel and partially outside of the steering wheel. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving light is generated by a lighting unit of the lighting device disposed on the steering wheel and/or a lighting unit of the lighting device disposed outside of the steering wheel by sequentially activating a plurality of lighting elements of the lighting unit disposed distributed one after the other along the lighting path. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a region of the lighting path is disposed on a dashboard and/or a vehicle door of the motor vehicle. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein when switching the driver assistance device from the manual drive mode into the automatic drive mode, the moving light is generated in a first movement direction from the outside of the steering wheel towards the steering wheel. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein when switching the driver assistance device from the automatic drive mode into the manual drive mode, the moving light is generated in a second movement direction. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein when switching the driver assistance device from the automatic drive mode into the manual drive mode, the moving light is generated from the steering wheel towards the outside of the steering wheel. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein when switching the driver assistance device from the automatic drive mode into the manual drive mode, a transition, mode is activated, in which the driver assistance device checks whether the driver operates the steering wheel, and wherein the moving light is generated in the transition mode. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the activation of the transition mode is autonomously performed by a control device of the driver assistance device. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein when, after activating the transition mode, the operation of the steering wheel by the driver is detected by the driver assistance device by the lighting unit disposed on the steering wheel, light signals of a first type different from the moving light are generated, thereby signaling the manual drive mode. 11. The method according to claim 7, wherein when, after activating the transition mode, operation of the steering wheel by the driver is not detected by the driver assistance device within a preset time interval, by the lighting device by the lighting unit disposed on the steering wheel, light signals of a second type different from the moving light are generated, signaling the driver to assume the vehicle drive. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the automatic drive mode, by the lighting unit disposed on the steering wheel, light signals of a third type different from the moving light are generated, by which the activated automatic drive mode is optically signaled. 13. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the light signals of the first type and/or the light signals of the second type and/or the light signals of the third type differ from each other in their coloring and/or in their flash frequency. 14. A motor vehicle comprising: a driver assistance device for autonomously driving the motor vehicle, wherein the driver assistance device is switchable between an automatic drive mode and a manual drive mode and comprises: a control device adapted to output control signals at least to a steering device of the motor vehicle in the automatic drive mode and to autonomously control a steering angle of the motor vehicle, and wherein in the manual drive mode the steering angle is manually controllable by a driver by operating a steering wheel of the motor vehicle, and a lighting device, wherein the control device is adapted to control the lighting device upon switching the driver assistance device at least in one switching direction from one of the drive modes into the other drive mode for generating a moving light along a predetermined lighting path in a movement direction associated with the switching direction.",
-    "The invention concerns novel substituted pyridine-piperazinyl analogues of formula (I) having antiviral activity, in particular, having an inhibitory activity on the replication of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The invention further concerns the preparation of such novel compounds, compositions comprising these compounds, and the compounds for use in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. 1. A compound of formula (I\u2032) or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, wherein: X and Y are each independently selected from CR6 or N, wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, cyano, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, nitro, amino, mono- or di(C1-4alkyl)amino, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; R3 is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; L1 is a direct bond; oxygen; or C1-4alkanediyl, wherein said C1-4alkanediyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, and phenyl optionally substituted with C1-4alkyloxy; L2 is a direct bond, phenyl, or piperazine optionally substituted with hydroxy; and R5 is selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein said heteroalkyl is piperidinyl; wherein said aryl is phenyl, or naphthalenyl; wherein each aryl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, C1-4alkylthio, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, amino, o- or di(C1-4alkyl)amino, C1-4alkylcarbonyl, and C1-4alkyl(SO2)\u2014NH\u2014; and wherein said heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, 1-benzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuranyl, 1-benzothiophenyl, 1-benzopyrazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, and quinolinyl; wherein each heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyanoC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, and C1-4alkyloxyC1-4alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein, X and Y are each independently selected from CR6 or N, wherein R6 is hydrogen; R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, and C1-4alkyloxy; R3 is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl; R4 is hydrogen; L1 is a direct bond; oxygen; or C1-4alkanediyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, and phenyl optionally substituted with C1-4alkyloxy; L2 is a direct bond, phenyl, or piperazine optionally substituted with hydroxy; and R5 is C1-4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; wherein said heteroalkyl is piperidinyl; wherein said aryl is phenyl, or naphthalenyl; wherein said aryl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, C1-4alkylthio, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, cyano, di(C1-4alkyl)-amino, C1-4alkylcarbonyl, and C1-4alkyl(SO2)\u2014NH\u2014; and wherein said heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of furanyl, pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, 1-benzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuranyl, 1-benzothiophenyl, 1-benzopyrazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, and quinolinyl; wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of: C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyanoC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, and C1-4alkyloxyC1-4alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. 3. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is N, and Y is N. 4. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is N, and Y is CR6 wherein R6 is hydrogen. 5. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is CR6, wherein R6 is hydrogen; and Y is N. 6. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is CR6, wherein R6 is hydrogen; and Y is CR6, wherein R6 is hydrogen. 7. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is CR6, wherein R6 is hydrogen; Y is N; L1 is a direct bond; and L2 is a direct bond. 8. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is N; Y is N; L1 is a direct bond; and L2 is a direct bond. 9. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is CR6, wherein R6 is hydrogen; Y is N; L1 is a direct bond; L2 is a direct bond; and R5 is aryl. 10. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein X is N, Y is N, L1 is a direct bond, L2 is a direct bond and R5 is aryl. 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically active amount of a compound as claimed in claim 1. 12. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 11 wherein a therapeutically active amount of a compound as claimed in claim 1 is intimately mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 13. (canceled) 14. A method of treating a respiratory syncytial virus infection comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1. 15. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 16. A compound of formula (II): including any stereochemically isomeric form thereof, wherein: X and Y are each independently CR6 or N, wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, cyano, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, nitro, amino, mono- or di(C1-4alkyl)amino, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; R3 is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyloxy, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl. 17. A compound of formula (IV): including any stereochemically isomeric form thereof, wherein: X is CR6 or N, wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, cyano, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, nitro, amino, mono- or di(C1-4alkyl)amino, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; La is selected from the group consisting of bromo, iodo, trifluoromethylsulfonate, tri(C1-4alkyl) tin, B(OH)2, alkylboronates and cyclicboronate esters; R3 is hydrogen or C1-6alkyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyloxy, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, and C1-4alkylcarbonyl; L1 is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond; oxygen; and C1-4alkanediyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydroxy, and phenyl optionally substituted with C1-4alkyloxy; L2 is selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, phenyl, and piperazine optionally substituted with hydroxy; and R5 is selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein heteroalkyl is piperidinyl; wherein said aryl is phenyl, or naphthalenyl; wherein each aryl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, C1-4alkylthio, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, amino, o- or di(C1-4alkyl)amino, C1-4alkylcarbonyl, and C1-4alkyl(SO2)\u2014NH\u2014; and wherein said heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of: furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, 1-benzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuranyl, 1-benzothiophenyl, 1-benzopyrazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, and quinolinyl; wherein each heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of: C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyloxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyanoC1-4alkyl, polyhaloC1-4alkyl, and C1-4alkyloxyC1-4alkyl.",
-    "Provided is a semiconductor device which drives a power semiconductor device, in which dead times generated when switch elements of upper and lower arms are turned on and off are minimized, and a loss of a power conversion device is reduced. A semiconductor device used in a power conversion device that includes a first switch element of which the drain is connected to a first power source voltage and a second switch element of which the source is connected to a second power source voltage includes a first drive circuit that drives the first switch element, a second drive circuit that drives the second switch element, a first level shift circuit, and a second level shift circuit. The first drive circuit is connected to a third power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to a source potential of the first switch element and the source potential of the first switch element. The second drive circuit is connected to a fourth power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to the second power source voltage and the second power source voltage. Power source potentials input to the first level shift circuit and the second level shift circuit are the third power source voltage and the second power source voltage. 1. A semiconductor device used in a power conversion device that includes a first switch element of which the drain is connected to a first power source voltage and a second switch element of which the source is connected to a second power source voltage, a source of the first switch element and a drain of the second switch element being electrically connected, comprising: a first drive circuit that drives the first switch element; a second drive circuit that drives the second switch element; a first level shift circuit; and a second level shift circuit, wherein the first drive circuit is connected to a third power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to a source potential of the first switch element and the source potential, wherein the second drive circuit is connected to a fourth power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to the second power source voltage and the second power source voltage, wherein the first level shift circuit converts and outputs a voltage level of an input signal to be suitable for the first drive circuit, wherein the second level shift circuit converts and outputs a voltage level of an input signal to be suitable for the second drive circuit, and wherein power source voltages input to the first level shift circuit and the second level shift circuit are the third power source voltage and the second power source voltage. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a delay circuit that is used to finely adjust a dead time. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the delay circuit is disposed between the second level shift circuit and the second drive circuit. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the delay circuit includes a circuit that generates a plurality of delay times, and is configured to select the plurality of delay times using an external input signal. 5. A power conversion device comprising: a first switch element of which the drain is connected to a first power source voltage; a second switch element of which the source is connected to a second power source voltage; and a semiconductor device, wherein a source of the first switch element and a drain of the second switch element are electrically connected, wherein the semiconductor device includes a first drive circuit that drives the first switch element, a second drive circuit that drives the second switch element, a first level shift circuit, a second level shift circuit, and a delay circuit that finely adjusts a dead time, wherein the first drive circuit is connected to a third power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to a source potential of the first switch element and the source potential, wherein the second drive circuit is connected to a fourth power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to the second power source voltage, wherein the first level shift circuit converts and outputs a voltage level of an input signal to be suitable for the first drive circuit, wherein the second level shift circuit converts and outputs a voltage level of an input signal to be suitable for the second drive circuit, and wherein power source potentials input to the first level shift circuit and the second level shift circuit are the third power source voltage and the second power source voltage. 6. The power conversion device according to claim 5, wherein the delay circuit is disposed between the second level shift circuit and the second drive circuit. 7. The power conversion device according to claim 5, wherein the delay circuit includes a circuit that generates a plurality of delay times, and is configured to select the plurality of delay times using an external input signal. 8. The power conversion device according to claim 5, further comprising: a first freewheel diode and a second freewheel diode that are respectively connected to the first switch element and the second switch element in parallel, wherein the first and second freewheel diodes, the first switch element, and the second switch element are configured by one power module. 9. The power conversion device according to claim 5, wherein the first switch element and the second switch element are made of silicon, silicon carbide, or gallium nitride. 10. The power conversion device according to claim 9, wherein the first switch element and the second switch element are MOSFETs that are made of the silicon carbide, and wherein the power conversion device is an inverter device that uses built-in diodes of the first switch element and the second switch element as freewheel diodes. 11. A power conversion device comprising: a first switch element of which the drain is connected to a first power source voltage; a second switch element of which the source is connected to a second power source voltage; a first drive circuit that drives the first switch element; a second drive circuit that drives the second switch element; a first level shift circuit; a second level shift circuit; and a delay circuit that is used to finely adjust a dead time, wherein a source of the first switch element and a drain of the second switch element are electrically connected, wherein the first drive circuit is operated using a third power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to a source potential of the first switch element and the source potential, wherein the second drive circuit is operated using a fourth power source voltage higher by a predetermined potential with respect to the second power source voltage, wherein the first level shift circuit is configured to convert a voltage level to be suitable for the first drive circuit, wherein the second level shift circuit is configured to convert a voltage level to be suitable for the second drive circuit, wherein power source potentials input to the first level shift circuit and the second level shift circuit are the third power source voltage and the second power source voltage, and wherein when a control signal is input to the first level shift circuit and the second level shift circuit, operation voltages of the first drive circuit and the second drive circuit are generated using the second power source voltage and the third power source voltage. 12. The power conversion device according to claim 11, wherein the delay circuit is disposed between the second level shift circuit and the second drive circuit. 13. The power conversion device according to claim 11, wherein the delay circuit includes a unit that generates a plurality of delay times, and is configured to select the plurality of delay times using an external input signal. 14. The power conversion device according to claim 11, further comprising: a first freewheel diode that is connected to the first switch element in parallel; and a second freewheel diode that is connected to the second switch element in parallel. 15. The power conversion device according to claim 11, wherein the first switch element and the second switch element are MOSFETs that are made of silicon carbide, and wherein the power conversion device is an inverter device that uses built-in diodes of the first switch element and the second switch element as freewheel diodes.",
-    "[Object] Provided is a gas barrier film that is substantially uniformly modified in the film thickness direction and exhibits excellent interlayer adhesive force and bending resistance even after being stored under a high temperature and high humidity condition. [Solving Means] Disclosed is a gas barrier film including a plurality of gas barrier layers, the gas barrier film being obtained by coating a coating liquid containing a polysilazane compound on a substrate by simultaneous multilayer coating and drying it to form a plurality of coating layers and then irradiating the plurality of coating layers with vacuum ultraviolet rays from the side of the farthest coating layer from the substrate to conduct a modification treatment, in which at least one layer of the gas barrier layers contains at least one kind of element (however, silicon and carbon are excluded) selected from the group consisting of elements of group 2, group 13, and group 14 in the long form of the periodic table. 1. A gas barrier film comprising a plurality of gas barrier layers, the gas barrier film being obtained by coating a coating liquid containing a polysilazane compound on a substrate by simultaneous multilayer coating and drying it to form a plurality of coating layers and then irradiating the plurality of coating layers with vacuum ultraviolet rays from the side of the farthest coating layer from the substrate to conduct a modification treatment, wherein at least one layer of the gas barrier layers contains at least one kind of element (however, silicon and carbon are excluded) selected from the group consisting of elements of group 2, group 13, and group 14 in the long form of the periodic table. 2. The gas barrier film according to claim 1, wherein at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of elements of group 2, group 13, and group 14 in the long form of the periodic table is at least one kind selected from the group consisting of aluminum, indium, gallium, magnesium, calcium, germanium, and boron. 3. The gas barrier film according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the substrate is from 10 to 100 \u03bcm. 4. The gas barrier film according to claim 1, wherein the gas barrier film is formed by further conducting a temperature treatment after the modification treatment. 5. A method for producing a gas barrier film including a plurality of gas barrier layers, the method comprising: a step of forming a plurality of coating layers by coating a coating liquid containing a polysilazane compound on a substrate by simultaneous multilayer coating and drying it; and a step of conducting a modification treatment by irradiating the plurality of coating layers with vacuum ultraviolet rays from the side of the farthest coating layer from the substrate, wherein at least one layer of the coating layers contains at least one kind of element (however, silicon and carbon are excluded) selected from the group consisting of elements of group 2, group 13, and group 14 in the long form of the periodic table. 6. An electronic device comprising: an electronic device body; and the gas barrier film according to claim 1.",
-    "The present invention discloses the adherent PHBV-PCDA electrospun mats on paper for use as an authentication feature. Further disclosed herein is the process for preparation of adherent PHBV-PCDA electrospun mats and use of the above product to authenticate cigarettes. 1. Electrospun nanofiber adherent mats comprising 60 to 90% Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) and 10 to 40% 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acid(PCDA) deposited on a substrate wherein said mats are useful in detecting counterfeiting in a substrate. 2. The electrospun nanofiber adherent mats as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mats may optionally contain 0.25 to 2% nano particles of a metal oxide preferably zinc oxide. 3. A process for preparation of electrospun nanofiber adherent mats comprising the steps of: a. sonicating a supersaturated solution of 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) in chloroform for period in the range of 25 to 30 min followed by extruding the solution using PTFE syringe filter to obtain a solution; b. stirring the solution of copolymer polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) in dichlorobenzene for period in the range of 5 to 6 hr; c. mixing the solution as obtained in step (a) with solution of copolymer polyhydroxybutyrate-co- valerate (PHBV) as obtained in step (b) in the ratio ranging between 1:9 to 4:6 followed by stirring for period in the range of 50 to 60 minute to obtain a solution; d. depositing the mixture on a substrate by applying 15 kV potential at a distance of 10 to 15 cm between a syringe and a collector wherein the syringe contains a solution as obtained in step (c) to obtain electrospun nanofiber adherent mats. 4. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the process optionally includes a step of mixing sonicated homogenous solution of metal oxide preferably zinc oxide in chloroform to the PCDA solution of step (a) prior to mixing with PHBV solution. 5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the substrate is pasted on collector and substrate is selected from the group consisting of paper, metal, sticker and glass and the collector is an aluminum sheet. 6. A method of detecting counterfeit in a substrate comprising: a) providing electrospun nanofiber adherent mats as claimed in claim 1 on the substrate; and b) observing the colour change in the electrospun nanofiber adherent mat induced by a stimulus to detect counterfeit. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the stimulus is selected from the group consisting of temperature, solvent, pressure or UV. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the colour change in the mats is irreversible or reversible. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the colour changes in the mats with Zinc oxide nano particles is reversible. 10. A method of detecting the purity of organic solvents comprising exposing the electrospun nanofiber adherent mats of Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) and 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acid(PCDA) to the solvent and assessing the purity based on the differential colour change and a different red value observed.",
-    "Route setting systems, methods, and programs set a guide route from a departure location to a destination location, display the set guide route on a display superimposed on a map image, receive an operation by a user designating a location on the displayed map image, acquire a road status of a road in the vicinity of the designated location, and select a pass-through road on the basis of the acquired road status. The pass-through road is a road by which the guide route will pass from the road in the vicinity of the designated location. The systems methods, and programs change the set guide route to a route that leads from the departure location to the destination location by way of the selected pass-through road. 1. A route calculation system, comprising: a display; a memory that stores a computer-executable route calculation program; and a processor that, when executing the stored program: sets a guide route from a departure location to a destination location; displays the set guide route on the display superimposed on a map image; receives an operation by a user designating a location on the displayed map image; acquires a road status of a road in the vicinity of the designated location; selects a pass-through road on the basis of the acquired road status, the pass-through road being a road by which the guide route will pass from the road in the vicinity of the designated location; and changes the set guide route to a route that leads from the departure location to the destination location by way of the selected pass-through road. 2. The route calculation system according to claim 1, wherein the processor, when executing the stored program: acquires a traffic status or a road surface state of the road in the vicinity of the designated location as the acquired road status. 3. The route calculation system according to claim 1, wherein the processor, when executing the stored program: selects the pass-through road with more priority given to a road that is easier to travel through. 4. The route calculation system according to claim 1, wherein the processor, when executing the stored program: receives a drag operation by the user performed with a location on the displayed guide route as a start point, an end point of the drag operation being set as the designated location. 5. The route calculation system according to claim 1, wherein the processor, when executing the stored program: selects the pass-through road also in consideration of a distance from the designated location. 6. The route calculation system according to claim 5, wherein the processor, when executing the stored program: acquires a time for which the operation by the user for designating the received designated location is performed; and selects the pass-through road with more priority given to a road at a short distance from the designated location as the acquired time is longer. 7. The route calculation system according to claim 5, wherein the processor, when executing the stored program: receives a touch operation on a touch panel by the user; acquires a touch pressure on the touch panel for the received touch operation; and selects the pass-through road with more priority given to a road at a short distance from the designated location as the acquired touch pressure is stronger. 8. The route calculation system according to claim 1, wherein: the road in the vicinity of the location is specified in the unit of section divided by an intersection with a road of the same or higher standard. 9. The route calculation system according to claim 1, wherein: the road in the vicinity of the location is a road, a part or entirety of which is included within a predetermined distance from the designated location; and the predetermined distance is set on the basis of a scale of the map image displayed on the display device. 10. A route calculation method, comprising: setting a guide route from a departure location to a destination location; displaying the set guide route set on a display superimposed on a map image; receiving an operation by a user designating a location on the displayed map image; acquiring a road status of a road in the vicinity of the designated location; selecting a pass-through road on the basis of the acquired road status, the pass-through road being a road by which the guide route will pass from the road in the vicinity of the designated location; and changing the set guide route to a route that leads from the departure location to the destination location by way of the selected pass-through road. 11. A computer-readable storage medium storing a computer-executable route calculation program, the program comprising: instructions for setting a guide route from a departure location to a destination location; instructions for displaying the set guide route on a display superimposed on a map image; instructions for receiving an operation by a user designating a location on the displayed map image; instruction for acquiring a road status of a road in the vicinity of the designated location; instructions for selecting a pass-through road on the basis of the acquired road status, the pass-through road being a road by which the guide route will pass from the road in the vicinity of the designated location; and instructions for changing the set guide route to a route that leads from the departure location to the destination location by way of the selected pass-through road.",
-    "A method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane includes a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane; and an aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane. 1. A method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, the method including the steps of: a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane, and an aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane. 2. The method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane according to claim 1, wherein 2 to 30 parts by mass of the tar component is present relative to 100 parts by mass of the dicyanocyclohexane. 3. The method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane according to claim 1, wherein in the trans-isomerization step, dicyanocyclohexane is distilled using a distillation column, trans-dicyanocyclohexane is taken out from a column top of the distillation column, and the tar component is taken out from a column bottom of the distillation column, and the tar component that is taken out is added to the dicyanocyclohexane. 4. The method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane according to claim 3, wherein the distillation column has a column top temperature of 140\u00b0 C. or more and 220\u00b0 C. or less, a column bottom temperature of 200\u00b0 C. or more and 320\u00b0 C. or less, and the residence time at the column bottom is 1 hour or more and 50 hours or less. 5. A method for producing bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, in which trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane produced in a method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane is isocyanized, the method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane comprising: a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane, and an aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane. 6. Bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane produced by a method for producing bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane in which trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane is isocyanized, the trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane produced by a method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane comprising: a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane, an aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane. 7. A polyisocyanate composition containing at least one functional group of (a) to (e) below: (a) an isocyanurate group, (b) an allophanate group, (c) a biuret group, (d) a urethane group, and (e) a urea group, and produced by modifying bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane produced by a method for producing bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, in which trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane produced in a method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane is isocyanized, the method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane comprising: a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane, and an aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane. 8. A polyurethane resin produced by allowing bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane to react with an active hydrogen compound, the bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane produced by a method for producing bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, in which trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane produced in a method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane is isocyanized, the method for producing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane comprising: a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane, and aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane. 9. A polyurethane resin produced by allowing a polyisocyanate composition containing at least one functional group of (a) to (e) below to react with an active hydrogen compound, (a) an isocyanurate group, (b) an allophanate group, (c) a biuret group, (d) a urethane group, and (e) a urea group, the polyisocyanate composition produced by modifying bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, the bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane produced by isocyanizing trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, the trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane produced by a method comprising: a trans-isomerization step in which cis-dicyanocyclohexane is isomerized into trans-dicyanocyclohexane by heating dicyanocyclohexane containing cis-dicyanocyclohexane in the presence of a tar component produced by distillation of dicyanocyclohexane, and an aminomethylation step in which trans-dicyanocyclohexane produced by the trans-isomerization step is allowed to contact with hydrogen to produce trans-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane.",
-    "A connecting-device for a switchgear apparatus, includes: tulip-cluster-portions for electrically engaging with a contact-stud-element; a mounting-end-part for the mechanical connection to a pole-terminal, and conductive-transmitting-portions for transmitting electrical current from the contact-stud-element to the pole-terminal, each of the conductive-transmitting-portions extending from the respective tulip-cluster-portion to a respective base-portion of the mounting-end-part. The tulip-cluster-portions with the respective conductive-transmitting-portions and with the respective base-portions are integral with one other so as to define respective single-piece-portions. 1-15. (canceled) 16. Connecting-device for a switchgear apparatus, comprising: tulip-cluster-portions for electrically engaging with a contact-stud-element; a mounting-end-part for the mechanical connection to a pole-terminal; and conductive-transmitting-portions for transmitting electrical current from said contact-stud-element to said pole-terminal, each of said conductive-transmitting-portions extending from the respective tulip-cluster-portion to a respective base-portion of said mounting-end-part, wherein said tulip-cluster-portions with the respective conductive-transmitting-portions and with the respective base-portions are integral with one other so as to define respective single-piece-portions. 17. Connecting device according to claim 16, wherein said single-piece-portions are integral with one other so as to define together a single enbloc-body. 18. Connecting device according to claim 16, wherein said single-piece-portions are configured as distinct elements which are configured to be coupled together for defining one assembled-body. 19. Connecting device according to claim 16, wherein each tulip-cluster-portion comprises one or more finger-projections projecting in a cantilever way from said mounting-end-part so as to delimit a coupling-cavity for said contact-stud-element, each finger-projection having a flexing-strip-zone included in the respective conductive-transmitting-portion, and a contact-bent-end for going into contact with said contact-stud-element, said flexing-strip-zone being configured for elastically flexing upon a relative inserting-engagement of said contact-stud-element into said coupling-cavity. 20. Connecting device according to claim 19, wherein the thickness remains constant along each whole finger-projection. 21. Connecting device according to claim 19, wherein said contact-bent-end protrudes towards a longitudinal axis of said coupling-cavity and comprises an internal curved surface which is configured to promote a resilient deformation of the respective finger-projection upon a pushing-action of said contact-stud-element in order to facilitate insertion of the latter into said coupling-cavity. 22. Connecting device according to claim 21, wherein said internal curved surface has a convex profile according to a plane which is parallel to said longitudinal axis, said internal curved surface having a concave profile according to a plane which is transverse to said longitudinal axis, said concave profile having a bend-radius configured according to an external bend-radius of said contact-stud-element in order to achieve a required extended contact-area in a mutual engagement configuration. 23. Connecting device according to claim 21, wherein on each contact-bent-end there is obtained an external groove-surface configured for receiving an auxiliary elastic element configured for urging said finger-projections towards a mutual radially collapsed position. 24. Connecting device according to claim 19, wherein said finger-projections are separated from one other by elongated gaps extending from said mounting-end-part to a front end defined by said contact-bent-ends, said elongated gaps being configured for achieving the required resilient flexibility for said finger-projections and being configured for promoting a heat-dissipating-function. 25. Connecting device according to claim 16, wherein on said mounting-end-part a convex-fitting-surface is obtained which is suitable for matching a concave receiving seat to be provided on said pole-terminal so as to enable an adjustment-pivotal movement of said connecting device with respect to said contact-stud-element for facilitating a relative engagement thereof. 26. Connecting device according to claim 16 comprising internally a rest-abutment-element for said finger-projections, said finger-projections being resiliently pre-loaded so as to abut against said rest-abutment-element when said connecting device is disengaged from said contact-stud-element. 27. Connecting device according to claim 16 comprising a displacement-control-element configured for mitigating, transmitting and distributing an over-displacement of a finger-projection to a further finger-projection which is arranged at an opposite side. 28. Connecting device according to claim 16, which includes portions of a sheared, folded and cold-rolled metal sheet. 29. Switching device comprising one or more connecting devices according to claim 16. 30. Switchgear apparatus comprising a switching device according to claim 16, wherein said switching device includes a circuit breaker.",
-    "The present invention discloses an array substrate and a preparation method thereof, a display panel and a display device, so as to solve the problem that the performance of the oxide TFT may be reduced and even out of work due to relatively great shift of the threshold voltage of the oxide TFT since the water, oxygen and hydrogen groups may permeate to the active layer of the oxide TFT from the passivation layer above the oxide TFT. The array substrate comprises a base substrate, an oxide thin film transistor TFT formed on the base substrate, a passivation layer being arranged above the oxide TFT, the passivation layer comprises a first film layer, the first film layer being a silicon oxide film; the passivation further comprises a second film layer formed on the first film layer, the second film layer is an alternate stack of silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films, a base layer of the second film layer close to the first film layer is a silicon nitride film; wherein the thickness of the first film layer is greater than the thickness of the second film layer. 1. An array substrate comprising a base substrate, an oxide thin film transistor TFT formed on the base substrate, a passivation layer being arranged above the oxide TFT, wherein the passivation layer comprises a first film layer, the first film layer is a silicon oxide film; the passivation layer further comprises a second film layer formed on the first film layer, the second film layer is an alternate stack of silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films, a base layer of the second film layer close to the first film layer is a silicon nitride film; wherein the thickness of the first film layer is greater than the thickness of the second film layer. 2. The array substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein a top layer of the second film layer away from the first film layer is a silicon nitride film. 3. The array substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of each silicon nitride film in the second film layer is equal, the thickness of each silicon oxide film in the second film layer is equal, and the thickness of the silicon oxide film in the second film layer is greater than or equal to the thickness of the silicon nitride film in the second film layer. 4. The array substrate as claimed in claim 2, wherein, in the alternate stack of silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films in the second film layer, the thickness of each film decreases progressively from the base layer to the top layer. 5. The array substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness range of the first film layer is 1500\u02dc4000 angstroms. 6. The array substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of each silicon oxide film in the second film layer is 100\u02dc300 angstroms, the thickness of each silicon nitride film in the second film layer is 100\u02dc300 angstroms. 7. The array substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein a sum of the thickness of respective silicon oxide films and respective silicon nitride films in the second film layer is less than 1000 angstroms. 8. A display panel comprising an array substrate the array substrate comprising a base substrate, an oxide thin film transistor TFT formed on the base substrate, a passivation layer being arranged above the oxide TFT, wherein the passivation layer comprises a first film layer, the first film layer is a silicon oxide film; the passivation layer further comprises a second film layer formed on the first film layer, the second film layer is an alternate stack of silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films, a base layer of the second film layer close to the first film layer is a silicon nitride film; wherein the thickness of the first film layer is greater than the thickness of the second film layer. 9. A display device comprising a display panel as claimed in claim 8. 10. A preparation method of an array substrate, comprising: forming an oxide TFT on a base substrate; forming a first film layer of a passivation layer above the oxide TFT, forming silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films alternately on the first film layer, an alternate stack of respective silicon nitride films and respective silicon oxide films formed alternately serving as a second film layer, a base layer of the second film layer close to the first film layer being a silicon nitride film; wherein the thickness of the first film layer is greater than the thickness of the second film layer. 11. The preparation method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first film layer is a silicon oxide film. 12. The preparation method as claimed in claim 10, wherein a top layer of the second film layer away from the first film layer is a silicon nitride film. 13. The preparation method as claimed in claim 10, wherein forming silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films alternately on the first film layer comprises: forming respective silicon nitride films and respective silicon oxide films in the second film layer alternately with predefined thickness; wherein the thickness of each silicon nitride film in the second film layer is equal, the thickness of each silicon oxide film in the second film layer is equal, and the thickness of the silicon oxide film in the second film layer is greater than or equal to the thickness of the silicon nitride film in the second film layer. 14. The preparation method as claimed in claim 12, wherein forming silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films alternately on the first film layer comprises: forming respective silicon nitride films and respective silicon oxide films in the second film layer alternately with decreasing thickness from the base layer to the top layer of the second film layer. 15. The preparation method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the thickness range of the first film layer is 1500\u02dc4000 angstroms. 16. The preparation method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the thickness of each silicon oxide film in the second film layer is 100\u02dc300 angstroms, the thickness of each silicon nitride in the second film layer is 100\u02dc300 angstroms. 17. The preparation method as claimed in claim 16, wherein a sum of the thickness of respective silicon oxide films and respective silicon nitride films in the second film layer is less than 1000 angstroms. 18. The display panel as claimed in claim 8, wherein a top layer of the second film layer away from the first film layer is a silicon nitride film. 19. The display panel as claimed in claim 8, wherein the thickness of each silicon nitride film in the second film layer is equal, the thickness of each silicon oxide film in the second film layer is equal, and the thickness of the silicon oxide film in the second film layer is greater than or equal to the thickness of the silicon nitride film in the second film layer. 20. The display panel as claimed in claim 19, wherein, in the alternate stack of silicon nitride films and silicon oxide films in the second film layer, the thickness of each film decreases progressively from the base layer to the top layer.",
-    "A control device, when performing a reallocation control, makes the decrease gradient of regeneration braking force in a first period in which the amount of decrease in a basal fluid pressure from a reference basal fluid pressure is less than a specified amount of decrease greater than the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in a second period in which the amount of decrease in the basal fluid pressure is not less than the specified amount of decrease. 1. A vehicle brake system comprising: a regeneration brake device configured to apply regeneration braking force to a vehicle; and a hydraulic brake device configured to adjust a fluid pressure in a wheel cylinder corresponding to a wheel to apply hydraulic braking force to the vehicle; the vehicle brake system being configured to perform reallocation control of gradually decreasing the regeneration braking force and gradually increasing the hydraulic braking force in accordance with reduction in vehicle speed during brake operation of operating a brake operating member, wherein the hydraulic brake device includes a fluid pressure generator configured to generate a basal fluid pressure conesponding to the brake operation in a master cylinder, and a brake actuator configured to adjust a differential pressure between the master cylinder and the wheel cylinder, the brake actuator includes a differential pressure control valve disposed at a channel between the master cylinder and the wheel cylinder, and a feed pump configured to draw brake fluid out of the master cylinder and discharge the brake fluid to a channel located closer to the wheel cylinder than the differential pressure control valve, the fluid pressure generator includes a booster device configured to further largely assist operation force of the brake operating member as the fluid pressure in a booster chamber is higher, and the fluid pressure generator is configured to adjust the basal fluid pressure by shifting a master piston in the master cylinder in accordance with the operation force assisted by the booster device and supply to the wheel cylinder an amount, corresponding to the basal fluid pressure, of the brake fluid, assuming that the basal fluid pressure at start timing of a keeping state, where an operation amount of the brake operating member is kept, is a reference basal fluid pressure, the booster device includes a valve device configured to regulate inflow of fluid to the booster chamber if an amount of decrease of the basal fluid pressure from the reference basal fluid pressure is less than a specified amount of decrease even when the feed pump is actuated to decrease the brake fluid in the master cylinder in the keeping state, and the brake system further comprises a control device configured to make a decrease gradient of regeneration braking force in a first period, in which the amount of decrease of the basal fluid pressure from the reference basal fluid pressure is less than the specified amount of decrease, larger than a decrease gradient of regeneration braking force in a second period, in which the amount of decrease of the basal fluid pressure is not less than the specified amount of decrease, during the reallocation control in the keeping state. 2. The vehicle brake system according to claim 1, wherein the reallocation control is configured to start if vehicle body speed decreases to reallocation start speed and end before the vehicle body speed reaches reallocation end speed lower than the reallocation start speed, the vehicle brake system further comprises a battery configured to store electric power generated when the regeneration brake device applies regeneration braking force to the vehicle, the control device is configured to perform, as the reallocation control, if a state of charge of the battery is less than a predetermined amount, first reallocation control of making the reallocation start speed lower than that of a case where the state of charge is not less than the predetermined amount and increasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the first period as the state of charge is lower, and is configured to perform, as the reallocation control, if the state of charge of the battery is not less than the predetermined amount, second reallocation control of setting the reallocation start speed to a fixed value, increasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the first period as the state of charge is higher, and decreasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the second period as the state of charge is higher. 3. The vehicle brake system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reallocation control is configured to start if vehicle body speed decreases to reallocation start speed and end before the vehicle body speed reaches reallocation end speed lower than the reallocation start speed, the vehicle brake system further comprises a battery configured to store electric power generated when the regeneration brake device applies regeneration braking force to the vehicle, the control device is configured to perform the reallocation control of reducing the reallocation start speed and increasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the first period as the state of charge of the battery is lower. 4. The vehicle brake system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reallocation control is configured to start if vehicle body speed decreases to reallocation start speed and end before the vehicle body speed reaches reallocation end speed lower than the reallocation start speed, the vehicle brake system further comprises a battery configured to store electric power generated when the regeneration brake device applies regeneration braking force to the vehicle, the control device performs the reallocation control of setting the reallocation start speed to a fixed value, increasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the first period and decreasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the second period as the state of charge of the battery is higher. 5. The vehicle brake system according to claim 1, wherein the reallocation control is configured to start if vehicle body speed decreases to reallocation start speed and end before the vehicle body speed reaches reallocation end speed lower than the reallocation start speed, the vehicle brake system further comprises a battery configured to store electric power generated when the regeneration brake device applies regeneration braking force to the vehicle, the control device performs the reallocation control by increasing the reallocation start speed and decreasing the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the second period as the state of charge of the battery is higher. 6. The vehicle brake system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the first period has a first constant value and the decrease gradient of the regeneration braking force in the second period has a second constant value smaller than the first constant value.",
-    "A multilevel power conversion device includes: N (N\u22671) direct current voltage sources; a first flying capacitor; a second flying capacitor; and a phase module of a M phase (M\u22672) being configured to output, from the output terminal, a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting the voltage of the capacitor to or from the potential of the one of the input terminals, by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON/OFF manner. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from voltages of a direct current voltage source, a flying capacitor, and a capacitor, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: the N (N\u22671) direct current voltage sources which are connected in series with each other, and which are common to respective phases; a first flying capacitor which has one end connected to a negative electrode terminal of each of the direct current voltage sources, and which are common to the respective phases; a second flying capacitor which has one end connected to a positive electrode terminal of each of the direct current voltage sources, and which are common to the respective phases; and a phase module of a M phase (M\u22672) including; a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal of the first flying capacitor, and a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal of the second flying capacitor being set to an input terminal; one end of each of switching elements being connected to each of the input terminal, other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements being connected to each other, these being repeated until a final stage in which a number of the switching elements becomes two, two of the switching elements of an output stage being connected in series between the other ends of the two of the switching elements of the final stage, a capacitor being connected in parallel with the two of the switching elements of the output stage, a common connection point of the switching elements of the output stage being set to an output terminal, the phase module of a M phase (M\u22672) being configured to output, from the output terminal, a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting the voltage of the capacitor to or from the potential of the one of the input terminals, by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON/OFF manner. 17. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from voltages of a direct current voltage source, a flying capacitor, and a capacitor, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: N (N\u22672) direct current voltage sources which are connected in series with each other, and which are common to the respective phases; a first flying capacitor having a positive electrode terminal connected to a common connection point between a nth direct current voltage source (n: odd number) and a (n+1)th direct current voltage source (n+1: even number); a second flying capacitor having a negative electrode terminal connected to a common connection point between nth direct current voltage source and (n+1) direct current voltage source; and a phase module of a M phase (M\u22672) including; the negative electrode terminal of the nth direct current voltage source, the negative electrode terminal of the first flying capacitor, the positive electrode terminal of the nth direct current power source, and the positive electrode terminal of the second flying capacitor being set to input terminals, one end of each of the switching elements being connected to one of the input terminals, the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements being connected to each other, the one end of the switching element being connected to the common connection point between the switching elements which have the other ends connected to each other, these being repeated until a final stage in which a number of the switching elements becomes two, two of the switching elements of the output stage being connected in series with each other between the other ends of two of the switching elements of the final stage, a capacitor being connected in parallel with two of the switching elements of the output stage, the common connection point of the switching elements of the output stage being set to an output terminal, the phase module of M phases (M\u22672) being configured to output a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting the voltage of the capacitor to or from the potential of the one of the input terminals, by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner. 18. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from voltages of a direct current voltage source, a flying capacitor, and a capacitor, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: two direct current voltage sources which are connected to each other, and which are common to respective phases; N flying capacitors of first to Nth flying capacitors which have negative electrode terminals that are connected in order in series with a negative electrode terminal of the first direct current voltage source, and which are common to the respective phases; N flying capacitors of 2Nth to (N+1)th flying capacitors which have positive electrode terminals connected in order in series with a common connection point between the first direct current voltage source and the second direct current voltage source, and which are common to the respective phases; N flying capacitors of 2N+1 to 3Nth flying capacitors which have negative electrode terminals connected in order in series with the common connection point between the first direct current voltage source and the second direct current voltage source, and which are common to the respective phases; N flying capacitors of 4Nth to (3N+1)th flying capacitors which have positive electrode terminals connected in order in series with the positive electrode terminal of the second direct current voltage source, and which are common to the respective phases; and a phase module of a M phase (M\u22672) including; the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the first flying capacitor, the positive electrode terminals of the second to Nth flying capacitors, the negative electrode terminals of the N+1 to 2Nth flying capacitors, the positive electrode terminals of the 2N+1 to 3Nth flying capacitors, the negative electrode terminals of the (3N+1) to (4N\u22121) flying capacitors, and the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the 4Nth flying capacitor being set to input terminals, one ends of the switching elements being connected to the respective input terminals, the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements being connected to each other, the one end of the switching element being connected to the common connection point between the switching elements which have the other ends connected to each other, these being repeated until a final stage in which a number of the switching element becomes two, two of the switching elements of the output stage being connected in series with each other between the other ends of the two of the switching elements of the final stage, a capacitor being connected in parallel to the two of the switching elements of the output stage, a common connection point of the switching elements of the output stage being set to an output terminal, the phase module of M phases (M\u22672) which are configured to output, from the output terminal, a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of the capacitor to or from the potential of the input terminals, by selectively controlling the switching elements in an ON-OFF manner. 19. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from voltages of a direct current voltage source, a flying capacitor, and a capacitor, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: two direct current voltage sources which are connected in series with each other, and which are common to respective phases; N flying capacitors of first to Nth flying capacitors which have negative electrode terminals connected in order in series with the negative electrode side of the first direct current voltage sources, and which are common to the respective phases; N flying capacitors of (N+1) to 2Nth flying capacitors which have positive electrode terminals connected in order in series with a positive electrode side of the second direct current voltage source, and which are common to the respective phases; a phase module of a M phase (M\u22672) including; positive and negative electrode terminals of the first flying capacitor, positive electrode terminals of the second to Nth flying capacitors, negative electrode terminals of (N+1)th to (2N+1)th flying capacitors, and positive and negative electrode terminals of the 2N flying capacitor being set to input terminals, one end of the switching elements being connected to the respective input terminals, the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements being connected to each other, one end of the switching element being connected to the common connection point between the switching elements which have the other ends connected to each other, these being repeated until a final stage in which a number of the switching elements becomes two, two of the switching elements of the output stage being connected in series with each other between the other ends of the two of the switching elements of the final stage, a capacitor being connected in parallel with the two of the switching elements of the output stage, the phase module of M phases (M\u22672) being configured to output a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding a voltage of the capacitor to or from the potential of the one of the input terminals, by selectively controlling the switching elements in an ON-OFF manner. 20. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 19, wherein the first direct current voltage source and the second direct current voltage source are integrated to one direct current voltage source. 21. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from a direct current voltage, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: N direct current voltage sources (N\u22672) which are connected in series with each other, and which are common to respective phases; a basic cell including a first semiconductor element having one end connected to positive electrode terminals of the respective direct current power sources, a second semiconductor element having one end connected to negative electrode terminals of the second direct current power source, a flying capacitor connected between the other end of the first semiconductor element and the other end of the semiconductor element, and third and fourth semiconductor elements connected in series between the common connection point of the first semiconductor element and the flying capacitor, and the common connection point of the second semiconductor element and the flying capacitor; and a phase module of M phases (M\u22673) including; at least one of the one end of the first semiconductor element and the one end of the second semiconductor element, and a common connection point of the third and fourth semiconductor elements being set to input terminals, a switching element disposed between the respective input terminals and the output terminal, the phase module being configured to selectively control the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner, wherein in the phase module, one end of the switching element is connected to the respective input terminals, the other ends of the adjacent two of the switching elements are connected to each other, one end of the switching element is connected to a common connection point between the switching elements which have the other ends that are connected to each other, these constitution are repeated until a final stage in which a number of the switching elements becomes two, the two switching elements of the output stage are connected in series between the other ends of the two of the switching elements of the final stage, the capacitor is connected in parallel with two of the switching elements of the output stage, a common connection point between the switching elements of the output stage is set to the output terminal; and the phase module is configured to output, from an output terminal, a potential of one of the terminals of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of the capacitor to or from a potential of one of the input terminals. 22. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from a direct current voltage, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: N direct current voltage sources (N\u22672) which are connected in series with each other, and which are common to respective phases; a basic cell including a first semiconductor element having one end connected to positive electrode terminals of the respective direct current power sources, a second semiconductor element having one end connected to negative electrode terminals of the second direct current power source, a flying capacitor connected between the other end of the first semiconductor element and the other end of the semiconductor element, and third and fourth semiconductor elements connected in series between the common connection point of the first semiconductor element and the flying capacitor, and the common connection point of the second semiconductor element and the flying capacitor; and a phase module of M phases (M\u22673) including; at least one of the one end of the first semiconductor element and the one end of the second semiconductor element, and a common connection point of the third and fourth semiconductor elements being set to input terminals, a switching element disposed between the respective input terminals and the output terminal, the phase module being configured to selectively control the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner, wherein in the phase module, one end of the first switching element is connected to one of one end of the first semiconductor element and one end of the second semiconductor element, one end of the second switching element is connected to a common connection point between the third and fourth semiconductor element, the other ends of the first and second switching elements are connected to each other, one end of the third switching element is connected to a common connection point between the first and second switching elements, one end of a direct current circuit in which the fourth switching element and the fifth switching element are connected in series with each other, a cathode of a first diode and an anode of a second diode are connected to the other of the common connection point between the one end of the first semiconductor element and the one end of the second semiconductor element, a direct current circuit in which the fourth switching element and the fifth switching element are connected in series with each other is connected in parallel to the first diode and the second diode, a common connection point between the fourth and fifth switching elements is set to an output terminal, or the one end of the switching element is connected to the common connection point between the fourth and fifth switching elements, the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements are connected to each other, the switching element is connected to a common connection point between the switching elements having the other ends that are connected to each other, this is repeated until an output stage in which a number of the switching elements becomes two, the common connection point of the two switching elements of the output stage is set to an output terminal; the phase module is configured to output, from the output terminal, a potential of one of the input terminals, by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner. 23. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from a direct current voltage, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: a first direct current voltage source which is common to respective phases; a second direct current voltage source which is common to the respective phases, and which has a negative electrode terminal connected to a positive electrode terminal of the first direct current voltage source; and a first basic cell including a first semiconductor element having one end connected to the positive electrode terminal of the first direct current voltage source, a second semiconductor element having one end connected to the a negative electrode terminal of the first direct current voltage source, a flying capacitor connected between the other end of the first semiconductor element and the other end of the second semiconductor element, and third and fourth semiconductor elements connected in order in series with each other between a common connection point of the first semiconductor element and the flying capacitor, and a common connection point between the second semiconductor element and the flying capacitor; a second basic cell including a first semiconductor element having one end connected to the positive electrode terminal of the second direct current voltage source, a second semiconductor element having one end connected to the negative electrode terminal of the second direct current voltage source, a flying capacitor connected between the other end of the first semiconductor element and the other end of the second semiconductor element, and third and fourth semiconductor element connected in order in series with each other between a common connection point between the first semiconductor element and the flying capacitor, and a common connection point between the second semiconductor element and the flying capacitor; a phase module (M\u22673) including; the one ends of the second semiconductor element of the first basic cell, the common connection point of the third and fourth semiconductor elements of the first basic cell, the common connection point between the first semiconductor element of the first basic cell and the second semiconductor element of the second basic cell, the third and fourth semiconductor elements of the second basic cell, and the one end of the first semiconductor element of the second basic cell being set to input terminals, first and second switching elements being connected in order in series with each other between the one end of the first semiconductor element of the second basic cell and the common connection point of the third and fourth semiconductor elements of the second basic cell, the first and second switching elements being connected in order in series with each other between the one end of the second semiconductor element of the first basic cell, and the common connection point of the third and fourth semiconductor elements of the first basic cell, one end of a third switching element being connected, respectively to the common connection points of the respective first and second switching elements, fifth and fourth switching elements being connected in order in series between the other end of the third switching element on a side of the second basic cell, and the other end of the third switching element on a side of the first basic cell, a cathode of a first diode and an anode of a second diode being connected to the common connection point of the one end of the first semiconductor element of the first basic cell, and the one end of the second semiconductor element of the second basic cell, a direct current circuit in which the second switching element and the fifth switching element are connected in series with each other being connected parallel to the first diode and the second diode, the common connection point of the fourth and fifth switching elements being set to an output terminal, the phase module of the M (M\u22673) being configured to selectively control the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner, the phase module being configured to output a potential of one of the input terminals from the output terminal by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in the ON-OFF manner. 24. A multilevel power conversion device configured to generate an alternating current output which is converted to a plurality of voltage levels from a direct current voltage, the multilevel power conversion device comprising: N direct current voltage sources (N\u22672) which are connected in series with each other, and which are common to respective phases; a basic cell including a first semiconductor element having one end connected to positive electrode terminals of the respective direct current power sources, a second semiconductor element having one end connected to negative electrode terminals of the second direct current power source, a flying capacitor connected between the other end of the first semiconductor element and the other end of the semiconductor element, and third and fourth semiconductor elements connected in series between the common connection point of the first semiconductor element and the flying capacitor, and the common connection point of the second semiconductor element and the flying capacitor; and a phase module of M phases (M\u22673) including; at least one of the one end of the first semiconductor element and the one end of the second semiconductor element, and a common connection point of the third and fourth semiconductor elements being set to input terminals, a switching element disposed between the respective input terminals and the output terminal, the phase module being configured to selectively control the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner, wherein in the phase module, one end of the first switching element is connected to one of one end of the first semiconductor element and one end of the second semiconductor element, one end of the second switching element is connected to a common connection point between the third and fourth semiconductor elements, the other ends of the first and second switching elements are connected to each other, one end of the third switching element is connected to the common connection point between the first and second switching elements, one end of a bidirectional switch is connected to a common connection point of the other of the one end of the first semiconductor element and the one end of the second semiconductor element, the common connection point between the third switching element and the bidirectional switch is connected to the output terminal, the phase module is configured to output a potential of one of the input terminals from the output terminal, by selectively controlling the respective switching elements. 25. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 16, wherein two switching elements are connected in series between the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other, one end of the switching element of a next stage is connected to a common connection point of the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other; a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element of the output stage, and a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element connected in series between adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner is outputted from the output terminal. 26. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 27. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 16, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 28. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 17, wherein two switching elements are connected in series between the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other, one end of the switching element of a next stage is connected to a common connection point of the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other; a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element of the output stage, and a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element connected in series between adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner is outputted from the output terminal. 29. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 18, wherein two switching elements are connected in series between the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other, one end of the switching element of a next stage is connected to a common connection point of the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other; a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element of the output stage, and a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element connected in series between adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner is outputted from the output terminal. 30. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 19, wherein two switching elements are connected in series between the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other, one end of the switching element of a next stage is connected to a common connection point of the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other; a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element of the output stage, and a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element connected in series between adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner is outputted from the output terminal. 31. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 21, wherein two switching elements are connected in series between the other ends of adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage, the capacitor is connected in parallel with the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other, one end of the switching element of a next stage is connected to a common connection point of the two switching elements which are connected in series with each other; a potential of one of the input terminals, or a potential obtained by adding or subtracting a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element of the output stage, and a voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the switching element connected in series between adjacent two of the switching elements which are other than the final stage by selectively controlling the respective switching elements in an ON-OFF manner is outputted from the output terminal. 32. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 33. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 18, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 34. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 19, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 35. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 36. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 22, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 37. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 24, wherein the respective direct current voltage sources are divided into two or more direct current connections. 38. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 17, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 39. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 18, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 40. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 19, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 41. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 21, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 42. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 22, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 43. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 23, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections. 44. The multilevel power conversion device as claimed in claim 24, wherein a part or all of the switching elements and the semiconductor elements are divided into two or more direct current connections and/or two or more parallel current connections.",
-    "A method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices comprises the steps of providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface; providing a plurality of semiconductor epitaxial stacks on the first surface, wherein each of the plurality of semiconductor epitaxial stacks comprises a first semiconductor epitaxial stack and a second semiconductor epitaxial stack, and the first semiconductor epitaxial stack is apart from the second semiconductor epitaxial stack, and wherein a adhesion between the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and the substrate is different from a adhesion between the second semiconductor epitaxial stack and the substrate; and selectively separating the first semiconductor epitaxial stack or the second semiconductor epitaxial stack from the substrate. 1. A method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices, comprising the steps of: step a: providing a substrate having a first surface and a second surface; step b: providing a plurality of semiconductor epitaxial stacks on the first surface, wherein each of the plurality of semiconductor epitaxial stacks comprises a first semiconductor epitaxial stack and a second semiconductor epitaxial stack, and the first semiconductor epitaxial stack is apart from the second semiconductor epitaxial stack, and wherein an adhesion between the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and the substrate is different from an adhesion between the second semiconductor epitaxial stack and the substrate; and step c: selectively separating the first semiconductor epitaxial stack or the second semiconductor epitaxial stack from the substrate. 2. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 1, wherein the step b comprises providing an adhesion structure for sticking the plurality of semiconductor epitaxial stacks to the first surface. 3. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, wherein the step c comprises providing energy to the adhesion structure for decreasing an adhesion of the adhesion structure. 4. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 3, wherein the energy comprises ultraviolet, laser or heat. 5. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, wherein the step c comprises removing the adhesion structure. 6. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 5, wherein the step of removing the adhesion structure comprises using vapor etch method to remove the adhesion structure. 7. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 6, wherein the vapor etch method for removing the adhesion structure comprises using hydrofluoric (HF) vapor to etch the adhesion structure. 8. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, wherein the adhesion structure comprises benzocyclobutene (BCB). 9. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, the adhesion structure comprises an adhesion layer and a sacrificial layer, wherein the sacrificial layer is corresponding to the plurality of first semiconductor epitaxial stacks, and a material of the sacrificial layer is different from a material of the adhesion layer. 10. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 9, wherein the adhesion layer is formed between the sacrificial layer and the first semiconductor epitaxial stack, and the sacrificial layer contacts the first surface. 11. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 9, wherein the sacrificial layer is formed between the adhesion layer and the first semiconductor epitaxial stack, and the sacrificial layer contacts the first semiconductor epitaxial stack. 12. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 9, wherein the sacrificial layer contacts the first surface and the first semiconductor epitaxial stack. 13. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 9, wherein the sacrificial layer comprises metal or oxide. 14. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 9, wherein a thickness of the sacrificial layer is between 1000 \u212b and 10 \u03bcm. 15. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, further comprising providing a picking unit to stick the first semiconductor epitaxial stack for separating the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and substrate. 16. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 15, wherein the picking unit comprises EPS tape. 17. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 15, wherein an adhesion medium is between the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and substrate and the taking unit. 18. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 17, wherein the picking unit and the second semiconductor epitaxial stack are separated by a gap. 19. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 17, wherein the adhesion medium comprises electrically-conductive material. 20. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 15, wherein the picking unit comprises electrically-conductive substrate or printed circuit board. 21. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 15, wherein the picking unit comprises a supporting structure and a flexible substrate on the supporting structure. 22. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 21, further comprising a step of separating the flexible substrate and the supporting structure after the step c. 23. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 21, wherein the flexible substrate comprises polyester resin (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or polyimide (PI). 24. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, wherein the step b comprises: providing a growth substrate; forming the semiconductor epitaxial stack on the growth substrate; sticking the semiconductor epitaxial stack to the first surface by the adhesion structure; removing the growth substrate; and patterning the semiconductor epitaxial stack and the adhesion structure to form the plurality of semiconductor epitaxial stacks. 25. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 24, wherein the method of patterning the semiconductor epitaxial stack comprises wet etching or dry etching. 26. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises a hole corresponding to the first semiconductor epitaxial stack, wherein the hole penetrates from the first surface to the second surface. 27. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 26, wherein the step b comprises forming a support structure covering the second surface of the substrate, a wall surface of the hole and the adhesion structure. 28. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 27, wherein a material of the support structure comprises metal, oxide or nitride. 29. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 2, wherein the substrate comprises multiple holes corresponding to the first semiconductor epitaxial stack, wherein the multiple holes penetrates from the first surface to the second surface. 30. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 1, wherein an area of the first semiconductor epitaxial stack is smaller than an area of the second semiconductor epitaxial stack. 31. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 5, wherein the step c comprises controlling a time of removing the adhesion structure such that a portion of the adhesion structure remaining between the second semiconductor epitaxial stack and the structure and the adhesion structure between the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and the substrate being totally removed. 32. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 31, wherein a method of removing the adhesion structure comprises wet etching or dry etching. 33. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 1, wherein the step b comprises forming a sacrificial layer on the first surface, forming a semiconductor epitaxial stack on the first surface and covering the sacrificial layer, penetrating the semiconductor epitaxial stack to form the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and the second semiconductor epitaxial stack, wherein the sacrificial layer is between the first semiconductor epitaxial stack and the first surface. 34. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 33, wherein the sacrificial layer comprises III-V group material. 35. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 34, wherein the step c comprises removing the sacrificial layer by wet etching. 36. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 33, wherein the sacrificial layer comprises oxide. 37. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 36, wherein the method of removing the sacrificial layer comprises wet etching or vapor etching. 38. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 37, wherein the method of removing the sacrificial layer by wet etching comprises using hydrofluoric (HF) to remove the sacrificial layer. 39. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 37, wherein the removing the sacrificial layer by vapor etching comprises using hydrofluoric (HF) vapor to remove the sacrificial layer. 40. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 33, wherein a pore is between the semiconductor epitaxial stack and the sacrificial layer after forming the semiconductor epitaxial stack on the first surface and covering the sacrificial layer of step b. 41. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 39, wherein the step c comprises separating the first semiconductor epitaxial stack from the substrate by using mechanical force. 42. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 33, wherein the bandgap of the sacrificial layer is larger than the bandgap of the semiconductor epitaxial stack. 43. The method of selectively transferring semiconductor devices according to claim 42, wherein the step c comprises providing a laser, wherein the laser has an energy larger than the bandgap of the semiconductor epitaxial stack and smaller than the bandgap of the sacrificial layer.",
-    "A system, methods, nodes, and computer programs for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network are described. The communication network includes a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end. The method includes that the control server receives a service indication indicating that a transcript of the communication session is requested and sends a transcription request for the communication session to a policy controller of the communication network. The policy controller determines at least one policy rule corresponding to the received transcription request and sends the determined at least one policy rule to a packet gateway node of the communication network. The packet gateway node provides, based on the at least one policy rule, a transcription or transcript chunk of at least one speech stream related to the communication session. 1. A method for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the method comprising: receiving, by the control server, a service indication indicating that a transcript of the communication session is requested; sending, by the control server, a transcription request for the communication session to a policy controller of the communication network, based on determining that the service indication has been received; determining, by the policy controller, at least one policy rule corresponding to the received transcription request; sending, by the policy controller, the determined at least one policy rule to a packet gateway node of the communication network; and providing by the packet gateway node, based on the at least one policy rule, a transcript or transcript chunk of at least one speech stream related to the communication session. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transcript of the at least one speech stream is provided by sending the transcript from the packet gateway node, via the policy controller, and via the control server to a requesting entity. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the requesting entity is a subscriber using the user equipment requesting a transcript of the communication session via the user equipment. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the requesting entity is a further node of the communication network requesting a transcription of the communication session. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the service indication indicates that the transcript shall be provided as a continuous stream of transcript chunks, or wherein the service indication indicates that an entire transcript shall be provided after the communication session has ended. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transcript is a conversion of the at least one speech stream to a corresponding text. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the transcribing involves a change of a language between the at least one speech stream and the corresponding text. 8. A method in a user equipment for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between the user equipment and a remote end, the method comprising: determining that a subscriber using the user equipment requests a transcript of the communication session; generating a service indication indicating that a transcript of the communication session is requested; sending the service indication to the control server, wherein the service indication is embedded in a signaling controlling the communication session; receiving the transcript from the control server, either as a continuous stream of transcript chunks, or as an entire transcript at the end of the communication session; and storing the received transcript in a local memory and displaying the received transcript to the subscriber. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the transcript is received from the control server via an instant messaging session and wherein the transcription chunks are received as text messages within the instant messaging session. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the entire transcript is received from the control server as a text message within the signaling controlling the communication session. 11. A method in a control server for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising the control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the method comprising: receiving a service indication indicating that a transcript of the communication session is requested; sending a transcription request for the communication session to a policy controller of the communication network, based on determining a service indication has been received; receiving a transcript from a policy controller either as a continuous stream of transcript chunks, or as an entire transcript at the end of the communication session; and delivering the received transcript to a requesting entity. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the requesting entity is a further node of the communication network requesting a transcript of the communication session. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the requesting entity is the user equipment and the service indication is determined by analysing a signaling controlling the communication session. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the service indication is an indication in a session description being embedded in the signaling controlling the communication session. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the transcription request for the communication session to a policy controller is comprised in an authorization request for the communication session. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the delivering of the received transcript is done by opening an instant messaging session with the requesting entity and delivering the received transcript chunks as text messages within the instant messaging session. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the delivering of the received transcript is done by sending the entire transcript as a text message to the requesting entity within an established signaling connection. 18. A method in a policy controller for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the method comprising: receiving a transcription request for the communication session from the control server; determining at least one policy rule corresponding to the received transcription request; sending the determined at least one policy rule to a packet gateway node of the communication network; receiving a transcript or transcript chunk from the packet gateway node; and sending the received transcript or transcript chunk to the control server. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the transcription request is comprised in an authorization request for the communication session. 20. A method in a packet gateway node for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the method comprising: receiving the at least one policy rule from a policy controller of the communication network; determining, based on the received at least one policy rule, at least one speech stream related to the communication session; transcribing, based on the at least one policy rule, the at least one speech stream related to the communication session; and providing, based on the at least one policy rule, a transcript or a transcript chunk of at least one speech stream related to the communication session. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein a speech stream related to the communication session is at least one of the following: a speech stream from the user equipment towards the further equipment at the remote end; a speech stream from the further equipment at the remote end towards the user equipment. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the packet gateway node is transcribing the at least one speech stream by: forwarding a copy of the at least one speech stream to a speech-to-text converter of the communication network; and receiving the resulting transcript from the speech-to-text converter. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the copy of the at least one speech streams is partitioned into segments before forwarding to the speech-to-text converter, and the speech-to-text converter returning a transcript chunk for each segment to the packet gateway node. 24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the packet gateway node receives an entire transcript of the at least one speech stream from speech-to-text converter when the communication session ends. 25. A user equipment for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between the user equipment and a remote end, the user equipment being capable of: determining that a subscriber using the user equipment requests a transcript of the communication session; generating a service indication indicating that a transcript of the communication session is requested; sending the service indication to the control server, wherein the service indication is embedded in a signaling controlling the communication session; receiving the transcript from the control server, either as a continuous stream of transcript chunks, or as an entire transcript at the end of the communication session; and storing the received transcript in a local memory and displaying the received transcript to the subscriber. 26. The user equipment according to claim 25, wherein the transcript is received from the control server via an instant messaging session and wherein the transcription chunks are received as text messages within the instant messaging session. 27. A control server for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising the control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the control server being capable of: receiving a service indication indicating that a transcript of the communication session is requested; sending a transcription request for the communication session to a policy controller of the communication network, based on determining a service indication has been received; receiving a transcript from a policy controller, either as a continuous stream of transcript chunks, or as an entire transcript at the end of the communication session; and delivering the received transcript to a requesting entity. 28. The control server according to claim 27, wherein the delivering of the received transcript is done by opening an instant messaging session with the requesting entity and delivering the received transcript chunks as text messages within the instant messaging session. 29. A policy controller for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the policy controller being capable of: receiving a transcription request for the communication session from the control server; determining at least one policy rule corresponding to the received transcription request; sending the determined at least one policy rule to a packet gateway node of the communication network; receiving a transcript or transcript chunk from the packet gateway node; and sending the received transcript or transcript chunk to the control server. 30. The policy controller according to claim 29, wherein the transcription request is comprised in an authorization request for the communication session. 31. A packet gateway node for transcribing of a communication session in a communication network, the communication network comprising a control server for controlling the communication session, wherein the communication session is established between a user equipment and a remote end, the packet gateway node being capable of: receiving the at least one policy rule from a policy controller of the communication network; determining, based on the received at least one policy rule, at least one speech stream related to the communication session; transcribing, based on the at least one policy rule, at least one speech stream related to the communication session; and providing, based on the at least one policy rule, a transcript or a transcript chunk of at least one speech stream related to the communication session. 32. The packet gateway node according to claim 31, wherein the copy of the at least one speech streams is partitioned into segments before forwarding to the speech-to-text converter, and the speech-to-text converter returning a transcript chunk for each segment to the packet gateway node. 33.-34. (canceled) 35. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to claim 1. 36.-37. (canceled)",
-    "The object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a hexenol glycoside by means of hexenol glycosyltransferase. The present invention provides a method for producing a hexenol glycoside by means of hexenol glycosyltransferase. The present invention provides a transformant transformed with a gene for hexenol glycosyltransferase and a method for preparing such a transformant. 1. A method for producing a hexenol glycoside, which comprises the step of reacting a protein having glycosylation activity on hexenol with a UDP-sugar and a hexenol molecule to cause glycosylation of the hexenol molecule. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (a) to (c) shown below: (a) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4; (b) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (c) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (d) to (f) shown below: (d) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10 or 12; (e) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10 or 12 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (f) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10 or 12 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (g) to (i) shown below: (g) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, 16 or 18; (h) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, 16 or 18 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (i) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, 16 or 18 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (j) to (l) shown below: (j) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, 22 or 24; (k) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, 22 or 24 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (l) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, 22 or 24 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (m) to (o) shown below: (m) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 26; (n) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 26 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (o) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 26 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (p) to (r) shown below: (p) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 28 or 30; (q) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 28 or 30 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (r) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 28 or 30 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (s) to (u) shown below: (s) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 32; (t) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 32 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (u) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 32 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the UDP-sugar is a UDP-hexose. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the hexose is selected from the group consisting of glucose, mannose and galactose. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein is a recombinant protein generated by being expressed from a polynucleotide sequence encoding the protein in host cells. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the host cells are plant cells. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of causing glycosylation of the hexenol molecule is carried out in the host cells. 14. The method according to claim 13, which further comprises the step of purifying the hexenol glycoside from the host cells. 15. A composition for producing a hexenol glycoside, which comprises a protein having glycosylation activity on hexenol and a solvent. 16. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the protein is any one selected from the group consisting of (a) to (c) shown below: (a) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4; (b) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (c) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 17. A protein of any one selected from the group consisting of (v) to (x) shown below: (v) a protein which consists of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18; (w) a protein which consists of an amino acid sequence with deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of 1 to 40 amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol; and (x) a protein which has an amino acid sequence sharing a sequence identity of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 or 18 and which has glycosylation activity on hexenol. 18. A polynucleotide encoding the protein according to claim 17.",
-    "A system for injecting light, includes an optical coupler having: a lens having a convex entrance face of radial extent R1, a convex central exit face and a peripheral exit face; a cavity, containing the entrance face and with an entrance lateral surface; and a peripheral reflective surface, encircling the lens and the cavity, extending beyond the entrance face; an optical collector, with an entrance, a collecting surface facing the central exit face, and a numerical aperture NA smaller than 1, the collector including a jacket having an end surface; and a member for aligning the optical collector, the optical coupler and the aligning member being integrally formed or being indirectly or directly fastened together, the central distance eF on the axis Oz between the collecting surface and the central exit face being nonzero and smaller than 5 mm, and the system including a stop for the end surface. 1. An optomechanical system for injecting light into an optical medium, the optomechanical system comprising: an optical coupler that comprises a body of axis Oz, O being a center of an entrance of the optical coupler, including integrally formed: a lens of axis coincident with the axis Oz, of maximum width W, the lens comprising: a convex entrance face of radial extent R1; a convex central exit face, defined by a central extent H, on the axis Oz, and of radial extent RA; and a peripheral exit face that comprises a part joined to the central exit face, said part being flat or concave or frustroconical and flared in the direction of an exit of the optomechanical system; a cavity, of axis coincident with the axis Oz, comprising a bottom containing the convex entrance face, and comprising an entrance lateral surface; a peripheral reflective surface, encircling the lens and the cavity, of axis coincident with the axis Oz, able to totally internally reflect light rays refracted by the entrance lateral surface, said peripheral reflective surface extending beyond the convex entrance face in a direction of the exit of the optical coupler; an optical collector of axis coincident with the axis Oz, with as entrance, a collecting surface, facing the convex central exit face, of millimeter-size radial extent RINT, and a numerical aperture NA smaller than 1, the optical collector comprising a jacket having an end surface, the convex central exit face and the peripheral exit face being spaced apart from the collecting surface, the optical collector comprising a bundle of optical fibers, said optical fibers having a diameter smaller than 1.5 mm; and an aligning member for aligning the optical collector with the optical coupler, the optical coupler and the aligning member being integrally formed or being indirectly or directly fastened together, a central distance eF on the axis Oz between the collecting surface and the convex central exit face being nonzero and smaller than 5 mm, and the optomechanical system comprising a stop surface against which the end surface abuts. 2. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom of the cavity, the convex central exit face and the peripheral exit face are such that light rays refracted by the bottom of the cavity and originating from a point on the axis Oz are refracted by the peripheral exit face, and wherein the optical coupler is such that light rays, originating from a point on the axis Oz, first refracted by the entrance lateral surface then on the peripheral reflective surface meet at the collecting surface in a zone common to light rays originating from a point on the axis Oz and first refracted by the bottom of the cavity. 3. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1 wherein RINT is smaller than 3.0 mm. 4. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical coupler is defined by the following dimensions: 1.88RINT<W<3.1RINT; 0.41RINT<RA<0.68RINT; and 0.4RINT<R1<0.66RINT. 5. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical coupler is defined by the following dimensions: W smaller than 10 mm; H smaller than W; RA larger than 1.2 mm and smaller than 1.6 mm; R1 larger than 1.2 mm and smaller than 1.6 mm; and hE\u2032, maximum depth of the bottom larger than 1.4 mm and smaller than 1.8 mm. 6. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the end surface extends beyond the stop surface of internal edge B, and the end surface is facing the peripheral exit face. 7. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stop surface is frustroconical and the end surface has a complementary shape to the stop surface. 8. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the peripheral reflective surface gets further away from the entrance lateral surface and from the convex entrance face in the direction of the exit of the optical coupler and: is of maximum extent zD along Oz larger than H/2; and/or a minimum material entrance distance, between said peripheral reflective surface and the peripheral exit face is larger than 0.8 mm. 9. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein on at least one surface portion closest to the bottom of the cavity, the entrance lateral surface is frustroconical and flared in the direction of the entrance of the optical coupler. 10. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aligning member houses the optical collector, and wherein the body and/or the aligning member incorporates the stop surface. 11. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a light source, centered on the axis Oz and at a distance ei away from the axis Oz smaller than 0.5 mm, said light source being placed on a source carrier, via an optional base, and wherein the optical coupler rests on the source carrier, via one or more bearing surfaces of the optical coupler, said bearing surface(s) being spaced apart from the peripheral reflective surface or wherein the optical coupler is assembled in the aligning member, which rests on the source carrier via one or more bearing areas, said bearing area(s) being spaced apart from the peripheral reflective surface. 12. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a light source placed on a source carrier and wherein the optical coupler is securely fastened to the source carrier, or wherein the optical coupler is assembled in the aligning member, the aligning member resting on the source carrier and being securely fastened to the source carrier. 13. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical fibers organize on exiting the jacket into at least one thin injection ribbon, of thickness smaller than 2 mm, opening onto a thin light-extracting medium. 14. An assembly comprising the optical coupler and the aligning member of the optomechanical system as claimed claim 1, which are securely fastened, optionally integrally formed, the body or the aligning member incorporating the stop surface against which the optical collector is able to bear. 15. An optical coupler of the opto mechanical system as claimed in claim 1, and incorporating the stop surface against which the optical collector is able to bear. 16. An illuminating device comprising the optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, comprising a light-extracting medium, which is chosen from at least one of the following elements: optical fibers of at least one injection ribbon made of optical fibers, a surface of said optical fibers being abraded in order to scatter light, said fibers optionally being at least partially in or on a semitransparent or transparent material; a light-emitting fabric comprising a woven textile including optical fibers woven into a textile, said optical fibers forming at least one injection ribbon made of optical fibers preferably originating from the collector, the surface of said optical fibers being abraded in order to scatter light; a fibrous structure; at least one semitransparent or transparent sheet or film, coupled to an injection ribbon made of optical fibers, said film comprising a system for scattering light. 17. The illuminating device as claimed in claim 16, further comprising a carrier, chosen from: a suspending system; a scaffold; and a board to which the light-extracting medium is added. 18. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the width W is of subcentimeter-size. 19. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 1, wherein H is smaller than W. 20. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 3, wherein RINT is larger than or equal to 1.5 mm. 21. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 5, wherein H is larger than 3.6 mm. 22. The optomechanical system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the thin light-extracting medium has a thickness smaller than 5 mm. 23. The illuminating device as claimed in claim 16, wherein said fibrous structure is applied to a main face of a glass or plastic sheet. 24. The illuminating device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the at least one semitransparent or transparent sheet or film is made of glass and/or plastic. 25. The illuminating device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the board is a plasterboard, a transparent board or a translucent board.",
-    "Disclosed is a grip aid for a golf club, which includes a grip aid body having an accommodation portion into which a golf club grip is inserted, and a projection for setting a gripping location of a golf club; and a first guide member detachably inserted into the accommodation portion and interposed between the accommodation portion and the golf club grip to guide movement of the golf club grip when the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, wherein after the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, the first guide member is drawn out of the accommodation portion so that the grip aid body is closely adhered to the golf club grip. If this grip aid is used, the grip aid body may be easily mounted to the golf club grip by using the first guide member, and a gripping posture of the hand gripping the grip aid body may be consistently maintained while swinging the golf club, thereby improving accuracy of swinging and increasing a driving distance of a golf ball. 1. A grip aid for a golf club, comprising: a grip aid body having an accommodation portion into which a golf club grip is inserted, and a projection for setting a gripping location of a golf club; and a first guide member detachably inserted into the accommodation portion and interposed between the accommodation portion and the golf club grip to guide movement of the golf club grip when the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, wherein after the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, the first guide member is drawn out of the accommodation portion so that the grip aid body is closely adhered to the golf club grip. 2. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 1, wherein the grip aid body has flexible elastic material. 3. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 2, wherein the accommodation portion has a smaller diameter than the golf club grip, and wherein the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion while expanding the grip aid body, and when the first guide member is drawn from the accommodation portion, the grip aid body is shrunken so that an inner side of the accommodation portion is closely adhered to an outer side of the golf club grip. 4. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 1, wherein the grip aid body further includes wrinkles formed along a longitudinal direction thereof and flexible in a circumferential direction of the grip aid body. 5. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 1, wherein the first guide member includes: a first gripping portion exposed out of the accommodation portion to give a gripping surface; and a first guide unit detachably inserted into the accommodation portion to guide movement of the golf club grip. 6. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 5, wherein the first gripping portion includes: a guide hole configured to guide the golf club grip to the accommodation portion when the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion; and a fixing groove formed with a predetermined depth along a periphery of an outer side thereof so that one end of the accommodation portion is detachably coupled thereto to fix the grip aid body. 7. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 5, wherein the first gripping portion is composed of a plurality of gripping units detachably coupled to each other, and the first guide unit is individually formed at each gripping unit. 8. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 7, wherein the first guide unit is inserted into the accommodation portion in a state where the plurality of gripping units are coupled to each other, and wherein when the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, the plurality of gripping units are separated from each other and draw the gripping units, respectively, so that the guide unit connected to each gripping unit is individually drawn from the accommodation portion. 9. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 5, wherein the first guide unit has at least one guide projection protruding along a longitudinal direction thereof to contact at least one of an inner side of the accommodation portion and an outer side of the golf club grip. 10. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 1, further comprising: a second guide member into which at least a part of the golf club grip is detachably inserted, wherein when the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, the second guide member is interposed between the first guide member and the golf club grip to guide movement of the golf club grip, wherein after the golf club grip is inserted into the accommodation portion, the second guide member is drawn out of the accommodation portion so that the grip aid body is closely adhered to the golf club grip. 11. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 10, wherein the second guide member includes: a second gripping portion exposed out of the accommodation portion to give a gripping surface; and a second guide unit detachably inserted into the golf club grip, the second guide unit being inserted into the accommodation portion in a state of surrounding the golf club grip to guide movement of the golf club grip. 12. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 11, wherein the second guide member further includes a protrusion protruding from an outer side of the second guide unit to form a gap between the first guide member and the second guide unit. 13. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 12, wherein the second guide unit is composed of a plurality of guide units individually extending from the second gripping portion to surround at least a part of the golf club grip. 14. The grip aid for a golf club according to claim 10, wherein at least one of the grip aid body, the first guide member and the second guide member has a direction leader for indicating a reference direction to mount the grip aid body at a predetermined regular position of the golf club grip.",
-    "A system and method for decentralized transaction processing that reduce contention by a number of techniques. First, the transactional management system is decomposed in a number of components that can be scaled out and/or scaled up independently and in a composable way. Second, transactions are committed in parallel without blocking each other. Third, applications can progress when the transactions updates are durable even if the writes of the transaction have not yet completed. Fourth, transactional consistency is guaranteed by making readable only gap-free prefixes of committed update transactions, without blocking the commit of new transactions. Fifth, session consistency is guaranteed by delaying the start of a new transaction till the snapshot of any previous update transaction in the same session is readable. 1. Transactional Management System according to a client-server model characterized in that at the server side the transactional management system comprises one commit server, one snapshot server, at least a transaction manager, at least a conflict manager, at least a logger, at least a data manager, at the client side, one or more applications adapted to interact directly or indirectly with the server, each application adapted to i. connect to a transaction manager, ii. perform zero or more iterations of the following steps: 1. request to a transaction manager to start a transaction; 2. request to the transaction manager zero or more read, and write operations, 3. request to the transaction manager to commit or abort the transaction, iii. be notified by the transaction manager that the transaction has completed either committing or aborting, wherein each transaction manager is adapted to start, abort and commit transactions and execute read and write operations upon request from its connected applications, wherein the commit server is adapted to send to each transaction manager labels from an ordered sequence, such that, each label is only sent to a transaction manager, labels are sent by the commit server either proactively, or reactively upon request from transaction managers, wherein the snapshot server is adapted to: 1. receive the used and discarded labels, 2. report snapshot labels in non-decreasing order such that for each produced label it has received all labels equal or lower to it either proactively or reactively upon request from transaction managers, wherein each transaction manager is also adapted to: 1. assign as start label for starting a transaction one, among those obtained from the snapshot server, later or equal than the last one used for the previous transaction, 2. assign as commit label to an update transaction willing to commit one of the unused labels received from the commit server, marking it as used, 3. forward each read operation with the start label to a data manager, 4. upon completion of a transaction, send a log request with all the changes performed by the transaction to a logger, 5. upon notification of commit from the logger, notify the application about the transaction commit, wherein each logger is adapted to: 1. be configured with a durability level that determines whether the notification of durability can be given when the log request has been stored either in memory or in persistent storage of the logger, 2. receive the log request with the set of changes performed by a transaction and store them in memory and in persistent storage, 3. notify the transaction manager about the durability of the transaction when the durability satisfies the configured durability level, wherein each conflict manager is adapted to: 1. be responsible to detect conflicts for a subset of keys, 2. receive the key of updated items labelled with the transaction start label, 3. upon reception of a key of an updated item, store the key, the transaction identifier and its start label and check whether the same key has been updated by any concurrent transaction, a. if the checking is positive, the conflict manager is adapted to reply the corresponding transaction manager with an abort notification and also to store this decision, b. if the checking is negative, it is adapted to store the transaction identifier, the key of the updated item and the transaction start label, 4. receive the abort notification of aborted transactions, 5. upon the reception of an abort notification of a transaction, it is adapted to remove the information about the transaction, 6. receive the commit notification of committed transactions with their commit label, 7. upon the reception of a commit notification of a transaction, it is adapted to store its transaction identifier and commit label, wherein each data manager is adapted to: 1. store the data items corresponding to a subset of keys, 2. upon receiving a write or read operation from a transaction manager, to forward write or read operations to the data managers responsible for the accessed data and to collect the results returning them to the requesting transaction manager, 3. perform reads given a transaction start label and to provide the latest committed versions of the read data items with a commit label equal or earlier than the start label, 4. perform writes on a private version of the data only visible to read operations from the writing transaction, 5. upon commit of the transaction, label all private versions of the transaction with the transaction commit label and to make them public. 2. The system according to claim 1 wherein: a) each transaction manager is adapted to send periodically to the commit server the number of committed update transactions in at least a past period, b) the commit server is adapted to send periodically to each transaction manager a subset of labels that is a function of the fraction of committed update transactions sent by the transaction manager. 3. A system according to claim 1 wherein if the application previously successfully committed any update transaction, the transaction manager is adapted to wait to start a new transaction from this session till the latest notified snapshot label by the snapshot server is equal or greater than the last update transaction commit label of the application. 4. A system according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the transaction managers is adapted to collect the start labels of the oldest active transactions at all transaction managers obtaining the oldest start label among them and sending the notification to the all conflict managers and data managers and wherein, each conflict manager, is adapted to discard the information about any transaction with an earlier commit label; and, each data manager is adapted to remove those data versions that are earlier than the oldest version with a commit label equal or lower than the oldest start label of active transactions. 5. A method for processing transactions operating on a transactional management system according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the elements of the system interacting with each other in such a way that: transactions are committed asynchronously and in parallel as each commit request is accepted by the transaction manager at any time and in any order and processed immediately without waiting for any other start or commit operation to complete, assigning as commit label an unused commit label from those obtained from the commit server, transactions are started without blocking as each application start request is accepted by the transaction manager at any time and in any order, assigning as start label for starting a transaction one, among those labels obtained from the snapshot server, being equal or later than the latest one used, transactional consistency is guaranteed by making readable only snapshots corresponding to gap-free prefixes of update transactions that are both durable and their writes have completed, as the data manager performs reads on the snapshot indicated by the given transaction start label, provides the latest committed versions of the read data items with a commit label equal or earlier, and performs item writes on a private version of the data only visible to read operations from the writing transaction.",
-    "An electron filtering layer placed on a photocathode of a UV light detector allows to selectively filter out electrons generated from a photoconversion of long wavelengths. The filter may be tuned by selecting the material and the thickness of the electron filtering layer. By means of the filtering layer, background noise due to visible parts of the spectrum may be efficiently suppressed. Applications of the invention include a solar-blind flame and/or smoke detector. 1. A detector device for detecting ultraviolet radiation, comprising: a substrate; a photoconversion layer formed on said substrate, said photoconversion layer adapted to convert incident ultraviolet radiation into photoelectrons by means of the photoelectric effect; and a filtering layer formed on said photoconversion layer, said filtering layer being adapted to selectively filter out electrons from a photoconversion of long wavelengths of said incident radiation. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said filtering layer has an electron affinity that is larger than an electron affinity of said photoconversion layer. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein said filtering layer is formed at a thickness of no larger than 100 Angstrom, preferably no larger than 50 Angstrom, in particular no larger than 20 Angstrom. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein said filtering layer comprises KI and/or NaI and/or ethylferrocene. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein said photoconversion layer comprises a semiconductor material. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein said photoconversion layer comprises an alkali metal halide, in particular CsI. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein said photoconversion layer comprises CsTe and/or SbCs. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein said photoconversion layer is formed with an even surface. 9. The device according to the claim 1, wherein said photoconversion layer comprises an uneven surface, in particular a columnar surface structure. 10. The device according to claim 1, further comprising an amplification unit adapted to amplify said electrons passing through said filtering layer, in particular by means of avalanche amplification. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein throughholes are formed in said substrate, said photoconversion layer, and said filtering layer, said throughholes for amplifying said electrons passing through said filtering layer, in particular by means of avalanche amplification. 12. The device according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of substrates extending spaced apart from one another, wherein a photoconversion layer and/or a filtering layer according to any of the preceding claims are formed on each said substrate. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein throughholes are formed in at least part of said substrates, said photoconversion layers, and said filtering layers, wherein at least part of said throughholes in neighboring substrates are misaligned with respect to one another. 14. The device according to claim 1, further comprising focusing means for focusing said ultraviolet radiation onto said substrate. 15. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a vacuum chamber in which said substrate is placed. 16. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one light source emitting ultraviolet radiation, said light source being adapted to emit said ultraviolet radiation towards said substrate; an electron detection unit adapted to detect and/or analyze said electrons passing through said filtering layer; and an analyzation unit coupled to said electron detection unit and adapted to derive from said detected electrons a variation in the amount of incident ultraviolet radiation. 17. Use of the device according to claim 1 to detect ultraviolet radiation incident on a surface of said device. 18. Use of the device according to claim 1 to detect fire or smoke from a variation in the amount of ultraviolet radiation incident on a surface of said device. 19. A method for detecting ultraviolet radiation, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; providing a photoconversion layer on said substrate, said photoconversion layer adapted to convert incident ultraviolet radiation into photoelectrons by means of the photoelectric effect; providing a filtering layer formed on said photoconversion layer, said filtering layer being adapted to selectively filter out electrons emanating from a photoconversion of long wavelengths of said incident radiation; detecting and/or analyzing said electrons passing through said filtering layer; and determining from said detected electrons the presence of ultraviolet radiation incident onto said substrate. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising a step of amplifying said electrons prior to detecting and/or analyzing said electrons, in particular by means of an avalanche amplification. 21. The method according to claim 19, further comprising a step of focusing said ultraviolet radiation onto said substrate. 22. The method according to claim 19, further comprising the steps of: providing at least one light source emitting ultraviolet radiation, said light source being adapted to shine said ultraviolet radiation onto said substrate; and determining from said detected electrons a variation in the amount of incident ultraviolet irradiation.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to compounds, which are useful for inhibition of BET protein function by binding to bromodomains, and their use in therapy. 1-92. (canceled) 93. A compound of Formula I: or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof, wherein: W1 is selected from N and CR1; W2 is selected from N and CR2; W3 is selected from N and CR3; W4 is selected from N and CR4; X is selected from N and CH; Y is selected from \u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, and \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, wherein if Y is \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, or \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, then the nitrogen is attached to the B ring, and one or more hydrogens may be optionally substituted with alkyl(C1-C3), halogen, hydroxyl, or amino; R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryloxy, aminoalkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, and halogen, wherein each alkyl and alkoxy may be optionally substituted with hydroxyl, amino, or halogen, wherein each aryl and aryloxy may be optionally substituted with halogen, alkoxy, or amino, and wherein two adjacent substituents selected from R1, R2, R3, and R4 may be connected in a 5- or 6-membered ring to form a bicyclic carbocycle or bicyclic heterocycle; R5 is selected from amino and 5- and 6-membered carbocycles and heterocycles; R6 is selected from hydrogen, alkoxy, alkyl, halogen, aminoalkyl, and thioalkyl; and R7 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, and halogen. 94. The compound of claim 93, wherein the compound is a compound of Formula Ia: or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof, wherein: X is selected from N and CH; Y is selected from \u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, and \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, wherein if Y is \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, or \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, then the nitrogen is attached to the B ring, and one or more hydrogens may be optionally substituted with alkyl(C1-C3), halogen, hydroxyl, or amino; R1 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aryloxy, aryl, hydroxyl, and halogen, wherein each alkyl and alkoxy may be optionally substituted with hydroxyl, amino, or halogen, wherein each aryl and aryloxy may be optionally substituted with halogen, alkoxy, or amino; R5 is selected from amino, aminoalkyl, and 5- and 6-membered carbocycles and heterocycles optionally substituted with halogen, amino, amide, alkyl(C1-C6), or alkoxy(C1-C6), wherein the 5- or 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle is selected from: and wherein Ra is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, \u2014C(O)Me, \u2014C(O)Pr, \u2014C(O)iPr, benzyl, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)-tBu, \u2014C(O)NHiPr, \u2014C(O)NMe2, \u2014C(O)NHEt, \u2014C(O)NH2, \u2014C(O)CH(OH)CH3, \u2014C(O)C(O)OMe, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH2CH2OH, \u2014CH2CH2-amino, and \u2014CH2CH2C(Me)2OH; R6 is selected from hydrogen, alkoxy, alkyl, halogen, aminoalkyl, and thioalkyl; and R7 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, and halogen. 95. The compound of claim 94, wherein X is N. 96. The compound of claim 94, wherein R1 and R3 are each independently an alkoxy group. 97. The compound of claim 96, wherein R1 and R3 are each independently selected from methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and propoxy. 98. The compound of claim 97, wherein R1 and R3 are each methoxy. 99. The compound of claim 94, wherein R1 is methoxy and R3 is selected from amino and aminoalkyl. 100. The compound of claim 94, wherein Y is selected from \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, and \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, wherein the nitrogen attached to the B ring, and wherein one or more hydrogens may be optionally substituted with F, Me, OMe, or Cl. 101. The compound of claim 100, wherein Y is \u2014NH\u2014. 102. The compound of claim 94, wherein R5 is \u2014NHRa or a 5- or 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle optionally substituted with halogen, amino, amide, alkyl(C1-C6), or alkoxy(C1-C6); wherein the 5- or 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle is selected from: and wherein Ra is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, \u2014C(O)Me, \u2014C(O)Pr, \u2014C(O)iPr, benzyl, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)-tBu, \u2014C(O)NHiPr, \u2014C(O)NMe2, \u2014C(O)NHEt, \u2014C(O)NH2, \u2014C(O)CH(OH)CH3, \u2014C(O)C(O)OMe, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH2CH2OH, \u2014CH2CH2-amino, and \u2014CH2CH2C(Me)2OH. 103. The compound of claim 94, wherein R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, and methoxy. 104. The compound of claim 94, wherein R6 is selected from groups of Formula II: wherein: D and E are independently selected from O, N, and S; R8 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl, wherein R8 is present only if D is N; R9 and R10 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, and cycloalkyl, wherein only one of R9 and R10 is present if E is O or S; R9 and R10 may be connected to form a carbocycle or a heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms; and n is selected from 1, 2, and 3. 105. The compound of claim 103, wherein R6 is selected from: 106. The compound of claim 94, wherein: R1 and R3 are each alkoxy; Y is selected from \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, and \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, wherein the nitrogen is attached to the B ring; R5 is \u2014NHRa or a 5- or 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle selected from: wherein Ra is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, \u2014C(O)Me, \u2014C(O)Pr, \u2014C(O)iPr, benzyl, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)-tBu, \u2014C(O)NHiPr, \u2014C(O)NMe2, \u2014C(O)NHEt, \u2014C(O)NH2, \u2014C(O)CH(OH)CH3, \u2014C(O)C(O)OMe, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH2CH2OH, \u2014CH2CH2amino, and \u2014CH2CH2C(Me)2OH; and R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and alkoxy optionally substituted with hydroxyl or amino. 107. The compound of claim 94, wherein: R1 is alkoxy; R3 is selected from amino and aminoalkyl; Y is selected from \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CH2\u2014, and \u2014NHCH2CH2CH2\u2014, wherein the nitrogen is attached to the B ring; R5 is \u2014NHRa or a 5- or 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle selected from: wherein Ra is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, \u2014C(O)Me, \u2014C(O)Pr, \u2014C(O)iPr, benzyl, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)-tBu, \u2014C(O)NHiPr, \u2014C(O)NMe2, \u2014C(O)NHEt, \u2014C(O)NH2, \u2014C(O)CH(OH)CH3, \u2014C(O)C(O)OMe, \u2014CF3, \u2014CH2CH2OH, \u2014CH2CH2amino, and \u2014CH2CH2C(Me)2OH; and R6 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and alkoxy optionally substituted with a hydroxyl or amino. 108. A compound selected from: 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-(4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)phenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)amino)phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-(methyl(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-(((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-(((1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((2-(Isopropylamino)ethyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-Methoxy-2-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino)-phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazoin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((3-morpholinopropyl)amino)-phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((2-morpholinoethyl)amino)phenyl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl)amino)phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-(((1-Isopropylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-(((1-Isopropylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((1-Isobutyrylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((3-(Isopropylamino)propyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((3-(methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((2-(4-Isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-[4-methoxy-2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-ylsulfinyl)phenyl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-((2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)phenyl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-5-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxy-2-[3-(piperazin-1-yl)propylamino]phenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((trans-4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)cyclohexyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Isobutyrylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(4-Chloro-2-((1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(4-Chloro-2-((1-isobutyrylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(2-((1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(-((1-Isobutyrylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridine-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; N-(cis-4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)isobutyramide; 2-(2-((1-Acetylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(3-(((1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-N,N-dimethylpiperidine-1-carboxamide; 2-(3-((3-(Isopropylamino)propyl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(3-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridine-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; cis-4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)amino)-N-isopropylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(3-((1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-N-isopropylpiperidine-1-carboxamide; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(3-((1-pivaloylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 5,7-Dimethoxy-2-(3-((2-morpholinoethyl)amino)pyridine-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-5-(2-((1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)ethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide; 4-((2-(5,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-N-ethylpiperidine-1-carboxamide; cis-4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-N,N-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide; 4((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)piperidine-1-carboxamide; Methyl-2-(4((2-(5,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetate; N-(2-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)ethyl)isobutyramide; N-(3-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)propyl)isobutyramide; 2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxypyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxy-7-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)quinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-[5-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-3-(1-isopropylpiperidin-4-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl]-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; cis-4-((2-(5,7-Dimethoxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl)amino)-N-isopropylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide; 2-[5-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-3-(1-isobutyroylpiperidin-4-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl]-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 7-amino-2-(3-((1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-{3-(1-Isopropylpiperidin-4-ylamino)-5-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]pyridin-2-yl}-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-{5-[2-(Isopropylamino)ethoxy]-3-(1-isopropylpiperidin-4-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl}-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; 2-(3-((1-(1-Hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; and 7-(Ethylamino)-2-(3-((1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one; and stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and hydrates thereof. 109. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 110. A method for inhibiting BET proteins in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 111. A method of treating an autoimmune or inflammatory disorder associated with BET proteins comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the autoimmune or inflammatory disorder is selected from Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Agammaglobulinemia, Allergic Disease, Ankylosing spondylitis, Anti-GBM/Anti-TBM nephritis, Anti-phospholipid syndrome, Autoimmune aplastic anemia, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune inner ear disease, Autoimmune myocarditis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Autoimmune retinopathy, Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, Behcet's Disease, Bullous pemphigoid, Castleman's Disease, Celiac Disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Crohn's Disease, Cogan's syndrome, Dry eye syndrome, Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, Dermatomyositis, Devic's Disease, Encephalitis, Eosinophlic esophagitis, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Erythema nodosum, Giant cell arteritis, Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's), Graves' Disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, IgA nephropathy, Inclusion body myositis, Type I diabetes, Interstitial cystitis, Kawasaki's Disease, Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Lichen planus, Lupus (SLE), Microscopic polyangitis, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, myositis, Optic neuritis, Pemphigus, POEMS syndrome, Polyarteritis nodosa, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Psoriasis, Psoriatic arthritis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Relapsing polychondritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, Takayasu's arteritis, Transverse myelitis, Ulcerative colitis, Uveitis, and Vitiligo. 113. A method of treating an acute or chronic non-autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by disregulation of IL-6 and/or IL-17 comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 114. The method of claim 113, wherein the acute or chronic non-autoimmune inflammatory disorder is selected from sinusitis, pneumonitis, osteomyelitis, gastritis, enteritis, gingivitis, appendicitis, irritable bowel syndrome, tissue graft rejection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), septic shock, osteoarthritis, acute gout, acute lung injury, acute renal failure, burns, Herxheimer reaction, and SIRS associated with viral infections. 115. A method of treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or multiple sclerosis (MS) comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 116. A method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 117. The method of claim 116, wherein the cancer is selected from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma with germinal center phenotype, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, activated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma, primary neuroectodermal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, NUT-midline carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, acute B lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's Lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, melanoma, mixed lineage leukemia, multiple myeloma, pro-myelocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, lung carcinoma, and colon carcinoma. 118. The method of claim 116, wherein the cancer: (a) is associated with overexpression, translocation, amplification, or rearrangement of a myc family oncoprotein that is sensitive to BET inhibition; (b) is associated with overexpression, translocation, amplification, or rearrangement of BET proteins; (c) relies on pTEFb (Cdk9/cyclin T) and BET proteins to regulate oncogenes; (d) is associated with upregulation of BET responsive genes CDK6, Bcl2, TYRO3, MYB, and hTERT; and/or (e) is sensitive to effects of BET inhibition. 119. The method of claim 118, wherein: (a) the cancer associated with overexpression, translocation, amplification, or rearrangement of a myc family oncoprotein that is sensitive to BET inhibition is selected from B-acute lymphocytic leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, Diffuse large cell lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Primary plasma cell leukemia, Atypical carcinoid lung cancer, Bladder cancer, Breast cancer, Cervix cancer, Colon cancer, Gastric cancer, Glioblastoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, Medulloblastoma, Melanoma, nodular, Melanoma, superficial spreading, Neuroblastoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Osteosarcoma, Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer, Renal clear cell carcinoma, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, and Small cell lung carcinoma; (b) the cancer associated with overexpression, translocation, amplification, or rearrangement of BET proteins is selected from NUT midline carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and colon cancer; (c) the cancer relying on pTEFb (Cdk9/cyclin T) and BET proteins to regulate oncogenes is selected from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma with germinal center phenotype, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, follicular lymphomas and activated, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma and primary neuroectodermal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer; (d) the cancer associated with upregulation of BET responsive genes CDK6, Bcl2, TYRO3, MYB, and hTERT is selected from pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, glioblastoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, malignant glioma, bladder cancer, medulloblastoma, thyroid cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, Barret's adenocarcinoma, hepatoma, prostate cancer, pro-myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, and renal carcinoma; and/or (e) the cancer sensitive to the effects of BET inhibition is selected from NUT-midline carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, acute B lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's Lymphoma, B-cell Lymphoma, Melanoma, mixed lineage leukemia, multiple myeloma, pro-myelocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Neuroblastoma, Medulloblastoma, lung carcinoma, and colon carcinoma. 120. The method of claim 116, wherein the compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof, is combined with other therapies, chemotherapeutic agents or antiproliferative agents. 121. The method of claim 120, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from ABT-737, Azacitidine (Vidaza), AZD1152 (Barasertib), AZD2281 (Olaparib), AZD6244 (Selumetinib), BEZ235, Bleomycin Sulfate, Bortezomib (Velcade), Busulfan (Myleran), Camptothecin, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide (Clafen), CYT387, Cytarabine (Ara-C), Dacarbazine, DAPT (GSI-IX), Decitabine, Dexamethasone, Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), Etoposide, Everolimus (RAD001), Flavopiridol (Alvocidib), Ganetespib (STA-9090), Gefitinib (Iressa), Idarubicin, Ifosfamide (Mitoxana), IFNa2a (Roferon A), Melphalan (Alkeran), Methazolastone (temozolomide), Metformin, Mitoxantrone (Novantrone), Paclitaxel, Phenformin, PKC412 (Midostaurin), PLX4032 (Vemurafenib), Pomalidomide (CC-4047), Prednisone (Deltasone), Rapamycin, Revlimid (Lenalidomide), Ruxolitinib (INCB018424), Sorafenib (Nexavar), SU11248 (Sunitinib), SU11274, Vinblastine, Vincristine (Oncovin), Vinorelbine (Navelbine), Vorinostat (SAHA), PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, yervoy ipilimumab), and WP1130 (Degrasyn). 122. A method of treating a benign proliferative or fibrotic disorder, selected from the group consisting of benign soft tissue tumors, bone tumors, brain and spinal tumors, eyelid and orbital tumors, granuloma, lipoma, meningioma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, nasal polyps, pituitary tumors, prolactinoma, pseudotumor cerebri, seborrheic keratoses, stomach polyps, thyroid nodules, cystic neoplasms of the pancreas, hemangiomas, vocal cord nodules, polyps, and cysts, Castleman disease, chronic pilonidal disease, dermatofibroma, pilar cyst, pyogenic granuloma, juvenile polyposis syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, post-operative stricture, keloid formation, scleroderma, and cardiac fibrosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 123. A method of treating a disease or disorder that benefits from up-regulation or ApoA-1 transcription and protein expression comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 124. The method of claim 123, wherein the disease is selected from cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. 125. A method of treating a metabolic disease or disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 126. The method of claim 125, wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from obesity-associated inflammation, type II diabetes, and insulin resistance. 127. A method of treating a cancer associated with a virus comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 128. The method of claim 127, wherein the virus is selected from Epstein-Barr Virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Kaposi's sarcoma associated virus, human papilloma virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and human cytomegalovirus. 129. A method for treating HIV infection comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof, alone or in combination with anti-retroviral therapeutic. 130. A method for treating a neurological disease or disorder comprising administering a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof. 131. The method of claim 130, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, and epilepsy. 132. A method of male contraception comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 94, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or hydrate thereof.",
-    "Provided herein are embodiments relating to metal-insulator-metal diodes and their method of manufacture. In some embodiments, the metal-insulator-metal diodes can be made, in part, via the use of an evanescent wave on a photo resist. In some embodiments, this allows for finer manipulation of the photo resist and allows for the separation of one piece of metal into a first and second piece of metal. The first piece of metal can then be differentially treated from the second (for example, by annealing another metal to the first piece), to allow for a difference in the work function of the two pieces of metal. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A method to make a metal-insulator-metal diode, the method comprising: providing a conductive layer on a dielectric substrate, wherein the conductive layer comprises a first metal; applying a photoresist layer on the conductive layer; exposing a portion of the photoresist to an evanescent wave; removing at least a portion of the photoresist exposed to the evanescent wave to expose a portion of the conductive layer; and etching the exposed portion of the conductive layer to form a trench separating a first region of the conductive layer and a second region of the conductive layer. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: applying a second metal to the first region of the conductive layer; and annealing the first region of the conductive layer and the second metal applied to the first region of the conductive layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein exposing the portion of the photoresist to the evanescent wave comprises applying a radiation to a photomask having an opening with a width that is less than a wavelength of a peak emission of the radiation, wherein the opening corresponds to the portion of the photoresist exposed to evanescent wave. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein applying the radiation to the photomask includes applying the radiation to a photomask having the width less than about 100 nm. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising using a chromium pattern to form the opening in the photomask. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the photoresist layer on the conductive layer comprises spin coating of the conductive layer with the photoresist layer. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein removing at least the portion of the photoresist exposed to the evanescent wave to expose the portion of the conductive layer comprises applying a developer to the photoresist. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein etching the exposed portion of the conductive layer to form the trench that separates the first region of the conductive layer and the second region of the conductive layer comprises dry etching the exposed portion of the conductive layer. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein applying the second metal to the first region of the conductive layer comprises: forming a mask layer on at least the trench and the second region of the conductive layer; applying the second metal to an exposed portion of the first region of the conductive layer; and removing the mask layer. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein providing the conductive layer on the dielectric substrate comprises sputtering the first metal on the dielectric substrate. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein providing the conductive layer on the dielectric substrate comprises providing the conductive layer on a silicon wafer. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the first metal includes chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, gadolinium, aluminum, niobium, nickel, gold, titanium, tantalum, or platinum, and wherein the second metal includes chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, gadolinium, aluminum, niobium, nickel, gold, titanium, tantalum, or platinum. 26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 14, wherein providing the conductive layer includes providing a conductive layer that has a thickness of about 1 nm to about 1 \u03bcm. 28. The method of claim 15, wherein annealing the first region of the conductive layer and the second metal applied to the first region of the conductive layer comprises heating the first region of the conductive layer and the second metal applied to the first region of the conductive layer at a temperature of about 100\u00b0 C. to about 1000\u00b0 C. 29. The method of claim 14, wherein etching the exposed portion of the conductive layer to form the trench includes etching the exposed portion of the conductive layer to form a trench that has a width of less than about 10 nm. 30-31. (canceled) 32. A system to make a metal-insulator-metal diode, the system comprising: a controller configured to execute instructions to facilitate fabrication of the metal-insulator-metal diode; one or more physical vapor deposition devices coupled to the controller, wherein the one or more physical vapor deposition devices are configured via the controller to apply a conductive layer to a substrate, wherein the conductive layer comprises a first metal; one or more spin coaters coupled to the controller, wherein the one or more spin coaters are configured via the controller to apply a first photoresist layer to the conductive layer; an evanescent wave device configured to apply an evanescent wave to the first photoresist layer to obtain an opening in the first photoresist layer to expose a portion of the conductive layer; and a plasma etch device coupled to the controller, wherein the plasma etch device is manipulatable via the controller to etch the exposed portion of the conductive layer to form a trench that separates a first region of the conductive layer and a second region of the conductive layer. 33. The system of claim 32, further comprising: at least one light source coupled to the controller, wherein the at least one light source is configured via the controller to emit radiation effective to pattern a second photoresist layer applied to at least the trench and the second region of the conductive layer by the one or more spin coaters; a first photomask configured to provide a radiation pattern to the second photoresist layer that is effective to obtain an opening in the second photoresist layer to expose a portion of the first region of the conductive layer; and a heat device configured lo anneal the first region of the conductive layer applied to the substrate and a second metal applied to the portion of the first region of the conductive layer by the physical vapor deposition device. 34. The system of claim 32, wherein the evanescent wave device comprises a second photomask having a chromium pattern disposed on a transparent substrate. 35. The system of claim 33, wherein the at least one light source is configured to emit ultraviolet radiation. 36. (canceled) 37. The system of claim 32, wherein the first photoresist layer includes a negative photoresist.",
-    "The present invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, specifically to a class of compounds containing lactam and derivative thereof, and especially to a pyridine derivative as shown in general formula (I), preparation method and the use thereof as a Factor Xa inhibitor. The present invention further relates to the medical use of the compound and derivative thereof in preparation of anticoagulant drugs, particularly to the use in preparation of drugs for preventing or treating thrombosis or embolism. 1. A compound as shown in general formula I: wherein: R1 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C10 alkyl or C1-C10 alkoxy, wherein any hydrogen atom on C1-C10 alkyl or alkoxy can be further replaced by hydroxy or amino; R2 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 alkylthio, fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom or trifluoromethyl; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 alkylthio, fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom or trifluoromethyl; n=1, 2 or 3. 2. The compound according to claim 1, characterized in that, R1 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C5 alkyl or C1-C5 alkoxy; R2 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, C1-C5 alkylthio, fluorine atom, chlorine atom or trifluoromethyl; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, C1-C5 alkylthio, fluorine atom, chlorine atom or trifluoromethyl; n=1, 2 or 3. 3. The compound according to claim 2, characterized in that, R1 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; R2 selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 alkylthio, fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl; n=1, 2 or 3. 4. The compound according to claim 3, characterized in that, R1 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl or methoxyl; R2 is selected from methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; n=1, 2 or 3. 5. The compound according to claim 4, characterized in that, R1 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl or methoxyl; R2 is selected from methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; n=2 or 3. 6. The compound according to claim 5, characterized in that, R1 is selected from hydrogen atom or methyl; R2 is selected from methyl, methoxy or fluorine atom; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl, methoxy or fluorine atom; n=2. 7. The compound according to claim 6, characterized in that, R1 is selected from methyl; R2 is selected from methyl, methoxy or fluorine atom; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl, methoxy or fluorine atom; n=2. 8. The compound according to claim 5, characterized in that, R1 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl or methoxy; R2 is selected from methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; n=3. 9. The compound according to claim 8, characterized in that, R1 is selected from methyl er methoxy; R2 is selected from methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; R3 is selected from hydrogen atom, methyl, methoxy, methylthio or fluorine atom; n=3. 10. The compound according to claim 1, characterized in that said compound is selected from: 11. The compound according to claim 10, characterized in that said compound is: 1-(4-methylphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(2-fluorophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-7-oxo-6-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin 1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methylphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3,5-difluoro-phen [2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-pyrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methoxy-4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide; or 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-7-oxo-6-[2-methoxy-4-(2-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide. 12. A method for treating or preventing Factor Xa related disease, which comprises administrating the compound according to claim 1 as a Factor Xa inhibitors to a subject in need thereof. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the Factor Xa inhibitors are anticoagulants. 14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the Factor Xa related disease is thrombosis or embolism.",
-    "A network including network nodes that are arranged in a ring topology. At least one of the network nodes includes middleware. The middleware includes a redundancy protocol that is implemented on the application level in a network stack. In order to ensure a functional capability of the network, the ring topology is monitored with the redundancy protocol. 1-19. (canceled) 20. Middleware, comprising: a redundancy protocol that is implemented on an application level in a network stack. 21. The middleware as claimed in claim 20, wherein the redundancy protocol includes an interrupt function that is designed to cause a logical interruption of a ring topology of a network. 22. The middleware as claimed in claim 21, wherein the redundancy protocol is designed to remove the logical interruption when the ring topology is destroyed. 23. The middleware as claimed in claim 21, wherein the redundancy protocol is designed to cause the logical interruption of the ring topology when an interruption in the network has been removed. 24. The middleware as claimed in claim 20, wherein the redundancy protocol is a Media Redundancy Protocol and the middleware includes an implementation of the Data Distribution Standard. 25. A method for ensuring a functional capability of a network including a ring topology, the method comprising: monitoring the ring topology with a redundancy protocol, the redundancy protocol being included in middleware and being implemented on an application level in a network stack. 26. The method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the middleware is implemented in a network node of the ring topology and the network node is a redundancy manager. 27. The method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the redundancy protocol includes an interrupt function that is designed to cause a logical interruption of the ring topology. 28. The method as claimed in claim 27, wherein the redundancy protocol is designed to remove the logical interruption when the ring topology is destroyed. 29. The method as claimed in claim 27, wherein the redundancy protocol is designed to cause the logical interruption of the ring topology when an interruption of the ring topology has been removed. 30. The method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the redundancy protocol is a Media Redundancy Protocol and the middleware includes an implementation of the Data Distribution Standard. 31. The method as claimed in claim 25, wherein the middleware is implemented in at least one of a plurality of network nodes included in the ring topology with the redundancy protocol on the application level. 32. A network, comprising: network nodes arranged in a ring topology, at least one of the network nodes including middleware with a redundancy protocol implemented on an application level in a network stack. 33. The network as claimed in claim 32, wherein the at least one of the network nodes is a redundancy manager. 34. The network as claimed in claim 32, wherein the redundancy protocol causes a logical interruption of the ring topology. 35. The network as claimed in claim 34, wherein the logical interruption of the ring topology is caused by deactivating a port of the at least one of the network nodes. 36. The network as claimed in claim 35, wherein the logical interruption of the ring topology is removed by reactivating a port of the at least one of the network nodes when the ring topology is destroyed. 37. The network as claimed in claim 34, wherein the redundancy protocol removes the logical interruption when the ring topology is destroyed. 38. The network as claimed in claim 34, wherein the redundancy protocol causes the logical interruption of the ring topology when an interruption of the ring topology has been removed. 39. The network as claimed in claim 32, wherein the redundancy protocol is a Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) and the middleware includes an implementation of the Data Distribution Standard. 40. The network as claimed in claim 32, wherein all of the network nodes of the ring topology include an implementation of the middleware with the redundancy protocol on an application level. 41. A non-transitory computer-readable medium encoded with a computer program for a functional capability of a network including a ring topology, the program when executed by a computer causes the computer to perform a process comprising: monitoring the ring topology with a redundancy protocol, the redundancy protocol being included in middleware and being implemented on an application level in a network stack of at least one network node included in the network.",
-    "The present invention relates to a saxatilin derivative having an increased half life and a use thereof. The saxatilin derivative of the present invention has thrombolytic ability similar to that of saxatilin, which is the mother protein, a remarkably increased protein half life, and efficiently dissolves, for long period of time, blood clots already formed in blood vessels of an animal model with a FeCl3-induced carotid by using the same. Therefore, a composition containing, as an active ingredient, the saxatilin derivative of the present invention does not cause reocclusion after penetration and effectively opens to microvessels, and is thus very useful for treating angiostenosis or occlusive diseases (for example, cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerotic vascular diseases, coronary artery diseases, and peripheral vascular diseases). 1. A saxatilin derivative comprising saxatilin, which is composed of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, conjugated to an immunoglobulin Fc region. 2. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the immunoglobulin Fc region is conjugated to the N-terminal or C-terminal of the saxatilin. 3. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the saxatilin derivative comprises a leader sequence further conjugated to the N-terminal. 4. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the saxatilin derivative has a half-life, which is increased by 4- to 6.5-fold when compared with naturally occurring saxatilin. 5. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the saxatilin derivative has a similar thrombolytic ability to naturally occurring saxatilin. 6. The saxatilin derivative of claim 5, wherein the saxatilin derivative has an IC50 value of 100-500 nM, with respect to platelet aggregation. 7. (canceled) 8. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the saxatilin derivative binds to integrins existing in a thrombus to break up the thrombus. 9. The saxatilin derivative of claim 8, wherein the saxatilin derivative binds to glycoprotein (GP) Ilb-Ilia on the surface of platelets constituting the thrombus to break up the thrombus. 10. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the saxatilin derivative has a binding affinity (dissociation constant (Kd)) of 1\u00d710\u22128 to 1\u00d710\u221210 M to integrin \u03b1M\u03b22 existing in neutrophils. 11. The saxatilin derivative of claim 1, wherein the saxatilin derivative has a binding affinity (dissociation constant (Kd)) of 1\u00d710\u22128 to 1\u00d710\u221210 M to integrin \u03b1L\u03b22 existing in neutrophils. 12-15. (canceled) 16. A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating vascular stenosis or occlusive disease, the pharmaceutical composition containing: (a) a pharmaceutically effective amount of the saxatilin derivative of claim 1; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein a blood vessel in the vascular stenosis include main arteries, carotid arteries, subclavian arteries, celiac arteries, mesenteric arteries, renal arteries, iliac arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venulas. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the vascular stenosis or occlusive disease is selected from the group consisting of stroke, cerebral infarction, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, lacunar infarction, acute coronary syndrome, angina, aortic stenosis, myocardial infarction, migraine, bundle branch block, ischemia, acute ischemic arteriovascular event, thrombophlebitis, venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral vascular disease, vascular headache, atherosclerosis, vascular spasm, restenosis, restenosis after balloon angioplasty, and vascular occlusion by vasculitis. 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered through a direct injection into the blood vessel. 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a patient with vascular occlusion due to thrombi. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the occlusion is partial occlusion or complete occlusion. 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition contains no plasminogen activator. 23. A method for preventing or treating vascular stenosis or occlusive disease, the method comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of the saxatilin derivative of claim 1 to a subject. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the vascular stenosis or occlusive disease is selected from the group consisting of stroke, cerebral infarction, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, lacunar infarction, acute coronary syndrome, angina, aortic stenosis, myocardial infarction, migraine, bundle branch block, ischemia, acute ischemic arteriovascular event, thrombophlebitis, venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral vascular disease, vascular headache, atherosclerosis, vascular spasm, restenosis, restenosis after balloon angioplasty, and vascular occlusion by vasculitis.",
-    "An adjustment device for a lock of a front hood of a motor vehicle, with the front hood being movable from a normal position to an elevated position, includes a guide and a carriage which is coupled with the lock and movable along the guide. At least one wedge is configured to clamp the carriage with the guide in a clamping position. An actuating mechanism is provided to allow movement of the carriage from the clamping position to an unclamped position by displacing the at least one wedge. 1-10. (canceled) 11. An adjustment device for a lock of a front hood of a motor vehicle, which front hood is movable from a normal position to an elevated position, said adjustment device comprising: a guide; a carriage coupled with the lock and movable along the guide; at least one wedge configured to clamp the carriage with the guide in a clamping position; and an actuating mechanism constructed to allow movement of the carriage from the clamping position to an unclamped position by displacing the at least one wedge. 12. The adjustment device of claim 11, wherein the actuating mechanism includes an actuator and a slide which is shiftable by the actuator to move the at least one wedge away from the clamping position. 13. The adjustment device of claim 11, wherein the at least one wedge blocks in the clamping position a movement along a first direction, and further comprising a further wedge which blocks in the clamping position a movement along a second, opposite direction. 14. The adjustment device of claim 12, wherein the actuating mechanism includes a spring having a spring force which acts on the slide so that the slide and the wedge are urged to seek the clamping position. 15. The adjustment device of claim 11, further comprising a further wedge, said two wedges being arranged on opposite sides of the guide. 16. The adjustment device of claim 12, wherein the slide has a recess extending in a transverse direction for engagement of a radially inwardly extending projection the wedge. 17. The adjustment device of claim 11, wherein the carriage has a recess for receiving the actuator or a control element coupled to the actuator. 18. The adjustment device of claim 12, wherein the actuator comprises an electric or pneumatic or hydraulic drive. 19. The adjustment device of claim 12, wherein the carriage has at least one recess which extends in longitudinal direction and is traversed by the slide. 20. A motor vehicle, comprising: a front hood which is movable from a normal position to an elevated position and has a lock; and an adjustment device configured for adjustment of the lock, said adjustment device including a guide, a carriage coupled with the lock and movable along the guide, at least one wedge configured to clamp the carriage with the guide in a clamping position, and an actuating mechanism constructed to allow movement of the carriage from the clamping position to an unclamped position by displacing the at least one wedge. 21. The motor vehicle of claim 20, wherein the actuating mechanism includes an actuator and a slide which is shiftable by the actuator to move the at least one wedge away from the clamping position. 22. The motor vehicle of claim 20, wherein the at least one wedge blocks in the clamping position a movement along a first direction, said adjustment device including a further wedge which blocks in the clamping position a movement along a second, opposite direction. 23. The motor vehicle of claim 21, wherein the actuating mechanism includes a spring having a spring force which acts on the slide so that the slide and the wedge are urged to seek the clamping position. 24. The motor vehicle of claim 20, wherein the adjustment device includes a further wedge, said two wedges being arranged on opposite sides of the guide. 25. The motor vehicle of claim 21, wherein the slide has a recess extending in a transverse direction for engagement of a radially inwardly extending projection the wedge. 26. The motor vehicle of claim 20, wherein the carriage has a recess for receiving the actuator or a control element coupled to the actuator. 27. The motor vehicle of claim 21, wherein the actuator comprises an electric or pneumatic or hydraulic drive. 28. The motor vehicle- of claim 21, wherein the carriage has at least one recess which extends in longitudinal direction and is traversed by the slide.",
-    "A pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to an aspect of the present disclosure is a pulling-up-type continuous casing method for pulling up molten metal held in a holding furnace by using a starter. When the starter is accelerated to a predetermined pulling-up speed at a start of casting, the pulling-up-type continuous casting method includes a first acceleration section in which the starter is accelerated from a standstill state to a first speed at a first acceleration, a second acceleration section in which the starter is accelerated from the first speed to a second speed at a second acceleration, and a constant speed section in which the starter is pulled up at the first speed, the constant speed section being positioned between the first and second acceleration sections. 1. A pulling-up-type continuous casting method for pulling up molten metal held in a holding furnace by using a starter, wherein when the starter is accelerated to a predetermined pulling-up speed at a start of casting, the pulling-up-type continuous casting method includes: a first acceleration section in which the starter is accelerated from a standstill state to a first speed at a first acceleration; a second acceleration section in which the starter is accelerated from the first speed to a second speed at a second acceleration; and a constant speed section in which the starter is pulled up at the first speed, the constant speed section being positioned between the first and second acceleration sections. 2. The pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to claim 1, wherein the first acceleration is an acceleration that will cause a tearing in the molten metal pulled-up by the starter before the pulling-up speed of the starter reaches the predetermined pulling-up speed when the starter is continuously accelerated from the standstill state at that acceleration, and the second acceleration is an acceleration that will cause a tearing in the molten metal pulled-up by the starter before the pulling-up speed of the starter reaches the predetermined pulling-up speed when the starter is continuously accelerated from the standstill state at that acceleration. 3. The pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to claim 1, wherein the first and second accelerations are equal to each other. 4. The pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to claim 3, wherein each of the first and second accelerations is a maximum acceleration that a pulling-up machine that pulls up the starter can deliver. 5. The pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to claim 1, wherein the pulling-up-type continuous casting method further includes: a third acceleration section in which the starter is accelerated from the second speed to a third speed at a third acceleration; and a constant speed section in which the starter is pulled up at the second speed, the constant speed section being positioned between the second and third acceleration sections. 6. The pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to claim 1, wherein the second acceleration is higher than the first acceleration. 7. The pulling-up-type continuous casting method according to claim 6, wherein the second acceleration is a maximum acceleration that a pulling-up machine that pulls up the starter can deliver.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a sweetener composition which method comprises:-providing a liquid composition comprising at least one steviol glycoside; and-heating the said liquid composition to at least about 90\u00b0 C. for at least about 15 minutes, wherein the said heating is carried out in the presence of: a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals; and/or in the presence of a substance which enables conversion of at least part of the steviol glycoside in the heating step into a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals, thereby to prepare a sweetener composition. The invention also relates to a sweetener composition which is a liquid comprising at least one steviol glycoside and which is stable for at least about 6 days. 1. A process for the preparation of a sweetener composition which method comprises: providing a liquid composition comprising at least one steviol glycoside; and heating the said liquid composition, wherein the said heating is carried out in the presence of: a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals; and/or in the presence of a substance which enables conversion of at least part of the steviol glycoside in the heating step into a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals, thereby to prepare a sweetener composition. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the said liquid composition is heated to at least 60\u00b0 C., at least 70\u00b0 C., at least 80\u00b0 C., at least 90\u00b0 C., at least 95\u00b0 C. or at 100\u00b0 C. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the said liquid composition is heated for at least 1 minute, at least 5 minutes, at least 10 minutes or more. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one steviol glycoside is at least rebA, rebB, rebC, rebD, rebF, stevioside, dulcoside or steviolbioside. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid composition comprises at least about 15% (dry matter), at least about 20% (dry matter), at least about 25% (dry matter) or at least about 30% (dry matter). 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the pH of the liquid composition is from about 3 to about 10. 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out in the presence of an acid, optionally comprising citric acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid or lactic acid. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out in the presence of a base, optionally comprising NaOH. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out in the presence of a polymeric substance, optionally comprising alginate, carboxymethylcellulose or mannoproteins. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the liquid composition is processed by high shear mixing prior to heating. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out at about 95\u00b0 C. to about 100\u00b0 C. 12. A process according to claim 1, wherein the heating is carried out for at least about 30 minutes, at least about 60 minutes or at least about 210 minutes. 13. A process according to claim 1, wherein the sweetener composition is stable for at least about 6 days, at least about 9 days, at least about 14 days, at least about 20 days at least one month, at least six months, at least eight months, at least 10 months, at least one year or longer. 14. A process according to claim 1, wherein the stability is determined at a temperature of from about 20\u00b0 C. to about 25\u00b0 C. 15. A sweetener composition which is a liquid comprising at least one steviol glycoside, optionally comprising rebaudioside A, and which is stable for at least about 6 days, at least about 9 days, at least about 14 days, at least about 20 days, at least one month, at least six months, at least eight months, at least 10 months, at least one year or longer. 16. A sweetener composition according to claim 15 obtainable by a process comprising providing a liquid composition comprising at least one steviol glycoside; and heating the said liquid composition, wherein the said heating is carried out in the presence of: a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals; and/or in the presence of a substance which enables conversion of at least part of the steviol glycoside in the heating step into a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals, thereby to prepare a sweetener composition. 17. A method for preparation of a beverage or a foodstuff which method comprises incorporating a sweetener composition according to claim 15 during preparation of the said beverage or foodstuff. 18. A beverage or foodstuff comprising a sweetener composition according to claim 15. 19. A heating step used in preparation of a liquid sweetener composition comprising at least one steviol glycoside, said heating step comprising heating a liquid composition comprising at least one steviol glycoside in the presence of: a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals; and/or in the presence of a substance which enables conversion of at least part of the steviol glycoside in the heating step into a substance which inhibits nucleation and/or growth of steviol glycoside crystals.",
-    "Methods of processing lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars are provided which rely on hydrothermal pretreatment. Soft lignocellulosic biomass feedstock is pretreated in a single-stage pressurized hydrothermal pretreatment to very low severity. The pre-treated biomass is hydrolysed, typically as a whole slurry, using enzymatic hydrolysis catalysed by an enzyme mixture comprising endoglucanase, exoglucanase, \u03b2-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and \u03b2-xylosidase activities at activity levels in nkat/g glucan of endoglucanase of at least 1100, exoglucanase of at least 280, \u03b2-glucosidase of at least 3000, endoxylanase of at least 1400, and \u03b2-xylosidase of at least 75, so as to produce a hydrolysate in which the yield of C5 monomers is at least 55% of the original xylose and arabinose content of the feedstock prior to pretreatment. 1. A method of processing lignocellulosic biomass comprising: Providing soft lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, Pretreating the feedstock at pH within the range 3.5 to 9.0 in a single-stage pressurized hydrothermal pretreatment at a temperature of at least 140\u00b0 C. for less than 60 minutes to log severity Ro 3.75 or lower so as to produce a pretreated biomass slurry in which the undissolved solids comprise at least 5.0% by weight xylan, and Hydrolysing the pre-treated biomass as a whole slurry with or without addition of supplemental water content using enzymatic hydrolysis for at least 24 hours catalysed by an enzyme mixture comprising endoglucanase, exoglucanase, \u03b2-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and \u03b2-xylosidase activities at activity levels in nkat/g glucan of endoglucanase of at least 1100, exoglucanase of at least 280, \u03b2-glucosidase of at least 3000, endoxylanase of at least 1400, and \u03b2-xylosidase of at least 75, so as to produce a hydrolysate in which the yield of C5 monomers is at least 55% of the original xylose and arabinose content of the feedstock prior to pretreatment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrothermal pretreatment is conducted as an autohydrolysis, in which acetic acid liberated by hemicellulose hydrolysis during pretreatment further catalyzes hemicellulose hydrolysis. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is subject to pressurized pretreatment at a dry matter content of at least 35% or at temperature between 160 and 200\u00b0 C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the whole slurry hydrolysate is used as a biomethane substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis is conducted at dry matter content between 8 and 19%. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the enzymatic hydrolysis is conducted at dry matter content of 20% or greater. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the endoglucanase activity is within the range 1100-30000 nkat/g glucan, the exoglucanase activity is within the range 280-20000 nkat/g glucan, the \u03b2-glucosidase activity is within the range 3000-50000 nkat/g glucan, the endoxylanase activity is within the range 1400-70000 nkat/g glucan and/or the \u03b2-xylosidase activity is within the range 75-20000 nkat/g glucan. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the \u03b2-glucosidase activity is within the range 4000-50000 nkat/g glucan, the endoxylanase activity is within the range 4000-70000 nkat/g glucan and/or the \u03b2-xylosidase activity is within the range 250-20000 nkat/g glucan. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pretreated biomass is unloaded from pressurized hydrothermal pretreatment in such manner as to preserve the fiber structure of the material. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the biomass feedstock is subject to particle size reduction and/or other mechanical processing prior to hydrothermal pretreatment. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pretreated biomass is subject to a solid/liquid separation step to produce a liquid fraction and a solid fraction having a dry matter content of at least 40% by weight and the solid fraction is hydrolysed. 12. The method of claim 4, wherein the separated liquid fraction is added back into the hydrolysis mixture, after enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fraction has reached a desired degree of glucan conversion. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is wheat straw, corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, sweet sorghum bagasse, or empty fruit bunches. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein pressurized pretreatment is conducted at a pressure of 10 bar or lower. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is removed from the pressurized pretreatment reactor using a hydrocyclone system. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein enzymatic hydrolysis is conducted for at least 96 hours. 17. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that a combined C5/C6 hydrolysate is directly fermented to ethanol using one or more modified yeast strains.",
-    "A joint is disclosed having a structure, a fastener passing through the structure with an end of the fastener protruding from the structure, and a cap installed on the end of the fastener. The end of the fastener includes an axially extending shaft, a fastener head carried by the shaft, and one or more washers located between the fastener head and the structure, the one or more washers spacing the fastener head and the structure apart by a distance. The cap has a cap body with a cavity which encloses the end of the fastener, and the joint further comprises a cured sealing material which seals the cavity. One of the fastener head and the cap body is formed with two or more first locking features which are axially spaced apart by a pitch. 1. A joint comprising: a structure; a fastener passing through the structure with an end of the fastener protruding from the structure, the end of the fastener comprising: an axially extending shaft, a fastener head carried by the shaft, and one or more washers located between the fastener head and the structure, the one or more washers spacing the fastener head and the structure apart by a distance; a cap having a cap body with a cavity which encloses the end of the fastener; and a cured sealing material which seals the cavity, wherein: one of the fastener head and the cap body is formed with two or more first locking features which are axially spaced apart by a pitch, and the other of the cap body and the fastener head is formed with one or more second locking features which are each capable of interlocking with one of the first locking features; at least one of the second locking features is interlocked with a respective one of the first locking features to secure the cap to the fastener head; and the distance between the fastener head and the structure is an integer multiple of the pitch between the first locking features. 2. A joint according to claim 1, wherein each of either the first locking features or the second locking features comprises a protrusion and each of the other of the first locking features and the second locking features comprises a recess, and at least one of the protrusions is received within a respective one of the recesses to secure the cap to the fastener head. 3. A joint according to claim 2, wherein there is an interference fit between said at least one of the protrusions and the recess within which it is received. 4. A joint according to claim 1, wherein the fastener head or cap body is formed with two or more second locking features, the other of the fastener head or cap body is formed with three or more first locking features, and at least two of the second locking features are interlocked with a respective two of the first locking features. 5. A joint according to claim 1, wherein the cap comprises a plurality of vanes protruding from the cap body into the cavity, the vanes each being formed with either the two or more first locking features or the one or more second locking features. 6. A method of installing a cap on an end of a fastener protruding from a structure through which the fastener passes, wherein: the end of the fastener comprises an axially extending shaft, a fastener head carried by the shaft, and one or more washers located between the fastener head and the structure, the one or more washers spacing the fastener head and the structure apart by a distance; the cap has a cap body with a cavity; one of the fastener head and the cap body is formed with two or more first locking features which are axially spaced apart by a pitch, and the other of the cap body and the fastener head is formed with one or more second locking features which are each capable of interlocking with one of the first locking features; and the distance between the fastener head and the structure is an integer multiple of the pitch between the first locking features, the method including the steps of: installing the cap on the end of the fastener such that the cavity encloses the end of the fastener and at least one of the second locking features is interlocked with a respective one of the first locking features; and applying a sealing material to seal the cavity, and curing the sealing material. 7. A kit of parts for forming a joint, including: a fastener for passing through a structure, an end of the fastener comprising an axially extending shaft, a fastener head carried by the shaft, and one or more washers for locating between the fastener head and the structure, the one or more washers having a thickness configured to space the fastener head and the structure apart by a distance; a cap having a cap body with a cavity configured to enclose the end of the fastener; and a curable sealing material for sealing the cavity, wherein: one of the fastener head and the cap body is formed with two or more first locking features which are axially spaced apart by a pitch, the other of the cap body and the fastener head is formed with one or more second locking features which are each capable of interlocking with one of the first locking features; each of the one or more second locking features is configured to interlock with a respective one of the two or more first locking features to secure the cap to the fastener head; and the distance between the fastener head and the structure is an integer multiple of the pitch between the first locking features.",
-    "The present invention is designed to allow more reliable small cell detection while preventing the increase of power consumption in user terminals. The communication control method of the present invention includes the steps in which a macro base station notifies a user terminal of measurement gap pattern information to represent a repetition period that is the same as the transmission cycle of a detection/measurement signal in small cells and a length of time that is the same as the transmission duration of the detection/measurement signal, and the start offset of the transmission duration, and the user terminal configures measurement gaps of the repetition period and the length of time, by using a start offset that is the same as the start offset. 1. A user terminal for use in a radio communication system where a small cell to use a second frequency is placed within a macro cell to use a first frequency, the user terminal comprising: a receiving section that receives, from a macro base station forming the macro cell, measurement gap pattern information to represent a repetition period that is the same as a transmission cycle of a detection/measurement signal in the small cell and a length of time that is the same as a transmission duration of the detection/measurement signal, and a start offset of the transmission duration; and a configuration section that configures a measurement gap of the repetition period and the length of time, by using a start offset that is the same as the start offset. 2. The user terminal according to claim 1, further comprising a transmission section that transmits capability information of the user terminal to the macro base station, wherein, when the macro base station decides that the user terminal can detect the detection/measurement signal, based on the capability information, the receiving section receives the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset from the macro base station. 3. The user terminal according to claim 1, further comprising a decision section that decides whether or not the user terminal can detect the detection/measurement signal, wherein, when the decision section decides that the user terminal can detect the detection/measurement signal, the configuration section configures the measurement gap by using the start offset that is the same as the start offset. 4. The user terminal according to claim 1, wherein, when the user terminal makes a handover from the macro base station to another macro base station, the receiving section receives the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset from the other macro base station, and the configuration section re-configures the measurement gap by using a start offset that is the same as the start offset. 5. The user terminal according to claim 1, further comprising a measurement section that measures received quality of the detection/measurement signal that is transmitted in the second frequency, in the measurement gap. 6. The user terminal according to claim 1, wherein the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset are notified from the macro base station by using higher layer signaling. 7. A radio base station that forms a macro cell in a radio communication system where a small cell to use a second frequency is placed within the macro cell to use a first frequency, the radio base station comprising: a determining section that determines a transmission cycle of a detection/measurement signal in the small cell, a transmission duration of the detection/measurement signal, and a start offset of the transmission duration; and a transmission section that transmits, to a user terminal, measurement gap pattern information to represent a repetition period that is the same as the transmission cycle and a length of time that is the same as the transmission duration, and the start offset of the transmission duration. 8. The radio base station according to claim 7, further comprising: a receiving section that receives capability information of the user terminal from the user terminal; and a decision section that decides whether or not the user terminal can detect the detection/measurement signal, wherein, when the decision section decides that the user terminal can detect the detection/measurement signal, the transmission section transmits the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset to the user terminal. 9. A communication control method in a radio communication system where a small cell to use a second frequency is placed within a macro cell to use a first frequency, the communication control method comprising the steps of: in a macro base station to form the macro cell notifying a user terminal of measurement gap pattern information to represent a repetition period that is the same as a transmission cycle of a detection/measurement signal in the small cell and a length of time that is the same as a transmission duration of the detection/measurement signal, and a start offset of the transmission duration; and in the user terminal, configuring a measurement gap of the repetition period and the length of time, by using a start offset that is the same as the start offset. 10. The user terminal according to claim 2, wherein, when the user terminal makes a handover from the macro base station to another macro base station, the receiving section receives the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset from the other macro base station, and the configuration section re-configures the measurement gap by using a start offset that is the same as the start offset. 11. The user terminal according to claim 3, wherein, when the user terminal makes a handover from the macro base station to another macro base station, the receiving section receives the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset from the other macro base station, and the configuration section re-configures the measurement gap by using a start offset that is the same as the start offset. 12. The user terminal according to claim 2, further comprising a measurement section that measures received quality of the detection/measurement signal that is transmitted in the second frequency, in the measurement gap. 13. The user terminal according to claim 3, further comprising a measurement section that measures received quality of the detection/measurement signal that is transmitted in the second frequency, in the measurement gap. 14. The user terminal according to claim 2, wherein the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset are notified from the macro base station by using higher layer signaling. 15. The user terminal according to claim 3, wherein the measurement gap pattern information and the start offset are notified from the macro base station by using higher layer signaling.",
-    "Apparatus and methods are provided for producing insecticidal black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) frass, and using the frass for nutritional and insect pest control activity in soils and/or on foliage. The methods include processes for using BSF frass to reduce damage to crops caused by wireworms (i.e., click beetle larvae, in the Elateridae family) and/or other Coleopteran (i.e., beetle) insect pests. Also provided is an insect trap comprising BSF frass. 1. A method for reducing or inhibiting Coleopteran insect pest damage to a crop susceptible to the Coleopteran insect pest, comprising applying an effective amount of black soldier fly frass to the soil or to the crop, or exposing the Coleopteran insect to the black soldier fly frass. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises repelling or inhibiting the Coleopteran insect pest in the soil or the crop by exposing the Coleopteran insect pest to the black soldier fly frass. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount is effective for increasing yield of the crop grown. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the insect pest is a larva, prepupa or adult of a Click Beetle (family Elateridae), Chafer Beetle (family Scarabaeidae) or Cabbage Weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus). 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the insect pest is a wireworm. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the wireworm is a: Agriotes criddlei, A. lineatus, A. mancus, A. mellillus, A. obscurus, A. sputator, Aeolus mellillus, Athous sp. C. cylindriformis, C. destructor, C. lobata, C. morula, Ctenicera sp. H. abbreviatus, H. nocturnus, Hemicrepidius sp., L. agonus, L. californicus, L. canus, Limonius sp. M. communis, or Melanotus sp. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the frass is applied to the soil. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the frass is applied by being worked into the soil before planting the crop. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the frass is applied to the soil at least one week prior to planting the crop. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the frass is applied to the crop. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the crop is a: corn, sorghum, small grain, tobacco, sugar beet, bean, vegetable, lettuce, bok choy, or potato, grass/turf or other ornamental plant 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the frass is applied at a rate of at least about 5 tonnes per Hectare. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the frass is applied to the soil at a rate of at least about 8% (dry weight frass to dry weight frass plus soil). 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the frass is applied so as to kill at least 50% of the insect pests on the crop or in the soil. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the insect is exposed to the frass in an insect trap. 16. An insect trap comprising black soldier fly frass, wherein the trap comprises a housing adapted to expose an insect pest to the frass. 17. The insect trap of claim 16, wherein the insect past is a Coleopteran insect. 18. The insect trap of claim 17, wherein the insect pest is a larval or adult Click Beetle (family Elateridae), Chafer Beetle (family Scarabaeidae) or Cabbage Weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus). 19. The insect trap of claim 18, wherein the insect pest is a wireworm. 20. The insect trap of claim 19, wherein the wireworm is a: Agriotes criddlei, A. lineatus, A. mancus, A. mellillus, A. obscurus, A. sputator, Aeolus mellillus, Athous sp. C. cylindriformis, C. destructor, C. lobata, C. morula, Ctenicera sp. H. abbreviatus, H. nocturnus, Hemicrepidius sp., L. agonus, L. californicus, L. canus, Limonius sp. M. communis, or Melanotus sp.",
-    "A reverse-phase suspension polymerisation process for the manufacture of polymer beads comprising forming aqueous monomer beads comprising an aqueous solution of water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend and polymerising the monomer or monomer blend to form polymer beads while suspended in a non-aqueous liquid, and recovering polymer beads, in which the process comprises, providing in a vessel (1) a volume (2) of non-aqueous liquid wherein the volume of non-aqueous liquid extends between at least one polymer bead discharge point (3) and at least one monomer feed point (4), feeding the aqueous monomer or monomer blend through orifices (5) into, or onto, the non-aqueous liquid to form aqueous monomer beads, allowing the aqueous monomer beads to flow towards the polymer bead discharge point subjecting the aqueous monomer beads to polymerisation conditions to initiate polymerisation to form polymerising beads, wherein the polymerising beads have formed polymer beads when they reach the polymer bead discharge point, removing a suspension of the polymer beads in non-aqueous liquid from the vessel at the polymer bead discharge point and recovering water soluble or water swellable polymer beads from the suspension. The invention also relates to the apparatus suitable for carrying out a reverse-phase suspension polymerisation and polymer beads obtainable by the process or employing the apparatus. 1. A reverse-phase suspension polymerisation process for the manufacture of polymer beads comprising forming aqueous monomer beads comprising an aqueous solution of water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend and polymerising the monomer or monomer blend to form polymer beads while suspended in a non-aqueous liquid, and recovering polymer beads, in which the process comprises: providing in a vessel a volume of non-aqueous liquid wherein the volume of non-aqueous liquid extends between at least one polymer bead discharge point and at least one monomer feed point, feeding the aqueous monomer or monomer blend through orifices into, or onto, the non-aqueous liquid to form aqueous monomer beads, allowing the aqueous monomer beads to flow towards the polymer bead discharge point subjecting the aqueous monomer beads to polymerisation conditions to initiate polymerisation to form polymerising beads, wherein the polymerising beads have formed polymer beads when they reach the polymer bead discharge point, removing a suspension of the polymer beads in non-aqueous liquid from the vessel at the polymer bead discharge point and recovering water soluble or water-swellable polymer beads from the suspension. 2. The process according to claim 1 in which the polymerisation conditions comprise subjecting the aqueous monomer beads to actinic radiation from at least one actinic radiation source. 3. The process according to claim 1 in which the polymerisation conditions comprises subjecting the aqueous monomer beads to ultraviolet light from at least one ultraviolet light source or to at least one light source that comprises at least one light emitting diode (LED). 4. The process according to claim 1, further comprising subjecting the polymer beads removed from the vessel at the polymer bead discharge point to a post polymerisation stage. 5. The process according to claim 1 in which the aqueous monomer or monomer blend is fed into the non-aqueous liquid. 6. The process according to claim 1 in which the vessel comprises a wall or walls which comprise at least one ultraviolet light translucent section or ultraviolet light transparent section. 7. The process according to claim 6 in which the transparent section comprises borosilicate glass or quartz glass. 8. The process according to claim 6 in which at least one light source is mounted externally to the vessel such that the ultraviolet light enters the vessel through the transparent section of the vessel. 9. The process according to claim 1 in which at least one light source is mounted inside the vessel. 10. The process according to claim 9 in which at least one light source is submerged within the non-aqueous liquid. 11. The process according to claim 1 in which the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of 2,2\u2032-Azobis(N,N\u2032-dimethyleneisobutyramidine)dihydrochloride, 2,2\u2032-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)Dihydrochloride, 2,2\u2032-Azobis{2-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolin-2-yl]propane}dihydrochloride, 2,2\u2032-Azobis(1-imino-1-pyrrolidino-2-ethylpropane)dihydrochloride, 2,2\u2032-Azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-propionamide], 4,4\u2032-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) and 2,2\u2032-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile), or another azo compound. 12. The process according to claim 1 in which an amphipathic polymeric stabiliser is included in the non-aqueous liquid. 13. The process according to claim 1 wherein the water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate, acrylic acid (or salts thereof), methacrylic acid (or salts thereof), itaconic acid (or salts thereof), maleic acid (or salts thereof), 2-acrylamido-2-propane sulphonic acid (or salts thereof), vinyl sulphonic acid (or salts thereof), allyl sulphonic acid (or salts thereof), dimethyl amino ethyl acrylate (or acid salts or quaternary ammonium salts thereof), dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (or acid salts or quaternary ammonium salts thereof), dimethyl amino propyl acrylamide (or acid salts or quaternary ammonium salts thereof), dimethyl amino propyl methacrylamide (or acid salts or quaternary ammonium salts thereof) and combinations of any of the above. 14. The process according to claim 13 in which at least one monomer has been prepared by a chemically catalysed process, a biologically catalysed process, or a biological process. 15. The process according to claim 13 in which the acrylamide has been prepared by a biological catalysed process or a biological process. 16. The process according to claim 1 in which the so formed polymer beads are ground to produce a polymer powder. 17. The process according to claim 1 in which the process is performed in a continuous mode. 18. An apparatus suitable for a reverse-phase suspension polymerisation process for the manufacture of polymer beads from an aqueous solution comprising water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend, in which the apparatus comprises: a vessel comprising a monomer feed point; a polymer bead discharge point, which vessel is suitable for containing a volume of non-aqueous liquid between the monomer feed point and the polymer bead discharge point, a multiplicity of orifices, suitable for feeding the aqueous monomer or monomer blend, a means for feeding the aqueous monomer or monomer blend through the orifices into, or onto, the non-aqueous liquid to form monomer beads, a means for removing a suspension of aqueous polymer beads in non-aqueous liquid at polymer bead discharge point, a means for recovering water-soluble or water swellable polymer beads from the suspension, a means for subjecting the aqueous monomer beads to polymerisation conditions. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18 in which the means for subjecting the aqueous monomer beads to polymerisation conditions includes an ultraviolet light source, at least one light source which comprises at least one light emitting diode (LED), or an actinic radiation source. 20. Water soluble or water-swellable polymer beads obtainable by the process according to claim 1 or obtainable by an apparatus performing said reverse-phase suspension polymerisation process.",
-    "The present invention relates to methods and compositions for modifying mucous membranes. In particular, the present invention relates to treating diseases associated with mucous membranes by changing the intrinsic chemical composition and/or physical features of a target mucous membrane. 1. A composition for modifying a mucous membrane comprising a first agent that physically interacts or reacts with one or more components of said mucous membrane and/or its intimately associated adherent thin film and a physiologically acceptable carrier. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said physiologically acceptable carrier is compatible with a mucous membrane. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said first agent physically interacts or reacts with the cellular surface constituents of the mucous membrane. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said intimately adherent thin film is selected from the group consisting of a tear film, vaginal secretion or salivary constituent. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more components of said mucous membrane are selected from the group consisting of an aqueous component and a lipid component. 6. (canceled) 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said components of said mucous membrane are selected from the group consisting of lipids, proteins, glycoaminoglycans, nucleic acids and carbohydrates or groups physically or chemically associated with either of these components 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said first agent is selected from the group consisting of reducing agents, homobifunctional linkers, heterobifunctional linkers, organic molecules comprising a reactive group, organic molecules comprising a click chemistry functionality, organic molecules comprising a photoactivatable group, agents that bind to one or more of lipids, carbohydrates, glycoaminoglycans, nucleic acids and proteins, sensitizing agents, polymers, oligomers, multimers, dendrimers, surfactants, amphiphiles, polyelectrolytes, hydrophobically-modified polymers, colloidal species, beads, nanoparticles and microparticles. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said reducing agents are selected from the group consisting of TCEP, ascorbic acid, dithiothreitol and glutathione. 10-11. (canceled) 12. The composition of claim 8, wherein said organic molecules comprising a reactive group are selected from the group consisting of amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glycoaminoglycans, nucleic acids and combinations thereof, wherein said organic molecules either naturally comprise or a modified to comprise a reactive group. 13. The composition of claim 8, wherein said organic molecules comprising a click chemistry functionality are selected from the group consisting of amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glycoaminoglycans, nucleic acids and combinations thereof, wherein said organic molecules either naturally comprise or a modified to comprise a click chemistry functionality. 14. The composition of claim 5, wherein said organic molecules comprising a photoactivatable group are selected from the group consisting of amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glycoaminoglycans, nucleic acids and combinations thereof, wherein said organic molecules either naturally comprise or a modified to comprise a reactive group. 15. The composition of claim 8, wherein said agents that bind to one or more of lipids, carbohydrates, glycoaminoglycans and proteins is selected from the group consisting of an antigen binding protein, a lectin, a dendrimer, an aptamer, and a nucleic acid. 16-17. (canceled) 18. The composition of claim 5, wherein said sensitizing agent is selected from the group consisting of redox-sensitizers, photosensitizers, radiation sensitizers and chemical and physical sensitizers. 19. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a second agent that promotes holding an aqueous component of said mucous membrane in place. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein said mucous membrane component is a tear film and said second agent promotes holding an aqueous or lipid component of said tear film in place to increase tear break-up time. 21. The composition of claim 19, wherein said second agent is selected from the group consisting of mucins, synthetic mucins, mucin analogs, dendrimers, nano- and microscale particles, hydrogels, polyelectrolytes, polyelectrolyte multilayers, polymers, amphiphiles, surfactants, hydrophilic polymers, cross-linked hydrophilic polymers, deliquescent molecules, nanoporous substances, nanostructured hydrogels, polymeric scaffolds, hyaluronic acid, polymeric brushes, cross-linked collagen, photoactivatable crosslinkers, riboflavin cross-linkers, modified celluloses, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, dextrans, glycerin, metal salts, polyethylene glycol, liquid crystals, rheological modifiers, modifiers of disjoining pressures, charged agents and non-charged agents, agents that modify the topography of mucous membrane systems, agents the lead to chemical and physical heterogeneity in mucous membrane systems, and combinations thereof. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises a drug agent. 23. (canceled) 24. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a second agent that inhibits the interaction of said first agent with a component of said mucous membrane. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein said second agent is dilutable by lacrimal secretion. 26-27. (canceled) 28. A topical formulation comprising the composition of claim 1. 29-69. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to methods and devices for characterizing wounds, and in particular to the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the state of healing of a wound. 1. A method of characterizing a wound comprising: collecting a plurality of Raman spectra from a wound in a patient, and via a processor, comparing said plurality of Raman spectra with one or more basis spectra to determine one or more factor loadings, and correlating said factor loadings to the healing stage of the wound. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said collecting comprises analyzing said wound with a handheld Raman microspectroscope. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said collecting comprises analyzing a wound in a live subject with a fiber optic probe operably linked to a Raman microspectroscope. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said wound is illuminated with laser emitted from said fiber optic probe at a desired wavelength. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said healing stage is selected from the group consisting of hemostasis, the inflammation stage and the proliferative stage. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining a course of treatment based on the healing stage identified by comparison of the one or more Raman spectra with one or more basis spectra. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying healing and non-healing portions in the same wound on basis of their Raman spectra to inform a course of treatment selective to the non-healing portions. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of using said Raman spectra to identify the presence of microorganisms. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said microorganisms are associated in a biofilm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of Raman spectra are decomposed by multivariate factor analysis to provide one or more factor loading values corresponding to said healing stage of a wound. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said plurality of Raman spectra are decomposed by multivariate factor analysis to provide three factor loading values each corresponding to a respective wound healing stage. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said wound healing stage is selected from the group consisting of the hemostasis stage, the inflammation stage and the proliferative stage. 13. A method of identifying basis spectra and factor loadings for use in characterizing the healing stage of a wound comprising: via a computer processor, decomposing measured Raman spectra from a plurality of wounds at different stages of healing into basis spectra by multivariate factor analysis; assigning factor loadings by determining weights for each basis spectrum as a function of time for different stages of wound healing. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said wound healing stage is selected from the group consisting of the hemostasis stage, the inflammation stage and the proliferative stage. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said measured Raman spectrum is decomposed into at least three basis spectra. 16. A system for analysis of wound healing comprising a Raman microspectroscope in operable association with a computer processor, said computer processor comprising a nontransitory computer readable medium comprising a database of basis spectra derived from Raman spectroscopic analysis of a plurality of wound beds and computer executable code that compares Raman spectra collected from a subject via said Raman microspectroscope with said basis spectra to determine a stage of wound healing. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said Raman microspectroscope is handheld. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein said basis spectra correspond to stages of wound healing. 19-22. (canceled)",
-    "A compound is represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, Ra are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, Rb1 to Rb4 are independently a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or the like, Rc1 to Rc10 are independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or the like, * is a bonding position at which one of Rc1 to Rc10 is bonded to either nitrogen atom, x is an integer from 0 to 3, y is an integer from 0 to 4, and z are independently an integer from 0 to 5. 1. A compound represented by a formula (1), wherein Ar is a a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted anthryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthacenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[c]phenanthryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[g]chrysenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted triphenylenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluorenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzofluorenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted biphenylyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted o-terphenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted m-terphenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted p-terphenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthenyl group, Ra are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, Rb1 to Rb4 are independently a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group including 3 to 30 ring atoms, Rc1 to Rc10 are independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group including 3 to 30 ring atoms, or a single bond that is bonded to either nitrogen atom, * is a bonding position at which any of Rc1 to Rc10 is bonded to either nitrogen atom, x is an integer from 0 to 3, y is an integer from 0 to 4, z are independently an integer from 0 to 5, a plurality of Rb1 are either identical or different when x is an integer equal to or larger than 2, a plurality of Rb2 are either identical or different when y is an integer equal to or larger than 2, and a plurality of Rb3 or Rb4 are either identical or different when z is an integer equal to or larger than 2, when Ra have a substituent, the substituent is an alkyl group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group including 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms, an alkylsilyl group including 3 to 30 carbon atoms, an arylsilyl group including 6 to 60 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryloxy group including 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an alkylthio group including 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an arylthio group including 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an arylamino group including 12 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an aryl group including 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group including 5 to 20 ring atoms. 2. The compound according to claim 1, the compound being represented by a formula (2), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1 to Rb4, Rc1 to Rc10, x, z, and * are the same as defined for the formula (1). 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Rc1 to Rc10 are independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group including 3 to 30 ring atoms, or a single bond that is bonded to either nitrogen atom. 4. The compound according to claim 1, the compound being represented by a formula (3), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1 to Rb4, Rc2 to Rc10, x, z, and * are the same as defined for the formula (1). 5. The compound according claim 1, the compound being represented by a formula (4), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1 to Rb4, x, and z are the same as defined for the formula (1), and Rc2 to Rc5 and Rc7 to Rc10 are independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group including 3 to 30 ring atoms. 6. The compound according to claim 5, the compound being represented by a formula (4-1), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1 to Rb4, Rc3, Rc8, x, and z are the same as defined for the formula (4). 7. The compound according to claim 6, wherein Rc3 and Rc8 are independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group including 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group including 1 to 6 carbon atoms. 8. The compound according to claim 1, the compound being represented by a formula (5), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1 to Rb4, x, and z are the same as defined for the formula (1), and Rc2 and Rc4 to Rc10 are independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group including 3 to 30 ring atoms. 9. The compound according to claim 8, the compound being represented by a formula (5-1), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1 to Rb4, Rc7, x, and z are the same as defined for the formula (5). 10. The compound according to claim 9, wherein Rc7 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms. 11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the benzene ring-containing group to which Rb1 is bonded has a structure in which Rb1 and Ar are not bonded at the para position with respect to the bonding position at which the N atom is bonded, and the benzene ring-containing group to which Rb2 is bonded has a structure in which Rb2 is not bonded at the para position with respect to the bonding position at which the N atom is bonded. 12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the benzene ring-containing group to which Rb1 is bonded is represented by a formula (10), and the benzene ring-containing group to which Rb2 is bonded is represented by a formula (11), wherein Ar, Ra, Rb1, Rb2, and x are the same as defined for the formula (1). 13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the benzene ring-containing group to which Rb3 is bonded is represented by a formula (12), and the benzene ring-containing group to which Rb4 is bonded is represented by a formula (13), wherein Rb3 and Rb4 are the same as defined for the formula (1), Rb3\u2032 and Rb4\u2032 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, and z1 are independently an integer from 0 to 4. 14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Rb1 to Rb4 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylamino group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group including 3 to 30 ring atoms. 15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Rb1 to Rb4 are independently a cyano group, an unsubstituted phenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group including 1 to 45 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group including 6 to 50 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group including 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms. 16. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Ra are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 6 carbon atoms. 17. The compound according to claim 1, the compound being a material for an organic electroluminescence device. 18. The compound according to claim 1, the compound being an emitting material for an organic electroluminescence device. 19. The compound according to claim 1, the compound being a doping material for an organic electroluminescence device. 20. An organic electroluminescence device comprising a cathode, an anode, and one or more organic thin film layers that are provided between the cathode and the anode, the one or more organic thin film layers comprising at least an emitting layer, and at least one organic thin film layer included in the one or more organic thin film layers comprising the compound according to claim 1 either alone or as a component of a mixture. 21. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 20, wherein the at least one organic thin film layer is the emitting layer. 22. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 20, wherein the compound is a dopant material. 23.-31. (canceled) 32. An electronic apparatus comprising the organic electroluminescence device according to claim 20. 33. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Ra are independently an unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or an unsubstituted cycloalkyl group including 3 to 15 carbon atoms. 34. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Rb1 to Rb4 are independently an unsubstituted phenyl group, or an unsubstituted alkyl group including 1 to 15 carbon atoms.",
-    "In durability tests of a moisture-curing composition, it is difficult to both suppress foaming inside of the cured product and to stably maintain the physical properties of the cured products. [Solution] This moisture-curing composition contains components (A)-(D), and contains 0.5-5.0 parts by mass of component (C) per 100 parts by mass of component (A). Component (A): An oligomer which has a polymer of (meth)acrylic monomers as the primary chain and which has a hydrolyzable silyl group in the molecule Component (B): A specific polydialkylsiloxane Component (C): A silicate Component (D): A curing catalyst 1. A moisture-curing composition comprising the components (A) to (D), the moisture-curing composition comprising 0.5 to 5.0 parts by mass of the component (C) relative to 100 parts by mass of the component (A): Component (A): an oligomer which has a polymer of (meth)acrylic monomers as a main chain and which has a hydrolyzable silyl group in the molecule, Component (B): polydialkylsiloxane of the following general formula 1, (n is an integer of 1 or more, m is an integer of 0 or more, R1 each independently represents any one of a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group, and R2 each independently represents R1 or an organic group having an epoxy group) Component (C): silicate, and Component (D): a curing catalyst. 2. The moisture-curing composition according to claim 1, wherein the component (C) comprises the following general formula 2: (n is an integer of 1 to 10 and R1 each independently represents any one of a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group). 3. The moisture-curing composition according to claim 1, further comprising a silane-based coupling agent having an amino group as a component (E). 4. The moisture-curing composition according to claim 1, wherein the component (A) is an oligomer which has one hydrolyzable silyl group at each of the two ends of the main chain. 5. The moisture-curing composition according to claim 1, wherein the component (D) is an organo tin catalyst. 6. The moisture-curing composition according to claim 1, wherein the component (D) is an organo titanium catalyst. 7. An adhesive comprising the moisture-curing composition set forth in claim 1. 8. A sealing agent comprising the moisture-curing composition set forth in claim 1. 9. A potting agent comprising the moisture-curing composition set forth in claim 1.",
-    "A torsion spring bar system for a wheel suspension of a motor vehicle includes on each vehicle side a torsion spring bar which is oriented transversely to the vehicle longitudinal center and acts on each wheel guide element of the wheel suspension with variable pretension via an output lever positioned outwards with respect to the vehicle longitudinal center. The torsion spring bar is acted upon by an actuator with a torsional moment. The torsion spring bars on both vehicle sides are coupled to one another at their axially adjacent ends in the vehicle longitudinal center via at least one additional torsion spring element. 1.-9. (canceled) 10. A torsion spring bar system for a wheel suspension of a motor vehicle, comprising: torsion spring bars oriented transversely to the vehicle longitudinal center on both vehicles sides, respectively, each torsion spring bar acting on a wheel guide element of the wheel suspension with variable pretension via an output lever positioned outwards with respect to the vehicle longitudinal center; an actuator configured to act on the torsion spring bar with a torsional moment; and at least one torsion spring element configured to couple the torsion spring bars to one another at their axially adjacent ends in the vehicle longitudinal center. 11. The torsion spring bar system of claim 10, wherein the torsion spring element has a progressive characteristic with a torsional moment increasingly acting on the torsion spring element. 12. The torsion spring bar system of claim 10, wherein the torsion spring element has an elastomer body which is connected with the adjacent ends of the torsion spring bars, said elastomer body having a rotation-symmetric outer circumference. 13. The torsion spring bar system of claim 10, wherein the torsion spring element includes two bearing plates, and an elastomer body which is vulcanized in place between the bearing plates, said bearing plates having catches which interact with a plug toothing of the torsion spring bars. 14. The torsion spring bar system of claim 13, wherein the catches are constructed in the form of internally toothed bearing sleeves which interact with the plug toothings of the torsion spring bars, respectively. 15. The torsion spring bar system of claim 10, further comprising a flexible drive having an output gear in hollow shaft design, each torsion spring bar including a solid bar and a tubular bar connected to the solid bar, said actuator including an electric motor and a gearing, said electric motor being arranged in axis-parallel relation to the torsion spring bar and in driving relation to the tubular bar via the flexible drive with the output gear. 16. The torsion spring bar system of claim 15, wherein the flexible drive is in driving relation to the gearing which is configured in coaxial relation to the torsion spring bars and configured in hollow shaft design and which is in driving relation to the torsion spring bars. 17. The torsion spring bar system of claim 15, wherein the electric motor and the gearing of the actuator are configured in hollow shaft design and in coaxial driving relation to the torsion spring bars. 18. The torsion spring bar system of claim 10, wherein each torsion spring bar is made of at least of two parts, one of the parts being a tubular bar extending towards the vehicle longitudinally center, and the other part being a radially inner solid bar, said solid bar being attached to the actuator and extending in backwards direction through the tubular bar for indirect or direct connection to the output lever.",
-    "Disclosed are a method, device and terminal for implementing rotation of a floating window. The method comprises: providing, by user equipment, a picture container supporting a rotation attribute for a user interface (UI) floating window view; adding the UI floating window view to the picture container; when the orientation is changed, acquiring a rotation angle of the UI floating window view, redrawing the rotated UI floating window view, and acquiring a rotation reduction matrix; and when a user click event is detected, performing rotation reduction conversion on the coordinates at the user click position. The technical solution of the present invention has the beneficial effects of low calculation quantity, high processing efficiency and natural appearance of a floating window UI component. 1. A method for implementing rotation of a floating window, comprising: providing, by a terminal device, an image container supporting a rotation attribute for a user interface (UI) floating window view to be displayed; adding, by the terminal device, the UI floating window view into the image container; when an orientation corresponding to a stack-top application in an activated-state application stack of a system and/or an orientation detected by a gravity sensor of the system is changed, acquiring, by the terminal device, a rotation angle of the UI floating window view, redrawing the UI floating window view which has been rotated according to the rotation angle and the image container, and acquiring a rotation recovery matrix; and when a user click event is detected, performing, by the terminal device, rotation recovery transformation on coordinates of a user click position according to the rotation recovery matrix and the image container, to obtain coordinates in the UI floating window view which coordinates correspond to the user click position before the UI floating window view is rotated, so that the event can be delivered to an internal UI component of the floating window which corresponds to the event before the UI floating window view is rotated. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the system is a terminal system having an Android platform. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the rotation angle is an integer multiple of 90 degrees. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the terminal device, whether the orientation currently corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed; and determining, by the terminal device when the orientation angle of the stack-top application at a timeout moment of a stack-top application timer is different from the orientation angle of the stack-top application at a startup moment of the stack-top application timer, that the orientation currently corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein when an orientation corresponding to a stack-top application of a system and/or an orientation detected by a gravity sensor of the system is changed, acquiring, by the terminal device, a rotation angle of the UI floating window view comprises: acquiring, by the terminal device when the orientation corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed, a rotation angle that corresponds to the stack-top application; acquiring, by the terminal device when the orientation detected by the gravity sensor of the system is changed, a rotation angle that is detected by the gravity sensor of the system; acquiring, by the terminal device when the orientation corresponding to the stack-top application of the system and the orientation detected by the gravity sensor of the system both are changed, a sum of the rotation angle that corresponds to the stack-top application and the rotation angle that is detected by the gravity sensor of the system. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring a rotation recovery matrix comprises: obtaining the rotation recovery matrix: \ue89e [ cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 - sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 x f \ue8a0 ( 1 - cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 ) + y f \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 y f \ue8a0 ( 1 - cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 ) - x f \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 0 0 1 ] according to coordinates (xf,yf) obtained after rotation and the rotation angle. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the orientation comprises: portrait, reverse portrait, landscape or reverse landscape. 8. An apparatus for implementing rotation of a floating window, comprising: a image container providing unit, configured to provide an image container supporting a rotation attribute for a user interface (UI) floating window view to be displayed; an image content generating unit, configured to add the UI floating window view into the image container; an orientation acquiring unit, configured to, when an orientation corresponding to a stack-top application of a system and/or an orientation detected by a gravity sensor of the system is changed, acquire a rotation angle of the UI floating window view, redraw the UI floating window which has been rotated according to the rotation angle, and acquire a rotation recovery matrix; and a coordinate rotation recovery transformation unit, configured to, when a user click event is detected, perform rotation recovery transformation on coordinates of the user click event according to the rotation recovery matrix, to obtain coordinates in the UI floating window view which coordinates correspond to a user click position before the UI floating window view is rotated, so that the event can be delivered to an internal UI component of the floating window which corresponds to the event before the UI floating window view is rotated. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the system is a terminal system having an Android platform. 10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the orientation angle is an integer multiple of 90 degrees. 11. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising: a determination module, configured to determine whether the orientation currently corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed, and determine, by the terminal device, when the orientation angle of the stack-top application at a timeout moment of a stack-top application timer is different from the orientation angle of the stack-top application at a startup moment of the stack-top application timer, that the orientation currently corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed. 12. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the orientation acquiring unit is configured to: acquire, by the terminal device when the orientation corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed, a rotation angle that corresponds to the stack-top application; acquire, by the terminal device when the orientation detected by the gravity sensor of the system is changed, a rotation angle that is detected by the gravity sensor of the system; acquire, by the terminal device when the orientation corresponding to the stack-top application of the system and the orientation detected by the gravity sensor of the system both are changed, a sum of the rotation angle that corresponds to the stack-top application and the rotation angle that is detected by the gravity sensor of the system. 13. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the coordinate rotation recovery transformation unit is configured to obtain the rotation recovery matrix: \ue89e [ cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 - sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 x f \ue8a0 ( 1 - cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 ) + y f \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 y f \ue8a0 ( 1 - cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 ) - x f \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 0 0 1 ] according to coordinates (xf,yf) obtained after rotation and the rotation angle. 14. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the orientation comprises: portrait, reverse portrait, landscape or reverse landscape. 15. (canceled) 16. A computer-readable storage medium, the medium storing a computer program which comprises instructions for enabling a computer to execute the following steps: providing an image container supporting a rotation attribute for a user interface (UI) floating window view to be displayed; adding the UI floating window view into the image container; when an orientation corresponding to a stack-top application in an activated-state application stack of a system and/or an orientation detected by a gravity sensor of the system is changed, acquiring a rotation angle of the UI floating window view, redrawing the UI floating window view which has been rotated according to the rotation angle and the image container, and acquiring a rotation recovery matrix; and when a user click event is detected, performing rotation recovery transformation on coordinates of a user click position according to the rotation recovery matrix and the image container, to obtain coordinates in the UI floating window view which coordinates correspond to the user click position before the UI floating window view is rotated, so that the event can be delivered to an internal UI component of the floating window which corresponds to the event before the UI floating window view is rotated. 17. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the instructions further comprise instructions for enabling the computer to execute the following steps: determining whether the orientation currently corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed; and determining, when the orientation angle of the stack-top application at a timeout moment of a stack-top application timer is different from the orientation angle of the stack-top application at a startup moment of the stack-top application timer, that the orientation currently corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed. 18. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the instructions further comprise instructions for enabling the computer to execute the following step: acquiring, when the orientation corresponding to the stack-top application of the system is changed, a rotation angle that corresponds to the stack-top application; acquiring, when the orientation detected by the gravity sensor of the system is changed, a rotation angle that is detected by the gravity sensor of the system; acquiring, when the orientation corresponding to the stack-top application of the system and the orientation detected by the gravity sensor of the system both are changed, a sum of the rotation angle that corresponds to the stack-top application and the rotation angle that is detected by the gravity sensor of the system. 19. The computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the instructions comprise instructions for enabling the computer to execute the following step: obtaining the rotation recovery matrix: \ue89e [ cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 - sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 x f \ue8a0 ( 1 - cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 ) + y f \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 y f \ue8a0 ( 1 - cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 ) - x f \ue89e sin \ue89e \ue89e \u03b8 0 0 1 ] according to coordinates (xf,yf) obtained after rotation and the rotation angle.",
-    "A wireless communication device providing a node in an industrial wireless network investigates if there is more than one data packet with process control data from the same data originating device destined for a process control device in a transmission queue, where the data originating device is an interface to the process being controlled and transmits data packets in the transmission queue. If there is more than one such data packet, the wireless communication device further compares time stamps of the data packets, where a time stamp reflects the time of generation of a corresponding data packet, keeps the newest data packet and discards older data packets, so that only the most recent data packets from a data originating device are sent to the process control device from the node. 1-42. (canceled) 13. A method of transmitting data packets in an industrial wireless network of a process control system where an industrial process is controlled by a process control device based on process control data concerning process control properties and collected using the industrial wireless network, the method being performed by a wireless communication device being a node in the industrial wireless communication network, and the method comprising the steps of: investigating if there is more than one data packet with process control data representing the same process control property from the same data originating device destined for the process control device in a transmission queue, said data originating device being an interface to the process being controlled and configured to sense more than one process control property; comparing the age of the data packets in the transmission queue with an age threshold, which age threshold has a value related to a control cycle of the process control device; discarding data packets older than the threshold; transmitting data packets in the transmission queue; and if there is more than one data packet with process control data representing the same process control property from the same data originating device destined for the process control device in the transmission queue, then further performing the steps of: comparing time stamps of the data packets, where a time stamp reflects the time of generation of a corresponding data packet; keeping the newest data packet; and discarding older data packets, so that only the most recent data packets from a data originating device are sent to the process control device from said node. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the transmitting is a transmitting of the data packets in the transmission queue to a plurality of other nodes. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the data packets in the transmission queue comprise event based data packets generated when there is a change in the process control property provided by the data packets. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the data packets are generated periodically by data generating nodes. 17. The method according to claim 13, further comprising generating data and packing the data in data packets and putting the packets in the transmission queue. 18. A wireless communication device for an industrial wireless network of a process control system where an industrial process is controlled by a process control device based on process control data concerning process control properties and collected using the industrial wireless network, the wireless communication device providing a node in the industrial wireless network and comprising: a transmission buffer with a transmission queue; a wireless transmitter transmitting data packets in the transmission queue; and a packet investigating unit configured to: investigate if there is more than one data packet with process control data representing the same process control property from the same data originating device destined for the process control device in the transmission queue, said data originating device being an interface to the process being controlled and configured to sense more than one process control property; and if there is more than one data packet with process control data representing the same process control property from the same data originating device destined for the process control device in the transmission queue, then further configured to: compare time stamps of the data packets, where a time stamp reflects the time of generation of a corresponding data packet; keep the newest data packet; and discard older data packets, so that only the most recent data packets from a data originating device are sent to the process control device from said node, wherein the packet investigating unit is further configured to compare the age of the packets in the transmission queue with an age threshold, which age threshold has a value related to a control cycle of the process control device, and discard data packets older than the age threshold. 19. The wireless communication device according to claim 18, wherein the wireless transmitter is set to transmit the data packets in the transmission queue to a plurality of other nodes. 20. The wireless communication device according to claim 18, wherein the data packets in the transmission queue comprise event based data packets generated when there is a change in the process control property provided by the data packets. 21. The wireless communication device according to claim 18, wherein the data packets are generated periodically by data generating nodes. 22. The wireless communication device according to claim 18, wherein the node is a data generating node and further comprising a data generating unit configured to generate the data. 23. The wireless communication device according to claim 18, wherein the node is an intermediate node connected in a path between a data generating node and the destination node. 24. A computer program product for a wireless communication device of a process control system where an industrial process is controlled by a process control device based on process control data concerning process control properties and collected using the industrial wireless network, the wireless communication device providing a node in an industrial wireless network, the computer program product comprising a data carrier with computer program code which when run in the wireless communication device, causes the wireless communication device to: investigate if there is more than one data packet with process control data representing the same process control property from the same data originating device destined for the process control device in a transmission queue, said data originating device being an interface to the process being controlled and configured to sense more than one process control property; compare the age of the packets in the transmission queue with an age threshold, which age threshold has a value related to a control cycle of the process control device; discard data packets older than the age threshold; and if there is more than one data packet with process control data representing the same process control property from the same data originating device destined for the process control device in the transmission queue, then further: compare time stamps of the data packets, where a time stamp reflects the time of generation of a corresponding data packet; keep the newest data packet; and discard older data packets, so that only the most recent data packets from a data originating device are sent to the process control device from said node. 25. The method according to claim 14, wherein the data packets in the transmission queue comprise event based data packets generated when there is a change in the process control property provided by the data packets. 26. The method according to claim 14, wherein the data packets are generated periodically by data generating nodes. 27. The method according to claim 14, further comprising generating data and packing the data in data packets and putting the packets in the transmission queue. 28. The method according to claim 15, further comprising generating data and packing the data in data packets and putting the packets in the transmission queue. 29. The method according to claim 16, further comprising generating data and packing the data in data packets and putting the packets in the transmission queue. 30. The wireless communication device according to claim 19, wherein the data packets in the transmission queue comprise event based data packets generated when there is a change in the process control property provided by the data packets. 31. The wireless communication device according to claim 19, wherein the data packets are generated periodically by data generating nodes. 32. The wireless communication device according to claim 19, wherein the node is a data generating node and further comprising a data generating unit configured to generate the data.",
-    "The steps of preparing a silicon carbide layer having a main surface, forming on the main surface, a first mask layer located on a first region to be a channel region and having a first opening portion on each of opposing regions with the first region lying therebetween, and forming a high-concentration impurity region having a first conductivity type and being higher in impurity concentration than the silicon carbide layer in a region exposed through the first opening portion, by implanting ions into the main surface with the first mask layer being interposed are included. 1. A method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: preparing a silicon carbide layer having a main surface; forming on said main surface, a first mask layer located on a first region to be a channel region and having a first opening portion on each of opposing regions between which said first region lies; and forming a high-concentration impurity region having a first conductivity type and being higher in impurity concentration than said silicon carbide layer in said region exposed through said first opening portion, by implanting ions into said main surface with said first mask layer being interposed. 2. The method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in said preparing step, said silicon carbide layer includes, in said main surface, a source region having said first conductivity type, a body region which is adjacent to said source region and has a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type, and a drift region which is adjacent to said body region in a direction opposite to a direction in which said source region is located when viewed from said body region and has said first conductivity type, said first region is a part of said body region, and in said step of forming a first mask layer, said first mask layer is formed such that said first opening portion in said first mask layer includes a portion reaching said drift region from one end portion of said first region on a side of said drift region and a portion reaching said source region from the other end portion on a side of said source region. 3. The method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein said preparing step includes the steps of forming in said silicon carbide layer, a body region having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type and a drift region which is adjacent to said body region and has said first conductivity type, forming a second mask layer having a second opening portion including a region in said body region where a source region having said first conductivity type is to be formed and covering at least said first region, and forming said source region having said first conductivity type by implanting ions into said main surface with said second mask layer being interposed, said first region is a part of said body region, and in said step of forming a first mask layer, said first mask layer is formed by partially removing said second mask layer, and said first opening portion in said first mask layer includes a portion reaching said drift region from one end portion of said first region on a side of said drift region and said second opening portion. 4. The method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in said step of forming a high-concentration impurity region, said high-concentration impurity region includes a first high-concentration impurity region and a source region opposed to each other with said first region lying therebetween, and said method further comprises the steps of: forming a third mask layer having a third opening portion at least on said first region and on a region including said source region; and forming a body region having a second conductivity type different from said first conductivity type, including said channel region, and surrounding said source region, by implanting ions into said main surface with said third mask layer being interposed.",
-    "The present invention refers to compounds of formula (I): as well as to a method for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and use thereof for the treatment and/or prevention of conditions associated with the alteration of the activity of \u03b2-galactosidase, specially galactosidase beta-1 or GLB1, including GM1 gangliosidoses and Morquio syndrome, type B. 1. A compound of general formula (I), wherein: A or B are independently selected from nitrogen and \u2014CH\u2550; D1, D2, D3 and D4 are nitrogen or \u2550CH\u2014 with the proviso that 0, 1 or 2 of D1, D2, D3 and D4 are nitrogen while the rest are \u2014CH\u2550; G is selected from \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014 and \u2014SO2\u2014; R4 is selected from halogen, methyl, \u2014CF3 and \u2014OCF3; R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, \u2014CN, \u2014ORa, \u2014SRa, \u2014N(Rb)2, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORc, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(Rb)2, \u2014SO2N(Rb)2, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl and \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014N(Rb)2, methoxy, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy; each Ra or Rb independently represents, hydrogen, \u2014C(\u2550O)Rd, \u2014SO2Rd, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, or \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, amine, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014CN, methoxy, aryl, substituted heteroaryl, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy and trihalomethoxy; each Rd or Rc independently represent hydrogen, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, or \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy; each R3 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, \u2014CN, \u2014ORa\u2032, \u2014SRa\u2032, \u2014N(Rb\u2032)2 and \u2014C1-4 alkyl; said \u2014C1-4 alkyl group optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy and \u2014N(Rb)2; each Ra\u2032 or Rb\u2032 independently represent, hydrogen, \u2014C(\u2550O)Rd, \u2014SO2Rd, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, or \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, amine, methoxy, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy and trihalomethoxy; each R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, \u2014CN, \u2014ORa, \u2014SRa, \u2014N(Rb)2, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl and \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014N(Rb)2, methoxy, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy; n and m have independently a value selected from 0, 1 and 2; or a solvate or a salt thereof for use in the prevention or treatment of a condition associated with the alteration of the activity of GLB1. 2. A compound for use according to claim 1 wherein G is a group \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014. 3. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 and 2 wherein R4 is selected from chloro, bromo and \u2014CF3. 4. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 3 wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, \u2014ORa and \u2014C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014N(Rb)2, methoxy, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy. 5. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 4 wherein Ra and Rb are independently selected from \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, and \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, amine, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014CN, methoxy, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy and trihalomethoxy. 6. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 5 wherein Rc and Rd are independently selected from \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, and \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy. 7. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 6 wherein R3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, \u2014ORa\u2032 and \u2014C1-4 alkyl. 8. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 7 wherein Ra\u2032 and Rb\u2032 are independently selected from \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, and \u2014CO37 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, amine, methoxy, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy and trihalomethoxy. 9. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 8 wherein R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen and \u2014C1-4 alkyl. 10. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 9 wherein m represents 0 or 1. 11. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 10 wherein n represents 0 or 1. 12. A compound for use according to anyone of claims 1 to 11 wherein the condition associated with the alteration of the activity of GLB1 is selected from the group consisting of GM1 gangliosidoses and Morquio syndrome, type B. 13. Use of a compound of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11 or a salt or solvate thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of a condition associated with the alteration of the activity of GLB1. 14. Use according to claim 13, wherein the condition associated with the alteration of the activity of GLB1 is selected from the group consisting of GM1 gangliosidoses and Morquio syndrome, type B. 15. A method for the prevention or treatment of a condition associated with the alteration of the activity of GLB1, which comprises the administration to a patient needing such prevention or treatment, of a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11 or a salt or solvate thereof. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the condition associated with the alteration of the activity of GLB1 is selected from the group consisting of GM1 gangliosidoses and Morquio syndrome, type B. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in anyone of claims 1 to 11. 18. A compound of formula (Ia) wherein: A or B are independently selected from nitrogen and \u2014CH\u2550 with the proviso that at least one of A and B is a nitrogen atom; D1, D2, D3 and D4 are nitrogen or \u2550CH\u2014 with the proviso that 0, 1 or 2 of D1, D2, D3 and D4 are nitrogen while the rest are \u2014CH\u2550; G is selected from \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014 and \u2014SO2\u2014; R4 is an halogen atom; R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, \u2014CN, \u2014ORa, \u2014SRa, \u2014N(Rb)2, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORc, \u2014C(\u2550O)N(Rb)2, \u2014SO2N(Rb)2, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl and \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014N(Rb)2, methoxy, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy; each Ra or Rb independently represents, hydrogen, \u2014C(\u2550O)Rd, \u2014SO2Rd, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, or \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroayl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, amine, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014CN, methoxy, aryl, substituted heteroaryl, -haloC1-4alkyl, -dihaloC1-4alkyl, -trihaloC1-4alkyl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy and trihalomethoxy; each Rd or Rc independently represent hydrogen, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, or \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy, and trihalomethoxy; each R3 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, \u2014CN, \u2014ORa\u2032, \u2014SRa\u2032, \u2014N(Rb\u2032)2 and \u2014C1-4 alkyl; said \u2014C1-4 alkyl group optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy and \u2014N(Rb)2; each Ra\u2032 or Rb\u2032 independently represent, on each occasion when used herein, hydrogen, \u2014C(\u2550O)Rd, \u2014SO2Rd, \u2014C1-4 alkyl, \u2014C3-6 cycloalkyl, \u2014C5-10 aryl, \u2014C5-10 heteroaryl, or \u2014C3-7 heterocyclyl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups optionally being substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, amine, methoxy, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, halomethoxy, dihalomethoxy and trihalomethoxy; R2 is selected from hydrogen and fluor; n has a value selected from 0, 1 and 2; m has a value selected from 0 and 1; or a solvate or a salt thereof.",
-    "A Wnt signaling inhibitor which comprises, as an active ingredient, a fused-ring heterocyclic compound represented by the following formula (IA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the like are provided: (wherein, n1A represents 0 or 1; n2A and n3A may be the same or different, and each represents 1 or 2; ROA represents optionally substituted aryl or the like; R2A represents a hydrogen atom or the like; R3A represents an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group or the like; X1A, X2A, X3A and X4A each represent CH or the like; Y1A represents CH2 or the like; Y2A represents N or the like; and LA represents CH2 or the like). 1: A method of inhibiting Wnt signaling, comprising administering an effective amount of a fused-ring heterocyclic compound represented by formula (IA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof: wherein: n1A represents 0 or 1; n2A and n3A may be the same or different, and each represents 1 or 2; ROA represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group, or an optionally substituted aliphatic heterocyclic group; R2A represents a hydrogen atom or hydroxy; R3A represents an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group or an optionally substituted aliphatic heterocyclic group; X1A, X2A, X3A, and X4A may be the same or different, and each represents N or CR4A; each R4A independently represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl, cyano, a halogen, hydroxy, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkanoyl, or a lower alkylsulfonyl; Y1A represents CH2 or C(\u2550O); Y2A represents CH or N; and LA represents CH2 or NH. 2: A fused-ring heterocyclic compound represented by formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: n1 represents 0 or 1; n2 and n3 may be the same or different, and each represents 1 or 2; R1 represents an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group, or an optionally substituted aliphatic heterocyclic group; R2 represents a hydrogen atom or hydroxy; R3 represents an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group or an optionally substituted aliphatic heterocyclic group; X1, X2, X3, and X4 may be the same or different, and each represents N or CR4; each R4 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl, cyano, a halogen, hydroxy, a lower alkoxy, a lower alkanoyl, or a lower alkylsulfonyl; Y1 represents CH2 or C(\u2550O); Y2 represents CH or N; and L represents CH2 or NH. 3: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein n2 and n3 are each 2. 4: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein Y2 is N, and L is CH2. 5: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein Y1 is CH2. 6: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein n1 is 0. 7: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein R1 is (i) an optionally substituted phenyl, or (ii) an optionally substituted pyridyl, pyridonyl, or pyrimidinyl. 8: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein R1 is: a group represented by formula (a1): wherein R5 represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10 alkyl which may be substituted with hydroxy, a C1-10 alkoxycarbonyl, a C2-11 alkanoyl, a C1-10 alkylsulfonyl, a \u2014NR6aR6b wherein R6a and R6b may be the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C2-11 alkanoyl, or a C1-10 alkyl, \u2014CONR6cR6d wherein R6c and R6d may be the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-10 alkyl, \u2014SO2NR6eR6f wherein R6e and R6f may be the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C1-10 alkyl, a halogen, cyano, carboxy, or nitro; and Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 may be the same or different, and each represents N or CR7 wherein R7 represents a hydrogen atom, carboxy, or a halogen; or a group represented by the following formula (a2): wherein R5, Z1 and Z4 are as defined above. 9: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 8, wherein R5 is cyano, \u2014CONH2, or \u2014SO2NH2. 10: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 8, wherein R5 is cyano. 11: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 8, wherein R7 is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom. 12: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group. 13: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 12, wherein the aromatic heterocyclic group is a bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic group. 14: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 12, wherein the aromatic heterocyclic group is quinazolinyl. 15: The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2, wherein R3 is an optionally substituted aliphatic heterocyclic group. 16: A pharmaceutical composition, comprising, as an active ingredient, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2. 17-21. (canceled) 22: A method of inhibiting Wnt signaling, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2 to a subject in need thereof. 23: The method according to claim 22, wherein inhibiting Wnt signaling comprises inhibiting Wnt signaling by tankyrase inhibition. 24: A method of treating a disease associated with Wnt signaling, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2 to a subject in need thereof. 25: The method according to claim 24, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, fibromatosis, and osteoarthritis. 26-35. (canceled) 36: A method of preventing a disease associated with Wnt signaling, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt according to claim 2 to a subject in need thereof. 37: The method according to claim 36, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, fibromatosis, and osteoarthritis.",
-    "A mobility information processing apparatus includes: an allocator that allocates one driving mode-selected from driving modes having different drive forms to each partitioned section, in a route of a moving object; and an estimator that estimates the driving mode selected for each section located apart from a predetermined point in the route and that calculates an estimated amount of energy required for traveling in the section estimated to correspond to the one selected driving mode among the driving modes, wherein the allocator determines whether the one selected driving mode is allocated to each section up to a predetermined point in the route on the basis of an allocated energy amount obtained by subtracting the estimated energy amount calculated by the estimator from a residual energy amount of a power source used in the one selected driving mode for each section up to the predetermined point in the route. 1. A mobility information processing apparatus comprising: a first electronic control unit configured to allocate one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms, as the driving mode of a moving object to each partitioned section in a travel route of the moving object; and a second electronic control unit configured to estimate the driving mode selected for each section located apart from a predetermined point in the travel route and calculate an estimated amount of energy required for traveling in the section estimated to correspond to the one selected driving mode among the plurality of driving modes, wherein the first electronic control unit determines whether the one selected driving mode is allocated to each section up to a predetermined point in the travel route on the basis of an allocated amount of energy obtained by subtracting the estimated amount of energy calculated by the second electronic control unit from a residual amount of energy of a power source used in the one selected driving mode for each section up to the predetermined point in the travel route. 2. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined point in the travel route is a point determined as the upper limit value of the number of sections in the travel route to which the driving modes are able to be allocated by the first electronic control unit. 3. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moving object is a hybrid vehicle, and the plurality of driving modes includes a mode in which the hybrid vehicle travels by the use of an electric motor using a battery as a power source as the one selected driving mode and includes a second driving mode which is a driving mode in which the hybrid vehicle travels by the use of the electric motor and an internal combustion engine together when the one selected driving mode is a first driving mode. 4. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein a travel load used to calculate an energy balance required for traveling in each section of the travel route is set for each section, and the first electronic control unit allocates the first driving mode to the sections having a relatively low travel load among the sections up to the predetermined point in the travel route and allocates the second driving mode to the other sections. 5. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first electronic control unit allocates the first driving mode to the sections in the travel route in the ascending order of the travel load. 6. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the second electronic control unit estimates sections to which the first driving mode is allocated on the basis of the travel load. 7. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second electronic control unit merges the sections estimated to correspond to the one selected driving mode into one section and calculates the estimated amount of energy of the merged section, and the first electronic control unit calculates the allocated amount of energy by subtracting the estimated amount of energy of the merged section from the residual amount of energy of a power source used in the one selected driving mode for each section up to the predetermined point in the travel route. 8. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second electronic control unit further estimates the amount of energy required for all the sections of the travel route, and the first electronic control unit allocates the one selected driving mode to all the sections of the travel route when the residual amount of energy of the power source used in the one selected driving mode is greater than the estimated amount of energy required for all the sections of the travel route in the sections up to the predetermined point in the travel route before determining whether the one selected driving mode is allocated to the sections up to the predetermined point in the travel route. 9. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first electronic control unit is disposed in the moving object. 10. A mobility information processing method of allocating one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms, as the driving mode of a moving object to each partitioned section in a travel route of the moving object, comprising: estimating the driving mode selected for each section located apart from a predetermined point in the travel route and calculating an estimated amount of energy required for traveling in the section estimated to correspond to the one selected driving mode among the plurality of driving modes; and determining whether the one selected driving mode is allocated to each section up to a predetermined point in the travel route on the basis of an allocated amount of energy obtained by subtracting the calculated estimated amount of energy from a residual amount of energy of a power source used in the one selected driving mode for each section up to the predetermined point in the travel route. 11. A mobility information processing apparatus comprising: a first electronic control unit configured to allocate one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms, as the driving mode of a moving object to each partitioned section in a travel route of the moving object and allocate one driving mode, which is selected from the plurality of driving modes on the basis of an attribute condition determined depending on a section attribute of each section up to a predetermined point in the travel route, as the driving mode of the sections up to the predetermined point in the travel route when an amount of energy required for traveling in the sections located apart from the predetermined point in the travel route is not able to be estimated. 12. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the predetermined point in the travel route is a point determined as the upper limit value of the number of sections in the travel route to which the driving modes are able to be allocated by the first electronic control unit. 13. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the moving object is a hybrid vehicle, the plurality of driving modes includes a mode in which the hybrid vehicle travels by the use of an electric motor using a battery as a power source as the one selected driving mode and includes a second driving mode which is a driving mode in which the hybrid vehicle travels by the use of the electric motor and an internal combustion engine together when the one selected driving mode is a first driving mode, and the attribute condition determined depending on the section attribute is a condition determined depending on a type of a road on which the hybrid vehicle travels. 14. The mobility information processing apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the type of a road includes a roadway and an expressway, and the first electronic control unit allocates the first driving mode to the roadway and allocates the second driving mode to the expressway. 15. A mobility information processing method of allocating one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms, as the driving mode of a moving object to each partitioned section in a travel route of the moving object, comprising: allocating one driving mode, which is selected from the plurality of driving modes on the basis of an attribute condition determined depending on a section attribute of each section up to a predetermined point in the travel route, as the driving mode of the sections up to the predetermined point in the travel route when an amount of energy required for traveling in the sections located apart from the predetermined point in the travel route is not able to be estimated. 16. The mobility information processing method according to claim 15, wherein the predetermined point in the travel route is a point determined as the upper limit value of the number of sections in the travel route to which the driving modes are able to be allocated. 17. The mobility information processing method according to claim 15, wherein the attribute condition determined depending on the section attribute is a condition determined depending on a type of a road on which the hybrid vehicle travels. 18. A driving support system that supports a driving operation of causing a moving object to travel on the basis of one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms and allocated to partitioned sections in a travel route of the moving object, comprising: a first electronic control unit configured to allocate one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms, as the driving mode of a moving object to each partitioned section in a travel route of the moving object; and a second electronic control unit configured to estimate the driving mode selected for each section located apart from a predetermined point in the travel route and that calculates an estimated amount of energy required for traveling in the section estimated to correspond to the one selected driving mode among the plurality of driving modes, wherein the first electronic control unit determines whether the one selected driving mode is allocated to each section up to a predetermined point in the travel route on the basis of an allocated amount of energy obtained by subtracting the estimated amount of energy calculated by the second electronic control unit from a residual amount of energy of a power source used in the one selected driving mode for each section up to the predetermined point in the travel route, and one driving mode selected from the plurality of driving modes is allocated to each section in the travel route. 19. A driving support system that supports a driving operation of causing a moving object to travel on the basis of one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms and allocated to partitioned sections in a travel route of the moving object, comprising: a first electronic control unit configured to allocate one driving mode, which is selected from a plurality of driving modes having different drive forms, as the driving mode of a moving object to each partitioned section in a travel route of the moving object and allocate one driving mode, which is selected from the plurality of driving modes on the basis of an attribute condition determined depending on a section attribute of each section up to a predetermined point in the travel route, as the driving mode of the sections up to the predetermined point in the travel route when an amount of energy required for traveling in the sections located apart from the predetermined point in the travel route is not able to be estimated, wherein one driving mode selected from the plurality of driving modes is allocated to each section in the travel route.",
-    "The acoustic logging tool comprises at least one emitter and at least two receivers. The receivers are installed in positions having different azimuthal coordinates and are capable of measuring a wave field at points located at different distances from a vertical axis of the tool. The receivers are installed so that it is possible to change azimuthal or radial position of the receivers during measurements or both. 1. An acoustic logging tool comprising: at least one emitter and at least two receivers, the receivers are installed in positions having different azimuthal coordinates and are capable of measuring a wave field at points located at different distances from a vertical axis of the tool. 2. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1, wherein the receivers are installed so that it is possible to change an azimuthal position of the receivers during measurements. 3. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1, wherein the receivers are installed so that it is possible to change a radial position of the receivers during measurements. 4. The acoustic logging of claim 1, wherein the receivers are installed so that it is possible to change position of the at least receivers on an axial coordinate during measurements. 5. The acoustic logging of claim 1, wherein the receivers are distributed receivers. 6. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1, wherein the wave field being measured is a pressure wave field or a strain wave field, or an offset wave field, or a velocity wave field, or an acceleration wave field. 7. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1 comprising: a cylindrical body, at least two pairs of arms disposed at different heights along the body, one end of each upper arm and each lower arm is rotatably attached to the body, the receiver attached to movably connected free ends of the upper and the lower arms in each pair, the attached to the body end of at least one arm in each pair of the arms is movable along the body in vertical direction. 8. The acoustic logging tool of claim 7, wherein the attached to the body end of the upper arm in each pair is vertically movable and the vertically movable ends of the upper arms are installed at the same level in height of the body and are rigidly interconnected. 9. The acoustic logging tool of claim 7, wherein the attached to the body end of the lower arm in each pair is vertically movable and the vertically movable ends of the lower arms are installed at the same level in height of the body and are rigidly interconnected. 10. The acoustic logging tool of claim 7, wherein the receiver is a distributed receiver made in the form of an elastic or a flexible tape with attached receivers, one end of the tape is fixed to the body and the other end of the tape is attached to the free ends of the upper and the lower arms. 11. The acoustic logging tool of claim 7, wherein in each pair of the arms the attached to the body ends of the upper and lower arms are vertically movable. 12. The acoustic logging tool of claim 11, wherein the ends of the upper arms in all pairs are installed at the same level in height of the body and are rigidly interconnected. 13. The acoustic logging tool of claim 11, wherein the ends of the bottom arms in all pairs are installed at the same level in height of the body and are rigidly interconnected. 14. The acoustic logging tool of claim 11, wherein the ends of the upper arms in all pairs are installed at the same level in height of the body and are rigidly interconnected and the ends of the bottom arms in all pairs are installed at the same level in height of the body and are rigidly interconnected. 15. The acoustic logging of claim 11, wherein the receiver is a distributed receiver made in the form of an elastic or a flexible tape with attached receivers, one end of the tape is attached to the body and the other end of the tape is attached to the free ends of the upper and the lower arms. 16. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1 comprising: a cylindrical body, at least two arms attached to the body perpendicularly to a vertical axis of the tool at the same height along the body, each arm is attached to the body by one end, a receiver attached to a free end of each arm, and each arm is extendable in radial direction from a vertical axis of the tool. 17. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1 comprising: a cylindrical body, at least two arms attached to the body, each arm is attached to the body by one end, a receiver attached to a free end of each arm, each arm is disposed at an angle to a vertical axis of the tool and is extendable or capable of changing the angle between the vertical axis of the tool and the arm, or both. 18. The acoustic logging tool of claim 17, wherein a flexible telescopic rod is attached to each receiver perpendicular to the vertical axis of the tool, the opposite end of the rod is attached to the body. 19. The acoustic logging tool of claim 17, wherein the receiver is the distributed receiver. 20. The acoustic logging tool of claim 19, wherein the distributed receiver is made in the form of a rod and at least two receivers are rigidly fixed along the rod at a fixed distance from each other. 21. The acoustic logging tool of claim 18, wherein a length of the flexible telescopic rod is adjusted using a pneumatic pump. 22. The acoustic logging tool of claim 18, wherein a length of the flexible telescopic rod is adjusted using an electric motor. 23. The acoustic logging tool of claim 1, wherein the receivers are installed on at least two grids having different radii at points having different azimuthal and axial coordinates.",
-    "Techniques for maintaining rules for identifying network services are presented. The network services exchange data packets with mobile terminals wirelessly connected to a network. The network receives reports from a subset of the mobile terminals. The reports indicate network services used by the reporting mobile terminals. Various corresponding methods including the network associating one or more first data packets with one of the network services based on the reports. The first data packets originate from, or are addressed to, the reporting mobile terminals. The network derives or adapts, based on data included in the first data packets, one or more rules for identifying the network service based on data included in second data packets. The second data packets are different from the first data packets. 1. A method of maintaining rules for identifying network services that exchange data packets with mobile terminals wirelessly connected to a network, which receives from a subset of the mobile terminals reports indicative of network services used by the reporting mobile terminals, the method comprising the following steps performed within the network: associating one or more first data packets with one of the network services based on one or more of the reports, the first data packets originating from or being addressed to the reporting mobile terminals; and deriving or adapting, based on data included in the one or more first data packets, one or more of the rules for identifying the one of the network services based on data included in one or more second data packets, wherein the one or more second data packets are different from the one or more first data packets. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the reports is indicative of a communication endpoint in association with one of the network services used by the reporting one of the mobile terminals, wherein the communication endpoint is indicated in the one or more first data packets. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the reports are received from a terminal agent executed by each of the reporting mobile terminals, wherein the report is indicative of the network service by specifying a client application of the network service, which is executed at the reporting one of the mobile terminals, and wherein the communication endpoint uniquely identifies a network socket used by the client application. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the rules is configured for identifying one of the network services independently of the reports. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the derivation or the adaptation of one of the rules is based on a plurality of first data packets associated with one of the network services based on the reports, and wherein the derivation or the adaption includes deriving at least one of a bit pattern or regular expression that is common to all of the first data packets for the one of the network services, a packet arrival pattern or a packet arrival time distribution of the first data packets for the one of the network services, a packet size pattern or a packet size distribution of the first data packets for the one of the network services. 6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: associating the one or more second data packet with one of the network services by applying one or more of the rules to at least the data included in the second data packet, wherein a plurality of rules is applied to one of the second data packets, wherein a matching level for a candidate network service is computed according to each of the applied rules, and wherein the network service having the highest matching level among the candidate network services is associated with the second data packets. 8.-9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of an indicator of failure and an indicator of success is stored for some or each of the rules, the method further comprising: applying, before the derivation or the adaption, an existing one of the rules to the one or more first data packets that have been associated with the one of the network services, wherein the existing rule is configured for identifying the same one network service; and at least one of incrementing the indicator of failure of the rule, if the rule fails to identify the same one network service, and incrementing the indicator of success of the rule, if the rule succeeds to identify the same one network service. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein data included in the one or more first data packets is stored, if the rule fails to identify the same one network service, wherein the derivation or adaption uses the stored data, and wherein data included in the one or more first data packets is deleted, if the rule succeeds to identify the same one network service. 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the derivation or the adaptation is triggered and the derived or adapted rule enhances or replaces the existing rule, if at least one of the indicators exceeds a threshold value, optionally if a ratio between the indicator of failure and the indicator of success exceeds a failure ratio threshold value. 14.-17. (canceled) 18. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing program code executable by at least one processor to perform the method of claim 1. 19. (canceled) 20. A device for maintaining rules for identifying network services that exchange data packets with mobile terminals wirelessly connected to a network, which receives from a subset of the mobile terminals reports indicative of network services used by the reporting mobile terminals, the device comprising the following located at or accessible to the network: at least one processor configured to: associate one or more first data packets with one of the network services based on one or more of the reports, the first data packets originating from or being addressed to the reporting mobile terminals; and derive or adapt, based on data included in the one or more first data packets, one or more of the rules for identifying the one of the network services based on data included in one or more second data packets, wherein the one or more second data packets are different from the one or more first data packets. 21. A network for providing network services that exchange data packets with mobile terminals wirelessly connected to the network, the network comprising one or more nodes configured to receive from a subset of the mobile terminals reports indicative of network services used by the reporting mobile terminals, at least some of the one or more nodes including or accessing a device for maintaining rules for identifying the network services according to claim 20. 22. The device of claim 20, wherein each of the reports is indicative of a communication endpoint in association with one of the network services used by the reporting one of the mobile terminals, wherein the communication endpoint is indicated in the one or more first data packets. 23. The device of claim 22, wherein the reports are received from a terminal agent executed by each of the reporting mobile terminals, wherein the report is indicative of the network service by specifying a client application of the network service, which is executed at the reporting one of the mobile terminals, and wherein the communication endpoint uniquely identifies a network socket used by the client application. 24. The device of claim 20, wherein each of the rules is configured for identifying one of the network services independently of the reports. 25. The device of claim 20, wherein the derivation or the adaptation of one of the rules is based on a plurality of first data packets associated with one of the network services based on the reports, and wherein the derivation or the adaption includes deriving at least one of a bit pattern or regular expression that is common to all of the first data packets for the one of the network services, a packet arrival pattern or a packet arrival time distribution of the first data packets for the one of the network services, a packet size pattern or a packet size distribution of the first data packets for the one of the network services. 26. The device of claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: associate the one or more second data packet with one of the network services by applying one or more of the rules to at least the data included in the second data packet, wherein a plurality of rules is applied to one of the second data packets, wherein a matching level for a candidate network service is computed according to each of the applied rules, and wherein the network service having the highest matching level among the candidate network services is associated with the second data packets. 27. The device of claim 20, wherein at least one of an indicator of failure and an indicator of success is stored for some or each of the rules, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: apply, before the derivation or the adaption, an existing one of the rules to the one or more first data packets that have been associated with the one of the network services, wherein the existing rule is configured for identifying the same one network service; and perform at least one of incrementing the indicator of failure of the rule, if the rule fails to identify the same one network service, and incrementing the indicator of success of the rule, if the rule succeeds to identify the same one network service. 28. The device of claim 27, wherein data included in the one or more first data packets is stored, if the rule fails to identify the same one network service, wherein the derivation or adaption uses the stored data, and wherein data included in the one or more first data packets is deleted, if the rule succeeds to identify the same one network service. 29. The device of claim 27, wherein the derivation or the adaptation is triggered and the derived or adapted rule enhances or replaces the existing rule, if at least one of the indicators exceeds a threshold value, optionally if a ratio between the indicator of failure and the indicator of success exceeds a failure ratio threshold value.",
-    "A computer-implemented method and system are described for augmenting image data of an object in an image, the method comprising receiving captured image data from a camera, storing a plurality of augmentation image data defining a respective plurality of augmentation values to be applied to the captured image data, storing a plurality of augmentation representations, each representation identifying a respective portion of augmentation image data, selecting one of said augmentation image data and one of said augmentation representations based on at least one colourisation parameter, determining a portion of the augmentation image data to be applied based on the selected augmentation representation, augmenting the captured image data by applying said determined portion of the augmentation image data to the corresponding portion of the captured image data, and outputting the augmented captured image data. 1. A computer-implemented method of augmenting image data, the method comprising: receiving data of an image captured by a camera; receiving data identifying coordinates of a plurality of labelled feature points defining a detected object in the captured image; storing at least one augmentation image data defining a plurality of augmentation values to be applied to the captured image data; storing at least one augmentation representation including data defining at least one polygonal region of the augmentation image data, the or each polygonal region defined by three or more of vertices, each vertex associated with a corresponding labelled feature point; determining a transformation of the at least one polygonal region of the representation based on the received coordinates of the corresponding feature points; applying the determined transformation to corresponding regions of the augmentation image data defined by the at least one polygonal regions of the augmentation representation; and augmenting the captured image data by applying the transformed at least one portion of the augmentation image data to the corresponding portion of the captured image data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the augmentation image data comprises one or more of texture image data, data identifying one or more material properties, and a mathematical model to generate an array of augmentation values. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the augmentation image data and the captured image data have the same dimensions. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the augmentation image data and the captured image data have different dimensions. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein coordinates of the vertices of the augmentation representation are defined relative to pixel locations of the augmentation image data. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein augmenting the captured image data further comprises applying at least one image data adjustment to the transformed at least one portion of the augmentation image data. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one image data adjustment comprises one or more of a highlight adjustment, a colour adjustment, a glitter adjustment, a lighting model adjustment, a blend colour adjustment, and an alpha blend adjustment. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing mask data defining at least one masked portion of the augmentation image data. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising applying the determined transformation to corresponding regions of the mask data defined by the at least one polygonal regions of the augmentation representation. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one image data adjustment comprises alpha blending said transformed masked data regions. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting a stored augmentation image data and a stored augmentation representation based on at least one colourisation parameter. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a plurality of stored augmentation image data and stored augmentation representations are selected based on respective at least one colourisation parameters. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein augmenting the captured image data comprises alpha blending the results of applying, for each selected augmentation representation in sequence, transformed at least one portions of each selected augmentation image data to the corresponding portion of the captured image data, and applying the alpha blended output to the captured image data. 14. A computer-implemented method of generating the at least one augmentation representations as set out in claim 1, based on respective predefined mask data identifying coordinates of a plurality of masked pixels. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein generating an augmentation representation comprises: retrieving data defining a plurality of polygonal regions determined for the detected object; placing the retrieved plurality of polygonal regions over the respective mask data; identifying polygonal regions that include at least one masked pixel; and storing data representing the identified subset of polygonal regions. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein each masked pixel comprises a value representing a blend parameter. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising locating the detected object in the captured image by: storing a representation of the object, the representation including data defining a first object model and a corresponding function that approximates variations to the first object model, and data defining at least one second object model comprising a subset of the data defining the first object model, and at least one corresponding function that approximates variations to the respective second object model; determining an approximate location of the object in the captured image, based on the first object model and its corresponding function; and refining the location of the object in the captured image by determining a location of a portion of the object, based on the at least one second object model and its corresponding function. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first object model comprises data representing locations of a plurality of feature points and the second object model comprises a subset of the feature points of the first object model. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first object model defines a shape of the whole object and the at least one second object model defines a shape of a portion of the object. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein determining the approximate location of the object in the image comprises generating a candidate object shape based on the first object model and applying the corresponding function to determine an approximate location of the candidate object shape. 21. The method of claim 21, further comprising splitting the candidate object into one or more candidate object sub-shapes based on the at least one second object models. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising refining the location of the one or more candidate object sub-shapes based on the respective second object model and its corresponding function. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the corresponding functions comprise regression coefficient matrices. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the corresponding function that approximates variations to the second object model comprises a plurality of cascading regression coefficient matrices. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising iteratively refining the location of the one or more candidate object sub-shapes based on the respective second object model and its corresponding plurality of cascading regression coefficient matrices. 26. A computer-implemented method of locating an object in an image, the method comprising: storing a representation of the object, the representation including data defining a first object model and a corresponding function that approximates variations to the first object model, and data defining at least one second object model comprising a subset of the data defining the first object model, and at least one corresponding function that approximates variations to the respective second object model; determining an approximate location of the object in the image, based on the first object model and its corresponding function; and refining the location of the object in the image by determining a location of a portion of the object, based on the at least one second object model and its corresponding function. 27. A system comprising one or more processors configured to perform the method of: storing a representation of the object, the representation including data defining a first object model and a corresponding function that approximates variations to the first object model, and data defining at least one second object model comprising a subset of the data defining the first object model, and at least one corresponding function that approximates variations to the respective second object model; determining an approximate location of the object in the image, based on the first object model and its corresponding function; and refining the location of the object in the image by determining a location of a portion of the object, based on the at least one second object model and its corresponding function. 28. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions, that when executed perform the method of: storing a representation of the object, the representation including data defining a first object model and a corresponding function that approximates variations to the first object model, and data defining at least one second object model comprising a subset of the data defining the first object model, and at least one corresponding function that approximates variations to the respective second object model; determining an approximate location of the object in the image, based on the first object model and its corresponding function; and refining the location of the object in the image by determining a location of a portion of the object, based on the at least one second object model and its corresponding function.",
-    "A substrate with a multilayer reflective film that yields a reflective mask achieving high reflectance and exhibiting excellent cleaning resistance. The present invention is directed to a substrate with a multilayer reflective film, which has: a substrate; a multilayer reflective film, formed on a substrate, having a layer comprising Si as a high refractive-index material and a layer comprising a low refractive-index material, wherein the layers are periodically laminate; and a Ru protective film, formed on the multilayer reflective film, for protecting the multilayer reflective film, wherein the surface layer of the multilayer reflective film on the other side of the substrate is the layer comprising Si, and wherein the Ru protective film comprises a Ru compound comprising Ru and Ti, wherein the Ru compound contains Ru in an amount greater than that in the stoichiometric composition of RuTi. 1. A substrate with a multilayer reflective film, comprising: a substrate, a multilayer reflective film, formed on the substrate, having a layer comprising Si as a high refractive-index material and a layer comprising a low refractive-index material, wherein the layers are periodically laminated, and a Ru protective film, formed on the multilayer reflective film, for protecting the multilayer reflective film, wherein the surface layer on the other side of the multilayer reflective film opposite from the substrate is the layer comprising Si, and wherein the Ru protective film comprises a Ru compound comprising Ru and Ti, the Ru compound containing Ru in an amount greater than that in the stoichiometric composition of RuTi. 2. The substrate with a multilayer reflective film according to claim 1, wherein the Ru compound in the Ru protective film has diffraction peaks appear mainly at (100) and (110), as measured by an In-Plane measurement method for X-ray diffractometry. 3. The substrate with a multilayer reflective film according to claim 1, wherein the Ru ratio in the Ru compound is more than 95 to less than 100 at %. 4. The substrate with a multilayer reflective film according to claim 1, wherein a Ru content of an upper layer portion of the Ru protective film is greater than a Ru content of a lower layer portion on the substrate side. 5. The substrate with a multilayer reflective film according to claim 1, the substrate with a multilayer reflective film further comprising a film comprising a silicon oxide provided between the multilayer reflective film and the Ru protective film. 6. The substrate with a multilayer reflective film according claim 1, wherein the low refractive-index material is Mo. 7. A reflective mask blank for EUV lithography, the reflective mask blank comprising the substrate with a multilayer reflective film according to claim 1, and an absorber film, formed on the Ru protective film in the substrate with a multilayer reflective film, for absorbing an EUV light. 8. The reflective mask blank for EUV lithography according to claim 7 further comprising a resist film on the absorber film. 9. A method of manufacturing a reflective mask for EUV lithography, the method comprising patterning an absorber film in the reflective mask blank for EUV lithography according to claim 8 with the resist film to form an absorber film pattern on the Ru protective film. 10. A reflective mask for EUV lithography, the reflective mask comprising the substrate with a multilayer reflective film according to claim 1, and an absorber film pattern, formed on the Ru protective film in the substrate with a multilayer reflective film, for absorbing an EUV light. 11. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising forming a transfer pattern on a semiconductor substrate using a reflective mask for EUV lithography obtained by the method of manufacturing a reflective mask for EUV lithography according to claim 9. 12. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising forming a transfer pattern on a semiconductor substrate using the reflective mask for EUV lithography according to claim 10.",
-    "A shelf power distribution apparatus comprising a track element that further comprises: a first electrical conductor and a first magnet, wherein the first magnet facilitates the attachment of the track element to a shelf; a first cover element that further comprises a second magnet; and wherein the second magnet facilitates the attachment of the cover to the track element. 1. A shelf power distribution apparatus comprising: a track element further comprising a first electrical conductor arranged on a surface of said track element, whereby said first electrical conductor extends along the length of said track element; a first cover element comprising a first magnet, wherein said first magnet enables the attachment of said first cover element to said track element; and wherein said track element that-further comprises a second magnet, wherein said second magnet facilitates the attachment of said track element to a shelf, and said first cover element is adapted to house said track element and further comprises a second electrical conductor that extends along the length of said first cover element and cooperates with said first electrical conductor. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first and second electrical conductors are flat copper conductors. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a third electrical conductor arranged adjacent to said first electrical conductor. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first and second electrical conductors are arranged in a linear configuration. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first magnet enables the attachment of said first cover element about said first electrical conductor. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first cover element further comprises a third magnet, whereby said first magnet is arranged at a first edge of said first cover element and said third magnet is arranged at a second edge of said first cover element and said third second electrical conductor is arranged between said second and third magnets; said first, second and third magnets are of the same thickness and said first cover element is a flexible element. 7. An apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a second cover element that further comprises a fourth magnet and a fourth electrical conductor and wherein said second magnet further comprises a separating element between said first conductor and said third electrical conductor. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an attachable electrical contact element that comprises a magnet and a sixth magnet, which enables the attachment of said electrical contact element to said track element. 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said electrical contact element further comprises a fifth electrical conductor that cooperates with said first electrical conductor, which enables the communication of electrical power from said electrical contact element to an electrically powered device. 10. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said electrical contact element further comprises a lead to an electrically powered device. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said lead further comprises a coupling means for disconnecting said electrically powered device. 12. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said electrical contact element further comprises a deformable pad under said fifth electrical conductor, which in use forces said fifth electrical conductor of said electrical contact element onto an electrical contact of said track element. 13. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein electrically powered device further comprises a seventh magnet. 14. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said electrically powered device is a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) illumination device. 15. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said electrically powered device is a shelf-marking device. 16. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said track element, said first cover element and said second cover element are manually shearable. 17. A shelf or furniture item comprising a shelf power distribution apparatus in accordance with claim 1. 18-24. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a paging method and apparatus for an IMS service. A method which supports paging to provide an internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) service to a terminal in a network node in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may include the steps of: receiving downlink data forwarded to the terminal; when there is a determination to apply differentiated paging to the downlink data, adding information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied, to a message including the downlink data; and transmitting the message including information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied, to another network node. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A method for supporting paging for an IP (Internet Protocol) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) service for a terminal in a first network node, the method comprising: receiving a downlink data of IMS voice directed to the terminal; adding an information indicating that a differentiated paging is applied, to a downlink data notification (DDN) message; and transmitting the DDN message containing the information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied, to a second network node. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied is added based on the downlink data or capability of the first node. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied is contained in a GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol User Plane) basic header or GTP-U extended header of the message containing the downlink data, or is explicit or implicit information contained in the downlink data. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the first network node is a serving gateway (S-GW), and the second network node is a Mobility Management Entity (MME). 13-18. (canceled) 19. A first network node for supporting paging for an IP (Internet Protocol) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) service for a terminal, the first network node comprising: a transceiver module; and a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: receive a downlink data directed to the terminal using the transceiver module; add, an information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied, to a downlink data notification (DDN) message; and transmit the DDN message containing the information indicating that the differentiated paging is applied, to a second network node using the transceiver module. 20. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention is designed to allow user terminals to detect small cells in the off state efficiently when the small cells are switched on and off dynamically. A radio base station that switches between a continuous transmission state and a discontinuous transmission state dynamically, has a power control section that executes power control so that the transmission power of a reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is lower than the transmission power of a reference signal that is transmitted in the continuous transmission state. 1. A radio base station that switches between a continuous transmission state and a discontinuous transmission state dynamically, the radio base station comprising: a power control section that executes power control so that transmission power of a reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is lower than transmission power of a reference signal that is transmitted in the continuous transmission state. 2. The radio base station according to claim 1, wherein the power control section executes power control so that the transmission power of the reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state increases stepwise in a transmission on period. 3. The radio base station according to claim 2, wherein the power control section executes stepwise power control with respect to the transmission power of the reference signal for cell detection, based on an amount of increase upon a power change and a change cycle, which are reported from a network. 4. The radio base station according to claim 2, wherein the power control section executes stepwise power control with respect to the transmission power of the reference signal for cell detection in accordance with, a fixed change pattern reported from a network. 5. The radio base station according to claim 2, wherein the power control section executes stepwise power control with respect to the transmission power of the reference signal for cell detection based on an absolute value of the transmission power in each step, which is reported from a network. 6. The radio base station according to claim 1, wherein the reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is one of, or a combination of, a synchronization signal (PSS/SSS), a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel information measurement reference signal (CSI-RS: Channel State Information-Reference Signal), a positioning reference signal (PRS) and a new signal. 7. A user terminal that is capable of receiving downlink signals from a macro base station and a plurality of small base stations that serve under the macro base station, the user terminal comprising: a receiving section that receives discontinuous transmission information for a small base stations serving under the macro base station from one or both of the macro base station and the small base station; and a detection section that detects a reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted from the small base station in a discontinuous transmission state, based on the discontinuous transmission information acquired. 8. The user terminal according to claim 7, wherein the discontinuous transmission information includes information related to transmission power of the reference signal for cell detection. 9. The user terminal according to claim 7, wherein the discontinuous transmission information includes information related to an amount of increase of transmission power and a cycle of change when power of the reference signal for cell detection increases stepwise in a transmission on period. 10. A radio communication method for a radio base station that switches between a continuous transmission state and a discontinuous transmission state dynamically, the radio communication method comprising: executing power control so that transmission power of a reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is lower than transmission power of a reference signal that is transmitted in the continuous transmission state. 11. The radio base station according to claim 2, wherein the reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is one of, or a combination of, a synchronization signal (PSS/SSS), a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel information measurement reference signal (CSI-RS: Channel State Information-Reference Signal), a positioning reference signal (PRS) and a new signal. 12. The radio base station according to claim 3, wherein the reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is one of, or a combination of, a synchronization signal (PSS/SSS), a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel information measurement reference signal (CSI-RS: Channel State Information-Reference Signal), a positioning reference signal (PRS) and a new signal. 13. The radio base station according to claim 4, wherein the reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is one of, or a combination of, a synchronization signal (PSS/SSS), a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel information measurement reference signal (CSI-RS: Channel State Information-Reference Signal), a positioning reference signal (PRS) and a new signal. 14. The radio base station according to claim 5, wherein the reference signal for cell detection that is transmitted in the discontinuous transmission state is one of, or a combination of, a synchronization signal (PSS/SSS), a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel information measurement reference signal (CSI-RS: Channel State Information-Reference Signal), a positioning reference signal (PRS) and a new signal.",
-    "The patent discloses a novel metal free process for the preparation of corresponding phenol and ketone via allylic oxidation of substituted cyclohexenes. Air is used as oxidant in the present process and can be used as such or optionally selected from pure oxygen or atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, the process of the present invention utilizes easily available starting materials and is a green eco-friendly, convenient and economical process with high yield of >60% and high selectivity 1. A metal free process for the synthesis of phenol compound of Formula I, Wherein, R is selected from CHO, COR3. COOR4. COOH, CN, NO2, Ts, Nitroethene, \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated ketone, \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated ester; R1 is selected from halides, particularly Cl, Br or I or phenyl or p-F-Ph; R2 is selected from H or alkyl, preferably methyl, tertiary butyl or phenyl; R3 is selected from alkyl, allyl or phenyl; R4 is selected from alkyl, allyl or benzyl; and ketone compound of Formula II, Wherein, R, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as above; , from substituted cyclohexenes of formula III, Wherein, R, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as above; comprising: a. Mixing the substrate and solvent and optionally a base, with continuous bubbling of air at 50 to 100\u00b0 C. for 5 to 60 hours and b. Extracting the product of step (a) and c. purifying the product of step (b) to obtain the substantially pure desired product. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the extraction step involves filtering the product of step (a) of claim 1; treating the filtrate with water; extracting with solvents such as EtOAc; washing the organic extracts with brine, dried (anhydrous Na2SO4), filtering the organic extract and removing the solvent in vacuo. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the purification is done preferably by column chromatography, most preferably by flash column chromatography, 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from water, alcohol-linear or branched selected from methanol or isopropyl alcohol, methyl cyanide or dimethyl formamide or degassed dimethyl formamide, either alone or in combination with tetra hydro furan. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the base is selected from alkali carbonates, preferably Potassium carbonate and Cesium carbonate, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 2,6-lutidine, triphenylphosphine, imidazole, triethylamine or pyridine. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein air is used as oxidant and can be used as such or optionally selected from pure oxygen or atmospheric oxygen. 7. The process according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the yield of phenol compound of Formula I or ketone compound of Formula II is >60%. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the temperature is preferably in the range of 70 to 90\u00b0 C.; time is preferably in the range of 20 to 40 hours and yield is preferably >75%. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein compound of Formula I is selected from the group comprising 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 3-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde; 3-(tert-Butyl)-5-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 6-Hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-carbaldehyde; 4\u2032-Fluoro-6-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-carbaldehyde; (E)-4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one; (E)-3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one; (E)-3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(p-tolyl)prop-2-en-1-one; (E)-3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one; (E)-Ethyl 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate; (E)-Ethyl 3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)acrylate; (E)-Ethyl 3-(3-(tert-butyl)-5-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein compound of Formula II is selected from the group comprising 2-Chloro-3-oxocyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde; 6-Oxo-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-carbaldehyde.",
-    "The technology disclosed herein generally relates to a turbine bearing lubricant filtration system. A lubricant pump is configured to be disposed in communication with a lubricant reservoir. A dry gas source is configured to be in fluid communication with the lubricant reservoir. A breather filter is configured to be in communication with the lubricant reservoir, and a filter manifold assembly having media incorporating electrostatic reduction technology. Other embodiments are also described. 1. A turbine bearing lubricant filtration system comprising: a lubricant pump configured to be disposed in communication with a lubricant reservoir; an dry gas source configured to be in fluid communication with the lubricant reservoir; a breather filter configured to be in communication with the lubricant reservoir; and a filter manifold assembly having media incorporating electrostatic reduction technology. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a dry gas pump between the dry gas source and the reservoir, wherein the dry gas pump is configured to positively pressurize the lubricant reservoir. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the breather filter is a regenerative hygroscopic filter. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the breather filter is further configured to filter particulates. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry gas source comprises a dry nitrogen generator. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry gas source comprises a dryer. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the lubricant pump is configured to pump lubricant to one or more turbine bearings. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the breather filter defines a diffusion aperture having a labyrinth arrangement. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the breather filter comprises a first adsorbent material and a second adsorbent material, wherein the first adsorbent material has a higher capacity of adsorption at a high relative humidity and the second adsorbent material has a higher capacity of adsorption at a lower relative humidity. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry gas source is configured to provide gas at an Air Exchange Rate of at least 2 airspace exchanges per hour.",
-    "The present specification provides a copolymer and an organic solar cell including the same. 1. A copolymer comprising: a first monomer represented by the following Formula 1; a second monomer that acts as an electron donor; and a third monomer that acts as an electron acceptor: in Formula 1, a and b are each an integer of 1 to 5, R1 is the same or different when a is an integer of 2 to 5, R2 is the same or different when b is an integer of 2 to 5, and R1 to R4 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. 2. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. 3. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein the first monomer represented by Formula 1 is represented by the following Formula 2: in Formula 2, R1 to R4 are the same as those defined in Formula 1. 4. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein the second monomer that acts as an electron donor comprises at least one of the following Formulae: in the Formulae, c is an integer of 1 to 4, d is an integer of 1 to 6, e is an integer in the range of 1 to 8, f and g are each an integer of 1 to 3, R10 is the same or different when c, d, e, and f are 2 or more, R11 is the same or different when g is 2 or more, R10 and R11 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, X1 to X3 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of CRR\u2032, NR, O, SiRR\u2032, PR, S, GeRR\u2032, Se, and Te, Z is selected from the group consisting of CRR\u2032, O, SiRR\u2032, PR, S, GeRR\u2032, Se, and Te, Y1 and Y2 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of CR, N, SiR, P, and GeR, and R and R\u2032 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. 5. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein the third monomer that acts as an electron acceptor comprises at least one of the following Formulae: in the Formulae, R12 to R15 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, X4 and X5 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of CRR\u2032, NR, O, SiRR\u2032, PR, S, GeRR\u2032, Se, and Te, Y3 to Y6 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of CR, N, SiR, P, and GeR, and R and R\u2032 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. 6. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein the copolymer is a random copolymer. 7. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein the copolymer comprises a unit represented by the following Formula 3: in Formula 3, a, b, and R1 to R4 are the same as those defined in Formula 1, l is a real number, which is 0<l\u22661 as a mole fraction, m is a real number, which is 0<m\u22661 as a mole fraction, and l+m=1, n is an integer of 1 to 10,000, D1 and D2 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently a second unit that acts as an electron donor, and A is a third unit that acts as an electron acceptor. 8. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one of units represented by the following Formulae 4 to 7: in Formulae 4 to 7, a, b, and R1 to R4 are the same as those defined in Formula 1, l is a real number, which is 0<l\u22661 as a mole fraction, m is a real number, which is 0<m\u22661 as a mole fraction, and l+m=1, h and i are an integer of 1 to 3 as a repeating unit of a structure in a parenthesis, the structures in the parenthesis are the same as or different from each other when h and i are 2 or more, n is an integer of 1 to 10,000, R10 to R13, R10\u2032, and R11\u2032 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, X1, X1\u2032, X2, X2\u2032, X4, and X5 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of CRR\u2032, NR, O, SiRR\u2032, PR, S, GeRR\u2032, Se, and Te, Y3 to Y5 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of CR, N, SiR, P, and GeR, and R and R\u2032 are the same as or different from each other, and are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; deuterium; a halogen group; a nitrile group; a nitro group; an imide group; an amide group; a hydroxyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfoxy group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; a substituted or unsubstituted boron group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. 9. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein a number average molecular weight of the copolymer is 500 g/mol to 1,000,000 g/mol. 10. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein a molecular weight distribution of the copolymer is 1 to 100. 11. An organic solar cell comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode provided opposite to the first electrode; and an organic material layer having one or more layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising a photoactive layer, wherein one or more layers of the organic material layer comprise the copolymer of claim 1. 12. The organic solar cell of claim 11, wherein the organic material layer comprises a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, or a layer which transports and injects holes simultaneously, and the hole transport layer, the hole injection layer, or the layer which transports and injects holes simultaneously comprises the copolymer. 13. The organic solar cell of claim 11, wherein the organic material layer comprises an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a layer which transports and injects electrons simultaneously, and the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, or the layer which transports and injects electrons simultaneously comprises the copolymer. 14. The organic solar cell of claim 11, wherein the photoactive layer comprises one or two or more selected from the group consisting of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, and the electron donor comprises the copolymer. 15. The organic solar cell of claim 14, wherein the electron acceptor is selected from the group consisting of fullerene, a fullerene derivative, carbon nanotube, a carbon nanotube derivative, bathocuproine, a semiconductor element, a semiconductor compound, and a combination thereof. 16. The organic solar cell of claim 14, wherein the electron donor and the electron acceptor are a bulk heterojunction (BHJ). 17. The organic solar cell of claim 11, wherein the photoactive layer has a bilayer structure comprising an n-type organic material layer and a p-type organic material layer, and the p-type organic material layer comprises the copolymer.",
-    "A method of beamforming a transmission from an antenna array having rows of antenna elements and columns of antenna elements may include determining a first precoding matrix associated with a first orientation. The method may further include determining a second precoding matrix associated with a second orientation. The method may further include transmitting a transmission having beamforming based at least in part on the first precoding matrix and based at least in part on the second precoding matrix. 1. A method of beamforming a transmission from an array antenna including rows of antenna elements and columns of antenna elements, the method comprising: determining a first precoding matrix associated with a first orientation; determining a second precoding matrix associated with a second orientation; and transmitting a transmission including beamforming based at least in part on the first precoding matrix and based at least in part on the second precoding matrix. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first precoding matrix includes a vertical precoding matrix; the first orientation is associated with a column orientation of the columns of antenna elements; the second precoding matrix includes a horizontal precoding matrix; and the second orientation is associated with a row orientation of the rows of antenna elements. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting first reference symbols; and transmitting second reference symbols different from the first reference symbols, wherein: determining the first precoding matrix is based at least in part on a first feedback received in response to transmitting a first set of reference symbols; and determining the second precoding matrix is based at least in part on a second feedback received in response to transmitting a second set of reference symbols different from the first set of reference symbols. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein transmitting the first set of reference symbols includes transmitting the first reference symbols from one of the columns of antenna elements. 5. The method of claim 3, the method further comprising transmitting an indicator that the first feedback is to be based on the first reference symbols over a period of time, wherein transmitting the first reference symbols includes transmitting the first reference symbols from more than one of the columns of antenna elements over the period of time. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the first feedback includes a first precoding-matrix identifier (PMI). 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the first feedback is based at least in part on a pre-defined rank-1 codebook. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the first feedback is based at least in part on a codebook based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT). 9. The method of claim 3, wherein transmitting the second reference symbols includes transmitting the second reference symbols including beamforming based at least in part on the first precoding matrix. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second feedback is based at least in part on a predefined one-dimensional beamforming codebook. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a channel matrix. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising estimating a composite channel including the first precoding matrix and the channel matrix. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission includes a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission including demodulation reference signals (DM-RS), the DM-RS having beamforming based at least in part on the first precoding matrix and based at least in part on the second precoding matrix. 14. A base station comprising: an array antenna including rows of antenna elements and columns of antenna elements; and a non-transitory computer-readable medium having encoded therein programming code executable by a processor to perform operations of beamforming a transmission from the array antenna, the operations comprising: determining a first precoding matrix associated with a first orientation; determining a second precoding matrix associated with a second orientation; and transmitting the transmission including beamforming based at least in part on the first precoding matrix and based at least in part on the second precoding matrix. 15. The base station of claim 14, wherein: the first precoding matrix includes a vertical precoding matrix; the first orientation is associated with a column orientation of the columns of antenna elements; the second precoding matrix includes a horizontal precoding matrix; and the second orientation is associated with a row orientation of the rows of antenna elements. 16. The base station of claim 14, the operations further comprising: transmitting first reference symbols; and transmitting second reference symbols different from the first reference symbols, wherein: determining the first precoding matrix is based at least in part on a first feedback received in response to transmitting a first set of reference symbols; and determining the second precoding matrix is based at least in part on a second feedback received in response to transmitting a second set of reference symbols different from the first set of reference symbols. 17. The base station of claim 16, wherein transmitting the first set of reference symbols includes transmitting the first reference symbols from one of the columns of antenna elements. 18. The base station of claim 16, wherein: transmitting the first reference symbols includes transmitting the first reference symbols from more than one of the columns of antenna elements over a period of time; and the operations further comprise transmitting an indicator that the first feedback is to be based on the first reference symbols over the period of time. 19. The base station of claim 16, wherein transmitting the second reference symbols includes transmitting the second reference symbols including beamforming based at least in part on the first precoding matrix. 20. A method of determining a model for transmission from an array antenna including rows of antenna elements and columns of antenna elements, the method comprising: transmitting vertical reference symbols via a first column of antenna elements of the columns of antenna elements; receiving a vertical precoder matrix identifier based at least in part on a first channel experienced by the vertical reference symbols; determining a vertical precoder matrix based at least in part on the vertical precoder matrix identifier and a vertical codebook; transmitting horizontal reference symbols via the array antenna, the horizontal reference symbols beamformed based at least in part on the vertical precoder matrix; receiving a horizontal precoder matrix identifier based at least in part on a channel experienced by the horizontal reference symbols; and determining a horizontal precoder matrix based at least in part on the horizontal precoder matrix identifier and a horizontal codebook.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention disclose a terminal device. The terminal device includes a periscope lens. The periscope lens includes a filter, a reflective prism module, a zoom lens, and a sensor, where the filter is configured to filter a light ray transmitted from the outside, and the reflective prism module is configured to reflect twice the light ray into the sensor in combination with the zoom lens, where the light ray is obtained after the filtering by the filter. According to the terminal device in the present invention, a limitation on a thickness of the periscope lens imposed by a width of the sensor can be reduced. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A terminal device, comprising: a screen display; and a periscope lens, the periscope lens comprising a filter, a reflective prism module, a zoom lens, and a sensor; wherein the filter is configured to filter a light ray transmitted from the outside; and the reflective prism module is configured to reflect twice a light ray into the sensor in combination with the zoom lens, wherein the light ray is obtained after the filtering by the filter; wherein the sensor and the screen display are disposed in parallel in a length direction of the terminal device; and wherein: the screen display has a cavity on the back, a reflective prism module and a zoom lens that are of the periscope lens form an extended area of the periscope lens between a filter and the sensor, at least a part of the extended area is located in the cavity, and at least a part of a vertical projection of the filter on the screen display is located on the screen display. 15. The terminal device according to claim 14, wherein the reflective prism module comprises at least a first reflective prism and a second reflective prism; wherein the first reflective prism is configured to reflect, into the zoom lens, a light ray emitted from the filter; and the second reflective prism is configured to reflect, into the sensor, a light ray emitted from the zoom lens. 16. The terminal device according to claim 15, wherein the filter is placed at a first angle to the first reflective prism, and a range of the first angle is from 30 degrees to 60 degrees. 17. The terminal device according to claim 16, wherein the first angle is 45 degrees. 18. The terminal device according to claim 15, wherein the first reflective prism is placed at a second angle to the second reflective prism, and a range of the second angle is from 0 degrees to 45 degrees. 19. The terminal device according to claim 18, wherein the second angle is 0 degrees. 20. The terminal device according to claim 15, wherein the second reflective prism is placed at a third angle to the sensor, and a range of the third angle is from 30 degrees to 60 degrees. 21. The terminal device according to claim 20, wherein the third angle is 45 degrees. 22. The terminal device according to claim 14, wherein a light entrance side of the filter and the screen display are disposed in parallel. 23. The terminal device according to claim 14, wherein a light sensitive side of the sensor and the screen display are disposed in parallel.",
-    "A device adapted to be located at the entry of a patient room in an institution which detects a person approaching entry to or exit from the room and emits a simulated voice warning of any disease, medical condition, or type of isolation selected by an authorized person for the room, including an identification module which in some embodiments has one or more cameras, an identification badge reader, and/or a facial recognition module. The identification module may record persons entering as well as exiting a patient room. The device may also include means to determine compliance with apparel requirements for the room and may include means to simulate voice warnings such as \u201cwash hands,\u201d \u201cwear gown,\u201d \u201cwear gloves,\u201d \u201cwear mask,\u201d \u201cdispose of gown,\u201d and/or \u201cwash hands after removing protective clothing.\u201d 1. A system comprising a device adapted to be located at the entry of a patient room in an institution, the device comprising: (a) a processor, (b) memory, (c) a voice generation system, (d) a set of programming instructions stored in the memory or processor, the programming instructions functioning to allow an authorized user to select one or more pre-programmed simulated voice warnings and/or one or more diseases, medical conditions, or types of isolation which corresponds to a pre-programmed simulated voice warning; (e) one or more detectors adapted to detect a person approaching the entry of the patient room or to detect a person leaving a patient room; and (f) an identification module, the identification module adapted to identify a person entering and/or leaving the patient room; the device adapted to emit the selected simulated voice warning(s) when entry of the room where the device is located is detected by the one or more room entry detectors, the one or more simulated voice warnings corresponding to the selected disease, medical condition, or type of isolation selected by the authorized user; and to identify a person entering and/or leaving the patient room. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the identification module (f) comprises one or more members selected from the group consisting of one or more cameras, an identification badge reader, a fingerprint identification module, an iris recognition module, and a facial recognition module. 3. The system of claim 1 programmed to record the date and time a person is detected entering and/or leaving a patient room. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the simulated voice warnings are selected from the group consisting of \u201cwash hands,\u201d \u201cwear gown,\u201d \u201cwear gloves,\u201d \u201cwear mask,\u201d \u201cdispose of gown,\u201d \u201cwash hands after removing protective clothing,\u201d and combinations of said simulated voice warnings. 5. A system of comprising a plurality of the devices adapted to be located at the entry of a patient room in an institution of claim 1 and a remote device in communication with each of the plurality of devices adapted to be located at the entry of a patient room in an institution, the remote device adapted to remotely select one or more simulated voice warnings to be emitted for each of the plurality of devices; wherein the remote device is configured to allow the authorized user to alternatively select one or more diseases and/or medical conditions or types of isolation from one or more menus, each selection corresponding to one or more of the pre-programmed simulated voice warnings; and wherein the identification module is programmed to communicate the identity of a visitor or staff member entering the patient room to the remote device. 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising means to remotely select one or more diseases and/or voice warnings to be emitted upon approach by a person to the room or upon exit by a person from a room. 7. (canceled) 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a (g) touch pad and programming to request a password, display a plurality of selectable medical conditions, and to indicate successful activation. 9. (canceled) 10. The system of claim 5 wherein the plurality of devices each further includes (i) one or more motion detector modules for determining when a person is entering and/or leaving a patient room. 11. (canceled) 12. A method of warning visitors and medical staff members of precautions necessary prior to entering a patient room in an institution comprising (A) providing a system according to claim 1, (B) selecting by an authorized person one or more diseases, medical conditions, or types of isolation associated with a room, (C) detecting by the system a person approaching entry, (D) emitting a voice warning, and (E) identifying the person by means of the identification module. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the identification module comprises one or more cameras and/or one or more identification badge readers. 14. The method of claim 12 further including (F) recording the date and time an identified person enters and/or leaves the room. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 12 further including (I) determining by means of the camera whether a person entering the room is wearing apparel required for persons entering the room and, if incorrect apparel is determined, emitting an audio or visual signal indicating incorrect or insufficient apparel being worn by the person, the sufficiency of the attire apparel calculated according to a programmed correspondence table. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 12 comprising detecting the attire of the visitor or staff member entering and/or leaving the patient room, the attire selected from the group consisting of gloves, head covering, mask, shoe covering, gown, jacket, scrubs, and combinations thereof. 20. The method of claim 12 further comprising detecting the identity of a person entering and, optionally, leaving a patient room in an institution by face recognition and/or by detecting identity from an identification card or device carried by the person. 21. The method of claim 12 comprising recording a photograph and/or video of a person entering and, optionally, leaving the patient room. 22. The method of claim 12 wherein the device is programmed to record video for a preselected time upon detection of a person approaching the patient room and, optionally, to record activity within the room. 23. The method of claim 12 comprising providing unique identifiers on each item of apparel provided to persons and providing electronic detection means to determine presence or absence of an item of apparel worn by a person detected as entering or leaving a patient room. 24. The method of claim 12 further comprising identifying the person at a remote device by means of the identification module. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the remote device is a nursing console.",
-    "Dual-side reinforcement (DSR) materials and methods for semiconductor fabrication. The DSR materials exhibit the properties of conventional underfill materials with enhanced stability at room temperature. 1. A method of applying dual-side reinforcement (DSR) material on a device during an assembly process, the method comprising: printing solder paste material on a printed circuit board substrate; picking a ball grid array device with a pick-and-place apparatus; dipping the device into a printed flux package on package (PoP) machine; and placing the device onto a pad of solder paste on the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying heat to the substrate to reflow the device to attach the device to the substrate. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, after applying heat to the substrate to reflow the device, filling a gap between the device and the substrate with curable DSR material. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising analyzing the curable DSR material under the device by a scanning electron microscope. 5. The method of claim 1, characterized by a dipping time of about 0.1 sec to about 5 sec. 6. The method of claim 1, characterized by a dipping height of about 50% to about 90%. 7. A dual-side reinforcement material exhibiting the properties of underfill materials and enhanced stability at room temperature, the material comprising a mixture of resins, a hardener, a catalyst, and at least one other additive, which are stable at room temperature. 8. The dual-side reinforcement material of claim 7, wherein the material achieves the mechanical properties of conventional underfill materials. 9. The dual-side reinforcement material of claim 7, wherein the material achieves drop shock properties of conventional underfill materials. 10. The dual-side reinforcement material of claim 7, wherein the mixture of resin comprises functional epoxy resins present at about 5 to about 10 weight percent, and a high molecular weight, bifuntional solid epoxy resin present at about 15 to about 30 weight percent. 11. The dual-side reinforcement material of claim 10, wherein the hardener is present at about 1 to about 5 weight percent. 12. The dual-side reinforcement material of claim 7, having a viscosity of about 100 to 500 Pa\u00b7S.",
-    "Trenches (and processes for forming the trenches) are provided that reduce or prevent crystaline defects in selective epitaxial growth of type III-V or Germanium (Ge) material (e.g., a \u201cbuffer\u201d material) from a top surface of a substrate material. The defects may result from collision of selective epitaxial sidewall growth with oxide trench sidewalls. Such trenches include (I) a trench having sloped sidewalls at an angle of between 40 degrees and 70 degrees (e.g., such as 55 degrees) with respect to a substrate surface; and/or (2) a combined trench having an upper trench over and surrounding the opening of a lower trench (e.g., the lower trench may have the sloped sidewalls, short vertical walls, or tall vertical walls). These trenches reduce or prevent defects in the epitaxial sidewall growth where the growth touches or grows against vertical sidewalls of a trench it is grown in. 1. A combined trench for growing a selective epitaxial buffer material, the combined trench comprising: a first and a second shallow trench isolation (STI) region on a substrate surface, the first and second STI regions having first and second STI inner sidewalls defining first and second lower trench sidewalls of a lower trench, the lower trench having a bottom surface that is the substrate surface, the lower trench having a lower trench upper opening; and a third and a fourth STI region on the first and second STI regions, the third and fourth STI regions having third and fourth STI inner sidewalls defining third and fourth upper trench sidewalls of an upper trench, the upper trench exposing the lower trench upper opening and the substrate surface; the upper trench having an upper trench lower surface above and completely surrounding the lower trench upper opening. 2. The combined trench of claim 1, wherein the upper trench has a height at least 1.5 times a width and at least 1.5 times a length of the upper trench; and wherein the third and fourth STI inner sidewalls are perpendicular to the substrate surface. 3. The combined trench of claim 1, further comprising: a layer of crystal epitaxial material in the lower trench and in the upper trench, the crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the substrate surface but is not grown from STI top surfaces of the lower trench. 4. The combined trench of claim 3, wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material is a layer of buffer material and further comprising: a device layer of device crystal epitaxial material on a top surface of the buffer material, the device crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the top surface of the buffer material. 5. The combined trench of claim 3, wherein the epitaxial material has (111) crystal index sidewalls touching the first and second STI inner sidewalls; and wherein the epitaxial material has (110) crystal index vertical sidewalls touching the third and fourth STI inner sidewalls. 6. The combined trench of claim 1, wherein the first and second STI inner sidewalls form an inward angle of 55 degrees with respect to the substrate surface. 7. The combined trench of claim 1, wherein the first and second STI inner sidewalls are perpendicular to the substrate surface. 8. A trench for growing a selective epitaxial buffer material, the trench comprising: a first and a second shallow trench isolation (STI) region on a substrate surface, the first and second STI regions having a first and second STI inner sidewalls defining a first and second lower trench sidewalls of a trench having a bottom surface that is the substrate surface; the first and second lower trench sidewalls forming an inward angle of 55 degrees with respect to the substrate surface; and a layer of crystal epitaxial material in the trench, the crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the substrate surface. 9. The trench of claim 8, wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material has (111) crystal index material sidewalls touching the first and second STI inner sidewalls. 10. The trench of claim 9, wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material is a layer of buffer material and further comprising: a layer of device crystal epitaxial material on a top surface of the buffer material, the device crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the top surface of the buffer material. 11. A method to form a trench for growing a selective epitaxial buffer material, the method comprising: forming first and second shallow trench isolation (STI) regions on a substrate surface, the first and second STI regions having first and second STI inner sidewalls defining first and second lower trench sidewalls of a trench having a bottom surface that is the substrate surface; the first and second lower trench sidewalls forming an inward angle of 55 degrees with respect to the substrate surface; and selectively epitaxially growing a layer of crystal epitaxial material from the substrate surface and in the trench. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material has (111) crystal index material sidewalls touching the first and second STI inner sidewalls. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material is a layer of buffer material and further comprising: selectively epitaxially growing a device layer of device crystal epitaxial material from a top surface of the buffer material. 14. A method to form a combined trench for growing a selective epitaxial buffer material, the method comprising: forming first and second shallow trench isolation (STI) regions on a substrate surface, the first and second STI regions having first and second STI inner sidewalls defining first and second lower trench sidewalls of a lower trench, the lower trench having a bottom surface that is the substrate surface, the lower trench having a lower trench upper opening; and forming third and fourth STI regions on the first and second STI regions, the third and fourth STI regions having third and fourth STI inner sidewalls defining third and fourth upper trench sidewalls of an upper trench, the upper trench exposing the lower trench upper opening and the substrate surface; the upper trench having an upper trench lower surface above and completely surrounding the lower trench upper opening. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the upper trench has a height at least 1.5 times a width and at least 1.5 times a length of the upper trench; and wherein the third and fourth STI inner sidewalls are perpendicular to the substrate surface. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: selectively epitaxially growing a layer of crystal epitaxial material from the substrate surface, into the lower trench and into the upper trench; and wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material is not grown from STI top surfaces of the lower trench. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the layer of crystal epitaxial material is a layer of buffer material and further comprising: a layer of device crystal epitaxial material on a top surface of the buffer material, the device crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the top surface of the buffer material. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the epitaxial material has (111) crystal index sidewalls touching the first and second STI inner sidewalls; and wherein the epitaxial material has (110) crystal index vertical sidewalls touching the third and fourth STI inner sidewalls. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second STI inner sidewalls form an inward angle of 55 degrees with respect to the substrate surface. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second STI inner sidewalls are perpendicular to the substrate surface. 21. A system for computing comprising: microprocessor coupled to a memory, the microprocessor having at least one combined trench having: a first and a second shallow trench isolation (STI) region on a substrate surface, the first and second STI regions having first and second STI inner sidewalls defining first and second lower trench sidewalls of a lower trench, the lower trench having a bottom surface that is the substrate surface, the lower trench having a lower trench upper opening; a third and a fourth STI region on the first and second STI regions, the third and fourth STI regions having third and fourth STI inner sidewalls defining third and fourth upper trench sidewalls of an upper trench, the upper trench open to the lower trench upper opening and the substrate surface; the upper trench having an upper trench lower surface above and completely surrounding the lower trench upper opening; a buffer layer of buffer crystal epitaxial material in the lower trench and in the upper trench, the buffer crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the substrate surface but not grown from STI top surfaces of the lower trench; a device layer of device crystal epitaxial material on a top surface of the buffer material, the device crystal epitaxial material selectively epitaxially grown from the top surface of the buffer material; and a plurality of devices formed in fins of the device material. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the upper trench has a height at least 1.5 times a width and at least 1.5 times a length of the upper trench; wherein the third and fourth STI inner sidewalls are perpendicular to the substrate surface; wherein the epitaxial material has (110) crystal index vertical sidewalls touching the third and fourth STI inner sidewalls; and wherein one of (a) the epitaxial material has (111) crystal index sidewalls touching the first and second STI inner sidewalls, and (b) the first and second STI inner sidewalls form an inward angle of 55 degrees with respect to the substrate surface. 23. (canceled)",
-    "There is provided a solid-state imaging device that includes: colored pixels each including a first photoelectric conversion element and a colored filler; white pixels each including a second photoelectric conversion element and a clear layer; and an interlayer insulating film provided between the first photoelectric conversion element and the colored filter, and between the second photoelectric conversion element and the clear layer. The colored filter is provided on light-entering side of the first photoelectric conversion element. The clear layer is provided on light-entering side of the second photoelectric conversion element. The clear layer has a higher refractive index than a refractive index of the colored filter, and includes an inorganic dielectric film made of a different material from a material of the interlayer insulating film. 1. A solid-state imaging device, comprising: colored pixels each including a first photoelectric conversion element and a colored filter; white pixels each including a second photoelectric conversion element and a clear layer; and an interlayer insulating film provided between the first photoelectric conversion element and the colored filter and between the second photoelectric conversion element and the clear layer, wherein the colored filter is provided on light-entering side of the first photoelectric conversion element, and the clear layer is provided on light-entering side of the second photoelectric conversion element, has a higher refractive index than a refractive index of the colored filter, and includes an inorganic dielectric film made of a different material from a material of the interlayer insulating film. 2. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the clear layer is equal to or larger than a thickness of the colored filter. 3. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the interlayer insulating film is made of a silicon oxide film, and the clear layer is made of at least one of a silicon nitride film and a silicon oxynitride film. 4. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, further comprising a light-shielding wall that is provided on light-entering side of the interlayer insulating film, along a boundary between the colored pixels and the white pixels. 5. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 4, wherein a height of the light-shielding wall is smaller than a thickness of the colored filter and a thickness of the clear layer. 6. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 4, wherein the light-shielding wall is made of at least one of tungsten, titanium, aluminum, and copper. 7. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the colored pixels include red pixels and blue pixels, the white pixels are arranged in a checkered pattern, and two of the white pixels, one of the red pixels, and one of the blue pixels form a two-row, two-column unit array. 8. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the colored pixels include red pixels, blue pixels, and green pixels, and one of the white pixels, one of the red pixels, one of the blue pixels, and one of the green pixels form a two-row, two-column unit array. 9. An electronic apparatus provided with a solid-state imaging device, the solid-state imaging device comprising: colored pixels each including a first photoelectric conversion element and a colored filter; white pixels each including a second photoelectric conversion element and a clear layer; and an interlayer insulating film provided between the first photoelectric conversion element and the colored filter, and between the second photoelectric conversion element and the clear layer, wherein the colored filter is provided on light-entering side of the first photoelectric conversion element, and the clear layer is provided on light-entering side of the second photoelectric conversion element, has a higher refractive index than a refractive index of the colored filter, and includes an inorganic dielectric film made of a different material from a material of the interlayer insulating film.",
-    "The present invention provides a method of transmitting broadcast signals. The method includes, encoding Data Pipe, DP, data according to a code rate, wherein the encoding further includes Low-Density Parity-Check, LDPC, encoding the DP data, Bit interleaving the LDPC encoded DP data, and mapping the bit interleaved DP data onto constellations; building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded DP data; and modulating data in the built signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method and transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 1. An apparatus of transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including: an encoder to encode Data Pipe, DP, data according to a code rate; Multi-Input Multi-Output, MIMO, encoder to MIMO encode the encoded DP data; a frame builder to build at least one signal frame by mapping the MIMO encoded DP data; a modulator to modulate data in the built signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method; and a transmitter to transmit the broadcast signals having the modulated data. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further including: a constellation mapper to constellation map the encoded DP data into at least one symbol, wherein the MIMO encoding is performed after the constellation mapping. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder encodes the DP data according to the code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein a length of the codeword is 64800 bits and the code rate is 10/15. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: 316 1271 3692 9495 12147 12849 14928 16671 16938 17864 19108 20502 21097 21115 2341 2559 2643 2816 2865 5137 5331 7000 7523 8023 10439 10797 13208 15041 5556 6858 7677 10162 10207 11349 12321 12398 14787 15743 15859 15952 19313 20879 349 573 910 2702 3654 6214 9246 9353 10638 11772 14447 14953 16620 19888 204 1390 2887 3835 6230 6533 7443 7876 9299 10291 10896 13960 18287 20086 541 2429 2838 7144 8523 8637 10490 10585 11074 12074 15762 16812 17900 18548 733 1659 3838 5323 5805 7882 9429 10682 13697 16909 18846 19587 19592 20904 1134 2136 4631 4653 4718 5197 10410 11666 14996 15305 16048 17417 18960 20303 734 1001 1283 4959 10016 10176 10973 11578 12051 15550 15915 19022 19430 20121 745 4057 5855 9885 10594 10989 13156 13219 13351 13631 13685 14577 17713 20386 968 1446 2130 2502 3092 3787 5323 8104 8418 9998 11681 13972 17747 17929 3020 3857 5275 5786 6319 8608 11943 14062 17144 17752 18001 18453 19311 21414 709 747 1038 2181 5320 8292 10584 10859 13964 15009 15277 16953 20675 21509 1663 3247 5003 5760 7186 7360 10346 14211 14717 14792 15155 16128 17355 17970 516 578 1914 6147 9419 11148 11434 13289 13325 13332 19106 19257 20962 20759 5009 5632 6531 9430 9886 10621 11765 13969 16178 16413 18110 18249 20616 20759 457 2686 3318 4608 5620 5858 6480 7430 9602 12691 14664 18777 20152 20848 33 2877 5334 6851 7907 8654 10688 15401 16123 17942 17969 18747 18931 20224 87 897 7636 8663 11425 12288 12672 14199 16435 17615 17950 18953 19667 20281 1042 1832 2545 2719 2947 3672 3700 6249 6398 6833 11114 14283 17694 20477 326 488 2662 2880 3009 5357 6587 8882 11604 14374 18781 19051 19057 20508 854 1294 2436 2852 4903 6466 7761 9072 9564 10321 13638 15658 16946 19119 194 899 1711 2408 2786 5391 7108 8079 8716 11453 17303 19484 20989 21389 1631 3121 3994 5005 7810 8850 10315 10589 13407 17162 18624 18758 19311 20301 736 2424 4792 5600 6370 10061 16053 16775 18600 1254 8163 8876 9157 12141 14587 16545 17175 18191 388 6641 8974 10607 10716 14477 16825 17191 18400 5578 6082 6824 7360 7745 8655 11402 11665 12428 3603 8729 13463 14698 15210 19112 19550 20727 21052 48 1732 3805 5158 15442 16909 19854 21071 21579 11707 14014 21531 1542 4133 4925 10083 13505 21198 14300 15765 16752 778 1237 11215 1325 3199 14534 2007 14510 20599 1996 5881 16429 5111 15018 15980 4989 10681 12810 3763 10715 16515 2259 10080 15642 9032 11319 21305 3915 15213 20884 11150 15022 20201 1147 6749 19625 12139 12939 18870 3840 4634 10244 1018 10231 17720 2708 13056 13393 5781 11588 18888 1345 2036 5252 5908 8143 15141 1804 13693 18640 10433 13965 16950 9568 10122 15945 547 6722 14015 321 12844 14095 2632 10513 14936 6369 11995 20321 9920 19136 21529 1990 2726 10183 5763 12118 15467 503 10006 19564 9839 11942 19472 11205 13552 15389 8841 13797 19697 124 6053 18224 6477 14406 21146 1224 8027 16011 3046 4422 17717 739 12308 17760 4014 4130 7835 2266 5652 11981 2711 7970 18317 2196 15229 17217 8636 13302 16764 5612 15010 16657 615 1249 4639 3821 12073 18506 1066 16522 21536 11307 18363 19740 3240 8560 10391 3124 11424 20779 1604 8861 17394 2083 7400 8093 3218 7454 9155 9855 15998 20533 316 2850 20652 5583 9768 10333 7147 7713 18339 12607 17428 21418 14216 16954 18164 8477 15970 18488 1632 8032 9751 4573 9080 13507 11747 12441 13876 1183 15605 16675 4408 10264 17109 5495 7882 12150 1010 3763 5065 9828 18054 21599 6342 7353 15358 6362 9462 19999 7184 13693 17622 4343 4654 10995 7099 8466 18520 11505 14395 15138 6779 16691 18726 7146 12644 20196 5865 16728 19634 4657 8714 21246 4580 5279 18750 3767 6620 18905 9209 13093 17575 12486 15875 19791 8046 14636 17491 2120 4643 13206 6186 9675 12601 784 5770 21585 wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated. 6. An apparatus of receiving broadcast signals, the apparatus including: a receiver to receive broadcast signals having modulated data in signal frames; a de-modulator to de-modulate the modulated data by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, method; a parser to parse at least one signal frame by de-mapping Data Pipe, DP, data; a Multi-Input Multi-Output, MIMO, decoder to MIMO decode the DP data; and a decoder to decode the DP data according to a code rate. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, further including: a constellation demapper to constellation demap the MIMO decoded DP data, wherein the MIMO decoding is performed before the constellation mapping. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the decoding decodes the DP data according to the code rate and a codeword, wherein the codeword have information bits and parity bits, wherein the parity bits are calculated using the information bits based on addresses of a parity check matrix. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a length of the codeword is 64800 bits and the code rate is 10/15. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the addresses of the parity check matrix are expressed as: 316 1271 3692 9495 12147 12849 14928 16671 16938 17864 19108 20502 21097 21115 2341 2559 2643 2816 2865 5137 5331 7000 7523 8023 10439 10797 13208 15041 5556 6858 7677 10162 10207 11349 12321 12398 14787 15743 15859 15952 19313 20879 349 573 910 2702 3654 6214 9246 9353 10638 11772 14447 14953 16620 19888 204 1390 2887 3835 6230 6533 7443 7876 9299 10291 10896 13960 18287 20086 541 2429 2838 7144 8523 8637 10490 10585 11074 12074 15762 16812 17900 18548 733 1659 3838 5323 5805 7882 9429 10682 13697 16909 18846 19587 19592 20904 1134 2136 4631 4653 4718 5197 10410 11666 14996 15305 16048 17417 18960 20303 734 1001 1283 4959 10016 10176 10973 11578 12051 15550 15915 19022 19430 20121 745 4057 5855 9885 10594 10989 13156 13219 13351 13631 13685 14577 17713 20386 968 1446 2130 2502 3092 3787 5323 8104 8418 9998 11681 13972 17747 17929 3020 3857 5275 5786 6319 8608 11943 14062 17144 17752 18001 18453 19311 21414 709 747 1038 2181 5320 8292 10584 10859 13964 15009 15277 16953 20675 21509 1663 3247 5003 5760 7186 7360 10346 14211 14717 14792 15155 16128 17355 17970 516 578 1914 6147 9419 11148 11434 13289 13325 13332 19106 19257 20962 21556 5009 5632 6531 9430 9886 10621 11765 13969 16178 16413 18110 18249 20616 20759 457 2686 3318 4608 5620 5858 6480 7430 9602 12691 14664 18777 20152 20848 33 2877 5334 6851 7907 8654 10688 15401 16123 17942 17969 18747 18931 20224 87 897 7636 8663 11425 12288 12672 14199 16435 17615 17950 18953 19667 20281 1042 1832 2545 2719 2947 3672 3700 6249 6398 6833 11114 14283 17694 20477 326 488 2662 2880 3009 5357 6587 8882 11604 14374 18781 19051 19057 20508 854 1294 2436 2852 4903 6466 7761 9072 9564 10321 13638 15658 16946 19119 194 899 1711 2408 2786 5391 7108 8079 8716 11453 17303 19484 20989 21389 1631 3121 3994 5005 7810 8850 10315 10589 13407 17162 18624 18758 19311 20301 736 2424 4792 5600 6370 10061 16053 16775 18600 1254 8163 8876 9157 12141 14587 16545 17175 18191 388 6641 8974 10607 10716 14477 16825 17191 18400 5578 6082 6824 7360 7745 8655 11402 11665 12428 3603 8729 13463 14698 15210 19112 19550 20727 21052 48 1732 3805 5158 15442 16909 19854 21071 21579 11707 14014 21531 1542 4133 4925 10083 13505 21198 14300 15765 16752 778 1237 11215 1325 3199 14534 2007 14510 20599 1996 5881 16429 5111 15018 15980 4989 10681 12810 3763 10715 16515 2259 10080 15642 9032 11319 21305 3915 15213 20884 11150 15022 20201 1147 6749 19625 12139 12939 18870 3840 4634 10244 1018 10231 17720 2708 13056 13393 5781 11588 18888 1345 2036 5252 5908 8143 15141 1804 13693 18640 10433 13965 16950 9568 10122 15945 547 6722 14015 321 12844 14095 2632 10513 14936 6369 11995 20321 9920 19136 21529 1990 2726 10183 5763 12118 15467 503 10006 19564 9839 11942 19472 11205 13552 15389 8841 13797 19697 124 6053 18224 6477 14406 21146 1224 8027 16011 3046 4422 17717 739 12308 17760 4014 4130 7835 2266 5652 11981 2711 7970 18317 2196 15229 17217 8636 13302 16764 5612 15010 16657 615 1249 4639 3821 12073 18506 1066 16522 21536 11307 18363 19740 3240 8560 10391 3124 11424 20779 1604 8861 17394 2083 7400 8093 3218 7454 9155 9855 15998 20533 316 2850 20652 5583 9768 10333 7147 7713 18339 12607 17428 21418 14216 16954 18164 8477 15970 18488 1632 8032 9751 4573 9080 13507 11747 12441 13876 1183 15605 16675 4408 10264 17109 5495 7882 12150 1010 3763 5065 9828 18054 21599 6342 7353 15358 6362 9462 19999 7184 13693 17622 4343 4654 10995 7099 8466 18520 11505 14395 15138 6779 16691 18726 7146 12644 20196 5865 16728 19634 4657 8714 21246 4580 5279 18750 3767 6620 18905 9209 13093 17575 12486 15875 19791 8046 14636 17491 2120 4643 13206 6186 9675 12601 784 5770 21585 wherein each row represents each group of 360 information bits, wherein each value corresponding to the each row represents the addresses of the parity bits to be calculated.",
-    "Methods of treating subjects having diseases, disorders, or conditions, including disorders associated with cholesterol homeostasis, responsive to IL-10, including methods of administration and dosing regimens associated therewith, are provided, More particularly, the present disclosure relates to optimized dosing parameters to achieve and maintain efficacy in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases, disorders and conditions in a subject, while minimizing the adverse effects associated therewith. Particular embodiments are directed to the treatment and/or prevention of abnormally high levels of cholesterol and/or manifestation(s) of hypercholesterolemia in as subject. 1. A method of treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-10 agent, wherein the amount is sufficient to achieve a mean IL-10 serum trough concentration from 1 pg/mL to 10.0 ng/mL; and wherein the disease disorder or condition is a) cardiovascular disorder, b) a thrombotic disorder, or c) an inflammatory disorder. 2. A method of treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-10 agent, wherein the amount is sufficient to maintain a mean IL-10 serum trough concentration over a period of time; wherein the disease disorder or condition is a) cardiovascular disorder, b) a thrombotic disorder, or c) an inflammatory disorder; wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is from 1.0 pg/mL to 10.0 ng/mL; and wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is maintained for at least 95% of the period of time. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is in the range of from 1.0 pg/mL to 100 pg/mL. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is in the range of from 0.1 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is in the range of from 1.0 ng/mL to 10 ng/mL. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is in the range of from 0.5 ng/mL to 5.0 ng/mL. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is in the range of from 0.75 ng/mL to 1.25 ng/mL. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is in the range of from 0.9 ng/mL to 1.1 ng/mL. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the period of time is at least 12 hours. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the period of time is at least 24 hours. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the period of time is at least 48 hours. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the period of time is at least 72 hours. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the period of time is at least 1 week. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the period of time is at least 2 weeks. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the period of time is at least 1 month. 16. The method of any one of claims 2-15, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is maintained for at least 97% of the period of time. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is maintained for at least 99% of the period of time. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the mean IL-10 serum trough concentration is maintained for 100% of the period of time. 19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the IL-10 agent is mature human IL-10. 20. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the IL-10 agent is a variant of mature human IL-10, and wherein the variant exhibits activity comparable to the activity of mature human IL-10. 21. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is a thrombotic disorder. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the thrombotic disorder causes stroke or myocardial infarction. 23. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is an inflammatory disorder. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the inflammatory disorder is a vasculitis. 25. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is a cardiovascular disorder. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the cardiovascular disorder is atherosclerosis. 27. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the subject has hypercholesterolemia or a lipidemia. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the cardiovascular disorder is a cardiomyopathy. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the cardiovascular disorder is a hypertensive disorder. 30. The method of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the IL-10 agent comprises at least one modification to form a modified IL-10 agent, wherein the modification does not alter the amino acid sequence of the IL-10 agent. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the modified IL-10 agent is a PEG-IL-10 agent. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the PEG-IL-10 agent comprises at least one PEG molecule covalently attached to at least one amino acid residue of at least one subunit of IL-10. 33. The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the PEG-IL-10 agent comprises a mixture of mono-pegylated and di-pegylated IL-10. 34. The method of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the PEG component of the PEG-IL-10 agent has a molecular mass from about 5 kDa to about 20 kDa. 35. The method of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the PEG component of the PEG-IL-10 agent has a molecular mass greater than about 20 kDa. 36. The method of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the PEG component of the PEG-IL-10 agent has a molecular mass of at least about 30 kD. 37. The method of claim 30, wherein the modified IL-10 agent is an Fc fusion molecule. 38. The method of claim 30, wherein the modified IL-10 agent comprises a serum albumin or an albumin binding domain (ABD). 39. The method of claim 30, wherein the modified IL-10 agent is glycosylated or hesylated. 40. The method of any one of claims 30-39, wherein the modification is site-specific. 41. The method of any one of claims 30-36 and 38-40, wherein the modification comprises a linker. 42. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least twice daily. 43. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least once daily. 44. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least once every 48 hours. 45. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least once every 72 hours. 46. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least once weekly. 47. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least every 2 weeks. 48. The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the IL-10 agent is administered to the subject at least once monthly. 49. The method of any one of claims 1-48, further comprising administering at least one additional prophylactic or therapeutic agent in combination with the IL-10 agent. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a cholesterol homeostasis agent. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the cholesterol homeostasis agent comprises a statin, a bile acid resin, ezetimibe, a fibric acid, a niacin, or a PCSK9 inhibitor. 52. The method of claim 49, wherein the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent or an anti-obesity agent. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is an immune agent or an anti-inflammatory agent. 54. The method of any one of claims 1-53, wherein the subject is a human. 55. The method of any one of claims 1-54, wherein the administering is by parenteral injection. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the parenteral injection is subcutaneous. 57. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of an IL-10 agent of any one of claims 1-56, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient. 58. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 57, wherein the excipient is an isotonic injection solution. 59. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 57, wherein the composition is suitable for human administration. 60. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 57-59, further comprising at least one additional prophylactic or therapeutic agent. 61. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 60, wherein the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is a cholesterol homeostasis agent. 62. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 61, wherein the cholesterol homeostasis agent comprises a statin, a bile acid resin, ezetimibe, a fibric acid, a niacin, or a PCSK9 inhibitor. 63. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 60, wherein the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent or an anti-obesity agent. 64. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 60, wherein the prophylactic or therapeutic agent is an immune agent or an anti-inflammatory agent. 65. A sterile container comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 57-64. 66. The sterile container of claim 65, wherein the sterile container is a syringe. 67. A kit comprising the sterile container of claim 66. 68. The kit of claim 67, further comprising a second sterile container comprising at least one additional prophylactic or therapeutic agent.",
-    "An IGBT device and a method for packaging a whole-wafer IGBT chip. The IGBT device comprises: an entire wafer IGBT chip, the upper surface thereof comprising a central gate connection zone and a plurality of emitter connection zones surrounding the central gate connection zone, and the lower surface thereof comprising a collecting zone, wherein the emitter connection zones located on the surface of a failure cellular zone of the chip are thinned; a collector washer which is fixed on the lower surface of the chip, and an emitter washer which is fixed on the upper surface of the chip; a collector electrode which is electrically contacted with the collector washer, and an emitter electrode which is electrically contacted with the emitter washer; and a gate leading wire which is connected to the central gate connection zone. 1. An IGBT device, comprising: a whole-wafer IGBT chip, wherein an top surface of the whole-wafer IGBT chip comprises a central gate connection zone and a plurality of emitter connection zones surrounding the central gate connection zone, and a bottom surface of the whole-wafer IGBT chip comprises a collecting zone, wherein an emitter connection zone located on a surface of a failure cellular zone of the chip is thinned; a collector gasket fixed on the bottom surface of the chip and an emitter gasket fixed on the top surface of the chip, wherein a radius of the collector gasket is less than a radius of the chip, the collector gasket covers the collecting zone, a radius of the emitter gasket is less than the radius or the chip, and the emitter gasket covers the emitter connection zones but does not cover a terminal zone of the chip; a collector electrode in electrical contact with the collector gasket and an emitter electrode in electrical contact with the emitter gasket; and a gate leading wire connected to the central gate connection zone, wherein the gate leading wire is insulated from the emitter gasket and the emitter electrode. 2. The IGBT device according to claim 1, further comprising: a limit collar, configured to fix and limit the collector gasket and the emitter gasket, fix the collector gasket on the bottom surface of the chip and fix the emitter gasket on the top surface of the chip. 3. The IGBT device according to claim 2, wherein the locating collar comprises: an outer ring, wherein a diameter of a lower opening of the outer ring is the same as a diameter of the collector gasket, and an upper opening of the outer ring comprises a first circular groove and a second circular groove, wherein a diameter of the first circular groove is equal to a diameter of the chip, and a diameter of the second circular groove is greater than the diameter of the chip; and an inner ring, wherein an outside diameter of the inner ring is equal to the diameter of the second groove, and an inside diameter of the inner ring is equal to a diameter of the emitter gasket. 4. The IGBT device according to claim 3, wherein the collector electrode comprises a loading platform carrying the collector gasket, the loading platform is in a shape of cylinder, a diameter of the cylinder is the same as a diameter of the collector gasket, and both the loading platform and the collector gasket are fixed in the lower opening of the outer ring. 5. The IGBT device according to claim 2, wherein the locating collar comprises: an outer ring, wherein an upper opening at the outer ring comprises a circular groove having a same diameter as a diameter of the chip, a diameter of a lower opening of the outer ring is the same as a diameter of the collector gasket; and an inner ring, wherein an outside diameter of the inner ring is the same as the diameter of the chip, and an inner diameter of the inner ring is the same as a diameter of the emitter gasket. 6. The IGBT device according to claim 2, wherein the locating collar is a collar in an integrated structure surrounding a side face of the chip, an upper opening of the collar is matched with the emitter gasket, and a lower opening of the collar is matched with the collector gasket. 7. The IGBT device according to claim 1, wherein a via hole is provided at a central position of the emitter gasket, a groove is provided on a bottom surface of the emitter electrode, the gate leading wire is connected to the central gate connection zone through the via hole and is extended outside through the groove. 8. The IGBT device according to claim 7, wherein the gate leading wire is connected to the central gate connection zone through soldering; or the gate leading wire is fixed through a spring provided in the via hole, and is connected to the central gate connection zone under pressure of the spring. 9. A method for packaging a whole-wafer IGBT chip, wherein a top surface of the chip comprises a central gate connection zone and a plurality of emitter connection zones surrounding the central gate connection zone, and a bottom surface of the chip comprises a collecting zone, and wherein the method for packaging the whole-wafer IGBT chip comprises: thinning an emitter connection zone of a failure cellular zone of the chip; fixing a collector gasket and an emitter gasket, wherein the collector gasket is fixed on the bottom surface of the chip, a radius of the collector gasket is less than a radius of the chip, the collector gasket covers the collecting zone, the emitter gasket is fixed on the top surface of the chip, a radius of the emitter gasket is less than the radius of the chip, and the emitter gasket covers the emitter connection zones but does not cover a terminal zone of the chip; connecting a collector electrode and connecting an emitter electrode respectively, wherein the collector electrode is in electrical contact with the collector gasket, and the emitter electrode is in electrical contact with the emitter gasket; and connecting a gate leading wire, wherein the gate leading wire is connected to the central gate, and is insulated from the emitter gasket and the emitter electrode. 10. The method for packaging the whole-water IGBT chip according to claim 9, wherein the collector gasket and the emitter gasket are fixed and limited through a locating collar, the collector gasket is fixed on the bottom surface of the chip, and the emitter gasket is fixed on the top surface of the chip. 11. The method packaging for the whole-wafer IGBT chip according to claim 10, wherein the collector gasket and the emitter gasket are fixed and limited through a package collar in the following steps: fixing the collector gasket on the bottom surface of the chip through an outer ring, wherein an upper opening of the outer ring comprises a first circular groove and a second circular groove, wherein a diameter of the first circular groove is equal to a diameter of the chip, the chip is fixed in the first circular groove, a diameter of the second circular groove is greater than the diameter of the chip, a diameter of a lower opening of the outer ring is the same as a diameter of the collector gasket, the collector gasket is fixed inside the lower opening and is contacted with the bottom surface of the chip; and fixing the emitter gasket on the top surface of the chip through an inner ring, wherein an outside diameter of the inner ring is equal to the diameter of the second groove, the inner ring is fixed in the second groove, an inside diameter of the inner ring is equal to a diameter of the emitter gasket, and the emitter gasket is fixed inside the inner ring and is in contact with the top surface of the chip. 12. The method for packaging the whole-wafer IGBT chip according to claim 11, wherein a loading platform is provided on the collector electrode, the loading platform is in a shape of cylinder, a diameter of the cylinder is the same as the diameter of the collector gasket, to carry the collector gasket, and both the loading platform and the collector gasket are fixed inside the lower opening of the outer ring. 13. The method for packaging the whole-wafer IGBT chip according to claim 10, wherein the collector gasket and the emitter gasket are fixed and limited through the locating collar in the following steps: fixing the collector gasket on the bottom surface of the chip through an outer ring, wherein an upper opening of the outer ring comprises a fixed groove having a same diameter as a diameter of the chip, the chip is fixed in the fixed groove, a diameter of a lower opening of the outer ring is the same as a diameter of the collector gasket, the collector gasket is fixed inside the lower opening and is in contact with the bottom surface of the chip; and fixing the emitter gasket on the top surface of the chip through an inner ring, wherein an outside diameter of the inner ring is equal to a diameter of the groove, the inner ring is provided in the fixed groove where the chip is fixed, an inside diameter of the inner ring is equal to a diameter of the emitter gasket, the emitter gasket is fixed inside the inner ring and is in contact with the top surface of the chip. 14. The method for packaging the whole-wafer IGBT chip according to claim 10, wherein the collector gasket and the emitter gasket are fixed and limited through the locating collar in the following steps: forming a collar in an integrated structure surrounding a side face of the chip on the side face of the chip, wherein an upper opening, of the collar is matched with the emitter gasket, and a lower opening of the collar is matched with the collector gasket; fixing the collector gasket onto the bottom surface of the chip through the lower opening; and fixing the emitter gasket onto the top surface of the chip through the upper opening. 15. The method for packaging the whole-wafer IGBT chip according to claim 9, wherein the emitter connection zone of the failure cellular zone of the chip is thinned through laser etching or mechanical grinding.",
-    "An airbag device for installing in a bonnet of a vehicle to manage energy transferred during an impact with a pedestrian. In one aspect, the airbag device comprises a housing containing an airbag and a deployable cover panel, wherein the cover panel includes an outer member coupled to a carrier member, wherein the carrier member is coupled to the airbag housing and configured to separate from the airbag housing upon inflation of the airbag. In another aspect, the airbag device comprises an airbag housing and a cover panel, the cover panel being separable from and tethered to the housing so as to limit displacement of the cover from the housing. 1. An airbag device for installing in a bonnet of a vehicle, the airbag device comprising a housing containing an airbag and a deployable cover panel, and wherein the cover panel includes an outer member coupled to a carrier member, wherein the carrier member is coupled to the airbag housing and configured to separate from the airbag housing upon inflation of the airbag. 2. The airbag device of claim 1, wherein the outer member is adhesively bonded to the carrier member. 3. The airbag device of claim 2, wherein the outer member is adhesively bonded to the carrier member about its perimeter. 4. The airbag device of claim 3, wherein the outer member is adhesively bonded to the carrier member about its perimeter by a substantially continuous bead of bonding compound. 5-6. (canceled) 7. The airbag device of claim 1, wherein the carrier member includes a strengthening member attached thereto. 8. The airbag device of claim 7, wherein the strengthening member is metal. 9-15. (canceled) 16. The airbag device of claim 1, wherein the cover panel is coupled to the housing by one or more fasteners configured to break under a predetermined tension load during deployment of the airbag. 17. The airbag device of claim 16, wherein the one or more fasteners are heat stakes, the dimensions of which are selected such that the one or more heat stakes break under a predetermined tension load during deployment of the airbag. 18. An airbag device for installing in a bonnet of a vehicle, the airbag device comprising an airbag housing and a cover panel, the cover panel being separable from and tethered to the housing by one or more tethers so as to limit displacement of the cover from the housing, wherein the airbag housing contains an airbag that is deployable into a deployed condition, and wherein the airbag includes one or more channels corresponding to the one or more tethers such that when the airbag is in the deployed condition the one or more channels accommodate a respective one of the one or more tethers. 19. The airbag device of claim 18, wherein the cover panel has leading and trailing edges corresponding to leading and trailing edges of the housing, wherein the cover panel is tethered to the housing at one or more locations along the leading edge by one or more respective tethers. 20. The airbag device of claim 19, wherein the cover panel is tethered to the housing at one or more locations along the trailing edge by one or more respective tethers. 21. The airbag device of claim 20, wherein the lengths of the one or more tethers along the leading edge are less than the lengths of the one or more tethers along the trailing edge. 22. The airbag device of claim 19, wherein the cover panel is tethered at one or more locations along the leading edge of the cover panel to the housing at one or more locations along the trailing edge of the housing by one or more respective tethers. 23. The airbag device of claim 19, wherein the lengths of the one or more tethers are selected to control the position and orientation of the cover panel when in a deployed condition. 24-25. (canceled) 26. The airbag device of claim 18, wherein the cover panel includes an outer member defining a skin surface of a bonnet within which the device is installed, and a carrier member secured to the outer member. 27-34. (canceled) 35. The airbag device of claim 18, wherein the airbag includes a central airbag portion intermediate first and second outer airbag portions such that in the deployed condition the first and second outer airbag portions extend further than the central airbag portion. 36-38. (canceled) 39. A vehicle bonnet assembly having a panel defining an aperture within which is mounted an airbag device as claimed in claim 1. 40-44. (canceled) 45. A vehicle incorporating an airbag device in accordance with claim 1. 46-48. (canceled) 49. The airbag device of claim 1, wherein the carrier member comprises an upper surface including a plurality of spacer members to control the spacing between said upper surface and an underside of the outer member. 50. The airbag device of claim 1, wherein the carrier member comprises an underside including one or more locating posts for positioning the carrier member on the housing.",
-    "An overvoltage protection circuit for a first subsystem of a multivoltage vehicle electrical system, in which the first subsystem having a first vehicle electrical system voltage, a second subsystem having a second vehicle electrical system voltage, and an electric machine for supplying the second subsystem. The first system voltage is less than the second system voltage. The overvoltage protection circuit includes a first ground connection for connecting a shared ground potential of the first subsystem, the second subsystem, and the electric machine, an additional second ground connection for connecting a reference ground potential, and a control connection for controlling the electric machine. The overvoltage protection circuit checks whether a ground differential voltage between the first and second ground connections reaches a threshold value, and for reducing the second vehicle electrical system voltage when the ground differential voltage between the first and second ground connections reaches the threshold value. 1-15. (canceled) 16. An overvoltage protection circuit for a first subsystem of a multivoltage vehicle electrical system, comprising: an overvoltage protection circuit arrangement configured to check whether a ground differential voltage between a first ground connection and a second ground connection reaches a threshold value, and for reducing a second vehicle electrical system voltage when the ground differential voltage between the first ground connection and the second ground connection reaches the threshold value; wherein the vehicle electrical system includes the first subsystem having a first vehicle electrical system voltage, a second subsystem having the second vehicle electrical system voltage, and an electric machine for supplying the second subsystem, the first vehicle electrical system voltage being less than the second vehicle electrical system voltage, and includes a first ground connection for connecting a shared ground potential of the first subsystem, the second subsystem, and the electric machine, and an additional second ground connection for connecting a reference ground potential, and a control connection for controlling the electric machine. 17. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 15, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit includes a passive overvoltage protective element which is connected between the first ground connection and the second ground connection. 18. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 15, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit includes a comparator which is connected to the first ground connection and to the second ground connection on the input side. 19. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 15, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit is configured for reducing the voltage generated by the electric machine when the ground differential voltage between the first ground connection and the second ground connection reaches the threshold value. 20. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 15, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit is configured for separating a connection between the second subsystem and the electric machine when the ground differential voltage between the first ground connection and the second ground connection reaches the threshold value. 21. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 15, further comprising: a communication connection which is connectable to a communication line to output control instructions to at least one component for one or both of the first and second subsystem(s). 22. The overvoltage protection circuit of claim 21, wherein the second ground connection is an integral part of the communication connection. 23. A multivoltage vehicle electrical system, comprising: a first subsystem having a first vehicle electrical system voltage; a second subsystem having a second vehicle electrical system voltage; an electric machine for supplying the second subsystem, wherein the first vehicle electrical system voltage is less than the second vehicle electrical system voltage; and an overvoltage protection circuit configured to check whether a ground differential voltage between a first ground connection and a second ground connection reaches a threshold value, and for reducing the second vehicle electrical system voltage when the ground differential voltage between the first ground connection and the second ground connection reaches the threshold value; wherein the vehicle electrical system includes the first ground connection for connecting a shared ground potential of the first subsystem, the second subsystem, and the electric machine, and an additional second ground connection for connecting a reference ground potential, and a control connection for controlling the electric machine, and wherein the first ground connection of the overvoltage protection circuit is connected to a shared ground potential of the first subsystem, the second subsystem, and the electric machine, and the second ground connection is connected to a reference ground potential. 24. A method for protecting a first subsystem of a multivoltage vehicle electrical system from an overvoltage, the method comprising: reducing the second vehicle electrical system voltage when a ground differential voltage between a shared ground potential of the first subsystem, a second subsystem, and an electric machine and a reference ground potential reaches a threshold value; wherein the vehicle electrical system includes the first subsystem having a first vehicle electrical system voltage, the second subsystem having a second vehicle electrical system voltage, and the electric machine for supplying the second subsystem, the first vehicle electrical system voltage being less than the second vehicle electrical system voltage. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the voltage generated by the electric machine is reduced when the ground differential voltage reaches the threshold value. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein at least one of the following is performed: (i) operation of the electric machine is alternated between a motor mode and a generator mode, and (ii) a rolling, phase short circuit of the electric machine is carried out when the ground differential voltage reaches the threshold value. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein a connection between the second subsystem and the electric machine is separated when the ground differential voltage reaches the threshold value. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein electrical consumers are used in the second subsystem for reducing the voltage. 29. A computer readable medium having a computer program, which is executable by a processor, comprising: a program code arrangement having program code for protecting a first subsystem of a multivoltage vehicle electrical system from an overvoltage, by performing the following: reducing the second vehicle electrical system voltage when a ground differential voltage between a shared ground potential of the first subsystem, a second subsystem, and an electric machine and a reference ground potential reaches a threshold value; wherein the vehicle electrical system includes the first subsystem having a first vehicle electrical system voltage, the second subsystem having a second vehicle electrical system voltage, and the electric machine for supplying the second subsystem, the first vehicle electrical system voltage being less than the second vehicle electrical system voltage. 30. The computer readable medium of claim 29, wherein the overvoltage protection circuit includes a passive overvoltage protective element which is connected between the first ground connection and the second ground connection.",
-    "The present application relates to a method for preparing a carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite and a carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite prepared thereby, and has an advantage in that it is possible to improve dispersibility and supporting ratio of metal nanoparticles with respect to a carbon carrier by efficiently supporting metal nanoparticles having a uniform size of several nanometers on evenly dispersed carbon carriers. 1. A method for preparing a carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite, the method comprising: forming a solution comprising a carbon carrier in which a hydrophilic functional group is induced on a surface of a carbon carrier by mixing the carbon carrier and a surfactant in a solvent; mixing a first metal salt and a second metal salt by adding the first metal salt and the second metal salt to the solution; and forming metal nanoparticles by adding a reducing agent to the solution. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles are an alloy of a first metal and a second metal. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in the mixing, a stabilizer is further added. 4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, wherein in the forming of the solution, an ultrasonic wave is applied before or after the carbon carrier and the surfactant are mixed. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a content of the surfactant is 1 to 40 times a weight of the carbon carrier. 7. (canceled) 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon carrier is a carbon carrier which is not subjected to pre-treatment. 9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises water. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein a molar ratio of the first metal salt and the second metal salt in the solution is 1:5 to 10:1. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first metal salt is represented by the following Chemical Formula 1 and the second metal salt is represented by the following Chemical Formula 2: XAm [Chemical Formula 1] BpYCq [Chemical Formula 2] in Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, X and Y are each independently an ion of a metal selected from the group consisting of metals belonging to Groups 3 to 15 of the periodic table, metalloids, lanthanide metals, and actinide metals, A and C are each independently a ligand which is a monovalent anion, B is an ion of an element belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and m is 2 or 3, p is 0, 2, or 4, and q is 2, 4, or 6. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of 30 nm or less. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a supporting ratio of the metal nanoparticles with respect to the carbon carrier is 10 wt % to 70 wt %. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise 80% or more of particles in which a distance between two adjacent particles among metal nanoparticles supported on the carbon carrier is 10 times or less the particle diameter. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal nanoparticles have a CV value of 30% or less, and the CV value is represented by the following Equation 1: CV \ue8a0 ( % ) = Standard \ue89e \ue89e deviation \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e particles Average \ue89e \ue89e particle \ue89e \ue89e diameter \u00d7 100. [ Equation \ue89e \ue89e 1 ] 19. A carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite comprising a carbon carrier in which a hydrophilic functional group is induced on the surface thereof and metal nanoparticles comprising two metals, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of 30 nm or less, and the metal nanoparticles are supported on the carbon carrier. 20. The carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite of claim 19, wherein a supporting ratio of the metal nanoparticles with respect to the carbon carrier is 10 wt % to 70 wt %. 21. The carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite of claim 19, wherein the metal nanoparticles comprise 80% or more of particles in which a distance between two adjacent particles among metal nanoparticles supported on the carbon carrier is 10 times or less the particle diameter. 22. The carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite of claim 19, wherein the metal nanoparticles have a CV value of 30% or less, and the CV value is represented by the following Equation 1: CV \ue8a0 ( % ) = Standard \ue89e \ue89e deviation \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e particles Average \ue89e \ue89e particle \ue89e \ue89e diameter \u00d7 100. [ Equation \ue89e \ue89e 1 ] 23. The carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite of claim 19, wherein the metal nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less. 24. The carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite of claim 19, wherein a specific surface area of the carbon carrier is 90% to 100% of a specific surface area of the carbon carrier before the hydrophilic functional group is induced. 25. The carbon carrier-metal nanoparticle composite of claim 19, wherein electrical conductivity of the carbon carrier is 90% to 120% of the electrical conductivity of the carbon carrier before the hydrophilic functional group is induced.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a battery module having a plurality of unit cells that can be charged and discharged, the battery module including busbars for electrically interconnecting the unit cells, ring terminals connected to electrical connection portions of the unit cells for measuring voltages of the unit cells, and a busbar mounting member mounted at an outer surface of the battery module corresponding to the electrical connection portions of the unit cells, the busbar mounting member including ring terminal guides for preventing rotation of the ring terminals. 1. A battery module having a plurality of unit cells that can be charged and discharged, the battery module comprising: busbars for electrically interconnecting the unit cells; ring terminals connected to electrical connection portions of the unit cells for measuring voltages of the unit cells; and a busbar mounting member mounted at an outer surface of the battery module corresponding to the electrical connection portions of the unit cells, the busbar mounting member comprising ring terminal guides for preventing rotation of the ring terminals. 2. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein each of the unit cells is a single plate-shaped battery cell, or is configured to have a structure in which two or more plate-shaped battery cells are mounted in a cell cover in a state in which electrode terminals are exposed. 3. The battery module according to claim 2, wherein the plate-shaped battery cell is configured to have a structure in which an electrode assembly is mounted in a battery case made of a laminate sheet comprising a metal layer and a resin layer, and an outer edge of the battery case is sealed. 4. The battery module according to claim 2, wherein the plate-shaped battery cell is a lithium secondary battery. 5. The battery module according to claim 2, wherein the cell cover comprises a pair of sheathing members coupled to each other for covering outer surfaces of the battery cells excluding the electrode terminals. 6. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the unit cells each have electrode terminals formed at one side thereof, and are arranged such that a plurality of pairs of unit cells is vertically arranged in a height direction from a ground, in a state in which each pair of unit cells is arranged on a plane such that the electrode terminals are opposite to each other, to constitute a unit cell stack, a battery management system (BMS) is mounted at one side of the unit cell stack, and the ring terminals are electrically connected to the BMS. 7. The battery module according to claim 6, wherein each pair of unit cells that are arranged on the plane are connected in parallel to each other, and the unit cells that are arranged vertically are connected in series to each other, and the ring terminals are connected to series connection portions of the unit cells. 8. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the busbar mounting member is provided with busbar mounting recesses, each of which has a shape corresponding to that of a corresponding one of the busbars. 9. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein the busbar mounting member is configured to have a rectangular structure, and a side wall is formed along an outer edge of the busbar mounting member in a protruding state. 10. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein one end of each of the electrode terminals is bent upward or downward such that the bent end of each of the electrode terminals is connected to a corresponding one of the busbars. 11. The battery module according to claim 10, wherein coupling holes are formed at the bent ends of the electrode terminals and opposite ends of the busbars, and bolts, bolts-nuts, or clinching nuts are electrically and mechanically fastened to the coupling holes. 12. The battery module according to claim 11, wherein the ring terminals are coupled respectively between the busbars and the bolts, between the busbars and the bolts-nuts, or between the busbars and the clinching nuts. 13. The battery module according to claim 1, wherein each of the ring terminals comprises a terminal end coupled to a corresponding one of series connection portions of the unit cells and a terminal wire connected to the terminal end, and each of the ring terminal guides fixes the terminal wire at a correct position for restraining rotation of the terminal end. 14. The battery module according to claim 13, wherein each of the ring terminal guides is configured to have a protruding structure for supporting one side or opposite sides of the terminal wire. 15. The battery module according to claim 13, wherein each of the ring terminal guides is configured to have a protruding structure for supporting one side of the terminal wire that restrains rotation of the terminal end in a clockwise direction. 16. The battery module according to claim 13, wherein each of the ring terminal guides has a length equivalent to 35% to 65% a total length of the terminal end and the terminal wire of a corresponding one of the ring terminals located on the busbar mounting member. 17. The battery module according to claim 13, wherein each of the ring terminal guides has a length equivalent to 45% to 55% a total length of the terminal end and the terminal wire of a corresponding one of the ring terminals located on the busbar mounting member. 18. A battery pack comprising a battery module according to claim 1 as a unit module. 19. A device comprising a battery pack according to claim 18. 20. The device according to claim 19, wherein the device is a household power supply, a power supply for public facilities, a power supply for large-sized stores, a power supply for emergency, a power supply for computer rooms, a portable power supply, a power supply for medical facilities, a power supply for fire extinguishing facilities, a power supply for alarm facilities, a power supply for refuge facilities, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.",
-    "Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is used for heteroepitaxial film growth at reaction temperatures ranging from 80-400\u00b0 C. The substrate and film materials are preferably selected to take advantage of Domain Matched Epitaxy (DME). A laser annealing system is used to thermally anneal deposition layers after deposition by ALD. In preferred embodiments a silicon substrate is overlaid with an AIN nucleation layer and laser annealed. Thereafter a GaN device layers is applied over the AIN layer by an ALD process and then laser annealed. In a further example embodiment a transition layer is applied between the GaN device layer and the AIN nucleation layer. The transition layer comprises one or more different transition material layers each comprising a AlxGa1-x compound wherein the composition of the transition layer is continuously varied from AIN to GaN. 1. A method for forming a GaN device layer onto a silicon substrate coating surface comprising: supporting the silicon (Si) substrate inside an atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber; applying an aluminum nitride (AlN) nucleation layer onto the silicon substrate coating surface using a first ALD method; applying a transition layer over the AlN transition layer using a second ALD method; applying a GaN device layer over the transition layer using a third ALD method; wherein an ALD reaction temperature for each of the first, the second and the third ADL methods is between 80 and 800\u00b0 C. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the ALD reaction temperature for each of the first, the second and the third ADL methods is between 80 and 400\u00b0 C. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the ALD reaction temperature for each of the first, the second and the third ADL methods is the same temperature. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of applying the transition layer comprises applying a plurality of different material layers wherein each of the plurality of different material layers comprises an AlxGa1-xN compound and wherein each of the plurality of different AlxGa1-xN compounds is applied by a different ALD method. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein each of the first, the second and the third ALD methods and each of the different ALD methods used to apply the transition layer is performed at the same ALD reaction temperature. 6. The method of claim 1: wherein the step of applying the GaN device layer over the transition layer creates a material interface; wherein a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch and a crystal lattice spacing mismatch is present at the material interface; wherein at least one of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch and the crystal lattice spacing mismatch is smaller at the material interface that it would be if the GaN device layer were applied directly onto the silicon substrate coating surface. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising heating each portion of any one of the AlN nucleation layer, the transition layer and the GaN device layer to an annealing temperature above 900\u00b0 C. for less than 20 msec. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein after heating a portion of any one of the AlN nucleation layer, the transition layer and the GaN device layer to an annealing temperature above 900\u00b0 C. the portion cools to a temperature below 900\u00b0 C. and the temporal duration of the heating and cooling cycle is between 300 and 2000 \u03bcs. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of applying a transition layer comprises applying a plurality of different material layers each comprising a different AlxGa1-xN compound wherein each of the plurality of different AlxGa1-xN compounds is applied by a different ALD method, wherein the heating step includes: performing a single first heating step to thermally anneal an entire thickness of the AlN nucleation layer; performing a plurality of second heating steps, one to thermally anneal an entire thickness of each one of the plurality of different material layers of the transition layer; performing a third heating step to thermally anneal an entire thickness of the GaN device layer. 10. The method of any one of claim 8: wherein the step of applying a transition layer comprises applying a plurality of different material layers each comprising a different AlxGa1-xN compound wherein each of the plurality of different AlxGa1-xN compounds is applied by a different ALD method; wherein each of the first ALD method, the plurality of different ALD methods, and the third ALD method comprises performing a plurality of sequential self-limiting atomic layer deposition cycles with each self-limiting atomic layer deposition cycle depositing a single monolayer of material onto the coating surface over previously applied monolayers; wherein a heating step is performed after the completion of each self-limiting atomic layer deposition cycle. 11. The method of claim 8: wherein the step of applying the transition layer comprises applying a plurality of different material layers with each of the plurality of different material layers comprises an AlxGa1-xN compound applied by a wherein each of the plurality of different AlxGa1-xN compounds is applied by a different ALD method; wherein each of the first ALD method, the plurality of different ALD methods and the third ALD method comprises performing a plurality of sequential individual self-limiting atomic layer deposition cycles with each self-limiting atomic layer deposition cycle depositing a single monolayer of material over the entire coating surface; wherein the heating step is performed after each completion of a selected integer number of the sequential self-limiting atomic layer deposition cycles. 12. The method of claim 7 wherein each step of heating any one of the AlN nucleation layer, the transition layer and the GaN device layer comprises scanning a focused laser beam over the entire coating surface. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising generating the focused laser beam with a spectral output that includes one or more wavelength that are readily absorbed by the silicon substrate. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising generating the focused laser beam with a narrow spectral output having a center wavelength between about 515 and 580 nm. 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising performing each step of heating any one of the AlN nucleation layer, the transition layer and the GaN device layer while the silicon substrate is supporting inside the atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber and while the atomic layer deposition chamber is maintained at an internal pressure in the range of 1-500 mTorr. 16. The method of claim 12 further comprising performing at least one step of heating any one of the AlN nucleation layer, the transition layer and the GaN device layer outside the atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber. 17. The method of claim 4 further comprising further comprising heating each portion of each the AlN nucleation layer, the transition layer and the GaN device layer to an annealing temperature above 900\u00b0 C. for less than 20 msec, wherein the heating is performed by a single heating step while one of: the silicon substrate is supported inside the atomic layer deposition chamber and while the atomic layer deposition chamber is maintained at an internal pressure in the range of 1-500 mTorr; and, the silicon substrate is disposed external to the atomic layer deposition chamber. 18. An solid state element comprising: a silicon substrate formed with a coating surface suitable for receiving material deposition layers thereon; an first material deposition layer applied over the coating surface; a second material deposition layer applied over the first deposition layer; wherein the first material deposition layer comprises a first material composition applied by a first ALD method and the second material deposition layer comprises a second material composition applied by a second ALD method and wherein the first material composition is different from the second material composition; wherein each of the first and the second ALD methods is performed at a reaction temperature of less than 800\u00b0 C. and each of the deposition layers is formed with an as applied crystal lattice structure; wherein the as applied crystal lattice structure of at least one of the first and second deposition layers is altered by heated each portion of the as applied crystal lattice to an annealing temperature above 900\u00b0 C. for less than 20 msec. 19. The solid state element of claim 18 wherein a single crystal lattice spacing of the first material deposition layer and a single crystal lattice spacing of the silicon substrate are matched at integral multiples of at least one major crystal lattice plane. 20. The solid state element of claim 19 wherein a single crystal lattice spacing of the second material deposition layer and a single crystal lattice spacing of the first material deposition layer are matched at integral multiples of at least one major crystal lattice plane. 21. The solid state element of claim 18 wherein the composition of at least one of the first material deposition layer and the second material deposition layer comprises any one of a group III-V, group II-VI and group III-N material. 22. The solid state element of claim 21 wherein the second material deposition layer comprises any one of SiC, GaN and diamond. 23. The solid state element of claim 20 wherein the first material deposition layer comprises AlN and the second material deposition layer comprises GaN. 24. The solid state element of claim 20 wherein the first material deposition layer comprises Y2O3 and the second material deposition layer comprises ZnO2. 25. The solid state element of claim 18 further comprising: a transition material deposition layer applied between the first material deposition layer and the second material deposition layer; wherein the transition material deposition layer comprises a plurality of different material layers each having a different material layer composition and each formed by a different ALD process; wherein the material composition of each of the plurality of different material layers is selected to reduce one of a CTE mismatch and a crystal lattice spacing mismatch at a material interface formed by the second material deposition layer and the transition material deposition layer. 26. The solid state element of claim 25 wherein the first material deposition layer comprises AlN, the second material deposition layer comprises GaN and each of the plurality of different material layers of the transition layer comprises a AlxGa1-xN compound. 27. The semiconductor element of claim 18 wherein the first material deposition layer comprises AlN and the second material deposition layer comprises GaN further comprising: a boron nitride (BN) release layer applied over the first AlN deposition layer wherein the BN release layer is formed by an ALD process at a reaction temperature of less than 800\u00b0 C.; a second AlN layer applied over the boron nitride (BN) release layer wherein the second AlN layer is formed by an ALD process at a reaction temperature of less than 800\u00b0 C.; wherein the GaN layer formed over the second AlN deposition layer has a layer thickness of at least 2.5 \u03bcm and a minimum breakdown voltage of 100 volts.",
-    "The present invention relates to a wireless access system, and provides a method of transmitting and receiving cell information by using a synchronization signal in a small-cell layout environment and a device supporting the same. A method of transmitting cell information in a wireless access system as an embodiment of the present invention may include the steps of: configuring one or more pieces of cell information by means of a base station; configuring a downlink synchronization signal including one or more pieces of cell information by means of the base station; and broadcasting the downlink synchronization signal by means of the base station. In this case, the cell information is configured to be information different from the downlink synchronization information configured based on the downlink synchronization signal. 1. A method of transmitting a cell information in a wireless access system, the method comprising: configuring, by an eNodeB (eNB), at least one cell information; configuring, by the eNB, a downlink synchronization signal including the at least one cell information; and broadcasting, by the eNB, the downlink synchronization signal, wherein the cell information is different from a downlink synchronization information configured based on the downlink synchronization signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell information comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) indicator, a CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) indicator, a HeNB (Home enhanced Node-B) information, a cell state and cell reservation related information, a cell load information, a transmission power information, a C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) indicator, a BBU ID (Base Band Unit Identifier) information, and a layer level information. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the downlink synchronization information comprise either a physical cell identifier of the eNB or an RRH (Remote Radio Head) identifier. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the downlink synchronization signal further comprises a cell information indicator for indicating which cell information among the at least one cell information is included in the downlink synchronization signal. 5. A method of receiving a cell information by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless access system, the method comprising: receiving a downlink synchronization signal from an eNodeB (eNB); detecting at least one cell information from the downlink synchronization signal; and determining whether to continuously perform an initial access procedure with respect to the eNB based on the at least one cell information, wherein the cell information is different from a downlink synchronization information configured based on the downlink synchronization signal. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cell information comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) indicator, a CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) indicator, a HeNB (Home enhanced Node-B) information, a cell state and cell reservation related information, a cell load information, a transmission power information, a C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) indicator, a BBU ID (Base Band Unit Identifier) information, and a layer level information. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the downlink synchronization information comprise either a physical cell identifier of the eNB or an RRH (Remote Radio Head) identifier. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the downlink synchronization signal further comprises a cell information indicator for indicating which cell information among the at least one cell information is included in the downlink synchronization signal. 9. An eNodeB (eNB) configured to transmit a cell information in a wireless access system, comprising: a transmitter; and a processor for supporting configuration and transmission of the cell information, wherein the processor is configured to configure at least one cell information, to configure a downlink synchronization signal including the at least one cell information, and to control the transmitter to broadcast the downlink synchronization signal and wherein the cell information is different from a downlink synchronization information configured based on the downlink synchronization signal. 10. The eNB of claim 9, wherein the cell information comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) indicator, a CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) indicator, a HeNB (Home enhanced Node-B) information, a cell state and cell reservation related information, a cell load information, a transmission power information, a C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) indicator, a BBU ID (Base Band Unit Identifier) information, and a layer level information. 11. The eNB of claim 10, wherein the downlink synchronization information comprise either a physical cell identifier of the eNB or an RRH (Remote Radio Head) identifier. 12. The eNB of claim 10, wherein the downlink synchronization signal further comprises a cell information indicator for indicating which cell information among the at least one cell information is included in the downlink synchronization signal. 13. A user equipment (UE) configured to receive a cell information in a wireless access system, comprising: a receiver; and a processor for detecting the cell information, wherein the processor is configured to control the receiver to receive a downlink synchronization signal from an eNodeB (eNB), to detect at least one cell information from the downlink synchronization signal, and to determine whether to continuously perform an initial access procedure with respect to the eNB based on the at least one cell information and wherein the cell information is different from a downlink synchronization information configured based on the downlink synchronization signal. 14. The UE of claim 13, wherein the cell information comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) indicator, a CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) indicator, a HeNB (Home enhanced Node-B) information, a cell state and cell reservation related information, a cell load information, a transmission power information, a C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) indicator, a BBU ID (Base Band Unit Identifier) information, and a layer level information. 15. The UE of claim 14, wherein the downlink synchronization information comprise either a physical cell identifier of the eNB or an RRH (Remote Radio Head) identifier. 16. The UE of claim 14, wherein the downlink synchronization signal further comprises a cell information indicator for indicating which cell information among the at least one cell information is included in the downlink synchronization signal.",
-    "The polyester resin for a hot melt adhesive includes polycarboxylic acid residues and polyhydric alcohol residues. The polycarboxylic acid resides contain aliphatic polycarboxylic acid residues in a proportion within the range of 50 to 80 mol %. The polyhydric alcohol residues contain propylene glycol residues in a proportion within the range 5 to 60 mol %. 1. A polyester resin for a hot melt adhesive, comprising: a polycarboxylic acid residue; and a polyhydric alcohol residue, the polycarboxylic acid residue containing an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid residue in a proportion within a range of 50 to 80 mol %, and the polyhydric alcohol residue containing a propylene glycol residue in a proportion within a range of 5 to 60 mol %. 2. The polyester resin according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic polycarboxylic acid residue includes a skeleton which is a linear chain of 4 to 10 carbon atoms interconnecting two ester bonds. 3. The polyester resin according to claim 2, wherein the aliphatic polycarboxylic acid residue contains one or more residues selected from a group consisting of an adipic acid residue, a sebacic acid residue, and a dodecanedioic acid residue. 4. The polyester resin according to claim 1, wherein: the polycarboxylic acid residue further contains at least one of a terephthalic acid residue and an isophthalic acid residue. 5. The polyester resin according to claim 1, wherein the polyhydric alcohol residue further contains a dialcohol residue including a skeleton which is a linear chain of 2 to 6 carbon atoms interconnecting two ester bonds. 6. The polyester resin according to claim 5, wherein the dialcohol residue contains one or more residues selected from a group consisting of an ethylene glycol residue, a 1,4-butanediol residue, and a 1,6-hexanediol residue. 7. A hot melt adhesive comprising the polyester resin according to claim 1. 8. A hot melt adhesive solution comprising: the polyester resin according to claim 1; and a solvent.",
-    "A cosmetic product for hair bleaching or hair dyeing, which comprises a first part containing an alkali agent, a second part containing hydrogen peroxide, and a non-aerosol foamer container for discharging a mixed solution containing the first part and the second part in the form of foam, wherein the cosmetic product for hair bleaching or hair dyeing contains the following component (A) in the second part: (A) saturated aliphatic alcohols containing the following components (A1) and (A2): R1\u2014OH (A1) R2\u2014OH (A2) wherein R1 represents a C12-18 linear chain alkyl group, and R2 represents a C19-24 linear chain alkyl group. 1-9. (canceled) 10: A cosmetic product for hair bleaching or hair dyeing, which comprises a first part comprising an alkali agent, a second part comprising hydrogen peroxide and a component (A), and a non-aerosol foamer container for discharging a mixed solution comprising the first part and the second part in the form of foam, wherein component (A) is a saturated aliphatic alcohol composition that comprises: a saturated aliphatic alcohol represented by R1\u2014OH (A1) wherein R1 represents a C12-18 linear chain alkyl group, and a saturated aliphatic alcohol represented by R2\u2014OH (A2) wherein R2 represents a C19-24 linear chain alkyl group, and wherein components (A1) and (A2) are present in the second part and a total amount of the combination of components (A1) and (A2) in the second part is from 0.1% by mass to 1.5% by mass. 11: The cosmetic product according to claim 10, wherein a mass ratio between the components (A1) and (A2), ((A1):(A2)), in the second part is 10:1 to 1:20. 12: The cosmetic product according to claim 10, wherein a content of component (A1) in the second part is from 0.05% by mass to 1% by mass. 13: The cosmetic product according to claim 10, wherein a content of component (A2) in the second part is from 0.05% by mass to 1% by mass. 14: The cosmetic product according to claim 10, wherein the second part comprises (B) an ionic surfactant. 15: The cosmetic product according to claim 14, wherein a mass ratio of component (B) to the total amount of components (A1) and (A2), ((B)/[(A1)+(A2)]), in the second part is from 10 to 0.05. 16: The cosmetic product according to claim 14, wherein component (B) comprises (B1) a mono-long-chain-alkylammonium salt represented by formula (1): wherein R3 represents a C12-24 linear chain alkyl group. 17: The cosmetic product according to claim 16, wherein component (B) comprises: (B2) a mono-long-chain-alkylammonium salt represented by formula (2) and (B3) a mono-long-chain-alkylammonium salt represented by formula (3): wherein R4 represents a C12-16 linear chain alkyl group, and R5 represents a C18-24 linear chain alkyl group. 18: The cosmetic product according to claim 17, wherein a mass ratio of component (B2) to component (B3), ((B2)/(B3)), in the second part is from 20 to 0.05. 19: The cosmetic product according to claim 17, wherein a content of component (B2) in the second part is from 0.01% to 10% by mass. 20: The cosmetic product according to claim 17, wherein a content of component (B3) in the second part is from 0.01% by mass to 10% by mass. 21: The cosmetic product according to claim 10, wherein the second part further comprises component (C): a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether represented by R6\u2014O\u2014(CH2CH2O)n\u2014H (C) wherein R6 represents a C10-24 linear or branched chain alkyl group, and n represents the average number of moles added, which is 50 to 210. 22: The cosmetic product according to claim 21, wherein a content of component (C) in the second part is from 0.01% by mass to 15% by mass. 23: The cosmetic product according claim 10, wherein the viscosity (5\u00b0 C.) of the mixed solution is from 1 mPa\u00b7s to 800 mPa\u00b7s. 24: A method for bleaching or dyeing hair, comprising: contacting hair with the mixed solution from the cosmetic product according claim 10, and removing the mixed solution from said hair after said contacting.",
-    "The present invention relates to a process for exfoliating graphite in carbonaceous materials facilitated by a Diels-Alder reaction, and the applications of same, in particular for producing electronic or microelectronic components such as transparent conductive electrodes. The inventive method comprises a Diels-Alder reaction between a material containing graphite and an anthrone compound represented by formula (I), wherein X, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined in the description, in an organic solvent, in the presence of a base, and subjected to sonication, ball-milling and/or high-shear mixing, at a temperature of between 15\u00b0 C. and 65\u00b0 C., to obtain the corresponding graphene Diels-Alder adduct. 1. A process for the exfoliation of a graphite-containing material, comprising a Diels-Alder reaction between the graphite-containing material and a compound of formula (I): wherein: X represents O or S; R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently represent a hydrogen atom, \u2014NRARB, \u2014N+RARBRC, \u2014OR, \u2014CO2M or \u2014SO3M; or else R1 and R2, on the one hand, and R3 and R4, on the other hand, together form an optionally substituted unsaturated C6 cycloalkyl group to result in a pentacenone-type compound of formula (II) having the following structure: wherein: X represents O or S; R\u20321, R\u20322, R\u20323 and R\u20324 independently represent a hydrogen atom, \u2014NRARB, \u2014N+RARBRC, \u2014OR, \u2014CO2M or \u2014SO3M; where M represents a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal atom; and each occurrence of R, RA, RB and RC independently represents a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched C1 to C16 alkyl; wherein the R radical can also represent, independently for each occurrence of R, a polyethylene glycol radical of formula: wherein n represents an integer from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 3, preferably 3; in an organic solvent, in the presence of a base, and under sonication, ball-milling and/or high-shear mixing, at a temperature of between 15\u00b0 C. and 65\u00b0 C., to obtain the corresponding graphene Diels-Alder adduct. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has one of the following structures: 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is selected from a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an alcohol, preferably comprising at least 3 carbon atoms, a glycol, a halogenated hydrocarbon, a ketone, an ester, an ether, a glycol ether or another suitable organic solvent, or a mixture of two or more of these. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is selected from tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), 2-propanol, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene or 1,2-dichlorobenzene. 5. The process of claim 1, to wherein the base is di- or trialkylamine, such as diethylamine, dimethylamine, aza-crown ether, diisopropylamine, diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, N-methylcyclohexylamine, N-ethylcyclohexylamine, N-methylcyclopentylamine or N-ethylcyclopentylamine. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the Diels-Alder reaction is carried out at a temperature of 20-65\u00b0 C. 7. The process of claim 1, further comprising a centrifuging step. 8. The process of claim 7, further comprising a step of filtering the supernatant obtained from the centrifuging step, to isolate the Diels-Alder adduct of graphene sheets obtained by the process. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the graphite-containing material is carbon black or graphite. 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising a step of annealing the Diels-Alder adduct of graphene sheets under vacuum, to obtain monolayer graphene, or multilayer graphene of 2 to 5 graphene sheets, or a mixture of these. 11. A Diels-Alder adduct of graphene sheets obtainable by a process according to claim 1. 12. Graphene obtainable by a process according to claim 10. 13. The use of graphene according to claim 12 in the manufacture of electronic or microelectronic components, preferably a sensor or a transistor. 14. The use of graphene according to claim 12 in the manufacture of transparent conducting electrodes, of OLED electroluminescent devices or of organic or hybrid photovoltaic cells.",
-    "The present application describes an organic light emitting device including a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer between a cathode and a light emitting layer or between light emitting units, in which the first layer includes an n-type organic material or metal oxide, the second layer includes a barrier material, and the third layer includes an n-type dopant. 1. An organic light emitting device comprising: an anode, a cathode provided to face the anode, and a light emitting layer provided between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic light emitting device further includes a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer sequentially provided in a direction from the cathode to the light emitting layer between the cathode and the light emitting layer, the first layer includes an n-type organic material or metal oxide, the second layer includes a barrier material, and the third layer includes an n-type dopant. 2. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the barrier material of the second layer includes one kind or more of an organic-metal complex, an n-type organic material, and a p-type organic material. 3. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first layer is formed of one kind of n-type organic material or metal oxide. 4. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first layer is an undoped layer. 5. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first layer includes 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), fluorine-substituted 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), cyano-substituted PTCDA, naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), fluorine-substituted NTCDA, cyano-substitued NTCDA, a compound of the following Chemical Formula 1, MoO3, Re2O3, Al2O3, CuI, WO3, V2O5, or 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene): in Chemical Formula 1, R1 to R6 are each hydrogen, a halogen atom, nitrile (\u2014CN), nitro (\u2014NO2), sulfonyl (\u2014SO2R), sulfoxide (\u2014SOR), sulfonamide (\u2014SO2NR), sulfonate (\u2014SO3R), trifluoromethyl (\u2014CF3), ester (\u2014COOR), amide (\u2014CONHR or \u2014CONRR\u2032), substituted or unsubstituted straight- or branch-chained C1-C12 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted straight- or branch-chained C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted straight- or branch-chained C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted mono- or di-arylamine, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine, and R and R\u2032 are each substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7-membered heterocycle. 6. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein a doping concentration of the n-type dopant of the third layer is 30 wt % or less. 7. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein a doping concentration of the n-type dopant of the third layer is 10 wt % or less. 8. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, further comprising: an additional electron transport layer between the third layer and the light emitting layer. 9. A stacked organic light emitting device comprising: an anode, a cathode provided to face the anode, and two or more light emitting units provided between the anode and the cathode and including a light emitting layer, wherein the stacked organic light emitting device further includes a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer sequentially provided in a direction from the cathode to the anode between the light emitting units, the first layer includes an n-type organic material or metal oxide, the second layer includes a barrier material, and the third layer includes an n-type dopant. 10. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein the barrier material of the second layer includes one kind or more of an organic-metal complex, a n-type organic material, and a p-type organic material. 11. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein the first layer is formed of one kind of n-type organic material or metal oxide. 12. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein the first layer is an undoped layer. 13. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein the first layer includes 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ), fluorine-substituted 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), cyano-substituted PTCDA, naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), fluorine-substituted NTCDA, cyano-substituted NTCDA, a compound of the following Chemical Formula 1, MoO3, Re2O3, Al2O3, CuI, WO3, V2O5, or 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene): in Chemical Formula 1, R1 to R6 are each hydrogen, a halogen atom, nitrile (\u2014CN), nitro (\u2014NO2), sulfonyl (\u2014SO2R), sulfoxide (\u2014SOR), sulfonamide (\u2014SO2NR), sulfonate (\u2014SO3R), trifluoromethyl (\u2014CF3), ester (\u2014COOR), amide (\u2014CONHR or \u2014CONRR\u2032), substituted or unsubstituted straight- or branch-chained C1-C12 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted straight- or branch-chained C1-C12 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted straight- or branch-chained C2-C12 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted mono- or di-arylamine, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine, and R and R\u2032 are each substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7-membered heterocycle. 14. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein a doping concentration of the n-type dopant of the third layer is 30 wt % or less. 15. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein a doping concentration of the n-type dopant of the third layer is 10 wt % or less. 16. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, further comprising: an additional electron transport layer between the third layer and the light emitting layer of the light emitting unit coming into contact with the third layer. 17. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein at least one of the residual light emitting units other than the light emitting unit coming into contact with the anode further includes a p-type organic material layer coming into contact with the first layer. 18. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 17, wherein a difference between a LUMO energy level of the first layer and a HOMO energy level of the p-type organic material layer is 2 eV or less. 19. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein the light emitting unit coming into contact with the anode further includes a layer of a same material as the first layer as an organic material layer coming into contact with the anode. 20. The stacked organic light emitting device of claim 9, wherein the light emitting unit coming into contact with the cathode includes the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer sequentially provided in a direction from the cathode to the light emitting layer between the cathode and the light emitting layer. 21. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate provided on an opposite surface of a surface of the cathode or the anode, on which the organic material layer is provided, and a light extraction layer provided between the cathode or the anode and the substrate. 22. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate provided on an opposite surface of a surface of the cathode or the anode, on which the organic material layer is provided, and a light extraction layer provided on an opposite surface of a surface of the substrate, on which the anode or the cathode is provided. 23. The organic light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the organic light emitting device is a flexible organic light emitting device. 24. A display comprising: the organic light emitting device of claim 1. 25. A lighting comprising: the organic light emitting device of claim 1.",
-    "A semiconductor substrate having a main surface and made of a wide band gap semiconductor is provided, the semiconductor substrate including a device region formed in the semiconductor substrate, and a peripheral region formed to surround the device region. In the peripheral region, the semiconductor substrate includes a first semiconductor region having a first conductivity type, and a second semiconductor region formed on the first semiconductor region and having the main surface, the second semiconductor region having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type. At an outermost periphery of the peripheral region, the semiconductor substrate has a plurality of stepped portions annularly surrounding the device region, and the second semiconductor region is formed along the stepped portion. 1. A wide band gap semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate having a main surface and made of a wide band gap semiconductor; a device region formed in the semiconductor substrate; and a peripheral region formed to surround the device region, in the peripheral region, the semiconductor substrate including a first semiconductor region having a first conductivity type, and a second semiconductor region formed on the first semiconductor region and having the main surface, the second semiconductor region having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, in the peripheral region, the semiconductor substrate having a stepped portion annularly surrounding the device region, the second semiconductor region being formed along the stepped portion. 2. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the stepped portion has an upper surface extending in a direction along the main surface, and an inclined surface with respect to the main surface, and a thickness of the second semiconductor region on the upper surface is greater than a thickness of the second semiconductor region on the inclined surface. 3. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1 wherein a plurality of the stepped portions are formed, and the plurality of stepped portions are formed in a step-like manner such that their depth in a direction perpendicular to the main surface increases as the distance to an outer periphery of the peripheral region decreases. 4. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a dielectric layer is formed on the stepped portion, and the second semiconductor region is formed to be sandwiched between the first semiconductor region and the dielectric layer in the stepped portion. 5. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein a material forming the dielectric layer is at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, polyimide, and silicon nitride. 6. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the peripheral region, a plurality of peripheral region trenches annularly surrounding the device region are formed in the main surface of the second semiconductor region located on an inner side relative to the stepped portion. 7. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a bottom of each of the peripheral region trenches is located at the second semiconductor region side with respect to an interface between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. 8. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a bottom of each of the peripheral region trenches is located at the first semiconductor region side with respect to an interface between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. 9. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein in the device region, a device trench is provided in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate, a width of each of the peripheral region trenches at the main surface in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the peripheral region trench extends is smaller than a width of the device trench at the main surface in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the device trench extends, and a depth of each of the peripheral region trenches in the direction perpendicular to the main surface is smaller than a depth of the device trench in the direction perpendicular to the main surface. 10. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein in the device region, the semiconductor substrate includes a first impurity region having the first conductivity type, a pair of third semiconductor regions spaced apart from and facing each other at the main surface, the third semiconductor regions having the second conductivity type, and a fourth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type in each of the pair of third semiconductor regions, and a width of each of the peripheral region trenches at the main surface in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the peripheral region trench extends is smaller than spacing between the third semiconductor regions facing each other with the first semiconductor region interposed therebetween at the main surface, and a depth of each of the peripheral region trenches in the direction perpendicular to the main surface is smaller than a depth of a bottom of each of the third semiconductor regions from the main surface. 11. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a sidewall of each of the peripheral region trenches is inclined with respect to the main surface. 12. The wide band gap semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity type is n type, and the second conductivity type is p type.",
-    "The present invention is directed to methods, compositions, and systems for the production of fatty acids (FAs). Specifically, the disclosed methods, compositions, and systems incorporate algal cell lysates, providing a cell-free environment that generates high levels of FAs for extended periods of time with the addition of liquid media and a carbon source. 1. A composition for the production of fatty acids, comprising: an algal cell lysate, liquid medium, and an organic carbon source. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the algal cell lysate is derived from one or more microalgae cells. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the one or more microalgae cells is selected from one of the following taxonomic divisions: Bacillariophyceae, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more algae cells from the division Chlorophyta is selected from one of the following genera: Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Chlorococcum, Dunaliella, Haematococcus, Monoraphidium, Muriellopsis, Neochloris, Oocystis, Pseudokirchneriella, Scenedesmus, and Tetraselmis. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the one or more algal cells from the genus Botryococcus is Botryococcus braunii. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lysate is substantially free of intact cell membranes. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the liquid medium permits the elongation of fatty acids chains. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic carbon source is citrate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, or glycerol. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose. 10. A method of generating fatty acids in a system, the method comprising: providing an organic carbon source to an algal cell lysate, providing a liquid environment to the algal cell lysate sufficient to permit mixing of the carbon source with the lysate, and maintaining the system for sufficient time to permit elongation of fatty acids. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the algal cell lysate is derived from at least one algae cell from one of the following taxonomic divisions: Bacillariophyceae, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more algae cells from the division Chlorophyta is selected from one of the following genera: Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Chlorococcum, Dunaliella, Haematococcus, Monoraphidium, Muriellopsis, Neochloris, Oocystis, Pseudokirchneriella, Scenedesmus, and Tetraselmis. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more algal cells in the genus Botryococcus is Botryococcus braunii. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the lysate is obtained by disrupting the cell membrane of one or more intact algae cells. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the algae cell membrane is disrupted mechanically, sonically, or chemically. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the algal cell lysate is substantially free of intact cell membrane. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the organic carbon source is citrate, acetate, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, or lactose. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the organic carbon source is provided continuously or intermittently over time. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the carbon source is provided over a period of at least 1 to 110 days. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the liquid environment comprises sufficient nutrients to permit elongation of fatty acids chains. 21. The method of claim 10, wherein maintaining the system comprises agitating the liquid environment. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the liquid environment is agitated continuously or intermittently over time. 23. The method of claim 10, further comprising isolating the fatty acids.",
-    "A vehicle braking control device includes: an indicated-value-setting unit for setting an indicated current value, which relates to a differential pressure valve provided to a channel between a master cylinder and a wheel cylinder, to a value corresponding to a required differential pressure; and a depressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit for acquiring, as a depressurization-starting differential pressure, the differential pressure at the point in time when a pressurizing state for increasing the differential pressure caused by the differential pressure valve transitions to a depressurizing state for reducing the differential pressure caused by the differential pressure valve. The area between the depressurization-starting differential pressure and a boundary differential pressure is set as a depressurization-starting differential pressure area. When the depressurizing state is in effect and the required differential pressure is included in the depressurization-starting differential pressure area, the indicated-value-setting unit sets the slope of decrease of the indicated current value. 1. A braking control device for vehicle comprising: an indicated-value-setting unit configured to set an indicated current value to a differential pressure valve provided at a channel between a master cylinder and a wheel cylinder corresponding to a wheel, to a value according to a required differential pressure having a requirement value of a differential pressure by the differential pressure valve; and a depressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a depressurization-starting differential pressure, a differential pressure at transition from a pressurizing state of increasing the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve to a depressurizing state of decreasing the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve; wherein when a depressurizing differential pressure area is set as an area between the depressurization-starting differential pressure acquired by the depressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit and a boundary differential pressure having a value obtained by subtracting a predetermined differential pressure according to the depressurization-starting differential pressure from the depressurization-starting differential pressure, the indicated-value-setting unit sets a slope of decrease of the indicated current value, as an amount of decrease of the indicated current value relative to an amount of decrease of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the depressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller, when the required differential pressure is included in the depressurizing differential pressure area in the depressurizing state. 2. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising: when the indicated current value according to the required differential pressure is set as a reference indicated current value, a depressurizing correction amount setting unit configured to set a correction amount referred to for correction of the indicated current value in the depressurizing state; wherein the indicated-value-setting unit sets the indicated current value in accordance with a value obtained by subtracting the correction amount set by the depressurizing correction amount setting unit from the reference indicated current value in the depressurizing state, and the depressurizing correction amount setting unit sets a slope of increase of the correction amount, as an amount of increase of the correction amount relative to the amount of decrease of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the depressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller and increases the correction amount with the slope of increase, when the required differential pressure is included in the depressurizing differential pressure area in the depressurizing state, and in a case where the required differential pressure is smaller than a lower limit value in the depressurizing differential pressure area in the depressurizing state, sets the slope of increase of the correction amount to be gentler as the depressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller and increases the correction amount with the slope of increase when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve decreases in the depressurizing differential pressure area, and sets the correction amount to be equal to a limiting value when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve decreases beyond the depressurizing differential pressure area. 3. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 2, further comprising: a storage unit configured to store a property indicating relation between a driving current value and the differential pressure of a case of increasing the value of driving current flowing to the differential pressure valve; wherein the indicated-value-setting unit sets the reference indicated current value to be larger as the required differential pressure is larger in accordance with the property stored in the storage unit. 4. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the limiting value is set as an upper limit value when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve is not less than a specified differential pressure, and the limiting value is made smaller as the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve is smaller when the differential pressure is less than the specified differential pressure. 5. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the indicated-value-setting unit is configured to set the slope of decrease of the indicated current value in accordance with a differential pressure area, and a slope of decrease of the indicated current value of a case where the depressurization-starting differential pressure is included in a first differential pressure area is gentler than a slope of decrease of the indicated current value of a case where the depressurization-starting differential pressure is included in a second differential pressure area as a higher pressure area than the first differential pressure area. 6. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the indicated-value-setting unit corrects the slope of decrease of the indicated current value in accordance with a flow rate of brake fluid in the channel provided with the differential pressure valve. 7. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the indicated-value-setting unit corrects the slope of decrease of the indicated current value in accordance with a brake fluid temperature in the channel provided with the differential pressure valve. 8. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising: a pressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a pressurization-starting differential pressure, a differential pressure at transition from the depressurizing state to the pressurizing state; wherein when a pressurizing differential pressure area is set as an area between the pressurization-starting differential pressure and a boundary differential pressure having a value obtained by adding a predetermined differential pressure according to the pressurization-starting differential pressure to the pressurization-starting differential pressure, the indicated-value-setting unit sets a slope of increase of the indicated current value, as an amount of increase of the indicated current value relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state. 9. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising: a pressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a pressurization-starting differential pressure, a differential pressure at transition from the depressurizing state to the pressurizing state; and a pressurization-starting hysteresis amount acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a pressurization-starting hysteresis amount, a hysteresis amount at transition from the depressurizing state to the pressurizing state; wherein when a pressurizing differential pressure area is set as an area between the pressurization-starting differential pressure and a boundary differential pressure as a sum of a predetermined differential pressure according to the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount acquired by the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount acquisition unit and the pressurization-starting differential pressure, the indicated-value-setting unit sets a slope of increase of the indicated current value, as an amount of increase of the indicated current value relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount is larger, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state. 10. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 8, further comprising: when the indicated current value according to the required differential pressure is set as a reference indicated current value, a pressurizing correction amount setting unit configured to set a correction amount referred to for correction of the indicated current value in the pressurizing state; wherein the indicated-value-setting unit sets the indicated current value in accordance with a value obtained by subtracting the correction amount set by the pressurizing correction amount setting unit from the reference indicated current value in the pressurizing state, and the pressurizing correction amount setting unit sets a slope of decrease of the correction amount, as an amount of decrease of the correction amount relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, and in a case where the required differential pressure is larger than an upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, sets the slope of decrease of the correction amount to be gentler as the pressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve increases in the pressurizing differential pressure area, and sets the correction amount to be equal to \u201c0 (zero)\u201d when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve exceeds the upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area. 11. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 9, further comprising: when the indicated current value according to the required differential pressure is set as a reference indicated current value, a pressurizing correction amount setting unit configured to set a correction amount referred to for correction of the indicated current value in the pressurizing state; wherein the indicated-value-setting unit sets the indicated current value in accordance with a value obtained by subtracting the correction amount set by the pressurizing correction amount setting unit from the reference indicated current value in the pressurizing state, and the pressurizing correction amount setting unit sets a slope of decrease of the correction amount, as an amount of decrease of the correction amount relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount is larger and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, and in a case where the required differential pressure is larger than an upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, sets the slope of decrease of the correction amount to be gentler as the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount is larger and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve increases in the pressurizing differential pressure area, and sets the correction amount to be equal to \u201c0 (zero)\u201d when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve exceeds the upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area. 12. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the indicated-value-setting unit corrects the slope of decrease of the indicated current value in accordance with a flow rate of brake fluid in the channel provided with the differential pressure valve. 13. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the indicated-value-setting unit corrects the slope of decrease of the indicated current value in accordance with a brake fluid temperature in the channel provided with the differential pressure valve. 14. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 2, further comprising: a pressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a pressurization-starting differential pressure, a differential pressure at transition from the depressurizing state to the pressurizing state; wherein when a pressurizing differential pressure area is set as an area between the pressurization-starting differential pressure and a boundary differential pressure having a value obtained by adding a predetermined differential pressure according to the pressurization-starting differential pressure to the pressurization-starting differential pressure, the indicated-value-setting unit sets a slope of increase of the indicated current value, as an amount of increase of the indicated current value relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state. 15. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 2, further comprising: a pressurization-starting differential pressure acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a pressurization-starting differential pressure, a differential pressure at transition from the depressurizing state to the pressurizing state; and a pressurization-starting hysteresis amount acquisition unit configured to acquire, as a pressurization-starting hysteresis amount, a hysteresis amount at transition from the depressurizing state to the pressurizing state; wherein when a pressurizing differential pressure area is set as an area between the pressurization-starting differential pressure and a boundary differential pressure as a sum of a predetermined differential pressure according to the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount acquired by the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount acquisition unit and the pressurization-starting differential pressure, the indicated-value-setting unit sets a slope of increase of the indicated current value, as an amount of increase of the indicated current value relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount is larger, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state. 16. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 3, wherein the limiting value is set as an upper limit value when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve is not less than a specified differential pressure, and the limiting value is made smaller as the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve is smaller when the differential pressure is less than the specified differential pressure. 17. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 14, further comprising: when the indicated current value according to the required differential pressure is set as a reference indicated current value, a pressurizing correction amount setting unit configured to set a correction amount referred to for correction of the indicated current value in the pressurizing state; wherein the indicated-value-setting unit sets the indicated current value in accordance with a value obtained by subtracting the correction amount set by the pressurizing correction amount setting unit from the reference indicated current value in the pressurizing state, and the pressurizing correction amount setting unit sets a slope of decrease of the correction amount, as an amount of decrease of the correction amount relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, and in a case where the required differential pressure is larger than an upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, sets the slope of decrease of the correction amount to be gentler as the pressurization-starting differential pressure is smaller and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve increases in the pressurizing differential pressure area, and sets the correction amount to be equal to \u201c0 (zero)\u201d when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve exceeds the upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area. 18. The braking control device for vehicle according to claim 15, further comprising: when the indicated current value according to the required differential pressure is set as a reference indicated current value, a pressurizing correction amount setting unit configured to set a correction amount referred to for correction of the indicated current value in the pressurizing state; wherein the indicated-value-setting unit sets the indicated current value in accordance with a value obtained by subtracting the correction amount set by the pressurizing correction amount setting unit from the reference indicated current value in the pressurizing state, and the pressurizing correction amount setting unit sets a slope of decrease of the correction amount, as an amount of decrease of the correction amount relative to an amount of increase of the required differential pressure, to be gentler as the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount is larger and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease, when the required differential pressure is included in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, and in a case where the required differential pressure is larger than an upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area in the pressurizing state, sets the slope of decrease of the correction amount to be gentler as the pressurization-starting hysteresis amount is larger and decreases the correction amount with the slope of decrease when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve increases in the pressurizing differential pressure area, and sets the correction amount to be equal to \u201c0 (zero)\u201d when the differential pressure by the differential pressure valve exceeds the upper limit value in the pressurizing differential pressure area.",
-    "In described embodiments, the present invention is a cup assembly including a cup holder having a base having a microcontroller, weight sensor and accelerometer incorporated therein, a handle extending upwardly from the base, and a camera support extending upwardly from the base. The camera support supports a digital camera. The digital camera is electronically coupled to the microcontroller. A cup is removably insertable into the cup holder. A method of using the cup assembly is also disclosed. 1. A cup assembly comprising: a cup holder comprising: a base having a microcontroller incorporated therein; a handle extending upwardly from the base; and a camera support extending upwardly from the base, the camera support supporting a digital camera, the digital camera being electronically coupled to the microcontroller; and a cup removably insertable into the cup holder. 2. The cup assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a microphone incorporated into a top portion of the handle. 3. The cup assembly according claim 2, further comprising a speaker incorporated into a bottom portion of the handle. 4. The cup assembly according claim 1, wherein the cup is insertable between the handle and the camera support. 5. The cup assembly according claim 1, wherein the base further comprises a light source adapted to transmit light toward the cup and a light detector adapted to detect the light transmitted from the light source. 6. The cup assembly according claim 1, wherein the base further comprises a weight sensor adapted to detect the weight of fluid in the cup and to transmit weight information to microcontroller. 7. The cup assembly according claim 1, wherein the camera support comprises a concave cup engaging surface. 8. The cup assembly according claim 1, wherein the base further comprises a switch operable between an off position when the cup is removed from the cup holder and an on position when the cup is inserted into the cup holder. 9. The cup assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cup holder further comprises an accelerometer electronically coupled to the microcontroller, wherein the accelerometer transmits electronic information to the microcontroller to distinguish between the drinking event and the spillage. 10. The cup assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cup holder further comprises a gyroscope electronically coupled to the microcontroller, wherein the gyroscope transmits electronic information to the microcontroller to measure the angle of the cup and hand strength of a user. 11. The cup assembly according to claim 10, wherein the gyroscope comprises a five degree gyroscope. 12. The cup assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a base adapted to removably receive the cup holder, the base including a load cell incorporated therein. 13. The cup assembly according to claim 1, wherein the cup contains a fluid and wherein at least one of the cup and the cup holder comprises a barcode, the barcode containing electronic information about the fluid. 14. A method of monitoring the consumption of fluid from the cup assembly according to claim 1, the method comprising the steps of: (a) measuring the weight of a fluid in the cup; (b) measuring the volume of the fluid in the cup; (c) measuring optical properties of the fluid in the cup; (d) time stamping changes in the weight of the fluid in the cup; (e) repeating steps (a) and (b); and (f) storing the time and measured weight, volume, and optical properties of the fluid in a processor. 15. The according claim 14, further comprising generating a first audio signal prior to step (d). 16. The method according claim 15, further comprising receiving a second audio signal and storing the second audio signal in the processor. 17. The method according claim 16, further comprising generating a third audio signal after step (d). 18. The method according claim 14, further comprising determining the type of the fluid based on steps (a)-(c). 19. The method according claim 18, further comprising storing the type of the fluid in the processor. 20. The method according claim 14, further comprising downloading the information from step (f) from the processor. 21-23. (canceled)",
-    "A network management apparatus 20 includes a line condition determination unit (203) and an improvement information generation unit (204). The line condition determination unit (203) receives a line communication condition of network equipment (31) and determines as to whether or not the line communication condition satisfies a predetermined condition. The line condition determination unit (203) notifies the improvement information generation unit (204) when the predetermined condition is satisfied. The improvement information generation unit (204) obtains operation information relating to the network equipment (31). After the improvement information generation unit (204) has received the notification from the line condition determination unit (203), the improvement information generation unit (204) generates and outputs improvement information that describes means for improving the line condition of the network equipment (31) based on the operation information. Thus, it is possible to offer the means for improving a radio line condition without requiring user's time and effort. 1. A network management apparatus comprising: line condition determination unit that determines as to whether or not a line condition of a communication apparatus satisfies a predetermined condition, the line condition being obtained from the connected communication apparatus; and improvement information generation unit that generates improvement information based on operation information when the line condition is determined to satisfy the predetermined condition, the improvement information being information that describes means for improving the line condition, and the operation information being information regarding an operation of the communication apparatus. 2. The network management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the operation information includes setting information relating to an operation setting of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, applied license information relating to a license application state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and license purchase information relating to a license permission state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and the improvement information generation unit generates the improvement information based on a mutual comparison between the setting information, the applied license information, and the license purchase information. 3. The network management apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the operation information further includes apparatus configuration information relating to a hardware configuration of the communication apparatus, and the improvement information generation unit calculates means for improving the line condition that is not possible to be achieved by the communication apparatus based on the apparatus configuration information and reflects the means in the improvement information. 4. The network management apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the improvement information generation unit generates and outputs an interface screen that can allow a selection of the improvement information, namely, an execution of a setting change of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, an execution of a license application of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and an execution of a license purchase of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus. 5. The network management apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the improvement information generation unit generates the interface screen in a matrix display format that displays the functional parameter capable of improving the line condition by the execution of the setting change in an upper column. 6. The network management apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the improvement information generation unit generates the interface screen in which the functional parameter capable of improving the line condition by the setting change is marked with a predetermined symbol. 7. The network management apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: control tool call unit that sets an operation of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus in response to an operation on the interface screen. 8. The network management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the line condition determination unit determines as to whether or not the line condition of the communication apparatus exceeds a predetermined threshold. 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute processes of: determining as to whether or not a line condition of a communication apparatus satisfies a predetermined condition; and when the line condition is determined to satisfy the predetermined condition, generating improvement information based on operation information, the improvement information being information that describes means for improving the line condition, and the operation information relating to an operation of the communication apparatus. 10. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 9, wherein the operation information includes setting information relating to an operation setting of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, applied license information relating to a license application state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and license purchase information relating to a license permission state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and in the generation of the improvement information, the improvement information is generated based on a mutual comparison between the setting information, the applied license information, and the license purchase information. 11. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 10, wherein the operation information further includes apparatus configuration information, the apparatus configuration information relating to a hardware configuration of the communication apparatus, and in the generation of the improvement information, means for improvement that is not possible to be achieved by the communication apparatus is calculated based on the apparatus configuration information and the means is reflected in the improvement information. 12. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 10, wherein in the generation of the improvement information, an interface screen that allows a selection of the improvement information, namely, an execution of a setting change of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, an execution of a license application of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and an execution of a license purchase of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus is generated and output. 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 12, wherein in the generation of the improvement information, the interface screen in a matrix format that displays the functional parameter capable of improving the line condition in an upper column is generated. 14. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 12, wherein in the generation of the improvement information, the interface screen in which the functional parameter capable of improving the line condition by the setting change is marked with a predetermined symbol is generated. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 12, wherein the program causes the computer to further execute a process of: performing an operation setting of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus in response to an operation on the interface screen. 16. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing the program according to claim 9, wherein in the determination of the line condition, it is determined as to whether or not the line condition of the communication apparatus exceeds a predetermined threshold. 17. A method of improving a line condition comprising: determining as to whether or not the line condition of a communication apparatus satisfies a predetermined condition, and generating improvement information based on operation information when the line condition is determined to satisfy the predetermined condition, the improvement information being information that describes means for improving the line condition, and the operation information relating to an operation of the communication apparatus. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the operation information includes setting information relating to an operation setting of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, applied license information relating to a license application state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and license purchase information relating to a license permission state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and in the generation of the improvement information, the improvement information is generated based on a mutual comparison between the setting information, the applied license information, and the license purchase information. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the operation information further includes apparatus configuration information, the apparatus configuration information relating to a hardware configuration of the communication apparatus, and in the generation of the improvement information, means for improvement that is not possible to be achieved by the communication apparatus is calculated based on the apparatus configuration information and the means is reflected in the improvement information. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein in the generation of the improvement information, an interface screen that allows a selection of the improvement information, namely, an execution of a setting change of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, an execution of a license application of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and an execution of a license purchase of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus is generated and output. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein in the generation of the improvement information, the interface screen in a matrix format that displays the functional parameter capable of improving the line condition by the execution of the setting change in an upper column is generated. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein in the generation of the improvement information, the interface screen in which the functional parameter capable of improving the line condition by the setting change is marked with a predetermined symbol is generated. 23. The method according to claim 20, further comprising: performing an operation setting of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus in response to an operation on the interface screen. 24. The method according to claim 17, wherein in the determination of the line condition, it is determined as to whether or not the line condition of the communication apparatus exceeds a predetermined threshold. 25. A management apparatus of a communication apparatus that: stores functional parameter information, the functional parameter information indicating availability of each function included in the communication apparatus; and instructs display unit means to display suggestion information for improving a line condition of the communication apparatus, wherein the suggestion information includes information indicating a change in the functional parameter information, and the suggestion information further includes information indicating an application or a purchase of a license necessary for the change in the functional parameter information. 26. The management apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the management apparatus further instructs the display means to display an interface tool corresponding to the suggestion information, and the management apparatus executes an operation corresponding to the suggestion information in response to an operation on the interface tool. 27. The management apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the suggestion information is generated based on operation information relating to an operation of the communication apparatus. 28. The management apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the management apparatus instructs the display means to display the functional parameter information that is capable of improving the line condition by an execution of a setting change in an upper column in a matrix display format. 29. The management apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the management apparatus instructs the display means to display the functional parameter information that is capable of improving the line condition by the setting change by marking the functional parameter information with a predetermined symbol. 30. The management apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the operation information includes setting information relating to an operation setting of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, applied license information relating to a license application state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus, and license purchase information relating to a license permission state of each functional parameter of the communication apparatus. 31. A network management apparatus comprising: line condition determination means for determining as to whether or not a line condition of a communication apparatus satisfies a predetermined condition, the line condition being obtained from the connected communication apparatus; and improvement information generation means for generating improvement information based on operation information when the line condition is determined to satisfy the predetermined condition, the improvement information being information that describes means for improving the line condition, and the operation information being information regarding an operation of the communication apparatus.",
-    "A technique capable of changing communication services that can be provided by a communication system is provided. A communication system according to the present invention includes: first means that is capable of executing a network function for providing a communication service; and second means that adds a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of network functions, to a packet belonging to the group, and sends the packet to the network function which performs packet forwarding within the group based on the label. 1. A communication system comprising: a first unit that is configured to execute a network function for providing a communication service; and a second unit that is configured to add a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of network functions, to a packet belonging to the group, and to send the packet to the network function, wherein packet forwarding within the group is performed based on the label. 2. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the second unit is configured to add the label corresponding to the network address to the packet, wherein the network address is assigned to the group in response to formation of the group. 3. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the second unit is configured to add the label corresponding to the network address, which is assigned to the group formed of a plurality of types of the network functions. 4. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the second unit is configured to: add the label corresponding to the network address that is assigned to the group formed of the network functions, to the packet, and send the packet to the network function which performs: referring to a table including information indicating a forward destination corresponding to the label; and forwarding the packet to the forward destination corresponding to the label. 5. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the first unit is configured to execute the network functions, in which a forward destination corresponding to the label can be changed in response to a change in the network functions forming the group. 6. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the first unite is configured to execute the network functions, in which a forward destination corresponding to the label can be changed in response to a change in a connection structure of a plurality of the network functions. 7. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the second unit is configured to delete the label added to the packet. 8. The communication system according to claim 1, wherein the second unit is configured to add a virtual network label for identifying a virtual network that is assigned to a communication passing through the group, to the packet belonging to the group. 9. A communication apparatus comprising: a first unit that is configured to add a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of network functions for providing communication services, to a packet belonging to the group; and a second unit that is configured to send the packet with the label added thereto to the network function, wherein packet forwarding within the group is performed based on the label. 10. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first unit is configured to add the label corresponding to the network address to the packet, wherein the network address is assigned to the group in response to formation of the group. 11. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first unit is configured to add the label corresponding to the network address, which is assigned to the group formed of a plurality of types of the network functions. 12. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first unit is configured to add the label corresponding to the network address that is assigned to the group formed of the network functions to the packet, and the second unit is configured to send the packet with the label added thereto to the network function which performs: referring to a table including information indicating a forward destination corresponding to the label; and forwarding the packet to the forward destination corresponding to the label. 13. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second unit is configured to send the packet with the label added thereto to the network functions, in which a forward destination corresponding to the label has changed in response to a change in the network functions forming the group. 14. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second unit is configured to send the packet with the label added thereto to one of the network functions, in which a forward destination corresponding to the label has changed in response to a change in a connection structure of a plurality of the network functions. 15. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first unit is configured to delete the label added to the packet. 16. The communication apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first unit is configured to add a virtual network label for identifying a virtual network that is assigned to a communication passing through the group, to the packet belonging to the group. 17. A control apparatus comprising: a first unit that is configured to instruct a communication apparatus to add a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of network functions for providing communication services, to a packet belonging to the group; and a second unit that is configured to instruct at least one network function in the group to perform packet forwarding within the group based on the label. 18. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the first unit is configured to instruct the communication apparatus to add the label corresponding to the network address to the packet, wherein the network address is assigned to the group in response to formation of the group. 19. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the first unit is configured to instruct the communication apparatus to add the label corresponding to the network address, which is assigned to the group formed of a plurality of types of the network functions. 20. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the first unit is configured to instruct the communication apparatus to add the label corresponding to the network address that is assigned to the group formed of the network functions to the packet, and the second unit is configured to instruct the network function to refer to a table including information indicating a forward destination corresponding to the label and to forward the packet to the forward destination corresponding to the label. 21. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the second unit is configured to instructs the network function to change a forward destination corresponding to the label in response to a change in the network functions forming the group. 22. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the second meas unit is configured to instructs the network functions to change a forward destination corresponding to the label in response to a change in a connection structure of a plurality of the network functions. 23. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the first unit is configured to instruct the communication apparatus to delete the label added to the packet. 24. The control apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the first unit is configured to instruct the communication apparatus to add a virtual network label for identifying a virtual network that is assigned to a communication passing through the group, to the packet belonging to the group. 25. A network device comprising: a first unit that is configured to perform communication processing to be performed by a network function for providing a communication service; and a second unit that is configured to forward the packet, based on a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of the network functions, to another network function belonging to the group. 26. The network device according to claim 25, wherein the second unit is configured to forward the packet based on the label corresponding to the network address, which is assigned to the group in response to formation of the group. 27. The network device according to claim 25, wherein the second unit is configured to forward the packet based on the label corresponding to the network address, which is assigned to the group formed of a plurality of types of the network functions. 28. The network device according to claim 25, wherein the second unit is configured to refer to a table including information indicating a forward destination of the packet based on the label corresponding to the network address that is assigned to the group formed of the network functions, and to forward the packet to the forward destination corresponding to the label. 29. The network device according to claim 25, wherein the second unit is configured to change a forward destination corresponding to the label in response to a change in the network functions forming the group. 30. The network device according to claim of 25, wherein the second unit is configured to change a forward destination corresponding to the label in response to a change in a connection structure of a plurality of the network functions. 31. The network device according to claim 25, wherein the second unit is configured to add a virtual network label for identifying a virtual network that is assigned to a communication passing through the group, to the packet belonging to the group. 32. A communication method comprising: adding a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of network functions for providing communication services, to a packet belonging to the group; and sending the packet with the label added thereto to the network function, wherein packet forwarding within the group is performed based on the label. 33. A control method comprising: instructing a communication apparatus to add a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group of network functions for providing communication services, to a packet belonging to the group; and instructing at least one network function in the group to perform packet forwarding within the group based on the label. 34. A communication method comprising: performing communication processing to be performed by a network function for providing a communication service; and forwarding the packet, based on a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group formed of the network functions, to another network function belonging to the group. 35. A non-transitory computerreadable medium that stores a program comprising instructions causing a computer to execute: processing for instructing a communication apparatus to add a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group formed of network functions for providing communication services, to a packet belonging to the group; and processing for instructing at least one network function in the group to perform packet forwarding within the group based on the label. 36. A non-transitory computer readable medium that stores a program comprising instructions causing a computer to execute: processing for performing communication processing to be performed by a network function for providing a communication service; and processing for forwarding the packet, based on a label corresponding to a network address that is assigned to a group formed of the network functions, to another network function belonging to the group.",
-    "A concrete mix design having a slump class from S1 to S5 or a flow class from F1 to F6 and a workability retention between 10 minutes and 120 minutes, comprising from 150 to 600 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete, aggregates selected from the group consisting of sand, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates or combinations thereof containing between 0.5 wt. % and 75 wt. % of phyllosilicates, is characterized in that the concrete mix design includes an admixture system 1 which is based on 100% polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE), the admixture system 1 comprising at least one component B1 being a PCE copolymer. 1. A concrete mix design having a slump class from S1 to S5 or a flow class from F1 to F6 and a workability retention between 10 minutes and 120 minutes, comprising: from 150 to 600 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete, aggregates selected from the group consisting of sand, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates or combinations thereof containing between 0.5 wt. % and 75 wt. % of phyllosilicates an admixture system 1 which is based on a 100% polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE), the admixture system 1 comprising at least one component B1 being a PCE copolymer characterized by: (i) having its negative charge temporarily blocked, (ii) having an esterification degree of between 5%-50%, (iii) with polyoxyalkylene side chains with 750 to 8000 Da, (iv) with a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 0.1 to 90 mole % units, (v) the backbone of the PCE B1 consisting of carboxylic acids, salt thereof and dicarboxylic acid, anhydride and/or salts thereof, (vi) the total molecular weight of PCE B1 being in a range between 10,000 and 1,000,000; and the admixture system 1 further comprising at least a second PCE. 2. A concrete mix design according to claim 1, wherein the second PCE of the admixture system 1 is a polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE) A1, characterized by: (a) an esterification degree of between 5% and 50%, (b) polyoxyalkylene side chains with 750 to 8000 Da and (c) the backbone of the PCE A1 consisting of carboxylic acids, salt thereof and dicarboxylic acid, anhydride and/or salts thereof; and (d) the copolymer A1, having a total molecular weight between 15,000 and 1,000,000 Da. 3. A concrete mix design according to claim 1, wherein the second PCE of the admixture system 1 is a polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE) A2, characterized by: (a\u2032) an esterification degree of between 5% and 20%, (b\u2032) polyoxyalkylene side chains with approximately 5000 Da, (c\u2032) blocking of the carboxylic acids of between 25 to 55 mole % units (d\u2032) he PCE A2 backbone consisting of methacrylic acids and salts thereof with a total molecular weight of about 50,000 Da; and (e\u2032) the PCE B1 being characterized by a blocking of its carboxylic above 55 mole % units 4. A concrete mix design according to claim 2, characterized in that the ratio A1/B1 in the admixture system 1 is between 0.05 to 1. 5. A concrete mix design according to claim 3, characterized in that the ratio A2/B1 in the admixture system 1 is between 0.05 to 1.2. 6. A concrete mix design according to any claim 1, further comprising an additional plasticizer forming a second admixture system 2. 7. A concrete mix design according to claim 1, wherein the concrete mix design includes a dosage range of the admixture system 1 of between 0.002 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % of active solid content with respect to the aggregates containing phyllosilicates. 8. A concrete mix design according to claim 7, wherein the concrete mix design includes a dosage range of the admixture system 1 of between 0.002 wt. % to 0.11 wt. % of active solid content with respect to the aggregates containing phyllosilicates. 9. A concrete mix design according to claim 6, wherein the concrete mix design includes a dosage range of the second admixture system 2 of between 0.03-0.75%.wt of active solid content with respect to the cement. 10. A concrete mix design according to claim 1, wherein the admixture system 1 has a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 20 to 90 mole % units. 11. A concrete mix design according to claim 10, wherein the admixture system 1 has a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 45 to 90 mole % units. 12. A concrete mix design according to claim 6, wherein the second admixture system 2 has a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 20 to 90 mole % units. 13. A concrete mix design according to claim 6, wherein the second admixture system 2 has a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 45 to 90 mole % units. 14. A concrete mix design having a slump class from S1 to S5 or a flow class from F1 to F6 and a workability retention between 10 minutes and 120 minutes, comprising: from 150 to 600 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete, aggregates selected from the group consisting of sand, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates or combinations thereof containing between 0.5 wt. % and 75 wt. % of phyllosilicates, a first admixture system 1 which is based on a 100% polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE), the admixture system 1 comprising at least one component B1 being a PCE copolymer characterized by: (i) having its negative charge temporarily blocked, (ii) having an esterification degree of between 5%-50%, (iii) with polyoxyalkylene side chains with 750 to 8000 Da, (iv) with a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 0.1 to 90 mole % units, (v) the backbone of the PCE B1 consisting of carboxylic acids, salt thereof and dicarboxylic acid, anhydride and/or salts thereof, (vi) the total molecular weight of PCE B1 being in a range between 10,000 and 1,000,000; and the admixture system 1 further comprising at least a second PCE, and an additional plasticizer forming a second admixture system 2. 15. A concrete mix design according to claim 14, wherein the second PCE of the admixture system 1 is a polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE) A1, characterized by: (a) an esterification degree of between 5% and 50%, (b) polyoxyalkylene side chains with 750 to 8000 Da and (c) the backbone of the PCE A1 consisting of carboxylic acids, salt thereof and dicarboxylic acid, anhydride and/or salts thereof; and (d) the copolymer A1, having a total molecular weight between 15,000 and 1,000,000 Da. 16. A concrete mix design according to claim 14, wherein the second PCE of the first admixture system 1 is a polycarboxylate ether based copolymer (PCE) A2, characterized by: (a\u2032) an esterification degree of between 5% and 20%, (b\u2032) polyoxyalkylene side chains with approximately 5000 Da, (c\u2032) blocking of the carboxylic acids of between 25 to 55 mole % units (d\u2032) he PCE A2 backbone consisting of methacrylic acids and salts thereof with a total molecular weight of about 50,000 Da; and (e\u2032) the PCE B1 being characterized by a blocking of its carboxylic above 55 mole % units 17. A concrete mix design according to claim 15, characterized in that the ratio A1/B1 in the admixture system 1 is between 0.05 to 1. 18. A concrete mix design according to claim 16, characterized in that the ratio A2/B1 in the admixture system 1 is between 0.05 to 1.2. 19. A concrete mix design according to claim 14, wherein the concrete mix design includes a dosage range of the admixture system 1 of between 0.002 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % of active solid content with respect to the aggregates containing phyllosilicates and a dosage range of the second admixture system 2 of between 0.03-0.75%.wt of active solid content with respect to the cement. 20. A concrete mix design according to claim 1, wherein at least of the admixture system 1 or the admixture system 2 has a blocking of the carboxylic acids of 20 to 90 mole % units.",
-    "A method of controlling a programmable lens device comprising a programmable lens and an optical function controller, the programmable lens having an optical function and extending between at least one eye of the wearer and the real world scene when the device is used by the wearer, and the optical function controller being arranged to control the optical function of the programmable lens, the method comprising: an optical function data receiving step during which optical function data relating to the optical function of the programmable lens is received by the optical function controller, an optical function modifying step during which the optical function of the programmable electronic lens device is modified by the optical function controller based on the optical function data. 1. A method of controlling a programmable lens device comprising a programmable lens and an optical function controller, the programmable lens having an optical function and extending between at least one eye of a wearer and a real world scene when the programmable lens device is used by the wearer, and the optical function controller being arranged to control the optical function of the programmable lens, the method comprising: an optical function data receiving step during which optical function data relating to the optical function of the programmable lens is received by the optical function controller; and an optical function modifying step during which the optical function of the programmable lens is modified by the optical function controller based on the optical function data. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical function data comprise a computer program adapted to be executed by the optical function controller and during the optical function modifying step the computer program is executed by the optical function controller so as to modify the optical function of the programmable optical lens. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical function data comprise at least dioptric function data relating to a dioptric function based at least on an ophthalmic correction adapted to the wearer. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the dioptric function data relate a progressive multifocal optical design. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: a viewing condition data receiving step during which viewing condition data relating to the viewing condition of the wearer are received by the optical function controller; and wherein during the optical function modifying step the optical function is modified based on the viewing condition data. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the viewing conditions comprise a sighting distance of the wearer. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the viewing conditions comprise a proximity of objects in the wearer's environment. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the viewing conditions comprise a luminosity of the wearer's environment. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the viewing conditions comprise elements relating to a posture of the wearer. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises: an activity data receiving step during which activity data relating to the activity of the wearer are received by the optical function controller; and wherein during the optical function modifying step the optical function is modified based on the activity data. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises an initializing step during which the optical function of the programmable lens device is initialized based on user data comprising at least the wearer's ophthalmic prescription. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the user data further comprise at least one of morphologic data relating to a morphology of a head of the wearer, viewing strategy data relating to a viewing strategy of the wearer, lens usage, and wearer preferences. 13. The method according to claim 5, wherein the optical function data are received from a distant entity. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein at least one of the viewing condition data, activity data, and user data are sent to the distant entity and the optical function data are adapted based on said data. 15. The method according to claim 5, wherein the device further comprises: a visual information display device arranged to display visual information over the real world scene viewed by the wearer through the programmable lens when the programmable lens device is used by the wearer; and a visual information display controller arranged to electronically control the display of the visual information; and wherein the method further comprises a display modifying step during which the displayed information is adapted based on at least one of the viewing condition data, user data, the activity data, and the optical function data. 16. A network system comprising at least a programmable lens device and a distant entity, the programmable lens device and the distant entity being configured so as to enable communication between the programmable lens device and the distant entity, and the distant entity configured to store at least one computer program product comprising one or more stored sequences of instructions that when executed by an optical function controller of the programmable lens device, causes the optical function controller to adapt an optical function at least according to a user's ophthalmic prescription; and wherein the distant entity is further configured to store dioptric function data that when used by the optical function controller of the programmable lens device, causes the optical function controller to adapt the optical function at least according to the user's ophthalmic prescription. 17. A computer program product comprising one or more stored sequences of instructions that are accessible to an optical function controller of a programmable lens device, and which, when executed by the optical function controller, causes the optical function controller to adapt an optical function of the programmable lens device to an ophthalmic prescription. 18. (canceled)",
-    "A method of controlling a programmable lens device comprising a programmable lens and an optical function controller, the programmable lens having an optical function and extending between at least one eye of the wearer and the real world scene when the device is used by the wearer, and the optical function controller being arranged to control the optical function of the programmable lens, the method comprising: \u2014an optical function data receiving step during which optical function data relating to the optical function of the programmable lens is received by the optical function controller, \u2014an activity data receiving step during which activity data relating to the activity of the wearer are received by the optical function controller, \u2014an optical function modifying step during which the optical function of the programmable electronic lens device is modified by the optical function controller based on the optical function data and the activity data. 1. A method of controlling a programmable lens device comprising a programmable lens and an optical function controller, the programmable lens having an optical function and extending between at least one eye of a wearer and a real world scene when the programmable lens device is used by the wearer, and the optical function controller being arranged to control the optical function of the programmable lens, the method comprising: an optical function data receiving step during which optical function data relating to the optical function of the programmable lens is received by the optical function controller; an activity data receiving step during which activity data relating to an activity of the wearer are received by the optical function controller; and an optical function modifying step during which the optical function of the programmable lens is modified by the optical function controller based on the optical function data and the activity data. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical function data comprise a computer program adapted to be executed by the optical function controller and during the optical function modifying step the computer program is executed by the optical function controller so as to modify the optical function of the programmable lens. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical function data comprise at least dioptric function data relating to a dioptric function based at least on an ophthalmic correction adapted to the wearer. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the dioptric function data relate a progressive multifocal optical design. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: a viewing condition data receiving step during which viewing condition data relating to the viewing condition of the wearer are received by the optical function controller; and wherein during the optical function modifying step the optical function is modified based on the viewing condition data. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the viewing conditions comprise at least one of a sighting distance of the wearer, a proximity of objects in the wearer's environment, a luminosity of the wearer's environment, and elements relating to a posture of the wearer. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises an initializing step during which the optical function of the programmable lens device is initialized based on user data comprising at least the wearer's ophthalmic prescription. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the user data further comprise at least one of morphologic data relating to a morphology of a head of the wearer, viewing strategy data relating to a viewing strategy of the wearer, lens usage, and wearer preferences. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the optical function data are received from a distant entity. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the viewing condition data, activity data, and user data are sent to the distant entity and the optical function data are adapted based on said data. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the programmable lens device further comprises: a visual information display device arranged to display visual information over the real world scene viewed by the wearer through the programmable lens when the programmable lens device is used by the wearer; and a visual information display controller arranged to electronically control the display of the visual information; and the method further comprises a display modifying step during which the displayed information is adapted based on at least one of the viewing condition data, the user data, the activity data, and the optical function data. 12. A network system comprising at least a programmable lens device and a distant entity, the programmable lens device and the distant entity being configured so as to enable communication between the programmable lens device and the distant entity, and the distant entity configured to store at least one computer program product comprising one or more stored sequences of instructions that when executed by an optical function controller of the programmable lens device, causes the optical function controller to adapt an optical function at least according to a user's ophthalmic prescription and wherein the distant entity is further configured to store dioptric function data that when used by the optical function controller of the programmable lens device, causes the optical function controller to adapt the optical function at least according to the user's ophthalmic prescription. 13. A computer program product comprising one or more stored sequences of instructions that are accessible to an optical function controller of a programmable lens device, and which, when executed by an optical function controller, causes the optical function controller to adapt an optical function of the programmable lens device to an ophthalmic prescription. 14. (canceled)",
-    "In an apparatus having a housing, a housing bore, and a shaft rotatably extending through the housing bore, a rotary seal assembly which includes a seal carrier retainer connected with the housing and defining a cavity surrounding the shaft, a seal carrier positioned within the cavity of the seal carrier retainer, wherein the seal carrier is capable of an amount of radial deflection and tilting both relative to the seal carrier retainer and wherein the seal carrier is retained by the seal carrier retainer so that rotation of the seal carrier relative to the seal carrier retainer is prevented, a rotary shaft seal carried by the seal carrier between the seal carrier and the shaft, and a seal carrier seal interposed between the seal carrier and the seal carrier retainer. 1. In an apparatus comprising a housing, a housing bore, and a shaft rotatably extending through the housing bore, wherein the shaft is capable of an amount of radial deflection within the housing bore and an amount of tilting within the housing bore relative to a tilting focal point, a rotary seal assembly contained within the housing bore, the rotary seal assembly comprising: (a) a seal carrier retainer connected with the housing so that the seal carrier retainer does not rotate relative to the housing, wherein the seal carrier retainer defines a cavity surrounding the shaft; (b) a seal carrier within the cavity of the seal carrier retainer, wherein the seal carrier is capable of an amount of radial deflection and an amount of tilting both relative to the seal carrier retainer, and wherein the seal carrier is retained by the seal carrier retainer such that rotation of the seal carrier relative to the seal carrier retainer is prevented; (c) a rotary shaft seal carried by the seal carrier between the seal carrier and the shaft; and (d) a seal carrier seal interposed between the seal carrier retainer and the seal carrier. 2. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein the cavity of the seal carrier retainer is comprised of an inner cavity surface, a leading end cavity surface, and a trailing end cavity surface, wherein the seal carrier is comprised of an outer seal carrier surface, a leading end seal carrier surface, and a trailing end seal carrier surface, wherein a seal carrier deflection space is defined between the inner cavity surface and the outer seal carrier surface, wherein a leading interface is defined between the leading end cavity surface and the leading end seal carrier surface, and wherein a trailing interface is defined between the trailing end cavity surface and the trailing end seal carrier surface. 3. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the leading interface is offset from the tilting focal point by a leading radius distance, and wherein the trailing interface is offset from the tilting focal point by a trailing radius distance. 4. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the seal carrier seal is comprised of a leading seal carrier seal interposed between the leading end cavity surface and the leading end seal carrier surface. 5. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 4 wherein the leading seal carrier seal is comprised of a flange seal which is associated with the seal carrier retainer. 6. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the seal carrier seal is comprised of a trailing seal carrier seal interposed between the trailing end cavity surface and the trailing end seal carrier surface. 7. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 6 wherein the trailing seal carrier seal is comprised of a flange seal which is associated with the seal carrier retainer. 8. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 4 wherein the seal carrier seal is comprised of a trailing seal carrier seal interposed between the trailing end cavity surface and the trailing end seal carrier surface. 9. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 8 wherein the leading seal carrier seal is comprised of a flange seal which is associated with the seal carrier retainer and wherein the trailing seal carrier seal is comprised of a flange seal which is associated with the seal carrier retainer. 10. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the seal carrier retainer is adjustable in order to vary a distance between the leading end cavity surface and the trailing end cavity surface. 11. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 10 wherein the seal carrier retainer is comprised of a leading seal carrier retainer component and a trailing seal carrier retainer component and wherein the leading seal carrier retainer component and the trailing seal carrier retainer component are movable relative to each other in order to vary the distance between the leading end cavity surface and the trailing end cavity surface. 12. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a seal carrier retainer seal interposed between the seal carrier retainer and the housing. 13. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a rotation resisting device associated with the seal carrier retainer and the seal carrier, for preventing rotation of the seal carrier relative to the seal carrier retainer. 14. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the rotary shaft seal is comprised of a primary rotary seal and a rotary barrier seal, wherein the rotary barrier seal is between the primary rotary seal and the leading end seal carrier surface. 15. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 14, further comprising at least one bushing interposed between the seal carrier and the shaft. 16. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the apparatus is an apparatus for use in drilling a borehole. 17. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the apparatus is comprised of a focal bearing and wherein the tilting focal point is provided by the focal bearing. 18. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the apparatus is a rotary steerable drilling apparatus. 19. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the apparatus is a point-the-bit rotary steerable drilling apparatus comprising a deflection mechanism for causing the radial deflection of the shaft within the housing bore, and comprising a focal bearing for accommodating the tilting of the shaft within the housing bore. 20. The rotary seal assembly as claimed in claim 19 wherein the rotary seal assembly is a lower rotary seal assembly in the point-the-bit rotary steerable drilling apparatus, and wherein the focal bearing is located axially between the deflection mechanism and the lower rotary seal assembly.",
-    "A knotter system has a billhook; a twine receiver; a twine delivering system for delivering twines across the billhook to the twine receiver; a swing arm having a lower end portion with a knife blade, moveable below the billhook, a first drive to make the billhook perform at least a first and a second full rotation to move the swing arm two times from a backward to a forward position and back to form respectively a first and second consecutive knot; wherein the twine receiver comprises a rotatable twine disc and a twine holder adapted to clamp twines against the twine disc; wherein said twine disc is provided with at least a first and a second notch for receiving the twines, and a protruding ridge located after the second notch, such that the twine holder is pushed by the ridge during and/or after the formation of the second knot. 1. Knotter system comprising: a billhook for forming a knot; a twine receiver for holding twines; a twine delivering system for delivering twines across the billhook to the twine receiver; a swing arm having a lower end portion; said swing arm being arranged for moving the lower end portion below the billhook, between a backward position and a forward position, said lower end portion being provided with a knife blade for cutting twines between the billhook and the twine receiver whilst moving from the backward position to the forward position; a first drive adapted to make the billhook perform at least a first full rotation and a second full rotation and to move the swing arm at least two times from the backward position to the forward position and back during a full operation cycle to form respectively a first and second consecutive knot; wherein the twine receiver comprises a rotatable twine disc and a twine holder, said twine holder being adapted to clamp twines against the twine disc; wherein said twine disc is provided with at least a first and a second notch for receiving the twines, said twine disc being provided with a protruding ridge located after the second notch, seen in a direction of rotation of the twine disc, such that the twine holder is pushed away by the protruding ridge at least one of during and after the formation of the second knot. 2. Knotter system of claim 1, further comprising a second drive adapted for rotating the twine disc from an initial position to a first position during a first turn whilst clamping twines in the first notch, for forming of the first knot, and for proceeding to rotate the twine disc from the first position to the initial position during a second turn whilst letting twines in the second notch slip during the forming of the second knot. 3. Knotter system of claim 1, wherein said first and second notch are spaced apart along the circumference of the twine disc, at a first angle below 180 degrees. 4. Knotter system of claim 2, wherein the first turn is a rotation over the first angle, and the second turn is a rotation over 360 degrees minus the first angle. 5. Knotter system of claim 1, wherein the twine disc comprises a first disc and a second disc fixed to a rotatable axis, and the twine holder comprises a first press plate intended for being in operative contact with an outer side of the first disc and a second press plate intended for being inserted between inner sides of the first and second disc. 6. Knotter system of claim 5, wherein the first disc is provided at at least one of its inner and outer side with the protruding ridge protruding in radial direction from the axis. 7. Knotter system of claim 5, wherein said first disc is provided with an opening, and wherein said protruding ridge is formed by a part mounted in the opening and fixed to the second disc. 8. Knotter system of claim 5, wherein said first disc and said second disc are mounted parallel to each other and have substantially the same shape and dimensions, wherein said first and second notches are formed by recesses at the circumference of the first and second discs. 9. Knotter system of claim 1 in combination with a baler, wherein the knotter system is mounted to the baler. 10. Method for making two consecutive knots, comprising: guiding twines to be knotted over a billhook and clamping said twines at a clamping location; making the billhook perform a first full rotation to form a first knot and moving a swing arm with a knife blade from a backward position to a forward position to remove the first knot from the billhook and to cut the twines between the first knot and the clamping location; moving the swing arm back to the backward position, guiding the twines over the billhook, and making the billhook perform a second full rotation to form a second knot; wherein during the forming of the second knot, the twines are clamped against a twine disc by a twine holder, and wherein at least one of during and after the formation of the second knot the twine holder is pushed away by a protruding part on the twine disc releasing the twines; moving the swing arm from the backward position to the forward position following the formation of the second knot, wherein, due to the pushing away of the twine holder, the twines slide over the knife blade without cutting the twines; and moving the swing arm back to the backward position. 11. Method of claim 10, wherein, before forming the first knot the twines are delivered across the billhook in a first notch of the twine disc; said twines being held in said first notch by the twine holder during the forming of the first knot; and wherein said twine disc is rotated so that the twines are received in a second notch of the twine disc before cutting following the forming of the first knot; said twines being held in said second notch by the twine holder during the forming of the second knot. 12. Method of claim 11, wherein the twine disc is rotated from an initial position to a first position during a first turn whilst clamping twines in the first notch, for forming of the first knot, and from the first position to the initial position during a second turn whilst letting twines in the second notch slip during the forming of the second knot. 13. Method of claim 12, wherein the first turn is a rotation over a first angle below 180 degrees, and the second turn is a rotation over 360 degrees minus said first angle. 14. Method of claim 13, wherein the first turn is a rotation over approximately 90 degrees and the second turn is a rotation over approximately 270 degrees. 15. Method of claim 10, wherein the swing arm is maintained in the forward position after the second rotation of the billhook for a predetermined period which is sufficient to allow removal of the second knot from the billhook.",
-    "One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method by which a device-to-device (D2D) terminal performs link adaptation in a wireless communication system, the D2D link adaptation method comprising the steps of: performing measurement on a resource region to be used for D2D communication; and determining whether the measurement performance result satisfies a trigger condition, wherein if the trigger condition is satisfied for a first time with respect to the resource region, first link adaptation is performed, and if the trigger condition is satisfied for n times (n>=2) with respect to the resource region, second link adaptation is performed. 1. A method of performing link adaptation, by a device-to-device (D2D) user equipment (UE), in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: performing measurement on a resource region used for D2D communication; and determining whether a result of performing the measurement satisfies a trigger condition, wherein if the trigger condition is satisfied for a first time for the resource region, first link adaptation is performed and wherein if the trigger condition is satisfied for n times (n>=2) for the resource region, second link adaptation is performed. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first link adaptation comprises reporting a preferred resource region calculated from the measurement result. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the preferred resource region corresponds to a resource set of which interference is smallest among a plurality of resource sets constructing a total resource region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first link adaptation comprises at least one of power control, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) adjustment and resource adjustment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second link adaptation comprising: transmitting a resource reallocation request; and receiving one of a resource reallocation response and a D2D link failure (DLF) command in response to the resource reallocation request. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the resource reallocation response comprises at least one of information for indicating a resource region different from the resource region and additional transmit power assignment. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the DLF command is transmitted in case that resource reallocation or additional transmit power assignment is not available. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein if a number of performing the second link adaptation exceeds a predetermined number, the D2D UE declares DLF. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the D2D UE performs the D2D communication until a confirm message for the DFL is received after the DLF is declared. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein if a signal is successfully transmitted and received more than a predetermined count during a time period until the confirm message for the DFL is received after the DLF is declared, the DLF declaration is nullified. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the trigger condition corresponds to one of a signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SINR) smaller than a predetermined value, receiving a NACK more than a predetermined count, not receiving a D2D signal for more than predetermine time and receiving a NACK in response to transmission using a minimum coding rate. 12. A device-to-device (D2D) user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the D2D UE comprising: a receive module; and a processor configured to perform measurement on a resource region used for D2D communication and determine whether a result of performing the measurement satisfies a trigger condition, wherein if the trigger condition is satisfied for a first time, first link adaptation is performed for the resource region and wherein if the trigger condition is satisfied for n times (n>=2), second link adaptation is performed on the resource region.",
-    "A vibration analysis method includes the steps of: inputting data about damage of a rolling bearing; calculating, by a dynamics analysis program, a history of a displacement between inner and outer rings occurring to the rolling bearing due to the damage when a rotational shaft of the rolling bearing rotates; calculating a vibration characteristics model of the bearing device by a mode analysis program; and calculating a vibration waveform at a predetermined position on the bearing device by applying, to the vibration characteristics model, a history of an exciting force obtained by multiplying the displacement between the inner and outer rings calculated in the step of calculating a history, by a bearing spring constant. 1. A bearing device vibration analysis method for analyzing vibration of a bearing device by a computer, the bearing device including a rolling bearing and a housing of the rolling bearing, the method comprising the steps of: inputting data about a shape of damage given to a contact portion between a rolling element and a raceway surface of the rolling bearing; calculating a displacement between an inner ring and an outer ring of the rolling bearing caused by the damage; calculating a vibration characteristics model by a mode analysis program for analyzing a vibration mode of the bearing device, the vibration characteristics model representing a vibration characteristic of the bearing device; and calculating a vibration waveform at a predetermined position on the bearing device by applying, to the vibration characteristics model, a history of an exciting force occurring to the rolling bearing, the history of the exciting force being obtained by multiplying the displacement calculated in the step of calculating a displacement, by a spring constant between the inner ring and the outer ring. 2. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of calculating a vibration waveform, the history of the exciting force is applied to at least one point on a central axis of a rotational ring of the rolling bearing in the vibration characteristics model. 3. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of determining a threshold value of a magnitude of vibration for determining that the rolling bearing has an abnormality, using the vibration waveform calculated in the step of calculating a vibration waveform. 4. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating a displacement includes the step of calculating, by a dynamics analysis program for conducting a dynamics analysis of the rolling bearing, a history of the displacement caused by the damage during rotation of a rotational shaft of the rolling bearing. 5. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 4, wherein the rolling bearing is a ball bearing, and the step of calculating a history of the displacement includes the steps of: calculating, by a contact analysis program for analyzing contact between a rolling element and a raceway surface of the rolling bearing, a variation of an approach amount between the rolling element and the raceway surface caused by the given damage; and calculating, by the dynamics analysis program, the history of the displacement caused by the variation of the approach amount during rotation of a rotational shaft of the rolling bearing. 6. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 4, wherein the rolling bearing is a roller bearing, for the dynamics analysis program, a slice method is used by which a contact load is calculated for each of minute-width sections which are obtained by slicing a contact portion between a roller and a raceway surface along an axial direction of the roller, the bearing device vibration analysis method further comprises the step of calculating, for each slice, a variation of an approach amount between the roller and the raceway surface caused by the given damage, and the step of calculating a history of the displacement includes the step of calculating the history of the displacement by the dynamics analysis program for which the slice method is used. 7. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 4, wherein in the step of calculating a history of the displacement, it is supposed that a stationary ring of the rolling bearing is connected to the housing through a linear spring in a bearing radial direction at a position of a rolling element within a load-applied area. 8. The bearing device vibration analysis method according to claim 4, wherein in the step of calculating a vibration waveform, the history of the displacement is applied to a rolling element within a load-applied area, depending on a share of a force supported by each rolling element within the load-applied area. 9. A bearing device vibration analyzer for analyzing vibration of a bearing device including a rolling bearing and a housing of the rolling bearing, comprising: an input unit configured to input data about a shape of damage given to a contact portion between a rolling element and a raceway surface of the rolling bearing; a displacement calculation unit configured to calculate a displacement between an inner ring and an outer ring of the rolling bearing caused by the damage; a vibration characteristics calculation unit configured to calculate a vibration characteristics model by a mode analysis program for analyzing a vibration mode of the bearing device, the vibration characteristics model representing a vibration characteristic of the bearing device; and a vibration waveform calculation unit configured to calculate a vibration waveform at a predetermined position on the bearing device by applying, to the vibration characteristics model calculated by the vibration characteristics calculation unit, a history of an exciting force occurring to the rolling bearing, the history of the exciting force being obtained by multiplying the displacement calculated by the displacement calculation unit, by a spring constant between the inner ring and the outer ring. 10. The bearing device vibration analyzer according to claim 9, wherein the displacement calculation unit calculates, by a dynamics analysis program for conducting a dynamics analysis of the rolling bearing, a history of the displacement caused by the damage during rotation of a rotational shaft of the rolling bearing. 11. A rolling bearing condition monitoring system comprising: a vibration sensor configured to measure vibration of a bearing device including a rolling bearing and a housing of the rolling bearing; and a determination unit configured to determine that the rolling bearing has an abnormality when a magnitude of the vibration measured with the vibration sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold value, the predetermined threshold value being determined by using a vibration waveform calculated according to a vibration analysis method for analyzing vibration of the bearing device by a computer, and the vibration analysis method including the steps of: inputting data about a shape of damage given to a contact portion between a rolling element and a raceway surface of the rolling bearing; calculating a displacement between an inner ring and an outer ring of the rolling bearing caused by the damage; calculating a vibration characteristics model by a mode analysis program for analyzing a vibration mode of the bearing device, the vibration characteristics model representing a vibration characteristic of the bearing device; and calculating a vibration waveform at a placement position of the vibration sensor on the bearing device, by applying, to the vibration characteristics model, a history of an exciting force occurring to the rolling bearing, the history of the exciting force being obtained by multiplying the displacement calculated in the step of calculating a displacement, by a spring constant between the inner ring and the outer ring. 12. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 11, wherein the step of calculating a displacement includes the step of calculating, by a dynamics analysis program for conducting a dynamics analysis of the rolling bearing, a history of the displacement caused by the damage during rotation of a rotational shaft of the rolling bearing. 13. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 11, wherein the placement position of the vibration sensor is selected using the vibration waveform calculated according to the vibration analysis method, and the step of calculating a vibration waveform includes the step of calculating a vibration waveform at an arbitrary position on the bearing device by applying the history of the exciting force to the vibration characteristics model. 14. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 11, wherein the vibration analysis method is used to calculate a plurality of vibration waveforms for respective plurality of candidate positions which can be set as the placement position of the vibration sensor, and a candidate position with a maximum acceleration amplitude of vibration is selected, from the plurality of candidate positions, as the placement position of the vibration sensor. 15. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 14, wherein the bearing device includes a bearing device provided to a main shaft of a wind power generation facility, for each of the plurality of candidate positions, a ratio is calculated of an acceleration amplitude of vibration according to the vibration analysis method, to an acceleration amplitude of vibration of the bearing device excited by an exciting force occurring to the main shaft, and from the plurality of candidate positions, a candidate position for which the ratio is a maximum ratio is selected as the placement position of the vibration sensor. 16. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 14, wherein the bearing device includes a bearing device provided to a gearbox of a wind power generation facility, for each of the plurality of candidate positions, a ratio is calculated of an acceleration amplitude of vibration calculated according to the vibration analysis method, to an acceleration amplitude of vibration of the bearing device excited by an exciting force occurring to a gear of the gearbox, and from the plurality of candidate positions, a candidate position for which the ratio is a maximum ratio is selected as the placement position of the vibration sensor. 17. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 14, wherein the bearing device includes a bearing device provided to a generator of a wind power generation facility, the generator is connected by a coupling portion to a gearbox of the wind power generation facility, for each of the plurality of candidate positions, a ratio is calculated of an acceleration amplitude of vibration calculated according to the vibration analysis method, to an acceleration amplitude of vibration of the bearing device excited by an exciting force occurring to the coupling portion, and from the plurality of candidate positions, a candidate position for which the ratio is a maximum ratio is selected as the placement position of the vibration sensor. 18. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 11, further comprising a selection unit configured to select the placement position of the vibration sensor using a vibration waveform calculated according to the vibration analysis method. 19. The rolling bearing condition monitoring system according to claim 11, wherein the predetermined threshold value is determined using a vibration waveform which is expected to be exhibited at the placement position selected, of the vibration sensor when an abnormality occurs to the rolling bearing.",
-    "An adjustable spinal implant device including a first member and a second member, the first member adapted to receive the second member and to lock the second member in position relative to the first member. The first and second members may each comprise coupling portions adapted to couple to a spinal stabilization rod with a snap-fit. Cam locks may be adapted to be rotatably positioned in each member, wherein each member comprises a cam bore configured to receive a cam lock. The first cam lock and second cam lock may be each rotatable between a locked position and an open position. 1. An adjustable spinal implant device, comprising: a first member and a second member, the first member adapted to receive the second member and to lock the second member in position relative to the first member; wherein the first member comprises a first coupling portion adapted to couple to a first spinal stabilization rod with a snap-fit; wherein the second member comprises a second coupling portion adapted to couple to a second spinal stabilization rod with a snap-fit; wherein the first coupling portion comprises a first rod recess adapted to receive the first spinal stabilization rod; wherein the second coupling portion comprises a second rod recess adapted to receive the second spinal stabilization rod; a first cam lock adapted to be rotatably positioned in the first member, a second cam lock, adapted to be rotatably positioned in the second member; wherein the first member comprises a first cam bore configured to receive a first cam lock; wherein the second member comprises a second cam bore configured to receive a second cam lock; wherein the first cam lock and second cam lock are each rotatable between a locked position and an open position; wherein the first rod recess of the first coupling portion is adapted to receive the first spinal stabilization rod when the first cam lock is in an open position; wherein the first member is adapted to block the first spinal stabilization rod from exiting the rod recess of the first coupling portion when the first cam lock is in a locked position; wherein the second rod recess of the second coupling portion is adapted to receive the second spinal stabilization rod when the second cam lock is in an open position; and wherein the second member is adapted to block the second spinal stabilization rod from exiting the rod recess of the second coupling portion when the second cam lock is in a locked position. 2. The spinal implant device of claim 1, wherein the first member comprises a slide lock adapted to receive the second member, wherein the second member is slidably and rotatably positionable within the slide lock. 3. The spinal implant device of claim 1, wherein the first coupling portion comprises a first hook portion, the first hook portion adapted to surround at least a portion of the first rod recess, and wherein the second coupling portion comprises a second hook portion, the second hook portion adapted to surround at least a portion of the second rod recess. 4. The spinal implant device of claim 3, wherein the first hook portion is adapted to deflect from a default orientation when the first spinal stabilization rod enters the first rod recess and to return towards the default orientation when the first stabilization rod is fully seated in the first rod recess, and wherein the second hook portion is adapted to deflect from a default orientation when the second spinal stabilization rod enters the second rod recess and to return towards the default orientation when the second stabilization rod is fully seated in the second rod recess. 5. The spinal implant device of claim 3, wherein the first hook portion is adapted to retain the first spinal stabilization rod in the first rod recess when the first cam lock is in an open position and where the second hook portion is adapted to retain the second spinal stabilization rod in the second rod recess when the second cam lock is in an open position. 6. The spinal implant device of claim 1, wherein the first cam lock comprises a first protrusion adapted to engage the first spinal stabilization rod when the first cam lock is in a locked position, the first protrusion adapted to block the first spinal stabilization rod from exiting the first rod recess, and wherein the second cam lock comprises a second protrusion adapted to engage the second spinal stabilization rod when the second cam lock is in a locked position, the second protrusion adapted to block the second spinal stabilization rod from exiting the second rod recess. 7. The spinal implant device of claim 6, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion each comprise a rod engagement surface. 8. The spinal implant device of claim 1, wherein rotation of the first cam lock and the second cam lock from an open position to a locked position requires no more than approximately 100 degrees of rotation. 9. An adjustable spinal implant device, comprising: a first member and a second member, the first member comprising a slide lock adapted to receive the second member, wherein the second member is slidably and rotatably positionable within the slide lock; wherein the first member comprises a first coupling portion adapted to couple to a first spinal stabilization rod; wherein the second member comprises a second coupling portion adapted to couple to a second spinal stabilization rod; wherein the first coupling portion comprises a first rod recess adapted to receive the first spinal stabilization rod; wherein the second coupling portion comprises a second rod recess adapted to receive the second spinal stabilization rod; a first cam lock adapted to be rotatably positioned in the first member, a second cam lock, adapted to be rotatably positioned in the second member; wherein the first member comprises a first cam bore configured to receive a first cam lock; wherein the second member comprises a second cam bore configured to receive a second cam lock; wherein the first cam lock and second cam lock are each rotatable between a locked position and an open position; wherein the first rod recess of the first coupling portion is adapted to receive the first spinal stabilization rod when the first cam lock is in an open position; wherein the first member is adapted to block the first spinal stabilization rod from exiting the rod recess of the first coupling portion when the first cam lock is in a locked position; wherein the second rod recess of the second coupling portion is adapted to receive the second spinal stabilization rod when the second cam lock is in an open position; and wherein the second member is adapted to block the second spinal stabilization rod from exiting the rod recess of the second coupling portion when the second cam lock is in a locked position; wherein rotation of the first cam lock and the second cam lock from a open position to a locked position requires no more than approximately 100 degrees of rotation. 10. The spinal implant device of claim 9, wherein the first cam lock comprises a first protrusion adapted to engage the first spinal stabilization rod when the first cam lock is in a locked position, the first protrusion adapted to block the first spinal stabilization rod from exiting the first rod recess, and wherein the second cam lock comprises a second protrusion adapted to engage the second spinal stabilization rod when the second cam lock is in a locked position, the second protrusion adapted to block the second spinal stabilization rod from exiting the second rod recess. 11. The spinal implant device of claim 10, wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion each comprise a curved rod engagement surface 12. The spinal implant device of claim 11, wherein the first member comprises a first coupling portion adapted to couple to a first spinal stabilization rod with a snap-fit, and wherein the second member comprises a second coupling portion adapted to couple to a second spinal stabilization rod with a snap-fit. 13. The spinal implant device of claim 12, wherein the first coupling portion comprises a first hook portion, the first hook portion adapted to surround at least a portion of the first rod recess, and wherein the second coupling portion comprises a second hook portion, the second hook portion adapted to surround at least a portion of the second rod recess. 14. The spinal implant device of claim 13, wherein the first hook portion is adapted to deflect from a default orientation when the first spinal stabilization rod enters the first rod recess and to return towards the default orientation when the first stabilization rod is fully seated in the first rod recess, and wherein the second hook portion is adapted to deflect from a default orientation when the second spinal stabilization rod enters the second rod recess and to return towards the default orientation when the second stabilization rod is fully seated in the second rod recess. 15. The spinal implant device of claim 14, wherein the first hook portion is adapted to retain the first spinal stabilization rod in the first rod recess when the first cam lock is in an open position and where the second hook portion is adapted to retain the second spinal stabilization rod in the second rod recess when the second cam lock is in an open position. 16. A method of stabilizing the spine comprising: coupling a first member of a connector to a first spinal stabilization rod; coupling a second member of the connector to a second spinal stabilization rod; rotating a first cam lock approximately 90 degrees from an open position to a locked position; and rotating a second cam lock approximately 90 degrees from an open position to a locked position. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising locking the first member to the second member, limiting movement and rotation between the first member and the second member. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein coupling the first member of the connector to the first spinal stabilization rod comprises forcing the first spinal stabilization rod into a first rod recess of the first member until a portion of the first member deflects and the first spinal stabilization rod enters a first rod recess of the first member, and wherein coupling the second member of the connector to the second spinal stabilization rod comprises forcing the second spinal stabilization rod into a second rod recess of the second member until a portion of the second member deflects and the second spinal stabilization rod enters the second rod recess of the second member. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein coupling the first member to the first spinal stabilization rod produces a snap-fit, and wherein coupling the second member to the second spinal stabilization rod produces a snap-fit. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein coupling the first member to the first spinal stabilization rod produces an abrupt movement of the first member relative to the first spinal stabilization rod, and wherein coupling the second member to the second spinal stabilization rod produces an abrupt movement of the second member relative to the second spinal stabilization rod. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein coupling the first member to the first spinal stabilization rod produces a click, and wherein coupling the second member to the second spinal stabilization rod produces a click.",
-    "This invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis (MS) or presenting clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) which comprises a) administering to the subject an amount of an anti-CD52 antibody, followed by b) periodically administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod. This invention also provides packages comprising pharmaceutical compositions of laquinimod or an anti-CD52 antibody for treating such a subject wherein laquinimod is to be administered as a maintenance therapy in such a subject who has received an anti-CD52 antibody induction therapy. 1. A method of treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome and who has received an anti-CD52 antibody induction therapy, comprising periodically administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod, thereby treating the subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of determining that the subject has received the anti-CD52 antibody induction therapy. 3. A method of treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome comprising a) administering to the subject an amount of an anti-CD52 antibody, followed by b) periodically administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod, thereby treating the subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome. 4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the multiple sclerosis is relapsing multiple sclerosis or relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. 5. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein step a) comprises periodically administering to the subject an amount of the anti-CD52 antibody. 6. The method of any one of claims 3-5, wherein step a) followed by step b) is more effective to treat the subject then step a) alone or step b) alone. 7. The method of any one of claims 3-6, wherein step a) followed by step b) is effective to reduce a symptom of multiple sclerosis in the subject. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the symptom is a MRI-monitored multiple sclerosis disease activity, relapse rate, accumulation of physical disability, frequency of relapses, decreased time to confirmed disease progression, decreased time to confirmed relapse, frequency of clinical exacerbation, brain atrophy, neuronal dysfunction, neuronal injury, neuronal degeneration, neuronal apoptosis, risk for confirmed progression, deterioration of visual function, fatigue, impaired mobility, cognitive impairment, reduction of brain volume, abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, deterioration in general health status, functional status, quality of life, and/or symptom severity on work. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein step a) followed by step b) is effective to a) decrease or inhibit reduction of brain volume, and/or b) increase time to confirmed disease progression, and/or c) decrease abnormalities observed in whole Brain MTR histogram, and/or d) reduce cognitive impairment. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a) brain volume is measured by percent brain volume change (PBVC), and/or b) time to confirmed disease progression is increased by 20-60%, and/or c) cognitive impairment is assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) score. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein: a) the accumulation of physical disability is measured by Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score or by the time to confirmed disease progression as measured by EDSS score, and/or b) impaired mobility is assessed by the Timed-25 Foot Walk test, the 12-Item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) self-report questionnaire, the Ambulation Index (AI), the Six-Minute Walk (6MW) Test, or the Lower Extremity Manual Muscle Test (LEMMT) Test, and/or c) general health status is assessed by the EuroQoL (EQ5D) questionnaire, Subject Global Impression (SGI) or Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC), and/or d) functional status is measured by the subject's Short-Form General Health survey (SF-36) Subject Reported Questionnaire score, and/or e) quality of life is assessed by SF-36, EQ5D, Subject Global Impression (SGI) or Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC), and/or f) fatigue is assessed by the EQ5D, the subject's Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score or the French valid versions of the Fatigue Impact Scale (EMIF-SEP) score, and/or g) symptom severity on work is measured by the work productivity and activities impairment General Health (WPAI-GH) questionnaire. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject had an EDSS score of 0-5.5, of 1.5-4.5, or of 5.5 or greater at baseline. 13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein confirmed disease progression is a 1 point or a 0.5 point increase of the EDSS score. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject's SF-36 mental component summary score (MSC) is improved and/or wherein the subject's SF-36 physical component summary sore (PSC) is improved. 15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein laquinimod is laquinimod sodium. 16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the laquinimod is administered via oral administration. 17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the anti-CD52 antibody is or was administered via injection or via intravenous injection. 18. The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the laquinimod and/or the anti-CD52 antibody is administered daily, more often than once daily, or less often than once daily. 19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the amount laquinimod administered is 0.1-40.0 mg/day, 0.1-2.5 mg/day, 0.25-2.0 mg/day, 0.5-1.2 mg/day or less than 0.6 mg/day. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the amount laquinimod administered is 0.25 mg/day, 0.3 mg/day, 0.5 mg/day, 0.6 mg/day, 1.0 mg/day, 1.2 mg/day, 1.5 mg/day, or 2.0 mg/day. 21. The method of any one of claims 1-20, wherein step b) begins after completion of step a), on the same day as initiation of step a), or 1-10 days after initiation of step a). 22. The method of any of claims 3-21, further comprising: a) administering to the subject an amount of the anti-CD52 antibody, wherein step c) begins at least 6 months after initiation of step a). 23. The method of claim 22, wherein step c) begins after completion of step a), on the same day as initiation of step b), at least 6 months after initiation of step a), or at least 12 months after initiation of step a). 24. The method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the amount of the anti-CD52 antibody administered in step a) and/or step c) is 3-48 mg/day, 9-36 mg/day, 12 mg/day, or 24 mg/day. 25. The method of any one of claims 3-24, wherein step a) and/or step c) comprises b) daily administration of an amount of the anti-CD52 antibody to the subject over 1-5 days, and/or c) at least one administration of an amount of the anti-CD52 antibody to the subject over one day, and/or d) daily administration of an amount of the anti-CD52 antibody to the subject for at least 3 consecutive days or for at least 5 consecutive days. 26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, further comprising administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), salicylates, slow-acting drugs, gold compounds, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, combinations of slow-acting drugs, corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs and/or antibodies. 27. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the periodic administration of laquinimod continues for at least 3 days, for more than 30 days, for more than 42 days, for 8 weeks or more, for at least 12 weeks, for at least 24 weeks, for at least 24 weeks, or for 6 months or more. 28. The method of any one of claims 3-27, wherein step a) followed by step b) inhibits a symptom of relapsing multiple sclerosis by at least 20%, by at least 30%, by at least 50%, by at least 70%, by more than 100%, by more than 300%, or by more than 1000%. 29. The method of any one of claims 3-28, wherein each of the amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof when taken alone, and the amount of the anti-CD52 antibody when taken alone is effective to treat the subject, Or wherein either the amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof when taken alone, the amount of the anti-CD52 antibody when taken alone, or each such amount when taken alone is not effective to treat the subject. 30. The method of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the subject is a human patient. 31. A package comprising: a) a first pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; b) a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an anti-CD52 antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and c) instructions for use of the first and second pharmaceutical compositions together to treat a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome. 32. The package of claim 31, wherein a) the first pharmaceutical composition, the second pharmaceutical composition, or both the first and the second pharmaceutical composition are in an aerosol, an inhalable powder, an injectable, a liquid, a solid, a capsule or a tablet form, and/or b) the first pharmaceutical composition, the second pharmaceutical composition, or both the first and the second pharmaceutical composition are in a liquid or a solid form, and/or c) the first pharmaceutical composition is in capsule form or in tablet form. 33. The package of claim 32, wherein the tablets are coated with a coating which inhibits oxygen from contacting the core. 34. The package of claim 33, wherein the coating comprises a cellulosic polymer, a detackifier, a gloss enhancer, or pigment. 35. The package of any one of claims 31-34, wherein the first pharmaceutical composition further comprises one, two, three or four of a)-e): a) mannitol, b) an alkalinizing agent, c) an oxidation reducing agent, d) a lubricant, and e) a filler, or wherein the first pharmaceutical composition further comprises each of a)-e). 36. The package of claim 35, wherein: a) the alkalinizing agent is meglumine, and/or b) the lubricant is present in the composition as solid particles, and/or c) the lubricant is sodium stearyl fumarate or magnesium stearate, and/or d) the filler is present in the composition as solid particles, and/or e) the filler is lactose, lactose monohydrate, starch, isomalt, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, lactose spray dried, lactose anhydrouse, or a combination thereof, and/or f) the filler is mannitol or lactose monohydrate. 37. The package of any one of claims 31-36, wherein the first pharmaceutical composition is stable and free of an alkalinizing agent or an oxidation reducing agent, or wherein the first pharmaceutical composition is free of an alkalinizing agent and free of an oxidation reducing agent. 38. The package of any one of claims 31-37, wherein the first pharmaceutical composition is stable and free of disintegrant. 39. The package of any one of claims 31-38, further comprising a desiccant. 40. The package of claim 39, wherein the desiccant is silica gel. 41. The package of any one of claims 31-40, wherein the first pharmaceutical composition is stable and has a moisture content of no more than 4%. 42. The package of any one of claims 31-41, wherein laquinimod is present in the composition as solid particles. 43. The package of any one of claims 31-42, wherein the package is a sealed packaging having a moisture permeability of not more than 15 mg/day per liter. 44. The package of claim 43, wherein the sealed package is a blister pack in which the maximum moisture permeability is no more than 0.005 mg/day, or the sealed package is a bottle. 45. The package of claim 44, wherein the bottle is closed with a heat induction liner. 46. The package of any one of claims 43-45, wherein the sealed package comprises an HDPE bottle and/or an oxygen absorbing agent. 47. The package of claim 46, wherein the oxygen absorbing agent is iron. 48. The package of any one of claims 31-47, wherein the amount of laquinimod in the first composition comprises a unit dose of less than 0.6 mg, a unit dose of 0.1-40.0 mg, a unit dose of 0.1-2.5 mg, a unit dose of 0.25-2.0 mg, or a unit dose of 0.5-1.2 mg. 49. The package of claim 48, wherein the amount of laquinimod in the first composition comprises a unit dose of 0.25 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.5 mg, or 2.0 mg. 50. The package of any one of claim 31-49, wherein the amount of the anti-CD52 antibody in the second composition comprises a unit dose of 3-48 mg, a unit dose of 9-36 mg, a unit dose of 12 mg or a unit dose of 24 mg. 51. Laquinimod for use as a maintenance therapy in treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome, wherein the subject has received an anti-CD52 antibody induction therapy. 52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod for use as a maintenance therapy in treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome, wherein the subject has received an anti-CD52 antibody induction therapy. 53. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 52, wherein laquinimod is laquinimod sodium. 54. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 52 or 53, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is: a) in an aerosol, an inhalable powder, an injectable, a liquid, a solid, a capsule or a tablet form, and/or b) in a liquid or a solid form, and/or c) in capsule form or in tablet form. 55. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 54, wherein the tablets are coated with a coating which inhibits oxygen from contacting the core. 56. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 55, wherein the coating comprises a cellulosic polymer, a detackifier, a gloss enhancer, or pigment. 57. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 52-56, further comprising one, two, three or four of a)-e): a) mannitol, b) an alkalinizing agent, c) an oxidation reducing agent, d) a lubricant, and e) a filler, or wherein the first pharmaceutical composition further comprises each of a)-e). 58. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 57, wherein: a) the alkalinizing agent is meglumine, and/or b) the lubricant is present in the composition as solid particles, and/or c) the lubricant is sodium stearyl fumarate or magnesium stearate, and/or d) the filler is present in the composition as solid particles, and/or e) the filler is lactose, lactose monohydrate, starch, isomalt, mannitol, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, lactose spray dried, lactose anhydrouse, or a combination thereof, and/or f) the filler is mannitol or lactose monohydrate. 59. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 52-58, which is free of an alkalinizing agent or an oxidation reducing agent, or which is free of an alkalinizing agent and free of an oxidation reducing agent. 60. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 52-59, which is stable and free of disintegrant. 61. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 52-60, wherein the amount of laquinimod in the composition is 0.1-40.0 mg, 0.1-2.5 mg, 0.25-2.0 mg, 0.5-1.2 mg, or less than 0.6 mg. 62. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 61, wherein the amount of laquinimod in the composition is 0.25 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 1.0 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.5 mg, or 2.0 mg. 63. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod for use in treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome as a maintenance therapy in combination with an anti-CD52 antibody induction therapy. 64. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of an anti-CD52 antibody for use in treating a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome as an induction therapy in combination with laquinimod maintenance therapy. 65. A therapeutic package for dispensing to, or for use in dispensing to, a subject afflicted with multiple sclerosis or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome, which comprises: a) one or more unit doses, each such unit dose comprising: i) an amount of laquinimod and/or ii) an amount of an anti-CD52 antibody, and b) a finished pharmaceutical container therefor, said container containing said unit dose or unit doses, said container further containing or comprising labeling directing the use of said package in the treatment of said subject. 66. The therapeutic package of claim 65, wherein the respective amounts of said laquinimod and said anti-CD52 antibody in said unit dose when taken together is more effective to treat the subject than when compared to the administration of said laquinimod in the absence of said anti-CD52 antibody or the administration of said anti-CD52 antibody in the absence of said laquinimod. 67. The method of any one of claims 1-30, the package of any one of claims 31-50, the use of claim 51, the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 52-64, or the therapeutic package of claim 65 or 66, wherein the anti-CD52 antibody binds to the same epitope as alemtuzumab. 68. The method of any one of claims 1-30, the package of any one of claims 1-30, the use of claim 51, the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 52-64, or the therapeutic package of claim 65 or 66, wherein the anti-CD52 antibody is alemtuzumab.",
-    "A fine timing method is provided. The method comprises: calculating values of a first timing metric function based on cross-correlation between a received signal and M training sequences within a time period, to obtain a plurality of sets of X values spaced according to a certain pattern; calculating summations for the plurality of sets of X values, respectively; and determining the beginning of a data frame based on the calculated summations. 1. A fine timing method comprising: calculating first timing metric values based on cross-correlation between a received signal and M training sequences; identifying within a time period a set of X first timing metric values spaced according to a certain pattern which set of X first timing metric values has the greatest summation; and determining the beginning of a data frame based on the identified set of X first timing metric values. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the M training sequences have the same length, and the identified set of first timing metric values are evenly spaced by the length of one training sequence. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the time period is identified by a coarse timing process. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first timing metric values are calculated based on multiplication of M1(d) and M1(d+P\u00b7L), where M1(d) represents a cross-correlation function between the received signal and the M training sequences, L stands for the length of one training sequence, P is a predetermined positive integer and 1\u2266P\u2266M\u22122, X equals to M\u2212P. 5. A fine timing method comprising: calculating values of a first timing metric function based on cross-correlation between a received signal and M training sequences within a time period, to obtain a plurality of sets of X values spaced according to a certain pattern; calculating summations for the plurality of sets of X values, respectively; and determining the beginning of a data frame based on the calculated summations. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the M training sequences have the same length, and the X values of each set are evenly spaced by the length of one training sequence. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the first timing metric function is based on self-correlation of a second timing metric function which is a cross-correlation function between the received signal and the M training sequences. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the first timing metric function is based on multiplication of M1(d) and M1(d+P\u00b7L), where M1(d) is a cross-correlation function between the received signal and the M training sequences, where L stands for the length of one training sequence, P is a predetermined positive integer and 1\u2266P\u2266M\u22122, X equals to M\u2212P. 9. (canceled) 10. A fine timing system comprising: a timing metric value calculating device for calculating first timing metric values based on cross-correlation between a received signal and M training sequences; and a data frame locating device for identifying within a time period a set of X first timing metric values spaced according to a certain pattern which set has the greatest summation, and determining where a data frame begins based on the identified set of X first timing metric values. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the M training sequences have the same length, and the identified set of X first timing metric values are evenly spaced by the length of one training sequence. 12. The system of claim 10, the time period is identified by a coarse timing process. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the first timing metric values are calculated based on multiplication of M1(d) and M1(d+P\u00b7L), where M1(d) is a cross-correlation function between the received signal and the M training sequences, where L stands for the length of one training sequence, P is a predetermined positive integer and 1\u2266P\u2266M\u22122, X equals to M\u2212P. 14. A fine timing system comprising: a timing metric value calculating device for calculating values of a first timing metric function based on cross-correlation between a received signal and M training sequences within a time period, where there are a plurality of sets of X values spaced according to a certain pattern in the calculated values of the first timing metric function; and a data frame locating device for calculating summations for the plurality of sets of X values, respectively, and determining the beginning of a data frame based on the calculated summations. 15. The system of claim 14, the M training sequences have the same length, and the X values of each set are evenly spaced by the length of one training sequence. 16. The system of claim 15, the first timing metric function is based on multiplication of M1(d) and M1(d+P\u00b7L), where M1(d) is a cross-correlation function between the received signal and the M training sequences, where L stands for the length of one training sequence, P is a predetermined positive integer and 1\u2266P\u2266M\u22122, X equals to M\u2212P. 17-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein X is equal to M. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the M training sequences are known to a transmitter and a receiver. 23. The system of claim 14, wherein the timing metric value calculating device comprises a cross-correlation calculating device, a delay device, and a multiplier, and wherein the cross-correlation calculating device calculates second timing metric values represented by a cross-correlation function between the received signal and the M training sequences, and transmits the second timing metric values to both the multiplier and the delay device. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the delay device delays the second timing metric values received from the cross-correlation calculating device by the length of one training sequence, and outputs delayed second timing metric values to the multiplier, and wherein the multiplier multiplies the second timing metric values from the cross-correlation calculating device and the delayed second timing metric values from the delay device to obtain the first timing metric values. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the first timing metric values are sent to a data frame locating device for locating a data frame.",
-    "A vessel is for storing and monitoring a suspension of microscopic objects, which comprises a cap suitable for closing off the vessel. The cap includes a fluidics system, which includes an inlet and an outlet. The inlet and the outlet are arranged to be in an interior volume of the vessel when the cap is closing off the vessel. The cap also includes a measurement region for optical microscopy, which includes a sample region suitable for the suspension. The sample region is in fluid connection with the fluidics system. The cap also includes a pump suitable for inducing a flow in the fluidics system. A particular monitoring system and setup is for monitoring cells in a cell culture liquid. 1. A vessel for storing and monitoring a suspension of microscopic objects, comprising a cap configured to close off the vessel, wherein the cap comprises a fluidics system comprising an inlet and an outlet, said inlet and said outlet arranged to be in an interior volume of said vessel when the cap is closing off said vessel, wherein said cap comprises a measurement region for optical microscopy which comprises a sample region suitable for said suspension, the sample region in fluid connection with said fluidics system, and wherein said cap comprises a pump configured to induce a flow in said fluidics system. 2. The vessel according to claim 1, wherein said sample region comprises a transparent surface. 3. The vessel according to claim 1, wherein said measurement region comprises a guide for light, configured to guide a light beam from an incoming direction towards said sample region and further towards an outgoing direction. 4. The vessel according to claim 1, wherein said pump comprises a membrane mounted on said fluidics system of said cap and one or more valves in said fluidics system, said membrane and valves configured to induce a flow in said fluidics system in a predetermined direction when the membrane is being pulled or pushed in order to change an interior volume of the fluidics system. 5. The vessel according to claim 1, wherein said pump comprises an actuation element attached to said membrane, said actuation element arranged to pull or push said membrane under the influence of an external energy provider. 6. The vessel according to claim 1, wherein said vessel comprises a suspension and/or wherein said cap is closing off said vessel. 7. A cap for closing off a vessel that is for storing and monitoring a suspension of microscopic objects, the cap comprising a fluidics system comprising an inlet and an outlet, said inlet and said outlet configured to be inserted into an interior volume of said vessel when the cap is closing off said vessel, wherein said cap comprises a measurement region for optical microscopy which comprises a sample region suitable for said suspension, the sample region in fluid connection with said fluidics system, and wherein said cap comprises a pump configured to induce a flow in said fluidics system. 8. A system for monitoring a suspension in a vessel, comprising: the vessel according to claim 1, and a microscopic system configured to obtain measurements at a position of the measurement region of the cap of the vessel. 9. The system according to claim 8, comprising: an external energy provider for actuating the pump of said cap. 10. A method for observing or monitoring a suspension in a vessel, comprising: providing the vessel according to claim 1, said vessel comprising a suspension and closed off with the cap of the vessel; arranging a microscopic system for obtaining measurements at the a position of the measurement region of said cap; pumping at least part of said suspension to the sample region of the cap; and obtaining information about said suspension in said sample region by said microscopic system. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising pumping suspension and/or other fluid through said fluidics system before and/or after said obtaining information about said suspension in said sample region by said microscopic system. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein said information is obtained during said pumping. 13. A system for monitoring a suspension in a vessel, comprising a vessel and a vessel turning system, wherein said vessel comprises a cap which is configured to close off the vessel, wherein said vessel turning system is configured to turn over said vessel, wherein said cap comprises a fluidics system comprising an inlet and optionally an outlet, said inlet and said optional outlet arranged to be in fluid connection with an interior volume of said vessel when the cap is closing off said vessel, and wherein said cap comprises a measurement region for optical microscopy which comprises a sample region for said suspension which is in fluid connection with said fluidics system. 14. A method for observing and monitoring a suspension in a vessel, comprising: providing a vessel closed off by a cap comprising a fluidics system comprising an inlet and optionally an outlet, said inlet and said optional outlet in fluid connection with an interior volume of said vessel, wherein said cap comprises a measurement region for optical microscopy which comprises a sample region for said suspension which is in fluid connection with said fluidics system, and wherein said vessel comprises a suspension; bringing at least part of said suspension to the sample region via said fluidics system by turning over said vessel; arranging a microscopic system for obtaining measurements at a position of the measurement region of the cap; and obtaining information about said suspension in said sample region by said microscopic system. 15. (canceled) 16. The vessel according to claim 5, wherein the actuation element comprises a magnetic material and said external energy provider comprises a generator of a variable magnetic field. 17. The system according to claim 9, wherein said external energy provider comprise a generator of variable magnetic fields and said pump comprise an actuation element comprising a magnetic material. 18. The system according to claim 9, wherein said system comprises a controller for controlling said microscopic system and/or said external energy provider. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein said controller is configured to control said microscopic system and/or said external energy provider taking into account data related to said suspension measured by said microscopic system. 20. The method according to claim 14, wherein said at least part of said suspension is brought to the sample region via said fluidics system by turning over said vessel by a vessel turning system. 21. The method according to claim 14, wherein said microscopic system for obtaining measurements is arranged at a position of the measurement region of the cap when the vessel is in a turned-over position.",
-    "A retaining plate (30) made from a rigid material having tips on each of the two faces of same, the tips of each of the faces of a length of between 1 and 3 mm making an angle in the forward direction with the face of between 30\u00b0 and 60\u00b0. The retaining plate is secured by the tips of one of the faces of same at the final end (28) of a first reinforcing strip (26) already positioned on the degraded portion of a pipe, and secured to the initial end (32) of a second reinforcing strip to be wound following the first reinforcing strip by the tips of the other face, said tips being tilted towards the initial end (32) of the second reinforcing strip. 1. A retaining plate made of rigid material (30) comprising spikes (22, 24) on each of its two faces, the spikes on each of the faces, of a length of between 1 and 3 mm, making an angle of between 30\u00b0 and 60\u00b0 with the base of the face on which they lie, said plate being, on the one hand, secured by the spikes of one of its faces to a first reinforcing tape (26) already placed on the damaged portion of a pipe, said spikes being inclined toward the tail end of said first reinforcing tape and, on the other hand, secured to a second reinforcing tape that is to be wound on after the first reinforcing tape by the spikes of the other face, said spikes being inclined toward the starting end (32) of said second reinforcing tape. 2. The retaining plate (30) as claimed in claim 1, in which said spikes (22, 24) make an angle of 45\u00b0 in the direct direction with the face on which they lie. 3. The retaining plate (30) as claimed in claim 1, in which said rigid material is metal such as steel. 4. The retaining plate (30) as claimed in claim 3, said plate being a metal mesh and said spikes being formed by cutting the sides of the grid cells of the mesh at regular intervals and bending them up with respect to the mesh by a determined angle of between 30\u00b0 and 60\u00b0. 5. The retaining plate (30) as claimed in claim 1, made of metal so that said plate is in contact at its two ends with a conducting wire incorporated into each of said first and second reinforcing tapes so as to ensure electrical continuity between said reinforcing tapes. 6. A method of installing a second reinforcing tape after a first reinforcing tape wound around a damaged part of a pipe, consisting in placing a retaining plate (30) as claimed in claim 1 on the tail end of said first reinforcing tape so as to secure said plate to the first reinforcing tape using the spikes on the underside face of the plate, then in placing the starting end (32) of the new reinforcing tape on said plate so as to secure said tape to said plate using the spikes on the top face of the plate.",
-    "A reagent that enhances acid generation of a photoacid generator and composition containing such reagent is disclosed. 1. A reagent, wherein: a product is generated from the reagent, wherein the product enhances a generation of a first chemical species from a precursor by a first reaction of the precursor; and the reagent is represented by formula (I), wherein: R1 is a pi-conjugated system; R2 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a phenyl group, an alkyl carbonyl group, an aryl carbonyl group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkyl group containing a cyclic or poly cyclic moiety, and a substituent containing at least one atom other than carbon atom and hydrogen atom; each of R3 and R4 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl carbonyl group, an aryl carbonyl group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkyl group containing a cyclic or poly cyclic moiety, and a substituent containing at least one atom other than carbon atom and hydrogen atom; and Y is an oxygen atom or sulfur atom. 2.-3. (canceled) 4. The reagent according to claim 1, wherein the first chemical species is acid. 5. The reagent according to claim 1, wherein: the product enhances the generation of the first chemical species from the precursor by absorbing a first light of which wavelength is a first wavelength and acting as a sensitizer; and the precursor generates a second chemical species by absorbing a second light of which wavelength is equal to or shorter than 50 nm. 6.-14. (canceled) 15. A composition, comprising: the reagent according to claim 1; and the precursor. 16. The composition according to claim 15, further comprising: a resin or a compound, the molecular weight of which is greater than 2000. 17.-21. (canceled) 22. The reagent of claim 1, wherein R1 is connected to R2 through at least one bond. 23. The reagent of claim 1, wherein R3 is connected to R4 through at least one bond. 24. The reagent of claim 1, wherein the product is formed by a deprotection reaction of the reagent. 25. The reagent of claim 1, wherein the reagent includes an acyclic or cyclic acetal group, an acyclic or cyclic dithio acetal group, an acyclic or cyclic monothio acetal group. 26. The reagent of claim 1, wherein the pi-conjugated system is an aromatic group. 27. The reagent of claim 26, wherein the aromatic group is connected to at least one electron-donating group. 28. A method for manufacturing a device, the method comprising: applying a solution of the composition according to claim 16 to a substrate such that a coating film including the composition is formed on the substrate; and a first irradiation of the coating film with at least one of a first electromagnetic ray and a first particle ray such that a first portion of the coating film is irradiated with the at least one of the electromagnetic ray and the particle ray while a second portion of the coating film is not irradiated with the at least one of the electromagnetic ray and the particle ray; a second irradiation of the coating film with at least one of a UV light and a visible light; removing the first portion of the coating film; and etching the substrate such that a third portion of the substrate on which the first portion has been present is etched. 29. (canceled) 30. The reagent of claim 5, wherein a first wavelength of the first light is longer than or equal to 300 nm. 31. A polymer comprising: a polymer chain; and the reagent of claim 1 bonded to the polymer chain. 32. A composition comprising: the polymer of claim 13; and the precursor. 33. The composition of claim 32, wherein: the product enhances the generation of the first chemical species from the precursor by absorbing a first light having a first wavelength and acting as a sensitizer; and the precursor generates a second chemical species by absorbing a second light, the wavelength of which is shorter than or equal to 50 nm. 34. The composition of claim 15, wherein: the product enhances the generation of the first chemical species from the precursor by absorbing a first light having a first wavelength and acting as a sensitizer; and the precursor generates a second chemical species by absorbing a second light, the wavelength of which is shorter than or equal to 50 nm. 35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the first wavelength is longer than or equal to 300 nm.",
-    "To accurately position a past photography position and a photography position this time in follow up using polarization OCT images. In follow up, multiple polarization-sensitive tomographic images are positioned based on multiple polarization planar images of an object, corresponding to multiple polarization-sensitive tomographic images obtained by photographing the object at another time. 1. A photography apparatus comprising: a selecting unit configured to select one of a plurality of photography modes, including a follow up photography mode; a tomographic image acquiring unit configured to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images obtained by photographing an object at different times; and a positioning unit configured to, in a case where the follow up photography mode has been selected, position the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images based on a plurality of polarization planar images of the object corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images. 2. The photography apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object is an eye, wherein the plurality of polarization planar images are a plurality of retardation maps of the fundus of the eye, and wherein, in a case where there is a deformity over time in a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer of the fundus in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, the positioning unit performs positioning using the plurality of retardation maps of a nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the fundus. 3. The photography apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object is an eye, wherein the plurality of polarization planar images are a plurality of birefringence maps of the fundus of the eye, and wherein, in a case where there is a deformity over time in a retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of the fundus in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, the positioning unit performs positioning using the plurality of birefringence maps of the RPE layer of the fundus. 4. The photography apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, after the positioning unit performs the positioning, the tomographic image acquiring unit acquires a new polarization-sensitive tomographic image of the object based on the positioning results from the positioning unit. 5. The photography apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a display control unit configured to display a plurality of polarization planar images corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images that have been positioned on a display unit, and to display a display form representing a pathological abnormality region in the object, superimposed on the plurality of polarization planar images. 6. The photography apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an image generating unit configured to generate an image indicating difference among the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images. 7. The photography apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising: an image generating unit configured to generate the plurality of polarization planar images from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images. 8. The photography apparatus according to claim 1, wherein return light from the object which has been irradiated by the measurement light, and reference light corresponding to the measurement light, are multiplexed, the multiplexed light is split into light having polarization different from each other, and a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images are acquired based on the light having polarization different from each other. 9. A photography method comprising: a step to select one of a plurality of photography modes, including a follow up photography mode; a step to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images obtained by photographing an object at different times; and a step to, in a case where the follow up photography mode has been selected, position the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images based on a plurality of polarization planar images of the object corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images. 10. The photography method according to claim 9, wherein the object is an eye, wherein the plurality of polarization planar images are a plurality of retardation maps of the fundus of the eye, and wherein, in a case where there is a deformity over time in a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer of the fundus in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, positioning is performed using the plurality of retardation maps of a nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the fundus. 11. The photography method according to claim 9, wherein the object is an eye, wherein the plurality of polarization planar images are a plurality of birefringence maps of the fundus of the eye, and wherein, in a case where there is a deformity over time in a retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of the fundus in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, the positioning unit performs positioning using the plurality of birefringence maps of the RPE layer of the fundus. 12. The photography method according to claim 9, wherein, in the step to acquire the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, after the positioning step is performed a new polarization-sensitive tomographic image of the object is performed based on the results of positioning performed in the step to position. 13. The photography method according to claim 9, further comprising: a step to display a plurality of polarization planar images corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images that have been positioned on a display unit, and to display a display form representing a pathological abnormality region in the object, superimposed on the plurality of polarization planar images. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute the steps of the photography method according to claim 9. 15. An image processing apparatus comprising: a tomographic image acquiring unit configured to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images obtained by photographing an object at different times; and a positioning unit configured to position the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images based on a plurality of polarization planar images of the object corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images. 16. An image processing method comprising: a step to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images obtained by photographing an object at different times; and a step to position the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images based on a plurality of polarization planar images of the object corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute the steps of the image processing method according to claim 16.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a locking device. The locking device may include a quick release coupling board, a sliding assembly slidably connected with the sliding assembly, and a locking assembly connected to the sliding assembly and configured to lock the quick release coupling board to the sliding assembly. 1. A locking device, comprising: a quick release coupling board; a sliding assembly slidably connected with the quick release coupling board; and a locking assembly connected to the sliding assembly and configured to lock the quick release coupling board to the sliding assembly. 2. The locking device of claim 1, wherein: the quick release coupling board comprises a bottom plate and two opposite side walls, the two side walls each include a sliding slot, each sliding slot comprising a blocking sheet opposite to the bottom plate, the sliding assembly comprises a guiding piece and a seat, a shape and size of the guiding piece corresponding to a shape and size of the sliding slot, the guiding piece comprises a first sliding plate and a second sliding plate stacked on the first sliding plate to form a step, a connecting pole extends from the second sliding plate perpendicularly, with first screw threads on outer surface of the connecting pole, the seat comprises a center portion and a through hole in the seat and passing through the center portion, the connecting pole penetrating through the through hole of the seat, the locking assembly comprises a first locking element, the first locking element comprising a first main body and a connecting portion perpendicular to the first main body, the connecting portion is a hollow structure with a first screw hole, the first screw hole and the first screw threads of the connecting pole are coupled, when it is needed to lock the quick release coupling board with the sliding assembly, the first screw hole of the first locking element is screwed with the first screw threads of the connecting pole, and when the first locking element is locked firmly, the step surface of the first guiding piece is locked with the blocking sheet. 3. The locking device of claim 2, wherein: the connecting portion and the though hole are circular, and a radius of the connecting portion is smaller than a radius of the through hole. 4. The locking device of claim 2, wherein: two locating blocks forms on a top surface of the center portion and face each other, a sliding opening is in two sides of each locating block corresponding to the sliding slot, and the seat is connected to the quick release coupling board via the sliding openings. 5. The locking device of claim 4, wherein the top surface and the two locating block together form a receiving portion for receiving the guiding piece. 6. The locking device of claim 2, wherein: the bottom plate is rectangular, the side walls each extend perpendicularly from a respective periphery side of the bottom plate, and each blocking sheet is integrally formed with the corresponding side wall. 7. The locking device of claim 2, wherein: the seat comprises elastic holding portions each positioned on one side of the center portion, and the elastic holding portions each are configured to clip a rod. 8. The locking device of claim 7, wherein a channel forms at center of the center portion, the channel penetrating through two opposite sidewalls of the center portion and connecting the two elastic holding portion. 9. The locking device of claim 8, wherein: the locking assembly comprises a second locking element screwed with the first locking element, the second locking element comprising a second main body and an abutting portion perpendicular to the second main body, a groove forms in the second main body, a shape and size of the groove corresponding to those of the first main body for receiving the first main body, the abutting portion is a hollow structure with a second screw hole, the second screw hole penetrates through the abutting portion and communicates with the groove, male screw threads form on an outer surface of the connecting portion, the second screw hole and the male screw threads of the connecting portion are coupled, when contact between the rod and the elastic clip is loose, the sliding assembly can slide along the rod, when the rod is held by the elastic clip firmly, the second screw hole of the second locking element is screwed with the male screw threads of the first locking element, the abutting portion abutting the center portion of the seat, and when the second locking element is screwed firmly to the seat, the elastic clip is firmly clipped to the rod. 10. The locking device of claim 1, wherein: the locking device mounts on a mounting gimbal, and a plurality of locating holes are defined in the bottom plate to hold an imaging device.",
-    "Diffuse or spatially large audio objects may be identified for special processing. A decorrelation process may be performed on audio signals corresponding to the large audio objects to produce decorrelated large audio object audio signals. These decorrelated large audio object audio signals may be associated with object locations, which may be stationary or time-varying locations. For example, the decorrelated large audio object audio signals may be rendered to virtual or actual speaker locations. The output of such a rendering process may be input to a scene simplification process. The decorrelation, associating and/or scene simplification processes may be performed prior to a process of encoding the audio data. 1. A method, comprising: receiving audio data comprising audio objects, the audio objects comprising audio object signals and associated metadata, the metadata including at least audio object size data; determining, based on the audio object size data, a large audio object having an audio object size that is greater than a threshold size; performing a decorrelation process on audio signals of the large audio object to produce decorrelated large audio object audio signals; and associating the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with object locations, the associating process being independent of an actual playback speaker configuration. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving decorrelation metadata for the large audio object, wherein the decorrelation process is performed, at least in part, according to the decorrelation metadata. 3. The method of any previous claim, further comprising encoding audio data output from the associating process, wherein the encoding process does not involve encoding decorrelation metadata for the large audio object. 4. The method of any previous claim, wherein at least some of the object locations are stationary. 5. The method of any previous claim, wherein at least some of the object locations vary over time. 6. The method of any previous claim, wherein the associating process involves rendering the decorrelated large audio object audio signals according to virtual speaker locations. 7. The method of any previous claim, wherein the receiving process involves receiving one or more audio bed signals corresponding to speaker locations. 8. The method of any previous claim, wherein the actual playback speaker configuration is used to render the decorrelated large audio object audio signals to speakers of a playback environment. 9. The method of any previous claim, wherein the object locations comprise locations corresponding to at least some of the audio object position data of the received audio objects. 10. The method of any previous claim, further comprising mixing the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with at least some of the received audio bed signals or the received audio object signals. 11. The method of any previous claim, further comprising outputting the decorrelated large audio object audio signals as additional audio bed signals or audio object signals. 12. The method of any previous claim, further comprising applying a level adjustment process to the decorrelated large audio object audio signals. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata and wherein the level adjustment process depends, at least in part, on the audio object size metadata and the audio object position metadata of the large audio object. 14. The method of any previous claim, further comprising attenuating or deleting the audio signals of the large audio object after the decorrelation process is performed. 15. The method of any previous claim, further comprising retaining audio signals corresponding to a point source contribution of the large audio object after the decorrelation process is performed. 16. The method of any previous claim, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata, further comprising: computing contributions from virtual sources within an audio object area or volume defined by the large audio object position data and the large audio object size data; and determining a set of audio object gain values for each of a plurality of output channels based, at least in part, on the computed contributions. 17. The method of any previous claim, further comprising performing an audio object clustering process after the decorrelation process. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the audio object clustering process is performed after the associating process. 19. The method of any previous claim, further comprising evaluating the audio data to determine content type, wherein the decorrelation process is selectively performed according to the content type. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein an amount of decorrelation to be performed depends on the content type. 21. The method of any previous claim, wherein the decorrelation process involves one or more of delays, all-pass filters, pseudo-random filters or reverberation algorithms. 22. The method of any previous claim, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata, further comprising mixing the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with audio signals for audio objects that are spatially separated by a threshold amount of distance from the large audio object. 23. An apparatus, comprising: an interface system; and a logic system capable of: receiving, via the interface system, audio data comprising audio objects, the audio objects comprising audio object signals and associated metadata, the metadata including at least audio object size data; determining, based on the audio object size data, a large audio object having an audio object size that is greater than a threshold size; performing a decorrelation process on audio signals of the large audio object to produce decorrelated large audio object audio signals; and associating the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with object locations, the associating process being independent of an actual playback speaker configuration. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the logic system includes at least one of a processor, such as a general purpose single- or multi-chip processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or combinations thereof. 25. The apparatus of any of claims 23-24, wherein the interface system includes at least one of a user interface or a network interface. 26. The apparatus of any of claims 23-25, further comprising a memory system, wherein the interface system includes at least one interface between the logic system and the memory system. 27. The apparatus of any of claims 23-26, wherein the logic system is capable of receiving, via the interface system, decorrelation metadata for the large audio object, wherein the decorrelation process is performed, at least in part, according to the decorrelation metadata. 28. The apparatus of any of claims 23-27, wherein the logic system is capable of encoding audio data output from the associating process, wherein the encoding process does not involve encoding decorrelation metadata for the large audio object. 29. The apparatus of any of claims 23-28, wherein at least some of the object locations are stationary. 30. The apparatus of any of claims 23-29, wherein at least some of the object locations vary over time. 31. The apparatus of any of claims 23-30, wherein the associating process involves rendering the decorrelated large audio object audio signals according to virtual speaker locations. 32. The apparatus of any of claims 23-31, wherein the receiving process involves receiving one or more audio bed signals corresponding to speaker locations. 33. The apparatus of any of claims 23-32, wherein the actual playback speaker configuration is used to render the decorrelated large audio object audio signals to speakers of a playback environment. 34. The apparatus of any of claims 23-33, wherein the object locations comprise locations corresponding to at least some of the audio object position data of the received audio objects. 35. The apparatus of any of claims 23-34, wherein the logic system is capable of mixing the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with at least some of the received audio bed signals or the received audio object signals. 36. The apparatus of any of claims 23-35, wherein the logic system is capable of outputting the decorrelated large audio object audio signals as additional audio bed signals or audio object signals. 37. The apparatus of any of claims 23-36, wherein the logic system is capable of applying a level adjustment process to the decorrelated large audio object audio signals. 38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata and wherein the level adjustment process depends, at least in part, on the audio object size metadata and the audio object position metadata of the large audio object. 39. The apparatus of any of claims 23-38, wherein the logic system is capable of attenuating or deleting the audio signals of the large audio object after the decorrelation process is performed. 40. The apparatus of any of claims 23-39, wherein the apparatus is capable of retaining audio signals corresponding to a point source contribution of the large audio object after the decorrelation process is performed. 41. The apparatus of any of claims 23-40, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata, wherein the logic system is capable of: computing contributions from virtual sources within an audio object area or volume defined by the large audio object position data and the large audio object size data; and determining a set of audio object gain values for each of a plurality of output channels based, at least in part, on the computed contributions. 42. The apparatus of any of claims 23-41, wherein the logic system is capable of performing an audio object clustering process after the decorrelation process. 43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the audio object clustering process is performed after the associating process. 44. The apparatus of any of claims 23-43, wherein the logic system is capable of evaluating the audio data to determine content type, wherein the decorrelation process is selectively performed according to the content type. 45. The apparatus of claim 44, wherein an amount of decorrelation to be performed depends on the content type. 46. The apparatus of any of claims 23-45, wherein the decorrelation process involves one or more of delays, all-pass filters, pseudo-random filters or reverberation algorithms. 47. The apparatus of any of claims 23-46, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata, wherein the logic system is capable of mixing the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with audio signals for audio objects that are spatially separated by a threshold amount of distance from the large audio object. 48. A non-transitory medium having software stored thereon, the software including instructions for controlling at least one apparatus to: receive audio data comprising audio objects, the audio objects comprising audio object signals and associated metadata, the metadata including at least audio object size data; determine, based on the audio object size data, a large audio object having an audio object size that is greater than a threshold size; perform a decorrelation process on audio signals of the large audio object to produce decorrelated large audio object audio signals; and associate the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with object locations, the associating process being independent of an actual playback speaker configuration. 49. The non-transitory medium of claim 48, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to receive decorrelation metadata for the large audio object, wherein the decorrelation process is performed, at least in part, according to the decorrelation metadata. 50. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-49, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to encode audio data output from the associating process, wherein the encoding process does not involve encoding decorrelation metadata for the large audio object. 51. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-50, wherein at least some of the object locations are stationary. 52. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-51, wherein at least some of the object locations vary over time. 53. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-52, wherein the associating process involves rendering the decorrelated large audio object audio signals according to virtual speaker locations. 54. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-53, wherein the receiving process involves receiving one or more audio bed signals corresponding to speaker locations. 55. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-54, wherein the actual playback speaker configuration is used to render the decorrelated large audio object audio signals to speakers of a playback environment. 56. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-55, wherein the object locations comprise locations corresponding to at least some of the audio object position data of the received audio objects. 57. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-56, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to mix the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with at least some of the received audio bed signals or the received audio object signals. 58. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-57, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to output the decorrelated large audio object audio signals as additional audio bed signals or audio object signals. 59. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-58, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to apply a level adjustment process to the decorrelated large audio object audio signals. 60. The non-transitory medium of claim 59, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata and wherein the level adjustment process depends, at least in part, on the audio object size metadata and the audio object position metadata of the large audio object. 61. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-60, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to attenuate or delete the audio signals of the large audio object after the decorrelation process is performed. 62. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-61, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to retain audio signals corresponding to a point source contribution of the large audio object after the decorrelation process is performed. 63. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-62, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to: compute contributions from virtual sources within an audio object area or volume defined by the large audio object position data and the large audio object size data; and determine a set of audio object gain values for each of a plurality of output channels based, at least in part, on the computed contributions. 64. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-63, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to perform an audio object clustering process after the decorrelation process. 65. The non-transitory medium of claim 64, wherein the audio object clustering process is performed after the associating process. 66. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-65, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to evaluate the audio data to determine content type, wherein the decorrelation process is selectively performed according to the content type. 67. The non-transitory medium of claim 66, wherein an amount of decorrelation to be performed depends on the content type. 68. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-67, wherein the decorrelation process involves one or more of delays, all-pass filters, pseudo-random filters or reverberation algorithms. 69. The non-transitory medium of any of claims 48-68, wherein the large audio object metadata includes audio object position metadata, wherein the software includes instructions for controlling the at least one apparatus to mix the decorrelated large audio object audio signals with audio signals for audio objects that are spatially separated by a threshold amount of distance from the large audio object.",
-    "The invention relates to a method which comprises capturing audiovisual and/or multimedia information by means of a processing unit of a user computing device (1), storing said information in a first memory (3) and sending said audiovisual and/or multimedia information via a secure channel to a server (6) for storing same as evidence, wherein said sending is conditioned by comparing said information stored in said memory (3) with the captured information which is received at the same time by a control module (4) of said processing unit and checking the match. 1. A method implemented by computer for capturing and processing evidentiary audiovisual and/or multimedia information, comprising: a) capturing audiovisual and/or multimedia information by means of a processing unit located in a user computing device (1); b) storing said captured audiovisual and/or multimedia information in a first memory (3) of said processing unit; and c) sending said audiovisual and/or multimedia information via a secure channel to a server (6) for storing same as evidence, characterized in that the method comprises performing the following steps: d) a control module (4) of said processing unit receiving, in real time at the same time as said step a), said captured audiovisual and/or multimedia information aid acquiring at least data about the date and time of capture of the information; e) said control module (4) comparing said received audiovisual and/or multimedia information with the information stored in said first memory (3) and checking if they match, and f1) performing said step c) if both sets of information match; or if it is detected that both sets of information do not match: f2) sending said information, said audiovisual and/or multimedia information received in said control module together with said data about the date and time, and at least part of said audiovisual and/or multimedia information stored in the first memory (3) to said server (6) via a secure channel. 2. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that said comparison between the audiovisual and/or multimedia information received by the control module (4) with the information captured by the user computing device (1) and stored in said first memory of said step e) comprises: e1) said control module (4) comparing the length of said captured audiovisual and/or multimedia information received with the length of the information stored in said first memory (3); and e2) performing a later byte-by-byte comparison of said two sets of information. 3. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that the storing of audiovisual and/or multimedia information in said first memory (3) of said step b) and the receiving of information in said control module (4) is performed in an encrypted manner. 4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that said byte-by-byte comparison of said two sets of information is performed with both sets of information encrypted. 5. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that said sending of information of said step f1) or f2) to the server (6) is also performed in an encrypted manner. 6. The method implemented by computer according to claim 3, characterized in that said encryption of the information is performed by means of a private key and public key encryption. 7. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises eliminating the audiovisual and/or multimedia information from said first memory (3) once said step f1) or f2) is performed. 8. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that if the sending in said step f1) or f2) is rejected, the method comprises performing an iteration of said sending a predetermined number of times. 9. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that said first memory (3) cannot be accessed by said user of said user computing device. 10. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises compiling in said memory (3) additional data about the captured audiovisual and/or multimedia information, such as location of or information about said user computing device, including model, brand, operating system and/or operating system version. 11. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises storing said captured audiovisual and/or multimedia information in a second memory associated with said user computing device. 12. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that said steps d), e), f1) or f2) are performed in a period of time not exceeding a half-second. 13. The method implemented by computer according to claim 1, characterized in that said audiovisual and/or multimedia information comprises audio, photographs, video, GPS data, and/or data about the type of application. 14. A computer program comprising code instructions suitable for performing steps e1), e2) and f1) or f2) of claim 2 when they are run in a data processing apparatus.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method and a device for performing coordination between radio access points in a wireless communication system, and a method by which a radio access point manages a wireless resource of a terminal in a wireless communication system, according to the present invention, comprises the steps of: receiving a measurement report message transmitted from the terminal; transmitting, to a communication element, measurement-related information according to the received measurement report message; receiving, from the communication element, a load information message including coordination pattern information generated on the basis of the measurement-related information; and managing the wireless resource of the terminal on the basis of the received coordinated pattern information. 1-22. (canceled) 23. A method for managing wireless resources of a terminal in a wireless communication system by a radio access point, the method comprising: receiving, from a communication entity, a load information message including first coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) information; determining the first CoMP information as valid CoMP information until an update of second CoMP information, included in a new load information message, is considered valid; and managing the wireless resources of the terminal based on a result of the determination. 24. The method of claim 23, the method further comprising: applying the first CoMP information to management of the wireless resources of the terminal repeatedly if the new load information message is not received from the communication entity. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the update of the second CoMP information is considered valid: after the second CoMP information is received; since a first time point from a second time point that the second CoMP information is received; or if the second CoMP information is assumed to be valid according to validity information included in the new load information message. 26. The method of claim 23, the method further comprising: receiving a measurement report message from the terminal; and transmitting, to the communication entity, measurement-related information regarding according to the received measurement report message. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the first CoMP information includes CoMP hypothesis information regarding coordination patterns generated based on the measurement-related information. 28. A method for managing coordination between radio access points in a wireless communication system by a communication entity, the method comprising: generating first coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) information based on measurement-related information received from a radio access point; and transmitting, to the radio access point, a load information message including the first CoMP information, wherein the first CoMP information is determined as valid CoMP information until an update of second CoMP information, included in a new load information message, is considered valid. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the first CoMP information is repeatedly applied to management of the wireless resources of a terminal if the new load information message is not transmitted from the communication entity. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the update of the second CoMP information is considered valid: after the second CoMP information is received; since a first time point from a second time point that the second CoMP information is received; or if the second CoMP information is assumed to be valid according to validity information included in the new load information message. 31. The method of claim 28, the method further comprising: receiving, from the radio access point, the measurement-related information regarding according to a measurement report message, wherein the measurement report message is transmitted from a terminal to the radio access point. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein the first CoMP information includes CoMP hypothesis information regarding coordination patterns generated based on the measurement-related information. 33. A radio access point for managing wireless resources of a terminal in a wireless communication system, the radio access point comprising: a transceiver configured to transmit and receive a signal; a controller configured to receive, from a communication entity, a load information message including first coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) information, determining the first CoMP information as valid CoMP information until an update of second CoMP information, included in a new load information message, is considered valid, and manage the wireless resources of the terminal based on a result of the determination. 34. The radio access point of claim 33, wherein the controller is further configured to apply the first CoMP information to management of the wireless resources of the terminal repeatedly if the new load information message is not received from the communication entity. 35. The radio access point of claim 33, wherein the update of the second CoMP information is considered valid: after the second CoMP information is received; since a first time point from a second time point that the second CoMP information is received; or if the second CoMP information is assumed to be valid according to validity information included in the new load information message. 36. The radio access point of claim 33, wherein the controller is further configured to receive a measurement report message from the terminal, and transmit, to the communication entity, measurement-related information regarding according to the received measurement report message. 37. The radio access point of claim 36, wherein the first CoMP information includes CoMP hypothesis information regarding coordination patterns generated based on the measurement-related information. 38. A communication entity for managing coordination between radio access points in a wireless communication system, the communication entity comprising: a transceiver configured to transmit and receive a signal; and a controller configured to generate first coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) information based on measurement-related information received from a radio access point, and transmit, to the radio access point, a load information message including the first CoMP information, wherein the first CoMP information is determined as valid CoMP information until an update of second CoMP information, included in a new load information message, is considered valid. 39. The communication entity of claim 38, wherein the first CoMP information is repeatedly applied to management of the wireless resources if the new load information message is not transmitted from the communication entity. 40. The communication entity of claim 38, wherein the update of the second CoMP information is considered valid: after the second CoMP information is received; since a first time point from a second time point that the second CoMP information is received; or if the second CoMP information is assumed to be valid according to validity information included in the new load information message. 41. The communication entity of claim 38, wherein the controller is further configured to receive, from the radio access point, the measurement-related information regarding according to a measurement report message, wherein the measurement report message is transmitted from a terminal to the radio access point. 42. The communication entity of claim 38, wherein the first CoMP information includes CoMP hypothesis information regarding coordination patterns generated based on the measurement-related information.",
-    "The invention relates to an optoelectronic component with a first substrate, a second substrate, a functional layer stack, a lateral first recess and a first contact surface, the layer stack being arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate. Said layer stack comprises an organically active area for producing electromagnetic radiation, and the component has a first lateral surface. The first recess extends in the lateral direction to the first lateral surface and in the vertical direction through the second substrate. 1. An optoelectronic component having a first substrate, a second substrate, a functional layer stack, and a lateral first recess, in which the layer stack is arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, the layer stack has an organic active region provided for the generation of electromagnetic radiation, and the component has a first side face, wherein the first recess extends in the lateral direction as far as the first side face and in the vertical direction through the second substrate. 2. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, in which the first recess in plan view in a direction extending parallel to the first side face in a first position relative to the first side face has a greater expansion than in a second position arranged between the first position and the first side face. 3. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, in which a border of the first recess in plan view extends perpendicularly to the side face in a region adjoining the side face. 4. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, in which the first recess in plan view is mushroom-shaped, T-shaped, arrow-shaped, bottleneck-shaped, or trapezoidal, at least in regions. 5. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, wherein a first contact face is accessible in the first recess for electrical contacting of the component. 6. The optoelectronic component according to claim 5, in which the first recess extends completely through the second substrate, and a base area of the first recess is formed by the first contact face. 7. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, in which a first contact face covers the first side face at least in regions. 8. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, wherein the component has a second side face and a lateral second recess, which extends in the lateral direction from an inner region of the optoelectronic component as far as to the second side face and in the vertical direction through the second substrate. 9. The optoelectronic component according to claim 8, wherein the component has a contact face, which covers the second side face at least in regions or is accessible in the second recess for electrical contacting of the component. 10. The optoelectronic component according to claim 9, in which the second recess extends completely through the second substrate, and a base area of the second recess is formed by the contact face. 11. The optoelectronic component according to claim 8, in which the first recess and the second recess differ in their shape for the characterization of the polarity of the electrical voltage to be applied to the optoelectronic component. 12. The optoelectronic component according to claim 1, wherein the component has a plurality of first recesses and a plurality of second recesses, at least one of the first recesses is associated with a first contact face, at least one of the second recesses is associated with a second contact face, and the component is electrically contactable externally via the first contact face and a second contact face. 13. The optoelectronic component according to claim 8, in which the first recess has a first cross section on the first side face, the second recess has a second cross section on the second side face, and the first cross section and the second cross section have the same shape and same size. 14. An arrangement comprising a plurality of electrically interconnected optoelectronic components according to claim 1 and at least one connection element, in which the components are arranged side by side, such that a recess of a first component adjoins a recess of a second component adjacent to the first component, whereby a common recess of the adjacent components is formed, and the connection element and the common recess have shapes and sizes matched to one another, such that the connection element engages with the common recess and mechanically connects the adjacent components to one another. 15. The arrangement according to claim 14, in which the connection element is stretchy and the adjacent components are pressed against one another by a tensile force directed oppositely to the elongation of the connection element. 16. The arrangement according to claim 14, in which the connection element is electrically insulating and the electrical connection between at least two adjacent components is realized via the side faces. 17. The arrangement according to claim 14, in which the connection element has an electrically conductive connection layer, wherein the contact faces of the adjacent components are electrically connected to one another by means of the connection layer. 18. An optoelectronic component having a first substrate, a second substrate, a functional layer stack, and a lateral first recess, in which the layer stack is arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, the layer stack has an organic active region provided for the generation of electromagnetic radiation, and the component has a first side face, wherein the lateral first recess extends in the lateral direction from an inner region of the optoelectronic component as far as to the first side face and in the vertical direction into the second substrate, and the first recess in plan view in a direction extending parallel to the first side face in a first position relative to the first side face has a greater expansion than in a second position arranged between the first position and the first side face. 19. The optoelectronic component according to claim 18, comprising a second side face and a lateral second recess, wherein the lateral second recess extends in the lateral direction from an inner region of the optoelectronic component as far as to the second side face and in the vertical direction into the second substrate, the first recess and the second recess differ in their shape for the characterization of the polarity of the electrical voltage to be applied to contact faces of the optoelectronic component.",
-    "To accurately position multiple tomographic image. An image processing apparatus includes a detecting unit configured to detect motion of an eye in a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on a predetermined region extracted from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images of the eye, and a positioning unit configured to position a plurality of tomographic luminance images corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the detected movement. 1. An image processing apparatus comprising: a tomographic image acquiring unit configured to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images of an eye; an extracting unit configured to extract a depolarizing region from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images; a detecting unit configured to detect motion of the eye in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the extracted depolarizing region; and a positioning unit configured to position a plurality of tomographic luminance images corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the detected movement. 2. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extracting unit extracts a luminance value greater than a threshold, from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, as the depolarizing region. 3. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images are a plurality of degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) images; and wherein the extracting unit extracts the retinal pigment epithelium from the plurality of DOPU images, as the depolarizing region. 4. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images are a plurality of retardation images; and wherein the extracting unit extracts the retinal nerve fiber layer from the plurality of retardation images, as the depolarizing region. 5. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an overlaying unit configured to overlay a plurality of tomographic luminance images which have been positioned; and a display control unit configured to display the overlaid images on a display unit. 6. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the detecting unit detects at least one of parallel movement, enlarging/reduction, and rotation, in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, as the motion. 7. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein return light from the object which has been irradiated by the measurement light, and reference light corresponding to the measurement light, are multiplexed, the multiplexed light is split into light having polarization different from each other, and a plurality of tomographic images are generated based on the light having polarization different from each other, the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images being the plurality of tomographic images thus generated. 8. An image processing apparatus comprising: a tomographic image acquiring unit configured to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images of an eye; an extracting unit configured to extract a depolarizing region from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images; a detecting unit configured to detect motion of the eye in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the extracted depolarizing region; and a positioning unit configured to position the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the detected movement. 9. (canceled) 10. An ophthalmologic system comprising: a transmitting unit configured to transmit the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, acquired by an ophthalmologic apparatus communicably connected to the image processing apparatus according to claim 1, to the tomographic image acquiring unit. 11. An image processing method comprising: a step to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images of an eye; a step to extract a depolarizing region from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images; a step to detect motion of the eye in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the extracted depolarizing region; and a step to position a plurality of tomographic luminance images corresponding to the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the detected movement. 12. The image processing method according to claim 11, wherein, in the step to extract, a luminance value greater than a threshold is extracted from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, as the depolarizing region. 13. The image processing method according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images are a plurality of DOPU images; and wherein the retinal pigment epithelium is extracted from the plurality of DOPU images as the depolarizing region, in the step to extract. 14. The image processing method according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images are a plurality of retardation images; and wherein the retinal nerve fiber layer is extracted from the plurality of retardation images as the depolarizing region, in the step to extract. 15. The image processing method according to claim 11, further comprising: a step to overlay a plurality of tomographic luminance images which have been positioned; and a step to display the overlaid images on a display unit. 16. The image processing method according to claim 11, wherein, in the step to detect, at least one of parallel movement, enlarging/reduction, and rotation, is detected in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, as the motion. 17. The image processing method according to claim 11, wherein return light from the object which has been irradiated by the measurement light, and reference light corresponding to the measurement light, are multiplexed, the multiplexed light is split into light having polarization different from each other, and a plurality of tomographic images are generated based on the light having polarization different from each other, the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images being the plurality of tomographic images thus generated. 18. An image processing method comprising: a step to acquire a plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images of an eye; a step to extract a depolarizing region from the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images; a step to detect motion of the eye in the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the extracted depolarizing region; and a step to position the plurality of polarization-sensitive tomographic images, based on the detected movement. 19. (canceled) 20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute the steps of the image processing method according to claim 11. 21. (canceled) 22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute the steps of the image processing method according to claim 18.",
-    "A spacer for an insulating glazing unit composed of at least two glass panes is described. The spacer includes a polymeric basic body having at least two mutually parallel side walls which are connected to one another by an inner wall and an outer wall, wherein the side walls, the inner wall and the outer wall enclose a hollow chamber. The spacer further includes an insulation film on at least the outer wall. The insulation film contains a polymeric carrier film and at least one metallic or ceramic layer, wherein a reinforcing strip is incorporated in each side wall and contains at least one metal or a metallic alloy. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A spacer for an insulating glazing unit, comprising: a polymeric basic body having a first side wall and a second side wall, wherein the first side wall and the second side wall are formed parallel to each other, wherein the first side wall and the second side wall are connected to each other by an inner wall and an outer wall, wherein the first side wall, the second side wall, the inner wall, and the outer wall surround a hollow chamber, and wherein the polymeric basic body has a glass fiber content from 0 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%; an insulation film disposed on at least the outer wall, the insulation film containing a polymeric carrier film, the insulation film further containing a metallic layer or a ceramic layer; a first reinforcing strip embedded in the first side wall, the first reinforcing strip containing a metal or a metallic alloy; and a second reinforcing strip embedded in the second side wall, the second reinforcing strip containing a metal or a metallic alloy. 17. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip each contain steel. 18. The spacer according to claim 17, wherein the steel in the first reinforcing strip and the second is not stainless steel. 19. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip each has a thickness from 0.05 mm to 1 mm. 20. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip each has a thickness from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. 21. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip each has a thickness from 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm. 22. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip each has a width from 1 mm to 5 mm. 23. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the thickness of the polymeric carrier film of the insulation film is from 10 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm, wherein the thickness of the metallic or ceramic layer of the insulation film is from 10 nm to 1500 nm, and wherein the insulation film further contains at least one polymeric layer having a thickness from 5 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm. 24. The spacer according to claim 23, wherein the insulation film contains from two to four metallic layers or ceramic layers, which are in each case arranged alternatingly with at least one polymeric layer. 25. The spacer according to claim 23, wherein each metallic layer or ceramic layer of the insulation film contains iron, aluminum, silver, copper, gold, chromium, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or alloys or mixtures thereof; and wherein the polymeric carrier film of the insulation film contains polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamides, polyethylene, polypropylene, silicones, acrylonitriles, polymethyl acrylates, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 26. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the basic body contains polyethylene (PE), polycarbonates (PC), polystyrene, polybutadiene, polynitriles, polyesters, polyurethanes, polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylates, polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), preferably polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene (ASA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polycarbonate (ABS/PC), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), polyethylene terephthalate/polycarbonate (PET/PC), polybutylene terephthalate/polycarbonate (PBT/PC), or copolymers or derivatives or mixtures thereof. 27. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the polymeric basic body has a glass fiber content from 0 wt.-% to 15 wt.-%. 28. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first reinforcing strip is perforated and the second reinforcing strip is perforated. 29. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the first side wall, the second side wall, the inner wall, and the outer wall are each flat; wherein the inner wall is directly connected to first side wall and the second side wall; wherein the outer wall is connected via flat connection sections to the first side wall and the second side wall; and wherein each flat connection section and each of the first side wall and the second side wall form an angle from 120\u00b0 to 150\u00b0. 30. The spacer according to claim 16, wherein the spacer has thermal conductivity of less than 0.25 W/(m*K). 31. An insulating glazing unit, comprising: a first glass pane and a second glass pane arranged parallel to each other; and a spacer according to claim 16 arranged in an edge region between the first glass pane and the second glass pane, wherein the first side wall faces the first glass pane and the second side wall faces the second glass pane; and an external sealing layer at least on the outer wall. 32. The insulating glazing unit according to claim 31, wherein the hollow chamber is completely filled or partially filled with a desiccant. 33. The insulating glazing unit according to claim 32, wherein the desiccant includes one or more of silica gels, molecular sieves, CaCl2, Na2SO4, activated carbon, silicates, bentonites, and zeolites. 34. A method for producing a spacer for an insulating glazing unit, comprising: forming a spacer according to claim 16, including arranging the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip parallel to each other; overmolding the first reinforcing strip and the second reinforcing strip each with a polymeric material, wherein the polymeric basic body is created with ends; applying an insulation film at least on the outer wall of the polymeric basic body; cutting the polymeric basic body to size; bending the polymeric basic body into a peripheral frame form; and connecting the ends of the polymeric basic body to each other. 35. A method of using a spacer in a multipane glazing unit, comprising: providing a spacer according to claim 16; and inserting the spacer in an insulating glazing unit.",
-    "The present invention relates to a set comprising at least one expandable and/or decollapsible or unfoldable medical implant wherein at least one implantation device is configured for detachably receiving the implant or a device comprising at least the implant (3), wherein the implant may comprise at least a valve, wherein the valve may configured so as to fulfill a check valve function with one conducting direction (CD) and one blocking direction (BD), in which a blocking element may move for opening and/or closing the valve (50), wherein the valve may be arranged on the implantation device or on the device with at least one conducting side being located at a smaller distance from the distal end or from the distal tip of the implantation device than one blocking side. The present invention further relate to a method of detachably attaching an implant or a device comprising the implant with an implantation device and to a method for releasing an implant from an implantation device and/or from a device comprising the implant. 1. A set (200), comprising: at least one expandable and/or decollapsible or unfoldable implant (3) and at least one implantation device (1) for detachably receiving the implant (3) or a device comprising at least the implant (3), wherein the implant (3) comprises at least a valve (50), and wherein the valve (50) is configured so as to fulfill a check valve function with one conducting direction (CD) and one blocking direction (BD), in which a blocking element may move for opening and/or closing the valve (50), wherein the valve (50) is arranged on the implantation device (1) or on the device with at least one conducting side (50b) being located at a smaller distance from the distal end or from the distal tip of the implantation device (1) than one blocking side (50a). 2. A set (200) according to claim 1, wherein the implant (3) is configured as a valve supporting implant (3) or is composed of at least one valve (50). 3. A set (200) according to claim 1, wherein the implantation device (1) is arranged in the center of a cross-section of the implant (3) and/or of the valve (50). 4. A set (200) according to claim 1, wherein the implant (3) comprises at least one foldable or collapsible or crimpable and unfoldable or expandable structure on or around or over a portion or outer surface of the implantation device (1) or of part thereof. 5. A set (200) according to claim 1, wherein the implant (3) is a stent (13). 6. A set (200) according to claim 5, wherein the stent is a heart valve supporting stent or is configured as a heart valve prosthesis. 7. A set (200) according to claim 1, wherein the implantation device (1) comprises at least one means configured for controlling the expansion, the folding and/or the unfolding of the implant (3), or is prepared for receiving such a means. 8. A set (200) according to claim 7, wherein the means configured for controlling the expansion, the folding and/or the unfolding of the implant (3) comprises at least one tension thread. 9. A set (200) according to claim 1 comprising further at least one crimping, pushing, pulling, twisting, cutting, separating, tensioning, pre-tensioning, grasping, snapping, actuating, aligning, bundling, clamping, connecting and/or releasing device. 10. A method of detachably attaching an implant (3) or a device comprising the implant (3) with an implantation device (1) comprising at least the following steps: providing an implantation device (1) and an implant (3) comprising at least a valve (50) configured to fulfill at least a check valve function; detachably attach the implant (3) or the device comprising the implant (3) on or in or onto the implantation device (1) so that at least one conducting side (50b) of the valve (50) is located at a smaller distance from the distal end or from the distal tip of the implantation device (1) than one blocking side (50a). 11. Method according to claim 10, wherein the method comprises additionally at least one of the following steps: crimping or folding the implant (3); altering a tension exerted on at least one tension thread; covering the crimped implant (3) with a sleeve; clamping at least one section of at least one tension thread. 12. Method for releasing an implant (3) from an implantation device (1) and/or from a device comprising the implant (3), comprising the following steps: expanding and/or unfolding or decollapsing, respectively, of the implant (3) from a first diameter to a second diameter; disconnecting the device comprising the implant (3) and/or the implant (3) at a site that is different from a connection site at which the implant (3) or the device comprising the implant (3) has been connected or attached on the implantation device (1). 13. Method according to claim 12, wherein the method comprises additionally at least one of the following steps: removing an outer sleeve, which is arranged over or about the folded or collapsed implant (3); releasing at least one tension thread and/or at least a clamped section of at least one tension thread from the implant (3); altering a tension exerted on at least one tension thread; releasing, cutting or cutting through at least one tension thread. 14. A set (200) according to claim 2, wherein the implantation device (1) is arranged in the center of a cross-section of the implant (3) and/or of the valve (50). 15. A set (200) according to claim 2, wherein the implant (3) comprises at least one foldable or collapsible or crimpable and unfoldable or expandable structure on or around or over a portion or outer surface of the implantation device (1) or of part thereof. 16. A set (200) according to claim 2, wherein the implant (3) is a stent (13). 17. A set (200) according to claim 16, wherein the stent is a heart valve supporting stent or is configured as a heart valve prosthesis. 18. A set (200) according to claim 2, wherein the implantation device (1) comprises at least one means configured for controlling the expansion, the folding and/or the unfolding of the implant (3), or is prepared for receiving such a means. 19. A set (200) according to claim 18, wherein the means configured for controlling the expansion, the folding and/or the unfolding of the implant (3) comprises at least one tension thread. 20. A set (200) according to claim 2, comprising further at least one crimping, pushing, pulling, twisting, cutting, separating, tensioning, pre-tensioning, grasping, snapping, actuating, aligning, bundling, clamping, connecting and/or releasing device.",
-    "A method of performing a terminal-to-terminal communication includes performing a terminal-to-terminal transmission via a portion of a radio spectrum licensed for transmission of wireless data. The terminal-to-terminal transmission is transmitted without performing terminal-to-terminal discovery associated with the terminal-to-terminal transmission. The terminal-to-terminal transmission is configured to be received by a terminal without being routed through a base station. The method further includes checking for an acknowledgement sequence and checking for a negative acknowledgement sequence. 1. A method of performing a terminal-to-terminal communication, the method comprising: performing a terminal-to-terminal transmission via a portion of a radio spectrum licensed for transmission of wireless data without performing a prior terminal-to-terminal discovery associated with the terminal-to-terminal transmission, the terminal-to-terminal transmission configured to be received by a terminal without being routed through a base station; checking for an acknowledgement sequence; and checking for a negative acknowledgement sequence. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the terminal-to-terminal transmission includes a session number and the acknowledgement sequence includes the session number. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a resource allocation identifying resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein transmitting the terminal-to-terminal transmission occurs via at least one of the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmission without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery include terminal-to-terminal acknowledgement resources implicitly allocated with the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein checking for the acknowledgement sequence and checking for the negative acknowledgement sequence includes monitoring at least one of the terminal-to-terminal acknowledgement resources. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: failing to receive the acknowledgement sequence; failing to receive the negative acknowledgement sequence; and canceling a future terminal-to-terminal transmission. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving the acknowledgement sequence; and transmitting a second terminal-to-terminal transmission without performing terminal-to-terminal discovery, the second terminal-to-terminal transmission transmitted with initial transmission parameters, wherein the terminal-to-terminal transmission is transmitted with the initial transmission parameters. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving the negative acknowledgement sequence; and transmitting a second terminal-to-terminal transmission without performing terminal-to-terminal discovery, the second terminal-to-terminal transmission transmitted with changed transmission parameters, wherein the terminal-to-terminal transmission is transmitted with initial transmission parameters different from the changed transmission parameters. 10. A terminal including a non-transitory computer-readable medium having encoded therein programming code executable by a processor to perform operations comprising: performing a terminal-to-terminal transmission via a portion of a radio spectrum licensed for transmission of wireless data without performing a terminal-to-terminal discovery associated with the terminal-to-terminal transmission, the terminal-to-terminal transmission configured to be received by another terminal without being routed through a base station; checking for an acknowledgement sequence; and checking for a negative acknowledgement sequence. 11. The terminal of claim 10, wherein the terminal-to-terminal transmission includes a session number and the acknowledgement sequence includes the session number. 12. The terminal of claim 10, the operations further comprising receiving a resource allocation identifying resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery. 13. The terminal of claim 12, wherein transmitting the terminal-to-terminal transmission occurs via at least one of the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery. 14. The terminal of claim 12, wherein the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmission without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery include terminal-to-terminal acknowledgement resources implicitly allocated with the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without prior terminal-to-terminal discovery. 15. The terminal of claim 14, wherein checking for the acknowledgement sequence and checking for the negative acknowledgement sequence includes monitoring at least one of the terminal-to-terminal acknowledgement resources. 16. The terminal of claim 10, the operations further comprising: failing to receive the acknowledgement sequence; failing to receive the negative acknowledgement sequence; and canceling a future terminal-to-terminal transmission. 17. The terminal of claim 10, the operations further comprising: receiving the acknowledgement sequence; and transmitting a second terminal-to-terminal transmission without performing terminal-to-terminal discovery, the second terminal-to-terminal transmission transmitted with initial transmission parameters, wherein the terminal-to-terminal transmission is transmitted with the initial transmission parameters. 18. The terminal of claim 10, the operations further comprising: receiving the negative acknowledgement sequence; and transmitting a second terminal-to-terminal transmission without performing terminal-to-terminal discovery, the second terminal-to-terminal transmission transmitted with changed transmission parameters, wherein the terminal-to-terminal transmission is transmitted with initial transmission parameters different from the changed transmission parameters. 19. A method of performing terminal-to-terminal communication without terminal-to-terminal discovery, the method comprising: receiving a resource allocation identifying resources of a radio spectrum licensed for transmission of wireless data, the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without terminal-to-terminal discovery, the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions including implicitly allocated terminal-to-terminal acknowledgement resources; performing a plurality of terminal-to-terminal transmissions via the resources allocated for terminal-to-terminal transmissions without performing associated terminal-to-terminal discovery, the plurality of terminal-to-terminal transmissions configured to be received by a terminal without being routed through a base station; and monitoring the terminal-to-terminal acknowledgment resources, including checking for both an acknowledgement sequence and a negative acknowledgement sequence after transmitting each of the plurality of terminal-to-terminal transmissions. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: failing to receive the acknowledgement sequence after each of the plurality of terminal-to-terminal transmissions; failing to receive the negative acknowledgement sequence after each of the plurality of terminal-to-terminal transmissions; and canceling a future terminal-to-terminal transmission.",
-    "The invention provides an intra ocular lens structure (IOL) for placement in the capsular bag and securing the IOL in an opening in an anterior part of a capsular bag, with an anterior capsular bag flap surrounding said opening, said IOL having an anterior side which in use when the IOL is implanted in an eye is directed towards a cornea of the eye, and a posterior side which in use when the IOL is implanted in an eye is directed towards a retina of the eye, said IOL comprising an optical structure, at least two posterior supports for when the IOL is implanted in the capsular bag residing in the capsular bag extending away from said optical structure, said posterior supports adapted for in use providing support surfaces for a posterior surface of an anterior capsular bag flap, and at least two anterior supports for when the IOL is implanted in the capsular bag residing outside the capsular bag extending away from said optical structure, said anterior supports adapted for in use providing support surfaces for an anterior surface of an anterior capsular bag flap. 1. An intra ocular lens structure (IOL) for placement in the capsular bag and securing the IOL in an opening in an anterior part of a capsular bag, with an anterior capsular bag flap surrounding said opening, said IOL having an anterior side which in use when the IOL is implanted in capsular bag of an eye is directed towards a cornea of the eye, and a posterior side which in use when the IOL is implanted in an eye is directed towards a retina of the eye, said IOL comprising: an optical structure comprising a perimeter; at least two posterior supports, coupled to and extending away from said perimeter of said optical structure, said posterior supports adapted for in use providing support surfaces for engaging a posterior surface of an anterior capsular bag flap, said posterior supports residing inside the capsular bag when the IOL is implanted in the capsular bag, and\u2014at least two anterior supports, coupled to and extending from said perimeter of said optical structure, for residing outside the capsular bag and extending away from said optical structure, said anterior supports adapted for in use providing support surfaces for engaging an anterior surface of an anterior capsular bag flap, wherein a posterior plane defined by the support surfaces of the posterior supports and an anterior plane defined by the support surfaces of the anterior supports are adapted for in use being spaced apart at a distance adapted for holding an anterior capsular bag flap between them for securing the IOL in said opening, wherein said posterior supports and said anterior supports are in perimetrical sense or azimuthal direction shifted with respect to one another. 2. The IOL of claim 1, wherein when the IOL is implanted in the capsular bag, the anterior supports and the posterior supports are mutually positioned on said perimeter for holding an anterior capsular bag flap between them for securing the IOL in said opening in an anterior part of a capsular bag. 3. The IOL of claim 1, wherein said at least two posterior supports extend away from said optical structure in a functionally opposite direction with respect to one another, and said at least two anterior supports extending away from said optical structure in a functionally opposite direction with respect to one another. 4. The IOL of any one of claim 1, wherein said anterior plane and said posterior plane are spaced apart 5 to 70 micron, in particular wherein said posterior and anterior planes are spaced apart 5-50 micron. 5. (canceled) 6. The IOL of any one of claim 1, wherein said posterior supports and said anterior supports extend in perimetrical direction or in azimuthal sense about the optical structure. 7. The IOL of claim 1, wherein the posterior supports and the anterior supports functionally do not overlap, in particularly do not overlap. 8. The IOL of claim 1, wherein said IOL comprises a perimetrical surface surrounding said optical structure and said posterior support and said anterior support extending from said perimetrical surface, said perimetrical surface defining a radial surface for when said IOL is implanted engaging a perimetrical edge of the anterior capsular bag flap which defines the perimeter of the opening. 9. The IOL of claim 1, wherein said anterior supports comprise through holes or openings. 10. The IOL of claim 1, wherein\u2014said at least two posterior supports comprise closed loops which extend from said optical structure, and each loop has both ends attached to said perimeter, and\u2014said at least two anterior supports are each positioned within one of said loops between said ends. 11. The IOL according to claim 1, wherein said posterior supports and said anterior supports of the IOL are in azimuthal sense (Az) shifted or staggered with respect to one another. 12. The IOL according to claim 1, wherein said IOL is formed in one piece, its thickness and flexibility adapted for insertion of the IOL into the eye in a folded manner via a micro insertion. 13. The IOL according to claim 1, further comprising an at least partially perimetrical groove posterior to the posterior supports, in particular said posterior groove opening in a radial direction for receiving, when said IOL is implanted in an eye, at least an edge of a posterior capsular bag flap surrounding a posterior opening in a posterior part of the capsular bag. 14. The IOL of claim 13, wherein said posterior groove is between 0.1 and 0.3 mm deep, in particular said posterior groove is between 0.05-0.2 mm wide, more in particular said posterior groove is tapered. 15. The IOL according to claim 1, wherein said support surfaces are in azimuthal sense (Az) shifted or staggered with respect to one another, in particular providing in azimuthal sense (Az) each time a support surface and an anterior support surface. 16. The IOL according to claim 1, wherein said posterior supports and said anterior supports of the IOL extend in azimuthal sense (Az) about the optical structure. 17. The IOL according to, claim 1, wherein said IOL comprises an indentation in said perimeter, providing an axially (A) extending groove in the peripheral surface of said perimeter. 18-33. (canceled)",
-    "An optical multi carrier signal has a modulation format and has many individual carrier signals. Parameters of the signal are controlled by receiving an indication of individual carrier transmission performance of the individual carrier signals, and selecting parameter values for the individual carrier signals, the parameter values comprising both a carrier FEC overhead and a carrier bandwidth for the modulation format. Selection is made according to the indicated individual carrier transmission performance and according to an overall spectral efficiency of the multi carrier signal. The selected parameter values are output for control of the optical multi carrier signal. By selecting values for both parameters rather than either one, better optimisation can be obtained since they are interdependent. The control can have better granularity than changing modulation format, and can make better use of bandwidth or improve the overall capacity. 1: Apparatus for controlling parameters of an optical multi carrier signal having a modulation format and comprising a plurality of individual carrier signals, the apparatus having: an input for receiving an indication of individual carrier transmission performance of at least one of the individual carrier signals; a processor for selecting parameter values for said at least one of the individual carrier signals, the parameter values comprising both a carrier Forward Error Correction (FEC) overhead and a carrier bandwidth for the modulation format, according to the indicated individual carrier transmission performance and according to a resulting overall spectral efficiency of the optical multi carrier signal; and an output for outputting the said selected parameter values for control of the optical multi carrier signal. 2: The apparatus of claim 1, the processor being configured to select carrier bandwidth for said at least one of the carriers of the multi carrier signal to provide faster than Nyquist operation. 3: The apparatus of claim 1, the processor being configured to select a carrier spacing according to the indicated individual carrier transmission performance and according to the resulting overall spectral efficiency of the optical multi carrier signal. 4: The apparatus of claim 1, the processor being configured to receive an indication of a desired total bandwidth limit for the multi carrier signal, and to make the selections of carrier FEC overhead and carrier bandwidth according to that total bandwidth limit. 5: The apparatus of claim 1, the processor being configured to receive an indication of a desired total transmission capacity for the multi carrier signal and to make the selections of carrier FEC overhead and the carrier bandwidth according to that total transmission capacity. 6: The apparatus of claim 1, the processor also being configured to control a mapper, to adapt a mapping of payload onto different ones of the carriers according to the selected parameter values. 7: The apparatus of claim 1, having a look up table having possible values of carrier FEC overhead as a function of possible values of corresponding carrier bandwidth and the indicated corresponding carrier transmission performance, and having possible values of corresponding carrier bandwidth as a function of possible values of carrier FEC overhead and the indicated corresponding carrier transmission performance. 8: The apparatus of claim 7, the processor being configured to determine an overall spectral efficiency achieved by respective different combinations of possible values of carrier FEC overhead and corresponding carrier bandwidth from the look up table, and configured to make the selections of carrier FEC overhead and carrier bandwidth by selecting from the different combinations according to the determined overall spectral efficiencies. 9: The apparatus of claim 1, the processor being configured to update the selection of parameter values periodically. 10: A network management system having the apparatus of claim 1. 11: A method of controlling parameters of an optical multi carrier signal having a modulation format and comprising a plurality of individual carrier signals, the method having the steps of: receiving an indication of individual carrier transmission performance of at least one of the individual carrier signals; selecting parameter values for said at least one of the individual carrier signals, the parameter values comprising both a carrier FEC overhead and a carrier bandwidth for the modulation format, according to the indicated individual carrier transmission performance and according to an overall spectral efficiency of the multi carrier signal; and outputting the said selected parameter values for control of the optical multi carrier signal. 12: The method of claim 11, the carrier bandwidth being selected to provide faster than Nyquist operation. 13: The method of claim 11, having the step of selecting a carrier spacing according to the indicated individual carrier transmission performance and according to the resulting overall spectral efficiency of the optical multi carrier signal. 14: The method of claim 11, having the step of receiving an indication of a desired total bandwidth limit for the multi carrier signal, and the selecting step being carried out according to that total bandwidth limit. 15: The method of claim 11, having the step of receiving an indication of a desired total transmission capacity for the multi carrier signal and the selecting step being carried out according to that total transmission capacity. 16: The method of claim 11, having a step of adapting a mapping of payload onto different ones of the carriers according to the selected parameter values. 17: The method of claim 11, having steps of using a look up table to determine possible values of carrier FEC overhead as a function of possible values of corresponding carrier bandwidth and the indicated corresponding carrier transmission performance, and to determine possible values of corresponding carrier bandwidth as a function of possible values of carrier FEC overhead and the indicated corresponding carrier transmission performance. 18: The method of claim 17 having the step of determining an overall spectral efficiency achieved by respective different combinations of possible values of carrier FEC overhead and corresponding carrier bandwidth, and making the selections by selecting from the different combinations according to their respective overall spectral efficiencies. 19: The method of claim 11, having the step of updating the selection of parameter values periodically. 20: A nontransitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to carry out a method of controlling parameters of an optical multi carrier signal having a modulation format and comprising a plurality of individual carrier signals, the method having the steps of: receiving an indication of individual carrier transmission performance of at least one of the individual carrier signals; selecting parameter values for said at least one of the individual carrier signals, the parameter values comprising both a carrier FEC overhead and a carrier bandwidth for the modulation format, according to the indicated individual carrier transmission performance and according to an overall spectral efficiency of the multi carrier signal; and outputting the said selected parameter values for control of the optical multi carrier signal.",
-    "A first power source line disposed between a positive electrode side of an electricity storage unit and a first external terminal, a second power source line disposed between a negative electrode side of the electricity storage unit and a second external terminal, a power source circuit connected to both the first and second power source lines and configured to supply an output voltage to a control circuit in an operating state, a power source control circuit configured to control an operating state and a non-operating state of the power source circuit, a first control signal generation circuit configured to supply a first control signal corresponding to transition of an external voltage applied to the first external terminal and the second external terminal to the power source control circuit to set the power source circuit in an operating state for a prescribed time, and a second control signal generation circuit configured to generate a second control signal that allows the power source circuit to be set in an operating state continuously by the control circuit to which an output voltage of the power source circuit is supplied are included. 1. An electricity storage device comprising: a first external terminal and a second external terminal for connection to an outside; an electricity storage unit capable of being charged and discharged; a first power source line disposed between a positive electrode side of the electricity storage unit and the first external terminal; a second power source line disposed between a negative electrode side of the electricity storage unit and the second external terminal; a power source circuit connected to both the first and second power source lines and configured to supply an output voltage to a control circuit in an operating state; a power source control circuit configured to control an operating state and a non-operating state of the power source circuit; a first control signal generation circuit configured to supply a first control signal corresponding to transition of an external voltage applied to the first external terminal and the second external terminal to the power source control circuit to set the power source circuit in an operating state for a prescribed time; and a second control signal generation circuit configured to generate a second control signal that allows the power source circuit to be set in an operating state continuously by the control circuit to which an output voltage of the power source circuit is supplied. 2. The electricity storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first control signal generation circuit includes a comparator configured to compare the external voltage to a reference voltage, and a differentiating circuit configured to differentiate an output of the comparator outputted when the external voltage is larger than the reference voltage. 3. The electricity storage device according to claim 1, wherein an insulating circuit is disposed between the control circuit and a portion of a high voltage. 4. The electricity storage device according to claim 1, wherein a switch element is inserted into a supply path of the external voltage to the power source circuit, and the external voltage is supplied to the power source circuit via the switch element only when a value of the external voltage is in an appropriate range. 5. An electricity storage system in which a plurality of electricity storage devices are connected, wherein each of the electricity storage devices includes a first external terminal and a second external terminal for connection to an outside, an electricity storage unit capable of being charged and discharged, a first power source line disposed between a positive electrode side of the electricity storage unit and the first external terminal, a second power source line disposed between a negative electrode side of the electricity storage unit and the second external terminal, a power source circuit connected to both the first and second power source lines and configured to supply an output voltage to a control circuit in an operating state, a power source control circuit configured to control an operating state and a non-operating state of the power source circuit, a first control signal generation circuit configured to supply a first control signal corresponding to transition of an external voltage applied to the first external terminal and the second external terminal to the power source control circuit to set the power source circuit in an operating state for a prescribed time, and a second control signal generation circuit configured to generate a second control signal that allows the power source circuit to be set in an operating state continuously by the control circuit to which an output voltage of the power source circuit is supplied. 6. A method for controlling an electricity storage device, the electricity storage device including a first external terminal and a second external terminal for connection to an outside, an electricity storage unit capable of being charged and discharged, a first power source line disposed between a positive electrode side of the electricity storage unit and the first external terminal, a second power source line disposed between a negative electrode side of the electricity storage unit and the second external terminal, a power source circuit connected to both the first and second power source lines and configured to supply an output voltage to a control circuit in an operating state, and a power source control circuit configured to control an operating state and a non-operating state of the power source circuit, the method comprising: generating a first control signal corresponding to transition of an external voltage applied to the first external terminal and the second external terminal and supplying the first control signal to the power source control circuit to set the power source circuit in an operating state for a prescribed time; and generating a second control signal by the control circuit and using the second control signal to set the power source circuit in an operating state continuously.",
-    "A method of controlling interference may include receiving interference parameters. The method may further include determining an interference measurement of a resource element. The interference measurement may be associated with a first location. The method may further include calculating a maximum transmission power of the resource element based at least in part on the interference parameters and the interference measurement. The method may further include transmitting a transmission via the resource element, the transmission including a transmission power equal to or less than the maximum transmission power. 1. A method of controlling interference, the method comprising: receiving interference parameters; determining an interference measurement of a resource element, the interference measurement associated with a first location; calculating a maximum transmission power of the resource element based at least in part on the interference parameters and the interference measurement; and transmitting a transmission via the resource element, the transmission including a transmission power equal to or less than the maximum transmission power. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the interference measurement is based at least in part on a channel-quality indicator (CQI). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the interference measurement is based at least in part on an interference measurement resource (IMR). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the interference parameters include a radius associated with a zone of a superior node and a terminal number associated with a number of terminals located within the zone of the superior node. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the interference parameters include a radius associated with a zone of a superior node and a terminal number associated with a number of terminals distributed within the zone of the superior node according to a statistical model. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the maximum transmission power of the resource element includes calculating a path loss factor. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein calculating the path loss factor includes estimating a distance to a closest victim. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the interference parameters include an interference bias associated with the resource element. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the resource element includes a resource element k, and the maximum transmission power includes a first maximum transmission power associated with the resource element k, the first maximum transmission power based at least in part on a calculation of: ak(It\u2212Im,k)\u2212bk wherein: ak includes the path loss factor associated with the resource element k, It includes an interference threshold, Im,k includes the interference measurement of the resource element k, and bk includes the interference bias associated with the resource element k. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the interference bias is further associated with a plurality of resource elements including the resource element. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving second interference parameters; and calculating an updated maximum transmission power of the resource element based at least in part on the second interference parameters. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the second interference parameters include a second interference bias associated with the resource element. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the second interference parameters include an interference bias delta and calculating the updated maximum transmission power of the resource element includes adjusting the interference bias by the interference bias delta. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the interference parameters include a first terminal number associated with a first number of terminals located within a zone of a superior node at a first time and the second interference parameters include a second terminal number associated with a second number of terminals located within the zone of the superior node at a second time. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the interference parameters include a first terminal number associated with a first number of terminals located within a zone of a superior node at a first time and the second interference parameters include a terminal number delta associated with a change in the number of terminals located within the zone of the superior node relative to the first number of terminals. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a request for an interference measurement; obtaining the interference measurement; and transmitting the interference measurement. 17. A terminal including a non-transitory computer-readable medium having encoded therein programming code executable by a processor to perform operations comprising: receiving interference parameters; determining an interference measurement of a resource element, the interference measurement associated with a first location; calculating a maximum transmission power of the resource element based at least in part on the interference parameters and the interference measurement; and transmitting a transmission via the resource element, the transmission including a transmission power equal to or less than the maximum transmission power. 18. The terminal of claim 17, wherein the interference parameters include a radius associated with a zone of a superior node and a terminal number associated with a number of terminals located within the zone of the superior node. 19. The terminal of claim 17, wherein: the interference parameters include an interference bias associated with the resource element; calculating the maximum transmission power of the resource element includes calculating a path loss factor; and calculating the path loss factor includes estimating a distance to a closest victim. 20. The terminal of claim 17, the operations further comprising: receiving second interference parameters; and calculating an updated maximum transmission power of the resource element based at least in part on the second interference parameters.",
-    "The present invention provides a liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device and a liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device includes a detection unit, a data collection unit, a process unit and an adjustment unit, and the detection unit detects a flicker condition of the liquid crystal panel in an activation state, and the data collection unit collects a common voltage value as the flicker exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage, and the process unit obtains a control signal according to the first common voltage, and the adjustment unit sends a corresponding adjustment signal, and the adjustment signal adjusts the common voltage to be a second common voltage, and as the second common voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel, the flicker of the liquid crystal panel is controlled in the predetermined range. 1. A liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device, wherein the liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device is employed to adjust a common voltage of a liquid crystal panel, and the liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device comprises a detection unit, a data collection unit, a process unit and an adjustment unit, and the detection unit is employed to detect a flicker condition of the liquid crystal panel in an activation state, and the data collection unit is electrically coupled to the detection unit, and employed to collect a common voltage value as the flicker of the liquid crystal panel exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage, and the process unit is electrically coupled to the data collection unit, and employed to obtain a control signal according to the first common voltage, and the adjustment unit is electrically coupled to the process unit, and employed to send a corresponding adjustment signal according to the control signal, and the adjustment signal is employed to adjust the common voltage of the liquid crystal panel to be a second common voltage, and as the second common voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel, the flicker of the liquid crystal panel is controlled in the predetermined range. 2. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the data collection unit is employed to collect initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales, and to collect first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales and after a predetermined period, and the process unit makes the initial common voltage minus the first common voltage as the liquid crystal panel is at the same gray scale to obtain a common voltage difference as the liquid crystal panel is at the same gray scale according to the initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales and the first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales and after the predetermined period, and averages the common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at all gray scales to obtain an average common voltage difference of the liquid crystal panel, and the process unit obtains the control signal according to the average common voltage difference, and the second common voltage is equal to the initial common voltage plus the average common voltage difference. 3. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device according to claim 2, wherein as the data collection unit collects the initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales, an initial common voltage as the liquid crystal panel is at 2n gray scale is collected, wherein n is a natural number, and 2n is smaller than or equal to 255. 4. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the data collection unit is employed to respectively collect initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale, and to collect first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale, and the process unit respectively obtains common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale according to the initial common voltages and the first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale, and averages the common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale to obtain an average common voltage difference of the liquid crystal panel, and the process unit obtains the control signal according to the average common voltage difference, and the second common voltage is equal to the initial common voltage plus the average common voltage difference. 5. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment device according to claim 1, wherein the data collection unit is employed to respectively collect initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that the detection unit can detect and the 255th gray scale, and to collect first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that the detection unit can detect and the 255th gray scale, and the process unit respectively obtains common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that the detection unit can detect and the 255th gray scale according to the initial common voltages and the first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that the detection unit can detect and the 255th gray scale, and averages the common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that the detection unit can detect and the 255th gray scale to obtain an average common voltage difference of the liquid crystal panel, and the process unit obtains the control signal according to the average common voltage difference, and the second common voltage is equal to the initial common voltage plus the average common voltage difference. 6. A liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method, wherein the liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method is employed to adjust a common voltage of a liquid crystal display, and the liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method comprises: detecting a flicker condition of the liquid crystal panel in an activation state; collecting a common voltage value as the flicker of the liquid crystal panel exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage; obtaining a control signal according to the first voltage; sending a corresponding adjustment signal according to the control signal, and the adjustment signal is employed to adjust the common voltage of the liquid crystal panel to be a second common voltage, and as the second common voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel, the flicker of the liquid crystal panel is controlled in the predetermined range. 7. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method according to claim 6, wherein the step of collecting a common voltage value as the flicker of the liquid crystal panel exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage comprises: collect initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales, and to collect first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales and after a predetermined period; the step of obtaining a control signal according to the first voltage comprises: making the initial common voltage minus the first common voltage as the liquid crystal panel is at the same gray scale to obtain a common voltage difference as the liquid crystal panel is at the same gray scale according to the initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales and the first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales and after the predetermined period, and averaging the common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at all gray scales to obtain an average common voltage difference of the liquid crystal panel, and obtaining the control signal according to the average common voltage difference; wherein the second common voltage is equal to the initial common voltage plus the average common voltage difference. 8. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method according to claim 7, wherein the step of collecting a common voltage value as the flicker of the liquid crystal panel exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage comprises: as the data collection unit collects the initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at various gray scales, an initial common voltage as the liquid crystal panel is at 2n gray scale is collected, wherein n is a natural number, and 2n is smaller than or equal to 255. 9. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method according to claim 6, wherein the step of collecting a common voltage value as the flicker of the liquid crystal panel exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage comprises: respectively collecting initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale, and collecting first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale; the step of obtaining a control signal according to the first voltage comprises: respectively obtaining common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale according to the initial common voltages and the first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale, and averaging the common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the 0th gray scale and the 255th gray scale to obtain an average common voltage difference of the liquid crystal panel, and obtaining the control signal according to the average common voltage difference; wherein the second common voltage is equal to the initial common voltage plus the average common voltage difference. 10. The liquid crystal panel common electrode voltage adjustment method according to claim 6, wherein the step of collecting a common voltage value as the flicker of the liquid crystal panel exceeds a predetermined range to obtain a first common voltage comprises: respectively collecting initial common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that can be detected and the 255th gray scale, and collecting first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that can be detected and the 255th gray scale; the step of obtaining a control signal according to the first voltage comprises: respectively obtaining common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that can be detected and the 255th gray scale according to the initial common voltages and the first common voltages as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that can be detected and the 255th gray scale, and averaging the common voltage differences as the liquid crystal panel is at the lowest gray scale that can be detected and the 255th gray scale to obtain an average common voltage difference of the liquid crystal panel, and obtaining the control signal according to the average common voltage difference; wherein the second common voltage is equal to the initial common voltage plus the average common voltage difference.",
-    "The present invention discloses a manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon, including: a surface pretreatment is performed to a substrate with a a-Si layer on it, to form an oxidation layer on the a-Si layer. A first excimer laser annealing is performed on the substrate to make the a-Si layer into a poly-silicon layer; an acid liquid clean is used on the poly-silicon layer to remove the protrusions on the poly-silicon layer; a second excimer laser annealing is performed to the poly-silicon layer to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon layer with lower surface roughness. The manufacturing method is easy to operation and reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon layer with efficiency to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon layer with low roughness, uniform surface and well crystallization. A low temperature poly-silicon layer formed according to the present invention is also provided. 1. A manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon comprising the following step: (1) a substrate with a a-Si layer grown on it is provided, a surface pretreatment is performed in the surface and a uniform oxidation layer is formed on the a-Si layer; (2) a first excimer laser annealing treatment is performed on the substrate after the surface pretreatment to make the a-Si layer into a poly-silicon layer; (3) an acid liquid of HF solution is used to clean the poly-silicon layer to remove the protrusions on the poly-silicon layer; (4) a second excimer laser annealing treatment is performed to the poly-silicon layer to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon layer. 2. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, wherein the wavelengths used in the excimer laser annealing treatment in step (2) and step (4) are 308 nm. 3. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, wherein the energy density used in the second excimer laser annealing treatment in step (4) is 350-440 W/cm2. 4. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, wherein the energy density used in the first excimer laser annealing treatment in step (2) is 440-465 W/cm2. 5. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the HF solution used in step (3) is 0.5-2% and the clean time of the HF solution is 20-40 secs. 6. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 2, wherein the concentration of the HF solution used in step (3) is 0.5-2% and the clean time of the HF solution is 20-40 secs. 7. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of the HF solution used in step (3) is 0.5-2% and the clean time of the HF solution is 20-40 secs. 8. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 4, wherein the concentration of the HF solution used in step (3) is 0.5-2% and the clean time of the HF solution is 20-40 secs. 9. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, wherein surface pretreatment in the step (1) further comprising using a HF solution and an ozone water to clean the substrate subsequently. 10. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 9, wherein the concentration of the HF solution is 0.5-2% and the clean time of the HF solution is 20-40 secs. 11. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 9, wherein the concentration of the ozone water is 15-25 ppm and the clean time of the HF solution is 40-70 secs. 12. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, further comprising forming a buffer layer between the substrate and the a-Si layer in the step (1), and the buffer layer is deposited by SiN, and SiO2 sequentially. 13. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 1, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 14. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 2, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 15. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 3, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 16. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 4, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 17. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 5, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 18. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 9, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 19. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 11, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon. 20. The manufacturing method to reduce the surface roughness of the low temperature poly-silicon according to claim 12, further comprising to obtain a low temperature poly-silicon.",
-    "A system and a method for parallel power supply control for auxiliary converters of a motor train unit in the presence of interconnecting lines. The system comprises multiple three-phase inverter modules. The multiple three-phase inverter modules are in parallel connection with each other. Any two-phase circuit of a three-phase inverter module is separately in parallel connection with a corresponding two-phase circuit of a three-phase inverter module adjacent to the three-phase inverter module by using a connecting line module. The connecting line module is connected to a control system. The three-phase inverter modules are also connected to the control system. The three-phase lines of the three-phase inverter modules are all provided with switches. Less interconnecting lines are used, and any two phases of the three-phase inverter modules are separately in parallel connection, and therefore, stable power supply is achieved by balancing currents of any two phases of the three-phase circuits, and the system reliability is improved. 1. A method for controlling a system for parallel power supply control for auxiliary converters of a motor train unit in the presence of interconnecting lines, the system for parallel power supply control for auxiliary converters of a motor train unit in the presence of interconnecting lines comprising multiple three-phase inverter modules in parallel connection with each other, wherein any two-phase circuit of a three-phase inverter module is separately in parallel connection with a corresponding two-phase circuit of a three-phase inverter module adjacent to the three-phase inverter module by using a connecting line module, the connecting line module is connected to a control system, each of the three-phase inverter modules is also connected to the control system, the three-phase lines of each the three-phase inverter modules are all provided with switches; and the connecting line module comprises a current transformer which is in parallel connection with two ends of a certain phase circuit, the current transformer is in parallel connection with a voltage resistor and is connected in series with a current sensor, and any two adjacent connecting line modules are in parallel connection; and the current transformer is connected to the control system; wherein the method comprises the following steps: (1) the current transformer finishes adjusting phase-circuit current of the three-phase inverter module, and adjusts larger current to be small current whose signal is easier to be used by the control system; (2) the current sensor collects current of the three-phase inverter module, including current phase and amplitude, and sends the collection result to the control system; and (3) the control system gathers the collected current value, and compares the phases and amplitudes of the current value of the same phase circuit of any two adjacent three-phase inverter modules, if the phases and amplitudes of the current of the same phase circuit of any two adjacent three-phase inverter modules are unequal, the control system calculates the difference of the phases and that of the amplitudes, and controls the two inverter modules for automatic current sharing according to the calculation result until the phases and amplitudes of the current of the two adjacent three-phase inverter modules are equal; and the control system executes the same operation as above on two parallel phase circuits of two adjacent three-phase inverter modules. 2. (canceled) 3. The method for controlling the system for parallel power supply control for auxiliary converters of a motor train unit in the presence of interconnecting lines according to claim 1, wherein the control system automatically monitors each of the three-phase inverter module, and controls by means of a switch, when a certain three-phase inverter module breaks down, the inverter to disconnect from a power supply system.",
-    "The present disclosure discloses a LTPS TFT and the manufacturing method thereof. The method includes: forming a semiconductor layer and a LTPS layer on the same surface on a base layer; forming an oxide layer is formed on one side of the semiconductor layer facing away the base layer, and forming the oxide layer on one side of the LTPS layer facing away the base layer; forming a first photoresist layer of a first predetermined thickness on the oxide layer; arranging a corresponding first cobalt layer on each of the photoresist layers, a vertical projection of the first cobalt layer overlaps with the vertical projection of the corresponding first photoresist layer; doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer. With such configuration, the number of the masking process is decreased and the manufacturing time is reduced. 1. A manufacturing method of low temperature poly silicon (LTPS) thin film transistors (TFTs), comprising: forming a semiconductor layer and a LTPS layer on the same surface on a base layer; forming an oxide layer is formed on one side of the semiconductor layer facing away the base layer, and forming the oxide layer on one side of the LTPS layer facing away the base layer; forming a first photoresist layer of a first predetermined thickness on the oxide layer; arranging a corresponding first cobalt layer on each of the photoresist layers, a vertical projection of the first cobalt layer overlaps with the vertical projection of the corresponding first photoresist layer; doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer; removing the first cobalt layer, and applying an ashing process to a portion of the first photoresist layers to obtain second photoresist layers of a second predetermined thickness, the second predetermined thickness is smaller than the first predetermined thickness; arranging a corresponding second cobalt layer on the second photoresist layer, a vertical projection of the second cobalt layer is overlapped with the vertical projection of the corresponding second photoresist layer; doping low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer; and removing the second cobalt layer, and applying the ashing process to the second photoresist layers to remove the second photoresist layers. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of applying an ashing process to a portion of the first photoresist layers to obtain second photoresist layers of a second predetermined thickness comprises: adopting an ion etching machine to etch a portion of the first photoresist layers to obtain the second photoresist layers of the second predetermined thickness, wherein an etching power of the ion etching machine is in a range between 1000 and 1600 W, and an etching time period is in a range between 250 and 350 s. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the base layer comprises a substrate, a silicon nitride layer and a silicon oxide layer, wherein: the silicon nitride layer is arranged on the substrate, and the silicon oxide layer is arranged on one side of the silicon nitride layer facing away the substrate. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the step of applying the ashing process to the second photoresist layers to remove the second photoresist layers further comprises: forming a gate on one side of the oxide layer facing away the semiconductor layer. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first predetermined thickness is in a range between 1 and 3 micrometers. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the high-concentration doping ions to the first specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the high-concentration doping ions comprises high-concentration P-type doping ions or high-concentration N-type doping ions. 7. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step of doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the high-concentration doping ions to the first specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the high-concentration doping ions comprises high-concentration P-type doping ions or high-concentration N-type doping ions. 8. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the step of doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the high-concentration doping ions to the first specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the high-concentration doping ions comprises high-concentration P-type doping ions or high-concentration N-type doping ions. 9. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the step of doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the high-concentration doping ions to the first specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the high-concentration doping ions comprises high-concentration P-type doping ions or high-concentration N-type doping ions. 10. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step of doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the high-concentration doping ions to the first specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the high-concentration doping ions comprises high-concentration P-type doping ions or high-concentration N-type doping ions. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of doping a low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the low-concentration doping ions to the second specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the low-concentration doping ions comprises low-concentration P-type doping ions or low-concentration N-type doping ions. 12. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step of doping a low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the low-concentration doping ions to the second specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the low-concentration doping ions comprises low-concentration P-type doping ions or low-concentration N-type doping ions. 13. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the step of doping a low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the low-concentration doping ions to the second specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the low-concentration doping ions comprises low-concentration P-type doping ions or low-concentration N-type doping ions. 14. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the step of doping a low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the low-concentration doping ions to the second specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the low-concentration doping ions comprises low-concentration P-type doping ions or low-concentration N-type doping ions. 15. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step of doping a low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer further comprises: adopting an ion implantation method to dope the low-concentration doping ions to the second specific area of the semiconductor layer; and wherein the low-concentration doping ions comprises low-concentration P-type doping ions or low-concentration N-type doping ions. 16. A LTPS TFT, comprising: a base layer comprising a semiconductor layer and a LTPS layer formed on the same surface on the base layer; an oxide layer is formed on one side of the semiconductor layer facing away the base layer, and the oxide layer is formed on one side of the LTPS layer facing away the base layer; doping high-concentration doping ions into a first specific area of the semiconductor layer; and doping low-concentration doping ions into a second specific area of the semiconductor layer.",
-    "The present invention provides novel biphenyl derivatives, isomers thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, methods for preparing the same, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same. The novel biphenyl derivatives, isomers thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as disclosed in the present invention, act as muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists, and thus are useful for the prevention or treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, rhinitis, spasmodic colitis, chronic cystitis, Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, glaucoma, schizophrenia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, cardiac arrhythmia, and hyper-salivation syndromes. 1. A novel biphenyl derivative represented by the following formula 1, an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: R1 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 alkoxy; R2, R3 and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkoxy, or \u2014C(O)R6; R5 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0 or 1; and R6 is hydrogen or amino. 2. The novel biphenyl derivative, isomer thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen or halogen; R2, R3 and R4 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C1-C6 alkyl; and R5 is C1-C6 alkyl. 3. The novel biphenyl derivative, isomer thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen; R2, R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or halogen; R5 is C1-C6 alkyl; and n is 0 or 1. 4. The novel biphenyl derivative, isomer thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the novel biphenyl derivative is selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate, 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,4\u2032,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-trifluoromethoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-nitro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-trifluoromethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-trifluoromethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl ((3\u2032-fluoro-4\u2032-methyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-ethoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,4-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-cyano-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-(3-hydroxypropyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-(dimethylamino)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-(tert-butyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032-amino-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-amino-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-tert-butyl-5\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-fluoro-3\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-amino-3\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,4\u2032,5-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-ethyl-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,5\u2032-dimethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-amino-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-5,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (4\u2032-chloro-3\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-4\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,4\u2032-dimethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-chloro-3\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5-chloro-3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5-dichloro-5\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5-dichloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-4\u2032-formyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-5-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-5-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-5-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl (4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (S)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (R)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (S)-(1-isobutylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,5\u2032-dimethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (4\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-amino-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (2\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5-dichloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-isopropylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-(hydroxymethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-carbamoyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-amino-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-cyano-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (2\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (2\u2032,4\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (2\u2032,3\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-6\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,4\u2032,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-cyano-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-amino-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032,5-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5,5\u2032-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,4\u2032,5,5\u2032-tetrafluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-cyano-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-hydroxy-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4,4\u2032,5-trifluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032,4\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032,3\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (2\u2032,6\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl (5\u2032-chloro-2\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,4\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,3\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-6\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dimethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,5\u2032-dimethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (R)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (R)-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl [1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-methyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,5\u2032-dimethyl-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032-(tert-butyl)-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5,5\u2032-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-4\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (4\u2032-chloro-3\u2032,5-difluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-amino-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (2\u2032,5-difluoro-3\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-hydroxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-fluoro-5\u2032-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-2\u2032,4\u2032-bis(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-ethoxy-5-fluoro-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,4\u2032-dimethoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-fluoro-3\u2032,5\u2032-dimethoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-fluoro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032-chloro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,4\u2032-dichloro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate; and (S)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl (3\u2032,5\u2032-dichloro-5-methoxy-[1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-2-yl)-carbamate. 5. A method for preparing a compound of the following formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising a step of reacting a compound of the following formula 2 with a compound of the following formula 3 in the presence of a carbamate synthesis reagent: wherein R1 to R5 and n are the same as defined in claim 1. 6. A method for preparing a compound of the following formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the steps of: reacting a compound of the following formula 2 with a compound of the following formula 3a in the presence of a carbamate synthesis reagent to prepare a compound of the following formula 4; removing an amine protecting group from the compound of formula 4 to prepare a compound of the following formula 1a; and introducing an R5 substituent into the compound of formula 1a: wherein R1 to R5 and n are the same as defined in claim 1, and PG1 is an amine protecting group selected from the group consisting of Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl), benzyl, tert-butyl, PMB (4-methoxybenzyl), Fmoc (fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl), Ts (tosylate), MOM (methoxymethyl), THP (tetrahydropyranyl), TBDMS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), and TBDPS (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl). 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound of formula 2 is prepared by the steps of: reacting a compound of the following formula 5 in the presence of an acid to prepare a compound of the following formula 6, which has a carboxylic acid protecting group introduced therein; coupling the compound of formula 6 with a compound of the following formula 7 to prepare a compound of the following formula 8; and de-esterifying the compound of formula 8 in the presence of a base: wherein R1 to R5 and n are the same as defined in claim 1; X is halogen; and PG2 is a protecting group selected from the group consisting of a C1-C4 alkyl group, benzyl, PMB (4-methoxybenzyl), THP (tetrahydropyranyl), TBDMS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), and TBDPS (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl). 8. A method for preparing a compound of the following formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the steps of: reacting a compound of the following formula 5 with a compound of the following formula 3 in the presence of a carbamate synthesis reagent to prepare a compound of the following formula 9; and coupling a compound of the following formula 7 to the compound of formula 9: wherein R1 to R5 and n are the same as defined in claim 1, and X is halogen. 9. A method for preparing a compound of the following formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the steps of: reacting a compound of the following formula 5 with a compound of the following formula 3a in the presence of a carbamate synthesis reagent to prepare a compound of the following formula 9a; deprotecting the compound of formula 9a to prepare a compound of the following formula 9b; introducing an R5 substituent into the compound of formula 9b to prepare a compound of the following formula 9; and coupling a compound of the following formula 7 to the compound of formula 9: wherein R1 to R5 and n are the same as defined in claim 1; X is halogen; and PG1 is the same as defined in claim 6. 10. The method of any claim 5, wherein the carbamate synthesis reagent comprises an azide compound. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the carbamate synthesis reagent is a mixture of diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) and triethylamine, a mixture of propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P), trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) and triethylamine, or a mixture of sodium azide (NaN3), tetrabutylammonium bromide and zinc(II) triflate. 12. A muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist containing the compound of claim 1, an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. 13. The muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist of claim 12, which is for preventing or treating a disease selected from the group consisting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, rhinitis, spasmodic colitis, chronic cystitis, Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, glaucoma, schizophrenia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, cardiac arrhythmia, hyper-salivation syndromes, enuresis, nervous pollakiuria, neurogenic bladder, unstable bladder, cystospasm, frequent urination, overactive bladder and urinary urgency. 14. A method for preventing or treating a muscarinic M3 receptor-related disease, the method comprising administering a composition containing the compound of claim 1, an isomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient to mammals including humans in need thereof. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound of formula 2 is prepared by the steps of: reacting a compound of the following formula 5 in the presence of an acid to prepare a compound of the following formula 6, which has a carboxylic acid protecting group introduced therein; coupling the compound of formula 6 with a compound of the following formula 7 to prepare a compound of the following formula 8; and de-esterifying the compound of formula 8 in the presence of a base: wherein R1 to R5 and n are the same as defined in claim 1; X is halogen; and PG2 is a protecting group selected from the group consisting of a C1-C4 alkyl group, benzyl, PMB (4-methoxybenzyl), THP (tetrahydropyranyl), TBDMS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl), and TBDPS (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl). 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the carbamate synthesis reagent comprises an azide compound. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein the carbamate synthesis reagent comprises an azide compound. 19. The method of claim 9, wherein the carbamate synthesis reagent comprises an azide compound.",
-    "The present invention discloses a liquid crystal panel and a voltage adjusting method. The liquid crystal panel includes a display area and a non-display area. The display area includes a plurality of TFTs for driving the sub-pixels connected with the TFTs to display images. The non-display area is an area having a predetermined dimension configured along a rim of the display area. The non-display area includes a predetermined number of TFTs, a predetermined number of data lines along a vertical direction, a target gate line extending from at least one gate line within the display area along a horizontal direction, wherein each of the data lines connects to one TFT. Each of the target gate line connects to at least one TFT, and each of the data lines is configured for detecting leakage current of the TFTs connected with the data line. 1. A liquid crystal panel, comprising: a display area and a non-display area, wherein: the display area comprises a plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) for driving the sub-pixels connected with the TFTs to display images; the non-display area is an area having a predetermined dimension configured along a rim of the display area, the non-display area comprises a predetermined number of TFTs, a predetermined number of data lines along a vertical direction, a target gate line extending from at least one gate line within the display area along a horizontal direction, wherein each of the data lines connects to one TFT, each of the target gate line connects to at least one TFT, each of the data lines is configured for detecting leakage current of the TFTs connected with the data line, the detected leakage current represents characteristics of the leakage current of the TFTs within the display area, structures of the TFTs within the non-display area are the same with the structures of the TFTs within the display area, and each of the TFTs within the non-display area connects to one sub-pixel. 2. The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data lines within the non-display area are configured for filling the voltage when the TFT connected with the data line is turned on, and for detecting the change of the leakage current when the TFT connected with the data line is turned off, and wherein the leakage current is the leakage current flowed out when the TFT connected with the data line is turned off. 3. The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein when are solution of the display area is n*m, the display area is divided to 3n*m sub-areas defined by 3n number of data lines along the vertical direction and m number of gate lines along the horizontal direction, wherein each of the sub-area comprises one sub-pixel, the display area comprises a plurality of TFTs connected by the data lines and connected by the gate lines. 4. The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal panel comprises equivalent circuits of the sub-pixels, the equivalent circuits of each of the sub-pixels are the same, and the equivalent circuit comprises at least one TFT, a liquid crystal capacitor and a storage capacitor, wherein: gates of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to the gate line, sources of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to the data line, and drains of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connects to a first plate of the liquid crystal capacitor, the drains of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to a first plate of the storage capacitor, and second plates of the liquid crystal capacitor and of the storage capacitor are respectively connects to the common electrode. 5. The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the liquid crystal panel comprises equivalent circuits of the sub-pixels, the equivalent circuits of each of the sub-pixels are the same, and the equivalent circuit comprises at least one TFT, a liquid crystal capacitor and a storage capacitor, wherein: gates of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to the gate line, sources of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to the data line, and drains of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connects to a first plate of the liquid crystal capacitor, the drains of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to a first plate of the storage capacitor, and second plates of the liquid crystal capacitor and of the storage capacitor are respectively connects to the common electrode. 6. The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the liquid crystal panel comprises equivalent circuits of the sub-pixels, the equivalent circuits of each of the sub-pixels are the same, and the equivalent circuit comprises at least one TFT, a liquid crystal capacitor and a storage capacitor, wherein: gates of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to the gate line, sources of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to the data line, and drains of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connects to a first plate of the liquid crystal capacitor, the drains of the TFTs within the non-display area and the display area connect to a first plate of the storage capacitor, and second plates of the liquid crystal capacitor and of the storage capacitor are respectively connects to the common electrode. 7. A voltage adjusting method for liquid crystal panels, comprising: detecting whether TFTs within a display area are turned off; detecting leakage current from each of the TFTs upon determining the TFTs are turned off; determining a target voltage in accordance with the detected leakage current; and adjusting a common voltage of a first plate of a liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of determining the target voltage in accordance with the detected leakage current further comprises: querying the voltages corresponding to each of the leakage current in accordance with the detected leakage current and a pre-saved relationship between the leakage current and the voltage; and summing up the voltages and calculating an average voltage to be the target voltage. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of determining the target voltage in accordance with the detected leakage current further comprises: summing up the detected leakage current and calculating an average leakage current; and querying the target voltage corresponding to each of the average leakage current in accordance with the average leakage current and a pre-saved relationship between the leakage current and the voltage. 10. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the step of adjusting the common voltage of the first plate of the liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage further comprises: adjusting the common voltage of the first plate of each of the liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage. 11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the step of adjusting the common voltage of the first plate of the liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage further comprises: adjusting the common voltage of the first plate of each of the liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage. 12. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of determining a target voltage in accordance with the detected leakage current further comprises: querying the target voltage corresponding to each of the leakage current in accordance with the detected leakage current and a pre-saved relationship between the leakage current and the voltage; the step of adjusting the common voltage of the first plate of each of the liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage further comprises: determining the target voltage corresponding to each of the sub-areas of the display area in accordance with a pre-saved relationship between the sub-areas and the TFTs, wherein the target voltage of the sub-areas is the target voltage corresponding to the leakage current from the TFT corresponding to the sub-area; and adjusting the common voltage of the first plate of each of the liquid crystal capacitor within the display area to be the target voltage of the sub-area.",
-    "A naked-eye 3D image forming method. The method includes: determining an outline coordinate of display image of display device in a vertical plane; determining a coordinate of an observation point R including height h, and distance l; inclining the display device toward the horizontal plane to obtain a tilt angle \u03b8; according to coordinates of the two points of the original image on the horizontal plane, the height h, length l and angle \u03b8 to calculate an outline coordinate of a present image; according to all coordinate points contained by the outline coordinate of the preset image, the height h, the length l and the tilt angle \u03b8 to calculate projection coordinate points on the display screen; converting the projection coordinate points into digital signals and inputting to the image expanding control module such that the display device forms the preset image on an image on the vertical plane. 1. A naked-eye 3D image forming system, comprising: a horizontal plane and a vertical plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane, a display device, a supporting body for fixing the display device; wherein, a control system in the display device is provided with an image expanding control module; the supporting body installs the display device on the vertical plane, and inclines the display device toward the vertical plane; a display screen of the display device is disposed with a tilt angle with respective to the horizontal plane; and wherein, the image expanding control module is used for changing a dimension of a display image of the display device after the display device is inclined in order to realize forming a three-dimensional image on the vertical plane. 2. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 1, wherein, the supporting body includes a carrying plate and a fixing plate having an included angle with respect to the carrying plate; the fixing plate is fixed to the vertical plane and is in parallel with the vertical plane; the carrying plate carries the display device, and the display screen is in parallel with the carrying plate. 3. A naked-eye 3D image forming method, comprising: determining an outline coordinate of a display image of a display device in a vertical plane, wherein, the display image is an original image, and a middle point of a straight line formed by two points of the original image on the horizontal plane is an origin O; determining a coordinate of an observation point R which is calculated from the observation point R to the original image, wherein, the coordinate of the observation point R includes a height h with respect to the horizontal plane, and a distance l from the observation point R to the origin; inclining the display device on the vertical plane toward the horizontal plane along a direction away from the display screen of the display device such that the display screen of the display device has a tilt angle \u03b8 with respect to the horizontal plane; according to coordinates of the two points of the original image on the horizontal plane, the height h, the length l and the tilt angle to calculate \u03b8 to calculate an outline coordinate of a present image formed by the original image on the vertical plane. Wherein, coordinates of two points of the outline coordinate of the present image on the horizontal plane are the same as coordinates of the two points of the original image on the horizontal plane; according to all coordinate points contained by the outline coordinate of the preset image, the height h, the length l and the tilt angle \u03b8 to calculate projection coordinate points on the display screen projected by the all coordinate points contained by the outline coordinate of the preset image, wherein, a connection line between the observation point R and the outline coordinate of the present image is a straight line, and the outline coordinate of the present image is at the straight line; and converting the projection coordinate points on the display screen projected by the all coordinates contained by the outline coordinate of the preset image into digital signals and inputting the digital signals to the image expanding control module of the display device such that the display device forms the preset image on the vertical plane. 4. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 3, wherein, each of the projection coordinate points on the display screen corresponds to one pixel unit of the display device. 5. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 3, wherein, an outline of the original image is a rectangle, the outline coordinate of the original image is locations where four vertexes of the rectangle are located; the four vertexes along a clockwise direction are respectively a vertex A, a vertex B, a vertex C and a vertex D; wherein, coordinates of the vertex C and vertex D are known fixed values. The origin is located at the middle of the vertex C and vertex D. 6. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 5, wherein, an outline of an image displayed on the display screen after the display screen is titled is a rectangle, an outline coordinate of the image displayed on the display screen after the display screen are locations where four vertexes of the rectangle are located. The four vertexes along a clockwise direction are respectively a vertex F, a vertex E, and the vertex C and the vertex D. 7. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 6, wherein, an outline of the preset image is a rectangle smaller than the size of the original image. An outline coordinate of the preset image are locations of four vertexes of the rectangle formed by the preset image. 8. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 7, wherein, the four vertexes of the outline coordinate of the preset image along a clockwise direction are respectively a vertex J (0, \u2212y2, z2), a vertex K (0, y2, z2) and the vertex C and the vertex D; the function y2 satisfies a following condition: y \ue89e \ue89e 2 = w \u00d7 l 2 + ( h - z \ue89e \ue89e 2 ) 2 ( l + x \ue89e \ue89e 1 ) 2 + ( h - z \ue89e \ue89e 1 ) 2 ; the function z2 satisfies a following condition z \ue89e \ue89e 2 = x \ue89e \ue89e 1 \u00d7 ( h - z \ue89e \ue89e 1 ) ( l + x \ue89e \ue89e 1 ) + z \ue89e \ue89e 1 ; wherein, w is a coordinate value of the vertex C and the vertex D on the x-axis, z1 is a coordinate value of the vertex F and the vertex E on the z-axis. 9. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 8, wherein, a projection coordinate point Z (x4, y4, z4) on the display screen projected by an arbitrary coordinate point Y (0, y3, z3) in the all coordinates contained by the outline coordinate of the preset image satisfies a flowing condition: z \ue89e \ue89e 4 = z \ue89e \ue89e 3 \u00d7 tan \ue8a0 ( \u03b8 ) ( ( h - z \ue89e \ue89e 3 ) l + tan \ue8a0 ( \u03b8 ) ) , y \ue89e \ue89e 4 = y \ue89e \ue89e 3 \u00d7 ( h - z \ue89e \ue89e 4 ) 2 + ( l + x \ue89e \ue89e 4 ) 2 ( h - z \ue89e \ue89e 3 ) 2 + l 2 , x \ue89e \ue89e 4 = z \ue89e \ue89e 4 tan \ue8a0 ( \u03b8 ) . Wherein, the coordinate point Y (0, y3, z3) is a known value. 10. The naked-eye 3D image forming method according to claim 7, wherein, the observation point 0, the point Y and the point Z are located on a same straight line.",
-    "A vehicle wheel assembly (1) for supplying compressed air from a vehicle axle to a tyre (3) comprises a vehicle wheel (5) and a control valve assembly (7). The wheel (5) comprises a wheel hub (9) for mounting the wheel (5) to a vehicle (V); and a wheel rim for mounting a tyre (3) on the wheel (5). A transfer line (19) is provided in the wheel for transferring compressed air from the wheel hub to the wheel rim (11) for inflating the tyre (3). The control valve assembly (7) comprises an inlet, an outlet and a control valve (25) operably located between the inlet and the outlet for controlling passage of compressed air between the inlet and the outlet. The control valve assembly (7) is removably disposed in the wheel hub (9) such that fluid communication is established between the control valve assembly (7) and the transfer line (19). 1-41. (canceled) 42. A control valve assembly comprising: an inlet for receiving compressed air from a supply line; an outlet for supplying compressed air to a transfer line; and a control valve for selectively placing the inlet in fluid communication with the outlet; wherein the control valve assembly is configured to be removably disposed in a wheel hub, and wherein the control valve assembly comprises securing means for releasably securing the control valve assembly to the wheel hub. 43. A control valve assembly according to claim 42, wherein the control valve comprises a first valve member movable between an open position and a closed position along a longitudinal axis, and wherein the control valve is configured such that, in use, the longitudinal axis is arranged substantially co-axially with a rotational axis of a wheel. 44. A control valve assembly according to claim 42, wherein the control valve is a pneumatically actuated control valve. 45. A control valve assembly according to claim 44, wherein the pneumatically actuated control valve is a latching valve. 46. A vehicle wheel assembly for supplying compressed air to a tire, the vehicle wheel assembly comprising a control valve assembly according to claim 42, and a wheel, the wheel comprising: a wheel hub for mounting the wheel to a vehicle; a wheel rim for mounting a tire on the wheel; and a transfer line for supplying compressed air to a tire mounted on the wheel. 47. A vehicle wheel assembly according to claim 46, the wheel further comprising a wheel valve for controlling the flow of air through said transfer line. 48. A vehicle wheel assembly according to claim 47, wherein the wheel valve is configured to cooperate with the control valve assembly such that the wheel valve is opened when the control valve assembly is disposed in the wheel hub, and/or the wheel valve is configured to close when the control valve assembly is removed from the wheel hub. 49. A vehicle wheel assembly according to claim 48, wherein the wheel valve comprises a second valve member which is displaced to an open position when the control valve assembly is disposed in the wheel hub. 50. A vehicle wheel assembly according to claim 49, wherein the second valve member is movable along a first axis arranged substantially parallel to, or substantially coincident with a rotational axis of the wheel. 51. A vehicle wheel assembly according to claim 46, wherein the control valve assembly is inserted into the wheel hub from an inner side of the wheel. 52. A vehicle wheel assembly according to claim 51, wherein, when the vehicle wheel assembly is mounted to a vehicle wheel hub, the control valve assembly is disposed between the wheel hub and the vehicle wheel hub. 53. A vehicle wheel comprising: a wheel hub for mounting the wheel to a vehicle; a wheel rim for mounting a tire on the wheel; a transfer line for supplying compressed air to a tire if the tire is mounted on the wheel; and a wheel valve for controlling the flow of air through said transfer line, wherein the wheel has lateral inner and outer sides, the wheel hub being configured removably to receive a control valve assembly from the inner side of the wheel, wherein a cavity is formed in said wheel hub for receiving the control valve assembly, the cavity being open towards an inner side of the wheel, and wherein the wheel valve is configured to cooperate with the control valve assembly such that the wheel valve is opened when the control valve assembly is received in the wheel hub, and/or the wheel valve is configured to close when the control valve assembly is removed from the wheel hub. 54. A vehicle wheel according to claim 53, wherein the wheel valve comprises a first valve member which is displaced to an open position when the control valve assembly is disposed in the wheel hub. 55. A vehicle wheel according to claim 53, wherein the transfer line is formed in a hollow spoke or in a tube connecting the wheel hub and the rim, wherein the transfer line is in fluid communication at one end thereof with a wheel hub opening and at the other end thereof with a rim opening. 56. A vehicle wheel according to claim 53, wherein the transfer line is in fluid communication at one end thereof with the cavity and at the other end thereof with a rim opening. 57. A vehicle wheel according to claim 53, wherein the cavity comprises an annular recess for receiving securing means of the control valve assembly for securing the control valve assembly when inserted thereinto. 58. A vehicle wheel according to claim 53, wherein the cavity comprises axial retaining means for retaining a control valve assembly inserted into the cavity at a prescribed axial location. 59. A vehicle wheel according to claim 58, wherein the axial retaining means comprises an annular projection extending from an inner surface of the cavity, optionally wherein the cavity defines a circular aperture in the outer side of the wheel hub and the annular projection is disposed at an end of the cavity adjacent to the outer side. 60. A vehicle wheel according to claim 53, in combination with a tire mounted on the wheel rim.",
-    "This invention relates to illumination systems, namely, to automotive headlamps and can be used as the principal head lighting of light and cargo vehicles. The automotive headlamp includes at least one LED and a system of lenses. The system of lenses includes both composite diverging and regulating lenses. The composite diverging lens is made up of two plano-concave lenses. The composite regulating lens is made up of the converging plano-convex lens and the refracting right-angled wedge placed in a series through the luminous flux. The composite regulating lens is placed between the LED and the composite diverging lens, which is suitable for controllable obscuration of the light flux. The invention enhances the reliability of the high/low-beam switch system. 1. An automotive headlamp, comprising; at least one LED and a lens system that includes a composite diverging lens made up of two plano-concave lenses; and a composite regulating lens suitable for controllable obscuration of the light flux located between the LED and the composite diverging lens and made up of a converging plano-convex lens and a refracting, right-angled wedge placed in a series through the luminous flux. 2. The automotive headlamp as set forth in claim 1, including a revolute system between the composite diverging and regulating lenses, which features two cylindrical refracting wedges, with their flat bottoms located to each other, where at least one of them is rotatable with respect to the optical axis of the system synchronized with the steering input. 3. The automotive headlamp as set forth in claim 1, including an LED equipped with a collimator lens. 4. The automotive headlamp as set forth in claim 1, wherein the composite diverging lens has the first lens through the luminous flux facing the LED with its concave side, with the second one facing it with its flat side.",
-    "An aluminum chlorohydrate salt having a Peak 3:Peak 4 ratio of at least 10:1 and an amount of Peak 3 material relative based on a total of Peaks 2, 3, 4, and 5 is at least 80% as measured by size exclusion chromatography, together with water treatment compositions, antiperspirant compositions, and oral care compositions, comprising the same, and methods for making and using the same. 1. An aluminum chlorohydrate salt comprising a Peak 3:Peak 4 ratio of at least 10:1 and an amount of Peak 3 material relative based on a total of Peaks 2, 3, 4, and 5 is at least 80% as measured by size exclusion chromatography. 2. The salt of claim 1 wherein a Peak 3:Peak 4 ratio is at least 15:1. 3. The salt of claim 1, wherein a Peak 3:Peak 2 ratio is at least 10:1. 4. The salt of claim 1, wherein the amount of Peak 3 material relative based on the total of Peaks 2, 3, 4, and 5 is at least 90%. 5. The salt of claim 1, further comprising one or more complexing agents chosen from a) amino acids, b) ammonium acids, c) polyols, d) hydroxyl acids, e) carboxylic acids, and f) sulfonic acids. 6. The salt of claim 5, wherein the complexing agent comprises glycine. 7. The salt of claim 5, wherein the complexing agent is present in a complexing agent:aluminum molar ratio of not greater than 3:1. 8. The salt of claim 1, further comprising zirconium. 9. The salt of claim 1, which is substantially free of calcium ion. 10. The salt of claim 1, wherein the Peak 3:(Peak 4+Peak 2) ratio is at least 10:1. 11. The salt of claim 1, wherein Peak 3:Peak 4 ratio is at least 10:1 and an amount of Peak 3 material relative based on a total of Peaks 2, 3, 4, and 5 is at least 80% as measured by size exclusion chromatography when the salt is made by heating an initial aluminum salt solution, and wherein the aluminum salt is at least one of aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum chlorohydrex polyethylene glycol, aluminum chlorohydrex propylene glycol, aluminum dichlorohydrate, aluminum dichlorohydrex polyethylene glycol, aluminum dichlorohydrex propylene glycol, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex polyethylene glycol, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex propylene glycol, aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium or tachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium pemachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tehachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrate, and aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrex glycine. 12. A composition comprising a salt according to claim 1 in combination or association with a substantially anhydrous carrier. 13. A water treatment composition comprising a salt according to claim 1. 14. An antiperspirant composition comprising a salt according to claim 1 and an antiperspirant carrier. 15. An oral care product comprising a salt according to claim 1 and an oral care carrier. 16. The oral care product of claim 15, wherein an amount of aluminum in the product is 3 to 20% by weight. 17. A method of making a salt according to claim 1, comprising heating an initial aluminum salt solution at a temperature of 40-80\u00b0 C., optionally in presence of a complexing agent, until the Peak 3:(Peak 4+Peak 2) ratio is at least 10:1, wherein the aluminum salt is at least one of aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum chlorohydrex polyethylene glycol, aluminum chlorohydrex propylene glycol, aluminum dichlorohydrate, aluminum dichlorohydrex polyethylene glycol, aluminum dichlorohydrex propylene glycol, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex polyethylene glycol, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex propylene glycol, aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrate, and aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrex glycine. 18. A method of treating water comprising adding the composition of claim 13 to water. 19. A method of reducing perspiration comprising applying the antiperspirant of claim 14 to skin. 20. A method of treating or reducing dental hypersensitivity and/or erosion comprising applying an effective amount of oral care product according to claim 15 to the teeth of a patient in need thereof. 21. (canceled)",
-    "A radiation-emitting apparatus includes a substrate and a number of optoelectronic components arranged on the substrate in rows running parallel to a preferred direction. Each optoelectronic component includes a sequence of layers suitable for generating electromagnetic radiation. The radiation-emitting apparatus also includes a cover element which is arranged on the plurality of optoelectronic components and which comprises a number of first contact elements, each of which is electrically connected to the first electrode faces of at least some of the optoelectronic components and a number of second contact elements, each of which is electrically connected to the second electrode faces of at least some of the optoelectronic components. The contact elements are in the form of strips and extend in the preferred direction. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A radiation-emitting apparatus, comprising: a substrate; a plurality of optoelectronic devices arranged on the substrate in rows that extend in parallel with a preferential direction, wherein each of the optoelectronic devices comprises a layer sequence having a first electrode surface, a second electrode surface and a functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer is suitable for generating electromagnetic radiation in a switched-on operating state; and a cover element arranged over the plurality of optoelectronic devices, the cover element comprising a plurality of first contact elements, each one connected to the first electrode surfaces of at least some of the optoelectronic devices in an electrically conductive manner and a plurality of second contact elements, each one connected to second electrode surfaces of at least some of the optoelectronic devices in an electrically conductive manner, wherein the first and second contact elements are formed in a strip-like manner and extend along the preferential direction. 15. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the substrate is transparent. 16. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each of the first contact elements is arranged over one of the rows of optoelectronic devices. 17. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each of the second contact elements is arranged over a region between two adjacent rows of optoelectronic devices. 18. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each of the first contact elements is connected to first contact structures that are formed in regions between two optoelectronic devices lying next to each other in a row. 19. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each of the second contact elements is connected to second contact structures that are formed in regions between two optoelectronic devices lying next to each other from two adjacent rows. 20. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein ones of the first and second contact elements are attached to contact structures of the optoelectronic devices via a conductive adhesive. 21. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the first and second contact elements are formed by a structured metallization on a major surface of the cover element. 22. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the structured metallization is on a cover support of the cover element. 23. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the cover element protrudes beyond the substrate in the preferential direction. 24. A radiation-emitting apparatus comprising: a first substrate; a first plurality of optoelectronic devices arranged on the first substrate in rows that extend in parallel with a preferential direction, wherein each of the optoelectronic devices of the first plurality comprises a layer sequence having a first electrode surface, a second electrode surface and a functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer is suitable for generating electromagnetic radiation in a switched-on operating state; a second substrate; a second plurality of optoelectronic devices arranged on the second substrate in rows that extend in parallel with the preferential direction, wherein each of the optoelectronic devices of the second plurality comprises a layer sequence having a first electrode surface, a second electrode surface and a functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface, wherein the functional layer is suitable for generating electromagnetic radiation in a switched-on operating state; and a cover element having a first major surface arranged over the first plurality of optoelectronic devices and a second major surface arranged over the second plurality of optoelectronic devices, the second major surface opposite the first major surface; wherein the first major surface of the cover element comprises a plurality of first contact elements, each one electrically connected to the first electrode surfaces of some of the optoelectronic devices of the first plurality and also comprises a plurality of second contact elements, each one electrically connected to second electrode surfaces of some of the optoelectronic devices of the first plurality, wherein the first and second contact elements of the first major surface are formed in a strip-like manner and extend along the preferential direction; and wherein the second major surface of the cover element comprises a plurality of first contact elements, each one electrically connected to the first electrode surfaces of some of the optoelectronic devices of the second plurality and also comprises a plurality of second contact elements, each one electrically connected to second electrode surfaces of some of the optoelectronic devices of the second plurality, wherein the first and second contact elements of the second major surface are formed in a strip-like manner and extend along the preferential direction. 25. The radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the first and second contact elements on the first major surface of the cover element are formed by structured metallization and wherein the first and second contact elements on the second major surface of the cover element are formed by structured metallization. 26. A method for producing the radiation-emitting apparatus according to claim 24, the method comprising: providing the first substrate with the first plurality of optoelectronic devices arranged on the first substrate; providing the second substrate with the second plurality of optoelectronic devices arranged on the second substrate; providing the cover element, wherein the cover element comprises a cover support with the plurality of first and second contact elements on a first major surface of the cover support and the plurality of first and second contact elements on a second major surface of the cover support; attaching the cover element to the first plurality of optoelectronic devices; and attaching the cover element to the second plurality of optoelectronic devices. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the first and second contact elements on the first major surface of the cover element are formed by structured metallization and wherein the first and second contact elements on the second major surface of the cover element are formed by structured metallization. 28. A method for producing a radiation-emitting apparatus, the method comprising: providing a plurality of optoelectronic devices arranged on a substrate, wherein the optoelectronic devices are arranged in rows that extend in parallel with a preferential direction, and wherein each of the optoelectronic devices comprises a layer sequence that is suitable for generating electromagnetic radiation, the layer sequence having a first electrode surface, a second electrode surface and a functional layer between the first electrode surface and the second electrode surface; providing a cover element, wherein the cover element comprises a cover support and a plurality of first strip-like contact elements and a plurality of second strip-like contact elements on a major surface of the cover support; and attaching the cover element to the plurality of optoelectronic devices, wherein the plurality of first contact elements are each connected to the first electrode surfaces of at least some of the optoelectronic devices in an electrically conductive manner, and the plurality of second contact elements are each connected to the second electrode surfaces of at least some of the optoelectronic devices in an electrically conductive manner. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the substrate is transparent. 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein each of the first contact elements is arranged over one of the rows of optoelectronic devices and wherein each of the second contact elements is arranged over a region between two adjacent rows of optoelectronic devices. 31. The method according to claim 28, wherein each of the first contact elements is connected to first contact structures that are formed in regions between two optoelectronic devices lying next to each other in a row and wherein each of the second contact elements is connected to second contact structures that are formed in regions between two optoelectronic devices lying next to each other from two adjacent rows.",
-    "A method can be used for producing a microelectromechanical transducer. A plurality of microelectromechanical transducers are produced on a single wafer. Each transducer includes a diaphragm. The wafer is divided into at least a first and a second region. The mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the first region are established and the values are compared with a predetermined desired value. The mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the second region are established and the values are compared with the predetermined desired value. The tensions of the diaphragms in the first region are adjusted to the predetermined desired value, and the tensions of the diaphragms in the second region are adjusted to the predetermined desired value. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A method for producing a microelectromechanical transducer, the method comprising: producing a plurality of microelectromechanical transducers on a single wafer, wherein each transducer comprises a diaphragm; dividing the wafer into a first region and a second region; establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the first region; comparing values of the established mechanical tensions of the random sample of diaphragms of the first region with a predetermined desired value; establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the second region; comparing values of the established mechanical tensions of the random sample of diaphragms of the second region with the predetermined desired value; adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the first region to the predetermined desired value; and adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the second region to the predetermined desired value. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein, when adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the first region, the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the second region remain unchanged. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the first region comprises measuring a capacitance of the respective transducer in dependence upon an applied electrical voltage and ascertaining the mechanical tension of the diaphragm from the measured capacitance. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein measuring the capacitance comprises using a measuring tip that is placed against the diaphragm and wherein a change in the capacitance is taken into consideration when positioning the measuring tip. 19. The method according to claim 15, further comprising adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms of the first and second regions in a common method step that is performed prior to dividing the wafer into a first and a second region. 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the first region comprises adjusting thicknesses of all diaphragms in the first region in a common method step. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein adjusting the thicknesses of the diaphragms in the first region comprises performing localized etching of the first region. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the localized etching is performed by a plasma etching method or by a chemical etching method in a gas, vapor or liquid phase. 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the localized etching comprises a halogen-based method. 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein adjusting the thicknesses of the diaphragms in the first region comprises increasing the thicknesses by performing a localized deposition of material in the first region. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein performing the localized deposition comprises performing a localized deposition of silicon nitride. 26. The method according to claim 15, wherein adjusting the mechanical tension of the diaphragms in the first region comprises implanting foreign atoms, foreign ions, or foreign molecules in the diaphragm. 27. The method according to claim 15, wherein each transducer comprises a spacer comprising a substance that has a glass transition temperature and a substrate; wherein each of the diaphragms is fastened to the spacer and spaced apart from the substrate; and wherein the method comprises heating the transducer to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the substance. 28. The method according to claim 15, further comprising separating the wafer into transducers that are separate from one another, wherein the wafer is separated after the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms have been adjusted. 29. A method for producing a plurality of microelectromechanical transducers, the method comprising: producing a plurality of microelectromechanical transducers on a single wafer, wherein each transducer comprises a diaphragm; dividing the wafer into a first region, a second region, a third region and a fourth region, each region including about one quarter of the wafer; establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the first region; comparing values of the established mechanical tensions of the random sample of diaphragms of the first region with a predetermined desired value; establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the second region; comparing values of the established mechanical tensions of the random sample of diaphragms of the second region with the predetermined desired value; establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the third region; comparing values of the established mechanical tensions of the random sample of diaphragms of the third region with a predetermined desired value; establishing mechanical tensions of a random sample of diaphragms of the fourth region; comparing values of the established mechanical tensions of the random sample of diaphragms of the fourth region with a predetermined desired value; adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the first region to the predetermined desired value; adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the second region to the predetermined desired value; adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the third region to the predetermined desired value; adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the fourth region to the predetermined desired value; and separating the wafer into transducers that are separate from one another, wherein the wafer is separated after the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms of the first, second, third and fourth regions have been adjusted. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein, when adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in one of the regions, the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the other regions remain unchanged. 31. The method according to claim 29, wherein adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the first region comprises adjusting thicknesses of all diaphragms in the first region in a common method step; wherein adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the second region comprises adjusting thicknesses of all diaphragms in the second region in a common method step; wherein adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the third region comprises adjusting thicknesses of all diaphragms in the third region in a common method step; and wherein adjusting the mechanical tensions of the diaphragms in the fourth region comprises adjusting thicknesses of all diaphragms in the fourth region in a common method step. 32. The method according to claim 29, wherein adjusting the mechanical tension of the diaphragms in the first region comprises implanting foreign atoms, foreign ions, or foreign molecules in the diaphragm.",
-    "Printing using two colors can be performed by a thermal print head. A base member, a thermosensitive color developing material layer formed by applying a thermosensitive color developing material on the entire surface of the base member, and a thermosensitive decolorizing material layer formed by applying a thermosensitive decolorizing material having a decolorizing temperature different from a color developing temperature of the thermosensitive color developing material on the entire surface of the thermosensitive color developing material layer, are provided. 1. A print medium comprising: a base member; a first thermosensitive color developing material layer formed of a first thermosensitive color developing material; and a second thermosensitive color developing material layer formed of a second thermosensitive color developing material having a different reaction temperature from a reaction temperature of the first thermosensitive color developing material. 2. A print medium unit comprising: the print medium according to claim 1; and an ink ribbon for thermally transferring an ink to the print medium; wherein the ink ribbon has a reaction temperature that is different from the reaction temperature of the first thermosensitive color developing material and different from a color developing temperature of the second thermosensitive color developing material. 3. The print medium unit according to claim 2, wherein the reaction temperature of the ink ribbon is higher than the reaction temperature of the first thermo sensitive color developing material and the reaction temperature of the second thermosensitive color developing material, and the reaction temperature of the second thermosensitive color developing material is lower than the reaction temperature of the first thermosensitive color developing material. 4. A print medium unit comprising: a print medium having a base member and a first thermosensitive color developing material layer formed of a first thermosensitive color developing material; and an ink ribbon for thermally transferring an ink to the print medium; wherein the ink ribbon has a different reaction temperature from a reaction temperature of the first thermosensitive color developing material layer. 5. A print medium unit comprising: a print medium having a base member and a second thermosensitive color developing material layer formed of a second thermosensitive color developing material; and an ink ribbon for thermally transferring an ink to the print medium; wherein the ink ribbon has a different reaction temperature from a reaction temperature of the second thermosensitive color developing material layer. 6. A printing device comprising: the print medium unit according to claim 2; a setting section where the print medium unit is set; and a printing unit which performs print processing on the print medium of the print medium unit thus set, by a thermal print head.",
-    "A storage unit comprising a cover adapted to be mounted on a support surface wherein the cover is pivotally attached to the support surface to allow selective displacement of the cover between a tilted condition and an un-tilted condition. wherein the cover comprises a front end, a rear end and two sides, wherein the front end is pivotally attached to the support surface. The invention also provides for a cover adapted to be mounted on a support surface wherein the cover is pivotally attached to the support surface to allow selective displacement of the cover between a tilted condition and an un-tilted condition, wherein the cover comprises a rear end and a slanted truncated front end, wherein a lower portion of the slanted truncated front end is pivotally attached to the support surface, and a method for storing at least one good within the storage unit 1-32. (canceled) 33. A storage unit comprising a cover adapted to be mounted on a support surface, the cover comprising a front end pivotally attached to the support surface to allow selective displacement of the cover between a tilted condition and an un-tilted condition, a top, two sides and a rear open end, each side having an upper end for attachment to the top and a lower end adapted for abutment to the support surface when the cover is in the un-tilted condition and spaced apart from the support surface when the cover is in the tilted condition, the top comprising a top rear edge and each side comprising a side rear edge, wherein the rear open end is bounded by the top and side rear edges 34. A storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the cover comprises at least one door, the door being configured for selectively opening and closing the rear end. 35. A storage unit according to claim 1, further comprising the support surface. 36. A storage unit according to claim 3, wherein the support surface comprises a trailer having an upper surface for receiving the cover and a lower surface comprising a plurality of wheels to allow movement of the trailer. 37. A storage unit according claim 2, wherein the door is pivotally attached to a rear location of the support surface to allow selective displacement of the door between an open condition and a closed condition. 38. A storage unit according to claim 5, wherein the door is configured to define a ramp extending downwards from the rear location of the support surface when the door is in the open condition. 39. A storage unit according to claim 2, wherein the door is pivotally attached to one of the rear side edges of the cover for selectively closing and opening of the rear end. 40. A storage unit according to claim 2, wherein there are a pair of doors, one door is pivotally attached to the one rear side edge of the cover and the other door is pivotally attached to the other rear side edge of the cover to allow selectively closing and opening of the rear end. 41. A storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the cover is adapted to be moved. 42. A storage unit according to claim 9, wherein the cover comprises a plurality of swivel castors attached to the lower end of the sides of the covers. 43. A storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the cover further comprises a support frame adapted to be mounted on the support surface, the support frame being adapted for pivotally receiving the front end of the cover and for receiving the lower ends of the sides of the cover. 44. A storage unit according claim 1, wherein the storage unit comprises at least one gas strut having an end attached to the support surface and another other end attached to the cover. 45. A storage unit according to claim 12, wherein the gas strut is adapted to secure the cover at any location within a range of movement between the tilted condition and the un-tilted condition. 46. A storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the storage unit comprises means for fastening at least one good within the storage unit. 47. A storage unit according to claim 14, wherein the at least one good comprises at least one motorbike. 48. A cover for mounting on a support surface, the cover comprising a front end adapted to be pivotally attached to the support surface to allow selective displacement of the cover between a tilted condition and an un-tilted condition, a top, two sides and a rear end, each side having an upper end for attachment to the top and a lower end adapted for abutment to the support surface when the cover is in the un-tilted condition and spaced apart from the support surface when the cover is in the tilted condition, the top comprising a top rear edge and each side comprising a side rear edge, wherein the rear open end is bounded by the top and side rear edges. 49. A cover according to claim 16, wherein the cover comprises a front portion and a rear portion attached to the front portion, the rear portion comprising the top, two first side walls and a plurality of first slanted roofs joining the first side walls to the top of the cover, and wherein the front portion comprises two second side walls, a front wall and a plurality of second slanted roofs joined together defining a truncated slanted front end, the front wall being pivotally attached to the support surface. 50. A cover according to claim 17, wherein the cover comprises a plurality of swivel castors attached to the lower end of the sides of the covers. 51. A cover according to claim 16, wherein the cover further comprises a support frame adapted to be mounted on the support surface, the support frame being adapted for pivotally receiving the front end of the cover and for receiving the lower ends of the sides of the cover. 52. A cover according to claim 16, further comprising means for storing articles within the cover and/or solar panels for charging batteries and providing electricity to illumination means.",
-    "The present invention provides an LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit, including a driving chip, an LED backlight module and a control module. The driving chip includes: a driving unit, employed to drive a display panel to show an image; an image data extraction unit, extracting a present display image data of the display panel; an image data analysis unit, employed to calculate a deviation value of the color temperature of the present display image data and a standard color temperature; and a color temperature adjustment unit, employed to generate and output a color temperature adjustment according to the deviation value of the color temperature of the present display image data and the standard color temperature. The LED backlight module includes a plurality of first LEDs which are identical and coupled in series and a plurality of first LEDs which are identical and coupled in series. 1. An LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit, comprising: a driving chip, comprising: a driving unit, employed to drive a display panel to show an image; an image data extraction unit, extracting a present display image data of the display panel; an image data analysis unit, employed to determine a color temperature of the present display image data, and to calculate a deviation value of the color temperature of the present display image data and a standard color temperature; and a color temperature adjustment unit, employed to generate and output a color temperature adjustment according to the deviation value of the color temperature of the present display image data and the standard color temperature; an LED backlight module, comprising: a first LED backlight unit, comprising a plurality of first LEDs which are identical and coupled in series; and a second LED backlight unit, comprising a plurality of second LEDs which are identical and coupled in series, and a color temperature of the second LEDs is different from a color temperature of the first LEDs; a control module, electrically coupled to the driving chip and the LED backlight module, and employed to adjust driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs according to the color temperature adjustment signal for adjusting a color temperature of the LED backlight module. 2. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 1, wherein the image data analysis unit calculates a gray scale average value of red sub pixels and a gray scale average value of blue sub pixels in the present display image, and determines the color temperature of the present display image according to the gray scale average value of red sub pixels and the gray scale average value of blue sub pixels. 3. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first LEDs and the plurality of second LEDs are alternately located and linearly aligned. 4. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of first LEDs and the plurality of second LEDs are aligned in an array, and are alternately located both in a row direction and in a column direction of the array. 5. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of first LEDs and the plurality of second LEDs are merely aligned in one column. 6. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 4, wherein the control module comprises an I2C interface unit, a programmable resistance array and a control unit; the I2C interface unit is employed to communicate with the driving chip to receive the color temperature adjustment signal; the programmable resistance array comprises a first resistance array and a second resistance array, and the first resistance array and the second resistance array are respectively coupled with the first LED backlight unit and the second LED backlight unit in series; the control unit is employed to control the values of the first resistance array and the second resistance array according to the color temperature adjustment signal to correspondingly adjust the driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs for correspondingly controlling brightnesses of the first LEDs and the second LEDs. 7. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 5, wherein the control module comprises an I2C interface unit, a programmable resistance array and a control unit; the I2C interface unit is employed to communicate with the driving chip to receive the color temperature adjustment signal; the programmable resistance array comprises a first resistance array and a second resistance array, and the first resistance array and the second resistance array are respectively coupled with the first LED backlight unit and the second LED backlight unit in series; the control unit is employed to control the values of the first resistance array and the second resistance array according to the color temperature adjustment signal to correspondingly adjust the driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs for correspondingly controlling brightnesses of the first LEDs and the second LEDs. 8. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 6, wherein the first resistance array comprises a plurality of resistances located in parallel, and one end of a parallel circuit consisted of the plurality of resistances is grounded, and the other end is electrically coupled to a cathode of the first LED backlight unit; an anode of the first LED backlight unit is electrically coupled to a driving voltage. 9. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 4, wherein the control module comprises an I2C interface unit, a first variable resistance, a second variable resistance and a control unit; the I2C interface unit is employed to communicate with the driving chip to receive the color temperature adjustment signal; the first variable resistance and the second variable resistance are respectively coupled to the first LED backlight unit and the second backlight unit in series; the control unit is employed to control resistance values of the first variable resistance and the second variable resistance according to the color temperature adjustment signal to correspondingly adjust the driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs for correspondingly controlling brightnesses of the first LEDs and the second LEDs. 10. The LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit according to claim 1, wherein the image data extraction unit is a buffer. 11. A display device, comprising a display panel, wherein the device further comprises an LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit, and the LED backlight color temperature adjustment circuit comprises: a driving chip, comprising: a driving unit, employed to drive a display panel to show an image; an image data extraction unit, extracting a present display image data of the display panel; an image data analysis unit, employed to determine a color temperature of the present display image data, and to calculate a deviation value of the color temperature of the present display image data and a standard color temperature; and a color temperature adjustment unit, employed to generate and output a color temperature adjustment according to the deviation value of the color temperature of the present display image data and the standard color temperature; an LED backlight module, comprising: a first LED backlight unit, comprising a plurality of first LEDs which are identical and coupled in series; and a second LED backlight unit, comprising a plurality of second LEDs which are identical and coupled in series, and a color temperature of the second LEDs is different from a color temperature of the first LEDs; a control module, electrically coupled to the driving chip and the LED backlight module, and employed to adjust driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs according to the color temperature adjustment signal for adjusting a color temperature of the LED backlight module. 12. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the image data analysis unit calculates a gray scale average value of red sub pixels and a gray scale average value of blue sub pixels in the present display image, and determines the color temperature of the present display image according to the gray scale average value of red sub pixels and the gray scale average value of blue sub pixels. 13. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of first LEDs and the plurality of second LEDs are alternately located and linearly aligned. 14. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the plurality of first LEDs and the plurality of second LEDs are aligned in an array, and are alternately located both in a row direction and in a column direction of the array. 15. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the plurality of first LEDs and the plurality of second LEDs are merely aligned in one column. 16. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the control module comprises an I2C interface unit, a programmable resistance array and a control unit; the I2C interface unit is employed to communicate with the driving chip to receive the color temperature adjustment signal; the programmable resistance array comprises a first resistance array and a second resistance array, and the first resistance array and the second resistance array are respectively coupled with the first LED backlight unit and the second LED backlight unit in series; the control unit is employed to control the values of the first resistance array and the second resistance array according to the color temperature adjustment signal to correspondingly adjust the driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs for correspondingly controlling brightnesses of the first LEDs and the second LEDs. 17. The display device according to claim 15, wherein the control module comprises an I2C interface unit, a programmable resistance array and a control unit; the I2C interface unit is employed to communicate with the driving chip to receive the color temperature adjustment signal; the programmable resistance array comprises a first resistance array and a second resistance array, and the first resistance array and the second resistance array are respectively coupled with the first LED backlight unit and the second LED backlight unit in series; the control unit is employed to control the values of the first resistance array and the second resistance array according to the color temperature adjustment signal to correspondingly adjust the driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs for correspondingly controlling brightnesses of the first LEDs and the second LEDs. 18. The display device according to claim 16, wherein the first resistance array comprises a plurality of resistances located in parallel, and one end of a parallel circuit consisted of the plurality of resistances is grounded, and the other end is electrically coupled to a cathode of the first LED backlight unit; an anode of the first LED backlight unit is electrically coupled to a driving voltage. 19. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the control module comprises an I2C interface unit, a first variable resistance, a second variable resistance and a control unit; the I2C interface unit is employed to communicate with the driving chip to receive the color temperature adjustment signal; the first variable resistance and the second variable resistance are respectively coupled to the first LED backlight unit and the second backlight unit in series; the control unit is employed to control resistance values of the first variable resistance and the second variable resistance according to the color temperature adjustment signal to correspondingly adjust the driving currents of the first LEDs and the second LEDs for correspondingly controlling brightnesses of the first LEDs and the second LEDs. 20. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the image data extraction unit is a buffer.",
-    "A picture taking device includes a sensor of resolution higher than thirteen megapixels and an objective lens open at minimum to f/2.0 for at least one focal length value. A diagonal dimension of the photosensitive surface of the sensor is greater than 15 mm. A digital processor to reduce noise while preserving the textures in at least one image captured by the sensor. The device has a power supply and a rigid connector to connect it to the mobile phone or tablet type device comprising a screen, and communicates and/or commands with the mobile phone or tablet type device. A picture taking method is provided using the picture taking device. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A picture taking device comprising: a sensor of resolution higher than thirteen megapixels, a diagonal dimension of a photosensitive surface of the sensor being greater than 15 mm; an objective lens opening at minimum to f/2.0 for at least one focal length value; a digital processor to reduce noise in at least one image captured by the sensor; a rigid connector to connect the picture taking to device to a mobile phone or tablet type device comprising a screen; a power supply; a communications connector to communicate at least one of images and commands with the mobile phone or tablet type device; and wherein the picture taking device has dimensions meeting the following criteria: maximum and minimum of a height, a width and a depth of a smallest rectangular parallelepiped inside which the picture taking device can be inscribed are less than 70 mm and less than 30 mm, respectively, and a volume of the picture taking device is less than 86,000 mm3. 22. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the digital processor autonomously or in combination with the mobile phone or tablet type device is configured to produce a visible image of at least thirteen megapixels, having an exposure configured to have elements of which a reflectance is 18% in a scene to be captured which reach the middle of a dynamic range in the visible image with a signal to noise ratio midway through the dynamic range equal to or greater than 34 dB, spatial frequency response edge and spatial frequency response texture values which differ by less than 10% and which, at one quarter of the Nyquist frequency, are less than or equal to 120% and which, at half the Nyquist frequency, are greater than or equal to 50%, from a capture of images for exposure times of 1/30s or less of a scene illuminated with light at a lighting level less than or equal to 10 lux. 23. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21 comprises no screen to allow the previewing or post-viewing of an image. 24. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the communications connector is configured to allow an image taken by the picture taking device to be previewed on the screen of the mobile phone or tablet type device. 25. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the communications connector is configured to allow the picture taking device to be controlled using the screen of the mobile phone or tablet type device. 26. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the communications connector is configured to allow parameters of the picture taking device to be set using the screen of the mobile phone or tablet type device. 27. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the digital processor is configured to reduce the noise while preserving textures by a temporal merger of N images, N being a natural integer greater than or equal to 2. 28. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the digital processor configured to reduce the noise while preserving textures is hosted remotely on the mobile phone or tablet type device. 29. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising a recorder to record raw images in addition to or in place of a recording of visible images after digital processing operations have been performed. 30. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the rigid connector is positioned in a hinge allowing its orientation relative to the picture taking device to change. 31. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising an image processor to provide a digital image stabilization. 32. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising an autofocus element to maximize a sharpness of a subject being photographed or filmed. 33. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 32, wherein the autofocus element operates continuously to keep the subject permanently in focus. 34. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising a button to start a recording. 35. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 34, wherein an axis along which the button to start the recording is pressed is situated in a plane containing an axis of the rigid connector and points of the picture taking device that are used for holding same. 36. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 34 is made up of two parts sliding one on the other so as to obtain an open position and a closed position, the closed position allows at least one of the rigid connector and the button to start the recording to be protected, and the open position allows access to at least one of the rigid connector and the button to start the recording. 37. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 34, wherein the button to start the recording has two modes of operation: partially depressed and fully depressed. 38. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the rigid connector is protected by a removable cap. 39. The picture taking device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising a transmitter to transmit at least one raw image to the mobile phone or tablet type device in at least one mode of operation. 40. A picture taking method, comprising the steps of: capturing, at 1/30s or lower, a scene comprising lighting of 10 lux or below using a picture taking device comprising: a sensor of resolution higher than thirteen megapixels, a diagonal dimension of a photosensitive surface of the sensor being greater than 15 mm; an objective lens opening at minimum to f/2.0 for at least one focal length value; a digital processor to reduce noise in at least one image captured by the sensor; a rigid connector to connect the picture taking to device to a mobile phone or tablet type device comprising a screen; a power supply; a communications connector to communicate at least one of images and commands with the mobile phone or tablet type device; and wherein the picture taking device has dimensions meeting the following criteria: maximum and minimum of a height, a width and a depth of a smallest rectangular parallelepiped inside which the picture taking device can be inscribed are less than 70 mm and less than 30 mm, respectively, and a volume of the picture taking device is less than 86,000 mm3; and producing a visible image of a quality higher than thirteen megapixels, the image having an exposure configured to have elements of which the reflectance is 18% in the scene that is to be captured which reach the middle of the dynamic range, with a signal to noise ration midway through the dynamic range of 34 dB or higher, a spatial frequency response edge and spatial frequency response texture values which differ by less than 10% and which, at a quarter of the Nyquist frequency, are less than or equal to 120% and which, at half the Nyquist frequency, are greater than or equal to 50%.",
-    "A cellulosic substrate is caused to have selective ion-exchange properties by way of contact with an aqueous protonated PEI solution followed by thermal treatment. The substrate is preferably in the form of a paper or a paper pulp which may be added to and retrieved from a body of polluted water. 1) A selective ion exchange product comprised of a cellulosic substrate containing 5 to 30 percent by weight of chemically bound PEI or derivative thereof and capable of absorbing dissolved ionized toxic metal species from water containing greater amounts of non-toxic species, said absorption occurring at a reaction speed faster than 8 seconds, and said product having an absorption capacity greater than 1.0 meq of absorbed metal species per dry gram of said product. 2) The product of claim 1 wherein said substrate is a paper. 3) The product of claim 1 wherein said substrate is a pulp comprised of a multitude of clusters of \u215b to \u00bd size, each comprised of interentangled cellulose fibers. 4) The product of claim 1 wherein said derivative of PEI is a reaction product of PEI with NTA. 5) The product of claim 4 wherein the amount of NTA is 20% to 70% of the weight of said PEI. 6) The product of claim 1 wherein said PEI has a molecular weight greater than 2,000. 7) The product of claim 6 wherein the molecular weight of said PEI is greater than 9,000. 8) The product of claim 2 wherein said paper has a wet tear strength at least 20% of its dry tear strength. 9) A process for imparting selective ion exchange properties to a cellulosic substrate comprising 1) treating said substrate with an aqueous solution containing 2 to 8% of PEI having a molecular weight greater than 2000, said solution being acidified to a pH between 4.5 and 6.8, 2) heating said treated substrate at 350\u00b0 F. to 250\u00b0 for about 15 to 60 minutes, respectively, to cause chemical attachment of PEI to said substrate, and 3) washing said heated substrate with water to remove any PEI not chemically attached to said substrate. 10) The process of claim 9 wherein said aqueous solution also contains a polycarboxylic acid. 11) The process of claim 9 wherein said wash water is alkaline in order to bring the washed substrate to a substantially neutral pH condition. 12) A process for utilizing the product of claim 1 to remove dissolved ionized metal species from a body of water, said process comprising: dispersing said product in a pulp state into said body of water, and collecting said pulp as an accumulation which provides extended contact time with the water and facilitates removal of said accumulation from said body of water. 13) The process of claim 12 wherein the product is in the form of a continuous length of paper which is drawn into a pulping apparatus and dispersed into said water. 14) The process of claim 13 wherein said body of water is flowing within a conduit, and the pulp is collected in downstream filtration means. 15) A product produced by the process of claim 9. 16) The process of claim 9 wherein the starting cellulosic substrate has previously undergone an oxidation treatment. 17) The product of claim 1 wherein said substrate is a filtration grade paper capable of simultaneously removing suspended particles and dissolved metal species from flowing water. 18) The process of claim 9 wherein said acidification is achieved, at least in part, with hydrochloric acid. 19) The process of claim 9 wherein the water employed for washing said treated paper has an alkaline pH.",
-    "An improved track frame assembly wherein the idler wheels are arranged to prevent loss of track contact with the terrain. Seriatim primary idler wheels are aligned to longitudinal outer lateral track edges. Secondary idler wheels are mounted interiorly of the outer wheels and longitudinally staggered to prevent the track from lifting or \u201ccaterpillaring\u201d in spaces intermediate the primary idler wheels. The numbers, diameters, widths and positions of the secondary idler wheels are selected to overlap the track contact points of the primary idler wheels. A resiliently biased and/or slippery presser member, roller or slide assembly can alternatively be mounted to prevent vertical track flexion. 1. A vehicle track assembly comprising: a) a track having an interior surface from which a plurality of drive lugs project and an exterior surface from which a plurality of ground lugs project and including a surface region defining a footprint whereat the track ground lugs engage the terrain; and b) a framework including a drive sprocket and a plurality of primary idler wheels mounted to a longitudinal frame arm, wherein said track is circumferentially trained around said framework such that the drive lugs engage said sprocket, wherein said primary idler wheels are mounted to overly and tangentially contact the track interior surface at the footprint, wherein said primary idler wheels are coupled to a plurality of axles that transversely project from the longitudinal frame arm, wherein said primary idler wheels are aligned seriatim adjacent left and right lateral, longitudinal peripheral edges of said track and longitudinal gaps are defined between successive left and right primary idler wheels, and wherein a plurality of members are mounted to the frame arm transversely intermediate the left and right primary idler wheels and in longitudinally staggered relation to the left and right primary idler wheels to contact the interior surface of the track in the longitudinal gaps between successive left and right primary idler wheels to prevent said track from flexing in the gaps and losing contact with the terrain. 2. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said plurality of members comprises a plurality of secondary idler wheels aligned to tangentially contact the track interior surface in the gaps. 3. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 2 wherein said left and right primary idler wheels are aligned seriatim along first and second parallel longitudinal axes and wherein said secondary idler wheels are aligned seriatim along a third longitudinal axis that extends parallel to said first and second longitudinal axes. 4. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 3 wherein said left and right primary idler wheels are mounted to opposite ends of a plurality of first axles that transversely extend from said frame arm and wherein said secondary idler wheels are mounted to a plurality of second axles that transversely extend from said frame arm. 5. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 2 wherein said secondary idler wheels are arranged such that the diameter of each secondary idler wheel longitudinally overlaps the diameter of at least one of each of the left and/or right primary idler wheels. 6. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 2 wherein said primary and secondary idler wheels exhibit different widths. 7. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 2 wherein at least one primary idler wheel and one secondary idler wheel are mounted to a frame piece that is pivotally coupled to said frame arm. 8. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 7 wherein said framework includes stop members mounted to restrict pivotal motion of said frame piece. 9. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said plurality of axles each support a left and a right primary idler wheel, wherein said left and right primary idler wheels are respectively aligned along first and second longitudinal axes, wherein said plurality of members comprise a plurality of secondary idler wheels mounted to a plurality of second axles mounted to said frame arm, wherein said secondary idler wheels are longitudinally staggered relative to the left and right primary idler wheels to contact the interior surface of the track at surface regions in the longitudinal gaps between successive left and right primary idler wheels. 10. A vehicle track as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of members comprise a plurality of planar surfaces mounted to overly the footprint and longitudinally extend to prevent or vertically limit flexion of the track and loss of terrain contact in the gaps. 11. A vehicle track as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of members comprise a rail mounted to longitudinally extend and having a portion that contacts the interior surface of the track in the region of at least one gap opposite the footprint. 12. A vehicle track as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of members comprise a plurality of balls mounted to contact the interior surface of the track in the region of at least one gap opposite the footprint. 13. A vehicle track as set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of members are resiliently biased to resist contact between the members and the track interior surface in the gaps. 14. A vehicle track assembly comprising: a) a track having an interior surface from which a plurality of drive lugs project and an exterior surface from which a plurality of ground lugs project and including a surface region defining a footprint whereat the track engages the terrain; and b) a framework including a drive sprocket and a plurality of primary idler wheels mounted to a longitudinal frame arm, wherein said track is circumferentially trained around said framework such that the drive lugs engage said sprocket, wherein said primary idler wheels are mounted to overly the footprint and tangentially contact the track interior surface, wherein said primary idler wheels are coupled to a plurality of axles that transversely project from the longitudinal frame arm, wherein said primary idler wheels are aligned seriatim adjacent left and right lateral, longitudinal peripheral edges of said track and longitudinal gaps are defined between successive primary idler wheels, and wherein a plurality of secondary idler wheels are mounted to the frame arm transversely intermediate the primary idler wheels and in longitudinally staggered relation to the primary idler wheels to contact the interior surface of the track in the longitudinal gaps between successive primary idler wheels to prevent said track from flexing in the gaps and losing contact with the terrain. 15. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 14 wherein left and right ones of said primary idler wheels are mounted to each of a plurality of first axles, wherein said left and right primary idler wheels are respectively aligned along first and second longitudinal axes that extend parallel to the lateral peripheral edges of said track, wherein said first axles are longitudinally offset from each other, wherein said plurality of secondary idler wheels are mounted to a plurality of second axles longitudinally staggered between successive first axles, and wherein the secondary idler wheels are aligned seriatim along a third axis that extends parallel to and between said first and second longitudinal axes. 16. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 14 wherein opposite ends of said plurality of axles respectively support a left and a right primary idler wheel, wherein said left and right primary idler wheels are respectively aligned along first and second longitudinal axes, wherein said plurality of secondary idler wheels are mounted to a plurality of axles mounted to said frame arm, wherein said secondary idler wheels are longitudinally staggered relative to the left and right primary idler wheels to contact the interior surface of the track at surface regions in the longitudinal gaps between successive left and right primary idler wheels. 17. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 14 wherein the diameters of said secondary idler wheels are arranged to longitudinally overlap the diameters of transversely adjacent left and/or right primary idler wheels. 18. A vehicle track assembly comprising: a) a track having an interior surface from which a plurality of drive lugs project and an exterior surface from which a plurality of ground lugs project and including a surface region defining a footprint whereat the track engages the terrain; and b) a framework including a drive sprocket and a plurality of primary idler wheels mounted to a longitudinal frame arm, wherein said track is circumferentially trained around said framework such that the drive lugs engage said sprocket, wherein said primary idler wheels are mounted to overly the footprint and tangentially contact the interior surface of the track, wherein opposite ends of a plurality of axles that transversely project from the longitudinal frame arm each support at least one of said primary idler wheels, wherein said primary idler wheels are aligned seriatim adjacent left and right lateral, longitudinal peripheral edges of said track and longitudinal gaps are defined between successive left and right primary idler wheels, and wherein a plurality of members having rolling surfaces are resiliently mounted to the frame arm intermediate the left and right primary idler wheels and in longitudinally staggered relation to the left and right primary idler wheels to contact the interior surface of the track in the longitudinal gaps between successive left and right primary idler wheels to prevent said track from flexing in the gaps and losing contact with the terrain. 19. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 18 wherein said plurality of members comprises a plurality of secondary idler wheels aligned to tangentially contact the interior track surface in the gaps. 20. A vehicle track assembly as set forth in claim 18 wherein left and right ones of said primary idler wheels are mounted to each of a plurality of first axles, wherein the left and right primary idler wheels are respectively aligned along first and second longitudinal axes that extend parallel to the lateral peripheral edges of said track, wherein said first axles are longitudinally offset from each other, wherein said plurality of secondary idler wheels are mounted to a plurality of second axles longitudinally staggered between successive first axles, and wherein the secondary idler wheels are aligned seriatim along a third axis that extends parallel to and between said first and second longitudinal axes.",
-    "An endless track assembly that mounts to a vehicle drive linkage. The track assembly includes a belted track, drive sprocket and serial sets of pivoting internal idler wheel rocker suspensions that support interior track surfaces. Pinch wheels are supported in contact with the terrain engaging track surface. Frame and/or sprocket mounted tensioners establish track tension. Resilient torsion support assemblies, rollers and/or layers of resilient and/or slippery materials are incorporated between the track assembly and vehicle frame/chassis to prevent damage to the vehicle as the track assembly rises and falls with terrain changes. 1. A track assembly for a vehicle having a chassis, an engine and a plurality of driven axles and a plurality of passive axles, comprising: a) a track having an interior surface from which a plurality of drive lugs project and an exterior surface from which a plurality of ground lugs project and including a surface region defining a footprint whereat the track ground lugs engage the terrain; and b) a framework including a drive sprocket and a plurality of idler wheels supported from a plurality of pivoting rocker arm suspensions; a plurality of idler wheels mounted to a longitudinal frame, wherein said track is circumferentially trained around said framework such that the drive lugs engage said sprocket, wherein said rocker arm suspensions are coupled to a plurality of axles that transversely project from the longitudinal frame, wherein said idler wheels are aligned seriatim in longitudinal channel spaces between said drive lugs adjacent left and right lateral, longitudinal peripheral edges of said track at a bottom interior surface of the track,. c) contact limiting means mounted between a vehicle frame member and the track framework to prevent the track from contacting the chassis and/or pivot relative to the vehicle frame, whereby said track assembly can rise and fall with changing terrain contours; and d) a frame piece that extends from said longitudinal frame to support at least one pinch wheel in contact with the ground engaging surface of said track and positioned adjacent said sprocket to assure contact between said drive lugs and said sprocket. 2. A track assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein pivotal movements of said plurality of rocker arm suspensions are biased to resist rotation yet permit said track to flex with changes in said terrain. 3. A track assembly as set forth in claim 2 wherein the rocker arm suspensions are mounted to pivot independent of each other. 4. A track assembly as set forth in claim 5 wherein said framework includes stop members mounted to restrict pivotal motion of each of said rocker arm suspensions. 5. A track assembly as set forth in claim 2 including left and right pinch wheels mounted to contact longitudinal channel spaces between said ground lugs opposite to the interior channel spaces wherein said idler wheels rotate. 6. A track assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said contact limiting means comprises a clamp piece coupled to a vehicle frame member, first and second pivot arms, wherein one of said first and second arms is length adjustable and wherein one of said first and second pivot arms is coupled to said clamp piece and the other is coupled to said frame, and including a plurality of elastomer shims mounted to resiliently bias rotation of said first and second arms relative to said framework to prevent contact between said track and vehicle as the framework rises and falls with elevation changes in the terrain. 7. A track assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said contact limiting means comprises means transversely mounted between said track and said vehicle and including a surface whereat said track assembly can contact said surface to permit the track assembly to pivot without damaging said track assembly or vehicle as said track assembly rotates relative to said vehicle such as during steering. 8. A track assembly as set forth in claim 7 wherein said surface comprises a plurality of bearings mounted to engage a cross member mounted between the vehicle and said track. 9. A track assembly as set forth in claim 7 wherein said bearings are mounted in a carrier supported to said framework above said track. 10. A track assembly as set forth in claim 7 wherein said surface comprises a layer of material mounted to contact a cross member mounted between the vehicle and said track. 11. A vehicle comprising: a) a chassis supporting an engine and a plurality of endless track assemblies, wherein each track assembly includes an endless track mounted around a drive sprocket and a plurality of idler wheels supported from a plurality of pivoting rocker arm suspensions mounted to vary the geometry of the track; b) a torsion control means mounted between a vehicle frame member and a track framework to prevent the track from contacting the chassis, whereby said track assembly can rise and fall with changing terrain contours; c) a pinch wheel in contact with a ground engaging surface of said track and positioned to maintain contact between drive lugs depending from an interior surface of said track with said sprocket; and d) a cross member transversely mounted relative to the vehicle frame and located to interact with a member supported between said track framework and cross member and having a surface whereat said cross member can contact said surface to permit the track assembly to pivot without damaging said track assembly or vehicle as said track assembly rotates relative to said vehicle, such as during steering. 12. A vehicle as set forth in claim 11 including first and second pinch wheels and wherein said first and second pinch wheels rotate in longitudinal channel spaces between said ground engaging lugs and opposed to longitudinal channel spaces between said drive lugs in which said idler wheels rotate to maintain contact between said drive lugs and sprocket and prevent lateral track movement of said track. 13. A vehicle as set forth in claim 11 wherein said surface comprises a plurality of bearings. 14. A track assembly comprising: a) a chassis supporting an engine and a plurality of endless track assemblies, wherein each track assembly includes an endless track mounted around a drive sprocket and a plurality of idler wheels supported from a plurality of pivoting rocker arm suspensions mounted to flex the track with elevation changes in the terrain; b) a torsion control means mounted between a vehicle frame member and a track framework to prevent the track from contacting the chassis, whereby said track assembly can rise and fall with changing terrain contours; c) wherein the track framework supports first and second pinch wheels in contact with a ground engaging surface of said track and positioned to assure contact between drive lugs depending from an interior surface of said track with said sprocket; and d) wherein the track framework includes a support having a surface mounted to contact and slide relative to a member mounted to the vehicle frame to permit the track assembly to pivot and vertically limit track assembly movement without damaging the vehicle. 15. A track assembly as set forth in claim 14 wherein said surface comprises a plurality of bearings mounted between the interacting track framework and vehicle frame such that the track assembly can be pivoted left and right to steer the vehicle without damaging the vehicle as the track assembly rises or falls with changing terrain contours. 16. A track assembly as set forth in claim 14 wherein said surface comprises a layer of material mounted to contact a cross member mounted between the vehicle and said track such that the track assembly can be pivoted left and right to steer the vehicle without damaging the vehicle as the track assembly rises or falls with changing terrain contours.",
-    "Disclosed is a set of heat insulating containers comprising one mug with two open ends and at least one closure covering at least one of said ends, whereas said closure is a cup or a lid or an extender cup, which either threads or pry on said mug, which may hold canned or bottled beverage secured by a hold down ring and whereas said mug and closures are heat insulating by either a solid body or by vacuum held between a double wall food grade stainless steel sheet metal structure. Said cup may hold dry food, such as snack or pastry. Said mug may hold coffee, beer, soda, milk or other drink, hot or cold. The set is useful in camping, car, kitchen, office and other places where some food and drink is consumed at times. 1. Set of heat insulating containers comprising one mug with two open ends and at least one closure covering at least one of said ends. 2.) Set as per claim 1, whereas at least one of said closures is a cup, having capacity to hold liquid. 3) Set as per claim 1, whereas at least one of said closures is a ring, having capacity to hold down a bottle. 4) Set as per claim 1, whereas at least one of said closures is a ring, having capacity to hold down a can. 6) Set as per claim 1, whereas at least one of said closures is a cup, stackable with said closures. 7) Set as per claim 1, whereas said closure is threaded at least in one end into said mug. 8) Set as per claim 1, whereas said closure is threaded at least in one end into one of said closures. 9) Set as per claim 1, whereas said closure is secured by pressing in at least in one end into said mug with prying force enough to ensure against accidental disengagement. 10) Set as per claim 1, whereas said closure is secured by pressing in at least in one end into one of said closures with prying force enough to ensure against accidental disengagement. 11) Set as per claim 1, whereas said heat insulating is ensured by solid body. 12) Set as per claim 1, whereas said heat insulating is ensured by vacuum held within a double wall structure. 13) Set as per claim 1, whereas said heat insulating is ensured by vacuum held within a double wall structure of food grade stainless steel sheet metal. 14) Set as per claim 1, whereas said mug holds at least one of the following materials: a) liquid beverage, b) dry food, c) bottle, and d) can. 15) Set as per claim 1, whereas at least one of said closure holds at least one of the following materials: a) cold beverage, b) hot beverage, c) hot soup and d) food.",
-    "The purpose of the invention is to provide an easier approach to utilizing plastic film wrap in the home by using a method to cut the film cleanly without resorting to tearing the film along a sharp metal or plastic ridge as is found on most commercial products. The device uses a low voltage to melt and cut the film as it is placed on a momentarily heated wire. 1. The device or invention has been used in the household for a period of time and it makes it safer and more practical to work with plastic film normally used in the household. The device is portable and requires no other electrical connections. Battery source can be six dry cells, AA or C size.",
-    "A baseball glove includes a primary layer of glove dorsal material and a secondary layer of dorsal material placed over the primary layer of glove dorsal material to form a pouch. A fluid container is disposed within the pouch, the fluid container including a drinking spout which protrudes from the pouch. The pouch can have a pouch opening which can be selectively opened and closed to allow the fluid container to be removed from, and placed within, the pouch. 1. A baseball glove comprising: a secondary layer of dorsal material placed over a primary layer of glove dorsal material, the primary layer of glove dorsal material forming an integral part of the baseball glove, and wherein the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material form a pouch; and a fluid container disposed within the pouch, the fluid container including a drinking spout which protrudes from the pouch. 2. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein: the primary layer of glove dorsal material is defined by a perimeter shape; and the secondary layer of dorsal material mimics at least a portion of the perimeter shape of the primary layer of glove dorsal material. 3. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein the pouch is closed to capture the fluid container in the pouch in an essentially non-removable fashion. 4. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material form a pouch opening which can be selectively opened and closed using a pouch closing means to thus allow the fluid container to be selectively placed into, and removed from, the pouch. 5. The baseball glove of claim 4 and wherein the pouch closing means comprises one or more straps which pass through the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material. 6. The baseball glove of claim 4 and wherein: the pouch closing means comprises two straps which pass through the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material; and the drinking spout is disposed between the two straps. 7. The baseball glove of claim 4 and wherein the pouch opening is located proximate a location where a user's hand can be inserted into the baseball glove. 8. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein the fluid container is fabricated from a flexible material comprising at least one of high density polyethylene and plasticized foil. 9. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein the fluid container is a hermetically sealed manufactured unit containing a beverage. 10. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material are fabricated from the same material. 11. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein the secondary layer of dorsal material is a mesh material. 12. The baseball glove of claim 1 and wherein: the baseball glove comprises finger receptacles for five digits corresponding from a thumb as the first digit to a little finger as the fifth digit; and the pouch is located proximate the finger receptacles for third and fourth digits. 13. A glove comprising: a primary layer of glove dorsal material; a secondary layer of dorsal material placed over the primary layer of glove dorsal material, such that the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material form a pouch; and a fluid container disposed within the pouch, the fluid container including a drinking spout which protrudes from the pouch. 14. The glove of claim 13 and wherein: the glove is a baseball glove; and straps used to form the baseball glove are also used to secure the secondary layer of dorsal material over the primary layer of glove dorsal material. 15. The glove of claim 13 and wherein the pouch can be selectively opened and closed by a pouch closing means, thus allowing the fluid container to be selectively placed in, and removed from, the pouch. 16. The glove of claim 13 and further comprising a cap placed over an end of the drinking spout. 17. The glove of claim 13 and wherein the glove is designed for intended use as one of an ice hockey glove, a snowmobiling glove, a skiing glove, a motorcycle glove, and a work glove. 18. A glove comprising: a primary layer of glove dorsal material; a secondary layer of dorsal material placed over the primary layer of glove dorsal material, such that the secondary layer of dorsal material and the primary layer of glove dorsal material form a pouch; and a drinking spout extending from the pouch; and wherein the pouch forms a fluid-tight receptacle for containing a fluid which can be removed from the pouch via the drinking spout. 19. The glove of claim 18 and wherein: the primary layer of glove dorsal material is defined by a perimeter shape; and the secondary layer of dorsal material mimics the perimeter shape of the primary layer of glove dorsal material. 20. The glove of claim 18 and wherein the pouch is lined with a non-removable fluid impermeable lining.",
-    "A method and apparatus for a video gaming machine is disclosed. The method comprises a player placing at least one wager in order to be eligible to activate at least one payline. A grid of symbol boxes is displayed on the screen. A random array of symbols is displayed within the symbol boxes from a predetermined set of symbols. The set of symbols includes at least one special symbol that has a dual functionality. Firstly, a special symbol acts as a non-valuable payline indicator symbol that determines a payline and activates the payline if the player has placed a wager on said payline. Secondly, the special symbol acts as a valuable wild symbol in any activated payline differing from the payline determined by its payline indicator functionality. The symbol array is evaluated, and wins are paid according to a predetermined paytable. 1. A method of playing a video wagering game on a video gaming apparatus, the apparatus having at least one processor, at least one input device, memory and video display screen, the method comprising: the processor accepting a wager in response to the at least one input device of the video wagering game in order for the wager to be eligible to activate an at least one payline; displaying on the video display screen a grid comprising a predetermined amount of connected identical symbol boxes; designating each symbol box that is fully surrounded by adjacent symbol boxes as a potential payline indicator symbol box; providing a random array of symbols within the symbol boxes from a predetermined set of symbols used in the play of the wagering game; wherein the predetermined set of symbols includes at least one special symbol; wherein if a special symbol is provided in a potential payline indicator symbol box, that said special symbol comprises a dual functionality; wherein a first functionality of the special symbol is to act as a non-valuable payline indicator symbol that determines one payline and activates said payline if a wager has been placed on said payline; wherein a second functionality of the special symbol is to act as a valuable enhanced symbol in any activated payline differing from the one payline determined by its pay line indicator functionality; and evaluating the symbol array, wherein any wins are paid according to a predetermined paytable. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the grid comprises hexagonal symbol boxes. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein each payline comprises exactly six connecting hexagonal symbol boxes that fully surround a hexagonal symbol box acting as a potential payline indicator symbol box. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein all paylines comprise identical configurations of connecting hexagonal symbol boxes and are positioned similarly around the hexagonal symbol box acting as a potential payline indicator symbol box in respect to the position of the first symbol of each payline. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the special symbol is an alphanumeric symbol. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the wager automatically activates the at least one, payline. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the valuable enhanced symbol acts at least as a wild, multiplier, a wild multiplier, scatter and/or bonus symbol. 8. A method of playing a video wagering game on a video gaming apparatus, the apparatus having at least one processor, at least one input device, memory and video display screen, the method comprising: the processor accepting a wager in response to the at least one input device of the video wagering game in order for the wager to be eligible to activate an at least one payline; displaying on the video display screen a grid comprising a predetermined amount of connected identical symbol boxes; designating each symbol box that is fully surrounded by adjacent symbol boxes as a potential payline indicator symbol box; providing a random array of symbols within the symbol boxes from a predetermined set of symbols used in the play of the wagering game; wherein the predetermined set of symbols includes at least one special symbol; wherein if a special symbol is provided in a potential payline indicator symbol box, that said special symbol comprises a dual functionality; wherein a first functionality of the special symbol is to act as a non-valuable payline indicator symbol that determines at least one payline and activates that said at least one payline if a wager has been placed on that said at least one payline; wherein a second functionality of the special symbol is to act as a valuable enhanced symbol in any activated payline differing from the at least one payline determined by its payline indicator functionality; and evaluating the symbol array, wherein any wins are paid according to a predetermined paytable. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the grid comprises hexagonal symbol boxes. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein each payline comprises at least two connecting hexagonal symbol boxes from exactly six connecting hexagonal symbol boxes that fully surround a hexagonal symbol box acting as a potential payline indicator symbol box. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein all paylines comprise identical configurations of connecting hexagonal symbol boxes and are positioned differently around the hexagonal symbol box acting as a potential payline indicator symbol box in respect to the position of the first symbol of each payline. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the grid comprises square symbol boxes. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein each payline comprises exactly eight connecting square symbol boxes from exactly eight connecting square symbol boxes that fully surround a square symbol box acting as a potential payline indicator symbol box. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein all paylines comprise similar configurations of connected square symbol boxes and are positioned differently around the square symbol box acting as a potential payline indicator symbol box in respect to the position of the first symbol of each payline. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein the valuable enhanced symbol acts at least as a wild, multiplier, a wild multiplier, scatter and/or bonus symbol. 16. The method of claim 8 wherein the special symbol is an alphanumeric symbol. 17. The method of claim 8 wherein the wager automatically activates the at least one payline.",
-    "The sight includes a main body, a regulating bolt movably joined to the main body, a securing bolt fixed to the regulating bolt, a regulating cover covering the regulating bolt and movable between a first position and a second position with respect to the regulating bolt, a first magnet disposed on the regulating cover, and a second magnet disposed on the regulating bolt and corresponding to the first magnet. The regulating cover is movable with respect to the regulating bolt when the regulating cover moves away from the second position. The regulating cover abuts the securing bolt and is rotatable with respect to the regulating bolt when the regulating cover moves to the first position. The regulating cover engages the regulating bolt when the regulating cover moves to the second position. The regulating cover is maintained in the second position through attraction of the first magnet and the second magnet. 1. A sight, comprising: a main body; a regulating bolt movably joined to the main body; a securing bolt fixed to the regulating bolt; a regulating cover covering the regulating bolt and movable between a first position and a second position with respect to the regulating bolt, wherein the regulating cover is movable with respect to the regulating bolt when the regulating cover moves away from the second position, the regulating cover abuts the securing bolt and is rotatable with respect to the regulating bolt when the regulating cover moves to the first position, and the regulating cover engages the regulating bolt when the regulating cover moves to the second position; a first magnet disposed on the regulating cover; and a second magnet disposed on the regulating bolt and corresponding to the first magnet, wherein the regulating cover is maintained in the second position through attraction of the first magnet and the second magnet. 2. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the regulating cover comprises a first ring gear, the regulating bolt comprises a second ring gear, and the regulating cover engages the regulating bolt through engagement of the first ring gear and the second ring gear when the regulating cover is in the second position. 3. The sight as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first ring gear is formed on an inner surface of the regulating cover, and the second ring gear is formed on an outer surface of the regulating bolt. 4. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the regulating cover comprises an abutting portion, the securing bolt comprises a head, and the abutting portion is disposed between the head and the regulating bolt, the abutting portion abuts the head when the regulating cover moves to the first position. 5. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first magnet is annular. 6. The sight as claimed in claim 5, wherein the second magnet is annular. 7. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second magnet is annular. 8. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first magnet is disposed on a lower surface of the regulating cover. 9. The sight as claimed in claim 8, wherein the second magnet is disposed on an upper surface of the regulating bolt. 10. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second magnet is disposed on an upper surface of the regulating bolt. 11. The sight as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a base which is fixed to the main body and comprises a screw hole, wherein the regulating bolt screws into the screw hole so that the regulating bolt is movably joined to the base. 12. The sight as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a magnification regulating unit disposed in the main body, wherein the regulating bolt moves to move the magnification regulating unit.",
-    "The present application discloses a novel class of heterocycles as class I PI3Ks inhibitors. The compounds claimed herein could be used alone or in combination therapies for the treatment of a wide range of disorders such as autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic diseases, asthma, COPD, parasitic infections, diabetes, and cancer. 1. A compound having the structure of formula (I): wherein: X is selected from: \u2014CHZ1CHZ2\u2014, \u2014CHZ1CHZ2CHZ3\u2014, \u2014CHZ1CZ2\u2550CZ3\u2014. Z, Z\u2032, Z2, and Z3 are optionally selected from a group of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydoxyalkyl, \u2014OH, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy; R1 is selected from: a carbon-bond or nitrogen-bond of an unsubstituted or substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or \u2014NH-heteroaryl, or \u2014NH\u2014C1-C4 alkyl-cycloalkyl, or \u2014NH\u2014C1-C4 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, or \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl)C2-C6 alkyl-ORa, or \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl)C2-C6 alkyl-NRaRa, wherein Ra is independently selected from: hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, benzyl, or phenyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from a group of halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, \u2014OC1\u2014C6 alkyl, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHC1\u2014C4 alkyl, \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl)C1-C6 alkyl; In one embodiment, R1 is phenyl, 5- and 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1, or 2 atoms selected from N, O, S, but containing no more than one O or S; wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two substituents, independently selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, \u2014OC1\u2014C6 alkyl, \u2014OC2\u2014C6 alkyl NRaRa, \u2014OC2\u2014C6 alkyl ORa, \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydoxyalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, \u2014C(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORa, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRaRa, \u2014C(\u2550NRa)NRaRa, \u2014ORa, \u2014OC(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014OC(\u2550O)ORa, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRaRa, \u2014NRaC(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014NRaC(\u2550O)ORa, \u2014NRaC(\u2550O)NRaRa, \u2014SRa, \u2014S(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014S(\u2550O)2Ra, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRaRa, \u2014NRaS(\u2550O)2Ra, \u2014NRaS(\u2550O)2NRaRa; In one embodiment, R1 is a carbon-bond, or nitrogen-bond, or \u2014NHC1\u2014C3 alkyl linked, 3- to 7-membered monocyclic ring containing 0, 1, or 2 atoms selected from N, O, S, but containing no more than one O or S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two substituents, independently selected from: 0, or 1 oxo or thioxo group, hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, OC1\u2014C6 alkyl, \u2014OC2\u2014C6 alkyl NRaRa, \u2014OC2\u2014C6 alkyl ORE, \u2014N(C1-C6 alkyl)C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydoxyalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, \u2014C(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014C(\u2550O)ORa, \u2014C(\u2550O)NRaRa, \u2014C(\u2550NRa)NRaRa, \u2014ORa, \u2014OC(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014OC(\u2550O)ORa, \u2014OC(\u2550O)NRaRa, \u2014NRaC(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014NRaC(\u2550O)ORa, \u2014NRaC(\u2550O)NRaRa, \u2014SRa, \u2014S(\u2550O)Ra, \u2014S(\u2550O)2Ra, \u2014S(\u2550O)2NRaRa, \u2014NRaS(\u2550O)2Ra, \u2014NRaS(\u2550O)2NRaRa; R2, R3, R4 are independently selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, C1-C6 alkyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C1-C6 alkylamino, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or \u2014NH-linked heteroaryl, or R2 and R3 or R4 are taken together to form a 5- to 7-membered ring, optionally containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; Y is selected from an optionally substituted mono- or bicyclic heteroaryl group containing at least one nitrogen atom. In a preferred embodiment, Y is selected from: wherein R5 is independently selected from \u2014H, \u2014NH2, \u2014CN, \u2014CONH2, halogen; R6 is independently selected from: \u2014H, \u2014CH3, \u2014CN, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl, amino, or an unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, or -ethynylheteroaryl; R7 is selected from: \u2014H, \u2014NH2; W1 is independently selected from NH, NCH3 or S; W2 is independently selected from N, C\u2014H, C\u2014D, C\u2014F, or C\u2014CH3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, or isotopically-labeled derivate thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is a S-enantioner: 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is a R-enantioner. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is selected from: \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2CH2\u2014, and \u2014CH2CH\u2550CH\u2014; Z is H, or \u2014CH3. 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein Y is selected from: wherein R5 is independently selected from \u2014H, \u2014NH2; R6 is \u2014CN, or an unsubstituted or substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or -ethynylheteroaryl; R7 is \u2014H, or \u2014NH2; W1 is independently selected from NH, or S; W2 is independently selected from N, C\u2014H, C-D, C-F, or C\u2014CH3. 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein R2, R3, R4 are independently selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, C1-C6 alkyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trideuteromethyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8 heterocycloalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy. 7. A method of treating a disease or a pathological condition caused or mediated by PI3K\u03b4 and/or PI3K\u03b3 dysfunction in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutic effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the disease or pathological condition being treated is selected from the group consisting of respiratory diseases, allergic diseases, inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, function disorders and neurological disorders and pain, cardiovascular diseases, viral infection, metabolism/endocrine function disorders, bone marrow and organ transplant rejection, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, cancer and hematologic malignancies, leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the disease or pathological condition being treated is selected from the group consisting of leukemia, lymphomas, solid tumors, or relapsed cancer after treatment with chemotherapy. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the disease or pathological condition being treated is selected from the group consisting of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), myelo-dysplastic syndrome (MDS), myelo-proliferative diseases (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), non Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), B-cell lymphoma; pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancers, CNS cancers, brain tumors, bone cancer; and soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, CNS cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. 11. The method of claim 7 wherein the disease or pathological condition being treated is selected from the group consisting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bone disorder, nervous system disease (e.g., a neuropsychiatric disorder), metabolic disease, thrombosis, cardiac disease, asthma, emphysema, allergy, dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, graft versus host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, eczema, scleroderma, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), myestenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, multiple sclerosis (MS), Sjoegren's syndrome, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia. 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a MEK inhibitor, a BRAF inhibitor, a BET (bromo and extra-terminal) inhibitor, an autophagy inhibitor, a PARP inhibitor, an aromatase inhibitor, a BCL-2 antagonist, a CDK4/CDK6 (and/or CDK9) with or without an estrogen receptor modulator, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and repair, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of the human or animal body. 13. The method of claim 7 wherein the administration to said mammal being treated is intravenous, intramuscular, parenteral, nasal, or oral. 14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 with a pharmaceutical acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier for use in the treatment of a disease or pathological condition as defined in any one of claims 8-11. 15. Use a compound according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or a pathological condition as defined in any one of claims 8-11.",
-    "A fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus and having two side assemblies each having upright metal bars of hollow tubular construction each having fastening holes along its length, generally L-shaped junction portions of said upright bars of similar hollow tubular material and having fastening holes therealong, cross members extending between the two side assemblies holding them in spaced apart locations, floor rests on both side assemblies, a first fitness exercise attachment secured to one of the side assemblies, and, a second fitness exercise attachment, different from the first fitness exercise attachment, secured to the other side assemblies. 1. A fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus and comprising; two side assemblies each said side assembly having; a pair of angled upright metal bars of hollow tubular construction each having a plurality of fastening holes along its length; a central upright bar between said intermediate bars; a pair of intermediate upright bars, between said angled upright bars and said central bar, on either side of said central bar; generally I-shaped junction portions on the upper ends of said angled upright bars, connecting said angled upright bars; an upper cross bar extending from one side assembly to the other and connecting said generally L-shaped junction portions of said angled upright bars of said side assemblies; lower cross members extending between said two side assemblies holding their lower ends in spaced apart locations; floor rests extending below both said side assemblies; at least a first fitness exercise attachment secured to one of said side assemblies, a second fitness exercise attachment, different from said first fitness exercise attachment, secured to the other of said side assemblies; a body inverter, mounted for swinging between said two side assemblies, said inverter including a rectangular enclosure having two upright spaced apart side members and upper and lower cross members extending between opposite ends of said upright side members, and hand grips on said upper cross member and foot grips on said lower cross member, wherein the upper cross member of said inverter is moveable along said upright side members of said inverter to accommodate persons of differing stature, pivots on opposite side assemblies supporting said inverter for swinging movement; brake drums of cylindrical shape on said pivots, brake shoes of semi-cylindrical shape engageable with said brake drums, each said brake shoe being mounted on a moveable post, and a slide device supporting said post, and a spring urging said brake shoe out of engagement with its respective said brake drum; and, a rectangular tube fastened to said upright side member, and said post being slidable within said tube. 2. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a shaft extending from said post, out of said tube, said spring being carried on said shaft, and a stop on said tube engaging said spring; cable anchors on said post, and cables attached thereto, and, brake operating handles on said upright side members of said inverter, said cables being connected to said handles for manual operation of said brake shoes 3. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 2 including a foot support bar mounted transversely and centrally on said lower cross member of said inverter, and a hand support bar mounted transversely and centrally on said upper cross member of said inverter, and said foot supports being fastened on opposite ends of said foot support bar and said handgrips being fastened on opposite ends of said hand support bar. 4. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 3 including a manual operating handle connected to said inverter whereby an operator can swing said inverter manually. 5. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 4 including axles on each of said upright side members of said inverter passing through said central upright bars of said side assemblies, and said brake drums being mounted on said axles. 6. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 5 including cheek plates on said rectangular tube fitting around respective said upright side members of said inverter, and being secured thereto. 7. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 6 including an upper side extension attached to one of said side assemblies projecting outwardly therefrom, and wherein said side extension has angled bars located at an upward angle extending away from said side assembly, defining a lower inward ends and an upper outer ends, and including fastening attachment plates for the lower inward ends of said angled bars, lying against said upright bars of said side assembly, and a transverse extension bar connected between said upper outer ends of said angled bars and a central bracing bar attached to said central upright bar and connecting to said transverse extension bar, and a plurality of attachment members on said side extension, for attachment of fitness equipment thereto. 8. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 7 and including an upper end portion of one said central upright bar attached to said L-shaped junction portions, and said central bracing bar being secured to said upper end of said central upright bar and said junction portions. 9. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 8 including parallel bars attached to one of said side assemblies. 10. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 9 including hand bars extending from one of said side assemblies for abdominal exercising, and adjustable fastenings on the hand bars whereby they may be secured to said side assembly at varying heights, and angled bracket rods extending between said hand bars and said side assembly. 11. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 10 including a bench attached to one of said side assemblies for seated and prone exercises, and bench attachments on an end of said bench for attaching said end to a said side assembly at varying heights. 12. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 11 including floor legs extending outwardly from said lower transverse bars of said side assemblies and angled stress bars extending between said L-shaped junction portions of one said side assembly and attached to ends of said floor legs of said side assembly. 13. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 12 and including, on one of said floor legs of one said side assembly, attachments for connecting a fitness equipment system thereto. 14. The fitness apparatus for enabling numerous different fitness routines on a single piece of apparatus as claimed in claim 13 including a latch device engageable between said inverter and at least one said side assembly, operable to lock said inverter in an upright position.",
-    "The present invention relates to an Adirondack style chair with an improved design that increases stability on uneven ground and increases structural strength by means of a triangular seat support assembly. Specifically, the Adirondack style chairs of the present invention comprise first and second seat members angled toward each other to form a \u201cV\u201d shape where the point of the \u201cV\u201d extends beyond the rear of the chair so as to come together at the point of contact with the ground, a seat section attached to the top of the seat support members, a back support section attached to the seat support members to form an angle generally comfortable for sitting and two vertical first and second front legs attached to each side of the seat support member at the front or side of the chair. The present invention also relates to an Adirondack style loveseat formed by positioning two 3-point Adirondack Chairs next to each other where each chair has been fabricated to remove the abutting armrests, and the abutting front leg member does not extend above the height of the seat section. 1. A chair comprising: first and second seat support members angled toward each other to form a \u201cV\u201d shape where the point of the \u201cV\u201d extends beyond the rear of the chair so as to come together at the point of contact with the ground; a seat section attached to the top of the seat support members; a back section attached to the seat support members to form an angle generally comfortable for sitting; and two vertical first and second front legs attached to each side of the seat support member at the front or side of the chair. 2. A chair according to claim 1 further comprising at least one horizontal armrest connecting the top of the leg with the side of the back support section. 3. A chair according to claim 2 further comprising a first and a second horizontal armrest connecting the top of each leg with the side of the back support section. 4. A chair according to claim 3 further comprising first and second armrests extending beyond the front of the front legs. 5. A chair according to claim 4 further comprising a back support post of at least one member that attaches the back support members to the seat support members at the point at which the seat support members come together. 6. A chair according to claim 5 wherein the seat section is comprised of a plurality of seat covering members extending between the outside edges of the first and second seat support members. 7. A chair according to claim 6 wherein the seat covering members extend beyond the outside edges of the first and second seat support members. 8. A chair according to claim 7 wherein the first seat support member and second seat support member are formed with a contoured and beveled top so that the seat covering members define a contoured surface. 9. A chair according to claim 8 wherein an additional crossbar support is attached to the inner faces of seat support members providing additional sideways stability. 10. A chair according to claim 4 further comprising a back support post two members that attaches the back support members at complimentary positions proximal to said first and second arm rests to the seat support members at the point at which the seat support members come together. 11. A chair according to claim 10 wherein the seat section is comprised of a plurality of seat covering members extending between the outside edges of the first and second seat support members. 12. A chair according to claim 11 wherein the seat covering members extend beyond the outside edges of the first and second seat support members. 13. A chair according to claim 12 wherein the first seat support member and second seat support member are formed with a contoured and beveled top so that the seat covering members define a contoured surface. 14. A chair according to claim 13 wherein an additional crossbar support is attached to the inner faces of seat support members providing additional sideways stability. 15. A loveseat comprising: a first chair section comprising: first and second scat support members angled toward each other to form a \u201cV\u201d shape where the point of the \u201cV\u201d extends beyond the rear of the chair so as to come together at the point of contact with the ground; a seat section attached to the top of the seat support members; a back section attached to the seat support members to form an angle generally comfortable for sitting; one vertical left side front leg attached to the side of the seat support member at the front or side of the chair and extending above the height of the seat section; one vertical right side front leg attached to the side of the seat support member at the front or side of the chair and not extend above the height of the seat section; and one left side horizontal armrest connecting the top of the leg with the side of the back support section, and a second chair section comprising: first and second seat support members angled toward each other to form a \u201cV\u201d shape where the point of the \u201cV\u201d extends beyond the rear of the chair so as to come together at the point of contact with the ground; a seat section attached to the top of the seat support members; a back section attached to the seat support members to form an angle generally comfortable for sitting; one vertical right side front leg attached to the side of the seat support member at the front or side of the chair and extending above the height of the seat section; one vertical left side front leg attached to the side of the seat support member at the front or side of the chair and not extend above the height of the seat section; and one right side horizontal armrest connecting the top of the leg with the side of the back support section, wherein the first chair section and the second chair section are positioned such that the right side seat section of the first chair section and the left side of the second chair section are in contact and form a double seat. 16. A loveseat according to claim 15 further comprising a releasable attachment between said the right side seat section of the first chair section and the left side of the second chair section.",
-    "The present invention provides a mechanism to activate an original object (12S) so that statistical objects (14S) generated from the original object can be recognized using statistical object identification. An object activation agent (48) with a clock (47) and at least one original object (12S) communicates the original object (12S) and time from the clock (47) to an object activation service (50). The object activation service (50) provides and communicates keying information (61) and expiration criterion (63) for at least one of said original objects (12S) back to the object activation agent (48). 1. A method comprising the steps of: an object activation agent (48) having access to a clock (47) and having at least one original object (12S); said object activation agent (48) communicating said original object (12S) and time from said clock (47) to an object activation service (50); and said object activation service (50) providing and communicating keying information (61) and expiration criterion (63) for at least one of said original objects (12S) to said object activation agent (48). 2. A method as recited in claim 1, where said original object (12S) is obtained from an external service. 3. A method as recited in claim 1, where said object activation service (50) determines if network address translation was performed between said object activation agent (48) and said object activation service (50). 4. A method as recited in claim 3, where said object activation service (50) communicates said determination of network address translation to said object activation agent (48). 5. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the additional steps of: providing an SOI policy service (40), an SOI Insertion Policy service (42) and a network resource (66); said object activation agent (48) communicating said keying information (61), and expiration criterion (63) for each of the said original objects (12S) to said SOI insertion service (40); said network client (66) sending a message (68) to said network resource (62); said message (68) being communicated through said SOI insertion service (42); said SOI insertion service (42) selecting one of said original objects (12S) and generating a statistical object (14S) using said keying information (61) associated with said selected original object (12S); said SOI insertion service (42) inserting said statistical object (14S) into said message (68) and forwarding said message (68) to said network resource (62). 6. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the additional steps of: said object activation agent (48) communicating said keying information (61), and said expiration criterion (63) for each of said original objects (12S) to an SOI identification service (40); and said SOI Policy service (40) generating a plurality of statistical objects (14S) using said keying information (61) for each of the said original objects (12S). 7. A method as recited in claim 6, further comprising the additional steps of: said SOI Policy service (40) ceasing generation of statistical objects (14S) after said expiration criterion (63) has been met. 8. A method as recited as claim 6 in which: said expiration criterion (63) is expressed as a function of time. 9. A method as recited in claim 7 in which: said expiration criterion (63) is expressed as a function of statistical objects (14S). 10. A method as recited in claim 7 in which: said expiration criterion (63) is expressed as a function of messages (68). 11. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the additional steps of: said object activation agent (48) communicating said keying information (61), and said expiration criterion (61) for each of said original objects (12S) to an SOI resolution service (46); said SOI resolution service (46) generating a plurality of statistical objects (14S) using said keying information (61) for each of the said original objects (12S). 12. A method as recited in claim 11, further comprising the additional steps of: said SOI resolution service (46) ceasing generation of statistical objects (14S) after said expiration criterion (63) has been met. 13. A method as recited as claim 11 in which: said expiration criterion (63) is expressed as a function of time. 14. A method as recited in claim 11 in which: said expiration criterion (63) is expressed as a function of statistical objects (14S). 15. A method as recited in claim 11 in which: said expiration criterion (63) is expressed as a function of messages (68). 16. A method comprising the steps of: An SOI resolution service (46) receiving an original object (12S), keying information (61), expiration criterion (63), a message (68) and policy information (60) from a second SOI resolution service (49); and said SOI resolution service (46) generating statistical objects(14S) from said original objects (12S) until said expiration criterion (63) is satisfied. 17. A method as recited in claim 16, further comprising the additional steps of: said SOI resolution service (46) associating a source IP address contained in said message (68) with said original object (12S).",
-    "The invention relates to novel fluorescent dyes based on the following pyrenyloxy sulfonamide structure: wherein R1 is a leash joined to the pyrenyloxy group via an ether link containing generally a reactive functional group such as, activated carbonate, activated ester, amino group, azide or alkyne for conjugation with biomolecules; R2 and R3 are hydrogen atoms, or short alkyl chains, or cyclic rings with or without heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus. The spectral properties of the fluorescent dyes are sufficiently different in wave-lengths and intensity from fluorescein as to permit simultaneous use of fluorescein and/or more other fluorescent dyes with minimum interference and to avoid interference from endogenous green fluorescent protein in biological system. The dyes are non-ionic to facilitate their entry into cells for intracellular detection. The non-ionic structure also precludes undesired electrostatic reactions with ionic sites on biological components and structures. The dyes have bigger Stokes' shifts than other dyes with similar spectral properties allowing use of simpler, more efficient detection equipment, are not sensitive to pH, and have good solubility in aqueous solution. 1. A fluorescent dye having the structure: wherein, (a) R1 is a leash that includes a chemically reactive functional group selected from the group consisting of activated ester, activated carbonate, acyl azides, acid halides, or other reactive groups that include acrylamides, alkyl and arylazides, alkynes and constrained cyclic alkynes, anhydrides, halides, sulfonate esters, amine and hydrazine derivatives, alcohols, haloacetamides, isothiocyanates and isocyanates; and (b) R2 and R3 in sulfonamide are selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen and an alkyl group including methyl, ethyl, propyl, cyclic rings with or without heteratoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus. 2. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1, wherein R1 is a leash containing an activated carbonate, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 3. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein R1 is a leash containing an activated ester, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 4. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein R1 is a leash containing an amine, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 5. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein R1 is a leash containing an azide, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 6. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein R1 is a leash containing an alkyne, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 7. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein R1 is a leash containing a constrained cycloalkyne, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 8. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein R1 is an elongated leash containing an amine, a sulfonamide moiety is N-sulfonylmorpholine, and the dye has the structure: 9. A fluorescent dye as recited in claim 1 wherein the dye as a tracer is conjugated with a biologically active ligand such as a cell, tissue, protein, antibody, enzyme, or a biomolecule such as a drug, hormone, nucleotide, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, lipid or other biomolecules such as natural or synthetic macromolecules or polymers. 10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the biomolecule is a Morpholino oligo. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the conjugate of a Morpholino oligo has the structure:",
-    "A concealed-shower drain assembly has a rigid vertical flange continuously joined in fixed orientation along one side of a rigid horizontal deck member. An opening in the horizontal deck leads to a. sealed drain box on the underside of the deck. A drain pipe at the bottom of the drain box provides egress of waste shower water from the drain box. A removable access panel is supported in the deck opening by a plurality of support posts affixed to the interior wall of the drain box. A continuous gap between the periphery of the access panel and the sides of the opening in the horizontal deck provides a flow path for shower waste water into the drain box. The drain assembly can be securely attached in place in a shower stall by nailing or screwing the rigid vertical flange directly to the framing of the shower stall. 1. A shower floor drain comprising: A horizontal rigid deck member having first and second parallel sides and third and four parallel sides; an opening in said horizontal rigid deck member extending from a top surface of said deck member to a bottom surface of said deck member; a drain box positioned beneath said opening in said deck member, said drain box having a closed wall extending downwardly from said bottom surface of said deck member; said drain box further comprising a drain box bottom continuously connected to the bottom of said closed wall; a downwardly directed drain pipe attached to said drain box bottom; an opening in said drain box bottom leading from said drain box bottom to an open upper portion of said drain pipe; a rigid vertical flange member continuously attached to said first side of said deck member and extending upwardly from said top surface of said deck member; said opening in said deck member having first and second opening sides, said first and second opening sides being parallel to each other, and said first and second opening sides being parallel to said first and second deck sides; a removable rigid access panel, said access panel having a first panel thickness measured between an upper surface of said access panel and a bottom surface of said access panel; a plurality of support posts; each of said plurality of support posts being attached to an interior surface of said closed wall; each of said plurality of support posts having an upwardly facing first horizontal post surface adapted to removably engage said bottom surface of access panel, said upwardly facing first horizontal post surface being vertically positioned below said top surface of said deck member a distance equal to said first panel thickness; each of said plurality of support posts further having an upper post portion extending above said upwardly facing first horizontal post surface, and said upper post portion being attached to an interior surface of said closed wall, and said upper post portion having a first post thickness and said upper post portion extending horizontally away from said closed wall into said opening in said horizontal rigid deck member a distance equal to said first post thickness; and, wherein a first pair of said plurality of support posts are disposed on opposite sides of said opening in said horizontal rigid deck member.",
-    "A tea bag tag has an adhesive surface adapted to temporarily adhere to the exterior of a container, such as a mug or cup, preventing the tag from falling into the container. When it is time to discard the tea bag, the tag is readily removed from the cup without difficulty. The tea bag tag adhesive is edible so that it will not adversely affect the flavor of a beverage into which it accidentally falls. 1. A tea bag tag having an adhesive surface, comprising: a. a tea bag attached to a proximal end of a string; b. said tea bag housed within an envelope comprising a front and back closed by a seem to form a cavity housing said tea bag; c. a tag attached to a distal end of said string, opposite said proximal end and said tea bag attached thereto; d. said tag having a main body with a top wall, bottom wall, side walls, top face and bottom face, said top wall, side walls and bottom wall being attached by a perforated slit to said front face of said envelope so that said tag can be readily torn or removed from said front face of said envelope to release said tag from said envelope and remove said tea bag from said envelope; e. said top face of said tag facing said cavity of said envelope; f. an adhesive located on at least a portion of said top face of said tag; and g. said adhesive being a food grade adhesive. 2. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 1, wherein said adhesive being composed of a composition comprising glycerine, softly beaten egg whites, and icing sugar (powdered sugar). 3. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 2 comprising lemon or lime juice. 4. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 2, wherein amounts of glycerine (1 tsp), egg whites (2 egg), lemon juice (1 tsp), and \u02dc1 pound of sugar. 5. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 1, wherein said adhesive is composed of natural gums/polysaccharides. 6. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 1, wherein said adhesive is composed of tylose powder in water. 7. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 1, wherein said adhesive is composed of sugar edible adhesives made from cross-linking a sugar with a polyfunctional acid. 8. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 1, wherein said portion of said top face of said tag with said adhesive comprises only a small central portion of said top face so that a larger remaining surface does not include any adhesive, thereby forming a grip area so that a user can readily grasp said grip area and remove said tag from a container when said tag and tea bag are to be discarded. 9. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 1 comprising an inner tag wall located within said cavity to cover said adhesive area to prevent said adhesive are from drying, wherein when said tag is removed from said envelope the inner tag is spontaneously removed as well. 10. A tea bag tag having an adhesive surface comprising: a. a tea bag attached to a proximal end of a string; b. a tag attached to a distal end of said string, opposite said proximal end and said tea bag attached thereto; c. said tag having a main body with a top wall, bottom wall, side walls, top face and bottom face; d. said top face of said tag comprising an adhesive portion with an adhesive thereon and a grip portion that does not contain any adhesive so that a user can readily grasp said grip portion and remove said tag from a container when said tag and tea bag are to be discarded; e. said grip portion having a larger surface area than said adhesive portion; f. said adhesive being a food grade adhesive; and g. said adhesive portion having a peel-tab located thereon that is readily peeled and removed to expose said adhesive for use. 11. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 10, wherein said adhesive is composed of a composition comprising glycerine, softly beaten egg whites, and icing sugar (powdered sugar). 12. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 11, wherein said composition further comprises lemon or lime juice. 13. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 11, wherein said composition has proportions of glycerine (1 tsp), egg whites (2 egg), lemon juice (1 tsp), and \u02dc1 pound of sugar. 14. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 10, wherein said adhesive is composed of natural gums/polysaccharides. 15. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 10, wherein said adhesive is composed of tylose powder in water. 16. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 10, wherein said adhesive is composed of a sugar edible adhesives made from cross-linking a sugar with a polyfunctional acid 17. A tea bag tag as recited by claim 10, wherein said adhesive portion is centrally located on said top face of said tag, and said grip portion circumferentially surrounds said adhesive portion so that a user can readily grasp said grip portion and remove said tag from said container when said tag and tea bag are to be discarded.",
-    "A sight includes a main body including a focus lens system and an erecting lens system; a first adjusting member disposed in the main body and configured to move the focus lens system along the optical axis; a second adjusting member disposed in the main body and configured to move the erecting lens system in a first direction which is perpendicular to the optical axis; a focus adjusting module disposed in the main body and configured to drive the first adjusting member so as to move the focus lens system along the optical axis; and a first adjusting module detachably joined to the focus adjusting module and configured to drive the second adjusting member so as to move the erecting lens system in the first direction. 1. A sight having an optical axis, comprising: a main body comprising a focus lens system and an erecting lens system; a first adjusting member disposed in the main body and configured to move the focus lens system along the optical axis; a second adjusting member disposed in the main body and configured to move the erecting lens system in a first direction which is perpendicular to the optical axis; a focus adjusting module disposed in the main body and configured to drive the first adjusting member so as to move the focus lens system along the optical axis; and a first adjusting module detachably joined to the focus adjusting module and configured to drive the second adjusting member so as to move the erecting lens system in the first direction. 2. The sight as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a third adjusting member disposed in the main body and configured to move the erecting lens system in a second direction which is perpendicular to the optical axis and first direction; and a second adjusting module disposed in the main body and configured to drive the third adjusting member so as to move the erecting lens system in the second direction. 3. The sight as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first adjusting module is an elevation adjusting module, and the second adjusting module is a windage adjusting module. 4. The sight as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first adjusting module is a windage adjusting module, and the second adjusting module is an elevation adjusting module. 5. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first adjusting module is an elevation adjusting module. 6. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first adjusting module is a windage adjusting module. 7. The sight as claimed in claim 1, wherein the focus module comprises a first base fixed to the main body and a connecting member fixed to the first base, the first adjusting module comprises a second base detachably joined to the connecting member, and the first adjusting member and the second adjusting members are movably disposed on the first base. 8. The sight as claimed in claim 7, wherein the connecting member comprises a hole, and the second base is detachably joined to the connecting member by screwing the second base to the hole. 9. The sight as claimed in claim 8, the first adjusting module comprises a fourth adjusting member movably disposed on the second base and extending through the hole to abut the second adjusting member, and the fourth adjusting member is configured to move the second adjusting member. 10. The sight as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first adjusting module comprises a third adjusting member movably disposed on the second base and extending through the hole to abut the second adjusting member, and the third adjusting member is configured to move the second adjusting member.",
-    "A portable sink includes a container for holding wash water, an inlet line to bring fresh water into the container, and an outlet line to remove wastewater from the container. A float valve on the inlet line maintains wash water at a selected level within the container. A faucet attached to the float valve may further provide a separate source of clean water to the user. The outlet line further includes a siphon to draw the wastewater from the container to a selected discharge location. The inlet and outlet lines may form an assembly with an inverted U shape so that the device may straddle the wall of a bucket so that no piping penetrations are made through the wall. The siphon preferably includes an airlock to prevent the ingress of air at the discharge end under conditions of less than maximum flow. 1. A portable sink comprising: a container for holding wash water; and, a water-control assembly having a generally inverted U-shape so that it can straddle a wall of said container, said water-control assembly further comprising: an inlet line to bring fresh water into said container; a float valve on said inlet line to maintain the wash water at a selected level within said container; and, an outlet line to remove wastewater from said container. 2. The portable sink of claim 1 wherein said container comprises a bucket including a carrying handle and a plurality of casters. 3. The portable sink of claim 1 further comprising a valve on said inlet line and a valve on said outlet line. 4. The portable sink of claim 3 wherein said valves on said inlet and outlet lines comprise a unitary assembly so that the inlet and outlet flow rates may be increased or decreased in tandem. 5. The portable sink of claim 1 wherein said outlet line includes a siphon having an airlock device at its discharge end to prevent air from coming up the discharge line. 6. The portable sink of claim 5 wherein said airlock device comprises a length of tubing having a plurality of bends so that ingress of air is prevented regardless of the orientation of said airlock in space. 7. The portable sink of claim 5 further comprising a valve to temporarily direct inlet water into said siphon to prime said siphon for use. 8. The portable sink of claim 1 further comprising a filter to prevent debris greater than a selected size from entering said outlet line. 9. A water-control assembly for a portable sink comprising: an inlet line to bring fresh water into a selected container; a float valve on said inlet line to maintain a selected water level within said container; and, an outlet line to remove wastewater from said container, with said inlet and outlet lines arranged substantially parallel to one another and forming a generally inverted U-shape so that said water-control assembly can straddle a wall of said container. 10. The water-control assembly of claim 9 wherein said outlet line further comprises a siphon having an airlock device at its discharge end to prevent air from coming up said discharge line. 11. The water-control assembly of claim 10 wherein said airlock device comprises a length of tubing having a plurality of bends so that ingress of air is prevented regardless of the orientation of said airlock in space. 12. The water-control assembly of claim 11 wherein said tubing comprises a sufficient number of 90\u00b0 bends so that water may flow in either direction along each of three orthogonal axes. 13. The water-control assembly of claim 9 further comprising a means to prevent debris greater than a selected size from entering said outlet line. 14. The water-control assembly of claim 10 further comprising a valve to temporarily direct inlet water into said siphon to prime said siphon for use. 15. The water-control assembly of claim 9 further comprising a valve on said inlet line and a valve on said outlet line. 16. The water-control assembly of claim 15 wherein said valves on said inlet and outlet lines comprise a unitary assembly so that the inlet and outlet flow rates may be increased or decreased in tandem.",
-    "A transmitter, a common mode transceiver using the same, and an operating method thereof are provided. The transmitter includes a first transistor group and a second transistor group. The first transistor group includes a first transistor connected in series with a second transistor, wherein the second transistor is applied a first well-tracking control. The second transistor group includes a third transistor connected in series with a fourth transistor, wherein the third transistor is applied a second well-tracking control. There is an output node between the first transistor group and the second transistor group, and the second transistor and the third transistor are coupled to the output node. The present invention can effectively block leakage paths in common mode operation, and can enhance ESD protection capability. 1. A transmitter of a common mode transceiver, comprising: a first transistor group, comprising a first transistor and a second transistor connected in series with each other, wherein the second transistors is applied a first well-tracking control; and a second transistor group, comprising a third transistor and a fourth transistor connected in series with each other, wherein the third transistor is applied a second well-tracking control, wherein there is an output node between the first transistor group and the second transistor group, and the second transistor and the third transistor are coupled to the output node. 2. The transmitter of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a first circuit, coupled to the output node and a ground potential, and configured to perform transient voltage suppression. 3. The transmitter of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second transistor has a second circuit, the second circuit performs the first well-tracking control, and controls a first well-voltage of the second transistor according to a first highest voltage exerted to a source or a drain of the second transistor; the third transistor has a third circuit, and the third circuit performs the second well-tracking control, and controls a second well-voltage of the third transistor according to a second highest voltage exerted to a source or a drain of the third transistor. 4. The transmitter of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first transistor and the second transistor are respectively a low-voltage P-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor and a high-voltage P-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor, and a circuit area of the first transistor is configured between \u00bd and \u00bc of a circuit area of the second transistor. 5. The transmitter of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third transistor and the fourth transistor are respectively a high-voltage N-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor and a low-voltage N-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor, and a circuit area of the fourth transistor is configured between \u00bd and \u00bc of a circuit area of the third transistor. 6. A common mode transceiver, comprising: a transmitter, comprising: an output stage, comprising: a first transistor group, comprising a first transistor and a second transistor connected in series with each other, wherein the second transistor is applied a first well-tracking control; and a second transistor group, comprising a third transistor and a fourth transistor connected in series with each other, wherein the third transistor is applied a second well-tracking control, there is an output node between the first transistor group and the second transistor group, and the second transistor and the third transistor are coupled to the output node; and a first circuit, coupled to the output node and a ground potential to perform transient voltage suppression; and a receiver, coupled to the output node. 7. The common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 6, wherein the second transistor has a second circuit, the second circuit performs the first well-tracking control, and controls a first well-voltage of the second transistor according to a first highest voltage exerted to a source or a drain of the second transistor; the third transistor has a third circuit, and the third circuit performs the second well-tracking control, and controls a second well-voltage of the third transistor according to a second highest voltage exerted to a source or a drain of the third transistor. 8. The common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first transistor and the second transistor are respectively a low-voltage P-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor and a high-voltage P-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor, and a circuit area of the first transistor is configured between \u00bd and \u00bc of a circuit area of the second transistor. 9. The common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 6, wherein the third transistor and the fourth transistor are respectively a high-voltage N-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor and a low-voltage N-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor, and a circuit area of the fourth transistor is configured between \u00bd and \u00bc of a circuit area of the third transistor. 10. An operating method of a common mode transceiver, comprising: providing a first transistor group comprising a first transistor and a second transistor connected in series with each other; providing a second transistor group comprising a third transistor and a fourth transistor connected in series with each other; and respectively operating the second transistor and the third transistor by performing a first well-tracking control and a second well-tracking control. 11. The operating method of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 10, further comprising: providing a first circuit coupled to the output node and a ground potential to perform transient voltage suppression. 12. The operating method of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 10, wherein the step of respectively operating the second transistor and the third transistor by performing the first well-tracking control and the second well-tracking control comprises: configuring a second circuit to the second transistor, wherein the second circuit performs the first well-tracking control, and controls a first well-voltage of the second transistor according to a first highest voltage exerted to a source or a drain of the second transistor; and configuring a third circuit to the third transistor, wherein the third circuit performs the second well-tracking control, and controls a second well-voltage of the third transistor according to a second highest voltage exerted to a source or a drain of the third transistor. 13. The operating method of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first transistor and the second transistor are respectively a low-voltage P-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor and a high-voltage P-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor, and a circuit area of the first transistor is configured between \u00bd and \u00bc of a circuit area of the second transistor. 14. The operating method of the common mode transceiver as claimed in claim 10, wherein the third transistor and the fourth transistor are respectively a high-voltage N-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor and a low-voltage N-type metal oxide semiconductor transistor, and a circuit area of the fourth transistor is configured between \u00bd and \u00bc of a circuit area of the third transistor.",
-    "An ink set including an ink composition including resin particles, a colorant, and water, and a treatment solution including an anionic surfactant, water, and a compound configured to aggregate at least one of the colorant or the resin particles in the ink composition, in which the ratio of the content of the anionic surfactant with respect to the content of the compound configured to aggregate at least one of the colorant or the resin particles is 0.001 to 0.600 in terms of mass. An image forming method in which the ink set is used. 1. An ink set comprising: an ink composition comprising resin particles, a colorant, and water; and a treatment solution comprising an anionic surfactant, water, and a compound configured to aggregate at least one of the colorant or the resin particles in the ink composition, wherein a ratio of a content of the anionic surfactant with respect to a content of the compound configured to aggregate at least one of the colorant or the resin particles is 0.001 to 0.600 in terms of mass. 2. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant has a hydrocarbon group in the structure thereof and a total number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group is 6 or more. 3. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid salt and a sulfuric acid ester salt. 4. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant is at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following General Formula (1) and a compound represented by the following General Formula (2) R1-L1-A General Formula (1) wherein, in General Formula (1), R1 represents a branched or linear alkyl group having 6 or more carbon atoms, an unsubstituted naphthyl group, an unsubstituted phenyl group, a naphthyl group substituted with at least one branched or linear alkyl group, or a phenyl group substituted with at least one branched or linear alkyl group; L1 represents a single bond, an ester bond, an ether bond, an amide bond, an N-alkylamide bond, or at least one linking group selected from the following Group a; A represents SO3M or OSO3M; and M represents a sodium ion or a potassium ion: Group a wherein, in Group a, each x1 and each x2 represents an integer from 1 to 30; x3 represents an integer from 0 to 30; and * represents a linking position wherein, in General Formula (2), each R2 and each R3 independently represents a branched or linear alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, an unsubstituted naphthyl group, an unsubstituted phenyl group, a naphthyl group substituted with at least one branched or linear alkyl group, or a phenyl group substituted with at least one branched or linear alkyl group; A represents SO3M or OSO3M; and M represents a sodium ion or a potassium ion. 5. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the content of the anionic surfactant with respect to the content of the compound configured to aggregate at least one of the colorant or the resin particles is from 0.010 to 0.250 in terms of mass. 6. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant is sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. 7. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the compound configured to aggregate at least one of the colorant or the resin particles is an organic acid. 8. The ink set according to claim 1, wherein the treatment solution further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of silicone resin particles and silica particles. 9. The ink set according to claim 8, wherein a ratio of a total content of the silicone resin particles and the silica particles with respect to a content of the anionic surfactant is from 0.0001 to 0.10 in terms of mass. 10. An image forming method comprising: a pre-treatment process of applying the treatment solution of the ink set according to claim 1 to at least one surface of a substrate, the at least one surface of the substrate having a contact angle of 70\u00b0 or more when 3 seconds have elapsed after a water drop is applied thereto; and an image forming process of forming an image by ejecting the ink composition of the ink set according to claim 1 to the at least one surface of the substrate to which the treatment solution has been applied, using an inkjet method. 11. The image forming method according to claim 10, wherein the substrate is a paper substrate having a coating layer.",
-    "A flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package including a flexible electronic device, a thin film encapsulation (TFE) and a sealing member is provided. The TFE covers the flexible electronic device as well as the sealing member covers the TFE and the flexible electronic device. The sealing member includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion covers the flexible electronic device and the TFE, and the second portion covers the first portion. Young's modulus of the second portion is between the 0 MPa and 100 MPa. Young's modulus of the first portion is greater than that of the second portion. The thickness of the first portion is less than that of the second portion. 1. A flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package, comprising: a flexible electronic device; a thin film encapsulation, covering the flexible electronic device; and a sealing member, covering the flexible electronic device and the thin film encapsulation, wherein the sealing member includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion covers the flexible electronic device and the thin film encapsulation, the second portion covers the first portion, Young's modulus of the second portion is between 0 MPa and 100 MPa, Young's modulus of the first portion is greater than that of the second portion, and a thickness of the first portion is less than that of the second portion. 2. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the flexible electronic device includes: a flexible substrate; an environmental sensitive electronic device disposed on the flexible substrate; and a first barrier layer disposed on the flexible substrate, wherein a portion of the first barrier layer is distributed between the environmental sensitive electronic device and the flexible substrate. 3. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the thin film encapsulation includes a plurality of inorganic films and the plurality of inorganic films cover the environmental sensitive electronic device. 4. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 3, wherein an outmost layer of the thin film encapsulation is a silicon nitride film and the thin film encapsulation contacts the first portion of the sealing member directly. 5. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the first portion of the sealing member includes a thermal curing adhesive and the second portion of the sealing member includes a pressure sensitive adhesive. 6. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the first portion of the sealing portion includes a thermal curing adhesive and the second portion of the sealing member includes a fluid. 7. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the sealing member further includes a side wall barrier structure disposed on the first portion. 8. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first portion is between 1 \u03bcm and 10 \u03bcm and the thickness of the second portion is between 5 \u03bcm and 25 \u03bcm. 9. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the first portion entirely covers the thin film encapsulation. 10. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein the first portion includes a plurality of separated patterns or a continuous pattern with a hollow region to partially cover the thin film encapsulation. 11. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, further including: a barrier layer disposed between the flexible electronic device and the thin film encapsulation. 12. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, further including: a flexible cover, covering the sealing member, wherein the sealing member is disposed between the flexible electronic device and the flexible cover; and a second barrier layer, disposed between the flexible cover and the sealing. 13. The flexible environmental sensitive electronic device package according to claim 1, wherein Young's modulus of the first portion is between 50 MPa and 3000 MPa. 14. A sealing member, adapted to cover a flexible electronic device, the sealing member comprising: a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion covers the flexible electronic device, the second portion covers the first portion, Young's modulus of the second portion is between 0 MPa and 100 MPa, Young's modulus of the first portion is greater than that of the second portion, and a thickness of the first portion is less than that of the second portion. 15. The sealing member according to claim 14, wherein the first portion of the sealing portion includes a thermal curing adhesive and the second portion of the sealing member includes a pressure sensitive adhesive. 16. The sealing member according to claim 14, wherein the first portion of the sealing portion includes a thermal curing adhesive and the second portion of the sealing member includes a fluid. 17. The sealing member according to claim 14, wherein the thickness of the first portion is between 1 \u03bcm and 10 \u03bcm and the thickness of the second portion is between 5 \u03bcm and 25 \u03bcm. 18. The sealing member according to claim 14, wherein the first portion includes a plurality of separated patterns or a continuous pattern with a hollow region. 19. The sealing member according to claim 14, further including a side wall barrier structure surrounding the second portion. 20. The sealing member according to claim 14, wherein Young's modulus of the first portion is between 50 MPa and 3000 MPa.",
-    "Provided was a monolithic catalyst for synthesizing an oxalate by carbon monoxide (CO) gaseous-phase coupling, a preparation method and the use thereof. In the catalyst, a ceramic honeycomb or a metal honeycomb was used as skeletal carrier, metal oxides were used as a carrier coating, precious metals Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh were used as active ingredients, as well as Fe, Co, Ni were used as additives, wherein the carrier coating accounts for 5 to 50 wt. % of the honeycomb carrier; the active ingredients of the catalyst account for 0.1 to 5 wt. % of the carrier coating; the additives of the catalyst account for 0.3 to 10 wt. % of the carrier coating; and the atomic ratio of the active ingredients to the additives was 0.1 to 3. the reaction for synthesizing the oxalate was carried out in a fixed bed reactor, wherein, N2 was used as a carrier gas. The volume ratio of N2:CO:Alkyl nitrite was 20-80:5-60:10-40, and the retention time was 0.5-10 s. 1. A method for preparing a monolithic structured catalyst for carbon monoxide gas-phase coupling to dialkyl oxalate, comprising: 1) Preparation of the ball milling slurry: Mixing one or various kinds of metal nitrate, hydroxide or oxide: adding dilute nitric acid into the mixture; adjusting the pH of the mixture in the range of 1 to 4; and ball milling the mixture for 1 to 48 hours to get the ball milling slurry for the coating of the supports; 2) Washcoat loading: loading the washcoat on ceramic or metal honeycomb supports using the dip-coating method with ball-milling slurry, followed by a drying process; repeating the dip-coating step until achieving the desired loading; and performing calcination at 900-1300\u00b0 C. for 1-12 hours to form a washcoat; 3) Active components and additive loading: impregnating the coated support into precursor solutions with one or various active components and additives, after a drying process; and treating the catalyst in a H2 or CO atmosphere for 1-10 hours. 2. The method according to claim 1, comprising: 1) Preparation of the ball milling slurry: Mixing one or various kinds of metal nitrate, hydroxide or oxide; adding dilute nitric acid of 1-15 wt. % into the mixture: adjusting the pH of the mixture in the range of 1 to 4; and ball milling the mixture for 3 to 20 hours to get the ball milling slurry for the coating of the supports; 2) Washcoat loading: Loading the washcoat on cordierite ceramic honeycomb sup port or metal honeycomb support use the dip-coating method with ball-milling slurry, followed by drying at 70-130\u00b0 C. for 2-4 hours; and performing calcination at 900-1200\u00b0 C. for 1-12 hours to form a washcoat, wherein the washcoat loading accounts for 5-50 wt. % of the honeycomb support; 3) Active components loading: Impregnating the coated support into precursor solutions with one or various active components and additives for 3 minutes to 12 hours to load the active components and additives; drying the impregnated honeycomb support at 70-130\u00b0 C. for 1-12 hours; and treating the catalyst in a H2 or CO atmosphere at 400-800\u00b0 C. for 1-10 hours. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the impregnated washcoat with active components and additive is treated in the 0.01-2M alkaline solution for 0.5-24 hours after drying. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the alkaline solution is selected from NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, K2CO3, NaHCO3, KHCO3 and mixtures thereof. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor of active ingredient in the catalyst is selected from palladium chloride, palladium bromide, chloride platinum and rhodium chloride, palladium nitrate, nitrate platinum, acetate palladium, acetate rhodium or a mixture thereof. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precursor of additive in the catalyst is selected from ferric chloride, cobalt bromide, nitrate iron, nickel nitrate, iron phosphate, cobalt phosphate or cobalt acetate, nickel acetate or a mixture thereof. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the skeletal carrier is a ceramic honeycomb or a metal honeycomb, the carrier coating is a metal oxide, the active component is selected from a group consisting of Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh and a mixture thereof, and the additive is selected from a group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni and a mixture thereof; 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is selected from a group consisting of Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, La2O3, CuO, ZnO, Cr2O3, GaO, BaO, CaO, MgO, MnO, and a mixture thereof. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the washcoat on the carrier accounts for 5 to 30 wt. % of the honeycomb carrier; the active ingredient of the catalyst accounts for 0.1 to 2 wt. % of the washcoat on the carrier; the additive of the catalyst accounts for 0.3 to 6 wt. % of the washcoat on the carrier; and the atomic ratio of the active ingredient to the additive is 0.1 to 3.",
-    "A package of environmental sensitive element including a first substrate, a second substrate, a barrier structure between the first substrate and the second substrate, an environmental sensitive element and an adhesive is provided. The second substrate is disposed above the first substrate. The environmental sensitive element is disposed on the first substrate and located between the first substrate and the second substrate. The barrier structure is distributed outside the environmental sensitive element. The adhesive is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and encapsulates the environmental sensitive element and the barrier structure, wherein an outgassing of the adhesive under 120 degrees Celsius is less than or equal to 5\u00d710\u22127 gram/cm2. 1. An environmental sensitive element package, comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate disposed above the first substrate; a barrier structure between the first substrate and the second substrate; an environmental sensitive element disposed on the first substrate and between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the barrier structure is distributed outside the environmental sensitive element; and an adhesive disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and encapsulating the environmental sensitive element and the barrier structure, wherein an outgassing of the adhesive under 120 degrees Celsius is less than or equal to 5\u00d710\u22127 gram/cm2. 2. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the barrier structure and the second substrate are integrally fon led and substantially made of a same material, the barrier structure and the second substrate are made of stainless steel, glass, or plastic. 3. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the barrier structure is disposed on the second substrate and protrudes from the second substrate toward the first substrate. 4. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a first passivation layer covering the environmental sensitive element. 5. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 4, further comprising: an absorbent layer disposed on the first passivation layer; and a second passivation layer disposed on the absorbent layer, wherein the absorbent layer is located between the first passivation layer and the second passivation layer. 6. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a flexible buffer layer disposed on the environmental sensitive element. 7. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 6, wherein an outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than the outgassing of the adhesive under 120 degrees Celsius. 8. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 7, wherein the outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than 5\u00d710\u22128 gram/cm2. 9. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a flexible buffer layer disposed on the environmental sensitive element; and a flexible passivation layer covering the flexible buffer layer, wherein the flexible buffer layer is located between the environmental sensitive element and the flexible passivation layer. 10. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 9, wherein an outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than the outgassing of the adhesive under 120 degrees Celsius. 11. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 10, wherein the outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than 5\u00d7108 gram/cm2. 12. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a flexible buffer layer disposed on the environmental sensitive element; and a plurality of passivation films covering the flexible buffer layer. 13. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 12, wherein an outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than the outgassing of the adhesive under 120 degrees Celsius. 14. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 13, wherein the outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than 5\u00d710\u22128 gram/cm2. 15. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a flexible buffer layer disposed on the environmental sensitive element; a flexible passivation layer covering the flexible buffer layer; and a plurality of passivation films covering the flexible passivation layer, wherein the flexible passivation is between the flexible buffer layer and the passivation films. 16. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 15, wherein an outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than the outgassing of the adhesive 120 degrees Celsius. 17. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 16, wherein the outgassing of the flexible buffer layer under 120 degrees Celsius is less than 5\u00d710\u22128 gram/cm2. 18. The environmental sensitive element package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outgassing of the adhesive under 120 degrees Celsius ranges from 5\u00d710\u22128 gram/cm2 to 5\u00d710\u22127 gram/cm2.",
-    "A lamp having a first illumination module, a second illumination module and a control circuit is provided. The first illumination module has a first light-emitting surface, and the second illumination module has a second light-emitting surface connected to the first light-emitting surface. The control circuit is coupled to the first illumination module and the second illumination module. When the control circuit increases the luminance of the first illumination module and the luminance of the second illumination module, a percentage of increasing the luminance of the first illumination module is less than a percentage of increasing the luminance the second illumination module. 1. A lamp comprising: a first illumination module comprising a first light-emitting surface; a second illumination module comprising a second light-emitting surface connected to the first light-emitting surface; and a control circuit coupled to the first illumination module and the second illumination module; wherein a percentage of luminance increasing of the first illumination module is less than a percentage of luminance increasing of the second illumination module when the control circuit increases the luminance of the first illumination module and the luminance of the second illumination module; and wherein the lamp is used on a desktop comprising an information-device-use area corresponding to the first light-emitting surface and a reading-writing area corresponding to the second light-emitting surface. 2. The lamp of claim 1, wherein the first light-emitting surface and the second light-emitting surface are of a same flat surface, and the second light-emitting surface comprises a luminance enhancement structure. 3. The lamp of claim 1, wherein the first light-emitting surface and the second light-emitting surface are adjacent curved surfaces, and a curvature of the second light-emitting surface is greater than a curvature of the first light-emitting surface. 4. The lamp of claim 1, wherein a length of the first light-emitting surface is greater than a length of the second light-emitting surface. 5. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate comprising: a first portion corresponding to the first light-emitting surface; and a second portion corresponding to the second light-emitting surface; wherein a plurality of luminaries of the first illumination module are disposed on the first portion in a first density, and a plurality of luminaries of the second illumination module are disposed on the second portion in a second density. 6. The lamp of claim 5, wherein the first density is less than the second density, and an identical increasing amount of power is provided to each of luminaries on the substrate when increasing the luminance of the first illumination module and the luminance of the second illumination module. 7. The lamp of claim 5, wherein the first density is equal to the second density, and an increasing amount of power provided to each luminary on the first portion is less than an increasing amount of power provided to each luminary on the second portion when increasing the luminance of the first illumination module and the luminance of the second illumination module. 8. The lamp of claim 5, wherein length of the substrate is between thirty centimeters to fifty centimeters, and width of the substrate is between five centimeters to fifteen centimeters. 9. The lamp of claim 5, wherein the substrate is an arcuate structure, and a tangent plane being tangent to an apex of the first light-emitting surface and a tangent plane being tangent to an apex of the second light-emitting surface form a first angle being between ten degrees to thirty degrees. 10. The lamp of claim 5, wherein the plurality of luminaries of the first illumination module comprises a plurality of first color light-emitting diodes and a plurality of second color light-emitting diodes; the plurality of luminaries of the second illumination module comprises a plurality of first color light-emitting diodes and a plurality of second color light-emitting diodes; the control circuit adjusts a color temperature of the first illumination module by controlling currents of the plurality of first color light-emitting diodes and the plurality of second color light-emitting diodes of the first illumination module; and the control circuit adjusts a color temperature of the second illumination module by controlling currents of the plurality of first color light-emitting diodes and the plurality of second color light-emitting diodes of the second illumination module. 11. (canceled) 12. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a photography module configured to photograph the desktop to get an image so that the control circuit determines the information-device-use area according to the image. 13. The lamp of claim 12, further comprising a motor coupled to the first illumination module and configured to drive the first illumination module to correspond to the information-device-use area. 14. The lamp of claim 12, wherein the control circuit determines positions of the first light-emitting surface and the second light-emitting surface according to the image, such that the first light-emitting surface is corresponding to the information-device-use area and the second light-emitting surface is corresponding to the reading-writing area. 15. The lamp of claim 1, wherein the lamp operates under a normal mode or a scenario mode selectively; the information-device-use area and the reading-writing area are of a same illuminance when the lamp operates under the normal mode; and the percentage of increasing luminance of the first illumination module is less than the percentage of increasing luminance the second illumination module when the lamp operates under the scenario mode. 16. The lamp of claim 15, further comprising a universal serial bus (USB) interface configured to be coupled to an information device for providing electrical power to the lamp, wherein the information device provides an instruction to command the lamp to operate under the normal mode or the scenario mode. 17. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising: a distance sensor coupled to the control circuit, configured to sense a distance between an object and the first illumination module when the lamp illuminates a surface of the object; and an indicative light coupled to the control circuit; wherein when the distance between the object and the first illumination module is in a specific range, the control circuit controls the indicative light to emit light; wherein when the distance between the object and the first illumination module is out of the specific range, the control circuit controls the indicative light to stop emitting. 18. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a position indicative light configured to project a point of light in a direction being perpendicular to a tangent plane being tangent to an apex of the first light-emitting surface. 19. A lamp comprising: a first illumination module comprising a first light-emitting surface; a second illumination module comprising a second light-emitting surface; a third illumination module comprising a third light-emitting surface, wherein the first light-emitting surface, the second light-emitting surface and the third light-emitting surface form a continuous curved surface, the first light-emitting surface is placed between the second light-emitting surface and the third light-emitting surface, a tangent plane being tangent to an apex of the second light-emitting surface and a tangent plane being tangent to an apex of the first light-emitting surface form a first angle, and a tangent plane being tangent to an apex of the third light-emitting surface and the tangent plane being tangent to the apex of the first light-emitting surface form a second angle; and a control circuit coupled to the first illumination module, the second illumination module and the third illumination module, configured to control the lamp to operate under a normal mode or a scenario mode selectively; wherein when the lamp operates under the normal mode, the first illumination module, the second first illumination module and the third illumination module generate light of a same luminance; and wherein when the lamp operates under the scenario mode and the control circuit increases the luminance of the first illumination module, the second first illumination module and the third illumination module, a percentage of increasing luminance of the first illumination module is less than a percentage of increasing luminance of any of the second illumination module and the third illumination module. 20. A lamp used on a desktop comprising an information-device-use area and two reading-writing areas, the lamp comprising: a first illumination module comprising a first light-emitting surface corresponding to the information-device-use area; a second illumination module comprising a second light-emitting surface corresponding to one of the reading-writing areas; a third illumination module comprising a third light-emitting surface corresponding to the other one of the reading-writing areas, wherein the first light-emitting surface, the second light-emitting surface and the third light-emitting surface form a continuous curved surface, and the first light-emitting surface is placed between the second light-emitting surface and the third light-emitting surface; and a control circuit coupled to the first illumination module, the second illumination module and the third illumination module, configured to control the lamp to operate under a normal mode or a scenario mode selectively, wherein when the lamp operates under the normal mode, the information-device-use area and the reading-writing areas are of a same illuminance, wherein when the lamp operates under the scenario mode, a percentage of increasing luminance of the first illumination module is different to percentages of increasing luminance of the second illumination module and the third illumination module.",
-    "A modeling illumination device contains: a surface light emitter, an ambient light sensor, and a controller. The surface light emitter includes a plurality of light emitting diodes of various colors in a matrix arrangement so as to emit lights of various colors in different modes. The ambient light sensor (ALS) is configured to sense a color temperature of ambient lights, to transform the color temperature into a color-temperature signal, and to transmit the color-temperature signal. The controller is electrically connected with the surface light emitter and the ambient light sensor, wherein the controller changes brightness and operation of the plurality of light emitting diodes based on the color-temperature signal produced by the ambient light sensor. 1. A modeling illumination device comprising: a surface light emitter including a plurality of light emitting diodes of various colors in a matrix arrangement so as to emit lights of various colors in different modes; an ambient light sensor (ALS) configured to sense a color temperature of ambient lights, to transform the color temperature into a color-temperature signal, and to transmit the color-temperature signal; and a controller electrically connected with the surface light emitter and the ambient light sensor, wherein the controller changes brightness and operation of the plurality of light emitting diodes based on the color-temperature signal produced by the ambient light sensor; wherein a color temperature sensor is electrically connected with the micro controlling unit of the controller and is configured to sense color temperature of lights from the surface light emitter, to convert the color temperature into a second color-temperature signal and to send the second color-temperature signal to the micro controlling unit. 2. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface light emitter further includes a support plate, a light emitting unit arranged on the support plate, and a light diffusion plate disposed above the light emitting unit; the light emitting unit has the plurality of light emitting diodes of the various colors in the matrix arrangement. 3. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein colors of the plurality of light emitting diodes are bright white, warm white, and blue, respectively. 4. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein colors of the plurality of light emitting diodes are bright white, red, green, and blue, respectively. 5. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ambient light sensor senses brightness of ambient lights, transforms the brightness into a brightness signal, and transmits the brightness signal. 6. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the controller changes brightness and operation of the plurality of light emitting diodes based on the color-temperature signal and/or the brightness signal produced by the ambient light sensor. 7. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ambient light sensor has a first wireless communication unit, the controller has a second wireless communication unit which receives and transmits a brightness signal from the first wireless communication unit of the ambient light sensor, and the color-temperature is sent to the controller in a wireless transmission manner. 8. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 7, wherein each of the first wireless communication unit and the second wireless communication unit is bluetooth low energy module. 9. (canceled) 10. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a manual control panel is electrically connected with the controller, and the controller includes a modeling control program built therein so that user starts the modeling control program by using the manual control panel to change the brightness and the operation of the plurality of light emitting diodes. 11. The modeling illumination device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller controls the surface light emitter to operate the plurality of light emitting diodes and to change the colors and the brightness of the plurality of light emitting diodes based on a set time, thus achieving wake-up mode.",
-    "A vertical transistor and the fabrication method. The transistor comprises a first surface and a second surface that is opposite to the first surface. A drift region of the first doping type, this drift region is located between the first surface and the second surface; at least one source region of the first doping type and the source region being located between the drift region and the first surface, with a first dielectric layer located between adjacent source regions; at least one drain region with said first doping type and said drain region being located between said drift region and said second surface, a gate being provided between adjacent drain regions. Said gate includes a gate electrode and a gate dielectric layer disposed between said gate electrode and said drift region, and the second dielectric layer being positioned between said gate electrode and said second surface. 1. A vertical transistor comprising: a first surface and a second surface positioned opposite to the first surface; a drift region with a first doping type, the drift region being located between the first surface and the second surface; at least one source region with the first doping type and the source region located between the drift region and the first surface, the first dielectric layer being located between adjacent source regions; at least one drain region with the first doping type and the drain region being located between said drift region and said second surface; and a gate being provided between adjacent drain regions; the gate including a gate electrode and a gate dielectric layer located between the gate electrode and the drift region, and the second dielectric layer being positioned between the gate electrode and the second surface. 2. The vertical transistor of claim 1 further comprising a source electrode located on said first surface and the drain electrode on the second surface. 3. The vertical transistor of claim 1 wherein the the first doping type is N-type. 4. The vertical transistor of claim 3 wherein the drift region is N-type doped GaN, with a thickness of 2-50 \u03bcm. 5. The vertical transistor of claim 3 wherein the source region is heavily doped N-type GaN and the drain region is with heavily doped N-type GaN. 6. The vertical transistor of claim 1 wherein the gate electrode is selected from one of Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, W, Al, Cu, Ag, Ni, Au, Cr, and polycrystalline silicon. 7. The vertical transistor of claim 1 wherein the gate dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide and the thickness of the gate dielectric layer is about 2-50 nm. 8. The vertical transistor of claim 1 wherein the dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide, SiON, or GaN, and the thickness of the first dielectric layer is about 20-100 nm. 9. The vertical transistor of claim 1 wherein the second dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide, SiON, or GaN, and the thickness of the first dielectric layer is about 20-100 nm. 10. A method for processing a vertical transistor comprising: forming a patterned semiconductor substrate; developing a first dielectric layer on the same portion of the patterned semiconductor substrate, and forming a source region on a remaining portion of the patterned semiconductor substrate and the source region having a first doping type; forming a drift layer and a drain region film layer, the drift layer covering the first dielectric layer and the drain region, the drain region film layer covering the drift layer, the drift layer and the drain region film layer comprising the first doping type; etching the drain region film layer and the drift layer to form a trench exposing the drift layer, the remaining drift layer forming a drift region, the remaining portion of the drain region film layer forming the drain region; forming a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode, the gate dielectric layer covering the bottom and side walls of the trench, the gate electrode overlaying the gate dielectric layer and partially filling the trench; forming the second dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer covering the gate electrode, and filling said trench of the remaining portion. 11. The method claim 10 further comprising: forming a dielectric film layer and an electrode film layer, the dielectric film layer covering the bottom and side walls of the trench and the drain region, the electrode film layer covering the dielectric film layer; planarizing the electrode film layer, so that the electrode film layer is flush with the dielectric film layer; etching the dielectric film layer to develop a gate dielectric layer, the gate dielectric layer exposing the drain region; removing partially the electrode film layer to develop the gate electrode. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising: forming a drain electrode, the drain electrode overlaying the second dielectric layer, the gate dielectric layer and the drain region; removing the patterned semiconductor substrate; forming the source electrode and said source electrode overlaying the first dielectric layer and the source region. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the surface of patterned silicon surface is characterized by a hemispherical or polygonal pattern.",
-    "Improved PMOS and NMOS transistor designs for sensing circuitry use in advanced nanometer flash memory devices are disclosed. 1. A decoder for use in a memory device, comprising: a plurality of receiving blocks, each receiving block configured to receive one bit of data from a bit line, wherein each receiving block comprises an N-LDE1 transistor and an N-LDE-2 transistor; and an output block coupled to the plurality of receiving blocks for generating an output. 2. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the output block comprises an N-LDE1 transistor and an N-LDE2 transistor. 3. The decoder of claim 1, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor was manufactured with a well spacing of be 1-2 \u03bcm to its drain. 4. The decoder of claim 3, wherein each N-LDE-1 transistor was manufactured with a well spacing of 1-2 \u03bcm to its source. 5. The decoder of claim 1, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor comprises a gate whose edge is 2-4 \u03bcm away from the edge of the nearest shall trench isolation (STI) area. 6. The decoder of claim 5, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor comprises an STI area of width 0.2-0.3 \u03bcm. 7. A decoder for use with a flash memory array, comprising: a plurality of receiving blocks, each receiving block configured to receive one bit of data from a bit line of the flash memory array, wherein each receiving block comprises an N-LDE1 transistor and an N-LDE-2 transistor; and an output block coupled to the plurality of receiving blocks for generating an output. 8. The decoder of claim 7, wherein the output block comprises an N-LDE1 transistor and an N-LDE2 transistor. 9. The decoder of claim 7, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor was manufactured with a well spacing of be 1-2 \u03bcm to its drain. 10. The decoder of claim 9, wherein each N-LDE-1 transistor was manufactured with a well spacing of 1-2 \u03bcm to its source. 11. The decoder of claim 7, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor comprises a gate whose edge is 2-4 \u03bcm away from the edge of the nearest shall trench isolation (STI) area. 12. The decoder of claim 11, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor comprises an STI area of width 0.2-0.3 \u03bcm. 13. A decoder for use in a memory device, comprising: at least eight receiving blocks, each receiving block configured to receive one bit of data from a bit line, wherein each receiving block comprises an N-LDE1 transistor and an N-LDE-2 transistor; and an output block coupled to the at least eight receiving blocks for generating an output. 14. The decoder of claim 13, wherein the output block comprises an N-LDE1 transistor and an N-LDE2 transistor. 15. The decoder of claim 13, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor was manufactured with a well spacing of be 1-2 \u03bcm to its drain. 16. The decoder of claim 15, wherein each N-LDE-1 transistor was manufactured with a well spacing of 1-2 \u03bcm to its source. 17. The decoder of claim 13, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor comprises a gate whose edge is 2-4 \u03bcm away from the edge of the nearest shall trench isolation (STI) area. 18. The decoder of claim 17, wherein each N-LDE1 transistor comprises an STI area of width 0.2-0.3 \u03bcm.",
-    "A semiconductor device is disclosed. The semiconductor device includes: a substrate; a first tensile dielectric layer on the substrate; a metal gate in the first tensile dielectric layer; a second tensile dielectric layer on the first tensile dielectric layer; and a contact plug in the first tensile dielectric layer and the second tensile dielectric layer. Preferably, the top surface of the contact plug is even with the top surface of the second tensile dielectric layer, and a carbon content of the second tensile dielectric layer is greater than the carbon content of the first tensile dielectric layer. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a first tensile dielectric layer on the substrate; a metal gate in the first tensile dielectric layer; a second tensile dielectric layer on the first tensile dielectric layer, wherein a carbon content of the second tensile dielectric layer is greater than the carbon content of the first tensile dielectric layer; and a contact plug in the first tensile dielectric layer and the second tensile dielectric layer, wherein the top surface of the contact plug is even with the top surface of the second tensile dielectric layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the metal gate comprises: a U-shaped work function layer; and a low resistance metal layer on the U-shaped work function layer. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a contact etch stop layer (CESL) adjacent to the metal gate. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the top surface of the CESL is even with the top surface of the first tensile dielectric layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the top surface of the metal gate is even with the top surface of the first tensile dielectric layer.",
-    "According to various embodiments, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device may include providing a semiconductor workpiece including a device region at a first side of the semiconductor workpiece, wherein a mechanical stability of the semiconductor workpiece is insufficient to resist at least one back end process without damage, and depositing at least one conductive layer over a second side of the semiconductor workpiece opposite the first side of the semiconductor workpiece, wherein the at least one conductive layer increases the mechanical stability of the semiconductor workpiece to be sufficient to resist the at least one back end process without damage. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: providing a semiconductor workpiece comprising a device region at a first side of the semiconductor workpiece, wherein a mechanical stability of the semiconductor workpiece is insufficient to resist at least one back end process without damage; depositing at least one conductive layer over a second side of the semiconductor workpiece opposite the first side of the semiconductor workpiece, wherein the at least one conductive layer increases the mechanical stability of the semiconductor workpiece to be sufficient to resist the at least one back end process without damage, wherein depositing the at least one conductive layer comprises a plating process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one back end process comprises at least one of: a preassembly process, an assembly process, a packaging process. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one back end process comprises at least one of: a dicing process, a die pick process, a die attach process, a wire bonding process. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the at least one conductive layer over the second side of the semiconductor workpiece comprises covering the second side of the semiconductor workpiece with the at least one conductive layer except for a kerf region of the semiconductor workpiece. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising dicing the semiconductor workpiece along the kerf region after depositing the at least one conductive layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor workpiece comprises a wafer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the semiconductor workpiece is such that the mechanical stability of the semiconductor workpiece is insufficient to resist the at least one back end process without damage, and wherein a thickness of the at least one conductive layer is such that the mechanical stability of the semiconductor workpiece is increased to be sufficient to resist the at least one back end process without damage. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor workpiece has a thickness of less than or equal to about 50 \u03bcm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductive layer has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 10 \u03bcm. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductive layer comprises a material that has a resistivity of less than or equal to about 1\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9m. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductive layer comprises at least one of a metal and a metal alloy. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one metallization layer comprises at least one material selected from a group of materials, the group consisting of: copper, tin, nickel, gold, silver, palladium, zinc, iron, titanium, an alloy comprising at least one of the aforementioned materials. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein depositing the at least one conductive layer comprises a pattern plating process. 14. The method of claim 5, further comprising attaching at least one die obtained by dicing the semiconductor workpiece to at least one lead frame. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein attaching the at least one die to the at least one lead frame comprises at least one of a die pick process and a die attach process.",
-    "An acceleration control system for a marine vessel includes an actual propulsion power detector, a setting controller configured or programmed to set final target propulsion power of the marine vessel, and a controller. The controller is configured or programmed to set target propulsion power of the marine vessel at an initial time to an initial target propulsion power, to change the target propulsion power of the marine vessel based on an actual propulsion power of the marine vessel and the initial target propulsion power, and to control a propulsion device such that the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel gets closer to the final target propulsion power. 1. An acceleration control system for a marine vessel, the acceleration control system comprising: an actual propulsion power detector that detects an actual value of propulsion power including a rotational speed of a propulsion device of the marine vessel or a speed of the marine vessel; a setting controller that sets a final target propulsion power of the marine vessel; and a controller configured or programmed to calculate a target propulsion power of the marine vessel and to control the propulsion device based on the target propulsion power; wherein the controller is configured or programmed to set the target propulsion power of the marine vessel at an initial time to an initial target propulsion power, to change the target propulsion power of the marine vessel based on an actual propulsion power of the marine vessel and the initial target propulsion power, and to control the propulsion device such that the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel gets closer to the final target propulsion power. 2. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to set the initial target propulsion power based on the final target propulsion power. 3. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to set the initial target propulsion power to about \u2153 or more of the final target propulsion power. 4. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 1, further comprising an accelerator that is manipulated to adjust the propulsion power of the marine vessel; wherein the controller is configured or programmed to control acceleration of the marine vessel and sets the initial target propulsion power to a value larger than a propulsion power corresponding to a threshold in a normal mode when the accelerator is operated not less than the threshold in an acceleration mode. 5. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 1, wherein the initial target propulsion power is adjusted according to an acceleration level. 6. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power based on the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel, the initial target propulsion power, and the final target propulsion power. 7. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 6, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to set an intermediate target propulsion power to less than the final target propulsion power based on the final target propulsion power and to change the target propulsion power based on the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel, the initial target propulsion power, and the intermediate target propulsion power. 8. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 7, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power such that the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel and the target propulsion power intersect with each other at the intermediate target propulsion power. 9. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 8, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power such that a ratio of a difference between the intermediate target propulsion power and the initial target propulsion power to the intermediate target propulsion power is equal or substantially equal to a ratio of a difference between the target propulsion power and the initial target propulsion power to the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel. 10. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 7, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power based on the final target propulsion power after the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel reaches the intermediate target propulsion power. 11. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 7, wherein the intermediate target propulsion power is adjusted according to an acceleration level. 12. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 1, further comprising an accelerator that is manipulated to adjust the propulsion power of the marine vessel; wherein the controller is configured or programmed to compare a first target propulsion power corresponding to an operation of the accelerator with a second target propulsion power calculated based on the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel, and to select a smaller value of the first target propulsion power and the second target propulsion power as the target propulsion power. 13. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 1, wherein the final target propulsion power is set by a user. 14. An acceleration control system for a marine vessel, the acceleration control system comprising: an actual propulsion power detector that detects an actual value of a propulsion power including a rotational speed of a propulsion device of the marine vessel or a speed of the marine vessel; a setting controller configured or programmed to set a final target propulsion power of the marine vessel; and a controller configured or programmed to calculate a target propulsion power of the marine vessel and to control the propulsion device based on the target propulsion power; wherein the controller is configured or programmed to set an intermediate target propulsion power to less than the final target propulsion power based on the final target propulsion power, to set the target propulsion power based on the intermediate target propulsion power until an actual propulsion power of the marine vessel reaches the intermediate target propulsion power, and to set the target propulsion power based on the final target propulsion power after the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel reaches the intermediate target propulsion power. 15. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 14, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to set the intermediate target propulsion power to about \u00bd or more of the final target propulsion power. 16. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 14, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power based on the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel and the intermediate target propulsion power. 17. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 14, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power such that the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel and the target propulsion power intersect with each other at the intermediate target propulsion power. 18. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 17, wherein the controller is configured or programmed to change the target propulsion power such that a ratio of a difference between the intermediate target propulsion power and the target propulsion power at an initial time to the intermediate target propulsion power is equal or substantially equal to a ratio of a difference between the target propulsion power and the target propulsion power at the initial time to the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel. 19. The acceleration control system for a marine vessel according to claim 14, wherein an acceleration rate of the marine vessel is larger before the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel reaches the intermediate target propulsion power than after the actual propulsion power of the marine vessel reaches the intermediate target propulsion power.",
-    "An eight cylinder engine includes cylinders that are fired at intervals corresponding to a crank angle of 90 degrees. The firing is conducted in four cylinders of each of first and second banks at uneven intervals. In a pair of cylinders of each of the banks in which the firing is consecutively conducted at an interval corresponding to a crank angle of 90 degrees, a central angle of an exhaust cam provided for one cylinder in which the firing is conducted later is larger than that of an exhaust cam provided for the other cylinder. In a pair of cylinders of each of the banks in which the firing is consecutively conducted at an interval corresponding to a crank angle of 270 degrees, a central angle of an exhaust cam provided for one cylinder in which the firing is conducted later is larger than that of an exhaust cam provided for the other cylinder. 1. A V8 engine comprising: a first bank including four cylinders; a second bank including four cylinders, the second bank being disposed in a V-shaped alignment with the first bank; an exhaust pathway including a first aggregated portion and a second aggregated portion, the first aggregated portion joining exhaust gases from the four cylinders of the first bank therein, and the second aggregated portion joining exhaust gases from the four cylinders of the second bank therein; a plurality of exhaust valves that open and close exhaust ports in the cylinders; and a plurality of exhaust cams that drive the plurality of exhaust valves; wherein firing is conducted in the eight cylinders at intervals corresponding respectively to a crank angle of 90 degrees; the firing is conducted in the four cylinders of the first bank at uneven intervals; the firing is conducted in the four cylinders of the second bank at uneven intervals; in a pair of cylinders of the first bank in which the firing is consecutively conducted at an interval corresponding to a crank angle of 90 degrees, a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for one cylinder in which the firing is conducted later is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for the other cylinder in which the firing is conducted earlier; in a pair of cylinders of the second bank in which the firing is consecutively conducted at an interval corresponding to a crank angle of 90 degrees, a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for one cylinder in which the firing is conducted later is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for the other cylinder in which the firing is conducted earlier; in a pair of cylinders of the first bank in which the firing is consecutively conducted at an interval corresponding to a crank angle of 270 degrees, a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for one cylinder in which the firing is conducted later is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for the other cylinder in which the firing is conducted earlier; and in a pair of cylinders of the second bank in which the firing is consecutively conducted at an interval corresponding to a crank angle of 270 degrees, a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for one cylinder in which the firing is conducted later is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for the other cylinder in which the firing is conducted earlier. 2. The V8 engine according to claim 1, wherein in each of the first and second banks, the central angles of the exhaust cams for cylinders in which the firing is not consecutively conducted are equal. 3. The V8 engine according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of intake valves that open and close intake ports of the cylinders; and a plurality of intake cams that drive the plurality of intake valves; wherein central angles of the plurality of intake cams for the eight cylinders are equal. 4. The V8 engine according to claim 1, wherein the first bank includes a first cylinder, a third cylinder, a fifth cylinder, and a seventh cylinder; the second bank includes a second cylinder, a fourth cylinder, a sixth cylinder, and an eighth cylinder; and the firing is sequentially conducted in the first cylinder, the eighth cylinder, the fourth cylinder, the third cylinder, the sixth cylinder, the fifth cylinder, the seventh cylinder, and then the second cylinder. 5. The V8 engine according to claim 1, wherein the first aggregated portion and the second aggregated portion are disposed between the first bank and the second bank. 6. The V8 engine according to claim 5, wherein the exhaust pathway further includes a third aggregated portion that joins the first aggregated portion and the second aggregated portion; and the third aggregated portion is disposed between the first bank and the second bank. 7. The V8 engine according to claim 6, further comprising a catalyst disposed within the third aggregated portion. 8. A V8 engine comprising: a first bank including four cylinders; a second bank including four cylinders, the second bank being disposed in a V-shaped alignment with the first bank; an exhaust pathway including a first aggregated portion and a second aggregated portion, the first aggregated portion joining exhaust gases from the four cylinders of the first bank therein, and the second aggregated portion joining exhaust gases from the four cylinders of the second bank therein; a plurality of exhaust valves that open and close exhaust ports of the cylinders; and a plurality of exhaust cams that drive the plurality of exhaust valves; wherein firing is conducted in the eight cylinders at intervals respectively corresponding to a crank angle of 90 degrees, and when the firing is conducted first in a predetermined cylinder of the eight cylinders: a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted seventh is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for the predetermined cylinder in which the firing is conducted first; a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted third is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted fifth; a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted fourth is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted sixth; and a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted eighth is larger than a central angle of the exhaust cam provided for a cylinder in which the firing is conducted second. 9. The V8 engine according to claim 8, wherein the cylinder in which the firing is conducted seventh and the cylinder in which the firing is conducted first are included in the same bank; the cylinder in which the firing is conducted third and the cylinder in which the firing is conducted fifth are included in the same bank; the cylinder in which the firing is conducted fourth and the cylinder in which the firing is conducted sixth are included in the same bank; and the cylinder in which the firing is conducted eighth and the cylinder in which the firing is conducted second are included in the same bank. 10. The V8 engine according to claim 8, wherein, in each of the first and second banks, the central angles of the exhaust cams provided for cylinders in which the firing is not consecutively conducted are equal. 11. The V8 engine according to claim 8, further comprising: a plurality of intake valves that open and close intake ports of the cylinders; and a plurality of intake cams that drive the plurality of intake valves; wherein central angles of the intake cams for the eight cylinders are equal. 12. The V8 engine according to claim 8, wherein the first aggregated portion and the second aggregated portion are disposed between the first bank and the second bank. 13. The V8 engine according to claim 12, wherein the exhaust pathway further includes a third aggregated portion joining the first aggregated portion and the second aggregated portion; and the third aggregated portion is disposed between the first bank and the second bank. 14. The V8 engine according to claim 13, further comprising a catalyst disposed within the third aggregated portion. 15. An outboard motor comprising: the V8 engine according to claim 1; a driveshaft driven by the engine and extending in a vertical direction; and a propeller shaft connected to the driveshaft and extending in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the driveshaft.",
-    "A floor covering system can include sensors below a top surface of a floor covering and that can communicate data to a controller for monitoring events occurring in the room with the floor covering. The sensors can include a wireless transmitter associated with a tile connector, a pressure sensor, and a force sensor. The tile connector is positioned between a floor and a floor covering to connect tiles of the floor covering together. The pressure sensor is positioned between the floor and the floor covering. The force sensor is positioned between the floor and the floor covering. The controller is configured for receiving data from the pressure sensor, the wireless transmitter, and the force sensor. 1. A floor covering system, comprising: at least one tile connector with a wireless transmitter and positionable between a floor and a floor covering to connect tiles of the floor covering together; a pressure sensor positionable between the floor and the floor covering; a force sensor positionable between the floor and the floor covering; and a controller configured for receiving data from the pressure sensor, the wireless transmitter, and the force sensor. 2. The floor covering system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured for communicatively coupling to the force sensor and the pressure sensor by at least one communication cable. 3. The floor covering system of claim 2, further comprising a power source configured for coupling to the force sensor and the pressure sensor by at least one power cable. 4. The floor covering system of claim 3, wherein the power source includes a main power source and a battery that is configured for coupling to the force sensor and the pressure sensor. 5. The floor covering system of claim 3, wherein the at least one communication cable and the at least one power cable are configured to at least partially traverse under a surface of the floor covering. 6. The floor covering system of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor and the force sensor are associated with one or more transmitters, the controller being configured for communicatively coupling to the pressure sensor and the force sensor wirelessly through the one or more transmitters. 7. The floor covering system of claim 6, further comprising a power source configured for providing power wirelessly to the pressure sensor and the force sensor. 8. The floor covering system of claim 1, wherein the wireless transmitter is a radio-frequency identification (RFID) transmitter, the controller being configured for communicatively coupling to the RFID transmitter through an RFID reader that wirelessly receives data from the RFID transmitter. 9. The floor covering system of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor is a piezoelectric sensor and the force sensor is an accelerometer, wherein the controller is configured for receiving location data from the wireless transmitter, pressure data from the piezoelectric sensor, and force data from the accelerometer, the controller including or being communicatively coupled to a data analysis system that is configured to analyze the location data, the pressure data, and the force data to identify an event in a room with the floor covering, indicated by the location data, the pressure data, and the force data, wherein the controller is configured for communicating via a network with a device to output an alert of the event indicated by the location data, the pressure data, and the force data. 10. The floor covering system of claim 1, further comprising: an underlayment positionable between the at least one tile connector and the floor, the underlayment including the pressure sensor. 11. The floor covering system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tile connector is a tactile that includes the force sensor and the pressure sensor. 12. The floor covering system of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor is a piezoelectric sensor that is configured for responding to forces impacting a surface of the floor covering by outputting a power signal for powering the force sensor. 13. A floor installation, comprising: a plurality of tiles forming a floor covering that covers at least part of a floor, at least some tiles of the plurality of tiles being connected together by tile connectors that are positioned between the plurality of tiles and the floor, the tile connectors including location-tracking sensors configured to provide location data to a controller; at least one pressure sensor positioned between the floor and the floor covering and configured to provide pressure data to the controller; and at least one force sensor positioned between the floor and the floor covering and configured to provide force data to the controller. 14. The floor installation of claim 13, wherein the at least one pressure sensor is at least one piezoelectric sensor, the at least one force sensor is at least one accelerometer, and the location-tracking sensors being radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors, the floor installation further comprising: the controller communicatively coupled to the at least one piezoelectric sensor, the at least one accelerometer, and a reader configured for wirelessly receiving the location data from the RFID transmitters; and a power source system configured for providing power to the at least one piezoelectric sensor and the at least one accelerometer. 15. The floor installation of claim 14, further comprising: a power cable coupling the power source system to the at least one piezoelectric sensor and the at least one accelerometer, the power cable being at least partially below a top surface of the floor covering; and a communication cable communicatively coupling the controller to the at least one piezoelectric sensor and the at least one accelerometer, the communication cable being at least partially below the top surface of the floor covering, wherein the reader is configured to wirelessly transmit the location data from the RFID transmitters to the controller. 16. The floor installation of claim 14, wherein the power source system is configured for wirelessly providing power to the at least one accelerometer and the at least one piezoelectric sensor, wherein the controller is configured for wirelessly receiving data from the at least one accelerometer and the at least one piezoelectric sensor. 17. The floor installation of claim 13, wherein the tile connectors with location-tracking sensors form a grid over the floor, wherein the controller is configured to use the location data, the pressure data, and the force data to identify an event in a room with the floor covering, indicated by the location data, the pressure data, and the force data, wherein the controller is configured for communicating via a network with a device to output an alert of the event indicated by the location data, the pressure data, and the force data. 18. The floor installation of claim 13, wherein the at least one pressure sensor and the at least one force sensor are positioned on a tile connector. 19. The floor installation of claim 13, further comprising an underlayment positioned between the tile connectors and the floor, the underlayment including the at least one pressure sensor and the at least one force sensor. 20. A method, comprising: receiving location data associated with an event occurring in a room from a wireless transmitter on a tile connector that connects tiles to form a floor covering for a floor of the room, the tile connector being between a top surface of the floor covering and the floor; receiving pressure data associated with the event occurring in the room from a pressure sensor positioned between the floor covering and the floor; receiving force data associated with the event occurring in the room from a force sensor positioned between the floor covering and the floor; and analyzing the location data, the pressure data, and the force data to determine the event is occurring and outputting an alert to a user device to indicate that the event is occurring.",
-    "A battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity includes: a battery capacity detection unit, a main control unit, a digital display unit, and a triggering unit, where the battery capacity detection unit is configured to detect capacity information of the battery module after the triggering unit is triggered; the main control unit is electrically connected to the battery capacity detection unit, and is configured to receive the capacity information of the battery module, and generate a display signal according to the capacity information of the battery module; and the digital display unit is electrically connected to the main control unit, and is configured to display a remaining capacity of the battery module under the control of the display signal. With the battery module, a user can independently, quickly, intuitively, and highly precisely observe a current battery capacity in real time. 1. A battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity, comprising: a battery capacity detection unit, a main control unit, a digital display unit, and a triggering unit, wherein the battery capacity detection unit is configured to detect capacity information of the battery module after the triggering unit is triggered; the main control unit is electrically connected to the battery capacity detection unit, and is configured to receive the capacity information of the battery module, and generate a display signal according to the capacity information of the battery module; and the digital display unit is electrically connected to the main control unit, and is configured to display a remaining capacity of the battery module under the control of the display signal. 2. The battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity according to claim 1, further comprising: a wireless transmission unit, wherein the wireless transmission unit is electrically connected to the main control unit, and is configured to receive a control command of a control terminal and wirelessly transmit the capacity information of the battery module to the control terminal. 3. The battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity according to claim 1, wherein the capacity information comprises any one or a combination of a battery voltage, a battery working current, and a battery level. 4. The battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity according to claim 1, wherein the digital display unit is a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen or a light emitting diode (LED) display screen. 5. The battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity according to claim 1, wherein the battery module comprises a housing; a lower opening of the housing is provided with a lower cover; an upper opening of the housing is provided with an upper cover; an electrochemical cell provided in the housing abuts onto the upper cover and the lower cover; a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) is fastened to an upper part of the upper cover through a support; the PCBA is provided with a digital display screen; the upper part of the upper cover is further provided with a surface housing; the surface housing and the upper cover are fastened, and enable the PCBA and the support to be accommodated between the surface housing and the upper cover; and the surface housing is provided with a lens capable of transparently displaying the digital display screen. 6. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with the battery module according to claim 1, comprising: a UAV body, wherein the UAV body is provided with the battery module with a high-precision digital display of a battery capacity that supplies power to the UAV body; and the control terminal, wherein the main control unit sends the capacity information of the battery module to the control terminal through a communication module of the UAV body, and the capacity information of the battery module is displayed on a display screen of the control terminal. 7. The UAV according to claim 6, wherein the UAV body further comprises: a positioning and navigating module, configured to determine a current coordinate position of the UAV and obtain, according to the current coordinate position, return route information; and a control module, configured to obtain a battery level value for a safe return according to the capacity information of the battery module and the return route information, and control the UAV to execute a return task when the battery module has the battery level value for a safe return. 8. The UAV according to claim 6, wherein the battery module further comprises: a wireless transmission unit, wherein the wireless transmission unit is electrically connected to the main control unit, and is configured to receive a control command of a control terminal and wirelessly transmit the capacity information of the battery module to the control terminal. 9. The UAV according to claim 8, wherein the UAV body further comprises: a positioning and navigating module, configured to determine a current coordinate position of the UAV and obtain, according to the current coordinate position, return route information; and a control module, configured to obtain a battery level value for a safe return according to the capacity information of the battery module and the return route information, and control the UAV to execute a return task when the battery module has the battery level value for a safe return. 10. The UAV according to claim 6, wherein the capacity information comprises any one or a combination of a battery voltage, a battery working current, and a battery level. 11. The UAV according to claim 10, wherein the UAV body further comprises: a positioning and navigating module, configured to determine a current coordinate position of the UAV and obtain, according to the current coordinate position, return route information; and a control module, configured to obtain a battery level value for a safe return according to the capacity information of the battery module and the return route information, and control the UAV to execute a return task when the battery module has the battery level value for a safe return. 12. The UAV according to claim 6, wherein the digital display unit is a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen or a light emitting diode (LED) display screen. 13. The UAV according to claim 12, wherein the UAV body further comprises: a positioning and navigating module, configured to determine a current coordinate position of the UAV and obtain, according to the current coordinate position, return route information; and a control module, configured to obtain a battery level value for a safe return according to the capacity information of the battery module and the return route information, and control the UAV to execute a return task when the battery module has the battery level value for a safe return. 14. The UAV according to claim 6, wherein the battery module comprises a housing; a lower opening of the housing is provided with a lower cover; an upper opening of the housing is provided with an upper cover; an electrochemical cell provided in the housing abuts onto the upper cover and the lower cover; a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) is fastened to an upper part of the upper cover through a support; the PCBA is provided with a digital display screen; the upper part of the upper cover is further provided with a surface housing; the surface housing and the upper cover are fastened, and enable the PCBA and the support to be accommodated between the surface housing and the upper cover; and the surface housing is provided with a lens capable of transparently displaying the digital display screen. 15. The UAV according to claim 14, wherein the UAV body further comprises: a positioning and navigating module, configured to determine a current coordinate position of the UAV and obtain, according to the current coordinate position, return route information; and a control module, configured to obtain a battery level value for a safe return according to the capacity information of the battery module and the return route information, and control the UAV to execute a return task when the battery module has the battery level value for a safe return.",
-    "A method and system for locating a tag. The system has a first receiver configured to receive a signal from a tag. The first receiver has at least two antennas each configured to receive the signal. The system is configured to calculate a first angle of arrival of the signal at the first receiver based on a distance between a first set of two antennas of the first receiver and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of the first set. The tag has a tag antenna that is configured to transmit signals having a wide bandwidth and has a frequency independent phase center and wherein the signal is an ultra wideband signal having one or more pulses. 1. A system for locating a tag, the system comprising a first receiver configured to receive a signal from a tag, wherein the first receiver comprises at least two antennas each configured to receive the signal, wherein the system is configured to calculate a first angle of arrival of the signal at the first receiver based on a distance between a first set of two antennas of the first receiver and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of the first set, wherein the tag comprises a tag antenna that is configured to transmit signals having a wide bandwidth and has a frequency independent phase center and wherein the signal is an ultra wideband signal comprising one or more pulses. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system is further configured to calculate a second angle of arrival of the signal at the first receiver based on a distance between a second set of two antennas of the first receiver and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of the second set, wherein the system is further configured to calculate a position of the tag based on the first angle of arrival and the second angle of arrival. 3. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a second receiver configured to receive the signal from the tag, wherein the second receiver comprises at least two antennas each configured to receive the signal, wherein the system is configured to calculate a third angle of arrival of the signal at the second receiver based on a distance between a third set of two antennas of the second receiver and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of the third set, wherein the system is further configured to calculate a position of the tag based on the first angle of arrival and the third angle of arrival. 4. The system according to claim 1, comprising a time to digital converter configured to output an indication of the time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of a set, wherein an arrival of a pulse at a first of the two antennas of the set triggers a start of a timer of the time to digital converter and wherein the arrival of the pulse at a second of the two antennas of the set triggers a stop of the timer. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least one receiver further comprises a pulse generator for generating a further signal, wherein the at least one receiver comprises a time to digital converter configured to output an indication of the time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of a set, wherein a first peak in a first subsampled signal triggers a start of a timer of the time to digital converter, the first subsampled signal obtained from the signal at a first of the two antennas in the set and the further signal, and wherein a second peak in a second subsampled signal triggers a stop of the timer, the second subsampled signal obtained from the signal at a second of the two antennas in the set and the further signal. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least one receiver further comprises a pulse generator for generating a further signal, wherein the at least one receiver comprises a cross-correlator configured to output an indication of the time difference of arrival of the signal at the two antennas of a set, wherein the at least one receiver is configured to generate a first subsampled signal from the signal at a first of the two antennas in the set and the further signal and to generate a second subsampled signal from the signal at a second of the two antennas in the set and the further signal, and wherein the cross-correlator is configured to digitize and Fourier transform the first subsampled signal and the second subsampled signal, to multiply the digitized and Fourier transformed first subsampled signal and the digitized and Fourier transformed second subsampled signal to obtain a multiplied signal, and to inverse Fourier transform the multiplied signal to obtain the indication of the time difference of arrival. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system is configured to calculate the angle of arrival based on an average time difference of arrival of two or more pulses of the signal. 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the tag antenna is a leaky lens antenna. 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein two sets of two antennas of a receiver are used for calculating an angle of arrival in a first plane and an angle of arrival in a second plane different from the first plane, respectively. 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein the tag is one of: a wearable tag for locating and/or tracking a person; and a tag in or on an object such as a sports object (e.g. a ball), for locating and/or tracking the object. 11. A first receiver for use in a system for locating a tag according to claim 1. 12. A method for locating a tag, the method comprising: receiving a signal from a tag in a first antenna of a first receiver; receiving the signal from the tag in a second antenna of the first receiver; and calculating a first angle of arrival of the signal at the first receiver based on a distance between the first antenna and the second antenna and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the first antenna and the second antenna, wherein the tag comprises a tag antenna that is configured to transmit signals having a wide bandwidth and has a frequency independent phase center and wherein the signal is an ultra wideband signal comprising one or more pulses. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising: receiving the signal from the tag in a third antenna of the first receiver; calculating a second angle of arrival of the signal at the first receiver based on a distance between the first antenna and the third antenna and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the first antenna and the third antenna; and calculating a position of the tag based on the first angle of arrival and the second angle of arrival. 14. The method according to claim 12, further comprising: receiving the signal from the tag in a fourth antenna of a second receiver; receiving the signal from the tag in a fifth antenna of the second receiver; calculating a third angle of arrival of the signal at the second receiver based on a distance between the fourth antenna and the fifth antenna and a time difference of arrival of the signal at the fourth antenna and the fifth antenna; and calculating a position of the tag based on the first angle of arrival and the third angle of arrival. 15. The method according to claim 12, further comprising: triggering a start of a timer of a time to digital converter by an arrival of a pulse at a first antenna of a set of two antennas; triggering a stop of the timer by the arrival of the pulse at a second antenna of the set of two antennas; and outputting an indication of the time difference of arrival of the pulse at the first antenna of the set and the second antenna of the set. 16. The method according to claim 12, further comprising: generating a further signal by a pulse generator; generating a first subsampled signal from the signal at a first antenna of a set of two antennas and the further signal; generating a second subsampled signal from the signal at a second antenna of the set of two antennas and the further signal; triggering with a first peak in the first subsampled signal a start of a timer of a time to digital converter; triggering with a second peak in the second subsampled signal a stop of the timer; and outputting an indication of the time difference of arrival of the signal at the first antenna of the set of two antennas and the second antenna of the set of two antennas based on the start and stop of the timer. 17. The method according to claim 12, further comprising: generating a further signal by a pulse generator; generating a first subsampled signal from the signal at a first antenna of a set of two antennas and the further signal; generating a second subsampled signal from the signal at a second antenna of the set of two antennas and the further signal; digitizing and Fourier transforming the first subsampled signal and the second subsampled signal by a cross-correlator; multiplying the digitized and Fourier transformed first subsampled signal and the digitized and Fourier transformed second subsampled signal by the cross-correlator to obtain a multiplied signal; and inverse Fourier transform the multiplied signal by the cross-correlator to obtain an indication of the time difference of arrival. 18. The method according to claim 12, further comprising calculating the angle of arrival based on an average time difference of arrival of two or more pulses of the signal. 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the tag antenna is a leaky lens antenna. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein two sets of two antennas of a receiver are used for calculating an angle of arrival in a first plane and an angle of arrival in a second plane different from the first plane, respectively. 21. The method according to claim 12, wherein the tag is one of: a wearable tag for locating and/or tracking a person; and a tag in or on an object such as a sports object (e.g. a ball), for locating and/or tracking the object.",
-    "A faucet with two outlets includes a main body, an outlet pipe, a hot water inlet conduit, a cold water inlet conduit, a cold water conduit, a filtered water conduit and a switch member. The outlet pipe has an inner channel and an outer channel. Filtered water flows through the inner channel, running water flows through the outer channel. The switch member laterally formed a peripheral wall of the main body, and having a valve core being mounted inside the main body. The valve core has control filtered water or running water outlet from the outlet pipe. The faucet with two outlets respectively outputs filtered water and running water through two different waterways in the outlet pipe and ensures simple structure, convenient operation and multiple water output modes. 1. A faucet with two outlets comprising: a main body having a top end and a bottom end, wherein the top end serves as an extended portion of an outlet pipe, and the bottom end is connected with a hot water inlet conduit, a cold water inlet conduit, a cold water conduit and, a filtered water conduit, wherein the filter water conduit is adapted to connect with an outlet of a water purification device; and a switch member laterally formed on a peripheral wall of the main body, and having: a valve core rotated according to two types of water output modes to control filtered water or running water to flow out of the outlet pipe; a knob mounted in the main body; a button coupled to the knob by a spring connection, and pressed down for the knob to be turned radially; a limit ring mounted on a periphery of the valve core; and a pin axially mounted inside the limit ring and the knob. 2. The faucet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the limit ring has a bore axially formed in the limit ring, and a pin mounted inside the bore and securely mounted inside the knob. 3. The faucet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the valve core has: a housing being cylindrical and having a top opening and a bottom opening; a rotary stem mounted inside the housing, protruding beyond the top opening of the housing, and having: a connector formed on an outer end of the rotary stem and engaging an inner portion of the knob through splined connection; and multiple bumps formed around and protruding radially from a perimeter of a bottom surface of the rotary stem, and spaced apart from each other by gaps; a rotary tile mounted inside the housing and having: a slot centrally formed in an inner surface of the rotary tile; a rotary lid mounted between the rotary stem and the rotary tile; a stationary tile having four guide holes; and a base mounted on a bottom of the housing and having a cold inlet hole, a hot inlet hole, a filtered hole, and a mixed outlet hole formed through the base and communicating with the four guide holes of the stationary tile. 4. The faucet as claimed in claim 3, wherein a bolt and a spring are mounted in an inner wall of the housing to connected with the rotary lid. 5. The faucet as claimed in claim 3, wherein a first collar seal and a second collar seal are respectively mounted in an outer surface and an inner surface of the base to formed hermetic seal among the stationary tile, the main body and the base.",
-    "An x-ray recording system contains an x-ray emitter for generating a beam used for imaging, an imaging x-ray detector with a two-dimensional or three-dimensional recording geometry for determining the attenuation of the rays of the beam, a patient bearing and/or positioning device for a patient in a recording region of the x-ray recording system between the x-ray emitter and the x-ray detector. A time of flight (TOF) camera is arranged for establishing the contour of the patient and a computer with a memory and software stored therein is present, which computer unit is embodied, during operation, to generate a three-dimensional wire model of the patient with joint locations arranged therein from the contour of the patient recorded by the TOF camera and to simulate and display at least one anatomical structure scaled to the wire model. 1. An x-ray recording system, comprising: an x-ray emitter for generating a beam used for imaging; an imaging x-ray detector with a two-dimensional or three-dimensional recording geometry for determining an attenuation of rays of the beam; a patient bearing and/or positioning device for a patient, in a recording region of the x-ray recording system between said x-ray emitter and said x-ray detector; at least one time-of-flight (TOF) camera for establishing a contour of the patient; and a computer unit with a memory and software stored in said memory, said computer unit embodied, during operation, to generate a three-dimensional wire model of the patient with joint locations disposed therein from the contour of the patient recorded by said TOF camera and to simulate and display at least one anatomical structure scaled to the three-dimensional wire model. 2. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one anatomical structure is a structure selected from the group consisting of a skeleton, a venous and/or arterial structure, and an organ structure. 3. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, further comprising a projection system for projecting the at least one anatomical structure onto the patient situated on said patient bearing and/or positioning device. 4. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein said software stored in said computer unit is embodied to set a patient positioning in an automated manner in accordance with the at least one anatomical structure on a basis of a predetermined recording region by setting said patient bearing and/or positioning device and/or setting location and position of said x-ray emitter and/or said x-ray detector relative to one another and to the patient. 5. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, further comprising: a monitor; and an optical camera for depicting the patient on said monitor, wherein the software stored in said computer unit is embodied to superpose, on said monitor, the at least one anatomical structure with a representation of the patient. 6. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein the software stored in said computer unit is embodied to display the recording region to be irradiated by the beam. 7. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein the software stored in said computer unit is embodied to automatically align a spatial position of said x-ray emitter in accordance with regions of the at least one anatomical structure to be recorded. 8. The x-ray recording system according to claim 7, further comprising a table or database specifying an ideal alignment of said x-ray emitter relative to a region of the anatomical structure. 9. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein said TOF camera is part of a KINECT or XTION acquisition system. 10. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein said TOF camera is disposed next to said x-ray emitter or next to said x-ray detector. 11. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein the x-ray recording system is configured as a C-arm system. 12. The x-ray recording system according to claim 1, wherein the x-ray recording system is embodied as a projective radiography system. 13. The x-ray recording system according to claim 12, further comprising articulated arms, said x-ray emitter and said x-ray detector are disposed on said articulated arms in a manner independent of one another and freely movable in space.",
-    "A monitoring system includes a plurality of image-capturing apparatuses each including an event detector that executes on a corresponding captured image at least one of a plurality of processing algorithms for detection of a monitor event, and a transmission controller that outputs to a network only a processing result of the executed processing algorithm when a monitor event is not detected and that outputs to the network at least the captured image when a monitor event is detected; and a management apparatus managing the plurality of image-capturing apparatuses via the network and including an event determination unit that determines occurrence of a monitor event in accordance with the received processing result and a record controller that records the received captured image. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A camera system comprising: (1) an image-capturing apparatus including an event detector configured to process first event detection on a corresponding captured image for a first event, and a transmitter configured to output to a network a processing result of the first event detection without the image; and (2) a management apparatus including a receiver configured to receive the processing result of the first event detection, from the image-capturing apparatus via the network, an event determination unit configured to determine occurrence of a second event in accordance with the received processing result of the first event detection, and a request sending unit configured to send the request for the image when the second event occurs, to receive a captured image. 14. The camera system according to claim 13, further comprising: a storage medium storing the captured image received via the network. 15. The camera system according to claim 13, further comprising: a display device displaying the captured image received via the network. 16. The camera system according to claim 13, wherein the processing result of the first event detection at the event detector includes position information relating to a detected moving object. 17. The camera system according to claim 16, wherein the second event is an intrusion of the detected moving object into a set area. 18. The camera system according to claim 13, wherein the processing result of the first event detection at the event detector includes information indicating existence of a non-moving object. 19. The camera system according to claim 18, wherein the second event is detecting a non-moving object being in a set area in a predetermined period. 20. A management apparatus comprising: a receiver configured to receive a processing result of a first event detection, from an image-capturing apparatus via a network, an event determination unit configured to determine occurrence of a second event in accordance with the received processing result of the first event detection, and a request sending unit configured to send a request for an image when the second event occurs, to receive a captured image. 21. The management apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the processing result of the first event detection at an event detector includes position information relating to a detected moving object. 22. The management apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the second event is an intrusion of the detected moving object into a set area. 23. The management apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the processing result of the first event detection at an event detector includes information indicating existence of a non-moving object. 24. The management apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the second event is detecting a non-moving object being in a set area in a predetermined period. 25. A method for detecting an occurrence of an event by a management apparatus comprising the steps of: receiving a processing result of a first event detection, from an image-capturing apparatus via a network; determining occurrence of a second event in accordance with the received processing result of the first event detection; and sending a request for an image when the second event occurs, to receive a captured image.",
-    "A conductor includes a plurality of metal nanostructures having a circular cross-sectional shape, where each of the metal nanostructure is surrounded by an organic material having a thickness of less than or equal to about 0.5 nm. A method of manufacturing a conductor includes preparing a metal nanostructure having a polygonal cross-sectional shape, and providing a metal nanostructure having a circular cross-sectional shape by supplying light to the metal nanostructure having a polygonal cross-sectional shape. 1. A conductor comprising a plurality of metal nanostructures having a circular cross-sectional shape, wherein each of the metal nanostructure is surrounded by an organic material having a thickness of less than or equal to about 0.5 nm. 2. The conductor of claim 1, wherein the conductor has a haze of less than about 0.65. 3. The conductor of claim 1, wherein the metal nanostructure comprises silver, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof. 4. The conductor of claim 1, wherein the organic material comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, alkyl sodium sulfate, laurylamine, hydroxypropyl cellulose or a combination thereof. 5. The conductor of claim 1, wherein the conductor has a light transmittance of greater than or equal to about 85% at about 550 nm and a sheet resistance of less than or equal to about 60 \u03a9/sq. 6. The conductor of claim 1, wherein a light absorption spectrum of the metal nanostructure has a single peak. 7. The conductor of claim 6, wherein the single peak of light absorption spectrum is in a wavelength region of about 360 nm to about 400 nm. 8. A method of manufacturing a conductor, the method comprising: preparing a metal nanostructure having a polygonal cross-sectional shape; and providing a metal nanostructure having a circular cross-sectional shape by supplying light to the metal nanostructure having the polygonal cross-sectional shape. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal nanostructure comprises silver, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the light comprises ultraviolet light, laser light or a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the light is the ultraviolet light, and the ultraviolet light is irradiated in an intensity in a range of about 1 J/cm2 to about 50 J/cm2. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: preparing a conductive film before or after the providing the metal nanostructure having the circular cross-sectional shape. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the preparing the conductive film is performed before the providing the metal nanostructure having a circular cross-sectional shape, wherein the preparing the conductive film comprises: preparing a conductive ink comprising the metal nanostructure having the polygonal cross-sectional shape and a solvent; applying the conductive ink on a substrate; and drying the conductive ink to provide the conductive film, wherein the metal nanostructure having the polygonal cross-sectional shape is converted to the metal nanostructure having the circular cross-sectional shape by supplying the light to the conductive film. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the providing the conductive film is performed after the preparing the metal nanostructure having the circular cross-sectional shape, wherein the providing the conductive film comprises: preparing a conductive ink comprising the metal nanostructure having the circular cross-sectional shape and a solvent; applying the conductive ink on a substrate; and drying the conductive ink to provide the conductive film. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal nanostructure having the polygonal cross-sectional shape is surrounded by an organic material having a first thickness, and the metal nanostructure having the circular cross-sectional shape is surrounded with the organic material having a second thickness thinner than the first thickness. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second thickness is less than or equal to about 0.5 nm. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the organic material comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, alkyl sodium sulfate, laurylamine, hydroxypropyl cellulose or a combination thereof. 18. An electronic device comprising the conductor of claim 1. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the electronic device comprises a liquid crystal display, an organic light emitting diode display, a touch screen panel, a solar cell, a photoelectronic device or a sensor.",
-    "An apparatus for extracting sanding dust from rotary sanders includes a suction hood disposed on a suction pipe and enclosing a drive group and a flexible or moveable grinding head which faces the surface to be machined. A sealing profile leads around the entire periphery of the suction hood and at least one secondary air valve disposed in the suction pipe is configured in such a way that an opening in the suction pipe is regulated by the secondary air valve. The suction hood has at least one auxiliary air hole which penetrates the suction hood from the surface to the interior of the suction hood. 1. An apparatus for extracting sanding dust from rotary sanders, the apparatus comprising: a flexible grinding head facing a surface to be machined; a drive group; a suction pipe; a suction hood disposed on said suction pipe and enclosing said drive group and said flexible grinding head, said suction hood having an outer periphery and a sealing profile leading entirely around said outer periphery of said suction hood, said suction hood having an outer surface, an interior and at least one auxiliary air hole penetrating said suction hood from said outer surface to said interior of said suction hood; and at least one secondary air valve disposed in said suction pipe and configured to regulate an opening in said suction pipe. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said sealing profile is formed of brushes. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said sealing profile is formed as a silicone lip. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said at least one auxiliary air hole is a plurality of auxiliary air holes distributed in a uniform circular ring on said suction hood.",
-    "Disclosed are an image processing device, an imaging device, an image processing method, and a program capable of acquiring a moving image with excellent image quality while maintaining continuity of a restoration process between frames even if there is a rapid change of a photographing environment in a moving image. An image processing device includes a restoration control processing unit 36 which subjects a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data. The restoration control processing unit 36 controls the restoration process for a frame to be processed among a plurality of frames based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series. 1. An image processing device comprising: a restoration control processing unit which subjects a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data, wherein the restoration control processing unit controls the restoration process for a frame to be processed among the plurality of frames based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series, and wherein the imaging information includes photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 2. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the reference frame includes a frame before the frame to be processed in a time series. 3. The image processing device according to claim 2 wherein the reference frame includes a frame immediately before and a frame immediately after the frame to be processed in a time series. 4. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the restoration control processing unit controls the restoration process for the frame to be processed based on the imaging information of the reference frame and the imaging information of the frame to be processed. 5. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the photographing condition information includes at least one of a diaphragm value and a zoom magnification. 6. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the restoration control processing unit performs the restoration process based on the most frequent photographing condition among the photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 7. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the restoration process includes a filtering process using a restoration filter based on the point spread function, and the restoration control processing unit performs a filtering process using, as a restoration filter, a filter calculated based on a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the reference frame for the frame to be processed to perform the restoration process for the frame to be processed. 8. The image processing device according to claim 7, wherein the restoration control processing unit performs a filtering process using, as a restoration filter, a filter calculated from a weighted average of a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the reference frame for the frame to be processed to perform the restoration process for the frame to be processed. 9. The image processing device according to claim 7, wherein the restoration control processing unit sets image data calculated from a weighted average of image data calculated by applying a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the frame to be processed to the frame to be processed and image data calculated by applying a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the reference frame to the reference frame as the recovered image data of the frame to be processed. 10. The image processing device according to claim 7, further comprising: an object detection unit which detects motion of an object of the moving image, wherein, in case where the motion amount of the object in the frame to be processed and the reference frame detected by the object detection unit is equal to or greater than a threshold value, the restoration control processing unit performs a filtering process using, as a restoration filter, a filter calculated from a weighted average of a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the reference frame for the frame to be processed to perform the restoration process for the frame to be processed, and in case where the motion amount of the object in the frame to be processed and the reference frame detected by the object detection unit is less than the threshold value, the restoration control processing unit sets image data calculated from a weighted average of image data calculated by applying a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the frame to be processed to the frame to be processed and image data calculated by applying a restoration filter corresponding to the photographing condition information of the reference frame to the reference frame as the recovered image data of the frame to be processed. 11. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the imaging information includes image information of the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 12. The image processing device according to claim 11, wherein the image information includes at least one of information regarding whether or not a saturated pixel is included in the frame to be processed and the reference frame and information regarding whether or not a defocus region is included in the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 13. The image processing device according to claim 11, wherein the image information includes information regarding whether or not a saturated pixel is included in the frame to be processed and the reference frame, and the restoration control processing unit determines whether or not a saturated pixel is included in the reference frame, and in case where it is determined that the saturated pixel is included in the reference frame, adjusts the restoration intensity of the restoration process for the frame to be processed based on the imaging information of the reference frame where the saturated pixel is included. 14. The image processing device according to claim 13, wherein the restoration control processing unit analyzes a blinking state of a light source in the reference frame, and adjusts the restoration intensity of the restoration process for the frame to be processed based on the blinking state of the light source. 15. The image processing device according to claim 11, wherein the image information includes information regarding whether or not a defocus region is included in the frame to be processed and the reference frame, and the restoration control processing unit determines whether or not a defocus region is included in the reference frame, and in case where it is determined that the defocus region is included in the reference frame, adjusts the restoration intensity of the restoration process for the frame to be processed based on the imaging information of the reference frame where the defocus region is included. 16. The image processing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a moving body detection unit which detects a moving body in the moving image, wherein, in case where the moving body is detected in the frame to be processed and the reference frame by the moving body detection unit, the restoration control processing unit subjects the frame to be processed to the restoration process based on the point spread function reflecting phase characteristics based on motion of the moving body. 17. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the restoration control processing unit has a filter application unit which applies a restoration filter based on a point spread function of the optical system to source image data of the moving image to acquire restored image data, and a gain adjustment unit which performs adjustment of an amplification factor of the difference between the source image data and the restored image data, and acquires the recovered image data of the moving image from the difference after the adjustment is performed and the source image data, and the restoration process for the frame to be processed is controlled by adjusting at least one of the restoration filter and the amplification factor based on photographing information of the reference frame. 18. The image processing device according to claim 1, wherein the optical system has a lens unit which modulates a phase to extend a depth of field. 19. An imaging device comprising: an imaging element which acquires a moving image by photographing using an optical system; and the image processing device according to claim 1. 20. The imaging device according to claim 19, further comprising: a display unit which displays a live view image, wherein the restoration control processing unit performs the restoration process based on the point spread function of the optical system for the live view image, and the restoration process for the live view image controls the restoration process for the frame to be processed among a plurality of frames constituting the live view image based on imaging information of the frame to be processed without depending on imaging information of a frame acquired before or after the frame to be processed in a time series. 21. The imaging device according to claim 19, further comprising: a display unit which displays a live view image, wherein the restoration control processing unit does not perform the restoration process based on the point spread function of the optical system for the live view image. 22. An image processing method using the image processing device according to claim 1 comprising: a procedure for subjecting a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data, wherein the restoration process for a frame to be processed among the plurality of frames is controlled based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series, wherein the imaging information includes photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 23. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program, the program causing a computer to execute the image processing method according to claim 22, comprising: a procedure for subjecting a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data, wherein the restoration process for a frame to be processed among the plurality of frames is controlled based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series, wherein the imaging information includes photographing condition information of the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 24. An image processing device comprising: a restoration control processing unit which subjects a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data, wherein the restoration control processing unit controls the restoration process for a frame to be processed among the plurality of frames based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series, wherein the imaging information includes image information of the frame to be processed and the reference frame, and wherein the image information includes at least one of information regarding whether or not a saturated pixel is included in the frame to be processed and the reference frame and information regarding whether or not a defocus region is included in the frame to be processed and the reference frame. 25. An imaging device comprising: an imaging element which acquires a moving image by photographing using an optical system, the image processing device according to claim 24, a display unit which displays a live view image, wherein the restoration control processing unit performs the restoration process based on the point spread function of the optical system for the live view image, and the restoration process for the live view image controls the restoration process for the frame to be processed among a plurality of frames constituting the live view image based on imaging information of the frame to be processed without depending on imaging information of a frame acquired before or after the frame to be processed in a time series. 26. An image processing device comprising: a restoration control processing unit which subjects a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data, wherein the restoration control processing unit controls the restoration process for a frame to be processed among the plurality of frames based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series, and a moving body detection unit which detects a moving body in the moving image, wherein, in case where the moving body is detected in the frame to be processed and the reference frame by the moving body detection unit, the restoration control processing unit subjects the frame to be processed to the restoration process based on the point spread function reflecting phase characteristics based on motion of the moving body. 27. An imaging device comprising: an imaging element which acquires a moving image by photographing using an optical system; and the image processing device according to claim 26, a display unit which displays a live view image, wherein the restoration control processing unit performs the restoration process based on the point spread function of the optical system for the live view image, and the restoration process for the live view image controls the restoration process for the frame to be processed among a plurality of frames constituting the live view image based on imaging information of the frame to be processed without depending on imaging information of a frame acquired before or after the frame to be processed in a time series. 28. An image processing device comprising: a restoration control processing unit which subjects a moving image including a plurality of frames acquired by photographing using an optical system to a restoration process based on a point spread function of the optical system to acquire recovered image data, wherein the restoration control processing unit controls the restoration process for a frame to be processed among the plurality of frames based on imaging information of a reference frame including a frame after the frame to be processed in a time series, wherein the restoration control processing unit has a filter application unit which applies a restoration filter based on a point spread function of the optical system to source image data of the moving image to acquire restored image data, and a gain adjustment unit which performs adjustment of an amplification factor of the difference between the source image data and the restored image data, and acquires the recovered image data of the moving image from the difference after the adjustment is performed and the source image data, and the restoration process for the frame to be processed is controlled by adjusting at least one of the restoration filter and the amplification factor based on photographing information of the reference frame. 29. An imaging device comprising: an imaging element which acquires a moving image by photographing using an optical system; and the image processing device according to claim 28, a display unit which displays a live view image, wherein the restoration control processing unit performs the restoration process based on the point spread function of the optical system for the live view image, and the restoration process for the live view image controls the restoration process for the frame to be processed among a plurality of frames constituting the live view image based on imaging information of the frame to be processed without depending on imaging information of a frame acquired before or after the frame to be processed in a time series.",
-    "A control message prospectively indicates a need of a communication device sending a data packet of a first class of data employing radio resources. The radio resources are reserved at least for the first class of data. 1.-18. (canceled) 19. A communication device, comprising: a wireless interface configured to transceive data on a channel of a wireless network, a memory configured to store information indicating radio resources on the channel reserved at least for a first class of data, the radio resources being shared between the communication device and a further communication device, and at least one processor configured to send, via the wireless interface, a control message, said control message prospectively indicating a need of sending a data packet of the first class of data employing the radio resources, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to send, via the wireless interface on the channel, the data packet of the first class of data employing the radio resources. 20. The communication device of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is configured to send the control message via the wireless interface in a broadcast transmission to the further communication device and optionally to an access node of the wireless network. 21. The communication device of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is configured to send the control message via the wireless interface to an access node of the wireless network in a unicast transmission. 22. The communication device of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is configured to select a time-frequency resource block of the radio resources for sending of the data packet of the first class of data, wherein the control message prospectively indicates the time-frequency resource block and prompts the further communication device to mute transmission on the channel in the time-frequency resource block, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to send, via the wireless interface on the channel, the data packet of the first class of data employing the selected time-frequency resource block of the radio resources. 23. The communication device of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive, via the wireless interface from an access node of the wireless network in a unicast transmission or in a broadcast transmission, a further control message after said sending of the control message, said further control message indicating a time-frequency resource block of the radio resources for sending of the data packet of the first class of data, wherein the further control message prompts the communication device to send the data packet of the first class of data employing the indicated time-frequency resource block, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to send, via the wireless interface on the channel, the data packet of the first class of data employing the indicated time-frequency resource block of the radio resources. 24. The communication device of claim 19, wherein the radio resources comprise first radio resources on the channel reserved for the first class of data and further comprise second radio resources on the channel reserved for a second class of data, wherein the at least one processor is configured to retrieve the stored information from the memory and to select between the first radio resources and the second radio resources for sending of a data packet of the second class of data, said selecting depending on a traffic load on the channel in the second radio resources, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to send, via the wireless interface on the channel, the data packet of the second class of data employing the first radio resources if the first radio resources are selected for said sending of the data packet of the second class of data. 25. The communication device of claim 24, wherein the first class of data corresponds to event-triggered data, and wherein the second class of data corresponds to best-effort data. 26. The communication device of claim 24, wherein the first class of data has a higher transmission priority than the second class of data. 27. A method, comprising: storing in a memory information indicating radio resources on a channel of a wireless network, the radio resources being reserved at least for a first class of data, the radio resources being shared between the communication device and a further communication device, sending, by at least one processor via the wireless interface, a control message, said control message prospectively indicating a need of the communication device sending a data packet of the first class of data employing the radio resources, and sending, by the at least one processor via the wireless interface on the channel, the data packet of the first class of data employing the radio resources. 28.-34. (canceled) 35. An access node of a wireless network, comprising: a wireless interface configured to transceive data on a channel of the wireless network, and at least one processor configured to prospectively allocate, on the channel and in a shared manner, radio resources reserved at least for a first class of data to a communication device and to a further communication device, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive, via the wireless interface from the communication device, a control message, the control message prospectively indicating a need of the communication device sending a data packet of the first class of data employing the radio resources, wherein the at least one processor is configured to select a time-frequency resource block of the radio resources for said sending of the data packet of the first class of data by the communication device, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to send, via the wireless interface to the communication device and to the further communication device, a further control message, the further control message indicating the selected time-frequency resource block of the radio resources, wherein the further control message prompts the further communication device to mute transmission in the time-frequency resource block of the radio resources on the channel, and wherein the further control message prompts the communication device to send the data packet of the first class of data employing the time-frequency resource block of the radio resources on the channel. 36. The access node of claim 35, wherein the at least one processor is configured to send the further control message via the wireless interface to the communication device and to the further communication device in a broadcast transmission. 37. The access node of claim 35, wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive the control message from the communication device via the wireless interface in a unicast transmission. 38. The access node of claim 35, wherein the at least one processor is configured to send, via the wireless interface in unicast transmissions or in a broadcast transmission to the communication device and to the further communication device, a scheduling control message, the scheduling control message prospectively indicating the radio resources. 39. The access node of claim 35, wherein the radio resources comprise first radio resources on the channel reserved for the first class of data and further comprise second radio resources on the channel reserved for a second class of data, and wherein the further control message prompts the further communication device to mute transmission of the second class of data in the indicated time-frequency resource block of the first radio resources on the channel. 40. The access node of claim 35, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive, via the wireless interface from the communication device, a capability control message, the capability control message indicating a capability of the communication device to generate and send the first class of data and further indicating a capability of the communication device to generate and send a second class of data, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive, via the wireless interface from the further communication device, a further capability control message, the further capability control message indicating a capability of the further communication device to generate and send the first class of data and further indicating a capability of the further communication device to generate and send the second class of data, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to selectively execute said prospectively allocating of the radio resources to the communication device and to the further communication device in the shared manner if the capability control message positively indicates the capability of the communication device to generate and send the first class of data and if the further capability control message negatively indicates the capability of the further communication device to generate and send the first class of data and further positively indicates the capability of the further communication device to generate and send the second class of data. 41. The access node of claim 39, wherein the first class of data corresponds to event-triggered data, and wherein the second class of data corresponds to best-effort data. 42. The access node of claim 39, wherein the first class of data has a higher transmission priority than the second class of data. 43. A method, comprising: prospectively allocating, by at least one processor, on a channel of a wireless network and in a shared manner, radio resources reserved at least for a first class of data to a communication device and to a further communication device, receiving, by the at least one processor via a wireless interface from the communication device, a control message, the control message prospectively indicating a need of the communication device sending a data packet of the first class of data employing the radio resources, selecting, by the at least one processor, a time-frequency resource block of the radio resources for said sending of the data packet of the first class of data by the communication device, and sending, by the at least one processor, via the wireless interface to the communication device and to the further communication device, a further control message, the further control message indicating the selected time-frequency resource block of the radio resources, wherein the further control message prompts the further communication device to mute transmission in the time-frequency resource block of the radio resources on the channel, and wherein the further control message prompts the communication device to send the data packet of the first class of data employing the time-frequency resource block of the radio resources on the channel. 44.-46. (canceled) 47. The method of claim 43, further comprising: wherein the radio resources comprise first radio resources on the channel reserved for the first class of data and further comprise second radio resources on the channel reserved for a second class of data, and wherein the further control message prompts the further communication device to mute transmission of the second class of data in the indicated time-frequency resource block of the first radio resources on the channel. 48. The method of claim 43, further comprising: receiving, by the at least one processor, via the wireless interface from the communication device, a capability control message, the capability control message indicating a capability of the communication device to generate and send the first class of data and further indicating a capability of the communication device to generate and send a second class of data, and receiving, by the at least one processor, via the wireless interface from the further communication device, a further capability control message, the further capability control message indicating a capability of the further communication device to generate and send the first class of data and further indicating a capability of the further communication device to generate and send the second class of data, wherein the at least one processor selectively executes said prospectively allocating of the first radio resources to the communication device and to the further communication device in the shared manner if the capability control message positively indicates the capability of the communication device to generate and send the first class of data and if the further capability control message negatively indicates the capability of the further communication device to generate and send the first class of data and further positively indicates the capability of the further communication device to generate and send the second class of data. 49.-52. (canceled)",
-    "A method of removing a sports bra comprising inserting a sports bra removal device between a band of the sports bra and a torso of a wearer. The sports bra removal device is looped around the band. The method includes cinching the sports bra removal device around the band. The method includes doffing the sports bra from the wearer and removing the device from the sports bra. 1. A method of removing a sports bra comprising: inserting a sports bra removal device between a band of said sports bra and a torso of a wearer; looping the sports bra removal device around the band; cinching the sports bra removal device around the band; doffing the sports bra from the wearer; and removing the device from the sports bra. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said sports bra removal device comprises a body having a first end and a second end opposite said first end; a ring is coupled to said body adjacent said first end, a handle is formed at said second end, wherein said handle is insertable through said ring. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inserting step further comprises inserting a first device at an end between a first side of the wearer and the band proximate a first arm hole of the sports bra. 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising: inserting a second device at an end between a second side of the wearer and the band proximate a second arm hole of the sports bra; looping the second sports bra removal device around the band; and cinching the second sports bra removal device about the band. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of looping the device further comprises inserting said handle of the device through said ring of the device. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of cinching further comprises moving said ring along the body away from the handle, tightening a loop formation of the device about the band. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of doffing the sports bra from the wearer further comprises: grasping said first device with a first hand on an opposite side of the torso; grasping said second device with a second hand on an opposite side of the torso; raising and extending both arms overhead, wherein the sports bra is pulled off the torso and slides out over shoulders and elbows to wrists and said first and second hands of each said arm. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the removing step further comprises: manipulating the first device and second device un-cinching the loop formation of each of the first and second device; sliding the ring of each said device along each said body toward each said second end and past each said handle. 9. A sports bra removal device comprising: a body portion having a first end and a second end opposite the first end; a ring coupled to the body at the first end; a handle formed from the body at the second end opposite the ring; wherein the handle is insertable through the ring.",
-    "A liquid crystal display including: a first insulation substrate; a first alignment layer disposed on the first insulation substrate; a second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate; a second alignment layer disposed on a surface of the second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate; and a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules and disposed between the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer, wherein the liquid crystal molecules include at least one of a first compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Chemical Formula 2: 1. A liquid crystal display comprising: a first insulation substrate; a first alignment layer disposed on the first insulation substrate; a second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate; a second alignment layer disposed on a surface of the second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate; and a liquid crystal layer comprising liquid crystal molecules and disposed between the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer, wherein at least one of the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer comprises an alignment polymer, and the liquid crystal molecules comprise at least one of a first compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Chemical Formula 2: wherein, R, R\u2032, and R1, are, independent of one another, a hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms; and R2 is a bond, a divalent alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, a divalent alkoxy group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or a divalent alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. 2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal molecules have a pretilt due to the alignment polymer. 3. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the first compound comprises at least one of compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 1-1 to 1-5: 4. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the second compound comprises at least one of compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 2-1 to Chemical Formula 2-5: 5. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the alignment polymer is a polymerized alignment aid, the alignment aid comprising at least one of third compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 3-1 to Chemical Formula 3-5: wherein, Sp2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 6. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal molecules further comprise at least one of fourth compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 4-1 to 4-13: wherein, X and Y are, independent of one another, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms. 7. The liquid crystal display of claim 6, wherein the fourth compound is present in an amount of about 2 wt % to about 25 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid crystal molecules. 8. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a negative dielectric anisotropy. 9. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, further comprising a pixel electrode disposed on the first insulation substrate and connected to a thin film transistor, and a common electrode disposed on a surface of the second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate. 10. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein the pixel electrode comprises a cross-shaped stem and a minute branch extended from the cross-shaped stem. 11. A liquid crystal display comprising: a first insulation substrate; a second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate; a field generating electrode disposed on at least one of the first insulation substrate and the second insulation substrate; and a liquid crystal layer comprising liquid crystal molecules and disposed between the first insulation substrate and the second insulation substrate, wherein the liquid crystal molecules comprise at least one of a first compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Chemical Formula 2: wherein R, R\u2032, and R1, are, independent of one another, a hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms; and R2 is a bond, a divalent alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, a divalent alkoxy group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or a divalent alkenyl group having 2 to 9 carbon atoms. 12. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, further comprising a first alignment layer disposed on the first insulation substrate; and a second alignment layer disposed on a surface of the second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate, wherein at least one of the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer comprises an alignment polymer, and the liquid crystal molecules have a pretilt due to the alignment polymer. 13. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the first compound comprises at least one of compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 1-1 to 1-5: 14. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the second compound comprises at least one of compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 2-1 to Chemical Formula 2-5: 15. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein the alignment polymer is a polymerized alignment aid, the alignment aid comprising at least one of third compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 3-1 to Chemical Formula 3-5: wherein, Sp2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 16. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the liquid crystal molecules further comprise at least one of fourth compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 4-1 to 4-13: Wherein, X and Y are, independent of one another, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and wherein one or more hydrogen are replaced by fluorine atoms. 17. The liquid crystal display of claim 16, wherein the fourth compound is present in an amount of about 2 wt % to about 25 wt % based on the total weight of the liquid crystal molecules. 18. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the liquid crystal layer has a negative dielectric anisotropy. 19. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the field generating electrode comprises a pixel electrode disposed on the first insulation substrate and connected to a thin film transistor, and a common electrode disposed on a surface the second insulation substrate facing the first insulation substrate. 20. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, wherein the pixel electrode comprises a cross-shaped stem and a minute branch extended from the cross-shaped stem.",
-    "A combination of a CDK4/6 inhibitor and a P3Kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. 1. A combination comprising a first agent that is a cyclin dependent kinase 4 or cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor and a second agent that is a PI3Kinase inhibitor. 2. The combination of claim 1 wherein the first agent is Compound A described by Formula A: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. The combination of claim 1, wherein the second agent is Compound B1 described by Formula B1: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4. The combination of claim 1, wherein the second agent is Compound B2 described by Formula B2: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 5. The use of the combination according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a medicament, wherein the medicament is for treating cancer. 6. The use of claim 5, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor cancer. 7. The use of claim 6, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, mantle cell lymphoma, lung cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, endometrial cancer, head and neck cancer, sarcomas, multiple myeloma, leukemia, urinary track cancer, renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, neuroblastoma, neuroendocrine cancer, rhabdoid cancer, prostate cancer or ovarian cancer. 8. The use of claim 7, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, or mantle cell lymphoma. 9. The use of claim 8, wherein the cancer is a lymphoma. 10. The use of claim 8, wherein the cancer is breast cancer. 11. The use of claim 10, wherein the breast cancer is ER positive breast cancer. 12. The use of claim 10, wherein the breast cancer is Her2 positive breast cancer. 13. The use of claim 10, wherein the breast cancer is PI3K mutated breast cancer.",
-    "A release structure of a smart lock includes a circuit unit, a drive unit, and a release element. The circuit unit and the drive unit are placed in a housing, and the drive unit is electrically connected to the circuit unit. The drive unit includes at least one push arm pivotally connected to a rotation pivot and enclosing the same. The release element is placed on the rotation pivot and includes at least one flexible arm placed corresponding to the push arm. The push arm is driven by the drive unit to rotatably contact the at least one flexible arm and cross it, so that the drive unit becomes idle. Accordingly, components in the drive unit are prevented from damages, and a lifespan of the smart lock is prolonged. 1. A release structure of a smart lock including a housing, the release structure comprising: a circuit unit, the circuit unit being accommodated in the housing; a drive unit, the drive unit being accommodated in the housing and electrically connected to the circuit unit, the drive unit including at least one push arm pivotally connected to a rotation pivot and enclosing the same; and a release element, the release element being disposed on the rotation pivot and including at least one flexible arm, the at least one flexible arm being disposed corresponding to the at least one push arm, the at least one push arm being driven by the drive unit to rotatably contact the at least one flexible arm and cross the same to make the drive unit become idle. 2. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 1, wherein the drive unit further includes a motor, a worm assembly pivotally connected to the motor, and a drive gear enclosing the rotation pivot, wherein the drive gear is engaged with the worm assembly, and the at least one push arm is disposed at one side of the drive gear. 3. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 2, wherein the worm assembly further includes a screw rod connectedly driven by the motor, a driven shaft perpendicular connected to the screw rod, and a first gear disposed on the driven shaft, wherein the first gear is engaged with the screw rod, and the driven shaft and the rotation pivot are disposed parallelly. 4. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 2, wherein the at least one flexible arm further includes a connection portion and an abutment portion extending from the connection portion, and the at least one push arm includes a wing portion and a push portion connected to the wing portion, wherein the push portion is in contact with the abutment portion. 5. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 3, wherein the first gear is fixedly connected to a second gear, the second gear engagedly drives the drive gear, and the first gear is sized between the drive gear and the second gear. 6. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 4, wherein the connection portion is perpendicularly connected to the abutment portion, and the wing portion is integrally fixed to one side surface of the drive gear. 7. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 4, wherein one side of the abutment portion corresponding to the push portion is shaped to include a chamfered portion, an arc portion or an inclined surface, so as to facilitate the push portion crossing the abutment portion. 8. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 4, wherein one side of the push portion corresponding to the abutment portion is shaped to include a chamfered portion, an arc portion or an inclined surface, so as to facilitate the push portion crossing the abutment portion. 9. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 1, wherein the circuit unit includes a circuit board, at least one connector disposed at the circuit board, and a plurality of power supply elements connected to the circuit board via the at least one connector. 10. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 1, further comprising a latch unit, the latch unit including a lock tongue and a drive pillar connected to the lock tongue, one end of the drive pillar being connected to the rotation pivot. 11. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 10, further comprising an exterior lock head, the exterior lock head including a lock core and a key connection plate rotated by rotation of the lock core, the key connection plate being connected to one end of the latch unit to control a movement of the lock tongue. 12. The release structure of the smart lock of claim 10, wherein the exterior lock head further includes a sensor, and the sensor is electrically connected to the circuit unit.",
-    "A printing system includes an image forming apparatus, a server, and a mobile device. The image forming apparatus includes an identification information sending section that sends identification information via radio waves. The server includes a print data managing section that manages print data in association with user information. The mobile device includes an identification information receiving section that receives the identification information. The mobile device transmits to the server the user information and the identification information associated with the user information. The server performs a specific operation for causing the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information associated with the user information to execute a print job based on print data managed in association with the user information transmitted. 1. A printing system comprising: an image forming apparatus including an identification information sending section configured to send identification information via radio waves; a server including a print data managing section configured to manage print data in association with user information; and a mobile device including an identification information receiving section configured to receive the identification information sent via radio waves by the identification information sending section, wherein the mobile device further includes an information transmitting section configured to transmit to the server the user information and the identification information received by the identification information receiving section in association with the user information, and the server further includes a specific operation performing section configured to perform a specific operation for causing the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information transmitted by the information transmitting section in association with the user information to execute a print job based on the print data that is managed by the print data managing section in association with the user information transmitted by the information transmitting section. 2. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the mobile device further includes a distance detecting section configured to detect an inter-device distance between the mobile device and the image forming apparatus according to intensity of the radio waves sent by the identification information sending section of the image forming apparatus, the information transmitting section of the mobile device transmits to the server the inter-device distance detected by the distance detecting section in association with the user information, and the specific operation performing section of the server performs the specific operation in a stepwise manner according to the inter-device distance transmitted by the information transmitting section. 3. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation includes operation to return from a sleep state the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device. 4. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation includes operation to cause, via transmission of print data managed by the print data managing section of the server in association with the user information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device to the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information, the image forming apparatus to retain a print job based on the print data in a standby state. 5. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation includes operation to cause, via causing the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information to render as a print job print data managed by the print data managing section of the server in association with the user information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device, the image forming apparatus to retain the print job based on the rendered print data in a standby state. 6. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation includes operation to cause the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information to execute a print job based on print data managed by the print data managing section of the server in association with the user information transmitted from the information transmitting section. 7. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the identification information sending section of the image forming apparatus is provided as a sender that operates independent of the image forming apparatus. 8. The printing system according to claim 2, wherein the server further includes: a job retention instructing section configured to cause, via transmission of print data managed by the print data managing section of the server to the image forming apparatus, the image forming apparatus to retain a print job based on the print data in a standby state; and a job suspending section configured to causes, when the image forming apparatus is incapable of retaining a new print job due to absence of a sufficient vacant area of a storage region in the image forming apparatus in a situation in which the job retention instructing section causes the image forming apparatus already retaining a print job to retain the new print job, the image forming apparatus to suspend execution of the print job already retained in the image forming apparatus and the new print job in descending order of inter-device distances transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information managed by the print data managing section of the server in association with the print data on which the print jobs are based. 9. The printing system according to claim 8, wherein when the inter-device distance transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information falls in a job retention distance range in which the image forming apparatus is capable of retaining a print job, the job retaining instruction section of the server causes the image forming apparatus to retain the print job based on the print data via transmission of the print data managed by the print data managing section of the server in association with the user information to the image forming apparatus corresponding to the identification information transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information, and in a situation in which the job retention instructing section of the server causes the image forming apparatus already retaining a print job to retain anew print job, when the image forming apparatus is incapable of retaining the new print job due to absence of a sufficient vacant area of a storage region in the image forming apparatus and an inter-device distance transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device in association with the user information managed by the print data managing section of the server in association with print data on which the new print job is based is greater than the print job already retained in the image forming apparatus and the new print job, the job suspending section of the server causes the job retention instructing section to suspend transmission of the print data on which the new print job is based to the image forming apparatus. 10. The printing system according to claim 9, wherein the job retention instructing section of the server serves as the specific operation performing section of the server in a situation in which an inter-device distance transmitted by the information transmitting section of the mobile device falls in the job retention distance range.",
-    "The present invention comprises an input part for inputting image data, a receiving part for receiving production, information relating to production transmitted from another apparatus, a recording part for recording the production information received by the receiving part and image data input by the input part, a detection part for detecting a recording position on a recording medium at an editing point of image data recorded by the recording part, and a transmission part for transmitting information of the recording position detected by the detection part, whereby identification information for identifying image data and voice data is recorded in a recording medium or a recording device, this relieving a burden on a photographer and an editor and facilitating extraction of image data and voice data. 1-20. (canceled) 21. An image processing apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to receive, from an external device, first metadata before recording image data; automatically generate second metadata when recording the image data; and record the image data in association with the received first metadata and the generated second metadata. 22. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the circuitry is configured to receive the first metadata by wirelessly communicating with the external device. 23. The camera according to claim 21, further comprising a memory configured to store the first metadata which is received from the external device. 24. The image processing system according to claim 21, wherein the circuitry is further configured to output, in Serial Digital Interface (SDI) format, the image data in association with the first metadata and the second metadata. 25. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the first metadata is generated in response to an input to the external device before the image data is recorded. 26. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the first metadata represents at least a title of the image data. 27. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the first metadata represents at least information about a person associated with the recording of the image data. 28. The image processing apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the first metadata represents at least information about a name of a person who performs a recording operation. 29. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the second metadata represents at least camera information. 30. The image processing apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the camera information represents at least one of camera identification, lens data or information about an image sensor. 31. The image processing apparatus according to claim 30, wherein the lens data represents at least a contraction value or a lens magnification. 32. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the second metadata represents at least identification information for identifying the image data. 33. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the second metadata represents at least time information relating to recording. 34. The image processing apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the time information represents at least duration of recording. 35. The image processing apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the time information represents at least start time of recording. 36. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the second metadata represents at least information about a mark point input with respect to the image data. 37. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the second metadata represents at least location information. 38. The image processing apparatus according to claim 21, further comprising: an operation device configured to receive an input operation for the image processing apparatus. 39. An image processing apparatus comprising: a memory configured to store first metadata received from an external device; and circuitry configured to automatically generate second metadata with respect to recording image data; and record the image data in association with the received first metadata and the generated second metadata based on an input from an external device. 40. A camera comprising: a memory configured to store first metadata received from an external device; and circuitry configured to automatically generate second metadata in response to capturing an image; and storing image data for the captured image in association with the received first metadata and the generated second metadata. 41. The camera according to claim 40, further comprising: an imager configured to capture the image. 42. The camera according to claim 40, wherein the second metadata represents at least duration of capturing the image. 43. The camera according to claim 40, wherein the second metadata represents at least a start time of capturing the image. 44. The camera according to claim 40, wherein the first metadata represents at least information about a person capturing the image data. 45. The camera according to claim 40, wherein the circuitry is configured to receive the first metadata by wirelessly communicating with the external device. 46. A method of processing an image comprising the steps of: receiving, from an external device, first metadata before recording image data; automatically generating second metadata when recording the image data; and recording the image data in association with the received first metadata and the generated second metadata.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes an image scanning section, an exit tray, and an upper housing. The image scanning section scans an image of an original document. The exit tray is disposed below the image scanning section. A sheet bearing an image is ejected onto the exit tray. The upper housing houses the image scanning section. The image forming apparatus has a sheet ejection space that is formed between the exit tray and the upper housing. A user's hand is inserted into the sheet ejection space for taking out the sheet from the exit tray. The upper housing includes a bottom plate having a surface that faces the exit tray. The bottom plate includes a plurality of reinforcing members that are disposed on the surface of the bottom plate and that extend in a direction in which the user takes out the recording medium from the exit tray. 1. An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a recording medium, comprising: a scanning section configured to scan an image of an original document; an exit tray that is disposed below the scanning section and onto which a recording medium bearing an image is ejected; and a housing that houses the scanning section, wherein the image forming apparatus has a sheet ejection space that is formed between the exit tray and the housing and into which a user's hand is inserted for taking out the recording medium from the exit tray, and the housing includes a bottom plate having a surface that faces the exit tray, and the bottom plate includes a plurality of reinforcing members that are disposed on the surface of the bottom plate and that extend in a direction in which the user takes out the recording medium from the exit tray. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing members are arranged at intervals substantially equal to intervals between adjacent fingers of the user's hand inserted into the sheet ejection space. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing members are located in a region of the bottom plate that is opposite to the recording medium ejected on the exit tray. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the bottom plate of the housing has a curved portion having a smoothly curved surface concaved in a direction to expand the sheet ejection space. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the bottom plate of the housing has an arc shape in cross section. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing members each have a lowermost surface that is level in a vertical direction with a lowermost surface of the bottom plate of the housing. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a guide section located on the bottom plate of the housing and configured to guide linear movement of the scanning section in a sub-scanning direction, wherein the reinforcing members are located a predetermined distance or more apart from the guide section. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an operation section configured to receive user input for operation, wherein the reinforcing members extend to a vicinity of the operation section and a predetermined space is formed between the reinforcing members and the operation section on a side from which the recording medium is taken out. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing members each have a semicircle shape in cross section. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing members extend linearly in a direction in which the recording medium is taken out.",
-    "Aspects retrieve, organize and display different classifications of sets of search results in different, respective tabbed sheets that are nested on top of one another in a web-based interface dashboard. A text string search query is classified into constituent primary search terms that are likely to return satisfactory search results as indicated by retrieved search history data as a function of search resources and language classification rules associated with the user identity indicia. Secondary search terms related to the primary search terms and including synonyms and antonyms are determined as substitutes for the primary search terms in response to search history indicating follow-up searches immediately subsequent to searches of the primary search terms at less than a specified threshold of frequency. The set of peripheral knowledge article results is generated by searching knowledge article resources for background information on the primary search terms or the secondary search terms. 1. A computer-implemented method for retrieving, organizing and displaying different classifications of sets of search results in response to a text string query, the method comprising executing on a processing unit the steps of: retrieving search history data relevant to identity indicia of a user that is associated with a text string search query; identifying search resources that are associated with the user identity indicia; classifying the text string search query into constituent primary search terms as a function of the identified search resources and a language classification rule, wherein the constituent primary search terms are words or phrases; determining as secondary search terms synonyms and antonyms of the primary search terms that are selected by users for search iterations subsequent to searches for the primary search terms at less than a threshold frequency rate; searching network resources for the primary search terms to generate a primary set of search results; searching the network resources for the secondary search terms to generate a secondary set of search results; and displaying the primary set of search results and the secondary set of search results in different, respective tabbed sheets that are nested on top of one another in a web-based interface dashboard. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: retrieving a set of peripheral knowledge article results via searching knowledge article resources for articles that comprise background information on the primary search terms or the secondary search terms; and displaying the set of peripheral knowledge articles in a tabbed peripheral knowledge sheet that is nested on top of one another, relative to the different respective tabbed sheets of the primary set of search results and the secondary set of search results, in the web-based interface dashboard. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold frequency rate is 20%. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: integrating computer-readable program code into a computer system comprising the processing unit, a computer readable memory and a computer readable tangible storage medium, wherein the computer readable program code is embodied on the computer readable tangible storage medium and comprises instructions for execution by the processing unit via the computer readable memory that cause the processing unit to perform the steps of retrieving the search history, identifying the search resources, classifying the text string search query into the constituent primary search terms, determining the secondary search terms, searching network resources for the primary search terms to generate the primary set of search results, searching the network resources for the secondary search terms to generate the secondary set of search results, and displaying the search results in the different, respective tabbed sheets. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the retrieved search history data comprises unique user search history data that is associated with identity indicia that is unique to the user, and generic occupational identity search data that is associated with occupational identity indicia that is common to the user and at least one other user having common same occupational identity indicia; and wherein the step of classifying the text string search query into the constituent primary search terms comprises weighting classifications determined as a function of the unique user search history data more highly than classifications determined as a function of the generic occupational identity search data, and weighting classifications determined as a function of the generic occupational identity search data more highly than any classifications generated by application of universal search history popularities common to all user histories. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: identifying the generic occupational identity search data that is associated with occupational identity indicia that is common to the user and at least one other user having the common occupational identity indicia by: recognizing a type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query; determining a predominant occupational identity associated with the recognized type of network access; and retrieving search history common to pluralities of users that share the determined predominant occupational identity as the generic occupational identity search data. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the recognizing the type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query comprises: recognizing that entry of the search string is via a secure network community portal or a specific domain name, wherein the secure network community portal or the specific domain name are associated with users having the predominant occupational identity. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the recognizing the type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query comprises: recognizing an industry-specific internet content adaptation protocol content associated with the text string query, wherein the industry-specific internet content adaptation protocol content is associated with users having the predominant occupational identity. 9. A system, comprising: a processing unit; a computer readable memory in communication with the processing unit; and a computer-readable storage medium in communication with the processing unit; wherein the processing unit executes program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory and thereby: retrieves search history data that is relevant to identity indicia of a user that is associated with a text string search query; identifies search resources that are associated with the user identity indicia; classifies the text string search query into constituent primary search terms as a function of the identified search resources and a language classification rule, wherein the constituent primary search terms are words or phrases; determines as secondary search terms synonyms and antonyms of the primary search terms that are selected by users for search iterations subsequent to searches for the primary search terms at less than a threshold frequency rate; searches network resources for the primary search terms to generate a primary set of search results; searches the network resources for the secondary search terms to generate a secondary set of search results; and displays the primary set of search results and the secondary set of search results in different, respective tabbed sheets that are nested on top of one another in a web-based interface dashboard. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the processing unit executes the program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory and thereby: retrieves a set of peripheral knowledge article results via searching knowledge article resources for articles that comprise background information on the primary search terms or the secondary search terms; and displays the set of peripheral knowledge articles in a tabbed peripheral knowledge sheet that is nested on top of one another, relative to the different respective tabbed sheets of the primary set of search results and the secondary set of search results, in the web-based interface dashboard. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the retrieved search history data comprises unique user search history data that is associated with identity indicia that is unique to the user, and generic occupational identity search data that is associated with occupational identity indicia that is common to the user and at least one other user having common same occupational identity indicia; and wherein the processing unit executes the program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory and thereby classifies the text string search query into the constituent primary search terms by weighting classifications determined as a function of the unique user search history data more highly than classifications determined as a function of the generic occupational identity search data, and weighting classifications determined as a function of the generic occupational identity search data more highly than any classifications generated by application of universal search history popularities common to all user histories. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processing unit executes the program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory and thereby further identifies the generic occupational identity search data that is associated with occupational identity indicia that is common to the user and at least one other user having the common occupational identity indicia by: recognizing a type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query; determining a predominant occupational identity associated with the recognized type of network access; and retrieving search history common to pluralities of users that share the determined predominant occupational identity as the generic occupational identity search data. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the processing unit executes the program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory and thereby recognizes the type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query by recognizing that entry of the search string is via a secure network community portal or a specific domain name, wherein the secure network community portal or the specific domain name are associated with users having the predominant occupational identity. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the processing unit executes the program instructions stored on the computer-readable storage medium via the computer readable memory and thereby recognizes the type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query by recognizing an industry-specific internet content adaptation protocol content associated with the text string query, wherein the industry-specific internet content adaptation protocol content is associated with users having the predominant occupational identity. 15. A computer program product for retrieving, organizing and displaying different classifications of sets of search results in response to a text string query, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable hardware storage device having computer readable program code embodied therewith, wherein the computer readable storage medium is not a transitory signal per se, the computer readable program code comprising instructions for execution by a computer processing unit that cause the computer processing unit to: retrieve search history data that is relevant to identity indicia of a user that is associated with a text string search query; identify search resources that are associated with the user identity indicia; classify the text string search query into constituent primary search terms as a function of the identified search resources and language, wherein the constituent primary search terms are words or phrases; determine as secondary search terms synonyms and antonyms of the primary search terms that are selected by users for search iterations subsequent to searches for the primary search terms at less than a threshold frequency rate; search network resources for the primary search terms to generate a primary set of search results; search the network resources for the secondary search terms to generate a secondary set of search results; and display the primary set of search results and the secondary set of search results in different, respective tabbed sheets that are nested on top of one another in a web-based interface dashboard. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the computer readable program code instructions for execution by the computer processing unit further cause the computer processing unit to: retrieve a set of peripheral knowledge article results via searching knowledge article resources for articles that comprise background information on the primary search terms or the secondary search terms; and display the set of peripheral knowledge articles in a tabbed peripheral knowledge sheet that is nested on top of one another, relative to the different respective tabbed sheets of the primary set of search results and the secondary set of search results, in the web-based interface dashboard. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the retrieved search history data comprises unique user search history data that is associated with identity indicia that is unique to the user, and generic occupational identity search data that is associated with occupational identity indicia that is common to the user and at least one other user having common same occupational identity indicia; and wherein the computer readable program code instructions for execution by the computer processing unit further cause the computer processing unit to classify the text string search query into the constituent primary search terms by weighting classifications determined as a function of the unique user search history data more highly than classifications determined as a function of the generic occupational identity search data, and weighting classifications determined as a function of the generic occupational identity search data more highly than any classifications generated by application of universal search history popularities common to all user histories. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code instructions for execution by the computer processing unit further cause the computer processing unit to identify the generic occupational identity search data that is associated with occupational identity indicia that is common to the user and at least one other user having the common occupational identity indicia by: recognizing a type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query; determining a predominant occupational identity associated with the recognized type of network access; and retrieving search history common to pluralities of users that share the determined predominant occupational identity as the generic occupational identity search data. 19. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code instructions for execution by the computer processing unit further cause the computer processing unit to recognize the type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query by recognizing that entry of the search string is via a secure network community portal or a specific domain name, wherein the secure network community portal or the specific domain name are associated with users having the predominant occupational identity. 20. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code instructions for execution by the computer processing unit further cause the computer processing unit to recognize the type of network access used by the user to submit the text string query by recognizing an industry-specific internet content adaptation protocol content associated with the text string query, wherein the industry-specific internet content adaptation protocol content is associated with users having the predominant occupational identity.",
-    "This disclosure generally relates to films capable of use in electronic device modules and to electronic device modules including such films. The disclosure also generally relates to materials for use in such films. 1. A film capable of use in a photovoltaic solar module, comprising: a polyolefin; a silane; one or more cross-linking agents; and a plasticizer; wherein the average % transmittance of the film is at least 90% over a wavelength range of 400-1100 nm. 2. The film of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is non-polar. 3. The film of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is selected from a group consisting of ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymers and C4-C10 polyolefin homopolymers. 4. The film of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer has a Tg<\u221250\u00b0 C. 5. The film of any of claim 1, wherein the plasticizer is liquid at 20\u00b0 C. 6. The film of any of claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymer. 7. The film of claim 6, wherein the \u03b1-olefin moiety of the ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymer has four or more carbons. 8. The film of claim 6, wherein the low crystalline ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymer has a DSC peak melting point of less than or equal to 50\u00b0 C. 9. The film of claim 8, wherein the \u03b1-olefin moiety of the ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymer is a butene \u03b1-olefin. 10. The film of claim 1, wherein the silane is an unsaturated alkoxysilane. 11. The film of claim 10, wherein the unsaturated alkoxysilane is an acrylic alkoxysilane. 12. The film of claim 1, wherein the one or more cross-linking agents are one of a thermal curative and a photo-curative. 13. The film of claim 12, wherein the thermal curative is a peroxide. 14. The film of claim 1, further comprising an additional ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymer. 15. The film of claim 14, wherein the additional ethylene/\u03b1-olefin copolymer is one of an ethylene/butene copolymer and an ethylene/octene copolymer. 16. The film of claim 1, wherein the average % transmittance of the film is at least 90% over a wavelength range of 400-1100 nm after exposure to an 85/85 durability test for 1000 hrs. 17. The film of claim 1, wherein a machine direction shrinkage measurement of the film is less than a machine direction shrinkage measurement of a film not including the plasticizer. 18. The film of claim 1, wherein a storage modulii measurement of the film at 150\u00b0 C. is greater than storage modulii measurement at 150\u00b0 C. of a film not including the plasticizer. 19. The film of claim 1, wherein a gel fraction of the film is less than 20%. 20. A solar cell module comprising the film of claim 1.",
-    "A method and system for intelligent tiering is provided. The method includes receiving a request for enabling a tiering process with respect to data. The computer processor retrieves a migration list indicating migration engines associated with the data. Additionally, an entity list of migration entities is retrieved and each migration entity is compared to associated policy conditions. In response, it is determined if matches exist between the migration entities and the associated policy conditions and a consolidated entity list is generated. 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a computer processor of a computing system from a user, a request for enabling a tiering process with respect to data, wherein said request comprises policies including conditions to be satisfied for matching an entity to a policy of said policies, and wherein said tiering process is associated with a classification of criteria for said data and a usage and resident cost for associated tiers; retrieving, by said computer processor in response to said request, a migration list indicating migration engines associated with said data, wherein said migration engines comprise logical volume level migration engines, and wherein each of said migration engines is responsible for one level of said data; determining, by said computer processor in response to results of comparing each migration entity of migration entities to associated policy conditions, if cost and utility based matches exist between said migration entities and said associated policy conditions, wherein said match is defined by said data and has not been accessed during a specified time period; determining, by said computer processor is response to analyzing a consolidated entity list associated with said entity list, a target location associated with migration of entities of said consolidated entity list, said target location comprising a destination including a logical volume mapped to physical disks; first estimating, by said computer processor, resource usage associated with said migration of said entities of said consolidated entity list, wherein said resource usage is associated with CPU resources, network resources, and disk resources; second estimating, by said computer processor in response to results of said entity data that has not been accessed during a specified time period, a cost change associated with said migration of said entities of said consolidated entity list, wherein said migration comprises moving said first file from a Tier 1 memory device to a Tier 3 memory device, wherein said first file comprises X GBs of data, wherein said Tier 1 memory device is associated with a cost of X/gigabyte (GB) and said Tier 3 memory device is associated with a cost of Y/GB, wherein said cost change equals a file size of (the first file)*X\u2212a file size of (the first file)*Y; generating, by said computer processor in response to results of: said analyzing; said determining said target location; said first estimating; and said second estimating, a candidate migration list comprising migration candidates from said consolidated entity list, wherein each candidate of said migration candidates is associated with a specified granularity level comprising a file system, a logical volume, and a block; generating, by said computer processor, a dependency list for each migration candidate of a subset of migration candidates of said candidate migration list, wherein each said dependency list comprises a list of nodes connected to each migration candidate of said subset of migration candidates in an end-to-end system graph, and wherein said nodes include a collection of nodes within an upstream and downstream path of a source migration entity of said consolidated entity list within said end-to-end system graph; and determining, by said computer processor, that a group of nodes of said nodes exist within a global dependency list. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: removing, by said computer processor, duplicate entities of said migration entities, wherein said consolidated entity list does not comprise said duplicate entities. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein entities of said consolidated entity list comprises files, virtual machines, file systems, file sets, volumes, and block sets. 4. A computer program product, comprising a computer readable hardware storage device storing a computer readable program code, said computer readable program code comprising an algorithm that when executed by a computer processor of a computing system implements a method, said method comprising: receiving, by said computer processor from a user, a request for enabling a tiering process with respect to data, wherein said request comprises policies including conditions to be satisfied for matching an entity to a policy of said policies, and wherein said tiering process is associated with a classification of criteria for said data and a usage and resident cost for associated tiers; retrieving, by said computer processor in response to said request, a migration list indicating migration engines associated with said data, wherein said migration engines comprise logical volume level migration engines, and wherein each of said migration engines is responsible for one level of said data; determining, by said computer processor in response to results of comparing each migration entity of migration entities to associated policy conditions, if cost and utility based matches exist between said migration entities and said associated policy conditions, wherein said match is defined by said data and has not been accessed during a specified time period; determining, by said computer processor is response to analyzing a consolidated entity list associated with said entity list, a target location associated with migration of entities of said consolidated entity list, said target location comprising a destination including a logical volume mapped to physical disks; first estimating, by said computer processor, resource usage associated with said migration of said entities of said consolidated entity list, wherein said resource usage is associated with CPU resources, network resources, and disk resources; second estimating, by said computer processor in response to results of said entity data that has not been accessed during a specified time period, a cost change associated with said migration of said entities of said consolidated entity list, wherein said migration comprises moving said first file from a Tier 1 memory device to a Tier 3 memory device, wherein said first file comprises X GBs of data, wherein said Tier 1 memory device is associated with a cost of X/gigabyte (GB) and said Tier 3 memory device is associated with a cost of Y/GB, wherein said cost change equals a file size of (the first file)*X\u2212a file size of (the first file)*Y; generating, by said computer processor in response to results of: said analyzing; said determining said target location; said first estimating; and said second estimating, a candidate migration list comprising migration candidates from said consolidated entity list, wherein each candidate of said migration candidates is associated with a specified granularity level comprising a file system, a logical volume, and a block; generating, by said computer processor, a dependency list for each migration candidate of a subset of migration candidates of said candidate migration list, wherein each said dependency list comprises a list of nodes connected to each migration candidate of said subset of migration candidates in an end-to-end system graph, and wherein said nodes include a collection of nodes within an upstream and downstream path of a source migration entity of said consolidated entity list within said end-to-end system graph; and determining, by said computer processor, that a group of nodes of said nodes exist within a global dependency list. 5. The computer program product of claim 4, wherein said method further comprises: removing, by said computer processor, duplicate entities of said migration entities, wherein said consolidated entity list does not comprise said duplicate entities. 6. The computer program product of claim 4, wherein entities of said consolidated entity list comprises files, virtual machines, file systems, file sets, volumes, and block sets. 7. A computing system comprising a computer processor coupled to a computer-readable memory unit, said memory unit comprising instructions that when executed by the computer processor implements a method comprising: receiving, by said computer processor from a user, a request for enabling a tiering process with respect to data, wherein said request comprises policies including conditions to be satisfied for matching an entity to a policy of said policies, and wherein said tiering process is associated with a classification of criteria for said data and a usage and resident cost for associated tiers; retrieving, by said computer processor in response to said request, a migration list indicating migration engines associated with said data, wherein said migration engines comprise logical volume level migration engines, and wherein each of said migration engines is responsible for one level of said data; determining, by said computer processor in response to results of comparing each migration entity of migration entities to associated policy conditions, if cost and utility based matches exist between said migration entities and said associated policy conditions, wherein said match is defined by said data and has not been accessed during a specified time period; determining, by said computer processor is response to analyzing a consolidated entity list associated with said entity list, a target location associated with migration of entities of said consolidated entity list, said target location comprising a destination including a logical volume mapped to physical disks; first estimating, by said computer processor, resource usage associated with said migration of said entities of said consolidated entity list, wherein said resource usage is associated with CPU resources, network resources, and disk resources; second estimating, by said computer processor in response to results of said entity data that has not been accessed during a specified time period, a cost change associated with said migration of said entities of said consolidated entity list, wherein said migration comprises moving said first file from a Tier 1 memory device to a Tier 3 memory device, wherein said first file comprises X GBs of data, wherein said Tier 1 memory device is associated with a cost of X/gigabyte (GB) and said Tier 3 memory device is associated with a cost of Y/GB, wherein said cost change equals a file size of (the first file)*X\u2212a file size of (the first file)*Y; generating, by said computer processor in response to results of: said analyzing; said determining said target location; said first estimating; and said second estimating, a candidate migration list comprising migration candidates from said consolidated entity list, wherein each candidate of said migration candidates is associated with a specified granularity level comprising a file system, a logical volume, and a block; generating, by said computer processor, a dependency list for each migration candidate of a subset of migration candidates of said candidate migration list, wherein each said dependency list comprises a list of nodes connected to each migration candidate of said subset of migration candidates in an end-to-end system graph, and wherein said nodes include a collection of nodes within an upstream and downstream path of a source migration entity of said consolidated entity list within said end-to-end system graph; and determining, by said computer processor, that a group of nodes of said nodes exist within a global dependency list. 8. The computing system of claim 7, wherein said method further comprises: removing, by said computer processor, duplicate entities of said migration entities, wherein said consolidated entity list does not comprise said duplicate entities. 9. The computing system of claim 7, wherein entities of said consolidated entity list comprises files, virtual machines, file systems, file sets, volumes, and block sets.",
-    "In a controller for applying a first drive voltage signal to one of parallel-connected first and second switching elements to perform a predetermined switching operation of one of the first switching element and the second switching element according to change of a first drive voltage in one of the first and second switching elements, a voltage detector detects the first drive voltage of one of the first and second switching elements. A delaying unit delays an application of a second drive voltage signal to the other of the first switching element and the second switching element to perform the predetermined operation of the other of the first switching element and the second switching element according to change of a second drive voltage in the other thereof while the first drive voltage in one of the first and second switching elements is substantially a predetermined Miller voltage. 1. A controller for applying a first drive voltage signal to one of parallel-connected first and second switching elements of a switch of a power converter to perform a predetermined switching operation of one of the first switching element, and the second switching element according to change of a first drive voltage in one of the first and second switching elements, the controller comprising: a voltage detector that detects the first drive voltage of one of the first and second switching elements; and a delaying unit that delays an application of a second drive voltage signal to the other of the first switching element and the second switching element to perform the predetermined switching operation of the other of the first switching element and the second switching element according to change of a second drive voltage in the other of the first and second switches while the first drive voltage in one of the first and second switching elements is substantially a predetermined Miller voltage. 2. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the delaying unit is configured to: apply the first drive voltage signal to one of the first and second switching elements to perform the predetermined switching operation of one of the first switching element and the second switching element, one of the first and second switching elements being referred to as a former switching element, the other of the first and second switching elements being referred to as a latter switching element; and alternately select the first switching element and the second switching clement as the former switching element. 3. The controller according to claim 1, further comprising a temperature detector that detects a difference in temperature between the first switching clement and the second switching element, wherein the delaying unit is configured to variably set, according to the detected difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element, a delay time between a first timing of the application of the first drive voltage signal and a second timing of the application of the second drive voltage. 4. The controller according to claim 2, further comprising a temperature detector that detects a difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element, wherein the delaying unit is configured to variably set, according to the detected difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element, a delay time between a first timing of the application of the first drive voltage signal and a second timing of the application of the second drive voltage. 5. The controller according to claim 3, wherein the delaying unit is configured to: determine whether the detected difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature threshold, one of the first and second switching elements lower in temperature than the other thereof being referred to as a lower-temperature switching element, the other of the first and second switching elements being referred to as a higher-temperature switching element; and select, when it is determined that the detected difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element is equal to or higher than the predetermined temperature threshold, one of the first switching element and the second switching element as the former switching element so as to increase a temperature of the lower-temperature switching element. 6. The controller according to claim 4, wherein the delaying unit is configured to: determine whether the detected difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature threshold, one of the first and second switching elements lower in temperature than the other thereof being referred to as a lower-temperature switching element, the other of the first and second switching elements being referred to as a higher-temperature switching element; and select, when it is determined that the detected difference in temperature between the first switching element and the second switching element is equal to or higher than the predetermined temperature threshold, one of the first switching element and the second switching element as the former switching element so as to increase a temperature of the lower-temperature switching element. 7. The controller according to claim 1, wherein: the predetermined operation includes a turn-on operation and a turn-off operation; the first drive voltage signal is applied to one of the first switching element and the second switching element to perform at least one of the turn-on operation and the turn-off operation of one of the first switching element and the second switching element according to change of the first drive voltage in one of the first and second switching elements; and the delaying unit is configured to delay the application of the second drive voltage signal to the other of the first switching element and the second switching element to perform a corresponding at least one of the turn-on operation and the turn-off operation of the other of the first switching element and the second switching element according to change of a second drive voltage in the other of the first and second switches while the first drive voltage in one of the first and second switching elements is substantially the predetermined Miller voltage.",
-    "An RF emitter sensing device is provided comprising an antenna circuit and an estimator configured to output, for one or more incoming signals-of-interest (SoI), either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of each SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the 3D angle-of-arrival (AoA) of each SoI, wherein: the antenna circuit has a plurality of ports that each output an output signal containing the one or more SoI, the antenna circuit including one or more multi-port antennas, each multi-port antenna having two or more ports, each multi-port antenna being configured to pick up a combination of one or more E-field signals and one or more H-field signals from each SoI, in a common volume of space. 1-30. (canceled) 31. An RF emitter sensing device comprising an antenna circuit, an isolation element, and an estimator element configured to output, for one or more incoming signal-of-interest (SoI), either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of each SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the angle-of-arrival (AoA) of each SoI, wherein: the antenna circuit has a plurality of ports that each output an output signal containing the one or more SoI, the antenna circuit including one or more multi-port antennas, each multi-port antenna having two or more ports, each multi-port antenna being configured to pick up a combination of one or more E-field signals and one or more H-field signals from each SoI, in a common volume of space, such that the one or more E-field signals and the one or more H-field signals can be isolated from each other by combining the output signals; and the isolation element is configured to output one or more isolated SoI outputs, for each respective port by receiving the output signals from each output port of the antenna circuit, and isolating in each respective port, one or more SoI from other extraneous signals; and the estimator element is configured to output either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of each SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the AoA of each SoI by: receiving the output signals from the antenna circuit, and generating either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of each SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the AoA of each SoI. 32. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31 also receiving or having access to user data that includes SoI-isolation-metrics corresponding to each SoI wherein, the isolation element is configured to isolate the one or more SoI from other extraneous signals according to the SoI-isolation-metrics. 33. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31 also receiving or having access to user data that includes SoI-isolation-metrics corresponding to each SoI wherein: the SoI-isolation-metrics include one or more of, time intervals when the SoI is known or likely to be active, time intervals when the SoI is known or likely to be inactive, field strength range, center frequency, bandwidth, modulation characteristics, occurrence timing, repetition rate, polarization, field strength range, stability of field strength, constraints on a range of potential angles of arrival, and multipath geometries; and the isolation element is configured to isolate the one or more SoI from other extraneous signals according to the SoI-isolation-metrics. 34. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31 wherein the one or more multi-port antennas include a multiport antenna that is comprised of one or more conductive-surface-pairs, wherein, each conductive-surface-pair has a first conductive surface, a second conductive surface offset in an offset-direction from the first conductive surface, and one or more port-pairs, each port-pair including a first port and a second port; wherein each of the first and second port is formed by a connection to the first and second conductive surfaces, and wherein each of the one or more port-pairs forms a loop going from a first terminal of a corresponding first port, through the first conductive surface to a first terminal of a corresponding second port, through a termination load connected across the corresponding second port to a second terminal of the corresponding second port, and through the second conductive surface to a second terminal of the corresponding first port, and through a termination load connected across the corresponding first port, back to the first terminal of the corresponding first port to complete the loop, and an output for each port; and different conductive-surface-pairs have different offset-directions and the loops associated with the port-pairs share a nominally common center point. 35. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31, wherein the estimator element is configured to output either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of an SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the AoA of an SoI by also: computing the estimated range and/or one or more angle estimates based on a computation that is a function of: the received output signals from the antenna circuit, and a set of one or more baseline values determined with one or more known SoI, with each of the one or more known SoI at one or more known positions or angles. 36. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31, wherein the estimator means is configured to, for each SoI: isolate E-field signals from the SoI by combining output signals from the antenna circuit, and isolate H-field signals from the SoI by combining output signals from the antenna circuit, and the estimator means is configured to output either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of the SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the AoA of the SoI by also by using one or more of: the magnitude of combinations of the isolated E-field signals from the SoI and the isolated H-field signals from the SoI, and the phase of combinations of the isolated E-field signals from the SoI and the isolated H-field signals from the SoI. 37. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31, wherein the antenna circuit is configured to pick up signals at a more than one location or orientation, and the one or more locations or orientations are made with one or more of a sequential configuration and a simultaneous configuration; wherein, in the sequential configuration, ports are in respective initial locations and orientations at an initial time, and ports are in a respective next location and orientation at a next time that is later than the initial time, and wherein the estimator uses the output signals received at different times. 38. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31 wherein the estimator element is configured to output either or both of an estimated range to the emitter of an SoI, and estimates for one or more angles corresponding to the AoA of an SoI by also: computing the estimated range and/or one or more angle estimates based on a computation that is a function that uses the received output signals from the antenna circuit, wherein the function is configured to mitigate estimation bias caused by one or more of: receiver noise, noise picked up by the antennas, sensitivity imbalance in the E and H fields picked up by a port, the magnitude of an SoI, effects of non-ideal termination impedances attached to the antenna ports, and the effects of objects causing reflections into the antenna circuit or blockages to the antenna circuit. 39. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 31, wherein the estimator element is configured to generate, for each SoI, one or more angles corresponding to the AoA of each SoI, by also: computing, for each SoI, a set of measured values based on the one or more isolated SoI outputs from the isolation means, comparing, for each SoI, the set of measured values with a plurality of sets of calibration values, where the plurality of sets of calibration values is comprised of sets of values determined with the SoI emitter at known, one or more of, location, AoA, and range. 40. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39 wherein each value set is derived from the outputs of an ith port pair and includes a first quantity Ai and a second quantity Bi, where i is an index value from 1 to N, wherein, the first quantity Ai is a difference between a first SoI level and a second SoI level, the second quantity B1 is the sum of the first SoI level and the second SoI level. 41. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39 wherein, a set of real-time derived values is derived from the set of measured value sets, the set of desired outputs are contained in a lookup table where each row contains the list of the desired outputs in a first set of columns, and a set of expected derived values, corresponding to the list of desired outputs, in a second set of columns, and determining the list of desired outputs involves finding a row where the set of expected derived values most closely matches the set of real-time derived values, and corresponding to the row found, reading from the first set of columns the list of desired output values. 42. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39 wherein, the set of real-time derived values includes a plurality of ratio quantities corresponding to each port-pair, and each ratio quantity is the first quantity divided by the second quantity for each of the plurality of port-pairs. 43. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39 wherein, a set of real-time derived values is derived from the set of measured value sets, the set of real-time desired outputs are contained in a lookup table where each row contains a first set of columns including the list of desired outputs, a second set of columns including a set of corresponding expected derived values, and a third set of columns that indicate, in each row, which values in the second set of columns are active for that particular row; and determining the list of desired outputs involves finding the row where the set of the set of expected derived values that are active according to the third set of columns, most closely matches the set of real-time derived values, and corresponding to the row found, reading from the first set of columns the list of desired output values. 44. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39 wherein a set of derived values includes a plurality of value pairs corresponding to a plurality of port-pairs, and for each port pair, the value pair is the arc-sine and arc-cosine of a ratio quantity which is the first quantity divided by the second quantity. 45. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39 wherein the first SoI level and the second SoI level are generated by: coherently estimating a first initial SoI level corresponding to the first port and a second initial SoI level corresponding to the second port, and correcting for any imbalance in the E-field and H-field sensitivities embedded in the first initial SoI level, and the second initial SoI level to generate the first SoI level and the second SoI level. 46. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 45, wherein the estimator is configured such that the coherently estimating is performed by choosing from the plurality of ports a different port, having a high SoI level relative to all the ports and that is neither the first port nor the second port, and finding a first initial SoI level that is a first correlation between the first port and the different port over a time period which may be discontinuous, finding a second initial SoI level that is a second correlation between the second port and the different port over a time period which may be discontinuous, and the correcting for any imbalance is performed by computing the sum of the first initial SoI level and the second initial SoI level, computing the difference between the initial SoI level and the second initial SoI level, computing a value M, which is the difference divided by the sum, having, for each said port-pair, a known or measured back-to-front ratio, {circumflex over (\u03b5)}, at the frequency of the SoI, and computing a correction factor k for each port pair that is one divided by the quantity 1 minus twice a measured back-to-front ratio {circumflex over (\u03b5)}, (k=1/(1\u22122{circumflex over (\u03b5)})) at the frequency of the SoI, such that computing the first SoI level to be one-half of M times the quantity of 1 plus k (M(1+k)/2), and computing the second SoI level to be one half of M times the quantity of 1 minus k, (M(1\u2212k)/2). 47. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 39, wherein the antenna system includes one or more pairs of port-pairs, such as an ith port-pair and a jth port pair, where i and j are indexes, wherein, j is not equal to i, the patterns of the first port and the second port in each of the port-pairs are aimed in opposite directions, all the ports in each pair of port-pairs share the same polarization axis, the aiming axis of the ith port-pair is orthogonally to the jth port-pair, and the estimator is configured to determine the list of desired outputs by correcting for homogeneous noise \u03bei,j picked up by each of the ports by estimating the homogeneous noise and removing its affect. 48. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 47, wherein the estimator module is further configured to estimate the homogeneous noise \u03bei,j such that, \u03be i , j = \u03a6 \ue8a0 ( A i , B i , A j , B j ) = Re \ue8a0 [ B i 2 + B j 2 - F 6 + H 4 + I 144 - F 3 - H 4 - I 144 - 3 \ue89e E I + 36 \ue89e H + 24 \ue89e F ] wherein Ai, Bi, Aj, Bj are the first and second quantities of the ith and jth port-pairs respectively \ue89e E = A i 2 \ue89e B i - A j 2 \ue89e B i - A i 2 \ue89e B j + A j 2 \ue89e B j , \ue89e \ue89e F = A i 2 + B i 2 / 2 - B i \ue89e B j + A j 2 + B j 2 / 2 , \ue89e \ue89e G = ( B i - B j ) 2 \ue89e ( 4 \ue89e A i 2 - B i 2 + 2 \ue89e B i \ue89e B j + 4 \ue89e A j 2 - B j 2 ) , \ue89e H = 3 \ue89e ( 432 \ue89e E 4 - 64 \ue89e E 2 \ue89e F 3 + G \ue8a0 ( 16 \ue89e F 4 - 144 \ue89e E 2 \ue89e F ) + 8 \ue89e F 2 \ue89e G 2 + G 3 ) / 72 + E 2 / 2 - F 3 / 27 + G \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e B i \ue89e B j - 2 \ue89e A i 2 - B i 2 - 2 \ue89e A j 2 - B j 2 ) / 24 1 3 , \ue89e \ue89e I = { ( 4 \ue89e F 2 - 3 \ue89e G ) / H if \ue89e \ue89e H \u2260 0 0 if \ue89e \ue89e H = 0 , and the estimator is configured to estimate an angle of arrival from the (i,j) pair of port-pairs using a four quadrant arctangent function (e.g. a tan 2(y,x) Fortran function), where the arguments are Ai/(Bi\u2212\u03bei,j) and Aj/(Bj\u2212\u03bei,j). 49. The RF emitter sensing device of claim 47, wherein the estimator module further: operates to estimate the homogeneous noise \u03bei,j for a particular (i,j) pair of port-pairs, such that \u03be i , j = \u03a6 \ue8a0 ( A i , B i , A j , B j ) = Re \ue8a0 [ B i 2 + B j 2 - F 6 + H 4 + I 144 - F 3 - H 4 - I 144 - 3 \ue89e E I + 36 \ue89e H + 24 \ue89e F ] , wherein are the first and second quantities of the ith and jth port-pairs respectively E=Ai2Bi\u2212Aj2Bi\u2212Ai2Bj+Aj2Bj, \ue89e F = A i 2 + B i 2 / 2 - B i \ue89e B j + A j 2 + B j 2 / 2 , \ue89e \ue89e G = ( B i - B j ) 2 \ue89e ( 4 \ue89e A i 2 - B i 2 + 2 \ue89e B i \ue89e B j + 4 \ue89e A j 2 - B j 2 ) , \ue89e H = 3 \ue89e ( 432 \ue89e E 4 - 64 \ue89e E 2 \ue89e F 3 + G \ue8a0 ( 16 \ue89e F 4 - 144 \ue89e E 2 \ue89e F ) + 8 \ue89e F 2 \ue89e G 2 + G 3 ) / 72 + E 2 / 2 - F 3 / 27 + G \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e B i \ue89e B j - 2 \ue89e A i 2 - B i 2 - 2 \ue89e A j 2 - B j 2 ) / 24 1 3 , \ue89e \ue89e I = { ( 4 \ue89e F 2 - 3 \ue89e G ) / H if \ue89e \ue89e H \u2260 0 0 if \ue89e \ue89e H = 0 , and operates to generate a set of derived value sets for each pair of port-pairs that includes the values Ai/(Bi\u2212\u03bei,j), and (Bi\u2212\u03bei,j)/(Bj\u2212\u03bei,j), for each (i,j) pair of port-pairs, includes a lookup table in which each row contains, the angles from the list of desired outputs in a first set of columns, and corresponding to these angles, the expected values for the set of derived value sets, in a second set of columns; and operates to determine the list of desired outputs by finding the row where the expected values most closely match the values in the set of derived value sets, and reading from the first set of columns in that row, the list of output values. 50. An RF emitter sensing device, comprising: an antenna-system including one or more antenna elements; an isolation means configured to receive a signal from each port of the antenna-system, and isolate, for each port, a signal of interest (SoI) from other extraneous signals based on the SoI-isolation-metrics, and output, for each corresponding antenna-system port, an isolated SoI output; a combing module that that includes N combiners, each combiner configured to generate an output-pair that includes a first output and a second output, where the first output and the second output both have patterns that are nominally a raised sine, and aim in opposite directions, where N is one or more, and where we will use i or j to correspond to and reference a particular output-pair by taking its value from 1 to N, and an estimator module configured to receive the plurality of output-pairs from the combining module, and generate the list of desired outputs for each SoI by using the plurality of SoI-quad-sets, and user data; and output the list of desired outputs; wherein the estimator means estimates and computes the SoI angle of arrival by computing a set of measured value sets, one value set for each output-pair, where each value set contains a first quantity Ai, a second quantity Bi, and where the first quantity Ai is the difference between a first SoI level and a second SoI level, and where the second quantity Bi is the sum of the first SoI level and the second SoI level, and where the first SoI level and the second SoI level are derived using the SoI received on the first port and the second port, and determining the list of desired outputs based on a set of desired outputs that correspond to a set of potential value sets, and the set of measured value sets; wherein the output-pairs are organized into one or more quad-sets that each include pairs of output-pairs (i,j), where both output-pairs share the same polarization but aim in orthogonal directions, such that j is never equal to i; and wherein the estimator module operates to correct for homogeneous noise \u03bei,j picked up by each quad-set by, estimating the homogeneous noise for a particular (i,j) quad-set such that \u03be i , j = \u03a6 \ue8a0 ( A i , B i , A j , B j ) = Re \ue8a0 [ B i 2 + B j 2 - F 6 + H 4 + I 144 - F 3 - H 4 - I 144 - 3 \ue89e E I + 36 \ue89e H + 24 \ue89e F ] , wherein Ai, Bi, Aj, Bj are the first and second quantities of the ith and jth port-pairs respectively \ue89e E = A i 2 \ue89e B i - A j 2 \ue89e B i - A i 2 \ue89e B j + A j 2 \ue89e B j , \ue89e \ue89e F = A i 2 + B i 2 / 2 - B i \ue89e B j + A j 2 + B j 2 / 2 , \ue89e \ue89e G = ( B i - B j ) 2 \ue89e ( 4 \ue89e A i 2 - B i 2 + 2 \ue89e B i \ue89e B j + 4 \ue89e A j 2 - B j 2 ) , \ue89e H = 3 \ue89e ( 432 \ue89e E 4 - 64 \ue89e E 2 \ue89e F 3 + G \ue8a0 ( 16 \ue89e F 4 - 144 \ue89e E 2 \ue89e F ) + 8 \ue89e F 2 \ue89e G 2 + G 3 ) / 72 + E 2 / 2 - F 3 / 27 + G \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e B i \ue89e B j - 2 \ue89e A i 2 - B i 2 - 2 \ue89e A j 2 - B j 2 ) / 24 1 3 , \ue89e \ue89e I = { ( 4 \ue89e F 2 - 3 \ue89e G ) / H if \ue89e \ue89e H \u2260 0 0 if \ue89e \ue89e H = 0 , and removing the effect of the homogeneous noise by generating a set of derived value sets including a quad-output-value-set for each quad-set, that is comprised of a first term Ai/(Bi\u2212\u03bei,j), a second term Aj/(Bj\u2212\u03bei,j), and sometimes a third term (Bi\u2212\u03bei,j)/(Bj\u2212\u03bei,j), for a said (i,j) quad-set, and wherein the estimator module includes a lookup table in which each row contains, the list of desired outputs in a first set of columns, and corresponding to the values in the list, and the expected values for the set of derived value sets, in a second set of columns, wherein the estimator module is configured to find the row where the expected values most closely match the values in the set of derived value sets, and read from the first set of columns in that row, the list of output values, and wherein the user data includes for each SoI, SoI-isolation-metrics that can be used to isolate the SoI, including one or more of the center frequency, bandwidth, modulation characteristics, occurrence timing, repetition rate, polarization, field strength, stability of field strength, constraints on the range of potential angles of arrival, and known multipath geometries; and specifications for a list of desired outputs for each particular SoI, including one or more items such as the coordinate system and pose used, time and date, azimuth angle, desired azimuth angle accuracy and confidence level, achieved azimuth angle accuracy and confidence level, elevation angle, desired elevation angle accuracy and confidence level, achieved elevation angle accuracy and confidence level, maximum processing time allowed, processing time used, time periods used to integrate SoI energy, polarization, center frequency, modulation type, repetition rate, peak-to-average ratio, variance, times to a number of the highest independent peaks, frequency versus time profile, power versus time profile, and rms power. a configuration of the antenna system including a position and beam pattern associated with each port in the antenna system relative to a reference position on the DF system, where the beam pattern includes one or more of magnitude, polarization, group-delay, transfer function, and impulse response as a function of angles, and the time, date and pose of a reference position on the DF system relative to an earth coordinate system.",
-    "A CNT metal composite material is provided depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs is provided including 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs, a region is arranged with the metal uniformly distributed in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 \u03bcm, a signal of the metal and a signal of carbon are not localized in a specific area in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, and a length of a region uniformly distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon uniformly distributed is at least 1 \u03bcm, an allowable current density is at 6\u00d7106 A/cm2 or more, and volume resistivity is 1\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9\u00b7cm or more and 5\u00d710\u22123 \u03a9\u00b7cm or less. 1. A CNT metal composite material depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs comprising: 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs; a region distributed with the metal in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 \u03bcm; and a region unlocalizing a signal of the metal and/or a signal of carbon in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, a length of a region distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon is at least 1 \u03bcm, wherein the CNT metal composite material does not have a structure depositing the metal only on the outer surface of a CNT aggregate but has a structure depositing the metal also on the interior of the CNT aggregate, and/or the metal is deposited on the interior of the CNT aggregate and a metal layer is fully formed on the CNT aggregate in the scanning electron microscope image and the two-dimensional elemental analysis, an allowable current density is at 6\u00d7106 A/cm2 or more, and volume resistivity is 1\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9\u00b7cm or more and 5\u00d710\u22123 \u03a9\u00b7cm or less. 2. A CNT metal composite material depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs comprising: 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs; a region distributed with the metal in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 \u03bcm; and a region unlocalizing a signal of the metal and/or a signal of carbon in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, a length of a region distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon is at least 1 \u03bcm, wherein the CNT metal composite material does not have a structure depositing the metal only on the outer surface of a CNT aggregate but has a structure depositing the metal also on the interior of the CNT aggregate, and/or the metal is deposited on the interior of the CNT aggregate and a metal layer is fully formed on the CNT aggregate in the scanning electron microscope image and the two-dimensional elemental analysis, thermal conductivity in at least a part of a temperature range from 320K to 350K is higher than a thermal conductivity at room temperature, and volume resistivity is 1\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9\u00b7cm or more and 5\u00d710\u22123 \u03a9\u00b7cm or less. 3. A CNT metal composite material depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs comprising: 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs; a region distributed with the metal in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 \u03bcm; and a region unlocalizing a signal of the metal and/or a signal of carbon in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, a length of a region distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon is at least 1 \u03bcm, wherein the CNT metal composite material does not have a structure depositing the metal only on the outer surface of a CNT aggregate but has a structure depositing the metal also on the interior of the CNT aggregate, and/or the metal is deposited on the interior of the CNT aggregate and a metal layer is fully formed on the CNT aggregate in the scanning electron microscope image and the two-dimensional elemental analysis, resistance temperature coefficient in at least a part of a temperature range from 320K to 500K is 5\u00d710\u22123/K or less and volume resistivity is 1\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9\u00b7cm or more and 5\u00d710\u22123 \u03a9\u00b7cm or less. 4. A CNT metal composite material depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs comprising: 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs; a region distributed with the metal in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 \u03bcm; and a region unlocalizing a signal of the metal and/or a signal of carbon in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, a length of a region distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon is at least 1 \u03bcm, wherein the CNT metal composite material does not have a structure depositing the metal only on the outer surface of a CNT aggregate but has a structure depositing the metal also on the interior of the CNT aggregate, and/or the metal is deposited on the interior of the CNT aggregate and a metal layer is fully formed on the CNT aggregate in the scanning electron microscope image and the two-dimensional elemental analysis, a histogram distribution of signal intensity of a single metal mapped in a 1 \u03bcm square region has a single peak of maximum distribution value in a two-dimensional elemental analysis magnified ten thousand times, and volume resistivity is 1\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9\u00b7cm or more and 5\u00d710\u22123 \u03a9\u00b7cm or less. 5. A CNT metal composite material depositing a metal into a plurality of CNTs comprising: 3% by weight or more and 70% by weight or less of the CNTs; a region distributed with the metal in a scanning electron microscope image magnified ten thousand times and the length of the region is at least 1 \u03bcm; and a region unlocalizing a signal of the metal and/or a signal of carbon in a two-dimensional elemental analysis image magnified ten thousand times, a length of a region distributing the signal of the metal and the signal of carbon is at least 1 \u03bcm, wherein the CNT metal composite material does not have a structure depositing the metal only on the outer surface of a CNT aggregate but has a structure depositing the metal also on the interior of the CNT aggregate, and/or the metal is deposited on the interior of the CNT aggregate and a metal layer is fully formed on the CNT aggregate in the scanning electron microscope image and the two-dimensional elemental analysis, an intensity ratio between the largest intensity peak attributed to the metal and the largest intensity peak attributed to an oxide of the metal is 10 or more when an X-ray diffraction analysis is performed using a Cu-K\u03b1 ray as a radiation source, and volume resistivity is 2\u00d710\u22126 \u03a9\u00b7cm or more and 5\u00d710\u22123 \u03a9\u00b7cm or less. 6. The CNT metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the plurality of CNTs are oriented. 7. The CNT metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein the metal is a plating metal. 8. The CNT metal composite material according to claim 7, wherein the metal is selected from a group consisting of gold, copper, silver, nickel, zinc, chromium, platinum, tin, an alloy thereof or solder. 9. The CNT metal composite material according to claim 8, wherein the metal is copper. 10. The CNT metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein the metal is copper, and intensity sizes of (111), (200), (220) measured by X-ray diffraction analysis using a Cu-K\u03b1 ray as a radiation source is (111)>(200)>(220) when a diffraction angle 2\u03b8 is in a range of 40\u00b0 or more and 80\u00b0 or less. 11. The CNT metal composite material according to claim 1, wherein the depositing comprising at least one state selected from a group consisting of contacting at least a part of a CNT with the metal, covering at least a part of a CNT with the metal, attaching at least a part of a CNT with the metal so as to be overlaid and wrapped with the metal, attaching at least a part of a CNT with the metal so as to stretch a film on the surface of the metal, and inserting at least a part of a CNT in contact with a surface of the metal.",
-    "An HLA-A*1101-restricted WT1 peptide, specifically, a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence consisting of 9 contiguous amino acids from a WT1 protein, wherein the peptide has an ability to bind to an HLA-A*1101 molecule, and has an ability to induce a CTL is described. A peptide dimer having an ability to bind to an HLA-A*1101 molecule and having an ability to induce a CTL, in which two peptide monomers each comprising an amino acid sequence consisting of 9 contiguous amino acids from a WT1 protein and comprising at least one cysteine residue are bound to each other through a disulfide bond is also described. Furthermore, a polynucleotide encoding the peptide, a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of a cancer comprising the same and the like are provided. 1-19. (canceled) 20. A method for the induction of a Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1)-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL), comprising administering to an HLA-A*1101-positive subject an effective amount of an isolated peptide dimer comprising a first and second peptide monomer bound through a disulfide bond, wherein (1) the first peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys (SEQ ID No: 7) and (2) the second peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 3) Pro Ile Leu Cys Gly Ala Gln Tyr Arg, (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, (SEQ ID No: 8) Lys Thr Cys Gln Arg Lys Phe Ser Arg, and (SEQ ID No: 9) Ser Cys Arg Trp Pro Ser Cys Gln Lys. 21. A WT1-specific CTL, which is induced by an isolated peptide and/or an isolated peptide dimer, wherein the isolated peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 5) Ser Ala Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Lys Arg, (SEQ ID No: 6) Ser His Leu Gln Met His Ser Arg Lys, and (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, wherein the isolated peptide dimer comprises a first and second peptide monomer bound through a disulfide bond, wherein (1) the first peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys (SEQ ID No: 7) and (2) the second peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 3) Pro Ile Leu Cys Gly Ala Gln Tyr Arg, (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, (SEQ ID No: 8) Lys Thr Cys Gln Arg Lys Phe Ser Arg, and (SEQ ID No: 9) Ser Cys Arg Trp Pro Ser Cys Gln Lys. 22. A method for the induction of a WT1-specific CTL, comprising culturing a peripheral blood mononuclear cell in the presence of an isolated peptide and/or an isolated peptide dimer to induce the WT1-specific CTL from the peripheral blood mononuclear cell, wherein the isolated peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 5) Ser Ala Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Lys Arg, (SEQ ID No: 6) Ser His Leu Gln Met His Ser Arg Lys, and (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, wherein the isolated peptide dimer comprises a first and second peptide monomer bound through a disulfide bond, wherein (1) the first peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys (SEQ ID No: 7) and (2) the second peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 3) Pro Ile Leu Cys Gly Ala Gln Tyr Arg, (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, (SEQ ID No: 8) Lys Thr Cys Gln Arg Lys Phe Ser Arg, and (SEQ ID No: 9) Ser Cys Arg Trp Pro Ser Cys Gln Lys. 23. An antigen-presenting cell presenting a WT1 peptide, which is induced by an isolated peptide and/or an isolated peptide dimer, wherein the isolated peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 5) Ser Ala Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Lys Arg, (SEQ ID No: 6) Ser His Leu Gln Met His Ser Arg Lys, and (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, wherein the isolated peptide dimer comprises a first and second peptide monomer bound through a disulfide bond, wherein (1) the first peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys (SEQ ID No: 7) and (2) the second peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 3) Pro Ile Leu Cys Gly Ala Gln Tyr Arg, (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, (SEQ ID No: 8) Lys Thr Cys Gln Arg Lys Phe Ser Arg, and (SEQ ID No: 9) Ser Cys Arg Trp Pro Ser Cys Gln Lys. 24. A method for the induction of an antigen-presenting cell presenting a WT1 peptide, comprising culturing an immature antigen-presenting cell in the presence of an isolated peptide and/or an isolated peptide dimer to induce the antigen-presenting cell presenting a WT1 peptide from the immature antigen-presenting cell, wherein the isolated peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 5) Ser Ala Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Lys Arg, (SEQ ID No: 6) Ser His Leu Gln Met His Ser Arg Lys, and (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, wherein the isolated peptide dimer comprises a first and second peptide monomer bound through a disulfide bond, wherein (1) the first peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys (SEQ ID No: 7) and (2) the second peptide monomer consists of an amino acid sequence selected from: (SEQ ID No: 3) Pro Ile Leu Cys Gly Ala Gln Tyr Arg, (SEQ ID No: 7) Thr Gly Val Lys Pro Phe Gln Cys Lys, (SEQ ID No: 8) Lys Thr Cys Gln Arg Lys Phe Ser Arg, and (SEQ ID No: 9) Ser Cys Arg Trp Pro Ser Cys Gln Lys. 25. A method for the diagnosis of a cancer, comprising incubating the CTL according to claim 21 with a sample from an HLA-A*1101-positive subject, or administering the CTL to the HLA-A*1101-positive subject. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the CTL is labeled. 27. A method for the diagnosis of a cancer, comprising incubating the antigen-presenting cell according to claim 23 with a sample from an HLA-A*1101-positive subject, or administering the antigen-presenting cell to the HLA-A*1101-positive subject. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the antigen-presenting cell is labeled.",
-    "Levalbuterol L-tartrate affords crystals possessing properties desirable for use in a metered dose inhaler. 1. Levalbuterol L-tartrate. 2. Levalbuterol L-tartrate as claimed in claim 1, which is in crystalline form. 3. Levalbuterol L-tartrate as claimed in claim 2, containing from 0.3 to 0.7% ethanol. 4. Levalbuterol L-tartrate as claimed in claim 2, which is in micronized form. 5. Levalbuterol L-tartrate as claimed in claim 4, which is in the form of needle-like particles. 6. A pharmaceutical composition, which comprises levalbuterol L-tartrate as claimed in claim 1, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 7. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 6, which is an aerosol formulation adapted for administration using a metered dose inhaler, the aerosol formulation comprising levalbuterol L-tartrate in crystalline form and a propellant. 8. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 7, in which the propellant is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. 9. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 7, which further comprises a surfactant. 10. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 7, which further comprises a co-solvent. 11. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 10, in which the co-solvent is ethanol. 12. An aerosol formulation adapted for administration using a metered dose inhaler, the aerosol formulation comprising levalbuterol L-tartrate crystals in the form of micronized, needle-like particles, and a propellant. 13. An aerosol formulation as claimed in claim 12, in which the propellant is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. 14. An aerosol formulation as claimed in claim 13, which further comprises from 2 to 6% by weight of ethanol as a cosolvent. 15. A metered dose inhaler comprising a canister containing an aerosol formulation as defined in claim 7, a metering valve and a valve stem. 16. A metered dose inhaler comprising a canister containing an aerosol formulation as defined in claim 12, a metering valve and a valve stem. 17. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 6, which is adapted for administration using a dry powder inhaler or insufflator.",
-    "A semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment includes: a plurality of first conductive lines stacked in a first direction above a semiconductor substrate and extending in a second direction; a second conductive line extending in the first direction; semiconductor layers arranged between the first conductive lines and the second conductive line and extending in the first direction; a conductive layer in contact with a bottom surface of the semiconductor layer with a first impurity of a first conductivity type; and variable resistance films arranged at intersections between the first conductive lines and the semiconductor layer, the semiconductor layer having a first semiconductor part arranged from the bottom surface of the semiconductor layer to a position equal to or lower than a bottom surface of the first conductive line at a lowermost layer in the first direction with a second impurity of a second conductivity type. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a plurality of first conductive lines which are stacked in a first direction above a semiconductor substrate and extend in a second direction along to the semiconductor substrate; a second conductive line which extends in the first direction; a semiconductor layer which is arranged between the first conductive lines and the second conductive line and extends in the first direction; a conductive layer which is in contact with a bottom surface of the semiconductor layer and includes a first impurity of a first conductivity type; and a variable resistance film which is arranged between the first conductive lines and the semiconductor layer, the semiconductor layer having a first semiconductor part which is arranged from the bottom surface of the semiconductor layer to a position equal to or lower than a bottom surface of the first conductive line at a lowermost layer in the first direction and includes a second impurity of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first impurity is a donor, and the second impurity is an acceptor. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first impurity is phosphorus (P) or arsenic (As). 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the second impurity is boron (B). 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer has a second semiconductor part which is arranged from an upper surface of the first semiconductor part to a position of an upper surface of the semiconductor layer in the first direction, and the second semiconductor part is formed using an intrinsic semiconductor. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer has a second semiconductor part which is arranged from an upper surface of the first semiconductor part to a position of an upper surface of the semiconductor layer in the first direction, and the second semiconductor part includes a third impurity of the first conductivity type or the second conductivity type. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor part has a lower impurity concentration than the conductive layer. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 6, wherein the first semiconductor part has a higher impurity concentration than the second semiconductor part. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising a third conductive line which extends in a third direction crossing the first and second directions between the semiconductor substrate and the conductive layer in the first direction. 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 9, further comprising a first barrier layer between the third conductive line and the conductive layer in the first direction, wherein the conductive layer is electrically connected to the third conductive layer with the first barrier layer interposed therebetween. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the conductive layer is in contact with an upper surface of the first barrier layer. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising an insulating layer which is in contact with side surfaces and a bottom surface of the second conductive line. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising a fourth conductive line extending in the second direction and provided in the first direction above the second conductive line. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 13, further comprising a second barrier layer between the second conductive line and the fourth conductive line in the first direction, wherein the second conductive line is electrically connected to the fourth conductive layer with the second barrier layer interposed therebetween. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, wherein the second conductive line is in contact with a bottom surface of the second barrier layer. 16. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a plurality of first conductive lines which are stacked in a first direction above a semiconductor substrate and extend in a second direction along to the semiconductor substrate; a second conductive line which extends in the first direction; a semiconductor layer which is arranged between the first conductive lines and the second conductive line and extends in the first direction; and a variable resistance film which is arranged between the first conductive lines and the semiconductor layer, the semiconductor layer having a first semiconductor part which is arranged from a bottom surface of the semiconductor layer to a position equal to or lower than a bottom surface of the first conductive line at a lowermost layer in the first direction and includes an acceptor. 17. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 16, wherein the acceptor is boron (B). 18. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 16, wherein the semiconductor layer has a second semiconductor part which is arranged from an upper surface of the first semiconductor part to an upper surface of the semiconductor layer in the first direction, and the second semiconductor part is formed using an intrinsic semiconductor. 19. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 16, wherein the semiconductor layer has a second semiconductor part which is arranged from an upper surface of the first semiconductor part to an upper surface of the semiconductor layer in the first direction, and the second semiconductor part includes a donor or an acceptor. 20. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 19, wherein the first semiconductor part has a higher impurity concentration than the second semiconductor part.",
-    "An information processing apparatus includes a processor that executes an operating system, a nonvolatile main memory device to which the processor is directly accessible and that has a controller, and an external storage device to which the processor is not directly accessible. When the processor detects an error of the operating system, the processor resets devices other than the nonvolatile main memory device and restarts the operating system, and the controller writes data of the nonvolatile main memory device to the external storage device. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: a processor that executes an operating system; a nonvolatile main memory device to which the processor is directly accessible and that has a controller; and an external storage device to which the processor is not directly accessible, wherein when the processor detects an error of the operating system, the processor resets devices other than the nonvolatile main memory device and restarts the operating system, and the controller writes data of the nonvolatile main memory device to the external storage device. 2. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile main memory device is provided with a plurality of nonvolatile main memory devices, the information processing apparatus further comprises an information storage unit that stores setting information in which priority of each nonvolatile main memory device of the plurality of nonvolatile main memory devices is described, the processor refers to the setting information and, in descending order of priority, causes the controller to perform a process in which the data of the nonvolatile main memory device is written to the external storage device 3. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller receives from the operating system first data that is to be written to the nonvolatile main memory device, when second data that is present in an area in which the first data is to be written is not written to the external storage device, writes the second data to the external storage device, and writes the first data to the nonvolatile main memory device after the second data is written to the external storage device. 4. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile main memory device has an unassigned area with respect to an address viewed from outside, the controller receives from the operating system the first data that is to be written to the nonvolatile main memory device, when the second data that is present in the first area in which the first data is to be written is not written to the external storage device, invalidates the address that is assigned to the first area and is viewed from the outside, assigns to the unassigned area the address that was assigned to the first area and is viewed from the outside, and writes the first data to the unassigned area in which the address that was assigned to the first area and is viewed from the outside. 5. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller has a management table in which a flag is described indicating whether each piece of data of a plurality of areas of the nonvolatile main memory device was previously written to the nonvolatile main memory device, when the operating system operates, refers to the management table and detects unwritten data that is not written to the external storage device is detected, writes the unwritten data to the external storage device, and sets a flag corresponding to the written data to indicate that the data was previously written to the external storage device. 6. The information processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein when the processor detects an error of the operating system, the controller refers to the management table and writes, based on the flag, to the external storage device only data of the nonvolatile main memory device that is not written to the external storage device. 7. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an information storage unit that stores setting information indicating whether the nonvolatile main memory device is a dump target, wherein the nonvolatile main memory device further includes a main memory device information storage unit that stores a dump flag indicating whether a process is to be performed in which the data of the nonvolatile main memory device is written to the external storage device, the processor sets to be valid, based on the setting information, the dump flag of the nonvolatile main memory device that is a dump target, and when the dump flag is valid, the controller writes the data of the nonvolatile main memory device to the external storage device. 8. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a volatile main memory device to which the processor is directly accessible, wherein before the data of the nonvolatile main memory device is written to the external storage device, the controller writes data of the volatile main memory device to the nonvolatile main memory device. 9. A memory dump method performed by an information processing device including a processor that executes an operating system, a nonvolatile main memory device to which the processor is directly accessible, and an external storage device to which the processor is not directly accessible, the memory dump method comprising: detecting, by the processor, an error of the operating system; resetting, by the processor, devices other than the nonvolatile main memory device; restarting, by the processor, the operating system; and writing, by a controller included in the nonvolatile main memory device, data of the nonvolatile main memory device to the external storage device. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a memory dump program for causing a computer including a processor that executes an operating system, a nonvolatile main memory device to which the processor is directly accessible, and an external storage device to which the processor is not directly accessible, to execute a process, the process comprising: detecting an error of the operating system; resetting devices other than the nonvolatile main memory device; restarting the operating system; and writing data of the nonvolatile main memory device to the external storage device.",
-    "Described is an I/O driven, feedback based rate control mechanism that allows a transfer session to self-adjust its transfer rate in response to the speed of the storage device at the destination. The described system may operate at the application layer, which makes cross-platform deployment an easier task 1. A computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having a plurality of processes stored thereon for execution by a plurality of host processing devices including a first host and a second host connected over a network, the second host being connected to a storage device, wherein the plurality of processes include: a sending process executable in the first host for communicating data to a receiving process executable in the second host in order for the receiving process to write the data to the storage device, wherein the sending process is configured to send data to the receiving process at a specified variable data transfer rate x(t) at any time t, wherein the receiving process is configured to store data received in a ring buffer before writing it to the storage device; a storage rate controller incorporated into the receiving process, wherein the storage rate controller is configured to: 1) measure a current occupancy of the ring buffer, 2) calculate an updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) as a function of a current data transfer rate x(t), the measured current occupancy, a total ring buffer size, and a specified target occupancy value, and 3) communicate the updated data transfer rate to the sending process; a network rate controller incorporated into the receiving process and configured to measure an extent of network congestion and to compute a network rate xnet(t) based on the measured congestion, and, wherein the sending process is to adjust the data transfer rate as a function of xnet(t) and the updated data transfer rate sent by the receiving process. 2. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the storage rate controller is configured such that the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) represents a decrease of the current data transfer rate x(t) if the measured current occupancy is greater than the specified target occupancy value. 3. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) after finishing a write operation to the storage device. 4. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) at periodic intervals. 5. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to: 1) after finishing a write operation to the storage device, compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) from a first function of the current data transfer rate x(t), a measured current buffer occupancy, a total size of the ring buffer, and a specified target occupancy value, and 2) at periodic intervals, compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) from a second function of the current data transfer rate x(t), the measured current buffer occupancy, the total size of the ring buffer, and a specified target occupancy value. 6. The computer program product of claim 4 wherein the periodic intervals correspond to a currently measured network round-trip time RTT(t). 7. The computer program product of claim 4 wherein the periodic intervals correspond to a currently measured network round-trip time RTT(t) if RTT(t) is below a specified threshold value and correspond to a specified default value otherwise. 8. The computer program product of claim 5 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) from a first function as: x \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2032 = x \ue8a0 ( t ) + \u03b3 dist T \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e ( \u03c1 \u2032 \ue89e B - \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e B ) \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2265 \u03c1 min when a current occupancy \u03c1(t) is greater than or equal to a predetermined value \u03c1min, where \u03c1\u2032 is a specified target occupancy, \u03b3disk is a weighting factor, B is a measure to a total data capacity of the ring buffer, and T(t) is a time duration since the current data transfer rate was last updated. 9. The computer program product of claim 5 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) from a first function as: x \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2032 = x \ue8a0 ( t ) + \u03b3 dist T \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e ( \u03c1 \u2032 \ue89e B - x \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e \u03c4 \ue89e ( t ) ) \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2265 \u03c1 min when a current occupancy \u03c1(t) is greater than or equal to a predetermined value \u03c1min, where \u03c1\u2032 is a specified target occupancy, \u03b3disk is a weighting factor, B is a measure to a total data capacity of the ring buffer, \u03c4(t)=(B/write_size)*w(t) where write-size is a measure of an amount of data written during a most recent write operation and w(t) is a duration of the most recent write operation, and T(t) is a time duration since the current data transfer rate was last updated. 10. The computer program product of claim 5 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) at periodic intervals equal to RTT(t) from a second function as: x\u2032(t)=\u03b1(t)x(t)\u03c1(t)\u2266\u03c1min \u03b1(t)=[1\u2212\u03c1(t)]/[1\u2212\u03c1\u2032] when a current occupancy \u03c1(t) is greater than or equal to a predetermined value \u03c1min, where \u03c1\u2032 is a specified target occupancy. 11. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of sending and receiving processes, with each such receiving process being connected to the storage device and incorporating a storage rate controller and a ring buffer for updating the data transfer rate of its respective sending process. 12. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the measure of network congestion is a queuing delay derived from a measured round trip delay time. 13. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the sending and receiving processes belong to a group of similar processes that together limit their aggregate data transfer rate by maintaining a virtual queue and calculating an occupancy of the virtual queue based upon their aggregate data transfer rate, and wherein each receiving process further incorporates a virtual link controller which computes a virtual link rate xvl(t) based on the virtual queue occupancy, and wherein each sending process adjusts its data transfer rate as a function of the virtual link rate xvl(t) and the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) sent by the receiving process. 14. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the sending process is to further adjust its data transfer rate as a function of a network rate xnet(t) calculated from the measured network congestion, a virtual link control rate xvl(t) calculated from a virtual queue occupancy, and the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) sent by the receiving process using a minimal selection criterion as: x(t)=min{xnet(t),xvl(t),x\u2032(t)}. 15. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) as: x \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2032 = x \ue8a0 ( t ) + \u03b3 dist T \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e ( \u03c1 \u2032 \ue89e B - \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e B ) \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2265 \u03c1 min when a current occupancy \u03c1(t) is greater than or equal to a predetermined value \u03c1min, where \u03c1\u2032 is a specified target occupancy, \u03b3disk is a weighting factor, B is a measure to a total data capacity of the ring buffer, and T(t) is a time duration since the current data transfer rate was last updated. 16. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the storage rate controller is configured to compute the updated data transfer rate x\u2032(t) as: x \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2032 = x \ue8a0 ( t ) + \u03b3 dist T \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e ( \u03c1 \u2032 \ue89e B - x \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \ue89e \u03c4 \ue89e ( t ) ) \u03c1 \ue8a0 ( t ) \u2265 \u03c1 min when a current occupancy \u03c1(t) is greater than or equal to a predetermined value \u03c1min, where \u03c1\u2032 is a specified target occupancy, \u03b3disk is a weighting factor, B is a measure to a total data capacity of the ring buffer, \u03c4(t)=(B/write_size)*w(t) where write-size is a measure of an amount of data written during a most recent write operation and w(t) is a duration of the most recent write operation, and T(t) is a time duration since the current data transfer rate was last updated. 17-20. (canceled)",
-    "The disclosure discloses a printer including a storage part, a feeding roller, a printing head, a core driving device, and a controller. The controller is configured to execute a feeding process, a printing process, a taking-up process, and a torque correction process. In the feeding process, the feeding roller is driven to feed the print-receiving tape fed out from the print-receiving tape roll. In the printing process the printing head is controlled to form a desired print, thereby a printed tape is formed. In the taking-up process, the core driving device is driven to sequentially take up the printed tape around an outer circumferential portion of a second core. In the torque correction process, a drive torque of the core driving device is corrected from a first drive torque to a second drive torque corresponding to a tape width of the print-receiving tape. 1. A printer comprising: a storage part configured to store a print-receiving tape roll with a print-receiving tape wound around an outer circumferential portion of a first core; a feeding roller; a printing head disposed facing said feeding roller; a core driving device; and a controller, said controller being configured to execute: a feeding process for driving said feeding roller to contact and feed said print-receiving tape fed out from said print-receiving tape roll stored in said storage part, a printing process for controlling said printing head to form a desired print at a desired printing speed on said print-receiving tape fed by said feeding process, thereby forming a printed tape, a taking-up process for driving said core driving device to sequentially take up said printed tape around an outer circumferential portion of a second core into a roll shape, and a torque correction process for correcting a drive torque of said core driving device from a first drive torque determined as standard value in advance to a second drive torque corresponding to a tape width of said print-receiving tape. 2. The printer according to claim 1, wherein in said torque correction process, the drive torque of said core driving device is corrected from said first drive torque to said second drive torque also in accordance with an outer diameter of said second core. 3. The printer according to claim 2, wherein in said torque correction process, the drive torque of said core driving device is corrected from said first drive torque to said second drive torque also in accordance with at least one of a tape type of said print-receiving tape and a length of said printed tape. 4. The printer according to claim 3, wherein in said torque correction process, the drive torque of said core driving device is dynamically corrected to a plurality of values defined as said second drive torque in accordance with a length of said printed tape increasing when said second core sequentially takes up said printed tape. 5. The printer according to claim 3, further comprising a constant torque control device configured to perform constant torque control of setting the drive torque of said core driving device to a constant value corresponding to an input command value, wherein said torque correction process is a command value correction process for correcting said command value output to said constant torque control device from a first command value corresponding to said first drive torque to a second command value corresponding to said second drive torque. 6. The printer according to claim 5, wherein in said command value correction process, said first command value is corrected to said second command value in accordance with all of said tape width, the outer diameter of said second core, said tape type, and the length of said printed tape. 7. The printer according to claim 5, further comprising a memory configured to store a correction amount table indicative of a correction amount corresponding to a combination of said tape width, the outer diameter of said second core, said tape type, and the length of said printed tape, wherein in said command value correction process, said first command value is corrected to said second command value by reference to said correction amount table stored in said memory. 8. The printer according to claim 5, wherein in said command value correction process, said first command value is corrected to said second command value also in accordance with an ambient temperature. 9. The printer according to claim 1, further comprising a cutter configured to cut said printed tape taken up by said second core to produce one roll-shaped printed matter. 10. The printer according to claim 1, wherein said print-receiving tape roll is a roll of adhesive print-receiving tape acquired by winding an adhesive print-receiving tape as said print-receiving tape including a base layer, an adhesive layer for affixing said base layer to an adherend, and a separation material layer covering said adhesive layer, and in said taking-up process, after said separation material layer is peeled off from a printed adhesive tape that is said printed tape fed by said feeding roller and having said print formed by said printing head, said printed adhesive tape is taken up around the outer circumferential portion of said second core. 11. A printer comprising: a first storage part configured to store a print-receiving tape roll with a print-receiving tape wound around an outer circumferential portion of a first core; a second storage part configured to store a second core; a feeding roller; a printing head; a memory configured to store a value of a tape width of said print-receiving tape, a value of a tape type of said print-receiving tape, a value of an outer diameter of said second core, and a value of a take-up tape length of said print-receiving tape around said second core and to store a predetermined calculation formula related to said tape width, said tape type, said outer diameter, and said take-up tape length; a first motor configured to drive said feeding roller; a first motor drive circuit configured to drive said first motor; a second motor configured to drive said second core; a second motor drive circuit configured to drive said second motor and to make a drive torque of said second motor constant in accordance with an input voltage value; and a controller, said controller being configured to: control said first motor drive circuit to drive said first motor for driving said feeding roller to feed said print-receiving tape of said print-receiving tape roll, the print-receiving tape being rewound from said first core, control said printing head to print on said print-receiving tape, and control said second motor drive circuit to drive said second motor for driving said second core to wind said print-receiving tape after printing around said second core, said controller inputting a voltage value represented by voltage value=reference voltage valuex{(100+correction amount)/100} to said second motor drive circuit to control a torque of said second motor, and said correction amount is calculated by said calculation formula represented by correction amount=tape width parameter\u2212take-up tape length parameter+tape type parameter+outer diameter parameter by using a tape width parameter, a take-up tape length parameter, a tape type parameter, and an outer diameter parameter correlated with the value of said tape width, the value of said take-up tape length, the value of said tape type, and the value of said outer diameter, respectively. 12. The printer according to claim 11, wherein said take-up tape length parameter is a value acquired by multiplying a latest value of the take-up tape length of said print-receiving tape around said second core by 0.5. 13. The printer according to claim 11, wherein said first core is disposed in a tape cartridge having a third core, said print-receiving tape includes a separation material layer, said printer further comprises: a third storage part configured to store said third core; a third motor configured to drive said third core; and a third motor drive circuit configured to drive said third motor, said first storage part is configured to store said print-receiving tape roll of said tape cartridge, said third storage part is configured to store said third core of said tape cartridge, and wherein said controller is configured to further control said third motor drive circuit to drive said third motor for rotating said third core to wind around said third core said separation material layer peeled off from said print-receiving tape. 14. The printer according to claim 11, wherein said print-receiving tape includes: a base layer, an adhesive layer for affixing said base layer to an adherend, and a separation material layer covering said adhesive layer, said controller is configured to further control said second motor drive circuit to drive said second motor for driving said second core to take up around said second core a printed adhesive tape acquired by peeling off said separation material layer from said print-receiving tape after said printing.",
-    "A seat arrangement for a vehicle includes a side airbag. The seat arrangement includes a support frame to which the side airbag is fixed in position and which is upholstered by an upholstery member. A cover terminates the seat arrangement toward an outer side. A tear seam is provided for an abrupt opening of the cover by the side airbag. A non-expandable surface structure is provided at both sides of the tear seam, which is counter-supported on the seat arrangement. At least one of the non-expandable surface structures is counter-supported on the upholstery member 1. A seat arrangement for a vehicle comprising: a side airbag; a seat arrangement having a support frame to which the side airbag is fixed in position and which is upholstered by an upholstery member; a cover that terminates the seat arrangement toward an outer side; a tear seam for an abrupt opening of the cover by the side airbag; a non-expandable surface structure at both sides of the tear seam, which is counter-supported on the seat arrangement; and at least one of the non-expandable surface structures being counter-supported on the upholstery member. 2. The seat arrangement of claim 1, wherein the upholstery member has upholstery portions, of which at least some are provided with a retention member, wherein at least one of the non-expandable surface structures is counter-supported on the retention member of the upholstery member. 3. The seat arrangement of claim 2, wherein the retention member has a wire structure on which at least one of the non-expandable surface structures is counter-supported. 4. The seat arrangement of claim 3, wherein the wire structure has an inner structure which is arranged so as to extend in at least one of the upholstery portions and which has a branch which is guided in a curved manner out of the upholstery portion and which extends at the outer side over a vertical portion, wherein at least one of the non-expandable surface structures is counter-supported on the vertical portion. 5. The seat arrangement of claim 4, wherein the upholstery portion has an indentation through which the branch is arranged so as to extend. 6. The seat arrangement of claim 5, wherein the retention member has in at least one of the upholstery portions an insert which is connected to the upholstery portion in a non-positive-locking and/or positive-locking manner and a receiving member for taking up forces of at least one of the non-expandable surface structures. 7. The seat arrangement of claim 6, wherein the insert is secured to the upholstery portion at the outer side. 8. The seat arrangement of claim 7, wherein the insert is secured to the upholstery portion using an in-mould method. 9. The seat arrangement of claim 8, wherein both non-expandable surface structures are counter-supported on the upholstery member. 10. The seat arrangement of claim 9, wherein the upholstery member has a front upholstery portion in an X direction and a rear upholstery portion in the X direction, wherein these delimit a discharge path of the side airbag in an outward direction, wherein the non-expandable surface structures are counter-supported on the front upholstery portion and/or the rear upholstery portion. 11. A seat arrangement for a vehicle comprising: a support frame with a side airbag fixed thereto; an upholstery member upholstered over the side airbag; a cover having a tear seam; a non-expandable surface structure at both sides of the tear seam; and a retention member having a wire structure that counter-supports at least one of the non-expandable surface structures. 12. The seat arrangement of claim 11, wherein the wire structure has an inner structure which is arranged so as to extend in at least one of an upholstery portion and which has a branch which is guided in a curved manner out of the upholstery portion and which extends at the outer side over a vertical portion, wherein at least one of the non-expandable surface structures is counter-supported on the vertical portion. 13. The seat arrangement of claim 12, wherein the upholstery portion has an indentation through which the branch can extend. 14. The seat arrangement of claim 11, wherein both non-expandable surface structures are counter-supported on the upholstery member. 15. A seat arrangement for a vehicle comprising: a side airbag operably coupled with a support frame to which the side airbag is fixed in position and which is upholstered by an upholstery member; a cover on the seat arrangement and having a tear seam; and a non-expandable surface structure at both sides of the tear seam, which is counter-supported on the seat arrangement. 16. The seat arrangement of claim 15, wherein the upholstery member has upholstery portions, of which at least some are provided with a retention member, wherein at least one of the non-expandable surface structures is counter-supported on the retention member of the upholstery member. 17. The seat arrangement of claim 16, wherein the retention member has in at least one of an upholstery portion an insert which is connected to the upholstery portion in a non-positive-locking and/or positive-locking manner and a receiving member for taking up forces of at least one of the non-expandable surface structures. 18. The seat arrangement of claim 17, wherein the insert is secured to the upholstery portion at the outer side using an in-mould method. 19. The seat arrangement of claim 15, wherein the upholstery member has a front upholstery portion in an X direction and a rear upholstery portion in the X direction, wherein these delimit a discharge path of the side airbag in an outward direction, wherein the non-expandable surface structures are counter-supported on the front upholstery portion and/or the rear upholstery portion.",
-    "A plane cutting machine for soft materials may include a worktable, a feeding device, a XY plane cutting system, and a computer. The feeding device is located above the worktable. The XY plane cutting system is located above the feeding device. The worktable is divided into a first worktable and a second worktable. The feeding device comprises a first feeding device and a second feeding device disposed above the first worktable and the second worktable, respectively. A first camera and a second camera are provided above the first feeding device and the second feeding device, respectively. The first camera and the second camera are connected with an input end of the computer via a data line. The XY plane cutting system is connected with an output end of the computer via a data line. 1. A plane cutting machine for soft materials, comprising a worktable, a feeding device, a XY plane cutting system and a computer, the feeding device being located above the worktable, the XY plane cutting system being located above the feeding device, the worktable being divided into a first worktable and a second worktable, the feeding device comprising a first feeding device and a second feeding device disposed above the first worktable and the second worktable respectively, a first camera and a second camera being provided above the first feeding device and the second feeding device respectively; the first camera and the second camera being connected with an input end of the computer via a data line; the XY plane cutting system being connected with an output end of the computer via a data line. 2. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 1, wherein the XY plane cutting system comprises a first XY plane cutting system and a second XY plane cutting system. 3. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 2, wherein a first projector and a second projector are provided above the first feeding device and the second feeding device, respectively. 4. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 3, wherein two first projectors are provided and two second projectors are provided. 5. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first projector, the second projector, the first camera, and the second camera are mounted above the first and second feeding devices through a support frame. 6. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 5, wherein the two first projectors are located at two sides of the first camera, and the two second projectors are located at two sides of the second camera. 7. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first feeding device comprises a first conveyer, a first drive roller, and a first driven roller. 8. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 7, wherein the second feeding device comprises a second conveyer, a second drive roller, and a second driven roller. 9. The plane cutting machine for soft materials as claimed in claim 8, wherein two support frames are provided and located at one side of the first worktable and one side of the second worktable respectively; each support frame comprises an installation rod and an installation frame; one end of the installation rod is installed and fixed to each of the side of the first worktable and the side of the second worktable; another end of the installation rod being hinged to the installation frame; the installation frame comprises a hinge rod and an E-shaped frame; one end of the hinge rod is hinged to the installation rod; another end of the hinge rod is hinged to a middle portion of the E-shaped frame; each of the first camera and the second camera is installed to a free end of a middle rod of the E-shaped frame; the first projector and the second projector are installed to free ends of two side rods of the E-shaped frame.",
-    "The present invention provides a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, including negative electrode active material particles containing a silicon compound expressed by SiO where 0.55\u2266x\u22661.6, the negative electrode active material particles at least partially coated with a carbon coating, the carbon coating exhibiting a peak at 2\u03b8=25.5\u00b0 having a half width of 1.5\u00b0 to 4.5\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction spectrum measured after separating the carbon coating from the negative electrode active material particles, the carbon coating exhibiting scattering peaks at 1330 cm\u22121 and 1580 cm\u22121 in Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectrometry measured after separating the carbon coating from the negative electrode active material particles, wherein a ratio of an intensity of the scattering peak at 1330 cm\u22121 to that at 1580 cm\u22121 satisfies 0.7<I1330/I1580<2.0. This negative electrode active material can increase the battery capacity and improve the cycle performance and battery initial efficiency. 1. A negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising negative electrode active material particles containing a silicon compound expressed by SiOx where 0.5\u2266x\u22661.6, the negative electrode active material particles at least partially coated with a carbon coating, the carbon coating exhibiting a peak at 2\u03b8=25.5\u00b0 having a half width of 1.5\u00b0 to 4.5\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction spectrum measured after separating the carbon coating from the negative electrode active material particles, the carbon coating exhibiting scattering peaks at 1330 cm\u22121 and 1580 cm\u22121 in Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectrometry measured after separating the carbon coating from the negative electrode active material particles, wherein a ratio of an intensity of the scattering peak at 1330 cm\u22121 to that at 1580 cm\u22121 satisfies 0.7<I1330/I1580<2.0. 2. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an amount of the carbon coating is within a range of 0.1 mass % to 25 mass % with respect to the negative electrode active material particles. 3. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon coating has a true density ranging from 1.2 g/cm3 to 1.9 g/cm3. 4. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon coating exhibits a bulk density ranging from 1.0\u00d710\u22122 g/cm3 to 1.2\u00d710\u22121 g/cm3 when the carbon coating is separated from the negative electrode active material particles. 5. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein H/I ranges from 1.0\u00d710\u22121 g/cm3 to 1.0 g/cm3, where H (g/cm3) is a bulk density of the carbon coating separated from the negative electrode active material particles and I (mass %) is a mass percentage of carbon contained in the negative electrode active material particles to that of the negative electrode active material particles. 6. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the separation of the carbon coating is performed by reacting the negative electrode active material particles with a solution containing hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid and removing the silicon compound from the negative electrode active material particles. 7. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon coating exhibits fragments of CyHz compound when subjected to Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and a part of the fragments of CyHz compound satisfies 6\u2267y\u22672 and 2y+2\u2267z\u22672y\u22122. 8. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein a ratio of a C4H9 detected intensity D to a C3H5 detected intensity E of the fragments of CyHz compound exhibited by the carbon coating during the TOF-SIMS satisfies 2.5\u2267D/E\u22670.3. 9. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material particles have a specific surface area ranging from 1.0 m2/g to 15 m2/g. 10. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an average thickness of the carbon coating is within a range from 5 nm to 500 nm. 11. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an average coverage of the carbon coating is 30% or more. 12. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon coating is formed by pyrolizing a compound containing carbon. 13. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the silicon compound satisfies formula (1) of 5.0\u2267A/B\u22670.01 and 6.0\u2267(A+B)/C\u22670.02 where A is a peak area of an amorphous silicon region represented by a chemical shift value of \u221220 ppm to \u221274 ppm, B is a peak area of a crystalline silicon region represented by a chemical shift value of \u221275 ppm to \u221294 ppm, and C is a peak area of a silica region represented by a chemical shift value of \u221295 ppm to \u2212150 ppm, the chemical shift value being obtained from a 29Si-Magic Angle Spinning (MAS)-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrum. 14. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material particles exhibits a diffraction peak having a half width (2\u03b8) of 1.20 or more, the diffraction peak being attributable to an Si(111) crystal face and obtained by X-ray diffraction, and a crystallite size attributable to the crystal face is 7.5 nm or less. 15. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material particles have a median diameter ranging from 0.5 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm. 16. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a part of the negative electrode active material particles contains lithium. 17. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, further comprising carbon-based active material particles. 18. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 17, wherein an amount of the negative electrode active material particles is 5 mass % or more with respect to the total mass of the negative electrode active material particles and the carbon-based active material particles. 19. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 17, wherein an average diameter G of the carbon-based active material particles to a ratio of an average diameter F of the negative electrode active material particles satisfies 25\u2267G/F\u22670.5. 20. The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 17, wherein the carbon-based active material particles are a graphite material. 21. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising a negative electrode active material according to claim 1. 22. A method of producing a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the negative electrode material containing negative electrode active material particles, the method comprising: producing particles of a silicon compound expressed by SiO where 0.5\u2266x\u22661.6; at least partially coating a surface of the particles of the silicon compound with a carbon coating; selecting, from the particles, silicon compound particles coated with a carbon coating exhibiting a peak at 2\u03b8=25.5\u00b0 having a half width of 1.5\u00b0 to 4.5\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction spectrum measured after separating the carbon coating from the silicon compound particles, and exhibiting scattering peaks at 1330 cm\u22121 and 1580 cm\u22121 in Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectrometry measured after separating the carbon coating from the silicon compound particles, wherein a ratio of an intensity of the scattering peak at 1330 cm\u22121 to that at 1580 cm\u22121 satisfies 0.7<I1330/I1580<2.0; and using the selected silicon compound particles coated with the carbon coating for the negative electrode active material particles to produce the negative electrode material.",
-    "A semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment includes a tunnel insulating layer arranged above a first semiconductor layer, a charge accumulation layer arranged above the tunnel insulating layer, a block insulating layer arranged above the charge accumulation layer, and a control gate arranged above the block insulating layer, wherein the charge accumulation layer includes a second semiconductor layer and a metal film arranged above the second semiconductor layer, and the second semiconductor layer includes a dividing film made of an insulator and a divided portion divided by the dividing film. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a tunnel insulating layer arranged above a first semiconductor layer; a charge accumulation layer arranged above the tunnel insulating layer; a block insulating layer arranged above the charge accumulation layer; and a control gate arranged above the block insulating layer, the charge accumulation layer including a second semiconductor layer, and a metal film arranged above the second semiconductor layer, and the second semiconductor layer including a dividing film made of an insulator, and a divided portion divided by the dividing film. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the metal film is physically in contact with the second semiconductor layer. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the metal film is physically in contact with the divided portion of the second semiconductor layer. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor layer includes a plurality of the dividing films. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the dividing film of the second semiconductor layer is an oxide film, a nitride film, or an oxynitride film. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor layer contains silicon (Si). 7. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, the method comprising: forming a tunnel insulating layer above a first semiconductor layer; forming a charge accumulation layer above the tunnel insulating layer; forming a block insulating layer above the charge accumulation layer; forming a control gate above the block insulating layer; forming a second semiconductor layer above the tunnel insulating layer when forming the charge accumulation layer; forming a metal film above the second semiconductor layer; and forming a dividing film made of an insulator in the second semiconductor layer and a divided portion divided by the dividing film when forming the second semiconductor layer. 8. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, comprising: forming the metal film physically in contact with the second semiconductor layer. 9. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, comprising: forming the metal film physically in contact with the divided portion of the second semiconductor layer. 10. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, comprising: forming a plurality of the dividing films in the second semiconductor layer when forming the second semiconductor layer. 11. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, comprising: oxidizing, nitridizing, or oxynitridizing a material of the second semiconductor layer to form the dividing film when forming the second semiconductor layer. 12. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, comprising: forming the second semiconductor layer, using silicon (Si).",
-    "A luggage apparatus includes a front shell and a rear shell which are connected by a zipper closure and a hinge. A cup bolder includes a body portion which projects into the interior of the front shell. The cup holder includes a rim which rests on the outer surface of the front shell. The rear shell includes a telescoping handle and lower surfaces of the front and rear shells each have caster-type wheels. The front shell includes a fabric litter which prevents damage to items stored in the apparatus in the event, that there is an accidental spill from the cup holder. 1. A rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder comprises: a hollow shell assembly; a cup holder having a body portion defining a cavity and an outer wall; at least one rib formed on said outer wall of said body portion, with said body portion projecting into said hollow shell assembly; at least one pair of wheels mounted on said shell assembly, and a handle disposed on said shell assembly. 2. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 1 wherein said shell assembly comprises: a front shell, and a rear shell. 3. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 2 wherein said shell assembly further comprises: a hinge disposed connecting said front shell, and said rear shell. 4. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 2 wherein said shell assembly further comprises: a zipper closure disposed connecting said front shell, and said rear shell. 5. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 2 wherein said shell assembly further comprises: a telescoping handle disposed on said rear shell. 6. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 1 wherein said front shell and said rear shell are each generally rectangular. 7. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 1 wherein said front shell further comprises: a tapered portion. 8. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 1 wherein said rib encircles said body portion. 9. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 1 wherein said rib partially encircles said body portion. 10. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a liner disposed in said first shell and disposed covering said body portion of said cup holder. 11. The rolling luggage apparatus having an integral cup holder as claimed in claim 10 wherein said liner comprises a flexible fabric liner.",
-    "A lighting control system includes a plurality of light sources, a plurality of light source drivers, each of the light source drivers being configured to adjust a light emission intensity of an associated one of the light sources in at least two levels, and an integrated controller configured to control the light source drivers to control conditions of the light sources in an integrated manner The integrated controller is configured to control the light source drivers to execute a light intensity transition of reducing the light emission intensity from a first light intensity level to a second light intensity level that is lower than the first light intensity level with respect to each of the light sources such that a timing at which the light intensity transition ends is substantially the same for each of the light sources. 1. A lighting control system comprising: a plurality of light sources; a plurality of light source drivers, each of the light source drivers being configured to adjust a light emission intensity of an associated one of the light sources in at least two levels; and an integrated controller configured to control the light source drivers to control conditions of the light sources in an integrated manner, wherein the integrated controller is configured to control the light source drivers to execute a light intensity transition of reducing the light emission intensity from a first light intensity level to a second light intensity level that is lower than the first light intensity level with respect to each of the light sources such that a timing at which the light intensity transition ends is substantially the same for each of the light sources. 2. The lighting control system according to claim 1, wherein the integrated controller is configured to execute the light intensity transition such that, in a case in which at least one of the first light intensity level and the second light intensity level is different between the light sources, the light intensity transition starts at an individual timing for each of the light sources. 3. The lighting control system according to claim 2, wherein the integrated controller is configured to determine, in a case in which a slope characteristic of the light intensity transition is substantially the same for each of the light sources, the individual timing at which the light intensity transition starts for each of the light sources based on the first light intensity level and the second light intensity level of each of the light sources, the slope characteristic, and the timing at which the light intensity transition ends. 4. The lighting control system according to claim 3, wherein the integrated controller is configured to execute the light intensity transition using, in a case in which a plurality of slope characteristics of the light intensity transition are available for the plurality of light sources, the slope characteristic that is preselected from the plurality of slope characteristics. 5. The lighting control system according to claim 2, wherein the integrated controller is configured to determine, in a case in which a plurality of slope characteristics of the light intensity transition are available for the plurality of light sources, the individual timing at which the light intensity transition starts for each of the light sources based on the first light intensity level and the second light intensity level of each of the light sources, a corresponding one of the slope characteristics of the light intensity transition of each of the light sources, and the timing at which the light intensity transition ends. 6. The lighting control system according to claim 1, wherein the integrated controller is configured to determine, in a case in which the first light intensity level and the second light intensity level are common to the plurality of light sources and in which a plurality of slope characteristics of the light intensity transition are available for the plurality of light sources, the individual timing at which the light intensity transition starts for each of the light sources based on the first light intensity level and the second light intensity level, a corresponding one of the slope characteristics of light intensity transition of each of the light sources, and the timing at which the light intensity transition ends. 7. The lighting control system according to claim 1, wherein the integrated controller is configured to adjust, in a case in which in a slope characteristic of the light intensity transition is variable for at least one of the light sources, the slope characteristic of the light intensity transition of the at least one of the light sources such that the light intensity transition of the light sources starts at a common timing and such that the timing at which the light intensity transition ends is substantially the same for each of the light sources. 8. The light control system according to claim 1, wherein the second light intensity level includes a level at which the light emission intensity is zero.",
-    "A spatial modulator is configured by arranging a plurality of modulating units in an X-axis direction, the modulating units each including at least one light modulating element having a fixed reflecting surface with a constant height from a base surface and a movable reflecting surface with a variable height from the base surface. The spatial modulator spatially modulates a laser beam by the plurality of modulating units. A driver circuit unit applies a voltage corresponding to a driving value to each of the plurality of modulating units, to drive the modulating units individually. A shift amount acquiring portion acquires a driving value at a reference time point and a driving value at an inspecting time point which correspond to a specific light amount value, and acquires a differential value thereof as a shift amount. 1. An inspecting device for inspecting a spatial light modulator to modulate a light amount while reflecting an incident laser beam for every plurality of modulating units being arranged in a predetermined direction, the plurality of modulating units each including at least one light modulating element including a fixed ribbon having a fixed reflecting surface with a constant height from a base surface and a movable ribbon having a movable reflecting surface with a variable height from said base surface, the inspecting device comprising: a modulator driving portion for applying a voltage corresponding to a driving value to each of said plurality of modulating units to drive said movable ribbon, to control a light amount of a laser beam output by said modulating unit; a light amount detector for detecting the light amount of said laser beam reflected by each of said plurality of modulating units; a storing portion for storing information indicative of a first driving value corresponding to a first light amount for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units; and a shift amount acquiring portion for acquiring a second driving value corresponding to an output of said first light amount again, to acquire a differential value between said first driving value and said second driving value as a shift amount for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units. 2. The inspecting device according to claim 1, wherein said storing portion stores information indicative of a correspondence relationship between a light amount and a driving value for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, the information being first IV characteristic information in which a driving value corresponding to the output of said first light amount is set to be said first driving value, said inspecting device further comprising: an IV characteristic information acquiring portion for changing a driving value corresponding to each light amount indicated by said first IV characteristic information by an amount corresponding to said shift amount, to acquire second IV characteristic information for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units. 3. The inspecting device according to claim 2, wherein said first IV characteristic information is information indicative of a first IV curve representing a correspondence relationship between a driving value and a light amount on two-dimensional coordinates constituted by an axis of the driving value and an axis of the light amount, and said IV characteristic information acquiring portion acquires, as said second IV characteristic information, a second IV curve obtained by moving said first IV curve by an amount corresponding to said shift amount along the axis of said driving value. 4. The inspecting device according to claim 2, wherein said storing portion stores, as shift amount history information, said shift amount which has been acquired by said shift amount acquiring portion for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, and said IV characteristic information acquiring portion determines necessity of acquirement of said second IV characteristic information based on an accumulated shift amount in which said shift amount recorded in said shift amount history information is accumulated. 5. The inspecting device according to claim 1, wherein said shift amount acquiring portion acquires said second driving value corresponding to said first light amount based on a relationship between a plurality of driving values included in a range from said first driving value to a third driving value and a light amount corresponding to each of the plurality of driving values. 6. The inspecting device according to claim 1, further comprising: an inspecting portion for performing an inspection for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, wherein said storing portion stores, as shift amount history information, said shift amount which has been acquired by said shift amount acquiring portion for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, and said inspecting portion inspects said modulating unit based on said shift amount history information. 7. The inspecting device according to claim 6, wherein said inspecting portion performs an inspection for comparing an accumulated shift amount in which said shift amount recorded in said shift amount history information is accumulated with a prescribed threshold indicative of a life of said modulating unit. 8. A drawing device for drawing a pattern on a substrate, the drawing device comprising: a spatial light modulator for modulating a light amount while reflecting an incident laser beam for every plurality of modulating units being arranged in a predetermined direction, the plurality of modulating units each including at least one light modulating element including a fixed ribbon having a fixed reflecting surface with a constant height from a base surface and a movable ribbon having a movable reflecting surface with a variable height from said base surface; a modulator driving portion for applying a voltage corresponding to a driving value to each of said plurality of modulating units to drive said movable ribbon, to control a light amount of a laser beam output by said modulating unit; a light amount detector for detecting the light amount of said laser beam reflected by each of said plurality of modulating units; a storing portion for storing information indicative of a first driving value corresponding to a first light amount for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units; and a shift amount acquiring portion for acquiring a second driving value corresponding to an output of said first light amount again, to acquire a differential value between said first driving value and said second driving value as a shift amount for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units. 9. A method of inspecting a spatial light modulator for modulating a light amount while reflecting an incident laser beam by application of a voltage corresponding to a driving value from a modulator driving portion through each of a plurality of modulating units being arranged in a predetermined direction, the plurality of modulating units each including at least one light modulating element including a fixed ribbon having a fixed reflecting surface with a constant height from a base surface and a movable ribbon having a movable reflecting surface with a variable height from said base surface, the method comprising the steps of: (a) acquiring a first driving value corresponding to a first light amount of said laser beam reflected by said modulating unit for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units; (b) acquiring a second driving value corresponding to said first light amount again for one of said modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units; and (c) acquiring a differential value between said first driving value and said second driving value as a shift amount. 10. The inspecting method according to claim 9, further comprising the steps of: (d) storing, in a storing portion, information indicative of a correspondence relationship between a light amount and a driving value for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, the information being first IV characteristic information in which a driving value corresponding to the output of said first light amount is set to be said first driving value; and (e) changing a driving value corresponding to each light amount indicated by said first IV characteristic information by an amount corresponding to said shift amount, to acquire second IV characteristic information for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units. 11. The inspecting method according to claim 10, wherein said first IV characteristic information is information indicative of a first IV curve representing a correspondence relationship between a driving value and a light amount on two-dimensional coordinates constituted by an axis of the driving value and an axis of the light amount, and said step (e) includes a step of acquiring, as said second IV characteristic information, a second IV curve obtained by moving said first IV curve by an amount corresponding to said shift amount along the axis of said driving value. 12. The inspecting method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of: (f) storing, as shift amount history information, said shift amount which has been acquired by said shift amount acquiring portion for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, wherein said step (e) includes a step of determining necessity of acquirement of said second IV characteristic information based on an accumulated shift amount in which said shift amount recorded in said shift amount history information is accumulated. 13. The inspecting method according to claim 9, wherein said step (c) includes a step of acquiring said second driving value corresponding to said first light amount based on a relationship between a plurality of driving values included in a range from said first driving value to a third driving value and a light amount corresponding to each of the plurality of driving values. 14. The inspecting method according to claim 9, further comprising the steps of: (g) storing said shift amount acquired in said step (c) as shift amount history information in the storing portion for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units, and (h) performing an inspection based on said shift amount history information for one of said plurality of modulating units or for every two or more of said modulating units. 15. The inspecting method according to claim 14, wherein said step (h) includes a step of performing an inspection for comparing an accumulated shift amount in which said shift amount recorded in said shift amount history information is accumulated with a prescribed threshold indicative of a life of said modulating unit.",
-    "A vehicle pre-crash seat belt device includes: a buckle moving mechanism that moves a buckle, with which a tongue that has a webbing inserted therein engages, between a normal position and a raised position that is further toward a seat upper side than the normal position; a retractor that includes: a spool and a lock mechanism that locks rotation of the spool in the pull-out direction, and that releases the locked state by causing rotation of the spool in the take-up direction; and a controller that, due to a signal from a collision prediction sensor that predicts a collision of a vehicle, causes rotation of the spool in the take-up direction and increases tension acting on the webbing, and actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position in a case in which the vehicle collision has been avoided. 1. A vehicle pre-crash seat belt device comprising: a buckle moving mechanism that moves a buckle, with which a tongue that has a webbing inserted therein engages, between a normal position and a raised position that is further toward a seat upper side than the normal position; a retractor that includes: a spool around which one end portion of the webbing is wound and that is configured to rotate in a take-up direction and a pull-out direction of the webbing; and a lock mechanism that locks rotation of the spool in the pull-out direction, and that releases the locked state by causing rotation of the spool in the take-up direction; and a controller that, due to a signal from a collision prediction sensor that predicts a collision of a vehicle, causes rotation of the spool in the take-up direction and increases tension acting on the webbing, and actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position in a case in which the vehicle collision has been avoided. 2. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 1, wherein, in a case in which the vehicle has collided after the controller is input with the signal from the collision prediction sensor, the controller maintains the buckle in the normal position, and in a case in which the vehicle collision has been avoided after the controller is input with the signal from the collision prediction sensor, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position, and then moves the buckle toward the normal position. 3. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 2, wherein, after actuating the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position, the controller determines whether or not the buckle has reached the raised position, and in a case in which the buckle has reached the raised position, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle toward the normal position. 4. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 2, wherein, after a specific amount of time has elapsed since actuating the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle toward the normal position. 5. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 1, wherein, in a case in which an occupant has opened a vehicle door when boarding the vehicle, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position, and the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the raised position toward the normal position due to the tongue being engaged with the buckle. 6. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 5, wherein: the buckle moving mechanism is provided to both a driver seat and a front passenger seat, and in a case in which a vehicle door on the driver seat side is opened, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism on the driver seat side, and in a case in which a vehicle door on the front passenger seat side is opened, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism on the front passenger seat side. 7. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 1, wherein, in a case in which an occupant has sat in a vehicle seat when boarding, the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the normal position toward the raised position, and the controller actuates the buckle moving mechanism to move the buckle from the raised position toward the normal position due to the tongue being engaged with the buckle. 8. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 1, wherein, in a vehicle seat to which a child seat is attached, even in a case in which the vehicle collision has been avoided after the controller is input with the signal from the collision prediction sensor, the controller controls the buckle moving mechanism so as to maintain the buckle in the normal position. 9. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 1, wherein, in a case in which a specific amount of time has elapsed without the controller receiving a signal from a collision sensor that detects collisions, the controller determines that the vehicle collision has been avoided. 10. The vehicle pre-crash seat belt device of claim 1, further comprising a pre-tensioner that forcefully rotates the spool in the take-up direction of the webbing in a case in which the controller has been input with a signal from a collision sensor that detects collisions.",
-    "An integrated circuit structure includes a first semiconductor strip, first isolation regions on opposite sides of the first semiconductor strip, and a first epitaxy strip overlapping the first semiconductor strip. A top portion of the first epitaxy strip is over a first top surface of the first isolation regions. The structure further includes a second semiconductor strip, wherein the first and the second semiconductor strips are formed of the same semiconductor material. Second isolation regions are on opposite sides of the second semiconductor strip. A second epitaxy strip overlaps the second semiconductor strip. A top portion of the second epitaxy strip is over a second top surface of the second isolation regions. The first epitaxy strip and the second epitaxy strip are formed of different semiconductor materials. A bottom surface of the first epitaxy strip is lower than a bottom surface of the second epitaxy strip. 1. A method comprising: forming a first recess between two portions of a first plurality of shallow trench isolation (STI) regions; performing a first epitaxy to grow a first epitaxy strip in the first recess, wherein the first epitaxy strip is over and contacting a first semiconductor strip portion of a semiconductor substrate; forming a second recess between additional two portions of a second plurality of STI regions; performing a second epitaxy to grow a second epitaxy strip in the second recess, wherein the first epitaxy strip is over and contacting a second semiconductor strip portion of the semiconductor substrate; and recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions to form a second semiconductor fin and a second semiconductor fin, respectively, wherein the first plurality of STI regions is recessed to a first depth smaller than a height of the first epitaxy strip, and the second plurality of STI regions is recessed to a second depth greater than a height of the second epitaxy strip. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions comprises etching the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions in different etching processes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions are recessed to different depths. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first recess and the second recess have different depths. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions comprises: recessing the first plurality of STI regions, with top surfaces of remaining portions of the first plurality of STI regions being higher than a bottom surface of the first epitaxy strip; and recessing the second plurality of STI regions, with top surfaces of remaining portions of the second plurality of STI regions being lower than a bottom surface of the second epitaxy strip. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first epitaxy strip has a first bandgap higher than a bandgap of the semiconductor substrate, and the second epitaxy strip has a second bandgap lower than the bandgap of the semiconductor substrate. 7. The method of claim 5 further comprising: forming a first gate dielectric and a first gate electrode in contact with a top surface and sidewalls of the first semiconductor fin; and forming a second gate dielectric and a second gate electrode in contact with a top surface and sidewalls of the second semiconductor fin. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing planarization steps to level a top surface of the first epitaxy strip with a top surface of the second epitaxy strip. 9. A method comprising: forming a first and a second plurality of shallow trench isolation (STI) regions in a semiconductor substrate, wherein a first portion of the semiconductor substrate between the first plurality of STI regions is configured as a first semiconductor strip, and a second portion of the semiconductor substrate between the second plurality of STI regions is configured as a second semiconductor strip, wherein the semiconductor substrate has a first bandgap; recessing the first semiconductor strip to form a first recess having a first depth; performing a first epitaxy to grow a first epitaxy strip in the first recess, with the first epitaxy strip having a second bandgap greater than the first bandgap; recessing the second semiconductor strip to form a second recess shallower than the first recess; performing a second epitaxy to grow a second epitaxy strip in the second recess, with the second epitaxy strip having a third bandgap smaller than the first bandgap; recessing the first plurality of STI regions, with top surfaces of remaining portions of the first plurality of STI regions being higher than a bottom surface of the first epitaxy strip; and recessing the second plurality of STI regions, with top surfaces of remaining portions of the second plurality of STI regions being lower than a bottom surface of the second epitaxy strip. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a top portion of the first epitaxy strip protrudes higher than the first plurality of STI regions to form a first semiconductor fin, and the second epitaxy strip and a top portion of the second semiconductor strip protrude higher than the second plurality of STI regions to form a second semiconductor fin, and the method further comprises: forming a first gate dielectric and a first gate electrode in contact with a top surface and a sidewall of the first semiconductor fin; and forming a second gate dielectric and a second gate electrode in contact with a top surface and a sidewall of the second semiconductor fin. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the recessing the second plurality of STI regions are performed in different etching processes, and the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions are recessed to different depths. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the top surfaces of remaining portions of the first plurality of STI regions are higher than the top surfaces of remaining portions of the second plurality of STI regions. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions comprises etching the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions in different etching processes. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions comprises etching the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions simultaneously. 15. The method of claim 9 further comprising performing planarization steps to level a top surface of the first epitaxy strip with a top surface of the second epitaxy strip. 16. A method comprising: forming a first and a second plurality of shallow trench isolation (STI) regions in a semiconductor substrate; recessing a portion of a first semiconductor strip between the first plurality of STI regions to form a first recess having a first depth; performing a first epitaxy to grow a first epitaxy strip in the first recess; recessing a portion of a second semiconductor strip between the second plurality of STI regions to form a second recess having a second depth; performing a second epitaxy to grow a second epitaxy strip in the second recess; recessing the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions; forming a first gate stack in contact with the first epitaxy strip, wherein the first gate stack is not in contact with the first semiconductor strip; and forming a second gate stack in contact with both the second epitaxy strip and the second semiconductor strip. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first epitaxy strip has a first bandgap greater than a bandgap of the first semiconductor strip, and the second epitaxy strip has a second bandgap smaller than a bandgap of the second semiconductor strip. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein after the first plurality of STI regions and the second plurality of STI regions are recessed, first top surfaces of remaining portions of the first plurality of STI regions are higher than or level with a bottom surface of the first epitaxy strip, and second top surfaces of remaining portions of the second plurality of STI regions are lower than or level with a bottom surface of the second epitaxy strip. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising performing planarization steps to level a top surface of the first epitaxy strip with a top surface of the second epitaxy strip. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the first epitaxy strip and the second epitaxy strip are formed of different materials.",
-    "An information terminal includes a display unit configured to display, on a screen, a frame including an image output from an application; a storage unit configured to store compression ratio information defining a compression ratio corresponding to the application; a determining unit configured to determine the application that is displaying the image on the display unit; a generating unit configured to generate data by acquiring, from the compression ratio information, the compression ratio corresponding to the application determined by the determining unit, and compressing the frame by the acquired compression ratio; and a sending unit configured to send the data. 1. An information terminal comprising: a display unit configured to display, on a screen, a frame including an image output from an application; a storage unit configured to store compression ratio information defining a compression ratio corresponding to the application; a determining unit configured to determine the application that is displaying the image on the display unit; a generating unit configured to generate data by acquiring, from the compression ratio information, the compression ratio corresponding to the application determined by the determining unit, and compressing the frame by the acquired compression ratio; and a sending unit configured to send the data. 2. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the determining unit determines the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, based on a process name of the application. 3. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the storage unit further stores identifier information associating an identifier of a hardware key, which is used for activating the application, with the application, and the determining unit determines the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, based on the identifier information and the identifier of the hardware key that is acquired. 4. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the determining unit determines the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, by querying the application as to whether the application is outputting the image on the display unit. 5. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the determining unit determines the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, at predetermined intervals. 6. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the determining unit determines the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, upon receiving a report from the application. 7. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the storage unit further stores resolution information defining a resolution of the screen corresponding to the application, and the display unit displays the screen by the resolution of the screen corresponding to the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, based on the resolution information. 8. The information terminal according to claim 1, wherein the information terminal is connected to an image display apparatus via a network, and the determining unit determines the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, when the information terminal and the image display apparatus are connected. 9. The information terminal according to claim 8, further comprising: an acquiring unit configured acquire, from the image display apparatus, a screen resolution set in the image display apparatus, wherein the display unit displays the screen based on the screen resolution set in the image display apparatus. 10. The information terminal according to claim 1, further comprising: an input unit configured to receive input from a user, wherein when the determining unit cannot determine the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, the determining unit prompts the user to input an image compression ratio corresponding to the application that is displaying the image on the display unit, and stores the input image compression ratio in the compression ratio information in association with the application. 11. An image display system including an information terminal and an image display apparatus connected to the information terminal via a network, the image display system comprising: a first display unit configured to display a frame including an image output from an application; a storage unit configured to store compression ratio information defining a compression ratio corresponding to the application; a determining unit configured to determine the application that is displaying the image on the first display unit; a generating unit configured to generate data by acquiring, from the compression ratio information, the compression ratio corresponding to the application determined by the determining unit, and compressing the frame by the acquired compression ratio; a sending unit configured to send the data; and a second display unit configured to display the data. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a program that causes a computer that constitutes an information terminal to execute a process, the process comprising: displaying, on a display unit, a frame including an image output from an application; storing, in a storage unit, compression ratio information defining a compression ratio corresponding to the application; determining the application that is displaying the image on the display unit; generating data by acquiring, from the compression ratio information, the compression ratio corresponding to the application determined at the determining, and compressing the frame by the acquired compression ratio; and sending the data.",
-    "A micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) structure and a method for forming the same are disclosed. The MEMS structure includes a sacrificial layer, a lower dielectric film, an upper dielectric film, a plurality of through holes and a protective film. The sacrificial layer comprises an opening. The lower dielectric film is on the sacrificial layer. The upper dielectric film is on the lower dielectric film. The plurality of through holes passes through the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film. The protective film covers side walls of the upper dielectric film and the lower dielectric film and a film interface between the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film. 1. A micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) structure, comprising: a sacrificial layer comprising an opening; a lower dielectric film on the sacrificial layer; an upper dielectric film on the lower dielectric film; a plurality of through holes passing through the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film; and a protective film covering side walls of the upper dielectric film and the lower dielectric film and a film interface between the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film, wherein a silicon content of the protective film is larger than a silicon content of the lower dielectric film and a silicon content of the upper dielectric film. 2. The MEMS structure according to claim 1, further comprising a conductive pattern between the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film. 3. The MEMS structure according to claim 2, wherein the conductive pattern comprising a conductive mesh distributed among the through holes in the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film. 4. The MEMS structure according to claim 2, further comprising a conductive layer electrically connecting with the conductive pattern. 5. The MEMS structure according to claim 1, wherein the lower dielectric film comprises a plurality of protruding portions beyond a lower surface of the protective film. 6. The MEMS structure according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of the protruding portions of the lower dielectric film is under the film interface between the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film. 7. The MEMS structure according to claim 1, further comprising a conductive diagram comprising a plurality of apertures communicating with the opening of the sacrificial layer. 8. The MEMS structure according to claim 7, further comprising a substrate and an insulating layer on the substrate, wherein the conductive diagram is on the insulating layer. 9. The MEMS structure according to claim 8, wherein the substrate and the insulating layer comprising a cavity communicating with the plurality of the apertures of the conductive diagram. 10. The MEMS structure according to claim 7, further comprising a conductive layer electrically connecting with the conductive diagram. 11. The MEMS structure according to claim 1, wherein the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film are used as a back-plate for a microphone. 12. A method for forming a MEMS structure, comprising: forming a sacrificial layer comprising a plurality of pin holes; forming a lower dielectric film filling in the plurality of the pin holes of the sacrificial layer and on an upper surface of the sacrificial layer; forming an upper dielectric film on the lower dielectric film; forming a plurality of through holes passing through the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film; and forming a protective film covering side walls of the upper dielectric film and the lower dielectric film and a film interface between the lower dielectric film and the upper dielectric film. 13. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 12, wherein a portion of the lower dielectric film filling in the plurality of the pin holes of the sacrificial layer forms a plurality of protruding portions of the lower dielectric film. 14. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 13, further comprising removing a portion of the sacrificial layer to form an opening exposing the plurality of the protruding portions of the lower dielectric film after the lower dielectric film comprising the plurality protruding portions is formed. 15. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 12, further comprising forming a conductive pattern on the lower dielectric film. 16. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 15, wherein the upper dielectric film is formed on the conductive pattern and the lower dielectric film. 17. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 15, further comprising forming a conductive layer electrically connecting to the conductive pattern. 18. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 12, further comprising after the protective film is formed, removing a portion of the sacrificial layer to form an opening in the sacrificial layer. 19. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 12, further comprising: forming an insulating layer on a substrate; and forming a conductive diagram comprising a plurality of apertures on the insulating layer, wherein the sacrificial layer is formed on the conductive diagram and the insulating layer. 20. The method for forming the MEMS structure according to claim 19, further comprising forming a conductive layer electrically connecting to the conductive diagram.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment, an inspection apparatus includes an irradiating section, a detecting section and a control section. The irradiating section is configured to irradiate a sample with light. The detecting section is configured to detect the light reflected by the sample. The control section is configured to classify defects of the sample on the basis of a difference between a first signal outputted from the detecting section by irradiating the sample with the light under a first optical condition and a second signal outputted from the detecting section by irradiating the sample with the light under a second optical condition different from the first optical condition. 1. An inspection apparatus comprising: an irradiating section configured to irradiate a sample with light; a detecting section configured to detect the light reflected by the sample; and a control section configured to classify defects of the sample on the basis of a difference between a first signal outputted from the detecting section by irradiating the sample with the light under a first optical condition and a second signal outputted from the detecting section by irradiating the sample with the light under a second optical condition different from the first optical condition. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control section calculates a characteristic amount of the difference to classify the defects. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first optical condition is different from the second optical condition in focal position of the light with which the sample is to be irradiated. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the focal position of the first optical condition is present on the surface of the sample, and the focal position of the second optical condition is present in the sample. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first optical condition is different from the second optical condition in polarizing direction of the light with which the sample is to be irradiated, and the polarizing direction of the first optical condition intersects the polarizing direction of the second optical condition. 6. An inspection method comprising: irradiating a sample with light under a first optical condition and detecting the light reflected by the sample to acquire a first signal; irradiating the sample with the light under a second optical condition different from the first optical condition and detecting the light reflected by the sample to acquire a second signal; and classifying defects of the sample on the basis of a difference between the first signal and the second signal. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: calculating a characteristic amount of the difference, wherein the defects are classified on the basis of the characteristic amount. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first optical condition is different from the second optical condition in focal position of the light with which the sample is to be irradiated. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the focal position of the first optical condition is present on the surface of the sample, and the focal position of the second optical condition is present in the sample. 10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first optical condition is different from the second optical condition in polarizing direction of the light with which the sample is to be irradiated, and the polarizing direction of the first optical condition intersects the polarizing direction of the second optical condition.",
-    "A fully dense ceramic and/or other inorganic fiber containing elongated crystal grains in and around the fiber center and oriented along the fiber axis, with a smooth transition to more equiaxed grains towards the radial periphery of the fiber, and method for producing such. 1. A method comprising: forming a ceramic and/or other inorganic fiber containing elongated crystal grains in and around the fiber center and oriented along the fiber axis, with a smooth transition to more equiaxed grains towards the radial periphery of the fiber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fiber is grown according to Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a focused source of heat energy is directed to a seed substrate or the fiber tip in the presence of CVD precursor gases to impose a high temperature gradient on the order of 105 to 106\u00b0 K/cm on the fiber tip. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the focused heat source is derived from a laser, electron beam, x-ray beam, electric arc, or any other source of focusable directed thermal power, or a plurality thereof. 5. A plurality of fibers formed according to claim 1. 6. A plurality of fibers formed according to claim 2. 7. A plurality of fibers formed according to claim 3. 8. A composite part containing fibers formed according to claim 1, said part being a Ceramic Matrix Composite, Metal Matrix Composite or Polymer Matrix Composite. 9. A composite part containing fibers formed according to claim 2, said part being a Ceramic Matrix Composite, Metal Matrix Composite or Polymer Matrix Composite. 10. A composite part containing fibers formed according to claim 3, said part being a Ceramic Matrix Composite, Metal Matrix Composite or Polymer Matrix Composite. 11. A dense ceramic and/or other inorganic fiber containing elongated crystal grains in and around the fiber center and oriented along the fiber axis, with a smooth transition to more equiaxed grains towards the radial periphery of the fiber.",
-    "An arrangement utilizing recirculation for high temperature fuel cell system, each fuel cell including an anode side, a cathode side, and an electrolyte between the anode side and the cathode side, wherein the fuel cell system can perform anode side recirculation flow of reactants. The arrangement can accomplish a recycle ratio of 70% or more for the recirculation flow, feed to the recirculation a feed-in flow, which can include substantially high oxygen content, the feed-in flow being 30% or less of entire flow, perform heat exchanging to provide substantially reduced low temperature conditions in the recirculation flow, perform catalytic partial oxidation in the recirculation flow to produce a substantially high amount of hydrogen for the recirculation flow in fuel cell system start-up or shutdown situations, and exhaust 30% or less of the entire flow from the anode side recirculation. 1. A method utilizing recirculation for a high temperature fuel cell system, which method performs anode side recirculation flow of reactants, and accomplishes a recycle ratio about 70% or more for a recirculation flow volume, the method comprising: feeding to the recirculation flow volume a feed-in flow, which includes an oxygen content, the feed-in flow being about 30% or less of an entire flow volume; performing heat exchanging to provide substantially reduced temperature conditions in the recirculation flow; performing catalytic partial oxidation in the recirculation flow to produce an amount of hydrogen for the recirculation flow in fuel cell system during start-up or shutdown situations; and exhausting about 30% or less of the entire flow volume from the anode side recirculation, wherein the heat exchanging provides an inlet temperature of about 350\u00b0 C. to about 500\u00b0 C. to the catalytic partial oxidation and an outlet temperature which does not exceed about 800\u00b0 C. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, comprising: accomplishing a recycle ratio of 80%-94% for the recirculation flow volume using an anode recycle blower to produce a gas compound, which contains heat from the catalytic partial oxidation. 3. The method in accordance with claim 1, comprising: feeding to the recirculation a feed-in flow, which includes a lambda-value from about 0.55 to 0.90 indicating the high oxygen content of the feed-in flow. 4. The method in accordance with claim 1, comprising: performing the catalytic partial oxidation in the recirculation flow to produce a content percent of 3.5%-15% of hydrogen for the recirculation flow volume as a high amount of hydrogen. 5. The method in accordance with claim 1, comprising: performing the catalytic partial oxidation with a mixed feed-in flow and recirculation flow, so that gases in an anode side of the fuel cell system are thermodynamically outside of coking regions of fuel cell system during heating, cooling or operation of the fuel cell system.",
-    "A cylinder device capable of smoothing a flow of a working fluid without increasing a size of an opening is provided. A bottom member includes a reservoir chamber side opening which can communicate with a reservoir chamber and the inner portion of an inner tube, a suction passage in which a first valve allowing the working fluid to flow from the reservoir chamber side opening into the inner tube is provided, and a discharge passage in which a second valve allowing the working fluid to flow from the inner portion of the inner tube to the reservoir chamber side opening is provided. A guide member which guides the flow of the working fluid from the reservoir chamber side opening to the suction passage and the flow of the working fluid from the discharge passage to the reservoir chamber side opening is provided between the bottom member and the closing portion. 1. A dual tube type cylinder device comprising: an inner tube in which a working fluid is sealed, and a piston provided in a rod slides in the inner portion; an outer tube which is provided on an outer circumferential side of the inner tube and forms a reservoir chamber in which a working gas and a working fluid are sealed in a portion between the inner tube and the outer tube; a bottom member which is provided on a bottom side of the inner tube; and a closing portion which closes a bottom side of the outer tube, wherein the bottom member includes, a reservoir chamber side opening which can communicate with the reservoir chamber and the inner portion of the inner tube, a suction passage in which a first valve allowing the working fluid to flow from the reservoir chamber side opening into the inner tube is provided, and a discharge passage in which a second valve allowing the working fluid to flow from the inner portion of the inner tube to the reservoir chamber side opening is provided, and wherein a guide member which guides the flow of the working fluid from the reservoir chamber side opening to the suction passage and the flow of the working fluid from the discharge passage to the reservoir chamber side opening is provided between the bottom member and the closing portion. 2. The cylinder device according to claim 1, wherein the second valve is configured as an annular disk-shaped valve which is provided on the closing portion side of the bottom member, and in which an outer circumferential side of the valve is bent toward the closing portion side so as to open the valve, and wherein the guide member has a circular shape, and is clamped by the bottom member and the closing portion. 3. The cylinder device according to claim 1, wherein the second valve is configured as an annular disk-shaped valve which is provided on the closing portion side of the bottom member, and in which an outer circumferential side of the valve is bent toward the closing portion side so as to open the valve, and wherein the guide member is attached to the bottom member. 4. The cylinder device according to claim 3, wherein the second valve and the guide member are coaxially disposed, a shaft member penetrates center axes of the second valve and the guide member, and the second valve and the guide member are attached. 5. The cylinder device according to claim 3, wherein the guide member is provided to extend toward the closing portion such that an outer circumferential portion of the guide member comes into contact with the closing portion. 6. The cylinder device according to claim 4, wherein a through hole, which faces a position closer to an inner circumferential side of the second valve relative to the outer circumferential portion of the second valve in an axial direction, is formed in the guide member. 7. The cylinder device according to claim 2, wherein the guide member is disposed so as to face the outer circumferential portion of the second valve in the axial direction, and regulates deformation of the second valve of a predetermined amount or more when the second valve is open.",
-    "A single-stage AC-to-DC converter includes a bus capacitor, a power factor correcting module, a resonant converting module and a control module. The power factor correcting module generates, based on an AC (alternating current) input voltage, a first control signal and a second control signal, a DC (direct current) bus voltage across the bus capacitor and an intermediate voltage switching between the bus voltage and zero. The resonant converting module generates a DC output voltage based on the intermediate voltage. The control module generates, based on the bus voltage, the first and second control signals, each of which switches between an active state and an inactive state and has a duty cycle associated with the bus voltage. 1. A single-stage AC-to-DC converter comprising: a bus capacitor; a power factor correcting module coupled to said bus capacitor, used to receive an AC (alternating current) input voltage, further receiving a first control signal and a second control signal, and generating, based on the input voltage and the first and second control signals, a DC (direct current) bus voltage across said bus capacitor and an intermediate voltage switching between the bus voltage and zero; a resonant converting module coupled to said power factor correcting module for receiving the intermediate voltage therefrom, and generating a DC output voltage based on the intermediate voltage; and a control module coupled to said bus capacitor for receiving the bus voltage therefrom, coupled further to said power factor correcting module, and generating, based on the bus voltage, the first and second control signals for said power factor correcting module, each of the first and second control signals switching between an active state and an inactive state, and having a duty cycle associated with the bus voltage. 2. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 1, wherein said control module increases the duty cycle of the first control signal and decreases the duty cycle of the second control signal when the bus voltage is higher than a predetermined first target voltage, and decreases the duty cycle of the first control signal and increases the duty cycle of the second control signal when the bus voltage is lower than the first target voltage. 3. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 1, wherein said control module is coupled further to said resonant converting module for receiving the output voltage therefrom, and generates the first and second control signals based further on the output voltage, each of the first and second control signals having a switching period associated with the output voltage. 4. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 3, wherein said control module decreases the switching period of each of the first and second control signals when the output voltage is higher than a predetermined second target voltage, and increases the switching period of each of the first and second control signals when the output voltage is lower than the second target voltage. 5. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 1, wherein the first and second control signals have the same switching period, and are alternately in the active state, and when one of the first and second control signals is in the active state, the other one of the first and second control signals is in the inactive state. 6. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 5, wherein one of the first and second control signals switches to the active state at an end of a predetermined dead time interval counting from each instance of the other one of the first and second control signals switching to the inactive state. 7. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 1, wherein said power factor correcting module operates in a discontinuous conduction mode. 8. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 1, wherein said bus capacitor has a first terminal and a second terminal, the bus voltage is higher than an amplitude of the input voltage, and said power factor correcting module includes: a rectifying circuit having a first input terminal, a second input terminal, a first output terminal and a second output terminal that is coupled to said second terminal of said bus capacitor, and receiving the input voltage at said first and second input terminals thereof; a first switch having a first terminal that is coupled to said first terminal of said bus capacitor, a second terminal that is coupled to said resonant converting module, and a control terminal that is coupled to said control module for receiving the first control signal therefrom; a second switch having a first terminal that is coupled to said second terminal of said first switch, a second terminal that is coupled to said second output terminal of said rectifying circuit, and a control terminal that is coupled to said control module for receiving the second control signal therefrom, a voltage across said second switch serving as the intermediate voltage; and a boost inductor and a third switch coupled in series between said first output terminal of said rectifying circuit and said second terminal of said first switch. 9. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 8, wherein each of said first and second switches is an N-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, and said third switch is a diode. 10. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 8, wherein said boost inductor is coupled to said first output terminal of said rectifying circuit, and said third switch is coupled to said second terminal of said first switch. 11. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 8, wherein said rectifying circuit is a full bridge rectifying circuit. 12. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 1, wherein said resonant converting module includes: a transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding; a resonant capacitor coupled to said primary winding in series, the series connection of said resonant capacitor and said primary winding being coupled to said power factor correcting module for receiving the intermediate voltage therefrom; and a rectifying-and-filtering circuit coupled to said secondary winding, and providing the output voltage. 13. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 12, wherein said resonant converting module further includes a resonant inductor coupled between said resonant capacitor and said primary winding. 14. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 12, wherein said rectifying-and-filtering circuit includes a switch and an output capacitor that are coupled in series across said secondary winding, a voltage across said output capacitor serving as the output voltage. 15. The single-stage AC-to-DC converter of claim 14, wherein said switch is a diode.",
-    "When an EV cancellation switch is turned on while a control mode is a CD mode and a traveling mode is an EV traveling mode, when a catalyst temperature is lower than a threshold and when a vehicle speed is lower than a threshold, a controller executes control processing including a step of executing first VVT control, a step of, when the catalyst temperature is higher than or equal to the threshold or when the vehicle speed is higher than or equal to the threshold, executing second VVT control and a step of switching the control mode into a CS mode. 1. A hybrid vehicle comprising: an electric motor configured to generate driving force of the vehicle; an engine including a valve timing adjustment device configured to adjust an advance amount with the use of an electric actuator, the advance amount indicating opening and closing timing of at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve; a catalyst provided in an exhaust passage of the engine; a controller configured to select any one of a charge depleting mode and a charge sustaining mode, the controller being configured to cause the vehicle to travel while switching between a first traveling mode and a second traveling mode in response to a traveling condition in each of the charge depleting mode and the charge sustaining mode, the first traveling mode being a mode in which the engine is stopped and the vehicle travels with the use of the electric motor, the second traveling mode being a mode in which the vehicle travels by operating the engine; and an operating member configured to receive cancellation operation to require a cancellation of the selected charge depleting mode, a threshold of power at which the traveling mode switches from the first traveling mode to the second traveling mode while the charge depleting mode is selected being larger than the threshold while the charge sustaining mode is selected, and the controller being configured to, while the charge depleting mode is selected and the vehicle is traveling in the first traveling mode, when a cancellation of the selected charge depleting mode is required through the cancellation operation, control the electric actuator such that the advance amount becomes a target value that is determined on the basis of a temperature of the catalyst and a speed of the vehicle. 2. The hybrid vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to, when the temperature of the catalyst is lower than a first threshold, set the advance amount that is set when the speed of the vehicle is lower than a second threshold, to a value on a more retarded side than the advance amount that is set when the speed of the vehicle is higher than or equal to the second threshold. 3. The hybrid vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to, when the temperature of the catalyst is lower than the first threshold, set the advance amount that is set when the speed of the vehicle is lower than the second threshold, to a value at which warm-up of the catalyst is more facilitated after a startup of the engine than the advance amount that is set when the speed of the vehicle is higher than or equal to the second threshold.",
-    "An integrated circuit with a matched transistor pair with a matching resistance heater coupled to each transistor of the matched transistor pair. A method for forming a matching resistance heater. A method for operating an SOI integrated circuit containing a matched transistor pair with a matching resistance heater coupled to each transistor of the matched transistor pair. 1. A process of forming an SOI integrated circuit, comprising the steps: forming a first transistor and a second transistor in said SOI integrated circuit where said first transistor and said second transistor form a matched transistor pair; forming a first matching resistance heater coupled to said first transistor; and forming a second matching resistance heater coupled to said second transistor. 2. The process of claim 1 where said step of forming a first matching resistance heater further comprises the steps: forming a diffusion in contact with at least one of a source and a drain of said first transistor where a doping of said diffusion is opposite to the doping of said source and said drain; doping said diffusion; blocking silicide from a diode between said diffusion and said at least one of said source and said drain; and blocking silicide from a center portion of said diffusion to form a resistor body of said first matching resistance heater. 3. The process of claim 2 where said SOI transistor is nmos and said resistor is p-type single crystal silicon with a resistivity between 100 ohms and 10 kohms. 4. The process of claim 1 where said step of forming a first matching resistance heater further comprises the steps: forming a polysilicon resistor geometry at the same time a gate geometry of said first transistor formed and over an active geometry of said first transistor and adjacent to at least one of a source and a drain said first transistor; doping said polysilicon resistor geometry to a desired resistivity; and blocking silicide formation over a body of said polysilicon resistor geometry. 5. The process of claim 2 where said SOI transistor is nmos and said polysilicon resistor has a resistivity between 100 ohms and 10 kohms. 6. The process of claim 1 where said step of forming a first matching resistance heater further comprises the steps: forming a polysilicon resistor geometry which overlies a gate geometry of said SOI transistor; doping said polysilicon resistor geometry to a desired resistivity; and blocking silicide formation over a body of said polysilicon resistor geometry. 7. The process of claim 2 where said polysilicon resistor has a resistivity between 100 ohms and 10 kohms. 8. A method of operating an SOI integrated circuit with a matched transistor pair, comprising the steps: determining an offset voltage between a first transistor and a second transistor in said matched transistor pair where a vt of said first transistor is lower than a vt of said second transistor; calculating a current that when forced through a matching resistance heater coupled to said first transistor raises a temperature of said first transistor so that said vt of said first transistor approximately matches said vt of said second transistor; and periodically during operation of said SOI integrated circuit re-determining said offset voltage and adjusting said current to rematch said transistor pair. 9. The method of claim 8 where said matched transistor pair is part of a comparator circuit in said SOI integrated circuit. 10. The method of claim 8 where said matched transistor pair is part of a operational amplifier in said SOI integrated circuit 11. The method of claim 8 where said matched transistor pair is part of a current mirror in said SOI integrated circuit",
-    "A light emitting diode includes a substrate including a concave-convex pattern having concave portions and convex portions, a first light emitting unit disposed on the substrate, a second light emitting unit disposed on the substrate, a first wire connecting the first light emitting unit to the second light emitting unit over the concave-convex pattern, and an insulation layer disposed between the concave-convex pattern and the wire. The insulation layer has a shape corresponding to the concave-convex pattern. 1. A light emitting diode, comprising: a substrate comprising a concave-convex pattern having concave portions and convex portions; a first light emitting unit disposed on the substrate; a second light emitting unit disposed on the substrate; a first wire connecting the first light emitting unit to the second light emitting unit over the concave-convex pattern; and an insulation layer disposed between the concave-convex pattern and the wire, wherein the insulation layer has a shape corresponding to the concave-convex pattern. 2. The light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein the first wire extends from a corner of the first light emitting unit toward a plane of the second light emitting unit. 3. The light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein the substrate further comprises fine convexities and concavities in a region of the concave-convex pattern. 4. The light emitting diode of claim 3, wherein the region of the concave-convex pattern having the fine convexities and concavities is between the first and second light emitting units such that the first wire extends over the portion of the concave-convex pattern having the fine convexities and concavities. 5. The light emitting diode of claim 3, wherein the region of the concave-convex pattern having the fine convexities and concavities vertically corresponds to mesa-etched regions of the first and second light emitting units. 6. The light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein the first light emitting unit is a first parallelogram-shaped light emitting unit having two acute angles and two obtuse angles, and wherein the second light emitting unit is a second parallelogram-shaped light emitting unit having two acute angles and two obtuse angles. 7. The light emitting diode of claim 3, wherein the region of the concave-convex pattern having the fine convexities and concavities corresponds to an isolation groove isolating the first light emitting unit from the second light emitting unit. 8. The light emitting diode of claim 1, further comprising: a third light emitting unit disposed on the substrate; and a second wire connecting the second light emitting unit to the third light emitting unit, wherein the third light emitting unit is a triangular-shaped light emitting unit. 9. The light emitting diode of claim 1, further comprising: at least one additional first light emitting unit disposed on the substrate, each of the first light emitting unit and the at least one additional first light emitting unit having a first triangular shape with three acute angles; at least one additional second light emitting unit disposed on the substrate, each of the second light emitting unit and at least one additional second light emitting unit having an obtuse angle; at least one second wire connecting the first light emitting unit and the at least one additional first light emitting unit to each other; and at least one additional first wire connecting the at least one additional first light emitting unit to the at least one additional second light emitting unit. 10. The light emitting diode of claim 9, wherein the first light emitting unit and the at least one additional first light emitting unit comprise six triangular light emitting units radially arranged about an imaginary point. 11. The light emitting diode of claim 10, wherein the imaginary point is disposed at the center of the light emitting diode. 12. The light emitting diode of claim 11, wherein the six triangular light emitting units are arranged in a mirror symmetrical structure relative to a vertical plane passing through the imaginary point. 13. The light emitting diode of claim 12, wherein each of the second light emitting unit and the at least one additional second light emitting unit has a pentagonal shape. 14. The light emitting diode of claim 9, further comprising: a first electrode pad and a second electrode pad, wherein the first light emitting unit, the at least one additional first light emitting unit, the second light emitting unit, and the at least one additional second light emitting unit form two serial arrays connected in parallel to each other between the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad.",
-    "An interleaved buck converter performs buck conversion by controlling operation of each of two switches thereof between an ON state and an OFF state. The switches have the same switching period and the same ON time interval, and a time delay from switching of one of the switches into the ON state to switching of the other one of the switches into the ON state equals the ON time interval of the switches minus a predetermined time interval. 1. An interleaved buck converter comprising: a first switch having a first terminal that is used to receive an input voltage, a second terminal and a control terminal; a second switch having a first terminal that is coupled to said first terminal of said first switch, a second terminal and a control terminal; a third switch having a first terminal that is coupled to said second terminal of said first switch, and a second terminal that is coupled to a reference node; a fourth switch having a first terminal that is coupled to said second terminal of said second switch, and a second terminal that is coupled to the reference node; a first inductor having a first terminal that is coupled to said second terminal of said first switch, and a second terminal that is used to provide an output voltage; a second inductor coupled between said second terminal of said second switch and said second terminal of said first inductor; a third inductor coupled between said second terminals of said first and second switches; an output capacitor coupled between said second terminal of said first inductor and the reference node; and a controller coupled to said control terminals of said first and second switches, and controlling operation of each of said first and second switches between an ON state and an OFF state such that said first and second switches have the same switching period and the same ON time interval, and such that a time delay from switching of said first switch into the ON state to switching of said second switch into the ON state equals the ON time intervals of said first and second switches minus a predetermined time interval. 2. The interleaved buck converter of claim 1, wherein said controller is coupled further to said second terminal of said first inductor for receiving the output voltage therefrom, and controls, based on the output voltage, operation of each of said first and second switches between the ON state and the OFF state so that at least one of the switching period and the ON time interval of said first and second switches is variable. 3. The interleaved buck converter of claim 2, wherein: when the ON time interval divided by the switching period times 100% is greater than a predetermined value, the switching period of said first and second switches is variable; and when the ON time interval divided by the switching period times 100% is less than the predetermined value, the ON time interval of said first and second switches is variable. 4. The interleaved buck converter of claim 2, wherein said controller uses proportional-integral-derivative control techniques to control, based on the output voltage, operation of each of said first and second switches between the ON state and the OFF state. 5. The interleaved buck converter of claim 1, wherein each of said first and second switches is an N-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (nMOSFET). 6. The interleaved buck converter of claim 5, wherein said nMOSFET has a drain terminal, a source terminal and a gate terminal that respectively serve as said first, second and third terminals of a respective one of said first and second switches. 7. The interleaved buck converter of claim 1, wherein each of said third and fourth switches is a diode. 8. The interleaved buck converter of claim 7, wherein said diode has a cathode and an anode that respectively serve as said first and second terminals of a respective one of said third and fourth switches.",
-    "A damping force generation device for a vehicle includes a shock absorber including a cylinder and a piston. The shock absorber is coupled to a vehicle body, a wheel carrier, and the like at a rod part of the piston and the cylinder, respectively, and is configured to generate a damping force due to a flow resistance when oil passes through an orifice formed in the piston. Each of self-discharge type charge eliminators is fixed to a surface of a specific member being at least one of a component of the shock absorber or an auxiliary member connected to the component. The charge eliminator reduces positive electric charge that is charged to the specific member, to thereby reduce a charge amount of the oil. 1. A damping force generation device for a vehicle, comprising: a shock absorber comprising: a cylinder; and a piston fitted into the cylinder in a reciprocally movable manner to form two cylinder chambers in cooperation with the cylinder, the shock absorber being coupleable to one of a sprung member and an unsprung member of the vehicle at a rod part of the piston, and to another one of the sprung member and the unsprung member at the cylinder, the shock absorber being configured to generate a damping force due to a flow resistance when a working liquid passes through an orifice formed in a main body part of the piston to move between the two cylinder chambers along with relative displacement between the sprung member and the unsprung member; and a self-discharge type charge eliminator provided on a surface of a specific member comprising at least one of a member constructing the shock absorber or an auxiliary member connected to the shock absorber, the self-discharge type charge eliminator comprising an air-ion conversion self-discharge type charge eliminator configured to reduce a charge amount of positive electric charge, which is charged to the specific member, through diselectrification carried out by changing air around the air-ion conversion self-discharge type charge eliminator into negative air ions depending on the charge amount of the specific member, and by causing the negative air ions to be attracted to the positive electric charge of the specific member to neutralize the positive electric charge, to thereby reduce a charge amount of the working liquid. 2. A damping force generation device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the specific member is a dust boot made of a resin as the auxiliary member connected to the rod part; the self-discharge type charge eliminator is provided on a surface of the dust boot; and the rod part and the dust boot are connected to each other so that the positive electric charge is movable from the rod part to the dust boot. 3. A damping force generation device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the shock absorber is a twin-tube shock absorber comprising: an inner cylinder to which the piston is fitted; and an outer cylinder surrounding the inner cylinder; the specific member is the outer cylinder; and the self-discharge type charge eliminator is provided on a surface of the outer cylinder below a liquid level of the working liquid between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder when the vehicle is in a standard load state. 4. A damping force generation device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the shock absorber is a twin-tube shock absorber comprising: an inner cylinder to which the piston is fitted; an outer cylinder surrounding the inner cylinder to form a reservoir chamber between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder; a base valve assembly; and an end cap closing end portions of the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder to define a base valve chamber communicating with the reservoir chamber in cooperation with the base valve assembly; the specific member is at least one of the outer cylinder or the end cap; and the positive electric charge is movable from the inner cylinder to the specific member. 5. A damping force generation device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the shock absorber is a mono-tube shock absorber; the specific member is the cylinder; and the self-discharge type charge eliminator is provided on a surface of the cylinder so that at least a part of the self-discharge type charge eliminator is positioned within a predetermined range corresponding to a range in a direction of the relative displacement, in which the main body part of the piston exists when the vehicle is in a standard load state. 6. A damping force generation device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the shock absorber is a variable damping force shock absorber comprising: a bypass passage for bypassing the main body part of the piston to connect the two cylinder chambers to each other; a variable orifice formed in the bypass passage; and an effective passage cross sectional area changing device configured to change an effective passage cross sectional area of the variable orifice, the variable damping force shock absorber being configured such that, when the piston is displaced with respect to the cylinder, at least a part of the working liquid in one of the two cylinder chambers moves to another one of the two cylinder chambers through the bypass passage; the specific member is the effective passage cross sectional area changing device; and the positive electric charge is movable from the working liquid passing through the bypass passage to the effective passage cross sectional area changing device. 7. A damping force generation device for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the self-discharge type charge eliminator comprises: a conductive metal foil having a large number of minute protrusions and recesses formed on a side surface on an outer periphery of the conductive metal foil; and a layer of an adhesive applied to one surface of the conductive metal foil; and the self-discharge type charge eliminator is fixed to the specific member by bonding with the layer of the adhesive.",
-    "A mobile hose reel traversable between a mobile mode and a stationary mode. The mobile hose reel comprises a first side frame assembly having a first rotatable side wall and a first side frame assembly elongated body. The first side frame assembly elongated body is slidably engaged with at least a portion of the first rotatable side wall and is configured to secure to a first pair of stability members. A second side frame assembly comprises a second rotatable side wall and a second side frame assembly elongated body. The second side frame assembly elongated body is slidably engaged with at least a portion of the second rotatable side wall and is configured to secure to a second pair of stability members. Traversal of the first and second side assemblies upwardly or downwardly about a longitudinal axis traverses the mobile hose reel between a mobile orientation and a stationary orientation. 1. A mobile hose reel traversable between a mobile mode and a stationary mode comprising: a first side frame assembly comprising a rotatable side wall configured to rotate a sufficient distance to move said mobile hose reel about a surface, said rotatable side wall having a first member secured to a second member to form an interior space therebetween, and a first side frame assembly arm traversable within said interior space and comprising a pair of rotatably attached legs thereto, said pair of legs having a sufficient length to extend out of said rotatable side wall when in a stationary position and rest within said rotatable side wall when in a mobile position; a second side frame assembly comprising a rotatable side wall configured to rotate a sufficient distance to move said mobile hose reel about a surface, said rotatable side wall having a first member secured to a second member to form an interior space therebetween, and a second side frame assembly arm traversable within said interior space and comprising a pair of rotatably attached legs thereto, said pair of legs having a sufficient length to extend out of said rotatable side wall when in said stationary position and rest within said rotatable side wall when in said mobile position; a spool assembly comprising a hub having a first radial expanding flange attached at one end and a second radial expanding flange at a second end. 2. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 wherein said spool assembly is configured to rotate independently of movement of said first side frame assembly or said second side frame assembly. 3. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 wherein said first member of said first rotatable side wall comprises a channel sized and shaped to guide said first side frame assembly arm as it traverses within said first side frame assembly; and said first member of said second rotatable side wall comprises a channel sized and shaped to guide said second side frame assembly arm as it traverses within said second side frame assembly. 4. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 wherein each said pair of legs comprises a first member of a leg to arm locking assembly configured to engage with a second member of a leg to arm locking member associated with said first side frame assembly arm or said second side frame assembly arm; whereby said leg to arm locking assembly maintains positioning of each said leg relative to said first side frame assembly arm or said second side frame assembly arm when in said mobile position or said stationary locking position. 5. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 further including a cross bar connecting said first side frame assembly arm and said second side frame assembly arm. 6. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 wherein each of said first side frame assembly arm and said second side frame assembly arm contains a curved surface configured to guide said leg as said leg is rotated. 7. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 wherein each of said first side frame assembly arm and said second side frame assembly arm is further positionable at an angle from a longitudinal axis. 8. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 further including a first side frame assembly arm self locking mechanism for mating said first side frame assembly arm in an angled position, said first side frame assembly arm self-locking mechanism comprising a first locking member rotatable coupled to said first side frame assembly arm, and a side frame locking member having a seat sized and shaped to receive said first locking member; and a second side frame assembly arm self locking mechanism for mating said second side frame assembly arm in an angled position, said second side frame assembly arm self-locking mechanism comprising a second locking member rotatable coupled to said second side frame assembly arm, and a second side frame locking member having a seat sized and shaped to receive said second locking member. 9. The mobile hose reel according to claim 1 wherein the first radial expanding flange is adjacent said first rotatable side wall, and said second radial expanding flange is adjacent said rotatable side wall. 10. A mobile hose reel traversable between a mobile mode and a stationary mode comprising: a first side frame assembly comprising a first rotatable side wall configured to rotate a sufficient distance to move said mobile hose reel about a surface and a first side frame assembly elongated body, said first side frame assembly elongated body sized and shaped to slidably move within at least a portion of said first rotatable side wall, said first side frame assembly elongated body having a first portion configured to secure to a first end of an elongated cross bar and a second portion configured to secure to a first pair of deployable stability members, said first pair of deployable stability members configured to extend out of said first rotatable side wall when in a stationary position and rest within said rotatable side wall when in a mobile position; a second side frame assembly comprising a second rotatable side wall configured to rotate a sufficient distance to move said mobile hose reel about a surface and a second side frame assembly elongated body, said second side frame assembly elongated body sized and shaped to slidably move within at least a portion of said second rotatable side wall, said second side frame assembly elongated body having a first portion configured to secure to a second end of an elongated bar and a second portion configured to secure to a second pair of deployable stability members, said second pair of deployable stability members configured to extend out of said second rotatable side wall when in said stationary position and rest within said rotatable side wall when in said mobile position; and a spool assembly comprising a hub having a first radial expanding flange attached at one end and a second radial expanding flange at a second end, said hub sized and shaped to receive an elongated flexible hose; whereby traversal of said first side frame assembly and said second side assembly upwardly or downwardly about a longitudinal axis traverses said mobile hose reel between a mobile orientation and a stationary orientation. 11. The mobile hose reel according to claim 10 wherein said spool assembly further includes a crank handle operatively coupled to at least one radial expanding flange and an inlet-outlet tube assembly. 12. The mobile hose reel according to claim 10 wherein said spool assembly is configured to rotate independently of rotation of said first rotatable side wall or said second rotatable side wall. 13. The mobile hose reel according to claim 10 wherein said first pair of stability members are rotatably secured to said first side frame assembly elongated body and said second pair of stability members are rotatably secured to said second side frame assembly elongated body. 14. The mobile hose reel according to claim 10 wherein said first side frame assembly elongated body and said second side frame assembly elongated body are traversable about the circumference of said first rotatable side wall and said second side frame assembly elongated body is traversable about the circumference of said second rotatable side wall. 15. The mobile hose reel according to claim 14 further including a first side frame assembly arm self locking mechanism for mating said first side frame assembly arm in an angled position, said first side frame assembly arm self-locking mechanism comprising a first locking member rotatable coupled to said first side frame assembly arm, and a side frame locking member having a seat sized and shaped to receive said first locking member; and a second side frame assembly arm self locking mechanism for mating said second side frame assembly arm in an angled position, said second side frame assembly arm self-locking mechanism comprising a second locking member rotatable coupled to said second side frame assembly arm, and a second side frame locking member having a seat sized and shaped to receive said second locking member. 16. The mobile hose reel according to claim 15 wherein said self-locking mechanism including at least a first portion provided within said first side frame assembly elongated body or said second side frame assembly elongated body, at least one corresponding second portion positioned within said first side frame assembly or said second side frame assembly elongated body, and a securing member pivotally coupled to said first side frame assembly elongated body or said second side frame assembly elongated body. 17. The mobile hose reel according to claim 10 wherein said first side frame assembly elongated body and said second side frame assembly elongated body each contain a slotted region. 18. The mobile hose reel according to claim 10 wherein said at least one of said first side frame assembly or said second side frame assembly contains a cap secured to said rotatable side wall. 19. The mobile hose reel according to claim 18 wherein said cap comprises a slotted region sized and shaped to receive and hold a portion of a flexible hose.",
-    "A process and apparatus for manufacturing a mattress generally includes an automated foam layer placement apparatus for accurately securing one or more foam layers onto an innercore unit and bucket assembly. 1. A lifting assembly and transfer apparatus for lifting and placing a foam layer, the lifting assembly and transfer apparatus comprising: an adjustable frame assembly comprising a plurality of lifting units spaced about the adjustable frame assembly, each one of the plurality of lifting units configured to selectively engage and disengage the underlying foam layer so as to provide lifting and release of the foam layer when in use, wherein each one of the plurality of lifting units comprises a housing supporting two slides, each slide provided with one or more of the retractable angled needles, wherein the one or more retractable angled needles on one slide face toward the one or more retractable angled needles of the other slide; and a robotic arm coupled to the adjustable frame assembly and configured to move the adjustable frame assembly from one location to another. 2. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 1, wherein the angle of the one or more retractable needles in one slide is in a range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees relative to the plane of the foam layer and the angle of the one or more retractable needles in the other slide is in a range of about 120 to about 150 degrees relative to the plane of the foam layer such that the one or more retractable needles in the one slide and the other slide converge upon extension from the respective sliding. 3. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 1, wherein the angle of the one or more retractable needles in one slide is about 45 degrees relative to the plane of the foam layer and the angle of the one or more retractable needles in the other slide is about 135 degrees relative to the plane of the foam layer such that the one or more retractable needles in the one slide and the other slide converge upon extension from the respective sliding. 4. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more retractable angled needles are pneumatically operated. 5. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 1, wherein the adjustable frame assembly comprises: a pair of longitudinal beams and a pair of transverse beams coupled at respective ends to define a frame perimeter; a plurality of stationary framing beams coupled to and disposed within the frame perimeter; at least one movable longitudinal beam disposed within the frame perimeter and coupled to selected ones of the stationary framing beams and/or the frame perimeter the frame; and at least one movable transverse beam disposed within the frame perimeter and coupled to selected ones of the stationary framing beams and/or the frame perimeter the frame. 6. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one movable longitudinal and transverse beams coupled to selected ones of the stationary framing beams and/or the frame perimeter further comprise servomotors configured to selectively move the longitudinal and transverse beams within the frame perimeter. 7. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 5, wherein the plurality of stationary framing beams coupled to the frame perimeter comprises a primary beam bisecting the adjustable frame assembly at about a midpoint of the pair of longitudinal beams or the pair of transverse beams 8. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 5, wherein the adjustable frame assembly comprises two movable longitudinal beams and one movable transverse beam. 9. The lifting assembly and transfer apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an attachment plate attached to a top surface of the adjustable frame assembly and centrally located thereon, wherein the robotic arm is coupled to the attachment plate. 10. A process for manufacturing a mattress, the process comprising: automatically lifting a foam layer at a nominal size from a sizing table while maintaining the nominal size, wherein lifting the nominally sized foam layer comprises adjusting an adjustable frame comprising a plurality of lifting units spaced about the adjustable frame assembly so as to accommodate lifting of the nominal size foam layer, each one of the plurality of lifting units configured to selectively engage and disengage the foam layer so as to provide lifting and release of the foam layer when in use; and automatically placing the foam layer onto an innercore unit and bucket assembly, wherein placement of the foam layer comprises matching the nominally sized foam layer to a base corner datum of the innercore unit and bucket assembly. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein each one of the plurality of lifting units comprises a housing supporting two slides, each slide provided with one or more of retractable angled needles, wherein the one or more retractable angled needles on one slide face toward the one or more retractable angled needles of the other slide such that engaging the foam layer comprises extending the one or more retractable needles from the two slides. 12. The process for manufacturing the mattress of claim 10, wherein automatically lifting and placing the nominally sized foam layer onto the innercore and bucket assembly comprises: robotically moving the adjustable frame assembly over the nominally sized foam layer; lowering the adjustable frame assembly onto or in close proximity to the nominally sized foam layer; engaging the lifting units with the underlying foam layer, wherein the close proximity is at a distance effective to permit engagement of the lifting units with the underlying foam layer; robotically raising the adjustable frame assembly and the engaged foam layer; moving the adjustable frame assembly and the nominally sized foam layer to overlay the innercore and bucket assembly using the base corner datum as a reference point; and lowering the adjustable frame assembly, wherein the nominally sized foam layer contacts an upper surface of the innercore and bucket assembly; disengaging the lifting units from the foam layer; and raising the adjustable frame assembly, wherein the foam layer is in adhesive contact with the innercore and bucket assembly. 13. The process for manufacturing the mattress of claim 10, wherein engaging and disengaging the lifting units comprises inserting and retracting, respectively, retractable needles from the lifting units into the foam layer at an angle relative to a plane of the foam layer, wherein at least two of the retractable needles converge relative to one another when extended. 14. The process for manufacturing the mattress of claim 13, wherein the at least two of the retractable needles converged relative to one another when extended are at angles in a range of 30 to 60 degrees and 120 to 150 degrees, respectively, relative to a plane of the foam layer. 15. The process for manufacturing the mattress of claim 13, wherein the at least two of the retractable needles converged relative to one another when extended are at angles of about 45 and 135 degrees, respectively, relative to a plane of the foam layer.",
-    "An electronic control device (ECU) reserves a transmission of a requested diagnosis data that is requested by a management center when an external device is connected to a dedicated connector, and when IGSW is turned ON. In such scheme, a delay of an off-board diagnosis process in the ECU is prevented when a diagnosis tool connected to the dedicated connector performs an off-board diagnosis. Further, after turning OFF of IGSW, the ECU, which is no longer due for a request from the external device connected to the dedicated connector, transmits the requested diagnosis data to the center, enabling the center to perform a remote diagnosis service. Therefore, the remote diagnosis service is performable when a commercially-available external device is connected to the dedicated connector by a user of a vehicle. 1. An electronic control device installed in a vehicle for performing a predetermined control process, the electronic control device configured to comprise: an off-board diagnoser performing an off-board diagnosis in response to a request from an external device that is connected to a dedicated connector providing a connection to the external device; and a requested diagnosis data transmission unit (i) generating a diagnosis data when receiving, from an external management center, a transmission request that requests a transmission of the diagnosis data, and (ii) transmitting the diagnosis data to the external management center, wherein the requested diagnosis data transmission unit is configured to: (a) reserve the transmission of the diagnosis data in response to the transmission request from the external management center, when receiving the transmission request in a state that (A) the external device is connected to the connector and (B) an ignition switch of the vehicle is in a turned ON state; and (b) perform the transmission of the diagnosis data after a turning OFF of the ignition switch of the vehicle. 2. The electronic control device of claim 1, wherein the requested diagnosis data transmission unit is configured to: (a) reserve a generation of the diagnosis data to be transmitted in response to the transmission request from the external management center, when receiving the transmission request in a state that (A) the external device is connected to the connector and (B) an ignition switch of the vehicle is turned ON; and (b) generate and transmit the diagnosis data after a turning OFF of the ignition switch of the vehicle. 3. The electronic control device of claim 1, wherein the electronic control device is capable of controlling a power supply stop timing after the turning OFF of the ignition switch, and the electronic control device stops the power supply according to a completion of the transmission of the diagnosis data, when the requested diagnosis data transmission unit performs the transmission of the diagnosis data after the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 4. The electronic control device of claim 1 further comprising: a detection unit detecting a disconnection of the external device from the connector, wherein during a time when the requested diagnosis data transmission unit is reserving the transmission of the diagnosis data, in case that the detection unit detects the disconnection of the external device from the connector, the requested diagnosis data transmission unit performs the transmission of the diagnosis data without waiting for the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 5. The electronic control device of claim 4, wherein the detection unit detects the disconnection of the external device from the connector, when a preset amount of time elapses after receiving the request from the external device. 6. An electronic control system including an electronic control device installed in a vehicle for performing a predetermined control process, the system comprising: an off-board diagnoser performing an off-board diagnosis in response to a request from an external device that is connected to a dedicated connector providing a connection to the external device; a communicator communicating with an external management center; and a requested diagnosis data transmission unit (i) generating a diagnosis data when receiving, from the external management center by the communicator, a transmission request that requests a transmission of the diagnosis data, and (ii) transmitting the diagnosis data to the external management center by using the communicator, wherein the requested diagnosis data transmission unit is configured to: (a) reserve the transmission of the diagnosis data in response to the transmission request from the external management center, when receiving the transmission request in a state that (A) the external device is connected to the connector and (B) an ignition switch of the vehicle is in a turned ON state; and (b) perform the transmission of the diagnosis data after a turning OFF of the ignition switch of the vehicle. 7. The electronic control device of claim 6, wherein the requested diagnosis data transmission unit is configured to: (a) reserve a generation of the diagnosis data to be transmitted in response to the transmission request from the external management center, when receiving the transmission request in a state that (A) the external device is connected to the connector and (B) an ignition switch of the vehicle is turned ON; and (b) generate and transmit the diagnosis data after a turning OFF of the ignition switch of the vehicle. 8. The electronic control device of claim 6 further comprising: a power relay disposed on a power supply line that supplies an electric power to the electronic control device; and a power controller controlling an operation of the power relay, wherein when the requested diagnosis data transmission unit performs the transmission of the diagnosis data after the turning OFF of the ignition switch, the power controller controls the power relay to be switched from an ON state to an OFF state, according to a completion of the transmission of the diagnosis data. 9. The electronic control device of claim 6 further comprising: a detection unit detecting a disconnection of the external device from the connector, wherein during a time when the requested diagnosis data transmission unit is reserving the transmission of the diagnosis data, in case that the detection unit detects the disconnection of the external device from the connector, the requested diagnosis data transmission unit performs the transmission of the diagnosis data without waiting for the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 10. The electronic control device of claim 9, wherein the detection unit detects the disconnection of the external device from the connector, when a preset amount of time elapses after receiving the request from the external device.",
-    "A cleaning device includes a cleaner, a casing, and an exit seal. The cleaner is configured to remove toner from a cleaning target. The casing accommodates the cleaner. The exit seal is attached to the casing and has a free end contacting the cleaning target at a position downward from the cleaner in a direction of movement of the cleaning target and an attached end attached to the casing. A space is disposed between a surface of the cleaning target and an opposite face of the exit seal opposite the cleaning target. The space includes an opening at a lateral end of the exit seal. The exit seal contacts the cleaning target from a trailing direction of the exit seal and seals the opening at at least an attached end side of the exit seal. 1. A cleaning device comprising: a cleaner configured to remove toner from a cleaning target; a casing accommodating the cleaner; and an exit seal attached to the casing and having a free end contacting the cleaning target at a position downward from the cleaner in a direction of movement of the cleaning target and an attached end attached to the casing, a space disposed between a surface of the cleaning target and an opposite face of the exit seal opposite the cleaning target, the space including an opening at a lateral end of the exit seal, the exit seal contacting the cleaning target from a trailing direction of the exit seal and sealing the opening at at least an attached end side of the exit seal. 2. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising a gap fill portion filling a space between the surface of the cleaning target and at least an attached end side of a lateral end of the opposite face of the exit seal opposite the cleaning target, wherein the gap fill portion seals at least the attached end side of the exit seal. 3. The cleaning device according to claim 2, further comprising a side seal disposed outside the lateral end of the exit seal in a lateral direction of the exit seal, to seal a gap between a lateral end of the casing and the surface of the cleaning target, wherein the gap fill portion extends from the side seal toward a lateral center of the exit seal. 4. The cleaning device according to claim 2, wherein the gap fill portion disposed from an exit of a contact portion at which the cleaner contacts the cleaning target to an attached portion of the casing to which the attached end of the exit seal is attached. 5. The cleaning device according to claim 2, wherein the gap fill portion includes an elastic layer. 6. The cleaning device according to claim 2, wherein the cleaning target is an image bearer configured to bear a toner image in an image bearing region, and wherein the gap fill portion is disposed outside the image bearing region. 7. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising an entry seal attached to the casing and having a free end contacting the cleaning target at a position upstream from the cleaner in the direction of movement of the cleaning target; and a side seal disposed outside a lateral end of the entry seal in a lateral direction of the entry seal, to seal a gap between a lateral end of the casing and the surface of the cleaning target, wherein the side seal includes an overlap portion overlapping with the lateral end of the entry seal in a vertical direction relative to the surface of the cleaning target. 8. The cleaning device according to claim 1, wherein the exit seal is an urethane seal having a thickness of not less than 0.17 mm and not greater than 0.23 mm. 9. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of cleaning units arranged in the direction of movement of a cleaning target, wherein each of the plurality of cleaning units including: the cleaner; the casing accommodating the cleaner; the exit seal; and the entry seal, the exit seal of at least one cleaning unit of the plurality of cleaning units overlaps with the entry seal of one cleaning unit adjacent to the at least one cleaning unit. 10. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising an entry seal attached to the casing and having a free end contacting the cleaning target at a position upstream from the cleaner in the direction of movement of the cleaning target, wherein a depth at which the exit seal contacts the cleaning target is not less than a depth at which the entry seal contacts the cleaning target. 11. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearer having a surface to bear a toner image; a toner image forming unit configured to form the toner image on the surface of the image bearer; a transfer device configured to transfer the toner image from the surface of the image bearer onto a transfer target; and the cleaning device according to claim 1 configured to remove toner from the surface of the image bearer.",
-    "A backlight keyboard structure includes a keycap and a base plate. The keycap and the base plate are coupled via a pair of scissors, a conducting circuit board and an elastic body for supporting the keycap and transmitting a pressure of the keycap to the conducting circuit board to conduct a circuit are arranged between the keycap and the base plate. The backlight keyboard structure further includes a backlight module located between the conducting circuit board and the base plate. The pair of scissors can slide on both the base plate and the backlight module. 1. A backlight keyboard structure, comprising a keycap and a base plate, wherein the keycap and the base plate are coupled via a pair of scissors, a conducting circuit board and an elastic body for supporting the keycap and transmitting a pressure of the keycap to the conducting circuit board for switching a circuit are arranged between the keycap and the base plate, and the backlight keyboard structure further comprises a backlight module located between the conducting circuit board and the base plate, wherein the elastic body is devoid of an elastic plate and terminates at a lower circular peripheral edge in contact with the conducting circuit board, wherein the lower circular peripheral edge is spaced from a periphery of the conducting circuit board and the elastic body is not extending upwardly from any elastic plate, which provides an exposed upper surface of the conducting circuit board in all areas of an upper surface of the conducting circuit board other than an area covered by the elastic body, wherein light is directly given out from an upper surface of the backlight module and irradiated to the keycap through the conducting circuit board or through a hole in the conducting circuit board between the upper surface of the backlight module and the keycap, the light further travelling around the lower circular peripheral edge of the elastic body directly above the exposed upper surface of the conducting circuit board, wherein the exposed upper surface of the conducting circuit board is not covered by the elastic body. 2. The backlight keyboard structure according to claim 1, wherein the pair of scissors comprises an upper scissor pin, a lower scissor pin and a central axle hole for fixing the elastic body, the keycap has a bottom, the base plate is provided with a lower snap, an upper snap is arranged at a bottom of the keycap, the upper scissor pin is coupled with the upper snap, the lower scissor pin passes through the backlight module to couple with the lower snap; the elastic body is pressed when pressing the keycap, the lower scissor pin is pulled away from the lower snap via an elastic force and moves on an upper surface of the backlight module or an upper surface of the base plate. 3. The backlight keyboard structure according to claim 1, wherein the backlight module comprises a FPC circuit board, a light emitting diode connecting with the FPC circuit board and a light guide plate transmitting the light from the light emitting diode to the keycap, the light guide plate has a lower surface. 4. The backlight keyboard according to claim 3, wherein a reflecting sheet is arranged below the light guide plate, or reflective ink covers the lower surface of the light guide plate. 5. The backlight keyboard according to claim 4, wherein a shading sheet is arranged above the light guide plate, or shading ink covers the lower surface of the light guide plate. 6. The back light keyboard according to claim 3, wherein a shading sheet is arranged above the light guide plate, or shading ink covers the lower surface of the light guide plate.",
-    "A cutter holder has a body and a buffering assembly. The body has a specific weight. The buffering assembly is mounted in the body and has a buffering unit and an elastic unit set. The buffering unit has a specific weight that is larger than the specific weight of the body. The buffering unit and the elastic unit set are utilized for absorbing vibration. The elastic unit set has multiple Belleville washers and can be changed in scales or amounts according to practical machining conditions. 1. A cutter holder comprising: a body comprising: an assembling section comprising: a first end; a second end opposite the first end of the assembling section; a containing hole axially formed in the assembling section and comprising a terminal face away from the second end of the assembling section; and a receiving hole axially formed in the assembling section and communicating with the containing hole; a buffering assembly mounted in the body and comprising: an elastic unit set having multiple Belleville washers received in the receiving hole; and a buffering unit received in the receiving hole and abutting against the elastic unit set, the buffering unit comprising an abutting shaft extending to the containing hole. 2. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the body has a specific weight; and the buffering unit has a specific weight larger than the specific weight of the body. 3. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the buffering unit comprises a middle portion abutting against the elastic unit set and comprising a peripheral surface; two opposite side faces; and a receiving groove formed in the peripheral surface of the middle portion; the abutting shaft is axially connected with one of the side faces of the middle portion; and the buffering assembly has an O-ring mounted in the receiving groove. 4. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the buffering unit has a positioning shaft axially connected with the side face of the middle portion opposite the abutting shaft, the positioning shaft mounted through the multiple Belleville washers. 5. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the assembling section has a positioning recess axially defined in a bottom of the receiving hole and communicating with the receiving hole; and the positioning shaft of the buffering unit extends in the positioning recess. 6. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the assembling section comprises: a fastening hole disposed between the containing hole and the receiving hole, the fastening hole axially defined in a bottom of the containing hole and communicating with both the containing hole and the receiving hole; and the buffering assembly comprising a restricting unit having a through hole axially defined through the restricting unit, wherein: the restricting unit is mounted around the abutting shaft of the buffering unit and is connected to the fastening hole, and the restricting unit abuts against the middle portion of the buffering unit. 7. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 6, wherein the restricting unit is screwed in the fastening hole. 8. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 7, wherein the multiple Belleville washers are implemented as four in amount. 9. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 8, wherein the buffering unit is made of tungsten alloy. 10. The cutter holder as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the buffering unit comprises: a middle portion abutting against the elastic unit set and comprising a peripheral surface; two opposite side faces; and a receiving groove formed in the peripheral surface of the middle portion; the abutting shaft is axially connected with one of the side faces of the middle portion; and the buffering assembly has an O-ring mounted in the receiving groove.",
-    "A process and apparatus for manufacturing a mattress generally includes an automated foam layer placement apparatus for accurately securing one or more foam layers onto an innercore unit and bucket assembly. 1. A process for applying an adhesive to a top surface of an innercore unit and bucket assembly, comprising: transferring the innercore unit and bucket assembly onto a planar conveying surface of an adhesive application station; moving the planar conveying surface carrying the innercore unit and bucket assembly along a travel path; detecting a leading edge of the innercore unit and bucket assembly with a sensor; automatically spraying a controlled amount of an adhesive in a defined pattern onto the top surfaces of the innercore unit and bucket assembly beginning at the leading edge to a trailing edge; detecting the trailing edge of the innercore unit and bucket assembly; and discontinuing the spraying of the adhesive. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein automatically spraying the controlled amount of the adhesive comprises discharging the adhesive from a bridge spanning across the travel path, wherein the bridge comprises a plurality of spray nozzles in fluid communication with a source of the adhesive. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a hot melt adhesive. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a motion sensor. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein transferring the innercore unit and bucket assembly onto the planar conveying surface comprises moving the innercore unit and bucket assembly onto the planar conveying surface carried by an automated guide vehicle, wherein the planar conveying surface of the automated guide vehicle is coplanar to the planar conveying surface of the adhesive application station. 6. The process of claim 1, the innercore unit comprises a plurality of coil springs. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein moving the planar conveying surface comprises varying a speed of the planar conveying surface to tailor a feed rate of the adhesive onto the innercore unit and bucket assembly. 8. The process of claim 2, further comprising vertically moving the bridge spanning across the travel path to a defined height above the planar conveying surface prior to automatically spraying the controlled amount of the adhesive. 9. The process of claim 2, further comprising statically positioning the plurality of spray nozzles when automatically spraying the controlled amount of the adhesive. 10. The process of claim 2, further comprising dynamically positioning the plurality of spray nozzles when automatically spraying the controlled amount of the adhesive.",
-    "A flying toy aircraft having one or more low pressure channels acting as the primary lift mechanism. Each of the low pressure channels has a bottom member, two sidewalls, and an optional top member. The interior of the channel can be fitted with an airfoil or a trailing reflexed edge. The aircraft is propelled by propulsion units, which are controlled by a timer device that enables the user to select a predetermined time period for the flight of the aircraft. 1. A flying toy aircraft comprising: one or more low pressure channels defined by a base member and a sidewall having a top, the low pressure channels having a leading section and a trailing section; a flange member attached to the top of the sidewall and extending outwardly from the low pressure channel; a propulsion system comprising one or more propulsion units; and a control system comprising a timer device in operable communication with the one or more propulsion units, the timer device being configured to electrically activate and deactivate the one or more propulsion units. 2. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, further comprising a first set of wings and a second set of wings, the first set of wings and the second set of wings attached to the low pressure channel, and the first set of wings spaced forwardly of the second set of wings. 3. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, wherein at least one low pressure channel comprises an airfoil attached to the base member in proximity to the leading section, and a reflexed edge disposed in the base member in proximity to the trailing section. 4. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, further comprising a rudder member attached to the low pressure channel and disposed within the wake of the one or more propulsion units. 5. The flying toy aircraft of claim 2, wherein the rudder member is the second set of wings, which are attached in adjustable relation to the low pressure channel. 6. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, wherein at least one propulsion unit comprises contra-rotating propellers. 7. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, wherein one or more components of the control system are slidably attached to the low pressure channel such that adjusting the location of said components of the control system adjusts the pitch of the aircraft during flight. 8. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, wherein the low pressure channel further comprises a flexible material that enables the low pressure channel to be curved such that the aircraft follows a predetermined flight pattern determined by the curve of the low pressure channel. 9. The flying toy aircraft of claim 1, wherein the timer device further comprises a control unit, the timer device is operably connected to a selector device, and the selector device is configured to signal the control unit to activate the one or more propulsion units for a predetermined time period. 10. The flying toy aircraft of claim 9, wherein the timer device is configured such that upon receiving a first signal from the selector device the control unit activates a propulsion unit for a first predetermined time period, and upon receiving a second signal from the selector device the control unit activates a propulsion unit for a second time period. 11. The flying toy aircraft of claim 9, wherein the timer device is configured such that upon receiving a signal from a first selector device the control unit activates a propulsion unit for a first predetermined time period, and upon receiving a signal from a second selector device the control unit activates a propulsion unit for a second time period. 12. The flying toy aircraft of claim 9, further comprising a rudder member attached to the low pressure channel and disposed within the wake of the one or more propulsion units. 13. The flying toy aircraft of claim 9, wherein at least one propulsion unit comprises contra-rotating propellers. 14. The flying toy aircraft of claim 9, wherein one or more components of the control system are slidably attached to the low pressure channel such that adjusting the location of said components of the control system adjusts the pitch of the aircraft during flight. 15. The flying toy aircraft of claim 9, wherein the low pressure channel further comprises a flexible material that enables the low pressure channel to be curved such that the aircraft follows a predetermined flight pattern determined by the curve of the low pressure channel. 16. The flying toy aircraft of claim 10, further comprising a rudder member attached to the low pressure channel and disposed within the wake of the one or more propulsion units. 17. The flying toy aircraft of claim 10, wherein at least one propulsion unit comprises contra-rotating propellers. 18. The flying toy aircraft of claim 10, wherein one or more components of the control system are slidably attached to the low pressure channel such that adjusting the location of said components of the control system adjusts the pitch of the aircraft during flight. 19. The flying toy aircraft of claim 10, wherein the low pressure channel further comprises a flexible material that enables the low pressure channel to be curved such that the aircraft follows a predetermined flight pattern determined by the curve of the low pressure channel. 20. The flying toy aircraft of claim 11, wherein one or more components of the control system are slidably attached to the low pressure channel such that adjusting the location of said components of the control system adjusts the pitch of the aircraft during flight.",
-    "A separating device includes a base, a feed mechanism operable to convey first and second electronic component to a discharge end thereof, and a separating mechanism disposed on the base and including a first carrier connected slidably to the base and configured to carry the first electronic component, a second carrier connected slidably to the base and configured to carry the second electronic component, and a drive unit for driving reciprocation of the first and second carriers between a pick-up position, where the first carrier abuts against the second carrier, and a separating position, where the first and second carriers are separated from each other. 1. A separating device for electronic components, comprising: a base; a feed mechanism including a discharge end, said feed mechanism being operable to convey a first electronic component and a second electronic component to said discharge end; and a separating mechanism disposed on said base and including a first carrier connected slidably to said base and configured to carry the first electronic component, a second carrier connected slidably to said base and configured to carry the second electronic component, and a drive unit for driving reciprocation of said first and second carriers between a pick-up position, where said first carrier abuts against said second carrier, and a separating position, where said first and second carriers are separated from each other. 2. The separating device as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the pick-up position, said first and second carriers are proximate to said discharge end, and said feed mechanism is operated to move the first and second electronic components from said discharge end to said first and second carriers. 3. The separating device as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the separating position, said first and second carriers are separated from each other at a predetermined distance for a pick-up device to take away the first and second electronic components respectively carried by said first and second carriers. 4. The separating device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said separating mechanism further includes a connecting rod, said second carrier pushing said connecting rod to drive said first carrier to move along with said second carrier. 5. The separating device as claimed in claim 4, wherein said separating mechanism further includes a resilient member sleeved on said connecting rod, said second carrier compressing said resilient member to push said connecting rod and drive said first carrier to move along with said second carrier. 6. The separating device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said drive unit includes a swing lever connected to said second carrier for driving movement of said second carrier on said base. 7. separating device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said separating mechanism further includes a connecting rod, and wherein, when said second carrier is moved a distance away from said first carrier, said second carrier pushes said connecting rod to drive said first carrier to move along with said second carrier. 8. A separating device for electronic components, comprising: a feed mechanism including a discharge end, said feed mechanism being operable to convey a first electronic component and a second electronic component to said discharge end; and a separating mechanism configured to receive the first and second electronic components from said discharge end, said separating mechanism including a first carrier configured to carry the first electronic component, a second carrier configured to carry the second electronic component, and a drive unit for driving said first and second carriers to a separating position, where said first and second carriers are separated from each other. 9. The separating device as claimed in claim 8, wherein when said first carrier is moved a distance, said second carrier drives said first carrier to move therealong. 10. The separating device as claimed in claim 8, wherein said separating mechanism further includes a connecting rod, said second carrier pushing said connecting rod to drive said first carrier to move along with said second carrier. 11. The separating device as claimed in claim 8, wherein, in the separating position, said first and second carriers are separated from each other at a predetermined distance for a pick-up device to take away the first and second electronic components respectively carried by said first and second carriers.",
-    "A staging cart for moving multiple packaged mattresses generally includes a base frame having a length and a width dimension; a handle frame extending upwardly from a rear end of the cart; a pair of rear wheels and a pair of forward wheels mounted to a bottom surface of the base frame at the rear and forward ends of the base frame, respectively; a platform portion coupled to the base frame spanning a length of the base frame and having a planar surface, wherein the platform portion has a width dimension less than the width dimension of the base frame and is medially located within the base frame; and at least one roller coupled to the base frame spanning the length dimension and adjacent to at least one side of the platform portion, wherein the at least one has an axis of rotation parallel to the longitudinal axis of the platform portion. 1. A cart for transporting packaged mattresses, the cart comprising: a base frame having a length and a width dimension; a handle frame extending upwardly from a rear end of the cart; a pair of rear wheels and a pair of forward wheels mounted to a bottom surface of the base frame at the rear and forward ends of the base frame, respectively; a platform portion coupled to the base frame spanning a length of the base frame and having a planar surface, wherein the platform portion has a width dimension less than the width dimension of the base frame and is medially located within the base frame; and at least one roller coupled to the base frame spanning the length dimension and adjacent to at least one side of the platform portion, wherein the at least one has an axis of rotation parallel to the longitudinal axis of the platform portion. 2. The cart of claim 1, wherein the rear and forward wheels are caster wheels. 3. The cart of claim 1, wherein the platform portion comprises a plastic contact surface. 4. The cart of claim 1, wherein the at least one roller on at least one side of the platform portion comprises two or more rows. 5. The cart of claim 1, wherein the at least one roller is adjacent to each side of the platform portion and comprises two or more rows. 6. The cart of claim 1, wherein the at least one roller coupled to the base frame spanning the length dimension comprises multiple rollers disposed within a row. 7. The cart of claim 1, wherein a top surface of the at least one roller is slightly raised relative to the planar contact surface of the platform portion. 8. The cart of claim 1, wherein a top surface of the at least one roller is coplanar to the planar contact surface of the platform portion.",
-    "An audio refocusing method includes receiving an indication signal indicating which sound source in a recorded signal has to be refocused on; determining a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source; and enhancing sound generated by the sound source in the recorded signal according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate a processed signal. 1. An electronic device, comprising: an interface, generating an indication signal indicating which sound source in a recorded signal has to be refocused on; a transmitting device, transmitting the indication to a processor; a receiving device, receiving a processed signal, wherein the processor enhances a sound generated by the sound source in the recorded signal to generate the processed signal; and a play device, playing the recorded signal and/or the processed signal. wherein the recorded signal is a multimedia signal comprising an image portion and an audio portion, wherein the generation of the processed signal includes refocusing the audio portion of the sound source in the multimedia signal without referring to refocus result of the image portion of the sound source. 2. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the recorded signal is an audio signal or a multimedia signal, and wherein the audio signal or an audio portion of the multimedia signal is captured by a microphone array comprising N microphones, wherein N is a positive integer and is greater than 1. 3. The electronic device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the microphone array captures sounds in N channels, and wherein information regarding the sounds captured in the N channels are all preserved in the recorded signal. 4. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: the processor, receiving the indication signal and the recorded signal, determining a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source, and enhancing the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate the processed signal. 5. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor receives the indication signal and the recorded signal, determines a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source, and enhances the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate the processed signal, wherein the processor determines the direction or the location of the sound source by analyzing an acoustic feature of the sound source or an image of the sound source. 6. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor receives the indication signal and the recorded signal, determines a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source, and enhances the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate the processed signal, wherein when the sound source is a moving object, the processor further tracks a movement of the sound source according to a tracking signal received from the interface, an acoustic feature of the sound source or an image of the sound source. 7. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor receives the indication signal and the recorded signal, determines a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source, and enhances the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate the processed signal, wherein the processor enhances the sound generated by the sound source by determining timing differences for N microphones to receive the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source, adjusting sounds respectively captured by the N microphones in the recorded signal according to the timing differences and summing up the adjusted sounds to generate the processed signal. 8. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor receives the indication signal and the recorded signal, determines a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source, and enhances the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate the processed signal, wherein the processor further determines whether a distance from a microphone array to the sound source is greater than a predetermined value, when the distance is greater than the predetermined value, the processor enhances the sound according to the direction of the sound source, and when the distance is not greater than the predetermined value, the processor enhances the sound according to the location of the sound source. 9. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the interface is a touch panel or a button. 10. An electronic device, comprising: a processor, receiving an indication signal and a recorded signal in which a sound source has to be refocused on, determining a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source, and enhancing a sound generated by the sound source in the recorded signal according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate a processed signal, such that a play device playing the recorded signal and/or the processed signal, wherein the recorded signal is a multimedia signal comprising an image portion and an audio portion, wherein generation of the processed signal includes refocusing the audio portion of the sound source in the multimedia signal without referring to refocus result of the image portion of the sound source. 11. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the recorded signal is an audio signal or a multimedia signal, and wherein the audio signal or an audio portion of the multimedia signal is captured by a microphone array comprising N microphones, wherein N is a positive integer and is greater than 1. 12. The electronic device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the microphone array captures sounds in N channels, and wherein information regarding the sounds captured in the N channels are all preserved in the recorded signal. 13. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the processor determines the direction or the location of the sound source by analyzing an acoustic feature of the sound source or an image of the sound source. 14. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, further comprising: an interface, wherein when the sound source is a moving object, the processor further tracks a movement of the sound source according to a tracking signal received from the interface, an acoustic feature of the sound source or an image of the sound source. 15. The electronic device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the processor enhances the sound generated by the sound source by determining timing differences for the N microphones to receive the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source, adjusting sounds captured by the N microphones in the recorded signal according to the timing differences and summing up the adjusted sounds to generate the processed signal. 16. The electronic device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the processor further determines whether a distance from the microphone array to the sound source is greater than a predetermined value, when the distance is greater than the predetermined value, the processor enhances the sound according to the direction of the sound source, and when the distance is not greater than the predetermined value, the processor enhances the sound according to the location of the sound source. 17. The electronic device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the interface is a touch panel or a button. 18. An audio refocusing method, comprising: receiving an indication signal indicating which sound source in a recorded signal has to be refocused on, wherein the recorded signal is a multimedia signal comprising an image portion and an audio portion; determining a direction of the sound source or a location of the sound source; and enhancing a sound generated by the sound source in the recorded signal according to the direction or the location of the sound source to generate a processed signal, wherein the generation of the processed signal includes refocusing the audio portion of the sound source in the multimedia signal without referring to refocus result of the image portion of the sound source. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the recorded signal is an audio signal or a multimedia signal, and wherein the audio signal or an audio portion of the multimedia signal is captured by a microphone array comprising N microphones, wherein N is a positive integer and is greater than 1. 20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the microphone array captures sounds in N channels, and wherein information regarding the sounds captured in the N channels are all preserved in the recorded signal. 21. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the direction or the location of the sound source is determined by analyzing an acoustic feature of the sound source or an image of the sound source. 22. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein when the sound source is a moving object, the method further comprises: tracking a movement of the sound source according to a tracking signal, an acoustic feature of the sound source or an image of the sound source. 23. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the enhancing step further comprises: determining timing differences for the N microphones to receive the sound generated by the sound source according to the direction or the location of the sound source; adjusting sounds captured by the N microphones in the recorded signal according to the timing differences; and summing up the adjusted sounds to generate the processed signal. 24. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the enhancing step further comprises: determining whether a distance from the microphone array to the sound source is greater than a predetermined value; and when the distance is greater than the predetermined value, enhancing the sound according to the direction of the sound source, and when the distance is not greater than the predetermined value, enhancing the sound according to the location of the sound source. 25. (canceled) 26. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor further determines a 3-D coordinate of the sound source in the real world, and the processor enhances the sound generated by the sound source in the recorded signal according to the 3-D coordinate of the sound source to generate the processed signal, and wherein the 3-D coordinate of the sound source is defined by taking a microphone array as an origin point, the horizontal as the X-axis and the vertical as the Y-axis.",
-    "An electronic device comprising a semiconductor structure having a back end capacitor and a back end thin film resistor and a method of manufacturing the same. The semiconductor structure includes a first dielectric layer, a bottom plate of the capacitor and a thin film resistor body. The bottom plate and the resistor body are laterally spaced apart portions of the same thin film layer. The bottom plate further includes a conductive layer overlying the thin film layer. A second dielectric layer is disposed on the conductive layer of the bottom plate of the capacitor. A top plate of the capacitor is disposed on the second dielectric layer. 1. An electronic device comprising a semiconductor structure having: a first dielectric layer; a resistor body of a resistor including a first portion of a thin film layer on the first dielectric layer; a bottom plate of a capacitor including a second portion of the thin film layer and a conductive layer overlying the second portion of the thin film layer; a second dielectric layer disposed on the bottom plate of the capacitor; and a top plate of the capacitor disposed on the second dielectric layer over the bottom plate; wherein the bottom plate and the resistor body are laterally spaced apart layers which are both disposed on the first dielectric layer and which are composed of a same thin film material. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the thin film material of the bottom plate and the resistor body and the material of the top plate of the capacitor is metallic material. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer is deposited on a first metallization level of the semiconductor structure. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: a third dielectric layer which is disposed over the top plate of the capacitor and over the resistor body; and a second metallization level of the semiconductor structure is disposed on the third dielectric layer. 5. The electronic device of claim 4, further comprising a first conductive via, wherein the first conductive via extends through the third dielectric layer to the top plate of the capacitor. 6. The electronic device of claim 5, further comprising a second conductive via, wherein the second conductive via extends through the third dielectric layer to the bottom plate of the capacitor. 7. The electronic device of claim 6, further comprising a third conductive via, wherein the third conductive via extends through the third dielectric layer to the thin film resistor body. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the first conductive via, the second conductive via, and the third conductive via are all connected to the second metallization level. 9. The electronic device of claim 8, further comprising a hard-mask layer on the top plate of the capacitor and on the resistor body. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the thin film layer for the bottom plate of the capacitor and for the thin film resistor body is composed of SiCr, the conductive layer is TiN, the second dielectric layer is composed of silicon nitride, and the top plate of the capacitor is composed of TiN.",
-    "Provided is a photoelectric conversion apparatus including a photoelectric conversion element. The photoelectric conversion element includes a first semiconductor region, a second semiconductor region, and a third semiconductor region. The second semiconductor region has a shape in plan view including a base portion containing a third semiconductor region in plan view and a first protrusion and a second protrusion each connected to the base portion. When an axial length of the first protrusion is defined as L1, a distance from a connected portion between the first protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region is defined as L2, an axial length of the second protrusion is defined as L3, and a distance from a connected portion between the second protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region is defined as L4, relationships of L1>L3 and L2<L4 are satisfied. 1. A photoelectric conversion apparatus, comprising: a photoelectric conversion element including: a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type formed in a semiconductor substrate; a second semiconductor region of a second conductivity type formed in the semiconductor substrate, the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region forming a PN junction; and a third semiconductor region of a second conductivity type formed in contact with a surface of the semiconductor substrate and in contact with the second semiconductor region; and a read circuit electrically connected to the third semiconductor region, the read circuit being configured to read a charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element, wherein the second semiconductor region has a shape in plan view including: a base portion containing the third semiconductor region in the plan view; and a first protrusion and a second protrusion, each being connected to the base portion and having a width that becomes small from a side connected to the base portion toward a tip end, and wherein, when a first distance from the tip end of the first protrusion to a connected portion between the first protrusion and the base portion in the plan view is defined as L1, a second distance from the connected portion between the first protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region in the plan view is defined as L2, a third distance from the tip end of the second protrusion to a connected portion between the second protrusion and the base portion in the plan view is defined as L3, and a fourth distance from the connected portion between the second protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region in the plan view is defined as L4, relationships of L1>L3 and L2<L4 are satisfied. 2. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in the connected portion between one of the first protrusion and the second protrusion, and the base portion, the base portion has a width larger than the width of one of the first protrusion and the second protrusion. 3. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the base portion is formed along a barrier layer arranged in an outer peripheral portion of the photoelectric conversion element. 4. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor region further includes a third protrusion connected to the base portion and having a width that becomes smaller from a side connected to the base portion toward a tip end, and wherein, when a fifth distance from the tip end of the third protrusion to a connected portion between the third protrusion and the base portion is defined as L5, and a sixth distance from the connected portion between the third protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region is defined as L6, relationships of L1\u2267L5>L3 and L2\u2266L6<L4 are satisfied. 5. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the read circuit comprises a transfer MOS transistor electrically connected to the third semiconductor region. 6. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photoelectric conversion element further includes a fourth semiconductor region formed between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region in the plan view, the first semiconductor region and the fourth semiconductor region being different in at least one of a conductivity type and an impurity concentration. 7. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor region has a potential difference formed by changing a width of the second semiconductor region. 8. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor region comprises a portion formed between the surface and the second semiconductor region. 9. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor region comprises a portion formed under the second semiconductor region. 10. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first protrusion has a potential gradient larger than a potential gradient in the base portion from the connected portion between the first protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region. 11. The photoelectric conversion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second protrusion has a potential gradient larger than a potential gradient in the base portion from the connected portion between the second protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region. 12. An imaging system, comprising: a photoelectric conversion apparatus including: a photoelectric conversion element including: a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type formed in a semiconductor substrate; a second semiconductor region of a second conductivity type formed in the semiconductor substrate, the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region forming a PN junction; and a third semiconductor region of a second conductivity type formed in contact with a surface of the semiconductor substrate and in contact with the second semiconductor region; and a read circuit electrically connected to the third semiconductor region, the read circuit being configured to read a charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element, wherein the second semiconductor region has a shape in plan view including: a base portion containing the third semiconductor region in the plan view; and a first protrusion and a second protrusion, each being connected to the base portion and having a width that becomes small from a side connected to the base portion toward a tip end, and wherein, when a first distance from the tip end of the first protrusion to a connected portion between the first protrusion and the base portion in the plan view is defined as L1, a second distance from the connected portion between the first protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region in the plan view is defined as L2, a third distance from the tip end of the second protrusion to a connected portion between the second protrusion and the base portion in the plan view is defined as L3, and a fourth distance from the connected portion between the second protrusion and the base portion to the third semiconductor region in the plan view is defined as L4, relationships of L1>L3 and L2<L4 are satisfied; and a signal processing unit configured to process a signal output from the photoelectric conversion apparatus.",
-    "In one form, a method of manufacturing a circuit device comprises providing a lead frame comprising a plurality of leads, each comprising an island portion, a bonding portion elevated from the island portion, a slope portion extending obliquely so as to connect the island portion and the bonding portion, and a lead portion extending from the bonding portion. The circuit elements are mounted on upper surfaces of the island portions, and are connected to corresponding bonding portions by wirings. Two leads are adapted to be connected to positive and negative sides of a power source, and another lead is an output lead for providing alternating-current power. Lower surfaces of the island portions are attached to an upper surface of a circuit board. The circuit board, the circuit elements, and the lead frame are encapsulated by a resin, so that the lead portions are not covered by the resin. 1. A method of manufacturing a circuit device, comprising: providing a lead frame comprising a plurality of leads, each of the leads comprising an island portion, a bonding portion elevated from the island portion, a slope portion extending obliquely so as to connect the island portion and the bonding portion, and a lead portion extending from the bonding portion, mounting circuit elements on upper surfaces of the island portions; connecting the circuit elements to corresponding bonding portions by wirings wherein one of the plurality of leads is a first input lead adapted to be connected to a positive electrode side of a direct-current power source, another of the plurality of leads is a second input lead adapted to be connected to a negative electrode side of the direct-current power source, and yet another of the plurality of leads is an output lead through which alternating-current power obtained by converting direct-current power inputted through the first input lead and the second input lead is adapted to be outputted; attaching lower surfaces of the island portions to an upper surface of a circuit board; and encapsulating by a resin the circuit board, the circuit elements and the lead frame so that the lead portions are not covered by the resin. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a circuit element mounted on an island portion of one of the leads and a bonding portion of another of the leads are electrically connected through a wiring. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein there is no other lead between the one of the leads and the other of the leads. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein there is at least one lead between the one of the leads and the other of the leads, and the wiring passes above the at least one lead. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein mounting circuit elements on upper surfaces of the island portions comprises: mounting a diode on an upper surface of the island portion of a first lead; and mounting a transistor on the upper surface of the island portion of the first lead. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein mounting the transistor on the upper surface of the island portion of the first lead further comprises: mounting an insulated gate bipolar transistor on the upper surface of the island portion of the first lead. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: mounting an insulative control board on the upper surface of the circuit board; and mounting a control element on an upper surface of the insulative control board. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: connecting the control element to at least one of the circuit elements through at least one wiring 9. The method of claim 8, wherein connecting the control element to the at least one of the circuit elements through the at least one wiring comprises: connecting the control element to the transistor through the at least one wiring. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: mounting an insulative control board on the upper surface of the circuit board; and mounting a control element on an upper surface of the insulative control board. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: connecting the control element to at least one of the circuit elements through at least one wiring 12. A method of manufacturing a circuit device, comprising: providing a lead frame comprising a plurality of leads, each comprising an island portion, a bonding portion elevated from the island portion, a slope portion extending obliquely so as to connect the island portion and the bonding portion, and a lead portion extending from the bonding portion, mounting a first transistor and a first diode of a first phase on an upper surface of the island portion of a first lead; connecting the first transistor and the first diode of the first phase to a bonding portion of a second lead by a first wiring; mounting a second transistor and a second diode of the first phase on the upper surface of the island portion of a third lead; connecting the second transistor and the second diode of the first phase to a bonding portion of the second lead by a second wiring; attaching lower surfaces of the island portion of each of the plurality of leads to an upper surface of a circuit board; and encapsulating by a resin the circuit board, the first and second transistors, the first and second diodes and the lead frame so that the lead portion of each of the plurality of leads are not covered by the resin. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: mounting a first transistor and a first diode of a second phase on an upper surface of the island portion of a fourth lead; connecting the first transistor and the first diode of the second phase to the bonding portion of the first lead by a third wiring; mounting a second transistor and a second diode of the second phase on the upper surface of the island portion of the third lead; and connecting the second transistor and the second diode of the second phase to a bonding portion of the fourth lead by a fourth wiring. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: attaching lower surfaces of the island portion of the fourth lead to the upper surface of the circuit board; and encapsulating by the resin the circuit board, the first and second transistors and first and second diodes of each of the first and second phases, and the lead frame so that the lead portions of the first, second, third, and fourth leads are not covered by the resin. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: mounting a first transistor and a first diode of a third phase on an upper surface of the island portion of a fifth lead; connecting the first transistor and the first diode of the third phase to the bonding portion of the first lead by a fifth wiring; mounting a second transistor and a second diode of the third phase on the upper surface of the island portion of the third lead; and connecting the second transistor and the second diode of the third phase to a bonding portion of the fifth lead by a fourth wiring. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: attaching lower surfaces of the island portion of the fourth and fifth leads to the upper surface of the circuit board; and encapsulating by the resin the circuit board, the first and second transistors and first and second diodes of each of the first, second, and third phases, and the lead frame so that the lead portions of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth leads are not covered by the resin. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: mounting an insulative control board on the upper surface of the circuit board; and mounting a control element on an upper surface of the insulative control board. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: connecting the control element to the first and second transistors of each of the first, second, and third phases through respective wirings. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising: mounting an insulative control board on the upper surface of the circuit board; and mounting a control element on an upper surface of the insulative control board. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: connecting the control element to the first and second transistors of the first phase through respective wirings.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for performing signal processing. The signal processing comprises demultiplexing input encoded data into data including information for a segment including frames and coefficient information for a coefficient selected in the frames of the segment, and low band encoded data, decoding the low band encoded data to produce a low band signal, selecting a coefficient of a frame to be processed from a plurality of the coefficients based on the data, calculating a high band sub-band power of a high band sub-band signal of each sub-band constituting a high band signal of the frame to be processed based on a low band sub-band signal of each sub-band constituting the low band signal of the frame to be processed and the selected coefficient, and producing the high band signal of the frame to be processed based on the high band sub-band power and the low band sub-band signal. 1. A signal processing apparatus comprising: a demultiplexing circuit configured to demultiplex input encoded data into high band encoded data and low band encoded data, wherein the high band encoded data includes segment information for segments, wherein each segment includes a plurality of frames associated with a same coefficient, and coefficient information for the plurality of frames; a low band decoding circuit configured to decode the low band encoded data to produce a low band signal; a selection circuit configured to select a coefficient from a plurality of coefficients specified in the coefficient information included in the high band encoded data; a high band sub-band power calculation circuit configured to calculate a high band sub-band power of a high band sub-band signal based on a low band sub-band signal of a plurality of sub-bands constituting the low band signal and the selected coefficient; and a high band signal production circuit configured to produce the high band signal based on the high band sub-band power and the low band sub-band signal. 2. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a section to be processed is divided into the segments so that positions of the frames adjacent to each other in which different coefficients are selected are set as boundary positions of the segments, and wherein the segment information includes information indicating a length of each of the segments. 3. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a section to be processed is divided into the segments having a same length, and wherein the segment information includes information indicating the length and information indicating whether the selected coefficient is varied before and after each boundary position of the segments. 4. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein when the same coefficient is in associated with continuous segments, the high band encoded data includes one piece of coefficient information for obtaining the coefficient selected in the continuous segments. 5. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the high band encoded data is produced for each section to be processed by a system having a less data amount between a first system and a second system, wherein, in the first system, a section to be processed is divided into the segments so that the positions of frames adjacent to each other in which the different coefficients are selected, are set as a boundary position of the segments and wherein the segment information includes information indicating a length of each of the segments, wherein, in the second system, a section to be processed is divided into a plurality of segments having a same length and wherein the segment information includes information indicating the length and information indicating whether the selected coefficient is varied before and after a boundary position of the segments, and wherein the high band encoded data further includes information indicating whether the data is obtained by the first system or second system. 6. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the high band encoded data further includes reuse information indicating whether a first coefficient of an initial frame in a section to be processed is the same as a second coefficient of a frame just before the initial frame, and when the high band encoded data includes the reuse information indicating that the first coefficient and the second coefficient are the same, the high band encoded data does not include coefficient information of the initial segment of the section to be processed. 7. The signal processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein when a mode in which the coefficient information is reused, is designated, the high band encoded data includes the reuse information, and when a mode in which the reuse of the coefficient information is prohibited, is designated, the high band encoded data does not include the reuse information. 8. A signal processing method for use with a signal processing apparatus, the method comprising: demultiplexing input encoded data into high band encoded data and low band encoded data, wherein the high band encoded data includes segment information for segments, wherein each segment includes a plurality of frames associated with a same coefficient, and coefficient information for the plurality of frames; decoding the low band encoded data to produce a low band signal; selecting a coefficient from a plurality of coefficients specified in the coefficient information included in the high band encoded data; calculating a high band sub-band power of a high band sub-band signal based on a low band sub-band signal of a plurality of sub-bands constituting the low band signal and the selected coefficient; and producing the high band signal based on the high band sub-band power and the low band sub-band signal. 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with a plurality of instructions that, when executed by at least one computer processor, perform a method comprising: demultiplexing input encoded data into high band encoded data and low band encoded data, wherein the high band encoded data includes segment information for segments, wherein each segment includes a plurality of frames associated with a same coefficient, and coefficient information for the plurality of frames; decoding the low band encoded data to produce a low band signal; selecting a coefficient from a plurality of the coefficients specified in the coefficient information included in the high band encoded data; calculating a high band sub-band power of a high band sub-band signal based on a low band sub-band signal of a plurality of sub-bands constituting the low band signal and the selected coefficient; and producing the high band signal based on the high band sub-band power and the low band sub-band signal. 10-19. (canceled) 20. A decoder comprising: a demultiplexing circuit configured to demultiplex input encoded data into high band encoded data and low band encoded data, wherein the high band encoded data includes segment information for segments, wherein each segment includes a plurality of frames associated with a same coefficient, and coefficient information for the plurality of frames; a low band decoding circuit configured to decode the low band encoded data to produce a low band signal; a selection circuit configured to select a coefficient from a plurality of the coefficients specified in the coefficient information included in the high band encoded data; a high band sub-band power calculation circuit configured to calculate a high band sub-band power of a high band sub-band signal based on a low band sub-band signal of a plurality of sub-bands constituting the low band signal and the selected coefficient; a high band signal production circuit configured to produce the high band signal based on the high band sub-band power and the low band sub-band signal; and a synthesis circuit configured to synthesize the low band signal and the high band signal to produce an output signal. 21. A decoding method for use with a decoder, the method comprising: demultiplexing input encoded data into high band encoded data and low band encoded data, wherein the high band encoded data includes segment information for segments, wherein each segment includes a plurality of frames associated with a same coefficient, and coefficient information for the plurality of frames; decoding the low band encoded data to produce a low band signal; selecting a coefficient from a plurality of coefficients specified in the coefficient information included in the high band encoded data; calculating a high band sub-band power of a high band sub-band signal based on a low band sub-band signal of a plurality of sub-bands constituting the low band signal and the selected coefficient; producing the high band signal based on the high band sub-band power and the low band sub-band signal; and synthesizing the low band signal and the high band signal to produce an output signal. 22-23. (canceled)",
-    "A host vehicle can be configured to monitor an external environment of the host vehicle using a sensor system. The host vehicle can detect an object in the external environment of the host vehicle. The object can be classified as a surrounding vehicle. The host vehicle can determine a driving behavior of the surrounding vehicle. The driving behavior can be based on any one of a predetermined vehicle characteristics and current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle. The predetermined vehicle characteristics can be based on a type of the surrounding vehicle. The current driving characteristics can be based on observations obtained by the sensor system. The host vehicle can predict a trajectory of the surrounding vehicle based on the determined driving behavior. The host vehicle can follow a safe path based on the predicted trajectory responsive to detecting one or more sensors in a failed state. 1. A method for operating a host vehicle on a roadway, comprising: detecting, using a sensor system in the host vehicle, an object in an external environment of the host vehicle; determining a classification for the object; if the determined classification for the object is a vehicle in the external environment surrounding the host vehicle, performing the following: determining a type of the surrounding vehicle; obtaining one or more current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle as it travels on the roadway using the sensor system; retrieving, from a first database, one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics for the determined type, the one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics indicative of at least one driving behavior associated with a plurality of vehicles having the determined type; and predicting a trajectory of the surrounding vehicle on the roadway based on at least one of the one or more current driving characteristics or the one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: comparing the one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics for the surrounding vehicle with the one or more current driving characteristics; and updating the first database based on the comparison. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: recording an identifier for the surrounding vehicle; associating the predetermined vehicle characteristics with the identifier for the surrounding vehicle; storing the identifier and the associated predetermined vehicle characteristics for the surrounding vehicle on a second database; comparing the one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics for the surrounding vehicle with the one or more current driving characteristics; and updating the second database based on the comparison. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined type is at least one of a vehicle classification, a vehicle size, a vehicle make, or a vehicle model. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor system includes one or more sensors. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining a safe trajectory for the host vehicle responsive to predicting the trajectory of the surrounding vehicle; detecting at least one of the sensors of the sensor system being in a failed state; and causing the host vehicle to follow the safe trajectory responsive to detecting the at least one of the one or more sensors of the host vehicle being in the failed state. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: comparing a duration of the at least one of the one or more sensors of the host vehicle being in the failed state to a threshold; and executing a fail-safe maneuver responsive to the duration being greater than the threshold. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the safe trajectory is an estimated safe trajectory of the host vehicle based on the predicted trajectory of the surrounding vehicle. 9. A system for operating a host vehicle on a roadway comprising: a sensor system configured to monitor an external environment of the host vehicle as the host vehicle travels along the roadway; a first database including one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics indicative of at least one driving behavior associated with a plurality of vehicles having a determined type; and a processor being programmed to execute instructions stored on a memory including: detecting, using the sensor system, an object in the external environment of the host vehicle; determining a classification for the object; if the determined classification for the object is a vehicle surrounding the host vehicle, performing the following: determining the type of the surrounding vehicle; obtaining one or more current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle as it travels along the roadway using the sensor system; retrieving, from the first database, the predetermined vehicle characteristics for the determined type of the surrounding vehicle; and predicting a trajectory of the surrounding vehicle based on at least one of the one or more current driving characteristics or the predetermined vehicle characteristics. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the sensor system includes an active sensor system including one or more active sensors, and a passive sensor system including one or more passive sensors. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the executable operations further include: detecting any one of the active sensors or passive sensors being in a failed state; wherein, if the sensor in the failed state is any one of the active sensors, obtaining the one or more current driving characteristics includes obtaining one or more current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle as it travels along the roadway using the passive sensor system; and if the sensor in the failed state is any one of the passive sensors, obtaining the one or more current driving characteristics includes obtaining one or more current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle as it travels along the roadway using the active sensor system. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the executable operations further include: comparing the predetermined vehicle characteristics of the surrounding vehicle with the current driving characteristics; and updating the predetermined vehicle characteristics based on the comparison. 13. The system of claim 12, further comprising: a second database; wherein the executable operations further include: recording an identifier for the surrounding vehicle; associating the identifier with the predetermined vehicle characteristics for the surrounding vehicle; storing the associated identifier and the predetermined vehicle characteristics for the surrounding vehicle on the second database; and wherein updating the predetermined vehicle characteristics includes updating the predetermined vehicle characteristics stored on the second database based on the comparison. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the executable operations further include: determining a safe trajectory for the host vehicle responsive to predicting the trajectory of the surrounding vehicle; detecting at least one sensor of the sensor system being in a failed state; and causing the host vehicle to follow the safe trajectory responsive to at least one sensor of the sensor system being in the failed state. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the executable operations further include: responsive to detecting the failed state, comparing a duration of the failed state to a threshold; and executing a fail-safe maneuver responsive to the duration of the failure being greater than the threshold. 16. A method for operating a host vehicle on a roadway, comprising: detecting an object in an external environment of the host vehicle using a sensor system; determining a classification for the object; if the determined classification for the object is a vehicle surrounding the host vehicle, performing the following: determining one or more characteristics for the surrounding vehicle indicative of at least one driving behavior; and predicting a trajectory of the surrounding vehicle on the roadway based on the one or more characteristics. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining a type of the surrounding vehicle; and retrieving, from a first database, one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics for the determined type of the surrounding vehicle, the one or more predetermined vehicle characteristics indicative of at least one driving behavior associated with a plurality of vehicles having the determined type; wherein determining the one or more characteristics for the surrounding vehicle is determining the one or more characteristics for the surrounding vehicle based on the retrieved predetermined vehicle characteristics. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: obtaining one or more current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle as it travels along the roadway using the sensor system; wherein determining the one or more characteristics for the surrounding vehicle is determining the one or more characteristics for the surrounding vehicle based on at least one of the one or more current driving characteristics, or the retrieved predetermined vehicle characteristics. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: comparing the one or more current driving characteristics of the surrounding vehicle with the retrieved predetermined vehicle characteristics; and updating the first database based on the comparison. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: detecting at least one sensor of the sensor system of the vehicle being in a failed state; and causing the vehicle to follow a safe trajectory responsive to detecting the failed state.",
-    "A dielectric film includes an elastomer and nanoparticles dispersed in the elastomer while chemically bound to the elastomer. The nanoparticles have cyano groups and are manufactured by a sol-gel process using an organometallic compound. A method for manufacturing a dielectric film includes: producing a chelate compound of an organometallic compound; producing a sol of metallic oxide particles having cyano groups by adding a silane coupling agent having a cyano group, an organic solvent, and water to the chelate compound; preparing a mixed solution by mixing the sol of the metallic oxide particles having cyano groups and a polymer solution containing a rubber polymer having a functional group capable of reacting with a hydroxy group; and forming a dielectric film by applying the mixed solution to a substrate and by curing a coating film. 1. A dielectric film comprising: an elastomer; and nanoparticles dispersed in the elastomer while chemically bound to the elastomer, wherein the nanoparticles have cyano groups and are manufactured by a sol-gel process using an organometallic compound. 2. The dielectric film according to claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles mainly comprise metallic oxide particles containing one or more elements selected from titanium, zirconium, and silicon. 3. The dielectric film according to claim 1, wherein the elastomer is one or more selected from nitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, carboxy group-modified nitrile rubber, and carboxy group-modified hydrogenated nitrile rubber. 4. A method for manufacturing the dielectric film as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising: (a) producing a chelate compound of an organometallic compound by adding a chelating agent to the organometallic compound; (b) producing a sol of metallic oxide particles having cyano groups by adding a silane coupling agent having a cyano group, an organic solvent, and water to the chelate compound to hydrolyze the organometallic compound and react the organometallic compound with the silane coupling agent; (c) preparing a mixed solution by mixing the sol of the metallic oxide particles having cyano groups and a polymer solution containing a rubber polymer having a functional group capable of reacting with a hydroxy group; and (d) forming a dielectric film by applying the mixed solution to a substrate and by curing a coating film. 5. The method for manufacturing the dielectric film according to claim 4, wherein in the step (b), the silane coupling agent having a cyano group is added prior to the water. 6. The method for manufacturing the dielectric film according to claim 4, wherein the silane coupling agent having a cyano group is a compound of Formula (1) below: (Formula 1). 7. A transducer comprising: the dielectric film as claimed in claim 1; and a plurality of electrodes arranged with the dielectric film interposed therebetween.",
-    "A connector assembly includes an outer contact and a cavity insert. The outer contact has a mating segment, a terminating segment, and a middle segment therebetween. The mating segment is configured to engage a mating outer contact of a mating connector assembly. The terminating segment is configured to be terminated to a cable. The cavity insert surrounds the middle segment of the outer contact. The cavity insert has an overmold body. An interior surface of the overmold body engages an exterior surface of the outer contact and follows contours of the exterior surface along the middle segment. 1. A connector assembly comprising: an outer contact having a mating segment, a terminating segment, and a middle segment therebetween, the mating segment configured to engage a mating outer contact of a mating connector assembly, the terminating segment configured to be terminated to a cable; and a cavity insert surrounding the middle segment of the outer contact, the cavity insert having an overmold body, an interior surface of the overmold body engaging an exterior surface of the outer contact and following contours of the exterior surface along the middle segment. 2. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the middle segment of the outer contact has an outer diameter that is less than a respective outer diameter of at least one of the mating segment or the terminating segment, an inner diameter of the cavity insert defined by the interior surface of the overmold body also being less than the respective outer diameter of the at least one of the mating segment or the terminating segment. 3. The connector assembly of claim 2, wherein the outer diameter of the middle segment and the inner diameter of the cavity insert are both less than the outer diameter of the mating segment, the terminating segment of the outer contact being fixed to a carrier strip that holds at least one other outer contact at a spaced apart location from the outer contact of the connector assembly. 4. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the overmold body of the cavity insert is seamless. 5. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer contact includes at least one securing feature along the middle segment, each securing feature being a protrusion or a depression extending from the exterior surface, the interior surface of the overmold body following the contours of each securing feature to rotationally and axially secure the cavity insert to the outer contact. 6. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer contact defines a channel that receives a dielectric body and a center contact therein, the middle segment of the outer contact defining at least one of a seam or a hole extending through a thickness of the outer contact and fluidly coupled to the channel, wherein the connector assembly further includes a filling layer disposed along the middle segment between the exterior surface of the outer contact and the interior surface of the cavity insert, the filling layer plugging the at least one of the seam or the hole to prohibit the overmold body of the cavity insert from extending therethrough. 7. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein a substantial entirety of the interior surface of the overmold body engages the exterior surface of the outer contact. 8. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer contact defines a channel that receives a dielectric body and a center contact therein, the center contact, the dielectric body, the outer contact, and the cavity insert together defining a contact subassembly, the connector assembly further comprising an outer housing having a cavity receiving the contact subassembly therein, the overmold body of the cavity insert defining at least one flange extending radially outward from an exterior surface of the cavity insert, the at least one flange used to retain an axial position of the contact subassembly within the cavity of the outer housing. 9. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the middle segment of the outer contact has a cylindrical shape, the overmold body of the cavity insert being molded in situ on the exterior surface of the outer contact along a perimeter of the middle segment. 10. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer contact is composed of a metal material and the cavity insert is composed of a thermoplastic material. 11. The connector assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer contact includes a seam that extends a length through the mating segment, the middle segment, and the terminating segment, the seam being defined by first and second ends of the outer contact, the first and second ends being spaced apart from each other to define a gap along the terminating segment, a size of the gap between the first and second ends configured to be reduced responsive to terminating the terminating segment to the cable. 12. A connector assembly comprising: a center contact; a dielectric body surrounding the center contact; an outer contact surrounding the dielectric body and the center contact, the outer contact having a cylindrical shape and defining a channel that receives the dielectric body and the center contact therein, the outer contact including a mating segment, a terminating segment, and a middle segment disposed therebetween, the mating segment configured to engage a mating outer contact of a mating connector assembly, the terminating segment configured to be terminated to a cable, at least one of the mating segment or the terminating segment of the outer contact being fixed to a carrier strip, the carrier strip holding at least one other outer contact at a spaced apart location from the outer contact of the connector assembly; and a cavity insert surrounding the middle segment of the outer contact, the cavity insert having an overmold body, an interior surface of the overmold body engaging an exterior surface of the outer contact and following contours of the exterior surface along the middle segment. 13. The connector assembly of claim 12, wherein the middle segment of the outer contact has an outer diameter that is less than an outer diameter of the mating segment, an inner diameter of the cavity insert that is defined by the interior surface of the overmold body also being less than the outer diameter of the mating segment, the terminating segment of the outer contact being fixed to the carrier strip. 14. The connector assembly of claim 12, wherein the outer contact includes at least one securing feature along the middle segment, each securing feature being a protrusion or a depression extending from the exterior surface, the interior surface of the overmold body following the contours of each securing feature to rotationally and axially secure the cavity insert to the outer contact. 15. The connector assembly of claim 12, wherein the overmold body of the cavity insert is seamless and is composed of a thermoplastic material. 16. A method for assembling a connector assembly, the method comprising: forming an outer contact by stamping and bending a workpiece that is fixed to a carrier strip, the workpiece being formed into a cylindrical shape that defines a channel, the formed outer contact remaining fixed to the carrier strip, the outer contact including a mating segment, a terminating segment, and a middle segment therebetween; overmolding a cavity insert along a perimeter of the middle segment such that the cavity insert surrounds the middle segment, the cavity insert having an interior surface that engages an exterior surface of the outer contact and follows contours of the exterior surface along the middle segment; and loading a dielectric body and a center contact into the channel of the outer contact, the dielectric body surrounding the center contact within the channel. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising removing the outer contact from the carrier strip after the cavity insert is overmolded along the middle segment of the outer contact. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the middle segment of the outer contact defines at least one of a seam or a hole extending through a thickness of the outer contact and fluidly coupled to the channel, the method further comprising applying a filling layer to the exterior surface of the outer contact along the middle segment prior to overmolding the cavity insert on the outer contact, the filling layer plugging the at least one of the seam or the hole to prohibit the overmold body of the cavity insert from extending therethrough. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein applying the filling layer includes at least one of soldering, applying an epoxy to, or applying a heat-shrink tubing to the exterior surface of the outer contact along the middle segment. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein overmolding the cavity insert includes placing a mold around the middle segment of the outer contact and injecting a heated thermoplastic material into the mold, the mold being removed from the middle segment after the thermoplastic material has cooled to form an overmold body of the cavity insert.",
-    "The invention is directed to modified T cells, methods of making and using isolated, modified T cells, and methods of using these isolated, modified T cells to address diseases and disorders. In one embodiment, this invention broadly relates to TCR-deficient T cells, isolated populations thereof, and compositions comprising the same. In another embodiment of the invention, these TCR-deficient T cells are designed to express a functional non-TCR receptor. The invention also pertains to methods of making said TCR-deficient T cells, and methods of reducing or ameliorating, or preventing or treating, diseases and disorders using said TCR-deficient T cells, populations thereof, or compositions comprising the same. 1. A method of producing an isolated T cell receptor (TCR)-deficient T cell, comprising expressing a TCR Inhibitory Molecule (TIM) in the T cell that destabilizes the TCR complex by reducing the blocking expression of components of the TCR complex. 2-25. (canceled)",
-    "An arrangement for a lithography apparatus has a component and a weight compensating device to compensate for a weight of the component. The weight compensating device includes a first magnetic device and a second magnetic device. The first magnetic device is designed to exert a first magnetic force on the component. The first magnetic force exceeds the weight of the component. The first magnetic force acts counter to the weight of the component. The second magnetic device is designed to exert a second magnetic force on the component. The second magnetic force acts in the direction of the weight of the component. The first magnetic force corresponds to the sum of the second magnetic force and the weight. The second magnetic device is designed to reduce the second magnetic force at the same time and by the same absolute value as the first magnetic force. 1. An arrangement, comprising: a component having a weight, and a weight compensating device configured to compensate the weight of the component, the weight compensating device comprising first and second magnetic devices, wherein: the first magnetic device is configured to exert a first magnetic force on the component; the first magnetic force acts to counter the weight of the component; the second magnetic device configured to a second magnetic force on the component; the second magnetic force acts in a direction of the weight of the component; the first magnetic force is the sum of the second magnetic force and the weight of the component; the second magnetic device is configured so that, during use of the arrangement when the first magnetic force changes by an absolute value, the second magnetic force changes: a) at the same time that the first magnetic force changes; and b) by the same absolute value as the change in the first magnetic force; and the arrangement is a lithography arrangement. 2. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein: the first magnetic device comprises first and second elements; the first element comprises a material selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials and magnetisable materials; the second element comprises a material selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials and magnetisable materials; and the first and second elements are configured to exert a magnetic force on each other. 3. The arrangement of claim 2, wherein at least of the following holds: the first element comprises a permanent magnet; and the second element comprises a permanent magnet. 4. The arrangement of claim 2, further comprising first and second supporting devices, wherein: a first member selected is connected to the component; a second member is connected to a supporting element selected from the group consisting of the first supporting element and the second supporting element; the first member is selected from the group consisting of the first element and the second element; the second member is selected from the group consisting of the first element and the second element; and the first member is different from the second member. 5. The arrangement of claim 4, wherein at least one of the following holds: the first supporting device is a holding frame; and the second supporting device is a supporting frame. 6. The arrangement of claim 2, wherein a distance between the first and second elements is adjustable. 7. The arrangement of claim 2, wherein: the second magnetic device comprises third and fourth elements; the third element comprises a material selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials and magnetizable materials; the fourth element comprises a material selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials and magnetizable materials; and the third and fourth elements are configured to exert a magnetic force on each other. 8. The arrangement of claim 7, wherein at least one of the following holds: the third element comprises a permanent magnet; and the fourth element comprises a permanent magnet. 9. The arrangement of claim 7, further comprising first and second supporting devices, wherein: a first member selected is connected to the component; a second member is connected to a supporting element selected from the group consisting of the first supporting element and the second supporting element; the first member is selected from the group consisting of the third element and the fourth element; the second member is selected from the group consisting of the third element and the fourth element; and the first member is different from the second member 10. The arrangement of claim 7, wherein a distance between the third and fourth elements is adjustable. 11. The arrangement of claim 2, further comprising an actuator configured to position the component by exerting a magnetic force on at least one element selected from the group consisting of the first element, the second element, the third element and the fourth element. 12. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein: the first magnetic device comprises at least one permanent magnet; the second magnetic device comprises at least one permanent magnet; and the arrangement is configured so that, during use of the arrangement, a first percentage loss of a magnetic force per unit of time of the at least one permanent magnet of the first magnetic device is different from a second percentage loss of a magnetic force per unit of time of at least one permanent magnet of the second magnetic device so that the first magnetic force of the first magnetic device and the second magnetic force of the second magnetic device decrease by the same absolute value and at the same time. 13. The arrangement of claim 12, wherein: the first percentage loss is less than the second percentage loss; the first magnetic force is greater than the second magnetic force; and the first magnetic force and second magnetic force decrease by the same absolute value and at the same time. 14. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein: the first magnetic device comprises a first permanent magnet comprising a first material; and the first magnetic device comprises a first permanent magnet comprising a second material which is different from the first material. 15. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the component is between the first and second magnetic devices. 16. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein: the first magnetic device is beneath the component to press the first magnetic force on the component; and the second magnetic device is above the component to press the second magnetic force on the component. 17. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein: the first magnetic device is above the component to pull the first magnetic force on the component; and the second magnetic device is beneath the component to pull the second magnetic force on the component. 18. The arrangement of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of first magnetic device and a plurality of second magnetic devices. 19. The arrangement of claim 18, wherein the second magnetic devices are configured to reduce a sum of the second magnetic forces at the same time and by the same absolute value as a sum of the first magnetic forces. 20. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the component comprises a holding frame for an optical element. 21. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the optical element comprises a mirror or a lens. 22. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein: the second magnetic device comprises first and second elements; the first element comprises a material selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials and magnetizable materials; the second element comprises a material selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials and magnetizable materials; and the first and second elements are configured to exert a magnetic force on each other. 23. An apparatus, comprising: an illumination system; a projection system; and an arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is a lithography apparatus. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the illumination system comprises the arrangement. 25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the projection system comprises the arrangement",
-    "An electronic control device (ECU) refrains from a transmission of a requested diagnosis data while IGSW is turned ON in case that an external device is connected to a dedicated connector. After turning OFF of IGSW, regardless of the connection of the external device to the connector, the transmission of the requested diagnosis data to the center is performed. As a result, a delay of an off-board diagnosis process in the ECU due to the transmission of the diagnosis data is prevented. Further, the data required for performing a remote diagnosis service is regularly transmitted to a management center. Therefore, the remote diagnosis service is performable when a commercially-available external device is connected to the dedicated connector by a user of a vehicle. 1. An electronic control device installed in a vehicle for performing a predetermined control process, the electronic control device configured to comprise: an off-board diagnoser performing an off-board diagnosis in response to a request from an external device that is connected to a dedicated connector providing a connection to the external device; and a diagnosis data transmitter (i) generating a diagnosis data to be transmitted to an external management center and (ii) transmitting the generated diagnosis data to the external management center, wherein operation of the electronic control device is continued by receiving a power supply after a turning OFF of an ignition switch of the vehicle, and the diagnosis data transmitter is configured to: (a) refrain from transmitting the diagnosis data to the external management center while the ignition switch of the vehicle is turned ON; and (b) transmit the diagnosis data after the turning OFF of the ignition switch, in case that the external device is connected to the connector. 2. The electronic control device of claim 1, wherein the diagnosis data transmitter generates and transmits the diagnosis data to the external management center in response to a reception of a transmission request. 3. The electronic control device of claim 2 further comprising: an output device provided in the vehicle and outputting the transmission request of the diagnosis data to the diagnosis data transmitter based on the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 4. The electronic control device of claim 1, wherein the electronic control device continues to receive a power supply for at least a preset amount of time after the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 5. The electronic control device of claim 1, wherein the electronic control device controls a power supply continuation time after the turning OFF of the ignition switch, and the diagnosis data transmitter continues to receive the power supply until transmission of the diagnosis data is complete, based on the control of the electronic control device, when the diagnosis data transmitter transmits the diagnosis data after the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 6. The electronic control device of claim 1 further comprising: a detector detecting whether the external device is connected to the connector. 7. The electronic control device of claim 6, wherein the detector detects a disconnection of the external device from the connector, when a preset amount of time lapses after receiving the request from the external device. 8. An electronic control system including an electronic control device installed in a vehicle for performing a predetermined control process, the control system comprising: an off-board diagnoser performing an off-board diagnosis in response to a request from an external device that is connected to a dedicated connector providing a connection to the external device; a communicator communicating with an external management center; a diagnosis data transmitter (i) generating a diagnosis data and (ii) transmitting the generated diagnosis data to the external management center by using the communicator; and a power supplier supplying an electric power to the electronic control system, the supply of the electric power continuing after a turning OFF of an ignition switch of the vehicle, wherein the diagnosis data transmitter is configured to: (a) refrain from transmitting the diagnosis data to the external management center while ignition switch of the vehicle is turned ON; and (b) transmit the diagnosis data after the turning OFF of the ignition switch, when the external device is connected to the connector. 9. The electronic control device of claim 8, wherein the diagnosis data transmitter generates and transmits the diagnosis data to the external management center in response to a reception of a transmission request. 10. The electronic control device of claim 9 further comprising: an output device provided in the vehicle and outputting the transmission request of the diagnosis data to the diagnosis data transmitter based on the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 11. The electronic control device of claim 8, wherein the power supplier continues a power supply for at least a preset a of time after the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 12. The electronic control device of claim 8, wherein the power supplier continues the power supply until transmission of the diagnosis data is complete, based on the control of the electronic control device, when the diagnosis data transmitter transmits the diagnosis data after the turning OFF of the ignition switch. 13. The electronic control device of claim 8 further comprising: a detector detecting whether the external device is connected to the connector. 14. The electronic control device of claim 13, wherein the detector detects a disconnection of the external device from the connector, when a preset amount of time lapses after receiving the request from the external device.",
-    "An Ethernet-based optical transmission system, and particularly, an apparatus and method for controlling a remote optical Ethernet device. An optical Ethernet apparatus includes a system recovery processor configured to output a system reset signal or a system power ON/OFF control signal and a system recovery controller configured to detect a system recovery command that occurs when a predetermined signal pattern is repeated the designated number of times for a designated period of time, and to control the system recovery processor using the detected system recovery command. 1. An optical Ethernet apparatus comprising: an optical receiver configured to perform photoelectric conversion on packet data received through an optical transmission medium; an optical transmitter configured to perform electrophotic conversion for an output to an optical transmission medium; a signal detector configured to detect whether the optical receiver receives an effective optical signal and output a resulting detection signal; a system recovery controller configured to detect, as a system recovery command, an output from the signal detector that includes a predetermined pattern which is repeated a designated number of times for a designated period of time, and to output a system recovery control command; and a system recovery processor configured to output a system reset signal or a system power ON/OFF control signal in response to the system recovery control command. 2. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 1, wherein the system recovery controller comprises: a pattern detector configured to detect a predetermined signal pattern output from the signal detector and, in turn, output a pattern detection signal, and a command recognizer configured to, in response to the pattern detection signal, detect whether the predetermined signal pattern is repeated the designated number of times for the designated period of time. 3. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 2, wherein the command recognizer comprises: a counter configured to count pattern detection signals and output a count value, a timer configured to count up time, and a recovery command detector configured to output the system recovery control command in response to the count value of the counter reaching a threshold recovery value before an output of the timer reaches a threshold time. 4. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 3, wherein the command recognizer further comprises a timing checker configured to reset the counter in response to a signal pattern which is detected by the pattern detector and does not occur during the determined period of time. 5. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 4, wherein the system recovery controller comprises a counter register configured to store a threshold recovery value of the counter and a timer register configured to store a threshold time of the timer and a designated time range of the timing checker, and the system controller further includes a remote setup part configured to set a value of the counter register and a value of the timer register according to data values received from an external source. 6. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pattern detector is implemented as a first programmable logic device and the command recognizer is implemented as a second programmable logic device connected to a system controller. 7. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 6, wherein the command recognizer comprises a counter configured to output pattern detection signals and output a count value, a timer configured to count up time, and a recovery command detector configured to output the system recovery control command in response to the count value of the counter reaching a threshold recovery value before an output of the timer reaches a threshold time. 8. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 7, wherein the command recognizer further comprises a timing checker configured to reset the timer in response to a signal pattern which is detected by the pattern detector and does not occur during the determined period of time. 9. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first programmable logic device is located in a first circuit module that includes the optical receiver and the optical transmitter. 10. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 6, wherein the second programmable logic device is located in a second circuit module that includes the power supply and the system controller. 11. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 10, wherein the system controller further comprises a remote programming part that includes program codes for programming the second programmable logic device by controlling the power supply. 12. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a remote recovery command generator configured to output a remote system recovery command that occurs when a predetermined signal pattern is repeated a designated number of times for a designated period of time; and a remote recovery part configured to control ON/OFF of transmission power of the optical transmitter in response to the remote system recovery command output from the remote recovery command generator. 13. An optical Ethernet apparatus comprising: a plurality of optical transmitters as set forth in claim 2; a plurality of optical receivers as set forth in claim 2; a plurality of signal detectors as set forth in claim 2; a plurality of pattern detectors as set forth in claim 2; a plurality of command recognizers, each of which is provided to each of the plurality of pattern detectors; and a logic detector configured to output a system recovery control command in response to a system recovery command being detected from one of the plurality of command recognizers. 14. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 13, wherein the pattern detector is implemented as a first programmable logic device and the plurality of command recognizers and the logic detector are implemented as a second programmable logic device connected to a system controller. 15. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first programmable logic device is located in a first circuit module that comprises the optical receivers and the optical transmitters, and the second programmable logic device is located in the second circuit module that comprises the power supply and the system controller. 16. The optical Ethernet apparatus of claim 13, wherein the system controller further comprises a remote setup part configured to set a value of the counter register and a value of the timer register according to data values received from an external source. 17. An optical Ethernet apparatus comprising: an optical receiver configured to perform photoelectric conversion on packet data received through an optical transmission medium; an optical transmitter configured to perform electrophotic conversion for an output to an optical transmission medium; a remote recovery command generator configured to output a remote system recovery command that occurs when a predetermined signal pattern is repeated a designated number of times for a designated period of time; and a remote recovery part configured to control ON/OFF of transmission power of the optical transmitter in response to the remote system recovery command output from the remote recovery command generator. 18. A recovery method for an optical Ethernet apparatus comprising: detecting a predetermined signal pattern of a system recovery command; detecting a system recovery command that occurs when a predetermined signal pattern is repeated a designated number of times for a designated period of time, and, in turn, outputting a system recovery control command; and outputting a system reset signal or a system power ON/OFF control signal in response to the system recovery control command. 19. The recovery method of claim 18, wherein the outputting of the system recovery control command comprises counting a number of time the predetermined signal pattern is detected, and checking a time at which the predetermined signal pattern is detected. 20. The recovery method of claim 19, wherein the outputting of the system recovery control command comprises restarting counting in response to the detected signal pattern which does not occur during the designated period of time.",
-    "The present invention relates to an electric power control system and method therefor, and comprises a control unit 10 and a transformer 20 connected thereto. The control unit 10 detects varying input voltage in real-time, controls switching of triac devices equipped in the transformer, and applies control signal which switches triac device among a plurality of triac devices for target voltage output to the transformer 20. The transformer 20 outputs target voltage by switching tabs of triac devices according to control signal, supplies power by switching tabs of triac devices corresponding to target voltage included in control signal, and preventing EMF induced from primary coil to secondary coil by grounding the tabs of unused triac devices with N-phase for adjustment to the target voltage. 1. An electric power control system comprising; a transformer (20) including primary coil (25) and secondary coil (22), a triac device group (21) comprising a plurality of triac devices equipped in the transformer, configured by from group 1 to group N and including a plurality of tabs, a control unit (10) detecting a varying input voltage in real-time, controlling the switching of the triac device group and applying a control signal to the transformer to switch the triac device among the plurality of the triac devices for outputting a target voltage, a triac device switching section (26) comprising a plurality of the triac devices, being equipped between group 1 to group N, and switching a connection between each group and the other group to ON/OFF to correspond to the control signal of the control unit, and the control unit switching any single tab among the tabs belonging to group 1 to group N of the transformer to ON state to output the target voltage, controlling so that the group which have no any tab switched to ON state grounds any single tab among the group with N-phase, and preventing induced transient voltage to the secondary coil with the primary coil. 2. The electric power control system of claim 1, wherein the transformer comprising: a triac device group (21) configuring group 1 to group N including a plurality of tabs and applying the voltage to the secondary coil by switching the tab corresponding to control signal approved from control unit to ON/OFF; secondary coil (22) connected to the triac device group (21) with winding done as predetermined number of windings for the target voltage output; fuse (23) configured between the triac device group and the secondary coil to block short circuit current and overload current; resistor (24) configured between the fuse and the secondary coil to release externally the heat due to overload current; and primary coil (25) outputting the target voltage attenuated by the secondary coil (22). 3. An electric power control method, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) applying control signal which controls in order to enable voltage output corresponding to target voltage to the transformer (20) in control unit (10); (b) switching the triac device connected to any single tab among group 1 to group N to ON/OFF so as to correspond to the control signal in the transformer; and (c) outputting the target voltage in the transformer, wherein the step of (b) comprises steps of: (b-1) extracting the target voltage from the control signal received by the transformer; (b-2) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1 and tab 2 included in group 1 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 2 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 200V; (b-3) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1 and tab 3 included in group 1 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 2 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 202.5V; (b-4) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1 and tab 4 included in group 1 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 2 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 205V; (b-5) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1 and tab 5 included in group 1 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 2 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 207.5V; (b-6) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1 and tab 6 included in group 1 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 2 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 210V; (b-7) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1, tab 7 and tab 8 included in group 1 and group 2 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 3 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 212.5V; (b-8) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1, tab 7 and tab 10 included in group 1 and group 2 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to any group among group 3 to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 215V; and (b-9) controlling so that the transformer (20) switches the triac device connected to tab 1, tab 7, tab 11 and tab 13 included in group 1 to group 3 to ON state, and any single tab among tabs belonging to group N is grounded with N-phase in case the target voltage as the extraction result of the step (b-1) is 217.5V.",
-    "A light-emitting pedometer sneaker includes a body, at least one multicolor light-emitting unit and a pedometer module. The multicolor light-emitting unit is mounted on a vamp of the body. The pedometer module is mounted on a sole of the body, calculates a number of steps that a user has walked according to vibration generated when the user is walking, and controls a color of light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit. The user can be aware of the number of steps that the user has walked according to the color of the light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit and plans for a desired amount of exercise for the purpose of adequate exercise. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker can emit light in the dark to warn vehicles in the neighborhood off and avoid occurrence of a traffic accident. 1. A light-emitting pedometer sneaker, comprising: a body having: a sole; and a vamp mounted around a top edge of the sole; at least one multicolor light-emitting unit mounted on the vamp of the body; a pedometer module mounted on the sole of the body and electrically connected to the multicolor light-emitting unit to record a number of steps and to control a light-emitting rule of light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit according to the recorded number of steps; and a power supply module mounted inside the sole and electrically connected to the multicolor light-emitting unit and the pedometer module to supply an operating power to the multicolor light-emitting unit and the pedometer module. 2. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pedometer module has: a vibration-sensing unit; and a microprocessor electrically connected to the vibration-sensing unit and calculating the number of steps according to an electronic signal generated by the vibration-sensing unit. 3. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pedometer module has: a pressure-sensing unit; and a microprocessor electrically connected to the pressure-sensing unit and calculating the number of steps according to an electronic signal generated by the pressure-sensing unit. 4. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a set of configuration buttons electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module and serving to set a target step number stored in the microprocessor of the pedometer module. 5. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a set of configuration buttons electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module and serving to set a target step number stored in the microprocessor of the pedometer module. 6. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a set of configuration buttons electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module and serving to set a target step number stored in the microprocessor of the pedometer module. 7. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a display unit electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module to display the number of steps calculated by the microprocessor. 8. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a display unit electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module to display the number of steps calculated by the microprocessor. 9. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a display unit electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module to display the number of steps calculated by the microprocessor. 10. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 4, further comprising a display unit electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module to display the number of steps calculated by the microprocessor. 11. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 5, further comprising a display unit electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module to display the number of steps calculated by the microprocessor. 12. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 6, further comprising a display unit electrically connected to the microprocessor of the pedometer module to display the number of steps calculated by the microprocessor. 13. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a control signal and transmits the control signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to control the light-emitting rule of the light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit according to the control signal. 14. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a control signal and transmits the control signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to control the light-emitting rule of the light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit according to the control signal. 15. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a control signal and transmits the control signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to control the light-emitting rule of the light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit according to the control signal. 16. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a control signal and transmits the control signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to control the light-emitting rule of the light emitted from the multicolor light-emitting unit according to the control signal. 17. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a configuration signal and transmitting the configuration signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to set a target step number according to the configuration signal. 18. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a configuration signal and transmitting the configuration signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to set a target step number according to the configuration signal. 19. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a configuration signal and transmitting the configuration signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to set a target step number according to the configuration signal. 20. The light-emitting pedometer sneaker as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a configuration signal and transmitting the configuration signal to the microprocessor for the microprocessor to set a target step number according to the configuration signal.",
-    "An electronic control device on a vehicle having a shift transmission operable by a driver includes: a battery; a motor generator; and a three-phase inverter executing an electricity conversion between the battery and the motor generator bi-directionally; a detector detecting a shift down operation; an obtaining device obtaining a negative torque corresponding to the shift down operation; a determination device determining whether the battery is chargeable; and a controller controlling the three-phase inverter to generate the negative torque at the motor generator. When the detector detects the shift down operation, and the determination device determines that the battery is not chargeable, the controller outputs a switching signal to all of three upper arms or all of three lower arms to turn on simultaneously, and outputs a shutdown signal to all of three upper arms or all of three lower arms with executing a PWM control of the shutdown signal. 1. An electronic control device mounted on a vehicle having a shift transmission operable by a driver of the vehicle, the electronic control device comprising: a battery; a motor generator as a driving power source of the vehicle; a three-phase inverter executing an electricity conversion between the battery and the motor generator bi-directionally; a detector detecting a shift down operation of the driver; an obtaining device obtaining a negative torque corresponding to the shift down operation; a determination device determining whether the battery is chargeable when the detector detects the shift down operation; and a controller controlling the three-phase inverter to generate the negative torque at the motor generator when the detector detects the shift down operation, wherein: the three-phase inverter includes three upper arms and three lower arms corresponding to three phases, respectively; and when the detector detects the shift down operation, and the determination device determines that the battery is not chargeable, the controller outputs a switching signal to all of three upper arms or all of three lower arms to turn on all of three upper arms or all of three lower arms simultaneously, and the controller outputs a shutdown signal to all of three upper arms or all of three lower arms with executing a PWM control of the shutdown signal. 2. The electronic control device according to claim 1, wherein: when the detector detects the shift down operation, and the determination device determines that the battery is chargeable, the controller controls the three-phase inverter to generate a regeneration torque at the motor generator. 3. The electronic control device according to claim 2, wherein: the vehicle further includes a vehicular device driven by consuming an electricity supplied from the battery; when the detector detects the shift down operation, and the determination device determines that the battery is not chargeable, the controller drives the vehicular device. 4. The electronic control device according to claim 3, wherein: the vehicular device is a cooling device for cooling at least one of the motor generator and the three-phase inverter; when the detector detects the shift down operation, and the determination device determines that the battery is not chargeable, the controller drives the cooling device at maximum electricity consumption.",
-    "A precision machining/measurement device and a robot that conveys a workpiece to the device are covered by a cover, and a space covered by the cover is partitioned by a partition cover into a space where the precision machining/measurement device is installed and a space where the robot is installed. When a temperature inside the space where the robot is installed falls within a predetermined temperature range, a door provided in the partition cover is opened, and the robot supplies the workpiece to the precision machining/measurement device through the opened door. 1. A system comprising: a device that performs work on a workpiece; a robot that conveys the workpiece to an area where the device performs the work; a cover that covers the device and the robot; a partition cover that partitions a space covered by the cover into a first space where the robot is installed and a second space where the device that performs work on the workpiece is installed; an open/close mechanism that opens and closes a door provided in the partition cover; and a controller that actuates the open/close mechanism to open the door when a temperature inside the first space falls within a predetermined value range. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising: a first air conditioner that controls a temperature inside the first space to a constant temperature; and a second air conditioner that controls a temperature inside the second space to a constant temperature, wherein when the temperature inside the first space falls within a set temperature range with respect to the temperature inside the second space, the open/close mechanism is actuated to open the door. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein air controlled in temperature is blown against the workpiece disposed in the first space through a vent hole of the first air conditioner so as to control a temperature of the workpiece. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the robot is used to rearrange the workpieces such that a workpiece to be machined earliest is closest to the vent hole. 5. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a measurement unit that measures the temperature of the workpiece existing inside the first space, wherein when the temperature of the workpiece falls within a predetermined temperature range, the open/close mechanism is actuated to open the door so as to allow the robot to convey the workpiece to the device that performs work on the workpiece. 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a base on which the device that performs work on the workpiece, the robot, the cover, and the partition cover are installed, wherein the base is placed on a vibration eliminating device.",
-    "An N-methyl-substituted triacetonamine compound is prepared by reacting at least one triacetonamine compound (I) with formaldehyde under reductive conditions, in the presence of hydrogen and in the presence of a supported catalyst, wherein the supported catalyst contains at least one metal M, wherein the metal M is selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pd, Pt, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, and Cu. 1. A process for preparing an N-methyl-substituted triacetonamine compound, comprising: reacting at least one triacetonamine compound (I) with formaldehyde under reductive conditions, wherein the triacetonamine compound (I) is selected from the group consisting of the chemical structures (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I-D), (I-E), (I-F), (I-G), and (I-H) with wherein n1, n2 are each independently an integer from the range of 1 to 20; wherein p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8, p9, p10, p11, p12, p13, p14, p15, p16, p17, p18, p19, p20, are each independently 0 or 1; wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein X2, X3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein X2, X3 are each selected independently, with the exclusion of: X2=X3=hydrogen; wherein X4, X5, X6, X7, X8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y10 are each independently selected from the group consisting of unbranched or branched alkylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, divalent saturated hydrocarbyl group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms and having at least one saturated ring comprising 3 to 30 carbon atoms, divalent hydrocarbyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, of which at least 6 carbon atoms are present in an aromatic system and the other carbon atoms, which are optionally present, are saturated, and a bridging radical having a chemical structure selected from the group consisting of (i), and (ii) with wherein Q1, Q2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014 and \u2014NR\u2032\u2014 with R\u2032=unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein a is an integer selected from the range of 1 to 50, wherein b is an integer selected from the range of 0 to 50, and wherein Y1, if at least one of p1 and p2 has the value of 1, is selected from the list above including a direct bond, and wherein Y2, if at least one of p3 and p4 has the value of 1, is selected from the list above including a direct bond, and wherein Y3, if at least one of p5 and p6 has the value of 1, is selected from the list above including a direct bond, and wherein Y4, if at least one of p7 and p8 has the value of 1, is selected from the list above including a direct bond, and wherein Y5, if at least one of p11 and p12 has the value of 1, is selected from the list above including a direct bond, and wherein Y6, if at least one of p13 and p14 has the value of 1; is selected from the list above including a direct bond, and wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, and \u2014NR30\u2014; wherein the R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), unbranched or branched acyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and a radical having a chemical structure selected from the group consisting of (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (viii), and (ix) with wherein J1, J2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CH, and N, wherein K1, K2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014N(CH2CH3)\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, and \u2014CH2\u2014, wherein V1, V2, V3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, and \u2014NR\u2033\u2014 with R\u2033=unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein W1, W2, W3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and ethyl, wherein c, d, e, f, g, h are each independently an integer from the range of 0 to 50, wherein X9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, \u2014OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein, in the chemical structures (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), at least one hydrogen radical bonded to a carbon atom may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3); wherein the R7, R8 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and unbranched or branched acyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3); and wherein, \u2014NR3R4, if p9=1, is selected from the list above including a radical of the chemical structure (x), and wherein, \u2014NR11R12, if p10=1, is selected from the list above including a radical of the chemical structure (x), and wherein the \u2014NR5R6, \u2014NR7R8, \u2014NR9R10 radicals are each independently selected from the list above including a radical of the chemical structure (x), wherein the chemical structure (x) is defined as follows: wherein K3 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, and \u2014N(CH2CH3)\u2014; wherein the R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and a group having the chemical structure (xi) with wherein the R27, R28, R29, R31, R32, R33, R34 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), unbranched or branched acyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3); and a radical having a chemical structure selected from the group consisting of (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), and (xviii) with wherein J3, J4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CH, and N, wherein K4, K5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014N(CH2CH3)\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, and \u2014CH2\u2014, wherein V4, V5, V6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, and \u2014NR\u2032\u2033\u2014 with R\u2032\u2033=unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein W4, W5, W6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and ethyl, wherein j, k, m, q, r, s are each independently an integer from the range of 0 to 50, wherein X10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, \u2014OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein, in the chemical structures (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), at least one hydrogen radical bonded to a carbon atom may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and with the proviso that R21 and R26, when p17=p18=p19=p20=0, are each independently a group of the chemical structure (xix) with wherein X11 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein reductive conditions are established by reacting the at least one triacetonamine compound (I) with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrogen and in the presence of a supported catalyst, wherein the supported catalyst comprises at least one metal M, wherein the metal M is selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pd, Pt, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, and Cu. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein p1=p2=p3=p4=p5=p6=p7=p8=p11=p12=p13=p14=0 and wherein p9, p10, p15, p16, p17, p18, p19, p20 are each independently 0 or 1. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y10 are each independently selected from the group consisting of unbranched or branched alkylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and divalent saturated hydrocarbyl group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms and having at least one saturated ring comprising 3 to 30 carbon atoms. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and a radical having a chemical structure (ix) with wherein X9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, \u2014OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; wherein the R7, R8 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and wherein, \u2014NR3R4, if p9=1, is selected from the list above including a radical of the chemical structure (x), and wherein, \u2014NR11R12, if p10=1, is selected from the list above including a radical of the chemical structure (x), and wherein the \u2014NR5R6, \u2014NR7R8, \u2014NR9R10 radicals are each independently selected from the list above including a radical of the chemical structure (x), wherein the chemical structure (x) is defined as follows: wherein K3 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, and \u2014N(CH2CH3)\u2014; wherein the R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and a group having the chemical structure (xi) with wherein the R27, R28, R29, R31, R32, R33, R34 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and a radical having a chemical structure (xviii) with wherein X10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, \u2014OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and with the proviso that R21 and R26, when p17=p18=p19=p20=0, are each independently a group of the chemical structure (xix) with wherein X11 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, \u2014O., unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and unbranched or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein X4=X5=X6=X7=X8=X9=X10=X11=hydrogen. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the triacetonamine compound (I) is selected from the group consisting of the chemical structures (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I-D), and (I-E). 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein the triacetonamine compound (I) is selected from the group consisting of the chemical structures (I-A), (I-B), and (I-D), and wherein Z1 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, and \u2014NR30\u2014; wherein the R1, R2, R30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and unbranched or branched alkyl group which has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and in which at least one hydrogen radical may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCH2CH3, \u2014NH(CH3), \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014NH(CH2CH3), \u2014N(CH2CH3)2, and \u2014N(CH3)(CH2CH3). 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the triacetonamine compound (I) is selected from the group consisting of the chemical structures (I-A), (I-B), and (I-D), and wherein Z1 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014O and \u2014NR30\u2014; wherein the R1, R2, R30 radicals are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and unbranched or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein formaldehyde is used as a gas, as an aqueous solution or as a solid. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one triacetonamine compound (I) is reacted with formaldehyde under reductive conditions in at least one solvent, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic solvents, aromatic solvents, ethers, halogenated solvents, amides, thio compounds, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and water. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one triacetonamine compound (I) is reacted with formaldehyde under reductive conditions at a temperature in the range from 20\u00b0 C. to 350\u00b0 C. and a pressure in the range from 2 bar to 500 bar.",
-    "An autonomous transport vehicle includes a frame forming a payload section configured to hold one or more pickfaces, a transfer arm movably mounted to the frame, a drive section connected to the frame, and a controller connected to the drive section, the controller being configured to effect an on-the-fly sortation of pickfaces carried by the autonomous transport vehicle according to a predetermined case out order sequence where the controller commands the drive section so that two or more pickfaces are picked from one or more first case unit holding locations and placed at one or more different second case unit holding locations according to the predetermined case out order sequence. 1. An autonomous transport vehicle comprising: a frame forming a payload section configured to hold one or more pickfaces; a transfer arm movably mounted to the frame; a drive section connected to the frame; and a controller connected to the drive section, the controller being configured to effect an on-the-fly sortation of pickfaces carried by the autonomous transport vehicle according to a predetermined case out order sequence where the controller commands the drive section so that two or more pickfaces are picked from one or more first case unit holding locations and placed at one or more different second case unit holding locations according to the predetermined case out order sequence. 2. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to effect picking of the two or more pickfaces in an order that is opposite an order in which the two or more pickfaces are placed. 3. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 1, wherein the transfer arm is common to the two or more pickfaces such that the transfer arm is configured to hold the two are more pickfaces adjacent one another. 4. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a justification member disposed within the payload section so as to move transverse to a longitudinal axis of the frame wherein the controller is configured to control a combined movement of the justification member and the transfer arm to effect the sorting of the two or more pickfaces carried in the payload section. 5. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a justification member connected to the drive section and the controller, the justification member being movably mounted to the frame where the transfer arm and the justification member are each independently movable relative to each other. 6. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 5, wherein the controller is configured to control the drive section and effect movement of the justification member and transfer arm so that the on-the-fly sortation is effected by retention of at least one of the two or more pickfaces within the payload section while at least another of the two or more pickfaces is transferred to or from the payload section. 7. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 5, wherein the transfer arm includes a plurality of payload support tines and is movable between a raised and lowered position, and the justification member is configured to extend between the tines when the transfer arm is in the lowered position. 8. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a payload bed and a justification member within the payload section, the payload bed including laterally arranged payload supports that extend through apertures in the justification member. 9. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 8, wherein the transfer arm includes payload support tines that are spaced so as to be interdigitated with the laterally arranged payload supports such that a lowered position of the payload support tines transfers the one or more payload items to the laterally arranged payload supports. 10. An automated storage and retrieval system autonomous transport vehicle comprising: a frame having a longitudinal axis and forming a payload section configured to hold one or more payload items; a justification member disposed within the payload section so as to move transverse to the longitudinal axis; a transfer arm disposed as least partly within the payload section; and a controller connected to the justification member and the transfer arm, the controller being configured to control a combined movement of the justification member and the transfer arm to effect an on-the-fly sorting of the one or more payload items carried in the payload section. 11. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 10, wherein the justification member and the transfer arm are each independently movable relative to each other. 12. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to effect movement of the justification member and the transfer arm so that the justification member is inserted between two of the one or more payload items to cause a physical separation of the two of the one or more payload items. 13. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 10, wherein the justification member is configured to bi-directionally move the one or more payload items transversely within the payload section. 14. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to control movement of the justification member and transfer arm so that sorting is effected by retention of at least one of the one or more payload items within the payload section while at least another of the one or more payload items is transferred to or from the payload section. 15. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 10, wherein the transfer arm includes a plurality of payload support tines and is movable between a raised and lowered position, and the justification member is configured to extend between the tines when the transfer arm is in the lowered position. 16. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 10, further comprising a payload bed within the payload section, the payload bed including laterally arranged payload supports that extend through apertures in the justification member. 17. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 16, wherein the transfer arm includes payload support tines that are spaced so as to be interdigitated with the laterally arranged payload supports such that a lowered position of the payload support tines transfers the one or more payload items to the laterally arranged payload supports. 18. A method of transporting payload items carried in a payload section of an autonomous transport vehicle having a common transfer arm, the method comprising: supporting the payload items within the payload section; and sorting the payload items within the payload section for ordered placement in a storage and retrieval system, wherein sorting the payload items includes spatially separating at least one of the payload items disposed on the common transfer arm from another of the payload items and the at least one of the payload items is retained on the common transfer arm while the other of the payload items is transferred from the payload section with the common transfer arm. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein sorting the payload items further includes transferring the payload items between a payload bed of the autonomous transport vehicle and the common transfer arm to effect repositioning of the at least one of the payload items. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein sorting the payload items further includes inserting a justification member between the payload items to effect repositioning of the at least one of the payload items. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising repositioning at least one of the payload items disposed on the common transfer arm. 22. An automated storage and retrieval system autonomous transport vehicle comprising: a frame having a longitudinal axis and forming a payload section configured to hold one or more payload items; a transfer arm that is common to the one or more payload items, the transfer arm being disposed as least partly within the payload section and being configured to hold the one or more payload items; and a payload item justification member disposed within the payload section independent of the transfer arm and configured so as to engage at least one of the one or more payload items and move transverse to the longitudinal axis, where movement of the payload item justification member is independent of movement of the transfer arm. 23. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 22, wherein, the independent movement of the justification member effects separation of at least one of the one or more payload items from another of the at least one payload items carried in the payload section. 24. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 22, wherein the payload item justification member has a payload item justification member drive and the transfer arm has a transfer arm drive that is different than the payload item justification member drive, where each of the payload item justification member drive and the transfer arm drive has an independent drive axis. 25. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 22, further comprising a controller connected to the justification member and the transfer arm, the controller being configured to control a substantially simultaneous movement of the justification member and the transfer arm with different respective drives to configure a pickface including at least one of the one or more payload items. 26. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 25, wherein the controller is configured to control the justification member and the transfer arm to effect separation of the one or more payload items carried in the payload section. 27. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 25, wherein the controller is configured to effect movement of the justification member and the transfer arm so that the justification member is inserted between two of the one or more payload items to cause a physical separation of the two of the one or more payload items. 28. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 25, wherein the controller is configured to control movement of the justification member and transfer arm to effect sorting of the one or more payload items by retention of at least one of the one or more payload items within the payload section while at least another of the one or more payload items is transferred to or from the payload section. 29. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 22, wherein the justification member is configured to bi-directionally move the one or more payload items transversely within the payload section. 30. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 22, wherein the transfer arm includes a plurality of payload support tines and is movable between a raised and lowered position, and the justification member is configured to extend between the tines when the transfer arm is in the lowered position. 31. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 22, further comprising a payload bed within the payload section, the payload bed including laterally arranged payload supports that extend through apertures in the justification member. 32. The autonomous transport vehicle of claim 28, wherein the transfer arm includes payload support tines that are spaced so as to be interdigitated with the laterally arranged payload supports such that a lowered position of the payload support tines transfers the one or more payload items to the laterally arranged payload supports.",
-    "The invention features methods and systems for recovering carbon dioxide, for producing commercial quality carbon dioxide (CO2) of 90% to +99% purity using, wet calcium carbonate lime mud produced in a recausticizing process that also produces caustic soda, for instance, Kraft paper pulp mill lime mud (a.k.a., \u201clime mud\u201d) as a feedstock to a multi-stage lime mud calcination process. This process may be fueled with low, or negative cost \u201ccarbon-neutral\u201d fuels such as waste water treatment plant (WWTP) sludge, biomass, precipitated lignins, coal, or other low cost solid fuels. High reactivity, high-quality calcined lime mud (a.k.a. re-burned lime, or calcine), required in the Kraft paper pulp mill's recausticizing process is also produced, and superheated high pressure steam and hot boiler feed-water is generated and exported to the mill's steam distribution and generation system as well as hot process water for use in the mill's manufacturing operation. The system for calcining calcium carbonate lime mud produced from a recausticizing manufacturing operation and converting it to calcined lime mud and CO2 comprises a calciner and a combustor linked by a moving media heat transfer (MMHT) system or apparatus. The MMHT system or apparatus thermally links separate fluid bed combustion (exothermic) and calcination (endothermic) stages with a solid particulate media. The system further comprises a flash dryer or spray dryer that utilizes exhausted enthalpy from the calcination stage. 1. A method for recovering carbon dioxide comprising: (a) providing wet lime mud sufficiently near a bubbling fluid bed calciner and a spray dryer or flash dryer such that the calciner and flash dryer or spray dryer operate in counter/current gas/solids flow wherein exiting calciner gases substantially dry the wet lime mud and the resulting dry lime mud is fed to the calciner; (b) feeding substantially dry lime mud to the fluid bed calciner wherein the fluid bed calciner is thermally linked by moving media heat transfer (MMHT) to a circulating fluid bed combustor by a heat transfer media wherein said media moves between the calciner and the combustor wherein MMHT provides heat input for calcination; (c) recycling the heat transfer media from the calciner to the combustor; (d) recovering excess energy from the process of c) generating superheated high pressure steam; and (e) recovering carbon dioxide and calcined lime mud from the fluid bed calciner. 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising (f) exporting the superheated high pressure steam to a manufacturing process. 3. The method according to claim 1 further comprising (g) removing substantially all ash from the heat transfer media. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the combustor receives one or more fuels selected from the group consisting of Kraft pulp and paper mill sludge, biomass, precipitated lignins and non-condensable gases (NCGs). 5. (canceled) 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide recovered is of 90% to +99% purity. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. A method according to claim 1 further comprising preheating air entering the combustor and calciner fluidizing steam by heat exchange with hot combustion products. 15. A method according to claim 1 further comprising recovering heat as hot process water or boiler feed water from the hot calcined lime mud by heat exchange in an indirectly cooled fluid bed heat exchanger. 16. A method according to claim 1 further comprising mixing the-wet lime mud feed with at least one selected from the group consisting of water, H2O2, O2, Na2CO3, and Na2SO4. 17. A method according to claim 1 further comprising injecting dry lime mud into the fluidized media bed of the bubbling fluid bed calciner. 18. A method according to claim 3, wherein (g) removing substantially all the ash from the heat transfer media is performed in a combustor freeboard section having an expanded diameter by decreasing velocity of the heat transfer media. 19. A method according to claim 3, wherein (g) removing substantially all the ash from the heat transfer media is performed at a temperature of between 1550\u00b0 F. and 1700\u00b0 F. 20. A method according to claim 3, wherein (g) removing substantially all the ash from the heat transfer media is performed by introducing steam into a cone cap and slope stripper. 21. (canceled) 22. A method according to claim 1, wherein the moving media moves between the calciner and the combustor at 1530\u00b0 F. to 1700\u00b0 F. 23. A method according to claim 1, wherein the combustor operates at 1550\u00b0 F. to 1700\u00b0 F. 24. A method according to claim 1, wherein the calciner operates at 1400\u00b0 F. to 1570\u00b0 F. 25. A method according to claim 1, wherein the superheated high pressure steam generated has a temperature of 750\u00b0 F. to 1000\u00b0 F. at a pressure of 615 psia to 1515 psia. 26. A method for calcining calcium carbonate lime mud and converting it to carbon dioxide and calcined lime mud comprising: (a) providing wet lime mud sufficiently near a bubbling fluid bed calciner and a spray dryer or flash dryer such that the calciner and flash dryer or spray dryer operate in counter/current gas/solids flow wherein exiting calciner gases substantially dry the wet lime mud and the resulting dry lime mud is fed to the calciner; (b) feeding substantially dry lime mud to the fluid bed calciner wherein the fluid bed calciner is thermally linked by moving media heat transfer (MMHT) to a circulating fluid bed combustor by a heat transfer media wherein said media moves between said calciner and said combustor wherein MMHT provides heat input for calcination; (c) removing substantially all ash from the heat transfer media; (d) recycling the heat transfer media from said calciner to said combustor wherein said combustor receives one or more fuels and producing combustion products; (e) recovering excess energy from the process of d) generating superheated high pressure steam; (f) recovering carbon dioxide of 90% to +99% purity and calcined lime mud from the fluid bed calciner; and (g) exporting the superheated high pressure steam to a manufacturing process. 27. A system for recovering carbon dioxide comprising a bubbling fluid bed calciner, a circulating fluid bed combustor, an apparatus or system adapted to thermally link the bubbling fluid bed calciner and the circulating fluid bed combustor, and a dryer selected from the group consisting of a spray dryer and a flash dryer. 28. A system according to claim 27 wherein the dryer is a spray dryer. 29. A system according to claim 27 wherein the dryer is a flash dryer.",
-    "A process to form devices may include forming a seed layer on and/or over a substrate, modifying a seed layer selectively, forming an image-wise mold layer on and/or over a substrate and/or electrodepositing a first material on and/or over an exposed conductive area. A process may include selectively applying a temporary patterned passivation layer on a conductive substrate, selectively forming an image-wise mold layer on and/or over a substrate, forming a first material on and/or over at least one of the exposed conductive areas and/or removing a temporary patterned passivation layer. A process may include forming a sacrificial image-wise mold layer on a substrate layer, selectively placing one or more first materials in one or more exposed portions of a substrate layer, forming one or more second materials on and/or over a substrate layer and/or removing a portion of a sacrificial image-wise mold layer. 1. A method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure by a sequential build process, comprising: disposing a plurality of layers over a substrate, wherein the layers comprise a layer of a conductive material and a layer of a sacrificial material, thereby forming a structure above the substrate, comprising a first microstructural element having one or more walls comprised of a plurality of layers of the conductive material, the walls defining a cavity therein; and providing a second microstructural element comprising a magnetic material within the cavity using a pick-and-place process. 2. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, comprising continuing the build process by disposing a plurality of layers conductive and sacrificial materials over the layer containing the second microstructural element. 3. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the walls comprise windings. 4. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the second material comprises one or more of nickel iron and cobalt iron. 5. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the first and second microstructural elements comprise a multi-turn inductor. 6. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the first and second microstructural elements comprise a double multi-turn inductor. 7. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the walls comprise a coil, and wherein the structure above the substrate comprises a void space between the first and second microstructural elements. 8. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the structure above the substrate comprises a microstructural support element comprising a non-conductive material, the support element configured to support the second microstructural element within the cavity. 9. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 8, wherein the support element comprises one or more of a post and a strap. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the step of disposing a plurality of layers comprises providing a seed layer and selectively applying a patterned passivation layer over the seed layer to expose a first portion of the seed layer and to block a second portion of the seed layer. 12. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 11, comprising selectively removing the exposed first portion of the seed layer. 13. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein for a selected layer strata, the layers of sacrificial and conductive materials within the strata have the same height in a direction normal to the selected layer. 14. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein the second microstructural element comprises a ferrite. 15. A three-dimensional microstructure formed by the process of claim 1. 16. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein a selected layer strata comprises a metal, a magnetic material, and a non-magnetic material. 17. The method of forming a three-dimensional microstructure according to claim 1, wherein a selected layer strata comprises at least a portion of the cavity and two or more different conductive materials.",
-    "A child-friendly, securely fastening children's apparel accessory and carrier system, with accompanying interchangeable design pieces which the child may attach and arrange on the accessory. 1) A device comprising: a) a support element, which fastens around the waist, arm, or other body part, b) the support element comprising a belt, each end comprising two or more fasteners, which may comprise any of the following: a snap fastener male portion, a snap fastener female portion, hook, loop, permanent magnet, a magnetically attractable member, a piece of hook material, a piece of loop material, button, or clasp; a. at least one fastener on each end configured to fasten to at least one fastener on the opposing end of the support member b. at least one faster on each end configured to fasten to at least one fastener on an interchangeable, removable attachment piece, c) an interchangeable, removable attachment piece which attaches across the two ends of the support element. 2) A device in which the attachment piece of claim 1 is a purse, pouch or other container device. 3) A device in which the attachment piece of claim 1 is a decorative adornment. 4) An adornment as claimed in claim 3, wherein the adornment is selected from the group consisting of: an artificial flower, a bow, a ribbon, a gem, an artificial gem, one or more beads, one or more feathers, a representation of a creature, a representation of an animal, a representation of an insect, a representation of a plant, a representation of a flower, a representation of a character, glitter, or plastic adornments. 5) A device in which the attachment piece of claim 1 has one or more electronic decorations. 6) A device in which the electronic decorations of claim 5 is one or more LED decorations. 7) the device of claim 1 wherein the one or more fasteners configured to fasten to the one or more fasteners opposing end of the support member are different from those configured to fasten to the one or more fasteners on the interchangeable, removable attachment piece. 8) The device of claim 7 where the fasteners configured to fasten to the one or more fasteners on the interchangeable, removable attachment piece require more force to operate than the fasteners configured to fasten to one or more fasteners on the opposing end of the support member.",
-    "A grocery bag restraint apparatus is provided. The grocery bag restraint apparatus includes a horizontal strap having a first end and a second end. The first end of is securable to a first side of a trunk of a vehicle and the second end is securable to a second side of the trunk. A plurality of mounting straps may be attached to and hang from different portions of the horizontal strap. Each of the mountings straps include a first end attached to the horizontal strap and a second end releasably attached to the first end of the mounting strap or the horizontal strap, forming a loop which secures to a handle portion of a grocery bag. 1. A grocery bag restraint apparatus comprising: a horizontal strap comprising a first end configured to secure to a first side of a trunk of a vehicle and a second end configured to secure to a second side opposite the first side of the trunk; and a plurality of mounting straps each comprising a first end attached to a different portion of the horizontal strap, wherein the plurality of mounting straps hang from the horizontal strap; wherein each of the plurality of mounting straps comprises a second end releasably attached to at least one of the first end of the mounting strap and the horizontal strap, forming a loop. 2. The grocery bag restraint apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first end of each of the plurality of mounting straps comprises a first connector and a second end of each of the plurality of mounting straps comprises a second connector releasably attached to the first connector. 3. The grocery bag restraint apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first connector and the second connector comprise a hook and loop fastener. 4. The grocery bag restraint apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a first side strap disposed through a first opening formed through the first end of the horizontal strap and a second side strap disposed through a second opening formed through the second end of the horizontal strap, wherein each of the first side strap and the second side strap are sized to fit around a roll bar of the trunk of the vehicle. 5. The grocery bag restraint apparatus of claim 4, wherein each of the first side strap and the second side strap comprise a hook and loop fastener. 6. A method of restraining grocery bags in a vehicle comprising: providing a horizontal strap comprising at least one mounting strap hanging therefrom; securing a first end of the horizontal strap to a first side of a trunk of a vehicle; securing a second end of the horizontal strap to a second side of the trunk of the vehicle; looping the mounting strap through a handle portion of a grocery bag; and releasably attaching a first end of the mounting strap to at least one of a second end of the mounting strap and the horizontal strap. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first side of the trunk comprises a first roll bar and the second side of the trunk comprises a second roll bar. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first end of each of the plurality of mounting straps comprises a first connector and a second end of each of the plurality of mounting straps comprises a second connector releasably attached to the first connector. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first connector and the second connector comprise a hook and loop fastener. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one mounting strap comprises a plurality of mounting straps.",
-    "This invention relates to processes using staged hydrogen addition in propylene polymerization. Using this process, broad/bi-modal MWD iPP with excellent stiffness properties and melt flow rates were produced. 1.-25. (canceled) 26. An in-situ propylene polymer composition comprising at least 50 mole % propylene and at least 1 mol % comonomer, said in-situ propylene polymer composition having a CDBI of 50% or more, a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa, an Mw/Mn of at least 5, and a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more. 27. The polymer of claim 26, wherein the polymer has more than 15 and less than 100 regio defects per 10,000 propylene units. 28. The polymer of claim 26, wherein the polymer has a Tc of 115\u00b0 C. or more. 29. (canceled) 30. The polymer of claim 26, wherein the polymer has a multimodal molecular weight distribution as determined by GPC-DRI. 31. An in-situ propylene polymer comprising at least 50 mole % propylene, said in-situ propylene polymer composition having a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa, an Mw/Mn of at least 5, a multimodal Mw/Mn as determined by GPC-DRI, a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more, and an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=38000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 32. A propylene polymer composition having: a) at least 50 mol % propylene; b) a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa; c) an Mw/Mn of at least 5; d) a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more (230\u00b0 C., 2.16 kg); e) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; f) more than 15 and less than 200 regio defects (sum of 2,1-erythro and 2,1-threo insertions and 3,1-isomerizations) per 10,000 propylene units; and g) an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=38000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 33. A propylene polymer having a melt flow ratio or 50 dg/min or more and an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=38000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 34. An injection molded article comprising the in-situ propylene polymer of claim 31, where the in-situ polymer has a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1600 MPa. 35. (canceled) 36. A propylene polymer composition having: a) at least 50 mol % propylene; b) a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa; c) an Mw/Mn of at least 5; d) a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more (230\u00b0 C., 2.16 kg); e) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; f) more than 15 and less than 200 regio defects (sum of 2,1-erythro and 2,1-threo insertions and 3,1-isomerizations) per 10,000 propylene units. 37. A propylene polymer composition having: a) at least 50 mol % propylene; b) at least 1 mol % comonomer; c) a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa; d) an Mw/Mn of at least 5; e) a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more (230\u00b0 C., 2.16 kg); f) more than 15 and less than 200 regio defects per 10,000 propylene units; and g) a CDBI of 50% or more. 38. A propylene polymer composition having: a) at least 50 mol % propylene; b) a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa; c) an Mw/Mn of at least 5; d) a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more (230\u00b0 C., 2.16 kg); e) a multimodal molecular weight distribution; f) an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=38000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 39. The propylene polymer composition of claim 38, wherein the propylene polymer has an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=45000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 40. The propylene polymer composition of claim 38, wherein the propylene polymer composition has an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=50524X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 41. The propylene polymer composition of claim 38, wherein the propylene polymer composition has more than 17 and less than 175 regio defects per 10,000 propylene units. 42. The propylene polymer composition of claim 38, wherein the propylene polymer composition has a melting point of 145 to 165\u00b0 C. 43. The propylene polymer composition of claim 38, wherein the propylene polymer composition has a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1600 MPa. 44. The propylene polymer composition of claim 36, wherein the propylene polymer composition has an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=38000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 45. The propylene polymer composition of claim 37, wherein the propylene polymer composition has an RCSV ratio (1 sec\u22121 to 2000 sec\u22121) of Y or more, where Y=38000X\u22121.559, and X is the melt flow rate in dg/min of the propylene polymer. 46. An impact copolymer comprising the polymer composition of claim 36. 47. A propylene polymer composition produced by the process comprising: 1) contacting propylene, optionally with a comonomer, with a catalyst system comprising an activator and a catalyst compound represented by the formula: where: M is a group 4 metal; T is a bridging group; X is an anionic leaving group; each R3, R5, R6, R7, R9, R11, R12, and R13 is independently, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, substituted halocarbyl, silylcarbyl, substituted silylcarbyl, germylcarbyl, or substituted germylcarbyl substituents; each R2 and R8 is independently, a halogen atom, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, substituted halocarbyl, silylcarbyl, substituted silylcarbyl, germylcarbyl, substituted germylcarbyl substituents or a \u2014NR\u20322, \u2014SR\u2032, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014OSiR\u20323 or \u2014PR\u20322 radical, wherein R\u2032 is one of a halogen atom, a C1-C10 alkyl group, or a C6-C10 aryl group; R4 and R10 are, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 2) polymerizing the propylene and optional comonomer for a time period, A; 3) adding hydrogen or other chain termination agent and optional comonomer to the polymerization after time period A; 4) polymerizing in the presence of at least 1 mmol hydrogen per mol of propylene for a time period, B, where time period A is at least as long as time period B and the hydrogen concentration during time period B is at least three times greater than the hydrogen concentration in time period A; and 5) obtaining a propylene polymer composition having: a) at least 50 mol % propylene; b) a 1% secant flexural modulus of at least 1500 MPa; c) an Mw/Mn of at least 5; d) a melt flow rate of 50 dg/min or more (230\u00b0 C., 2.16 kg); e) a multimodal Mw/Mn; and f) more than 15 and less than 200 regio defects (sum of 2,1-erythro and 2,1-threo insertions and 3,1-isomerizations) per 10,000 propylene units. 48. An injection molded article comprising the propylene polymer composition produced in claim 47, where the propylene polymer composition has a 1% secant flexural modulus at least 150 MPa greater than the polymer produced after time period A. 49. The propylene polymer composition of claim 47, wherein the propylene polymer composition produced after time period B has a 1% secant flexural modulus at least 150 MPa greater than the polymer produced after time period A. 50. The propylene polymer composition of claim 47, wherein the propylene polymers made in stages A and B are both isotactic polypropylene, but are different in at least one of Mw, MFR, tacticity, comonomer content, Tm, Tc, Hf, or 1% Secant flexural modulus by more than 5% relative to each other. 51. The propylene polymer composition of claim 47, wherein propylene is combined with the catalyst system the time period A to produce Component A, hydrogen is added for the time period B to produce Component B, and then comonomer is added for a time period, C, to produce Component C. 52. The propylene polymer composition produced by claim 51.",
-    "Messages sent from an initiating device to a called device to establish a telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device are received at a network device. One of a first network or a second network is selected to establish a first communication path of the telephonic communication session. The first network comprises an Internet Protocol network to which the initiating device and the called device are connected, and the second network comprises a public switched telephone network. Messages are sent to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path. A second communication path is established between the initiating device and the called device through another of the first network or the second network. At least a subset of data also being sent over the first communication path is sent via the second communication path. 1. A method comprising: receiving, at a network device, messages sent from an initiating device to a called device to establish a telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device; selecting, at the network device, one of a first network or a second network through which to establish a first communication path of the telephonic communication session, wherein the first network comprises an Internet Protocol network to which the initiating device and the called device are connected, and wherein the second network comprises a public switched telephone network; sending, via the network device, messages to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path for the telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device through the one of the first network or the second network; establishing a second communication path between the initiating device and the called device through another of the first network or the second network; and sending, via the second communication path, at least a subset of data also being sent over the first communication path. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one of the first network or the second network comprises the Internet Protocol network, and wherein the other of the first network or the second network comprises the public switched telephone network. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one of the first network or the second network comprises the public switched telephone network, and wherein the other of the first network or the second network comprises the Internet Protocol network. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first network is configured to provide legal intercept of the data being sent over the first communication path. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second network is configured to provide legal intercept of the subset of the data being sent over the second communication path. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein sending messages to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path comprises sending the messages to the called device including a telephonic communication session identifier; and wherein establishing the second communication path comprises sending messages to the called device via the other of the first network or the second network including the telephonic communication session identifier. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing, in the network device, information identifying the telephonic communication session; receiving from the public switched telephone network messages for the telephonic communication session; identifying the messages received from the public switched telephone network as part of the telephonic communication session based on the stored information; and forwarding the messages as part of the telephonic communication session through the Internet Protocol network, wherein the information identifying the telephone communication session is included in the messages that are forwarded. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the network device comprises a call agent device of the Internet Protocol network. 9. An apparatus comprising: a network interface unit; and a processor, where the processor is configured to: receive, via the network interface unit, messages sent from an initiating device to a called device to establish a telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device; select one of a first network or a second network through which to establish a first communication path of the telephonic communication session, wherein the first network comprises an Internet Protocol network to which the initiating device and the called device are connected, and wherein the second network comprises a public switched telephone network; send, via the network interface unit, messages to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path for the telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device through the one of the first network or the second network; establish a second communication path between the initiating device and the called device through another of the first network or the second network; and send, via the via the network interface unit over the second communication path, at least a subset of data also being sent over the first communication path. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one of the first network or the second network comprises the Internet Protocol network, and wherein the other of the first network or the second network comprises the public switched telephone network. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one of the first network or the second network comprises the public switched telephone network, and wherein the other of the first network or the second network comprises the Internet Protocol network. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the first network is configured to provide legal intercept of the data being sent over the first communication path. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second network is configured to provide legal intercept of the subset of the data being sent over the second communication path. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to: send messages to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path by sending the messages to the called device including a telephonic communication session identifier; and establish the second communication path by sending messages to the called device via the other of the first network or the second network including the telephonic communication session identifier. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a memory, wherein the processor is further configured to: store in the memory information identifying the telephonic communication session; receive, via the network interface unit from the public switched telephone network, messages for the telephonic communication session; identify the messages received from the public switched telephone network as part of the telephonic communication session based on the information stored in the memory; and forward, via the network interface unit, the messages as part of the telephonic communication session through the Internet Protocol network, wherein the information identifying the telephone communication session is included in the messages that are forwarded. 16. One or more tangible non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with software comprising computer executable instructions and when the software is executed operable to: receive, via a network interface, messages sent from an initiating device to a called device to establish a telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device; select one of a first network or a second network through which to establish a first communication path of the telephonic communication session, wherein the first network comprises an Internet Protocol network to which the initiating device and the called device are connected, and wherein the second network comprises a public switched telephone network; send, via the network interface, messages to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path for the telephonic communication session between the initiating device and the called device through the one of the first network or the second network; establish a second communication path between the initiating device and the called device through another of the first network or the second network; and send, via the network interface over the second communication path, at least a subset of data also being sent over the first communication path. 17. The computer readable storage media of claim 16, wherein the one of the first network or the second network comprises the Internet Protocol network, and wherein the other of the first network or the second network comprises the public switched telephone network. 18. The computer readable storage media of claim 16, wherein the second network is configured to provide legal intercept of the subset of the data being sent over the second communication path. 19. The computer readable storage media of claim 16, further comprising instructions operable to: send messages to the called device via the one of the first network or the second network to establish the first communication path by sending the messages to the called device including a telephonic communication session identifier; and establish the second communication path by sending messages to the called device via the other of the first network or the second network including the telephonic communication session identifier. 20. The computer readable storage media of claim 16, further comprising instructions operable to: store in a memory information identifying the telephonic communication session; receive, via the network interface from the public switched telephone network, messages for the telephonic communication session; identify the messages received from the public switched telephone network as part of the telephonic communication session based on the information stored in the memory; and forward, via the network interface, the messages as part of the telephonic communication session through the Internet Protocol network, wherein the information identifying the telephone communication session is included in the messages that are forwarded.",
-    "A shared control channel structure includes at least one control channel to be allocated at least to a user for at least one of uplink and downlink directions in a network, which the at least one control channel is arranged as at least a part of a modular structure comprising of modular code blocks on at least two different sizes. One of such modular structures may be represented as a tree structure in particular, where each of the modular code blocks define one node of the tree, respectively. 1. A receiver apparatus for receiving at least one control channel allocated at least to a user for at least one of uplink and downlink directions in a network, which the at least one control channel is arranged as at least a part of a modular structure comprising modular code blocks of at least two different sizes, said receiver apparatus comprising a searcher for searching for an appropriate code block in the modular structure of the at least one control channel, wherein the modular structure forms a tree where each of the modular code blocks defines one node of the tree, respectively, wherein each of the nodes comprises signalling entries coded by a given code rate, wherein the modular structure of the at least one control channel allows user equipment specific separate coded control channels with limited and optimized number of searches, and wherein the signalling entries include information blocks, and each information block of a signalling entry is rate matched to a node of the tree. 2. The receiver apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the searcher is configured to search for an appropriate code block by using an identifier specific to the receiver apparatus. 3. The receiver apparatus according to claim 1, for receiving the at least one control channel whose modular structure forms a tree where each of the modular code blocks defines one node of the tree, respectively, wherein the searcher is configured to search in the nodes of the tree for a specific identifier to be associated to the receiver apparatus. 4. A user equipment comprising a receiver for receiving at least one control channel to be allocated to user equipments for at least one of uplink and downlink directions, which the at least one control channel is arranged as at least a part of a modular structure comprising modular code blocks of at least two different sizes, and further comprising a searcher for searching for a user equipment specific identifier in the modular structure of the at least one control channel, wherein the modular structure forms a tree where each of the modular code blocks defines one node of the tree, respectively, wherein each of the nodes comprises signalling entries coded by a given code rate, wherein the modular structure of the at least one control channel allows user equipment specific separate coded control channels with limited and optimized number of searches, and wherein the signalling entries include information blocks, and each information block of a signalling entry is rate matched to a node of the tree. 5. An apparatus, comprising: a receiver configured to receive at least one control channel allocated at least to a user for at least one of uplink and downlink directions in a network, which the at least one control channel is arranged as at least a part of a modular structure comprising modular code blocks of at least two different sizes; and a processor configured to search for an appropriate code block in the modular structure of the at least one control channel, wherein the modular structure forms a tree where each of the modular code blocks defines one node of the tree, respectively, wherein each of the nodes comprises signalling entries coded by a given code rate, wherein the modular structure of the at least one control channel allows user equipment specific separate coded control channels with limited and optimized number of searches, and wherein the signalling entries include information blocks, and each information block of a signalling entry is rate matched to a node of the tree. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, including a plurality of control channels to be allocated to users for at least one of uplink and downlink direction in a network, which control channels are arranged as a tree comprising nodes of modular code blocks on at least two different levels with each code block defining one control channel at a node of the tree. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the code blocks of different levels have different sizes. 8. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the tree is a binary tree. 9. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each node of the tree corresponds to a predetermined set of sub-carrier symbols. 10. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the tree is a tree of variable code rates. 11. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the at least one control channel is provided for signalling. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein each of the signalling entries comprise a unified entry format. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein at least some of the signalling entries are of different types. 14. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the signalling entries include information blocks, and at least some of the signalling entries have a different information block length. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein an uplink signalling entry comprises an information block length which is part, in particular half, of the information block length of a downlink signalling entry. 16. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the tree is dimensioned according to a system bandwidth and/or according to predetermined channel code rates. 17. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the tree is pruned to include a sub-set of nodes of all possible nodes only. 18. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein a code block in a level of higher order has a smaller size than a code block in a level of lower order. 19. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein power from a resource provided for a code block which is currently not used is available for at least another code block currently used. 20. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein at least a part of transmission power from a code block resource on sub-carriers in a node of the tree is available to be used on sub-carriers in another node of the tree.",
-    "Apparatus and methods for combining beams of amplified radiation are disclosed. A beam combiner has a collimating optic positioned to receive a plurality of coherent radiation beams at a constant angle of incidence with respect to an optical axis of the collimating optic. The respective angles of incidence may also be different in some embodiments. The collimating optic has an optical property that collimates the beams. The optical property may be refractive or reflective, or a combination thereof. A collecting optic may also be provided to direct the plurality of beams to the collimating optic. The beam combiner may be used in a thermal processing apparatus to combine more than two beams of coherent amplified radiation, such as lasers, into a single beam. 1. A beam combiner, comprising: a plurality of coherent radiation sources; a collimating optic positioned to receive a plurality of coherent beams from the plurality of coherent radiation sources; a collecting optic positioned to direct the plurality of coherent beams to the collimating optic; and a correcting optic positioned to reduce distortions of the coherent beams. 2. The beam combiner of claim 1, further comprising a mode scrambler. 3. The beam combiner of claim 1, wherein the correcting optic comprises a mode scrambler. 4. The beam combiner of claim 1, wherein the collimating optic is a lens. 5. The beam combiner of claim 4, wherein the lens comprises a material with a refractive index that corresponds to the angle of incidence in a collimating relation. 6. The beam combiner of claim 1, wherein the collimating optic is a mirror. 7. The beam combiner of claim 6, wherein the mirror has a reflecting angle that corresponds to the angle of incidence in a collimating relation. 8. The beam combiner of claim 7, wherein the mirror is a curved mirror. 9. The beam combiner of claim 7, wherein the mirror is a faceted mirror. 10. The beam combiner of claim 9, further comprising a focusing optic. 11. The beam combiner of claim 1, wherein the collimating optic has a refractive index that corresponds to the angle of incidence in a collimating relation. 12. The beam combiner of claim 1, wherein the collimating optic has a reflecting angle that corresponds to the angle of incidence in a collimating relation. 13. A radiation source comprising: a beam combiner, comprising: a collimating optic, wherein the collimating optic comprises a lens or a mirror; and a mode scrambler; and at least two coherent radiation emitters, each radiation emitter disposed to emit a radiation beam toward the beam combiner, wherein the beam combiner is disposed to receive the radiation beams and emit a combined radiation beam. 14. The radiation source of claim 13, further comprising: a collecting optic positioned to direct the combined radiation beam to the collimating optic; and a correcting optic, and wherein the collimating optic comprises a lens or a mirror. 15. The radiation source of claim 13, wherein the each beam is received at the same angle of incidence with respect to an optical axis of the collimating optic. 16. A radiation source, comprising: a beam combiner, comprising: a collecting optic; a collimating optic; and a correcting optic; two or more coherent radiation emitters, each radiation emitter disposed to emit a coherent radiation beam toward the beam combiner, wherein the beam combiner is disposed to receive the coherent radiation beams and emit a combined radiation beam; and a mode scrambler. 17. The radiation source of claim 16, wherein the each beam is received at the same angle of incidence with respect to an optical axis of the collimating optic. 18. The radiation source of claim 16, wherein the collimating optic comprises a mirror. 19. The radiation source of claim 16, wherein the collimating optic comprises a lens. 20. The radiation source of claim 16, wherein at least two of the coherent radiation emitters emit radiation having different wavelengths.",
-    "A connector includes a connector housing, a sliding member supported on the connector housing, and a pull member coupled to the sliding member. A protrusion is formed on the pull member so as to protrude in a thickness direction thereof and extend in a lateral direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction along the direction of removal. The sliding member includes a pair of arm portions guided by the connector housing and a coupling portion coupling the pair of arm portions and facing a side surface of the protrusion that is a surface on the operating portion side. The side surface of the protrusion butts against the coupling portion when the operating portion of the pull member is pulled in the direction of removal such that a moving force in the direction of removal is applied to the coupling portion from the protrusion so as to move the sliding member. 1. A connector for being fitted to an other member so as to be prevented from slipping off by a locking piece provided on the other member, the connector comprising: a connector housing comprising a recessed portion to be engaged with the locking piece; a metal sliding member that is supported on the connector housing so as to be slidable along a direction of attaching/detaching to/from the other member and disengages the locking piece from the recessed portion by moving in a direction of removal from the other member; and a long plate-shaped resin pull member that is coupled to the sliding member and comprises an operating portion to be operated when moving the sliding member in the direction of removal; wherein a protrusion is formed on the pull member so as to protrude in a thickness direction thereof and to extend in a lateral direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction along the direction of removal, wherein the sliding member comprises a pair of arm portions guided by the connector housing and a coupling portion coupling the pair of arm portions and facing a side surface of the protrusion of the pull member that is a surface on the operating portion side, and wherein the side surface of the protrusion butts against the coupling portion when the operating portion of the pull member is pulled in the direction of removal such that a moving force in the direction of removal is applied to the coupling portion from the protrusion so as to move the sliding member. 2. The connector according to claim 1, wherein the pull member comprises a through-hole formed at a position on the operating portion side in the longitudinal direction with respect to the protrusion, and wherein the sliding member comprises a protruding piece to be inserted into the through-hole. 3. The connector according to claim 2, wherein the through-hole is a long hole with a width in the longitudinal direction greater than a width in the lateral direction, and wherein the protruding piece is formed by cutting and lifting up a portion of the coupling portion in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal and lateral directions. 4. The connector according to claim 2, wherein an end face of the protruding piece in the longitudinal direction does not come into contact with an inner surface of the through-hole when the side surface of the protrusion of the pull member butts against the coupling portion of the sliding member. 5. The connector according to claim 1, wherein a length of the protrusion in the lateral direction is greater than a length of the coupling portion in the same direction, and wherein the coupling portion butts against the side surface of the protrusion entirely across the lateral direction. 6. A connectorized cable, comprising: the connector according to claim 1; and a cable portion having one end housed in the connector and comprising linear signal transmission media.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to processes for recovering rare earth elements from an aluminum-bearing material. The processes can comprise leaching the aluminum-bearing material with an acid so as to obtain a leachate comprising at least one aluminum ion, at least one iron ion, at least one rare earth element, and a solid, and separating the leachate from the solid. The processes can also comprise substantially selectively removing at least one of the at least one aluminum ion and the at least one iron ion from the leachate and optionally obtaining a precipitate. The processes can also comprise substantially selectively removing the at least one rare earth element from the leachate and/or the precipitate. 1. A process for recovering at least one rare earth element and/or at least one rare metal from an aluminum-bearing material, said process comprising: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with an acid so as to obtain a leachate comprising at least one aluminum ion, at least one iron ion, said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal, and a solid, and separating said leachate from said solid; substantially selectively removing said at least one aluminum ion from said leachate by carrying out a precipitation, by carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction, by using a hollow-fiber membrane, by using an extracting agent and/or by using an ion exchange resin, thereby obtaining a composition comprising said at least one iron ion, and said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; substantially selectively at least partially removing said at least one iron ion from said composition by carrying out a precipitation, by carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction, by using a hollow-fiber membrane, by using an extracting agent, by carrying out a hydrolysis and/or by using an ion exchange resin, thereby obtaining a liquor comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; and substantially selectively removing said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said liquor by carrying out a precipitation, by carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction, by using an adsorption technique, by using an extracting agent, by carrying out an electrowinning process and/or by using an ion exchange resin. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one aluminum ion is substantially selectively removed from said leachate by substantially selectively precipitating it from said leachate and removing it therefrom by carrying out a solid-liquid separation. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one aluminum ion is substantially selectively removed from said leachate by substantially selectively crystallizing it in the form of AlCl3.6H2O and removing it therefrom by carrying out a solid-liquid separation 4. The process of claim 2, wherein said at least one iron ion is substantially selectively removed from said composition by carrying out an hydrolysis. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein said at least one iron ion is substantially selectively removed from said composition by carrying out an hydrolysis so as to convert said at least one iron ion into Fe2O3 and removing said precipitated Fe2O3 from said composition by carrying out a solid-liquid separation, thereby obtaining said liquor comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal is substantially selectively removed from said liquor by carrying out a precipitation. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal is substantially selectively removed from said liquor by means of an ion exchange resin. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal is substantially selectively removed from said liquor by using an extracting agent. 9. The process of claim 5, wherein said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare is substantially selectively removed from said liquor by using an extracting agent. 10. The process of claim 5, wherein said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal is substantially selectively precipitated, extracted and/or isolated from said liquor by means of a liquid-liquid extraction. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein said liquor comprises said at least one rare earth element under the form of a chloride and said at least one rare metal in the form of a chloride, and wherein said liquor is reacted with an extracting agent in order to substantially selectively extract gallium therefrom, thereby obtaining a Ga-free solution and an extracted gallium solution, and separating said solutions from one another. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein said process comprises: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with said acid so as to obtain a leachate and a solid residue, and separating said leachate from said solid residue; at least partially removing said at least one aluminum ion from said leachate by substantially selectively precipitating said at least one aluminum so as to obtain an iron-rich aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal and a precipitate, and removing said precipitate from said composition; substantially selectively precipitating said at least one iron ion from said iron-rich aqueous composition, and removing said precipitate therefrom, thereby obtaining thereby obtaining an iron-depleted aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; and substantially selectively extracting said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said iron-depleted aqueous composition. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein said at least one aluminum ion is precipitated in the form of AlCl3 in a crystallizer by sparging gaseous HCl. 14. A process for recovering at least one rare earth element from an aluminum-bearing material, said process comprising: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with said acid so as to obtain a leachate comprising at least one aluminum ion, at least one iron ion, and said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal, and a solid and separating said leachate from said solid; substantially selectively removing said at least one iron ion from said leachate by carrying out a precipitation, by carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction, by using a hollow-fiber membrane, by using an extracting agent, by carrying out a hydrolysis and/or by using an ion exchange resin, thereby obtaining a composition comprising said at least one aluminum ion, and said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; and substantially selectively at least partially removing said at least one aluminum ion from said composition by carrying a precipitation, by carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction, by using a hollow-fiber membrane, by using an extracting agent and/or by using an ion exchange resin, thereby obtaining a liquor comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; and substantially selectively removing said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said liquor by carrying out at least one technique chosen from precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, extracting agent, electrowinning and ion exchange resin. 15. The process of claim 14, further comprising at least one of at least partially removing said at least one iron ion from said leachate by substantially complexing said at least one iron ion with an extracting agent; selectively precipitating said at least one iron ion; selectively precipitating said at least one aluminum ion; and at least partially removing said at least one aluminum ion from said leachate by substantially complexing said at least one aluminum ion with another extracting agent. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein said process comprises: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with an acid so as to obtain a leachate and a solid residue, and separating said leachate from said solid residue; at least partially removing said at least one iron ion from said leachate by substantially selectively precipitating said at least one iron ion by reacting said leachate with a base so as to obtain an Al-rich aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal and a precipitate, and removing said precipitate from said composition; purifying said Al-rich aqueous composition by substantially selectively precipitating said at least one aluminum ion, thereby obtaining another composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal and another precipitate, removing said precipitate from said composition; and substantially selectively extracting said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said another composition. 17. The process of claim 14, wherein said process comprises: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with said acid so as to obtain a leachate and a solid residue, and separating said leachate from said solid residue, at least partially removing said at least one iron ion from said leachate by substantially selectively precipitating said at least one iron ion by reacting said leachate with a base so as to obtain an Al-rich aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal and a precipitate, and removing said precipitate from said composition; substantially selectively extracting said at least one aluminum ion from said Al-rich aqueous composition by means of a hollow fiber membrane, or by a liquid-liquid extraction, and removing said extracted at least one aluminum ion, thereby obtaining an Al-depleted aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; and substantially selectively extracting said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said Al-depleted aqueous composition. 18. The process of claim 14, wherein said process comprises: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with said acid so as to obtain a leachate and a solid residue, and separating said leachate from said solid residue; at least partially removing said at least one iron ion from said leachate by substantially selectively complexing said at least one iron ion with an extracting agent so as to obtain an Al-rich aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; purifying said Al-rich aqueous composition by substantially selectively precipitating said at least one aluminum ion, thereby obtaining another composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal and another precipitate, removing said precipitate from said composition; and substantially selectively extracting said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said another composition. 19. The process of claim 14, wherein said process comprises: leaching said aluminum-bearing material with said acid so as to obtain a leachate and a solid residue, and separating said leachate from said solid residue; at least partially removing said at least one iron ion from said leachate by substantially selectively complexing said at least one iron ion with an extracting agent so as to obtain an Al-rich aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; substantially selectively extracting said at least one aluminum ion from said Al-rich aqueous composition by means of a hollow fiber membrane, or by a liquid-liquid extraction, and removing said extracted at least one aluminum ion, thereby obtaining an Al-depleted aqueous composition comprising said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal; and substantially selectively extracting said at least one rare earth element and/or said at least one rare metal from said Al-depleted aqueous composition. 20. The process of claim 14, wherein said at least one iron ion is substantially selectively removed from said composition by carrying out an hydrolysis or by carrying out a precipitation.",
-    "A vibration-damping support device including: an inner shaft member to be attached to a first connection target; upper and lower mount rubbers externally fitted onto the inner shaft member; and upper and lower restraining members bonded to the upper and lower mount rubbers respectively and configured to be superposed against the second connection target. The upper and lower restraining members are configured to project to a peripherally inside of an opening edge of a mounting hole of the second connection target so that the upper and lower restraining members overlap with each other as viewed in axial direction there. The lower mount rubber includes a slot extending annularly on its outer periphery and an inner peripheral convex part projecting inward from an inside of the slot so as to have a curved shape that is convex inward at the inside of the slot. 1. A vibration-damping support device comprising: an inner shaft member configured to be attached to a first connection target; an upper plate projecting peripherally outward from a first end of the inner shaft member on a side of the first connection target; an upper mount rubber externally fitted onto the inner shaft member and configured to be disposed between opposed faces of a second connection target and the upper plate; a lower plate projecting peripherally outward from a second end of the inner shaft member, the second end being configured to project from a mounting hole of the second connection target to an opposite side from the first connection target with the inner shaft member inserted into the mounting hole; a lower mount rubber externally fitted onto the inner shaft member and configured to be disposed between opposed faces of the second connection target and the lower plate; an upper restraining member bonded to the upper mount rubber and configured to be superposed against the second connection target so as to project to a peripherally inside of an edge of an opening of the mounting hole; and a lower restraining member bonded to a portion of the lower mount rubber to be superposed against the second connection target, the lower restraining member being configured to overlap with the second connection target as viewed in axial direction, wherein the lower restraining member is configured to project to the peripherally inside of the edge of the opening of the mounting hole so that the lower restraining member and the upper restraining member overlap with each other as viewed in axial direction at the peripherally inside of the edge of the opening of the mounting hole, and the lower mount rubber includes a slot that opens onto an outer peripheral surface thereof and extends annularly in a circumferential direction so as to make the lower mount rubber thin in an axis-perpendicular direction at an inner peripheral side of the slot, and an inner peripheral convex part that projects peripherally inward from the inner peripheral side of the slot so that the lower mount rubber has a curved shape that is convex peripherally inward at the inner peripheral side of the slot. 2. The vibration-damping support device according to claim 1, further comprising: an upper rubber layer configured to be disposed between superposed faces of the upper restraining member and the second connection target; and a lower rubber layer configured to be disposed between superposed faces of the lower restraining member and the second connection target. 3. The vibration-damping support device according to claim 1, further comprising a cushioning rubber provided between the lower restraining member and the inner shaft member. 4. The vibration-damping support device according to claim 1, wherein the upper restraining member includes an insertion part configured to be inserted into the mounting hole so as to overlap with the lower restraining member as viewed in axial direction. 5. The vibration-damping support device according to claim 4, wherein the insertion part is covered by a covering rubber. 6. The vibration-damping support device according to claim 1, wherein the upper restraining member and the lower restraining member are superposed so as to be remote from each other in the axial direction at the peripherally inside of the edge of the opening of the mounting hole.",
-    "An aspect of the present disclosure resides in a method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate including a substrate and a compound semiconductor epitaxial layer disposed on the substrate, the method including providing the substrate, heating a carrier gas, preparing a mixed gas by mixing the heated carrier gas with at least a portion of a source gas that is a source for the compound semiconductor epitaxial layer, the source gas having a lower temperature than the heated carrier gas, and forming the compound semiconductor epitaxial layer on the substrate by supplying the mixed gas onto the substrate. 1. A method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate including a substrate and a compound semiconductor epitaxial layer disposed on the substrate, comprising: providing the substrate; heating a carrier gas; preparing a mixed gas by mixing the heated carrier gas with at least a portion of a source gas that is a source for the compound semiconductor epitaxial layer, the source gas having a lower temperature than the heated carrier gas; and forming the compound semiconductor epitaxial layer on the substrate by supplying the mixed gas onto the substrate. 2. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein an angle formed between a surface of the substrate and a direction in which the mixed gas is supplied to the substrate is 0\u00b0 to 10\u00b0. 3. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein the carrier gas is heated to a temperature of 1600\u00b0 C. to 1750\u00b0 C. 4. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: supplying another portion of the source gas onto the substrate without mixing the portion with the carrier gas. 5. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: adding a dopant gas to the carrier gas before the heating of the carrier gas, wherein the heating the carrier gas includes heating the carrier gas together with the dopant gas. 6. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein the carrier gas is hydrogen gas. 7. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the source gas is decomposed during the production of the mixed gas by the mixing of the heated carrier gas with the source gas. 8. The method for manufacturing a compound semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a silicon carbide substrate and the compound semiconductor epitaxial layer is a silicon carbide epitaxial layer.",
-    "Transistor devices and methods for forming transistor devices are provided. A transistor device includes a semiconductor substrate and a device layer. The device layer includes a source region and a drain region connected by a suspended nanowire channel. First and second etch stop layers are respectively arranged beneath the source region and the drain region. Each of the etch stop layers forms a support structure interposed between the semiconductor substrate and the respective source and drain regions. 1. A transistor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a device layer including a source region and a drain region connected by a suspended nanowire channel; and first and second etch stop layers respectively arranged beneath the source region and the drain region, each of the etch stop layers forming a support structure interposed between the semiconductor substrate and the respective source and drain regions. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the suspended nanowire channel is formed by etching a sacrificial material disposed beneath the suspended nanowire channel and between the etch stop layers, the etching being selective to the sacrificial material to substantially prevent the removal of the etch stop layers beneath the source region and the drain region. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second etch stop layers includes at least one of a carbon-doped silicon layer, a non-doped silicon layer, and a boron-doped silicon layer. 4. The device of claim 3, further comprising a well region of a first conductivity type arranged in the semiconductor substrate, wherein each of the etch stop layers comprises a carbon-doped silicon layer arranged in the well region. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein at least one of the first and second etch stop layers comprises a vertically stacked composite structure. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the carbon-doped silicon layer is arranged under at least one of the source and the drain regions and serves as a diffusion stop layer, wherein the etch stop layers further comprise a non-doped silicon layer arranged beneath the carbon-doped silicon layer. 7. The device of claim 5, wherein the etch stop layers further include a boron-doped silicon layer that is arranged under the carbon-doped silicon layer and serves as an anti-punch-through layer. 8. A transistor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a device layer including a source region and a drain region connected by a suspended nanowire channel; first and second etch stop layers respectively arranged beneath the source region and the drain region, each of the etch stop layers forming a support structure interposed between the semiconductor substrate and the respective source and drain regions; and a gate structure surrounding the suspended nanowire channel. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the suspended nanowire channel is formed by etching a sacrificial material disposed beneath the suspended nanowire channel and between the etch stop layers, the etching being selective to the sacrificial material to substantially prevent the removal of the etch stop layers beneath the source region and the drain region. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein each of the first and second etch stop layers includes at least one of a carbon-doped silicon layer, a non-doped silicon layer, and a boron-doped silicon layer. 11. The device of claim 10, further comprising a well region of a first conductivity type arranged in the semiconductor substrate, wherein each of the etch stop layers comprises a carbon-doped silicon layer arranged in the well region. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first and second etch stop layers comprises a vertically stacked composite structure. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the carbon-doped silicon layer is arranged under at least one of the source and the drain regions and serves as a diffusion stop layer, wherein the etch stop layers further comprise a non-doped silicon layer arranged beneath the carbon-doped silicon layer. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the etch stop layers further include a boron-doped silicon layer that is arranged under the carbon-doped silicon layer and serves as an anti-punch-through layer. 15. A transistor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a layer including a source region and a drain region connected by a suspended channel; first and second etch stop layers respectively arranged beneath the source region and the drain region, each of the etch stop layers forming a support structure interposed between the semiconductor substrate and the respective source and drain regions; and a gate structure surrounding the suspended channel. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein each of the first and second etch stop layers includes at least one of a carbon-doped silicon layer, a non-doped silicon layer, and a boron-doped silicon layer. 17. The device of claim 16, further comprising a well region of a first conductivity type arranged in the semiconductor substrate, wherein each of the etch stop layers comprises a carbon-doped silicon layer arranged in the well region. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein at least one of the first and second etch stop layers comprises a vertically stacked composite structure. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the carbon-doped silicon layer is arranged under at least one of the source and the drain regions and serves as a diffusion stop layer, wherein the etch stop layers further comprise a non-doped silicon layer arranged beneath the carbon-doped silicon layer. 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the etch stop layers further include a boron-doped silicon layer that is arranged under the carbon-doped silicon layer and serves as an anti-punch-through layer.",
-    "A storage control device includes a processor. The processor is configured to classify second type storage devices into a first group and a second group. The second type storage devices temporarily store thereof data held in a first type storage device. The processor is configured to access the first type storage device using storage devices belonging to the second group while updating firmware of storage devices belonging to the first group. 1. A storage control device, comprising: a processor configured to classify second type storage devices into a first group and a second group, the second type storage devices temporarily storing thereof data held in a first type storage device, and access the first type storage device using storage devices belonging to the second group while updating firmware of storage devices belonging to the first group. 2. The storage control device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to perform, while updating the firmware of the storage devices belonging to the first group, processing on data stored in the storage devices belonging to the second group prior to processing on data not stored in the storage devices belonging to the second group. 3. The storage control device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to perform, while updating the firmware of the storage devices belonging to the first group, processing on data not stored in the storage devices belonging to the first group prior to processing on data stored in the storage devices belonging to the first group. 4. The storage control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a storage unit configured to store therein information for identifying each piece of the data held in the first type storage device in association with each of the second type storage devices, wherein the processor is configured to perform, while updating the firmware of the storage devices belonging to the first group, processing on data associated with storage devices belonging to the second group prior to processing on data associated with storage devices belonging to the first group on basis of the information stored in the storage unit. 5. The storage control device according to claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to update, while updating the firmware of the storage devices belonging to the first group, the information stored in the storage unit when performing processing on first data associated with a storage device belonging to the first group such that the first data is to be associated with a storage device belonging to the second group. 6. The storage control device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to classify the second type storage devices into the first group and the second group on basis of a time taken for processing on data stored in each of the second type storage devices and a time taken for updating firmware of each of the second type storage devices. 7. The storage control device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to accesses, after updating the firmware of the storage devices belonging to the first group, the first type storage device using the storage devices belonging to the first group while updating firmware of the storage devices belonging to the second group. 8. The storage control device according to claim 1, wherein the first type storage device stores data in a magnetic tape, and the second type storage devices store data in magnetic disks. 9. A computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a program that causes a computer to execute a process, the process comprising: classifying second type storage devices into a first group and a second group, the second type storage devices temporarily storing thereof data held in a first type storage device, and accessing the first type storage device using storage devices belonging to the second group while updating firmware of storage devices belonging to the first group.",
-    "A rod and rod cup alignment apparatus for a drilling machine has a receptacle for receiving a drill rod of the type having at least one rod flat, where the drill rod has a leading corner and a trailing corner relative to the direction of its rotation. The receptacle has at least one cup flat disposed on the inner surface of the receptacle and the cup flat further has a first top surface and a second top surface. The second top surface has a slope downward toward the bottom of the rod cup, so that, as the drill rod is lowered into the rod cup while the drill rod is rotating, the leading corner of the drill rod is caused to move downward along the second top surface, whereupon the trailing corner of the drill rod contacts the first top surface, thereby aligning the drill rod flat with the rod cup flat. 1. A rod and rod cup alignment apparatus for a drilling machine; the apparatus comprising a rod cup; the rod cup comprising: a receptacle for receiving a drill rod of the type having at least one rod flat; where the drill rod has a leading corner and a trailing corner relative to the direction of its rotation; the receptacle having a bottom; at least one cup flat disposed on the inner surface of the receptacle; the at least one cup flat further comprising: a first top surface; and, a second top surface; the second top surface having a slope downward toward the bottom of the rod cup; where the slope of the second top surface downward toward the bottom of the rod cup is approximately 45 degrees; so that, as the drill rod is lowered into the rod cup while the drill rod is rotating, the leading corner of the drill rod is caused to move downward along the second top surface, and the trailing corner of the drill rod contacts the first top surface, thereby aligning the drill rod flat with the rod cup flat. 2. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 1, where the at least one cup flat and the at least one rod flat comprise, respectively, a plurality of flats. 3. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 2, where the plurality of flats is two, and the flats are spaced approximately 180 degrees apart in the rod cup and on the drill rod, respectively. 4. (canceled) 5. The rod and cup alignment apparatus of claim 1 where the second top surface has a radius of curvature. 6. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 1, where the second top surface of the rod cup flat occupies approximately one-half of the combined area of the first top surface and the second top surface of the rod cup flat. 7. The rod and cup alignment apparatus of claim 1, where the first top surface is substantially parallel to the bottom of the rod cup 8. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 1, where the rod cup flat has no shoulder where the rod cup flat extends from the inner surface of the rod cup. 9. A rod and rod cup alignment apparatus for a drilling machine; the apparatus comprising a rod cup; the rod cup comprising: a receptacle for receiving a drill rod of the type having at least one rod flat; where the drill rod has a leading corner and a trailing corner relative to the direction of its rotation; the receptacle having a bottom; at least one cup flat disposed on the inner surface of the receptacle; the at least one cup flat further comprising: a first top surface; and, a second top surface; the second top surface having a slope downward toward the bottom of the rod cup; where the second top surface of the rod cup flat occupies approximately one-half of the combined area of the first top surface and the second top surface of the rod cup flat; so that, as the drill rod is lowered into the rod cup while the drill rod is rotating, the leading corner of the drill rod is caused to move downward along the second top surface, and the trailing corner of the drill rod contacts the first top surface, thereby aligning the drill rod flat with the rod cup flat. 10. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 9, where the at least one cup flat and the at least one rod flat comprise, respectively, a plurality of flats. 11. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 10, where the plurality of flats is two, and the flats are spaced approximately 180 degrees apart in the rod cup and on the drill rod, respectively. 12. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 9, where the slope of the second top surface downward toward the bottom of the rod cup is approximately 45 degrees. 13. The rod and cup alignment apparatus of claim 10 where the second top surface has a radius of curvature. 14. The rod and cup alignment apparatus of claim 9, where the first top surface is substantially parallel to the bottom of the rod cup 15. The rod and rod cup alignment apparatus of claim 9, where the rod cup flat has no shoulder where the rod cup flat extends from the inner surface of the rod cup.",
-    "A robot system comprises an intrusion detector which detects that a person has entered into a monitoring area established around a robot, an installation table which supports the robot, a light emitting device which brightens a surface of the installation table, and a control device which receives a signal outputted by the intrusion detector and controls the light emitting device. The control device causes the light emitting device to emit light when it is detected that the person has entered into the monitoring area. 1. A robot system comprises: an intrusion detector which detects that a person has entered into a monitoring area established around a robot; an installation table which supports the robot; a light emitting device which brightens at least part of surfaces of the installation table; and a control device which receives a signal outputted by the intrusion detector and controls the light emitting device, wherein the control device is configured to cause the light emitting device to emit light when it is detected that the person has entered into the monitoring area. 2. The robot system according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting device blinks when it is detected that the person has entered into the monitoring area. 3. The robot system according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring area includes a stopping area in which an operation of the robot is stopped when the person has entered thereinto and a speed limiting area in which an operation speed of the robot is limited to a low speed when the person has entered thereinto, the intrusion detector is formed to be capable of detecting the intrusion of the person into the stopping area and the intrusion of the person into the speed limiting area separately, the control device includes a light emission control unit which controls a color of light emitted by the light emitting device, and the light emission control unit performs at least one of control for changing the color of the light emitted by the light emitting device and control for causing the light emitting device to be lit off, depending on the case where the person has entered into the stopping area, the case where the person has entered into the speed limiting area, or the case where the person does not intrude into the both areas of the stopping area and the speed limiting area. 4. The robot system according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring area includes a stopping area in which an operation of the robot is stopped when the person has entered thereinto and a speed limiting area in which an operation speed of the robot is limited to a low speed when the person has entered thereinto, the intrusion detector is formed to be capable of detecting the intrusion of the person into the stopping area and the intrusion of the person into the speed limiting area separately, the control device includes a light emission control unit which controls time intervals at which the light emitting device blinks, and the light emission control unit controls at least one of whether or not the light emitting device blinks and the blinking time intervals, depending on the case where the person has entered into the stopping area, the case where the person has entered into the speed limiting area, or the case where the person does not intrude into the both areas of the stopping area and the speed limit area. 5. The robot system according to claim 1, further comprises a moving device which moves the installation table, wherein the monitoring area is moved with the movement of the installation table, and the intrusion detector is fixed to the installation table so as to move with the installation table and is formed to be capable of detecting that the person has entered into the monitoring area established at a position to which the installation table is moved.",
-    "A method of terminating an optical fiber drop cable with an optical fiber connector and said optical fiber connector are described herein wherein said optical fiber connector can be inserted into a port structure of a telecommunication enclosure to provide an environmentally sealed connection. The exemplary connector has a main body with an interior passageway extending from a first end to a second end of the main body and a compressible portion at the second end of the main body, a compression member attachable to the second end of the optical fiber connector over the compressible portion, an optical connection portion disposed at least to partially within the interior, and an outer housing disposed over the connection portion wherein the outer housing has an external shape mateable with a standard format optical coupling. 1. A method of terminating an optical fiber drop cable with a ruggedized optical fiber connector, the method comprising: stripping and cleaving a terminal end of the optical fiber drop cable to reveal a bare glass portion of an optical fiber securing the bare glass portion of the optical fiber in a fiber optic connector body of an optical connection portion sliding the optical connection portion through an interior passage way of a main body of the ruggedized optical fiber connector from a second end to a first end until the optical connection portion engages with the outer housing at the first end of the main body; positioning an internal sealing member at the second end of the main body; and compressing the internal sealing member longitudinally between the main body and a compression member to create an environmental seal between the cable and the main body of the ruggedized connector. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of curing an adhesive in the connection portion to secure the bare glass portion. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of activating a mechanical splice device disposed within the connection portion to secure the bare glass portion. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of screwing the compression member onto the second end of the main body to compress the internal sealing member. 5. An environmentally sealing optical fiber connector, the connector comprising: a main body having an interior passageway extending from a first end to a second end of the main body; an outer housing integrally formed on the first end of the main body, wherein the outer housing has an external shape mateable with a standard format optical coupling; a compression member attachable to the second end of the main body; an optical connection portion secured in the outer housing, wherein the interior passageway is configured to allow the optical connection portion to be slid through the main body from the second end to the first end; and an internal sealing member that is compressed longitudinally between the compression member and the main body when the compression member is attached to the second end of the main body to provide an environmental seal between the main body and an optical fiber cable onto which the optical fiber connector is mounted. 6. The connector of claim 5, wherein the outer housing is shaped to mate with an SC-format optical coupling. 7. The connector of claim 1, further comprising a port connection mechanism. 8. The connector of claim 7, wherein the port connection mechanism comprises a spring clip. 9. The connector of claim 7, wherein the port connection mechanism comprises a plurality of protrusions extending from an exterior surface of the main body and a release lever. 10. The connector of claim 5, wherein the main body comprises at least two body portions 11. The connector of claim 10, wherein the main body comprises a first body portion housing the connector portion and a second connector portion to grip a sheath of the optical fiber cable passing therethrough. 12. The connector of claim 10, wherein the main body comprises a first body portion housing the connector portion and a second connector portion to grip the sheath of an optical fiber cable passing therethrough and an intermediate body portion that provides an environmental seal between the cable and the connector. 13. The connector of claim 5, wherein the main body comprises at least two body portions and wherein the connector further comprising an optical fiber cable terminated by the optical fiber cable connector where in the optical fiber cable includes a plurality of first strength members secured within the optical connector portion and a plurality of second strength members, wherein the second strength members are secured between two of the at least two body portions. 14. The connector of claim 5, wherein the internal sealing member comprises an elastomeric portion and a rigid portion.",
-    "As a result of ISR being enabled between a portable terminal device and a network which are capable of communicating by using the communication protocols of a plurality of wireless access technologies, the portable terminal device performs position registration processing between the plurality of wireless access technologies and the portable terminal device each time a fixed period of time elapses, and the portable terminal device is able to move between the plurality of wireless access technologies that have already been registered, without conducting new position registration processing. At this time, if there is a possibility of there being a difference in ISR states (activated or not activated) between the portable terminal device and the network, the portable terminal device ignores any instructions issued by the network for ISR to be enabled in the portable terminal device. 1. A User Equipment (UE) comprising: a transmitter configured to send a Routing Area Update Request message; a receiver configured to receive a Routing Area Update Accept message in a case where the Routing Area Update Request message is accepted; and a setting unit configured to set a Temporary Identity used in Next Update (TIN) to Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) in a case where (1) the TIN currently sets to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI), (2) the Routing Area Update Accept message contains an indication of Idle mode Signaling Reduction (ISR) being activated, and (3) a periodic tracking area update timer has already expired. 2. The UE according to claim 1 wherein, setting of the TIN to Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 3. The UE according to claim 1 wherein, setting of the TIN to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 4. The UE according to claim 1 further comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit a Tracking Area Update (TAU) request including \u201cGUTI from P-TMSI\u201d as Old GUTI, in a case where the TIN is set to P-TMSI. 5. (canceled) 6. A paging processing method, comprising: sending, by a User Equipment (UE), a Routing Area Update Request message; receiving, by the UE, a Routine Area Update Accept message in a case where the Routing Area Update Request message is accepted; and setting of a Temporary Identity used in Next Update (TIN) to Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) in a case where (1) the TIN currently sets to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI), (2) the Routing Area Update Accept message contains an indication of Idle mode Signaling Reduction (ISR) being activated, and (3) a periodic tracking area update timer has already expired. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein setting of the TIN to an identifier related to a Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein setting of the TIN to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 9. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: transmitting a Tracking Area Update (TAU) request including \u201cGUTI from P-TMSr\u201d as Old GUTI, in a case where the TIN is set to P-TMSI. 10. A User Equipment (UE) comprising: a transmitter configured to send a Tracking Area Update Request message; a receiver configured to receive a Tracking Area Update Accept message in a case where the Tracking Area Update Request message is accepted; and a setting unit configured to set a Temporary Identity used in Next Update (TIN) to Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) in a case where (1) the TIN currently sets to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI), (2) the Tracking Area Update Accept message contains an indication of Idle mode Signaling Reduction (ISR) being activated, and (3) a periodic tracking area update timer has already expired. 11. The UE according to claim 10 wherein, setting of the TIN to Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 12. The UE according to claim 10 wherein, setting of the TIN to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 13. The UE according to claim 10 wherein: the Tracking Area Update (TAU) request includes \u201cGUTI from P-TMSI\u201d as Old GUTI, in a case where the TIN is set to P-TMSI. 14. A paging processing method, comprising: sending, by a User Equipment (UE), a Tracking Area Update Request message; receiving, by the UE, a Tracking Area Update Accept message in a case where the Tracking Area Update Request message is accepted; and setting of a Temporary Identity used in Next Update (TIN) to an identifier related to Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) an identifier related to a first kind of radio access technology (RAT) in a case where (1) the TIN currently sets to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) an identifier related to a second kind of RAT, (2) the Tracking Area Update Accept message related to the second kind of RAT contains an indication of Idle mode Signaling Reduction (ISR) being activated, and (3) a periodic tracking area update timer related to the second kind of RAT has already expired. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein setting of the TIN to an identifier related to a Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein setting of the TIN to Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) corresponds to the ISR being deactivated. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein: the Tracking Area Update (TAU) request includes \u201cGUTI from P-TMSI\u201d as Old GUTI, in a case where the TIN is set to P-TMSI.",
-    "Assemblies and methods for delivering an implant to a patient are disclosed. A delivery assembly can comprise an elongate tube, an outer magnetic member, and an inner magnetic member. The elongate tube extends from a proximal end portion to a distal end portion and defines a delivery lumen. The outer magnetic member can be movable along an outer surface of the tube; the inner magnetic member can be positioned within the delivery lumen and magnetically coupled to the outer magnetic member through a sidewall of the tube. The inner magnetic member can be movable through the delivery lumen when actuated by relative movement between the outer magnetic member and the tube. The delivery assembly can further comprise a syringe or an inflator/deflator couplable to a hub at the proximal end portion of the tube. The syringe or inflator/deflator can be used to urge fluid against a proximal end portion of the inner magnetic member. 1. A delivery assembly, comprising: an elongate tube extending from a proximal end portion to a distal end portion and defining a delivery lumen; an outer magnetic member movable along an outer surface of the tube; and an inner magnetic member positioned within the delivery lumen and magnetically coupled to the outer magnetic member through a sidewall of the tube, the inner magnetic member movable through the delivery lumen when actuated by relative movement between the outer magnetic member and the tube. 2. The delivery assembly of claim 1, further comprising a syringe or an inflator/deflator couplable to a hub at the proximal end portion of the tube. 3. The delivery assembly of claim 1, further comprising an implant positioned within the delivery lumen and distal to the inner magnetic member. 4. The delivery assembly of claim 3, wherein the implant is an elongate and expandable member for occluding a vascular vessel. 5. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer magnetic member is sized and shaped to surround a portion of the tube. 6. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the tube, the inner magnetic member, and the outer magnetic member are coaxial. 7. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer magnetic member includes a plurality of permanent magnets forming a magnetic stack, and wherein adjacent permanent magnets of the magnetic stack are arranged so that opposing poles face one another. 8. The delivery assembly of claim 7, wherein one or more permanent magnets of the magnetic stack are separated by one or more non-magnetic spacer members. 9. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the inner magnetic member includes a plurality of permanent magnets forming a magnetic stack, and wherein adjacent permanent magnets of the magnetic stack are arranged so that opposing poles face one another. 10. The delivery assembly of claim 9, wherein one or more permanent magnets of the magnetic stack are separated by one or more non-magnetic spacer members. 11. The delivery assembly of claim 1, further comprising an elastomeric member surrounding a portion of the inner magnetic member, the elastomeric member providing a seal between an outer surface of the inner magnetic member and an inner surface of the tube. 12. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the sidewall of the tube at its distal end portion includes one or more pressure dissipation holes. 13. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the distal end portion of the tube includes a rapid exchange lumen extending generally parallel with the delivery lumen; and wherein the rapid exchange lumen is sized and shaped to receive a guidewire. 14. The delivery assembly of claim 1, wherein the distal end portion of the tube is skived. 15. A method, comprising: accessing a vascular vessel by piercing an opening; inserting a guidewire into the opening and advancing the guidewire through a portion of the vascular vessel; inserting a distal end portion of an elongate tube and an implant, which is positioned within a delivery lumen of the tube, into the vascular vessel; advancing at least an intermediate portion of the tube and the implant into the vascular vessel; and generating relative movement between an inner magnetic member, which is positioned within the delivery lumen and proximal to the implant, and the tube, thereby urging portions of the implant out the distal end portion of the tube and into the vascular vessel. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein inserting the distal end portion of the tube and the implant into the vascular vessel includes advancing a rapid exchange lumen, located at the distal end portion of the tube, over the guidewire. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein generating relative movement between the inner magnetic member and the tube includes moving an outer magnetic member, which is positioned at least partially around the tube, relative to the tube and creating a movable magnetic field through a sidewall of the tube. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein moving the outer magnetic member relative to the tube includes causing the relative movement between the inner magnetic member and the tube. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein generating relative movement between the inner magnetic member and the tube includes urging fluid against a proximal end portion of the inner magnetic member using a syringe or an inflator/deflator, which is coupled to a proximal end portion of the tube, while maintaining a magnetic coupling between a static outer magnetic member, which is positioned at least partially around the tube, and the inner magnetic member. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein urging fluid against the proximal end portion of the inner magnetic member while maintaining the magnetic coupling between the static outer magnetic member and the inner magnetic member causes the intermediate and distal end portions of the tube to move proximally. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein urging portions of the implant out the distal end portion of the tube and into the vascular vessel includes inserting an elongate and expandable member in the vascular vessel to occlude blood flow through the vascular vessel. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising removing the tube from the vascular vessel and sealing the opening after portions of the implant are urged out the distal end portion of the tube a desired amount.",
-    "A printing control apparatus includes a defective nozzle detecting section that detects a defective nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles; and a complementing section that forms a complementary dot which complements dots of a first raster to be recorded using the defective nozzle on at least one of a second raster and the first raster using a complementary nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles. The complementing section includes an adjusting section which sets main scanning being performed after the defective nozzle is detected as a first main scanning, sets main scanning being performed M times after the defective nozzle is detected as a M-th main scanning, and allows a usage rate of ink in the first main scanning to be greater than a usage rate of ink in the M-th main scanning, regarding the usage rate of ink discharged using the same complementary nozzle. 1. A printing control apparatus for a printing section that repeats main scanning in which a plurality of nozzles discharging ink droplets and an object to be printed are reciprocated in a main scanning direction, reciprocates the plurality of nozzles and the object to be printed in a sub scanning direction between one and the other of the main scanning, and forms dots of a raster in the main scanning direction by performing the main scanning M times (M is integer of two or more), the apparatus comprising: a defective nozzle detecting section that detects a defective nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles; and a complementing section that forms a complementary dot which complements dots of a first raster to be recorded using the defective nozzle on at least one of a second raster and the first raster using a complementary nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles, wherein the complementing section includes an adjusting section which sets main scanning being performed after the defective nozzle is detected as a first main scanning, sets main scanning being performed M times after the defective nozzle is detected as a M-th main scanning, and allows a usage rate of ink in the first main scanning to be greater than a usage rate of ink in the M-th main scanning, regarding the usage rate of ink discharged using the same complementary nozzle. 2. The printing control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the adjusting section sets main scanning after the first main scanning as a second main scanning, and allows the usage rate of ink in the first main scanning to be greater than the usage rate of ink in the second main scanning, regarding the usage rate of ink discharged using the same complementary nozzle. 3. The printing control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the M-th means three times or more, and wherein the adjusting section sets the main scanning after the second main scanning as a third main scanning, and allows the usage rate of ink in the second main scanning to be greater than the usage rate of ink in the third main scanning, regarding the usage rate of ink discharged using the same complementary nozzle. 4. The printing control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the adjusting section allows the usage rate of ink in the main scanning after the M-th main scanning to be constant, regarding the usage rate of ink discharged using the same complementary nozzle. 5. The printing control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the complementary nozzle includes a first raster complementary nozzle for forming the complementary dot on the first raster, and a second raster complementary nozzle for forming the complementary dot on the second raster, and wherein, in the same main scanning, the adjusting section allows the usage rate of ink discharged using the first raster complementary nozzle to be greater than the usage rate of ink discharged using the second raster complementary nozzle. 6. A printing control method for a printing section that repeats main scanning in which a plurality of nozzles discharging ink droplets and an object to be printed are reciprocated in a main scanning direction, reciprocates the plurality of nozzles and the object to be printed in a sub scanning direction between one and the other of the main scanning, and forms dots of a raster in the main scanning direction by performing the main scanning M times (M is integer of two or more), the method comprising: detecting a defective nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles; and forming a complementary dot which complements dots of a first raster to be recorded using the defective nozzle on at least one of a second raster and the first raster using a complementary nozzle included in the plurality of nozzles, wherein the forming includes setting main scanning which is performed after the defective nozzle is detected as a first main scanning, setting main scanning which is performed M times after the defective nozzle is detected as a M-th main scanning, and allowing a usage rate of ink in the first main scanning to be greater than a usage rate of ink in the M-th main scanning, regarding the usage rate of ink discharged using the same complementary nozzle.",
-    "A method of making silicone microspheres comprises nebulizing a silicone precursor solution comprising one or more oligomeric dimethylsiloxanes, a catalyst and a solvent into an aerosol comprising a plurality of droplets. Each droplet comprises the silicone precursor solution. The droplets are entrained in a gas which is flowed through a reaction zone comprising light energy and/or heat energy. Upon exposure of the droplets to the light energy and/or the heat energy, the solvent evaporates and the one or more oligomeric dimethylsiloxanes are polymerized. Thus, silicone microspheres are formed from the droplets of the aerosol. 1. A method of making silicone microspheres, the method comprising: nebulizing a silicone precursor solution comprising one or more oligomeric dimethylsiloxanes, a catalyst and a solvent into an aerosol comprising a plurality of droplets, each droplet comprising the silicone precursor solution; entraining the droplets in a gas and flowing the gas through a reaction zone comprising light energy and/or heat energy, wherein, upon exposure of the droplets to the light energy and/or the heat energy, the solvent evaporates and the one or more oligomeric dimethylsiloxanes are polymerized, thereby forming silicone microspheres from the droplets of the aerosol. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more oligomeric dimethylsiloxanes are present in the silicone precursor solution at a concentration of no greater than about 150 mg/mL. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the concentration is from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein nebulizing the silicone precursor solution comprises exposing the silicone precursor solution to ultrasonic energy. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas comprises an inert gas. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas is flowed through the reaction zone at a flow rate of from about 0.1 slpm to about 2 slpm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction zone is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 200\u00b0 C. to about 400\u00b0 C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplets of the aerosol have a residence time in the reaction zone of from about 0.1 s to about 500 s. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a Pt catalyst or a Sn catalyst, and wherein the solvent comprises an organic solvent. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after forming the silicone microspheres, collecting the silicone microspheres in an apparatus selected from the group consisting of: one or more bubblers comprising an organic or aqueous liquid, an electrostatic precipitator, and a filter. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the silicone microspheres have an average diameter of about 30 microns or less. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the average diameter is about 2 microns or less. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the silicone microspheres consist essentially of silicone. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the silicone microspheres comprise a core-shell structure including a shell comprising silicone and a core comprising a core material different from silicone. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the silicone microspheres comprise more than one core. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the core material is selected from the group consisting of: a dye or fluorophore, a polymer, an oxide, a metal, a semiconductor, carbon, an ionic salt, a pharmaceutical agent and/or an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the silicone precursor solution further includes a core material precursor. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a weight ratio of the core material precursor to the one or more oligomeric dimethylsiloxanes in the silicone precursor solution is from about 1:20 to about 1:1. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the weight ratio is from about 1:10 to about 1:2. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising exposing the silicone microspheres comprising the core-shell structure to a solvent for a time sufficient to dissolve the core material, thereby yielding hollow silicone microspheres.",
-    "A combination necklace and earphone set is disclosed which is changeable between the two configurations by magnetically attaching ear buds at each end of a chain to each other. When attached, the chain is closed, forming a loop and necklace, such that controls for the earphones act as beads on each side and a pendant is situated opposite the ear buds. The pendant, in embodiments, houses a battery which powers the earphones. When detached, the chain is an open loop, with an earphone at each end. A joint between the earphones and wire/chain allows the earphones to swivel with respect to the wire/chain. 1. A combination necklace and earphones, comprising: first and second earphones, each having a first end with a ball joint pivot and a second end with a magnetic field passing there-through, such that said second ends of each said first and said second earphones are in a magnetically held together condition when brought near each other; a first length of wire electrically connecting said first earphone to a first set of controls within a control housing; a second length of wire electrically connecting said second earphone to a second set of controls within a control housing; wherein said control housings are identically sized and said first length and said second length of wire are of identical length such that: said first earphone is symmetric in size and position with said second earphone; said first wire is symmetric in size and position with said second wire; and said first control housing is symmetric in size and position with said second control housing. 2. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 1, further comprising a pendant situated equidistant between said first and said second control housing. 3. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 2, wherein said pendant has an identical color scheme with identical stripes as each of said first and second earphone. 4. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 3, wherein said first and said second earphone in said magnetically held together condition are situated opposite said pendant in a closed loop. 5. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 4, wherein said first earphone and said second earphone rotate with respect to said pendant via said ball joint pivot, such that in said magnetically held together condition said second end of said first and second earphones are in parallel with said pendant when said earphones are worn, and when said earphones are in said magnetically held together condition. 6. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 5, wherein an angle between said first wire and said first earphone is more acute when said earphones are worn than when said first and said second earphones are in a magnetically held together condition. 7. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 1, wherein each said second end of said first and said second earphones comprises an outer region with portals opening to a speaker, and an inner region covering a magnet used to create said magnetically held together condition. 8. A method of wearing a combination necklace and earphone device comprising the steps of: donning a first and second earphone, such that a first control housing hangs downward from said first earphone and a second control housing hangs downward from said second earphone, each said control housing having the same height and circumference as each other and being equidistant from the ground; connecting second ends of said first and said second earphone to each other via magnetic force forming a loop comprising said first and second earphones, said battery housing, said control housing, and a pendant, such that connected said first and said second earphones are at opposites of said loop from said pendant. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein, after said step of connecting, first and said second earphones are worn as part of a necklace. 10. The method of claim 9, comprising an additional step of disconnecting said second ends of said first and said second earphones from each other and then carrying out said step of donning. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein each said first and said second earphones comprise a first end, opposite said second end, with a ball joint pivot connecting said first earphone and said second earphone each to one of said first and said second control housings by way of a wire. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein said pendant has an identical color scheme, with identical stripes, as each of said first and second earphones. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said first earphone and said second earphone rotate with respect to said pendant via said ball joint pivot, such that in said magnetically held together condition said second end of said first and second earphone are in parallel with said pendant when said earphones are worn, and when said earphones are in said magnetically held together condition. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein an angle between said control housing and said first earphone is more acute after said step of donning than after said step of connecting. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein each said second end of said first and said second earphone comprises an outer region with portals opening to a speaker, and an inner region covering a magnet used to create said magnetically held together condition. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein each of said first and said second earphones is barrel shaped. 17. A combination necklace and earphones of claim 1, wherein each said first and second earphones is barrel shaped. 18. The combination necklace and earphones of claim 2, wherein said pendant has a reversed color scheme with identical stripes to that of a majority color of each of said first and second earphone.",
-    "A light assembly for illuminating an emblem includes a housing, an emblem, and an optical light guide. The housing holds a light source. The emblem has a structural body defined by emblem edges. The optical light guide is coupled to the housing and has a shape associated with the emblem. A surface of the optical light guide faces and is at least partially covered by the structural body of the emblem. The optical light guide defines exposed edges that project laterally beyond the emblem edges of the emblem. The optical light guide is configured to receive light generated by the light source and to emit at least some of the light along the exposed edges thereof. 1. A light assembly for illuminating an emblem, the light assembly comprising: a housing that holds at least one light source configured to generate light; an emblem having a structural body defined by emblem edges; and an optical light guide coupled to the housing, the optical light guide having a shape associated with the emblem and a surface facing and at least partially covered by the structural body of the emblem, the optical light guide defining exposed edges that project laterally beyond the emblem edges of the emblem, the optical light guide being configured to receive light generated by the at least one light source and to emit at least some of the light along the exposed edges thereof. 2. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the light emitted from the optical light guide proximate to the exposed edges illuminates the emblem edges. 3. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the housing includes a frame extending from a base of the housing, the frame defining a perimeter of a cavity, the at least one light source being mounted to the frame and facing the cavity, the optical light guide being received in the cavity and being configured to receive light generated by the at least one light source through an exterior edge of the optical light guide along a perimeter of the optical light guide. 4. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the optical light guide receives the light from the at least one light source through an exterior edge of the optical light guide along a perimeter of the optical light guide, the optical light guide including at least one light spreading feature defined along the exterior edge, each light spreading feature aligned with and optically coupled to a corresponding light source such that light from the light source refracts through the light spreading feature to be received in the optical light guide. 5. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the optical light guide includes at least one branching location where a single segment of the optical light guide splits into at least two segments, the optical light guide defining a reflection feature proximate to a corresponding branching location, the reflection feature configured to reflect light transmitted through the single segment into the at least two segments that extend therefrom at the branching location. 6. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the optical light guide is at least partially composed of an acrylic material. 7. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the structural body of the emblem is opaque. 8. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the structural body of the emblem covers a covered region of the optical light guide that is interior of the exposed edges of the optical light guide, the optical light guide having a reflective layer disposed on the surface facing the structural body of the emblem along the covered region, the reflective layer configured to reflect light that impinges thereon back into the optical light guide to prohibit the light from being emitted from the optical light guide along the covered region. 9. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein an exposed region of the optical light guide is defined between the exposed edges and the emblem edges of the emblem, the exposed region comprising a minority of a surface area of the optical light guide. 10. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the structural body of the emblem covers a covered region of the optical light guide and an exposed region of the optical light guide extends from the covered region to the exposed edges of the optical light guide, the optical light guide having a greater thickness along the exposed region than along the covered region of the optical light guide, the exposed region projecting beyond the covered region along the surface facing the emblem to at least partially define a groove that receives the structural body of the emblem therein. 11. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the structural body of the emblem includes an inner emblem feature and an outer emblem feature that at least partially surrounds the inner emblem feature, the exposed edges of the optical light guide extending along both the emblem edges of the inner emblem feature and an interior emblem edge of the outer emblem feature such that the light emitted along the exposed edges of the optical light guide illuminates both the emblem edges of the inner emblem feature and the interior emblem edge of the outer emblem feature. 12. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the structural body of the emblem includes an inner emblem feature and an outer emblem feature that at least partially surrounds the inner emblem feature, the emblem defining one or more spaces between the inner emblem feature and the outer emblem feature. 13. The light assembly of claim 1, wherein the optical light guide includes light scattering elements proximate to the exposed edges of the optical light guide, the light scattering elements configured to reflect and scatter at least some of the light in the optical light guide. 14. The light assembly of claim 13, wherein the surface of the optical light guide that faces the structural body of the emblem is a front surface, and the optical light guide further has a rear surface opposite the front surface, the light scattering elements being located along the rear surface of the optical light guide and being configured to reflect light towards the front surface for emission of the light through the front surface. 15. The light assembly of claim 14, wherein the light scattering elements are at least one of etched areas of the optical light guide, a paint applied to the rear surface of the optical light guide, or a serrated object applied to the rear surface of the optical light guide. 16. The light assembly of claim 13, wherein an exposed region of the optical light guide is defined between the exposed edges and the emblem edges of the emblem, the light scattering elements being aligned with the exposed region. 17. A light assembly for illuminating an emblem, the light assembly comprising: an emblem having a structural body defined by emblem edges; and an optical light guide coupled to the emblem, the optical light guide being configured to receive light generated by at least one light source and to transmit the light through the optical light guide, the optical light guide having a shape associated with the emblem, the optical light guide having a front surface facing and at least partially covered by the structural body of the emblem, the optical light guide defining exposed edges that project laterally beyond the emblem edges of the emblem, wherein an exposed region of the optical light guide is defined between the exposed edges and the emblem edges of the emblem, the optical light guide having light scattering elements located along the exposed region, the light scattering elements being configured to reflect at least some of the light being transmitted through the optical light guide to emit light from the optical light guide along the exposed region and illuminate the emblem edges of the emblem. 18. The light assembly of claim 17, wherein the light scattering elements are etched areas of the optical light guide. 19. The light assembly of claim 17, wherein the optical light guide receives the light from the at least one light source through an exterior edge of the optical light guide along a perimeter of the optical light guide, the optical light guide including at least one light spreading feature defined along the exterior edge, each light spreading feature aligned with and optically coupled to a corresponding light source such that light from the light source refracts through the light spreading feature to enter the optical light guide. 20. The light assembly of claim 17, wherein the structural body of the emblem covers a covered region of the optical light guide that is adjacent to the exposed region of the optical light guide, the optical light guide having a reflective layer disposed on the front surface along the covered region, the reflective layer configured to reflect light that impinges thereon back into optical light guide to prohibit the light from being emitted from the front surface along the covered region.",
-    "An analog electronic timepiece is an analog electronic watch capable of displaying a plurality of types of calendar information, and includes a first index adapted to indicate the type of the calendar information, and a second index adapted to indicate a value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index. 1. A timepiece capable of displaying a plurality of types of calendar information, comprising: a first index adapted to indicate the type of the calendar information; and a second index adapted to indicate a value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index. 2. The timepiece according to claim 1, wherein the types of the calendar information which can be indicated by the first index are day, month, and a number of years elapsed from a leap year, and the values of the calendar information which can be indicated by the second index are numbers of 0 through 31. 3. The timepiece according to claim 1, wherein the first index is configured so as to be able to indicate a day of the week, and in a case in which the first index indicates the day of the week, the second index indicates the value of the day. 4. The timepiece according to claim 1, wherein the types of the calendar information which can be indicated by the first index are day, month, and a number of years elapsed from a leap year, the values of the calendar information which can be indicated by the second index are numbers of 0 through 31, the second index is configured so as to be able to make a movement with a normal rotation and a movement with a reverse rotation, and a movement range of the second index is limited within a range of indicating the numbers of 1 through 12 in a case in which the first index indicates the month, and limited within a range of indicating the numbers of 0 through 3 in a case in which the first index indicates the number of years elapsed from a leap year. 5. The timepiece according to claim 1, wherein the types of the calendar information which can be indicated by the first index are day, month, and a number of years elapsed from a leap year, the values of the calendar information which can be indicated by the second index are numbers of 0 through 31, and the second index moves through a position of indicating the number of 0 with fast-forwarding in a case in which the first index indicates the day, through positions of indicating the numbers of 0 and 13 through 31 with fast-forwarding in a case in which the first index indicates the month, and through positions of indicating the numbers of 4 through 31 with fast-forwarding in a case in which the first index indicates the number of years elapsed from a leap year. 6. The timepiece according to claim 1, further comprising: a first drive unit adapted to drive the first index; a second drive unit adapted to drive the second index; an operation unit; a detection section adapted to detect an operation to the operation unit to output a detection signal upon detection of the operation; and a calendar display processing section adapted to control the first drive unit to switch the type of the calendar information indicated by the first index upon input of the detection signal, and control the second drive unit to make the second index indicate the value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index upon input of the detection signal. 7. A timepiece capable of displaying a plurality of types of calendar information, comprising: a secondary cell; a charge amount detection section adapted to detect an amount of charge of the secondary cell; a first index adapted to indicate the type of the calendar information; and a second index adapted to indicate a value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index, wherein the first index is configured so as to be able to indicate the charge amount. 8. The timepiece according to claim 7, wherein the types of the calendar information which can be indicated by the first index are day, month, and a number of years elapsed from a leap year, and the values of the calendar information which can be indicated by the second index are numbers of 0 through 31. 9. The timepiece according to claim 7, wherein in a case in which the first index indicates the charge amount, the second index indicates the value of the day. 10. The timepiece according to claim 7, wherein the first index is configured so as to be able to indicate a day of the week, and in a case in which the first index indicates the day of the week, the second index indicates the value of the day. 11. The timepiece according to claim 7, wherein in a case in which indication of the charge amount by the first index is absent, the first index indicates the charge amount in accordance with a drop of the charge amount to a level lower than a predetermined threshold value. 12. The timepiece according to claim 7, wherein the timepiece is capable of performing an additional function other than the function of displaying the calendar information, the first index is configured so as to be able to indicate a type of the additional function, and there is further included a third index adapted to indicate information related to the function of the type indicated by the first index in a case in which the first index indicates the type of the additional function. 13. The timepiece according to claim 12, wherein execution of the additional function is restricted in a case in which the charge amount reaches a level lower than a predetermined threshold value. 14. The timepiece according to claim 7, further comprising: a first drive unit adapted to drive the first index; a second drive unit adapted to drive the second index; an operation unit; a detection section adapted to detect an operation to the operation unit to output a detection signal upon detection of the operation; and a calendar display processing section adapted to control the first drive unit to switch an indication position of the first index upon input of the detection signal, and control the second drive unit to make the second index indicate the value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index in a case in which the first index indicates the type of the calendar information. 15. A timepiece capable of performing a plurality of functions including a function of displaying calendar information, comprising: a first index adapted to indicate a type of calendar information and a type of an additional function other than the function of displaying the calendar information; a second index adapted to indicate a value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index in a case in which the first index indicates the type of the calendar information; and a third index adapted to indicate information related to the function of the type indicated by the first index in a case in which the first index indicates the type of the additional function. 16. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein the types of the calendar information which can be indicated by the first index are day, month, and a number of years elapsed from a leap year, and the values of the calendar information which can be indicated by the second index are numbers of 0 through 31. 17. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein the first index is configured so as to be able to indicate a day of the week, and in a case in which the first index indicates the day of the week, the second index indicates the value of the day. 18. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein one of the additional functions is an alarm function, and in a case in which the first index indicates the alarm function as the type of the additional function, the third index indicates alarm time set in the alarm function. 19. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein one of the additional functions is a chronograph function, and in a case in which the first index indicates the chronograph function as the type of the additional function, the third index indicates measured time of the chronograph function. 20. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein one of the additional functions is a chronograph function, and in a case in which the first index indicates the chronograph function as the type of the additional function, the second index and the third index indicate measured time of the chronograph function. 21. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein one of the additional functions is a timer function, and in a case in which the first index indicates the timer function as the type of the additional function, the third index indicates measured time of the timer function. 22. The timepiece according to claim 15, wherein one of the additional functions is a dual time display function, and in a case in which the first index indicates the dual time display function as the type of the additional function, the third index indicates set time set in the dual time display function. 23. The timepiece according to claim 15, further comprising: a first drive unit adapted to drive the first index; a second drive unit adapted to drive the second index; a third drive unit adapted to drive the third index; an operation unit; a detection section adapted to detect an operation to the operation unit to output a detection signal upon detection of the operation; a calendar display processing section adapted to control the first drive unit to switch an indication position of the first index upon input of the detection signal, and control the second drive unit to make the second index indicate the value of the calendar information of the type indicated by the first index in a case in which the first index indicates the type of the calendar information; and a function section adapted to control the third drive unit to make the third index indicate information related to the function of the type indicated by the first index in a case in which the first index indicates the type of the additional function.",
-    "A message is received via a time-synchronized communication channel implemented on a radio link of a cellular network from a terminal. The message includes data associated with the service implemented by the terminal and a node of the cellular network. The message has been transmitted by the terminal at a first point in time. A timeout point in time of communication associated with the service is determined based on the first point in time. 1. A node of a cellular network, comprising: an interface configured to communicate with a terminal on a time-synchronized communication channel implemented on a radio link of the cellular network, at least one processor configured to receive, via the interface from the terminal, a message including data associated with a service implemented by the terminal and the node, the message having been transmitted by the terminal on the channel at a first point in time, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a timeout point in time of communication associated with the service based on the first point in time. 2. The node of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the timeout point in time further based on a second point in time corresponding to arrival of the data at an upper layer of a transmitter protocol stack of the channel. 3. The node of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the second point in time based on at least one of a predefined value and timestamp information indicative of the second point in time included in the message. 4. The node of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the first point in time based on a synchronization signal communicated on the channel. 5. The node of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to add timestamp information indicative of the timeout point in time to a further message including the data, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit the further message. 6. The node of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to monitor the timeout point in time. 7. The node of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to discard the data based on said monitoring. 8. The node of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to discard further data associated with the service based on said monitoring. 9. The node of claim 8, wherein the data prompts the further data. 10. The node of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit a notification message including an Acknowledgement Repeat Request protocol sequence number of discarded data, in response to said discarding. 11. The node of claim 10, wherein the message and the notification message are communicated on a payload section of the channel. 12. The node of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a timeout rate of communication associated with the service based on said monitoring, wherein the at least one processor is configured to selectively execute said discarding based on the timeout rate. 13. The node of claim 12, wherein the timeout rate comprises a discard rate of discarding data associated with the service in response to a timeout of communication associated with the service. 14. The node of any one of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to re-negotiate a latency parameter of a quality of service associated with the service based on said monitoring. 15. The node of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a timeout rate of communication associated with the service based on said monitoring, wherein the at least one processor is configured to compare the timeout rate with a timeout rate parameter of the quality of service associated with the service, wherein the at least one processor is configured to selectively re-negotiate the latency parameter based on said comparing. 16. The node of claim 15, wherein the timeout rate comprises a discard rate of discarding data associated with the service in response to a timeout of communication associated with the service. 17. The node of claim 1, wherein a timeout parameter of a quality of service associated with the service indicates an availability of timeout of communication associated with the service. 18. The node of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the timeout point in time further based on a latency parameter of a quality of service associated with the service. 19. The node of claim 1, wherein the node is an access point node or a gateway node of a core of the cellular network. 20. A method, comprising: receiving, from a terminal attached to a cellular network via a time-synchronized communication channel implemented on a radio link of the cellular network, a message, the message including data associated with a service implemented by the terminal and a node of the cellular network, the message having been transmitted by the terminal on the channel at a first point in time, determining a timeout point in time of communication associated with the service based on the first point in time. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the method is executed by the node of claim 1.",
-    "A method and associated system for automatically correcting an application based on runtime behavior of the application. An incident indicates a performance of the application in which a problem object produces an outcome that had not been expected by a user. An incident flow for the problem object is automatically analyzed. Actual run of the application renders a forward data flow and at least one backward data flow is simulated from an expected outcome of the problem object. The forward data flow and the at least one backward data flow are compared to create a candidate fault list for the problem object. A technical specification that corrects the incident by use of the candidate fault list and a specification of the application is generated. 1. A method for automatically correcting an application based on runtime behavior of the application, said method comprising: receiving, by a processor of a computer system, incident details of an incident of the application from a first user, wherein the incident is an erroneous run of the application in which an incorrect data value of a first problem object was determined such that the incorrect data value had not been expected by the first user and differs from a correct data value of the first problem object that had been expected by the first user; said processor receiving an initial input value for a first assignment object; after said receiving the initial input value for the first assignment object, said processor identifying and storing from the incident details an incident flow comprising the first problem object and at least one assignment object that affects the first problem object within the application, said at least one assignment object comprising the first assignment object; said processor creating and storing a forward data flow of the incident flow by tracking data values of the incident flow of at least one code statement that had been actually performed from the beginning of the application up to the incident with respect to the first problem object; said processor creating and storing at least one backward data flow of the incident flow by simulating the data values of the incident flow, in an order reverse to actual performance of the application, from the correct data value of the first problem object to the initial input value for the first assignment object; said processor generating and storing a candidate fault list of the first problem object of the incident by use of the forward data flow and the at least one backward data flow; said processor receiving a first input from a second user, wherein the first input indicates that the second user approves the generated candidate fault list based on the forward data flow and said at least one backward data flow, and wherein the second user is authorized to update the application; and responsive to receiving the first input from the second user, said processor generating a technical specification that corrects the incident of the application by use of the candidate fault list and a specification of the application. 2. The method of claim 1, said generating the technical specification comprising: retrieving at least one candidate fault list including the candidate fault list of the first problem object and retrieving the specification of the application; identifying an origin of the incident from the at least one candidate fault list; devising a replacement for the origin, wherein the replacement is selected from the group consisting of a new data object, a new code statement, and a combination thereof; and adding the origin and the replacement in the technical specification for the incident. 3. The method of claim 1, said method further comprising: said processor generating a solution according to the technical specification and generating a resolution that describes the solution for the first user; said processor presenting to the second user the solution and receiving a second input from the second user, wherein the second input indicates that the second user approves the solution; and responsive to receiving the second input from the second user, said processor updating the application with the solution such that the application runs free of the incident and communicating the resolution to the first user. 4. The method of claim 1, said creating said at least one backward data flow comprising: assigning the correct data value of the first problem object to the first problem object in a last code statement of said at least one code statement in the incident flow; recalculating said at least one assignment object from the correct data value of the first problem object; determining that said first assignment object has the initial input value; and generating a first backward data flow of said at least one backward data flow for the first problem object. 5. The method of claim 4, said generating the candidate fault list comprising: identifying a first code statement of the at least one code statement as a first candidate fault: simulating a new data flow by applying a different set of input values for said at least one assignment object; determining that respective values of the new data flow and the first backward data flow are identical; and adding the first candidate fault in the candidate fault list of the first problem object. 6. A computer program product comprising: a computer readable memory having a computer readable program code stored therein, said computer readable program code containing instructions that upon being executed by a processor of a computer system implements a method for automatically correcting an application based on runtime behavior of the application, said method comprising: said processor receiving incident details of an incident of the application from a first user, wherein the incident is an erroneous run of the application in which an incorrect data value of a first problem object was determined such that the incorrect data value had not been expected by the first user and differs from a correct data value of the first problem object that had been expected by the first user; said processor receiving an initial input value for a first assignment object; after said receiving the initial input value for the first assignment object, said processor identifying and storing from the incident details an incident flow comprising the first problem object and at least one assignment object that affects the first problem object within the application, said at least one assignment object comprising the first assignment object; said processor creating and storing a forward data flow of the incident flow by tracking data values of the incident flow of at least one code statement that had been actually performed from the beginning of the application up to the incident with respect to the first problem object; said processor creating and storing at least one backward data flow of the incident flow by simulating the data values of the incident flow, in an order reverse to actual performance of the application, from the correct data value of the first problem object to the initial input value for the first assignment object, said processor generating and storing a candidate fault list of the first problem object of the incident by use of the forward data flow and the at least one backward data flow; said processor receiving a first input from a second user, wherein the first input indicates that the second user approves the generated candidate fault list based on the forward data flow and said at least one backward data flow, and wherein the second user is authorized to update the application; and responsive to receiving the first input from the second user, said processor generating a technical specification that corrects the incident of the application by use of the candidate fault list and a specification of the application. 7. The computer program product of claim 6, said generating the technical specification comprising: retrieving at least one candidate fault list including the candidate fault list of the first problem object and retrieving the specification of the application; identifying an origin of the incident from the at least one candidate fault list; devising a replacement for the origin, wherein the replacement is selected from the group consisting of a new data object, a new code statement, and a combination thereof; and adding the origin and the replacement in the technical specification for the incident. 8. The computer program product of claim 6, said method further comprising: said processor generating a solution according to the technical specification and generating a resolution that describes the solution for the first user; said processor presenting to the second user the solution and receiving a second input from the second user, wherein the second input indicates that the second user approves the solution; and responsive to receiving the second input from the second user, said processor updating the application with the solution such that the application runs the ticketing tool. 9. The computer program product of claim 6, said creating said at least one backward data flow comprising: assigning the correct data value of the first problem object to the first problem object in a last code statement of said at least one code statement in the incident flow; recalculating said at least one assignment object from the correct data value of the first problem object; determining that said first assignment object has the initial input value; and generating a first backward data flow of said at least one backward data flow for the first problem object. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, said generating the candidate fault list comprising: identifying a first code statement of the at least one code statement as a first candidate fault; simulating a new data flow by applying a different set of input values for said at least one assignment object; determining that respective values of the new data flow and the first backward data flow are identical; and adding the first candidate fault in the candidate fault list of the first problem object. 11. A computer system comprising a processor and a computer readable memory unit coupled to the processor, said computer readable memory unit containing instructions that upon being executed by the processor implement a method for automatically correcting an application based on runtime behavior of the application, said method comprising: said processor receiving incident details of an incident of the application from a first user, wherein the incident is an erroneous run of the application in which an incorrect data value of a first problem object was determined such that the incorrect data value had not been expected by the first user and differs from a correct data value of the first problem object that had been expected by the first user; said processor receiving an initial input value for a first assignment object; after said receiving the initial input value for the first assignment object, said processor identifying and storing from the incident details an incident flow comprising the first problem object,\\ and at least one assignment object that affects the first problem object within the application, said at least one assignment object comprising the first assignment object; said processor creating and storing a forward data flow of the incident flow by tracking data values of the incident flow of at least one code statement that had been actually performed from the beginning of the application up to the incident with respect to the first problem object; said processor creating and storing at least one backward data flow of the incident flow by simulating the data values of the incident flow, in an order reverse to actual performance of the application, from the correct data value of the first problem object to the initial input value for the first assignment object, said processor generating and storing a candidate fault list of the first problem object of the incident by use of the forward data flow and the at least one backward data flow; said processor receiving a first input from a second user, wherein the first input indicates that the second user approves the generated candidate fault list based on the forward data flow and said at least one backward data flow, and wherein the second user is authorized to update the application; and responsive to receiving the first input from the second user, said processor generating a technical specification that corrects the incident of the application by use of the candidate fault list and a specification of the application. 12. The computer system of claim 11, said generating the technical specification comprising: retrieving at least one candidate fault list including the candidate fault list of the first problem object and retrieving the specification of the application; identifying an origin of the incident from the at least one candidate fault list; devising a replacement for the origin, wherein the replacement is selected from the group consisting of a new data object, a new code statement, and a combination thereof; and adding the origin and the replacement in the technical specification for the incident. 13. The computer system of claim 11, said method further comprising: said processor generating a solution according to the technical specification and generating a resolution that describes the solution for the first user; said processor presenting to the second user the solution and receiving a second input from the second user, wherein the second input indicates that the second user approves the solution; and responsive to receiving the second input from the second user, said processor updating the application with the solution such that the application runs free of the incident and communicating the resolution to the first user. 14. The computer system of claim 11, said creating said at least one backward data flow comprising: assigning the correct data value of the first problem object to the first problem object in a last code statement of said at least one code statement in the incident flow; recalculating said at least one assignment object from the correct data value of the first problem object; determining that said first assignment object has the initial input value; and generating a first backward data flow of said at least one backward data flow for the first problem object. 15. The computer system of claim 14, said generating the candidate fault list comprising: identifying a first code statement of the at least one code statement as a first candidate fault; simulating a new data flow by applying a different set of input values for said at least one assignment object; determining that respective values of the new data flow and the first backward data flow are identical; and adding the first candidate fault in the candidate fault list of the first problem object.",
-    "An inductor component includes a resin insulating layer having an opening portion, a first coil formed on a first surface of the resin insulating layer such that the first coil is surrounding the opening portion, a second coil that is formed on a second surface of the resin insulating layer on the opposite side with respect to the first surface such that the second coil is surrounding opening portion, a via conductor formed through the resin insulating layer such that the via conductor is connecting the first coil and the second coil, and a magnetic body structure having an opening portion magnetic body filling the opening portion of the resin insulating layer, a first surface magnetic body covering the first coil, and a second surface magnetic body covering the second coil. 1. An inductor component, comprising: a resin insulating layer having an opening portion; a first coil formed on a first surface of the resin insulating layer such that the first coil is surrounding the opening portion; a second coil that is formed on a second surface of the resin insulating layer on an opposite side with respect to the first surface such that the second coil is surrounding opening portion; a via conductor formed through the resin insulating layer such that the via conductor is connecting the first coil and the second coil; and a magnetic body structure comprising an opening portion magnetic body filling the opening portion of the resin insulating layer, a first surface magnetic body covering the first coil, and a second surface magnetic body covering the second coil. 2. An inductor component according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic body structure is formed such that the opening portion magnetic body, the first surface magnetic body and the second surface magnetic body are connected. 3. An inductor component according to claim 2, wherein the magnetic body structure comprises a single integral body comprising the opening portion magnetic body, the first surface magnetic body and the second surface magnetic body. 4. An inductor component according to claim 1, further comprising: a first insulating film formed on a surface of the first coil such that the first insulating film is interposed between the first insulating film and the first surface magnetic body; and a second insulating film formed on a surface of the second coil such that the second insulating film is interposed between the second insulating film and the second surface magnetic body. 5. An inductor component according to claim 1, wherein the first coil and the second coil form a coil structure having 2 turns or less. 6. An inductor component according to claim 1, further comprising: a pair of external terminals comprising a first terminal connected to the first coil and a second terminal connected to the second coil. 7. An inductor component according to claim 1, further comprising: a first outermost insulating layer formed on the first surface magnetic body; and a second outermost insulating layer formed on the second surface magnetic body. 8. An inductor component according to claim 7, wherein the magnetic body structure has a volume in a range of 40% to 95% with respect to an entire volume of the inductor component. 9. A printed wiring board, comprising: the inductor component of claim 1 built-in the printed wiring board. 10. An inductor component according to claim 2, further comprising: a first insulating film formed on a surface of the first coil such that the first insulating film is interposed between the first insulating film and the first surface magnetic body; and a second insulating film formed on a surface of the second coil such that the second insulating film is interposed between the second insulating film and the second surface magnetic body. 11. An inductor component according to claim 2, wherein the first coil and the second coil form a coil structure having 2 turns or less. 12. An inductor component according to claim 2, further comprising: a pair of external terminals comprising a first terminal connected to the first coil and a second terminal connected to the second coil. 13. An inductor component according to claim 2, further comprising: a first outermost insulating layer formed on the first surface magnetic body; and a second outermost insulating layer formed on the second surface magnetic body. 14. An inductor component according to claim 13, wherein the magnetic body structure has a volume in a range of 40% to 95% with respect to an entire volume of the inductor component. 15. A printed wiring board, comprising: the inductor component of claim 2 built-in the printed wiring board. 16. An inductor component according to claim 3, wherein the first coil and the second coil form a coil structure having 2 turns or less. 17. An inductor component according to claim 3, further comprising: a pair of external terminals comprising a first terminal connected to the first coil and a second terminal connected to the second coil. 18. An inductor component according to claim 3, further comprising: a first outermost insulating layer formed on the first surface magnetic body; and a second outermost insulating layer formed on the second surface magnetic body. 19. An inductor component according to claim 18, wherein the magnetic body structure has a volume in a range of 40% to 95% with respect to an entire volume of the inductor component. 20. A printed wiring board, comprising: the inductor component of claim 3 built-in the printed wiring board.",
-    "A method for identifying respective networked devices in a social communications network, which networked devices communicate messages relevant to an article. The messages may include posts, shares, likes, votes, ranks, and other comments. A server of the social communications network maintains a respective identity (e.g., user name or handle) for each connected networked device, respectively, of the social communications network. The server includes an API for requests. The method includes receiving a search item from a data communications network, collecting articles related to the search item from each of the at least one source of articles of the data communications network, storing in a database, for each respective one of the article from the step of collecting, a respective unique identifier representing the article, comparing the search item to each respective unique identifier, respectively, of the database, to determine similarity of the respective unique identifier to the search item, compiling a result set of each respective unique identifier determined similar to the search item in the step of comparing, communicatively detecting the share count of the messages of the social communications network related to the result set, deriving a score based collectively on all of the share counts from the step of communicatively detecting, the score represents topical activity of networked devices of the social communications network for the search item, calling the API of the server intermediating communications among the networked devices of the social communications network, receiving the identities of the networked devices of the social communications network; and storing the identities in a database in a storage. 1. A method of collecting identities of networked devices communicating in a social communications network regarding a topical item, comprising the steps of: calling an application programming interface (API) of a server intermediating communications among the networked devices; receiving the identities of the networked devices in the social communications network; and storing the identities in a storage. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: controlling the steps of calling and receiving to selectively obtain the identities. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of controlling receives input from a topical activity monitor that directs the step of controlling. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: monitoring topical activity among the networked devices of the social communications networks, the social communications network communicates related messages between the networked devices of the social communications network and maintains a share count of the related messages of the social communications network, and a data communications network includes at least one source of articles, including: receiving a search item from a data communications network; collecting articles related to the search item from the at least one source of articles of the data communications network; storing in a database, for each respective one of the article from the step of collecting articles, a respective unique identifier representing the article; comparing the search item to each respective unique identifier, respectively, of the database, to determine similarity of the respective unique identifier to the search item; compiling a result set of each respective unique identifier determined similar to the search item in the step of comparing; communicatively detecting the respective share count of the respective related messages of each one of the plurality of respective social communications network related to the result set; and deriving a score based collectively on all of the respective share counts from the step of communicatively detecting, the score represents topical activity of all of the respective networked devices of all of the plurality of respective social communications networks for the search item. 5. A method of monitoring topical activity and collecting identities of networked devices of a social communications network, the social communications network communicates related messages between networked devices and maintains a share count of the related messages, a data communications network includes at least one source of articles, and a respective unique identity of each of the networked devices is maintained by a server having an API and intermediating communications among the networked devices, comprising the steps of: receiving a search item from a data communications network; collecting articles related to the search item from each of the at least one source of articles of the data communications network; storing in a database, for each respective one of the article from the step of collecting, a respective unique identifier representing the article; comparing the search item to each respective unique identifier, respectively, of the database, to determine similarity of the respective unique identifier to the search item; compiling a result set of each respective unique identifier determined similar to the search item in the step of comparing; communicatively detecting the share count of the messages of the social communications network related to the result set; deriving a score based collectively on all of the share counts from the step of communicatively detecting, the score represents topical activity of networked devices of the social communications network for the search item; calling the API of the server intermediating communications among the networked devices of the social communications network; receiving the identities of the networked devices of the social communications network; and storing the identities in a database in a storage. 6. A method of monitoring topical activity among respective networked devices of each of a plurality of respective social communications networks, each respective social communications network communicates respective related messages between the respective networked devices of the respective social communications network and maintains a respective share count of the respective related messages of the respective social communications network, a data communications network includes at least one source of articles, and a respective unique identity of each of the networked devices is maintained by a respective server of the respective social communications network, the respective server has a respective API and intermediates communications among the respective networked devices of the respective social communications network, comprising the steps of: receiving a search item from a data communications network; collecting articles related to the search item from each of the at least one source of articles of the data communications network; storing in a database, for each respective one of the article from the step of collecting, a respective unique identifier representing the article; comparing the search item to each respective unique identifier, respectively, of the database, to determine similarity of the respective unique identifier to the search item; compiling a result set of each respective unique identifier determined similar to the search item in the step of comparing; communicatively detecting the respective share count of the respective related messages of each one of the plurality of respective social communications network related to the result set; deriving a score based collectively on all of the respective share counts from the step of communicatively detecting, the score represents topical activity of all of the respective networked devices of all of the plurality of respective social communications networks for the search item; calling the respective API of the respective server intermediating communications among the respective networked devices of the respective social communications network, for each of the respective social communications network; receiving the respective identities of the respective networked devices of the respective social communications network, for each of the respective social communications network; and storing the respective identities for each of the respective social communications network, in a database in a storage. 10. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of: accessing the identities in storage for target advertising in respect of the topical item. 11. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of: accessing the identities in storage for communications regarding the topical item. 12. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of: classifying the identities in storage by relation to the topical item. 13. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of: delivering the identities to an online advertiser system. 14. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of: delivering the identities to an email delivery system. 15. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of: delivering the identities to a social network.",
-    "A method for forming a non-linear thickness-profile in a first layer of a first material is disclosed. The method comprises forming an accelerator layer of a second material on the first layer and forming a mask layer disposed on the accelerator layer, wherein the mask layer enables the accelerator layer to expose the first layer to a first etchant in a first region, where the exposure time for each point along a first axis varies non-linearly as a function of distance from a first point on the first axis. Since the time for which the first layer is exposed to the first etch in the first region is non-linear, the thickness of the first layer in the first region changes non-linearly along the first axis. 1-22. (canceled) 23. A planar-lightwave circuit (PLC) including a first surface waveguide, the first surface waveguide comprising: a first cladding layer comprising a first material characterized by a first refractive index; a second cladding layer comprising a second material characterized by a second refractive index; and a first layer comprising a third material characterized by a third refractive index that is greater than each of the first and second refractive indices, the first layer being between the first and second cladding layers, and the first layer having a first region, second region, and third region that is between the first region and second region, wherein the third region abuts the first region at a first point along a first axis, and wherein the third region abuts the second region at a second point along the first axis; wherein the first layer has a first thickness in the first region, a second thickness in the second region, and a thickness in the third region that changes monotonically along the first axis between the first point and the second point; and wherein the first surface waveguide has a first mode-field profile in the first region, a second mode-field profile in the second region, and a mode-field profile that changes monotonically between the first mode-field profile and second mode-field profile between the first point and the second point. 24. The PLC of claim 23 wherein the thickness of the first layer in the third region changes in substantially sinusoidal fashion along the first axis between the first point and the second point. 25. The PLC of claim 23 wherein the thickness of the first layer in the third region changes linearly along the first axis from the first point to the second point. 26. The PLC of claim 23 wherein the thickness of the first layer along the first axis between the first point and second point is characterized by one half period of a sinusoidal function. 27. The PLC of claim 23 wherein the first layer is characterized by a taper-angle at each point along the first axis between the first point and second point, and wherein the taper angle increases at a constant rate along the first axis from the first point to the second point. 28. The PLC of claim 23 wherein the first surface waveguide has a first width in the first region, a second width in the second region, and a third width in the third region that changes monotonically along the first axis from the first point to the second point. 29. The PLC of claim 23 wherein the thickness of the first layer in the third region changes linearly at a first rate along the first axis from the first point to a third point that is between the first point and second point, and changes linearly at a second rate along the first axis from the third point to the second point. 30. A planar-lightwave circuit (PLC) that includes a first surface waveguide, the first surface waveguide comprising: a first region in which the first surface waveguide is characterized by a first refractive-index contrast; a second region in which the first surface waveguide is characterized by a second refractive-index contrast; and a third region that is between the first region and the second region and abuts the first region at a first point and abuts the second region at a second point, wherein the surface waveguide has a third refractive-index contrast that changes monotonically between the first refractive-index contrast at the first point and the second refractive-index contrast at the second point. 31. The PLC of claim 30 wherein the first surface waveguide includes a core layer comprising a first material, the core layer having a first thickness in the first region, a second thickness in the second region, and a third thickness in the third region that changes monotonically between the first thickness at the first point and the second thickness at the second point. 32. The PLC of claim 31 wherein the third thickness changes linearly between the first point and second point. 33. The PLC of claim 31 wherein the third thickness changes linearly at a first rate between the first point and a third point and at a second rate between the third point and the second point, and wherein the third point is between the first and second points. 34. The PLC of claim 31 wherein the third thickness changes in substantially sinusoidal fashion between the first point and the second point. 35. The PLC of claim 34 wherein the third thickness is characterized by one half period of a sinusoidal function. 36. The PLC of claim 31 wherein the first layer is characterized by a taper-angle at each point along a first axis between the first point and second point, and wherein the taper angle increases at a constant rate along the first axis from the first point to the second point. 37. A planar-lightwave circuit (PLC) that includes a first surface waveguide that comprises a first layer of a first material, the first layer having a first thickness in a first region, a second thickness in a second region, and a third thickness in a third region that abuts the first region at a first point and abuts the second region at a second point, wherein the third thickness changes monotonically between the first thickness and the second thickness across the third region, and wherein the first layer is provided by operations including: forming an accelerator layer on a first surface of the first layer, the accelerator layer comprising a second material, and the accelerator layer having a second surface; forming a mask layer on the accelerator layer such that the mask layer exposes the second surface in the first region and is disposed on the second surface in the second and third regions; etching the accelerator layer and the first layer in the first region for a first time period, wherein the accelerator layer is etched via a first etchant that etches the first material with a first etch rate and the second material with a second etch rate; and enabling the first etchant to etch the accelerator layer in a first lateral direction from the first point to the second point such that the first layer is exposed to the first etchant at the first point for the first time period and is substantially unexposed to the first etchant at the second point. 38. The PLC of claim 37 wherein the third thickness changes linearly from the first point to the second point. 39. The PLC of claim 37 wherein the third thickness changes sinusoidally from the first point to the second point. 40. The PLC of claim 37 wherein the third thickness changes exponentially from the first point to the second point. 41. The PLC of claim 37 wherein the third thickness changes linearly at a first rate from the first point to a third point and at a second rate from the third point to the second point, the third point being between the first and second points. 42. The PLC of claim 37 wherein the first surface waveguide has a first optical mode-field size in the first region and a second optical mode-field size in the second region, and wherein the first surface waveguide has an optical mode-field whose size changes monotonically between the first point and the second point.",
-    "Compounds of formula (I) inhibit HDAC activity: wherein A, B and D independently represent \u2550C\u2014 or \u2550N\u2014; W is a divalent radical \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or CH2CH2\u2014; R1 is an ester group; R2 is the side chain of a natural or non-natural alpha-amino acid; z is 0 or 1; and Y, L1, and X1 are as defined in the claims. 1-22. (canceled) 23. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: one of A, B, and D is \u2550N\u2014 and the others are each \u2550C\u2014; W is a divalent radical \u2014CH2CH2\u2014; R1 is an ester group of formula \u2014(C\u2550O)OR9, wherein R9 is R20R21R22C, wherein: (i) R20 is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl-(Z1)a-[(C1-C3)alkyl]b- or (C2-C3)alkenyl-(Z1)a\u2014[(C1-C3)alkyl]b- wherein a and b are independently 0 or 1 and Z1 is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or \u2014NRC\u2014 wherein Rc is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl; and R21 and R22 are independently hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl-; (ii) R20 is hydrogen or R12R13N\u2014(C1-C3)alkyl- wherein R12 is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl and R13 is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl; or R12 and R13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an monocyclic heterocyclic ring of 5- or 6- ring atoms or bicyclic heterocyclic ring system of 8 to 10 ring atoms, and R21 and R22 are independently hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl-; or (iii) R20 and R21 taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form an monocyclic carbocyclic ring of from 3 to 7 ring atoms or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system of 8 to 10 ring atoms, and R22 is hydrogen; R2 is benzyl, phenyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, tert-butoxymethyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1-benzylthio-1-methylethyl, 1-methylthio-1-methylethyl, 1-mercapto-1-methylethyl, or phenylethyl; Y is a bond, \u2014S(\u2550O)2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550S)\u2014NR3, \u2014C(\u2550NH)NR3, or \u2014S(\u2550O)2NR3\u2014, wherein R3 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; L1 is a divalent radical of formula -(Alk1)m(Q)n(Alk2)p\u2014, wherein: m, n and p are independently 0 or 1, Q is (i) an optionally substituted divalent mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic radical having 5-13 ring members, or (ii), in the case where both m and p are 0, a divalent radical of formula \u2014X2-Q1- or -Q2-X2\u2014 wherein X2 is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NRA\u2014 wherein RA is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl, and Q1 is an divalent mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic radical having 5-13 ring members, and Alk1 and Alk2 independently represent divalent C3-C7 cycloalkyl radicals, or straight or branched, C1-C6 alkylene, C2-C6 alkenylene, or C2-C6 alkynylene radicals which may optionally contain or terminate in \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or \u2014NRA\u2014, wherein RA is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl; X1 represents a bond, \u2014C(\u2550O), \u2014S(\u2550O)2\u2014, \u2014NR4C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR4\u2014, \u2014NR4C(\u2550O)NR5\u2014, \u2014NR4S(\u2550O)2\u2014, or \u2014S(\u2550O)2NR4\u2014, wherein R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and z is 0 or 1; and wherein the nitrogen of the group R1CH(R2)NH\u2014 is not directly linked to a carbonyl (\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014). 24. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein the radical HONHC(\u2550O)\u2014W\u2014 is attached to the ring containing A, B, and D in a position meta- or para- to the radical R1R2CHNHYL1X1[CH2]z\u2014. 25. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein the radical R1R2CHNHYL1X1[CH2]z\u2014, is selected from: R1R2CHNHSO2\u2014, R1R2CHNHCH2\u2014, R1R2CHNH(CH2)3O\u2014, and the following: 26. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein the radical \u2014YL1X1[CH2]z\u2014 is \u2014CH2\u2014. 27. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein R9 is methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, sec- or tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, phenyl, benzyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridylmethyl, N-methylpiperidin-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl or methoxyethyl. 28. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein R9 is cyclopentyl. 29. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein R2 is phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, tert-butoxymethyl or iso-butyl. 30. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein R2 is \u2014CH(CH3)2, cyclohexyl, \u2014CH2O(t-Bu), \u2014CH2S(t-Bu), or phenyl. 31. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23 wherein the compound has the formula (IB): wherein: W is a divalent radical \u2014CH2CH2\u2014; R1 is an ester group of formula \u2014(C\u2550O)OR9, wherein R9 is R20R21R22C, wherein: (i) R20 is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl-(Z1)a\u2014[(C1-C3)alkyl]b- or (C2-C3)alkenyl-(Z1)a\u2014[C1-C3)alkyl]b- wherein a and b are independently 0 or 1 and Z1 is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or \u2014NRC\u2014 wherein Rc is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl; and R21 and R22 are independently hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl-; (ii) R20 is hydrogen or R12R13N\u2014(C1-C3)alkyl- wherein R12 is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl and R13 is hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl; or R12 and R13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an monocyclic heterocyclic ring of 5- or 6- ring atoms or bicyclic heterocyclic ring system of 8 to 10 ring atoms, and R21 and R22 are independently hydrogen or (C1-C3)alkyl-; or (iii) R20 and R21 taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form an monocyclic carbocyclic ring of from 3 to 7 ring atoms or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system of 8 to 10 ring atoms, and R22 is hydrogen; R2 is benzyl, phenyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, tert-butoxymethyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1-benzylthio-1-methylethyl, 1-methylthio-1-methylethyl, 1-mercapto-1-methylethyl, or phenylethyl. 32. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 31 wherein R9 is methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, sec- or tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, phenyl, benzyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridylmethyl, N-methylpiperidin-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl or methoxyethyl. 33. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 31 wherein R9 is cyclopentyl. 34. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 31 wherein R2 is phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, tert-butoxymethyl or iso-butyl. 35. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 31 wherein R2 is \u2014CH(CH3)2, cyclohexyl, \u2014CH2O(t-Bu), \u2014CH2S(t-Bu), or phenyl. 36. The compound according to claim 23 selected from the group consisting of: Cyclopentyl (2S)-cyclohexyl[({6-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]pyridin-3-yl}methyl)amino]acetate Cyclopentyl (2S)-cyclohexyl({4-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]benzyl}amino)acetate, Cyclopentyl N-{4-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]benzyl}-L-leucinate, tert-Butyl N-{4-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]benzyl}-L-leucinate, tert-Butyl N-({6-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]pyridin-3-yl}methyl)-L-leucinate, Cyclopentyl (2S)-cyclohexyl[({5-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)amino]acetate, and tert-Butyl N-({5-[3-(hydroxyamino)-3-oxopropyl]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)-L-leucinate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 37. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 23, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 31, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 39. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 36, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.",
-    "A laminated ceramic capacitor having internal electrodes configured such that Sn is dissolved in Ni, and, in a region of each of the internal electrodes at a depth of 2 nm from a surface thereof facing a ceramic dielectric layer, a CV value representing variation of a Sn/(Ni+Sn) ratio (ratio of number of atoms) is less than or equal to 32%. As a conductive paste for forming the internal electrodes, a conductive paste containing a Ni powder and a tin oxide powder which is represented by SnO or SnO2 and has a specific surface area of more than or equal to 10 m2/g as determined by a BET method is used, or a conductive paste containing a Ni\u2014Sn alloy powder is used, or a conductive paste containing a Ni\u2014Sn alloy powder and a tin oxide powder which is represented by SnO or SnO2 and has a specific surface area of more than or equal to 10 m2/g is used. 1. A laminated ceramic capacitor, comprising: a ceramic laminated body having a plurality of ceramic dielectric layers and a plurality of internal electrodes arranged to face each other with a ceramic dielectric layer of the plurality of ceramic dielectric layers being interposed therebetween; and at least two external electrodes arranged on an external surface of the ceramic laminated body, a first of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a first set of the plurality of internal electrodes, and a second of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a second set of the plurality of internal electrodes, wherein Sn is dissolved in Ni in the internal electrodes, and in a region of each of the plurality of internal electrodes at a depth of 2 nm from a surface thereof facing the ceramic dielectric layer interposed therebetween, a ratio of a content of a number of atoms of Sn to a total content of Sn and Ni is less than or equal to 32%. 2. The laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of ceramic dielectric layers have a barium titanate-based perovskite compound as a main component thereof. 3. A method for manufacturing a laminated ceramic capacitor, the method comprising: forming an unfired ceramic laminated body having a plurality of unfired ceramic dielectric layers and a plurality of unfired internal electrode patterns arranged along a plurality of interfaces between the unfired ceramic dielectric layers, the plurality of unfired internal electrode patterns being formed by applying a conductive paste containing a Ni powder and a tin oxide powder which is represented by SnO or SnO2 and has a specific surface area of more than or equal to 10 m2/g as determined by a BET method; and firing the unfired ceramic laminated body to obtain a ceramic laminated body having a plurality of ceramic dielectric layers and a plurality of internal electrodes arranged along a plurality of interfaces between the ceramic dielectric layers. 4. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of unfired ceramic dielectric layers have a barium titanate-based perovskite compound as a main component thereof. 5. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 3, further comprising forming at least two external electrodes on an external surface of the ceramic laminated body, a first of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a first set of the plurality of internal electrodes, and a second of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a second set of the plurality of internal electrodes. 6. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 3, wherein, after firing, the Sn is dissolved in Ni in the internal electrodes, and in a region of each of the plurality of internal electrodes at a depth of 2 nm from a surface thereof facing a ceramic dielectric layer interposed therebetween, a ratio of a content of a number of atoms of Sn to a total content of Sn and Ni is less than or equal to 32%. 7. A method for manufacturing a laminated ceramic capacitor, the method comprising: forming an unfired ceramic laminated body having a plurality of unfired ceramic dielectric layers and a plurality of unfired internal electrode patterns arranged along a plurality of interfaces between the unfired ceramic dielectric layers, the plurality of unfired internal electrode patterns being formed by applying a conductive paste containing a Ni\u2014Sn alloy powder; and firing the unfired ceramic laminated body to obtain a ceramic laminated body having a plurality of ceramic dielectric layers and a plurality of internal electrodes arranged along a plurality of interfaces between the ceramic dielectric layers. 8. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of ceramic dielectric layers have a barium titanate-based perovskite compound as a main component thereof. 9. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 7, further comprising forming at least two external electrodes on an external surface of the ceramic laminated body, a first of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a first set of the plurality of internal electrodes, and a second of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a second set of the plurality of internal electrodes. 10. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 7, wherein, after firing, the Sn is dissolved in Ni in the internal electrodes, and in a region of each of the plurality of internal electrodes at a depth of 2 nm from a surface thereof facing a ceramic dielectric layer interposed therebetween, a ratio of a content of a number of atoms of Sn to a total content of Sn and Ni is less than or equal to 32%. 11. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 7, wherein the conductive paste containing the Ni\u2014Sn alloy powder further contains a tin oxide powder which is represented by SnO or SnO2 and has a specific surface area of more than or equal to 10 m2/g as determined by a BET method. 12. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of ceramic dielectric layers have a barium titanate-based perovskite compound as a main component thereof. 13. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 11, further comprising forming at least two external electrodes on an external surface of the ceramic laminated body, a first of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a first set of the plurality of internal electrodes, and a second of the at least two external electrodes being in conduction with a second set of the plurality of internal electrodes. 14. The method for manufacturing the laminated ceramic capacitor according to claim 11, wherein, after firing, the Sn is dissolved in Ni in the internal electrodes, and in a region of each of the plurality of internal electrodes at a depth of 2 nm from a surface thereof facing a ceramic dielectric layer interposed therebetween, a ratio of a content of a number of atoms of Sn to a total content of Sn and Ni is less than or equal to 32%.",
-    "A clamping device has a clamping arm mounted pivotable in a housing of the clamping device, a first locking means pivotable corresponding to the pivoting movement of the clamping arm, and a second locking means arranged in the pivot path of the first locking means and mounted in the housing, wherein the two locking means interact in an end position of the clamping arm. The first locking means, in the region of the end remote from the pivot axis of the first locking means, on the side facing the second locking means, has a recess defined at the side by two projections, wherein the second locking means contacts the projections when the clamping arm pivots into the end position thereof and is inserted into the recess in the end position, wherein the first locking means has a first portion which receives the first projection, and a second portion which receives the second projection, wherein the two portions, with the second locking means acting upon the two projections, are movable toward one another against a spring force with the spacing between the projections increasing. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A clamping device, comprising: a housing; a clamping arm which is mounted so as to be pivotable in the housing; a first locking means which is pivotable corresponding to the pivoting movement of the clamping arm about a pivot axis of the first locking means; and a second locking means mounted in the housing which is arranged in the pivot path of the first locking means; wherein the first locking means and the second locking means interact in an end position of the clamping arm; wherein the first locking means, in the region of an end of the first locking means which is remote from the pivot axis and on a side of the first locking means facing the second locking means, comprises a recess which is defined at the side by a first projection and a second projection; wherein the second locking means contacts the first projection and the second projection when the clamping arm pivots into the end position and is inserted into the recess; wherein the first locking means comprises a first portion which receives the first projection and a second portion which receives the second projection; and wherein the first portion and the second portion of the first locking means, with the second locking means acting upon the first projection and the second projection, are movable toward one another against a spring force with the spacing between the first projection and the second projection increasing. 17. The clamping device according to claim 16, wherein the first projection and the second projection of the first locking means are realized as rollers which are rotatably mounted. 18. The clamping device according to claim 16, wherein the first portion and the second portion of the first locking means are pivotably interconnected. 19. The clamping device according to claim 16, wherein the first locking means is realized in the manner of a one-armed lever which is formed by the first portion and the second portion. 20. The clamping device according to claim 16, wherein the first locking means is connected non-rotatably to an output shaft of the clamping device mounted in the housing, and wherein the clamping arm is connected non-rotatably to the output shaft. 21. The clamping device according to claim 20, wherein the first portion of the first locking means is connected non-rotatably to the output shaft and in the region of an end remote from the output shaft receives the first projection in the form of a rotatable roller having bearing axis which is arranged parallel to a bearing axis of the output shaft. 22. The clamping device according to claim 21, wherein the first portion of the first locking means pivotably receives the second portion of the first locking means between the output shaft and the first projection of the first portion, and wherein the pivot axis of the second portion is arranged in the first portion parallel to the bearing axis of the output shaft. 23. The clamping device according to claim 22, wherein the first portion and the second portion are connected at a spacing to the pivot axis by a fastening means under the effect of the spring force which acts in a direction opposite to a force of the fastening means. 24. The clamping device according to claim 23, wherein with the first locking means and the second locking means in a position in which they do not interact, the first portion and the second portion of the first locking means abut against one another. 25. The clamping device according to claim 24, wherein the fastening means is realized as a screw which penetrates a hole in the second portion of the first locking means and is screwed into a threaded bore of the first portion, and wherein a disk spring assembly is arranged between a screw head and the second portion of the first locking means associated with said screw head. 26. The clamping device according to claim 16, wherein the second portion of the first locking means is realized as an L-shaped lever. 27. The clamping device according to claim 26, wherein the L-shaped lever is mounted in the region of a free end of a long leg of the L-shaped lever so as to be pivotable in the first portion of the first locking means and in the region of a free end of a short leg of the L-shaped lever receives the second projection in the form of a roller associated with the second portion of the first locking means, and wherein a bearing axis of said roller is parallel to a bearing axis of the first projection in the form of a roller mounted in the first portion of the first locking means. 28. The clamping device according to claim 17, wherein the second locking means comprises a roller which is mounted about an axis which is arranged parallel to the pivot axis of the clamping arm. 29. The clamping device according to claim 16, wherein in the end position of the first locking means, the first locking means and the second locking means are arranged in a top dead center position with respect to one another. 30. The clamping device according to claim 28, wherein the rollers of the first locking means are realized as full rollers made of a metal, and wherein the roller of the second locking means is formed by at least one helical spring mounted in a bearing bolt which is connected to the housing.",
-    "System and methods are provided for calibration of low pass filter mismatch. An example system includes: a tone generator configured to generate a tone signal with a baseband frequency value; one or more low pass filters configured to filter one or more analog signals associated with the tone signal; one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) configured to generate one or more aliases associated with the one or more analog signals; and a calibration processor configured to detect low pass filter mismatch based at least in part on the one or more aliases associated with the tone signal. 1. A system for calibration of low pass filter mismatch, the system comprising: a tone generator configured to generate a tone signal with a baseband frequency value; one or more low pass filters configured to filter one or more analog signals associated with the tone signal; one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) configured to generate one or more aliases associated with the one or more analog signals; and a calibration processor configured to detect low pass filter mismatch based at least in part on the one or more aliases associated with the tone signal. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: the calibration processor is associated with one or more calibration frequency values; and the tone generator is further configured to select the baseband frequency value based at least in part on the one or more calibration frequency values. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more ADCs are further configured to generate the one or more aliases for an inter-modulation distortion (IM3) component related to the tone signal. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more ADCs are further configured to generate one or more aliases for an image of the tone signal. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the calibration processor is configured to operate at a sampling rate lower than a Nyquist rate associated with the tone signal. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: one or more digital-to-analog converters (DACs) configured to generate the one or more analog signals based at least in part on the tone signal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more low pass filters include: an in-phase filter configured to process in-phase data of the one or more analog signals to generate a filtered in-phase (I) signal; and a quadrature filter configured to process quadrature-phase data of the one or more analog signals to generate a filtered quadrature (Q) signal. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the calibration processor is further configured to detect bandwidth mismatch associated with the in-phase filter and the quadrature filter. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the calibration processor is further configured to detect a phase mismatch associated with the in-phase filter and the quadrature filter. 10. The system of claim 7, further comprising: one or more transmit mixers configured to generate one or more modulation signals based at least in part on the filtered I signal and the filtered Q signal. 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising: one or more receive mixers configured to generate one or more input signals associated with the modulation signals; wherein the one or more ADCs are further configured to receive the input signals for generating the one or more aliases. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising: one or more transmit mixers configured to generate one or more modulation signals based at least in part on the one or more analog signals. 13. The system of claim 12, further comprising: one or more receive mixers configured to generate one or more input signals associated with the modulation signals. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the one or more low pass filters include: an in-phase filter configured to process in-phase data of the one or more input signals to generate a filtered in-phase (I) signal; and a quadrature filter configured to process quadrature-phase data of the one or more input signals to generate a filtered quadrature (Q) signal. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the calibration processor is further configured to detect bandwidth mismatch associated with the in-phase filter and the quadrature filter. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the calibration processor is further configured to detect a phase mismatch associated with the in-phase filter and the quadrature filter. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a compensation module configured to adjust parameters of the one or more low pass filters to reduce the low pass filter mismatch. 18. A method for calibration of low pass filter mismatch, the method comprising: generating a tone signal with a baseband frequency value; filtering one or more analog signals associated with the tone signal using one or more low pass filters; generating one or more aliases associated with the one or more analog signals; and detecting low pass filter mismatch based at least in part on the one or more aliases associated with the tone signal. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the baseband frequency value is selected based at least in part on one or more calibration frequency values. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein generating one or more aliases associated with the one or more analog signals includes: performing sampling at a sampling rate lower than Nyquist rate associated with the tone signal.",
-    "Sanitation apparatus including: a treatment chamber having a chamber wall, an inlet penetrating the chamber wall for receiving liquid into the treatment chamber and an outlet penetrating the chamber wall remote from the liquid inlet for discharge of liquid from the treatment chamber; an expanded portion in the chamber wall adjacent the inlet; a cylindrical portion in the chamber wall intermediate the expanded portion and the outlet; a gas injector penetrating the chamber wall in the expanded portion for injecting gas into the chamber; and UV irradiation means mounted to the chamber wall and extending through the expanded portion and the cylindrical portion for irradiating at least part of the chamber. 1. Sanitation apparatus including: a treatment chamber having a chamber wall, an inlet penetrating the chamber wall for receiving liquid into the treatment chamber and an outlet penetrating the chamber wall remote from the liquid inlet for discharge of liquid from the treatment chamber; an expanded portion in the chamber wall adjacent the inlet; a cylindrical portion in the chamber wall intermediate the expanded portion and the outlet; a gas injector penetrating the chamber wall in the expanded portion for injecting gas into the chamber; and UV irradiation means mounted to the chamber wall and extending through the expanded portion and the cylindrical portion for irradiating at least part of the chamber. 2. The sanitation apparatus according claim 1, wherein the inlet includes a restriction formed for the injection of gas by a venturi effect. 3. The sanitation apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the restriction and gas injector are in the form of an integral venturi tube. 4. The sanitation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the UV irradiation means includes a UV transmissible tube passing through the expanded portion and cylindrical portion of the chamber, the tube having a closed end and an open opposed to the closed end for receiving a UV irradiation tube. 5. The sanitation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the tube is supported at each end, being inserted into the chamber through a tube mounting at or adjacent the open end and supported by formations extending inward from the chamber wall at or near the closed end. 6. The sanitation apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the tube mounting is adjacent the inlet assembly and the formations are at or near the outlet. The tube is preferably cylindrical, the passage through which the liquid may pass being substantially annular through the cylindrical portion of the chamber.",
-    "A boat includes at least three trim devices positioned aft of the boat's transom. To improve the boat's ability to get on place, each trim device is initially positioned to a deployed position. The speed of the boat is then determined as the boat gains speed. When the speed of the boat exceeds a first predetermined threshold, the first trim device is moved from the deployed position to a non-deployed position. When the speed of the boat exceeds a second predetermined threshold, the second trim device is moved from the deployed position to a non-deployed position. When the speed of the boat exceeds a third predetermined threshold, the third trim device is moved from the deployed position to a non-deployed position. At least one of the first, second, and third predetermined thresholds is different from the other two of the first, second, and third predetermined thresholds. 1. A boat comprising: a hull including a bow, a transom, and port and starboard sides; at least three trim devices positioned aft of the transom, a first one of the trim devices being provided on a port side of the boat's centerline, a second one of the trim devices being provided on a starboard side of the boat's centerline, and a third one of the trim devices being provided between the first and second trim devices, each of the trim devices being moveable between a deployed position and a non-deployed position; a plurality of drive mechanisms, each drive mechanism configured to move a corresponding trim device between the deployed position and the non-deployed position; a speed sensing device configured to determine the speed of the boat; and a controller configured to: actuate the plurality drive mechanisms to move each of the at least three trim devices to the deployed position; receive the speed of the boat from the speed sensing device; determine when the speed of the boat exceeds a first predetermined threshold; actuate the drive mechanism corresponding to the first trim device to move the first trim device from the deployed position to the non-deployed position when the speed of the boat exceeds the first predetermined threshold; determine when the speed of the boat exceeds a second predetermined threshold; actuate the drive mechanism corresponding to the second trim device to move the second trim device from the deployed position to the non-deployed position when the speed of the boat exceeds the second predetermined threshold; determine when the speed of the boat exceeds a third predetermined threshold; and actuate the drive mechanism corresponding to the third trim device to move the third trim device from the deployed position to the non-deployed position when the speed of the boat exceeds the third predetermined threshold, wherein at least one of the first, second, and third predetermined thresholds is different from the other two of the first, second, and third predetermined thresholds. 2. The boat of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined threshold and the second predetermined threshold are the same. 3. The boat of claim 1, wherein the third predetermined threshold is greater than the first and second predetermined thresholds. 4. The boat of claim 1, wherein the third predetermined threshold is less than the first and second predetermined thresholds. 5. The boat of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 22 mile per hour. 6. The boat of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 18 miles per hour. 7. The boat of claim 1, wherein the second predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 22 mile per hour. 8. The boat of claim 1, wherein the second predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 18 miles per hour. 9. The boat of claim 1, wherein the third predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 22 mile per hour. 10. The boat of claim 1, wherein the third predetermined threshold is between about 18 miles per hour and about 22 miles per hour. 11. The boat of claim 1, wherein the at least three trim devices are trim tabs. 12. The boat of claim 11, wherein each of the trim devices extends at a downward angle in the deployed position and the downward angle of at least one of the first, second, and third trim devices in the deployed position is different than the downward angles of the other two of the first, second, and third trim devices in the deployed position. 13. The boat of claim 12, wherein the downward angle of the third trim device in the deployed position is larger than the downward angles of the first and second trim devices in the deployed position. 14. The boat of claim 12, wherein the downward angle of the first trim device in the deployed position is the same as the downward angle of the second trim device in the deployed position. 15. The boat of claim 1, wherein the at least three trim devices are interceptors. 16. The boat of claim 15, wherein each of the interceptors includes a blade that extends a distance below the hull in the deployed position and the distance that the blade of at least one of the first, second, and third trim devices extends below the hull in the deployed position is different than the distance that the blades of the other two of the first, second, and third trim devices extend below the hull in the deployed position. 17. The boat of claim 16, wherein the distance that the blade of the third trim device extends below the hull in the deployed position is greater than the distance that the blades of the first and second trim devices extend below the hull in the deployed position. 18. The boat of claim 16, wherein the distance that the blade of the first trim device extends below the hull in the deployed position is the same as the distance that the blade of the second trim device extends below the hull in the deployed position. 19. The boat of claim 1, wherein the speed sensing device includes at least one of a global positioning system receiver, a paddle wheel, and a pitot tube. 20. The boat of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of drive mechanisms is at least one of a linear actuator, hydraulic actuator, and a gas assist pneumatic actuator. 21. The boat of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of drive mechanisms is an electric motor. 22. A method of operating a boat, the method comprising: deploying each of at least three trim devices to a deployed position, a first one of the trim devices being provided on a port side of the boat's centerline, a second one of the trim devices being provided on a starboard side of the boat's centerline, and a third one of the trim devices being provided between the first and second trim devices; determining the speed of the boat; moving the first trim device from the deployed position to a non-deployed position when the speed of the boat exceeds a first predetermined threshold; moving the second trim device from the deployed position to a non-deployed position when the speed of the boat exceeds a second predetermined threshold; and moving the third trim device from the deployed position to a non-deployed position when the speed of the boat exceeds a third predetermined threshold, wherein at least one of the first, second, and third predetermined thresholds is different from the other two of the first, second, and third predetermined thresholds. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first predetermined threshold and the second predetermined threshold are the same. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the third predetermined threshold is greater than the first and second predetermined thresholds. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the third predetermined threshold is less than the first and second predetermined thresholds. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the first predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 22 mile per hour. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the first predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 18 miles per hour. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the second predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 22 mile per hour. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein the second predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 18 miles per hour. 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the third predetermined threshold is between about 14 miles per hour and about 22 mile per hour. 31. The method of claim 22, wherein the third predetermined threshold is between about 18 miles per hour and about 20 miles per hour. 32. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least three trim devices are trim tabs. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein deploying each of the trim devices includes moving each of the trim devices to a downward angle in the deployed position, the downward angle of at least one of the first, second, and third trim devices in the deployed position being different than the downward angles of the other two of the first, second, and third trim devices in the deployed position. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the downward angle of the third trim device in the deployed position is larger than the downward angles of the first and second trim devices in the deployed position. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the downward angle of the first trim device in the deployed position is the same as the downward angle of the second trim device in the deployed position. 36. The method of claim 22, wherein the at least three trim devices are interceptors. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein each of the interceptors includes a blade and deploying each of the trim devices includes extending the blade of each trim device a distance below the hull in the deployed position, the distance that the blade of at least one of the first, second, and third trim devices extends below the hull in the deployed position being different than the distance that the blades of the other two of the first, second, and third trim devices extend below the hull in the deployed position. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the distance that the blade of the third trim device extends below the hull in the deployed position is greater than the distance that the blades of the first and second trim devices extend below the hull in the deployed position. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the distance that the blade of the first trim device extends below the hull in the deployed position is the same as the distance that the blade of the second trim device extends below the hull in the deployed position. 40. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon sequences of instruction for executing the method of claim 22.",
-    "System and Methods for Cyber-And-Physically Secure High-Grade Weaponry are described. An exemplary system may involve a computing device embedded in a high grade instrument such that the computing device is communicatively coupled to at least one apparatus. The system further includes a memory arrangement having stored thereon instructions that upon execution by the at least one computing device, cause the at least one computing device to execute in a sequence specific to the high grade instrument, one or more applications associated with the high grade instrument. As a result, the operation of the high grade instrument is remotely enabled and its configuration locally controlled. 1. A system comprising: at least one computing device embedded in a high grade instrument wherein said at least one computing device is communicatively coupled to at least one apparatus; a memory arrangement having stored thereon instructions that upon execution by the at least one computing device, cause the at least one computing device to execute in a sequence specific to the high grade instrument, one or more applications associated with the high grade instrument, to propagate signaling information towards the at least one apparatus, thereby enabling said at least one apparatus to interact with the at least one computing device and exchange a plurality of data points with the at least one computing device for use in updating the one or more corresponding applications, wherein the operation of the high grade instrument is remotely enabled and its configuration locally controlled. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one computing device includes a processor. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one apparatus includes a smart device, a web site, a robot. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one apparatus further includes a desk top computer, a super-computer, a laptop. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one apparatus further includes a local area network (LAN), a virtual private network (NTN), a wide area network (WAN), a WiFi Access Point, a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS). 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the high grade instrument is a weapon. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more applications include self-executing applications and application programming interface (API). 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more data points include a keep alive signal. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the signaling information include positioning data, location information. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more applications are updated by the at least one apparatus, said applications being updated synchronously, randomly, on a scheduled basis, in real time or on demand. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein signaling information is updated randomly, on a scheduled basis, in real time or on demand. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the to the high grade instrument specific sequencing includes executing 13. A method comprising: a computing device receiving a plurality of data points corresponding to a specific high grade instrument; the computing device embedded in a high grade instrument wherein said at least one computing device is communicatively coupled to at least one apparatus, the computing device determines one or more subset of data points indicative of the identity of said specific high grade instrument; based on an output of a comparison of the one or more predefined identification data with the subset of data points, execute in a sequence specific to the high grade instrument, one or more applications associated with the high grade instrument, to propagate signaling information towards the at least one apparatus, thereby enabling said at least one apparatus to interact with the at least one computing device and exchange a plurality of data points with the at least one computing device for use in updating the one or more corresponding applications, wherein the operation of the high grade instrument is remotely enabled and its configuration locally controlled. 14. (Original The method of claim 13, wherein the high grade instrument is a weapon. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one apparatus includes a smart device, a web site, a robot. 16. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions that, upon execution by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform functions comprising: receiving a plurality of data points corresponding a specific high grade instrument; the computing device embedded in a high grade instrument wherein said at least one computing device is communicatively coupled to at least one apparatus, the computing device determines one or more subset of data points indicative of the identity of said specific high grade instrument; based on an output of a comparison of the one or more predefined identification data with the subset of data points, execute in a sequence specific to the high grade instrument, one or more applications associated with the high grade instrument, to propagate signaling information towards the at least one apparatus, thereby enabling said at least one apparatus to interact with the at least one computing device and exchange a plurality of data points with the at least one computing device for use in updating the one or more corresponding applications, wherein the operation of the high grade instrument is remotely enabled and its configuration locally controlled. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the computing device is a processor. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the at least one apparatus includes a smart device, a web site, a robot. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, further comprising: compiling one or more databases associated with a plurality of high grade instruments, propagating configuration data towards the at least one computing device, thereby enabling said at least one computing device to interact with the apparatus and exchange a plurality of data points with the apparatus for use in updating the one or more corresponding databases, wherein the operation of the high grade instrument is remotely enabled and its configuration locally controlled. 20. (canceled)",
-    "A package structure is provided, which includes a light emitting element having opposite first and second sides, a coating body combined with side faces of the light emitting element, a fluorescent layer disposed on the second side, and a metal structure disposed on the first side. As the coating body is in contact with and combined with the side faces of the light emitting element, light will not be emitted from the side faces of the light emitting element. Therefore, the heat generated is reduced, and issues such as yellowing of the encapsulant and poor luminous efficiency due to overheating of the fluorescent powder are avoided. Further, the metal structure enhances the heat dissipation. A method for manufacturing the package structure is also provided. 1. A package structure, comprising: at least one light emitting element including opposite first and second sides and side faces adjacent to the first and second sides; a coating body in contact with and combined with the side faces of the light emitting element, wherein the coating body is made of a non-transparent material; and at least one metal structure disposed at the first side of the light emitting element. 2. The package structure of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of electrodes disposed on at least one of the first and second sides of the light emitting element. 3. The package structure of claim 2, wherein the metal structure is in contact with and connected to the electrodes on the first side of the light emitting element. 4. The package structure of claim 3, further comprising a plurality of wirings formed on the second side of the light emitting element for electrically connecting the electrodes on the second side of the light emitting element. 5. The package structure of claim 1, wherein the coating body has a surface flush with the first side or the second side of the light emitting element. 6. The package structure of claim 1, wherein the light emitting element is a light emitting diode, the coating body is composed of white glue, and the metal structure is a conductive wire or a heat-dissipating component. 7. The package structure of claim 1, further comprising a fluorescent layer in contact with and combined with the second side of the light emitting element. 8. The package structure of claim 7, further comprising a translucent layer formed on the fluorescent layer. 9. The package structure of claim 1, further comprising a translucent layer in contact with and combined with the second side of the light emitting element. 10. The package structure of claim 1, further comprising a thermal release film formed on the second side of the light emitting element. 11. The package structure of claim 1, wherein the coating body protrudes from the side faces of the light emitting element above the second side of the light emitting element to form an opening. 12. The package structure of claim 11, further comprising a fluorescent layer in contact with and combined with the second side of the light emitting element in the opening. 13. A method for manufacturing a package structure, comprising: combining on a carrier at least one light emitting element including a first side combined with the carrier, a second side opposite to the first side, and side faces adjacent to the first and second sides; forming on the carrier a coating body in contact with and combined with the side faces of the light emitting element, wherein the coating body is exposed from the second side of the light emitting element and is made of a non-transparent material; removing the carrier to expose the first side of the light emitting element; and disposing at least one metal structure at the first side of the light emitting element. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the carrier includes a recess for receiving the light emitting element therein, and the coating body is formed in the recess for coating the light emitting element. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising disposing a plurality of electrodes on at least one of the first and second sides of the light emitting element. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the metal structure is in contact with and connected to the electrodes on the first side of the light emitting element. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising forming a plurality of wirings on the second side of the light emitting element for electrically connecting the electrodes on the second side of the light emitting element. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising combining a fluorescent layer with the second side of the light emitting element. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising forming a translucent layer on the fluorescent layer. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising combining a translucent layer with the second side of the light emitting element. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising performing a singulation process after removing the carrier. 22. The method of claim 13, further comprising disposing a thermal release film on the second side of the light emitting element. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising removing the thermal release film after forming the coating body.",
-    "A semiconductor integrated circuit including first semiconductor chip and second semiconductor chip that are vertically stacked, wherein the first semiconductor chip includes a first column data driving circuit configured to transmit internal data to the second semiconductor chip in a DDR (double data rate) scheme based on an internal strobe signal, and a first column strobe signal driving circuit configured to generate first column strobe signals that are source-synchronized with first column data transmitted to the second semiconductor chip by the first column data driving circuit, based on the internal strobe signal, and transmit the first column strobe signals to the second semiconductor chip. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A semiconductor integrated circuit including at least one master chip and at least one slave chip that are stacked, the master chip being configured to transmit write data inputted from an outside, to the slave chip in a DDR scheme based on a first internal strobe signal, transmit write strobe signals that are source-synchronized with the write data transmitted in the DDR scheme, to the slave chip based on the first internal strobe signal, and receive and output to the outside read data transmitted from the slave chip, based on read strobe signals which are source-synchronized with the read data and are provided from the slave chip, and the slave chip being configured to transmit the read data provided from an inside thereof, to the master chip in the DDR scheme based on a second internal strobe signal, transmit the read strobe signals to the master chip based on the second internal strobe signal, and store therein the write data transmitted from the master chip, based on the write strobe signals. 18. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 17, wherein the master chip receives the read data in synchronization with rising edges and falling edges of the read strobe signals, and wherein the slave chip receives the write data in synchronization with rising edges and falling edges of the write strobe signals. 19. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 17, wherein the write data and the read data are transmitted through a first through-chip via that vertically passes through the master chip or the slave chip. 20. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 19, wherein the write strobe signals are differential strobe signals that include a rising write strobe signal and a falling write strobe signal, and wherein the read strobe signals are differential strobe signals that include a rising read strobe signal and a falling read strobe signal. 21. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 20, wherein the rising write strobe signal and the rising read strobe signal are transmitted through a second through-chip via that vertically passes through the master chip or the slave chip, and wherein the falling write strobe signal and the falling read strobe signal are transmitted through a third through-chip via that vertically passes through the master chip or the slave chip. 22. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 20, wherein the master chip comprises: a first write data driving circuit configured to transmit the write data to the slave chip in the DDR scheme based on the first internal strobe signal and a write enable signal; a write strobe signal driving circuit configured to generate the write strobe signals based on the first internal strobe signal and the write enable signal, and transmit the write strobe signals to the slave chip; a first read data driving circuit configured to receive the read data transmitted in the DDR scheme from the slave chip, based on first differential alignment strobe signals and an inverted write enable signal; and a first differential alignment strobe signal driving circuit configured to generate the first differential alignment strobe signals corresponding to the read strobe signals, based on the inverted write enable signal. 23. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 22, wherein the write data comprise first write data that is synchronized with a rising edge of a data strobe signal applied from the outside and second write data which is synchronized with a falling edge of the data strobe signal. 24. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 23, wherein the first write data driving circuit comprises: a first write data driving unit configured to output the first write data to a first connection node based on a first internal rising strobe signal that is synchronized with a rising edge of the first internal strobe signal; a second write data driving unit configured to output the second write data to the first connection node based on a first internal falling strobe signal that is synchronized with a falling edge of the first internal strobe signal; and a third write data driving unit configured to transmit the write data outputted through the first connection node, to the slave chip based on the write enable signal. 25. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 22, wherein the first read data driving circuit comprises: a first read data latch unit configured to latch the read data based on a first rising alignment strobe signal of the first differential alignment strobe signals; a second read data latch unit configured to latch the read data based on a first falling alignment strobe signal of the first differential alignment strobe signals; a first read data driving unit configured to output first read data latched by the first read data latch unit, to a first data input/output line based on the inverted write enable signal; and a second read data driving unit configured to output second read data latched by the second read data latch unit, to a second data input/output line based on the inverted write enable signal. 26. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 22, wherein the write strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a rising write strobe signal driving circuit configured to receive a high voltage and a low voltage and output the rising write strobe signal based on the first internal strobe signal and the write enable signal; and a falling write strobe signal driving circuit configured to receive the high voltage and the low voltage and output the falling write strobe signal based on the first internal strobe signal and the write enable signal. 27. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 26, wherein the rising write strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a first rising write strobe signal driving unit configured to output the high voltage to a second connection node based on the first internal rising strobe signal; a second rising write strobe signal driving unit configured to output the low voltage to the second connection node based on the first internal falling strobe signal; and a third rising write strobe signal driving unit configured to transmit the rising write strobe signal outputted through the second connection node, to the slave chip based on the write enable signal. 28. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 26, wherein the falling write strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a first falling write strobe signal driving unit configured to output the low voltage to a third connection node based on the first internal rising strobe signal; a second falling write strobe signal driving unit configured to output the high voltage to the third connection node based on the first internal falling strobe signal; and a third falling write strobe signal driving unit configured to transmit the falling write strobe signal outputted through the third connection node, to the slave chip according to the write enable signal. 29. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 22, wherein the first differential alignment strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a first rising alignment strobe signal output unit configured to output the first rising alignment strobe signal corresponding to the rising read strobe signal based on the inverted write enable signal; and a first falling alignment strobe signal output unit configured to output the first falling alignment strobe signal corresponding to the falling read strobe signal based on the inverted write enable signal. 30. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 20, wherein the master chip further comprises: a control signal generation unit configured to generate the first internal strobe signal and an input/output select signal in response to an external command; an input buffer unit configured to buffer the write data applied from the outside through a data pad; a parallel conversion unit configured to output in parallel the write data buffered through the input buffer unit, in response to the data strobe signal applied from the outside; a write register unit configured to simultaneously output the write data parallel outputted from the parallel conversion unit, to a pair of middle input/output lines based on the input/output select signal; a read register unit configured to simultaneously output the read data transmitted through the pair of middle input/output lines, based on the input/output select signal; a serial conversion unit configured to serially output the read data simultaneously outputted from the read register unit, in response to clock signals applied from the outside; and an output buffer unit configured to output the read data serially outputted from the serial conversion unit, to the data pad. 31. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 21, wherein the slave chip comprises: a second read data driving circuit configured to transmit the read data to the master chip through the first through-chip via in the DDR scheme based on the second internal strobe signal and a read enable signal; a read strobe signal driving circuit configured to generate the read strobe signals based on the second internal strobe signal and the read enable signal, and transmit the read strobe signals to the master chip through the second and third through-chip vias; a second write data driving circuit configured to receive the write data transmitted through the first through-chip via, based on second differential alignment strobe signals, an internal write strobe signal and an inverted read enable signal; and a second differential alignment strobe signal driving circuit configured to generate the second differential alignment strobe signals corresponding to the write strobe signals, based on the inverted read enable signal. 32. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 31, wherein the read data are transmitted to the second read data driving circuit through a pair of global input/output lines, and wherein the write data inputted through the second write data driving circuit are outputted to the pair of global input/output lines. 33. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 32, wherein the second read data driving circuit comprises: a first read data driving unit configured to output the first read data that is transmitted through any one of the pair of global input/output lines, to a fourth connection node based on a second internal rising strobe signal that is synchronized with a rising edge of the second internal strobe signal; a second read data driving unit configured to output the second read data which is transmitted through the other of the pair of global input/output lines, to the fourth connection node based on a second internal falling strobe signal that is synchronized with a falling edge of the second internal strobe signal; and a third read data driving unit configured to transmit the read data outputted through the fourth connection node, to the first through-chip via based on the read enable signal. 34. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 32, wherein the read strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a rising read strobe signal driving circuit configured to receive the high voltage and the low voltage and output the rising read strobe signal to the second through-chip via based on the second internal strobe signal and the read enable signal; and a falling read strobe signal driving circuit configured to receive the high voltage and the low voltage and output the falling read strobe signal to the third through-chip via based on the second internal strobe signal and the read enable signal. 35. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 34, wherein the rising read strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a first rising read strobe signal driving unit configured to output the high voltage to a fifth connection node based on the second internal rising strobe signal; a second rising read strobe signal driving unit configured to output the low voltage to the fifth connection node based on the second internal falling strobe signal; and a third rising read strobe signal driving unit configured to transmit the rising read strobe signal outputted through the fifth connection node, to the second through-chip via based on the read enable signal. 36. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 34, wherein the falling read strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a first falling read strobe signal driving unit configured to output the low voltage to a sixth connection node based on the second internal rising strobe signal; a second falling read strobe signal driving unit configured to output the high voltage to the sixth connection node based on the second internal falling strobe signal; and a third falling read strobe signal driving unit configured to transmit the falling read strobe signal outputted through the sixth connection node, to the third through-chip via based on the read enable signal. 37. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 32, wherein the second write data driving circuit comprises: a first write data latch unit configured to latch the write data based on a second rising alignment strobe signal of the second differential alignment strobe signals; a first write data storage unit configured to store the first write data latched by the first write data latch unit, based on the second rising alignment strobe signal, and output the stored first write data based on the internal write strobe signal; a first write data driving unit configured to output the first write data stored in the first write data storage unit, to any one of the pair of global input/output lines based on the inverted read enable signal; a second write data latch unit configured to latch the write data based on a second falling alignment strobe signal of the second differential alignment strobe signals; a second write data storage unit configured to store the second write data latched by the second write data latch unit, based on the second falling alignment strobe signal, and output the stored second write data based on the internal write strobe signal; and a second write data driving unit configured to output the second write data stored in the second write data storage unit, to the other of the pair of global input/output lines based on the inverted read enable signal. 38. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 37, wherein the second differential alignment strobe signal driving circuit comprises: a second rising alignment strobe signal output unit configured to output the second rising alignment strobe signal corresponding to the rising write strobe signal, based on the inverted read enable signal; and a second falling alignment strobe signal output unit configured to output the second falling alignment strobe signal corresponding to the falling write strobe signal, based on o the inverted read enable signal. 39-61. (canceled)",
-    "An optoelectronic device and method for fabricating optoelectronic device, comprising: forming a quantum dot layer on a substrate including at least one electronically conductive layer, including a plurality of quantum dots which have organic capping layers; and removing organic capping layers from the quantum dots of the quantum dot layer by physically treating the quantum dot layer, the physical treatment including both thermal treatment and plasma processing. 1. A method for constructing an optoelectronic device, the method comprising: forming a quantum dot layer on a substrate including at least one electronically conductive layer, including a plurality of quantum dots which have organic capping layers; and removing organic capping layers from the quantum dots of the quantum dot layer by physically treating the quantum dot layer, the physical treatment including both thermal treatment and plasma processing. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: physically treating the quantum dot layer with the thermal treatment and the plasma processing simultaneously for a time period. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: depositing the quantum dot layer on the substrate; placing the substrate including the quantum dot layer in a plasma apparatus; thermally treating the substrate by heating the substrate to a target temperature; and plasma processing the substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: heating the substrate to the target temperature, where the target temperature is in the range of from about 40 degrees Celsius to about 90 degrees Celsius. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: heating the substrate to the target temperature, wherein the target temperature is in the range of from about 70 degrees Celsius to about 80 degrees Celsius. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: plasma processing with a plasma selected from the group consisting essentially of oxygen plasma or argon plasma. 7. The method of claim 3; wherein the plasma processing further comprises: placing the substrate including the quantum dot layer in a chamber of the plasma apparatus; evacuating the chamber to a target pressure; introducing a gas into the chamber; stabilizing the chamber pressure; and generating the plasma by applying a power density to the gas. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the plasma processing further comprises: evacuating the chamber to a pressure of about 5 mTorr.; introducing the gas into the chamber at a rate of from about 20 sccm to about 50 sccm; stabilizing the chamber pressure to in a range of about 100 mTorr to about 200 mTorr; and generating the plasma by applying a power density in a range of from about 0.6 mW/cm3 to about 3 mW/cm3 to the gas to generate the plasma. 9. The method of claim 8; wherein the plasma processing further comprises: introducing the gas into the chamber at about 25 sccm; stabilizing the chamber pressure to about 150 mTorr; and generating the plasma by applying a power density at about 1.4 mW/cm3 to generate the plasma. 10. The method of claim 2, further comprising: simultaneously thermally treating and plasma processing the substrate for a time period in the range of from about 60 seconds to about 240 seconds. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: simultaneously thermally treating and plasma processing the substrate for the time period of about 90 seconds. 12. The method of claim 2; wherein the physical treatment further comprises: ending the plasma processing; and thermally treating the substrate for a time period after the plasma processing has ended. 13. The method of claim 12; wherein the time period after the plasma processing has ended is in a range of from about 1 minute to about 50 minutes. 14. The method of claim 13; wherein the time period after the plasma processing has ended is about 28 minutes. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: physically treating the quantum dot layer with the thermal treatment and the plasma processing independently. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: plasma processing the substrate for a time period in the range of from about 60 seconds to about 240 seconds. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: plasma processing the substrate for the time period of about 90 seconds. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: the thermally treating comprising heating the substrate to a target temperature, where the target temperature is in the range of from about 40 degrees Celsius to about 90 degrees Celsius. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: heating the substrate to the target temperature, wherein the target temperature is in the range of from about 70 degrees Celsius to about 80 degrees Celsius. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: after plasma processing, evacuating plasma from a plasma apparatus chamber; maintaining the substrate under pressure inside the chamber; and thermally treating the substrate in the chamber substrate for a time period after the plasma processing has ended. 21. The method of claim 20; wherein the time period is about 30 minutes. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising: after plasma processing, removing the substrate from a plasma apparatus prior to the temperature treatment. 23. The method of claim 22; wherein the substrate is moved to a separate device for temperature treatment. 24. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forming a cathode electrical conducting layer on the quantum dot layer after the thermal treatment and the plasma processing. 25. The method of claim 22, further comprising: performing the plasma processing on the quantum dot layer; forming a cathode electrical conducting layer on the quantum dot layer; and thermally treating the quantum dot layer after forming the cathode electrical conducting layer. 26. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forming a cathode electrical conducting layer on the quantum dot layer after the thermal treatment and the plasma processing. 27. The method of claim 23; wherein the separate device for temperature treatment is an inert atmosphere device.",
-    "A tool for targeting a message response. The tool monitors reactions of a user to message subject lines, message content, and social networks. The tool analyzes user interest data and calculates a user interest rating per keyword. Rated keywords are stored in association with the user. When a user drafts a message addressed to a recipient, the tool compares rated keywords within the recipient's log with the subject line and message content. The tool suggests an alternative subject line likely to elicit a faster and more detailed response from the recipient. 1. A method for targeting a message response, the method comprising: monitoring, by one or more computer processors, recipient activity related to one or more electronic messages received by a recipient; gathering, the by one or more computer processors, recipient interest data, wherein gathering includes collecting one or more keywords that interest the recipient as evidenced by one or more positive indicators of interest associated with the one or more keywords; storing, the by one or more computer processors, the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient; calculating, the by one or more computer processors, a recipient interest rating for each of the one or more keywords, wherein the recipient interest rating is based, at least in part, on the recipient activity and an established recipient interest baseline; in response to a sender drafting a subsequent electronic message addressed to the recipient, comparing, by the one or more computer processors, the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient to a subject line and message content of the subsequent electronic message; and suggesting, by the one or more computer processors, one or more alternative subject lines incorporating at least one of the one or more keywords stored within the database associated with the recipient, wherein suggesting the one or more alternative subject lines includes utilizing a predictive analytics system to determine a relative percentage increase in likelihood that the recipient will respond based on the one or more alternative subject lines. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring recipient activity related to one or more electronic messages received by a recipient, comprises at least one of: determining, by one or more computer processors, an order in which the one or more electronic messages are opened; determining, by one or more computer processors, a length of time spent on each of the one or more electronic messages when opened; determining, by the one or more computer processors, a type of action taken on each of the one or more electronic messages; determining, by the one or more computer processors, a frequency of words used in the one or more electronic messages; determining, by the one or more computer processors, one or more affiliations of the recipient; determining, by the one or more computer processors, a type of words used in the one or more electronic messages; and determining, by the one or more computer processors, a format of words used in the one or more electronic messages. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein gathering recipient interest data, further comprises: extracting, by the one or more computer processors, recipient interest data from one or more social networks. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the recipient interest rating for the one or more keywords, further comprises assigning, by the one or more computer processors, the one or more keywords a weight based on at least one of: determining, by the one or more computer processors, one or more actions taken on the one or more electronic messages; determining, by the one or more computer processors, a time spent on the one or more electronic messages by the recipient; determining, by the one or more computer processors, how quickly the one or more electronic messages was accessed by the recipient; and determining, by the one or more computer processors, a relationship between the recipient and a sender. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein assigning the one or more keywords a weight based on determining one or more indicators, further comprises: assigning, by the one or more computer processors, a positive point value for indicators suggesting high user interest, and a negative point value for indicators suggesting low user interest. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein comparing the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient to a subject line and message content of the subsequent electronic message, further comprises at least one of; searching, by the one or more computer processors, for synonyms, of one or more words within the subject line and message content, within the stored rated keywords; searching, by the one or more computer processors, for one or more stored rated keywords identical to one or more words within the subject line and message content; searching, by the one or more computer processors, for rated keywords, based on weight, within the stored rated keywords; and searching, by the one or more computer processors, for one or more stored rated keywords equivalent to one or more words within the subject line and message content. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein suggesting one or more alternative subject lines, further comprises at least one of: creating, by the one or more computer processors, an alternative subject line from one or more rated keywords with the highest weight; creating, by the one or more computer processors, an alternative subject line from one or more rated keywords determined to be synonyms of one or more words within the subject line and message content of the subsequent electronic message; creating, by the one or more computer processors, an alternative subject line from one or more rated keywords determined to be equivalent to one or more words within the subject line and message content of the subsequent electronic message; and creating, by the one or more computer processors, an alternative subject line from one or more combinations of rated keywords. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein creating an alternative subject line from one or more rated keywords, further comprises: creating, by the one or more computer processors, a second alternative subject line, subsequent to creating the alternative subject line, which is proffered to the user to replace the subject line of the subsequent electronic message. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein suggesting one or more alternative subject lines, further comprises: advising, by the one or more computer processors, the sender of the relative percentage increase in likelihood that the recipient will respond based on the one or more alternative subject lines. 10. A computer program product for targeting a message response, the computer program product comprising: one or more computer-readable storage media and program instructions stored on the one or more computer-readable storage media, the program instructions comprising: program instructions to monitor recipient activity related to one or more electronic messages received by a recipient; program instructions to gather recipient interest data, wherein gathering includes collecting one or more keywords that interest the recipient as evidenced by one or more positive indicators of interest associated with the one or more keywords; program instructions to store the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient; program instructions to calculate a recipient interest rating for each of the one or more keywords, wherein the recipient interest rating is based, at least in part, on the recipient activity and an established recipient interest baseline; in response to a sender drafting a subsequent electronic message addressed to the recipient, program instructions to compare the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient to a subject line and message content of the subsequent electronic message; and program instructions to suggest one or more alternative subject lines incorporating at least one of the one or more keywords stored within the database associated with the recipient, wherein suggesting the one or more alternative subject lines includes utilizing a predictive analytics system to determine a relative percentage increase in likelihood that the recipient will respond based on the one or more alternative subject lines. 11. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein program instructions to monitor recipient activity related to one or more electronic messages received by a recipient, comprise at least one of: program instructions to determine an order in which the one or more electronic messages are opened; program instructions to determine a length of time spent on each of the one or more electronic messages when opened; program instructions to determine a type of action taken on each of the one or more electronic messages; program instructions to determine a frequency of words used in the one or more electronic messages; program instructions to determine one or more affiliations of the recipient; program instructions to determine a type of words used in the one or more electronic messages; and program instructions to determine a format of words used in the one or more electronic messages. 12. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein program instructions to gather recipient interest data, further comprise: program instructions to extract recipient interest data from one or more social networks. 13. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein program instructions to calculate the recipient interest rating for the one or more keywords, further comprise: program instructions to assign the one or more keywords a weight based on at least one of: program instructions to determine one or more actions taken on the one or more electronic messages; program instructions to determine a time spent on the one or more electronic messages by the recipient; program instructions to determine how quickly the one or more electronic messages was accessed by the recipient; and program instructions to determine a relationship between the recipient and a sender. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein program instructions to assign the one or more keywords a weight based on determining one or more indicators, further comprise: program instructions to assign a positive point value for indicators suggesting high user interest, and a negative point value for indicators suggesting low user interest. 15. A computer system for targeting a message response, the computer system comprising: one or more computer processors; one or more computer-readable storage media; program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more computer-readable storage media for execution by at least one of the one or more computer processors, the program instructions comprising: program instructions to monitor recipient activity related to one or more electronic messages received by a recipient; program instructions to gather recipient interest data, wherein gathering includes collecting one or more keywords that interest the recipient as evidenced by one or more positive indicators of interest associated with the one or more keywords; program instructions to store the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient; program instructions to calculate a recipient interest rating for each of the one or more keywords, wherein the recipient interest rating is based, at least in part, on the recipient activity and an established recipient interest baseline; in response to a sender drafting a subsequent electronic message addressed to the recipient, program instructions to compare the one or more keywords within a database associated with the recipient to a subject line and message content of the subsequent electronic message; and program instructions to suggest one or more alternative subject lines incorporating at least one of the one or more keywords stored within the database associated with the recipient, wherein suggesting the one or more alternative subject lines includes utilizing a predictive analytics system to determine a relative percentage increase in likelihood that the recipient will respond based on the one or more alternative subject lines. 16. The computer system of claim 15, wherein program instructions to monitor recipient activity related to one or more electronic messages received by a recipient, comprise at least one of: program instructions to determine an order in which the one or more electronic messages are opened; program instructions to determine a length of time spent on each of the one or more electronic messages when opened; program instructions to determine a type of action taken on each of the one or more electronic messages; program instructions to determine a frequency of words used in the one or more electronic messages; program instructions to determine one or more affiliations of the recipient; program instructions to determine a type of words used in the one or more electronic messages; and program instructions to determine a format of words used in the one or more electronic messages. 17. The computer system of claim 15, wherein program instructions to gather recipient interest data, further comprise: program instructions to extract recipient interest data from one or more social networks. 18. The computer system of claim 15, wherein program instructions to calculate the recipient interest rating for the one or more keywords, further comprise: program instructions to assign the one or more keywords a weight based on at least one of: program instructions to determine one or more actions taken on the one or more electronic messages; program instructions to determine a time spent on the one or more electronic messages by the recipient; program instructions to determine how quickly the one or more electronic messages was accessed by the recipient; and program instructions to determine a relationship between the recipient and a sender. 19. The computer system of claim 18, wherein program instructions to assign the one or more keywords a weight based on determining one or more indicators, further comprise: program instructions to assign a positive point value for indicators suggesting high user interest, and a negative point value for indicators suggesting low user interest. 20. The computer system of claim 15, wherein program instructions to suggest one or more alternative subject lines, further comprise: program instructions to advise the sender of the relative percentage increase in likelihood that the recipient will respond based on the one or more alternative subject lines.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes a slider movable from a first position to a second position against a spring force for urging a primary transfer roller to an intermediary transfer belt to space the primary transfer roller from the intermediary transfer belt. An assisting mechanism assists the movement of the slider in a first direction. The assisting mechanism includes vertical and horizontal sliders which cause to apply the urging force of a compression spring to the slider as an urging force in the first direction, from a third position which is between the first position and the second position. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member configured to carry a toner image; an endless belt; a belt frame configured to support a plurality of stretching rollers for stretching said belt; a transfer roller provided inside of said belt configured to contact an inner surface of said belt to transfer the toner image from said image bearing member onto said belt; a first urging member provided between said belt frame and said transfer roller and configured to urge said transfer roller toward said image bearing member through said belt; a movable member movable relative to said belt frame in a first direction and movable between a first position for moving said transfer roller to a contact position where said transfer roller contacts and the inner surface of said belt and a second position for moving said transfer roller to a spaced position where said transfer roller is spaced from the inner surface of said belt; a driving source configured to move said movable member relative to said belt frame, said driving source receives a load attributable to said first urging member when said driving source moves said movable member from the first position to the second position; and a load reducing mechanism configured to reduce the load of said driving source when said driving source moves said movable member from a third position which is between the first position and the second position to the second position, said load reducing mechanism including a first member, a second urging member and a second member, wherein said first member is provided on said movable member so as to be movable in a second direction crossing with the first direction, and said first member includes a first contact portion, wherein said second urging member is disposed between said movable member and said first member and urges said first member in the second direction relative to said movable member, and wherein said second member is fixed to said belt frame and includes a second contact portion which contacts said first contact portion when said movable member is between the third position and the second position, wherein said second member is cooperative with said first member to convert an urging force of said second urging member to said first member in the second direction to a force to said movable member in the first direction, and the converted force in the first direction reduces the load of said driving source driving said movable member from the third position to the second position. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said first contact portion and said second contact portion is provided with an inclined surface inclined relative to the first direction 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second member includes a third contact portion adjacent to said second contact portion in the first direction, and said third contact portion has a surface in the first direction which contacts said first contact portion when said movable member is between the first position and the third position. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a holder configured to rotate said transfer roller about a rotational shaft supported by said belt frame between the contact position and the spacing position, wherein one end portion side of the holder rotatably supports said transfer roller, and said first urging member is disposed between the other end portion side of said holder and said belt frame, and the wherein the other end portion side of said holder is provided with a projection configured to limit rotation of said holder by contacting to a regulating surface of said movable member and urged by the urging force of said first urging member. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a holder movably provided on said belt frame and rotatably supporting said transfer roller and configured to move said transfer roller between the contact position and the spacing position, wherein one end portion side of the holder rotatably supports said transfer roller, and said first urging member is disposed between the other end portion side of said holder and said belt frame, and the wherein said holder is provided with a projection configured to limit rotation of said holder by contacting to a regulating surface of said movable member and urged by the urging force of said first urging member. 6. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member configured to carry a toner image; an endless belt; a belt frame configured to support a plurality of stretching rollers for stretching said belt; a transfer roller provided inside of said belt configured to contact an inner surface of said belt to transfer the toner image from said image bearing member onto said belt; a first urging member provided between said belt frame and said transfer roller and configured to urge said transfer roller toward said image bearing member through said belt; a movable member movable relative to said belt frame in a first direction and movable between a first position for moving said transfer roller to a contact position where said transfer roller contacts and the inner surface of said belt and a second position for moving said transfer roller to a spaced position where said transfer roller is spaced from the inner surface of said belt; a driving source configured to move said movable member relative to said belt frame, said driving source receives a load attributable to said first urging member when said driving source moves said movable member from the first position to the second position; and a load reducing mechanism configured to reduce the load of said driving source when said driving source moves said movable member from a third position which is between the first position and the second position to the second position, said load reducing mechanism including a first member, a second urging member and a second contact portion, wherein said first member is provided on said belt frame so as to be movable in a second direction crossing with the first direction, and said first member includes a first contact portion, wherein said second urging member is disposed between said belt frame and said first member and urges said first member in the second direction relative to said belt frame, and wherein said second member is provided on said movable member and contacts said first contact portion when said is between the third position and the second position, wherein said second member is cooperative with said first member to convert an urging force of said second urging member to said first member in the second direction to a force to said movable member in the first direction, and the converted force in the first direction reduces the load of said driving source driving said movable member from the third position to the second position. 7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein at least one of said first contact portion and said second contact portion is provided with an inclined surface inclined relative to the first direction. 8. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said movable member includes a third contact portion adjacent to said second contact portion in the first direction, and said third contact portion has a surface in the first direction which contacts said first contact portion when said movable member is between the first position and the third position. 9. An apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a holder configured to rotate said transfer roller about a rotational shaft supported by said belt frame between the contact position and the spacing position, wherein one end portion side of the holder rotatably supports said transfer roller, and said first urging member is disposed between the other end portion side of said holder and said belt frame, and the wherein the other end portion side of said holder is provided with a projection configured to limit rotation of said holder by contacting to a regulating surface of said movable member and urged by the urging force of said first urging member. 10. An apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a holder movably provided on said belt frame and rotatably supporting said transfer roller and configured to move said transfer roller between the contact position and the spacing position, wherein one end portion side of the holder rotatably supports said transfer roller, and said first urging member is disposed between the other end portion side of said holder and said belt frame, and the wherein said holder is provided with a projection configured to limit rotation of said holder by contacting to a regulating surface of said movable member and urged by the urging force of said first urging member. 11. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member configured to carry a toner image; an endless belt; a belt frame configured to support a plurality of stretching rollers, including a first stretching roller and a second stretching roller, for stretching said belt; a transfer roller provided inside of said belt configured to contact an inner surface of said belt to transfer the toner image from said image bearing member onto said belt; a first urging member provided between said belt frame and said transfer roller and configured to urge said transfer roller toward said image bearing member through said belt; a movable member movable relative to said belt frame in a first direction and movable between a first position for moving said transfer roller to a contact position where said transfer roller contacts and the inner surface of said belt and a second position for moving said transfer roller to a spaced position where said transfer roller is spaced from the inner surface of said belt; a driving source configured to move said movable member relative to said belt frame, said driving source receives a load attributable to said first urging member when said driving source moves said movable member from the first position to the second position; and a load reducing mechanism configured to reduce the load of said driving source when said driving source moves said movable member from a third position which is between the first position and the second position to the second position, said load reducing mechanism including said first stretching roller, a second urging member and a second contact portion, wherein said first stretching roller is provided on said belt frame so as to be movable in a second direction crossing with the first direction, and said first member includes a first contact portion, wherein said second urging member is disposed between said belt frame and said second stretching roller and urges said first stretching roller in the second direction through said belt relative to said belt frame, and wherein said second contact portion is provided on said movable member and contacts said first contact portion when said movable member is between the third position and the second position, wherein said second member is cooperative with said first stretching roller to convert an urging force of said second urging member to said first stretching roller in the second direction to a force to said movable member in the first direction, and the converted force in the first direction reduces the load of said driving source driving said movable member from the third position to the second position. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein at least one of said first contact portion and said second contact portion is provided with an inclined surface inclined relative to the first direction. 13. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said movable member includes a third contact portion adjacent to said second contact portion in the first direction, and said third contact portion has a surface in the first direction which contacts said first contact portion when said movable member is between the first position and the third position. 14. An apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a holder configured to rotate said transfer roller about a rotational shaft supported by said belt frame between the contact position and the spacing position, wherein one end portion side of the holder rotatably supports said transfer roller, and said first urging member is disposed between the other end portion side of said holder and said belt frame, and the wherein the other end portion side of said holder is provided with a projection configured to limit rotation of said holder by contacting to a regulating surface of said movable member and urged by the urging force of said first urging member. 15. An apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a holder movably provided on said belt frame and rotatably supporting said transfer roller and configured to move said transfer roller between the contact position and the spacing position, wherein one end portion side of the holder rotatably supports said transfer roller, and said first urging member is disposed between the other end portion side of said holder and said belt frame, and the wherein said holder is provided with a projection configured to limit rotation of said holder by contacting to a regulating surface of said movable member and urged by the urging force of said first urging member.",
-    "A rear vehicle-body structure of a vehicle comprises a storage compartment for storing an openable roof and a back window portion, a deck cover provided to cover over the storage compartment, the deck cover comprising a pair of right-and-left cover side wall portions which are provided to be spaced apart from each other in a vehicle width direction and stand upward and a header portion which is provided to interconnect respective upper ends of the cover side wall portions at a position close to, in a vehicle longitudinal direction, the roof, a cover opening/closing mechanism provided to move the deck cover upward, and a pair of right-and-left front-lower regulation structures provided to regulate positions of respective lower portions of the cover side wall portions relative to the vehicle body. 1. A rear vehicle-body structure of a vehicle, comprising: a storage member comprising a roof covering over an upper portion of the vehicle and/or a back window positioned in back of the roof; a storage compartment formed at a vehicle body for storing the storage member from above of the vehicle; a deck cover provided to cover over the storage compartment, the deck cover comprising a pair of right-and-left cover side wall portions which are provided to be spaced apart from each other in a vehicle width direction and stand upward and a header portion which is provided to interconnect respective upper ends of the cover side wall portions at a position close to, in a vehicle longitudinal direction, the roof; a cover opening/closing mechanism provided to move the deck cover upward; and a pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms provided to regulate positions of respective lower portions of the cover side wall portions relative to the vehicle body. 2. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a pair of right-and-left pillar members provided to extend upward at both-side portions of the vehicle body which are positioned in front of said storage compartment and close to, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, respective front portions of said pair of right-and-left cover side wall portions, wherein said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged close to said pair of right-and-left pillar members. 3. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 2, further comprising a storage mechanism provided to interconnect said storage member and the vehicle body and store the storage member into said storage compartment, wherein respective lower-portion sides of said pair of right-and-left cover side wall portions of the pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are configured as a pair of right-and-left cover-side positioning portions and respective vehicle-body sides of said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are configured as a pair of right-and-left vehicle-body-side positioning portions, and said pair of right-and-left vehicle-body-side positioning portions, said storage mechanism, and said pillar members are integrally configured. 4. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms is provided with a vehicle-width-direction contact portion to contact in the vehicle width direction and a vertical-direction contact portion to contact in a vehicle vertical direction. 5. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 2, wherein each of said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms is provided with a vehicle-width-direction contact portion to contact in the vehicle width direction and a vertical-direction contact portion to contact in a vehicle vertical direction. 6. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 3, wherein each of said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms is provided with a vehicle-width-direction contact portion to contact in the vehicle width direction and a vertical-direction contact portion to contact in a vehicle vertical direction. 7. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 1, wherein said cover opening/closing mechanism comprises a cover link member which interconnects said deck cover and the vehicle body and a cover link drive portion which is fixedly attached to the vehicle body and rotates said cover link member, and said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged at a position which is spaced apart, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, from said cover link drive portion. 8. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 2, wherein said cover opening/closing mechanism comprises a cover link member which interconnects said deck cover and the vehicle body and a cover link drive portion which is fixedly attached to the vehicle body and rotates said cover link member, and said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged at a position which is spaced apart, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, from said cover link drive portion. 9. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 3, wherein said cover opening/closing mechanism comprises a cover link member which interconnects said deck cover and the vehicle body and a cover link drive portion which is fixedly attached to the vehicle body and rotates said cover link member, and said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged at a position which is spaced apart, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, from said cover link drive portion. 10. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 4, wherein said cover opening/closing mechanism comprises a cover link member which interconnects said deck cover and the vehicle body and a cover link drive portion which is fixedly attached to the vehicle body and rotates said cover link member, and said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged at a position which is spaced apart, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, from said cover link drive portion. 11. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 5, wherein said cover opening/closing mechanism comprises a cover link member which interconnects said deck cover and the vehicle body and a cover link drive portion which is fixedly attached to the vehicle body and rotates said cover link member, and said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged at a position which is spaced apart, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, from said cover link drive portion. 12. The rear vehicle-body structure of the vehicle of claim 6, wherein said cover opening/closing mechanism comprises a cover link member which interconnects said deck cover and the vehicle body and a cover link drive portion which is fixedly attached to the vehicle body and rotates said cover link member, and said pair of right-and-left positioning mechanisms are arranged at a position which is spaced apart, in the vehicle longitudinal direction, from said cover link drive portion.",
-    "An assistive vehicular guidance system for locating a spotter vehicle in a target location near a target machine. The guidance system has a positioning system including global positioning sensors on the spotter vehicle and target machine, and user interfaces providing visual and/or auditory cues. An assist module includes long-range and short-range network radios and an analyzer. The analyzer interfaces with the global positioning sensors, the long-range and short-range network radios, and the user interfaces, planning a path for the spotter vehicle and providing cues in guiding the spotter vehicle along the path to the target location. A communications system includes short-range and long-range networks, the short-range network connecting the short-range network radios of the spotter vehicle and the target machine. The long-range network includes a VPN and server, connecting the long-range radios of the spotter vehicle and target machine with the server via the VPN. 1. An assistive vehicular guidance system to locate at least one spotter vehicle in a target location near a target machine, comprising: a positioning system comprising global positioning sensors located on each of the spotter vehicle and target machine; an operator interface for the target machine, the target machine operator interface configured to provide at least visual cues; an operator interface for the spotter vehicle, the spotter vehicle operator interface configured to provide at least specific auditory cues; an assist module for each of the spotter vehicle and target machine, the assist module comprising a long-range network radio, a short-range network radio and an analyzer, the analyzer being configured to interface with the global positioning sensors, the long-range-network radio, the short-range network radio, the target machine user interface and the spotter vehicle operator interface to plan a path for the spotter vehicle to follow to the target location and to provide at least specific auditory cues to aid a spotter vehicle operator in guiding the spotter vehicle to the target location along the path; and a communications system comprising a short-range network and a long-range network, short-range network being configured to connect the short-range network radio of the spotter vehicle with the short-range network radio of the target machine, and the long-range network comprising a virtual private network and a central server, the long-range network being configured to connect the long-range radios of the spotter vehicle and target machine with the central server via the virtual private network. 2. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein the spotter vehicle user interface comprises a display with an auditory feature configured to provide the specific auditory cues. 3. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein providing the specific auditory cues comprises providing at least one of type of steering cue, one type of speed cue and one type of proximity cue. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the auditory cues comprises providing at least one type of quasi-verbal cue. 5. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein the spotter machine user interface comprises a display with a visual feature configured to provide visual cues and an auditory feature configured to provide the specific auditory cues. 6. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 5, wherein the visual feature is configured to be disabled when the operator places the spotter vehicle in a reverse gear following the path, leaving the auditory feature operative to provide the specific auditory cues. 7. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 5, wherein the visual cues comprise a light bar configured to provide steering cues, a distance bar configured to provide operational cues and a map configured to provide positioning and orientation cues. 8. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein the positioning system located on the spotter vehicle comprises an inertial measurement unit. 9. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein the spotter vehicle is a truck and the target machine is a shovel, the shovel comprising a bucket configured to align with the target location. 10. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein the communication system selects between the short range network and the long range network depending on network availability. 11. An assistive vehicular guidance system to locate at least one of a plurality of spotter vehicles in a target location near a target machine, comprising: a positioning system comprising global positioning sensors located on a target machine and each of the plurality of spotter vehicles; an operator interface for each of the spotter vehicles and the target machine, each of the operator interfaces comprising a display with a visual feature configured to provide visual cues and an auditory feature configured to provide auditory cues; an assist module for each of the spotter vehicles and target machine, the assist module comprising a long-range network radio, a short-range network radio and an analyzer, the analyzer for the spotter vehicles and the target machine comprising a computer program product having a computer readable storage medium embedded with program instructions executable by each analyser to interface with the global positioning sensors, the long-range network radio, the short-range network radio and the operator interface, and by the analyzer for the at least one spotter vehicle to plan a path for the at least one spotter vehicle to follow to the target location and to provide visual and auditory cues on the display to aid an operator in guiding spotter vehicle to the target location along the path; and a communications system comprising a short-range network and a long-range network, the short-range network being configured to connect the short range network radio of the spotter vehicle with the short-range network radio of the target machine, and the long range network comprising a virtual private network and a central server, the central server comprising a computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions being executable by the central server operatively associated with the positioning system and the operator interfaces, the communications system being configured to communicate information processed between the processor of the spotter vehicle and the target machine and the long range network being configured to connect the long range radios of the spotter vehicle and target machine with the central server via the virtual private network. 12. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 11, wherein the visual display comprises a light bar configured to provide steering cues, a distance bar configured to provide operational cues, and a map configured to provide positioning and orientation cues. 13. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 11, wherein the visual feature is configured to be disabled when the spotter vehicle operator puts the spotter vehicle in reverse gear following the path, leaving the auditory feature operative to provide auditory cues. 14. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 1, wherein the analyzer of the at least one spotter vehicle planning the path for the at least one spotter vehicle to follow to the target location and providing visual and auditory cues on the display to aid the operator in guiding spotter vehicle to the target location along the path occurs automatically when said analyzer executes the program instructions. 15. The assistive vehicular guidance system of claim 11, wherein providing the specific auditory cues comprises providing at least one of type of steering cue, one type of speed cue and one type of proximity cue. 16. A method for assisting an operator in guiding a spotter vehicle to a target location in proximity to a target machine, comprising: activating a vehicular assist guidance system comprising a positioning system, a user interface for at least the spotter vehicle, the user interface comprising a display with a video feature and an auditory feature, a communications system comprising, and a processor, the processor being operatively associated with the positioning system and the user interface and the communications system being configured to communicate information processed between the processor of the spotter vehicle and the target machine; moving the spotter vehicle into a queue location; via the processor, determining whether a path can be planned from the queue location to the target location, using the user interface, confirming that the processor has planned the path; via the processor and the communications system, causing the path to be displayed on the display; after the confirming, causing the spotter vehicle to move into reverse gear; by causing the spotter vehicle to move into reverse gear, automatically causing the visual display feature to be disabled, leaving the auditory feature operative, and providing auditory cues; using the auditory cues to steer the spotter vehicle to follow the path to the target location; and stopping the spotter vehicle at the target location to await action from the target machine. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein providing the auditory cues comprises providing at least one type of non-verbal cue. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the providing auditory cues comprises providing auditory cues with a frequency of at least one Hertz. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: following the determining, using the user interface, conveying a notification that a path cannot be planned; causing the spotter vehicle to move forward until, using the user interface, the processor confirms that the path can be planned. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the action from the target machine is loading the spotter vehicle.",
-    "An assembly for a vehicle roof comprises a cover, which is embodied to close off an opening in the vehicle roof. The cover has an outer layer, which faces away from the vehicle interior, an inner layer, which faces the vehicle interior, and a solar cell layer, which is arranged between the outer layer and the inner layer. The assembly further has a darkening device, which is assigned to the cover and which has a reflective layer which, in a closed state, faces the inner layer so as to reflect light that enters through the cover in the direction of the vehicle interior back in the direction of the cover. 1. An assembly for a vehicle roof, comprising a cover, which is embodied to close off an opening in the vehicle roof, wherein the cover has an outer layer, which faces away from the vehicle interior, an inner layer, which faces the vehicle interior, and a solar cell layer, which is arranged between the outer layer and the inner layer, and a darkening device, which is assigned to the cover and which has reflective layer which, in a closed state, faces the inner layer so as to reflect light that enters through the cover in the direction of the vehicle interior back in the direction of the cover. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the reflective layer is a reflective surface of the darkening device. 3. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the reflective layer comprises a reflective fabric. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the reflective layer comprises a reflective film, which is arranged on the surface of the darkening device. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the solar cell layer comprises spherical solar cells. 6. The assembly according to claim 5, in which the solar cell layer comprises flat solar cells. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the solar cell layer comprises organic solar cells. 8. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the darkening device comprises a roller shade. 9. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the darkening device comprises a sunroof shade. 10. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the outer layer and/or the inner layer of the cover comprise films, in particular plastic films, and/or glass. 11. The assembly according to claim 1, in which the cover is movable relative to the vehicle roof.",
-    "A medical manipulator comprising a distal end side and a proximal end side, comprising a distal unit including an end effector on the distal end side, a joint assembly located on a proximal end side of the end effector and a first power transmission assembly for transmission in a longitudinal direction of a linear motion force for actuation of the end effector or the joint assembly, and a proximal unit including a driver on the proximal end side for generating power for actuating the end effector or the joint assembly and a second power transmission assembly for transmission of power generated from the driver to the distal end side. The distal unit includes a first linear motion force conversion mechanism linked to the first power transmission assembly to convert power from the second power transmission assembly to a linear motion force. 1. A medical manipulator comprising a distal end side and a proximal end side configured to be attachable to or detachable from each other, comprising: a distal unit including an end effector on the distal end side, a joint assembly located on a proximal end side of said end effector, and a first power transmission assembly for transmission in a longitudinal direction of a linear motion force for actuation of the end effector or said joint assembly; a proximal unit including a driver on the proximal end side for generating power for actuating the end effector or the joint assembly, and a second power transmission assembly for transmission of power generated from the driver to the distal end side, and detachably mounted on the distal unit at a distal end; wherein the distal unit includes a first linear motion force conversion mechanism linked to the first power transmission assembly to convert power from the second power transmission assembly to a linear motion force upon attachment of the distal unit to the proximal unit. 2. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 1, wherein the proximal unit further includes a second linear motion force conversion mechanism for converting rotational power of the driver into a linear motion force, and the second power transmission assembly transmits the linear motion force. 3. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 1, wherein the first linear motion force conversion mechanism includes a seesaw member that is rotatable about a rotating shaft, and has a contact portion coming in contact with the second power transmission assembly upon attachment of the distal unit to the proximal unit, wherein the seesaw member is connected to the first power transmission assembly, and as a result of rotation of the seesaw member by power transmitted from the second power transmission assembly, the first power transmission assembly is pushed or pulled in the longitudinal direction. 4. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 3, wherein the proximal unit further includes a link member having an abutment portion in abutment on the contact portion of the seesaw member upon linking to a distal end of the second power transmission member for attachment of the distal unit to the proximal unit. 5. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 4, wherein the abutment portion and the contact portion are configured in such a way as to have a concave/convex relation in which the both portions are in abutment on each other. 6. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 2, wherein the first linear motion force conversion mechanism includes a first rack-and-pinion mechanism, and the first power transmission assembly is connected to a rack that forms a part of the first rack-and-pinion mechanism. 7. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 6, wherein the second linear motion force conversion mechanism includes a second rack-and-pinion mechanism for conversion of rotational power of the driver to a linear motion force. 8. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 2, which further includes a restriction portion for restricting movement of the second power transmission assembly. 9. A medical manipulator as recited in claim 1, wherein the distal unit is encased in such a way as to be watertight.",
-    "A launch, recovery, and handling system includes a track system arranged on a deck of a ship and a stern door of the ship. The launch, recovery, and handling system also includes an aft cradle and a forward cradle that are connected to the track system and moveable in first and second directions along the track system. The aft cradle is moveable from a first position at a first area inside the ship to a second position on the stern door for at least one of launching and recovering a payload. 1. A launch, recovery, and handling system, comprising: a track system arranged on a deck of a ship and a stern door of the ship; and an aft cradle and a forward cradle that are connected to the track system and moveable in first and second directions along the track system, wherein the aft cradle is moveable from a first position at a first area inside the ship to a second position on the stern door for at least one of launching and recovering a payload. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the stern door is pivotable relative to a hull of the ship between a closed position, a first open position, and a second open position. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein: in the first position the stern door is angled upward relative to horizontal and closes an opening at the stern of the ship; in the second position the stern door is substantially horizontal; and in the third position the stern door is angled downward relative to horizontal. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the payload comprises plural waterborne vessels. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the system is structured and arranged to launch the waterborne vessels from the ship without using a crane. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein: the track system comprises track sections that are substantially parallel to a longitudinal centerline of the ship; the first direction is forward; and the second direction is aft. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the track sections traverse a watertight threshold between the first area of the ship and a second area of the ship. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the aft cradle comprises trucks that roll on the track system. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the trucks and the track system are structured and arranged such that the trucks are prevented from moving in an athwartship direction when the trucks are on the track system. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the trucks and the track system are structured and arranged such that the trucks are prevented from moving beyond a predefined limit in a vertical direction when the trucks are on the track system. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising winches that control movement of the aft cradle along the track system in the first and second directions. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising a transfer cradle on the track system between the aft cradle and the forward cradle. 13. The system of claim 12, further comprising a lock assembly that is structured and arranged to provide first, second and third locking modes of the aft cradle. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the lock assembly is connected to the aft cradle and is configured to be manually operated. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein: the first locking mode locks the aft cradle to the transfer cradle without locking the aft cradle to the ship; the second locking mode locks the aft cradle to both the transfer cradle and the ship; and the third locking mode locks the aft cradle to the ship without locking the aft cradle to the transfer cradle. 16. The system of claim 12, wherein the system is structured and arranged to: support a first waterborne vessel on the aft cradle in the first area of the ship; support a second waterborne vessel on the forward cradle in a second area of the ship; move the aft cradle and the first waterborne vessel to the stern door; deploy the first waterborne vessel from the aft cradle into a body of water surrounding the ship; move the aft cradle from the stern door to the first area; move the second waterborne vessel from the forward cradle, over the transfer cradle, and onto the aft cradle; move the aft cradle and the second waterborne vessel to the stern door; and deploy the second waterborne vessel from the aft cradle into the body of water surrounding the ship. 17. A launch, recovery, and handling system, comprising: a track system arranged on a deck of a ship and a stern door of the ship; an aft cradle and a forward cradle that are connected to the track system and moveable in first and second directions along the track system; and a lock assembly that is structured and arranged to provide first, second and third locking modes of the aft cradle; wherein: the aft cradle is moveable from a first position at a first area inside the ship to a second position on the stern door for at least one of launching and recovering a payload; the stern door is pivotable relative to a hull of the ship between a closed position, a first open position, and a second open position; the aft cradle comprises trucks that roll on the track system. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein: in the first position the stern door is angled upward relative to horizontal and closes an opening at the stern of the ship; in the second position the stern door is substantially horizontal; in the third position the stern door is angled downward relative to horizontal; the payload comprises plural waterborne vessels; and the system is structured and arranged to launch the waterborne vessels from the ship without using a crane. 19. A method of using a launch, recovery, and handling system, comprising: supporting a first waterborne vessel on an aft cradle in a first area of a ship; supporting a second waterborne vessel on a forward cradle in a second area of the ship; moving the aft cradle and the first waterborne vessel along a track system to a launch and recovery ramp, wherein the track system is arranged at both the first area of the ship and the launch and recovery ramp; deploying the first waterborne vessel from the aft cradle into a body of water surrounding the ship; moving the aft cradle, along the track system, from the launch and recovery ramp to the first area; moving the second waterborne vessel from the forward cradle and onto the aft cradle; moving the aft cradle and the second waterborne vessel along the track system to the launch and recovery ramp; and deploying the second waterborne vessel from the aft cradle into the body of water surrounding the ship. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the forward cradle and the aft cradle remain connected to the track system during the moving the second waterborne vessel from the forward cradle and onto the aft cradle.",
-    "A mobile communication device includes an assembly, an antenna module disposed on the assembly, and a metal cover detachably fixed on the assembly. The antenna module has an internal segment and an external segment connected to the internal segment. The internal segment is arranged in a space surrounded by the metal cover and the assembly and is entirely shielded by the metal cover in a thickness direction. The external segment is disposed on a short side surface of the assembly and is arranged outside the space. The external segment does not contact the metal cover. Thus, the metal cover of the mobile communication device of the instant disclosure can be provided without extra design. 1. A mobile communication device, comprising: an assembly, comprising: a frame having a front surface, a rear surface, two long side surfaces, and two short side surfaces, wherein the two long side surfaces and the two short side surfaces are connected to a peripheral edge of the front surface, the frame defines a thickness direction perpendicular to the front surface; and a circuit board disposed on the frame, wherein the frame has a mounting region arranged between the circuit board and one of the two short side surfaces; an antenna module disposed on the frame and electrically connected to the circuit board, the antenna module comprising: a high frequency antenna having a high frequency internal segment and a high frequency external segment connected to the high frequency internal segment, wherein the high frequency internal segment is disposed on the mounting region, and the high frequency external segment is disposed on the one of the short side surfaces arranged adjacent to the mounting region; and a low frequency antenna having a low frequency internal segment and a low frequency external segment connected to the low frequency internal segment, wherein the low frequency internal segment is disposed on the mounting region, and the low frequency external segment is disposed on the one of the short side surfaces arranged adjacent to the mounting region; and a metal cover detachably fixed on the frame of the assembly, wherein the high frequency internal segment and the low frequency internal segment of the antenna module are arranged in a space surrounded by the metal cover and the frame, the high frequency internal segment and the low frequency internal segment are shielded by the metal cover in the thickness direction, the high frequency external segment and the low frequency external segment of the antenna module are arranged outside the space surrounded by the metal cover and the frame, and the high frequency external segment and the low frequency external segment do not contact the metal cover. 2. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the high frequency external segment is extended from the high frequency internal segment in a direction away from the low frequency external segment, the low frequency external segment is extended from the low frequency internal segment toward the high frequency external segment. 3. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 2, wherein a total length of the high frequency external segment is greater than a total length of the high frequency internal segment, and the high frequency external segment and the low frequency external segment are only disposed on the one of the short side surfaces arranged adjacent to the mounting region. 4. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the antenna module is a voice antenna module, the assembly has a speaking module and a listening module, the speaking module and the listening module are disposed on the frame and are respectively arranged adjacent to the two short side surfaces, the mounting region is arranged adjacent to the speaking module. 5. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna module is configured to be used in a low frequency band of 820-960 MHz and a high frequency band of 1700-2700 MHz, and wherein the antenna module has an antenna effect of at least \u22126 dB in the low frequency band and an antenna effect of at least \u22125 dB in the high frequency band. 6. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal cover is provided without any plastic material, and the metal cover is provided without any slot or hole corresponding to the antenna module. 7. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the circuit board is connected to the metal cover, the antenna module is electrically connected to the metal cover by connecting the circuit board, and the metal cover is configured to be a ground radiation portion for the antenna module. 8. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the antenna module has a grounding antenna and a feeding segment, an end of the high frequency internal segment, an end of the low frequency internal segment, and an end of the grounding antenna are connected to the feeding segment, the other end of the grounding antenna is electrically connected to a grounding circuit of the circuit board, and the feeding segment is electrically connected to a signal feeding circuit of the circuit board. 9. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal cover surroundingly defines a shielding space, the high frequency internal segment and the low frequency internal segment of the antenna module are arranged in the shielding space of the metal cover. 10. A mobile communication device, comprising: an assembly, comprising a frame having a front surface, a rear surface, two long side surfaces, and two short side surfaces, wherein the two long side surfaces and the two short side surfaces are connected to a peripheral edge of the front surface, the frame defines a thickness direction perpendicular to the front surface; and a circuit board disposed on the frame, wherein the frame has a mounting region arranged between the circuit board and one of the two short side surfaces; and an antenna module disposed on the frame and electrically connected to the circuit board, the antenna module comprising: a high frequency antenna having a high frequency internal segment and a high frequency external segment connected to the high frequency internal segment, wherein the high frequency internal segment is disposed on the mounting region, and the high frequency external segment is disposed on the one of the short side surfaces arranged adjacent to the mounting region; and a low frequency antenna having a low frequency internal segment and a low frequency external segment connected to the low frequency internal segment, wherein the low frequency internal segment is disposed on the mounting region, and the low frequency external segment is disposed on the one of the short side surfaces arranged adjacent to the mounting region.",
-    "Watercraft can be adapted with devices and systems for displaying watercraft operational data, and for receiving user input to control the watercraft. Some devices described herein are configured to releasably mount a computing device to the helm of the watercraft in a convenient, user-friendly manner. The helm-mounted computing device can be configured to display a variety of watercraft-related data, and to receive user input. Moreover, the mounting devices described herein allow the computing device to be readily removed from the helm area so the computing device can be transported for use away from the watercraft. 1. A holding device for releasably attaching a computing device to a watercraft, the holding device comprising: a receiver portion configured to releasably receive a computing device, the receiver portion comprising a frame attached to a panel such that a space is defined between the frame and the panel to slidably receive the computing device; and a mounting portion that is movably coupled with the receiver portion, the mounting portion configured for mounting the holding device to the watercraft, the holding device being pivotably reconfigurable between: (i) a closed position in which the panel is adjacent to the mounting portion and (ii) an open position in which a portion of the panel is spaced away from the mounting portion relative to the closed position. 2. The holding device of claim 1, wherein the frame includes three or more sides arranged around a perimeter of the panel. 3. The holding device of claim 1, further comprising a latching mechanism configured and operable to releasably detain the panel in the closed position adjacent to the mounting portion. 4. The holding device of claim 3, wherein the latching mechanism comprises one or more magnets. 5. The holding device of claim 1, further comprising a charging indicator attached to the holding device, wherein the charging indicator is configured and operable to activate in response to energy being supplied to the computing device while the computing device is received in the receiver portion. 6. The holding device of claim 1, further comprising one or more vibration dampening members configured to dampen vibrations from being transmitted to the computing device while the computing device is received in the receiver portion. 7. The holding device of claim 1, wherein the receiver portion is configured to releasably receive a tablet computer that is configured to interface with an electrical communications interface coupled to the watercraft and configured to facilitate electrical communications between the computing device and one or more electrical devices of the watercraft. 8. A system comprising: a watercraft; and a computing device holder attached to the watercraft, the computing device holder comprising: a mounting portion attached to the watercraft; and a receiver portion that is movably coupled with the mounting portion, the receiver portion configured to releasably receive a computing device, the receiver portion comprising a frame attached to a panel such that a space is defined between the frame and the panel to slidably receive the computing device, the computing device holder being pivotably reconfigurable between: (i) a closed position in which the panel is adjacent to the mounting portion and (ii) an open position in which a portion of the panel is spaced away from the mounting portion relative to the closed position. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the mounting portion is attached to a helm of the watercraft. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the frame includes three or more sides arranged around a perimeter of the panel. 11. The system of claim 8, further comprising a latching mechanism configured and operable to releasably detain the panel in the closed position adjacent to the mounting portion. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the latching mechanism comprises one or more magnets. 13. The system of claim 8, further comprising an electrical communications interface coupled to the watercraft and configured to facilitate electrical communications between the computing device and one or more electrical devices of the watercraft. 14. A system comprising: a computing device holder configured for releasably coupling a computing device to a watercraft, the computing device holder comprising: a receiver portion configured to slidably receive the computing device; and a mounting portion configured for mounting the holding device to the watercraft, the computing device holder being pivotably reconfigurable between: (i) a closed position in which the receiver portion is adjacent to the mounting portion and (ii) an open position in which a portion of the receiver portion is spaced away from the mounting portion relative to the closed position; and computer-coded executable instructions for operating the computing device, the executable instructions adapting the computing device to receive data from one or more sensors of the watercraft and to display information based on the data. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising the computing device. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the receiver portion comprises a frame including three or more sides attached around a perimeter of a panel such that a space is defined between the frame and the panel to slidably receive the computing device, and wherein the mounting portion is pivotably coupled with the receiver portion. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more sensors of the watercraft monitor operations of an engine of the watercraft. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the operations of the engine are selected from the group consisting of RPM, temperature, oil pressure, and voltage. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the executable instructions adapt the computing device to display a map for navigation of the watercraft. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the executable instructions adapt the computing device to display a depth of water or to control an entertainment system of the watercraft.",
-    "The invention relates to a load-handling means for a tower or a tower section of a wind turbine, which load-handling means has tower-attachment means for attachment to an upper end or in the region of an upper end of a tower or a tower section of a wind turbine, and attachment points for attaching at least one anchoring means of a lifting gear unit. The invention also relates to a method for erecting a wind turbine, in particular an offshore wind turbine. The load-handling means according to the invention includes at least one oscillation damper, or at least one oscillation damper is attached, in particular releasably and/or exchangeably, to the load-handling means, the damping frequency of which oscillation damper lies in the region of a natural frequency of a clamped or freestanding tower or tower section without a gondola. 1. A load-handling means for a tower or a tower section of a wind turbine, which load-handling means has tower-attachment means for attachment to an upper end or in a region of the upper end of the tower or the tower section of the wind turbine, and attachment points for attaching at least one anchoring means of a lifting gear unit, wherein the load-handling means comprises at least one oscillation damper or at least one oscillation damper is releasably and/or exchangeably attached to the load-handling means, and wherein a damping frequency of said at least one oscillation damper lies in a region of a natural frequency of a clamped or freestanding tower or tower section without a gondola. 2. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one oscillation damper is a tuned liquid sloshing damper, a tuned liquid column damper (TLCD), a pendulum damper with or without a viscous liquid, or a spring-mass damper. 3. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the load-handling means comprises a plurality of oscillation dampers with different damping frequencies. 4. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the damping frequency of the at least one oscillation damper lies between 0.2 and 1.5 Hz. 5. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the damping frequency of the at least one oscillation damper lies between 0.5 and 1.0 Hz. 6. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 3, wherein the damping frequency of each of the plurality of oscillation dampers lies between 0.2 and 1.5 Hz. 7. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 3, wherein the damping frequency of each of the plurality of oscillation dampers lies between 0.5 and 1.0 Hz. 8. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein a natural frequency of the at least one oscillation damper can be adapted to various transportation states, construction states, towers and/or tower sections. 9. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oscillation damper is arranged in an exchangeable fashion between an upper lifting frame and a lower lifting frame, or wherein the oscillation damper is connected in a fixed fashion to a single lifting frame. 10. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 9, wherein a housing of the at least one oscillation damper is a load-bearing part of the load-handling means. 11. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plurality of oscillation dampers are arranged in an exchangeable fashion between an upper lifting frame and a lower lifting frame, or wherein the plurality of oscillation dampers are connected in a fixed fashion to a single lifting frame. 12. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 11, wherein a housing of the plurality of oscillation dampers is a load-bearing part of the load-handling means. 13. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 9, wherein the lower lifting frame is embodied as a transportation frame on which the upper lifting frame with the at least one oscillation damper is adapted to be fitted and attached. 14. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 11, wherein the lower lifting frame is embodied as a transportation frame on which the upper lifting frame with the plurality of oscillation dampers is adapted to be fitted and attached. 15. The load-handling means as claimed in one of claim 9, wherein the upper lifting frame has attachment points for the at least one anchoring means, or wherein the upper lifting frame has stop points, and the lower lifting frame has attachment points for the at least one anchoring means, and wherein the stop points and the attachment points are arranged offset with respect to one another. 16. The load-handling means as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least part of the load-handling means is embodied as a cover for the tower or the tower section and has at least one tower hatch for access to an interior of the tower or the tower section. 17. A method for erecting a wind turbine comprising: connecting a load-handling means to an upper end or in a region of the upper end of the tower or the tower section of the wind turbine; connecting an anchoring means of a lifting gear unit to the load-handling means; placing the tower or the tower section in an upright and/or raised position; only if the tower is composed of a plurality of tower sections, successively placing the tower sections one on top of another and connecting the plurality of tower sections to one another to form a completely erected tower; removing the load-handling means from the tower or of the tower section while the tower or the tower section is in the upright and/or raised position; and after removal of the load-handling means from the tower or the completely erected tower, fitting a wind turbine gondola onto the tower or completely erected tower; wherein in the upright and/or raised state of the tower or of the tower sections, oscillations of the tower or of the tower sections are damped by one or more oscillation dampers provided in or on the load-handling means. 18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the load-handling means is connected to the tower or to the tower section before transportation of the tower or of the tower section to an erection site. 19. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the tower is assembled from two or more tower sections before transportation to an erection site or before being placed in the upright and/or raised position, and wherein a load-handling means is connected to the assembled tower, said load-handling means having tower-attachment means for attachment to an upper end or in a region of the upper end of the tower or the tower section of the wind turbine, and attachment points for attaching at least one anchoring means of a lifting gear unit, wherein the load-handling means comprises at least one oscillation damper or at least one oscillation damper is releasably and/or exchangeably attached to the load-handling means, and wherein a damping frequency of said at least one oscillation damper lies in a region of a natural frequency of a clamped or freestanding tower or tower section without a gondola. 20. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein a natural frequency of the at least one oscillation damper is adaptable to various transportation states, construction states, towers and/or tower sections.",
-    "A semiconductor structure is provided according to a method in which an aspect ratio trapping process is employed. The structure includes a semiconductor substrate comprising a first semiconductor material having a first lattice constant. A first layer of second semiconductor material formed on the substrate, the first layer having a second lattice constant that is greater than the first lattice constant. A second layer of a semi-insulating, third semiconductor material is formed atop a top surface of the first layer. A transistor device is formed on top of the second layer. An eDRAM structure is connected electronically with a channel region of the transistor device, the eDRAM structure extending from the channel region of the transistor device to a sub-surface below a top surface of the semiconductor substrate. 1. A semiconductor structure comprising: a semiconductor substrate comprising a first semiconductor material having a first lattice constant; a first layer of second semiconductor material formed on said substrate, said first layer having a second lattice constant that is greater than the first lattice constant; a second layer of a semi-insulating, third semiconductor material atop a top surface of the first layer; a transistor device formed on top of the second layer; and an eDRAM structure electronically connected with a channel region of the transistor device, the eDRAM structure extending from the channel region of the transistor device to a sub-surface below a top surface of the semiconductor substrate. 2. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor material and the third semiconductor material comprise a same semiconductor material. 3. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor material comprises a different semiconductor material from the third semiconductor material. 4. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor material comprises a lower portion having a first defect density and an upper portion having a second defect density that is less than the first defect density. 5. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the second semiconducting material and the third semi-insulating semiconductor material comprise a group III-V compound semiconductor material. 6. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the eDRAM structure is formed within a hole structure having a diameter ranging between about 30 nm to about 300 nm. 7. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the eDRAM structure is formed within a hole structure having a depth ranging between about 0.5 \u03bcm to about 10 \u03bcm. 8. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the transistor device is a planar FET transistor device. 9. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the transistor device is a non-planar transistor device. 10. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the third semiconductor material and second semiconductor material have lattice constants that are substantially the same. 11. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein a device layer comprising a III-V compound semiconductor material is located directly upon a topmost surface of the second layer.",
-    "Each club in the bag has a small sensor mount on its shaft with indicia indicating what club (9-iron, 7-iron, fairway 5-wood, etc.) the mount is attached to. A swing sensor can then engage the mount and read the indicia, sending both sensed swing information and club type to an app on the golfer's mobile phone. In this way, the app knows not only the swing information but also the type of club that was used to generate that swing information. 1. At least one apparatus comprising: at least a first sensor mount configured for engaging a golf club of a first type of iron or wood, the first sensor mount including first indicia indicating the first type, the first sensor mount comprising a channel configured to closely receive a golf club shaft within the channel of the first sensor mount, the first sensor mount not containing any energizable components; at least a second sensor mount configured for engaging a golf club of a second type of iron or wood, the second type being different from the first type, the sensor mount including second indicia indicating the second type, the second indicia being different from the first indicia, the second sensor mount comprising a channel configured to closely receive a golf club shaft within the channel of the second sensor mount, the second sensor mount not containing any energizable components; and at least one sensor assembly including structure configured for removably engaging the first sensor mount and for detecting the first indicia, the sensor assembly including at least one motion sensor and at least one wireless transceiver for wirelessly sending a signal to a receiver representing motion of the golf club of the first type, and the first type, the sensor assembly being disengageable from the first sensor mount and engageable with the second sensor mount on the golf club of the second type for wirelessly sending a signal to the receiver representing motion of the golf club of the second type, and the second type. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising respective sensor mounts for each of three or more clubs in a golfer's bag and one and only one sensor assembly. 5. (canceled) 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor assembly detects the indicia magnetically. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor assembly detects the indicia physically. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first indicia includes plural index elements spaced from each other. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the index elements include pins. 10. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the index elements are flat against the sensor mount. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the index elements match index element sensing elements on the sensor assembly. 12. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor mount is made of rubber and/or plastic. 13. A method comprising: using a sensor physically engaged with a golf club of a first type, sensing motion of the golf club; sensing the first type of the golf club; wirelessly transmitting information representing the motion and the first type; subsequently using the sensor to physically engage a golf club of a second type; sensing the second type; and wirelessly transmitting information representing motion of the golf club of the second type, and the second type. 14. The method of claim 13, comprising executing the sensing using a sensor assembly engaged with a sensor mount on the golf club. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sensor assembly senses first indicia on the sensor mount. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising facilitating removal of the sensor assembly from the sensor mount and facilitating the engagement of the sensor assembly with a different sensor mount having second indicia different from the first indicia and engaged with a different golf club, and wirelessly transmitting information representing motion and type of the different golf club. 17. (canceled) 18. An assembly comprising: a first sensor mount with a channel configured to receive a shaft of a first golf club having a first type, the first sensor mount including first index elements in a first arrangement indicating the first type; a second sensor mount with a channel configured to receive a shaft of a second golf club having a second type, the second sensor mount including second index elements in a second arrangement indicating the second type, the second type being different from the first type, the second arrangement being different from the first arrangement; and a sensor assembly removably engageable with the first sensor mount to transmit a signal representing motion of the first golf club and the first type, the sensor assembly being disengageable with the first sensor mount and being engageable with the second sensor mount to transmit a signal representing motion of the second golf club and the second type. 19. The assembly of claim 18, wherein the channel of the first sensor mount snugly receives the shaft of the first golf club. 20. The assembly of claim 18, wherein the first sensor mount comprises a hinged closure that is hinged along an edge to the channel of the first sensor mount to snappingly engage a clip edge that is opposed to the edge. 21. The assembly of claim 21, wherein the hinged closure is formed with a central opening through which the shaft of the first golf club is visible. 22. The assembly of claim 21, wherein opposite the hinged closure, an outer surface of channel portion of the first sensor mount is formed with a recessed flat receptacle, the index elements being located in the recessed flat receptacle.",
-    "An RF ladder filter having a parallel capacitance compensation circuit is disclosed. The parallel capacitance compensation circuit is made up of a first inductive element with a first T-terminal and a first end coupled to a first ladder terminal and a second inductive element with a second T-terminal that is coupled to the first T-terminal of the first inductive element and a second end coupled to a second ladder terminal. Further included is a compensating acoustic RF resonator (ARFR) having a fixed node terminal and a third T-terminal that is coupled to the first T-terminal of the first inductive element and the second T-terminal of the second inductive element, and a finite number of series-coupled ladder ARFRs, wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across one of the finite number of series-coupled ARFRs by way of the first ladder terminal and the second ladder terminal. 1. An RF ladder filter comprising: a parallel capacitance compensation circuit having a first ladder terminal and a second ladder terminal comprising: a first inductive element with a first T-terminal and a first end coupled to the first ladder terminal; a second inductive element with a second T-terminal that is coupled to the first T-terminal of the first inductive element and a second end coupled to the second ladder terminal; and a compensating acoustic RF resonator (ARFR) having a fixed node terminal and a third T-terminal that is coupled to the first T-terminal of the first inductive element and the second T-terminal of the second inductive element; and a finite number of series-coupled ladder ARFRs, wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across one of the finite number of series-coupled ARFRs by way of the first ladder terminal and the second ladder terminal. 2. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein the fixed node terminal of the compensating ARFR is coupled to an RF ground node. 3. The RF ladder filter of claim 2 further including shunt arms coupled at nodes between the series-coupled ladder ARFRs and the RF ground, wherein each of the shunt arms comprises a shunt ARFR coupled in series with a shunt inductor. 4. The RF ladder filter of claim 3 wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit electrically replaces two of the shunt arms. 5. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 further including additional ones of the parallel capacitance compensation circuit individually coupled across every other one of the finite number of series-coupled ladder ARFRs. 6. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein the first inductive element and the second inductive element are negatively coupled to one another. 7. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit comprises the compensating ARFR, the first inductive element, and the second inductive element, such that the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is a passive circuit, which comprises no active components. 8. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein an absolute value of a coefficient of coupling between the first inductive element and the second inductive element is essentially equal to zero. 9. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein an absolute value of a coefficient of coupling between the first inductive element and the second inductive element is greater than zero and less than 0.7. 10. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein an inductance of the first inductive element is not equal to an inductance of the second inductive element. 11. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is configured to increase a ratio of a parallel resonant frequency of the ladder ARFR to a series resonant frequency of the ladder ARFR to which the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across. 12. The RF ladder filter of claim 11 wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit and the ladder ARFR to which the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across are configured to function together as an RF bandpass filtering element, such that the parallel resonant frequency falls outside of a passband of the RF bandpass filtering element. 13. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein a parallel capacitance compensation circuit is configured to present a positive reactance across the ladder ARFR to which the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across, wherein a magnitude of the positive reactance is inversely related to frequency. 14. The RF ladder filter of claim 13 wherein the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is configured to augment RF bandpass filtering behavior of the ladder ARFR to which the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across. 15. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein each of the ladder ARFR to which the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across and the compensating ARFR is a surface acoustic wave (SAW) RF resonator. 16. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein each of the ladder ARFR to which the parallel capacitance compensation circuit is coupled across and the compensating ARFR is a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) RF resonator. 17. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 further comprising an acoustic substrate, which comprises the ladder ARFR and the compensating ARFR, wherein the acoustic substrate includes the first ladder terminal and the second ladder terminal. 18. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein an in band insertion loss is no greater than \u22121.8 dB over a frequency range of about 2.6 GHz to about 2.7 GHz. 19. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein an out of band isolation over a frequency range of 1.6 GHz to about 2.5 GHz is less than about \u221250 dB. 20. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 wherein an out of band isolation over a frequency range of about 2.9 GHz to about 4.0 GHz is less than about \u221260 dB. 21. The RF ladder filter of claim 1 further including additional ones of the parallel capacitance compensation circuit that are coupled across every other one of the finite number of series-coupled ladder ARFRs.",
-    "An improved highback adjustment system for a splitboard boot binding. A captive strut is mounted on the spine of the highback, the strut having a forward lean adjustor block such that rotation or sliding of the block lengthens or shortens the strut. The combination provides a broadly adjustable range of forward lean bias in small increments and the block is readily disengaged and stowed on the highback when not needed. Advantageously, the mechanism that can be operated and adjusted without tools, even with gloved hands, a significant benefit in winter conditions, and does not jam with snow. Methods of use of the improved forward lean adjustor and highback are also disclosed. 1. A highback for a splitboard boot binding system with heel cup, which comprises an adjustable length strut mounted on a pivot pin in a channel disposed along the spine of the highback body member, said adjustable length strut having a forward lean adjustor block, wherein said block is threadably rotatable on a captive jack screw affixed to said pivot pin and seats endwise on a top rim of said heel cup, said block acting to extend or retract said strut length in half turn increments. 2. The highback of claim 1, wherein said forward lean adjustor block is enabled to be hingedly pivoted to an inverted position on said pivot pin so as to be fully disengaged, wherein said channel comprises two walls contralaterally disposed thereon, and further wherein said walls are configured to receive and secure said block in said inverted position. 3. The highback of claim 2, further comprising a pivot pin cradle formed by said walls, and said pivot pin is mounted transversely between said walls. 4. The highback of claim 1, wherein said jack screw has 12 to 30 threads per inch, more preferably about 25 threads per inch, and is threaded into said pivot pin at a first end. 5. The highback of claim 1, wherein said jack screw is threaded into said forward lean adjustor block at a second end, and said block is freely rotatable on said jack screw when disengaged from said heel cup such that turning said block clockwise or counterclockwise lengthens or shortens said adjustable length strut. 6. The highback of claim 1, wherein said channel widens from bottom to top of said highback, and further wherein a beam extending from side to side of said highback body member closes said channel at the top, thereby providing a handle for grasping said highback body member. 7. The highback of claim 1, further comprising anterioinferior toe pivot ears configured to engage said heel cup and to pivot cooperatively thereon. 8. The highback of claim 1, wherein said forward lean adjustor block and jack screw are configured to enable a forward lean mode and a recline mode. 9. A highback with body and posterior spine for a boot binding system, which comprises an adjustable length strut mounted on a pivot axle hingedly mounted in pivot ears forming a pivot pin cradle transversely disposed or affixed along the spine of the highback body, said adjustable length strut having a forward lean adjustor block, wherein said block is lockably movable on said strut and seats endwise on a top rim of a heel cup, said block moveably acting to lockably extend or retract said strut length, and, further wherein said block is enabled to be pivoted to an inverted position on said pivot axle so as to be fully disengaged. 10. A method for improving forward lean angle adjustment, which comprises (a) providing a splitboard boot binding system with baseplate, toe and ankle straps, and heel cup; (b) providing a highback having a body member with backside spine and a strut extending posteriorly therefrom, said strut comprising a forward lean adjustor block, wherein said strut is hingedly mounted on a pivot axle disposed or affixed to said spine, said block has a seat configured to sit endwise on a top rim of said heel cup; and said block is configured to be adjustably positioned to adjust the length of said strut; and, (c) extending or retracting the length of said strut by adjustably positioning said forward lean adjustor block on said strut to adjust the forward lean angle. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the length of said strut is adjusted by slideably or rotatably positioning said forward lean adjustor block on said strut. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said pivot axle is a pivot cradle having two pivot ears and a pivot pin transversely mounted between said pivot ears and said pivot cradle is disposed or affixed to said spine. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said strut is threaded at least in part, and said block is threadedly mounted on said strut, said method comprising rotatably adjusting said strut length. 14. The method of claim 14, wherein said threaded strut is a captive jack screw, said block is threadably rotatable on said captive jack screw, and said screw is affixed to said pivot axle, and further threadably rotating said block on said screw to extend or retract said strut length and then re-seating said block on said top rim, whereby said forward lean angle is adjusted in half turn increments. 15. The method of claim 10, comprising inverting said forward lean adjustor block on said pivot axle so as to be fully disengaged. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said spine comprises two walls contralaterally disposed thereon that define a channel, and further wherein said walls are configured to receive and secure said block in said inverted position. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said two walls define a pivot cradle, and said pivot pin is mounted transversely between said walls. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising a step for selecting a recline mode defined by a negative forward lean angle. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein said step for extending or retracting the length of said strut by adjustably positioning said forward lean adjustor block on said strut to adjust the forward lean angle is achieved by sliding said forward lean adjustor block up or down on said strut and locking said block in place.",
-    "Methods of preparing a sheet of bioprosthetic tissue for use as a prosthetic valve leaflet are disclosed. A method includes positioning a sheet of bioprosthetic tissue across an engagement face of a first patterned substrate. The engagement face defines a pattern having at least one raised region and areas of relief adjacent the at least one raised region. The tissue is compressed against the engagement face to deform the tissue to a deformed state corresponding with the pattern. 1. A method of preparing a sheet of bioprosthetic tissue for use as a prosthetic valve leaflet, comprising: positioning a sheet of bioprosthetic tissue across an engagement face of a first patterned substrate, the engagement face defining a pattern having at least one raised region and areas of relief adjacent the at least one raised region; and compressing the tissue against the engagement face to deform the tissue to a deformed state corresponding with the pattern. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning includes bringing a first major surface of the sheet of bioprosthetic tissue into contact with the engagement face, and further wherein the step of compressing the tissue includes imparting a pattern into the first major surface corresponding with the pattern of the engagement face. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the deformed state of the tissue includes regions of reduced thickness corresponding to the at least one raised region. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the deformed state includes the sheet of tissue being more readily folded along the regions of reduced thickness as compared to other regions of the sheet of tissue. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: positioning a second patterned substrate against the tissue opposite the first patterned substrate. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of compressing further includes: compressing the tissue between the first and second patterned substrates to deform opposing surfaces of the tissue. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the areas of relief include openings extending through the first patterned substrate from the engagement face to an opposing second face. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of compressing the tissue against the first patterned substrate includes applying a suction force to the tissue to pull the tissue toward the first patterned substrate. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein after the step of compressing, the method further comprising: pulling a fixative fluid through the tissue to fixate the deformed surface of the tissue. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein after the step of compressing, the method further comprising: treating the tissue with a fixative to fixate the tissue in the deformed state. 11. (canceled) 12. A method of preparing a sheet of bioprosthetic tissue, comprising: extending a sheet of tissue across a patterned surface of a first substrate; removably securing the sheet of tissue to the patterned surface; applying a force to press the tissue against the patterned surface to compress the tissue and reduce tissue thickness in select areas corresponding to the patterned surface; and treating the tissue with a fixative. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: positioning a second substrate against the sheet of tissue opposite the first substrate; compressing the tissue between the first and second substrates to deform opposing surfaces of the tissue. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: cutting the tissue to form a leaflet of a prosthetic valve after treating the tissue. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein treating the tissue with the fixative includes passing the fixative through the tissue. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the application of force is facilitated by a vacuum source. 17. A conditioned bioprosthetic tissue, comprising: a sheet of bioprosthetic tissue having a first major surface and a second major surface, wherein the first major surface has a pattern including at least one depressed region and areas of relief adjacent to the at least one depressed region, wherein the at least one depressed region has a first tissue density that is greater than a second tissue density of the areas of relief. 18. The conditioned bioprosthetic tissue of claim 17, wherein the second major surface has at pattern including at least one depressed region and areas of relief adjacent to the at least one depressed region. 19. The conditioned bioprosthetic tissue of claim 18, wherein the tissue extending between the first major surface and the second major surface has areas of increased tissue density corresponding to the at least one depressed region. 20. The conditioned bioprosthetic tissue of claim 17, wherein the pattern of the first major surface including at least one depressed region and areas of relief adjacent to the at least one depressed region is set with a fixative.",
-    "A projection display apparatus includes: a laser light source which emits a blue light; a wheel which includes a light emitting body provided on a reflection surface of a substrate, the light emitting body emitting an emission light when the emitting body is irradiated with the blue light; a bandpass filter which is disposed on an optical path on which the emission light of the light emitting body travels; a plurality of optical modulating elements which modulate the blue light and the emission light from the light emitting body; and a projection unit which projects the light modulated by the plurality of optical modulating elements. The bandpass filter allows transmission of part of lights whose wavelength bands are 560 nm to 590 nm in the emission light of the light emitting body, and reflects other lights. 1. A projection display apparatus comprising: a laser light source which emits a blue light; a wheel which includes a light emitting body provided on a reflection surface of a substrate, the light emitting body emitting an emission light when the emitting body is irradiated with the blue light; a bandpass filter which is disposed on an optical path on which the emission light of the light emitting body travels; a plurality of optical modulating elements which modulate the blue light and the emission light from the light emitting body; and a projection unit which projects the light modulated by the plurality of optical modulating elements, wherein the bandpass filter allows transmission of part of lights whose wavelength bands are 560 nm to 590 nm in the emission light of the light emitting body, and reflects other lights. 2. The projection display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a combining optical element which combines the emission light and the blue light to emit a combined light, wherein the bandpass filter is disposed on the optical path on which an emission light from the combining optical element travels. 3. The projection display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a split optical unit including two dichroic mirrors which split the blue light and the emission light from the light emitting body into a red image light, a green image light and a blue image light. 4. The projection display apparatus according to claim 3, wherein a wavelength in which a transmittance in a transmission wavelength band of the bandpass filter is maximized is shorter than a cutoff wavelength at which transmittance is 50% of a dichroic mirror surface, which splits the red image light and the green image light, of the split optical unit. 5. The projection display apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a dominant wavelength of the blue image light falls within a range from 460 nm to 470 nm. 6. The projection display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein a half-maximum wavelength of short wavelength side in an emission spectrum of the light emitting body is shorter than a cutoff wavelength at which transmittance is 50% of a dichroic mirror surface, which splits the green light and the blue light, of the split optical unit. 7. The projection display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein a dominant wavelength of the laser light source is 460 nm or shorter.",
-    "Techniques are disclosed for controlling, in a network device, multiple radio circuits operating in a same or similar frequency band and in close physical proximity. In some embodiments, the radio circuits operate on the same network protocol. The network device can include a coexistence controller coupled to the network circuits. According to some embodiments, the network circuits are each assigned a priority, and the coexistence controller can control operations between the network circuits by selectively adjusting one or more transmission operating parameters of a respective network circuit based on a plurality of operating criteria, which include each network circuit's priority. Among other benefits, the embodiments disclosed herein can increase wireless network bandwidth and reduce mobile device power consumption by providing coordination among the radio circuits so that the transmitting and receiving operations are performed in a way that they do not interfere with their respective antennas. 1. A method for operating a network device having a plurality of wireless network circuits and a coexistence controller coupled to the network circuits, each of the network circuits operating in a same radio frequency band, the method comprising: upon one or more client devices requesting for association, distributing, by the coexistence controller, the client devices to the network circuits based on one or more operating criteria, wherein the network circuits are collocated on the network device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: moving a respective client device connected to a first network circuit to a second network circuit based on the operating criteria. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: coordinating with the respective client in performing the moving using a switch announcement. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: performing the moving when a data traffic workload aggregated from all client devices connected to the first network circuit exceeds or about to exceed a service capacity of the first network circuit. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: performing the moving when an interference on the first network circuit exceeds a threshold. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: performing the moving when a channel condition on the second network circuit becomes better than the first network circuit. 7. The method of claim 2, further comprising: migrating connection information for the respective client device when the respective client device is moved from the first network circuit to the second network circuit. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: enforcing a selection of the distributing by disallowing a respective client device from associating itself with a non-preferred network circuit. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: temporarily stopping broadcasting a service set identifier for the non-preferred network circuit. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: ignoring a probe request from a respective client device for associating with a non-preferred network circuit. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: ignoring a probe request from a respective client device for associating with a non-preferred network circuit before a predetermined period of time expires; allowing the respective client device to associate with the non-preferred network circuit after the period of time expires; and moving the respective client device connected to the non-preferred network circuit to a preferred network circuit. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating criteria include a priority that is assigned to each of the network circuits. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating criteria include how much noise is observed by one or more radios of each network circuit. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating criteria include based on what type of traffic each network circuit is assigned to process. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating criteria include workload that each network circuit has. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating criteria include performance requirement that the client devices request. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the network circuits operates on a different channel. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the network circuits each include individual media access control (MAC) layer and physical (PHY) layer circuitry. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the coexistence controller controls each of the network circuits independently. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising: coordinating with another plurality of wireless network circuits on a respective client device so that the network circuits on the network device each communicate with a corresponding network circuit on the client using a uniquely designated channel. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the network circuits include at least two network circuits operating on different channels in a 5 GHz frequency band. 22. The method of claim 2, further comprising: coordinating with the respective client in performing the moving using a dis-association process. 23. The method of claim 2, further comprising: coordinating with the respective client in performing the moving using a de-authentication process.",
-    "A seat assembly including a seat, a support plate configured to pivot with respect to the seat, a slide plate slidably mounted to the support plate, and a pivot arm positioned between the support plate and the slide plate and connected to the slide plate and the seat. When the support plate is pivotally adjusted with respect to the seat, the pivot arm causes the slide plate to slide along the support plate 1-20. (canceled) 21. A seat assembly comprising: a seat, a support plate configured to pivot with respect to the seat; a slide plate slidably mounted to the support plate; and a pivot arm positioned between the support plate and the slide plate and connected to the slide plate and the seat; wherein, when the support plate is pivotally adjusted with respect to the seat, the pivot arm causes the slide plate to slide along the support plate. 22. The seat assembly of claim 21, further including a link that is operatively connected to the pivot arm. 23. The seat assembly of claim 22, wherein the link is connected to the seat. 24. The seat assembly of claim 22, wherein the link is connected to a frame member. 25. The seat assembly of claim 22, wherein the link is connected to a post. 26. The seat assembly of claim 21, wherein the slide plate includes a slot. 27. The seat assembly of claim 26, wherein the pivot arm includes a protrusion that is slidably retained in the slot. 28. The seat assembly of claim 21, wherein, when the support plate is adjusted toward a reclined position, the slide plate slides toward the seat. 29. The seat assembly of claim 21, wherein the system is attached to a wheelchair. 30. A seat assembly comprising: a seat, a support plate pivotally connected to the seat and that pivots with respect to the seat; a slide plate slidably mounted to a front side of the support plate; and a pivot arm positioned between the support plate and the slide plate and connected to the slide plate; wherein, when the support plate is pivotally adjusted with respect to the seat, the pivot arm causes the slide plate to slide along the support plate. 31. The seat assembly of claim 30, further including a link that is operatively connected to the pivot arm and to a frame member of the seat. 32. The seat assembly of claim 31, wherein the link is connected to a post on the frame member. 33. The seat assembly of claim 30, wherein, when the support plate is adjusted toward the reclined position, the slide plate slides toward the seat. 34. The seat assembly of claim 30, wherein the seat assembly is attached to a wheelchair. 35. A seat assembly for a wheelchair comprising: a seat, a support plate configured to pivot with respect to the seat; a slide plate connected to the support plate and configured to slide with respect to the support plate; and a pivot arm positioned between the support plate and the slide plate and rotatably connected to the support plate and connected to the slide plate by a slot and stud connection wherein the stud can slide within the slot; wherein, when the support plate is pivotally adjusted with respect to the seat, the pivot arm causes the slide plate to slide with respect to the support plate.",
-    "A network device can include a tuner configured to receive audio and video data of at least one broadcast program, a network interface configured to receive at least one thumbnail image corresponding the at least one broadcast program, a user interface configured to receive a first command for executing an electronic program guide from a remote controller, and a controller configured to output a signal for displaying the electronic program guide in response to the first command. Also, the electronic program guide can include the at least one thumbnail image within a designated time zone. 1. A network device comprising: a tuner configured to receive audio and video data of at least one broadcast program; a network interface configured to receive at least one thumbnail image corresponding to each of the at least one broadcast program; a user interface configured to receive a first command for executing an electronic program guide from a remote controller; and a controller configured to output a signal for displaying the electronic program guide in response to the first command, wherein the electronic program guide comprises the at least one thumbnail image within a designated time zone. 2. The network device of claim 1, wherein the electronic program guide further comprises an indicator identifying the number of the at least one thumbnail image corresponding to each of the at least one broadcast program within the designated time zone. 3. The network device of claim 2, wherein the indicator is changeable according to the number of the at least one thumbnail image, further the indicator corresponds to the number (N) of all thumbnail images within the designated time zone or N\u22121. 4. The network device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to output a signal for displaying the specific thumbnail image respectively within at least two designated time zones if the broadcast time is partially overlapped with at least two designated time zones. 5. The network device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to output a signal for displaying a schedule list tab for registering another specific broadcast program corresponding to another specific thumbnail image as a viewing scheduled broadcast program in a memory. 6. The network device of claim 5, wherein the memory stores time information of the another specific broadcast program corresponding to the another specific thumbnail image in response to a second command from the remote controller. 7. The network device of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to output a signal for displaying a reminder message on the another specific broadcast program before the another specific broadcast program corresponding to the another specific thumbnail image starts. 8. The network device of claim 7, wherein the reminder message asks whether or not a user wants to view the viewing scheduled broadcast program, further the controller is configured to switch a screen corresponding to the viewing scheduled broadcast program. 9. The network device of claim 6, wherein an arrow indicator corresponding to the second command is movable within the electronic program guide depending on an input signal from a touch sensor or motion sensor of the remote controller. 10. The network device of claim 6, wherein the time information comprises at least one of start time of the another specific broadcast program. 11. The network device of claim 1, wherein the EPG comprises at least four designated time zones, further the EPG comprises a plurality of time zone options for changing the designated time zone. 12. The network device of claim 11, wherein the designated time zone is changed to indicate another broadcast programs for a next four or 24 hours in response to selecting a first time zone option among the plurality of time zone options by the remote controller, further the first time zone option is closer to a right side than a second time zone option within the electronic program guide. 13. The network device of claim 12, wherein the designated time zone is changed to indicate another broadcast programs for a previous four or 24 hours in response to selecting the second time zone option among the plurality of time zone options by the remote controller, further the second time zone option is closer to the left side than the first time zone option within the electronic program guide. 14. The network device of claim 5, wherein the memory stores the another specific broadcast program if the smart television is in a stand-by state at the another specific broadcast program's start time. 15. The network device of claim 3, wherein the electronic program guide further comprises an exit tab for returning to a former screen instead displaying the electronic program guide. 16. The network device of claim 14, wherein the controller is further configured to output a signal for displaying a first tab for accessing to the electronic program guide having the thumbnail image and a second tab for accessing to another electronic program guide having no thumbnail image. 17. The network device of claim 1, wherein the electronic program guide further comprises a single representative thumbnail image corresponding to a specific channel providing multiple broadcast programs within the designated time zone. 18. A method of controlling a network device, the method comprising: receiving audio and video data of at least one broadcast program, by a tuner; receiving at least one thumbnail image corresponding to each of the at least one broadcast program, by a network interface; receiving a first command for executing an electronic program guide from a remote controller, by a user interface; and outputting a signal for displaying the electronic program guide in response to the first command, wherein the electronic program guide comprises the at least one thumbnail image within a designated time zone.",
-    "A method and system for transferring an image. A user-selected image is received. Displayed are: (a) a graphic object representing a web page, (b) a first destination point within the graphic object and first text which is adjacent to the first destination point and describes the first destination point, and (c) a second, different destination point within the graphic object and second, different text which is adjacent to the second destination point and describes the second destination point. A user mouse selection of one of the destination points within the graphic object is received, and in response, the image is copied into the web page at the selected destination point. The first destination point, the first text, the second destination point, and the second text are stored in the transfer map. The selected image is mapped to the one of the destination points in the transfer map. 1. A method for transferring an image, said method comprising: receiving, by a processor of a computer system, a user selection of an image; said processor displaying (a) a graphic object representing a web page, (b) a first destination point within the graphic object and first text which is adjacent to the first destination point and describes the first destination point, and (c) a second, different destination point within the graphic object and second, different text which is adjacent to the second destination point and describes the second destination point; said processor receiving a user mouse selection of one of the destination points within the graphic object, and in response, said processor copying the selected image into the web page at the selected destination point, wherein the selected destination point is the first destination point or the second destination point; said processor storing the first destination point and the first text in a transfer map; said processor storing the second destination point and the second text in the transfer map; and in response to said receiving the user mouse selection of the first or second destination point within the graphic object, said processor mapping the selected image to the one of the destination points in the transfer map. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transfer map is a graphical user interface (GUI). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the GUI allows a user to edit or delete the first destination point or the second destination point before the said copying the selected image into the web page at the selected destination point. 4. A computer program product comprising a computer readable hardware storage device, said storage device containing program code which, upon being executed by a processor of a computer system, implements a method for transferring an image, said method comprising: said processor receiving a user selection of an image; said processor displaying (a) a graphic object representing a web page, (b) a first destination point within the graphic object and first text which is adjacent to the first destination point and describes the first destination point, and (c) a second, different destination point within the graphic object and second, different text which is adjacent to the second destination point and describes the second destination point; said processor receiving a user mouse selection of one of the destination points within the graphic object, and in response, said processor copying the selected image into the web page at the selected destination point, wherein the selected destination point is the first destination point or the second destination point; said processor storing the first destination point and the first text in a transfer map; said processor storing the second destination point and the second text in the transfer map; and in response to said receiving the user mouse selection of the first or second destination point within the graphic object, said processor mapping the selected image to the selected destination point in the transfer map. 5. The computer program product of claim 4, wherein the transfer map is a graphical user interface (GUI). 6. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein the GUI allows a user to edit or delete the first destination point or the second destination point before the said copying the selected image into the web page at the selected destination point. 7. A computer system comprising a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and a computer readable storage device coupled to the processor, said storage device containing program code which, upon being executed by the processor via the memory, implements a method for transferring an image, said method comprising: said processor receiving a user selection of an image; said processor displaying (a) a graphic object representing a web page, (b) a first destination point within the graphic object and first text which is adjacent to the first destination point and describes the first destination point, and (c) a second, different destination point within the graphic object and second, different text which is adjacent to the second destination point and describes the second destination point; said processor receiving a user mouse selection of one of the destination points within the graphic object, and in response, said processor copying the selected image into the web page at the selected destination point, wherein the selected destination point is the first destination point or the second destination point; said processor storing the first destination point and the first text in a transfer map; said processor storing the second destination point and the second text in the transfer map; and in response to said receiving the user mouse selection of the first or second destination point within the graphic object, said processor mapping the selected image to the selected destination point in the transfer map. 8. The computer system of claim 7, wherein the transfer map is a graphical user interface (GUI). 9. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the GUI allows a user to edit or delete the first destination point or the second destination point before the said copying the selected image into the web page at the selected destination point.",
-    "A cable boot is mounted to a telecommunications module housing an optical component, wherein the cable boot extends outwardly from the module. The cable boot is mounted by axially passing the cable boot over a plurality of cables carrying fiber optic signals leading to the optical component, axially passing a portion of the cable boot through a cutout defined on a main housing of the telecommunications module, placing a boot retainer over the boot in a direction transverse to the axial direction to capture the flexible boot against movement both in the axial direction and the transverse direction, and mounting a cover on the main housing to capture the boot retainer against the main housing. 1. A telecommunications module comprising: a housing including a main housing portion and a removable cover cooperatively defining an interior, the main housing portion defining a first sidewall, a front wall, a rear wall, a top wall, and a bottom wall, the cover defining a second sidewall of the housing when mounted on the main housing portion to close off the interior, the housing defining a signal input location and a signal output location; the main housing portion defining a cutout that can be used as either the signal output location or the signal input location; an optical component located within the interior, the optical component configured to receive a fiber optic input signal coming in from the signal input location and output a fiber optic output signal going toward the signal output location; and a flexible boot defining a cable passage for inputting or outputting cables, the flexible boot removably mounted to the main housing portion so as to extend toward an exterior of the housing, the cable passage of the flexible boot in alignment with the cutout, wherein the flexible boot is mounted to the main housing portion by axially passing a portion of the flexible boot through the cutout and placing a boot retainer over the boot in a direction transverse to the first sidewall so as to capture the flexible boot against movement both in the axial direction and the transverse direction; wherein the cover is configured to capture the boot retainer against the main housing portion when mounted on the main housing portion. 2. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the cutout defines a signal output location. 3. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the optical component is an optical wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer. 4. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the module further includes an insert defining cable management features for cables extending to and from the optical component. 5. A telecommunications module according to claim 4, wherein the module further includes a removably mounted cable retainer for keeping cables around at least one of the cable management features defined by the insert, the cable retainer defining a generally planar configuration. 6. A telecommunications module according to claim 4, wherein the insert further includes bulkheads to reduce the size of an opening into the module defined by the cutout for limiting insect infestation. 7. A telecommunications module according to claim 4, wherein the insert defines a guide frame sized to hold the optical component. 8. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the boot retainer abuts a protruding lip of the flexible boot in retaining the boot within the main housing portion in the axial direction. 9. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the boot retainer abuts a portion of the main housing portion surrounding the cutout to prevent the flexible boot from moving in the axial direction. 10. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the main housing portion includes a flexible cantilever arm extending from the front wall for providing a snap fit connection with a piece of telecommunications equipment. 11. A telecommunications module according to claim 1, wherein the module includes at least one fiber optic connector protruding from the main housing portion, the fiber optic connector configured to be terminated to a cable carrying a signal going to or coming from the optical component. 12. A method of mounting a cable boot to a telecommunications module housing an optical component, wherein the cable boot extends outwardly from the module, the method comprising: axially passing the cable boot over a plurality of cables carrying fiber optic signals leading to the optical component; axially passing a portion of the cable boot through a cutout defined on a main housing of the telecommunications module; placing a boot retainer over the boot in a direction transverse to the axial direction to capture the flexible boot against movement both in the axial direction and the transverse direction; and mounting a cover on the main housing to capture the boot retainer against the main housing. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the boot retainer abuts a protruding lip of the flexible boot in retaining the boot within the main housing in the axial direction. 14. A method according to claim 12, wherein the boot retainer abuts a portion of the main housing surrounding the cutout to prevent the flexible boot from moving in the axial direction. 15. A method according to claim 12, wherein the optical component is an optical wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer. 16. A method according to claim 12, wherein the module further includes a removable insert defining a cable management structure for managing cables extending to and from the optical component. 17. A method according to claim 12, wherein the main housing includes a flexible cantilever arm extending from the main housing for providing a snap fit connection with a piece of telecommunications equipment. 18. A method according to claim 12, wherein the module includes at least one fiber optic connector protruding from the main housing, the fiber optic connector configured to be terminated to a cable carrying a signal going to or coming from the optical component.",
-    "A server prevents duplicate posts within a question and answer forum. The server may compare the user question vector to each of the plurality of corpus question vectors to determine the closest match between the user question vector and the corpus question vectors to obtain an identified question and answer row, and determine if the identified Q and A row has a last answer that has a corresponding confidence to the question of the identified Q and A row that exceeds a confidence threshold. Responsive to a positive determination, the server may determine if the user question is similar to a question in the identified Q and A row, and if so the server may determine that the last answer is similar to any answer in the identified Q and A row that is not the last answer, and in response, block the submission of the user question. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A computer program product for preventing duplicate posts within a Q and A forum, the computer program product comprising: a computer usable medium having computer usable program code embodied therewith, the computer program product comprising: computer usable program code configured to receive a user question from a user at the Q and A forum; computer usable program code configured to apply natural language processing to the user question to form a user question vector; computer usable program code configured to apply natural language processing to each question in a question and answer (Q and A) corpus to form a plurality of corpus question vectors, wherein each question is in a row having at least the each question; computer usable program code configured to compare the user question vector to each of the plurality of corpus question vectors to determine a closest match between the user question vector and the corpus question vectors to obtain an identified question and answer (Q and A) row; computer usable program code configured to determine if the identified Q and A row has a last answer that has a corresponding confidence to the question of the identified Q and A row that exceeds a confidence threshold and in response, computer usable program code configured to determine if the user question has a higher similarity to a question in the identified Q and A row as compared to a question similarity threshold, and if so, determine that at least one pairing of the last answer to another answer in the identified Q and A row has a similarity exceeding a last threshold to any answer in the identified Q and A row that is not the last answer, and in response, block the submission of the user question as a distinct question and directing the user to at least one answer of the identified Q and A row; and if not, determine that the last answer is similar above a last threshold to any answer in the identified Q and A row that is not the last answer, and in response, the computer usable program code configured to append the user question to the identified Q and A row. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein computer usable program code configured to determine if the user question has a higher similarity to a question in the identified Q and A row as compared to a question similarity threshold comprises: computer usable program code configured to iterate over all questions in the identified Q and A row and to compare a user question vector to each of the question vectors to each of all questions to determine a question in the identified Q and A row having the highest similarity to the user question; and computer usable program code configured to determine if the question in the identified Q and A row having the highest similarity to the user question exceeds the question similarity threshold. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein computer usable program code configured to determine if the identified Q and A row has the last answer that has the corresponding confidence to the question comprises computer usable program code configured to sum at least one vote corresponding to the last answer. 11. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the confidence threshold is at least one vote. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein computer usable program code configured to apply natural language processing to the user question further comprises computer usable program code configured to reduce each word to a word root to form the user question vector. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein computer usable program code configured to reduce each word to a word root further comprises replacing the word root with a preferred synonym. 14. A data processing system comprising: a bus; a computer readable tangible storage device connected to the bus, wherein computer usable code is located in the computer readable tangible storage device; a communication unit connected to the bus; and a processing unit connected to the bus, wherein the processor executes the computer usable code for preventing duplicate posts within a Q and A forum, wherein the processor executes the computer usable program code to receive a user question from a user at the Q and A forum; apply natural language processing to the user question to form a user question vector; apply natural language processing to each question in a question and answer (Q and A) corpus to form a plurality of corpus question vectors, wherein each question is in a row having at least the each question; compare the user question vector to each of the plurality of corpus question vectors to determine a closest match between the user question vector and the corpus question vectors to obtain an identified question and answer (Q and A) row; determine if the identified Q and A row has a last answer that has a corresponding confidence to the question of the identified Q and A row that exceeds a confidence threshold and in response, determine if the user question has a higher similarity to a question in the identified Q and A row as compared to a question similarity threshold, and if so, determine that at least one pairing of the last answer to another answer in the identified Q and A row has a similarity exceeding a last threshold, and in response, block the submission of the user question as a distinct question and direct the user to at least one answer of the identified Q and A row; and if not, post the user question as an unanswered question. 15. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein in executing the computer usable program code to determine if the user question has a higher similarity to a question in the identified Q and A row as compared to a question similarity threshold the processor further executes the computer usable program code to iterate over all questions in the identified Q and A row and comparing a user question vector to each of the question vectors to each of all questions to determine a question in the identified Q and A row having the highest similarity to the user question; and determine if the question in the identified Q and A row having the highest similarity to the user question exceeds the question similarity threshold. 16. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein in executing the computer usable program code to determine if the identified Q and A row has the last answer that has the corresponding confidence to the question, the processor further executes the computer usable program code to sum at least one vote corresponding to the last answer. 17. The data processing system of claim 16, wherein the confidence threshold is at least one vote. 18. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein the post the user question as an unanswered question comprises storing the user question to the Q and A corpus as a new row to the Q and A corpus. 19. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein in executing the computer usable program code to apply natural language processing to the user question the processor further executes the computer usable program code to reduce each word to a word root to form the user question vector. 20. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein in executing the computer usable program code to post the user question as an unanswered question, the processor further executes the computer usable program code to determine that the last answer is not similar below a last threshold to any answer in the identified Q and A row that is not the last answer, and in response, post the user question as an unanswered question.",
-    "A technique recovers from a low space condition associated with storage space reserved in an extent store to accommodate write requests received from a host and associated metadata managed by a layered file system of a storage input/output (I/O) stack executing on one or more nodes of a cluster. The write requests, including user data, are persistently recorded on non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) prior to returning an acknowledgement to the host by a persistence layer of the storage I/O stack. Volume metadata managed by a volume layer of the layered file system is embodied as mappings from logical block addresses (LBAs) of a logical unit (LUN) accessible by the host to extent keys maintained by an extent store layer of the layered file system. Extent store metadata managed by the extent store layer is embodied as mappings from the extent keys to the storage locations of the extents on storage devices of storage arrays coupled to the nodes of the cluster. The space recovery technique accounts for storage space consumed in the extent store by user operations, i.e., write operations for the user data stored on the NVRAM at the persistence layer as well as the associated volume and extent store metadata, to ensure that the user data and associated metadata can be safely and reliably persisted in the extent store even during a low space condition. 1. A system comprising: a central processing unit (CPU) of a storage system coupled to one or more storage devices of a storage array configured as an extent store; and a memory coupled to the CPU and configured to store a storage input/output (I/O) stack having a plurality of layers executable by the CPU, the storage I/O stack configured to accept user data of write requests from a host and process the user data and metadata associated with the user data as user operations executed by finite state machines (FSMs), the storage I/O stack configured to provide an available user operation storage space of a space reservation budget in the extent store for storage of the user data and the associated metadata, the storage I/O stack further configured to (i) halt acceptance of new write requests when a low space condition of the space reservation budget is reached and (ii) pass the associated metadata from the FSMs to the extent store until release of the available user operation storage space exceeds an available space threshold. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein associated metadata is passed to the extent store using extent store put operations, and wherein the user data and associated metadata are stored in the extent store as user operation extents. 3. The system of claim 2 further comprising a non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) coupled to the CPU, the NVRAM having one or more non-volatile logs (NVLogs) configured to temporarily record the user data. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the space reservation budget includes a persistence layer space reservation and a volume layer space reservation, determined at boot time, to reserve storage space in the extent store for the user operations. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the persistence layer space reservation is based on a size and number of the NVLogs in the NVRAM. 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the volume layer space reservation is based on metadata storage space usage by the FSMs. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein a multiplier is applied to the volume layer space reservation to ensure the available user operation storage space in the extent store for delayed writing to the storage devices of the user data temporarily recorded in the NVLogs. 8. The system of claim 4 wherein the user operations include write operations to the storage array and wherein the storage I/O stack is configured to monitor the available user operation storage space of the space reservation budget in response to each write operation. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the storage I/O stack is further configured to perform accounting of the metadata used by one or more layers of the storage I/O stack to ensure the available user operation storage space in the extent store for the accounted metadata destined for storage on the storage devices. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the accounted metadata comprises hash table logs and checkpoint files. 11. The system of claim 2 wherein the storage I/O stack is configured to send an overflow event notification to one or more layers of the storage I/O stack when the low space condition of the space reservation budget is reached. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein execution of the user operations using the FSMs are throttled in response to the overflow event notification. 13. The system of claim 11 wherein the storage I/O stack is configured to send an available event notification to the one or more layers when the release of the available user operation storage space exceeds the available space threshold. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the available event notification instructs the storage I/O stack to accept new write requests from the host. 15. The system of claim 13 wherein the storage I/O stack is further configured to send a no space event notification to the one or more layers when an amount of additional extent store storage space used during the low space condition exceeds a low space reserve threshold. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the storage I/O stack is configured to refuse acceptance of additional user operations in response to the no space event notification. 17. A method comprising: accepting user data of write requests at a storage input/output (I/O) stack executing on a processor coupled to storage devices configured as an extent store; processing metadata associated with the user data as user operations executed by finite state machines (FSMs); providing an available user operation storage space of a space reservation budget in the extent store for storage of the user data and the associated metadata; halting acceptance of new write requests when a low space condition of the space reservation budget is reached; and passing the associated metadata from the FSMs to the extent store until release of the available user operation storage space exceeds an available space threshold. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising, wherein the user operations include write operations to the storage devices: monitoring the available user operation storage space of the space reservation budget in response to each write operation to the storage devices. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising: performing accounting of the metadata used by one or more layers of the storage I/O stack to ensure the available user operation storage space in the extent store for accounted metadata destined for storage on the storage devices. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium including program instructions for execution on one or more processors coupled to storage devices configured as an extent store, the program instructions when executed operable to: accept user data of write requests at storage input/output (I/O) stack executing on the one or more processors; process metadata associated with the user data as user operations executed by finite state machines (FSMs); provide an available user operation storage space of a space reservation budget in the extent store for storage of the user data and the associated metadata; halt acceptance of new write requests when a low space condition of the space reservation budget is reached; and pass the associated metadata from the FSMs to the extent store until release of the available user operation storage space exceeds an available space threshold.",
-    "A wine rack carousel for storing a plurality of wine bottles comprising one or more inner annular frames and outer annular frames where a plurality of support member pairs, extend between each pair of inner and outer annular frames to support wine bottles. Each pair of support members are parallel. 1. A wine rack comprising: an inner annular frame; an outer annular frame, wherein said inner annular frame and said outer annular frame are substantially concentric about a central axis; and a plurality of pairs of support members extending between an outside surface of said inner annular frame and an inside surface of said outer annular frame, wherein each pair of supports members are parallel and spaced to support a wine bottle there between. 2. The wine rack of claim 1, wherein said plurality of pairs of support members comprises: a first set of perpendicular pairs of support members that extend between said inner annular frame and said outer annular frame substantially perpendicular to said central axis; and a second set of angled pairs of support members that extend between said inner annular frame and said outer annular frame at an angle to said central axis. 3. The wine rack of claim 2, wherein said first set of perpendicular pairs of support members and said second set of angled pairs of support members alternate about a periphery of said inner annular frame. 4. The wine rack of claim 2, wherein a height of said inner annular frame is greater than a height of said outer annular frame. 5. The wine rack of claim 4, wherein outer ends of said first set of perpendicular pairs of support members and said second set of angled pairs of support members attach at a substantially common height along the height of said inside surface of said outer annular frame. 6. The wine rack of claim 4, wherein inner ends of said first set of perpendicular pairs of support members attach to said outside surface of said inner annular frame at a first height and inner ends of said second set of angled pairs of support members attach to said outside surface of said inner annular frame at a second height, wherein said second height is greater than said first height. 7. The wine rack of claim 2, wherein the inner annular frame a plurality of cut-outs for receiving necks of a plurality of wine bottles. 8. The wine rack of claim 2, wherein the support members in each of the pairs of support members are spaced apart to support a wine bottle where the neck of the wine bottle sits within a cut-out but does not contact the inner annular frame. 9. The wine rack of claim 2, wherein the outer annular frame a plurality of cut- outs for receiving necks of a plurality of wine bottles. 10. The wine rack of claim 1, wherein the support members are cylindrical in shape. 11. The wine rack of claim 1, further comprising: a central support disposed along said central axis, wherein said inner annular frame is rotatively coupled to said central support. 12. The wine rack of claim 11, wherein said inner annular frame and said outer annular frame comprise a first inner annular frame and a first outer annular frame, further comprising: a second inner annular frame and a second outer annular frame connected by a plurality of support members extending between an outside surface of said second inner annular frame and an inside surface of said second outer annular frame, wherein said fist inner annular frame is rotatively coupled to said central support at a first location and said second inner annular frame is rotatively coupled to said central support at a second location. 13. The wine rack of claim 12, wherein said first inner and outer annular frame and said second inner and outer annular frame are configured to rotate free of the other inner and outer annular frame.",
-    "The present invention provides a method of quantifying miR-185 as a potential biomarker in lipid disorder or cardiovascular diseases in human. The present invention also provides a method of modulating miR-185 in regulating LDL and cholesterol metabolism in cells. The present invention has therapeutic potential in the treatment of cholesterol/LDL related cardiovascular diseases in humans. 1. A method for reducing the expression level of SREBP-2 in a cell comprising the steps of: a) providing a cell in need of reducing the expression level of SREBP-2; and b) transfecting in said cell with a composition comprising a miR-185 precursor, said miR-185 precursor consisting of a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said transfecting step of said miR-185 precursor causes the inhibition of SREBP-2 in said cell. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said SREBP-2 is a mRNA or a protein. 3. The method of claim 22, wherein said SREBP-2 is a mRNA. 4. A kit for determining an increased risk for atherosclerosis in a human, comprising: a) a reagent for quantifying miR-185 expression level in a biological sample; and b) an instruction for use of said reagent in quantifying said miR-185 expression level, wherein an increased miR-185 expression level is indicative of an increased risk of atherosclerosis in a human. 5. The kit of claim 4, wherein said reagent comprises a forward primer and a reverse primer for miR-185 used in a qRT-PCR to specifically quantify the expression level of miR-185. 6. The kit of claim 4, wherein said biological sample is blood.",
-    "The disclosed embodiments are directed to a transportation device, such as a skate. The transportation device may include a frame configured to support at least a portion of a user, and a support system configured to support the frame above the ground. The support system may include a first wheel connected to the frame, a second wheel connected to the frame, and a suspension system connected to the frame and positioned between the first and second wheel. The suspension system may include a rear wheel pivotally connected to a first portion of the frame, and a shock absorber connected between the rear wheel and a second portion of the frame. The shock absorber may be configured to dampen movement by the rear wheel with respect to the first portion of the frame. 1. A transportation device, comprising: a frame configured to support at least a portion of a user; and a support system configured to support the frame above the ground, the support system including: a first wheel connected to the frame; a second wheel connected to the frame; and a suspension system connected to the frame, the suspension system including: a rear wheel pivotally connected to a first portion of the frame; and a shock absorber connected between the rear wheel and a second portion of the frame. 2. The transportation device of claim 1, wherein the rear wheel is connected to the first portion of the frame by at least one swing arm. 3. The transportation device of claim 2, wherein the at least one swing arm is pivotally connected to the first portion of the frame at a first end and connected to an axle at a second end. 4. The transportation device of claim 3, wherein the at least one swing arm includes a pair of swing arms pivotally connected to the first portion of the frame at first ends and connected to the axle at second ends. 5. The transportation device of claim 4, wherein the pair of swing arms extend toward each other as they extend away from the frame. 6. The transportation device of claim 1, wherein the shock absorber includes a support rod and a coil spring. 7. The transportation device of claim 1, wherein the shock absorber is connected between an axle and the second portion of the frame. 8. The transportation device of claim 1, wherein the shock absorber includes a pair of shock absorbers connected on opposite sides of the rear wheel. 9. The transportation device of claim 1, wherein the frame includes a platform, a pair of side supports, and a rear support. 10. The transportation device of claim 9, wherein the first portion of the frame is a lower portion of the pair of side supports, and the second portion of the frame is a portion of the rear support. 11. The transportation device of claim 1, further including a brake configured to selectively inhibit rotation of the rear wheel. 12. The transportation device of claim 11, wherein the brake is rigidly connected to the frame such that a sufficient rotation of the frame with respect to the rear wheel causes the brake to contact the rear wheel. 13. The transportation device of claim 11, wherein the frame includes a platform configured to support a user's foot and the brake is rigidly connected to the platform. 14. The transportation system of claim 1, wherein diameters of the first wheel and the second wheel are at least three times greater than a diameter of the rear wheel. 15. A skate, comprising: a frame configured to support at least a portion of a user, the frame including a platform, a first side support, a second side support, and a rear support; and a support system configured to support the frame above the ground, the support system including: a first wheel connected to the first side support; a second wheel connected to the second side support; and a suspension system connected to a rear portion frame, the suspension system including: a rear wheel positioned on an axle; a first swing arm connected at a first end to the axle and pivotally connected at a second end to the first side support; a second swing arm connected at a first end to the axle and pivotally connected at a second end to the second side support; a first shock absorber connected between the axle and the rear support; and a second shock absorber connected between the axle and the rear support.",
-    "Disclosed is an organic light-emitting diode display panel, including: a substrate; a thin-film transistor layer including a plurality of thin-film transistors, arranged on the substrate; a plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures, arranged on the thin-film transistor layer; a pixel defining layer including a plurality of openings, arranged on the thin-film transistor layer; a plurality of first direction induction lines and second direction induction lines, arranged on the pixel defining layer; an insulation layer, arranged between the plurality of first direction induction lines and second direction induction lines; and a packaging substrate, arranged on the plurality of second direction induction lines. The organic light-emitting diode display panel employs a touch control electrode having a metal mesh structure, the touch control electrode is directly deposited on the pixel defining layer, and the touch control function is directly integrated on the organic light-emitting diode display panel. 1. An organic light-emitting diode display panel, comprising: a substrate, having a plurality of thin-film transistor units thereon; a plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures, arranged on the plurality of thin-film transistor units; a pixel defining layer, arranged on the substrate, the pixel defining layer comprising a plurality of openings to receive the plurality of subpixel structures; a plurality of first direction induction lines and a plurality of second direction induction lines, arranged on the pixel defining layer; an insulation layer, arranged between the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines to cover the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures; and a packaging substrate, arranged on the plurality of second direction induction lines. 2. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures comprises an organic light-emitting diode device, the organic light-emitting diode device comprising: a first electrode; a light-emitting function layer, arranged on the first electrode; a second electrode, arranged on the light-emitting function layer and the pixel defining layer; and a capping layer, arranged on the second electrode. 3. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 2, wherein the insulation layer is arranged on the capping layer. 4. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 3, wherein a refractive index of the insulation layer is less than that of the capping layer. 5. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines are substantially perpendicular to the plurality of second direction induction lines. 6. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures form a plurality of pixel rows and a plurality of pixel columns, and the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines respectively and partially overlap the plurality of pixel rows and the plurality of pixel columns. 7. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines partially cover the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures. 8. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim to 5, wherein any two adjacent of the plurality of first direction induction lines are spaced apart from each other by at least two of the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures. 9. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim to 5, wherein any two adjacent of the plurality second direction induction lines are spaced apart from each other by at least two of the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures. 10. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines are made of a metal conductive material. 11. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines are made of a metal conductive material. 12. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines are made of a metal conductive material. 13. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 8, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines are made of a metal conductive material. 14. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of first direction induction lines and the plurality of second direction induction lines are made of a metal conductive material. 15. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 8, wherein the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures comprise a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel. 16. The organic light-emitting diode display panel according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of organic light-emitting diode subpixel structures comprise a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel.",
-    "A liquid crystal display device includes: a first substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; a light shielding member disposed on the second substrate, the light shielding member including a first aperture and a second aperture; a color filter disposed in the first aperture; and a height adjustment member disposed in the second aperture. 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a first substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; a light shielding member disposed on the second substrate, the light shielding member comprising a first aperture and a second aperture; a color filter disposed in the first aperture; and a height adjustment member disposed in the second aperture. 2. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein: the first aperture comprises at least two separate apertures; and the second aperture is disposed between the at least two separate apertures. 3. The liquid crystal display device of claim 2, wherein the color filter comprises at least one of a red color filter, a green color filter, and a blue color filter. 4. The liquid crystal display device of claim 3, wherein the height adjustment member comprises: a first height adjustment member interposed between color filters having a first color; a second height adjustment member interposed between color filters having a second color; and a third height adjustment member interposed between color filters having a third color. 5. The liquid crystal display device of claim 4, wherein a height of the second height adjustment member is greater than a height of the first height adjustment member, and a height of the third height adjustment member is greater than the height of the second height adjustment member. 6. The liquid crystal display device of claim 5, wherein a height difference between the first height adjustment member and the second height adjustment member is in a range of about 0.05 \u03bcm to about 0.15 \u03bcm, and a height difference between the second height adjustment member and the third height adjustment member is in a range of about 0.05 \u03bcm to about 0.15 \u03bcm. 7. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein a height of the height adjustment member is greater than a height of the light shielding member. 8. The liquid crystal display device of claim 7, wherein a height difference between the height adjustment member and the light shielding member is in a range of about 0.1 \u03bcm to about 1 \u03bcm. 9. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising an overcoat layer covering the light shielding member, the color filter, and the height adjustment member. 10. The liquid crystal display device of claim 9, further comprising a support member disposed on a portion of the overcoat layer corresponding to the height adjustment member. 11. The liquid crystal display device of claim 9, further comprising: a common electrode disposed on the overcoat layer; and a support member disposed on a portion of the common electrode corresponding to the height adjustment member. 12. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the light shielding member and the height adjustment member comprise a same material. 13. A color filter panel comprising: a substrate; a light shielding member disposed on the substrate, the light shielding member comprising a first aperture and a second aperture; a color filter disposed in the first aperture; and a height adjustment member disposed in the second aperture. 14. The color filter panel of claim 13, wherein: the first aperture comprises at least two separate apertures; and the second aperture is disposed between the at least two separate apertures. 15. The color filter panel of claim 14, wherein: the second aperture comprises an aperture for a red color filter, an aperture for a green color filter, an aperture for a blue color filter; the color filter comprises at least one of the red color filter, the green color filter, and the blue color filter; and the height adjustment member comprises: a first height adjustment member interposed between red color filters; a second height adjustment member interposed between green color filters; and a third height adjustment member interposed between blue color filters. 16. The color filter panel of claim 15, wherein a height of the second height adjustment member is different from a height of the first height adjustment member, and a height of the third height adjustment member is different from the height of the second height adjustment member and the height of the first height adjustment member. 17. The color filter panel of claim 16, wherein a height difference between the first height adjustment member and the second height adjustment member is in a range of about 0.05 \u03bcm to about 0.15 \u03bcm, and a height difference between the second height adjustment member and the third height adjustment member is in a range of about 0.05 \u03bcm to about 0.15 \u03bcm. 18. The color filter panel of claim 13, wherein a height of the height adjustment member is greater than a height of the light shielding member. 19. The color filter panel of claim 18, wherein a height difference between the height adjustment member and the light shielding member is in a range of about 0.1 \u03bcm to about 1 \u03bcm. 20. The color filter panel of claim 13, wherein the light shielding member and the height adjustment member comprise a same material.",
-    "A speaker apparatus includes a speaker assembly and a piezoelectric driver. The speaker assembly including a diaphragm and a motor. Application of a first electric current to the motor causes a first movement of a portion of the motor. The first movement causes the diaphragm to move and responsively creates sound energy in a first and non-ultrasonic frequency range. The piezoelectric driver is disposed in proximal relation to the speaker assembly. Application of a second electric current to the piezoelectric driver causes actuation of the piezoelectric driver. The actuation is effective to produce an impact of a portion of the piezoelectric driver with the speaker assembly and causes a second movement of the diaphragm within the speaker assembly. The second movement responsively creates sound energy in a second and ultrasonic frequency range. 1. A speaker apparatus, comprising, a speaker assembly, the speaker assembly including a diaphragm and a motor, wherein application of a first electric current to the motor causes a first movement of a portion of the motor, the first movement causing the diaphragm to move and responsively create sound energy in a first and non-ultrasonic frequency range; a piezoelectric driver that is disposed in proximal relation to the speaker assembly, wherein application of a second electric current to the piezoelectric driver causes actuation of the piezoelectric driver, the actuation being effective to produce an impact of a portion of the piezoelectric driver with the speaker assembly and cause a second movement of the diaphragm within the speaker assembly, the second movement responsively creating sound energy in a second and ultrasonic frequency range. 2. The speaker apparatus of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric driver includes a first metal layer, a piezoelectric layer, and a second metal layer. 3. The speaker apparatus of claim 2, wherein the piezoelectric layer is formed of a crystalline structure. 4. The speaker apparatus of claim 1, wherein the speaker assembly includes a magnet coil assembly that is disposed on and actuated by two or more piezoelectric components in the same assembly. 5. The speaker apparatus of claim 1, wherein the speaker assembly includes a magnetic coil assembly and entire magnet coil assembly is disposed on a single piezoelectric component. 6. The speaker apparatus of claim 1, wherein the motor includes a coil, center magnet and pot. 7. The speaker apparatus of claim 6, wherein the coil extends around a periphery of the center magnet. 8. The speaker apparatus of claim 1, wherein the diaphragm includes a stiffening plate. 9. The speaker apparatus of claim 1, wherein the speaker apparatus is disposed in a cellular phone, a personal computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet. 10. A method of operating a speaker apparatus, the speaker apparatus including a speaker assembly and a piezoelectric driver that is disposed in proximal relation to the speaker assembly, the speaker assembly including a diaphragm and a motor, the method comprising, applying a first electric current to the motor causing a first movement of a portion of the motor, the first movement causing the diaphragm to move and to produce sound energy in a first and non-ultrasonic frequency range; applying a second electric current to the piezoelectric driver causing actuation of the piezoelectric driver, the actuation operable to cause an impact of at least a portion of the piezoelectric driver with the speaker assembly responsively producing a second movement of the diaphragm within the speaker assembly to create sound energy in a second and ultrasonic frequency range. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the piezoelectric driver includes a first metal layer, a piezoelectric layer, and a second metal layer. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the piezoelectric layer is formed of a crystalline structure. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the speaker assembly includes a magnet coil assembly that is disposed on and actuated by two or more piezoelectric components in the same assembly. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the speaker assembly includes a magnetic coil assembly and entire magnet coil assembly is disposed on a single piezoelectric component. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the motor includes a coil, center magnet and pot. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein coil extends around a periphery of the center magnet. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising disposing a stiffening plate at the diaphragm. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising disposing the speaker apparatus in a cellular phone, a personal computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to compound of structural Formula I and a method for preparing said compounds. The disclosure further relates to a method of employing the Formula I compounds for modulation of Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in cancer cells, and the corresponding use of compound of Formula I as anti-cancer agents. 1. A compound of Formula I where, \u2018R\u2019 is selected from a group consisting of indole, imidazole, phenyl, chromene-4-one and dihydrobenzofuran; and wherein said \u2018R\u2019 is optionally substituted; \u2018R1\u2019 is hydrogen or benzyl; and wherein the benzyl is optionally substituted; or its tautomers, isomers, analogs, derivatives or salts thereof. 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from a group comprising: 2-(1-(4-(2-cyanophenyl)1-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(2-butyl-5-chloro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(2-butyl-5-chloro-3-(4-(2-cyanophenyl)1-benzyl)-imidazol-4-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(2-phenyl indyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(indyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(2-butyl-5-chloro-3-(4-benzyloxy-1-benzyl)-imidazol-4-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro (5, 5) undecane; 3-[5-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza-spiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]-chromen-4-one; 2-(2-methyl indyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane; 2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza-spiro[5.5]undecane; 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-(4-(2-cyanophenyl)benzyl azaspiro(5,5) undecane; and 2-(4-dimethyl amino phenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-oxa-3-aza spiro(5,5) undecane. 3. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein said compound is crystalline and has a melting point ranging from about 55\u00b0 C. to about 160\u00b0 C. 4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein said compound is soluble in solvent selected from a group comprising DMSO, CDCl3, methanol, DMF, ethanol and combinations thereof. 5. A method for preparing a compound of Formula I, where, \u2018R\u2019 is selected from a group consisting of indole, imidazole, phenyl, chromene-4-one and dihydrobenzofuran; and wherein said \u2018R\u2019 is optionally substituted; \u2018R1\u2019 is hydrogen or benzyl; and wherein the benzyl is optionally substituted; or its tautomers, isomers, analogs, derivatives or salts thereof. said method comprising steps of: a) reacting amino alcohol with an aldehyde in presence of a base to obtain the compound of Formula I wherein \u2018R1\u2019 is hydrogen, \u2018R\u2019 is selected from a group consisting of indole, imidazole, phenyl, chromene-4-one and dihydrobenzofuran, and said \u2018R\u2019 is optionally substituted; and b) optionally, reacting the compound of Formula I of step (a) with a substituted benzyl halide to obtain the compound of Formula I, wherein \u2018R\u2019 is phenyl which is optionally substituted, and \u2018R1\u2019 is benzyl which is optionally substituted. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the amino alcohol is 1-(2-amino)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl-ethyl)-cyclohexanol; the substituted benzyl halide is 4-(2-cyanophenyl)benzyl bromide; the base is selected from a group comprising potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate and a combination thereof; and the aldehyde is selected from a group comprising 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the reaction is carried out in a solvent selected from a group comprising methanol, ethanol, DMSO, DMF, Ethyl acetate, Ether and combinations thereof. 8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the reaction is carried out at temperature ranging from about 25\u00b0 C. to about 30\u00b0 C.; and for time period ranging from about 4 hours to about 5 hours. 9. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the compound of Formula I is extracted, dried and re-crystallized. 10. A method of inhibiting a protein selected from a group comprising tyrosine kinase, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) and a combination thereof in a cancer cell, said method comprising act of contacting the compound of claim 1 with the cancer cell for inhibiting the protein. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the tyrosine kinase is selected from a group comprising Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), c-Src kinase and combinations thereof; and the STAT is Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). 12. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein concentration of the compound of Formula I ranges from about 7.3 \u03bcM to about 50 \u03bcM. 13. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inhibition of the tyrosine kinase leads to inhibition of STAT3 activation. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the inhibition of STAT3 activation is carried out by suppressing STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 (Y705) residue. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the phosphorylation is selected from a group comprising constitutive phosphorylation, interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced phosphorylation and a combination thereof; and the constitutive phosphorylation is regulated by tyrosine kinase. 16. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein inhibition of STAT3 activation result in reduction in nuclear localization of STAT3 in cancer cell. 17. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein said method inhibits Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in the cancer cell. 18. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein said method treats cancer; and the cancer is selected from a group comprising hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leukemia, lymphoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer and combinations thereof.",
-    "A metallic contact for insertion into a modular telecommunications plug includes a generally planar body defining a top end, a bottom end, a front end, a rear end, and a length extending from the front end to the rear end. The bottom end is at least partially defined by a blade for piercing an insulation of a wire positioned within the plug. At least a portion of the top end is configured to electrically contact a conductor of a jack that receives the plug. The top end is defined at least in part by a first engagement surface that is separated from a second engagement surface by a notch. An uppermost portion of the first engagement surface defines a first push surface that is generally at the same height as a second push surface defined by an uppermost portion of the second engagement surface. The notch is defined by a front vertical wall spaced from a rear vertical wall, wherein the front vertical wall is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact. 1. A metallic contact configured for insertion into a modular telecommunications plug, the contact comprising: a generally planar body defining a top end, a bottom end, a front end, a rear end, and a length extending from the front end to the rear end, wherein the bottom end is at least partially defined by a blade for piercing an insulation of a wire positioned within the plug and at least a portion of the top end is configured to electrically contact a conductor of a jack that receives the modular telecommunications plug; the top end defined at least in part by a first engagement surface that is separated from a second engagement surface by a notch, wherein an uppermost portion of the first engagement surface defines a first push surface that is generally at the same height as a second push surface defined by an uppermost portion of the second engagement surface; the notch defined by a front vertical wall spaced from a rear vertical wall, wherein the front vertical wall defining the notch is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact. 2. The contact of claim 1, further comprising at least two blades for piercing the insulation of a wire positioned within the plug. 3. The contact of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the first engagement surface defines a rounded portion transitioning from the front end of the contact to the first push surface. 4. The contact of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the second engagement surface defines a rounded portion transitioning from the rear end of the contact to the second push surface. 5. The contact of claim 1, wherein the first and second push surfaces are generally flat surfaces perpendicular to the front and rear vertical walls of the notch. 6. The contact of claim 1, wherein the notch is generally square-shaped. 7. A modular telecommunications plug for connection to a jack, the modular telecommunications plug comprising: a housing defining a latch for snap-fit engagement with the jack, the housing further defining a front termination end and a rear cable receiving end, the front termination end configured to house a plurality of wires of a telecommunications cable to be inserted into the housing from the rear cable receiving end along a cable insertion direction, the front termination end also including a plurality of contacts configured to engage the plurality of wires in a direction generally perpendicular to the cable insertion direction; each of the contacts comprising: a generally planar body defining a top end, a bottom end, a front end, a rear end, and a length extending from the front end to the rear end, wherein the bottom end is at least partially defined by a blade for piercing an insulation of a wire positioned within the plug and at least a portion of the top end is configured to electrically contact a conductor of a jack that receives the modular telecommunications plug; the top end defined at least in part by a first engagement surface that is separated from a second engagement surface by a notch, wherein an uppermost portion of the first engagement surface defines a first push surface that is generally at the same height as a second push surface defined by an uppermost portion of the second engagement surface; the notch defined by a front vertical wall spaced from a rear vertical wall, wherein the front vertical wall defining the notch is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact. 8. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 7, wherein the plug is a registered jack type modular plug. 9. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 7, wherein each contact includes at least two blades for piercing the insulation of a wire positioned within the plug. 10. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 7, wherein at least a portion of the first engagement surface defines a rounded portion transitioning from the front end of the contact to the first push surface. 11. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 10, wherein at least a portion of the second engagement surface defines a rounded portion transitioning from the rear end of the contact to the second push surface. 12. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 7, wherein the first and second push surfaces are generally flat surfaces perpendicular to the front and rear vertical walls of the notch. 13. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 7, wherein the notch is generally square-shaped. 14. A telecommunications cable assembly comprising: a modular telecommunications plug for connection to a jack, the modular telecommunications plug comprising a housing defining a latch for snap-fit engagement with the jack; a telecommunications cable defining a cable jacket surrounding a plurality of insulated wires coupled to the housing, wherein a plurality of contacts of the modular telecommunications plug engage the wires of the telecommunications cable coupled to the housing; each of the contacts comprising: a generally planar body defining a top end, a bottom end, a front end, a rear end, and a length extending from the front end to the rear end, wherein the bottom end is at least partially defined by a blade for piercing an insulation of a wire coupled to the plug and at least a portion of the top end is configured to electrically contact a conductor of a jack that receives the modular telecommunications plug; the top end defined at least in part by a first engagement surface that is separated from a second engagement surface by a notch, wherein an uppermost portion of the first engagement surface defines a first push surface that is generally at the same height as a second push surface defined by an uppermost portion of the second engagement surface; the notch defined by a front vertical wall spaced from a rear vertical wall, wherein the front vertical wall defining the notch is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact. 15. A method of manufacturing a metallic contact for a modular plug comprising the steps of: stamping a contact from a planar metallic sheet, wherein the contact includes a body defining a top end, a bottom end, a front end, a rear end, and a length extending from the front end to the rear end, wherein the bottom end is configured to at least partially define a blade for piercing an insulation of a wire and the top end is defined at least in part by a first engagement surface that is separated from a second engagement surface by a notch, wherein an uppermost portion of the first engagement surface defines a first push surface that is generally at the same height as a second push surface defined by an uppermost portion of the second engagement surface, the notch being defined by a front vertical wall spaced from a rear vertical wall, wherein the front vertical wall defining the notch is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact; and coating at least a portion of the top end of the contact with a precious metal. 16. A method according to claim 15, further comprising stamping a plurality of the contacts from a planar metallic sheet. 17. A method according to claim 15, wherein the precious metal includes gold. 18. A method according to claim 15, wherein the precious metal includes palladium nickel. 19. A method according to claim 15, further comprising coating the first engagement surface including the first push surface and the second engagement surface including the second push surface with the precious metal. 20. A modular telecommunications plug for connection to a jack, the modular telecommunications plug comprising: a housing defining a latch for snap-fit engagement with the jack, the housing further defining a front termination end and a rear cable receiving end, the front termination end configured to house a plurality of wires of a telecommunications cable to be inserted into the housing from the rear cable receiving end along a cable insertion direction, the front termination end also including a plurality of contacts configured to engage the plurality of wires in a direction generally perpendicular to the cable insertion direction; each of the contacts comprising: a generally planar body defining a top end, a bottom end, a front end, a rear end, and a length extending from the front end to the rear end, wherein the bottom end is at least partially defined by a blade for piercing an insulation of a wire positioned within the plug and at least a portion of the top end is configured to electrically contact a conductor of a jack that receives the modular telecommunications plug; the top end defined at least in part by a first engagement surface that is separated from a second engagement surface by a notch, wherein an uppermost portion of the first engagement surface defines a first push surface that is generally at the same height as a second push surface defined by an uppermost portion of the second engagement surface; wherein the first engagement surface is closer to the front termination end than the second engagement surface; wherein the second engagement surface is closer to the rear cable receiving end than the first engagement surface; wherein the first engagement surface is longer than the second engagement surface. 21. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein the plug is a registered jack type modular plug. 22. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein each contact includes at least two blades for piercing the insulation of a wire positioned within the plug. 23. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein at least a portion of the first engagement surface defines a rounded portion transitioning from the front end of the contact to the first push surface. 24. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 23, wherein at least a portion of the second engagement surface defines a rounded portion transitioning from the rear end of the contact to the second push surface. 25. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein the notch is defined by a front vertical wall spaced from a rear vertical wall, wherein the front vertical wall defining the notch is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact, wherein the first and second push surfaces are generally flat surfaces perpendicular to the front and rear vertical walls of the notch. 26. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein the notch is generally square-shaped. 27. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein the notch defines a front end, wherein the front end of the notch is positioned at a distance of at least half the length of the contact from the front end of the contact. 28. The modular telecommunications plug of claim 20, wherein the first and second push surfaces are generally flat surfaces generally parallel to the cable insertion direction.",
-    "A solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same are discussed. The solar cell may include a substrate, an emitter layer positioned at a first surface of the substrate, a first anti-reflection layer that is positioned on a surface of the emitter layer and may include a plurality of first contact lines exposing a portion of the emitter layer, a first electrode that is electrically connected to the emitter layer exposed through the plurality of first contact lines and may include a plating layer directly contacting the emitter layer, and a second electrode positioned on a second surface of the substrate. 1. A method for manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising: forming an emitter layer on a substrate; forming a back surface field layer the substrate; forming a first anti-reflection layer on the emitter layer; forming a second anti-reflection layer on the back surface field layer; forming a plurality of first contact regions on the first anti-reflection layer and a plurality of second contact regions on the second anti-reflection layer, the plurality of first contact regions and the plurality of second contact regions being formed by removing the first anti-reflection layer and the second anti-reflection layer using a dry etching process or using a laser thereby exposing portions of the emitter layer and the back surface field layer; forming a first electrode on the emitter layer exposed through the plurality of first contact regions; and forming a second electrode on the back surface field layer exposed through the plurality of second contact regions, the first electrode and the second electrode being formed at the same time, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are formed of the same material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first contact regions and the plurality of second contact regions includes a plurality of lines. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first anti-reflection layer and the second anti-reflection layer is silicon nitride (SiNx). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a plane area of each of the plurality of first contact regions is about 2% to 6% of a plane area of the emitter layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a plane area of each of the plurality of second contact regions is about 5% to 15% of a plane area of the back surface field layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a first surface of the substrate is textured. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first contact regions has a width of 20 \u03bcm to 60 \u03bcm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first electrode and the second electrode has a thickness of 20 \u03bcm to 50 \u03bcm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first electrode and the second electrode is formed by plating. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each of the first electrode and the second electrode includes a metal seed layer and at least one conductive layer disposed on the metal seed layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the metal seed layer is formed by a vacuum method, a sputtering method or an electron beam evaporation method. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one conductive layer includes a copper layer and a tin layer formed on the copper layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the copper layer has a thickness of 10 \u03bcm to 30 \u03bcm. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the tin layer has a thickness of 5 \u03bcm to 15 \u03bcm. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first anti-reflection layer and the second anti-reflection layer are formed of different layers. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first anti-reflection layer includes a silicon nitride layer, and a silicon oxide layer or an aluminum oxide layer positioned between the emitter layer and the silicon nitride layer. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the second anti-reflection layer includes a silicon nitride layer. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming of the first anti-reflection layer includes sequentially stacking an oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the oxide layer is an aluminum oxide layer or a silicon oxide layer. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising, before the emitter layer and the back surface field layer are formed, texturing a first surface and a second surface of the substrate to form a first textured surface and a second textured surface, respectively. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming of the emitter layer, the forming of the first anti-reflection layer, the forming of the back surface field layer and the forming of the second anti-reflection layer include: forming the back surface field layer at each of a front surface and a back surface of the substrate; forming the second anti-reflection layer on a back surface of the back surface field layer at the back surface of the substrate; removing the back surface field layer positioned on the front surface of the substrate; forming the emitter layer on the front surface of the substrate; and forming the first anti-reflection layer on a front surface of the emitter layer. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the forming of the first anti-reflection layer includes sequentially stacking an oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming of the first electrode and the second electrode at the same time includes: forming a metal seed layer directly contacting the emitter layer and the back surface field layer; and foaming at least one conductive layer on the metal layer. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising forming a diffusion barrier layer between the metal seed layer and the at least one conductive layer. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the at least one conductive layer includes a copper layer. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the at least one conductive layer further includes a tin layer formed on the copper layer, the tin layer having a thickness smaller than a thickness of the copper layer. 27. The method of claim 23, further comprising, before the emitter layer and the back surface field layer are formed, texturing a first surface and a second surface of the substrate to form a first textured surface and a second textured surface, respectively. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the forming of the emitter layer, the forming of the first anti-reflection layer, the forming of the back surface field layer and the forming of the second anti-reflection layer include: forming the back surface field layer at each of a front surface and a back surface of the substrate; forming the second anti-reflection layer on a back surface of the back surface field layer at the back surface of the substrate; removing the back surface field layer positioned on the front surface of the substrate; forming the emitter layer on the front surface of the substrate; and forming the first anti-reflection layer on a front surface of the emitter layer. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the forming of the first anti-reflection layer includes sequentially stacking an oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer.",
-    "Mailbox comprising at least two compartments, a first compartment for receiving letters and a second compartment for receiving packages, each compartment comprising a respective access door, first locking means being provided for locking the door of the first compartment and second locking means being provided for locking the door of the second compartment, wherein the arrangement is such that the unlocking of the door of the second compartment locked by the second locking means is made by the unlocking of the door of the first compartment locked by the first locking means. 1. Mailbox comprising at least two compartments, a first compartment for receiving letters and a second compartment for receiving packages, each compartment comprising a respective access door, first locking means being provided for locking the door of the first compartment and second locking means being provided for locking the door of the second compartment, wherein the arrangement is such that the unlocking of the door of the second compartment locked by the second locking means is made by the unlocking of the door of the first compartment locked by the first locking means. 2. Mailbox as defined in claim 1, wherein said second locking means comprise a control axis, on which presses a projection of the first door, a retractable keeper and a blocking cam comprising a slot for receiving of the keeper in the locked state, said cam pressing on the keeper till said keeper engages itself in said slot so as to lock said second locking, the opening of the first door having the effect to let said axis go upwards and let the keeper exiting the slot of cam and unlock said second locking means. 3. Mailbox as defined in claim 2, wherein said second locking means comprise a spring, said cam pressing said spring against said axis till said keeper engages itself into said slot. 4. Mailbox as defined in claim 2, wherein said second locking means comprise a keeper guide fixed to said axis. 5. Mailbox as defined in claim 3, wherein said second locking means comprise a keeper guide fixed to said axis. 6. Mailbox as defined in claim 2, wherein said projection of the door of said first compartment replaces said axis in the lower position during the closing of the door of the first compartment. 7. Mailbox as defined in claim 2, characterized in that it comprises a control lever having an axis for rotating said cam.",
-    "Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on storage devices, for monitoring, security, and surveillance of a property. In one aspect, a system includes multiple robotic devices, multiple sensors, wherein the multiple sensors includes a first sensor, multiple charging stations, and a monitor control unit. The monitor control unit may include a network interface, one or more processors, and one or more storage devices that include instructions to cause the one or more processors to perform operations. The operations may include receiving data from the first sensor that is indicative of an alarm event, accessing information describing the capabilities of the each of the robotic devices, selecting a subset of robotic devices from the multiple robotic devices, and transmitting a command to each robotic device in the subset of robotic devices that instructs each respective robotic device to deploy to the location of the first sensor. 1. A monitoring system, comprising: one or more robotic devices; a plurality of sensors located at different locations throughout a property; one or more charging stations; and a monitor control unit, wherein the monitor control unit includes: a network interface; one or more processors; and one or more storage devices that include instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more processors, to cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: detecting one or more events based on data received from one or more of the plurality of sensors; determining a location of one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors that has broadcasted data indicative of an event; determining a time of day; determining a number of detected events; determining an amount of time that the monitor control unit has been detecting events; determining a current state of the monitoring system based on the number of detected events and the amount of time that the monitor control unit has been detecting events; determining, from among multiple security strategies, a particular security strategy for responding to one or more of the detected events based on an evaluation of multiple factors including the data received from the one or more sensors, the determined time of day, and the determined current state of the monitoring system; accessing information describing the capabilities of each of the one or more robotic devices; selecting one or more of the robotic devices based on the particular security strategy; and transmitting a command to the one or more robotic devices that instructs each respective robotic device to navigate to one or more of the determined locations of the property to investigate one or more of the detected events based on the particular security strategy. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein each robotic device of the one or more robotic devices is a quad-copter drone. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more robotic devices includes at least one of a helicopter drone, a rolling helicopter drone, or a land vehicle device. 4. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprising: receiving a communication from one or more of the selected robotic devices that provides a real-time update regarding the status of one or more of the detected events. 5. (canceled) 6. The system of claim 1, wherein determining, from among multiple security strategies, the particular security strategy for responding to one or more of the detected events further comprises: selecting either a deterrence based security strategy or a confrontation based security strategy. 7. The system of claim 6, the operations further comprising: receiving data from one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors that is indicative of the force that was applied to a window or a door. 8. The system of claim 7, the operations further comprising: determining that the force exceeds a predetermined threshold; and in response to determining that the force exceeds a predetermined threshold, selecting a confrontation based security strategy. 9. The system of claim 7, the operations further comprising: determining that the force falls below a predetermined threshold; and in response to determining that the force falls below a predetermined threshold, selecting a deterrence based security strategy. 10. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprising: determining that a deterrence based strategy should be utilized based on the data received from one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors; and in response to determining that a deterrence based strategy should be utilized, selecting a one or more of the robotic devices that are equipped to deter a person from entering into a building on the property. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein robotic devices equipped to deter a person from entering the property include robotic devices that are equipped with one or more of a biometric reader, a facial recognition camera, or a holographic projector. 12. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprising: determining that a confrontation based strategy should be utilized based on the data received from one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors; and in response to determining that a confrontation based strategy should be utilized, selecting one or more of the robotic devices that are equipped to confront a person. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein robotic devices equipped to confront a person include robotic devices that are equipped with one or more of an audio output device, a bright light, or a taser. 14. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprising: determining the current location of two or more of the robotic devices; selecting a particular robotic device of the two or more robotic devices that is currently nearest in proximity to a particular sensor of the one or more sensors that has broadcasted data indicative of an event; and, deploying the particular robotic device to a location that is associated with the particular sensor. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein determining the location of one or more sensors of the plurality of sensors includes: obtaining a sensor identifier from a particular sensor of the one or more sensors; accessing a set of information associated with each of the plurality of sensors; and obtaining, from the set of information associated each of the plurality of sensors, the location information that corresponds to the received sensor identifier. 16. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprising: determining whether one or more of the robotic devices have a current battery level that exceeds a predetermined battery level threshold; and selecting at least one robotic device based, at least in part, on the determination that the at least one robotic device has a current battery level that satisfies the predetermined threshold. 17. The system of claim 1, the operations further comprising: determining that the current battery level of at least one deployed robotic device has fallen below a predetermined battery level threshold; and transmitting an instruction to the at least one deployed robotic device that instructs the at least one deployed robotic device to return to a particular wireless charging station that was identified based on location and occupancy status. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more robotic devices are configured to function only within a predetermined distance of a property where the central monitor control unit resides. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the command also includes a particular action that each respective robotic device is to perform. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the command includes an instruction to navigate according to a predetermined flight path learned by a robotic device.",
-    "In an approach to providing completion support and on demand validation in a web tool that operates on live resources, one or more computer processors create one or more lists of content, where the one or more lists of content include one or more references to one or more runtime objects. The one or more computer processors parse the one or more lists of content. The one or more computer processors populate one or more lists of one or more choices with the parsed one or more lists of content. The one or more computer processors create one or more callbacks for one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of one or more choices. 1. A method for providing completion support and on demand validation in a web tool that operates on live resources, the method comprising: creating, by one or more computer processors, one or more lists of content, wherein the one or more lists of content include one or more references to one or more runtime objects; parsing, by the one or more computer processors, the one or more lists of content; populating, by the one or more computer processors, one or more lists of one or more choices with the parsed one or more lists of content; and creating, by the one or more computer processors, one or more callbacks for one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of one or more choices. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying, by the one or more computer processors, the one or more lists of one or more choices. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising building, by the one or more computer processors, a dependency tree that includes at least one of the one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of content. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the one or more computer processors, a notification of a change to one or more of the referenced one or more runtime objects; running, by the one or more computer processors, a validation against the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects; determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether one or more of the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects is invalid; responsive to determining one or more of the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects is invalid, marking, by the one or more computer processors, the invalid changed referenced one or more runtime objects; and outputting, by the one or more computer processors, results of the validation. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein receiving a notification of a change to one or more of the referenced one or more runtime objects results from creation of the one or more callbacks. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying, by the one or more computer processors, one or more types of one or more filters to the one or more lists of content, wherein one or more types of one or more filters includes at least one of a type filter and a predicate filter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein content in the one or more lists of content includes one or more elements of a uniform resource identifier. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein parsing the one or more lists of content further comprises determining, by the one or more computer processors, a name of at least one of the one or more runtime objects. 9. A computer program product for providing completion support and on demand validation in a web tool that operates on live resources, the computer program product comprising: one or more computer readable storage device and program instructions stored on the one or more computer readable storage device, the stored program instructions comprising: program instructions to create one or more lists of content, wherein the one or more lists of content include one or more references to one or more runtime objects; program instructions to parse the one or more lists of content; program instructions to populate one or more lists of one or more choices with the parsed one or more lists of content; and program instructions to create one or more callbacks for one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of one or more choices. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising program instructions to display the one or more lists of one or more choices. 11. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising program instructions to build a dependency tree that includes at least one of the one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of content. 12. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising: program instructions to receive a notification of a change to one or more of the referenced one or more runtime objects; program instructions to run a validation against the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects; program instructions to determine whether one or more of the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects is invalid; responsive to determining one or more of the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects is invalid, program instructions to mark the invalid changed referenced one or more runtime objects; and program instructions to output results of the validation. 13. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising program instructions to apply one or more types of one or more filters to the one or more lists of content, wherein one or more types of one or more filters includes at least one of a type filter and a predicate filter. 14. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the program instructions to parse the one or more lists of content comprise program instructions to determine a name of at least one of the one or more runtime objects. 15. A computer system for providing completion support and on demand validation in a web tool that operates on live resources, the computer system comprising: one or more computer processors; one or more computer readable storage device; program instructions stored on the one or more computer readable storage device for execution by at least one of the one or more computer processors, the stored program instructions comprising: program instructions to create one or more lists of content, wherein the one or more lists of content include one or more references to one or more runtime objects; program instructions to parse the one or more lists of content; program instructions to populate one or more lists of one or more choices with the parsed one or more lists of content; and program instructions to create one or more callbacks for one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of one or more choices. 16. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising program instructions to display the one or more lists of one or more choices. 17. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising program instructions to build a dependency tree that includes at least one of the one or more runtime objects referenced by the one or more lists of content. 18. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising: program instructions to receive a notification of a change to one or more of the referenced one or more runtime objects; program instructions to run a validation against the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects; program instructions to determine whether one or more of the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects is invalid; responsive to determining one or more of the one or more changed referenced one or more runtime objects is invalid, program instructions to mark the invalid changed referenced one or more runtime objects; and program instructions to output results of the validation. 19. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising program instructions to apply one or more types of one or more filters to the one or more lists of content, wherein one or more types of one or more filters includes at least one of a type filter and a predicate filter. 20. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the program instructions to parse the one or more lists of content comprise program instructions to determine a name of at least one of the one or more runtime objects.",
-    "A method of determining a filter of a relay and the relay for performing the same are disclosed. The method of determining a filter of a relay to minimize data estimation error in a relay environment considering a direct link includes (a) setting a power constraint condition of the relay so that maximum value of eigenvalue of a transmission covariance matrix of the relay is less than maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna; and (b) determining a transmission filter of the relay using the maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna according to the set power constraint condition. 1. A method of determining a filter of a relay to minimize data estimation error in a relay environment considering a direct link, the method comprising: (a) setting a power constraint condition of the relay so that maximum value of eigenvalue of a transmission covariance matrix of the relay is less than maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna; and (b) determining a transmission filter of the relay using the maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna according to the set power constraint condition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission covariance matrix is calculated by using the maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna and a channel between the relay and a receiving device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission filter in the step (b) is determined by using further a channel information between the relay and a receiving device and a channel matrix. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission filter is determined by using following equation. FR=\u221a{square root over (Ppeak)}{tilde over (U)}RD\u039b\u03c5\u22121/2U\u03c5HU\u03c9H Here, FR means the transmission filter of the relay, Ppeak indicates the maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna, \u0168RD means a direction of a channel between the relay and a receiving device, U\u03c5H\u0168\u03c9H indicates a matrix calculated from a channel in the relay environment, and \u039b\u03c5\u22121/2 means a power matrix. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting a receiving signal received from a transmitting device to a receiving device using the determined transmission filter after the step of (b). 6. A relay for determining a filter of a relay to minimize data estimation error in a relay environment considering a direct link, the relay comprising: a setting unit configured to set a power constraint condition of the relay so that maximum value of eigenvalue of a transmission covariance matrix of the relay is less than maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna; and a determination unit configured to determine a transmission filter of the relay using the maximum transmission power usable at respective antenna according to the set power constraint condition.",
-    "A docking system includes a base, a deck having an upper surface configured to contact a computing device resting upon the deck, wherein the upper surface includes at least one aperture therethrough, and projections extending upwardly from a surface of the base. The deck is movable along a plane that is inclined with respect to the surface of the base between a first position and a second position, the at least one aperture of the deck when in the first position being located away from the projections such that the deck conceals the projections, and the at least one aperture of the deck when in the second position exposing the projections to allow engagement of the projections with the computing device. 1. A docking system comprising: a base; a deck having an upper surface configured to contact a computing device resting upon the deck, wherein the upper surface includes at least one aperture therethrough; and projections extending upwardly from a surface of the base, the projections comprising: a computing device connector projection having electrical contacts for electrically connecting the docking system to a computing device; and a computing device retainer projection configured to engage the computing device when resting upon the deck to retain the computing device relative to the deck; and wherein the deck is movable along a plane that is inclined with respect to the surface of the base between a first position and a second position, the at least one aperture of the deck when in the first position being located away from the projections such that the deck conceals the projections, and the at least one aperture of the deck when in the second position exposing the projections to allow engagement of the projections with the computing device. 2. The docking system of claim 1, wherein the deck when in the first position conceals the projections when viewed from above the deck. 3. The docking system of claim 1, wherein the surface of the base from which the projections extend upwardly is an upper surface of the base. 4. The docking system of claim 1, further comprising a biasing element to bias the deck to the first position. 5. The docking system of claim 4, wherein the biasing element comprises a spring. 6. The docking system of claim 1, wherein a first point of the deck is at a higher elevation when the deck is at the first position than when the deck is at the second position. 7. The docking system of claim 1, wherein the base comprises a guide along which the deck is slideable between the first position and the second position. 8. The docking system of claim 1, wherein the projections are to make sideways contact with interfaces of the electronic device as the electronic device slides down the guide. 9. A method of providing a docking system, comprising: providing a base; providing a deck having an upper surface configured to contact a computing device resting upon the deck, wherein the upper surface includes at least one aperture therethrough; and extending projections upwardly from a surface of the base, the projections comprising: a computing device connector projection having electrical contacts for electrically connecting the docking system to a computing device; and a computing device retainer projection configured to engage the computing device when resting upon the deck to retain the computing device relative to the deck; and arranging the deck to be movable along a plane that is inclined with respect to the surface of the base between a first position and a second position, the at least one aperture of the deck when in the first position being located away from the projections such that the deck conceals the projections, and the at least one aperture of the deck when in the second position exposing the projections to allow engagement of the projections with the computing device. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the deck when in the first position conceals the projections when viewed from above the deck. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the surface of the base from which the projections extend upwardly is an upper surface of the base. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising arranging a biasing element to bias the deck to the first position. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the biasing element comprises a spring. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein a first point of the deck is at a higher elevation when the deck is at the first position than when the deck is at the second position. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the base comprises a guide along which the deck is slideable between the first position and the second position. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the projections are to make sideways contact with interfaces of the electronic device as the electronic device slides down the guide.",
-    "A personal watercraft comprises a body including a hull and a deck; a joining section including a horizontal portion protruding horizontally from the body, and a vertical portion protruding downward from an outer end portion of the horizontal portion, the joining section joining the hull to the deck; and a stabilizer mounted to the joining section. The joining section includes right and left joining sections, and a stern joining section. The stabilizer is mounted to a rear portion of at least one of the right and left joining sections. The stabilizer has an inclined bottom surface which is located below a bottom surface of the horizontal portion and extends in a forward and rearward direction such that the inclined bottom surface is inclined in a downward direction as the inclined bottom surface extends in a rearward direction. 1. (canceled) 2. A personal watercraft comprising: a body including a hull and a deck; a joining section including a horizontal portion protruding horizontally from the body, and a vertical portion protruding downward from an outer end portion of the horizontal portion, the joining section extending to surround an entire periphery of the body to join the hull to the deck; and a stabilizer mounted to the joining section, wherein the joining section includes right and left joining sections extending in a forward and rearward direction at a right part and a left part of the body, respectively, and a stern joining section extending in a rightward and leftward direction at a stern of the body, wherein the stabilizer is mounted to a rear portion of at least one of the right and left joining sections, wherein the stabilizer has an inclined bottom surface which is located below a bottom surface of the horizontal portion and extends in the forward and rearward direction in such a manner that the inclined bottom surface is inclined in a downward direction as the inclined bottom surface extends in a rearward direction, and wherein a virtual bottom surface formed by virtually extending the inclined bottom surface in the rearward direction extends through a region which is below the stern joining section. 3. A personal watercraft comprising: a body including a hull and a deck; a joining section including a horizontal portion protruding horizontally from the body, and a vertical portion protruding downward from an outer end portion of the horizontal portion, the joining section extending to surround an entire periphery of the body to join the hull to the deck; and a stabilizer mounted to the joining section, wherein the joining section includes right and left joining sections extending in a forward and rearward direction at a right part and a left part of the body, respectively, and a stern joining section extending in a rightward and leftward direction at a stern of the body, wherein the stabilizer is mounted to a rear portion of at least one of the right and left joining sections, wherein the stabilizer has an inclined bottom surface which is located below a bottom surface of the horizontal portion and extends in the forward and rearward direction in such a manner that the inclined bottom surface is inclined in a downward direction as the inclined bottom surface extends in a rearward direction, and wherein a rear end portion of the inclined bottom surface is located below the stern joining section. 4. A personal watercraft comprising: a body including a hull and a deck; a joining section including a horizontal portion protruding horizontally from the body, and a vertical portion protruding downward from an outer end portion of the horizontal portion, the joining section extending to surround an entire periphery of the body to join the hull to the deck; and a stabilizer mounted to the joining section, wherein the joining section includes right and left joining sections extending in a forward and rearward direction at a right part and a left part of the body, respectively, and a stern joining section extending in a rightward and leftward direction at a stern of the body, wherein the stabilizer is mounted to a rear portion of at least one of the right and left joining sections, wherein the stabilizer has an inclined bottom surface which is located below a bottom surface of the horizontal portion and extends in the forward and rearward direction in such a manner that the inclined bottom surface is inclined in a downward direction as the inclined bottom surface extends in a rearward direction, and wherein the stabilizer includes an outer side surface extending in the forward and rearward direction at a right or left outer edge of the inclined bottom surface, a rear end portion of the outer side surface is located below the inclined bottom surface, and an amount of a protruding portion of the outer side surface which protrudes downward from the inclined bottom surface is increased in the rearward direction. 5. The personal watercraft according to claim 4, wherein the stabilizer includes an outer side wall having the outer side surface and protruding downward from the inclined bottom surface, and the protruding portion protrudes inward in the rightward and leftward direction, from an inner side surface of the outer side wall, the inner side surface being on an opposite side of the outer side surface.",
-    "An electrical submersible pumping system includes production tubing, a pump for pumping fluid through the production tubing, a motor for providing power to the pumping system, an electrical cable for supplying power to the motor, and a motor adaptor attached to the motor for connecting the electrical cable to the motor. 1. An electrical submersible pumping system, comprising: production tubing; a pump for pumping fluid through the production tubing; a motor for providing power to the pumping system; an electrical cable comprising one or more electrical conductors and one or more lead wires for supplying power to the motor; and a motor adaptor attached to the motor for connecting the electrical cable to the motor, the motor adaptor comprising: a shaft that vertically extends through a center axis of the motor adaptor; and a hollow space that is formed around a circumference of the shaft, wherein more electrical conductors are disposed above the hollow space, and the one or more lead wires are disposed within the hollow space of the motor adaptor and wrap around the shaft. 2. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 1, wherein the motor adaptor comprises phase connection terminals that provide an electrical connection to the motor. 3. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 1, wherein the motor adaptor comprises a cable clamp, and the one or more electrical conductors are clamped to the motor adaptor using the cable clamp. 4. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 2, wherein the motor adaptor further comprises grooves formed in a body of the motor adaptor for receiving the electrical conductors. 5. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 1, wherein the motor adaptor comprises an adaptor base and a motor connection flange that connects the motor adaptor to the motor. 6. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 5, wherein the electrical cable comprises electrical conductor phase terminals that are formed at a bottom portion of the motor connection flange. 7. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 1, wherein the electrical cable comprises one or more electrical conductors, and the one or more electrical conductors and the one or more lead wires are connected within a body of the motor adaptor. 8. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 7, further comprising an upper connection section and a lower connection section each comprising a compression screw and an insulation tube, the upper connection section being attached to the one or more electrical conductors and the lower connection section being attached to the one or more lead wires. 9. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 8, wherein the upper connection comprises a male or female terminal and the lower connection comprises a female or male terminal, and the male or female terminal of the upper connection is attached to the female or male terminal of the lower connection. 10. A motor adaptor for use with a motor of an electrical submersible pumping system, comprising: phase connection terminals that provide an electrical connection to the motor; a shaft that vertically extends through a center axis of the motor adaptor; and a hollow space that is formed around a circumference of the shaft, wherein the motor adaptor is configured to receive an electrical cable of the submersible pumping system in the hollow space for connecting the electrical cable to the motor; and wherein the phase connection terminals are evenly spaced about a bottom surface of the motor adaptor. 11. The motor adaptor of claim 10, wherein the electrical cable comprises electrical conductors, the motor adaptor comprises a cable clamp, and the electrical conductors are clamped to the motor adaptor. 12. The motor adaptor of claim 10, further comprising grooves formed in a body of the motor adaptor for receiving the electrical conductors. 13. The motor adaptor of claim 10, further comprising an adaptor base and a motor connection flange that connects the motor adaptor to the motor. 14. The motor adaptor of claim 13, wherein the phase connection terminals are formed at a bottom portion of the motor connection flange. 15. The motor adaptor of claim 10, wherein the electrical cable comprises an electrical conductor and a lead wire, and the electrical conductor and the lead wire are connected within a body of the motor adaptor. 16. The motor adaptor of claim 15, further comprising an upper connection section and a lower connection section each comprising a compression screw and an insulation tube, the upper connection section being attached to the electrical conductor and the lower connection section being attached to the lead wire. 17. The motor adaptor of claim 10, wherein the upper connection comprises a male or female terminal and the lower connection comprises a female or male terminal, and the male or female terminal of the upper connection is attached to the female or male terminal of the lower connection. 18. An electrical submersible pumping system, comprising: production tubing; a pump for pumping fluid through the production tubing; a motor for providing power to the pumping system; an electrical cable for supplying power to the motor and comprising an electrical conductor and a lead wire; and a motor adaptor attached to the motor for connecting the electrical conductor of the electrical cable to the lead wire of the electrical cable, the motor adaptor comprising: a shaft that vertically extends through the center axis of the motor adaptor; and a hollow space that is formed around a circumference of the shaft, wherein the electrical conductor is disposed above the hollow space, and the lead wire is disposed within the hollow space of the motor adaptor and wraps around the shaft. 19. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 2, wherein the one or more electrical conductors comprise three electrical conductors and the one or more lead wires comprise three lead wires, and the phase connection terminals comprise three phase connection terminals; and wherein the three lead wires are arranged around the hollow space so that the three phase connection terminals are evenly space about a bottom surface of the motor adaptor. 20. The electrical submersible pumping system of claim 18, wherein the electrical cable comprises two other electrical conductors and two other lead wires, and the motor adaptor comprises three phase connection terminals; and wherein the three lead wires are arranged around the hollow space so that the three phase connection terminals are evenly space about a bottom surface of the motor adaptor.",
-    "Example embodiments of the present invention relate to an optical node comprising of at least two optical degrees; a plurality of directionless add/drop ports; and at least one wavelength equalizing array, wherein the at least one wavelength equalizing array is used to both select wavelengths for each degree, and to perform directionless steering for the add/drop ports. 1. A reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer with directionless add/drop port support comprising: a first line interface; a second line interface; a common port; a first wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first line interface to the common port; a second wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second line interface to the first line interface; a third wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the common port to the first line interface; a fourth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second line interface to the common port; a fifth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first line interface to the second line interface; and a sixth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the common port to the second line interface. 2. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 1, further comprising: a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to select wavelengths for an optical channel monitor function; and an eighth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to select a wavelength for a transponder. 3. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 2, further comprising a wavelength equalizing array, wherein the wavelength equalizing array comprises, the first wavelength equalizer, the second wavelength equalizer, the third wavelength equalizer, the fourth wavelength equalizer, the fifth wavelength equalizer, the sixth wavelength equalizer, the seventh wavelength equalizer and the eighth wavelength equalizer. 4. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 1 wherein the first wavelength equalizer has only one optical input and only one optical output, and wherein the second wavelength equalizer has only one optical input and only one optical output, and wherein the third wavelength equalizer has only one optical input and only one optical output, and wherein the fourth wavelength equalizer has only one optical input and only one optical output, and wherein the fifth wavelength equalizer has only one optical input and only one optical output, and wherein the sixth wavelength equalizer has only one optical input and only one optical output. 5. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 4, further comprising a wavelength equalizing array, wherein the wavelength equalizing array comprises, the first wavelength equalizer, the second wavelength equalizer, the third wavelength equalizer, the fourth wavelength equalizer, the fifth wavelength equalizer, and the sixth wavelength equalizer. 6. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 5, wherein a plurality of add/drop ports are connectable through the common port. 7. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 6, further comprising a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to select wavelengths for an optical channel monitor function. 8. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 7, further comprising a photo diode attached to the optical output of the seventh wavelength equalizer, wherein the photo diode is used to measure optical power of wavelengths selected by the seventh wavelength equalizer. 9. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 6, further comprising: a first optical coupler, used to broadcast wavelengths from the first line interface to the first wavelength equalizer and to the fifth wavelength equalizer; a second optical coupler, used to combine wavelengths from the second wavelength equalizer and from the third wavelength equalizer for the first line interface; a third optical coupler, used to broadcast wavelengths from the second line interface to the second wavelength equalizer and to the fourth wavelength equalizer; a fourth optical coupler, used to combine wavelengths from the fifth wavelength equalizer and from the sixth wavelength equalizer for the second line interface; a fifth optical coupler, used to combine wavelengths from the first wavelength equalizer and from the fourth wavelength equalizer for the common port; and a sixth optical coupler, used to broadcast wavelengths from the common port to the third wavelength equalizer and to the sixth wavelength equalizer. 10. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 9, further comprising: a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to select wavelengths for an optical channel monitor function; an optical amplifier, attached to the output of the second optical coupler; and a seventh optical coupler, attached to the output of the optical amplifier, and used to broadcast wavelengths from the optical amplifier to the first line interface and to the seventh wavelength equalizer. 11. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 6, further comprising a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to select a wavelength for a transponder. 12. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 11, wherein an optical coupler is used to combine a wavelength from the transponder with wavelengths from the common port. 13. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 6, wherein electrical variable optical attenuators are used to partially and fully attenuate individual wavelengths passing through each wavelength equalizer. 14. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 13, wherein an optical power level associated with each individual wavelength passing through each wavelength equalizer is attenuated by a programmable amount by sending a command through a user interface. 15. The reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer of claim 6, further comprising: a first reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer circuit pack comprising: the first line interface, the second line interface, the common port, the first wavelength equalizer, the second wavelength equalizer, the third wavelength equalizer, the fourth wavelength equalizer, the fifth wavelength equalizer, the sixth wavelength equalizer, a seventh wavelength equalizer, and an eighth wavelength equalizer; and a second reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer circuit pack, wherein, the seventh wavelength equalizer is used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer circuit pack to the first line interface, and wherein the eighth wavelength equalizer is used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer circuit pack to the second line interface. 16. A method of constructing a multi-degree optical node with support for directionless add/drop ports comprising: allocating a first wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to pass and block individual wavelengths from a first line interface to a common port; allocating a second wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to pass and block individual wavelengths from a second line interface to the first line interface; allocating a third wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to pass and block individual wavelengths from the common port to the first line interface; allocating a fourth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second line interface to the common port; allocating a fifth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first line interface to the second line interface; and allocating a sixth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to pass and block individual wavelengths from the common port to the second line interface. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising allocating a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to select individual wavelengths for an optical channel monitor function. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising allocating a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output to select individual wavelengths for an optical transponder. 19. An optical node comprising: a first line interface; a second line interface; a common port; a first express port; a second express port; a first wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first line interface to the common port; a second wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second line interface to the first line interface; a third wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first express port to the first line interface; a fourth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second express port to the first line interface; a fifth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the common port to the first line interface; a sixth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second line interface to the common port; a seventh wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first line interface to the second line interface; an eighth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the first express port to the second line interface; a ninth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the second express port to the second line interface; and a tenth wavelength equalizer with one optical input and one optical output, used to pass and block individual wavelengths from the common port to the second line interface. 20. The optical node of claim 19, further comprising: a first optical coupler, used to broadcast wavelengths from the first line interface to the first wavelength equalizer and to the seventh wavelength equalizer and to the first express port; a second optical coupler, used to combine wavelengths from the second wavelength equalizer and from the third wavelength equalizer and from the fourth wavelength equalizer and from the fifth wavelength equalizer for the first line interface; a third optical coupler, used to broadcast wavelengths from the second line interface to the sixth wavelength equalizer and to the second wavelength equalizer and to the second express port; a fourth optical coupler, used to combine wavelengths from the seventh wavelength equalizer and from the eighth wavelength equalizer and from the ninth wavelength equalizer and from the tenth wavelength equalizer for the second line interface; a fifth optical coupler, used to combine wavelengths from the first wavelength equalizer and from the sixth wavelength equalizer for the common port; a sixth optical coupler, used to broadcast wavelengths from the common port to the fifth wavelength equalizer and to the tenth wavelength equalizer; a seventh optical coupler used to broadcast wavelengths from the first express port to the third wavelength equalizer and to the eighth wavelength equalizer; and an eighth optical coupler used to broadcast wavelengths from the second express port to the fourth wavelength equalizer and to the ninth wavelength equalizer. 21. The optical node of claim 20, further comprising a reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer circuit pack comprising: the first line interface, the second line interface, the common port, the first express port, the second express port, the first wavelength equalizer, the second wavelength equalizer, the third wavelength equalizer, the fourth wavelength equalizer, the fifth wavelength equalizer, the sixth wavelength equalizer, the seventh wavelength equalizer, the eighth wavelength equalizer, the ninth wavelength equalizer, the tenth wavelength equalizer, the first optical coupler, the second optical coupler, the third optical coupler, the fourth optical coupler, the fifth optical coupler, the sixth optical coupler, the seventh optical coupler, and the eighth optical coupler. 22. The optical node of claim 21, further comprising: a second reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer circuit pack comprising: a third line interface, a fourth line interface, a second common port, a third express port and a fourth express port, wherein the first express port is optically connected to the third express port, and wherein the second express port is optically connected to the fourth express port. 23. The optical node of claim 22, further comprising: a multiplexer/de-multiplexer circuit pack comprising: a multiplexer, a de-multiplexer, a ninth optical coupler, and a tenth optical coupler, wherein the ninth optical coupler is used to combine wavelengths from the common port and from the second common port for the de-multiplexer, and wherein the tenth optical coupler is used to broadcast wavelengths from the multiplexer to the common port and to the second common port. 24. The optical node of claim 22, further comprising: a first multiplexer/de-multiplexer circuit pack comprising: a first multiplexer, and a first de-multiplexer; and a second multiplexer/de-multiplexer circuit pack comprising: a second multiplexer, and a second de-multiplexer, wherein the first multiplexer/de-multiplexer circuit pack is connected to the common port, and wherein the second multiplexer/de-multiplexer circuit pack is connected to the second common port.",
-    "A method for treating a microbial infection involves administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula: wherein R1 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, R2 is H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, R3 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, R4 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, R5 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, R6 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, R7 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, R8 is \u2014CR3, O, S, wherein R5 and R6, R7 and R6, R5 and R4, R4 and R3 can cyclize forming a 3-10 member ring comprising C, O, S, and/or N optionally substituted with one or more R3; and administering light therapy, such as a photodynamic therapy (PDT) light source. 1. A method for treating a microbial infection, comprising: administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula: wherein, R1 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R2 is H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R3 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R4 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R5 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R6 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R7 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R8 is \u2014CR3, O, S; wherein R5 and R6, R7 and R6, R5 and R4, R4 and R3 can cyclize forming a 3-10 member ring comprising C, O, S, and/or N optionally substituted with one or more R3; and administering light therapy. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: R1 is H, alkyl, aryl; R2 is H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R3 is H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, aryl, heteroaryl; R4 is H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R5 is H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R6 is H, alkyl, aryl. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is H, CH3, or R2 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, R3 is H, OH, R4 is H, OH, or R4 and R5, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms; R5 is H, OH, or R4 and R5, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms, or R5 and R6, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms; R6 is H, or R5 and R6, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms; R7 is H or OH; and R8 is O or S. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the fermentation inhibitor is selected from the compounds set forth in Table 1. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is: 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is provided in a pharmaceutical composition. 7. The method of claim 1, and further comprising administration of another compound or composition having microbial activity. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is administered topically. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the light therapy is a photodynamic therapy. 10. A method of activating HemY or PPO in a cell, including: selecting the cell in which activation of HemY or PPO is desired; and contacting the cell with a compound of the formula: wherein, R1 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R2 is H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R3 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R4 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R5 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R6 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R7 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R8 is \u2014CR3, O, S; wherein R5 and R6, R7 and R6, R5 and R4, R4 and R3 can cyclize forming a 3-10 member ring comprising C, O, S, and/or N optionally substituted with one or more R3, thereby activating HemY or PPO in the cell. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein: R1 is H, alkyl, aryl; R2 is H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R3 is H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide, aryl, heteroaryl; R4 is H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R5 is H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R6 is H, alkyl, aryl. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein R1 is H, CH3, or R2 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, R3 is H, OH, R4 is H, OH, or R4 and R5, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms; R5 is H, OH, or R4 and R5, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms, or R5 and R6, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms; R6 is H, or R5 and R6, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, can form an aromatic ring containing 6 carbon atoms; R7 is H or OH; and R8 is O or S. 13. A method for producing hemoproteins, comprising: culturing a cell capable of generating hemoproteins; and contacting the cell with a compound of the formula: wherein, R1 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R2 is H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R3 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R4 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R5 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R6 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R7 is H, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, amino sulfonyl, acetamide; R8 is \u2014CR3, O, S; wherein R5 and R6, R7 and R6, R5 and R4, R4 and R3 can cyclize forming a 3-10 member ring comprising C, O, S, and/or N optionally substituted with one or more R3. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the fermentation inhibitor is selected from the compounds set forth in Table 1. 15. The method of claim 13, and further comprising separating a supernatant from the cultured cell; and isolating the hemoproteins from the supernatant. 16. A S. aureus cell, comprising a construct including Phrt upstream of a nucleotide encoding the E. coli toxin RelE. 17. A method of identifying a compound that activates HssRS, comprising: contacting a candidate compound with a cell of claim 16; identifying the compound as an activator of HssRS if the cell dies. 18. The method of claim 17, and further comprising identifying resistant bacteria cells, and sequencing the resistant bacteria to identify mutations. 19. The method of claim 18, and further comprising identifying components of the heme synthesis pathway including the mutations. 20. A compound having the formula:",
-    "At least one image captured by an image capture device of a delivery drone can be processed to identify at least one optical marker contained in the image. The optical marker can display at least one machine readable optical label, or alphanumeric characters, indicating a cargo recipient. Responsive to identifying the optical marker, image processing on the image can be performed to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters. Whether the data corresponds to an intended cargo recipient of a cargo being carried by the delivery drone can be determined. Responsive to determining that the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone, the delivery drone can be initiated to deliver the cargo at a specific location indicated by the optical marker. 1. A method, comprising: processing at least one image captured by an image capture device of a delivery drone to identify at least one optical marker contained in the image, the optical marker displaying at least one machine readable optical label, or alphanumeric characters, indicating a cargo recipient; responsive to identifying the optical marker contained in the image, performing, using a processor, image processing on the image to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters; determining whether the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to an intended cargo recipient of a cargo being carried by the delivery drone; and responsive to determining that the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone, determining a specific location by processing the image, wherein the optical marker indicates the specific location and the specific location is different than a location where the optical marker is positioned, and initiating the delivery drone to deliver the cargo at the specific location indicated by the optical marker. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one machine readable optical label is a quick response code. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one machine readable optical label is a bar code. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein performing, using the processor, image processing on the image to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters is autonomously performed by the delivery drone. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone is autonomously performed by the delivery drone. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: autonomously capturing, by the image capture device of the delivery drone, the at least one image. 8. A system, comprising: a processor programmed to initiate executable operations comprising: processing at least one image captured by an image capture device of a delivery drone to identify at least one optical marker contained in the image, the optical marker displaying at least one machine readable optical label, or alphanumeric characters, indicating a cargo recipient; responsive to identifying the optical marker contained in the image, performing image processing on the image to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters; determining whether the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to an intended cargo recipient of a cargo being carried by the delivery drone; and responsive to determining that the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone, determining a specific location by processing the image, wherein the optical marker indicates the specific location and the specific location is different than a location where the optical marker is positioned, and initiating the delivery drone to deliver the cargo at a specific location indicated by the optical marker. 9. (canceled) 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least one machine readable optical label is a quick response code. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least one machine readable optical label is a bar code. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein performing image processing on the image to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters is autonomously performed by the delivery drone. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein determining whether the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone is autonomously performed by the delivery drone. 14. The system of claim 8, the executable operations further comprising: autonomously capturing, by the image capture device of the delivery drone, the at least one image. 15. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program code stored thereon, the program code executable by a processor to perform a method comprising: processing, by the processor, at least one image captured by an image capture device of a delivery drone to identify at least one optical marker contained in the image, the optical marker displaying at least one machine readable optical label, or alphanumeric characters, indicating a cargo recipient; responsive to identifying the optical marker contained in the image, performing, by the processor, image processing on the image to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters; determining, by the processor, whether the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to an intended cargo recipient of a cargo being carried by the delivery drone; and responsive to determining that the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone, determining, by the processor, a specific location by processing the image, wherein the optical marker indicates the specific location and the specific location is different than a location where the optical marker is positioned, and initiating, by the processor, the delivery drone to deliver the cargo at a specific location indicated by the optical marker. 16. (canceled) 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the at least one machine readable optical label is a quick response code. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the at least one machine readable optical label is a bar code. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein performing, using the processor, image processing on the image to generate data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters is autonomously performed by the delivery drone. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein determining whether the data corresponding to the machine readable optical label or alphanumeric characters corresponds to the intended cargo recipient of the cargo being carried by the delivery drone is autonomously performed by the delivery drone. 21. The computer program product of claim 15, the method further comprising: autonomously capturing, by the image capture device of the delivery drone, the at least one image.",
-    "A multi-positional valve is used to control the destination of gas flows from multiple gas sources. In one valve position the gases flow to an isolated vacuum system where the flow rate and mixture can be adjusted prior to introduction into a sample vacuum chamber. In another valve position the pre-mixed gases flow from the isolated vacuum chamber and through a needle into the sample vacuum chamber. 1-17. (canceled) 18. A method of providing a first gas to a surface of a work piece in a system that uses a beam to process the work piece in the presence of the first gas, the system including a first gas source for providing the first gas, a beam source for providing the beam, and a needle for injecting the first gas from the first gas source to the work piece, the method comprising: causing the first gas to flow along a first path from the first gas source to a valve; establishing a first desired flow rate for the first gas by adjusting the gas flow rate of The first gas while the valve is configured to divert the first gas to a second path that does not lead to the needle; and after the first desired flow rate is established, directing the first gas to the needle to provide the first gas to the surface of the work piece at the first desired flow rate. 19. The method of claim 18 in which establishing the first desired flow rate includes establishing a desired flow rate of the first gas while the valve is configured to divert the first gas to a variable speed vacuum pump. 20. The method of claim 18 in which establishing the first desired flow rate includes obtaining measurements of the gas flow in the second path. 21. The method of claim 18 further comprising, before directing the First gas to the needle: causing a second gas to flow from a second gas source to the valve; and establishing a second desired gas flow rate for the second gas. 22. The method of claim 21 in which establishing the second desired flow rate for the second gas includes: measuring the flow of the first gas in the second path; measuring the combined flow of the first gas and the second gas in the second path; and determining the flow of the second gas by subtracting the flow of the first gas from the combined flow. 23. The method of claim 18 in which directing the first gas to the needle includes extending the needle to open a gas flow path to the needle and to close a gas flow path that does not lead to the needle. 24. The method of claim 18, in which the system includes a sample vacuum chamber, and further comprising positioning the work piece in the sample vacuum chamber and then evacuating the sample vacuum chamber before the valve is configured to divert the first gas to the second path. 25. The method of claim 24 in which evacuating the sample vacuum chamber occurs while the needle is in a retracted position and while gas flow between the first gas source and the valve is shut off. 26. The method of claim 25 in which configuring the needle to be in the retracted position prevents the first gas from flowing to the needle and causes the valve to be in the configuration that diverts the first gas to the second path. 27. The method of claim 25 further comprising removing residual gas that has adsorbed onto an interior surface of the needle by purging the valve. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein purging the valve is carried out by an exhaust pump while the valve is configured to provide a gas flow path from the interior of the needle to the exhaust pump. 29. The method of claim 25 in which the gas flow between the first gas source and the valve is shut off by a stop valve located in the first path. 30. The method of claim 18 further comprising removing a second gas that is adsorbed onto an interior surface of the valve by establishing the first desired flow rate over a period of time sufficient to allow the second gas to desorb from the interior surface and be purged from the valve. 31. The method of claim 30 in which the second gas is a gas that was used in the system before the first gas. 32. The method of claim 20 in which obtaining measurements of the gas flow in the second path comprises obtaining measurements of the gas flow in the second path using a measuring device in the second path. 33. The method of claim 32 in which the measuring device comprises a flow meter or a pressure measuring device. 34. The method of claim 32, in which: the system further comprises a regulator valve located in the first path and configured to adjust the flow rate of the first gas while the valve is configured to divert the first gas to the second path; and establishing the first desired flow rate comprises using the measurements of the gas flow obtained by the measuring device to control adjustment of the flow rate of the first gas by the regulator valve. 35. The method of claim 34 in which: the regulator valve is a needle valve or a pulse width modulation valve is configured to control the flow rate of the first gas by rapidly opening and closing; and adjusting the flow rate of the first gas is carried out by controlling the fraction of time that the regulator valve is open during each open and close cycle.",
-    "A messaging model and node induction methods and corresponding devices and systems are disclosed herein that are effective to enable an inductor node to induct an inductee node into a distributed computing system and to enable the inducted node to carry out predetermined tasks. 1-19. (canceled) 20. A computer-implemented method for an inductor node to induct a selected inductee node into a distributed computing system, comprising: creating an induction task comprising at least: an induction ticket that defines an identity of the induction task, information that enables the inductor node and the inductee node to communicate, and configuration information; at least one other node of the distributed computing system of which the inductee node should be aware and; at least one post-induction task; storing the created induction task in a persistent memory accessible to the inductor node; sending the induction task to the selected inductee node over a computer network; responsive to the inductee node having received the induction task, receiving a membership request indicating that the selected inductee node has initiated an induction process; creating a bootstrap membership that defines roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node and deploying the bootstrap membership; and creating a deterministic state machine referencing the created bootstrap membership. 21. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further comprising accessing the stored induction task from the persistent memory and cloning the induction task for use in inducting another selected inductee node into the distributed computing system. 22. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further comprising accessing the stored induction task from the persistent memory and continuing the induction of the selected inductee node into the distributed computing system after a restart of the inductor node before the deterministic state machine is created. 23. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further comprising encrypting the induction ticket. 24. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further comprising validating the membership request received from the selected inductee node and terminating the induction if the membership request is invalid. 25. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the bootstrap membership comprises: a determinalistically created membership identity; and roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node. 26. A computing device, comprising: a memory; and a processor, the processor being configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to run the computing device as an inductor node configured to induct a selected inductee node into a distributed computing system, the stored instructions being configured to cause the processor to: create an induction task comprising at least: an induction ticket that defines an identity of the induction task, information that enables the inductor node and the inductee node to communicate, and configuration information; at least one other node of the distributed computing system of which the inductee node should be aware and; at least one post-induction task; store the created induction task in a persistent memory accessible to the inductor node; send the induction task to the selected inductee node over a computer network; responsive to the inductee node having received the induction task, receive a membership request indicating that the selected inductee node has initiated an induction process; create a bootstrap membership that defines roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node and deploy the bootstrap membership; and create a deterministic state machine referencing the created bootstrap membership. 27. A non-transitory, tangible data storage medium storing data and instructions that configure a computing device as an inductor node configured to induct a selected inductee node into a distributed computing system, the stored data and instructions being configured to cause the computing device to: create an induction task comprising at least: an induction ticket that defines an identity of the induction task, information that enables the inductor node and the inductee node to communicate, and configuration information; at least one other node of the distributed computing system of which the inductee node should be aware and; at least one post-induction task; store the created induction task in a persistent memory accessible to the inductor node; send the induction task to the selected inductee node over a computer network; responsive to the inductee node having received the induction task, receive a membership request indicating that the selected inductee node has initiated an induction process; create a bootstrap membership that defines roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node and deploy the bootstrap membership; and create a deterministic state machine referencing the created bootstrap membership. 28. A computer-implemented method for a selected inductee node to be inducted into a distributed computing system by an inductor node, comprising: receiving from the inductor node, over a computer network, an induction task that comprises: an induction ticket that defines at least an identity of the induction task and information that enables the selected inductee node to communicate with the inductor node; at least one other node of the distributed computing system of which the selected inductee node should be aware and; at least one post-induction task; initiating an induction process according to the received induction task; sending to the inductor task an indication that the induction process has initiated; creating a bootstrap membership that defines roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node and deploying the bootstrap membership; creating a deterministic state machine referencing the bootstrap membership; and carrying out the at least one post-induction task. 29. The computer-implemented method claim 28, further comprising the deterministic state machine receiving, from the inductor node, a list of locations and nodes of which the selected inductee node should be aware. 30. The computer-implemented method claim 28, further comprising the deterministic state machine receiving, from the inductor node, a proposal comprising a list of locations and nodes of which the selected inductee node should be aware. 31. The computer-implemented method claim 28, further comprising validating the received induction ticket. 32. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein creating the bootstrap membership comprises creating the bootstrap membership with a deterministically-created membership identity, and roles of the inductor and inductee nodes. 33. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein the received induction task is a clone of a previously used induction task that was stored in a persistent memory accessible to the inductor node. 34. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein the received induction ticket comprises a location identity, hostname and port of the inductor node on the computer network. 35. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein the induction ticket is encrypted using a Private Key Infrastructure (PKI) encryption system and wherein the method further comprises the induction node decrypting the induction ticket using a public key of the inductor node. 36. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein carrying out the at least one post-induction task comprises at least one of: creating a new membership; joining an existing membership; and performing a deployment and synchronization of a replicated entity. 37. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein sending to the inductor task an indication that the induction process has initiated comprises creating and switching on a beacon that broadcasts, over the computer network, an identity of the induction task, an identity, location, hostname and port of the inductee node on the computer network. 38. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein creating the bootstrap membership comprises configuring the bootstrap membership with a deterministically-created membership identity, the inductor node in a role of agreement proposer and agreement acceptor and the selected inductee node in a role of learner. 39. A computing device, comprising: a memory; and a processor, the processor being configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to configure the computing device as a selected inductee node to be inducted into a distributed computing system by an inductor node, the stored instructions being configured to cause the processor to: receive from the inductor node, over a computer network, an induction task that comprises: an induction ticket that defines an identity of the induction task, information that enables the selected inductee node to communicate with the inductor node, and configuration information; at least one other node of the distributed computing system of which the selected inductee node should be aware and; at least one post-induction task; initiate an induction process according to the received induction task; send to the inductor task an indication that the induction process has initiated; create a bootstrap membership that defines roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node and deploy the bootstrap membership; create a deterministic state machine referencing the bootstrap membership; and carry out the at least one post-induction task. 40. A non-transitory, tangible data storage medium storing data and instructions that configure a computing device as a selected inductee node to be inducted into a distributed computing system by an inductor node, the stored instructions being configured to cause the computing device to: receive from the inductor node, over a computer network, an induction task that comprises: an induction ticket that defines an identity of the induction task, information that enables the selected inductee node to communicate with the inductor node, and configuration information; at least one other node of the distributed computing system of which the selected inductee node should be aware and; at least one post-induction task; initiate an induction process according to the received induction task; send to the inductor task an indication that the induction process has initiated; create a bootstrap membership that defines roles of the inductor node and of the selected inductee node and deploy the bootstrap membership; create a deterministic state machine referencing the bootstrap membership; and carry out the at least one post-induction task.",
-    "A terminal uses a web application to control a printer on a network. The web application includes an API that permits the terminal to send instruction and inquiries to the printer over the network. The terminal submits, to the API, the printer's IP address and instructions for defining a print document or printer commands. The API then sends the print document or printer commands to the printer in accordance with the IP address. In this manner, the terminal can request status updates without sending a print job to the printer. The terminal sets the printer's ID address, identifies a type of status event inquiry, and submits the inquiry to receive the printer's current status related to the identified status event. To submit a print job, the terminal creates a print document using the API, sets the printer's ID address, and sends the print document as a print job to be printed. 1. A method of controlling a terminal configured to access a printer and a web server in which a web application is maintained, the method comprising steps of: acquiring the web application from the web server, the web application having an embedded application program interface (API), the API including: (i) an address property-element configured to designate a network address of the printer, (ii) an open method-element configured to enable a status event operation that checks a device status, (iii) an add-commands method-element configured to add commands into a command buffer for creating a document, and (iv) a send method-element configured to send the document to the printer over the network; wherein the terminal uses a status event notification function to check the printer without printing, including: setting the network address of the printer by use of the address property-element; enabling the status event operation by use of the open method-element; and obtaining a status event of the printer designated by the address property-element, after the open method-element enables the status event operation; and wherein the transmitting of the document for printing from the terminal to the printer, includes: creating the document by use of the add-commands method-element; and sending the created document by use of the send method-element to the printer having the network address designated by the address property-element. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the printer has a cover, the method further comprising: obtaining a status event indicating that the cover is open, after the open method-element enables a cover open event as the status event operation. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the printer has a cover; the method further comprising: obtaining a status event indicating that the cover is closed, after the open method-element enables a cover close event as the status event operation. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a drawer is connected to the printer, the method further comprising: creating a kick-open document for instructing the printer to kick open its connected drawer by adding a drawer kick command into the command buffer by use of the add-commands method-element; sending the kick-open document to the printer by use of the send method-element; and obtaining a status event indicating that the drawer is open, after the open method-element enables a drawer open event as the status event operation. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining a status event indicating that the printer is powered off, after the open method-element enables a non-response event as the status event operation. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining a status event indicating that one or more statuses of the printer have changed, after the open method-element enables a status change event as the status event operation. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the API further includes a close method-element configured to disable the status event operation, the method further comprising: disabling the status event operation by use of the close method-element. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the API further includes an interval property-element specifying a time interval for spacing an upgrading of the status of the printer, the method further comprising: setting the time interval for upgrading of the status of the printer by use of the interval property-element. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the API further includes a status property-element specifying the status last obtained from the printer. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium encompassing computer-readable instructions executing the method of claim 1. 11. A terminal configured to access a printer and a web server in which a web application is maintained, the terminal comprising: an input device configured to receive input instructions from a user; an image display; a computing module that, in response to said input device, acquires the web application from the web server and displays a user interface of the web application on the image display, the web application having an embedded application program interface (API); the API including: (i) an address property-element configured to designate a network address of the printer, (ii) an open method-element configured to enable a status event operation that checks a device status, (iii) an add-commands method-element configured to add commands into a command buffer for creating a document, and (iv) a send method-element configured to send the document to the printer over the network; wherein the terminal uses a status event notification function to check the printer without printing by, setting the network address of the printer by use of the address property-element; enabling the status event operation by use of the open method-element; and obtaining a status event of the printer designated by the address property-element, after the open method-element enables the status event operation; and wherein the terminal transmits the document for printing to the printer by, creating the document by use of the add-commands method-element, and sending the created document by use of the send method-element to the printer having the network address designated by the address property-element. 12. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: the printer has a cover; and the computing module further obtains a status event indicating that the cover is open, after the open method-element enables a cover open event as the status event operation. 13. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: the printer has a cover; and the computing module further obtains a status event indicating that the cover is closed, after the open method-element enables a cover close event as the status event operation. 14. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: a drawer is connected to the printer; and the computing module further: creates a kick-open document for instructing the printer to kick open its connected drawer by adding a drawer kick command into the command buffer by use of the add-commands method-element, sends the kick-open document to the printer by use of the send method-element, and obtains a status event indicating that the drawer is open, after the open method-element enables a drawer open event as the status event operation. 15. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: the computing module obtains a status event indicating that the printer is powered off, after the open method-element enables a non-response event as the status event operation. 16. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: the computing module obtains a status event indicating one or more statuses of the printer are changed, after the open method-element enables a status change event as the status event operation. 17. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: the API further includes a close method-element configured to disable the status event operation; and the computing module disables the status event operation by use of the close method-element. 18. The terminal of claim 11, wherein: the API further includes an interval property-element specifying a time interval for spacing an upgrading of the status of the printer; and the computing module sets the time interval for upgrading the status of the printer by use of the interval property-element. 19. The terminal of claim 11, wherein the API further includes a status property-element specifying the status last obtained from the printer. 20. The terminal of claim 11, wherein the computing module displays the status of the printer on the image display.",
-    "In an approach to detection of potential merge errors when merging source code, a computer detects a source code merge process start. The computer compares at least one change made to a main stream of source code to a child stream. The computer determines whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream are not included in the child stream. Responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream are not included in the child stream, the computer determines the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream that are not included in the child stream were removed from the child stream during a software development activity. The computer flags one or more files of the child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change. 1. A method for detection of potential merge errors when merging source code, the method comprising: detecting, by one or more computer processors, a source code merge process start; comparing, by the one or more computer processors, at least one change made to a main stream of source code to a first child stream, wherein the first child stream is an incoming child stream of source code, and wherein the at least one change was made between a time corresponding to a branching of the first child stream and a time of the merge process start; determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are not included in the first child stream; responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are not included in the first child stream, determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were removed from the first child stream during a software development activity; and responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were not removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, flagging, by the one or more computer processors, one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to flagging one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change, compiling, by the one or more computer processors, a list of the one or more flagged files; and sending, by the one or more computer processors, the list to a user. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein flagging one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change further comprises flagging, by the one or more computer processors, at least one of: a change, a file corresponding to a change, or a software development activity corresponding to a change. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising, responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, triggering, by the one or more computer processors, a merge process. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are included in the first child stream, triggering, by the one or more computer processors, a merge process. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to detecting the source code merge process start, triggering, by the one or more computer processors, a rebase operation on the first child stream. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were not removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether one or more software development activities in the first child stream containing a file that does not include the at least one change made to the main stream of source code has been reviewed; and responsive to determining one or more software development activities in the first child stream containing a file that does not include the at least one change made to the main stream of source code has not been reviewed, flagging, by the one or more computer processors, one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more at least one change. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to detecting a source code merge process start, determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code were previously compared to the first child stream; responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code were previously compared to the first child stream, determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change were flagged during a previous comparison; responsive to determining one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change were flagged during the previous comparison, determining, by the one or more computer processors, whether the one or more files remain flagged; and responsive to determining the one or more files remain flagged, notifying, by the one or more computer processors, a user. 9. A computer program product for detection of potential merge errors when merging source code, the computer program product comprising: one or more computer readable storage device and program instructions stored on the one or more computer readable storage device, the stored program instructions comprising: program instructions to detect a source code merge process start; program instructions to compare at least one change made to a main stream of source code to a first child stream, wherein the first child stream is an incoming child stream of source code, and wherein the at least one change was made between a time corresponding to a branching of the first child stream and a time of the merge process start; program instructions to determine whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are not included in the first child stream; responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are not included in the first child stream, program instructions to determine whether the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were removed from the first child stream during a software development activity; and responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were not removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, program instructions to flag one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising: responsive to flagging one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change, program instructions to compile a list of the one or more flagged files; and program instructions to send the list to a user. 11. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising, responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, program instructions to trigger a merge process. 12. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising, responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are included in the first child stream, program instructions to trigger a merge process. 13. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising: responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were not removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, program instructions to determine whether one or more software development activities in the first child stream containing a file that does not include the at least one change made to the main stream of source code has been reviewed; and responsive to determining one or more software development activities in the first child stream containing a file that does not include the at least one change made to the main stream of source code has not been reviewed, program instructions to flag one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more at least one change. 14. The computer program product of claim 9, the stored program instructions further comprising: responsive to detecting a source code merge process start, program instructions to determine whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code were previously compared to the first child stream; responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code were previously compared to the first child stream, program instructions to determine whether one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change were flagged during a previous comparison; responsive to determining one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change were flagged during the previous comparison, program instructions to determine whether the one or more files remain flagged; and responsive to determining the one or more files remain flagged, program instructions to notify a user. 15. A computer system for detection of potential merge errors when merging source code, the computer system comprising: one or more computer processors; one or more computer readable storage device; program instructions stored on the one or more computer readable storage device for execution by at least one of the one or more computer processors, the stored program instructions comprising: program instructions to detect a source code merge process start; program instructions to compare at least one change made to a main stream of source code to a first child stream, wherein the first child stream is an incoming child stream of source code, and wherein the at least one change was made between a time corresponding to a branching of the first child stream and a time of the merge process start; program instructions to determine whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are not included in the first child stream; responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are not included in the first child stream, program instructions to determine whether the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were removed from the first child stream during a software development activity; and responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were not removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, program instructions to flag one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change. 16. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising: responsive to flagging one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change, program instructions to compile a list of the one or more flagged files; and program instructions to send the list to a user. 17. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising, responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, program instructions to trigger a merge process. 18. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising, responsive to determining one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code are included in the first child stream, program instructions to trigger a merge process. 19. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising: responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code that are not included in the first child stream were not removed from the first child stream during a software development activity, program instructions to determine whether one or more software development activities in the first child stream containing a file that does not include the at least one change made to the main stream of source code has been reviewed; and responsive to determining one or more software development activities in the first child stream containing a file that does not include the at least one change made to the main stream of source code has not been reviewed, program instructions to flag one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more at least one change. 20. The computer system of claim 15, the stored program instructions further comprising: responsive to detecting a source code merge process start, program instructions to determine whether one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code were previously compared to the first child stream; responsive to determining the one or more of the at least one change made to the main stream of source code were previously compared to the first child stream, program instructions to determine whether one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change were flagged during a previous comparison; responsive to determining one or more files of the first child stream corresponding to the one or more of the at least one change were flagged during the previous comparison, program instructions to determine whether the one or more files remain flagged; and responsive to determining the one or more files remain flagged, program instructions to notify a user.",
-    "A control device compression-ignition type engine that compression-ignites an air-fuel mixture in cylinders by introducing ozone into the cylinders at a predetermined operating range is provided. The control device detects a first ignition timing of an air-fuel mixture when introducing an intake of a first ozone concentration into the cylinders, detects a second ignition timing of the air-fuel mixture when introducing an intake of a second ozone concentration that differs from the first ozone concentration, and determines the fuel ignition ability based on a difference between the detected first ignition timing and the detected second ignition timing. 1. A control device for a compression-ignition type engine that compression-ignites an air-fuel mixture in cylinders thereof by introducing ozone into the cylinders at a predetermined operating range, the control device comprising: an ozone amount control module for controlling an ozone amount to be introduced into cylinders, an ignition timing detection module for detecting a self-ignition timing of an air-fuel mixture in the cylinders, and an ignition ability determination module for determining a fuel ignition ability based on an ignition timing detected by the ignition timing detection module, wherein the ozone amount control module controls the introduction of a second ozone amount, which is increased or decreased compared to a first ozone amount, into the cylinders after introducing the first ozone amount into the cylinders, and the ignition ability determination module determines a fuel ignition ability based on a corresponding difference between a first self-ignition timing detected by the ignition timing detection module when the ozone amount control module introduced the first ozone amount into the cylinders and a second self-ignition timing detected by the ignition timing detection module when the ozone amount control module introduced the second ozone amount into the cylinders. 2. The control device for the compression-ignition type engine according to claim 1, wherein the ozone amount control module introduces the second ozone amount into the cylinders by decreasing the first ozone amount by a predetermined amount after introducing the first ozone amount into the cylinders. 3. The control device for the compression-ignition type engine according to claim 2, wherein the first ozone amount is the ozone amount that can securely compression-ignite the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders. 4. The control device for the compression-ignition type engine according to claim 1, wherein the ignition ability determination module determines that the larger the difference between the first ignition timing and the second ignition timing is, the more ignition ability the fuel has. 5. The control device for the compression-ignition type engine according to claim 1, wherein a gasoline fuel is supplied to the compression-ignition type engine, and the ignition ability determination module determines that the larger the difference between the first ignition timing and the second ignition timing is, the smaller the octane number the fuel has.",
-    "Devices and methods storing user data along with a plurality of addresses corresponding to physical pages storing valid data corresponding to a logical data block are useful in re-building mapping information for the logical data block. 1. A device, comprising: data storage comprising a plurality of physical data blocks organized into a plurality of logical data blocks, wherein each of the plurality of physical data blocks comprises a plurality of physical pages and wherein each of the plurality of logical data blocks comprises a plurality of logical pages; and control circuitry for writing data to a physical page of the data storage in response to a write command associated with an address of a particular logical page of a particular logical data block; wherein the control circuitry is configured to write the data to the physical page having a particular data structure; wherein the particular data structure comprises user data to be received from an external device and a plurality of addresses corresponding to physical pages of the data storage storing valid data corresponding to the particular logical data block. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein each address of the plurality of addresses corresponds to a respective logical page of the particular logical block. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein each logical page of the particular logical block having valid data corresponds to more than one address of the plurality of addresses. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the physical page of the data storage comprises a respective physical page from each physical data block of a grouping of physical data blocks. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to write only a portion of the plurality of addresses to the respective physical page of each physical data block of the grouping of physical data blocks. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to write mutually exclusive portions of the plurality of addresses to the respective physical page of each physical data block of the grouping of physical data blocks. 7. The device of claim 5, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to write the plurality of addresses to a first portion of the respective physical pages of the grouping of physical data blocks and to a second portion of the respective physical pages of the grouping of physical data blocks. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the particular logical data block corresponds to a grouping of physical data blocks of the plurality of physical data blocks. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the particular data structure further comprises respective additional data corresponding to each address of the plurality of addresses, and wherein the respective additional data for a particular address of the plurality of addresses is indicative of which physical data block of the grouping of physical data blocks contains the physical page corresponding to the particular address. 10. A method of operating a memory module, comprising: receiving data from a device external to the memory module, wherein the received data is addressed to a particular logical page of a particular logical data block of the memory module; combining the received data with a plurality of addresses; and writing the combined data to a free physical page of the memory module associated with the particular logical data block; wherein each address of the plurality of addresses corresponds to a respective physical page of the memory module associated with a respective logical page of the particular logical data block and associated with valid data. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein writing the combined data to the free physical page of the memory module comprises writing a portion of the combined data to a respective physical page from each physical data block of a plurality of physical data blocks. 12. A device, comprising: data storage comprising a plurality of physical data blocks organized into a plurality of logical data blocks, wherein each of the plurality of physical data blocks comprises a plurality of physical pages and wherein each of the plurality of logical data blocks comprises a plurality of logical pages; and control circuitry for writing data to a physical page of the data storage in response to a write command associated with an address of a particular logical page of a particular logical data block; wherein the control circuitry is configured to write the data to the physical page having a particular data structure; wherein the particular data structure comprises user data to be received from an external device and metadata to be generated by the control circuitry; and wherein the metadata of the particular data structure comprises an address corresponding to the physical page of the data storage to which the data is to be written in response to the write command, and an address corresponding to a different physical page of the data storage corresponding to a different logical page of the particular logical data block. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the metadata of the particular data structure further comprises an additional address corresponding to an additional physical page of the data storage corresponding to the particular logical page of the particular logical data block. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the metadata of the particular data structure further comprises an additional address corresponding to an additional physical page of the data storage corresponding to an additional different logical page of the particular logical data block. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to write additional data to an additional physical page of the data storage in response to the write command associated with the address of the particular logical page of the particular logical data block and having the particular data structure. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the physical page of the data storage to which the data is to be written in response to the write command occurs at a particular physical page offset of a particular physical data block, and wherein the additional physical page of the data storage to which the additional data is to be written in response to the write command occurs at the particular physical page offset of a different physical data block. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein the physical page of the data storage to which the data is to be written in response to the write command and the different physical page of the data storage correspond to a same physical data block. 18. The device of claim 12, where each logical data block of the plurality of logical data blocks corresponds to more than one physical data block of the plurality of physical data blocks. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the physical page of the data storage to which the data is to be written in response to the write command corresponds to a particular physical data block and the different physical page of the data storage corresponds to a different physical data block. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the different physical data block comprises a log block associated with the particular physical data block. 21. The device of claim 12, wherein the physical page of the data storage comprises a respective physical page from each physical data block of a grouping of physical data blocks, and wherein the address corresponding to the physical page of the data storage is a single address.",
-    "A radiating system of a wireless device transmits and receives electromagnetic wave signals in a frequency region and comprises an external port, a radiating structure, and a radiofrequency system. The radiating structure includes: a ground plane layer with a connection point; a radiation booster with a connection point and being smaller than 1/30 of a free-space wavelength corresponding to a lowest frequency of the frequency region; and an internal port between the radiation booster connection point and the ground plane layer connection point. The radiofrequency system includes: a first port connected to the radiating structure's internal port; and a second port connected to the external port. An input impedance at radiating structure's disconnected internal port has a non-zero imaginary part across the frequency region. The radiofrequency system modifies impedance of the radiating structure to provide impedance matching to the radiating system within the frequency region at the external port. 1. A wireless device comprising: a radiating system configured to transmit and receive electromagnetic wave signals in a first frequency region, the radiating system comprising: an external port; a radiating structure comprising: a ground plane layer including a connection point; a radiation booster including a connection point and having a maximum size smaller than 1/30 times a free-space wavelength corresponding to a lowest frequency of the first frequency region; and an internal port defined between the connection point of the radiation booster and the connection point of the ground plane layer; and a radiofrequency system comprising: a first port connected to the internal port of the radiating structure; and a second port connected to the external port; wherein an input impedance of the radiating structure at the internal port, when disconnected from the radiofrequency system, has an imaginary part not equal to zero for any frequency of the first frequency region; and wherein the radiofrequency system modifies impedance of the radiating structure to provide impedance matching to the radiating system within the first frequency region at the external port. 2. The wireless device according to claim 1, wherein: a ground plane rectangle is defined as being a minimum-sized rectangle that encompasses the ground plane layer, so that sides of the ground plane rectangle are tangent to at least one point of the ground plane layer; and a ratio between a side of the ground plane rectangle and the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region is greater than 0.1. 3. The wireless device according to claim 1, wherein: the radiating structure, when disconnected from the radiofrequency system, has a first resonance frequency measured at the internal port; and a ratio between said first resonance frequency and a highest frequency of the first frequency region is greater than 3. 4. The wireless device according to claim 1, wherein the first frequency region comprises an 824-960 MHz frequency range. 5. A wireless device comprising: a radiating system configured to transmit and receive electromagnetic wave signals in a first frequency region, the radiating system comprising: an external port; a radiating structure comprising: a ground plane layer including a connection point; a radiation booster configured to contribute to exciting, on the ground plane layer, at least one radiation mode that occurs at a frequency higher than a lowest frequency of the first frequency region, the radiation booster including a connection point, wherein a height of the radiation booster with respect to the ground plane layer is less than 2% of a free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region; and an internal port defined between the connection point of the radiation booster and the connection point of the ground plane layer; and a radiofrequency system comprising: a first port connected to the internal port of the radiating structure; and a second port connected to the external port; wherein an input impedance of the radiating structure at the internal port, when disconnected from the radiofrequency system, has an imaginary part not equal to zero for any frequency of the first frequency region; and wherein the radiofrequency system modifies impedance of the radiating structure to provide impedance matching to the radiating system within the first frequency region at the external port. 6. The wireless device according to claim 5, wherein the first frequency region comprises an 824-960 MHz frequency range. 7. The wireless device according to claim 5, wherein the radiation booster is at a distance from the ground plane layer less than 5% of the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region. 8. The wireless device according to claim 7, wherein: a ground plane rectangle is defined as being a minimum-sized rectangle that encompasses the ground plane layer, so that sides of the ground plane rectangle are tangent to at least one point of the ground plane layer; and a ratio between a side of the ground plane rectangle and the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region is greater than 0.1. 9. The wireless device according to claim 5, wherein: a booster box is defined as being a minimum-sized parallelepiped of square or rectangular faces that completely encloses the radiation booster and wherein each one of the faces of said minimum-sized parallelepiped is tangent to at least a point of said radiation booster and each possible pair of faces of said minimum-sized parallelepiped sharing an edge forms an inner angle of 90\u00b0; and a smallest dimension of the booster box is smaller than 70% of a largest dimension of the booster box. 10. The wireless device according to claim 9, wherein the smallest dimension of the booster box is smaller than 20% of the largest dimension of the booster box. 11. The wireless device according to claim 5, wherein: the radiating structure, when disconnected from the radiofrequency system, has a first resonance frequency measured at the internal port; and a ratio between said first resonance frequency and a highest frequency of the first frequency region is greater than 3. 12. The wireless device according to claim 5, wherein the radiation booster has a maximum size smaller than 1/50 times the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region. 13. A wireless device comprising: a radiating system configured to transmit and receive electromagnetic wave signals in a first frequency region, the radiating system comprising: an external port; a radiating structure comprising: a ground plane layer; a radiation booster configured to contribute to exciting, on the ground plane layer, at least one radiation mode; and an internal port defined between a connection point of the radiation booster and a connection point of the ground plane layer; and a radiofrequency system comprising: a first port connected to the internal port of the radiating structure; and a second port connected to the external port; wherein a booster box is defined as being a minimum-sized parallelepiped of square or rectangular faces that completely encloses the radiation booster and wherein each one of the faces of said minimum-sized parallelepiped is tangent to at least a point of said radiation booster and each possible pair of faces of said minimum-sized parallelepiped sharing an edge forms an inner angle of 90\u00b0; wherein a smallest dimension of the booster box is smaller than 70% of a largest dimension of the booster box; wherein an input impedance of the radiating structure at the internal port, when disconnected from the radiofrequency system, has an imaginary part not equal to zero for any frequency of the first frequency region; and wherein the radiofrequency system modifies impedance of the radiating structure to provide impedance matching to the radiating system, at the external port, within the first frequency region. 14. The wireless device according to claim 13, wherein the smallest dimension of the booster box is smaller than 20% of the largest dimension of the booster box. 15. The wireless device according to claim 13, wherein the largest dimension of the booster box is smaller than 1/30 times a free-space wavelength corresponding to a lowest frequency of the first frequency region. 16. The wireless device according to claim 15, wherein the largest dimension of the booster box is smaller than 1/50 times a free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region. 17. The wireless device according to claim 13, wherein the first frequency region comprises an 824-960 MHz frequency range. 18. The wireless device according to claim 13, wherein a ratio between a first resonance frequency of the radiating structure measured at the internal port when disconnected from the radiofrequency system and a highest frequency of the first frequency region is greater than 3. 19. The wireless device according to claim 13, wherein: a ground plane rectangle is defined as being a minimum-sized rectangle that encompasses the ground plane layer, so that sides of the ground plane rectangle are tangent to at least one point of the ground plane layer; and a ratio between a side of the ground plane rectangle and the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the first frequency region is greater than 0.1. 20. The wireless device according to claim 13, wherein the radiation booster comprises a conductive strip.",
-    "Disclosed are compounds and methods of making said compounds comprising a zinc oxide molecule chemically bound to one or more molecules having an acidic hydrogen, such as an organic acid. The invention also provides compositions comprising such compounds and methods of preparing such compounds. The compounds of the invention may be provided in, for example, topical skin formulations, pharmaceutical compositions, or delivery systems for active ingredients. 1. An acid molecule/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein R1 is hydrogen or a zinc oxide complex, R2 is hydrogen or a zinc oxide complex, R3 is hydrogen or a zinc oxide complex, and R4 is hydrogen or a zinc oxide complex, wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, or R4 is a zinc oxide complex. 2. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the acid molecule/zinc oxide complex is a malic acid/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein at least one of R1, R2, or R3, is a zinc oxide complex. 3. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the acid molecule/zinc oxide complex is a kojic acid/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein at least one of R1 or R2 is a zinc oxide complex. 4. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the acid molecule/zinc oxide complex is a hydroxyproline/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein at least one of R1 or R2 is a zinc oxide complex. 5. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the acid molecule/zinc oxide complex is an ascorbic acid/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, or R4 is a zinc oxide complex. 6. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the acid molecule/zinc oxide complex is an oleic acid/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein R1 is a zinc oxide complex. 7. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the acid molecule/zinc oxide complex is an azelaic acid/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: wherein at least one of R1 or R2 is a zinc oxide complex. 8. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the complex is in crystal form. 9. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the complex is in amorphous form. 10. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 1, wherein the complex is comprised in a topical skin composition. 11. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 10, wherein the topical skin composition is a cream, lotion, or gel. 12. The acid molecule/zinc oxide complex of claim 10, wherein the topical skin composition is an emulsion. 13. A lactic acid/zinc oxide complex having the formula of: 14. The lactic acid/zinc oxide complex of claim 13, wherein the complex is in crystal form. 15. The lactic acid/zinc oxide complex of claim 13, wherein the complex is in amorphous form. 16. The lactic acid/zinc oxide complex of claim 13, wherein the complex is comprised in a topical skin composition. 17. The lactic acid/zinc oxide complex of claim 16, wherein the topical skin composition is a cream, lotion, or gel. 18. The lactic acid/zinc oxide complex of claim 16, wherein the topical skin composition is an emulsion. 19. A vulcanizing accelerator/zinc oxide complex, wherein the vulcanizing accelerator is a disulfide molecule, a dithiocarbamate molecule, a thiuram molecule, or an alkylphenoldisulfide molecule. 20. The complex of claim 19, wherein the vulcanizing accelerator is a disulfide. 21. The complex of claim 19, wherein the vulcanizing accelerator is a dithiocarbamate. 22. The complex of claim 19, wherein the vulcanizing accelerator is a thiuram. 23. The complex of claim 19, wherein the vulcanizing accelerator is an alkylphenoldisulfide. 24. The complex of claim 19, wherein the complex is in crystal form.",
-    "A system and method may include determining robustness of a target computer, gathering information regarding the target computer from a research engine, determining an order in which software packages are upgraded, dynamically adjusting the robustness of the target computer, returning data for a found component of the target computer, crawling the web looking for content related to a submission request, and updating data in a repository. 1. A method for improving reliability, availability and serviceability for a target computer comprising: creating a profile using a research engine for a software execution pattern on a computer processor on the target computer; basing the profile for the software execution pattern on details for the software execution pattern from a plurality of servers attached to the target computer, devices linked to the target computer, and storage devices linked to the target computer, electronic switch information linked to the target computer, bus adapter information linked to the target computer, device driver multi-path software information for the target computer, real-time social media information for the software execution pattern, currency of the target computer, and cost details for all software and hardware components on the target computer; wherein the research engine continues to update the profile in a repository thereby supporting future results for the profile; improving the reliability, availability and serviceability of the target computer by adjusting the devices linked to the target computer, the storage devices linked to the target computer, electronic switch linked to the target computer, bus adapter linked to the target computer, device driver for the target computer, and software and hardware components on the target computer based on the updated profile.",
-    "A method of providing navigation directions to a driver of a motor vehicle includes identifying a landmark along a planned route of the vehicle. The landmark is not a single street, a stop sign or a traffic light. The driver is told where to turn with reference to the landmark. 1. A method of providing navigation directions to a driver of a motor vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: identifying a landmark along a planned route of the vehicle, the landmark not being a single street, a stop sign or a traffic light; and telling the driver where to turn with reference to the landmark. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the driver is told where to turn by use of colloquial language. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the landmark is a restaurant. 4. The method of claim 1 comprising the father step of enabling the user to add an icon representing the landmark to a map on a display screen, the map being provided by a navigation system that provides the directions. 5. The method of claim 4 comprising the further steps of: enabling the user to name the landmark; and using the name provided by the user when referring to the landmark. 6. The method of claim 5 comprising the further step of enabling the user to indicate a location on the map where the icon is to be added. 7. The method of claim 6 comprising the further step of displaying concentric rectangles on the map on the display screen, the rectangles being centered on the location indicated by the user. 8. A method of providing navigation directions to a driver of a motor vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: identifying a planned route of the vehicle; creating colloquial text directions based on the planned route, the colloquial text directions including other than distances to a next turn, a direction of the turn, and a name of a street to turn on; and audibly presenting the colloquial text directions to the driver. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the colloquial text directions refer to a landmark along the planned route of the vehicle, the landmark not being a single street, a stop sign or a traffic light. 10. The method of claim 9 comprising the further step, before the creating step, of enabling the user to add an icon representing the landmark to a map on a display screen, the map being provided by a navigation system of the vehicle. 11. The method of claim 10 comprising the further steps of: enabling the user to name the landmark; and using the name provided by the user when referring to the landmark in the colloquial text directions. 12. The method of claim 11 comprising the further step of enabling the user to indicate a location on the map where the icon is to be added. 13. The method of claim 12 comprising the further step of displaying concentric rectangles on the map on the display screen, the rectangles being centered on the location indicated by the user. 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the method of claim 9 wherein the landmark is a restaurant. 15. A method of providing navigation directions to a driver of a motor vehicle, the method comprising the steps of: enabling the user to add an icon representing a landmark to a map on a display screen, the map being provided by a navigation system; and telling the driver where to turn with reference to the landmark. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the driver is told where to turn by use of colloquial language. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the landmark is a restaurant. 18. The method of claim 15 comprising the further steps of: enabling the user to name the landmark; and using the name provided by the user when referring to the landmark. 19. The method of claim 18 comprising the further step of enabling the user to indicate a location on the map where the icon is to be added. 20. The method of claim 19 comprising the further step of displaying concentric rectangles on the map on the display screen, the rectangles being centered on the location indicated by the user.",
-    "A base for a walking stick, which is configured to dispose in a bottom end of a stick body of the walking stick to provide a buffering and shock-absorbing effect, may include a main body, a shaft, a first sleeve, and a second sleeve. An upper portion and a lower portion of the shaft respectively have a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion. Also, a buffering unit disposed on the first connecting portion can allow the second sleeve to be compressed and stretched. Thus, the walking stick can achieve the stretch motion stably, and buffer the reactive force from the floor. Thus, the base structure for a walking stick can allow the stick body to swing in all direction. Also, it can be used to stand on different tilted grounds, and improve the reliability and safety of the walking stick. 1. A base structure for a walking stick, which is configured to dispose in a bottom end of a stick body of the walking stick to provide a buffering and shock-absorbing effect, comprising: a main body having a concave slot formed at a central upper end thereof, and a receiving space, which is connected to a lower end of the concave slot, formed inside the main body; a shaft comprising a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion respectively formed at an upper portion and a lower portion of the shaft, and a locating flange formed between the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion, the second connecting portion inserted through a first sleeve and the concave slot into the receiving space of the main body, and an elastic unit, which is disposed on the second connecting portion, located inside the receiving space, because of the resilience of the elastic unit, the shaft being able to be compressed downwardly to bear the locating flange against an inner lower end of the first sleeve, and an outer lower end of the first sleeve borne against the main body simultaneously, a buffering unit disposed on the first connecting portion, and a first end of the buffering unit borne against the locating flange while a second end thereof sticking out from the first sleeve; the first sleeve having a protruding portion formed at a bottom end thereof, and driven by the shaft to downwardly bear against the concave slot of the main body; and a second sleeve comprising a sleeve body having an upper receiving portion and a lower receiving portion respectively located at an upper portion and a lower portion thereof, and a blocking piece located between the upper receiving portion and the lower receiving portion, the lower receiving portion covering around the first sleeve, and the blocking piece borne against the buffering unit, also, a hollow tube, which is formed at an upper end of the blocking piece, configured to receive and secure the shaft. 2. The base structure for a walking stick of claim 1, wherein the main body is formed in a tripod shape, and each of three bottom ends of the main body has a rubber tip. 3. The base structure for a walking stick of claim 1, wherein a bottom portion of the main body is connected to a lower end of the receiving space, and has a cover to provide a blocking effect. 4. The base structure for a walking stick of claim 1, wherein a first through hole and a second through hole, which are respectively formed at a lateral wall of the upper receiving portion of the sleeve body and a lateral wall of the stick body, are aligned with each other, and a bolt is inserted through the first through hole and the second through hole to complete the connection between the sleeve body and the stick body. 5. The base structure for a walking stick of claim 1, a threaded section formed at an outer periphery of the upper receiving portion is configured to connect with a first tightening ring, and the first tightening ring is further connected with a second tightening ring to achieve better tightening effect. 6. The base structure for a walking stick of claim 5, wherein an inner surface of the upper receiving portion of the sleeve body comprises a tapered opening, and an outer wall of the second tightening ring has a tapered surface, wherein when the first tightening ring is connected to the sleeve body, the tapered surface of the second tightening ring driven by the first tightening ring is sunk and borne against the tapered opening into an inner space of the upper receiving portion, achieving the tightening effect. 7. The base structure for a walking stick of claim 5, wherein the outer wall of the second tightening ring comprises an annular groove, and an engaging portion formed at an open end of the first tightening ring is configured to connected to the annular groove for achieving the connection between the first tightening ring and the second tightening ring.",
-    "A method for fabricating a paper lithium ion cell including depositing a first lithium-metal oxide composition onto a first electrically conducting microfiber paper substrate to define a cathode, depositing a second, different lithium-metal oxide composition onto a second electrically conducting coated microfiber paper substrate to define an anode, separating the cathode and the anode with a barrier material, infusing the cathode and the anode with electrolytes, and encapsulating the anode, the cathode, and the barrier material in a housing. 1) A flexible, paper based electrochemical device comprising: first and second fibrous sheets, each respective sheet at least partially infused with electrically conductive nanomaterial; a dielectric sheet; a first lithium-metal oxide electrode sheet operationally disposed between the first fibrous sheet and the dielectric sheet; and a second lithium-metal oxide electrode sheet operationally disposed between the second fibrous sheet and the dielectric sheet; wherein the first lithium-metal oxide electrode sheet and the second lithium-metal oxide electrode sheet have different compositions. 2) The device of claim 1 wherein the first and second lithium-metal oxide electrode sheets are selected from the group including: lithium titanium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium magnesium oxide, lithium manganese oxide, any other lithium salt with a desired voltage of about 4.5 V, and combinations thereof. 3) The device of claim wherein at least one lithium-metal oxide electrode sheet is infused with an electrolyte. 4) The device of claim 1 wherein at least one at least partially electrically conductive nanomaterial infused fibrous sheet is infused with an electrolyte. 5) The device of claim 1 further comprising at least one lithium-metal oxide electrode sheet and at least one at least partially electrically conductive nanomaterial infused fibrous sheet are infused with an electrolyte. 6) The device of claim 5 wherein the electrolyte is a solid. 7) The device of claim 1, and further comprising a housing positioned around the first and second fibrous sheets. 8) The device of claim 1 wherein the paper-based electrochemical device is flexible. 9) The device of claim 1 wherein the paper-based electrochemical device is rechargeable. 10) The device of claim 1, wherein the at least partially electrically conductive nanomaterial infused fibrous sheet is cellulosic paper. 11) The device of claim 1 wherein the at least partially electrically conductive nanomaterial is a plurality carbon nanotubes. 12) An electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrically conductive carbon nanotube infused paper member; an electrically nonconductive separator member; a first lithium metal-oxide member sandwiched between the first electrically conductive carbon nanotube infused paper member and the separator member; and an electrolyte dispersed in the lithium metal oxide member. 13) The electrochemical cell of claim 12, further comprising a second lithium-metal oxide member sandwiched between a second electrically conductive carbon nanotube infused paper member and the dielectric member to define an electrochemical device; wherein the separator member is an electrically nonconducting dielectric material. 14) The electrochemical cell of claim 12 wherein the separator is an electrolyte gel. 15) A method for fabricating a paper lithium ion cell comprising: a) depositing a first lithium-metal oxide composition onto a first electrically conducting microfiber paper substrate to define a cathode; b) depositing a second, different lithium-metal oxide composition onto a second electrically conducting coated microfiber paper substrate to define an anode; c) separating the cathode and the anode with a barrier material; d) infusing the cathode and the anode with electrolytes; and e) encapsulating the anode, the cathode, and the barrier material in a housing. 17) The method of claim 16 and further comprising: f) before a), impregnating the first and second electrically conducting microfiber papers with carbon nanotubes. 18) The method of claim 16, wherein the first and second electrically conducting microfiber papers are formed from cellulosic microfibers between about 0.1 mm and about 5 mm in length. 19) The method of claim 18 wherein the microfibers have diameters between about 35 micrometers and about 200 micrometers. 20) The method of claim 16 wherein the first and second lithium-metal oxide compositions are selected from the group including: lithium titanium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium magnesium oxide, lithium manganese oxide, any other lithium salt with a desired voltage of about 4.5 V, and combinations thereof.",
-    "A communication device includes a first communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a first communication method, the first communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a first communication range; a second communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a second communication method, the second communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a second communication range; and a permission processing unit configured to generate communication permission information to permit executing the radio communication by the first communication method, wherein the second communication unit is configured to receive setting information for establishing the radio communication by the first communication method, and wherein the first communication unit is configured to execute the radio communication by using the first communication method with another communication device that receives the setting information and the communication permission information. 1. A communication device comprising: a first communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a first communication method, the first communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a first communication range; a second communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a second communication method, the second communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a second communication range; and a permission processing unit configured to generate communication permission information to permit executing the radio communication by the first communication method, wherein the second communication unit is configured to receive setting information for establishing the radio communication by the first communication method, and wherein the first communication unit is configured to execute the radio communication by using the first communication method with another communication device that receives the setting information and the communication permission information. 2. The communication device according to claim 1, wherein the second communication range is included in the first communication range. 3. The communication device according to claim 1, wherein the second communication unit is configured to transmit the communication permission information that is generated by the permission processing unit. 4. The communication device according to claim 1, further comprising: a permission transfer unit configured to transfer, to the other communication device, authority to generate the communication permission information to permit executing the radio communication by the first communication method. 5. The communication device according to claim 4, wherein the permission transfer unit is configured to transfer, to the other communication device, the authority to generate the communication permission information in accordance with a user operation. 6. The communication device according to claim 4, wherein the permission transfer unit is configured to make, in advance, a setting of whether to transfer, to the other communication device, the authority to generate the communication permission information. 7. The communication device according to claim 4, wherein, upon detecting that the radio communication by the first communication unit is disconnected, the permission transfer unit is configured to transfer, to the other communication device, the authority to generate the communication permission information. 8. A communication system comprising: a first communication device; and a second communication device, wherein the first communication device includes a first communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a first communication method, the first communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a first communication range; a second communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a second communication method, the second communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a second communication range; and a permission processing unit configured to generate communication permission information to permit executing the radio communication by the first communication method, wherein the second communication unit is configured to receive setting information for establishing the radio communication by the first communication method, and wherein the first communication unit is configured to execute the radio communication by using the first communication method with the second communication device that receives the setting information and the communication permission information, wherein the second communication device includes a third communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using the first communication method, the first communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within the first communication range; a fourth communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using the second communication method, the second communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within the second communication range, wherein the fourth communication unit is configured to receive the setting information for establishing the radio communication by the first communication method, and wherein, upon receiving the setting information and the communication permission information, the third communication unit is configured to execute the radio communication by using the first communication method. 9. A communication method to be executed by a communication device including a first communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a first communication method, the first communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a first communication range; and a second communication unit configured to execute radio communication by using a second communication method, the second communication method allowing the radio communication to be executed within a second communication range, wherein the method comprises: a step of generating communication permission information to permit executing the radio communication by the first communication method; a step of receiving, by the second communication unit, setting information for establishing the radio communication by the first communication method; and a step of executing, by the first communication unit, the radio communication by using the first communication method with another communication device that receives the setting information and the communication permission information.",
-    "Mutant LIGHT expressed in a tumor environment elicited high levels of chemokines and adhesion molecules, accompanied by massive infiltration of na\u00efve T lymphocytes. Methods and compositions to elicit immune responses against tumors including tumor volume reduction and eradication of metastasis using mutant LIGHT are disclosed. 1.-39. (canceled) 40. A method of inducing tumor-specific T-cell generation to reduce or control metastasis, the method comprising: (a) introducing a mutant LIGHT protein or a fragment thereof into an individual at a tumor site, wherein the mutant LIGHT protein or fragment does not have a proteolytic site; and (b) reducing or controlling metastasis by inducing T-cell generation. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the generated T-cells are activated within a tumor site. 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the generated T-cells circulate in blood. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the circulating T-cells are cancer specific. 44. The method of claim 40, wherein the mutant LIGHT protein or the fragment is introduced into a tumor cell in vitro and the tumor cell expressing the mutant LIGHT protein or the fragment is delivered to the individual. 45. The method of claim 40, wherein the T-cell generation is CD8+ dependent.",
-    "A stone or tissue capture device comprises a shaft with a deployable sweeping/containment structure at its distal end. The shaft is adapted to be removably placed over and connected to a conventional endoscope. The combination of the capture device and endoscope can be introduced into the various body lumens to capture, fragment/excise, and remove stones or tissue from the bladder and kidney, stomach, peritoneum, and from lumens such as the ureter, colon, hepatic ducts, airways, or blood vessels. 1. A method for controlling tissue fragments during endoscopic debulking or biopsy of a body lumen, said method comprising: mounting a perforate containment structure over a distal end of a viewing scope that has been introduced into the body lumen; deploying the perforate containment structure distally from the viewing scope so as to form a conical shape forward of the viewing element and working channel of the scope; positioning the scope so as to contain a growth or target tissue within the cone of the perforate containment structure; and excising the growth or target tissue through the scope, while containing the fragments within the containment structure. 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein irrigation is employed to clear vision and to position tissue fragments against the perforate containment structure. 3. A method as in claim 1, wherein excising the target tissue comprises taking multiple biopsies. 4. A method as in claim 1, wherein a diameter of the deployed perforate containment member is larger than an outside diameter of the scope. 5. A method as in claim 4, wherein the diameter of the deployed perforate containment member is at least twice the outside diameter of the scope. 6. A method as in claim 1, wherein the body lumen is the stomach, kidney, bladder, or peritoneal cavity. 7. A method for excising and controlling tissue fragments during endoscopic debulking or biopsy of a body duct or vessel, said method comprising: mounting a perforate containment structure over a distal end of a viewing scope that has been introduced into the body duct or vessel lumen with a partial or full occlusion; deploying the perforate containment structure distally from the viewing scope so as to form a conical shape forward of the viewing element and working channel of the scope, the conical shape being at least the full diameter of the lumen and the deployed perforate containment structure expanding or dilating the region between the tip of the scope and the target growth or tissue; and excising the growth or target tissue through the scope, while containing the fragments within the containment structure. 8. A method as in claim 7, wherein the body duct or vessel is a ureter, colon, hepatic duct, airway, or blood vessel.",
-    "An easily-operated vacuum storage container comprises box body and a vacuum control device that is mounted on the box body in a removable manner. The vacuum control device comprises a vacuum pump for evacuating the box body that is provided with a vacuum relief valve, and a relief valve control mechanism. When the vacuum control device is mounted in the box body, the relief valve control mechanism can open or close the vacuum relief valve. When the vacuum control device is not mounted in the box body, users can directly control the vacuum relief valve to release the vacuum inside the box body. When the vacuum control device is mounted and users need to release the vacuum in the box body, they need not to take up the vacuum control device, but directly operate the relief valve control mechanism on the vacuum control device to release the vacuum. 1. An easily-operated vacuum storage container, comprising a box body and a vacuum control device that is mounted on the box body in a removable manner, the vacuum control device comprises a vacuum pump for evacuating the box body that is provided with a vacuum relief valve, wherein the vacuum control device also comprises a relief valve control mechanism; when the vacuum control device is mounted on the box body, the relief valve control mechanism can open or close the vacuum relief valve. 2. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the he vacuum relief valve is push-type, the relief valve control mechanism includes a top column that can be controlled to move and press the vacuum relief valve. 3. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 2, wherein the relief valve control mechanism includes a handle that controls the movement of the top column, the handle is hinged to the vacuum control device; the handle drives the top column to move when pulled. 4. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 3, wherein the vacuum control device is provided with a groove that matches the shape of the handle, and the handle is placed in the groove. 5. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 3, wherein a driving mechanism is provided between the handle and the top column, when pulling the handle, the top column moves driven by the driving mechanism. 6. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 3, wherein the top column is connected with a reset spring to make the top column to reset when the handle is reset. 7. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the vacuum control device is provided with a control assembly, when the relief valve control mechanism opens the vacuum relief valve, the control assembly controls the vacuum pump to stop pumping. 8. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 7, wherein control assembly is specifically a switch control structure provided on the relief valve control mechanism and a trigger switch connected to the circuit of the vacuum pump, when the relief valve control mechanism opens the vacuum relief valve, it drives the switch control structure to move, to trigger the trigger switch to disconnect the circuit of the vacuum pump. 9. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the vacuum relief valve is provided with a vacuumizing channel that is connected, the vacuumizing channel is provided with a check valve, when the vacuum control device is mounted to the box body, the vacuum pump is connected to the vacuumizing channel, the check valve opens when the vacuum pump is pumped. 10. The easily-operated vacuum storage container according to claim 9, wherein the relief valve control mechanism is provided with the top column used to open or close the vacuum relief valve, the top column is hollow to form an evacuation tube, when mounted in the box body, the vacuum control device is connected to the vacuum pump and the vacuumizing channel via the evacuation tube.",
-    "Vehicle structures for dissipating energy associated with a collision are described herein. In one embodiment, a vehicle includes a first side support extending in a vehicle longitudinal direction, a second side support extending in the vehicle longitudinal direction and spaced apart from the first side support in a vehicle lateral direction that is transverse to the vehicle longitudinal direction, and a cross-vehicle stabilizing structure extending between the first side support and the second side support, the cross-vehicle stabilizing structure including a first joint portion coupled to the first side support, the first joint portion including a stiffness-reducing portion positioned within a perimeter of the first joint portion, a second joint portion coupled to the second side support, and a cross-vehicle stabilizer portion coupled to the first joint portion and the second joint portion. 1. A vehicle comprising: a first side support extending in a vehicle longitudinal direction; a second side support extending in the vehicle longitudinal direction and spaced apart from the first side support in a vehicle lateral direction that is transverse to the vehicle longitudinal direction; a first front suspension mount coupled to the first side support; and a cross-vehicle stabilizing structure extending between the first side support and the second side support, the cross-vehicle stabilizing structure comprising: a first joint portion coupled to the first side support, wherein the first joint portion has a buckling strength evaluated in the vehicle longitudinal direction that is less than a buckling strength of the first front suspension mount evaluated in the vehicle longitudinal direction; a second joint portion coupled to the second side support; and a cross-vehicle stabilizer portion coupled to the first joint portion and the second joint portion. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the first joint portion is positioned forward of the first front suspension mount in the vehicle longitudinal direction. 3. The vehicle of claim 2, wherein the first joint portion is coupled to the first side support at a first side support securement location and the first front suspension mount at a first front suspension mount securement location. 4. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein the first joint portion is detached from the first side support and the first front suspension mount at a position between the first side support securement location and the first front suspension mount securement location. 5. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the first joint portion comprises a through hole that extends through the first joint portion. 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion comprises a rigid body extending between the first joint portion and the second joint portion. 7. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion comprises: a first stabilizer portion coupled to the first side support at a first securement location; and a second stabilizer portion coupled to the second side support at a second securement location, wherein the second stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the first stabilizer portion. 8. The vehicle of claim 7, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion further comprises a central stabilizer portion that is pivotally coupled to the first stabilizer portion and the second stabilizer portion, such that the first stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the second stabilizer portion through the central stabilizer portion. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the central stabilizer portion is positioned forward of the first securement location and the second securement location in the vehicle longitudinal direction. 10. The vehicle of claim 7, wherein the first stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the first side support and the second stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the second side support. 11. The vehicle of claim 7, wherein the first stabilizer portion and the second stabilizer portion are pivotally coupled to one another at a central joint portion. 12. The vehicle of claim 11, further comprising a lateral vehicle structure member positioned between the first side support and the second side support in the vehicle lateral direction, wherein the central joint portion is coupled to the lateral vehicle structure member and the and the first stabilizer portion and the second stabilizer portion are pivotally coupled to the central joint portion. 13. The vehicle of claim 11, wherein the central joint portion is positioned rearward of the first securement location and the second securement location in the vehicle longitudinal direction. 14. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizing structure is repositionable from a deactivated position to an activated position, the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion having an effective length that is evaluated from the first joint portion to the second joint portion that is longer in the activated position than in the deactivated position. 15. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion comprises a first stabilizer portion pivotally coupled to the first side support at a first securement location and a second stabilizer portion pivotally coupled to the second side support at a second securement location, wherein the first stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the second stabilizer portion. 16. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion further comprises a central stabilizer portion that is pivotally coupled to the first stabilizer portion and the second stabilizer portion, such that the first stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the second stabilizer portion through the central stabilizer portion. 17. The vehicle of claim 16, wherein when the cross-vehicle stabilizing structure is in the deactivated position, the central stabilizer portion is positioned forward of the first securement location and the second securement location in the vehicle longitudinal direction. 18. The vehicle of claim 16, wherein when the cross-vehicle stabilizing structure is in the activated position, one of the first stabilizer portion or the second stabilizer portion extends in a direction that is approximately parallel to the central stabilizer portion. 19. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein the cross-vehicle stabilizer portion further comprises a central joint portion, wherein the first stabilizer portion is pivotally coupled to the second stabilizer portion at the central joint portion.",
-    "A method for encoding an image having been cut up into partitions. The method includes: predicting data of a current partition based on an already encoded and then decoded reference partition, generating a predicted partition; determining residual data by comparing data relating to the current partition with the predicted partition, the residual data associated with various digital data items. Prior producing a signal containing the encoded information, performing the following steps: determining, from the predetermined residual data, a subset containing residual data capable of being modified; calculating the value of a function representative of the residual data; comparing the calculated value with a value of at least one of the digital data items; based on the comparison, modification or non-modification of at least one of the residual data items of the subset; and, in the event of a modification, entropy encoding the at least one modified residual data item. 1. A method for encoding at least one image split into partitions, said method implementing the steps of: prediction (C2) of data items of a current partition as a function of at least one reference partition already encoded then decoded, delivering a predicted partition; determination (C3) of a set of residual data items by comparison of data items relating to the current partition and the predicted partition, said residual data items being associated respectively with various digital information items which are intended to undergo an entropy encoding, generation of a signal containing said encoded information items, said encoding method being characterized in that it implements, prior to said signal generation step, the following steps: determination (C71), from said determined set of residual data items, of a subset containing residual data items suitable for being modified, calculation (C8) of the value of a function representative of the residual data items of said determined subset, comparison (C9) of said calculated value with a value of at least one of said digital information items, depending on the result of said comparison, modification (C10) or no modification of at least one of the residual data items of said subset, in the event of modification, entropy encoding (C20) of said at least one modified residual data item.",
-    "A semiconductor package includes a flexible film substrate including a chip mounting region and a cut-line interposed between an inner region and an outer region of the flexible film substrate, the cut-line partially surrounding the inner region. The semiconductor package further includes first interconnection lines extending in the inner region from a first side of the chip mounting region towards an edge of the inner region of the flexible film substrate, and second interconnection lines extending in the outer region from a second side of the chip mounting region towards an edge of the outer region of the flexible film substrate. The edge of the inner region and the edge of the outer region are located on the first side of the semiconductor chip. 1. A semiconductor package comprising: a flexible film substrate including a chip mounting region and a cut-line interposed between an inner region and an outer region of the flexible film substrate, the cut-line partially surrounding the inner region; first interconnection lines extending in the inner region from a first side of the chip mounting region towards an edge of the inner region of the flexible film substrate; and second interconnection lines extending in the outer region from a second side of the chip mounting region towards an edge of the outer region of the flexible film substrate, wherein the edge of the inner region and the edge of the outer region are located on the first side of the chip mounting region. 2. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip mounting region is located directly adjacent the inner region of the flexible film substrate. 3. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the cut-line extends along three sides of the inner region. 4. The semiconductor package of claim 3, wherein an intermediate of the three sides of the inner region defines the edge of the inner region and is parallel to the edge of the outer region. 5. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the second interconnection lines wrap around the chip mounting region so as to extend to the edge of the outer region of the flexible film substrate. 6. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the flexible film substrate is configurable between a first orientation in which the inner region is coplanar with the outer region in a side view, and a second orientation in which the inner region extends at an angle from the outer region in the side view. 7. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising a semiconductor chip mounted in the chip mounting region and electrically connected to the first and second interconnection lines. 8. The semiconductor package of claim 7, wherein the semiconductor chip is a display driver. 9. The semiconductor package of claim 7, wherein the first interconnection lines are output lines from the semiconductor chip, and the second interconnection lines are input lines to the semiconductor chip. 10. The semiconductor package of claim 7, wherein the semiconductor chip is mounted on a same surface of the flexible film substrate as the first and second interconnection lines. 11. The semiconductor package of claim 7, where in the semiconductor chip is mounted on an opposite surface of the flexible film substrate than the first and second interconnection lines. 12. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein at least one of first interconnection lines or the second interconnection lines each include a first portion on one surface of the flexible film substrate, a second portion on an opposite surface of the flexible film substrate, and a substrate via connecting the first and second portions. 13. The semiconductor package of claim 1, the flexible film substrate further comprising a circuit region adjacent the edge of the outer region of the flexible film substrate, wherein the second interconnection lines extend into the circuit region. 14. The semiconductor package of claim 13, further comprising a passive device mounted in the circuit region of the flexible film substrate. 15. The semiconductor package of claim 14, further comprising a semiconductor chip mounted in the chip mounting region, wherein the passive device is mounted on a same surface of the flexible substrate as the semiconductor chip. 16. A chip-on-film (COF) package, comprising: a flexible film substrate including a first surface and an opposite second surface, and a cut line passing through the flexible film substrate and horizontally separating a first region of the flexible film substrate from a second region of the flexible film substrate; a chip mounting region on the first surface of the flexible film substrate; first interconnection lines extending from the chip mounting region to the first region of the flexible film substrate; second interconnection lines extending from the chip mounting region to the second region of the flexible film substrate, wherein a vertical position of distal ends of the first interconnection lines is movable relative to a vertical position of distal ends of the second interconnection lines by vertically displacing the first region the flexible film substrate relative to the second region of the flexible film substrate at the cut line. 17. The COF package of claim 16, further comprising a semiconductor chip mounted in the chip mounting region. 18. The COF package of claim 17, wherein the semiconductor chip is a display driver. 19-30. (canceled)",
-    "A control device which controls transportation of a continuous paper receives an operation signal according to an operation amount by which a terminal is operated and generates a drive command which controls a transport speed of the continuous paper based on the operation signal. 1. A recording medium, having a transport program to be executed by a transport control device in a medium transport device provided with a drive section which transports a medium and the transport control device which controls the drive section, the program causing the transport control device to perform: receiving an operation signal according to an operation amount by which an operation section is operated; and driving the drive section by converting the operation signal into a drive command of the drive section. 2. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, wherein, in the receiving, a slide operation amount when a slide operation is performed using the operation section is received as the operation signal, and wherein, in the driving, at least one of a transport amount and a transport speed of the medium is calculated based on the slide operation amount. 3. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, wherein, in the receiving, a slide direction when a slide operation is performed using the operation section is received as the operation signal, and wherein, in the driving, a drive direction of the drive section is set based on the slide direction. 4. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, wherein, in the driving, although a transport speed of the medium is changed according to an operation amount by which the operation section is operated, when the transport speed of the medium reaches an upper limit speed, the transport speed of the medium is set to the upper limit speed regardless of an operation indicating that the transport speed of the medium is to be increased. 5. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, causing the transport control device to further perform: mode switching between a continued feed mode which continues transportation of the medium after starting the transportation of the medium based on operation of the operation section, and an intermittent feed mode which transports the medium by only a transport amount of the medium according to an operation amount of the operation section based on the operation of the operation section. 6. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, wherein an image which is printed onto the medium is displayed on the operation section, and wherein, in the driving, the drive section is driven such that the medium is transported in accordance with a slide operation of the image in the operation section. 7. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, wherein an image which is printed onto the medium is displayed on the operation section, wherein, in the receiving, positional information of a marker is received based on an operation of applying the marker to the image in the operation section, and wherein, in the driving, the drive section is driven such that the medium is transported to the same position as the marker in the image based on the positional information of the marker. 8. The recording medium, having the transport program according to claim 1, wherein the medium transport device further includes a winding shaft which winds the medium on which printing is performed, and wherein, in the driving, the drive section is driven such that the medium which is wound onto the winding shaft is wound back. 9. A transport control device capable of executing the transport program according to claim 1. 10. A medium transport device comprising the transport control device according to claim 9. 11. A printing apparatus, comprising: the medium transport device according to claim 10; and a printing section which performs printing on the medium which is transported by the medium transport device.",
-    "An implant or endoprosthesis suitable to be implanted in human or animal tissue includes two (or more than two) parts to be joined in situ. Each one of the parts includes a joining location, the two joining locations facing each other when the device parts are positioned for being joined together, wherein one of the joining locations includes a material which is liquefiable by mechanical vibration and the other one of the joining locations includes a material which is not liquefiable by mechanical vibration and a structure (e.g. undercut cavities or protrusions) suitable for forming a positive fit connection with the liquefiable material. The joining process is effected by pressing the two device parts against each other and by applying ultrasonic vibration to one of the device parts when the two parts are positioned relative to each other such that the two joining locations are in contact with each other. 1. An intervertebral element for being implanted between two vertebral bodies in order for the two vertebral bodies to be fused together and to be spaced from each other, the intervertebral element comprising: a first part being equipped for being positioned relative to a first one of the vertebral bodies, and a second part being equipped for being positioned relative to a second one of the vertebral bodies, and a further part, the further part being capable of being moved relative to the first and second parts when the first and second parts are positioned relative to the vertebral bodies, and thereby moving the first and second parts away from each other until a distance between the vertebral bodies is at a desired value, wherein the further part is equipped for being secured relative to the first and second parts when the distance is at the desired value. 2. The intervertebral element according to claim 1, wherein the first part or the second part or both forms/form a wedge, whereby the first and second parts are capable of being moved away from each other by the further part being pushed between the first and second parts. 3. The intervertebral element according to claim 2, wherein the first part and the second part each are a wedge, both being capable of being positioned against the bone tissue of the vertebral bodies on one side and of lying against the further part on an opposite side. 4. The intervertebral element according to claim 3, wherein the first part and the second part are substantially identical. 5. The intervertebral element according to claim 1, comprising a fixation mechanism for fixing the position of the further part relative to the first and second parts when the distance is at the desired value. 6. The intervertebral element according to claim 5, wherein the fixation mechanism is capable of fixing the further part relative to the first and second parts at different relative positions. 7. The intervertebral element according to claim 6, wherein the different relative positions are continuously variable within a range. 8. The intervertebral element according to claim 5, wherein the further part is capable of being fixed relative to the first and second parts by a positive-fit connection. 9. The intervertebral element according to claim 8, wherein the further part comprises a further part inside channel originating from a proximal face and ending in at least one surface portion to be in contact with at least one of the first and second parts, the intervertebral element further comprising a material liquefiable with the aid of mechanical vibration capable of being positioned in the further part inside channel for being liquefied and being pressed into structures of the respective first/second part to yield, after re-solidification, a positive-fit connection between the further part and the respective first/second part. 10. The intervertebral element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first part and of the second part is capable of being secured relative to the vertebral body by a positive-fit connection. 11. The intervertebral element according to claim 10, wherein at least one of the first part and of the second part is capable of being anchored relative to the respective vertebral body by the positive-fit connection. 12. The intervertebral element according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the first part and of the second part is capable of being anchored relative to the respective vertebral body by a solid material liquefiable with the aid of mechanical vibration, by pressing the liquefiable material, in a flowable state, into bone tissue of the vertebral body to anchor, whereby after re-solidification of the liquefiable material, the first/second part is anchored relative to the respective vertebral body 13. The intervertebral element according to claim 12, wherein the first and second parts for being anchored relative to the bone tissue comprise an first/second part inside channel originating from a proximal face and ending on a surface portion to face the bone tissue of the vertebral body, the intervertebral element further comprising the material liquefiable with the aid of mechanical vibration capable of being positioned in the first/second part inside channel for being liquefied and being pressed into bone tissue of the vertebral body to anchor, after re-solidification, the first/second part relative to the respective vertebral body. 14. The intervertebral element according to claim 1, wherein the first and second parts are made of a non-liquefiable material. 15. The intervertebral element according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second parts comprises a structured, uneven surface portion facing the further part. 16. The intervertebral element according to claim 15, wherein the structured, uneven surface portion comprises undercut structures. 17. The intervertebral element according to claim 1, wherein the further part is equipped for being fixed relative to the first and second parts when the distance is at the desired value, the desired value being freely and continuously adjustable in an adjustment range. 18. An intervertebral element for being implanted between two vertebral bodies in order for the two vertebral bodies to be fused together and to be spaced from each other, the intervertebral element comprising: a first part being equipped for being anchored in a first one of the vertebral bodies, and a second part being equipped for being anchored in a second one of the vertebral bodies, wherein the intervertebral element forms a wedge system in which the first and second parts are capable of being distracted relative to one another by a relative movement of parts until a distance between the two vertebral bodies is at a desired value, and wherein the first and second parts are equipped to be fixed relative to one another. 19. The intervertebral element according to claim 18, wherein the first and second parts are equipped to be fixed relative to one another by a positive-fit connection. 20. The intervertebral element according to claim 18, wherein the first part and the second part each are a wedge, both being capable of being anchored in the bone tissue of the vertebral bodies on one side and of being joined to the other part on an opposite side, whereby the first and second parts are capable of being distracted by being moved relative to one another. 21. The intervertebral element according to claim 18, further comprising a wedge-shaped base part, the base part being configured to be pushed between the first and second parts to distract the first and second parts relative to one another, wherein fixing the first and second parts relative to one another comprises a connection of the first part with one side of the base part pushed between the first and second parts and a connection of the second part with an other side of the base part pushed between the first and second parts. 22. A method of implanting an intervertebral element between two vertebral bodies in order for the two vertebral bodies to be fused together and to be spaced from each other, comprising the steps of: providing the intervertebral element, the intervertebral element comprising a first part being equipped for being positioned relative to a first one of the vertebral bodies, a second part being equipped for being positioned relative to a second one of the vertebral bodies, and a further part, the further part being capable of being moved relative to the first and second parts; positioning the first and second parts relative to the first and second vertebral bodies; moving the further part relative to the first and second parts to distract the first and second parts relative to one another until a distance between the vertebral bodies is at a desired value; and fixing the further part relative to the first and second parts while the distance is at the desired value. 23. The method according to claim 22, comprising the step of anchoring the first and second parts relative to the respective vertebral body prior to the step of moving the further part relative to the first and second parts. 24. The method according to claim 23, comprising the further step of anchoring the first and second parts relative to the respective vertebral body by a positive-fit connection. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the intervertebral element comprises a material liquefiable with the aid of mechanical vibration, and wherein the step of anchoring the first and second parts comprises charging the liquefiable material with mechanical energy until it becomes liquefied, from an initially solid state, and flows into structures of the bone tissue to form, after re-solidification, a positive-fit connection with the bone tissue. 26. The method according to claim 22, wherein the intervertebral element comprises a material liquefiable with the aid of mechanical vibration, and wherein the step of fixing the further part relative to the first and second parts comprises charging the liquefiable material with mechanical energy until it becomes liquefied, from an initially solid state, and flows into structures of at least one of the first part, the second part, the further part, to yield, after re-solidification, a positive-fit connection between the further part and the first part or the second part or the first and second parts.",
-    "An apparatus configured to sense presence and motion in a monitored space is presented. The apparatus includes a dual-element assembly with a first thermal sensing element and a second thermal sensing element configured to produce a direct current output that is sustained at a level substantially proportional to an amount of thermal energy being received at the thermal sensing elements. A lens array (or equivalent optics) is coupled to the elements, having a plurality of lenses directing incident thermal energy from a plurality of optically-defined spatial zones onto the sensing elements. An electronic circuitry is configured to read a resulting signal of the dual-element assembly and an individual output signal of each the first thermal sensing element and the second thermal sensing element. 1. An apparatus configured to sense presence and motion in a monitored space, the apparatus comprising: a dual-element assembly further comprising a first thermal sensing element and a second thermal sensing element further comprising a first terminal having a first polarity and a second terminal having a second polarity; a lens array coupled to the one or more thermal sensing elements, wherein the lens array comprises a plurality of lenses, each of which is configured to direct incident thermal energy from a respective one of a plurality of optically-defined spatial zones located within the monitored space onto the first and/or the second thermal sensing element; and an electronic circuitry in electrical communication with dual-element assembly and configured to read a resulting signal of the dual-element assembly and an individual output signal of each the first thermal sensing element and the second thermal sensing element, wherein the electronic circuitry, the first thermal sensing element and the second thermal sensing element are electrically connected at a connection point comprising their first terminals or their second terminals. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry further comprises a digital interface. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry further comprises an interrupt terminal. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the electronic circuitry is configured to react to a signal on the interrupt terminal denoting motion, presence and/or a temperature level and/or pattern. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry further comprises an analog to digital converter. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first thermal sensing element and the second thermal sensing element each further comprise one of the group consisting of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) infrared sensor, a thermopile, a bolometer, and/or an infrared intrinsic or extrinsic semiconductor. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lens array produces alternating regions of relatively high output signal to the incident thermal energy and regions of relatively low output signal to the incident thermal energy. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the regions of relatively low output signal are at edges of the lenses or between the lenses in the lens array. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the regions of relatively low output signal correspond to virtual dividing lines between the spatial zones within the monitored space. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lenses of the lens array are selected from the group consisting of Fresnel lens arrays, Fresnel zone arrays, holographic optical elements, diffractive optical elements, refractive optical elements, binary optical elements, and grid patterns. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lenses are optical patterns not physically locatable over the lens array. 12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a computer-based processor coupled to the electronic circuitry and a computer-based memory storage device coupled to the processor, wherein the memory storage device stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to determine, based on data received from the one or more thermal sensing devices, whether there is a living being present in or moving about the monitored space. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more thermal sensing elements, the lens array, the processor and the memory storage device are contained in a single chip level package. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a first lens of the lens array is configured to the direct incident thermal energy from a corresponding one of the physical zones in the monitored space onto a first one of the thermal sensing elements and onto a second one of the thermal sensing devices. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a first lens of the lens array is configured to direct the incident thermal energy from a corresponding first one of the physical zones in the monitored spaces onto the thermal sensing element, but not the second thermal sensing element, and wherein a second lens of the lens array is configured to direct the incident thermal energy from a corresponding second one of the physical zones in the monitored space onto the second thermal sensing element, but not the first thermal sensing element. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more thermal sensing elements are sensitive to radiation having a wavelength between 4 \u03bcm and 20 \u03bcm. 17. The apparatus of claim 1 adapted to determine a temperature value over a total of the monitored space by evaluating an overall incoming thermal signal strength. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second thermal sensing elements are each configured to produce a direct current output that is sustained at a level substantially proportional to an amount of thermal energy being received at the thermal sensing elements.",
-    "Embodiments disclose techniques for executing a test case to test a processor by bypassing an instruction pipeline of the processor. In one embodiment, the processor receives a plurality of test cases to execute on the processor. Each test case includes one or more instructions. Once received, the processor loads a plurality of registers with one or more first register values for the test case by bypassing the instruction pipeline. Once loaded, the processor runs the test case using the one or more first register values. The processor then retrieves, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values associated with results of the test case run, by bypassing the instruction pipeline. 1. A method for executing a test case to test a processor by bypassing an instruction pipeline of the processor, the method comprising: receiving a plurality of test cases to execute on the processor, wherein each test case comprises one or more instructions; loading a plurality of registers with one or more first register values for the test case by bypassing the instruction pipeline; running the test case using the one or more first register values; and retrieving, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values associated with results of the test case run, by bypassing the instruction pipeline. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: loading a first pointer to a first register within a load store unit (LSU) of the processor, wherein the first pointer points to memory locations in the plurality of registers where the one or more first register values for test case will be loaded. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: loading a second pointer to a second register within a load store unit (LSU) of the processor, wherein the second pointer points to memory locations in L2 cache where the one or more second register values will be saved. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein loading the plurality of registers with the one or more first register values for the test case is triggered by writing to a third register within the LSU of the processor, and wherein the one or more first register values are loaded to the memory locations in the plurality of registers based on the first pointer. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein retrieving, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values for the test case is triggered by writing to a fourth register within the LSU of the processor, and wherein the one or more second register values are saved to the memory locations in the L2 cache, based on the second pointer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of registers comprise at least one of general purpose registers (GPRs) or vector registers. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the instruction pipeline of the processor comprises an instruction fetch stage, an instruction decode stage, and an instruction dispatch stage. 8. A system, comprising: a processor comprising: a plurality of registers; and an instruction pipeline comprising an instruction fetch unit, an instruction decode unit and an instruction dispatch unit; and a memory storing program code, which, when executed on the processor, performs an operation comprising: receiving a plurality of test cases to execute on the processor, wherein each test case comprises one or more instructions; loading the plurality of registers with one or more first register values for the test case by bypassing the instruction pipeline; running the test case using the one or more first register values; and retrieving, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values associated with results of the test case run, by bypassing the instruction pipeline. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operation further comprises: loading a first pointer to a first register within a load store unit (LSU) of the processor, wherein the first pointer points to memory locations in the plurality of registers where the one or more first register values for test case will be loaded. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the operation further comprises: loading a second pointer to a second register within a load store unit (LSU) of the processor, wherein the second pointer points to memory locations in L2 cache where the one or more second register values will be saved. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein loading the plurality of registers with the one or more first register values for the test case is triggered by writing to a third register within the LSU of the processor, and wherein the one or more first register values are loaded to the memory locations in the plurality of registers based on the first pointer. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein retrieving, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values for the test case is triggered by writing to a fourth register within the LSU of the processor, and wherein the one or more second register values are saved to the memory locations in the L2 cache, based on the second pointer. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of registers comprise at least one of general purpose registers (GPRs) or vector registers. 14. A computer program product, comprising: a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program code embodied therewith, the computer-readable program code executable by one or more computer processors to perform an operation for executing a test case to test a processor by bypassing an instruction pipeline of the processor, the operation comprising: receiving a plurality of test cases to execute on the processor, wherein each test case comprises one or more instructions; loading a plurality of registers with one or more first register values for the test case by bypassing the instruction pipeline; running the test case using the one or more first register values; and retrieving, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values associated with results of the test case run, by bypassing the instruction pipeline. 15. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the operation further comprises: loading a first pointer to a first register within a load store unit (LSU) of the processor, wherein the first pointer points to memory locations in the plurality of registers where the one or more first register values for test case will be loaded. 16. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the operation further comprises: loading a second pointer to a second register within a load store unit (LSU) of the processor, wherein the second pointer points to memory locations in L2 cache where the one or more second register values will be saved. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein loading the plurality of registers with the one or more first register values for the test case is triggered by writing to a third register within the LSU of the processor, and wherein the one or more first register values are loaded to the memory locations in the plurality of registers based on the first pointer. 18. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein retrieving, from the plurality of registers, one or more second register values for the test case is triggered by writing to a fourth register within the LSU of the processor, and wherein the one or more second register values are saved to the memory locations in the L2 cache, based on the second pointer. 19. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the plurality of registers comprise at least one of general purpose registers (GPRs) or vector registers. 20. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the instruction pipeline of the processor comprises an instruction fetch stage, an instruction decode stage, and an instruction dispatch stage.",
-    "Provided herein are systems and methods for identifying cell-specific differentiation markers. In particular, provided herein are systems and methods for generating induced pluripotent cells (IPS) from human cells, differentiating the IPS into differentiated cells, and identifying differentiation specific markers. 1. A method of identifying differentiation markers, comprising: a) culturing a primary cell under conditions such that said primary cell de-differentiates to generate an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC); b) treating said iPSC under conditions such that said iPSC differentiates into a differentiated cell; and c) identifying molecular markers that are indicative of differentiation into said differentiated cell. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said primary cell is a pancreatic beta cell. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said differentiated cell is a pancreatic beta cell. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said culturing comprises expanding said cell. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said culturing comprises inducing expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, cMyc, nanog, LIN28, Glis1, and Klf4. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said treating comprises the steps of (a) culturing the iPSCs in a chemically defined medium, fibroblast growth factor, Activin A, and bone morphogenetic protein; (b) culturing the cells from step (a) in the presence of chemically defined medium comprising insulin, transferrin, and selenium, a fibroblast growth factor and nicotinamide; (c) culturing the cells from step (b) in the presence of a chemically defined medium comprising insulin, transferrin, and selenium; retinoic acid; a bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor; and nicotinamide; and (d) culturing the cells from step (c) in the presence of a serum-free medium, an insulin-like growth factor, insulin, nicotinamide, exendin-4 and/or GLP-1, a TGF-beta inhibitor, and an agent that increase cAMP. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: (e) maintaining the cells of the pancreatic lineage for 1-50 days by culturing the cells from step (d) in the presence of a serum-free medium, an insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, insulin, nicotinamide, exendin-4 and/or GLP-1, and an agent that increase cAMP. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the fibroblast growth factor of step (a) is basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the bone morphogenetic protein of step (a) is BMP4. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the chemically defined medium comprising insulin, transferrin, and selenium of steps (b) and/or step (c) is ITS medium. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the fibroblast growth factor of step (b) and/or step (d) is FGF7. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor of step (c) is a BMP4 inhibitor. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein the serum-free medium of step (d) is B27. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the primary and differentiated cells are the same or different cell types. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) has a duration of 2-10 days. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said identifying comprises sequencing expressed genes in said primary cell, said iPSC, and said differentiated cell and comparing said expressed genes to identify gene expression markers indicative of differentiation into said differentiated cell. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said comparing comprises the use of bioinformatics methods. 18. One or more differentiation markers identified by the method of claim 1. 19. A method of transplanting cells into a subject, comprising: a) identifying therapeutically suitable differentiated cells that express one or more of the markers of claim 18; and b) transplanting said cells into a subject in need thereof. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said transplanting results in reduction or elimination of one or more symptoms of a disease or condition.",
-    "An electronic device includes a touch-sensitive display and one or more programs stored in memory for execution by one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying a first application view that corresponds to a first application in a plurality of concurrently open applications. The one or more programs include instructions for detecting a first input, and in response, concurrently displaying a group of open application icons that correspond to at least some of the plurality of concurrently open applications with at least a portion of the first application view. The open application icons are displayed in accordance with a predetermined sequence of the open applications. The one or more programs include instructions for detecting a first gesture distinct from the first input, and in response, displaying a second application view that corresponds to a second application adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display, cause the device to: display a first application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a first application in a plurality of concurrently open applications, wherein the first application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications; while displaying the first application view, detect a first predefined input; in response to detecting the first predefined input: enter an application view selection mode for selecting one of the concurrently open applications for display of a corresponding application view; display a group of open application icons that correspond to at least some of the plurality of concurrently open applications, the open application icons in the group being displayed in accordance with a predetermined sequence of the open applications; and concurrently display at least a portion of the first application view with the group of open application icons; while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, detect a first gesture of a first gesture type on the first application view, on the touch-sensitive display, the first gesture being distinct from the first predefined input; and in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, display a second application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a second application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, the second application being adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence, wherein the second application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions, which when executed by the multifunction device with the touch-sensitive display, cause the device to: while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, detect a second gesture of a second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, the second gesture type being distinct from the first gesture type; and in response to detecting the second gesture of the second gesture type, display a third application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a third application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, the third application being adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence, the third application being distinct from the second application, wherein the third application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions, which when executed by the multifunction device with the touch-sensitive display, cause the device to, in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, update the predetermined sequence of the open applications. 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions, which when executed by the multifunction device with the touch-sensitive display, cause the device to: detect a multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display that is distinct from the first predefined input and a gesture of the first gesture type; and in response to detecting the multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display, display a home screen. 25. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions, which when executed by the multifunction device with the touch-sensitive display, cause the device to: detect a multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display that is distinct from the first predefined input and a gesture of the first gesture type; while detecting the multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display: concurrently display the first application view in a first reduced scale and at least a portion of a home screen; and adjust the first reduced scale in accordance with the multi-finger gesture; and in response to ceasing to detect the multi-finger gesture: cease to display the first application view; and display the entire home screen. 26. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions, which when executed by the multifunction device with the touch-sensitive display, cause the device to: while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications: detect a respective gesture of a second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, the second gesture type being distinct from the first gesture type; in response to detecting the respective gesture of the second gesture type, move the first application view from the first position to a second position in accordance with the respective gesture of the second gesture type such that at least a portion of the first application view moves off the touch-sensitive display; and in response to ceasing to detect the respective gesture of the second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, move the first application view in a damped vibration motion with respect to the first position until a predefined oscillation condition is satisfied. 27. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, the second application view replaces the first application view on the touch-sensitive display without passing through a separate, intervening interface in an application view selection mode. 28. A method, comprising: at a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display: displaying a first application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a first application in a plurality of concurrently open applications, wherein the first application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications; while displaying the first application view, detecting a first predefined input; in response to detecting the first predefined input: entering an application view selection mode for selecting one of the concurrently open applications for display of a corresponding application view; displaying a group of open application icons that correspond to at least some of the plurality of concurrently open applications, the open application icons in the group being displayed in accordance with a predetermined sequence of the open applications; and concurrently displaying at least a portion of the first application view with the group of open application icons; while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, detecting a first gesture of a first gesture type on the first application view, on the touch-sensitive display, the first gesture being distinct from the first predefined input; and in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, displaying a second application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a second application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, the second application being adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence, wherein the second application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications. 29. The method of claim 28, further including: while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, detecting a second gesture of a second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, the second gesture type being distinct from the first gesture type; and in response to detecting the second gesture of the second gesture type, displaying a third application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a third application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, the third application being adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence, the third application being distinct from the second application, wherein the third application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications. 30. The method of claim 28, further including: in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, updating the predetermined sequence of the open applications. 31. The method of claim 28, further including: detecting a multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display that is distinct from the first predefined input and a gesture of the first gesture type; and in response to detecting the multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display, displaying a home screen. 32. The method of claim 28, further including: detecting a multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display that is distinct from the first predefined input and a gesture of the first gesture type; while detecting the multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display: concurrently displaying the first application view in a first reduced scale and at least a portion of a home screen; and adjusting the first reduced scale in accordance with the multi-finger gesture; and in response to ceasing to detect the multi-finger gesture: ceasing to display the first application view; and displaying the entire home screen. 33. The method of claim 28, further including: while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications: detecting a respective gesture of a second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, the second gesture type being distinct from the first gesture type; in response to detecting the respective gesture of the second gesture type, moving the first application view from the first position to a second position in accordance with the respective gesture of the second gesture type such that at least a portion of the first application view moves off the touch-sensitive display; and in response to ceasing to detect the respective gesture of the second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, moving the first application view in a damped vibration motion with respect to the first position until a predefined oscillation condition is satisfied. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein, in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, the second application view replaces the first application view on the touch-sensitive display without passing through a separate, intervening interface in an application view selection mode. 35. A multifunction device, comprising: a touch-sensitive display; one or more processors; memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: displaying a first application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a first application in a plurality of concurrently open applications, wherein the first application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications; while displaying the first application view, detecting a first predefined input; in response to detecting the first predefined input: entering an application view selection mode for selecting one of the concurrently open applications for display of a corresponding application view; displaying a group of open application icons that correspond to at least some of the plurality of concurrently open applications, the open application icons in the group being displayed in accordance with a predetermined sequence of the open applications; and concurrently displaying at least a portion of the first application view with the group of open application icons; while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, detecting a first gesture of a first gesture type on the first application view, on the touch-sensitive display, the first gesture being distinct from the first predefined input; and in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, displaying a second application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a second application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, the second application being adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence, wherein the second application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications. 36. The multifunction device of claim 35, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, detecting a second gesture of a second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, the second gesture type being distinct from the first gesture type; and in response to detecting the second gesture of the second gesture type, displaying a third application view on the touch-sensitive display that corresponds to a third application in the plurality of concurrently open applications, the third application being adjacent to the first application in the predetermined sequence, the third application being distinct from the second application, wherein the third application view is displayed without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications. 37. The multifunction device of claim 35, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for, in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, updating the predetermined sequence of the open applications. 38. The multifunction device of claim 35, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: detecting a multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display that is distinct from the first predefined input and a gesture of the first gesture type; and in response to detecting the multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display, displaying a home screen. 39. The multifunction device of claim 35, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for: detecting a multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display that is distinct from the first predefined input and a gesture of the first gesture type; while detecting the multi-finger gesture on the touch-sensitive display: concurrently displaying the first application view in a first reduced scale and at least a portion of a home screen; and adjusting the first reduced scale in accordance with the multi-finger gesture; and in response to ceasing to detect the multi-finger gesture: ceasing to display the first application view; and displaying the entire home screen. 40. The multifunction device of claim 35, wherein the first application view is displayed at a first position on the touch-sensitive display, the first application is at one end of the predetermined sequence of the open applications, and the one or more programs further include instructions for: while displaying the first application view without concurrently displaying an application view for any other application in the plurality of concurrently open applications: detecting a respective gesture of a second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, the second gesture type being distinct from the first gesture type; in response to detecting the respective gesture of the second gesture type, moving the first application view from the first position to a second position in accordance with the respective gesture of the second gesture type such that at least a portion of the first application view moves off the touch-sensitive display; and in response to ceasing to detect the respective gesture of the second gesture type on the touch-sensitive display, moving the first application view in a damped vibration motion with respect to the first position until a predefined oscillation condition is satisfied. 41. The multifunction device of claim 35, wherein in response to detecting the first gesture of the first gesture type, the second application view replaces the first application view on the touch-sensitive display without passing through a separate, intervening interface in an application view selection mode.",
-    "A retention clip having a body with a first end and a second end opposite the first end; a mounting hole defined in the first end of the body; and a U-shaped retaining slot formed by a leg arranged at the second end of the body and a portion of the body between the mounting hole and the U-shaped slot. The leg arranged at the second end of the body extends substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body. 1. A retention clip comprising: a body having a first end and a second end opposite the first end; a mounting hole defined in the first end of the body; and a retaining portion comprising U-shaped retaining slot formed by a leg arranged at the second end of the body and a portion of the body between the mounting hole and the U-shaped retaining slot, wherein the leg arranged at the second end of the body extends substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body. 2. The retention clip of claim 1, wherein the mounting hole is oval. 3. The retention clip of claim 1, wherein the leg of the retaining portion arranged at the second end of the body is shorter than a lateral dimension of the retention clip. 4. The retention clip of claim 1, wherein the leg of the retaining portion arranged at the second end of the body is longer than a lateral dimension of the retention clip. 5. The retention clip of claim 1, wherein the portion of the body between the mounting hole and the U-shaped slot clip has a tapered portion leading into the U-shaped cutout. 6. The retention clip of claim 5, wherein the taper is about 8 degrees. 7. The retention clip of claim 1, wherein the retention clip comprises one of plastic and metal. 8. A gas spring assembly comprising: a gas cylinder having a shaft moveably extending from a longitudinal end of the gas cylinder; a release assembly coupled to an end of the shaft opposite the gas cylinder, the release assembly comprising: a release head; and a release mechanism; a jam nut arranged on the shaft and configured to adjust bias the release assembly; a cable assembly comprising: a cable coupled to the release mechanism; and a protective sheath; and a retention clip arranged between the release head and the jam nut, the retention clip comprising: a mounting portion defining a hole configured to mate with the shaft; and a retention slot configured to receive the protective sheath of the cable assembly, wherein the protective sheath is clamped in place by the retention clip. 9. The gas spring assembly of claim 8, wherein the hole configured to mate with the shaft is oblong. 10. The gas spring assembly of claim 8, wherein the retention slot is U-shaped. 11. The gas spring assembly of claim 9, wherein the retention clip is configured to be adjusted longitudinally to clamp the protective sheath. 12. The gas spring assembly of claim 8, wherein the release mechanism is a lever. 13. A method of retaining a cable using a retention clip having a body having a first end and a second end opposite the first end; a mounting hole defined in the first end of the body; and a U-shaped retaining slot formed by a leg arranged at the second end of the body and a portion of the body between the mounting hole and the U-shaped retaining slot, wherein the leg arranged at the second end of the body extends substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body comprising: mounting the retention clip via the mounting hole; inserting a cable into the U-shaped retaining slot so that a cable sheathing is within the U-shaped retaining slot; moving the retention clip longitudinally to clamp the cable sheathing; and adjusting a retaining element configured to lock the retention clip in place. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the retention clip is mounted on a shaft. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the retaining element is a screw element. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the screw element is a nut.",
-    "A method of manufacturing stably a nitride fluorescent substance under more flexible reaction conditions at a low cost includes the steps of: mixing a raw material containing a complex of nitrogen element and metallic element; obtaining a raw material mixture; sintering the raw material mixture and obtaining a nitride or an oxynitride. 1. A method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, comprising the steps of: mixing a raw material containing a complex of nitrogen element and metallic element to obtain a raw material mixture; and sintering the raw material mixture thus obtained to obtain the nitride or the oxynitride. 2. The method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said complex contains oxygen element. 3. The method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said complex contains oxygen element and hydrogen element. 4. The method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said complex contains at least one of alkaline-earth metals as said metallic element. 5. The method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said complex contains at least one carboxy group. 6. The method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said complex is composed of an aminocarboxylic acid-based chelating agent represented by a general formula (I-1) or (I-2) indicated below: wherein, in the formula (I-1), \u201cn\u201d is an integer of 2 or 3, ad in the formula (I-2), \u201cm\u201d is an integer of 1 or 2, and \u201cR\u201d is a chain or circular alkyl group with 1-6 carbons, which may contain an ether bond or be substituted by a hydroxyl group. 7. The method of manufacturing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride, as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said nitride or oxynitride has a composition formula of (Mg, Sr, Ba)xCa1-xAlSiN3 (wherein, 0\u2266x\u22661), (Ca, Sr, Ba)2Si5N8, SiAlON, or (Ca, Sr, Ba)Si2O2N2. 8. A fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride manufactured by a method comprising the steps of: mixing a raw material containing a complex of nitrogen element and metallic element to obtain a raw material mixture; and sintering the raw material mixture thus obtained to obtain the nitride or the oxynitride. 9. A light emitting element containing a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride manufactured by a method comprising the steps of: mixing a raw material containing a complex of nitrogen element and metallic element to obtain a raw material mixture; and sintering the raw material mixture thus obtained to obtain the nitride or the oxynitride. 10. A light emitting device comprising a fluorescent substance having a matrix of nitride or oxynitride manufactured by a method comprising the steps of: mixing a raw material containing a complex of nitrogen element and metallic element to obtain a raw material mixture; and sintering the raw material mixture thus obtained to obtain the nitride or the oxynitride.",
-    "A solid-state imaging device having an arrangement in which well contact is achieved for each pixel is provided. In the solid-state imaging device, a well contact part is formed in an activation region of a photoelectric conversion portion. The well contact part fixes a well in which the photoelectric conversion portion and transistors of the pixel are provided at a predetermined potential. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. An imaging device comprising: a unit cell including at least four photoelectric conversion portions; each of the four photoelectric conversion portion including a first impurity region of a first conductivity type and a second impurity region of a second conductivity type associated with the first impurity region; and a well potential fixing part that fixes a potential of a well at a predetermined potential, wherein, the well potential fixing part is disposed at a center of the four photoelectric conversion portions. 12. The imaging device according to claim 11 further comprising a well potential fixing wire electrically connected to the well potential fixing part. 13. The imaging device according to claim 11 wherein the well potential fixing wire is extended to a vertical direction. 14. The imaging device according to claim 11 wherein the well potential fixing part is disposed at a part of at least one of four photoelectric conversion portions. 15. The imaging device according to claim 11 wherein, the well potential fixing part includes an impurity region of the second conductivity type whose density is higher than an impurity region of the second conductivity type in the well. 16. The imaging device according to claim 11 further comprising a signal processing circuitry that processes a pixel signal generated from the four photoelectric conversion portions. 17. The imaging device according to claim 16 further comprising a signal processing chip electrically connected to an sensor chip, wherein, the unit cell and the well potential fixing part are included in the sensor chip, the signal processing circuitry is included in the signal processing chip.",
-    "The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an aromatic compound and an oil of lubricating viscosity. The invention further relates to the use of the lubricating composition in an internal combustion engine. The invention further relates to the use of the aromatic compound as an antiwear agent. 1. A lubricating composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and an aromatic compound of formula (1): wherein R1 is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 350 carbon atoms, or \u2014C(O)XR3, or \u2014CH\u2550CHC(O)\u2014X3, \u2014C(R6)2C(R6)2C(O)\u2014XR3; each Y1, Y2 and Y3 is independently \u2014H or \u2014OR2 with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2 and Y3 are \u2014OR2 and where at least two (or three of) \u2014OR2 groups are adjacent to one another; R2 is independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R3 is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group (typically alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy); X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or >NR4, (typically X is \u2014O\u2014, or >NR4); R4 is hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 5, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms, (typically R4 is hydrogen); each R6 is hydrogen, \u2014CN, NH2, an ester group \u2014C(O)O\u2014R7, or mixtures thereof; R7 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30, or 6 to 20, or 8 to 15 carbon atoms; and the sum of carbon atoms on R1, R2, R3, R4 is at least 1, at least 6, or at least 8. 2. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound of formula (1) has Y1, Y2 and Y3 defined as \u2014OR2 where each R2 is independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms (typically hydrogen), R1 is \u2014C(O)XR3, resulting in a compound of formula (2a): 3. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound of formula (1) has Y1, Y2 and Y3 defined as \u2014OR2 where each R2 is independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms (typically hydrogen), R1 is \u2014C(O)XR3, resulting in a compound of formula (3): wherein each R2 is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and where at least two (or three of) \u2014OR2 groups are adjacent to one another; R3 is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group (typically alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy), and R3 may contain 1 to 40, 3 to 30, 4 to 30, 5 to 30, 8 to 24, or 8 to 20, or 8 to 18, or 5 to 10 carbon atoms; X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or >NR4, (typically X is \u2014O\u2014, or >NR4); R4 is hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 5, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms, (typically R4 is hydrogen); and the sum of carbon atoms on R2, R3, R4 is at least 6, or at least 8. 4. The composition of any preceding claim 2 or 3, wherein R3 has 8 to 18, or 5 to 10 carbon atoms. 5. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and R1 is a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 350 carbon atoms, resulting in an aromatic compound of formula (4): wherein R1 is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 350 carbon atoms, (typically may be a hydrocarbyl group derived from a polyalkene); each Y1, Y2 and Y3 is independently \u2014H or \u2014OR2, R2 is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; so long as at least two of Y1, Y2 and Y3 are \u2014OR2 and where at least two \u2014OR2 groups are adjacent to one another. 6. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim, wherein R2 is hydrogen. 7. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the aromatic compound is present in a range of 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 8 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 7 wt % of the lubricating composition. 8. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim, wherein the lubricating composition is characterised as having (i) a sulphur content of 0.5 wt % or less, (ii) a phosphorus content of 0.1 wt % or less, and (iii) a sulphated ash content of 1.5 wt % or less. 9. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim further comprising at least one of an antiwear agent, a dispersant viscosity modifier, a friction modifier, a viscosity modifier, an antioxidant, an overbased detergent, or mixtures thereof. 10. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim, further comprising an antiwear agent such as a metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate (typically zinc dialkyldithiophosphate), wherein the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate contributes at least 100 ppm, or at least 200 ppm, or 200 ppm to 1000 ppm, or 300 ppm to 800 ppm, or 400 ppm to 600 ppm of phosphorus to the lubricating composition. 11. The lubricating composition of claim 9, wherein the friction modifier is selected from the group consisting of long chain fatty acid derivatives of amines, long chain fatty esters, long chain fatty epoxides; fatty imidazolines; amine salts of alkylphosphoric acids; fatty alkyl tartrates; fatty alkyl tartrimides; and fatty alkyl tartramides. 12. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim further comprising a dispersant viscosity modifier. 13. The lubricating composition of any preceding claim further comprising an overbased detergent, wherein the overbased detergent is typically selected from the group consisting of phenates, sulphur containing phenates, sulphonates, salixarates, salicylates, and mixtures thereof. 14. A method of lubricating an internal combustion engine comprising supplying to the internal combustion engine a lubricating composition of any preceding claim 1 to 13. 15. The use in a lubricant of an aromatic compound of formula (1): wherein R1 is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 350 carbon atoms, or \u2014C(O)XR3, or \u2014CH\u2550CHC(O)\u2014X3, \u2014C(R6)2C(R6)2C(O)\u2014XR3; each Y1, Y2 and Y3 is independently \u2014H or \u2014OR2 with the proviso that at least two of Y1, Y2 and Y3 are \u2014OR2 and where at least two (or three of) \u2014OR2 groups are adjacent to one another; R2 is independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R3 is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group (typically alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy); X is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or >NR4, (typically X is \u2014O\u2014, or >NR4); R4 is hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 5, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms, (typically R4 is hydrogen); each R6 is hydrogen, \u2014CN, NH2, an ester group \u2014C(O)O\u2014R7, or mixtures thereof; R7 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30, or 6 to 20, or 8 to 15 carbon atoms; and the sum of carbon atoms on R1, R2, R3, R4 is at least 1, at least 6, or at least 8.",
-    "A service support system has one or more computerized servers each coupled to one or more digital memories and to a network, software executing on individual ones of the one or more computerized servers from a non-transitory medium, one or more rule sets stored in one or more of the one or more digital memories, a plurality of interaction ports enabling two-way communication between the one or more computerized servers and individual ones of a plurality of different sorts of computerized communication devices using one or more of voice, text, email, and interactive display interfaces provided by the one or more servers, and instantiation and configuration functions accessible by users of the computerized communication devices, the functions to instantiate and configure active agents. 1. A service support system, comprising: one or more computerized servers each coupled to one or more digital memories and to a network; software executing on individual ones of the one or more computerized servers from a non-transitory medium; one or more rule sets stored in one or more of the one or more digital memories; a plurality of interaction ports enabling two-way communication between the one or more computerized servers and individual ones of a plurality of different sorts of computerized communication devices using one or more of voice, text, email, and interactive display interfaces provided by the one or more servers; and instantiation and configuration functions accessible by users of the computerized communication devices, the functions to instantiate and configure active agents; wherein a user accessing one of the one or more computerized servers is enabled to instantiate and configure one or more active agents dedicated to the configuring user or to another user, the one or more active agents to have functions for accomplishing tasks for the user to whom the active agent is dedicated, including accessing network-accessible data and returning said data to the user, and wherein the configuration of one or more active agents dedicated to a user provides a Personal Information Portal (PIP) wherein accessing the PIP by the user to whom the PIP is dedicated initiates one or more tasks performed in conjunction with the one or more rule sets. 2. The service support system of claim 1 wherein the different sorts of computerized communication devices include but are not limited to, land-line telephones, smart telephones, digital pad devices, network appliances and laptop and desktop computers. 3. The service support system of claim 1 wherein the tasks that are enabled to be performed include establishing, conducting and terminating communication with other PIPs, and with network-connected data repositories. 4. The service support system of claim 1 wherein a PIP comprises at least one defined role for the dedicated user, the role defining nature of tasks undertaken on behalf of the dedicated user. 5. The service support system of claim 1 wherein interaction between PIPs active agents and Rules provide for matching one or more services with individual users as recipients of such services. 6. The service support system of claim 4 wherein roles include administrator, service provider and object of services. 7. The service support system of claim 1 wherein the PIP is configured with dedicated persistent storage. 8. The service support system of claim 7 wherein the PIP comprises functionality for storing data and functional activity over time. 9. The service support system of claim 1 further comprising an interactive interface enabling a user to whom the PIP is dedicated or an administrator to edit characteristics of a PIP. 10. The service support system of claim 1 wherein one or more active agents may be instantiated in a manner that the agent expires when its tasks are completed. 11. The service support system of claim 1 wherein an active agent is enabled to trigger events through other active agents. 12. The service support system of claim 1 wherein a PIP has functionality for amending its active agents over time. 13. A service support method, comprising: instantiating one or more active agents dedicated to a user in a Personal Information Portal (PIP) operating on a network-connected communication device through one or more of voice, text, email, and interactive display interfaces, the one or more active agents having functions for accomplishing tasks for the user to whom the active agent is dedicated, including accessing data and returning said data to the user or to another active agent; coupling the PIP with other PIPs dedicated to other users and to one or more computerized servers each coupled to one or more digital memories storing rule sets and to a network, the one or more servers executing software from a non-transitory medium; and initiating and performing specific tasks for the user enabled by functionality of the one or more active agents. 14. The service support method of claim 13 wherein the network-connected communication devices include, but are not limited to, land-line telephones, smart telephones, digital pad devices, network appliances and laptop and desktop computers. 15. The service support method of claim 13 including steps for establishing, conducting and terminating communication with other PIPs, and with network-connected data repositories. 16. The service support method of claim 13 including defining specific roles for different users, the roles constraining nature of tasks undertaken on behalf of the dedicated user. 17. The service support method of claim 13 including steps for matching one or more services with individual users as recipients of such services. 18. The service support method of claim 16 wherein roles include administrator, service provider and object of services. 19. The service support method of claim 13 including configuring the PIP with dedicated persistent storage. 20. The service support method of claim 19 including steps for storing data and functional activity over time. 21. The service support method of claim 13 including steps for editing characteristics of a PIP through an interactive interface. 22. The service support method of claim 13 including steps for instantiating one or more active agents in a manner that the agent expires when its tasks are completed. 23. The service support method of claim 13 including steps for an active agent to trigger events through other active agents. 24. The service support method of claim 13 including steps for amending characteristics of active agents over time.",
-    "A data caching method is disclosed. The method comprises changing, according to an instruction, a cache value, corresponding to a key, in a cache on a volatile memory, recording the instruction following a first effective content of a log file in a non-volatile memory to obtain a second effective content, the second effective content including the first effective content and the recorded instruction, and storing the key and the changed cache value corresponding to the key into the non-volatile memory. 1. A data caching method, comprising: changing, according to an instruction, a cache value, corresponding to a key, in a cache on a volatile memory; recording the instruction following a first effective content of a log file in a non-volatile memory to obtain a second effective content, the second effective content including the first effective content and the recorded instruction; and storing, when meeting a preset backup condition, the key and the changed cache value corresponding to the key into the non-volatile memory. 2. The method of claim 1, further includes invalidating the first effective content. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: appending the instruction to an end of an instruction chain of the key, the instruction chain being in a log table on the volatile memory. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein appending the instruction to the end of the instruction chain of the key comprises at least one of: when an implementation result of the instruction is irrelevant to an initial value of the instruction, emptying the instruction chain of the key in the log table and recording the instruction as a first instruction of the instruction chain of the key, or if the log table does not have the instruction chain of the key, establishing the instruction chain of the key, and recording the instruction as a first instruction of the instruction chain of the key. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising, according to a data preloading instruction and if data in the volatile memory is lost: reconstructing the log table based on the second effective content of the log file; determining a hotspot key; obtaining a stored value corresponding to the hotspot key from the non-volatile memory; searching for the hotspot key in the log table; if the hotspot key is found, sequentially executing each instruction on an instruction chain of the hotspot key in the log table of the stored value corresponding to the hotspot key to obtain a deduced value, and storing the deduced value in association with the hotspot key into the cache; and if the hotspot key is not found, storing the stored value in association with the hotspot key into the cache. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: if the cache does not have the key, obtaining, based on the log table and from the non-volatile memory, the deduced value corresponding to the key; and returning and storing the deduced value in association with the key into the cache. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein obtaining the deduced value corresponding to the key comprises at least one of: if the log table does not have the key, obtaining the stored value corresponding to the key from the non-volatile memory and using the stored value as the deduced value, if an implementation result of a first instruction of the instruction chain of the key in the log table is irrelevant to the initial value, sequentially executing the instructions on the instruction chain to obtain the deduced value, or if the implementation result of the first instruction of the instruction chain of the key in the log table is relevant to the initial value, obtaining a stored value corresponding to the key from the non-volatile memory, and sequentially executing each instruction on the instruction chain of the key in the log table of the stored value, to obtain the deduced value. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein, reconstructing the log table based on the second effective content of the log file comprises obtaining a start position and an end position of an effective part of the log file; and invalidating the first effective content of the log file comprises setting the start position of the first effective content of the log file as a current record position of the log file. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the log file comprises a plurality of pre-defined log sub-files in a preset sequence, each log sub-file having a fixed file size. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the preset data backup condition comprises at least one of: reaching a preset time point; passing a preset time period since last storing the key and the changed corresponding cache value; the current record position reaching a preset position of the log file; the second effective content of the log file having a preset number of log files; or receiving a data backup instruction. 11. An apparatus for data caching, comprising: a cache value change module configured to change, according to an instruction, a cache value, corresponding to a key, in a cache on a volatile memory; a log record module configured to record the instruction following a first effective content of a log file in a non-volatile memory to obtain a second effective content, the second effective content including the first effective content and the recorded instruction; and a data backup module configured to store, when meeting a preset backup condition, the key and the changed cache value corresponding to the key into the non-volatile memory. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprises: an effective content management module configured to invalidate the first effective content. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a log table maintenance module configured to append the instruction to an end of an instruction chain of the key, the instruction chain being in a log table on the volatile memory. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: a first maintenance module configured to, when an implementation result of the instruction is irrelevant to an initial value of the instruction, empty the instruction chain of the key in the log table and recording the instruction as a first instruction of the instruction chain of the key, or a second maintenance module configured to, if the log table does not have the instruction chain of the key, establish the instruction chain of the key, and record the instruction as a first instruction of the instruction chain of the key. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: a log table reconstructing module configured to reconstruct the log table based on the second effective content of the log file; a hotspot key determining module configured to determine a hotspot key; a stored value obtaining module configured to obtain a stored value corresponding to the hotspot key from the non-volatile memory; a hotspot key searching module configured to search for the hotspot key in the log table; a first caching module configured to, if the hotspot key is found, sequentially execute each instruction on the instruction chain of the hotspot key in the log table of the stored value corresponding to the hotspot key to obtain a deduced value, and store the deduced value in association with the hotspot key into the cache; and a second caching module configured to, if the hotspot key is not found, store the stored value in association with the hotspot key into the cache. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: a deduced value obtaining module configured to, if the cache does not have the key, obtaining, based on the log table and from the non-volatile memory, the deduced value corresponding to the key; and a deduced value returning module configured to return and store the deduced value in association with the key into the cache. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising: a first obtaining module configured to, if the log table does not have the key, obtain the stored value corresponding to the key from the non-volatile memory and use the stored value as the deduced value, a second obtaining module configured to, if an implementation result of a first instruction of the instruction chain of the key in the log table is irrelevant to the initial value, sequentially execute the instructions on the instruction chain to obtain the deduced value, or a third obtaining module configured to, if the implementation result of the first instruction of the instruction chain of the key in the log table is relevant to the initial value, obtain a stored value corresponding to the key from the non-volatile memory, and sequentially execute each instruction on the instruction chain of the key in the log table of the stored value, to obtain the deduced value. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein: the log table reconstructing module includes an effective part determining module configured to obtain a start position and an end position of an effective part of the log file; and the effective content management module includes a start position setting module configured to set the start position of the first effective content of the log file as a current record position of the log file. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein: the log file comprises a plurality of pre-defined log sub-files in a preset sequence, each log sub-file having a fixed file size; and the log record apparatus includes a current record position adjusting module configured to, when a last log sub-file in the preset sequence is fully written, adjust the current record position to a start of a first log sub-file in the preset sequence. 20. A data caching method, comprising: changing, according to an instruction, a cache value corresponding to a key, the cache value being in a cache on a volatile memory, and the key being in the volatile memory; appending the instruction to an end of an instruction chain of the key, the instruction chain being in a log table on the volatile memory; and storing the key in the log table and the changed cache value corresponding to the key into a non-volatile memory; 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor of a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, comprising: changing, according to an instruction, a cache value, corresponding to a key, in a cache on a volatile memory; recording the instruction following a first effective content of a log file in a non-volatile memory to obtain a second effective content, the second effective content including the first effective content and the recorded instruction; and storing, when meeting a preset backup condition, the key and the changed cache value corresponding to the key into the non-volatile memory.",
-    "A method and medical device for detecting a cardiac event that includes sensing a cardiac signal, identifying R-waves in the cardiac signal attendant ventricular depolarizations, determining RR-intervals between successive R-waves in response to the sensed cardiac signal, detecting an atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the RR-intervals, iteratively sensing groups of a predetermined number of P-waves attendant atrial depolarizations in response to detecting the atrial tachyarrhythmia, and confirming the atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the iteratively sensed groups of P-waves. 1. A method of detecting a cardiac event in a medical device, comprising: sensing a cardiac signal; identifying R-waves in the cardiac signal attendant ventricular depolarizations; determining RR-intervals between successive R-waves in the sensed cardiac signal; detecting an atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the RR-intervals; iteratively sensing groups of a predetermined number of P-waves attendant atrial depolarizations in response to detecting the atrial tachyarrhythmia; and confirming the atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the iteratively sensed groups of P-waves. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein confirming the atrial tachyarrhythmia based on the analysis of the iteratively sensed groups of P-waves comprises: determining P-wave parameters associated with each P-wave of the predetermined number of P-waves; determining relative differences between the P-wave parameters; determining whether each of the P-waves of the predetermined number of P-waves of an iteratively sensed group match each other based on the determined relative differences; determining whether the predetermined number of P-waves of the iteratively sensed group match a P-wave template; and updating a counter in response to the iteratively sensed group of P-waves matching each other and the matching the P-wave template, wherein the atrial tachyarrhythmia is confirmed in response to the counter remaining less than a counter threshold at expiration of a predetermined time period. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining relative differences between the P-wave parameters, comprises: determining a relative width difference for each of the P-waves; and determining a relative amplitude difference for each of the P-waves. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining the P-wave template prior to detecting the atrial tachyarrhythmia by sensing a second predetermined number of P-waves when a predetermined number of RR-intervals are greater than an interval threshold; determining a baseline slope of each of the second predetermined number of P-waves; adjusting each one of the second predetermined number of P-waves using the respective determined baseline slope, the adjusted P-wave having a zero baseline slope; modifying each one of the adjusted P-waves by setting all points of the adjusted P-waves having an opposite polarity of a peak amplitude of the adjusted P-wave to zero; determining a center of area of each of the modified P-waves; aligning the centers of area of each of the modified P-waves; and generating a P-wave template from the aligned, modified P-waves. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein iteratively sensing the groups of the predetermined number of P-waves comprises: determining P-wave windows based on the determined RR-intervals; and adjusting P-waves within the P-wave windows by determining a modified P-wave baseline. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining a maximum amplitude of each of the P-waves; determining, for each of the P-waves, a first minimum point and a second minimum point as a portion of the maximum amplitude; determining an area of each of the P-waves based on a baseline extending between the first minimum baseline point and the second minimum baseline point; determining a center of area window of each of the P-waves based on the area and a time interval extending between the first minimum point and the second minimum point; and determining the P-wave parameters from the center of area windows determined for each of the respective P-waves. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the center of area window of each of the P-waves comprises: determining an amplitude of the center of area window from the area and the time interval between the first minimum point and the second minimum point of the respective P-wave; and determining a width of the center of area window based on the time interval from the first minimum point and the second minimum point. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein determining the P-wave parameters, comprises: determining a relative width difference based on the widths of the center of area windows determined for the P-waves; and determining a relative amplitude difference based on the amplitudes of the center of area windows determined for the P-waves. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the atrial tachyarrhythmia is atrial fibrillation. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising at least one of withholding a ventricular therapy and storing an episode of the cardiac signal in response to confirming the atrial tachyarrhythmia. 11. A medical device for detecting a cardiac event, comprising: sensing circuitry configured to receive a cardiac signal from a plurality of electrodes coupled to the medical device; and a processor configured to: identify R-waves in the cardiac signal attendant ventricular depolarizations; determine RR-intervals between successive R-waves in the sensed cardiac signal, detect an atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the RR-intervals; iteratively sense groups of a predetermined number of P-waves attendant atrial depolarizations in response to detecting the atrial tachyarrhythmia; and confirm the atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the iteratively sensed groups of P-waves. 12. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to confirm the atrial tachyarrhythmia based on the analysis of the iteratively sensed groups of P-waves by: determining P-wave parameters associated with each P-wave of the predetermined number of P-waves; determining relative differences between the P-wave parameters; determining whether each of the P-waves of the predetermined number of P-waves of an iteratively sensed group match each other based on the determined relative differences; determining whether the predetermined number of P-waves of the iteratively sensed group match a P-wave template; and updating a counter in response to the iteratively sensed group of P-waves matching each other and the matching the P-wave template, wherein the atrial tachyarrhythmia is confirmed in response to the counter remaining less than a counter threshold at expiration of a predetermined time period. 13. The medical device of claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to determine relative differences between the P-wave parameters by: determining a relative width difference for each of the P-waves; and determining a relative amplitude difference for each of the P-waves. 14. The medical device of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine the P-wave template prior to detecting the atrial tachyarrhythmia by sensing a second predetermined number of P-waves when a predetermined number of RR-intervals are greater than an interval threshold; determine a baseline slope of each of the second predetermined number of P-waves; adjust each one of the second predetermined number of P-waves using the respective determined baseline slope, the adjusted P-wave having a zero baseline slope; modify each one of the adjusted P-waves by setting all points of the adjusted P-waves having an opposite polarity of a peak amplitude of the adjusted P-wave to zero; determine a center of area of each of the modified P-waves; align the centers of area of each of the modified P-waves; and generate a P-wave template from the aligned, modified P-waves. 15. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to iteratively sense the groups of the predetermined number of P-waves by: determining P-wave windows based on the determined RR-intervals; and adjusting P-waves within the P-wave windows by determining a modified P-wave baseline. 16. The medical device of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine a maximum amplitude of each of the P-waves; determine, for each of the P-waves, a first minimum point and a second minimum point as a portion of the maximum amplitude; determine an area of each of the P-waves based on a baseline extending between the first minimum baseline point and the second minimum baseline point; determine a center of area window of each of the P-waves based on the area and a time interval extending between the first minimum point and the second minimum point; and determine the P-wave parameters from the center of area windows determined for each of the respective P-waves. 17. The medical device of claim 16, wherein the processor is configured to determine the center of area window of each of the P-waves by: determining an amplitude of the center of area window from the area and the time interval between the first minimum point and the second minimum point of the respective P-wave; and determining a width of the center of area window based on the time interval from the first minimum point and the second minimum point. 18. The medical device of claim 17, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the P-wave parameters, by: determining a relative width difference based on the widths of the center of area windows determined for the P-waves; and determining a relative amplitude difference based on the amplitudes of the center of area windows determined for the P-waves. 19. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to detect the atrial tachyarrhythmia as atrial fibrillation. 20. The medical device of claim 19, further comprising therapy output circuitry and a memory, wherein the processor is further configured to provide a response to confirming the atrial tachyarrhythmia, the response comprising at least one of controlling the therapy output circuitry to withhold a ventricular therapy and storing an episode of the cardiac signal in the memory. 21. The medical device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of electrodes are carried by an extra-cardiovascular lead. 22. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for causing a processor included in a medical device to perform a method for detecting a cardiac event, the method comprising: sensing a cardiac signal; identifying R-waves in the cardiac signal attendant ventricular depolarizations; determining RR-intervals between successive R-waves in response to the sensed cardiac signal; detecting an atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the RR-intervals; iteratively sensing groups of a predetermined number of P-waves attendant atrial depolarizations in response to detecting the atrial tachyarrhythmia; and confirming the atrial tachyarrhythmia based on an analysis of the iteratively sensed groups of P-waves.",
-    "A leadframe strip for use in making leaded integrated circuit packages includes a plurality of integrally connected leadframes that each have a die attach pad and first and second dam bars located adjacent to opposite first and second sides of the die attach pad, respectively. A plurality of continuous lead structures extend, uninterrupted by other structure, between opposing ones of the dam bars of horizontally adjacent leadframes. The plurality of integrally connected leadframes are arranged in a plurality of vertical columns, wherein die attach pads in one vertical column are vertically offset from die attach pads in adjacent vertical columns. 1. A leadframe strip for use in making leaded integrated circuit packages, the leadframe strip comprising: a plurality of integrally connected leadframes that each have a die attach pad and first and second dam bars located adjacent to opposite first and second sides of said die attach pad, respectively; and a plurality of continuous lead structures connecting opposite ones of said first and second dam bars of horizontally adjacent leadframes of the plurality of integrally connected leadframes; said plurality of integrally connected leadframes being arranged in a plurality of vertical leadframe columns wherein die attach pads in one vertical column are vertically offset from die attach pads in adjacent columns. 2. The leadframe strip of claim 1 wherein said die attach pads in every other one of said plurality of vertical leadframe columns are horizontally aligned. 3. The leadframe strip of claim 1 wherein said leadframe strip comprises: first and second vertical ends with a horizontally extending rail located at each of said first and second vertical ends; and said plurality of vertical leadframe columns extending between said horizontal rails uninterrupted by any structure other than one or more horizontally extending bones. 4. The leadframe strip of claim 1 wherein said leadframe strip comprises a first and a second horizontal end, a vertical end rail being located at each of said horizontal ends, said plurality of integrally connected leadframes extending horizontally between said vertical end rails, uninterrupted by any other structure. 5. The leadframe strip of claim 1, wherein said leadframe strip is free of vertical mold runners. 6. The leadframe strip of claim 4, wherein said leadframe strip is free of interior vertical rails positioned inwardly of said vertical end rails. 7. The leadframe strip of claim 3, wherein each of said vertical leadframe columns is attached at opposite ends thereof to respective ones of said horizontally extending rails by dam bar extension structures aligned with said first and second dam bars on opposite sides of each of said leadframes in said vertical leadframe columns. 8-21. (canceled)",
-    "An biological body information acquisition apparatus includes an imager including light emitting devices that are arranged in a plane and emit light toward a human body and light receiving devices that are arranged in a plane and receive light from the human body and a light guide plate that is layered on the imager on the side thereof facing the human body and has light transmissivity in the direction of a normal to the light receiving devices and the light emitting devices. The light guide has a first portion (holes) and a second portion (substrate) that are arranged in a plane and have refractive indices different from each other. The first portion (holes) is so disposed as to coincide with the light receiving devices in a plan view, and the second portion (substrate) is so disposed as to coincide with the light emitting devices in the plan view. 1. An information acquisition apparatus comprising: an imager including a light emitting device that emits light toward an object, and a light receiving device that receives light from the object; and a light guide plate that is so provided as to be layered on the imager on the side thereof facing the object, wherein the light guide plate has light transmissivity in a direction in which the light guide plate is layered on the imager and has a first portion and a second portion having refractive indices different from each other, the first portion is so disposed as to coincide with the light receiving device when viewed in the direction, and the second portion is so disposed as to coincide with the light emitting device when viewed in the direction. 2. The information acquisition apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index of the first portion is smaller than the refractive index of the second portion. 3. The information acquisition apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the light guide plate is provided with a hole along the direction, in which the light receiving device and the light emitting device are arranged, and the hole forms the first portion and a remaining portion of the light guide plate other than the hole forms the second portion. 4. The information acquisition apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index of the first portion is greater than the refractive index of the second portion. 5. The information acquisition display apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the light guide plate is provided with a hole along the direction, in which the light receiving device and the light emitting device are arranged, and the hole forms the second portion and a remaining portion of the light guide plate other than the hole forms the first portion. 6. The information acquisition apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a reflection film is formed at an interface between the first portion and the second portion. 7. The information acquisition apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the reflection film is a metal film.",
-    "A system and method for data conversion includes a transmitter configured to receive high-speed data and convert it into wireless low-speed data for output to a receiver. The transmitter includes a radio device and one or more processors for converting the high-speed data to low-speed data. Once received by the receiver, the low-speed data may be output for use directly by equipment which uses such data, or it may be reconverted to high-speed data and output to equipment that utilizes high-speed data signals. 1. A system comprising: a first universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) configured to receive high-speed data; a second UART configured to broadcast serial data; an input buffer storing data received from the first UART; a compare buffer storing data for sending by the second UART; and a controller programmed to repeatedly iterate through the input buffer and the compare buffer such that when an input location value of the input buffer differs from a corresponding compare location value of the compare buffer, set the corresponding compare location value of the compare buffer to the input location value and send the compare location value, as updated, to the second UART to be broadcast, and between iterations of the input and compare buffers, send a next value of a reference iteration of the compare buffer to the second UART to be broadcast, regardless of whether the next value was previously broadcast. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is connected to a DMX512 input, the first UART receives the high-speed data from the DMX512. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further programmed to reset the reference iteration to a beginning of the compare buffer when a last entry of the compare buffer is broadcast in the reference iteration. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the second UART is configured to broadcast the serial data at 9600 baud. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further programmed to: initialize an interrupt triggered when high-speed data is received by the first UART; and when the interrupt is triggered, update the input buffer with the received high-speed data. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further programmed to: initialize a slow frame pointer to a first entry of the compare buffer; and between the iterations through the input buffer and the compare buffer, retrieve the next value of the compare buffer using the slow frame pointer, increment the slow frame pointer, and reinitialize the slow frame pointer to a first entry of the compare buffer when the slow frame pointer passes an end of the compare buffer. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the high-speed data includes a half universe of DMX512, the input buffer includes an entry for each channel of the half universe, and the compare buffer includes a corresponding entry for each channel of the half universe. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the data sent by the second UART includes a sync character, a location of the compare location value in the compare buffer, and the compare location value. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the sync character is set to a predetermined value of 255, and wherein the controller is further programmed to send the compare location value as 254 when the compare location value equals the sync character. 10. The system of claim 8, further comprising: a receiver configured to identify the sync character in the data sent by the second UART; determine whether the location of the compare location value is a channel number which the receiver is configured to receive; and if so, assign an output of the receiver to the compare location value of the data. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the output of the receiver is connected to an input of an element of equipment, and the receiver scavenges operating power from the input. 12. A method comprising: repeatedly iterating through an input buffer holding DMX512 channel data and a compare buffer storing data sent over serial broadcast to identify input location values of the input buffer differing from corresponding compare location values of the compare buffer; for each difference, updating the corresponding compare location value to the input location value and serially broadcasting the compare location value as updated; and between iterations through the input buffer and the compare buffer, perform a next operation of a reference iteration by serially broadcasting a next value of the compare buffer, regardless of whether the next value is previously broadcast. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: initializing a receiving asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) to receive the DMX512 channel data; receiving an indication of an interrupt triggered when the DMX512 channel data is received; and in response to the interrupt, storing the received DMX512 channel data to the input buffer. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: initializing a sending asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) to broadcast serial data at 9600 baud; and broadcasting the compare location value using the sending UART. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising receiving the DMX512 channel data from a DMX512 input; and scavenging operating power from the DMX512 input. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising broadcasting the compare location value in a data format consisting of a sync character, followed by a location of the compare location value in the compare buffer, followed by the compare location value. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the sync character is set to a predetermined value, and further comprising, when the compare location value equals the predetermined value, broadcasting the compare location value as a value offset from the predetermined value. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: identifying, by a receiver, the broadcasting of the sync character; determining, responsive to the identifying, whether the location of the compare location value is a channel number which the receiver is configured to receive; and if so, assigning an output of the receiver to the compare location value of the data. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: providing the output of the receiver to an input of an element of equipment; and scavenging operating power by the receiver from the input. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium embodying instructions that, when executed by a controller in communication with a memory, a first universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) configured to receive high-speed data, and a second UART configured to broadcast serial data, cause the controller to perform operations comprising to: repeatedly iterate through an input buffer stored to the memory holding DMX512 channel data received from the first UART and a compare buffer stored to the memory storing data sent over serial broadcast to identify input location values of the input buffer differing from corresponding compare location values of the compare buffer; for each difference, update the corresponding compare location value to the input location value and serially broadcast the compare location value as updated; and between iterations through the input buffer and the compare buffer, broadcast a next value of the compare buffer using the second UART in accordance with a reference iteration of the compare buffer, regardless of whether the next value is previously broadcast. 21. The medium of claim 20, further embodying instructions that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to perform operations comprising to: initialize an input buffer pointer to a first entry of the input buffer; initialize a compare buffer pointer to a first entry of the compare buffer; comparing the input location values pointed to by an input buffer pointer to compare location values pointed to by a compare buffer pointer; increment each of the input buffer pointer and the compare buffer pointer; and conclude the iteration when the input buffer pointer and the compare buffer pointer reach ends of the buffers. 22. The medium of claim 20, further embodying instructions that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to perform operations comprising to: initialize a slow frame pointer to a first entry of the compare buffer; and between the iterations through the input buffer and the compare buffer, retrieve the next value of the compare buffer using the slow frame pointer, increment the slow frame pointer; and reinitialize the slow frame pointer to a first entry of the compare buffer when the slow frame pointer passes an end of the compare buffer. 23. The medium of claim 20, further embodying instructions that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to perform operations comprising to format the compare location value in a data format consisting of a sync character, followed by a location of the compare location value in the compare buffer, followed by the compare location value. 24. The medium of claim 23, wherein the sync character is 255.",
-    "Embodiments of this invention provide compositions and methods for therapeutic use of diketopiperazines including cyclic G-2-Allyl Proline and other cyclic Glycyl Proline compounds to treat Autism Spectrum Disorders and Neurodevelopmental Disorders as well as manufacture of medicaments including tablets, capsules, liquid formulations, gels, injectable solutions, and other formulations that are useful for treatment of such conditions. 1. A method for treating an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD) in a mammal suffering from such a disorder, comprising administering to the mammal, a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound cyclic Glycyl-2-Allyl Proline (cG-2-AllylP), or cyclic cyclohexyl-G-2MeP, or cyclic cyclopentyl-G-2MeP to said mammal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said cG-2-AllylP or cyclic cyclohexyl-G-2MeP, or cyclic cyclopentyl-G-2MeP comprises either an aqueous solution and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, additives, carriers, or adjuvants, or one or more excipients, carriers, additives, adjuvants or binders in a tablet or capsule. 3. (canceled) 4. The method of claim 1, where the disorder is selected from the group consisting of Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA), Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), Angelman Syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Phelan McDermid Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, CDKL5 mutations, and X-Linked Infantile Spasm Disorder. 5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, where the compound is administered either directly or indirectly via the circulation. 7. The method of claim 1, where said compound is administered via an oral, intraperitoneal, intravascular, peripheral circulation, subcutaneous, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraspinal, intracisternal, topical, infusion, implant, aerosol, inhalation, scarification, intraperitoneal, intracapsular, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, transdermal, pulmonary, rectal, or vaginal route. 8. The method of claim 1, where said effective amount has a lower limit of about 0.001 milligrams per kilogram mass (mg/kg) of the animal and an upper limit of about 100 mg/kg. 9. The method of claim 1, where assessment of efficacy is via measurement of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) or phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in lymphocytes of the mammal, where a decrease in either pERK or pAkt indicates reduction in severity of said disorder. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said treatment produces an improvement in a symptom of ASD or NDD as assessed using one or more clinical tests selected from the group consisting of The Rett Syndrome Natural History/Clinical Severity Scale, Aberrant Behavior Checklist Community Edition (ABC), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I), the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CSQ), or one or more physiological tests selected from the group consisting of electroencephalogram (EEG) spike frequency, overall power in frequency bands of an EEG, hemispheric coherence of EEG frequencies, stereotypic hand movement, QTc and heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory irregularities and coupling of cardiac and respiratory function compared to control animals not suffering from said disorder. 11. The method of claim 1, where said treatment reduces a symptom selected from the group consisting of cognitive impairment or cognitive dysfunction, one or more signs or symptoms of memory loss, loss of spatial orientation, decreased ability to learn, decreased ability to form short- or long-term memory, decreased episodic memory, decreased ability to consolidate memory, decreased spatial memory, decreased synaptogenesis, decreased synaptic stability, deficits in executive function, deficits in cognitive mapping and scene memory, deficits in declarative and relational memory, decreased rapid acquisition of configural or conjunctive associations, decreased context-specific encoding and retrieval of specific events, decreased episodic and/or episodic-like memory, anxiety, abnormal fear conditioning, abnormal social behaviour, repetitive behaviour, abnormal nocturnal behavior, seizure activity, abnormal locomotion, abnormal expression of Phospho-ERK1/2 and Phospho-Akt, and bradycardia. 12. A method for treating an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD) in a mammal suffering from such a disorder, comprising administering to the mammal, a compound having the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein X1 is selected from the group consisting of NR\u2032, O and S; X2 is selected from the group consisting of CH2, NR\u2032, O and S; R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014SR\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032R\u2032, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)R\u2032, \u2014C(O)OR\u2032, \u2014C(O)NR\u2032R\u2032, \u2014C(NR\u2032)NR\u2032R\u2032, trihalomethyl, halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and substituted heteroarylalkyl; each R\u2032 is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl; or R4 and R5 taken together are \u2014CH2\u2014(CH2)n\u2014CH2\u2014 where n is an integer from 0-6; or R2 and R3 taken together are \u2014CH2\u2014(CH2)n\u2014CH2\u2014 where n is an integer from 0-6; with the proviso that when R1=methyl and R2=R3=R4=H then R5\u2260benzyl and; when R1=H, at least one of R2 and R3\u2260H. 13-18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 12 where R1=methyl. 20. The method of claim 12 where R1=allyl. 21. The method of claim 12 where R2=R3=methyl and X2=S. 22. The method of claim 12 where R1=allyl, R2=R3=R4=R5=H, X1=NH, X2=CH2. 23. The method of claim 12 where R1=methyl, R2=R3=H, R4 and R5 taken together are \u2014CH2\u2014(CH2)3\u2014CH2\u2014, X1=NH, X2=CH2. 24. The method of claim 12 where R1=methyl, R2=R3=H, R4 and R5 taken together are \u2014CH2\u2014(CH2)2\u2014CH2\u2014, X1=NH, X2=CH2. 25. The method of claim 12, further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 26. The method of claim 12, further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a binder. 27. The method of claim 12, further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a capsule. 28. The method of claim 12, further comprising administering at least one other anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic or neuroprotective agent. 29. The method of claim 28 where the other anti-apoptotic or neuroprotective agent is selected from the group consisting of (insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I], insulin-like growth factor-II [IGF-II], transforming growth factor-\u03b21, activin, growth hormone, nerve growth factor, growth hormone binding protein, IGFBP-3, basic fibroblast growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, the hst/Kfgk gene product, FGF-3, FGF-4, FGF-6, keratinocyte growth factor, androgen-induced growth factor, int-2, fibroblast growth factor homologous factor-1 (FHF-1), FHF-2, FHF-3 and FHF-4, karatinocyte growth factor 2, glial-activating factor, FGF-10, FGF-16, ciliary neurotrophic factor, brain derived growth factor, neurotrophin 3, neurotrophin 4, bone morphogenetic protein 2 [BMP-2], glial-cell line derived neurotrophic factor, activity-dependant neurotrophic factor, cytokine leukaemia inhibiting factor, oncostatin M, an interleukin, \u03b1-interferon, \u03b2-interferon, \u03b3-interferon, consensus interferon, TNF-\u03b1, clomethiazole; kynurenic acid, Semax, tacrolimus, L-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol, adrenocorticotropin-(4-9) analogue [ORG 2766], dizolcipine [MK-801], selegiline, a glutamate antagonist selected from the group consisting of NPS1506, GV1505260, MK-801, and GV150526, an AMPA antagonist selected from the group consisting of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), LY303070 and LY300164, and the anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody MECA-367. 30-38. (canceled)",
-    "A method and apparatus for replacing a power source element is provided. The method includes enabling a first vehicle comprising a first power source apparatus comprising a first multiple compartment housing comprising a first plurality of receptacles retaining a first plurality of power source elements, a controller, and a communication interface. The first vehicle receives a notification indicating that a second vehicle requires replacement of a power source element of a second plurality of power source elements within a second power source apparatus of the second vehicle. The first vehicle is directed to a current location of the second vehicle and the first vehicle is docked to the second vehicle. The power source element of the second vehicle is replaced with a fully charged power source element of the first plurality of power source elements from the first vehicle during operation of the first vehicle and the second vehicle. 1. A vehicle power source replacement method comprising: enabling a first vehicle comprising a power source apparatus and a first power source apparatus attached to said first vehicle, wherein said power source apparatus comprises a plurality of power source elements configured to supply power to said first vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said plurality of power source elements, wherein said first power source apparatus comprises: a first multiple compartment housing comprising a first plurality of receptacles retaining a first plurality of power source elements within said first plurality of receptacles, a controller connected to said first plurality of power source elements, and a communication interface communicatively coupled to said controller, and wherein each power source element of said first plurality of power source elements resides within a power source capsule comprising a tapered shape for placement within a receptacle; receiving, by said first vehicle, a notification indicating that a second vehicle requires replacement of at least one power source element of a second plurality of power source elements within a second power source apparatus of said second vehicle, wherein said second plurality of power source elements supply power to said second vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said second plurality of power source elements; directing, by said controller in response to said notification, said first vehicle to a current location of said second vehicle, wherein said directing comprises: receiving, by said controller, geographical coordinates for said current location of said second vehicle, and determining, by said controller based on said geographical coordinates, said current location; docking said first vehicle to said second vehicle, wherein said docking said first vehicle to said second vehicle comprises: aligning a first alignment mechanism of said first multiple compartment housing directly over a second alignment mechanism of said second multiple compartment housing, wherein said first alignment mechanism comprises a tapered pin comprising a tapered shape, and wherein said second alignment mechanism comprises an alignment hole; and directing said first vehicle to said second vehicle such that said taped pin is placed within said alignment hole causing said first alignment mechanism to be coupled to said second alignment mechanism; and replacing, by said first vehicle during operation of said first vehicle and said second vehicle, said at least one power source element of said second vehicle with a fully charged power source element of said first plurality of power source elements from said first vehicle, wherein said first power source apparatus comprises a rotation apparatus, wherein said first multiple compartment housing comprises a fixed outer portion and an inner rotating portion comprised by said first multiple compartment housing, wherein said second power source apparatus comprises a second multiple compartment housing comprising a second plurality of receptacles retaining said second plurality of power source elements within said second plurality of receptacles, and wherein said replacing comprises: rotating, by said rotation apparatus, said inner rotating portion such that a vacant receptacle of said first plurality of receptacles is directly aligned over a second receptacle of said second plurality of receptacles, said second receptacle comprising said at least one power source element of said second vehicle; retrieving, by a power source replacement mechanism of said first power source apparatus, said at least one power source element of said second vehicle from said second receptacle; placing, by said power source replacement mechanism, a tapered end of at least one power source capsule comprising said at least one power source element of said second vehicle within said vacant receptacle; rotating, by said rotation apparatus, said inner rotating portion such that a replacement receptacle of said first plurality of receptacles is directly aligned over said second receptacle of said second plurality of receptacles, said replacement receptacle comprising said fully charged power source element; and transferring, by said power source replacement mechanism via a tapered end of a first power source capsule comprising said fully charged power source element, said fully charged power source element from said replacement receptacle to said second receptacle. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: undocking said first vehicle from said second vehicle during said operation of said first vehicle and said second vehicle. 3-4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by said controller based on a received determined power level reading of said at least one power source element of said second vehicle, an order for replacement for said at least one power source element of said second vehicle with respect to each of said second plurality of power source elements. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving, by said controller, replacement data specifying a replacement history of said second plurality of power source elements, wherein said order for replacement is further based on said replacement data. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving, by said controller, discharge data specifying a rate of power discharge for each of said second plurality of power source elements, and wherein said order for replacement is further based on said discharge data. 8. (canceled) 9. A computer program product, comprising a computer readable hardware storage device storing a computer readable program code, said computer readable program code comprising an algorithm that when executed by a processor implements a vehicle power source replacement method, said method comprising: enabling a first vehicle comprising a power source apparatus and a first power source apparatus attached to said first vehicle, wherein said power source apparatus comprises a plurality of power source elements configured to supply power to said first vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said plurality of power source elements, wherein said first power source apparatus comprises: a first multiple compartment housing comprising a first plurality of receptacles retaining a first plurality of power source elements within said first plurality of receptacles, a controller connected to said first plurality of power source elements, and a communication interface communicatively coupled to said controller, and wherein each power source element of said first plurality of power source elements resides within a power source capsule comprising a tapered shape for placement within a receptacle; receiving, by said first vehicle, a notification indicating that a second vehicle requires replacement of at least one power source element of a second plurality of power source elements within a second power source apparatus of said second vehicle, wherein said second plurality of power source elements supply power to said second vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said second plurality of power source elements; directing, by said controller in response to said notification, said first vehicle to a current location of said second vehicle, wherein said directing comprises: receiving, by said controller, geographical coordinates for said current location of said second vehicle, and determining, by said controller based on said geographical coordinates, said current location; docking said first vehicle to said second vehicle, wherein said docking said first vehicle to said second vehicle comprises: aligning a first alignment mechanism of said first multiple compartment housing directly over a second alignment mechanism of said second multiple compartment housing, wherein said first alignment mechanism comprises a tapered pin comprising a tapered shape, and wherein said second alignment mechanism comprises an alignment hole; and directing said first vehicle to said second vehicle such that said taped pin is placed within said alignment hole causing said first alignment mechanism to be coupled to said second alignment mechanism; and replacing, by said first vehicle during operation of said first vehicle and said second vehicle, said at least one power source element of said second vehicle with a fully charged power source element of said first plurality of power source elements from said first vehicle, wherein said first power source apparatus comprises a rotation apparatus, wherein said first multiple compartment housing comprises a fixed outer portion and an inner rotating portion comprised by said first multiple compartment housing, wherein said second power source apparatus comprises a second multiple compartment housing comprising a second plurality of receptacles retaining said second plurality of power source elements within said second plurality of receptacles, and wherein said replacing comprises: rotating, by said rotation apparatus, said inner rotating portion such that a vacant receptacle of said first plurality of receptacles is directly aligned over a second receptacle of said second plurality of receptacles, said second receptacle comprising said at least one power source element of said second vehicle; retrieving, by a power source replacement mechanism of said first power source apparatus, said at least one power source element of said second vehicle from said second receptacle; placing, by said power source replacement mechanism, a tapered end of at least one power source capsule comprising said at least one power source element of said second vehicle within said vacant receptacle; rotating, by said rotation apparatus, said inner rotating portion such that a replacement receptacle of said first plurality of receptacles is directly aligned over said second receptacle of said second plurality of receptacles, said replacement receptacle comprising said fully charged power source element; and transferring, by said power source replacement mechanism via a tapered end of a first power source capsule comprising said fully charged power source element, said fully charged power source element from said replacement receptacle to said second receptacle. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein said method further comprises: undocking said first vehicle from said second vehicle during said operation of said first vehicle and said second vehicle. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein said method further comprises: determining, by said controller based on a received determined power level reading of said at least one power source element of said second vehicle, an order for replacement for said at least one power source element of said second vehicle with respect to each of said second plurality of power source elements. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein said method further comprises: receiving, by said controller, replacement data specifying a replacement history of said second plurality of power source elements, wherein said order for replacement is further based on said replacement data. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein said method further comprises: receiving, by said controller, discharge data specifying a rate of power discharge for each of said second plurality of power source elements, and wherein said order for replacement is further based on said discharge data. 16. (canceled) 17. A vehicle power source apparatus comprising: a multiple compartment housing comprising a fixed outer portion and an inner rotating portion comprising a plurality of receptacles configured to retain power source elements for supplying power to a vehicle, wherein said multiple compartment housing is configured to be physically attached to said vehicle; a plurality of power source elements within said plurality of receptacles, wherein each power source element of said plurality of power source elements resides within a power source capsule comprising a tapered shape for placement within an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles; a controller; a power source replacement mechanism configured to replace, in response to a command from said controller and during operation of said vehicle and an additional vehicle, a power source element from said additional vehicle with a fully charged power source element of said plurality of power source elements of said vehicle, wherein said controller is configured to direct, in response to a replacement notification, the vehicle to a current location of said additional vehicle, and wherein a directing process comprises receiving geographical coordinates for the current location of the additional vehicle, and determining, based on the geographical coordinates, the current location; an alignment mechanism comprising a tapered pin comprising a tapered shape, wherein said tapered pin is configured to be placed within an alignment hole of a second alignment mechanism of said additional vehicle causing said first alignment mechanism to be coupled to said second alignment mechanism; and a rotation apparatus configured to rotate in response to a command from said controller, said inner rotating portion such that a receptacle of said plurality of receptacles is directly aligned, via said tapered pin being be placed within said alignment hole, over an additional receptacle of a second plurality of receptacles of said additional vehicle requiring replacement of said power source element with said fully charged power source element. 18. (canceled) 19. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 17, wherein said vehicle and said additional vehicle do not require a human operator to be located within said vehicle and said additional vehicle. 20. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: an additional vehicle power source apparatus configured to be physically attached to said vehicle, wherein said additional power source apparatus comprises an additional plurality of power source elements configured to supply power to said vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said additional plurality of power source elements.",
-    "A handbag is provided. The handbag may include a bag. The bag includes a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a front surface, a rear surface opposite the front surface and a base. The first side, the second side, the front surface and the rear surface form an upper rim forming an entrance into the bag. At least a first aperture is formed through the bag near the first side. The present invention further includes a shackle and a pin. The shackle includes a first arm and a second arm extending from a top portion. The first arm includes a first opening and the second arm includes a second opening. The first opening, the second opening and the aperture align, and a pin sized to fit and runs through the openings and aperture. 1. A handbag comprising: a bag comprising a first side, a second side, a front surface, a rear surface and a base, wherein the first side, the second side, the front surface and the rear surface comprise an upper rim forming an entrance into the bag; at least a first aperture formed through the bag near the first side; a shackle comprising a first arm and a second arm extending from a top portion, wherein the first arm comprises a first opening and the second arm comprises a second opening, wherein the first opening and the second opening align with the first aperture; and a pin sized to fit through the aligned first opening, second opening and aperture. 2. The handbag of claim 1, wherein the at least a first aperture comprises a first aperture and a second aperture. 3. The handbag of claim 2, wherein the first aperture and the second aperture are formed near the upper rim. 4. The handbag of claim 3, wherein the first aperture and the second aperture are each formed through a grommet attached to the bag. 5. The handbag of claim 1, wherein the pin comprises a first end and a second end, wherein the first end comprises a larger diameter than the first opening, and the second end comprises a male threaded portion releasably secured to a female threaded portion formed within the second opening. 6. The handbag of claim 1, further comprising: a handbag bracket attached to an outer surface of the bag; and a pin chain connecting the pin to the handbag bracket. 7. The handbag of claim 1, further comprising a shoulder band, wherein the shoulder band comprises one of a chain, a strap, and a rope. 8. The handbag of claim 7, wherein the shoulder band comprises a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is connected to the top portion of the shackle. 9. The handbag of claim 8, further comprising a third aperture formed through the bag near the second side. 10. The handbag of claim 9, further comprising a hook attached to the second end of the shoulder band, wherein the hook is releasably secured within the third aperture.",
-    "A measuring kit for contactless measuring of the air gap distance between a frame mounted pole and core of a rotor includes a capacitance sensor which generates a signal proportional to the measured air gap, a panel meter in communication with the capacitance sensor which interprets the signal and displays the minimum air gap distance, an A/D converter also in communication with the capacitance sensor which converts the signal to a digitized signal, and a control panel which takes the digitized signal from the A/D converter, processes the digitized signal, and then displays the minimum air gap measurement. The control panel shows a graphic of the core and its surrounding poles to track the progress of the testing, and when the testing between the core and one of the surrounding poles is complete, the graphic of the pole tested visually darkens to indicate that portion of the test is complete. 1. A portable test kit for measuring an air gap between a core of a rotor and a pole of a rotor, comprising: a capacitance sensor configured to measure a probe-to-target distance between the capacitance sensor and a pole and configured to generate a voltage signal proportional to the probe-to-target distance; a panel meter in communication with the capacitance sensor configured to interpret the voltage signal and display a minimum air gap measurement between the core and the pole, wherein the panel meter is configured to display and hold the minimum air gap measurement; an A/D converter in communication with the capacitance sensor configured to convert the voltage signal to a digitized signal; a control panel adapted to receive the digitized signal from the A/D converter and process the digitized signal; wherein the control panel displays the minimum air gap measurement, wherein the control panel displays a graphic of surrounding poles; and wherein when a test between the core and one of the surrounding poles is complete, the graphic of the pole tested indicates that portion of the test is complete; and a case configured for portability containing the capacitance sensor, the panel meter, the A/D converter and the control panel. 2. The portable test kit according to claim 1, wherein the capacitance sensor includes a probe and a controller. 3. The portable test kit according to claim 2, wherein the probe further includes an adhesion device attachable to the core and removable from the core. 4. The portable test kit according to claim 3, wherein the adhesion device is a neodymium magnet. 5. The portable test kit according to claim 1, wherein the minimum air gap measurement is in the range of a thickness of the probe to Full Scale. 6. The portable test kit according to claim 1, wherein the control panel collects at least two air gap measurements taken by the capacitance sensor between the core and any one of the surrounding poles and displays the lowest collected measurement as the minimum air gap measurement. 7. The portable test kit according to claim 1, wherein the control panel corrects the minimum air gap measurement to a piecewise linear calibration curve. 8. A portable test kit for measuring an air gap between a core of a rotor and a pole of a rotor, comprising: a capacitance sensor configured to measure a probe-to-target distance between the capacitance sensor and a pole and configured to generate a voltage signal proportional to the probe-to-target distance; a panel meter in communication with the capacitance sensor configured to interpret the voltage signal and display a minimum air gap measurement between the core and the pole, wherein the panel meter is configured to display and hold the minimum air gap measurement; an A/D converter in communication with the capacitance sensor configured to convert the voltage signal to a digitized signal; a control panel adapted to receive the digitized signal from the A/D converter and process the digitized signal; wherein the control panel displays the minimum air gap measurement, wherein the control panel displays a graphic of surrounding poles; and wherein when a test between the core and one of the surrounding poles is complete, the graphic of the pole tested indicates that portion of the test is complete; a calibration block configured and arranged to receive the capacitance sensor, and a case configured for portability containing the capacitance sensor, the panel meter, the A/D converter and the control panel. 9. The portable test kit according to claim 8, wherein the control panel processes the digitized signal including correcting the minimum air gap measurement with a piecewise linear scale created from a calibration curve. 10. A portable test kit for measuring an air gap between a rotating surface and a stationary surface, comprising: a capacitance sensor configured to measure a probe-to-target distance between the capacitance sensor and the rotating surface and configured to generate a voltage signal proportional to the probe-to-target distance; a panel meter in communication with the capacitance sensor configured to interpret the voltage signal and display an air gap measurement between the rotating surface and the stationary surface, wherein the panel meter is configured to display and hold the air gap measurement; an A/D converter in communication with the capacitance sensor configured to convert the voltage signal to a digitized signal; a control panel adapted to receive the digitized signal from the A/D converter and process the digitized signal; wherein the control panel displays the air gap measurement; and a case configured for portability containing the capacitance sensor, the panel meter, the A/D converter and the control panel. 11. The portable test kit according to claim 10, wherein the rotating surface is the surface of a slip ring. 12. The portable test kit according to claim 11, wherein the capacitance sensor is secured to the stationary surface.",
-    "The present invention relates to an optical device and a method for manufacturing the same. The technical object of the invention is to realize a surface emitting body which allows heat generated from a light-emitting chip to be easily dissipated, eliminates the need for an additional wiring layer, and allows a singular light emitting chips or a plurality of light emitting chips to be arranged in series, in parallel, or in series-parallel. The present invention discloses an optical device comprising: a substrate; a plurality of light emitting chips disposed on the substrate; a plurality of conductive wires which electrically connect the substrate with the light emitting chips such that the plurality of light emitting chips are connected to each other in series, in parallel or in series-parallel; and a protective layer which covers the plurality of light emitting chips and the plurality of conductive wires on the substrate. 1. A metal substrate for an optical device comprising: a metal plate having a top surface and a bottom surface and including a plurality of metal portions; a plurality of insulation regions, each passing vertically through the thickness of the metal plate; and a plurality of light emitting chips disposed on a plurality of the metal portions; wherein the light emitting chips are attached in a zigzag pattern to the metal portions.",
-    "The present invention is method and system that uses a mobile phone and has the ability to call and/or text one or more pre-programmed numbers once an emergency application on the mobile device is actuated without requiring any additional steps on the part of the user. In order to make this communication, the user preferably only needs to touch a simple and enlarged emergency button. The invention is catered to elderly individuals who can be prone to struggle with the functions on common mobile devices. If the user triggers the emergency call function, the mobile device will automatically call and/or text certain designated contacts of the user. 1. A computer-implemented method for communicating an emergency condition of a user by use of a mobile device, the mobile device having network communication functionalities, the method comprising: by use of an emergency mobile app stored on the mobile device of the user, displaying a first on-screen button for the user to actuate in response to an emergency condition, the first on-screen button being displayed on each of a plurality of display pages of the mobile device, each of the plurality of display pages including multiple on-screen buttons associated with apps or functions, the first on-screen button floating over other ones of the multiple on-screen buttons on the plurality of display pages such that the first on-screen button is visually displayed over the other ones of the multiple on-screen buttons; in response to actuation of the first on-screen button by the user, displaying a confirm-emergency button associated with the emergency mobile app to ensure that the user intends to send emergency communications; and in response to actuation of the confirm-emergency button by the user, automatically communicating, by the mobile device, (i) a plurality of text messages to a plurality of designated recipients indicating that the user has encountered the emergency condition, and (ii) a phone call to a designated public-safety organization from which the user is requesting an emergency service. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the phone call includes a pre-recorded audio message from the user that indicates the user's location when the actuation of the confirm-emergency button. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the phone call is a live phone call that automatically actuates a speakerphone functionality of the mobile device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of designated recipients who receive the text message include at least two of the following (i) a neighbor, (ii) a spouse, (iii) a sibling, and (iv) a child. 5. The method of claim 1, further including, by use of the emergency mobile app stored on the mobile device of the user, storing mobile-device contact information for each of the plurality of designated recipients and for the designated public-safety organization. 6. The method of claim 5, further including, by use of the emergency mobile app stored on the mobile device of the user, displaying an emergency-contacts set-up page that permits the user to modify contact information related to the plurality of designated recipients and for the designated public-safety organization. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein, in response to the actuation of the confirm-emergency button by the user, automatically communicating, by the mobile device, a second plurality of text messages to the plurality of designated recipients indicating that location of the user as determined by a Wi-Fi detection signal or a GPS-location signal associated with the mobile device. 8. The method of claim 7, further including, by use of the emergency mobile app stored on the mobile device of the user, storing the street-address location associated with a particular Wi-Fi detection signal such that the Wi-Fi detection signal serves as a location identifier in the event that the user actuates the confirm-emergency button. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of text messages are in the form of a single group text message to the plurality of designated recipients. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile device includes an accelerometer or communicates with monitoring device of the user that includes an accelerometer, and the method further includes, in response to acceleration data from the accelerometer indicating a potential fall or accident by the user, automatically communicating via the text message or that phone call that the potential fall or accident has occurred. 11. A computer-implemented method for communicating an emergency condition of a user by use of a mobile device, the mobile device having network communication functionalities, the method comprising: by use of an emergency mobile app stored on the mobile device of the user, displaying an emergency button for the user to actuate in response to an emergency condition, the emergency button being displayed on each of a plurality of display pages of the mobile device; receiving, from a monitor device, health-related data associated with the user, the monitor device including a wireless transceiver for communicating with the mobile device; by use of the emergency mobile app stored on the mobile device of the user, accessing the health-related data of the user; in response to actuation of the emergency button by the user, automatically communicating, by the mobile device, (i) a phone call to a designated public-safety organization from which the user is requesting an emergency service, and (ii) a plurality of text messages to a plurality of designated recipients indicating that the user has encountered the emergency condition, the plurality of text messages including texts that provides the current health-related data of the user, the phone call includes a pre-recorded audio message that is recorded prior to actuation of the emergency button, the pre-recorded audio message includes a location portion that indicates the user's location when the user actuates the emergency button, the location portion of the pre-recorded audio message being selected from a plurality of possible location portions that have been pre-recorded prior to actuation of the emergency button. 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 11, wherein, in response to actuation of the emergency button by the user, automatically communicating, by the mobile device, a second plurality of text messages to the plurality of designated recipients indicating that location of the user as determined by a Wi-Fi detection signal or a GPS-location signal. 14. A computer-implemented method for communicating an emergency condition of a user by use of a mobile device, the method comprising: downloading, to the mobile device, an emergency mobile app; by use of an input device associated with the mobile device, receiving and storing user information for the emergency mobile app that can be used for emergency communications in the event of a future emergency condition, the user information including contact information for contacts that are to be contacted in the event of a future emergency condition, the user information including health-related information that corresponds to the user's health condition, the user information further including a plurality of pre-recorded audio messages that indicate a plurality of different user locations and that are recorded prior to an emergency situation; displaying, on the display screen of the mobile device, an emergency button associated with the emergency mobile app, the emergency button being actuatable by the user in response to an emergency condition, the emergency button being displayed on each of a plurality of display pages of the mobile device; after the emergency button has been actuated, automatically communicating, by the mobile device, (i) a plurality of text messages to at least one designated recipient indicating that the user has encountered the emergency condition, and (ii) a phone call to a designated public-safety organization from which the user is requesting an emergency service, at least one of the plurality of text messages and the phone call including the health-related information that was previously entered by the user via the emergency mobile app, and wherein in response to the mobile device receiving no voice input from the user after the actuation of the emergency button, the phone call to the designated public-safety organization includes one of the plurality of pre-recorded audio messages that is associated with the user's location at the time of the actuation of the emergency button as determined by a Wi-Fi detection signal or a GPS-location signal received by the mobile device. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein, in response to actuation of the emergency button by the user, automatically displaying a confirm-emergency button associated with the emergency mobile app to ensure that the user intends to send emergency communications, the automatic communicating of the plurality of text messages and the phone call occurring in response to the actuation of the confirm-emergency button. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the health-related information includes data from a health-monitoring device that is linked to the mobile device. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the health-related information includes the user's current diagnosed medical conditions or medications. 18-19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of text messages are in the form of a single group text message to a plurality of designated recipients. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the prerecorded audio message includes the health-related information of the user. 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the prerecorded audio message includes the health-related data of the user.",
-    "The multiple access chest provides a user with flexibility to access contents of the chest using various access points. The chest allows opening to the fullest extend allowing the user to easily find the desired contents without effort. The multiple access chest also permits modular attachment to other chests such as chest draws and accessories such as mats. The multiple access chest may be used as a furniture chest, toy chest, or baby changing table depending on the attachments used. The multiple access chest also allows various design configuration and frontal designs on the face of the draws and knobs. 1. A multiple access chest, comprising: a floor portion, a top portion, a front portion and two side portions, wherein at least two of the foregoing portions are movable portions and allowed to open for access to the floor portion, and the movable portions are allowed to move in any direction. 2. The multiple access chest of claim 1, wherein the floor portion and side portions are fixed. 3. The multiple access chest of claim 1, wherein the top portion, and front portion are the moveable portions. 4. The multiple access chest of claim 3 wherein the back portion is also the movable portion. 5. The multiple access chest of claim 1, further including a dashpot attached to the front portion and at least one of the side portions for controlling opening of the front portion. 6. The multiple access chest of claim 1 further including a mat assembly removably connected to the top portion. 7. The multiple access chest of claim 6 wherein the mat assembly includes a cushion and a recess portion to prevent objects from moving off the mat assembly. 8. The multiple access chest of claim 1 further including a draw chest connected to the floor portion. 9. The multiple access chest of claim 1 the side portion has legs and the legs have connection ports. 10. The multiple access chest of claim 8, wherein the draw chest has a base and the base has post for attaching the draw chest to the multiple access chest. 11. The multiple access chest of claim 8, wherein the draw chest has draws and knobs, the knobs formed to provide various knob designs on the draws. 12. The multiple access chest of claim 1 wherein the top portion and the front portion have male locking mechanisms to secure the portions together. 13. The multiple access chest of claim 12, wherein a female locking mechanism is disposed on the side portions. 14. The multiple access chest of claim 12, wherein both the top portion and the front portion lock together in the same locking mechanism. 15. The multiple access chest of claim 12, wherein the top portion and the front portion are connected to the side portions through only rotating pins.",
-    "The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses that enable an apparatus to identify sounds from short samples of audio. The apparatus may capture an audio sample and create several audio signals of different lengths, each containing audio from the captured audio sample. The apparatus my process the several audio signals in an attempt to identify features of the audio signal that indicate an identification of the captured sound. Because shorter audio samples can be analyzed more quickly, the system may first process the shortest audio samples in order to quickly identify features of the audio signal. Because longer audio samples contain more information, the system may be able to more accurately identify features in the audio signal in longer audio samples. However, analyzing longer audio signals takes more buffered audio than identifying features in shorter signals. Therefore, the present system attempts to identify features in the shortest audio signals first. 1. An apparatus comprising: an audio unit configured to receive an audio signal; a control unit configured to operate the apparatus; and a processing unit configured to: process the audio signal from the audio unit to create a plurality of windowed audio samples including at least a first windowed audio sample and a second windowed audio sample, wherein the first windowed audio sample and the second windowed audio sample each have a different length of time; determine a likelihood that the first windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a detection of a group of features in the first windowed audio signal associated with a siren-classification profile, wherein the group of features is determined based on at least a linear classifier; based on the first windowed audio sample indicating a likelihood of a siren signal below a threshold, determine a likelihood that the second windowed audio sample includes a siren signal based a detection of a group of features of the second windowed audio signal with the siren-classification profile, wherein the group of features is determined based on at least a linear classifier; and alter control of the apparatus by the control system based on the likelihood of at least one of the first windowed audio sample and the second windowed audio sample including a siren signal being above the threshold. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the likelihood using the linear classifier analyzing the group of features of a respective audio signal and wherein each group of features further comprises at least one of a monotonicity estimation associated with the reference siren signal, mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) associated with a reference siren signal, and a spectral energy concentration estimation associated with the reference siren signal. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the audio unit is configured to periodically receive the audio signal. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine a fingerprint-based likelihood that the first windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a comparison of the first windowed audio signal with a group of audio fingerprints, wherein the group of audio fingerprints comprises at least one audio fingerprint of a siren signal; based on the first windowed audio sample indicating a fingerprint-based likelihood of a siren signal below the threshold, determine a fingerprint-based likelihood that the second windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a comparison of the second windowed audio signal with the group of audio fingerprints. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a communication unit, wherein the communication unit is configured to receive the siren-classification profile from a remote system. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an input device, wherein the input device is configured to receive an input, wherein the input comprises an override indication to provide an indication of a false siren detection. 7. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to adjust the siren-classification profile based on the input device receiving the override indication. 8. A method comprising: receiving an audio signal with an audio unit; processing, with a processor, the audio signal from the audio unit to create a plurality of windowed audio samples including at least a first windowed audio sample and a second windowed audio sample, wherein the first windowed audio sample and the second windowed audio sample each have a different length of time; determining a likelihood that the first windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on the detection of a group of features of the first windowed audio signal, wherein the group of features is determined based on at least a linear classifier; based on the first windowed audio sample indicating a likelihood of the first windowed audio sample including a siren signal below a threshold, determining a likelihood that the second windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on the detection of a group of features of the second windowed audio signal, wherein the group of features is determined based on at least a linear classifier; and providing instructions to control an apparatus based on the likelihood of at least one of the first windowed audio sample and the second windowed audio sample including a siren signal being above the threshold. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the likelihood using the linear classifier analyzing the group of features of a respective audio signal and wherein each group of features further comprises at least one of a monotonicity estimation associated with the reference siren signal, mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) associated with a reference siren signal, and a spectral energy concentration estimation associated with the reference siren signal. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein receiving an audio signal with an audio unit comprises periodically receiving the audio signal. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining a fingerprint-based likelihood that the first windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a comparison of the first windowed audio signal with a group of audio fingerprints, wherein the group of audio fingerprints comprises at least one audio fingerprint of a siren signal; based on first windowed audio sample indicating a fingerprint-based likelihood of a siren signal below the threshold, determining a fingerprint-based likelihood that the second windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a comparison of the second windowed audio signal with the group of audio fingerprints. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising receiving the siren-classification profile from a remote system. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising receiving an input, wherein the input comprises an override indication to provide an indication of a false siren detection. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising adjusting the siren-classification profile based on the input device receiving the override indication. 15. An article of manufacture including a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a processor in a vehicle system, cause the vehicle system to perform operations comprising: receiving an audio signal; processing the audio signal to create a plurality of windowed audio samples including at least a first windowed audio sample and a second windowed audio sample, wherein the first windowed audio sample and the second windowed audio sample each have a different length of time; determining a likelihood that the first windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on the detection of a group of features of the first windowed audio signal, wherein the group of features is determined based on at least a linear classifier; based on the first windowed audio sample indicating a low likelihood of the first windowed audio sample including a siren signal, determining a likelihood that the second windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on the detection of a group of features of the second windowed audio signal, wherein the group of features is determined based on at least a linear classifier; and providing instructions to control an apparatus based on the likelihood of at least one of the first windowed audio sample and the second windowed audio sample including a siren signal being above the threshold. 16. The article of manufacture according to claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the likelihood using the linear classifier analyzing the group of features of a respective audio signal and wherein each group of features further comprises at least one of a monotonicity estimation associated with the reference siren signal, mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) associated with a reference siren signal, and a spectral energy concentration estimation associated with the reference siren signal. 17. The article of manufacture of claim 15, further comprising: determining a fingerprint-based likelihood that the first windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a comparison of the first windowed audio signal with a group of audio fingerprints, wherein the group of audio fingerprints comprises at least one audio fingerprint of a siren signal; based on first windowed audio sample indicating a fingerprint-based likelihood of a siren signal below the threshold, determining a fingerprint-based likelihood that the second windowed audio sample comprises a siren signal based on a comparison of the second windowed audio signal with the group of audio fingerprints. 18. The article of manufacture of claim 15, further comprising receiving the siren-classification profile from a remote system. 19. The article of manufacture of claim 15, further comprising receiving an input, wherein the input comprises an override indication to provide an indication of a false siren detection. 20. The article of manufacture of claim 19, further comprising adjusting the siren-classification profile based on the input device receiving an override indication.",
-    "A walk aerator comprises a housing supported by a plurality of wheels that include a pair of drive wheels. The drive wheels are pivotally mounted to the housing to permit the housing to move between operational and transport positions thereof. A control is used to so move the housing with the control having a hand grip whose height above the ground is easily adjustable to accommodate users of different effective heights. A foot guard maintains a relatively constant disposition relative to the ground whether the housing is in its operational or transport position. The housing of the aerator has a vent system and an air gap relative to a prime mover deck which cool a traction drive system contained within the housing. 1. A walk aerator for soil aeration of the ground, which comprises: (a) a housing supported for rolling over the ground by a plurality of ground engaging wheels, the housing having an upwardly extending handle assembly which is capable of being gripped by a user who walks on the ground during operation of the aerator; (b) a prime mover carried on the housing for providing power; (c) a plurality of aerating tools movably carried on the housing and operatively connected to the prime mover, the aerating tools engaging the ground and creating soil aeration openings in the ground as the housing rolls over the ground; (d) wherein at least one of the ground engaging wheels is pivotally connected to the housing for pivotal up and down movement of the housing relative to the at least one ground engaging wheel between an operational housing position in which the housing is lowered relative to the ground such that the aerating tools carried on the housing are able to engage the ground and perform soil aeration during movement of the housing over the ground and a transport housing position in which the housing is raised relative to the ground such that the aerating tools carried on the housing are held up out of contact with the ground and are unable to perform soil aeration during movement of the housing over the ground; and (e) a control comprising a hand grip secured to at least one arm with the at least one arm being pivotally connected to the handle assembly for pivotal up and down movement of the control on the handle assembly, wherein the control is operatively connected to an actuating linkage that extends to the at least one pivotal ground engaging wheel for moving or permitting movement of the housing between the operational and transport housing positions thereof and vice versa as the control pivots in opposite directions on the handle assembly, and wherein the hand grip and the at least one arm are selectively adjustable relative to one another by selectively moving the hand grip to different positions on the at least one arm to selectively adjust the height of the hand grip relative to the ground to accommodate users having different effective heights relative to the ground. 2. The aerator of claim 1, wherein the hand grip is angularly adjustable relative to the at least one arm by pivoting relative to the at least one arm about a substantially horizontal pivot axis. 3. The aerator of claim 1, wherein the at least one arm comprises a pair of laterally spaced arms with the hand grip having opposite ends connected to the arms and with the hand grip extending laterally between the arms.",
-    "A method in a wireless device is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a synchronization signal from a network node, the received synchronization signal comprising a synchronization sequence, a cell ID sequence, and a frame index indication sequence. The method further comprises estimating a time offset of the received synchronization signal using the synchronization sequence, and estimating a frequency offset of the received synchronization signal using the synchronization sequence. The method further comprises detecting a cell ID of a cell associated with the network node using the estimated time offset and the estimated frequency offset, and detecting a frame number using the estimated time offset, the estimated frequency offset, and the detected cell ID of the cell associated with the network node. 1. A method in a network node, comprising: generating a synchronization signal comprising a synchronization sequence, the synchronization sequence comprising a differentially encoded base sequence comprising one of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, an m-sequence, and a gold sequence, the base sequence further comprising a symbol length and autocorrelation properties, the symbol length and autocorrelation properties configured to allow one or more wireless devices to estimate both a time offset and a frequency offset using the synchronization sequence during synchronization with the network node; and transmitting the generated synchronization signal comprising the synchronization sequence to the one or more wireless devices. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the generated synchronization signal further comprises a cell ID sequence and a frame index indication sequence, and wherein: the cell ID sequence comprises a sequence for determining a cell ID by the one or more wireless devices; and the frame index indication sequence comprises a sequence for determining a frame number by the one or more wireless devices. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the synchronization sequence comprises a BPSK modulated differentially encoded Zadoff-Chu sequence; the cell ID sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence; and the frame index indication sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence scrambled using a scrambling sequence specific for a particular cell. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the synchronization sequence has a symbol length of 410 symbols; the cell ID sequence has a symbol length of 101 symbols; and the frame index indication sequence has a symbol length of 127 symbols. 5. A method in a wireless device, comprising: receiving a synchronization signal from a network node, the received synchronization signal comprising a synchronization sequence, a cell ID sequence, and a frame index indication sequence; estimating a time offset of the received synchronization signal using the synchronization sequence; estimating a frequency offset of the received synchronization signal using the synchronization sequence; detecting a cell ID of a cell associated with the network node using the estimated time offset and the estimated frequency offset; and detecting a frame number using the estimated time offset, the estimated frequency offset, and the detected cell ID of the cell associated with the network node. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising accumulating multiple frames in order to estimate the time offset with at least a first threshold level of accuracy and to estimate the frequency offset with at least a second threshold level of accuracy. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein detecting the cell ID of the cell associated with the network node using the estimated time offset and the estimated frequency offset comprises: using the time offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to locate the cell ID sequence in time; using the frequency offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to frequency correct the located cell ID sequence; and detecting the cell ID of the cell associated with the network node. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein detecting the frame number using the estimated time offset, the estimated frequency offset, and the detected cell ID of the cell associated with the network node comprises: using the time offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to locate the frame index indication sequence in time; using the frequency offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to frequency correct the located frame index indication sequence in time; descrambling the frame index indication sequence using the detected cell ID; and detecting a frame number based at least in part on the descrambled frame index indication sequence. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the synchronization sequence comprises a differentially encoded base sequence. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the base sequence comprises one of: a Zadoff-Chu sequence; an m-sequence; and a gold sequence. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein: the synchronization sequence comprises a BPSK modulated differentially encoded Zadoff-Chu sequence; the cell ID sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence; and the frame index indication sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence scrambled using a scrambling sequence specific for a particular cell. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein: the synchronization sequence has a symbol length of 410 symbols; the cell ID sequence has a symbol length of 101 symbols; and the frame index indication sequence has a symbol length of 127 symbols. 13. A network node, comprising: one or more processors, the one or more processors configured to: generate a synchronization signal comprising a synchronization sequence, the synchronization sequence comprising a differentially encoded base sequence comprising one of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, an m-sequence, and a gold sequence, the base sequence further comprising a symbol length and autocorrelation properties, the symbol length and autocorrelation properties configured to allow one or more wireless devices to estimate both a time offset and a frequency offset using the synchronization sequence during synchronization with the network node; and transmit the generated synchronization signal comprising the synchronization sequence to the one or more wireless devices. 14. The network node of claim 13, wherein the generated synchronization signal further comprises a cell ID sequence and a frame index indication sequence, and wherein: the cell ID sequence comprises a sequence for determining a cell ID by the one or more wireless devices; and the frame index indication sequence comprises a sequence for determining a frame number by the one or more wireless devices. 15. The network node of claim 14, wherein: the synchronization sequence comprises a BPSK modulated differentially encoded Zadoff-Chu sequence; the cell ID sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence; and the frame index indication sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence scrambled using a scrambling sequence specific for a particular cell. 16. The network node of claim 15, wherein: the synchronization sequence has a symbol length of 410 symbols; the cell ID sequence has a symbol length of 101 symbols; and the frame index indication sequence has a symbol length of 127 symbols. 17. A wireless device, comprising: one or more processors, the one or more processors configured to: receive a synchronization signal from a network node, the received synchronization signal comprising a synchronization sequence, a cell ID sequence, and a frame index indication sequence; estimate a time offset of the received synchronization signal using the synchronization sequence; estimate a frequency offset of the received synchronization signal using the synchronization sequence; detect a cell ID of a cell associated with the network node using the estimated time offset and the estimated frequency offset; and detect a frame number using the estimated time offset, the estimated frequency offset, and the detected cell ID of the cell associated with the network node. 18. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to accumulate multiple frames in order to estimate the time offset with at least a first threshold level of accuracy and to estimate the frequency offset with at least a second threshold level of accuracy. 19. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: use the time offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to locate the cell ID sequence in time; use the frequency offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to frequency correct the located cell ID sequence; and detect the cell ID of the cell associated with the network node. 20. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: use the time offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to locate the frame index indication sequence in time; use the frequency offset estimated using the synchronization sequence to frequency correct the located frame index indication sequence in time; descramble the frame index indication sequence using the detected cell ID; and detect a frame number based at least in part on the descrambled frame index indication sequence. 21. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein the synchronization sequence comprises a differentially encoded base sequence. 22. The wireless device of claim 21, wherein the base sequence comprises one of: a Zadoff-Chu sequence; an m-sequence; and a gold sequence. 23. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein: the synchronization sequence comprises a BPSK modulated differentially encoded Zadoff-Chu sequence; the cell ID sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence; and the frame index indication sequence comprises a Zadoff-Chu sequence scrambled using a scrambling sequence specific for a particular cell. 24. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein: the synchronization sequence has a symbol length of 410 symbols; the cell ID sequence has a symbol length of 101 symbols; and the frame index indication sequence has a symbol length of 127 symbols.",
-    "Methods and systems for a transportation vehicle are provided. One method includes collecting by a processor connection information for a plurality of user devices accessing a wireless network on a transportation vehicle; determining by the processor available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices depending on a connection type; monitoring currently used bandwidth by the plurality of user devices; receiving a request from a user device to access content via the wireless connection; determining by the processor additional bandwidth for accessing the content by the user device; and rejecting the request for accessing the content when the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices. 1. A machine implemented method, comprising: collecting by a processor connection information for a plurality of user devices accessing a wireless network on a transportation vehicle; determining by the processor available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices depending on a connection type; monitoring currently used bandwidth by the plurality of user devices; receiving a request from a user device to access content via the wireless connection; determining by the processor additional bandwidth for accessing the content by the user device; and rejecting the request for accessing the content when the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transportation vehicle is an aircraft and the content is made available via an in-flight entertainment system. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the request is to access an audio file. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the request is to access a video file. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional bandwidth is determined based on a request type. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the processor maintains a data structure for storing available bandwidth and currently used bandwidth information to determine if the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the transportation vehicle is one of an aircraft, automobile, a bus, a train and a recreational vehicle (RV). 8. A non-transitory, machine readable medium having stored thereon instructions comprising machine executable code which when executed by a machine, causes the machine to: collect by a processor connection information for a plurality of user devices accessing a wireless network on a transportation vehicle; determine by the processor available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices depending on a connection type; monitor currently used bandwidth by the plurality of user devices; receive a request from a user device to access content via the wireless connection; determine by the processor additional bandwidth for accessing the content by the user device; and reject the request for accessing the content when the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices. 9. The non-transitory, machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the transportation vehicle is an aircraft and the content is made available via an in-flight entertainment system. 10. The non-transitory, machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the request is to access an audio file. 11. The non-transitory, machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the request is to access a video file. 12. The non-transitory, machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the additional bandwidth is determined based on a request type. 13. The non-transitory, machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the processor maintains a data structure for storing available bandwidth and currently used bandwidth information to determine if the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth. 14. The non-transitory, machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the transportation vehicle is one of an automobile, a bus, a train and a recreational vehicle (RV). 15. A system, comprising: a memory containing machine readable medium comprising machine executable code having stored thereon instructions; and a processor module coupled to the memory, the processor module configured to execute the machine executable code to: collect by a processor connection information for a plurality of user devices accessing a wireless network on a transportation vehicle; determine by the processor available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices depending on a connection type; monitor currently used bandwidth by the plurality of user devices; receive a request from a user device to access content via the wireless connection; determine by the processor additional bandwidth for accessing the content by the user device; and reject the request for accessing the content when the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth for the plurality of user devices. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the transportation vehicle is an aircraft and the content is made available via an in-flight entertainment system. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the request is to access an audio file. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the request is to access a video file. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the additional bandwidth is determined based on a request type. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor maintains a data structure for storing available bandwidth and currently used bandwidth information to determine if the additional bandwidth and the currently used bandwidth equals or exceeds the available bandwidth.",
-    "Provided are animal containment systems and components, including single-use animal containment cages and modular rack units. Also provided are methods for assembling and using components of the animal containment systems. 1. An animal containment cage comprising a cover, a base and a water bottle receptacle in the cover, wherein: the water bottle receptacle comprises a sidewall the exterior of which sidewall is a distance less than or equal to about 0.50 inches from a cage wall when the cover is attached to the base; the cover and base are constructed from a polymer; and the cover and the base each are about 0.01 inches to about 0.08 inches thick.",
-    "A detachable automatic vacuum storage container comprises a box body and a vacuum control device, the box body being provided with a vacuumizing channel, and the vacuum control device being connected with the vacuumizing channel in a removable manner; one end of the vacuumizing channel is connected to the inner chamber of the box body, and the other end is provided with a sealing joint. The vacuum control device is provided with a suction nozzle, when the vacuum control device is connected to the vacuumizing channel, the suction nozzle is inserted and connected to the sealing joint in an airtight way; when the air pressure of the inner chamber of the box body is higher than the preset threshold, the vacuum control device can pump the air to maintain the inner chamber of box body in a vacuum state. 1. A detachable automatic vacuum storage container, comprising a box body and a vacuum control device, the box body is provided with a vacuumizing channel, wherein the vacuum control device is connected with the vacuumizing channel in a removable manner; one end of the vacuumizing channel is connected to the inner chamber of the box body, and the other end is provided with a sealing joint, the vacuum control device is provided with a suction nozzle, when the vacuum control device is connected to the vacuumizing channel, the suction nozzle is inserted and connected to the sealing joint in an airtight way, when the air pressure of the inner chamber of the box body is higher than the preset threshold, the vacuum control device can pump the air to maintain the inner chamber of box body in a vacuum state. 2. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the sealing joint is made of elastic material, and the end of suction nozzle close to the sealing joint is provided with a tapered portion, and the tapered portion has an increasing diameter in the direction away from the sealing joint. 3. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 2, wherein the suction nozzle is provided with a suction ring. 4. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein it further includes a press-type vacuum relief valve arranged on the box body, the vacuumizing channel runs through the press-type vacuum relief valve, and the sealing joint is arranged on the top of the press-type vacuum relief valve. 5. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 4, wherein the vacuum control device further includes a relief valve control mechanism; when the vacuum control device is mounted on the box body, the press-type vacuum relief valve can be opened or closed by operating the relief valve control mechanism. 6. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the vacuumizing channel is provided with a first check valve, the vacuum control device is provided with a vacuum pump connected to the suction nozzle, a second check valve is provided between the suction nozzle and the vacuum pump, and a pressure detecting bypass is provided between the first check valve and the second check valve, the pressure detecting bypass is connected to the pressure detecting apparatus which can control the vacuum pump to stop pumping when the air pressure of the pressure detecting bypass is below the threshold. 7. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 6, wherein the pressure detecting apparatus is a piston-type pressure detecting apparatus, comprising a piston tube connected to the exhausting tube and a piston arranged in the piston tube, the piston tube is provided with a circuit switch, and the circuit switch is connected to the circuit of the vacuum pump; when the air pressure in the exhausting tube is lower than the threshold, the piston moves to a position and the circuit switch disconnects the circuit of the vacuum pump. 8. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the vacuum control device further includes a switching mechanism, the box body is provided with a trigger mechanism corresponding to the switching mechanism, when the vacuum control device is mounted to the box body, the trigger mechanism triggers the switching mechanism, and the vacuum pump is activated only when the switching mechanism is triggered. 9. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 1, wherein the box body comprises a box base and a box cover that can be mutually detachable and fixed by sealing, and a groove with the shape corresponding to the vacuum control device is arranged at the top of the box cover, and the groove is embedded at the bottom of the vacuum control device. 10. The detachable automatic vacuum storage container according to claim 9, wherein a suspension-type seal is arranged at the connection between the box base and the box cover, the suspension-type seal comprises a seal body and a seal gasket, one end of the seal gasket is connected with the seal body and the other end is suspended; the seal body is fixed to the box cover under the use state, and the seal gasket is bonded to the sealing surface of the box base.",
-    "A system that enables an event or moments within an event to be captured and provided in a record that preserves at least some aspects of the participant's perspective of the event. In particular, the present invention involves centralized recording of the event in one or more modes including video, audio, and still image recordings and a system that enables a participant (i.e., one who perceives the event) to select portions of the event recording substantially contemporaneously with the event occurrence. A personalized record is made by duplicating the selected portions from the event record. In a particular example, the personalized record is recorded on a digital media such as a compact disc (CD) or digital video disk (DVD) or the like. 1. A system for recording events comprising: a recording mechanism operable to create an event record of an event at an event venue; a selection device operable by a user, the selection device allowing the user, during performance of the event, to select portions of the event creating user event selections; and a media production mechanism operable to obtain the user event selections, obtain portions of the event record corresponding to the user selected portions, and produce a derivative record containing the user selected portions of the event, wherein the event comprises one or more event portions stored on the event record that each span a time period, wherein user selection of an entire one of the event portions comprises entering a user selection by operation of the selection device during the event, to select a particular one of the event portions, at any time within the time period corresponding to the entire one of the event portions, wherein the media production mechanism obtains the user selected portions of the event by synchronizing the user event selections corresponding to the particular one of the event portions with event content in the event record, and wherein television broadcasted content of the live event is not required to be displayed on the selection device, operated at the event venue, for use in the entering of the user event selection. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the selection device comprises a memory operable to log the particular moments of time corresponding to user selections. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the user event selections are stored in a selection record that is provided to the media production mechanism, along with at least one of a user identification, an event identification, and an event venue identification, for use in the obtaining of the portions of the event record of the event for the derivative record. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein at least one of the event identification and the event venue identification includes GPS location information. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the event content comprises at least one of video, audio, one or more still images, and a written record. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the portions of the event, the user event selections, and the derivative record comprise a digital signal. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the recording mechanism operates independently of the user and the selection device. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of recording mechanisms operable to record multiple event segments of the event, wherein the selection device enables a user to select the event portions from among the multiple event segments of the event at the event venue. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the event comprises at least one of pre-recorded content and a live event and wherein the pre-recorded content or content associated with the live event is broadcast to the user for experiencing by the user. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein, during experiencing of the broadcasted event content, the user operates the selection device to select the portions of the event. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the user event selections comprise synchronization information and wherein the selection device transmits the user event selections to the media production mechanism. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the synchronization information comprises at least one of a time stamp, a user identification, an event identification, and an event venue identification. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the synchronization information comprises explicit synchronization information to enable identification of the event records and synchronization with the user event selections. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein synchronization information for at least one of the portions of the event is communicated to the selection device for use in selection of the event portions. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the recording mechanism operates to record the event during the performance of the event to the event record and wherein the media production mechanism operates to obtain user selected portions of the event from the event record after the performance of the event. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the selection device is operated during the performance of the event and after the selected portions are each started to enter the user selections of the entire ones of the event portions for inclusion on the derivative record. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of additional ones of the selection devices operable by additional ones of the individual users during the performance of the event to independently select additional ones of the portions of the event. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the media production mechanism further operates to produce additional ones of the derivative records containing user selected portions of the event based on the user event selections and wherein at least some of the additional ones of the derivative records differ in content from each other. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the event includes a concert including one or more songs, wherein the time period comprises a start time and an end time for each of the songs, and wherein each of the user selections corresponds to a time between the start time and the end time for one of the songs. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the particular moment in time is local time, with regard to the event venue, at which the user activated the selection device, whereby a local time reference is used by the media production mechanism as a synchronization reference for performing the synchronizing of the user selection to the event. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the selection device is configured to be triggered to make user event selections based on proximity of the user to a location associated with the event in the event venue. 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the derivative record is delivered or communicated to the user in at least one of tangible media form and via electronic delivery. 23. The system of claim 1, wherein the user selected portions comprise all of the portions stored on the event record. 24. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of mobile computing mechanisms each functioning as at least one of a recording mechanism, a selection device, and a media production mechanism to produce the derivative record containing the user selected portions of the event. 25. The system of claim 1, wherein the user event selections comprise at least one of a signal identifying the selected portions of the event record, and event portion information identifying the selected portions of the event in the event record. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein in the derivative record preserves at least some aspects of the user's perspective of the event. 27. A device for obtaining event records, comprising: an interface allowing a user to designate one or more portions of a live performance of an event for which a record is desired, wherein the portions of the event each span a time period within a duration of the event, wherein the interface is operable by the user during the duration of the event to designate the portions, wherein the event occurs at a venue, wherein the interface is operable by the user during the live performance, and wherein television broadcasted portions of the live performance are not required to be displayed on the interface, operated at the event venue, prior to the designating of the portions for use in the designating of the portions, creating user event selections; and a selection record containing identifications of the designated portions of the event such that a derivative record of the designated portions can be retrieved using the selection record and including an identification of the user to link the derivative record to the user, wherein the identifications of the designated portions each comprises at least one of a portion selection identification and a time falling in one of the time periods for the event. 28. The device of claim 27, further comprising means for communicating the user designation to an order collection mechanism. 29. The device of claim 27, wherein the interface displays an indicator during times when the user is able to validly designate the portion of the event for which a record is desired. 30. The device of claim 29, further comprising means for communicating the identifications of the portions of the event to the interface. 31. The device of claim 27, wherein the identifications of the designated portions of the event each comprises explicit synchronization information that enables identification of the designated portions, and synchronization with a designation by the user via the interface. 32. The device of claim 27, wherein the identifications of the designated portions comprise at least one of a user identification, an event identification, and an event venue identification and wherein each of the identifications comprises explicit synchronization information that enables identification of the designed portions of the event and synchronization of the designated portions with the user. 33. The device of claim 27, wherein the event comprises at least one of pre-recorded content and a live event and wherein the pre-recorded content or the content associated with the live event is broadcast to the user for experiencing by the user. 34. The device of claim 33, wherein, during the experiencing of the broadcasted event content, the user operates the interface to select the portions of the event. 35. A system for recording events comprising: a recording mechanism creating an event record of an event; a selection device operable by a user, wherein the selection device allows, during performance of the event and without the need for the selection device operated at an event venue to display a television broadcast of portions of the event to be selected for use in selecting those portions of the event, selection of portions of the event, creating user event selections; and a media production mechanism obtaining the user event selections, obtaining the event record corresponding to the selected portions and producing a derivative record containing the selected portions of the event, wherein the event comprises one or more event portions stored on the event record, wherein selection of an entire one of the event portions comprises entering a selection by operating the selection device during the performance of the event to select an entire one of the event portions, and wherein the media production mechanism obtains the selected portions by synchronizing the user event selections with event content in the event record. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the performance of the event comprises a live performance at an event venue. 37. The system of claim 35, wherein the user is an attendee of the live performance at the event venue. 38. The system of claim 35, wherein the user is remote from the event venue during the event and is receiving content associated with the performance of the event via broadcast. 39. The system of claim 35, wherein the event comprises at least one of pre-recorded content and a live event and wherein the pre-recorded content or the content associated with the live event is broadcast to the user for experiencing by the user. 40. The system of claim 35, further comprising communicating the event portions to a recording mechanism contemporaneously with the event. 41. The system of claim 35, further comprising a plurality of mobile computing mechanisms each functioning as at least one of a recording mechanism, a selection device, and a media production mechanism to produce the derivative record containing the selected portions of the event. 42. The system of claim 35, wherein the derivative record is delivered or communicated to the user in at least one of tangible media form and via electronic delivery. 43. The system of claim 35, wherein the derivative record comprises all the event portions stored on the event record. 44. The system of claim 35, wherein identification of the selected portions of the event comprises explicit synchronization information that enables identification of the portions of the event and synchronization with the user. 45. The system of claim 35, wherein identification of the selected portions of the event includes at least one of a user identification, an event identification, an event venue identification, and explicit synchronization information that enables identification of the event portions and synchronization with the user. 46. The system of claim 35, wherein identification information for at least one of the event portions is communicated to the selection device for use in selection of the event portions. 47. The system of claim 35, wherein the user event selections comprise at least one of a signal identifying the selected portions of the event record and event portion information identifying the selected portions of the event in the event record. 48. The system of claim 35, wherein the derivative record preserves at least some aspects of the user's perspective of the event. 49. A method of producing a record of portions of an event created by a presenter comprising: with a recording mechanism, recording the event to create an event record stored in memory; and with a media production mechanism, obtaining participant event selections that identify participants and event portions selected by the participants, wherein the participant event selections are created during the event by the participants operating a selection device without the need for the selection device, operated at an event venue, to display television broadcast transmissions of the portions of the event for the use in selecting the event portions, to select portions of the event, creating the participant event selections and wherein the participants are at least one of attendees of the event operating the selection device at a place where the event occurs and participants operating the selection device at a place remote from the place where the event occurs, whereby the event portions selected by the participants correspond to the event as perceived by the participants while the event occurs; and synchronizing the event participant selections with the event record. 50. The method of claim 49, further including with the media production mechanism, generating a derivative record for each of the participants containing the participant selected event portions using the participant event selections from the event record. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the event portions each comprise a segment of the event corresponding to a unique period of time during the event. 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the derivative record is delivered or communicated to the participants in at least one of tangible media form and via electronic delivery. 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the derivative record preserves at least some aspects of the user's perspective of the event. 54. The method of claim 49, further comprising communicating the participant event selections to an order processing system contemporaneously with the event, wherein the participant event selections include at least one of a participant identification, an event identification, and an event venue identification. 55. The method of claim 49, further comprising communicating the participant event selections to an order processing system after the event, wherein the participant event selections include at least one of a participant identification, an event identification, and a venue identification. 56. The method of claim 49, wherein the identification of the event portions selected by the participants each comprises explicit synchronization information that enables identification of the portions of the event and synchronization with the event record. 57. The method of claim 56, further comprising communicating identification information for at least one of the event portions to the selection device for use in selection of the event portions. 58. The method of claim 49, wherein the event comprises at least one of pre-recorded content and a live event and wherein the pre-recorded content or the content associated with the live event is broadcast to the user for experiencing by the user. 59. The method of claim 58, wherein, during the experiencing of the broadcasted event content, the user operates the selection device to select the portions of the event. 60. The method of claim 49, further comprising a plurality of mobile computing mechanisms each functioning as at least one of a recording mechanism, a selection device, and a media production mechanism to produce a derivative record containing the user selected portions of the event. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the derivative record preserves at least some aspects of the user's perspective of the event. 62. A system for recording events comprising: a recording mechanism creating an event record of an event; a selection device operated by a user, the selection device allowing the user, during performance of the event and without the need for the selection device, operated at an event venue, to display a television broadcast of the event for use in selecting portions of the event, to select portions of the event creating user event selections; and a media production mechanism obtaining the user event selections, obtaining segments of the event record corresponding to the user selected portions, and producing a derivative record containing the user selected portions of the event, wherein the event comprises one or more event portions stored on the event record that each span a time period, wherein user selection of an entire one of the event portions comprises entering a user selection by operating the selection device during the performance of the event to select a particular moment of time within the time period corresponding to the entire one of the event portions, and wherein the media production mechanism obtains the user selected portions by synchronizing the user event selections with event content in the event record. 63. The system of claim 62, wherein the event comprises pre-recorded content. 64. The system of claim 62, wherein the performance of the event comprises a live performance at an event venue. 65. The system of claim 64, wherein the users are participants of the live performance at the event venue. 66. The system of claim 62, wherein the users are remote from the event venue during the event and receive broadcasted content associated with the event. 67. The system of claim 62, wherein the event comprises at least one of pre-recorded content and a live event and wherein the pre-recorded content or content associated with the live event is broadcast to the user for experiencing by the user. 68. The system of claim 67, wherein, during the experiencing of the broadcasted event content, the user operates the selection device to select the portions of the event. 69. The system of claim 62, wherein the derivative record is delivered or communicated to the user in at least one of tangible media form and via electronic delivery. 70. The system of claim 62, wherein identifications of the event portions selected by the user each comprises explicit synchronization information that enables identification of at least one of the event portions and synchronization with at least one of the user event selections. 71. The system of claim 62, wherein identification of at least one of a user identification, an event identification, and an event venue identification comprises explicit synchronization information that enables identification of the selected event portions and synchronization with the user. 72. The system of claim 62, wherein identification information for at least one of the portions of the event is communicated to the selection device for use in selection of the at least one of the portions of the event. 73. The system of claim 62, further comprising a plurality of mobile computing mechanisms each functioning as at least one of a recording mechanism, a selection device, and a media production mechanism to produce the derivative record containing the user selected portions of the event. 74. The system of claim 62, wherein the derivative record preserves at least some aspects of the user's perspective of the event.",
-    "A method and apparatus are disclosed comprising a combined open loop/closed loop uplink power control scheme for E-UTRA. The combined open and closed loop method for UL intra-cell PC controls the wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) transmit power spectral density (PSD), PSDTx, (e.g. power per RB). 1. A method implemented in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving signaling indicating an uplink (UL) resource assignment, a power control (PC) correction command and an assigned modulation coding set (MCS); and applying a transmit power to an UL transmission, wherein the transmit power is based on a combination of a bandwidth of the UL resource assignment, an open loop PC component, a closed loop PC component and a delta factor related to an offset value, wherein: the open loop PC component is based on pathloss and open loop PC parameters; the closed loop PC component includes a correction factor; the correction factor is based on the PC correction command; and the offset value is related to the assigned MCS. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a transmit power comprises: applying, to the UL transmission, a minimum of a maximum transmit power level and the transmit power based on a combination of a bandwidth of the UL resource assignment, an open loop PC component, a closed loop PC component and a delta factor related to an offset value. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the maximum transmit power level is based on at least one of (i) a power class of the WTRU, and (ii) a capability of the WTRU. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving signaling indicating the maximum transmit power level. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the signaling comprises an UL grant, and wherein the UL grant is associated with a Hybrid Access Repeat Request (HARQ) process. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the transmit power comprises: applying the transmit power in accordance with a timing of a Hybrid Access Repeat Request (HARQ) process. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the transmit power in accordance with a timing of the HARQ process comprises: applying the transmit power at a next transmission time of the HARQ process following reception of an UL grant. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the signaling comprises an UL grant associated with a Hybrid Access Repeat Request (HARQ) process, and wherein applying the transmit power comprises: applying the transmit power at a next transmission time of the associated HARQ process following reception of the UL grant. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the open loop PC parameters comprise at least one of a cell-specific parameter and a WTRU-specific parameter. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the correction factor is zero (0) in an initial uplink transmission. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the UL transmission comprises any of (i) data, (ii) a combination of data and control information, and (iii) feedback information. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the correction factor being based on the PC correction command comprises the correction factor being based on an accumulation of multiple PC correction commands including the PC correction command. 13. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) comprising a processor configured to: receive signaling indicating an uplink (UL) resource assignment, a power control (PC) correction command and an assigned modulation coding set (MCS); and apply a transmit power to an UL transmission, wherein the transmit power is based on a combination of a bandwidth of the UL resource assignment, an open loop PC component, a closed loop PC component and a delta factor related to an offset value, wherein: the open loop PC component is based on pathloss and open loop PC parameters; the closed loop PC component includes a correction factor; the correction factor is based on the PC correction command; and the offset value is related to the assigned MCS. 14. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the processor being configured to apply a transmit power comprises the processor being configured to: apply, to the UL transmission, a minimum of a maximum transmit power level and the transmit power based on a combination of a bandwidth of the UL resource assignment, an open loop PC component, a closed loop PC component and a delta factor related to an offset value. 15. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the maximum transmit power level is based on at least one of (i) a power class of the WTRU, and (ii) a capability of the WTRU. 16. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the processor is configured to: receive signaling indicating the maximum transmit power level. 17. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the signaling comprises an UL grant, and wherein the UL grant is associated with a Hybrid Access Repeat Request (HARQ) process. 18. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to: apply the transmit power in accordance with a timing of a Hybrid Access Repeat Request (HARQ) process. 19. The WTRU of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to: apply the transmit power at a next transmission time of the HARQ process following reception of an UL grant. 20. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the signaling comprises an UL grant associated with a Hybrid Access Repeat Request (HARQ) process, and wherein the processor is configured to: apply the transmit power at a next transmission time of the associated HARQ process following reception of the UL grant. 21. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the open loop PC parameters comprise at least one of a cell-specific parameter and a WTRU-specific parameter. 22. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the correction factor is zero (0) in an initial uplink transmission. 23. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the UL transmission comprises any of (i) data, (ii) a combination of data and control information, and (iii) feedback information. 24. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the correction factor being based on the PC correction command comprises the correction factor being based on an accumulation of multiple PC correction commands including the PC correction command.",
-    "Ophthalmic conditions such as presbyopia, myopia, and astigmatism can be corrected by the use of a molding contact lens in combination with a pharmaceutical composition suitable for delivery to the eye. The molding contact lenses are preferably commercially available and are not specifically designed for orthokeratology. The agents in the pharmaceutical compositions such as hyaluronase allow the cornea of the eye to be molded in order to correct the refractive error of the eye. The contact lenses and the pharmaceutical composition induce a change in the radius of curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea, thereby correcting the refractive error of the eye. One advantage of the inventive technique is that the patient with his or her own individual visual needs guides the treatment until the patient near and far visual needs are met. The present invention also provides for kits, which contain molding contact lenses, pharmaceutical composition suitable for delivery to the eye, and instructions, useful in the inventive system. 1-49. (canceled) 50. A non-invasive method for treating an ophthalmic condition associated with an error in refraction of the eye, the method comprising steps of: providing a contact lens; providing eye drops comprising an effective amount of hyaluronidase and collagenase, wherein the collagenase is not matrix metalloproteinase 1 or matrix metalloproteinase 2; applying the contact lens to an eye of a patient suffering from the ophthalmic condition; and applying the eye drops to the eye of the patient; wherein the treatment corrects the patient's vision, and the treatment results in corrected vision for at least 6 months. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the contact lens is an extended wear contact lens. 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the contact lens is a gas permeable contact lens. 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the contact lens is a molding contact lens. 54. The method of claim 50, wherein the treatment induces a change in the shape of the cornea. 55. The method of claim 50, wherein the treatment induces a change in the physiology and anatomy of the cornea by changing the radius of curvature of the anterior surface of the eye. 56. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye drops further comprise at least one agent selected from the group consisting of enzymes, anesthetics, vitamins, zinc, antibiotics, anti-allergic agents, carbamide, cytokinases, vasoconstrictors, anti-viral agents, anti-fungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and lubricants. 57. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye drops further comprise a polymer. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol. 59. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye drops are hypertonic. 60. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye drops are hypotonic. 61. The method of claim 50, wherein the eye drops comprise about 0.01% to about 10% (weight percent) hyaluronidase, and about 0.01% to about 10% (weight percent) collagenase. 62. The method of claim 50, wherein the treatment results in the correction of up to 3 diopters of refractive error without surgery. 63. The method of claim 50, wherein the treatment results in the correction of up to 4 diopters of refractive error without surgery. 64. The method of claim 50, wherein the treatment results in the correction of up to 5 diopters of refractive error without surgery. 65. The method of claim 50, whereby the treatment results in corrected vision for at least 1 year. 66. The method of claim 50, wherein the ophthalmic condition is a residual refractive error present after a surgical procedure involving the eye. 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the surgical procedure is keratotomy, keratomileusis by a freezing process, automated lamellar keratomileusis, photo-reactive keratomileusis, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, later intrastromal keratomileusis, laser epithelial keratomileusis, conductive keratoplasty, or scleral resection. 68. The method of claim 66, wherein the surgical procedure includes cutting corneal or sclera tissue and/or ablating areas of the cornea. 69. The method of claim 50, wherein the ophthalmic condition is a genetic refractive defect.",
-    "An electronic apparatus comprises: an exterior exposed to the outside; a piezoelectric vibrating element being transparent and being located inside the exterior; a vibration unit being transparent and including a surface on which the piezoelectric vibrating element is located, said vibration unit being configured to vibrate by the piezoelectric vibrating element to generate a voice; and a display located on the inner side than the piezoelectric vibrating element inside the exterior and located so as to overlap the piezoelectric vibrating element in a plan view. 1. An electronic apparatus, comprising: an exterior exposed to the outside; a piezoelectric vibrating element being transparent and being located inside said exterior; a vibration unit being transparent and including a surface on which said piezoelectric vibrating element is located, said vibration unit being configured to vibrate by said piezoelectric vibrating element to generate a voice; and a display located on the inner side than said piezoelectric vibrating element inside said exterior and located so as to overlap said piezoelectric vibrating element in a plan view. 2. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said piezoelectric vibrating element comprises a piezoelectric material made of resin. 3. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said vibration unit is exposed to the outside and transmits an image or video from said display. 4. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said vibration unit generates air conduction sound and vibrating sound transmitted by vibrating part of a human body. 5. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an approach detecting unit located so as to overlap said piezoelectric vibrating element in a plan view. 6. The electronic apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said piezoelectric vibrating element is located so as to be included inside said approach detecting unit. 7. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said display displays an image notifying where sound is easily heard when an application for generating a voice is running, and said image is displayed in a position overlapping said piezoelectric vibrating element in a plan view.",
-    "A method comprising: acquiring, by an electronic device, a first image; acquiring a stretch state of a stretchable display of the electronic device; generating, by the electronic device, a second image based on the first image and the stretch state; and displaying the second image on the stretchable display. 1. A method comprising: acquiring, by an electronic device, a first image; acquiring a stretch state of a stretchable display of the electronic device; generating, by the electronic device, a second image based on the first image and the stretch state; and displaying the second image on the stretchable display. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second image has a same aspect ratio as the first image. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein acquiring the stretch state comprises acquiring a stretch ratio of the stretchable display. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second image is generated based on the stretch ratio. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the second image is generated by compressing the first image based on a reciprocal of the stretch ratio. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein acquiring the first image includes cropping a first portion of a base image. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein generating the second image includes cropping a second portion of the base image. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein: acquiring the stretch state comprises acquiring at least one of a direction in which the stretchable display is stretched and a size to which the stretchable display is stretched, and the second portion of the base image is cropped in accordance with at least one of the direction in which the stretchable display is stretched and the size to which the stretchable display is stretched. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein displaying the second image comprises displaying the base image when a predetermined condition is satisfied. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: acquiring the stretch state comprises acquiring a direction in which the stretchable display is stretched, and the second image is displayed at a location in the stretchable display that is selected by the electronic device based on the direction in which the stretchable display is stretched. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein: acquiring the stretch state comprises detecting an extent to which the stretchable display is stretched, and the second image is displayed based on the extent to which the stretchable display is stretched. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the second image includes adjusting a brightness of the stretchable display based on the stretch state. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising dividing the first image into a plurality of first tiles, wherein: acquiring the stretch state comprises acquiring a different respective stretch state of each of the plurality of first tiles, and generating the second image comprises generating a plurality of second tiles, each second tile being generated based on a different one of the plurality of first tiles and that first tile's respective stretch state. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the plurality of second tiles is generated by applying different stretch ratios to the plurality of first tiles. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying, while the second image is displayed, at least one of a black screen, a function tool, second image-related information, and a second image-related application in one or more areas of the stretchable display that are not occupied by the second image. 16. A method for use in an electronic device comprising: displaying a first image on a stretchable display of the electronic device, the stretchable display having a first size; detecting that the stretchable display is stretched from the first size to a second size; and displaying a second image that is generated by resizing the first image based on the second size such that the first image and the second image have same aspect ratio. 17. An electronic device comprising: a memory; a stretchable display; a sensor module; and at least one processor operatively coupled to the memory, configured to: acquire a first image; acquire a stretch state of the stretchable display by using the sensor module; generate a second image based on the first image and the stretch state; and display the second image on the stretchable display 18. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the second image has a same aspect ratio as the first image. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein acquiring the stretch state comprises acquiring a stretch ratio of the stretchable display. 20. The electronic device of claim 19, wherein the second image is generated based on the stretch ratio.",
-    "A manipulator system including a manipulator that includes an insertion part having a main section and a bending section, a bending-section driving portion, and a linear member inserted through a sheath fixed to the main section at one end thereof, the linear member connecting the bending section and the bending-section driving portion through the main section and transmitting a driving force generated by the bending-section driving portion to the bending section; an operation input unit via which an operation instruction to the bending section is input; a sheath-tension detecting portion that detects the tension in the sheath; a compensation-value setting portion that sets a compensation value for a bending control signal on the basis of the tension in the sheath, and a control unit that generates the bending control signal and sends the bending control signal corrected with the compensation value to the bending-section driving portion. 1. A manipulator system comprising: a manipulator that includes an insertion part having an elongated main section and a bending section provided at the distal end of the main section, a bending-section driving portion that makes the bending section perform bending movement, and a linear member inserted through a tubular sheath that is fixed to the main section at at least one end thereof, the linear member connecting the bending section and the bending-section driving portion through the main section and transmitting a driving force generated by the bending-section driving portion to the bending section; an operation input unit via which an operator inputs an operation instruction for the bending section; a control unit that generates a bending control signal for driving the bending-section driving portion according to the operation instruction input to the operation input unit; a sheath-tension detecting portion that detects the tension in the sheath; and a compensation-value setting portion that sets a compensation value for the bending control signal on the basis of the tension in the sheath detected by the sheath-tension detecting portion, wherein the control unit corrects the bending control signal using the compensation value set by the compensation-value setting portion and sends the corrected bending control signal to the bending-section driving portion. 2. The manipulator system according to claim 1, wherein the sheath-tension detecting portion includes a tension sensor that measures the tension produced in the sheath, and the tension sensor is provided at a base end portion of the linear member. 3. The manipulator system according to claim 1, wherein the sheath-tension detecting portion includes a sheath-tension adjusting mechanism that adjusts the tension to be applied to the sheath such that the tension in the sheath is constant, the sheath-tension detecting portion measures the amount of tension adjustment performed by the sheath-tension adjusting mechanism, and the compensation-value setting portion sets the compensation value on the basis of the amount of tension adjustment measured by the sheath-tension adjusting mechanism. 4. The manipulator system according to claim 1, wherein the insertion part is provided with a passage that defines, via a sheath, a path for the linear member in the insertion part. 5. The manipulator system according to claim 1, further comprising an outer sheath that accommodates the sheath. 6. The manipulator system according to claim 1, wherein the manipulator includes a plurality of the linear members inserted through the sheaths, and the plurality of linear members are bound together, via the sheaths, in the main section. 7. The manipulator system according to claim 1, wherein the compensation-value setting portion sets the compensation value at a timing specified by the operator. 8. A manipulator system according to claim 1, wherein the compensation-value setting portion resets the compensation value when a predetermined event is detected.",
-    "A walk aerator comprises a housing supported by a plurality of wheels that include a pair of drive wheels. The drive wheels are pivotally mounted to the housing to permit the housing to move between operational and transport positions thereof. A control is used to so move the housing with the control having a hand grip whose height above the ground is easily adjustable to accommodate users of different effective heights. A foot guard maintains a relatively constant disposition relative to the ground whether the housing is in its operational or transport position. The housing of the aerator has a vent system and an air gap relative to a prime mover deck which cool a traction drive system contained within the housing. 1. A walk aerator for soil aeration of the ground, which comprises: (a) a housing supported for rolling over the ground by a plurality of ground engaging wheels, the housing having an upwardly extending handle assembly which is capable of being gripped by a user who walks on the ground during operation of the aerator, the housing having a downwardly opening cavity; (b) a prime mover carried on the housing for providing power; (c) a plurality of aerating tools movably carried on the housing within a first section of the cavity and operatively connected to the prime mover, the aerating tools engaging the ground and creating soil aeration openings in the ground as the housing rolls over the ground; (d) at least one air cooled traction drive carried on the housing within a second section of the cavity, the at least one drive being operatively coupled to the prime mover and to at least one of the ground engaging wheels to self-propel the housing over the ground; and (e) wherein the housing contains various vents therein in communication with the second section of the cavity to provide sufficient air flow both into and out of the second section of the cavity to adequately cool the drive . 2. The aerator of claim 1, wherein the first and second sections of the cavity are substantially separate from one another. 3. The aerator of claim 2, wherein the vents communicate substantially only with the second section of the cavity. 4. The aerator of claim 3, wherein the first and second sections of the cavity are front and rear sections of the cavity, respectively. 5. The aerator of claim 1, wherein the drive includes a top mounted cooling fan positioned in an upper portion of the second section of the cavity with the cooling fan being arranged to blow air substantially downwardly over the at least one drive, and wherein the vents include a first plurality of vents in advance of the cooling fan and a second plurality of vents behind the cooling fan. 6. The aerator of claim 5, wherein the first and second plurality of vents are placed at an elevation in the housing that is approximately the same as an elevation of the cooling fan within the housing. 7. The aerator of claim 5, wherein the first plurality of vents comprise a plurality of side vents and front vents placed in side walls and in a front wall of a hood portion of the housing, the hood portion of the housing extending substantially immediately forward of and above the cooling fan. 8. The aerator of claim 7, wherein the hood portion of the housing is removable from the housing to provide access to the cooling fan and to the top of the at least one drive. 9. The aerator of claim 5, further including a third and fourth plurality of vents placed on opposite side walls of the housing vertically beneath the first and second plurality of vents and adjacent to the at least one drive. 10. The aerator of claim 5, wherein the prime mover is mounted atop a prime mover deck that forms a portion of a top wall of the housing with the prime mover deck overlying the at least one drive motor and portions of the second section of the cavity, and wherein the first plurality of vents are located in advance of the prime mover deck and the second plurality of vents are located behind the prime mover deck. 11. The aerator of claim 5, wherein a top surface of the at least one drive is spaced below an underside of the prime mover deck by a vertical gap that is sufficiently large to allow for optimum efficiency of the cooling fan, to provide sufficient volume for air flow over the top of the at least one drive, and to space heat generated by the prime mover away from the at least one drive. 12. The aerator of claim 1, wherein the at least one drive comprises a hydrostatic transmission that incorporates a hydraulic motor.",
-    "The invention provides a seatbelt threader device with a sheath receiving at least one or both of the lap and shoulder straps of a seatbelt therein, and a male component of a seatbelt buckle at a distal end thereof, so that the male component can be inserted through the slot of the child safety seat. 1. A seatbelt threader device in combination with a seatbelt, said seatbelt comprising a strap and a buckle component, the seatbelt threader device, comprising: a. an elongated sheath with a panel on one side and at least one clip opposing the panel and defining the sheath, the panel having two long sides with each of the at least one clip attached to one long side of the panel and each of the at least one clip having at least one free end opposite thereto, and defining an interior space therebetween, the sheath also having two opposite open ends, one being termed a proximal end and one a distal end, between the sides thereof; and b. the strap being disposed within the interior space of the sheath with the buckle component located at the distal end of the sheath defining an insert with a greater rigidity than the strap; wherein the insert may then be extended through a slot of a child safety seat and the buckle component mated to a second buckle component. 2. The combination of claim 1, the elongated sheath of the device being formed of a material that is flexible and resilient so that the sheath can be flexible to bend, and resilient to maintain a shape of the sheath. 3. The combination of claim 1, the elongated sheath of the device further comprising a lip on the opposite long side of the panel curved or angled inwardly with respect to the at least one clip. 4. The combination of claim 1, the at least one clip of the elongated sheath of the device comprising at least three clips, including end clips on opposite ends of the sheath and an intermediate clip intermediate the end clips, with gaps defined between sequential clips. 5. The combination of claim 1, the at least one clip of the elongated sheath of the device comprising at least three clips, wherein at least one clip is situated on each long side of the panel. 6. The combination of claim 1, the sheath of the device further comprising a grip formed in the proximal end of the sheath and further comprising a series of indentations in the long sides of the panel. 7. The combination of claim 1, the device further comprising a pad layer disposed on an outward face of the panel. 8. A method for securing a child safety seat to a vehicle seat, comprising: a. disposing the child safety seat on a seat of the vehicle seat; b. inserting a seat belt strap into an interior space defined as being between a panel and at least one clip of an elongated sheath so as to define an insert; c. disposing a buckle component of the seatbelt at a distal end of the elongated sheath; d. grasping a proximal end of the elongated sheath; e. inserting the buckle component and the insert through at least one slot in a back of the child safety seat until the buckle component exits the at least one slot; and f. coupling the buckle component to a second buckle component of seatbelt. 9. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising: a. first inserting the strap into the interior space of the elongated sheath; and b. leaving the sheath to be carried by the strap until use. 10. A method in accordance with claim 8, further comprising removing the strap of the seatbelt from the elongated sheath.",
-    "A device for storing multiple bars of soap in a stack. The device is water-proof or water-resistant, and securely stores each bar of soap in a separate enclosure or compartment in a vertical stack. The number of compartments may vary, and any number of compartments may be used. Each compartment is separated by a removable separator or slab, and the bar of soap in each compartment becomes accessible upon removal or repositioning of the separator or slab. 1. A device for dispensing soap, comprising: a main body with a front, back, top, bottom, and right and left side encompassing a hollow interior, the interior comprising a plurality of vertically-stacked compartments, each compartment adapted to hold a bar of soap, the bottommost compartment being open on one or more sides; and a plurality of separators, each separator defining the bottom of a corresponding compartment, wherein each separator is wholly or partially removable. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the bottommost compartment comprises an outwardly-extending lip from the bottom of the compartment. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the bottommost compartment comprises a plurality of grooves, slots, holes, or combinations thereof. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein each separator comprises a handle end, said handle end extending outside the main body. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein each separator slidingly engages a pair of tracks on the interior of the main body. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the main body is waterproof or water-resistant. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the top of the main body comprises a removable lid, in whole or in part. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the removable lid is hingedly attached to one side of the main body. 9. The device of claim 4, wherein each separator extends out through a corresponding opening in a side of the main body. 10. The device of claim 9, comprising sealing means for sealing the corresponding openings. 11. The device of claim 1, further comprising attachment means. 12. The device of claim 11, said attachment means comprising a plurality of suction cups. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the right side or left side of the main body comprises a removable side, in whole or in part. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the removable side is hingedly attached to the top of the main body. 15. The device of claim 1, further comprising two or more hooks extending from the main body. 16. The device of claim 1, wherein the main body is luminescent or phosphorescent. 17. An apparatus, comprising: a soap dispenser comprising a main body with a front, back, top, bottom, and right and left side encompassing a hollow interior, the interior comprising a plurality of compartments, each compartment adapted to hold a bar of soap, the bottommost compartment being open on one or more sides, and a plurality of separators, each separator defining the bottom of a corresponding compartment, wherein each separator is wholly or partially removable; a plurality of bars of soap, each bar of soap placed in a corresponding compartment. 18. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a plurality of suction cups on the back of the main body. 19. A method of using a soap dispenser, comprising the steps of: removing, in whole or in part, a separator from a soap dispenser comprising a main body with a front, back, top, bottom, and right and left side encompassing a hollow interior, the interior comprising a plurality of vertically-stacked compartments, each compartment adapted to hold a bar of soap, the bottommost compartment being open on one or more sides, and a plurality of separators, each separator defining the bottom of a corresponding compartment, thereby allowing the bar of soap contained in the corresponding compartment to drop to the bottommost compartment; and repeating the step of removing each separator, proceeding from the bottommost separator upwards.",
-    "An alternating adhesive tape apparatus is described. The device is equipped with alternating sections or segments, an adhesive section and a non-adhesive section. An intermediary section, referred to as a cut-target section, is disposed within the non-adhesive sections. The cut-target section is configured to act as a guideline for cutting the tape for use by the user, and alerting the user of the location of the adhesive sections of the tape visibly. The cut-target sections, as non-adhesive sections of the apparatus, are preferably colored to indicate which portions are not equipped with adhesive, and provide a guide for cutting. The non-adhesive sections are configured to act as a tab or release-tab for the tape after the tape has been cut in or around the cut-target section, releasing the segment from the roll or strip containing the remainder of the adhesive tape apparatus. 1. An adhesive tape apparatus comprising: a front side; a rear side, said rear side equipped with at least one adhesive section, at least one non-adhesive section, and at least one cut target section; wherein said at least one cut target section is disposed within said at least one non-adhesive section; and wherein said at least one adhesive section is equipped with an adhesive. 2. An adhesive tape apparatus comprising: a front side; a rear side, said rear side equipped with adhesive sections, non-adhesive sections, and cut target sections; wherein said cut target sections are disposed within said non-adhesive sections; wherein said cut target sections are delineated with a visual mark; and wherein adhesive of said adhesive sections does not extend to the perimeter of the tape. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said cut target sections are disposed between a first non-adhesive section and a second non-adhesive section. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said cut target sections are disposed equidistant between said adhesive sections. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said front side is free from adhesive. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein tabbed segments are formed when the tape is cut at said cut target section. 7. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said visual mark is colored. 8. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said cut target section indicates an ideal cut point; and wherein said cut target section forms non-adhesive tabs when cut at said ideal cut point. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said cut target sections are perforated. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising at least one string; and wherein said at least one string is disposed on said rear side, extending length-wise along the tape.",
-    "Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a method comprising caching, by a server comprising a processor, a subscriber profile in a network repository to create a cached subscriber profile. The cached subscriber profile comprises a replica of stored subscriber data. The method also comprises updating the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of a first application from a first application provider to produce a first updated version of the cached subscriber profile. The method further comprises updating the first updated version of the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of a second application from a second application provider to produce a second updated version of the cached subscriber profile. The first and second updated versions of the cached subscriber profile are accessible by the first application provider and by the second application provider. Other embodiments are disclosed. 1. A method comprising: storing, by a system comprising a processor, subscriber data in a network repository of a communication network; caching, by the system, a subscriber profile in the network repository to create a cached subscriber profile, wherein the cached subscriber profile comprises a replica of the stored subscriber data; and updating, by the system, the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of a first application from a first application provider to produce a first updated version of the cached subscriber profile, wherein the cached subscriber profile comprises a cache layer associated with the network repository, and wherein the first updated version is accessible by the first application provider. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein access to the stored subscriber data by the first application provider is prevented. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cache layer is included in a hierarchy of layers. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising managing the hierarchy of layers using a caching management scheme, wherein simultaneous access to the cache layer is provided to a plurality of application service providers. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating the first updated version of the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of a second application from a second application provider to produce a second updated version of the cached subscriber profile, wherein the second updated version of the cached subscriber profile is accessible to the first application provider and to the second application provider. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising providing a label for the second updated version identifying the second updated version as a new version of the cached subscriber profile. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising storing the new version of the cached subscriber profile as updated subscriber data upon expiration of a predetermined time period. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising providing the new version of the cached subscriber profile to the first application provider. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the new version is provided using an open application program interface. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the cached subscriber profile is accessed by the first application provider and the cached subscriber profile is updated in accordance with a network management policy associated with the communication network. 11. A device, comprising: a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising: storing subscriber data in a network repository of a communication network, caching a subscriber profile in the network repository to create a cached subscriber profile, wherein the cached subscriber profile comprises a replica of the stored subscriber data; and updating the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of a first application from a first application provider to produce a first updated version of the cached subscriber profile, wherein the cached subscriber profile comprises a cache layer associated with the network repository. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the first updated version is accessible by the first application provider, and wherein access to the stored subscriber data by the first application provider is prevented. 13. The device of claim 11, wherein the cache layer is included in a hierarchy of layers, and wherein the operations further comprise managing the hierarchy of layers using a caching management scheme, wherein simultaneous access to the cache layer is provided to a plurality of application service providers. 14. The device of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise updating the first updated version of the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of a second application from a second application provider to produce a second updated version of the cached subscriber profile, wherein the second updated version of the cached subscriber profile is accessible to the first application provider and to the second application provider. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise providing a label for the second updated version identifying the second updated version as a new version of the cached subscriber profile. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise providing the new version of the cached subscriber profile to the first application provider. 17. A machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising: storing subscriber data in a network repository of a communication network; caching a subscriber profile in the network repository to create a cached subscriber profile, wherein the cached subscriber profile comprises a replica of the stored subscriber data, wherein the cached subscriber profile comprises a cache layer in a hierarchy of layers associated with the network repository; updating the cached subscriber profile in accordance with subscriber use of an application from an application provider to produce an updated version of the cached subscriber profile; providing a label for the updated version identifying the updated version as a new version of the cached subscriber profile; and managing the hierarchy of layers using a caching management scheme, wherein simultaneous access to the cache layer is provided to a plurality of application providers. 18. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein access to the stored subscriber data by the application provider is prevented. 19. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the operations further comprise providing the new version of the cached subscriber profile to the application provider. 20. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the operations further comprise: upon detecting an error in the new version of the cached subscriber profile, discarding the new version; and providing the label to a previously produced version of the cached subscriber profile.",
-    "Pharmaceutical formulations comprise sustained-release zonisamide. Methods of preparing such pharmaceutical formulations involve intermixing zonisamide with a suitable excipient configured to control the dissolution profile of the zonisamide. Methods of treatment involve administering the pharmaceutical formulations to patients in need of such treatment. 1. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a controlled-release zonisamide. 2. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 1 wherein said controlled-release zonisamide comprises a sustained-release zonsisamide. 3. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 2 further comprising a retardant excipient configured to modify a dissolution profile of said sustained-release zonisamide. 4. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein said retardant excipient comprises at least one selected from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cross-linked PVP, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, polyethylene glycol, zein, poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, and mixtures thereof. 5. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein the dissolution profile comprises a dissolution rate that is slower than a dissolution rate of a comparable immediate-release zonisamide formulation under comparable conditions. 6. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein said dissolution profile comprises at least one dissolution characteristic selected from: (a) less than about 70% of zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide is dissolved within a first hour in a standard dissolution test, (b) less than about 40% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide is dissolved within a first hour in a standard dissolution test, (c) less than about 30% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide is dissolved within a first hour in a standard dissolution test, (d) less than about 75% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide is dissolved within a second hour in a standard dissolution test, (e) less than about 55% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide is dissolved within a second hour in a standard dissolution test, and (f) less than about 35% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide is dissolved within a second hour in a standard dissolution test. 7. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein said pharmaceutical formulation comprises at least about 5% by weight of said retardant excipient. 8. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein said pharmaceutical formulation comprises at least about 10% by weight of said retardant excipient. 9. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein said retardant excipient is configured to provide, upon administration to a patient, an average free serum zonisamide Cmax value that is less than an average free serum zonisamide Cmax value of a comparable immediate-release zonisamide under comparable conditions. 10. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 3, wherein upon administration to a patient, an average free serum zonisamide Cmax value is at least about 5% less than an average free serum zonisamide Cmax value of a comparable immediate-release zonisamide under comparable conditions. 11. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 2, further comprising bupropion. 12. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 11, wherein said bupropion comprises a sustained-release bupropion. 13. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 2, comprising sustained-release zonisamide beads that are configured to control the dissolution profile of said sustained-release zonisamide. 14. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 13, wherein said sustained-release zonisamide beads comprise at least one of a filler and an excipient. 15. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 14, wherein said excipient comprises at least one selected from a cellulose ether, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), corn starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and cross-linked PVP. 16. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 14, wherein said filler comprises at least one selected from acetyltriethyl citrate (ATEC), acetyltri-n-butyl citrate (ATBC), aspartame, lactose, alginates, calcium carbonate, carbopol, carrageenan, cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, dextrose, dibutyl sebacate, ethylcellulose, fructose, gellan gum, glyceryl behenate, guar gum, lactose, lauryl lactate, low-substituted hydroxypryopl cellulose (L-HPC), magnesium stearate, maltodextrin, maltose, mannitol, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, methacrylate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), povidone, shellac, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch, sucrose, triacetin, triethylcitrate, vegetable based fatty acid, xanthan gum, and xylitol. 17. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 13, wherein said dissolution profile comprises at least one dissolution characteristic selected from: (a) less than about 65% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide beads is dissolved within the first hour in a standard dissolution test, and (b) less than about 50% of the zonisamide in the sustained-release zonisamide beads is dissolved within the first hour in a standard dissolution test. 18. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 2, configured in a dosage form selected from twice daily, once daily, once every two days, once every three days, once every four days, once every five days, once every six days, and once weekly. 19. A method of treatment comprising administering the pharmaceutical formulation of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the patient experiences a reduced risk of an adverse event associated with administering a comparable dosage of an immediate-release zonisamide. 21-26. (canceled)",
-    "An imaging apparatus includes an imaging optical system, an imaging element acquiring an image of an object, a unit that acquires distance information corresponding to distance between the imaging optical system and the object, a unit that generates a map information corresponding to the image based on the distance information, a unit that is able to detect touch operation of a user on a display unit displaying the image and that detects a position in the image corresponding to a position touched by the user, and a control unit configured to acquire the distance information at the position of the acquired image from the map information to set the position as a focus point according to the acquired distance information, or configured to display, on the display unit, an enlarged image obtained by cutting an area of part of the image including the position. 1. An imaging apparatus comprising: an imaging optical system that forms an optical image of an object; an imaging element that acquires an image of the object from the optical image; a distance information acquiring unit that acquires distance information which is corresponding to distance between the imaging optical system and the object; a map generation unit that generates a map information corresponding to the image based on the distance information; a position detection unit that is able to detect touch operation of a user on a display unit displaying the image and that detects a position in the image corresponding to a position touched by the user; and a control unit configured to acquire the distance information at the position of the acquired image from the map information to set the position as a focus point according to the acquired distance information, or configured to display, on the display unit, an enlarged image obtained by cutting an area of part of the image including the position. 2. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the position detection unit detects touch operation of the user on the display unit displaying the enlarged image and detects a position in the enlarged image corresponding to a position touched by the user, and the control unit is configured to acquire the distance information of the position of the acquired enlarged image from the map information to set the acquired position as a focus point. 3. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control a focus position of the imaging optical system to be focused at the set focus point based on the acquired distance information. 4. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to cut the enlarged image from the acquired image while controlling the imaging optical system at a focus position focusing on the position of the image. 5. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to generate a distance histogram of an area around the position of the acquired image based on the map information, detect a data section indicating a peak from the distance histogram, and determine to set the focus point or to display the enlarged image based on a proportion of a degree of the data section indicating the peak in entire data. 6. The imaging apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the control unit is configured to set the focus point when the distance histogram is a single distance pattern, and display the enlarged image when the distance histogram is one of a single peak pattern and a multi-peak pattern. 7. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to set a range of the enlarged image cut from the image such that a proportion of a part indicating same distance information as the acquired distance information in the enlarged image is a predetermined value. 8. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to display, on the display unit, a distance histogram generated based on a map information corresponding to the enlarged image, detect touch operation of the user for the distance histogram displayed on the display unit, and set, as a focus point, a position indicating the distance information corresponding to a data section of the distance histogram touched by the user. 9. The imaging apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the control unit is configured to generate a second distance histogram with a resolution of data section higher than in the distance histogram and to display the second distance histogram on the display unit when an elapsed time from the display of the distance histogram exceeds a predetermined, value. 10. A method of controlling an imaging apparatus including an imaging optical system that forms an optical image of an object, an imaging element that acquires an image of the object from the optical image, a distance information acquiring unit that acquires distance information which is corresponding to distance between the imaging optical system and the object, and a position detection unit that is able to detect touch operation of user on a display unit displaying the image, the method comprising: generating a map information corresponding to the image based on the acquired distance information; displaying the acquired image on the display unit; detecting the touch operation of the user on the display unit to acquire a position in the image corresponding to a position touched by the user; acquiring the distance information at the position of the acquired image from the map information; and setting the position as a focus point according to the acquired distance information, or displaying, on the display unit, an enlarged image obtained by cutting an area of part of the image including the position. 11. A computer-readable storage medium recording a program for controlling an imaging apparatus including an imaging optical system that forms an optical image of an object, an imaging element that acquires an image of the object from the optical image, a distance information acquiring unit that acquires distance information which is corresponding to distance between the imaging optical system and the object, and a position detection unit that is able to detect touch operation of a user on a display unit displaying the image, the program causing a computer to execute: generating a map information corresponding to the image based on the acquired distance information; displaying the acquired image on the display unit; detecting the touch operation of the user on the display unit to acquire a position in the image corresponding to a position touched by the user; acquiring the distance information at the position of the acquired image from the map information; and setting the position as a focus point according to the acquired distance information, or displaying, on the display unit, an enlarged image obtained by cutting an area of part of the image including the position.",
-    "A built-in blind assembly includes light-transmissive first and second outer panels, a blind unit, a frame unit, a top rail unit, and a cord-driving unit. The first and second outer panels face each other. The blind unit is disposed between the first and second outer panels. The frame unit includes a top frame disposed above the blind unit. The top rail unit includes a top rail seat that is connected to the top frame and that defines a top accommodating cavity having an open side adjacent to the second outer panel, and a top cover that is removably connected to the top rail seat. The cord-driving unit is disposed in the top accommodating cavity, is coupled to the blind unit, and is operable to control operation of the blind unit. 1. A built-in blind assembly, comprising: light-transmissive first and second outer panels spaced apart from and facing each other in a front-rear direction; a blind unit disposed between said first and second outer panels; a frame unit disposed between said first and second outer panels and including a top frame disposed above said blind unit; a top rail unit disposed between said first and second outer panels and between said top frame and said blind unit, said top rail unit including a top rail seat that is removably connected to said top frame and that defines a top accommodating cavity having an open side adjacent to said second outer panel, and a top cover that is removably connected to said top rail seat for covering and uncovering said open side of said top accommodating cavity; and a cord-driving unit that is disposed in said top accommodating cavity, that is coupled to said blind unit, and that is operable to control operation of said blind unit. 2. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 1, wherein said top rail seat has: a base wall that extends between said top frame and said blind unit and that is disposed adjacent to said first outer panel; a first compartment wall that extends from a top end of said base wall toward said second outer panel; and a second compartment wall that extends from a bottom end of said base wall toward said second outer panel, and that cooperates with said base wall and said first compartment wall to define said top accommodating cavity. 3. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 2, wherein said top rail unit further includes a top connecting seat that interconnects said top frame and said first compartment wall. 4. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 3, wherein said first compartment wall has an engaging segment extending toward said top frame, and said top connecting seat has an engaging portion that removably engages said engaging segment of said first compartment wall. 5. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 4, wherein said engaging segment and said engaging portion are configured as interlocking hook structures. 6. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 3, wherein: said top connecting seat has a pair of positioning structures that project away from said blind unit and that are spaced apart from each other in the front-rear direction, each of said positioning structures defining a positioning groove that opens toward an adjacent one of said first and second outer panels; and said top frame has a pair of positioning segments each releasably interlocking with a respective one of said positioning structures at said positioning groove. 7. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 1, wherein said frame unit further has a pair of side frames that extend in a top-bottom direction and that are disposed at opposite lateral sides of said blind unit, said built-in blind assembly further comprising: a pair of side rail units disposed between said first and second outer panels and each disposed between said blind unit and a respective one of said side frames, each of said side rail units including a side rail seat that is removably connected to the respective one of said side frames and that defines a side accommodating cavity having an open side adjacent to said second outer panel; and a control unit that is disposed in said side accommodating cavity of said side rail seat of one of said side rail units, that is coupled to said cord-driving unit, and that is operable to control operation of said cord-driving unit and said blind unit. 8. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 7, wherein each of said side rail units further includes a side cover that is removably connected to said side rail seat for covering and uncovering said open side of said side accommodating cavity. 9. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 7, wherein said side rail seat of each of said side rail units has: aside wall that extends between said blind unit and the respective one of said side frames and that is disposed adjacent to said first outer panel; and first and second compartment walls that respectively extend from opposite lateral ends of said side wall toward said second outer panel, said first and second compartment walls and said side wall cooperatively defining said side accommodating cavity. 10. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 9, wherein each of said side rail units further includes a side connecting seat that interconnects said first compartment wall and the respective one of said side frames. 11. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 10, wherein, for each of said side rail units, said first compartment wall has an engaging segment extending toward the respective one of said side frames, and said side connecting seat has an engaging portion that removably engages said engaging segment of said first compartment wall. 12. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 11, wherein: for each of said side rail units, said side connecting seat has a pair of positioning structures that project away from said blind unit and that are spaced apart from each other in the front-rear direction, each of said positioning structures defining a positioning groove that opens toward an adjacent one of said first and second outer panels; and each of said side frames has a pair of positioning segments each releasably interlocking with a respective one of said positioning structures of said side connecting seat of the respective one of said side rail units at said positioning groove. 13. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 1, wherein said frame unit further includes a bottom frame that is disposed below said blind unit, said built-in blind assembly further comprising a bottom rail unit including a bottom connecting seat that is disposed between said first and second outer panels and between said blind unit and said bottom frame, and that is removably connected to said bottom frame for supporting said blind unit. 14. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 13, wherein: said bottom connecting seat has a pair of positioning structures that project away from said blind unit and that are spaced apart from each other in the front-rear direction, each of said positioning structures defining a positioning groove that opens toward an adjacent one of said first and second outer panels; and said bottom frame has a pair of positioning segments each releasably interlocking with a respective one of said positioning structures at said positioning groove. 15. The built-in blind assembly according to claim 14, wherein said blind unit includes a blind member that is disposed between said top and bottom rail units.",
-    "A method in a node is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a signal, and obtaining a first oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to a symbol rate. The method further comprises estimating a first frequency offset based on the first oversampled received signal, the first frequency offset estimated using an estimation range limited to one of a bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal, and obtaining a second oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to N times the symbol rate, wherein N is greater than 1. The method further comprises estimating a true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal. 1. A method in a node, comprising: receiving a signal; obtaining a first oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to a symbol rate; estimating a first frequency offset based on the first oversampled received signal, the first frequency offset estimated using an estimation range limited to one of a bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal; obtaining a second oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to N times the symbol rate, wherein N is greater than 1; and estimating a true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the node comprises one of a wireless device or a network node. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal comprises: correcting the estimated first frequency offset using the second oversampled received signal to extend the estimation range outside of the signal bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, based on the estimated first frequency offset, a set of possible aliased frequency offsets corresponding to the estimated first frequency offset. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein estimating the true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal comprises: generating a plurality of signals, each of the plurality of generated signals comprising a noise-free received signal with a frequency offset applied, the applied frequency offset comprising one of the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets corresponding to the estimated first frequency offset; comparing one or more of the generated signals to the second oversampled received signal; and determining one of the applied frequency offsets to be the true frequency offset based at least in part on the comparison of one or more of the generated signals to the second oversampled received signal. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein estimating the true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal comprises: generating a noise-free received signal without a frequency offset applied; applying an element-wise multiplication of the second oversampled received signal with a complex conjugate of the generated noise-free received signal to generate a new signal; and determining an aliased frequency offset within the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets to be the true frequency offset, wherein the aliased frequency offset determined to be the true frequency offset is an aliased frequency offset within the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets that is most similar to the generated new signal. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising estimating a time offset before estimating the first frequency offset as part of a cell search procedure. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the estimated true frequency offset to correct the received signal to enable reception of subsequent information. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the subsequent information comprises one or more of: a cell identity; a frame number; broadcast information; and a data transmission. 10. A node, comprising: one or more processors, the one or more processors configured to: receive a signal; obtain a first oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to a symbol rate; estimate a first frequency offset based on the first oversampled received signal, the first frequency offset estimated using an estimation range limited to one of a bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal; obtain a second oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to N times the symbol rate, wherein N is greater than 1; and estimate a true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal. 11. The node of claim 10, wherein the node comprises one of a wireless device or a network node. 12. The node of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: correct the estimated first frequency offset using the second oversampled received signal to extend the estimation range outside of the signal bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal. 13. The node of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine, based on the estimated first frequency offset, a set of possible aliased frequency offsets corresponding to the estimated first frequency offset. 14. The node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: generate a plurality of signals, each of the plurality of generated signals comprising a noise-free received signal with a frequency offset applied, the applied frequency offset comprising one of the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets corresponding to the estimated first frequency offset; compare one or more of the generated signals to the second oversampled received signal; and determine one of the applied frequency offsets to be the true frequency offset based at least in part on the comparison of one or more of the generated signals to the second oversampled received signal. 15. The node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: generate a noise-free received signal without a frequency offset applied; apply an element-wise multiplication of the second oversampled received signal with a complex conjugate of the generated noise-free received signal to generate a new signal; and determine an aliased frequency offset within the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets to be the true frequency offset, wherein the aliased frequency offset determined to be the true frequency offset is an aliased frequency offset within the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets that is most similar to the generated new signal. 16. The node of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to estimate a time offset before estimating the first frequency offset as part of a cell search procedure. 17. The node of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to use the estimated true frequency offset to correct the received signal to enable reception of subsequent information. 18. The node of claim 17, wherein the subsequent information comprises one or more of: a cell identity; a frame number; broadcast information; and a data transmission. 19. A computer program product comprising instructions stored on non-transient computer-readable media which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the acts of: receiving a signal; obtaining a first oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to a symbol rate; estimating a first frequency offset based on the first oversampled received signal, the first frequency offset estimated using an estimation range limited to one of a bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal; obtaining a second oversampled received signal by sampling the received signal according to N times the symbol rate, wherein N is greater than 1; and estimating a true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the act of estimating the true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal comprises: correcting the estimated first frequency offset using the second oversampled received signal to extend the estimation range outside of the signal bandwidth of the received signal or the symbol rate of the received signal. 21. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the computer program product further comprises instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, perform the act of determining, based on the estimated first frequency offset, a set of possible aliased frequency offsets corresponding to the estimated first frequency offset. 22. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the act of estimating the true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal comprises: generating a plurality of signals, each of the plurality of generated signals comprising a noise-free received signal with a frequency offset applied, the applied frequency offset comprising one of the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets corresponding to the estimated first frequency offset; comparing one or more of the generated signals to the second oversampled received signal; and determining one of the applied frequency offsets to be the true frequency offset based at least in part on the comparison of one or more of the generated signals to the second oversampled received signal. 23. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the act of estimating the true frequency offset based on the first frequency offset estimate and the second oversampled received signal comprises: generating a noise-free received signal without a frequency offset applied; applying an element-wise multiplication of the second oversampled received signal with a complex conjugate of the generated noise-free received signal to generate a new signal; and determining an aliased frequency offset within the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets to be the true frequency offset, wherein the aliased frequency offset determined to be the true frequency offset is an aliased frequency offset within the determined set of possible aliased frequency offsets that is most similar to the generated new signal. 24. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the computer program product further comprises instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, perform the act of: estimating a time offset before estimating the first frequency offset as part of a cell search procedure. 25. The computer program product of any of claim 19, wherein the computer program product further comprises instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, perform the act of: using the estimated true frequency offset to correct the received signal to enable reception of subsequent information, the subsequent information comprising one or more of: a cell identity; a frame number; broadcast information; and a data transmission.",
-    "A message to be sent from a downhole tool in a wellbore is modulated into a data uplink signal of pressure variations in the drill string. The pressure variations are generated by varying the torque on the rotor of the generator by varying the electric load on the generator. The pressure variation sequence of the data uplink signal may be selected from a look up table of known sequences. The message may be received by a surface receiver using one or more pressure sensors. The message may be demodulated from the detected pressure data using digital and analog signal processing. The frequency of the data uplink signal may be selected based in part on detected noise in the wellbore. The data uplink signal may be modulated using a spread spectrum protocol. 1. A method for transmitting a signal comprising: providing a downhole tool having a turbine generator, the turbine generator having a turbine; flowing a fluid through the turbine generator; and transmitting a message by varying the torque load on the turbine to modulate the message onto the pressure drop across the turbine generator. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitted message comprises a pressure pulse sequence having a first transmission frequency. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first transmission frequency is between 0.1 and 1 Hz. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the pressure pulse sequence is selected from a lookup table of known pressure pulse sequences. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the known pressure pulse sequences are pseudo noise sequences. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the pressure pulse sequence is a maximum length sequence or a gold code sequence. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the message is modulated utilizing a spread spectrum modulation. 8. The method of claim 2, further comprising: monitoring the frequency spectrum of the ambient noise by the control unit at a first time interval; identifying a relatively quiet frequency range; selecting the first frequency corresponding to the relatively quiet frequency range; and transmitting the message at the first transmission frequency. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: monitoring the frequency spectrum of the ambient noise by the control unit at a second time interval; identifying a second relatively quiet frequency range; selecting a second transmission frequency corresponding to the second relatively quiet frequency range; and transmitting a second message at the selected second transmission frequency. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: positioning a second turbine generally within the turbine generator, the second turbine adapted to rotate in response to fluid flow through the turbine generator, the second turbine electromagnetically coupled to the control unit; and varying the load on the second turbine synchronously with the turbine of the turbine generator. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring a pressure signal at a location spaced apart from the turbine generator, the pressure signal including at least the modulated message; and demodulating the message from the pressure signal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the measured pressure signal further comprises noise, and the demodulating operation further comprises: removing the noise from the pressure signal. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the noise is removed by one or more analog filtering, digital filtering, and digital signal processing operations. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the demodulating operation further comprises: cross-correlating one or more sequences of the pressure signal with one or more known messages; and identifying a known message of the known messages in the pressure signal. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the speed of the turbine generator is varied by modulating the electrical load of the turbine generator. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the electrical load is modulated by selectively coupling or decoupling one or more load banks to the power output of the turbine generator. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the message is transmitted to acknowledge successful receipt of an instruction received by the control unit. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the message is transmitted at a regular interval to indicate that no instruction was received by the control unit in a previous time interval. 19. A method for transmitting a message from a downhole tool having a turbine generator to a surface receiver comprising: positioning the downhole tool on a drill string, the drill string extending through a wellbore to the surface; coupling at least one sensor adapted to detect pressure variations in the drill string at the surface of the drill string; flowing a fluid through the turbine generator; generating, by a control unit, a message to be transmitted; transmitting the message by varying the load on the coils of at least one turbine of the turbine generator to modulate the message onto the pressure drop across the turbine generator; measuring, with the sensor, a pressure signal from the drill string; and demodulating the message from the pressure signal by the surface receiver. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising prior to the step of positioning the downhole tool on a drill string, phase synchronizing the turbine and surface receiver. 21. A system for transmitting a message from a location within a wellbore to the surface comprising: a downhole tool coupled to a drill string located within the wellbore, the downhole tool including: a turbine generator having: a turbine adapted to rotate in response to the movement of fluid through the turbine generator; one or more windings; and one or more permanent magnets coupled to the turbine adapted to induce current in the one or more windings as the turbine rotates; and a control unit, the control unit coupled to the output of the windings, the control unit adapted to modulate the message into a sequence of pressure variations, the pressure variations generated by varying the electric load on the generator to modulate the speed of rotation of the turbine; and a surface receiver, the surface receiver including at least one pressure sensor coupled to the drill string adapted to detect the pressure in the drill string, the surface receiver adapted to demodulate the message from the detected pressure signal. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the surface receiver comprises a plurality of pressure sensors, the plurality of pressure sensors adapted to determine direction and source of noise within the wellbore.",
-    "A mechanical axle structure suitable for a key includes a base, a function axle for generating a switch signal and a cover plate. The base, the function axle and the cover plate are connected in order from bottom to top. An upper portion of a supporting piece is fixed with a bottom surface of the cover plate, while a lower portion is fixed with the base. The function axle passes through the supporting piece to support against the bottom surface of the cover plate. 1. (canceled) 2. A mechanical axle structure for a key, comprising a base, a function axle for generating a switch signal and a cover plate, wherein the base, the function axle and the cover plate are connected in order from bottom to top; and the mechanical axle structure further comprises a supporting piece, an upper portion of the supporting piece is fixed with a bottom surface of the cover plate, while a lower portion is fixed with the base, and the function axle passes through the supporting piece to support against the bottom surface of the cover plate, wherein an upper surface of the base is provided with a connecting portion, the function axle comprises a function axle cover sheathed on an outer wall of the connecting portion and movable up and down along the outer wall of the connecting portion, an elastic mechanism is arranged between the function axle cover and the connecting portion; the connecting portion is internally provided with a first spring piece and a second spring piece, which are used for achieving the switch function, wherein the function axle cover moves downward to trigger the first spring piece, so that the first spring piece and the second spring piece contact with each other and close a circuit to generate a switch signal. 3. The mechanical keyboard button structure according to claim 2, wherein the supporting piece comprises a pair of scissor pins opened with a central axle hole for the function axle to pass through. 4. The mechanical axle structure for the key according to claim 2, wherein the base is formed by a base plate, and the upper surface of the base plate extends outward to form the connecting portion. 5. The mechanical axle structure for the key according to claim 2, wherein the function axle cover and the cover plate are an integrally-formed structure. 6. The mechanical axle structure for the key according to claim 2, wherein the outer wall of the upper end of the connecting portion is provided with an upper flange extending outward, an inner wall of a lower end of the function axle cover is provided with a lower flange extending inward, the upper flange and the lower flange are mutually matched with each other to limit an up-and-down motion stroke; the elastic mechanism is a spring mounted between the connecting portion and the function axle cover, wherein the function axle cover moves upward under the action of the resilience force of the spring until the function axle cover stops moving when the lower flange of the function axle cover is buckled with the upper flange of the connecting portion. 7. The mechanical axle structure for the key according to claim 2, wherein a bottom surface of the function axle cover is provided with a guide rod axle, the guide rod axle is sheathed with a sliding block sliding up and down, and the sliding block is movable up and down along with the function axle cover and triggers the first spring piece. 8. The mechanical axle structure for the key according to claim 3, wherein the bottom of the cover plate is provided with an upper snap, the base is provided with a lower snap, and the scissor pins are coupled with the upper snap and the lower snap respectively.",
-    "A recombinant serine protease precursor that auto-activates in an aqueous buffer to form a mature active enzyme is disclosed. A contemplated precursor contains 1 to about 10 heterologous amino acid residues that function to enhance by at least ten-fold the room temperature rate of auto-lytic bond cleavage to form the active enzyme relative to the auto-lytic cleavage rate of the native enzyme precursor when each precursor is dispersed in an aqueous buffer at an optimal pH value for the proteolytic activity of the protease. Illustrative active enzymes include serine proteases such as thrombin and protein C. A method of preparing and using an enzyme precursor is also disclosed. 1.-39. (canceled) 40. An auto-lytic recombinant thrombin comprising: an amino acid sequence having at least 95 percent amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4; and an amino acid substitution of glycine at position 48 of SEQ ID NO: 4. 41. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, wherein the amino acid substitution of glycine at position 48 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is a non-conservative amino acid. 42. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 41, wherein the amino acid substitution of glycine at position 48 of SEQ ID NO: 4 is a proline amino acid at position 48 of SEQ ID NO: 4. 43. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, further comprising an amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 40 of SEQ ID NO:4; an aspartic acid to alanine substitution at residue 47 of SEQ ID NO:4; a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 52 of SEQ ID NO:4; a tryptophan to alanine substitution at residue 276 of SEQ ID NO:4; a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 278 of SEQ ID NO:4; and combinations thereof. 44. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, further comprising a tryptophan to alanine substitution at residue 276 of SEQ ID NO:4; a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 278 of SEQ ID NO:4. 45. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, further comprising a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 40 of SEQ ID NO:4; an aspartic acid to alanine substitution at residue 47 of SEQ ID NO:4; a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 52 of SEQ ID NO:4. 46. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, further comprising a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 40 of SEQ ID NO:4; an aspartic acid to alanine substitution at residue 47 of SEQ ID NO:4; a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 52 of SEQ ID NO:4; a tryptophan to alanine substitution at residue 276 of SEQ ID NO:4; a glutamic acid to alanine substitution at residue 278 of SEQ ID NO:4. 47. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, wherein the auto-lytic recombinant thrombin precursor is unglycosylated. 48. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, wherein the auto-lytic recombinant thrombin precursor is glycosylated. 49. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 40, further comprising a tag. 50. The auto-lytic recombinant thrombin of claim 49, wherein the tag is selected from the group consisting of a FLAG peptide, \u03b2-galactosidase, glutathione-S-transferase, a histidine tag, a chitin binding protein, a maltose binding protein, a V5 tag, a c-myc tag, a HA-tag, and combinations thereof.",
-    "The invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding FGF21 mutant polypeptides, FGF21 mutant polypeptides, pharmaceutical compositions comprising FGF21 mutant polypeptides, and methods for treating metabolic disorders using such nucleic acids, polypeptides, or pharmaceutical compositions. 1. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, further comprising the substitution of any amino acid for: the alanine residue at position 45, the leucine residue at position 86, the leucine residue at position 98, the alanine residue at position 111, the alanine residue at position 129, the glycine residue at position 170, the proline residue at position 171 or the serine residue at position 172, and combinations thereof. 2. The isolated polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the isolated polypeptide comprises the substitution of any amino acid for: the leucine residue at position 98, the proline residue at 171 or both the leucine residue at position 98 and the proline residue at position 171. 3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the isolated polypeptide comprises the substitution of any amino acid for both the leucine residue at position 98 and the proline residue at position 171. 4. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having: (a) at least one amino acid substitution that is: (i) a glutamine, isoleucine, or lysine residue at position 19; (ii) a histidine, leucine, or phenylalanine residue at position 20; (iii) an isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or valine residue at position 21; (iv) an isoleucine, phenylalanine, or valine residue at position 22; (v) an alanine or arginine residue at position 150; (vi) an alanine or valine residue at position 151; (vii) a histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, or valine residue at position 152; (viii) an alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, or serine residue at position 170; (ix) an alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, lysine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, or tyrosine residue at position 171; (x) a leucine or threonine residue at position 172; or (xi) an arginine or glutamic acid residue at position 173; and (b) at least one amino acid substitution that is: (i) an arginine, glutamic acid, or lysine residue at position 26; (ii) an arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, lysine, or threonine residue at position 45; (iii) a threonine residue at position 52; (iv) a cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, or serine residue at position 58; (v) an alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, or lysine residue at position 60; (vi) an alanine, arginine, cysteine, or histidine residue at position 78; (vii) a cysteine or threonine residue at position 86; (viii) an alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, lysine, or serine residue at position 88; (ix) an arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, lysine, or threonine residue at position 98; (x) an arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, or glutamic acid residue at position 99; (xi) a lysine or threonine residue at position 111; (xii) an arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, or lysine residue at position 129; or (xiii) an arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, or tyrosine residue at position 134; and combinations thereof. 5. The isolated polypeptide of claim 4, wherein the residue at position 98 is arginine and the residue at position 171 is proline. 6. The isolated polypeptide of claim 4, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85 percent identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, but wherein the at least one amino acid substitution of claim 4(a)(i)-(xi) and 4(b)(i)-(xiii) is not further modified. 7. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a glutamine, lysine or isoleucine residue at position 19; (b) a histidine, leucine, or phenylalanine residue at position 20; (c) an isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or valine residue at position 21; (d) an isoleucine, phenylalanine, or valine residue at position 22; (e) an alanine or arginine residue at position 150; (f) an alanine or valine residue at position 151; (g) a histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, or valine residue at position 152; (h) an alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, or proline residue at position 170; (i) an alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, lysine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, or tyrosine residue at position 171; (j) a leucine residue at position 172; or (k) an arginine or glutamic acid residue at position 173; and combinations thereof. 8. The isolated polypeptide of claim 7, wherein the residue at position 171 is proline. 9. The isolated polypeptide of claim 7, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85 percent identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, but wherein the at least one amino acid substitution of claim 7(a)-(k) is not further modified. 10. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) an arginine, glutamic acid, or lysine residue at position 26; (b) an arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, lysine, or threonine residue at position 45; (c) a threonine residue at position 52; (d) a glutamic acid, glycine, or serine residue at position 58; (e) an alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, or lysine residue at position 60; (f) an alanine, arginine, or histidine residue at position 78; (g) an alanine residue at position 88; (h) an arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, lysine, or threonine residue at position 98; (i) an arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, or glutamic acid residue at position 99; (j) a lysine or threonine residue at position 111; (k) an arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, or lysine residue at position 129; or (l) an arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, or tyrosine residue at position 134; and combinations thereof. 11. The isolated polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the residue at position 98 is arginine. 12. The isolated polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85 percent identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, but wherein the at least one amino acid substitution of claim 10(a)-(l) is not further modified. 13. The isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10, further comprising at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a phenylalanine, proline, alanine, serine or glycine at position 179; (b) a glutamic acid, glycine, proline, or serine at position 180; or (c) a lysine, glycine, threonine, alanine, leucine, or proline at position 181. 14. The isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10, further comprising 1 to 10 amino acid residues fused to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. 15. The isolated polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the 1 to 10 amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of glycine, proline and combinations thereof. 16. The isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10, wherein the polypeptide comprises: (a) an amino-terminal truncation of no more than 8 amino acid residues, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal; (b) a carboxyl-terminal truncation of no more than 12 amino acid residues, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal; or (c) an amino-terminal truncation of no more than 8 amino acid residues and a carboxyl-terminal truncation of no more than 12 amino acid residues, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal. 17. The isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to one or more polymers. 18. The isolated polypeptide of claim 17, wherein the polymer is PEG. 19. A fusion polypeptide comprising the isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10 fused to a heterologous amino acid sequence. 20. The fusion polypeptide of claim 19, wherein the polypeptide is fused to the heterologous amino acid sequence via a linker. 21. The fusion polypeptide of claim 20, wherein the linker comprises GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 23). 22. The fusion polypeptide of claim 20, wherein the heterologous amino acid sequence is an IgG constant domain or fragment thereof. 23. The fusion polypeptide of claim 22, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 24. A multimer comprising two or more copies of the fusion polypeptide of claim 23. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent. 26. A method for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a human patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim 25. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity. 29. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of any of claims 1, 4, 7 or 10. 30. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule claim 29. 31. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 29. 32. An isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the polypeptide comprises: (a) an amino-terminal truncation of no more than 8 amino acid residues, and wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal; (b) a carboxyl-terminal truncation of no more than 12 amino acid residues, and wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal; or (c) an amino-terminal truncation of no more than 8 amino acid residues and a carboxyl-terminal truncation of no more than 12 amino acid residues, and wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal. 33. An isolated fusion protein comprising: (a) an IgG constant domain; (b) a linker sequence fused to the IgG constant domain; and (c) an FGF21 mutant fused to the linker sequence and comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein an arginine residue has been substituted for the leucine residue at position 98 and a glycine residue has been substituted for the proline residue at position 171. 34. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the linker sequence comprises GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:23). 35. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the IgG constant domain comprises SEQ ID NO: 13. 36. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the linker sequence comprises GGGGGSGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:23) and the IgG constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 37. The isolated fusion protein of claim 36, wherein the N terminus of the linker is fused to the C terminus of the IgG constant domain and the N terminus of the FGF21 mutant is fused to the C terminus of the linker. 38. A multimer comprising two or more of the fusion proteins of claim 33. 39. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the FGF21 mutant further comprises at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a phenylalanine, proline, alanine, serine or glycine at position 179; (b) a glutamic acid, glycine, proline, or serine at position 180; or (c) a lysine, glycine, threonine, alanine, leucine, or proline at position 181. 40. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the FGF21 mutant further comprises 1 to 10 amino acid residues fused to the C-terminus of the FGF21 mutant. 41. The isolated fusion protein of claim 40, wherein the 1 to 10 amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of glycine, proline and combinations thereof. 42. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the FGF21 mutant comprises: (a) an amino-terminal truncation of no more than 8 amino acid residues, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal; (b) a carboxyl-terminal truncation of no more than 12 amino acid residues, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal; or (c) an amino-terminal truncation of no more than 8 amino acid residues and a carboxyl-terminal truncation of no more than 12 amino acid residues, wherein the polypeptide is capable of lowering blood glucose in a mammal. 43. The isolated fusion protein of claim 33, wherein the FGF21 mutant comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85 percent identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, but wherein the arginine at position 98 and the glycine at position 171 are not further modified. 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated fusion protein of claim 33 or claim 38 and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent. 45. A method for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a human patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim 44. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity. 48. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein of claim 33. 49. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule claim 48. 50. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 48.",
-    "Some embodiments include a capacitive chip having a plurality of capacitive units. The individual capacitive units include alternating electrode layers and dielectric layers in a capacitor stack. The capacitor stack extends across an undulating topography. The undulating topography has peaks and valleys with the peaks being elevationally offset relative to the valleys by a distance within a range of from about 30 microns to about 100 microns. The capacitor stack includes at least about 10 total layers. Some embodiments include apparatuses and multi-chip modules having capacitor chips. 1-14. (canceled) 15: An apparatus, comprising: a power supply; an integrated circuit chip; and a capacitive chip electrically coupled between the power supply and the integrated circuit chip and configured to modify power from the power supply to the integrated circuit chip and/or to provide backup power to the chip in the event of power failure; the capacitive chip comprising a plurality of capacitive units, the individual capacitive units comprising: alternating electrode layers and dielectric layers in a capacitor stack; the capacitor stack extending across an undulating topography having elevational offsets of from about 30 microns to about 100 microns; the capacitor stack comprising at least about 10 total layers; and wherein the electrode layers and dielectric layers have thicknesses within a range of from about 5 nanometers to about 20 nanometers. 16: An apparatus, comprising: a power supply; an integrated circuit chip; a capacitive chip electrically coupled between the power supply and the integrated circuit chip and configured to modify power from the power supply to the integrated circuit chip and/or to provide backup power to the chip in the event of power failure; the capacitive chip comprising a plurality of capacitive units, the individual capacitive units comprising: alternating electrode layers and dielectric layers in a capacitor stack; the capacitor stack extending across an undulating topography having elevational offsets of from about 30 microns to about 100 microns; and the capacitor stack comprising at least about 10 total layers; and the apparatus comprising at least about 1 capacitive unit per square millimeter. 17: The apparatus of claim 16 comprising at least about 4 capacitive units per square millimeter. 18: The apparatus of claim 16 wherein all of the capacitive units are substantially identical to one another in capacitance. 19: The apparatus of claim 16 wherein at least one of the capacitive units has a substantially different capacitance than another of the capacitive units. 20: The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the capacitor stack comprises at least about 30 total layers. 21: The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the capacitor stack comprises at least about 50 total layers. 22-34. (canceled) 35: The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the capacitive chip has capacitive volume within a range of from about 10 \u03bcF/mm3 to about 400 \u03bcF/mm3. 36: The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the capacitive chip has capacitive volume within a range of from about 10 \u03bcF/mm3 to about 400 \u03bcF/mm3.",
-    "An apparatus and method for providing primitive visual knowledge are disclosed. The method of providing primitive visual knowledge includes receiving an image in a form of a digital image sequence, dividing the received image into scenes, extracting a representative shot from each of the scenes, extracting objects from frames which compose the representative shot, extracting action verbs based on a mutual relationship between the extracted objects, selecting a frame best expressing the mutual relationship with the objects, which are the basis for the extracting of the action verbs, as a key frame, generating the primitive visual knowledge based on the selected key frame, storing the generated primitive visual knowledge in a database, and visualizing the primitive visual knowledge stored in the database to provide the primitive visual knowledge to a manager. 1. A method of providing primitive visual knowledge performed by a primitive visual knowledge providing apparatus, the method comprising: receiving an image in a form of a digital image sequence; dividing the received image into scenes; extracting a representative shot from each of the scenes; extracting objects from frames which compose the representative shot; extracting action verbs based on a mutual relationship between the extracted objects; selecting a frame best expressing the mutual relationship with the objects, which are the basis for the extracting of the action verbs, as a key frame; generating the primitive visual knowledge based on the selected key frame; storing the generated primitive visual knowledge in a database; and visualizing the primitive visual knowledge stored in the database to provide the primitive visual knowledge to a manager. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dividing of the received image into scenes includes: monitoring a change amount of the image in the received image; tagging a time point at which the change amount goes beyond a critical amount as a start point of a scene, and continuing to monitor the change amount of the image; tagging a time point at which the change amount is equal to or smaller than the critical amount as an end point of the scene; and separating an image in a section between the start point and the end point of the scene, and storing the separated image as a scene for analysis. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracting of the representative shot includes: calculating an entropy in a section while moving along sections of separate scenes; and extracting a section having the highest entropy as the representative shot. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracting of the objects includes: extracting and recognizing objects with respect to image frames composing the representative shot using a vision technique; and calculating coordinates of the objects on the image. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracting of the action verbs includes: inferring a plurality of action verbs meeting a preestablished synthesis rule based on a relationship of a time-based change or a spatial change of the extracted objects; and assigning a ranking to each of the inferred action verbs. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting of the frame best expressing the mutual relationship as the key frame includes selecting an image frame having a highest ranking from a plurality of image frames composing the representative shot as the key frame. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating of the primitive visual knowledge includes classifying the selected key frame, a visual word for a minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) region of objects included in the key frame, attributes of objects, locations of the objects on a screen, inferred action verbs, and a synthesis rule used in extracting the action verbs into syntactic elements and semantic elements to generate the primitive visual knowledge. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the storing of the generated primitive visual knowledge in the database includes: indexing the primitive visual knowledge in units of time, space, object, event, or visual word for convenience of searching the primitive visual knowledge; and storing indexing information in the database as key frame information which represents scenes. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the visualizing includes: loading the primitive visual knowledge stored in the database into an interface for visualizing the primitive visual knowledge based on input constraints of a manager; and displaying and navigating the loaded primitive visual knowledge through the interface for visualizing the primitive visual knowledge. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the interface for visualizing the primitive visual knowledge includes: a source navigation area configured to receive camera information; a scene navigation area configured to load an image in accordance with the received camera information, and continuously list and display key frames which represents scenes of the loaded image; an object panel on which object composing information of a scene including a key frame selected from the continuously listed key frames is displayed; a relation panel on which an object-related graph composing event information included in the scene including the selected key frame is displayed; an event panel on which the event information included in the scene including the selected key frame is ranked and displayed; an interactive view panel for key frame on which the primitive visual knowledge is overlaid and displayed with a key frame representing the scene including the selected key frame; an interactive view panel for primitive data on which primitive data of the scene including the selected key frame is displayed; and a control panel for the manager. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the control panel includes: a natural language control unit configured to input commands with a natural language; a command control unit configured to select the commands with button input; and a constraints control unit which permits the manager to directly input information when the command control unit is used. 12. An apparatus for providing primitive visual knowledge, comprising: a user interface input unit; a user interface output unit; a network interface; a memory configured to store instructions; and a processor configured to execute the instructions, wherein the instructions perform a primitive visual knowledge providing method, the method comprising: receiving an image in a form of a digital image sequence; dividing the received image into scenes; extracting a representative shot from each of the scenes; extracting objects from frames which compose the representative shot; extracting action verbs based on a mutual relationship among the extracted objects; selecting a frame best expressing the mutual relationship with the objects, which are the basis for the extracting of the action verbs, as a key frame; generating the primitive visual knowledge based on the selected key frame; storing the generated primitive visual knowledge in a database; and visualizing the primitive visual knowledge stored in the database to provide the primitive visual knowledge to a manager. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the dividing of the received image into scenes includes: monitoring a change amount of an image in the received image; tagging a time point at which the change amount goes beyond a critical amount as a start point of a scene, and continuing to monitor the change amount of the image; tagging a time point at which the change amount is equal to or smaller than the critical amount as an end point of the scene; and separating an image in a section between the start point and the end point of the scene, and storing the separated image as a scene for analysis. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the extracting of the representative shot includes: calculating an entropy in a section while moving along sections of separate scenes; and extracting a section having the highest entropy as the representative shot. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the extracting of the objects includes: extracting and recognizing objects with respect to image frames composing the representative shot using a vision technique; and calculating coordinates of the objects on the image. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the extracting of the action verbs includes: inferring a plurality of action verbs meeting a preestablished synthesis rule based on a relationship of a time-based change or a spatial change of the extracted objects; and assigning a ranking to each of the inferred action verbs. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the selecting of the frame best expressing the mutual relationship as the key frame includes selecting an image frame having a highest ranking from a plurality of image frames composing the representative shot as the key frame. 18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the generating of the primitive visual knowledge includes classifying the selected key frame, a visual word for a minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) region of objects included in the key frame, attributes of objects, locations of the objects on a screen, inferred action verbs, and a synthesis rule used in extracting the action verbs into syntactic elements and semantic elements to generate the primitive visual knowledge. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the storing of the generated primitive visual knowledge in the database includes: indexing the primitive visual knowledge in units of time, space, object, event, or visual word for convenience of searching the primitive visual knowledge; and storing indexing information in the database as key frame information which represents scenes. 20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the visualizing includes: loading the primitive visual knowledge stored in the database into an interface for visualizing the primitive visual knowledge based on input constraints of a manager; and displaying and navigating the loaded primitive visual knowledge through the interface for visualizing the primitive visual knowledge.",
-    "A method of achieving improved hair feel. The method comprises applying to hair a composition comprising: (a) a specific cationic guar polymer; (b) a specific cationic copolymer; (c) an anti-dandruff active; (d) a cosmetically acceptable carrier; (e) a surfactant; wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 1000:1 to about 3.5:1; and wherein the sum of (a)+(b) is an amount of from about 0.0001% to about 0.7%, by total weight of the composition. The composition forms coacervate particles upon dilution of the composition with water and the coacervate particles have a squeeze flow viscosity of from about 1 cP to about 100 cP. The percentage of coacervate particles with a floc size of greater than about 20 micron is from about 1% to about 60% and the on-scalp deposition of the anti-dandruff active is at least about 1 microgram/cm2. 1. Method of achieving improved hair feel, comprising applying to hair a composition comprising: (a) a cationic guar polymer, wherein the cationic guar polymer has a weight average molecular weight of less than about 1 million g/mol, and wherein the cationic guar polymer has a charge density of from about 0.1 meq/g to about 2.5 meq/g; (b) a cationic copolymer of an acrylamide monomer and a cationic monomer, wherein the copolymer has a charge density of from about 1.0 meq/g to about 3.0 meq/g; (c) an anti-dandruff active; (d) a cosmetically acceptable carrier; (e) a surfactant; wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 1000:1 to about 3.5:1; and wherein the sum of (a)+(b) is an amount of from about 0.0001% to about 0.7%, by total weight of the composition; wherein the composition forms coacervate particles upon dilution of the composition with water; and wherein the coacervate particles have a squeeze flow viscosity of from about 1 cP to about 100 cP; and wherein the percentage of coacervate particles with a floc size of greater than about 20 micron is from about 1% to about 60%; and wherein the on-scalp deposition of the anti-dandruff active is at least about 1 microgram/cm2. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a mean consumer acceptance rating, on a scale of 1 to 100, of 60 or more is achieved. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein cationic guar polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 150 thousand to about 800 thousand g/mol. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein cationic guar polymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 200 thousand to about 700 thousand g/mol. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 800:1 to about 4:1. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 100:1 to about 6:1. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of (a):(b) is from about 50:1 to about 8.3:1. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cationic copolymer has a charge density of from about 1.1 meq/g to about 2.5 meq/g. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cationic copolymer has a charge density of from about 1.2 meq/g to about 2.2 meq/g. 10. The method according to claim 1 and wherein the sum of (a)+(b) is an amount of from about 0.0001% to less than about 0.6%. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the anti-dandruff active is selected from the group consisting of antimicrobial actives, pyridinethione salts, azoles, selenium sulfide, particulate sulfur, keratolytic acid, salicylic acid, octopirox (piroctone olamine), coal tar, and mixtures thereof. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a zinc-containing layered material, wherein the zinc-containing layered material is selected from the group consisting of basic zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate hydroxide, hydrozincite, zinc copper carbonate hydroxide, aurichalcite, copper zinc carbonate hydroxide, rosasite, phyllosilicate containing zinc ions, layered double hydroxide, hydroxy double salts, and mixtures thereof. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the on-scalp deposition of the basic zinc carbonate is at least about 1 microgram/cm2. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cosmetically acceptable carrier is a cosmetically acceptable aqueous carrier and is present at a level of from about 20% to about 95%. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sum of (a)+(b) is an amount from about 0.01% to about 0.7% by total weight of the composition. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sum of (a)+(b) is an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by total weight of the composition. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.7% cationic guar polymer (a), by total weight of the composition. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.1% cationic copolymer (b), by total weight of the composition. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the percentage of coacervate particles with a floc size of greater than about 20 micron is from about 1% to about 40%. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the coacervate particles have a squeeze flow viscosity of from about 2 Pa\u00b7s to about 60 Pa\u00b7s. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant is an anionic surfactant. 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the composition further comprises a co-surfactant, wherein the co-surfactant is selected from the group consisting of zwitterionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof.",
-    "A method and apparatus for information processing and a communication system. The method includes: storing, when user equipment detects that a failure occurs, information related to the failure, and reserving the stored information related to the failure. In this way, when the network side obtains the information related to failure at each time occurrence of failure, the handover parameter may be configured according to the information, thereby reducing occurrence of failure. 1. A method for information processing, comprising: storing, information related to a failure when it is determined that the stored information related to the failure contains information related to inter radio access technology (inter-RAT) handover, and/or when it is determined that the information related to the failure to be currently stored contains information related to inter-RAT handover. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the information related to the failure comprises one or more pieces of the following information: measurement results of a serving cell and a neighboring cell when the failure occurs, an identifier used by the user equipment, and a cause of occurrence of the failure. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the information related to the failure further comprises relevance information on the inter-RAT handover, the relevance information comprising information on a cell where the user equipment is present before the occurrence of the failure, and/or information on a cell where the user equipment is present in being reconnected to a network. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the user equipment is reconnected to a network, the method further comprises: transmitting to a network side indication information indicating that the user equipment has stored the information related to the failure, wherein the user equipment storing the information related to the failure of more than one times of failures is indicated, or the number of pieces of the information related to the failure stored by the user equipment and that the number is greater than 1 are indicated, or the user equipment storing relevance information on the inter-RAT handover is indicated. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: reporting the information related to the failure to the network side; and wherein, the user equipment reports all the information related to the failure at one time; or the user equipment reports the information related to the failure piece by piece; wherein at each time of reporting the information on the failure, when there still exists unreported information related to the failure, first indication information indicating that the user equipment further stores the unreported information related to the failure is reported to the network side; or the user equipment reports the information related to the failure according to a predetermined number; wherein, when reporting the predetermined number of pieces of the information related to the failure, when there still exists unreported information related to the failure, second indication information indicating that the user equipment further stores the unreported information related to the failure is reported to the network side. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein after the first indication information or the second indication information is transmitted to the network side, the method further comprises: transmitting the unreported information related to the failure according to a request of the network side. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method further comprises: deleting the reported information related to the failure. 8. An apparatus for information processing, comprising: a determining unit configured to determine whether stored information related to a failure contains information related to inter radio access technology (inter-RAT) handover, and/or determine whether information related to a failure to be currently stored contains information related to inter-RAT handover; and when a determination result of the determining unit is yes, the first information processing unit stores the information related to the failure. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a first transmitting unit configured to transmit indication information to a network side when the user equipment is reconnected to a network, the indication information being used to indicate that the user equipment stores information related to the failure of more than one times of failures, or indicate the number of pieces of the information related to the failure stored by the user equipment and that the number is greater than 1, or indicate that the user equipment stores relevance information on inter-RAT handover. 10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the apparatus further comprises a reporting unit configured to report the information related to the failure to the network side; and wherein the reporting unit reports all the information related to the failure at one time; or reports the information related to the failure piece by piece; wherein at each time of reporting the information related to the failure, when there still exists unreported information related to the failure, first indication information indicating that the user equipment further stores the unreported information related to the failure is reported to the network side; or reports the information related to the failure according to a predetermined number; wherein, when reporting the predetermined number of pieces of the information related to the failure, when there still exists unreported information related to the failure, second indication information indicating that the user equipment further stores the unreported information related to the failure is reported to the network side. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein after transmitting the first indication information or the second indication information to the network side, the reporting unit transmits the unreported information related to the failure according to a request of the network side. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a second information processing unit configured to delete the reported information related to the failure. 13. An apparatus for information processing, comprising: an information receiving unit configured to receive indication information indicating that user equipment has stored information related to a failure reported by the user equipment; wherein the indication information is used to indicate that the user equipment stores information related to the failure of more than one times of failures, or indicate the number of pieces of the information related to the failure stored by the user equipment and that the number is greater than 1, or indicate that the user equipment stores relevance information on inter-RAT handover; or to receive information related to a failure of more than one times of failures reported by user equipment at one time; or to receive information related to a failure of one time or a predetermined number times of failures reported by user equipment, and first indication information or second indication information indicating that the user equipment further stores unreported information related to the failure. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the apparatus further comprises: an information transmitting unit configured to, after receiving the first indication information or the second indication information, transmit to the user equipment a request indicating the user equipment to report the unreported information related to the failure. 15. A network system, comprising a base station; wherein the network system further comprises user equipment configured to store information related to a failure when it is determined that the stored information related to the failure contains information related to inter radio access technology (inter-RAT) handover, and/or when it is determined that the information related to the failure to be currently stored contains information related to inter-RAT handover.",
-    "A portable terminal is provided. The portable terminal includes a shielding member attached to an inner surface of an external part, a shielding wall formed on the shielding member, a first coil attached to a surface of the shielding member that faces the inner surface of the external part, and a second coil attached to the surface of the shielding member, with the second coil surrounds the first coil on a same plane and the shielding wall being disposed between the first and second coil. 1. A portable terminal comprising: a shielding member attached to an inner surface of an external part; a shielding wall formed on the shielding member; a first coil attached to a surface of the shielding member that faces the inner surface of the external part; and a second coil attached to the surface of the shielding member, wherein the second coil surrounds the first coil on a same plane, and wherein the shielding wall is disposed between the first and second coil. 2. The portable terminal of claim 1, wherein the first coil is a secondary coil for inductive coupling with a charger and the second coil is an antenna element. 3. The portable terminal of claim 1, wherein the first coil is an antenna element and the second coil is a secondary coil for inductive coupling with a charger. 4. The portable terminal of claim 1, further comprising a battery mounting recess formed on a housing of the portable terminal, wherein the external part is a battery cover detachably engaged with the housing, for opening or covering the battery mounting recess. 5. The portable terminal of claim 1, wherein a battery pack connected to the first coil is accommodated in the portable terminal and the first coil is a secondary coil for inductive coupling with a charger connected to the battery pack. 6. The portable terminal of claim 1, wherein the second coil is a Near Field Communication (NFC) antenna element. 7. The portable terminal of claim 1, further comprising an NFC control circuit built in the portable terminal, wherein one of the first and second coils is connected to a communication circuit of the portable terminal through the NFC control circuit. 8. The portable terminal of claim 1, further comprising a wireless charging control circuit built in the external part or the portable terminal, wherein one of the first coils and the second coil is connected to a battery pack of the portable terminal via the wireless charging control circuit. 9. The portable terminal of claim 1, further comprising a magnetic piece attached to the surface of the shielding member, in an area surrounded by the first coil. 10. The portable terminal of claim 1, further comprising a load switch for connecting the first coil to a battery pack of the portable terminal and connecting the second coil to a communication circuit of the portable terminal, wherein the load switch blocks a power supply from the battery pack to the first coil during transfer between the second coil and the communication circuit. 11. The portable terminal of claim 1, wherein the shielding member comprises: a first accommodation groove formed into the surface of the shielding member; and a second accommodation groove surrounding the first accommodation groove on the surface of the shielding member, wherein the first coil is accommodated in the first accommodation groove and the second coil is accommodated in the second accommodation groove. 12. The portable terminal of claim 11, wherein the shielding member further comprises a protrusion portion formed of a paramagnetic material, surrounded by the first accommodation groove. 13. The portable terminal of claim 11, further comprising a magnetic piece formed of a paramagnetic material, attached to an area surrounded by the first accommodation groove. 14. The portable terminal of claim 1, wherein the shielding member is formed by injection-molding a mixture of an iron powder and synthetic resin. 15. The portable terminal of claim 14, wherein the synthetic resin is one of Poly Carbonate (PC), Poly Amide (PA), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) copolymer, and Nylon.",
-    "An engine sound enhancement system includes a conduit in communication with at least one of an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold of an engine. An interface is arranged at least one of within the conduit and between an inlet of the conduit and the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold. The interface is responsive to pulses within the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold, wherein the interface is configured to transfer the pulses into the conduit. 1. An engine sound enhancement system comprising: a conduit in communication with at least one of an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold of an engine; and an interface arranged at least one of (i) within the conduit and (ii) between an inlet of the conduit and the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold, wherein the interface is responsive to pulses within the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold, wherein the interface is configured to transfer the pulses into the conduit. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the pulses correspond to at least one of changes in sound and changes in pressure. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the interface is arranged at least one of (i) adjacent to a surface of the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold and (ii) in an opening between the conduit and the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising an engine sound enhancement device arranged within the conduit, wherein the interface is located within the engine sound enhancement device. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the engine sound enhancement device includes a sound transducer that converts the pulses to a signal. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the engine sound enhancement device includes a speaker that outputs engine sound based on the signal. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the engine sound enhancement device at least one of filters, attenuates, and amplifies the signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein an outlet of the conduit is in communication with an air intake of a turbocharger. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein an outlet of the conduit is in communication with a compressor discharge of a turbocharger. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein an outlet of the conduit is in communication with an exhaust pipe. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein an outlet of the conduit is in communication with an exterior of a vehicle. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising a valve arranged within the conduit. 13. An engine sound enhancement method comprising: providing a conduit in communication with at least one of an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold of an engine; arranging an interface at least one of (i) within the conduit and (ii) between an inlet of the conduit and the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold, wherein the interface is responsive to pulses within the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold; and transferring the pulses into the conduit using the interface. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pulses correspond to at least one of changes in sound and changes in pressure. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein arranging the interface includes arranging the interface at least one of (i) adjacent to a surface of the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold and (ii) in an opening between the conduit and the at least one of the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising arranging an engine sound enhancement device within the conduit, wherein the interface is located within the engine sound enhancement device. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising converting the pulses to a signal using the engine sound enhancement device and outputting engine sound based on the signal. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising at least one of filtering, attenuating, and amplifying the signal. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein an outlet of the conduit is in communication with at least one of an air intake of a turbocharger, a compressor discharge of a turbocharger, an exhaust pipe, and an exterior of the vehicle. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising a valve arranged within the conduit.",
-    "A damping apparatus includes a contact roller provided to be rotatable about a rotation axis, a first support body by which the contact roller is rotatably supported, a second support body holding the first support body so that the rotation axis of the contact roller is parallel to an axis of a spindle, a drive mechanism driving the second support body to bring the contact roller into contact with a workpiece held by the spindle and to separate the contact roller from the workpiece, and a base supporting the second support body and the drive mechanism. The first support body is held by the second support body via an elastic rubber body. 1. A damping apparatus disposed on a machine tool for reducing vibration of a workpiece held by a spindle of the machine tool, comprising: a contact roller provided to be rotatable about a rotation axis; a first support body supporting the contact roller in such a manner that the contact roller is rotatable; a second support body holding the first support body in such a manner that the rotation axis of the contact roller is parallel to an axis of the spindle; a drive mechanism driving the second support body to bring the contact roller into contact with the workpiece held by the spindle and to separate the contact roller from the workpiece held by the spindle; and a base supporting the second support body and the drive mechanism, the first support body being held by the second support body via an elastic rubber body. 2. The damping apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a cylindrical outer ring and a cylindrical inner ring, the outer ring and the inner ring being concentrically disposed and being connected to each other via the rubber body filled between the outer ring and the inner ring, the first support body being connected to either one of the outer ring and the inner ring, and the second support body being connected to the other of the outer ring and the inner ring. 3. The damping apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a cylindrical outer ring and a cylindrical inner ring, the outer ring and the inner ring being concentrically disposed and being connected to each other via the rubber body filled between the outer ring and the inner ring, the second support body having a support shaft inserted in the inner ring, the first support body having an engagement hole for inserting the outer ring therein, the second support body being connected to the inner ring with the support shaft being inserted in the inner ring, and the first support body being connected to the outer ring with the outer ring being inserted in the engagement hole. 4. The damping apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a moving mechanism moving the base along the axis of the spindle. 5. The damping apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a moving mechanism moving the base along the axis of the spindle. 6. The damping apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a moving mechanism moving the base along the axis of the spindle.",
-    "A modular growth chart assembly includes a growth chart module, one or more picture frame modules removably attached to a first side of the growth chart module, and at least one decorative frame module removably attached to the a second side of the growth chart module opposite of the first side. The growth chart module extends along a vertical height from a bottom end to a top end. The growth chart module includes hash marks disposed along its vertical height for measuring height, for example, of a child. Photos of the child can be implemented with the picture frame modules for adapting the growth chart assembly to a particular user or child. With the modular growth chart assembly, a user may substitute the decorative frame module to adapt the growth chart assembly along with a child's changing preference or interest. 1. A modular growth chart assembly, comprising: a growth chart module extending along a vertical height from a bottom end to a top end and having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the growth chart module including a plurality of hash marks disposed along the vertical height; one or more picture frame modules configured to attach to the growth chart module at the first side , each of the picture frame modules being configured to display one or more pictures in each of one or more picture displays of the picture frame module; and at least one decorative frame module configured to attach to the growth chart module at a the second side, the decorative frame module including an ornamented surface. 2. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more picture frame modules comprises a plurality of picture displays for receiving and presenting individual pictures. 3. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein said picture displays include a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen for presenting digital pictures. 4. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one decorative frame module is fabricated with a translucent material. 5. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one decorative frame module comprises one or more lighting components. 6. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 5, wherein the one or more lighting components are disposed about a rear side of the at least one decorative frame module. 7. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein one or more of the growth chart module, the decorative frame module and the picture frame module is configured for folding about a horizontal folding line. 8. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein one or more of the growth chart module and the at least one decorative frame module includes multiple layers. 9. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more picture frame modules and the at least one decorative frame module are configured for attachment with the growth chart module by one or more attachment features. 10. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the attachment features include one or more of the group consisting of: keyhole fittings and corresponding standoffs, Velcro, and magnetic attachments. 11. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more picture frame modules and the at least one decorative frame module are attached to the growth chart module using an annular tube support and corresponding locks. 12. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more picture frame modules and the at least one decorative frame module are attached to the growth chart module using hooks and corresponding slots. 13. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more picture frame modules and the at least one decorative frame module are attached to the growth chart module using a box joint method. 14. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more picture frame modules and the at least one decorative frame module are attached to the growth chart module using a top cap and a bottom cap. 15. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the assembly further comprises one or more brackets for hanging one of: the growth chart module, the one or more picture frame modules, or the at least one decorative frame module, or a combination thereof. 16. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 15, said brackets including one or more leveling brackets, wherein said leveling brackets comprise a built-in leveling vial. 17. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 1, wherein the assembly further comprises one or more door hanger assemblies for hanging the modular growth chart assembly on a door. 18. The modular growth chart assembly of claim 17, wherein each of the one or more door hanger assemblies is vertically adjustable. 19. A modular growth chart assembly, comprising a growth chart module extending along a vertical height from a bottom end to a top end and having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the growth chart module including a plurality of hash marks disposed along the vertical height; and at least one decorative frame module configured to attach to the growth chart module at a the second side, the decorative frame module including an ornamented surface. 20. A modular growth chart assembly, comprising: a foldable growth chart module extending along a vertical height from a bottom end to a top end, the growth chart module including a plurality of hash marks disposed along the vertical height; one or more picture frame modules configured to attach to the growth chart module at a first side thereof, wherein each of the one or more picture frame modules further comprises one or more picture displays; at least one foldable decorative frame module configured to attach to the growth chart module at a second side thereof opposite the first side, wherein the at least one decorative frame module comprises a light control switch and one or more lighting components for controlling a lighting state of the assembly; and wherein the modular growth chart assembly is configured to be hung on a wall or on a door.",
-    "An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a lower substrate having a display area and a peripheral area around the display area; an upper substrate facing the lower substrate; a display unit at the display area of the lower substrate; a sealing member at the peripheral area of the lower substrate and configured to bond the lower substrate to the upper substrate; and a first metal layer between the lower substrate and the sealing member and having a plurality of first through portions extending in a first direction. 1. An organic light-emitting display apparatus comprising: a lower substrate having a display area and a peripheral area around the display area; an upper substrate facing the lower substrate; a display unit at the display area of the lower substrate; a sealing member at the peripheral area of the lower substrate and configured to bond the lower substrate to the upper substrate; and a first metal layer between the lower substrate and the sealing member and having a plurality of first through portions extending in a first direction. 2. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second metal layer on the first metal layer and having a plurality of second through portions having sizes that are equal to or greater than sizes of the plurality of first through portions. 3. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a barrier layer between the lower substrate and the first metal layer, wherein an opening area exposing the lower substrate or the barrier layer is at least partially formed by the plurality of first through portions and the plurality of second through portions. 4. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 3, further comprising a first insulating layer covering the first metal layer, wherein the first insulating layer covers at least a part of the opening area and has a plurality of first fine holes at the opening area. 5. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 4, wherein the lower substrate or the barrier layer is exposed at least partially by the plurality of first fine holes. 6. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 4, wherein the sealing member is embedded in the plurality of first fine holes. 7. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, wherein the second metal layer is between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. 8. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second insulating layer is at the opening area and has a plurality of second fine holes at the opening area. 9. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of second fine holes correspond to the plurality of first fine holes. 10. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of first through portions are stripes, each having longer sides and shorter sides. 11. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first metal layer comprises: a first edge portion facing an edge of the lower substrate; and a second edge portion facing the display unit, and wherein the first edge portion continuously extends in a second direction that crosses the first direction, in which the plurality of first through portions are arranged. 12. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second edge portion continuously extends in the second direction. 13. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of first through portions extend toward the second edge portion. 14. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a second metal layer on the first metal layer. 15. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the display unit comprises a thin film transistor comprising: a semiconductor layer; and a gate electrode, and wherein the first metal layer is at a layer at a same level as the gate electrode. 16. A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus, the method comprising: preparing a lower substrate having a display area and a peripheral area around the display area; forming a display unit at the display area of the lower substrate; forming a first metal layer having a plurality of first through portions extending in a first direction at the peripheral area of the lower substrate; and locating an upper substrate on the lower substrate, and forming a sealing member at the peripheral area of the lower substrate to bond the lower substrate to the upper substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: forming a second metal layer having a plurality of second through portions of sizes that are equal to or greater than sizes of the plurality of first through portions on the first metal layer. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: forming a first insulating layer between the forming of the first metal layer and the forming of the second metal layer, wherein the first insulating layer covers an opening area exposed by the plurality of first through portions and the plurality of second through portions and has a plurality of first fine holes at the opening area. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: forming a second insulating layer covering the second metal layer, wherein the second insulating layer has a plurality of second fine holes at the opening area. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of first through portions are stripes, each having longer sides and shorter sides.",
-    "Reconstructing under-sampled PCT data includes obtaining under-sampled scan data of a subject-under-test, the object scan performed on a phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) system, performing a regularized Fourier analysis on the under-sampled scan data, correcting for one or more PCT system contributions to the under-sampled scan data by dividing the computed Fourier coefficients by Fourier coefficients representative of the one or more PCT system contributions, obtaining at least one of an absorption sinogram, a differential phase sinogram, and a dark field sinogram from the corrected Fourier coefficients, and performing tomographic reconstruction on the obtained absorption sinogram, the obtained differential phase sinogram, and the obtained dark field sinogram. A system and non-transitory computer readable medium are also disclosed. 1. A method for reconstructing under-sampled phase contrast computed tomography data, the method comprising: obtaining under-sampled scan data of a subject-under-test, the object scan performed on a phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) system; performing a regularized Fourier analysis on the under-sampled scan data; correcting for one or more PCT system contributions to the under-sampled scan data by dividing the computed Fourier coefficients by Fourier coefficients representative of the one or more PCT system contributions; obtaining at least one of an absorption sinogram, a differential phase sinogram, and a dark field sinogram from the corrected Fourier coefficients; and performing tomographic reconstruction on the obtained absorption sinogram, the obtained differential phase sinogram, and the obtained dark field sinogram. 2. The method of claim 1, including collecting the under-sampled object scan data in a randomized manner. 3. The method of claim 1, including obtaining the Fourier coefficients representative of the one or more PCT system contributions by performing an air scan. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dividing step corrects the computed Fourier coefficients for PCT system non-homogeneities. 5. The method of claim 1, the regularized Fourier analysis step including solving a minimization equation expressed as min a \ue89e \uf605 M \ue89e \ue89e \u2131 H \ue89e a - d \uf606 + R \ue8a0 ( a ) . 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the regularized Fourier analysis step includes the correcting step. 7. The method of claim 6, including the regularized Fourier analysis step including solving a minimization equation expressed as min b \ue89e \uf605 M \ue89e \ue89e \u2131 H \ue89e Cb - d \uf606 + R \ue8a0 ( b ) . 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which when executed by a processor cause the processor to perform a method for reconstructing under-sampled phase contrast computed tomography data, the method comprising: obtaining under-sampled scan data of a subject-under-test, the object scan performed on a phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) system; performing a regularized Fourier analysis on the under-sampled scan data; computing Fourier coefficients for the under-sampled scan data; correcting for one or more PCT system contributions to the under-sampled scan data by dividing the computed Fourier coefficients by Fourier coefficients representative of the one or more PCT system contributions; obtaining at least one of an absorption sinogram, a differential phase sinogram, and a dark field sinogram from the corrected Fourier coefficients; and performing tomographic reconstruction on the obtained absorption sinogram, the obtained differential phase sinogram, and the obtained dark field sinogram. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, including instructions to cause the processor to collect the under-sampled object scan data in a randomized manner. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, including instructions to cause the processor to obtain the Fourier coefficients representative of the one or more PCT system contributions by performing an air scan. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, including instructions to cause the processor to correct the computed Fourier coefficients for PCT system non-homogeneities during the dividing step. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, including instructions to cause the processor to perform the regularized Fourier analysis step by solving a minimization equation expressed as min a \ue89e \uf605 M \ue89e \ue89e \u2131 H \ue89e a - d \uf606 + R \ue8a0 ( a ) . 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, including instructions to cause the processor to combine the regularized Fourier analysis step and the correcting step. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, including instructions to cause the processor to perform the regularized Fourier analysis step by solving a minimization equation expressed as min b \ue89e \uf605 M \ue89e \ue89e \u2131 H \ue89e Cb - d \uf606 + R \ue8a0 ( b ) . 15. A phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) system comprising: an x-ray emitting tube positioned to emit x-rays towards a scan subject; a phase/absorption grating window on a side of the scan subject distal from the x-ray emitting tube; an absorption window distal from the phase/absorption window; an x-ray detector distal from the absorption window; a control processor configured to execute computer instructions to cause the processor to perform a method for reconstructing under-sampled phase contrast computed tomography data, the method including: obtaining under-sampled scan data of a subject-under-test, the object scan performed on a phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) system; performing a regularized Fourier analysis on the under-sampled scan data; computing Fourier coefficients for the under-sampled scan data; correcting for one or more PCT system contributions to the under-sampled scan data by dividing the computed Fourier coefficients by Fourier coefficients representative of the one or more PCT system contributions; obtaining at least one of an absorption sinogram, a differential phase sinogram, and a dark field sinogram from the corrected Fourier coefficients; and performing tomographic reconstruction on the obtained absorption sinogram, the obtained differential phase sinogram, and the obtained dark field sinogram. 16. The system of claim 15, including a regularizer unit configured to convert the reconstruction method from a local pixel-by-pixel task to a global task by exploiting prior knowledge from measured or synthetic data of at least one of neighboring detector pixels, and measured or synthetic data from neighboring view angles. 17. The system of claim 15, including computer instructions to cause the control processor to collect the under-sampled object scan data in a randomized manner. 18. The system of claim 15, including instructions to cause the control processor to perform the regularized Fourier analysis step by solving a minimization equation expressed as min a \ue89e \uf605 M \ue89e \ue89e \u2131 H \ue89e a - d \uf606 + R \ue8a0 ( a ) . 19. The system of claim 15, including instructions to cause the processor to combine the regularized Fourier analysis step and the correcting step. 20. The system of claim 19, including instructions to cause the control processor to perform the regularized Fourier analysis step by solving a minimization equation expressed as min b \ue89e \uf605 M \ue89e \ue89e \u2131 H \ue89e Cb - d \uf606 + R \ue8a0 ( b ) .",
-    "A downhole communications module for connecting with a string of downhole logging tools includes an optical annunciator and a communications port deployed in corresponding apertures in a tool body. The aperture housing the annunciator is sealed by a port plug having an optically transparent window. The aperture housing the communications port is sealed by a removable plug. A controller is deployed in the tool body and includes a memory module in electronic communication with the communications port. The controller is further configured to control operation of the annunciator. 1. A downhole communications module for connecting with a string of downhole logging tools, the communications module comprising: a downhole tool body configured to be connected with a string of wireline logging tools; an optical annunciator deployed in a first aperture in the tool body, the first aperture sealed by a port plug having an optically transparent window therein, the port plug configured to resist entry of wellbore fluid into an interior of the tool body; a communications port including an electrical connector disposed in a second aperture in the tool body, the second aperture further including a removable plug for sealing the communications port and resisting entry of wellbore fluid into the interior of the tool body; a controller deployed in the tool body, the controller including a memory module in electronic communication with the communications port, the controller further configured to control operation of the annunciator. 2. The communications module of claim 1, wherein the tool body is further configured to be deployed axially between the string of wireline tools and a battery pack. 3. The communications module of claim 1, wherein the controller further comprises a power management circuit configured to manage electrical power supplied by a battery pack and electrical power supplied via the communications port such that (i) when battery power is present the power management circuit connects battery power to the controller as well as the string of logging tools and (ii) is in the absence battery power the power management circuit disconnects the string of logging tools from electrical power and connects at least a portion of the controller with electrical power provided through the communications port. 4. The communications module of claim 3, wherein the power management circuit comprises first and second parallel power input lines, the first input line configured for receiving battery power and including a single diode, the second input line electrically connected with the communications port and including first and second diodes connected in series. 5. The communications module of claim 1, wherein the optical annunciator includes first and second light emitting diodes configured to emit corresponding first and second distinct colors. 6. The communications module of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to cause the optical annunciator to provide a visual indication of the operating status and functionality of the string of logging tools. 7. The communications module of claim 1, wherein the visual indication is provided by a series of visible optical pulses. 8. The communications module of claim 1, wherein the communications port comprises a universal serial bus (USB) connector. 9. A method for logging a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising: (a) deploying a communications module in a tool string with a battery pack and a plurality of downhole logging tools, the communications module including (i) a downhole tool body, (ii) an optical annunciator deployed in a first aperture in the tool body, the first aperture sealed by a port plug having an optically transparent window therein, the port plug configured to resist entry of wellbore fluid into an interior of the tool body, (iii) a communications port including an electrical connector disposed in a second aperture in the tool body, the second aperture further including a removable plug for sealing the communications port and resisting entry of wellbore fluid into the interior of the tool body, and (iv) a controller deployed in the tool body, the controller including a memory module in electronic communication with the communications port, the controller further configured to control operation of the annunciator; (b) deploying the tool string in the wellbore; (c) causing the logging tools in the tool string to acquire logging measurements; (d) removing the tool string from the wellbore; (e) connecting a portable electronic device with the communications port; and (f) retrieving the logging measurements acquired in (c) via the connection established in (e). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the controller causes the optical annunciator to generator an visual optical signal indicative of an operating status of each of the logging tools in the tool string upon the deployment in (a). 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising observing the optical signal prior to deploying the tool string in the wellbore in (b). 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising the following steps prior to deployment of the tool string in the wellbore in (b): (b1) connecting the portable electronic device with the communications port; (b2) uploading instructions to the controller; (b3) disconnecting the portable electronic device from the communications port; and (b4) securing a plug in place over the communications port to prevent ingress of drilling fluids. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein (d) further comprises disconnecting the battery pack from the tool string such that the portable electronic device provides electrical power to the controller during (e) and (f).",
-    "Providing access to a protected resource includes obtaining a first authentication factor for a user that is accessing the resource using a computing device, prompting the user to provide a second authentication factor, accessing the second authentication factor using a pairing code, determining if the second authentication factor is bound to the computing device, and allowing the user to access the protected resource in response to the first and second authentication factors being valid and the second authentication factor being bound to the computing device. The user may be prompted to tap a card to provide the second authentication factor. The first authentication factor may be a login id and password combination. The login id and password may be cached in the computing device. The second authentication factor may be a security card. Information on the security card may be encrypted and may be accessible using a pairing code. 1. A method of providing access to a protected resource, comprising: obtaining a first authentication factor for a user that is accessing the resource using a computing device; prompting the user to provide a second authentication factor; accessing the second authentication factor using a pairing code; determining if the second authentication factor is bound to the computing device; and allowing the user to access the protected resource in response to the first and second authentication factors being valid and the second authentication factor being bound to the computing device. 2. A method, according to claim 1, wherein the user is prompted to tap a card to provide the second authentication factor. 3. A method, according to claim 1, wherein the first authentication factor is a login id and password combination. 4. A method, according to claim 3, wherein at least one of: the login id, the password, and a corresponding ticket is cached in the computing device. 5. A method, according to claim 1, wherein the second authentication factor is a security card. 6. A method, according to claim 5, wherein information on the security card is encrypted and is accessible using a pairing code. 7. A method, according to claim 6, wherein the information on the security card includes at least one of: a one time password and a serial number for the card. 8. A method, according to claim 7, wherein the information on the security card is protected for integrity and authenticated. 9. A method, according to claim 7, further comprising: binding the security card to the computing device by storing data that includes at least one of: the serial number for the card and a serial number for the computing device. 10. A method, according to claim 7, further comprising: binding the security card to a user by storing data that includes at least one of: the serial number for the card and an identifier for the user. 11. A method, according to claim 1, wherein allowing the user to access the protected resource includes generating an ADFS token for the user and wherein the AFDS token allows access to the resource. 12. A method, according to claim 1, wherein the second authentication factor is one of: a cell phone and a security token having wireless communication capability. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing software that provides access to a protected resource, the software comprising: executable code that obtains a first authentication factor for a user that is accessing the resource using a computing device; executable code that prompts the user to provide a second authentication factor; executable code that accesses the second authentication factor using a pairing code; executable code that determines if the second authentication factor is bound to the computing device; and executable code that allows the user to access the protected resource in response to the first and second authentication factors being valid and the second authentication factor being bound to the computing device. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 13, wherein the user is prompted to tap a card to provide the second authentication factor. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 13, wherein the first authentication factor is a login id and password combination. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 15, wherein at least one of: the login id, the password, and a corresponding ticket is cached in the computing device. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 13, wherein the second authentication factor is a security card. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 17, wherein information on the security card is encrypted and is accessible using a pairing code. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 18, wherein the information on the security card includes at least one of: a one time password and a serial number for the card. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 19, wherein the information on the security card is protected for integrity and authenticated. 21. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 19, the software further comprising: executable code that binds the security card to the computing device by storing data that includes at least one of: the serial number for the card and a serial number for the computing device. 22. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 19, the software further comprising: executable code that binds the security card to a user by storing data that includes at least one of: the serial number for the card and an identifier for the user. 23. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 13, wherein allowing the user to access the protected resource includes generating an ADFS token for the user and wherein the AFDS token allows access to the resource. 24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, according to claim 13, wherein the second authentication factor is one of: a cell phone and a security token having wireless communication capability.",
-    "A digital-electrical to digital-optical converter converts the digital electric signal to a plurality of digital-optical signals. The plurality of digital signals are used in controlling one or more cross phase modulator semiconductor optical amplifiers (XMP-SOAs) in order to modulate a continuous wave optical signal and produce an analog-optical signal corresponding to the digital-electrical signals. 1. A digital-electrical to analog-optical converter for converting an input digital electrical signal into an output analog optical signal, the converter comprising: a plurality of light paths, wherein each light path is configured for modulating a respective optical pump signal according to a respective bit of the input digital electrical signal; and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprising at least one cross-phase modulation (XPM) semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) coupled to the plurality of light paths to induce an optical phase shift between arms of the Mach Zehnder interferometer for providing the output analog optical signal. 2. The digital-electrical to analog-optical converter of claim 1, comprising an optical power combiner coupled to the plurality of light paths for combining the plurality of modulated optical pump signals to a single optical pump signal, wherein the at least one XPM-SOA is coupled to the single optical pump signal. 3. The digital-electrical to analog-optical converter of claim 1, wherein the at least one XPM-SOA comprises a plurality of XPM-SOAs, wherein each one of the XPM-SOAs is coupled to a respective one of the plurality of modulated optical pump signals. 4. The digital-electrical to analog-optical converter of claim 1, wherein each one of the plurality of light paths corresponds to a bit significance of a bit of the input digital electrical signal, each light path having an optical switch controllable by a bit of the input digital electrical signal of the corresponding bit significance of the light path for modulating the respective optical pump signal. 5. The modulator of claim 4, further comprising a light source for providing the plurality of optical pump signals. 6. The modulator of claim 5, further comprising an optical splitter for splitting an optical beam of the light source into the plurality of optical pump signals. 7. The modulator of claim 6, wherein the optical splitter is configured for splitting the optical beam with power splitting ratios corresponding to the bit significance of the corresponding light path. 8. The modulator of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of optical attenuators, wherein each optical attenuator is disposed in a respective one of the plurality of light paths for attenuating the respective optical pump signal to a level corresponding to the bit significance of the light path. 9. The modulator of claim 5, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of laser diodes each of the laser diodes coupled to a respective one of the plurality of light paths, wherein each laser diode has an output power level corresponding to the bit significance of the corresponding light path. 10. The modulator of claim 3, wherein each one of the XPM-SOAs has a phase modulation efficiency corresponding to the bit significance of the corresponding light path. 11. The modulator of claim 1, further comprising: a digital-electrical to digital-optical converter comprising the plurality of light paths; and a digital-optical to analog-optical modulator comprising the at least one XPM SOA. 12. The modulator of claim 11, wherein the digital-electrical to digital-optical converter is optically coupled to the digital-optical to analog-optical modulator via at least one fiber optic cable or waveguide. 13. The modulator of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one XPM-SOA is located in a single arm of the arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. 14. The modulator of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one XPM-SOA is a counter-propagating XPM-SOA. 15. The modulator of claim 14, further comprising an optical isolator located between each one of the at least one XPM-SOA. 16. The modulator of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one XPM-SOA is a co-propagating XPM-SOA. 17. The modulator of claim 16, further comprising an optical filter located downstream of each one of the at least one XPM-SOA for filtering a wavelength of the optical pump signals. 18. The modulator of claim 1, wherein each one of the at least one XPM-SOA induces a respective phase shift in a probe optical signal based on the respective amplitude of the associated modulated optical pump signal. 19. The modulator of claim 16, wherein a combined phase shift induced by the at least one XPM-SOAs is between 0 and \u03c0. 20. The modulator of claim 19, wherein the phase shift induced by the at least one XPM-SOA associated with the respective light path is approximately \u03c0 2 m - n , where m is a number of digital bits and n is the bit significance of the respective light path with n=0 being a least significant bit and n=m\u22121 being a most significant bit. 21. The modulator of the claim 1, further comprising a light source providing the optical probe signal to the MZI structure. 22. A radio over fiber (RoF) system for transmitting at least one analog radio-frequency signal to a transmission location, the RoF system comprising: a plurality of digital-electrical to analog-optical converters, each of the digital-electrical to analog-optical converters comprising: a plurality of light paths, wherein each light path is configured for modulating a respective optical pump signal according to a respective bit of the input digital electrical signal; and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprising at least one cross-phase modulation (XPM) semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) coupled to the plurality of light paths to induce an optical phase shift between arms of the Mach Zehnder interferometer for providing the output analog optical signal; a wavelength multiplexer for multiplexing the plurality of output analog optical signals from the plurality of digital-electrical to analog-optical converters into a multiplexed optical signal; a wavelength demultiplexer for demultiplexing the multiplexed optical signal into the plurality of output analog optical signals; and an optical fiber for optically coupling the wavelength multiplexer to the wavelength demultiplexer for carrying the multiplexed optical signal. 23. The RoF system of claim 22, wherein the optical fiber is between 500 m and 20 km in length. 24. The RoF system of claim 23, comprising between 2 and 128 digital-electrical to analog-optical converters.",
-    "The present disclosure provides methods for forming or enlarging holes in bone tissue and methods for fixing medical plates to bodies. The present disclosure also provides for products produced by the methods of the present disclosure and for apparatuses used to perform the methods of the present disclosure. 1. A trocar insertion system comprising: a driver handle (202) with a driving shaft (206) affixed thereto; a first mating feature on the proximal end (220) of the driving shaft (206) opposite the driver handle (202); an elongated blade fixture (112) having proximal and distal ends with a second mating feature on the distal end; a spring retention feature (119) located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the proximal and distal ends, a collar feature (116) located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the spring retention feature (119) and the distal end; a spring housing cap (110) slidably fitted around the elongated blade fixture (112) between the spring retention feature (119) and the collar feature (116); a trocar compression spring (108) slidably fitted around the elongated blade fixture (112) between proximal end and the spring retention feature (119); a spring housing (106) comprising a hollow body with proximal and distal ends, wherein the distal end is fixedly attached to the spring housing cap (110), the trocar compression spring (108) and spring retention feature (119) are enclosed within the interior volume of the spring housing (106), the trocar compression spring (108) is configured to be compressed between the spring retention feature (119) and a spring catching feature (107) located at the proximal end of the spring housing (106), and at least a portion of the elongated blade fixture (112) is slidably disposed within the spring housing (106) with the central longitudinal axes of the elongated blade fixture (112) and the spring housing (106) being coaxially aligned; and, wherein the first mating feature and second mating feature are detachably engaged such that the driving shaft (206) and the elongated blade fixture (112) are detachably connected in coaxial alignment. 2. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein: the driving shaft (206) comprises a hollow tube; the driving shaft (206) further comprises: a first aperture and a second aperture through the walls of the hollow tube on opposite sides of the central longitudinal axis of the hollow tube, a third aperture through the wall of the hollow tube in a position between the location of the first and second apertures and the proximal end of the hollow tube, and, a groove (222) through the wall of the hollow tube at the proximal end; the trocar insertion system further comprises: a spring stop pin fixed within the first and second apertures and passing through the central longitudinal axis of the hollow tube; a control pin fixed within the third aperture and partially extending into the interior volume of the hollow tube; a spring pressure pin (226) comprising a cylinder configured to slide within the interior of the hollow tube, positioned within the interior volume of the hollow tube with the longitudinal axis of the cylinder aligned with the hollow tube longitudinal axis, wherein the spring pressure pin (226) has a reduced diameter in a portion of the middle of the side walls, wherein the reduction in diameter is at least as large as the portion of the control pin that partially extends into the interior volume of the hollow tube, and wherein the spring pressure pin (226) is positioned such that the portion of the control pin that partially extends into the interior volume of the hollow tube is slidably contained within the volume of the reduced diameter portion of the spring pressure pin (226) between the two non-reduced-diameter end regions of the spring pressure pin (226), and, a handle compression spring (224) positioned within the interior volume of the hollow tube between the spring stop pin and the spring pressure pin (226); a fourth aperture located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the collar feature (116) and the distal end, and the distal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) is configured to slidably fit within the interior of the proximal end of the hollow tube; a trocar locator pin fixed within the fourth aperture and partially extending outward from the elongated blade fixture (112) surface; the driving shaft (206) and elongated blade fixture (112) are detachably connected by the detachable engagement of the trocar locator pin within the groove (222) of the driving shaft (206); and, the handle compression spring (224) is at least partially compressed by the spring pressure pin (226), which is slidably contained between the distal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) and the handle compression spring (224). 3. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the first mating feature and second mating feature comprise a pair of helical threads that can detachably engage together. 4. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second mating features comprise a ball detent mechanism arrangement wherein one of the driving shaft (206) and elongated blade fixture (112) can be received within the other such that a spring-loaded ball falls partially into an aperture in order to detachably connect the driving shaft (206) and elongated blade fixture (112). 5. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the second mating feature comprises a protruding part and the first mating feature comprises a depression adapted to receive the protruding part in a snap joint configuration. 6. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the exterior of the spring housing (106) is configured to engage with an aperture (302) of a medical plate (300) such that the spring housing (106) is retained within the aperture (302) and the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) passes through the aperture (302) when a force is applied to the distal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) relative to the medical plate (300). 7. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the exterior of the spring housing (106) comprises a cylinder with a tapered diameter at the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112). 8. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) comprises a shape suitable for anchoring into body tissue. 9. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) comprises a bone awl. 10. The trocar insertion system according to claim 1, wherein the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) comprises a shape suitable for forming pilot holes in bone. 11. (canceled) 12. A kit comprising: a driver handle (202) with a driving shaft (206) affixed thereto, wherein the driving shaft (206) comprises a first mating feature on the end of the driving shaft (206) opposite the driver handle (202); and, one or more trocar assemblies; wherein the one or more trocar assemblies comprise: an elongated blade fixture (112) having proximal and distal ends with a second mating feature on the distal end; a spring retention feature (119) located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the proximal and distal ends; a collar feature (116) located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the spring retention feature (119) and the distal end; a spring housing cap (110) slidably fitted around the elongated blade fixture (112) between the spring retention feature (119) and the collar feature (116); a trocar compression spring (108) slidably fitted around the elongated blade fixture (112) between proximal end and the spring retention feature (119); a spring housing (106) comprising a hollow body with proximal and distal ends, wherein: the distal end is fixedly attached to the spring housing cap (110), the trocar compression spring (108) and spring retention feature (119) are enclosed within the interior volume of the spring housing (106), the trocar compression spring (108) is configured to be compressed between the spring retention feature (119) and a spring catching feature (107) located at the proximal end of the spring housing (106), and, at least a portion of the elongated blade fixture (112) is slidably disposed within the spring housing (106) with the central longitudinal axes of the elongated blade fixture (112) and the spring housing (106) being coaxially aligned; and wherein the first mating feature and second mating features are configured for detachable engagement such that the driving shaft (206) and the elongated blade fixture (112) are detachably connected in coaxial alignment. 13. The kit of claim 12, further comprising one or more tools configured for connecting a trocar assembly to the driving shaft (206), detaching a trocar assembly from the driving shaft (206), or both. 14. A device comprising: an elongated blade fixture (112) having proximal and distal ends with a mating feature on the distal end; a spring retention feature (119) located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the proximal and distal ends; a collar feature (116) located on the elongated blade fixture (112) between the spring retention feature (119) and the distal end; a spring housing cap (110) slidably fitted around the elongated blade fixture (112) between the spring retention feature (119) and the collar feature (116); a trocar compression spring (108) slidably fitted around the elongated blade fixture (112) between proximal end and the spring retention feature (119); and, a spring housing (106) comprising a hollow body configured to slidably fit around the elongated blade fixture (112) and attach to the spring housing cap (110). 15. The device of claim 14, wherein: the spring housing (106) further comprises proximal and distal ends, wherein: the distal end is attached to the spring housing cap (110), the trocar compression spring (108) and spring retention feature (119) are enclosed within the interior volume of the spring housing (106), the trocar compression spring (108) is configured to be compressed between the spring retention feature (119) and a spring catching feature (107) located at the proximal end of the spring housing (106), and, at least a portion of the elongated blade fixture (112) is slidably disposed within the spring housing (106) with the central longitudinal axes of the elongated blade fixture (112) and the spring housing (106) being coaxially aligned. 16. The device according to claim 14, wherein the exterior of the spring housing (106) is configured to engage with an aperture (302) of a medical plate (300) such that the spring housing (106) is retained within the aperture (302) and the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) passes through the aperture (302) when a force is applied to the distal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) relative to the medical plate (300). 17. The device according to claim 14, wherein the exterior of the spring housing (106) comprises a cylinder with a tapered diameter at the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112). 18. The device according to claim 14, wherein the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) comprises a shape suitable for anchoring into body tissue. 19. The device according to claim 14, wherein the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) comprises a bone awl. 20. The device according to claim 14, wherein the proximal end of the elongated blade fixture (112) comprises a shape suitable for forming pilot holes in bone. 21. The device according to claim 14, wherein the trocar shaft further comprises a lumen. 22-24. (canceled)",
-    "A video advertising system, methods, and apparatus are disclosed, which may include an advertising system, including an advertising server and advertising console, and a user device, which may cooperate to select video advertising campaigns and display video advertisements. In an example embodiment, a method includes playing a video on a display, overlaying markings on the video while the video plays, at a first time while the video plays, measuring a first refresh rate of the video, at a second time while the video plays, performing a first operation on the markings, measuring a second refresh rate of the video at the second time, and determining an estimated area of the video displayed on the display based on the first refresh rate and the second refresh rate. In an example embodiment, a prediction model is trained to output a viewability inference for a video. 1. A method comprising: playing a video on a display; overlaying markings on the video while the video plays; at a first time while the video plays, measuring a first refresh rate of the video; at a second time while the video plays, performing a first operation on the markings; measuring a second refresh rate of the video at the second time; and determining an estimated area of the video displayed on the display based on the first refresh rate and the second refresh rate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the estimated area of the video displayed on the display to a threshold area. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising responsive to the estimated area of the video displayed on the display being less than the threshold area, pausing the video. 4-6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first operation includes blurring. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing a second operation on the markings while the video plays; and measuring a third refresh rate of the video at the third time, wherein the estimated area of the video displayed on the display at the third time is determined based on the first refresh rate, the second refresh rate, and the third refresh rate. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: comparing the estimated area of the video displayed on the display at the third time to the threshold area; and responsive to the estimated area of the video displayed on the display being greater than the threshold area, resume playing the video. 11-124. (canceled) 125. A method comprising: receiving, from an advertiser, a plurality of attribute selections of a plurality of targeting criteria that are required to be fulfilled by a user device to serve a video advertisement to the user device, the plurality of attribute selections including at least a first attribute selection and a second attribute selection, wherein the second attribute selection relates to a measured first user device property; creating an advertising campaign including the plurality of targeting criteria based on the plurality of attribute selections, the plurality of targeting criteria including at least a first targeting criteria corresponding to the first attribute selection and a second targeting criteria corresponding to the second attribute selection; transmitting the first targeting criteria to a demand side platform, which provides a response based on the first targeting criteria to a publisher server, which manages content to be displayed to the user device, wherein the user device is notified by the publisher server of a winning first advertising campaign that fulfils the first targeting criteria; reserving the second targeting criteria until after the user device is notified of the winning first advertising campaign that fulfils the first targeting criteria; determining a plurality of related advertising campaigns including the first targeting criteria and the second targeting criteria, wherein each of the plurality of related advertising campaigns are related to the winning first advertising campaign; and transmitting, to the user device, the plurality of related advertising campaigns, wherein the user device measures the first user device property, compares the measured user device property to the second targeting criteria, and determines that the measured user device property fulfils the second targeting criteria of a second advertising campaign from the plurality of related advertising campaigns. 126. The method of claim 125, further comprising receiving, from the user device, a request to serve the second advertising campaign. 127. The method of claim 126, further comprising transmitting, to the user device, the video advertisement, which corresponds to the second advertising campaign. 128. The method of claim 125, further comprising transmitting a device-side advertisement API to the user device. 129-136. (canceled) 137. The method of claim 125, further comprising setting playback criteria. 138. The method of claim 137, wherein the playback criteria requires the video advertisement to be paused when the video advertisement is outside of a viewable portion of a content page. 139. The method of claim 125, wherein the plurality of related advertising campaigns are assembled before the first targeting criteria are transmitted to the demand side platform. 140-214. (canceled) 215. A user device comprising: a display; and a processor which is configured to: receive a notification of a winning first advertising campaign that fulfils first targeting criteria; send, to an advertising server, a request for a first video advertisement corresponding to the winning advertising campaign; receive, from the advertising server, a plurality of related advertising campaigns each including the first targeting criteria and second targeting criteria, respectively, wherein each of the plurality of related advertising campaigns are related to the winning first advertising campaign; collect user device properties of the user device including a first user device property required by the second targeting criteria; compare the collected first user device property to the second targeting criteria; and determine that a second advertising campaign from the plurality of related advertising campaigns fulfils the second targeting criteria of the second advertising campaign. 216. The user device of claim 215, wherein the processor selects the second advertising campaign to display on the user device. 217. The user device of claim 216, wherein the display plays a second video advertisement corresponding to the second advertising campaign. 218. The user device of claim 215, wherein collecting user device properties includes performing measurements of the user device properties. 219. The user device of claim 215, wherein the second targeting criteria specifies that at least one of the user device properties is a critical criteria. 220. The user device of claim 219, wherein the user device is configured to abort the second advertising campaign responsive to the critical criteria not being fulfilled. 221. The user device of claim 219, wherein user device properties relating to the critical criteria are collected using a fast data collection path. 222. (canceled) 223. The user device of claim 221, wherein user device properties relating to the secondary criteria are collected using a slower data collection path. 224. The user device of claim 223, wherein the fast data collection path operates in parallel with the slower data collection path. 225-227. (canceled) 228. The user device of claim 215, wherein the processor identifies at least two advertising campaigns that fulfil the second targeting criteria. 229. The user device of claim 228, wherein the processor scores each of the at least two advertising campaigns and selects a highest scoring video advertising campaign. 230-339. (canceled)",
-    "A method compresses a point cloud composed of a plurality of points in a three-dimensional (3D) space by first acquiring the point cloud with a sensor, wherein each point is associated with a 3D coordinate and at least one attribute. The point cloud is partitioned into an array of 3D blocks of elements, wherein some of the elements in the 3D blocks have missing points. For each 3D block, attribute values for the 3D block are predicted based on the attribute values of neighboring 3D blocks, resulting in a 3D residual block. A 3D transform is applied to each 3D residual block using locations of occupied elements to produce transform coefficients, wherein the transform coefficients have a magnitude and sign. The transform coefficients are entropy encoded according the magnitudes and sign bits to produce a bitstream. 1. A method for compressing a point cloud, wherein the point cloud is composed of a plurality of points in a three-dimensional (3D) space, comprising steps: acquiring the point cloud with a sensor, wherein each point is associated with a 3D coordinate and at least one attribute; partitioning the point cloud into an array of 3D blocks of elements, wherein some of the elements in the 3D blocks have missing points; predicting, for each 3D block, attribute values for the 3D block based on the attribute values of neighboring 3D blocks, resulting in a 3D residual block; applying a 3D transform to each 3D residual block using locations of occupied elements to produce transform coefficients, wherein the transform coefficients have a magnitude and sign; and entropy encoding the transform coefficients according the magnitudes and sign bits to produce a bitstream, wherein the steps are performed in a processor. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: converting the point cloud to an octree of voxels arranged on a grid that is uniform, and wherein the partitioning is repeated until the voxels have a minimal predefined resolution. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each leaf node in the octree corresponds to a point output by the partitioning, and the position of the point is set to a geometric center of the leaf node, and the attribute value associated with the point is set to an average attribute value of one or more points in the leaf node. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the partitioning is according to a block edge size. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the prediction for a current block is from the points contained in non-empty adjacent blocks. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the prediction selects a prediction direction that yields a least distortion. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the prediction uses multivariate nearest-neighbor interpolation and extrapolation to determine a projection of the attribute values. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the 3D transform is a shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) designed for 3D point cloud attribute compression. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the blocks have (x, y, z) directions, and wherein the SA-DCT further comprises: defining a contour of points as a region, wherein the region encompasses non-empty positions; and shifting the points in the regions along each direction toward a border of the block so that there are no empty positions in the block along that border. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the 3D transform applies a graph transform to each block. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the graph transform produces two DC coefficients and two corresponding sets of AC coefficients. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein each point of the point cloud is associated with at least one attribute. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the attribute is color information. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the attribute is reflectivity information. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the attribute is a normal vector. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the acquistion of the point cloud is unstructured. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the acquiring is structured. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising: entropy decoding the bitstream to obtain transform coefficients and point locations; applying an inverse 3D transform to the transform coefficients to produce a 3D residual block; arranging the elements in the 3D residual block according to the point locations of occupied elements; predicting, for each 3D residual block, attribute values for the 3D block based on the attribute values of neighboring 3D blocks, resulting in a 3D prediction block; combining the 3D prediction block to the 3D residual block to obtain a 3D reconstructed block; concatenating the 3D reconstructed block to previously-reconstructed 3D blocks to form an array of 3D reconstructed blocks; and outputting the array of 3D reconstructed blocks as a reconstructed 3D point cloud. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the arranging of elements according to the locations of the occupied elements is performed before the inverse 3D transform is applied. 20. The method of claim 8, wherein all missing elements in a 3D block are replaced with predetermined values, and wherein all transforms applied in same direction during the shape-adaptive discrete cosine transform process have same lengths, equal to a number of missing and non-missing elements in the 3D block along that direction.",
-    "Encapsulated polyunsaturated fatty acids which can be incorporated into a baked good dough or batter without smearing or dissolution of the encapsulated product contains film-coated oil droplets encapsulated by a matrix material, a liquid plasticizer which plasticizes the matrix material, and an acidic antioxidant dispersed throughout the plasticized matrix material which helps to prevent oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids; and the production of a fishy taint or malodors and mal-flavors. The matrix material includes a starch component which helps to avoid a rubbery consistency and texture and promotes extrudability, and a protein component, which hardens the encapsulated product and prevents substantial smearing and dissolution during dough or batter mixing and baking. The matrix material protein content is from about 25% to about 77.5% by weight of the matrix material. The protein content of the encapsulated product is from about 15% to about 65% by weight, of the encapsulated product. 1. An encapsulated product comprising: a) oil droplets in an amount of 5% to 20% by weight of the encapsulated product, the oil droplets including at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid, b) a film-forming component comprising a protein that coats the oil droplets, c) a matrix material in an amount of 60% to 85% by weight of the encapsulated product, the matrix material having a protein content of 32.5% to 77.5% protein and encapsulating the film-coated oil droplets, the matrix material including: i. a starch component in an amount of from 25% to 75% by dry weight of the matrix material, the starch component having a starch content of at least 75%, and ii. a protein component in an amount of from 25% to 75% by dry weight of the matrix material, and d) an acidic antioxidant dispersed throughout the matrix material, wherein the protein content of the encapsulated product is from 24.8% to 57.2% by weight, and wherein the encapsulated product has a polyol content of 0%, forms discrete particles or pellets having a diameter of from about 0.2 mm to about 3.0 mm, has a hard texture that does not exhibit substantial smearing or dissolution when incorporated into a baked good dough or batter, and has an Oxipres stability of 6 hours to 10 hours. 2. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid has a stability of 14 days in baked white bread. 3. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein the starch component is selected from the group consisting of high gluten content flours, durum wheat or semolina, pregelatinized or modified starch, corn flour, wheat flour, rice flour, barley flour, oat flour, rye flour, and combinations thereof. 4. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein the protein component is selected from the group consisting of vegetable proteins, dairy proteins, animal proteins, and protein concentrates, and combinations thereof. 5. The encapsulated product of claim 1 wherein, said protein component is selected from the group consisting of wheat protein isolates, vital wheat gluten, gelatin, casein, caseinates, soy protein isolates, whey protein isolates, and combinations thereof. 6. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein said matrix material comprises durum flour and wheat protein isolate. 7. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein oil droplets are included in an amount of at least about 8%. 8. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein the oil droplets comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of fish oil, algae oil, flax seed oil, and plant oils from plants genetically modified to include a polyunsaturated fatty acid. 9. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein the acidic antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 10. The encapsulated product of claim 1, wherein the acidic antioxidant is included in an amount of from about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight, based upon the weight of the encapsulated product. 11. A baked good dough or batter comprising the encapsulated product as claimed in claim 1. 12. A bread dough comprising the encapsulated product as claimed in claim 1. 13. A baked good comprising the encapsulated product as claimed in claim 1. 14. A baked good comprising an encapsulated product as claimed in claim 1, the baked good having a concentration of omega-3 fatty acids of at least about 10 mg per serving and a shelf stability of 14 days after baking under room temperature conditions. 15. A baked good mix comprising the encapsulated product as claimed in claim 1. 16. A package comprising a high moisture and/or high oxygen barrier material in the form of a bag or pouch containing a nitrogen flushed encapsulated product of claim 1. 17. A baked good product kit comprising the package as claimed in claim 16 and a package containing a premix of baked good ingredients comprising flour.",
-    "A method to repair a data line in a thin film transistor array panel includes, if the data line is disconnected at a disconnection portion, irradiating a laser on at least one side of the disconnected portion of the data line to short the data line and a storage electrode, and irradiating the laser to separate a portion shorted to the data line among the storage electrode to be disconnected. The storage electrode includes a first portion overlapping the data line between two adjacent gate lines and a second portion connected to the first portion and enclosing an edge of a pixel area except for a region where the first portion is formed. Two adjacent pixel areas are defined by the two adjacent gate lines and two adjacent data lines, and the storage electrode is branched between pixel electrodes. 1. A method to repair a data line in a thin film transistor array panel, the method comprising: if the data line is disconnected at a disconnection portion, irradiating a laser on at least one side of the disconnected portion of the data line to short the data line and a storage electrode; and irradiating the laser to separate a portion shorted to the data line among the storage electrode to be disconnected, wherein the storage electrode comprises a first portion overlapping the data line between two adjacent gate lines and a second portion connected to the first portion and enclosing an edge of a pixel area except for a region where the first portion is formed, wherein the pixel area is defined by the data line and a gate line, wherein two adjacent pixel areas are defined by the two adjacent gate lines and two adjacent data lines, and the storage electrode is branched between pixel electrodes respectively formed in the two adjacent pixel areas, and wherein a thin film transistor is coupled to the data line, the gate line, and at least one of the pixel electrodes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the disconnection portion is formed in the first portion; and irradiating the laser on at least one side comprises irradiating the laser at a portion close to the disconnection portion and an end of the first portion. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein irradiating the laser to separate the portion shorted to the data line comprises irradiating the laser on both sides of the portion overlapping the data line if the storage electrode and the data line do not overlap. 4. A method of repairing a short of a pixel electrode and a storage electrode, the method comprising: irradiating laser to separate a portion shorted to the pixel electrode among the storage electrode to be disconnected, wherein the storage electrode comprises a first portion overlapping a data line between two adjacent gate lines and a second portion connected to the first portion and enclosing an edge of a pixel area except for a region where the first portion is formed, wherein the pixel area is defined by the data line and a gate line, wherein a thin film transistor is coupled to the data line, the gate line, and the pixel electrode, and wherein two adjacent pixel areas are defined by the two adjacent gate lines and two adjacent data lines, and the storage electrode is branched between pixel electrodes respectively formed in the two adjacent pixel areas. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the laser is irradiated at a portion where the storage electrode does not overlap the data line and the pixel electrode. 6. A method of repairing a disconnection of a data line, the method comprising: irradiating a laser on at least one side of a disconnected portion of the data line to short the data line and a storage electrode; and irradiating the laser to separate a portion shorted to the data line among the storage electrode to be disconnected, wherein the storage electrode comprises a first portion overlapping the data line between two adjacent gate lines and a second portion connected to the first portion and enclosing an edge of a pixel area except for a region where the first portion is formed, wherein the pixel area is defined by the data line and a gate line, wherein a thin film transistor is coupled to the data line, the gate line, and a pixel electrode, and wherein two adjacent pixel areas are defined by the two adjacent gate lines and two adjacent data lines, and the storage electrode is branched between pixel electrodes respectively formed in the two adjacent pixel areas. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein: the disconnection portion is formed in the first portion; and the portion around the disconnection portion and an end of the first portion are irradiated by the laser. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the laser is irradiated around the portion overlapping the data line while the storage electrode and the data line do not overlap. 9. A method of repairing a short of a pixel electrode and a storage electrode, the method comprising: irradiating a laser to separate a portion shorted to the pixel electrode among the storage electrode to be disconnected, wherein the storage electrode comprises a first portion overlapping a data line between two adjacent gate lines and a second portion connected to the first portion and enclosing an edge of a pixel area except for a region where the first portion is formed, wherein the pixel area is defined by the data line and a gate line, wherein a thin film transistor is coupled to the data line, the gate line, and the pixel electrode, and wherein two adjacent pixel areas are defined by the two adjacent gate lines and two adjacent data lines, and the storage electrode is branched between pixel electrodes respectively formed in the two adjacent pixel areas. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the laser is irradiated at a portion where the storage electrode does not overlap the data line and the pixel electrode while being irradiated adjacent to a portion where the pixel electrode and the storage electrode are shorted.",
-    "When a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, a rule comparing unit compares the complex event condition expressions before and after the change. The changed portion identifying unit identifies the changed portion based on the comparison result, and the parallel operating unit operates the complex event condition expressions before and after the change in parallel for the detecting complex event condition expression including the identified changed portion. In this manner, the complex event processing apparatus disclosed therein can dynamically change a detecting complex event condition expression used in the complex event processing. 1. A complex event processing apparatus for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the complex event processing apparatus comprising: a comparing unit that compares, when a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, complex event condition expressions before and after the change; an identifying unit that identifies a changed portion based on a result of comparison; and a parallel operating unit that operates the complex event condition expressions before and after the change in parallel, for the detecting complex event condition expression including the changed portion identified by the identifying unit. 2. The complex event processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the parallel operating unit exports event management information for the complex event condition expression before the change as management information for the complex event condition expression after the change, and deletes the complex event condition expression before the change. 3. A complex event processing apparatus for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the complex event processing apparatus comprising: a storing unit that stores the establishment status of the conditions; a stopping unit that stops detection of the establishment status of the conditions; a starting unit that restarts the detection; and a replaying unit that replays changes in the establishment status of the conditions having occurred at least during a period from when the detection is stopped to when the detection is restarted, after the starting unit restarts the detection. 4. The complex event processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, when a time window for detecting the establishment status of the conditions is changed during the period from when the detection is stopped to when the detection is restarted, the replaying unit replays changes in the establishment status of the conditions having occurred in the time window changed. 5. A complex event processing apparatus for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the complex event processing apparatus comprising: a creating unit that creates, when a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, a complex event condition expression after the change in a test mode; a parallel operating unit that operates the complex event condition expression before the change in parallel with the complex event condition expression after the change in the test mode; and a notifying unit that notifies the complex event condition expression in the test mode of the establishment status of the conditions in the complex event condition expression before the change, and reflects the establishment status to the complex event condition expression in the test mode. 6. The complex event processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the creating unit deletes the complex event condition expression before the change, and shifts the complex event condition expression after the change from the test mode into a normal mode. 7. A complex event processing method for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the complex event processing method comprising: comparing, when a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, complex event condition expressions before and after the change; identifying a changed portion based on a result of comparison; and operating the complex event condition expressions before and after the change in parallel, for the detecting complex event condition expression including the changed portion identified at the identifying. 8. A complex event processing method for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the complex event processing method comprising: storing the establishment status of the conditions; stopping detection of the establishment status of the conditions; restarting the detection; and replaying changes in the establishment status of the conditions having occurred at least during a period from when the detection is stopped to when the detection is restarted, after the detection is restarted. 9. A complex event processing method for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the complex event processing method comprising: creating, when a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, a complex event condition expression after the change in a test mode; operating the complex event condition expression before the change in parallel with the complex event condition expression after the change in the test mode; and notifying the complex event condition expression in the test mode of the establishment status of the conditions in the complex event condition expression before the change, and reflecting the establishment status to the complex event condition expression in the test mode. 10. A computer-readable, non-transitory medium storing a program for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the program causing a computer to execute: comparing, when a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, complex event condition expressions before and after the change; identifying a changed portion based on a result of comparison; and operating the complex event condition expressions before and after the change in parallel, for the detecting complex event condition expression including the changed portion identified at the identifying. 11. A computer-readable, non-transitory medium storing a program for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the program causing a computer to execute: storing the establishment status of the conditions; stopping detection of the establishment status of the conditions; restarting the detection; and replaying changes in the establishment status of the conditions having occurred at least during a period from when the detection is stopped to when the detection is restarted, after the detection is restarted. 12. A computer-readable, non-transitory medium storing a program for processing a complex event by detecting an establishment status of a plurality of conditions so as to process an event, the program causing a computer to execute: creating, when a detecting complex event condition expression is changed, a complex event condition expression after the change in a test mode; operating the complex event condition expression before the change in parallel with the complex event condition expression after the change in the test mode; and notifying the complex event condition expression in the test mode of the establishment status of the conditions in the complex event condition expression before the change, and reflecting the establishment status to the complex event condition expression in the test mode.",
-    "An information processing apparatus comprises an obtaining unit configured to obtain a moving image in which each frame is constituted by an image having a plurality of pieces of light field information, and a setting unit configured to set a focus distance for each frame of the moving image, wherein the setting unit displays a range of settable focus distances for each frame of the moving image. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: an obtaining unit configured to obtain a moving image in which each frame is constituted by an image having a plurality of pieces of light field information; and a setting unit configured to set a focus distance for each frame of the moving image, wherein the setting unit displays a range of settable focus distances for each frame of the moving image. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a generating unit configured to generate an image in which a focus distance of the image of each frame in the moving image has been changed to the focus distance set by the setting unit; and a display control unit configured to display the image generated by the generating unit in a display unit. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the setting unit displays a setting area constituted of a focus distance range for each frame in the moving image and a time axis; and the setting area can accept a user operation for setting the focus distance. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the setting unit displays the focus distance set for each frame of the moving image and a focus distance from when the image of each frame was shot in the setting area so as to be identifiable. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the setting unit displays a maximum value and a minimum value of the focus distances that can be set by the setting unit in the setting area along a time axis; and a focus distance from when the image of each frame of the moving image was shot is displayed in the setting area on a frame-by-frame basis along the time axis. 6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the setting unit can set the focus distance at at least one point in each frame of the moving image, and displays, in the setting area, a line connecting a focus distance from when the image of each frame of the moving image was shot to the focus distance, set by the setting unit, that is adjacent to that focus distance. 7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the setting unit can change the maximum value and the minimum value within the focus distance range that can be set by the setting unit; and the setting unit displays the changed maximum value and minimum value of the focus distance in the setting area. 8. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the setting unit compares a maximum depth distance with the maximum value for each frame in the moving image, and in the case where the maximum value is higher, displays a range for which the focus distance cannot be set in the setting area. 9. The apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a designating unit configured to designate an object from the image in each frame of the moving image, wherein the setting unit displays the focus distance of the object designated by the designating unit for each frame of the moving image in the setting area. 10. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the generating unit generates, from the image whose focus distance has been changed by the setting unit, an image in a format different from the moving image obtained by the obtaining unit. 11. A control method of an information processing apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining a moving image in which each frame is constituted by an image having a plurality of pieces of light field information; setting a focus distance for each frame of the moving image; and displaying a range of settable focus distances for each frame of the moving image. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute a control method of an information processing apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining a moving image in which each frame is constituted by an image having a plurality of pieces of light field information; setting a focus distance for each frame of the moving image; and displaying a range of settable focus distances for each frame of the moving image.",
-    "The invention relates to novel absorbent fibres/filaments from low-substituted carboxymethyl cellulose and the method of producing same. The filaments are produced by wet spinning, wherein the spinning dope is entirely comprised of low-substituted carboxymethyl cellulose dissolved in sodium hydroxide. The resulting CMC filaments have degree of substitution ranging from 0.10-0.35 and degree of polymerization ranging from 250-650 with the CMC uniformly distributed throughout the filament. The absorbency in deionized water and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution is 120 g/g and 30 g/g, respectively. The retention of deionized water and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution within the fibres is 48 g/g and 25 g/g, respectively. 1. An absorbent continuous filament comprising: a carboxymethyl cellulose uniformly distributed throughout the filament, the filament having a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.10 to 0.35 and a degree of polymerization (DP) of 250 to 650. 2. The filament of claim 1, comprising a titre of 0.5 to 20 dtex, and a tenacity of 0.5 to 2.5 cN/dtex. 3. The filament of claim 1, comprising a water absorbency 20 to 150 g/g, and a saline (0.9% NaCl) absorbency of 15 to 35 g/g. 4. The filament of claim 1, comprising a water retention from 10 to 50 g/g, and a saline (0.9% NaCl) retention of 10 to 30 g/g. 5. The filament of claim 1, wherein the filament is formed from low-substituted sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. 6. The filament of claim 1, wherein the DS is 0.15 to 0.27. 7. The filament of claim 1, wherein the DP is 350 to 450. 8. A method for producing a spun continuous absorbent filament, the method comprising the steps of: mercerising and depolymerising a cellulose; carboxymethylating the cellulose to produce carboxymethyl cellulose having a degree of substitution of 0.10 to 0.35; depolymerising the carboxymethyl cellulose to a degree of polymerisation of 250 to 650; washing the carboxymethyl methyl cellulose with a mixture of water and alcohol to remove bi-products of reactions; drying the carboxymethyl cellulose to produce a source carboxymethyl cellulose; dissolving the source carboxymethyl cellulose in an alkali metal hydroxide to produce a dope; removing undissolved solids from the dope to produce a clarified dope; extruding the clarified dope through a spinneret; and regenerating the carboxymethyl cellulose in an acid-containing bath via a hydrogen bonding-mechanism as the continuous spun absorbent filament. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising washing the continuous spun absorbent filament with a mixture of water and alcohol to remove acid and its salt and adjusting pH of the continuous spun absorbent filament to a pH between 7 to 8 before drying. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the cellulose originates from a non-regenerated cellulosic fibre. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the carboxymethylating the cellulose is in a medium comprising a water content of 10 to 40 w/w %. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the method of depolymerising of the cellulose is in a reaction with oxidizing agents under alkaline conditions. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the oxidizing agents are hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite or oxygen. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the depolymerising of the cellulose occurs after carboxymethylation. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the depolymerising of the cellulose occurs before carboxymethylation. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the water content is 15 to 30 w/w %. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein the DS is 0.15 to 0.27. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein the DP is 350 to 450. 19. The method of claim 8, wherein the filament is formed from low-substituted hydrogenated and/or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.",
-    "Disclosed are embodiments of photo-luminescent display systems and photo-luminescent visual elements creating eye-catching displays of visual advertising or marketing messages that are very effective at generating interest, engagement, and loyalty in the viewing public. Photo-luminescent pigment containing visual elements are illuminated by one or more remotely located emitters at a first wavelength that is outside the human visual spectrum. In response, the visual elements then radiate at one or more wavelengths within the human visual spectrum. Additional features control unwanted reflections and unwanted transmission of radiation at the first wavelength. Additional features control the uniformity of radiation of one or more wavelengths within the human visual spectrum. 1. A photo-luminescent display system comprising: a) a photo-luminescent visual element operative to receive incoming electromagnetic radiation at a first wavelength and to emit an outgoing electromagnetic radiation at a second wavelength that is within the human visible spectrum; b) an emitter producing said incoming electromagnetic radiation at said first wavelength; said emitter directed toward said visual element, c) said photo-luminescent visual element comprising a photo-luminescent pigment coupled to a planar substrate and characterized in that an obverse portion of said outgoing electromagnetic radiation and a reverse portion of said outgoing electromagnetic radiation are emitted from opposite sides of said planar substrate; d) the system further characterized in that the brightness at said second wavelength of said obverse portion and said reverse portion differ by no more than the least noticeable difference; the least noticeable difference being about 20% or less. 2. The system of claim 1 in which the least noticeable difference is about 10% or less. 3. The system of claim 1 in which the least noticeable difference is about 5% or less. 4. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that: a) the emitter is located remotely from said photo-luminescent visual element; b) at least a portion of the incoming electromagnetic radiation produced by said emitter at said first wavelength is linearly polarized; c) the emitter directs at least a portion of said incoming electromagnetic radiation to impinge upon a surface of said planar substrate at an angle equal to the angle defined by the Brewster's angle between air and said planar substrate; d) the polarization direction of said incoming electromagnetic radiation is disposed with respect to said surface of said planar substrate to substantially reduce reflections of said incoming electromagnetic radiation from said surface of said planar substrate. 5. The system of claim 1 further characterized in that: a) the first wavelength is about 400 nanometers or less; and, b) the second wavelength is greater than the first wavelength and less than about 700 nanometers. 5. The photo-luminescent display system of claim 1, the photo-luminescent visual element comprising: a plurality of photo-luminescent pigment regions arranged in a planar configuration and coupled to said planar substrate; each photo-luminescent pigment region receiving a portion of said incoming electromagnetic radiation; each photo-luminescent pigment region emitting an outgoing electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength greater than about 400 nanometers and less than about 700 nanometers. 6. A photo-luminescent display system comprising: a) a photo-luminescent visual element comprising: a planar substrate having both a viewing side and a pigment side; a photo-luminescent pigment coupled to said planar substrate proximate to said pigment side; said photo-luminescent pigment operative to receive an incoming electromagnetic radiation at a first wavelength and radiate an outgoing electromagnetic radiation at a second wavelength; b) an emitter producing said incoming electromagnetic radiation at said first wavelength; said emitter directed toward said pigment side of said photo-luminescent visual element; c) said planar substrate shaped such that at least a portion of said outgoing electromagnetic radiation passes through said viewing side; d) the planar substrate further characterized in that it is substantially transparent to said second wavelength; the planar substrate further characterized in that it is, at least, partially opaque to said first wavelength; e) said first wavelength further characterized in that it is smaller than about 400 nanometers; f) said second wavelength further characterized in that it is greater than said first wavelength and less than about 700 nanometers. 7. The photo-luminescent display system of claim 6, the photo-luminescent visual element further characterized in that: a) the photo-luminescent pigment is dispersed in a substantially rigid binder, the binder being coupled to said pigment side of said planar substrate; b) said binder further characterized in that it is at least partially transparent to said first wavelength and at least partially transparent to said second wavelength; c) said binder shaped into an object having a first planar surface through which said incoming electromagnetic radiation passes and a second planar surface through which a portion of said outgoing electromagnetic radiation passes. 8. The photo-luminescent display system of claim 7 further characterized in that: a) the emitter is located remotely from said photo-luminescent visual element; b) at least a portion of the incoming electromagnetic radiation produced by said emitter at said first wavelength is linearly polarized; c) the emitter directs at least a portion of said incoming electromagnetic radiation to impinge upon said first planar surface of said substantially rigid binder at an angle equal to the angle defined by the Brewster's angle between air and said substantially rigid binder; d) the polarization direction of said incoming electromagnetic radiation is disposed with respect to said first planar surface of said substantially rigid binder to substantially reduce reflections of said incoming electromagnetic radiation from said first surface of said substantially rigid binder. 9. A photo-luminescent display system comprising: a) an emitter producing an incoming electromagnetic radiation at a first wavelength; said emitter being optically coupled to a photo-luminescent visual element; said first wavelength being less than about 400 nanometers; b) said photo-luminescent visual element comprising: i) a planar substrate having at least one substrate edge adapted to accept said incoming electromagnetic radiation; said planar substrate configured to retain a portion of said incoming electromagnetic radiation by means of total internal reflection within said planar substrate; ii) a plurality of photo-luminescent regions in direct contact with said planar substrate; each photo-luminescent region receiving a portion of said incoming electromagnetic radiation; iii) each of said photo-luminescent regions producing by means of photo-luminescence an outgoing electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength within the visible spectrum; c) said photo-luminescent visual element producing an outgoing electromagnetic radiation having an obverse portion and a reverse portion, each emitted away from opposites sides of said planar substrate; d) the system further characterized in that the brightness at a second wavelength of said obverse portion and said reverse portion differ by no more than the least noticeable difference; the least noticeable difference being about 20% or less. 10. The system of claim 9 in which the least noticeable difference is about 10% or less. 11. The system of claim 9 in which the least noticeable difference is about 5% or less. 12. The system of claim 9 further comprising: a) a plurality of emitters producing an incoming electromagnetic radiation at a first wavelength, each of said plurality optically coupled to said photo-luminescent visual element.",
-    "Provided are certain fused tricyclic compounds and salts thereof, compositions thereof, and methods of use therefor. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of treating cancer responsive to inhibition of Raf kinase comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective mount of a compound selected from compounds of Formula I: or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q is selected from C and N; W is selected from C and N; X is selected from CH2 and O; Y is selected from NR12, O, and S; Z is selected from O, S, NR13, CO, SO, SO2, and CR13R14; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, \u2014CN, \u2014NR13R14, \u2014OR13, \u2014COR13, \u2014CO2R13, \u2014CONR13R14, \u2014C(\u2550NR13)NR14R15, \u2014NR13COR14, \u2014NR13CONR14R15, \u2014NR13CO2R14, \u2014SO2R13, \u2014NR13SO2NR14R15, \u2014NR13SO2R14, and \u2014NR13SO2aryl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16, or (R1 and R2), and/or (R3 and R4), and/or (R5 and R6), together with the ring to which they are attached, form a fused ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; provided that R1 is absent when Q is N, and R5 is absent when W is N; R7 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, \u2014O-alkyl, and \u2014S-alkyl; R12 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl; R13, R14 and R15, which may be the same or different, are each selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or (R13 and R14), and/or (R14 and R15) together with the atom(s) to which they are attached, each form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R16 is selected from halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkynyl, oxo, \u2014CN, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014COR\u2032, \u2014CO2R\u2032, \u2014CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014C(\u2550NR\u2032)NR\u2033R\u2033\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032COR\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CO2R\u2033, \u2014SO2R\u2032, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR\u2032SO2NR\u2033R\u2033\u2032, NR\u2032SO2R\u2033, and \u2014NR\u2032SO2aryl, wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, and R\u2033\u2032 are independently selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, or (R\u2032 and R\u2033), and/or (R\u2033 and R\u2033\u2032) together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (II): or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q is selected from C and N; X is selected from CH2 and O; Y is selected from NR12, O, and S; Z is selected from O, S, NR13, CO, SO, SO2, and CR13R14; R1, R2, R3, R4, R8, R9, R10 and R11, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, \u2014CN, \u2014NR13R14, \u2014OR13, \u2014COR13, \u2014CO2R13, \u2014CONR13R14, \u2014C(\u2550NR13)NR14R15, \u2014NR13COR14, \u2014NR13CONR14R15, \u2014NR13CO2R14, \u2014SO2R13, \u2014NR13SO2NR14R15, and \u2014NR13SO2R14, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with at least one substituents R16, or (R1 and R2), and/or (R3 and R4), and/or (R8 and R9), and/or (R9 and R10), and/or (R10 and R11) together with the ring to which they are attached, form a fused ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; provided that R1 is absent when Q is N; R7 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, \u2014O-alkyl, and \u2014S-alkyl; R12 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl; R13, R14 and R15, which may be the same or different, are each selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or (R13 and R14), and/or (R14 and R15) together with the atom(s) to which they are attached, each form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R16 is selected from halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkynyl, oxo, \u2014CN, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014COR\u2032, \u2014CO2R\u2032, \u2014CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014C(\u2550NR\u2032)NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032COR\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CO2R\u2033, \u2014SO2R\u2032, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR\u2032SO2NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, NR\u2032SO2R\u2033, and \u2014NR\u2032SO2aryl, wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, and R\u2032\u2033 are independently selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, or (R\u2032 and R\u2033), and/or (R\u2033 and R\u2032\u2033) together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (III): or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selected from CH2 and O; Z is selected from O, S, NR13, CO, SO, SO2, and CR13R14; A is selected from \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2550CH\u2014, \u2014NR13\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, and \u2014S\u2014; M is selected from \u2550CH\u2014 and \u2014C(O)\u2014; or M is absent; R1, R2, R8, R9, R10 and R11, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen, halogen, halo-alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, \u2014CN, \u2014NR13R14, \u2014OR13, \u2014COR13, \u2014CO2R13, \u2014CONR13R14, \u2014C(\u2550NR13)NR14R15, \u2014NR13COR14, \u2014NR13CONR14R15, \u2014NR13CO2R14, \u2014SO2R13, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR13SO2NR14R15, and \u2014NR13SO2R14, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; or (R1 and R2), and/or (R8 and R9), and/or (R9 and R10), and/or (R10 and R11) together with the ring to which they are attached, form a fused ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R12 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl; R13, R14 and R15, which may be the same or different, are each selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or (R13 and R14), and/or (R14 and R15) together with the atom(s) to which they are attached, each form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R16 is selected from halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkynyl, oxo, \u2014CN, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014COR\u2032, \u2014CO2R\u2032, \u2014CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014C(\u2550NR\u2032)NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032COR\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CO2R\u2033, \u2014SO2R\u2032, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR\u2032SO2NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, NR\u2032SO2R\u2033, and \u2014NR\u2032SO2aryl, wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, and R\u2032\u2033 are independently selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, or (R\u2032 and R\u2033), and/or (R\u2033 and R\u2032\u2033) together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (IV): or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: B is selected from CH2, O, and NR13; X is selected from CH2 and O; R1, R2, R8, R9, R10 and R11, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, \u2014CN, \u2014NR13R14, \u2014OR13, \u2014COR13, \u2014CO2R13, \u2014CONR13R14, \u2014C(\u2550NR13)NR14R15, \u2014NR13COR14, \u2014NR13CONR14R15, \u2014NR13CO2R14, \u2014SO2R13, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR13SO2NR14R15, and \u2014NR13SO2R14, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16, or (R1 and R2), and/or (R8 and R9), and/or (R9 and R10), and/or (R10 and R11) together with the ring to which they are attached, form a fused ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R12 is selected from hydrogen and alkyl; R13, R14 and R15, which may be the same or different, are each selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or (R13 and R14), and/or (R14 and R15) together with the atom(s) to which they are attached, each form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R16 is selected from halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkynyl, oxo, \u2014CN, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014COR\u2032, \u2014CO2R\u2032, \u2014CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014C(\u2550NR\u2032)NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032COR\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CO2R\u2033, \u2014SO2R\u2032, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR\u2032SO2NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, NR\u2032SO2R\u2033, and \u2014NR\u2032SO2aryl, wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, and R\u2032\u2033 are independently selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, or (R\u2032 and R\u2033), and/or (R\u2033 and R\u2032\u2033) together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (V): or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selected from CH2 and O; R8, R9, R10 and R11, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, alkynyl, \u2014NR13R14, \u2014OR13, \u2014COR13, \u2014CO2R13, \u2014CONR13R14, \u2014C(\u2550NR13)NR14R15, \u2014NR13COR14, \u2014NR13CONR14R15, \u2014NR13CO2R14, \u2014SO2R13, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR13SO2NR14R15, and \u2014NR13SO2R14, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16, or (R8 and R9), and/or (R9 and R10), and/or (R10 and R11) together with the ring to which they are attached, form a fused ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R13, R14 and R15, which may be the same or different, are each selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or (R13 and R14), and/or (R14 and R15) together with the atom(s) to which they are attached, each form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings optionally substituted with at least one substituent R16; R16 is selected from halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkynyl, oxo, \u2014CN, \u2014OR\u2032, \u2014NR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014COR\u2032, \u2014CO2R\u2032, \u2014CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014C(\u2550NR\u2032)NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032COR\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CONR\u2032R\u2033, \u2014NR\u2032CO2R\u2033, \u2014SO2R\u2032, \u2014SO2aryl, \u2014NR\u2032SO2NR\u2033R\u2032\u2033, NR\u2032SO2R\u2033, and \u2014NR\u2032SO2aryl, wherein R\u2032, R\u2033, and R\u2032\u2033 are independently selected from H, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, or (R\u2032 and R\u2033), and/or (R\u2033 and R\u2032\u2033) together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl rings. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.",
-    "Provided is a method for authenticating a user in an electronic device. In illustrative embodiments, a fingerprint input from the user is be detected by receiving detection signals for respective sample points across an area of the fingerprint input. A determination value may be computed, which represents a degree of distribution of the detection signals according to signal strengths. It is then determined whether the determination value falls outside a preset reference range. If the determination value falls outside the preset reference range, the method determines that the fingerprint input from the user is invalid. 1. A method for authenticating a user using fingerprint recognition in an electronic device, the method comprising: detecting a fingerprint input from the user by receiving detection signals for respective sample points across an area of the fingerprint input; computing a determination value representing a degree of distribution of the detection signals according to signal strengths; determining whether the determination value falls outside a preset reference range; and determining that the fingerprint input from the user is invalid, if the determination value falls outside the preset reference range. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the preset range is based on a reference fingerprint image of the user. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein computing the determination value comprises: classifying each of a plurality of signal levels according to a respective range of signal strengths of the detection signals corresponding to the fingerprint input; determining a number of detection signals of the fingerprint input that correspond to each of the signal levels; and determining an accumulation pattern based on the number of detection signals for each of the signal levels; and determining the determination value by using the accumulation pattern. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a fingerprint image by using the detection signals. 5. The authentication method of claim 4, further comprising: determining whether the generated fingerprint image matches a previously stored fingerprint image; and determining that the fingerprint input is valid if the generated fingerprint image matches the previously stored fingerprint image and that the determination value falls within the preset reference range. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining that the fingerprint input is invalid if the generated fingerprint image does not match the previously stored fingerprint image. 7. An electronic device for authenticating a user using fingerprint recognition, the electronic device comprising: a fingerprint recognition module configured to detect a fingerprint input from the user by receiving detection signals for respective sample points across an area of the fingerprint input; and a processor configured to: compute a determination value representing a degree of distribution of the detection signals according to signal strengths; determine whether the determination value falls outside a preset reference range, and determine that the fingerprint input from the user is invalid, if the determination value falls outside the preset reference range. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the preset range is based on a reference fingerprint image of the user. 9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the processor classifies each of a plurality of signal levels according to a respective range of signal strengths of the detection signals corresponding to the fingerprint input; determines a number of detection signals of the fingerprint input that correspond to each of the signal levels; determines an accumulation pattern based on the number of detection signals for each of the signal levels; and determines the determination value by using the accumulation pattern. 10. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the fingerprint recognition module generates a fingerprint image by using the detection signals. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the processor determines whether the generated fingerprint image matches a previously stored fingerprint image and determines that the fingerprint input is valid if the generated fingerprint image matches the previously stored fingerprint image and that the determination value falls within the preset reference range. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor determines that the fingerprint input is not valid if the generated fingerprint image does not match the previously stored fingerprint image. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing instructions, that when executed by a processor, cause an electronic device to perform the method of claim 1. 14. An electronic device for authenticating a user using fingerprint recognition, the electronic device comprising: a fingerprint recognition module configured to detect a fingerprint input from the user and to determine a signal-level-specific distribution of signal strengths of detection signals corresponding to the fingerprint input; and a processor configured to: compute a determination value by analyzing the signal-level-specific distribution, determine whether the determination value falls within a preset reference range, and determine that the fingerprint input from the user is valid, if the determination value falls within the preset reference range. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the preset range is based on a reference fingerprint image of the user. 16. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine an accumulation pattern based on the signal-level-specific distribution, and determine the determination value by using the accumulation pattern. 17. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the fingerprint recognition module is further configured to generate a fingerprint image by using the detection signals. 18. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to determine that the fingerprint input is invalid if the determination values falls outside the preset reference range. 19. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the processor is further configured to determine that the fingerprint input is valid if the generated fingerprint image matches previously stored fingerprint image.",
-    "A lighting system includes an LED controller, and an LED array which includes first and second LED sub-arrays, wherein the LED array is operatively coupled to the LED controller. The lighting system includes an antenna in communication with the LED controller. First and second wavelength spectrums are provided by the first and second LED sub-arrays, respectively, and are adjustable in response to adjusting an input signal provided to the antenna. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a computer; and a first lighting system operatively in communication with the computer; wherein the first lighting system includes a first communication module in communication with the computer; and wherein the first communication module provides a first location parameter to the computer, the first location parameter corresponding to the location of the first lighting system, the first location parameter being adjustable in response to moving the first lighting system. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first location parameter of the first communication module is adjusted in response to adjusting the location of the first lighting system. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further including a second lighting system operatively in communication with the computer, wherein the second lighting system includes a second communication module in communication with the computer, the second lighting system including a second light emitting diode. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second communication module provides a second location parameter to the computer, the second location parameter corresponding to the location of the second lighting system. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the second location parameter of the second communication module is adjusted in response to adjusting the location of the second lighting system. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the computer adjusts the light provided by the first lighting system in response to an indication that the first location parameter has been adjusted. 7. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first and second communication modules establish a wireless network proximate to the first and second lighting systems. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first communication module includes a global positioning system chip. 9. An apparatus, comprising: a computer; and a lighting system array operatively in communication with the computer; wherein the computer determines a location parameter of each lighting system of the lighting system array, the location parameter corresponding to the location of a corresponding lighting system; wherein the computer provides a digital location map corresponding to the location parameters; and wherein the digital location map is adjusted in response to adjusting the location of at least one lighting system of the lighting system array. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer provides a digital light map corresponding to the amount of light provided by the lighting system array. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, further including a light sensor array which determines the amount of light provided by the lighting system array, the light sensor array being in communication with the computer. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the digital light map is driven to a desired digital light map in response to adjusting the location of at least one lighting system of the lighting system array. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the amount of light provided by at least one lighting system of the lighting system array is adjusted in response to adjusting a selected location parameter. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer determines the location parameter of each lighting system in the lighting system array using a global positioning system indication. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer determines the location parameter of each lighting system in the lighting system array using a radio signal strength indication. 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer determines the location parameter of each lighting system in the lighting system array using triangulation. 17. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer determines the location parameter of each lighting system in the lighting system array using network ping response rate. 18. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer determines the location parameter of each lighting system in the lighting system array using a wireless mesh network. 19. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the computer determines the location parameter of each lighting system in the lighting system array using a wireless personal area network. 20. An apparatus, comprising: a computer; and a lighting system array operatively in communication with the computer; wherein the computer provides a digital light map corresponding to light provided by the lighting system array; and wherein the computer adjusts the light provided by the lighting system array to drive the digital light map to a desired digital light map. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, further including a light sensor array, wherein the computer provides the digital light map in response to a signal from the light sensor array. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the computer provides a one dimensional digital light map corresponding to the amount of light provided by the lighting system array. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the computer provides a two dimensional digital light map corresponding to the amount of light provided by the lighting system array. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the computer provides a three dimensional digital light map corresponding to the amount of light provided by the lighting system array.",
-    "A semiconductor system may include a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device may output command/address signals and receives temperature codes. The second semiconductor device may sense an internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a first combination, generate and output the temperature codes having a combination corresponding to the internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a second combination, and adjust a period of the temperature codes in accordance with a temperature section of the internal temperature. 1. A semiconductor system comprising: a first semiconductor device suitable for outputting command/address signals and suitable for receiving temperature codes; and a second semiconductor device suitable for sensing an internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a first combination, suitable for generating and outputting the temperature codes having a combination corresponding to the internal temperature if a combination of the command/address signals is a second combination, and suitable for adjusting a period of the temperature codes in accordance with a temperature section of the internal temperature. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the period of the temperature codes are reduced if the internal temperature is within a range of a predetermined temperature section. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein, the second semiconductor device generates the temperature codes having a first period if the internal temperature is within a range of a predetermined temperature section; and wherein the second semiconductor device generates the temperature codes having a second period if the internal temperature is out of the range of the predetermined temperature section. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the first period is shorter than the second period. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the second semiconductor device includes: a command generation circuit suitable for generating a first command which is enabled if a combination of the command/address signals is the first combination and suitable for generating a second command which is enabled if a combination of the command/address signals is the second combination; a reference voltage generation circuit suitable for generating a first reference voltage and a second reference voltage for setting the predetermined temperature section in response to the first command; and a temperature sensor suitable for generating a control signal by comparing a sensing voltage having a level corresponding to the internal temperature with the first and second reference voltages in response to the first command, suitable for generating a pulse signal, a toggle period of the pulse signal is adjusted in accordance with a level of the control signal in response to the second command, and suitable for generating the temperature codes by comparing a temperature voltage with the sensing voltage in response to the pulse signal. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the predetermined temperature section is set to have a voltage range between the first reference voltage and the second reference voltage. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the second semiconductor device further includes a voltage generation circuit which is suitable for generating the temperature voltage, a level of the temperature voltage changing in accordance with the internal temperature, and suitable for generating the sensing voltage, in response to the first command. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the voltage generation circuit includes: a temperature voltage generator suitable for generating the temperature voltage in response to a power-up signal which is enabled after a power-up section; and a sensing voltage generation circuit suitable for generating the sensing voltage having a level corresponding to the internal temperature in response to the first command. 9. The system of claim 5, wherein the temperature sensor includes: a comparison circuit suitable for generating the control signal which is enabled if the sensing voltage has a level between a level of the first reference voltage and a level of the second reference voltage; a periodic signal generator suitable for generating a first periodic signal which is toggled on a first period and a second periodic signal which is toggled on a second period, in response to the first command; a pulse signal generation circuit suitable for generating the pulse signal including pulses which are generated on the first period or on the second period from the first or second periodic signal, in response to the control signal; and a temperature code generator suitable for generating the temperature codes by comparing the temperature voltage with the sensing voltage whenever the pulses of the pulse signal are generated, in response to the second command. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the control signal is disabled if the level of the sensing voltage is higher than the level of the first reference voltage or lower than the level of the second reference voltage. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the comparison circuit includes; a first comparator suitable for generating a first comparison signal by comparing the sensing voltage with the first reference voltage; a second comparator suitable for generating a second comparison signal by comparing the sensing voltage with the second reference voltage; and a control signal generator suitable for generating the control signal which is enabled if levels of the first comparison signal and the second comparison signal are different from each other. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the pulse signal generation circuit includes: an internal periodic signal generator suitable for outputting the first periodic signal or the second periodic signal as an internal periodic signal in response to the control signal; and a pulse generator suitable for generating the pulse signal including pulses, each of which is generated during a predetermined section at a point of time that a pulse of the internal periodic signal is generated. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the internal periodic signal generator includes: a first logic circuit suitable for generating a first delay periodic signal by buffering the first periodic signal if the control signal is enabled; a second logic circuit suitable for generating a second delay periodic signal by buffering the second periodic signal if the control signal is disabled; and a third logic circuit suitable for generating the internal periodic signal including pulses which are generated in response to pulses of the first delay periodic signal or the second delay periodic signal. 14. A semiconductor system comprising: a first semiconductor device suitable for outputting a first command and suitable for receiving temperature codes; and a second semiconductor device suitable for sensing an internal temperature in response to the first command, suitable for generating and outputting the temperature codes having a combination corresponding to the internal temperature in response to the second command, and suitable for adjusting a period of the temperature codes in accordance with a temperature section of the internal temperature. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the period of the temperature codes are reduced if the internal temperature is within a range of a predetermined temperature section. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the second semiconductor device generates the temperature codes on a first period if the internal temperature is within a range of a predetermined temperature section; and wherein the second semiconductor device generates the temperature codes on a second period if the internal temperature is out of the range of the predetermined temperature section. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the first period is shorter than the second period. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the second semiconductor device includes: a reference voltage generation circuit suitable for generating a first reference voltage and a second reference voltage for setting the predetermined temperature section in response to the first command; a voltage generation circuit suitable for generating the temperature voltage whose level changes according to the internal temperature and suitable for generating a sensing voltage having a level corresponding to the internal temperature, in response to the first command; and a temperature sensor suitable for generating a control signal by comparing the sensing voltage with the first and second reference voltages in response to the first command, suitable for generating a pulse signal whose toggle period is adjusted in accordance with a level of the control signal in response to the second command, and suitable for generating the temperature codes by comparing the temperature voltage with the sensing voltage in response to the pulse signal. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the predetermined temperature section is set to have a voltage range between the first reference voltage and the second reference voltage. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the voltage generation circuit includes: a temperature voltage generator suitable for generating the temperature voltage in response to a power-up signal which is enabled after a power-up section; and a sensing voltage generator suitable for generating the sensing voltage having a level corresponding to the internal temperature in response to the first command. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the temperature sensor includes: a comparison circuit suitable for generating the control signal which is enabled if the sensing voltage has a level between a level of the first reference voltage and a level of the second reference voltage; a periodic signal generator suitable for generating a first periodic signal which is toggled on a first period and a second periodic signal which is toggled on a second period, in response to the first command; a pulse signal generation circuit suitable for generating the pulse signal including pulses which are generated on the first period or on the second period from the first or second periodic signal, in response to the control signal; and a temperature code generator suitable for generating the temperature codes by comparing the temperature voltage with the sensing voltage whenever the pulses of the pulse signal are generated, in response to the second command. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the control signal is disabled if the level of the sensing voltage is higher than the level of the first reference voltage or lower than the level of the second reference voltage. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the comparison circuit includes; a first comparator suitable for generating a first comparison signal by comparing the sensing voltage with the first reference voltage; a second comparator suitable for generating a second comparison signal by comparing the sensing voltage with the second reference voltage; and a control signal generator suitable for generating the control signal which is enabled if levels of the first comparison signal and the second comparison signal are different from each other. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the pulse signal generation circuit includes: an internal periodic signal generator suitable for outputting the first periodic signal or the second periodic signal as an internal periodic signal in response to the control signal; and a pulse generator suitable for generating the pulse signal including pulses, each of which is generated during a predetermined section at a point of time that a pulse of the internal periodic signal is generated. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the internal periodic signal generator includes: a first logic circuit suitable for generating a first delay periodic signal by buffering the first periodic signal if the control signal is enabled; a second logic circuit suitable for generating a second delay periodic signal by buffering the second periodic signal if the control signal is disabled; and a third logic circuit suitable for generating the internal periodic signal including pulses which are generated in response to pulses of the first delay periodic signal or the second delay periodic signal. 26. A semiconductor device comprising: a command generation circuit suitable for receiving command/address signals and generating first and second commands based on the command/address signals; a temperature sensor suitable for sensing and generating temperature codes corresponding to the internal temperature of the semiconductor device based on the first and second commands, wherein a period of the temperature codes is adjusted in accordance with a temperature section of the internal temperature. 27. The semiconductor device of claim 26, wherein the temperature sensor suitable for generating the temperature codes having a first period if the internal temperature is within a range of a predetermined temperature section, and wherein the temperature sensor suitable for generating the temperature codes having a second period if the internal temperature is outside of the range of the predetermined temperature section. 28. The semiconductor device of claim 27, wherein the first period is shorter than the second period. 29. The semiconductor device of claim 26, wherein the period of the temperature codes are reduced if the internal temperature is within a range of a predetermined temperature section. 30. The semiconductor device of claim 26, further comprising: a reference voltage generation circuit suitable for generating a first reference voltage and a second reference voltage in response to the first command, wherein the temperature sensor suitable for generating a control signal by comparing a sensing voltage having a level corresponding to the internal temperature with the first and second reference voltages in response to the first command and generate the temperature codes.",
-    "A method in a node comprises receiving a signal, and collecting a first set of sequences corresponding to a first piece of cellular information and a second set of sequences corresponding to a second piece of cellular information over multiple frames of the received signal, wherein the second piece of cellular information is encoded based at least in part on the first piece of cellular information. The method further comprises processing the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information to determine the first piece of cellular information, and processing, using the determined first piece of cellular information, the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to determine the second piece of cellular information simultaneously with the determination of the first piece of cellular information. 1. A method in a node, comprising: receiving a signal; collecting a first set of sequences corresponding to a first piece of cellular information and a second set of sequences corresponding to a second piece of cellular information over multiple frames of the received signal, the first set of sequences comprising a plurality of different versions of a first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and the second set of sequences comprising a plurality of different versions of a second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information, wherein the second piece of cellular information is encoded based at least in part on the first piece of cellular information; processing the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information to determine the first piece of cellular information; processing, using the determined first piece of cellular information, the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to determine the second piece of cellular information simultaneously with the determination of the first piece of cellular information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the node comprises one of a wireless device and a network node. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein collecting the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information over multiple frames of the received signal comprises: extracting, from a first frame of the received signal, a first version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and a first version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information; and extracting, from a second frame of the received signal, a second version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and a second version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising storing, in a memory, the first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein processing the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information to determine the first piece of cellular information comprises: correlating the first version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information with one or more sequences to produce a first output, the first output comprising a set of correlation values; correlating the second version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information with one or more sequences to produce a second output, the second output comprising a set of correlation values; combining the first output and the second output to obtain a first set of accumulated correlation values; and determining the first piece of cellular information based at least in part on the first set of accumulated correlation values. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein processing, using the determined first piece of cellular information, the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to determine the second piece of cellular information simultaneous with the determination of the first piece of cellular information comprises: applying the first piece of cellular information to the stored first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to generate modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal, wherein the modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal are no longer dependent on the first piece of cellular information; correlating the modified first version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information with a first set of sequences based on a first set of frame number hypotheses to obtain a first set of correlation values; correlating the modified second version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information with a second set of sequences based on a second set of frame number hypotheses to obtain a second set of correlation values; combining the first set of correlation values and the second set of correlation values to generate a second set of accumulated correlation values; and determining the second piece of cellular information based at least in part on the generated second set of accumulated correlation values. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein: the first set of frame number hypotheses comprises {0, 1, . . . , K}, where K is an integer; and the second set of frame number hypotheses comprises {1, 2, . . . , (K+1) modulo N}, where N corresponds to a highest frame number allowed. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein applying the first piece of cellular information to the stored first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal to generate modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal comprises: descrambling, using the first piece of cellular information, the stored first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information, wherein: the modified first version of the second portion of the received signal comprises a descrambled first version of the second portion of the received signal; and the modified second version of the second portion of the received signal comprises a descrambled second version of the second portion of the received signal. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first piece of cellular information comprises cell identity information. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second piece of cellular information comprises frame number information. 11. A node comprising: one or more processors, the one or more processors configured to: receive a signal; collect a first set of sequences corresponding to a first piece of cellular information and a second set of sequences corresponding to a second piece of cellular information over multiple frames of the received signal, the first set of sequences comprising a plurality of different versions of a first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and the second set of sequences comprising a plurality of different versions of a second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information, wherein the second piece of cellular information is encoded based at least in part on the first piece of cellular information; process the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information to determine the first piece of cellular information; process, using the determined first piece of cellular information, the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to determine the second piece of cellular information simultaneously with the determination of the first piece of cellular information. 12. The node of claim 11, wherein the node comprises one of a wireless device and a network node. 13. The node of claim 11, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: extract, from a first frame of the received signal, a first version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and a first version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information; and extract, from a second frame of the received signal, a second version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and a second version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information. 14. The node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to store, in a memory, the first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information. 15. The node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: correlate the first version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information with one or more sequences to produce a first output, the first output comprising a set of correlation values; correlate the second version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information with one or more sequences to produce a second output, the second output comprising a set of correlation values; combine the first output and the second output to obtain a first set of accumulated correlation values; and determining the first piece of cellular information based at least in part on the first set of accumulated correlation values. 16. The node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: apply the first piece of cellular information to the stored first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to generate modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal, wherein the modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal are no longer dependent on the first piece of cellular information; correlate the modified first version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information with a first set of sequences based on a first set of frame number hypotheses to obtain a first set of correlation values; correlate the modified second version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information with a second set of sequences based on a second set of frame number hypotheses to obtain a second set of correlation values; combine the first set of correlation values and the second set of correlation values to generate a second set of accumulated correlation values; and determine the second piece of cellular information based at least in part on the generated second set of accumulated correlation values. 17. The node of claim 16, wherein: the first set of frame number hypotheses comprises {0, 1, . . . , K}, where K is an integer; and the second set of frame number hypotheses comprises {1, 2, . . . , (K+1) modulo N}, where N corresponds to a highest frame number allowed. 18. The node of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: descramble, using the first piece of cellular information, the stored first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information, wherein: the modified first version of the second portion of the received signal comprises a descrambled first version of the second portion of the received signal; and the modified second version of the second portion of the received signal comprises a descrambled second version of the second portion of the received signal. 19. The node of claim 11, wherein the first piece of cellular information comprises cell identity information. 20. The node of claim 11, wherein the second piece of cellular information comprises frame number information. 21. A computer program product comprising instructions stored on non-transient computer-readable media which, when executed by one or more processors, perform the acts of: receiving a signal; collecting a first set of sequences corresponding to a first piece of cellular information and a second set of sequences corresponding to a second piece of cellular information over multiple frames of the received signal, the first set of sequences comprising a plurality of different versions of a first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and the second set of sequences comprising a plurality of different versions of a second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information, wherein the second piece of cellular information is encoded based at least in part on the first piece of cellular information; processing the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information to determine the first piece of cellular information; processing, using the determined first piece of cellular information, the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to determine the second piece of cellular information simultaneously with the determination of the first piece of cellular information. 22. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the act of collecting (608) the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information over multiple frames of the received signal comprises: extracting, from a first frame of the received signal, a first version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and a first version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information; and extracting, from a second frame of the received signal, a second version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information and a second version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information; and wherein the computer program product further comprises instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, perform the act of storing, in a memory, the first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information. 23. The computer program product of claim 22, wherein the act of processing the first set of sequences corresponding to the first piece of cellular information to determine the first piece of cellular information comprises: correlating the first version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information with one or more sequences to produce a first output, the first output comprising a set of correlation values; correlating the second version of the first portion of the received signal corresponding to the first piece of cellular information with one or more sequences to produce a second output, the second output comprising a set of correlation values; combining the first output and the second output to obtain a first set of accumulated correlation values; and determining the first piece of cellular information based at least in part on the first set of accumulated correlation values. 24. The computer program product of claim 22, wherein the act of processing, using the determined first piece of cellular information, the second set of sequences corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to determine the second piece of cellular information simultaneous with the determination of the first piece of cellular information comprises: applying the first piece of cellular information to the stored first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information to generate modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal, wherein the modified first and second versions of the second portion of the received signal are no longer dependent on the first piece of cellular information; correlating the modified first version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information with a first set of sequences based on a first set of frame number hypotheses to obtain a first set of correlation values; correlating the modified second version of the second portion of the received signal corresponding to the second piece of cellular information with a second set of sequences based on a second set of frame number hypotheses to obtain a second set of correlation values; combining the first set of correlation values and the second set of correlation values to generate a second set of accumulated correlation values; and determining the second piece of cellular information based at least in part on the generated second set of accumulated correlation values. 25. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein: the first piece of cellular information comprises cell identity information; and the second piece of cellular information comprises frame number information.",
-    "An apparatus and method for replacing a power source element is provided. The apparatus includes a multiple compartment housing attached to a vehicle, power source elements, a controller, and a communications interface. The power source elements are placed within receptacles of the multiple compartment housing. Each power source element is electrically connected to an input power coupler for electrical connection to the vehicle such that each power source element is configured to supply power to the vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element. The controller is configured to monitor a power level of each power source element and generate an associated power level reading. The communication interface is configured to retrieve each associated power level reading from the controller and to an external system. 1. A vehicle power source apparatus comprising: a multiple compartment housing comprising a plurality of receptacles configured to retain power source elements for supplying power to a vehicle, wherein said multiple compartment housing is configured to be physically attached to said vehicle, wherein said multiple compartment housing comprises alignment guide holes for aligning, via a tapered pin alignment method, said multiple compartment housing with an additional multiple compartment housing, comprising tapered pins, of an additional vehicle via a docking process occurring during operation of said vehicle and said additional vehicle; a plurality of power source elements residing within a plurality of power source capsules, wherein said plurality of power source elements residing within said plurality of power source capsules are placed within said plurality of receptacles, wherein each power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsule comprises an O-ring seal for creating a weather proof seal when each said power source capsule is locked into place within said plurality of receptacles, wherein each power source element of said plurality of power source elements is independently electrically connected, through a power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsules, to an input power coupler for independent electrical connection to said vehicle such that each said power source element or grouping of power source elements of said plurality of power source elements is configured to supply power to said vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said plurality of power source elements, wherein each said power source capsule comprises a conical shape for placement within an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles, wherein each said power source capsule comprises a first conical portion electro-magnetically connected to a second conical portion, wherein said first conical portion comprises a first mechanical actuator, wherein said second conical portion comprises a second mechanical actuator, and wherein each said first mechanical actuator and each said second mechanical actuator comprises a piston mechanism configured to automatically move each said power source capsule in multiple directions for removing each said power source capsule from an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles for replacement; a controller connected to said plurality of power source elements, wherein said controller is configured to monitor a power level of each said power source element and generate a power level reading for each said power level, and wherein said controller is further configured to determine, based on each said power level, an order for replacement of each said power source element; and a communication interface communicatively coupled to said controller and an external system, wherein said communication interface is configured to retrieve each said power level reading and said order for replacement from said controller and transmit each said power level reading and said order for replacement to said external system, and wherein at least one power source element of said plurality of power source elements is replaced based on each said power level reading and said order for replacement with a fully charged power source element supplied by said additional multiple compartment housing during said docking process occurring during said operation of said vehicle and said additional vehicle. 2. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, wherein said multiple compartment housing further comprises a charge strength percentage indicator connected to each said power source element in each said receptacle, and wherein each said charge strength percentage indicator is configured to present a current charge level percentage reading for each said power source element. 3. (canceled) 4. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller is further configured to generate replacement data specifying a replacement history of each said power source element, and wherein said order for replacement of each said power source element is further based on said replacement data. 5. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller is further configured generate discharge data specifying a rate of power discharge for each said power source element, and wherein said order for replacement of each said power source element is further based on said discharge data. 6. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver communicatively connected to said controller, wherein said GPS receiver is configured to receive geographical coordinates from a satellite, and wherein said controller is further configured to determine, based on said geographical coordinates, a current location for said vehicle power source apparatus. 7. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 6, wherein said controller is further configured to determine a replacement requirement action for replacing each said power source element based on a remaining power charge level percentage determined from said charge level reading, and wherein said communication interface is further configured to transmit a message, to said external system, indicating said replacement requirement action. 8. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 7, wherein said controller is further configured to determine a current location for a power source element replacement location for replacing each said power source. 9. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 8, wherein said current location for said power source replacement location is determined based on said current location for said vehicle power source apparatus and a predicted range for said vehicle power source apparatus and said plurality of power sources with respect to said current location for said power source replacement location. 10. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 9, wherein said controller is further configured to determine an estimated time of arrival for said vehicle power source apparatus arriving at said power source replacement element based on said predicted range. 11. (canceled) 12. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, wherein each said power source element comprises a battery or a fuel cell. 13. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, wherein said vehicle is selected from the group consisting of an air based vehicle, a land based vehicle, and marine based vehicle. 14. The vehicle power source apparatus of claim 1, wherein said vehicle does not require a human operator to be located within said vehicle. 15. A vehicle power source replacement method comprising: supplying, by a plurality of power sources elements residing within a plurality of power source capsules retained within a plurality of receptacles of a multiple compartment housing of a vehicle power source apparatus, power to a vehicle, wherein each power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsule comprises an O-ring seal for creating a weather proof seal when each said power source capsule is locked into place within said plurality of receptacles, wherein said multiple compartment housing is configured to be physically attached to said vehicle, wherein said multiple compartment housing comprises alignment guide holes for aligning, via a tapered pin alignment method, said multiple compartment housing with an additional multiple compartment housing, comprising tapered pins, of an additional vehicle via a docking process occurring during operation of said vehicle and said additional vehicle, wherein each power source element of said plurality of power source elements is independently electrically connected, through a power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsules, to an input power coupler for independent electrical connection to said vehicle such that each said power source element or grouping of power source elements of said plurality of power source elements is configured to supply power to said vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said plurality of power sources, wherein each said power source capsule comprises a conical shape for placement within an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles, wherein each said first conical portion electro-magnetically connected to a second conical portion, wherein said first conical portion comprises a first mechanical actuator, wherein said second conical portion comprises a second mechanical actuator, and wherein each said first mechanical actuator and each said second mechanical actuator comprises a piston mechanism configured to automatically move each said power source capsule in multiple directions for removing each said power source capsule from an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles for replacement; monitoring, by a controller connected to said plurality of power source elements, a power level of each said power source element, wherein said controller is comprised by said vehicle power source apparatus; generating, by said controller, a power level reading for each said power level; determining, by said controller based on each said power level, an order for replacement of each said power source element; retrieving, by a communication interface communicatively coupled to said controller and comprised by said vehicle power source apparatus, each said power level reading and said order for replacement from said controller; and transmitting, by said communication interface, each said power level reading and said order for replacement to an external system, wherein at least one power source element of said plurality of power source elements is replaced, based on each said power level reading and said order for replacement, with a fully charged power source element within an associated power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsules, supplied by said additional multiple compartment housing during said docking process occurring during said operation of said vehicle and said additional vehicle. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said multiple compartment housing further comprises a charge strength percentage indicator connected to each said power source element in each said receptacle, and wherein said method further comprises: presenting, by each said charge strength percentage indicator a current charge level percentage reading for each said power source element. 17. (canceled) 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: generating, by said controller, replacement data specifying a replacement history of each said power source element, wherein said order for replacement of each said power source element is further based on said replacement data. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: generating, by said controller, discharge data specifying a rate of power discharge for each said power source element, and wherein said order for replacement of each said power source element is further based on said discharge data. 20. A computer program product, comprising a computer readable hardware storage device storing a computer readable program code, said computer readable program code comprising an algorithm that when executed by a controller of an vehicle power source apparatus implements an vehicle power source element replacement method, said method comprising: supplying, by a plurality of power sources elements residing within a plurality of power source capsules retained within a plurality of receptacles of a multiple compartment housing of a vehicle power source apparatus, power to a vehicle, wherein each power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsule comprises an O-ring seal for creating a weather proof seal when each said power source capsule is locked into place within said plurality of receptacles, wherein said multiple compartment housing is configured to be physically attached to said vehicle, wherein said multiple compartment housing comprises alignment guide holes for aligning, via a tapered pin alignment method, said multiple compartment housing with an additional multiple compartment housing, comprising tapered pins, of an additional vehicle via a docking process occurring during operation of said vehicle and said additional vehicle, wherein each power source element of said plurality of power source elements is independently electrically connected, through a power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsules, to an input power coupler for independent electrical connection to said vehicle such that each said power source element or grouping of power source elements of said plurality of power source elements is configured to supply power to said vehicle independently without requiring power supplied by any other power source element of said plurality of power sources, wherein each said power source capsule comprises a conical shape for placement within an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles, wherein each said power source capsule comprises a first conical portion electro-magnetically connected to a second conical portion, wherein said first conical portion comprises a first mechanical actuator, wherein said second conical portion comprises a second mechanical actuator, and wherein each said first mechanical actuator and each said second mechanical actuator comprises a piston mechanism configured to automatically move each said power source capsule in multiple directions for removing each said power source capsule from an associated receptacle of said plurality of receptacles for replacement; monitoring, by a controller connected to said plurality of power source elements, a power level of each said power source element, wherein said controller is comprised by said vehicle power source apparatus; generating, by said controller, a power level reading for each said power level; determining, by said controller based on each said power level, an order for replacement of each said power source element; retrieving, by a communication interface communicatively coupled to said controller and comprised by said vehicle power source apparatus, each said power level reading and said order for replacement from said controller; and transmitting, by said communication interface, each said power level reading and said order for replacement to an external system, wherein at least one power source element of said plurality of power source elements is replaced, based on each said power level reading and said order for replacement, with a fully charged power source element within an associated power source capsule of said plurality of power source capsules, supplied by said additional multiple compartment housing during said docking process occurring during said operation of said vehicle and said additional vehicle.",
-    "A structure includes a word-line, a bit-line, and an anti-fuse cell. The anti-fuse cell includes a reading device, which includes a first gate electrode connected to the word-line, a first gate dielectric underlying the first gate electrode, a drain region connected to the bit-line, and a source region. The first gate dielectric has a first thickness. The drain region and the source region are on opposite sides of the first gate electrode. The anti-fuse cell further includes a programming device including a second gate electrode connected to the word-line, and a second gate dielectric underlying the second gate electrode. The second gate dielectric has a second thickness smaller than the first thickness. The programming device further includes a source/drain region connected to the source region of the reading device. 1. A structure comprising: a word-line; a bit-line; and an anti-fuse cell comprising: a reading device comprising: a first gate electrode connected to the word-line; a first gate dielectric underlying the first gate electrode, wherein the first gate dielectric has a first thickness; a drain region connected to the bit-line; and a source region, wherein the drain region and the source region are on opposite sides of the first gate electrode; and a programming device comprising: a second gate electrode connected to the word-line; a second gate dielectric underlying the second gate electrode, wherein the second gate dielectric has a second thickness smaller than the first thickness; and a first source/drain region connected to the source region; and a second source/drain region, wherein the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region are on opposite sides of the second gate electrode. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the drain region of the reading device, the source region of the reading device, and the first source/drain region of the programming device are in a same p-well region. 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein a channel region directly underlying the second gate electrode is doped as a same conductivity type as the first source/drain region of the programming device. 4. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first source/drain region of the programming device and a channel region directly underlying the second gate electrode are doped to different conductivity types. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the reading device is a Fin Field-Effect Transistor (FinFET), and the programming device is a fin-based device. 6. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first gate dielectric and the second gate dielectric are formed on a same semiconductor active region. 7. (canceled) 8. The structure of claim 1, wherein the programming device has no second source/drain region. 9. A structure comprising: a word-line extending in a first direction; a bit-line extending in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; an active region extending in the second direction; an anti-fuse cell comprising: a reading device comprising: a first gate dielectric having a first thickness on sidewalls and a top surface of the active region; a first gate electrode over the first gate dielectric and extending in the first direction, wherein the first gate electrode is connected to the word-line; a drain region connected to the bit-line; and a source region, wherein the drain region and the source region are on opposite sides of the first gate electrode; and a programming device comprising: a second gate dielectric on a sidewall and a top surface of the active region, wherein the second gate dielectric has a second thickness smaller than the first thickness; a second gate electrode over the second gate dielectric and extending in the first direction, wherein the second gate electrode is connected to the word-line; a source/drain region connected to the source region; and a channel region overlapped by the second gate electrode, wherein the channel region and the source/drain region are of a same conductivity type. 10. The structure of claim 9 further comprising a connection module connecting the first gate electrode of the reading device and the second gate electrode of the programming device to the word-line. 11. The structure of claim 9, wherein the active region has an end overlapped by the second gate electrode of the programming device, and the active region is on a first side of the second gate electrode of the programming device, and not on a second side of the second gate electrode of the programming device, with the first side and the second side being opposite sides. 12. The structure of claim 9, wherein the active region has portions on opposite sides of the second gate electrode of the programming device. 13. The structure of claim 9, wherein the first thickness is greater than the second thickness by greater than about 50 percent. 14. The structure of claim 9 further comprising a dummy gate electrode, wherein an end of the active region is overlapped by the dummy gate electrode. 15. A method comprising: programming an array, wherein the array comprises a plurality of anti-fuse cells arranged as rows and columns, and each of the plurality of anti-fuse cells comprises a reading device and a programming device, the programming comprising: applying a first voltage to a word-line connected to a first gate of the reading device and a second gate of the programming device, wherein the reading device and the programming device are in a selected cell; and applying a second voltage to a drain region of the reading device, wherein the first voltage and the second voltage in combination result in breakdown of a first gate dielectric in the programming device, and a second gate dielectric in the reading device remains not broken down by the first voltage and the second voltage. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein after the first gate dielectric is broken down, the second gate and a source region of the reading device is resistively connected. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising reading a cell in the array, wherein the reading comprises: applying a third voltage to the word-line, wherein the third voltage is configured not to break any gate dielectric in the array; and sensing a voltage on a bit-line, wherein the bit-line is connected to the drain region of the reading device. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein during the programming, unselected cells connected to unselected word-lines in the array are applied with a voltage of 0V, and bit-lines connected to unselected cells connected to the word-line are applied with a voltage equal to about a half of the first voltage. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the programming device is a partial MOS capacitor. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the programming device is a three-terminal MOS capacitor. 21. The structure of claim 9 further comprising a circuit, wherein the circuit is configured to: apply a first voltage to the word-line; and apply a second voltage to a drain region of the reading device, wherein the first voltage and the second voltage in combination result in breakdown of the second gate dielectric, and the first gate dielectric is not broken down by the first voltage and the second voltage.",
-    "A spot scanning imaging system with run-time alignment includes a beam scanning device configured to linearly scan a focused beam of illumination across a sample, one or more detectors positioned to receive light from the sample, and a controller communicatively coupled to the beam scanning apparatus, the sample stage, and the one or more detectors. The controller is configured to store a first image, transmit a set of drive signals to at least one of the beam scanning device, the sample stage, or the one or more detectors, compare at least a portion of the second sampling grid to at least a portion of the first sampling grid to determine one or more offset errors, and adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals based on the one or more offset errors such that the second sample grid overlaps the first sample grid. 1. A spot scanning imaging system with run-time alignment, comprising: a beam scanning device configured to linearly scan a beam of illumination across a sample positioned on a sample stage; one or more detectors positioned to receive light from the sample; and a controller communicatively coupled to the beam scanning apparatus, the sample stage, and the one or more detectors, wherein the controller includes one or more processors configured to execute program instructions to cause the one or more processors to: store a first image, wherein center positions of pixels on the first image define a first sampling grid; transmit a set of drive signals to at least one of the beam scanning device, the sample stage, or the one or more detectors such that the beam is linearly scanned across at least a portion of the sample along one or more linear scan lines, wherein the sample is sampled at one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines based on the set of drive signals to generate a second image, wherein the one or more sampled locations define a second sampling grid, wherein data associated with the one or more sampled locations correspond to one or more pixels of the second image, compare at least a portion of the second sampling grid to at least a portion of the first sampling grid to determine one or more offset errors, adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals based on the one or more offset errors such that the second sample grid overlaps the first sample grid. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals includes adjust a relative delay of one or more image acquisition drive signals associated with the one or more detectors with respect to a beam-scanning drive signal associated with the beam scanning device such that the one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines are adjusted. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines are individually adjusted. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the beam scanning device includes an acousto-optic deflector, wherein the acousto-optic deflector is configured to generate one or more chirp packets that propagate along a length of the acousto-optic deflector, wherein at least a portion of the beam is focused by the one or more chirp packets such that the at least a portion of the beam is focused and scanned along a linear path. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals includes adjust at least one of a start frequency or an end frequency of the one or more chirp packets such that a focal position of the at least a portion of the beam is adjusted. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the start frequency and the end frequency are simultaneously adjusted such that a bandwidth of the one or more chirp packets remains constant. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the at least a portion of the beam focused by the one or more chirp packets maintains a constant axial focal position. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein a spot size of the beam on the sample is independent of a position of the beam on the sample. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein a defect detection sensitivity is independent of a position of the beam location on the sample. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the beam scanning device includes at least one of an acousto-optic beam deflector, an electro-optic beam deflector, a polygonal scanner, a resonant scanner, or a galvanometer scanner. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the beam scanning device includes an objective lens positioned to focus the beam onto the sample. 12. A spot scanning imaging system with run-time alignment, comprising: an illumination source configured to generate a beam of illumination; an acousto-optic deflector, wherein the acousto-optic deflector is configured to generate one or more chirp packets that propagate along a length of the acousto-optic deflector, wherein at least a portion of the beam is focused by the one or more chirp packets such that the at least a portion of the beam is focused and scanned along a linear path; a relay lens assembly including one or more lenses positioned to relay the at least a portion of the beam scanned along the linear path to a sample secured on a sample stage; one or more detectors positioned to receive light from the sample; and a controller communicatively coupled to the acousto-optic deflector and at least one of the one or more detectors, wherein the controller includes one or more processors configured to execute program instructions configured to cause the one or more processors to: store a first image, wherein center positions of pixels on the first image define a first sampling grid; transmit a set of drive signals to at least one of the beam scanning device, the sample stage, or the one or more detectors such that the at least a portion of the beam is linearly scanned across at least a portion of the sample along one or more linear scan lines, wherein the sample is sampled at one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines based on the set of drive signals to generate a second image, wherein the one or more sampled locations define a second sampling grid, wherein data associated with the one or more sampled locations corresponds to one or more pixels of the second image, compare at least a portion of the second sampling grid to at least a portion of the first sampling grid to determine one or more offset errors, adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals based on the one or more offset errors such that the second sample grid overlaps the first sample grid. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals includes adjust at least one of a start frequency or an end frequency of the one or more chirp packets such that a focal position of the at least a portion of the beam is adjusted. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the start frequency and the end frequency are simultaneously adjusted such that a bandwidth of the one or more chirp packets remains constant. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least a portion of the beam focused by the one or more chirp packets maintains a constant axial focal position. 16. The system of claim 12, wherein a duration of a drive signal associated with the acousto-optic beam deflector is less than a time required for a chirp packet to propagate across the acousto-optic deflector. 17. The system of claim 12, wherein multiple chirp packets propagate across the acousto-optic deflector in sequence such that the at least a portion of the beam is simultaneously focused to multiple spots by the multiple chirp packets. 18. The system of claim 12, wherein the adjust at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals includes adjust a relative delay of one or more image acquisition drive signals associated with the one or more detectors with respect to a chirp-packet drive signal associated with the acousto-optic deflector such that the one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines are adjusted. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more sampled locations of the second sample grid are individually adjustable. 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the relay lens assembly includes a relay lens positioned to collimate the at least a portion of the beam scanned along the linear path, wherein the relay lens assembly further includes an objective lens positioned to focus the at least a portion of the beam onto the sample. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein an optical axis of the objective lens is shifted from an optical axis of the relay lens, and wherein a focal plane of the objective lens is parallel and proximate to the sample. 22. The system of claim 12, further comprising: a beam scanner positioned prior to the acousto-optic beam deflector such that the beam scanner directs the beam to a chirp packet propagating across a length of the acousto-optic beam deflector such that the chirp packet is continually illuminated by the beam. 23. The system of claim 12, wherein the wherein the beam scanner includes at least one of an acousto-optic beam deflector, an electro-optic beam deflector, a polygonal scanner, a resonant scanner, or a galvanometer scanner. 24. A method for run-time alignment of a spot scanning sample inspection system, comprising: generating a beam of illumination; storing a first image, wherein center positions of pixels on the first image define a first sampling grid; transmitting a set of drive signals to at least one of a beam scanning device, a sample stage for securing a sample, or one or more detectors for receiving light from the sample such that the beam is linearly scanned across at least a portion of a sample along one or more linear scan lines, wherein the sample is sampled at one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines based on the set of drive signals to generate a second image, wherein the one or more sampled locations define a second sampling grid, wherein data associated with the one or more sampled locations corresponds to one or more pixels of the second image, comparing at least a portion of the second sampling grid to at least a portion of the first sampling grid to determine one or more offset errors, adjusting at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals based on the one or more offset errors such that the second sample grid overlaps the first sample grid. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the adjusting at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals includes adjusting a relative delay of one or more image acquisition drive signals associated with the one or more detectors with respect to a beam-scanning drive signal associated with the beam scanning device such that the one or more sampled locations along the one or more linear scan lines are adjusted. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the beam scanning device further includes an acousto-optic deflector, wherein the acousto-optic deflector is configured to generate one or more chirp packets that propagate along a length of the acousto-optic deflector, wherein at least a portion of the beam is focused by the one or more chirp packets, wherein the adjusting at least one drive signal in the set of drive signals includes adjusting at least one of a start frequency or an end frequency of the one or more chirp packets such that a focal position of the at least a portion of the beam is adjusted.",
-    "A delicate tissue retraction system having a hollow tubular retractor, a hollow tubular introducer that is removably installed within the retractor, and a navigation module that is removably installed within the introducer. The introducer has an inner passage defined by a passage wall having a width dimension that increases in size from a distal introducer end to a proximal introducer end. The navigation module has a shaft with a proximal shaft end, a middle shaft portion, and a distal shaft end, and a navigation unit mounted to the proximal shaft end. When assembled, the distal shaft end is contained generally within the introducer and the navigation module outside the introducer, and the middle shaft portion is spaced from the passage wall. The navigation module indicates the location of one or more points on at least one of the retractor and the introducer to a navigation system. 1. A delicate tissue retraction system comprising: a hollow tubular retractor having a proximal retractor end and a distal retractor end; a hollow tubular introducer having a proximal introducer end, a distal introducer end, and an inner passage extending from the distal introducer end to the proximal introducer end, the inner passage being defined by a passage wall having a width dimension that increases in size from a smallest size at the distal introducer end to a largest size at the proximal introducer end, the introducer being configured to be removably installed within the retractor with the proximal introducer end being adjacent the proximal retractor end and the distal introducer end extending beyond the distal retractor end; and a navigation module comprising: a shaft having a proximal shaft end, a distal shaft end, and a middle shaft portion located between the proximal shaft end and the distal shaft end, and a navigation unit mounted to the proximal shaft end, wherein the navigation module is dimensioned to removably install within the introducer with the distal shaft end contained within the introducer, the middle shaft portion spaced from the passage wall, and the navigation unit outside the introducer; wherein the navigation module is configured to indicate the location of one or more points on at least one of the retractor and the introducer to a navigation system. 2. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the distal introducer end comprises a closed tip. 3. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the inner passage terminates at a tip opening that passes through the distal introducer end. 4. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 3, wherein the distal shaft end comprises a plug configured to install adjacent the tip opening. 5. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the width dimension of the passage wall increases in size from the smallest size at the distal introducer end to an intermediate size between the smallest size and the largest size at location that is adjacent the distal retractor end when the introducer is installed within the retractor. 6. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 5, wherein the distal shaft end is proximate to the distal introducer end when the navigation module is fully installed within the introducer. 7. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the distal shaft end is spaced from the distal introducer end when the navigation module is fully installed within the introducer. 8. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the middle shaft portion extends along a centerline of the introducer when the navigation module is installed within the introducer. 9. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the middle shaft portion is spaced from the passage wall throughout the inner passage from the proximal introducer end to a location adjacent the distal retractor end when the introducer is installed within the retractor and the navigation module is installed within the introducer. 10. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the distal shaft end is proximate to the passage wall, and the middle shaft portion is spaced from the passage wall throughout the introducer when the navigation module is installed within the introducer. 11. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the passage wall generally comprises a tubular structure with a uniform wall thickness. 12. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the navigation module further comprises at least one structure extending radially from the middle shaft portion and configured to contact to the passage wall when the navigation module is installed within the introducer. 13. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 12, wherein the at least one structure comprises a resilient seal. 14. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 12, wherein the at least one structure comprises an arm. 15. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 12, wherein the at least one structure comprises a mechanical lock. 16. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 15, wherein the mechanical lock comprises one or more flexible members that are configured to be flexed to release the mechanical lock. 17. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 16, wherein the one or more flexible members comprise one or more resilient tabs configured to selectively engage one or more corresponding openings. 18. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 17, wherein the one or more resilient tabs are on the one or more flexible members, and the one or more corresponding openings are in the introducer. 19. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the navigation unit is selectively removable from the shaft. 20. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein the navigation module comprises one or more frictional connectors configured to releasably hold the navigation module within the introducer. 21. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, further comprising one or more mechanical locks configured to releasably hold the introducer within the retractor. 22. The delicate tissue retraction system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the retractor and the introducer comprises a handle configured to engage a positioning system.",
-    "Driver for an acoustic transducer having a moving coil of substantially equal length to the air gap. The air gap may itself be extended in length using an upper or lower lip, or both. A stationary coil is also provided. The moving and stationary coils can be controlled by suitable control blocks to form an electromagnet-based transducer with reduced distortion. 1. A driver for an acoustic transducer comprising: a diaphragm; a driver body including: a center post; an outer wall formed of a magnetic material being coupled to the center post via a bottom portion of the driver body; and an annular plate extending inwardly toward the center post from the outer wall; a moving coil coupled to the diaphragm, the moving coil disposed at least partially within an air gap that is formed between the annular plate and the center post; and a stationary coil disposed within a cavity that is defined by the annular plate, the outer wall, the bottom portion and the center post, the stationary coil being operable to magnetize the magnetic material for inducing magnetic flux in the air gap. 2. The driver of claim 1, wherein the annular plate comprises an upper lip disposed at an inward end of the annular plate, the upper lip extending away from the cavity and toward the diaphragm to extend the air gap. 3. The driver of claim 2, wherein a width of the upper lip is tapered to be narrower as the upper lip extends away from the annular plate and toward the diaphragm. 4. The driver of claim 1, wherein the center post is formed of the magnetic material. 5. The driver of claim 1, wherein the moving coil has a moving coil length that is substantially equal to an air gap length of the air gap. 6. The driver of claim 1, wherein the outer wall includes an inner portion that partially defines the cavity. 7. The driver of claim 6, wherein the stationary coil is positioned adjacent to the inner portion and within the cavity. 8. The driver of claim 7, wherein the stationary coil surrounds the center post. 9. The driver of claim 1 wherein the moving coil is positioned between the center post and the annular plate. 10. The driver of claim 9, wherein the center post is formed of the magnetic material. 11. A driver for an acoustic transducer comprising: a diaphragm; a driver body including: a center post; an outer wall including an inner portion and being formed of a magnetic material, the outer wall being coupled to the center post via a bottom portion of the driver body; and an annular plate extending inwardly toward the center post from the outer wall; a moving coil coupled to the diaphragm, the moving coil disposed at least partially within an air gap that is formed between the annular plate and the center post; and a stationary coil disposed within a cavity that is defined by the annular plate, the outer wall, the bottom portion and the center post, the stationary coil being positioned adjacent to the inner portion of the outer wall. 12. The driver of claim 11 wherein the stationary coil is operable to magnetize the magnetic material for inducing magnetic flux in the air gap. 13. The driver of claim 11, wherein the annular plate comprises an upper lip disposed at an inward end of the annular plate, the upper lip extending away from the cavity and toward the diaphragm to extend the air gap. 14. The driver of claim 13, wherein a width of the upper lip is tapered to be narrower as the upper lip extends away from the annular plate and toward the diaphragm. 15. The driver of claim 11, wherein the center post is formed of the magnetic material. 16. The driver of claim 11, wherein the moving coil has a moving coil length that is substantially equal to an air gap length of the air gap. 17. The driver of claim 11, wherein the stationary coil surrounds the center post. 18. The driver of claim 11 wherein the moving coil is positioned between the center post and the annular plate. 19. The driver of claim 18, wherein the center post is formed of the magnetic material. 20. A driver for an acoustic transducer comprising: a diaphragm; a driver body including: a center post; an outer wall formed of a magnetic material being coupled to the center post via a bottom portion of the driver body; and an annular plate extending inwardly toward the center post from the outer wall; a moving coil coupled to the diaphragm, the moving coil disposed at least partially within an air gap that is formed between the annular plate and the center post; and a stationary coil disposed within a cavity that is defined by the annular plate, the outer wall, the bottom portion and the center post, the stationary coil being positioned adjacent to the outer wall.",
-    "In a DC/DC converter, a driving method thereof, and a power supply using the same, the DC/DC converter includes a plurality of power switches connected as a serial string between an input terminal and a ground terminal, a first capacitor connected to at least two power switches of the serial string in parallel, an inductor connected between an intermediate node of the serial string and an output terminal, a second capacitor connected between the output terminal and the ground terminal, and a plurality of drivers configured to generate a switching control signal for each of the plurality of power switches. A voltage having no correlation with a voltage of the input terminal is supplied to a power terminal of each of the plurality of drivers. 1. A DC/DC converter comprising: a plurality of power switches connected as a serial string between an input terminal and a ground terminal; a first capacitor connected to at least two power switches of the serial string in parallel; an inductor connected between an intermediate node of the serial string and an output terminal; a second capacitor connected between the output terminal and the ground terminal; a plurality of drivers configured to generate a switching control signal to control each of the plurality of power switches; and a plurality of level shifters configured to shift voltage levels of control signals to drive the drivers. 2. The DC/DC converter of claim 1, wherein the first capacitor is connected between a first node and a second node of the serial string, the first node is positioned between the intermediate node of the serial string and the input terminal, and the second node is positioned between the intermediate node of the serial string and the ground terminal. 3. The DC/DC converter of claim 1, wherein the plurality of power switches comprise a plurality of high-side p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistors connected between the input terminal and the intermediate node of the serial string, and a plurality of low-side n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistors connected between the intermediate node of the serial string and the ground terminal. 4. The DC/DC converter of claim 3, wherein the plurality of drivers comprise a plurality of high-side drivers configured to respectively generate switching control signals for the plurality of high-side PMOS switches, and a plurality of low-side drivers configured to respectively generate switching control signals for the plurality of low-side NMOS transistors, and a negative source voltage supplied to at least one driver of the plurality of high-side drivers and a positive source voltage supplied to at least one driver of the plurality of low-side drivers are constant voltages that are different from each other. 5. The DC/DC converter of claim 4, wherein the negative source voltage supplied to at least one driver of the plurality of high-side drivers is determined as a constant voltage that is lower than a voltage obtained by subtracting a source-gate voltage, which is used to turn on at least one of the plurality of high-side PMOS transistors, from a voltage of the input terminal. 6. The DC/DC converter of claim 4, wherein the positive source voltage supplied to at least one driver of the plurality of low-side drivers is determined as a constant voltage which is higher than a voltage obtained by adding a gate-source voltage, which is used to turn on at least one of the plurality of low-side NMOS transistors, to a voltage of the ground terminal. 7. The DC/DC converter of claim 1, wherein the plurality of power switches comprise a first PMOS transistor, a second PMOS transistor, a first NMOS transistor, and a second NMOS transistor, a source terminal of the first PMOS transistor is connected to the input terminal, a drain terminal of the first PMOS transistor is connected to a first node, a source terminal of the second PMOS transistor is connected to the first node, a drain terminal of the second PMOS transistor is connected to the intermediate node, a drain terminal of the first NMOS transistor is connected to the intermediate node, a source terminal of the first NMOS transistor is connected to a second node, a drain terminal of the second NMOS transistor is connected to the second node, and a source terminal of the second NMOS transistor is connected to the ground terminal, the first capacitor is connected between the first node and the second node, and the plurality of drivers comprise first to fourth drivers configured to respectively generate gate control signals for the first and second PMOS transistors and the first and second NMOS transistors. 8. The DC/DC converter of claim 7, wherein a positive source voltage terminal of the first driver is connected to the input terminal, a first constant voltage is supplied to a negative source voltage terminal of the first driver, and the first constant voltage is determined as a constant voltage that is lower than a voltage obtained by subtracting a source-gate voltage, which is used to turn on the first PMOS transistor, from a voltage of the input terminal. 9. The DC/DC converter of claim 7, wherein a positive source voltage terminal of the second driver is connected to the first node, a third capacitor is connected between the positive source voltage terminal of the second driver and the first node, and a first diode is connected between the positive source voltage terminal of the second driver and a negative source voltage terminal of the first driver. 10. The DC/DC converter of claim 7, wherein a fourth capacitor is connected between a positive source voltage terminal of the third driver and the second node, a second diode is connected between the positive source voltage terminal of the third driver and a positive source voltage terminal of the fourth driver, and a negative source voltage terminal of the third driver is connected to the second node. 11. The DC/DC converter of claim 7, wherein a second constant voltage is supplied to a positive source voltage terminal of the fourth driver, and the second constant voltage is determined as a constant voltage that is higher than a voltage obtained by adding a gate-source voltage, which is used to turn on the second NMOS transistor, from a voltage of the ground terminal. 12. A power supply comprising: a feedback circuit configured to generate a first error signal and a second error signal, based on a difference between at least two feedback signals and at least one reference source; a controller configured to generate a plurality of control signals for making one of an output voltage, an output current, and an input current converge on a target value, based on the first error signal and the second error signal; and a DC/DC converter configured to change a path of a current, flowing to at least one inductor and capacitor which are included in a circuit between an input terminal and an output terminal, to generate the output voltage and the at least two feedback signals, based on the plurality of control signals, the DC/DC converter including a plurality of power switches connected as a serial string between the input terminal and a ground terminal and a plurality of drivers configured to generate a switching control signal for each of the plurality of power switches, wherein each of the power switches have a constant conduction resistance irrespective of an input voltage of the input terminal. 13. The power supply of claim 12, wherein the feedback circuit comprises: a 1Ath amplifier configured to generate the first error signal corresponding to a difference between the reference source and the output voltage detected from the output terminal; a second amplifier configured to generate a first signal corresponding to a voltage difference between a first node and a second node included in the serial string; and a 3Ath amplifier configured to generate the second error signal corresponding to a voltage difference between the first signal and the input voltage applied to the input terminal. 14. The power supply of claim 12, wherein the feedback circuit comprises: a 1Bth amplifier configured to generate the first error signal corresponding to a difference between the reference source and the output current detected between the output terminal and a load circuit; a second amplifier configured to generate a first signal corresponding to a voltage difference between a first node and a second node included in the serial string; and a third amplifier configured to generate the second error signal corresponding to a voltage difference between the first signal and the input voltage applied to the input terminal. 15. The power supply of claim 12, wherein the feedback circuit comprises: a 1Cth amplifier configured to generate the first error signal corresponding to a difference between the reference source and the input current detected from the input terminal; a second amplifier configured to generate a first signal corresponding to a voltage difference between a first node and a second node included in the serial string; and a third amplifier configured to generate the second error signal corresponding to a voltage difference between the first signal and the input voltage applied to the input terminal. 16. The power supply of claim 12, wherein the controller comprises: an adder configured to generate a first signal corresponding to a sum of the first error signal and the second error signal; a subtractor configured to generate a second signal corresponding to a difference between the first error signal and the second error signal; a first comparator configured to compare the first signal with a first triangular wave signal to generate a first control signal and a fourth control signal; and a second comparator configured to compare the second signal with a second triangular wave signal to generate a second control signal and a third control signal, the first triangular wave signal having a 180-degree phase difference with the second triangular wave signal. 17. The power supply of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of level shifters configured to respectively shift levels of the plurality of control signals, wherein output signals of the plurality of level shifters are respectively supplied to input terminals of the plurality of drivers, and a source voltage of each of the plurality of level shifters is applied as a source voltage that is the same as a source voltage of a corresponding driver. 18. The power supply of claim 12, further comprising a regulator circuit configured to generate a source voltage supplied to at least one driver of the plurality of drivers, wherein the regulator circuit comprises: a first voltage regulator configured to generate a first source voltage through a first terminal; a second voltage regulator configured to generate a second source voltage through a second terminal; a third capacitor connected between the first terminal and the input terminal; a first diode connected between the first terminal and a third node; a fourth capacitor connected between the third node and a first node included in the serial string; a fifth capacitor connected between the second terminal and the ground terminal; a second diode connected between the second terminal and a fourth node; and a sixth capacitor connected between the fourth node and a second node included in the serial string, and the first terminal is connected to a negative source voltage terminal of a first driver, the second terminal is connected to a positive source voltage terminal of a fourth driver, the third node is connected to a negative source voltage terminal of a second driver, and the fourth node is connected to a positive source voltage terminal of a third driver. 19. The power supply of claim 18, wherein the plurality of power switches comprise a first PMOS transistor, a second PMOS transistor, a first NMOS transistor, and a second NMOS transistor, a source terminal of the first PMOS transistor is connected to the input terminal, a drain terminal of the first PMOS transistor is connected to the first node, a source terminal of the second PMOS transistor is connected to the first node, a drain terminal of the second PMOS transistor is connected to an intermediate node, a drain terminal of the first NMOS transistor is connected to the intermediate node, a source terminal of the first NMOS transistor is connected to a second node, a drain terminal of the second NMOS transistor is connected to the second node, and a source terminal of the second NMOS transistor is connected to the ground terminal, a positive source voltage terminal of the first driver is connected to the input terminal, a positive source voltage terminal of the second driver is connected to the first node, a negative source voltage terminal of the third driver is connected to the second node, and a negative source voltage terminal of the fourth driver is connected to the ground terminal, and output terminals of the first to fourth drivers are respectively connected to gate terminals of the first and second PMOS transistors and the first and second NMOS transistors. 20. A method of driving a DC/DC converter including a plurality of power switches that are connected as a serial string between an input terminal and a ground terminal and comprise a first PMOS transistor, a second PMOS transistor, a first NMOS transistor, and a second NMOS transistor, the method comprising: supplying a positive source voltage of a first driver, which is used to drive the first PMOS transistor, from a source terminal of the first PMOS transistor and supplying a first constant voltage as a negative source voltage of the first driver; supplying a positive source voltage of a second driver, which is used to drive the second PMOS transistor, from a source terminal of the second PMOS transistor and supplying a negative source voltage of the second driver from a node located between a first diode and a first capacitor in a circuit where the first diode and the first capacitor are serially connected between a negative source voltage terminal of the first driver and a source terminal of the second PMOS transistor; supplying a second constant voltage as a positive source voltage of a fourth driver for driving the second NMOS transistor, and supplying a ground voltage as a negative source voltage of the fourth driver; and supplying a positive source voltage of a third driver, which is used to drive the first NMOS transistor, from a node located between a second diode and a second capacitor in a circuit where the second diode and the second capacitor are serially connected between a positive source voltage terminal of the fourth driver and a drain terminal of the first NMOS transistor, wherein output terminals of the first to fourth drivers are respectively connected to gate terminals of the first PMOS transistor, the second PMOS transistor, the first NMOS transistor, and the second NMOS transistor, and a signal for controlling switching of the first PMOS transistor, the second PMOS transistor, the first NMOS transistor, and the second NMOS transistor is applied to an input terminal of each of the first to fourth drivers.",
-    "New formulations of clomazone are provided, as well as new methods for making formulations of clomazone. The new formulations provide improved efficacy, decreased volatility, and/or increased loading of clomazone over the clomazone formulations in the prior art. 1-32. (canceled) 33. A formulation comprising: a. an organic phase comprising i. clomazone ii. at least one additional active ingredient iii. one or more organic solvents, and b. a polymeric shell consisting essentially of polyurea c. a polymeric dispersant; and d. one or more suitable excipients selected from the group consisting of surfactants, dispersants, antifreeze agents, clays, water, biocides, salts, polymers, and thickeners. 34. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the additional ingredients are selected from the group consisting of metazachlor, metolachlor, napropamide, pendimethalin, and sulfentrazone. 35. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the active ingredients are metazachlor and napropamide. 36. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the active ingredient is metazachlor. 37. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the active ingredient is pendimethalin. 38. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of corn oil, almond oil, avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, diacylglycerol (DAG) oil, ghee, grape seed oil, groundnut oil, hemp oil, lard, margarine, mustard oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, tea seed oil, walnut oil, castor oil, coconut oil, colza oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, false flax oil, hemp oil, mustard oil, palm oil, peanut oil, radish oil, rapeseed oil, ramtil oil, rice bran oil, salicomia oil, tigemut oil, tung oil, copaiba, honge oil, jatropha oil, jojoba oil, milk bush, nahor oil, paradise oil, petroleum nut oil, dammar oil, flaxseed oil, linseed oil, poppyseed oil, stillingia oil, tung oil, vernonia oil, Aromatic 200ND, AE700, Exxate 700, Emery 2209, Emery 2270, and Emery 2301, soy bean oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, and canola oil, methylene chloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate, cyclopentane, pentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, cyclohexene, ethyl vinyl ether, 1,2-epoxybutane, furan, tetrahydropyran, fluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, ethyl propionate, methyl methacrylate, chloroethane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, 1-chloro-3-methylbutane, 3-chloropropene, tetrachloromethane, 1,1dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorodifluoroethane, 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane, 1,2-dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane, and 1,1dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene. 39. The formulation of claim 38, wherein the organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of linseed oil and corn oil. 40. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the polymeric dispersant is lignin. 41. The formulation of claim 40, wherein the lignin is lignin sulfonate. 42. The formulation of claim 33, wherein the organic phase is encapsulated in the polyurea shell. 43. The formulation of claim 42, further comprising one or more active ingredients, wherein said one or more active ingredients is not encapsulated in said polyurea shell. 44. The formulation of claim 43, wherein the one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of aclonifen, metazachlor, metolachlor, napropamide, pendimethalin, sulfentrazone and any combinations thereof. 45. The formulation of claim 44, wherein the one or more active ingredients is selected from the group consisting of aclonifen, metazachlor, napropamide or any combinations thereof. 46. The formulation of claim 44, wherein the one or more active ingredients are metazachlor and napropamide. 47. The formulation of claim 44, wherein the active ingredient is aclonifen. 48. The formulation of claim 44, wherein the active ingredient is pendimethalin. 49. The formulation of claim 44, wherein the organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of linseed oil and corn oil. 50. The formulation of claim 44, wherein the formulation is in a solid dry form.",
-    "A novel imaging reagent and gel-based method for analyzing and comparing phosphoproteomes on the same gel are disclosed herein. 1. An imaging reagent, comprising: at least three functional groups; a photo-reactive group; a metal chelating group; and a fluorophore, wherein the fluorophore has a color that is dependent on a number of protein samples. 2. The imaging reagent of claim 1, wherein the imaging reagent is configured to bind and introduce a fluorophore onto phosphoproteins. 3. A method for analyzing and comparing phosphoproteomes on the same gel, comprising: binding an imaging compound to at least one phosphoprotein; incubating at least two protein samples with imaging reagents, the imaging reagents containing the fluorophores of different colors; crosslinking the phosphoproteins via ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking; mixing the at least two protein samples to form a mixed protein sample; loading the mixed protein sample onto through isoelectric focusing (IEF); performing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE); and scanning the SDS PAGE with an excitation wavelength for each of a plurality of dyes for comparative visualization. 4. The method of claim 3, the imaging compound comprises a metal ion. 5. The method of claim 4, the metal ion is titanium (IV). 6. The method of claim 4, the metal ion is Zr(IV). 7. The method of claim 4, the metal ion is Fe(III). 8. The method of claim 4, the metal ion is Ga(III). 9. The method of claim 3, the fluorophore is Cy3. 10. The method of claim 3, the fluorophore is Cy5.",
-    "An image capturing apparatus comprises a unit pixel including a plurality of light receiving elements, a plurality of column output lines provided, for each column, at a number greater than or equal to at least a number of the light receiving elements of each unit pixel, and a switching unit configured to switch between a first readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via respectively different column output lines and a second readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via the same column output line for each unit pixel. 1. An image capturing apparatus comprising: a unit pixel including a plurality of light receiving elements; a plurality of column output lines provided, for each column, at a number greater than or equal to at least a number of the light receiving elements of each unit pixel; and a switching unit configured to switch between a first readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via respectively different column output lines and a second readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via the same column output line for each unit pixel. 2. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of light receiving elements of each unit pixel divides a pupil of an imaging optical system. 3. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a selection portion configured to select column output lines to which the signals from the plurality of light receiving elements are to be output. 4. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a combining portion configured to combine signal charges from the plurality of light receiving elements for each unit pixel. 5. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a third readout mode in which a potential that corresponds to the signal charge combined by the combining portion is output to one column output line. 6. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second readout mode is used when a generation amount of signal charges from the plurality of light receiving elements is low, and the third readout mode is used when the generation amount of the signal charges from the plurality of light receiving elements is high. 7. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an averaging portion configured to average the signals from the plurality of light receiving elements. 8. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the switching unit switches between the first readout mode and the second readout mode for each operation mode. 9. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the switching unit switches to the first readout mode in an operation mode for obtaining focus information of the imaging optical system, and switches to the second readout mode in an operation mode for image capturing. 10. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the switching unit switches between the first readout mode and the second readout mode on a region-by-region basis. 11. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the switching unit switches between the first readout mode and the second readout mode on a row-by-row basis. 12. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the switching unit switches to the first readout mode for a row included in a focus detection region and switches to the second readout mode for a row not included in the focus detection region. 13. The image capturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein two rows worth of signals of unit pixels are simultaneously read out in the second readout mode. 14. A control method of an image capturing apparatus that includes a unit pixel having a plurality of light receiving elements and a plurality of column output lines provided, for each column, at a number greater than or equal to at least a number of the light receiving elements of each unit pixel, comprising: switching between a first readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via respectively different column output lines and a second readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via the same column output line for each unit pixel. 15. A computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute a control method of an image capturing apparatus that includes a unit pixel having a plurality of light receiving elements and a plurality of column output lines provided, for each column, at a number greater than or equal to at least a number of the light receiving elements of each unit pixel, the control method switching between a first readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via respectively different column output lines and a second readout mode for reading out signals from the plurality of light receiving elements via the same column output line for each unit pixel.",
-    "Methods, devices, and systems for monitoring heart rate variability (HRV). The HRV monitoring systems and devices are adapted to give immediate feedback to the subject concerning their current condition and any pertinent changes in their condition. The HRV monitoring systems and devices detect, analyze, and assess HRV against a pre-determined application or user need. They also have the ability to provide real time notifications based on the system's assessment of a user's heart HRV and changes in the HRV. 1. A wearable device for real-time detection, analysis and application of heart rate variability (HRV), the device comprising: a. a chest strap integrated with one or more strap electrodes to detect a plurality of consecutive QRS waves; and b. a battery-powered and self-contained processing circuit comprising: i. a microprocessor operatively coupled to the one or more electrodes and configured to receive at least one additional input unrelated to the QRS waves detected by the strap electrodes; ii. an ECG analog front end (AFE) circuit coupled between the microprocessor and at least one strap electrodes to provide a signal gain control to a strap electrode output such that the microprocessor receives signals with a desired amplitude, wherein the ECG AFE circuit has an internal amplifier where the internal amplifier operates to output a conditioned QRS signal comprising the plurality of consecutive QRS waves; iii. an analog voltage comparator coupled between the ECG analog front end circuit and the microprocessor, wherein the analog voltage comparator operates to detect one or more specified characteristics of the conditioned QRS signal, wherein the plurality of consecutive QRS waves, detected by the one or more strap electrodes, are received by the ECG AFE circuit wherein the internal amplifier of the ECG AFE circuit operates to convert the plurality of consecutive QRS waves into a conditioned QRS signal, wherein the conditioned QRS signal is received by the analog voltage comparator where the analog voltage comparator operates to detect the one or more specified wave characteristic of the conditioned QRS signal whereupon detection of the one or more specified wave characteristics, the analog voltage comparator triggers an interrupt directly to a signal processor integrated into the microprocessor; iv. a non-volatile memory storing computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the microprocessor, cause the microprocessor to perform operations comprising A. detecting a rising edge or a declining edge of an R-wave from each of the QRS waves; B. triggering an interrupt when the rising edge or the declining edge crosses a trigger point, the trigger point for interrupt triggering being predetermined or dynamically adjusted value; C. recording a time value each time when the interrupt is triggered; D. determining an RR interval each time when the time value is recorded; E. generating a temporal RR interval array, the RR interval array being stored within the memory and comprising a plurality of determined RR intervals; F. generating an HRV measurement based on the temporal RR interval array; and G. comparing the generated HRV measurement to an HRV threshold and outputting a real-time notification when the HRV threshold is reached, the HRV threshold being determined at least by the additional input unrelated to the QRS waves; and v. a notification means to receive the real-time notification to generate a user alert, the notification means being a haptic indicator, an audio indicator or a visual indicator. 2-20. (canceled)",
-    "A spinal facet bone screw and minimally invasive surgical method of implanting a facet screw to stabilize the spine are provided. The facet screw includes an elongated body portion having a head, a threaded portion and a distal threadless portion. A pair of flutes formed in the elongated body extends from the distal end across the threadless portion and into the distal end of the threaded portion. The flute creates a self-tapping cutting surface that includes a heel edge that is curved with respect to the outer surface. The method of implantation comprises making a minimally invasive incision on the side of the midline contralateral to the target facet joint and delivering the screw across the interspinous process using the adjacent spinous processes as guideposts. The facet screw system fixes juxtaposed facet articular processes to enhance spinal fusion and stability and the method provides for accurate, repeatable and easy implantation. 1. A surgical method for implanting a facet screw into a spine of a patient comprising the steps of: identifying a target facet joint located on a first side of a midline of a patient's spine; the target facet joint comprising the inferior articular face of a first vertebral body and the superior articular face of an adjacent lower second vertebral body; inserting a facet screw into a patient at a point of skin penetration located on a second side of the midline of the patient's spine that is opposite from the first side of the midline and cephalad of the target facet joint; moving the facet screw subcutaneously from the point of skin penetration through an interspinous ligament located between the first vertebral body and adjacent higher third vertebral body at a point of interspinous ligament penetration; moving the facet screw subcutaneously from the point of interspinous ligament penetration to the first vertebral body at a location adjacent to the target facet joint on the first side of the midline; delivering the facet screw into the bone of the first vertebral body at a location adjacent to the target facet joint; and driving the facet screw across the upper and lower articular faces of the target facet joint. 2. The surgical method of claim 1 further including the steps of: inserting a target needle comprising a trocar portion and a cannula portion into a patient at a point of skin penetration; moving the distal end of the target needle subcutaneously from the point of skin penetration through an interspinous ligament located between the first vertebral body and the adjacent higher third vertebral body creating a point of interspinous ligament penetration; moving the distal end of the target needle to contact the first vertebral body at a location adjacent to the target facet joint; docking the target needle into the first vertebral body at a location adjacent to the target facet joint; removing the trocar portion of the target needle; inserting a guide wire into the cannula portion of the target needle; docking the guide wire into the first vertebral body at a location adjacent to the target facet joint; attaching the facet screw to the distal end of an insertion instrument; and passing the facet screw and insertion instrument over the guide wire to the first vertebral body. 3. The surgical method of claim 2 wherein the step of delivering the facet screw into the bone of the first vertebral body includes rotating the insertion instrument to self-tap the facet screw. 4. The surgical method of claim 1 wherein the step of driving the facet screw includes driving until a seating flange formed on the facet screw contacts the first vertebral body. 5. The surgical method of claim 1 wherein the step of inserting a facet screw includes the step of inserting a facet screw having a head portion, threaded portion distal to the head portion and a threadless portion distal to the threaded portion, and a longitudinally extending flute formed in the facet screw; the flute having a radial cutting face and heel face interconnected with the cutting face at one end and intersecting with the outer surface at heel edge; wherein the heel edge is curved and the flute interrupts a portion of the threaded portion. 6. The surgical method of claim 1 further including the step of creating a point of skin penetration. 7. The surgical method of claim 6 wherein the step of creating a point of skin penetration includes creating a stab incision, a percutaneous incision, a minimally invasive incision, a mini-open incision or open incision. 8. The surgical method of claim 1 wherein the step of moving the facet screw subcutaneously from the point of skin penetration through an interspinous ligament includes contacting a spinous process of the third vertebral body. 9. The surgical method of claim 1 wherein the step of moving the facet screw through the interspinous ligament includes contacting the spinous process of the first vertebral body. 10. The surgical method of claim 2 further including the steps of: delivering a first dilator over the guide wire to the first vertebral body; delivering a second dilator over the first dilator and guide wire to the first vertebral body; removing the first dilator after delivering the second dilator; wherein the step of passing the facet screw and insertion instrument over the guide wire includes delivering the facet screw and insertion instrument into the second dilator. 11. A surgical method for implanting a facet screw across a target facet joint comprising a first vertebral body and a second vertebral body in a minimally invasive surgical procedure comprising the steps of: delivering the facet screw through a skin incision contralateral to the target facet joint; passing the facet screw through the interspinous ligament to a location on the first vertebral body adjacent to the target facet joint; and driving the facet screw into the first vertebral body; using the spinous process of the first vertebral body and the spinous process of an adjacent higher third vertebral body as guideposts; and fixing the target facet joint with the facet screw.",
-    "A device comprising a combustion toroid for receiving combustion-induced centrifugal forces therein to continuously combust fluids located therein and an outlet for exhaust from said combustion toroid. 1. A method of combustion, comprising: injecting fuel into a toroidal combustion chamber having at least one circular wall and at least one opening in the at least one circular wall leading to an exhaust exit; creating a circumferential combustion vortex within the toroidal combustion chamber, the combustion taking place in a direction substantially perpendicular to the cross section of the at least one circular wall of the toroidal combustion chamber; and exhausting substantially combusted fuel through an exhaust exit located on a central axis circumscribed by the toroidal combustion chamber. 2. A device for creating a circumferential combustion vortex, comprising: a torus chamber having a major axis, the torus chamber comprising a first toroidal section and a plurality of second toroidal sections, wherein each of the plurality of second toroidal sections has a cavity in its surface selected from the group consisting of fuel injector cavities, oxidizer input cavities, or exhaust exit cavities; wherein the centers of at least two cavities in two adjacent second toroidal sections are offset from one another by a radial distance about the major axis and coplanar. 3. A combustion device, comprising: a first section circumscribing a second section; the first section having a thickness and the second section having a toroidal cavity circumscribing a circular opening, the toroidal cavity being bounded by the first section, wherein the first section comprises a plurality of cavities each of which being oriented substantially tangential to the toroidal cavity and each having an arced entrance into and in contact with the toroidal cavity.",
-    "A solar powered lamp is provided with flat ends and a flexible housing, such that the housing can be inflated to form a free standing cylinder. A solar panel faces outward on one of the flat ends for recharging a low-profile rechargeable battery which, under the control of a printed circuit panel, powers an array of LEDs, which point into the lamp housing. Reflective surfaces, facing each other on opposite inside end walls of the lamp, maximize the diffusion of light from the LEDs. The lamp is a durable, portable, long light lighting solution for those who live off the electric power grid, victims of disaster, and the like. 1. A solar powered lamp, comprising: a collapsible housing having flat end walls and a side wall; a water-tight seal between the flat end walls and the side wall; a printed circuit board on one end wall comprising a planar array of light emitting diodes (LEDs), wherein the one end wall comprises an inner end wall, an outer end wall and a rigid panel sealed between the inner end wall and the outer end wall; a reflective surface on the inner end wall having apertures positioned over the planar array of LEDs; a rechargeable battery attached to the printed circuit board powering the LEDs; a solar panel on the printed circuit board opposite the array of LEDs adapted to recharge the rechargeable battery; and the circuit board being operatively connected to the rechargeable battery, the LEDs, the solar panel, and a switch for powering the LEDs on and off. 2. The solar powered lamp according to claim 1, further comprising a valve for inflating the lamp. 3. The solar powered lamp according to claim 1, further comprising a planar reflective panel covering substantially the entire surface area of each end wall. 4. The solar powered lamp according to claim 1, wherein the housing comprises clear flexible polyvinylchloride (PVC) sealed to be water-tight. 5. The solar powered lamp according to claim 1, wherein the switch powers the LEDs between high mode, low mode and blinking mode. 6. The solar powered lamp according to claim 1, wherein the battery is a lithium ion polymer battery pack having a thickness less than 5 mm, a capacity of 1000 mAh, and a nominal operating voltage of 3.7 V, wherein the planar array of LEDs consists of eight LEDs arranged in a circle and powered by the battery, each having a maximum operating current of 320 mA at 90 lumens. 7. The solar powered lamp according to claim 1, further comprising a handle attached to one or both flat ends. 8. A solar powered lamp, comprising: a collapsible housing having flat end walls and a translucent side wall; a water-tight seal between the flat end walls and the side wall; a printed circuit board on one end wall comprising a planar array of light emitting diodes (LEDs), wherein the one end wall comprises an inner end wall, an outer end wall and a rigid panel sealed between the inner end wall and the outer end wall; a reflective surface on the inner end wall having apertures positioned over the planar array of LEDs; a rechargeable battery attached to the printed circuit board powering the LEDs; a solar panel on the printed circuit board opposite the array of LEDs adapted to recharge the rechargeable battery; and the circuit board being operatively connected to the rechargeable battery, the LEDs, the solar panel, and a switch for powering the LEDs on and off. 9. The solar powered lamp according to claim 8, further comprising a valve for inflating the lamp. 10. The solar powered lamp according to claim 8, further comprising a planar reflective panel covering substantially the entire surface area of each end wall. 11. The solar powered lamp according to claim 8, wherein the housing comprises clear flexible polyvinylchloride (PVC) sealed to be water-tight. 12. The solar powered lamp according to claim 8, wherein the switch powers the LEDs between high mode, low mode and blinking mode. 13. The solar powered lamp according to claim 8, wherein the battery is a lithium ion polymer battery pack having a thickness less than 5 mm, a capacity of 1000 mAh, and a nominal operating voltage of 3.7 V, wherein the planar array of LEDs consists of eight LEDs arranged in a circle and powered by the battery, each having a maximum operating current of 320 mA at 90 lumens. 14. The solar powered lamp according to claim 8, further comprising a handle attached to one or both flat ends. 15. A solar powered lamp, comprising: a collapsible housing having flat end walls and a translucent or clear side wall; a water-tight seal between the flat end walls and the side wall; a printed circuit board on one end wall comprising a planar array of light emitting diodes (LEDs), wherein the one end wall comprises an inner end wall, an outer end wall and a rigid panel sealed between the inner end wall and the outer end wall; a reflective surface on the inner end wall having apertures positioned over the planar array of LEDs; a rechargeable battery attached to the printed circuit board powering the LEDs; a solar panel on the printed circuit board opposite the array of LEDs adapted to recharge the rechargeable battery; and the circuit board being operatively connected to the rechargeable battery, the LEDs, the solar panel, and a switch for powering the LEDs on and off. 16. The solar powered lamp according to claim 15, further comprising a valve for inflating the lamp. 17. The solar powered lamp according to claim 15, further comprising a planar reflective panel covering substantially the entire surface area of each end wall. 18. The solar powered lamp according to claim 15, wherein the housing comprises flexible polyvinylchloride (PVC) sealed to be water-tight. 19. The solar powered lamp according to claim 15, wherein the switch powers the LEDs between high mode, low mode and blinking mode. 20. The solar powered lamp according to claim 15, wherein the battery is a lithium ion polymer battery pack having a thickness less than 5 mm, a capacity of 1000 mAh, and a nominal operating voltage of 3.7 V, wherein the planar array of LEDs consists of eight LEDs arranged in a circle and powered by the battery, each having a maximum operating current of 320 mA at 90 lumens. 21. The solar powered lamp according to claim 15, further comprising a handle attached to one or both flat ends.",
-    "An elongated beam, or rocker assembly, is disclosed that includes a first panel and a second panel attached to the first panel to define a cavity. A reinforcement is disposed in the cavity that includes a first tubular member adhesively connected to the first panel inside the cavity and a pair of tubular members are connected with an adhesive to the second panel, to each other, and the first tubular member. The tubular members are arranged in a triangular array within the cavity and extend along the length of the elongated beam. The wall thickness and bending strength of the tubular members are selected to provide an insert that collapses preferentially with the outer tubular member of the insert collapsing before the inner tubular members. 1. A rocker assembly for a vehicle comprising: an outer panel; a side sill defining a cavity with the outer panel; and an insert disposed in the cavity that includes a plurality of longitudinally extending pipes connected with an adhesive to each other, the outer panel and the side sill, wherein a wall thickness of one of the plurality of pipes is different than a wall thickness of another of the plurality of pipes. 2. The rocker assembly of claim 1 wherein the pipes are cylindrical. 3. The rocker assembly of claim 1 wherein the plurality of pipes further comprises three pipes connected in a triangular array with two of the pipes being connected to the side sill and one of the pipes connected to the outer panel. 4. The rocker assembly of claim 3 wherein a sum of the wall thickness of the two pipes connected to the side sill is greater than the wall thickness of the one pipe connected to the outer panel. 5. The rocker assembly of claim 4 wherein the wall thickness of each of the two pipes connected to the side sill is less than the wall thickness of the one pipe connected to the outer panel. 6. The rocker assembly of claim 3 wherein the one pipe connected to the outer panel collapses preferentially relative to the two pipes connected to the side sill. 7. A rocker assembly for a vehicle comprising: an outer panel; a side sill defining a cavity with the outer panel; a first tubular member adhesively connected to the outer panel inside the cavity; and a second and third tubular members adhesively connected to the side sill and the first tubular member and the first tubular member, wherein the tubular members are arranged to extend in a longitudinal vehicle direction. 8. The rocker assembly of claim 7 wherein the tubular members are cylindrical. 9. The rocker assembly of claim 7 wherein the tubular members are connected in a triangular array. 10. The rocker assembly of claim 7 wherein the second tubular member and third tubular member each have a wall thickness, and wherein a sum of the wall thickness of the second tubular member and third tubular member is greater than the wall thickness of the first tubular member. 11. The rocker assembly of claim 7 wherein a wall thickness of each of the second tubular member and third tubular member connected to the side sill is less than the wall thickness of the first tubular member connected to the outer panel. 12. The rocker assembly of claim 7 wherein the first tubular member connected to the outer panel collapses preferentially relative to the second and third tubular members connected to the side sill. 13. An elongated beam comprising: a first panel; a second panel attached to the first panel to define a cavity; and a reinforcement disposed in the cavity including a first tubular member adhesively connected to the first panel inside the cavity and a pair of tubular members adhesively connected to the second panel, to each other, and the first tubular member, wherein all of the tubular members extend along a length of the elongated beam. 14. The beam of claim 13 wherein all of the tubular members are cylindrical. 15. The beam of claim 13 wherein the first tubular member and the pair of tubular members are connected in a triangular array. 16. The beam of claim 13 wherein a sum of a wall thickness of the pair of tubular members that are connected to the second panel is greater than a wall thickness of the first tubular member that is connected to the first panel. 17. The beam of claim 16 wherein a wall thickness of each of the pair of tubular members connected to the second panel is less than the wall thickness of the first tubular member connected to the first panel. 18. The beam of claim 13 wherein the first tubular member connected to the first panel collapses preferentially relative to the pair of tubular members connected to the second panel.",
-    "The invention relates to the technical field of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), and in particular to an LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure includes a mounting seat and wire clamping parts, wherein the mounting seat is provided with two accommodation grooves for mounting the wire clamping parts and a mounting groove for mounting an LED lamp bead; the wire clamping parts are arranged in the accommodation grooves; each wire clamping part is provided with a bottom wall, a lamp bead connecting terminal connected with the bottom wall, two sidewalls upwards extending from the bottom wall and a crosswise-folded clamping piece connected with one sidewall; and the crosswise-folded clamping pieces extend to the other sidewalls. 1. An Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure, comprising a mounting seat (1) and wire clamping parts (2), wherein the mounting seat (1) is provided with two accommodation grooves (11) for mounting the wire clamping parts (2) and a mounting groove (12) for mounting an LED lamp bead; the wire clamping parts (2) are arranged in the accommodation grooves (11); each wire clamping part (2) is provided with a bottom wall (21), a lamp bead connecting terminal (22) connected with the bottom wall (21), two sidewalls (23) upwards extending from the bottom wall (21) and a crosswise-folded clamping piece (24) connected with one sidewall (23); and the crosswise-folded clamping pieces (24) extend to the other sidewalls (23). 2. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein each wire clamping part comprises one crosswise-folded clamping piece (24). 3. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein each wire clamping part comprises two crosswise-folded clamping pieces (24). 4. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the bottom walls (21) are provided with positioning bumps (25) for blocking the crosswise-folded clamping pieces (24). 5. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the mounting seat (1) is provided with wire passing grooves (13), the wire passing grooves (13) being communicated with the accommodation grooves (11). 6. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the mounting seat (1) is provided with nicks (14) for extension of the lamp bead connecting terminals (22), the nicks (14) being communicated with the accommodation grooves (11). 7. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 1, further comprising cover plates (3), the cover plates (3) being arranged on the accommodation grooves (11) in a covering manner. 8. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 7, wherein cover plate platforms (15) are arranged on edges of the accommodation grooves (11), the cover plate platforms (15) are provided with convex pins (16), the cover plates (3) are provided with pinholes (31) matched with the convex pins (16), the cover plates (3) are arranged on the cover plate platforms (15), and the convex pins (16) are arranged in the pinholes (31) in a penetration manner. 9. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 8, wherein each cover plate is provided with six pinholes (31). 10. The LED lamp bead wire clamping mounting structure according to claim 7, wherein wire through grooves (32) are formed in bottoms of the cover plates (3).",
-    "A method for creating an overall image of an object from a plurality of recorded images that each depict a small area of the object, the method including: dividing the overall image into fields; assigning a part of the plurality of recorded images to each of the fields; and composing the plurality of recorded images into the overall image. 1. A method for creating an overall image of an object from a plurality of recorded images that each depict a small area of the object, the method comprising: dividing the overall image into fields; assigning a part of the plurality of recorded images to each of the fields of the overall image; and composing the plurality of recorded images into the overall image, wherein the part of the plurality of the recorded images of a first field is first recorded and composed, and then the part of the plurality of recorded images of a second field is recorded and composed, and wherein composing the part of the plurality of the recorded images of the first field comprises: seeking at least two edges of a first recorded image overlap respectively with an edge of a second recorded image adjacent to the first recorded image and an edge of a third recorded image adjacent to the first recorded image; and performing a correlation of the overlapping edges of the first to third recorded images, wherein the correlation is weighted for the relative position of neighbouring recorded images to each other. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in dividing the overall image into fields, the size of the fields is adapted to the size of a first memory accessible to a processor. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: compressing and saving one or more of the plurality of recorded images not assigned to the field. 4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: after composing the first field and the second field, parts of the first field and the second field except for edges of recorded images needed for being joined to other fields are saved in a second memory. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein composing the fields into the overall image comprises: performing correlation of overlapping image areas of recorded images arranged in adjacent fields with each other, wherein the correlation is weighted for the relative position of the adjacent fields. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a sequence of composing the first field and composing the second field is determined automatically based on one or more criterions. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the one or more criterions comprise: the manifestation of the object (11) within a section (13); the area overlap of the section with the object (11); the number of created and composed adjacent fields; and the number of recorded images of an adjacent field (13) that is/are available to be joined with the field. 8. The method according to claim 6 wherein in the sequence of composing the first field and composing the second field, the first field is selected to be composed before the second field based on one or more of: the first field having the largest area covered by the object, and the first field having the greatest total contrast over the area of the first field. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining a focus for one field before recording the recorded images of the one field. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the focus is determined at a plurality of reference points, and wherein the method further comprises: performing an interpolation between the plurality of reference points. 11. A method for operating a microscope comprising executing the method according to claim 1. 12. A computer-readable storage device storing instructions that when executed by a computer causes the computer to execute the method according to claim 1. 13. A microscope comprising a computer system configured to execute the method according to claim 1.",
-    "The present disclosure provides for a sensor assembly for use in a wellbore. The sensor assembly may include a rotating sub, the rotating sub coupled to a drill string and a drive shaft, the drive shaft coupled to the rotating sub. The sensor assembly may also include a nonrotating sub where the nonrotating sub is positioned generally around the drive shaft and shaft and rotatably coupled to the drive shaft and the rotating sub. The nonrotating sub may include an outer cover. The outer cover is generally tubular. The nonrotating sub may further include a sensor collar. The sensor collar is positioned within and coupled to the outer cover. The sensor collar may be coupled to the outer cover by a drive assembly. The drive assembly may include a motor adapted to rotate the sensor collar relative to the outer cover. The nonrotating sub also includes at least one positioning sensor coupled to the sensor collar. 1. A sensor assembly for use in a wellbore comprising: a rotating sub, the rotating sub coupled to a drill string; a drive shaft, the drive shaft coupled to the rotating sub; a nonrotating sub, the nonrotating sub positioned generally around the drive shaft and shaft and rotatably coupled to the drive shaft and the rotating sub, the nonrotating sub including: an outer cover, the outer cover being generally tubular; a sensor collar, the sensor collar positioned within and coupled to the outer cover, the sensor collar coupled to the outer cover by a drive assembly, the drive assembly including a motor adapted to rotate the sensor collar relative to the outer cover; and at least one positioning sensor coupled to the sensor collar. 2. The sensor assembly of claim 1, wherein the positioning sensor comprises one or more of a gyro, accelerometer, or magnetometer. 3. The sensor assembly of claim 1, further comprising one or more borehole orientation sensors coupled to the sensor collar. 4. The sensor assembly of claim 3, wherein the one or more borehole orientation sensors comprise one or more gyros, accelerometers, or magnetometers. 5. The sensor assembly of claim 1, further comprising one or more formation sensors coupled to the sensor collar. 6. The sensor assembly of claim 5, wherein the one or more formation sensors comprise one or more gamma ray sensors, resistivity sensors, or sensors to measure formation porosity, formation density, or formation free fluid index. 7. The sensor assembly of claim 1, further comprising a control unit operably coupled to the motor and the sensor, the control unit adapted to, in response to data detected by the positioning sensor, operate the motor to move the sensor collar relative to the outer cover. 8. The sensor assembly of claim 7, wherein the control unit determines an orientation of the sensor collar relative to the wellbore based on the data detected by the positioning sensor. 9. The sensor assembly of claim 8, wherein the positioning sensor is an accelerometer and the data corresponds to the gravity field of the Earth. 10. The sensor assembly of claim 8, wherein the positioning sensor comprises a gyro, and the data corresponds to the rotation of the Earth. 11. The sensor assembly of claim 8, wherein the positioning sensor comprises a magnetometer, and the data corresponds to the magnetic field of the Earth or a known magnetic anomaly. 12. The sensor assembly of claim 7, wherein the control unit, motor, and sensor are powered by a battery, wired power source, or generator. 13. The sensor assembly of claim 7, wherein the control unit further comprises a storage medium adapted to store data collected by the sensor. 14. A method for orienting a downhole tool comprising: providing a drill string, the drill string including: a rotating sub, the rotating sub coupled to a drill string; a drive shaft, the drive shaft coupled to the rotating sub; a nonrotating sub, the nonrotating sub being generally tubular, the nonrotating sub positioned generally around the drive shaft and coupled to the drive shaft and the rotating sub such that the nonrotating sub is free to rotate relative thereto, the nonrotating sub including: an outer cover, the outer cover being generally tubular; a sensor collar, the sensor collar positioned within and coupled to the outer cover, the sensor collar coupled to the outer cover by a drive assembly, the drive assembly including a motor adapted to rotate the sensor collar relative to the outer cover; and at least one positioning sensor coupled to the sensor collar; and a control unit operably coupled to the motor and the sensor, the control unit adapted to, in response to data detected by the positioning sensor, operate the motor to move the sensor collar relative to the nonrotating sub; detecting with the positioning sensor at least one data point corresponding to a reference point in the surrounding formation; and rotating, with the motor, the sensor collar relative to the nonrotating sub such that the sensor collar remains generally in a desired orientation relative to the wellbore independent of any rotation of the nonrotating sub utilizing at least the reference point. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the positioning sensor is an accelerometer and the data corresponds to the gravity field of the Earth. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the positioning sensor comprises a gyro, and the data corresponds to the rotation of the Earth. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the positioning sensor comprises a magnetometer, and the data corresponds to the magnetic field of the Earth or a known magnetic anomaly. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the orientation of the sensor collar is maintained such that the sensor collar is rotationally fixed with respect to the wellbore. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising: determining an initial orientation of the sensor collar utilizing the reference point; detecting with the sensor at least a first data point; rotating the sensor collar a known amount relative to the wellbore; detecting with the sensor at least a second data point. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising rotating the sensor collar to a desired orientation relative to the wellbore independent of any slip or drift of the nonrotating sub. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising rotating the sensor collar to a desired orientation or at a desired rate of rotation relative to the wellbore independent of any slip or drift of the nonrotating sub. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the drill string further comprises one or more borehole orientation sensors coupled to the sensor collar. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more borehole orientation sensors comprise one or more gyros, accelerometers, or magnetometers. 24. The method of claim 22, further comprising receiving readings from the borehole orientation sensors at different orientations as the sensor collar is rotated relative to the wellbore, the control unit adapted to record the orientation relative to the wellbore at which each reading is taken. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the drill string further comprises one or more formation sensors coupled to the sensor collar. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the one or more formation sensors comprise one or more gamma ray sensors, resistivity sensors, or sensors to measure formation porosity, formation density, or formation free fluid index. 27. The method of claim 22, further comprising receiving readings from the formation sensors sensors at different orientations as the sensor collar is rotated relative to the wellbore, the control unit adapted to record the orientation relative to the wellbore at which each reading is taken. 28. The method of claim 14, further comprising steering a rotary steerable system based at least in part on the determined orientation. 29. A method comprising: providing a drill string, the drill string including: a rotating sub, the rotating sub coupled to a drill string; a drive shaft, the drive shaft coupled to the rotating sub; a nonrotating sub, the nonrotating sub being generally tubular, the nonrotating sub positioned generally around the drive shaft and coupled to the drive shaft and the rotating sub such that the nonrotating sub is free to rotate relative thereto, the nonrotating sub including: an outer cover, the outer cover being generally tubular; a sensor collar, the sensor collar positioned within and coupled to the outer cover, the sensor collar coupled to the outer cover by a drive assembly, the drive assembly including a motor adapted to rotate the sensor collar relative to the outer cover; and at least one borehole orientation sensor or formation sensor coupled to the sensor collar; and a control unit operably coupled to the motor and the sensor, the control unit adapted to, in response to data detected by the positioning sensor, operate the motor to move the sensor collar relative to the nonrotating sub; taking a measurement with a sensor of the borehole orientation sensor or formation sensor; rotating, with the motor, the sensor collar relative to the nonrotating sub; and taking a second measurement with the sensor. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the sensor is a magnetometer. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the drill string further comprises a positioning sensor coupled to the sensor collar. 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising: detecting with the positioning sensor at least one data point corresponding to a reference point in the surrounding formation; and determining an offset angle at which the first and second measurements were taken with the control unit. 33. A method for orienting a downhole tool comprising: providing a drill string, the drill string including: a rotating sub, the rotating sub coupled to a drill string; a drive shaft, the drive shaft coupled to the rotating sub; a nonrotating sub, the nonrotating sub being generally tubular, the nonrotating sub positioned generally around the drive shaft and coupled to the drive shaft and the rotating sub such that the nonrotating sub is free to rotate relative thereto, the nonrotating sub including: an outer cover, the outer cover being generally tubular; a sensor collar, the sensor collar positioned within and coupled to the outer cover, the sensor collar coupled to the outer cover by a drive assembly, the drive assembly including a motor adapted to rotate the sensor collar relative to the outer cover; and at least one positioning sensor coupled to the sensor collar; a control unit operably coupled to the motor and the sensor, the control unit adapted to, in response to data detected by the positioning sensor, operate the motor to move the sensor collar relative to the nonrotating sub; and a rotating steerable system (RSS), the RSS coupled to the nonrotating housing; detecting with the positioning sensor at least one data point corresponding to a reference point in the surrounding formation; rotating, with the motor, the sensor collar relative to the nonrotating sub such that the sensor collar remains generally in a desired orientation relative to the wellbore independent of any rotation of the nonrotating sub utilizing at least the reference point; and maintaining a toolface of the RSS utilizing the orientation of the sensor collar as a reference for the RSS.",
-    "This invention describes a genetic system for targeting the EVI1 gene in mammalian cells. The EVI1 gene is an oncogenic transcription factor that, when expressed, accelerates cell division and inhibits death of cells. Nucleotide sequences that block the expression of EVI1 and drug delivery systems for them are described. These nucleotide sequences cause a block in cell growth and division and trigger death of mammalian cells, including lung and ovarian cancer cells. 1. A pharmaceutical composition for specifically reducing expression of the human Ecotropic Virus Integration site 1 (EVI1) gene in a tumor cell, the pharmaceutical composition comprising: an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is a contiguous portion of nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said contiguous portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is from nucleotide 969 through 1002, and comprises a length of 19 to 30 nucleotides, the pharmaceutical composition further comprising a chemotherapeutic drug or agent; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or adjuvant. 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the isolated polynucleotide is an oligoribonucleotide comprising a RNA sequence that hybridizes to mRNA transcribed from said contiguous portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 3. The isolated double-stranded oligoribonucleotide, or shRNA or siRNA species thereof according to claim 1, wherein the oligoribonucleotide targets a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the isolated polynucleotide is double-stranded, and wherein the isolated polynucleotide comprises a combination of SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10. 5. A method for inhibiting Ecotropic Virus Integration site 1 (EVI1) in a tumor cell, comprising the step of contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the tumor cell is from: a tumor of lung, breast, prostate, or ovarian tissue or organ, or a melanoma, or acute myelocytic leukemia. 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a liposome. 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is encapsulated in a liposome. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the liposome is PEGylated. 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the liposome comprises a cell-targeting moiety. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the cell-targeting moiety is a protein, a peptide or an aptamer. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a nanoparticle. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the nanoparticle comprises lipids, cyclodextrin, chitosan, carbohydrate polymers, elastin-like polymers (ELP), calcium phosphate polymers or combinations thereof. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the nanoparticle is PEGylated. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the nanoparticle comprises a cell-targeting moiety. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the cell-targeting moiety is a protein, a peptide or an aptamer.",
-    "A power strip is scalable to provide multiple connection points within an eatery, bar or similar locale. An input power socket provides power for an individual strip whilst a similar output power socket provides power for a succeeding power strip in a group of strips. USB connection ports located within the power strip are utilized to power USB enabled devices attached thereto. A power regulation circuit provides appropriate power to the connection ports. 1. An expandable power distribution device comprising: a housing having an electronic support device attached therein an input dc power port capable of receiving DC power different than a USB voltage attached to the electronic support device; an output dc power port capable of transmitting DC power different than a USB voltage attached to the electronic support device and a first USB charging port attached to the electronic support device. 2. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, further comprising: a power regulation device attached to the input dc power port. 3. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, further comprising: a power regulation device attached to the output dc power port. 4. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises: a linear housing. 5. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, wherein the input power port is located at an end of the electronic support device. 6. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, wherein the output power port is located at an end of the electronic support device. 7. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, wherein the input power port is located at an end of the electronic support device and the output power port is located at an opposite end of the electronic support device. 8. The expandable power distribution device of claim 5, wherein the input power port is located at an end of the electronic support device. 9. The expandable power distribution device of claim 5, wherein the output power port is located at an opposite end of the electronic support device. 10. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, further comprising a second USB charging port. 11. The expandable power distribution device of claim 1, wherein the electronic device has two narrow ends and two longitudinal sides. 12. The expandable power distribution device of claim 11, wherein the first USB charging port is located on a longitudinal side of the electronic support device. 13. The expandable power distribution device of claim 12, further comprising: the second USB charging port located on a longitudinal side of electronic support device. 14. The expandable power distribution device of claim 13, wherein the first USB charging port and the second USB charging port are on the same longitudinal side of the electronic support device. 15. The expandable power distribution device of claim 13, wherein the first USB charging port and the second USB charging port are on opposite longitudinal sides of the electronic support device. 16. A power cascading strip comprising: a device compartment having a first opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a first DC power beyond USB voltage connection device capable of receiving DC power different than a USB voltage therein where the first power connection device is attached to a circuit board located within the device compartment and a second opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a second DC power beyond USB voltage connection device capable of transmitting DC power different than a USB voltage therein where the second power connection device is attached to the circuit board and a third opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a first USB charging power port attached to the circuit board. 17. The power cascading strip of claim 16, further comprising: a fourth opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a second USB charging port attached to the circuit board. 18. The power cascading strip of claim 16, further comprising: a power regulator circuit integrated with the circuit board. 19. The power cascading device of claim 16, further comprising: a second device compartment distinct from the first device compartment such that the second device compartment has a fourth opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a third power connection device capable of receiving DC power different than a USB voltage therein where the third power connection device is attached to another circuit board located within the device compartment wherein the third power connection device is connected to the second power connection device; and a fifth opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a fourth power connection device capable of transmitting DC power different than a USB voltage therein where the fourth power connection device is attached to the another circuit board; and a sixth opening in the device compartment for the placement therein of a second USB charging power port attached to the another circuit board. 20. A linear power strip assembly comprising: an oblong circuit board situated within the linear power strip assembly having a first power connection socket capable of receiving DC power outside a normal operating range of a USB voltage attached to the oblong circuit board a second power connection socket capable of transmitting DC power outside a normal operating range of a USB voltage attached to the oblong circuit board and a USB charging socket also attached to the oblong circuit boards.",
-    "Aiming systems are provided for use with a particle projection device. Such aiming systems may have a housing mountable to the particle projection device for movement therewith, a window defining a field of view when in a first orientation and a second field of view when in a second orientation. A first reticle image is visible in the window when the housing and particle projection device are at the first orientation with the first reticle image representative of a projection path of the particles in the first field of view. A second reticle image is visible in the window when the housing and particle projection device are at the second orientation with the second reticle image being representative of a projection path of the particles in the second field of view. 1. An aiming system for use with a particle projection device, the aiming system comprising: a housing mountable to the particle projection device for movement therewith; a window supported by the housing and defining a first field of view when the housing is at a first orientation and a second field of view when the housing is at a second orientation; wherein a first reticle image is visible in the window when the housing is at the first orientation with the first reticle image representative of a projection path of the particles in the first field of view; and wherein a second reticle image is visible in the window when the housing is at a second orientation with the second reticle image being representative of a projection path of the particles in the second field of view. 2. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein the window has a hologram movable relative to the housing and arranged to move so that the first reticle image is viewable in the field of view through the window when the housing and particle direction device are in a first orientation and to move so that the second reticle image is viewable in the field of view through the window when the housing and the particle projection device are in a second orientation. 3. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein the window has a hologram that may be illuminated from one of a first light source that causes the first reticle image to be visible in the window and a second light source that causes the second reticle image to be visible in the window and a decision is made between illuminating the first light source and illuminating the second light source based upon a sensed orientation. 4. The aiming system of claim 3 wherein the first light source is at a first position relative to the hologram and the second light source is at a second position relative to the hologram. 5. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein the window has a hologram illuminated by at least one of a pivoting light source or a reflector that are allowed to mechanically pivot with changes in orientation to mechanically pivot to change the orientation of illumination of the hologram and change the reticle between the first reticle and the second reticle. 6. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein the window has a hologram illuminated by a light source that can change wavelengths so that a reticle viewable in the window includes either the first reticle image or the second reticle image. 7. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein the window has a hologram in the window illuminated by a laser and a laser mode is switched between a first mode that illuminates the hologram to cause a first reticle pattern to appear in the window and a second mode that illuminates the hologram to cause a second reticle pattern to appear in the window. 8. The aiming system of claim 1, further comprising an electronic tilt sensor sensing an orientation of the aiming system and causing the first reticle image to be presented when a first orientation is sensed and causing the second reticle image to be presented when a second orientation is sensed. 9. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first reticle image and the second reticle image can be detected by sensors that sense non-visible wavelengths of light. 10. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first reticle image and the second reticle image takes the form of an arrangement of light emitting material. 11. The aiming system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first reticle image and the second reticle image comprises a pattern of light absorbing materials. 12. The aiming system of claim 12, wherein at least one of the first reticle image and the second reticle image comprises an image formed on a liquid crystal display. 13. The aiming system of claim 12, wherein the housing is a housing of the particle projection device.",
-    "A media pack for including in a filter cartridge of an air filter arrangement, is provided. A variety of configurations for the media pack are described and shown, an example shown being trapezoidal. Filter cartridges including such media packs, air cleaner assemblies and equipment systems are described. Also methods of use assembly are described. 1. An air filter cartridge comprising: (a) a media pack having first and second, opposite, inlet and outlet flow faces; (i) the media pack comprising media including fluted media secured to facing media to define inlet and outlet flutes extending in a direction between the first and second, opposite, inlet and outlet flow faces; (ii) each of the inlet and outlet flow faces having a non-circular perimeter definition; and, (iii) the media pack being closed to flow of unfiltered air completely therethrough from the first flow face through the second flow face; and, (b) a housing seal arrangement positioned around the media pack; (i) the housing seal arrangement including a portion molded-in-place in contact with a portion of the media; (ii) the housing seal arrangement including a pinch flange and defining a receiving gap between a portion of the pinch flange and the media pack; and, (iii) the pinch flange defining a non-rectangular perimeter shape including a plurality of straight sections. 2. An air filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the non-rectangular perimeter shape of the pinch flange includes at least two adjacent straight sections of different lengths. 3. An air filter cartridge according to claim 2 wherein: (a) the non-rectangular perimeter shape of the pinch flange includes at least 3 straight sections of different lengths. 4. An air filter cartridge according to claim 3 wherein: (a) the non-rectangular perimeter shape of the pinch flange includes 4 straight sections of different lengths. 5. An air filter cartridge according to claim 2 wherein: (a) each one of the inlet flow face and the outlet flow face has a non-circular and a non-rectangular perimeter definition. 6. An air filter cartridge according to claim 5 wherein: (a) the perimeter definition of each one of the inlet flow face and the outlet flow face is not trapezoidal. 7. An air filter cartridge according to claim 5 wherein: (a) the first flow face is planar; and, (b) the second flow face is planar. 8. An air filter cartridge according to claim 2 wherein: (a) the first flow face is planar; and, (b) the second flow face is planar. 9. An air filter cartridge according to claim 2 wherein: (a) at least one side of the media pack is covered by a protection covering. 10. An air filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) at least one side of the media pack is covered by a protection covering. 11. An air filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the first flow face is planar; and, (b) the second flow face is planar. 12. An air filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the housing seal arrangement is recessed from the inlet flow face. 13. An air filter cartridge according to claim 12 wherein: (a) the housing seal arrangement has a constant cross-section in extension around the media pack. 14. An air filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the housing seal arrangement has a constant cross-section in extension around the media pack. 15. An air filter cartridge according to claim 1 wherein: (a) the media pack has a trapezoidal perimeter shape. 16. An air cleaner assembly comprising: (a) a housing base; (i) the housing base including a perimeter wall and an end; the housing base defining an access opening opposite the housing end; (ii) the housing base including an aperture arrangement through the perimeter wall; and, (iii) the housing base having an air flow outlet therein; (b) an access cover removably mounted on the housing base and over the access opening; (i) the access cover including: an outer cover; a pressure flange; and, a side arrangement extending between the outer cover and the pressure flange; the access cover being positioned on the housing base with the pressure flange projecting into the housing base to a location between the aperture arrangement, through the perimeter wall, and the air flow outlet; and, (c) an air filter cartridge operably positioned in the housing; the air filter cartridge comprising; (i) a media pack having first and second, opposite, inlet and outlet flow faces; (A) the media pack comprising media including fluted media secured to facing media to define inlet and outlet flutes extending in a direction between the first and second, opposite, inlet and outlet flow faces; (B) the media pack being closed to flow of unfiltered air completely therethrough from the first flow through second flow face; and, (ii) a housing seal arrangement positioned around the media pack; (A) the housing seal arrangement including a portion molded-in-place in contact with a portion of the media; (B) the housing seal arrangement including a pinch flange and defining a receiving gap between a portion of the pinch flange and the media pack; and, (C) the pinch flange defining a non-rectangular perimeter shape; (c) the housing base including a flange projecting into the receiving gap between the pinch flange of the housing seal arrangement, and the media pack; and, (d) the housing base including a housing base pressure flange portion against which the pinch flange of the housing seal arrangement is pressed by the pressure flange on the access cover; (i) the housing base pressure flange portion being positioned such that the aperture arrangement through in perimeter wall of the housing base is located between the access opening and the housing base pressure flange portion. 17. An air cleaner assembly according to claim 16 wherein: (a) the housing base pressure flange portion includes a bead projection thereon pressed into the pinch flange of the housing seal arrangement. 18. An air cleaner assembly according to claim 16 wherein: (a) the pinch flange includes a flat surface directed toward, and pressed against, the housing base pressure flange. 19. An air cleaner assembly according to claim 17 wherein: (a) the cartridge includes a protective covering on at least one side of the media pack; and, (b) at least a portion of the flange projecting into the receiving gap projects into a location between a portion of the protective covering and a portion of the pinch flange. 20. An air cleaner assembly according to claim 16 wherein: (a) each of the inlet and outlet flow faces of the media pack has a non-circular perimeter definition; and, (b) the pinch flange defines a non-rectangular perimeter shape comprising a plurality of straight sections.",
-    "A semiconductor device and a method of forming the same are disclosed. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, and a source region and a drain region formed in the substrate. The semiconductor device further includes an impurity diffusion stop layer formed in a recess of the substrate between the source region and the drain region, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer covers bottom and sidewalls of the recess. The semiconductor device further includes a channel layer formed over the impurity diffusion stop layer and in the recess, and a gate stack formed over the channel layer. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a source region and a drain region, each of the source and drain regions at least partially in the substrate; a channel layer over the substrate and between the source and drain regions; an impurity diffusion stop layer between the channel layer and each of: the substrate, the source region, and the drain region; and a gate stack over the channel layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a recess and the impurity diffusion stop layer is in the recess. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer and the channel layer collectively fill the recess. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer covers a bottom and sidewalls of the recess. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the channel layer has a trapezoidal cross-sectional profile. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer is wider than the gate stack along a channel length direction of the semiconductor device. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer includes SiC or SiGe. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the channel layer includes a non-doped semiconductor material. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein: the substrate is a silicon substrate; and each of the source and drain regions includes silicon with a p-type impurity. 10. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate having a recess; a source region and a drain region in the substrate and interposed by the recess; an impurity diffusion stop layer in the recess; a channel layer over the impurity diffusion stop layer; and a gate stack over the channel layer, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer extends beyond the channel layer in a channel length direction of the semiconductor device. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein: the substrate is a silicon substrate; the source and drain regions include a p-type impurity; the channel layer comprises a non-doped semiconductor material; and the impurity diffusion stop layer comprises a SiC crystal or a SiGe crystal. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein each of the source and drain regions comprises a silicon crystal with the p-type impurity, and the channel layer comprises a non-doped silicon crystal. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the gate stack includes an interfacial layer over the channel region, a high-k dielectric layer over the interfacial layer, and a metal layer over the high-k dielectric layer. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer covers a bottom and sidewalls of the recess. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer and the channel layer collectively fill the recess. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer physically isolate the channel layer from the source region, the drain region, and the substrate. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the recess has a trapezoidal profile with a top opening being wider than a bottom opening. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer is thinner than the channel layer. 19. A semiconductor device, comprising: a silicon substrate having a recess; a source region and a drain region in the substrate and interposed by the recess, each of the source and drain regions including silicon with a p-type impurity; an impurity diffusion stop layer in the recess, the impurity diffusion stop layer having a SiC crystal or a SiGe crystal; a semiconductor channel layer over the impurity diffusion stop layer; and a gate stack over the channel layer, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer has a trapezoidal cross-sectional profile. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 19, wherein the impurity diffusion stop layer covers the channel layer at a bottom and sidewalls of the channel layer.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention include a mold for forming a tire tread. The mold includes a tongue forming portion at an end of a tread forming portion. The tongue forming portion has a substantially constant thickness, except for a portion at an end of the tongue forming portion having a thickness greater than a thickness of a remainder of the tongue forming portion 1. A mold for a tread, the mold comprising: a tongue forming portion at an end of a tread forming portion; the tongue forming portion having a substantially constant thickness, except for a portion at an end of the tongue forming portion having a thickness greater than a thickness of a remainder of the tongue forming portion. 2. The mold of claim 1, wherein the tongue forming portion is at least 10 centimeters (cm) in length. 3. The mold of claim 2, wherein the tongue forming portion is less than or equal to 25 cm in length. 4. The mold of claim 1, wherein the tongue forming portion is at least 3 millimeters (mm) thick. 5. The mold of claim 4, wherein the tongue forming portion is less than or equal to 5 mm thick. 6. The mold of claim 1, wherein the tongue forming portion has a width of at least half a width of the tread. 7. The mold of claim 1, wherein the portion at the end of the tongue is at least 5 mm thick.",
-    "An article based on extruded polystyrene, in the form of a slab, panel or flexible sheet to make heat insulations is made with re-granulated polystyrene from industrial working or production scrap, or from primary production plants. A plant and extruder and process for making the article. 1. (canceled) 2. The method as in claim 16, wherein said graphite of said re-granulated polystyrene granules comprises native graphite, wherein the panel is between about 1 and 10% in weight graphite; the panel having a thickness of 2 to 15 cm (from page 10 of application), the panel in a non-aged state having heat conductivity less than 0.026 W/m*\u00b0 K. 3. The method as in claim 2, further comprising further graphite added between 1% and 5% in weight as well as the native graphite already in said re-granulated polystyrene granules. 4. The method as in claim 2, further comprising carbon between 1% and 5% in weight apart from the native graphite present in said re-granulated polystyrene granules. 5. The method as in claim 1, further comprising one or more of the following components: a flame retardant additive, a nucleant additive, microspheres or pre-disperseds, with an elastomeric polymer base or rubbers or flours deriving from vegetable and/or wood fibers, which function as sound absorbents. 6. Plant to produce a closed-cell expanded article based on extruded polystyrene extruded from industrial working or production scrap or from primary production plants and not from discards from post-consumption products and solid urban waste, free of residues, additional chemical compounds or other pollutants, in the form of a slab, panel or flexible sheet to make heat insulations, wherein the plant comprises an extrusion unit provided with extrusion means which have extrusion profiles conformed to extrude re-granulated polystyrene granules from industrial working or production scrap or from primary production plants, having a high M.F.I. (Melt Flow Index) value between 5 and 60, said profile being able to determine the melting of said polystyrene so the liquid mass obtained can receive an expansion gas introduced into the extrusion unit by means of gas introduction means associated with said extrusion unit, wherein said extrusion means comprise: a co-rotating two-screw extruder comprising a first and a second extrusion screw, of which the first screw has an extension beyond the length of the second screw in the direction of feed (F) of the material, defining a cooling segment and in which, for each screw there is a plurality of mixing sections having an overall sum of the corresponding lengths whose ratio with respect to the overall length of each screw, excluding the length of the cooling segment, is between about 32.5% and 38.5%; or a two-screw-one-screw tandem, comprising a first two-screw extruder with two rotating screws to which a second rotating one-screw extruder is connected in cascade, in which for each screw of the first extruder there is a plurality of mixing sections in which, for each screw, the ratio between the sum of the length of the mixing sections and the overall length of each screw is between about 18% and 22%; or a one-screw-one-screw tandem, comprising a first rotating one-screw extruder to which a second one-screw extruder is connected in cascade. 7. Extrusion means for an extrusion unit suitable to make a closed-cell expanded article, having extrusion profiles conformed to extrude recycled granules of re-granulated polystyrene from industrial working or production scrap, or from primary production plants and not from discards from post-consumption products, solid urban waste, free of residues, additional chemical compounds or other pollutants, having a high M.F.I. (Melt Flow Index) value comprised between 5 and 60, said profile able to determine the melting of said polystyrene so the liquid mass obtained can receive one or more expansion gases introduced into the extrusion unit, said extrusion means comprising: a co-rotating two-screw extruder comprising a first and a second extrusion screw, of which the first screw has an extension beyond the length of the second screw in the direction of feed (F) of the material, defining a cooling segment and in which, for each screw there is a plurality of mixing sections having an overall sum of the corresponding lengths whose ratio with respect to the overall length of each screw, excluding the length of the cooling segment, is between about 32.5% and 38.5%, wherein an end section of the second screw and a portion of the first screw define a cooling section such that the cooling segment extends beyond the cooling section, and the length of the cooling segment is about 23%-27% with respect to the overall length of each screw, and the length of the cooling section is about 13%-14% with respect to the overall length of each screw; or a two-screw-one-screw tandem, comprising a first two-screw extruder with two screws to which a second one-screw extruder is connected in cascade, in which for each screw of the first extruder there is a plurality of mixing sections in which, for each screw, the ratio between the sum of the length of the mixing sections and the overall length of each screw is between about 18% and 22%; or a one-screw-one-screw tandem, comprising a first one-screw extruder to which a second one-screw extruder is connected in cascade. 8. The extrusion means as in claim 7, wherein the length of the cooling segment of the co-rotating two-screw extruder is about 23%-27%, of the overall length of the corresponding first screw. 9. The extrusion means as in claim 7, wherein each screw of the co-rotating two-screw extruder comprises transport sections, a melting section, said mixing sections and a cooling section, wherein a first transport section, in the direction of feed of the material, has a first pitch (P1) of the spirals between about 65 mm and 75 mm, and the remaining sections have a second pitch (P2) of the spirals smaller than the first pitch between about 55 mm and 65 mm. 10. The extrusion means as in claim 9, wherein the width (L1) of each crest of the spirals of the screws of the co-rotating two-screw extruder is constant for all the sections and is between 12 mm and 16 mm. 11. The extrusion means as in claim 9, wherein the inclination of each spiral or crest of the thread of the screws of the co-rotating two-screw extruder, whether the inclination is negative, that is, in the direction opposite to the direction of feed (F), or positive, that is, in the same direction as the direction of feed (F), with an inclination of each spiral between about 10.5\u00b0 and about 11.5\u00b0 with respect to the perpendicular to the corresponding longitudinal axes of the screws, except for the cooling section which has an inclination of each spiral between about 11.5\u00b0 and about 12.5\u00b0. 12. The extrusion means as in claim 9, wherein the ratio between the length of the cooling section and the overall length of each screw except for the extension of the cooling section, is between about 13% and 14%. 13. The extrusion means as in claim 9, wherein the ratio between the length of the melting section and the first transport section is between about 90% and 92%. 14. The extrusion means as in claim 7, wherein each screw of the first two-screw extruder of the two-screw-one-screw tandem has, along the direction of feed (F) of the material, a first transport section, a melting section, a first mixing section, a second transport section, in which the expansion gas is injected, a second mixing section, and cooling sections, in which the profile of the screws in the transport sections, the melting section, and the cooling sections faces backward, that is, with a negative inclination with respect to the direction of feed (F) of the material, the profile of the screws in the mixing sections faces forward, that is, with a positive inclination with respect to the direction of feed (F) of the material. 15. The extrusion means as in claim 14, wherein the inclination of each spiral of the thread of the screws in the first transport section and in the melting section is between about 12.5\u00b0 and about 13.5\u00b0 with respect to the perpendicular to the corresponding axes (X, X\u2032), the inclination of each spiral of the threads of the screws in the sections is between about 10.5\u00b0 and about 11.5\u00b0 with respect to the perpendicular to the corresponding axes (X, X\u2032), the inclination of each spiral of the thread of the screws in the cooling section is between about 9.5\u00b0 and about 10.5\u00b0 with respect to the perpendicular to the corresponding axes (X, X\u2032), and the inclination of each spiral of the thread of the screws in the cooling section is between about 8.5\u00b0 and about 9.5\u00b0 with respect to the perpendicular to the corresponding axes (X, X\u2032). 16. A method to make a heat insulating panel made of closed-cells of extruded polystyrene comprising continuously extruding granules of re-granulated polystyrene from scraps from the production of panels or slabs of extruded polystyrene which comprise graphite and optionally comprise one or more members of the group consisting of carbon, a flame retardant additive, a nucleant additive, microspheres or pre-disperseds, with an elastomeric polymer base or rubbers or flours deriving from vegetable and/or wood fibers, which function as sound absorbents, and not from discards from post-consumption products and solid urban waste, free of residues, additional chemical compounds or other pollutants, having a high M.F.I. (Melt Flow Index) value comprised between 5 and 60, wherein, during the extruding an expansion gas is continuously introduced to achieve the expanded article. 17. The method as in claim 16, wherein the M.F.I. (Melt Flow Index) value of the re-granulated polystyrene used is between 20 and 50. 18. The extrusion means as in claim 7, wherein for each screw there is the plurality of mixing sections having an overall sum of the corresponding lengths whose ratio with respect to the overall length of each screw, excluding the length of the cooling segment, is between about 35% and 36%. 19. The extrusion means as in claim 7, wherein the ratio between the sum of the length of the mixing sections and the overall length of each screw is between about 19% and 21%. 20. The extrusion means as in claim 7, wherein the length of the cooling segment of the co-rotating two-screw extruder is about 24-26% of the overall length of the corresponding first screw. 21. The method as in claim 16, wherein with polystyrene from scrap having M.F.I. values between 20 and 40, up to 100% of re-granulated polystyrene from scrap is used to produce said article and with polystyrene from scrap having M.F.I. values from 40 to 60, the polystyrene used to produce said article has between about 70% and about 90% re-granulated polystyrene from scrap, and between about 10% and about 30% first quality polystyrene. 22. The method as in claim 16, wherein the M.F.I. (Melt Flow Index) value of the re-granulated polystyrene is between 30 and 40, wherein downstream of extruding in an extrusion unit the expanded polystyrene enters a homogenizer and after the homogenizer passes through a plane extrusion head comprising a calibrated plate to compress the cells of the expanded polystyrene to close the cells of the expanded polystyrene.",
-    "Improved processes for making hydrocodone and hydromorphone as well as their 8,14-dihydrothebaine and 8,14-dihydrooripavine derivatives and salts are disclosed. 1. A process for preparing 8,14-dihydrothebaine, the process comprising the steps of: a. dissolving thebaine in an alkoxy solvent and, optionally, at least one first co-solvent to form a thebaine mixture; b. heating the thebaine mixture; c. separately dissolving a sulfonic acid hydrazide in an organic base and, optionally, a second co-solvent to form a hydrazide base solution; and d. adding the hydrazide base solution and the thebaine mixture to form a reaction mixture comprising 8,14-dihydrothebaine. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of cooling the reaction mixture to precipitate the 8,14-dihydrothebaine. 3. The process of claim 2, further comprising the step of adding water to the reaction mixture. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising the step of triturating the 8,14-dihydrothebaine. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the alkoxy solvent is an alkoxy alkanol or an alkoxy alkandiol. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the alkoxy solvent is selected from the group consisting of 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-methoxy-2-butanol, 3-methoxy-1-butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methoxy-1,2-propandiol. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the first co-solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanolamine, morpholine, ethylenediamine, and 1,3-propanediamine. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the sulfonic acid hydrazide is p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic base is selected from the group consisting of ethanoamine, morpholine, ethylenediamine, and 1,3-propanediamine. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the second co-solvent is an alkoxy alkanol or an alkoxy alkandiol. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the thebaine mixture is heated to about 108\u00b12\u00b0 C. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of the sulfonic acid hydrazide is about 2 equivalents relative to the thebaine. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the amount of the organic base is about 12 equivalents relative to the thebaine. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture pH is at least 9.5. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydrazide base solution is continuously combined with the thebaine mixture. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydrazide base solution is combined with the thebaine mixture at a steady rate. 17. A 8,14-dihydrothebaine composition wherein the composition is at least 97 area % pure, by HPLC, 8,14-dihydrothebaine. 18. The product of claim 17, wherein the product comprises less than about 0.1%, by HPLC, thebaine. 19. The product of claim 17, wherein the product has no detectable, by HPLC, sulfonic acid hydrazide impurities. 20. A process for making hydrocodone comprising the steps of: a. preparing 8,14-dihydrothebaine by the process of claim 1; and b. hydrolyzing the 8,14-dihydrothebaine to form hydrocodone. 21.-40. (canceled) 41. A process for making a hydrocodone salt comprising the steps of: a. preparing 8,14-dihydrothebaine by the process of claim 1; b. hydrolyzing the 8,14-dihydrothebaine to form hydrocodone; and c. combining the hydrocodone with an acid to form a hydrocodone salt. 42.-45. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides stabilized activin IIB receptor polypeptides and proteins capable of binding and inhibiting the activities of activin A, myostatin, or GDF-11. The present invention also provides polynucleotides, vectors and host cells capable of producing the stabilized polypeptides and proteins. Compositions and methods for treating muscle-wasting diseases and metabolic disorders are also provided. 1. An isolated protein comprising a stabilized activin IIB receptor polypeptide (svActRIIB) wherein said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, except for a single amino acid substitution at position 28, and a single amino acid substitution at position 44, wherein the substitution at position 28 is selected from the group consisting of W and Y, and the substitution at position 44 is T; (b) a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in amino acids 19 through 134 of SEQ ID NO: 2, except for a single amino acid substitution at position 28, and a single amino acid substitution at position 44, wherein the substitution at position 28 is selected from the group consisting of W and Y, and the substitution at position 44 is T; (c) a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in amino acids 23 through 134 of SEQ ID NO: 2, except for a single amino acid substitution at position 28, and a single amino acid substitution at position 44, wherein the substitution at position 28 is selected from the group consisting of W and Y, and the substitution at position 44 is T; (d) a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in amino acids 25 through 134 of SEQ ID NO: 2, except for a single amino acid substitution at position 28, and a single amino acid substitution at position 44, wherein the substitution at position 28 is selected from the group consisting of W and Y, and the substitution at position 44 is T; (e) a polypeptide having at least 80% sequence identity to any one of (a) through (d), except for a single amino acid substitution at position 28, and a single amino acid substitution at position 44, wherein the substitution at position 28 is selected from the group consisting of W and Y, and the substitution at position 44 is T, wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11. 2. An isolated protein comprising a stabilized activin IIB receptor polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 12 and 14; (b) a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11, and (c) polypeptides having at least 95% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11. 3. The protein of claim 2, wherein the polypeptide is connected to at least one heterologous protein. 4. The protein of claim 3, wherein the heterologous polypeptide is an IgG Fc domain. 5. The protein of claim 3, wherein the heterologous polypeptide is connected to the polypeptide by a linker sequence. 6. The protein of claim 5, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49 and SEQ ID NO: 50. 7. The protein of claim 4, wherein the protein comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 16 and 18; (b) a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11, and (c) polypeptides having at least 95% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11. 8. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of claim 1. 9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 12, and 14; (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44; and wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11; and (c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, and wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11. 10. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 9, wherein the polynucleotide has the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 11 and 13 or its complement. 11. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 9, wherein the polynucleotide further comprises polynucleotides encoding at least one heterologous protein. 12. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 11, comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of the sequence set forth in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 16, and 18; (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, and wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11; and (c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to (a), wherein the polypeptide has a W or a Y at position 28 and a T at position 44, and wherein the polypeptide is capable of binding myostatin, activin A, or GDF-11. 13. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 12, wherein the polynucleotide has the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 15 and 17, or it complement. 14. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 9, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to a transcriptional or translational regulatory sequence. 15. A recombinant vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 9. 16. A host cell comprising the recombinant vector of claim 15. 17. The host cell of claim 16, wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell. 18. A method of producing a svActRIIB protein comprising culturing the host cell of claim 16 under conditions promoting the expression of the protein, and recovering the protein. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the protein of claim 2 in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 20. A method of inhibiting myostatin activity or activin activity in a subject in need of such treatment, a method of treating a disease in which activin is overexpressed in a subject in need of such treatment, or a method of treating a muscle wasting or metabolic or activin related disorder in a subject in need of such a treatment comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 19 to the subject.",
-    "This frequency synthesis device comprises a servo circuit for the control of a frequency provided as output by a reference frequency received as input, with this circuit comprising a first phase accumulator clocked at a frequency linked to the reference frequency, a first digital-to-analog converter, a phase comparator, a loop filter and a controlled frequency oscillator providing an electrical signal oscillating at the output frequency. It further comprises a feedback loop connecting the output to the phase comparator, comprising a second phase accumulator clocked at a frequency linked to the output frequency and a second digital-to-analog converter. A reduction in dynamics by quantization is provided between each phase accumulator and each respective digital-to-analog converter, with this quantization being carried out by truncation of digital values of accumulated phases at the output of each phase accumulator. 1. A feedback-loop frequency synthesis device comprising: an input intended to receive an electrical signal oscillating at a reference frequency, an output intended to provide an electrical signal oscillating at an output frequency, a servo circuit for the control of the output frequency by the reference frequency, connecting the input to the output of the device and comprising a first phase accumulator clocked at a frequency linked to the reference frequency, an analog phase comparator, a first digital-to-analog converter arranged between the first phase accumulator and the analog phase comparator, a loop filter and a controlled frequency oscillator providing the electrical signal oscillating at the output frequency, and a feedback loop connecting the output to one of two comparison inputs of the analog phase comparator, comprising a second phase accumulator clocked at a frequency linked to the output frequency and a second digital-to-analog converter arranged between the second phase accumulator and the analog phase comparator, wherein a reduction in dynamics by quantization is provided between each phase accumulator and each respective digital-to-analog converter, with this quantization being carried out by truncation of digital values of accumulated phases, coded on B bits at the output of each phase accumulator, over a number of bits B\u2032 less than B. 2. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 1, wherein each truncation is carried out by suppression of the B-B\u2032 less significant bits of the digital values of accumulated phases. 3. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 1, wherein each dynamics reduction is carried out by a Sigma-Delta modulation quantizer. 4. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 1, wherein the analog phase comparator is an adder or subtractor in continuous time of the analog signals that it receives as input. 5. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 1, wherein the first and second phase accumulators have a common accumulated phase threshold value beyond which it is provided to subtract a modulo value from the phase value accumulated in each one of the first and second phase accumulators. 6. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 5, wherein a synchronization mechanism is provided in order to subtract the modulo value at the same instant in each one of the first and second phase accumulators as soon as the common threshold value is exceeded in each one of the first and second phase accumulators. 7. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 5, wherein the threshold value and the modulo value are equal. 8. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 1, wherein a frequency divider is arranged in the feedback loop between the output and the second phase accumulator. 9. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 8, wherein the frequency divider has a division factor chosen in such a way that, for a desired servo factor of control of the output frequency by the reference frequency, the second phase accumulator has a phase increment value that can be as close as possible to a phase increment value of the first phase accumulator while still remaining less than or equal to the latter. 10. The frequency synthesis device according to claim 9, wherein the division factor is chosen in such a way that the integer portion of the base two logarithm of the phase increment value of the first phase accumulator is equal to the integer portion of the base two logarithm of the phase increment value of the second phase accumulator.",
-    "Improved processes for making hydrocodone and hydromorphone as well as their 8,14-dihydrothebaine and 8,14-dihydrooripavine derivatives and salts are disclosed. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A process for preparing 8,14-dihydrooripavine, the process comprising the steps of: a. dissolving oripavine in an alkoxy solvent and, optionally, at least one first co-solvent to form an oripavine mixture; b. heating the oripavine mixture; c. separately dissolving a sulfonic acid hydrazide in an organic base and, optionally, a second co-solvent to form a hydrazide base solution; and d. adding the hydrazide base solution and the oripavine mixture to form a reaction mixture comprising 8,14-dihydrooripavine. 22. The process of claim 21, further comprising the step of cooling the reaction mixture to precipitate the 8,14-dihydrooripavine. 23. The process of claim 21, further comprising the step of adding water to the reaction mixture. 24. The process of claim 21, further comprising the step of triturating the 8,14-dihydrooripavine. 25. The process of claim 21, wherein the alkoxy solvent is an alkoxy alkanol or an alkoxy alkandiol. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the alkoxy solvent is selected from the group consisting of 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-methoxy-2-butanol, 3-methoxy-1-butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methoxy-1,2-propandiol. 27. The process of claim 21, wherein the first co-solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanolamine, morpholine, ethylenediamine, and 1,3-propanediamine. 28. The process of claim 21, wherein the sulfonic acid hydrazide is p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide. 29. The process of claim 21, wherein the organic base is selected from the group consisting of ethanoamine, morpholine, ethylenediamine, and 1,3-propanediamine. 30. The process of claim 21, wherein the second co-solvent is an alkoxy alkanol or an alkoxy alkandiol. 31. The process of claim 21, wherein the oripavine mixture is heated to about 108\u00b12\u00b0 C. 32. The process of claim 21, wherein the amount of the sulfonic acid hydrazide is about 2 equivalents relative to the oripavine. 33. The process of claim 21, wherein the amount of the organic base is about 12 equivalents relative to the oripavine. 34. The process of claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture pH is at least 9.5. 35. The process of claim 21, wherein the hydrazide base solution is continuously combined with the oripavine mixture. 36. The process of claim 21, wherein the hydrazide base solution is combined with the oripavine mixture at a steady rate. 37. A 8,14-dihydrooripavine composition wherein the composition is at least 97 area % pure, by HPLC, 8,14-dihydrooripavine. 38. The product of claim 37, wherein the product comprises less than about 0.1%, by HPLC, oripavine. 39. The product of claim 37, wherein the product has no detectable, by HPLC, sulfonic acid hydrazide impurities. 40. A process for making hydromorphone comprising the steps of: a. preparing 8,14-dihydrooripavine by the process of claim 21; and b. hydrolyzing the 8,14-dihydrooripavine to form hydromorphone. 41. (canceled) 42. A process for making a hydromorphone salt comprising the steps of: a. preparing 8,14-dihydrooripavine by the process of claim 21; b. hydrolyzing the 8,14-dihydrooripavine to form hydromorphone; and c. combining the hydromorphone with an acid to form a hydromorphone salt. 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled) 45. A hydromorphone composition wherein the composition is at least 99.8 area % pure, by HPLC, hydromorphone base.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and/or methods for managing power distribution over a USB topology. In some embodiments, a host device is coupled to an upstream facing port device (UFP device) via a USB compliant connection, and a USB device is coupled to a downstream facing port device (DFP device) via a USB compliant connection. The UFP device and DFP device are connected via a non-USB compliant extension medium. In various embodiments, the UFP device and DFP device may be individually powered by different types of sources (such as external power sources, power distributed over the extension medium, batteries, USB bus power, and/or the like). The UFP device and DFP device cooperate to provide USB power distribution functionality throughout the USB topology despite the presence of the non-USB compliant extension medium. 1. A system for providing Universal Serial Bus (USB) power delivery across a non-USB extension medium, the system comprising: an upstream facing port device (UFP device), including: at least one USB upstream facing port configured to be communicatively coupled to a USB host device; and an extension medium interface configured to be coupled to the non-USB extension medium; a downstream facing port device (DFP device), including: at least one USB downstream facing port configured to be communicatively coupled to a USB device; and an extension medium interface configured to be coupled to the non-USB extension medium; and a power delivery extension system topology manager (PDESTM) communicatively coupled to the UFP device and the DFP device and configured to manage power delivery policies implemented by the UFP device and the DFP device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the PDESTM is a component of the UFP device or the DFP device. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a management computing device separate from the UFP device and DFP device; wherein the PDESTM is a component of the management computing device; wherein the UFP device is part of a plurality of UFP devices communicatively coupled to the extension medium; wherein the DFP device is part of a plurality of DFP devices communicatively coupled to the extension medium; wherein the PDESTM is configured to manage power delivery policies for the plurality of UFP devices and the plurality of DFP devices in view of power delivery capabilities available via the extension medium; and wherein the management computing device is configured to provide power to one or more USB extension devices via the extension medium. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the DFP device further includes a downstream power delivery extension device policy manager (PDEDPM) configured to: request power delivery policies from the PDESTM; control local policy engines associated with the one or more downstream facing ports based on the power delivery policies; and report changes reported by the local policy engines to the PDESTM. 7. (canceled) 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the UFP device further includes an upstream power delivery extension device policy manager (PDEDPM) configured to: request power delivery policies from the PDESTM; control local policy engines associated with the one or more upstream facing ports based on the power delivery policies; and report changes as instructed by the PDESTM to a system policy manager. 9-10. (canceled) 11. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the UFP device and the DFP device includes a power-over-link engine configured to send power to and receive power from the extension medium. 12. A computer-implemented method performed by a power delivery extension system topology manager of a USB extension system, the USB extension system comprising an upstream facing port device (UFP device) and a downstream facing port device (DFP device) connected by a non-USB compliant extension medium, the method comprising: receiving a first power state notification from the DFP device; receiving a second power state notification from the UFP device; and sending an instruction to the UFP device to report a power state to a system policy manager, wherein the reported power state is based on the first power state notification and the second power state notification. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the instruction causes the UFP device to report a bus-powered state to the system policy manager when the first power state notification indicates that the UFP device is bus powered and the second power state notification indicates that the DFP device is externally powered. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: receiving a request for power from the DFP device in response to a power request received by the DFP device from a USB device; sending an instruction to the DFP device to provide the requested power to the USB device; and withholding reporting to both the UFP device and the system policy manager of a change in the power topology. 16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the instruction causes the UFP device to report an externally powered state to the system policy manager when the first power state notification indicates that the UFP device is externally powered and the second power state notification indicates that the DFP device is externally powered. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving a notification from the DFP device indicating attachment of a USB device; and sending an instruction to the UFP device to inform the system policy manager of the attachment of the USB device. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving a request for power from the DFP device in response to a power request received by the DFP device from a USB device, wherein the request for power includes a power amount that is greater than a power amount drawn by the DFP device at the time of the request; sending an instruction to the UFP device to send power to the extension medium; and sending an instruction to the DFP device to draw power from the extension medium to provide the requested power to the USB device. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the instruction causes the UFP device to report an externally powered state to the system policy manager if the first power state notification indicates that the UFP device is link powered and the second power state notification indicates that the DFP device is link powered. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: receiving a notification from the DFP device indicating attachment of a USB device; sending an instruction to the UFP device to inform the system policy manager of the attachment of the USB device; receiving a request for power from the DFP device in response to a power request received by the DFP device from a USB device, wherein the request for power includes a power amount that is greater than a power amount drawn by the DFP device at the time of the request; and in response to determining that the DFP device is requesting more power than is available from a power source via the extension medium, transmitting a notification to the DFP device that the request for power is rejected. 23-24. (canceled) 25. A USB extension device, comprising: at least one USB upstream facing port or at least one USB downstream facing port; an extension medium interface configured to be coupled to an extension medium; a power-over-link engine; and a power delivery extension device policy manager configured to: determine whether power is available from an external power source; in response to determining that power is not available from the external power source, determine whether power is available from the extension medium; and in response to determining that power is available from the extension medium, draw power for the USB extension device from the extension medium via the power-over-link engine. 26. The USB extension device of claim 25, wherein the power delivery extension device policy manager is further configured to: in response to determining that power is available from the external power source, draw power for the USB extension device from the external power source. 27. The USB extension device of claim 25, wherein the power delivery extension device policy manager is further configured to: in response to determining that power is not available from the external power source and is not available from the extension medium, draw power for the USB extension device from the at least one USB upstream facing port or the at least one USB downstream facing port. 28. The USB extension device of claim 25, further comprising a battery, and wherein the power delivery extension device policy manager is further configured to: in response to determining that power is not available from the external power source and is not available from the extension medium, draw power for the USB extension device from the battery. 29. The USB extension device of claim 25, wherein the power delivery extension device policy manager is further configured to: transmit a message to a power delivery extension system topology manager that includes power source information. 30. The USB extension device of claim 29, wherein the message further includes capability information of the extension medium.",
-    "An electrical stringing block in accordance with some example embodiments includes a sheave formed of a pair of metal plates which are joined together. Each plate includes an angled section, a planar section extending from an outer edge of the angled section, and a curved section extending from an outer edge of the planar section. The plates are joined together at the planar sections. Each angled section is continuous. 1. A sheave capable of being used in an electrical stringing block for stringing a conductor to a tower or powerpole, comprising: a pair of metal plates which are joined together, each plate comprising an angled section, a planar section extending from an outer edge of the angled section, and a curved section extending from an outer edge of the planar section, each angled section being continuous, the plates being joined together at the planar sections. 2. The sheave of claim 1, further comprising a central aperture through each plate. 3. The sheave of claim 2, wherein each central aperture is surrounded by a rim section which is angled relative to the respective angled section. 4. The sheave of claim 1, wherein the angled section of each plate is frusto-conical. 5. The sheave of claim 1, wherein the angled section of each plate is planar in cross-section. 6. The sheave of claim 1, wherein the plates are joined together by any one or more of riveting, fastening, welding, adhesion. 7. The sheave of claim 1, wherein each plate is formed by one of metal spinning, metal stamping, pressing, or forging. 8. The sheave of claim 1, further comprising a non-conductive lining attached to the curved sections. 9. The sheave of claim 8, wherein the non-conductive lining comprises one or more portions having a color that is different than other portions of the non-conductive lining. 10. A plate capable of being used in a sheave of an electrical stringing block for stringing a conductor to a tower or powerpole, comprising: an angled section, the angled section being continuous; a planar section extending from an outer edge of the angled section; and a curved section extending from an outer edge of the planar section. 11. The plate of claim 10, further comprising a rim section connected to the angled section and through which a central aperture is formed. 12. The plate of claim 10, wherein the angled section is frusto-conical. 13. The plate of claim 10, wherein the angled section is planar in cross-section. 14. The plate of claim 10, wherein the plate is formed by one of metal spinning, metal stamping, pressing, or forging. 15. An electrical stringing block for stringing a conductor to a tower or powerpole, comprising: an axle; at least one bearing mounted on the axle; at least one metal sheave mounted on the axle by the at least one bearing, the sheave being rotatable relative to the axle, the at least one metal sheave comprising a pair of metal plates which are joined together, each plate comprising an inner rim forming a central aperture through which the axle is mounted, an angled section extending from the inner rim, a planar section extending from an outer edge of the angled section, and a curved section extending from an outer edge of the planar section, each angled section being continuous, the plates being joined together at the planar sections; and at least one support arm attached to the axle configured to support mounting the electrical stringing block to an associated tower or powerpole. 16. The electrical stringing block of claim 15, wherein the angled section of each plate is frusto-conical. 17. The electrical stringing block of claim 15, wherein the angled section of each plate is planar in cross-section. 18. The electrical stringing block of claim 15, wherein each plate is formed by one of metal spinning, metal stamping, pressing, or forging. 19. The electrical stringing block of claim 15, further comprising a non-conductive lining attached to the curved sections. 20. The electrical stringing block of claim 19, wherein the non-conductive lining comprises one or more portions having a color that is different than other portions of the non-conductive lining.",
-    "A lift attachment system for providing adjustment such as lifting and lower to various attachments being towed by a vehicle. The system generally includes a base frame which is removably connected to a vehicle, such as at its rear frame. A support frame is pivotally connected to the base frame. An actuator is connected between the support frame and the base frame such that the support frame may pivotally adjust with respect to the base frame. The support frame includes a width-adjustable attachment mount which is adapted to removably receive one of a plurality of different attachments. By removably connecting the attachment to the support frame, the attachment may be pivotally adjusted (such as lifted or lowered) via activation of the actuator. By connecting the base frame to a vehicle, one may adjust an attachment while in use on a vehicle to improve efficiency and prevent constant manual adjustments. 1. A lift attachment, comprising: a base frame for removable attachment to a vehicle; a support frame pivotally connected to the base frame, wherein the support frame includes an attachment mount for removably connecting an attachment to the support frame; and an actuator connected between the base frame and the support frame for pivoting the support frame with respect to the base frame. 2. The lift attachment of claim 1, wherein the attachment mount is width-adjustable. 3. The lift attachment of claim 1, wherein the base frame comprises a first mount arm and a second mount arm, wherein the first mount arm and the second mount arm are each adapted to removably connect to the vehicle. 4. The lift attachment of claim 3, wherein the base frame includes a mounting pin to removably connect to the vehicle. 5. The lift attachment of claim 1, wherein the support frame is adapted to be lifted and/or lowered by the actuator. 6. The lift attachment of claim 1, wherein the support frame comprises a first arm pivotally connected to the base frame and a second arm pivotally connected to the base frame. 7. The lift attachment of claim 6, wherein the attachment mount extends between the first arm and the second arm. 8. The lift attachment of claim 7, further comprising a first vertical support extending upwardly from the first arm and a second vertical support extending upwardly from the second arm. 9. The lift attachment of claim 8, further comprising a cross arm removably connected between the first vertical support and the second vertical support. 10. The lift attachment of claim 9, wherein the first vertical support includes a plurality of first vertical apertures and wherein the second vertical support includes a plurality of second vertical apertures, wherein the cross arm is selectively connected between one of the first vertical apertures and one of the second vertical apertures. 11. The lift attachment of claim 10, wherein a first end of the actuator is connected to the base frame and wherein a second end of the actuator is connected to the cross arm. 12. The lift attachment of claim 1, further comprising a link connected between the support frame and the attachment. 13. The lift attachment of claim 12, wherein the link is comprised of a cord. 14. The lift attachment of claim 12, wherein the support frame includes a link support, wherein a first end of the link is pivotally connected to the link support. 15. The lift attachment of claim 14, wherein a second end of the link is pivotally connected to attachment. 16. A lift attachment system, comprising: a vehicle, wherein the vehicle includes a hitch received, a first shoulder bolt, and a second shoulder bolt; a base frame removably attached to the vehicle, wherein the base frame includes a mounting pin adapted to be removably engaged with the hitch receiver, wherein the base frame includes a first mount arm adapted to be removably engaged with the first shoulder bolt and a second mount arm adapted to be removably engaged with the second shoulder bolt; a support frame pivotally connected to the base frame; an attachment removably connected to the support frame, wherein the support frame includes an attachment mount for removably connecting the attachment to the support frame; and an actuator connected between the base frame and the support frame for pivoting the support frame with respect to the base frame. 17. The lift attachment system of claim 16, wherein the vehicle comprises a yard tractor. 18. The lift attachment system of claim 17, wherein the attachment comprises a dethatcher attachment. 19. The lift attachment system of claim 16, wherein the actuator comprises a linear actuator. 20. The lift attachment system of claim 16, wherein the support frame includes a width-adjustable attachment mount for removably connecting to the attachment.",
-    "A portable beach umbrella anchoring system and method are disclosed. The umbrella anchoring system includes a support frame system that includes central tube for receiving an umbrella shaft. The support frame system comprises a frame network that includes leg assemblies for penetrating and securing to a ground surface, so that a beach umbrella may firmly stand in sand, grass or soil in an upright or angled configuration with relatively little effort and no need for tools. The umbrella anchoring system includes an integrated folding table top system, which has storage compartments for supporting and storing food, drinks, keys, wallets and other accessories. The umbrella anchoring system also includes a canopy tethering system for securing the upper portion of an umbrella canopy to the ground which, among other things, may be particularly useful in the case of high winds. 1. An umbrella anchoring system for supporting an umbrella having a shaft and a canopy comprising: a center tube oriented vertically for receiving the shaft of the umbrella; a plurality of ribs that are attached to the center tube at a proximal end, the plurality of ribs, when deployed, being oriented in a plane perpendicular to the center tube; a plurality of table leg assemblies that correspond with the plurality of ribs, wherein a proximal end of each of the plurality of table leg assemblies is correspondingly connected to a distal end of each of the plurality of ribs, wherein each of the plurality of table leg assemblies is substantially parallel to the center tube when deployed, wherein each of the plurality of table leg assemblies includes a moveable ground stake that is driven into the ground to secure the plurality of table leg assemblies in place relative to the ground. 2. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of table leg assemblies each include a table leg tube, wherein each moveable ground stake is received within a corresponding table leg tube and moves in a direction substantially parallel to the table leg tube when being driven into the ground. 3. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of table leg assemblies each further include a locking mechanism to selectively lock the position of each moveable ground stake relative to its corresponding leg tube. 4. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 3, wherein each moveable ground stake includes a handle that extends substantially perpendicular to the direction in which the moveable ground stake moves when being driven into the ground. 5. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 4, wherein each table leg tube includes a channel that permits the handle of each corresponding moveable ground stake to protrude therefrom. 6. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1, wherein table leg assemblies are pivotally connected to the distal end of the ribs. 7. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1, further comprising a top hub for pivotally connecting the plurality of ribs to the center tube, a plurality of universal joints for pivotally connecting corresponding table leg assemblies to corresponding ribs, a runner hub moveable along the outside of the center tube having a plurality of stretchers pivotally connected thereto at the proximal end of the stretchers, wherein the distal ends of each of the plurality of stretchers are pivotally connected to corresponding universal joints. 8. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 7, further comprising a hub stopper located at an end of the center tube opposite to the end of the center tube where the top hub is located, wherein the hub stopper limits the downward movement of the runner hub. 9. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 8, wherein the hub stopper includes a locking flange, locking knob and locking bolt, wherein by twisting the locking knob the locking bolt protrudes into the center tube, and wherein the locking bolt is used to secure the umbrella shaft within the center tube. 10. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ribs, plurality of table leg assemblies and center tube are substantially parallel to one another when in a stowed configuration. 11. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1, wherein the center tube has an opening therein through which the umbrella shaft may protrude, so as to adjust an angular position of the umbrella canopy. 12. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 11, wherein an end of the umbrella shaft is received within an angle cup which is tethered to the center tube. 13. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 12, wherein the angle cup includes an angle tube for receiving a ground stake therein. 14. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of table leg assemblies each include a table leg cap with an angle tube therein for receiving a moveable stake. 15. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 2, wherein the table leg assemblies each include a table leg cap with an angle tube therein for receiving an additional ground stake. 16. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1 further comprising a table top system, which is supported by the plurality of ribs, which has a center hole through which the umbrella shaft passes, and which includes a plurality of beverage holders and storage compartments, wherein the storage compartments include flaps that open and close to respectively allow access to the storage compartments and protect items placed within the storage compartments. 17. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 1 further comprising a canopy tethering system, which is removeably attached to both the umbrella canopy and the umbrella shaft. 18. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 17, wherein the canopy tethering system further includes a ground stake receptacle attached to the umbrella canopy, wherein the ground stake receptacle has a high tension string connected thereto and wherein a ground stake is used to attach the high tension string to ground when the canopy tethering system is deployed. 19. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 18, wherein the canopy tethering system further includes a strap that is connected to the ground stake receptacle at an end opposite to where the high tension string is connected and wherein the strap is connected to the shaft of the umbrella. 20. The umbrella anchoring system of claim 19, wherein the ground stake receptacle is used to store both the ground stake and high tension string when the canopy tethering system is in its non-deployed configuration.",
-    "Provided is a vessel monitoring method of a vessel monitoring system, which includes receiving first vessel information from an automatic identification system message output from a vessel, receiving second vessel information on the vessel from a port management information system, selecting a vessel tracking parameter on a basis of the first vessel information and the second vessel information, and tracking the vessel by using a tacking algorithm corresponding to the vessel tracking parameter. 1. A vessel monitoring method of a vessel monitoring system, the vessel monitoring method comprising: receiving first vessel information from an automatic identification system (AIS) message output from a vessel; receiving second vessel information on the vessel from a port management information system (PortMIS); selecting a vessel tracking parameter on a basis of the first and second vessel information; and tracking the vessel by using a tacking algorithm corresponding to the vessel tracking parameter. 2. The vessel monitoring method of claim 1, wherein the first vessel information comprises identification information, static information, or dynamic information. 3. The vessel monitoring method of claim 1, wherein the second vessel information comprises vessel type information, vessel data, steering characteristic information, or steering performance information. 4. The vessel monitoring method of claim 3, wherein the tracking algorithm is differed according to the vessel type information. 5. The vessel monitoring method of claim 1, wherein the tracking of the vessel comprises: receiving a radar signal corresponding to position information on the vessel from a radar; and tracking the vessel by using the radar signal and the tracking algorithm, and further comprises calculating, by a multi-sensor fusing processor, a position and a speed of the vessel by considering the first vessel information and the second vessel information, and the position information. 6. The vessel monitoring method of claim 5, further comprising: displaying a movement of the vessel on a monitoring display device according to the position and speed of the vessel. 7. The vessel monitoring method of claim 5, further comprising: calculating a degree of collision danger with another vessel according to the calculated position and speed of the vessel, wherein the degree of collision danger with the other vessel is differently calculated according to the vessel type information. 8. The vessel monitoring method of claim 7, further comprising: displaying the calculated degree of collision danger on the monitoring display device. 9. The vessel monitoring method of claim 7, further comprising: additionally displaying steering characteristic information on the vessel, a tidal current situation, and a sea water situation on the monitoring display device at a time of a dangerous situation. 10. The vessel monitoring method of claim 1, wherein when the vessel is a tug-barge, the vessel has not an individual type but a connected type, and the tracking algorithm is applied to the connected type vessel. 11. The vessel monitoring method of claim 10, wherein when the vessel is a tug-barge, a tug-boat and a barge are recognized but a degree of collision danger between the tug-boat and barge is not calculated. 12. The vessel monitoring method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring the path through a tracking algorithm to which the steering characteristic for each vessel is applied, when it is determined from the first vessel information and the second vessel information that the vessel navigates alongside an identical pier or navigates an identical path in a predetermined area. 13. A vessel monitoring system comprising: an AIS message analyzer configured to receive an AIS message from a vessel and generate first vessel information; a port information linking system configured to read and store second vessel information on the vessel from a PortIMS; a vessel information database system configured to receive the first vessel information and the second vessel information and to generate a vessel tracking parameter on the vessel; a vessel tracking processor configured to request the vessel tracking parameter on the vessel from the vessel information database system, and to track the vessel according to a tracking algorithm corresponding to the vessel tracking parameter by using the AIS message or a radar signal for providing position information on the vessel; a multi-sensor fusing processor configured to calculate a position and a speed of the vessel by using the first vessel information and the second vessel information, or the position information; a decision making supporting processor configured to calculate a degree of collision danger with another vessel by using the position and speed of the vessel calculated from the multi-sensor fusing processor; and a monitoring display device configured to display a movement of the vessel and the degree of collision danger on a basis of the position and speed of the vessel. 14. The vessel monitoring system of claim 13, wherein the monitoring display device displays the position information on the vessel and characteristic information on a current situation by using tracking information from the vessel tracking processor, the position information from the multi-sensor fusing processor, or information received from at least one of a closed circuit television (CCTV), a satellite, or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).",
-    "Provided are processes for the calibration of a battery system whereby a secondary battery is formed with an anode, a cathode, or both that includes two or more active materials that differ by at least one chemical or physical parameter. The presence of the two or more differing alloys in the system introduces at least one inflection point in the charge/discharge curves characterizing the system. The location of the inflection point relative to the fresh battery SOC is constant and independent of prior usage, cycling characteristics, or battery temperature. Therefore, by measuring the presence of the inflection point during a charge/discharge cycle or resting state, the exact SOC of the battery is known. If this measured SOC differs from a reference SOC by more than a predetermined value, the predetermined value is updated thereby calibrating the system for accurate display of SOC. 1. A process of calibrating the state of charge of a secondary battery comprising an anode and a cathode, the anode, cathode or both comprising two or more active materials wherein at least two of the active materials in the cathode or anode are characterized by a different measurable physical or chemical property, the process comprising: measuring the physical or chemical property in the battery; identifying at least one inflection point characteristic of the at least two of the active materials in the cathode or anode characterized by the different measurable physical or chemical property; and calibrating the state of charge of said battery based on said inflection point. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the inflection point is between 10 percent and 90 percent full charge. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the inflection point is between 25 percent and 75 percent full charge. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the inflection point is between 45 percent and 55 percent full charge. 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the physical or chemical property is open circuit voltage, impedance, or resistance. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the at least two active materials are characterized by differing PCT pressure plateaus. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the at least two active materials are characterized by differing open circuit voltages. 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the battery is a NiMH, Ni\u2014Zn, Ni\u2014Fe, Li-ion, Na-ion, or Li\u2014S battery. 9. The process of claim 1 wherein said battery is a metal hydride secondary battery and the at least two active materials are characterized by differing PCT pressure plateaus. 10. The process of claim 1 wherein said battery is a resting state. 11. A process of calibrating the state of charge of a secondary battery comprising an anode and a cathode, the anode, cathode or both comprising two or more active materials wherein at least two of the active materials in the cathode or anode are characterized by a different measurable physical or chemical property, the process comprising: measuring the physical or chemical property in the battery when in a resting state, the resting state at least 5 cycles following a prior calibration process; identifying at least one inflection point characteristic of the at least two of the active materials in the cathode or anode characterized by the different measurable physical or chemical property, the inflection point between 25 percent and 75 percent full charge; and calibrating the state of charge of said battery based on said inflection point. 12. The process of claim 11 wherein the physical or chemical property is open circuit voltage. 13. The process of claim 11 wherein the at least two active materials are characterized by differing PCT pressure plateaus. 14. The process of claim 11 wherein the at least two active materials are characterized by differing open circuit voltages when measured at the same state of charge. 15. The process of claim 11 wherein the battery is a lead-acid, NiMH Ni\u2014Zn, Ni\u2014Fe, Ni\u2014Cd, Li-ion, Na-ion, Li\u2014S, molten salt, or redox flow battery systems. 16. The process of claim 11 wherein the two of the active materials are present at a weight ratio of 10 percent-90 percent to 90 percent-10 percent. 17. The process of claim 11 wherein the two of the active materials are present at a weight ratio of 25 percent-75 percent to 75 percent-25 percent. 18. The process of claim 11 wherein the two of the active materials are both hydrogen absorbing alloys or lithium containing compounds.",
-    "A manufacturing method includes forming a gate member and a common electrode line on a substrate. A gate insulating layer is formed on the gate member and the common electrode line. A semiconductor member and a data member are formed on the gate insulating layer. A first passivation layer is formed on the semiconductor member and the data member. A plurality of color filters is formed on the first passivation layer. A conductor layer and a second passivation layer are formed on the plurality of color filters. A first contact hole exposes a common electrode. A second contact hole exposes the drain electrode. The first and second contact holes are formed by a photolithography process. A pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode is formed through the first contact hole. A connecting member connected to the common electrode line and the common electrode is formed through the second contact hole. 1. A manufacturing method of a display device, comprising: forming a gate member and a common electrode line on a substrate; forming a gate insulating layer on the gate member and the common electrode line; forming a semiconductor member and a data member on the gate insulating layer; forming a first passivation layer on the semiconductor member and the data member; forming a plurality of color filters on the first passivation layer; forming a conductor layer and a second passivation layer on the plurality of color filters; forming a first contact hole through which a common electrode is exposed, wherein the common electrode includes the conductor layer and the common electrode line, and forming a second contact hole through which the drain electrode is exposed, wherein the first and second contact holes are formed by etching the second passivation layer, the conductor layer, the first passivation layer, and the gate insulating layer in a single step using a photolithography process; and forming a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode through the first contact hole, and forming a connecting member connected to the common electrode line and the common electrode through the second contact hole, wherein the pixel electrode and the connecting member are formed substantially simultaneously. 2. The manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein the forming of the first and second contact holes includes: forming a photosensitive film having a first opening on the first contact hole and a second opening on the second contact hole on the second passivation layer; removing the second passivation layer and a portion of the conductor layer using the photosensitive film as a mask; exposing a portion of the second passivation layer by removing a portion of the photosensitive film around the first opening; and removing exposed portions of the first passivation layer and the gate insulating layer and an exposed portion of the second passivation layer, wherein the portion of the photosensitive film around the first opening has a thickness thinner than that of other portions of the photosensitive film. 3. The manufacturing method of claim 2, wherein the portion of the conductor layer is removed by wet etching, and wherein the removing of the exposed portions of the first passivation layer and the gate insulating layer and the exposed portion of the second passivation layer is performed by dry etching. 4. The manufacturing method of claim 3, wherein the dry etching uses fluorocarbon gas. 5. The manufacturing method of claim 3, wherein in the dry etching, a fluorocarbon compound remains on a side of the second contact hole to fill a depression formed by overetching of the conductor layer, and wherein the dry etching smoothes a profile of the side of the second contact hole. 6. The manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of color filters overlap each other, and wherein each of the plurality of color filters are planarized on the data member. 7. The manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor member and the data member are formed by a single photolithography process. 8. A display device, comprising: a substrate; a gate member and a common electrode line positioned on the substrate; a gate insulating layer positioned on the gate member and the common electrode line; a semiconductor member positioned on the gate insulating layer; a data member positioned on the semiconductor member; a first passivation layer positioned on the data member, the semiconductor member, and the gate insulating layer; a plurality of color filters positioned on the first passivation layer; a common electrode positioned on the color filter; a second passivation layer positioned on the common electrode; a pixel electrode positioned on the second passivation layer; and a common electrode connecting member positioned on the second passivation layer and spaced apart from the pixel electrode, wherein the gate insulating layer and the first passivation layer have a first contact hole through which the common electrode line is exposed, the second passivation layer has a second contact hole through which a portion of the common electrode around the first contact hole is exposed, and the common electrode connecting member is connected to the common electrode line and the common electrode through the first and second contact holes. 9. A manufacturing method of a display device, comprising: forming a gate member and a common electrode line on a substrate; forming a gate insulating layer on the gate member and the common electrode line; forming a semiconductor member and a data member on the gate insulating layer by a single photolithography process; forming a first passivation layer on the semiconductor member and the data member; forming a plurality of color filters on the first passivation layer; forming a conductor layer and a second passivation layer on the color filter; forming a first contact hole through which a common electrode is exposed, wherein the common electrode includes the conductor layer, the common electrode line, and the common electrode, and forming a second contact hole through which the drain electrode is exposed, wherein the first and second contact holes are formed by a single photolithography process; and forming a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode through the first contact hole, and forming a connecting member connected to the common electrode line and the common electrode through the second contact hole, wherein the pixel electrode and the connecting member are formed substantially simultaneously. 10. The manufacturing method of claim 9, wherein the forming of the first and second contact hole includes: forming a photosensitive film having a first opening on the first contact hole and a second opening on the second contact hole on the second passivation layer; removing the second passivation layer and a portion of the conductor layer using the photosensitive film as a mask; exposing a portion of the second passivation layer by removing a portion of the photosensitive film around the first opening; and removing exposed portions of the first passivation layer and the gate insulating layer and an exposed portion of the second passivation layer, wherein the portion of the photosensitive film around the first opening has a thickness thinner than that of other portions of the photosensitive film. 11. The manufacturing method of claim 10, wherein the portion of the conductor layer is removed by wet etching, and wherein the removing of the exposed portions of the first passivation layer and the gate insulating layer and the exposed portion of the second passivation layer is performed by dry etching. 12. The manufacturing method of claim 11, wherein the dry etching uses fluorocarbon gas. 13. The manufacturing method of claim 11, wherein in the dry etching, a fluorocarbon compound remains on a side of the second contact hole to fill a depression formed by overetching of the conductor layer, and wherein the dry etching smoothes a profile of the side of the second contact hole. 14. The manufacturing method of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of color filters overlap each other, and wherein the plurality of color filters are planarized on the data member.",
-    "A method and system for monitoring the system health and/or integration of networks of a collaboration conferencing system of a telecommunications network is provided. In particular, a monitor system is provided that is associated with a telecommunications network to automate connection to a collaboration conferencing bridge that utilizes a plurality of collaboration conferencing systems. Through the automation of connecting to the conferencing bridge that is hosting the collaboration conference, the system may determine if one or more of the systems of the collaboration are underperforming when compared to performance standards for the systems. The connectivity or health information of the conferencing system may thus be measured and provided to a system administrator to identify the issues within the collaboration system to remedy to the detected issues. 1. A method for testing a network, the method comprising: obtaining login information for a user of a collaboration conference feature hosted by the network from a subscription server; accessing a web-based portal to initiate a collaboration conference utilizing the obtained login information; measuring a latency to connect to a conferencing bridge through the web-based portal; comparing the measured latency to connect to a conferencing bridge to a threshold value comprising an upper limit on connecting to the conferencing bridge through the portal; and transmitting an indication that the connection to the conferencing bridge through the portal exceeded the threshold value to a computing device of an administrator of the network. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the collaboration conference comprises an audio portion and connecting to the conferencing bridge through the web-based portal comprises connecting to the audio portion of the collaboration conference. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the collaboration conference comprises a web portion and connecting to the conferencing bridge through the web-based portal comprises connecting to the web portion of the collaboration conference. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the web-based portal is accessed through a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the web-based portal, the URL comprising a portion of the login information for the user of the collaboration conference feature hosted by the network. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the login information comprises at least an access number and an access passcode associated with the user of the collaboration conference. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein accessing the web-based portal to initiate the collaboration conference comprises entering the access number and the access passcode into an interface of the web-based portal. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising: selecting a disconnect portion of the interface of the web-based portal to disconnect from the collaboration conference. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: detecting a non-connection condition with the collaboration conference through the web-based portal. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the transmitted indication comprises a non-connection indicator. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising: executing a delay of operations for a preset delay period; and re-accessing the web-based portal to initiate a collaboration conference utilizing the obtained login information after the preset delay period. 11. A system for testing a collaboration conference system on a telecommunications network, the system comprising: a database storing user information for at least one user of a collaboration conference feature hosted by the telecommunications network; a subscription server in communication with the database and maintaining the user information of at least one user in the database; and a system monitor comprising: a processing device; and a computer-readable medium connected to the processing device configured to store information and instructions that, when executed by the processing device, performs the operations of: obtaining the user information of the at least one user of the collaboration conference hosted by the telecommunications network from the subscription server; accessing a web-based portal executed on a computing device to initiate a collaboration conference utilizing the obtained login information; measuring a latency to connect to a conferencing bridge of the telecommunications network through the web-based portal; comparing the measured latency to connect to a conferencing bridge to a threshold value comprising an upper limit on connecting to the conferencing bridge through the portal; and transmitting an indication that the connection to the conferencing bridge through the portal exceeded the threshold value to a computing device of an administrator of the network. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the collaboration conference comprises an audio portion and the system monitor connects to the conferencing bridge through the web-based portal by connecting to the audio portion of the collaboration conference. 13. The system of claim 11 wherein the collaboration conference comprises a web portion and the system monitor connects to the conferencing bridge through the web-based portal by connecting to the web portion of the collaboration conference. 14. The system of claim 11 wherein the web-based portal is accessed through a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the web-based portal, the URL comprising a portion of the login information for the user of the collaboration conference feature hosted by the network. 15. The system of claim 11 wherein the login information comprises at least an access number and an access passcode associated with the user of the collaboration conference. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the system monitor accesses the web-based portal to initiate the collaboration conference by entering the access number and the access passcode into an interface of the web-based portal. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the executed information and instructions of the system monitor further comprises: selecting a disconnect portion of the interface of the web-based portal to disconnect from the collaboration conference. 18. The system of claim 11 wherein the executed information and instructions of the system monitor further comprises: detecting a non-connection condition with the collaboration conference through the web-based portal. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the transmitted indication comprises a non-connection indicator. 20. The system of claim 11 wherein the executed information and instructions of the system monitor further comprises: executing a delay of operations for a preset delay period; and re-accessing the web-based portal to initiate a collaboration conference utilizing the obtained login information after the preset delay period.",
-    "A method includes forming a plurality of metal posts. The plurality of metal posts is interconnected to form a metal-post row by weak portions between neighboring ones of the plurality of metal posts. The weak portions include a same metal as the plurality of metal posts. A majority of each of the plurality of metal posts is separated from respective neighboring ones of the plurality of metal posts. An end portion of each of the plurality of metal posts is plated with a metal. The plurality of metal posts is disposed into a metal post-storage. The method further includes retrieving one of the metal posts from a metal-post storage, and bonding the one of the metal posts on a metal pad. 1. A method comprising: feeding a metal film through two rollers, wherein the metal film is molded by the rollers to form a metal-post row, with the metal-post row comprising: a plurality of metal posts; and weak portions interconnecting the plurality of metal posts; plating end portions of the plurality of metal posts with a metal layer; cutting a first one of the plurality of metal posts from the metal-post row using a cutting edge of a capillary; and bonding the one of the plurality of metal posts onto a package component. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cutting and the bonding are both performed by a same capillary. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising bending the plurality of metal posts into a zig-zag shape. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the rollers comprise teeth, with the teeth cutting the metal film into the metal-post row. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plating the end portions of the plurality of metal posts with the metal layer comprises plating a nickel layer, and plating a gold layer over the nickel layer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the gold layer is plated on a first portion of the nickel layer, and a second portion of the nickel layer is not plated with gold. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: pushing the first one of the plurality of metal posts into a slot of the capillary; and pushing a second one of the plurality of metal posts forward into a position the first one of the plurality of metal posts is cut from. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the slot of the capillary has an N-shape, and the first one of the plurality of metal posts fits in the slot. 9. A method comprising: retrieving a metal post from a metal-post row comprising a plurality of metal posts, with the plurality of metal posts interconnected by weak portions, wherein the retrieving comprises cutting-through one of the weak portions that connects the metal post to a neighboring one of the plurality of metal posts, with the cutting-through performed using a capillary; and bonding the metal post to a surface metal feature of a package component using the capillary. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: after the retrieving, pushing the metal-post row forward; retrieving the neighboring one of the plurality of metal posts from the metal-post row; and bonding the neighboring one of the plurality of metal posts to an additional surface metal feature. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the retrieving the metal post comprises: using a cutting edge of a capillary to cut through the one of the weak portions; pushing the metal post to an end of a slot in the capillary; and clamping the metal post to the end of the slot. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising forming the metal-post row comprising: forming patterned photo resists on opposite sides of a metal film; and etching the metal film to form the plurality of metal posts and the weak portions. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising forming the metal-post row by feeding a metal film through two rollers comprising teeth, wherein the metal film is molded by the rollers to form the plurality of metal posts and the weak portions. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising bending the plurality of metal posts to a zig-zag shape. 15. The method of claim 9 further comprising plating an end portion of each of the plurality of metal posts with a nickel layer and a gold layer over the nickel layer. 16. A method comprising: retrieving a first metal post from a metal-post row, wherein the metal-post row comprises a plurality of metal posts having top ends aligned to a first straight line, and bottom ends aligned to a second straight line, wherein when the first metal post is retrieved, the first metal post is at a front position; bonding the first metal post to a surface metal feature of a package component using a capillary; and pushing a second metal post in the metal-post row to the front position. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first metal post is connected to the second metal post through a weak portion connected to intermediate positions of the first metal post and the second metal post. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the weak portion and the first metal post are formed of a same material, and the bottom ends of the plurality of metal posts are plated with an additional metal layer. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the retrieving the first metal post comprises: forcing a capillary against the weak portion, so that a cutting edge of the capillary cuts through the weak portion; pushing the first metal post to an end of a slot in the capillary; and clamping the first metal post to the end of the slot, wherein the first metal post is bonded when the first metal post is at the end of the slot. 20. The method of claim 16 further comprising forming the metal-post row by feeding a metal film through two rollers comprising teeth, wherein the metal film is molded by the rollers to form the plurality of metal posts and weak portions interconnecting the plurality of metal posts.",
-    "A method and system for downloading aeronautical data using an automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is provided. The method comprises creating a first data sequence structure that includes a receive time for each of one or more received ADS-B messages; creating a second data sequence structure that includes a packet time for each of one or more received aeronautical data packets that are without position information; mapping the received aeronautical data packets respectively to the ADS-B messages by comparing the receive time for each of the received ADS-B messages with the packet time for each of the received aeronautical data packets to produce a correlation between the ADS-B messages and the aeronautical data packets; and deriving position information for each of the received aeronautical data packets from each correlation between an ADS-B message and an aeronautical data packet. 1. A method for downloading aeronautical data using an automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), the method comprising: creating a first data sequence structure that includes a receive time for each of one or more received ADS-B messages; creating a second data sequence structure that includes a packet time for each of one or more received aeronautical data packets that are without position information; mapping the one or more received aeronautical data packets respectively to the one or more ADS-B messages by comparing the receive time for each of one or more received ADS-B messages with the packet time for each of one or more received aeronautical data packets to produce a correlation between the one or more ADS-B messages and the one or more aeronautical data packets; and deriving position information for each of the one or more received aeronautical data packets from each correlation between an ADS-B message and an aeronautical data packet. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first data sequence structure comprises one to N received ADS-B messages that each include aircraft position information and the receive time for each ADS-B message. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second data sequence structure comprises one to N received aeronautical data packets without aircraft position information that include the packet time for each aeronautical data packet. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more received aeronautical data packets comprise one or more weather data packets sent from an aircraft weather radar. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the packet time for each of the one or more received aeronautical data packets comprises coordinated universal time (UTC) information. 6. A computer program product, comprising: a non-transitory computer readable medium having processor executable instructions stored thereon to perform a method for downloading aeronautical data using ADS-B according to claim 1. 7. A computer system, comprising: at least one processor; and a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon executable by the processor to perform a method for downloading aeronautical data using an automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), the method comprising: creating a first data sequence structure that includes a receive time for each of one or more ADS-B messages received from an aircraft; creating a second data sequence structure that includes a packet time for each of one or more weather data packets received from the aircraft and that are without aircraft position information; mapping the one or more weather data packets respectively to the one or more ADS-B messages by comparing the receive time for each of one or more ADS-B messages with the packet time for each of one or more weather data packets to produce a correlation between the one or more ADS-B messages and the one or more weather data packets; and deriving aircraft position information for each of the one or more weather data packets from each correlation between an ADS-B message and a weather data packet. 8. The computer system of claim 7, wherein the first data sequence structure comprises one to N received ADS-B messages that each include aircraft position information and the receive time for each ADS-B message. 9. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the second data sequence structure comprises one to N received weather data packets without aircraft position information that include the packet time for each weather data packet. 10. The computer system of claim 7, wherein the one or more weather data packets are from a weather radar on the aircraft. 11. A method for downloading aeronautical data from an aircraft, the method comprising: determining whether automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) messages are receivable from an aircraft; wherein when ADS-B messages are receivable from the aircraft, the method comprises: sending a message to the aircraft to stop transmission of aircraft position information with one or more aeronautical data packets; receiving one or more ADS-B messages, and one or more aeronautical data packets without aircraft position information and each with a packet time; storing a receive time for the one or more ADS-B messages, and the packet time for each of the one or more aeronautical data packets; and mapping the one or more aeronautical data packets respectively to the one or more ADS-B messages. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a ground station determines whether ADS-B messages are receivable from the aircraft. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the ground station determination is based on aircraft ADS-B capability or ADS-B coverage. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the ground station determination is based on whether the ground station can hear ADS-B messages in a specified time window. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more aeronautical data packets comprises one or more weather data packets sent from a weather radar on the aircraft. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the packet time for each of the one or more aeronautical data packets comprises coordinated universal time (UTC) information. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein: the receive time for each of the one or more ADS-B messages is stored in a first data sequence structure; and the packet time for each of the one or more aeronautical data packets is stored in a second data sequence structure. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising deriving an associated aircraft position for each of the one or more aeronautical data packets mapped respectively to the one or more ADS-B messages. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the associated aircraft position is derived by comparing the packet time for each of the one or more received aeronautical data packets and the receive time for each of the one or more ADS-B messages to produce a correlation between the one or more ADS-B messages and the one or more aeronautical data packets. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein when ADS-B messages are not receivable from the aircraft, the method comprises: receiving one or more aeronautical data packets each with aircraft position information.",
-    "A beverage dispensing apparatus which includes a tank, a liquid inlet and a fluid dispensing system which includes a dispensing fluid conduit having a helical portion at least substantially vertically oriented within the interior volume of the tank. The beverage dispensing apparatus also includes a fluid circulating system that includes at least one fluid circulation conduit having an inlet portion positioned proximate the bottom portion of the tank and at least one outlet. A fluid cycling device is also included in the beverage dispensing apparatus and is configured to move fluid from the bottom portion of the tank to the fluid circulation conduit. The at least one outlet is configured to produce a fluid flow tangential to the orientation of the dispensing fluid conduit configuration. Evaporator coils extend around a perimeter of the tank's exterior sidewall surface and are configured to chill the fluid within the tank. 1. A beverage dispensing apparatus comprising: a tank configured to receive and retain a fluid and having a bottom surface and at least one upwardly extending perimeter sidewall extending upwards from the bottom surface defining an interior volume and a tank sidewall exterior surface; a carbonator disposed in the tank and configured to dispense carbonated fluid; a liquid inlet configured to deliver the fluid from a fluid source to the interior volume of the tank; a fluid dispensing system comprising: a dispensing fluid conduit having a helical portion at least substantially vertically oriented within the interior volume of the tank, and wherein the dispensing fluid conduit has an inlet proximate a bottom portion of the tank and an outlet positioned out of the interior volume of the tank, and wherein the inlet receives fluid from proximate the bottom of the tank, and wherein the fluid in the tank and the fluid received from the tank through the inlet are the same fluid; at least one fluid circulation conduit having an inlet portion positioned proximate the bottom portion of the tank and at least one outlet; and a fluid cycling device in fluid communication with the at least one fluid circulation conduit and configured to move fluid from the bottom portion of the tank to the fluid circulation conduit where the at least one outlet is configured to produce a fluid flow of the fluid that is tangential to the orientation of the dispensing fluid conduit configuration; and an evaporator extending around at least a portion of the tank sidewall exterior surface, in thermal communication with the tank and configured to chill the fluid within the tank. 2. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 1 whereby the carbonator is an inline carbonator. 3. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 1 further including a flow control device downstream to the carbonator configured to adjust the water flow rate. 4. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 1 whereby CO2 pressure from the carbonator is at least about 3 psi higher than pressure of the fluid. 5. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 4 whereby the CO2 pressure is about 3 to about 10 psi higher than the fluid pressure. 6. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 1 further including a CO2 inlet valve operably coupled to the tank to carbonate the fluid inside the tank. 7. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 1 whereby the carbonator has a first and second inlet, said first inlet in fluid communication with the fluid cycling device and said second inlet operatively connected to the CO2 gas. 8. A beverage dispensing apparatus comprising: a tank configured to receive and retain a fluid and having a bottom surface and at least one upwardly extending perimeter sidewall extending upwards from the bottom surface defining an interior volume and a tank sidewall exterior surface; a liquid inlet configured to deliver the fluid from a fluid source to the interior volume of the tank; at least one filter for filtering the fluid at one or more locations in the apparatus to provide a filtered fluid; a fluid dispensing system comprising: a dispensing fluid conduit having a helical portion at least substantially vertically oriented within the interior volume of the tank, and wherein the dispensing fluid conduit has an inlet proximate a bottom portion of the tank and an outlet positioned out of the interior volume of the tank, and wherein the inlet receives fluid from proximate the bottom of the tank, and wherein the fluid in the tank and the fluid received from the tank through the inlet are the same fluid; at least one fluid circulation conduit having an inlet portion positioned proximate the bottom portion of the tank and at least one outlet; and a fluid cycling device in fluid communication with the at least one fluid circulation conduit and configured to move fluid from the bottom portion of the tank to the fluid circulation conduit where the at least one outlet is configured to produce a fluid flow of the fluid that is tangential to the orientation of the dispensing fluid conduit configuration; and an evaporator extending around at least a portion of the tank sidewall exterior surface, in thermal communication with the tank and configured to chill the fluid within the tank. 9. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 8 whereby at least one filter is proximate to the fluid circulating system. 10. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 8 whereby the at least one filter is disposed prior to the tank. 11. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 8 whereby the at least one filter is disposed after the tank. 12. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 8 further including at least one by-pass valve disposed before or after the at least one of the filters to provide filtered or unfiltered water to a user upon command. 13. The beverage dispensing apparatus of claim 8 further including a carbonator. 14. A method for producing a chilled beverage comprising the steps of: receiving at least one fluid into a tank from a fluid source via a liquid inlet, wherein the tank includes a bottom surface, and at least one upwardly extending perimeter sidewall extending upwards from the bottom surface defining an interior volume and having an exterior surface and an interior surface; cooling the at least one fluid inside of the tank using at least one evaporator coil in thermal communication with the tank and extending around at least a portion of a perimeter of the tank; circulating the fluid through at least one fluid circulation conduit having an inlet portion positioned proximate the bottom portion of the tank and at least one outlet; moving the fluid through a carbonator, said carbonator in fluid communication with the fluid circulation conduit; moving the fluid from the bottom portion of the tank into the fluid circulation conduit using a fluid cycling device in fluid communication with the at least one fluid circulation conduit; producing a fluid flow about and along the interior surface of the tank; and dispensing the fluid to a user through a dispensing fluid conduit having a non-linear portion at least substantially vertically oriented within the interior volume of the tank, an inlet proximate a bottom portion of the tank, and an outlet positioned out of the interior volume of the tank. 15. The method of claim 14 whereby the carbonator is an inline carbonator. 16. The method of claim 14 further including the step of moving the fluid through a flow control device, said flow control device in fluid communication with the carbonator. 17. The method of claim 14 whereby CO2 pressure from the carbonator is at least about 3 psi higher than fluid pressure. 18. The method of claim 17 whereby the CO2 pressure is about 3 to about 10 psi higher than the fluid pressure. 19. The method of claim 14 further including the step of moving the fluid through a filter. 20. The method of claim 19 whereby the fluid is moved through the filter before the fluid is received into the tank.",
-    "A manifold for a liquid dispensing system has at least two layers. The first layer has multiple through holes along its thickness direction, and one or more fluid channels perpendicular to the thickness direction. The second layer has one or more through holes along its thickness direction, each communicating with one of the through holes of the first layer. The second layer also has one or more fluid channels perpendicular to the thickness direction. The fluid channels each have an inlet at the edge of the respective layer and an outlet at one of the through holes. The second layer also has one or more holes defining valve bores. A valve in each of the valve bores controls flow of a liquid to a respective one of the fluid channels of the second layer. Also provided are a liquid dispensing system and a method of manufacturing a manifold. 1. A method of manufacturing a manifold for use in a liquid dispensing tower, comprising: manufacturing a first upper layer, the first layer comprising: one or more first through holes substantially along a thickness direction thereof, and one or more first fluid channels in a first plane, transverse to the thickness direction, wherein the first fluid channels are disposed entirely within the first layer; manufacturing a second lower layer, the second layer comprising: one or more second through holes substantially along a thickness direction thereof, one or more second fluid channels in a second plane, transverse to the thickness direction, wherein the second fluid channels are disposed entirely within the second layer, and one or more additional holes, each additional hole defining at least a portion of a valve bore, wherein the valve bore is configured and dimensioned for a valve to be positioned therein and to control flow of a liquid to a respective one of the second fluid channels; wherein each fluid channel comprises an inlet at an edge of its respective layer and an outlet at a respective one of the through holes; attaching the first layer directly or indirectly to the second layer, in an orientation in which the thickness direction of the first layer is substantially identical to the thickness direction of the second layer, such that each of the second through holes is in fluid communication with one of the first through holes, wherein the first and second layers of the manifold are discrete pieces of material that are not monolithic with one another; and incorporating the manifold in an upper portion of a beverage dispensing tower configured to dispense liquid in a generally downward direction, the beverage dispensing tower including: a trunk extending downward from the upper portion and supporting the upper portion; and a base extending outward from a bottom portion of the trunk, the base being configured to be stably set on a flat surface to thereby support the tower on the flat surface, the base comprising an upper surface beneath the manifold and configured to stably support a cup thereon such that the cup can receive the liquid from the manifold. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising manufacturing a third layer, the third layer comprising: one or more third through holes substantially along a thickness direction thereof, and one or more third fluid channels in a third plane, substantially perpendicular to the thickness direction; wherein each third fluid channel comprises an inlet at an edge of the third layer and an outlet at a respective one of the third through holes; the method further comprising: attaching the first layer directly or indirectly to a first side of the third layer, and attaching the second layer directly or indirectly to a second side of the third layer, in an orientation in which the thickness direction of layers is substantially identical, such that each of the third through holes is in fluid communication with one of the first through holes, and each of the second through holes is in fluid communication with one of the first through holes by way of one of one of the third through holes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein manufacturing the first and second layers comprises machining the holes and the channels. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein manufacturing the first and second layers comprises injection molding the first and second layers. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein manufacturing the second layer comprises drilling the valve bores. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein attaching the first and second layers comprises bonding. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the outlet of each fluid channel opens immediately to the respective through hole, such that, in use, the liquid undergoes a single turn at the outlet immediately into the through hole. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fluid channels are configured for fluid connection to valves upstream of the manifold. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the third fluid channels are configured for fluid connection to valves upstream of the manifold. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein second fluid passageways defined by the second fluid channels and the second through holes are smaller in cross-section that first fluid passageways defined by the first fluid channels and the first through holes.",
-    "A method of determining the timing and quantity of fuel injection to operate an internal combustion engine is disclosed. While operating the fuel injector to perform a fuel injection; a signal of a fuel pressure within the fuel rail during the fuel injection is sampled. The signal is used to determine first and second integral transforms yielding as output a value of first and second functions having as variables the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and the timing parameter indicative of the instant when the fuel injection started. Values of the first and second functions are used to calculate a value of the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and a value of the timing parameter. A value of a fuel quantity injected by the fuel injection is calculated as a function of the value of the fuel rail pressure drop. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method of operating an internal combustion engine having a fuel rail in fluid communication with a fuel pump and a fuel injector, the method comprising: operating the fuel injector to perform a fuel injection; sampling a pressure signal representative of a fuel pressure within the fuel rail during the fuel injection; using the pressure signal as input of a first integral transform yielding as output a value of a first function having as variables a fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and a timing parameter indicative of an instant when the fuel injection started; using the pressure signal as input of a second integral transform yielding as output a value of a second function having as variables the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and the timing parameter indicative of the instant when the fuel injection started; using the value of the first function and the value of the second function to calculate a value of the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and a value of the timing parameter; and calculating a value of a fuel quantity injected by the fuel injection as a function of the calculated value of the fuel rail pressure drop. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the fuel rail pressure signal is sampled in a crankshaft angular domain. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the value of the first function is calculated with the following integral transform: L\u03b1=\u222b02\u03c0P(\u03b8)\u00b7cos(\u03b8)d(\u03b8)\u2245T\u03b1(\u0394Pinj,\u03b3inj)=\u0394Pinj\u00b7sin \u03b3inj wherein L\u03b1 is the value of the first function T\u03b1, P is the fuel rail pressure, \u0398 is an angular position of a crankshaft, 0 is a predetermined starting value of an integration interval [0, 2\u03c0] in the crankshaft angular domain, 2\u03c0, is a predetermined final value of the integration interval [0, 2\u03c0] in the crankshaft angular domain, \u0394Pinj is the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection, \u03b3inj is an angular distance of the fuel injection from the staring value 0 of the integration interval. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the value of the second function is calculated with the following integral transform: L\u03b2=\u222b02\u03c0P(\u03b8)\u00b7sin(\u03b8)d(\u03b8)\u2245T\u03b2(\u0394Pinj,\u03b3inj)=\u0394Pinj\u00b7(1\u2212cos \u03b3inj) wherein L\u03b2 is the value of the second function T\u03b2, P is the fuel rail pressure, \u0398 is an angular position of a crankshaft, 0 is a predetermined starting value of an integration interval [0, 2\u03c0] in the crankshaft angular domain, 2\u03c0 is a predetermined final value of the integration interval [0, 2\u03c0] in the crankshaft angular domain, \u0394Pinj is the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection, \u03b3inj is the angular distance of the fuel injection from the starting value of the integration interval. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the starting value of the integration interval is an angular position of the engine crankshaft for which a piston of the fuel pump has already completed the compression stroke. 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein the value of the fuel quantity injected by the fuel injection is calculated taking into account a hydraulic capacitance of the fuel rail. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the value of the hydraulic capacitance is varied on the basis of an average value of the pressure within the fuel rail. 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the value of the hydraulic capacitance is determined with a learning procedure, which is performed while the engine is in a fuel cut-off condition and further comprising: operating the fuel pump to deliver a predetermined volume of fuel into the fuel rail per compression stroke; measuring a value of a fuel rail pressure increment due to the delivery of said volume of fuel; and calculating the value of the hydraulic capacitance as a function of the volume of fuel delivered into the fuel rail and the measured value of the fuel rail pressure increment. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the learning procedure further comprises: calculating an average value of the fuel rail pressure during the delivery of said volume of fuel; and memorizing the calculated value of the hydraulic capacitance, thereby correlating it to the calculated average value of the fuel rail pressure. 25. The method according to claim 16, wherein the fuel injection performed by the fuel injector includes a single injection pulse. 26. The method according to claim 16, wherein the fuel injection performed by the fuel injector includes a plurality of injection pulses. 27. The method according to claim further comprising: calculating a difference between the calculated value of the fuel injected quantity and a predetermined target value thereof; and using the calculated difference to correct an energizing time of the fuel injector. 28. The method according to claim 16 further comprising: calculating a difference between the calculated value of the timing parameter and a predetermined target value thereof; and using the calculated difference to correct a start of injection of the fuel injector. 29. A computer program comprising a computer code suitable for performing the method according to claim 16. 30. An internal combustion engine comprising a fuel pump in fluid communication with a fuel injector through a fuel rail, and an electronic control unit configured to: operate the fuel injector to perform a fuel injection; sample a pressure signal representative of a fuel pressure within the fuel rail during the fuel injection; use the pressure signal as input of a first integral transform yielding as output a value of a first function having as variables a fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and a timing parameter indicative of an instant when the fuel injection started; use the pressure signal as input of a second integral transform yielding as output a value of a second function having as variables the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and the timing parameter indicative of the instant when the fuel injection started; use the value of the first function and the value of the second function to calculate a value of the fuel rail pressure drop caused by the fuel injection and a value of the timing parameter; and calculate a value of a fuel quantity injected by the fuel injection as a function of the calculated value of the fuel rail pressure drop.",
-    "A microphone comprises a housing, a first and a second diaphragm, a first chamber, and a second chamber. A first and a second diaphragm, each having a first and second side, are provided in the housing. The first chamber is delimited at least partly by the first side of the first diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing. A first opening extends from the first chamber and to surroundings of the microphone. The second chamber is delimited at least partly by the first side of the second diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing. A second opening extends from the second chamber and to the surroundings. A common chamber is delimited at least partly by the second side of the first diaphragm, the second side of the second diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing. A third opening extends from the common chamber and to the surroundings. 1. A microphone comprising: a housing; a first diaphragm and a second diaphragm provided in the housing, each diaphragm having a first side and a second side, the first and second diaphragms being parallel, the second sides of the first and second diaphragms facing each other; a first chamber delimited at least partly by the first side of the first diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing; a first opening from the first chamber and to surroundings of the microphone; a second chamber delimited at least partly by the first side of the second diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing; a second opening from the second chamber and to the surroundings; a common chamber delimited at least partly by the second side of the first diaphragm, the second side of the second diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing; and a third opening from the common chamber and to the surroundings; a first back plate positioned adjacently to the first diaphragm; a second back plate positioned adjacently to the second diaphragm, wherein the first back plate is positioned in the first chamber and the second back plate is positioned in the second chamber or the first back plate and the second back plate are positioned in the common chamber; and at least one signal processor connected to the first and second diaphragms or first and second back plates and configured to output an output signal. 2-10. (canceled) 11. A microphone according to claim 1, wherein the output signal is a sum of signals from the first and second diaphragms or the first and second back plates. 12. A microphone according to claim 1, further comprising a first sound guide adapted to transport sound from a first sound inlet to the first and the second openings. 13. A microphone according to claim 1, further comprising a second sound guide adapted to transport sound from a second sound inlet to the third opening. 14. A microphone according to claim 1, wherein the first and second openings are provided on one side of the housing and wherein the third opening is provided on an opposite side of the housing. 15. A microphone according to claim 1, wherein the at least one signal processor is positioned in the common chamber. 16. A microphone according to claim 1, wherein the first and second chamber each include a pressure compensation opening. 17. A microphone according to claim 1, further comprising an acoustic resistance in one of the first chamber, the second chamber or the common chamber. 18. A hearing aid comprising one or more of the microphones according to claim 1. 19. An assembly comprising a plurality of the microphones according to claim 1. 20. A microphone comprising: a housing; a first diaphragm and a second diaphragm provided in the housing, each diaphragm having a first side and a second side, the first and second diaphragms being parallel, the second sides of the first and second diaphragms facing each other; a first chamber delimited at least partly by the first side of the first diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing; a first opening from the first chamber and to surroundings of the microphone; a second chamber delimited at least partly by the first side of the second diaphragm and an inner surface of the housing; a second opening from the second chamber and to the surroundings; a third opening to the surroundings; a first back plate positioned adjacently to the first diaphragm; a second back plate positioned adjacently to the second diaphragm, wherein the first back plate is positioned in the first chamber and the second back plate is positioned in the second chamber. 21. A microphone according to claim 20, further comprising a signal processor connected to the first and second diaphragms or the first and second back plates and configured to output an output signal. 22. A microphone according to claim 21, wherein the output signal is a sum of signals from the first and second diaphragms or the first and second back plates. 23. A microphone according to claim 20, further comprising a first sound guide adapted to transport sound from a first sound inlet to the first and the second openings. 24. A microphone according to claim 20, further comprising a second sound guide adapted to transport sound from a second sound inlet to the third opening. 25. A microphone according to claim 20, wherein the first and second openings are provided on one side of the housing and wherein the third opening is provided on an opposite side of the housing. 26. A microphone according to claim 20, wherein the first and second chamber each include a pressure compensation opening. 27. A microphone according to claim 20, further comprising an acoustic resistance in one of the first chamber or the second chamber.",
-    "Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for unmanned aerial vehicle authorization and geofence envelope determination. One of the methods includes determining, by an electronic system in an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), an estimated fuel remaining in the UAV. An estimated fuel consumption of the UAV is determined. Estimated information associated with wind affecting the UAV is determined using information obtained from sensors included in the UAV. Estimated flights times remaining for a current path, and one or more alternative flight paths, are determined using the determined estimated fuel remaining, determined estimated fuel consumption, determined information associated wind, and information describing each flight path. In response to the electronic system determining that the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the current flight path, would be below a first threshold, an alternative flight path is selected. 1. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system, comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer storage media storing instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more processors, to cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: monitoring information associated with the UAV, including: estimated fuel remaining, estimated fuel consumption, information associated with wind affecting the UAV that indicates a direction of the wind; determining, using the monitored information, an estimated flight time remaining for a current flight path that includes a plurality of waypoints; and determining that the estimated fuel remaining, after the estimated flight time, would be below a threshold, and selecting one or more waypoints included in the current flight path to be excluded from the current flight path based, at least in part, on the direction of the wind. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the current flight path excluding the selected one or more waypoints, would be greater than the threshold. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: obtaining information identifying a hierarchy of waypoints included in the current flight path; and selecting one or more waypoints included in the current flight path to be excluded based on the direction of the wind and the hierarchy of waypoints. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: determining estimated flight times for one or more alternative flight paths that each include one or more of the waypoints included in the current flight paths, wherein selecting one or more waypoints comprises selecting an alternative flight path that includes the one or more way points based, at least in part, on the direction of the wind, wherein the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the selected alternative flight path, would be greater than the threshold. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the operations further comprise: determining at least an updated landing location for the alternative flight path, or determining a minimum safe altitude for the alternative flight path. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: providing, to a remote system associated with operation of the UAV and for presentation by the remote system, information describing the excluded waypoints. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the presented information describing the excluded waypoints includes a graphical representation of the excluded waypoints. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: transmitting, over the air to a cloud system for approval, the excluded one or more waypoints, wherein the cloud system maintains flight path information associated with a plurality of UAVs; and receiving, from the cloud system, an approved geofence envelope to be enforced by the UAV. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring of information is based on a sampling rate, wherein the sampling rate increases based on a detected event. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel remaining is battery charge, and the fuel consumption is power consumption. 11. A method implemented by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in flight, the UAV comprising an electronic system comprising hardware, the method comprising: determining information associated with the UAV, including: estimated fuel remaining, estimated fuel consumption, information associated with wind affecting the UAV that indicates a direction of the wind; determining, using the monitored information, an estimated flight time remaining for a current flight path that includes a plurality of waypoints; and determining that the estimated fuel remaining, after the estimated flight time, would be below a threshold, and selecting one or more waypoints included in the current flight path to be excluded from the current flight path based, at least in part, on the direction of the wind. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the current flight path excluding the selected one or more waypoints, would be greater than the threshold. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: obtaining information identifying a hierarchy of waypoints included in the current flight path; and selecting one or more waypoints included in the current flight path to be excluded based on the direction of the wind and the hierarchy of waypoints. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining estimated flight times for one or more alternative flight paths that each include one or more of the waypoints included in the current flight paths, wherein selecting one or more waypoints comprises selecting an alternative flight path that includes the one or more way points based, at least in part, on the direction of the wind, wherein the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the selected alternative flight path, would be greater than the threshold. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: determining at least an updated landing location for the alternative flight path, or determining a minimum safe altitude for the alternative flight path. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: providing, to a remote system associated operation of the UAV and for presentation by the remote system, information describing the excluded waypoints. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the presented information describing the excluded waypoints includes a graphical representation of the excluded waypoints. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: transmitting, over the air to a cloud system for approval, the excluded one or more waypoints, wherein the cloud system maintains flight path information associated with a plurality of UAVs; and receiving, from the cloud system, an approved geofence envelope to be enforced by the UAV. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the determining of information is based on a sampling rate, wherein the sampling rate increases based on a detected event. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the fuel remaining is battery charge, and the fuel consumption is power consumption. 21. A computer program product, encoded on one or more non-transitory computer storage media, comprising instructions that when executed by one or more processors included in an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining information associated with the UAV, including: estimated fuel remaining, estimated fuel consumption, information associated with wind affecting the UAV that indicates a direction of the wind; determining, using the monitored information, an estimated flight time remaining for a current flight path that includes a plurality of waypoints; and determining that the estimated fuel remaining, after the estimated flight time, would be below a threshold, and selecting one or more waypoints included in the current flight path to be excluded from the current flight path based, at least in part, on the direction of the wind. 22. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the current flight path excluding the selected one or more waypoints, would be greater than the threshold. 23. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the operations further comprise: obtaining information identifying a hierarchy of waypoints included in the current flight path; and selecting one or more waypoints included in the current flight path to be excluded based on the direction of the wind and the hierarchy of waypoints. 24. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the operations further comprise: determining estimated flight times for one or more alternative flight paths that each include one or more of the waypoints included in the current flight paths, wherein selecting one or more waypoints comprises selecting an alternative flight path that includes the one or more way points based, at least in part, on the direction of the wind, wherein the estimated fuel remaining, after completion of the selected alternative flight path, would be greater than the threshold. 25. The computer program product of claim 24, wherein the operations further comprise: determining at least an updated landing location for the alternative flight path, or determining a minimum safe altitude for the alternative flight path. 26. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the operations further comprise: providing, to a remote system associated with operation of the UAV and for presentation by the remote system, information describing the excluded waypoints. 27. The computer program product of claim 26, wherein the presented information describing the excluded waypoints includes a graphical representation of the excluded waypoints. 28. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the operations further comprise: transmitting, over the air to a cloud system for approval, the excluded one or more waypoints, wherein the cloud system maintains flight path information associated with a plurality of UAVs; and receiving, from the cloud system, an approved geofence envelope to be enforced by the UAV. 29. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the monitoring of information is based on a sampling rate, wherein the sampling rate increases based on a detected event. 30. The computer program product of claim 21, wherein the fuel remaining is battery charge, and the fuel consumption is power consumption.",
-    "An interactive electronic greeting card with pop-up feature includes a pocket or cavity which houses various electronic and mechanical components and a pop-up element. In a first position, the pop-up element is substantially contained within the greeting card pocket or cavity. When the push button is depressed, the pop-up element is ejected or \u201cpops up\u201d out of the greeting card pocket or cavity, revealing a greeting or other printed indicia, a mobile object or a gift card attached thereto. The push button also initiates playback of a pre-loaded digital audio file, which may be a spoken message, a sound, a song, music or other such audio recording. 1. A pop-up greeting card comprising: a main pocket having a front side, a back side parallel to and spaced apart from the front side, and a right side, back side and bottom panel which extend between the front and back sides; a pop-up panel which is operative to move from a first position wherein the pop-up panel is substantially contained within the main pocket and a second position wherein the pop-up panel is substantially outside of the main pocket; at least one opening on the front side of the main pocket, the at least one opening being covered by a transparent or semi-transparent material; at least one LED light contained within the main pocket behind the at least one opening on the front side of the main pocket; a lever attached to the right or left side of the main pocket, the lever operative to move the pop-up panel from the first position to the second position and also to illuminate the at least one LED light, when the lever is pulled in a downward direction. 2. The pop-up greeting card of claim 5, wherein the pop-up panel contains a gift card removably attached thereto. 3. The pop-up greeting card of claim 5, wherein there are three openings covered by a transparent or semi-transparent material on the front side of the main pocket, each of the three openings having at least one LED light contained therebehind. 4. The pop-up greeting card of claim 5, wherein the at least one LED light flashes upon pulling the lever in a downward direction. 5. The pop-up greeting card of claim 5 further comprising a sound module operative to store and play back at least one audio file. 6. The pop-up greeting card of claim 5, wherein the pop-up panel exits the main pocket through the bottom panel. 7. A greeting card comprising: a multi-panel greeting card body; a panel which is operative to move between a first position wherein it is concealed within the multi-panel greeting card body and a second position wherein it is substantially outside of the multi-panel greeting card body; at least one LED light; a lever, which when pulled in a downward direction, moves the panel from the first position to the second position and which causes illumination of the at least one LED light. 8. The greeting card of claim 7, wherein there are three LED lights. 9. The greeting card of claim 7, wherein the LED light is contained behind semi-transparent material. 10. The greeting card of claim 8, wherein the three LED lights are contained behind semi-transparent material. 11. The greeting card of claim 7, wherein the panel has a gift card removably attached thereto. 12. The greeting card of claim 7 further comprising a sound module operative to store and playback at least one audio file through a speaker. 13. The greeting card of claim 12, wherein the lever controls activation of the sound module. 14. The greeting card of claim 7, wherein the panel exits the greeting card through an opening in the bottom edge thereof. 15. The greeting card of claim 12, wherein pushing the panel back into the greeting card silences the playback of the at least one audio file through the speaker. 16. A greeting card comprising: a greeting card body; a gift card holder contained within the greeting card body, the gift card holder having a gift card removably attached thereto and operative to move between a first position wherein the gift card holder is contained inside the greeting card body and a second position wherein the gift card holder is outside the greeting card body; a lever which controls movement of the gift card holder from the first position to the second position. 17. The greeting card of claim 16 further comprising a sound module operative to store and playback at least one audio file through a speaker. 18. The greeting card of claim 17, wherein the lever controls activation of the sound module. 19. The greeting card of claim 16, wherein the lever is operative to be pulled in a downward direction. 20. The greeting card of claim 16 further comprising one or more lights contained thereon.",
-    "A borehole while-drilling electromagnetic tomography advanced detection apparatus includes a site host, a drilling rig, a detecting pipe screwed coupling on one end to a drilling stem of the drilling rig, a drilling bit screwed coupling to the other end of the detecting pipe, wherein the detecting pipe is provided with a probe comprising a transmitting coil, a receiving coil, an electromagnetic transmitting module, an electromagnetic receiving module, a SCM (Single Chip Microcomputer), a 3D electronic compass, a network interface of the probe and a first memory, in which the memory port of the SCM is connected to the first memory, and the network interface of the probe can be data-communicated with the site host. 1. A borehole while-drilling electromagnetic tomography advanced detection apparatus, comprising a site host (1), a drilling rig (3), a detecting pipe (6) screwed coupling on one end to a drilling stem (4) of the drilling rig (3), a drilling bit (7) screwed coupling to the other end of the detecting pipe (6), wherein the detecting pipe (6) is provided with a probe (2) comprising a transmitting coil (2.1), a receiving coil (2.2), an electromagnetic transmitting module (2.3), an electromagnetic receiving module (2.4), a SCM (Single Chip Microcomputer) (2.5), a 3D electronic compass (2.6), a probe network interface (2.7) and a first memory (2.8), in which the memory port of the SCM (2.5) is connected to the first memory (2.8), the communication port of the SCM (2.5) is connected to the probe network interface (2.7), the compass communication port of the SCM (2.5) is connected to the communication port of the 3D electronic compass (2.6), the electromagnetic transmission control signal output of the SCM (2.5) is connected to the input of the electromagnetic transmitting module (2.3), the electromagnetic receiving port of the SCM (2.5) is connected to the output of the electromagnetic receiving module (2.4), the output of the electromagnetic transmitting module (2.3) is connected to the transmitting coil (2.1), the input of the electromagnetic receiving module (2.4) is connected to the receiving coil (2.2), and the probe network interface (2.7) can be data-communicated with the site host (1); wherein the site host (1) comprises a CPU (1.1), a second memory (1.2), a human interface device (1.3), a host network interface (1.4) and a system bus (1.5), wherein the CPU (1.1) is connected to the second memory (1.2), the human interface device (1.3) and the host network interface (1.4) via the system bus (1.5), and the host network interface (1.4) can be data-communicated with the probe network interface (2.7); wherein the detecting pipe (6) is provided with a transmitting coil base (6.1), a receiving coil base (6.2), and a probe circuit chamber (6.3), wherein the transmitting coil (2.1) is wound on the transmitting coil base (6.1), the receiving coil (2.2) is wound on the receiving coil base (6.2), and the electromagnetic transmitting module (2.3), the electromagnetic receiving module (2.4), the SCM (2.5), the 3D electronic compass (2.6), the probe network interface (2.7) and the first memory (2.8) are mounted into the probe circuit chamber (6.3). 2. The borehole while-drilling electromagnetic tomography advanced detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the detecting pipe (6) is made by beryllium copper or non-magnetic material, and the outer layer of the transmitting coil (2.1) and the receiving coil (2.2) are encapsulated with a wear-resistant non-metallic material. 3. The borehole while-drilling electromagnetic tomography advanced detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the drilling stems (4) has the same length of 1\u02dc3 m.",
-    "A surface element including a recycled polyurethane and a glycol or polyol additive is provided. The surface element has an increased tearability as compared to the recycled polyurethane. An article of footwear and methods of preparing an article of footwear are also provided. 1-19. (canceled) 20. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element, prepared by a method comprising: providing scrap polyurethane, wherein the scrap polyurethane has a first melt index and a first tearability; mixing the scrap polyurethane with a glycol or polyol additive; increasing the first melt index; forming a sheet from the polyurethane and glycol or polyol additive mixture; applying an area of the sheet to an outer region of an article of footwear or to a component of an article of footwear; and forming the surface element, wherein forming the surface element comprises one of: removing the area from the sheet before the applying step or tearing away a perimeter of the sheet around the area. 21. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein increasing the first melt index comprises increasing the melt index of the scrap polyurethane by at least three-fold. 22. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein the scrap polyurethane and glycol or polyol additive are melted together. 23. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein applying the area of the sheet comprises laminating the area of the sheet onto the footwear or the component of an article of footwear. 24. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein additives are added to the scrap polyurethane or to the mixture of the scrap polyurethane with the glycol or polyol additive such that the surface element has an appearance selected from the group consisting of matte appearance and shiny appearance. 25. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein the scrap polyurethane comprises scrap polyurethane from a shoe component. 26. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein forming the surface element comprises tearing away a perimeter of the sheet around the area. 27. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 26, further comprising applying the perimeter of the sheet to a region of the article of footwear to form a second surface element. 28. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein the surface element has a melt index of at least 100 grams/10 minutes at 190 C/8700 grams as provided by ASTM D1238. 29. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein the glycol or polyol additive comprises butanediol. 30. An article of footwear or a component of an article of footwear having a surface element according to claim 20, wherein the surface element comprises less than about 5% of the glycol or polyol additive by weight. 31. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element prepared by a method comprising: providing recycled polyurethane, wherein the recycled polyurethane has a first melt index and a first tearability; mixing the recycled polyurethane with a glycol or polyol additive; increasing the first melt index; forming a sheet from the polyurethane and glycol or polyol additive mixture; applying an area of the sheet to an outer region of an article of apparel or sports equipment; and forming the surface element, wherein forming the surface element comprises one of: removing the area from the sheet before the applying step or tearing away a perimeter of the sheet around the area. 32. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein increasing the first melt index comprises increasing the melt index of the recycled polyurethane by at least three-fold. 33. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein applying the area of the sheet comprises laminating the area of the sheet onto the article of apparel or sports equipment. 34. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein additives are added to the recycled polyurethane or to the mixture of the recycled polyurethane with the glycol or polyol additive, such that the surface element has an appearance selected from the group consisting of matte appearance and shiny appearance. 35. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein the recycled polyurethane comprises scrap polyurethane from a shoe component. 36. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein forming the surface element comprises tearing away a perimeter of the sheet around the area. 37. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein the surface element has a melt index of at least 100 grams/10 minutes at 190 C/8700 grams as provided by ASTM D1238. 38. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein the glycol or polyol additive comprises butanediol. 39. An article of apparel or sports equipment with a surface element according to claim 31, wherein the surface element comprises less than about 5% of the glycol or polyol additive by weight.",
-    "A high-pressure wear resistant cylinder that utilizes a high-pressure field for strength is an economical method of, or device for, handling very high pressures and the pumping of abrasive and corrosive fluids. The economic considerations are so favorable, that the invention may be considered a replacement part. The invention is suitable for a variety of applications, particularly a reciprocating flow work exchanger in the well stimulation or hydraulic fracturing industry. Using a high pressure field to strengthen the external surface (outside) of a pipe that is precision honed and plated or sleeved internally (inside), it is now possible to construct various high pressure machines in a relatively inexpensive manner. This invention makes it possible to use pipe with internal operating pressures greater than their nominal operating pressure ratings permit. This invention will be used in various high pressure piping and machinery applications. 1. An apparatus for pumping fluid comprising: an inner cylinder defining an interior cavity and an exterior surface, an outer cylinder, encompassing the inner cylinder, having an interior surface and an exterior surface, the interior surface of the outer cylinder being in communication with the exterior surface of the inner cylinder, a means for sealing one end of the inner and outer cylinders, an end assembly fixed attached to the opposed end of the inner and outer cylinders for moving fluid into and out of the interior cavity of the inner cylinder, wherein the outer cylinder has a higher pressure rating than the inner cylinder, and provides greater structural integrity to the inner cylinder, and a piston located within the inner cylinder cavity for moving the fluid contained in the inner cavity. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the interior surface of the outer cylinder is spaced apart from the exterior surface of the inner cylinder, and a pressure field is created between the exterior of the inner cylinder and the interior of the outer cylinder wherein pressurized fluid is added to increase the pressure capability of the inner cylinder. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the pressure field is charged through ports contained in the inner cylinder. 4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the pressure field contains a plurality of dividers creating a plurality of smaller pressure fields. 5. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the pressure field is charged through ports contained in the outer cylinder. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein interior surface of the outer cylinder is in direct contact with the exterior surface of the inner cylinder thereby providing greater structural integrity to the inner cylinder. 7. An apparatus for pumping abrasive fluid comprising: an inner cylinder defining an interior cavity and a specified pressure rating, an outer cylinder defining an interior cavity and a second specified pressure rating which is greater than the pressure rating of the inner cylinder, a piston contained within the inner cylinder cavity for moving the fluid contained in the inner cavity, and wherein, the inner cylinder is fitted within the inner cavity of the outer cylinder, creating a pressure field between the exterior of the inner cylinder and the interior of the outer cylinder wherein pressurized fluid is added to increase the pressure capability of the inner cylinder 8. An apparatus for pumping fluid comprising: an inner cylinder defining an interior cavity, an exterior surface, and a specified pressure rating, an outer cylinder, encompassing the inner cylinder, having an interior surface, an exterior surface, and a second specified pressure rating which is greater than the pressure rating of the inner cylinder, a piston located within the inner cylinder cavity for moving the fluid contained in the inner cavity, the interior surface of the outer cylinder is spaced apart from the exterior surface of the inner cylinder, and a pressure field is created between the exterior of the inner cylinder and the interior of the outer cylinder wherein pressurized fluid is added to increase the pressure capability of the inner cylinder. a means for sealing one end of the inner and outer cylinders, an end assembly fixed to the opposed end of the inner and outer cylinders for moving fluid into and out of the interior cavity of the inner cylinder, and wherein the outer cylinder, having a higher-pressure rating than the inner cylinder, provides greater structural integrity to the inner cylinder.",
-    "A strobe notification appliance that outputs directional information is disclosed. The strobe notification appliance may generate, in addition to notification of the fire condition, directional information (e.g., such as away from the unavailable exit paths and/or toward the preferred exit paths). In one instance, the strobe notification appliance includes a strobe element (such as a flash tube strobe element or LED strobe element) outputting fire notification information and a directional light element (such as one or more LEDs) outputting directional information. In another instance, the strobe notification appliance includes the strobe element that outputs both fire notification information and directional information. In this way, occupants of a building may be notified of a fire and notified of available or unavailable exit paths. 1. A strobe notification appliance for use in an alarm system, the strobe notification appliance comprising: a communication interface; a first light emitting element configured to output strobing light; a second light emitting element configured to output light indicative of directional information; a strobe optic positioned to cover the first light emitting element, the strobe optic not positioned to cover the second light emitting element; a controller in communication with the communication interface, the first light emitting element, and the second light emitting element, the controller configured to: receive, via the communication interface, a command to activate the strobe notification appliance; and in response to receiving the command: control the first light emitting element in order for the first light emitting element to output the strobing light; control the second light emitting element in order for the second light emitting element to output the light indicative of directional information, the directional information configured to convey at least one of a direction for an occupant to go, a direction for an occupant not to go, or an indication to stay in place, wherein when the strobing light and the light indicative of directional information is output simultaneously, the light indicative of directional information is visible to an occupant separate from the strobing light. 2. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein the second light emitting element comprises one or more LEDs; and wherein the first light emitting element comprises one or more strobe elements. 3. The strobe notification appliance of claim 2, wherein the one or more strobe elements comprise one or more high current LEDs; and wherein the one or more LEDs comprise one or more low current LEDs. 4. The strobe notification appliance of claim 2, wherein the one or more strobe elements are positioned on a front face of the strobe notification appliance; and wherein the one or more LEDs are positioned on the front face of the strobe notification appliance and to at least one side of the one or more strobe elements. 5. The strobe notification appliance of claim 4, wherein the one or more LEDs are positioned on the front face of the strobe notification appliance and on opposite sides of the one or more strobe elements. 6. The strobe notification appliance of claim 4, wherein the one or more LEDs are positioned on the front face of the strobe notification appliance and to a right side, a left side and a bottom side of the one or more strobe elements. 7. The strobe notification appliance of claim 2, wherein the command to activate the strobe notification appliance comprises an indicator of movement in the rightward direction or the leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; wherein the controller is configured to control the one or more LEDs to convey the directional information by: determining, based on the indicator, a color for the one or more LEDs, the color indicative of the movement in the rightward direction or the leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; and controlling the one or more LEDs to output the color. 8. The strobe notification appliance of claim 7, wherein the controller is configured to determine the color indicative of the directional information from a plurality of colors, one of the plurality of colors indicative of not going in the rightward or leftward direction and another of the plurality of colors indicative of going in the rightward or leftward direction. 9. (canceled) 10. A strobe notification appliance for use in an alarm system, the strobe notification appliance comprising: a communication interface; one or more strobe lights; a controller in communication with the communication interface and the one or more strobe lights, the controller configured to: receive, via the communication interface, a command to activate the strobe notification appliance; and in response to receiving the command: control the one or more strobe lights in order for the one or more strobe lights to generate a light output, wherein the controller is configured to control the at least one of the strobe lights in order for the light output from the at least one of the strobe lights to be strobing and to convey the directional information. 11. The strobe notification appliance of claim 10, wherein the command to activate the strobe notification appliance comprises an indicator of the directional information; wherein the controller is configured to determine, based on the indicator of directional information, a frequency at which the light output is to be strobed; and wherein the controller is configured to control the at least one the strobe lights to strobe and convey the directional information by: controlling the at least one of the strobe lights to strobe at the determined frequency. 12.-17. (canceled) 18. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein the second light emitting element is positioned on a front face of the strobe notification appliance and is visible to the occupant. 19. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to control the second light emitting element in a first configuration so that the directional information is indicative to the occupant to move in a leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; and wherein the controller is configured to control the second light emitting element in a second configuration so that the directional information is indicative to the occupant to move in a rightward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance. 20. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein the second light emitting element comprises a first LED and a second LED; wherein light output from the first LED is indicative to the occupant whether to move in a rightward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; and wherein light output from the second LED is indicative to the occupant whether to move in a leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance. 21. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein the second light emitting element comprises a first LED and a second LED; wherein light output from the first LED is indicative to the occupant whether or not to move in a rightward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; and wherein light output from the second LED is indicative to the occupant whether or not to move in a leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance. 22. The strobe notification appliance of claim 21, wherein a first color output from the first LED is indicative to the occupant to move in a rightward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; wherein a second color output from the first LED is indicative to the occupant not to move in a rightward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; wherein a first color output from the second LED is indicative to the occupant to move in a leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance; and wherein a second color output from the second LED is indicative to the occupant not to move in a leftward direction relative to the strobe notification appliance. 23. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein the second light emitting element is in a form of an arrow. 24. The strobe notification appliance of claim 23, wherein the arrow is pointing in a direction; and wherein activation of the second light emitting element in the form of an arrow is indicative to the occupant to travel in the direction. 25. The strobe notification appliance of claim 1, wherein when the strobing light and the light indicative of directional information is output simultaneously, the light indicative of directional information is visible to an occupant separate from the strobing light, the strobing light comprises white light and the light indicative of directional information comprises non-white light. 26. The strobe notification appliance of claim 10, wherein the at least one of the strobe lights comprises a strobe LED light. 27. The strobe notification appliance of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to control intensity of the at least one of the strobe lights in order to convey the directional information. 28. The strobe notification appliance of claim 27, wherein the controller is configured to increase intensity of the at least one of the strobe lights in order to indicate to an occupant to use a path. 29. The strobe notification appliance of claim 11, wherein the frequency is increased to indicate to an occupant to use a path. 30. The strobe notification appliance of claim 11, wherein the frequency is decreased to indicate to an occupant to use a path. 31. The strobe notification appliance of claim 11, wherein the frequency is increased to indicate to an occupant not to use a path. 32. The strobe notification appliance of claim 11, wherein the frequency is decreased to indicate to an occupant not to use a path. 33. A strobe notification appliance for use in an alarm system, the strobe notification appliance comprising: a communication interface; a first light emitting element configured to output strobing light; a second light emitting element configured to output light indicative of directional information; a controller in communication with the communication interface, the first light emitting element, and the second light emitting element, the controller configured to: receive, via the communication interface, a command to activate the strobe notification appliance; and in response to receiving the command: control the first light emitting element in order for the first light emitting element to output the strobing light; control the second light emitting element in order for the second light emitting element to output the light indicative of directional information, the directional information configured to convey at least one of a direction for an occupant to go, a direction for an occupant not to go, or an indication to stay in place, wherein the control of the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element is such that the strobing light from the first light emitting element and the light indicative of directional information is output at least partly simultaneously, and wherein when the strobing light and the light indicative of directional information is output simultaneously, the strobing light is visible to an occupant separate from the strobing light.",
-    "A polishing composition contains a polishing accelerator, a water-soluble polymer including a constitutional unit originating from a polymerizable compound having a guanidine structure such as dicyandiamide, and an oxidant. The water-soluble polymer may be a water-soluble polymer including a constitutional unit originating from dicyandiamide and a constitutional unit originating from formaldehyde, a diamine or a polyamine. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of polishing an object having a conductor layer made of copper or a copper alloy, the method comprising: preparing a polishing composition containing a polishing accelerator, a water-soluble polymer including a constitutional unit originating from a polymerizable compound having a guanidine structure, and an oxidant; and using the polishing composition to polish a surface of the object. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polymerizable compound having a guanidine structure is a compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2), where, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 each represent independently a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a phenyl group, an acetyl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the water-soluble polymer includes a constitutional unit originating from dicyandiamide and a constitutional unit originating from formaldehyde. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the water-soluble polymer includes a constitutional unit originating from dicyandiamide and a constitutional unit originating from a diamine or a polyamine. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polishing accelerator is an amino acid or a chelating agent. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide. 17. The method according to claim 11, further comprising adding abrasive grains to the polishing composition prior to said using. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the abrasive grains are colloidal silica. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising adding a protective film forming agent to the polishing composition prior to said using. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the protective film forming agent is a heterocyclic compound or a surfactant. 21. The method according to claim 11, wherein the water-soluble polymer includes a constitutional unit originating from dicyandiamide. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the protective film forming agent is a surfactant, the surfactant containing at least one selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant. 23. The method according to claim 11, wherein the water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight of 500 or more and 100,000 or less. 24. The method according to claim 11, wherein the water-soluble polymer is contained in the polishing composition in an amount of 0.001 g/L or more and 1 g/L or less. 25. The method according to claim 11, wherein the polishing accelerator is a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, N,N,N-trimethylene phosphonic acid, ethylenediamine-N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetramethylene sulfonic acid, transcyclohexanediamine tetraacetic acid, 1,2-diaminopropane tetraacetic acid, glycoletherdiamine tetraacetic acid, ethylenediamineorthohydroxyphenyl acetic acid, ethylenediaminesuccinic acid (SS isomer), N-(2-carboxyl atoethyl)-L-aspartic acid, \u03b2-alanine diacetic acid, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, N,N\u2032-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N\u2032-diacetic acid, and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-4,6-disulfonic acid.",
-    "A multi-camera control apparatus and method to maintain a location and a size of an object in a continuous viewpoint switching service are provided. The multi-camera control method of controlling a main camera configured to capture a moving object of interest and controlling at least one sub-camera configured to capture the object of interest at a different viewpoint from that of the main camera, may include extracting the object of interest from a first image generated by the main camera, controlling a capturing scheme of the main camera based on a change in a location and a size of the extracted object of interest, projecting the object of interest onto a second image generated by the sub-camera, and controlling a capturing scheme of the sub-camera based on a change in a location and a size of the projected object of interest. 1. A multi-camera control method of controlling a main camera and at least one sub-camera, the main camera being configured to capture a moving object of interest and the sub-camera being configured to capture the object of interest at a different viewpoint from that of the main camera, the multi-camera control method comprising: extracting the object of interest from a first image generated by the main camera; controlling a capturing scheme of the main camera based on a change in a location and a size of the extracted object of interest; projecting the object of interest onto a second image generated by the sub-camera; and controlling a capturing scheme of the sub-camera based on a change in a location and a size of the projected object of interest. 2. The multi-camera control method of claim 1, wherein the controlling the capturing scheme of the main camera comprises: controlling tilting or panning of the main camera based on the location of the extracted object of interest; and controlling zooming of the main camera based on the size of the extracted object of interest. 3. The multi-camera control method of claim 2, wherein the controlling the tilting or panning of the main camera comprises controlling the tilting or panning of the main camera so that the object of interest is located in the center of the first image. 4. The multi-camera control method of claim 2, wherein the controlling the zooming of the main camera comprises controlling the zooming of the main camera so that the object of interest has a size between a minimum size and a maximum size. 5. The multi-camera control method of claim 2, wherein the controlling the capturing scheme of the main camera further comprises: calculating a distance between the main camera and the object of interest; and controlling the zooming of the main camera based on the distance between the main camera and the object of interest. 6. The multi-camera control method of claim 1, wherein the projecting the object of interest onto the second image comprises projecting the object of interest onto the second image based on at least one of the location of the extracted object of interest, a distance between the main camera and the object of interest, information of the main camera and a homography. 7. The multi-camera control method of claim 1, wherein the controlling the capturing scheme of the sub-camera comprises: controlling tilting or panning of the sub-camera based on the location of the extracted object of interest and the location of the projected object of interest; and controlling zooming of the sub-camera based on the size of the extracted object of interest and the size of the projected object of interest. 8. The multi-camera control method of claim 7, wherein the controlling the tilting or panning of the sub-camera comprises controlling the tilting or panning of the sub-camera so that a difference between the location of the extracted object of interest and the location of the projected object of interest is less than or equal to a threshold. 9. The multi-camera control method of claim 7, wherein the controlling the zooming of the sub-camera comprises controlling the zooming of the sub-camera so that a difference between the size of the extracted object of interest and the size of the projected object of interest is less than or equal to a threshold. 10. The multi-camera control method of claim 7, wherein the controlling the capturing scheme of the sub-camera further comprises controlling the zooming of the sub-camera based on a difference between a distance between the main camera and the object of interest and a distance between the sub-camera and the object of interest. 11. A multi-camera control apparatus for controlling a main camera and at least one sub-camera, the main camera being configured to capture a moving object of interest and the sub-camera being configured to capture the object of interest at a different viewpoint from that of the main camera, the multi-camera control apparatus comprising: an object-of-interest extractor configured to extract the object of interest from a first image generated by the main camera; a main camera controller configured to control a capturing scheme of the main camera based on a change in a location and a size of the extracted object of interest; an object-of-interest projector configured to project the object of interest onto a second image generated by the sub-camera; and a sub-camera controller configured to control a capturing scheme of the sub-camera based on a change in a location and a size of the projected object of interest. 12. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 11, wherein the main camera controller is configured to control tilting or panning of the main camera based on the location of the extracted object of interest and to control zooming of the main camera based on the size of the extracted object of interest. 13. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 12, wherein the main camera controller is configured to control the tilting or panning of the main camera so that the object of interest is located in the center of the first image. 14. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 12, wherein the main camera controller is configured to control the zooming of the main camera so that the object of interest has a size between a minimum size and a maximum size. 15. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 12, wherein the main camera controller is configured to calculate a distance between the main camera and the object of interest, and to control the zooming of the main camera based on the distance between the main camera and the object of interest. 16. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 11, wherein the object-of-interest projector is configured to project the object of interest onto the second image based on at least one of the location of the extracted object of interest, a distance between the main camera and the object of interest, information of the main camera and a homography. 17. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 11, wherein the sub-camera controller is configured to control tilting or panning of the sub-camera based on the location of the extracted object of interest and the location of the projected object of interest, and to control zooming of the sub-camera based on the size of the extracted object of interest and the size of the projected object of interest. 18. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 17, wherein the sub-camera controller is configured to control the tilting or panning of the sub-camera so that a difference between the location of the extracted object of interest and the location of the projected object of interest is less than or equal to a threshold. 19. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 17, wherein the sub-camera controller is configured to control the zooming of the sub-camera so that a difference between the size of the extracted object of interest and the size of the projected object of interest is less than or equal to a threshold. 20. The multi-camera control apparatus of claim 17, wherein the sub-camera controller is configured to control the zooming of the sub-camera based on a difference between a distance between the main camera and the object of interest and a distance between the sub-camera and the object of interest.",
-    "Different filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) frame formats may be used to achieve the spectrum flexibility. F-OFDM waveforms are generated by applying a pulse shaping digital filter to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signal. Different frame formats may be used to carry different traffic types as well as to adapt to characteristics of the channel, transmitter, receiver, or serving cell. The different frame formats may utilize different sub-carrier (SC) spacings and/or cyclic prefix (CP) lengths. In some embodiments, the different frame formats also utilize different symbol durations and/or transmission time interval (TTI) lengths. 1. A method for transmitting signals in a wireless network, the method comprising: transmitting, by a transmitter, a first filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) signal; and transmitting, by the transmitter, a second f-OFDM signal, the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal being communicated in accordance with different sub-carrier spacings than one another. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal carry symbols having different cyclic prefix (CP) lengths than one another. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are transmitted over the same frequency sub-band during different transmission time intervals (TTIs). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are transmitted over different frequency sub-bands during the same time period. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising assigning a first frame format to the first f-OFDM signal and a second frame format to the second f-OFDM signal, wherein the first frame format requires a different CP length and a different sub-carrier spacing than the second frame format. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein assigning the first frame format to the first f-OFDM signal comprises: selecting the first frame format based on a characteristic of data to be carried by the first f-OFDM signal. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the characteristic of the data to be carried by the first f-OFDM signal comprises a latency requirement, a delay tolerance requirement, a traffic type, a service type, or a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein assigning the first frame format to the first f-OFDM signal comprises: selecting the first frame format based on a characteristic of a wireless channel over which the first f-OFDM signal is to be transmitted. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the characteristic of the wireless channel comprises a multipath delay of the wireless channel. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein assigning the first frame format to the first f-OFDM signal comprises: selecting the first frame format based on a serving region size of the transmitter. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein assigning the first frame format to the first f-OFDM signal comprises: selecting the first frame format based on a characteristic of a receiver associated with the first f-OFDM signal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the characteristic of the receiver associated with the first f-OFDM signal comprises a mobility speed of the receiver. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are received by a receiver, the first f-OFDM signal being communicated in accordance with a default frame format that is known by the receiver, and wherein the first f-OFDM signal indicates that the second f-OFDM signal will be communicated in accordance with a frame format that is different than the default frame format. 14. A transmitter comprising: a processor; and a computer readable storage medium storing programming for execution by the processor, the programming including instructions to: transmit a first filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) signal; and transmit a second f-OFDM signal, the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal being communicated in accordance with different sub-carrier spacings than one another. 15. The transmitter of claim 14, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal carry symbols having different cyclic prefix (CP) lengths than one another. 16. The transmitter of claim 14, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are transmitted over the same frequency sub-band during different transmission time intervals (TTIs). 17. The transmitter of claim 14, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are transmitted over different frequency sub-bands during the same time period. 18. A method for receiving signals in a wireless network, the method comprising: receiving, by a receiver, a first filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) signal; and receiving, by the receiver, a second f-OFDM signal, the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal being communicated in accordance with different sub-carrier spacings than one another. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal carry symbols having different cyclic prefix (CP) lengths than one another. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are received over the same frequency sub-band during different transmission time intervals (TTIs). 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are received over different frequency sub-bands during the same time period. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the first f-OFDM is communicated in accordance with a default frame format that is known by the receiver, and wherein the first f-OFDM signal indicates that the second f-OFDM signal will be communicated in accordance with a frame format that is different than the default frame format. 23. A receiver comprising: a processor; and a computer readable storage medium storing programming for execution by the processor, the programming including instructions to: receive a first filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) signal; and receive a second f-OFDM signal, the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal being communicated in accordance with different sub-carrier spacings than one another. 24. The receiver of claim 23, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal carry symbols having different cyclic prefix (CP) lengths than one another. 25. The receiver of claim 23, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are received over the same frequency sub-band during different transmission time intervals (TTIs). 26. The receiver of claim 23, wherein the first f-OFDM signal and the second f-OFDM signal are received over different frequency sub-bands during the same time period.",
-    "A device includes a buried well region and a first HVW region of the first conductivity, and an insulation region over the first HVW region. A drain region of the first conductivity type is disposed on a first side of the insulation region and in a top surface region of the first HVW region. A first well region and a second well region of a second conductivity type opposite the first conductivity type are on the second side of the insulation region. A second HVW region of the first conductivity type is disposed between the first and the second well regions, wherein the second HVW region is connected to the buried well region. A source region of the first conductivity type is in a top surface region of the second HVW region, wherein the source region, the drain region, and the buried well region form a JFET. 1. A device comprising: a buried well region of a first conductivity type over a substrate layer; a first High Voltage Well (HVW) region of the first conductivity type over the buried well region; an insulation region over the first HVW region; a drain region of the first conductivity type on a first side of the insulation region; a gate electrode on a second side of the insulation region; a well region in a region adjacent to the insulation region, wherein the well region is of a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type; a second HVW region of the first conductivity type in the well region, wherein the second HVW region overlaps a portion of the buried well region; and a source region of the first conductivity type in a top region of the second HVW region. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the well region comprises a first portion and a second portion on opposite sides of the second HVW region. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the well region encircles the second HVW region. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the well region is configured to pinch off a current flowing through the buried well region. 6. The device of claim 1 further comprising a buried well layer between the first HVW region and the buried well region, wherein the buried well layer is of the second conductivity type. 7. The device of claim 1 further comprising an additional well region over the buried well region, wherein the additional well region is spaced apart from the well region by a portion of the first HVW region, and wherein the first HVW region is connected to the second HVW region to form a continuous HVW region that is connected between, and contacting, the drain region and the source region. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the well region comprises strips having lengthwise directions parallel to a lengthwise direction of the second HVW region, and wherein the first HVW region is disconnected from the second HVW region. 9. A device comprising: a buried n-type well (BNW) region; a p-type buried layer (PBL) over and contacting the BNW region; an first high-voltage n-type well (HVNW) region comprising: a first portion over and contacting the BNW region; and a second portion over and contacting the PBL region; a p-well region over and contacting the BNW region, wherein the p-well region comprises edges contacting the PBL and the first HVNW region; a second HVNW region encircled by the p-well region, with a bottom surface of the second HVW region in contact with a top surface of the BNW region; a first source region at a top surface of the second HVNW region; a drain region at a top surface of the first portion of the first HVNW region; and a first gate connected to the p-well region, wherein the first source region, the drain region, and the first gate in combination form a Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET). 10. The device of claim 9, wherein a channel region of the JFET comprises a first portion in the BNW, and a second portion in the second HVNW region. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the JFET is configured so that all currents flowing between the first source region and the drain region flow under the PBL. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the JFET is configured so that no current flows through the second portion of the first HVNW region. 13. The device of claim 9 further comprising a plurality of HVNW regions encircled by the p-well region, wherein the plurality of HVNW regions and the second HVNW region are separated from each other by the p-well region, and wherein the plurality of HVNW regions forms channels of the JFET. 14. The device of claim 9 further comprising a Metal Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistor comprising: a second source region in the p-well region, with the second source region between the first source region and the drain region; and a second gate electrode between the second source region and the drain region, wherein the MOS transistor and the JFET share the drain region. 15. A device comprising: a Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET) comprising: a first high-voltage n-type well region (HVNW) region; a drain region in the first HVNW region; an insulation region extending into the first HVNW region; a p-well region having a sidewall connecting to a sidewall of the first HVNW region; a second HVNW region encircled by the p-well region, with the second HVNW region forming a vertical channel of the JFET; a first source region extending into the second HVNW region; and a first gate connected to the p-well region. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the vertical channel of the JFET further comprises a buried n-well (BNW) region under the first HVNW and the p-well region. 17. The device of claim 16 further comprising a p-type buried layer (PBL) between the first HVNW region and the BNW region, wherein a portion of the first HVNW region has a bottom contacting a top surface of the BNW region. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the PBL has an edge contacting an edge of the p-well region. 19. The device of claim 15 further comprising a high-voltage transistor comprising: a second gate having a portion extending directly over the insulation region; and a second source region between the first source region and drain region. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the second gate comprises an additional portion overlapping the first HVNW region and the p-well region, and the second source region extends into the p-well region.",
-    "Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide method and apparatus for effecting (e.g., lightening) an appearance of skin by cooling or freezing small separated surface regions of the skin to produce regions of local hypopigmentation. The width of the regions can be, for example, smaller than about 1 mm or 0.5 mm, and a distance between these frozen regions can be greater than about 3 times the width of the regions. An exemplary apparatus can be provided that includes a plurality of spatially-separated thermally conductive arrangements that can be affixed or otherwise coupled to a base. For example, the conductive arrangements can be regions of conductive material provided in or proximal to a thermal insulator, or thermally conductive protrusions affixed to the base. The conductive arrangements can be cooled and then contacted with the skin surface to produce the small regions of hypopigmentation. 1-37. (canceled) 38. A method for producing controlled amounts of hypopigmentation in skin tissue of a patient, the method comprising: identifying an area of skin tissue to be treated with hypopigmentation; contacting the area of skin tissue to be treated with a skin treatment device, the skin treatment device having a contact end comprising a plurality of cooling rods each having a distal end configured for non-penetrating contact with a surface of the skin tissue to provide heat extraction from the skin tissue; and locally freezing the skin tissue proximal to the distal ends of the plurality of cooling rods to generate subsequent hypopigmentation in the skin tissue, the contact end of the skin treatment device being in thermal communication with a cooling arrangement, the cooling arrangement configured to cool each of the plurality of cooling rods to a temperature between \u22124\u00b0 C. to \u221230\u00b0 C., wherein each of the plurality of cooling rods have a width of greater than 0.1 mm and are spaced apart from adjacent rods by greater than 5 mm so as to effect fractional cryotherapy of the skin tissue. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the distal ends of the plurality of cooling rods are contacted with the area of skin tissue to be treated for a predetermined amount of time, wherein the distal ends of the plurality of cooling rods are configured to transfer heat from the distal ends to the cooling arrangement only by conduction. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the cooling arrangement comprises a thermoelectric cooler. 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising maintaining the thermoelectric cooler at a predetermined temperature using a control arrangement. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the control arrangement includes a temperature monitor comprising at least one thermistor or thermocouple. 43. The method of claim 38, wherein insulation is provided between the plurality of cooling rods. 44. The method of claim 38, wherein the local freezing of the skin tissue decreases melanosome production or melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. 45. The method of claim 38, wherein the local freezing of the skin tissue destroys melanocytes. 46. The method of claim 38, wherein each of the plurality of cooling rods comprise circular, elliptical, oval, square, or rectangular cross-sectional shapes. 47. A skin treatment device for producing controlled amounts of hypopigmentation in skin tissue of a patient, the skin treatment device comprising: a handle to facilitate handling and positioning of the skin treatment device; a cooling contact end coupled with the handle, the cooling contact end comprising a plurality of cooling rods each having a distal end configured for non-penetrating contact with a surface of the skin tissue; and a cooling arrangement in thermal communication with the cooling contact end and configured to cool each of the plurality of cooling rods of the cooling contact end to a temperature between \u22124\u00b0 C. to \u221230\u00b0 C. to provide heat extraction from the surface of the skin tissue so as to locally freeze the skin tissue during contact between the skin surface and the plurality of cooling rods, wherein each of the plurality of cooling rods have a width of 0.1 mm or more and are spaced apart from adjacent rods by 5 mm or more so as to effect fractional cryotherapy of the skin tissue. 48. The skin treatment device of claim 47, wherein the distal ends of the plurality of cooling rods are configured to transfer heat from the distal ends to the cooling arrangement only by conduction. 49. The skin treatment device of claim 47, wherein the cooling arrangement comprises a thermoelectric cooler. 50. The skin treatment device of claim 49, further comprising a control arrangement coupled with the thermoelectric cooler that is configured to maintain the cooling rods at a predetermined temperature. 51. The skin treatment device of claim 50, wherein the control arrangement includes a temperature monitor comprising at least one thermistor or thermocouple. 52. The skin treatment device of claim 47, wherein each of the plurality of cooling rods comprise circular, elliptical, oval, square, or rectangular cross-sectional. 53. The skin treatment device of claim 47, further comprising insulation between the plurality of cooling rods. 54. A skin treatment device for producing controlled amounts of hypopigmentation in skin tissue of a patient, the skin treatment device comprising: a handle to facilitate handling and positioning of the skin treatment device; a cooling contact end coupled with the handle, the cooling contact end having a cooling contact surface configured for non-penetrating contact with skin tissue of a patient; a cooling arrangement in thermal communication with the cooling contact end and configured to cool the cooling contact end to a temperature between \u22124\u00b0 C. to \u221230\u00b0 C. to provide controlled heat extraction from the skin tissue so as to locally control freezing of the skin tissue during contact between the skin surface and the cooling contact surface, wherein the cooling arrangement comprises a thermoelectric cooler and the cooling contact surface is configured to transfer heat only by conduction. 55. The skin treatment device of claim 54, wherein the cooling contact end comprises a plurality of cooling rods each having a distal end configured for non-penetrating contact with a surface of the skin tissue of the patient, wherein each of the plurality of cooling rods have a width of 0.1 mm or more and are spaced apart from adjacent rods by 5 mm or more so as to effect fractional cryotherapy of the skin tissue. 56. The skin treatment device of claim 54, further comprising a control arrangement coupled with the thermoelectric cooler that is configured to maintain the cooling rods at a predetermined temperature, wherein the control arrangement includes a temperature monitor comprising at least one thermistor or thermocouple.",
-    "The present disclosure is directed to a golf ball and a method for manufacturing a golf ball including a bladder core. In at least one embodiment, the bladder core includes an ethyl vinyl alcohol copolymer layer combined with multiple layers of thermoplastic polyurethane or other material to prevent leakage. In addition, it is contemplated that the bladder core may include a one-way valve for adjusting the pressure of a fluid within the bladder core to produce different performance characteristics. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A golf ball comprising: a core comprising a bladder, the bladder having walls that define an internal space and that contain a fluid in the internal space, wherein the walls of the bladder are formed from layers of polymeric materials that are fused to each other, wherein at least one layer of the bladder is formed of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and a layer adjacent to the at least one layer of the bladder is formed of thermoplastic polyurethane; an intermediate layer substantially surrounding the core; and an outer layer substantially surrounding the intermediate layer, the outer layer including a plurality of dimples. 22. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a rubber composition. 23. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the bladder comprises a center layer of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. 24. The golf ball according to claim 23, wherein the bladder further comprises layers of thermoplastic polyurethane adjacent to the center layer. 25. The golf ball according to claim 24, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane comprises polyester-polyurethane. 26. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the bladder is formed from seven layers fused together. 27. The golf ball according to claim 26, wherein the seven layers comprise a center layer of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and layers of thermoplastic polyurethane adjacent to the center layer. 28. The golf ball according to claim 27, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane comprises polyester-polyurethane. 29. The golf ball according to claim 21, further comprising a one-way valve configured to interface with the bladder. 30. The golf ball according to claim 21, further comprising a mantle layer substantially surrounding the intermediate layer. 31. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the fluid comprises a pressurized gas. 32. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the fluid is a pressurized gas. 33. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the fluid is a liquid. 34. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the walls of the bladder are formed from a plurality of bladder panels joined together. 35. The golf ball according to claim 34, wherein a center layer of the bladder panels are formed of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. 36. The golf ball according to claim 35, wherein the bladder panels further comprises layers of thermoplastic polyurethane adjacent to the center layer. 37. The golf ball according to claim 36, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane comprises polyester-polyurethane. 38. The golf ball according to claim 34, wherein the bladder panels are formed from seven layers fused together. 39. The golf ball according to claim 38, wherein the center layer of the seven layers is a layer of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer and layers adjacent to the center layer are made of polyester-polyurethane. 40. The golf ball according to claim 21, wherein the core is lighter in weight relative to other layers of the golf ball.",
-    "A leg assembly includes a first leg member and second leg member each having side-to-side width that is greater at the top end than the bottom end and a tapered outer surface. The second leg member has top-to-bottom length different than the top-to-bottom length of the first leg member. The leg members are adapted to connect individually or in combination to a support system such that at least three leg heights are selectably provided. The side-to-side width of the top end of the second leg member is approximately equal to the side-to-side width of the bottom end of the first leg member such that when the top end of the second leg members is connected to the bottom end of the first leg member, the combined leg members have a generally continuously tapered outer surface. 1. A leg assembly for mounting to a support system, comprising: a first leg member having a body portion with a top end having a top surface and an opposite bottom end having a bottom surface, the top end having a side-to-side width greater than a side-to-side width of the bottom end, the first leg member further having a tapered outer surface extending between the top and bottom surfaces, the body portion of the first leg member having a first top-to-bottom length defined between the top surface and bottom surface; and a second leg member having a body portion with a top end having a top surface and an opposite bottom end having a bottom surface, the top end having a side-to-side width greater than a side-to-side width of the bottom end, the second leg member further having a tapered outer surface extending between the top and bottom surfaces, the body portion having a second top-to-bottom length defined between the top surface and bottom surface, the second top-to-bottom length being different than the first top-to-bottom length; wherein the first and second leg members are adapted to connect individually or in combination to the support system such that at least three leg heights are selectably provided; and wherein the side-to-side width of the top end of the second leg member is approximately equal to the side-to-side width of the bottom end of the first leg member such that when the top end of the second leg members is connected to the bottom end of the first leg member, the top surface of the second leg member is disposed against the bottom surface of the first leg member and the combined leg members have a generally continuously tapered outer surface. 2. The leg assembly of claim 1, wherein the first and second leg members each have a connecting element extending from the top surface thereof for connecting the leg member to another leg member or to the support system. 3. The leg assembly of claim 2, wherein the body portion of each of the leg members is formed substantially from wood and the connecting elements are formed of metal. 4. The leg assembly of claim 2, wherein: the first leg member has a receiving opening defined in the bottom surface for receiving the connecting element of the second leg member; and the second leg member does not have a receiving opening defined in the bottom surface. 5. The leg assembly of claim 2, wherein the connecting elements are threaded elements. 6. The leg assembly of claim 1, wherein the top-to-bottom height of the first leg member is less than the top-to-bottom height of the second leg member. 7. The leg assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second leg members are circular in side-to-side cross section. 8. The leg assembly of claim 1, wherein the support system is a support frame including a base frame and an articulating frame supported by the base frame, the leg members being adapted to connect to the base frame. 9. The leg assembly of claim 1, wherein the support system is a mattress support frame. 10. The leg assembly of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of leg assemblies. 11. A bed foundation, comprising: a mattress support frame having a base frame and an articulating frame supported on the base frame; and a plurality of modular leg assemblies, each of the at least one leg assembly comprising; a first leg member having a body portion with a top end having a top surface and an opposite bottom end having a bottom surface, the top end having a side-to-side width greater than a side-to-side width of the bottom end, the first leg member further having a tapered outer surface extending between the top and bottom surfaces, the body portion of the first leg member having a first top-to-bottom length defined between the top surface and bottom surface; and a second leg member having a body portion with a top end having a top surface and an opposite bottom end having a bottom surface, the top end having a side-to-side width greater than a side-to-side width of the bottom end, the second leg member further having a tapered outer surface extending between the top and bottom surfaces, the body portion having a second top-to-bottom length defined between the top surface and bottom surface, the second top-to-bottom length being different than the first top-to-bottom length; wherein a plurality of the first leg members are each connected to the base frame to provide a first leg length for the bed foundation, a plurality of the second leg members are each connected to the base frame to provide a second leg length for the bed foundation, and a plurality of interconnected first and second leg members are connected to the base frame to provide a third leg length greater than the first or second leg length; and wherein the side-to-side width of the top end of each of the second leg members is approximately equal to the side-to-side width of the bottom end of each of the first leg members such that when the top end of one of the second leg members is connected to the bottom end of one of the first leg members, the top surface of the one of the second leg members is disposed against the bottom surface of the one of the first leg members and the combined leg members have a generally continuously tapered outer surface. 12. A modular leg kit for a bed foundation having a base frame, the modular leg kit comprising; a plurality of first leg members each having a body portion with a top end having a top surface and an opposite bottom end having a bottom surface, the top end having a side-to-side width greater than a side-to-side width of the bottom end, the first leg member further having a tapered outer surface extending between the top and bottom surfaces, the body portion of the first leg member having a first top-to-bottom length defined between the top surface and bottom surface; and a plurality of second leg members each having a body portion with a top end having a top surface and an opposite bottom end having a bottom surface, the top end having a side-to-side width greater than a side-to-side width of the bottom end, the second leg member further having a tapered outer surface extending between the top and bottom surfaces, the body portion having a second top-to-bottom length defined between the top surface and bottom surface, the second top-to-bottom length being different than the first top-to-bottom length; wherein a plurality of the first leg members are each connected to the base frame to provide a first leg length for the adjustable bed foundation, a plurality of the second leg members are each connected to the base frame to provide a second leg length for the adjustable bed foundation, and a plurality of connected together first and second leg members are connected to the base frame to provide a third leg length greater than the first or second leg length; and wherein the side-to-side width of the top end of each of the second leg members is approximately equal to the side-to-side width of the bottom end of each of the first leg members such that when the top end of one of the second leg members is connected to the bottom end of one of the first leg members, the top surface of the one of the second leg members is disposed against the bottom surface of the one of the first leg members and the combined leg members have a generally continuously tapered outer surface. 13. The modular leg kit of claim 12, wherein each of the first and second leg members have a connecting element extending therefrom for connecting the leg member to another leg member or to the base frame. 14. The modular leg kit of claim 13, wherein the body of each of the leg members is formed substantially from wood and the connecting elements are formed of metal. 15. The modular leg kit of claim 13, wherein: each of the first leg members has a receiving opening defined in the bottom surface for receiving the connecting element of one of the second leg members; and each of the second leg members does not have a receiving opening defined in the bottom surface. 16. The modular leg kit of claim 13, wherein the connecting elements are threaded elements. 17. The modular leg kit of claim 12, wherein the top-to-bottom height of each of the first leg members is less than the top-to-bottom height of each of the second leg members. 18. The modular leg kit of claim 12, wherein the outer surfaces of the first and second leg members are circular in side-to-side cross section.",
-    "A lamp assembly includes a base plate and a plurality of light emitting units. The base plate has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The base plate is formed with a plurality of first heat-dissipating holes extending through the first and second surfaces, and a plurality of second heat-dissipating holes extending through the first and second surfaces and possessing a diameter smaller than that of the first heat-dissipating holes. The plurality of light emitting units are mounted on the first and second surfaces. 1. A lamp assembly comprising: a base plate that has a first surface and a second surface opposite to said first surface, and that is formed with a plurality of first heat-dissipating holes extending through said first and second surfaces, and a plurality of second heat-dissipating holes extending through said first and second surfaces and possessing a diameter smaller than that of said first heat-dissipating holes; and a plurality of light emitting units mounted on said first and second surfaces wherein said first heat-dissipating holes are angularly spaced apart from each other, wherein said first heat-dissipating holes are angularly spaced apart from each other, wherein some of said light emitting units are angularly spaced apart from each other, are mounted on said first surface of said base plate, and are respectively spaced apart from said first heat-dissipating holes, and wherein the remainder of said light emitting units are angularly spaced apart from each other, are mounted on said second surface of said base plate, and are respectively spaced apart from said first heat-dissipating holes. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The lamp assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second heat-dissipating holes surround said light emitting units. 5. The lamp assembly as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a driving unit mounted on said second surface of said base plate and connected electrically to said light emitting units for driving operation of said light emitting units. 6. A lamp device comprising: a lamp seat; said lamp assembly as claimed in claim 1; and a transparent lamp shade that is connected to said lamp seat, and that encloses said lamp assembly therein. 7-8. (canceled) 9. The lamp device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said second heat-dissipating holes surround said light emitting units. 10. The lamp device as claimed in claim 6, further comprising a driving unit mounted on said second surface of said base plate and connected electrically to said light emitting units for driving operation of said light emitting units. 11. The lamp device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said lamp shade includes: an upper shade member; and a lower shade member that is connected to said lamp seat, that cooperates with said upper shade member to define an internal space therebetween, and that includes a mounting seat disposed in said internal space and mounted with said lamp assembly. 12. The lamp as claimed in claim 11, wherein said mounting seat of said lamp shade has: a round wall having a top surface that supports said second surface of said base plate thereon; and a fastening wall having a surrounding portion that is connected to said top surface and that surrounds said base plate, and a lock portion that is connected to a top end of said surrounding portion, that extends inwardly, that abuts against said first surface of said base plate, and that has an inclined inner surrounding surface for facilitating mounting of said base plate. 13. A lamp assembly comprising: a base plate that has a first surface and a second surface opposite to said first surface, and that is formed with a plurality of first heat-dissipating holes extending through said first and second surfaces, and a plurality of second heat-dissipating holes extending through said first and second surfaces and possessing a diameter smaller than that of said first heat-dissipating holes; a plurality of light emitting units mounted on said first and second surfaces wherein said first heat-dissipating holes are angularly spaced apart from each other; and a driving unit mounted on said second surface of said base plate and connected electrically to said light emitting units for driving operation of said light emitting units.",
-    "Network devices, like switches, selectively store network addresses of data packets received at their interfaces within forwarding tables. A management device determines workload devices related to a workload. The management device determines the network devices through which network traffic related to the workload among the workload devices traverses, and the network devices through which network traffic related to the workload among the workload devices does not traverse. The management device causes each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices depending on whether network traffic among the workload device traverses therethrough. 1. A method comprising: determining, by a management device, a plurality of workload devices related to a workload; determining, by the management device, first network devices of a plurality of network devices through which network traffic related to the workload among the workload devices traverses, and second network devices of the network devices through which the network traffic related to the workload does not traverse; and causing, by the management device, each network device to store or not store network addresses of the workload devices depending on whether the network device is one of the first network devices or one of the second network devices. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the network devices is a layer two (L2) network devices, and the network addresses of the workload devices are media-access control (MAC) addresses. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein causing each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices comprises: sending the network addresses of the workload devices to the first network devices and not to the second network devices, with an instruction to store the network addresses. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: receiving, by each first network device and not by each second network device, the network addresses of the workload devices and the instruction; storing, by each first network device and not by each second network device, the network addresses within a forwarding table thereof; by each network device, responsive to receiving a data packet at an interface thereof: determining whether a source network address of the data packet is present within the forwarding table; in response to determining that the source network address of the data is present within the forwarding table, if the source network address is not associated with an interface within the forwarding table, associating the network address within the forwarding table with the interface at which the data packet arrived; if the source network address is associated with an interface within the forwarding table different from the interface at which the data packet arrived, updating the interface with which the network address is associated within the forward table to the interface at which the data packet arrived; routing the data packet out of the network device; in response to determining that the source network address of the data packet is absent from the forwarding table, routing the data packet out of the first network device without storing the source network address of the data packet within the forwarding table. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein causing each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices comprises: sending the network addresses of the workload devices to the second network devices and not to the first network devices, with an instruction to purge the network addresses therefrom. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving, by each second network device and not by each first network device, the network addresses of the workload devices and the instruction; deleting, by each second network device and not by each first network device, the network addresses from a forwarding table thereof; by each network device, responsive to receiving a data packet: determining whether a source network address of the data packet is present within the forwarding table; in response to determining that the source network address of the data packet is absent from the forwarding table, storing the source network address and an interface of the network device at which the data packet arrived within the forwarding table; in response to determining that the source network address of the data packet is present within the forwarding table, updating the source network address as stored within the forwarding table with the interface of the first network device at which the data packet arrived if the interface differs from that already stored within the forwarding table; and routing the data packet out of the network device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the workload is a given workload, the network traffic comprises a plurality of data packets, and each data packet comprises: a source network address identifying a device that sent the data packet; and a packet workload identifier identifying a workload to which the data packet pertains, wherein causing each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices comprises: sending a workload identifier of the given workload to the first network devices and not to the second network devices, with an instruction to store the source network address of each data packet traversing the first network devices of which the packet workload identifier matches the workload identifier of the given workload. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving, by each first network device and not by each second network device, the workload identifier of the given workload; by each first network device, responsive to receiving a data packet: determining whether the packet workload identifier matches the workload identifier of the given workload; in response to determining that the packet workload identifier matches the workload identifier of the given workload, storing the source network address of the data packet along with an interface of the first network device at which the data packet arrived within a forwarding table of the network device, and routing the data packet out of the first network device; and in response to determining that the packet workload identifier does not match the workload identifier, routing the data packet out of the first network device without storing the source network address of the data packet. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the workload devices comprise: one or more computing devices to process data related to the workload; and one or more storage devices to store the data related to the workload. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium storing computer-executable code executable by a management device to perform a method comprising: determining a plurality of workload devices related to a workload; determining first network devices of a plurality of network devices through which network traffic related to the workload among the workload devices traverses, and second network devices of the network devices through which the network traffic related to the workload does not traverse; and causing each network device to store or not store network addresses of the workload devices depending on whether the network device is one of the first network devices or one of the second network devices. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium of claim 10, wherein causing each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices comprises: sending the network addresses of the workload devices to the first network devices and not to the second network devices, with an instruction to store the network addresses. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium of claim 10, wherein causing each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices comprises: sending the network addresses of the workload devices to the second network devices and not to the first network devices, with an instruction to purge the network addresses therefrom. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium of claim 10, wherein the workload is a given workload, the network traffic comprises a plurality of data packets, and each data packet comprises: a source network address identifying a device that sent the data packet; and a packet workload identifier identifying a workload to which the data packet pertains, wherein causing each network device to store or not store the network addresses of the workload devices comprises: sending a workload identifier of the given workload to the first network devices and not to the second network devices, with an instruction to store the source network address of each data packet traversing the first network devices of which the packet workload identifier matches the workload identifier of the given workload. 14. A network device comprising: a plurality of interfaces, each interface to connect the network device to a different device; a memory to store a forwarding table having a plurality of entries, each entry including a network address of a device and the interface at which the device is accessible; logic to receive from a management device instructions as to how to selectively store source network addresses of data packets received at the interfaces within the forwarding table. 15. The network device of claim 14, wherein the instructions comprise a plurality of network addresses that are to be stored within the forwarding table, and the logic is to, after receiving the instructions from the management device: store each network address within an entry of the forwarding table; receive at one of the interfaces a data packet having a source network address; determine whether the source network address of the data packet matches any network address previously stored within the forwarding table; in response to determining that the source network address matches any network address previously stored within the forwarding table, update the entry of the forwarding table including the source network address with the interface at which the data packet was received, and route the data packet out of the network device; and in response to determining that the source network address does not match any network address previously stored within the forwarding table, route the data packet out of the next device without storing the source network address within the forwarding table. 16. The network device of claim 14, wherein the instructions comprise a plurality of network addresses that are to be purged within the forwarding table, and the logic is to, after receiving the instructions from the management device: delete each entry of the forwarding table of which the network address matches any network address to be purged; receive at one of the interfaces a data packet having a source network address; determine whether the source network address of the data packet matches any network address stored within the forwarding table; in response to determining that the source network address matches any network address stored within the forwarding table, updating the entry of the forwarding table including the source network address with the interface at which the data packet was received if the interface differs from that already stored within the entry; in response to determining that the source network address does not match any network address stored within the forwarding table, create a new entry within the forwarding table including the source network address and the interface at which the data packet was received; and route the data packet out of the network device. 17. The network device of claim 14, wherein the instructions comprise a workload identifier, and the logic is to, after receiving the instructions from the management device: receive at one of the interfaces a data packet having a source network address and a packet workload identifier; determine whether the packet workload identifier matches the workload identifier; in response to determining that the packet workload identifier matches the workload identifier, store the source network address of the data packet and the interface at which the data packet arrived within an entry of the forwarding table, and route the data packet out of the network device; and in response to determining that the packet workload identifier does not match the workload identifier, route the data packet out of the network device without storing the source network address or the interface at which the data packet arrived within the forwarding table. 18. The network device of claim 14, wherein the network device is a layer two (L2) network device, and the network address of each entry of the forwarding table is a media-access control (MAC) address. 19. The network device of claim 18, wherein the network device is a L2 network switch. 20. The network device of claim 14, wherein each interface comprises a port receptive to a first end of a network cable having a second end insertable into a port of a different device.",
-    "A lens driving device is provided, including: a holder member; a bobbin disposed at an inner side of the holder member; a magnet disposed at the holder member; a first coil unit disposed at the bobbin, and facing the magnet; a first support member coupled to the holder member and the bobbin; and a detection sensor disposed at the bobbin, and configured to detect magnetic force of the magnet, wherein the magnet includes a facing surface and an opposite surface disposed at an opposite side of the facing surface, wherein a polarity of the facing surface and a polarity of the opposite surface are different from each other, wherein a polarity of an upper portion of the facing surface and a polarity of a lower portion of the facing surface are different from each other. According to an embodiment, Hall output detected by the detection sensor can be enhanced. 1. A lens driving device, comprising: a holder member; a bobbin disposed at an inner side of the holder member; a magnet disposed at the holder member; a first coil unit disposed at the bobbin, and facing the magnet; a first support member coupled to the holder member and the bobbin; and a detection sensor disposed at the bobbin, and detecting magnetic force of the magnet, wherein the magnet includes a facing surface facing the bobbin and an opposite surface disposed at an opposite side of the facing surface, wherein a polarity of the facing surface and a polarity of the opposite surface are different from each other, and wherein a polarity of an upper portion of the facing surface and a polarity of a lower portion of the facing surface are different from each other. 2. The lens driving device of claim 1, wherein the magnet includes a first magnet portion disposed at an outer upper portion and having a first polarity, a second magnet portion disposed at an inner upper portion and having a second polarity different from the first polarity, a third magnet portion disposed at an outer lower portion and having the second polarity, and a fourth magnet portion disposed at an inner lower portion and having the first polarity. 3. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein lengths in up and down directions of the first magnet portion and the second magnet portion are shorter than lengths in up and down directions of the third magnet portion and the fourth magnet portion. 4. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein widths of the first magnet portion and the third magnet portion correspond to widths of the second magnet portion and the fourth magnet portion. 5. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein a size of the first magnet portion corresponds to a size of the second magnet portion, and a size of the third magnet portion corresponds to a size of the fourth magnet portion. 6. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein each of the first magnet portion and the fourth magnet portion has an N-polarity, and each of the second magnet portion and the third magnet portion has an S-polarity. 7. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein the detection sensor faces at least one of the second magnet portion and the fourth magnet portion. 8. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein the detection sensor is disposed on a virtual straight line extended from a boundary line between the second magnet portion and the fourth magnet portion. 9. The lens driving device of claim 2, wherein a center of a sensing portion of the detection sensor is disposed on a virtual straight line extended from a boundary line between the second magnet portion and the fourth magnet portion, in an initial state where electric power is not supplied to the first coil unit. 10. The lens driving unit of claim 1, wherein the first coil unit and the detection sensor are disposed at an outer circumferential surface of the bobbin, and the detection sensor is disposed at an upper side of the first coil unit. 11. The lens driving device of claim 1, wherein the magnet is fixed to an inner lateral surface of the holder member, and the first coil unit is fixed to an outer lateral surface of the bobbin. 12. The lens driving device of claim 1, further comprising: a base disposed at a lower side of the holder member; a first circuit board disposed at an upper surface of the base; a second coil unit electrically conducted to the first circuit board, and facing the magnet; and a second support member supporting the holder member in relation to the base. 13. The lens driving device of claim 12, further comprising: a second circuit board installed with the detection sensor, and disposed at the bobbin, wherein the second circuit board is electrically conducted to the first support member, the second support member, and the first circuit board. 14. The lens driving device of claim 1, wherein the facing surface and the opposite surface is magnetized in polarities different from each other, and an upper portion of the magnet and a lower portion of the magnet is magnetized in lengths and polarities different from each other. 15. A camera module, comprising: a holder member; a bobbin disposed at an inner side of the holder member; a magnet disposed at the holder member; a first coil unit disposed at the bobbin, and facing the magnet; a first support member coupled to the holder member and the bobbin; and a detection sensor disposed at the bobbin, and configured to detect magnetic force of the magnet, wherein the magnet includes a facing surface facing the bobbin and an opposite surface disposed at an opposite side of the facing surface, wherein a polarity of the facing surface and a polarity of the opposite surface are different from each other, and wherein a polarity of an upper portion of the facing surface and a polarity of a lower portion of the facing surface are different from each other. 16. An optical apparatus, comprising: a holder member; a bobbin disposed at an inner side of the holder member; a magnet disposed at the holder member; a first coil unit disposed at the bobbin, and facing the magnet; a first support member coupled to the holder member and the bobbin; and a detection sensor disposed at the bobbin, and configured to detect magnetic force of the magnet, wherein the magnet includes a facing surface facing the bobbin and an opposite surface disposed at an opposite side of the facing surface, wherein a polarity of the facing surface and a polarity of the opposite surface are different from each other, and wherein a polarity of an upper portion of the facing surface and a polarity of a lower portion of the facing surface are different from each other.",
-    "A light-emitting device is provided. The light-emitting device comprises: a light-emitting stack having an active layer; an electrode structure on the light-emitting stack and comprising a first electrode and an extension electrode protruding from the first electrode toward an edge of the light-emitting device in a first extending direction; a transparent insulating layer between the light-emitting stack and the electrode structure, wherein the transparent insulating layer comprises a first part and an extension part protruding from the first part toward the edge of the light-emitting device in a second extending direction; wherein a surface area of a surface of the first electrode distal from the transparent insulating layer is smaller than a surface area of a surface of the transparent insulating layer distal from the light-emitting stack, the first electrode is right above the first part, and a part of the extension electrode is right above the extension part. 1. A light-emitting device, comprising: a light-emitting stack having an active layer; an electrode structure on the light-emitting stack and comprising a first electrode and an extension electrode protruding from the first electrode toward an edge of the light-emitting device in a first extending direction; a transparent insulating layer between the light-emitting stack and the electrode structure, wherein the transparent insulating layer comprises a first part and an extension part protruding from the first part toward the edge of the light-emitting device in a second extending direction; wherein a surface area of a surface of the first electrode distal from the transparent insulating layer is smaller than a surface area of a surface of the transparent insulating layer distal from the light-emitting stack, the first electrode is right above the first part, and a part of the extension electrode is right above the extension part. 2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, further comprises an electrical contact layer on the light-emitting stack and in contact with the transparent insulating layer. 3. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein a part of the transparent insulating layer overlays a part of the electrical contact layer. 4. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein a part of a bottom surface of the transparent insulating layer and a bottom surface of the electrical contact layer are substantially coplanar on the light-emitting stack. 5. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the electrode structure overlays and in direct contact with a part of the electrical contact layer, and the transparent insulating layer separates the electrode structure from another part of the electrical contact layer. 6. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the electrical contact layer is between the extension electrode and the light-emitting stack. 7. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein in a cross-sectional view of the light-emitting device, the transparent insulating layer overlays a part of an upper surface of the electrical contact layer, and the electrode structure overlays a part of the surface of the transparent insulating layer distal from the light-emitting stack. 8. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, further comprising an insulating layer under the light-emitting stack. 9. The light-emitting device according to claim 8, wherein the insulating layer comprises multiple discrete insulating regions. 10. The light-emitting device according to claim 9, wherein one of the insulating regions is right under the first part. 11. The light-emitting device according to claim 10, wherein in a cross-sectional view of the light-emitting device, the insulating region right under the first part has a width less than a maximum width of the transparent insulating layer. 12. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the transparent insulating layer comprises oxide material. 13. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index of the transparent insulating layer is between 1 and 3.4 both inclusive, the transmittance of the transparent insulating layer is greater than 80%. 14. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein an exposed surface of the light-emitting stack is a rough surface. 15. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the transparent insulating layer comprises an edge and the first electrode comprises an edge, and a part of the edge of the transparent insulating layer protrudes relatively to the edge of the first electrode. 16. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the transparent insulating layer has a thickness not less than 800 angstrom (\u212b). 17. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the extension electrode comprises a first extension and a second extension extending from the first extension, wherein a part of the first extension is right above the extension part of the transparent insulating layer. 18. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the extension electrode has a first maximum width substantially perpendicular to the first extending direction, and the first electrode has a second maximum width greater than the first maximum width. 19. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the extension part has a first maximum width substantially perpendicular to the second extending direction, and the first part has a second maximum width greater than the first maximum width. 20. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first extending direction is substantially parallel to the second extending direction.",
-    "An antenna structure is disclosed. The antenna structure includes a reference axis having a first direction; a signal-feeding terminal; and a radiating portion, including a first conductor extending from the signal-feeding terminal along the first direction to a first turning point; a second conductor extending from the first turning point across the longitudinal reference axis to a second turning point; a third conductor extending from the second turning point along the first direction to a third turning point; a fourth conductor extending from the third turning point across the reference axis to a fourth turning point; and a fifth conductor extending from the fourth turning point along a second direction opposite to the first direction. 1. An antenna structure, comprising: a first reference axis having a longitudinal direction, a first side with respect to the first reference axis, and a second side opposite to the first side; a signal-feeding terminal; a radiating portion, including: a first conductor configured at the first side, and extending from the signal-feeding terminal along the longitudinal direction to a first turning point; a second conductor extending from the first turning point across the first reference axis to a second turning point at the second side; a third conductor configured at the second side, and extending from the second turning point along the longitudinal direction to a third turning point; a fourth conductor extending from the third turning point across the first reference axis to a fourth turning point at the first side; and a fifth conductor configured at the first side, and extending from the fourth turning point along a first direction opposite to the longitudinal direction; a ground terminal configured to he separated from the signal-feeding terminal with a first gap; and a ground portion including a first ground conductor extending from the ground terminal. 2. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiating portion further includes a sixth conductor extending from the third conductor across the first reference axis to the first side, and the fifth conductor extends to a fifth turning point between the sixth conductor and the fourth turning point. 3. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein the radiating portion further includes a seventh conductor extending from the fifth turning point toward the third conductor. 4. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 3, further comprising: a substrate disposing thereon the signal-feeding terminal, the radiating portion, the ground terminal and the ground portion; the first gap; a second gap disposed between the first conductor and the first ground conductor, and connected to the first gap; a third gap disposed between the second conductor and the first ground conductor; and connected to the second gap; a fourth gap disposed between the sixth conductor and the second conductor; and a fifth gap disposed among the third conductor, the fourth conductor, the fifth conductor, the sixth conductor and the seventh conductor. 5. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the radiating portion has a length for determining an operating frequency of the antenna structure. 6. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 5, wherein the fourth gap is provided for adjusting an impedance of the antenna structure, and has a size depending on the length of the radiating portion. 7. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second gap has a first size depending on a second size of the radiating portion. 8. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein the ground portion has a third size depending on the second size. 9. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ground portion further includes a second ground conductor extending from the ground terminal along the first direction. 10. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 10, wherein the second ground conductor includes a first portion located at the first side, and a second portion located at the second side. 11. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ground portion. is electrically insulated from the radiating portion. 12. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second conductor is perpendicular to the first conductor. 13. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third conductor is perpendicular to the second conductor, and parallel to the first conductor. 14. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fifth conductor is parallel to the third conductor. 15. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sixth conductor is perpendicular to the fifth conductor, and parallel to the second conductor. 16. An antenna structure, comprising: a reference axis having a first direction; a signal-feeding terminal; a radiating portion, including: a first conductor extending from the signal-feeding terminal along the first direction to a first turning point; a second conductor extending from the first turning point across the reference axis to a second turning point; a third conductor extending from the second turning point along the first direction to a third turning point; a fourth conductor extending from the third turning point across the reference axis to a fourth turning point; and a fifth conductor extending from the fourth turning point along a second direction opposite to the first direction; and a ground terminal configured to be separated from the signal-feeding terminal with a first gap. 17. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: a first side with respect to the reference axis; and a second side opposite to the first side. 18. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 17, wherein the radiating portion further includes a sixth conductor extending from the third conductor across the reference axis to the first side, and the fifth conductor extends to a fifth turning point between the sixth conductor and the fourth turning point. 19. The antenna structure as claimed in claim 16, further comprising a ground portion including a first ground conductor extending from the ground terminal. 20. An antenna structure, comprising: a longitudinal reference axis having a first direction; a signal-feeding terminal; and a radiating portion, including: a first conductor extending from the signal-feeding terminal along the first direction to a first turning point; a second conductor extending from the first turning point across the longitudinal reference axis to a second turning point; a third conductor extending from the second turning point along the first direction to a third turning point; a fourth conductor extending from the third turning point across the reference axis to a fourth turning point; and a fifth conductor extending from the fourth turning point along a second direction opposite to the first direction.",
-    "The present invention includes a retractable stringed musical instrument; specifically a stringed musical instrument having a tailpiece, a body coupled to the tailpiece, a neck coupled to the body and a fingerboard coupled to the neck. The fingerboard and the neck extends and retracts relative to the body. The retractable stringed instrument further comprises a mechanism to maintain tension on the strings of the instrument regardless if the neck is in the extended or retracted position. 1. A musical instrument comprising: a body having a leading end and a trailing end; a neck, having a distal end and a proximal end, slidably mounted for movement longitudinally of said body between a first position and a second position; a head portion disposed on the distal end of the neck; a depression, having a distal end, a proximal end and two substantially parallel side walls, in the neck extending at least a portion of the length thereof; a trolley mounted within the depression for movement longitudinally of said neck between a first position and a second position; a tailpiece having a plurality of tuning machines affixed to the trailing end of the body; and a plurality of strings having a first end and a second end; wherein the first end of each of the plurality of strings is attached to the trolley and the second end of each of the plurality of strings is attached to one of the plurality of tuning machines on the tailpiece. 2. The instrument of claim 1, further comprising a channel disposed in each side wall of the depression extending at least a portion of the length thereof; wherein a portion of the trolley is received by the channel in each side wall. 3. The instrument of claim 1, further comprising: an interior space, defined by two opposing side walls and a lower wall, in the body which receives the neck; a channel in each side wall extending at least a portion of the length thereof; at least one aperture in at least one of the channels. 4. The instrument of claim 3, further comprising: a pall within the proximal end of the neck and moveable from a retracted position and an extended position; wherein the pall does not interfere with the slidable movement of the neck longitudinally of said body when the pall is the retracted position; and wherein the pall is received by at least one aperture in at least one of the channels when it is in an extended position and thereby prevents slidable movement of the neck longitudinally of said body. 5. The instrument of claim 1, further comprising: an anchor portion affixed to the neck within the depression adjacent the proximal end thereof; and a spring connected to the anchor on a first and the trolley on the second end; whereby the spring places a tensioning force on the first end of the strings through the trolley. 6. The instrument of claim 5, wherein the plurality of strings extend from the trolley around a portion of the head and connect to the plurality of tuning machines on the tail piece. 7. The instrument of claim 6, wherein the head comprises a plurality of rollers and the plurality of strings move over the rollers as the neck travels between the first and second positions. 8. The instrument of claim 1, further comprising a fretboard releasably attached to the neck in overlying relation to the depression. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled)",
-    "A method for controlling a power converter switch to regulate power delivered to an output of a power converter includes operating the power converter switch in first, second, and third duty cycle control modes in response to a feedback signal. The first duty cycle control mode includes modulating a peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed first switching frequency value. The second duty cycle control mode includes modulating the switching frequency in response to the feedback signal, and maintaining the peak switch current substantially at a peak switch current threshold value. The third duty cycle control mode includes modulating the peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed second switching frequency value. 1. A method for controlling a power converter switch to regulate power delivered to an output of a power converter, comprising: operating the power converter switch in a first duty cycle control mode in response to a feedback signal being between a first feedback signal value and a second feedback signal value, wherein said first duty cycle control mode includes modulating a peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed first switching frequency value; operating the power converter switch in a second duty cycle control mode in response to the feedback signal being between the second feedback signal value and a third feedback signal value, wherein said second duty cycle control mode includes modulating the switching frequency in response to the feedback signal, and maintaining the peak switch current substantially at a peak switch current threshold value; and operating the power converter switch in a third duty cycle control mode in response to the feedback signal being between the third feedback signal value and a fourth feedback signal value, wherein said third duty cycle control mode includes modulating the peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal, and switching the power converter switch at a substantially fixed second switching frequency value. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining a substantially constant overall control loop gain of the power converter in response to transitioning between the first duty cycle control mode and the second duty cycle control mode, and in response to transitioning between the second duty cycle control mode and the third duty cycle control mode. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the first duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the second duty cycle control mode to the third duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the second switching frequency value. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the third duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the second duty cycle control mode to the first duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the first switching frequency value. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising switching the power converter switch at a maximum duty cycle, at a 100% peak switch current, and at a 100% switching frequency in response to the feedback signal being outside of a range between the first feedback signal value and the fourth feedback signal value. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said switching the power converter switch at the maximum duty cycle, at the 100% peak switch current, and at the 100% switching frequency occurs during a start-up condition. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said switching the power converter switch at the maximum duty cycle, at the 100% peak switch current, and at the 100% switching frequency occurs during a fault condition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first switching frequency value is a maximum switching frequency, and wherein the second switching frequency value is a minimum switching frequency. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the second switching frequency value is just above an audible frequency range. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the peak switch current threshold value is less than a 100% peak switch current limit of the power converter switch. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said first duty cycle control mode is a voltage control mode in which the power converter switch on-time is regulated. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said second duty cycle control mode comprises varying a switching cycle time of the power converter switch. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said third duty cycle control mode is a voltage control mode in which the power converter switch on-time is regulated. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first switching frequency value is greater than the second switching frequency value. 17. A controller for use in a power converter, the controller comprising: an oscillator to be coupled to a switch of the power converter to determine a time at which the switch is turned on at a beginning of a switching cycle of the switch, wherein the oscillator includes a capacitor, a charging current source coupled to charge the capacitor, and a discharging current source coupled to discharge the capacitor, wherein a time period for the capacitor to charge and discharge between first and second voltage levels is a time period of the switching cycle of the switch; a circuit coupled to the oscillator and coupled to capture an oscillator voltage across the capacitor at an end of the time at which the switch is turned on, wherein a value of the discharge current of the discharging current source is responsive to the captured oscillator voltage; and a logic circuit to be coupled to the switch to determine the end of the time at which the switch is turned on in response to a feedback signal of the power converter to regulate power delivered to an output of the power converter. 18. The controller of claim 17, wherein the controller includes first and second duty cycle control modes responsive to a magnitude of a feedback signal to regulate the power delivered to the output of the power converter, wherein during the first duty cycle control mode the oscillator is coupled to generate an output signal to switch the power converter switch at a substantially fixed first switching frequency value, and wherein during the second duty cycle control mode the oscillator is coupled to generate the output signal to vary the time period of the switching cycle of the switch. 19. The controller of claim 18, wherein the controller further includes a third duty cycle control mode responsive to the magnitude of the feedback signal to regulate the power delivered to the output of the power converter, wherein during the third duty cycle control mode the oscillator is coupled to generate the output signal to switch the power converter switch at a substantially fixed second switching frequency value. 20. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller is further coupled to modulate a peak switch current of the power converter switch in response to the feedback signal during the first and third duty cycle control modes, and wherein the controller is further coupled to maintain a peak switch current substantially at a peak switch current threshold value during the second duty cycle control mode. 21. The controller of claim 19, wherein the first switching frequency value is greater than the second switching frequency value. 22. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller is further coupled to maintain a substantially constant overall control loop gain of the power converter in response to transitioning between the first duty cycle control mode and the second duty cycle control mode, and in response to transitioning between the second duty cycle control mode and the third duty cycle control mode. 23. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the first duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value. 24. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the second duty cycle control mode to the third duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the second switching frequency value. 25. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the third duty cycle control mode to the second duty cycle control mode in response to the peak switch current reaching the peak switch current threshold value. 26. The controller of claim 19, wherein the controller is further coupled to transition from the second duty cycle control mode to the first duty cycle control mode in response to the switching frequency reaching the first switching frequency value.",
-    "Systems, devices, and methods for providing a switch adjacent to a vehicle turn signal lever to increase frequency rate of the on and off existing front turn lights and existing rear turn lights when the vehicle is attempting a U-turn. The increase can be approximately two to approximately three times the steady state blinking rate of the vehicle turn signal lights. The switch can be a button switch on the side or end of the existing turn signal lever. The invention does not require the use of extra lights to be installed on a vehicle for the U-turn. 1. A u-turn light system for vehicles, consisting of: a switch adjacent to an existing turn signal lever, the existing turn signal lever for activating existing turn signal lights on a vehicle at a pre-set flashing rate frequency; and a flash rate increase control attached to the switch and to the existing turn signal lights on the vehicle, the flash rate increase control for solely increasing the pre-set flashing rate frequency of the existing turn signal lights, wherein activating the switch causes the existing turn signal lights to flash at an increased rate of at least twice as fast over the pre-set flashing rate frequency of the existing turn signal lights. 2. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the switch includes: a mount for attaching the switch to a side of the turn signal lever. 3. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the switch includes: a mount for attaching the switch to an end of the turn signal lever. 4. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the switch includes: a depressible button switch. 5. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the flash rate increase control includes: a circuit attached to the switch and controls for increasing flashing frequency of the existing turn signal lights. 6. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the flash rate increase control includes: software for increasing flashing frequency of the existing turn signal lights. 7. (canceled) 8. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the flash rate increase control includes: a flash increase rate of at least three times as fast as the flash rate of the existing turn signal lights. 9. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the pre-set flashing rate frequency is between 60 and 120 blinks per minute, and the increased rate is between 120 and 240 blinks per minute. 10. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the pre-set flashing rate frequency is between approximately 60 and approximately 120 blinks per minute, and the increased rate is between approximately 120 and approximately 240 blinks per minute. 11. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the pre-set flashing rate frequency is between 1 and 2 Hz, and the increased rate is between 2 and 4 Hz. 12. The u-turn light system of claim 1, wherein the pre-set flashing rate frequency is between approximately 1 and approximately 2 Hz, and the increased rate is between approximately 2 and approximately 4 Hz. 13. A method of indicating a u-turn to oncoming and following vehicles, with existing turn signal lights on a vehicle, consisting of the steps of: providing a separate switch adjacent to an existing turn signal lever inside of a vehicle, the existing turn signal lever for activating the existing turn signal lights at a pre-set flashing rate; providing a flash rate control for solely increasing the flash rate frequency of the existing turn signal lights to flash at an increased frequency rate of at least twice as fast over the pre-set flashing rate, the flash rate control being activated by the separate switch; and increasing the flashing rate of the existing turn signals by solely activating the separate switch so that the existing turn signal lights flash at an increased rate of at least twice as fast over the pre-set flashing rate, wherein the method does not use additional lights on the vehicle other than the existing turn signal lights. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of providing a flash rate control for solely increasing the flashing rate includes the step of: increasing the flashing rate at least three times the rate the existing turn signal lights flash on and off. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of providing the flashing rate increase controller includes the steps of: providing the existing turn signal lights to activate existing turn signals on the vehicle with a fixed flashing rate between 60 and 120 blinks per minute; and providing a flashing rate increase controller which when activated by the separate switch increases flashing rate to a fixed rate between 120 and 240 blinks per minute. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of providing the flashing rate increase controller includes, the steps of: providing the existing turn signal lights to activate existing turn signals on the vehicle with a fixed flashing rate between approximately 60 and approximately 120 blinks per minute; and providing a flashing rate increase controller which when activated by the separate switch increases flashing rate to a fixed rate between approximately 120 and approximately 240 blinks per minute. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of providing the flashing rate increase controller includes: providing the existing turn signal lights to activate existing turn signals on the vehicle with a fixed flashing rate between 1 and 2 Hz; and providing a flashing rate increase controller which when activated by the separate switch increases flashing rate to a fixed rate between 2 and 4 Hz. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of providing the flashing rate increase controller includes: providing the existing turn signal lights to activate existing turn signals on the vehicle with a fixed flashing rate between approximately 1 and approximately 2 Hz; and providing a flashing rate increase controller which when activated by the separate switch increases flashing rate to a fixed rate between approximately 2 and approximately 4 Hz. 20-23. (canceled)",
-    "A camera on a robotic arm end effector is used to locate a workpiece coordinate system transformation in rotation and translation with respect to the end effector coordinate system by successively measuring an offset between a target affixed to the workpiece and its expected location. The target reflects energy from a light beam provided by a light beam source. A beam splitter is used to align the light beam with a line of sight of the camera. 1. A method of determining a coordinate system transformation from an end effector coordinate system of an end effector of a machine to a coordinate system of a workpiece, the method comprising: identifying points on the workpiece; receiving, at an imager of a camera coupled to the end effector, light beams including light received from the identified points; identifying a respective centroid of the light received from each of the identified points at the imager; determining an offset of each respective centroid from a predicted location of the respective centroid of the light received from the each of the identified points; and using the offsets, determining the coordinate system transformation in rotation and translation of the coordinate system of the workpiece relative to the end effector coordinate system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving, at the imager of the camera, the light beams including the light received from the identified points further includes receiving the light beams at a focal plane of the imager, wherein the method further comprises: rotating the end effector about a centroid of the focal plane of the imager to receive the light beams from each of the identified points on the workpiece. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the points on the workpiece comprises identifying each of the points on the workpiece with a respective reflective element. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising illuminating each of the respective reflective elements with a polarized light. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein illuminating the respective reflective elements with the polarized light comprises illuminating the reflective elements using a light beam source mounted proximate to the camera mounted on the end effector. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the points on the workpiece comprises attaching an active light source to each respective point on the workpiece. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the coordinate system transformation from the end effector coordinate system to the coordinate system of the workpiece comprises using a two-dimension to three-dimension reconstruction algorithm. 8. A system for orienting an end effector of a robot arm with respect to a workpiece, the system comprising: a camera attached to the end effector, the camera having a line of sight formed between a lens of the camera and an imager in the camera; and a controller that computes a transformation from an end effector coordinate system to a workpiece coordinate system using a light beam received from multiple locations on the workpiece based on respective centroids of the light beam on the imager from each of the multiple locations. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising: a light beam source attached to the end effector, the light beam source projecting the light beam to each of the multiple locations on the workpiece; a beam splitter that aligns the light beam from the light beam source with the line of sight of the camera. 10. The system of claim 9, further comprising a diffuse reflector at each of the multiple locations on the workpiece. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the diffuse reflector is one of a paint marking and a retro-reflective target. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the light beam source comprises a beam expander that increases a diameter of the light beam to approximately a size of a target at the multiple locations plus an initial location tolerance. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the beam splitter comprises a filtered beam splitter that selectively passes a portion of the light beam received from each of the multiple locations. 14. The system of claim 8, further comprising an active light source that generates the light beam. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the active light source is a polarized light source. 16. An end effector of a robot arm adapted for use in determining a location of a workpiece, the end effector including: a work tool used in a manufacturing operation; a camera mounted in a known relationship to the work tool, the camera having a lens and an imager aligned along a line of sight of the camera; a light beam subassembly generating a light beam; and a beam splitter having at least one reflector that aligns the light beam along the line of sight of the camera and permits at least a portion of a reflection of the light beam to pass to the imager. 17. The end effector of claim 16, wherein the light beam subassembly comprises a beam expander. 18. The end effector of claim 16, wherein the at least one reflector of the beam splitter is a filtered beam splitter. 19. The end effector of claim 16, wherein the light beam subassembly is tuned to provide a beam color matching a color of a color filter mosaic element of the imager. 20. The end effector of claim 16, wherein the lens is a variable focus lens adapted for adjustment between macro focus and distance focus.",
-    "Disclosed is a misuse preventative, controlled release composition in the form of a multilayered oral dosage form. A first layer contains a plurality of controlled release microparticles having a pharmaceutically active agent (for example, an opioid analgesic) disposed therein. The second layer, which can be adjacent the first layer comprises a pharmaceutically active agent that can be the same or different from the pharmaceutically active agent in the microparticles in the first layer. The composition further comprises a superabsorbent material (for example, polycarbophil) disposed within the first layer, the second layer, or both the first layer and the second layer. When intact, the pharmaceutically active agent is released from the second layer faster than the pharmaceutically active agent in the first layer. When crushed, either intentionally or accidentally, and exposed to an aqueous medium, the superabsorbent material present swells to encapsulate the microparticles, which remain substantially intact thereby retarding the release of the pharmaceutically active agent from the composition. Also disclosed is a method of using the misuse preventative, controlled release composition to deliver at least one pharmaceutically active agent to a mammal, for example, a human, in need thereof. 1. A solid composition for oral administration of at least one pharmaceutically active agent, comprising: (a) a first layer comprising a first population of controlled release microparticles having a pharmaceutically active agent disposed therein; (b) a second layer comprising a pharmaceutically active agent disposed therein; and (c) a superabsorbent material disposed within the first layer, the second layer, or both the first layer and the second layer, wherein the composition, (i) when intact and exposed to an aqueous environment, the pharmaceutically active agent disposed in the second layer is initially released at a faster rate than the pharmaceutically active agent disposed in the first layer, and (ii) when crushed and exposed to an aqueous environment, the superabsorbent material swells to create a hard gel that traps the microparticles, whereupon the hard gel, the microparticles or both the hard gel and microparticles provide controlled release of at least the pharmaceutically active agent disposed within the microparticles. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material is disposed within the first layer. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material is disposed within the second layer. 4. A solid composition for oral administration of at least one pharmaceutically active agent, comprising: (a) a first layer comprising a superabsorbent material and first population of controlled release microparticles having a pharmaceutically active agent disposed therein; (b) a second layer comprising a pharmaceutically active agent disposed therein, wherein the composition, (i) when intact and exposed to an aqueous environment, the pharmaceutically active agent disposed in the second layer is initially released at a faster rate than the pharmaceutically active agent disposed in the first layer, and (ii) when crushed and exposed to an aqueous environment, the superabsorbent material swells to create a hard gel that traps the microparticles, whereupon the hard gel, the microparticles or both the hard gel and microparticles provide controlled release of at least the pharmaceutically active agent disposed within the microparticles. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent disposed in the second layer is present in a second population of controlled release microparticles. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent present in the first layer and the pharmaceutically active agent present in the second layer are the same. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent present in first layer and the pharmaceutically active agent present in the second layer are different. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first layer is adjacent the second layer. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the composition is a bilayer. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein a third layer is disposed between the first layer and the second layer. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent present in the first layer is released over a period of at least 6 hours. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent present in the first layer is released over a period of at least 12 hours. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the pharmaceutically active agent present in the first layer is released over a period of at least 24 hours. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material is a polysaccharide derivative selected from the group consisting of a starch graft copolymer, a cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose derivative, a cross-linked hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, a hydrolyzed starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymer and a neutralized starch-acrylic acid graft copolymer. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material is a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid, polyvinyl acetic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, isobutylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, carboxymethyl cellulose, alginic acid, carrageenan, polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polyvinyl amine, polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium hydroxide, polyacrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide, polyamino propanol vinyl ether, polyallylamine, chitosan, polylysine, polyglutamine, polycarbophil, polycarbophilic calcium, polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, and mixtures thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the superabsorbent material constitutes from about 1% to about 70% (w/w) of the first layer or the second layer. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the superabsorbent material constitutes from about 2% to about 50% (w/w) of the first layer or the second layer. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first layer, the second layer, or both the first and second layers further comprise a controlled release agent. 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the controlled release agent is selected from the group consisting of acetate succinate, a polyvinyl derivative, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylic acid, modified starch, cross-linked high amylose starch, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, cellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, poloxamer, povidone, alginic acid, sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol alginate, gums, polymethacrylate, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, a copolymer of polymethyl vinyl ether and malonic acid anhydride, a copolymer of polymethyl vinyl ether and malonic acid or the ethyl-, isopropyl-, n-butylesters thereof, zein, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first layer, the second layer or both the first and second layers further comprise a diluent, a lubricant, a glidant, or a mixture thereof. 21-66. (canceled)",
-    "Two-dimensional compressed data sets can be re-aligned while preserving compression of the data. A set of one or more shifts and a corresponding set of one or more first dimension indices into a two-dimensional compressed data set for re-aligning the two-dimensional compressed data set are determined. Impact of re-aligning upon each vector in the second dimension of the two-dimensional compressed data set is determined while the two-dimensional compressed data set remains compressed. New compressed vectors are created in the second dimension resulting from re-aligning. Compression information is modified for each of the original vectors of the two-dimensional compressed data set that remain after re-aligning based, at least in part, on the new compressed vectors. A re-aligned version of the two-dimensional compressed data set is created with the new compressed vectors, and the remaining original vectors with their modified compression information. 1. A method comprising: determining a maximum shift value of a set of one or more shift values for re-aligning a two-dimensional data set, wherein each of the set of one or more shift values indicates shifts at a specified index into a first dimension of the two-dimensional data set, wherein the two-dimensional data set is compressed along the first dimension; for each second dimension vector of the two-dimensional data set, determining whether shifting for each of the set of one or more shift values at the specified index into the first dimension of the second dimension vector results in a different vector than either a previously created vector or the second dimension vector; if shifting results in the different vector, adding the different vector to a re-aligned array; if shifting does not result in the different vector, incorporating a compressed form of the second dimension vector into the re-aligned data set. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the vectors comprises an ordered set of values. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein sequential repeating instances of a set of values are represented with a single vector and compression information that indicates the repeating instances. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the different vector indicates no data values or null values at the specified index into the different vector when shifting beyond the two-dimensional data set. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising writing values into a buffer in accordance with the shifting. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said writing values into the buffer in accordance with the shifting comprises: for each of the second dimension vectors of the two-dimensional data set, for each position of the vector, writing a null value or no data value into a position of the buffer that corresponds to the position of the vector if the position of the vector shifts beyond the two-dimensional data set, writing a value at the position of the vector into the corresponding position of the buffer if the position of the vector is not shifted, and writing a value at the position of a different vector of the two-dimensional data set into the corresponding position of the buffer if the position of the vector is shifted. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said adding the different vector to the re-aligned array comprises transferring contents of the buffer to the re-aligned array or creating a new vector for the re-aligned array with the contents of the buffer. 8. A method comprising: determining a set of one or more shifts and a corresponding set of one or more first dimension indices into a two-dimensional compressed data set for re-aligning the two-dimensional compressed data set; determining impact of re-aligning upon each vector in the second dimension of the two-dimensional compressed data set while the two-dimensional compressed data set remains compressed; and creating new compressed vectors in the second dimension resulting from re-aligning; modifying compression information for each of the original vectors of the two-dimensional compressed data set that remain after re-aligning based, at least in part, on the new compressed vectors; and creating a re-aligned version of the two-dimensional compressed data set with the new compressed vectors, and the remaining original vectors with their modified compression information. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the vectors comprise an ordered set of values.",
-    "The short has an outer portion, and an inner liner connected to the outer portion at a waist area of the short. A connector is disposed at a location proximate to each leg hole of the short. The connector is connected to the inner liner at one end and connected to the outer portion at another end and this connector prevents or reduces ride up by the outer portion of the short. 1. A short that prevents or reduces riding up comprising: an outer layer including a waist and having a first length measured along an outseam of said outer layer; an inner liner connected to said outer layer at the waist and extending from the waist along an outseam of said inner liner a second length less than the first length; a connector connecting said outer layer to said liner layer having first and second ends and positioned between the waist and the leg portion of said outer layer, the first end of the connector connected to an inner surface of said outer layer at the outseam of the outer layer at a first distance from the waist, the second end of the connector connected to an outer surface of said inner liner; said connector is made of a stretchable material such that an extended length of at least part of said connector is at least 50% longer than a retracted length of at least part of said connector. 2. The short of claim 1 further comprising: a width of said connector measured along the outseam of the outer layer, said width being less than half of the retracted length of said connector. 3. The short of claim 1 further comprising: a width of said connector measured along the outseam of the outer layer, said width is at least 30% of the first length. 4. The short of claim 1 wherein the width of said connector measured along the outseam of the outer layer is at least 50% of the first length. 5. The short of claim 1 wherein the second end is positioned at a distance from the end of the leg portion of said inner liner that is less than an inseam of said inner liner. 6. The short of claim 1 further comprising an inseam connector having first and second ends, the first end of the inseam connector connected to said outer layer at an inseam thereof, the second end of the inseam connector connected to said liner layer. 7. The short of claim 6 further comprising: a width of said inseam connector measured along the inseam, said width of said inseam connector being less than half of a retracted length of said inseam connector. 8. The short of claim 6 further comprising: a width of said inseam connector measured along the inseam, said width of said inseam connector is at least 30% of a length of the inseam. 9. The short of claim 6 wherein said width of said inseam connector is at least 50% of an inseam length of said inner liner. 10. The short of claim 6 wherein the first end of the inseam connector is located at a distance from a crotch portion along the inseam of the short that is less than an inseam length of said inner liner. 11. The short of claim 1 wherein the outer layer and inner liner are sewn together at the waist. 12. A short that prevents or reduces riding up comprising: an outer layer including a waist and having a first length measured along an outseam of said outer layer; an inner liner sewn to said outer layer at the waist and extending from the waist a second length less than the first length; a connector connecting said outer layer to said liner layer having first and second ends and positioned between the waist and the leg portion of said outer layer, the first end of the connector connected to an inner surface of said outer layer at a first distance from the waist, the second end of the connector connected to an outer surface of said inner liner; said connector having a width measured along the outseam, the width being at least 30% of the first length and positioned such that said connector is spaced away from a leg hole of said outer layer at a distance at least as large as a difference between the first length and the second length. 13. The short of claim 11 wherein the width is at least 50% of the first length. 14. The short of claim 11 wherein the connector tapers from waist towards a leg hole of said liner such that a length of the connector at the waist is smaller than a length of the connector towards the leg hole when the connector is in a retracted position. 15. The short of claim 12 wherein the connector tapers from waist towards a leg hole of said liner such that a length of the connector at the waist is smaller than a length of the connector towards the leg hole when the connector is in a retracted position. 16. The short of claim 11 wherein said connector is positioned at a distance from the waist measured along the outseam that is at least 5% of the first distance but no more than 50% of the first distance. 17. A short that prevents or reduces riding up comprising: an outer layer including a waist and having a first length and an outseam; an inner liner sewn to said outer layer at the waist and extending a second length less than the first length; a connector connecting said outer layer to said liner layer having first and second ends and positioned between the waist and the leg portion of said outer layer, the first end of the connector connected to an inner surface of said outer layer at a first distance from the waist that is at least 50% of the first length, the second end of the connector connected to an outer surface of said inner liner, wherein said connector is made of a stretchable material allowing the connector to extend and retract; said connector having a width measured along the outseam, the width being at less than 50% of a retracted length of said connector and positioned such that said connector is spaced away from a leg hole of said outer layer at a distance at least as large as a difference in outseam length between said outer layer and said inner liner. 18. The short of claim 17 wherein an extended length said connector is at least 50% longer than the retracted length of said connector. 19. The short of claim 17 further comprising an inseam connector having first and second ends, the first end of the inseam connector connected to said outer layer at an inseam thereof, the second end of the inseam connector connected to said liner layer. 20. The short of claim 19 wherein said inseam connector is made of a stretchable material and has a width measured along the inseam that is less than 50% of a retracted length of said inseam connector.",
-    "In one instance, the invention provides a method of growing bulk crystal of group III nitride using a seed crystal selected by (a) measuring x-ray rocking curves of a seed crystal at more than one point, (b) quantifying the peak widths of the measured x-ray rocking curves, and (c) evaluating the distribution of the quantified peak widths. The invention also includes the method of selecting a seed crystal for growing bulk crystal of group III nitride. The bulk crystal of group III nitride can be grown in supercritical ammonia or a melt of group III metal using at least one seed selected by the method above. 1. A method of growing a bulk crystal of group III nitride having a composition of Gax1Aly1In1-x1-y1N (0\u2266x1\u22661, 0\u2266x1+y1\u22661) comprising: (a) measuring x-ray rocking curves of the seed crystal at more than one point; (b) quantifying peak widths of the measured x-ray rocking curves; (c) comparing a measure of the distribution of the quantified peak widths to an acceptable value; and (d) growing single crystal Gax1Aly1In1-x1-y1N on a face of the seed crystal having the acceptable value of the distribution of quantified peak widths to form the bulk crystal of group III nitride. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the method of quantifying the peak widths comprises calculating a full width half maximum of peaks of the x-ray rocking curves. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the distribution of the quantified peak widths is determined with a standard deviation. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the standard deviation is less than 30% of the mean value of the quantified peak widths. 5. A method according to claim 3, wherein the standard deviation is less than 20% of the mean value of the quantified peak widths. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the seed crystal is primarily c-plane oriented and the x-ray rocking curves are measured on one or more off-axis planes. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the x-ray rocking curves are measured in m-direction. 8. A method according to claim 6, wherein the off-axis plane is 201 reflection. 9. A method according to claim 6, wherein the off-axis plane is 102 reflection. 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the seed crystal is gallium nitride. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the group III nitride is GaN. 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the group III nitride is grown in supercritical ammonia. 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the bulk crystal of group III nitride has a crack density less than 1 cm\u22122. 14. A method of selecting a seed crystal for growing bulk crystal of group III nitride having a composition of Gax1Aly1In1-x1-y1N (0\u2266x1\u22661, 0\u2266x1+y1\u22661) comprising, (a) measuring x-ray rocking curves of a seed crystal at more than one point; (b) quantifying peak widths of the measured x-ray rocking curves; (c) comparing a measure of the distribution of the quantified peak widths to an acceptable value; and (d) designating the seed crystal as acceptable or unacceptable based on said measure of the distribution of quantified peak widths. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the method of quantifying the peak widths comprises calculating a full width half maximum of peaks of the x-ray rocking curves. 16. A method according to claim 14, wherein the distribution of the quantified peak widths is determined with a standard deviation. 17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the standard deviation is less than 30% of the mean value of the quantified peak widths. 18. A method according to claim 16, wherein the standard deviation is less than 20% of the mean value of the quantified peak widths. 19. A method according to claim 14, wherein the seed crystal is primarily c-plane oriented and the x-ray rocking curves are measured on one or more off-axis planes. 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the x-ray rocking curves are measured in the m-direction. 21. A method according to claim 19, wherein the off-axis plane is 201 reflection. 22. A method according to claim 19, wherein the off-axis plane is 102 reflection. 23. A method according to claim 14, wherein the seed crystal is gallium nitride. 24. A method according to claim 23, wherein the group III nitride is GaN.",
-    "An eye liner pencil includes a cap including an internal annular ridge; a hollow member in the cap; a tubular handle including a front first opening, an annular protrusion rearward of the first opening and configured to secure to the ridge, a rear second opening, and an internal annular trough adjacent to the second opening; a hollow support including a tapered rear end, a front opening, an internal space, an externally threaded section, and protuberances; a felt wick including an applicator; a sleeve including parallel surface slit, and a rear internally threaded section secured to the externally threaded section; a hollow, cylindrical sponge member with the support inserted through to secure the sponge member onto the support; a cylindrical reservoir with the support inserted into; and a hollow plug member including a rear external rim d wherein the trough is secured to the rim. 1. An eye liner pencil comprising: a hollow, cylindrical cap including a rear opening and an internal annular ridge adjacent to the rear opening; a stepped-diameter hollow member disposed in the cap and including an external annular projection releasably fastened in the cap; a hollow, tubular handle including a first opening at a front end, an annular protrusion of decreased diameter disposed rearward of the first opening and configured to secure to the ridge, a second opening at a rear end, and an internal annular trough adjacent to the second opening; a hollow, elongated support including a tapered rear end, a front opening, an internal space, an externally threaded section proximate the front opening, an annular inclined surface disposed between the front opening and the externally threaded section, and a plurality of equally spaced protuberances disposed rearward of the externally threaded section and secured to an internal surface of the protrusion; a felt wick having a rear end engaged a bottom of the internal space, the felt wick including an applicator at a front tip; a sleeve including a front opening and a plurality of parallel slits on a surface wherein both the felt wick and the sleeve are inserted through the second opening with the slits fastened by an internal surface of a front portion of the handle, and the applicator is exposed; a cylindrical sponge member including an axial channel wherein the rear end of the support is inserted through the channel to secure the sponge member onto the support; a cylindrical reservoir having an outer diameter less than an inner diameter of the handle and including a front opening for allowing the rear end of the support to insert into and to be fastened therein wherein the internal space is partially disposed in the front opening of the reservoir; and a hollow plug member including an external rim adjacent to a rear enlarged end wherein the trough is complimentarily engaged with the rim to secure the plug member and the handle together. 2. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein a section between the first opening and the trough is tapered toward the first opening. 3. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein the support further comprises an internally threaded section on a rear portion, the internally threaded section being threadedly secured to the externally threaded section. 4. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein the front opening of the sleeve has a circular, oval, or polygonal mouth. 5. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein the applicator is an integral part of the felt wick, and wherein the applicator is made of brush, tipped nylon, inclined nylon, or latex. 6. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein the felt wick is inserted through the sleeve until being stopped and fastened with the applicator exposed at the front opening of the sleeve. 7. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, further comprising a ring shaped electroplating layer coated on the cap, and a ring-shaped coating formed on the handle. 8. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein the cap, the hollow member, the support, the sleeve, and the plug member are made of an environment-friendly plastic. 9. The eye liner pencil of claim 1, wherein the slits are elongated and disposed rearward of the front opening.",
-    "The invention discloses a user-assembled quadrotor toy, comprises motor top covers, a PCB control board, a battery cover, a shell bottom cover, landing gears, a battery, a quadrotor mounting rack, motor bottom covers, motor bracket assemblies, motor assemblies and a shell top cover; wherein the four corners of the quadrotor mounting rack are fixedly connected with the motor bottom covers through supports; the motor bracket assemblies arc fixedly connected in the motor bottom cover through screws; each motor assembly is fixedly connected to the corresponding, motor bracket assembly; each motor bottom cover is fixedly connected with the corresponding motor top cover through a screw; and the quadrotor mounting rack is fixedly mounted inside a protective shell composed of the shell bottom cover and the shell top cover. The invention is simple in structure and strong in interestingness it's capable of enabling a user to either have fins and excitement. 1. A user-assembled quadrotor toy, comprising motor top covers, a PCB control board, a battery cover, a shell bottom cover, landing gears, a battery a quadrotor mounting rack, motor bottom covers, motor bracket assemblies, motor assemblies and a shell top cover, wherein the four corners of the quadrotor mounting rack are fixedly connected with the motor bottom covers through supports; the motor bracket assemblies are fixedly connected in the motor bottom cover through screws; each motor assembly is fixedly connected to the corresponding motor bracket assembly; each motor assembly is composed of a motor and a pinion fixedly connected to the output shaft of the motor; the pinion of each motor assembly is engaged with a main gear on the corresponding motor bracket assembly, and the main gear is fixedly connected to the bottom end of a rotating shaft; blades are fixedly connected with the top end of each rotating shaft; each motor bottom envier is fixedly connected with the corresponding motor top cover through a screw; the quadrotor mounting rack is fixedly mounted inside a protective shell composed of the shell bottom cover and the shell top cover; a battery groove is formed in the quadrotor mounting rack; and the battery is arranged in the battery groove and is electrically connected with the power supply port of the PCB control board. 2. The user-assembled quadrotor toy oh claim 1, wherein a blade protective barrier is fixedly connected to each motor top cover through a screw and the blades are arranged in the blade protective barrier. 3. The user-assembled quadrotor toy of claim 1, wherein the landing gears are arranged at the four corners of the bottom of the shell bottom cover. 4. The user-assembled quadrotor toy of claim 3, wherein the battery cover is movably mounted on the shell bottom cover. 5. The user-assembled quadrotor toy of claim 1, wherein the PCB control board is arranged in the middle of the quadrotor mounting rack; the motor wiring terminal of each motor assembly is connected with a motor plug through a lead, and the motor plug is plugged in a corresponding power supply jack on the PCB control board to realize power supply to the motor. 6. The user-assembled quadrotor toy of claim 1, wherein an LED lamp is arranged in each motor bottom cover; the LED lamp is connected With an LED lamp plug through a lead and the LED lamp plug is plugged in the corresponding power supply jack on the PCB control board. 7. The user-assembled quadrotor toy of claim 1 or 5, wherein a rubber bracket is arranged at the bottom of the PCB control board; spongy cushions are arranged at four corners between the PCB control board and the rubber bracket; screws orderly pass through the PCB control board, the spongy cushions and the rubber bracket and are in threaded connection with threaded holes formed in the quadrotor mounting rack. 8. An assembling method of the user-assembled quadrotor toy of claim 1, comprising the following specific steps; (1) arranging four motor assemblies and four motor bracket assemblies, and mounting each motor assembly in the corresponding motor bracket assembly, so that the pinion of the motor assembly is engaged with the main gear on the motor bracket assembly to form a motor base; (2) arranging four LED lamps and mounting the LED lamps in the motor bottom covers, and then mounting the motor bases in the motor bottom covers and fastening the motor bases in the metro bottom covers by use of screws; (3) mounting the rubber bracket in the middle of the quadrotor mounting rack, putting four small spongy cushions On the rubber bracket, and then orderly putting the screws through the PCB control board, the spongy cushions and the rubber bracket and enabling the screws to be in threaded connection with the threaded holes formed in the quadrotor mounting rack; (4) plugging the LED lamp plugs of the LED lamps in the corresponding power supply plugs of the PCB control board; (5) fixedly connecting four motor bottom covers to the four corners of the quadrotor mounting rack through screws and then fixedly connecting each motor top cover to the corresponding motor bottom cover; (6) mounting the blades on the rotating shafts at the tops of the motor top covers; (7) mounting the blade protective barriers on the motor top covers and then fastening the same by using screws; (8) mounting the shell bottom cover at the bottom of the quadrotor mounting rack and then mounting the four landing gears at the bottom of the shell bottom cover and fastening the same by using screws; (9) fastening the shell top cover to the shell bottom cover, thereby finishing assembling; and (10) pasting a decorative sticker to an appropriate position of the body of the assembled quadrotor toy to obtain the body of the user-assembled quadrotor toy.",
-    "One embodiment provides a semiconductor component including a semiconductor body having a first side and a second side and a drift zone; a first semiconductor zone doped complementarily to the drift zone and adjacent to the drift zone in a direction of the first side; a second semiconductor zone of the same conduction type as the drift zone adjacent to the drift zone in a direction of the second side; at least two trenches arranged in the semiconductor body and extending into the semiconductor body and arranged at a distance from one another; and a field electrode arranged in the at least two trenches adjacent to the drift zone. The at least two trenches are arranged at a distance from the second semiconductor zone in the vertical direction, a distance between the trenches and the second semiconductor zone is greater than 1.5 times the mutual distance between the trenches, and a doping concentration of the drift zone in a section between the trenches and the second semiconductor zone differs by at most 35% from a minimum doping concentration in a section between the trenches. 1. A semiconductor component comprising: a semiconductor body; a drift zone, a body zone, a source zone and a drain zone in the semiconductor body, wherein, in a vertical direction of the semiconductor body, the body zone is arranged between the source zone and the drift zone and the drift zone is arranged between the body zone and the drain zone; a gate electrode dielectrically insulated from the body zone by a gate dielectric layer; at least two trenches extending from a first side of the semiconductor body in the vertical direction into the semiconductor body, wherein the at least two trenches are arranged at a distance from one another in a lateral direction of the semiconductor body; a field electrode arranged adjacent to the drift zone in the at least two trenches, wherein the field electrode is connected to the source zone; and a field dielectric layer dielectrically insulating the field electrode from the drift zone and being thicker than the gate dielectric layer, wherein the at least two trenches are arranged at a distance from the drain zone in the vertical direction; wherein the distance between the trenches and the drain zone in the vertical direction is greater than 1.5 times the distance between the at least two trenches in the lateral direction, wherein a doping concentration of a drift zone section arranged in the vertical direction between the at least two trenches and the drain zone differs by at most 35% from a minimum doping concentration of a drift zone section arranged in the lateral direction between the trenches. 2. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the doping concentration of the drift zone section arranged in the lateral direction between the trenches is between 5\u00b71015 cm\u22123 and 1\u00b71017 cm\u22123. 3. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the vertical direction is substantially perpendicular to the first side, and wherein the vertical direction is substantially parallel to the first side. 4. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein a conduction type of the body zone is complementary to a conduction type of the source zone and the drift zone. 5. The semiconductor component of claim 4, wherein a conduction type of the drain zone equals a conduction type of the drift zone. 6. The semiconductor component of claim 4, wherein a conduction type of the drain zone is complementary to a conduction type of the drift zone. 7. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the doping concentration of the drift zone section arranged in the vertical direction between the trenches and the drain zone differs by at most 20% from the minimum doping concentration of the drift zone section arranged in the lateral direction between the trenches. 8. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the gate electrode and the field electrode are arranged in the at least two trenches. 9. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the drain zone is arranged between the drift zone and a semiconductor layer doped complementarily to the drain zone, and wherein the semiconductor component further comprises a connecting zone of the same conduction type as the drain zone, wherein the connecting zone extends from the first side to the drain zone. 10. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the dimensions and/or the doping concentration of the drift zone are chosen in such a way that when the component is turned off after the occurrence of a voltage breakdown, a depth over which an electric field extends in a direction of the second semiconductor zone proceeding from a semiconductor junction between the drift zone and the body zone is dependent on the current flowing through the component, wherein the depth in the case of a current corresponding to a rated current is 1.5 times as large as in the case of a current corresponding to at most a thousandth of the rated current. 11. A method, comprising: forming a drift zone a body zone, a source zone and a drain zone in the semiconductor body, such that, in a vertical direction of the semiconductor body, the body zone is arranged between the source zone and the drift zone and the drift zone is arranged between the body zone and the drain zone; forming a gate electrode dielectrically insulated from the body zone by a gate dielectric layer; forming at least two trenches extending from a first side of the semiconductor body in a vertical direction into the semiconductor body, wherein the at least two trenches are arranged at a distance from one another in a lateral direction of the semiconductor body; forming a field electrode in the at least two trenches adjacent to the drift zone, the field electrode connected to the source zone; forming a field dielectric layer dielectrically insulating the field electrode from the drift zone and being thicker than the gate dielectric layer; herein forming the at least two trenches comprises forming the at least two trenches at a distance from the drain zone in the vertical direction such that a distance between the at least two trenches and the drain zone in the vertical direction is greater than 1.5 times a distance between the at least two trenches in the lateral direction; and wherein forming the drift zone comprises providing a doping concentration of a drift zone section arranged in the vertical direction between the trenches and the drain zone such that it differs by at most 35% from a minimum doping concentration of a drift zone section arranged in the lateral direction between the trenches p. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the doping concentration of the drift zone section arranged in the lateral direction between the trenches is between 5\u00b71015 cm\u22123 and 1\u00b71017 cm\u22123. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the vertical direction is substantially perpendicular to the first side, and wherein the vertical direction is substantially parallel to the first side. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the drift zone, the body zone and the source zone comprises forming the drift zone, the body zone and the source zone such that a conduction type of the body zone is complementary to a conduction type of the source zone and the drift zone. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein forming the drain zone comprises forming the drain zone such that a conduction type of the drain zone equals a conduction type of the drift zone. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein forming the drain zone comprises forming the drain zone such that a conduction type of the drain zone is complementary to a conduction type of the drift zone. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the drift zone comprises providing the doping concentration of the drift zone section arranged in the vertical direction between the at least two trenches and the drain zone such that it differs by at most 20% from the minimum doping concentration of the drift zone section arranged in the lateral direction between the trenches. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein a distance between the trenches and the second semiconductor zone and a doping concentration of the drift zone in the section between the trenches and the second semiconductor zone are coordinated with one another in such a way that an integral of the doping concentration of the drift zone in a vertical direction of the semiconductor body between the trenches and the second semiconductor zone is greater than or equal to 1.5 times the breakdown charge of the semiconductor material of the drift zone. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the integral of the dopant charge of the drift zone in the vertical direction is greater than or equal to 2 times the breakdown charge of the semiconductor material of the drift zone. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the integral of the dopant charge of the drift zone in the vertical direction is greater than or equal to 2.5 times the breakdown charge of the semiconductor material of the drift zone.",
-    "A method is provided for forming solder bumps on at least one module including a printed circuit board (PCB), electronic circuitry, and metal pads connected to the electronic circuitry. The metal pads are arranged in a predetermined pattern on a surface of the PCB. The method includes providing a planar structure including a non-wettable surface; placing a stencil over the non-wettable surface, the stencil defining openings corresponding to the metal pads; applying solder paste through the openings in the stencil to provide corresponding solder paste deposits on the non-wettable surface; removing the stencil; placing the at least one module on the solder paste deposits, such that the metal pads align with the solder paste deposits, respectively; and reflowing the solder paste deposits to form corresponding solder bumps, which respectively adhere to the metal pads of the at least one module and not to the non-wettable surface of the planar structure. 1. A method of forming solder bumps on at least one module comprising a printed circuit board (PCB), electronic circuitry, and metal pads connected to the electronic circuitry, the metal pads being arranged in a predetermined pattern on a surface of the PCB, the method comprising: providing a planar structure comprising a non-wettable surface; placing a stencil over the non-wettable surface of the planar structure, the stencil defining openings corresponding to the predetermined pattern of the metal pads of the at least one module; applying solder paste through the openings in the stencil to provide corresponding solder paste deposits on the non-wettable surface of the planar structure; removing the stencil; placing the at least one module on the solder paste deposits, such that the metal pads align with the solder paste deposits, respectively; and reflowing the solder paste deposits to form corresponding solder bumps, which respectively adhere to the metal pads of the at least one module and not to the non-wettable surface of the planar structure. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the solder paste comprises spreading the solder paste over a top surface of the stencil using a squeegee. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, while reflowing the solder paste deposits, a weight of the at least one module compresses the solder paste deposits, causing a surface of each of the corresponding solder bumps to flatten against the non-wettable surface of the planar structure. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the flattened surfaces of the solder bumps are substantially co-planar initially after reflowing the solder paste deposits, prior to subsequent warping of the at least one module during cooling. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-wettable surface of the planar structure comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), steel, glass or silicon. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal pads comprise at least one of copper, silver, gold or nickel, and the solder paste comprises a mixture of solder and flux in predetermined proportions. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one module comprises a land grid array (LGA) module, a quad flat no-lead (QFN) module, a chip scale package (CSP), or a wafer level package (WLP). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry of the at least one module is tested prior to placing the at least one module on the solder paste deposits on the non-wettable surface of the planar structure. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: removing the at least one module with the adhered solder bumps from the planar structure. 10. A method of forming solder bumps on at least one module comprising a printed circuit board (PCB), electronic circuitry, and metal pads connected to the electronic circuitry, the metal pads being arranged in a predetermined pattern on a surface of the PCB, the method comprising: providing an embossed structure defining openings corresponding to the predetermined pattern of the metal pads of the at least one module, and comprising non-wettable surfaces, including within the openings of the embossed structure; applying solder paste in the openings of the embossed structure to provide corresponding solder paste deposits on the non-wettable surfaces of the embossed structure; placing the at least one module on the solder paste deposits, such that the metal pads align with the solder paste deposits, respectively; and reflowing the solder paste deposits to form corresponding solder bumps, which respectively adhere to the metal pads of the at least one module and not to the non-wettable surfaces of the embossed structure. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein applying the solder paste comprises spreading the solder paste over a top surface of the embossed structure using a squeegee. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein, while reflowing the solder paste deposits, a weight of the at least one module compresses the solder paste deposits, causing a surface of each of the corresponding solder bumps to flatten against the non-wettable surfaces within the openings of the embossed structure, respectively. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the flattened surfaces of the solder bumps are substantially co-planar initially after reflowing the solder paste deposits, prior to subsequent warping of the at least one module during cooling. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the non-wettable surfaces of the embossed structure comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), steel, glass or silicon. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the metal pads comprise at least one of silver, copper, gold or nickel, and the solder paste comprises a mixture of solder and flux in predetermined proportions. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one module comprises a land grid array (LGA) module, a quad flat no-lead (QFN) module, a chip scale package (CSP), or a wafer level package (WLP). 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the electronic circuitry of the at least one module is tested prior to placing the at least one module on the solder paste deposits in the openings of the embossed structure. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising: removing the at least one module with the adhered solder bumps from the embossed structure. 19. A solid state module, comprising: a printed circuit board (PCB), electronic circuitry formed, at least in part, within the PCB, the electronic circuitry including at least one electronic component; mold compound encapsulating the at least one electronic component; a plurality of metal pads connected to the electronic circuitry, the metal pads being arranged in a predetermined pattern on a surface of the PCB; and a plurality of solder bumps attached to the plurality of metal pads, respectively, each solder bump including a surface having a flat center portion, facing away from the metal pad to which the solder bump is attached, and side surfaces having curved rounded portions, wherein the flat center portion of each solder bump smoothly transitions into the curved rounded portions, with no distinct edges defining a boundary between the flat center portion and the curved rounded portions. 20. The solid state module of claim 19, wherein the plurality of metal pads comprise a plurality of land grid array (LGA) pads.",
-    "One aspect of the present invention relates to a tissue resection guide that includes a central body, a first flange and a second flange, the flanges having first and second guide surfaces, respectively, suitable for use in tissue resection. Each guide surface lies on a cutting plane, both planes intersecting interior to the flanges. In the embodiments described, the availability of two cutting planes ensures resections in more than one plane are possible. As a result, bone segments can be removed via a cut on two planes without the need to cut across an entire section of bone on one plane. In some embodiments, an opening exists between the first flange and the second flange to ensure that each resection overlaps. In other aspects of the invention, systems and methods of use for the tissue resection guide are described. 1. A tissue resection guide comprising: a central body portion having a first end and a second end; a bottom surface of the central body portion defining a first guide surface; a first flange extending from the central body portion, the first flange defining a second guide surface, the first and second guide surfaces being parallel; a second flange extending from the central body portion, the second flange defining a third guide surface; a cutting slot defined by an opening between the central body portion and the first flange, the cutting slot having a length extending from a first location proximal to the first end to a second location proximal to the second end, wherein the cutting slot is shaped such that a first cutting plane runs therethrough; a cutting surface defined by the third guide surface, wherein the cutting surface is also a second cutting plane; and wherein the first cutting plane intersects the second cutting plane proximal to the second location. 2. The tissue resection guide of claim 1, further comprising an opening between the first flange and the second flange such that there is no direct contact between the first flange and the second flange. 3. The tissue resection guide of claim 1, wherein the third guide surface of the second flange is at an obtuse angle relative to the first guide surface. 4. The tissue resection guide of claim 1, wherein the first location of the cutting slot includes a first aperture and the second location of the cutting slot includes a second aperture, the first and second apertures adapted to receive pins. 5. The tissue resection guide of claim 4, wherein the first aperture is defined by a curved portion of the second guide surface proximal to the first location and the second aperture is defined by a curved portion of the second guide surface at the second location and a curved portion of the third guide surface proximal to the second end of the central body portion. 6. The tissue resection guide of claim 4, wherein the first aperture is defined by a concave shaped portion of the second guide surface at the first location and the second aperture is defined by a notch on the second guide surface at the second location and a concave shaped portion of the third guide surface proximal to the second end of the central body portion. 7. The tissue resection guide of claim 1, wherein the first flange includes a length having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion extending from the central body portion in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first guide surface and the second portion extending from an end of the first portion distal to the central body portion to the second location of the cutting slot such that the second portion is substantially parallel to the first guide surface. 8. The tissue resection guide of claim 7 further comprising a first and second aperture, wherein the first aperture is defined by a concave shaped portion of the second guide surface at the first location and the second aperture is defined by a notch on the second guide surface at the second location and a concave shaped portion of the third guide surface proximal to the second end of the central body portion. 9. The tissue resection guide of claim 1, wherein the second flange further comprises two portions wherein a second cutting slot is defined by an opening between the two portions. 10. The tissue resection guide of claim 1, wherein the first cutting plane through the cutting slot is at an angle between approximately 85 degrees and approximately 95 degrees relative to a longitudinal axis of a bone to be resected. 11. A tissue resection guide comprising: a central body portion having a first end and a second end; a first flange attached to the central body portion at the first end of the central body portion; a second flange attached to the central body portion at the second end of the central portion, wherein the first flange and the second flange are attached on a common surface of the central body portion; a cutting slot defined by an opening between the central body portion and the first flange, the cutting slot having a length extending from a first location proximal to the first end to a second location proximal to the second end, wherein the cutting slot is shaped such that a first cutting plane runs therethrough; a cutting surface defined by a surface of the second flange, wherein the cutting surface is also a second cutting plane; and wherein the first cutting plane intersects the second cutting plane proximal to the second location. 12. The tissue resection guide of claim 11, further comprising an opening between the first flange and the second flange such that there is no direct contact between the first flange and the second flange. 13. The tissue resection guide of claim 11, wherein the surface of the second flange is at an obtuse angle relative to the first cutting plane. 14. The tissue resection guide of claim 11, wherein the first location of the cutting slot includes a first aperture and the second location of the cutting slot includes a second aperture, the first and second apertures adapted to receive pins. 15. The tissue resection guide of claim 14, wherein the first aperture is defined by a curved portion of an inner surface on the first flange proximal to the first location and the second aperture is defined by a curved portion of the inner surface at the second location and a curved portion of the cutting surface of the second flange proximal to the second end of the central body portion. 16. The tissue resection guide of claim 11, wherein the first flange includes a length having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion extending from the central body portion in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first cutting plane and the second portion extending from an end of the first portion distal to the central body portion to the second location of the cutting slot such that the second portion is substantially parallel to the first cutting plane. 17. The tissue resection guide of claim 16 further comprising a first and second aperture, wherein the first aperture is defined by a concave shaped portion of an inner surface on the first flange at the first location and the second aperture is defined by a notch on the inner surface at the second location and a concave shaped portion of the cutting surface of the second flange proximal to the second end of the central body portion. 18. The tissue resection guide of claim 11, wherein the second flange further comprises two portions wherein a second cutting slot is defined by an opening between the two portions. 19. The tissue resection guide of claim 11, wherein the first cutting plane through the cutting slot is at an angle between approximately 85 degrees and approximately 95 degrees relative to a longitudinal axis of a bone to be resected. 20. A tissue resection guide comprising: a central body portion having a first end and a second end; a first flange extending from the central body portion at the first end of the central portion; a second flange extending from the central body portion at the second end of the central body portion, wherein the first flange and the second flange extend from a common inferior surface of the central portion; a cutting slot defined by an opening between the inferior surface of the central portion and a superior surface of the first flange, the cutting slot having a length extending from a first location proximal to the first end to a second location proximal to the second end, wherein the cutting slot is shaped such that a first cutting plane runs therethrough; a cutting surface defined by a lateral surface of the second flange, wherein the cutting surface is also a second cutting plane; and wherein the first cutting plane intersects the second cutting plane proximal to the second location.",
-    "A system and method for hijacking inodes based on replication operations received in an arbitrary order is used to assist a data replication operation from a source storage system to a destination storage system. The source storage system generates a set of replication operations as part of a replication process and transmits the replication operations in an arbitrary order. After receiving a replication operation, the system determines whether the operation is inconsistent with a corresponding destination inode. If an inconsistency exists, the system hijacks the destination inode by replacing the destination inode's metadata with data determined based on the replication operation. The system may also delete metadata from the inode and/or initialize metadata to default values if the metadata was not replaced based on the replication operation. The system then waits for a second replication operation that contains the remaining metadata and replaces the metadata based on the second replication operation. In addition, data blocks associated with the previous version of the inode are freed. 1-22. (canceled) 23. An apparatus, comprising: a storage operation interface configured to receive multiple replication operations for execution on a destination storage system, wherein the multiple replication operations include a first replication operation defining a modify operation directed to a metadata container type that differs from a destination metadata container type and a second replication operation defining a create operation; and logic, at least a portion of which is implemented in hardware, the logic to process storage operations in a network storage system, the logic comprising a highjack component to store metadata in a first part of a destination metadata container based on the first replication operation and to store metadata in a second part of the destination metadata container based on the second replication operation. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the multiple replication operations are received in an arbitrary order. 25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein each replication operation includes a target metadata container identifier. 26. The apparatus of claim 23, comprising a storage interface to communicate with the destination storage system. 27. The apparatus of claim 23, comprising a lookup component to find a matching metadata container on the destination storage system corresponding to an individual target metadata container address. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, comprising an evaluation component to detect an inconsistency between an individual replication operation corresponding to the individual target metadata container address and the matching metadata container and to determine, based on the detection, that the individual replication operation is a replacement operation. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the evaluation component is configured to: determine that the replication operation is directed to create the matching metadata container that already exists in the destination storage system; or determine that one of the replication operations is directed to modify the matching metadata container that is unused; or determine that a target type of one of the replication operations differs from a metadata container type of the matching metadata container; or determine that a target generation of one of the replication operations differs from a metadata container generation of the matching metadata container, or determine that one of the replication operation is inconsistent with the type of the matching metadata container. 30. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving multiple replication operations for execution on a destination storage system in an arbitrary order, wherein the multiple replication operations include a first replication operation defining a modify operation directed to a metadata container type that differs from a destination metadata container type and a second replication operation defining a create operation; storing metadata in a first part of a destination metadata container based on the first replication operation; and storing metadata in a second part of the destination metadata container based on the second replication operation. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein each replication operation includes a target metadata container identifier. 32. The method of claim 30, comprising: detecting an inconsistency between an individual replication operation and the destination metadata container on the destination storage system when the destination storage system cannot properly execute the individual replication operation; determining, in response to detecting the inconsistency, that a replacement operation has occurred; and replacing a portion of a metadata section of the destination metadata container based on the individual replication operation. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein detecting the inconsistency comprises: determining that the replication operation is directed to create the destination metadata container that already exists in the destination storage system; or determining that the replication operation is directed to modify the destination metadata container that is unused; or determining that a target type of the replication operation differs from a metadata container type of the destination metadata container; or determining that the replication operation is inconsistent with the type of the destination metadata container. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the replication operation inconsistent with the type of the destination metadata container is a replication operation to add data blocks to the destination metadata container of a directory, or a replication operation to add a directory entry to the destination metadata container of a file. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the destination metadata container is a file and wherein replacing the portion of the metadata section comprises freeing a first set of metadata blocks associated with the file and associating a second set of metadata blocks determined based on the replication operation. 36. The method of claim 30, wherein the arbitrary order is not based on chronological order or file system hierarchy. 37. One or more computer-readable media to store instructions that when executed by a processor circuit causes the processor circuit to: receive multiple replication operations for execution on a destination storage system in an arbitrary order, wherein the multiple replication operations include a first replication operation defining a modify operation directed to a metadata container type that differs from a destination metadata container type and a second replication operation defining a create operation; store metadata in a first part of a destination metadata container based on the first replication operation; and store metadata in a second part of the destination metadata container based on the second replication operation. 38. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 37, each replication operation to include a target metadata container identifier. 39. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 37, with instructions to: detect an inconsistency between an individual replication operation and the destination metadata container on the destination storage system when the destination storage system cannot properly execute the individual replication operation; determine, in response to detecting the inconsistency, that a replacement operation has occurred; and replace a portion of a metadata section of the destination metadata container based on the individual replication operation. 40. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 39, with instructions to: determine that the replication operation is directed to create the destination metadata container that already exists in the destination storage system to detect the inconsistency; or determine that the replication operation is directed to modify the destination metadata container that is unused to detect the inconsistency; or determine that a target type of the replication operation differs from a metadata container type of the destination metadata container to detect the inconsistency; or determine that the replication operation is inconsistent with the type of the destination metadata container to detect the inconsistency. 41. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 39, wherein the replication operation inconsistent with the type of the destination metadata container is a replication operation to add data blocks to the destination metadata container of a directory, or a replication operation to add a directory entry to the destination metadata container of a file. 42. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 39, wherein the destination metadata container is a file and wherein replacing the portion of the metadata section comprises freeing a first set of metadata blocks associated with the file and associating a second set of metadata blocks determined based on the replication operation.",
-    "Disclosed is a misuse preventative, controlled release formulation comprising a core comprising a superabsorbent material (for example, polycarbophil), a controlled release coat surrounding the core, and a plurality of controlled release microparticles having a pharmaceutically active agent (for example, an opioid analgesic) disposed within the core, the coat, or both the core and the coat. When crushed, either intentionally or accidentally, and exposed to an aqueous medium, the superabsorbent material present in the core swells to encapsulate the microparticles, which remain substantially intact thereby retarding the release of the pharmaceutically active agent from the formulation. Also disclosed is a method of using the misuse preventative, controlled release formulation to deliver a pharmaceutically active agent to a mammal, for example, a human, in need thereof. 1. A controlled release formulation, comprising: (a) a core comprising a superabsorbent material; (b) a controlled release coat surrounding the core; and (c) a plurality of controlled release microparticles having a pharmaceutically active agent disposed therein, wherein the microparticles are disposed within the core, the coat, or both the core and the coat, and wherein the formulation (i) when intact and exposed to an aqueous environment, the pharmaceutically active agent is released from the formulation over a prolonged period of time, and (ii) when crushed to break the controlled release coat and expose the core, and exposed to an aqueous environment, the superabsorbent material swells to create a hard gel that traps the microparticles, and the microparticles provide controlled release of the pharmaceutically active agent. 2-51. (canceled)",
-    "A pin for use in a dynamic pin joint is provided that comprises a core member that defines a longitudinal axis and an outer diameter and a self-lubricating material overlay that is disposed about the outer diameter of the core member along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the core member. 1. A pin for use in a dynamic pin joint, the pin comprising: a core member that defines a longitudinal axis and an outer diameter; and a self-lubricating material overlay that is disposed about the outer diameter of the core member along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the core member, wherein the material overlay defines an outer diameter that is substantially consistent along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis; and wherein the pin includes a first end and a second end that are disposed at opposite ends along the longitudinal axis, wherein the material overlay at the first end includes a lead-in that is disposed about the longitudinal axis and the core member at the second end includes a bare portion that is disposed about the longitudinal axis. 2. The pin of claim 1 wherein the pin is at least partially hollow along the longitudinal axis of the core member. 3. The pin of claim 2 wherein the pin is hollow along the entire longitudinal axis of the core member. 4. The pin of claim 1, wherein the self-lubricating material overlay includes PTFE. 5. The pin of claim 1, wherein the core member includes stainless steel. 6. (canceled) 7. The pin of claim 1 wherein the overlay is wound about the outer diameter of the core member along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the core member. 8. The pin of claim 1 wherein the overlay is disposed about the outer diameter of the core member along a majority of the longitudinal axis of the core member. 9. The pin of claim 1 wherein the overlay defines an inner diameter that is substantially coextensive with the outer diameter of the core member along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the core member. 10. A pin joint for a machine comprising: a first structural member that defines a pin receiving bore; a housing that defines a pin receiving bore; a pin that is disposed in the bores of the housing and the first structural member; wherein the pin comprises a core member that defines a longitudinal axis and an outer diameter and a self-lubricating material overlay that is disposed about the outer diameter of the core member along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis of the core member, the self-lubricating material overlay defining a consistent outer diameter; and further comprising a second structural member that defines a pin receiving bore and the pin is disposed in the pin receiving bore of the second structural member, wherein the pin includes a first end and a second end that are disposed at opposite ends along the longitudinal axis, wherein the material overlay at the first end includes a lead-in that is disposed about the longitudinal axis and the core member at the second end includes a bare portion that is disposed about the longitudinal axis. 11. The pin joint of claim 10 wherein the housing further defines a bearing receiving bore that is coextensive with the pin receiving bore of the housing, the pin joint further comprising a bearing that is disposed in the bearing receiving bore, the bearing defining a pin receiving bore and the pin is disposed in the pin receiving bore of the bearing. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. The pin joint of claim 10 further comprising a flag plate that is attached to the bare portion of the pin and the second structural member. 15. The pin joint of claim 11 wherein the bearing defines a longitudinal axis and first and second ends that are diametrically opposing each other along the longitudinal axis, the pin joint further comprising a first seal assembly that is disposed in the bearing receiving bore of the housing adjacent the first end of the bearing and a second seal assembly that is disposed in the bearing receiving bore of the housing adjacent the second end of the bearing. 16. The pin joint of claim 11 wherein the bearing comprises stainless steel. 17. The pin joint of claim 10 wherein the overlay comprises PTFE that is wound about the outer diameter of the core member of the pin. 18. The pin joint of claim 10 wherein the core member is hollow along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis. 19. The pin joint of claim 18 wherein the core member is hollow along the majority of the longitudinal axis, defining an inner diameter for the core member. 20. The pin joint of claim 10 wherein the housing oscillates relative to the first structural member.",
-    "A bandpass filter that provides a wide gain control range is provided. The bandpass filter performs channel filtering and gain control while maintaining the bandpass characteristic of the bandpass filter. The bandpass filter enables gain control for a wide signal amplitude range while maintaining performance characteristics, such as an out-of-band attenuation ratio capable of high linearity and good pass-band flatness. 1. A bandpass filter, comprising: a first resonator for performing filtering of an input signal; and a gain control unit for performing gain control between a voltage of an input signal of the bandpass filter and a current of an output signal of the bandpass filter, wherein the gain control unit performs pre-distortion corresponding to a transfer characteristic of the bandpass filter. 2. The bandpass filter of claim 1, wherein the transfer characteristic comprises at least one of a flatness factor of the filter and a Q factor of the filter. 3. The bandpass filter of claim 1, wherein the gain control unit comprises a predistorter for compensating for a decrease in a quality factor according to the gain control of the gain control unit. 4. The bandpass filter of claim 3, wherein the gain control unit further comprises a first transconductance circuit (Gm) for changing a gm value for the gain control, and the predistorter attenuates the input signal in phases to correspond to a step of the gain control of the first resonator and the first Gm. 5. The bandpass filter of claim 3, wherein the gain control unit further comprises: a main Gm; and a feedforward negative Gm, wherein outputs of the main Gm and outputs of the feedforward negative Gm are connected to each other, and the feedforward negative Gm controls gain by the gain control unit by outputting a signal having a polarity reverse to that of the main Gm. 6. The bandpass filter of claim 1, further comprising: a second resonator and a third resonator, for performing bandpass filtering and bandwidth extension. 7. The bandpass filter of claim 6, further comprising: a gyrator for connecting the gain control unit, the second resonator, and the third resonator to each other, wherein a negative Gm for improving a Q factor of the bandpass filter is attached to both ends of the gyrator. 8. The bandpass filter of claim 1, further comprising: a common mode feedback circuit, connected to both terminals of the output signal. 9. The bandpass filter of claim 1, further comprising: at least one negative feedback impedance element for correcting the transfer characteristic of the bandpass filter. 10. The bandpass filter of claim 1, wherein the gain control unit comprises: an inverter-based Gm for converting a voltage of an input signal to a current of an output signal; a pre-distortion MOS array for performing gain control and differential pre-distortion; and an output current driving MOS array for driving an output signal having a polarity reverse to that of the input signal. 11. A switched N-path bandpass filter, comprising: a first switched capacitor for performing filtering of an input signal; and a gain control unit for performing gain control between a voltage of an input signal of the bandpass filter and a current of an output signal of the bandpass filter, wherein the gain control unit performs pre-distortion corresponding to a transfer characteristic of the bandpass filter. 12. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 11, wherein the transfer characteristic comprises at least one of a flatness factor of the filter and a Q factor of the filter. 13. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 11, wherein the gain control unit comprises a predistorter for compensating for a decrease in a quality factor according to the gain control of the gain control unit. 14. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 13, wherein the gain control unit further comprises: a main Gm; and a feedforward negative Gm, wherein outputs of the main Gm and outputs of the feedforward negative Gm are connected to each other, and the feedforward negative Gm controls gain by the gain control unit by outputting a signal having a polarity reverse to that of the main Gm. 15. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 11, further comprising: a second switched capacitor and a third switched capacitor, for performing bandpass filtering and bandwidth extension. 16. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 15, further comprising: a gyrator for connecting the gain control unit, the second switched capacitor, and the third switched capacitor to each other, wherein a negative Gm for improving a Q factor of the switched N-path bandpass filter is attached to the gyrator. 17. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 11, further comprising: a common mode feedback circuit, connected to both terminals of the output signal. 18. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 11, further comprising: at least one negative feedback impedance element for correcting the transfer characteristic of the bandpass filter. 19. The switched N-path bandpass filter of claim 11, wherein the gain control unit comprises: an inverter-based Gm for converting a voltage of an input signal to a current of an output signal; a pre-distortion MOS array for performing gain control and differential pre-distortion; and an output current driving MOS array for driving an output signal having a polarity reverse to that of the input signal. 20. A transconductance circuit, comprising: an inverter-based Gm for converting a voltage of an input signal to a current of an output signal; a pre-distortion MOS array for performing gain control and differential pre-distortion; and an output current driving MOS array for driving an output signal having a polarity reverse to that of the input signal.",
-    "A method of treating disorder or condition that relates to intracellular signal transmission of a neurotransmitter, comprising administration of an homeopathically potentized form of antibodies to an antigen, which antigen is a molecule capable of effecting the intracellular signal transmission of a neuroreceptor, in particular dopamine or serotonin. 1.-8. (canceled) 9. A method of treating a disorder or condition that relates to intracellular signal transmission of serotonin in a patient, said method comprising administering to said patient in need thereof a homeopathically potentized form of an antibody to an antigen, which antigen is a molecule capable of effecting said intracellular signal transmission of serotonin. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said antigen is an endogenous biomolecule. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said endogenous biomolecule is serotonin. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said disorder or condition is depression. 13.-19. (canceled) 20. A method for administering to a patient suffering from a neuropsychiatric disorder a homeopathically potentized form of at least one antibody to an antigen, which antigen is a molecule capable of treating said neuropsychiatric disorders. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said potentized form of at least one antibody is produced by homeopathic technology. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein said antibody is a monoclonal, polyclonal, or natural. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein said antigen is an endogenous molecule. 24.-26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 20, wherein said neuropsychiatric disorder is depression. 28. (canceled)",
-    "Apparatus and method for attaching a tap to a mounting surface (13) has a clamping assembly inserted through an aperture (11) in the mounting surface (13) and tightened from above the mounting surface (13). The clamping assembly has a pair of clamping arms (25, 27) that are mounted for pivotal movement from a collapsed position for passage through the aperture (11) to an operative position below the mounting surface (11). The clamping arms (25, 27) are operable on tightening the clamping assembly to engage in a first stage an underside of the mounting surface (13) remote from the fluid delivery device and to engage in a second stage a sidewall of the aperture (11) when continuing tightening. Thus a step change in an operating force is required that provides feedback to an installer that a required clamping force has been achieved. 1-26. (canceled) 27. A fluid delivery device comprising: a mounting element for connection to a fluid supply; and a body element mounted on the mounting element for controlling discharge of fluid from the device, the body element being detachable from the mounting element without disconnecting the mounting element from the fluid supply; the mounting element including an isolator valve assembly having an open position to connect the fluid supply to the body element when the body element is mounted on the mounting element and a closed position to isolate the fluid supply when the body element is removed from the mounting element, wherein the isolator valve assembly moves between the open and closed positions as the body element is attached to and detached from the mounting element. 28. The fluid delivery device of claim 27, wherein the body element is a push fit on the mounting element and is secured by rotating the body element relative to the mounting element. 29. The fluid delivery device of claim 28, wherein the body element is rotatable between a release position that allows the body element to be pushed on and lifted off the mounting element and a retained position that prevents the body element being lifted off the mounting element. 30. The fluid delivery device of claim 29, wherein the isolator valve assembly is opened and closed according to a direction of rotation of the body element at a position between the release position and retained position. 31. The fluid delivery device of claim 28, wherein the isolator valve assembly moves between the open and closed positions in response to axial movement of the body element relative to the mounting element 32. The fluid delivery device of claim 27, wherein the body element is releasably attached to the mounting element by interengageable formations. 33. The fluid delivery device of claim 32, wherein the interengageable formations are engaged and disengaged by axial and rotational movement of the body element relative to the mounting element. 34. The fluid delivery device of claim 32, wherein the interengageable formations comprise a bayonet type connection. 35. The fluid delivery device of claim 27, wherein the isolation valve assembly includes an isolator plate and an isolator plate seal. 36. The fluid delivery device of claim 35, wherein the isolator plate is mounted for rotation relative to the mounting element between end positions defined by engagement of a lug on an edge of the isolator plate with opposite ends of a slot in a sidewall of the mounting element. 37. The fluid delivery device of claim 35, wherein the isolator plate seal seals between an underside of the isolator plate and the mounting element and is located in a channel in the underside of the isolator plate so as to rotate with the isolator plate. 38. The fluid delivery device of claim 35, wherein inlet ports in the mounting element connect to a region between inner and outer rings of the isolator plate seal that prevent water leaking between the mounting element and the isolator plate at inner and outer peripheries. 39. The fluid delivery device of claim 38, wherein the inner and outer rings are joined together by a plurality of connecting webs that seal around outlet ports in the isolator plate and divide a region between the outlet ports into three areas on one side of the outlet ports and three areas on an opposite side of the outlet ports. 40. The fluid delivery device of claim 39, wherein the outlet ports extend above the isolator plate and are received in a pair of inlet ports in the body element when the body element is lowered onto the mounting element so that the isolator plate rotates with the body element. 41. The fluid delivery device of claim 40, wherein the outlet ports are provided with seals received in annular grooves to provide a watertight seal with the inlet ports in the body element. 42. The fluid delivery device of claim 40, wherein the inlet ports in the body element are provided with removable filters that are retained in position by the outlet ports of the mounting element when the body element is lowered onto the mounting element. 43. The fluid delivery device of claim 35, wherein the isolator valve assembly controls a flow of water from the mounting element to the body element such that, when the body element is connected to the mounting element in a normal operating position, outlet ports of the isolator plate are connected to inlet ports in the body element and communicate with inlet ports in the mounting element so that water can flow freely from the mounting element to the body element. 44. The fluid delivery device of claim 43, wherein the isolator plate and isolator plate seal are rotatable with the body element and the isolator plate seal provides a fluid tight seal that isolates the outlet ports of the isolator plate from inlet ports in the mounting element to prevent flow of water from the mounting element to the body element as the body element is rotated from the normal operating position. 45. The fluid delivery device of claim 44, wherein the inlet ports of the mounting element open to sealed areas between the mounting element and isolator plate so that, when the body element is lifted off the mounting element, the isolator valve assembly is closed and prevents flow of water from the mounting element. 46. The fluid delivery device of claim 45, wherein the isolator valve assembly is opened and allows flow of water from the mounting element to the body element as the body element is rotated relative to the mounting element to attach the body element to the mounting element.",
-    "An imaging apparatus includes: an image comparing unit that compares a shot image shot by a photographer with a sample image selected by the photographer; an operation comparing unit that compares an operation performed when the shot image was shot with an operation performed when the sample image was shot; and an advising unit that gives the photographer advice on an image shooting method to make the shot image close to the sample image according to comparison results provided by the image comparing unit and the operation comparing unit. 1. An imaging apparatus that includes at least an imaging unit, an operation unit, and a display unit that displays an image, the imaging apparatus comprising: a display controlling unit that controls an image to be displayed on the display unit; an image comparing unit that compares a shot image shot by a photographer with a sample image selected by the photographer; an operation comparing unit that compares an operation performed when the shot image was shot with an operation performed when the sample image was shot; and an advising unit that gives the photographer advice on an image shooting method to make the shot image close to the sample image according to comparison results provided by the image comparing unit and the operation comparing unit. 2. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: a function comparing unit that compares information indicating a capability of a device used for the shot image or a cooperative device operated in cooperation with the device with information indicating a capability of a device used for the sample image or a cooperative device operated in cooperation with the device, wherein the advice unit further gives the advice in consideration of a comparison result provided by the function comparing unit. 3. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the operation comparing unit compares, as the operation performed when the shot image was shot, at least one of a setting operation performed on the imaging apparatus or a motion of the imaging apparatus made when the image was shot. 4. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein according to sample auxiliary information that includes operation information that is information on an operation performed when the sample image was shot, the operation comparing unit compares an operation and operation process for shooting the sample image with an operation and operation process for shooting the shot image. 5. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the advice unit selects and determines a piece of recommended advice information from among a plurality of pieces of advice information. 6. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when an operation equivalent to an operation performed for the sample image is incapable of being performed during image shooting, the advice unit gives advice on replacement with a special effect. 7. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the shot image is a live view image or shooting-completed image provided by the imaging apparatus. 8. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display control unit further displays the sample image on the display unit together with the shot image so as to allow the photographer to select the sample image. 9. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display control unit displays the advice information on the display unit together with the shot image and the selected sample image. 10. A control method to be used for an imaging apparatus that includes at least an imaging unit, an operation unit, and a display unit that displays an image, the control method comprising: an image comparing step of comparing a shot image shot by a photographer with a sample image selected by the photographer; an operation comparing step of comparing an operation performed when the shot image was shot with an operation performed when the sample image was shot; and an advice step of giving the photographer advice on an image shooting method to make the shot image close to the sample image according to comparison results from the image comparing step and the operation comparing step. 11. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium having stored therein a program for causing a computer to perform a process, the computer being one for an imaging apparatus that includes at least an imaging unit, an operation unit, and a display unit that displays an image, the process comprising: an image comparing step of comparing a shot image shot by a photographer with a sample image selected by the photographer; an operation comparing step of comparing an operation performed when the shot image was shot with an operation performed when the sample image was shot; and an advice step of giving the photographer advice on an image shooting method to make the shot image close to the sample image according to comparison results from the image comparing step and the operation comparing step.",
-    "An apparatus and method for image normalization using a Gaussian residual of fit selection criteria. The method may include acquiring a two-dimensional image of a plurality of particles, where the plurality of particles comprises a plurality of calibration particles, and identifying a calibration particle by correlating a portion of the image corresponding to the calibration particle to a mathematical model (e.g. Gaussian fit). The measured intensity of the calibration particle may then be used to normalize the intensity of the image. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising: a computing system acquiring a two-dimensional image of a plurality of particles that have been exposed to an analyte, wherein the plurality of particles includes a plurality of calibration particles having internal distributions of a first fluorescent material and a plurality of non-calibration particles having surface distributions of a second fluorescent material; the computing system identifying a calibration particle of the plurality of calibration particles by analyzing first pixel values of first pixels that correspond to the calibration particle to correlate intensity values of the first pixels to a Gaussian function; the computing system identifying a non-calibration particle of the plurality of non-calibration particles by analyzing second pixel values of second pixels that correspond to the non-calibration particle to determine that intensity values of the second pixels do not correlate to a Gaussian function; the computing system measuring an intensity of the calibration particle based on the first pixel values; and the computing system saving a new version of the two-dimensional image, wherein the new version of the two-dimensional image includes third pixels with third pixel values that are normalized based at least in part on the intensity of the calibration particle. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the acquiring includes capturing the two-dimensional image via an imaging detector. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the imaging detector includes a charge coupled device (CCD) sensor. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the plurality of calibration particles are distributed into a plurality of regions of the two-dimensional image, and wherein the third pixel values for pixels in a particular region are normalized based on intensities of the plurality of calibration particles in the particular region. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising normalizing an intensity of a second two-dimensional image of the plurality of particles based at least in part on the intensity of the calibration particle. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the second two-dimensional image is a classification image. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the new version of the two-dimensional image is usable to combine a plurality of images of the particles. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the first fluorescent material is the same as the second fluorescent material. 29. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by a computing system, cause the computing system to carry out operations comprising: acquiring a two-dimensional image of a plurality of particles that have been exposed to an analyte, wherein the plurality of particles includes a plurality of calibration particles having internal distributions of a first fluorescent material and a plurality of non-calibration particles having surface distributions of a second fluorescent material; identifying a calibration particle of the plurality of calibration particles by analyzing pixel values of pixels that correspond to the calibration particle to correlate brightness values of the pixels to a Gaussian function, wherein at least one non-calibration particle has brightness values that do not correlate to a Gaussian function; measuring a brightness of the calibration particle based on the pixel values; and saving a new version of the two-dimensional image, wherein the new version of the two-dimensional image includes new pixels with new pixel values that are normalized based at least in part on the brightness of the calibration particle. 30. The medium of claim 29, wherein the plurality of calibration particles include more than one first fluorescent material. 31. The medium of claim 29, wherein the two-dimensional image is a reporter image, and wherein the new version of the two-dimensional image is usable to normalize pixel values in a classification image. 32. The medium of claim 29, wherein measuring the brightness of the calibration particle includes detecting a peak of the calibration particle. 33. The medium of claim 29, wherein measuring the brightness of the calibration particle includes integrating an area of the two-dimensional image around a center of the calibration particle. 34. The medium of claim 29, wherein the operations further comprise: determining a background brightness level for the two-dimensional image. 35. The medium of claim 34, wherein the operations further comprise: subtracting the background brightness level from the pixel values before identifying the calibration particle. 36. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and an imaging subsystem including an imaging region; wherein the imaging subsystem is configured to: accept, into the imaging region, a plurality of particles that includes a plurality of calibration particles having internal distributions of a first fluorescent material and a plurality of non-calibration particles having non-internal distributions of a second fluorescent material; supply light to the imaging region; and capture an image of the plurality of particles; and wherein the at least one processor is configured to: identify a calibration particle of the plurality of calibration particles by analyzing first pixel values of first pixels that correspond to the calibration particle to correlate intensity values of the first pixels to a Gaussian function; identify a non-calibration particle of the plurality of non-calibration particles by analyzing second pixel values of second pixels that correspond to the non-calibration particle to determine that intensity values of the second pixels do not correlate to a Gaussian function; measure an intensity of the calibration particle; and normalize an intensity of the image based at least in part on the intensity of the calibration particle. 37. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the identifying the calibration particle includes approximating the Gaussian function with a quadratic function. 38. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the plurality of calibration particles are distributed into a plurality of regions of the image, and wherein the intensity of the image is normalized in a particular region based on intensities of the plurality of calibration particles in the particular region. 39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to partition the image into the plurality of regions based on a grid. 40. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the plurality of regions is a continuous plurality of regions.",
-    "A post reinforcement including a panel having a body portion and a stake portion. The post reinforcement further includes a first barb coupled to and extending away from the panel, wherein the first barb is generally positioned on a first side of the panel. The post reinforcement also includes a second barb coupled to and extending away from the panel, wherein the second barb is generally positioned on a second side of the panel opposite the first side. 1. A post reinforcement comprising: a panel including a body portion and a stake portion; a first barb coupled to and extending away from the panel, wherein said first barb is generally positioned on a first side of the panel; and a second barb coupled to and extending away from the panel, wherein said second barb is generally positioned on a second side of the panel opposite said first side. 2. The post reinforcement of claim 1 wherein said body portion is generally rectangular and said stake portion is positioned adjacent to said body portion and has at least one point at a distal end thereof for penetrating into a support surface. 3. The post reinforcement of claim 1 further comprising a supplemental panel attached to the panel and positioned at an angle thereto, the panel and the supplemental panel at least partially defining a receptacle to receive a post therein. 4. The post reinforcement of claim 3 wherein the supplemental panel includes a body portion and a stake portion having at least one point at a distal end thereof for penetrating into a support surface. 5. The post reinforcement of claim 3 wherein the supplemental panel is positioned at about a ninety degree angle relative to the panel. 6. The post reinforcement of claim 3 wherein the supplemental panel includes a body portion, and wherein at least one of the panel or the supplemental panel includes a tooth on the associated body portion extending into the receptacle. 7. The post reinforcement of claim 3 further comprising another supplemental panel attached to the panel and positioned at an angle thereto and at least partially defining the receptacle. 8. The post reinforcement of claim 7 wherein the panel, the supplemental panel, the another supplemental panel, the first barb and the second barb are all made of a single, unitary seamless piece of material. 9. The post reinforcement of claim 1 further comprising a strike surface coupled to the panel and positioned generally perpendicular to the body portion of the panel, wherein the strike surface is positioned at or adjacent to a top portion of the body portion opposite the stake portion. 10. The post reinforcement of claim 1 wherein the stake portion has a pointed end at a distal end thereof. 11. The post reinforcement of claim 1 wherein the panel includes an opening therein configured to receive a fastener therethrough to secure the panel to a post. 12. The post reinforcement of claim 11 further comprising a supplemental panel coupled to said panel, said panel and said supplemental panel being generally parallel and spaced apart to at least partially define a receptacle to receive a post therein, wherein said supplemental panel includes an opening therein generally aligned with said opening of said panel to receive said fastener therethrough to secure said supplemental panel to said post. 13. A post reinforcement comprising a first panel and a second panel attached at an angle thereto and at least partially defining a receptacle therebetween, wherein each panel includes a body portion and a stake portion, and wherein the stake portion of each of the first and second panels extends from a bottom of the associated panel at least partially inwardly toward the receptacle. 14. The post reinforcement of claim 13 wherein said body portions of said first and second panels are positioned perpendicular to each other. 15. The post reinforcement of claim 13 further comprising a first barb coupled to and extending away from the first panel, wherein said first barb is generally positioned on a first side of the first panel, and a second barb coupled to and extending away from the first panel, wherein said second barb is generally positioned on a second side of the first panel opposite said first side. 16. The post reinforcement of claim 13 wherein at least one of the first panel or the second panel includes a strike surface attached to the body portion thereof, wherein the strike surface is oriented generally perpendicular to the respective body portion and spaced away from the associated stake portion. 17. The post reinforcement of claim 13 wherein each body portion and each stake portion is generally flat and planar, and wherein each body portion is generally rectangular in front view and each stake portion has at least one point at a distal end thereof for penetrating into a support surface. 18. A post reinforcement comprising: a main panel having a first edge and a second opposite edge thereof; a first panel coupled to said main panel along said first edge and oriented generally perpendicular thereto; a second panel coupled to said main panel along said second edge and oriented generally perpendicular thereto, wherein said main, first and second panels together at least partially define a receptacle therebetween, and wherein said main, first and second panels each have a body portion and a stake portion extending therefrom, wherein at least one stake portion has barb extending away from the stake portion to grip a post or a surrounding support structure. 19. The post reinforcement of claim 18 wherein each body portion is generally flat and rectangular in front view and each stake portion has a pointed end at a distal end thereof, and wherein each stake portion has barb coupled to and extending away from the associated stake portion to grip a post or a surrounding support structure. 20. The post reinforcement of claim 18 wherein each body portion is generally flat and planar, and wherein each stake portion is generally flat and planar and angled inwardly toward said receptacle relative to the associated body portion.",
-    "A system and method for identifying whether local tissue latency is present. The system and method comprises an implanted lead having a first electrode for cardiac pacing and sensing. A sensing module for sensing heart activity with the first electrode to produce an electrogram (EGM) waveform. A processor is configured to receive the EGM waveform and extract two or more features from the EGM waveform representative of heart activity in response to monoventricular or biventricular pacing stimulus at the electrode and identify local tissue latency at a site of the first electrode based upon at least two of the extracted features indicating local tissue latency. 1. An apparatus for adjusting one or more control pacing parameters for cardiac pacing, comprising: (a) delivering means for delivering a left ventricular pacing stimulus at a short atrioventricular (AV) delay equal to or less than 60 ms; (b) sensing means for sensing a signal in response to the ventricular pacing stimulus; (c) processing means for determining from the signal a minimum time (Tmin) associated with a minimum amplitude; (d) processing means for determining whether Tmin\u2267100 milliseconds (ms); and (e) processing means for determining whether to adjust one or more control pacing parameters, in response to determining whether Tmin\u2267100 ms, wherein the control pacing parameters being one of AV delay, inter-ventricular (VV) delay, pacing vector, and pacing output. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: processing means for determining local tissue latency exists in response to determining that the Tmin\u2267100 ms. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the AV delay is shortened in response to determining that the Tmin\u2267100 ms. 4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the AV delay is shortened to be less than or equal to 80 ms. 5. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the AV delay is shortened to be less than or equal to 60 ms. 6. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the AV delay is adjusted by a pre-specified level. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the AV delay decreased by a prespecified level being one of 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 30 ms, 35 ms, and 50 ms. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein acquiring the signal comprises selecting a sensing vector comprising a left ventricular electrode and a right ventricular coil electrode. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: delivering means for delivering a biventricular pacing at the short AV delay. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: processing means for adjusting the VV delay so that the left ventricular pacing stimulus is delivered ahead of the right ventricular pacing stimulus. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the left ventricular pacing stimulus is delivered ahead of the right ventricular pacing stimulus in about 5 ms or more, 10 ms or more, 15 ms or more, 20 ms or more, 25 ms or more, 30 ms or more, 35 ms or more, and 40 ms or more. 12. An apparatus for adjusting one or more control pacing parameters for cardiac resynchronization, comprising: (a) delivering means for delivering biventricular pacing stimulus comprising a right ventricular pacing stimulus and a left ventricular pacing stimulus simultaneously at a short atrioventricular (AV) delay equal to or less than 60 ms; (b) sensing means for sensing a signal in response to the biventricular pacing stimulus; (c) processing means for determining from the signal a maximum amplitude (Max), a maximum time (Tmax) associated with the Max, a maximum amplitude (Min), and a minimum time (Tmin) associated with the Min, a minimum amplitude, determined within pre-specified time period following the delivery of the biventricular pacing; (d) processing means for determining whether Tmin>Tmax associated with the signal; and (e) processing means for determining whether to adjust VV delay in response to determining Tmin>Tmax. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: processing means for determining local tissue latency exists in response to determining that Tmin>Tmax. 14. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: processing means for adjusting the VV delay so that the LV stimulus is delivered 10 ms ahead of the RV stimulus. 15. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: processing means for adjusting the VV delay so that the LV stimulus is delivered 20 ms ahead of the RV stimulus. 16. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: processing means for adjusting the VV delay so that the LV stimulus is delivered 40 ms ahead of the RV stimulus. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein acquiring the signal comprises selecting a sensing vector comprising a left ventricular electrode and a right ventricular coil electrode. 18. A medical device system for determining presence of local tissue latency, the system comprising: an implanted lead having a first electrode for cardiac pacing and sensing; a sensing module for producing a waveform; a processor configured to: (a) setting one or more pacing control parameters including setting an atrioventricular (AV) delay to less than or equal to 60 ms, (b) extracting two or more features from the waveform, (c) identifying whether local tissue latency is at a site of the first electrode based upon at least two of the extracted features indicating local tissue latency, and (d) in response to identifying local tissue latency, adjusting the one or more pacing control parameters. 19. An apparatus for adjusting pacing parameters for cardiac resynchronization, comprising a) delivering a left ventricular pacing stimulus at a short AV delay equal to or less than 60 ms; b) sensing a signal in response to the left ventricular stimulus and determining if the time-interval between the timing (Tmin) of the minimum amplitude and the time of delivery of the stimulus is 100 ms or greater, where the minimum amplitude is determined within a pre-specified time-period following the delivery of the pacing stimulus; c) delivering a right ventricular pacing stimulus and a left ventricular pacing stimulus simultaneously at a short AV delay equal to or less than 60 ms; d) sensing a signal in response to the biventricular pacing stimulus and determining if timing (Tmax) of max amplitude precedes timing (Tmin) of the minimum amplitude where both maximum and minimum amplitudes are determined within a pre-specified time-period following delivery of the pacing stimuli; and e) adjusting pacing parameters in response to determining if Tmin for the left ventricular stimulus is 100 ms or greater than 100 ms, or if Tmax precedes Tmin for the biventricular pacing stimulus. 20. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a processor included in a medical device system to: (a) deliver a left ventricular pacing stimulus at a short atrioventricular (AV) delay equal to or less than 60 ms; (b) sense a signal in response to the ventricular pacing stimulus; (c) determine from the signal a minimum time (Tmin) associated with the minimum amplitude; (d) determine whether Tmin\u2267100 milliseconds (ms); and (e) determine whether to adjust control pacing parameters, in response to determining whether Tmin\u2267100 ms, wherein the control pacing parameters being one of AV delay, inter-ventricular (VV) delay, pacing vector, and pacing output. 21. A medical device system for determining presence of local tissue latency, the system comprising: an implanted lead having a first electrode for cardiac pacing and sensing; a sensing module for sensing heart activity with the first electrode to produce a electrogram (EGM) waveform; and a processor configured to acquire or access the EGM waveform and extract two or more features from the EGM waveform representative of heart activity at the electrode and identify local tissue latency at a site of the first electrode based upon at least two of the extracted features indicating local tissue latency. 22. The system of claim 21 wherein the two or more features from the EGM waveform comprise minimum amplitude, minimum time (Tmin) associated with the minimum amplitude, the processor further configured to determine whether Tmin\u2267100 milliseconds. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the processor further configured to adjust a pacing control parameter in response to determining Tmin\u2267100 milliseconds. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the processor further configured to deliver pacing at a short atrioventricular (AV) delay equal to or less than 60 ms. 25. The system of claim 21 wherein the two or more features from the EGM waveform comprise minimum amplitude, minimum time (Tmin) associated with the minimum amplitude, maximum amplitude, maximum time (Tmax) associated with the maximum amplitude, the processor further configured to determine whether Tmin>Tmax. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the processor further configured to adjust a pacing control parameter in response to determining Tmin>Tmax. (e) processing means for determining whether to adjust one or more control pacing parameters in response to determining whether local tissue latency, wherein the control pacing parameters being one of AV delay, inter-ventricular (VV) delay, pacing vector, and pacing output. 27. The system of claim 26 further comprising: processing means for determining local tissue latency exists in response to determining that the Tmin\u2267100 ms. 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the AV delay is shortened in response to determining that the Tmin\u2267100 ms. 29. The system of claim 28 wherein the AV delay is shortened to be less than or equal to 80 ms. 30. The system of claim 28 wherein the AV delay is shortened to be less than or equal to 60 ms. 31. The system of claim 28 wherein the AV delay is adjusted by a pre-specified level. 32. The system of claim 31 wherein the AV delay decreased by a prespecified level being one of 5 ms, 10 ms, 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 30 ms, 35 ms, and 50 ms. 33. The system of claim 26, further comprising: delivering means for delivering a biventricular pacing at the short AV delay. 34. The system of claim 26, further comprising: in response to identifying local latency tissue, processing means for adjusting the VV delay so that the left ventricular pacing stimulus is delivered ahead of the right ventricular pacing stimulus. 35. The system of claim 26, wherein the left ventricular pacing stimulus is delivered ahead of the right ventricular pacing stimulus in about 5 ms or more, 10 ms or more, 15 ms or more, 20 ms or more, 25 ms or more, 30 ms or more, 35 ms or more, and 40 ms or more.",
-    "A backlight keyboard, including a keycap, an elastic body, a conducting circuit board and a base plate from top to bottom, wherein the keycap and the base plate are coupled through a pair of scissors, the elastic body is used for supporting the keycap and transmitting pressure on the keycap to the conducting circuit board to conduct a circuit, the backlight keyboard further includes a backlight module, the backlight module includes a light emitting diode connected with the conducting circuit board and a light guide plate transmitting the light given out from the light emitting diode to the keycap. 1. A backlight keyboard, wherein the backlight keyboard comprises a keycap, an elastic body, a conducting circuit board and a base plate from top to bottom, the keycap and the base plate are coupled through a pair of scissors, the elastic body is used for supporting the keycap and transmitting pressure on the keycap to the conducting circuit board to conduct a circuit, the backlight keyboard further comprises a backlight module, the backlight module comprises a light emitting diode connected with the conducting circuit board and a light guide plate transmitting the light given out from the light emitting diode to the keycap, wherein the conducting circuit board comprises an upper layer circuit board, a lower layer circuit board and an insulating layer, the insulating layer is located between the upper layer circuit board and the lower layer circuit board, the light emitting diode is connected with the upper layer circuit board or the lower layer circuit board, and shading ink is coated on and covers the surface of the lower layer circuit board. 2. The backlight keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the light guide plate is located below the conducting circuit board. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. A backlight keyboard, wherein the backlight keyboard comprises a keycap, an elastic body, a conducting circuit board and a base plate from top to bottom, the keycap and the base plate are coupled through a pair of scissors, the elastic body is used for supporting the keycap and transmitting pressure on the keycap to the conducting circuit board to conduct a circuit, the backlight keyboard further comprises a backlight module, the backlight module comprises a light emitting diode connected with the conducting circuit board and a light guide plate transmitting the light given out from the light emitting diode to the keycap, wherein the conducting circuit board comprises an upper layer circuit board and an insulating layer, the insulating layer is located below the upper layer circuit board, the light guide plate is located below the insulating layer, and the surface of the light guide plate is equipped with circuits. 6. The backlight keyboard according to claim 5, wherein the shading ink is coated on and covers the surface of the insulating layer. 7. The backlight keyboard according to claim 2, wherein a reflecting sheet is arranged below the light guide plate, or reflective ink covers the lower surface of the light guide plate. 8. A backlight keyboard, wherein the backlight keyboard comprises a keycap, an elastic body, a conducting circuit board and a base plate from top to bottom, the keycap and the base plate are coupled through a pair of scissors, the elastic body is used for supporting the keycap and transmitting pressure on the keycap to the conducting circuit board to conduct a circuit, the backlight keyboard further comprises a backlight module, the backlight module comprises a light emitting diode connected with the conducting circuit board and a light guide plate transmitting the light given out from the light emitting diode to the keycap, wherein the conducting circuit board comprises an upper layer circuit board and a lower layer circuit board, the light emitting diode is connected to the lower layer circuit board, and the light guide plate is located between the upper layer circuit board and the lower layer circuit board. 9. The backlight keyboard according to claim 8, wherein shading ink covers the surface of the upper layer circuit board. 10. The backlight keyboard according to claim 8, wherein reflective ink covers the surface of the lower layer circuit board. 11. The backlight keyboard according to claim 9, wherein reflective ink covers the surface of the lower layer circuit board.",
-    "A spinal implant includes a first portion including a head. A second portion includes a threaded shaft having a length and a diameter. The threaded shaft includes a length to diameter ratio of less than 2.0. Systems and methods of use are disclosed. 1. A spinal implant comprising: a first portion including a head; a second portion including a threaded shaft having a length and a diameter, the threaded shaft including a length to diameter ratio of less than 2.0; and a receiver configured to be coupled to the first portion, the receiver having spaced apart arms that define an implant cavity. 2. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the ratio is in a range of less than 2.0 to 0.6. 1. l implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the ratio is in a range of 0.9 to 1.5. 4. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the length is in a range of 5 mm to 10 mm. 5. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the length is in a range of 6 mm to 8 mm. 6. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the diameter is in a range of 4.5 mm to 8 mm. 7. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the diameter is in a range of 4.5 mm to 6 mm. 8. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the second portion includes a tapered tip. 9. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the head comprises a post. 10. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the receiver is rotatable relative to the head of the first portion. 11. A spinal implant as recited in claim 10, wherein the receiver includes a U-shaped channel configured to receive a spinal rod. 12. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the second portion is configured to penetrate lateral mass tissue. 13. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the second portion is configured to penetrate lateral mass tissue such that an axis of the second portion is disposed along a surgical pathway oriented at an angle in a range of 0 through 10 degrees relative to a direct posterior surgical approach. 14. A spinal implant comprising: a first portion including a head; a second portion including a threaded shaft having a length in a range of 5 mm to 10 mm and a diameter in a range of 4.5 mm to 8 mm; and a receiver configured to connect to the first portion, the receiver having a U-shaped channel configured to receive a spinal rod. 15. A spinal implant as recited in claim 14, wherein the length is in a range of 5.5 mm to 7 mm. 16. A spinal implant as recited in claim 14, wherein the diameter is in a range of 6 mm to 8 mm. 17. A spinal implant as recited in claim 14, wherein the threaded shaft includes a length to diameter ratio of 2.0 or less. 18. A spinal implant as recited in claim 14, wherein the threaded shaft includes a length to diameter ratio in a range of 0.9 to 1.5. 19. A spinal implant as recited in claim 14, wherein the second portion is configured to penetrate lateral mass tissue such that an axis of the second portion is disposed along a surgical pathway oriented at an angle in a range of 0 through 10 degrees relative to a direct posterior surgical approach. 20. A spinal implant comprising: a first portion including a head connected with an implant receiver; and a second portion including a threaded shaft having a length in a range of 5 mm to 10 mm and a diameter in a range of 4.5 mm to 8 mm, the threaded shaft including a length to diameter ratio of 2.0 or less, the second portion being configured to penetrate lateral mass tissue such that an axis of the second portion is disposed along a surgical pathway oriented at an angle in a range of 0 through 10 degrees relative to a direct posterior surgical approach.",
-    "An image sensor comprising: a first layer having a plurality of groups of photodiodes formed in a semiconductor substrate, each group representing a 2\u00d72 array of photodiodes, with 2 first pixels configured to detect light of a first wavelength and 2 second pixels configured to detect light of a second wavelength, each first pixel positioned adjacent to the second pixels; and a second layer overlapping the first layer, the second layer is organic, having a plurality of organic photodiodes configured to detect light of a third wavelength, each organic photodiode positioned to partially overlap 2 first photodiodes and 2 second photodiodes of the first layer. 1. A method of forming an image sensor, comprising: forming a first layer having a plurality of first photodiodes and a plurality of second photodiodes on a semiconductor substrate, the first photodiodes configured to detect light of a first wavelength and the second photodiodes configured to detect light of a second wavelength including positioning the first photodiodes and the second photodiodes alternately with each of the first photodiodes positioned adjacent to a second photodiode and vice versa; and forming a second layer overlapping the first layer, the second layer is organic, having a plurality of organic photodiodes configured to detect light of a third wavelength, wherein the organic photodiodes are skewed with respect to alignment with the first photodiodes and the second photodiodes when viewed perpendicularly to the semiconductor substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, further including forming a circuit part configured to read the detected light of the first layer and positioned between the first layer and the second layer. 3. The method of claim 1, further including positioning the semiconductor substrate in between a circuit part configured to read the detected light of the first layer and the second layer. 4. The method of claim 1, including: forming color filters over the semiconductor substrate; and forming photo-electric conversion regions of the organic material on pixel electrodes. 5. The method of claim 1, including forming a common electrode on the photo electric conversion region of the organic material. 6. A method of processing image detection data, comprising: each pixel having four overlapped sections, each section having overlapped one pixel on the first layer and one pixel on the second layer, with data detected represented by G\u2032=GS/4; B\u2032=B1S/4; and R\u2032=avg(R2S/4+R1S/4), wherein G\u2032 represents \u00bc of the entire G pixel, B\u2032 is \u00bc of the blue pixel B1 and R\u2032 is the combination and average of the \u00bc regions of R1 and R2. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein each section is \u00bc the area of a photodiode.",
-    "A cooling system for transferring heat from a heat load to an environment has a volatile working fluid. The cooling system includes first and second cooling cycles that are thermally connected to the first cooling cycle. The first cooling cycle is not a vapor compression cycle and includes a pump, an air-to-fluid heat exchanger, and a fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger. The second cooling cycle can include a chilled water system for transferring heat from the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger to the environment. Alternatively, the second cooling cycle can include a vapor compression system for transferring heat from the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger to the environment. 1. A cooling system for transferring heat from a heat load, the cooling system comprising: a two-phase working fluid; a pump configured to increase the pressure of the working fluid without substantially increasing the enthalpy of the working fluid; an air-to-fluid heat exchanger in fluid communication with the pump and in thermal communication with the heat load; a fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger having a first fluid path in fluid communication with the air-to-fluid heat exchanger and the pump, and a second fluid path, the first and second fluid paths being in thermal communication with one another; a second heat transfer system in fluid communication with the second fluid path and comprising: a second portion of the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger; a single phase working fluid; and a pump; wherein air passing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger causes at least a portion of the two-phase working fluid to change phase from a liquid to a gas within the air-to-fluid heat exchanger; and a controller operatively coupled to at least the second fluid path and configured to prevent condensation on the air-to-fluid heat exchanger by controlling the amount of heat transferred to the second fluid path so that a temperature of the two-phase working fluid within the air-to-fluid heat exchanger is above a dew point temperature of the air passing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 2. The cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a flow regulator positioned between the pump and the air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 3. A cooling system for transferring heat from a heat load to an environment, the cooling system comprising: a first cooling cycle containing a two-phase working fluid; and a second cooling cycle thermally connected to the first cooling cycle; wherein the first cooling cycle comprises: a pump configured to increase the pressure of the working fluid without substantially increasing the enthalpy of the working fluid; an air-to-fluid heat exchanger in fluid communication with the pump and in thermal communication with the heat load; a second heat exchanger having a first fluid path for the working fluid in fluid communication with the air-to-fluid heat exchanger and the pump, and a second fluid path comprising a portion of the second cooling cycle; wherein the first and second fluid paths are in thermal communication with one another; wherein the heat load causes at least a portion of the two-phase working fluid to change phase from a liquid to a gas within the air-to-fluid heat exchanger; and wherein the second cooling cycle comprises a chilled water system in thermal communication with the environment and wherein the second cooling cycle is controlled to maintain a temperature of the two-phase working fluid entering the air-to-fluid heat exchanger above a dew point of air flowing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 4. A cooling system for transferring heat from a heat load to an environment, the cooling system comprising: a working fluid pump configured to increase the pressure of a two-phase working fluid without substantially increasing the enthalpy of the working fluid; an air-to-fluid heat exchanger connected to the pump and having a fluid path in thermal communication with the heat load; a second heat exchanger having first and second fluid paths in thermal communication with one another, wherein the first fluid path provides fluid communication from the air-to-fluid heat exchanger to the pump, and wherein the second fluid path is adapted to thermally connect the air-to-fluid heat exchanger in the first fluid path to a chilled water cooling system that is in thermal communication with the environment; wherein air passing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger transfers heat from the heat load and causes at least a portion of the working fluid to change phase from a liquid to a gas; and a controller operatively coupled to the chilled water cooling system and configured to maintain a temperature of the working fluid between the second heat exchanger and the air-to-fluid heat exchanger above a dew point temperature of the air passing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger so that the cooling system removes only sensible heat from the air and thereby prevents condensation on the air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 5. A heat transfer system, comprising: a first heat transfer subsystem adapted to circulate there through a first working fluid, wherein the first working fluid is selected from the group consisting of: chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, comprising: at least one air-to-fluid heat exchanger in thermal communication with a heat load; a pump configured to increase the pressure of the first working fluid without substantially increasing the enthalpy of the first working fluid; and at least a portion of a second heat exchanger; a second heat transfer subsystem comprising: at least a second portion of the second heat exchanger and a third heat exchanger; the second heat transfer subsystem adapted to circulate a second working fluid there through, wherein the second working fluid is selected from the group consisting of: water, water-ethylene glycol, and water propylene glycol; and wherein air passing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger causes at least a portion of the first working fluid to undergo a phase change from a liquid to a gas in the first heat transfer subsystem; and a system controller operatively coupled to the second subsystem and configured to prevent condensation on the air-to-fluid heat exchanger by maintaining the first working fluid leaving the second heat exchanger above a dew point temperature of the air passing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the heat load is a room. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the heat load is an electronics cabinet. 8. The system of claim 5, further comprising a flow regulator associated with at least one of the plurality of air-to-fluid heat exchangers and which is adapted to control an amount of first working fluid flowing through the associated air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the flow regulator is adapted to control the amount of first working fluid flowing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger independently of fluid pressure. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the flow regulator is adapted to maintain a substantially constant flow of first working fluid through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger. 11. The system of claim 8, further comprising a receiver in fluid communication with the first heat transfer subsystem for accumulating a portion of the first working fluid. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the receiver is adapted to accumulate a portion of the first working fluid based upon temperature and/or heat load. 13. The system of claim 8, further comprising a flow regulator associated with each of the plurality of air-to-fluid heat exchangers and which are adapted to limit an amount of first working fluid flowing through each of the associated air-to-fluid heat exchangers. 14. The system of claim 5, wherein the second heat exchanger is selected from the group consisting of: a tube-in-tube heat exchanger, a shell and tube heat exchanger and a plate and frame heat exchanger. 15. The cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a working fluid receiver in fluid communication between the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger and the pump. 16. The cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a working fluid flow regulating valve in fluid communication between the pump and the air-to-fluid heat exchanger and a working fluid receiver in fluid communication between the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger and the pump. 17. The cooling system of claim 3, further comprising a working fluid receiver in the first cooling cycle between the second heat exchanger and the pump. 18. The cooling system of claim 3, further comprising a working fluid flow regulating valve in fluid communication between the pump and the air-to-fluid heat exchanger and a working fluid receiver in fluid communication between the second heat exchanger and the pump. 19. The cooling system of claim 4, further comprising a working fluid receiver in fluid communication between the second heat exchanger and the pump. 20. The cooling system of claim 4, further comprising a working fluid flow regulating valve in fluid communication between the pump and the air-to-fluid heat exchanger and a working fluid receiver in fluid communication between the second heat exchanger and the pump. 21. The cooling system of claim 5, further comprising a working fluid receiver in the first heat transfer subsystem between the second heat exchanger and the pump. 22. The cooling system of claim 5, further comprising a working fluid flow regulating valve in fluid communication between the pump and the air-to-fluid heat exchanger and a working fluid receiver in fluid communication between the second heat exchanger and the pump. 23. A cooling system for removing heat from a high density heat load, comprising: a first heat transfer system comprising: a two-phase working fluid; a plurality of air-to-fluid heat exchangers configured to transfer heat from the load to the working fluid so that at least a portion of the working fluid changes phase from a liquid to a gas within at least one of the air-to-fluid heat exchangers; a working fluid flow regulator associated with at least one of the plurality of air-to-fluid heat exchangers and configured to limit the maximum working fluid flow to each air-to-fluid heat exchanger a working fluid receiver configured to hold working fluid based on working fluid temperature or cooling system load; a pump configured to increase the pressure of the working fluid without substantially increasing the enthalpy of the working fluid; and a first portion of a fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger; wherein all of the first heat transfer system is arranged in fluid communication; a second heat transfer system comprising: a second portion of the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger; a single-phase working fluid; a pump; and wherein all of the second heat transfer system is arranged in fluid communication; wherein the first heat transfer system is thermally coupled to the second heat transfer system by the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger; and a cooling system controller monitoring the dew point temperature of air flowing through the air-to-fluid heat exchanger, and operatively connected to the second heat transfer system to prevent condensation on the air-to fluid heat exchangers by maintaining the first heat transfer system working fluid entering the air-to-fluid heat exchangers at a temperature above the dew point temperature of the air flow. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the air-to-fluid heat exchangers are located within an enclosure and the high density heat load is created by electronics within the enclosure, the enclosure having a forced air flow path across the electronics and through the air-to-fluid heat exchangers. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein first heat transfer system is configured so that the working fluid is cooled in the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger and then flows to the receiver and pump, and then flows through the regulating valves and then into each air-to-fluid heat exchanger where at least a portion of the working fluid boils in each air-to-fluid heat exchanger, and then the heated working fluid returns to the fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger where it is once again cooled. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the single-phase working fluid is selected from the group consisting of: water, water-ethylene glycol, and water-propylene glycol. 27. The system of claim 23, further including a working fluid flow regulator associated with each air-to-fluid heat exchanger and each flow regulator configured to limit the maximum working fluid flow to each air-to-fluid heat exchanger.",
-    "An attachment system secures an accessory to a personal watercraft. A magnet is attached or embedded within a top surface of the personal watercraft. A protective covering protects the magnet from water. A metal piece is within or attached to the accessory. The metal piece is arranged with the accessory so that a magnetic bond between the magnet and the metal piece holds the top accessory to the top surface. A protective covering that protects the metal piece from water. 1. An attachment system for securing an accessory to a personal watercraft comprising: a magnet attached or embedded within a top surface of the personal watercraft; a protective covering that protects the magnet from water; a metal piece within or attached to the accessory, the metal piece being arranged with the accessory so that a magnetic bond between the magnet and the metal piece holds the top accessory to the top surface; and, a protective covering that protects the metal piece from water. 2. An attachment system as in claim 1 wherein the magnet is embedded in a bore within the top surface so that the top surface is smooth at a location where the magnet is embedded within the top surface. 3. An attachment system as in claim 1 wherein the metal piece is a metal disk. 4. An attachment system as in claim 1 wherein the magnet is attached by an adhesive to the top surface. 5. An attachment system as in claim 1 wherein the personal watercraft is one of the following: surfboard; stand-up paddle board; kayak. 6. An attachment system as in claim 1 wherein the accessory is at least one of the following: a waterproof pouch sized to contain a small electronic device such as a smart phone or a global positioning system (GPS) device; a storage bag; a bottle sleeve; lighting device; a tackle bag, configured to hold fishing tackle; fishing rod holder; fishing pole. 7. A personal watercraft comprising: a top surface; a magnet embedded within the top surface of the personal watercraft; and, a protective covering that protects the magnet from water; wherein the magnet is sufficiently strong to create a bond between a metal piece within or attached to an accessory so that the accessory is held firmly to the top surface of the personal watercraft; and, wherein a protective covering protects the metal piece from water. 8. A personal watercraft as in claim 7 wherein the magnet is embedded in a bore within the top surface so that the top surface is smooth at a location where the magnet is embedded within the top surface. 9. A personal watercraft as in claim 7 wherein the magnet is in shape a disk. 10. A personal watercraft as in claim 7 wherein the personal watercraft is one of the following: surfboard; stand-up paddle board; kayak. 11. A personal watercraft as in claim 7 wherein the accessory is at least one of the following: a waterproof pouch sized to contain a small electronic device such as a smart phone or a global positioning system (GPS) device; a storage bag; a bottle sleeve; lighting device; a tackle bag, configured to hold fishing tackle; fishing rod holder; fishing pole. 12. An attachment system for securing an accessory to a personal watercraft comprising: a magnet; a metal piece, wherein a first of the magnet and the metal piece is arranged to be attached or embedded within a top surface of the personal watercraft, wherein a second of the magnet and the metal piece is within or attached to the accessory, wherein the second of the magnet and the metal piece is arranged with the accessory so that a magnetic bond between the magnet and the metal piece holds the top accessory to the top surface, and wherein the second of the magnet and the metal piece is not the same as the first of the magnet and the metal piece; a protective covering that protects the metal piece from water; and, a protective covering that protects the magnet from water. 13. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the magnet is embedded in a bore within the top surface so that the top surface is smooth at a location where the magnet is embedded within the top surface. 14. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the metal piece is a metal disk. 15. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the magnet is attached by an adhesive to the top surface. 16. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the personal watercraft is one of the following: surfboard; stand-up paddle board; kayak. 17. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the accessory is at least one of the following: a waterproof pouch sized to contain a small electronic device such as a smart phone or a global positioning system (GPS) device; a storage bag; a bottle sleeve; lighting device; a tackle bag, configured to hold fishing tackle. 18. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the protective covering that protects the magnet from water is a waterproof coating over the magnet. 19. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the protective covering that protects the metal piece from water is a waterproof pouch within the accessory. 20. An attachment system as in claim 12 wherein the protective covering is a waterproof compartment within the accessory or top surface.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a method and a phase lock detection apparatus for detecting whether a phase of an output signal is locked to the phase of a reference signal. The apparatus includes a first divider that individually frequency-divides first and second pulse signals, a phase frequency detector that outputs third and fourth pulse signals that correspond to a phase difference between the frequency-divided first and second pulse signals, a second divider that individually frequency-divides the third and fourth pulse signals, and a determiner that determines whether a phase of the second pulse signal is locked, based on the frequency-divided third and fourth pulse signals. 1. An apparatus for detecting phase lock in an electronic device, the apparatus comprising: a first divider that individually frequency-divides a first pulse signal and a second pulse signal; a phase frequency detector that outputs a third pulse signal and a fourth pulse signal that correspond to a phase difference between the frequency-divided first pulse signal and the frequency-divided second pulse signal; a second divider that individually frequency-divides the third pulse signal and the fourth pulse signal; and a determiner that determines whether a phase of the second pulse signal is locked to match the phase of the first pulse signal, based on the frequency-divided third pulse signal and the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal. 2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first pulse signal includes a reference signal that becomes a reference in detecting whether the phase of the second pulse signal is locked, and the second pulse signal includes an output signal that is output from a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first divider comprises: a first reference divider that frequency-divides the first pulse signal; and a first output divider that frequency-divides the second pulse signal. 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second divider comprises: a second reference divider that frequency-divides the third pulse signal; and a second output divider that frequency-divides the fourth pulse signal. 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the determiner comprises: a first delay circuit that delays the frequency-divided third pulse signal by a first time period; a second delay circuit that delays the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal by the first time period; a first determiner that determines a first logic value based on the delayed fourth pulse signal and the frequency-divided third pulse signal; a second determiner that determines a second logic value based on the delayed third pulse signal and the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal; and a third determiner that determines whether the phase of the second pulse signal is locked to match the phase of the first pulse signal, based on the first logic value and the second logic value. 6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided second pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the second pulse signal. 7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided third pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the third pulse signal, and a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the fourth pulse signal. 8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a pulse width of the frequency-divided third pulse signal is greater than or equal to a pulse width of the frequency-divided first pulse signal, and a pulse width of the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal is greater than or equal to a pulse width of the frequency-divided second pulse signal. 9. A method for detecting phase lock, the method comprising: individually frequency-dividing a first pulse signal and a second pulse signal; outputting a third pulse signal and a fourth pulse signal that correspond to a phase difference between the frequency-divided first pulse signal and the frequency-divided second pulse signal; individually frequency-dividing the third pulse signal and the fourth pulse signal; and determining whether a phase of the second pulse signal is locked to match the phase of the first pulse signal, based on the frequency-divided third pulse signal and the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first pulse signal includes a reference signal that becomes a reference in detecting whether the phase of the second pulse signal is locked, and the second pulse signal includes an output signal that is output from a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). 11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein determining whether the phase of the second pulse signal is locked comprises: delaying the frequency-divided third pulse signal by a first time period; delaying the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal by the first time period; determining a first logic value based on the delayed fourth pulse signal and the frequency-divided third pulse signal; determining a second logic value based on the delayed third pulse signal and the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal; and determining whether the phase of the second pulse signal is locked to match the phase of the first pulse signal, based on the first logic value and the second logic value. 12. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided second pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the second pulse signal. 13. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided third pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the third pulse signal, and a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the fourth pulse signal. 14. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein a pulse width of the frequency-divided third pulse signal is greater than or equal to a pulse width of the frequency-divided first pulse signal, and a pulse width of the frequency-divided fourth pulse signal is greater than or equal to a pulse width of the frequency-divided second pulse signal. 15. A chip set, comprising: a Radio Frequency (RF) processing unit that includes a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL); and a phase lock detection unit that detects whether a phase of an output signal of the PLL is locked to match the phase of a reference signal, and wherein the phase lock detection unit comprises: a first divider that frequency-divides the reference signal and the output signal; a phase frequency detector that outputs a first pulse signal and a second pulse signal that correspond to a phase difference between the frequency-divided reference signal and the frequency-divided output signal; a second divider that frequency-divides the first pulse signal and the second pulse signal; and a determiner that determines whether the phase of the output signal is locked, based on the frequency-divided first pulse signal and the frequency-divided second pulse signal. 16. The chip set as claimed in claim 15, wherein the first divider comprises: a first reference divider that frequency-divides the reference signal; and a first output divider that frequency-divides the output signal. 17. The chip set as claimed in claim 15, wherein the second divider comprises: a second reference divider that frequency-divides the first pulse signal; and a second output divider that frequency-divides the second pulse signal. 18. The chip set as claimed in claim 15, wherein the determiner comprises: a first delay circuit that delays the frequency-divided first pulse signal by a first time period; a second delay circuit that delays the frequency-divided second pulse signal by the first time period; a first determiner that determines a first logic value based on the delayed second pulse signal and the frequency-divided first pulse signal; a second determiner that determines a second logic value based on the delayed first pulse signal and the frequency-divided second pulse signal; and a third determiner that determines whether the phase of the output signal is locked to match the phase of the reference signal, based on the first logic value and the second logic value. 19. The chip set as claimed in claim 15, wherein a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided output signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the output signal, a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided first pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the first pulse signal, and a duty cycle value of the frequency-divided second pulse signal is greater than or equal to a duty cycle value of the second pulse signal. 20. The chip set as claimed in claim 15, wherein a pulse width of the frequency-divided first pulse signal is greater than or equal to a pulse width of the frequency-divided reference signal, and a pulse width of the frequency-divided second pulse signal is greater than or equal to a pulse width of the frequency-divided output signal.",
-    "The present invention provides a method of processing data. The method of processing data includes receiving a broadcasting signal where mobile service data are multiplexed with main service data, extracting transmission-parameter-channel signaling information and fast-information-channel signaling information from a data group within the received mobile service data; obtaining first program table information describing virtual channel information of an ensemble and a service provided by the ensemble using the fast-information-channel signaling information, the ensemble the ensemble corresponding to a virtual channel group of the received mobile service data, obtaining information indicating that second program table information, which describes an additional service provided by the ensemble, is included in the ensemble and parsing the second program table information according to the obtained information; and providing the additional service by using the second program table information. 1. A method for transmitting broadcast signals, the method comprising: FEC (Forward Error Correction) encoding broadcast service data for a broadcast service; encoding the FEC encoded broadcast service data using a specific code rate; encoding transmission parameters including information specifying the specific code rate; generating data frames including the encoded broadcast service data and the encoded transmission parameters; and transmitting the broadcast signals including the data frames, wherein the broadcast signals further include service acquisition data including information to enable service acquisition, wherein the broadcast signals further include service information data describing the broadcast service, wherein the service acquisition data further include version information specifying a version of a protocol for the service information data, wherein the service acquisition data further include major channel number information specifying a major channel number of the broadcast service, and wherein the service acquisition data further include minor channel number information specifying a minor channel number of the broadcast service. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the service acquisition data further include service category information specifying a category of the broadcast service. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the service information data includes status information indicating whether the broadcast service is active or inactive. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the service information data further includes service identification information uniquely identifying the broadcast service.",
-    "Powered patient support apparatuses\u2014such as beds, cots, stretchers, or the like\u2014include a plurality of user controls that allow a caregiver to control the steering and/or driving of one or more powered wheels from multiple different locations around the patient support apparatus (e.g. head end, foot end, and/or the sides). The control is carried out by force sensors that detect both an orientation of the applied forces and a magnitude of the applied forces. Translational and/or rotational movement is effectuated, depending upon the magnitude and direction of the forces, as well as the physical location of the applied force relative to a reference point on the support apparatus, such as the center. One or more object sensors may also be included in the support apparatus to assist in steering and/or navigating. 1. A patient support apparatus comprising: a base; a plurality of wheels coupled to the base; a spherical wheel coupled to the base; a motor adapted to drive the spherical wheel; a litter having a patient support surface adapted to support a patient; a lift coupled between the base and the litter, the lift adapted to change a height of the litter with respect to the base; a force sensing system adapted to detect forces exerted by a user; and a controller adapted to control the motor and to drive the spherical wheel based upon forces detected by the force sensing system. 2. The patient support apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is adapted to both steer and power the spherical wheel based upon the forces detected by the force sensing system. 3. The patient support apparatus of claim 2 wherein the force sensing system is adapted to detect both a magnitude and a direction of a horizontal component of the forces exerted by the user, and the controller is adapted to steer and power the spherical wheel based upon the magnitude and direction of the exerted forces. 4. The patient support apparatus of claim 2 wherein the force sensing system includes a plurality of force sensors positioned at different locations on the patient support apparatus. 5. The patient support apparatus of claim 4 wherein the controller is adapted to steer and power the spherical wheel based at least partially upon the locations of the force sensors relative to a reference point on the patient support apparatus. 6. The patient support apparatus of claim 4 wherein the controller is adapted to steer the spherical wheel based at least partially upon a difference between a force sensed by a first one of the force sensors and a force sensed by a second one of the force sensors. 7. The patient support apparatus of claim 1 wherein the force sensing system includes a plurality of force sensors mounted to a side rail. 8. The patient support apparatus of claim 1 wherein the force sensing system is further adapted to determine a location on the patient support apparatus of the exerted forces relative to a reference location on the patient support apparatus, and the controller steers and powers the spherical wheel based at least partially upon any torque generated by the exerted forces with respect to the reference location. 9. The patient support apparatus of claim 4 wherein the controller steers the spherical wheel in a manner that amplifies how the patient support apparatus would turn if the patient support apparatus were subjected to only forces applied at first and second ones of the sensors. 10. The patient support apparatus of claim 4 wherein the patient support apparatus is one of a bed and stretcher. 11. The patient support apparatus of claim 8 wherein the reference location is a center of gravity of the patient support apparatus. 12. A transporter for transporting a non-wheeled patient support apparatus, the transport comprising: a base; a plurality of wheels coupled to the base; a motor adapted to drive at least one of the wheels; a lift adapted to raise the patient support apparatus; a force sensing system adapted to detect forces exerted by a user; and a controller adapted to control the motor and drive the at least one of the wheels based upon forces detected by the force sensing system, the controller further adapted to raise the lift when the transporter is positioned underneath the patient support apparatus to thereby lift the patient support apparatus out of contact with the ground, whereby the transporter is able to carry the patient support apparatus to a different location. 13. The transporter of claim 12 wherein the controller includes a pedal coupled to the transporter, the controller adapted to raise the lift when the pedal is pressed. 14. The transporter of claim 12 wherein the controller is releasably positionable on the patient support apparatus. 15. The transporter of claim 14 wherein the controller includes a touch screen. 16. The transporter of claim 14 wherein the controller wirelessly communicates with the transporter. 17. The transporter of claim 12 wherein the controller is further adapted to steer at least one of the wheels. 18. The transporter of claim 12 where the plurality of wheels includes at least four steerable wheels. 19. The transporter of claim 12 wherein the lift is coupled to a section adapted to be inserted into a slot defined on an underside of the patient support apparatus. 20. The patient support apparatus of claim 12 wherein the patient support apparatus is one of a bed and stretcher.",
-    "Receiving a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of a palette that was used to encode a block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in the encoded video bitstream, wherein the first syntax element is encoded using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits, decoding the plurality of syntax elements, including decoding the first syntax element using the one or more Golomb codes, reconstructing the palette based on the decoded plurality of syntax elements, and decoding the block of video data using the reconstructed palette. 1. A method of decoding video data, the method comprising: receiving a block of video data in an encoded video bitstream, the block of video data having been encoded using a palette-based coding mode; receiving a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of a palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in the encoded video bitstream, wherein the first syntax element is encoded using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; decoding the plurality of syntax elements, including decoding the first syntax element using the one or more Golomb codes; reconstructing the palette based on the decoded plurality of syntax elements; and decoding the block of video data using the reconstructed palette. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first syntax element is a num_signalled_palette_entries syntax element. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is an exponential Golomb code of order 0. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is a concatenation of a truncated Rice code and an exponential Golomb code. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of syntax elements includes the palette values indicated as being explicitly signaled by the first syntax element. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, the method further comprising: defining the second syntax element to be a value from 0 to a first threshold; and defining the third syntax element to be a value from 0 to a second threshold. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first threshold is one of 4095 or 4096 and the second threshold is one of 4095, 8191, or 8192. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, the method further comprising: defining the second syntax element to be less than or equal to a number of pixels in a largest possible block of the video data in the encoded video bitstream; and defining the third syntax element to be less than or equal to K*a value of the second syntax element, where K is a positive constant and * indicates a multiplication operation. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein K is 2. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying the decoded block of video data. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a syntax element indicating a palette run type in the case that a current pixel of the block of video data is not a first pixel in a scanning order of the block of video data; and inferring the syntax element as indicating a palette run type in the case that the current pixel is the first pixel in the scanning order. 12. An apparatus configured to decode video data, the apparatus comprising: a memory configured to store an encoded video bitstream; and a video decoder configured to: receive a block of video data in the encoded video bitstream, the block of video data having been encoded using a palette-based coding mode; receive a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of a palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in the encoded video bitstream, wherein the first syntax element is encoded using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; decode the plurality of syntax elements, including decoding the first syntax element using the one or more Golomb codes; reconstruct the palette based on the decoded plurality of syntax elements; and decode the block of video data using the reconstructed palette. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first syntax element is a num_signalled_palette_entries syntax element. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is an exponential Golomb code of order 0. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is a concatenation of a truncated Rice code and an exponential Golomb code. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the plurality of syntax elements includes the palette values indicated as being explicitly signaled by the first syntax element. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, and wherein the video decoder is further configured to: define the second syntax element to be a value from 0 to a first threshold; and define the third syntax element to be a value from 0 to a second threshold. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first threshold is one of 4095 or 4096 and the second threshold is one of 4095, 8191, or 8192. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, and wherein the video decoder is further configured to: define the second syntax element to be less than or equal to a number of pixels in a largest possible block of the video data in the encoded video bitstream; and define the third syntax element to be less than or equal to K*a value of the second syntax element, where K is a positive constant and * indicates a multiplication operation. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein K is 2. 21. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a display configured to display the decoded block of video data. 22. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: receive a syntax element indicating a palette run type in the case that a current pixel of the block of video data is not a first pixel in a scanning order of the block of video data; and infer the syntax element as indicating a palette run type in the case that the current pixel is the first pixel in the scanning order. 23. An apparatus configured to decode video data, the apparatus comprising: means for receiving a block of video data in an encoded video bitstream, the block of video data having been encoded using a palette-based coding mode; means for receiving a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of a palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in the encoded video bitstream, wherein the first syntax element is encoded using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; means for decoding the plurality of syntax elements, including decoding the first syntax element using the one or more Golomb codes; means for reconstructing the palette based on the decoded plurality of syntax elements; and means for decoding the block of video data using the reconstructed palette. 24. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, causes one or more processors of a device configured to decode video data to: receive a block of video data in an encoded video bitstream, the block of video data having been encoded using a palette-based coding mode; receive a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of a palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in the encoded video bitstream, wherein the first syntax element is encoded using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; decode the plurality of syntax elements, including decoding the first syntax element using the one or more Golomb codes; reconstruct the palette based on the decoded plurality of syntax elements; and decode the block of video data using the reconstructed palette. 25. A method of encoding video data, the method comprising: encoding a block of video data using a palette-based coding mode and a palette; generating a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of the palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in an encoded video bitstream; encoding the first syntax using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; and including the plurality of syntax elements in the encoded video bitstream. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the first syntax element is a num_signalled_palette_entries syntax element. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is an exponential Golomb code of order 0. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is a concatenation of a truncated Rice code and an exponential Golomb code. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the plurality of syntax elements includes the palette values indicated as being explicitly signaled by the first syntax element. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, the method further comprising: defining the second syntax element to be a value from 0 to a first threshold; and defining the third syntax element to be a value from 0 to a second threshold. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the first threshold is one of 4095 or 4096 and the second threshold is one of 4095, 8191, or 8192. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, the method further comprising: defining the second syntax element to be less than or equal to a number of pixels in a largest possible block of the video data in the encoded video bitstream; and defining the third syntax element to be less than or equal to K*a value of the second syntax element, where K is a positive constant and * indicates a multiplication operation. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein K is 2. 34. The method of claim 25, further comprising: signaling a syntax element indicating a palette run type in the case that a current pixel is not a first pixel in a scanning order; and not signaling the syntax element indicating a palette run type in the case that the current pixel of the block of video data is the first pixel in the scanning order of the block of video data. 35. An apparatus configured to encode video data, the apparatus comprising: a memory configured to store a block of video data; and a video encoder configured to: encode the block of video data using a palette-based coding mode and a palette; generate a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of the palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in an encoded video bitstream; encode the first syntax element using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; and include the plurality of syntax elements in the encoded video bitstream. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the first syntax element is a num_signalled_palette_entries syntax element. 37. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is an exponential Golomb code of order 0. 38. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the predetermined maximum number of bits is 32, and wherein the one or more Golomb codes is a concatenation of a truncated Rice code and an exponential Golomb code. 39. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the plurality of syntax elements includes the palette values indicated as being explicitly signaled by the first syntax element. 40. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, and wherein the video encoder is further configured to: define the second syntax element to be a value from 0 to a first threshold; and define the third syntax element to be a value from 0 to a second threshold. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the first threshold is one of 4095 or 4096 and the second threshold is one of 4095, 8191, or 8192. 42. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein a maximum value of the first syntax element is defined relative to a second syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of the palette, and a third syntax element, of the plurality of syntax elements, that indicates a maximum size of a palette predictor, and wherein the video encoder is further configured to: define the second syntax element to be less than or equal to a number of pixels in a largest possible block of the video data in the encoded video bitstream; and define the third syntax element to be less than or equal to K*a value of the second syntax element, where K is a positive constant and * indicates a multiplication operation. 43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein K is 2. 44. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the video encoder is further configured to: signal a syntax element indicating a palette run type in the case that a current pixel is not a first pixel in a scanning order; and not signal the syntax element indicating a palette run type in the case that the current pixel of the block of video data is the first pixel in the scanning order of the block of video data. 45. An apparatus configured to encode video data, the apparatus comprising: means for encoding a block of video data using a palette-based coding mode and a palette; means for generating a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of the palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in an encoded video bitstream; means for encoding the first syntax element using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; and means for including the plurality of syntax elements in the encoded video bitstream. 46. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed, causes one or more processors of a device configured to encode video data to: encode a block of video data using a palette-based coding mode and a palette; generate a plurality of syntax elements that are indicative of the palette that was used to encode the block of video data, the plurality of syntax elements including a first syntax element that indicates a number of palette values for the palette that are explicitly signaled in an encoded video bitstream; encode the first syntax element using one or more Golomb codes such that the length of the encoded first syntax element is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum number of bits; and include the plurality of syntax elements in the encoded video bitstream.",
-    "A golf club head comprises a sole, a recessed sole port in the sole; and a rotatably adjustable sole piece adapted to be at least partially received within the sole port and comprising a central body having a plurality of contact surfaces adapted to contact the sole port and being offset from each other along a central axis extending through the central body of the sole piece. The sole piece can be positioned at least partially within the sole port at five or more rotational and axial positions with respect to the central axis, wherein at each rotational position, at least one of said contact surfaces of the central body contacts the sole port to set the axial position of the sole piece. The sole port and/or the sole piece can be generally pentagonal in shape. 1. A golf club head comprising: a body having a face, a crown, a hosel, and a sole together defining an interior cavity; the body having a channel located on the sole; at least one ledge extending within the channel; at least one weight member movably positioned within the channel such that a position of the at least one weight member within the channel is able to be adjusted, thereby adjusting a location of a center of gravity of the club head; the at least one weight member comprises an outer member engaging an outward-facing surface of the at least one ledge, an inner member engaging an inward-facing surface of the at least one ledge, and a fastening bolt comprising a threaded shaft, wherein the threaded shaft extends through a center aperture of the outer member and engages mating threads located in a center aperture of the inner member; the at least one weight member is located entirely external to the interior cavity of the body and the at least one weight member is configured to clamp the at least one ledge at selected locations along the channel, wherein when the at least one weight member is in a selected location, the fastening bolt is tightened until the clamping force between the outer member and the inner member upon the at least one ledge is sufficient to restrain the at least one weight member in place; wherein the face includes a center face location that defines the origin of a coordinate system in which an x-axis is tangential to the face at the center face location and is parallel to a ground plane when the body is in a normal address position, a y-axis extends perpendicular to the x-axis and is also parallel to the ground plane, and a z-axis extends perpendicular to the ground plane, wherein a positive x-axis extends toward the heel end of the body from the origin, a positive y-axis extends rearwardly from the origin toward the interior cavity, and a positive z-axis extends upwardly from the origin toward the crown; wherein adjustment of the at least one weight member provides a maximum x-axis adjustment range of the position of the center of gravity (Max \u0394CGx) that is greater than 2 mm and a maximum y-axis adjustment range of the center of gravity (Max \u0394CGy) that is less than 3 mm; wherein the weight member has a mass (MWA) and wherein the product of MWA*Max \u0394x is between 250 g\u00b7mm and 4950 g\u00b7mm; wherein the product of MWA*Max \u0394y is between 0 g\u00b7mm and 1800 g\u00b7mm; and wherein the center of gravity of the club head has a z-axis coordinate (CGz) that is less than 0 mm. 2. The golf club head of claim 1, further comprising a passageway that extends from the hosel through the club head and opens at the sole, wherein the passageway is located on the heel end of the body and the passageway is configured to provide passage for an attachment screw; an adjustable shaft connection system for coupling a shaft to the hosel including a shaft sleeve that is secured by the attachment screw to the hosel, the shaft sleeve is configured to support the shaft at various positions relative to the club head to vary a shaft loft angle and shaft lie angle, wherein the adjustable shaft connection system and the at least one weight member are configured to be adjusted by a single tool. 3. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the channel has a rear channel wall and a front channel wall extending lengthwise of the channel, and the inner member has two opposing sides that are parallel to the rear channel wall and the front channel wall. 4. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the channel has a rear channel wall and a front channel wall extending lengthwise of the channel, and the outer member has two opposing sides that are parallel to the rear channel wall and the front channel wall. 5. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the outer member includes a plurality of notches adapted to selectively engage a plurality of projections located on an exposed surface of the at least one ledge. 6. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the channel extends generally from a heel end of the body to a toe end of the body and the at least one ledge extends within the channel from the heel end of the body to the toe end of the body; and wherein the channel is aligned generally parallel to a plane extending tangential to the face at a center face location, and the distance between a first vertical plane intersecting a center of the face and a second vertical plane bisecting the channel is less than about 50 mm over a full length of the channel. 7. A golf club head comprising: a body having a face, a crown, a hosel, and a sole together defining an interior cavity, the body having a channel located on the sole and extending generally from a heel end of the body to a toe end of the body; at least one ledge extending within the channel from the heel end of the body to the toe end of the body; at least one weight member movably positioned within the channel and configured to clamp the at least one ledge, wherein a position of at least one weight member within the channel is able to be adjusted, wherein the at least one weight member comprises an outer member engaging an outward-facing surface of the at least one ledge, an inner member engaging an inward-facing surface of the at least one ledge, and a fastening bolt comprising a threaded shaft that extends through a center aperture of the outer member and engages mating threads located in a center aperture of the inner member; a passageway that extends from the hosel through the club head and opens at the sole, wherein the passageway is located on the heel end of the body and the passageway is configured to provide passage for an attachment screw; an adjustable shaft connection system for coupling a shaft to the hosel including a shaft sleeve that is secured by the attachment screw to the hosel, the shaft sleeve is configured to support the shaft at various positions relative to the club head to vary a shaft loft angle and shaft lie angle, wherein the adjustable shaft connection system and the at least one weight member are configured to be adjusted by a single tool. 8. The golf club head of claim 7, wherein adjusting the position of the at least one weight member within the channel produces a max change in the head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate that is less than 3 mm throughout the adjustability range. 9. The golf club head of claim 7, wherein adjusting the position of the at least one weight member within the channel produces a max change in the head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate that is greater than 2 mm throughout the adjustability range. 10. The golf club head of claim 7, wherein adjusting the position of the at least one weight member within the channel produces a max change in the head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate that is less than 1 mm throughout the adjustability range, produces a max change in the head origin z-axis (CGz) coordinate that is less than 1.1 mm throughout the adjustability range, and a max change in the head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate that is greater than 2 mm throughout the adjustability range. 11. A golf club head comprising: a body having a face, a crown, a hosel, and a sole together defining an interior cavity, the body having a channel with at least one ledge extending within the channel; at least one weight member configured to clamp the at least one ledge at selected locations along the channel; the at least one weight member is located entirely external to the interior cavity of the body and the at least one weight member comprises an outer member engaging an outward-facing surface of the at least one ledge, an inner member engaging an inward-facing surface of the at least one ledge, and a fastening bolt comprising a threaded shaft that extends through a center aperture of the outer member and engages mating threads located in a center aperture of the inner member; and wherein when the at least one weight member is in a selected location, the fastening bolt is tightened until the clamping force between the outer member and the inner member upon the at least one ledge is sufficient to restrain the at least one weight member in place. 12. The golf club head of claim 11, further comprising a passageway that extends from the hosel through the club head and opens at the sole, wherein the passageway is located on the heel end of the body and the passageway is configured to provide passage for an attachment screw; an adjustable shaft connection system for coupling a shaft to the hosel including a shaft sleeve that is secured by the attachment screw to the hosel, the shaft sleeve is configured to support the shaft at various positions relative to the club head to vary a shaft loft angle and shaft lie angle, wherein the adjustable shaft connection system and the at least one weight member are configured to be adjusted by use of a single tool. 13. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the at least one ledge includes a plurality of projections located on an exposed surface of the at least one ledge, and the outer member includes a plurality of notches adapted to selectively engage the projections located on the exposed surface of the at least one ledge. 14. The golf club head of claim 11, further comprising at least one rib provided on an internal surface of the interior cavity, wherein the at least one rib connects a channel interior surface to at least one other internal surface of the body. 15. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the channel includes a first channel wall and a second channel wall generally parallel to the first channel wall and the distance between the first channel wall and the second channel wall defines a channel width, and wherein over at least a portion of the channel the width of the channel is between 8 mm and 20 mm. 16. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the channel has a rear channel wall and a front channel wall extending lengthwise of the channel, and the inner member has two opposing sides that are parallel to the rear channel wall and the front channel wall. 17. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the channel has a rear channel wall and a front channel wall extending lengthwise of the channel, and the outer member has two opposing sides that are parallel to the rear channel wall and the front channel wall. 18. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the weight member has a mass (MWA) and wherein the product of MWA*Max \u0394x is between about 500 g\u00b7mm and about 4950 g\u00b7mm. 19. The golf club head of claim 18, wherein adjusting the position of the at least one weight member within the channel produces a max change in the head origin y-axis (CGy) coordinate that is less than 3 mm throughout the adjustability range, produces a max change in the head origin z-axis (CGz) coordinate that is less than 1.1 mm throughout the adjustability range, and a max change in the head origin x-axis (CGx) coordinate that is greater than 2 mm throughout the adjustability range. 20. The golf club head of claim 18, further comprising a weight installation cavity being configured to allow insertion of at least the inner member within the channel.",
-    "Methods for fabricating connectors for multilayered optical waveguides, as well as apparatuses for multilayered optical waveguides that embody ferrules and connectors. The method of fabricating a connector includes the steps of: stacking in a containing unit of a ferrule, a plurality of optical waveguides that are each preliminarily formed in the shape of layers; and injecting resin or adhesive through a space lying between the plurality of optical waveguides and the containing unit of the ferrule, with the plurality of optical waveguides contained in a stacked manner so that resin or adhesive reaches each of the plurality of optical waveguides. 1. A method of fabricating a connector, the method comprising the steps of: stacking in a containing unit of a ferrule, which has two parallel side walls, a plurality of optical waveguides and a lid; and injecting resin or adhesive through a space lying between the plurality of optical waveguides and the containing unit of the ferrule, wherein the resin or adhesive reaches each of the plurality of optical waveguides and the lid, wherein the resin that is injected into the space secures the lid and the plurality of optical waveguides within the ferrule and secures the lid to the side wall. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the ferrule includes a plurality of holes; the ferrule includes the containing unit; the containing unit is capable of containing, in a stacking manner, the plurality of optical waveguides; and the containing unit includes a fiducial face relative to all of the plurality of holes. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the connector is a Mechanically Transferable (MT) connector; the ferrule is a multiple-core optical ferrule (MT ferrule) the ferrule includes a plurality of holes formed to serve as a plurality of position guides; and the containing unit is capable of containing, in a stacking manner, the plurality of optical waveguides. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: applying a pressure, toward the containing unit of the ferrule, on the plurality of optical waveguides stacked. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein, as the space lying between the plurality of optical waveguides and the containing unit of the ferrule, grooves are arranged along a multilayered direction to produce active capillary phenomena. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the grooves are formed as a trimming on the side of the ferrule to consecutively communicate with the plurality of optical waveguides stacked. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the grooves are formed as a trimming on the side of the optical waveguide to consecutively communicate with the plurality of optical waveguides stacked. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein: the length of the cross section in a multilayered direction, measured in a direction orthogonal to the waveguide direction, is smaller than 100 \u03bcm; and the viscosity of resin or adhesive injected is from about 105 cps to about 195 cps and ranges there between. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein: the length of the cross section in a multilayered direction, measured in a direction orthogonal to the waveguide direction, is from about 35 \u03bcm to about 65 \u03bcm and ranges there between, and the length in a waveguide direction is from about 350 \u03bcm to about 650 \u03bcm and ranges there between; and the viscosity of resin or adhesive injected is from about 105 cps to about 195 cps and ranges there between. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein: the length of the cross section in a multilayered direction, measured in a direction orthogonal to the waveguide direction, is smaller than about 194.25 \u03bcm to about 360.75 \u03bcm and ranges there between. 11. A ferrule comprising: a containing unit having two parallel side walls, arranged so as to contain, in a stacking manner, a plurality of optical waveguides that are each preliminarily formed in the shape of layers, a space lying between the plurality of optical waveguides and the containing unit of the ferrule, and a lid that fits entirely between the side walls, wherein the space is formed by grooves which are formed in a direction perpendicular to the layers so that injected resin or adhesive reaches each of the plurality of optical waveguides and the lid, and wherein only injected resin within the grooves secures the lid and the plurality of optical waveguides within the ferrule and secures the lid to the side wall. 12. A ferrule according to claim 11, further comprising a plurality of holes, and wherein: the plurality of holes serves as a fiducial; and the containing unit includes a fiducial face relative to all of the plurality of holes. 13. A ferrule according to claim 11, further comprising a plurality of holes, and wherein: the ferrule is a multiple-core optical ferrule, such that the ferrule is a Mechanically Transferable (MT) ferrule; and the plurality of holes serves as a plurality of position guides. 14. The ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the containing unit has a concave shape. 15. A connector utilizing a ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the grooves are filled with injected resin or adhesive. 16. A connector utilizing a ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the lid is placed on the plurality of optical waveguides stacked. 17. The ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the waveguides are for single mode, capable of being collectively connected. 18. The ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the waveguides are for multimode, capable of being collectively connected. 19. A connector utilizing a ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the waveguides are for single mode, capable of being collectively connected. 20. A connector utilizing a ferrule according to claim 11, wherein the waveguides are for multimode, capable of being collectively connected.",
-    "A diffraction pattern is averaged with adjacent diffraction patterns to increase a signal to noise ratio thereof and improve indexing accuracy. The pixels of a diffraction pattern image are averaged with a correlated pixel from one or more adjacent diffraction patterns. Noise artifacts are reduced in intensity, while signals present in each of the patterns reinforce one another to produce an averaged diffraction pattern which is then indexed. 1. A method for spatially averaging diffraction patterns comprising: acquiring a central diffraction pattern and a plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns from an electron backscatter diffraction detector; averaging the central diffraction pattern with one or more of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns to produce an averaged diffraction pattern; and indexing the averaged diffraction pattern to produce an averaged crystal orientation. 2. The method of claim 1, acquiring a central diffraction pattern and a plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns further comprising saving the central diffraction pattern and the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns to a data storage device. 3. The method of claim 1, averaging the central diffraction pattern with one or more of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns further comprising averaging a pixel intensity of the central diffraction pattern with a correlated pixel intensity of the at least one of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns. 4. The method of claim 1, averaging the central diffraction pattern with one or more of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns further comprising averaging an electron band position of the central diffraction pattern with a correlated electron band position of the at least one of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns. 5. The method of claim 1, the adjacent diffraction patterns being collected from sampling locations on a hexagonal grid. 6. The method of claim 1, indexing the averaged diffraction pattern further comprising calculating an averaged confidence index. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising indexing the central diffraction pattern to produce a measured crystal orientation. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising comparing the measured crystal orientation to the averaged crystal orientation. 9. A system for spatially averaging diffraction patterns comprising: an electron backscatter detector; one or more hardware processors in data communication with the electron backscatter detector; and one or more storage devices having stored computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, are configured to cause the computing system to perform a method including: acquiring a central diffraction pattern; acquiring a plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns; comparing the central diffraction pattern to one or more of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns; averaging at the central diffraction pattern with one or more of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns to produce an averaged diffraction pattern; and indexing the averaged diffraction pattern to produce an averaged crystal orientation. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises: indexing the central diffraction pattern to produce a measured crystallographic orientation; indexing at least one of the plurality of the adjacent diffraction patterns to produce an adjacent crystallographic orientation; and wherein comparing the central diffraction pattern to one or more of the plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns comprises comparing the measured crystal orientation with the adjacent crystal orientation against a misorientation tolerance. 11. The system of claim 9, indexing the central diffraction pattern further comprising calculating a measured confidence index. 12. The system of claim 11, indexing the averaged diffraction pattern further comprising calculating an averaged confidence index, and further comprising comparing the averaged confidence index and the measured confidence index and determining a lower value of the averaged confidence index and the measured confidence index. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises discarding data associated with the lower value. 14. The system of claim 9, acquiring a central diffraction pattern further comprising collecting a diffraction pattern from a sample. 15. The system of claim 9, acquiring a plurality of adjacent diffraction patterns further comprising collecting a plurality of diffraction patterns from a sample. 16. A method for calculating crystallographic orientations comprising: acquiring a diffraction pattern set having a plurality of diffraction patterns therein; indexing a plurality of the diffraction patterns to calculate one or more misorientations; correlating a plurality of misorientations to identify one or more grains; averaging a central diffraction pattern with one or more adjacent diffraction patterns based upon the one or more grains to produce an averaged diffraction pattern; and indexing the averaged diffraction pattern to produce an averaged orientation. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising calculating a confidence index for the averaged diffraction pattern. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising indexing and calculating a confidence index for the central diffraction pattern, comparing the confidence index for the central diffraction pattern and the confidence index for the averaged diffraction pattern. 19. The method of claim 16, correlating a plurality of misorientations comprising identifying adjacent misorientations greater than 5\u00b0. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising collecting a diffraction pattern set with an electron backscatter detector.",
-    "A method for treating a carbonaceous material including heating a carbonaceous material to move at least a portion of tar through the carbonaceous material toward a surface of the carbonaceous material to form a tar coating on the surface. The method also includes cooling the carbonaceous material and the tar coating on the surface to form a tar-coated carbonaceous material, wherein at least the portion of tar that forms the tar coating on the surface remains in contact with the carbonaceous material while the carbonaceous material is heated to form the tar coating and while the carbonaceous material and the tar coating are cooled to form the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 1. A method for treating a carbonaceous material comprising: heating a carbonaceous material to move at least a portion of tar through the carbonaceous material toward a surface of the carbonaceous material to form a tar coating on the surface; and cooling the carbonaceous material and the tar coating on the surface to form a tar-coated carbonaceous material, wherein at least the portion of tar that forms the tar coating on the surface remains in contact with the carbonaceous material while the carbonaceous material is heated to form the tar coating and while the carbonaceous material and the tar coating are cooled to form the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonaceous material comprises coal. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising heating the carbonaceous material to a temperature of from about 300 degrees Celsius to about 500 degrees Celsius using a heat source. 4. The method of claim 1, comprising heating the carbonaceous material by applying electromagnetic energy from an electromagnetic energy source and cooling the carbonaceous material and the tar coating on the surface by discontinuing application of heat from the electromagnetic energy source. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising adding additional tar to the carbonaceous material from an external source other than the carbonaceous material. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the additional tar is added to the carbonaceous material during the heating of the carbonaceous material. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an outer surface of the tar-coated carbonaceous material is about 10 percent to about 80 percent more hydrophobic than the surface of the carbonaceous material prior to the heating step of the method. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonaceous material has a total ash content of about 30 percent to about 50 percent. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising applying a liquid to the tar-coated carbonaceous material to cause ash to separate from the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a total ash content of the tar-coated carbonaceous material is less than about 30 percent after application of the liquid to the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 11. A method for treating a carbonaceous material comprising: heating a carbonaceous material to move at least a portion of tar through the carbonaceous material toward a surface of the carbonaceous material to form a tar coating on the surface; and cooling the carbonaceous material and the tar coating on the surface to form a tar-coated carbonaceous material, wherein an outer surface of the tar-coated carbonaceous material after the cooling is about 10 percent to about 80 percent more hydrophobic than the surface of the carbonaceous material prior to the heating. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the tar-coated carbonaceous material is formed without separating the portion of the tar that forms the tar coating from the carbonaceous material during the heating and the cooling. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the heating of the carbonaceous material comprises applying electromagnetic energy using an electromagnetic energy source. 14. The method of claim 11, comprising adding additional tar to the carbonaceous material from an external source other than the carbonaceous material during the heating of the carbonaceous material. 15. The method of claim 11, comprising applying a liquid to the tar-coated carbonaceous material to cause ash to separate from the tar-coated carbonaceous material, wherein a total ash content of the tar-coated carbonaceous material is less than about 30 percent after applying the liquid to the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 16. A method for treating a carbonaceous material comprising: heating a carbonaceous material with an electromagnetic energy source within a heating region of a carbonaceous material treatment system to move at least a portion of tar through the carbonaceous material toward a surface of the carbonaceous material to form a tar coating on the surface; and transporting the carbonaceous material from the heating region to a cooling region of the carbonaceous material treatment system, wherein the cooling region is separate from and downstream of the heating region and is not subjected to heat from the heat source of the heating region, thereby enabling the carbonaceous material and the tar coating on the surface to cool and to form a tar-coated carbonaceous material. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising: transporting the tar-coated carbonaceous material from the cooling region to an ash-removal region of the carbonaceous material treatment system, wherein the ash-removal region is separate from and downstream of the heating region and the cooling region; and washing the tar-coated carbonaceous material with a liquid in the ash-removal region to cause ash to separate from the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein an outer surface of the tar-coated carbonaceous material is about 10 percent to about 80 percent more hydrophobic than the surface of the carbonaceous material prior to the heating step of the method. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein a total ash content of the tar-coated carbonaceous material is less than about 30 percent after applying the liquid to the tar-coated carbonaceous material. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein at least the portion of tar that forms the tar coating on the surface remains in contact with the carbonaceous material while the carbonaceous material is heated to form the tar coating and while the carbonaceous material and the tar coating are cooled to form the tar-coated carbonaceous material.",
-    "A method for detecting three-dimensional (3D) pseudoscopic images and a display device for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images are provided. The method includes extracting corresponding feature points in a first view and corresponding feature points in a second view, wherein the first view and the second view form a current 3D image; calculating an average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view and an average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view; based on the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view and the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view, determining whether the current 3D image is pseudoscopic or not; and processing the current 3D image when it is determined that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic. 1. A method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images, comprising: extracting corresponding feature points in a first view and corresponding feature points in a second view, wherein the first view and the second view form a current 3D image; calculating an average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view and an average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view; based on the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view and the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view, determining whether the current 3D image is pseudoscopic or not; and processing the current 3D image when it is determined that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic. 2. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 1, wherein: the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view is an average of X-axis coordinate values of the feature points in the first view; and the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view is an average of X-axis coordinate values of the feature points in the second view. 3. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 1, wherein determining whether the current 3D image is pseudoscopic or not further includes: determining that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic when the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view is larger than or equal to the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view, wherein the first view is a left view and the second view is a right view. 4. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 1, wherein determining whether the current 3D image is pseudoscopic or not further includes: determining that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic when the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view is larger than or equal to the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view, wherein the first view is a right view and the second view is a left view. 5. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 1, wherein processing the current 3D image further includes: adjusting the first view and the second view forming the current 3D image when it is determined that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic, such that pseudoscopy in the current 3D image is corrected. 6. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 5, wherein adjusting the first view and the second view when the current 3D image is pseudoscopic further includes: changing a relative order of the first view and the second view forming the current 3D image. 7. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 1, further including: selecting a plurality of 3D video frames from a 3D video based on a predetermined rule, wherein each 3D video frame is a 3D image having a first view and a second view, before extracting corresponding feature points in the first view and corresponding feature points in the second view. 8. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 7, further including: Recording detection results of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in each of the plurality of 3D video frames; and Recording a number of times of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in the 3D video. 9. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 8, further including: based on the number of times of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in the 3D video and the detection results of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in each of the plurality of 3D video frames, determining whether the 3D video is pseudoscopic or not. 10. The method for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images according to claim 9, further including: when the 3D video is determined as pseudoscopic, respectively changing a relative order of the first view and the second view in each3D video frame which is pseudoscopic. 11. A display device for detecting 3D pseudoscopic images, comprising: a feature extraction module configured to extract corresponding feature points in a first view and corresponding feature points in a second view, wherein the first view and the second view form a current 3D image; an average value calculation module configured to calculate an average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view and an average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view; and a decision module configured to determine whether the current 3D image is pseudoscopic or not based on the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view and the average coordinates values of the feature points in the second view. 12. The display device according to claim 11, wherein: the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view is an average of X-axis coordinate values of the feature points in the first view; and the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view is an average of X-axis coordinate values of the feature points in the second view. 13. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the decision module is further configured to: determine that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic when the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view is larger than or equal to the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view, wherein the first view is a left view and the second view is a right view. 14. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the decision module is further configured to: determine that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic when the average coordinate value of the feature points in the second view is larger than or equal to the average coordinate value of the feature points in the first view, wherein the first view is a right view and the second view is a left view. 15. The display device according to claim 11, further including: a pseudoscopic image processing module configured to adjust the first view and the second view forming the current 3D image when the decision module determines that the current 3D image is pseudoscopic, such that pseudoscopy in the current 3D image is corrected. 16. The display device according to claim 15, wherein pseudoscopic image processing module is further configured to: change a relative order of the first view and the second view forming the current 3D image. 17. The display device according to claim 11, further including: a selecting module configured to select a plurality of 3D video frames from a 3D video based on a predetermined rule, wherein each 3D video frame is a 3D image having a first view and a second view. 18. The display device according to claim 11, further including: a recording module configured to record a number of times of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in the 3D video and detection results of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in each of the plurality of 3D video frames. 19. The display device according to claim 18, wherein the decision module is further configured to: based on the number of times of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in the 3D video and the detection results of detecting 3D pseudoscopic images in each of the plurality of 3D video frames, determine whether the 3D video is pseudoscopic or not. 20. The display device according to claim 19, wherein the pseudoscopic image processing module is further configured to: when the decision module determines the 3D video is pseudoscopic, respectively change a relative order of the first view and the second view in each3D video frame which is pseudoscopic.",
-    "This invention provides a device for implantation directly into the spinal cord for the purpose of treating back pain. Electrodes on a backing that conforms directly to the spinal cord are installed as a source of electrical stimulation and pain relief The electrode array is maintained on the spinal cord by way of a spring or support structure that is anchored to an anatomical structure outside the spinal cord but near the site of implantation. Suitable anchoring structures include the vertebrae and the dura. Secured in this fashion, the support structure maintains a gentle pressure of the electrode array against the spinal cord so as to stay in electrical contact but minimize injury or inflammation. The device may accommodate and buffer movement of the spinal cord both laterally and in a caudal-rostral fashion so that the electrode array remains in place. 1. An implantable device for stimulating the spinal cord of a subject, comprising: an electrode array comprising electrodes mounted on a backing, the array being configured to conform to the curved surface of the spinal cord; and a deformable support structure attached to the backing, configured to be implanted intradurally and secured to an anatomical structure beyond the spinal cord so as to urge the array towards the spinal cord such that electrodes of the array engage and are secured against the pial surface of the spinal cord. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the support structure is configured for securing to the dura. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the support structure comprises a first flexible member that is configured to extend laterally towards and engage the left margin of the dura, and a second flexible member that is configured to extend laterally towards and engage the right margin of the dura. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the first flexible member additionally engages the left dentate ligament, and the second flexible member additionally engages the right dentate ligament. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the support structure is configured for securing to an anatomical structure outside the dura. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the support structure is configured for securing to a vertebra. 7. The device of claim 5, wherein the support structure comprises a strap configured for bridging lamina of the vertebra. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the support structure comprises a cuff configured to engage the dura at or near an access site during implantation of the device into the subject, thereby sealing the access site. 9. The device of claim 1, further comprising one or more connecting member(s) attached to the support structure, configured to pass from the support structure out through the dura; wherein the connecting member(s) comprise one or more electrical leads configured to supply electrical stimulation to the electrodes from a source outside the spinal cord. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the support structure comprises one or more closed flexible loops between the array and the connecting member. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the closed flexible loops are configured so as to be oriented parallel with the spinal cord when the electrode array is in contact with the spinal cord. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein after implantation into the subject, the closed flexible loops extend horizontally beyond the electrodes on the array. 13. The device of claim 9, wherein the electrical leads comprise a first lead portion extending from the attachment portion to the support structure and a second lead portion extending from the attachment portion to a stimulation signal generator, wherein the first lead portion is coupled to the second lead portion at a connector having a first connector portion mounted to the attachment portion, the first lead portion configured to be more resistant to failure than the second lead portion. 14. The device of claim 9, further comprising an electrical connector whereby electrical leads passing from electrodes on the electrode array through the connecting member(s) to the connector may be electrically connected to a power source. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the array has opposed ends for positioning axially along the spinal cord, and wherein upon implantation into the subject, the backing extends sufficiently beyond both opposed axial ends so as to inhibit lifting of any electrodes of the array from the pial surface of the spinal cord when the array moves with spinal cord physiological movement within the spinal canal. 16. The device of claim 1, wherein the backing of the array further comprises semi-rigid extensions in rostral and/or caudal directions that increase surface area of the backing in contact with the spinal cord. 17. An apparatus configured to receive and install an implantable device according to claim 1 in the subject at a position wherefrom pain experienced by the subject can be relieved, the apparatus comprising: (1) a holding member configured to receive and reversibly secure the implantable device while it is being implanted into the subject, and (2) a retractable measuring rod configured so that the spring portion or support structure of the device can be positioned and installed at a measured distance away from the spinal cord in the subject such that the electrode array is urged upon the spinal cord within a desired pressure range. 18. A method for implanting a spinal cord stimulation device according to claim 1 in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) accessing a region of the spinal cord through the dura that surrounds the spinal cord in the spinal canal of the subject; (b) positioning the spinal cord at a desired location within the spinal canal; (c) placing the electrode array in contact with the pial surface of the spinal cord; (d) securing the deformable support structure to said anatomical structure so that engagement between the electrodes and the spinal cord remains within a desired range as the spinal cord moves within the spinal canal from the desired location throughout a physiological movement range; and (e) sealing the electrode array and the support structure within the spinal canal. 19. The method of claim 18, comprising loading the device on an installing apparatus that includes: (1) a holding member configured to receive and reversibly secure the implantable device while it is being implanted into the subject, and (2) a retractable measuring rod configured so that the spring portion or support structure of the device can be positioned and installed at a measured distance away from the spinal cord in the subject such that the electrode array is urged upon the spinal cord within a desired pressure range, then positioning and lowering the device onto the spinal cord by manipulating the apparatus, detaching and removing the apparatus from the device following step (d), and closing the incision around the device once the apparatus has been removed. 20. A method for stimulating the spinal cord in the subject after being implanted with a device according to claim 1 such that the electrodes of the array engage the pial surface of the spinal cord and are secured in position by way of the support structure, the method comprising delivering an electrical stimulus to the spinal cord by way of the implanted device so as to inhibit sensation of pain by the subject.",
-    "The invention discloses a hemostatic composition comprising: a) a biocompatible polymer in particulate form suitable for use in hemostasis, and b) one hydrophilic polymeric component comprising reactive groups. 1. A method for producing a hemostatic composition in mixed dry form for treating a patient, the method comprising: placing, in a container, an amount of hemostatic biocompatible polymer in dry form, wherein the hemostatic biocompatible polymer is present in particulate form; placing, in the container, an amount of one hydrophilic crosslinker in dry form, wherein the one hydrophilic crosslinker comprises electrophilic reactive groups; and mixing the amount of the hemostatic biocompatible polymer and the amount of the one hydrophilic crosslinker to produce the hemostatic composition in mixed dry form, the hemostatic composition comprising a homogeneous mixture of the amount of the hemostatic biocompatible polymer and the amount of the one hydrophilic crosslinker. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hemostatic biocompatible polymer is crosslinked gelatin. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one hydrophilic crosslinker is a polyethylene glycol. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the polyethylene glycol is pentaerythritolpoly(ethyleneglycol)ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the hemostatic biocompatible polymer and the amount of the one hydrophilic crosslinker in mixed dry form are present in a ratio, and wherein the ratio is in a range from 0.1% w/w to 50% w/w. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the hemostatic biocompatible polymer and the amount of the one hydrophilic crosslinker in mixed dry form are present in a ratio, and wherein the ratio is in a range from 5% w/w to 40% w/w. 7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising hydrating an amount of the hemostatic composition in mixed dry form with an amount of a diluent to obtain a hydrated product. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising applying the hydrated product to a bleeding wound of the patient. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the diluent is neutral. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the diluent is a saline solution. 11. The method according to claim 9, further comprising applying the hydrated product to a bleeding wound of the patient. 12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the diluent is basic. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the diluent has a pH of 9.5. 14. The method according to claim 12, further comprising applying the hydrated product to a bleeding wound of the patient. 15. The method according to claim 7, wherein the diluent is acidic. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the diluent has a pH of 1.5. 17. The method according to claim 15, further comprising applying the hydrated product to a bleeding wound of the patient.",
-    "Systems in a flow cytometer having an interrogation zone and illumination impinging the interrogation zone include: a lens subsystem including a collimating element that collimates light from the interrogation zone, a light dispersion element that disperses collimated light into a light spectrum, and a focusing lens that focuses the light spectrum onto an array of adjacent detection points; a detector array, including semiconductor detector devices, that collectively detects a full spectral range of input light signals, in which each detector device detects a subset spectral range of the full spectral range of light signals; and a user interface that enables a user to create a set of virtual detector channels by grouping detectors in the detector array, such that each virtual detector channel corresponds to a detector group and has a virtual detector channel range including the sum of subset spectral ranges of the detectors in the corresponding detector group. 1. An optical and detection system for a flow cytometer having a flow channel with an interrogation zone and an illumination source that impinges the interrogation zone from a particular direction, the optical system comprising: a lens subsystem including: a collimating element that receives and collimates light from the interrogation zone; a light dispersion element that disperses the collimated light into a continuous wavelength spectrum of light; and a focusing lens that focuses the spectrum of light onto an array of adjacent detection points; and a plurality of contiguous detectors that detect light at the adjacent detection points. 2. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the collimating element includes an achromatic doublet lens. 3. The optical system of claim 2, wherein the achromatic doublet lens is optically paired with an aplanatic meniscus lens. 4. The optical system of claim 3, wherein the combination of the doublet lens and the meniscus lens has an effective focal length of approximately 20 millimeters. 5. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the light dispersion element disperses the collimated light with an acute fold angle. 6. The optical system of claim 5, wherein the light dispersion element includes a dispersive prism. 7. The optical system of claim 5, wherein the light dispersion element includes a diffraction grating. 8. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of contiguous detectors are arranged in a linear array of detectors. 9. The optical system of claim 8, wherein the linear array of detectors includes a plurality of photodiodes.",
-    "In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service. These mechanisms and methods for synchronizing a server and an on-demand database service can enable embodiments to synchronize a larger amount of data. The ability of embodiments to provide such feature can enable more effective synchronization of a user-level sharing entity database with a multi-user on-demand database service. 1. A method, comprising: determining a difference between data stored on a first server and by an on-demand database service utilizing a data structure stored on a computer readable medium, the data structure including a plurality of user identifiers each identifying one of a plurality of users of the on-demand database service and a plurality of data identifiers each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers, the data identifiers for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier; and synchronizing the first server and the on-demand database service, based on the difference. 2. A method of claim 1, wherein the first server communicates data to at least one second server. 3. A method of claim 2, wherein the on-demand database service communicates data to a third server. 4. A method of claim 3, wherein the at least one second server includes at least one slave server, and the third server includes a master server. 5. A method of claim 3, wherein a plurality of the second servers are included. 6. A method of claim 5, wherein each of the second servers is allocated to a different subset of the users. 7. A method of claim 3, wherein the at least one second server and the third server each communicate with a database server. 8. A method of claim 7, wherein the database server is coupled between the at least one second server and the third server. 9. A method of claim 7, wherein the computer readable medium is a component of the database server. 10. A method of claim 3, wherein the first server and the second server communicate utilizing a collaborative authoring protocol. 11. A method of claim 3, wherein the third server and the on-demand database service communicate utilizing a web service. 12. A method of claim 1, wherein the difference is determined in response to receiving a request to update the data of at least one of the users. 13. A method of claim 12, wherein the difference is determined by identifying a subset of the data that is accessible to the at least one user, utilizing the data structure. 14. A method of claim 13, wherein the difference is further determined by comparing a current state of the data subset with a previous state of the data subset. 15. A method of claim 1, wherein the data structure includes a first table. 16. A method of claim 15, wherein a second table includes the data identifiers each correlated with corresponding data. 17. A method of claim 16, wherein the second table is used in conjunction with the first table for access the data using the user identifiers. 18. A method of claim 1, wherein the first server includes a user-level sharing entity. 19. A method of claim 1, wherein the on-demand database service includes a multi-tenant database system. 20. A machine-readable medium carrying one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to carry out the steps of: determining a difference between data stored on a first server and by an on-demand database service utilizing a data structure stored on a computer readable medium, the data structure including a plurality of user identifiers each identifying one of a plurality of users of the on-demand database service and a plurality of data identifiers each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers, the data identifiers for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier; and synchronizing the first server and the on-demand database service, based on the difference. 21. An apparatus, comprising: a processor; and one or more stored sequences of instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to carry out the steps of: determining a difference between data stored on a first server and by an on-demand database service utilizing a data structure stored on a computer readable medium, the data structure including a plurality of user identifiers each identifying one of a plurality of users of the on-demand database service and a plurality of data identifiers each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers, the data identifiers for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier; and synchronizing the first server and the on-demand database service, based on the difference. 22. A method for transmitting code in a multi-tenant database system on a transmission. medium, the method comprising: transmitting code to determine a difference between data stored on a first server and by an on-demand database service utilizing data structure stored on a computer readable medium, the data structure including a plurality of user identifiers each identifying one of a plurality of users of the on-demand database service and a plurality of data identifiers each correlated with at least one of the user identifiers, the data identifiers for identifying data accessible to the user associated with the correlated user identifier; and transmitting code to synchronize the first server and the on-demand database service, based on the difference.",
-    "In order to provide a transmission device and transmission method with which a response signal for random access preamble transmitted from a preamble transmission device is efficiently transmitted, setting unit (101) in base station (100) sets a first resource candidate group, which enables terminal (200) capable of receiving a latch response transmitted by demodulation reference signal (DMRS) transmission to be selected, and a second resource candidate group, which enables terminal (300) incapable of receiving a latch response transmitted by DMRS transmission but capable of receiving a latch response transmitted by cell-specific reference signal (CRS) transmission to be selected. Control unit (103) selects DMRS transmission as the latch response transmission method when a resource in which latch preamble has been received is included in the first candidate group, but selects CRS transmission as the latch response transmission method when the resource is included in the second resource candidate group. 1. A radio communication apparatus comprising: a setting circuit configured to set a first resource candidate group selectable by a first terminal allowed to receive a random access response transmitted by a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)-used data transmission, and to set a second resource candidate group selectable by a second terminal allowed to receive the random access response transmitted by a cell specific reference signal (CRS)-used data transmission; a transmitter configured to indicate, to the first terminal and the second terminal, information relating to the set first resource candidate group and the set second resource candidate group using a control signal; and a receiver configured to receive, from the first terminal and the second terminal, a random access preamble using one of the first resource candidate group and the second resource candidate group, wherein in a first case where the received random access preamble is included in the first resource candidate group, the transmitter is configured to transmit the random access response using a control channel in which the DMRS is transmitted; and in a second case where the received random access preamble is included in the second resource candidate group, the transmitter is configured to transmit the random access response using a control channel in which the CRS is transmitted. 2. The radio communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the first resource candidate group is further divided into a plurality of resource candidate groups; and time settings for retransmission for the plurality of resource candidate groups are different from each other. 3. The radio communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the first resource candidate group is further divided into a plurality of resource candidate groups; the setting circuit is configured to set a threshold for a propagation attenuation amount between the radio communication apparatus and each terminal for each of the plurality of resource candidate groups; and the setting circuit is configured to determine, based on the propagation attenuation amount calculated by each terminal, a resource candidate group corresponding to the calculated propagation attenuation among the plurality of resource candidate groups. 4. A radio communication method comprising: setting a first resource candidate group selectable by a first terminal allowed to receive a random access response transmitted by a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)-used data transmission, and setting a second resource candidate group selectable by a second terminal allowed to receive the random access response transmitted by a cell specific reference signal (CRS)-used data transmission; indicating, to the first terminal and the second terminal, information relating to the set first resource candidate group and the set second resource candidate group using a control signal; and receiving, from the first terminal and the second terminal, a random access preamble using one of the first resource candidate group and the second resource candidate group, wherein in a first case where the received random access preamble is included in the first resource candidate group, the random access response is transmitted using a control channel in which the DMRS is transmitted; and in a second case where the received random access preamble is included in the second resource candidate group, the random access response is transmitted using a control channel in which the CRS is transmitted. 5. The radio communication method according to claim 4, wherein: the first resource candidate group is further divided into a plurality of resource candidate groups; and time settings for retransmission for the plurality of resource candidate groups are different from each other. 6. The radio communication method according to claim 4, wherein: the first resource candidate group is further divided into a plurality of resource candidate groups; a threshold for a propagation attenuation amount between the radio communication apparatus and each terminal is set for each of the plurality of resource candidate groups; and based on the propagation attenuation amount calculated by each terminal, a resource candidate group corresponding to the calculated propagation attenuation is determined among the plurality of resource candidate groups.",
-    "A wavelet transform (WT) is applied to a data stream of high definition video frames, each comprising one or more data channels digitally representing the same image. A WT is applied to each channel. Visual-quality preserving data filters and data substitution techniques are selectively applied that typically lead to at least 90-to-1 compression of the final encoded video frame. Image edge data is extracted and preserved and image noise is reduced to enhance compressibility. After the first WT, primarily low frequency (LL) image data is retained. With each later WT, more non-LL data is retained. Temporal sequences of LL images that result from the final iteration of the wavelet transform are compressed by means of a chain of invertible differenced images. Any color space can be used. Cross-channel conditional substitution is applicable. Complete multi-resolution scalability is incorporated into the encoded product. Extra-high definition video encoding is also achievable. 1. A method for wavelet and channel-based video encoding comprising: selecting an input video frame from a digital video data stream comprising a plurality of video frames; applying a wavelet transform n times to said at least one channel of said input video frame to generate wavelet space data comprising level n preview data and levels 1 through n support space data for said input video frame, wherein n is an integer greater than zero; generating compressed support space data by compressing said support space data; iteratively applying inverse of said wavelet transform n times to said level n preview data and said compressed support space data to obtain at least one modified level 0 image; generating a pixel-by-pixel difference frame between said input video frame and said at least one modified level 0 image; applying a filter to said pixel-by-pixel difference frame to generate an edge-image data; generating compressed and encoded edge-image data by compressing and encoding said edge-image data; and combining said compressed support space data and said compressed and encoded edge-image data to generate an output video data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said encoding comprises run length encoding. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said encoding comprises entropy encoding. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a noise reduction filter to said input video frame prior to the application of said wavelet transform to increase said compression of said support space data. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said filter is a high spatial frequency filter. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said filter is a constant k filter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said filter replaces the values of non-edge points in said difference frame to generate said edge-image data. 8. A method for wavelet and channel-based video encoding comprising: obtaining a digital video data comprising a plurality of m input video frames, where m>1; applying a wavelet transform n times to each one of said plurality of input video frames to generate wavelet space data comprising level n preview data P1 to Pm and corresponding support space data for said plurality of input video frames, where n>0; generating an image difference data Qi by differencing between Pi and Pi-1 where i is from 2 to m; generating compressed and encoded image difference data Q\u2032i by compressing and encoding said image difference data Qi; generating compressed and encoded support space data by compressing and encoding said support space data; and combining said compressed and encoded support space data, said P1 and said compressed and encoded image difference data Q\u2032i to generate an output video data. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said differencing is the arithmetic difference between Pi and (i.e., Pi\u2212Pi-1). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a decoder regenerates said level n preview data P1 to Pm follows: decoding and uncompressing said compressed and encoded image difference data Q\u2032i to regenerate said image difference data Qi\u2032; and regenerating the level n preview data with the equation Pi=Pi-1+Qi. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein said encoding is lossless compression. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein said differencing is the EXCLUSIVE OR (\u2295) of Pi and Pi-1 (i.e., Pi\u2295Pi-1). 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a decoder regenerates said level n preview data P1 to Pm follows: decoding and uncompressing said compressed and encoded image difference data Q\u2032i to regenerate said image difference data Qi\u2032; and regenerating the level n preview data with the equation Pi=Pi-1\u2295Qi. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein said generating said compressed support space data further comprises: determining a threshold value \u03b8 for said support space data, where \u03b8 is greater than zero; and replacing each datum value v in each of said support space data with zero if absolute value of said datum v is less than or equal to the threshold value \u03b8. 15. A method for wavelet and channel-based video encoding comprising: obtaining digital video data comprising a plurality of input video frames X0 to Xm, where m>0; applying a wavelet transform n times to input video frame X0 to generate initial wavelet space data W0, where n>0; generating an image difference data Z by differencing between input video frames Xi and Xi-1, where i is from 1 to m; applying said wavelet transform said n times to said image difference data Zi to generate a difference wavelet space data Wi comprising a preview data quadrant QLL and corresponding support data quadrants QLH, QHL, and QHH; determining a threshold value \u03b8 for said support quadrants data, where \u03b8 is greater than zero; generating a modified wavelet space data W\u2032i by replacing each datum value v in each of said support quadrants of said difference wavelet space data Wi with zero if absolute value of said datum v is less than or equal to the threshold value \u03b8; generating compressed and encoded modified wavelet space data Yi by compressing and encoding said modified wavelet space data W\u2032i; and outputting said initial wavelet space data W0 and said compressed and encoded modified wavelet space data Yi. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said threshold value \u03b8 is determined by factors such as desired video quality, video display device, target compression ratio and allotted bandwidth. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said encoding comprises run length encoding. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said encoding comprises entropy encoding. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising encoding said initial wavelet space data W0 prior to said outputting step. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein a decoder generates an approximation of said input video frames X0 to Xm as follows: applying inverse of said wavelet transform said n times to said initial wavelet space data W0 to generate an approximation X\u03020 of the initial input video frame; decoding said compressed and encoded modified wavelet space data Yi to generate said modified wavelet space data W\u0302i; applying inverse of said wavelet transform said n times to said modified wavelet space data W\u0302i to generate image difference data Z\u0302i; generating an approximation X\u03021 to X\u0302m of the input video frames with the equation X\u0302i=X\u0302i-1+Z\u0302i.",
-    "This disclosed invention relates to a maleinated ester derivative derived from an unsaturated linear aliphatic carboxylic acid methyl ester, maleic anhydride, and a monohydric alcohol. Lubricants and functional fluids containing the maleinated esters are disclosed. 1. A composition comprising a maleinized ester derivative made by the reaction of: (i) methyl 9-dodecenoate; and (ii) maleic anhydride; and (iii) a monohydric alcohol of 3 to about 12 carbon atoms; wherein the maleinized ester derivative comprises at least two proximal ester groups and another ester group, the proximal ester groups and the another ester group containing straight chain alkyl groups of 3 to about 12 carbon atoms; the proximal ester groups being separated from the another ester group by at least about 8 carbon atoms; and wherein the maleinized ester derivative contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, the one or more carbon-carbon double bonds being hydrogenated to form saturated carbon bonds. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the monohydric alcohol comprises a linear alcohol. 6-8. (canceled) 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the monohydric alcohol comprises 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, 2-methyl butanol, 3-methyl butanol, a C.sub.10 branched alcohol, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 10. (canceled) 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated linear aliphatic carboxylic acid methyl ester is derived from a natural product. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated linear aliphatic carboxylic acid methyl ester is derived from vegetable oil, algae oil, fungus oil, animal oil, animal fat, sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, canola oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, tall oil, linseed oil, palm kernel oil, tung oil, jatropha oil, mustard oil, camellina oil, pennycress oil, castor oil, coriander oil, almond oil, wheat germ oil, bone oil, lard, tallow, poultry fat, algae oil, yellow grease, fish oil, sugar cane, sugar beet, corn syrup, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated linear aliphatic carboxylic acid methyl ester is derived from a natural product, the natural oil comprising a refined, bleached and/or deodorized natural product. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the refined, bleached and/or deodorized natural product comprises soybean oil. 15-20. (canceled) 21. A lubricant or functional fluid composition comprising the composition of claim 1. 22. The lubricant or functional fluid composition of claim 21 wherein the composition further comprises an API Group I oil, Group II oil, Group III oil, Group IV oil, Group V oil, natural oil, estolide, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 23. The lubricant or functional fluid composition of claim 21 wherein the lubricant or functional fluid composition further comprises a detergent, dispersant, corrosion inhibitor, oxidation inhibitor, antiwear agent, friction modifier, pourpoint depressant, anti-foam agent, metal deactivator, viscosity modifier, extreme pressure agent, demulsifier, seal swelling agent, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 24. The lubricant or functional fluid composition of claim 21 wherein the lubricant or functional fluid composition comprises a grease composition, the grease composition comprising lithium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide monohydrate, or a mixture thereof. 25. A base oil for an engine oil comprising the composition of any of claim 1 and a polyalphaolefin. 26. The base oil of claim 25 wherein the polyalphaolefin is PAO-4. 27. The base oil of claim 25 wherein the base oil comprises a maleinated ester derivative, the base oil comprising from about 10% to about 80% by weight of the maleinated ester derivative. 28. The base oil of claim 25 further comprising an antioxidant. 29-30. (canceled)",
-    "A method of accessing an element in a process control environment using a portable communicator includes defining a plurality of control areas within the process control environment, determining a position of a user operating a portable communicator with respect to one or more of the control areas, establishing an identity of the user, and selectively allowing the user to access an element within the process control environment via the portable communicator depending on the determined position of the user with respect to the one or more control areas and on the identity of the user. 1. An access control system for use in a process environment having a plurality of devices interconnected through a communication network, the access control system comprising: a first wireless transceiver disposed in the process environment and communicatively coupled to the communication network; a handheld communicator having a processing unit, a computer readable memory, a graphical display unit, an input device and a second wireless transceiver, wherein the handheld communicator communicates with the communication network through the first and second transceivers; a first database that stores control area data indicative of a plurality of control areas associated with the process environment; a second database that stores authorization data related to one or more users; and an access controller that provides a user operating the portable communicator access to data or functionality associated with one or more of the plurality of devices according to the location of the user relative to one or more of the control areas and on the authorization data corresponding to the user. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the access controller includes a positioner to determine a position of the portable communicator relative to one or more of the control areas and to associate the position of the user with the position of the portable communicator. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first wireless transceiver is disposed on at least one of the plurality of devices. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the first wireless transceiver is disposed away from at least one of the plurality of devices but is connected to the at least one of the plurality of devices via a hardwired communication connection. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the handheld communicator further includes a Global Positioning Service unit. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a portable electronic device having a circuitry for establishing a location of the electronic device, wherein the access controller associated the location of the user carrying the portable electronic device with the location of the electronic device. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the portable electronic device is an electronic tag supporting at least one of a WiFi standard, a technique consistent with a WiMax Real Time Location System (RTLS) standard, a Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) technology, or a Global Positioning Service (GPS) system. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a stationary wireless device that activates the circuitry of the portable electronic device when the portable electronic device is within a certain range of the stationary device. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the second wireless transceiver is one of a radio transceiver, an infrared transceiver, or a Bluetooth transceiver. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the access controller includes a software routine which, when executed on a processor, determines the physical location of the user. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a location appliance communicatively coupled to the communication network, wherein the access controller includes a software routine stored on the computer host which, when executed on a processor, determines the physical location of the handheld communicator relative to the at least one of the control areas. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising a computer workstation having a processing unit, a computer readable memory, a graphical display unit, and an input device, wherein the computer workstation is communicatively coupled to the communication network, and wherein the computer workstation displays information indicative of the location of the user. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the access controller grants the user access to data associated with one of the plurality of devices when the geographic position of the user is within one or more of the control areas associated with the one of the plurality of devices. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the access controller provides the user access to data or functionality associated with one or more of the plurality of devices by selectively allowing the user to access data pertaining to the one or more of the plurality of devices stored outside of the one or more of the plurality of devices depending on the determined position of the handheld communicator with respect to the one or more control areas. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising at least one of a controller, a data historian, or a configuration database to store the data pertaining to the one or more of the plurality of devices stored outside of the one or more of the plurality of devices. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the access controller provides the user access to data or functionality associated with one or more of the plurality of devices by selectively allowing the user to access configuration data pertaining to the one or more of the plurality of devices depending on the determined position of the user with respect to the one or more control areas. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the access controller allows the user to change the configuration data pertaining the one or more of the plurality of devices depending on the determined position of the user with respect to one or more of the control areas. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the database stores geographic characteristics of each geographic area. 19. The system of claim 1, further comprising a location appliance communicatively coupled to the access controller for estimating the location of the user relative to one or more of the control areas 20. A control system for use in a process control environment in a process plant, the control system comprising: a plurality of control devices distributed in the process control environment to perform one or more control or measurement activities within the process control environment; a first wireless transceiver disposed in the process control environment and communicatively coupled to the at least one of the plurality of control devices; a host communicatively coupled to the at least one of the plurality of control devices, the host having a processing unit and a computer readable memory; a handheld communicator having a processing unit, a computer readable memory, a graphical display unit, an input device and a second wireless transceiver, wherein the handheld communicator operates to communicate with the at least one of the plurality of control devices through the first and the second transceivers; a database storing an association between each of the plurality of control devices and one or more areas of control, wherein each area of control is associated with at least one geographic area; and an access control system that determines a physical location of a user operating the handheld communicator with respect to the areas of control and prevents the user from accessing data pertaining to the at least one of the plurality of devices if the physical location of the handheld communicator is outside of each of the areas of control with which the at least one of the plurality of devices is associated. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the access control system selectively allows the user to access data pertaining to the at least one of the plurality of devices if the physical location of the handheld communicator is within at least one of the areas of control with which the at least one of the plurality of devices is associated. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the host receives data indicative of an operation of the at least one of the plurality of devices and to direct the data to the at least one user located within one of the areas of control with which the at least one of the plurality of devices is associated. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the host determines whether a user associated with the handheld communicator is authorized to access the data based on a data record associated with the user. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein the host determines which of a multiplicity of users is located within one of the areas of control with which the at least one of the plurality of devices is associated, and selects one or more of the multiplicity of users to whom to send the data indicative of an operation of the at least one of the plurality of devices based on the physical proximity of the one or more of the multiplicity of users to the at least one of the plurality of devices. 25. The system of claim 20, wherein the host determines the time at which the user is determined to be within one or more areas of control. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the host determines the time at which the user is determined to leave the one or more areas of control if the user has been previously determined to be within the one or more of the areas of control.",
-    "Methods, apparatuses and systems for detecting smoking behavior of a user are described. Methods may include receiving accelerometry data from at least one accelerometer coupled with the user and detecting a pattern of movement from the accelerometry data indicative of smoking behavior. Described methods may also include detecting a plurality of sub-patterns of movement such as repeatedly swinging at least one hand toward and away from the user's face in a sequence indicative of smoking behavior. An apparatus for detecting smoking behavior of a user may include a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory and operable, when executed by the processor, to cause the apparatus to receive accelerometry data from at least one accelerometer and detect a pattern of movement from the accelerometry data indicative of smoking behavior. 1. A method for detecting smoking behavior of a user, comprising: receiving accelerometry data from at least one accelerometer coupled with the user; and detecting a pattern of movement from the accelerometry data indicative of smoking behavior. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the pattern of movement comprises detecting a repeating swinging motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the pattern of movement comprises detecting a plurality of sub-patterns of movement in a sequence indicative of smoking behavior. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein detecting the plurality of sub-patterns of movement comprises detecting a vibration motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the user flicking at least a portion of the at least one hand after detecting a repeating swinging motion of the at least one hand indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein detecting the plurality of sub-patterns of movement comprises detecting a repeating swinging motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face after detecting a motion of both hands of the user indicative of both hands coming together away from the user's face. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein detecting the plurality of sub-patterns of movement comprises detecting a repeating swinging motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face after detecting a motion of both hands of the user indicative of both hands coming together near the user's face. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein detecting the plurality of sub-patterns of movement comprises detecting an inhalation by the user after detecting a motion of both hands of the user indicative of both hands coming together near the user's face. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the accelerometry data comprises 3-axis Cartesian accelerometry data; and wherein detecting the pattern of movement from the 3-axis Cartesian accelerometry data comprises: converting the 3-axis Cartesian accelerometry data into spherical coordinate accelerometry data; dividing the spherical coordinate accelerometry data into a plurality of temporal segments based on a predetermined duration; identifying, in each of the plurality of temporal segments, a plurality of acceleration peaks of the spherical coordinate accelerometry data; determining, for each of the plurality of acceleration peaks within each of the plurality of temporal segments, acceleration information comprising an occurrence time, a duration of acceleration, a theta angle direction of acceleration, a phi angle direction of acceleration, and an amplitude of acceleration; comparing the determined acceleration information for each of the plurality of acceleration peaks to predetermined acceleration information indicative of smoking behavior; assigning, to each of the plurality of temporal segments, a probability of smoking behavior based at least in part on the comparing. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one accelerometer is coupled with a wrist of the user. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting thermal energy with an infrared sensor. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting smoke with a smoke detector. 12. An apparatus for detecting smoking behavior of a user, comprising: a processor; memory in electronic communication with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and operable, when executed by the processor, to cause the apparatus to: receive accelerometry data from at least one accelerometer; and detect a pattern of movement from the accelerometry data indicative of smoking behavior. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to detect a repeating swinging motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to detect a plurality of sub-patterns of movement in a sequence indicative of smoking behavior. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to detect a vibration motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the user flicking at least a portion of the least one hand after detecting a repeating swinging motion of the at least one hand indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to detect a repeating swinging motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face after detecting a motion of both hands of the user indicative of both hands coming together away from the user's face. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to detect a repeating swinging motion of at least one hand of the user indicative of the at least one hand moving toward and away from the user's face after detecting a motion of both hands of the user indicative of both hands coming together near the user's face. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to detect an inhalation by the user after detecting a motion of both hands of the user indicative of both hands coming together near the user's face. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the instructions are operable to cause the processor to transmit a notification conveying that smoking behavior has been detected after a pattern of movement indicative of smoking behavior has been detected. 20. A system for detecting smoking behavior of a user, comprising: at least one wearable apparatus coupled with the user, the at least one wearable apparatus comprising at least one accelerometer; a computing apparatus in electronic communication with the at least one wearable apparatus, the computing apparatus configured to detect a pattern of movement from accelerometry data from the at least one accelerometer indicative of smoking behavior; and a display in electronic communication with the computing apparatus, the display configured to display a notification conveying that smoking behavior has been detected after a pattern of movement indicative of smoking behavior has been detected.",
-    "A non-contact seal assembly is provided. This assembly includes a plurality of seal shoes, a seal base and a plurality of spring elements. The seal shoes are arranged about a centerline in an annular array. The seal shoes include a first seal shoe extending axially along the centerline between a first shoe end and a second shoe end. An aperture may extend partially axially into the first seal shoe from the first shoe end and laterally within the first seal shoe. The seal base circumscribes the annular array of the seal shoes. Each of the spring elements is radially between and connects a respective one of the seal shoes with the seal base. 1. A non-contact seal assembly, comprising: a plurality of seal shoes arranged about a centerline in an annular array, the seal shoes including a first seal shoe extending axially along the centerline between a first shoe end and a second shoe end, wherein an aperture extends partially axially into the first seal shoe from the first shoe end and laterally within the first seal shoe; a seal base circumscribing the annular array of the seal shoes; and a plurality of spring elements, each of the spring elements radially between and connecting a respective one of the seal shoes with the seal base. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the aperture extends partially radially into the first seal shoe from an outer radial surface of the first seal shoe. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the aperture extends radially within the first seal shoe. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the aperture is one of a plurality of apertures extending axially into the first seal shoe from the first shoe end and circumferentially within the first seal shoe. 5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the apertures are formed by a lattice structure. 6. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the aperture is an open aperture. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the aperture is at least partially filled with a material having a density which is less than material from which another portion of the first seal shoe is formed. 8. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first seal shoe extends circumferentially, at the first shoe end, between a first shoe side and a second shoe side for a seal shoe length; and the aperture extends laterally within the first seal shoe for an aperture length which is between about fifty percent and about eighty percent of the seal shoe length. 9. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first seal shoe extends circumferentially, at the first shoe end, between a first shoe side and a second shoe side for a seal shoe length; and the aperture extends laterally within the first seal shoe for an aperture length which is between about ten percent and about fifty percent of the seal shoe length. 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first seal shoe extends circumferentially, at the first shoe end, between a first shoe side and a second shoe side for a seal shoe length; and the aperture extends laterally within the first seal shoe for an aperture length which is between about one percent and about ten percent of the seal shoe length. 11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the seal shoes collectively form a substantially annular end surface at the second end. 12. The assembly of claim 11, further comprising: a ring structure axially engaged with the seal base; and a secondary seal device mounted with the ring structure and axially engaged with the substantially annular end surface; wherein the secondary seal device is configured to substantially seal an annular gap between the ring structure and the annular array of the seal shoes. 13. A non-contact seal assembly, comprising: a plurality of seal shoes arranged about a centerline in an annular array, the seal shoes includes a first seal shoe extending axially along the centerline between a first shoe end and a second shoe end, the first seal shoe comprising a major region and a minor region disposed within the major region at the first shoe end, wherein the minor region has a mass/volume ratio that is less than a mass/volume ratio of the major region; a seal base circumscribing the annular array of the seal shoes; and a plurality of spring elements, each of the spring elements radially between and connecting a respective one of the seal shoes with the seal base. 14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the minor region is configured as a portion of the first seal shoe at the first shoe end with a plurality of apertures therein. 15. The assembly of claim 14, wherein a first of the apertures extends partially axially into the first seal shoe from the first shoe end and laterally within the first seal shoe. 16. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the minor region is configured with a lattice structure. 17. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the minor region is configured with a cellular structure. 18. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the major region comprises a first material and the minor region comprises a second material different from the first material. 19. A non-contact seal assembly, comprising: a plurality of seal shoes arranged about a centerline in an annular array, the seal shoes including a first seal shoe extending axially along the centerline between a first shoe end and a second shoe end, wherein an aperture extends partially axially into the first seal shoe from the first shoe end and laterally through the first seal shoe along an entire lateral length of the first seal shoe; a seal base circumscribing the annular array of the seal shoes; and a plurality of spring elements, each of the spring elements radially between and connecting a respective one of the seal shoes with the seal base. 20. An assembly for rotational equipment with an axial centerline, the assembly comprising: a stator structure; a rotor structure; and a seal assembly configured to substantially seal an annular gap between the stator structure and the rotor structure, the seal assembly comprising a hydrostatic non-contact seal device including a plurality of seal shoes, a seal base and a plurality of spring elements; the seal shoes arranged about a centerline in an annular array, the seal shoes sealingly engaging the rotor structure and including a first seal shoe extending axially along the centerline between a first shoe end and a second shoe end, wherein an aperture extends partially axially into the first seal shoe from the first shoe end and laterally within the first seal shoe, wherein the seal shoes circumscribe and sealingly engage the rotor structure; the seal base circumscribing the annular array of the seal shoes, the seal base mounted with the stator structure; and each of the spring elements radially between and connecting a respective one of the seal shoes with the seal base.",
-    "A transmission line impedance transformer including at least two different dielectric media having different dielectric properties, each of the dielectric media being configured to taper in thickness along the length of the impedance transformer in an inverse relationship with respect to each other so as to form a combined dielectric medium having an effective dielectric property that is graded along the transmission path. The two or more dielectric media may be disposed between two conductors to provide an impedance transformer in which a characteristic impedance of the transmission line varies along its length in response to the gradation of the effective dielectric property of the combined dielectric medium. 1. An impedance transformer comprising: a first conductor and a second conductor; a first dielectric medium having a first dielectric property, the first dielectric medium having a first inclined area to define a tapered thickness of the first dielectric medium that reduces in a first direction along a length of the impedance transformer; and a second dielectric medium having a second dielectric property different from the first dielectric property, the second dielectric medium having a second inclined area to define a tapered thickness of the second dielectric medium that reduces in a direction opposite the first direction along the length of the impedance transformer; wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are disposed between the first conductor and the second conductor; and wherein the second dielectric medium is disposed in an inverse relationship to the first dielectric medium such that the first inclined area interfaces with the second inclined area. 2. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium has a lower substrate surface extending along the length of the impedance transformer, the lower substrate surface being opposite the first inclined area and defining the tapered thickness of the first dielectric medium therebetween; and wherein the second dielectric medium has an upper substrate surface extending along the length of the impedance transformer, the upper substrate surface being opposite the second inclined area and defining the tapered thickness of the second dielectric medium therebetween. 3. The impedance transformer according to claim 2, wherein the lower substrate surface and the upper substrate surface are substantially planar surfaces; and wherein the first conductor is disposed on the lower substrate surface and the second conductor is disposed on the upper substrate surface. 4. The impedance transformer according to claim 2, wherein the lower substrate surface is substantially parallel to the upper substrate surface, and wherein the interface between the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium is inclined with respect to a plane perpendicular to the lower and/or upper substrate surfaces. 5. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium have substantially the same width in a direction transverse to the first direction, and wherein the respective widths of the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are substantially constant along the length of the impedance transformer. 6. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are substantially wedge shaped. 7. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium and/or the second dielectric medium have a maximum thickness at one end that is at least twice the minimum thickness at an opposite end. 8. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric property of the first dielectric medium includes a first dielectric constant, and the second dielectric property of the second dielectric medium includes a second dielectric constant, wherein the first dielectric constant is at least five times greater than the second dielectric constant, or wherein the second dielectric constant is at least five times greater than the first dielectric constant. 9. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium has a graded effective dielectric property along its length. 10. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium define a combined dielectric medium, and wherein the effective dielectric property of the combined dielectric medium progressively increases or decreases in the first direction corresponding with the relative change in thicknesses of the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium along the length of the impedance transformer. 11. The impedance transformer according to claim 10, wherein the impedance transformer further comprises an input port for communicating with an input circuit having a first impedance characteristic, and an output port for communicating with an output circuit having a second different impedance characteristic; and wherein a characteristic impedance of the impedance transformer is variable along its length so as to match the first impedance characteristic of the first circuit with the second impedance characteristic of the second circuit, the variation in the characteristic impedance at least partially corresponding with the change in effective dielectric property of the combined dielectric medium along the length of the impedance transformer. 12. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the impedance transformer extends in a serpentine path. 13. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are formed by an additive manufacturing process, or wherein the first conductor and the second conductor are formed by an additive manufacturing process. 14. The impedance transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are formed from a paste deposited by a layerwise additive manufacturing process. 15. A method of manufacturing an impedance transformer comprising: forming a first dielectric medium from a first dielectric material having a first dielectric property, the first dielectric medium being formed to have a first inclined area and a tapered thickness that reduces in a first direction along a length of the impedance transformer; and forming a second dielectric medium from a second dielectric material having a second dielectric property different from the first dielectric property, the second dielectric medium being formed to have a second inclined area and a tapered thickness that reduces in a direction opposite the first direction along the length of the impedance transformer; wherein the second dielectric material is formed on the first dielectric medium in an inverse relationship to the first dielectric medium such that the first inclined area of the first dielectric medium interfaces with the second inclined area of the second dielectric medium. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising: forming a first conductor from a conductive material; and forming a second conductor from a conductive material; wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are disposed between the first conductor and the second conductor. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein during the forming of the first dielectric medium and/or the second dielectric medium, the effective dielectric property of the first dielectric medium and/or the second dielectric medium is graded along the length of the impedance transformer, or wherein during the forming of the first conductor and/or the second conductor, the electrical conductivity of the first conductor and/or the second conductor is graded along the length of the impedance transformer. 18. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: solidifying at least one of the first conductor, the second conductor, the first dielectric medium, and the second dielectric medium after the respective forming steps. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the first conductor, the second conductor, the first dielectric medium, and the second dielectric medium are formed by deposition in a layerwise additive manufacturing process. 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium define a combined dielectric medium that is formed by depositing individual layers of dielectric material in a layerwise additive manufacturing process, wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium are deposited in a single extrusion step to define each individual layer, and wherein the first dielectric medium and the second dielectric medium each have an effective dielectric property that is graded along the length of the impedance transformer.",
-    "A graphic display control device includes: a display screen; and a processor configured to perform: a graphic display control process to perform control to display a polygon on the display screen; a graphic value setting process to set a value denoting a characteristic for at least one of an angle and a side of the displayed polygon; an angle range determining process to determine a range of possible angle value as the value denoting the characteristic for a target angle of the displayed polygon based on the value denoting the characteristic set by the graphic value setting process; and an angle range display control process to perform control to display the range of possible angle value determined by the angle range determining process for the target angle. 1. A graphic display control device comprising: a display screen; and a processor configured to perform following processes: displaying a polygon on the display screen; setting a value denoting a characteristic for at least one of an angle and a side of the displayed polygon; determining a range of possible angle value as the value denoting the characteristic for a target angle of the displayed polygon based on the value denoting the characteristic set by the setting; and displaying the range of possible angle value determined for the target angle. 2. The graphic display control device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to display, on the display screen, a slider with which a user sets an angle value within the determined range of possible angle value by sliding an indicator on the display screen, the slider including a representation of minimum and maximum values of the determined range of possible angle value for the target angle. 3. The graphic display control device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine an angle of the polygon for which the value is set by the setting and configured to determine the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a sum of interior angles of the polygon. 4. The graphic display control device according to claim 1, wherein the polygon is a triangle; and the processor is configured so that, if the processor determines that two sides of the triangle are equal to each other in length, the processor determines the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a fact that the two sides are equal to each other in length. 5. The graphic display control device according to claim 1, wherein the polygon is a triangle having a first side and a second side, wherein the first side is one of two sides forming the target angle and wherein the second side is an opposite side to the target angle; and the processor is configured so that, if the processor determines that the value is set for each of the first and second sides and that the value of the first side is equal to or larger than the value of the second side, the processor determines a maximum value of the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a relationship between the value of the first side and the value of the second side. 6. A graphic display control method using an electronic device including a display screen, the method comprising: displaying a polygon on the display screen; setting a value denoting a characteristic for at least one of an angle and a side of the displayed polygon; determining a range of possible angle value as the value denoting the characteristic for a target angle of the displayed polygon based on the set value denoting the characteristic; and displaying the determined range of possible angle value for the target angle. 7. The graphic display control method according to claim 6, further comprising displaying, on the display screen, a slider with which a user sets an angle value within the determined range of possible angle value by sliding an indicator on the display screen, the slider including a representation of minimum and maximum values of the determined range of possible angle value for the target angle. 8. The graphic display control method according to claim 6, further comprising determining an angle of the polygon for which the value is set by the setting, wherein the determining comprises determining the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a sum of interior angles of the polygon. 9. The graphic display control method according to claim 6, wherein the displaying comprises displaying a triangle as the polygon; and the determining comprises, if it is determined that two sides of the triangle are equal to each other in length, determining the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a fact that the two sides are equal to each other in length. 10. The graphic display control method according to claim 6, wherein the displaying comprises displaying a triangle as the polygon, wherein the triangle has a first side and a second side, wherein the first side is one of two sides forming the target angle and wherein the second side is an opposite side to the target angle; and the determining comprises, if it is determined that the value is set for each of the first and second sides and that the value of the first side is equal to or larger than the value of the second side, determining a maximum value of the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a relationship between the value of the first side and the value of the second side. 11. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored therein instructions which, when executed by a device, cause the device to: display a polygon on a display screen; set a value denoting a characteristic for at least one of an angle and a side of the displayed polygon; determine a range of possible angle value as the value denoting the characteristic for a target angle of the displayed polygon based on the set value denoting the characteristic; and perform control to display the determined range of possible angle value for the target angle. 12. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the instructions cause the device to display, on the display screen, a slider with which a user sets an angle value within the determined range of possible angle value by sliding an indicator on the display screen, the slider including a representation of minimum and maximum values of the determined range of possible angle value for the target angle. 13. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the instructions cause the device to determine an angle of the polygon for which the value is set and to determine the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a sum of interior angles of the polygon. 14. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the polygon is a triangle; and if it is determined that two sides of the triangle are equal to each other in length, the instructions cause the device to determine the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a fact that the two sides are equal to each other in length. 15. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the polygon is a triangle having a first side and a second side, wherein the first side is one of two sides forming the target angle and wherein the second side is an opposite side to the target angle; and if it is determined that the value is set for each of the first and second sides and that the value of the first side is equal to or larger than the value of the second side, the instructions cause the device to determine a maximum value of the range of possible angle value for the target angle based on a relationship between the value of the first side and the value of the second side.",
-    "An artificial lift system for a well having a wellhead reciprocates a rod string with an uphole pump unit at the wellhead to operate a downhole pump unit in the well and lift fluid in the well. A rod segment coupled to the rod string at the wellhead has first opposing surfaces facing in first opposing directions. Opposing catchers are movable laterally relative to the rod segment at the wellhead. Each of the catchers has a face with second opposing surfaces facing in second opposing directions opposite to the first opposing directions. The catchers moved in a first condition have the second opposing surfaces disengaged from the first opposing surfaces of the rod segment, but the catchers moved in a second condition have the second opposing surfaces engaged with the segment's first opposing surfaces to hold the rod string in place. 1. An apparatus for use at a wellhead of a well having a downhole unit operated with a rod string extending downhole from an uphole unit at the wellhead, the apparatus comprising: a rod segment coupling to the rod string and having first opposing surfaces facing in first opposing directions, the rod segment movable in relation to the wellhead; and opposing catchers movable laterally at the wellhead relative to the rod segment, the opposing catchers each having a face with second opposing surfaces facing in second opposing directions opposite to the first opposing directions, the opposing catchers moved in a first condition at the wellhead having the second opposing surfaces of the faces disengaged from the first opposing surfaces of the rod segment, the opposing catchers moved in a second condition at the wellhead having the second opposing surfaces of the faces engaged with the first opposing surfaces of the rod segment. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first opposing surfaces comprise first inward surfaces facing inward toward one another and forming a plurality of troughs defined circumferentially about the rod segment. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the second opposing surfaces comprise second outward surfaces facing outward away from one another and forming a plurality of teeth projecting from the face for mating in the troughs of the rod segment. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first opposing surfaces comprise first outer portions of a concavity defined circumferentially about the rod segment. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the second opposing surfaces comprise second outer portions of a convexity extending from the face and positionable adjacent the concavity of the rod segment. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the rod segment comprises a first end coupleable to a first section of the rod string and comprises a second end coupleable to a second section of the rod string. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an actuator coupling to at least one of the opposing catchers and operable to move the at least one opposing catcher between the first and second conditions. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the actuator comprises an arm coupling to the at least one opposing catcher and movable laterally relative to the rod segment. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one opposing catcher defines a slot, and wherein the arm comprises a key coupling with the slot. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second opposing surfaces of the face engaged with the first opposing surfaces of the rod segment restrain movement of the rod segment longitudinally in opposing directions. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the opposing catchers in the second condition restrain movement of the rod segment laterally. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a component disposed at the wellhead, the component having a throughbore for passage of the rod segment and having first cross-openings for the opposing catchers communicating with the throughbore. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the rod segment comprises a polished section. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the component comprises opposing rams movable laterally in second cross-openings of the component relative to the rod segment, the opposing rams movable between sealed and unsealed conditions with the polished section of the rod segment. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the component comprises at least one flange disposed at one end thereof and coupleable with a portion of the wellhead. 16. An artificial lift system for a well having a wellhead, the system comprising: a rod string; an uphole unit at the wellhead operable to move the rod string in the well; a downhole unit in the well operable to lift fluid in the well in response to the movement of the rod string; and a rod segment coupled to the rod string at the wellhead and having first opposing surfaces facing in first opposing directions; and opposing catchers movable laterally relative to the rod segment at the wellhead, the opposing catchers each having a face with second opposing surfaces facing in second opposing directions opposite to the first opposing directions, the opposing catchers moved in a first condition at the wellhead having the second opposing surfaces of the faces disengaged from the first opposing surfaces of the rod segment, the opposing catchers moved in a second condition at the wellhead having the second opposing surfaces of the faces engaged with the first opposing surfaces of the rod segment. 17. The system of claim 16, comprising a component disposed at the wellhead, the component having a throughbore for passage of the rod segment and having first cross-openings communicating with the throughbore for the opposing catchers. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the rod segment comprises a polished section; and wherein the component comprises rams movable laterally in a second cross-openings relative to the rod segment, the rams movable between sealed and unsealed conditions with the polished section of the rod segment. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the uphole unit at the wellhead is operable to reciprocate the rod string longitudinally in the well; and wherein the downhole unit in the well is operable to lift fluid in the well in response to the reciprocation of the rod string. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the downhole unit comprises a reciprocating rod pump disposed in the well; and wherein the uphole unit comprises a pump jack or a hydraulic jack. 21. The system of claim 16, wherein the uphole unit at the wellhead is operable to rotate the rod string in the well; and wherein the downhole unit in the well is operable to lift fluid in the well in response to the rotation of the rod string. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the downhole unit comprises a progressive cavity pump having a stator with a rotor rotatable therein by the rotation of the rod string; and wherein the uphole unit comprises a rotary drive imparting the rotation to the rod string. 23. An apparatus for use at a wellhead having a downhole unit operated with a rod string extending downhole from an uphole unit at the wellhead, the apparatus comprising: a rod segment coupling to the rod string and having a downward-facing profile, the rod segment movable longitudinally relative to the wellhead; and opposing catchers movable laterally in the wellhead relative to the rod segment, the catchers each having a forked support with an upward-facing profile, the catchers moved in a first condition having the upward-facing profiles disengaged from the downward-facing profile of the rod segment, the catchers moved in a second condition having the upward-facing profiles supporting with the downward-facing profile of the rod segment. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the forked support of a first of the opposing catchers when in the second condition fits under at least a portion of the forked support of a second of the opposing catchers. 25. An apparatus for use at a wellhead having a downhole unit operated with a rod string extending downhole from an uphole unit at the wellhead, the apparatus comprising: a rod segment coupling to the rod string and having a first downward-facing profile and first upward-facing profile, the rod segment movable longitudinally relative to the wellhead; and opposing catchers movable laterally in the wellhead relative to the rod segment, a first of the opposing catchers having a first forked support with a second upward-facing profile, a second of the opposing catchers having a second forked support with a second downward-facing profile, the opposing catchers moved in a first condition having the second profiles disengaged from the first profiles of the rod segment, the opposing catchers moved in a second condition having the second profiles engaged with the first profiles of the rod segment.",
-    "A method of making sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate is disclosed in which carbon dioxide gas is reacted with an aqueous solution sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of a compound of the formula (I): Na+[X\u2014O]\u2212 where X is Cl, Br, or I. 1. A system for producing sodium carbonate, comprising: (a) an electrical cell reactor for electrolysis of a solution comprising sodium chloride, comprising a cathode chamber and an anode chamber separated by a membrane, an outlet connected to the anode chamber that collects chlorine gas from the anode chamber, and an outlet connected to the cathode chamber configured that collects an aqueous solution comprising sodium hydroxide from the cathode chamber; (b) a reactor that reacts a liquid comprising the aqueous solution collected from the cathode chamber in (a) with a gas comprising chlorine collected from the anode chamber in (a) to produce sodium hypochlorite; and (c) a carbonation reactor that reacts an aqueous liquid comprising the aqueous solution collected from the cathode chamber in (a) and sodium hypochlorite produced in (b) with a gas comprising carbon dioxide to produce sodium carbonate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the aqueous liquid in (b) comprises less than 25 wt. % sodium hydroxide, based on the total aqueous solution weight. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the aqueous liquid in (b) comprises less than or equal to 23 wt. % sodium hydroxide, based on the total aqueous solution weight. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the aqueous liquid in (b) comprises less than or equal to 20 wt. % sodium hydroxide, based on the total aqueous solution weight. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the aqueous liquid in (b) comprises at least 25 wt. % sodium hydroxide, based on the total aqueous solution weight. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the carbonation reactor in (c) is at a temperature less than 100\u00b0 C.",
-    "Techniques to detect and react to proxy interference are described. In one embodiment, an apparatus may comprise a first network protocol component operative to receive a first network connection initiation attempt from a client at a server; determine that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed; extract a cookie from the first network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising a client identifier; a client record component operative to record a malformed network connection initiation record in response to determining that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed; and a second network protocol component operative to receive a second network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server; extract the cookie from the second network connection initiation attempt; and transmit a malformed network connection message to the client based on the malformed network connection initiation record. Other embodiments are described and claimed. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving a first network connection initiation attempt from a client at a server, the first network connection initiation attempt based on a first network communication protocol; determining that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed; extracting a cookie from the first network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising a client identifier; recording a malformed network connection initiation record in response to determining that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed, the malformed network connection initiation record associated with the client based on the client identifier; rejecting the first network connection initiation attempt based on the first network connection initiation attempt being malformed; receiving a second network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server, the second network connection initiation attempt based on a second network communication protocol; extracting the cookie from the second network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising the client identifier; retrieving the malformed network connection initiation record based on the client identifier; and transmitting a malformed network connection message to the client based on the malformed network connection initiation record. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising: receiving a previous network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server, the previous network connection initiation attempt based on the second network communication protocol; and setting the cookie on the client in response to the previous network connection initiation attempt. 3. The method of claim 1, the second network connection initiation attempt performed automatically by the client in response to the server rejecting the first network connection initiation attempt. 4. The method of claim 1, the first network connection initiation attempt malformed based on a header modification made by a proxy retransmitting the first network connection initiation attempt. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a proxy server type based on the first network connection initiation attempt; and retrieving proxy server reconfiguration information based on the proxy server type, the malformed network connection message comprising the proxy server reconfiguration information. 6. The method of claim 1, the first network connection initiation attempt comprising one or more network headers, further comprising: recording the one or more network headers in the malformed network connection initiation record; and transmitting the one or more network headers to the client as part of the malformed network connection message. 7. The method of claim 1, the client comprising a web application executing within a web browser. 8. The method of claim 1, the malformed network connection message instructing the client to refrain from network connection attempts. 9. An apparatus, comprising: a processor circuit on a server device; a network interface controller on the server device; a first network protocol component operative on the processor circuit to receive a first network connection initiation attempt from a client via the network interface controller at the server device, the first network connection initiation attempt based on a first network communication protocol; determine that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed; extract a cookie from the first network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising a client identifier; and reject the first network connection initiation attempt based on the first network connection initiation attempt being malformed; a client record component operative on the processor circuit to record a malformed network connection initiation record in response to determining that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed, the malformed network connection initiation record associated with the client based on the client identifier; and retrieve the malformed network connection initiation record based on the client identifier; and a second network protocol component operative on the processor circuit to receive a second network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server, the second network connection initiation attempt based on a second network communication protocol; extract the cookie from the second network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising the client identifier; and transmit a malformed network connection message to the client based on the malformed network connection initiation record. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: the second network protocol component operative to receive a previous network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server, the previous network connection initiation attempt based on the second network communication protocol; and set the cookie on the client in response to the previous network connection initiation attempt. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, the second network connection initiation attempt performed automatically by the client in response to the server rejecting the first network connection initiation attempt. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, the first network connection initiation attempt malformed based on a header modification made by a proxy retransmitting the first network connection initiation attempt. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: the client record component operative to identify a proxy server type based on the first network connection initiation attempt; and retrieve proxy server reconfiguration information based on the proxy server type, the malformed network connection message comprising the proxy server reconfiguration information. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, the malformed network connection message instructing the client to refrain from network connection attempts. 15. At least one computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a system to: receive a first network connection initiation attempt from a client at a server, the first network connection initiation attempt based on a first network communication protocol; determine that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed; extract a cookie from the first network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising a client identifier; record a malformed network connection initiation record in response to determining that the first network connection initiation attempt is malformed, the malformed network connection initiation record associated with the client based on the client identifier; reject the first network connection initiation attempt based on the first network connection initiation attempt being malformed; receive a second network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server, the second network connection initiation attempt based on a second network communication protocol; extract the cookie from the second network connection initiation attempt, the cookie comprising the client identifier; retrieve the malformed network connection initiation record based on the client identifier; and transmit a malformed network connection message to the client based on the malformed network connection initiation record. 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, comprising further instructions that, when executed, cause a system to: receive a previous network connection initiation attempt from the client at the server, the previous network connection initiation attempt based on the second network communication protocol; and set the cookie on the client in response to the previous network connection initiation attempt. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, the second network connection initiation attempt performed automatically by the client in response to the server rejecting the first network connection initiation attempt. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, the first network connection initiation attempt malformed based on a header modification made by a proxy retransmitting the first network connection initiation attempt. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, comprising further instructions that, when executed, cause a system to: identify a proxy server type based on the first network connection initiation attempt; and retrieve proxy server reconfiguration information based on the proxy server type, the malformed network connection message comprising the proxy server reconfiguration information. 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, the malformed network connection message instructing the client to refrain from network connection attempts.",
-    "Some embodiments include a golf club head having a hollow body comprising a front portion having a strikeface, a heel region, a toe region opposite the heel region, a sole, a back, a crown portion, and a chamfer extending between the front portion and the crown potion, the chamfer having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the chamfer defines a hinge point of the crown portion. 1. A golf club head comprising: a hollow body comprising a front portion having a strikeface; a heel portion; a toe portion opposite the heel portion; a sole portion; a rear portion; a crown portion; and a chamfer extending between the front portion and the crown portion, the chamfer having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the chamfer defines a hinge point of the crown portion. 2. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the golf club head is a driver, the chamfer having: a width of between approximately 0.75 inches and approximately 4.50 inches; a length of between approximately 0.15 inches and approximately 0.25 inches; and a maximum thickness of between approximately 0.095 inches and approximately 0.150 inches, wherein the maximum thickness is measured between the inner surface and the outer surface of the chamfer. 3. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the golf club head is a fairway wood, the chamfer having: a width of between approximately 0.75 inches and approximately 3.50 inches; a length of between approximately 0.05 inches and approximately 0.25 inches; a maximum thickness of between approximately 0.025 inches and approximately 0.070 inches, wherein the maximum thickness is measured between the inner surface and the outer surface of the chamfer. 4. The golf club head of claim 2, wherein a ratio of the maximum thickness to a thickness of the crown measured adjacent to the chamfer is between approximately 1.15 and 3.00. 5. The golf club head of claim 3, wherein a ratio of the maximum thickness to a thickness of the crown measured adjacent to the chamfer is between approximately 1.15 and 4.00. 6. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the strikeface defines a loft plane and the hinge point is spaced apart from the loft plane by a minimum of approximately 0.16 inches in a direction perpendicular to the loft plane. 7. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the chamfer defines a plane tangent to the inner surface of the chamfer, and the angle between the chamfer plane and the loft plane is approximately 45\u00b0. 8. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the chamfer provides spin reduction of 100-400 rpm of a golf ball. 9. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the strikeface has a surface roughness between 110 Ra and 190 Ra. 10. A golf club comprising: a hollow-bodied head comprising: a front portion having a strikeface; a heel portion; a toe portion opposite the heel portion; a sole portion; a rear portion; a crown portion; and a chamfer extending between the front portion and the crown portion, the chamfer having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the chamfer defines a hinge point of the crown portion; and a shaft coupled to the hollow-bodied golf club head. 11. The golf club of claim 10, wherein the golf club is a driver, and the chamfer has: a width of between approximately 0.75 inches and approximately 4.50 inches; a length of between approximately 0.15 inches and approximately 0.25 inches; and a maximum thickness of between approximately 0.095 inches and approximately 0.150 inches, wherein the maximum thickness is measured between the inner surface and the outer surface of the chamfer. 12. The golf club of claim 10, wherein the golf club is a fairway wood, and the chamfer has: a width of between approximately 0.75 inches and approximately 3.50 inches; a length of between approximately 0.05 inches and approximately 0.25 inches; a maximum thickness of between approximately 0.025 inches and approximately 0.070 inches, wherein the maximum thickness is measured between the inner surface and the outer surface of the chamfer. 13. The golf club of claim 11, wherein a ratio of the maximum thickness to a thickness of the crown measured adjacent to the chamfer is between approximately 1.15 and 3.00. 14. The golf club of claim 12, wherein a ratio of the maximum thickness to a thickness of the crown measured adjacent to the chamfer is between approximately 1.15 and 4.00. 15. The golf club of claim 10 wherein the strikeface defines a loft plane and the hinge point is spaced apart from the loft plane by a minimum of 0.16 inches in a perpendicular direction. 16. The golf club of claim 10, wherein the chamfer defines a plane tangent to the inner surface of the chamfer, and the angle between the chamfer plane and the loft plane is approximately 45\u00b0. 17. The golf club of claim 10, wherein a golf ball upon impact has a spin reduction of 200-400 rpm over a club head without the chamfer. 18. The golf club of claim 10, wherein strikeface has a surface roughness between 110 and 190 Ra. 19. A method of manufacturing a golf club head, comprising: providing a body, the body having: a front portion having a strikeface; a heel portion; a toe portion opposite the heel region; a sole portion; a rear portion; a crown portion; and a chamfer extending between the front portion and the crown portion, the chamfer having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the chamfer defines a hinge point of the crown portion.",
-    "A track changing apparatus for changing a track on an armored vehicle includes a plurality of movable elements. The plurality of movable elements of the track changing apparatus allows a track to be manipulated from loose or unmounted state, to a tensioned state wherein the track is located on the track changing apparatus, and finally, to a fully mounted state wherein the track has been transferred onto the armored vehicle. In at least one embodiment, the track changing apparatus may be used to remove a track from an armored vehicle. Methods of using a track changing apparatus are also described, including a method of mounting a track onto an armored vehicle. 1. An apparatus for changing an elastomeric endless track on an armored vehicle, the apparatus comprising: a hoist member; and a main frame interconnected to the lower end of the hoist member, the main frame selectively rotatable between 0 to 120 degrees from vertical, the main frame including: a variable length upper beam member including upper beam framing interconnecting a first track spreader at a first longitudinal end of the variable length upper beam member and a second track spreader at a second longitudinal end of the variable length upper beam member, wherein the first and second track spreaders are independently and selectively positionable at any position between and including a longitudinally extended position and a longitudinally retracted position; a variable length lower beam member interconnected to the variable length upper beam member, the variable length lower beam member including lower beam framing interconnecting first and second road wheel guides situated at corresponding first and second longitudinal ends of the variable length lower beam member, wherein the first and second road wheel guides are selectively positionable at any position between and including a longitudinally extended position and a longitudinally retracted position, the variable length lower beam member further including first and second rotatable standoffs interconnected to the lower beam framing, wherein said first and second rotatable standoffs are selectively positionable at any position between and including a lowered position and an upward position; and a plurality of variable height connectors interconnecting the variable length upper beam member to the variable length lower beam member, the plurality of variable height connectors selectively positionable at any position between and including an expanded position and a collapsed position; wherein the main frame is configured for contacting the elastomeric endless track for mounting the elastomeric endless track to the armored vehicle or removing the elastomeric endless track from the armored vehicle. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hoist member includes a concave shape between an upper end and a lower end of the hoist member. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hoist member comprises an upper lifting bar. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hoist member includes at least two interconnected arcuate-shaped members. 5. An apparatus for changing an elastomeric endless track on an armored vehicle, the apparatus comprising: a hoist member including a concave shape between an upper end and a lower end of the hoist member, the hoist member further including an upper lifting bar; and a main frame interconnected to the lower end of the hoist member, the main frame selectively rotatable relative to the hoist member between a substantially vertical position and a substantially horizontal position, the main frame including: a variable length upper beam member including upper beam framing interconnecting a first track spreader at a first longitudinal end of the variable length upper beam member and a second track spreader at a second longitudinal end of the variable length upper beam member, wherein the first and second track spreaders are independently and selectively positionable at any position between and including a longitudinally extended position and a longitudinally retracted position; a variable length lower beam member interconnected to the variable length upper beam member, the variable length lower beam member including lower beam framing interconnecting first and second road wheel guides situated at corresponding first and second longitudinal ends of the variable length lower beam member, wherein the first and second road wheel guides are selectively positionable at any position between and including a longitudinally extended position and a longitudinally retracted position, the variable length lower beam member further including first and second rotatable standoffs interconnected to the lower beam framing, wherein said first and second rotatable standoffs are selectively positionable at any position between and including a lowered position and an upward position; and a plurality of variable height connectors interconnecting the variable length upper beam member to the variable length lower beam member, the plurality of variable height connectors selectively positionable at any position between and including an expanded position and a collapsed position; wherein the main frame is configured for contacting the elastomeric endless track for mounting the elastomeric endless track to the armored vehicle or removing the elastomeric endless track from the armored vehicle. 6. A method of installing a track on an armored vehicle, comprising: engaging a track changing apparatus with an elastomeric endless track, the engaging including contacting a plurality of powered movable members of the track changing apparatus with the elastomeric endless track to cause the elastomeric endless track to be placed in tension; advancing the track changing apparatus toward the armored vehicle to place the elastomeric endless track in mounting proximity with the armored vehicle; adjusting tension in the elastomeric endless track by moving at least some of the plurality of powered movable members such that the elastomeric endless track at least partially engages the armored vehicle; and disengaging the track changing apparatus from the elastomeric endless track such that the elastomeric endless track is attached to the armored vehicle. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising positioning the elastomeric endless track on the ground adjacent the armored vehicle before engaging the track changing apparatus with the elastomeric endless track. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising tilting a main frame of the track changing apparatus away from a hoist member of the track changing apparatus to facilitate alignment of the main frame with the elastomeric endless track located on the ground. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of adjusting tension in the elastomeric endless track by moving at least some of the plurality of powered movable members includes rotating a pair or standoffs away from contacting the elastomeric endless track. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of disengaging the track changing apparatus from the elastomeric endless track includes reducing a longitudinal length of an upper beam of the track changing apparatus. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of disengaging the track changing apparatus from the elastomeric endless track includes reducing a longitudinal length of a lower beam of the track changing apparatus. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of disengaging the track changing apparatus from the elastomeric endless track includes reducing a spacing between an upper beam and a lower beam of the track changing apparatus. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein following the disengaging step, withdrawing the track changing apparatus from adjacent the elastomeric endless track and the armored vehicle.",
-    "A method for controlling an electrical energy distribution network in which electrical power is provided via network nodes connected via power lines is provided. A portion of the network nodes are controllable network nodes with respective local controllers, and at least a portion of the controllable network nodes are energy generators. The energy distribution network is coupled to an energy transmission network at a point of common coupling and provides electrical power to the energy transmission network at the point of common coupling. The electrical power originates from the controllable network nodes. A central controller communicates with the local controllers and the energy transmission network. The central controller controls the energy distribution network with the aid of the communication with the local controllers and the energy transmission network such that at the point of common coupling, primary control power and short-circuit power are kept available for the energy transmission network. 1. A method for controlling an electrical energy distribution network in which electrical power is provided via a plurality of network nodes connected via power lines, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of network nodes are controllable network nodes with respective local control units, and at least a portion of the controllable network nodes are energy generators, wherein the electrical energy distribution network is coupled to an energy transmission network at a point of common coupling and provides electrical power to the energy transmission network at the point of common coupling, the electrical power originating from the controllable network nodes of the energy distribution network, the method comprising: communicating, by a central control unit in the energy distribution network, for providing the electrical power, with the local control units of the controllable network nodes and the energy transmission network; controlling, by the central control unit, the energy distribution network with the aid of the communication with the local control units and the energy transmission network such that at the point of common coupling primary control power and short-circuit power are kept available for the energy transmission network. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling, by the central control unit, the energy distribution network such that at the point of common coupling secondary control power, tertiary control power, or secondary control power and tertiary control power are kept available for the energy transmission network, harmonics, subharmonics, or harmonics and subharmonics of the voltage at the point of common coupling are compensated for, or a combination thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling, by the central control unit, the energy distribution network such that at the point of common coupling, control reactive power is kept available for the energy transmission network, and wherein the control reactive power is provided for compensating for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling, by the central control unit, the energy distribution network such that the energy distribution network is operated as an island network in the event of failure of the energy transmission network. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein communicating, by the central control unit, with the energy transmission network comprises communicating setpoint values for the primary control power and short-circuit power to be kept available from the energy transmission network to the central control unit, communicating, by the central control unit, with the local control units comprises communicating the primary control power and short-circuit power respectively offered by the controllable network nodes to the central control unit by the local control units. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising estimating, in the central control unit, present network loading of the energy distribution network, predicting future network loading, or a combination thereof, wherein the central control unit takes account of the present network loading, the future network loading, or the present network loading and the future network loading in the control of the energy distribution network such that a predetermined loading limit of the energy distribution network is not exceeded. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein estimating the present network loading, predicting future network loading actual values, or a combination thereof comprises, or the method further comprises communicating predictions of parameters of the controllable network nodes from the respective local control units to the central control unit, and communicating, based on the present network loading, the future network loading, or the present network loading and the future network loading, setpoint values of the parameters of the controllable network nodes from the central control unit to the respective local control units. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein estimating the present network loading, predicting the future network loading actual values, or a combination thereof comprises estimating the present network loading, predicting the future network loading actual values, or a combination thereof from voltage sensors, current sensors, or voltage sensors and current sensors arranged in the energy distribution network outside the controllable network nodes, and wherein the method further comprises communicating weather forecasts to the central control unit, at least a portion of the local control units, or a combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the point of common coupling is provided at a transformer substation. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the controllable network nodes of the energy distribution network that are energy generators comprise one or more regenerative energy generators, the one or more regenerative energy generators comprising respective local control units that communicate with the central control unit in the context of the control of the energy distribution network. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more regenerative energy generators comprise one or more wind power installations, one or more photovoltaic installations, one or more hydroelectric power plants, one or more biomass power plants, one or more fossil-fuel power plants, one or more combined heat and power plants, one or more combined cooling, heat and power plants, or any combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the controllable network nodes of the energy distribution network comprise one or more controllable energy loads, one or more energy stores, one or more microgrids, or any combination thereof with respective local control units that communicate with the central control unit in the context of the control of the energy distribution network. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the controllable network nodes of the energy distribution network comprise one or more voltage controllers with respective local control units that communicate with the central control unit in the context of the control of the energy distribution network, wherein the voltage controller or voltage controllers comprise one or more transformers, one or more capacitance banks, one or more series controllers, or any combination thereof. 14. An electrical energy distribution network for providing electrical power, the electrical energy distribution network comprising: a plurality of network nodes connected via power lines, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of network nodes are controllable network nodes with respective local control units, and at least a portion of the controllable network nodes are energy generators, wherein the electrical energy distribution network is coupled to an energy transmission network at a point of common coupling and is operable to provide electrical power to the energy transmission network at the point of common coupling, the electrical power originating from the controllable network nodes of the energy distribution network; a central control unit for providing the electrical power, the central control unit operable to communicate with the local control units of the controllable network nodes and the energy transmission network, wherein the central control unit is configured to control the energy distribution network with the aid of the communication with the local control units and the energy transmission network such that at the point of common coupling, primary control power and short-circuit power are kept available for the energy transmission network. 15. The energy distribution network of claim 14, wherein the central control unit is further configured to control the energy distribution network such that the energy distribution network is operated as an island network in the event of failure of the energy transmission network. 16. A control unit for an electrical energy distribution network, the electrical energy distribution network comprising a plurality of network nodes connected via power lines, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of network nodes are controllable network nodes with respective local control units, and at least a portion of the controllable network nodes are energy generators, wherein the electrical energy distribution network is coupled to an energy transmission network at a point of common coupling and is operable to provide electrical power to the energy transmission network at the point of common coupling, the electrical power originating from the controllable network nodes of the energy distribution network, the electrical energy distribution network further comprising a central control unit for providing the electrical power, the central control unit operable to communicate with the local control units of the controllable network nodes and the energy transmission network, wherein the central control unit is configured to control the energy distribution network with the aid of the communication with the local control units and the energy transmission network such that at the point of common coupling, primary control power and short-circuit power are kept available for the energy transmission network, the control unit comprising: a processor that is the central control unit of the energy distribution network, wherein the processor is configured to communicate with the local control units of the controllable network nodes and the energy transmission network, and wherein, with the aid of this communication, the processor is further configured to control the energy distribution network such that at the point of common coupling, primary control power and short-circuit power are kept available for the energy transmission network.",
-    "Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide method and apparatus for effecting (e.g., lightening) an appearance of skin by cooling or freezing small separated surface regions of the skin to produce regions of local hypopigmentation. The width of the regions can be, for example, smaller than about 1 mm or 0.5 mm, and a distance between these frozen regions can be greater than about 3 times the width of the regions. An exemplary apparatus can be provided that includes a plurality of spatially-separated thermally conductive arrangements that can be affixed or otherwise coupled to a base. For example, the conductive arrangements can be regions of conductive material provided in or proximal to a thermal insulator, or thermally conductive protrusions affixed to the base. The conductive arrangements can be cooled and then contacted with the skin surface to produce the small regions of hypopigmentation. 1-37. (canceled) 38. A method for gradually lightening an area of a skin tissue of a patient, the method comprising: identifying the area of the skin tissue to be treated with hypopigmentation; and treating the area of the skin tissue of the patient by locally freezing the area of skin tissue with a cooling arrangement having a temperature between \u22124\u00b0 C. to \u221230\u00b0 C. to provide controlled heat extraction from the skin tissue, wherein the local freezing of the area of skin tissue generates a hypopigmentation effect in the area of skin tissue while avoiding skin damage. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the local freezing of the skin tissue decreases melanosome production or melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the local freezing of the skin tissue destroys melanocytes. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein treating the area of the skin tissue of the patient by locally freezing the area of skin tissue comprises contacting the area of skin tissue with a cooling contact end of a skin treatment device configured for non-penetrating contact with the skin tissue of the patient, the cooling contact end being cooled by the cooling arrangement to a temperature between \u22124\u00b0 C. to \u221220\u00b0 C. to provide a controlled heat extraction from the skin tissue during contact between the skin tissue and the cooling contact end. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the area of the skin tissue is contacted with the cooling contact end of the skin treatment device for greater than 15 seconds. 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the cooling arrangement comprises a thermoelectric cooler, wherein the cooling contact end of the skin treatment device transfers heat from the contact end to the cooling arrangement by conduction. 44. The method of claim 43, further comprising a control arrangement coupled with the thermoelectric cooler that is configured to maintain the cooling contact end of the skin treatment device at a predetermined temperature. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the control arrangement comprises a temperature monitor comprising at least one thermistor or thermocouple. 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the cooling contact end of the skin treatment device is contacted with the area of skin tissue for a predetermined amount of time which locally freezes the contacted area of the skin tissue. 47. The method of claim 38, wherein treating the area of the skin tissue of the patient comprises treating a plurality of spots of the skin tissue by locally freezing the plurality of spots, further comprising providing an insulation between adjacent treatment spots. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the insulation includes a plurality of openings, and wherein the skin tissue is contacted with a cooling base configured to contact the skin tissue through the plurality of openings of the insulation to freeze the skin tissue. 49. The method of claim 38, further comprising contacting the area of the skin tissue to be treated with a mask that is configured to protect selected regions of the skin tissue, wherein treating the area of the skin tissue of the patient by locally freezing the area of the skin tissue comprises spraying the area of the skin tissue with a non-contact cryospray device to portions of the area of the skin tissue that are unprotected by the mask. 50. The method of claim 38, further comprising repeating the treating step on a previously identified and treated area of the skin tissue to further lighten the skin tissue. 51. The method of claim 38, further comprising applying hydroquinone or cortisone topically to the area of the skin tissue after locally freezing the area of the skin tissue. 52. The method of claim 38, wherein the treatment does not produce discernible spots. 53. The method of claim 38, wherein the area of the skin tissue comprises one or more freckles and wherein the hypopigmentation effect lightens the one or more freckles. 54. The method of claim 38, wherein the area of the skin tissue comprises one or more age spots, and wherein the hypopigmentation effect lightens the one or more age spots. 55. The method of claim 38, wherein the area of skin tissue comprises one or more caf\u00e9 au lait spots, and wherein the hypopigmentation effect lightens the one or more caf\u00e9 au lait spots. 56. A method for gradually lightening an area of skin tissue of a patient, the method comprising: identifying the area of the skin tissue to be treated with hypopigmentation; contacting the area of the skin tissue to be treated with a cooling contact end of a skin treatment device having a cooling contact surface configured for non-penetrating contact with the skin tissue of the patient; and locally freezing the skin tissue proximal to the cooling contact surface, the cooling contact end being in thermal communication with a cooling arrangement, the cooling arrangement being cooled to a temperature between \u22124\u00b0 C. to \u221230\u00b0 C. to provide controlled heat extraction from the skin tissue, wherein the local freezing of the area of the skin tissue generates a hypopigmentation effect in the area of skin tissue. 57. A method for gradually lightening an area of skin tissue of a patient, the method comprising: identifying the area of the skin tissue to be treated with hypopigmentation; contacting the area of the skin tissue to be treated with a mask that protects selected regions of the skin tissue; and spraying the area of the skin tissue with a cryospray to locally freeze portions of the area of the skin tissue that are unprotected by the mask, wherein the local freezing of the area of the skin tissue generates a hypopigmentation effect in the area of the skin tissue.",
-    "A method of providing a Non-Real-Time (NRT) service includes receiving a file configuring the NRT service, first signaling information, and second signaling information in a state of being IP-packetized and contained in a single ensemble, configuring and displaying a service guide using the first signaling information acquired from the ensemble, acquiring a first content identifier of content selected from the displayed service guide, accessing a FLUTE session using the second signaling information acquired from the ensemble and acquiring a second content identifier matched with the first content identifier from the accessed FLUTE session, and receiving and storing at least one file configuring the content based on the acquired second content identifier. 1. A method of transmitting a non-real time (NRT) service, the method comprising: generating data for the (NRT) service and signaling data for the NRT service; and transmitting a broadcast signal including the data for the NRT service and the signaling data, wherein the NRT service is delivered in advance of its use and stored in a receiving device, wherein the signaling data is carried by Internet Protocol (IP) packets, wherein the IP packets are encapsulated based on a User Datagram Protocol/IP (UDP/IP) method, wherein the non-real time service includes one or more content items, wherein each of the one or more content items are delivered via a file delivery session based on Layered Coding Transport (LCT) protocol, and wherein the signaling data includes information for acquiring service guide information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the signaling data further includes service category information identifying the NRT service. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the service guide information is complied with an Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Broadcast Services Enabler Suite (BCAST) service guide. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein signaling information describing one or more content items delivered in the NRT service are transmitted through fragments of the OMA BCAST service guide.",
-    "A system for determining a level of Cotinine and Anabasine in a sample includes a test strip configured to receive a sample; and a meter configured to receive the test strip wherein the meter is configured to read the test strip and detect a level of Anabasine and Cotinine. 1. A system for determining a level of nicotine metabolites, in a sample, comprising: a test strip configured to receive a sample; and an analyzer configured to receive the test strip wherein the analyzer is configured to read the test strip and detect a level of a first nicotine metabolite and a second nicotine metabolite. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the analyzer is configured and executing code to determine whether the sample is from an individual who consumed tobacco products or an individual who consumed cessation products based on the level of the first nicotine metabolite and the level of the second nicotine metabolite. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first nicotine metabolite is Anabasine and the second nicotine metabolite is Cotinine. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the test strip includes an Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe, the Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe including Ab-particle Conjugates for binding with one of Anabasine and Cotinine. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the test strip includes an Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe, the Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe including microparticles combined with a Cotinine antibody and microparticles combined with an Anabasine antibody. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the test strip include a first test site and a second test site, the first test site including compounds to bind with the microparticles combined with a Cotinine antibody, and the second test site including microparticles combined with an Anabasine antibody. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the microparticles are fluorescent. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the microparticles have reflective properties. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the microparticles have properties that provide for the absorption of light. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the analyzer measures a level of absorption at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine, and the analyzer measures a level of absorption at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the analyzer measures a level of reflection at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine, and the analyzer measures a level of reflection at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the analyzer measures a level of fluorescence at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine, and the analyzer measures a level of fluorescence at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine. 13. A test strip for determining a level of Cotinine and Anabasine in a sample comprising: an Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe, the Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe including Ab-particle Conjugates for binding with one of Anabasine and Cotinine. 14. The test strip of claim 13, wherein the Ab-particle Conjugates include microparticles combined with a Cotinine antibody and microparticles combined with an Anabasine antibody. 15. The test strip of claim 14, wherein the microparticles are fluorescent. 16. The test strip of claim 14, wherein the microparticles have reflective properties. 17. The test strip of claim 14, wherein the microparticles have properties that provide for the absorption of light. 18. The test strip of claim 17, wherein the test strip is configured to provide for a meter that measures a level of absorption at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine, and the meter measures a level of absorption at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine. 19. The test strip of claim 14, wherein the test strip is configured to provide for a meter that measures a level of reflection at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine, and the meter measures a level of reflection at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine. 20. The test strip of claim 13, wherein the test strip is configured to provide for a meter that measures a level of fluorescence at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine, and the meter measures a level of fluorescence at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine. 21. A method of determining a level of Cotinine and Anabasine in a sample comprising: providing a test strip configured to receive a sample; providing a meter configured to receive the test strip wherein the meter is configured to read the test strip and detect a level of Anabasine and Cotinine; placing a sample on the test strip; laterally flowing the sample on the test strip; and reading the test strip with the meter. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the test strip includes an Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe, the Ab-particle Conjugate Stripe including microparticles combined with a Cotinine antibody and microparticles combined with an Anabasine antibody, and the test strip includes a first test site and a second test site, the first test site including compounds to bind with the microparticles combined with a Cotinine antibody, and the second test site including microparticles combined with an Anabasine antibody, the method further comprising: binding at least a portion of Anabasine and Cotinine with microparticles combined with the Cotinine antibody and microparticles combined with the Anabasine antibody, respectively; binding at least a portion of the microparticles combined with the Cotinine antibody and microparticles combined with the Anabasine antibody to the first test site and the second test site, respectively; wherein reading the test strip includes detecting at the first test site to determine the level of Cotinine and detecting at the second test site to determine the level of Anabasine.",
-    "An alignment method includes: a storage step that images a first workpiece on a chuck table and stores positions of alignment marks corresponding to scheduled division lines and positional relationships of the division lines with the alignment marks; a holding step that holds a second workpiece with the chuck table; a detection step that images positions of the alignment marks on the second workpiece, the positions corresponding to the stored alignment mark positions, and detects the alignment marks of the second workpiece; and an identification step that identifies positions of scheduled division lines of the second workpiece on the basis of the detected positions of the alignment marks of the second workpiece and the stored positional relationships. If one of the alignment marks of the second workpiece cannot be detected at one of the stored alignment mark positions, the detection step detects other adjacent alignment marks. 1. An alignment method for identifying positions of first scheduled division lines on a workpiece provided with devices each formed in each of areas partitioned by a plurality of first scheduled division lines and a plurality of second scheduled division lines that intersect the first scheduled division lines, by detecting alignment marks each arranged in each of the areas, said alignment method comprising: a storage step adapted to image a first workpiece held by a chuck table and store positions of the alignment marks corresponding to the first scheduled division lines and positional relationships of the first scheduled division lines with the alignment marks; a holding step adapted to hold a second workpiece corresponding to the first workpiece with the chuck table after said storage step; a detection step adapted to image positions of the alignment marks on the second workpiece, the positions corresponding to the alignment mark positions stored in said storage step, and detect the alignment marks of the second workpiece after said holding step; and an identification step adapted to identify positions of the first scheduled division lines of the second workpiece after said detection step on the basis of the detected positions of the alignment marks of the second workpiece and the positional relationships of the first scheduled division lines with the alignment marks, the positional relationships being stored in said storage step, wherein if one of the alignment marks of the second workpiece cannot be detected at one of the alignment mark positions stored in said storage step, said detection step detects other adjacent one of the alignment marks on the center side of the second workpiece along the direction of extension of the first scheduled division lines.",
-    "Methods and apparatus are disclosed to broadcast advanced television system committee (ATSC) video in switched digital video (SDV) systems. An example SDV broadcast method includes accessing an instruction to de-multiplex at least one of a plurality of multiple program transport streams, the instruction identifying a first program stream of the plurality of program streams for inclusion and a second program stream of the plurality of program streams for exclusion based on a rating region table (RRT). The plurality of program streams are de-multiplexed according to the instruction. 1. A method for broadcasting program streams in a switched digital video (SDV) system that receives a plurality of multiple program transport streams (MPTSs), the method comprising: accessing an instruction to de-multiplex at least one of a plurality of multiple program transport streams, the instruction identifying a first program stream of the plurality of program streams for inclusion and a second program stream of the plurality of program streams for exclusion based on a rating region table (RRT); and de-multiplexing the plurality of program streams according to the instruction. 2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the inclusion of the first program stream and the exclusion of the second program stream is independent of any user provided program stream request, and independent of any contractual commitment associated with any user. 3. The method as defined in claim 1, further including providing the first program stream de-multiplexed from the at least one of the plurality of multiple program transport streams to a switch, the switch to deliver the first program stream to an SDV broadcast engine. 4. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein the SDV broadcast engine includes a video encoder and an Internet protocol (IP) television system server. 5. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein the SDV broadcast engine is to broadcast the first program stream over an Internet protocol (IP) network. 6. The method as defined in claim 1, further including demodulating a radio frequency transmission to receive the plurality of MPTSs. 7. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the accessing of the instruction includes decoding program information contained in the at least one of the plurality of MPTSs to update the RRT. 8. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the RRT represents parental guidance information. 9. An apparatus for broadcasting program streams in a switched digital video (SDV) system that receives a plurality of multiple program transport streams (MPTSs)comprising: a processor; and a memory to store machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations including: accessing a de-multiplexing instruction to de-multiplex at least one of a plurality of multiple program transport streams, the de-multiplexing instruction identifying a first program stream of the plurality of program streams for inclusion and a second program stream of the plurality of program streams for exclusion based on a rating region table (RRT); and de-multiplexing the plurality of program streams according to the de-multiplexing instruction. 10. The apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein the inclusion of the first program stream and the exclusion of the second program stream is independent of any user provided program stream request, and independent of any contractual commitment associated with any user. 11. The apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein the machine-readable instructions, when executed, further cause the processor to provide the first program stream de-multiplexed from the at least one of the plurality of multiple program transport streams to a switch, the switch to deliver the first program stream to an SDV broadcast engine. 12. The apparatus as defined in claim 11, wherein the SDV broadcast engine is to broadcast the first program stream over an Internet protocol (IP) network. 13. The apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein the accessing of the de-multiplexing instruction includes decoding program information contained in the at least one of the plurality of MPTSs to update the RRT. 14. The apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein the RRT represents parental guidance information. 15. A tangible machine readable storage disk or storage device comprising instructions which, when executed, cause a machine to perform a method including: accessing a de-multiplexing instruction to de-multiplex at least one of a plurality of multiple program transport streams, the de-multiplexing instruction identifying a first program stream of the plurality of program streams for inclusion and a second program stream of the plurality of program streams for exclusion based on a rating region table (RRT); and de-multiplexing the plurality of program streams according to the de-multiplexing instruction. 16. The storage disk or storage device as defined in claim 15, wherein the inclusion of the first program stream and the exclusion of the second program stream is independent of any user provided program stream request, and independent of any contractual commitment associated with any user. 17. The storage disk or storage device as defined in claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions, when executed further cause the machine to provide the first program stream de-multiplexed from the at least one of the plurality of multiple program transport streams to a switch, the switch to deliver the first program stream to a switched digital video broadcast engine. 18. The storage disk or storage device as defined in claim 17, wherein the switched digital video broadcast engine is to broadcast the first program stream over an Internet protocol (IP) network. 19. The storage disk or storage device as defined in claim 15, wherein the accessing of the de-multiplexing instruction includes decoding program information contained in the at least one of the plurality of MPTSs to update the RRT. 20. The storage disk or storage device as defined in claim 15, wherein the RRT represents parental guidance information.",
-    "A fixing device includes a roller, a pressing member pressed against the roller, such that when a sheet having an unfixed image is passed thorough a nip formed between the roller and the pressing member, the unfixed image is fixed on the sheet, a first heater configured to heat the roller, a second heater configured to heat the pressing member, and a controller configured to control the second heater, such that a time-averaged heat generation by the second heater when an image of a decolorable material is fixed is greater than a time-averaged heat generation by the second heater when an image of a non-decolorable material is fixed. 1. A fixing device, comprising: a fixing member; a pressing member pressed against the fixing member, such that when a sheet having an unfixed image is passed through a nip formed between the fixing member and the pressing member, the unfixed image is fixed on the sheet; a first heater configured to heat the fixing member; a second heater configured to heat the pressing member; and a controller configured to control the first and second heaters, such that in a first fixing mode, a temperature of the fixing member stays at a first temperature, and a temperature of the pressing member stays at a second temperature, in a second fixing mode, the temperature of the fixing member stays at a third temperature that is lower than the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member stays at a fourth temperature that is higher than the second temperature, and in a warm-up mode, the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member stays lower than the second temperature at least until the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature. 2. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the controller stops to operate in the warm-up mode, when the temperatures of the fixing member and the pressing member become the first and second temperature, respectively, or when the temperatures of the fixing member and the pressing member become the third and fourth temperatures, respectively. 3. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein in the warm-up mode, the first heater stays turned on at least until the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature, and the second heater stays turned off. 4. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein in the first fixing mode, the second heater stays turned off, and in the second fixing mode, the second heater is turned on and off repeatedly. 5. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein in both the first and second fixing modes, the first heater is turned on and off repeatedly. 6. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein when the controller stops to operate in the second fixing mode, the controller controls the first and second heaters, such that the temperature of the fixing member increases to the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member decreases to the second temperature, even when no fixing of an image is carried out thereafter. 7. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein in the first fixing mode, an image of a decolorable material is fixed, and in the second fixing mode, an image of a non-decolorable material is fixed. 8. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first heater includes a center heater and a side heater arranged in a width direction of the fixing member, and the controller is configured to alternately turn on and off the center heater and the side heater in the first and second fixing modes. 9. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the pressing member is an endless belt, and heat capacity of the endless belt is greater than heat capacity of the fixing member. 10. An image forming apparatus, comprising: an image forming unit configured to form an image on a sheet; a fixing unit configured to fix the image on the sheet, the fixing unit including: a fixing member, a pressing member pressed against the fixing member, such that when a sheet having an unfixed image is passed through a nip formed between the fixing member and the pressing member, the unfixed image is fixed on the sheet, a first heater configured to heat the fixing member, and a second heater configured to heat the pressing member; and a controller configured to control the first and second heaters, such that in a first fixing mode, a temperature of the fixing member stays at a first temperature, and a temperature of the pressing member stays at a second temperature, in a second fixing mode, the temperature of the fixing member stays at a third temperature that is lower than the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member stays at a fourth temperature that is higher than the second temperature, and in a warm-up mode, the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member stays lower than the second temperature at least until the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the controller stops to operate in the warm-up mode, when the temperatures of the fixing member and the pressing member become the first and second temperature, respectively, or when the temperatures of the fixing member and the pressing member become the third and fourth temperatures, respectively. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein in the warm-up mode, the first heater stays turned on at least until the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature, and the second heater stays turned off. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein in the first fixing mode, the second heater stays turned off, and in the second fixing mode, the second heater is turned on and off repeatedly. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein in both the first and second fixing modes, the first heater is turned on and off repeatedly. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein when the controller stops to operate in the second fixing mode, the controller controls the first and second heaters, such that the temperature of the fixing member increases to the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member decreases to the second temperature, even when no fixing of an image is carried out thereafter. 16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein in the first fixing mode, an image of a decolorable material is fixed, and in the second fixing mode, an image of a non-decolorable material is fixed. 17. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the first heater includes a center heater and a side heater arranged in a width direction of the fixing member, and the controller is configured to alternately turn on and off the center heater and the side heater in the first and second fixing modes. 18. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the pressing member is an endless belt, and heat capacity of the endless belt is greater than heat capacity of the fixing member. 19. A method for fixing an image on a sheet, the method comprising: conveying a first sheet having an unfixed image through a nip formed between a fixing member and a pressing member that is pressed against the fixing member, in a first fixing mode; conveying a second sheet having an unfixed image through the nip in a second fixing mode; and controlling a first heater that is configured to heat the fixing member and a second heater that is configured to heat the pressing member, such that in a first fixing mode, a temperature of the fixing member stays at a first temperature, and a temperature of the pressing member stays at a second temperature, in a second fixing mode, the temperature of the fixing member stays at a third temperature that is lower than the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member stays at a fourth temperature that is higher than the second temperature, and in a warm-up mode, the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature, and the temperature of the pressing member stays lower than the second temperature at least until the temperature of the fixing member reaches the first temperature. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein in the first fixing mode, the second heater stays turned off, and in the second fixing mode, the second heater is turned on and off repeatedly.",
-    "A file generating method according to one aspect of the present disclosure is a file generating method for generating an MP4 file, the file generating method including: step S11 of acquiring an original file made in a file format different from MP4; step S12 of acquiring a difference file including data that is not included in the original file; step S13 of acquiring a procedure file indicating a procedure for generating the MP4 file; and step S14 of generating the MP4 file by combining the data included in the difference file and data included in the original file in accordance with the procedure indicated in the procedure file. 1. A file generating method for generating an MP4 file, the file generating method comprising: acquiring an original file made in a file format different from MP4; acquiring a difference file including data that is not included in the original file; acquiring a procedure file indicating a procedure for generating the MP4 file; and generating the MP4 file by combining the data included in the difference file with data included in the original file in accordance with the procedure indicated in the procedure file. 2. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein in acquisition of the original file, the original file made in a file format of MPEG2-TS is acquired. 3. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein in acquisition of the original file, the difference file, and the procedure file, acquisition is performed through reading of the original file, the difference file, and the procedure file from an optical disc. 4. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein the procedure file describes ranges of a plurality of respective sections included in the difference file, and ranges of a plurality of respective sections included in the original file, so that the ranges of the sections included in the difference file and the ranges of the sections included in the original file are arranged alternately, and in generation of the MP4 file, the MP4 file is generated through combination of the sections indicated by the respective ranges in order of the respective ranges described in the procedure file. 5. The file generating method according to claim 4, wherein the ranges of the plurality of respective sections included in the difference file are described in the procedure file in data size, and the ranges of the plurality of respective sections included in the original file are described in the procedure file in starting position and data size of the sections. 6. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein the data size of the MP4 file is described in the procedure file, and the file generating method further comprises determining whether a medium has free space for recording the MP4 file based on the data size of the MP4 file described in the procedure file. 7. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein an attribute of the MP4 file is described in the procedure file, and the file generating method further comprises reading the attribute described in the procedure file. 8. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein a buffer size required for playback of the MP4 file is described in the procedure file, and the file generating method further comprises reading the buffer size described in the procedure file. 9. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein a first file name, which is a name of the original file, and a second file name, which is a name of the difference file, are described in the procedure file, and the file generating method further comprises specifying a file with the first file name described in the procedure file as the original file, and specifying a file with the second file name described in the procedure file as the difference file. 10. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein in generation of the MP4 file, MP4-conforming header information that is data included in the difference file is combined with data included in the original file. 11. The file generating method according to claim 1, wherein in acquisition of the original file, the original file in plain text is acquired, and in generation of the MP4 file, the generated MP4 file is encrypted. 12. The file generating method according to claim 11, wherein in generation of the MP4 file, every time a section that constitutes the original file is acquired, a portion of the MP4 file corresponding to the section is generated and encrypted, and every time the portion that constitutes the MP4 file is encrypted, the section of the original file corresponding to the portion is deleted. 13. A file generating apparatus for generating an MP4 file, the file generating apparatus comprising: an original file acquisition unit that acquires an original file made in a file format different from MP4; a difference file acquisition unit that acquires a difference file including data that is not included in the original file; a procedure file acquisition unit that acquires a procedure file indicating a procedure for generating the MP4 file; and a generation unit that generates the MP4 file by combining the data included in the difference file with data included in the original file in accordance with the procedure indicated in the procedure file.",
-    "An optical image amplifier device capable of amplifying low-intensity backscattered illumination includes an optical port having an input, an output, and a controller having an ON state and an OFF state, the controller connecting the input and the output to form an optical loop in the ON state and disconnecting the input and the output in the OFF state, and an optical relay housing the optical loop and connected to the optical port having a gain medium configured for amplifying a signal beam propagating inside the optical loop in the ON state. 1. An optical image amplifier device, comprising: an optical relay housing an optical loop and having a gain medium; and an optical port connected to the optical relay and having an input that includes input optics for inputting a signal beam into the optical relay, an output that includes output optics for outputting the signal beam after being amplified, and a controller having an ON state and an OFF state, the controller connecting the input and the output to form the optical loop in the ON state and disconnecting the input and the output in the OFF state, the gain medium being configured to amplify the signal beam propagating inside the optical loop when the controller is in the ON state. 2. The amplifier device of claim 1 wherein the controller is positioned between a first polarizer and a second polarizer, the controller further comprising: a half-wave plate and an electronically controlled wave plate. 3. (canceled) 4. The amplifier device of claim 1 wherein the optical relay further comprises a plurality of image formation optics. 5. The amplifier device of claim 2 wherein the first polarizer is positioned adjacent to a first side of the electronically controlled wave plate and configured to reflect the signal beam when the electronically controlled wave plate is in the ON state. 6. The amplifier device of claim 5 wherein the second polarizer is positioned adjacent to a second side of the electronically controlled wave plate and configured to reflect the signal beam when the electronically controlled wave plate is in the ON state. 7. The amplifier device of claim 6 wherein the optical relay includes a first mirror positioned adjacent to a first side of the gain medium and at an angle relative to the second polarizer and configured to reflect the signal beam from the second polarizer to the gain medium. 8. The amplifier device of claim 7 wherein the optical relay includes a second mirror positioned adjacent to a second side of the gain medium and positioned at an angle relative to the first polarizer and configured to reflect the amplified signal beam received from the gain medium to the first polarizer. 9. (canceled) 10. A method of amplifying an intensity of a light beam, comprising: inputting the light beam into an input of an optical port that has input imaging optics when a controller is set in an OFF state; switching the controller to an ON state to create an optical loop within the optical port and an optical relay to trap the light beam; amplifying the light beam through successive passes through the optical loop; switching the controller to the OFF state to allow the amplified light beam to be output; and outputting the amplified light beam through an output of the optical port that has output imaging optics. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising, after inputting the light beam into the input, propagating the light beam through an optical relay to fill the optical relay with the light beam. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising, after propagating the light beam, outputting the light beam through the output of the optical port. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the optical relay comprises a plurality of image formation optics. 15. (canceled) 16. A system for amplifying a signal beam comprising: an amplifier device, comprising: an optical port having an input, an output, and a controller having an ON state and an OFF state, the controller connecting the input and the output to form an optical loop in the ON state and disconnecting the input and the output in the OFF state; and an optical relay housing the optical loop and connected to the optical port having a gain medium configured for amplifying the signal beam propagating inside the optical loop in the ON state; a processor for processing the amplified signal beam to generate an image; and a display for displaying the generated image. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the controller comprises an electronically controlled wave plate having an ON state and an OFF state. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the amplifier device further comprises: a first polarizer positioned adjacent to a first side of the electronically controlled wave plate and configured to reflect the signal beam when the electronically controlled wave plate is in the ON state; and a second polarizer positioned adjacent to a second side of the electronically controlled wave plate and configured to reflect the signal beam when the electronically controlled wave plate is in the ON state. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the amplifier device further comprises: a gain medium configured for receiving the signal beam and amplifying the signal beam to produce an amplified signal beam; a first mirror positioned adjacent to a first side of the gain medium and at an angle relative to the second polarizer and configured to reflect the signal beam from the second polarizer to the gain medium; and a second mirror positioned adjacent to a second side of the gain medium and positioned at an angle relative to the first polarizer and configured to reflect the amplified signal beam received from the gain medium to the first polarizer. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the amplifier device further comprises: a first imaging lens positioned between the second polarizer and the first mirror; and a second imaging lens positioned between the first polarizer and the second mirror.",
-    "A pad is adapted to set on a seat pan included in a vehicle seat. The pad includes a cushion on the seat pan and a cushion cover on the cushion. 1. An occupant-support base comprises a seat pan including an outer surface adapted to face toward an occupant supported by the occupant-support base, an inner surface arranged to face opposite the outer surface away from the occupant, and a perimeter surface arranged to extend between and interconnect the inner and outer surfaces of the seat pan, a pad coupled to the seat pan and adapted to be located between the seat pan and an occupant, the pad including an outer pad surface arranged to face away from the seat pan and an inner pad surface arranged to face toward the seat pan, and a pad-extension system configured to provide means for moving a portion of the pad relative to the seat pan between a retracted configuration in which the pad has a first dimension measured between the perimeter surface of the seat pan and a portion of the inner pad surface which confronts the perimeter surface of the seat pan and an extended configuration in which the pad has a relatively greater second dimension measured between the perimeter surface of the seat pan and the portion of the inner pad surface without causing a gap to be formed in a portion of the outer pad surface of the pad during movement from the retracted configuration to the extended configuration. 2. The occupant-support base of claim 1, wherein the pad-extension system includes a pan mount coupled to the seat pan in a fixed position, a movable pad support coupled to the pan mount to move relative to the pan mount and the seat pan and coupled to the pad to cause a movable portion of the pad to move relative to the seat pan to cause the occupant-support base to move between the retracted and extended configurations, and a pad-support mover arranged to extend between and interconnect the pan mount and the movable cushion support to cause the movable cushion support to move relative to the pan mount. 3. The occupant-support base of claim 2, wherein the pad-support mover is a pneumatic actuator. 4. The occupant-support base of claim 2, wherein the pad includes a cushion cover located in spaced-apart relation to the seat pan and a cushion located between the cushion cover and the seat pan. 5. The occupant-support base of claim 4, wherein the cushion cover includes a fixed end located in a fixed position relative to the seat pan and an adjustable end located in spaced-apart relation to the fixed end and configured to move in response to movement of the movable cushion support. 6. The occupant-support base of claim 2, wherein the pad includes a cushion cover located in spaced-apart relation to the seat pan and a cushion located between the cushion cover and the seat pan, the cushion cover includes a fixed end located in a fixed position relative to the seat pan, an adjustable end located in spaced-apart relation to the fixed end and configured to move in response to movement of the movable cushion support, and a slip belt arranged to extend between and interconnect the adjustable end of the cushion cover and the pan mount. 7. The occupant-support base of claim 6, wherein a first portion of the slip belt is located between the movable pad support and the pan mount and a second portion of the slip belt is arranged to extend along an outer support surface of the movable cushion support arranged to face away from the seat pan. 8. The occupant-support base of claim 7, wherein the first portion has a length greater than a length of the second portion when the occupant-support base is in the retracted configuration. 9. The occupant-support base of claim 8, wherein the length of the first portion is less than the length of the second portion when the occupant-support base is in the extended configuration. 10. The occupant-support base of claim 2, wherein the pad includes a cushion cover located in spaced-apart relation to the seat pan, a cushion located between the cushion cover and the seat pan, and an extension cover member having a first end coupled to an adjustable end of the cushion cover and a second end coupled to the pan mount in a fixed position. 11. The occupant-support base of claim 10, wherein the pad-support mover includes a first bracket arranged to move in a first direction to cause the movable pad support to move in the first direction to cause the extension cover member to unwind and establish the expanded configuration so that a distance between a first cover guide and an extension cover fixing member decreases. 12. The occupant-support base of claim 11, wherein the first bracket is arranged to move in a second direction opposite the first direction to cause the movable pad support to move in the second direction to cause the extension cover member to windup and establish the retracted configuration so that a distance between the first cover guide and the extension cover fixing member increases. 13. The occupant-support base of claim 10, wherein the pad-support mover includes a first bracket arranged to move in a first direction to cause the movable pad support to move in the first direction to cause the extension cover member to unwind and establish the expanded configuration so that a distance between a first cover guide and an extension cover fixing member decreases, arranged to move in a second direction opposite the first direction to cause the movable pad support to move in the second direction to cause the extension cover member to windup and establish the retracted configuration so that a distance between the first cover guide and the extension cover fixing member increases, and wherein the movable pad support moves by up to about half of a distance the pad moves during movement between the retracted and extended configurations. 14. The occupant-support base of claim 13, wherein the movable pad support moves by 0.5*cos(\u03b1) where a is an angle formed between the extension cover member and the first cover guide. 15. The occupant-support base of claim 12, wherein the pad-support mover includes an electric motor and a screw coupled to the electric motor to rotate in response to rotation of the electric motor and coupled to the movable pad support to cause the movable pad support to move as the screw rotates. 16. The occupant-support base of claim 12, wherein the pad-support mover is a pneumatic actuator. 17. The occupant-support base of claim 12, wherein the extension cover member is arranged to extend around and surround the first cover guide. 18. The occupant-support base of claim 10, wherein the cushion has a first thickness where the cushion is located between the outer surface of the seat pan and the cushion cover and a different second thickness where the cushion is located between the perimeter surface of the seat pan and the cushion cover. 19. The occupant-support base of claim 2, wherein the pad-extension system further comprises a first bracket coupled to movable pad support in a space formed in the movable pad support and a second bracket coupled to an inner surface of the pan mount to extend away from the outer surface of the pan mount and the pad-support mover includes a pair of guide rods coupled to the second bracket to support guide the movable pad support during movement of the movable pad support. 20. The occupant-support base of claim 19, wherein the first bracket includes a pair of cover guide rods arranged to extend into a pair of rod guide holes formed in the second bracket. 21. The occupant-support base of claim 2, wherein the pad-extension system further includes a lateral finishing cover arranged to extend between and interconnect the pan mount and the movable pad support during movement of the movable pad support from the retracted configuration to the extended configuration to block access to a space formed as the movable pad support moves away from the pan mount. 22. The occupant-support base of claim 21, wherein the movable pad support includes a first support member and a second support member coupled to the first support member to move relative to the first support member.",
-    "Reference processing may be used in a video encoder or decoder to derive reference pictures that are better correlated with a source image to be encoded or decoded, which generally yields better coding efficiency. Methods for filter selection for a reference processing unit adapted for use in a video codec system are discussed. Specifically, methods for filter selection based on performing motion estimation and obtaining distortion/cost information by comparing reference pictures, either processed or non-processed, with the source image to be encoded are discussed. 1. A method for selecting a particular filter from among a plurality of filters, the particular filter adapted for use in a reference picture processing unit in a multi-layered video coding system, the multi-layered video coding system comprising a base layer and one or more enhancement layers, the method comprising: a) providing (i) an enhancement layer source picture, and (ii) a reference picture from the base layer or an inter-layer, the inter-layer being a layer from among the one or more enhancement layers that is processed prior to the enhancement layer of the enhancement layer source picture; b) dividing the reference picture into regions, wherein the region sizes and the region shapes are determined based on performing edge detection on the reference picture, and wherein each of the following steps is performed on the regions of the reference picture: c) filtering copies of the reference picture using at least one filter from the plurality of filters to obtain at least one filtered reference picture, wherein each filter is applied to a corresponding copy of the reference picture; d) performing disparity estimation based on the enhancement layer source picture, a full set or subset of the at least one filtered reference picture, temporal reference pictures from an enhancement layer reference picture buffer, and motion information from the base layer or an inter-layer, the inter-layer being a layer from among the one or more enhancement layers that is processed prior to the enhancement layer of the enhancement layer source picture, and wherein the disparity estimation is adapted to generate disparity information; e) selecting a set of temporal reference pictures from the enhancement layer reference picture buffer; f) obtaining distortion information based on the disparity information and the selected set of temporal reference pictures; and g) selecting the particular filter based on comparing the distortion information generated in step f); wherein: the disparity information comprises a function of at least one of motion vectors, prediction distortion, intra prediction information, illumination parameters, luma components, chroma components, and tone mapping parameters, motion information of the enhancement layer is based on the motion information from the base layer or the inter-layer, differences between the motion information of the enhancement layer and the motion information from the base layer or the inter-layer are used to compute a confidence level, the distortion information is based on the differences between the motion information of the enhancement layer and the motion information from the base layer or the inter-layer, and the distortion information is weighted by the confidence level. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of providing further comprises processing the enhancement layer source picture, wherein the processing involves applying at least one of filtering, motion transformation, motion compensation, illumination compensation, scaling, inverse and forward tone mapping, color format conversion, and gamma correction. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of performing disparity estimation further comprises obtaining cost information for the at least one filter from among the plurality of filters used in the step of filtering, and wherein the step of selecting the particular filter is further based on the cost information; and wherein the cost information is a function of the disparity information, distortion between the enhancement layer source picture and each filtered reference picture, number of bits to be used in signaling filter parameters of each filter, number of bits to be used in signaling the motion vectors corresponding to each filtered reference picture, number of bits to be used in signaling the prediction distortion corresponding to each filtered reference picture, computational complexity in applying each filter, and power consumption of the filter. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising, between the step of disparity estimation and the step of obtaining distortion information, a step of performing disparity compensation on the enhancement layer source picture to obtain a final reconstructed picture, wherein the disparity compensation is based on the step of disparity estimation. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the obtaining distortion information is further based on the final reconstructed picture. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the disparity estimation comprises block-based motion estimation. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of selecting temporal reference pictures is based on a respective time difference between the temporal reference pictures and the enhancement layer source picture. 8. The method as recited in claim 7, wherein the step of selecting temporal reference pictures is based on a respective correlation between each of the temporal reference pictures and the enhancement layer source picture. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising a step of prioritizing importance of reference pictures, from high importance to low importance, based on comparing the cost information and the distortion information between the reference pictures to obtain a prioritized set of reference pictures. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein fewer bits are used for signaling pictures in the prioritized set of reference pictures of higher importance than for pictures in the prioritized set of reference pictures of lower importance. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein sub-pixel accurate motion estimation is performed on a subset of the at least one filtered reference picture and a subset of the temporal reference pictures while integer pixel motion estimation is performed on remaining filtered reference pictures and remaining temporal reference pictures. 12. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein reference pictures of importance below a pre-defined threshold are not used in the step of obtaining distortion information. 13. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the disparity estimation is performed at higher precision for reference pictures of higher importance and the disparity estimation is performed at lower precision for reference pictures of lower importance. 14. A system for selecting a particular filter from among a plurality of filters, the particular filter adapted for use in a reference picture processing unit in a multi-layered video coding system, the multi-layered video coding system comprising a base layer and one or more enhancement layers, the system comprising: a) means for providing (i) an enhancement layer source picture, and (ii) a reference picture from the base layer or an inter-layer, the inter-layer being a layer from among the one or more enhancement layers that is processed prior to the enhancement layer of the enhancement layer source picture; b) means for dividing the reference picture into regions, wherein the region sizes and the region shapes are determined based on performing edge detection on the reference picture, and wherein each of the following means is configured to perform the respective action on the regions of the reference picture: c) means for filtering copies of the reference picture using at least one filter from the plurality of filters to obtain at least one filtered reference picture, wherein each filter is applied to a corresponding copy of the reference picture; d) means for performing disparity estimation based on the enhancement layer source picture, a full set or subset of the at least one filtered reference picture, temporal reference pictures from an enhancement layer reference picture buffer, and motion information from the base layer or an inter-layer, the inter-layer being a layer from among the one or more enhancement layers that is processed prior to the enhancement layer of the enhancement layer source picture, and wherein the disparity estimation is adapted to generate disparity information; e) means for selecting a set of temporal reference pictures from the enhancement layer reference picture buffer; f) means for obtaining distortion information based on the disparity information and the selected set of temporal reference pictures; and g) means for selecting the particular filter based on comparing the distortion information generated with the distortion information obtaining means f) and based on the divided regions of each filtered reference picture; wherein: the disparity information comprises a function of at least one of motion vectors, prediction distortion, intra prediction information, illumination parameters, luma components, chroma components, and tone mapping parameters, motion information of the enhancement layer is based on the motion information from the base layer or the inter-layer, differences between the motion information of the enhancement layer and the motion information from the base layer or the inter-layer are used to compute a confidence level, the distortion information is based on the differences between the motion information of the enhancement layer and the motion information from the base layer or the inter-layer, and the distortion information is weighted by the confidence level. 15. A computer readable storage medium, comprising instructions that are tangibly encoded therewith, which when executed with a processor, cause the processor to cause, control, program or configure, at least in part, a process for selecting a particular filter from among a plurality of filters as recited in claim 1.",
-    "A power supply failover system/method providing uninterruptable power to protected load devices (PLD) is disclosed. The system includes a failover switch controller (FSC) with inputs from an AC I/V monitor (AIV), AC cycle counter (ACC), failover switch timer (FST), and overcurrent protection timer (OPT). The FSC utilizes these inputs to control failsafe switching of a bypass phase switch (BPS) and AC phase switch (ACS) to the PLD when power from the APS is determined to be good by the AIV. When power from the APS is determined to be compromised by the AIV, the FPS disables the ACS/BPS and enables a DC switch (DCS) and battery isolation switch (BIS) to connect a DC source to the PLD after a time period determined by the FST. APS/DCS overcurrent protection is limited by OPT intervals allowing a smooth transition between the APS to DCS during power failover/failback. 1. A power supply failover system comprising: (a) failover switch controller (FSC); (b) AC current/voltage (I/V) monitor (AIV); (c) AC cycle counter (ACC); (d) failover switch timer (FST); (e) overcurrent protection timer (OPT); (f) manual bypass switch (MBS); (g) bypass phase switch (BPS); (h) bypass relay switch (BRS); (i) AC phase switch (ACS); (j) AC relay (ACR); (k) DC switch (DCS); (l) battery isolation switch (BIS); (m) AC power source (APS); (n) AC/DC battery charger (ABC); (o) DC battery power source (DBS); (p) battery overcurrent protection device (BOP); and (q) AC overcurrent protection device (AOP); wherein: said APS and said ACB are connected in series between a reference neutral connection (RNC) and an AC power node (APN); said MBS is connected in series with a protected load device (PLD) between said APS and said RNC; said series connection between said MBS and said PLD forming a protected load node (PLN) at the connection between said MBS and said PLD; said ACR is connected in series with said ACS between said APN and said PLN; said BRS is connected in series with said BPS between said APN and said PLN; said ABC comprises an AC input and a DC output; said AOP is connected in series between said APN and said ABC AC input; said DBC and said BOP are connected in series between said RNC and said ABC DC output; said BIS and said DCS are connected in series between said ABC DC output and said PLN; said AOP is configured to provide configurable overcurrent protection for said APS; said AOP is configured to provide configurable overcurrent protection for said DBS; said AIV is configured to monitor voltage supplied by said APS and current supplied by said APS; said ACC is configured to count voltage cycles supplied by said APS; said FST is configured as a resettable timer under control of said FSC; said OPT is configured as a resettable timer under control of said FSC; said FSC inhibits operation of said AOP and said BOP based on the timer value of said OPT; said FSC initiates operation of said OPT during transitions of said ACS, said BPS, said BIS, and said DCS; and said FSC is configured to read said AIV, said ACC, said FST, and said OPT to determine the operation of said ACR, said ACS, said BRS, said BPS, said BIS, and said DCS to supply uninterrupted power to said PLD from either said APS or said DBS. 2. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said PLD further comprises an AC+DC power supply. 3. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said DCS comprises an IGBT. 4. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said BIS comprises a SCR in parallel with a relay. 5. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said ACS comprises two SCRs connected in an inverted parallel configuration. 6. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said BPS comprises two SCRs connected in an inverted parallel configuration. 7. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said ABC further comprises a power factor correction (PFC) circuit electrically coupled to a phase shift full bridge converter (FSFB) battery charging circuit. 8. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said FSC is configured to transition between supplying said ACS to said PLD and supplying said DCS to said PLD after a delay of one-half AC cycle as counted by said ACC. 9. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein said FSC is configured to determine if a shorting fault exists in circuitry within said ACS, said BPS, said BIS, or said DCS before initiating a transition between power from said APS and said DBS, and if said shorting fault is detected, entering a STANDBY mode in which transitions between power supplied from said APS and power supplied from said DBS are inhibited. 10. The power supply failover system of claim 1 wherein an additional AC master breaker (ACB) and manual bypass switch (MBS) are inserted in parallel between said APS and said RNC and serve to enable full isolation between said APS from said RNC. 11. A power supply failover method, said method operating in conjunction with a power supply failover system, said system comprising: (a) failover switch controller (FSC); (b) AC current/voltage (I/V) monitor (AIV); (c) AC cycle counter (ACC); (d) failover switch timer (FST); (e) overcurrent protection timer (OPT); (f) manual bypass switch (MBS); (g) bypass phase switch (BPS); (h) bypass relay switch (BRS); (i) AC phase switch (ACS); (j) AC relay (ACR); (k) DC switch (DCS); (l) battery isolation switch (BIS); (m) AC power source (APS); (n) AC/DC battery charger (ABC); (o) DC battery power source (DBS); (p) battery overcurrent protection device (BOP); and (q) AC overcurrent protection device (AOP); wherein: said APS and said ACB are connected in series between a reference neutral connection (RNC) and an AC power node (APN); said MBS is connected in series with a protected load device (PLD) between said APS and said RNC; said series connection between said MBS and said PLD forming a protected load node (PLN) at the connection between said MBS and said PLD; said ACR is connected in series with said ACS between said APN and said PLN; said BRS is connected in series with said BPS between said APN and said PLN; said ABC comprises an AC input and a DC output; said AOP is connected in series between said APN and said ABC AC input; said DBC and said BOP are connected in series between said RNC and said ABC DC output; said BIS and said DCS are connected in series between said ABC DC output and said PLN; said AOP is configured to provide configurable overcurrent protection for said APS; said AOP is configured to provide configurable overcurrent protection for said DBS; said AIV is configured to monitor voltage supplied by said APS and current supplied by said APS; said ACC is configured to count voltage cycles supplied by said APS; said FST is configured as a resettable timer under control of said FSC; said OPT is configured as a resettable timer under control of said FSC; said FSC inhibits operation of said AOP and said BOP based on the timer value of said OPT; said FSC initiates operation of said OPT during transitions of said ACS, said BPS, said BIS, and said DCS; and said FSC is configured to read said AIV, said ACC, said FST, and said OPT to determine the operation of said ACR, said ACS, said BRS, said BPS, said BIS, and said DCS to supply uninterrupted power to said PLD from either said APS or said DBS; wherein said method comprises the steps of: (1) With said FSC, initially configuring said power supply failover system for AC operation by enabling said ACR and said ACS to electrically couple said APS to said PLD; (2) With said FSC, monitoring a voltage from said APS using said AIV; (3) With said FCS, determining if said APS voltage is greater than or equal to 264V, and if so, proceeding to step (6); (4) With said FCS, determining if the APS voltage is less than or equal to 180V, and if so, proceeding to step (6); (5) With said FCS, determining if AC operation is currently in effect, and if so, proceeding to step (2), otherwise proceeding to step (7); (6) With said FCS, activating a power failover method to switch between AC power from said APS and DC backup power from said DBS by deactivating said ACR and said ACS and activating said BIS and said DCS and proceeding to step (2); and (7) With said FCS, activating a power failback method to switch between DC backup power from said DBS and AC power from said APS by deactivating said BIS and said DCS and activating said ACR and said ACS and proceeding to step (1). 12. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said PLD further comprises an AC+DC power supply. 13. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said DCS comprises an IGBT. 14. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said BIS comprises a SCR in parallel with a relay. 15. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said ACS comprises two SCRs connected in an inverted parallel configuration. 16. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said BPS comprises two SCRs connected in an inverted parallel configuration. 17. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said ABC further comprises a power factor correction (PFC) circuit electrically coupled to a phase shift full bridge converter (FSFB) battery charging circuit. 18. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said FSC is configured to transition between supplying said ACS to said PLD and supplying said DCS to said PLD after a delay of one-half AC cycle as counted by said ACC. 19. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein said FSC is configured to determine if a shorting fault exists in circuitry within said ACS, said BPS, said BIS, or said DCS before initiating a transition between power from said APS and said DBS, and if said shorting fault is detected, entering a STANDBY mode in which transitions between power supplied from said APS and power supplied from said DBS are inhibited. 20. The power supply failover method of claim 11 wherein an additional AC master breaker (ACB) and manual bypass switch (MBS) are inserted in parallel between said APS and said RNC and serve to enable full isolation between said APS from said RNC. 21. A tangible non-transitory computer usable medium having computer-readable program code means comprising a power supply failover method, said method operating in conjunction with a power supply failover system, said system comprising: (a) failover switch controller (FSC); (b) AC current/voltage (I/V) monitor (AIV); (c) AC cycle counter (ACC); (d) failover switch timer (FST); (e) overcurrent protection timer (OPT); (f) manual bypass switch (MBS); (g) bypass phase switch (BPS); (h) bypass relay switch (BRS); (i) AC phase switch (ACS); (j) AC relay (ACR); (k) DC switch (DCS); (l) battery isolation switch (BIS); (m) AC power source (APS); (n) AC/DC battery charger (ABC); (o) DC battery power source (DBS); (p) battery overcurrent protection device (BOP); and (q) AC overcurrent protection device (AOP); wherein: said APS and said ACB are connected in series between a reference neutral connection (RNC) and an AC power node (APN); said MBS is connected in series with a protected load device (PLD) between said APS and said RNC; said series connection between said MBS and said PLD forming a protected load node (PLN) at the connection between said MBS and said PLD; said ACR is connected in series with said ACS between said APN and said PLN; said BRS is connected in series with said BPS between said APN and said PLN; said ABC comprises an AC input and a DC output; said AOP is connected in series between said APN and said ABC AC input; said DBC and said BOP are connected in series between said RNC and said ABC DC output; said BIS and said DCS are connected in series between said ABC DC output and said PLN; said AOP is configured to provide configurable overcurrent protection for said APS; said AOP is configured to provide configurable overcurrent protection for said DBS; said AIV is configured to monitor voltage supplied by said APS and current supplied by said APS; said ACC is configured to count voltage cycles supplied by said APS; said FST is configured as a resettable timer under control of said FSC; said OPT is configured as a resettable timer under control of said FSC; said FSC inhibits operation of said AOP and said BOP based on the timer value of said OPT; said FSC initiates operation of said OPT during transitions of said ACS, said BPS, said BIS, and said DCS; and said FSC is configured to read said AIV, said ACC, said FST, and said OPT to determine the operation of said ACR, said ACS, said BRS, said BPS, said BIS, and said DCS to supply uninterrupted power to said PLD from either said APS or said DBS; wherein said method comprises the steps of: (1) With said FSC, initially configuring said power supply failover system for AC operation by enabling said ACR and said ACS to electrically couple said APS to said PLD; (2) With said FSC, monitoring a voltage from said APS using said AIV; (3) With said FCS, determining if said APS voltage is greater than or equal to 264V, and if so, proceeding to step (6); (4) With said FCS, determining if the APS voltage is less than or equal to 180V, and if so, proceeding to step (6); (5) With said FCS, determining if AC operation is currently in effect, and if so, proceeding to step (2), otherwise proceeding to step (7); (6) With said FCS, activating a power failover method to switch between AC power from said APS and DC backup power from said DBS by deactivating said ACR and said ACS and activating said BIS and said DCS and proceeding to step (2); and (7) With said FCS, activating a power failback method to switch between DC backup power from said DBS and AC power from said APS by deactivating said BIS and said DCS and activating said ACR and said ACS and proceeding to step (1). 22. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said PLD further comprises an AC+DC power supply. 23. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said DCS comprises an IGBT. 24. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said BIS comprises a SCR in parallel with a relay. 25. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said ACS comprises two SCRs connected in an inverted parallel configuration. 26. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said BPS comprises two SCRs connected in an inverted parallel configuration. 27. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said ABC further comprises a power factor correction (PFC) circuit electrically coupled to a phase shift full bridge converter (FSFB) battery charging circuit. 28. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said FSC is configured to transition between supplying said ACS to said PLD and supplying said DCS to said PLD after a delay of one-half AC cycle as counted by said ACC. 29. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein said FSC is configured to determine if a shorting fault exists in circuitry within said ACS, said BPS, said BIS, or said DCS before initiating a transition between power from said APS and said DBS, and if said shorting fault is detected, entering a STANDBY mode in which transitions between power supplied from said APS and power supplied from said DBS are inhibited. 30. The computer usable medium of claim 21 wherein an additional AC master breaker (ACB) and manual bypass switch (MBS) are inserted in parallel between said APS and said RNC and serve to enable full isolation between said APS from said RNC.",
-    "Systems and methods for privacy-preserving data loss detection include performing a sweep of online information for a candidate data leakage to generate an online data set; performing an analysis of the online data set to determine that the online information is a candidate data leakage; the host encrypting the data communication and providing the host-encrypted data communication to a software agent at the enterprise; in response to receiving the host-encrypted data communication, the software agent encrypting a database of enterprise information and re-encrypting the host-encrypted data communication, and providing the same to the host; the host decrypting a host-encrypted aspect of the re-encrypted data communication to generate a software agent-encrypted data communication; determining whether a match exists between the encrypted database of information and the software agent-encrypted data communication; and based on whether the match exists, the software agent taking a first action or the host taking a second action. 1. A computer-implemented method of detecting data leakage, the method comprising: performing, by a host external to a firewall of an enterprise, a sweep of online information for a candidate data leakage to generate an online data set; the host performing an analysis of the online data set to determine that the online information is the candidate data leakage, based on a context of the online data; the host encrypting the data communication and providing the host-encrypted data communication to a software agent at the enterprise; in response to receiving the host-encrypted data communication, and by using a common encryption key, the software agent encrypting a database of enterprise information and re-encrypting the host-encrypted data communication; providing the software agent-encrypted database of enterprise communication and the re-encrypted data communication to the host; the host decrypting a host-encrypted aspect of the re-encrypted data communication to generate a software agent-encrypted data communication; performing a matching operation to determine whether a match exists between the encrypted database of information and the software agent-encrypted data communication; for the match determined to exist, the host reporting the match to the software agent, and the software agent taking a first action; and for the match determined to not exist, the host taking a second action. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the software agent at the enterprise is not provided with a key used by the host encrypting the data communication originating from the online account, and the host is not provided with the common encryption key of the software agent. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the performing the matching operation comprises applying a privacy preserving set intersection algorithm. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the host partially encrypts the data communication, and leaves an unencrypted portion of the data communication as cleartext, and provides the partially encrypted data communication and the cleartext to the software agent. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising the software agent adding noise into the encrypted database and sends the encrypted database with the noise to the host. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the sweep of online information is a web sweep of the Internet, and the web sweep of the Internet is at a prescribed period. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising the software agent re-ordering values in the host-encrypted data communication during the re-encryption of the host-encrypted data communication. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the host reporting the match to the software agent comprises the host providing the software agent with at least one of a number of matches, the encrypted matching candidate leaked information, and information associated with a source of the candidate data leakage. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8, wherein the information associated with a source of the candidate data leakage comprises at least one of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identified during the web sweep as the source of the candidate data leakage, and metadata associated with the URL. 10. A computer-implemented method of detecting data leakage at a host external to a firewall of an enterprise, the method comprising: performing, by a host external to a firewall of an enterprise, a sweep of online information for a candidate data leakage to generate an online data set; the host performing an analysis of the online data set to determine that the online information is the candidate data leakage, based on a context of the online data; encrypting the data communication, and providing the host-encrypted data communication to a software agent at the enterprise; receiving a software agent-encrypted database of enterprise communication and the host-encrypted data communication, re-encrypted by the software agent; decrypting a host-encrypted aspect of the re-encrypted data communication to generate a software agent-encrypted data communication; performing a matching operation to determine whether a match exists between the encrypted database of information and the software agent-encrypted data communication; for the match determined to exist, reporting the match to the software agent; and for the match determined to not exist, the host taking an action. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the performing the matching operation comprises applying a privacy preserving set intersection algorithm. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the host reporting the match to the software agent comprises the host providing the software agent with at least one of a number of matches, the encrypted matching candidate leaked information, and information associated with a source of the candidate data leakage. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the sweep of online information is a web sweep of the Internet, and the web sweep of the Internet is at a prescribed period. 14. A computer-implemented method of detecting data leakage from an enterprise having a software agent, the method comprising: receiving, from a host external to a firewall of the enterprise, a host-encrypted data communication that originated from an online source associated with a candidate data leakage; using a common encryption key, encrypting a database of enterprise information and re-encrypting the host-encrypted data communication; providing the encrypted database of enterprise communication and the re-encrypted data communication to the host; receiving a report from the host indicative of a match existing between the encrypted database of information and the re-encrypted data communication; and taking a first action. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the software agent at the enterprise is not provided with a key used by the host encrypting the data communication originating from the online account, and the host is not provided with the common encryption key of the software agent. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, further comprising the software agent adding noise into the encrypted database and sending the encrypted database with the noise to the host. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, further comprising the software agent re-ordering values in the host-encrypted data communication during the re-encryption of the host-encrypted data communication. 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the first action by the software agent comprises providing an alert to an authority that the data leakage is associated with the enterprise. 19. A system for detecting data leakage at a host external to a firewall of an enterprise, the system comprising: the host external to the firewall of the enterprise including a hardware processor and having executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium, the instructions at the host comprising, performing, by a host external to a firewall of an enterprise, a sweep of online information for a candidate data leakage to generate an online data set; the host performing an analysis of the online data set to determine that the online information is the candidate data leakage, based on a context of the online data; encrypting the data communication, and providing the host-encrypted data communication to a software agent at the enterprise; receiving a software agent-encrypted database of enterprise communication and the host-encrypted data communication, re-encrypted by the software agent; decrypting a host-encrypted aspect of the re-encrypted data communication to generate a software agent-encrypted data communication; performing a matching operation to determine whether a match exists between the encrypted database of information and the software agent-encrypted data communication; for the match determined to exist, reporting the match to the software agent; and for the match determined to not exist, the software agent taking a first action; and the enterprise including a hardware processor and having executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium receiving, from the host external to a firewall of the enterprise, the host-encrypted data communication; using a common encryption key, encrypting a database of enterprise information and re-encrypting the host-encrypted data communication, and providing the software agent-encrypted database and the re-encrypted data communication to the host; receiving a report from the host indicative of the match existing between the encrypted database of information and the software agent-encrypted data communication; and taking a second action. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the software agent at the enterprise is not provided with a key used by the host encrypting the data communication originating from the online account, and the host is not provided with the common encryption key of the software agent.",
-    "Techniques for using contextual information relating to content presented by a television as part of a search query for an information search are presented. A search management component, at a given moment in time during presentation of television-related content by a communication device in or associated with a television, identifies contextual information associated with a section of the television-related content and generates a content identifier timestamp associated with the contextual information and the section of television-related content. A search component augments a search query using the contextual information to facilitate customization of a subset of search results based on the contextual information. The contextual information in the search query can facilitate disambiguating the search query or promoting a search result over another search result in the subset of search results, based on the contextual information, to facilitate customization of the subset of search results. 1. A system, comprising: at least one memory that stores computer executable components; and at least one hardware processor that executes computer executable components stored in the at least one memory, wherein the hardware processor: causes media content to be presented; identifies contextual information associated with the media content being presented, wherein the contextual information comprises one or more terms that at least indicate an identifier of the media content; receives a search query containing a plurality of search terms; determines whether the one or more terms of the contextual information relate to at least one of the plurality of search terms; in response to determining that the one or more terms of the contextual information relate to at least one of the plurality of search terms, modifies the search query by appending the one or more terms of the contextual information that indicate the identifier of the media content to the search query; and causes search results retrieved using the search query with the appended one or more terms of the contextual information to be presented. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the media content is caused to be presented on a first communication device and wherein the search results are caused to be presented on a second communication device. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein a first communication device that presents the media content is associated with a communication network, wherein the hardware processor determines that a second communication device is associated with the communication network, and wherein the search results are caused to be presented on the second communication device in response to determining that the second communication device is associated with the communication network. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the media content is caused to be presented on a first communication device, wherein the hardware processor determines that a second communication device is within a defined proximity to the first communication device, and wherein the search results are caused to be presented on the second communication device in response to determining that the second communication device is within the defined proximity to the first communication device. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor generates a content identifier timestamp associated with the media content and wherein the content identifier timestamp is associated with the contextual information and facilitates establishing a correlation between the content identifier timestamp and user activity of a user. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the media content is caused to be presented on a first communication device and wherein the hardware processor communicates the contextual information to a second communication device for generating the modified search query. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor: stores viewing activity information corresponding to the media content accessed using a user account; identifies the contextual information based on the viewing activity information; generates the search query comprising at least a portion of the contextual information; and transmits the generated search query to a search engine to obtain search results responsive to the generated search query. 8. A method, comprising: causing, using a hardware processor, media content to be presented; identifying contextual information associated with the media content being presented, wherein the contextual information comprises one or more terms that at least indicate an identifier of the media content; receiving a search query containing a plurality of search terms; determining whether the one or more terms of the contextual information relate to at least one of the plurality of search terms; in response to determining that the one or more terms of the contextual information relate to at least one of the plurality of search terms, modifying the search query by appending the one or more terms of the contextual information that indicate the identifier of the media content to the search query; and causing search results retrieved using the search query with the appended one or more terms of the contextual information to be presented. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the media content is caused to be presented on a first communication device and wherein the search results are caused to be presented on a second communication device. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein a first communication device that presents the media content is associated with a communication network, wherein the method further comprises determining that a second communication device is associated with the communication network, and wherein the search results are caused to be presented on the second communication device in response to determining that the second communication device is associated with the communication network. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the media content is caused to be presented on a first communication device, wherein the method further comprises determining that a second communication device is within a defined proximity to the first communication device, and wherein the search results are caused to be presented on the second communication device in response to determining that the second communication device is within the defined proximity to the first communication device. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining a content identifier timestamp associated with the media content, wherein the content identifier timestamp is associated with the contextual information and facilitates establishing a correlation between the content identifier timestamp and user activity of a user. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the media content is caused to be presented on a first communication device and wherein the method further comprises communicating the contextual information to a second communication device for generating the modified search query. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising: storing viewing activity information corresponding to the media content accessed using a user account; identifying the contextual information based on the viewing activity information; generating the search query comprising at least a portion of the contextual information; and transmitting the generated search query to a search engine to obtain search results responsive to the generated search query. 15. A system, comprising: at least one memory that stores computer executable components; and at least one processor that executes the following computer executable components stored in the at least one memory: a server component that stores a set of items of information; and a search engine that searches the set of items of information in the server component to generate a subset of search results retrieved using a search query that has been modified by having one or more terms of contextual information that indicate the identifier of media content appended to the search query in response to a determination that one or more terms of the contextual information relate to at least one term of a plurality of search terms contained in the search query. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the search engine receives the search query from a communication device that identified the contextual information in relation to the media content presented by the communication device. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the search engine transmits the subset of search results to a communication device that is presenting the media content. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the search engine transmits the subset of search results to a communication device that provided the search query.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a device for monitoring access to a storage area of a plurality of storage areas for goods, including a measurement signal generation, detection, and evaluator. The measurement signal generator includes a signal source and a conductor loop arrangement, the detector for detecting the generated magnetic field is configured to provide a measurement signal on the basis of the detected magnetic field, and the evaluator for evaluating the measurement signal is configured to determine an instance of access to one of the storage areas on the basis of the measurement signal, to compare a determined instance of access with a target access instance, and to output a display signal on the basis of the comparison. 1. A device for monitoring access to a storage area of a plurality of storage areas for goods, the device comprising: a measurement signal generator comprising a signal source and a conductor loop arrangement, the conductor loop arrangement being arranged to generate a magnetic field on account of an electrical AC signal, each of the storage areas having at least one conductor loop of the conductor loop arrangement associated with it, and the signal source being configured to supply a characteristic electrical AC signal to each conductor loop of the conductor loop arrangement; a detector for detecting the generated magnetic field and for providing a measurement signal on the basis of the detected magnetic field; and an evaluator for evaluating the measurement signal provided by the detector, the evaluator being configured to determine an instance of access to one of the storage areas on the basis of the measurement signal, to compare a determined instance of access with a target access instance, and to output a display signal on the basis of the comparison. 2. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least two conductor loops of the conductor loop arrangement have different AC signals associated with them. 3. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the display signal displays a first state when the comparison shows that the target access instance and the detected access instance coincide, and wherein the display signal displays a second state when the comparison shows that the target access instance and the detected access instance do not coincide. 4. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the display signal is an optical signal, an acoustic signal, a haptic signal, or a mechanical signal. 5. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the evaluation of the measurement signal shows whether the detector is located within or outside the conductor loop. 6. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the evaluator is configured to detect an amplitude and/or a phase position of the measurement signal so as to determine the position of the detector in relation to the conductor loop. 7. The device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the evaluator is configured to detect crossing-through of a surface, which is spanned by the conductor loop and demarcated by the conductor loop, by means of a phase position of the measurement signal, the measurement signal comprising a first phase position when the first surface is crossed through, and the measurement signal comprising a second phase position that is different from the first phase position when a second surface, which is spanned by the conductor loop and surrounds the first surface, is crossed through. 8. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a linear movement of the detector is detectable by a meandering arrangement of the conductor loop. 9. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrical AC signal is an unbalanced signal. 10. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrical AC signal is an unequal or an unbalanced triangular signal. 11. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the measurement signal generator is configured to supply an amplitude-modulated, frequency-modulated, or phase-modulated electrical AC signal to each conductor loop of the conductor loop arrangement. 12. The device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the measurement signal generator is configured to supply AC signals to at least two conductor loops of the conductor loop arrangement such that the AC signals can be distinguished by means of the modulation. 13. The device as claimed in claim 1, the device comprising a vibration sensor, motion sensor, and/or inertial sensor configured to detect a movement of the detector, and the device being configured to identify a seizing or depositing of the goods on the basis of the detected movement of the detector. 14. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein several conductor loops that are at least partly superimposed on one another are arranged which are fed by different electrical AC signals. 15. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein three conductor loops are arranged essentially orthogonally to one another so as to detect an access instance in three-dimensional space. 16. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the detector comprises at least two measuring coils for detecting the generated magnetic field, the at least two measuring coils being arranged essentially orthogonally to one another. 17. A method of monitoring access to a storage area of a plurality of storage areas for goods, wherein each storage area has at least one conductor loop of a conductor loop arrangement associated with it, the conductor loop arrangement being arranged to generate a magnetic field on account of an electrical AC signal, the method comprising: supplying a characteristic electrical AC signal to each conductor loop of the conductor loop arrangement so as to generate the magnetic field; detecting the magnetic field and providing a measurement signal on the basis of the detected magnetic field; and evaluating the provided measurement signal so as to determine an instance of access to one of the storage areas on the basis of the measurement signal, to compare a determined instance of access to a target access instance, and to output a display signal on the basis of the comparison. 18. A non-transitory digital storage medium having computer-readable code stored thereon to perform the method as claimed in claim 17, when said storage medium is run by a computer.",
-    "Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a seal configured to interface with at least a first component and a second component of a gas turbine engine. A method for forming the seal includes obtaining an ingot of a fine grained, or a coarse grained, or a columnar grained or a single crystal material from a precipitation hardened nickel base superalloy containing at least 40% by volume of the precipitate of the form Ni3(Al, X), where X is a metallic or refractory element, and processing the ingot to generate a sheet of the material, where the sheet has a thickness within a range of 0.010 inches and 0.050 inches inclusive. 1. A method for forming a seal configured to interface with at least a first component and a second component of a gas turbine engine, the method comprising: obtaining an ingot of a fine grained, or a coarse grained, or a columnar grained or a single crystal material from a precipitation hardened nickel base superalloy containing at least 40% by volume of the precipitate of the form Ni3(Al, X), where X is a metallic or refractory element; and processing the ingot to generate a sheet of the material, wherein the sheet has a thickness within a range of 0.010 inches and 0.050 inches inclusive. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet is substantially shaped as at least one of a rectangle or a cube. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the material includes nickel. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing of the ingot includes applying an electro discharge machining technique. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing of the ingot includes applying an abrasive material cutting technique. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing of the ingot includes applying a blasting technique. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the obtaining or the processing includes applying a casting technique. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing of the ingot includes applying a rolling technique. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein application of the rolling technique provides a flat, single curve, or compound curve sheet. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a notch or slot in the sheet to accommodate an interface associated with at least one of the first component or the second component. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming an arc or bent tab in the sheet. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying at least one of a thermal barrier coating or an oxidation resistant metallic coating to the sheet in forming the seal. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the metallic or refractory element includes at least one of Ti, Ta, or Nb. 14. A system associated with a gas turbine engine, the system comprising: a seal configured to interface at least a first component and a second component, the seal formed from a sheet of a single crystal material, the sheet having a thickness within a range of 0.010 inches and 0.050 inches inclusive. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising: the first component and the second component. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the first component includes at least one of: a static turbine airfoil, a rotating turbine airfoil, or a segmented blade outer air seal. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the first component includes at least one of: a platform, a mate face, a buttress, a spindle, a boss, a rail, or a hook. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the seal includes one or more notches, slots, tabs, or arcs to accommodate interfaces associated with at least one of the first component, the second component, or a second seal. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the seal is configured to accommodate operation within the engine at least at a temperature of 2000 degrees Fahrenheit.",
-    "A data storage service redundantly stores data and keys used to encrypt the data. Data objects are encrypted with first cryptographic keys. The first cryptographic keys are encrypted by second cryptographic keys. The first cryptographic keys and second cryptographic keys are redundantly stored in a data storage system to enable access of the data objects, such as to respond to requests to retrieve the data objects. The second cryptographic keys may be encrypted by third keys and redundantly stored in the event access to a second cryptographic key is lost. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions, for each set of data objects of at least a plurality of sets of data objects: for each data object in the set of data objects: storing the data object in a first data store; and while the data object is stored in the first data store, providing an identifier for the data object that is usable to retrieve the data object after removal of the data object from the first data store; generating a first cryptographic key for the set of data objects; encrypting one or more data objects in the set using the first cryptographic key to generate one or more encrypted data objects; causing the first cryptographic key to be encrypted using a second cryptographic key, thereby resulting in an encrypted first cryptographic key; and redundantly storing the one or more encrypted data objects and the encrypted first cryptographic key, to achieve a first durability for the data object and a second durability for the encrypted first cryptographic key, using a plurality of data storage devices used by a second data storage system to persistently store the data objects, the second durability being greater than the first durability. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: the method further comprises deconstructing the data object into a plurality of shards; encrypting the one or more data objects includes encrypting the plurality of shards comprising the data object; and redundantly storing the one or more encrypted data objects includes distributing the plurality of shards for each data object among the plurality of data storage devices. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: encrypting the second cryptographic key using a third cryptographic key to generate an encrypted second cryptographic key; and redundantly storing the encrypted second cryptographic key using the plurality of data storage devices. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: the first cryptographic key is from a set of multiple cryptographic keys that are encrypted by the second cryptographic key; and the method further comprises replacing the second cryptographic key with another second cryptographic key for encryption of additional cryptographic keys. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising storing, among the plurality of data storage devices, a plurality of encrypted second cryptographic keys that includes the second cryptographic key in encrypted form. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a security breach involving the second cryptographic key; obtaining a new second cryptographic key; and using the new second cryptographic key to encrypt the first cryptographic key without reencrypting the one or more data objects in the set. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a security breach involving the second cryptographic key; and updating an anti-entropy process to locate, in the second data storage system, cryptographic keys that are encrypted under the second cryptographic key and reencrypt the cryptographic keys with another second cryptographic key. 8. A system, comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, as a result of execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to: obtain a first cryptographic key for a set of data objects, the set of data objects comprising a data object stored in a first data store, the data object having an identifier for the data object that is usable to retrieve the data object after removal of the data object from the first data store; encrypt the data object using the first cryptographic key; cause the first cryptographic key to be encrypted using a second cryptographic key, resulting in an encrypted first cryptographic key; and redundantly store the data object and the encrypted first cryptographic key, to achieve a first durability for the data object and a second durability for the encrypted first cryptographic key, using a plurality of data storage devices used by a second data storage system to persistently store data objects, the second durability being at least the first durability. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein: the instructions further comprise instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to deconstruct the data object into a plurality of shards; and the instructions that cause the system to encrypt the data object using, as a result of execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to individually encrypt individual shards of the plurality of shards using the first cryptographic key. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further comprise instructions that, as a result of execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to provide the identifier prior to movement of the data object from the first data store to a second data store. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further comprise instructions that, as a result of execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to use a new second cryptographic key to encrypt the first cryptographic key while allowing the data object to remain stored encrypted under the first cryptographic key. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the second cryptographic key is a public cryptographic key of a public-private key pair. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the system stores a private cryptographic key of the public-private key pair with a durability of at least the second durability. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the system stores the second cryptographic key with a third durability that is at least the second durability. 15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media having collectively stored thereon instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a computer system, cause the computer system to: before a data object is removed from a first data store for storage in a second data store, provide an identifier for the data object that is usable to obtain the data object after removal of the data object from the first data store; obtain a first cryptographic key; encrypt a data object using the first cryptographic key to generate an encrypted data object; cause the first cryptographic key to be encrypted using a second cryptographic key; and redundantly store the data object, encrypted first cryptographic key and encrypted second cryptographic key among a plurality of data storage devices of a second data store of a data storage system such that the data object is stored at a first durability and the first cryptographic key is stored a second durability that is greater than the first durability. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the computer system to encrypt multiple different cryptographic keys using the second cryptographic key, each of the multiple different cryptographic keys used to encrypt a different data object. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein: encrypting the data object and encrypting the first cryptographic key are each performed using a symmetric key cryptographic algorithm; the instructions further cause the computer system to encrypt the second cryptographic key using a public key of a public key cryptographic algorithm; and the encrypted second cryptographic key is decryptable using a private key that the data storage system lacks. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the computer system to redundantly store among the plurality of data storage devices, metadata that is usable to identify the second cryptographic key for decrypting the first cryptographic key. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein redundantly storing the encrypted data object includes storing a plurality of shards such that each shard of the plurality of shards is stored in a different data storage device, the shards generated by applying a redundancy encoding scheme to the data object and encrypted using the first cryptographic key after applying the redundancy encoding scheme. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the second cryptographic key is stored at least the second durability.",
-    "An apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels is provided. The apparatus includes a parameter processor for calculating mixing information and a downmix processor for generating the one or more audio output channels. The downmix processor is configured to receive an audio transport signal including one or more audio transport channels. One or more audio channel signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals. The parameter processor is configured to receive downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals are mixed. 1. An apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: a parameter processor for calculating mixing information, and a downmix processor for generating the one or more audio output channels, wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive a data stream comprising audio transport channels of an audio transport signal, wherein one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, wherein one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport channels, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive covariance information, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information and depending on the covariance information, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the mixing information, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of one of the one or more audio channel signals and one of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within a first group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein the one or more audio object signals are mixed within a second group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein each audio transport channel of the first group is not comprised by the second group, and wherein each audio transport channel of the second group is not comprised by the first group, and wherein the downmix information comprises first downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix information comprises second downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the second group of the one or more audio transport channels, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the first downmix subinformation, depending on the second downmix subinformation and depending on the covariance information, wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output signals from the first group of audio transport channels and from the second group of audio transport channels depending on the mixing information, wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive a first channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive a second channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to identify whether an audio transport channel within the data stream belongs to the first group or to the second group depending on the first channel count number or depending on the second channel count number, or depending on the first channel count number and the second channel count number. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for each of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for each of the one or more audio object signals. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein two or more audio channel signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, wherein the covariance information indicates correlation information for one or more pairs of a first one of the two or more audio channel signals and a second one of the two or more audio channel signals, or wherein the covariance information indicates correlation information for one or more pairs of a first one of the two or more audio object signals and a second one of the two or more audio object signals, or wherein the covariance information indicates correlation information for one or more pairs of a first one of the two or more audio channel signals and a second one of the two or more audio channel signals and indicates correlation information for one or more pairs of a first one of the two or more audio object signals and a second one of the two or more audio object signals. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the covariance information comprises a plurality of covariance coefficients of a covariance matrix EX of size N\u00d7N, wherein N indicates the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the covariance matrix EX is defined according to the formula E X = [ E X ch 0 0 E X obj ] , wherein EXch indicates the coefficients of a first covariance submatrix of size NChannels\u00d7NChannels, wherein NChannels indicates the number of the one or more audio channel signals, wherein EXobj indicates the coefficients of a second covariance submatrix of size NObjects\u00d7NObjects, wherein NObjects indicates the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein 0 indicates a zero matrix, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive the plurality of covariance coefficients of the covariance matrix EX, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to set all coefficients of the covariance matrix EX to 0, that are not received by the parameter processor. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the downmix information comprises a plurality of downmix coefficients of a downmix matrix D of size NDmxCh\u00d7N, wherein NDmxCh indicates the number of the audio transport channels, and wherein N indicates the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the downmix matrix D is defined according to the formula D = [ D ch 0 0 D obj ] , wherein Dch indicates the coefficients of a first downmix submatrix of size NDmxChch\u00d7NChannels, wherein indicates NDmxChch the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein NChannels indicates the number of the one or more audio channel signals, wherein Dobj indicates the coefficients of a second downmix submatrix of size NDmxChobj\u00d7NObjects, wherein indicates NDmxChobj the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of the audio transport channels, and wherein NObjects indicates the number of the one or more audio channel signals, wherein 0 indicates a zero matrix, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive the plurality of downmix coefficients of the downmix matrix D, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to set all coefficients of the downmix matrix D to 0, that are not received by the parameter processor. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive rendering information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the one or more audio output channels, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information, depending on the covariance information and depending on rendering information. 7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive a plurality of coefficients of a rendering matrix R as the rendering information, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information, depending on the covariance information and depending on the rendering matrix R. 8. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive metadata information as the rendering information, wherein the metadata information comprises position information, wherein the position information indicates a position for each of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the position information does not indicate a position for any of the one or more audio channel signals, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information, depending on the covariance information, and depending on the position information. 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the metadata information further comprises gain information, wherein the gain information indicates a gain value for each of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the gain information does not indicate a gain value for any of the one or more audio channel signals, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information, depending on the covariance information, depending on the position information, and depending on the gain information. 10. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate a mixing matrix S as the mixing information, wherein the mixing matrix S is defined according to the formula S=RG, wherein G is a decoding matrix depending on the downmix information and depending on the covariance information, wherein R is a rendering matrix depending on the metadata information, wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels of the audio output signal by applying the formula Z=SY, wherein Z is the audio output signal, and wherein Y is the audio transport signal. 11. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein two or more audio channel signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, wherein the covariance information indicates correlation information for one or more pairs of a first one of the two or more audio channel signals and a second one of the two or more audio channel signals, wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of a first one of the one or more audio object signals and a second one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information, depending on a the level difference information of each of the one or more audio channel signals, depending on the second level difference information of each of the one or more audio object signals, and depending on the correlation information of the one or more pairs of a first one of the two or more audio channel signals and a second one of the two or more audio channel signals. 12. An apparatus for generating an audio transport signal comprising audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: a channel/object mixer for generating the audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, and an output interface, wherein the channel/object mixer is configured to generate the audio transport signal comprising the audio transport channels by mixing one or more audio channel signals and one or more audio object signals within the audio transport signal depending on downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals have to be mixed within the audio transport channels, wherein the number of the audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the output interface is configured to output the audio transport signal, the downmix information and covariance information, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of one of the one or more audio channel signals and one of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the apparatus is configured to mix the one or more audio channel signals within a first group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus is configured to mix the one or more audio object signals within a second group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein each audio transport channel of the first group is not comprised by the second group, and wherein each audio transport channel of the second group is not comprised by the first group, and wherein the downmix information comprises first downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix information comprises second downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the second group of the audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus is configured to output a first channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of audio transport channels, and wherein the apparatus is configured to output a second channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of audio transport channels. 13. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein channel/object mixer is configured to generate the audio transport signal so that the number of the audio transport channels of the audio transport signal depends on how much bitrate is available for transmitting the audio transport signal. 14. A system, comprising: an apparatus for generating an audio transport signal comprising audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: a channel/object mixer for generating the audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, and an output interface, wherein the channel/object mixer is configured to generate the audio transport signal comprising the audio transport channels by mixing one or more audio channel signals and one or more audio object signals within the audio transport signal depending on downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals have to be mixed within the audio transport channels, wherein the number of the audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the output interface is configured to output the audio transport signal, the downmix information and covariance information, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of one of the one or more audio channel signals and one of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the apparatus is configured to mix the one or more audio channel signals within a first group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus is configured to mix the one or more audio object signals within a second group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein each audio transport channel of the first group is not comprised by the second group, and wherein each audio transport channel of the second group is not comprised by the first group, and wherein the downmix information comprises first downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix information comprises second downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the second group of the audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus is configured to output a first channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of audio transport channels, and wherein the apparatus is configured to output a second channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of audio transport channels, and an apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: a parameter processor for calculating mixing information, and a downmix processor for generating the one or more audio output channels, wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive a data stream comprising audio transport channels of an audio transport signal, wherein one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, wherein one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport channels, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive covariance information, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the downmix information and depending on the covariance information, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the mixing information, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of one of the one or more audio channel signals and one of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within a first group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein the one or more audio object signals are mixed within a second group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein each audio transport channel of the first group is not comprised by the second group, and wherein each audio transport channel of the second group is not comprised by the first group, and wherein the downmix information comprises first downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix information comprises second downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the second group of the one or more audio transport channels, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the mixing information depending on the first downmix subinformation, depending on the second downmix subinformation and depending on the covariance information, wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output signals from the first group of audio transport channels and from the second group of audio transport channels depending on the mixing information, wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive a first channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive a second channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to identify whether an audio transport channel within the data stream belongs to the first group or to the second group depending on the first channel count number or depending on the second channel count number, or depending on the first channel count number and the second channel count number, wherein the apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels is configured to receive the audio transport signal, downmix information and covariance information from the an apparatus for generating an audio transport signal, and wherein the apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the downmix information and depending on the covariance information. 15. A method for generating one or more audio output channels, wherein the method comprises: receiving a data stream comprising audio transport channels of an audio transport signal, wherein one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, wherein one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, receiving downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport channels, receiving covariance information, calculating mixing information depending on the downmix information and depending on the covariance information, and generating the one or more audio output channels, generating the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the mixing information, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of one of the one or more audio channel signals and one of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within a first group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein the one or more audio object signals are mixed within a second group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein each audio transport channel of the first group is not comprised by the second group, and wherein each audio transport channel of the second group is not comprised by the first group, and wherein the downmix information comprises first downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix information comprises second downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the second group of the audio transport channels, wherein the mixing information is calculated depending on the first downmix subinformation, depending on the second downmix subinformation and depending on the covariance information, wherein the one or more audio output signals are generated from the first group of audio transport channels and from the second group of audio transport channels depending on the mixing information, wherein the method further comprises receiving a first channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of audio transport channels, and wherein the method further comprises receiving a second channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of audio transport channels, and wherein the method further comprises identifying whether an audio transport channel within the data stream belongs to the first group or to the second group depending on the first channel count number or depending on the second channel count number, or depending on the first channel count number and the second channel count number. 16. A method for generating an audio transport signal comprising audio transport channels, wherein the method comprises: generating the audio transport signal comprising the audio transport channels by mixing one or more audio channel signals and one or more audio object signals within the audio transport signal depending on downmix information indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals and the one or more audio object signals have to be mixed within the audio transport channels, wherein the number of the audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the one or more audio channel signals plus the number of the one or more audio object signals, and outputting the audio transport signal, the downmix information and covariance information, wherein the covariance information indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio channel signals and further indicates a level difference information for at least one of the one or more audio object signals, and wherein the covariance information does not indicate correlation information for any pair of one of the one or more audio channel signals and one of the one or more audio object signals, wherein the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within a first group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein the one or more audio object signals are mixed within a second group of one or more of the audio transport channels, wherein each audio transport channel of the first group is not comprised by the second group, and wherein each audio transport channel of the second group is not comprised by the first group, and wherein the downmix information comprises first downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio channel signals are mixed within the first group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the downmix information comprises second downmix subinformation indicating information on how the one or more audio object signals are mixed within the second group of the audio transport channels, and wherein the method further comprises outputting a first channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the first group of audio transport channels, and wherein the method further comprises outputting a second channel count number indicating the number of the audio transport channels of the second group of audio transport channels. 17. A non-transitory digital storage medium having computer-readable code stored thereon to perform the method of claim 15 when said storage medium is run by a computer or signal processor. 18. A non-transitory digital storage medium having computer-readable code stored thereon to perform the method of claim 16 when said storage medium is run by a computer or signal processor.",
-    "Provided are a channel measurement method for large-scale antennas, and a user terminal. The method comprises: antennas at a base station side are divided into more than two groups in advance, a user terminal receives pilot signals transmitted from the antennas at the base station side, where the antennas in one group transmit the pilot signals in a frequency-division mode, and the antennas in different groups transmit the pilot signals in a time-division mode; and the user terminal performs a spatial channel estimation based on the pilot signals received from partial groups of the antennas, to obtain a channel measurement result for all the antennas. 1. A channel measurement method for large-scale antennas, wherein antennas at a base station side are divided into more than two groups in advance, and the channel measurement method comprises: receiving, by a user terminal, pilot signals transmitted from the antennas at the base station side, wherein the antennas in one group transmit the pilot signals in a frequency-division mode, and the antennas in different groups transmit the pilot signals in a time-division mode; and performing a spatial channel estimation based on the pilot signals received from partial groups of the antennas, to obtain a channel measurement result for all the antennas. 2. The channel measurement method according to claim 1, wherein time-frequency resources each time occupied by each of the antennas in a sub-frame assigned to transmit the pilot signals are variable. 3. The channel measurement method according to claim 1, wherein performing the spatial channel estimation based on the pilot signals received from the partial groups of the antennas, to obtain the channel measurement result for all the antennas, comprises: wherein the pilot signals y received by the user terminal from the partial groups of the antennas is y=(y1, y2, . . . , yK)T, and the pilot signals x transmitted by the partial groups of the antennas at the base station side is x=(x1, x2, . . . , xK)T, wherein K is the number of the antennas comprised in the partial groups of antennas; and based on an equation \u0124=C\u2032H(C\u2033H+\u03c32diag(1/|x1|2, . . . , 1/|xK|2))\u22121y, obtaining a channel estimation value \u0124 for all the antennas, wherein \u0124=(h1, h2, . . . , hM)T, M is the number of all the antennas, \u03c3 is noise power of a receiver in the user terminal, C\u2032H is column K in CH corresponding to positions of the pilot signals received by the user terminal, C\u2033H is row K and column K in CH corresponding to positions of the pilot signals received by the user terminal, and the CH is a channel correlation matrix. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in the case that the user terminal performs estimation of \u0124 for the first time, a preset initial value of the CH is used; and after \u0124 is obtained through each estimation, current CH is updated based on a calculated \u0124 and is used for calculation to perform a next estimation of \u0124, and the following updating equation is used to update the current CH based on the calculated \u0124: CH=(1\u2212a)CH+a\u0124\u0124H, wherein \u0124H is a conjugate transpose of \u0124, and \u03b1 is a preset parameter. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein performing the spatial channel estimation based on the pilot signals received from the partial groups of the antennas, to obtain the channel measurement result for all the antennas, comprises: the pilot signals y received by the user terminal from the partial groups of the antennas is y=(y1, y2, . . . , yK)T, and the pilot signals x transmitted by the partial groups of the antennas at the base station side is x=(x1, x2, . . . , xK)T, wherein K is the number of the antennas comprised in the partial groups of the antennas; determining channel values \u0124\u2032 the K antennas in the partial groups of the antennas, wherein H ^ \u2032 = ( y 1 x 1 , y 2 x 2 , \u2026 \ue89e , y K x K ) T ; performing discrete Fourier transform on \u0124\u2032 at K points, to obtain h1; padding (M\u2212K) zero to an end of h1 to obtain h2 with M points; and performing inverse discrete Fourier transform on h2, to obtain a channel estimation value \u0124 for all the antennas. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein performing the spatial channel estimation based on the pilot signals received from partial groups of the antennas, to obtain the channel measurement result for all the antennas, comprises: wherein the pilot signals y received by the user terminal from the partial groups of the antennas is y=(y1, y2, . . . , yK)T, and pilot signals x transmitted by the partial groups of the antennas at the base station side is x=(x1, x2, . . . , xK)T, wherein K is the number of the antennas comprised in the partial groups of the antennas; determining channel values \u0124\u2032 the K antennas in the partial groups of the antennas, wherein H ^ \u2032 = ( y 1 x 1 , y 2 x 2 , \u2026 \ue89e , y K x K ) T ; padding zero to positions in \u0124\u2032 corresponding to antennas which do not transmit the pilot signals to obtain a matrix \u0124\u2033; and performing spatial filtering on the \u0124\u2033 based on a preset spatial filter, to obtain a channel estimation value \u0124 for all the antennas. 7. A user terminal, comprising a receiver and a processor, wherein: the receiver receives pilot signals transmitted from antennas at a base station side, wherein the antennas in one group transmit the pilot signals in a frequency-division mode, and the antennas in different groups transmit the pilot signals in a time-division mode; and the processor performs a spatial channel estimation based on the pilot signals received from partial groups of the antennas, to obtain a channel measurement result of all the antennas. 8. The user terminal according to claim 7, wherein the pilot signals y received by the user terminal from the partial groups of the antennas is y=(y1, y2, . . . , yK)T, and the pilot signals x transmitted by the partial groups of the antennas at the base station side is x=(x1, x2, . . . , xK)T, wherein K is the number of the antennas comprised in the partial groups of the antennas; and the processor, based on an equation \u0124=C\u2032H(C\u2033H+\u03c32diag(1/|x1|2, . . . , 1/|xK|2))\u22121y, obtains channel estimation values \u0124 for all the channels, wherein \u0124=(h1, h2, . . . , hM)T, M is the number of all the antennas, \u03c3 is noise power of a receiver in the user terminal, C\u2032H is column K in CH corresponding to positions of the pilot signals received by the user terminal, C\u2033H is row K and column K in CH corresponding to positions of the pilot signals received by the user terminal, and CH is a channel correlation matrix. 9. The user terminal according to claim 8, wherein the processor determines the CH as a preset initial value in the case that the user terminal performs estimation for \u0124 for the first time; and updates a current CH based on a calculated \u0124 after the minimum mean square error estimation subunit obtains \u0124 through calculation each time, to make the minimum mean square error estimation subunit use the current CH to calculate for next estimation for \u0124; wherein the following updating equation is used to update the current CH based on the calculated \u0124: CH=(1\u2212a)CH+a\u0124\u0124H, wherein \u0124\u2032H is a conjugate transpose of \u0124, and \u03b1 is a preset parameter. 10. The user terminal according to claim 7, wherein the pilot signals y received by the user terminal from the partial groups of the antennas is y=(y1, y2, . . . , yK)T, and the pilot signals x transmitted by the partial groups of the antennas at the base station side is x=(x1, x2, . . . , xK)T, wherein K is the number of the antennas comprised in the partial groups of the antennas; and the processor determines channel values \u0124\u2032 the K antennas in the partial groups of the antennas, H ^ \u2032 = ( y 1 x 1 , y 2 x 2 , \u2026 \ue89e , y K x K ) T ; performs discrete Fourier transform on \u0124\u2032 at K points, to obtain h1; and pads (M\u2212K) zero to an end of the h1 to obtain a matrix h2 with M points, and perform inverse discrete Fourier transform on the h2, to obtain a channel estimation value \u0124 for all the antennas. 11. The user terminal according to claim 7, wherein the pilot signals y received by the user terminal from the partial groups of the antennas is y=(y1, y2, . . . , yK)T, and the pilot signals x transmitted by the partial groups of the antennas at the base station side is x=(x1, x2, . . . , xK)T, wherein K is the number of the antennas comprised in the partial groups of the antennas; and the processor determines a channel value \u0124\u2032 the K antennas in the partial groups of the antennas, H ^ \u2032 = ( y 1 x 1 , y 2 x 2 , \u2026 \ue89e , y K x K ) T ; pads zero to positions in \u0124\u2032 corresponding to antennas which do not transmit the pilot signals, to obtain a matrix \u0124\u2033; and performs spatial filtering on \u0124\u2033 based on a preset spatial filter, to obtain a channel estimation value \u0124 for all the antennas.",
-    "A fluid dispensing device, a battery package for a fluid dispensing device, and a method of assembling a fluid dispensing device. The dispensing device has a housing defining a passage having an outlet, and fluid being dispensed through the passage and out of the outlet. The dispensing device also has a powered component. The battery package has a battery cell and a capacitor operable to power the powered component. The battery cell and the capacitor are encapsulated as a unitary battery package. The unitary battery package is supportable in the housing. 1. A fluid dispensing device comprising: a housing defining a passage having an outlet; a sensor operable to sense a condition and to send a signal based on the sensed condition; a dispensing mechanism operable to dispense fluid through the passage and out of the outlet; a solenoid controlled, based on the signal from the sensor, to cause the dispensing mechanism to dispense fluid; and a hybrid battery including a battery cell and a capacitor disposed in the housing and operable to power the solenoid, the battery charging the capacitor, the capacitor thereafter energizing the solenoid. 2. (canceled) 3. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the hybrid battery further includes resin fully encapsulating the battery cell and the capacitor. 4. (canceled) 5. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the hybrid battery further includes a polymeric cup, the battery cell and the capacitor being encapsulated in the cup. 6. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is operable to sense a presence of a user, and wherein the sensor includes a touchless sensor. 7. (canceled) 8. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the housing further defines an inlet, fluid being dispensed through the inlet into the passage, through the passage and out of the outlet, wherein the housing defines an inlet chamber communicating with the inlet, an outlet chamber communicating with the outlet, a pressure chamber in communication with the inlet chamber, and a vent passage in selective communication between the pressure chamber and atmosphere, wherein the dispensing mechanism includes a piston movably supported in the passage between the inlet chamber and the outlet chamber, and wherein the solenoid is operable to selectively place the pressure chamber in communication with the vent passage to thereby cause the dispensing mechanism to dispense fluid. 9. (canceled) 10. The dispensing device of claim 8, wherein the solenoid has a first condition, in which the pressure chamber is not in communication with the vent passage, and a second condition, in which the pressure chamber is in communication with the vent passage, the solenoid being operable between the first condition and the second condition, and wherein the solenoid includes an armature movable between a first position, in which communication between the pressure chamber and the vent passage is inhibited, and a second position, in which communication between the pressure chamber and the vent passage is allowed, the armature being movable between the first position and the second position. 11. (canceled) 12. The dispensing device of claim 10, wherein the housing defines an opening between the pressure chamber and the vent passage, and wherein, in the first position, a portion of the armature closes the opening. 13. The dispensing device of claim 10, wherein the armature is latched when in the first position, the armature being movable from the first position to the second position when energized by the hybrid battery, and wherein the armature is latched when in the second position, the armature being movable from the second position to the first position when energized by the hybrid battery. 14. (canceled) 15. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the dispensing mechanism includes a flushometer for a bathroom fixture. 16. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the sensor is disposed in the housing. 17. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the solenoid is disposed in the housing. 18. The dispensing device of claim 1, wherein the hybrid battery is operable to power the sensor. 19. A battery package for a fluid dispensing device, the dispensing device including a housing defining a passage having an outlet, fluid being dispensed through the passage and out of the outlet, the dispensing device also including a powered component, the battery package comprising: a battery cell; and a capacitor operable to energize the powered component, the battery cell being operable to charge the capacitor, the battery cell and the capacitor being fully encapsulated as a fluid-tight unitary battery package, the unitary battery package being supportable in the housing. 20. The battery package of claim 19, further comprising resin, the battery cell and the capacitor being fully encapsulated in the resin. 21. (canceled) 22. The battery package of claim 19, further comprising a polymeric cup, the battery cell and the capacitor being encapsulated in the cup. 23. A method of manufacturing a fluid dispensing device, the dispensing device also including a powered component, the method comprising: providing a housing for the fluid dispensing device, the housing defining a passage having an outlet, fluid being dispensed through the passage and out of the outlet; fully encapsulating a battery cell and a capacitor as a unitary fluid-tight battery package; connecting the battery package to a powered component, the battery cell being operable to charge the capacitor, the capacitor being operable to energize the powered component; and supporting the unitary battery package in the housing. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein fully encapsulating includes fully encapsulating the battery cell and the capacitor in resin. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the hybrid battery further includes a cup, and wherein fully encapsulating includes vacuum forming the cup to fit around the battery cell and the capacitor. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one of the battery cell and the capacitor further includes a terminal, the method further comprising encapsulating the terminal within the unitary battery package. 27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the hybrid battery further includes a wire, the method further comprising encapsulating a first portion of the wire within the unitary battery package, and exposing a second portion of the wire outside of the unitary battery package for connection to powered devices. 29-36. (canceled)",
-    "A harvest sweeper attachment system (10) is provided for attaching to a harvester machine (12) having a collection aperture (14), for use in propelling desired objects (11), such as nuts, toward the collection aperture (14). The system (10) preferably has two sweep units (20) mounted on each side of the harvester machine (12) at a forward angle, each including a rotating rake subassembly assembly (34). The rake subassembly (34) is characterized by having three axially spaced freely rotating tine bars (88), each having a depending array of tines (90), mounted between a proximal rake plate (74) and a distal rake plate (76). The proximal and distal rake plates (74, 76) are mounted at about a forty-five degree angle such that the rake subassembly (34) has an offset parallelogram aspect. 1. A harvest sweeper attachment system for directing objects to be harvested, comprising: at least one sweep head unit for attachment at a forward angle to a harvester machine having a collection aperture; each said sweep head unit including a sweep frame and a rake subassembly, said rake assembly being adapted to rotate within said sweep frame; wherein said rake subassembly includes three trilaterally arrayed tine bars from which depend a lateral array of tines for driving objects forward and inward during rotation so as to be eventually captured by said collection aperture. 2. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 1, wherein each said tine bar is pivotally attached at each end to a rake rotor plate, each said rake rotor plate being angled at about forty-five degrees from vertical. 3. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 1, wherein a left sweep head unit and a right sweep head unit are provided, extending symmetrically outward from each side of said collection aperture. 4. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 3, wherein each said sweep head unit is angled forward at about a forty-five degree angle with a proximal end nearest said collection aperture and a distal end furthest from and forward of said collection aperture. 5. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 3, wherein said rake subassemblies on each sweep head unit are mechanically rotated such that said tines extend perpendicularly toward the ground so as to encounter and propel desired objects on the ground surface forward and inward toward said collection aperture. 6. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 4, wherein each said rake subassembly is rotated by a motor situated near said distal end of said sweep head unit. 7. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 1, wherein each said tine bar is free to rotate on its own axis such that said lateral array of tines continually depends downward toward the ground surface during rotation. 8. The harvest sweeper attachment of claim 7, wherein said lateral array of times includes a plurality of individually mounted tines depending from a respective one of said tine bars, each said tine having length and heft sufficient to propel desired objects forward. 9. A sweep head unit adapted for mounting on a harvester unit having a collection aperture, said sweep head unit comprising; a sweep frame attached at its proximal end to the harvester unit and extending outward and forward to a distal end; and a rake subassembly rotatably depending within and below said sweep frame; wherein said rake subassembly is generally trilaterally symmetrical and has an overall vertical aspect of a parallelogram offset at forty-five degrees from the longitudinal orientation of said sweep frame; said rake subassembly includes a proximal rake plate and a distal rake plate, each mounted on a rotational support bearing secured to said sweep frame said rake subassembly includes three equally axially spaced tine bars freely rotatably mounted between said proximal rake plate and said distal rake plate, each said tine bar having a plurality of tines depending therefrom; and said rake subassembly is caused to rotate with respect to said sweep frame in use such that said times of each said tine bar sequentially impact and propel desired objects on a surface forward and inward toward the collection aperture. 10. The sweep head unit according to claim 9, and further including a motor unit secured to said sweep frame and having a drive shaft secured to said distal rake plate so as to rotate said rake subassembly 11. The sweep head unit according to claim 9, wherein said proximal rake plate and said distal rake plate are aligned parallel to each other, are trilaterally symmetrical, and include apex points, each said apex point having a spin bearing for receiving a respective one of said tine bars. 12. The sweep head unit according to claim 9, wherein each said tine is a resilient material having a heft and extent sufficient to drive the desired objects upon impact. 13. The sweep head unit according to claim 9, wherein each said tine bar further includes a riser plate arrayed generally opposite said tines. 14. The sweep head unit according to claim 9, wherein said sweep frame includes: a mounting bracket at its distal end for attaching to the harvester unit, an encompassing upper tube; a motor guard, and brackets for supporting said rake subassembly. 15. The sweep head unit according to claim 14, wherein said sweep frame further supports a hood.",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for controlling fuel vapor canister purging operations in an evaporative emissions control system of a vehicle. In one example, responsive to an indication of a decrease in tire pressure greater than a threshold, the evaporative emissions control system may be sealed and canister purging operations may be suspended until the tire pressure rises to another threshold. In this way, during conditions wherein tire pressure is indicated to decrease to a threshold, sealing the evaporative emissions control system and suspending canister purging operations may serve to prevent ingestion of water into the fuel vapor canister, thus prolonging the useful life of the fuel vapor canister and reducing the potential for evaporative emissions. 1. A method comprising: during vehicle operation, monitoring tire pressure in one or more vehicle tires; and responsive to a tire pressure decrease greater than a threshold: sealing an evaporative emissions control system comprising a fuel vapor canister for capturing and storing fuel vapors, the evaporative emissions control system coupled to an engine intake manifold; and suspending purging of the fuel vapor canister. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring barometric pressure via a barometric pressure sensor positioned in the engine intake manifold; and wherein sealing the evaporative emissions control system further comprises: sealing the evaporative emissions control system responsive to the tire pressure decrease greater than the threshold, and an absence of a change in barometric pressure as monitored by the barometric pressure sensor. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: controlling an intake air amount inducted into the engine intake manifold via a throttle; and wherein sealing the evaporative emissions control system responsive to the tire pressure decrease greater than the threshold, and an absence of a change in barometric pressure includes indicating that a throttle position is greater than a throttle position threshold. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the throttle position threshold comprises the throttle position where the intake air amount enables accurate barometric pressure readings as monitored by the barometric pressure sensor. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising: monitoring vehicle pitch angle via one or more lateral sensors in the vehicle, wherein a vehicle pitch angle greater than a threshold pitch angle indicates the vehicle is traveling downhill; and responsive to the absence of a change in barometric pressure and the throttle position less than the throttle position threshold: sealing the evaporative emissions control system responsive to the vehicle pitch angle less than the threshold pitch angle. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein responsive to the absence of a change in barometric pressure and the throttle position less than the throttle position threshold: indicating barometric pressure change based on the tire pressure change responsive to the vehicle pitch angle greater than the threshold pitch angle. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: adjusting a commanded air/fuel ratio to compensate for the indicated barometric change based on the tire pressure change. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: applying vacuum to the evaporative emissions control system and indicating the presence of undesired evaporative emissions responsive to a vacuum level reaching a vacuum threshold; adjusting the vacuum threshold based on a change in barometric pressure, the change in barometric pressure based on the tire pressure change; and wherein adjusting the vacuum threshold includes increasing the vacuum threshold responsive to a decrease in tire pressure. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein vehicle operation comprises the vehicle being propelled in a forward direction by the engine coupled to one or more sets of drive wheels, or wherein the vehicle is being propelled in a forward direction by an electric motor coupled to one or more sets of drive wheels. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: unsealing the evaporative emissions control system responsive to a tire pressure increase greater than another threshold, subsequent to the tire pressure decrease greater than a threshold; and resuming purging of the fuel vapor canister. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: fluidically coupling the fuel vapor canister to the engine intake manifold by opening a canister purge valve; fluidically coupling the fuel vapor canister to atmosphere by opening a canister vent valve; wherein purging of the fuel vapor canister comprises commanding open the canister purge valve and the canister vent valve under conditions of intake manifold vacuum to draw atmospheric air across the fuel vapor canister to desorb stored fuel vapors and draw them to the engine intake for combustion; wherein sealing the evaporative emissions control system comprises closing the canister purge valve and closing the canister vent valve; and wherein unsealing the evaporative emissions control system comprises opening the canister vent valve. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein vehicle operation comprises the vehicle being propelled in a reverse direction by an engine coupled to one or more sets of drive wheels, or wherein the vehicle is being propelled in a reverse direction by an electric motor coupled to one or more sets of drive wheels. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein sealing the evaporative emissions control system responsive to the tire pressure decrease greater than the threshold further comprises: indicating a vehicle speed below a threshold vehicle speed. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein sealing the evaporative emissions control system responsive to the tire pressure decrease greater than the threshold further comprises: indicating that at least one or more rear tires experience the tire pressure decrease greater than the threshold. 15. A method comprising: venting a vapor storage canister to atmosphere, the canister coupled to both a fuel tank and an engine intake manifold of a motor vehicle having at least four tires; and ceasing the venting in response to a tire pressure change in a predetermined number of tires exceeding a threshold. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the tire pressure change comprises one or more of two rear tires in response to predetermined conditions. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the pressure change comprises one or more of four tires in response to predetermined conditions. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: purging the canister by venting one side of the canister to atmosphere and coupling an opposite side of the canister to the intake manifold; and disabling the purging in response to the tire pressure change in a predetermined number of tires exceeding the threshold. 19. A system for a vehicle, comprising: an engine; a fuel vapor canister, configured within an evaporative emissions control system, fluidically coupled to an engine intake manifold via a canister purge valve, and fluidically coupled to atmosphere via a canister vent valve; a barometric pressure sensor in the engine intake manifold; an intake throttle in the intake of the engine; one or more lateral sensors; one or more tire pressure sensors coupled to one or more tires of the vehicle; a controller storing instructions in non-transitory memory, that when executed, cause the controller to: responsive to the vehicle being propelled in a forward direction by an engine coupled to one or more sets of drive wheels: monitor tire pressure in the one or more vehicle tires; monitor barometric pressure via the barometric pressure sensor; control an intake air amount inducted into the engine intake manifold via the throttle when the vehicle is being propelled in the forward direction by the engine; monitor vehicle pitch angle via the one or more lateral sensors in the vehicle, wherein a vehicle pitch angle greater than a threshold pitch angle indicates the vehicle is traveling downhill; seal the evaporative emissions control system by closing the canister purge valve and closing the canister vent valve, and suspend purging of the fuel vapor canister responsive to a tire pressure decrease greater than a threshold and an absence of change in barometric pressure; wherein the absence of change in barometric pressure includes indicating that a throttle position is greater than a throttle position threshold, the throttle position greater than the throttle position threshold indicating accurate barometric pressure readings as monitored by the barometric pressure sensor; and wherein responsive to the absence of a change in barometric pressure and the throttle position less than the throttle position threshold, sealing the evaporative emissions control system and suspending purging of the fuel vapor canister responsive to the vehicle pitch angle less than the threshold pitch angle. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the controller further stores instructions in non-transitory memory, that when executed, cause the controller to: responsive to the vehicle being propelled in a reverse direction by the engine, or by an electric motor coupled to one or more sets of drive wheels: monitor tire pressure in the one or more vehicle tires; and seal the evaporative emissions control system by closing the canister purge valve and closing the canister vent valve, and suspending purging of the fuel vapor canister responsive to a vehicle speed below a threshold vehicle speed, and a tire pressure decrease greater than the threshold, wherein at least one or more rear tires experience the tire pressure decrease.",
-    "Systems and methods for error recovery include determining an error in at least one stage of a plurality of stages during a first cycle on a hardware circuit, each of the plurality of stages having a main latch and a shadow latch. A first signal is transmitted to an output stage of the at least one stage to stall the main latch and the shadow latch of the output stage during a second cycle. A second signal is transmitted to an input stage of the at least one stage to stall the main latch of the input stage during the second cycle and to stall the main latch and the shadow latch of the input stage during a third cycle. Data is restored from the shadow latch to the main latch for the at least one stage and the input stage to recover from the error. 1. A system for error recovery, comprising: an error detection module configured to determine an error in at least one stage of a plurality of stages during a first cycle on a hardware circuit; and a control module configured to transmit a first signal to an output stage of the at least one stage to stall a main latch and a shadow latch of the output stage during a second cycle, the control module further configured to transmit a second signal to an input stage of the at least one stage, and the control module further configured to restore data for the at least one stage and the input stage to recover from the error. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of stages has a main latch and a shadow latch. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the control module is further configured to stall the main latch of the input stage during the second cycle and to stall the main latch and the shadow latch of the input stage during a third cycle. 4. The system as recited in claim 3, wherein the control module is further configured to stop transmission of the first or second signals at a receiving stage where the receiving stage was stalled during a previous cycle. 5. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein a clock pulse of the shadow latch is wider than the clock pulse of the main latch. 6. The system as recited in claim 2, wherein error detection module is configured to compare the main latch with the shadow latch. 7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the control module is further configured to stop transmission of the first and second signals at a receiving stage where the receiving stage receives both the first and second signals during a same cycle. 8. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the control module is further configured to transmit the second signal from a multiple fan-in stage to an input stage during a same cycle where the multiple fan-in stage receives the first signal. 9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the control module is further configured to transmit the first signal from a multiple fan-out stage to an output stage in a next cycle where the multiple fan-out stage receives the second signal. 10. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of stages includes a plurality of stages of a pipeline. 11. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the error includes a timing error. 12. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the hardware circuit includes an integrated circuit. 13. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising a computer readable program for error recovery, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform the following steps: determining an error in at least one stage of a plurality of stages during a first cycle on a hardware circuit; transmitting a first signal to an output stage of the at least one stage; transmitting a second signal to an input stage of the at least one stage; and restoring data for the at least one stage and the input stage to recover from the error.",
-    "A storage device failure recovery system includes a storage IHS and a user IHS coupled together over a network. The user IHS includes a storage system having a storage device, and a storage repair function that periodically provides a storage device image over the network to the storage IHS using data from the storage device. The storage repair function detects a failure of the storage device and streams an operating system on the user IHS using the storage device image stored on the storage IHS. While streaming the operating system on the user IHS using the storage device image stored on the storage IHS, the storage repair function analyzes the failure of the storage device, determines a storage system failure recovery procedure, and performs the storage system failure recovery procedure to restore the storage system while a user remains productive on the user IHS via the streamed operating system. 1. A storage device failure recovery system, comprising: a network; a storage system image collection system that is coupled to the network; and a user system that includes a storage system and that is coupled to the storage system image collection system through the network, wherein the user system is configured to: capture storage system images of the storage system; provide the storage system images captured from the storage system over the network for storage in the storage system image collection system; detect a failure of the storage system; and provide an operating system on the user system via the network using at least a portion of a first storage system image that was previously provided to the storage system image collection system and that is stored on the storage system image collection system. 2. The storage device failure recovery system of claim 1, wherein the user system is configured to: analyze the failure of the storage system while providing the operating system on the user system via the network. 3. The storage device failure recovery system of claim 2, wherein the user system is configured to: determine a failure recovery procedure in response to analyzing the failure of the storage system. 4. The storage device failure recovery system of claim 3, wherein the user system is configured to: perform at least a portion of the failure recovery procedure while providing the operating system on the user system via the network. 5. The storage device failure recovery system of claim 4, wherein the failure recovery procedure includes restoring the storage system using the first storage system image. 6. The storage device failure recovery system of claim 1, wherein the user system is configured to: store new data that is generated on the user system while providing the operating system on the user system via the network. 7. The storage device failure recovery system of claim 6, wherein the user system is configured to: restore the storage system to provide a restored storage system; and provide the new data on the restored storage system. 8. An information handling system (IHS), comprising: a chassis; a storage system included in the chassis; a communications system included in the chassis; a processing system included in the chassis and coupled to the storage system and the communications system; and a non-transitory memory system included in the chassis and storing instructions that, when executed by the processing system, cause the processing system to provide a storage repair function that is configured to: capture storage system images of the storage system; provide the storage system images captured from the storage system through the communication system and over a network for storage in a storage system image collection system; detect a failure of the storage system; and provide an operating system via the network using at least a portion of a first storage system image that was previously provided to the storage system image collection system and that is stored on the storage system image collection system. 9. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the storage repair function is configured to: analyze the failure of the storage system while providing the operating system via the network. 10. The IHS of claim 9, wherein the storage repair function is configured to: determine a failure recovery procedure in response to analyzing the failure of the storage system. 11. The IHS of claim 10, wherein the storage repair function is configured to: perform at least a portion of the failure recovery procedure while providing the operating system via the network. 12. The IHS of claim 11, wherein the failure recovery procedure includes restoring the storage system using the first storage system image. 13. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the storage repair function is configured to: store new data that is generated while providing the operating system via the network. 14. The IHS of claim 13, wherein the storage repair function is configured to: restore the storage system to provide a restored storage system; and provide the new data on the restored storage system. 15. A method for recovering from a storage system failure, comprising: capturing, by a user system that includes a storage system, storage system images of the storage system; providing, by the user system over a network to a storage system image collection system, the storage system images captured from the storage system; detecting, by the user system, a failure of the storage system; and providing, by the user system via the network using at least a portion of a first storage system image that was previously provided to the storage system image collection system and that is stored on the storage system image collection system, an operating system for operating the user system. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: analyzing, by the user system, the failure of the storage system while providing the operating system via the network for operating the user system. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining, by the user system, a failure recovery procedure in response to analyzing the failure of the storage system. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: performing, by the user system, at least a portion of the failure recovery procedure while providing the operating system via the network for operating the user system. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the failure recovery procedure includes restoring the storage system using the first storage system image. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: storing, by the user system, new data that is generated while providing the operating system via the network for operating the user system; restoring, by the user system, the storage system to provide a restored storage system; and providing, by the user system, the new data on the restored storage system.",
-    "An improved method and system for processing network metadata is described. Network metadata may be processed by dynamically instantiated executable software modules which make policy-based decisions about the character of the network metadata and about presentation of the network metadata to consumers of the information carried by the network metadata. The network metadata may be type classified and each subclass within a type may be mapped to a definition by a unique fingerprint value. The fingerprint value may be used for matching the network metadata subclasses against relevant policies and transformation rules. For template-based network metadata such as NetFlow v9, an embodiment of the invention can constantly monitor network traffic for unknown templates, capture template definitions, and informs administrators about templates for which custom policies and conversion rules do not exist. Conversion modules can efficiently convert selected types and/or subclasses of network metadata into alternative metadata formats. 1. A method of improved management of a software-defined network, said network including a network controller and transmitting network traffic using one or more network protocols, the network including devices at least some of which receive network traffic through an ingress interface and transmit network traffic through an egress interface, the method comprising the steps of: receiving network metadata from a plurality of sources in a data processing system, in at least one data format; processing said network metadata while said network metadata is in transition on said network between a network device that generated said network metadata and a device that is able to store said network metadata to extract useful information therefrom; and determining as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to applications operating on said network; and using said applications information to enable said network controller to perform more efficient management of said software-defined network. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising the steps of: determining as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to the users present on said network; and using said user information to enable said network controller to perform more efficient management of said software-defined network. 3. A method of improved management of a cloud-based virtual computing environment, said environment including a cloud operating system and a cloud environment controller and transmitting network traffic using one or more network protocols, the network including devices at least some of which receive network traffic through an ingress interface and transmit network traffic through an egress interface, the method comprising the steps of: receiving network metadata from a plurality of sources in said cloud-based virtual computing environment, in at least one data format; processing said network metadata while said network metadata is in transition in said environment between a network device that generated said network metadata and a device that is able to store said network metadata to extract useful information therefrom; and determining as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to applications operating in said environment; and using said applications information to enable said cloud environment controller to perform more efficient management of said cloud-based virtual computing environment. 4. The method as set forth in claim 3, further comprising the steps of: determining as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to the users present in said environment; and using said user information to enable said cloud environment controller to perform more efficient management of said cloud-based virtual computing environment. 5.-7. (canceled) 8. A system for improved management of a software-defined network, said network including a network controller and transmitting network traffic using one or more network protocols, the network including devices at least some of which receive network traffic through an ingress interface and transmit network traffic through an egress interface and generate network metadata relating to said network traffic, said management system comprising: at least one ingress interface for receiving network metadata from a plurality of sources in a software-defined network, in at least one data format; a processing engine for processing said network metadata while said network metadata is in transition on said network between a network device that generated said network metadata and a device that is able to store said network metadata to extract useful information therefrom; said processing engine determining information relating to applications operating on said network and using said applications information to enable said network controller to perform more efficient management of said software-defined network. 9. The management system as set forth in claim 8, wherein said processing engine determines as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to the users present on said network; and uses said user information to enable said network controller to perform more efficient management of said software-defined network. 10. A system for improved management of a cloud-based virtual computing environment, said environment including a cloud operating system and a cloud environment controller that transmits network traffic using one or more network protocols, the network including devices at least some of which receive network traffic through an ingress interface and transmit network traffic through an egress interface, the management system further comprising: an interface for receiving network metadata from a plurality of sources in said cloud-based virtual computing environment, in at least one data format; a processing engine for processing said network metadata while said network metadata is in transition in said environment between a network device that generated said network metadata and a device that is able to store said network metadata to extract useful information therefrom; said processing engine determining as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to applications operating in said environment; and using said applications information to enable said cloud environment controller to perform more efficient management of said cloud-based virtual computing environment. 11. The management system as set forth in claim 10, wherein said processing engine determines as a result of said metadata processing step, information relating to the users present in said environment; and uses said user information to enable said cloud environment controller to perform more efficient management of said cloud-based virtual computing environment. 12.-14. (canceled)",
-    "According to one aspect, a method includes determining whether at least one memory storage unit in a first stage of a multi-stage array is available for use by a first counter associated with the first stage, and allocating the at least one memory storage unit for use by the first counter when the at least one memory storage unit is available. When the at least one memory storage unit is not available for use by the first counter, the method includes identifying a second counter stored in a first location in the first stage, the first location including a first memory storage unit and a second memory storage unit, and moving the second counter to a second stage of the multi-stage array, storing a pointer to the second stage in the first memory storage unit, and allocating the second memory storage unit to the first counter. 1. A method comprising: determining whether at least one memory storage unit in a first stage of a multi-stage array is available for use by a first counter associated with the first stage; allocating the at least one memory storage unit for use by the first counter when it is determined that the at least one memory storage unit is available for use by the first counter; and when it is determined that the at least one memory storage unit is not available for use by the first counter: identifying a second counter, the second counter being stored in a first location in the first stage, the first location including a first memory storage unit and a second memory storage unit; moving the second counter to a second stage of the multi-stage array; storing a pointer to the second stage, the pointer being stored in the first memory storage unit and arranged to identify the second counter in the second stage; and allocating the second memory storage unit to the first counter. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein when it is determined that the at least one memory storage unit is not available for use by the first counter, the method further includes: updating metadata associated with the first stage to indicate that the pointer is stored in the first memory storage unit; and updating the metadata associated with the first stage to indicate that the second memory storage unit is allocated to the first counter. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first location further includes a third memory storage unit, and the method further includes: providing an indication arranged to indicate that the third memory storage unit is free. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first counter is a new counter to which no bits have previously been allocated, and wherein the method further includes: determining that the first counter is to be stored in the first stage; and storing the first counter in the second memory storage unit after allocating the second memory storage unit to the first counter. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first counter is an existing counter, and wherein determining whether the at least one memory storage unit in a first stage of a multi-stage array is available for use by the first counter includes determining whether updating the first counter will overflow the first stage. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein identifying the second counter includes identifying the second counter as a largest counter stored in the first stage. 7. Logic encoded in one or more tangible non-transitory, computer-readable media for execution and when executed operable to: determine whether at least one memory storage unit in a first stage of a multi-stage array is available for use by a first counter associated with the first stage; allocate the at least one memory storage unit for use by the first counter when it is determined that the at least one memory storage unit is available for use by the first counter; and when it is determined that the at least one memory storage unit is not available for use by the first counter: identify a second counter, the second counter being stored in a first location in the first stage, the first location including a first memory storage unit and a second memory storage unit; move the second counter to a second stage of the multi-stage array; store a pointer to the second stage, the pointer being stored in the first memory storage unit and arranged to identify the second counter in the second stage; and allocate the second memory storage unit to the first counter. 8. The logic of claim 7 wherein when it is determined that the at least one memory storage unit is not available for use by the first counter, the logic is further operable to: update metadata associated with the first stage to indicate that the pointer is stored in the first memory storage unit; and update the metadata associated with the first stage to indicate that the second memory storage unit is allocated to the first counter. 9. The logic of claim 8 wherein the first location further includes a third memory storage unit, and the logic is further operable to: provide an indication arranged to indicate that the third memory storage unit is free. 10. The logic of claim 7 wherein the first counter is a new counter to which no bits have previously been allocated, and wherein the logic is further operable to: determine that the first counter is to be stored in the first stage; and store the first counter in the second memory storage unit after allocating the second memory storage unit to the first counter. 11. The logic of claim 7 wherein the first counter is an existing counter, and wherein the logic operable to determine whether the at least one memory storage unit in a first stage of a multi-stage array is available for use by the first counter is operable to determine whether updating the first counter will overflow the first stage. 12. The logic of claim 7 wherein the logic operable to identify the second counter is operable to identify the second counter as a largest counter stored in the first stage. 13. An apparatus comprising: a processor; a data storage structure, the data storage structure including a multi-stage array, the multi-stage array including at least a first row and a second row; and a logic module, the logic module including computer program code arranged to be executed by the processor, the logic module including logic configured to determine whether at least one memory unit in the first row is available for use by a first counter and logic configured to move a second counter from a first location in the first row to the second row when it is determined that the at least one memory unit in the first row is not available and to store a pointer to the second row, the pointer being stored in a first memory unit associated with the first location. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the data storage structure is a static random access memory (SRAM). 15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the first location also includes a second memory unit, and where the logic module further includes logic configured to allocate the second memory unit to the first counter. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the data storage structure includes metadata, and wherein the logic module further includes logic configured to update the metadata to indicate that the pointer is stored in the first memory unit and that the second memory unit is allocated to the first counter. 17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the logic configured to move the second counter from the first location in the first row to the second row is configured to identify the second counter as a largest counter in the first row. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the logic configured to move the second counter from the first location in the first row to the second row is configured to move the second counter to a first free location in the second row. 19. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the at least one memory unit includes four bits. 20. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the logic configured to determine whether the at least one memory unit in the first row is available for use by the first counter is configured to allocate the at least one memory unit for use by the first counter when it is determined that the at least one memory unit in the first row is available for use by the first counter.",
-    "An apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels is provided. The apparatus includes a parameter processor for calculating output channel mixing information and a downmix processor for generating the one or more audio output channels. The downmix processor is configured to receive an audio transport signal including one or more audio transport channels, wherein two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals. The audio transport signal depends on a first mixing rule and on a second mixing rule. The first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to obtain a plurality of premixed channels. Moreover, the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels. 1. An apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: a parameter processor for calculating output channel mixing information, and a downmix processor for generating the one or more audio output channels, wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive an audio transport signal comprising one or more audio transport channels, wherein two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals, wherein the audio transport signal depends on a first mixing rule and on a second mixing rule, wherein the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire a plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive information on the second mixing rule, wherein the information on the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed signals such that the one or more audio transport channels are acquired, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information depending on an audio objects number indicating the number of the two or more audio object signals, depending on a premixed channels number indicating the number of the plurality of premixed channels, and depending on the information on the second mixing rule, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the output channel mixing information. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive at least one of the audio objects number and the premixed channels number. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the parameter processor is configured to determine, depending on the audio objects number and depending on the premixed channels number, information on the first mixing rule, such that the information on the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire the plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information, depending on the information on the first mixing rule and depending on the information on the second mixing rule. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the parameter processor is configured to determine, depending on the audio objects number and depending on the premixed channels number, a plurality of coefficients of a first matrix as the information on the first mixing rule, wherein the first matrix indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire the plurality of premixed channels, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive a plurality of coefficients of a second matrix as the information on the second mixing rule, wherein the second matrix indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information depending on the first matrix and depending on the second matrix. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive metadata information comprising position information for each of the two or more audio object signals, wherein the parameter processor is configured to determine information on the first mixing rule depending on the position information of each of the two or more audio object signals. 6. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive metadata information comprising position information for each of the two or more audio object signals, wherein the parameter processor is configured to determine the information on the first mixing rule depending on the position information of each of the two or more audio object signals. 7. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the parameter processor is configured to determine rendering information depending on the position information of each of the two or more audio object signals, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information depending on the audio objects number, depending on the premixed channels number, depending on the information on the second mixing rule, and depending on the rendering information. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive covariance information indicating an object level difference for each of the two or more audio object signals, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information depending on the audio objects number, depending on the premixed channels number, depending on the information on the second mixing rule, and depending on the covariance information. 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the covariance information further indicates at least one inter object correlation between one of the two or more audio object signals and another one of the two or more audio object signals, and wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information depending on the audio objects number, depending on the premixed channels number, depending on the information on the second mixing rule, depending on the object level difference of each of the two or more audio object signals and depending on the at least one inter object correlation between one of the two or more audio object signals and another one of the two or more audio object signals. 10. An apparatus for generating an audio transport signal comprising one or more audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: an object mixer for generating the audio transport signal comprising the one or more audio transport channels from two or more audio object signals, such that the two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals, and an output interface for outputting the audio transport signal, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the audio transport signal to a decoder, wherein the object mixer is configured to generate the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal depending on a first mixing rule and depending on a second mixing rule, wherein the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire a plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein the first mixing rule depends on an audio objects number, indicating the number of the two or more audio object signals, and depends on a premixed channels number, indicating the number of the plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule depends on the premixed channels number, and wherein object mixer is configured to generate the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal depending on a first matrix, wherein the first matrix indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire the plurality of premixed channels, and depending on a second matrix, wherein the second matrix indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein first coefficients of the first matrix indicate information on the first mixing rule, and wherein second coefficients of the second matrix indicate information on the second mixing rule, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the second coefficients of the second mixing matrix to the decoder, and wherein the apparatus is configured to not transmit the first coefficients of the first mixing matrix to the decoder. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the object mixer is configured to receive position information for each of the two or more audio object signals, and wherein the object mixer is configured to determine the first mixing rule depending on the position information of each of the two or more audio object signals. 12. A system, comprising: an apparatus for generating an audio transport signal comprising one or more audio transport channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: an object mixer for generating the audio transport signal comprising the one or more audio transport channels from two or more audio object signals, such that the two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals, and an output interface for outputting the audio transport signal, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the audio transport signal to a decoder, wherein the object mixer is configured to generate the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal depending on a first mixing rule and depending on a second mixing rule, wherein the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire a plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein the first mixing rule depends on an audio objects number, indicating the number of the two or more audio object signals, and depends on a premixed channels number, indicating the number of the plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule depends on the premixed channels number, and wherein object mixer is configured to generate the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal depending on a first matrix, wherein the first matrix indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire the plurality of premixed channels, and depending on a second matrix, wherein the second matrix indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein first coefficients of the first matrix indicate information on the first mixing rule, and wherein second coefficients of the second matrix indicate information on the second mixing rule, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the second coefficients of the second mixing matrix to the decoder, and wherein the apparatus is configured to not transmit the first coefficients of the first mixing matrix to the decoder, and an apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels, wherein the apparatus comprises: a parameter processor for calculating output channel mixing information, and a downmix processor for generating the one or more audio output channels, wherein the downmix processor is configured to receive an audio transport signal comprising one or more audio transport channels, wherein two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals, wherein the audio transport signal depends on a first mixing rule and on a second mixing rule, wherein the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire a plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein the parameter processor is configured to receive information on the second mixing rule, wherein the information on the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed signals such that the one or more audio transport channels are acquired, wherein the parameter processor is configured to calculate the output channel mixing information depending on an audio objects number indicating the number of the two or more audio object signals, depending on a premixed channels number indicating the number of the plurality of premixed channels, and depending on the information on the second mixing rule, and wherein the downmix processor is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the output channel mixing information, wherein the apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels is configured to receive the audio transport signal and information on the second mixing rule from the apparatus for generating an audio transport signal, and wherein the apparatus for generating one or more audio output channels is configured to generate the one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the information on the second mixing rule. 13. A method for generating one or more audio output channels, wherein the method comprises: receiving an audio transport signal comprising one or more audio transport channels, wherein two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, and wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals, wherein the audio transport signal depends on a first mixing rule and on a second mixing rule, wherein the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire a plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, receiving information on the second mixing rule, wherein the information on the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed signals such that the one or more audio transport channels are acquired, calculating output channel mixing information depending on an audio objects number indicating the number of the two or more audio object signals, depending on a premixed channels number indicating the number of the plurality of premixed channels, and depending on the information on the second mixing rule, and generating one or more audio output channels from the audio transport signal depending on the output channel mixing information. 14. A method for generating an audio transport signal comprising one or more audio transport channels, wherein the method comprises: generating the audio transport signal comprising the one or more audio transport channels from two or more audio object signals, outputting the audio transport signal, and transmitting the audio transport signal to a decoder, and transmitting second coefficients of a second mixing matrix to the decoder, and not transmitting first coefficients of a first mixing matrix to the decoder, wherein generating the audio transport signal comprising the one or more audio transport channels from two or more audio object signals is conducted such that the two or more audio object signals are mixed within the audio transport signal, wherein the number of the one or more audio transport channels is smaller than the number of the two or more audio object signals, and wherein generating the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal is conducted depending on a first mixing rule and depending on a second mixing rule, wherein the first mixing rule indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire a plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein the first mixing rule depends on an audio objects number, indicating the number of the two or more audio object signals, and depends on a premixed channels number, indicating the number of the plurality of premixed channels, and wherein the second mixing rule depends on the premixed channels number, wherein generating the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal depending on the first matrix, wherein the first matrix indicates how to mix the two or more audio object signals to acquire the plurality of premixed channels, and depending on the second matrix, wherein the second matrix indicates how to mix the plurality of premixed channels to acquire the one or more audio transport channels of the audio transport signal, wherein the first coefficients of the first matrix indicate information on the first mixing rule, and wherein the second coefficients of the second matrix indicate information on the second mixing rule. 15. A non-transitory digital storage medium having computer-readable code stored thereon to perform the method of claim 13 when said storage medium is run by a computer or signal processor. 16. A non-transitory digital storage medium having computer-readable code stored thereon to perform the method of claim 14 when said storage medium is run by a computer or signal processor.",
-    "A method of stabilizing one or more clays within a subterranean formation comprises forming at least one treatment fluid comprising anionic silica particles, cationic silica particles, and at least one base material. The at least one treatment fluid is provided into a subterranean formation containing clay particles to attach at least a portion of the anionic silica particles and the cationic silica particles to surfaces of the clay particles and form stabilized clay particles. A method of treating one or more clays contained within a subterranean formation, and a treatment fluid for a subterranean formation are also described. 1. A method of stabilizing one or more clays within a subterranean formation, comprising: forming at least one treatment fluid comprising anionic silica particles, cationic silica particles, and at least one base material; and introducing the at least one treatment fluid into a subterranean formation containing clay particles to attach at least some of the anionic silica particles and the cationic silica particles to surfaces of the clay particles and form stabilized clay particles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises forming a single treatment fluid comprising the anionic silica particles, the cationic silica particles, and the at least one base material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises: forming a first treatment fluid comprising the anionic silica particles and a first base material; and forming a second treatment fluid comprising the cationic silica particles and a second base material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises selecting each of the anionic silica particles and the cationic silica particles to comprise nanoparticles. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises selecting the anionic silica particles to exhibit one or more anionic functional groups selected from the group consisting of aldehyde groups, epoxy groups, halogen groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, nitrile groups, phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, silanol groups, silanediol groups, silanetriol groups, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, and thiol groups. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises selecting the cationic silica particles to exhibit one or more cationic functional groups selected from the group consisting of pyridinium groups, ammonium groups, quaternary ammonium groups, imidazolium groups, quaternary phosphonium groups, and tertiary sulfonium groups. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises one or more of: selecting a portion of the anionic silica particles to exhibit one or more of a different type and a different amount of anionic functionalization than another portion of the anionic silica particles; and selecting a portion of the cationic silica particles to exhibit one or more of a different type and a different amount of cationic functionalization than another portion of the cationic silica particles. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises forming the at least one treatment fluid to exhibit a greater amount of the cationic silica particles than the anionic silica particles. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein forming at least one treatment fluid comprises forming the at least one treatment fluid to comprise from about 0.01 wt % to about 1.0 wt % of the cationic silica particles and from about 0.01 wt % to about 1.0 wt % of the anionic silica particles. 10. A method of treating one or more clays contained within a subterranean formation, comprising: forming a first treatment fluid comprising anionic silica particles and a first base material; forming a second treatment fluid comprising cationic silica particles and a second base material; and injecting the first treatment fluid and the second treatment fluid into a subterranean formation to interact with and substantially stabilize at least a portion of clay particles within the subterranean formation. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein forming a first treatment fluid comprises: selecting the anionic silica particles to comprise anionic silica nanoparticles; and selecting the first base material to comprise water. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein fainting a second treatment fluid comprises: selecting the cationic silica particles to comprise cationic silica nanoparticles; and selecting the second base material to comprise an aqueous alkaline solution. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming the first treatment fluid to further comprise additional cationic silica particles, an amount of the additional cationic silica particles in the first treatment fluid different than an amount of the cationic silica particles in the second treatment fluid. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming the second treatment fluid to further comprise additional anionic silica particles, an amount of the additional anionic silica particles in the second treatment fluid different than an amount of the anionic silica particles in the first treatment fluid. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein injecting the first treatment fluid and the second treatment fluid into a subterranean formation comprises sequentially injecting the first treatment fluid and the second treatment fluid into the subterranean formation. 16. A treatment fluid for a subterranean formation, comprising: a base material; anionic silica particles dispersed within the base material; and cationic silica particles dispersed within the base material. 17. The treatment fluid of claim 17, wherein the anionic silica particles comprise anionic silica nanoparticles. 18. The treatment fluid of claim 17, wherein the cationic silica particles comprise cationic silica nanoparticles. 19. The treatment fluid of claim 17, wherein an amount of the anionic silica particles is less than an amount of the cationic silica particles. 20. The treatment fluid of claim 17, wherein the base material comprises an aqueous liquid material.",
-    "A system and method for measuring fuel pressure decreases in a fuel accumulator of an internal combustion engine is provided. The system includes the ability to stop a fuel flow to a fuel accumulator of the engine. Pressure signals are transmitted to a control system of the engine until the fuel pressure in the fuel accumulator drops by a predetermined amount, at which time fuel flow is re-enabled. The pressure signals are then analyzed to determine the amount or quantity of fuel delivered by each fuel injector. The system and method maintain engine and emissions performance by limiting the amount of fuel pressure decrease in the fuel accumulator. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A system for determining a rate of fuel leakage in a fuel system of an internal combustion engine having a plurality of combustion chambers, the system comprising: a fuel accumulator positioned to receive a fuel flow; a sensor adapted to detect fuel pressure in the fuel accumulator including during a termination event; a plurality of fuel injectors, each fuel injector operable to deliver fuel from the fuel accumulator to one of the plurality of combustion chambers including during the termination event; and a control system adapted to stop the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator to define a beginning of the termination event, to determine a fuel leakage rate in the fuel system based on the fuel pressure detected during the termination event, and to restart the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator to define an end of the termination event. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the fuel leakage rate is proportional to the square root of the fuel pressure. 23. The system of claim 21, the control system comprising an analysis module configured to analyze fuel pressure data corresponding to the fuel pressure detected during the termination event to determine whether to modify an operating parameter of at least one of the plurality of fuel injectors. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the control system is configured to begin the termination event after the fuel pressure exceeds a minimum fuel pressure. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the minimum fuel pressure is sufficient to complete one fuel injection event. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the control system is further adapted to restart the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator responsive to the fuel pressure decreasing by a predetermined amount during the termination event. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the fuel leakage rate is determined under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions and stored in a tabular form. 28. The system of claim 21, wherein the fuel leakage rate is determined under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions and represented by a topographical map. 29. The system of claim 21, wherein a condition signal is presented to an operator when the fuel leakage rate exceeds a predetermined fuel leakage rate limit. 30. A method of determining fuel leakage in a fuel system of an internal combustion engine, the method comprising: providing a fuel flow to a fuel accumulator; stopping the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator to define a beginning of a termination event; during the termination event: acquiring fuel pressure data corresponding to fuel pressure in the fuel accumulator; and providing fuel from the fuel accumulator to at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine; and determining a fuel leakage rate from the fuel system based on the fuel pressure data. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the fuel leakage rate is proportional to the square root of the fuel pressure. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising presenting a condition signal to an operator when the fuel leakage rate exceeds a predetermined fuel leakage rate limit. 33. The method of claim 30, further comprising defining an end of the termination event when the fuel pressure decreases by a predetermined amount during the termination event. 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising restarting the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator responsive to the end of the termination event. 35. The method of claim 30, further comprising analyzing fuel pressure data corresponding to the fuel pressure detected during the termination event, and modifying an operating parameter of at least one fuel injector providing fuel to the at least one combustion chamber responsive to the analyzing. 36. The method of claim 30, wherein the fuel leakage rate is determined under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions and stored in a tabular form. 37. The method of claim 30, wherein determining a fuel leakage rate comprises determining the fuel leakage rate under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the plurality of temperature and pressure conditions are represented by a topographical map.",
-    "Systems and methods for reducing disturbances that may result from using gain scheduling in brake controls. This method may include the steps of detecting a control signal, comparing the control signal to a threshold value, and gradually increasing or decreasing a controller gain in response to amplitude of the control signal being above or below the threshold value. 1. A method for controlling brakes, comprising: detecting, by a brake system, a control signal; comparing, by the brake system, the control signal to a threshold value; and adjusting, by the brake system, a gain of a control algorithm in an electric brake controller (EBAC) in response to an amplitude of the control signal being at least one of above or below the threshold value, wherein an output signal from the EBAC comprises an electromechanical brake actuator (EBA) input. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting the gain of the control algorithm comprises decreasing, by the brake system, the gain of the control algorithm in response to the amplitude of the control signal being below the threshold value. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting the gain of the control algorithm comprises increasing, by the brake system, the gain of the control algorithm in response to the amplitude of the control signal being above the threshold value. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the control signal comprises a command velocity setpoint signal. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the threshold value comprises a predetermined value. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the control signal comprises an output signal from a controller. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing, by the brake system, an angular velocity of the EBA in response to the increasing the gain of the control algorithm. 8. A brake control system, comprising: an electric brake controller (EBAC) configured to control an electromechanical brake actuator (EBA), wherein the EBA is configured to receive an output signal from the EBAC, wherein the EBAC is configured to increase a gain of an amplifier in response to a control signal being above a first threshold value, wherein the output signal comprises an output of the amplifier; and an aircraft brake configured to apply a force in response to the output signal. 9. The brake control system of claim 8, wherein the EBAC is configured to decrease the gain of the amplifier in response to the control signal being below a second threshold value. 10. The brake control system of claim 9, wherein the first threshold value equals the second threshold value. 11. The brake control system of claim 8, wherein the control signal comprises a velocity command setpoint signal. 12. The brake control system of claim 11, wherein the first threshold value comprises a predetermined value. 13. The brake control system of claim 8, wherein the control signal comprises an output of a controller in the EBAC. 14. The brake control system of claim 8, wherein the EBA is configured to increase an angular velocity in response to an increased gain. 15. An article of manufacture including a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by a processor, cause a brake system to perform operations comprising: detecting, by the brake system, a control signal; comparing, by the brake system, the control signal to a threshold value; and increasing, by the brake system, a gain of a controller in an electronic brake controller (EBAC) in response to an amplitude of the control signal being above the threshold value, wherein an output signal from the EBAC comprises an electromechanical brake actuator (EBA) input. 16. The article of claim 15, further comprising decreasing, by the brake system, the gain of the controller in response to the amplitude of the control signal being below a second threshold value. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the threshold value equals the second threshold value. 18. The article of claim 15, wherein the control signal comprises a command force signal and the threshold value comprises a predetermined command force value. 19. The article of claim 15, wherein the control signal comprises an error signal. 20. The article of claim 15, further comprising increasing, by the brake system, an angular velocity of the EBA in response to the increasing the gain of the controller.",
-    "Methods, systems, software, computer-readable media, and the like relate to providing and receiving relevant data from one or more entities. Data is received by a wireless user device directly from a wireless transmitter. The data may be provided to a stationary or moving user. A consumer in a vehicle, for instance, may have a smartphone, mobile phone, tablet PC, navigation system, or other similar mobile device, and can use such device to interact with a geographically proximate advertising module having a wireless transmitter. The wireless transmitter may also be stationary or moving, and can be incorporated into structures such as a vehicle, a billboard, a building, a road sign, a traffic light, or the like. 1. A vehicle for providing an offer for services provided in conjunction with the vehicle, comprising: a vehicle configured to be used in conjunction with a set of services and the offer for services; a location determination system configured to determine a current location of the vehicle; a first wireless interface configured to receive offer information and to transmit data regarding distribution of the offer information, the offer information associated with a geographic area and services provided in conjunction with the vehicle; a non-transitory computer-readable medium configured to store the offer information and the distribution of the offer information; a second wireless network interface configured to communicate with a wireless device within a local transmission range of the second wireless interface and transmit the offer wirelessly to an application executing on the wireless device based at least in part on the current location of the vehicle, the geographic area associated with the offer and a configuration identifying types of advertising or promotional information to deliver to the mobile device. 2. The vehicle recited in claim 1, wherein the second wireless network is further configured to communicate with a downloadable dedicated advertising application executing on the wireless device, the downloadable dedicated advertising application configured to perform one or more of: pull the at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages wirelessly over the second wireless network; and receive the at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages pushed wirelessly over the second wireless network. 3. The vehicle recited in claim 1, wherein the second wireless network is further configured to communicate with an advertising application that is configured to obtain the at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages over the second wireless network interface only when in wireless range of the first wireless network interface. 4. The vehicle recited in claim 1, further comprising a commercialization module for tracking distribution of the offer information. 5. The vehicle recited in claim 1, wherein the first wireless network interface uses one or more short-range wireless communication protocols. 6. The vehicle recited in claim 5, wherein the one or more short-range wireless communication protocols include: Bluetooth; Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE); RFID; DSRC; RuBee; WiFi; Z-Wave; or Zigbee. 7. The vehicle recited in claim 1, wherein the second wireless network interface uses a same communication protocol as the first wireless network interface. 8. The vehicle recited in claim 1, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium and a downloadable dedicated advertising application are accessible over a third network interface. 9. The vehicle recited in claim 8, wherein the third network interface is different than one or both of the first and second wireless network interfaces. 10. The vehicle recited in claim 8, wherein the third network interface is accessible to the one or more mobile electronic devices using at least one long-range wireless communication protocol. 11. The vehicle recited in claim 10, wherein the at least one long-range wireless communication protocol includes one or more of: GSM; CDMA; LTE; or HSPA+. 12. The vehicle recited in claim 1, wherein a downloadable dedicated advertising application in communication with the vehicle is free for download by users of the one or more mobile electronic devices. 13. The vehicle recited in claim 1, further comprising one or more advertising modules that are configured to track information related to the transmission of the at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages. 14. The vehicle recited in claim 1, further comprising one or more dedicated advertising modules that are configured to track at least one of a number of a pull requests made for at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages and a number of times the at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages is transmitted. 15. The vehicle recited in claim 1, further comprising one or more dedicated advertising modules that are configured to determine a volume of consumer traffic proximate thereto. 16. A communication system for providing at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages relevant to a user, comprising: one or more dedicated advertising systems coupled to a mobile vehicle comprising: storage configured for storing a configuration, at least one of advertising, promotional information or messages, and distribution information of the at least one of advertising, promotional information or messages, wherein a first entity is responsible for the mobile vehicle and a second entity is responsible for the at least one of advertising, promotional information or messages; a location determination system configured to determine a current location of the communication system; an exterior display to identify the first entity; a first wireless network interface for transmitting the at least one of advertising, promotional information or messages wirelessly to an advertising application executing on one or more mobile electronic devices within a local transmission range and for wirelessly receiving a configuration identifying types of advertising or promotional information to deliver to the one or more mobile electronic devices from the advertising application executing on the one or more mobile electronic devices within the local transmission range, a second wireless network interface configured for receiving the at least one of advertising, promotional information or messages and for transmitting data regarding distribution information regarding the advertising, promotional information or messages a processor coupled to the storage, the location determination system, the first wireless network interface and the second wireless network interface, the processor configured to select the at least one of advertising and promotional information based at least in part on the current location, the geographic area associated with the advertising and promotional information and messages and the configuration received from the one or more mobile electronic devices. 17. The vehicle recited in claim 16, wherein each of the first entity and the second entity comprise a commercial entity. 18. The vehicle recited in claim 17, wherein the first entity charges a fee to the second entity for wirelessly transmitting at least one of advertising and promotional information and messages for the second entity. 19. The communication system recited in claim 16, further comprising a control system configured to receive location information from the location determination system and provide the location information to an advertising service over the second wireless network interface. 20. The communication system recited in claim 16, wherein the first entity provides additional independent advertising, promotional information or messages that are in addition to the at least one of advertising, promotional information or messages provided by the second entity. 21. The communication system recited in claim 16, further comprising a control system configured to identify demographic information from the advertising application executing on one or more mobile electronic devices.",
-    "The present invention includes an improved sprinkler design having a magnetic sensing system for determining the position of the riser nozzle, a waterproofed motor housing and related cables, configurable sprinkler body compartments, and a pilot valve with a check valve assembly, both of which are located within the sprinkler body. 1. A sprinkler comprising: a sprinkler body; a riser assembly: positioned in said sprinkler body; moving into, out of, and rotationally, relative to said sprinkler body; and, having a nozzle through which water flows during operation of said sprinkler; a body compartment located between an outer wall of said sprinkler body and said riser assembly; a main valve located within said sprinkler body; a pilot valve located within said body compartment; a rigid communication tube in communication with said main valve and said pilot valve; said rigid communication tube extending out from a bottom of said body compartment and into a side of said sprinkler body; and, a rib connected to said outer wall of said sprinkler body and said bottom of said body compartment; said rib supporting said rigid communication tube and filling a space between said communication tube and said side of said sprinkler body. 2. The sprinkler of claim 1, further comprising a thread located at an end of said communication tube and in said body compartment. 3. The sprinkler of claim 2, further comprising a check valve fixed on to said thread of said communication tube; said check valve being in communication with said communication tube and said pilot valve. 4. The sprinkler of claim 2, wherein said rib further comprises walls located along sides of said communication tube, thereby providing lateral support to said communication tube. 5. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein said communication tube is composed of metal. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein said communication tube is in communication with an inner chamber of said main valve. 7. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein said body compartment extends entirely around a riser wall of said riser assembly. 8. A sprinkler comprising: a sprinkler body; a riser assembly: located in said sprinkler body; moving into, out of, and rotationally, relative to said sprinkler body; and, having a nozzle through which water flows during operation of said sprinkler; a body compartment located between an outer wall of said sprinkler body and said riser assembly; a rigid communication tube extending out from a bottom of said body compartment and into a lower side of said sprinkler body; said rigid communication tube being at least partially exposed to an outside of said sprinkler. 9. The sprinkler of claim 8, further comprising a rib extending radially out from said lower side of said sprinkler body, and further fills a space between said communication tube and said lower side of said sprinkler body. 10. The sprinkler of claim 9, wherein said rib is molded to the shape of said communication tube. 11. The sprinkler of claim 10, wherein said communication tube is in fluid communication with a pilot valve located in said body compartment, and in fluid communication with a main valve in said sprinkler body. 12. The sprinkler of claim 11, further comprising a check valve located in said body compartment and in fluid communication between said communication tube and said pilot valve. 13. The sprinkler of claim 12, wherein said communication tube is in fluid communication with an inner chamber of said main valve so as to allow said pilot valve to increase or decrease fluid pressure in said inner chamber. 14. The sprinkler of claim 13, wherein said communication tube is composed of rigid metal or rigid plastic. 15. The sprinkler of claim 8, wherein said rib is molded to said communication tube. 16. The sprinkler of claim 14, wherein a thread is molded to an end of said communication tube and is located in said body compartment. 17. A sprinkler comprising: a sprinkler body; a riser assembly: located in said sprinkler body; moving into, out of, and rotationally, relative to said sprinkler body; and, having a nozzle through which water flows during operation of said sprinkler; a body compartment located between an outer wall of said sprinkler body and said riser assembly; and, a rigid communication tube extending out from a bottom of said body compartment and into a lower side of said sprinkler body; wherein at least some portions of said sprinkler are molded to said rigid communication tube. 18. The sprinkler of claim 17, wherein said communication tube is composed of rigid metal or rigid plastic. 19. The sprinkler of claim 18, wherein said rib is molded to said communication tube. 20. The sprinkler of claim 19, wherein a thread is molded to an end of said communication tube and is located in said body compartment.",
-    "An electronic musical instrument includes: a contact sensor that generates lip detection information from an operation by a performer; and a controller that derives a lip contact area from the lip detection information generated by the contact sensor, and performs musical note control of an electronic sound source in accordance with the derived lip contact area. 1. An electronic musical instrument, comprising: a contact sensor that generates lip detection information from an operation by a performer; and a controller that derives a lip contact area from the lip detection information generated by the contact sensor, and performs musical note control of an electronic sound source in accordance with the derived lip contact area. 2. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 1, wherein the contact sensor includes a tongue detector that detects a contact of a tongue of the performer, and wherein, based on whether the contact of the tongue occurs or not, the controller performs musical note control that is different from the musical note control of the electronic sound source based on the lip contact area. 3. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 1, further comprising: a force detector that detects a force applied to the contact sensor, wherein the controller performs said musical note control of the electronic sound source in accordance with the force applied to the contact sensor detected by the force detector as well as the lip contact area. 4. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 1, further comprising: a distance detector that detects a distance to the contact sensor from a reference point that changes due to a warp of the contact sensor, and wherein the controller performs said musical note control of the electronic sound source in accordance with the distance to the contact sensor detected by the distance detector as well as the lip contact area. 5. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 1, wherein said musical note control by the controller includes musical note control of the electronic sound source with respect to one or more among a tone, a volume, and a pitch of a sound to be generated by the electronic sound source. 6. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 3, wherein said musical note control by the controller includes control of the electronic sound source with respect to a tone, a volume and a pitch of a sound to be generated by the electronic sound source, and wherein one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the lip contact area, and the remaining one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the detected force applied to the contact sensor. 7. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 4, wherein said musical note control by the controller includes control of the electronic sound source with respect to a tone, a volume and a pitch of a sound to be generated by the electronic sound source, and wherein one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the lip contact area, and the remaining one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the distance to the contact sensor detected by the distance detector. 8. An electronic musical instrument, comprising: a contact sensor having a capacitive touch sensor; and a controller that performs musical note control of an electronic sound source in accordance with information detected by the capacitive touch sensor. 9. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 8, wherein the contact sensor detects a lip of a performer and generates lip detection information, and wherein the controller derives at least one of a lip contact position and a lip contact area from the lip detection information generated by the contact sensor and performs musical note control of the electronic sound source in accordance with said at least one of the lip contact position and the lip contact area that has been derived. 10. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 9, wherein the contact sensor includes a tongue detector that detects a contact of a tongue of the performer, and wherein, based on whether the contact of the tongue occurs or not, the controller performs musical note control that is different from the musical note control of the electronic sound source based on the lip contact area. 11. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 8, further comprising: a force detector that detects a force applied to the contact sensor, wherein the controller performs said musical note control of the electronic sound source in accordance with the force applied to the contact sensor detected by the force detector as well as the information detected by the capacitive touch sensor. 12. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 8, further comprising: a distance detector that detects a distance to the contact sensor from a reference point that changes due to a warp of the contact sensor, and wherein the controller performs said musical note control of the electronic sound source in accordance with the distance to the contact sensor detected by the distance detector as well as the information detected by the capacitive touch sensor. 13. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 8, wherein said musical note control by the controller includes control of the electronic sound source with respect to one or more among a tone, a volume, and a pitch of a sound to be generated by the electronic sound source. 14. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 11, wherein said musical note control by the controller includes control of the electronic sound source with respect to a tone, a volume and a pitch of a sound to be generated by the electronic sound source, and wherein one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the information detected by the capacitive touch sensor, and the remaining one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the force applied to the contact sensor detected by the force detector. 15. The electronic musical instrument according to claim 12, wherein said musical note control by the controller includes control of the electronic sound source with respect to a tone, a volume and a pitch of a sound to be generated by the electronic sound source, and wherein one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the information detected by the capacitive sensor, and the remaining one or two among the tone, the volume, and the pitch are controlled based on the distance to the contact sensor detected by the distance detector.",
-    "A system and method for providing effective presence for Push-to-talk-over-Cellular (PoC) networks, wherein one or more servers performs an effective presence delivery method that reduces presence notifications delivered to mobile units participating in advanced voice services, while ensuring that the presence notifications relevant to the mobile units are available when the advanced voice services are invoked by the mobile units. The presence notifications are used to indicate a change in network presence of the mobile units. In addition, the presence notifications are used to indicate a change in self-availability status of the mobile units. 1. A system for providing communications services in a communications network, comprising: one or more servers providing communications services over the communications network to a plurality of mobile units in the communications network, wherein the communications services include a Push-to-Talk (PTT) call session, and wherein at least one of the servers is configured to provide a presence delivery method, wherein the presence delivery method comprises: delivering presence notifications to the plurality of mobile units in the communications network; limiting real-time delivery of presence notifications for a mobile unit to a subset of presence notifications pertaining to the mobile unit, wherein the mobile unit is one of the plurality of mobile units, and wherein the subset of presence notifications include fewer presence notifications than all presence notifications pertaining to the mobile unit; and providing presence notifications for one or more contacts of the mobile unit when the communications services are invoked between the mobile unit and the one or more contacts. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the presence notifications indicates a change in network presence of at least one of the plurality of mobile units in the communications network, a change in self-availability status of at least one of the plurality of mobile units in the communications network, or a combination thereof. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein limiting real-time delivery of presence notifications for the mobile unit to the subset of presence notifications comprises: determining a relevant contact list identifying first contacts of the mobile unit, wherein presence information of the first contacts is more relevant to the mobile unit than presence information of second contacts of the mobile unit; and limiting real-time delivery of presence notifications for the mobile unit to contacts in the relevant contact list. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the presence delivery method comprises: providing first presence notifications for first contacts to the mobile unit in response to at least one of the servers detecting communications services are invoked between the mobile unit and the first contacts; providing second presence notifications to the mobile unit in response to a request for second presence notifications from the mobile unit; or providing third presence notifications to the mobile unit in response to contact list scrolling or searching on the mobile unit. 5. A method comprising: delivering, by a presence server, presence notifications to a plurality of mobile units in a communications network; limiting, by the presence server, real-time delivery of presence notifications for a mobile unit to a subset of presence notifications pertaining to the mobile unit, wherein the mobile unit is one of the plurality of mobile units, and wherein the subset of presence notifications include fewer presence notifications than all presence notifications pertaining to the mobile unit; and providing, by the presence server, presence notifications for one or more contacts of the mobile unit when communications services are invoked between the mobile unit and the one or more contacts. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein limiting real-time delivery of presence notifications for the mobile unit to the subset of presence notifications comprises determining a relevant contact list identifying first contacts of the mobile unit, wherein presence information of the first contacts is more relevant to the mobile unit than presence information of second contacts of the mobile unit, and wherein the subset of presence notifications comprises presence notifications for contacts in the relevant contact list. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the relevant contact list comprises combining a plurality data sources according to weightings assigned to each of the plurality of data sources. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the relevant contact list comprises determining the relevant contact list in accordance with a frequently used contact list comprising third contacts, wherein the third contacts are more frequently contacted, by the mobile unit, than fourth contacts of the mobile unit. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising determining the frequently used contact list from call history data of the mobile unit. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the call history data is partitioned across different periods of time, wherein a separate relevant contact list is determined for each of the different periods of time, and wherein the relevant contact list is determined by combining contacts in each of the separate relevant contact lists. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the relevant contact list comprises determining the relevant contact list in accordance with a recently used contact list, wherein the recently used contact lists identifies fifth contacts, wherein the fifth contacts have been used by the mobile unit to originate or receive a communications service within a time period. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the relevant contact list comprises determining the relevant contact list in accordance with a favorite contact list, wherein the favorite contact list identifies sixth contacts marked as favorites by a user of the mobile unit. 13. The method of claim 5 further comprising using presence traffic discrimination to identify first types of presence notifications more relevant to the mobile unit than second types of presence notifications, and wherein limiting real-time delivery of presence notifications for the mobile unit comprises limiting real-time delivery of presence notifications to the first types of presence notifications. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first types of presence notifications include user triggered presence status change notifications, and wherein the second types of presence notifications include network triggered presence status change notifications. 15. The method of claim 5 further comprising using periodic synchronization to send presence notifications to the mobile unit. 16. The method of claim 5 further comprising correcting presence status mismatches by delivering updated presence notifications to the mobile unit. 17. The method of claim 5 further comprising: tracking activity of the mobile unit; and providing presence notifications for seventh contacts to the mobile unit when the communications services are invoked for the seventh contacts. 18. The method of claim 5 further comprising receiving a request for presence notifications from the mobile unit. 19. The method of claim 5 further comprising delivering presence notifications to the mobile unit in response to contact list scrolling or searching on the mobile unit. 20. The method of claim 5, wherein the presence server is part of a Push-to-Talk (PTT) platform providing communications services over the communications network to the plurality of mobile units. 21. A presence server comprising: a processor; and a computer readable storage medium storing programming for execution by the processor, the programming including instructions to: deliver presence notifications to a plurality of mobile units in a communications network; limit real-time delivery of presence notifications for a mobile unit to a subset of presence notifications pertaining to the mobile unit, wherein the mobile unit is one of the plurality of mobile units, and wherein the subset of presence notifications include fewer presence notifications than all presence notifications pertaining to the mobile unit; and provide presence notifications for one or more contacts of the mobile unit when communications services are invoked between the mobile unit and the one or more contacts. 22. The presence server of claim 21, wherein programming includes further instructions to determine a relevant contact list for the mobile unit according to weightings assigned to each of a plurality of data sources, wherein the plurality of data sources comprises a frequently used contact list of the mobile unit, a favorite contact list of the mobile unit, a recently used contact list of the mobile unit, a PTT contact list of the mobile unit, or a combination thereof, and wherein the subset of presence notifications comprises presence notifications for contacts in the relevant contact list. 23. The presence server of claim 21, wherein programming includes further instructions to: provide first presence notifications for first contacts to the mobile unit in response to the presence server detecting communications services are invoked between the mobile unit and the first contacts; provide second presence notifications to the mobile unit in response to a request for second presence notifications from the mobile unit; or deliver third presence notifications to the mobile unit in response to contact list scrolling or searching on the mobile unit. 24. The presence server of claim 21, wherein programming includes further instructions to identify first types of presence notifications more relevant to the mobile unit than second types of presence notifications, and wherein the instructions to limit real-time delivery of presence notifications for the mobile unit comprises instructions to limit real-time delivery of presence notifications to the first types of presence notifications.",
-    "A data input apparatus can communicate with an imaging unit capturing an image of a subject to output image data, and includes a display unit displaying a screen including data input areas, and a processor. The processor includes: a setting portion setting data input to the data input area; an instruction position acquiring portion acquiring an instruction position based on a relative position between a display surface of the display unit and a recording medium included in image data output by the imaging unit; an information acquiring portion acquiring information stored in the recording medium based on the image data; and an input information acquiring portion acquiring input information available for input to the data input area among the acquired information. If the acquired instruction position is a prescribed position, the setting portion sets the acquired input information as the data input to the data input area. 1. A data input system comprising: a data input apparatus; and an imaging apparatus capable of communicating with said data input apparatus, wherein: said imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit to capture an image of a subject and output image data of the captured image; said data input apparatus includes a display unit to display a screen including a data input area, and a processor; said processor includes a setting portion configured to set data input in the data input area; either said processor included in said data input apparatus or said imaging apparatus further includes an instruction position detecting portion configured to, on the basis of a relative position between a display surface of said display unit and a recording medium both included in the image data output by said imaging unit, detect an instruction position within said display surface; either said processor included in said data input apparatus or said imaging apparatus further includes an information detecting portion configured to detect information stored in said recording medium included in the image data output by said imaging unit; either said processor included in said data input apparatus or said imaging apparatus further includes an input information extracting portion configured to extract from said detected information, input information that can be input to said data input area; and said setting portion is configured to, in the case where the instruction position detected by said instruction position detecting portion is a prescribed position, set said extracted input information as data input to said data input area. 2. The data input system according to claim 1, wherein said processor included in said data input apparatus includes said instruction position detecting portion, said information detecting portion, and said input information extracting portion. 3. The data input system according to claim 1, wherein said imaging apparatus includes said instruction position detecting portion and said information detecting portion. 4. A data input apparatus capable of communicating with an imaging apparatus including an imaging unit to capture an image of a subject and output image data of the captured image, the data input apparatus comprising a display unit to display a screen including a data input area, and a processor, wherein said processor includes: a setting portion configured to set data input in the data input area; an instruction position acquiring portion configured to acquire an instruction position detected within a display surface of said display unit on the basis of a relative position between the display surface and a recording medium both included in the image data output by said imaging unit; an information acquiring portion configured to acquire information detected on the basis of said image data and stored in said recording medium; an input information acquiring portion configured to acquire input information being extracted from said acquired information and being able to be input to said data input area; and said setting portion is configured to, in the case where the instruction position acquired by said instruction position acquiring portion is a prescribed position, set said acquired input information as data input to said data input area. 5. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said processor further includes an image data receiving portion configured to receive from said imaging apparatus, image data output by said imaging unit, and an instruction position detecting portion configured to, on the basis of a relative position between a display surface of said display unit and said recording medium both included in said received image data, detect an instruction position within said display surface. 6. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said processor further includes an image data receiving portion configured to receive from said imaging apparatus, image data output by said imaging unit, and an information detecting portion configured to, on the basis of said received image data, detect information stored in said recording medium. 7. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said processor further includes an input information extracting portion configured to extract from information acquired by said information acquiring portion, input information able to be input to said data input area. 8. The data input apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said input information extracting portion is configured to extract the input information on the basis of data definition information defining data able to be input to a data input area included in said screen. 9. The data input apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said prescribed position is within said displayed screen, and said input information extracting portion is configured to, in the case where said displayed screen includes a plurality of data input areas, extract a plurality of pieces of input information respectively corresponding to each of said plurality of data input areas. 10. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said prescribed position is within a data input area included in said displayed screen. 11. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said prescribed position is within said displayed screen. 12. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said processor further includes a screen arrangement information acquiring portion configured to acquire screen arrangement information indicating a position in a display surface of said display unit, on which a screen displayed in said display unit is arranged, and said setting portion is configured to determine a position of a screen displayed in said display unit, on the basis of said screen arrangement information. 13. The data input apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said setting portion is configured to determine a position of said data input area in a screen displayed in said display unit, on the basis of area arrangement information indicating a position in said screen, on which a data input area included in a screen displayed in said display unit is arranged. 14. The data input apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said processor further includes a change detecting portion configured to, on the basis of an image output by said imaging unit, detect change of a shape of said recording medium, and said instruction position detecting portion is configured to detect said instruction position on the basis of a relative position between said recording medium and said display surface at the point of time when said change of a shape is detected. 15. The data input apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said instruction position detecting portion is configured to detect as said instruction position, a position on which a changed part of the shape of said recording medium is overlapped with said display surface. 16. The data input apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said recording medium is rectangle-shaped, and said instruction position detecting portion is configured to determine as a changed part of the shape, a vertex angle formed by two edges changed from straight line among four edges of said recording medium. 17. The data input apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said processor further includes a move detecting portion configured to, on the basis of an image output by said imaging unit, detect change of a relative position between said recording medium and said display surface, and said instruction position detecting portion is configured to determine said instruction position on the basis of a relative position between said recording medium and said display surface at the point of time when said change of the relative position becomes equal to or less than a prescribed value. 18. The data input apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said instruction position detecting portion is configured to detect as said instruction position, part of an apical end of said recording medium overlapped with said display surface at the point of time when change of the relative position becomes equal to or less than a prescribed value, the apical end being in a direction to which said recording medium moves toward said display surface during the time when the relative position between said recording medium and said display surface is changing. 19. A data input method performed in a data input system including a data input apparatus and an imaging apparatus capable of communicating with said data input apparatus, wherein said imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit to capture an image of a subject and output image data of the captured image, said data input apparatus includes a display unit to display a screen including a data input area, the data input method causes either said data input apparatus or said imaging apparatus to execute: an instruction position acquiring step of acquiring an instruction position detected within a display surface of said display unit on the basis of a relative position between the display surface and said recording medium both included in the image data output by said imaging unit; an information acquiring step of acquiring information detected on the basis of image data output by said imaging unit and stored in said recording medium; and an input information acquiring step of acquiring input information being extracted from said acquired information and being able to be input to said data input area, and the data input method causes said data input apparatus to execute a setting step of, in the case where the instruction position acquired in said instruction position acquiring step is a prescribed position, setting said acquired input information as data input to said data input area. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium encoded with a data input program executed by a computer controlling a data input apparatus capable of communicating with an imaging apparatus including an imaging unit to capture an image of a subject and output image data of the captured image, wherein said data input apparatus includes a display unit to display a screen including a data input area, and the data input program causes said computer to execute: an image data receiving step of receiving from said imaging apparatus image data output by said imaging unit; an instruction position detecting step of, on the basis of a relative position between a display surface of said display unit and said recording medium both included in said received image data, detecting an instruction position within said display surface; an information detecting step of, on the basis of said received image data, detecting information stored in said recording medium; an input information extracting step of, extracting from said detected information, input information able to be input to said data input area; and a setting step of, in the case where the instruction position detected in said instruction position detecting step is a prescribed position, setting said extracted input information as data input to said data input area.",
-    "A garment for regulating temperature is provided, with a body including a back panel and at least one front panel and at least partially joined along at least one common edge, an inner liner panel fastened to an inner surface of at least one of the back panel and to the at least one front panel with a first surface, and a second surface opposite to the first surface of the inner liner panel, and at least one pocket with top, bottom and side edges, being fastened to at least one of the first and second surfaces of the inner removable liner panel. The at least one pocket has at least one side opening. 1. A garment for regulating temperature, comprising: a body including a back panel and at least one front panel and at least partially joined along at least one common edge; an inner liner panel fastened to an inner surface of at least one of the back panel and to the at least one front panel with a first surface facing the inner surface of the back panel and the at least one front panel, and a second surface opposite to the first surface of the inner liner panel; and at least one pocket having top, bottom and side edges, being fastened to at least one of the first and second surfaces of the inner liner panel, said at least one pocket having at least one side opening. 2. The garment of claim 1 wherein said inner liner panel is attached to at least one of the inner surface of said back panel and the at least one front panel with at least one fastener. 3. The garment of claim 1 further comprising at least one backing strip fastened to the inner surface of at least one of the back panel and to the at least one front panel, and being configured for releasably accommodating said liner panel. 4. The garment of claim 3 wherein said inner liner panel is fastened to said at least one backing strip with at least one fastener. 5. The garment of claim 1 wherein said inner liner panel is fastened to at least one strap. 6. The garment of claim 1 wherein said at least one pocket is a double pocket which includes at least one first pocket and at least one second pocket being fastened to at least one of the first and second surfaces of said inner liner panel, said second pocket being fastened to at least one of an outer and an inner surface of said first pocket or directly to said at least one of the first and second surfaces of said inner liner panel such that said second pocket lies inside said first pocket, said second pocket having a length extending approximately half a length of said first pocket. 7. The garment of claim 6 wherein said second pocket is fastened to one of the outer surface of said first pocket and directly to said at least one of the first and second surfaces of said inner liner panel on at least one side of said second pocket, said second pocket having at least one opening. 8. The garment of claim 1, further including multiple pockets, at least one said pocket disposed on a section of said inner liner panel corresponding to each of said front and back panels, each said pocket having a side opening such that the openings of adjacent pockets are generally aligned with each other. 9. The garment of claim 8 further including at least one removable attachment disposed on at least one of the first and second surfaces of the inner liner panel, said attachments being generally aligned with said side openings. 10. The garment of claim 1 further comprising at least one temperature regulating element disposed inside one or more of said pockets, each said at least one temperature regulating element configured for maintaining a desired temperature within said inside chamber. 11. The garment of claim 10 further including a battery pack connected to said at least one temperature regulating element for providing power to said element. 12. The garment of claim 1 further including at least one removable attachment attached to at least one of the first and second surfaces of the inner removable liner panel to create a passage constructed and arranged for receiving at least one wire from said at least one temperature regulating element. 13. The garment of claim 12, wherein the at least one removable attachment is attached to the at least one of the first and second surfaces of the inner removable liner panel with at least one fastener. 14. The garment of claim 1 wherein at least one of said pockets is made of a material taken from the group consisting of polyester mesh, GORE\u00ae surgical fabric and polyester fabric. 15. A garment for regulating temperature, comprising: a panel having a first surface and a second surface, and right and left side edges; at least one attachment disposed on at least one of the first and second surfaces of the section of the panel; and at least one pocket being fastened to at least one of the first and second surfaces of the panel. 16. The panel of claim 15 further comprising at least one temperature regulating element disposed inside one or more of said at least one pocket, each said at least one temperature regulating element configured for maintaining a desired temperature within the inside chamber. 17. The panel of claim 16 wherein at least one said pocket has a side opening, and further including a battery pack connected to said at least one temperature regulating element for providing power to said element. 18. The panel of claim 17 wherein said at least one attachment attached to at least one of the first and second surfaces of the panel creates a passage constructed and arranged for receiving at least one wire from said at least one temperature regulating element. 19. The panel of claim 18 further including at least one strap attached to said web having a surface. 20. The panel of claim 19 wherein said at least one strap is made of hook and loop material and extends along at least one of an upper and lower edge of said panel.",
-    "The techniques introduced here include a system and method for transcoding multimedia content based on the results of content analysis. The determination of specific transcoding parameters, used for transcoding multimedia content, can be performed by utilizing the results of content analysis of the multimedia content. One of the results of the content analysis is the determination of image type of any images included in the multimedia content. The content analysis uses one or more of several techniques, including analyzing content metadata, examining colors of contiguous pixels in the content, using histogram analysis, using compression distortion analysis, analyzing image edges, or examining user provided inputs. Transcoding the multimedia content can include adapting the content to the constraints in delivery and display, processing and storage of user computing devices. 1. A method comprising: receiving an image; analyzing, using a processer of a computer system, the received image to produce analyzing results; assigning, based on the analyzing results, an image type to the received image, wherein the image type corresponds to at least one of: a synthetic image type or a natural image type, wherein the synthetic image type is for images generated in part by capturing reflected light and the natural image type is for images that are computer generated; and transcoding the received image, wherein transcoding of the received image is based on the image type. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the received image comprises compression distortion analysis, wherein the compression distortion analysis includes analysis of distortion between the received image and a processed version of the received image. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the analysis of distortion between the received image and the processed version of the received image is performed using one or more of: a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) index; or a structural similarity (SSIM) index. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: identifying that the image type is the synthetic image type if the distortion is greater than a specified threshold; and identifying that the image type is the natural image type if the distortion is less than the specified threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the received image comprises contiguous pixels analysis, wherein the contiguous pixels analysis includes computing whether a number of pixel groups from the received image is above a color continuity threshold, wherein the color continuity threshold corresponds to a distinction in image types. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the contiguous pixels analysis comprises identifying that a first pixel of the contiguous pixels and a second pixel of the contiguous pixels are of similar color when one or more of a hue value or a saturation value associated with the first pixel and the second pixel are within a specified threshold level of each other. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the received image comprises an analysis of edges detected in the received image. 8. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform operations comprising: receiving an image; analyzing the received image to produce analyzing results; and assigning, based on the analyzing results, an image type to the received image, wherein the image type corresponds to at least one of: a synthetic image type or a natural image type, wherein the synthetic image type is for images generated in part by capturing reflected light and the natural image type is for images that are computer generated. 9. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise: identifying a plurality of transcoding parameters, wherein at least one of the transcoding parameters is selected based on the image type assigned to the received image; and transcoding the received image using the plurality of transcoding parameters. 10. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the transcoding the received image comprises converting the image from one format to another based on whether the image type is the synthetic image type. 11. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein assigning the image type comprises assigning the natural image type; and wherein the operations further comprise determining, based on the natural image type being assigned to the received image, to run facial recognition on the received image. 12. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein assigning the image type comprises assigning the natural image type; and wherein the operations further comprise selecting, based on the natural image type being assigned to the received image, a set of photo editing tools to provide to the user that correspond to natural images. 13. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the set of photo editing tools comprises a red eye reduction tool. 14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the image type further corresponds to one or more of a color image or a black-and-white image. 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein transcoding the received image comprises adding redundancy to protect against data loss. 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein assigning the image type comprises assigning the natural image type; and wherein transcoding the received image comprises converting, based on the natural image type being assigned to the received image, the received image into a GIF compression format. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein assigning the image type comprises assigning the synthetic image type; and wherein transcoding the received image comprises setting, based on the synthetic image type being assigned to the received image, a parameter indicating that no resizing of the received image should be performed. 18. A system comprising: a memory; one or more processors; an interface configured to receive an image; and a content analyzer configured to: analyze the received image to produce analyzing results; and assign, based on the analyzing results, an image type to the received image, wherein the image type corresponds to at least one of: a synthetic image type or a natural image type, wherein the synthetic image type is for images generated in part by capturing reflected light and the natural image type is for images that are computer generated. 19. The system of claim 18 further comprising a transcoder configured to identify a transcoding process to apply to the received image by one or more of: identifying whether a compression is to be applied to the received image based on the image type assigned to the received image; identifying a type of compression to be applied to the received image based on the image type assigned to the received image; identifying one or more of a type or intensity of size reduction to be applied to the received image based on the image type assigned to the received image; identifying one or more of a type or intensity of color reduction to be applied to the received image based on the image type assigned to the received image; or any combination thereof. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein: the image type is the natural image type; and the received image is one or more of: a photograph; a digital version of a photograph, wherein the digital version is generated by scanning; a camera-produced image; or any combination thereof.",
-    "A beverage-opening tool is provided. The tool may have a puncturing edge that can be positioned in contact with a beverage can and may penetrate the beverage can. In this manner, the beverage can may be opened. The tool may also have a tooth portion that can be positioned in contact with a bottle cap of a beverage bottle and can be used to remove the beverage cap. In this manner, the beverage bottle may be opened. 1. A beverage-opening tool comprising: a finger grip; a tooth portion; and an arm comprising a puncturing edge, wherein the arm connects the finger grip to the tooth portion, wherein the arm provides spacing between the tooth portion and the puncturing edge, the tooth portion comprising a fulcrum for rotating the beverage-opening tool to cause the puncturing edge to penetrate a beverage can. 2. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, the puncturing edge comprising a transverse extending edge. 3. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, the puncturing edge comprising an asymmetric triangle. 4. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1 further comprising a cap hook. 5. The beverage-opening tool of claim 4, wherein the cap hook comprises a hook shaped portion of the arm extending toward the tooth portion. 6. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1 further comprising a cap surface. 7. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1 further comprising frictional material adapted to enhance grippability. 8. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, further comprising a securement member. 9. The beverage-opening tool of claim 8, the securement member comprising an aperture. 10. The beverage-opening tool of claim 8, the securement member comprising an aperture disposed through a surface of the finger grip of the beverage-opening tool and extending longitudinally outward through the beverage-opening tool proximate to the finger grip. 11. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, wherein the arm further comprises a resting surface and a finger rest. 12. The beverage-opening tool of claim 11, wherein the finger rest comprises a raised portion of the arm. 13. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, wherein the finger grip comprises a circular aperture configured to accept a finger. 14. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, wherein the finger grip comprises an open U-shaped channel disposed in the beverage-opening tool. 15. The beverage-opening tool of claim 1, wherein the tooth portion is located a first distance from the puncturing edge. 16. The beverage-opening tool of claim 15, wherein the first distance comprises about one inch. 17. The beverage-opening tool according to claim 1 wherein the arm comprises an arc-shape. 18. A method of opening a beverage can comprising: positioning a tooth portion of a beverage-opening tool in secure mechanical communication with a bottom surface the beverage can; positioning a puncturing edge of the beverage-opening tool in secure mechanical communication with a side surface of the beverage can; rotating the beverage-opening tool, the tooth portion providing a fulcrum and the rotating causing the puncturing edge to penetrate the beverage can. 19. The method of opening a beverage can according to claim 18, wherein a hole is formed by the puncturing edge in the side surface of the beverage can in response to the rotating, the method further comprising: positioning a resting surface of the beverage-opening tool in mechanical communication with an interior bottom surface of the beverage can, positioning a finger rest of the beverage-opening tool in mechanical communication with the side surface of the beverage can and contacting the side surface of the beverage can comprising the hole; and rotating the beverage-opening tool, the resting surface providing a fulcrum and the rotating causing the finger rest to bend the side surface of the beverage can proximate to the hole. 20. A method of enlarging a hole in a beverage can comprising: positioning a resting surface of a beverage-opening tool in mechanical communication with an interior bottom surface of the beverage can, positioning a finger rest of the beverage-opening tool in mechanical communication with a side surface of the beverage can and contacting the side surface of the beverage can, wherein the side surface of the beverage can has the hole; and rotating the beverage-opening tool, the resting surface providing a fulcrum and the rotating causing the finger rest to bend the side surface of the beverage can proximate to the hole.",
-    "Described are devices, methods, techniques and systems for locating a portable services access transceiver (PSAT) for use in aiding emergency \u201c911\u201d services. In one implementation, one or more conditions indicative of movement of a PSAT may initiate a process for obtaining a new estimated location of the PSAT. In another implementation, a location of a PSAT may be determined or updated using indoor navigation techniques. 1. A method comprising, at a personal service access transceiver (PSAT): communicating with a location server to obtain indoor navigation assistance parameters; acquiring one or more indoor navigation signals; and computing an estimate of a location of said PSAT based, at least in part, on application of characteristics of at least one of said acquired signals to said indoor navigation assistance parameters. 2. The method of claim 1, and further comprising using said computed estimate in providing at least one navigation service. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein communicating with said location server to obtain indoor navigation assistance parameters further comprises: associating a current location of said PSAT with a context handle based, at least in part, on parameters indicative of said current location; and requesting said indoor navigation assistance parameters based, at least in part, on said context handle. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said parameters of said current location comprise a most recently received satellite positioning system (SPS) position fix. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said parameters of said current location comprises a user-entered location. 6. The method of claim 3, and further comprising: detecting that said PSAT has been relocated based, at least in part, on acquisition of at least one signal from a transmitter positioned at a known location. 7. The method of claim 6, and further comprising: determining an updated context handle in response to detecting that said PSAT has been relocated; obtaining updated indoor navigation assistance parameters from said location server based, at least in part, on said updated context handle; and computing an updated estimate of said location based, at least in part, on said updated indoor navigation assistance parameters. 8. The method of claim of claim 1, and further comprising forwarding said estimated location of said PSAT to a Public Safety Answering Point for use as a proximity position. 9. The method of claim 1, and further comprising: selecting a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) based, at least in part, on said estimated location of said PSAT; and routing a call to said selected PSAP in response to detection of an emergency event. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein communicating with said location server to obtain indoor navigation assistance parameters comprises: transmitting a request message to said location server over a wired connection and without use of a wireless access service; and receiving said indoor navigation assistance parameters over said wired connection and without use of a wireless access service. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said wired connection comprises an internet protocol connection over a cable service. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said wired connection comprises a backhaul connection to a base station controller. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said request message comprises a context handle indicative of an approximate location of said PSAT. 14. A portable service access transceiver (PSAT) comprising: a receiver to acquire wirelessly transmitted signals; and a processor configured to: communicate with a location server to obtain indoor navigation assistance parameters; obtain characteristics one or more indoor navigation signals acquired at said receiver; and compute an estimate of a location of said PSAT based, at least in part, on application of characteristics of at least one of said acquired signals to said indoor navigation assistance parameters. 15. The PSAT of claim 14, and further comprising a wired communication adapter for transmitting and receiving messages over a wired communication link, and wherein said processor is further configured to: initiate transmission of a request message to said location server through said wired communication adapter and over a wired communication link and without use of a wireless access service; and obtain said indoor navigation assistance parameters received at said wired communication adapter in response to said request message over said wired communication link and without use of a wireless access service. 16. The PSAT of claim 15, wherein said wired communication link comprises a cable for receiving an Internet Protocol service. 17. The PSAT of claim 15, wherein said wired communication link comprises a backhaul connection to a base station controller. 18. The PSAT of claim 15, wherein said request message comprises a context handle indicative of an approximate location of said PSAT. 19. The PSAT of claim 15, wherein said processor is further to forward an estimated location of said PSAT to a Public Safety Answering Point. 20. The PSAT of claim 15, wherein said processor is further configured to: select a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) based, at least in part, on an estimated location of said PSAT; and route a call to said selected PSAP in response to detection of an emergency event. 21. A method comprising, at a server: transmitting indoor navigation assistance parameters to a portable service access transceiver (PSAT); receiving an estimate of a location of said PSAT determined based, at least in part, on said transmitted indoor navigation assistance parameters; and updating said indoor navigation assistance parameters in a storage medium to include said received estimate of said location of said PSAT and an identifier of said PSAT, said updated indoor navigation assistance parameters to be made available to mobile devices. 22. The method of claim 21, and further comprising; assessing a reliability or accuracy of said estimate of said location of said PSAT; and wherein updating said indoor navigation assistance parameters further comprises selectively including said estimate of said location of said PSAT in said indoor positioning assistance parameters based, at least in part, on said assessed reliability or accuracy. 23. The method of claim 22, and wherein assessing said reliability or accuracy of said estimate of said location comprises comparing an estimated variance of said estimate of said location of said PSAT to a threshold. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said identifier of said PSAT comprises a MAC address or Cell ID. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein said updated indoor navigation assistance parameters comprises estimated locations of at least three transmitters including said estimate of said location of said PSAT. 26. A server comprising: a communication interface; and one or more processors configured to: initiate transmission of indoor navigation assistance parameters to a portable service access transceiver (PSAT); obtain an estimate of a location of said PSAT received at said communication interface and determined based, at least in part, on said transmitted indoor navigation assistance parameters; and update said indoor navigation assistance parameters in a storage medium to include said received estimate of said location of said PSAT and an identifier of said PSAT, said updated indoor navigation assistance parameters to be made available to mobile devices for positioning operations. 27. The server of claim 26, wherein said one or more processors are further configured to; assess a reliability or accuracy of said estimate of said location of said PSAT; and update said indoor navigation assistance parameters further by selectively including said estimate of said location of said PSAT in said indoor positioning assistance parameters based, at least in part, on said assessed reliability or accuracy. 28. The server of claim 27, wherein said reliability or accuracy of said estimate of said location is to be assessed by comparing an estimated variance of said estimate of said location of said PSAT to a threshold. 29. The server of claim 26, wherein said identifier of said PSAT is to comprise a MAC address or Cell ID. 30. The server of claim 26, wherein said updated indoor navigation assistance parameters is to comprise estimated locations of at least three transmitters to include said estimate of said location of said PSAT.",
-    "An audio decoder for providing at least four audio channel signals on the basis of an encoded representation is configured to provide a first residual signal and a second residual signal on the basis of a jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal using a multi-channel decoding. The audio decoder is configured to provide a first audio channel signal and a second audio channel signal on the basis of a first downmix signal and the first residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding. The audio decoder is configured to provide a third audio channel signal and a fourth audio channel signal on the basis of a second downmix signal and the second residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding. An audio encoder is based on corresponding considerations. 1. An audio decoder for providing at least four audio channel signals on the basis of an encoded representation, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide a first residual signal and a second residual signal on the basis of a jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal using a multi-channel decoding which exploits similarities and/or dependencies between the residual signals; wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide a first audio channel signal and a second audio channel signal on the basis of a first downmix signal and the first residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding; and wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide a third audio channel signal and a fourth audio channel signal on the basis of a second downmix signal and the second residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding. 2. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal on the basis of a jointly-encoded representation of the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal using a multi-channel decoding. 3. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first residual signal and the second residual signal on the basis of the jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal using a prediction-based multi-channel decoding. 4. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first residual signal and the second residual signal on the basis of the jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding. 5. The audio decoder according to claim 3, wherein the prediction-based multi-channel decoding is configured to evaluate a prediction parameter describing a contribution of a signal component, which is derived using a signal component of a previous frame, to the provision of the residual signals of the current frame. 6. The audio decoder according to claim 3, wherein the prediction-based multi-channel decoding is configured to acquire the first residual signal and the second residual signal on the basis of a downmix signal of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal and on the basis of a common residual signal of the first residual signal and the second residual signal. 7. The audio decoder according to claim 6, wherein the prediction-based multi-channel decoding is configured to apply the common residual signal with a first sign, to acquire the first residual signal, and to apply the common residual signal with a second sign, which is opposite to the first sign, to acquire the second residual signal. 8. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first residual signal and the second residual signal on the basis of the jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal using a multi-channel decoding which is operative in a MDCT domain. 9. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first residual signal and the second residual signal on the basis of the jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal using a USAC Complex Stereo Prediction. 10. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal on the basis of the first downmix signal and the first residual signal using a parameter-based residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding; and wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal on the basis of the second downmix signal and the second residual signal using a parameter-based residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding. 11. The audio-decoder according to claim 10, wherein the parameter-based residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding is configured to evaluate one or more parameters describing a desired correlation between two channels and/or level differences between two channels in order to provide the two or more audio channel signals on the basis of a respective one of the downmix signals and a corresponding one of the residual signals. 12. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configure to provide the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal on the basis of the first downmix signal and the first residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding which is operative in a QMF domain; and wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal on the basis of the second downmix signal and the second residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding which is operative in the QMF domain. 13. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal on the basis of the first downmix signal and the first residual signal using a MPEG Surround 2-1-2 decoding or a Unified Stereo Decoding; and wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal on the basis of the second downmix signal and the second residual signal using a MPEG Surround 2-1-2 decoding or a Unified Stereo Decoding. 14. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the first residual signal and the second residual signal are associated with different horizontal positions of an audio scene or with different azimuth positions of the audio scene. 15. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal are associated with vertically neighboring positions of an audio scene, and wherein the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal are associated with vertically neighboring positions of the audio scene. 16. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal are associated with a first horizontal position or azimuth position of an audio scene, and wherein the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal are associated with a second horizontal position or azimuth position of the audio scene, which is different from the first horizontal position or the first azimuth position. 17. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the first residual signal is associated with a left side of an audio scene, and wherein the second residual signal is associated with a right side of an audio scene. 18. The audio encoder according to claim 17, wherein the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal are associated with the left side of the audio scene, and wherein the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal are associated with the right side of the audio scene. 19. The audio decoder according to claim 18, wherein the first audio channel signal is associated with a lower left position of the audio scene, wherein the second audio channel signal is associated with an upper left position of the audio scene, wherein the third audio channel signal is associated with a lower right position of the audio scene, and wherein the fourth audio channel signal is associated with an upper right position of the audio scene. 20. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal on the basis of a jointly-encoded representation of the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal using a multi-channel decoding, wherein the first downmix signal is associated with a left side of an audio scene and the second downmix signal is associated with a right side of the audio scene. 21. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal on the basis of a jointly encoded representation of the first downmix signal and of the second downmix signal using a prediction-based multi-channel decoding. 22. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal on the basis of a jointly encoded representation of the first downmix signal and of the second downmix signal using a residual-signal-assisted prediction-based multi-channel decoding. 23. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to perform a first multi-channel bandwidth extension on the basis of the first audio channel signal and the third audio channel signal, and wherein the audio decoder is configured to perform a second multi-channel bandwidth extension on the basis of the second audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal. 24. The audio decoder according to claim 23, wherein the audio decoder is configured to perform the first multi-channel bandwidth extension in order to acquire two or more bandwidth-extended audio channel signals associated with a first common horizontal plane or a first common elevation of an audio scene on the basis of the first audio channel signal and the third audio channel signal and one or more bandwidth extension parameters, and wherein the audio decoder is configured to perform the second multi-channel bandwidth extension in order to acquire two or more bandwidth-extended audio channel signals associated with a second common horizontal plane or a second common elevation of the audio scene on the basis of the second audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal and one or more bandwidth extension parameters. 25. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and of the second residual signal comprises a channel pair element comprising a downmix signal of the first and second residual signal and a common residual signal of the first and second residual signal. 26. The audio decoder according to claim 1, wherein the audio decoder is configured to provide the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal on the basis of a jointly-encoded representation of the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal using a multi-channel decoding, wherein the jointly encoded representation of the first downmix signal and of the second downmix signal comprises a channel pair element comprising a downmix signal of the first and second downmix signal and a common residual signal of the first and second downmix signal. 27. An audio encoder for providing an encoded representation on the basis of at least four audio channel signals, wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode at least a first audio channel signal and a second audio channel signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel encoding, to acquire a first downmix signal and a first residual signal; and wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode at least a third audio channel signal and a fourth audio channel signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel encoding, to acquire a second downmix signal and a second residual signal; and wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode the first residual signal and the second residual signal using a multi-channel encoding which exploits similarities and/or dependencies between the residual signals, to acquire a jointly encoded representation of the residual signals. 28. The audio encoder according to claim 27, wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal using a multi-channel encoding, to acquire a jointly encoded representation of the downmix signals. 29. The audio encoder according to claim 28, wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode the first residual signal and the second residual signal using a prediction-based multi-channel encoding, and wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal using a prediction-based multi-channel encoding. 30. The audio encoder according to claim 27, wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode at least the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal using a parameter-based residual-signal-assisted multi-channel encoding, and wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode at least the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal using a parameter-based residual-signal-assisted multi-channel encoding. 31. The audio encoder according to claim 27, wherein the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal are associated with vertically neighboring positions of an audio scene, and wherein the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal are associated with vertically neighboring positions of the audio scene. 32. The audio encoder according to claim 27, wherein the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal are associated with a first horizontal position or azimuth position of an audio scene, and wherein the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal are associated with a second horizontal position or azimuth position of the audio scene, which is different from the first horizontal position or azimuth position. 33. The audio encoder according to claim 27, wherein the first residual signal is associated with a left side of an audio scene, and wherein the second residual signal is associated with a right side of the audio scene. 34. The audio encoder according to claim 33, wherein the first audio channel signal and the second audio channel signal are associated with the left side of the audio scene, and wherein the third audio channel signal and the fourth audio channel signal are associated with the right side of the audio scene. 35. The audio decoder according to claim 34, wherein the first audio channel signal is associated with a lower left position of the audio scene, wherein the second audio channel signal is associated with an upper left position of the audio scene, wherein the third audio channel signal is associated with a lower right position of the audio scene, and wherein the fourth audio channel signal is associated with an upper right position of the audio scene. 36. The audio encoder according to claim 27, wherein the audio encoder is configured to jointly encode the first downmix signal and the second downmix signal using a multi-channel encoding, to acquire a jointly encoded representation of the downmix signals, wherein the first downmix signal is associated with a left side of an audio scene and the second downmix signal is associated with a right side of the audio scene. 37. A method for providing at least four audio channel signals on the basis of an encoded representation, the method comprising: providing a first residual signal and a second residual signal on the basis of a jointly encoded representation of the first residual signal and the second residual signal using a multi-channel decoding which exploits similarities and/or dependencies between the residual signals; providing a first audio channel signal and a second audio channel signal on the basis of a first downmix signal and the first residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding; and providing a third audio channel signal and a fourth audio channel signal on the basis of a second downmix signal and the second residual signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel decoding. 38. A method for providing an encoded representation on the basis of at least four audio channel signals, the method comprising: jointly encoding at least a first audio channel signal and a second audio channel signal using a residual-signal assisted multi-channel encoding, to acquire a first downmix signal and a first residual signal; jointly encoding at least a third audio channel signal and a fourth audio channel signal using a residual-signal-assisted multi-channel encoding, to acquire a second downmix signal and a second residual signal; and jointly encoding the first residual signal and the second residual signal using a multi-channel encoding which exploits similarities and/or dependencies between the residual signals, to acquire an encoded representation of the residual signals. 39. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method according to claim 37. 40. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method according to claim 38. 41-43. (canceled)",
-    "Disclosed are a catalyst system and its use in a process for the conversion of a feedstock containing C8+ aromatic hydrocarbons to produce light aromatic products, comprising benzene, toluene and xylene. The catalyst system comprises (a) a first catalyst bed comprising a first catalyst composition, said first catalyst composition comprising a zeolite having a constraint index of 3 to 12 combined (i) optionally with at least one first metal of Group 10 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, and (ii) optionally with at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 of the IUPAC Periodic Table; and (b) a second catalyst bed comprising a second catalyst composition, said second catalyst composition comprising (i) a meso-mordenite zeolite, combined (ii) optionally with at least one first metal of Group 10 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, and (iii) optionally with at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, wherein said meso-mordenite zeolite is synthesized from TEA or MTEA and having a mesopore surface area of greater than 30 m2/g and said meso-mordenite zeolite comprises agglomerates composed of primary crystallites, wherein said primary crystallites have an average primary crystal size as measured by TEM of less than 80 nm and an aspect ratio of less than 2. 1. A catalyst system for conversion of C8+ aromatic hydrocarbons to lighter aromatic products, said catalyst system comprising: (a) a first catalyst bed comprising a first catalyst composition, said first catalyst composition comprising a zeolite having a constraint index of 3 to 12; and (b) a second catalyst bed comprising a second catalyst composition, said second catalyst composition comprising (i) a meso-mordenite zeolite, wherein said meso-mordenite zeolite is synthesized from tetraethylammonium cation (TEA) or methyltriethylammonium cation (MTEA) and has a mesopore surface area of greater than 30 m2/g and comprises agglomerates of primary crystallites, wherein said primary crystallites have an average primary crystal size as measured by TEM of less than 80 nm and an aspect ratio of less than 2. 2. The catalyst system of claim 1, wherein said zeolite has a constraint index of 3 to 12 is selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-50, ZSM-57, ZSM-58, a MCM-22 family material and mixtures of two or more thereof. 3. The catalyst system of claim 2, wherein said MCM-22 family material is selected from the group consisting of MCM-22, PSH-3, SSZ-25, MCM-36, MCM-49, MCM-56, ERB-1, EMM-10, EMM-10-P, EMM-12, EMM-13, UZM-8, UZM-8HS, ITQ-1, ITQ-2, ITQ-30 and mixtures of two or more thereof. 4. The catalyst system of claim 1, wherein said first catalyst composition and/or said second catalyst composition further comprises 0.005 to 5.0 wt. % of at least one first metal of Group 10 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, based on the weight of said first catalyst composition and/or said second catalyst composition, respectively. 5. The catalyst system of claim 4, wherein said first catalyst composition and/or said second catalyst composition further comprises 0.01 to 5.0 wt. % of at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, based on the weight of said first catalyst composition and/or said second catalyst composition, respectively. 6. The catalyst system of claim 4, wherein said at least first metal of Group 10 is selected from the group consisting of nickel, platinum, palladium and mixtures thereof. 7. The catalyst system of claim 6, wherein said first metal is platinum. 8. The catalyst system of claim 5, wherein said at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 is selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, silver, gallium, indium, tin, bismuth and a mixture of two or more thereof. 9. The catalyst system of claim 8, wherein said second metal is gallium. 10. The catalyst system of claim 8, wherein said second metal is copper. 11. The catalyst system of claim 1, wherein said average primary crystal size of less than 80 nm is in each of the a, b and c crystal vectors as measured by X-ray diffraction. 12. The catalyst system of claim 1, wherein at least 90% by number of said primary crystallites have a primary crystal size of less than 80 nm as measured by TEM. 13. The catalyst system of claim 1, wherein said meso-mordenite zeolite has a total surface area of greater than 500 m2/g. 14. The catalyst system of claim 1, wherein said first catalyst composition and/or said second catalyst composition further comprises at least one binder selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, clay, titania, zirconia and a mixture of two or more thereof. 15. A catalyst system comprising (a) a first catalyst bed comprising a first catalyst composition, said first catalyst composition comprising ZSM-5 or ZSM-11 combined with (i) 0.005 to 5.0 wt. % of platinum, based on the weight of said first catalyst composition, and/or (ii) 0.01 to 5.0 wt. % of gallium, copper or tin, based on the weight of said first catalyst composition, and (b) a second catalyst bed comprising a second catalyst composition, said second catalyst composition comprising (i) a meso-mordenite zeolite, combined with (ii) 0.005 to 5.0 wt. % of platinum, based on the weight of said second catalyst composition, and/or (iii) 0.01 to 5.0 wt. % of gallium, copper or tin, based on the weight of said second catalyst composition, said meso-mordenite zeolite synthesized from TEA or MTEA and having a mesopore surface area of greater than 30 m2/g and comprising agglomerates of primary crystallites, wherein said primary crystallites have an average primary crystal size as measured by TEM of less than 80 nm and an aspect ratio of less than 2. 16. A process for conversion of C8+ aromatic hydrocarbons to lighter aromatic products, the process comprising the steps of: a) contacting a first feedstock comprising said C8+ aromatic hydrocarbons and optionally hydrogen in the presence of a first catalyst composition under suitable conversion conditions to produce a second feedstock, said first catalyst composition comprising a zeolite having a constraint index of 3 to 12 combined with (i) at least one first metal of Group 10 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, and/or (ii) at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 of the IUPAC Periodic Table; and b) contacting said second feedstock with a second catalyst composition to produce said lighter aromatic products comprising xylenes, benzene, toluene and mixtures of two or more thereof, said second catalyst composition comprising: (i) a meso-mordenite zeolite synthesized from TEA or MTEA and having a mesopore surface area of greater than 30 m2/g and comprising agglomerates of primary crystallites, wherein said primary crystallites have an average primary crystal size as measured by TEM of less than 80 nm and an aspect ratio of less than 2, combined with (ii) at least one first metal of Group 10 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, and/or (iii) at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 of the IUPAC Periodic Table. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein said zeolite having a constraint index of 3 to 12 is selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-50, ZSM-57, ZSM-58, a MCM-22 family material and mixtures of two or more thereof. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein said MCM-22 family material is selected from the group consisting of MCM-22, PSH-3, SSZ-25, MCM-36, MCM-49, MCM-56, ERB-1, EMM-10, EMM-10-P, EMM-12, EMM-13, UZM-8, UZM-8HS, ITQ-1, ITQ-2, ITQ-30 and mixtures of two or more thereof. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein said at least first metal of Group 10 is selected from the group consisting of nickel, platinum, palladium and mixtures thereof. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein said at least one second metal of Group 11 to 15 is selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, silver, gallium, indium, tin, bismuth and a mixture of two or more thereof. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein said C8+ aromatic hydrocarbons comprises aromatic compounds having nine or more carbon atoms. 22. The process of claim 16, wherein said feedstock further comprises benzene, toluene or a mixture thereof. 23. The process of claim 16, wherein said C8+ aromatic hydrocarbons comprises aromatic compounds having a boiling point in the range of 135\u00b0 C. to 260\u00b0 C. at atmospheric pressure. 24. The process of claim 16, wherein said suitable conversion conditions include at least a temperature of 340\u00b0 C. to 515\u00b0 C., a pressure from 380 kPa (55 psia) to 4240 kPa (615 psia) and a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) in the range of 1 to 100 hr\u22121 based on the weight of said feedstock. 25. The process of claim 16, further comprising a reactor for contacting said first feedstock and said feedstock, said reactor comprising at least one first catalyst bed in fluid communication with a second catalyst bed, said first catalyst bed having said first catalyst composition and said second catalyst bed having said second catalyst composition.",
-    "A chassis structure is disclosed. A chassis includes a plate-like body in which a foam layer is located between a pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates, and a frame body formed of a thermoplastic resin and joined to a peripheral portion of the plate-like body. The plate-like body is configured such that its peripheral portion is formed by an ear-like joint portion where the pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates are joined together without the foam layer located therebetween, thereby sealing the foam layer inside the pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates. The frame body is joined to the plate-like body in a state where the frame body is in contact with the joint portion. 1. A chassis comprising: a plate-like body having a foam layer located between a pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates; and a frame body formed of a thermoplastic resin and joined to a peripheral portion of said plate-like body, wherein said plate-like body is configured such that said peripheral portion of said plate-like body is formed by an ear-like joint portion where said pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates are joined together without said foam layer located therebetween, thereby sealing said foam layer inside said pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates, wherein said frame body is joined to said plate-like body in a state where said frame body is in contact with said joint portion. 2. The chassis of claim 1, wherein said joint portion has a flat plate portion along an outer surface of said chassis; and said frame body is joined to an inner surface of said flat plate portion. 3. The chassis of claim 2, wherein said flat plate portion extends to an edge of at least a part of said chassis. 4. The chassis of claim 3, wherein said joint portion has a bent portion formed by bending said flat plate portion at said edge of said chassis, wherein said frame body is joined to an inner surface of said bent portion. 5. The chassis of claim L, wherein each fiber-reinforced resin plate contains a carbon fiber. 6. The chassis of claim 1, wherein said foam layer has a planar shape whose external shape is smaller than each fiber-reinforced resin plate, and is disposed inward of peripheral portions of said pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates. 7. The chassis of claim 1, wherein said frame body is joined to said plate-like body by injection-molding said thermoplastic resin. 8. A portable electronic device comprising: a body having a keyboard; and a lid containing a display, wherein said lid includes a plate-like body having a foam layer located between a pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates; and a frame body formed of a thermoplastic resin and joined to a peripheral portion of said plate-like body, wherein said plate-like body is configured such that said peripheral portion of said plate-like body is formed by an ear-like joint portion where said pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates are joined together without said foam layer located therebetween, thereby sealing said foam layer inside said pair of fiber-reinforced resin plates, wherein said frame body is joined to said plate-like body m a state where said frame body is in contact with said joint portion.",
-    "A device with concurrent long-term evolution (LTE) and WLAN uplink transmission includes a WLAN transceiver coupled to an LTE transceiver via an interface. The LTE transceiver includes an LTE Layer-1 module that determines whether an LTE data downlink activity is scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame. When determination is made that the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame, a message may be communicated through the interface to notify the WLAN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication. The LTE time frame includes multiple LTE downlink sub-frames each including the first portion and a second portion. The first portion provides the information that indicates whether the LTE data downlink activity is scheduled for the second portion of that LTE sub-frame. 1. A method for facilitating concurrent long-term evolution (LTE) and wireless local-area network (WLAN) transmission, the method comprising: determining whether an LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame of an LTE transceiver, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a plurality of LTE downlink sub-frames, and each LTE downlink sub-frame includes the first portion and a second portion; and based on the determination, facilitating communication of a notification from the LTE transceiver to notify a WLN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication, wherein the notification includes a wireless coexistence interface (WCI) message. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame is based on information in the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) portion. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) portion, wherein the WLAN communication comprises one of WLAN uplink or WLAN downlink. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending an LTE-uplink occasion indication to the WLAN transceiver approximately two milli-second in advance, and wherein sending LTE-uplink occasion indication comprises sending a WCI-2 type-0 message. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending an LTE-downlink occasion indication to the WLAN transceiver approximately one milli-second in advance, wherein sending the LTE-downlink occasion indication comprises sending a WCI-2 type-0 message. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein communication of the notification including the WCI message comprises communication of a WCI-2 type-6 message. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein communication of the WCI-2 type-6 message causes the WLAN transceiver to override a WCI-2 type-0 message indicating an LTE-uplink occasion, received approximately one milli-second ago. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising causing the WLAN transceiver to immediately start WLAN uplink transmission by using the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, in response to receiving the WCI-2 type-6 message. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the LTE time frame comprises an LTE-frequency-division duplexing (FDD) time frame, and wherein the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises an LTE-FDD sub-frame, in which simultaneous LTE data downlink and LTE data uplink activities are allowed. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a multi-frequency LTE-FDD time frame with separate LTE-FDD sub-frames allocated for simultaneous LTE data uplink and LTE data downlink activities at each frequency, and wherein determining whether the LTE data downlink is not scheduled comprises determining whether simultaneous LTE-FDD data downlink is not scheduled for the LTE-FDD sub-frame of all frequencies. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the LTE transceiver and the WLAN transceiver are coexisting on a single device, wherein the single device comprises a mobile communication device. 12. A device with concurrent long-term evolution (LTE) and wireless local-area network (WLAN) transmission, the device comprising: a WLAN transceiver; and an LTE transceiver coupled to the WLAN transceiver via an interface, the LTE transceiver comprising an LTE Layer-1 module configured to: determine whether an LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame; and based on the determination, facilitate communication of a wireless coexistence interface (WCI) message from the LTE transceiver to notify a WLN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a plurality of LTE downlink sub-frames, and each LTE downlink sub-frame includes the first portion and a second portion. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is configured to determine whether the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame based on information in the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) portion. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) portion, and wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is further configured to send an LTE-uplink occasion indication comprising a WCI-2 type-0 message to the WLAN transceiver approximately two milli-seconds in advance. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the WLAN communication comprises one of WLAN uplink or WLAN downlink. 16. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is configured to send an LTE-downlink occasion indication to the WLAN transceiver approximately one milli-second in advance, and wherein the LTE-downlink occasion indication comprises a wireless-coexistence interface (WCI)-2 type-0 message. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE Layer-1 module is configured to facilitate communication of the WCI message by communicating a WCI-2 type-6 message causing the WLAN transceiver to override a WCI-2 type-0 message indicating an LTE-uplink occasion, received approximately one milli-second ago and to immediately start WLAN uplink transmission by using the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame. 18. The device of claim 12, wherein the LTE time frame comprises an LTE-frequency-division duplexing (FDD) time frame, and wherein the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises an LTE-FDD sub-frame, in which simultaneous LTE data downlink and LTE data uplink activities are allowed. 19. A communication system comprising: memory; one or more processors coupled to the memory and configured to execute one or more program modules to perform: determining whether a long-term evolution (LTE) data downlink activity is not scheduled for an LTE downlink sub-frame of an LTE time frame, based on information in a first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, wherein the LTE time frame comprises a plurality of LTE downlink sub-frames, and each LTE downlink sub-frame includes the first portion and a second portion; and based on the determination, facilitating communication of a notification from the LTE transceiver to notify a WLN transceiver that the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame is available for WLAN communication, wherein the notification includes a wireless coexistence interface (WCI) message. 20. The communication system of claim 19, wherein: determining whether the LTE data downlink activity is not scheduled for the LTE downlink sub-frame is based on information in the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame, the first portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) portion, the second portion of the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) portion, the LTE time frame comprises an LTE-frequency-division duplexing (FDD) time frame, and the LTE downlink sub-frame comprises the LTE-FDD sub-frame, in which simultaneous LTE data downlink and LTE data uplink activities are allowed.",
-    "Provided is a speaker and microphone integrated display panel including: a display panel having a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area; and a simultaneously convertible film type speaker or film type microphone which is mounted to correspond to an air hole in the non-display area, in which the display panel and the film type speaker or the film type microphone are at least partially integrated so as to be drive-connected. 1. A speaker and microphone integrated display panel, comprising: a display panel having a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area; and a simultaneously convertible film type speaker or film type microphone which is mounted to correspond to an air hole in the non-display area, wherein the display panel and the film type speaker or the film type microphone are at least partially integrated so as to be drive-connected. 2. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 1, wherein the display panel includes: upper and lower substrates arranged opposite to each other, a window layer positioned so as to protect the upper and lower substrates and having the air hole formed therein, a polarization layer positioned between the upper substrate and the window layer to polarize light emitted from the upper substrate, and a synthetic resin passivation layer covering the polarization layer. 3. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 2, wherein the film type speaker or film type microphone includes: a film type speaker or microphone substrate, a protection cap mounted in the air hole to protect the film type speaker or microphone substrate, and an upper film speaker electrode layer or upper film microphone electrode layer which is an upper electrode layer, and a lower film speaker electrode layer or a lower film microphone electrode layer which is a lower electrode layer, the upper and lower electrode layers being connected to at least one adhesive portion made of an anisotropic conductive material. 4. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 3, wherein: the upper substrate and the lower substrate are offset from each other, so as to expose first and second pad portions to which a signal line of the display panel is connected, and the exposed first and second pad portions are connected to first and second flexible printed circuit (FPC) units, the first and second FPC units also being connected to the lower film speaker electrode layer and the lower film microphone electrode layer. 5. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 3, wherein: the upper substrate and the lower substrate are disposed so that at least one edge of the upper substrate is substantially coplanar with at least one edge of the lower substrate, a common contact pad portion is formed within the synthetic resin passivation layer to be connected to a transparent electrode layer that is both disposed below the polarization layer and connected to first and second flexible printed circuit (FPC) units, and the first and second FPC units are connected to the lower film speaker electrode layer and the lower film microphone electrode layer. 6. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 5, wherein: the lower film speaker electrode layer or the lower film microphone electrode layer comprises a metal electrode layer having greater conductivity than that of the transparent electrode layer. 7. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 3, wherein: the upper substrate and the lower substrate are disposed so that at least one edge of the upper substrate is substantially coplanar with at least one edge of the lower substrate, and the lower film speaker electrode layer or the lower film microphone electrode layer extends to be connected to a transparent electrode layer disposed below the polarization layer, to thereby be drive-connected. 8. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 7, wherein: the lower film speaker electrode layer or the lower film microphone electrode layer comprises a same material as that of the transparent electrode layer. 9. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 5, wherein: the upper substrate is a thin film encapsulation (TFE) layer having a plurality of layers that include at least one organic encapsulation layer or inorganic encapsulation layer. 10. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 9, wherein: the lower substrate is a flexible substrate comprising at least one of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), acryl, and polyester. 11. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 3, wherein: the upper substrate and the lower substrate are disposed so that at least one edge of the upper substrate is substantially coplanar with at least one edge of the lower substrate, a common contact pad portion is formed within the polarization layer to be connected to a transparent electrode layer that is both disposed within the polarization layer and connected to first and second flexible printed circuit (FPC) units, and the first and second FPC units are connected to the lower film speaker electrode layer and the lower film microphone electrode layer. 12. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 11, wherein: the polarization layer is a rigid polarizer. 13. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 11, wherein: the upper substrate is a thin film encapsulation (TFE) layer having a plurality of layers that include at least one organic encapsulation layer or inorganic encapsulation layer, and the polarization layer comprises a flexible substrate. 14. The speaker and microphone integrated display panel of claim 7, wherein: the upper substrate is a thin film encapsulation (TFE) layer having a plurality of layers that include at least one organic encapsulation layer or inorganic encapsulation layer.",
-    "Wireless network data router for a vehicle, and operating method thereof, comprising: a multi-connection interface for wireless access in vehicular environments, herewith WAVE; a wireless local area network, herewith Wi-Fi, interface; a mobile network data interface; a downlink data connection for the vehicle and/or users in the vehicle and its vicinity; a data processing unit for routing data between said interfaces; wherein the data processing unit is configured to: calculate a score for each reachable network on the WAVE, Wi-Fi and mobile network interfaces; switch the uplink connection of the wireless network data router to the reachable network with the best score. Also a wireless network data router for vehicles for connecting vehicles to the Internet through a multi-network device, said router being a mobile router suitable to form a mesh network of connected vehicles, wherein the router is arranged for using parked cars for redistributing Wi-Fi signal from fixed hotspots. 1. (canceled) 2. A mobile wireless network data router configured to connect vehicles to an Internet infrastructure through a multi-technology network device; wherein the router is configured to form a mesh network of vehicles connected to the infrastructure, and further wherein the router is configured to redistribute a Wi-Fi signal from a fixed hotspot among a plurality of parked vehicles. 3. The wireless network data router of claim 2, wherein the router is further configured to connect vehicles between themselves to perform Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (\u201cWAVE\u201d) through Dedicated Short Range Communications (\u201cDSRC\u201d) and connect to the infrastructure through cellular or other wireless connections, and wherein the router is further configured with a connection manager that selects active technologies by seamlessly switching between technologies according to the position and quality of reachable networks. 4. The wireless network data router of claim 3, further comprising: a multi-connection interface for the WAVE; a wireless local area network interface; a mobile network data interface; a downlink data connection interface for the vehicle and/or users in the vehicle and the vehicle's vicinity; and a data processing unit configured to rout data between the interfaces; wherein the data processing unit is further configured to: calculate a score for each reachable network on the WAVE, wireless local area network and mobile network interfaces; switch an uplink connection of the wireless network data router to the reachable network with a respective score within a threshold of scores (the \u201cbest score\u201d). 5. The wireless network data router of claim 4, wherein the score is weighted as a function of parameters including: signal strength, number of hops to reach a wired infrastructure, node density, and expected contact time. 6. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein the weighted scoring is based on an analytic hierarchy process (\u201cAHP\u201d), wherein the parameters of number of hops to reach a wired infrastructure, of node density, and of expected contact time are grouped in a backdrop parameter group representing an AHP criteria group. 7. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein a expected contact time between the network data router of a vehicle i and a reachable network j of another vehicle or Wi-Fi hotspot or roadside unit (\u201cRSU\u201d), is derived from: - ( a \u00b7 c + b \u00b7 d ) \u00b1 ( c 2 + d 2 ) \u00b7 R 2 + ( b \u00b7 c - a \u00b7 d ) 2 c 2 + d 2 wherein, a=xj(0)\u2212xi(0) b=yj(0)\u2212yi(0) c=vj\u00b7cos(\u03b8j)\u2212vi\u00b7cos(\u03b8i) d=vj\u00b7sin(\u03b8j)\u2212vi\u00b7sin(\u03b8i) and further wherein x and y are, respectively, the positions of the vehicles or Wi-Fi hotspots or RSUs in a Cartesian coordinate system, v represents speed of vehicles and equal to 0 for Wi-Fi hotspots or RSUs, wherein \u03b8 is the angle formed with the road in which the vehicle is traveling, and R is the radio communication range of the WAVE or Wi-Fi connections. 8. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein the node density parameter is calculated by dividing the number of connected nodes by the number of maximum nodes in a reachable network. 9. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein the scoring weights are differentiated according to the current vehicle speed. 10. The wireless network data router of claim 9, wherein the scoring weights are differentiated according to one of three classes of current vehicle speed: stopped or moving below a first predetermined speed; moving above a first predetermined speed and below a second predetermined speed; or moving above a second predetermined speed; where the first predetermined speed is below the second predetermined speed. 11. The wireless network data router of claim 9, wherein the weighting scores are differentiated according to at least one of two classes of current vehicle speed: stopped or moving under a first predetermined speed; or moving over a first predetermined speed. 12. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein the score is a fuzzy logic weighted scoring. 13. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein the weighted scoring further includes a weight specific to each of the interfaces. 14. The wireless network data router of claim 2, wherein when the car is parked, the data processing unit is further configured to not use the mobile network data interface. 15. The wireless network data router of claim 5 wherein when the car is parked, the data processing unit is further configured to adjust the mobile network data interface weight to a value that prevents the data processing unit from selecting the mobile network data interface. 16. The wireless network data router of claim 5, wherein the data processing unit is further configured to refrain from switching the uplink connection of the wireless network data router to the reachable network with the best score until the sore of the reachable network with the best score is higher than the current network score by a predetermined hysteresis threshold. 17. The wireless network data router of claim 2, wherein the multi-connection interface for wireless access in the WAVE is a DSRC interface comprising IEEE 802.11p. 18. The wireless network data router of claim 2, wherein the Wi-Fi interface is an IEEE 802.11a/b/g and/or 802.11 In interface. 19. The wireless network data router of claim 2, wherein the mobile network data interface is a 3G, 4G, LTE, Advanced LTE and/or WiMax interface. 20. The wireless network data router of claim 2, further comprising a downlink data connection interface for the vehicle and/or users in the vehicle and the vehicle's vicinity is a wireless local area network including Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. 21. The wireless network data router according of claim 5, wherein the score is weighted by optimizing, for a number of simulation scenarios, the fitness function: F = 1 - D tx - D rx D tx \u00b7 \u03b1 - D rx 3 \ue89e G D tx \u00b7 \u03b2 - N h \u00b7 \u03b3 where Drx represents total received, Dtx represents total data transmitted, D_3G_rx represents data received by at least one cellular network, and Nh represents a number of handovers performed, and where alpha \u03b1, beta \u03b2 and gamma \u03b3 are coefficient weights of the fitness function F and the coefficient weights are variable according to the vehicle motion. 22. A method to connect vehicles to an Internet infrastructure through a multi-technology network device; forming, using a mobile wireless network data router, a mesh network of vehicles connected to the infrastructure, and redistributing, using the wireless network data router, a Wi-Fi signal from a fixed hotspot among a plurality of parked vehicles. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: connecting, using the wireless network data router, vehicles between themselves to perform Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (\u201cWAVE\u201d) through Dedicated Short Range Communications (\u201cDSRC\u201d); connecting, using the wireless network data router, the vehicles to the infrastructure through cellular or other wireless connections; and selecting, by a connection manager configured with the wireless network data router, active technologies by seamlessly switching between technologies according to the position and quality of reachable networks.",
-    "A search system and method for searching for electronic documents, and providing a search result in response to a search query. In one embodiment, the search system includes a processor, a user interface module adapted to receive a search query from a user that includes a search query term, a search engine that electronically searches for electronic documents that satisfy the search query term, and a query processing module that identifies at least one alternative term for the search query term, and provides the alternative term to the user interface module for display to the user, and also provides the alternative term to the search engine to search for electronic documents that satisfy the alternative term. 1. A search system for searching for electronic documents, and providing a search result in response to a search query, comprising: a processor; a database, wherein terms in the database are grouped in a cluster based on the terms belonging to a same word sense; a user interface module adapted to receive a search query from a user, said search query having at least two search query terms; a query processing module that automatically determines a single, assumed word sense for one of the search query terms of the at least two search query terms selected from a list of retrieved senses for the search query term based on other search query terms of the at least two search query terms, wherein the query processing module identifies a plurality of any available alternative terms for the one of the search query terms from a cluster based on the determined sense, wherein the alternative terms include any available synonyms that are within the determined sense; a search engine that electronically searches for electronic documents that satisfy said determined sense of said at least one search query term; and wherein said user interface module is further adapted to display search results received from the search engine. 2. The search system of claim 1, wherein said search engine executes a search based on said search query term and said plurality of any available alternative terms simultaneously. 3. The search system of claim 2, wherein said user interface only displays said search results that satisfy at least one search query term and ranks said search results based at least in part on whether said search results satisfy said any available alternative terms. 4. The search system of claim 1, wherein said processing module automatically determines the single assumed word sense utilizing a part of speech tagger. 5. The search system of claim 1, wherein said processing module automatically determines the single assumed word sense utilizing a database of word senses linked to contextual words. 6. The search system of claim 1, wherein said processing module automatically determines the single assumed word sense based whether the search query terms overlap previous search queries for the word sense. 7. The search system of claim 1, wherein said cluster is a collection of words grouped together based on having similar usage patterns. 8. The search system of claim 1, wherein documents that satisfy said determined sense of said at least one search query term are determined by context words around the word hits. 9. A computer implemented search method for electronically searching documents, and providing a search result in response to a search query, comprising: receiving, using a user interface module controlled by a computer processor, a search query from a user, said search query having at least two search query terms; electronically and automatically determining, using a query processing module controlled by a computer processor, a single, assumed sense of one term of the at least two search query terms selected form a list of retrieved senses for the one search query term based on other search query terms of the at least two search query terms; electronically identifying, using the query processing module controlled by a computer processor, a plurality of available alternative terms from a cluster of terms belonging to a same word sense for the at least one search query term based on the determined sense, wherein the plurality of available alternative terms include any available synonyms within the determined sense; and electronically executing a search, using a search engine, for electronic documents that satisfy at least the one of the at least two search query terms and the plurality of available alternative terms. 10. The search method of claim 9, further including executing the search based on said search query term and said plurality of available alternative terms simultaneously. 11. The search method of claim 10, further including displaying for the user, a part-of-speech in which said at least one search query term is presumed to be used. 12. The search method of claim 9, wherein said processing module automatically determines the single assumed word sense utilizing a part of speech tagger. 13. The search method of claim 9, wherein said processing module automatically determines the single assumed word sense utilizing a database of word senses linked to contextual words 14. The search method of claim 9, wherein said processing module automatically determines the single assumed word sense based whether the search query terms overlap previous search queries for the word sense. 15. A computer readable hardware medium with executable instructions stored thereon, which when executed by a computer processor, cause said computer to execute a method for searching for electronic documents, and providing a search result in response to a search query, the method comprising: receiving a search query from a user, said search query having at least two search query terms; electronically and automatically determining a single, assumed sense of one term of the at least two search query terms selected form a list of retrieved senses for the one search query term based on other search query terms of the at least two search query terms; electronically identifying a plurality of available alternative terms from a cluster of terms belonging to a same word sense for the at least one search query term based on the determined sense, wherein the plurality of available alternative terms include any available synonyms within the determined sense; and electronically executing a search for electronic documents that satisfy at least one of said search query term and the plurality of alternative terms. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising executing the search based on said search query term and said plurality of available alternative terms simultaneously. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising displaying for the user, a part-of-speech in which said at least one search query term is presumed to be used. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising automatically determining the single assumed word sense utilizing a part of speech tagger. 19. The computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising automatically determining the single assumed word sense utilizing a database of word senses linked to contextual words. 20. The computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising automatically determining the single assumed word sense based whether the search query terms overlap previous search queries for the word sense.",
-    "A Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) user equipment (UE) which provides enhanced caller ID capabilities. In particular, the UE may be a Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA) UE capable of using two SIMs and two radios so as to maintain two active voice calls simultaneously. The UE may include a single transmitter and one or more receivers. Mechanisms are described such that, when a first voice call is active, desirable services such as receiving and presenting caller ID information associated with this second call are provided to the user of the UE. 1. A user equipment device (UE) configured to perform voice transmission, comprising: at least two antennas; at least two SIMs; a single transmitter; at least two receivers; and one or more processors coupled to the single transmitter, the at least two receivers, and the at least two SIMs, wherein the UE is configured to: conduct a first voice call using the single transmitter and a first receiver and using a first protocol stack associated with a first SIM; receive a second voice call on the second receiver, wherein the second voice call is received concurrently with the conducting the first voice call, wherein the second voice call utilizes a second protocol stack associated with a second SIM; execute the first and second protocol stacks on the one or more processors to utilize the single transmitter in a time-sharing manner for a period of time to set up the incoming call, wherein caller ID information indicating a calling party of the second voice call is received during this period of time; and store the caller ID information of the second voice call for presentation to a user of the UE. 2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the UE is configured to discontinue execution of the second protocol stack in response to the caller ID information being received. 3. The UE of claim 1, further comprising: a display operable to present the caller ID information indicating the calling party of the second voice call after the first voice call completes. 4. The UE of claim 1, wherein the UE is further configured to: present the caller ID information on an external interface; and receive input selecting one of the first voice call or the second voice call based on the caller ID information. 5. The UE of claim 4, further comprising: a display operable to present the caller ID information indicating the calling party of the second voice call while the first voice call remains active. 6. The UE of claim 1, wherein, in sharing the single transmitter between the first and second protocol stacks, the UE is configured to: detect a page received for the second SIM associated with the second voice call; establish an RRC connection for RRC signaling messages; establish a NAS connection with a base station using the established RRC connection; send a page response message to the base station; and receive a call control setup message from the base station, wherein the call control setup message contains the caller ID information. 7. The UE of claim 1, wherein the UE implements Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS). 8. The UE of claim 1, wherein, during the period of time, the UE is further configured to: detect a page received for the second SIM associated with the second voice call; establish an RRC connection which includes Random Access and establish dedicated channel for RRC signaling messages; establish a NAS connection with the base station on top of established on RRC connection, which includes NAS authentication; send a page response message to the base station; and receive a CC setup message from the base station. 9. The UE of claim 1, wherein one or more of the at least two SIMs is an embedded SIM. 10. A user equipment device (UE) configured to perform voice transmission, comprising: at least two antennas; at least two SIMs; a single transmitter; at least two receivers; a display; and one or more processors coupled to the single transmitter, the at least two receivers, and the at least two SIMs, wherein the UE is configured to: establish a first voice call using the single transmitter and a first receiver and using a first protocol stack associated with a first SIM; receive a second voice call to a second SIM on the second receiver, wherein the second voice call is received concurrently with the conducting the first voice call, wherein the second voice call utilizes a second protocol stack associated with the second SIM; in response to the receiving the second voice call, execute the first and second protocol stacks on the one or more processors to utilize the single transmitter in a time-sharing manner for a period of time to set up the second voice call, wherein caller ID information indicating a calling party of the second voice call is received during this period of time; and display on the display the caller ID information indicating the calling party of the second voice call while the first voice call remains active. 11. The UE of claim 10, wherein the UE is further configured to: receive input selecting one of the first voice call or the second voice call; and in response to the input, discontinue execution of the protocol stack associated with the other of the selected one of the first voice call or the second voice call. 12. The UE of claim 11, wherein the UE is further configured to, in response to the input, execute only the protocol stack associated with the selected one of the first voice call or the second voice call. 13. The UE of claim 10, wherein the UE is further configured to perform blanking of transmissions of the first SIM on the single transmitter when the second SIM receives a page on the second receiver. 14. The UE of claim 10, wherein the UE is further configured to suspend transmissions of the first SIM when the second SIM performs a location update on one of the single transmitter or the second receiver. 15. The UE of claim 14, wherein the UE is further configured to continue receiving on the first receiver. 16. An apparatus configured to perform voice transmission, the apparatus comprising: a processing element for use in a mobile wireless device, wherein the processing element is configured to: conduct a first voice call using a single transmitter of the mobile wireless device and a first receiver of the mobile wireless device and using a first protocol stack associated with a first SIM; receive a second voice call on a second receiver of the mobile wireless device, wherein the second voice call is received concurrently with the conducting the first voice call, wherein the second voice call utilizes a second protocol stack associated with a second SIM; execute the first and second protocol stacks on one or more processors of the mobile wireless device to utilize the single transmitter in a time-sharing manner for a period of time to set up the incoming call, wherein caller ID information indicating a calling party of the second voice call is received during this period of time; and store the caller ID information of the second voice call for presentation to a user of the mobile wireless device. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the processing element is further configured to discontinue execution of the second protocol stack in response to the caller ID information being received. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the processing element is further configured to: receive input selecting one of the first voice call or the second voice call; and in response to the input, discontinue execution of the protocol stack associated with the other of the selected one of the first voice call or the second voice call. 19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first SIM is an eSIM and wherein the second SIM is a home SIM. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the processing element is further configured to present the caller ID information of the second voice call after the first voice call completes.",
-    "As disclosed herein, novel compositions including steroid hormones, such as trimegestone (TMG) and progesterone (P4), provide treatments for term and preterm labor with significant effects on the delay of delivery. Delay and block of delivery occurs when both P4 and TMG are administered late in gestation in pregnant rat and guinea pig animal models. TMG exhibits remarkable drug efficacy, achieving the same inhibition as P4, but at much lower doses. These hereto unknown effects of TMG on the processes of cervical ripening and uterine contraction provide a novel approach for extending pregnancy term, including reducing a likelihood of preterm and/or term labor, along with improved methods of administration. Other diseases and/or conditions may be treated with TMG, such as dysmenorrhea or luteal insufficiency for sustaining pregnancy. 1. A method of extending pregnancy term in a subject in need thereof, comprising: providing a quantity of a composition comprising a 19-norprogesterone, or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof; and administering the quantity of the composition to the subject in need thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the 19-norprogesterone comprises a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises one or more solubilizing factors. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more solubilizing factors is selected from the group consisting of: cyclodextrins, sesame oil, fish oil, corn oil, olive oil, coconut oil, krill oil, omega fatty acids, mineral oil, peppermint oil, flaxseed oil, vitamin E oil, argan oil, saline solution and glucose solution. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered through nasal, oral, subcutaneous, transmucosal, transdermal, parenteral, implantable pump, continuous infusion, topical, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, inhalation, rectal, non-vaginal and/or vaginal delivery. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering of one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: nifedipine, indomethacin, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin antagonists, and tocolytics. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more compounds is administered after administering the quantity of the composition comprising a 19-norprogesterone, or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered at least twice daily. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered to the subject in the range of: 0.01-0.1 mg, 0.1-0.5 mg 0.5-1 mg, 1-5 mg, 5-10 mg, 10-15 mg, 15-20 mg, and/or 20-100 mg. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pregnancy term is at least 22 weeks. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pregnancy term is at least 37 weeks. 12. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a 19-norprogesterone, or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the 19-norprogesterone comprises a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the composition further comprises one or more solubilizing factors. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more solubilizing factors is selected from the group consisting of: cyclodextrins, sesame oil, fish oil, corn oil, olive oil, coconut oil, krill oil, omega fatty acids, mineral oil, peppermint oil, flaxseed oil, vitamin E oil, argan oil, saline solution and glucose solution. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, further comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: nifedipine, indomethacin, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin antagonists, and tocolytics. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 provided in a dosage in the range of: 0.01-0.1 mg, 0.1-0.5 mg 0.5-1 mg, 1-5 mg, 5-10 mg, 10-15 mg, 15-20 mg, and/or 20-100 mg. 18. A method of treating a disease and/or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising: providing a quantity of a composition comprising a 19-norprogesterone, or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof; and administering the quantity of the composition to the subject in need thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the 19-norprogesterone comprises a compound of the formula: or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition further comprises one or more solubilizing factors. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more solubilizing factors is selected from the group consisting of: cyclodextrins, sesame oil, fish oil, corn oil, olive oil, coconut oil, krill oil, omega fatty acids, mineral oil, peppermint oil, flaxseed oil, vitamin E oil, argan oil, saline solution and glucose solution. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered through nasal, oral, subcutaneous, transmucosal, transdermal, parenteral, implantable pump, continuous infusion, topical, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, inhalation, rectal, non-vaginal and/or vaginal delivery. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein composition further comprises administering one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: nifedipine, indomethacin, magnesium sulfate, oxytocin antagonists, and tocolytics. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more compounds is administered after administering the quantity of the composition comprising a 19-norprogesterone, or a pharmaceutical equivalent, derivative, analog, and/or salt thereof. 25. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered twice daily. 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered to the subject in the range of: 0.01-0.1 mg, 0.1-0.5 mg 0.5-1 mg, 1-5 mg, 5-10 mg, 10-15 mg, 15-20 mg, and/or 20-100 mg. 27. The method of claim 18, wherein the disease and/or condition is selected from the group consisting of: preterm labor, term labor, luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and combinations thereof. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the disease and/or condition is dysmenorrhea. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the disease and/or condition is luteal insufficiency.",
-    "There is disclosed apparatuses and methods for a localized process system. The apparatuses and methods include a server for authenticating a user login for a localized process system; presenting a user with a project, comprising an asset, wherein the project is a movie, and wherein the asset is created for an original geographical territory; presenting a user with a display to order a localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is a version of the asset that is customized for a second geographical territory that is different than the original geographical territory; receiving user input to create subtitles for the localized version of the asset, wherein the user selects himself to enter the subtitles; presenting the user with a display of a timed-text script that displays a time of the asset, and the dialogue of the asset. 1. An apparatus comprising a storage medium storing a program having instructions which when executed by a processor will cause the processor to: authenticate a user login for a localized process system; present a user with a project, comprising an asset, wherein the asset is created for an original geographical territory; present the user with a display to order a localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is a version of the asset that is customized for a second geographical territory that is different than the original geographical territory; receive user input to create subtitles for the localized version of the asset, wherein the user selects a second user to enter the subtitles present the second user with a display of a timed-text script that displays a time of the asset, and the dialogue of the asset receive user input of a new subtitle that the second user entered on the display generate a new timed-text script with the new subtitle notify the user that the localized version of the asset is complete receive an order to create the localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is created using the new timed-text script. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the asset is an international trailer for the movie. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the user selects to preview the asset with the new subtitle before submitting an order for the localized version of the asset. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the asset is a red carpet interview recorded from a movie premier for the movie. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising receiving user input of new graphics for the localized version of the asset. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the user enters a third user's email address to provide the new graphics for the localized version of the asset. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising receiving user input to create the localized version of the asset for broadcast in PAL. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising receiving user input to create the localized version of the asset for online viewing. 9. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising receiving user input of an email address for a person who will create the localized version of the asset in PAL. 10. A method comprising: authenticating a user login for a localized process system; presenting a user with a project, comprising an asset, wherein the project is a movie, and wherein the asset is created for an original geographical territory; presenting a user with a display to order a localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is a version of the asset that is customized for a second geographical territory that is different than the original geographical territory; receiving user input to create subtitles for the localized version of the asset, wherein the user selects a second user to enter the subtitles presenting the second user with a display of a timed-text script that displays a time of the asset, and the dialogue of the asset receiving user input of a new subtitle that the second user entered on the display generating a new timed-text script with the new subtitle notifying the user that the localized version of the asset is complete receiving an order to create the localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is created using the new timed-text script. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the asset is an international trailer for the movie. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the user selects to preview the asset with the new subtitle before submitting an order for the localized version of the asset. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the asset is a red carpet interview recorded from a movie premier for the movie. 14. The method of claim 10 further comprising receiving user input of new graphics for the localized version of the asset. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein the user enters a new user's email address to provide the new graphics for the localized version of the asset. 16. The method of claim 10 further comprising receiving user input to create the localized version of the asset for broadcast in PAL. 17. The method of claim 10 further comprising receiving user input to create the localized version of the asset for online viewing. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising receiving user input of an email address for a person who will create the localized version of the asset in PAL. 19. An apparatus comprising a storage medium storing a program having instructions which when executed by a processor will cause the processor to: authenticate a user login for a localized process system; present a user with a project, comprising an asset, wherein the asset is created for an original geographical territory; present the user with a display to order a localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is a version of the asset that is customized for a second geographical territory that is different than the original geographical territory; receive user input of new graphics needed for the localized version of the asset present the user with a display of a timed-text script that displays a time of the asset, and the time location of the graphics of the asset receive user input of a new graphic that the user entered on the display generate a new timed-text script with the new graphic notify the user that the localized version of the asset is complete receive an order to create the localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is created using the new timed-text script. 20. An apparatus comprising a storage medium storing a program having instructions which when executed by a processor will cause the processor to: authenticate a user login for a localized process system; present a user with a project, comprising an asset, wherein the asset is created for an original geographical territory; present the user with a display to order a localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is a version of the asset that is customized for a second geographical territory that is different than the original geographical territory; receive user input to create a new audio for the localized version of the asset, present the user with a display of a timed-text script that displays a time of the asset, and the time location of the audio of the asset receive user input of a new audio that the user entered on the display generate a new timed-text script with the new audio notify the user that the localized version of the asset is complete receive an order to create the localized version of the asset, wherein the localized version of the asset is created using the new timed-text script and the new audio. 21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the user selects to preview the asset with the new graphic before submitting an order for the localized version of the asset. 22. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the user selects to preview the asset with the new audio before submitting an order for the localized version of the asset. 23. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the new audio includes a new narration. 24. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the new audio includes a new dialogue. 25. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the new audio includes a new sound effect. 26. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the new audio includes a new musical component.",
-    "An optical apparatus includes one or more pump sources situated to provide laser pump light, and a gain fiber optically coupled to the one or more pump sources, the gain fiber including an actively doped core situated to produce an output beam, an inner cladding and outer cladding surrounding the doped core and situated to propagate pump light, and a polymer cladding surrounding the outer cladding and situated to guide a selected portion of the pump light coupled into the inner and outer claddings of the gain fiber. Methods of pumping a fiber sources include generating pump light from one or more pump sources, coupling the pump light into a glass inner cladding and a glass outer cladding of a gain fiber of the fiber source such that a portion of the pump light is guided by a polymer cladding surrounding the glass outer cladding, and generating a single-mode output beam from the gain fiber. 1. An optical apparatus, comprising: one or more pump sources situated to provide laser pump light; and a gain fiber optically coupled to the one or more pump sources, the gain fiber including an actively doped core situated to produce an output beam, an inner cladding and outer cladding surrounding the doped core and situated to propagate pump light, and a polymer cladding surrounding the outer cladding and situated to guide a selected portion of the pump light coupled into the inner and outer claddings of the gain fiber. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pump light coupled into the gain fiber has an NA larger than the NA of the inner cladding. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pump light has a wavelength between 910 and 920 nm. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the core is a few-mode core. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more pump sources are situated to couple at least 50 W or more of pump light into the gain fiber so as to be guided by the polymer cladding. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pump combiner situated to receive the pump light from the one or more pump sources and to combine the pump light into a pump combiner fiber output, the pump combiner fiber output being coupled to the gain fiber. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more pump sources are situated to couple 800 W or less of pump light into the gain fiber so as to be guided by the polymer cladding. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the NA of the inner glass cladding is between 0.20 and 0.26. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the NA of the outer glass cladding is between 0.40 and 0.52. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the output beam has a wavelength between 1000 nm and 1200 nm and the pump light has a wavelength shorter than 930 nm. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the length of the gain fiber is selected based on the coupling of the pump light into the glass inner and outer claddings so as to allow the power of the output beam to be 1 kW or greater and single-mode with out of band optical nonlinearities being generated that are 20% or less than the power of the output beam. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the out of band optical nonlinearities are 5% or less than the power of the output beam. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein 40% or less of the pump light coupled into the gain fiber is guided by the polymer cladding. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gain fiber is a fiber oscillator. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gain fiber is a master oscillator fiber amplifier. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the output beam power is 1.5 kW or more. 17. A method of pumping a high power fiber source, comprising: generating pump light at a pump wavelength from one or more pump sources; coupling the pump light into a glass inner cladding and a glass outer cladding of a gain fiber of the fiber source such that a portion of the pump light is guided by a polymer cladding surrounding the glass outer cladding; and generating a single-mode output beam from the gain fiber. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein 10% or more of the pump light is guided by the polymer cladding. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the pump light has a wavelength between 910 nm and 920 nm. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the length of the gain fiber is selected based on the coupling of the pump light into the glass inner and outer claddings so as to allow the power of the output beam to be 1 kW or greater and single-mode with out of band optical nonlinearities being generated that are 20% or less than the power of the output beam. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the out of band optical nonlinearities are 5% or less than the power of the output beam. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the polymer cladding guides 50 W or more of pump light.",
-    "A motor driven power steering (MDPS) system is disclosed. The MDPS system includes a driving member configured to rotate about an axis; a worm shaft member having a worm gear and configured to rotate while engaged with a worm wheel; and a coupler member interposed between the driving member and the worm shaft member and configured to couple the driving member and the worm shaft and transmit power from the driving member to the worm shaft member. The coupler member includes a couple sleeve portion configured to receive and hold the driving member and the worm shaft member and a sleeve pressurizing portion surrounding the couple sleeve portion and configured to pressurize the couple sleeve portion toward the driving member or the worm shaft member. 1. A motor driven power steering (MDPS) system comprising: a driving member generating power; a worm shaft member having a worm gear and rotated while engaged with a worm wheel; and a coupler member interposed between the driving member and the worm shaft member, and transmitting the power generated from the driving member to the worm shaft member, wherein the coupler member comprises: a couple sleeve part surrounding the driving member and the worm shaft member; and a sleeve pressurizing part surrounding the couple sleeve part and pressurizing the couple sleeve part toward the driving member or the worm shaft member. 2. The MDPS system of claim 1, wherein the couple sleeve part comprises: a driving member sleeve surrounding a rotating shaft of the driving member; a worm shaft sleeve surrounding the worm shaft member; and a sleeve connection part connecting the driving member sleeve and the worm shaft sleeve. 3. The MDPS system of claim 2, wherein the sleeve connection part has a transverse cross-sectional surface formed in a polygonal shape. 4. The MDPS system of claim 2, wherein the driving member sleeve is arranged along the circumference of the rotating shaft. 5. The MDPS system of claim 2, wherein the worm shaft sleeve is arranged along the circumference of the worm shaft member. 6. The MDPS system of claim 2, wherein end parts of the rotating shaft and the worm shaft member, inserted into the sleeve connection part, have a transverse cross-sectional surface formed in a polygonal shape. 7. The MDPS system of claim 6, wherein end parts of the rotating shaft and the worm shaft member, coupled to the coupler member, have a shape of which the transverse cross-sectional surface is narrowed along the direction in which the rotating shaft and the worm shaft member are inserted into the coupler member. 8. The MDPS system of claim 7, wherein the rotating shaft and the worm shaft member are inserted and coupled to the coupler member. 9. The MDPS system of claim 2, wherein the sleeve pressurizing part is formed in a ring shape including an elastic material, and seated on the outer circumferential surface of the couple sleeve part so as to pressurize the couple sleeve part toward the rotating shaft or the worm shaft member. 10. The MDPS system of claim 9, wherein the sleeve pressurizing part is seated in a pressurizing part seating groove formed in a concave shape on the outer circumferential surface of the couple sleeve part. 11. The MDPS system of claim 2, wherein the driving member sleeve, the worm shaft sleeve, and the sleeve connection part are formed of an elastic material. 12. The MDPS system of claim 11, wherein the driving member sleeve, the worm shaft sleeve, and the sleeve connection part are integrated with each other.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a cell access method, an apparatus, and a system, where the method includes: when user equipment camps on a first cell, receiving, by the user equipment, a first signal offset of the first cell and a random access failure threshold of the first cell; attempting, by the user equipment, to perform random access to the first cell, and counting a quantity of random access failures; and if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, by using the first signal offset for the first cell; and if no cell meets a service condition in cell reselection, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, without using the first signal offset. Therefore, a service interruption problem of user equipment when random access to a cell fails in the prior art can be resolved. 1. A cell access method, comprising: when user equipment camps on a first cell, receiving, by the user equipment, a first signal offset of the first cell and a random access failure threshold of the first cell; attempting, by the user equipment, to perform random access to the first cell, and counting a quantity of random access failures; if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, by using the first signal offset for the first cell; and if no cell meets a service condition in cell reselection, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, without using the first signal offset. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: if a second cell is selected to camp on in the cell reselection, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, by using the first signal offset for the first cell when camping on the second cell. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of timer timeouts, wherein a timer starts when the user equipment attempts to perform random access to the first cell, and the random access failure threshold is a timer timeout quantity threshold. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of random access attempts, and the random access failure threshold is a random access attempt quantity threshold. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of preamble sending times, and the random access failure threshold is a preamble sending times threshold. 6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: when the user equipment camps on the first cell, receiving, by the user equipment, a second signal offset of a second cell, wherein the second cell is a neighboring cell of the first cell; and if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, by using the second signal offset for the second cell. 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: if the second cell is selected to camp on in the cell reselection, performing cell reselection, by the user equipment, by using a third signal offset for the third cell when camping on the second cell; wherein the third signal offset is received from the first cell when camping on the first cell. 8. A user equipment, comprising: a memory storing instructions; and a processor coupled to the memory to execute the instructions to: receive a first signal offset of a first cell and a random access failure threshold of the first cell when the terminal camps on the first cell; attempt to perform random access to the first cell, and count a quantity of random access failures; perform cell reselection by using the first signal offset for the first cell if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold; and perform cell reselection without using the first signal offset for the first cell if no cell meets a service condition in the cell reselection. 9. The terminal according to claim 8, the processor is configured to execute the instructions to: perform cell reselection by using the first signal offset for the first cell when camping on a second cell if the second cell is selected to camp on in the cell reselection when camping on a first cell. 10. The terminal according to claim 8, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of timer timeouts, wherein a timer starts when the user equipment attempts to perform random access to the first cell, and the random access failure threshold is a timer timeout quantity threshold. 11. The terminal according to claim 8, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of random access attempts, and the random access failure threshold is a random access attempt quantity threshold. 12. The terminal according to claim 8, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of preamble sending times, and the random access failure threshold is a preamble sending times threshold. 13. The terminal according to claim 8, the processor is configured to execute the instructions to: receive a second signal offset of a second cell when camping on the first cell, and perform cell reselection by using the second signal offset for the second cell if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold. 14. The terminal according to claim 13, the processor is configured to execute the instructions to: perform cell reselection by using a third signal offset for the first cell when camping on the second cell if the second cell is selected to camp on in the cell reselection; wherein the third signal offset is received from the first cell when camping on the first cell. 15. A communication system, comprising: a base station, configured to send a first signal offset of a first cell and a random access failure threshold of the first cell to a user equipment; the user equipment is configured to: receive the first signal offset of the first cell and a random access failure threshold of the first cell when the terminal camps on the first cell; attempt to perform random access to the first cell, and count a quantity of random access failures; perform cell reselection by using the first signal offset for the first cell if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold; and perform cell reselection without using the first signal offset for the first cell if no cell meets a service condition in the cell reselection. 16. The communication system according to claim 15, wherein the user equipment is configured to perform cell reselection by using the first signal offset for the first cell when camping on a second cell if the second cell is selected to camp on in the cell reselection when camping on a first cell. 17. The communication system according to claim 15, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of timer timeouts, wherein a timer starts when the user equipment attempts to perform random access to the first cell, and the random access failure threshold is a timer timeout quantity threshold. 18. The communication system according to claim 15, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of random access attempts, and the random access failure threshold is a random access attempt quantity threshold. 19. The communication system according to claim 15, wherein the quantity of random access failures is a quantity of preamble sending times, and the random access failure threshold is a preamble sending times threshold. 20. The communication system according to claim 15, wherein the user equipment is configured to: receive a second signal offset of a second cell when camping on the first cell, and perform cell reselection by using the second signal offset for the second cell if the quantity of random access failures reaches the random access failure threshold.",
-    "A device, system, and method for communicating with a power inverter of an array of inverters includes transmitting a relay message from an inverter array controller to a relay inverter in response to failing to receive a response from at least one power inverter of the array. The relay inverter is configured to retransmit a message from the inverter array controller to a non-responsive power inverter of the array of inverters in response to receiving the relay message. The relay inverter may subsequently retransmit a reply received from the non-responsive power inverter to the inverter array controller or to another power inverter of the array of inverters. 1. An inverter array controller for maintaining and communicating with an array of power inverters, each power inverter being configured to convert direct current (DC) power generated by an alternative energy source to alternating current (AC) power, the inverter array controller comprising: a power line communication circuit to communicate with the array of power inverters over a power line connecting the inverter array controller to each of the power inverters of the array of power inverters; a processing circuitry; and a memory device having stored therein a plurality of instructions, which when executed by the processing circuitry, result in the inverter array controller: transmitting, using the power line communication circuitry, a first message to a power inverter of the array of power inverters; determining whether a response was received from the power inverter; transmitting, in response to failing to receive the response from the power inverter, a relay message to another power inverter of the array of power inverters, the relay message including the first message and instructing the another inverter to transmit the first message to the power inverter; and receiving a response message, transmitted by the another power inverter, from the power inverter.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes: a latent image carrier; an image forming unit configured to form, on the latent image carrier, a toner image using a developer including a toner and a lubricating external additive charged with an opposite polarity to a charge polarity of the toner; a transfer device configured to electrostatically transfer, at a transfer position, the toner image formed by the image forming unit to a transfer medium; and a cleaning device configured to remove the toner remaining on the latent image carrier after passing the transfer position. The transfer device is configured to control a transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on an area ratio of an image to be printed. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a latent image carrier; an image forming unit configured to form, on the latent image carrier, a toner image using a developer including a toner and a lubricating external additive charged with an opposite polarity to a charge polarity of the toner; a transfer device configured to electrostatically transfer, at a transfer position, the toner image formed by the image forming unit to a transfer medium; and a cleaning device configured to remove the toner remaining on the latent image carrier after passing the transfer position, the transfer device being configured to control a transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on an area ratio of an image to be printed. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transfer device is configured to control the transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the transfer device is configured to control the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than an image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the transfer device is configured to change the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region and the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the transfer device is configured to switch among a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region, a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, and a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in the image region and a toner image in a region other than the image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transfer device is configured to control at least one of the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region and the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, by referring to a transfer table recorded in advance, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transfer device is configured to set the transfer voltage applied at the transfer position higher than a predetermined transfer voltage, when the area ratio of an image to be printed is lower than a predetermined ratio. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lubricating external additive has a particle size smaller than at least a particle size of the toner. 9. A method for controlling an image forming apparatus, comprising the steps of: forming a toner image on a latent image carrier using a developer including a toner and a lubricating external additive charged with an opposite polarity to a charge polarity of the toner; electrostatically transferring, at a transfer position, the formed toner image to a transfer medium; and removing the toner remaining on the latent image carrier after passing the transfer position, the step of transferring including the step of controlling a transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on an area ratio of an image to be printed. 10. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the step of transferring controls the transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 11. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the step of transferring controls the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than an image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 12. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the step of transferring changes the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region and the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 13. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the step of transferring switches among a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region, a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, and a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in the image region and a toner image in a region other than the image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 14. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the step of transferring controls at least one of the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region and the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, by referring to a transfer table recorded in advance, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 15. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the step of transferring sets the transfer voltage applied at the transfer position higher than a predetermined transfer voltage, when the area ratio of an image to be printed is lower than a predetermined ratio. 16. The method for controlling an image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the lubricating external additive has a particle size smaller than at least a particle size of the toner. 17. A non-transitory storage medium encoded with a computer readable program executed by a computer of an image forming apparatus, the program causing the computer to perform the steps of: forming a toner image on a latent image carrier using a developer including a toner and a lubricating external additive charged with an opposite polarity to a charge polarity of the toner; electrostatically transferring, at a transfer position, the formed toner image to a transfer medium; and removing the toner remaining on the latent image carrier after passing the transfer position, the step of transferring including the step of controlling a transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on an area ratio of an image to be printed. 18. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the step of transferring controls the transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 19. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the step of transferring controls the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than an image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 20. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the step of transferring changes the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region and the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 21. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the step of transferring switches among a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region, a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, and a mode of controlling the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in the image region and a toner image in a region other than the image region, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 22. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the step of transferring controls at least one of the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in an image region and the transfer voltage for forming a toner image in a region other than the image region, by referring to a transfer table recorded in advance, based on the area ratio of an image to be printed and the number of sheets on which the image is to be printed. 23. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the step of transferring sets the transfer voltage applied at the transfer position higher than a predetermined transfer voltage, when the area ratio of an image to be printed is lower than a predetermined ratio. 24. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the lubricating external additive has a particle size smaller than at least a particle size of the toner.",
-    "A full wave inversion (FWI) may utilize an Amplitude-Frequency-Differentiation (AFD) or a Phase-Frequency-Differentiation (PFD) operation to form a velocity model of a subterranean formation utilizing recovered low wavenumber data. Received seismic data is processes to isolate two data signals at different frequencies. In an AFD operation, the two data signals are summed and the data of the envelope of the summed function is used for the FWI. In a PFD operation, the phase data of the quotient of the two data signals is used for the FWI. The FWI proceeds iteratively utilizing either the AFD or PFD data or with single frequency data until the cost function of the AFD or PFD is satisfied. 1. A method for generating a model of an underground formation from seismic data comprising: emitting seismic waves into the underground formation by a source; measuring seismic data from one or more receivers in the time domain, the one or more receivers positioned to receive seismic waves from the underground formation, the seismic waves forming the seismic data; converting the seismic data from the time domain to the frequency domain to form frequency domain seismic data; extracting, from the frequency domain seismic data, first measured frequency domain data from corresponding to a first signal at a first frequency; extracting, from the frequency domain seismic data, second measured frequency domain data corresponding to a second signal at a second frequency, the second frequency different from the first frequency; generating, from a first velocity model, first simulated frequency domain data at the first frequency and second simulated frequency domain data at the second frequency; calculating a gradient of a cost function utilizing the first and second measured frequency domain data and first and second simulated frequency domain data; and generating a second velocity model based at least in part on the calculated gradient, the second velocity model corresponding to at least one feature of the underground formation. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating a residual of the cost function utilizing the first and second measured frequency domain data and first and second simulated frequency domain data; and if the residual is over a predetermined threshold; repeating the generating, calculating a gradient, updating, and calculating a residual operations until the residual is below the predetermined threshold. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating a residual of the cost function utilizing the first and second measured frequency domain data and first and second simulated frequency domain data; and if the residual is over a predetermined threshold; repeating the generating, calculating a gradient, updating, and calculating a residual operations until the residual is minimized. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second model is generated utilizing an Amplitude-Frequency-Differentiation (AFD) operation, and the cost function is C \ue8a0 ( m n ) = 1 2 || | S \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 1 ) + S \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 2 ) \ue89e | 2 \ue89e - | M \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 1 ) + M \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 2 ) \ue89e | 2 \ue89e || 2 \ue89e + \u03bb n \ue89e R n \ue8a0 ( m n ) where S is the simulated data, M is the measurement data, m is an unknown vector, a function of seismic velocity model v or compressibility model \u03ba, to be inverted, \u03bb is a regularization parameter, R is a regularization term, \u03c9 is an angular frequency, and n is an iteration index. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the gradient of the cost function is \u2202 p \u2202 \u03ba = - \u03c1\u03c9 2 \ue89e \u222b \u03c4 \ue89e p \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 , \u03ba ; x , x r ) \ue89e G \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 , \u03ba ; x , x s ) \ue89e \uf74c x where p is the pressure, Q is the injected volume acting as the source, p is a mass density, \u03ba is the compressibility of a medium, and G(\u03c9, \u03ba; x, xs) is the solution to \u22072p+\u03c92\u03c1\u03ba\u03c1=\u03b2(x\u2212xs). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second model is generated utilizing a Phase-Frequency-Differentiation (PFD) operation, and the cost function is C \ue8a0 ( m n ) = 1 2 || \u03a6 \ue8a0 [ S \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 2 ) \ue89e / \ue89e S \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 1 ) ] - \u03a6 \ue8a0 [ M \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 2 ) \ue89e / \ue89e M \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 1 ) ] \ue89e || 2 \ue89e + \u03bb n \ue89e R n \ue8a0 ( m n ) where S is simulated data, M is the received seismic data, m is an unknown vector to be inverted, \u03bb is a regularization parameter, R is a regularization term, \u03c9 is an angular frequency, \u03a6 is a phase extraction operator, and n is an iteration index. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the gradient of the cost function is \u2202 p \u2202 \u03ba = - \u03c1\u03c9 2 \ue89e \u222b \u03c4 \ue89e p \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 , \u03ba ; x , x r ) \ue89e G \ue8a0 ( \u03c9 , \u03ba ; x , x s ) \ue89e \uf74c x where p is a pressure, Q is an injected volume acting as the source, \u03c1 is a mass density, \u03ba is the compressibility of a medium, and G(\u03c9, \u03ba; x, xs) is the solution to \u22072p+\u03c92\u03c1\u03ba\u03c1=\u03b4(x\u2212xs). 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising pre-processing the received seismic data. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the first and second frequencies, the first and second frequencies determined at least in part due to one or more of knowledge of the initial velocity model, the frequency range of the received seismic data, or the quality of the received seismic data. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second frequencies are between 4 and 100 Hz, between 5 and 30 Hz, or between 5 and 15 Hz. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second frequencies are separated by 5 Hz or less, 2 Hz or less, or 0.5 Hz or less. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first velocity model is determined through one or more of well logs or velocity tomography procedures. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating the first velocity model to a second velocity model operation is based at least in part on water bottom profile or salt body geometry.",
-    "Systems and methods for identifying semantically and/or visually related information among a set of content items, such content items that include similar concepts or that have similar visual aspects, are disclosed. The disclosed techniques provide tools for identifying related information among various content items, such as text pages and documents, presentation slides and slide decks, etc. The disclosed techniques provide improved methods for searching among content items, organizing content items into categories, and pruning redundant content. Furthermore, the disclosed techniques provide improvements to computation of various metrics, including usage, performance, and impact metrics. 1. A method, performed by a computing system having a memory and a processor, the method comprising: receiving an indication of a plurality of content items; for each of the plurality of content items, identifying at least one content element of the content item, and for each identified content element of the content item, extracting information for the content element, computing a plurality of semantic feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information, computing a plurality of visual feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information, and storing the feature values computed, for the content element, based at least in part on the extracted information; receiving an indication of a first set of content items, wherein each content item of the first set of content items is a member of the plurality of content items; for each pair of content items from among the first set of content items, applying a similarity function to the pair of content items to generate a similarity value, and storing, in association with each content item of the pair of content items, the generated similarity value; for each content item of the first set of content items, identifying similar content items based at least in part on the generated similarity values, and storing, in association with the content item, references to at least one of the identified similar content items. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the received indication of the first set of content items comprises a link to at least one content item of the first set of content items. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein computing a plurality of semantic feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information comprises applying a latent semantic analysis engine to at least a portion of text extracted from the content element. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting information for the content element comprises generating a thumbnail image for the content element. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the set of similar content items for a first content item based at least in part on the generated similarity values comprises identifying a predetermined number of similar content items. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the set of similar content items for a first content item based at least in part on the generated similarity values comprises: for each content item pair that includes the first content item and a content item other than the first content item, retrieving the similarity value generated for the content item pair. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: for each retrieved similarity value for the content item pairs that include the first content item and a content item other than the first content item, determining whether the retrieved similarity value exceeds a predetermined threshold, and in response to determining that the retrieved similarity value exceeds a predetermined threshold, identifying the content item other than the first content item. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: splitting a first content item of the plurality of content items into a plurality of content elements. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first content item is a slide presentation deck wherein splitting the first content item of the plurality of content items into a plurality of content elements comprises splitting the slide presentation deck into a plurality of slides, wherein a second content item is a word processing document, the method further comprising splitting the word processing document into a plurality of pages. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: clustering the first set of content items based at least in part on the generated similarity values. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a similarity function to a first pair of content items to generate a similarity value comprises: for a first content item of the first pair of content items, determining a value for each of a plurality of attributes; for a second content item of the first pair of content items, determining a value for each of a plurality of attributes; calculating a distance between the first content item of the first pair of content items and the second content item of the first pair of content items according to the following equation \u2211 i = 0 n \ue89e \ue89e ( A i - B i ) 2 where Ai represents the ith attribute value of the plurality of attributes for the first content item of the first pair of content items, Bi represents the ith attribute value for the second content item of the first pair of content items, and n represents a number of attributes the number of the plurality of attributes. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: for each of a plurality of metrics, for each content item of a first set of similar content items, retrieving, for the content item, a value for the metric, and aggregating the values retrieved for the metric. 13. A system for analyzing content items, the system comprising: at least one processor; a component configured to receive an indication of a first set of content items; a component configured to, for each pair of content items from among the first set of content items, apply a similarity function to the pair of content items to generate a similarity value for the pair of content items; a component configured to, for each content item of the first set of content items, identify a set of similar content items based at least in part on the generated similarity values, and store, in association with the content item, references to at least one content item of the identified set of similar content items, wherein each of the components comprises computer-executable instructions stored in a memory for execution by the at least one processor. 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising: a component configured to store, in association with each content item of a first pair of content items, the similarity value generated for the first pair of content items in each of first metadata associated with a first content item of the first pair of content items and second metadata associated with a second content item of the first pair of content items. 15. The system of claim 13, further comprising: a component configured to, for each content item of a first set of similar content items identified for a first content item, store an indication of the content item of the first set of similar content items in a lookup table, wherein the indication is referenced in the lookup table by an indication of the first content item. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the component configured to receive an indication of a first set of content items receives a copy of at least one content item of the first set of content items. 17. The system of claim 13, further comprising: means for ingesting content; and means for assessing similarity of content items. 18. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing system having a processor, cause the computing system to perform a method comprising: receiving an indication of a plurality of content items; and for each of the plurality of content items, identifying at least one content element of the content item, and for each identified content element of the content item, extracting information for the content element, computing a plurality of feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information, and storing the feature values computed for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, the method further comprising: receiving an indication of a first set of content items, wherein each content item of the first set of content items is a member of the plurality of content items; for each pair of content items from among the first set of content items, applying a similarity function to the pair of content items to generate a similarity value, and storing, in association with each content item of the pair of content items, the generated similarity value; for each content item of the first set of content items, identifying similar content items based at least in part on the generated similarity values, and storing, in association with the content item, references to at least one of the identified similar content items. 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein computing a plurality of feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information comprises computing a plurality of visual feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information. 21. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 20, the method further comprising: generating a weight value for a first computed visual feature value; and applying the generated weight value to the first computed visual feature value. 22. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein computing a plurality of feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information comprises computing a plurality of semantic feature values for the content element based at least in part on the extracted information. 23. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 22, the method further comprising: generating a weight value for a first computed semantic feature value; and applying the generated weight value to the first computed semantic feature value.",
-    "Methods and systems for cooling airflow may comprise a gas turbine engine that may comprise an engine core, comprising a chamber, and/or a heat exchanger. The chamber may comprise a chamber outboard surface and/or a chamber interior. The heat exchanger may be coupled to the chamber outboard surface and may comprise a heat exchanger base and/or a cooling tube. The cooling tube may be disposed inside the chamber interior and may comprise a tube entrance end coupled to the heat exchanger base, a tube exit end coupled to the heat exchanger base, and/or a tube body between the tube entrance end and the tube exit end, the tube body encompassing a tube interior. 1. A gas turbine engine, comprising; an engine core; and a heat exchanger coupled to the engine core, wherein the heat exchanger comprises a heat exchanger base and a cooling tube, the cooling tube is disposed inside the engine core, and the cooling tube comprises a tube entrance end coupled to the heat exchanger base, a tube exit end coupled to the heat exchanger base, and a tube body between the tube entrance end and the tube exit end, the tube body encompassing a tube interior. 2. The gas turbine engine of claim 1, wherein the engine core comprises a chamber comprising a chamber outboard surface and a chamber interior, wherein the heat exchanger is coupled to the chamber outboard surface, and the cooling tube is disposed within the chamber interior. 3. The gas turbine engine of claim 2, further comprising: a bypass airflow channel existing outside of the engine core, wherein the bypass airflow channel is configured to allow a bypass airflow; wherein the tube entrance end and the tube exit end are in fluid communication with the bypass airflow channel, and the cooling tube is configured to allow a cooling bypass airflow to enter the tube interior through the tube entrance end and exit the tube interior through the tube exit end. 4. The gas turbine engine of claim 3, wherein the chamber further comprises a chamber side surface coupled to the chamber outboard surface, and the chamber side surface comprises a side surface inlet configured to allow a hot secondary airflow into the chamber interior. 5. The gas turbine engine of claim 4, wherein the engine core is configured to have an entirety of the hot secondary airflow travel into the chamber interior. 6. The gas turbine engine of claim 4, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to cool the hot secondary airflow in the chamber to produce a cooled secondary airflow. 7. The gas turbine engine of claim 4, wherein the chamber further comprises a chamber exit surface coupled to at least one of the chamber outboard surface or the chamber side surface, and the chamber exit surface comprises an exit hole configured to allow a cooled secondary airflow out of the chamber interior. 8. The gas turbine engine of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger is disposed forward of a combustor. 9. The gas turbine engine of claim 2, wherein the heat exchanger is bolted to the chamber outboard surface. 10. The gas turbine engine of claim 2, wherein the tube interior is physically isolated from the chamber interior. 11. A method of cooling airflow in a gas turbine engine, comprising: passing a cooling bypass airflow, from a bypass airflow channel existing outside of an engine core, through a cooling tube comprised in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat exchanger is coupled to a chamber, the cooling tube is disposed inside the chamber, and the chamber is comprised in the engine core; directing a hot secondary airflow from the engine core into the chamber; and contacting the cooling tube with the hot secondary airflow in response to the passing the cooling bypass airflow through the cooling tube. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising producing a heated bypass airflow in response to the hot secondary airflow contacting the cooling tube. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising venting the heated bypass airflow into the bypass airflow channel. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising producing a cooled secondary airflow in response to the hot secondary airflow contacting the cooling tube. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising directing the cooled secondary airflow out of the chamber through a chamber exit surface. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cooled secondary airflow is directed to cool at least one of a high pressure turbine or a high pressure compressor. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the heat exchanger is bolted to the chamber outboard surface. 18. A system for cooling air, comprising: a bypass airflow channel existing outside of an engine core; a chamber comprised inside the engine core comprising: a chamber outboard surface; and a chamber interior; and a heat exchanger coupled to the chamber outboard surface, the heat exchanger, comprising: a heat exchanger base; and a cooling tube comprising a tube entrance end coupled to the heat exchanger base, a tube exit end coupled to the heat exchanger base, and a tube body between the tube entrance end and the tube exit end disposed inside the chamber interior, the tube body encompassing a tube interior, wherein the tube interior is in fluid communication with the bypass airflow channel. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the chamber further comprises a chamber side surface coupled to the chamber outboard surface, wherein the chamber side surface comprises a side surface inlet that is configured to place a hot secondary airflow in physical contact with the cooling tube. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the tube interior is physically isolated from the chamber interior.",
-    "Described herein are oral pharmaceutical compositions and their use in testosterone replacement therapy applications. 1. A testosterone replacement therapy for twice daily dosing, said therapy comprising: (a) 2 different dose strength oral dosage forms having different amounts of testosterone undecanoate; (b) 3 dosing regimens providing for 3 different daily doses of testosterone undecanoate; (c) both (a) and (b); or (d) a pharmaceutically equivalent version thereof, a bioequivalent version thereof or both. 2. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 which provides steady state serum levels of testosterone (Cavg) to a male having testosterone deficiency or in need of said therapy in the range of about 300 ng/dL to about 1140 ng/dL. 3. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 which provides steady state serum levels of testosterone (Cavg) to a male having testosterone deficiency or in need of said therapy in the range of about 435 ng/dL to about 1140 ng/dL. 4. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 which provides single dose Cmax levels of serum testosterone at steady state to a population of males having testosterone deficiency, or in need of said therapy, of less than 2500 ng/dL in at least 95% of the population of males, less than 1500 ng/dL in at least 85% of the population of males; or a serum testosterone Cmax of about 1800 ng/dL to about 2500 ng/dL in 10% or less of the population of males having testosterone deficiency. 5. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has from about 140 to 160 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 215 mg to about 235 mg testosterone undecanoate. 6. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein one of the of dosage forms has from about 145 to 155 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 220 mg to about 230 mg testosterone undecanoate. 7. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein one the of dosage forms has about 150 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has about 225 mg testosterone undecanoate. 8. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has from about 60 to 90 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 100 mg to about 130 mg testosterone undecanoate. 9. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has from about 70 to 80 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 107 mg to about 118 mg testosterone undecanoate. 10. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has about 75 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has about 112.5 mg testosterone undecanoate. 11. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein 3 dosing regimens providing for 3 different daily doses of testosterone undecanoate provides for a first daily dose of about 275 mg to about 325 mg of testosterone undecanoate, a second daily dose of from about 425 mg to about 475 mg of testosterone undecanoate and a third daily dose of about 575 mg to about 625 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 12. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein 3 different daily doses of testosterone undecanoate provides for a first daily dose of about 300 mg of testosterone undecanoate, a second daily dose of about 450 testosterone undecanoate and a third daily dose of about 600 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 13. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein said therapy comprises: 2 dosage forms, one having about 75 mg of testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form having about 112.5 testosterone undecanoate; 3 dosing regimens, a first dosing regimen comprising administration of two dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 75 mg testosterone undecanoate, a second dosing regimen comprising administration of two dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 112.5 mg testosterone undecanoate, and a third dosing regimen comprising administration of four dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 75 mg testosterone undecanoate; or a pharmaceutically equivalent version thereof. 14. The testosterone replacement therapy of claim 1 wherein said therapy comprises: 2 dosage forms, one having about 150 mg of testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form having about 225 testosterone undecanoate; 3 dosing regimens, a first dosing regimen comprising administration of one dosage form twice a day each dosage form having about 225 mg testosterone undecanoate, a second dosing regimen comprising administration of two dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 150 mg testosterone undecanoate, and a third dosing regimen comprising administration of one dosage form twice a day said dosage form having about 150 mg testosterone undecanoate; or a pharmaceutically equivalent version thereof.",
-    "Techniques for enhancing the security of a communication device when conducting a transaction using the communication device may include using a limited-use key (LUK) to generate a transaction cryptogram, and transmitting a token instead of a real account identifier and the transaction cryptogram to an access device to conduct the transaction. The token and the transaction cryptogram can be transmitted to a magnetic stripe reader by generating an emulated magnetic signal. The LUK may be associated with a set of one or more limited-use thresholds that limits usage of the LUK, and the transaction can be authorized based on at least whether usage of the LUK has exceeded the set of one or more limited-use thresholds. 1. A method for enhancing security of a communication device when conducting a transaction using the communication device, the method comprising: receiving, from a remote computer, a token that is provisioned for conducting magnetic stripe reader transactions; receiving, by the communication device, a limited-use key (LUK) that is associated with a set of one or more limited-use thresholds that limits usage of the LUK; generating, by the communication device, a transaction cryptogram using the LUK; and generating, by an inductive coil of the communication device, an emulated magnetic signal representing data that includes the token instead of a real account identifier and the transaction cryptogram to transmit the token and the transaction cryptogram to a magnetic stripe reader of an access device to conduct the transaction, wherein the transaction is authorized based on at least whether usage of the LUK has exceeded the set of one or more limited-use thresholds. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the token is also usable for conducting contactless reader transactions. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the emulated magnetic signal is generated in response to receiving user input on the communication device to initiate the transaction with the access device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the emulated magnetic signal is generated in response to receiving user input on the communication device to initiate the transaction, and without detecting a contactless transceiver in proximity to the communication device when the user input is received. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the transaction cryptogram is generated by encrypting at least a transaction counter value with the LUK. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the transaction cryptogram is generated by encrypting the transaction counter value and a predetermined static string with the LUK. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the transaction counter value is incremented for each magnetic stripe reader transaction conducted by a mobile application of the communication device. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the transaction counter value is incremented for each magnetic stripe reader transaction and each contactless reader transaction conducted by a mobile application of the communication device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the LUK is generated by encrypting a key index that includes at least one of: time information indicating when the LUK is generated; and a replenishment counter value indicating a number of times the LUK has been replenished. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the inductive coil used for generating the emulated magnetic signals is also used for wireless charging of the communication device. 11. A communication device comprising: an inductive coil; a processor; and a memory coupled to the processor and storing a mobile application that performs operations for enhancing security of the communication device when conducting transactions using the communication device, the operations including: receiving a token that is provisioned for conducting magnetic stripe reader transactions; receiving a limited-use key (LUK) that is associated with a set of one or more limited-use thresholds that limits usage of the LUK; generating a transaction cryptogram using the LUK; and generating, by the inductive coil, an emulated magnetic signal representing data that includes the token instead of a real account identifier and the transaction cryptogram to transmit the token and the transaction cryptogram to a magnetic stripe reader of an access device to conduct the transaction, wherein the transaction is authorized based on at least whether usage of the LUK has exceeded the set of one or more limited-use thresholds. 12. The communication device of claim 11, wherein the token is also usable for conducting contactless reader transactions. 13. The communication device of claim 11, wherein the emulated magnetic signal is generated in response to receiving user input on the communication device to initiate the transaction with the access device. 14. The communication device of claim 11, wherein the emulated magnetic signal is generated in response to receiving user input on the communication device to initiate the transaction, and without detecting a contactless transceiver in proximity to the communication device when the user input is received. 15. The communication device of claim 11, wherein the transaction cryptogram is generated by encrypting at least a transaction counter value with the LUK. 16. The communication device of claim 15, wherein the transaction cryptogram is generated by encrypting the transaction counter value and a predetermined static string with the LUK. 17. The communication device of claim 15, wherein the transaction counter value is incremented for each magnetic stripe reader transaction conducted by the mobile application of the communication device. 18. The communication device of claim 15, wherein the transaction counter value is incremented for each magnetic stripe reader transaction and each contactless reader transaction conducted by the mobile application of the communication device. 19. The communication device of claim 11, wherein the LUK is generated by encrypting a key index that includes at least one of: time information indicating when the LUK is generated; and a replenishment counter value indicating a number of times the LUK has been replenished. 20. The communication device of claim 1, wherein the inductive coil used for generating the emulated magnetic signals is also used for wireless charging of the communication device.",
-    "The present invention relates generally to methods for identifying cancer patients with a poor prognosis, and to therapeutic modalities for improving prognosis by combating metastasis and abrogating chemoresistance in cancer cells. Embodiments of the present invention provide an objective means of prognostication regarding the long-term outcome of an incident of cancer, breast cancer in particular. Therapeutic modalities include immunotherapy and anti-sense therapy. Prognosis is determined by measuring the number of copies of the metadherin gene in the patient's cells. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A method of treating a chemoresistant cancer in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of an agent that selectively prevents the expression of the metadherin gene in the individual. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the agent is an siRNA. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the agent is an anti-sense RNA. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the agent leads to knock-out of the metaherin gene in the chromosome of the individual. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the cancer is metastatic. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, bone cancer, blood cancer, brain cancer, and liver cancer. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is paclitaxel. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the individual is a human individual.",
-    "A data processing method performed in a group messaging server of a mobile telecommunications network, the method comprising the steps of receiving an incoming message at the group messaging server from a remote user terminal, the message being for distribution to a group of users; storing details of the incoming message in a messaging log, the details comprising a message identifier received with the incoming message; identifying at least one recipient from the group of users to which the incoming message should be transmitted; transmitting an outgoing message to each of the at least one recipient, wherein the outgoing message comprises at least part of the incoming message and the message identifier; storing details of each outgoing message in the message log, the details comprising the message identifier; and processing the message log to identify groups of messages, wherein the groups of messages are identified by having a common message identifier, and generating charging data based on the groups of messages. 1. A data processing method performed in a group messaging server of a mobile telecommunications network, the method comprising the steps of: receiving an incoming message at the group messaging server from a remote user terminal, the message being for distribution to a group of users; storing details of the incoming message in a messaging log, the details comprising a message identifier received with the incoming message; identifying at least one recipient from the group of users to which the incoming message should be transmitted; transmitting an outgoing message to each of the at least one recipient, wherein the outgoing message comprises at least part of the incoming message and the message identifier; storing details of each outgoing message in the message log, the details comprising the message identifier; and processing the message log to identify groups of messages, wherein the groups of messages are identified by having a common message identifier, and generating charging data based on the groups of messages. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the group of users is identified by data stored in the group messaging server. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the group of users is a user of a different mobile telecommunications network to the mobile telecommunications network in which the group messaging server is located. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the charging data is dependent on the balance of incoming and outgoing messages between the mobile telecommunications network in which the group messaging server is located and another mobile telecommunications network. 5. A group messaging server in communication with a mobile telecommunications network, the group messaging server comprising a computer processor configured to execute instructions to perform the method according to claim 1.",
-    "Aliphatic bromine-containing polymers are stabilized using a mixture of an alkyl phosphite and an epoxy compound. This stabilizer package is very effective at preventing cross-linking reactions from occurring when the aliphatic bromine-containing polymer is subjected to high temperatures as are seen in melt processing operations. The stabilized aliphatic bromine-containing polymer is useful as a flame retardant for other polymers, notably polystyrene foam. 1. A polymer composition comprising (a) a bulk polymer, (b) an aliphatic bromine-containing polymer, and (c) a mixture of at least one alkyl phosphite and at least one epoxy compound. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein from 1 to 40 parts by weight of the epoxy compound are present per 100 parts by weight of the aliphatic bromine-containing polymer. 3. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein from 1 to 40 parts by weight of the alkyl phosphite are present per 100 parts by weight of the aliphatic bromine-containing polymer. 4. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic bromine-containing polymer is a brominated butadiene homopolymer or a brominated styrene/butadiene block copolymer. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1 wherein the aliphatic bromine-containing polymer is a copolymer of styrene and allylmaleimide; an aliphatically unsaturated polyester; an allyl ether of a novolac novolac resin, or a ROMP polymer or copolymer. 6. The polymer composition of claim 1 wherein the bulk polymer is a polymer or copolymer of styrene. 7. The polymer composition of claim 2, which is in the form of a foam. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl phosphite contains at least one moiety, in which each R group is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched, alkyl group, or the two R groups together form a divalent group, which may be substituted, that bonds to the adjacent \u2014O\u2014 atoms through an aliphatic carbon to form a ring structure that includes a \u2014O\u2014P\u2014O\u2014 linkage, and the R1 group is another R group, or an aryl or substituted aryl group. 9. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl phosphite is a pentaerythritol diphosphite compound having the structure wherein each R2 is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched, alkyl group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group. 10. The polymer composition of claim 9, wherein the alkyl phosphite is bis (2,4-dicumylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, distearylpentaerythritol diphosphite or di(2,4-di-(t-butyl)phenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite. 11. A method for producing a polymer composition of claim 1, comprising melt processing a mixture containing a molten bulk polymer and an aliphatic bromine-containing polymer or copolymer in the presence of a mixture of at least one alkyl phosphite and at least one epoxy compound. 12-15. (canceled)",
-    "Described herein are oral pharmaceutical compositions and their use in testosterone replacement therapy applications. 1. A method of replacement therapy in adult males for conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone said method comprising providing to an individual in need thereof a testosterone replacement therapy for twice daily dosing, said therapy comprising: (a) 2 different dose strength oral dosage forms having different amounts of testosterone undecanoate; (b) 3 dosing regimens providing for 3 different daily doses of testosterone undecanoate; (c) both (a) and (b); or (d) a pharmaceutically equivalent version thereof, a bioequivalent version thereof or both. 2. The method of claim 1 which provides steady state serum levels of testosterone (Cavg) to a male having testosterone deficiency or in need of said therapy in the range of about 300 ng/dL to about 1140 ng/dL. 3. The method of claim 1 which provides steady state serum levels of testosterone (Cavg) to a male having testosterone deficiency or in need of said therapy in the range of about 435 ng/dL to about 1140 ng/dL. 4. The method of claim 1 which provides single dose Cmax levels of serum testosterone at steady state to a population of males having testosterone deficiency, or in need of said therapy, of less than 2500 ng/dL in at least 95% of the population of males, less than 1500 ng/dL in at least 85% of the population of males; or a serum testosterone Cmax of about 1800 ng/dL to about 2500 ng/dL in 10% or less of the population of males having testosterone deficiency. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has from about 140 to 160 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 215 mg to about 235 mg testosterone undecanoate. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the of dosage forms has from about 145 to 155 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 220 mg to about 230 mg testosterone undecanoate. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein one the of dosage forms has about 150 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has about 225 mg testosterone undecanoate. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has from about 60 to 90 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 100 mg to about 130 mg testosterone undecanoate. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has from about 70 to 80 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has from about 107 mg to about 118 mg testosterone undecanoate. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the dosage forms has about 75 mg testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form has about 112.5 mg testosterone undecanoate. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein 3 dosing regimens providing for 3 different daily doses of testosterone undecanoate provides for a first daily dose of about 275 mg to about 325 mg of testosterone undecanoate, a second daily dose of from about 425 mg to about 475 mg of testosterone undecanoate and a third daily dose of about 575 mg to about 625 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein 3 different daily doses of testosterone undecanoate provides for a first daily dose of about 300 mg of testosterone undecanoate, a second daily dose of about 450 testosterone undecanoate and a third daily dose of about 600 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein said therapy comprises: 2 dosage forms, one having about 75 mg of testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form having about 112.5 testosterone undecanoate; 3 dosing regimens, a first dosing regimen comprising administration of two dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 75 mg testosterone undecanoate, a second dosing regimen comprising administration of two dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 112.5 mg testosterone undecanoate, and a third dosing regimen comprising administration of four dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 75 mg testosterone undecanoate; or a pharmaceutically equivalent version thereof. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said therapy comprises: 2 dosage forms, one having about 150 mg of testosterone undecanoate and the other dosage form having about 225 testosterone undecanoate; 3 dosing regimens, a first dosing regimen comprising administration of one dosage form twice a day each dosage form having about 225 mg testosterone undecanoate, a second dosing regimen comprising administration of two dosage forms twice a day each dosage form having about 150 mg testosterone undecanoate, and a third dosing regimen comprising administration of one dosage form twice a day said dosage form having about 150 mg testosterone undecanoate; or a pharmaceutically equivalent version thereof. 15. The method of claim 14 comprising an initial dosing regimen which provides a daily dose of about 450 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 16. The method of claim 14 comprising an initial dosing regimen which provides a daily dose of about 450 mg of testosterone undecanoate and a maintenance regimen daily dose of about 450 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 17. The method of claim 14 comprising an initial dosing regimen which provides a daily dose of about 450 mg of testosterone undecanoate and a maintenance regimen daily dose of about 600 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 18. The method of claim 14 comprising an initial dosing regimen which provides a daily dose of about 450 mg of testosterone undecanoate and a maintenance regimen daily dose of about 300 mg of testosterone undecanoate. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein a dose titration determination is made by measuring serum testosterone levels within a specified window of time after single dose administration of testosterone undecanoate said specified window of time having serum testosterone levels that correlate to Cavg values of 1140 ng/dL or greater; 300 ng/dL or lower; or between 300 ng/dL and 1140 ng/dL. 20. The method of claim 14 wherein a dose titration is made by measuring serum testosterone levels within a specified window of time after single dose administration of testosterone undecanoate said specified window of time correlating to serum testosterone Cavg values of 1140 ng/dL or greater; 300 ng/dL or lower; or between 300 ng/dL and 1140 ng/dL and when serum testosterone levels within the specified window of time correlate to a serum testosterone Cavg of: 1140 ng/dL or more, a dose reduction is made; 300 ng/dL or lower, a dose increase is made; or between 300 ng/dL and 1140 ng/dL no dose adjustment is made.",
-    "Interference is processed in a waveform received at a device in a wireless network, the received interference comprising non-linear products of at least a first signal (C1) at a first carrier frequency and a second signal (C2) at a second carrier frequency. A complex composite baseband signal is generated comprising at least the first and second signal at baseband, occupying a respective first and second frequency range within a composite baseband frequency range and not overlapping in frequency. The complex composite baseband signal is processed by applying at least a first non-linear function (74a) to generate simulated interference comprising at least one simulated non-linear product. The received interference is then processed in dependence on the simulated interference. 1. A method of processing interference in a waveform received at a device in a wireless network, the received interference comprising non-linear products generated from at least a first signal at a first carrier frequency and a second signal at a second carrier frequency, the method comprising: generating a complex composite baseband signal comprising at least the first and second signal at baseband, the first signal at baseband occupying a first frequency range within a composite baseband frequency range, and the second signal at baseband occupying a second frequency range within the composite baseband frequency range, the first frequency range not overlapping the second frequency range, by frequency shifting at least one of the first and second signals within the composite baseband frequency range; configuring the difference in frequency between the center of the first frequency range and the center of the second frequency range to be different from the difference in frequency between the first carrier frequency and the second carrier frequency; processing the complex composite baseband signal by applying at least a first non-linear function to generate simulated interference comprising at least one simulated non-linear product; and processing the received interference in dependence on said simulated interference. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first non-linear function generates a first non-linear term with a first exponent value and is configured to generate non-linear products having the phase of the complex composite baseband signal and having an amplitude linearly related to the amplitude of the complex composite baseband signal raised to the power of the respective exponent value. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said first non-linear function generates a non-linear term with an exponent value n and has the form: |A|n-1A, wherein A is the complex composite baseband signal. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: processing the complex composite baseband signal by applying a plurality of non-linear functions, each non-linear function relating to a respective exponent value, to generate a plurality of simulated non-linear products, wherein said simulated interference comprises said plurality of simulated non-linear products. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: frequency shifting selected ones of said plurality of simulated non-linear products by a respective frequency shift, the respective frequency shift being configured to align the respective simulated non-linear product with a respective non-linear product in the received interference. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the respective frequency shift is used to align simulated non-linear products of the same order for a plurality of exponent values. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: configuring a guard band between the first frequency range and the second frequency range, the width of the guard band in frequency being configured to limit a degree of overlap in frequency between a simulated non-linear product corresponding to a non-linear product in the received interference and another non-linear product generated by the same non-linear function. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the received interference comprises non-linear products of at least the first signal at the first carrier frequency, the second signal at the second carrier frequency and a third signal at a third carrier frequency, and wherein the complex composite baseband signal comprises at least the first, second and third signals at baseband. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: generating the complex composite baseband signal to comprise at least the first, second, and third signal at baseband, by frequency shifting the third signal to occupy a third frequency range within the complex composite baseband frequency range, the third frequency range not overlapping the first or second frequency range. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising configuring a guard band between each frequency range, the width of each guard band in frequency being configured to be sufficient to limit a degree of overlap between said at least one simulated non-linear product and another non-linear product generated by the same non-linear function. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: correlating said at least one simulated non-linear product with a representation of the waveform received at the device to produce data representing a correlation; and processing the interference in dependence on the data representing the correlation. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: weighting each of at least the first, second and third signals by a respective complex weighting function; configuring the complex composite baseband signal to comprise the weighted first, second and third signals, the first second and third signals having the same spacing in frequency from one another at composite baseband as they have at carrier frequency, such that processing the complex composite baseband signal by applying at least a first non-linear function generates simulated interference having overlapping non-linear products; correlating the simulated interference with a representation of the waveform received at the device to produce correlation data; adjusting the respective weighting functions in dependence on the correlation data; correlating simulated interference generated using adjusted respective weighting functions with a representation of the waveform received at the device to produce data representing a correlation; and processing the interference in dependence on the data representing the correlation. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said processing of the interference in dependence on the data representing the correlation comprises reducing a level of a non-linear product of at least the first signal and the second signal in the received interference by: detecting an amplitude and phase of the correlation; weighting at least said simulated interference in dependence on the detected amplitude and phase; and combining the weighted simulated interference with a frequency-shifted representation of the waveform received at the device. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said processing of the interference in dependence on the data representing the correlation comprises: detecting the presence of a non-linear product of at least the first signal and the second signal in the received interference in dependence on the data representing of the correlation. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal is transmitted within a first cellular frequency band and the second signal is transmitted within a second cellular frequency band, the first and second cellular frequency bands not being contiguous. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said non-linear products generated from at least the first signal and the second signal in the received interference comprise at least one passive intermodulation (PIM) product of at least the first signal and a second signal. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the complex composite baseband signal on the basis of samples of at least the first signal and the second signal derived at baseband from a downlink data stream from a base station baseband unit to a remote radio head unit. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the downlink data stream is Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) or Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI) data stream. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the complex composite baseband signal on the basis of at least one downconverted signal coupled from a radio frequency transmit signal. 20. An apparatus for processing interference in a waveform received at a device in a wireless network, the received interference comprising non-linear products generated from at least a first signal at a first carrier frequency and a second signal at a second carrier frequency, the apparatus comprising a signal processor configured to: generate a complex composite baseband signal comprising at least the first and second signal at baseband, by frequency shifting at least one of the first and second signals within the composite baseband frequency range so that the first signal at baseband occupies a first frequency range within the composite baseband frequency range the second signal at baseband occupies a second frequency range within the composite baseband frequency range, the first frequency range not overlapping the second frequency range; configure the difference in frequency between the center of the first frequency range and the center of the second frequency range to be different from the difference in frequency between the first carrier frequency and the second carrier frequency; process the complex composite baseband signal by applying at least a first non-linear function to generate at least one simulated non-linear product; and process the received interference in dependence on said simulated interference.",
-    "This invention relates to the use of functionalized quantum dots to effect the targeted delivery of active agents to a diseased cell. 1. A composition for targeted delivery of an active agent, comprising: a biocompatible quantum dot having an outer surface; a targeting entity bound to the outer surface of the quantum dot, which targeting entity is selected so as to bind to a cell-specific receptor of a target cell; a linker having a first binding site, which binding site binds the linker to the outer surface of the quantum dot; an active agent bound to a second binding site of the linker, the second binding site comprising a photocleavable chemical bond; wherein: the quantum dot is of a size such that its fluorescence wavelength is the scission wavelength of the photocleavable chemical bond. 2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising a cell-penetrating entity bound to the outer surface of the quantum dot. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the targeting entity is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, an aptamer, and an affibody. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the targeting entity is an aptamer. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first binding site on the linker is selected from the group consisting of a thiol, a mercaptoacetyl, avidin or streptavidin when the surface of the quantum dot comprises biotin and biotin when the surface of the quantum dot comprises avidin or streptavidin. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of a drug, an extra-cellular signaling agent and a non-self antigen. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the drug is a cytostatic or cytotoxic drug. 8. A method of treatment of a cell-based disease or disorder, comprising: providing the composition of of claim 1, wherein the composition fluoresces at a selected wavelength when irradiated; binding a targeting entity to a quantum dot in the composition, wherein: the targeting entity has an affinity for cells displaying a unique cell surface receptor; binding a linker to the surface of the quantum dot through a first binding site of the linker; binding a therapeutic agent to the linker through a second binding site of the linker, wherein: the second binding site comprises a photocleavable chemical bond that will cleave when irradiated at the selected wavelength; administering the composition to a subject in need thereof; and irradiating the subject with a wavelength of light that is absorbed by the quantum dot and results in the quantum dot fluorescing at the selected wavelength, wherein the photocleavable bond is broken and the bioactive agent is released. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the disease or disorder comprises cancer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cancer comprises a malignant tumor.",
-    "A method, system, and apparatus are provided that enable control of multiple cameras, and even multiple types of cameras, from a single device. Responsive to linking a camera to the controller, a unique control panel is generated to display settings and status information associated with said camera. As additional cameras are added, additional control panels are generated respective to each linked camera. A navigable display on the controller then enables a user to optionally access each control panel so that he may assess the respective camera's status and optionally adjust the respective camera's settings from a single device. 1. A system for independently controlling a plurality of cameras from a single device, comprising: two or more cameras; and a remote control device operable to: communicatively link to the two or more video-capable cameras; generate a unique control panel for each of the communicatively linked cameras; receive instructions to alternatively display one of the control panels; receive instructions to adjust one or more settings accessible from the displayed control panel; and transmit instructions to adjust one or more settings to the camera associated with the displayed control panel to cause the camera associated with the control panel to operate under the one or more adjusted settings. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cameras communicatively linked to the control device defines a different type of cameras than at least one other of the communicatively linked cameras. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the control device is further operable to generate a unique setting page for one or more each of the adjustable settings accessible from each of the control panels generated for each of the communicatively linked cameras. 4. A method for independently controlling a plurality of cameras from a single device, comprising: receiving identifying camera information to cause the camera to become communicatively linked to a control device; generating a digital control panel unique to the linked camera; receiving identifying camera information to cause one or more additional cameras to become communicatively linked to the control device; generating a digital control panel unique to each additional linked cameras; responsive to receiving a selection of one of the linked cameras, displaying the digital control panel generated in conjunction with said linked camera; receiving one or more setting adjustments for the selected camera from the control panel; and transmitting the one or more setting adjustments to the selected camera to cause the selected camera to operate under the adjusted settings. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein at least one of the additional cameras communicatively linked to the control device defines a different type of camera than any other camera communicatively linked to the control device. 6. A non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a computer processor, enable performance of the method, comprising: receiving identifying camera information to cause the camera to become communicatively linked to a control device; generating a digital control panel unique to the linked camera; receiving identifying camera information to cause one or more additional cameras to become communicatively linked to the control device; generating a digital control panel unique to each additional linked cameras; responsive to receiving a selection of one of the linked cameras, displaying the digital control panel generated in conjunction with said linked camera; receiving one or more setting adjustments for the selected camera from the control panel; and transmitting the one or more setting adjustments to the selected camera to cause the selected camera to operate under the adjusted settings.",
-    "Culture media comprising manganese and methods of culturing cells to improve sialylation and glycosylation of glycoproteins are provided. 1. A method for producing an erythropoietic composition comprising sialylated erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules, comprising the steps of: growing a manganese-responsive host cell in a culture medium containing an amount of manganese effective to increase the sialylation of said erythropoietic composition, wherein the concentration of manganese in said culture medium ranges from about 0.01 to about 40 \u03bcM. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of recovering an erythropoietic composition wherein less than about 5% of the erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules are lower sialylated. 3. The method of claim 1 in which the amount of manganese is effective to increase the percentage of highly sialylated erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of manganese is effective to increase the percentage of erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules which are glycosylated at potential O-linked glycosylation sites. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of manganese is effective to increase the percentage of galactose among the sugars attached to erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules. 6. The method of anyone of claims 1-5 wherein the culture medium is essentially serum-free. 7. The method of any of claims 1-6 wherein the erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 (erythropoietin) or erythropoietic fragments thereof. 8. The method of any of claims 1-7 wherein the erythropoiesis-stimulating molecules comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 {darbepoetin) or erythropoietic fragments thereof. 9. The method of any of claims 1-8 wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell. 10. The method of any of claims 1-9 wherein the host cell is a CHO cell. 11. The method of any of claims 1-10 wherein the manganese is at a concentration of from about 0.1 to about 10 \u03bcM. 12. The method of any of claims 1-10 wherein the manganese is at a concentration of from about 0.4 to about 4 \u03bcM. 13. The method of any of claims 1-12 wherein the culture medium further comprises one or more supplementary amino acids selected from the group consisting of asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, or valine. 14. The method of any of claims 1-13 wherein the host cells are grown in roller bottles. 15. The method of any of claims 1-14 wherein the manganese is added after a rapid cell growth phase. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the rapid cell growth phase lasts. for a period ranging between about 2 and 20 days. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the manganese is added after two harvest cycles. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the first harvest cycle is about 8 days and the second harvest cycle is about 7 days long. 19. A culture medium comprising host cells and a non-toxic amount of manganese effective to increase the sialylation of a glycoprotein composition. 20. The culture medium of claim 19 wherein the host cells secrete an erythropoietic composition. 21. The culture medium of claim 19 or 20 wherein the manganese is at a concentration of from about 0.01 to about 40 \u03bcM. 22. The culture medium of claim 21 wherein the manganese is at a concentration of from about 0.1 to about 10 \u03bcM.",
-    "An over-the-needle catheter having a curvilinear slit formed therein to allow for infusion of fluids through the catheter and into the blood vessel of the patient in the event of blockage of the primary opening of the catheter. 1. An over-the-needle catheter for introduction into a blood vessel of a patient, the over-the-needle catheter comprising: a catheter tube having: a proximal end portion having a primary opening; an opposed distal end portion; and an outer surface and an inner surface defining a tube passageway extending between the proximal and distal end portions; and a curvilinear slit formed in the catheter tube adjacent the proximal end portion thereof and extending through the catheter tube from the outer surface to the inner surface and defining pair of opposed flaps and a pressure activated opening in fluid communication with the tube passageway, the pressure activated opening being adapted to transition from a closed position to an open position in response to restricted fluid flow through the primary opening, the pair of opposed flaps moving relative to each other as the pressure activated opening transitions between the closed and open positions. 2. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 1, further comprising a hardened tip connected to the catheter tube adjacent the proximal end portion thereof. 3. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 1, wherein the curvilinear slit defines a sinusoidal configuration. 4. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 1, wherein the curvilinear slit defines an arcuate configuration. 5. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 1, wherein the curvilinear slit circumscribes the catheter tube at least once. 6. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 5, wherein the curvilinear slit defines a helical configuration. 7. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 1, wherein the curvilinear slit is defined by a pair of flaps configured to be transitional between the closed position wherein fluid flow therethrough is inhibited, and the open position wherein fluid flow therethrough is facilitated. 8. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 7, wherein the catheter tube is formed from a resilient material causing the flaps to be biased toward the closed position. 9. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 7, wherein a pressure differential between the tube passageway and the outside of the catheter body of about \u00bd psi to about 5 psi causes the flaps to transition from the closed position toward the open position. 10. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 1, wherein the catheter tube defines a length of 4 inches or less. 11. An over-the-needle catheter for introduction into a blood vessel of a patient, the over-the-needle catheter comprising: a catheter tube having: a proximal end portion and an opposed distal end portion, the proximal end portion having a primary opening; and an outer surface and an inner surface defining a tube passageway extending between the proximal and distal end portions; and a pair of flaps formed in the catheter tube adjacent the proximal end portion thereof to define a pressure activated opening through the catheter tube and in communication with the tube passageway, the pair of flaps defining complimentary curvilinear edges, the pressure activated opening being adapted to transition from a closed position to an open position in response to restricted fluid flow through the primary opening, the pair of flaps moving relative to each other as the pressure activated opening transitions between the closed and open positions. 12. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 11, further comprising a hardened tip connected to the catheter tube adjacent the proximal end portion thereof. 13. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 11, wherein the curvilinear edges define a sinusoidal configuration. 14. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 11, wherein the curvilinear edges define an arcuate configuration. 15. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 11, wherein the curvilinear edges circumscribe the catheter tube at least once. 16. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 15, wherein the curvilinear edges define a helical configuration. 17. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 11, wherein the pair of flaps are configured to be transitional between the closed position wherein fluid flow through the opening is inhibited, and the open position wherein fluid flow through the opening is facilitated. 18. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 17, wherein the catheter tube is formed from a resilient material causing the flaps to be biased toward the closed position. 19. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 17, wherein a pressure differential between the tube passageway and the outside of the catheter body of about \u00bd psi to about 5 psi causes the flaps to transition from the closed position toward the open position. 20. The over-the-needle catheter recited in claim 11, wherein the catheter tube defines a length of 4 inches or less.",
-    "A process for producing xylene comprises contacting a first feed comprising C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen with a first catalyst composition comprising a first molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12 and at least one hydrogenation component. The first catalyst composition dealkylates at least part of the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons containing C2+ alkyl groups and to saturate the resulting C2+ olefins to produce a second feed. The second feed is then contacted with a second catalyst composition under conditions effective to transalkylate at least part of the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons in the second feed to produce a product comprising xylene. The second catalyst composition comprises a second molecular sieve having a Constraint Index less than 3 and a third molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12. 1. A process for producing xylene from C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons, the process comprising: (a) contacting a first feed comprising C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen with a first catalyst composition under conditions effective to dealkylate at least part of the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons containing C2+ alkyl groups and to saturate the resulting C2+ olefins to produce a second feed, wherein the first catalyst composition comprises a first molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12 and at least one hydrogenation component; and (b) contacting the second feed with a second catalyst composition under conditions effective to transalkylate at least part of the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons in the second feed to produce a first product comprising xylene, wherein the second catalyst composition comprises a second molecular sieve having a Constraint Index less than 3 and a third molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first feed further comprises at least one C6-C7 aromatic hydrocarbon. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the first molecular sieve comprises ZSM-5. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the first molecular sieve comprises ZSM-5 crystals having an external surface area in excess of 50 m2/g as determined by the t-plot method for nitrogen physisorption. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one hydrogenation component of the first catalyst composition comprises at least one metal or compound thereof selected from Groups 6-10 of the Periodic Table and tin or a tin compound. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the second molecular sieve comprises ZSM-12. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the second molecular sieve comprises mordenite. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the third molecular sieve comprises ZSM-5. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the second molecular sieve and the third molecular sieve are contained in a single catalyst particle. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the single catalyst particle is produced by co-extrusion. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the second catalyst composition comprises from 50 wt. % to 85 wt. % of the second molecular sieve and from 15 wt. % to 50 wt. % of the third molecular sieve based on the total weight of the second and third molecular sieves. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein at least the molecular sieve components of the second catalyst composition are presteamed with from 5 to 100% steam at a temperature from 260 to 650\u00b0 C. for at least one hour. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the second catalyst composition further comprises at least one hydrogenation component. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the at least one hydrogenation component of the second catalyst composition comprises at least one metal or compound thereof selected from Groups 6-10 of the Periodic Table and tin or a tin compound. 15. The process of claim 1 and further comprising: (c) contacting at least part of the first product with a third catalyst composition under conditions effective to remove benzene coboilers in the first product and produce a second product, wherein the third catalyst composition comprises a fourth molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12; and (d) recovering xylene from the second product. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein the fourth molecular sieve comprises ZSM-5. 17. The process of claim 15, wherein the fourth molecular sieve comprises ZSM-5 crystals having an external surface area in excess of 50 m2/g as determined by the t-plot method for nitrogen physisorption. 18. A catalyst system for transalkylating a feed comprising C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons to produce xylene, the catalyst system comprising: (i) a first catalyst composition comprising a first molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12 and a hydrogenation component; (ii) a second catalyst composition comprising a second molecular sieve having a Constraint Index less than 3 and a third molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12, the second catalyst composition being located downstream of the first catalyst composition when the catalyst system is contacted with the feed; and (iii) a third catalyst composition comprising a fourth molecular sieve having a Constraint Index of 3 to 12, the third catalyst composition being located downstream of the second catalyst composition when the catalyst system is contacted with the feed. 19. The catalyst system of claim 18 and comprising from 15 wt. % to 35 wt. % of the first catalyst composition, from 50 wt. % to 75 wt. % of the second catalyst composition, and from 5 wt. % to 25 wt. % of the third catalyst composition, based on the total weight of the first, second and third catalyst compositions.",
-    "Provided herein is an apparatus, including a mapping means for generating a map of locations of surface features of an article based on photon-detector signals corresponding to photons scattered from the surface features of the article, and a surface feature manager. The surface manager is configured to locate a predetermined surface feature of the surface features of the article based, at least in part, on the map of the surface features locations, irradiate photons of a first power onto the location of the predetermined surface feature to analyze the predetermined surface feature, and irradiate photons of a second power onto the location of the predetermined surface feature to remove the predetermined surface feature. 1. An apparatus comprising: a photon emitter configured to emit photons onto a surface of an article; a photon detector configured to receive photons scattered from surface features of the article; a mapping means configured to generate a map of surface features of the article and locations associated therewith, wherein the map generation is based on information received from the photon detector, and wherein the map is generated as the article moves through a production line; subsequent to the map generation, reflective surfaces configured to direct photons from the photon emitter onto specific location of the surface of the article based on the map and further based on selection of the specific location thereof; and a processor configured to further analyze features at the specific location of the map based on reflected photons scattered from the article and captured by the photon detector in response to the reflective surfaces directing photons from the photon emitter onto specific location of the surface, wherein the further analysis occurs as the article moves through the production line. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a surface feature manager configured to locate and irradiate photons onto the surface features at the specific location in response to the selection from the generated map, wherein the photon detector is further configured to receive the irradiating photons scattered from the selected surface features. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the surface feature manager is further configured to remove the selected surface features. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the selection of the specific location on the generated map is user selected. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the further features analysis is selected from a group consisting of a Raman spectroscopy analysis, luminescence measurements, loss spectroscopy analysis, and electron spectroscopy analysis. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the photon emitter emit photons selected from a group consisting of ion-beam, X-ray, and electron beam. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to analyze and classify the selected surface features based on information received from the photon detector. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the classification is based on a type of feature associated with the features at the specific location and further based on a size associated with the features at the specific location. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a telecentric lens coupled to the photon detector. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the photon detector comprises a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (\u201cCMOS\u201d), a scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (\u201csCMOS\u201d), or a charge-coupled device (\u201cCCD\u201d). 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reflective surfaces are configured to redirect photons reflected off the surface of the article back onto the surface of the article to recycle photons. 12. An apparatus comprising: a photon emitter configured to emit photons onto a surface of an article; a mapping means configured to generate a map of surface features of the article and locations associated therewith, wherein the map generation is based on information received from a photon detector capturing scattered lights reflected from the surface of the article, wherein the map is generated as the article moves through a production line; reflective surfaces configured to direct photons from the photon emitter onto specific location of the surface of the article based on the map and further based on selection of the specific location thereof; and a surface feature manager configured to: locate features at the specific location based on the selection from the generated map, irradiate photons of a first power onto the specific location to further analyze the features at the specific location, in response to the selection from the generated map, as the article moves through the production line, and irradiate photons of a second power onto the specific location to remove at least one feature of the features in response to a user selection thereof. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first and second powers are different. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the photon emitter is synchronized with a photon-detector. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the selection of the specific location on the generated map is user selected. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the further features analysis comprises a Raman spectroscopy analysis, luminescence measurements, loss spectroscopy analysis, and electron spectroscopy analysis. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the surface feature manager is configured to analyze and classify features at the specific location based on information received from the photon detector in response to irradiation photons of the first power onto the specific location. 18. An apparatus comprising: a photon emitter configured to emit photons onto a surface of an article; a mapping means configured to generate a map of surface features of the article and locations associated therewith, wherein the map generation is based on information received from a photon detector capturing scattered lights reflected from the surface of the article, wherein the map is generated as the article moves through a production line; and a surface feature manager configured to: locate features at specific location of the article based on a selection from the generated map, irradiate photons onto the specific location to further analyze the features at the specific location, in response to the selection from the generated map, as the article moves through the production line. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the further analysis determines chemical characterization associated with the features at the specific location. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the surface feature manager is further configure to irradiate photons onto the specific location, in response to a user selection thereof, to remove at least one feature of the features at the specific location.",
-    "The drone comprises a camera, an inertial unit measuring the drone angles, and an extractor module delivering data of an image area (ZI) of reduced size defined inside a capture area (ZC) of the sensor. A feedback-control module dynamically modifies the position and the orientation of the image area inside the capture area, in a direction opposite to that of the angle variations measured by the inertial unit. The sensor may operate according to a plurality of different configurations able to be dynamically selected, with a base configuration using a base capture area (ZCB) for low values of roll angle (\u03b8), and at least one degraded mode configuration using an extended capture area (ZCE) of greater size than the base capture area (ZCB), for high values of roll angle (\u03b8). 1. A motorized flying machine such as a drone (10) provided with a system for stabilizing the captured images comprising: a camera (14) linked to the drone body, said camera comprising: a hemispherical-field lens of the fisheye type, and a digital sensor acquiring the image formed by the lens, where only one part, located inside a capture area (ZC), of the pixels of the image formed on the sensor is captured to deliver raw pixel data; an inertial unit (50), adapted to measure the Euler angles (\u03c6, \u03b8, \u03c8) describing the instantaneous attitude of the drone with respect to an absolute terrestrial reference system; an extractor module (52), receiving as an input said raw pixel data of said capture area (ZC) and delivering as an output pixel data of an image area (ZI) of reduced size inside the capture area and corresponding to an angular sector (36) captured by a conventional camera; and a feedback-control module (54, 56), receiving as an input angle values delivered by the inertial unit, and adapted to dynamically modify the position and the orientation of the image area inside the capture area, in the direction opposite to that of the changes of the angle values measured by the inertial unit, characterized in that: the sensor is a sensor able to operate according to a plurality of different configurations of operation, able to be dynamically selected during a same sequence of image taking of the camera, said configurations of operation comprising: a base configuration using a base capture area (ZCB) as a capture area (ZC), and at least one degraded mode configuration using as a capture area (ZC) an extended capture area (ZCE) of greater size than the base capture area (ZCB), with application to the pixels of the extended capture area of a conversion processing adapted to reduce the size of the extended capture area to that of the base capture area, and it is further provided a compensator module (58), receiving as an input successive values of roll angle (\u03b8) of the drone delivered by the inertial unit, and adapted to dynamically modify the current configuration of operation of the sensor so that the sensor operates: according to the base configuration for roll angle values (\u03b8) lower than a first limit, and according to a degraded mode configuration for roll angle values (\u03b8) higher than a second limit. 2. The drone of claim 1, wherein the roll effect compensator means are adapted to dynamically modify the current configuration of operation of the sensor: from the base configuration to the degraded mode configuration when the roll angle value increases beyond a first predetermined threshold, and from the degraded mode configuration to the base configuration when the roll angle of the drone decreases under a second predetermined threshold, the second threshold being different from the first threshold and lower than the latter. 3. The drone of claim 1, wherein the configurations of operation comprise: the base configuration (Configuration #1), using the base capture area (ZCB) as a capture area (ZC), a moderately degraded mode configuration (Configuration #2) using as a capture area (ZC) a first extended capture area of greater size than the base capture area, with application to the pixels of the first extended capture area of a first conversion processing adapted to reduce the size of the first extended capture area to that of the base capture area, and a strongly degraded mode configuration (Configuration #3) using as a capture area (ZC) a second extended capture area of greater size than the first extended capture area, with application to the pixels of the second extended capture area of a second conversion processing, different from the first processing, adapted to reduce the size of the second extended capture area to that of the base capture area, and wherein the compensator module is further adapted to dynamically modifies the current configuration of operation of the sensor such that the sensor operates: according to the base configuration for roll angle values lower than the first limit, according to the moderately degraded mode configuration for roll angle values higher than the second limit and lower than the third limit, and according to the strongly degraded mode configuration for roll angle values higher than those of the third limit.",
-    "In some embodiments, a transistor includes a stack having a bottom source/drain region, a first insulative material, a conductive gate, a second insulative material, and a top source/drain region. The stack has a vertical sidewall with a bottom portion along the bottom source/drain region, a middle portion along the conductive gate, and a top portion along the top source/drain region. Third insulative material is along the middle portion of the vertical sidewall. A channel region material is along the third insulative material. The channel region material is directly against the top and bottom portions of the vertical sidewall. The channel region material has a thickness within a range of from greater than about 3 \u212b to less than or equal to about 10 \u212b; and/or has a thickness of from 1 monolayer to 7 monolayers. 1-29. (canceled) 30. A field effect transistor construction comprising: a stack comprising, in ascending order, a bottom source/drain region, a first insulative material, a conductive gate, a second insulative material, and a top source/drain region; the stack having a sidewall; the sidewall having a bottom portion along the bottom source/drain region, a middle portion along the conductive gate, and a top portion along the top source/drain region; third insulative material along an entirely of the middle portion of the sidewall; a channel region material along the third insulative material and spaced from the conductive gate by the third insulative material; the channel region material being directly against at least part of the bottom portion of the sidewall, and being directly against at least part of the top portion of the sidewall; and the channel region material comprising transition metal chalcogenide. 31. The construction of claim 30 wherein the channel region material comprises transition metal dichalcogenide and/or transition metal trichalcogenide. 32. The construction of claim 30 wherein the channel region material comprises one or more chalcogenides selected from the group consisting of molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum selenide, tungsten sulfide, tungsten selenide, indium sulfide and indium selenide. 33. The construction of claim 30 wherein the channel region material extends only partially along one or both of the top and bottom portions of the sidewall. 34. The construction of claim 30 wherein the channel region material extends entirely along at least one of the top and bottom portions of the sidewall. 35. The construction of claim 30 wherein the channel region material extends entirely along both of the top and bottom portions of the sidewall. 36. The construction of claim 30 wherein the third insulative material extends along the first insulative material. 37. The construction of claim 30 wherein the third insulative material extends along the second insulative material. 38. A field effect transistor construction comprising: a bottom source/drain region supported by an insulative base; a conductive gate directly above the bottom source/drain region; a top source/drain region directly above the conductive gate; insulative material along a sidewall of the conductive gate; channel region material along the insulative material and spaced from the conductive gate by the insulative material; the channel region material extending at least partially along a sidewall of the bottom source/drain region and at least partially along a sidewall of the top source/drain region; and the channel region material having a thickness of from 1 monolayer to 7 monolayers and comprising transition metal chalcogenide. 39. The construction of claim 38 wherein the channel region material comprises transition metal dichalcogenide and/or transition metal trichalcogenide. 40. The construction of claim 38 wherein the channel region material comprises one or more chalcogenides selected from the group consisting of molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum selenide, tungsten sulfide, tungsten selenide, indium sulfide and indium selenide. 41. The construction of claim 38 having mirror symmetry along a vertical plane such that the channel region material and insulative material are along two opposing sides of the construction. 42. The construction of claim 38 not having mirror symmetry along a vertical plane. 43. The construction of claim 38 wherein the channel region material extends entirely along the sidewall of the bottom source/drain region. 44. The construction of claim 38 wherein the channel region material extends entirely along the sidewall of the top source/drain region. 45. The construction of claim 38 wherein the channel region material extends entirely along the sidewalls of the top and bottom source/drain regions. 46. A method of forming transistors, comprising: forming a stack comprising, an ascending order, first source/drain region material, first insulative material, gate material, second insulative material and second source/drain material; patterning the first insulative material, gate material, second insulative material and second source/drain material into pillars; forming gate dielectric material along sidewalls of the pillars, the gate dielectric material being along the gate material and not along the second source/drain material; utilizing the pillars as a mask during an etch through the drain region material; the etch forming the drain region material into pedestals beneath the pillars; forming channel region material along sidewalls of the pillars and pedestals, and leaving gaps over regions between the pillars and pedestals, the channel region material having a thickness of from 1 monolayer to 7 monolayers; and filling the gaps with third insulative material and planarizing a top surface across the second source/drain material, channel region material and third insulative material. 47. The method of claim 46 wherein the channel region material comprises transition metal chalcogenide. 48. The method of claim 46 wherein the channel region material comprises transition metal dichalcogenide and/or transition metal trichalcogenide. 49. The method of claim 46 wherein the channel region material comprises one or more chalcogenides selected from the group consisting of molybdenum sulfide, molybdenum selenide, tungsten sulfide, tungsten selenide, indium sulfide and indium selenide. 50. The method of claim 46 wherein the channel region material is deposited at a temperature of less than or equal to about 750\u00b0 C. 51. The method of claim 46 wherein the top source/drain material is patterned into top source/drain regions during the patterning into the pillars, and further comprising forming memory cells electrically coupled to the top source/drain regions. 52. The method of claim 46 wherein the top source/drain material is patterned into top source/drain regions during the patterning into the pillars, and further comprising forming charge storage devices electrically coupled to the top source/drain regions.",
-    "An interference filter includes a layers stack comprising a plurality of layers of at least: layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon with added nitrogen (a-Si:H,N) and layers of one or more dielectric materials, such as SiO2, SiOx, SiOxNy, a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive, or so forth. The interference filter is designed to have a passband center wavelength in the range 750-1000 nm inclusive. Layers of a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive provide a smaller angle shift compared with a similar interference filter using SiO2 as the low index layers. 1. An interference filter comprising: a layers stack comprising plurality of layers of at least: layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon and layers of one or more dielectric materials having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the amorphous hydrogenated silicon wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials include layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive. 2. The interference filter of claim 1 wherein the layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive include one or more layers comprising Si3N4, SiOxNy with y large enough to provide a refractive index of 1.9 or higher, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, or TiO2. 3. The interference filter of claim 2 wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials further include SiO2 layers. 4. The interference filter of claim 1 wherein the layers stack is configured to have a passband center wavelength in the range 800-1100 nm inclusive. 5. The interference filter of claim 1 wherein the layers stack is configured to have a passband center wavelength in the range 750-1100 nm inclusive. 6. The interference filter of claim 1 further comprising: a transparent substrate supporting the layers stack. 7. The interference filter of claim 6 wherein the transparent substrate comprises a glass substrate. 8. The interference filter of claim 6 wherein the layers stack includes a first layers stack on one side of transparent substrate and a second layers stack on the opposite side of the transparent substrate. 9. The interference filter of claim 8 wherein the first layers defines a low pass filter with a low pass cutoff wavelength, the second layers stack defines a high pass filter with a high pass cutoff wavelength, and the interference filter has a passband defined between the high pass cutoff wavelength and the low pass cutoff wavelength. 10. A method comprising: fabricating an interference filter as set forth in claim 1 by operations including depositing the layers stack on a substrate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the depositing comprises sputtering using at least a silicon-based sputtering target. 12. An interference filter comprising: a layers stack comprising plurality of layers of at least: layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon and layers of one or more dielectric materials having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the amorphous hydrogenated silicon including layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive. 13. The interference filter of claim 12 wherein the layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive include one or more layers comprising Si3N4, SiOxNy with y large enough to provide a refractive index of 1.9 or higher, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, or TiO2. 14. The interference filter of claim 12 wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials further include SiO2 layers. 15. The interference filter of claim 14 wherein the layers stack includes at least one SiO2 layer immediately adjacent a layer of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive with no intervening layer of amorphous hydrogenated silicon.",
-    "Techniques for forming Ga-doped source drain contacts in Ge-based transistors are provided. In one aspect, a method for forming Ga-doped source and drain contacts includes the steps of: depositing a dielectric over a transistor; depositing a dielectric over the transistor; forming contact trenches in the dielectric over, and extending down to, source and drain regions of the transistor; depositing an epitaxial material into the contact trenches; implanting gallium ions into the epitaxial material to form an amorphous gallium-doped layer; and annealing the amorphous gallium-doped layer under conditions sufficient to form a crystalline gallium-doped layer having a homogenous gallium concentration of greater than about 5\u00d71020 at./cm3. Transistor devices are also provided utilizing the present Ga-doped source and drain contacts. 1. A method for forming gallium-doped p-type source and drain contacts, the method comprising the steps of: forming a transistor comprising source and drain regions interconnected by a channel region and at least one gate configured to regulate current flow through the channel region; depositing a dielectric over the transistor; forming contact trenches in the dielectric over, and extending down to, the source and drain regions; depositing an epitaxial material into the contact trenches; implanting gallium ions into the epitaxial material to form an amorphous gallium-doped layer; and annealing the amorphous gallium-doped layer under conditions sufficient to form a crystalline gallium-doped layer having a homogenous gallium concentration of greater than about 5\u00d71020 atoms per cubic centimeter (at./cm3). 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: performing a surface cleaning within the contact trenches. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the source and drain regions comprise boron-doped silicon germanium. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the epitaxial material comprises boron-doped silicon germanium. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the epitaxial material comprises boron-doped germanium. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the epitaxial material comprises gallium-doped germanium. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the amorphous gallium-doped layer has a depth in the epitaxial material of from about 5 nanometers to about 10 nanometers, and ranges therebetween. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline gallium-doped layer has a homogenous gallium concentration of from about 6\u00d71020 at./cm3 to about 8\u00d71021 at./cm3, and ranges therebetween. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the conditions comprise a temperature and a duration. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the annealing is performed using solid phase epitaxy laser annealing and wherein the temperature is from about 600\u00b0 C. to about 800\u00b0 C., and ranges therebetween, and the duration is from about 50 microseconds to about 5 milliseconds, and ranges therebetween. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the annealing is performed using liquid phase epitaxy laser annealing and wherein the temperature is from about 750\u00b0 C. to about 1,100\u00b0 C., and ranges therebetween, and the duration is from about 10 nanoseconds to about 1,000 nanoseconds, and ranges therebetween. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: forming a metal silicide on the crystalline gallium-doped layer. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: filling the contact trenches with a contact metal. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the contact metal comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, cobalt, aluminum, and combinations thereof 15. A device, comprising: a p-type transistor comprising source and drain regions interconnected by a channel region, and at least one gate configured to regulate current flow through the channel region; a dielectric over the p-type transistor; contact trenches present in the dielectric over, and extending down to, the source and drain regions; an epitaxial material within the contact trenches; and a crystalline gallium-doped layer on the epitaxial material having a homogenous gallium concentration of greater than about 5\u00d71020 at./cm3. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the crystalline gallium-doped layer has a homogenous gallium concentration of from about 6\u00d71020 at./cm3 to about 8\u00d71021, and ranges therebetween. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the source and drain regions comprise boron-doped silicon germanium Si1-xGex:B, the epitaxial material comprises boron-doped silicon germanium SiGey:B, and wherein x<y<1. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein 0\u2266x\u22660.75. 19. The device of claim 17, wherein the epitaxial material comprises boron-doped germanium. 20. The device of claim 17, further comprising: a metal silicide on the crystalline gallium-doped layer; and a contact metal filling the contact trenches. 21. A device, comprising: a p-type transistor comprising source and drain regions interconnected by a channel region, and at least one gate configured to regulate current flow through the channel region; a dielectric over the p-type transistor; contact trenches present in the dielectric over, and extending down to, the source and drain regions; and a crystalline gallium-doped layer in direct contact with the source and drain regions, wherein the crystalline gallium-doped layer has a homogenous gallium concentration of greater than about 5\u00d71020 at./cm3.",
-    "A vehicle equipped with an operator presence detector comprises an optional first detector located and configured to detect an object positioned over a threshold to the operator compartment; a second detector located and configured to detect an operator's left lower extremity when the left lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; and a third detector located and configured to detect an operator's right lower extremity when the right lower extremity is located in the operator compartment. The second detector and the third detector are positioned such that (i) an operator cannot use the left lower extremity to trigger both the second detector and the third detector and (ii) an operator cannot use the right lower extremity to trigger both the second detector and the third detector. 1. An industrial vehicle comprising (i) an operator compartment comprising a floor configured for an operator to stand on, and (ii) an operator presence detector, the operator presence detector comprising: a first detector located a distance above the floor and configured to detect an operator's left lower extremity when the left lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; a second detector located a distance above the floor and configured to detect an operator's right lower extremity when the right lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; wherein the first detector is configured and positioned such that an operator cannot cause the first detector to detect both the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity when the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity are located in the operator compartment; and wherein the second detector is configured and positioned such that an operator cannot cause the second detector to detect both the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity when the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity are located in the operator compartment. 2. An industrial vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the first detector is located a distance above the floor in a range of 10 millimeters to 800 millimeters; and the second detector is located a distance above the floor in a range of 10 millimeters to 800 millimeters. 3. An industrial vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the first detector and the second detector are horizontally spaced apart no closer than 150 millimeters. 4. An industrial vehicle according to claim 3, wherein: the first detector and the second detector are vertically spaced apart in a range of 50 millimeters to 800 millimeters. 5. An industrial vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the first detector and the second detector are vertically aligned proximate a first side of the operator compartment and a detection field for the first detector diverges from a detection field for the second detector in a direction extending away from the first side of the operator compartment. 6. An industrial vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the detection field for the first detector horizontally diverges from a detection field for the second detector in a direction extending away from the first side of the operator compartment. 7. An industrial vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the detection field for the first detector vertically diverges from a detection field for the second detector in a direction extending away from the first side of the operator compartment. 8. An industrial vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the first detector and the second detector are vertically separated by a distance in the range of 50 millimeters to 800 millimeters. 9. An industrial vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising: a threshold to the operator compartment; and a third detector located a distance above the threshold and configured to detect an object above the threshold. 10. An industrial vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising a processor communicating with the first detector and with the second detector, wherein the processor is programmed to: enable a vehicle function if (a) an operator left lower extremity is detected and (b) an operator right lower extremity is detected. 11. An industrial vehicle according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further programmed to: limit operation of the vehicle function if only one of an operator left lower extremity and an operator right lower extremity is detected. 12. An industrial vehicle according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further programmed to: disable operation of the vehicle function if only one of an operator left lower extremity and an operator right lower extremity is detected. 13. An industrial vehicle according to claim 10, wherein the processor is further programmed to: disable operation of the vehicle function if (a) an operator left lower extremity is not detected and (b) an operator right lower extremity is not detected. 14. An industrial vehicle according to claim 10, further comprising: a threshold to the operator compartment; and a third detector located above the threshold and configured to detect an object above the threshold; wherein the processor is further programmed to: disable the vehicle function if an object located over the threshold is detected. 15. An industrial vehicle comprising (i) an operator compartment comprising a floor configured for an operator to stand on, and (ii) an operator presence detector, the operator presence detector comprising: a first detector configured to detect an operator's left lower extremity when the left lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; and a second detector configured to detect an operator's right lower extremity when the right lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; wherein at least one of the first detector and the second detector is configured and positioned such that an operator foot contacting the floor cannot be detected by the at least one of the first detector and the second detector. 16. An industrial vehicle according to claim 15, wherein the first detector and the second detector are vertically aligned proximate a first side of the operator compartment and a detection field for the first detector diverges from a detection field for the second detector in a direction extending away from the first side of the operator compartment. 17. An industrial vehicle according to claim 15, wherein: the first detector is located a distance above the floor and configured to detect an operator's left lower extremity when the left lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; the second detector is located a distance above the floor and configured to detect an operator's right lower extremity when the right lower extremity is located in the operator compartment; the first detector is configured and positioned such that an operator cannot cause the first detector to detect both the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity when the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity are located in the operator compartment; and the second detector is configured and positioned such that an operator cannot cause the second detector to detect both the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity when the left lower extremity and the right lower extremity are located in the operator compartment. 18. An industrial vehicle comprising: an operator compartment comprising a floor configured for an operator to stand on, the floor having a front side, a left side extending from the front side, a right side extending from the front side and opposite the left side, and a rear side opposite the front side and extending between the left side and the right side; and an operator presence detector, the operator presence detector comprising: a first detector located (a) proximate one side of the floor and (b) a distance above the floor, wherein a first detection field associated with the first detector extends between the one side of the floor and the side opposite the one side of the floor; and a second detector located (a) proximate either (i) the one side of the floor or (ii) proximate the side opposite the one side of the floor and (b) a distance above the floor, wherein a second detection field associated with the second detector extends between the one side of the floor and the side opposite the one side of the floor. 19. An industrial vehicle according to claim 18, wherein the second detector is located a greater distance above the floor than the first detector. 20. An industrial vehicle according to claim 18, wherein the first detection field is parallel with the second detection field. 21. An industrial vehicle according to claim 18, wherein the first detection field and the second detection field diverge from each other in a direction moving from the one side of the floor towards the side opposite the one side. 22. An industrial vehicle according to claim 18, wherein the first detection field and the second detection field converge towards each other in a direction moving from the one side of the floor towards the side opposite the one side. 23. An industrial vehicle according to claim 18, further comprising a threshold located proximate the rear side of the floor, wherein: the first detector comprises a first emitter and a first receiver, wherein one of the first emitter and the first receiver is located proximate the left side of the floor and the other of the first emitter and the first receiver is located proximate the right side of the floor; and the second detector comprises a second emitter and a second receiver, wherein one of the second emitter and the second receiver is located proximate the left side of the floor and the other of the second emitter and the second receiver is located proximate the right side of the floor. 24. An industrial vehicle according to claim 23, wherein the first emitter and the first receiver are located a greater distance above the floor than the second emitter and the second receiver. 25. An industrial vehicle according to claim 23, further comprising a third detector comprising one of a third emitter or a third receiver located proximate the left side of the floor, the other of the third emitter and the third receiver located proximate the right side of the floor, and an associated detection field extending over the threshold. 26. An industrial vehicle according to claim 18, further comprising a threshold located proximate the rear side of the floor, wherein: the first detector comprises a first emitter and a first receiver, wherein one of the first emitter and the first receiver is located proximate the front side of the floor and the other of the first emitter and the first receiver is located proximate a first side of the threshold; the second detector comprises a second emitter and a second receiver, wherein one of the second emitter and the second receiver is located proximate the front side of the floor and the other of the second emitter and the second receiver is located proximate a second side of the threshold; the first emitter and the first receiver are located a greater distance above the floor than the second emitter and the second receiver; and one of the first emitter and first receiver is vertically aligned with one of the second emitter and second receiver. 27. An industrial vehicle according to claim 26, further comprising a post extending from the floor proximate the first side of the floor, wherein one of the first emitter and the first receiver is located in the post above one of the second emitter and the second receiver which is also located in the post. 28. An industrial vehicle according to claim 26, further comprising a third detector comprising one of a third emitter or a third receiver located proximate the left side of the floor, the other of the third emitter and the third receiver located proximate the right side of the floor, and an associated detection field extending over the threshold.",
-    "Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention actively align a lens stack array with an array of focal planes to construct an array camera module. In one embodiment, a method for actively aligning a lens stack array with a sensor that has a focal plane array includes: aligning the lens stack array relative to the sensor in an initial position; varying the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; capturing images of a known target that has a region of interest using a plurality of active focal planes at different spatial relationships; scoring the images based on the extent to which the region of interest is focused in the images; selecting a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based on a comparison of the scores; and forming an array camera subassembly based on the selected spatial relationship. 1. A method for actively aligning a lens stack array with a sensor that includes a plurality of focal planes, where each focal plane comprises a plurality of rows of pixels that also form a plurality of columns of pixels and each focal plane is contained within a region of the imager array that does not contain pixels from another focal plane, the method comprising: aligning the lens stack array relative to the sensor in an initial position, where the lens stack array comprises a plurality of lens stacks and the plurality of lens stacks forms separate optical channels for each focal plane in the sensor; varying the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; wherein varying the spatial relationship comprises one of tipping, tilting, or rotating the lens stack array relative to the sensor; capturing images of a known target using a plurality of active focal planes at different spatial relationships between the lens stack array and the sensor, where the known target includes at least one region of interest; scoring the images captured by the plurality of active focal planes, where the resulting scores provide a direct comparison of the extent to which at least one region of interest is focused in the images; selecting a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based upon a comparison of the scores of images captured by a plurality of the active focal planes; and forming an array camera subassembly in which the lens stack array and the sensor are fixed in the selected spatial relationship. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein scoring the images captured by the plurality of active focal planes, comprises computing modulation transfer function (MTF) scores for the images. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the comparison of the scores of images captured by a plurality of the active focal planes is based upon: a comparison of the scores of the images captured by a plurality of the active focal planes at the selected spatial relationship to the scores of images captured by the same active focal planes at different spatial relationships; and the variation between the scores of the images captured by the active focal planes at the selected spatial relationship. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the comparison of scores comprises omitting from consideration an image captured by an active focal plane, when the score of the image captured by the active focal plane fails to satisfy at least one predetermined criterion. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one predetermined criterion includes the score of the image captured by the active focal plane being within a predetermined range. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising deactivating an active focal plane, when the image captured by the active focal plane is omitted from consideration. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the comparison of scores comprises determining a mathematical relationship for each of a plurality of active focal planes that characterizes the relationship between the scores for the images captured by the respective active focal planes and the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the comparison of scores further comprises computing a best-fit plane using the determined mathematical relationships, where the best-fit plane, defines a desirable spatial relationship in accordance with predetermined criterion. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the predetermined criterion includes maximizing scores while minimizing the variance of the scores. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the known target includes a central region of interest and at least one peripheral region of interest; the images are scored such that a score is provided for each region of interest visible in each image, the score being indicative of the extent to which the respective region of interest is focused in the image; the comparison of scores comprises determining mathematical relationships for each of a plurality of active focal planes that characterize the relationships between: the scores of the extent to which the central region of interest is focused in the images captured by the respective active focal plane and the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; and the scores of the extent to which the at least one peripheral region of interest is focused in the images captured by the respective active focal plane and the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the comparison of scores further comprises computing, using the determined mathematical relationships: a first best-fit plane that defines a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based on each active focal plane's ability to focus on a central region of interest according to predetermined criterion; a second best-fit plane that defines a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based on each active focal plane's ability to focus on the at least one peripheral region of interest according to predetermined criterion; and a plurality of planes incrementally spaced that lie between the first and second best-fit planes. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein selecting a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor comprises using at least one predetermined criterion to select one of: a spatial relationship defined by the first best-fit plane, a spatial relationship defined by the second best-fit plane, and a spatial relationship defined by one of the plurality of planes. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one predetermined criterion is based upon: at each spatial relationship defined by the computed planes, averaging the scores indicative of the extent to which the central region of interest is focused, the scores being averaged across all active focal planes at the respective spatial relationship; at each spatial relationship defined by the computed planes, averaging the scores indicative of the extent to which the at least one peripheral region of interest is focused, the scores being averaged across all active focal planes at the respective spatial relationship; and assessing the variation in the determined average scores between the spatial relationships. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein aligning the lens stack array relative to the sensor in an initial position further comprises: performing an initial sweep of the lens stack array relative to the sensor; capturing an initial set of images of a known target including a central region of interest, at varied spatial relationships along the initial sweep, using a plurality of active focal planes; determining focus scores for the central region of interest in a plurality of the captured images; determining an initial set of mathematical relationships for each of the plurality of active focal planes used to capture the initial set of images, where the mathematical relationships characterize the relationship between the focus scores and the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; computing an initial best-fit plane using the initial set of mathematical relationships; and aligning the lens stack array with the computed initial best-fit plane. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein varying the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor involves sweeping the lens stack array relative to the sensor. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the lens stack array is swept in a direction substantially normal to the surface of the sensor. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein scoring the images captured by the plurality of active focal planes comprises: determining preliminary scores for the captured images in accordance with a first criterion; determining scores for a related set of captured images in accordance with a second criterion; and extrapolating the preliminary scores as a function of the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based on the scores determined for the related set of captured images. 18. A method for actively aligning a lens stack array with a sensor that includes a plurality of focal planes, where each focal plane comprises a plurality of rows of pixels that also form a plurality of columns of pixels and each focal plane is contained within a region of the imager array that does not contain pixels from another focal plane, the method comprising: aligning the lens stack array relative to the sensor in an initial position, where the lens stack array comprises a plurality of lens stacks and the plurality of lens stacks forms separate optical channels for each focal plane in the sensor; varying the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; capturing images of a known target using a plurality of active focal planes at different spatial relationships between the lens stack array and the sensor, where the known target includes a central region of interest and at least one peripheral region of interest; scoring the images captured by the plurality of active focal planes, where the resulting scores provide a direct comparison of the extent to which at least one region of interest is focused in the images; wherein the images are scored such that a score is provided for each region of interest visible in each image, the score being indicative of the extent to which the respective region of interest is focused in the image; selecting a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based upon a comparison of the scores of images captured by a plurality of the active focal planes; wherein the comparison of scores comprises: determining mathematical relationships for each of a plurality of active focal planes that characterize the relationships between: the scores of the extent to which the central region of interest is focused in the images captured by the respective active focal plane and the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; and the scores of the extent to which the at least one peripheral region of interest is focused in the images captured by the respective active focal plane and the spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor; and computing, using the determined mathematical relationships: a first best-fit plane that defines a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based on each active focal plane's ability to focus on a central region of interest according to predetermined criterion; a second best-fit plane that defines a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor based on each active focal plane's ability to focus on the at least one peripheral region of interest according to predetermined criterion; and a plurality of planes incrementally spaced that lie between the first and second best-fit planes forming an array camera subassembly in which the lens stack array and the sensor are fixed in the selected spatial relationship. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein selecting a spatial relationship between the lens stack array and the sensor comprises using at least one predetermined criterion to select one of: a spatial relationship defined by the first best-fit plane, a spatial relationship defined by the second best-fit plane, and a spatial relationship defined by one of the plurality of planes. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one predetermined criterion is based upon: at each spatial relationship defined by the computed planes, averaging the scores indicative of the extent to which the central region of interest is focused, the scores being averaged across all active focal planes at the respective spatial relationship; at each spatial relationship defined by the computed planes, averaging the scores indicative of the extent to which the at least one peripheral region of interest is focused, the scores being averaged across all active focal planes at the respective spatial relationship; and assessing the variation in the determined average scores between the spatial relationships.",
-    "The present invention relates generally to the field of umbrellas and more specifically relates to a clamp umbrella. The new hands-free umbrella is designed to be attractive and practical by incorporating the new functionality into the general size and position of an umbrella handle while maintaining the design and function of the umbrella rod and dome. 1. An adjustable clamp umbrella apparatus, comprising: a shaft having two ends; a dome portion located at one end of said shaft, said dome being movable between an open position where the dome portion extends generally radially outward from said shaft and a closed position where the dome portion is collapsed against said shaft; and a handle located at the opposite end of said shaft, said handle comprising: two clamp members having inner and outer surfaces, said outer surfaces having finger grooves and said inner surfaces being coated with slip-resistant polymer substance and having a concave portion, each said clamp member being generally elongated with a top end and a bottom end and attached to the other clamp member near the top end by a hinge, said hinge being spring loaded and enabling the bottom end of each clamp member to be brought together, in resting position, or apart, in open position; two hinge release tabs, one located at the top of each clamp member above the hinge and positioned opposite each other such that squeezing said tabs together causes the bottom ends of the clamp members to move from closed position to open position; and and a pivot joint located above the hinge, said pivot joint connecting the handle to the shaft, and said pivot joint enabling the connected shaft to be tilted at an angle relative to the handle.",
-    "A damper assembly for a torque converter is provided. The damper assembly includes a first cover plate including a spring retainer at a radial outer end of the first cover plate supporting springs; and a second cover plate including, at a radial outer end thereof, tabs for the springs, the tabs being in circumferential spaces between the springs The spring retainer and the tabs are fixed together inside the spring retainer. A method of forming a damper assembly is also provided. The method includes fixing a spring retainer at a radial outer end of a first cover plate to tabs at a radially outer end of a second cover plate inside the spring retainer. The tabs are in circumferential spaces between springs retained by the spring retainer. 1. A damper assembly for a torque converter comprising: a first cover plate including a spring retainer at a radial outer end of the first cover plate for retaining springs; and a second cover plate including, at a radial outer end thereof, tabs configured for positioning in circumferential spaces between the springs, the spring retainer and the tabs being fixed together inside the spring retainer. 2. The damper assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the tabs are each configured for contacting one circumferential end of a corresponding one of the springs. 3. The damper assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the spring retainer and the tabs are fixed together by a plurality of connectors. 4. The damper assembly as recited in claim 3 wherein the connectors are rivets. 5. The damper assembly as recited in claim 3 wherein the tabs each include a radially extending section and the spring retainer includes a plurality of radially extending sections, each of the connectors connecting one of the radially extending sections of the tabs to one of the radially extending sections of the spring retainer. 6. The damper assembly as recited in claim 5 wherein the second cover plate includes, radially inside of the tabs and contiguous therewith, first radially and axially extending sections extending axially and radially away from a base portion of the second cover plate, the base portion of the cover plate supporting a radially inner set of springs, the radially inner set of springs being radially inside of the springs retained by the spring retainer. 7. The damper assembly as recited in claim 6 further comprising a drive flange configured for connecting to a transmission input shaft, the drive flange including tabs at a radially outer end thereof formed as overload stops for the first radially and axially extending sections. 8. The damper assembly as recited in claim 6 wherein the second cover plate further includes a second radially and axially extending section extending radially in the same direction as the first radially and axially extending section and axially in the opposite direction as the first radially and axially extending section, the second radially and axially extending section including a plurality of circumferentially spaced second plate tabs at a free end thereof 9. A torque converter comprising: the damper assembly as recited in claim 1; and a turbine connected to the first cover plate. 10. The torque converter as recited in claim 9 further comprising a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber including a flange and masses on opposite axial sides of the flange, the flange connecting the first cover plate to the turbine. 11. The torque converter as recited in claim 9 further comprising a front cover and a piston forming a lockup clutch, the piston including a drive plate extending into the circumferential spaces between the springs. 12. The torque converter as recited in claim 11 wherein the second plate includes overload stops engaging the drive plate. 13. A method of forming a damper assembly comprising: fixing a spring retainer at a radial outer end of a first cover plate to tabs at a radially outer end of a second cover plate inside the spring retainer, the tabs being in circumferential spaces between springs retained by the spring retainer. 14. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein the fixing the spring retainer to the tabs includes providing a plurality of connectors fixing the spring retainer and the tabs together. 15. The method as recited in claim 14 wherein the connectors are rivets. 16. The method as recited in claim 14 wherein the overload stops each include a radially extending section and the spring retainer includes a plurality of radially extending sections, the fixing the spring retainer to the tabs including fixing each of the connectors to one of the radially extending sections of the tabs and one of the radially extending sections of the spring retainer.",
-    "This application relates to an insert nut for a housing of a computing device. The insert nut can include a threaded interior surface for receiving a screw, and a ribbed exterior surface for receiving an adhesive between ribs of the ribbed exterior surface. At least one of the ribs can include at least one notch that allows for an adhesive to flow between ribs. When the insert nut is pressed into an adhesive filled cavity, the adhesive can flow over the notch and between the ribs of the insert nut. Thereafter, the adhesive can be cured in order to secure the insert nut to the housing. This arrangement allows for screws to be secured into the insert nut rather than directly into the housing, thereby reducing cracks that can otherwise form in the housing. 1. A method for attaching a nut to a housing of a computing device, the nut comprising a ribbed exterior with at least one notch and a threaded interior, and the method including steps of: depositing an adhesive into a cavity of the housing; and depressing the nut into the cavity of the housing such that the adhesive flows over the at least one notch. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: causing the adhesive to move over the at least one notch and between ribs of the threaded exterior to create a bond between the nut and the housing. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: at least partially curing the adhesive after depressing the nut into the cavity of the housing. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the housing is made from a ceramic material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the adhesive includes providing an amount of adhesive sufficient to move between each rib of the ribbed exterior. 6. An insert nut, comprising: a body having a threaded interior and a ribbed exterior, the ribbed exterior comprising ribs and at least one notch, wherein the at least one notch is configured to act as a fluid pathway between the ribs. 7. The insert nut of claim 6, wherein the ribbed exterior includes multiple notches that are staggered about a periphery the ribbed exterior. 8. The insert nut of claim 6, wherein the ribbed exterior includes multiple notches that at least partially overlap relative to a longitudinal axis of the body. 9. The insert nut of claim 6, wherein the ribs include an end rib extending from the body further than a rib that is adjacent to the end rib. 10. A computing device, comprising: a housing that includes at least one side wall having a cavity; an insert nut disposed within the cavity, the insert nut comprising a threaded interior and a ribbed exterior, the ribbed exterior comprising at least one notch in a rib of the ribbed exterior; and an adhesive disposed between the at least one notch and a wall of the cavity. 11. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the housing is made from a ceramic material. 12. The computing device of claim 10, wherein a perimeter of the insert nut includes a straight portion and a curved portion. 13. The computing device of claim 10, further comprising: an electrical component; and a screw fastened to the insert nut through a portion of the electrical component to secure the electrical component to the housing. 14. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the electrical component is a microphone, a speaker, a vibrator, or a receptacle. 15. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the housing includes a depressed region having a perimeter wall disposed between the insert nut and the depressed region. 16. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the adhesive is disposed between at least two ribs of the ribbed exterior. 17. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the ribbed exterior includes a plurality of staggered notches. 18. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the adhesive is a cured adhesive. 19. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the wall of the cavity includes a subcavity and a portion of the adhesive is disposed within the subcavity. 20. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the ribbed exterior includes an end rib extending away from the threaded interior further than a rib that is adjacent to the end rib.",
-    "Described herein is an orbital drilling system that includes an orbital drilling machine and a cutter. The orbital drilling machine includes a spindle and an eccentric rotation mechanism. The spindle is rotatable about a cutter axis. The eccentric rotation mechanism is coupled to the spindle and configured to orbit the spindle about an orbital axis, offset from the cutter axis. The cutter is co-rotatably coupled to the spindle and comprises a plurality of cutting edges, collectively defining a cutting diameter of the cutter. The cutting diameter of the cutter is adjustable. 1. An orbital drilling system, comprising: an orbital drilling machine, comprising: a spindle, rotatable about a cutter axis; and an eccentric rotation mechanism, coupled to the spindle and configured to orbit the spindle about an orbital axis, offset from the cutter axis; and a cutter, co-rotatably coupled to the spindle and comprising a plurality of cutting edges, collectively defining a cutting diameter of the cutter, wherein the cutting diameter of the cutter is adjustable. 2. The orbital drilling system according to claim 1, wherein the cutter further comprises a body and a plurality of inserts adjustably fixed to the body, each of the plurality of inserts defining one of the cutting edges and being radially adjustable relative to the body to adjust the cutting diameter of the cutter. 3. The orbital drilling system according to claim 2, wherein the cutter further comprises a manual adjustment mechanism, configured to manually radially adjust the plurality of inserts relative to the body. 4. The orbital drilling system according to claim 3, wherein the manual adjustment mechanism comprises a cam, comprising a non-round engagement surface configured to: engage the plurality of inserts; upon rotation of the cam in a first rotational direction, urge the plurality of inserts radially outwardly relative to the body of the cutter; and upon rotation of the cam in a second rotational direction, opposite the first rotational direction, allow the plurality of inserts to be moved radially inwardly relative to the body of the cutter. 5. The orbital drilling system according to claim 3, wherein the manual adjustment mechanism comprises a wedge, comprising a tapered surface configured to: engage the plurality of inserts; upon translational movement of the wedge relative to the body in a first translational direction, parallel to the cutter axis, urge the plurality of inserts radially outwardly relative to the body of the cutter; and upon translational movement of the wedge relative to the body in a second translational direction, opposite the first translational direction, allow the plurality of inserts to be moved radially inwardly relative to the body of the cutter. 6. The orbital drilling system according to claim 3, wherein the manual adjustment mechanism comprises a plurality of shims, each positionable between a respective one of the plurality of inserts and the body to support the insert following a manual radial adjustment of the insert. 7. The orbital drilling system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of shims each has a dimension equal to a desired radial adjustment of the plurality of inserts. 8. The orbital drilling system according to claim 3, wherein the cutter further comprises a plurality of fasteners, each configured to adjustably fix a respective one of the plurality of inserts to the body of the cutter. 9. The orbital drilling system according to claim 8, wherein: each of the plurality of inserts comprises a slot, through which a respective one of the plurality of fasteners extends to adjustably fix the insert to the body of the cutter; and each fastener moves translationally along the slot of a respective insert as the insert is radially adjusted relative to the body. 10. The orbital drilling system according to claim 2, wherein the cutter further comprises an automated adjustment mechanism, configured to automatically radially adjust the plurality of inserts relative to the body of the cutter. 11. The orbital drilling system according to claim 10, wherein the automated adjustment mechanism comprises an electronically-controlled actuator, coupled with the plurality of inserts and selectively operable to radially move the plurality of inserts relative to the body of the cutter. 12. The orbital drilling system according to claim 11, wherein: the automated adjustment mechanism further comprises a wedge, comprising a tapered surface configured to: engage the plurality of inserts; upon translational movement of the wedge relative to the body in a first translational direction, parallel to the cutter axis, urge the plurality of inserts radially outwardly relative to the body of the cutter; and upon translational movement of the wedge relative to the body in a second translational direction, opposite the first translational direction, urge the plurality of inserts to be moved radially inwardly relative to the body of the cutter; and the wedge is coupled to the electronically-controlled actuator and translationally movable relative to the body via selective operation of the electronically-controlled actuator. 13. The orbital drilling system according to claim 11, wherein: the automated adjustment mechanism further comprises a control module, operatively coupled with the electronically-controlled actuator; and the control module is configured to direct the electronically-controlled actuator to radially move the plurality of inserts relative to the body of the cutter. 14. The orbital drilling system according to claim 13, wherein: the control module is operatively coupled with the orbital drilling machine to control rotation of the spindle and cutter about the cutter axis and orbital rotation of the spindle about the orbital axis; the control module is configured to: direct the electronically-controlled actuator to radially move the plurality of inserts relative to the body of the cutter such that the cutter has a first cutting diameter; control rotation of the spindle and cutter with the first cutting diameter about the cutter axis and orbital rotation of the spindle about the orbital axis to form a hole in a workpiece having a first hole diameter greater than the first cutting diameter; direct the electronically-controlled actuator to radially move the plurality of inserts relative to the body of the cutter such that the cutter has a second cutting diameter larger than the first cutting diameter; and control rotation of the spindle and cutter with the second cutting diameter about the cutter axis and orbital rotation of the spindle about the orbital axis to enlarge the hole in the workpiece from the first hole diameter to a second hole diameter larger than the first hole diameter. 15. The orbital drilling system according to claim 1, wherein the offset between the cutter axis and the orbital axis is non-adjustably fixed. 16. A method of forming a hole in a workpiece, comprising: providing an offset between an orbital axis, about which a cutter orbits, and a cutter axis, about which the cutter rotates; adjusting a cutting diameter of the cutter; rotating the cutter about the cutter axis to cut material in the workpiece; and while rotating the cutter about the cutter axis to cut material in the workpiece, orbiting the cutter about the orbital axis to form a hole in the workpiece having a first hole diameter greater than the cutting diameter. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein: the cutter comprises a plurality of cutting edges, collectively defining the cutting diameter of the cutter; and adjusting the cutting diameter of the cutter comprises manually moving the plurality of cutting edges radially away from or radially towards the cutter axis. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein: the cutter comprises a plurality of cutting edges, collectively defining the cutting diameter of the cutter; and adjusting the cutting diameter of the cutter comprises automatically moving the plurality of cutting edges radially away from or radially towards the cutter axis. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein adjusting the cutting diameter of the cutter comprises moving the plurality of cutting edges radially away from or radially towards the cutter axis on-the-fly while the cutter rotates about the cutter axis. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the cutting diameter of the cutter is a first cutting diameter, the method further comprising: adjusting the first cutting diameter of the cutter to a second cutting diameter different than the first cutting diameter; and while rotating the cutter about the cutter axis to cut material in the workpiece, orbiting the cutter about the orbital axis to form a hole in the workpiece having a second hole diameter greater than the second cutting diameter and different than the first hole diameter. 21. The method according to claim 16, further comprising non-adjustably fixing the offset between the orbital axis and the cutter axis. 22. (canceled)",
-    "A cassette in which sheets are stacked is electable from an apparatus main body. An intermediate plate is provided in the cassette that is movable to raise and lower the stacked sheets. A securing member that restricts the cassette from being raised when at a restricted position is provided, where, in response to movement of ejecting the stacking unit from the apparatus main body, the securing member moves to a permitted position that enables the movable member to rise. 1. A sheet stacking apparatus comprising: a stacking unit in which sheets are stacked, wherein the stacking unit is ejectable from an apparatus main body; a movable member, provided in the stacking unit, movable to raise and lower the stacked sheets; and a restricting member that restricts the movable member from being raised when at a restricted position, wherein, in response to movement of ejecting the stacking unit from the apparatus main body, when the stacking unit is ejected from the apparatus main body with the restricting member at the restricted position, the restricting member moves from the restricted position to a permitted position at which the movable member is permitted to rise. 2. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the restricting member does not interfere with movement of attaching and detaching the stacking unit with respect to the apparatus main body after moving from the restricted position to the permitted position. 3. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising: an urging member that elastically urges the restricting member toward the permitted position, and a first holding device that holds, against an urging force of the urging member, the restricting member at a standby position at which the restricting member is on standby to restrict the movable member from being raised when the stacking unit is ejected from the apparatus main body, wherein the restricting member is provided in the apparatus main body. 4. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first holding device includes a first engaging portion provided in the apparatus main body and a first engaged portion that engages with the first engaging portion and is provided in the restricting member. 5. The sheet stacking apparatus according to Claim. 4 further comprising: a second holding device that holds, at the restricted position, the restricting member urged by the urging member. 6. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second holding device includes a second engaging portion provided in the stacking unit and a second engaged portion that engages with the second engaging portion and is provided in the restricting member. 7. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the restricting member is supported by the apparatus main body so as to be pivotable and has an elliptical hole supported so as to be movable, with respect to the apparatus main body, in a direction of inserting the stacking unit, and wherein the restricting member moves from the standby position to the restricted position in response to movement of inserting the stacking unit into the apparatus main body. 8. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an urging member that elastically urges the restricting member toward the permitted position, and a holding device that holds, at the restricted position, the restricting member urged by the urging member, wherein the restricting member is provided in the stacking unit. 9. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the holding device includes an engaging portion provided in the restricting member and an engaged portion that engages with the engaging portion and is provided in the apparatus main body. 10. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the restricting member is movable between the restricted position and the permitted position through an opening on a downstream side in a direction of inserting the stacking unit. 11. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising an elevating device that raises and lowers the movable member. 12. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movable member is movable so as to rise on a downstream side in a feeding direction. 13. The sheet stacking apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movable member has an opening through which the restricting member situated at the restricted position passes, and wherein the restricting member engages with the opening to suppress vibration of the movable member when the stacking unit is inserted into the apparatus main body. 14. An image forming apparatus comprising: a stacking unit in which sheets are stacked, wherein the stacking unit is electable from the image forming apparatus; a movable member, provided in the stacking unit, movable to raise and lower the stacked sheets; a restricting member that restricts the movable member from being raised when at a restricted position; and an image forming part that forms an image on each of the sheets stacked in the stacking unit, wherein, in response to movement of electing the stacking unit from the image forming apparatus, when the stacking unit is ejected from the image forming apparatus with the restricting member at the restricted position, the restricting member moves from the restricted position to a permitted position at which the movable member is permitted to rise.",
-    "A wearable or portable device for use in an electrical stimulation system can include a sensor to measure a biosignal; a processor to receive the biosignal from the sensor; and a communications arrangement coupled to the processor to wirelessly communicate with at least one of an external programming unit or a control module of the electrical stimulation system. The wearable device is configured and arranged to be worn by a user so that the wearable device can measure the biosignal of the user. 1. A wearable device for use in an electrical stimulation system, comprising: a sensor configured and arranged to measure a biosignal; a processor configured and arranged to receive the biosignal from the sensor; and a communications arrangement coupled to the processor and configured and arranged to wirelessly communicate with at least one of an external programming unit or a control module of the electrical stimulation system; wherein the wearable device is configured and arranged to be worn by a user so that the wearable device can measure the biosignal of the user. 2. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the wearable device is a watch. 3. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to generate an adjustment to one or more of the stimulation parameters based on the biosignal and is configured and arranged to wirelessly transmit the adjustment to a control module of the electrical stimulation system using the communications arrangement. 4. The wearable device of claim 1, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: query the user to provide an evaluation or score for a current stimulation program; and receive input from the user providing the evaluation or score. 5. The wearable device of claim 1, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: query the user to provide a frequency or time that the user takes medication; and receive input from the user providing the frequency or time. 6. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to determine an activity of the user based on the biosignal. 7. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to generate an adjustment to one or more of the stimulation parameters based on the activity and is configured and arranged to wirelessly transmit the adjustment to a control module of the electrical stimulation system using the communications arrangement. 8. The wearable device of claim 1, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: receive input from the user to turn on or off electrical stimulation; and wirelessly transmit to a control module of the electrical stimulation system a signal to direct the control module to turn on or off the electrical stimulation. 9. The wearable device of claim 1, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: receive input from the user to activate or deactivate one of a plurality of available stimulation programs; and wirelessly transmit to a control module of the electrical stimulation system a signal to direct the control module to activate or deactivate the one of the available stimulation programs. 10. A portable device for use in an electrical stimulation system, comprising: a processor configured and arranged to receive a biosignal from a sensor; and a communications arrangement coupled to the processor and configured and arranged to wirelessly communicate with a control module of the electrical stimulation system; wherein the portable device is configured and arranged to be carried by a user. 11. The portable device of claim 10, wherein the portable device is a portable telephone. 12. The portable device of claim 10, further comprising the sensor configured and arranged to measure the biosignal. 13. The portable device of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to generate an adjustment to one or more of the stimulation parameters based on the biosignal and is configured and arranged to wirelessly transmit the adjustment to a control module of the electrical stimulation system using the communications arrangement. 14. The portable device of claim 10, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: query the user to provide an evaluation or score for a current stimulation program; and receive input from the user providing the evaluation or score. 15. The portable device of claim 10, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: query the user to provide a frequency or time that the user takes medication; and receive input from the user providing the frequency or time. 16. The portable device of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to determine an activity of the user based on the biosignal. 17. The portable device of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to generate an adjustment to one or more of the stimulation parameters based on the activity and is configured and arranged to wirelessly transmit the adjustment to a control module of the electrical stimulation system using the communications arrangement. 18. The portable device of claim 10, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: receive input from the user to turn on or off electrical stimulation; and wirelessly transmit to a control module of the electrical stimulation system a signal to direct the control module to turn on or off the electrical stimulation. 19. The portable device of claim 10, further comprising a user interface, wherein the processor is configured and arranged to perform actions, including: receive input from the user to activate or deactivate one of a plurality of available stimulation programs; and wirelessly transmit to a control module of the electrical stimulation system a signal to direct the control module to activate or deactivate the one of the available stimulation programs. 20. A system, comprising: the wearable device of claim 1; and a portable device for use in an electrical stimulation system, the portable device comprising a communications arrangement configured and arranged to wirelessly communicate with the wearable device and with a control module of the electrical stimulation system; a processor coupled to the communications arrangement and configured and arranged to receive the biosignal from the wearable device; wherein the portable device is configured and arranged to be carried by a user.",
-    "Implementations of the current subject-matter include systems, methods, and techniques that assist with controlling of injected fuel and spark timing across a range of operating conditions. For example, a prediction technique can be used to predict variation in combustion cylinder wall and internal metal temperatures over time, thereby enabling the likely effect of one of the calculated temperatures on airflow and hence on combustion to be assessed. The obtained information can be used to adjust fuel flow or spark timing in accordance with the predicted temperature variation from steady state conditions. 1. A method comprising: determining a hot side temperature boundary condition and a cool side temperature boundary condition for part of a cylinder of an engine; mapping the hot side temperature boundary condition for the part of the cylinder to reflect a thermal energy contribution of a combustion event; running a finite element heat transfer model to calculate a first temperature of a first node of a plurality of nodes positioned between the hot side temperature boundary and the cool side temperature boundary; and compensating, based on the calculated first temperature, one or more engine operation parameters, the compensating resulting in a change to fuel efficiency and/or engine knocking. 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein the hot side comprises a combustion chamber at least partially contained within the cylinder. 3. A method as claim 1, wherein the cool side comprises one or more of a cylinder block into which heat from the combustion event is dissipated. 4. A method as in claim 1, wherein the cool side temperature boundary condition is determined using one or more of a direct metal temperature sensor and a liquid temperature sensor. 5. A method as in claim 1, wherein the first node is located along a cylinder wall of the combustion chamber. 6. A method as in claim 1, wherein the engine operation parameter includes one or more of a spark timing, a quantity of fuel delivered, a throttle position, and a coolant flow rate. 7. A method as in claim 1, wherein the engine operation parameter includes a quantity of fuel delivered to the combustion chamber that is reduced when the first temperature is warmer than a steady state temperature. 8. A method as in claim 1, wherein the engine operation parameter includes spark advance that is advanced when the first temperature is cooler than a steady state temperature. 9. A method as in claim 1, wherein the engine operation parameter includes spark advance that is delayed when the first temperature is hotter than a steady state temperature. 10. A method as in claim 1, wherein the finite element model is one dimensional and arranged radially. 11. A method as in claim 10, wherein the finite element model accounts for multiple engine materials. 12. A method as in claim 1, wherein the finite element model is multi-dimensional and arranged along components of interest. 13. A method as in claim 12, wherein the finite element model accounts for multiple engine materials. 14. An engine comprising: a cylinder; an engine controller comprising a programmable processor, the engine controller configured to perform operations comprising: determining a hot side temperature boundary condition and a cool side temperature boundary condition for part of the cylinder; mapping the hot side temperature boundary condition for the part of the cylinder to reflect a thermal energy contribution of a combustion event; running a finite element heat transfer model to calculate a first temperature of a first node of a plurality of nodes positioned between the hot side temperature boundary and the cool side temperature boundary; and compensating, based on the calculated first temperature, one or more engine operation parameters, the compensating resulting in a change to fuel efficiency and/or engine knocking. 15. An engine as in claim 14, wherein the hot side comprises a combustion chamber at least partially contained within the cylinder. 16. An engine as in claim 14, wherein the engine further comprises a cylinder block, the cylinder block including the cool side into which heat from the combustion event is dissipated. 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. An engine as in claim 14, wherein the engine operation parameter includes one or more of a spark timing, a quantity of fuel delivered, a throttle position, and a coolant flow rate. 20. An engine as in claim 14, wherein the engine operation parameter includes a quantity of fuel delivered to the combustion chamber that is reduced when the first temperature is warmer than a steady state temperature. 21. An engine as in claim 14, wherein the engine operation parameter includes spark advance that is advanced when the first temperature is cooler than a steady state temperature. 22. An engine as in claim 14, wherein the engine operation parameter includes spark advance that is delayed when the first temperature is hotter than a steady state temperature. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. A computer program product comprising a machine-readable medium encoding instructions that, when executed by at least one programmable processor, cause the at least one programmable processor to perform operations comprising: determining a hot side temperature boundary condition and a cool side temperature boundary condition for part of the cylinder; mapping the hot side temperature boundary condition for the part of the cylinder to reflect a thermal energy contribution of a combustion event; running a finite element heat transfer model to calculate a first temperature of a first node of a plurality of nodes positioned between the hot side temperature boundary and the cool side temperature boundary; and compensating, based on the calculated first temperature, one or more engine operation parameters, the compensating resulting in a change to fuel efficiency and/or engine knocking.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards an integrated circuit (IC) package having first and second dies with first and second input/output (I/O) interconnect structures, respectively. The IC package may include a bridge having first and second electrical routing features coupled to a portion of the first and second I/O interconnect structures, respectively. In embodiments, the first and second electrical routing features may be disposed on one side of the bridge; and third electrical routing features may be disposed on an opposite side. The first and second electrical routing features may be configured to route electrical signals between the first die and the second die and the third electrical routing features may be configured to route electrical signals between the one side and the opposite side. The first die, the second die, and the bridge may be embedded in electrically insulating material. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A method of assembling an integrated circuit package comprising: coupling a first die to a bridge by bonding a portion of a first plurality of input/output (I/O) interconnect structures disposed on the first die to a first plurality of electrical routing features disposed on the bridge; coupling a second die to the bridge by bonding a portion of a second plurality of I/O interconnect structures disposed on the second die to a second plurality of electrical routing features disposed on the bridge, wherein the first and second plurality of electrical routing features are disposed on a first side of the bridge, and wherein the bridge has a third plurality of routing features disposed on a second side, opposite the first side, configured to route electrical signals between the second side and the first side; and depositing an electrically insulating material over the first die, the second die, and the bridge to at least partially embed the first die, the second die, and the bridge in the electrically insulating material. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising coupling the first die and the second die to a carrier prior to the coupling of the first die and second die to the bridge. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the carrier is a heat spreader. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising coupling a die stack with the bridge by bonding a third plurality of I/O interconnect structures of the die stack to the third electrical routing features disposed on the bridge. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein depositing an electrically insulating material further comprises performing a bumpless build-up layer process to embed metal features within the electrically insulating material configured to route I/O signals through the electrically insulating material. 20. The method of claim 15 further comprising laser drilling vias in a surface of the electrically insulating material to reveal one or more of the first plurality of I/O interconnect structures or one or more of the second plurality of I/O interconnect structures.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and compositions for treating symptoms related to inflammatory conditions and to methods and compositions for treating inflammatory components of a common cold, utilizing various methods of administration od X-ray contrast media (CM). 1. A method of treating a common cold in a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an X-ray contrast media to the mammal, wherein the X-ray contrast media comprises triiodinated, completely or partially substituted, benzene moieties existing in a form of a monomer or an ionic dimer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the treating the common cold comprises treating a symptom of the common cold. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the symptom is a stuffy nose, nasal congestion, or a cough. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the x-ray contrast media is selected from the group consisting of iopamidol, ioversol, iopromide, iohexol, iothalamate, diatrizoate, ioxaglate, iodipamide, iodixanol, iotrolan, tyropanoate and iopanoic acid. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the X-ray contrast media is in the form of an ionic dimer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the X-ray contrast media comprises ioxalgate or iodipimide. 7. A method of treating nasal congestion in a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an X-ray contrast media to the mammal, wherein the X-ray contrast media comprises triiodinated, completely or partially substituted, benzene moieties existing in a form of a monomer or an ionic dimer. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the nasal congestion is a result of a common cold. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the nasal congestion is a result of an allergen. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the x-ray contrast media is selected from the group consisting of iopamidol, ioversol, iopromide, iohexol, iothalamate, diatrizoate, ioxaglate, iodipamide, iodixanol, iotrolan, tyropanoate and iopanoic acid. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the X-ray contrast media is in the form of an ionic dimer. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the X-ray contrast media comprises ioxalgate or iodipimide. 13. The method of claim 1 or 7, wherein the composition further comprises a preservative. 14. The method of claim 1 or 7, wherein the mammal is a human. 15. The method of claim 1 or 7, wherein the administering comprises contacting at least part of an affected area of the mammal with the composition. 16. A method of treating a common cold in a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an X-ray contrast media to the mammal, wherein the X-ray contrast media comprises triiodinated, completely or partially substituted, benzene moieties existing in a form of an ionic dimer, and wherein the administering comprises contacting at least part of an affected area of the mammal with the composition. 17. A method of treating nasal congestion in a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an X-ray contrast media to the mammal, wherein the X-ray contrast media comprises triiodinated, completely or partially substituted, benzene moieties existing in a form of an ionic dimer, and wherein the administering comprises contacting at least part of an affected area of the mammal with the composition.",
-    "The present invention provides compositions and methods relating to IL-1Rrp2 requiring proteins. 1. An isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide that antagonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2, the IL-1F5 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a methionine at position ten of the amino acid sequence, position ten being relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one of the amino acid sequence. 2. The isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is valine. 3. The isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is a methionine. 4. The isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the amino acid at position two relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one, is a leucine. 5. The isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide antagonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2 more than an IL-1F5 polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO 1. 6. The isolated IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO 6, SEQ ID NO 7, SEQ ID NO 8 and SEQ ID NO 9. 7. A nucleic acid sequence encoding the IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1. 8. A recombinant vector that directs expression of the nucleic acid of claim 7. 9. A host cell transfected or transduced with the vector of claim 8. 10. A method of producing an IL-1F5 polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 9 under conditions promoting expression and isolating the expressed IL-1F5 polypeptide. 11. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 1 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 12. A method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune condition in a subject wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune condition is mediated by IL-1Rrp2, comprising administering to the subject in an amount of the IL-1F5 polypeptide of claim 1 sufficient to reduce at least one symptom of the inflammatory or autoimmune condition in the subject. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the condition to be treated is an inflammatory condition of the skin, lungs or airways mediated by IL-1Rrp2. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the condition to be treated is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, including chronic atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, lichen simplex chronicus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, nummular dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, arthritic conditions including, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the subject is human. 16. An isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide that agonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2, wherein the IL-1F6 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a isoleucine at position ten of the amino acid sequence, position ten being relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one of the amino acid sequence. 17. The isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide of claim 16, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is a lysine. 18. The isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide of claim 16, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is a methionine. 19. The isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide of claim 16, wherein the amino acid at position two relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one of the amino acid sequence, is an isoleucine. 20. The isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide of claim 16, wherein the isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide agonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2 more than an IL-1F6 polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO 2. 21. The isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide of claim 16, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO 10, SEQ ID NO 11, SEQ ID NO 12, SEQ ID NO 13, SEQ ID NO 65, SEQ ID NO 66, SEQ ID NO 67 and SEQ ID NO 68. 22. A nucleic acid sequence encoding the IL-1F6 of claim 16. 23. A recombinant vector that directs expression of the nucleic acid of claim 22. 24. A host cell transfected or transduced with the vector of claim 23. 25. A method of producing an IL-1F6 polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 24 under conditions promoting expression and isolating the expressed IL-1F6 polypeptide. 26. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 16 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 27. A method of stimulating the immune system of an immunosuppresed patient, comprising administering the IL-1F6 polypeptide according to claim 16 to an immunosuppresed patient in an amount sufficient to stimulate the patient's immune system. 28. An antibody that specifically binds an IL-1F6 polypeptide and prevents proteolytic cleavage thereof. 29. The antibody of claim 28, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 30. A composition comprising the antibody of claim 28 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 31. A method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune condition mediated by IL-1Rrp2, comprising administering the IL-1F6 antibody of claim 29 to a subject in an amount sufficient to ameliorate at least one symptom of the condition. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the condition to be treated is an inflammatory condition of the skin, lungs or airways mediated by IL-1Rrp2. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the condition to be treated is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, including chronic atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, lichen simplex chronicus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, nummular dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, arthritic conditions including, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the subject is human. 35. An isolated IL-1F8 polypeptide that agonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2, wherein the IL-1F8 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a isoleucine at position ten of the amino acid sequence, position ten being relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one of the amino acid sequence. 36. The isolated IL-1F8 polypeptide of claim 35, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is an arginine. 37. The isolated IL-1F8 polypeptide of claim 35, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is a methionine. 38. The isolated IL-1F8 polypeptide of claim 35, wherein the amino acid at position two, position two being relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one, is a glutamic acid. 39. The isolated IL-1F8 polypeptide of claim 35, wherein the isolated IL-1F6 polypeptide agonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2 more than an IL-1F8 polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO 3. 40. The isolated IL-1F8 polypeptide of claim 35, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO 14, SEQ ID NO 15, SEQ ID NO 16 and SEQ ID NO 17. 41. A nucleic acid sequence encoding the IL-1F8 polypeptide of claim 35. 42. A recombinant vector that directs expression of the nucleic acid of claim 41. 43. A host cell transfected or transduced with the vector of claim 42. 44. A method of producing an IL-1F8 polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 43 under conditions promoting expression and isolating the expressed IL-1F8 polypeptide. 45. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 35 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 46. A method of stimulating the immune system of an immunosuppresed patient, comprising administering the IL-1F8 polypeptide according to claim 35 to an immunosuppresed patient in an amount sufficient to stimulate the patient's immune system. 47. An antibody that specifically binds an IL-1F8 polypeptide and prevents proteolytic cleavage thereof. 48. The antibody of claim 47, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 49. A composition comprising the antibody of claim 47 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 50. A method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune condition mediated by IL-1Rrp2, comprising administering the IL-1F8 antibody of claim 47 to a subject in and amount sufficient to ameliorate at least one symptom. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the condition to be treated is an inflammatory condition of the skin, lungs or airways mediated by IL-1Rrp2. 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the condition to be treated is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, including chronic atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, lichen simplex chronicus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, nummular dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, arthritic conditions including, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. 53. An isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide that agonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2, wherein the IL-1F9 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a isoleucine at position ten of the amino acid sequence, position ten being relative to the N-terminal amino acid at position one of the amino acid sequence. 54. The isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide of claim 53, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is a serine. 55. The isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide of claim 53, wherein the N-terminal amino acid at position one is a methionine. 56. The isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide of claim 53, wherein the amino acid at position two relative to the N terminal amino acid at position one, is a methionine. 57. The isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide of claim 53, wherein the isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide agonizes signal transduction/activation through IL-1Rrp2 more than an IL-1F9 polypeptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO 4. 58. The isolated IL-1F9 polypeptide of claim 53, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO 18, SEQ ID NO 19, SEQ ID NO 20 and SEQ ID NO 21. 59. A nucleic acid sequence encoding the IL-1F9 polypeptide of claim 53. 60. A recombinant vector that directs expression of the nucleic acid of claim 59. 61. A host cell transfected or transduced with the vector of claim 60. 62. A method of producing an IL-1F9 polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 52 under conditions promoting expression and isolating the expressed IL-1F9 polypeptide. 63. A composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 53 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 64. A method of stimulating the immune system of an immunosuppresed patient, comprising administering the IL-1F9 polypeptide according to claim 53 to an immunosuppresed patient in an amount sufficient to stimulate the patient's immune system. 65. An antibody that specifically binds an IL-1F9 polypeptide and prevents proteolytic cleavage thereof. 66. The antibody of claim 65, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 67. A composition comprising the antibody of claim 65 and a physiologically acceptable diluent, excipient or carrier. 68. A method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune condition mediated by IL-1Rrp2, comprising administering the IL-1F9 antibody of claim 65 to a subject in an amount sufficient to ameliorate at least one symptom of the condition. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the condition to be treated is an inflammatory condition of the skin, lungs or airways mediated by IL-1Rrp2. 70. The method of claim 68, wherein the condition to be treated is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, including chronic atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, lichen simplex chronicus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, nummular dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, arthritic conditions including, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. 71. The method of claim 68, wherein the subject is human. 72. A method of identifying a protease that cleaves an IL-1 family member comprising contacting a source of the protease with the IL-1 family member under conditions promoting proteolytic cleavage of the IL-1 family member, and determining if the IL-1 family member has been proteolytically cleaved. 73. A method of identifying an inhibitor of a protease that cleaves an IL-1 family member comprising contacting the protease with the IL-1 family member in the presence, and absence, of a molecule that is a potential inhibitor, under conditions promoting proteolytic cleavage of the IL-1 family member, and determining if the IL-1 family member has been proteolytically cleaved, wherein if the IL-1 family member is not cleaved or is cleaved to a lesser degree in the presence of the molecule, the molecule is an inhibitor.",
-    "A system for storing stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters includes at least one memory; at least one of i) multiple stimulation programs or ii) a multiple sets of stimulation parameters stored on the at least one memory from multiple different devices remote from the system and used to stimulate different patients; at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory to retrieve the stored stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters from the at least one memory when requested and to store additional stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters on the at least one memory; and a communications arrangement coupled to the at least one processor to deliver the stored stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters to external device and to receive additional stimulation programs and sets of stimulation parameters from external devices. 1. A system for storing stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters, the system comprising: at least one memory; at least one of i) a plurality of stimulation programs or ii) a plurality of sets of stimulation parameters stored on the at least one memory from a plurality of different devices remote from the system and used to stimulate a plurality of different patients; at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured and arranged to retrieve the stored stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters from the at least one memory when requested and to store additional stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters on the at least one memory; and a communications arrangement coupled to the at least one processor and configured and arranged to deliver the stored stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters to external device and to receive additional stimulation programs and sets of stimulation parameters from external devices. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising lead placement information for at least one stimulation therapy stored on the at least one memory and accessible via the at least one processor and communications arrangement. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured and arranged, via the at least one processor and communications arrangement, to receive a score or rating for at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and to store, on the at least one memory, the score or rating in conjunction with that at least one of the stimulator programs or sets of stimulation parameters. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the system is configured and arranged, via the at least one processor and communications arrangement, to request the score or rating for at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters from a user that has received the one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured and arranged, via the at least one processor and communications arrangement, to receive a review or recommendation for at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and to store, on the at least one memory, the score or rating in conjunction with that at least one of the stimulator programs or sets of stimulation parameters. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured and arranged to analyze the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and, via at least one machine learning algorithm, generate a new stimulation program or set of stimulation parameters to improve treatment efficacy. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured and arranged to analyze the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and, via at least one machine learning algorithm, generate a modified stimulation program or set of stimulation parameters to improve treatment efficacy. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured and arranged to analyze the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and, via at least one machine learning algorithm, generate a new stimulation program or set of stimulation parameters based on at least one of a patient characteristic; disease or disorder or condition; symptom or symptoms; stimulation device or lead type; or electrode or lead location. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured and arranged to permit a user to purchase at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and to provide, via the at least one processor and communications arrangement, the purchased at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters to the user. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured and arranged to categorize the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and to permit the user to access the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters via the categorization. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the categorization is based on at least one of type of disease or disorder or condition; type of stimulation; area of symptom manifestation; lead or electrode placement; or physical activity type. 12. A computer-based method, wherein a plurality of actions are performed by a processor, the actions comprising: receiving a plurality of stimulation programs or a plurality of sets of stimulation parameters from a plurality of different devices remote from the processor and used to stimulate a plurality of different patients; storing the plurality of stimulation programs or plurality of sets of stimulation parameters on at least one memory; and retrieve the stored stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters from the at least one memory when requested by user. 13. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise receiving a score or rating for at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and storing, on the at least one memory, the score or rating in conjunction with that at least one of the stimulator programs or sets of stimulation parameters. 14. The computer-based method of claim 13, wherein the actions further comprise requesting the score or rating for at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters from a user that has received the one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters. 15. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise receiving a review or recommendation for at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and storing, on the at least one memory, the score or rating in conjunction with that at least one of the stimulator programs or sets of stimulation parameters. 16. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise analyzing the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and, via at least one machine learning algorithm, generating a new stimulation program or set of stimulation parameters to improve treatment efficacy. 17. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise analyzing the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and, via at least one machine learning algorithm, generating a modified stimulation program or set of stimulation parameters to improve treatment efficacy. 18. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise analyzing the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and, via at least one machine learning algorithm, generating a new stimulation program or set of stimulation parameters based on at least one of a patient characteristic; disease or disorder or condition; symptom or symptoms; stimulation device or lead type; or electrode or lead location. 19. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise permitting a user to purchase at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and providing the purchased at least one of the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters to the user. 20. The computer-based method of claim 12, wherein the actions further comprise categorizing the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters and to permit the user to access the stimulation programs or sets of stimulation parameters via the categorization.",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for monitoring an air filter. In one embodiment, a method includes: receiving data indicating a vehicle condition; selectively computing a use life of the air filter based on pressure data and the received data; and selectively generating at least one of a notification signal and a notification message based on the use life. 1. A method of monitoring an air filter, the method comprising: receiving data indicating a vehicle condition; selectively computing a use life of the air filter based on pressure data and the received data; and selectively generating at least one of a notification signal and a notification message based on the use life. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the received data indicates at least one of a wiper blade condition, a rain sensor condition, and a weather condition, and wherein the method further comprises determining a presence of snow or rain on the air filter based on the received data. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising selectively obtaining the pressure data based on the presence of snow or rain on the air filter. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the received data indicates an active aerodynamic condition, and wherein the method further comprises determining an influence of airflow into an air cleaner assembly based on the aerodynamic condition. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising selectively obtaining the pressure data based on the influence of airflow into the air cleaner assembly. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the computing the use life is based on sensed pressure data and pressure data associated with a dirty filter. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the received data indicates intake air temperature, and wherein the pressure data associated with the dirty filter is adjusted based on the intake air temperature. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the computing the use life is based on sensed pressure data and pressure data associated with a clean filter. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the received data indicates intake air temperature, and wherein the pressure data associated with the clean filter is adjusted based on the intake air temperature. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising selectively computing a second use life of the air filter based on filter age data, and wherein the selectively generating the at least one of notification signal and notification message is based on at least one of the use life and the second use life. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectively generating the at least one of notification signal and notification message is based on learned maintenance behavior. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectively generating the at least one of notification signal and notification message is based on a current vehicle health. 13. A system for monitoring an air filter, the system comprising: a first module that, by a processor, receives data indicating a vehicle condition, and selectively computes a use life of the air filter based on pressure data and the received data; and a second module that, by a processor, selectively generates at least one of a notification signal and a notification message based on the use life. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the received data indicates at least one of a wiper blade condition, a rain sensor condition, and a weather condition, and wherein the first module determines a presence of snow or rain on the air filter based on the data. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the first module obtains the pressure data based on the presence of snow or rain on the filter. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the received data indicates an active aerodynamic condition, and wherein first module determines an influence of airflow into an air cleaner assembly based on the aerodynamic condition. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the first module selectively obtains the pressure data based on the influence of airflow into the air cleaner assembly. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the first module computes the use life based on sensed pressure data and pressure data associated with at least one of a dirty filter and a clean filter. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the received data indicates intake air temperature, and wherein the pressure data associated with the at least one of dirty filter and clean filter is adjusted based on the intake air temperature. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the second module selectively generates the at least one of notification signal and notification message based on learned maintenance behavior. 21. The system of claim 13, wherein the second module selectively generates the at least one of notification signal and notification message based on a current vehicle health.",
-    "Described examples include sensing circuits and reference voltage generators for providing a reference voltage to a sensing circuit. The sensing circuits may sense a state of a memory cell, which may be a PCM memory cell. The sensing circuits may include a cascode transistor. Examples of reference voltage generators may include a global reference voltage generator coupled to multiple bank reference voltage generators which may reduce an output resistance of the voltage generator routing. 1. A memory device comprising: a global reference voltage generator configured to provide a global reference voltage; a plurality of bank reference generators, individual ones of the plurality of bank reference generators positioned proximate a respective bank of memory cells, wherein the plurality of bank reference generators are coupled to the global reference voltage generator and configured to provide respective bank reference voltages; and a respective plurality of driver circuits coupled to each of the bank reference generators, individual ones of the plurality of driver circuits configured to provide the bank reference voltage to a strip of memory cells. 2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein individual ones of the plurality of driver circuits comprise source follower circuits. 3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the memory cells are phase change memory cells. 4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein individual ones of the plurality of driver circuits are configured to provide the bank reference voltage to sensing circuits in the strip of memory cells. 5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of bank reference generators are distributed throughout the memory device. 6. An apparatus comprising: a global reference voltage generator configured to provide a global reference voltage; and a memory bank coupled to the global reference voltage generator and comprising a bank reference generator and a driver circuit, the bank reference generator configured to provide a bank reference voltage based on the global reference voltage, the driver circuit configured to provide the bank reference voltage to a memory cell. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the global reference voltage generator comprises a voltage to current generator and a output transistor that is configured to convert a first reference voltage to a first current, wherein the output transistor is configured to mirror the first current to provide a second current, where global reference voltage is generated based on the second current. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the voltage to current generator comprises an amplifier coupled to a transistor, wherein a voltage based on the current through the transistor is provided as feedback to an input of the amplifier. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the bank reference generator comprises a switch configured to selectively couple an output of the bank reference generator to the memory bank. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the bank reference generator further comprises a wordline compensation circuit coupled between an output of the voltage to current generator and the memory bank and configured to compensate the bank reference voltage during a hold mode of a sample and hold operation. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the bank reference generator further comprises a second compensation circuit coupled between an output of the global reference voltage generator and an input of an amplifier of the bank reference generator and the memory bank and configured to compensate the global reference voltage during a sample mode of the sample and hold operation. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second compensation circuit comprises a first resistance coupled between a node and a first voltage, a second resistance coupled between the node and a second voltage, and a third resistance coupled between a wordline and the node. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the compensation circuit comprises a first capacitance coupled between a node and a first voltage and a second capacitance coupled between the node and a second voltage. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein memory bank further comprises a sensing circuit coupled to a memory cell, the sensing circuit configured to access the memory cell based on the bank reference voltage. 15. A method comprising: providing a global reference voltage to a plurality of bank reference generators, wherein individual ones of the plurality of bank reference generators are positioned proximate a respective bank of memory cells; and providing respective bank reference voltages from each of the plurality of bank reference generators to a strip of memory cells of the respective bank of memory cells based on the global reference voltage. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein providing the global reference voltage to the plurality of bank reference generators comprises mirroring a current through a transistor based on the global reference voltage. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein providing the respective bank reference voltages from each of the plurality of bank reference generators to the strip of memory cells of the respective bank of memory cells based on the global reference voltage comprises mirroring a current through a transistor based on the respective bank reference voltage. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising decoupling the respective bank reference voltages from the strip of memory cells of the respective bank of memory cells via a switch. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising compensating the global reference voltage during a sample mode of a sample and hold operation associated with the strip of memory cells of the respective bank of memory cells. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising compensating the respective bank reference voltages during a hold mode of a sample and hold operation associated with the strip of memory cells of the respective bank of memory cells.",
-    "A steering tool is movable by a drill string to form an underground bore along an intended path. A sensing arrangement of the steering tool detects its pitch and yaw orientations at a series of spaced apart positions along the bore, each position is characterized by a measured extension of the drill string. The steering tool further includes a receiver. At least one marker is positioned proximate to the intended path, for transmitting a rotating dipole field to expose a portion of the intended path to the field for reception by the receiver. The detected pitch orientation, the detected yaw orientation and the measured extension of the drill string are used in conjunction with magnetic information from the receiver to locate the steering tool. The steering tool may automatically use the magnetic information when it is available. A customized overall position determination accuracy can be provided along the intended path. 1. An apparatus in a system including a steering tool that is moved by a drill string and steered in a way that is intended to form an underground bore along an intended path, beginning from a starting position, said apparatus comprising: a sensing arrangement, forming one part of the steering tool, for detecting a pitch orientation and a yaw orientation of the steering tool at each of a series of positions of the steering tool along said underground bore, each of which positions is characterized by a measured extension of said drill string such that each of the detected pitch orientation and yaw orientation are subject to a measurement error; at least one marker positioned proximate to the intended path, for transmitting a rotating dipole field such that a portion of the intended path is exposed to the rotating dipole field; a receiver, forming another part of the steering tool, configured for receiving the rotating dipole field to produce magnetic information; and a processor that is configured to determine a first position of the steering tool, that is not exposed to the rotating dipole field, with a given accuracy based on the detected pitch orientation, the detected yaw orientation and a measured extension of the drill string, subject to the measurement error, and to determine a second position of the steering tool, that is exposed to the rotating dipole field, with an enhanced accuracy, based on the magnetic information in conjunction with the detected pitch orientation, the detected yaw orientation and the measured extension of the drill string to compensate for the accumulation of the measurement error along said portion of the intended path. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: said processor further configured to determine an estimated positional error for a current location of the steering tool; and a display for displaying the positional error. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor is further configured to use a set of ordinary differential equations to determine a change in the position of the steering tool along the drill-path as a function of measured pitch and yaw and as part of determining the position of the steering tool. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said processor is further configured to use a distance measurement equation in conjunction with said set of ordinary differential equations with the distance equation representing a distance between said marker and said receiver of the steering tool as part of determining the position of the steering tool. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein no more than two of said markers are positioned proximate to the intended path.",
-    "A method manufactures a front panel including a front panel body formed of a single transmissive resin layer and a sensor film attached thereto, using a first mold having a molding recessed portion and a second mold having a molding projecting portion. The first and second molds are joined together such that a cavity is formed between the molding recessed portion and the molding projecting portion, by placing the sensor film between the first mold and the second mold, on the molding projecting portion in the cavity. A melted resin is injected into the cavity to form the single transmissive resin layer having a front surface formed in a shape of the molding recessed portion, and a back surface formed along the sensor film in a shape of the molding projecting portion, thereby laminating the sensor film to the back surface of the transmissive resin layer. 1. A method of manufacturing a front panel including a front panel body formed of a single transmissive resin layer and a sensor film attached to the transmissive resin layer, the sensor film configured to sense presence of a human finger in proximity thereto, the method using a first mold having a molding recessed portion and a second mold having a molding projecting portion, the method comprising: providing a sensor film, including: a single-layered base film made of a transmissive material, having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; a transmissive electrode layer formed on the second surface in a center region thereof; a wiring layer formed on the second surface in a peripheral region surrounding the center region, the wiring layer connected to the transmissive electrode layer, the wiring layer being a conductive organic layer; and a decorative portion formed on the first surface, the decorative portion covering the wiring layer; placing a sensor film between the first mold and the second mold; joining the first mold and the second mold together such that a cavity is formed between the molding recessed portion and the molding projecting portion and the sensor film is placed on the molding projecting portion in the cavity; and injecting a melted resin into the cavity to form a single transmissive resin layer, the injecting the melted resin including: forming a front surface of the transmissive resin layer in a shape of the molding recessed portion; and forming a back surface of the transmissive resin layer along the sensor film in a shape of the molding projecting portion, thereby laminating the sensor film to the back surface of the transmissive resin layer, wherein the transmissive electrode layer is positioned in a first region corresponding to a back main surface of the transmissive resin layer, the wiring layer is positioned in a second region corresponding to at least one of a back right-side surface and a back left-side surface of the transmissive resin layer extending backward from the back main surface, the single-layered base film extends along the back main surface, the back right-side surface, and the back left-side surface, the decorative portion is provided on the first surface of the single-layered base film in the second region so as to hide the wiring layer viewed from the front surface, and the decorative portion, the single-layered base film, and the wiring layer form a three-layered structure in the second region, and wherein the transmissive electrode layer is disposed in a transmissive region surrounded by the decorative portion formed in a shape of a frame. 2. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 1, wherein the injecting the melted resin further includes: pushing the sensor film against a surface of the molding projecting portion with the melted resin, such that the sensor film is in close contact with the surface of the molding projecting portion. 3. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 2, wherein the first and second molds are disposed vertically during the injection such that a length direction of the cavity orthogonal to a direction in which the first mold and the second mold face each other coincides with a direction of gravity. 4. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 3, wherein the melted resin is injected through a gate formed in the first mold in a position lower than a vertical middle point of the cavity. 5. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 2, wherein the sensor film is allowed to elongate through the cavity between the first and second molds during the injection of the melted resin. 6. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 1, wherein the first and second molds are disposed vertically during the injection such that a length direction of the cavity orthogonal to a direction in which the first mold and the second mold face each other coincides with a direction of gravity. 7. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 6, wherein the melted resin is injected through a gate formed in the first mold in a position lower than a vertical middle point of the cavity. 8. The method of manufacturing a front panel according to claim 1, wherein the decorative portion is coated on the first surface of the base film.",
-    "In one general embodiment, a computer-implemented method includes identifying a record having a lock being held being held by a first process, where the process is running within a first system of a plurality of systems, sending an identification of the lock for the record to a second system of the plurality of systems, receiving, at the first system, from the second system, information associated with a first request for the lock of the record, determining at the first system a second request for the lock of the record held by the first process, and conditionally releasing the lock being held by the first process, based on an analysis of the information associated with the first request and information associated with the second request. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: identifying a record having a lock being held being held by a first process, where the process is running within a first system of a plurality of systems; sending an identification of the lock for the record to a second system of the plurality of systems; receiving, at the first system, from the second system, information associated with a first request for the lock of the record; determining at the first system a second request for the lock of the record held by the first process; and conditionally releasing the lock being held by the first process, based on an analysis of the information associated with the first request and information associated with the second request. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the lock for the record provides the first process with exclusive access to the record within the plurality of systems. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the identification of the lock is broadcast to all of the plurality of systems. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the identification of the lock for the record is sent from the first system to a cross-coupling facility (XCF) within a sysplex, where the XCF then sends the identification of the lock to each of the plurality of systems within the sysplex. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first request for the lock of the record is identified within a global wait queue of the second system that contains a plurality of different requests for locks of records that are currently being held by other processes. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the information associated with the first request includes an identification of a second process that initiated the first request and an indication of a type of process that issued the first request. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the information associated with the first request includes a timeout value associated with the first request and a time the first request for the lock was initiated. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the information associated with the first request for the lock of the record is returned to the first system in response to a determination that the information includes an associated timeout value. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the second request for the lock of the record is identified within a global wait queue of the first system. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the analysis of the information associated with the first request and the information associated with the second request includes a comparison of a timeout value for the first request to a timeout value for the second request to determine which request has an earlier timeout value. 11. A computer program product for analyzing lock contention within a system, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, wherein the computer readable storage medium is not a transitory signal per se, the program instructions executable by a computer to cause the computer to perform a method comprising: identifying, by the computer, a record having a lock being held being held by a first process, where the process is running within a first system of a plurality of systems; sending, by the computer, an identification of the lock for the record to a second system of the plurality of systems; receiving, by the computer, from the second system, information associated with a first request for the lock of the record; determining, by the computer, a second request for the lock of the record held by the first process; and conditionally releasing, by the computer, the lock being held by the first process, based on an analysis of the information associated with the first request and information associated with the second request. 12. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the lock for the record provides the first process with exclusive access to the record within the plurality of systems. 13. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the identification of the lock is broadcast to all of the plurality of systems. 14. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the identification of the lock for the record is sent from the first system to a cross-coupling facility (XCF) within a sysplex, where the XCF then sends the identification of the lock to each of the plurality of systems within the sysplex. 15. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the first request for the lock of the record is identified within a global wait queue of the second system that contains a plurality of different requests for locks of records that are currently being held by other processes. 16. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the information associated with the first request includes an identification of a second process that initiated the first request and an indication of a type of process that issued the first request. 17. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the information associated with the first request includes a timeout value associated with the first request and a time the first request for the lock was initiated. 18. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the information associated with the first request for the lock of the record is returned to the first system in response to a determination that the information includes an associated timeout value. 19. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the second request for the lock of the record is identified within a global wait queue of the first system. 20. A system, comprising: a processor and logic integrated with and/or executable by the processor, the logic being configured to: identify a record having a lock being held being held by a first process, where the process is running within a first system of a plurality of systems; send an identification of the lock for the record to a second system of the plurality of systems; receive, at the first system, from the second system, information associated with a first request for the lock of the record; determine at the first system a second request for the lock of the record held by the first process; and conditionally release the lock being held by the first process, based on an analysis of the information associated with the first request and information associated with the second request.",
-    "There are provided inter alia multisubstituted aromatic compounds useful for the inhibition of thrombin, which compounds include substituted pyrazolyl or substituted triazolyl. There are additionally provided pharmaceutical compositions. There are additionally provided methods of treating and preventing a disease or disorder, which disease or disorder is amenable to treatment or prevention by the inhibition of thrombin. 1. A method for treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering a compound to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to treat or prevent said disease or disorder, wherein the compound has the following formula: or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein ring A is substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolyl, or substituted or unsubstituted triazolyl; L1, L2 and L3 are independently a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NHSO2\u2014, or \u2014NR5\u2014; L4 is absent, a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NHSO2\u2014, or \u2014NR5\u2014; R1, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R4 is absent, hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, provided that when L4 is absent, then R4 is absent; and R5 is independently hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the following formula: wherein L\u2032 is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NHSO2\u2014, or \u2014NR5\u2014; L2 is a bond; L3 is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NHSO2\u2014, or \u2014NR5\u2014; L4 is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NHSO2\u2014, or \u2014NR5\u2014; R1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein the substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl has a substituent group selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014SH, \u2014CN, \u2014CF3, \u2014NO2, oxo, halogen, \u2014COOH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R2 is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl, substituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted fused ring aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein the substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkenyl, substituted aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, or substituted heteroaryl has a substituent group selected from the group consisting of oxo, \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, \u2014SH, \u2014CN, \u2014CF3, \u2014NO2, halogen, \u2014COOH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; R3 is hydrogen, substituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R4 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and R5 is independently hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; provided that: when L1 is a bond, R1 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; when L1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, R1 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and when L1 is \u2014S\u2014 or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene wherein the heteroatom is S, R1 is substituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said disease or disorder is a thrombotic disorder and/or involves a blood clot thrombus or the potential formation of a blood clot thrombus. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said thrombotic disorder comprises acute coronary syndrome, thromboembolism, and/or thrombosis. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the thromboembolism comprises venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, and/or cardiogenic thromboembolism. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the venous thromboembolism comprises deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism occurs following a medical procedure. 8. The method according to claim 3, wherein said thrombotic disorder involves dysfunctional coagulation or disseminated intravascular coagulation. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the subject is undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). 10. The method according to claim 3, wherein said thrombotic disease or disorder involves a blood clot thrombus or the potential formation of a blood clot thrombus and further involves stroke and/or one or more transient ischemic attacks (TIA). 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said thrombotic disease or disorder involving a blood clot thrombus or the potential formation of a blood clot thrombus further involves stroke and wherein the subject has non-valvular atrial fibrillation. 12. The method according to claim 3, wherein said thrombotic disease or disorder involves a blood clot thrombus or the potential formation of a blood clot thrombus and further involves pulmonary hypertension. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is caused by one or more left heart disorder and/or chronic thromboembolic disease. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is associated with one or more lung disease, including pulmonary fibrosis (idiopathic or otherwise), and/or hypoxia. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein said disease or disorder comprises fibrosis, Alzheimer's Disease, multiple sclerosis, pain, cancer, inflammation, and/or Type I diabetes mellitus. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disease or disorder involves recurrent cardiac events after myocardial infarction. 17. The method according to claim 5, wherein the venous thromboembolism is associated with formation of a thrombus within a vein associated with one or more acquired or inherited risk factors and/or embolism of peripheral veins caused by a detached thrombus. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the one or more risk factors comprise a previous venous thromboembolism. 19. The method according to claim 5, wherein the cardiogenic thromboembolism is due to formation of a thrombus in the heart associated with cardiac arrhythmia, heart valve defect, prosthetic heart valves or heart disease, and/or embolism of peripheral arteries caused by a detached thrombus. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the detached thrombus is in the brain (ischemic stroke). 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the detached thrombus causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA). 22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the cardiogenic thromboembolism is due to non-valvular atrial fibrillation. 23. The method according to claim 4, wherein the thrombosis is arterial thrombosis. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the arterial thrombosis is due to one or more underlying atherosclerotic processes in the arteries. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the one or more underlying atherosclerotic processes in the arteries obstruct or occlude an artery, cause myocardial ischemia (angina pectoris, acute coronary syndrome), cause myocardial infarction, obstruct or occlude a peripheral artery (ischemic peripheral artery disease), and/or obstruct or occlude the artery after a procedure on a blood vessel (reocclusion or restenosis after transluminal coronary angioplasty, reocclusion or restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of peripheral arteries). 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the treatment or prevention comprises an adjunct therapy. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the subject has myocardial infarction, and the adjunct therapy is in conjunction with thrombolytic therapy. 28. The method according to claim 26, wherein the subject has unstable angina pectoris, thrombosis, and/or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and the adjunct therapy is in combination with antiplatelet therapy. 29. The method according to claim 26, wherein the subject has non-valvular atrial fibrillation, and the adjunct therapy is in conjunction with other therapies.",
-    "This invention relates to devices, systems and methods for delivering preprogrammed quantities of an active ingredient to a biological system over time without the need for external power or electronics. 1-61. (canceled) 62. A method of preparing a composition for controlled drug delivery comprising: providing a porous silicon film; heating the porous silicon film in an oxidizing environment at a temperature above 600\u00b0 C.; preparing particles from the oxidized porous silicon film; and treating the oxidized porous silicon particles with a drug or biologically active material. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the particles have a size of between about 0.1 \u03bcm and about 100 \u03bcm. 64. The method of claim 62, wherein the porous silicon film comprises pores with a free volume of from 50% to 80%. 65. The method of claim 62, wherein the drug or biologically active material is a protein. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the drug or biologically active material is bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or pegaptanib. 67. The method of claim 62, wherein the drug of biologically active material is selected from the group consisting of angiostatic steroids, metalloproteinase inhibitors, VEGF binding drugs, PEDF, an 8-mer peptide fragment of urokinase (uPA), and dexamethasone. 68. The method of claim 62, wherein the drug or biologically active material targets a disease or disorder of the eye. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the disease or disorder of the eye is selected from the group consisting of: age-related macular degeneration (AMD), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinovasclar disease, retinal detachment (PVR), and glaucoma. 70. The method of claim 62, wherein the porous silicon film comprises a layered nanostructure. 71. The method of claim 62, comprising the step of heating the porous silicon film in an oxidizing environment at a temperature above 700\u00b0 C. 72. The method of claim 62, comprising the step of heating the porous silicon film in an oxidizing environment at a temperature above 800\u00b0 C. 73. The method of claim 62, wherein particles are prepared from the oxidized porous silicon film after the porous silicon film is heated in an oxidizing environment at a temperature above 600\u00b0 C. 74. The method of claim 62, wherein the porous silicon film comprises pores selectively dimensioned to obtain a desired reflective wavelength. 75. The method of claim 62, further comprising the step of capping the porous silicon film with a polymeric material. 76. The method of claim 62, wherein the porous silicon film comprises pores configured to enhance binding efficacy of the drug or biologically active material.",
-    "Proteins that bind IL-17 and TNF-\u03b1 are described along with their use in compositions and methods for treating psoriatic arthritis. 1. A method for treating a subject having psoriatic arthritis (PsA), the method comprising the step of administering to the subject a binding protein that specifically binds IL-17 and TNF-\u03b1. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein is a dual variable domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) binding protein. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is resistant to treatment with at least one disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) for binding TNF-\u03b1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and a VH for binding IL-17 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises a light chain variable region (VL) for binding TNF-\u03b1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a VL for binding IL-17 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the binding protein further comprises a heavy chain constant domain and/or a light chain constant domain, wherein the heavy chain constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; and wherein the light chain constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 10. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising the step of administering to the subject a DMARD, wherein the DMARD is selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, sulfasalazine, cyclosporine, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, and azathioprine. 11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein is administered subcutaneously or intravenously. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the binding protein is administered at a dose selected from the group consisting of about: 0.1 milligram per kilogram of subject weight (mg/kg); 0.3 mg/kg; 1.0 mg/kg; 1.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg; and 10 mg/kg. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the binding protein is administered at a dose selected from the group consisting of between 1-25 mg, 25-50 mg, 50-75 mg, 75-100 mg, 100-200 mg, 100-125 mg, 125-150 mg, 150-175 mg, 175-200 mg, 200-225 mg, 225-250 mg, 250-275 mg, 275-300 mg, 300-325 mg, 325-350 mg, and 350-400 mg of the binding protein. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the binding protein is administered weekly at a dose of about 120 mg or about 240 mg. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the binding protein is administered at least once every: day, every other day, every week, every other week, every month, or every other month. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 10, wherein the subject has been treated with the DMARD for a period of time prior to administration of the binding protein, and the subject is about 1-99% resistant to one or more DMARD activities. 22. The method of claim 10, the method further comprising the step of administering the binding protein after administering the DMARD. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein administering the binding protein improves at least one negative condition in the subject associated with PsA, wherein the at least one negative condition is selected from the group consisting of an autoimmune response, inflammation, stiffness, pain, bone erosion, osteoporosis, joint deformity, joint destruction, a nerve condition, scarring, a cardiac disorder, a blood vessel disorder, high blood pressure, fatigue, anemia, weight loss, abnormal body temperature, a lung disorder, a kidney disorder, a liver disorder, an ocular disorder, a skin disorder, an intestinal disorder, and an infection. 24-27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 1, wherein administering the binding protein improves a score of at least one PsA metric in the subject wherein the PsA metric is selected from the group consisting of American College of Rheumatology Response Rate (ACR), ACR20, ACR50, ACR70, proportion of subjects achieving Low Disease Activity (LDA), swollen joints, tender joints, patient assessments of pain, global disease activity and physical function, physician global assessment of disease activity and acute phase reactant levels, Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28, Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score (PASDAS), Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), assessment of dactylitis, Entheses Sites Comprising the Total Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) Enthesitis Index, Self-Assessment of Psoriasis Symptoms (SAPS), quality of life, function and work as measured by the SF36v2, quality of life by self-reporting, change in the quality of life, function and work as measured by Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), quality of life, function and work as measured by the Fatigue Numeric Rating Scale, quality of life, function and work as measured by the Sleep Quality Scale, Psoriasis Target Lesion Score, Proportion of subjects achieving ACR70 responder status, and Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR). 29-31. (canceled) 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of detecting a modulation in the expression or activity of at least one biomarker, wherein the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a matrix metallopeptidase (MMP), a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a MMP degradation product, C-reactive protein (CRPM), a prostaglandin, nitric oxide, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), an adipokine, an endothelial growth factor (EGF), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), a nerve growth factor (NGF), substance P, an inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS cartoxin I (CTX-I), cartoxin II (CTX-II), type II collagen neoepitope (TIINE), creatinine, a vimentin, a citrullinated vimentin, an MMP-degraded vimentin, and VICM. 33-36. (canceled) 37. A method for treating a subject having PsA, wherein the subject is resistant to treatment with methotrexate, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject a composition comprising a binding protein that specifically binds both IL-17 and TNF-\u03b1, wherein the binding protein is a DVD-Ig protein, and wherein the binding protein comprises at least one heavy chain polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and at least one light chain polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein the binding protein is administered weekly or every other week, and wherein the total amount administered to the subject is about 120 mg or 240 mg of the binding protein. 38. A method for treating a subject having PsA, wherein the subject has been or is currently being treated with methotrexate, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject a binding protein that binds TNF-\u03b1 and IL-17, wherein the binding protein is a DVD-Ig binding protein, wherein the binding protein comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein the binding protein is administered at a dose from: 0.005 (milligrams per kilogram) mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg to 0.05 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg to 0.1 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg to 1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg to 7 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg to 9 mg/kg, or 9 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg of mass of the binding protein to mass of the individual. 39. (canceled) 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the binding protein is administered intravenously. 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the binding protein is administered subcutaneously. 42. The method of claim 37, further comprising the step of administering the binding protein after administering the methotrexate. 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the binding protein is administered at a dosage selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg. 44. The method of claim 37, further comprising the step of identifying an improvement in the subject of severity or duration of at least one symptom associated with the PsA, wherein identifying the improvement comprises using a score, a test, or a metric for PsA. 45. (canceled) 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the score, the test, or the metric is selected from the group consisting of the American College of Rheumatology Response Rate (ACR), ACR20, ACR50, ACR70, the proportion of subjects achieving Low Disease Activity (LDA), swollen joints, tender joints, patient assessments of pain, global disease activity and physical function, physician global assessment of disease activity and acute phase reactant levels, Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28, Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score (PASDAS), Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), plaque erythema, plaque scaling, and plaque thickness, assessment of dactylitis, Entheses Sites Comprising the Total Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC), the Enthesitis Index, Self-Assessment of Psoriasis Symptoms (SAPS), quality of life, function and work as measured by the SF36v2, quality of life by self-reporting, change in the quality of life, function and work as measured by Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), quality of life, function and work as measured by the Fatigue Numeric Rating Scale, quality of life, function and work as measured by the Sleep Quality Scale, Psoriasis Target Lesion Score, proportion of subjects achieving ACR70 responder status, and Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR). 47. (canceled) 48. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein further comprises at least one constant domain. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the constant domain is a heavy chain constant domain that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the constant domain is a light chain constant domain that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 51. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to administration the binding protein is lyophilized or crystallized. 52. (canceled) 53. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises a conjugate. 54-55. (canceled) 56. The method of claim 37, wherein administering the binding protein reduces a negative condition and/or modulates a biomarker associated with the PsA. 57. The method of claim 1, wherein the binding protein neutralizes TNF-\u03b1 and IL-17 for a period of time. 58-60. (canceled) 61. A dose of the bispecific binding protein of claim 1 that neutralizes TNF-\u03b1 and IL-17 sufficient to treat or prevent at least one symptom of PsA. 62-70. (canceled) 71. The method of claim 37, wherein the binding protein further comprises a heavy chain constant domain and a light chain constant domain. 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the heavy chain constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the light chain constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 73. The method of claim 38, wherein the binding protein further comprises a heavy chain constant domain and/or a light chain constant domain. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the heavy chain constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the light chain constant domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 75. The method of claim 37, wherein the binding protein further comprises a variant constant domain. 76. The method of claim 38, wherein the binding protein is administered intravenously. 77. The method of claim 38, wherein the binding protein is administered subcutaneously.",
-    "Conventional electrochromic devices frequently suffer from poor reliability and poor performance. Improvements are made using entirely solid and inorganic materials. Electrochromic devices are fabricated by forming an ion conducting electronically-insulating interfacial region that serves as an IC layer. In some methods, the interfacial region is formed after formation of an electrochromic and a counter electrode layer. The interfacial region contains an ion conducting electronically-insulating material along with components of the electrochromic and/or the counter electrode layer. Materials and microstructure of the electrochromic devices provide improvements in performance and reliability over conventional devices. In various embodiments, a counter electrode is fabricated to include a base anodically coloring material and one or more additives. 1. (canceled) 2. An electrochromic device comprising: (a) an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, and (b) a counter electrode layer comprising a counter electrode material comprising a nickel oxide-based material, wherein the device does not contain a compositionally homogeneous layer of electrically insulating, ion conducting material between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer. 3. The electrochromic device of claim 2, wherein the counter electrode material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: nickel tungsten oxide, nickel vanadium oxide, nickel chromium oxide, nickel aluminum oxide, nickel manganese oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, and combinations thereof. 4. The electrochromic device of claim 2, wherein the counter electrode material further comprises tantalum. 5. The electrochromic device of claim 2, wherein the counter electrode material is doped with tungsten and/or tantalum. 6. The electrochromic device of claim 2, wherein the interfacial region is formed, at least partially, from an oxygen-rich portion of the electrochromic layer and/or an oxygen-rich portion of the counter electrode layer. 7. The electrochromic device of claim 2, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: a tungsten oxide-based material, a molybdenum oxide-based material, a niobium oxide-based material, a titanium oxide-based material, a vanadium oxide-based material, and combinations thereof. 8. The electrochromic device of claim 7, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a tungsten oxide-based material. 9. The electrochromic device of claim 2, wherein the electrochromic material is doped with one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, titanium, and combinations thereof. 10. An electrochromic device comprising: (a) an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, and (b) a counter electrode layer comprising a counter electrode material comprising a material selected from the group consisting of: a chromium oxide-based material, a manganese oxide-based material, a Prussian blue-based material, and combinations thereof. wherein the device does not contain a compositionally homogeneous layer of electrically insulating, ion conducting material between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer. 11. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a tungsten oxide-based material. 12. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein the counter electrode material further comprises tantalum. 13. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein the counter electrode material is doped with tungsten and/or tantalum. 14. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein the interfacial region is formed, at least partially, from an oxygen-rich portion of the electrochromic layer and/or an oxygen-rich portion of the counter electrode layer. 15. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: a tungsten oxide-based material, a molybdenum oxide-based material, a niobium oxide-based material, a titanium oxide-based material, a vanadium oxide-based material, and combinations thereof. 16. The electrochromic device of claim 10, wherein the electrochromic material is doped with one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, titanium, and combinations thereof. 17. An electrochromic device comprising: (a) an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, and (b) a counter electrode layer comprising a counter electrode material comprising a vanadium oxide-based material, wherein the device does not contain a compositionally homogeneous layer of electrically insulating, ion conducting material between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer. 18. The electrochromic device of claim 17, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a tungsten oxide-based material. 19. The electrochromic device of claim 17, wherein the counter electrode material further comprises tantalum. 20. The electrochromic device of claim 17, wherein the counter electrode material is doped with tungsten and/or tantalum. 21. The electrochromic device of claim 17, wherein the interfacial region is formed, at least partially, from an oxygen-rich portion of the electrochromic layer and/or an oxygen-rich portion of the counter electrode layer. 22. The electrochromic device of claim 17, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: a tungsten oxide-based material, a molybdenum oxide-based material, a niobium oxide-based material, a titanium oxide-based material, a vanadium oxide-based material, and combinations thereof. 23. The electrochromic device of claim 17, wherein the electrochromic material is doped with one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, titanium, and combinations thereof. 24. An electrochromic device comprising: (a) an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, and (b) a counter electrode layer comprising a counter electrode material comprising (i) a cerium titanium oxide-based material and/or (ii) a cerium zirconium oxide-based material, wherein the device does not contain a compositionally homogeneous layer of electrically insulating, ion conducting material between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer. 25. The electrochromic device of claim 24, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a tungsten oxide-based material. 26. The electrochromic device of claim 24, wherein the counter electrode material further comprises tantalum. 27. The electrochromic device of claim 24, wherein the counter electrode material is doped with tungsten and/or tantalum. 28. The electrochromic device of claim 24, wherein the interfacial region is formed, at least partially, from an oxygen-rich portion of the electrochromic layer and/or an oxygen-rich portion of the counter electrode layer. 29. The electrochromic device of claim 24, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: a tungsten oxide-based material, a molybdenum oxide-based material, a niobium oxide-based material, a titanium oxide-based material, a vanadium oxide-based material, and combinations thereof. 30. The electrochromic device of claim 24, wherein the electrochromic material is doped with one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: lithium, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, titanium, and combinations thereof. 31. A method of fabricating an electrochromic device, the method comprising: forming an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material; forming a counter electrode layer in contact with the electrochromic layer without first providing an ion conducting electronically insulating layer between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer, wherein the counter electrode layer comprises a counter electrode material comprising a material selected from the group consisting of: a nickel oxide-based material, a chromium oxide-based material, a manganese oxide-based material, a Prussian blue-based material, a vanadium oxide-based material, a cerium titanium oxide-based material, a cerium zirconium oxide-based material, a nickel oxide-based material, and combinations thereof; and forming an interfacial region, between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer, using components of one or both the electrochromic layer and counter electrode layer, wherein said interfacial region is substantially ion conducting and substantially electronically insulating. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the counter electrode material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: nickel tungsten oxide, nickel vanadium oxide, nickel chromium oxide, nickel aluminum oxide, nickel manganese oxide, nickel magnesium oxide, and combinations thereof. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the counter electrode material is doped with tungsten and/or tantalum. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: a tungsten oxide-based material, a molybdenum oxide-based material, a niobium oxide-based material, a titanium oxide-based material, a vanadium oxide-based material, and combinations thereof. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the electrochromic material comprises a tungsten oxide-based material.",
-    "Disclosed herein are isolated humanized monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with a binding affinity of about 1.0 nM or less. Nucleic acids encoding these antibodies, expression vectors including these nucleic acid molecules, and isolated host cells that express the nucleic acid molecules are also disclosed. Methods of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating JEV infection in a subject with JEV also are disclosed. Additionally, the antibodies can be used to detect JEV in a sample, and methods of diagnosing JEV infection, or confirming a diagnosis of JEV infection in a subject, are disclosed herein that utilize these antibodies. 1. An isolated humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically binds Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein with a binding affinity of about 1.0 nM or less, wherein the monoclonal antibody comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the monoclonal antibody comprises one of: (a) a heavy chain comprising amino acids 31-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 50-66 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and amino acids 96-107 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a light chain comprising amino acids 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 4, amino acids 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and amino acids 89-96 of SEQ ID NO: 4; (b) a heavy chain comprising amino acids 32-36 of SEQ ID NO: 2, amino acids 50-67 of SEQ ID NO: 2, and amino acids 100-113 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a light chain comprising amino acids 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 5 amino acids 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 5, and amino acids 89-96 of SEQ ID NO: 5; or (c) a heavy chain comprising amino acids 30-37 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 52-67 of SEQ ID NO: 3, and amino acids 100-112 of SEQ ID NO: Sand a light chain comprising amino acids 22-33 of SEQ ID NO: 6, amino acids 49-55 of SEQ ID NO: 6, and amino acids 88-95 of SEQ ID NO: 6, and wherein the monoclonal antibody further comprises an Fc region of a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. 2. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein the Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region. 3. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein the Fc region of the monoclonal antibody has reduced binding to an Fc\u03b3 receptor class I binding site as compared to a native Fc region. 4. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 3, wherein the Fc region comprises a CH2 domain and/or a CH3 domain, and wherein the antibody has a deletion of four to ten amino acids of the N-terminus of the CH2 domain of the Fc region as compared to a native Fc region. 5. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 4, wherein the native Fc region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. 6. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 4, wherein the amino acid sequence of LLGG (SEQ ID NO: 12) is deleted from the CH2 domain of the native Fc region. 7. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 6, wherein the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-30 is deleted from the CH2 domain of the native Fc region. 8. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain of the antibody comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, or an antigen binding fragment of the isolated humanized monoclonal antibody. 9. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 4, wherein the light chain of the antibody comprises one of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6, or an antigen binding fragment of the isolated humanized monoclonal antibody. 10. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 4, wherein (a) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 and the light chain of the antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 4; (b) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 2 and the light chain of the antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, or an antigen binding fragment of the isolated humanized monoclonal antibody; or (c) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 3 and the light chain of the antibody comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, or an antigen binding fragment of the isolated humanized monoclonal antibody. 11. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody specifically binds to Lys179 within a \u03b2-strand in domain I of the envelope protein. 12. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody specifically binds Ile126 within the small loop between d and e \u03b2-strands in domain II of the envelope protein. 13. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is labeled. 14. The isolated human monoclonal antibody of claim 13, wherein the label is a fluorescence, magnetic, enzymatic, or radioactive label. 15. The isolated human monoclonal antibody of claim 13, wherein the label is fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, 5-dimethylamine-1-napthalenesulfonyl chloride, phycoerythrin, lanthanide phosphors, green fluorescent protein (GFP), Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), horseradish peroxidase, \u03b2-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, avidin, biotin, gadolinium, a lanthanide, 3H, 14C, 15N, 35S, 90Y, 99Tc, 111In, 125I, or 131I. 16. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is conjugated to an immunotoxin or a chemotherapeutic agent. 17. A composition comprising the humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 18. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1. 19. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 18, operably linked to a promoter. 20. A host cell transformed with the expression vector of claim 19. 21. A method of treating a subject diagnosed with a Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection or at risk for developing a JEV infection, comprising: administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim 16, thereby treating the subject diagnosed with the JEV infection or at risk for developing the JEV infection. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. 23. A method of detecting a Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection in a subject, comprising: contacting a sample from the subject with the isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1; and detecting binding of the humanized monoclonal antibody to the sample, wherein an increase in binding of the humanized monoclonal antibody to the sample as compared to binding of the humanized monoclonal antibody to a control sample detects the JEV infection in the subject. 24. A method of confirming a diagnosis of a Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection in a subject, comprising: contacting a sample from a subject diagnosed with the JEV infection with the isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 1; and detecting binding of the humanized monoclonal antibody to the sample, wherein an increase in binding of the humanized monoclonal antibody to the sample as compared to binding of the humanized monoclonal antibody to a control sample confirms the diagnosis of the JEV infection in the subject.",
-    "Thin parylene C membranes having smooth front sides and ultrathin regions (e.g., 0.01 \u03bcm to 5 \u03bcm thick) interspersed with thicker regions are disclosed. The back sides of the membranes can be rough compared with the smooth front sides. The membranes can be used in vitro to grow monolayers of cells in a laboratory or in vivo as surgically implantable growth layers, such as to replace the Bruch's membrane in the eye. The application further provides an implantable cage-like apparatus for culturing cells comprising the parylene membrane. 1-28. (canceled) 29. A method of manufacturing an implantable membrane, the method comprising: depositing a film material on a first substrate surface to form a supporting film; creating a plurality of perforations on the supporting film; removing the supporting film from the first substrate surface; attaching the supporting film to a second substrate surface; depositing a parylene layer over the supporting film wherein the parylene layer is sufficient to cover a bottom of each perforation on the supporting film to form a membrane with a smooth first side; orienting the membrane such that the smooth first side is positioned toward a cell culture; and diffusing molecules through the membrane. 30. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein the first substrate surface is smooth. 31. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein etching is used to create the plurality of perforations. 32. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein lithography is used to create the plurality of perforations. 33. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein the plurality of perforations extend from a first side of the first supporting film to an opposing, second side of the supporting film. 34. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein the second substrate surface is smooth. 35. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein the parylene layer has a thickness between 0.01 \u03bcm to 5 \u03bcm. 36. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, wherein the orientation of the membrane is configured to reduce adherence of cells on the smooth side of the membrane. 37. The method of manufacturing of claim 29, further comprising the mechanical strength of the membrane by attaching a cage-like structure or mesh. 38. A method of manufacturing a structure for providing mechanical strength to an implantable membrane, the method comprising depositing a first layer of parylene-C on silicone; depositing a first material on the first layer of parylene-C; applying a second coating over the first material; lithographing and wet-etching the first material and the second coating to form a mask for parylene-C etching; etching the first layer of parylene-C to form a mesh frame; depositing a second layer of parylene-C on the mesh frame; lithographing the mesh frame and depositing a layer of photo-resist on the mesh frame; etching away undesirable regions in the mesh frame; and removing the mesh frame from the silicone. 39. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the first layer of parylene C has a thickness of about 1 \u03bcm to 10 \u03bcm. 40. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the first layer of parylene-C has a thickness of about 6 \u03bcm. 41. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the deposition of the first layer of parylene-C is performed with a vaporizer at a temperature 180\u00b0 C. 42. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the deposition of the first layer of parylene-C is performed with a furnace at a temperature of 690\u00b0 C. 43. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the deposition of the first layer of parylene-C is performed at a chamber pressure of 35 mTorr. 44. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the silicone is treated with hexamethyldisilazane. 45. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the first material is aluminum. 46. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the second coating is a photoresist spin-coating. 47. The method of manufacturing of claim 38, wherein the etching of the first layer of parylene-C is performed using reactive ion etching. 48. The method of manufacturing of claim 47, further comprising the step of applying hydrofluoric acid to clean residue from the inside of the plurality of circular through holes, wherein the mesh frame comprises a plurality of circular through holes and the second layer of parylene-C has a thickness between 0.15 \u03bcm and 0.80 \u03bcm.",
-    "Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, their formulation, and their use primarily in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These inhibitors generally are phosphates, phosphonates, phosphinates, and phosphoramidates. These inhibitors can be incorporated in pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a patient in therapeutically effective amounts to treat neurodegenerative diseases. 1. The method of reducing the level of a \u03b2-amyloid peptide, comprising administering an effective amount of di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate to a subject in need thereof such that the di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate has a concentration of about 10\u22128M to about 10\u22128 M in the subject. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is administered orally, buccally, transdermally, intranasally, parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, ophthalmically, or rectally. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a sufficient amount of the compound is administered so that at least about 10 ng of the compound crosses the blood brain barrier. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate has a concentration of about 10\u22128M in the brain. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 0.1 mg of the di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate is administered. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammal is a human being that is at least about 50 years of age. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the \u03b2-amyloid peptide is A\u03b240 or A\u03b242. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the level of A\u03b240 in the brain of the mammal is reduced by at least about 10%. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the level of A\u03b242 in the brain of the mammal is reduced by at least about 10%. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject experiences an elimination, reduction, or prevention of \u03b2-amyloid peptide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is suffering from a neurodegenerative disease. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease. 13. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease, comprising administering an effective amount of di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate to a subject in need thereof such that the di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate has a concentration of about 10\u22128 M to about 10\u22128 M in the subject. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a \u03b2-amyloid peptide concentration is decreased. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the \u03b2-amyloid peptide is A\u03b240 or A\u03b242. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the level of A\u03b240 in the brain of the mammal is reduced by at least about 10%. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the level of A\u03b242 in the brain of the mammal is reduced by at least about 10%. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the di-n-butyl 2-chlorophenyl phosphate has a concentration of about 10\u22128M in the brain. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound is administered orally, buccally, transdermally, intranasally, parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, ophthalmically, or rectally. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the subject experiences an elimination, reduction, or prevention of \u03b2-amyloid peptide.",
-    "A system for storing encrypted compressed data comprises a processor and a memory. The processor is configured to determine whether an encrypted compressed segment has been previously stored. The encrypted compressed segment was determined by breaking a data stream, a data block, or a data file into one or more segments and compressing and then encrypting each of the one or more segments. The processor is further configured to store the encrypted compressed segment in the event that the encrypted compressed segment has not been previously stored. The memory is coupled to the processor and configured to provide the processor with instructions. 1. A system for reading encrypted compressed data, comprising: a processor configured to: retrieve stored one or more encrypted compressed segments needed to restore a data stream, a data block, or a data file; restore one or more decrypted decompressed segments using the one or more encrypted compressed segments to reconstruct the data stream, the data block, or the data file; and a memory coupled to the processor and configured to provide the processor with instructions. 2. A system as in claim 1, wherein the data stream, the data block, or the data file is broken into one or more segments is based at least in part on one of the following: a content-based technique or a non-content-based technique. 3. A system as in claim 1, wherein the one or more encrypted compressed segments are is compressed using one of the following: a lossless compression system, a Huffman coding system, or a Lempel-Ziv Welch coding system. 4. A system as in claim 1, wherein the one or more encrypted compressed segments are encrypted using one of the following: a stream cipher system, a cipher feedback system, an electronic code book system, an AES system, or a DES system. 5. A system as in claim 1, wherein for a first encrypted compressed segment and a second encrypted compressed segment that is identical to the first encrypted compressed segment, a decrypted decompressed first encrypted compressed segment is identical to a decrypted decompressed second encrypted compressed segment. 6. A system as in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to transfer the one or more encrypted compressed segments. 7. A system as in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to decrypt the one or more encrypted compressed segments. 8. A system as in claim 1, wherein the process is further configured to decompress the one or more encrypted compressed segments. 9. A method for reading encrypted compressed data, comprising: retrieving stored one or more encrypted compressed segments needed to restore a data stream, a data block, or a data file into one or more segments and compressing and then encrypting each of the one or more segments; restoring, using a processor, one or more decrypted decompressed segments using the one or more encrypted compressed segments to reconstruct the data stream, the data block, or the data file. 10. A method as in claim 9, wherein the data stream, the data block, or the data file is broken into one or more segments is based at least in part on one of the following: a content-based to technique or a non-content-based technique. 11. A method as in claim 9, wherein the one or more encrypted compressed segments are compressed using one of the following: a lossless compression system, a Huffman coding system, or a Lempel-Ziv Welch coding system. 12. A method as in claim 9, wherein the one or more encrypted compressed segments are is encrypted using one of the following: a stream cipher system, a cipher feedback system, an electronic code book system, an AES system, or a DES system. 13. A method as in claim 9, wherein for a first encrypted compressed segment and a second encrypted compressed segment that is identical to the first encrypted compressed segment, a decrypted decompressed first encrypted compressed segment is identical to a decrypted decompressed second encrypted compressed segment. 14. A method as in claim 9, further comprising transferring the one or more encrypted compressed segments. 15. A method as in claim 9, further comprising decrypting the one or more encrypted compressed segments. 16. A method as in claim 9, further comprising decompressing the one or more encrypted compressed segments. 17. A computer program product for reading encrypted compressed data, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for: retrieving stored one or more encrypted compressed segments needed to restore a data stream, a data block, or a data file into one or more segments and compressing and then encrypting each of the one or more segments; restoring, using a processor, one or more decrypted decompressed segments using the one or more encrypted compressed segments to reconstruct the data stream, the data block, or the data file.",
-    "Aspects of the present disclosure describe a high density trench-based power MOSFETs with self-aligned source contacts and methods for making such devices. The source contacts are self-aligned with spacers. The MOSFETS also may include a depletable shield in a lower portion of the substrate. The depletable shield may be configured such that during a high drain bias the shield substantially depletes. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 1. A MOSFET device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type wherein the substrate includes a lightly doped epitaxial region in a top portion of the substrate; a body region of a second conductivity type formed in a top portion of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the second conductivity type is opposite the first conductivity type; a plurality of active device structures formed from the semiconductor substrate and body region, wherein each active device structure in the plurality of active device structures comprises a gate electrode in a gate trench formed in the semiconductor substrate, wherein the gate electrode is insulated from the substrate and body region by a gate oxide, whereby there are a plurality of gate electrodes in a corresponding plurality of gate trenches; a depletable shield of the second conductivity type formed in the semiconductor substrate between first and second gate trenches of the plurality of gate trenches and extending vertically from above a gate trench bottom down to below the gate trench bottom and separated from the body region by a drift region of the first conductivity type, wherein the depletable shield is electrically connected to the body region; an insulative layer over a top surface of the body region; a conductive source metal layer formed over the insulative layer; and one or more electrical connections that connect the source metal layer with the one or more source regions. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein one or more of the depletable shields extend through the substrate to a drain contact of the first conductivity type formed in a bottom portion of the substrate. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the depletable shield extends laterally from a sidewall of a first trench to a sidewall of a second trench. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the connection between the depletable shield and the body layer is made in a primary plane of the device. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the connection between the depletable shield and the body layer is made in a secondary plane of the device, wherein the secondary plane of the device is orthogonal to the primary plane of the device. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein a disconnected portion of the depletable shield is disconnected from the body layer, wherein the disconnected portion of the depletable shield is spaced apart from a connected portion of the depletable shield by a portion of the substrate configured to connect an epitaxial region of the first conductivity type formed proximate to the trenches to a drain contact of the first conductivity type formed in a bottom portion of the substrate, wherein the connected portion of the depletable shield is connected to the body layer. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the disconnected portion of the depletable shield continuously extends below two or more trenches in the primary plane and is configured to form an orthogonal super-junction structure with the portion of the substrate configured to connect the epitaxial region to the drain contact. 8. The MOSFET device of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of source regions of the first conductivity type formed in a top portion of the semiconductor substrate proximate to the plurality of trenches. 9. The MOSFET device of claim 1, further comprising one or more electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection features. 10. The MOSFET device of claim 1, further comprising one or more a gate pickup trenches. 11. The MOSFET device of claim 1, further comprising a Schottky contact. 12. The MOSFET device of claim 11, wherein the Schottky contact further comprises a body clamp structure.",
-    "A snowboard boot and binding system is disclosed which facilitates the engagement and disengagement of a snowboard boot and binding. The snowboard boot may include a boot engagement member extending from a rear of the boot. The boot engagement member is moved downwardly into a corresponding binding engagement member to provide an arrangement which prevents forward movement of the boot. The boot engagement member also may include one or more serrations to engage with one or more pawls on the binding to prevent upward movement of the boot. A snap-in arrangement may be provided in a boot toe region. The boot has protrusions extending outwardly from each side of the boot to engage with catches on the binding sidewalls. As the boot is pressed downwardly into the binding, the protrusions splay the catches until reaching recesses, at which point the catches rebound to capture the protrusions against upward movement. 1. An apparatus comprising: a snowboard boot; a boot engagement member to at least partially secure the snowboard boot to a snowboard binding, the boot engagement member being located on a rearwardly-facing region of a rear of the snowboard boot, the boot engagement member including: a forwardly-facing contact surface which counteracts forward forces on the boot via contact with the binding when the boot is engaged with the snowboard binding, wherein a rearward direction force on the forwardly-facing contact surface pulls rearwardly on the boot at a location on the boot that is directly forward of an area where the forwardly-facing contact surface contacts the binding; a first engagement element on the boot engagement member which is engageable with a binding engagement member to resist upward movement of the snowboard boot when the boot engagement member is attached to the snowboard boot and is engaged with the snowboard binding; and a second engagement element on the boot engagement member which is engageable with a binding engagement member to resist upward movement of the snowboard boot when the boot engagement member is attached to the snowboard boot and is engaged with the snowboard binding, the second engagement element being positioned higher on the boot engagement member than the first engagement element. 2. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the forwardly-facing surface is elongated in an up-down direction. 3. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the first engagement element on the boot engagement member comprises a serration to engage a pawl, and the second engagement element on the boot engagement member comprises a serration to engage a pawl. 4. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the forwardly-facing contact surface is attached to a rear side of a support member, the support member being coupled to and extending rearwardly away from the rearwardly-facing region of the snowboard boot. 5. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the boot engagement member is attached to the snowboard boot.",
-    "The present invention relates to the continuous process of sequestration of nutrients from waste effluents released from gas fermentation plants or green-house gases emission managing plants by novel Thraustochytrids. Particularly this invention relates to the methods and systems to enhance sequestration rate and productivity of the process. This invention also relates to rapid biotransformation of nutrients present in waste effluents into high value omega-3 fatty acids like Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and lipids for biodiesel. This disclosure is about means of processing of waste streams and producing value added products out of it. 1. A process comprising two staged continuous fermentation for sequestration of nutrients from waste effluents of gas fermentation plants using Thraustochytrids for producing high value omega-3 fatty acids and lipids for biodiesel, said process comprising; (a) culturing Thraustochytrids strains in a first stage fermentation rector comprising of waste effluent stream and nitrogen source; (b) transferring the Thraustochytrids strains of step (a) through biomass harvesting system to second stage fermentation reactor having only waste effluent stream; (c) culturing the biomass culture of step (b) in the second stage fermentation reactor optionally in absence of nitrogen; (d) Separation of biomass and liquid broth and recycling of clear broth to gas fermentation plants; and (e) obtaining value added omega-3 fatty acids and lipids. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein waste effluents were containing mixture of organic acids and alcohol and no sugar or carbohydrate. 3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the selected Thraustochytrid strains are MTCC 5890 (DBTIOC-1), MTCC 5895 (DBTIOC-6), MTCC 5893 (DBTIOC-14) and MTCC 5896 (DBTIOC-18). 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein waste effluents contains acetate at a concentration of 5 g/L-100 g/L or more and alcohol at a concentration of 0.5 g/L or 5 g/L or more. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein omega-3 fatty acid fatty acids were palmitic acid, oleic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), or Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein step (b), the culture from first fermentation reactor was directly transferred into the second fermentation reactor. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein step (c), the culture of second fermentation reactor was cultured in absence of nitrogen. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the absence of nitrogen increases the biomass in the range of 8 gm/litre/day to 150 gm/litre/day, preferably in the range of 8 gm/litre/day to 100 gm/litre/day. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the absence of nitrogen increases the lipid content in the range of 20% to 90% from the first stage fermentation reactor, preferably in the range of 20% to 70% from the first stage fermentation reactor. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the absence of nitrogen increases the DHA content in the range of 15% of total fatty acid to 50% of total fatty acid from the first stage fermentation reactor, preferably in the range 15% of total fatty acid to 35% of total fatty acid from the first stage fermentation reactor. 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein step (b) culture from the first stage fermentation reactor was continuously passed through biomass separating reactor to separate out biomass and broth. 12. The process of as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 1(c) concentrated biomass obtained from separating system was continuously transferred to second stage fermentation reactor. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transfer of biomass directly from first reactor to second reactor enhance the dry biomass in the range of 8 gm/litre/day to 200 gm/litre/day, preferably in the range of 8 gm/litre/day to 150 gm/litre/day. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transfer of biomass directly from first reactor to second reactor enhance the lipid content in the range of 20% of dry mass to 100% of dry mass, preferably in the range of 20% of dry mass to 80% of dry mass. 15. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transfer of biomass directly from first reactor to second reactor enhance the DHA content in the range of 15% of total fatty acid to 50% of fatty acid, preferably enhance the DHA content in the range of 15% of total fatty acid to 45% of fatty acid. 16. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein step 1 (b) and step 1 (c) the second reactor was used to create continuous nitrogen stress condition to stimulate lipid accumulation in the cell. 17. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein step 1(d) the culture coming out of second fermentation reactor was continuously passed through biomass separating system to separate out biomass and broth water and wherein the water was having zero dissolved oxygen was continuously recycled back for gas fermentation process. 18. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein step 1(a) the waste effluent was continuously purged with air to remove traces of sulphide. 19. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removal of sulphide increased the in nutrient sequestration in the range of 55 gm/litre/day to 90 gm/litre/day, preferably in the range of 40 gm/litre/day to 55 gm/litre/day. 20. Novel strains of thraustochytrid having Accession No. MTCC 5890 (DBTIOC-1), MTCC 5895 (DBTIOC-6), MTCC 5893 (DBTIOC-14) and MTCC 5896 (DBTIOC-18). 21. The novel strains as claimed in claim 20, capable of producing omega-3 fatty acids and lipids for use in biodiesel. 22. The novel strains as claimed in claim 20, wherein the strains produce (a) dry biomass in the range of 8 gm/litre/day to 150 gm/litre/day; (b) lipids in the range of 20% of dry mass to 80% of dry mass; and (c) DHA content in the range of 15% of total fatty acid to 45% of fatty acid. 23. Use of novel strains of thraustochytrid having Accession No. MTCC 5890 (DBTIOC-1), MTCC 5895 (DBTIOC-6), MTCC 5893 (DBTIOC-14) and MTCC 5896 (DBTIOC-18) for producing omega-3 fatty acids and lipids for use in biodiesel.",
-    "A smart device and controlling method thereof are disclosed. The smart device includes a camera including a lens and an iris positioned over the lens, the iris including a single layer film; and a controller configured to cause the iris to adjust a size of an aperture formed in the film to adjust quantity of light incident on the lens. A method for controlling the smart device includes obtaining a video of a subject consecutively via the camera, using preset conditions; detecting a relative movement between the subject and the smart device; and adjusting at least one of the conditions based on the detected movement. 1. A smart device, comprising: a camera comprising a lens and an iris positioned over the lens, the iris comprising a single layer film; and a controller configured to cause the iris to adjust a size of an aperture formed in the film to adjust quantity of light incident on the lens. 2. The smart device of claim 1, wherein the iris is configured to adjust the size of the aperture by partially adjusting transparency of the film. 3. The smart device of claim 2, wherein the iris is further configured to adjust the transparency of the film by partially changing a color of the film. 4. The smart device of claim 1, wherein the film is formed of an electronic material that switches from a transparent state to a non-transparent state when a voltage is applied to the film. 5. The smart device of claim 1, wherein the film comprises PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) or LiCF3SO3. 6. The smart device of claim 1, wherein: the aperture comprises a plurality of apertures, each of the plurality of apertures having a different size; and the iris comprises a multitude of films disposed concentrically in a same plane. 7. The smart device of claim 6, wherein: the multitude of the films comprise at least one pair of films that are disposed adjacent to each other; one of the at least one pair of films is disposed within an aperture of the other one of the at least one pair of films; and the aperture of the other one of the at least one pair of films is greater in size than an aperture of the one of the at least one pair of films. 8. The smart device of claim 6, wherein the iris is configured to: adjust transparency of each of the films individually to form a different aperture; and discolor each of the films selectively by electricity to adjust the transparency of each of the films. 9. The smart device of claim 6, wherein the iris is configured to: transparentize films to form a predetermined aperture, the films that are transparentized having apertures that are smaller in size than the predetermined aperture; and non-transparentize a film including the predetermined aperture and films having apertures that are greater in size than the predetermined aperture. 10. The smart device of claim 6, wherein the films comprise: a first film including a first aperture having a first diameter; and a second film configured to enclose the first film, the second film including a second aperture having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter. 11. The smart device of claim 6, wherein: each of the multitude of films is formed in a circular shape or in a substantially circular shape; each of the multitude of films has a parenthesis shape; or the multitude of films are formed to extend spirally. 12. The smart device of claim 6, wherein: the iris further comprises electrodes that are connected to the films; and the electrodes are configured to apply voltage to the films. 13. The smart device of claim 12, wherein each of the films is discontinuous at at least one spot to be connected to a corresponding one of the electrodes that is configured to apply the voltage to the corresponding film. 14. The smart device of claim 12, wherein the electrodes, which are disposed in a same plane, are spaced apart from each other by a prescribed gap. 15. The smart device of claim 12, wherein the electrodes are sequentially stacked on each other. 16. The smart device of claim 6, wherein: the films have inner circumferences forming the plurality of apertures and outer circumferences, each of the inner circumferences being spaced apart from a respectively corresponding one of the outer circumferences; and a distance between the inner circumferences and the outer circumferences is 0.001\u02dc0.27 mm. 17. The smart device of claim 1, wherein the iris further comprises: a non-transparent layer enclosing an outer circumference of the film, wherein the non-transparent layer is configured to cut off the light from entering the lens; and a substrate having the film formed thereon, wherein the substrate is formed of a transparent material. 18. The smart device of claim 1, wherein: Ka indicates a diameter of the aperture and Ks indicates a diagonal length of an image sensor configured to convert optical information of the light having passed through the lens into an electrical signal; and a rate (Ka/Ks) of the diameter of the aperture over the diagonal length of the image sensor is 0.05<|Ka/Ks|<0.2. 19. The smart device of claim 1, wherein F-number of the camera is 1.4\u02dc3.5. 20. The smart device of claim 1, wherein a diameter of the lens is 0.46\u02dc1.17 mm. 21. A method for controlling a smart device, the method comprising: obtaining a video of a subject consecutively via a camera of the smart device, using preset conditions; detecting a relative movement between the subject and the smart device; and adjusting at least one of the conditions based on the detected movement. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein: the obtaining of the video comprises obtaining a multitude of images or frames from an image sensor of the camera; and the conditions comprise a frame rate, an exposure time of the image sensor, a size of an aperture of an iris of the camera. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the detecting of the relative movement comprises at least one of: detecting movement of the smart device; or detecting movement of the subject. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein: the movement of the smart device is detected by a gyroscope sensor and an acceleration sensor of the smart device; and the detecting of the movement of the subject comprises: detecting a movement level of the subject from the obtained video; and determining that the subject moves when the detected movement level exceeds a threshold level. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the adjusting of the at least one of the conditions comprises increasing a frame rate of the video in response to detection of at least one of movement of the smart device or movement of the subject. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the adjusting of the at least one of the conditions comprises enlarging an aperture of an iris of the camera in response to detection of at least one of movement of the smart device or movement of the subject. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the detecting and the adjusting are performed in real time and repeated while the video is obtained. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein: the detecting and the adjusting are performed on each of frames of the obtained video; and the detecting and the adjusting performed for a one of the frames are completed before a following frame starts to be obtained. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising removing a flicker from the obtained video based on a light source used during the obtaining of the video, wherein the removing the flicker comprises: detecting a type of the light source; and adjusting the at least one of the conditions according to the detected type of the light source. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein when the light source is detected as an artificial light source, the adjusting of the at least one of the conditions comprises synchronizing a frame rate of the video with a frequency of the artificial light source. 31. The method of claim 21, further comprising at least one of: notifying the detection of the movement in response to detection of at least one of movement of the smart device or movement of the subject; or notifying the adjustment of the at least one of the conditions by displaying an icon or text indicating the adjustment of the at least one of the conditions on a display of the smart device when the at least one of the conditions is adjusted. 32. The method of claim 21, further comprising displaying a user interface configured to control the video including different conditions adjusted during the adjusting of the at least one of the conditions, wherein: the video comprises a multitude of parts consecutively obtained with the different conditions; and the user interface is configured to consecutively display the parts in a single span. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the user interface comprises: a first interval displaying a first part of the video having prescribed conditions; and a second interval displaying a second part of the video obtained following the first part to have conditions that are different from the conditions of the first part, the second interval disposed right next to the first interval. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the user interface comprises: a first interval indicating a first part of the video having a prescribed first frame rate; and a second interval indicating a second part of the video obtained following the first part to have a second frame rate that is different from the first frame rate, the second interval disposed right next to the first interval. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein: lengths of the first and second intervals are determined according to time when the first and second parts, respectively, are obtained; and each of the first and second intervals includes gradations set for each number of same frames. 36. The method claim 34, further comprising playing the video on a display using the user interface, wherein the video is played at a lowest one of different frame rates. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein: the playing of the video comprises playing the first interval and the second interval at the first frame rate; and the subject in the second interval moves slower than the subject in the first interval during the playing. 38. The method of claim 36, further comprising adjusting speeds for playing parts of the video having different frame rates to a same speed in order for the subject to move at a same speed during the playing of the video. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the speeds are adjusted by: changing the different frame rates of the parts of the video to a lowest one of the frame rates during the playing of the video; or changing the second frame rate of the second interval to the first frame rate of the first interval. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein: the different frame rates are changed to the lowest one of the frame rates by skipping a prescribed portion of frames while playing the parts of the video having frame rates that are higher than the lowest frame rate; or the different frame rates are changed to the lowest one of the frame rates by skipping a fixed number of frames per prescribed time or per prescribed frames.",
-    "The invention provides methods for the detection of apoptotic bodies in bodily fluid, including blood, blood plasma, and serum. The invention provides methods of labeling apoptotic bodies and their proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids. The apoptotic bodies may further be extracted, isolated, or separated from fractions of the bodily fluid. 1. A method for extracting, isolating, or concentrating an apoptotic body present in a bodily fluid, the method comprising the steps of: a) contacting a bodily fluid with a primer or probe specific for a protein, phospholipid, or nucleic acid present in an apoptotic body; b) conjugating or hybridizing the primer or probe to the protein, phospholipid, or nucleic acid of the apoptotic body; and c) separating the primer or probe from the bodily fluid, whereby the apoptotic body is thereupon extracted, isolated, or concentrated. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the primer or probe is an antibody, or oligonucleotide. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the primer or probe is detectably labeled. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the bodily fluid is blood, plasma, serum, urine, effusion, ascites, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, cervical secretions, amniotic fluid, gastrointestinal fluid or secretions, cystic fluid, sputum or bronchial secretions, or breast fluid. 5. A method according to claim 1, comprising the step: d) extracting nucleic acid from the apoptotic body, and amplifying or signal amplifying said nucleic acid or cDNA derived therefrom in a qualitative or quantitative fashion. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the labeled probe is labeled annexin V. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the primer or probe is attached to a solid substrate. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the solid substrate is a bead or particle. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein presence of the apoptotic body in the bodily fluid is associated with a cancer or a premalignant condition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the bodily fluid is obtained from a human with cancer. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the bodily fluid is obtained from a human with a non-neoplastic disease. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of diagnosing, evaluating, or monitoring the cancer or premalignant condition.",
-    "A communication system is configured to use coded modulation architecture using sparse regression codes. A transmitter includes a plurality of antenna and processing circuitry configured to: divide a data signal into a plurality of layers, allocate power individually to each of the plurality layers, encode a subset of the plurality of layers, the subset comprising a number of layers less than the whole, and interleave the subset of the plurality of layers. A receiver includes a plurality of antenna and processing circuitry configured to divide a received data signal into a plurality of layers and perform layer-by-layer decoding on the received data and control signals. 1. A transmitter comprising: a plurality of antenna configured to transmit data and control signals; and processing circuitry configured to: divide a data signal into a plurality of layers, allocate power individually to each of the plurality layers, encode a subset of the plurality of layers, the subset comprising a number of layers less than the whole, and interleave the subset of the plurality of layers. 2. The transmitter according to claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry comprises a bit-splitter configured to bit-split the data signal into more than one layers. 3. The transmitter according to claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to encode a subset of the plurality of layers to produce an encoded layer. 4. The transmitter according to claim 1, wherein encoding one of the plurality of layers comprises a capacity-approaching error correction codes encoding. 5. The transmitter according to claim 3, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to interleave the encoded layer. 6. The transmitter according to claim 3, wherein at least one of: the processing circuitry comprises a bit-to-section mapper configured to bit-map the encoded layer and remaining layers of the plurality of layers into a plurality of signals; or a Hadamard-based bit-mapping is used to map the plurality of layers into a plurality of signals. 7. The transmitter according to claim 4, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to allocate more power to upper layer and middle layers of the plurality of signals to concentrate residual errors in a lower layer of the plurality of signals. 8. A receiver comprising: a plurality of antenna configured to receive data and control signals; and processing circuitry configured to: divide a received data signal into a plurality of layers, and perform layer-by-layer decoding on the received data and control signals. 9. The receiver according to claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to decode a first subset of the plurality of layers by tree-search decoding. 10. The receiver according to claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to decode a second subset of the plurality of layers by Approximate Message Passing (AMP) decoding. 11. The receiver according to claim 10, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to de-interleave the lower layer. 12. The receiver according to claim 10, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to correct for residual errors in the lower layer by decoding the lower layer using a BP decoder. 13. The receiver according to claim 10, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to recombine the plurality layers to form a transmitted data signal. 14. A method comprising: dividing, by a transmitter, a data signal into a plurality of layers; allocating power individually to each of the plurality layers; encoding a subset of the plurality of layers, the subset comprising a number of layers less than the whole; and interleaving the subset of the plurality of layers. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein dividing comprises a bit-splitting, by a bit-splitter, the data signal into at least three layers. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein encoding comprises encoding a first subset of the plurality of layers to produce an encoded layer. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein encoding a second subset of the plurality of layers comprises a low density parity check (LDPC) encoding. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising interleaving the encoded layer. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising bit-mapping the encoded layer and remaining layers of the plurality of layers into a plurality of signals. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising allocating more power to upper layer and middle layers of the plurality of signals to concentrate residual errors in a lower layer of the plurality of signals",
-    "A two-layer mono-axially oriented film includes a first layer of an opaque beta-nucleated microvoided propylene-based polymer; and a second layer containing a dark pigment that is adapted for use in a thermal printer in which the thermal print-head contacts the exposed surface of the first layer. The dark pigment of the second layer pigment has a color contrasting with the color of the first layer and can contain a carbon black. The first layer includes microvoids and may be made transparent upon the application of heat by collapsing the voids of the first layer or upon the application of ultra-sonic energy. 1. A multilayer film comprising: a first layer comprising an image-side layer comprising a cavitating agent, a second layer comprising a polypropylene-containing layer that is clear or comprises a pigment, a colorant, an opacifying agent or combinations thereof; and wherein the multilayer film forms an image without using an ink or a dye. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the colorant, the pigment and the opacifying agent are substantially absent from the image-side layer. 3. The multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the image-side layer comprises voids. 4. The multilayer film of claim 3, therein the image-side layer is opaque due to the presence of the voids. 5. The multilayer film of claim 4, wherein the image-side layer changes from being opaque to substantially transparent in a region of the multilayer film wherein the voids collapse. 6. The multilayer film of claim 4, wherein the image-side layer changes from opaque to substantially transparent in a region of the multilayer film that is heated. 7. The multilayer film of claim 4, wherein the image is produced in a region of the multilayer film upon collapse of the voids within a range of from 0.1% to 15% of an original thickness of the image-side layer. 8. The multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the image-side layer comprises a material having a density in the range of 0.9 g/cm3 to 1.13 g/cm3, a DSC melting point in the range of 40\u00b0 C. to 165\u00b0 C., and a melt flow rate in the range of 1.6 dg/min to 4 dg/min. 9. The multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the film is treated with a device that imparts selective physical or thermal treatment to the image-side of the multi-layer film to impart the image. 10. The multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the multilayer film is biaxially oriented. 11. The multilayer film of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises an opaque beta-nucleated polypropylene-based polymer; and the second layer comprises a dark pigment. 12. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the dark pigment of the second layer pigment has a color contrasting with the color of the first layer. 13. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the first layer comprises a propylene-based polymer and an amount of a beta-nucleating agent or beta-nucleated propylene polymer. 14. The multilayer film of claim 13, wherein the second layer comprises a propylene-based polymer and an amount of carbon black pigment in propylene-based polymer carrier resin. 15. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the dark pigment of the second layer comprises a carbon black. 16. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the first layer comprises micro-voids. 17. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the first layer comprises a beta nucleating agent selected from the group consisting of pimelic acid supported on nano-CaCO3; amides of dicarboxylic acid including N,N\u2032-dicyclohexylnaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxamide and aryl dicarboxylic acid amide, two-component beta nucleating agents of organic dibasic acids selected from the group consisting of pimelic acid, azelaic acid, o-phthalic acid, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid; oxide, hydroxide, or acid salts of Group II metals; gamma-crystalline forms of quinacridone colorants; aluminum salt of 6-quinizarin sulfonic acid; bisodium salt of o-phthalic acid; and combinations thereof. 18. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the first layer can be made transparent upon the application of heat by collapsing the voids in said first layer. 19. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the first layer can be made transparent upon the application of ultrasonic energy. 20. The multilayer film of claim 11, wherein the first layer comprises a transparent dye. 21. The multilayer film of claim 20, wherein the second layer comprises a transparent dye that is of a different hue or color than that of the first layer.",
-    "A smart card is used with a network based system to providing portable telecommunication and computing services. In an exemplary embodiment the smart card holds a user authentication code and user telephony account information. The smart card transfers the user authentication code and the account information to one of a plurality of geographically dispersed card readers which are each connected to a local telephony device. When the smart card is plugged into a first card reader, telephone calls directed to the smart card user's follow-me telephone number are received at a first local telephony device. When the smart card is plugged into a second smart card reader, telephone calls directed to the follow-me telephone number are received at a second telephony local device. Hence the user is enabled to receive and place calls using any of the geographically dispersed telephony devices as though they were his/her own personal landline or cellular telephone supplied by his/her telephony services provider. 1. A computerized system, comprising: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor being configured to receive and execute first instructions to provide a computerized service to a particular user during a user session, the processor being configured to modify contents of the memory while executing the first instructions; wherein the processor, after receiving information that indicates that the particular user is ready to terminate use of the computerized system, receives and executes second instructions that cause the processor to perform at least the following action: delete all files and associated data generated by the user during the user session, to thereby ensure that information entered by the user or downloaded into the computerized system as a result of user actions during the user session will not be available or visible by other users of the computerized system after the second instructions have executed. 2. The computerized system according to claim 1, further comprising: a user interface configured to receive user specific information from the particular user to thereby identify and authenticate the particular user. 3. The computerized system according to claim 2, wherein the user interface includes a smart card reader. 4. The computerized system according to claim 2, wherein the user interface includes a graphical user interface (GUI). 5. The computerized system according to claim 2, wherein the user interface includes a wireless interface that is configured to couple wirelessly to a wireless device in possession of the particular user. 6. The computerized system according to claim 5, wherein the wireless device comprises a member of the group consisting of a smart telephone and a cellular telephone. 7. The computerized system according to claim 1, wherein the processor, after receiving information that indicates that the particular user is ready to terminate use of the computerized system, receives and executes further instructions that cause the processor to perform at least the following additional action: perform operations that detect and eliminate virus threats that may have been planted into the computerized system as a result of the user session. 8. The computerized system according to claim 1, wherein the processor, after receiving information that indicates that the particular user is ready to terminate use of the computerized system, receives and executes further instructions that cause the processor to perform at least the following additional action: transfer at least some of the deleted user-specific files and associated data to a remote storage location. 9. The computerized system according to claim 8, wherein the remote storage location comprises a web-based storage space. 10. The computerized system according to claim 9, wherein the web-based storage space is provided by the particular user's VoIP provider. 11. The computerized system according to claim 9, wherein the web-based storage space is provided by the particular user's remote application services provider. 12. The computerized system according to claim 8, wherein the remote storage location comprises a local portable storage medium. 13. The computerized system according to claim 1, wherein the computerized service includes a communications service, and while the user session is active, the user is able to place outbound communications and receive inbound communications addressed to the user. 14. The computerized system according to claim 14, wherein the communications service includes a voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephony service.",
-    "A high-load linear actuator includes a driving mechanism, a worm shaft, a worm wheel assembly, a lead screw, a telescopic pipe and an outer pipe. The driving mechanism includes a base and a motor. The base has a supporting portion and an accommodating portion. The motor is fixed to the supporting portion. The worm shaft extends from the motor into the supporting portion. The worm wheel assembly includes a worm wheel and two bearings for supporting the worm wheel in the accommodating portion. The worm wheel is engaged with the worm shaft. The lead screw is disposed through the worm wheel and driven by the motor for rotation. The telescopic pipe slips on the lead screw to be threadedly connected therewith. The outer pipe slips on the telescopic pipe. The rotation of the lead screw drives the telescopic pipe to linearly extend or retract relative to the outer pipe. 1. A driving apparatus for high-load linear actuator, comprising: a driving mechanism, having a base and a motor rotated clockwise and counterclockwise, and the base having a supporting portion and an accommodating portion, and the supporting portion having a seat and a hollow cylinder formed and extended from the seat, and the accommodating portion having a ring body coupled to the hollow cylinder, and the motor being mounted onto the seat, wherein the accommodating portion further includes a cover plate covering the ring body at an open side of the ring body, a rear step is formed on a surface of the ring body at an internal side opposite to the open side, and a front step is formed on a side of the cover plate and at a position corresponding to the rear step; a worm shaft, protruding from the motor and passed into the hollow cylinder; a worm wheel assembly, having a worm wheel and two bearings for jointly supporting the worm wheel installed inside the ring body, wherein the worm wheel has a circular tooth flank engaged and transmitted with the worm shaft, a hollow axle is coupled to the circular tooth flank, a front containing groove and a rear containing groove are formed in the circular tooth flank to surround the hollow axle at two opposite sides of the circular tooth flank respectively, the circular tooth flank has a plurality of external gear teeth to surround the front containing groove and the rear containing groove, the two bearings are embedded in the front and the rear containing grooves and sheathed on opposite ends of the hollow axle respectively, one of the two bearings is installed and contained in between the front containing groove and the front step, and the other of the two bearings is installed and contained in between the rear containing groove and the rear step; and a retardation transmission mechanism comprising a driven gear, a gripper ring, a driven bushing, a plurality of rolling needles, an intermediate ring and a torque spring, and the driven gear being passed and coupled to the worm wheel, and the gripper ring is sheathed and coupled to the driven gear for linking the worm wheel and the driven gear synchronously, and the driven bushing being passed and coupled into the gripper ring, and the rolling needles being passed and coupled between the driven bushing and the intermediate ring, and the torque spring being provided for binding the external periphery of the intermediate ring by an elastic force. 2. The driving apparatus for high-load linear actuator of claim 1, wherein the ring body and the hollow cylinder are integrally formed. 3. The driving apparatus for high-load linear actuator of claim 1, wherein the hollow axle of the worm wheel includes a plurality of internal gear teeth, and the driven gear includes a plurality of external gear teeth latched with the internal gear teeth respectively, and the gripper ring also includes a plurality of ratcheted grooves for latching the external gear teeth respectively. 4. The driving apparatus for high-load linear actuator of claim 1, wherein the gripper ring includes a plurality of gripper arms and a separating slot formed between any two adjacent gripper arms, and the driven bushing includes a plurality of protruding stripes extended from the external periphery of the driven bushing and a ditch formed between any two adjacent protruding stripes, and the rolling needles are contained in a space enclosed by the separating slot and the ditch, and the rolling needles are installed and enclosed by the intermediate ring. 5. The driving apparatus for high-load linear actuator of claim 1, further comprising a housing covered onto the exterior of the driving mechanism.",
-    "Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a lighting system for modifying visual perception of an image. In one embodiment, the lighting system includes a mirror having a display and a lighting system. The lighting system may have a key light above the display and a fill light below the display. The lighting system provides frontal lighting to the targeted subject with the key light shaping and defining the targeted subject, and the fill light softening the shadows and creating the illusion of a glow. Further, the key light and fill light may be of the same or different intensities. 1. A system for modifying the appearance of a targeted subject, comprising: a mirror having a display; and a lighting system having a key light above the display and a fill light below the display, the lighting system provides frontal lighting to the targeted subject with the key light shaping and defining the targeted subject, the fill light softening the shadows and creating the illusion of a glow, and the key light and fill light are of different intensities. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the mirror is a polarized mirror. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the polarized mirror includes a diffusion material sandwiched between multiple layers of the polarized mirror. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the polarized mirror includes a polarized fileted positioned over the display. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the polarized mirror includes a colored glass. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the polarized mirror includes a golden-toned color glass. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the polarized mirror includes a convex distortion on a vertical axis of the polarized mirror. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the lighting system includes a light source surrounding the entire display of the mirror. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the light source of the lighting system is a light-emitting diode, incandescent light bulb, arc lamp, gas discharge lamp, neon lamp, flood lamp, modern photographic flash, laser, organic light-emitting diode, sulfur lamp, or any combination thereof. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the key light is covered with a polarization filter. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the fill light is covered with a polarization filter. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the lighting system includes a diffuser, a reflector and a light source. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the mirror display is in the shape of a circle, oval, square, rectangle, triangle or polygon. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the lighting system is in the shape of a circle, oval, square, rectangle, triangle or polygon. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the lighting system includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes positioned in a circular path around the mirror display. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the mirror is a video mirror including a video display and a camera embedded behind the video display, and the embedded camera captures moving images. 17. The system of claim 16, further comprising a processor associated with the video mirror automatically enhances the captured images and displays the enhanced images as a mirror reflection on the video display. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the operation controlled by the processor is recording captured images, storing captured images, transmitting captured images, transmitting captured images in real time, transmitting streaming data, receiving data, receiving data in real time, receiving streaming data, or any combination thereof. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor wirelessly transmits the captured images.",
-    "A medical treatment system and method of treatment is described having an implant that can be positioned and deployed, then undeployed to allow repositioning of the implant. The system includes a self-expanding medical implant that longitudinally foreshortens upon radially expanding from a radially compacted state, a distal interface configured to attach the implant to a distal mount of a delivery device, and a proximal interface configured to attach the implant to a proximal mount of the delivery device. Moving the distal mount longitudinally away from the proximal mount applies a longitudinal tension to the implant causing the implant to expand longitudinally and contract radially, and moving the distal mount toward the proximal mount reduces a longitudinal tension in the implant allowing the implant to expand radially toward a fully expanded state. 1. (canceled) 2. A method of delivering a self-expanding vascular implant to a native valve, comprising: providing longitudinal tension on a self-expanding vascular implant within a delivery system, wherein the longitudinal tension stretches the self-expanding vascular implant longitudinally and radially contracts the self-expanding vascular implant; delivering a distal end of the delivery system containing the self-expanding vascular implant to a native valve; and releasing the longitudinal tension on the self-expanding vascular implant, wherein the self-expanding vascular implant longitudinally compresses and radially expands upon the releasing. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the providing comprising providing longitudinal tension on both a proximal end and a distal end of the self-expanding vascular implant. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the releasing comprises releasing the tension on the distal end of the self-expanding vascular implant while the proximal end of the self-expanding vascular implant remains under tension. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the releasing comprises releasing the longitudinal tension on both the proximal end and the distal end of the self-expanding vascular implant. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein a proximal mount located proximal of the self-expanding vascular implant and a distal mount located distal of the self-expanding vascular implant are configured to provide the longitudinal tension on the distal end and the proximal end of the self-expanding vascular implant. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the proximal mount comprises at least one guide slot extending in a longitudinal direction. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the proximal mount further comprises a circumferential slot located proximal of the at least one guide slot. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the distal mount comprises at least one guide slot extending in a longitudinal direction. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the distal mount further comprises a circumferential slot located distal of the at least one guide slot. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein a flexible proximal suture is configured to be attached between a proximal end of the self-expanding vascular implant and the proximal mount, and a flexible distal suture is configured to be attached between a distal end of the self-expanding vascular implant and the distal mount. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the self-expanding vascular implant is formed from a shape memory material. 13. The method of claim 2, the method further comprising: moving distal anchors extending from the self-expanding vascular implant into engagement with an annulus of the native valve while a proximal end of the self-expanding vascular implant remains connected to the delivery system; and after engaging the annulus of the native valve, releasing the proximal end of the self-expanding vascular implant from the delivery system. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising removing the delivery system by translating a nose cone located at a distal end of the delivery system through a longitudinal lumen of the self-expanding vascular implant. 15. The method of claim 2, further comprising actuating an actuator on a handle of the delivery system to release the longitudinal tension on the self-expanding vascular implant. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the self-expanding vascular implant comprises a plurality of anchors. 17. A method of delivering a medical implant, comprising: providing an implant delivery system comprising a self expanding implant configured to longitudinally foreshorten upon radially expanding from a compacted radial state, a delivery device comprising proximal and distal mounts that selectively connect to the implant by a proximal and a distal interface, respectively, the delivery device configured so that the proximal and distal mounts can be selectively moved relative to one another so as to selectively apply a longitudinal tension on the implant to urge the implant into the compacted radial state; advancing the implant in a compacted radial state within a patient to a desired deployment location; positioning the implant adjacent the desired deployment location; actuating the delivery device so as to move the proximal and distal mounts toward one another so as to reduce the longitudinal tension on the implant and allow the implant to radially expand toward a fully expanded state; verifying the implant is properly positioned at the desired deployment location within the patient. 18. The method of delivering a medical implant of claim 17, wherein if it is determined that the implant is not properly positioned, additionally comprising moving the proximal and distal mounts away from one another so as to increase the longitudinal tension on the implant to longitudinally expand and radially contract the implant so as to disengage the implant from the patient's tissues. 19. The method of delivering a medical implant of claim 18, additionally comprising adjusting the position of the implant, and again moving the proximal and distal mounts toward one another so as to allow the implant to radially expand. 20. The method of delivering a medical implant of claim 17, additionally comprising verifying whether the implant is poised to be properly positioned after partially expanding the implant. 21. The method of delivering a medical implant of claim 17, additionally comprising providing an endoscope, and using the endoscope to verify whether the implant is properly positioned.",
-    "This disclosure provides techniques for adding error correction to information in a data store that encodes information as a sequence of bases in polynucleotides. Errors may be introduced through creation of the database (e.g., oligonucleotide synthesis) and/or reading information from the database (e.g., polynucleotide sequencing). Additional polynucleotides added to the database can provide error correction through redundancy. The sequence of polynucleotides that provide error correction may be designed by performing an invertible summary operation on information to be stored in the database. One example of an invertible summary operation is the exclusive or operation (XOR). This disclosure also provides techniques for storing metadata related to organization of a database and structure of information on polynucleotides within the database. Metadata may be encoded in polynucleotides and added to the data store. The polynucleotides holding metadata may be designed with unique primer sites so that the metadata can be selectively amplified and sequenced. 1. A method of providing error correction for binary data encoded in synthetic polynucleotides, the method comprising: synthesizing a first polynucleotide encoding a first information payload; synthesizing a second polynucleotide encoding a second information payload; and synthesizing a third polynucleotide encoding an error-correction payload that has less than full redundancy of the first information payload and less than full redundancy of the second information payload, wherein the error-correction payload is determined by an invertible summary operation on the first information payload and the second information payload. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first polynucleotide includes a first address encoded in a first identifier region of the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide includes a second address encoded a second identifier region of the second polynucleotide, and the third polynucleotide includes the first address and the second address encoded in a third identifier region of the third polynucleotide. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the third identifier region of the third polynucleotide contains a nucleotide base sequence indicating that the third polynucleotide contains an error-correction payload. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising synthesizing a fourth polynucleotide encoding metadata identifying the invertible summary operation. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the invertible summary operation includes an exclusive or operation. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sequencing the first information payload, the second information payload, and the error-correction payload to identify a first nucleotide sequence of the first information payload, a second nucleotide sequence of the second information payload, and a third nucleotide sequence of the error-correction payload; converting the first nucleotide sequence, the second nucleotide sequence, and the third nucleotide sequence into a first binary data, a second binary data, and a third binary data; applying the invertible summary operation to the first binary data and the third binary data to generate a second instance of the second binary data; and correcting at least one error in the second binary data by comparing the second instance of the second binary data to the second binary data. 7. A system for storing binary information in synthetic polynucleotides with error correction, the system comprising: a first number of first polynucleotides, individual ones of the first polynucleotides encoding information payloads that represent binary data; and a second number of second polynucleotides, individuals ones of the second polynucleotides encoding error-correction payloads created by an invertible summary operation to have less than full redundancy of two or more of the information payloads. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first polynucleotides comprise one or more nucleotides identifying the first polynucleotides as encoding information payloads and the second polynucleotides comprise one or more nucleotides identifying the second polynucleotides as encoding error-correction payloads. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the first polynucleotides include a first primer target, the second polynucleotides include a second primer target; and further comprising a third polynucleotide having a third primer target different than the first primer target and different than the second primer target, the third polynucleotide encoding metadata describing the first primer target and the second primer target. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the invertible summary operation includes an exclusive or operation. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the second polynucleotides are physically separate from the first polynucleotides. 12. The system of claim 7, wherein a ratio of the first number to the second number is 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 3:2, or 5:2. 13. The system of claim 7, wherein the first number and the second number are selected based at least in part on a computer-readable file type associated with the binary information represented by the information payloads in the first polynucleotides. 14. Computer storage media comprising instructions that when executed on a processor, cause the processor to perform acts comprising: converting binary data into converted data represented as ternary data or quaternary data; encoding the converted data as a sequence of nucleotide bases; dividing the sequence of nucleotide bases into fragments, wherein a length a fragment is based at least in part on a length of polynucleotide that can be synthesized and an error rate associated with the length of polynucleotide; and generating an error-correction sequence of nucleotide bases by applying an invertible summary operation to at least two of the fragments, the error-correction sequence having less than full redundancy of the at least two of the fragments. 15. The computer storage media of claim 14, wherein the invertible summary operation is applied to one of the binary data, the converted data, or the sequence of nucleotide bases. 16. The computer storage media of claim 14, wherein the invertible summary operation includes an exclusive or operation. 17. The computer storage media of claim 14, wherein the acts further comprise creating a polynucleotide-synthesis template by appending a sequence of nucleotide bases representing a primer target and a sequence of nucleotide bases representing identifying information to a one of the fragments. 18. The computer storage media of claim 17, wherein the acts further comprise sending instructions to an oligonucleotide synthesizer to synthesize a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence represented by the polynucleotide-synthesis template. 19. The computer storage media of claim 14, wherein the acts further comprise: encoding metadata as a sequence of nucleotide bases to create a metadata sequence; and creating a metadata polynucleotide-synthesis template by appending a metadata-specific primer target to the metadata sequence. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the metadata comprises data describing one or more of a level of redundancy present for information in the data store, identity of the invertible summary operation, the technique used to convert binary data into a series of nucleic acid bases, polynucleotide length, payload region length, polynucleotide type, primer targets used in primary polynucleotides, or primer targets used in error-correction polynucleotides.",
-    "Described herein is a programmable portable infusion device. The infusion device may include electronics such as sensors, and can be programmed to detect parameters related to the proper administration of infusion. If the sensors detect that a parameter is outside of a defined boundary or range, the infusion device may notify a user that it may not be safe to administer infusion and may prevent infusion from occurring. 1. A device for delivery of fluid, comprising: an infusion pump driving element; a removable pump head connected to the driving element and capable of displacing fluid along a disposable fluid path; a housing at least partially enclosing the infusion pump driving element; a processor configured to read programmed infusion parameters, wherein the processor is further configured to activate the infusion pump driving element in accordance with the programmed infusion parameters; and one or more environmental sensors, wherein the processor is further configured to read data from the environmental sensors and prevent infusion if a predetermined event occurs. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the removable pump head is designed to be a disposable pump head. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the pump head comprises attachment points for tubing. 4. The device of claim 1, housing comprises a touchscreen configured to receive electronic input from a user. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises a sleeve configured to mate with a cellular telephone. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental sensors are temperature, flow, pressure, or air sensors. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the one or more environmental sensors is an air sensor, wherein the air sensor is configured to detect the presence of air within tubing connected to the pump head. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the air sensor is mounted to the housing that encloses the infusion pump driving element. 9. The device of claim 1, further comprising an identification sensor configured to identify a patient, an infusate, or the dosage amount of an infusate. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the identification sensor comprises a digital camera or fingerprint sensor. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the identification sensor comprises a digital camera and the device is configured to perform facial recognition on images captured with the digital camera. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the identification sensor is part of a cellular telephone mated to a sleeve comprising the pump head. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the predetermined event comprises detecting that environmental data is outside of a defined range or detecting administration of a full dosage amount. 14. A method of operating a programmable infusion device, comprising: providing a portable infusion device configured to administer an infusate and comprising infusion parameters; monitoring environmental data via one or more environmental sensors, administering the infusate in accordance with the infusion parameters; processing the environmental data to determine if a predetermined event has occurred; and terminating infusion in response to the occurrence of the predetermined event. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising transmitting data from the one or more environmental sensors to an external device. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising obtaining identification data via one or more identification sensors for one or more of a patient and the infusate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the one or more identification sensors comprise one or more of a digital camera or fingerprint sensor. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more environmental sensors comprise one or more of temperature, flow, pressure, or air sensors. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the infusion parameters are provided by receiving an electronic input on a touch screen of the portable infusion device. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising displacing the infusate along a disposable fluid path. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the predetermined event comprises one or more of detection of environmental data outside of a defined range and detection of administration of a full dosage amount.",
-    "A computing device may comprise a processor, a volatile memory and a non-volatile storage device. An operating system or firmware of the device may cause one or more pages of the volatile memory to be treated, by applications executing on the computing device, as non-volatile memory pages. A maximum number of pages that may be treated as non-volatile may be determined based on an amount of energy available in a battery and an amount of energy needed to transfer a page of memory to the non-volatile storage device. 1. A computing device comprising: a volatile memory logically partitioned into a plurality of pages; a non-volatile storage device, wherein content of a page of the plurality of pages is transferable to the non-volatile storage device by a memory transfer operation; an operating system of the computing device; one or more processors that cause the computing device to at least: receive information indicative of an amount of energy in a battery, the energy available for use by the computing device; determine an amount of energy needed to perform the memory transfer operation; determine, based at least in part on the amount of energy needed to perform the memory transfer operation, a number of pages of the plurality of pages whose content is transferable to the non-volatile storage device using the amount of energy available for use by the computing device; and configure the operating system to treat one or more pages of the plurality of pages of the volatile memory as non-volatile memory, wherein a number of the one or more pages is based on the determined number of pages. 2. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors further cause the computing device to at least: transfer contents of the one or more pages to a reserved portion of the non-volatile storage device. 3. The computing device of claim 2, wherein the contents of the one or more pages are transferred in response to receiving information indicative of a reduction in the amount of energy in the battery. 4. The computing device of claim 1, wherein configuring the operating system comprises updating configuration interface data with information indicative of one or more pages of non-volatile memory corresponding to the one or more pages of volatile memory. 5. A method of using memory of a computing device, the method comprising: obtaining information indicative of an amount of energy needed to transfer contents of a page of volatile memory to non-volatile memory; receiving information indicative of an amount of energy available for transferring contents of the page of volatile memory to the non-volatile memory; determining, based at least in part on the amount of energy needed, that the contents of the page of volatile memory are transferable to the non-volatile memory using the amount of energy available; and configuring an operating system of the computing device to treat the page of volatile memory as a page of non-volatile memory. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: transferring the contents of the page of volatile memory to a reserved portion of the non-volatile memory. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: transferring the contents of the page of volatile memory to a reserved portion of the non-volatile memory in response to receiving information indicative of a reduction in the amount of energy available for transferring contents of the page of volatile memory to the non-volatile memory. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein configuring the operating system comprises updating configuration interface data with information indicative of one or more pages of non-volatile memory corresponding to the one or more pages of volatile memory. 9. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining that the contents of the page of volatile memory are transferable to the non-volatile memory based at least in part on information indicative of at least one of a performance mode or a safety mode of the computing device. 10. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving information indicative of the computing device having switched from utility power to battery power; configuring the operating system to treat the page of volatile memory as volatile memory based at least in part on a length of time since the computing device switched from utility power to battery power; and transferring the contents of the page of volatile memory to the non-volatile memory. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the information indicative of an amount of energy needed to transfer contents of a page of volatile memory to non-volatile memory is based at least in part on energy consumed by performing a direct memory access transfer from the page of volatile memory to the non-volatile memory. 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the information indicative of an amount of energy needed to transfer contents of a page of volatile memory to non-volatile memory is based at least in part on energy consumed by a processor initiating an operation to transfer the contents of the page. 13. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining that the contents of the page of volatile memory are transferable based at least in part on a number of other pages of volatile memory configured to be treated by the operating system as non-volatile memory pages. 14. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining a maximum number of pages of volatile memory that are transferable to the non-volatile memory using the energy available for transferring contents of the page of volatile memory to the non-volatile memory. 15. A system comprising: means for obtain obtaining information indicative of an amount of energy needed to transfer contents of a volatile memory to a non-volatile memory; means for receiving information indicative of an amount of energy available for transferring the contents of the volatile memory to the non-volatile memory; means for identifying, based at least in part on the amount of energy needed, a portion of the volatile memory that is transferable to the non-volatile memory using the amount of energy available; and means for configuring an operating system of the system to treat the portion of the volatile memory as non-volatile memory. 16. The system of claim 15, comprising: means for identifying the portion of the volatile memory that is transferable to the non-volatile memory by at least determining an amount of memory that could be transferred to the non-volatile memory using the amount of energy available. 17. The system of claim 15, comprising: means for calculating a statistical probability that, in an event of a utility power interruption, the portion of the volatile memory would be transferable to the non-volatile memory using the amount of energy available. 18. The system of claim 15, comprising: means for transferring the portion of volatile memory to a reserved portion of the non-volatile memory in response to receiving information indicative of a reduction in the amount of energy available for transferring the contents of the volatile memory to the non-volatile memory. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the operating system is configured to treat the portion of the volatile memory as non-volatile memory by at least updating configuration and interface data accessed by the operating system. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the portion of the volatile memory is treated by the operating system as non-volatile memory by at least providing, to an application executing on the system , information indicative of a commit mode compatible with data stored in the portion of the volatile memory.",
-    "Robust low-level image features have been proven to be effective representations for a variety of visual recognition tasks such as object recognition and scene classification; but pixels, or even local image patches, carry little semantic meanings. For high-level visual tasks, such low-level image representations are potentially not enough. The present invention provides a high-level image representation where an image is represented as a scale-invariant response map of a large number of pre-trained generic object detectors, blind to the testing dataset or visual task. Leveraging on this representation, superior performances on high-level visual recognition tasks are achieved with relatively classifiers such as logistic regression and linear SVM classifiers. 1. A method for image processing comprising the steps of: receiving an image having unknown object content using a computer system; generating multiple scales of the image using a computer system; generating a first set of responses in each of a plurality of pixel locations in each of the multiple scales of the image using a set of object detectors implemented by a computer system, where a given object detector in the set of object detectors is trained with multiple images of a specific type of object and generates a probability that the specific type of object is present in a pixel location at each of a plurality of detection scales; generating second responses indicative of the presence of at least one identified object in the image and the spatial location of each of the at least one identified object based upon the first set of responses using a computer system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of object detectors comprises between 100 and 300 object detectors. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of detection scales comprises between 5 and 20 detection scales. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of scales in the multiple scales of the image comprises at least three spatial levels. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of responses comprises a response map at each of the multiple scales of the image, where each response map for a given scaling from the multiple scales of the image indicates the likelihood that each of a predetermined set of objects is present at each pixel location for the given scaling of the image. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second responses indicative of the presence of at least one identified object in the image and the spatial location of each of the at least one identified object are generated based upon the response maps at each of the multiple scales of the image. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second responses indicative of the presence of at least one identified object in the image and the spatial location of each of the at least one identified object are generated by determining a maximum likelihood that a predetermined object is present at a pixel location using the response maps at each of the multiple scales of the image. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of object detectors comprises at least one object classifier and at least on texture classifier. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one object classifier is a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one object classifier is a logistic regression (LR) classifier.",
-    "A content delivery system and method for use with plurality of digital multimedia data processing systems and legacy systems spanning across one or more network environments. The system and method enable users with freedom of mobility while maintaining access to the user's selected content while the user transitions from one device in one location to a different device in a difference location, substantially without interruption and without the need for user action to turn on and off these target data processing systems. The Instant Invention can provide high bandwidth content delivery solutions based upon hardware and software components by activating a Target device while the system is proximate to the Target device and, in one embodiment, automatically redirecting the content while the system is proximate to a new Target device without user intervention. The Target devices include digital multimedia data processing systems and legacy systems including, but not limited to, HDTVs, TV, Personal Computers, digital music systems, printers, radios, and fax machines. 1-18. (canceled) 19. A data processing device operable to communicate contents with target devices, comprising: a hardware processor; a storage, accessible to the hardware processor, configurable to store at least: a selected content, and target device characteristics, including a characteristic of a first target device and a characteristic of a second target device; a proximity device; the proximity device being configurable to detect proximity to the first target device and provide to the hardware processor a first target device indication indicating the proximity of the first target device; the proximity device being configurable to detect proximity to the second target device and provide to the hardware processor a second target device indication indicating the proximity of the second target device; the hardware processor being configured to communicate a first content, of the selected content, with the first target device, in accordance with the characteristic of the first target device, while receiving the indication of the proximity of the first target device, and then to cease the communication of the first content when the hardware processor is no longer proximate to the first target device; and the hardware processor being configured to communicate a next content, of the selected content, with the second target device, in accordance with the characteristic of the second target device, while receiving the indication of the proximity of the second target device, and then to cease the communication with the next content when the hardware processor is no longer proximate to the second target device. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein at least one of the first content is received and rendered by the first target processing device and the next content is received and render by the second target device. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein at least one of the ceasing the communication of the first content with the first target device and the communication of the next content with the second target device occurs without user intervention. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the first content and the next content are adjacent content stored in the storage. 23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein at least one of the first content activates the first target device and the next content activates the second target device. 24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein at least one of the characteristic from the first target device is stored to the first content and the characteristic from the second target device is stored to the next content. 25. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein at least one of the characteristic from the first target device is stored to the first content and the next content is received by the second target device. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the said stored characteristic from the first target device is received by the second target device. 27. A data processing device is operable to receive contents related to target devices, comprising: a hardware processor; a storage, accessible to the hardware processor, including: a stored content, and target device characteristics, including a characteristic of a first target device and a characteristic of a second target device; a proximity device; the proximity device being configurable to detect proximity to the first target device and provide to the hardware processor a first target device indication indicating the proximity of the first target device; the proximity device being configurable to detect proximity to the second target device and provide to the hardware processor a second target device indication indicating the proximity of the second target device; the hardware processor being configured to receive a first content, of the stored content, including the characteristic of the first target device, while receiving the indication of the proximity of the first target device, and then to cease to receive the first content when the hardware processor is no longer proximate to the first target device; and the hardware processor being configured to receive a next content, of the stored content, including the characteristic of the second target device, while receiving the indication of the proximity of the second target device, and then to cease to receive the next content when the hardware processor is no longer proximate to the second target device. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the first content includes an advertisement information of the first target device, and the the next content includes an advertisement information of the second target device. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the hardware processor received the advertisement information of the first target device without communicating with the first target device and the hardware processor receives the advertisement information of the second target device without communicating with the second target device. 30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the hardware processor received at least one of the the first content and the next content without user intervention. 31. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the characteristics of the first and second target devices are stored in the storage without using the hardware processor. 32. A data processing device is operable to communicate contents with a target device, comprising: a hardware processor; a storage, accessible to the hardware processor, configurable to store at least: a selected content, and target device characteristics, including a characteristic of the target device; a proximity device; the proximity device being configurable to detect proximity to the target device and provide to the hardware processor a target device indication indicating the proximity of the target device; the hardware processor being configured to communicate with the selected content, and in responding to a signal, suspending the communication with the selected content; and the hardware processor being configured to resume the communication of the selected content with the target device, in accordance with the characteristic of the target device, while receiving the indication of the proximity of the target device, and then to cease the communication of the selected content when the hardware processor is no longer proximate to the target device. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the hardware processor being configured to render the selected content to the target device. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, the hardware processor resuming the communication of the selected content with the target device occurs without user intervention. 35. A data processing device is operable to communicate contents with a target device, comprising: a hardware processor; a storage, accessible to the hardware processor, configurable to store at least: a selected content, and target device characteristics, including a characteristic of the target device; a proximity device; the proximity device being configurable to detect proximity to the target device and provide to the hardware processor a target device indication indicating the proximity of the target device; the hardware processor being configured to communicate with a first content of the selected content, and while communicating with the first content, receiving the indication of the proximity of the target device, and ceasing the communication with the first content of the selected content; and the hardware processor being configured to resume to communicate with a next content, of the selected content, with the target device, in accordance with the characteristic of the target device and then to cease the communication with the next content, when the hardware processor is no longer proximate to the target device. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the first content is rendered to the hardware processor and the next content is rendered to the target device. 37. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the hardware processor being configured to render the next content to both the target device and the hardware processor. 38. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein at least one of the ceasing rendering of the first content to the hardware processor and starting rendering of the next content to the target device occurs without user intervention. 39. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the first content and the next content are adjacent content stored in the storage. 40. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the next content activates at least one portion of the the target device. 41. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the hardware processor rendered effective, in response of communicating the next content with the target device, for the target device to receive and render a new selected content. 42. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein a portion of the first content is stored in a temporary buffer accessible to the hardware processor when ceasing the communication of the first content. 43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the said content stored in a temporary buffer is included with the next content.",
-    "The present disclosure includes systems and techniques relating to interference measurement pilot tones in communication systems. In some implementations, a method includes identifying, by a transmitting device, a pilot pattern for transmission in a plurality of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols over a wireless local area network (WLAN) channel, the pilot pattern including an interference measurement pilot tone, wherein the interference measurement pilot tone is located at a specified frequency and time location in the plurality of OFDM symbols, the interference measurement pilot tone including a null tone that facilitates a receiving device to measure interference; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the pilot pattern in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel. The pilot pattern can further include a regular, nonzero pilot tone that facilitates the receiving device to measure a frequency drift or a phase noise. 1. A method comprising: identifying, by a transmitting device, a pilot pattern for transmission in a plurality of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols over a wireless local area network (WLAN) channel, the pilot pattern comprising an interference measurement pilot tone, wherein the interference measurement pilot tone is located at a specified frequency and time location in the plurality of OFDM symbols, the interference measurement pilot tone comprising a null tone that facilitates a receiving device to measure interference; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the pilot pattern in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot pattern further includes a regular, nonzero pilot tone that facilitates the receiving device to measure a frequency drift or a phase noise. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot pattern is transmitted in one or more signal fields (SIGs) of the plurality of OFDM symbols. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting, by the transmitting device, a power of an OFDM symbol that includes the interference measurement pilot tone to keep a same average power per OFDM symbol or a same average power per tone across the plurality of OFDM symbols. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot pattern comprises: only interference measurement pilot tones and no regular, nonzero pilot tones in the plurality of OFDM symbols; or one or more interference measurement pilot tones in a first number of OFDM symbols out of the plurality of OFDM symbols and one or more regular, nonzero pilot tones in remaining OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols; or one or more interference measurement pilot tones and one or more regular, nonzero pilot tones interleaved in the plurality of OFDM symbols. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot pattern is a function of an identifier of the transmitting device or the receiving device, and wherein the function prevents collision of the interference measurement pilot tone with interference measurement pilot tones of other transmitting devices. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot pattern is a function of a location of an allocated wireless channel resource of the receiving device relative to a boundary of the WLAN channel. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving device is a first receiving device and the pilot pattern is a first pilot pattern, the method further comprising: allocating, by the transmitting device, a first wireless channel resource to the first receiving device, wherein the first wireless channel resource is adjacent to or on a boundary of the WLAN channel; allocating, by the transmitting device, a second wireless channel resource to a second receiving device, wherein the second wireless channel resource is away from the boundary of the WLAN channel; identifying, by the transmitting device, a second pilot pattern for the second receiving device for transmission in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel, wherein the first pilot pattern includes more interference measurement pilot tones than the second pilot pattern; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the second pilot pattern in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the WLAN channel is a first WLAN channel and the pilot pattern is a first pilot pattern, the method further comprising: identifying, by the transmitting device, a second pilot pattern for transmission in a second plurality of OFDM symbols over a second WLAN channel; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the second pilot pattern in the second plurality of OFDM symbols over the second WLAN channel. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein: the second WLAN channel is a primary channel and the first WLAN channel is a secondary channel; and the first pilot pattern includes more interference measurement pilot tones than the second pilot pattern. 11. A device comprising: processor electronics configured to: identify a first pilot pattern for transmission in a plurality of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols over a wireless local area network (WLAN) channel, the first pilot pattern comprising a plurality of regular, non-zero pilot tones; and generate a second pilot pattern comprising an interference measurement pilot tone by puncturing a regular, non-zero pilot tone at a specified frequency and time location in the first pilot pattern, the interference measurement pilot tone facilitating a receiving device to measure interference; and a transmitter configured to transmit the second pilot pattern in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the processor electronics comprise a processor programmed with computer-readable instructions that, when run, cause the device to adjust a power of an OFDM symbol that includes the interference measurement pilot tone to keep a same average power per OFDM symbol or a same average power per tone across the plurality of OFDM symbols. 13. The device of claim 11, wherein the second pilot pattern comprises: only interference measurement pilot tones and no regular, nonzero pilot tones in the plurality of OFDM symbols; or one or more interference measurement pilot tones in a first number of OFDM symbols out of the plurality of OFDM symbols and one or more regular, nonzero pilot tones in remaining OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols; or one or more interference measurement pilot tones and one or more regular, nonzero pilot tones interleaved in the plurality of OFDM symbols. 14. The device of claim 11, wherein the second pilot pattern is a function of an identifier of the transmitter or the receiving device, and wherein the function prevents collision of the interference measurement pilot tone with interference measurement pilot tones of other transmitting devices. 15. The device of claim 11, wherein the second pilot pattern is a function of a location of an allocated wireless channel resource of the receiving device relative to a boundary of the WLAN channel. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable medium embodying a program operable to cause a transmitting device to perform operations comprising: identifying a pilot pattern for transmission in a plurality of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols over a wireless local area network (WLAN) channel, the pilot pattern comprising an interference measurement pilot tone, wherein the interference measurement pilot tone is located at a specified frequency and time location in the plurality of OFDM symbols, the interference measurement pilot tone comprising a null tone that facilitates a receiving device to measure interference, and transmitting the pilot pattern in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel. 17. The medium of claim 16, wherein the pilot pattern is a function of an identifier of the transmitting device or the receiving device, and wherein the function prevents collision of the interference measurement pilot tone with interference measurement pilot tones of other transmitting devices. 18. The medium of claim 16, wherein the receiving device is a first receiving device and the pilot pattern is a first pilot pattern, the operations further comprising: allocating a first wireless channel resource to the first receiving device, wherein the first wireless channel resource is adjacent to or on a boundary of the WLAN channel; allocating a second wireless channel resource to a second receiving device, wherein the second wireless channel resource is away from the boundary of the WLAN channel; identifying a second pilot pattern for the second receiving device for transmission in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel, wherein the first pilot pattern includes more interference measurement pilot tones than the second pilot pattern; and transmitting the second pilot pattern in the plurality of OFDM symbols over the WLAN channel. 19. The medium of claim 16, wherein the WLAN channel is a first WLAN channel and the pilot pattern is a first pilot pattern, the operations further comprising: identifying, by the transmitting device, a second pilot pattern for transmission in a second plurality of OFDM symbols over a second WLAN channel; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the second pilot pattern in the second plurality of OFDM symbols over the second WLAN channel. 20. The medium of claim 19, wherein: the second WLAN channel is a primary channel and the first WLAN channel is a secondary channel; and the first pilot pattern includes more interference measurement pilot tones than the second pilot pattern.",
-    "Methods for inhibiting the growth of pancreatic cancer cells or other cancer cells driven by Sonic hedgehog are disclosed. The method involves exposing the cells to 5-acyl-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridines of formula I 1. A method for treating a patient having an Shh-driven cancer comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, halogen, (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, or nitro; R3 is (C1-C10)hydrocarbyl, (C1-C6)oxaalkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl; R4 is hydrogen, methyl, halomethyl, dihalomethyl, or trihalomethyl; and A is phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocycle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, osteosarcoma, or small cell lung cancer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein A is pyrrolidine, furan, thiophene, or pyridine. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein A is pyridine. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein A is phenyl. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein R1 is halogen, (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, or nitro ortho relative to the point of attachment of phenyl to the thieno[3,2-c]pyridine. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein R2 is halogen, (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, or nitro para to the point of attachment of phenyl to the thieno[3,2-c]pyridine. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein R1 is halogen, (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, or nitro meta relative to the point of attachment of phenyl to the thieno[3,2-c]pyridine. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is hydrogen or methyl. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is hydrogen. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl, and R2 is hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, chloro, or fluoro. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are the same and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is hydrogen or methyl. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 is hydrogen. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein R3 is (C3-C6)alkyl, (C3-C6)alkenyl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl, (C1-C6)oxaalkyl, furanyl(C1-C4)alkyl, thienyl(C1-C4)alkyl, pyrrolyl(C1-C4)alkyl, pyrrolidinyl(C1-C4)alkyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl(C1-C4)alkyl. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein R3 is methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, ethoxypropyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, allyl, or furanylmethyl. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein R3 is (C1-C10)alkyl. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R3 is (C3-C6)alkyl. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein R4 is hydrogen. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.",
-    "The present specification discloses methods of purifying one or more cannabinoids from a plant material, purified cannabinoids and pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more cannabinoids produced by the disclosed method, methods and uses for treating a disease or condition employing such purified cannabinoids and pharmaceutical compositions. 1. A method of purifying one or more cannabinoids from a plant material, the method comprising a) incubating the plant material with a first non-polar solvent to form a first solvent mixture which extracts the one or more cannabinoids from a plant material; b) reducing the volume of the first solvent mixture to about 50% or less of the original volume of the first solvent mixture in step (a) in a manner that concentrates the one or more cannabinoids; c) incubating the reduced first solvent mixture at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids; d) incubating the one or more crystalized cannabinoids with a second non-polar solvent to form a second solvent mixture, wherein the second solvent mixture dissolves at least 50% of the one or more crystalized cannabinoids; and e) incubating the second solvent mixture at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids, thereby resulting in the purification of one or more cannabinoids. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more crystalized cannabinoids of step (c) is purified prior to step (d). 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the purification is performed using filtration that results in a collection of a mother liquor. 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising incubating the mother liquor at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids. 5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising f) purifying the one or more crystalized cannabinoids using filtration that results in a collection of a mother liquor; and g) incubating the mother liquor at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein steps (f) and (g) are repeated at least once. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein steps (d) and (e) are repeated at least once. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first solvent mixture of step (a) is purified prior to step (b). 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein prior to step (a), the plant material is treated to decarboxylate one or more cannabinoids present in the plant material. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising performing liquid:liquid chromatography after one or more of steps (b) or (d). 11. A method of purifying a cannabinoid from a plant material, the method comprising: a) incubating the plant material with a first non-polar solvent to form a first solvent mixture which extracts the one or more cannabinoids from a plant material; b) filtering the first solvent mixture; c) reducing the volume of the first solvent mixture to about 50% or less of the original volume of the first solvent mixture in step (a) in a manner that concentrates the one or more cannabinoids; d) incubating the reduced first solvent mixture at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids; e) purifying the one or more crystalized cannabinoids in step (d) using filtration that results in a collection of a mother liquor; f) incubating the one or more crystalized cannabinoids with a second non-polar solvent to form a second solvent mixture, wherein the second solvent mixture dissolves at least 50% of the one or more crystalized cannabinoids; g) incubating the second solvent mixture at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids; and h) purifying the one or more crystalized cannabinoids of step (g) using filtration that results in a collection of a mother liquor, thereby resulting in the purification of one or more cannabinoids 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the mother liquor of step (e) and/or step (h) is incubated at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising i) purifying the one or more crystalized cannabinoids using filtration that results in a collection of a mother liquor; and j) incubating the mother liquor at a temperature range of between about \u221270\u00b0 C. to about 40\u00b0 C. in a manner that crystalizes the one or more cannabinoids. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein steps (i) and (j) are repeated at least once. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein steps (f) and (g) are repeated at least once. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein steps (f), (g) and (h) are repeated at least once. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the first solvent mixture of step (a) is purified prior to step (b). 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein prior to step (a), the plant material is treated to decarboxylate one or more cannabinoids present in the plant material. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising performing liquid:liquid chromatography after one or more of steps (c), (e) or (h). 20. A purified cannabinoid produced by the method according to claim 1.",
-    "Examples disclosed herein relate to efficient hierarchical radio frequency (RF) spectrum assigning across both licensed and unlicensed frequencies in a given area. Wireless devices in the area are detected by a spectrum manager, which also detects all available RF frequencies that are available. Conditional, relative, or absolute RF assignment rules received by an administrator or from an administrative device dictate the allocation conditions for assigning wireless devices to different frequencies, channels, channel widths, bands, durations, or other specifics of the available RF frequencies. Alternatively, RF spectra may be assigned reactively based on the current, historical, or future network usage on the available network frequencies. 1. An apparatus for allocating radio frequency (RF) spectra comprising licensed and unlicensed frequencies to wireless devices, the apparatus comprising: memory for storing a designation of RF spectra assignment rules for assigning portions of the RF spectra to wireless devices in an area; and one or more processors programmed for: receiving RF spectrum requests from the wireless devices in the area, the RF spectrum requests indicating network usage requirements of the wireless devices, the network usage requirements specifying target spectrum utilization, identifying the RF spectra available in the area, the RF spectra comprising at least one licensed frequency and at least one unlicensed frequency, applying the RF spectra assignment rules to schedule an allocation of portions of the RF spectra to the wireless devices based, at least in part, on the target spectrum utilization specified in the RF spectrum requests, and notifying the wireless devices of the allocation of the portions of the RF spectra to enable the wireless devices to efficiently use the portions of the RF spectra. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RF spectra assignment rules are received from an administrator. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RF spectra assignment rules are received from an administrative device configured to automatically generate the RF assignment rules without user interaction. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the administrative device is configured to generate the RF assignment rules based on current network traffic demands detected on the at least one licensed frequency and the at least one unlicensed frequency. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a spectra detector for detecting the at least one licensed frequency and at least one unlicensed frequency; and a resource detector for detecting presence of the wireless devices in the area. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the devices comprise at least two of a personal computer, a mobile tablet, a server, a virtual machine, a gaming console, a projector, a television, or a security camera. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an admin interface configured for presenting a user interface to an administrator, the user interface enabling entry of the RF assignment rules. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an admin interface configured that includes an application programming interface for providing the RF assignment rules. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RF assignment rules designate that particular types of the wireless devices are to be assigned to dedicated portions of the at least one licensed frequency. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RF assignment rules comprise relative rules for assigning spectra based on the network usage of the wireless devices. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RF assignment rules comprise conditional rules associated with the specified target spectrum utilization for assigning spectra based on the network usage of the at least one licensed frequency and the at least one unlicensed frequency. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wireless devices comprise at least two non-cooperating devices. 13-20. (canceled) 21. A method for allocating RF spectrum to wireless devices in an area, the method comprising: receiving RF spectrum requests from the wireless devices in the area, the RF spectrum requests indicating network usage requirements of the wireless devices, the network usage requirements specifying target spectrum utilization, identifying the RF spectra available in the area, the RF spectra comprising at least one licensed frequency and at least one unlicensed frequency, applying the RF spectra assignment rules to schedule an allocation of portions of the RF spectra to the wireless devices based, at least in part, on the target spectrum utilization specified in the RF spectrum requests, and notifying the wireless devices of the allocation of the portions of the RF spectra to enable the wireless devices to efficiently use the portions of the RF spectra. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the target spectrum utilization comprises a percentage of an RF frequency band. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the RF spectra assignment rules are received from an administrative device configured to automatically generate the RF assignment rules without user interaction. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the administrative device is configured to generate the RF assignment rules based on current network traffic demands detected on the at least one licensed frequency and the at least one unlicensed frequency. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising: detecting the at least one licensed frequency and at least one unlicensed frequency; and detecting presence of the wireless devices in the area. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the devices comprise at least two of a personal computer, a mobile tablet, a server, a virtual machine, a gaming console, a projector, a television, or a security camera. 27. One or more computer-storage memory embodied with machine-executable instructions for allocating RF spectra to wireless devices in a given area, the memory executable by one or more processors to perform steps comprising: receiving RF spectrum requests from the wireless devices in the area, the RF spectrum requests indicating network usage requirements of the wireless devices, the network usage requirements specifying target spectrum utilization, applying the RF spectra assignment rules to schedule an allocation of portions of the RF spectra to the wireless devices based, at least in part, on the target spectrum utilization specified in the RF spectrum requests, and notifying the wireless devices of the allocation of the portions of the RF spectra to enable the wireless devices to efficiently use the portions of the RF spectra. 28. The memory of claim 27, wherein said spectrum utilization comprises a threshold percentage of an RF channel.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatus for providing feed forward equalization to a communication line by providing a resistance and a capacitance to the communication line. The method includes determining the resistance based on a desired value of feed forward equalization to provide to a communication line, determining the capacitance based on the desired value of feed forward equalization to provide to the communication line, providing a layer of resistive material between a first conductor and a second conductor of the communication line, wherein a dimension of the layer of resistive material is determined based on the determined resistance and providing a layer of dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein a dimension of the layer of dielectric material is determined based on the determined capacitance. 1. An apparatus for providing feed forward equalization to a communication line by providing a predetermined resistance and a predetermined capacitance to the communication line, comprising: a first conductor; a second conductor that does not contact the first conductor; a layer of resistive material in contact with the first conductor and in contact with the second conductor, wherein the layer of resistive material has the predetermined resistance; and a first layer of a solid dielectric material in contact with the first conductor and in contact with the second conductor, wherein at least a portion of the first layer of dielectric material is directly between the first conductor and the second conductor and the first layer of dielectric material, the first conductor, and the second conductor in combination form a capacitor having the predetermined capacitance. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an insulator disposed between the first conductor and the second conductor. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor comprise copper. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the first conductor is cylindrical; the second conductor is cylindrical; and the layer of resistive material is cylindrical. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: a second layer of dielectric material disposed around the first conductor, the second conductor, the layer of resistive material, and the first layer of dielectric material; and a metallic shield disposed around the second layer of dielectric material. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined capacitance is between ten and thirty picofarads. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined resistance is between ten and thirty ohms. 8. A method for providing feed forward equalization to a communication line by providing a resistance and a capacitance to the communication line, comprising: determining the resistance based on a desired value of feed forward equalization to provide to a communication line; determining the capacitance based on the desired value of feed forward equalization to provide to the communication line; providing a layer of resistive material between a first conductor and a second conductor of the communication line, wherein a dimension of the layer of resistive material is determined based on the determined resistance; and providing a first layer of a solid dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein at least a portion of the first layer of dielectric material is directly between the first conductor and the second conductor and a dimension of the first layer of dielectric material is determined based on the determined capacitance. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: providing an insulator disposed between the first conductor and the second conductor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first conductor and the second conductor comprise copper. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein: the first conductor is cylindrical; the second conductor is cylindrical; and the layer of resistive material is cylindrical. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: providing a second layer of dielectric material disposed around the first conductor, the second conductor, the layer of resistive material, and the first layer of dielectric material; and providing a metallic shield disposed around the second layer of dielectric material. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the determined capacitance is between ten and thirty picofarads. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the determined resistance is between ten and thirty ohms. 15. A method for manufacturing a communication line providing a desired value of feed forward equalization, comprising: determining a resistance based on the desired value of feed forward equalization; determining a capacitance based on the desired value of feed forward equalization; depositing a layer of resistive material between a first conductor and a second conductor of the communication line, wherein a dimension of the layer of resistive material is determined based on the determined resistance; and depositing a first layer of a solid dielectric material between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein at least a portion of the first layer of dielectric material is directly between the first conductor and the second conductor and a dimension of the first layer of dielectric material is determined based on the determined capacitance. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: depositing a layer of insulating material between the first conductor and the second conductor. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the layer of resistive material is deposited via three-dimensional printing. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the first layer of dielectric material is deposited via three-dimensional printing. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: providing a second layer of dielectric material disposed around the first conductor, the second conductor, the layer of resistive material, and the first layer of dielectric material; and providing a metallic shield disposed around the second layer of dielectric material. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forming the first conductor by depositing a first quantity of a conductive material; and forming the second conductor by depositing a second quantity of the conductive material.",
-    "The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind to medin. The antibodies have the capacity to bind to monomeric, misfolded, aggregated, fibril or deposited forms of medin. The antibodies can be used for treating or effecting prophylaxis of diseases associated with medin, medin accumulation or accumulation of medin deposits (e.g., medin amyloidosis). The antibodies can also be used for diagnosing medin amyloidosis and inhibiting or reducing aggregation of medin, among other applications. 1. An isolated monoclonal antibody that competes for binding to human medin with antibody 18G1. 2. The antibody of claim 1 that binds to the same epitope on human medin as 18G1. 3. The antibody of claim 2 that specifically binds medin and does not specifically bind to native lactadherin. 4. The antibody of claim 2 that specifically binds medin and does not specifically bind to native lactadherin expressed on MDA-MB-231 cells. 5. The antibody of claim 2 that specifically recognizes a neo-epitope created when medin is cleaved from lactadherin. 6. The antibody of claim 2 that specifically binds monomeric or oligomeric medin and does not specifically bind to dense aggregated medin or medin deposits. 7. The antibody of claim 2 that specifically binds dense aggregated medin or medin deposits and does not specifically bind to monomeric or oligomeric medin. 8. The antibody of claim 1, comprising three light chain CDRs and three heavy chain CDRs of monoclonal antibody 18G1, wherein 18G1 is a mouse antibody characterized by a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 and a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 36. 9. The antibody of claim 8, wherein the three heavy chain CDRs are as defined by Kabat/Chothia Composite (SEQ ID NOS: 4, 5 and 6) and the three light chain CDRs are as defined by Kabat/Chothia Composite (SEQ ID NOS: 8, 9 and 10). 10. The antibody of claim 112, comprising three light chain CDRs and three heavy chain CDRs of monoclonal antibody 6B3, wherein 6B3 is a mouse antibody characterized by a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 11 and light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 29. 11. (canceled) 12. The antibody of claim 1 that is 18G1 or a chimeric, veneered, or humanized form thereof. 13. (canceled) 14. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody. 15. The antibody of claim 12, that is a humanized or chimeric 18G1 antibody that specifically binds to human medin, wherein 18G1 is a mouse antibody characterized by a mature heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:3 and a mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 36. 16. The humanized antibody of claim 15 comprising a humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprising the three heavy chain CDRs of 18G1 and a humanized mature light chain variable region comprising the three light chain CDRs of 18G1. 17. The humanized antibody of claim 16, wherein the CDRs are of a definition selected from the group of Kabat, Chothia, Kabat/Chothia Composite, AbM and Contact. 18. The humanized antibody of claim 17 wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three Kabat/Chothia Composite heavy chain CDRs of 18G1 (SEQ ID NOs: 4-6) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three Kabat/Chothia Composite light chain CDRs of 18G1 (SEQ ID NOs: 8-10). 19. The humanized antibody of claim 17 wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three Kabat heavy chain CDRs of 18G1 (CDR-H1 residues 6-10 of SEQ ID NO:4; CDR-H2 SEQ ID NO: 5, CDR-H3 SEQ ID NO:6) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three Kabat light chain CDRs of 18G1 (SEQ ID NOs: 8-10). 20. The humanized antibody of claim 17 wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three Chothia heavy chain CDRs of 18G1 (CDR-H1 residues 1-7 of SEQ ID NO:4; CDR-H2 residues 3-8 of SEQ ID NO: 5, CDR-H3 SEQ ID NO:6) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three Chothia light chain CDRs of 18G1 (SEQ ID NOs: 8-10). 21. The humanized antibody of claim 17 wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three AbM heavy chain CDRs of 18G1 (CDR-H1 SEQ ID NO:4; CDR-H2 residues 1-10 of SEQ ID NO: 5, CDR-H3 SEQ ID NO:6) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three AbM light chain CDRs of 18G1 (SEQ ID NOs: 8-10). 22. The humanized antibody of claim 17 wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three Contact heavy chain CDRs of 18G1 (CDR-H1 residues 30-35 of SEQ ID:3; CDR-H2 residues 47-59 of SEQ ID NO: 3, CDR-H3 residues 97-108 of SEQ ID NO:3) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three Contact light chain CDRs of 18G1 (CDR-L1 residues 30-36 of SEQ ID:36; CDR-L2 residues 46-55 of SEQ ID NO: 36, CDR-L3 residues 89-96 of SEQ ID NO:36). 23. The humanized antibody of claim 17 comprising a humanized mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO:34-35 and a humanized mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 37-39. 24. The humanized antibody of claim 23, wherein at least one of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position L3 is occupied by V, position L10 is occupied by S, position L13 is occupied by V, position L15 is occupied by P, position L19 is occupied by A, position L20 is occupied by S, position L22 is occupied by S, position L42 is occupied by Q, position L70 is occupied by D, position L77 is occupied by R, position L78 is occupied by V, position L80 is occupied by A, and position L85 is occupied by V. 25. (canceled) 26. The humanized antibody of claim 23, provided positions L3, L10, L13, L15, L19, L20, L22, L42, L70, L77, L78, L80, and L85 are occupied by V, S, V, P, A, S, S, Q, D, R, V, A, and V, respectively. 27. The humanized antibody of claim 23 or 24, wherein at least one of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H1 is occupied by E or Q, position H5 is occupied by V or Q, position H13 is occupied by Q or K, position H19 is occupied R or K, position H40 is occupied by A or T, position H42 is occupied by G or D, position H44 is occupied G or R, position H49 is occupied by S or A, position H77 is occupied by S or T, position H82a is occupied by N or S, position H83 is occupied by R or K, position H84 is occupied by A or S, position H89 is occupied by V or M, H93 is occupied by V or A, and position H108 is occupied by T or M. 28. (canceled) 29. The humanized antibody of claim 27, provided positions H1, H5, H13, H19, H40, H42, H44, H49, H77, H82a, H83, H84, H89, H93, and H108 are occupied by, E, V, Q, R, A, G, G, S, S, N, R, A, V, V, and T, respectively. 30-32. (canceled) 33. The humanized antibody of claim 23, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 34-35 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 38-39. 34. The humanized antibody of claim 33, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 34-35 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 38-39. 35. The humanized antibody of claim 34 wherein the mature heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:34-35 and the mature light chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:38-39. 36-38. (canceled) 39. The humanized antibody of claim 35, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 and the mature light chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:39. 40-66. (canceled) 67. The antibody of claim 1 that is an intact antibody. 68. (canceled) 69. The antibody of claim 1 that is a single-chain antibody, Fab, or Fab\u20322 fragment. 70. (canceled) 71. The antibody of claim 15, wherein the isotype is human IgG1. 72. The humanized antibody of claim 71, wherein the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region and the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region. 73. The humanized antibody of claim 72, wherein the heavy chain constant region is a mutant form of a natural human heavy chain constant region which has reduced binding to a Fc\u03b3 receptor relative to the natural human heavy chain constant region. 74. (canceled) 75. The antibody of claim 72, having at least one mutation in the constant region. 76. The antibody of claim 75, wherein the mutation reduces complement fixation or activation by the constant region. 77-80. (canceled) 81. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is conjugated to a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent. 82. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody as defined in claim 1 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. 83. A nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain and/or light chain of an antibody as described in claim 8. 84. A recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim 83. 85. A host cell transformed with the recombinant expression vector of claim 84. 86. A method of humanizing a mouse antibody, the method comprising: (a) selecting one or more acceptor antibodies; (b) identifying the amino acid residues of the mouse antibody to be retained; (c) synthesizing a nucleic acid encoding a humanized heavy chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody heavy chain and a nucleic acid encoding a humanized light chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody light chain; and (d) expressing the nucleic acids in a host cell to produce a humanized antibody; wherein the mouse antibody is 18G1, wherein 18G1 is characterized by a mature heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 36. 87. A method of producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) culturing cells transformed with nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody, so that the cells secrete the antibody; and (b) purifying the antibody from cell culture media; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 18G1. 88. A method of producing a cell line producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) introducing a vector encoding heavy and light chains of an antibody and a selectable marker into cells; (b) propagating the cells under conditions to select for cells having increased copy number of the vector; (c) isolating single cells from the selected cells; and (d) banking cells cloned from a single cell selected based on yield of antibody; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 18G1. 89. (canceled) 90. A method of inhibiting or reducing aggregation of medin in a subject having or at risk of developing a medin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1 thereby inhibiting or reducing aggregation of medin in the subject. 91-92. (canceled) 93. The method of claim 90, wherein the antibody is a humanized version of 18G1. 94. A method of treating or effecting prophylaxis of a disease associated with medin aggregation or deposition in a subject, comprising administering an effective regime of an antibody as defined by claim 1 and thereby treating or effecting prophylaxis of the disease. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the disease or disorder is pancreatitis, lupus, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, cardiac disease, Marfan syndrome, aortic aneurysm, or an inflammatory condition affecting the vascular system. 96-101. (canceled) 102. A method of reducing aortic medial amyloid formation in a subject having or at risk of an aortic aneurysm, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody as defined by claim 1, thereby reducing aortic medial amyloid formation in the subject. 103. A method of inhibiting medin aggregation or reducing aortic medial amyloid in a subject having or at risk of an aortic aneurysm, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody as defined by claim 1, thereby inhibiting medin aggregation or reducing aortic medial amyloid in the subject. 104-105. (canceled) 106. A method of improving elasticity of the aorta in subjects having aortic medial amyloid, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody as defined by claim 1, thereby improving the elasticity of the aorta of the subject. 107. (canceled) 108. A method of detecting aortic medial amyloid in a subject having or at risk of a disease associated with medin aggregation or deposition, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody as defined by claim 1, wherein the antibody binds to aortic medial amyloid; and detecting bound antibody in the subject. 109. The humanized antibody of claim 26, wherein at least one of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: L45 is occupied by Q, L60 is occupied by D, and L83 is occupied by L. 110. The humanized antibody of claim 109, provided positions L45, L60 and L83 are occupied by Q, D and L, respectively. 111. The humanized antibody of claim 27, wherein positions L3, L10, L13, L15, L19, L20, L22, L42, L70, L77, L78, L80, and L85 are occupied by V, S, V, P, A, S, S, Q, D, R, V, A, and V, respectively. 112. An isolated monoclonal antibody that competes for binding to human medin with antibody 6B3.",
-    "The operation and/or power of a plurality of energy loads and/or energy supplies configured to supply power to the energy loads are managed in a coordinated manner. The coordinated control over the energy loads and/or energy supplies may enable the execution of missions including a one or more objectives by energy loads with an enhanced efficiency, autonomy, and/or effectiveness. Aspects of the planning and/or management of execution of the missions may be automated according to predetermined rules and/or criteria. 1. An unmanned vehicle or vessel, the vehicle or vessel comprising: a plurality of load interfaces configured to removably couple energy loads to the vehicle or vessel to communicatively link the energy loads with the vehicle or vessel, the load interfaces comprising a first load interface; a plurality of supply interfaces configured to removably couple energy supplies to the vehicle or vessel to communicatively link the energy supplies with the vehicle or vessel, wherein the supply interfaces include a wherein the energy supplies are coupled with the energy loads to permit the transfer of power therebetween, the supply interfaces comprising a first supply interface; a communication interface configured to transmit information from and/or receive information to the vehicle or vessel; one or more processors configured to execute one or more computer program modules, the one or more computer program modules comprising: a load module configured to obtain information related to the energy loads coupled with the vehicle or vessel via the load interfaces such that, responsive to the energy loads including a first energy load coupled to the first load interface, the load module is configured to obtain one or more of an identification of the first load, a load type of the first load, or information indicating at least one power specification of the first load; a supply module configured to obtain information related to the energy supplies coupled to the vehicle or vessel via the supply interfaces such that, responsive to the energy supplies including a first energy supply coupled to the first supply interface, the supply module is configured to obtain one or more of an identification of the first energy supply, a supply type of the first energy supply, or information indicating at least one power specification of the first energy supply; a mission interface module configured to obtain information related to a mission to be performed by the vehicle or vessel via the load interfaces; a plan module configured to automatically generate a mission plan for executing the mission obtained by the mission interface module based on the information related to energy loads obtained by the load module and the information related to energy supplies obtained by the supply module, wherein the mission plan identifies functions to be performed by the energy loads to execute the mission, identifies functions to be performed by the energy supplies to provide power to the energy loads sufficient to enable the energy loads to perform the functions identified for the energy loads in the mission plan, and wherein the plan module is configured to generate the mission plan in advance of commencement of execution of the mission. 2. The vehicle or vessel of claim 1, wherein the one or more computer program modules further comprise an execution module configured to automatically generate machine-readable instructions for the energy supplies and the energy loads that are communicated to the energy supplies and the energy loads over the supply interfaces and the load interfaces, respectively, the instructions generated for the energy loads including instructions that cause the energy loads to perform the functions identified in the mission plan in accordance with timing identified in the mission plan, and the instructions generated for the energy supplies including instructions that cause the energy supplies to perform the functions identified in the mission plan in accordance with timing identified in the mission plan. 3. The vehicle or vessel of claim 1, wherein the supply module is further configured to obtain operational information related to the energy supplies coupled to the vehicle or vessel via the supply interfaces during execution of the mission plan, and wherein the plan module is further configured to dynamically adjust the mission plan during execution of the mission plan based on the operational information obtained during execution of the mission plan. 4. The vehicle or vessel of claim 3, wherein the load module is further configured to obtain operational information related to the energy loads coupled to the vehicle or vessel via the load interfaces during execution of the mission plan, and wherein the plan module is further configured such that dynamic adjustment of the mission plan during execution of the mission plan is further based on the operational information related to the energy loads obtained during execution of the mission plan. 5. The vehicle or vessel of claim 1, wherein the mission module is configured such that in generating the mission plan the mission module enhances the cumulative performance of the energy loads and/or energy supplies according to one or more predetermined criteria. 6. The vehicle or vessel of claim 5, wherein the one or more predetermined criteria are mission specific. 7. The vehicle or vessel of claim 5, wherein the one or more predetermined criteria include one or more of enhancing energy efficiency, enhancing speed of the mission, or enhancing mission endurance. 8. The vehicle or vessel of claim 1, wherein the load module is further configured to obtain one or more of a functional capability of the first load, an operating status of the first load, a control mode of the first load, or an output signal indicating an environmental parameter of the first load. 9. The vehicle or vessel of claim 1, wherein the supply module is further configured to obtain one or more of a harvesting parameter of the first energy supply, an operating status of the first energy supply, a control mode of the first energy supply, or a resource availability for the first energy supply. 10. A method of controlling energy loads and energy supplies on an unmanned vehicle or vessel, the method comprising: selectively and releasably interfacing a control system comprising one or more processors with a plurality of energy loads carried by the vehicle or vessel to enable communication between the energy loads and the control system, the energy loads comprising a first energy load; selectively and releasably interfacing the control system with a plurality of energy supplies carried by the vehicle or vessel to enable communication between the energy supplies and the control system, wherein the energy supplies are in coupled with the energy loads to permit the transfer of power therebetween, the energy supplies comprising a first energy supply; executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to obtain information related to the energy loads via the interfaces with the energy loads, the information comprising one or more of an identification of the first energy load, a load type of the first energy load, or information indicating at least one power specification of the first energy load; executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to obtain information related to the energy supplies via the interfaces with the energy supplies, the information comprising one or more of an identification of the first energy supply, a supply type of the first energy supply, or information indicating at least one power specification of the first energy supply; executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to obtain information related to a mission to be performed by the vehicle or vessel; executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to automatically generate, in advance of execution of the obtained mission, a mission plan for executing the obtained mission, wherein the mission plan is generated based on the obtained information related to energy loads and the obtained information related to energy supplies, and wherein the mission plan identifies functions to be performed by the energy loads to execute the mission, identifies functions to be performed by the energy supplies to provide power to the energy loads sufficient to enable the energy loads to perform the functions identified for the energy loads in the mission plan. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to automatically generate machine-readable instructions for the energy supplies and the energy loads that are communicated to the energy supplies and the energy loads over the interfaces between the energy supplies and the control system and the interfaces between the energy loads and the control system, respectively, the instructions generated for the energy loads including instructions that cause the energy loads to perform the functions identified in the mission plan in accordance with timing identified in the mission plan, and the instructions generated for the energy supplies including instructions that cause the energy supplies to perform the functions identified in the mission plan in accordance with timing identified in the mission plan. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to obtain operational information for the energy supplies during execution of the mission plan; and executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to dynamically adjust the mission plan during execution of the mission plan based on the obtained operational information. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to obtain operational information related to the energy loads during execution of the mission plan; and executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to dynamically adjust the mission plan during execution of the mission plan based on the obtained operational information related to the energy loads. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein in generating the mission plan the one or more processors of the control system enhance the cumulative performance of the energy loads and/or energy supplies according to one or more predetermined criteria. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more predetermined criteria are mission specific. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more predetermined criteria include one or more of enhancing energy efficiency, enhancing speed of the mission, or enhancing mission endurance. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the obtained information related to the first energy load comprises one or more of a functional capability, an operating status, a control mode, an output signal indicating an environmental parameter, or an operating condition. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the obtained information related to the first energy supply comprises one or more of a harvesting parameter of the first energy supply, an operating status of the first energy supply, a control mode of the first energy supply, or a resource availability of the first energy supply. 19. The method of claim 10, further comprising executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to set one or more variables for operational settings of one or more of the energy supplies based on input from a user received at the control system via a communications interface. 20. The method of claim 12, further comprising executing one or more computer program modules on the one or more processors of the control system to set one or more variables for operational settings of one or more of the energy loads based on input from a user received at the control system via a communications interface.",
-    "An image forming apparatus according to an embodiment comprises a first image forming section configured to form an image on a recording medium with a non-erasable material, and a second image forming section configured to form an image on the recording medium with an erasable material. The image forming apparatus further comprises a control section configured to separate image data according to attributes of the image data into first image data to be printed on the recording medium in the first image forming section and second image data to be printed on the recording medium in the second image forming section. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a first image forming unit configured to form an image on a medium with a non-erasable material; a second image forming unit configured to form an image on the medium with an erasable material; and a control unit configured to control the first image forming unit to print a first type of image on the medium with the non-erasable material and control the second image forming unit to print a second type of image on the medium with the erasable material, based on selections on made on an input interface to print the first type of image with a color of the non-erasable material and the second type of image with a color of the erasable material. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a third image forming unit configured to perform image forming on the medium with an erasable material having a color and an erasing temperature different from those of the erasable material of the second image forming unit, wherein the control unit is configured to control printing a third type of image on the medium with the erasable material of the third image forming unit. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first type of image is one of decorative characters, annotations, and bordered characters, and the second type of image is different from the first type of image. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the erasable material is erasable by heating at or above an erasing temperature thereof. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the second image forming unit comprises a plurality of color-erasable image forming units of which the color-erasable materials are different in color erasing temperature. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the erasing temperature is higher than a fixing temperature at which the non-erasable material is fixed to the medium. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is further configured to store first image data corresponding to the first type of image in a first storage section and second image data corresponding to the second type of image in a second storage section. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the non-erasable material has a color different from a color of the erasable material. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an operation panel that displays the input interface and through which the selections are made. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the selections are made using a computing device connected to the image forming apparatus over a network. 11. A method of forming an image containing a first type of image and a second type of image on a medium, comprising: determining from selections made on an input interface that the first type of image is to be printed with a non-erasable material and the second type of image is to be printed with a first erasable material; printing the first type of image on the medium with the non-erasable material; and printing the second type of image on the medium with the first erasable material. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the first type of image is one of decorative characters, annotations, and bordered characters, and the second type of image is different from the first type of image. 13. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: printing a third type of image with a second erasable material having a color different from a color of the first erasable material. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first erasable material is erasable by heating to at least a first erasing temperature, and the second erasable material is erasable by heating to at least a second erasing temperature different from the first erasing temperature. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein a color of the erasable material is different from a color of the non-erasable material. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising erasing the second type of image by heating the medium to an erasing temperature of the first erasable material or higher. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the erasing temperature of the first erasable material is higher than a fixing temperature at which the non-erasable material is fixed to the medium. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: storing first image data corresponding to the first type of image in a first storage section; and storing second image data corresponding to the second type of image in a second storage section. 19. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: displaying the input interface on an operation panel; and determining the selections based on inputs made through the operation panel. 20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the selections are received over a network from a computing device having the input interface and through which the selections are made.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to branched and linear chimeric compounds containing both nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid moieties, as well as to polynucleotides. The present disclosure also relates to uses thereof for stimulating an immune response, and to methods for preparation of the branched chimeric compounds. 1. A branched chimeric compound of formula (I): [D-L1-L2-(PEG)-L3]xF (I) wherein: D is a polynucleotide or a linear chimeric compound; L1 is a first linker comprising an alkylthio group; L2 is a second linker comprising a succinimide group; L3 is a third linker comprising an amide group; PEG is of the formula \u2014(OCH2CH2)n\u2014, where n is an integer from 2 to 80; x is an integer from 3 to 300; and F is a branched copolymer of sucrose and epichlorohydrin having a molecular weight of about 100,000 to about 700,000 daltons and is connected to L3 via an ether group, wherein the polynucleotide of D comprises the nucleotide sequence: 5\u2032-TCGGCGC AACGTTC TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein the polynucleotide is less than 50 nucleotides in length, and wherein one or more linkages between the nucleotides and between the 3\u2032-terminal nucleotide and L1 are phosphorothioate ester linkages; and wherein the linear chimeric compound of D comprises three nucleic acid moieties and two hexaethylene glycol (HEG) spacers as 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein the linear chimeric compound contains less than 50 nucleotides, and wherein one or more linkages between the nucleotides, between the nucleotides and the HEG spacers and between the 3\u2032-terminal nucleotide and L1 are phosphorothioate ester linkages. 2. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein L2 is 3. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein L3 is: 4. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein n of the formula \u2014(OCH2CH2)n\u2014 is 6, 24, 45 or 70. 5. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein F has a molecular weight of about 300,000 to about 500,000 daltons. 6. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein D is the polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence 5\u2032-TCGGCGC AACGTTC TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:1). 7. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein D is the linear chimeric compound consisting of 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:2). 8. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein L1 is \u2014(CH2)m\u2014S\u2014, wherein m is an integer from 2 to 9. 9. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein x is from 20 to 200. 10. The branched chimeric compound of claim 9, wherein x is from 90 to 150, n is 6 and m is 3 or 6. 11. The branched chimeric compound of claim 1, wherein all of the linkages between the nucleotides, where present the linkages between the nucleotides and the HEG spacers, and the linkage between the 3\u2032-terminal nucleotide and L1 are phosphorothioate ester linkages. 12-17. (canceled) 18. A linear chimeric compound comprising two nucleic acid moieties and a hexaethylene glycol (HEG) spacer as 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:4), wherein the linear chimeric compound contains fewer than 50 nucleotides, and wherein one or more linkages between the nucleotides and between the nucleotides and the HEG spacer are phosphorothioate ester linkages. 19. A linear chimeric compound comprising three nucleic acid moieties and two hexaethylene glycol (HEG) spacers as 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein the linear chimeric compound contains fewer than 50 nucleotides, and wherein one or more linkages between the nucleotides and between the nucleotides and the HEG spacers are phosphorothioate ester linkages. 20. The linear chimeric compound of claim 19, wherein the linear chimeric compound consists of 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:2). 21. The linear chimeric compound of claim 19, wherein the nucleic acid moieties are 2\u2032-deoxyribonucleotides. 22. The linear chimeric compound of claim 19, wherein all of the linkages are phosphorothioate ester linkages. 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and (ii) the branched chimeric compound of claim 1. 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the branched chimeric compound is capable of stimulating cytokine production by mammalian leukocytes, comprising one or more of the group consisting of: stimulating production of IFN-alpha by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; stimulating production of IL-6 by human B lymphocytes; and stimulating production of one or both of IL-12p40 and IL-6 by mouse splenocytes. 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the branched chimeric compound is capable of stimulating proliferation of mammalian B lymphocytes. 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the composition is a sterile solution. 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the composition further comprises an antigen that is not covalently-linked to the branched chimeric compound. 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the antigen is a microbial antigen, an allergen or a tumor antigen. 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the composition is essentially endotoxin-free. 30. A method of stimulating an immune response in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to a mammalian subject a pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 in an amount sufficient to stimulate an immune response in the mammalian subject. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein stimulating an immune response comprises one or more of the group consisting of: stimulating IFN-alpha production; stimulating IL-6 production; stimulating B lymphocyte proliferation; stimulating interferon pathway-associated gene expression; stimulating chemoattractant-associated gene expression; and stimulating plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) maturation. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein when the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an antigen, stimulating an immune response comprises inducing an antigen-specific antibody response, wherein titer of the antigen-specific antibody response is higher when the antigen is administered in combination with the branched chimeric compound than when the antigen is administered without the branched chimeric compound. 33. A method of inducing an antigen-specific antibody response in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to a mammalian subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 27 in an amount sufficient to induce an antigen-specific antibody response in the mammalian subject. 34. A method of preventing an infectious disease in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to a mammalian subject a pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 in an amount sufficient to prevent an infectious disease in the mammalian subject. 35. A method of ameliorating a symptom of an infectious disease in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to a mammalian subject a pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 in an amount sufficient to ameliorate a symptom of an infectious disease in the mammalian subject. 36. A method of ameliorating a symptom of an IgE-related disorder in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the mammalian subject a pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 in an amount sufficient to ameliorate a symptom of an IgE-related disorder in the mammalian subject. 37. A method of treating cancer in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to a mammalian subject a pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 in an amount sufficient to treat cancer in the mammalian subject. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein treating cancer comprises shrinking size of a solid tumor. 39. A method for preparing a branched chimeric compound of formula (I): [D-L1-L2-(PEG)-L3]x-F (I) wherein: D is a polynucleotide or a linear chimeric compound; L1 is a first linker comprising an alkylthio group; L2 is a second linker comprising a succinimide group; L3 is a third linker comprising an amide group; PEG is a polyethylene glycol; x is an integer from 3 to 300; and F is a branched copolymer of sucrose and epichlorohydrin having a molecular weight of about 100,000 to about 700,000 daltons and is connected to L3 via an ether group, wherein the polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence: 5\u2032-TCGGCGC AACGTTC TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein the polynucleotide is less than 50 nucleotides in length, and wherein one or more linkages between the nucleotides and between the 3\u2032-terminal nucleotide and L1 are phosphorothioate ester linkages, and wherein the linear chimeric compound comprises three nucleic acid moieties and two hexaethylene glycol (HEG) spacers as 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein the linear chimeric compound contains less than 50 nucleotides, and wherein one or more linkages between the nucleotides, between the nucleotides and the HEG spacers and between the 3\u2032-terminal nucleotide and L1 are phosphorothioate ester linkages, wherein the method comprises: reacting a compound of the formula D-L1a-SH, where D is as defined for formula (I) and L1a is (CH2)m where m is an integer from 2 to 9, with a compound of formula (II): [L2a-(PEG)-L3]y-F (II) wherein L3, PEG and F are as defined for formula (I); L2a is and y is an integer from 3 to 350. 40. The method according to claim 39, further comprising reacting a compound of the formula D-L1a-SS-L1a-OH with a reducing agent to produce the compound of the formula D-L1a-SH. 41. The method according to claim 39, further comprising reacting a compound of the formula (III): [NH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2]z\u2014F (III) wherein F is as defined for formula (I) and z is an integer from 3 to 400, with a compound of the formula L2a-(PEG)-L3a-Lv, where L2a and PEG are as defined for formula (II); L3a is \u2014NHC(O)CH2CH2C(O)\u2014 or \u2014C(O)\u2014; and Lv is a leaving group, to form the compound of the formula (II). 42. The method according to claim 41, wherein Lv is (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy. 43. The method according to claim 39, wherein D is 5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-AACGTTC-3\u2032-HEG-5\u2032-TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:2). 44. The method according to claim 39, wherein D is 5\u2032-TCGGCGC AACGTTC TCGGCGC-3\u2032 (SEQ ID NO:1).",
-    "Processes are described herein for the extraction of cannabinoids from cannabis using lipids as an extraction solvent. 1. A process in which cannabinoids are extracted from cannabinoid-bearing material through: (i) introducing cannabis-containing material to liquid lipid solvent and (ii) rapidly separating the plant material from the solvent. 2. The process defined in claim 1 in which the combined cannabinoid-bearing material and solvent are agitated briefly prior to the separation of the cannabinoid-bearing material and the solvent. 3. The process in claim 2 in which the agitation is achieved through mechanical agitation or the application of ultrasonic waves. 4. The process defined in claim 1 in which the solvent is a vegetable-based fat such as safflower, canola or sunflower oil or cocoa butter. 5. The process defined in claim 1 in which the solvent an animal-derived fat such as butter. 6. The process defined in claim 1 in which the solvent is another lipid such as a fatty acid, monoglyceride, diglyceride, sterol or saccharolipid. 7. The process defined in claim 1 in which the solvent is a mixture of natural or artificial lipids. 8. The process defined in claim 1 in which the time from the introduction of the solvent to the separation of the mixture is less than six hours. 9. The process defined in claim 1 in which the time from the introduction of the solvent to the separation of the mixture is less than one hour. 10. The process defined in claim 1 in which the cannabis-containing material is contained in a column or similar container and the solvent flows through the stationary material, and is separated from the cannabis-containing material at the end of the column or other container. 11. The process defined in claim 1 in which the separation of the solvent from the cannabinoid-bearing material is achieved through a continuous or semi-continuous process. 12. The process defined in claim 1 in which the separation is achieved through use of a centrifugal separator such as a basket centrifuge, pusher centrifuge, decanter centrifuge, screen centrifuge, inverting bag centrifuge or similar apparatus. 13. The process defined in claim 1 in which the separation is achieved through use of a filter such as a conveyor belt filter, horizontal vacuum filter or similar apparatus. 14. The process defined in claim 1 in which the separation is achieved through use of a press such as a belt press, screw press or similar apparatus. 15. The process defined in claim 1 in which the extraction process is repeated after the cannabinoid-bearing material is separated from the solvent to extract further cannabinoids from the cannabinoid-bearing material. 16. The process defined in claim 1 in which part or all of the cannabinoid-bearing solvent from the extraction process is strengthened by introducing it to further cannabinoid-bearing material. 17. The process defined in claim 1 in which the cannabinoid-bearing solvent is filtered or clarified to remove residual particles of extracted material. 18. The process defined in claim 1 in which the cannabinoid-bearing solvent is diluted to yield a product of a commercially desirable cannabinoid content. 19. The processes defined above applied to the extraction of desirable soluble components from materials not containing cannabinoids, in which the desired components are located primarily on the surface of the material in question.",
-    "Macrocyclic compounds that specifically inhibit insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) are provided. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, stereoisomers, polymorphs, tautomers, isotopically enriched forms, and prodrugs of the macrocyclic IDE inhibitors are also described. Pharmaceutical compositions are also provided. In vivo and in vitro methods of using the IDE inhibitor, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the IDE inhibitor, for example, for the inhibition of IDE in a subject exhibiting aberrant IDE activity, impaired insulin signaling, or insulin resistance, for example, a subject having diabetes, are also provided. 1. A method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with aberrant IDE activity, impaired insulin signaling, or insulin resistance, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (V): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, stereoisomer, polymorph, tautomer, isotopically enriched form, or prodrug thereof, wherein: is a single or double C\u2014C bond, wherein when is a double C\u2014C bond, then indicates that the adjacent C\u2014C double bond is in a cis or trans configuration; R1 is hydrogen; halogen; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; substituted or unsubstituted acyl; \u2014ORA; \u2014N(RA)2; \u2014SRA; \u2550O; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014SCN; \u2014SORA; or \u2014SO2RA; wherein each occurrence of RA is independently hydrogen; a protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R2 is hydrogen; halogen; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; substituted or unsubstituted acyl; \u2014ORB; \u2014N(RB)2; \u2014SRB; \u2550O; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014SCN; \u2014SORB; or \u2014SO2RB; wherein each occurrence of RB independently hydrogen; a protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R5 is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; substituted or unsubstituted amino; \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014N(RJ)2; \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014ORJ; or \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014SRJ, or \u2014CH2\u2014C(\u2550O)N(RJ)2, wherein each occurrence of RJ is independently hydrogen; a protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or two RJ groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; optionally wherein R5 further comprises a label, resin, or therapeutic agent attached thereto; each instance of RE, RF, RG, RH, and RI is independently hydrogen; substituted or unsubstituted acyl; a nitrogen protecting group; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; substitute or unsubstituted hydroxyl; substituted or unsubstituted thiol; substituted or unsubstituted amino; or halogen; n is 0 or an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive; and m is an integer between 1 and 5, inclusive. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula (VI): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, stereoisomer, polymorph, tautomer, isotopically enriched form, or prodrug thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula (VIII): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, stereoisomer, polymorph, tautomer, isotopically enriched form, or prodrug thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 represents \u2014H, \u2014CH3, \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014NH2, \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014NH\u2014C(\u2550NH)\u2014NH2, \u2014(CH2)p-cyclohexyl, \u2014(CH2)p-cyclopentyl, \u2014(CH2)p-cyclobutyl, \u2014(CH2)p-cyclopropyl, \u2014(CH2)p-phenyl, or \u2014CH2CH2CH2CH2\u2014NH2, wherein each occurrence of p is independently 0 or an integer between 1 and 10 inclusive. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 represents \u2014H, \u2014CH3, \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014NH2, \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014NH\u2014C(\u2550NH)\u2014NH2, \u2014CH2-cyclohexyl, \u2014CH2-cyclopropyl, or \u2014CH2CH2CH2CH2\u2014NH2. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein R2 is \u2014H. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein R2 is \u2014(CH2)q\u2014CH3, wherein q is 0 or an integer between 1 and 10 inclusive. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein R5 is \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014N(RJ)2 or \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014N(RJ)2. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein represents a double bond. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the double bond is in trans-configuration. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the double bond is in cis-configuration. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein n is 1. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein m is 4. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: (wherein X is , and is a single C\u2014C bond), compound \u201cC\u201d building block 13 alanine 14 D-alanine 15 serine 16 2-methylalanine 17 glycine 19 phenylalanine 20 lysine 21 glutamate 22 phenylalanine indicates data missing or illegible when filed and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, stereoisomers, polymorphs, tautomers, isotopically enriched forms, and prodrugs thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, stereoisomer, polymorph, tautomer, isotopically enriched form, or prodrug thereof. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is administered in an amount effective to reduce an IDE activity in the subject to less than about 50% as compared to the IDE activity in the absence of the compound. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the IDE activity is plasma IDE activity and/or pancreas IDE activity. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject exhibits impaired insulin signaling or insulin resistance. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease, disorder, or condition is diabetes. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease, disorder, or condition is metabolic syndrome.",
-    "A computing device may comprise a volatile memory and a non-volatile storage device. Upon system shutdown, contents of the volatile memory may be preserved by memory transfer operations from the volatile memory to the non-volatile storage device. During memory preservation, the computing device may enter a low-power state. The low-power state may comprise suspension of power to a core of a processor while maintaining power to the processor's uncore, and disablement of interrupt signals not related to memory transfer operations. Power delivery to the core of the processor may be periodically resumed to initiate additional memory transfer operations. 1. A computing device comprising: a volatile memory logically partitioned into a plurality of portions; a non-volatile storage device, wherein content of a portion of the plurality of portions is transferable to the non-volatile storage device by a memory transfer operation; an operating system of the computing device that, in response to receiving information indicative of a transition from utility to battery power, causes the computing device to at least: suspend power to a first core of a processor, wherein power to a first uncore of the processor is maintained at least until the memory transfer operation is completed; and disable delivery to the processor of interrupt signals not including a first set of interrupt signals, the first set comprising a first signal indicative of completing the memory transfer operation. 2. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the operating system, in response to said receiving information indicative of a transition from utility to battery power, further causes the computing device to at least: enable the first core of the processor in response to receiving the first signal; initiate a second memory transfer operation using the first core of the processor; and suspend power to the first core of the processor, wherein power to the first uncore of the processor is maintained at least until the second memory transfer operation is completed. 3. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the operating system, in response to receiving said information indicative of a transition from utility to battery power, further causes the computing device to at least: initiate the memory transfer operation, using the first core of the processor, in response to determining that the portion is identified by the operating system as non-volatile memory. 4. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the operating system, in response to said receiving information indicative of a transition from utility to battery power, further causes the computing device to at least: suspend power to a second core of the processor and a second uncore of the processor, wherein the second core is unassociated with processing of the memory transfer operation. 5. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the operating system, in response to said receiving information indicative of the transition from utility to battery power, further causes the computing device to at least: suspend power to a second volatile memory, based at least in part on the second volatile memory having no content to be transferred to the non-volatile storage device in response to said receiving information indicative of a transition from utility to battery power. 6. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the first set of interrupt signals comprises a second signal indicative of a state of a source of the battery power. 7. A method of operating a computing device, the method comprising: receiving information indicative of the computing device switching from utility power to battery power; initiating, by a first core of a first processor, a memory transfer operation from a page of a volatile memory to a non-volatile memory; suspending power to the first core of the first processor; maintaining power to a first uncore of the first processor; disabling delivery to the first processor of interrupt signals, the disabled interrupt signals not including a first signal indicative of completing the memory transfer operation; and restoring, by the first uncore of the first processor in response to receiving the first signal, power to the first core of the first processor. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: initiating a second memory transfer operation using the first core of the first processor in response to receiving the first signal; and suspending power to the first core of the first processor after initiating the second memory transfer operation. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining that the page of volatile memory is identified by an operating system of the computing device as a page of non-volatile memory; and initiating the memory transfer operation based at least in part on the determination. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising: suspending power to a second core of the processor and a second uncore of the first processor. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: suspending power to the second core and the second uncore based at least in part on a number of pages of volatile memory identified as non-volatile memory pages. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising: suspending power to a second volatile memory, based at least in part on the second volatile memory having no content to be transferred to the non-volatile memory in response to said receiving information indicative of the computing device switching from utility power to battery power. 13. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining to delay the suspending power to the first core of the first processor based at least in part on an estimated amount of time before switching from battery power to utility power. 14. The method of claim 7, further comprising: maintaining power to a second processor core of a second processor; executing firmware instructions using the second processor; identifying, by the executing the firmware, an operating system deadlock; and initiating, by the executing of the firmware instructions, the memory transfer operation. 15. A computer-readable storage memory having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that, upon execution by a computer, cause the computer to at least: determine, based at least in part on a state of a power source of the computer, to initiate a memory transfer operation from volatile memory to non-volatile memory; initiate the memory transfer operation using a first of a processor; suspend power to a first subset of the processor, wherein power to a second subset of the core is maintained when power to the first subset is suspended; disable delivery to the processor of interrupt signals, the disabled interrupt signals not including a first signal indicative of completing the memory transfer operation; and restore power to the first subset of the processor using the second subset of the processor, in response to receiving the first signal. 16. The computer-readable storage memory of claim 15, comprising further instructions that, upon execution by the computer, cause the computer to at least: determine to suspend power to a volatile memory device based at least in part on the memory device having no pages identified by an operating system of the computer as non-volatile memory. 17. The computer-readable storage memory of claim 15, comprising further instructions that, upon execution by the computer, cause the computer to at least: determine an amount of time to delay suspending power to the first subset of the processor based at least in part on an estimated amount of time before switching from battery power to utility power. 18. The computer-readable storage memory of claim 15, comprising further instructions that, upon execution by the computer, cause the computer to at least: determine a number of cores to suspend power to based at least in part on an estimated likelihood of remaining on battery power for more than a threshold amount of time. 19. The computer-readable storage memory of claim 15, comprising further instructions that, upon execution by the computer, cause the computer to at least: execute firmware instructions that initiate the memory transfer operation. 20. The computer-readable storage memory of claim 15, wherein the disabled interrupt signals do not include a second signal indicative of the state of the power source.",
-    "Contact lenses are provided for ocular iontophoretic therapy. Implementations include a reservoir adapted to contain a charged therapeutic compound, a current source providing iontophoretic current to the charged therapeutic composition to affect delivery of the charged therapeutic composition into an eyeball, and a sensing circuit controlling the current source to maintain a selected pH range of the charged therapeutic composition. Alternate embodiments include active, sacrificial electrodes for generating ions sufficient to provide electromotive repulsive force to the charged compound to effect transport into ocular tissue. 1. A contact lens for ocular therapy, comprising: a reservoir adapted to contain a charged therapeutic composition; a current source providing iontophoretic current to the charged therapeutic composition to affect delivery of the charged therapeutic composition into an eyeball; and a sensing circuit controlling the current source to maintain a selected pH range of the charged therapeutic composition. 2. The contact lens of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the following components: a buffer layer adapted to maintain a selected pH range of the charged therapeutic composition within the reservoir; a first conductive layer adapted to distribute the iontophoretic current to at least one of the reservoir and a buffer layer; and a first conductive layer including the current source and a second conductive layer having a higher resistivity than the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer adapted to evenly distribute current to at least one of the reservoir and a buffer layer. 3. The contact lens of claim 2, further comprising a center portion to which the reservoir and the layer component(s) are annularly mounted. 4. The contact lens of claim 3, wherein the center portion has a surface conforming to a cornea surface. 5. The contact lens of claim 3, wherein the charged therapeutic composition, the current source and the sensing circuit are located outside of the center portion. 6. The contact lens of claim 1, comprising a layer having a surface conforming to a surface of an eyeball. 7. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the current source comprises a power converter for receiving energy from an external source and converting the energy to the iontophoretic current. 8. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the sensing circuit comprises: a pH sensor configured to detect the pH level of the charged therapeutic composition; and a current source controller configured to change the iontophoretic current when the detected pH level is outside the selected pH range. 9. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the current source comprises a converter configured to convert power wirelessly received from an external source. 10. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the current source comprises at least one of an energy storage component and energy harvesting circuitry. 11. The contact lens of claim 1, further comprising a polarity selective barrier region disposed at the perimeter of the reservoir and having a polarity the same as that of the charged compound in the corresponding reservoir. 12. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the charged therapeutic composition is absorbed into a layer of the lens. 13. A contact lens for ocular therapy, comprising: a reservoir adapted to contain a charged therapeutic compound; a sacrificial electrode in contact with the charged therapeutic compound, the sacrificial electrode adapted to generate ions having the same charge polarity as the charged therapeutic compound; a voltage source providing iontophoretic voltage to the sacrificial electrode to affect an electric motive force causing delivery of the charged therapeutic compound into an eyeball; and a sensing circuit controlling the voltage source to adjust the delivery of the charged therapeutic compound. 14. The contact lens of claim 13 wherein: the sensing circuit comprises a sensor configured to detect the conductivity of the sacrificial electrode, and a voltage source controller configured to change the iontophoretic voltage when the detected sacrificial electrode conductivity is outside a selected range.",
-    "Power is inverted using double-base-contact bidirectional bipolar transistors in a three-level-inverter topology. The transistors not only switch to synthesize a PWM approximation of the desired AC waveform, but also have transient phases of diode conduction before each full turn-on or turn-off. 1. A method of inverting power, comprising the actions of: a) providing a neutral line, and hot lines which are respectively positive and negative with reference to the neutral line; and b) operating bidirectional dual-base-contact transistors to selectably connect each output line to the neutral line or to one of the hot lines, to thereby synthesize an AC waveform on each output line; wherein step b operates the transistors as diodes before full turn-on and before full turn-off, and also flows base current, at full turn-on, to lower the voltage on each said transistor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing step generates the neutral line from two of the hot lines. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step b flows base current, at turn-on, through the base contact which is nearest the collector side of the device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the transistors is npn. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the transistors is built in silicon carbide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the transistors is a three-layer four-terminal device. 7. A power inverter, comprising: a neutral line, and hot lines which are respectively positive and negative with reference to the neutral line; a plurality of output lines, and a plurality of bidirectional dual-base-contact transistors each connected between one of the output lines and one of the neutral and hot lines; and control circuitry which operates the transistors to selectably connect each output line to the neutral line or to one of the hot lines at various times, to thereby synthesize an AC waveform on each output line. 8. The inverter of claim 7, wherein the providing step generates the neutral line from two of the hot lines. 9. The inverter of claim 7, wherein each of the transistors is npn. 10. The inverter of claim 7, wherein each of the transistors is built in silicon carbide. 11. The inverter of claim 7, wherein each of the transistors is a three-layer four-terminal device. 12. A power inverter which operates from positive, negative, and neutral lines, comprising: a plurality of output lines, and a plurality of bidirectional dual-base-contact bipolar transistors each connected between one of the output lines and one of the positive, negative, and neutral lines; and control circuitry which operates the transistors to selectably connect each output line, at chosen times, to one of the positive, negative, and neutral lines, to thereby synthesize an AC waveform on each output line. 13. The inverter of claim 12, wherein the neutral line is averaged from the positive, negative, and neutral lines. 14. The inverter of claim 12, wherein each of the transistors is npn. 15. The inverter of claim 12, wherein each of the transistors is built in silicon carbide. 16. The inverter of claim 12, wherein each of the transistors is a three-layer four-terminal device. 17-22. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for topical or transdermal delivery, e.g., for affecting mood states. In some cases, the composition may include nitric oxide and/or peptides. The nitric oxide and/or peptide may be present within a first phase comprising a lecithin, such as phosphatidylcholine. In certain embodiments, the lecithin is present in liposomes, micelles, or other vesicles containing nitric oxide, peptides, or both. The composition can take the form of a gel, a cream, a lotion, an ointment, a solution, a solid \u201cstick,\u201d etc., that can be rubbed or sprayed onto the skin. Other aspects of the present invention are generally directed to methods of making or using such compositions, methods of promoting such compositions, kits including such compositions, or the like. 1-45. (canceled) 46. A method, comprising: administering, to the skin of a subject to affect a mood state of the subject, a composition comprising an effective amount of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and molecular nitric oxide to affect the mood state of the subject, and a carrier comprising lecithin containing the molecular nitric oxide, wherein the composition is stable at room temperature. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the carrier further comprises polyenylphosphatidylcholine. 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition comprises a liquid crystal structure. 49. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition comprises no more than about 250 ppm of water by weight of the composition. 50. The method of claim 46, wherein the lecithin is present at at least about 0.25% by weight of the composition. 51. The method of claim 46, wherein the molecular nitric oxide is present at at least about 0.5% by weight of the composition without nitric oxide. 52. The method of claim 46, wherein the molecular nitric oxide is present within the composition as a gas. 53. The method of claim 46, wherein the molecular nitric oxide is bound by hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces to the lecithin. 54. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition is a cream. 55. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition is a gel. 56. A method, comprising: administering, to the skin of a subject to affect a mood state of the subject, a composition comprising an effective amount of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and molecular nitric oxide to affect the mood state of the subject, and a carrier comprising lecithin containing the molecular nitric oxide, wherein the first phase comprises no more than about 250 ppm of water by weight of the composition. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the carrier further comprises polyenylphosphatidylcholine. 58. The method of claim 56, wherein the composition comprises a liquid crystal structure. 59. The method of claim 56, wherein the composition is stable at room temperature. 60. The method of claim 56, wherein the lecithin is present at at least about 0.25% by weight of the composition. 61. The method of claim 56, wherein the molecular nitric oxide is present at at least about 0.5% by weight of the composition without nitric oxide. 62. The method of claim 56, wherein the molecular nitric oxide is present within the composition as a gas. 63. The method of claim 56, wherein the molecular nitric oxide is bound by hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces to the lecithin. 64. The method of claim 56, wherein the composition is a cream. 65. The method of claim 56, wherein the composition is a gel.",
-    "A system and a method are disclosed for displaying content collected in a pen-based computing system. Content collected in the pen-based computing system includes stroke data collected by a smart pen as well as other contextual data collected by the pen-based computing system. The collected stroke data are grouped into snippets and used to create paper strips. Paper strips are arranged based on metadata associated with the collected content. 1. A method for displaying content collected in a pen-based computing system, the method comprising: obtaining a plurality of stroke data representing strokes made by a smart pen with respect to a writing surface; grouping the plurality of stroke data into one or more snippets based on temporal and spatial coordinates of the stroke data, each snippet having associated metadata; creating a plurality of paper strips, by a processor, each paper strip corresponding to a different snippet, and each paper strip representing the stroke data of the corresponding snippet; arranging the plurality of the created paper strips based on the associated metadata of the snippets corresponding to the paper strips; and outputting the created one or more paper strips. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining an orientation of the stroke data in a given paper strip based on spatial coordinates and timestamps associated with the stroke data in a corresponding snippet; and orienting the given paper strip based on the determined orientation. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in the associated metadata comprises at least one of: a timestamp, a positional coordinate, a contextual marker, location information, device identity, and text recognized from strokes using handwriting recognition. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein creating the plurality of paper strips further comprises: for a given paper strip corresponding to a first snippet having first stroke data, including in the given paper strip second stroke data having vertical coordinates that overlap with vertical coordinates of stroke data in the first snippet. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metadata associated with each snippet includes a timestamp, and wherein arranging the plurality of the created paper strips comprises: arranging the plurality of the created paper strips based on a sequential ordering of the timestamp in each of the created paper strips. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying first stroke data of a first snippet in a first paper strip; converting the first stroke data to one or more characters based on handwriting recognition of the first stroke data; receiving an input to toggle the first paper strip; and responsive to the input, displaying a representation of the one or more characters converted from the first stroke data. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: linking one or more contextual data items collected by the pen-based computing system to the created paper strip; and modifying the created paper strip to further comprise one or more references to the linked one or more contextual data items. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the contextual data items comprise at least one of: a contextual marker, a command, a photograph, location information, an audio recording, a video recording, a web page, a calendar entry, a contact entry, an email, and a document. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more references are displayed as an object comprising at least one of: an image, an image preview, a video preview, an icon, and a text preview. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving an input designating a first paper strip and an associated item in a second paper strip, the associated item comprising at least one of stroke data and a contextual item; modifying the first paper strip to include the associated item; modifying the second paper strip to remove the associated item; and displaying the modified first paper strip and the modified second paper strip. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving an input designating a filter based on a contextual data item; re-arranging the plurality of paper strips to sort the plurality of paper strips based on the contextual data item; and displaying the re-arranged plurality of paper strips. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising: receiving an input selecting a reference included in a displayed paper strip; and responsive to receiving an input selecting a reference, displaying the contextual data item linked to the reference. 13. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium configured to store instructions, the instructions when executed by a processor cause the processor to: obtain, by a processor of the pen-based computing system, a plurality of stroke data representing strokes made by a smart pen with respect to a writing surface; group the plurality of stroke data into one or more snippets based on temporal and spatial coordinates of the stroke data, each snippet having associated metadata; create a plurality of paper strips, each paper strip corresponding to a different snippet, and each paper strip representing the stroke data of the corresponding snippet; arrange the plurality of created paper strips based on the associated metadata of the snippets corresponding to the paper strips; and prepare for display the created one or more paper strips. 14. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: determine an orientation of the stroke data in a given paper strip based on spatial coordinates and timestamps associated with the stroke data in a corresponding snippet; and orient the given paper strip based on the determined orientation. 15. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein in the associated metadata comprises at least one of: a timestamp, a positional coordinate, a contextual marker, location information, device identity, and text recognized from strokes using handwriting recognition. 16. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: for a given paper strip corresponding to a first snippet having first stroke data, include in the given paper strip second stroke data having vertical coordinates that overlap with vertical coordinates of stroke data in the first snippet. 17. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the metadata associated with each snippet includes a timestamp, and wherein the instructions to arrange the plurality of the created paper strips comprise instructions that cause the processor to: arrange the plurality of the created paper strips based on a sequential ordering of the timestamp in each of the created paper strips. 18. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 12, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: display a first stroke data of a first snippet in a first paper strip; convert the first stroke data to one or more characters based on handwriting recognition of the first stroke data; receive an input to toggle the first paper strip; and responsive to the input, display a representation of the one or more characters converted from the first stroke data. 19. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 12, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: link one or more contextual data items collected by the pen-based computing system to the created paper strip; and modify the created paper strip to further comprise one or more references to the linked one or more contextual data items. 20. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the contextual data items comprise at least one of: a contextual marker, a command, a photograph, location information, an audio recording, a video recording, a web page, a calendar entry, a contact entry, an email, and a document. 21. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the one or more references are displayed as an object comprising at least one of: an image, an image preview, a video preview, an icon, and a text preview. 22. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 19, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: receive an input designating a first paper strip and an associated item in a second paper strip, the associated item comprising at least one of stroke data and a contextual item; modify the first paper strip to include the associated item; modify the second paper strip to remove the associated item; and display the modified first paper strip and the modified second paper strip. 23. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 19, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: receive an input designating a filter based on a contextual data item; re-arrange the plurality of paper strips to sort the plurality of paper strips based on the contextual data item; and display the re-arranged plurality of paper strips. 24. The non-transitory, computer readable storage medium of claim 19, further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: receive an input selecting a reference included in a displayed paper strip; and responsive to receiving an input selecting a reference, display the contextual data item linked to the reference.",
-    "Interaction is evaluated between a computer system cache and at least one entity that submits a stream of references corresponding to location identifiers of data storage locations. The reference stream is spatially sampled by comparing a hash value of each reference with a threshold value and selecting only those references whose hash value meets a selection criterion. Cache utility values are then compiled for those references. In some embodiments, the compiled cache values may then be corrected for accuracy as a function of statistics of those location identifiers over the entire stream of references and of the sampled references whose hash values satisfied the selection criterion. Alternatively, a plurality of caching configurations is selected and the selected references are applied as inputs to a plurality of caching simulations, each corresponding to a different caching configuration. A resulting set of cache utility values is then computed for each caching simulation. 1. A method for evaluating interaction between a cache in a computer system and at least one entity, where each entity submits a stream of references, each reference corresponding to a location identifier corresponding to data storage locations in a storage system, the method comprising, for each of at least one of the entities, at a sampling rate, spatially sampling the stream of references by: selecting a threshold value; computing a hash value for each reference; comparing the hash value for each reference in the stream with the threshold value and selecting only those references whose hash value meets a selection criterion; maintaining a sample set data structure having entries corresponding to the sampled references whose hash values satisfy the selection criterion; compiling cache utility values for the sampled references whose hash values satisfy the selection criterion; computing a first statistic of the location identifiers that meet the selection criterion over the entire stream of references; computing a second statistic for the sampled references whose hash values satisfied the selection criterion; and computing and applying to the compiled cache utility values a correction as a function of the difference between the first and second statistics. 2. The method as in claim 1, further comprising rescaling the entries as a function of the sampling rate before compiling the cache utility values. 3. The method as in claim 1, further comprising computing the first statistic as an expected value of the number of location identifiers that meet the selection criterion over the entire stream of references. 4. The method as in claim 1, in which the selection criterion is that a modular arithmetic remainder of the hash value of the reference lies in an acceptable range relative to the threshold value. 5. The method as in claim 1, further comprising transferring the compiled cache utility values to a display unit for display. 6. The method as in claim 1, further comprising compiling the cache utility values in a format chosen from the group: cache miss rate curve, cache hit rate curve, cache miss ratio curve, and cache hit ratio curve. 7. The method as in claim 1, further comprising selecting a size of the cache in the computer system in accordance with the compiled cache utility values. 8. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: repeating the step of spatially sampling for a plurality of reference streams, using different sampling parameters; compiling a set of cache utility values for each of the reference streams; and adjusting cache parameters in accordance with the sets of cache utility values with respect to a user-selected optimization criterion. 9. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: repeating the step of spatially sampling for a plurality of reference streams, each reference stream corresponding to a different one of the entities, each of which is associated with a corresponding cache partition; compiling a set of cache utility values for each of the reference streams; and adjusting the cache partitions in accordance with the sets of cache utility values with respect to a user-selected optimization criterion. 10. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: selecting, based on the compiled cache utility values, a desired cache characteristic; and configuring the cache to have the selected desired cache characteristic. 11. The method as in claim 10, in which the cache characteristic is cache size. 12. The method as in claim 10, in which the cache characteristic is cache partitioning. 13. The method as in claim 10, in which the desired cache characteristic is cache block size. 14. The method as in claim 10, in which the desired cache characteristic corresponds to a predetermined latency measure. 15. The method as in claim 10, in which the desired cache characteristic corresponds to a minimum I/O throughput. 16. The method as in claim 1, further comprising computing a miss-ratio curve from the compiled cache utility values. 17. The method as in claim 1, further comprising computing a miss-rate curve from the compiled cache utility values. 18. The method as in claim 1, further comprising accumulating the cache utility values into histogram value range bins. 19. The method as in claim 18, further comprising determining a reuse distance measure for each reference whose hash value satisfied the selection criterion and storing, in a distance data structure, an indicator of each such reference, said histogram value bins representing respective ranges of the reuse distances. 20. The method as in claim 19, further comprising: selecting a maximum size for the distance data structure; detecting that the size of the distance data structure has exceeded the maximum size; removing from the distance data structure a number of entries necessary to reduce the number of entries such that a resulting size of the sample set data structure is no more than the maximum size; and adjusting the threshold value such that the entries in the distance data structure still meet the selection criterion but the removed entries do not. 21. The method as in claim 18, further comprising computing the first statistic as an expected value of the number of location identifiers that meet the selection criterion over the entire stream of references; and adjusting the values of at least one of the histogram value range bins by the correction. 22. The method as in claim 21, in which the first statistic is a number of location identifiers expected to have a predetermined caching property and the second statistic is the measured number of location identifiers that meet the selection criterion 23. The method as in claim 21, further comprising adjusting more than one of the histogram value range bins by the correction. 24. The method as in claim 21, further comprising adjusting only a first one of the histogram value range bins by the correction. 25. The method as in claim 21, further comprising computing the expected number as a product of a total number of references in the stream times the sampling rate. 26. The method as in claim 18, further comprising: determining a total number (Nt) of references in the stream; determining a total (Mt) and a sampled number (Ms) of unique references in the stream; determining a total number (Ns) of sampled references in the stream as a function of the sum of the values in the histogram bins; computing a correction as a function of Nt, Ns, Mt and Ms; and adjusting the values of the histogram value range bins by the correction. 27. The method as in claim 26, in which the correction is a function of (Nt*Ms\u2212Mt*Ns)/Mt. 28. A method for evaluating interaction between a cache in a computer system and at least one entity, said entity submitting a stream of references, each reference corresponding to a location identifier corresponding to data storage locations in a storage system, the method comprising: spatially sampling, at a sampling rate, the stream of references by: selecting a threshold value; computing a hash value for each reference; comparing the hash value for each reference in the stream with the threshold value and selecting only those references whose hash value meets a selection criterion; selecting a plurality of caching configurations; applying the selected references as inputs to a plurality of caching simulations each corresponding to a respective one of the caching configurations, and computing a resulting, respective set of cache utility values for each caching simulation. 29. The method as in claim 28, in which each caching configuration is a respective cache size. 30. The method as in claim 28, further comprising selecting a size of the cache in the computer system by determining an optimal size from the compiled cache utility values for the respective caching configurations. 31. The method as in claim 28, in which the caching simulation applies to the reference stream a least recently used (LRU) replacement policy. 32. The method as in claim 28, in which the caching simulation applies to the reference stream a low inter-reference recency set (LIRS) replacement policy. 33. The method as in claim 28, in which the caching simulation applies to the reference stream a self-tuning, low overhead replacement cache (ARC). 34. The method as in claim 28, in which the caching simulation applies to the reference stream a clock with adaptive replacement (CAR) policy. 35. The method as in claim 28, further comprising computing the different sets of cache utility values in parallel. 36. A cache analysis system for evaluating interaction between a cache in a computer system and at least one entity, each entity submitting a stream of references, each reference corresponding to a location identifier corresponding to data storage locations in a storage system, the cache analysis system comprising computer-executable code embodied in non-transitory storage medium, said code, when executed on a processor within the cache analysis system, causing the processor: to spatially sample, at a sampling rate, the stream of references by: computing a hash value for each reference; and comparing the hash value for each reference in the stream with a threshold value and selecting only those references whose hash value meets a selection criterion; to maintain a sample set data structure having entries corresponding to the sampled references whose hash values satisfy the selection criterion; to compile cache utility values for the sampled references whose hash values satisfy the selection criterion; to compute a first statistic of the location identifiers that meet the selection criterion over the entire stream of references; to compute a second statistic for the sampled references whose hash values satisfied the selection criterion; and to compute and apply to the compiled cache utility values a correction as a function of the difference between the first and second statistics. 37. The system as in claim 36, in which the cache analysis system is further configured for rescaling the entries as a function of the sampling rate before compiling the cache utility values. 38. The system as in claim 36, in which cache analysis system is further configured for computing the first statistic as an expected value of the number of location identifiers that meet the selection criterion over the entire stream of references. 39. The system as in claim 36, in which the selection criterion is that a modular arithmetic remainder of the hash value of the reference lies in an acceptable range relative to the threshold value. 40. The system as in claim 36, further including a cache utility curve module, embodied as corresponding code executable on the processor, provided for transferring the compiled cache utility values to a display unit for display. 41. The system as in claim 36, wherein the compiled cache utility values are adapted for presentation in a format chosen from the group: cache miss rate curve, cache hit rate curve, cache miss ratio curve, and cache hit ratio curve. 42. The system as in claim 36, further including a cache utility curve module, embodied as corresponding code executable on the processor, provided for transferring the compiled cache utility values to a cache management sub-system that is provided for selecting a size of the cache in the computer system in accordance with the compiled cache utility values. 43. The system as in claim 36, wherein the executable code further causes the processor to spatially sample a plurality of reference streams, using different sampling parameters and to compile a set of cache utility values for each of the reference streams. 44. The system as in claim 36, wherein the executable code further causes the processor to repeat spatial sampling for a plurality of reference streams, each reference stream corresponding to a different one of the entities, each of which is associated with a corresponding physical cache partition; and to compile a set of cache utility values for each of the reference streams, whereby a user may adjust the cache partitions in accordance with the sets of cache utility values with respect to a user-selected optimization criterion. 45. The system as in claim 36, wherein the processor is provided to convert the compiled cache utility values into a cache miss-ratio curve. 46. The system as in claim 36, wherein the processor is provided to convert the compiled cache utility values into a cache miss-rate curve. 47. The system as in claim 36, further comprising a histogram data structure stored within the cache analysis system, said histogram data structure accumulating the cache utility values into histogram value range bins. 48. The system as in claim 47, in which the processor is provided to compute a reuse distance measure for each reference whose hash value satisfied the selection criterion and to store, in a distance data structure stored within the cache analysis system, an indicator of each such reference, said histogram value bins representing respective ranges of the reuse distances. 49. The system as in claim 48, in which the processor is provided to: detect that the distance data structure has exceeded a maximum size; to remove from the distance data structure a number of entries necessary to reduce the number of entries such that a resulting size of the distance data structure is no more than the maximum size; and to adjust the threshold value such that the entries in the distance data structure still meet the selection criterion but the removed entries do not. 50. The system as in claim 47, wherein the cache analysis system is configured for computing the first statistic as an expected value of the number of location identifiers that meet the selection criterion over the entire stream of references; and for adjusting the values of at least one of the histogram value range bins by the correction. 51. The system as in claim 50, in which the first statistic is a number of location identifiers expected to have a predetermined caching property and the second statistic is the measured number of location identifiers that meet the selection criterion 52. The system as in claim 50, wherein more than one of the histogram value range bins is adjusted by the correction. 53. The system as in claim 50, wherein only a first one of the histogram value range bins is adjusted by the correction. 54. The system as in claim 50, in which the expected number is computed as a product of a total number of references in the stream times the sampling rate. 55. The system as in claim 47, further comprising executable code that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor: to determine a total number (Nt) of references in the stream; to determine a total (Mt) and a sampled number (Ms) of unique references in the stream; to determine a total number (Ns) of sampled references in the stream as a function of the sum of the values in the histogram bins; to compute a correction as a function of Nt, Ns, Mt and Ms; and to adjust the values of the histogram value range bins by the correction. 56. The system as in claim 55, in which the correction is a function of (Nt*Ms\u2212Mt*Ns)/Mt. 57. A cache analysis system for evaluating interaction between a cache in a computer system and at least one entity, each entity submitting a stream of references, each reference corresponding to a location identifier corresponding to data storage locations in a storage system, the cache analysis system comprising computer-executable code embodied in non-transitory storage medium, said code, when executed on a processor within the cache analysis system, causing the processor: to spatially sample, at a sampling rate, the stream of references by: computing a hash value for each reference; comparing the hash value for each reference in the stream with a threshold value and selecting only those references whose hash value meets a selection criterion; to apply the selected references as inputs to a plurality of caching simulations each corresponding to a respective one of a plurality of caching configurations, and to compute a resulting, respective set of cache utility values for each caching simulation. 58. The system as in claim 57, in which each caching configuration is a respective cache size. 59. The system as in claim 57, further comprising a cache manager in the computer system, wherein the processor further computes a size of the cache in the computer system by determining an optimal size from the compiled cache utility values for the respective caching configurations. 60. The system as in claim 57, in which the caching simulations apply to the reference stream a least recently used (LRU) replacement policy. 61. The system as in claim 57, in which the caching simulations apply to the reference stream a low inter-reference recency set (LIRS) replacement policy. 62. The system as in claim 57, in which the caching simulations apply to the reference stream a self-tuning, low overhead replacement cache (ARC). 63. The system as in claim 57, in which the caching simulations apply to the reference stream a clock with adaptive replacement (CAR) policy. 64. The system as in claim 57, in which the processor is provided for computing the different sets of cache utility values in parallel.",
-    "The present invention provides a system and method for converting wave energy into electric energy in an intelligent, practical, and efficient manner. The system utilizes a power input shaft coupled with a vertically reciprocating buoy to rotate a crank gear and a ratchet gear meshing therewith. An intelligent control system is included to monitor, control, and optimize the operations of the system. The length of the power input shaft is adjusted in response to water level fluctuations so that the rotational motion of the crank gear is intelligently controlled within a predetermined desirable region for maximum efficiency. 1. A system for wave energy generation for use above a body of waving water, comprising: a platform assembly above the waving water; a buoy for floating on the waving water; a motion translating assembly coupled with said buoy for translating vertical motion into rotational motion, comprising (i) at least one power input shaft coupled with said buoy at a first coupling position on said power input shaft and (ii) a gear transmission assembly having at least one crank gear coupled with said power input shaft by coupling a second coupling position on said power input shaft to a third coupling position on said crank gear; wherein said third coupling position on the crank gear is driven to rotate reciprocally within an angle \u03b8 of less than 180 degree as the buoy is moved up and down by the waving water; an adjustor that can be activated to vary the distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position when the angle \u03b4 between the bisector of angle \u03b8 and the horizontal plane is not zero, so that the absolute value of angle \u03b4 is decreased; and a plurality of generators coupled with said gear transmission assembly and stationed on said platform assembly such that rotational motion within said gear transmission assembly results in said generators generating electric energy; whereby said system will be powered by irregular, unpredictable, and variable wave actions from all directions. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an intelligent control system connected with said motion translating assembly, said adjustor, and said plurality of generators for collecting and processing information of environmental and said system's conditions from a plurality of sensors and meters, determining directives, and transmitting directives. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein said power input shaft is threaded. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein said adjustor comprises at least one threaded rod adjustment device mounted on said power input shaft, comprising an electric motor, a drive gear propelled by said electric motor, and a threaded driven gear engaged with said drive gear and mounted on said power input shaft to drive said power input shaft upward or downward in response to water level fluctuations; and wherein said threaded rod adjustment device is controlled by said intelligent control system to vary the distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position, and thereby decrease the absolute value of angle \u03b4. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein said gear transmission assembly further comprises at least one ratchet gear meshing with or synchronously driven through other means by said crank gear and mounted on a driveshaft, at least one flywheel mounted on said driveshaft, and at least one pulley mounted on said driveshaft, said driveshaft coupled with said generators to provide driving force thereto. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein said motion translating assembly further comprises at least one flexible pivot device connecting said power input shaft to said crank gear for protecting said motion translating assembly from being damaged by irregular, unpredictable, and variable wave actions from all directions. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein said flexible pivot device comprises a first flexible joint housed in a flexible joint housing including a pivot pin mounted on said crank gear, and a second flexible joint including a pivot pin mounted on the flexible joint housing and connected to said power input shaft; wherein the first and second flexible joints are coupled perpendicular to each other; and said first flexible joint being able to freely turn at any angle relative to said crank gear and said second flexible joint being able to freely turn at any angle relative to said first flexible joint. 8. The system according to claim 2, further comprising a counterbalancing and maintenance device coupled with said buoy, comprising a counterweight connected to said buoy via a cable, said counterweight having slightly less weight than predetermined lifting load and reciprocating vertically in the opposite direction of said buoy such that wave energy lost in uplifting said buoy will be substantially reduced and wave energy converted into electric energy will be maximized. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein said counterbalancing and maintenance device further comprises a counterweight lock and an electric winch assembly controlled by said intelligence control system such that when a predetermined extreme wave and weather condition has been detected by said intelligence control system, said counterweight lock will secure said counterweight and said electric winch assembly will uplift said buoy to a predetermined safe position. 10. The system according to claim 2, wherein each of said plurality of generators has a distinct predetermined power rating and will work independently or in logical combination according to directives received from said intelligent control system in response to variable wave energy levels. 11. The system according to claim 2, wherein said platform assembly comprises at least one supporting column piled into the bed of the waving water such as seabed, said supporting column supports a mounting platform with space for said motion translating assembly, and said plurality of generators, and also supports a rack coupled with said buoy beneath said mounting platform for restraining said buoy within a predetermined moving area. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein said rack is coupled with said power input shaft. 13. The system according to claim 2, wherein said plurality of sensors and meters comprises a plurality of wattmeters for each of said plurality of generators, at least one anemoscope, at least one speed sensor for said flywheel, and at least one position sensor for said crank gear. 14. The system according to claim 2, wherein said system can be multiplied and seamlessly assembled together, each of said multiplied systems having its own unit control center and also controlled in whole by a group control center. 15. The system according to claim 2, wherein said adjustor is activated to vary the distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position when the angle \u03b4 between the bisector of angle \u03b8 and the horizontal plane is greater than 5\u00b0. 16. The system according to claim 2, wherein said adjustor is activated to vary the distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position when the angle \u03b4 between the bisector of angle \u03b8 and the horizontal plane is greater than 10\u00b0. 17. The system according to claim 2, wherein said adjustor is activated to vary the distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position when the angle \u03b4 between the bisector of angle \u03b8 and the horizontal plane is greater than 15\u00b0. 18. The system according to claim 2, wherein said angle \u03b4 is detected at a frequency of F1, said distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position is adjusted at a frequency of F2, and F1=F2. 19. The system according to claim 2, wherein said angle \u03b4 is detected at a frequency of F1, said distance between the first coupling position and the second coupling position is adjusted at a frequency of F2, and F1\u2260F2. 20. The system according to claim 19, wherein F2=\u03b1F1, and \u03b1 is in the range of from 0.2 to 0.5.",
-    "A string tensioner module for a stringed musical instrument is configured to apply a constant or near-constant tension to the musical strings of the instrument. The module is divided into a plurality of string tensioners, one string tensioner for each musical string. Each string tensioner employs a primary spring that apply the primary force coaxial with the string. Each string tensioner also employs a secondary spring that applies a secondary force in a direction crossing the axis of the string, and thus applying an axial force component that changes as the angle of the secondary spring changes. The primary and secondary springs are selected so that the change in the axial force component of the secondary spring as the string changes in length approximates the change in force applied by the primary spring so that the axial force applied to the string remains generally constant even as the string changes in length. 1. A string holder for stringed musical instrument, comprising: a plurality of primary springs, each primary string attached to a longitudinally movable string connector so as to apply a primary spring force directed along an axis to the string connector, the primary spring force applied to the string connector changing in accordance with a primary spring rate function as the string connector moves relative to the primary spring along the axis; a plurality of musical strings, each of the musical strings being attached to a corresponding string connector and extending along the axis so that a net axial force applied to the string connector is applied to the musical string; and a secondary spring structure attached to the string connector of each of the plurality of primary springs so as to apply a plurality of secondary spring forces, one of the plurality of secondary spring forces being applied to each of the string connectors, each of the secondary spring forces being directed across the axis of the corresponding string connector and having an axial component that is applied to the corresponding string connector in a direction along the corresponding axis. 2. A string holder as in claim 1, wherein the net axial force applied to the each string connector comprises the sum of the corresponding primary spring force and the axial component of the corresponding secondary spring force. 3. A string holder as in claim 1, wherein the secondary spring structure comprises an undulating sheet of spring metal. 4. A string holder as in claim 1, wherein the secondary spring force is configured so that the axial component of the secondary spring force varies in accordance with a secondary spring rate function as the string connector moves relative to the primary spring along the axis. 5. A string holder as in claim 4, wherein each primary spring is attached to a spring holder that is configured to selectively change the spring rate of the primary spring. 6. A string holder as in claim 5, wherein the primary spring rate function is substantially the same as the secondary spring rate function. 7. A constant tension device, comprising: a carrier configured to be movable along an axis; a wire or string attached to the carrier and extending along the axis so that an axial force applied to the carrier is communicated to the wire or string; a target tension defined as a desired tension for the wire or string; and a spring having a first end attached to the carrier and a second end attached to a spring holder so that the spring applies a spring force to the carrier along an axis of the wire or string; wherein the spring holder engages a spring along a portion of its length at and adjacent the second end of the spring, the portion of the spring engaged by the spring holder being constrained from expanding by the spring holder; and wherein the spring holder is configured to selectively engage a greater or lesser portion of the length of the spring so as to vary the spring rate of the spring.",
-    "The technology disclosed relates to discovering multiple previously unknown and undetected technical problems in fault tolerance and data recovery mechanisms of modern stream processing systems. In addition, it relates to providing technical solutions to these previously unknown and undetected problems. In particular, the technology disclosed relates to discovering the problem of modification of batch size of a given batch during its replay after a processing failure. This problem results in over-count when the input during replay is not a superset of the input fed at the original play. Further, the technology disclosed discovers the problem of inaccurate counter updates in replay schemes of modern stream processing systems when one or more keys disappear between a batch's first play and its replay. This problem is exacerbated when data in batches is merged or mapped with data from an external data store. 1. A method of providing a fault tolerance strategy for a stream processing system, the method including: defining a computing grid that consumes data from a message bus as numerous batches, wherein the message bus queues events from one or more near real-time (NRT) data streams in numerous partitions and each event logged in a given partition is assigned a unique event offset; before processing, in the computing grid, a first batch from a first partition, identifying a current event offset and an end event offset in the first partition and locking the first batch to include events logged between the current event offset and the end event offset; persisting the current event offset and the end event offset; detecting failed processing of the first batch and responding by reprocessing the first batch in the computing grid, wherein, between the processing and the reprocessing, the end event offset is subject to change caused by the message bus queuing new events in the first partition; and restricting the reprocessing of the first batch to events logged between the current event offset and the end event offset, thereby preventing inclusion of the new events in the first batch. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein 10 events are logged between the current event offset and the end event offset before the processing. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein 10 new events are queued in the first partition by the message bus between the processing and the reprocessing. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the message bus is Apache Kafka\u2122. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the current event offset and the end event offset are persisted in a global service registry. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the global service registry is ZooKeeper\u2122. 7. The method of claim 5, further including simultaneously persisting the current event offset and the end event offset in the global service registry. 8. The method of claim 1, further including, before the reprocessing, simultaneously reading the current event offset and the end event offset from a global service registry. 9. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium impressed with computer program instructions to provide a recovery strategy for a stream processing system, the instructions, when executed on a processor, implement the method of claim 1. 10. A system including one or more processors coupled to memory, the memory loaded with computer instructions to provide a recovery strategy for a stream processing system, the instructions, when executed on the processors, implement actions of claim 1. 11. A method of providing a fault tolerance strategy for a stream processing system, the method including: defining a computing grid that consumes data from a message bus as numerous batches, wherein the message bus queues events from one or more near real-time (NRT) data streams in numerous partitions and each event logged in a given partition is assigned a unique event offset; persisting, in a batch-oriented log segment, keys produced by merging input from events in a first batch from a first partition with key values obtained from an external data store for the events along with corresponding current event offsets for event-key value pairs; and detecting failed processing of the first batch, wherein, between the processing and reprocessing, the external data source key values are subject to change, and responding by: reprocessing the first batch in the computing grid and evaluating the persisted results of keys in the batch-oriented log segment; comparing the reprocessing results with the evaluating results to determine changes in the external data source key values between the processing and the reprocessing; and reporting the changes between the processing and the reprocessing for use in subsequent processes. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein, between the processing and the reprocessing, changes in external data source key values eliminate, from the merged data produced from the first batch, one or more key value instances. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein elimination of the key value instances is caused by changes in mappings in the external data source between entities included in the input and the key values stored in the external data source. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the entities are users and the key values are organizations to which the users belong. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium impressed with computer program instructions to provide a recovery strategy for a stream processing system, the instructions, when executed on a processor, implement a method comprising: defining a computing grid that consumes data from a message bus as numerous batches, wherein the message bus queues events from one or more near real-time (NRT) data streams in numerous partitions and each event logged in a given partition is assigned a unique event offset; persisting, in a batch-oriented log segment, keys produced by merging input from events in a first batch from a first partition with key values obtained from an external data store for the events along with corresponding current event offsets for event-key value pairs; and detecting failed processing of the first batch, wherein, between the processing and reprocessing, the external data source key values are subject to change, and responding by: reprocessing the first batch in the computing grid and evaluating the persisted results of keys in the batch-oriented log segment; comparing the reprocessing results with the evaluating results to determine changes in the external data source key values between the processing and the reprocessing; and reporting the changes between the processing and the reprocessing for use in subsequent processes. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein, between the processing and the reprocessing, changes in external data source key values eliminate, from the merged data produced from the first batch, one or more key value instances. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein elimination of the key value instances is caused by changes in mappings in the external data source between entities included in the input and the key values stored in the external data source. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the entities are users and the key values are organizations to which the users belong. 19. A system including one or more processors coupled to memory, the memory loaded with computer instructions to provide a recovery strategy for a stream processing system, the instructions, when executed on the processors, implement actions of claim 11. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein, between the processing and the reprocessing, changes in external data source key values eliminate, from the merged data produced from the first batch, one or more key value instances.",
-    "A digital-to-analog converter which minimizes noise and optimizes dynamic range by apportioning a least significant bits portion of an incoming digital signal to a low-path circuit and a most significant bits portion of the incoming digital signal to a high-path circuit. The low-path circuit has a low-path digital-to-analog converter, which feeds a low-path amplifier, which feeds a low-path resistive element, which feeds an output node. The high-path circuit has a high-path digital-to-analog converter, which feeds a high-path amplifier, which feeds a high-path resistive element when a high-path switching element is closed, which feeds an output node. The output node is a simple electrical connection of the outputs of the low-path and high-path resistive elements. The high-path switching element is closed when the incoming digital signal has an amplitude above a switching threshold level. Parameters of the circuit, including the sizes of the least significant bits portion and most significant bits portion of the incoming digital signal, are selected such that the switching threshold level is significantly above the noise level produced by the high-path circuit thereby providing psychoacoustic masking of noise produced by the high-path circuit. 1. An apparatus for conversion of an input digital signal to an output analog signal having a maximum output level, said input digital signal being nominally a signal of K bits, comprising: a bit grouping providing system which provides said input digital signal as a low-path digital signal of L bits and a high-path digital signal of H bits, where L+H is greater than or equal to J, and J is a number of bits of said input digital signal utilized by said bit divider where J is less than or equal to K, a low-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RL bits or less, said low-path digital signal being bit shift mapped to an input of said low-path digital-to-analog converter where L is less than or equal to RL, wherein the L bits of the low-path digital signal are level shift mapped upwards by Ls bits where L+Ls\u2266RL, said low-path digital-to-analog converter producing a low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, a high-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RH bits, said high-path digital signal being level shift mapped downwards to an input of said high-path digital-to-analog converter by a bit shift of Hs bits such that (K\u2212Hs)\u2266RH and (K\u2212H\u2212Hs)\u22670, said high-path digital-to-analog converter producing a high-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, a low-path attenuator which attenuates said low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an attenuated low-path analog signal, a high-path amplifier which amplifies said high-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an amplified high-path signal having a maximum level equal to said maximum output level, and a passive summing node which, if a signal level characteristic of said input digital signal exceeds a threshold level, sums a penultimate low-path signal derived from said attenuated low-path analog signal and a penultimate high-path signal derived from said amplified high-path signal to produce said output analog signal and, if said signal level characteristic of said input digital signal does not exceed said threshold level, utilizes a means to reduce access of noise from said high-path amplifier to said passive summing node. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said bit grouping providing system is a bit divider which divides said input digital signal into said low-path digital signal of L bits and said high-path digital signal of H bits. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein (L+H\u2212J) is the number of bits of overlap between said low-path digital signal and said high-path digital signal. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a high-path resistive element between said high-path amplifier and said passive summing node, the thermal noise of said high-path resistive element being less than noise in said amplified high-path signal. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said low-path attenuator attenuates said low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal by an attenuation factor such that said attenuated low-path analog signal has a maximum level corresponding to the highest bit of said low-path digital signal. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said low-path digital-to-analog converter has a DAC-output noise level of \u03c6LDAC dBu which corresponds to non-integer bit NLDAC of the input to said low-path digital-to-analog converter, and wherein Ls is greater than or equal to NLDAC. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said high-path digital-to-analog converter has a DAC-output noise level of \u03c6HDAC dBu which corresponds to non-integer bit NHDAc of the input to said high-path digital-to-analog converter, and wherein (J\u2212(H+Hs))\u2267NLDAC. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said threshold level is substantially greater than a noise level \u03c6HPU dBu of said penultimate high-path signal. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein J is an integer difference in bits between a maximum level of said input digital signal and a noise floor of said input digital signal. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal is passed through a low-path buffer. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said low-path buffer is a unity gain buffer amplifier. 12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said low-path buffer has a low-path buffer noise level of \u03c6LBUF dBu corresponding to a non-integer bit NLBUF of said input digital signal, and wherein Ls is greater than or equal to NLBUF. 13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein a buffer output signal which is output from said low-path buffer passes through a low-path resistive element in route to said passive summing node. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said low-path resistive element has a resistance between 50 and 5000 ohms. 15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said low-path resistive element has a resistance between 100 and 350 ohms. 16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said amplified high-path signal passes through a high-path resistive element in route to said passive summing node. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said high-path resistive element has a resistance between 50 and 5000 ohms. 18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said high-path resistive element has a resistance between 100 and 350 ohms. 19. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a feedback mechanism for stabilizing said analog output level in the course of transitions of said input digital signal across said threshold level 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said feedback mechanism monitors said analog output level. 21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said feedback mechanism monitors said amplified high-path signal. 22. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said feedback mechanism controls a level shift provided by said bit grouping providing system. 23. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said feedback mechanism provides a feedback signal to said bit grouping providing system. 24. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said feedback mechanism includes an analog-to-digital converter. 25. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein L+Ls=RL. 26. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein L+Ls=RL\u22121. 27. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein L+Ls=RL\u22122. 28. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein K is 32, RL is 24, RH is 24, L is 18, and H is 14. 29. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein RL=RH. 30. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein L+H=J. 31. An apparatus for conversion of an input digital signal to an output analog signal having a maximum output level, said input digital signal being nominally a signal of K bits, comprising: a bit grouping providing system which provides said input digital signal as a low-path digital signal of L bits, a middle-path digital signal of M bits, and a high-path digital signal of H bits, where L+M+H is greater than or equal to J, and J is a number of bits of said input digital signal utilized by said bit divider, where J is less than or equal to K, a low-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RL bits or less, said low-path digital signal being level shift mapped to an input of said low-path digital-to-analog converter, where L is less than or equal to RL, wherein the L bits of the low-path digital signal are level shift mapped upwards by Ls bits where L+Ls\u2266RL, said low-path digital-to-analog converter producing a low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, a middle-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RM bits or less, said middle-path digital signal being level shift mapped to an input of said middle-path digital-to-analog converter, where M is less than or equal to RM, said middle-path digital-to-analog converter producing a middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, a high-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RH bits or less, said high-path digital signal being bit shift mapped downwards to an input of said high-path digital-to-analog converter, where H is less than or equal to RH, wherein the H bits of the low-path digital signal are level shift mapped downwards by Hs bits where (J\u2212Hs)\u2266RH, said high-path digital-to-analog converter producing a high-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, a low-path attenuator which attenuates said low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an attenuated low-path analog signal, a high-path amplifier which amplifies said high-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an amplified high-path signal having a maximum level equal to said maximum output level, and a passive summing node which, if a signal level characteristic of said input digital signal exceeds a first threshold level, sums a penultimate low-path signal derived from said attenuated low-path analog signal, a penultimate middle-path signal derived from said middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, and a penultimate high-path signal derived from said amplified high-path signal to produce said output analog signal, and if said signal level characteristic of said input digital signal exceeds a second threshold level but not said first threshold level, sums said penultimate low-path signal derived from said attenuated low-path analog signal and said penultimate middle-path signal derived from said middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce said output analog signal, and utilizes a means to reduce access of noise from said high-path amplifier to said passive summing node, and if said signal level characteristic of said input digital signal does not exceed said second threshold level, utilizes a means to reduce access of noise from said middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signal and said high-path amplifier to said passive summing node. 32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said bit grouping providing system is a bit divider which divides said input digital signal into said low-path digital signal, said middle-path digital signal, and said high-path digital signal. 33. The apparatus of claim 31 further including a feedback mechanism for stabilizing said analog output level in the course of transitions of said input digital signal across said first threshold level. 34. The apparatus of claim 31 further including a feedback mechanism for stabilizing said analog output level in the course of transitions of said input digital signal across said second threshold level. 35. An apparatus for conversion of an input digital signal to an output analog signal having a maximum output level, said input digital signal being nominally a signal of K bits, comprising: a bit grouping providing system which provides said input digital signal as a low-path digital signal of L bits, a number n of middle-path digital signals of M1, . . . , Mn bits, and a high-path digital signal of H bits, where L+M1+ . . . +Mn+H is greater than or equal to J, and J is a number of bits of said input digital signal utilized by said bit divider, where J is less than or equal to K, a low-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RL bits or less, said low-path digital signal being level shift mapped to an input of said low-path digital-to-analog converter where L is less than or equal to RL, wherein the L bits of the low-path digital signal are level shift mapped upwards by Ls bits where L+Ls\u2266RL, said low-path digital-to-analog converter producing a low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, said number n of middle-path digital-to-analog converters for digital inputs of RM1, . . . , RMn bits or less, said middle-path digital signals being level shift mapped to inputs of said middle-path digital-to-analog converter where M1 . . . Mn are less than or equal to RM1, . . . , RMn, respectively, said middle-path digital-to-analog converters producing middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signals, a high-path digital-to-analog converter for digital inputs of RH bits, said high-path digital signal being level shift mapped downwards to an input of said high-path digital-to-analog converter by a bit shift of Hs bits such that (J\u2212Hs)\u2266RH, said high-path digital-to-analog converter producing a high-path digital-to-analog converter output signal, a low-path attenuator which attenuates said low-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an attenuated low-path analog signal, a high-path amplifier which amplifies said high-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an amplified high-path signal having a maximum level equal to said maximum output level, and a passive summing node which, if a signal level characteristic of said input digital signal exceeds a highest threshold level, sums a penultimate low-path signal derived from said attenuated low-path analog signal, penultimate middle-path signals derived from said middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signals, and a penultimate high-path signal derived from said amplified high-path signal to produce said output analog signal, and if said signal level characteristic of said input digital signal does not exceed a lowest threshold level, utilizes a means to reduce access of noise from said middle-path digital-to-analog converter output signals and said high-path amplifier to said passive summing node. 36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein if said signal level characteristic of said input digital signal does not exceed an intermediate threshold level, sums said penultimate low-path signal derived from said attenuated low-path analog signal and penultimate middle-path signals which correspond to signal levels in said input digital signal below said signal level characteristic to produce said output analog signal, and utilizes a means to reduce access of noise to said passive summing node from said high-path amplifier and from penultimate middle-path signals which correspond to signal levels in said input digital signal above said signal level characteristic. 37. The apparatus of claim 35 further including a next-to-lowest-path attenuator which attenuates a next-to-lowest-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an attenuated next-to-lowest-path analog signal. 38. The apparatus of claim 35 further including a next-to-highest-path amplifier which amplifies a next-to-highest-path digital-to-analog converter output signal to produce an amplified next-to-highest-path signal. 39. The apparatus of claim 35 further including a feedback mechanism for stabilizing said analog output level in the course of transitions of said input digital signal across said highest threshold level. 40. The apparatus of claim 35 further including a feedback mechanism for stabilizing said analog output level in the course of transitions of said input digital signal across said lowest threshold level.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method of training the subconscious mind by implementing a subliminal program. The subliminal program can be used to train the subconscious mind to quickly assemble various parts of a jigsaw image by preprogramming and visually displaying a set of images for training the subconscious mind. The subliminal program flashes images that represent a piece or group of attached pieces of a jigsaw on an electronic screen to train the subconscious mind. Further, the set of images that are pre-designed using attractiveness attributes are embedded with the set of images with a strong subconscious attraction by using known artistic and hypnotic techniques. Furthermore, the subliminal program can improve the learning and memorizing capability by flashing the assembled jigsaw images briefly on screen outside the comprehension level of the conscious mind but within the level of the subconscious. 1. A method for training the subconscious mind by implementing a subliminal program, wherein the method comprises of: displaying a set of tertiary images on a display screen for training the subconscious mind with the set of tertiary images that is pre-designed based on the set of primary images and the set of secondary images selected by a user. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said subliminal program trains the subconscious mind by performing the following actions: using each image in a set of tertiary image to represent at least one piece of a complete jigsaw; briefly displaying on a screen, groups of 2-5 of the tertiary images, from the full set of tertiary images, to form a large or complete piece of the jigsaw image; and assembling the larger pieces of assembled groups of tertiary pieces to form a full jigsaw image by the subconscious mind to engrain the jigsaw image in the mind permanently. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the attractiveness attributes embedded in the set of primary images to attract the subconscious mind can be implemented using one of the following techniques: making the set of images 3D oriented, applying differing shade and balance, inverting black and white colors, changing the scale of the set of images, highlighting the contrast between the primary image and the secondary image. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the primary images are represented with minimal number of plurality of parts associated with said object for easily recognizing the secondary image. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subliminal program allows a user to specify the set of primary images and the set of secondary images to be associated with an attractiveness attribute through a user interface supported on the display screen. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subliminal program can be configured to display a set of tertiary images on said display screen periodically for the specified span of time for training the subconscious mind through the user interface supported on the display screen. 7. A computer program product comprising computer executable program code recorded on a computer readable non-transitory storage medium, said computer executable program code when executed trains the subconscious mind, will cause actions including: displaying a set of tertiary images on a display screen for training the subconscious mind with the set of tertiary images that is pre-designed based on the set of primary images and a set of secondary images selected by a user. 8. The computer program product as claimed in claim 7, wherein said product is configured to execute the subliminal program to train the subconscious mind by performing the following actions: using each image in a set of tertiary image to represent at least one piece of a complete jigsaw; briefly displaying on a screen, groups of 2-5 of the tertiary images, from the full set of tertiary images, to form a large or complete piece of the jigsaw image; and assembling the larger pieces of assembled groups of tertiary pieces to form a full jigsaw image by the subconscious mind, which will be engrained in the mind permanently. 9. The computer program product as claimed in claim 7, wherein the attractiveness attributes embedded in the set of primary images to attract the subconscious mind can be implemented using one of the following techniques: making the set of images 3D oriented, applying differing shade and balance, inverting black and white colors, changing shade, changing the scale of the set of images, highlighting the contrast between the primary image and the secondary image. 10. The computer program product as claimed in claim 9, wherein the set of primary images are represented with minimal number of plurality of parts of said object for easily recognizing the secondary image. 11. The computer program product as claimed in claim 8, wherein the subliminal program allows a user to specify the set of primary images and the set of secondary images to be associated with an attractiveness attribute through a user interface supported on the display screen. 12. The computer program product as claimed in claim 8, wherein the subliminal program can be configured to display a set of tertiary images on said display screen periodically for the specified span of time for training the subconscious mind through the user interface supported on the display screen. 13. A system for training the subconscious mind by implementing a subliminal program, wherein the system comprises of a server module and is configured to: display said set of tertiary images on a display screen for training the subconscious mind with the set of tertiary images that is pre-designed based on a set of primary images and a set of secondary images. 14. The system as claimed in claim 13, wherein said subliminal program trains the subconscious mind by performing the following actions: using each image in a set of tertiary image to represent at least one piece of a complete jigsaw; briefly displaying on a screen, groups of 2-5 of the tertiary images, from the full set of tertiary images, to form a large or complete piece of the jigsaw image; and assembling the larger pieces of assembled groups of tertiary pieces to form a full jigsaw image by the subconscious mind to engrain the jigsaw image in the mind permanently. 15. The system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the attractiveness attributes embedded in the set of primary images to attract the subconscious mind can be implemented using one of the following techniques: making the set of images 3D oriented, applying differing shade and balance, inverting black and white colors, changing the scale of the set of images, highlighting the contrast between the primary image and the secondary image. 16. The system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the primary images are represented with minimal number of plurality of parts associated with said object for easily recognizing the secondary image. 17. The system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the subliminal program allows a user to specify the set of primary images and the set of secondary images to be associated with an attractiveness attribute through a user interface supported on the display screen. 18. The system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the subliminal program can be configured to display a set of tertiary images on said display screen periodically for the specified span of time for training the subconscious mind through the user interface supported on the display screen. 19. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the set of primary images and the set of secondary images are designed with a strong outline so that when they are reduced to the minimum size of 1 cm\u00d71 cm the attractiveness of the bodyline is still visible to the subconscious mind. 20. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the set of primary images and the set of secondary images representing a plurality of alphabets are flashed frequently for the subconscious mind to recognize the association between the body part and the plurality of alphabets.",
-    "A traveling bottle warmer bag system for keeping contents stored in containers warm for extended periods of time. The bag has three insulated layers of material that can be warmed in a microwave and stored yet retaining heat energy. The bag includes a drawstring in order to tightly close the bag after a bottle has been placed within the innermost layer to resist heat loss. When used, it eliminates the worry of a baby's bottle, tanning lotion, or other item becomes cold while traveling. 1. An insulated heating bag system comprising: a flexible insulated heating bag comprising; an outer surface; at least one insulating layer; an inner surface; an inner volume; and a securer; wherein said insulated heating bag system comprises said flexible insulated heating bag; wherein said flexible insulated heating bag is defined by said outer surface, said at least one insulating layer, said inner surface, said inner volume, and said securer; wherein said at least one insulating layer is positioned between said inner surface and said outer surface; wherein said at least one insulating layer thermally restricts inward and outward movement of heat energy; wherein said inner volume is structured and arranged such that at least one object is able to be placed for removable insulated storage within said flexible insulated heating bag; and wherein said securer is located adjacent a top of said flexible insulated heating bag and said securer is used to close and alternately open said inner volume allowing access to respectively insulatively store and retrieve for use said at least one object. 2. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said outer surface comprises an enclosed bottom and an open aperture. 3. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said securer comprises a drawstring. 4. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said outer surface comprises a fabric. 5. The insulated heating bag system of claim 4 wherein said fabric comprises nylon. 6. The insulated heating bag system of claim 4 wherein said fabric comprises cotton. 7. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said outer surface comprises foam. 8. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said at least one insulating layer comprises a means for restricting passage of thermal energy therefrom and thereinto. 9. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said inner surface comprises a foam material. 10. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said outer surface, said at least one insulating layer, and said inner surface are located respectively in a series relationship from outside to inside of said flexible insulated heating bag. 11. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said inner surface defines parameters of said inner volume. 12. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said at least one object comprises baby bottles, said baby bottles and their contents are able to be kept at a desired stabilized temperature for an extended period of time. 13. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said at least one object comprises tanning lotion, said tanning lotion is able to be kept at a desired stabilized temperature for an extended period of time. 14. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said flexible insulated heating bag is microwave-friendly. 15. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said outer surface has a bottom and side walls integrally formed. 16. The insulated heating bag system of claim 1 wherein said drawstring is held in position within a sleeve with said drawstring accessible for tightening and loosening via at least one aperture opening. 17. An insulated heating bag system comprising: a flexible insulated heating bag comprising; an outer surface; at least one insulating layer; an inner surface; an inner volume; and a securer; wherein said insulated heating bag system comprises said flexible insulated heating bag; wherein said flexible insulated heating bag is defined by said outer surface, said at least one insulating layer, said inner surface, said inner volume, and said securer; wherein said at least one insulating layer is positioned between said inner surface and said outer surface; outer surface, said at least one insulating layer, and said inner surface are located respectively in a series relationship from outside to inside of said flexible insulated heating bag; wherein said outer surface has a bottom and side walls integrally formed; wherein said inner surface defines parameters of said inner volume; wherein said outer surface comprises an enclosed bottom and an open aperture; wherein said at least one insulating layer thermally restricts inward and outward movement of heat energy; wherein said at least one insulating layer comprises a means for restricting passage of thermal energy therefrom and thereinto; wherein said securer comprises a drawstring; wherein said drawstring is held in position within a sleeve with said drawstring accessible for tightening and loosening via at least one aperture opening; wherein said inner volume is structured and arranged such that at least one object is able to be placed for removable insulated storage within said flexible insulated heating bag; wherein said at least one object comprises baby bottles, said baby bottles and their contents are able to be kept at a desired stabilized temperature for an extended period of time; wherein said flexible insulated heating bag is microwave-friendly; wherein said flexible insulated heating bag comprises a traveling bottle warmer bag; and wherein said securer is located adjacent a top of said flexible insulated heating bag and said securer is used to close and alternately open said inner volume allowing access to respectively insulatively store and retrieve for use said at least one object. 18. The insulated heating bag system of claim 17 further comprising a kit including: said flexible insulated heating bag; said baby bottle; and a set of user instructions. 19. A method of using an insulated heating bag system comprising the steps of: opening a flexible insulated heating bag; placing at least one object to be temperature controlled within an inner volume of said flexible insulated heating bag; drawing tight drawstrings to close said inner volume; and heating said at least one object in a microwave oven. 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising the steps of: removing said at least one object comprising a baby bottle with warmed contents; and feeding a baby said warmed contents.",
-    "Embodiments of a valve device that reduces noise and vibration that may occur during low flow conditions in fluid couplings (e.g., valves and flow regulators). These embodiments utilize a plug and seat arrangement with geometry to prevent pressure differentials that cause the plug element to open and close in a cyclic pattern. In one embodiment, the valve device includes a seat element with an aperture and a plug element with a boss that extends into the aperture when the plug element contacts the seat element. The boss has an outer surface that forms a gap, which defines an annular area proximate the point of contact between the seat element and the plug element that is sized to reduce Venturi flow effects that cause the cyclic pattern to occur. 1. A valve device, comprising: a seat with an aperture and a rounded lip that circumscribes the aperture; and a plug moveable relative to the seat, the plug comprising a boss configured to fit into the aperture. 2. The valve device of claim 1, wherein the plug has a first surface disposed radially outside of the boss that is configured to engage the rounded lip of the seat. 3. The valve device of claim 1, further comprising a seal disposed on the plug, wherein the seal is configured to engage the rounded lip of the seat. 4. The valve device of claim 3, wherein the seal forms a ring disposed about the boss. 5. The valve device of claim 1, wherein the aperture has an inner aperture surface formed contiguously with the rounded lip. 6. The valve device of claim 1, wherein the aperture has a diameter that varies in a direction from the top to the bottom of the seat. 7. The valve device of claim 1, wherein the boss has a central axis and an outer surface with a profile defining a first section in which the outer surface is parallel to the central axis. 8. The valve device of claim 7, wherein the profile has a second section extending from the first section, wherein the outer surface of the boss has a diameter as measured from the central axis that is reduced relative to the diameter of the first section. 9. The valve device of claim 8, wherein the second section terminates at a chamfer. 10. The valve device of claim 7, wherein the second section is formed contiguously with the first section. 11. A fluid coupling, comprising: a housing having a pair of inlet/outlets; a valve device in flow connection with the pair of inlet/outlets, the valve device comprising a plug and a seat, the seat forming an aperture with a rounded lip, the plug comprising a boss extending toward the seat, wherein the plug is configured to move relative to the seat to engage the rounded lip. 12. The fluid coupling of claim 11, wherein the boss is configured to fit into the aperture. 13. The fluid coupling of claim 11, wherein the aperture has an inner aperture surface formed contiguously with the rounded lip. 14. The fluid coupling of claim 11, further comprising: a stem extending through the plug; a nut disposed on the plug; and a force element coupled with the stem so as to apply a force onto the stem to locate the plug in a closed position. 15. The fluid coupling of claim 14, wherein the boss has a central axis and an outer surface with a profile defining a first section in which the outer surface is parallel to the central axis. 16. The fluid coupling of claim 14, wherein the aperture has an inner aperture surface with a portion of uniform diameter extending from the rounded lip, and wherein at least part of the boss overlaps with the portion of uniform diameter in the closed position. 17. The fluid coupling of claim 14, wherein the plug comprises a plurality of parts, each formed separately and coupled with one another via the stem and the nut, and wherein one of the plurality of parts forms the boss. 18. An assembly, comprising: a plug element comprising a retainer, an extension member forming a boss, and a seal disposed therebetween, the seal having a exposed surface disposed radially outwardly of the boss; and a seat element having a top, a bottom, and an aperture having a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the boss, the top forming a lip that is rounded and that circumscribes the aperture, wherein the plug element and the seat element are configured to cooperate with one another to regulate flow of a fluid in a valve. 19. The assembly of claim 18, wherein the boss has a central axis and an outer surface with a profile defining a first section in which the outer surface is parallel to the central axis. 20. The assembly of claim 18, wherein the profile has a second section extending from the first section and formed contiguously therewith, wherein the outer surface of the boss has a diameter as measured from the central axis that is reduced relative to the diameter of the first section.",
-    "A liquid spray device is described for applying a variety of liquids, such as paint, to a surface. In one embodiment, the liquid spray device comprises a frame, an axel mounted to the frame, two wheels, each attached to the axel at opposing ends of the axel, a spray gun mount coupled to the axel, and a spray gun mounted to the spray gun mount comprising a nozzle in substantially vertical alignment with the axel, for applying the liquid under pressure to a surface. 1. A liquid spray device, comprising: a frame; an axel mounted to the frame; two wheels, each attached to the axel at opposing ends of the axel; a spray gun mount coupled to the axel; and a spray gun mounted to the spray gun mount comprising a nozzle in substantial alignment with the axel, for applying a liquid under pressure to a surface. 2. The liquid spray device of claim 1, wherein the spray gun mount is configured to allow positioning of the spray gun at any angle relative to the surface. 3. The liquid spray device of claim 2, wherein the spray gun mount is configured to allow positioning of the spray gun at a variety of distances away from the surface. 4. The liquid spray device of claim 1, wherein the spray gun mount comprises: a spray gun holding component coupled to the spray gun; an axel attachment component coupled to the axel; and a horizontal component coupled to the spray gun holding component and the axel attachment component. 5. The liquid spray device of claim 4, wherein the spray gun holding component comprises: a threaded end portion for insertion through a planar surface of the spray gun; a mechanical stop located at one end of the threaded end portion; and a fastening device for placement at an opposing end of the threaded end portion opposite the mechanical stop, for clamping the spray gun to the mechanical stop while allowing rotatable placement of the spray gun with respect to an axis formed longitudinally through the threaded end portion. 6. The liquid spray device of claim 6, wherein the mechanical stop is positionable along the threaded end portion, thereby allowing lateral adjustment of the spray gun along the threaded end portion. 7. The liquid spray device of claim 4, wherein the axel attachment component comprises: a body; a clamping mechanism formed onto one end of the body for rotatable and lateral attachment of the axel attachment component to the axel; and a mounting shaft extending perpendicularly from a surface of the body, wherein the mounting shaft is rotatable with respect to the body around a longitudinal axis through the length of the mounting shaft, allowing the spray gun mount to be rotated about the longitudinal axis. 8. The liquid spray device of claim 7, further comprising: a tension fastener; wherein the body comprises a hole formed therethrough; wherein the mounting shaft comprises a threaded hole formed into one end of the mounting shaft; wherein the tension fastener is configured for placement through the hole and into the threaded hole forming a rotatable coupling between the body and the mounting shaft. 9. The liquid spray device of claim 8, further comprising: a beveled coupling having a through hole formed through a longitudinal axis of the beveled coupling, for placement between the mounting shaft and the body and for allowing the tension fastener to pass through. 10. The liquid spray device of claim 4, wherein the horizontal component comprises: a shaft having a first end for rotatable coupling to the axel attachment component about an axis through the shaft; and retaining means formed into a second end of the shaft for rotatable coupling to the spray gun holding component, allowing the spray gun to be positioned laterally with respect to the surface to be painted. 11. The liquid spray device of claim 4, wherein the spray gun comprises: a hole formed through a planar surface of the spray gun for passing the spray gun holding component. 12. The liquid spray device of claim 1, further comprising: a paint supply line for supplying the spray gun with paint; a cable coupled between an operator trigger device and a spray gun trigger; wherein the spray gun comprises a hole formed through a handle of the spray gun for placement of the cable therethrough and coupled to the spray gun trigger.",
-    "A redox flow battery. A metal-ligand coordination compound including an aromatic ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group is used as the catholyte and/or the anolyte so that a redox flow battery having high energy density and excellent charge/discharge efficiency may be provided. 1. A redox flow battery comprising: a positive electrode cell comprising a positive electrode and a catholyte solution; a negative electrode cell comprising a negative electrode and an anolyte solution; and anion exchange membrane interposed between the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell, wherein the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution each include a solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and at least one metal-ligand coordination compound, wherein at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group, wherein said ligand is aromatic, and wherein the electron withdrawing group is a halogen atom, oxygen atom, a phosphorous atom, a sulfur atom, a nitro group, a nitrile group, or a phenyl group, wherein said ligand is aliphatic. 2. A catholyte solution comprising a non-aqueous solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and at least one metal-ligand coordination compound, wherein at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group. 3. A positive electrode cell comprising a positive electrode cell and a catholyte solution, wherein the catholyte solution includes a solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and at least one metal-ligand coordination compound, wherein at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group, and wherein said ligand is aromatic, and wherein the electron withdrawing group is a halogen atom, oxygen atom, a phosphorous atom, a sulfur atom, a nitro group, a nitrile group, or a phenyl group. 4. An anolyte solution comprising a non-aqueous solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and at least one metal-ligand coordination compound, wherein at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group. 5. A negative electrode cell comprising a negative electrode and the anolyte solution of claim 4.",
-    "A method, used with dual-fuel engine, of controlling the amount of gaseous fuel delivered to the engine. At operating conditions that result in an equivalence ratio below a predetermined threshold (which typically occur at mid or part loads), it is determined whether better performance and/or lower emissions can be achieved by reducing gaseous fuel to some cylinders and increasing gaseous fuel to others. Typically, the gaseous fuel is reduced to zero to a number of cylinders and increased to others, with the increase resulting in an equivalence ratio that will provide improved emissions and efficiency and the desired engine output. 1. A method of fueling a dual-fuel internal combustion engine, the engine being fueled with both gaseous fuel and diesel fuel, and the engine being configured so that the amount of gaseous fuel delivered to its cylinders can be controlled individually or in groups of cylinders, comprising: determining the current engine equivalence ratio; comparing the current engine equivalence ratio to a predetermined threshold; if the current engine equivalence ratio is above the threshold, operating the cylinders at a predetermined percentage of diesel fuel to gaseous fuel with each cylinder receiving an equal amount of gaseous fuel; if the current engine equivalence ratio is below the threshold, determining a number of cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be reduced and a number of cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be increased; determining the amounts of gaseous fuel for the cylinders with reduced or increased fueling; delivering control signals to the cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be reduced; and delivering control signals to the cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be increased. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step is determining the amounts of gaseous fuel is performed by reducing to zero the gaseous fuel to the cylinders whose fuel is to be reduced. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step is determining the amounts of gaseous fuel is performed by doubling the gaseous fuel to the cylinders whose fuel is to be increased. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gaseous fuel is reduced to one-half the cylinders and increased to the other half of the cylinders. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the gaseous fuel is reduced or increased on a cylinder-by-cylinder basis. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the gaseous fuel is reduced or increased to groups of cylinders. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the gaseous fuel is reduced to zero to a number of cylinders, and further comprising the step of shutting off diesel fuel to those cylinders. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the gaseous fuel is natural gas. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the air intake to the cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be increased. 10. A controller for controlling the amount of gaseous and diesel fuel delivered to a dual-fuel internal combustion engine, the engine being fueled with both gaseous fuel and diesel fuel, and the engine being configured so that the amount of gaseous fuel delivered to its cylinders can be controlled individually or in groups of cylinders, comprising: a processor and memory system programmed to perform the following tasks: determine the current engine equivalence ratio; if the engine equivalence ratio is above a predetermined threshold, operating the cylinders at a predetermined load percentage of diesel fuel to gaseous fuel with each cylinder receiving the same amount of gaseous fuel; if the engine equivalence ratio is below the threshold, determining a number of cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be reduced and a number of cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be increased; determining the amounts of gaseous fuel to be reduced or increased; delivering control signals to the cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be reduced; and delivering control signals to the cylinders for which gaseous fuel is to be increased.",
-    "A light source apparatus includes a light source which emits light, a response improving part which generates a response improving signal based on a first dimming control signal having a first rising period, a first operation part which generate a second dimming control signal which has the first rising period based on the first dimming control signal, a second operation part which generates a third dimming control signal by performing an arithmetic operation based on the second dimming control signal and the response improving signal, the third dimming control signal having a second rising period shorter than the first rising period and a light source driver which generates a light source driving signal based on the third dimming control signal to drive the light source based on the light source driving signal. 1. A light source apparatus comprising: a light source which emits light; a response improving part which generates a response improving signal based on a first dimming control signal having a first rising period; a first operation part which generates a second dimming control signal based on the first dimming control signal, the second dimming control signal having the first rising period; a second operation part which generates a third dimming control signal by performing an arithmetic operation based on the second dimming control signal and the response improving signal, the third dimming control signal having a second rising period shorter than the first rising period; and a light source driver which generates a light source driving signal based on the third dimming control signal and drives the light source based on the light source driving signal. 2. The light source apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second dimming control signals has a first falling period, and the third dimming control signal has a second falling period shorter than the first falling period. 3. The light source apparatus of claim 2, wherein the response improving signal has a positive voltage during the first rising period, and has a negative voltage during the first falling period. 4. The light source apparatus of claim 1, wherein the response improving part comprises a capacitor comprising a first electrode connected to an input terminal of the response improving part and a second electrode connected to an output terminal of the response improving part, the input terminal of the response improving part receiving the first dimming control signal. 5. The light source apparatus of claim 4, wherein the response improving part further comprises a comparison part which delivers the first dimming control signal to the capacitor only when a voltage variation of the first dimming control signal during the first rising period is greater than a reference variation. 6. The light source apparatus of claim 5, wherein the comparison part comprises: a comparator comprising a first input terminal which receives the voltage variation, a second input terminal which receives the reference variation, and a comparator output terminal; and a switching element connected between the input terminal of the response improving part and the first electrode of the capacitor, and comprising a gate electrode connected to the comparator output terminal. 7. The light source apparatus of claim 4, wherein the response improving part further comprises a voltage limiter which sets upper and lower limits of the response improving signal, and connected between the second electrode of the capacitor and the output terminal of the response improving part. 8. The light source apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second operation part adds the second dimming control signal to the response improving signal and generates the third dimming control signal. 9. The light source apparatus of claim 1, wherein a duty ratio of the light source driving signal is set based on a level of the third dimming control signal. 10. A display apparatus comprising: a display panel which displays an image; and a light source apparatus comprising: a light source which emits light to the display panel; a response improving part which generates a response improving signal based on a first dimming control signal having a first rising period; a first operation part which generates a second dimming control signal based on the first dimming control signal, the second dimming control signal having the first rising period; a second operation part which generates a third dimming control signal by performing an arithmetic operation based on the second dimming control signal and the response improving signal, the third dimming control signal having a second rising period shorter than the first rising period; and a light source driver which generates a light source driving signal based on the third dimming control signal and drives the light source based on the light source driving signal. 11. The display apparatus of claim 10, wherein each of the first and second dimming control signals has a first falling period, and the third dimming control signal has a second falling period shorter than the first falling period. 12. The display apparatus of claim 11, wherein the response improving signal has a positive voltage during the first rising period, and has a negative voltage during the first falling period. 13. The display apparatus of claim 10, wherein the response improving part comprises a capacitor comprising a first electrode connected to an input terminal of the response improving part and a second electrode connected to an output terminal of the response improving part, the input terminal of the response improving part receiving the first dimming control signal. 14. The display apparatus of claim 13, wherein the response improving part further comprises a comparison part which delivers the first dimming control signal to the capacitor only when a voltage variation of the first dimming control signal during the first rising period is greater than a reference variation. 15. The display apparatus of claim 14, wherein the comparison part comprises: a comparator comprising a first input terminal which receives the voltage variation, a second input terminal which receives the reference variation, and a comparator output terminal; and a switching element connected between the input terminal of the response improving part and the first electrode of the capacitor, and comprising a gate electrode connected to the comparator output terminal. 16. The display apparatus of claim 13, wherein the response improving part further comprises a voltage limiter which sets upper and lower limits of the response improving signal, and connected between the second electrode of the capacitor and the output terminal of the response improving part. 17. The display apparatus of claim 10, wherein the second operation part adds the second dimming control signal to the response improving signal and generates the third dimming control signal. 18. The display apparatus of claim 10, wherein a duty ratio of the light source driving signal is set based on a level of the third dimming control signal. 19. A method of driving a light source apparatus, the method comprising: generating a response improving signal based on a first dimming control signal having a first rising period; generating a second dimming control signal based on the first dimming control signal, the second dimming control signal having the first rising period; generating a third dimming control signal by performing an arithmetic operation based on the second dimming control signal and the response improving signal, the third dimming control signal having a second rising period shorter than the first rising period; generating a light source driving signal based on the third dimming control signal; and emitting light based on the light source driving signal. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein generating the third dimming control signal comprises: adding the second dimming control signal to the response improving signal.",
-    "A network surveillance system including a deception management server within a network, including a deployment module managing and planting decoy attack vectors in network resources, wherein an attack vector is an object in memory or storage of a first resource that may be used to access a second resource, and decoy servers accessible from resources in the network via decoy attack vectors, each decoy server including a forensic alert module causing a real-time forensic application to be transmitted to a destination resource in the network when the decoy server is being accessed by a specific resource in the network via a decoy attack vector, wherein the forensic application, when launched in the destination resource, identifies a process running within the specific resource that is accessing that decoy server, logs the activities performed by the thus-identified process in a forensic report, and transmits the forensic report to the deception management server. 1. A system for network surveillance to detect attackers, comprising: a deception management server within a network of resources, comprising a deployment module managing and planting one or more decoy attack vectors in one or more of the resources in the network, wherein an attack vector is an object in memory or storage of a first resource that may be used to access a second resource; and one or more decoy servers accessible from resources in the network, each decoy server comprising a forensic alert module that issues an alert when a specific resource in the network accesses that decoy server via one or more of the decoy attack vectors planted in that specific resource by said deployment module, the alert causing said deception management server to transmit a real-time forensic application to the specific resource, wherein the forensic application, when launched in the specific resource, identifies a process running within the specific resource that is accessing that decoy server, logs the activities performed by the thus-identified process in a forensic report, and transmits the forensic report to said deception management server. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The system of claim 1 wherein said deception management server further comprises a notification module, transmitting to a notification server a notification that a resource in the network accessed a decoy server, and information in the forensic report provided by the forensic application, in response to said deception management server receiving the forensic report. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising an event monitor, recognizing an attempt by a first resource in the network to access a second resource in the network via the decoy attack vectors planted by said deployment module in the first resource, and causing, in response to the recognizing, the real-time forensic application to be transmitted to the first resource. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein said deception management server further comprises a notification module transmitting a notification to a notification server, in response to said deception management server receiving a forensic report from the forensic application running on the destination computer. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein said deception management server further comprises a database of attack vectors, and wherein the one or more decoy attack vectors planted by said deployment module are attack vectors in said database of attack vectors. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the attack vectors in said database of attack vectors include at least one member of (i) username and password, (ii) username and authentication ticket, (iii) FTP server address, username and password, (iv) database server address, username and password, and (v) SSH server address, username and password. 9. The system of claim 7 further comprising an update server transmitting, from time to time, updated attack vectors to said database of attack vectors. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the resources in the network are grouped into multiple groups of resources, wherein said deception management server further comprises a database of policies that specify, for each group of resources on the network, one or more decoy attack vectors to plant in that group of resources, from among the attack vectors in said database of attack vectors, and wherein said deployment module plants the one or more decoy attack vectors in the groups of resources in accordance with the database of policies. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein each decoy server further comprises a tar-pit module, delaying access to data on the decoy server while a resource accesses that decoy server. 12. A method of network surveillance to detect attackers, comprising: planting one or more decoy attack vectors in one or more resources in a network of computers, wherein an attack vector is an object in memory or storage of a first resource that may be used to access a second resource; recognizing that a decoy server in the network is being accessed by a specific resource in the network via one or more of the decoy attack vectors planted in the specific resource by said planting; and causing a real-time forensic application to be transmitted to the specific resource, wherein the forensic application, when launched on the specific resource, is operative to: identify a process running within the specific resource that is accessing the decoy server; log the activities performed by the thus-identified process in a forensic report; and transmit the forensic report to a deception management server. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising delaying access to data on the decoy server while the specific resource accesses the decoy server. 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising: recognizing an attempt by a first resource in the network to access a second resource in the network via one or more of the decoy attack vectors planted in the first resource by said planting; and causing the real-time forensic application to be transmitted to the first resource, in response to said recognizing. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the decoy attack vectors include at least one member of (i) username and password, (ii) username and authentication ticket, (iii) FTP server address, username and password, (iv) database server address, username and password, and (v) SSH server address, username and password. 16. A system for network surveillance to detect attackers, the system comprising: a deception management server within a network of resources that is governed by an access governor that authorizes users to access the resources in the network based on user credentials, the deception management server comprising a deployment module, planting one or more decoy user credentials in one or more of the resources in the network; and a forensic alert module that issues an alert when said access governor recognizes an attempt by a first resource in the network to access a second resource in the network via one or more of the decoy credentials planted in the first resource by said deployment module, the alert causing said deception management server to transmit a real-time forensic application to the first resource, wherein the forensic application, when launched in the first resource, identifies a process running within the first resource that is attempting to access the second resource, logs the activities performed by the thus-identified process in a forensic report, and transmits the forensic report to said deception management server. 17-18. (canceled) 19. The system of claim 16 wherein said deception management server further comprises a notification module transmitting to a notification server a notification that the first resource attempted to access the second resource via decoy credentials, and information in the forensic report provided by the forensic application, in response to said deception management server receiving the forensic report. 20. A method of network surveillance to detect attackers, comprising: planting one or more decoy user credentials in one or more resources in a network of resources that is governed by an access governor that authorizes users to access the resources in the network based on user credentials; recognizing an attempt by a first resource in the network to access a second resource in the network via one or more of the decoy user credentials planted in the first resource by said planting; and in response to said recognizing, causing a real-time forensic application to be transmitted to the first resource, wherein the forensic application, when launched, is operative to: identify a process running within the first resource that is accessing the decoy server; log the activities performed by the thus-identified process; and transmit the log to a deception management server.",
-    "A method and system (10) are provided for automatically portioning workpieces (14) using a rotating blade (22) passing through narrow gap (20) formed between the ends of adjacent conveyors (12) and (18). A scanning system (16) scans the workpieces (14) to physically characterize the workpieces and control the operation of the blade (22), including its rotational speed. The portioning of the workpiece can be carried out in accordance with one or more directly-controlled characteristics (parameter/specifications), such as a cutting path of the blade (22), the rotational speed of the blade (22), and the speed of the conveyor (12). The directly-controlled characteristics may be varied until an acceptable set of one or more indirectly-controlled characteristics is achieved, including, for example, the weight of the cut portions, the quality of the cuts achieved by the cutting blade, and the throughput of the portioning system (10). 1. A method for determining optimized parameters for cutting a workpiece with a blade cutter, the blade cutter rotated by a motor, said method comprising: monitoring the rotational speed profile of the blade cutter about the revolution of the blade cutter by the motor; monitoring data from the motor corresponding to operational parameters of the motor during rotation of the blade cutter; monitoring the accuracy of desired physical specifications of the portions being cut; monitoring the feed rate of the workpieces relative to the blade cutter; optimizing at least one of the speed profile of the blade cutter during the revolution of the blade cutter and the feed rate of the workpieces, based on the one or more desired operational parameters of the motor and the desired accuracy of the one or more physical specifications of the portions being cut. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the operational parameters of the motor include at least one of the motor current usage profile, temperature of the motor, motor following error, and motor torque profile. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical specifications of the portions being cut comprise the weight of the portions cut from the workpiece, the mass of the portions cut from the workpiece, the thickness of the portions cut from the workpiece, and the quality of the cuts made on the portions. 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising quantifying the quality of the cuts made on the portions. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the quality of the cuts made in the portions is quantified according to a numerical scale. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the motor rotational speed profiles include: (a) stopping the rotation of the blade cutter between each cut made and then accelerating the blade cutter at the required time to make a cut; (b) overshooting the normal rotational stop point of the blade cutter and retracting the blade cutter to a rotational position before the stop point at a time before the next cut is to be made; (c) rotating the blade cutter at a substantially constant speed; (d) rotating the blade cutter at an overspeed through the non-cutting rotational travel of the blade cutter and slowing the rotation of the blade cutter as the blade cutter cuts through the workpiece; (e) rotating the blade cutter at a constant speed through the workpiece; and (f) rotating the blade cutter at a non-constant speed through the workpiece. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoring the throughput of the workpieces and optimizing at least one of the speed profile of the blade cutter and the feed rate of the workpieces based on the desired operational parameters of the motor and the desired accuracy of the physical specifications of the portions being cut. 8. In a system for cutting food items into portions with a cutting blade rotated by a motor about a rotational path profile, a method for adjusting the operational parameters of the system comprising the rotational speed profile of the cutting blade and/or the feed rate of the food items relative to the cutting blade based on at least one of the desired physical characteristics of the portions to be cut from the food items and the desired throughput of the food items to be achieved, and the desired operational parameters of the system comprising: determining an initial first set of operational system parameters, including the rotational speed profile of the cutting blade and the feed rate of the food items toward the cutting blade; monitoring the operational parameters of the motor during rotation of the cutting blade; monitoring the physical characteristics of the portion being cut; monitoring the throughput of the food items; adjusting the rotational speed of the cutting blade and/or the feed rate of the food item based on at least one of the monitored operational parameters of the motor, the physical accuracy of the portions being cut and the feed rate of the food items. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the physical characteristics of the portions being cut comprise weight, mass, thickness, area, and cut quality. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the operational parameters of the motor include current profile, torque profile, and motor following error. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the motor rotational path profiles are selected from the group consisting of: (a) stopping the rotation of the cutting blade between each cut made and then accelerating the cutting blade at the required time to make the next cut; (b) overshooting the normal rotational stop point of the cutting blade and retracting the cutting blade to a rotational position before the stop point at a time before the next cut is required to be made; (c) rotating the cutting blade at substantially a constant speed; (d) rotating the cutting blade at an overspeed through the non-cutting rotational travel of the cutting blade and slowing the rotation of the cutting blade as the cutting blade cuts through the workpiece; (e) rotating the cutting blade at a substantially constant speed through the workpiece; and (f) rotating the cutting blade at a non-constant speed through the workpiece. 12. A method of adaptive control of operational parameters of a blade slicing machine to slice workpieces into portions with a cutter rotated by a motor along a rotational speed profile, comprising: selecting a first set of cutting parameters; performing the slicing of the workpieces using the first set of selected cutting parameters; during the slicing of the workpieces, measuring the operational parameters of the motor; varying at least one of the cutting parameters and comparing successive measurements of the operational parameters of the motor; determining the throughput at the selected operational parameters; and setting the cutting parameters of the slicing machine based on the measured operational parameters of the motor and the desired throughput. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the cutting parameters comprise the rotational speed of the cutter and the feed rate of the workpieces. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the motor rotational speed profiles are selected from the group consisting of: (a) stopping the rotation of the cutter between each cut made and then accelerating the cutter at the required time to make a cut; (b) overshooting the normal rotational stop point of the cutter and retracting the cutter to a rotational position before the stop point at a time before the next cut is required to be made; (c) rotating the cutter at substantially a constant speed; (d) rotating the cutter at an overspeed through the non-cutting rotational travel of the cutter and slowing the rotation of the cutter as the cutter cuts through the workpiece; (e) rotating the cutter at a substantially constant speed through the workpiece; and (f) rotating the cutter at a non-constant speed through the workpiece. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the cutting parameters are selected from the group consisting of at least one of the physical specifications of the portions cut from the workpiece and the quality of the cuts made to the workpiece. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the physical characteristics of the portions cut from the workpiece are selected from the group consisting of weight, thickness, area, and cut quality. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the operational parameters of the motor include one or more parameters selected from the group including motor rotational speed, motor rotational speed profile, current use usage profile during each motor revolution, temperature of the motor, motor following error, and torque profile during each motor revolution. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the cutting parameters comprise the type of cutter utilized. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the type of cutter is selected from the group consisting of: a cutter having a cutting blade with a substantially straight cutting edge, a cutter having a cutting blade h with a curved cutting edge; and a cutter having a cutting blade with a toothed cutting edge.",
-    "Systems for supporting a container are presented. A support system in one embodiment, includes a metal clip, an insulating sleeve surrounding a beverage container, and at least one magnet that is attached to the sleeve and drawn by an attractive force to the clip, such that the sleeve together with the container is selectively detachable from the clip. Another embodiment includes a metal insert positioned in a belt or garment, instead of the metal clip. Yet another embodiment includes a pair of dipole magnets, with one positioned on the sleeve and its mate positioned on a clip or embedded in a belt or garment. 1. A system for supporting a container, comprising: a metal clip made of a continuous length of metal comprising a body portion and a lever portion, each of said portions biased toward the other by an arcuate spring portion therebetween, and a lip formed near a distal end of said lever portion and angled away from said body portion; a sleeve made of insulating material comprising a flexible cylindrical body portion having a lower edge, and a bottom surface attached to said cylindrical body portion along said lower edge; and at least one magnet attached to said cylindrical body portion and having a magnetic force sufficient to support a beverage container positioned within said sleeve when said magnet contacts said metal clip, such that said sleeve together with said container is selectively detachable from said metal clip. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a covering sized and shaped to cover and support said at least one magnet against said cylindrical body portion. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising indicia applied to said cylindrical body portion of said sleeve. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one magnet comprises one or more neodymium-iron-boron magnets, together having a magnetic strength between about thirty kilogauss to about forty kilogauss. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said sleeve comprises a foldable, single unit made of neoprene, and wherein said bottom surface is attached in at least two places along said lower edge. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein, in response to a user forcing an object toward said lip, said lip urges said lever portion away from said body portion. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one magnet comprises a pair of dipole magnets, wherein a first dipole magnet is attached to said cylindrical body portion and a second dipole magnet is attached to said metal clip. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said metal clip comprises a metal insert attached to an item of clothing.",
-    "An automatic blade and conveyor gap adjustment assembly for a blade portioning conveyor machine having a blade assembly and a conveyor assembly with an infeed conveyor and an outfeed conveyor includes a blade adjustment assembly suitable for moving the blade assembly between at least first and second positions relative to the conveyor assembly and a first automatic conveyor gap adjustment assembly. The first automatic conveyor gap adjustment assembly is configured to define a first gap between an interior nose of the infeed conveyor and an interior nose of the outfeed conveyor to correspond to the first position of the blade assembly, and it is configured to define a second gap between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor to correspond to the second position of the blade assembly. 1. A blade and conveyor gap adjustment assembly for a blade portioning conveyor machine having a blade assembly and a conveyor assembly with an infeed conveyor and an outfeed conveyor, the blade and conveyor gap adjustment assembly comprising: (a) a blade adjustment assembly suitable for moving the blade assembly between at least first and second positions relative to the conveyor assembly; and (b) a first conveyor gap adjustment assembly configured to define a first gap between an interior nose of the infeed conveyor and an interior nose of the outfeed conveyor to correspond to the first position of the blade assembly and configured to define a second gap between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor to correspond to the second position of the blade assembly, wherein the first conveyor gap adjustment assembly includes a mechanical movement assembly configured to linearly move one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor for defining the first and second gaps between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor, the mechanical movement assembly comprising: (i) a push-pull rod that is configured to linearly move in forward and rearward directions substantially along an axis of the conveyor assembly; (ii) a sliding bar moveable by the push-pull rod that is coupled to the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor; and (iii) an adjustable limiting assembly configured to limit the linear movement of the sliding bar when the push-pull rod is moved in the forward and rearward directions. 2. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a mechanical connection assembly operably disposed between the blade adjustment assembly and the first conveyor gap adjustment assembly suitable for translating the movement of the blade assembly to the first conveyor gap adjustment assembly. 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the blade adjustment assembly comprises a drive shaft secured to a portion of the blade assembly that is rotatable to move the blade assembly between the at least first and second positions, wherein the drive shaft is operably coupled to a driven shaft of the first conveyor gap adjustment assembly through the mechanical connection assembly. 4. (canceled) 5. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the mechanical movement assembly is configured to convert rotational movement of the blade assembly into linear movement of one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor for defining the first and second gaps between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor. 6. (canceled) 7. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the adjustable limiting assembly includes first and second stops configured to limit the linear movement of the sliding bar between first and second positions, and wherein the first and second stops are adjustable to define a maximum distance between the first and second positions and a minimum distance between the first and second positions. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the mechanical connection assembly and the mechanical movement assembly are configured to move at least the maximum distance to accommodate movement of the blade assembly between the first and second positions. 9. The assembly of claim 8, further comprising an adjustment accommodation assembly configured to allow the mechanical movement assembly to move at least the maximum distance while stopping movement of the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor at the first and second positions when the distance between the first and second positions is less than the maximum distance. 10. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the mechanical movement assembly includes a cam assembly moveable by the driven shaft. 11. The assembly of claim 10, wherein the cam assembly is operably coupled to the push-pull rod, and the cam assembly is configured to translate the rotation of the driven shaft to linear movement of the push-pull rod in forward and rearward directions. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the sliding bar is engageable with a second stop when the push-pull rod is moved in the forward direction and a first stop when the push-pull rod is moved in the rearward direction. 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the sliding bar is in a first position when it engages the first stop, and wherein the sliding bar is in a second position when it engages the second stop. 14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the first and second stops are adjustable in position to adjust the first and second positions of the sliding bar. 15. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the first and second stops are fasteners threadably received within a portion of the blade portioning conveyor machine. 16. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the first and second stops are sensors received within a portion of the blade portioning conveyor machine. 17. The assembly of claim 13, further comprising a first biasing member secured to the push-pull rod and engageable with the sliding bar to urge the sliding bar into the second position, and a second biasing member secured to the push-pull rod and engageable with the sliding bar to urge the sliding bar into the first position. 18. The assembly of claim 17, wherein the first biasing member compresses when the push-pull rod moves the sliding bar into the second position to allow the push-pull rod to continue moving forward after the sliding bar engages the second stop, and wherein the second biasing member compresses when the push-pull rod moves the sliding bar into the first position to allow the push-pull rod to continue moving rearward after the sliding bar engages the first stop. 19. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first conveyor gap adjustment assembly includes a releasable lock assembly configured to secure one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor in at least one of first and second positions. 20-62. (canceled) 63. A blade and conveyor gap adjustment assembly for a blade portioning conveyor machine having a blade assembly and a conveyor assembly with an infeed conveyor and an outfeed conveyor, the blade and conveyor gap adjustment assembly comprising: (a) a blade adjustment assembly suitable for moving the blade assembly between at least first and second positions relative to the conveyor assembly; and (b) a conveyor gap adjustment assembly configured to define a first gap between an interior nose of the infeed conveyor and an interior nose of the outfeed conveyor to correspond to the first position of the blade assembly and configured to define a second gap between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor to correspond to the second position of the blade assembly, wherein the conveyor gap adjustment assembly comprises: (i) a mechanical movement assembly moveable in first and second directions, the mechanical movement assembly coupled to one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor for defining the first and second gaps; and (ii) an adjustable limiting assembly configured to limit the movement of the mechanical movement assembly in both the first and second directions to selectively widen or narrow the first and second gaps. 64. The assembly of claim 63, wherein the mechanical movement assembly comprises an actuator configured to move the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor in the first and second directions, wherein the adjustable limiting assembly is configured to limit the movement of the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor when the actuator moves in the first and second directions. 65. The assembly of claim 63, wherein the actuator is defined by a push-pull rod that moves a sliding bar coupled to the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor, wherein the adjustable limiting assembly is configured to limit the movement of the sliding bar when the push-pull rod is moved in the first and second directions. 66. The assembly of claim 63, wherein the mechanical movement assembly comprises: (a) a push-pull rod that is configured to move in the first and second directions; and (b) a sliding bar moveable by the push-pull rod that is coupled to the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor; wherein the adjustable limiting assembly is configured to limit the movement of the sliding bar when the push-pull rod is moved in the first and second directions. 67. A conveyor gap adjustment assembly for a conveyor assembly having an infeed conveyor and an outfeed conveyor, the conveyor gap adjustment assembly configured to define a first gap between an interior nose of the infeed conveyor and an interior nose of the outfeed conveyor and configured to define a second gap between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor, the conveyor gap adjustment assembly comprising: an actuator configured to move one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor in first and second directions; and an adjustable limiting assembly configured to limit the movement of the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor in both the first and second directions when the actuator correspondingly moves in the first and second directions to selectively widen or narrow the first and second gaps. 68. The assembly of claim 67, further comprising a blade adjustment assembly suitable for moving a blade assembly between at least first and second positions relative to the conveyor assembly, wherein the first gap corresponds to the first position of the blade assembly and the second gap corresponds to the second position of the blade assembly. 69. The assembly of claim 67, wherein the actuator is defined by a push-pull rod that moves a sliding bar coupled to the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor, wherein the adjustable limiting assembly is configured to limit the movement of the sliding bar when the push-pull rod is moved in the first and second directions. 70. A conveyor gap adjustment assembly for a conveyor assembly having an infeed conveyor and an outfeed conveyor, the conveyor gap adjustment assembly configured to define a first gap between an interior nose of the infeed conveyor and an interior nose of the outfeed conveyor and configured to define a second gap between the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor, the conveyor gap adjustment assembly comprising: (a) a mechanical movement assembly moveable in first and second directions, the mechanical movement assembly coupled to one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor for defining the first and second gaps, wherein the mechanical movement assembly comprises: (i) a push-pull rod that is configured to move in the first and second directions; and (ii) a sliding bar moveable by the push-pull rod that is coupled to the one of the interior nose of the infeed conveyor and the interior nose of the outfeed conveyor; and (b) an adjustable limiting assembly configured to limit the movement of the sliding bar when the push-pull rod is moved in the first and second directions.",
-    "A mobile phone case is fully integrated with an extendable selfie stick where the selfie stick can be folded and stored in the back of the mobile phone case when not used. The selfie stick can be unfolded and extended for settle photographs when needed. This mobile phone case combines a selfie stick into a protection case. It is multifunctional, portable, and easy-to-use. 1. A case for a mobile phone with a selfie-stick integrated thereof comprising: a cellphone case; a detachably extendable selfie-stick, wherein the selfie-stick supports the cellphone from the proximate center of the back of the cellphone case; wherein said cellphone case further includes a storage groove designed to store said selfie-stick when not in use; wherein said selfie-stick is integrated into the back of said cellphone case in said storage groove; a rotary rod; an adjustable rod; wherein said rotary rod is L-shaped and one end of said rotary rod is attached to the back of said cellphone case while the other end is attached to said adjustable rod; and wherein said adjustable rod further includes a selfie control button located on the outside and connected to a selfie control device. 2. (canceled) 3. The mobile phone case of claim 1 wherein said storage groove is located at the back of said cellphone case and designed to store said rotary rod and said adjustable rod when not in use. 4. The mobile phone case of claim 3 further comprises: an installation hole located at the back of said cellphone case; a first position lock with an axial hole inserted into said installation hole; a first connection hole matching said installation hole is located on one side of said rotary rod; a first bolt knob that connects said rotary rod to said installation hole; wherein the bolt diameter of said first bolt knob matches the size of the axial hole in said first position lock; and said first bolt knob includes thread in the far end of the bolt; and wherein said rotatory rod is connected with said cellphone case via said first bolt knob through said first position lock into said installation hole. 5. The mobile phone case of claim 4 wherein the other side of said rotary rod connects with said adjustable rod and further comprising: a first connection component located on the other side of said rotary rod wherein said first connection component includes a second connection hole and one or more spaced compartments to hook with said adjustable rod; a second U-shaped connection component that includes a third connection hole comparable to said second connection hole; wherein the axis of said second connection hole is perpendicular to the axis of said first connection hole; wherein said second connection component is designed to book with said first connection component through a second bolt knob; wherein the bolt diameter of said second bolt knob matches the size of said second connection hole; wherein said second bolt knob crosses through said connection holes of said first and second connection components and is screwed into said second connection hole; and wherein said second bolt knob includes thread in the far end of the bolt. 6. The mobile phone case of claim 5 wherein said mobile phone case further comprises: a main case body; a cellphone back board; wherein said cellphone back board is detachably attached to the side of said main case body facing a cellphone; and wherein said main case body is shaped to cover a cell phone and said selfie stick is connected to the back of said main case body.",
-    "A negative electrode including: a current collector; a negative active material layer formed on the current collector; and a polymer coating layer that is formed on the negative active material layer and comprises a fluorinated acrylate type polymer. 1. A negative active material comprising: a core that intercalates or deintercalates lithium, and a coating layer formed on at least a portion of the core, wherein the core comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of a carbonaceous negative active material and a metal-based negative active material, and the coating layer comprises a fluorinated acrylate type polymer. 2. The negative active material of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated acrylate type polymer is a repeating unit represented by Formula 1 below: wherein: R1 to R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a C1 to C20 alkyl group, a fluorine atom-substituted C1 to C20 alkyl group, a C2 to C20 alkenyl group, a fluorine atom-substituted C2 to C20 alkenyl group, a C6 to C20 aryl group, or a fluorine atom-substituted C6 to C20 aryl group, R4 to R6 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, CH3, CHF2, CH2F, or CF3, X is CH2, CHF, or CF2, a is an integer of 0 to 10, and b is an integer of 0 to 10, the weight average molecular weight of the fluorinated acrylate type polymer is in the range of about 200 to about 500,000, and any one of R1 to R6 comprises at least one fluorine atom. 3. The negative active material of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated acrylate type polymer is at least one material selected from the group consisting of poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (meth)acrylate), poly(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl(meth)acrylate), poly(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl (meth)acrylate), poly(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl(meth)acrylate), poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl(meth)acrylate), poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl(meth)acrylate), poly(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl(meth)acrylate), and poly(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl (meth)acrylate). 4. The negative active material of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated acrylate type polymer further comprises a repeating unit represented by Formula 2 below: wherein R7 is H, or CH3, and R8 is a linear or branched C1 to C9 alkyl group, and the weight average molecular weight of the fluorinated acrylate type polymer is about 200 to about 500,000. 5. A lithium battery comprising: a positive electrode; the negative electrode comprising the negative active material of claim 1; and an electrolyte. 6. The lithium battery of claim 5, further comprising a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.",
-    "Means of partially enclosing a bottle and providing attachment to the human hand are disclosed. A single panel of material forms the main body of the device and is arranged such that a bottle may be securely enclosed. A protruding panel integral to the main body panel accepts the insertion of multiple fingers or a portion of a human hand to allow attachment of the bottle and holder to the user without the need to continuously grip the bottle. Length adjustment of the hand attachment panel is provided in such a way that multiple hand/finger sizes and securement forces may be accommodated. The preferred material for the device allows elastic adjustment for multiple bottle sizes, provides insulation of the bottle contents and protects the hand from discomfort due to hot or cold liquid within the bottle. Surfaces of the device allow display of a graphic or message. 1. An enclosure to accept a bottle of liquid, fabricated from a single piece of sheet stock material for the main body of the enclosure, assembled in such a way as to provide a protruding panel which allows for insertion of a portion of a human hand, said protruding panel being integral to the main body of the enclosure. 2. The enclosure described in claim 1, in which the protruding panel is adjustable in effective length in order to optimize the retention of the enclosure to the hand. 3. The enclosure described in claim 2, in which the protruding panel is led through an opening in the main body of the enclosure in a way that creates friction between the panel and the opening so as to secure the panel's length adjustment at a pre-determined setting. 4. The enclosure described in claim 2, in which length indicator markings are printed upon the protruding panel. 5. The enclosure described in claim 1 in which one or more additional panels of material are located on the outer surface of the main body of the enclosure, selected edges of said additional panels being fixed to the main body of the enclosure in a way that the additional panels comprise one or more pockets. 6. The enclosure described in claim 1 in which one or more additional panels of material are located on the inner surface of the main body of the enclosure, selected edges of said additional panels being fixed to the main body of the enclosure in a way that the additional panels comprise one or more pockets. 7. The enclosure described in claim 1, in which a portion of the main body is fabricated of a material which allows the application of text, logo or other graphic design prior to assembly of the enclosure. 8. The enclosure described in claim 1, in which a portion of the main body is fabricated of a material which allows the application of text, logo or other graphic design following assembly of the enclosure.",
-    "An external contact center testing system is integrated with an internal monitoring and diagnostic system to identify and verify a fault condition, and to determine the cause of such fault condition. Test data for each of the stimuli launched into the call center from the external testing system are synced with the monitoring results data generated by the internal monitoring system. The synced results can be analyzed to verify that a true fault has occurred and also to identify both failure conditions and specific hardware malfunctions giving rise to the noted failure. The internal monitoring system can interface with the external testing system to cause one or more testing stimuli to be launched by external testing system. The internal monitoring data can also be linked to the external testing data for drill-down viewing by a user. 1. An integrated contact center monitoring and testing system, comprising: a monitoring system located internal of a contact center, the monitoring system coupled to at least one subsystem of the contact center, the monitoring system comprising a monitoring results database and a monitoring web service subsystem connected to an Internet, wherein the monitoring system is configured to monitor a performance parameter of the at least one subsystem of the contact center responding to a test stimuli injected into the contact center, and record a monitored result of the contact center responding to a test stimuli in the monitoring results database; and an external testing system located externally to the contact center, the external testing system including a test engine, a test results database and a testing web service subsystem connected to the Internet, wherein the external testing system is configured to inject the test stimuli into the contact center with the test engine and record a test result data in the test results database, wherein a logic engine residing in at least one of the monitoring system and external testing system is configured to compare the monitored result with the test result for the test stimuli injected into the contact center and conclude whether a fault has occurred in the contact center when both the monitored result and test result indicate that the fault has occurred in response to the stimuli. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring system is further configured to prompt the external testing system via at least one of a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) and an Internet to inject a second stimuli into the contact center. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the test engine is a dialer engine and the test stimuli is a telephone call launched into a public switched telephone network that is coupled to a private branch exchange (PBX) subsystem in the contact center, wherein the PBX subsystem is coupled to an interactive voice response (IVR) subsystem in the contact center, wherein the monitoring system is coupled to each of the PBX subsystem and the IVR subsystem. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the testing system includes a testing web server and a scheduling communicator, the scheduling communicator configured to communicate a test request to a translator, the translator configured to transform the test request into a translated test request for the test engine. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the test engine reports the test result data to a translator, the translator configured to transform the test result data to the test result before the test result is recorded in the test results database. 6. The system of claim 1, further including an application server configured to emulate a plurality of agent computer terminals in the contact center, wherein the application server includes a data gathering software application to capture a screen pop data from a computer telephony integration (CTI) subsystem in the contact center, wherein at least one of the external test system and the monitoring system are coupled to the application server and store the screen pop data in the respective test results database and monitoring results database. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the external test system includes a test results viewing portal, the external test system configured to present the test result in an html format viewable via a web browser of an internet-connected computing device, wherein the test result is linked to the monitored result such that monitored results are displayed when the linked test results are selected via the web browser. 8. A method of monitoring and testing a contact center, the method comprising: injecting a first test stimuli into the contact center by an external test system; monitoring, by a monitoring system located in the contact center, a performance result of the at least one subsystem of the contact center responding to the first test stimuli; recording by the monitoring system the performance result in the monitoring results database; monitoring, by the external testing system a test result of the contact center responding to the test stimuli; recording by the external testing system the test result in the test results database; comparing the performance result to the test result for the first test stimuli; concluding that a fault condition exists in the contact center if both of the test result and monitoring result indicate that a fault occurred; injecting a second test stimuli into the contact center by the external test system if one of the test result and monitoring result indicate that a fault occurred; and concluding that no fault condition exists if both of the test result and monitoring result indicate that no fault occurred. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising re-routing a customer inquiry to alternate subsystems within the contact center when the fault condition has been concluded to exist, so that the customer inquiry is not impaired by the fault condition. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising summoning a technician only when both of the test result and monitoring result indicate that a fault occurred. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising transforming with a translator a test request for a test engine before communicating the test request to the test engine. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising transforming the test result from a test engine before recording the test result before the test result is recorded in the test results database. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the test result is transformed into extensible markup language (XML). 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising: emulating a plurality of agent computer terminals in the contact center; capturing a screen pop data from a computer telephony integration (CTI) subsystem in the contact center; and storing the captured screen pop data in one of the test results database and monitoring results database. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising: displaying the test result in a web browser; linking the test result for a given stimuli to a corresponding performance result for the given stimuli; and displaying the corresponding performance result when the linked test result is selected in the web browser. 16. A method of monitoring and testing a contact center, the method comprising: monitoring, by a monitoring system located in the contact center, a performance parameter of the at least one subsystem of the contact center to identify whether a possible fault condition exists in the at least one subsystem; and requesting by the monitoring system that an external testing system inject a test stimuli into the contact center when the monitoring system determines that the possible fault condition exists. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one subsystem of the contact center is a IVR subsystem, and wherein the test stimuli injection includes at least one telephone call launched by the external testing system into a public switched telephone network. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining by the external testing system whether the possible fault condition exists in the at least one subsystem after injecting the test stimuli into the contact center; and summoning a technician only after a determination that the possible fault condition persists after the external testing system determines that the possible fault condition exists. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising the external testing system deploying a plurality of test engines to inject the test stimuli into the contact center. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of test engines comprise a first test engine configured to generate a first type of stimuli and a second test engine configured to generate a second type of stimuli, wherein the first type of stimuli is different then the second type of stimuli.",
-    "A power control apparatus for controlling power consumption in customer premises equipment (CPE) for use in a content and data distribution network includes a detector, operative to determine an operational status of a connection between the CPE and a headend in the content and data distribution network, and a controller coupled with the detector. The controller is operative to place the CPE in a first mode of operation when a power failure event is not present and the operational status is indicative of a loss of connectivity between the CPE and the headend. The apparatus further includes switching circuitry coupled with the controller. The switching circuitry is operative in the first mode to disable power to a first subset of functional modules in the CPE, to thereby reduce power consumption in the CPE. 1. A method for reducing power consumption in customer premises equipment (CPE) for use in a content and data distribution network, the method comprising the steps of: determining an operational status of a connection between the CPE and a headend in the content and data distribution network; and when a power failure event is not present at the CPE and the operational status is indicative of a loss of connectivity between the CPE and the headend, placing the CPE in a first mode of operation, wherein in the first mode of operation, power to a first subset of functional modules in the CPE is disabled to thereby reduce power consumption in the CPE. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a power failure event is present at the CPE; and when the power failure event is present, powering the CPE from an uninterruptable power source. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a power failure event is present at the CPE; and when the power failure event is present and when the operational status is indicative of a presence of connectivity between the CPE and the headend, placing the CPE in a second mode of operation, wherein in the second mode of operation, power to a second subset of functional modules in the CPE is disabled, the first subset of functional modules being greater than the second subset of functional modules. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining an operational status of the connection between the CPE and the headend comprises monitoring at least one characteristic of the connection between the CPE and the headend. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining an operational status of the connection between the CPE and the headend comprises monitoring a front end in the CPE to detect an energy level on at least one channel for a service with which the front end is in communication. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein monitoring the front end comprises determining whether the energy level on the channel exceeds a prescribed threshold level. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the energy level comprises a quadrature amplitude modulation signal level. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining an operational status of the connection between the CPE and the headend comprises monitoring at least one of communications received by the CPE from the headend, and monitoring a synchronization signal from the headend. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the communications received by the CPE from the headend comprises at least one of data traffic, voice traffic, a Data Over Cable System Interface Standard (DOCSIS) channel carrier, and out-of-band messaging signals. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining an operational status of the connection between the CPE and the headend comprises periodically monitoring at least one characteristic of the connection between the CPE and the headend. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein periodically monitoring at least one characteristic of the connection between the CPE and the headend comprises at least one of controlling an amount of time the connection is monitored and controlling an amount of time between successive connection monitoring intervals. 12. A power control apparatus for controlling power consumption in customer premises equipment (CPE) for use in a content and data distribution network, the apparatus comprising: a detector operative to determine an operational status of a connection between the CPE and a headend in the content and data distribution network; a controller coupled with the detector, the controller being operative to place the CPE in a first mode of operation when a power failure event is not present and the operational status is indicative of a loss of connectivity between the CPE and the headend; and switching circuitry coupled with the controller, the switching circuitry being operative in the first mode to disable power to a first subset of functional modules in the CPE to thereby reduce power consumption in the CPE. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the detector is operative to determine whether a power failure event is present at the CPE, and when a power failure event is detected, the switching circuitry is operative to power the CPE from an uninterruptable power source. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the uninterruptable power source comprises a battery. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the uninterruptable power source resides within the CPE. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the detector is operative to determine whether a power failure event is present at the CPE, and when the power failure event is present and when the operational status is indicative of a presence of connectivity between the CPE and the headend, the controller is operative to place the CPE in a second mode of operation, wherein in the second mode of operation, power to a second subset of functional modules in the CPE is disabled, the first subset of functional modules being greater than the second subset of functional modules. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the detector is operative to determine the operational status of the connection between the CPE and the headend by monitoring at least one characteristic of the connection between the CPE and the headend. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one characteristic of the connection comprises at least one of data traffic, voice traffic, a Data Over Cable System Interface Standard (DOCSIS) channel carrier, and out-of-band messaging signals. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the detector is operative to periodically monitor at least one characteristic of the connection between the CPE and the headend. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising timing circuitry coupled with the detector, the timing circuitry being operative to control at least one of an amount of time the connection is monitored and an amount of time between successive connection monitoring intervals.",
-    "An enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a substrate; a channel layer, prepared above the substrate; a barrier layer, prepared above the channel layer; the barrier layer and the channel layer forming a heterojunction structure, and two dimensional electron gas being formed at an interface between the barrier layer and the channel layer; a groove, prepared inside the barrier layer; a semiconductor epitaxial layer, prepared above the groove by secondary growth; an in-situ dielectric layer, prepared above the semiconductor epitaxial layer; a gate electrode, prepared above the in-situ dielectric layer; a source electrode, prepared above the barrier layer; and a drain electrode, prepared above the barrier layer. 1. An enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor, comprising: a substrate; a channel layer, prepared above the substrate; a barrier layer, prepared above the channel layer; the barrier layer and the channel layer forming a heterojunction structure, and two dimensional electron gas being formed at an interface between the barrier layer and the channel layer; a groove, prepared inside the barrier layer; a semiconductor epitaxial layer, prepared above the groove by secondary growth; an in-situ dielectric layer, prepared above the semiconductor epitaxial layer; a gate electrode, prepared above the in-situ dielectric layer; a source electrode, prepared above the barrier layer; and a drain electrode, prepared above the barrier layer. 2. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, wherein semiconductor epitaxial layer in-situextends towards the source electrode and the drain electrode. 3. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 2, wherein both of the semiconductor epitaxial layer and the barrier layer contain Al, and the Al component of the semiconductor epitaxial layer is less than the Al component of the barrier layer. 4. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, further comprising: an in-situ mask layer, prepared above the barrier layer; wherein the in-situ dielectric layer is prepared above the semiconductor epitaxial layer and the in-situ mask layer. 5. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 4, wherein the in-situ mask layer is made of a nitride. 6. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the groove is equal with or less than the thickness of the barrier layer. 7. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, wherein the barrier layer comprises a first barrier layer and a second barrier layer below the first barrier layer, and a bottom surface of the groove is located on a boundary between the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer. 8. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 7, wherein the component of the first barrier layer is different from the component of the second barrier layer. 9. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, wherein the source electrode and the barrier layer form an ohmic contact; and/or the drain electrode and the barrier layer form an ohmic contact. 10. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, wherein the groove is rectangle shaped, U shaped, V shaped or trapezoid shaped. 11. The enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is made of one of Si, GaN, SiC and sapphire; and/or the channel layer is made of a III-V compound; and/or the barrier layer is made of a III-V compound; and/or the semiconductor epitaxial layer is made of a III-V compound; and/or the in-situ dielectric layer is made of a nitride. 12. A manufacturing method of an enhancement mode high electron mobility transistor, comprising: depositing a channel layer and a barrier layer above a substrate sequentially; preparing a groove inside the barrier layer; preparing a semiconductor epitaxial layer above the groove by secondary growth, and preparing an in-situ dielectric layer above the semiconductor epitaxial layer; and preparing a gate electrode above the in-situ dielectric layer, and preparing a source electrode and a drain electrode above the barrier layer. 13. The manufacturing method according to claim 12, wherein preparing a groove inside the barrier layer comprises: Preparing a mask layer; forming a mask window above the barrier layer through a photolithography process; applying a dry etching process, a wet etching process or a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process to etch the barrier layer in the growth chamber to form the groove. 14. The manufacturing method according to claim 13, wherein the groove is formed by applying the metal organic chemical vapor deposition process to etch the barrier layer in the growth chamber, and the metal organic chemical vapor deposition process comprises: controlling etching time and temperature to make a bottom surface of the groove just extend to the upper surface of the channel layer; or controlling etching time and temperature to make a bottom surface of the groove be located on a boundary between a first barrier layer and a second barrier layer; wherein the barrier layer comprises the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer below the first barrier layer. 15. The manufacturing method according to claim 13, wherein the gas used in the metal organic chemical vapor deposition process is hydrogen gas, chlorine gas or ammonia gas; and/or the substrate temperature used in the metal organic chemical vapor deposition process is controlled within 700\u00b0 C.-1200\u00b0 C. 16. The manufacturing method according to claim 12, wherein the preparing process of the secondary growth semiconductor epitaxial layer is the same as the preparing process of the in-situ dielectric layer. 17. The manufacturing method according to claim 16, wherein both of the secondary growth semiconductor epitaxial layer and the in-situ dielectric layer are prepared through metal organic chemical vapor deposition processes applied in the same growth chamber. 18. The manufacturing method according to claim 12, wherein before preparing a semiconductor epitaxial layer above the groove, the manufacturing method further comprises: cleaning a wafer surface to remove the gas adsorbed on the wafer surface. 19. The manufacturing method according to claim 12, wherein before preparing a semiconductor epitaxial layer above the groove, the manufacturing method further comprises: preparing a platform formed by a mask layer through a photolithography process on the barrier layer; wherein preparing a source electrode and a drain electrode comprises: applying a dry etching process to remove the mask layer. 20. The manufacturing method according to claim 12, wherein after depositing a channel layer and a barrier layer above a substrate, the manufacturing method further comprises: depositing an in-situ mask layer above the barrier layer directly in the growth chamber used for depositing the barrier layer; wherein preparing a groove inside the barrier layer comprises: etching the barrier layer outside the growth chamber to form a mask window.",
-    "An active imaging system, which includes a light source and light sensor, generates structured illumination. The light sensor captures transient light response data regarding reflections of light emitted by the light source. The transient light response data is wavelength-resolved. One or more processors process the transient light response data and data regarding the structured illumination to calculate a reflectance spectra map of an occluded surface. The processors also compute a 3D geometry of the occluded surface. 1. A method comprising, in combination: (a) an active imaging system generating structured illumination, which active imaging system includes a light sensor and a light source; (b) the light sensor capturing transient light response data regarding reflections of light that is emitted by the light source and reflected from an occluded surface; and (c) one or more processors processing the transient light response data and data regarding the structured illumination to calculate a reflectance spectra map of the occluded surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors also calculate three-dimensional spatial coordinates of each respective point in a set of points on the occluded surface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of transient light response data is wavelength-resolved. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors classify the occluded object based at least in part on the reflectance spectra map. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors identify a specific type of fluorescent material in the occluded surface, based at least on sensor data indicative of a specific absorption spectrum and specific emission spectrum of the occluded material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the active imaging system computes or detects a synthetic temporal detection pattern. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the active imaging system computes or detects a synthetic wavelength band detection pattern. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the active imaging system computes or detects a synthetic spatial detection pattern. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors perform an algorithm, which algorithm includes, for each data sample I (i) determining a set of voxels for which the distance of a three-bounce light path equals the product of c and t, and (ii) incrementing a calculated intensity of each respective voxel in the set of voxels by an amount equal to the product of I and \u03b1, where: (a) each data sample I is a measured intensity at a single pixel of the light sensor for a particular illumination wavelength band, illumination position, detection position and time t, (b) c is a constant equal to the speed of light in a vacuum times a number, which number is greater than or equal to 0.9 and less than or equal to 1.0; and (c) \u03b1 is (i) a constant or (ii) a variable that is dependent on at least distance between the respective voxel and a detection position. 10. A method comprising, in combination: (a) an active imaging system generating structured illumination, which active imaging system includes an avalanche photodetector and a light source; (b) the avalanche photodetector capturing transient light response data regarding reflections of light that is emitted by the light source and reflected from an occluded surface; and (c) one or more processors processing the transient light response data and data regarding the structured illumination to calculate a reflectance spectra map of the occluded surface. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the light source is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the light source emits a series of pulses of light, such that: (a) the light source emits a first wavelength during a first set of the pulses of light and not during other pulses in the series; (b) the light source emits a second wavelength during a second set of the pulses of light and not during other pulses in the series; (c) the light source emits a third wavelength during a third set of the pulses of light and not during other pulses in the series; and (d) the first, second and third sets of pulses of light do not overlap each other. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the avalanche photodetector is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein: (a) the avalanche photodetector is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable; and (b) the light source is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable. 15. Apparatus comprising: (a) an active imaging system for generating structured illumination, which active imaging system includes a light sensor and a light source; (b) the light sensor for capturing transient light response data regarding reflections of light that is emitted by the light source and reflected from an occluded surface; and (c) one or more processors for processing the transient light response data and data regarding the structured illumination to calculate a reflectance spectra map of the occluded surface. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the light sensor comprises an avalanche photodiode. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the light sensor is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the light source is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein: (a) the light sensor is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable; and (b) the light source is wavelength-resolved and wavelength-tunable. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the light source emits a series of pulses of light, such that: (a) the light source emits a first wavelength during a first set of the pulses of light and not during other pulses in the series; (b) the light source emits a second wavelength during a second set of the pulses of light and not during other pulses in the series; (c) the light source emits a third wavelength during a third set of the pulses of light and not during other pulses in the series; and (d) the first, second and third sets of pulses of light do not overlap each other.",
-    "The invention provides processes for the preparation of silicone gels, and the use thereof, especially in cosmetic formulations. 1. A process for the preparation of silicone gels, comprising the steps: a) providing a mixture comprising: i) a silicone comprising: at least one (meth)acrylate group of formula (I) \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014CR\u2550CH2 formula (I) where R=\u2014H or \u2014CH3, with the proviso that the average molar ratio of (meth)acrylate groups to Si atoms in the silicone is in a range from 0.014-0.15; and ii) at least one cosmetically suitable carrier medium; b) initiating a free-radical polymerization by adding at least one organic radical starter. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the silicone used has at least one alkyl side chain having 2 to 30 carbon atoms. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the silicone in the silicone/oil mixture is from 1 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the silicone/oil mixture. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the average molar ratio of (meth)acrylate groups to Si atoms in the silicone is in the range of from 0.020 to 0.075. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein: a) the silicone used has at least one alkyl side chain having 12 to 18, carbon atoms; b) the concentration of the silicone in the silicone/oil mixture is 5 to 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the silicone/oil mixture; c) the average molar ratio of (meth)acrylate groups to Si atoms in the silicone is in the range of from 0.020 to 0.075. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the silicone has branched or unbranched alkyl radicals which are derived from a long-chain fatty acid. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the silicone has cetyl radicals. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the silicone corresponds to general formula (II): MaM\u2032a1M\u2033a2DbD\u2032b1D\u2033b2TcT\u2032c1T\u2033c2Qd formula (II), wherein M=(R13SiO1/2) M\u2032=(R2R12SiO1/2) M\u2033=(R3R12SiO1/2) D=(R12Si O2/2) D\u2032=(R2R1SiO2/2) D\u2033=(R3R1SiO2/2) T=(R5SiO3/2) T\u2032=(R2SiO3/2) T\u2033=R3SiO3/2) Q=(Si O4/2) a=0 to 32, a1=0 to 32, a2=0 to 32, with the proviso that a+a1+a2>=2, b=1 to 600, b1=0 to 80, b2=0 to 50, c=0 to 30, c1=0 to 10, c2=0 to 10, d=0 to 15, with the proviso that a2+b2+c2>=1 and R1=independently of one another, identical or different linear or branched, optionally aromatic, hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 =independently of one another, identical or different linear or branched, optionally aromatic, hydrocarbon radicals having 2 to 30; R3=independently of one another, identical or different organic radicals which have a (meth)acrylate group of the formula (I): \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014CR\u2550CH2 formula (I) where R=\u2014H or \u2014CH3; R5=independently of one another, identical or different radicals R1, R2 or R3. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the silicone corresponds to general formula (II): MaM\u2032a1M\u2033a2DbD\u2032b1D\u2033b2TcT\u2032c1T\u2033c2Qd formula (II), wherein M=(R13SiO1/2) M\u2032=(R2R12SiO1/2) M\u2033=(R3R12SiO1/2) D=(R12SiO2/2) D\u2032=(R2R1SiO2/2) D\u2033=(R3R1 SiO2/2) T=(R5SiO3/2) T\u2032=(R2SiO3/2) T\u2033=R3SiO3/2) Q=(SiO4/2) a=0 to 32, a1=0 to 32, a2=0 to 32, with the proviso that a+a1+a2>=2, b=1 to 600, b1=0 to 80, b2=0 to 50, c=0 c1=0 c2=0 d=0 with the proviso that a2+b2+c2>=1 and R1=independently of one another, identical or different linear or branched, optionally aromatic, hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R2=independently of one another, identical or different linear or branched, optionally aromatic, hydrocarbon radicals 7 to 22, carbon atoms; R3=independently of one another identical or different organic radicals which have a (meth)acrylate group of the formula (I) \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014CR\u2550CH2 formula (I) where R=\u2014H or \u2014CH3; R5=independently of one another identical or different radicals R1, R2 or R3. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein a silicone of general formula (II) is used, wherein: a+a1+a2=2 and c+c1+c2+d=0 or a2=2 and c+c1+c2+d=0. 11. The process of claim 8, wherein a silicone of general formula (II) is used and wherein: a2=2, b=20 to 400, b2=1 to 20, R1=CH3, R3=\u2014C6H12\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2, and a=a1=b1=c=c1=c2=d=0; a2=2, b=20 to 400, R1=CH3, R3=(CH2)3\u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014C(CH2\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2)2\u2014CH2\u2014CH3, and a=a1=b1=b2=c=c1=c2=d=0; a2=2, b=20 to 400, b1=1 to 20, R1=CH3, R2=C6 to C24 n-alkyl, R3=(CH2)3\u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014C(CH2\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2)2\u2014CH2\u2014CH3, and a=a1=b2=c=c1=c2 =d=0; or a+a2=4, b=20 to 400, b1=1 to 20, c=2, R1=R5=CH3, R2=C6 to C24 n-alkyl, R3=(CH2)3\u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014C(CH2\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014C(CH3)\u2550CH2)2\u2014CH2\u2014CH3, and a1=b2=c1=c2=d=0. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the cosmetically suitable carrier medium is a cosmetic oil. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic radical starter is a peroxide derived from an organic acid. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the organic radical starter is a lauroyl peroxide. 15. A silicone gel, wherein said gel is obtainable by the process of claim 1, and wherein, at a shear rate of 1 l/s and a temperature of 25\u00b0 C., said silicone gel has a viscosity of less than 150 000 mPas. 16. The silicone of claim 15, wherein, at a shear rate of 1 l/s and a temperature of 25\u00b0 C., said silicone gel has a viscosity of less than 50 000 mPas. 17. The silicone gel of claim 15, wherein, at a shear rate of 1 l/s and a temperature of 25\u00b0 C., said silicone gel has a viscosity of less than 15 000 mPas. 18. A cosmetic formulation comprising at least one silicone gel of claim 15. 19. The cosmetic formulation of claim 18, wherein said cosmetic formulation comprises 1% by weight to 40% by weight, of the silicone gel. 20. The cosmetic formulation of claim 18, wherein said cosmetic formulation comprises 3% by weight to 24% by weight, of the silicone gel.",
-    "Disclosed herein is an automated system comprising methods for improving image quality and image features by using feedback methodologies. More particularly, the systems and methods utilize a feedback loop that takes corrective actions based on the difference between the desired and the actual quality of the image in the enhancement system. The systems and methods include a multi-level design along with feedback loops between the current iteration and each previous iteration so that a measure can control the output by providing inputs to the imaging systems. By evaluating the difference between the computed measure of an enhanced image and its desired image, the system can supply a corrective action. If the system undergoes some image change that affects the regulated image, it can sense this change and force itself back to the desired enhanced image. 1. A system configured for feedback image enhancement comprising: a computing device configured with a controller signal configured by the relationships X p new \ue8a0 ( i , j , k ) = X p old \ue8a0 ( i , j , k ) + U \ue8a0 ( i , j , k ) U \ue8a0 ( i , j , k ) = f \ue8a0 ( IEM ) + { r - IEM \ue8a0 ( X ) } E \ue8a0 ( i , j , k ) = \u2211 \u03b3 = 1 3 \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 \u03b2 = j - w j + w \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 \u03b1 = i - w i + w \ue89e \ue89e \u03b3 \u03b1 , \u03b2 , \u03b3 \ue89e X \ue8a0 ( i + \u03b1 , j + \u03b2 , k ) where XPnew(i, j, k) represents the image intensity of a previous iteration at pixel(i, j) and color plane k (k=1, 2, 3 for red, green, and blue, respectively), U(i, j, k) is the controller and Xpnew is the result of applying the controller, Xpold is the image created in the previous iteration, \u03b1 and k are two arbitrary constants which could be adjusted based on image category, and IEM(Xpnew) is an image enhancement measure, and wherein in the above relation, the size of the cube is (2w+1)\u00d7(2w+1))\u00d73; wherein the enhanced image is the first iteration and continuing the steps while the error of enhancement measure between two iterations is equal to or less than the set point assigned by the designer. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said controller utilizes different nonlinear functions. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said system is configured for processing grayscale and color images. 4. A system configured for feedback image enhancement comprising: A computing device configured for sliding mode image enhancement comprising a controller signal configured by the relationships Xpnew(i, j)=Xpold(i, j)+U(i, j) U(i, j)=\u03b1+k\u00d7sign(\u0394\u03b5) \u0394\u03b5=IEM(Xpnew)\u2212IEM(Xpold) where X(i, j)old represents the image intensity at pixel(i, j), U(i,j) is controller and X(i,j)new is the result of applying controller on pixel(i, j); Xpold stands for the image created in the previous iteration; \u03b1 and k are two arbitrary constants which could be adjusted based on image category, and IEM is an image enhancement measure; wherein the enhanced image is the first iteration and continuing the steps while the error of enhancement measure between two iterations is equal to or less than the set point assigned by the designer. 5. A system configured for feedback image enhancement comprising: A computing device comprising a fuzzy controller signal configured by the relationships Fuzzy \ue89e \ue89e Measure \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e Image \ue89e \ue89e Enhancement = ( 1 k 1 \ue89e k 2 \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 k \ue89e \ue89e 1 \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 j = 1 k \ue89e \ue89e 2 \ue89e \ue89e W ij ) wherein the enhanced image is the first iteration and continuing the steps while the error of enhancement measure between two iterations is equal to or less than the set point assigned by the designer.",
-    "The invention provides systems, devices, methods and software to daisy chain multiple individual transmitters, optionally nodes, optionally extenders, and receivers to form any sized scalable system of digital video and audio signal switching and distribution. The video audio systems are for a simpler system design, wiring, control and expansion, to accomplish signal interfacing, switching, splitting for many varied input and output requirements with a scalable pair of transmitters and receivers. 1. A digital video audio signal switching and distribution system comprising: at least one component transmitter for signal switching and distribution, wherein each of the at least one transmitters are connected in a daisy chain series via cables if there is more than one transmitter; at least one interface with at least one input for receiving a signal from a cable from a source device or another transmitter or a node on each of the at least one transmitters; at least one interface with at least one output for relaying a signal from a cable to a receiver or a node on each of the at least one transmitters; optionally at least one node configured to receive at least one signal from any connected transmitter or daisy chain of transmitters and to output the at least one signal to any connected receiver or daisy chain of receivers; at least one component receiver for distributing signals, wherein each of the at least one receivers are connected to each other in a daisy chain series via cables if there is more than one receiver and optionally to a node if there is a node; at least one interface with at least one input for receiving signals from a cable from a transmitter or from other receivers or a node on each of the at least one receivers; at least one interface with at least one output for sending a signal from a cable to a display unit or another receiver or a node on each of the at least one receivers; and optionally, at least one display unit having an interface with at least one input for receiving a signal from a cable from a receiver. 2. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, further comprising at least one cable for providing an input signal from a video audio device. 3. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, further comprising at least one input selection button on each of the at least one transmitters, whereby activating a selection button on a transmitter selects the signal directed from that transmitter to proceed through all of the transmitters and all of the receivers to an at least one display unit, and wherein the last activated selection button controls the signal flow path. 4. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, further comprising at least one remote control unit positioned at one or more of a plurality of positions within the connected series of daisy chain series of transmitters and daisy chain series of receivers providing for a second level of control for signal routing to the at least one display unit. 5. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein each of the transmitters and receivers have an Ethernet input connection for accessing the internet, wherein any of the transmitters and receivers can serve as internet access points for any video audio device connected to a transmitter of the system, and whereby all connected video audio devices connected to a transmitter of the system would have internet access via internet signals that are transmitted through the connected series of daisy chain series of transmitters and daisy chain series of receivers. 6. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein there is one transmitter and one receiver. 7. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein there is a plurality of transmitters and one receiver. 8. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein there is one transmitter and a plurality of receivers. 9. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein there is a plurality of transmitters and a plurality of receivers. 10. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one transmitters contains a circuit board configured for receiving a plurality of input signal formats, the circuit board further comprising; a VGA/audio to HDMI scaler configured to receive a VGA and audio input signal; a DisplayPort to HDMI converter configured to receive a DisplayPort input signal; a HDMI switcher configured for selecting among input signals for distribution to a digital transmitter; a microcontroller and optional selection button configured for selecting and controlling a signal from an activated transmitter; a digital transmitter configured for sending signals to the next connected transmitter, receiver or node; and a daisy chain processor for insertion of the signal into the signal path, wherein the signal path may flow from a single transmitter to a single receiver, or wherein the signal path may flow from each of a daisy chain connected series of transmitters to a single receiver or to each of a daisy chain connected series of receivers. 11. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmitter further comprises, an circuit board configured to receive a signal in a format selected from the group consisting of VGA/audio, HDMI, DisplayPort, and DiiVA. 12. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one receiver further comprises: a circuit board configured for receiving an input signal from a transmitter or another receiver or a node; a digital transmitter for distributing a signal through the next connected receiver or a node; a processor for extracting the signal for relay to a display; and a microcontroller for determining and controlling the signal flow path, whereby receivers connected to a display device extracts the signal from the signal flow path for display on the display device. 13. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein the type of cable used to connect transmitter, receiver, and display components is selected from the group consisting of a coaxial cable, a twisted pair cable, and an optical fiber cable. 14. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein the number of the at least one transmitters, extenders or receivers of the system are scalable, wherein additional transmitters, extenders or receivers can be added to the daisy chain series to cover any longer transmission distance 15. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein each of the transmitters, receivers and nodes are connected via a RJ45 male and female connector pin/pair type A configuration for eight-conductor quad twisted-pair cabling, the pin/pair A configuration further comprising: a set of eight pins configured to receive individual wires from four twisted pairs, wherein none of the two individual wires from each of the four twisted pairs are separated by an intervening individual wire from another twisted pair; and wherein the pin assignments is as follows from all the pin and pair numbering combinations; pin 1 and 2 are for the first and second wire of twisted pair 3; pin 3 and 4 are for the first and second wire of twisted pair 2; pin 5 and 6 are for the first and second wire of twisted pair 1; and pin 7 and 8 are for the first and second wire of twisted pair 4, whereby the common-mode noise rejection and impedance characteristics are enhanced and crosstalk between wires is reduced, especially in high frequency. 16. The RJ45 male and female connector pin configuration of claim 15 wherein the pin outs are alternately configured in a type B configuration wherein pin 1 and 2 are for the first and second wires of twisted pair 2 and wherein pin 3 and 4 are for the first and second wires of twisted pair 3. 17. The video audio signal switching and distribution transmitter of claim 10 further comprising; a DiiVA converter for receiving a DiiVA signal input. 18. The video audio signal switching and distribution transmitter of claim 10, wherein the HDMI switcher is selected from the group consisting of a 2 signal by 1 signal switcher, a 3 signal by 1 signal switcher, a 4 signal by 1 signal switcher, and a multiple signal by 1 signal switcher. 19. The transmitter of claim 1 or 10, wherein the circuit board can take power from other transmitters and the receivers or node in the video audio signal switching and distribution system; and whereby no separate external power supply is required. 20. A transmitter or receiver of claim 1 or 12, wherein the circuit board can take power from other transmitters and receivers or node in the video audio signal switching and distribution system; and whereby no separate external power supply is required. 21. The video audio signals switching and distribution system of claim 1, wherein the video, audio, Ethernet and control signals can be bi-directional. 22. The digital video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 1, further comprising: at least one component duplexer component for signal switching and distribution, wherein each duplexer has at least one interface with a plurality of inputs for receiving a signal from a cable from a source device and optionally a duplexer or a node and a plurality of signal outputs for sending the input signal out for bi-directional transmission to a device or to a duplexer or a node; optionally at least one signal selection control configured on a duplexer; and optionally, at least one display unit having an interface with at least one input for receiving a signal from a cable from a receiver. 23. The video audio signal switching and distribution system of claim 22, wherein the duplexer contains a circuit board further comprising: a signal converter/switcher configured to receive a plurality of signal input formats; a signal converter/distributer configured for outputting the plurality of signals received from the signal converter/switcher; a digital transmitter/receiver configured to receive at least one signal from an upstream duplexer and send at least one signal to a downstream duplexer; a daisy chain processor configured to insert signal information into the signal flow path; and a microcontroller configured for determining and controlling the signal flow path, whereby the duplexer daisy chain processor connected extracts signal information from the signal flow path for display on a display device connected to the duplexer. 24. The duplexer of claim 22 wherein the circuit board contains connections to receive and output signals selected from the group consisting of VGA, audio, DisplayPort, and DiiVA. 25. A digital video audio signal switching and distribution node comprising: at least one interface with at least one input for receiving at least one signal from a cable from at least one transmitter, wherein each of the at least one transmitters are connected in a daisy chain series if there is more than one transmitter; or another node; at least one matrix configured to receive each of the signals from each of the inputs and to output each signal to any of the outputs; at least one interface with at least one output for transmitting at least one signal received from the at least one matrix to at least one receiver, wherein each of the at least one receivers are connected in a daisy chain series if there is more than one receiver, or another node, wherein each of the signals can be routed from any of the inputs to any of the outputs; and at least one microcontroller for directing each of the at least one signals. 26. The node of claim 25, further comprising: at least one de-multiplexer configured to receive signals from each of the inputs for separating a combined signal to multiple independent signals and feeds to the at least one matrix; and at least one multiplexer configured to receive multiple independent signals from the at least one matrix and combine them into one combined signal for outputting via a cable to a device selected from the group consisting of a receiver, a daisy chain of receivers and another node. 27. The node of claim 25, further comprising: a networking switch configured connected to the at least one matrix for providing a connection to the internet. 28. The node of claim 27 wherein the networking switch is an Ethernet switch. 29. The node of claim 27, further comprising: at least one memory interface operationally connected to the microcontroller for providing instructions for directing each of the at least one signals. 30. A method for digital video audio signal switching and distribution comprising: providing at least one input signal consisting of either VGA/audio, DisplayPort, HDMI, or optionally DiiVA into at least one transmitter or a daisy-chained series of transmitters via a cable from a video audio device, wherein the signal path flows from the video audio devices into and through the transmitter or chain of transmitters if there is more than one transmitter; converting each input signal into a common signal format using signal converter or scaler circuits on the circuit board of the transmitter; selecting between the converted signals with a switcher, configured on the circuit board of the transmitter; inserting input signals into the signal path, wherein a daisy chain processor configured on the circuit board of the transmitter inserts signals into the signal path to flow through the transmitter or chain of transmitters if there is more than one transmitter; transmitting the inserted signal by linking at least one of the transmitters to a receiver or a daisy chained connected series of receivers, wherein the signal path flows from an individual transmitter to an individual receiver and then through the chain of receivers if there is more than one receiver; extracting signals for display on a display device wherein a daisy chain processor configured on an circuit board of the receiver extracts selected signals, wherein the extracted signals are converted to at least one signal format which can be shown on a display unit by an optional scaler or converter circuits on the circuit board of the receiver; optionally controlling signal switching and distribution between the chain of transmitters and the chain of receivers, wherein each of the at least one transmitters contains at least one selection button, whereby activating a selection button on a transmitter controls the selection and distribution of the signal through the transmitter and receiver or chains of transmitters and receivers for relay to a display unit, wherein the last activated selection button controls the signal selection for display; displaying the signals from the receivers on at least one display unit; and optionally controlling signal selection and the routing of signals flowing in the signal path at a second level, wherein a remote control unit is inserted at one of a plurality of positions among the connected transmitters and receivers. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising the steps of: providing the signal with a twisted pair cable terminated with a male RJ45 connector having a twisted wire pair configuration of claim 15; and connecting the male RJ45 connector with a cognate female connector with the pin configuration of claim 15.",
-    "Medical apparatus includes an endoscope, which includes a distal end configured for insertion into a body cavity and which includes an imaging assembly, configured to capture and output an image of a region of the body cavity in proximity to the distal end. An energy source is configured to emit pulses of energy through an energy guide. A control unit is configured to process the image so as to identify a target mass in the body cavity and to verify that an aiming beam directed through the energy guide is incident on the target mass and, responsively to so verifying, to actuate the energy source to direct a pulse of the energy via the energy guide onto the target mass. 1. Medical apparatus, comprising: an endoscope, which comprises a distal end configured for insertion into a body cavity and which comprises an imaging assembly, configured to capture and output an image of a region of the body cavity in proximity to the distal end; an energy guide; an energy source, configured to emit pulses of energy through the energy guide; and a control unit, which is configured to process the image so as to identify a target mass in the body cavity and to verify that an aiming beam directed through the energy guide is incident on the target mass and, responsively to so verifying, to actuate the energy source to direct a pulse of the energy via the energy guide onto the target mass. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, and comprising an illumination source, which is configured to direct the aiming beam through the energy guide. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy guide passes through the endoscope to an opening at the distal end. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the endoscope comprises a working channel, passing through the endoscope to the opening at the distal end, and wherein the energy guide is configured for insertion through the working channel. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the energy guide is configured to protrude through the opening at the distal end of the endoscope, so that a distal tip of the energy guide is in proximity to the target mass. 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the endoscope is configured for insertion through a urinary tract of a patient, wherein the target mass is a stone, and wherein the pulses emitted by the energy source are configured to be absorbed by and thereby induce disintegration of the stone. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy guide comprises an optical fiber, and wherein the energy source comprises a laser. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit permits repeated actuation of the energy source even when the aiming beam does not appear in the image to be incident on the target mass, so that the energy source continues to direct further pulses of the energy via the energy guide. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the control unit inhibits the operation of the energy source when the aiming beam still does not appear in the image to be incident on the target mass after a predefined time interval following emission of the pulse of energy onto the target mass. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an illumination source, which is configured to direct the aiming beam through the energy guide. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy guide passes the endoscope to an opening at the distal end. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the endoscope comprises a working channel, passing through the endoscope to the opening at the distal end, and wherein the energy guide is configured for insertion through the working channel. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the energy guide is configured to protrude through the opening at the distal end of the endoscope, so that a distal tip of the energy guide is in proximity to the target mass. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the endoscope is configured for insertion through a urinary tract of a patient, wherein the target mass is a stone, and wherein the pulses emitted by the energy source are configured to be absorbed by and thereby induce disintegration of the stone. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy guide comprises an optical fiber, and wherein the energy source comprises a laser.",
-    "In various embodiments, the invention relates to the electronic device arts. In an aspect, there is provided a tag device for storing vehicle insurance information and tracking the location of the vehicle comprising: a backing member configured to be affixed to a surface of the vehicle; a visual code disposed on the backing member, wherein the visual code is machine readable and is associated with a unique tag identification (ID) code; a locator device disposed on the backing member, wherein the locator device is configured to determine a location and communicate the determined location; a power source disposed on the backing member and configured to provide power to the locator device; and a reserve power source disposed on the backing member and configured to receive power from the power source and further configured to provide power to the locator device and/or to the power source. 1. A tag device for tracking a vehicle comprising: a backing member configured to be affixed to a surface of the vehicle; a visual code disposed on the backing member, wherein the visual code is machine readable and is associated with a unique tag identification (ID) code; a locator device disposed on the backing member and configured to determine a location of the vehicle, wherein the locator device is configured to communicate the determined location and the ID code to a remote server or to an optional communication device, wherein the optional communication device is disposed on the backing member and is configured to communicate the determined location and the ID code to a remote server; a power source disposed on the backing member and configured to provide power to the locator device; and a reserve power source disposed on the backing member and configured to receive power from the power source and further configured to provide power to the locator device and/or to the power source. 2. The tag device of claim 1, wherein the locator device comprises a SIM card and is configured to communicate the determined location and the ID code to the remote server via a cellular network. 3. The tag device of claim 1, wherein the locator device comprises a GPS device. 4. The tag device of claim 3, wherein the optional communication device is present and comprises a SIM card configured to communicate via a cellular network or a transmitter configured to communicate via a satellite network. 5. The tag device of claim 1, wherein the visual code is a 2D barcode. 6. The tag device of claim 1, wherein the power source is a solar cell, and the reserve power source is a capacitor. 7. The tag device of claim 1, wherein the tag device further comprises identification information printed on the backing member, and wherein the identification information comprises a verification phone number and/or a verification SMS short code, and the unique tag ID code. 8. A system for providing insurance for a vehicle belonging to a user, the system comprising: the tag device of claim 1; and a remote server, wherein the tag device is configured to communicate information to the remote server, and wherein the remote server is configured to record information received from the tag device. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a code reader device configured to read the visual code of the tag device. 10. A method for monitoring the location of a vehicle having the tag device of claim 1 affixed thereto, the method comprising: determining an instantaneous location of the vehicle using the locator device; optionally communicating the instantaneous location to a communication device; transmitting the instantaneous location and unique tag ID code to a remote server; and recording on the server the instantaneous location of the vehicle and the unique tag ID code.",
-    "A method in a memory device that operates in a testing mode, includes receiving a vector to be written to the memory device. The vector is written to the memory device only if the vector belongs to a predefined set of test vectors. If the vector does not belong to the set of test vectors, the vector is converted to one of the test vectors, and the converted vector is written to the memory device. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A method, comprising: in a memory device, reading in a testing mode one or more words from the memory device; calculating a result of a one-way function applied to the one or more words, such that none of the one or more words can be recovered from the result; and outputting encoded information on errors in the one or more words, based on the calculated result. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein reading the one or more words comprises receiving an expected result of the one-way function applied to at least a subset of the one or more words when stored, and wherein calculating the result comprises applying the one-way function to the subset of the one or more words when read. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein outputting the encoded information comprises outputting a binary result of a comparison between the expected result and the calculated result. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein receiving the expected result comprises receiving the expected result a multiple number of times, and if the number of times exceeds a predefined threshold, taking a protective measure. 21. A memory device, comprising: a memory; and a memory controller, which is configured to read in a testing mode one or more words from the memory, to calculate a result of a one-way function applied to the one or more words, such that none of the one or more words can be recovered from the result, and to output encoded information on errors in the one or more words, based on the calculated result. 22. The memory device according to claim 21, wherein the memory controller is configured to receive an expected result of the one-way function applied to at least a subset of the one or more words when stored, and to calculate the result by applying the one-way function to the subset of the one or more words when read. 23. The memory device according to claim 22, wherein the memory device is configured to output a binary result of a comparison between the expected result and the calculated result. 24. The memory device according to claim 22, wherein the memory controller is configured to receive the expected result a multiple number of times, and if the number of times exceeds a predefined threshold, to take a protective measure. 25-28. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention discloses a production line and a method for manufacturing pasteurized ice-noodles with more durability and in different tastes. Ice-noodle (Faloudeh) is one of the most delicious foods in the world, its taste is amazing and eating ice-noodle is grate especially in warm summers. Making ice-noodle with traditional methods, will cause the product be infected and not pasteurized and the shape of product will change after a day so the durability of the product is not suitable for exporting. The production line of this invention comprises three lines, one for making syrup, one for making fiber starch and the last one for mixing the syrup and the fiber starch. 1- Production Line And Method For Making Ice-Noodle comprising: A line for making syrup, a line for making fiber starch and a mixer with helical blades 2- The line for making syrup of claim 1 consists of: Storages, mixers, pumps, pasteurizer, Homogenizer and mixer-freezers 3- The line for making fiber starch of claim 1 consists of: Dissolving section, two shells storage for baking under indirect heat, Press machine, cold-water pool and conveyer 4- Mixer with helical blades of claim 1 consists of two storages in which there is a helical blade in each of them, mixing fiber starch and frozen syrup occurs in the higher storage with higher speed and after mixing, the mixture would pour into lower storage for being kept inform in which the speed of mixing is lower. 5- this invention further comprising methods for making industrial ice noodle by using Starch, water and sugar syrup, fruit pieces, flavors such as vegetable distillates, pasteurized saffron etc. 6- The method of claim 5, further comprising: Solving starch in enough water and baking it with indirect heat in 93\u00b0 C. by vapor in two shells storage and then pouring baked starch in net-pots and pressing it with a pneumatic mechanism for making fibers and then pouring fibers in cold-water and taking them out from the water by a conveyer 7- The method of claim 5, further comprising, making thick syrup with sugar and water by mixing them in a mixer and then pasteurize and homogenize the solution and making it frozen in some mixer-freezers. 8- The method of claim 5, further comprising, mixing the fiber starch and frozen syrup together automatically in a machine for almost 30 minutes. 9- The method of claim 5, further comprising, mixing concentrate and crash fruit with mixture by employing special temperate and time which leads to quality and suitable texture. 10- The method of claim 5, further comprising: Mixing vegetable distillates, pasteurized saffron, pasteurized fruit etc. with ice noodle 11- The process of claim 5, further comprising, sterilizing the ice noodles before packaging",
-    "A method, system and apparatus for interleaving XForms with JSF request processing can be provided. The system can include an XForms definition generated for a form configured for rendering in a Web application. Specifically, the XForms definition can specify a data model for data to be processed within the form. The system further can include a JSF code generation module programmed to process the forms model to produce a form bean, a faces configuration, and a JSF page for each navigable view defined in the XForms definition. 1. A data processing system for interleaving XForms with Java server faces (JSF) request processing, the system comprising: a computer with memory and at least one processor; an XForms definition stored in the memory and generated for a form configured for rendering in a Web application, said XForms definition specifying a data model for data to be processed within said form; a JSF code generation module programmed to process said forms model to produce a form bean, a faces configuration, and a JSF page for each navigable view defined in said XForms definition, the form bean comprising getter and setter methods for every binding element, arbitrary data, control properties, event handler and submission in the form, the module executing in the memory of the computer; and, a lifecycle phase listener for forms processor integration, the listener dispatching every event which generates JSF request processing to a forms processing engine through the form bean in response to detecting the event. 2. The data processing system of claim 1, wherein said XForms definition further comprises a plurality of bindings for data used by controls within said form with fields of said data model. 3. The data processing system of claim 1, wherein said XForms definition further comprises statements linking actions in said form with corresponding command invocations. 4. (canceled) 5. The data processing system of claim 1, wherein said faces configuration specifies said form bean. 6. (canceled) 7. The data processing system of claim 1, wherein said faces configuration comprises navigational rules based upon navigation groups in said XForms definition. 8. The data processing system of claim 7, wherein each JSF page comprises a server page generated for each of said navigation groups. 9. A method for interleaving XForms with Java server faces (JSF) request processing, the method comprising: rendering in a computer a non-faces request to generate a forms context for a form; producing in the computer a form bean comprising getter and setter methods for every binding element, arbitrary data, control properties, event handler and submission in the form; registering a forms processor as a validator for any control in said form which has been bound to data for said form; accepting data for said form and applying control data for said accepted data; calling said validator to perform validations on said control data for said accepted data; applying said accepted data to a model instance inside said form; and, for any event which generates JSF request processing, dispatching the event by a lifecycle listener to said forms processor through the form bean in response to detecting the event. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising re-querying instance data and control properties through said form bean. 12. A computer program product comprising a computer usable storage medium comprising a memory device storing computer usable program code for interleaving XForms with Java server faces (JSF) request processing, said computer program product including; computer usable program code for rendering a non-faces request to generate a forms context for a form; computer usable program code for producing in the computer a form bean comprising getter and setter methods for every binding element, arbitrary data, control properties, event handler and submission in the form computer usable program code for registering a forms processor as a validator for any control in said form which has been bound to data for said form; computer usable program code for accepting data for said form and applying control data for said accepted data; computer usable program code for calling said validator to perform validations on said control data for said accepted data; computer usable program code for applying said accepted data to a model instance inside said form; and, computer usable program code for dispatching by a lifecycle phase listener, for any event which generates JSF request processing, the event to said forms processor through the form bean in response to detecting the event. 13. (canceled) 14. The computer program product of claim 12, further comprising computer usable program code for re-querying instance data and control properties through said form bean.",
-    "A method of controlling pathogenic fusarium fungi in agriculture through the application of a bioactive composition comprising a) an organic acid, b) at least one antimicrobial metal ion or ion source, and c) optionally, at least one surfactant. 1. A method of controlling pathogenic fusarium fungi in agriculture said method comprising applying a bioactive composition comprising a) an organic acid, b) at least one antimicrobial metal ion or ion source, wherein the antimicrobial metal ions are selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, zinc, a combination of silver and zinc, a combination of silver and copper, a combination of copper and zinc and a combination of silver, copper and zinc, and c) optionally, at least one surfactant, wherein the acid is present in the bioactive composition at a level of 0.01 to 10 weight percent and in at least a 2 times molar excess relative to the antimicrobial metal ions (b), the pH of the acid/antimicrobial metal ion combination in purified water is at least 2 and less than 6, and the antimicrobial metal ion (b) is present in the bioactive composition in an amount of 500 ppm or less in the case of a single metal ion or 1000 ppm or less in the case or multiple metal ions to the seeds of the pertinent crop or plant; to the soil in which the seed, crop or plant is or is to be planted; to the aqueous environment in which the plants are growing: or to the matter of the plant itself wherein said seeds, soil, aqueous environment and/or plant is contaminated with or exposed to fusarium fungi. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the bioactive composition is applied at a rate or amount whereby the amount of the antimicrobial metal ion(s) (b) is no more than about 500 grams per acre. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the bioactive composition is applied at a rate or amount whereby the amount of the antimicrobial metal ion(s) (b) is no more than about 250 grams per acre. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the pH is from 1.5 to 5 and wherein the molar excess of acid, relative to the antimicrobial metal ions, is at least 2 times. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid is present in a molar excess of at least 5 times relative to the antimicrobial metal ions (b). 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial metal ions are either silver or copper or zinc. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial metal ions are a agrichemical composition of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial metal ions are selected from the group consisting of silver ions, copper ions, zinc ions, a combination of silver and copper ions, a combination of silver and zinc ions, a combination of copper and zinc ions and a combination of silver, copper and zinc ions. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial ion is present at a concentration of from about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm in the case of a single metal ion and from about 2 to about 500 in the case of multiple metal ions. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial ion is present at a concentration of from about 5 ppm to about 150 ppm in the case of a single metal ion and from about 5 ppm to about 50 ppm in the case of multiple metal ions. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial metal ion source is selected from antimicrobial metal salts, antimicrobial metal ion ion-exchange complexes and antimicrobial metal ion containing soluble glasses. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the bioactive composition comprises at least one surfactant that impacts or interacts with cell wall membranes of microorganisms or the function thereof and is present in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 3 weight percent. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein a combination of two or more surfactants is employed, each surfactant independently an anionic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant or an amphoteric surfactant. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the surfactants are selected from the group consisting of sulfonates, sulfates, sulfosuccinates, sarcosinates, mono- and di-glycerides, amine oxides, ether carboxylates, betaines, sulfobetaines, and glycinates. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the surfactants are selected from the group consisting of sulfonates, sulfates, sulfosuccinates, sarcosinates, and amine oxides. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid is a carboxylic acid. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein the bioactive composition further comprises one or more conventional agrichemical additives selected from protective colloids, adjuvants, stabilizers, binders, thickeners, thixotropic agents, penetrating agents, antifreeze agents, defoaming agents, foaming agents, oils for spraying, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants, fillers, wetting agents, dispersing agents, emulsifiers, rain fasteners, and dyes and other known active ingredients which have pesticide or plant growth related properties or both. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the bioactive composition is applied to plants that are infected with or exposed to fusarium. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the bioactive composition is applied to soybeans. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the bioactive composition is applied to seeds that are infected with or have been exposed to fusarium. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the seeds are soybean seeds.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention address deficiencies of the art in respect to time stamp based data synchronization and provide a method, system and computer program product for scalable, ranging time stamp based data synchronization. In an embodiment of the invention, a ranging time stamp synchronization method can include computing a time range for a specified time, and producing time stamp synchronization anchors using the time range for each of the anchors. Optionally, a drift value can be computed for the time range and the computing and producing steps can be repeated when the drift value exceeds a threshold. Finally, the anchors can be used to determine whether to update data items in a remote data source in the remote host computing platform with data items from a primary data source in the primary host computing platform. 1.-19. (canceled) 20. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer usable program code for performing ranging time stamp synchronization between a primary data source in a primary host computing platform and a remote data source in a remote host computing platform, the computer usable program code which when executed by the primary host computing platform causes the primary host computing platform to: compute a first time range for a specified time; produce first time stamp synchronization anchors according to the first time range; compute a drift value for the first time range as a difference between a mean time of a current synchronization time stamp and a previous synchronization time stamp divided by an actual elapsed time in between producing the current synchronization time stamp and the previous synchronization time stamp; upon determining that the computed drift value exceeds a threshold, compute a second time range for the specified time and also produce second time stamp synchronization anchors; and, use the second time stamp synchronization anchors to update data items in a remote data source in the remote host computing platform upon determining that a time stamp of each of the data items from the primary data source falls within a range defined by a minimum time of a last time stamp synchronization anchor and a maximum time of a next time stamp synchronization anchor. 21. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the first time stamp synchronization anchors correspond to a minimum value and a maximum value determined based on the first time range, a time synchronization error between the primary host computing platform and the remote host computing platform, and also an offset being a sum of a time retrieved from the remote host computing platform, the time synchronization error, and also an accuracy of a clock of the primary host computing platform. 22. The computer program product of claim 20, wherein the second time stamp synchronization anchors correspond to a minimum value and a maximum value determined based on the second time range, a time synchronization error between the primary host computing platform and the remote host computing platform, and also an offset being a sum of a time retrieved from the remote host computing platform, the time synchronization error, and also an accuracy of a clock of the primary host computing platform. 23. A ranging time stamp data synchronization system, comprising: a primary data source disposed in a primary host computing platform; a remote data source disposed in a remote host computing platform communicatively linked to the primary host computing platform; data synchronization logic coupled to the primary data source for performing data synchronization between the primary data source in the primary host computing platform and the remote data source in the remote host computing platform; and, a ranging time stamp synchronization processor coupled to the data synchronization logic, the ranging time stamp synchronization processor being configured to: compute a first time range for a specified time, produce first time stamp synchronization anchors according to the first time range, compute a drift value for the first time range as a difference between a mean time of a current synchronization time stamp and a previous synchronization time stamp divided by an actual elapsed time in between producing the current synchronization time stamp and the previous synchronization time stamp, upon determining that the computed drift value exceeds a threshold, compute a second time range for the specified time and also produce second time stamp synchronization anchors, and use the second time stamp synchronization anchors to update data items in a remote data source in the remote host computing platform upon determining that a time stamp of each of the data items from the primary data source falls within a range defined by a minimum time of a last time stamp synchronization anchor and a maximum time of a next time stamp synchronization anchor. 24. The ranging time stamp data synchronization system of claim 23, wherein the first time stamp synchronization anchors correspond to a minimum value and a maximum value determined based on the first time range, a time synchronization error between the primary host computing platform and the remote host computing platform, and also an offset being a sum of a time retrieved from the remote host computing platform, the time synchronization error, and also an accuracy of a clock of the primary host computing platform. 25. The ranging time stamp data synchronization system of claim 23, wherein the second time stamp synchronization anchors correspond to a minimum value and a maximum value determined based on the second time range, a time synchronization error between the primary host computing platform and the remote host computing platform, and also an offset being a sum of a time retrieved from the remote host computing platform, the time synchronization error, and also an accuracy of a clock of the primary host computing platform.",
-    "Certain exemplary embodiments provide a barrier comprising a shield unit that comprises of a bullet resistant material, such as metal, plastic, ceramic or a composite material. The shield unit can comprise one or more windows of a substantially transparent comprising a bullet resistant material, such as a bullet resistant plastic or glass. The shield unit can comprise an armaments port through which firearms can be shot. The shield unit can comprise two sets of wheels, one for transporting the shield unit with a motor vehicle to an active site, the second of which is used to move the shield unit after the shield unit is deployed at the active site. 1. A system comprising: a base section, said base section comprising: a first base front panel defining a first plane; a second base front panel defining a second plane, said first plane intersecting said second plane at a first obtuse angle; a first base side panel defining a third plane; a second base side panel defining a fourth plane, said third plane substantially parallel to said fourth plane, said first plane intersecting third plane at a second obtuse angle; a pair of transportation wheels; and a pair of positioning wheels, said pair of positioning wheels constructed to allow said system to be moved via humans pushing from behind said system; and an apex section, said apex section comprising: a first apex front panel defining a fifth plane; a second apex front panel defining a sixth plane, said fifth plane intersecting said sixth plane at said first obtuse angle; a first apex side panel defining a seventh plane; a second apex side panel defining a eighth plane, said seventh plane substantially parallel to said eighth plane, said fifth plane intersecting seventh plane at said second obtuse angle; and a receiver coupled to at least one of said first apex front panel and said second apex front panel, said receiver constructed to be coupled to a vehicle trailer hitch to move said system via rotation of said transportation wheels; wherein: said apex section is constructed to rotate on hinges relative to said base section to reduce a height of said system when moved via said transportation wheels; and said system functions as a ballistic shield. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a lock, said lock constructed to be positioned by a human to restrain rotation of said apex section relative to said base section. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a window coupled to at least one of said first apex front panel and said second apex front panel, said window substantially transparent to a human, said window constructed from a substantially bullet resistant material. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a slidably openable port cover, said slidably openable port cover coupled to at least one of said first apex front panel and said second apex front panel, when slidably closed, said slidably openable port cover constructed to act as a part of said ballistic shield to armaments discharged in a direction of said system, when slidably opened, said slidably openable port cover constructed to expose a shooting port defined by at least one of said first apex front panel and said second apex front panel, said shooting port constructed to allow the one or more humans to fire an armament through said shooting port at one or more targets in front of said system. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein: each of said first base side panel and said second base side panel defines a curved shape rocker section that allows said system to be rolled to a towable configuration. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein: said apex section is rotated relative to said base section via hinge pins. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein: said system defines a set of apertures, said set of apertures constructed to allow said apex section to be rotated and fixed relative to said base section into a towable configuration. 8. A system comprising: a base section, said base section comprising: a pair of transportation wheels; and a pair of positioning wheels, said pair of positioning wheels constructed to allow said system to be moved via humans pushing from behind said system; and an apex section, said apex section comprising: a receiver, said receiver constructed to be coupled to a vehicle trailer hitch to move said system via rotation of said transportation wheels; wherein: said apex section is constructed to rotate on hinges relative to said base section to reduce a height of said system when moved via said transportation wheels; and said system functions as a ballistic shield. 9. A method comprising: fabricating a system, wherein said system comprises: a base section, said base section comprising: a pair of transportation wheels; and a pair of positioning wheels, said pair of positioning wheels constructed to allow said system to be moved via humans pushing from behind said system; and an apex section, said apex section comprising: a receiver, said receiver constructed to be coupled to a vehicle trailer hitch to move said system via rotation of said transportation wheels; wherein: said apex section is constructed to rotate on hinges relative to said base section to reduce a height of said system when moved via said transportation wheels; and said system functions as a ballistic shield.",
-    "To provide a semiconductor device having a nonvolatile memory improved in characteristics. In the semiconductor device, a nonvolatile memory has a high-k insulating film (high dielectric constant film) between a control gate electrode portion and a memory gate electrode portion and a transistor of a peripheral circuit region has a high-k/metal configuration. The high-k insulating film arranged between the control gate electrode portion and the memory gate electrode portion relaxes an electric field intensity at the end portion (corner portion) of the memory gate electrode portion on the side of the control gate electrode portion. This results in reduction in uneven distribution of charges in a charge accumulation portion (silicon nitride film) and improvement in erase accuracy. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a first conductive film in a first region of a semiconductor substrate via a first insulating film having therein a charge accumulation portion; (b) successively forming a second insulating film and a second conductive film over the semiconductor substrate, over the first conductive film and over the side surface thereof; (c) etching the second insulating film and the second conductive film to leave, via the second insulating film, the second conductive film in a second region adjacent to the first region; and (d) forming a third insulating film over the semiconductor substrate and the second conductive film, wherein the second insulating film has a high dielectric constant film having a dielectric constant higher than that of a silicon nitride film. 17. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the step (c) is a step of leaving the second conductive film also in a third region via the second insulating film. 18. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 17, comprising, after the step (d), the steps of: (e) removing the third insulating film until exposure of the second conductive film; (f) removing the second conductive film in the third region to form a recess; and (g) forming a metal film or a metal compound film in the recess. 19. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the first conductive film in the step (a) lies in sidewall shape on the sidewall of a first film via the first insulating film. 20. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the step (c) is a step of etching the second conductive film into a sidewall shape.",
-    "A mobile terminal is disclosed. The mobile terminal includes a metal back cover; an NFC coil located under the metal cover; a first slot set on the metal cover, the first slot including a plurality of slot cells set intervally along a same straight line, the slot cells dividing the metal back cover into a top and a body portion; and a second slot set on the top. A part of the NFC coil is located within a projection area of the top. 1. A mobile terminal, comprising: a metal back cover; an NFC coil located under the metal cover; a first slot set on the metal cover, the first slot including a plurality of slot cells set intervally along a same straight line, the slot cells dividing the metal back cover into a top and a body portion; a second slot set on the top; wherein a part of the NFC coil is located within a projection area of the top. 2. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the slot cell includes a longer slot set on both sides of the body portion and a shorter slot set intervally between two said longer slots. 3. The mobile terminal according to claim 2, wherein distances between any two adjacent shorter slots is equal. 4. The mobile terminal according to claim 2, wherein four shorter slots are provided evenly and intervally between two longer slots. 5. The mobile terminal according to claim 2, wherein two shorter slots are provided. 6. The mobile terminal according to claim 4, wherein a distance between one of the shorter slot and the adjacent longer slot is shorter than a distance between another one shorter slot and adjacent longer slot. 7. The mobile terminal according to claim 6, wherein one end of the two longer slots extend respectively to an edge of the body portion. 8. The mobile terminal according to claim 7, wherein the second slot is set intervally on two sides of the top and the second slot is connected with the longer slot. 9. The mobile terminal according to claim 8, wherein the top is away from the top edge of the first slot, the body portion has a side edge, the NFC coil has a first side edge closed to the top edge and a second side edge that is close to the side edge and connected with the first side edge, a distance between the first side edge and the first slot is 8-10 mm, and a distance between the second side edge and the side edge is 8-23 mm.",
-    "An apparatus for performing gesture recognition and control based on ultrasonic positioning is disclosed. The apparatus includes an ultrasonic transmitter module for providing an original ultrasonic signal; an ultrasonic receiver for receiving an reflected ultrasonic signal corresponding to the original ultrasonic signal; a computing module for computing a frequency shift within a time period from the original ultrasonic signal being transmitted to the reflected ultrasonic signal being received, and converting the frequency shift into a gesture characteristic signal; a gesture database for providing reference gesture characteristic signals, and control signals corresponding to the reference gesture characteristic signals respectively; and a gesture recognition and control module for comparing the gesture characteristic signal with the reference gesture characteristic signals in the gesture database, and selecting a corresponding control signal from the data base according to a comparison result. 1. An apparatus for performing gesture recognition and control based on ultrasonic positioning, comprising: an ultrasonic transmitter module for providing an original ultrasonic signal; an ultrasonic receiver for receiving an reflected ultrasonic signal corresponding to the original ultrasonic signal; a computing module for computing a frequency shift within a time period from the original ultrasonic signal being transmitted to the reflected ultrasonic signal being received, and converting the frequency shift into a gesture characteristic signal; a gesture database for providing reference gesture characteristic signals, and control signals corresponding to the reference gesture characteristic signals respectively; and a gesture recognition and control module for comparing the gesture characteristic signal with the reference gesture characteristic signals in the gesture database, and selecting a corresponding control signal from the data base according to a comparison result. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a function implementing module for implementing functions in an electronic device in which the apparatus is applied according to the control signal. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a division module for dividing the original ultrasonic signal transmitted by the ultrasonic transmitter module into several ultrasonic frames based on a time division manner. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the computing module computes the frequency shift within a time period from an ultrasonic frame being transmitted to a corresponding reflected ultrasonic frame being received. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic transmitter module comprises at least two ultrasonic transmitters, each of the at least two ultrasonic transmitters is configured for transmitting an original ultrasonic signal with a predetermined frequency. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein a frequency of the original ultrasonic signal transmitted by each of the at least two ultrasonic transmitters is different from other ultrasonic transmitters. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the ultrasonic transmitter module comprises four ultrasonic transmitters disposed at different positions, and the ultrasonic receiver is disposed at a central region of the four ultrasonic transmitters. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the four ultrasonic transmitters are disposed at a negative X-axis, a negative Y-axis, a positive Y-axis, and a positive Y-axis of a reference coordinate respectively, and the ultrasonic receiver is disposed at an origin point of the reference coordinate. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reference gesture characteristic signals and the control signals in the gesture database have a preconfigured mapping relationship. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein when the gesture recognition and control module finds a reference gesture characteristic signal in the gesture database matches the gesture characteristic signal outputted by the computing module, the gesture recognition and control module looks up a control signal corresponding to the reference gesture characteristic signal in the gesture database and then outputs the control signal. 11. A gesture recognition apparatus, comprising: an ultrasonic transmitter for providing an original ultrasonic signal; an ultrasonic receiver for receiving an reflected ultrasonic signal generated due to reflection of the original ultrasonic signal on a target object; a computing module for computing a frequency shift between the reflected ultrasonic signal and the original ultrasonic signal, and interpreting the frequency shift into a gesture characteristic signal; a gesture recognition and control module for recognizing the gesture characteristic signal and selecting a control signal corresponding to the gesture characteristic signal. 12. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a gesture database for providing reference gesture characteristic signals, and control signals corresponding to the reference gesture characteristic signals respectively. 13. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 12, wherein the gesture recognition and control module recognizes the gesture characteristic signal by comparing the gesture characteristic signal with the reference gesture characteristic signals in the gesture database. 14. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 13, wherein the reference gesture characteristic signals and the control signals in the gesture database have a preconfigured mapping relationship. 15. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 14, wherein when the gesture recognition and control module finds a reference gesture characteristic signal in the gesture database matches the gesture characteristic signal outputted by the computing module, the gesture recognition and control module looks up a control signal corresponding to the reference gesture characteristic signal in the gesture database and then outputs the control signal. 16. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a function implementing module for implementing functions in an electronic device in which the apparatus is applied according to the control signal. 17. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a division module for dividing the original ultrasonic signal transmitted by the ultrasonic transmitter into several ultrasonic frames based on a time division manner. 18. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 17, wherein the computing module computes the frequency shift within a time period from an ultrasonic frame being transmitted to a corresponding reflected ultrasonic frame being received. 19. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 11, further comprising other ultrasonic transmitters for providing original ultrasonic signals with different frequencies. 20. The gesture recognition apparatus of claim 19, wherein the gesture recognition apparatus comprises four ultrasonic transmitters disposed at different positions, and the ultrasonic receiver is disposed at a central region of the four ultrasonic transmitters.",
-    "A system configured to receive and automatically analyze various types of information, including, without limitation, information from energy generators, information from non-generation resources, information on the facility status, information on user behavior, information on user's short-term energy needs (e.g. over-ride any algorithm due to immediate charging need), information on renewable generation, including, without limitation, solar, wind, biomass and/or hydro, and information on environmental conditions including, without limitation, barometric pressure, temperature, ambient light intensity, humidity, air speed, and air quality. In one or more embodiments, a sole novel charging station or selected, aggregated groupings of the aforesaid novel charging stations are configured to start, modulate or stop charging, or start, modulate (down) or stop discharging over specific time intervals based on the electrical grid needs as automatically determined based on the totality of the received diverse information. To this end, a system and an associated method are provided to perform complete electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives. 1. A computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives, the system comprising: a. a plurality of charging assets; and b. a cloud server comprising at least one processing unit, the cloud server comprising: i. a data aggregation module configured to collect and aggregate a plurality of information items; ii. an analytics module configured to identify at least one temporal model associated with the data collected and aggregated by the data aggregation module; iii. a charging module configured to determine a charging pattern for each of the plurality of charging assets, the charging pattern comprising information on time intervals when each of the plurality of charging assets is to be charged, including the beginning and ending times of the charging operation and information on a level of charging during each charging time interval; iv. a charger asset module configured to control charging of the plurality of charging assets in accordance with the determined charging patterns by issuing a control command to each of the plurality of charging assets; and v. a communication module for communicating the control command issued by the charger asset module to the respective charging asset via a data network. 2. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises a power grid data. 3. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises a data collected from local grids, the local grids comprising residential renewables, local or regional microgrids. 4. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data originating from an external environment. 5. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 4, wherein the data originating from an external environment comprises weather-related information, solar activity information, cloud-cover information or earthquake information. 6. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data representing energy needs of individual or groups of electric energy users. 7. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on specific users of electrical power and their individual behavior. 8. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on energy storage, including any available EV batteries, power storage batteries, as well as data on any energy coming from Load-Serving-Entities. 9. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on a specific one of the plurality of charging assets. 10. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on a power grid priorities. 11. The computerized system for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 1, wherein the data on a power grid priorities comprises information on maximization of revenue, protecting assets, balancing energy, reducing emissions, or delivering ancillary services. 12. A computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives, the method being performed in connection with a plurality of charging assets and a cloud server comprising at least one processing unit, the method comprising: i. collecting and aggregating a plurality of information items; ii. identifying at least one temporal model associated with the collected and aggregated plurality of information items; iii. determining a charging pattern for each of the plurality of charging assets, the charging pattern comprising information on time intervals when each of the plurality of charging assets is to be charged, including the beginning and ending times of the charging operation and information on a level of charging during each charging time interval; iv. controlling charging of the plurality of charging assets in accordance with the determined charging patterns by issuing a control command to each of the plurality of charging assets; and v. communicating the control command issued by the charger asset module to the respective charging asset via a data network. 13. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises a power grid data. 14. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises a data collected from local grids, the local grids comprising residential renewables, local or regional microgrids. 15. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data originating from an external environment. 16. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 15, wherein the data originating from an external environment comprises weather-related information, solar activity information, cloud-cover information or earthquake information. 17. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data representing energy needs of individual or groups of electric energy users. 18. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on specific users of electrical power and their individual behavior. 19. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on energy storage, including any available EV batteries, power storage batteries, as well as data on any energy coming from Load-Serving-Entities. 20. The computer-implemented method for electrical charging load modeling to optimize power grid objectives of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information items comprises data on a specific one of the plurality of charging assets.",
-    "An electro-acoustic device is disclosed. The electro-acoustic device includes a frame; a magnetic circuit received in the frame and including a lower plate fixed on a bottom of the frame and a magnet attached on the lower plate; a vibration system received in the frame and including a vibrating diaphragm attached to a top of the frame; a cavity formed cooperatively by the lower plate, the frame and the vibrating diaphragm; a leak hole provided between the frame and the lower plate for communicating with outside of the electro-acoustic device; and a damper attached to the lower plate and located inside of the electro-acoustic device for covering the leak hole internally. 1. An electro-acoustic device, comprising: a frame; a magnetic circuit received in the frame and including a lower plate fixed on a bottom of the frame and a magnet attached on the lower plate; a vibration system received in the frame and including a vibrating diaphragm attached to a top of the frame; a cavity formed cooperatively by the lower plate, the frame and the vibrating diaphragm; a leak hole provided between the frame and the lower plate for communicating with outside of the electro-acoustic device; a damper attached to the lower plate and located inside of the electro-acoustic device for covering the leak hole internally. 2. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 1, wherein the lower plate includes a bottom plate and a side plate extending toward the vibrating diaphragm on both sides of the bottom plate, the side plate attaches to an inner wall of the frame, each of the sides of the bottom plate are provided with a first notch located at the center of both side plates and extended from the frame side wall at an edge of the bottom plate. 3. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 2, wherein a side wall of the frame is provided with a second notch corresponding to the first notch for forming the leaking hole cooperatively, and the cavity of the electro-acoustic device communicates with a bottom of the electro-acoustic device through the first notch, and communicates with both sides of the electro-acoustic device through the second notch. 4. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 2, wherein the bottom plate is provided with a pit surrounding the first notch toward the bottom of the bottom plate, and the damper is installed inside the pit. 5. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 2, wherein the bottom plate includes a fixing part extending toward the side plate and fixed with the bottom of the frame. 6. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 5, wherein the sidewall of the frame includes a slot for fixing the fixing part. 7. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 5, wherein the fixing part is provided with a locating slot for fixing an edge of the damper. 8. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 5, wherein the fixing part projects outwardly in horizontal direction from a plane where the bottom plate locates. 9. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 4, wherein the damper includes a first part having a lower surface attached to the pit and a second part covering the leak hole, and an upper surface of the second part attaches to the bottom of the frame. 10. The electro-acoustic device as described in claim 9 further including a first layer of rubber located between the first part and the pit, and a second layer of rubber located between the second part and the frame, the shape of the first layer of rubber being consistent with the shape of the pit.",
-    "An sound generator is disclosed. The sound generator, includes: a housing having a sound opening for radiating acoustic waves; at least one brace spanning across the sound opening, the brace having two ends both fixed on the housing around the sound opening; and a dust screen completely covering the sound opening, the dust screen including a first part located outside the sound opening and a second part covering the sound opening. The first part is fixed by adhesive on the housing and being around the sound opening, and the second part is fixed by adhesive on the brace. 1. A sound generator, comprising: a housing having a sound opening for radiating acoustic waves; at least one brace spanning across the sound opening, the brace having two ends both fixed on the housing around the sound opening; a dust screen completely covering the sound opening, the dust screen including a first part located outside the sound opening and a second part covering the sound opening; wherein the first part is fixed by adhesive on the housing and being around the sound opening, and the second part is fixed by adhesive on the brace. 2. The sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the braces are arranged in parallel. 3. The sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the braces are arranged in cross. 4. The sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the brace passes through the center of the sound opening. 5. The sound generator as described in claim 3, wherein the intersection of the braces is coincidental with the center of the sound opening. 6. The sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the brace and the housing are molded together.",
-    "A mobile communication terminal is disclosed. The mobile communication terminal has Receiver Mode and hands-free mode and switchable between the modes. The terminal includes a first sound generator, which works under Receiver Mode and used for receiving and playing voice signal; a second sound generator, which works under Receiver Mode and Hands-free Mode and used for receiving and playing voice signal; when the mobile communication terminal works under Receiver Mode, the first sound generator and the second sound generator receive and play voice signal at the same time. A method of improving sound quality of the mobile communication terminal is also provided. 1. A mobile communication terminal having Receiver Mode and hands-free mode and switchable between the modes, including: a first sound generator, which works under Receiver Mode and used for receiving and playing voice signal; a second sound generator, which works under Receiver Mode and Hands-free Mode and used for receiving and playing voice signal; when the mobile communication terminal works under Receiver Mode, the first sound generator and the second sound generator receive and play voice signal at the same time. 2. The mobile communication terminal described in claim 1, further including a first amplifier connected electrically with the first sound generator and a second amplifier connected electrically with the second sound generator, wherein the first amplifier and the second amplifier are used respectively for amplified output the voice signal to the first sound generator and the second sound generator. 3. The mobile communication terminal said in claim 2 further including a first equalizer connected electrically with the first amplifier and a second equalizer connected electrically with the second amplifier, wherein the first equalizer and the second equalizer are used respectively for regulation of output of gain of voice signal of the first sound generator and the second sound generator. 4. A method of improving sound quality of the mobile communication terminal under the Receiver Mode described in claim 1, wherein the method includes steps of: the first sound generator and the second sound generator receive and play voice signal at the same time. 5. The method of improving sound quality of the mobile communication terminal in claim 4, wherein the sound generator is close to the first sound generator.",
-    "To improve the reliability of a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a plurality of wiring layers formed on a semiconductor substrate, a pad formed on an uppermost wiring layer of the plurality of wiring layers, a surface protection film which includes an opening on the pad and is made of an inorganic insulating film, a rewiring formed on the surface protection film; a pad electrode formed on the rewiring, and a wire connected to the pad electrode. The rewiring includes a pad electrode mounting portion on which the pad electrode is mounted, a connection portion which is connected to the pad, and an extended wiring portion which couples the pad electrode mounting portion and the connection portion, and the pad electrode mounting portion has a rectangular shape when seen in a plan view. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a plurality of wiring layers formed on the semiconductor substrate; a pad formed on an uppermost wiring layer of the plurality of wiring layers; a surface protection film which includes an opening on the pad and is made of an inorganic insulating film; a rewiring formed on the surface protection film; and a pad electrode which is formed on the rewiring, and is a region for connection with a wire, wherein the rewiring includes a pad electrode mounting portion on which the pad electrode is mounted, a connection portion which is connected to the pad, and an extended wiring portion which couples the pad electrode mounting portion and the connection portion, and the pad electrode mounting portion has a rectangular shape when seen in a plan view. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the pad electrode covers an entire upper surface and a side surface of the pad electrode mounting portion. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a film thickness of the rewiring is five or more times a film thickness of the uppermost wiring layer on which the pad is formed. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the rewiring is made of a copper film. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the pad electrode mounting portion has two short sides and two long sides, the extended wiring portion is connected to one side of the two short sides, and a wiring width of the extended wiring portion is smaller than a length of the short side. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein a first fin portion is connected to the other side of the two short sides, and the first fin portion extends to an outer side of the pad electrode mounting portion. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the wire is formed on the pad electrode, and the wire extends from the pad electrode mounting portion toward the connection portion above the rewiring. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein a second fin portion is connected to one side of the two long sides, and the second fin portion extends to an outer side of the pad electrode mounting portion. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the surface protection film is made of a silicon nitride film, and the rewiring is in contact with an upper surface of the silicon nitride film. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the pad electrode is made of a gold film, and the wire is formed on the pad electrode, and is connected to the gold film. 11. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: (a) preparing a semiconductor substrate which includes a plurality of wiring layers and a pad formed on an uppermost wiring layer of the plurality of wiring layers; (b) forming a surface protection film which includes an opening on the pad and is made of an inorganic insulating film; (c) forming a rewiring, which is electrically connected to the pad via the opening, on the surface protection film; (d) forming a pad electrode on the rewiring; and (e) forming a ball at a tip end of a wire, and connecting the ball to the pad electrode while applying ultrasonic vibration to the ball in a first direction, wherein the rewiring includes a pad electrode mounting portion on which the pad electrode is mounted, a connection portion which is connected to the pad, and an extended wiring portion that couples the pad electrode mounting portion and the connection portion, and the pad electrode mounting portion has a rectangular shape with long sides and short sides. 12. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first direction is a direction along the long side. 13. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the pad electrode covers a front surface of the pad electrode mounting portion, and extends to a side wall of the pad electrode mounting portion. 14. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first direction is a direction along the short side. 15. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the pad electrode mounting portion includes a fin portion which extends from the long side or the short side to an outer side of the pad electrode mounting portion.",
-    "A miniature sound generator is disclosed. The miniature sound generator includes: a vibration system; a magnetic circuit system including a permanent magnet accommodated in a magnetic bowl and a pole piece located on the permanent magnet; and a housing for accommodating and fixing the vibration system. The permanent magnet includes a first through-hole, the pole piece has a second through-hole, and the magnetic bowl includes a blind hole. 1. A miniature sound generator, comprising: a vibration system; a magnetic circuit system including a permanent magnet accommodated in a magnetic bowl and a pole piece located on the permanent magnet, a housing for accommodating and fixing the vibration system; wherein the permanent magnet includes a first through-hole, the pole piece has a second through-hole, and the magnetic bowl includes a blind hole. 2. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the permanent magnet is located between the magnetic bowl and the pole piece, and the first through-hole is located between the second through-hole and the blind hole. 3. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein a diameter of the second through-hole is greater than a diameter of the first through-hole. 4. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein a diameter of the blind hole is not smaller than a diameter of the first through-hole. 5. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the first through-hole, the second through-hole and the blind hole are cylindrical, and the first through-hole, the second through-hole and the blind hole are coaxial with each other. 6. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the first through-hole, the second through-hole and the blind hole are different in shape, and central axis of the first through-hole, the second through-hole and the blind hole are coaxial with each other. 7. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the first through-hole and the second through-hole penetrate the permanent magnet and the pole piece along a thickness direction of the permanent magnet and the pole piece, and a depth of the blind hole is half of a thickness of the magnetic bowl. 8. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 1, wherein the first through-hole and the second through-hole are located respectively at a center of the permanent magnet and the pole piece. 9. A miniature sounder generator including: a vibration system; a magnetic circuit system including a permanent magnet and a pole piece accommodated in a magnetic bowl; a housing for accommodating and fixing the vibration system and the magnetic circuit system therein; wherein the permanent magnet and the pole piece are provided with a first cavity, and the magnetic bowl is provided with a blind hole. 10. The miniature sound generator as described in claim 9, wherein a second cavity is provided and located between the magnetic bowl and the permanent magnet for communicating with the first cavity.",
-    "A spiral spring includes a main body part winded by wire and two ends located on both ends of the main body part, wherein at least end of the ends of the spiral spring forms an end surface formed by wire encircling several circles, and the wire on the end surface forms a plane. A linear motor using the spiral spring is also disclosed. 1. A spiral spring, including a main body part winded by wire and two ends located on both ends of the main body part, wherein at least end of the ends of the spiral spring forms an end surface formed by wire encircling several circles, and the wire on the end surface forms a plane. 2. The spiral spring as described in claim 1, wherein the wire on the end surface is winded from center to outside or from outside to the center. 3. The spiral spring as described in claim 1, wherein the wire covers entirely the end surface. 4. The spiral spring as described in claim 1, wherein the main body part and ends are winded by one wire. 5. The spiral spring as described in claim 1, wherein the main body part is cylindrical. 6. The spiral spring as described in claim 1, wherein the main body part is drum-shaped. 7. A linear motor, comprising the spiral spring described in claim 1, wherein the linear motor further includes a vibrator and a housing that receives the spiral spring and the vibrator, the spiral spring has an end abutting against the vibrator.",
-    "A foldable post for a shelving apparatus includes an upper post member, a lower post member, and a post joint for connecting the upper and lower post members end-to-end. The post joint includes an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of the first post wall of the upper post member, an engaging groove provided at an end portion of the first post wall of the lower post member, and a pivot hinge pivotally coupled the second post walls of the upper and lower post members, such that when the upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage the engaging tongue with the engaging groove, to the upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end. 1-27. (canceled) 28: A foldable post for a shelving apparatus, comprising: upper and lower post members; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises a pivot hinge pivotally coupled with said upper and lower post members and an interlock unit that interlocks upper and lower post members with each other end-to-end, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved end-to-end, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein each of said upper and lower post members has a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle, wherein a first engaging tongue is extended from one of said first and second post walls of said upper post member and a second engaging tongue is extended from one of said first and second post walls of said lower post member, wherein said interlock unit comprises an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said first post wall of said upper post member and an engaging groove provided at an end portion of said first post wall of said lower post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said post joint further comprises two coupling sleeves coupling with said end portions of said upper and lower post members respectively, wherein said pivot hinge is formed between said coupling sleeves to pivotally couple said upper and lower post members. 29: The foldable post, as recited in claim 28, further comprising a post locker for releaseably locking said upper and lower post members, wherein said post locker comprises a locking slot provided at said lower post member and a locking latch provided at said upper post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said locking latch is actuated to engage with said locking slot to retain said upper and lower post members to be coupled with each other end-to-end. 30: The foldable post, as recited in 29, wherein said post locker further comprises a guiding slot provided at said upper post member to align with said locking slot, wherein said locking latch is guided to slide at said guiding slot to selectively lock up with said locking slot. 31: A foldable post for a shelving apparatus, comprising: upper and lower post members; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises a pivot hinge pivotally coupled with said upper and lower post members and an interlock unit that interlocks upper and lower post members with each other end-to-end, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved end-to-end, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein each of said upper and lower post members has a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle, wherein a first engaging tongue is extended from one of said first and second post walls of said upper post member and a second engaging tongue is extended from one of said first and second post walls of said lower post member, wherein said interlock unit comprises an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said first post wall of said upper post member and an engaging groove provided at an end portion of said first post wall of said lower post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said post joint further comprises an additional engaging groove extended from an end portion of said second post wall of said upper post member adjacent to said engaging tongue thereof, and an additional engaging tongue provided at an end portion of said second post wall of said lower post member adjacent to said engaging groove thereof, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said additional engaging tongue with said additional engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said post joint further comprises a first coupling sleeve and a second coupling sleeve coupling with said end portions of said upper and lower post members respectively, wherein said pivot hinge is formed between said first and second coupling sleeves to pivotally couple said upper and lower post members. 32: The foldable post, as recited in claim 31, further comprising a post locker for releaseably locking said upper and lower post members, wherein said post locker comprises a locking slot provided at said lower post member and a locking latch provided at said upper post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said locking latch is actuated to engage with said locking slot to retain said upper and lower post members to be coupled with each other end-to-end. 33: The foldable post, as recited in claim 32, wherein said post locker further comprises a guiding slot provided at said upper post member to align with said locking slot, wherein said locking latch is guided to slide at said guiding slot to selectively lock up with said locking slot. 34: The foldable post, as recited in claim 33, wherein said guiding slot and said locking slot are formed at said coupling sleeves respectively. 35: The foldable post, as recited in claim 33, wherein said pivot hinge is formed on a side edge of said first coupling sleeve and said post locker is formed at an opposed side edge of said second coupling sleeve. 36-37. (canceled) 38: A foldable post for a shelving apparatus, comprising: upper and lower post members; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises a pivot hinge pivotally coupled with said upper and lower post members and an interlock unit that interlocks upper and lower post members with each other end-to-end, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved end-to-end, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said interlock unit comprises a first engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said upper post member and a second engaging tongue extended from an end position of said lower post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said first engaging tongue with said lower post member and to engage said second engaging tongue with said upper post member, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said post joint further comprises two coupling sleeves coupling with said end portions of said upper and lower post members respectively, wherein said pivot hinge is formed between said coupling sleeves to pivotally couple said upper and lower post members. 39: A foldable post for a shelving apparatus, comprising: upper and lower post members; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises a pivot hinge pivotally coupled with said upper and lower post members and an interlock unit that interlocks upper and lower post members with each other end-to-end, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved end-to-end, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said interlock unit comprises a first engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said upper post member and a second engaging tongue extended from an end position of said lower post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said first engaging tongue with said lower post member and to engage said second engaging tongue with said upper post member, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein each of said upper and lower post members has a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle, wherein said first engaging tongue is extended from one of said first and second post walls of said upper post member and said second engaging tongue is extended from one of said first and second post walls of said lower post member, wherein said post joint further comprises two coupling sleeves coupling with said end portions of said upper and lower post members respectively, wherein said pivot hinge is formed between said coupling sleeves to pivotally couple said upper and lower post members. 40: The foldable post, as recited in claim 38, further comprising a post locker for releaseably locking said upper and lower post members, wherein said post locker comprises a locking slot provided at said lower post member and a locking latch provided at said upper post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to interlock with each other via said first and second engaging tongues, said locking latch is actuated to engage with said locking slot to retain said upper and lower post members to be coupled with each other end-to-end. 41: The foldable post, as recited in claim 39, further comprising a post locker for releaseably locking said upper and lower post members, wherein said post locker comprises a locking slot provided at said lower post member and a locking latch provided at said upper post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to interlock with each other via said first and second engaging tongues, said locking latch is actuated to engage with said locking slot to retain said upper and lower post members to be coupled with each other end-to-end. 42: The foldable post, as recited in claim 40, wherein said post locker further comprises a guiding slot provided at said upper post member to align with said locking slot, wherein said locking latch is guided to slide at said guiding slot to selectively lock up with said locking slot. 43: The foldable post, as recited in claim 41, wherein said post locker further comprises a guiding slot provided at said upper post member to align with said locking slot, wherein said locking latch is guided to slide at said guiding slot to selectively lock up with said locking slot. 44: The foldable post, as recited in claim 42, wherein said guiding slot and said locking slot are formed at said coupling sleeves respectively. 45: The foldable post, as recited in claim 43, wherein said guiding slot and said locking slot are formed said two coupling sleeves respectively. 46: The foldable post, as recited in claim 42, wherein said pivot hinge is formed one side edge of said first coupling sleeve and said post locker is formed at an opposed side edge of said second coupling sleeve. 47: The foldable post, as recited in claim 45, wherein said pivot hinge is formed one side edge of said first coupling sleeve and said post locker is formed at an opposed side edge of said second coupling sleeve.",
-    "A shelf supporting beam configuration for a shelving apparatus, includes a shelf platform, a plurality of shelf retaining members, and shelf supporting arrangement. Each shelf retaining member has two coupling ends for detachably coupling with two vertically extending posts of the shelving apparatus, and first and second longitudinal edges extended between the two coupling ends to form a boundary frame. The shelf supporting arrangement is integrally extended from each of the shelf retaining members between the first and second longitudinal edges to rigidly support the shelf platform within the boundary frame. 1-24. (canceled) 25. A shelf supporting beam configuration for a shelving apparatus which comprises a plurality of vertically extending posts, comprising: at least a shelf platform; a plurality of shelf retaining members, each of which having two coupling ends arranged for detachably coupling with two of said posts, and first and second longitudinal edges extended between said two coupling ends to form a boundary frame; and a shelf supporting arrangement integrally extended from each of said shelf retaining members between said first and second longitudinal edges to rigidly support said shelf platform within said boundary frame, wherein said shelf supporting arrangement has a plurality of supporting tabs horizontally aligned with each other and protruded from an inner side of said shelf retaining member between first and second longitudinal edges thereof and formed a plurality of discrete supporting surfaces on said supporting tabs to support said shelf platform thereon, wherein each of said supporting tabs has a triangular shape defining a peak pointing toward said second longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member and a flat surface as said supporting surface facing toward said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member, wherein said discrete supporting surfaces are aligned with each other at a same planar direction to form a flat support for supporting said shelf platform. 26. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 25, wherein each of said supporting tabs is integrally bent from said inner side of said shelf retaining member to define said supporting surface close to said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member. 27. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 26, wherein said shelf supporting arrangement further has a plurality of additional supporting tabs horizontally aligned with each other and protruded from said inner side of said shelf retaining member between first and second longitudinal edges thereof and formed a plurality of additional discrete supporting surfaces on said additional supporting tabs, such that said shelf platform is selectively supported by said supporting surfaces or said additional supporting surfaces. 28. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 27, wherein each of said shelf retaining members is adapted to be selectively coupled to said posts between a first position and a second position, wherein at said first position, said supporting surface is located above said additional supporting surface to support said shelf platform, and at said second position, said additional supporting surface is located above said supporting surface to support said shelf platform. 29. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 27, wherein said supporting tabs are alternated with said additional supporting tabs, such that said shelf platform is selectively supported by said supporting surfaces or said additional supporting surfaces. 30. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 28, wherein said supporting tabs are alternated with said additional supporting tabs, such that said shelf platform is selectively supported by said supporting surfaces or said additional supporting surfaces. 31. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 27, wherein a distance between said first longitudinal edge and said supporting surfaces is smaller than a distance between said second longitudinal edge and said additional supporting surfaces. 32. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 30, wherein a distance between said first longitudinal edge and said supporting surfaces is smaller than a distance between said second longitudinal edge and said additional supporting surfaces. 33. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 27, wherein each of said additional supporting tabs has a triangular shape defining a peak pointing toward said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member and a flat surface as said additional supporting surface facing toward said second longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member, wherein said additional discrete supporting surfaces are aligned with each other at a same planar direction to form a flat support for supporting said shelf platform. 34. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 32, wherein each of said additional supporting tabs has a triangular shape defining a peak pointing toward said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member and a flat surface as said additional supporting surface facing toward said second longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member, wherein said additional discrete supporting surfaces are aligned with each other at a same planar direction to form a flat support for supporting said shelf platform. 35. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 26, wherein said shelf platform, which has a surrounding edge and a base panel located at different horizontal levels of said surrounding edge, is reversibly supported by said bounding frame at a first position and a reversibly second position, wherein at said first position, said surrounding edge is supported by said boundary frame at a position that said base panel located above said surrounding edge, and at said second position, said surrounding edge is supported by said boundary frame at a position that said base panel located below said surrounding edge. 36. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 35, wherein at said first position, said base panel is aligned with said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member, and at said second position, said base panel is supported below said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member. 37. A shelf supporting beam configuration for a shelving apparatus which comprises a plurality of vertically extending posts, comprising: at least a shelf platform; a plurality of shelf retaining members, each of which having two coupling ends arranged for detachably coupling with two of said posts, and first and second longitudinal edges extended between said two coupling ends to form a boundary frame; and a shelf supporting arrangement integrally extended from each of said shelf retaining members between said first and second longitudinal edges to rigidly support said shelf platform within said boundary frame, wherein said shelf supporting arrangement has a plurality of supporting tabs horizontally aligned with each other and protruded from an inner side of said shelf retaining member between first and second longitudinal edges thereof and formed a plurality of discrete supporting surfaces on said supporting tabs to support said shelf platform thereon, wherein said shelf supporting arrangement further has a plurality of additional supporting tabs horizontally aligned with each other and protruded from said inner side of said shelf retaining member between first and second longitudinal edges thereof and formed a plurality of additional discrete supporting surfaces on said additional supporting tabs, such that said shelf platform is selectively supported by said supporting surfaces or said additional supporting surfaces. 38. The shelf supporting beam configuration, as recited in claim 37, wherein each of said shelf retaining members is adapted to be selectively coupled to said posts between a first position and a second position, wherein at said first position, said supporting surface is located above said additional supporting surface to support said shelf platform, and at said second position, said additional supporting surface is located above said supporting surface to support said shelf platform.",
-    "A bed includes a base, a mattress-supporting device, two driving units and a limiting unit. The base includes two tracks. The mattress-supporting device includes a frame, a body-supporting element and a leg-supporting element. The frame includes rollers supported on the tracks. The body-supporting element is pivotally connected to an end of the frame. The leg-supporting element is pivotally connected to another end of the frame. The first driving unit is operable for pivoting the body-supporting element. The second driving unit is operable for pivoting the leg-supporting element. The limiting unit is movable between a first position to allow horizontal movement of the mattress-supporting device on the base as the body-supporting element is pivoted and a second position to avoid horizontal movement of the mattress-supporting device on the base as the body-supporting element is pivoted. 1. A bed comprising: a base comprising two tracks; a mattress-supporting device comprising: a frame comprising rollers supported on the tracks; a body-supporting element pivotally connected to an end of the frame; and a leg-supporting element pivotally connected to another end of the frame; a first driving unit operable for pivoting the body-supporting element; a second driving unit operable for pivoting the leg-supporting element; and a limiting unit movable between a first position to allow horizontal movement of the mattress-supporting device on the base as the body-supporting element is pivoted and a second position to avoid horizontal movement of the mattress-supporting device on the base as the body-supporting element is pivoted. 2. The bed according to claim 1, wherein the frame comprises two tracks, wherein the body-supporting element comprises two rollers supported on the tracks of the frame. 3. The bed according to claim 1, wherein the first driving unit comprises: a crankshaft supported on the frame; an extensible element comprising an end pivotally connected to the frame and another end pivotally connected to the crankshaft; two pivotal elements each comprising an end pivotally connected to the crankshaft and another end pivotally connected to the body-supporting element; and a telescopic element comprising an end connected to the base and another end pivotally connected to the body-supporting unit, wherein the limiting unit releases the frame from the base and avoids extension of the telescopic element in the first position, wherein the limiting unit locks the frame to the base and allows extension of the telescopic element in the second position. 4. The bed according to claim 3, wherein the each of the pivotal elements comprises a roller placed against the body-supporting element. 5. The bed according to claim 3, wherein the limiting unit comprises a pin inserted in the telescopic element in the first position and inserted in the base through the frame in the second position. 6. The bed according to claim 5, wherein the limiting unit further comprises an aperture made in the base, a lug connected to the base, and a socket connected to the lug, wherein the pin is inserted in the aperture through the socket in the second position. 7. The bed according to claim 5, wherein the lug is connected to one of the tracks of the base. 8. The bed according to claim 7, wherein the second driving unit comprises an extensible element formed with an end connected to the internal frame and another end connected to the leg-supporting element.",
-    "A shelving apparatus includes a supporting frame, a plurality of foldable posts for coupling with the supporting frame, and a post joint. Each foldable post includes an upper post member and a lower post member, wherein each of the upper and lower post members has a first post wall and a second post wall extended from the first wall at an angle. The post joint includes an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of the first post wall of the upper post member, an engaging groove provided at an end portion of the first post wall of the lower post member, and a pivot hinge pivotally coupled the second post walls of the upper and lower post members. When the post members are pivotally moved to engage the engaging tongue with the engaging groove, the upper and lower post members are coupled with each other end-to-end. 1-25. (canceled) 26. A shelving apparatus, comprising: a supporting frame; a plurality of foldable posts for detachably coupling with said supporting frame, wherein each of said foldable posts comprises an upper post member and a lower post member, each of said upper and lower post members having a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said first post wall of said upper post member, an engaging groove provided at an end portion of said first post wall of said lower post member, and a pivot hinge pivotally coupled to said second post walls of said upper and lower post members, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein said post joint further comprises two coupling sleeves coupling with said end portions of said upper and lower post members respectively, wherein said pivot hinge is formed between said coupling sleeves to pivotally couple said upper and lower post members. 27. The shelving apparatus, as recited in claim 26, wherein said post joint further comprises an additional engaging groove extended from an end portion of said second post wall of said upper post member adjacent to said engaging tongue thereof, and an additional engaging tongue provided at an end portion of said second post wall of said lower post member adjacent to said engaging groove thereof, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said additional engaging tongue with said additional engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are coupled with each other end-to-end. 28. A shelving apparatus, comprising: a supporting frame; a plurality of foldable posts for detachably coupling with said supporting frame, wherein each of said foldable posts comprises an upper post member and a lower post member, each of said upper and lower post members having a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle; a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein, said post joint comprises an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said first post wall of said upper post member, an engaging groove provided at an end portion of said first post wall of said lower post member, and a pivot hinge pivotally coupled to said second post walls of said upper and lower post members, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end; and a post locker for releasably locking said upper and lower post members, wherein said post locker comprises a locking slot provided at said lower post member and a locking latch provided at said upper post member, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said locking latch is actuated to engage with said locking slot to retain said upper and lower post members to be coupled with each other end-to-end. 29. The shelving apparatus, as recited in claim 28, wherein said post joint further comprises an additional engaging groove extended from an end portion of said second post wall of said upper post member adjacent to said engaging tongue thereof, and an additional engaging tongue provided at an end portion of said second post wall of said lower post member adjacent to said engaging groove thereof, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said additional engaging tongue with said additional engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are coupled with each other end-to-end. 30. A shelving apparatus, comprising: a supporting frame comprising a shelf platform and a plurality of shelf retaining members, wherein said shelf platform has a surrounding edge and a base panel adapted to be selectively located at different horizontal levels of said surrounding edge; a plurality of foldable posts for detachably coupling with said supporting frame, wherein each of said shelf retaining members is detachably coupling with two of said foldable posts such that said shelf retaining members form a boundary frame to support said shelf platform therewith, wherein each of said foldable posts comprises an upper post member and a lower post member, each of said upper and lower post members having a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle, wherein said shelf platform is selectively supported by said bounding frame at a first position or a reversibly second position, wherein at said first position, said surrounding edge is supported by said boundary frame at a position that said base panel located above said surrounding edge, and at said second position, said surrounding edge is supported by said boundary frame at a position that said base panel located below said surrounding edge; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said first post wall of said upper post member, an engaging groove provided at an end portion of said first post wall of said lower post member, and a pivot hinge pivotally coupled to said second post walls of said upper and lower post members, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end. 31. The shelving apparatus, as recited in claim 30, wherein said post joint further comprises an additional engaging groove extended from an end portion of said second post wall of said upper post member adjacent to said engaging tongue thereof, and an additional engaging tongue provided at an end portion of said second post wall of said lower post member adjacent to said engaging groove thereof, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said additional engaging tongue with said additional engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein each of said shelf retaining members has a plurality of supporting tabs horizontally aligned with each other and protruded from an inner side of said shelf retaining member between first and second longitudinal edges thereof and defining a plurality of discrete supporting surfaces on said supporting tabs to support said shelf platform thereon, wherein each of said supporting tabs is integrally bent from said inner side of said shelf retaining member to define said supporting surface adjacent to said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member. 32. The shelving apparatus, as recited in claim 31, wherein at said first position, said base panel is aligned with said first longitudinal edge of said shelf retaining member. 33. A shelving apparatus, comprising: a supporting frame comprising a shelf platform and a plurality of shelf retaining members, wherein each of said shelf retaining members has a first longitudinal edge, a second longitudinal edge, and a supporting bar horizontally protruded from an inner side of said shelf retaining member to define a first supporting surface and an opposed second supporting surface to selectively support said shelf platform, wherein a distance between said first longitudinal edge and said first supporting surface is smaller than a distance between said second longitudinal edge and said second supporting surface; a plurality of foldable posts for detachably coupling with said supporting frame, wherein each of said foldable posts comprises an upper post member and a lower post member, each of said upper and lower post members having a first post wall and a second post wall extended from said first wall at an angle, wherein each of said shelf retaining members is detachably coupling with two of said foldable posts, such that said shelf retaining members form a boundary frame to support said shelf platform therewithin; and a post joint for connecting said upper and lower post members end-to-end, wherein said post joint comprises an engaging tongue extended from an end portion of said first post wall of said upper post member, an engaging groove provided at an end portion of said first post wall of said lower post member, and a pivot hinge pivotally coupled to said second post walls of said upper and lower post members, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said engaging tongue with said engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are interlocked and coupled with each other end-to-end, wherein each of said shelf retaining members is reversibly coupled to said foldable posts between a first position and a second position, wherein at said first position, said first supporting surface is located above said second supporting surface to support said shelf platform, and at said second position, said second supporting surface is located above said first supporting surface to support said shelf platform. 34. The shelving apparatus, as recited in claim 33, wherein said post joint further comprises an additional engaging groove extended from an end portion of said second post wall of said upper post member adjacent to said engaging tongue thereof, and an additional engaging tongue provided at an end portion of said second post wall of said lower post member adjacent to said engaging groove thereof, such that when said upper and lower post members are pivotally moved to engage said additional engaging tongue with said additional engaging groove, said upper and lower post members are coupled with each other end-to-end.",
-    "A semiconductor memory device capable of a high-accuracy data search is provided. Each of the memory cells can hold two bits of information and includes a first cell and a second cell. The semiconductor memory device also includes a match line and a search line pair to transfer search data. The semiconductor memory device further includes a logic operation cell to drive the match line based on comparison results between information held in the first and the second cell and search data transferred by the search line pair and a search line driver to drive the search line pair. In a state with the search line pair precharged to a third voltage between a first voltage and a second voltage, the search line driver drives, according to the search data, one and the other search line included in the search line pair to the first and the second voltage, respectively. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells arranged like a matrix, each of the memory cells being configured to be capable of holding two bits of information and including a first cell configured to be capable of holding one bit of information and a second cell adjacent, in a column direction, to the first cell and configured to be capable of holding another bit of information, the semiconductor memory device further comprising: a bit line pair extending in the column direction and coupled to both the first and the second cell; a first and a second word line extending in a row direction and coupled to each of the first and the second cell; a match line extending in the row direction; a search line pair extending in the column direction to transfer search data for a data search; a logic operation cell coupled to the search line pair and the match line to drive the match line based on comparison results between information held in the first and the second cell and search data transferred by the search line pair; and a search line driver provided correspondingly to the search line pair to drive the search line pair, wherein, in a state with the search line pair precharged to a third voltage between a first voltage and a second voltage, the search line driver drives, according to the search data, one and the other search line included in the search line pair to the first and the second voltage, respectively. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the logic operation cell is coupled between the match line and a power supply line and includes a first and a second logic unit to drive, during the data search, the match line based on respective comparison results between information held in the first and the second cell and the search data, and wherein the power supply line is, before a data search, set to the third voltage and is, at a time of the data search, set to the second voltage. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first logic unit includes a first and a second transistor coupled in series between the power supply line and the match line, wherein the second logic unit includes a third and a fourth transistor coupled in series between the power supply line and the match line, wherein gates of the first and the third transistor receive information held in the first and the second cell, respectively, and wherein gates of the second and the fourth transistor receive the search data. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein sources of the first and the third transistor are coupled to the power supply line. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 3, wherein sources of the second and the fourth transistor are coupled to the power supply line. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising an equalizer circuit provided correspondingly to the search line pair to equalize the search line pair before a data search. 7. A semiconductor memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells arranged like a matrix, each of the memory cells being configured to be capable of holding two bits of information and including a first cell configured to be capable of holding one bit of information and a second cell adjacent, in a column direction, to the first cell and configured to be capable of holding another bit of information, the semiconductor memory device further comprising: a bit line pair extending in the column direction and coupled to both the first and the second cell; a first and a second word line extending in a row direction and coupled to each of the first and the second cell; a match line extending in the row direction; a logic operation cell coupled to the match line to drive the match line based on comparison results between information held in the first and the second cell and search data; a search line pair to transfer the search data for a data search, the search line pair extending in the column direction of a first and a second one of the memory cells and commonly coupled to logic operation cells included in the first and the second memory cell, the first and the second memory cell being adjacent to each other in the row direction; and a search line driver provided correspondingly to the search line pair to drive the search line pair, wherein, in a state with the search line pair precharged to a third voltage between a first voltage and a second voltage, the search line driver drives, according to the search data, one and the other search line included in the search line pair to the first and the second voltage, respectively. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, wherein the logic operation cell of the first memory cell is coupled to a first match line extending in the row direction across the first and the second memory cell adjacent to each other, and wherein the logic operation cell of the second memory cell is coupled to a second match line extending in the row direction across the first and the second memory cell adjacent to each other. 9. A semiconductor memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells arranged like a matrix, each of the memory cells being configured to be capable of holding two bits of information and including a first cell configured to be capable of holding one bit of information and a second cell adjacent, in a column direction, to the first cell and configured to be capable of holding another bit of information, the semiconductor memory device further comprising: a bit line pair extending in the column direction and coupled to both the first and the second cell; a first and a second word line extending in a row direction and coupled to each of the first and the second cell; a match line extending in the row direction for common use by memory cells mutually adjacent in the row direction; a search line extending in the column direction to transfer search data for a data search; a logic operation cell coupled to the search line and the match line to drive the match line precharged to a first voltage to a second voltage based on comparison results between information held in the first and the second cell and search data transferred by the search line; a search line driver provided correspondingly to the search line to drive the search line using the first voltage in accordance with the search data; and a detection circuit that is coupled to the match line and outputs a data search result based on a potential difference between the match line and the first voltage. 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 9, wherein, when information held in the first and the second cell and search data transferred by the search line matches, the potential of the match line is caused to rise above the search line voltage precharged by applying the first voltage, and wherein, when information held in the first and the second cell and search data transferred by the search line does not match, the match line is driven to the second voltage by the logic operation cell. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the logic operation cell is coupled between the match line and a power supply line and includes a first and a second logic unit that drive, at a time of the data search, the match line based on respective comparison results between information held in the first and the second cell and the search data, and wherein the power supply line is set to the second voltage for a data search and is set to the first voltage for data masking.",
-    "A single phase brushless DC motor comprises a Hall effect sensor, a coil assembly and a motor control circuit which generating a driving signal to guide a coil current flowing through the coil assembly. The Hall effect sensor senses the magnetic pole of the rotor to accordingly generate a Hall effect signal. The motor control circuit outputs a current polarity reverse signal according to the voltage at one end of the coil assembly. The time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated corresponds to the polarity reverse time of the coil current. The motor control circuit adjusts the phase of the driving signal according to the polarity reverse time of the Hall effect signal and the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated to synchronize the phase of the back emf of the single phase brushless DC motor with the phase of the coil current. 1. A single phase brushless DC motor, comprising: a Hall effect sensor sensing a position of the magnetic pole of a rotor of the motor to accordingly generate a Hall effect signal; a coil assembly; and a motor control circuit comprising: a coil switching unit coupled to the coil assembly; a driving unit generating a driving signal to drive the coil switching unit to guide a coil current flowing through the coil assembly; a coil voltage converting unit coupled to the coil assembly and the coil switching unit and detecting the voltage at one end of the coil assembly to accordingly output a phase voltage transition signal; a reverse current polarity detection unit receiving the phase voltage transition signal to accordingly output a current polarity reverse signal, wherein the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated corresponds to the polarity reverse time of the coil current; a phase error detection unit receiving the Hall effect signal and the current polarity reverse signal, and outputting a phase error signal according to the time interval between the polarity reverse time of the Hall effect signal and the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated; a phase control unit receiving the Hall effect signal and the phase error signal to accordingly output a phase compensation commutation signal; and a logic unit receiving the phase compensation commutation signal to accordingly adjust the phase of the driving signal to synchronize the phase of the back emf of the single phase brushless DC motor with the phase of the coil current. 2. The motor of claim 1, wherein the coil switching unit comprises a first switching element, a second switching element, a third switching element and a fourth switching element, a first end of the coil assembly is coupled to the first switching element and the third switching element, a second end of the coil assembly is coupled to the second switching element and the fourth switching element. 3. The motor of claim 2, wherein the reverse current polarity detection unit receives the phase voltage transition signal related to the voltage detected at the second end and outputted by the coil voltage converting unit to accordingly output the current polarity reverse signal when the driving signal controls the first switching element to be cut off, the second switching element to conduct, the third switching element to conduct and the fourth switching element to be cut off and the second switching element receives a PWM signal out of the duty cycle. 4. The motor of claim 2, wherein the reverse current polarity detection unit receives the phase voltage transition signal related to the voltage detected at the first end and outputted by the coil voltage converting unit to accordingly output the current polarity reverse signal when the driving signal controls the first switching element to conduct, the second switching element to be cut off, the third switching element to be cut off and the fourth switching element to conduct, and the first switching element receives a PWM signal out of the duty cycle. 5. The motor of claim 2, wherein the reverse current polarity detection unit receives the phase voltage transition signal related to the voltage detected at the first end and outputted by the coil voltage converting unit to accordingly output the current polarity reverse signal when the driving signal controls the first switching element to be cut off, the second switching element to conduct, the third switching element to conduct and the fourth switching element to be cut off, and the third switching element receives a PWM signal out of the duty cycle. 6. The motor of claim 2, wherein the reverse current polarity detection unit receives the phase voltage transition signal related to the voltage detected at the second end and outputted by the coil voltage converting unit to accordingly output the current polarity reverse signal when the driving signal controls the first switching element to conduct, the second switching element to be cut off, the third switching element to be cut off and the fourth switching element to conduct, and the fourth switching element receives a PWM signal out of the duty cycle. 7. The motor of claim 1, wherein the motor control circuit further comprises a compensation adjusting unit coupled between the phase error detection unit and the phase control unit, and the compensation adjusting unit receives the phase error signal to accordingly adjust the compensation magnitude for the phase compensation commutation signal of the phase control unit. 8. A method of adjusting output phase of motor for a single phase brushless DC motor, wherein the single phase brushless DC motor comprises a coil assembly, a Hall effect sensor and a motor control circuit, the motor control circuit comprises a coil switching unit, the coil switching unit is coupled to the coil assembly and receives a driving signal to guide a coil current flowing through the coil assembly, comprising: sensing a position of the magnetic pole of the rotor of the single phase brushless DC motor to generate a Hall effect signal by the Hall effect sensor; generating a current polarity reverse signal according to the voltage at one end of the coil assembly by the motor control circuit; and adjusting the phase of the driving signal according to the time interval between the polarity reverse time of the Hall effect signal and the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated by the motor control circuit to synchronize the phase of the back emf of the single phase brushless DC motor with the phase of the coil current. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of adjusting the phase of the driving signal comprises: determining whether the polarity reverse time of the Hall effect signal lags the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated by the motor control circuit; accordingly advancing the phase of the driving signal by the motor control circuit if the polarity reverse time of the Hall effect signal is earlier than the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated; and accordingly delaying the phase of the driving signal by the motor control circuit if the polarity reverse time of the Hall effect signal is later than the time when the current polarity reverse signal is generated.",
-    "TEmbedding of, or attachment to the rear surface of a mobile electronic device of a reflective panel that allows the user of the mobile device to obtain a general reflection of the image that would be photographed by the rear facing camera on the mobile device without the benefit of seeing the image presentation that is displayed on the opposite side viewing screen of the electronic device 1. A system comprising: a mobile electronic device; a display screen on said mobile electronic device, a camera within said mobile electronic device whereby said camera is embedded in a plane and surface of the mobile electronic device that is oppositely facing relative to said display screen embedded within said mobile electronic device, and a reflective panel that is embedded within, or attached to, the plane and surface of said mobile electronic device that is opposite the surface of said display screen embedded with the mobile electronic device. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel embedded or attached to said surface of said mobile electronic device that is opposite of said display screen is one of to square, rectangular, oval and round. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel embedded or attached to said surface of said mobile electronic device that is opposite of said devices display screen is fabricated from a material that provides a reflective surface capable of being viewed by ae user of said mobile electronic device. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel is a flat surface. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel is a convex surface. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel is a concave surface. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel is attached directly to the surface of said mobile electronic device. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel is attached to the surface of the mobile electronic device using an adhesive compound. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 where said reflective panel may be attached to the surface of the mobile electronic device by a mechanical means. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 whereby said reflective panel may be attached to an external cover that encases the surface of mobile the electronic device.",
-    "A lens focusing method includes the following steps. A holder is disposed on a printed circuit board, such that the holder surrounds an image sensor that is on the printed circuit board. A lens assembly is rotated to position in the holder through a first thread of the holder and a second thread of the lens assembly. A tilt of the holder is adjusted, such that an optic axis of the lens assembly is perpendicular to the image sensor. The lens assembly is rotated to move to a focal plane in a vertical direction through the first and second threads again. 1. A lens focusing method, comprising: (a) disposing a holder on a printed circuit board, such that the holder surrounds an image sensor that is on the printed circuit board; (b) rotating a lens assembly for being positioned in the holder through a first thread of the holder and a second thread of the lens assembly; (c) adjusting a tilt of the holder, such that an optic axis of the lens assembly is perpendicular to the image sensor; and (d) rotating the lens assembly for being moved to a focal plane in a vertical direction through the first and second threads again. 2. The lens focusing method of claim 1, further comprising: dispensing a light-curing adhesive to the printed circuit board, wherein the light-curing adhesive surrounds the image sensor. 3. The lens focusing method of claim 2, wherein the light-curing adhesive is an ultraviolet curing adhesive. 4. The lens focusing method of claim 2, wherein step (a) comprises: utilizing the light-curing adhesive for adhering the holder to the printed circuit board. 5. The lens focusing method of claim 2, wherein after step (b), a gap is formed between the holder and the printed circuit board, and the lens focusing method further comprises: filling the gap with the light-curing adhesive. 6. The lens focusing method of claim 5, further comprising: utilizing a light that corresponds to a wavelength of the light-curing adhesive for irradiating the light-curing adhesive, such that the light-curing adhesive is pre-cured. 7. The lens focusing method of claim 6, further comprising: baking the light-curing adhesive, such that the light-curing adhesive is cured to fix the holder to the printed circuit board. 8. The lens focusing method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises: utilizing a robotic arm for clamping the holder, such that the tilt of the holder is adjusted. 9. The lens focusing method of claim 8, wherein step (c) comprises: detecting an included angle between an optic axis of the lens assembly and the image sensor. 10. The lens focusing method of claim 8, wherein the tilt of the holder is adjusted in six-axial directions by the robotic arm. 11. The lens focusing method of claim 1, wherein step (d) comprises: detecting an image of the image sensor when the lens assembly is moved in the vertical direction, wherein when a central region of the image is in a clearest state, the lens assembly is located on the focal plane. 12. The lens focusing method of claim 1, wherein after step (d), the lens focusing method further comprises: utilizing glue for fixing the lens assembly to the holder. 13. An optical module, comprising: a printed circuit board; an image sensor located on the printed circuit board; a holder located on the printed circuit board and surrounding the image sensor, wherein the holder has an accommodating space and a first thread, and the first thread is located on a wall surface of the holder facing the accommodating space; and a lens assembly, wherein at least a portion of the lens assembly is located in the accommodating space and has a second thread, wherein the holder is oblique relative to the printed circuit board, such that an optic axis of the lens assembly is perpendicular to the image sensor. 14. The optical module of claim 13, further comprising: a light-curing adhesive between the holder and the printed circuit board. 15. The optical module of claim 14, wherein the light-curing adhesive is an ultraviolet curing adhesive. 16. The optical module of claim 15, wherein a surface of the holder facing the printed circuit board has a first edge and a second edge opposite to the first edge, and a distance between the first edge and the printed circuit board is greater than a distance between the second edge and the printed circuit board. 17. The optical module of claim 16, wherein a thickness of the light-curing adhesive between the first edge and the printed circuit board is greater than a thickness of the light-curing adhesive between the second edge and the printed circuit board. 18. The optical module of claim 13, further comprising: glue between the lens assembly and the holder.",
-    "A tool suspension device includes a suspension member, a first and a second receiving members. The suspension member is protrudedly formed with a first and a second pivot structures at two ends. The suspension member has a suspension portion for suspension. The first and the second receiving members are pivotably connected with the first and the second pivot structures respectively. Thus, the first receiving member and the second receiving member are able to be piled together for storing. Also, the first and the second receiving members are able to pivot to be unfolded for available of tools for a user. 1. A tool suspension device, including: a suspension member, having a first face and an opposite second face, the suspension member being formed with a first pivot structure and a second pivot structure which are protruded from the first face and extend away from the second face, the first pivot structure and the second pivot structure being located at two opposite ends of a same side of the suspension member respectively, the first pivot structure being defined with a first pivot axis, the second pivot structure being defined with a second pivot axis, a plane defined by the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis nonoverlapping with the suspension member and being at a predetermined distance from the first face, a distance from the first pivot axis to the first face of the suspension member being larger than a distance from the second pivot axis to the first face of the suspension member, the suspension member having a suspension portion at an end for suspension; a first receiving member, connected with the first pivot structure, the first receiving member being pivotable with respect to the suspension member around the first pivot axis via the first pivot structure, the first receiving member being adapted for receiving at least one tool; a second receiving member, connected with the second pivot structure, the second receiving member being pivotable with respect to the suspension member around the second pivot axis via the second pivot structure, the second receiving member being adapted for receiving at least one tool, the first receiving member and the second receiving member being able to be piled up together; wherein when the first receiving member and the second receiving member are piled up together, the second receiving member is sandwiched between the first receiving member and the suspension member; wherein each of the first receiving member and the second receiving member is defined with a front face, a rear face, and a top face located between the front face and the rear face, the rear faces of the first receiving member and the second receiving member face the first face of the suspension member when the first receiving member and the second receiving member are piled up together, the top faces of the first receiving member and the second receiving member are formed with a plurality of receiving holes for receiving tools, the top face of the first receiving member is lower than the top face of the second receiving member so that the top faces of the first receiving member and the second receiving member form a stepped face. 2. The tool suspension device of claim 1, wherein the first pivot structure includes at least one first pivot member, the first receiving member has at least one first connecting portion, the first receiving member is pivotably connected with the first pivot member by the first connecting portion, the second pivot structure includes at least one second pivot member, the second receiving member has at least one second connecting portion, the second receiving member is pivotably connected with the second pivot member by the second connecting portion. 3. The tool suspension device of claim 2, wherein the first pivot structure includes a plurality of first pivot members, the first receiving member has a plurality of first connecting portions, the first pivot members and the first connecting portions are alternatively arranged along the first pivot axis, one of each first pivot member and each first connecting portion is formed with a protrusion, the other one of each first pivot member and each first connecting portion is formed with a positioning hole, the protrusion is rotatably received in the positioning hole. 4. The tool suspension device of claim 2, wherein the second pivot structure includes a plurality of second pivot members, the second receiving member has a plurality of second connecting portions, the second pivot members and the second connecting portions are alternatively arranged along the second pivot axis, one of each second pivot member and each second connecting portion is formed with a protrusion, the other one of each second pivot member and each second connecting portion is formed with a positioning hole, the protrusion is rotatably received in the positioning hole. 5. The tool suspension device of claim 4, wherein a first direction is defined perpendicular to the first face of the suspension member, each of the first pivot members and the second pivot members has a first end and a second end opposite to the first end, the first end of each of the first pivot members and the second pivot members is connected to the first face of the suspension member, a length of each first pivot member is defined as a distance between the second end of the first pivot member and the first face of the suspension member along the first direction, a length of each second pivot member is defined as a distance between the second end of the second pivot member and the first face of the suspension member along the first direction, the length of each first pivot member is larger than the length of the second pivot member. 6. The tool suspension device of claim 1, wherein the first pivot structure includes at least one first pivot ear, two ends of the first pivot ear are connected to the first face of the suspension member and the first receiving member respectively, the second pivot structure includes at least one second pivot ear, two ends of the second pivot ear are connected to the first face of the suspension member and the second receiving member respectively. 7. The tool suspension device of claim 6, wherein the first pivot structure includes a plurality of first pivot ears, the first pivot ears are spacedly arranged along the first pivot axis, the second pivot structure includes a plurality of second pivot ears, the second pivot ears are spacedly arranged along the second pivot axis.",
-    "A communication protocol system, like a universal physical access control system, regulates access and controlling behavior of a plurality of resources. The system allows a user to master universal access and control of the resources through operation of at least one universal controller. The user utilizes a user interface to transmit commands to the universal controller. The universal controller communicates the commands to at least one local data controller. The local data controller integrates into the local device controller for actuation of the resources. The user controls the resources from multiple locations onsite or remotely, and the resources can be located at multiple locations. A secure key server authenticates transmission of the command. Multiple modules provide operational phases, and include: a resource registration module, a child node addition module, a child node deletion module, an access rights modification module, a user deletion module, and a resource actuation module. 1. A communication protocol system, the system comprising: a user interface, the user interface configured to initiate a command; at least one universal controller, the at least one universal controller configured to receive the command from the user interface, the at least one universal controller further configured to transmit the command while disposed in a plurality of locations; at least one local device controller, the at least one local device controller configured to receive the command from the at least one universal controller, the at least one local device controller further configured to create an event in response to the command, the at least one local device controller further configured to receive the command while disposed in the plurality of locations; a plurality of resources, the plurality of resources configured to operatively join with the at least one local device controller, the plurality of resources further configured to be manipulated in response to the event created by the at least one local device controller; a key server, the key server configured to authenticate transmission of the command; a resource registration module, the resource registration module configured to register the plurality of resources with the system; a child node addition module, the child node addition module configured to add the at least one local device controller to the plurality of resources; a child node deletion module, the child node deletion module configured to remove the at least one local device controller from the plurality of resources; an access rights modification module, the access rights modification module configured to assign at least partial rights to enable use of the system; a user deletion module, the user deletion module configured to restrict initiation of the command; and a resource actuation module, the resource actuation module configured to actuate the plurality of resources. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a universal physical access control system. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the user interface is configured to receive the command from a user. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one universal controller comprises at least one parent node. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one local device controller comprises at least one child node. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one child node is configured to create a control system by integrating into a residential building house, an office, and a factory, whereby the at least one child node is controlled by the at least one parent node. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at last one parent node and the at least one child node are configured to be manufactured by a production company if the at last one parent node and the at least one child node are integrated into the system. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at last one parent node and the at least one child node are configured to communicate through the key server that is operable on a cloud server, whereby authentication of the communication is secured before the event is requested by the at least one parent node and executed by the at least one child node. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of resources includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a home, a home accessory, a door, a window, a light, a medical device, a sensor, a chemical device, a nuclear device, a vehicle, a public infrastructure, a street light, a traffic light, an industrial infrastructure, and a power plant. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the key server is configured to administer cryptographic key management over transmission of the command. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one universal controller includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a central processing unit, a real time clock, a global positioning system, a flash memory, a near field communication, a global network identity module, and a power source. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one local device controller includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a second central processing unit, a second real time clock, and a second flash memory. 13. A communication protocol method, the method comprising: initiating a command from a user interface; receiving, by at least one universal controller, the command from the user interface, the at least one universal controller configured to receive the command from a first set of multiple locations; transmitting the command from the at least one universal controller to at least one local device controller; actuating an event, the event configured to manipulate a plurality of resources; and authenticating transmission of the command through a key server. 14. The method of claim 13, further including a step of registering the plurality of resources. 15. The method of claim 13, further including a step of adding the at least one local device controller to the plurality of resources. 16. The method of claim 13, further including a step of removing the at least one local device controller from the plurality of resources. 17. The method of claim 13, further including a step of assigning at least partial rights to enable use of the system. 18. The method of claim 13, further including a step of restricting utilization of the system. 19. The method of claim 13, further including a step of restricting utilization of the system comprises deleting a user. 20. The method of claim 13, further including a step of actuating the plurality of resources.",
-    "Reliability of a semiconductor device is improved. A power device includes: a semiconductor chip; a chip mounting part; a solder material electrically coupling a back surface electrode of the semiconductor chip with an upper surface of the chip mounting part; a plurality of inner lead parts and a plurality of outer lead parts electrically coupled with an electrode pad of the semiconductor chip through wires; and a sealing body for sealing the semiconductor chip and the wires. Further, a recess is formed in a peripheral region of the back surface of the semiconductor chip. The recess has a first surface extending to join the back surface and a second surface extending to join the first surface. Also, a metal film is formed over the first surface and the second surface of the recess. 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a concave in a first back surface on the side opposite to a first main surface along dicing lines formed over the first main surface of a semiconductor wafer; (b) after the step (a), forming a metal film over the first back surface of the semiconductor wafer so as to enclose the concave; (c) after the step (b), dicing the semiconductor wafer along the dicing lines and forming a plurality of semiconductor chips each having a recess in a peripheral region of a second back surface located on the side opposite to a second main surface; and (d) after the step (c), mounting the semiconductor chip over a chip mounting part of a lead frame through a bonding material, wherein, in the step (d), the semiconductor chip is mounted over the chip mounting part through the bonding material such that the recess in the second back surface of the semiconductor chip comes in contact with the bonding material. 2. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a solder material is used as the bonding material. 3. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the concave is formed by irradiating a later to the first back surface of the semiconductor wafer in the step (a). 4. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein, in the step (a), the first main surface of the semiconductor wafer is recognized from a lower side thereof and, based on the recognition result, the laser is irradiated to the first back surface of the semiconductor wafer. 5. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1 comprising, before the step (a), a step of grinding the first back surface of the semiconductor wafer to reduce a thickness of the semiconductor wafer. 6. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a depth of the concave is a half or less than a half of a thickness of the semiconductor wafer in the step (a). 7. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (a), a width of the concave is formed greater than a width of a cutter used during the dicing in the step (c). 8. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the metal film has a multilayer configuration and a layer most remotely located from the semiconductor wafer in the multilayer configuration is an Ag layer or an Au layer. 9. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (a), the taper portion is formed so that the first back surface of the semiconductor wafer and the concave may extend to join through the taper portion. 10. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor chip having a main surface, a back surface on the side opposite to the main surface, a plurality of first electrodes formed over the main surface, and a second electrode formed over the back surface; a chip mounting part having an upper surface and a lower surface on the side opposite to the upper surface; a bonding material electrically coupling the second electrode of the back surface of the semiconductor chip with the upper surface of the chip mounting part; and a plurality of leads electrically coupled with the first electrodes, respectively, wherein a recess is formed in a peripheral region of the back surface of the semiconductor chip, wherein the recess has a first surface extending to join the back surface, and a second surface located between the main surface and the back surface in a thickness direction of the semiconductor chip and extending to join the first surface, and wherein a metal film is formed over the first surface and the second surface of the recess. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the bonding material is a solder material. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the metal layer has a multilayer configuration and a layer closest to the bonding material side in the multilayer configuration is an Ag layer or an Au layer. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the back surface and the first surface of the semiconductor chip extend to join through a taper portion. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the first surface and the second surface of the recess of the semiconductor chip extend to join through a curved surface portion. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the recess is a stepped portion formed by laser processing.",
-    "A system includes a first machine having a first bail member and a first push bar, at first end. The first bail member includes a first hydraulic cylinder. A first hook and second push bar, at second end. The second push bar includes a second hydraulic cylinder in fluid communication with first hydraulic accumulator. The second machine having second bail member and first push bar, at first end. The second bail member includes third hydraulic cylinder in fluid communication with second hydraulic accumulator. A second hook and second push bar, at second end. The second push bar includes fourth hydraulic cylinder. The first hook coupled to second bail member and second push bar of first machine is in mechanical contact with first push bar of second machine. The impact energy generated at beginning of push operation and pull operation is stored in first hydraulic accumulator and second hydraulic accumulator respectively. 1. A system for recovering impact energy generated during at least one of a push operation and a pull operation between two or more machines operated in a worksite, the system comprising: a first machine having: a first bail member and a first push bar at a first end of the first machine, wherein the first bail member includes a first hydraulic cylinder; and a first hook and a second push bar at a second end of the first machine, wherein the second push bar includes a second hydraulic cylinder, the second hydraulic cylinder being in fluid communication with a first hydraulic accumulator; and a second machine having: a second bail member and a first push bar at a first end of the second machine, wherein the second bail member includes a third hydraulic cylinder, the third hydraulic cylinder being in fluid communication with a second hydraulic accumulator; and a second hook and a second push bar at a second end of the second machine, wherein the second push bar includes a fourth hydraulic cylinder; wherein the first machine and the second machine are adapted to work in collaboration, such that the first hook of the first machine coupled to the second bail member of the second machine, and the second push bar of the first machine being in mechanical contact with the first push bar of the second machine; wherein the impact energy generated at a beginning of the push operation by the second machine may be captured by a regenerative coupling system, and stored in the first hydraulic accumulator; wherein the impact energy generated at a beginning of the pull operation by the first machine may be captured by a regenerative coupling system, and stored in the second hydraulic accumulator.",
-    "A light emitting device includes a package and at least one light emitting element. The package includes a recess portion which has a bottom surface, an opening on a front side opposite to the bottom surface in a front direction vertical to the bottom surface, and an inner peripheral wall connecting the bottom surface and the front side. The bottom surface has distances between opposite sides of the bottom surface and has a longest distance among the distances. The at least one light emitting element is disposed on the bottom surface of the recess portion and has a polygonal shape which has five or more sides and which has a longest diagonal line viewed along the front direction. Each internal angle of the polygonal shape is less than 180\u00b0. The longest diagonal line of the polygonal shape is parallel to a lateral line along the longest distance. 1. A light emitting device comprising: a package including a recess portion which has a bottom surface, an opening on a front side opposite to the bottom surface in a front direction vertical to the bottom surface, and an inner peripheral wall connecting the bottom surface and the front side, the bottom surface having distances between opposite sides of the bottom surface and having a longest distance among the distances; and at least one light emitting element disposed on the bottom surface of the recess portion and having a polygonal shape which has five or more sides and which has a longest diagonal line viewed along the front direction, each internal angle of the polygonal shape being less than 180\u00b0, the at least one light emitting element being disposed such that the longest diagonal line of the polygonal shape is parallel to a lateral line along the longest distance. 2. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one light emitting element has a hexagonal shape. 3. The light emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the hexagonal shape has a first side and a second side opposite to and parallel to the first side, and wherein the at least one light emitting element is disposed such that the first side and the second side are parallel to the lateral line. 4. The light emitting device according to 1, wherein the at least one light emitting element comprises a plurality of the light emitting elements which are disposed in one row or a plurality of rows in the lateral line. 5. The light emitting device according to claim 3, wherein the at least one light emitting element comprises a plurality of the light emitting elements which are disposed in a plurality of rows in the lateral line in a zigzag manner, wherein laterally adjacent light emitting elements arranged in the lateral line among the plurality of the light emitting elements are disposed such that apexes of the laterally adjacent light emitting elements are opposed to each other viewed along the front direction, and wherein vertically adjacent light emitting elements arranged in a line perpendicular to the front direction and the lateral line among the plurality of the light emitting elements are disposed such that sides except for the first side and the second side are opposed to each other viewed along the front direction. 6. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one light emitting element comprises a first external connection electrode and a second external connection electrode, and wherein the first external connection electrode is provided at a first end portion in a direction along the lateral line and the second external connection electrode is provided in a second end portion opposite to the first end portion in the direction along the lateral line. 7. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one light emitting element is bonded to the bottom surface of the package with a die bond resin including silicone. 8. The light emitting device according to claim 7, wherein the at least one light emitting element is sealed with a sealing resin, and wherein a refractive index of the die bond resin is equal to or less than a refractive index of the sealing resin. 9. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the inner peripheral wall is made of resin.",
-    "The present invention discloses a shading device includes a screen, a shaft portion, a case including a wall portion having a hole so that an end portion of the shaft portion is inserted into the hole while a first clearance is formed, the case including a side face portion having an opening so that the shaft portion is entered in a housing position from a direction different from an axial direction of the shaft portion when the shaft portion is located at the housing position, a biasing mechanism that biases the screen toward the shaft portion, and a shaft support portion that is inserted into the first clearance formed between the hole of the wall portion and the end portion of the shaft portion to prevent the end portion of the shaft portion from moving in the direction different from the axial direction. 1. A shading device, comprising: a screen; a shaft portion to which one end of the screen is fastened; a case from which the screen can be drawn out, the case including a wall portion having a hole so that an end portion of the shaft portion is inserted into the hole while a first clearance is formed, the case including a side face portion having an opening so that the shaft portion is entered in a housing position from a direction, the direction being different from an axial direction of the shaft portion when the shaft portion is located at the housing position; a biasing mechanism that biases the screen toward the shaft portion; and a shaft support portion that is inserted into the first clearance formed between the hole of the wall portion and the end portion of the shaft portion to prevent the end portion of the shaft portion from moving in the direction different from the axial direction. 2. The shading device according to claim 1, wherein the shaft support portion has a second hole so that the end portion of the shaft portion is inserted into the second hole while the shaft portion is separated from the wall portion to prevent the end portion from moving in the direction different from the axial direction. 3. The shading device according to claim 2, wherein the shaft support portion has a pawl portion that is projected toward an opposite side of the second hole, when the shaft support portion is inserted into the hole of the wall portion, the pawl portion is flexed toward the second hole side and then engaged with the wall portion, and a second clearance is formed between the end portion of the shaft portion inserted into the second hole and the pawl portion to allow the pawl portion to be flexed. 4. The shading device according to claim 1, wherein the wall portion has an extension portion that is extended outward to form the hole, and the shaft support portion is inserted into the hole formed on the extension portion from an outside of the wall portion. 5. The shading device according to claim 1, wherein the biasing mechanism biases the shaft portion toward a winding direction of the screen, and the end portion of the shaft portion is rotatable around an axial center of the shaft portion when the shaft support portion is inserted into the hole of the wall portion. 6. The shading device according to claim 1, wherein a material of the shaft support portion is harder than a material of the case. 7. A method of assembling a shading device, the shading device including a screen, a shaft portion to which one end of the screen is fastened, a case from which the screen can be drawn out, and a biasing mechanism that biases the screen toward the shaft portion, the method comprising: forming a wall portion on the case, the wall portion having a hole so that an end portion of the shaft portion is inserted into the hole while a first clearance is formed; forming a side face portion on the case, the side face portion having an opening so that the shaft portion is entered in a housing position from a direction, the direction being different from an axial direction of the shaft portion when the shaft portion is located at the housing position; entering the end portion of the shaft portion in the opening to insert the shaft portion into the hole of the wall portion, positioning the shaft portion at the housing position, and inserting a shaft support portion into the clearance formed between the hole of the wall portion and the end portion of the shaft portion to prevent the end portion of the shaft portion from moving in the direction different from the axial direction.",
-    "A pigment dispersion for ink jetting, including: a pigment (A) represented by the following Formula (A); a pigment (B) represented by the following Formula (B); and water, wherein a content mass ratio of the pigment (A) to the pigment (B) is higher than 1.0. In Formula (A), each of two R1s represents a cyano group and each of two R2s represents a hydrogen atom, or each of two R1s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R2s represents a tertiary butyl group. In Formula (B), each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a chlorine atom, each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a hydrogen atom, or each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a phenyl group. 1. A pigment dispersion for ink jetting, comprising: a pigment (A) represented by the following Formula (A); a pigment (B) represented by the following Formula (B); and water, wherein a content mass ratio of the pigment (A) to the pigment (B) is higher than 1.0: wherein, in Formula (A), each of two R1s represents a cyano group and each of two R2s represents a hydrogen atom, or each of two R1s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R2s represents a tertiary butyl group, wherein, in Formula (B), each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a chlorine atom, each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a hydrogen atom, or each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a phenyl group. 2. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, wherein the content mass ratio of the pigment (A) to the pigment (B) is from 1.1 to 50. 3. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, wherein the content mass ratio of the pigment (A) to the pigment (B) is from 1.1 to 25. 4. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, wherein the content mass ratio of the pigment (A) to the pigment (B) is from 1.1 to 10. 5. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, wherein, in Formula (A), each of two R1s represents a cyano group and each of two R2s represents a hydrogen atom. 6. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, wherein, in Formula (B), each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a chlorine atom. 7. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, wherein, in Formula (A), each of two R1s represents a cyano group and each of two R2s represents a hydrogen atom, and wherein, in Formula (B), each of two R3s represents a hydrogen atom and each of two R4s represents a chlorine atom. 8. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, further comprising resin particles. 9. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, further comprising a resin dispersant. 10. The pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, further comprising a water soluble solvent. 11. A method of producing the pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, the method comprising a process of obtaining the pigment dispersion for ink jetting by mixing at least the pigment (A), the pigment (B), and water, and subjecting a resulting mixture to a dispersion treatment. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the process of obtaining the pigment dispersion for ink jetting comprises: a process of obtaining a pigment mixture by mixing the pigment (A) and the pigment (B); and a process of obtaining the pigment dispersion for ink jetting by mixing at least the pigment mixture and water, and subjecting a resulting mixture to a dispersion treatment. 13. An ink set, comprising: an ink that is the pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1; and a treatment liquid containing an acid that aggregates components contained in the ink. 14. An image forming method, comprising: an ink application process of applying, onto a recording medium, an ink that is the pigment dispersion for ink jetting according to claim 1, by an inkjet method, to form an image; and a treatment liquid application process of applying, onto the recording medium, a treatment liquid containing an acid that aggregates components contained in the ink.",
-    "A method for forming concrete poles using centrifugal force comprises steps of positioning first and second inner moulds into first and second outer moulds, wherein a decoration and function shaping part is detachably attached on the inner circumference of each of the first and second inner moulds, assembling the first and second outer moulds with the first and second inner moulds, wherein the assembled first and second outer moulds and first and second inner moulds constitute a concrete pole mould, pouring concrete into inside of the concrete pole mould, rotating the concrete pole mould at high speed, and disassembling the first and second inner moulds from the first and second outer moulds. The mould device for performing the method and the concreted pole made by the method are also provided. 1. A mould device for forming concrete poles using centrifugal force, wherein concrete poured inside the mould device and the mould device is rotated at high speed, comprising: (a) a first outer mould and a second outer mould that have hollow inside and semi-circular shape, wherein each of the first outer mould and the second outer mould comprises an engaging jaw that is formed longitudinally along the length of each of the two separating ends of the first outer mould and second outer mould, a plurality of engaging holes formed on the engaging jaw, wherein the first outer mold and the second outer mould are assembled with bolts passing through the engaging holes; (b) a first inner mould and a second inner mould that have hollow inside and semi-circular shape, wherein the first and second inner moulds are received inside of the first and second outer moulds, respectively; wherein a decoration and function shaping part is detachably attached on the inner circumference of each of the first and second inner moulds; wherein the decoration and function shaping parts are adapted to form a decoration and function part on the outer circumference of a concrete pole moulded by the mould device; and (c) a mould fixing and release device that fixes the first and second inner moulds inside the first and second outer moulds in the process of preparing moulding of the concrete pole, and releases the first and second inner moulds from the first and second outer moulds after moulding is complete. 2. The mould device of claim 1, wherein the mould fixing and releasing device comprises one or more through slots formed on each of the first and second outer moulds extending along the circumference of the circle viewed from side when the first and second outer moulds are assembled, threaded rods formed on the outer circumferences of the first and second inner moulds at positions corresponding to the through slots and protrude a length that pass beyond the through slots, and nuts engaging with threaded rods. 3. The mould device of claim 1, wherein the mould fixing and release device comprises through slots formed on each of the first and second outer moulds extending along the circumference of the circle viewed from side when the first and second outer moulds are assembled, and bent assembly rods formed on the outer circumferences of the first and second inner moulds at positions corresponding to the through slots, wherein the bent assembly rods are bent in L shape and reversed L shape to have a knock portion at its end and a fixing groove surrounded by the bent portion, wherein the bent assembly rods pass through the through slots, wherein the through slot is formed longer than the size of the end of the bent assembly rod to enable passing of the bent assembly rod. 4. The mould device of claim 1, wherein the decoration and function shaping part comprises engraved and embossed parts, the shape of which comprise lattice, elongated longitudinal grooves, rings, irregular forms, or geometrical figures. 5. The mould device of claim 1, wherein the first and second inner moulds comprise a plurality of inner mould segments that divide the inner moulds longitudinally or horizontally, and end inner mould segments; wherein each of the inner mould segments comprises a first engaging jaw formed on its one end, wherein the first engaging jaw has a protrusion, the surface of which directs upward with reference to the centerline of the side of the segment, and a second engaging jaw formed on its other end, the surface of which directs downward with reference to the centerline of the side of the segment, and thereby the first engaging jaw and the second engaging jaw correspond with each other, wherein the plurality of the inner mould segments are received inside the first and second outer moulds with their first engaging jaws and second engaging jaws engaged with each other in series; and, wherein the end inner mould segments comprise first, second engaging jaws that correspond to the first, second engaging jaws of the inner mould segments located far outside among the plurality of the inner mould segments received in the first and second outer moulds. 6. The mould device of claim 1, wherein the engaging jaws provided at the two sides of the first outer mould comprise engaging grooves, and the corresponding engaging jaws of the second outer mould comprise engaging protrusions, which are received in the engaging grooves, wherein a sealing ring is provided in the engaging groove and compressed by the engaging protrusion. 7. The mould device of claim 1, wherein an access opening forming part of a predetermined size is provided longitudinally on the inner circumference of either of the first and second inner moulds thereby installing an access opening. 8. A method of forming concrete poles using centrifugal force comprising steps of: (a) positioning first and second inner moulds into first and second outer moulds; wherein the first outer mould, and the second outer mould have hollow inside and semi-circular shape, wherein each of the first outer mould and the second outer mould comprises an engaging jaw that is formed longitudinally along the length of each of the two separating ends of the first outer mould and second outer mould, a plurality of engaging holes formed on the engaging jaw, wherein the first outer mold and the second outer mould are assembled with bolts passing through the engaging holes; wherein the first inner mould and the second inner mould that have hollow inside and semi-circular shape, wherein the first and second inner moulds are received inside of the first and second outer moulds, respectively; wherein a decoration and function shaping part is detachably attached on the inner circumference of each of the first and second inner moulds; wherein the decoration and function shaping parts are adapted to form a decoration and function part on the outer circumference of a concrete pole moulded by the mould device; and (b) assembling the first and second outer moulds with the first and second inner moulds, wherein the assembled first and second outer moulds and first and second inner moulds constitute a concrete pole mould; (c) pouring concrete into inside of the concrete pole mould; (d) rotating the concrete pole mould; and (e) disassembling the first and second inner moulds from the first and second outer moulds. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the mould fixing and release device comprises through slots formed on each of the first and second outer moulds extending along the circumference of the circle viewed from side when the first and second outer moulds are assembled, and bent assembly rods formed on the outer circumferences of the first and second inner moulds at positions corresponding to the through slots, wherein the bent assembly rods are bent in L shape and reversed L shape to have a knock portion at its end and a fixing groove surrounded by the bent portion, wherein the bent assembly rods pass through the through slots, wherein the through slot is formed longer than the size of the end of the bent assembly rod to enable passing of the bent assembly rod; wherein at the step of rotating the concrete pole mould, initially the first and second outer moulds are rotated but the first and second inner moulds, which have not been fixed to the first and second outer moulds yet, are not rotated, and then one end of the rotating through slot is inserted into the fixing groove of the bent assembly rod thereby being fixed to it, and then further rotation of the first and second outer moulds rotates the first and second inner moulds. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at the step of disassembling the first and second inner moulds from the first and second outer moulds, the knock portion of the bent assembly rod is hit in the reverse rotation direction with a hitting tool to cause movement of the bent assembly rod in the through slot thereby causing movement of the first and second inner moulds from which the bent assembly rods protrude. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the mould fixing and release device comprises one or more through slots formed on each of the first and second outer moulds extending along the circumference of the circle viewed from side when the first and second outer moulds are assembled; a threaded rod formed on the outer circumference of the first inner mould at a position corresponding to the through slot and protrudes a length that passes beyond the through slot; a nut engaging with the threaded rod; and a bent assembly rod formed on the outer circumference of the second inner mould at a position corresponding to the through slot; wherein the bent assembly rod is bent in L shape to have a knock portion at its end and a fixing groove surrounded by the bent portion, wherein the bent assembly rod passes through the through slot, which is formed longer than the size of the end of the bent assembly rod to enable passing of the bent assembly rod; wherein at the step of rotating the concrete pole mould, the first and second outer moulds start to rotate while the first and second inner moulds remain stationary thereby causing one end of the through slot formed on the second outer mould to be inserted and fixed into the fixing groove of the bent assembly rod. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein at the step of disassembling the first and second inner moulds from the first and second outer moulds, the knock portion of the bent assembly rod formed on the second inner mould is hit in the reverse rotation direction with a hitting tool to cause movement of the bent assembly rod in the through slot thereby causing movement of the second inner mould along the through slot. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising grinding the outer circumferential surface of the moulded concrete pole. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising shot blasting the outer circumferential surface of the moulded concrete pole. A concrete pole made by a method of forming concrete poles using centrifugal force comprising steps of: (a) positioning first and second inner moulds into first and second outer moulds; wherein the first outer mould and the second outer mould have hollow inside and semi-circular shape, wherein each of the first outer mould and the second outer mould comprises an engaging jaw that is formed longitudinally along the length of each of the two separating ends of the first outer mould and second outer mould, a plurality of engaging holes formed on the engaging jaw, wherein the first outer mold and the second outer mould are assembled with bolts passing through the engaging holes; wherein the first inner mould and the second inner mould that have hollow inside and semi-circular shape, wherein the first and second inner moulds are received inside of the first and second outer moulds, respectively; wherein a decoration and function shaping part is detachably attached on the inner circumference of each of the first and second inner moulds; wherein the decoration and function shaping parts are adapted to form a decoration and function part on the outer circumference of a concrete pole moulded by the mould device; and (b) assembling the first and second outer moulds with the first and second inner moulds, wherein the assembled first and second outer moulds and first and second inner moulds constitute a concrete pole mould; (c) pouring concrete into inside of the concrete pole mould; (d) rotating the concrete pole mould; and (e) disassembling the first and second inner moulds from the first and second outer moulds.",
-    "A motor drive system includes a motor, a motor control device, and a sensor that detects torque or acceleration of the motor. The motor control device includes an estimating unit configured to estimate at least one of speed and position of the motor, and a current control unit configured to control current to be supplied to the motor based upon an estimation result by the estimating unit. The estimating unit includes first and second estimating units, and derives an estimated value based upon estimation results by the first and second estimating units. The first estimating unit estimates based upon a detection signal detected by the sensor and a high-frequency component superimposed on an output current to the motor. The second estimating unit estimates from an estimation result of induced voltage of the motor. 1. A motor drive system comprising: a motor; a motor control device that controls the motor; and a sensor that detects torque or acceleration of the motor, the motor control device comprising: an estimating unit configured to estimate at least one of speed and position of the motor; and a current control unit configured to control current to be supplied to the motor based upon an estimation result by the estimating unit, the estimating unit comprising: a first estimating unit configured to estimate at least one of the speed and position of the motor based upon a detection signal detected by the sensor and a high-frequency current component superimposed on an output current to the motor; and a second estimating unit configured to estimate induced voltage of the motor and to estimate at least one of the speed and position of the motor from an estimation result of the induced voltage, wherein the estimating unit derives an estimated value of at least one of the speed and position of the motor based upon an estimation result by the first estimating unit or based upon the estimation result by the first estimating unit and an estimation result by the second estimating unit. 2. The motor drive system according to claim 1, wherein the motor is a rotary motor, and the sensor is a torque sensor. 3. The motor drive system according to claim 2, wherein the torque sensor is disposed between a load and an output shaft of the rotary motor or between the rotary motor and a member fixing the load. 4. The motor drive system according to claim 1, wherein the motor is a linear motor, and the sensor is an acceleration sensor. 5. The motor drive system according to claim 4, wherein the acceleration sensor is attached to a mover or a stator of the linear motor. 6. The motor drive system according to claim 1, further comprising a high-frequency current commander that generates a high-frequency current command to superimpose the high-frequency current component on the output current to the motor. 7. The motor drive system according to claim 1, wherein the estimating unit further comprises a summing unit configured to sum the estimation results from the first and second estimating units, and the estimating unit derives the estimated value of at least one of the speed or position of the motor based upon a summed value by the summing unit. 8. The motor drive system according to claim 1, wherein the estimating unit derives the estimated value of at least one of the speed and position of the motor based upon the estimation results by the first and second estimating units when the speed of the motor exceeds a predetermined value and based upon the estimation result by the first estimating unit when the speed of the motor is lower than the predetermined value. 9. The motor drive system according to claim 1, wherein the current control unit comprises a current component detecting unit configured to detect a q-axial current in a dq-axis rotary coordinate system synchronized with the motor, based upon a detected current value from the motor and the estimation results by the estimating unit, the first estimating unit comprises an oscillation component extracting unit configured to extract an oscillation component in the torque caused by phase shift, based upon a detected torque signal by the torque sensor and the q-axial current detected by the current component detecting unit. 10. A motor control device, comprising: an estimating unit configured to estimate at least one of speed and position of a motor; and a current control unit configured to control current to be supplied to the motor based upon an estimation result by the estimating unit, the estimating unit comprising: a first estimating unit configured to estimate at least one of the speed and position of the motor based upon a detection signal detected by a sensor that detects torque or acceleration of the motor and a high-frequency current component superimposed on an output current to the motor; and a second estimating unit configured to estimate induced voltage of the motor and to estimate at least one of the speed and position of the motor from an estimation result, wherein the estimating unit derives an estimated value of at least one of the speed and position of the motor based upon an estimation result by the first estimating unit or based upon the estimation result by the first estimating unit and an estimation result by the second estimating unit. 11. The motor control device according to claim 10, further comprising a high-frequency current commander that outputs a high-frequency current command to superimpose the high-frequency current component on the output current to the motor.",
-    "A projector includes a light source, a digital micro-mirror device (DMD), a first prism, and a second prism. The light source emits incident light. The DMD reflects the incident light as an image light. The first prism is disposed between the light source and the DMD. The second prism is disposed between the first prism and the DMD. The first prism includes a first plane, a second plane, and an intermediate portion including a reflecting portion. The incident light is reflected by the reflecting portion and then passes through the second plane. The second prism includes a fourth plane, a fifth plane, and a sixth plane. When the DMD is operated in an OFF-state, the image light is reflected to the sixth plane, and the sixth plane reflects a leakage light of the image light along a predetermined light path away from the prisms. 1. A projector comprising: a light source for emitting an incident light; a digital micro-mirror device having a first side in a first direction and a second side in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the first side is longer than the second side, the digital micro-mirror device receives and reflects the incident light as an image light; a first prism disposed between the light source and the digital micro-mirror device for receiving and transmitting the incident light, the first prism comprising: a first plane faced to the light source for receiving the incident light; a second plane adjoined to the first plane; and an intermediate portion adjoined to the first plane and comprising a reflecting portion, wherein the incident light is transmitted to the reflecting portion and is reflected by the reflecting portion, then, the incident light passes through the second plane; and a second prism disposed between the first prism and the digital micro-mirror device, the second prism comprising: a fourth plane paralleled to the second plane for receiving the incident light and reflecting the image light; a fifth plane adjoined to the fourth plane and paralleled to the digital micro-mirror device, wherein the fifth plane comprises an adjoining side paralleled to the first side; and a sixth plane adjoined to the fourth plane and the fifth plane, wherein the sixth plane is faced to a lens; wherein the incident light is transmitted to the digital micro-mirror device through the fourth plane and the fifth plane, the incident light is reflected by the digital micro-mirror device as the image light to the sixth plane, when the digital micro-mirror device is operated in an OFF-state, the sixth plane reflects a leakage light of the image light along a predetermined light path away from the prisms. 2. The projector of claim 1, wherein the digital micro-mirror device is a two-axis tilting digital micro-mirror device. 3. The projector of claim 1, wherein the fifth plane is perpendicular to the sixth plane. 4. The projector of claim 1, wherein the intermediate portion further comprises a third plane, and the reflecting portion is a mirror coating on the third plane. 5. The projector of claim 1, wherein the intermediate portion further comprises a third plane, and the reflecting portion is a reflecting plane faced to the third plane. 6. The projector of claim 1, further comprising: a lens module disposed between the light source and the first plane. 7. The projector of claim 6, wherein an equivalent focal length of the lens module is 80 mm\u02dc82 mm. 8. The projector of claim 6, further comprising: a light pipe disposed between the light source and the lens module for receiving and transmitting the incident light. 9. The projector of claim 8, wherein the light pipe is a wedge-shaped light pipe. 10. The projector of claim 8, wherein the light pipe, the lens module, the prisms, and the digital micro-mirror device form an optical mechanical system with the magnification of the optical mechanical system being 1.7\u02dc1.9. 11. The projector of claim 1, wherein the reflecting portion is disposed outside the predetermined light path.",
-    "The present invention includes systems and methods for retrieving information via a flexible and consistent targeted search model that employs interactive multi-prefix, multi-tier and dynamic menu information retrieval techniques that provide context-specific functionality tailored to particular information channels, as well as to records within or across such channels, and other known state information. Users are presented with a consistent search interface among multiple tiers across and within a large domain of information sources, and need not learn different or special search syntax. A thin-client server-controlled architecture enables users of resource-constrained mobile communications devices to locate targeted information more quickly by entering fewer keystrokes and performing fewer query iterations and web page refreshes, which in turn reduces required network bandwidth. 1. An interactive information retrieval system, including non-transitory computer-accessible storage media, that searches a database of content items, the system comprising: a. a multi-prefix search module, embodied in a first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that receives keystrokes as they are entered by a user into a mobile device, searches for content items within the database that contain words having a prefix matching the keystrokes, and generates a first-tier set of search results containing matching content items; b. a first-tier search result delivery module, embodied in the first non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium, that delivers the first-tier set of search results to the mobile device; c. a client application, embodied in a second non-transitory computer-accessible storage medium on the mobile device that sorts at least a portion of the first-tier set of search results utilizing a data set from the mobile device and displays the sorted portion of the first-tier set of search results to the user of the mobile device. 2. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a predefined channel of content items. 3. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a user-defined location. 4. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a location obtained from a GPS module of the mobile device. 5. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises one or more results of a prior search by the user. 6. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a time of day obtained from the mobile device. 7. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a telephone number stored on the mobile device. 8. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises an email address stored on the mobile device. 9. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a text message address stored on the mobile device. 10. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises an image stored on the mobile device. 11. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the data set comprises a data set accessible by the mobile device from a website. 12. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the sorted portion of the first-tier set of search results is associated with a dynamic menu item. 13. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 12, wherein when the dynamic menu item can be activated in a first manner by the user using a first gesture or in a second manner by the user using a second gesture, the first and second gestures being different gestures. 14. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 13, wherein the first manner of activation comprises pressing a touchscreen of the mobile device proximate to the dynamic menu item for a first length of time. 15. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 14, wherein the second manner of activation comprises pressing the touchscreen of the mobile device proximate to the dynamic menu item for a second length of time, the second length of time being longer than the first length of time. 16. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 14, wherein the first manner of activation selects the dynamic menu item. 17. The interactive information retrieval system of claim 15, wherein the second manner of activation actuates the dynamic menu item.",
-    "A one time programmable (OTP) memory cell includes a select gate transistor, a following gate transistor, and an antifuse varactor. The select gate transistor has a first gate terminal, a first drain terminal and a first source terminal. The following gate transistor has a second gate terminal, a second drain terminal and a second source terminal coupled to the first drain terminal. The antifuse varactor has a third gate terminal, a third drain terminal, and a third source terminal coupled to the second drain terminal. The select gate transistor, the following gate transistor, and the antifuse varactor are formed on a substrate structure. 1. A one time programmable (OTP) memory cell, comprising: a substrate structure; a select gate transistor formed on the substrate structure, the select gate transistor having a first gate terminal, a first drain terminal, and a first source terminal; a following gate transistor formed on the substrate structure, the following gate transistor having a second gate terminal, a second drain terminal, and a second source terminal coupled to the first drain terminal; and an antifuse varactor formed on the substrate structure, the antifuse varactor having a third gate terminal, a third drain terminal, and a third source terminal coupled to the second drain terminal. 2. The OTP memory cell of claim 1, wherein the first gate terminal, the second gate terminal and the third gate terminal are formed on a first gate oxide layer with a same first thickness. 3. The OTP memory cell of claim 1, wherein the antifuse varactor further has a third source/drain extension area coupled with the third drain terminal and the third source terminal for shorting the third drain terminal and the third source terminal. 4. The OTP memory cell of claim 3, wherein the select gate transistor further has two first source/drain extension areas respectively coupled to the first drain terminal and the first source terminal, and the following gate transistor further has two second source/drain extension areas respectively coupled to the second drain terminal and the second source terminal. 5. The OTP memory cell of claim 1, wherein the substrate structure is a P well over a silicon substrate, and all source terminals and drain terminals are formed by an epitaxial silicon phosphorous (SiP) or silicon carbide (SiC) process. 6. A one time programmable (OTP) memory cell, comprising: a substrate structure; a select gate transistor formed on the substrate structure, the select gate transistor having a first gate terminal, a first drain terminal, and a first source terminal; a following gate transistor formed on the substrate structure, the following gate transistor having a second gate terminal, a second drain terminal, and a second source terminal coupled to the first drain terminal; and an antifuse varactor formed on the substrate structure, the antifuse varactor having a third gate terminal, and a third source terminal coupled to the second drain terminal; wherein a part of the third gate terminal is formed above a shallow trench insulation area. 7. The OTP memory cell of claim 6, wherein the first gate terminal, the second gate terminal and the third gate terminal are formed on a first gate oxide layer with a same first thickness. 8. The OTP memory cell of claim 6, wherein the antifuse varactor further has a third source/drain extension area coupled to the third source terminal. 9. The OTP memory cell of claim 8, wherein the select gate transistor further has two first source/drain extension areas respectively coupled to the first drain terminal and the first source terminal, and the following gate transistor further has two second source/drain extension areas respectively coupled to the second drain terminal and the second source terminal. 10. The OTP memory cell of claim 6, wherein the substrate structure is a P well over substrate, and all source terminals and drain terminals are formed by an epitaxial silicon phosphorous (SiP) or silicon carbide (SiC) process. 11. A one time programmable (OTP) memory cell, comprising: a substrate structure; a shallow trench insulation area adjoining the substrate structure; a select gate transistor formed on the substrate structure, the select gate transistor having a first gate terminal, a first drain terminal, and a first source terminal; a following gate transistor formed on the substrate structure, the following gate transistor having a second gate terminal, a second drain terminal, and a second source terminal coupled to the first drain terminal; an antifuse varactor formed on the substrate structure, the antifuse varactor having a third gate terminal, a third drain terminal, and a third source terminal coupled to the second drain terminal; and a dummy transistor partially formed on the substrate structure, the dummy transistor having a fourth gate terminal, and a fourth source terminal coupled to the third drain terminal; wherein a part of the fourth gate terminal is formed above the shallow trench insulation area. 12. The OTP memory cell of claim 11, wherein the substrate structure is a P well over a silicon substrate, and all source terminals and drain terminals are formed by an epitaxial silicon phosphorous (SiP) or silicon carbide (SiC) process. 13. A method for programming a memory array, comprising: providing a memory array comprising a plurality of the OTP memory cells of claim 11; providing a first voltage ranging from 0.6 volts to 1.4 volts to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at a selected row; providing a second voltage ranging from 1.2 volts to 2.2 volts to all of the second gate terminals of the memory array; providing a third voltage ranging from 3.5 volts to 5 volts to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the selected row; and providing a ground voltage to the first source terminals of the OTP memory cells at a selected column; wherein the third voltage is greater than the first and the second voltages, and the first to third voltages are greater than the ground voltage. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: providing the first voltage to the first source terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected column. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: providing the ground voltage to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected row; and providing the ground voltage to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the unselected row. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: providing the ground voltage to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected row; providing the ground voltage to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the unselected row; and providing the first voltage to the first source terminals of an unselected column. 17. The OTP memory cell of claim 13, wherein the first gate terminal, second gate terminal, third gate terminal, and a fourth gate terminal are formed on a first gate oxide layer with a same first thickness. 18. The OTP memory cell of claim 11, wherein the antifuse varactor further has a third source/drain extension area coupled to the third source terminal and the third drain terminal for shorting the third drain terminal and the third source terminal, and the dummy transistor further has a fourth source/drain extension area coupled to the fourth source terminal. 19. A method for programming a memory array, comprising: providing a memory array comprising a plurality of the OTP memory cells of claim 18; providing a first voltage ranging from 0.6 volts to 1.4 volts to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at a selected row; providing a second voltage ranging from 1.2 volts to 2.2 volts to all of the second gate terminals of the memory array; providing a third voltage ranging from 3.5 volts to 5 volts to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the selected row; and providing a ground voltage to the first source terminals of the OTP memory cells at a selected column; wherein the third voltage is greater than the first and the second voltages, and the first to third voltages are greater than the ground voltage. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: providing the first voltage to the first source terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected column. 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising: providing the ground voltage to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected row; and providing the ground voltage to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the unselected row. 22. The method of claim 19, further comprising: providing the ground voltage to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected row; providing the ground voltage to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the unselected row; and providing the first voltage to the first source terminals of an unselected column. 23. The OTP memory cell of claim 18, wherein the select gate transistor further has two first source/drain extension areas respectively coupled to the first drain terminal and the first source terminal, and the following gate transistor further has two second source/drain extension areas respectively coupled to the second drain terminal and the second source terminal. 24. A method for programming a memory array, comprising: providing a memory array comprising a plurality of the OTP memory cells of claim 23; providing a first voltage ranging from 0.6 volts to 1.4 volts to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at a selected row; providing a second voltage ranging from 1.2 volts to 2.2 volts to all of the second gate terminals of the memory array; providing a third voltage ranging from 3.5 volts to 5 volts to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the selected row; and providing a ground voltage to the first source terminals of the OTP memory cells at a selected column; wherein the third voltage is greater than the first and the second voltages, and the first to third voltages are greater than the ground voltage. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: providing the first voltage to the first source terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected column. 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising: providing the ground voltage to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected row; and providing the ground voltage to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the unselected row. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising: providing the ground voltage to the first gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at an unselected row; providing the ground voltage to the third gate terminals of the OTP memory cells at the unselected row; and providing the first voltage to the first source terminals of an unselected column.",
-    "A device designed for the removal, storage, and installation of convertible hardtops from sport utility vehicles. The device is floor level and mounted on casters for portability. The device utilizes a platform and ratcheted gear apparatus to assist provide leverage and assist a single operator to remove or install a convertible hardtop form an SUV. The device also utilizes a tilting assembly to allow the operator to reduce the footprint of the device with the hardtop loaded, making it simpler to maneuver and store. 1. An apparatus for removing, storing, and installing removable hardtop devices from automobiles comprising: a movable base unit which is sufficiently long and wide to support the apparatus from longitudinal and axial moments with and without the hardtop installed; a vertical support structure having a lower and upper end, wherein said lower end is affixed to said movable base and said upper end is attached to the vertical lifting means; a means for vertical lifting which is connected to said vertical support beams and allows the apparatus to exert force in the vertical direction for removing the hardtop from the automobile, sustaining the hardtop at a fixed height once the hardtop has been removed from the automobile, and allowing the hardtop to be controllably lowered onto the automobile during installation; a platform structure attached to said vertical lifting means which interfaces with the hardtop to distribute lifting forces evenly throughout the hardtop and is capable of securing and supporting the hardtop longitudinally and axially while it is installed on the apparatus; wherein the apparatus may be positioned to the hardtop while is installed on the automobile and selectively raised or lowered by said vertical lifting means. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said vertical lifting means comprises: a lift lever allowing the operator to forcibly control the upward and downward movement of said platform around a hinged connection to said vertical support beam(s); one or more vertical platform push rods, each having an lower and upper end, wherein said lower end is affixed to said lift lever and said upper end is attached to said platform; a semi-circular gear affixed to either the vertical support beam(s) or the vertical platform push rods; a pawl attached to either the vertical support beam(s) or the vertical platform push rods, whichever one said gear is not attached to, incorporating a spring loading mechanism which engages the pawl into the teeth of said gear, preventing downward movement of said vertical support beam(s) when said pawl is engaged with said gear; a means for a release mechanism which will disengage said pawl from said gear teeth, allowing downward movement of said vertical support beam(s) when said pawl is disengaged with said gear teeth. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said platform structure comprises: an upper platform section constructed of hollow tube having a topside and underside which upon the topside the hardtop will rest; one more hollow grip rail tubes affixed to the underside of said upper platform section with inner cross sectional segments slightly larger than the representative profile of the cross-section of the outer surface of the grip rail which is inserted into it; one more long tube members which are slideable into said hollow grip rail tubes where the outer cross sectional segments of the tube members provides a smaller larger representative profile of the cross-section of the inner surface of the grip rail sleeve which it is inserted into; a means for securing the long tube members to the hollow grip rail tubes once the long tube members have been inserted into the hollow grip rail; a means for securing said long tube members to the hardtop. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said apparatus further incorporates a tilting mechanism comprising: one or more hinged connections between the said platform and said vertical platform push rods; a means for a locking mechanism which when engaged will prevent the rotation of the platform said platform to rotate around said vertical platform push rods; a means for a release mechanism which will disengage said locking mechanism, allowing said platform to rotate around said vertical platform push rods. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said vertical lifting means comprises: a motor which allows the operator to control the upward and downward movement of said platform around a hinged connection to said vertical support beam(s); one or more vertical platform push rods, each having an lower and upper end, wherein said lower end is affixed to said lift lever and said upper end is attached to said platform; a semi-circular gear affixed to either the vertical support beam(s) or the vertical platform push rods; a gear mounted to the end of the motor which meshes with said semi-circular gear which when rotated drives said vertical platform push rods in the upward or downward direction. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said platform structure comprises: an upper platform section constructed of hollow tube having a topside and underside which upon the topside the hardtop will rest; one more hollow grip rail tubes affixed to the underside of said upper platform section with inner cross sectional segments slightly larger than the representative profile of the cross-section of the outer surface of the grip rail which is inserted into it; one more long tube members which are slideable into said hollow grip rail tubes where the outer cross sectional segments of the tube members provides a smaller larger representative profile of the cross-section of the inner surface of the grip rail sleeve which it is inserted into; a means for securing the long tube members to the hollow grip rail tubes once the long tube members have been inserted into the hollow grip rail; a means for securing said long tube members to the hardtop. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the apparatus further incorporates a tilting mechanism comprising: one or more hinged connections between the said platform and said vertical platform push rods; a locking mechanism which when engaged will prevent the rotation of the platform said platform to rotate around said vertical platform push rods; a release mechanism which will disengage said locking mechanism, allowing said platform to rotate around said vertical platform push rods.",
-    "A data processing system is proposed which comprises two electronic devices, each of them having an electro-magnetic coupler embedded on the exterior casing, at least one of the electronic device having one or more sliding surfaces for directing relative movement between the two devices, such that they automatically come into correct alignment during the sliding. 1. A first electronic device that connects to a second electronic device, said first electronic device comprising: a casing that comprises a depression that has a curved side wall and a flat bottom surface; one or more data processors enclosed by said casing; and a first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler fixed at said flat bottom surface of said depression, wherein upon said first electronic device and said second electronic device is urged together by a force, a protrusion in said second electronic device slides along said curved side wall to bring said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler into alignment with a second data transfer electro-magnetic coupler of said second electronic device. 2. The first electronic device according to claim 1, wherein said curved side wall directs relative movement between said first electronic device and said second electronic device. 3. The first electronic device according to claim 1, wherein surface connection is established between said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler and said second data transfer electro-magnetic coupler to enable data communication between said first electronic device and said second electronic device. 4. The first electronic device according to claim 1, wherein said force is gravitational force. 5. The first electronic device according to claim 1, comprising one or more magnets that generates a component of said force. 6. The first electronic device according to claim 5, comprising a metal plate between said one or more magnets and said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler. 7. The first electronic device according to claim 1, wherein said depression being configured to receive a protrusion on said second electronic device. 8. The first electronic device according to claim 1, wherein said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler is flat. 9. The first electronic device according to claim 1, wherein said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler is fixed at the center of said flat bottom surface of said depression. 10. A first electronic device that connects to a second electronic device, said first electronic device comprising: a casing that comprises a protrusion that has a curved surface and a flat bottom surface; one or more data processors enclosed by said casing; and a first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler fixed at said flat bottom surface of said protrusion, wherein upon said first electronic device and said second electronic device being urged together by a force, said protrusion slides along a curved side wall of a depression of said second electronic device to bring said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler into alignment with a second data transfer electro-magnetic coupler of said second electronic device. 11. The first electronic device according to claim 10, wherein said first data transfer electro-magnetic coupler is fixed at the center of said flat bottom surface of said protrusion.",
-    "A transition enforcing coding (TEC) receiver includes a first delay line circuit, a transition detection circuit, and a data sampling circuit. The first delay line circuit delays a plurality of vector signals to generate a plurality of delayed vector signals, respectively. The transition detection circuit detects a transition of at least one specific delayed vector signal among the delayed vector signals. The data sampling circuit samples the vector signals according to a sampling timing determined based on an output of the transition detection circuit. 1. A transition enforcing coding (TEC) receiver comprising: a first delay line circuit, arranged to delay a plurality of vector signals to generate a plurality of delayed vector signals, respectively; a transition detection circuit, arranged to detect a transition of at least one specific delayed vector signal among the delayed vector signals; and a data sampling circuit, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a sampling timing determined based on an output of the transition detection circuit. 2. The TEC receiver of claim 1, wherein the TEC receiver determines the sampling timing without using clock and data recovery (CDR). 3. The TEC receiver of claim 1, wherein the transition of the at least one specific delayed vector signal is a last transition detected between adjacent states of the delayed vector signals. 4. The TEC receiver of claim 1, further comprising: a second delay line circuit, arranged to generate a delayed signal according to the output of the transition detection circuit; wherein the sampling timing is determined based on the delayed signal. 5. The TEC receiver of claim 4, wherein the first delay line circuit is arranged to act as a de-skew circuit. 6. The TEC receiver of claim 4, further comprising: a frequency divider, arranged to perform frequency division upon the output of the transition detection circuit to generate a clock signal to the second delay line circuit; wherein the second delay line circuit delays the clock signal to generate a delayed clock signal as the delayed signal, and the data sampling circuit comprises: a plurality of first data samplers, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a rising edge of the delayed clock signal, respectively; and a plurality of second data samples, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a falling edge of the delayed clock signal, respectively. 7. The TEC receiver of claim 4, further comprising: a frequency divider, arranged to perform frequency division upon the delayed signal generated from delaying the output of the transition detection circuit for generating a clock signal to the data sampling circuit; wherein the data sampling circuit comprises: a plurality of first data samplers, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a rising edge of the clock signal, respectively; and a plurality of second data samples, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a falling edge of the clock signal, respectively. 8. The TEC receiver of claim 1, wherein the data sampling circuit is further arranged to output a pre-defined bit pattern as a sampling result of a beginning state of the vector signals. 9. The TEC receiver of claim 1, further comprising: a frequency divider, arranged to perform frequency division upon the output of the transition detection circuit to generate a clock signal to the data sampling circuit; wherein the data sampling circuit comprises: a plurality of first data samplers, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a rising edge of the clock signal, respectively; and a plurality of second data samples, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a falling edge of the clock signal, respectively. 10. The TEC receiver of claim 1, wherein each of the vector signals is a multi-level signal with more than two voltage levels. 11. A transition enforcing coding (TEC) receiver comprising: a transition detection circuit, arranged to detect a transition of at least one specific vector signal among a plurality of vector signals; a delay line circuit, arranged to generate a delayed signal according to an output of the transition detection circuit; and a data sampling circuit, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a sampling timing determined based on the delayed signal. 12. The TEC receiver of claim 11, wherein the TEC receiver determines the sampling timing without using clock and data recovery (CDR). 13. The TEC receiver of claim 11, wherein the transition of the at least one specific vector signal is a last transition detected between adjacent states of the vector signals. 14. The TEC receiver of claim 11, wherein the data sampling circuit is further arranged to output a pre-defined bit pattern as a sampling result of a beginning state of the vector signals. 15. The TEC receiver of claim 11, further comprising: a frequency divider, arranged to perform frequency division upon the output of the transition detection circuit to generate a clock signal to the delay line circuit; wherein the delay line circuit delays the clock signal to generate a delayed clock signal as the delayed signal; and the data sampling circuit comprises: a plurality of first data samplers, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a rising edge of the delayed clock signal, respectively; and a plurality of second data samples, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a falling edge of the delayed clock signal, respectively. 16. The TEC receiver of claim 11, further comprising: a frequency divider, arranged to perform frequency division upon the delayed signal generated from delaying the output of the transition detection circuit for generating a clock signal to the data sampling circuit; wherein the data sampling circuit comprises: a plurality of first data samplers, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a rising edge of the clock signal, respectively; and a plurality of second data samples, arranged to sample the vector signals according to a falling edge of the clock signal, respectively. 17. The TEC receiver of claim 11, wherein each of the vector signals is a multi-level signal with more than two voltage levels. 18. A transition enforcing coding (TEC) receiver comprising: a delay line circuit, arranged to delay a plurality of vector signals to generate a plurality of delayed vector signals, respectively; a transition detection circuit, arranged to detect a transition of at least one specific vector signal among the vector signals; and a data sampling circuit, arranged to sample the delayed vector signals according to a sampling timing determined based on an output of the transition detection circuit. 19. The TEC receiver of claim 18, wherein the TEC receiver determines the sampling timing without using clock and data recovery (CDR). 20. The TEC receiver of claim 18, wherein the transition of the at least one specific vector signal is a first transition detected between adjacent states of the vector signals. 21. The TEC receiver of claim 18, wherein the data sampling circuit is further arranged to output a pre-defined bit pattern as a sampling result of an ending state of the vector signals. 22. The TEC receiver of claim 18, further comprising: a frequency divider, arranged to perform frequency division upon the output of the transition detection circuit to generate a clock signal to the data sampling circuit; wherein the data sampling circuit comprises: a plurality of first data samplers, arranged to sample the delayed vector signals according to a rising edge of the clock signal, respectively; and a plurality of second data samples, arranged to sample the delayed vector signals according to a falling edge of the clock signal, respectively. 23. The TEC receiver of claim 18, wherein each of the vector signals is a multi-level signal with more than two voltage levels.",
-    "A method to determine pressure inside a vacuum interrupter for medium or high voltage use, having at least one fixed contact piece and at least one movable contact piece arranged inside the technical vacuum of a vacuum interrupter, and wherein contact pieces are electrically connected to external electrical fixation points can implement a high accuracy pressure sensing in rough conditions inside a vacuum interrupter, without additional components internally to the vacuum interrupter, by connecting the external electrical fixation points with an external electrical energy source, and in the disconnected or open position of the vacuum interrupter, the effect of a cold cathode vacuum gauge will be used, in that the leakage current between the open contacts generates an x-ray induced ionization of the rest-gas inside the vacuum interrupter, and the resulting current is measured with high resolution, in order to determine by this current the rest-gas pressure inside the vacuum interrupter. 1. A method for determining a pressure inside of a vacuum interrupter for medium or high voltage use, the vacuum interrupter including a fixed contact piece and movable contact piece arranged inside a technical vacuum of the vacuum interrupter, the contact pieces being electrically connected to external electrical fixation points, the method comprising: connecting the external electrical fixation points with an external electrical energy source, in which disconnected or closed position of, the vacuum interrupter will be used; applying a magnetic field element or magnetic field generating unit to thereby generate an approximate axial magnetic field, so that an effect of a cold cathode vacuum gauge will be used; initiating a current inside the vacuum interrupter by seed electrons generated from x-ray induced ionization of a material on a surface inside the vacuum interrupter, causing a resulting current of electrons and ions; and measuring the resulting current with high resolution, to determine by this current a residual gas pressure inside the vacuum interrupter. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying an external x-ray source near to the vacuum interrupter, with the x-ray radiation directed towards the two electrodes. 3. A vacuum interrupter for medium or high voltage use, the vacuum interrupter comprising: a fixed contact piece; and a movable contact piece, wherein the contact pieces are arranged inside a technical vacuum of the vacuum interrupter, wherein the contact pieces are electrically connected to external electrical fixation points, wherein the vacuum interrupter is configured to be applied with an internal or an external x-ray source, wherein the vacuum interrupter is additionally configured to be applied with an internal or external magnetic field element or magnetic field generating unit, and wherein the vacuum interrupter is additionally configured such that a discharge current measured by current measuring unit during x-ray and/or magnetic field exposition is used for determining a rest gas pressure in the vacuum interrupter in a calculation unit. 4. The interrupter of claim 3, further comprising: a coincidence unit, configured to generate signals for the X-ray source and/or the magnetic field generating unit and/or a high voltage source in a timely coincidental way. 5. The interrupter of claim 4, wherein the coincidence unit is configured to generate signals for the X-ray source. 6. The interrupter of claim 4, wherein the coincidence unit is configured to generate signals for the magnetic field generating unit. 7. The interrupter of claim 4, wherein the coincidence unit is configured to generate signals for the high voltage source. 8. The interrupter of claim 3, configured to be applied with the internal x-ray source. 9. The interrupter of claim 3, configured to be applied with the external x-ray source. 10. The interrupter of claim 3, configured to be applied with the internal magnetic field element. 11. The interrupter of claim 3, configured to be applied with the external magnetic field element. 12. The interrupter of claim 3, configured to be applied with the magnetic field generating unit. 13. The interrupter of claim 3, further comprising: a determination unit, configured to determine a pressure out of the current signal between both electrical connections points of the vacuum interrupter.",
-    "Provided is a painting structure that comprises a reflecting plate and one or more painting layers. The reflecting plate may have a reflective surface. The one or more painting layers may comprise a painting region and a non-painting region. The non-painting region may be oppositely arranged with respect to the reflective surface. The one or more painting layers may be spaced a predetermined distance away from the reflecting plate. At least the painting region may have a plurality of through holes, which may be irregularly arranged and may differ in shape. 1. A painting structure comprising: a reflecting plate comprising a reflective surface; and one or more painting layers comprising a painting region and a non-painting region, the non-painting region being oppositely arranged with respect to the reflective surface, the one or more painting layers being spaced a predetermined distance away from the reflecting plate, wherein at least the painting region of the one or more painting layers has a plurality of through holes, which are irregularly arranged on the one or more painting layers and differ in shape. 2. The painting structure of claim 1, further comprising a first partitioning component located between the reflecting plate and the one or more painting layers, the first partitioning component being adjacent to the reflective surface of the reflecting plate and the non-painting region of the one or more painting layers, the first partitioning component being located on a periphery of the one or more painting layers. 3. The painting structure of claim 2, further comprising retaining members retaining the one or more painting layers in a planar shape to make the painting region visible. 4. The painting structure of claim 3, wherein the one or more painting layers include a plurality of painting layers, wherein the retaining members include two retaining plates, each of the plurality of painting layers being gripped between the two retaining plates. 5. The painting structure of claim 4, further comprising a second partitioning component gripped by the two retaining plates between two adjacent painting layers of the one or more painting layers, the second partitioning component being located between the painting region of a first of the two adjacent painting layers and the non-painting region of a second of the two adjacent painting layers, the second partitioning component being located on a periphery of the two adjacent painting layers. 6. The painting structure of claim 1, wherein the one or more painting layers are parallel to the reflecting plate. 7. The painting structure of claim 1, wherein the one or more painting layers include a fibrous layer. 8. The painting structure of claim 7, wherein the fibrous layer is formed via a pressing process by pressing a slurry containing crude and fine fibers; and wherein the plurality of through holes are naturally formed during the pressing process. 9. The painting structure of claim 8, wherein the crude and fine fibers of the fibrous layer have an irregular orientation. 10. The painting structure of claim 1, wherein the one or more painting layers are made of silk. 11. A painting frame structure comprising: a framework having a side portion and a front portion; and a painting structure, wherein the painting structure comprises: a reflecting plate comprising a reflective surface; and one or more painting layers comprising a painting region and a non-painting region, the non-painting region being oppositely arranged with respect to the reflective surface, the one or more painting layers being spaced from the reflecting plate, wherein at least the painting region of the one or more painting layers has a plurality of through holes, which are irregularly arranged on the one or more painting layers and differ in shape; wherein the painting structure is located in the framework by retaining the painting structure via the side portion of the framework, wherein the reflecting plate is a base plate of the painting frame structure. 12. The painting frame structure of claim 11, wherein the painting structure further comprises: a first partitioning component located between the reflecting plate and the one or more painting layers, the first partitioning component being adjacent to the reflective surface of the reflecting plate and the non-painting region of the one or more painting layers, wherein the first partitioning component is retained within the framework between the reflecting plate and the one or more painting layers and contacts the side portion of the framework. 13. The painting frame structure of claim 12, wherein the painting structure further comprises: retaining members retaining the one or more painting layers in a planar shape to make the painting region visible, wherein at least an external retaining member of the retaining members is a non-transparent plate, the non-transparent plate being disposed in contact with the front portion of the framework and having a window disposed in front of the painting region of the one or more painting layers to make the painting region visible. 14. The painting frame structure of claim 13, wherein the one or more painting layers include a plurality of painting layers and the retaining members include two retaining plates, wherein each of the plurality of painting layers is gripped between the two retaining plates. 15. The painting frame structure of claim 13, wherein the painting structure further comprises: a second partitioning component gripped by two retaining plates between two adjacent painting layers of the one or more painting layers, wherein the two adjacent painting layers are parallel to the reflecting plate, wherein the second partitioning component is retained by the framework between the reflecting plate and the one or more painting layers and contacts the side portion of the framework. 16. A method for manufacturing a painting frame structure, the method comprising: providing a framework having a side portion and a front portion; providing a painting structure, wherein the providing of the painting structure comprises: providing a reflecting plate, the reflecting plate comprising a reflective surface; providing one or more painting layers comprising a painting region and a non-painting region, wherein the providing of one or more painting layers includes: arranging the non-painting region oppositely with respect to the reflective surface; and spacing the one or more painting layers from the reflecting plate; providing a plurality of through holes in at least the painting region of the one or more painting layers, the plurality of through holes being irregularly arranged on the one or more painting layers and differing in shape; and locating the painting structure in the framework by retaining the painting structure by the side portion of the framework, wherein the reflecting plate of the painting structure is located as a base plate of the painting frame structure. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the providing of the painting structure further comprises: providing a first partitioning component between the reflecting plate and the one or more painting layers, the first partitioning component being adjacent to the reflective surface of the reflecting plate and the non-painting region of the one or more painting layers, wherein the first partitioning component is retained within the framework between the one or more painting layers and the reflecting plate, the first partitioning component being located on a periphery of the one or more painting layers. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the providing of the painting structure further comprises: providing retaining members, which retain the one or more painting layers in a planar shape, wherein at least an external retaining member of the retaining members is disposed in contact with the front portion of the framework and has a window disposed in front of the painting region of the one or more painting layers to make the painting region visible. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the retaining members include a plurality of retaining plates, wherein every two retaining plates correspond to a painting layer of the one or more painting layers and the every two retaining plates grip the painting layer. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the providing of the painting structure further comprises: providing a second partitioning component gripped by two of the retaining members between two adjacent painting layers of the one or more painting layers, wherein the two adjacent painting layers are parallel to the reflecting plate, wherein the second partitioning component is retained by the framework between the reflecting plate and the two adjacent painting layers, the second partitioning component being located on a periphery of the two adjacent painting layers.",
-    "A server includes a processor and a storage unit. The storage unit stores a program code, and when the program code is executed by the processor, the processor executes the following steps: when receiving an operation request from outside the server, if an effective identity (ID) code of a worker executing the operation request is set to be a default ID code and the default ID code does not have an authority for executing the operation request, setting the effective ID code as a specific ID code, and executing the operation request through the worker having the specific ID code, wherein the specific ID code has the authority for executing the operation request; and after the operation request is executed, setting the effective ID code as the default ID code. 1. A server comprising a processor and a storage unit, wherein the storage unit stores a program code, and when the program code is executed by the processor, the processor executes the following steps: when receiving an operation request from outside the server, if an effective identity (ID) code of a worker executing the operation request is set to be a default ID code and the default ID code does not have an authority for executing the operation request, setting the effective ID code as a specific ID code, and executing the operation request through the worker having the specific ID code, wherein the specific ID code has the authority for executing the operation request; and after the operation request is executed, setting the effective ID code as the default ID code. 2. The server of claim 1, wherein the specific ID code is a root ID code, and the root ID code includes a highest system management authority. 3. The server of claim 1, wherein the specific ID code is a user ID code, and the user ID code corresponds to a user and includes the authority for executing the operation request. 4. The server of claim 1, wherein the worker corresponds to a system application, and when the program code is executed by the processor, the processor further executes the following steps: when the server starts or restarts the system application, determine whether the worker can be privileged according to a profile of the system application; if the worker can be privileged, setting the effective ID code as the default ID code; and if the worker cannot be privileged, setting the effective ID code as a dedicated service ID code, wherein the dedicated service ID code corresponds to the system application, and the worker having the dedicated service ID code cannot be privileged. 5. The server of claim 4, wherein when the processor executes the program code, and the server starts or restarts the system application, the step of determining whether the worker can be privileged according to the profile of the system application further comprises: if the worker can be privileged, setting an effective group ID code as a default group ID code, wherein the default group ID code has the authority for executing the operation request; and if the worker cannot be privileged, setting the effective group ID code as a dedicated service group ID code, wherein the dedicated service group ID code corresponds to the system application, and the worker having the dedicated service group ID code cannot be privileged. 6. The server of claim 1, wherein when the processor executes the program code, and receives the operation request from outside the server, under a situation that the effective ID code of the worker is set as the default ID code, if the default ID code does not have the authority for executing the operation request, the step of setting the effective ID code as the specific ID code further comprises: under a situation that an effective group ID code of the worker processing the operation request is set as a default group ID code and the default group ID code does not have an authority for executing the operation request, setting the effective group ID code as a specific group ID code, wherein the processor further executes the following steps: executing the operation request through the worker having the specific group ID code, wherein the specific group ID code has an authority for executing the operation request; and after executing the operation request, setting the effective group ID code of the worker as the default group ID code. 7. The server of claim 6, wherein the specific group ID code is a root group ID code, wherein the root group ID code includes a highest system management authority. 8. The server of claim 6, wherein the specific group ID code is a user group ID code, and the user group ID code corresponds to a user and includes the authority for executing the operation request. 9. A method for switching execution identity (ID), the method applied to a server, and comprising: when receiving an operation request from outside the server, under a situation that an effective ID code of a worker processing the operation request is set as a default ID code and the default ID code does not have an authority for executing the operation request, setting the effective ID code as a specific ID code and executing the operation request through the worker having the specific ID code, wherein the specific ID code has the authority for executing the operation request; and after the operation request is executed, setting the effective ID code as the default ID code. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the specific ID code is a root ID code, wherein the root ID code includes a highest system management authority. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the specific ID code is a user ID code, and the user ID code corresponds to a user and includes the authority for executing the operation request. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the worker corresponds to a system application, the method further comprising: when the server starts or restarts the system application, determining whether the worker can be privileged according to a profile of the system application; if the worker can be privileged, setting the effective ID code as the default ID code; and if the worker cannot be privileged, setting the effective ID code as a dedicated service ID code, wherein the dedicated service ID code corresponds to the system application, and the worker having the dedicated service ID code cannot be privileged. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein when the server starts or restarts the system application, the step of determining whether the worker can be privileged according to the profile of the system application further comprises: if the worker can be privileged, setting an effective group of the worker as a default group ID code, wherein the default group ID code includes the authority for executing the operation request; and if the worker cannot be privileged, setting the effective group ID code as a dedicated service ID code, wherein the dedicated service ID code corresponds to the system application, and the worker having the dedicated service ID code cannot be privileged. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein when receiving the operation request from outside the server, under a situation that the effective ID code of the worker processing the operation request is set as the default ID code, if the default ID code does not include the authority for executing the operation request, the step of setting the effective ID code as the specific ID code further comprises: under a situation that an effective group ID code of the worker processing the operation request is set as a default group ID code and the default group ID code does not have the authority for executing the operation request, setting the effective group ID code as a specific group ID code, wherein the processor further executes the following steps: executing the operation request through the worker having the specific group ID code, wherein the specific group ID code has the authority for executing the operation request; and after the operation request is executed, setting the effective group ID code of the worker as the default group ID code. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the specific group ID code is a root group ID code, wherein the root group ID code includes a highest system management authority. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the specific group ID code is a user group ID code, and the user group ID code corresponds to a user and has the authority for executing the operation request.",
-    "A magnetic field shielding system includes a first stage superconducting coil and a second stage superconducting coil. The first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are coaxial, coplanar and electrically connected in series to form a closed loop; the first stage superconducting coil has a first radius R1, the second stage superconducting coil has a second radius R2, and R1>R2; a radius ratio \u03b1 between the first radius R1 and the second radius R2 is: \u03b1=R1/R2; the first stage superconducting coil has N1 turns; the second stage superconducting coil has N2 turns; a turns ratio \u03b2 between N1 and N2 is: \u03b2=N1/N2; and the radius ratio \u03b1 satisfies: \u03b1\u22672; the turns ratio \u03b2 satisfies: 0.01\u2266\u03b2\u226620. 1. A magnetic field shielding system comprising: a first stage superconducting coil and a second stage superconducting coil; wherein the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are coaxial, coplanar and electrically connected in series to form a closed loop; the first stage superconducting coil has a first radius R1, the second stage superconducting coil has a second radius R2, and R1>R2; a radius ratio \u03b1 between the first radius R1 and the second radius R2 is: \u03b1=R1/R2; the first stage superconducting coil has N1 turns; the second stage superconducting coil has N2 turns; a turns ratio \u03b2 between N1 and N2 is: \u03b2=N1/N2; and the radius ratio \u03b1 satisfies: \u03b1\u22672; the turns ratio \u03b2 satisfies: 0.01\u2266\u03b2\u226620. 2. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 1, wherein the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are concentric. 3. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 1, wherein each of the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil is formed by a single superconducting wire spiral wounded around a central symmetry axis. 4. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 1, wherein the first stage superconducting coil comprises a first end and a second end, the second stage superconducting coil comprises a third end and a fourth end, the first end is connected to the third end, and the second end is connected to the fourth end to form the closed loop. 5. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 1, wherein the turns N2 of the second stage superconducting coil satisfies: N \ue89e \ue89e 2 > m \ue89e \ue89e R L \ue89e \ue89e \u03c9 ; wherein, R is a connecting resistance between the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil; L is an inductance of a single-turn coil of the second stage superconducting coil, \u03c9 is an angular frequency of a magnetic field, and m is a ratio coefficient between \u03c9L and R. 6. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 1, wherein one of the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil comprises a plurality of pancake-shaped coils, and another one of the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil comprises a plurality of solenoid-shaped coils. 7. A magnetic field shielding system comprising: a first coil group and a second coil group; wherein the first coil group and the second coil group are spaced and insulated from each other; the first coil group and the second coil group are coaxial; each of the first coil group and the second group comprises a first stage superconducting coil and a second stage superconducting coil; and the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are coaxial and electrically connected in series to form a closed loop. 8. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 7, wherein the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are coplanar. 9. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 7, wherein the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are spaced from each other and parallel with each other. 10. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 7, wherein a first size of the first stage superconducting coil is greater than a second size of the second stage superconducting coil, and the second stage superconducting coil is located inside the first stage superconducting coil. 11. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 7, further comprises a third stage superconducting coil located at the middle between the first coil group and the second coil group. 12. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 11, wherein the third stage superconducting coil is spaced and insulated from the first coil group and the second coil group; the first stage superconducting coil, the second stage superconducting coil, and the third stage superconducting coil are coaxial and parallel with each other. 13. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 11, wherein the first coil group and the second coil group are symmetric with each other respect to the third stage superconducting coil. 14. The magnetic field shielding system of claim 11, wherein the third stage superconducting coil is electrically connected in series between the first coil group and the second coil group. 15. A magnetic field shielding device comprising: a dewar, wherein the dewar is a hollow structure comprising an inner wall and an outer wall spaced from each other, and the inner wall and the outer wall are located around the same central symmetry axis; a magnetic field shielding system accommodated in the dewar, wherein the magnetic field shielding system comprises a first coil group comprising a first stage superconducting coil and a second stage superconducting coil coaxially located around the central symmetry axis, the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are located between the inner wall and the outer wall; and an adjustment module connected to the magnetic field shielding system, wherein the adjustment module comprises a first connecting rod and a second connecting rod configured to adjust a relative position between the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil, the first connecting rod is connected to the first stage superconducting coil, and the second connecting rod is connected to the second stage superconducting coil. 16. The magnetic field shielding device of claim 15, wherein the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil are coplanar and spaced from each other. 17. The magnetic field shielding device of claim 15, further comprising a ferromagnetic dielectric ring coaxially located with the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil, wherein the ferromagnetic dielectric ring is spaced from the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil, and the ferromagnetic dielectric ring defines a notch. 18. The magnetic field shielding device of claim 15, further comprising a closed superconducting loop coaxially located with the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil, wherein the closed superconducting loop is spaced from the first stage superconducting coil and the second stage superconducting coil. 19. The magnetic field shielding device of claim 15, further comprising a second coil group spaced and insulated from the first coil group, wherein the second coil group comprises a third superconducting coil and a fourth stage superconducting coil coaxially located the central symmetry axis and parallel with each other; the third stage superconducting coil is the same as the first superconducting coil, and the fourth stage superconducting coil is the same as the second superconducting coil; and the first coil group and the second coil group are symmetrically located with each other. 20. The magnetic field shielding device of claim 19, wherein the first stage superconducting coil is parallel with the second stage superconducting coil, and the third stage superconducting coil is parallel with the fourth stage superconducting coil; and the first stage superconducting coil, the second stage superconducting coil, the third stage superconducting coil, and the fourth superconducting coil are symmetrically located, the second stage superconducting coil and the third stage superconducting coil are located between the first superconducting coil and the fourth superconducting coil.",
-    "The technical solution for reaching the object of this invention is as follows: a blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen, comprising a casing, an ink cartridge located within the casing, a penpoint located on the head end of the ink cartridge and extending out the casing, a photosensitive resin placed within the ink cartridge. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen further comprises a plurality of blue-ray LED arranged around the circumference of the penpoint. The photosensitive resin is capable of flowing out of the penpoint, and the blue-ray is configured to irradiate and solidify the photosensitive resin, wherein the wavelength of the blue-ray LED ranges from 465 nm to 485 nm. 1. A blue-ray photocuring 3D (three-dimensional) printing pen, comprising: a casing, an ink cartridge, a penpoint, a photosensitive resin, a plurality of blue-ray LEDs (Light Emitting Diode); wherein the ink cartridge is located within the casing, the penpoint is located at the head end of the ink cartridge and extending out of the casing, the photosensitive resin is placed within the ink cartridge; the plurality of blue-ray LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) are arranged around the circumference of the penpoint, the photosensitive resin is capable of flowing out the penpoint, the blue-ray LED is configured to irradiate and solidify the photosensitive resin, the wavelength of the blue-ray LED ranged from 465 nm to 485 nm. 2. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 1, wherein the blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen further comprises a piston, which is located within the ink cartridge and is capable of sliding forward in the ink cartridge, and a step motor configured to drive the piston to move forward. 3. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 2, wherein the blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen further comprises a threaded pushrod, the threaded pushrod goes through the step motor and extends to the ink cartridge for contacting with the piston, the step motor controls the piston to move forward by driving the threaded pushrod. 4. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of LED lamp holders are located on the inner wall of the front end of the casing, and the plurality of blue-ray LEDs are respectively placed in the plurality of LED lamp holders. 5. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 1, wherein the penpoint is hollow, and the rear end of the penpoint comprises an external thread; wherein the ink cartridge comprises a connection member, a retainer, and an inclined member; wherein the connection member is located at the head end of the ink cartridge, the retainer is located on the rear end of the ink cartridge and configured to retain the photosensitive resin, and the inclined member is located between the connection member and the retainer; wherein an internal thread is set in the inner wall of the head end of the connection member; the external thread on the rear end of the penpoint matches with the internal thread on the head end of the connection member of the ink cartridge, so that the penpoint is assembled to the head end of the ink cartridge. 6. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 2, wherein the step motor is set on the rear end of the ink cartridge. 7. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 3, wherein a pushrod connecting piece is set on the rear end of the threaded pushrod; the blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen further comprises an ink-level indicating window, which is set on the casing; the pushrod pushes the piston forward gradually, it indicates that the photosensitive resin is out when the pushrod connecting piece is seen from the ink-level indicating window. 8. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 1, wherein the blue-ray photocuring 3D priming pen further comprises a control board, the control board is a Printed Circuited Board (PCB), wherein the control board comprises a blue-ray LED controlling module, a button detecting module, a sensing module, a power managing module, a speed governing module, and a motor driving module. 9. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 8, wherein the blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen further comprises a button panel, an operating button and an irradiating button, wherein the button panel, operating button and the irradiating button are respectively located on the casing and electrically connected to the control board. 10. The blue-ray photocuring 3D printing pen according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive resin is selected from a group of acrylic ester, epoxy resin, free-radical initiator, cationic initiator, diluent, fumed silica.",
-    "A method to control a dump body of a hauling machine having a hoist cylinder, a lift energy source, a first sensor, and a second sensor, is provided. The method includes prompt of enablement of an auto dump operation and detection a dump body angle by correlating one or more signals obtained from the first sensor and the second sensor. Upon determination that the dump body angle is zero degrees, hydraulic pressure is provided to the hoist cylinder to tilt the dump body. An angular displacement rate of the hoist cylinder is detected by determination of a change in the dump body angle, with respect to time. The hydraulic pressure to the hoist cylinder is controlled based on the angular displacement rate. The hydraulic pressure is controlled to halt the tilting of the hoist cylinder upon detection that the dump body angle is equal to a pre-determined dump body angle. 1. A method of controlling a dump body of a hauling machine having an engine, at least one hoist cylinder, a lift energy source, at least one controller, a first sensor, and a second sensor, the lift energy source connected to the at least one hoist cylinder which is attached to the dump body and is configured to incline the dump body for evacuation of a payload therein, the first sensor to deduce angle of machine relative to the horizontal, and the second sensor to deduce angle of the dump body relative to the horizontal, the method comprising: prompting enablement of an auto dump operation; detecting a dump body angle of the dump body by correlating one or more signals obtained from the first sensor and the second sensor; providing hydraulic pressure to the at least one hoist cylinder for tilting the at least one hoist cylinder upon determination that the dump body angle is approximately zero degrees and initiating angular movement of the dump body; detecting an angular displacement rate of the at least one hoist cylinder by determining a change in the dump body angle, with respect to time; controlling the hydraulic pressure to the at least one hoist cylinder based on the angular displacement rate; detecting the dump body angle of the dump body by correlating data obtained from the first sensor and the second sensor; and controlling the hydraulic pressure to halt the tilting of the at least one hoist cylinder upon detection that the dump body angle is equal to a pre-determined dump body angle.",
-    "A laser-pointing device includes a housing having a front opening, a laser-generating mechanism for generation of a pointing light beam through the front opening, a support member movably supporting the laser-generating mechanism in the housing, a controller, and a drive mechanism connected with the laser-generating mechanism and used for driving the laser-generating mechanism to move along a predetermined track in the housing under control of the controller. 1. A laser-pointing device comprising: a housing having a front opening; a laser-generating mechanism accommodated in the housing, the laser-generating mechanism being used for generation of a pointing light beam emitting along a longitudinal axis of the housing, through the front opening, and out of the housing; a support member accommodated in the housing, the support member being used for movably supporting the laser-generating mechanism in the housing; a controller accommodated in the housing; and a drive mechanism accommodated in the housing and controlled by the controller, the drive mechanism being connected with the laser-generating mechanism and being used for driving the laser-generating mechanism to carry out movement along a predetermined track in the housing under control of the controller. 2. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the housing is further provided with a movement-restricting member, wherein when the movement-restricting member is in a movement-restricting position, the movement-restricting member engages with the laser-generating mechanism and restricts the movement thereof along the predetermined track, and when the movement-restricting member is not in the movement-restricting position, the movement-restricting member withdraws movement restriction on the laser-generating mechanism. 3. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the support member comprises an elastic body provided on an outer wall of the laser-generating mechanism, and the movement-restricting member is in the form of a press mechanism slidably provided on the housing, the press mechanism being used for exerting a force on the elastic body when the press mechanism slides onto the elastic body. 4. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the laser-generating mechanism is cylindrical in shape, the elastic body is in the form of an annular gasket being sleeved around a cylindrical outer wall of the laser-generating mechanism, and the press mechanism is slidably sleeved around an outer periphery of the annular gasket. 5. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the laser-generating mechanism comprises a front end from which the light beam emits and a corresponding rear end, the drive mechanism being provided at the rear end of the laser-generating mechanism. 6. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the drive mechanism comprises an electric motor and an eccentric wheel connected with the electric motor, the electric motor being controlled by the controller and used for driving the eccentric wheel to move in a circle, thereby driving the rear end of the laser-generating mechanism to carry out circular motion in a radial direction of the housing. 7. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller comprises a drive voltage regulator circuit, the drive voltage regulator circuit being used for regulating the drive voltage transmitted to the drive mechanism. 8. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the drive voltage regulator circuit comprises a slide resistor, and the housing is provided with a roller-type switch, wherein the roller-type switch is used to select one of a plurality of contact points of the slide resistor so as to regulate the drive voltage transmitted to the drive mechanism. 9. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a battery compartment is provided in the housing for accommodation of a battery, and the battery provides a working power source to the controller, the drive mechanism as well as the laser-generating mechanism. 10. The laser-pointing device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the housing is in the form an elongated cylinder, the controller being provided on a printed circuit board, and wherein the laser-generating mechanism, the printed circuit board and the battery compartment are disposed in an order from the front end of the housing.",
-    "A method of single-cell point-to-multipoint (SCPTM) transmission for a network in a wireless communication system is disclosed. The method comprises performing a query procedure to obtain information associated with a number of mobile device interesting or receiving at least a SCPTM service, and determining to turn on/off data transmission for the at least a SCPTM service, turn on/off feedback procedure for the at least a SCPTM service according to the obtained information, or to provide the obtained information to a group communication service application server (GCS AS). 1. A method of single-cell point-to-multipoint (SCPTM) transmission for a network in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: performing a query procedure to obtain information associated with a number of mobile device interesting or receiving at least a SCPTM service; and determining to turn on/off data transmission for at least a SCPTM service, turn on/off feedback procedure for the at least a SCPTM service according to the obtained information, or to provide the obtained information to a group communication service application server (GCS AS). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the query procedure to obtain information associated with the number of mobile device receiving at least a SCPTM service comprises: sending a query message for requesting mobile devices in a serving area of a network of the wireless communication system to report receiving-service indications, to the mobile devices; wherein the receiving-service indications each include a temporary mobile group identity (TMGI) corresponding to the SCPTM service and a network identity. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving the receiving-service indications to obtaining information associated with the number of mobile devices receiving the SCPTM service, from the mobile devices. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the query message includes an uplink resource for mobile devices in an radio link resource idle mode to report the receiving-service indications. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the query message includes control information for the receiving-service indication reporting, and the control information is associated with a reporting timer for a duration of reporting the receiving-service indications. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the query message is sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) for the SCPTM service. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the query message includes control information associated with a query factor for the mobile device to determine whether to report the receiving-service indication in a query period, wherein the query period starts when the query factor is configured in the query message and stops when the query factor is not successively configured in the message. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining to turn on/off the data transmission for the at least a SCPTM service, turn on/off feedback procedure for the at least a SCPTM service according to the obtained information, or to provide the obtained information to the GCS AS comprises: determining to turn off the data transmission for the at least a SCPTM service when the number of mobile device interesting or receiving the SCPTM is less than a threshold; and determining to turn on the feedback procedure for the at least a SCPTM service when the number of mobile device interesting or receiving the SCPTM service is less than a threshold. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the query procedure to obtain information associated with the number of mobile device interesting at least a SCPTM service comprises: stopping mapping a TMGI corresponding to a ongoing SCPTM service to a G-RNI. 10. A method of single-cell point-to-multipoint (SCPTM) transmission for a mobile device in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving a SCPTM service and a query message for requesting the mobile device to report a receiving-service indication for the SCPTM service, from a network of the wireless communication system; and in response to the query message, sending the receiving-service indication to the network, wherein the receiving-service indication includes a TMGI and a cell identity for the SCPTM service received by the mobile device. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein sending the receiving-service indication to the network comprises: sending the receiving-service indication with an uplink resource request procedure when the mobile device is in a radio resource control (RRC) connected mode; or sending the receiving-service indication with a random access procedure to request an uplink resource for the receiving-service indication when the mobile device is in a RRC idle mode; or sending the receiving-service indication with a random access procedure performed at a resource indicated by a query message to request an uplink resource for the receiving-service indication when the mobile device is in a RRC idle mode. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the query message includes control information associated with a reporting timer for a duration of reporting the receiving-service indication report. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the query message includes control information associated with a query factor for the mobile to determine whether to report the receiving-service indication in a query period, wherein the query period starts when the query factor is configured in the query message and stops when the query factor is not successively configured in the message. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining that the mobile device have ever report the receiving-service indication in the query period; randomly selects a number when the mobile device does not report the receiving-service indication in the query period; determining whether the selected number is smaller than the query factor; and reporting the receiving-service indication if the selected number is smaller than the query factor. 15. A method of single-cell point-to-multipoint (SCPTM) transmission for a mobile device in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: monitoring a message including mapping information between at least a temporary mobile group identity (TMGI) and at least a group radio network temporary identity (G-RNTI); determining whether a SCPTM service is started or activated according to whether one of the at least a TMGI corresponding to the SCPTM service is mapped to a G-RNTI; and performing a query procedure to start or turn on data transmission for the SCPTM service when the SCPTM service is not started or not activated. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein determining whether the SCPTM service is started or activated according to whether one of the at least a TMGI corresponding to the SCPTM service is mapped to the G-RNTI comprising: determining the SCPTM service is started when one of the at least a TMGI corresponding to the SCPTM service is mapped to the G-RNTI; and determining the SCPTM service is not activated when one of the at least a TMGI corresponding to the SCPTM service is not mapped to the G-RNTI. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining whether data transmission for the SCPTM service is activated when the SCPTM service is started. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: performing the query procedure to turn on the data transmission for the SCPTM service when the SCPTM service is started but the data transmission for the SCPTM service is not activated. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving the data transmission for the SCPTM service with the mapped G-RNTI when the SCPTM service is started and the data transmission of the MBMS session for the SCPTM service is activated. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein performing the query procedure to start the data transmission for the SCPTM service when the SCPTM service is not started comprises: sending a query indication to a network of the wireless communication system, wherein the query indication includes the TMGI corresponding to the SCPTM service or a cell identity providing the SCPTM service. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein performing the query procedure to turn on the data transmission for the SCPTM service when the SCPTM is started but the data transmission for the SCPTM service is not activated comprises: sending a query indication to a network of the wireless communication system, wherein the query indication includes the TMGI corresponding to the SCPTM service or a cell identity providing the SCPTM service. 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising: receiving a response indicating that the SCPTM service is not started, from the network in response to the query indication. 23. The method of claim 15, further comprising: receiving data transmission for the SCPTM service with the mapped G-RNTI when the SCPTM service is started. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein sending the query indication to the network comprises: sending the query indication with an uplink resource request procedure when the mobile device is in a radio resource control (RRC) connected mode; or sending the query indication with a random access procedure to request an uplink resource for the query indication transmission when the mobile device is in a RRC idle mode. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein sending the query indication to the network comprises: sending the query indication with an uplink resource request procedure when the mobile device is in a radio resource control (RRC) connected mode; or sending the query indication with a random access procedure to request an uplink resource for the query indication transmission when the mobile device is in a RRC idle mode.",
-    "A method and system for establishing and managing a unified interface for a plurality of cloud networked databases are provided herein. The method may include: establishing a unified interface for a plurality of cloud networked databases, each database configured to store content associated with a plurality of accounts, each account being further associated with at least one user; linking content of similar accounts at different databases, to create a cumulative account, wherein similar accounts being accounts associated with same users or having indicated as associated therewith; and providing a unified view of all content associated with a specified cumulative account, responsive to a single data query from a user associated with the cumulative account. 1. A method comprising: establishing a unified interface for a plurality of cloud networked databases, each database configured to store content associated with a plurality of accounts, each account being further associated with at least one user; linking content of similar accounts at different databases, to create a cumulative account, wherein similar accounts being accounts associated with same users or having indicated as associated therewith; and providing a unified view of all content associated with a specified cumulative account, responsive to a single data query from a user associated with the cumulative account. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising providing unified functionality for all cloud networked databases so that each of the cloud networked databases is associated with a similar set of functions. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising generating group accounts wherein each of the group accounts enable each of a plurality of group users to have a similar view of the content stored over the cloud networked databases. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising generating group accounts wherein each of the group accounts enable each of a plurality of group users to have similar functionalities applied to the content stored over the cloud networked databases. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising updating the cumulative accounts based on updates to accounts and users over time. 6. A system comprising: a computer server configured to: establish a unified interface for a plurality of cloud networked databases, each database configured to store content associated with a plurality of accounts, each account being further associated with at least one user; link content of similar accounts at different databases, to create a cumulative account, wherein similar accounts being accounts associated with same users or having indicated as associated therewith; and a computer client configured to provide a unified view of all content associated with a specified cumulative account, responsive to a single data query made to said computer server from a user associated with the cumulative account. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer server is further configured to provide unified functionality for all cloud networked databases so that each of the cloud networked databases is associated with a similar set of functions. 8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer server is further configured to generate group accounts wherein each of the group accounts enable each of a plurality of group users to have a similar view of the content stored over the cloud networked databases. 9. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer server is further configured to generate group accounts wherein each of the group accounts enable each of a plurality of group users to have similar functionalities applied to the content stored over the cloud networked databases. 10. The system according to claim 6, wherein the computer server is further configured to update the cumulative accounts based on updates to accounts and users over time.",
-    "A CMP structure for CMP processing and a method of making a device using the same are presented. The apparatus comprises a polishing pad on a platen table; a head assembly for holding a wafer against the polishing pad, wherein the head assembly includes the retaining ring; a sensor for sensing the step height between the retaining ring and its membrane and a controller for adjusting the movement of the retaining ring based on the step height between the retaining ring and its membrane to ensure the step height remains at a fixed value as the retaining ring wears out. 1. A CMP apparatus comprising: a polishing pad on a platen table; a head assembly, wherein the head assembly includes a retaining ring for holding a wafer in place on the polishing pad; a ring monitoring equipment configured for sensing and determining a step height between the retaining ring and a membrane of the retaining ring; a controller configured for calculating how much the retaining ring should be moved to ensure the step height between the retaining ring and the membrane remains at a fixed value; and a mechanism configured to move the retaining ring to ensure the step height remains at the fixed value as the retaining ring wears out. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the step height comprises a first dimension and the controller moves the retaining ring to adjust the step height to ensure it remains at the first dimension throughout the retaining ring life span. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller activates the mechanism for adjusting the step height to ensure it remains at the first dimension. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the mechanism comprises gears located around the circumference of the retaining ring. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the gears are set to be in drive mode at fixed intervals before processing takes place. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the retaining ring comprises unfilled polyphenylene sulfide or unfilled polycarbonate which encapsulates a stainless steel ring. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the ring monitoring equipment comprises a sensor or a plurality of sensors installed at a head cup load unload (HCLU). 8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the controller receives the measurement of the step height from the HCLU in the form of a digital signal, forwards the digital signal to a control kit that calculates the adjustment needed to keep the step height to a fixed value, receives the calculation of the adjustment needed from the control kit, and activating the mechanism to adjust the retaining ring movement so that it remains at the fixed value. 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the retaining ring is moved forward to ensure the step height remains at the fixed level and the controller and control kit are merged as one unit. 10. A CMP apparatus comprising: a head assembly for use in polishing a wafer, wherein the head assembly includes a retaining ring for holding the wafer in place on a polishing pad; a ring monitoring equipment configured for sensing and determining a step height between the retaining ring and a membrane of the retaining ring; and a controller configured for calculating how much the retaining ring should be moved to ensure the step height between the retaining ring and the membrane remains at a fixed value. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 comprising a mechanism configured to move the retaining ring to ensure the step height remains at the fixed value. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the step height is of a first dimension before processing and the retaining ring is moved to ensure the step height remains at the first dimension as the retaining ring wears out. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the retaining ring is configured to move forward to ensure the step height remains at the first dimension throughout the retaining ring life span. 14. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the controller receives the measurement of the step height in the form of a digital signal, forwards the digital signal to a control kit that calculates the adjustment needed to keep the step height to a fixed value, receives the calculation of the adjustment needed from the control kit, and activating a mechanism to move the retaining ring so that the step height remains at the fixed value throughout the retaining ring life span. 15. the apparatus of claim 10 wherein the ring monitoring equipment comprises a sensor or a plurality of sensors installed at a head cup load unload (HCLU). 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the controller receives the measurement of the step height by a step height data controller from the HCLU in the form of a digital signal, forwards the digital signal to a control kit that calculates the adjustment needed to keep the step height to a fixed value, receives the calculation of the adjustment needed from the control kit, and activating the step height data controller to adjust the retaining ring movement. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the controller activates a mechanism for adjusting the step height to ensure it remains at the fixed value. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the mechanism comprises gears located around the circumference of the retaining ring. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the gears are set o be in drive mode at fixed intervals while processing takes place. 20. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the retaining ring comprises unfilled polyphenylene sulfide or unfilled polycarbonate which encapsulates a stainless steel ring.",
-    "An apparatus for detecting a presence of at least one analyte in a gas sample. The apparatus comprises a pump for drawing a gas sample from an ambient air, a passage having first and second ends, a chamber connected to the first end and containing a concentrating element for collecting at least one analyte from the gas sample, a chromatographic separator connected to a second end of the passage, and a gas source for streaming a carrier gas via the chamber to transfer the at least one analyte toward at least one chemical detector, via the chromatographic separator, in a first direction. The pump draws the gas sample via the chamber in a second direction and the first and second directions are substantially opposing to one another. 1. An apparatus for detecting a presence of at least one analyte in a gas sample, comprising: a pump for drawing a gas sample from an ambient air; a passage having first and second ends; a chamber connected to said first end and containing a concentrating element for collecting at least one analyte from said gas sample; a chromatographic separator connected to a second end of said passage; and a gas source for streaming a carrier gas via said chamber to transfer said at least one analyte toward at least one chemical detector, via said chromatographic separator, in a first direction; wherein said pump draws said gas sample via said chamber in a second direction, said first and second directions being substantially opposing to one another. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said carrier gas and said gas sample are respectively streamed and drawn via a common passage which is located between said chamber and said chromatographic separator. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said common passage is valveless. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said common passage comprises a T shaped tubular element. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the diameter of said chromatographic separator having a diameter of less than 2 mm. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the diameter of said passage is less than 1 mm. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said chromatographic separator having a density selected for diverting said gas sampling and facilitating the passage of said carrier gas. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said pump draws said gas sample via an inlet between said first and second ends on said passage. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said chromatographic separator comprises a gas chromatograph (GC) column for separating at least one chemical substance from said streamed carrier gas; wherein said at least one analyte and said at least one chemical substance are different. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said gas chromatograph element comprising Silicon OV 275. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said Silicon OV 275 is in a 5% concentration. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said gas chromatograph element is supported on Chromosorb\u00ae 80-100 mesh. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said at least one chemical detector comprises an electron capturer. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said concentrating element comprises a platinum coil for bonding said at least one analyte. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said concentrating element is coated with a layer comprising OV-17 silicone. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said at least one analyte consisting at least one of polynitro aromatics, nitrate esters, nitramines, nitrate salts, chlorates, peroxides, and energetic materials. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a handheld housing sized and shaped to contain said pump, said passage, said chamber, said chromatographic separator, and said gas source. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, further a heater for maintaining said at least one chemical detector and said chromatographic separator in a working temperature. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an additional gas source for drawing a gas via said at least one detector during said streaming.",
-    "A CMP structure for CMP processing and a method of making a device using the same are presented. The apparatus comprises a polishing pad on a platen table, a head assembly for holding a wafer against the polishing pad, wherein the head assembly includes a retaining ring, a sensor for sensing the depth of grooves on the retaining ring and a controller for determining an update pressure to apply to the retaining ring based on the depth of the grooves and applying the updated pressure to the retaining ring during processing. 1. A CMP apparatus comprising: a polishing pad on a platen table; a head assembly, wherein the head assembly includes a retaining ring for holding a wafer in place on the polishing pad; a sensor configured for determining a depth of grooves on the retaining ring based on a gap between a membrane of the retaining ring and a side of the retaining ring which correlates to the depth of the grooves; and a controller configured for calculating an updated pressure to be applied to the retaining ring based on the depth of the grooves and applying the updated pressure to the retaining ring during processing. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller comprises a process controller for monitoring the groove depth and controlling the pressure exerted by the retaining ring. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the process controller receives the measurement of the depth of the grooves from the sensor in the form of a digital signal. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the process controller calculates the updated pressure based on groove depth data received from the sensor and sends the updated pressure data to an upper pneumatic-assembly (UPA). 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the UPA supplies the updated pressure data to the head assembly. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the head assembly applies the updated pressure to the retaining ring during processing. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the updated pressure applied by the head assembly to the retaining ring during processing will become less as the depth of the grooves on the retaining ring becomes shallower. 8. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the process controller calculates and sends a lesser updated pressure data to the UPA if the groove depth data received indicates that the groove depth has decreased. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the calculation by the controller is based on a model and the model can be monitored and revised periodically based on inline performance. 10. A CMP apparatus comprising: a polishing pad; a head assembly, wherein the head assembly includes a retaining ring for holding a wafer in place on the polishing pad; and one or more sensors configured for determining a depth of grooves on the retaining ring based on a gap between a membrane of the retaining ring and a side of the retaining ring which correlates to the depth of the grooves. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 comprising a controller configured for calculating an updated pressure to be applied to the retaining ring based on the depth of the grooves and applying the updated pressure to the retaining ring during processing. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the updated pressure applied to the retaining ring during processing will become less as the depth of the grooves on the retaining ring decreases. 13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the depth of the grooves on the retaining ring are determined by the one or more sensors installed at a head cup load unload (HCLU). 14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the controller comprises a process controller configured for monitoring the groove depth and controlling the pressure exerted by the retaining ring. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the process controller receives measurement of the groove depth from the one or more sensors in the form of a digital signal. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the process controller calculates the updated pressure based on groove depth measurement received from the one or more sensors and sends the updated pressure to an upper pneumatic assembly (UPA). 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the UPA supplies the updated pressure to the head assembly. 18. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the calculation by the controller is based on a model and the model can be monitored and revised periodically based on inline performance. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the controller calculates and sends a lesser updated ring pressure data to an upper pneumatic assembly (UPA) if the groove depth data received by the controller from the one or more sensors indicate that the groove depth has decreased. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the UPA supplies the updated pressure to the head assembly.",
-    "An intersection of a host vehicle and a target vehicle is identified. Data relating to the target vehicle are collected. A map of a surrounding environment is developed. A driver intent probability is determined based at least in part on the map. A threat estimation is determined based at least in part on the driver intent probability. At least one of a plurality of safety systems is activated based at least in part on the threat estimation. 1. A system, comprising: a computer having a processor and a memory, the memory storing instructions executable by the computer to: identify a target object; identify a potential intersection of a host vehicle and the target object; identify one or more data collectors to provide data for analyzing the intersection; collect data relating to the host vehicle and the target object from the data collectors; develop a coordinate map of a surrounding environment based at least in part on the collected data; and activate at least one of a plurality of vehicle safety systems based at least in part on a threat estimation obtained by analyzing the map. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the data include a velocity and an acceleration of the object, wherein the velocity includes at least one of a lateral velocity and a longitudinal velocity, and the acceleration includes at least one of a lateral acceleration and a longitudinal acceleration, and wherein the threat estimation is based on at least one of a brake threat number, a steering threat number, and an acceleration threat number, the brake threat number being a measure of a change in the host vehicle longitudinal acceleration to allow one of the host vehicle to stop or the object to pass the host vehicle, the steering threat number being a measure of a change in the host vehicle lateral acceleration to allow one of the host vehicle and the object to clear a crossing zone, and the acceleration threat number is a measure of a specific longitudinal acceleration to allow one of the host vehicle and the object to pass the other of the host vehicle and the object. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least one vehicle safety system is selectively activated based at least in part on at least one of the lateral velocity, the longitudinal velocity, the lateral acceleration, and the longitudinal acceleration. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle safety systems include at least one of brake assist, warning, steering assist, torque assist, passive safety, and head lamp systems. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the instructions include instructions to adjust a brake sensitivity of the brake assist system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the instructions further include instructions to adjust a steering wheel sensitivity of the steering assist system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein the instructions further include instructions to adjust an acceleration sensitivity of the torque assist system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 8. The system of claim 4, wherein the instructions further include instructions to adjust at least one of a high beam activation, a head lamp aim, and a head lamp photometric pattern of the head lamp system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to integrate the map into a digital road network map providing an X-Y-Z Cartesian road network coordinate map. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the target object is a target vehicle, wherein the instructions further include instructions to use the map to determine a target vehicle driver intent probability that is a measure of a probable trajectory of the target vehicle, and a host vehicle driver intent probability, being a measure of a probable trajectory of the host vehicle, and, based at least in part on the target vehicle driver intent probability, produce a threat estimation that is a measure of a probability of a collision between the host vehicle and the target vehicle. 11. A method, comprising: identifying a target vehicle; identifying a vehicle path intersection of a host vehicle and the target vehicle; determining a number of data collectors to use during the vehicle path intersection; collecting data relating to the host vehicle and the target vehicle from the data collectors; fusing the data from the data collectors; developing a map of a surrounding environment based at least in part on the data; using the map to determine a target vehicle driver intent probability, being a measure of a probable trajectory of the target vehicle, and a host vehicle driver intent probability, being a measure of a probable trajectory of the host vehicle; based at least in part on the target vehicle driver intent probability, producing a threat estimation that is a measure of a probability of a collision between the host vehicle and the target vehicle; and activating at least one of a plurality of vehicle safety systems based at least in part on the threat estimation. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the data include a velocity and an acceleration of the target vehicle, wherein the velocity includes at least one of a lateral velocity and a longitudinal velocity, and the acceleration includes at least one of a lateral acceleration and a longitudinal acceleration and wherein the threat estimation is based on at least one of a brake threat number, a steering threat number, and an acceleration threat number, the brake threat number being a measure of a change in the host vehicle longitudinal acceleration to allow one of the host vehicle to stop or the target vehicle to pass the host vehicle, the steering threat number being a measure of a change in the host vehicle lateral acceleration to allow one of the host vehicle and the target vehicle to clear a crossing zone, and the acceleration threat number is a measure of a specific longitudinal acceleration to allow one of the host vehicle and the target vehicle to pass the other of the host vehicle and the target vehicle. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one vehicle safety system is selectively activated based at least in part on the lateral velocity, the longitudinal velocity, the lateral acceleration, and the longitudinal acceleration. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the vehicle safety systems include at least one of brake assist, warning, steering assist, torque assist, passive safety, and head lamp systems. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusts a brake sensitivity of the brake assist system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusts a steering wheel sensitivity of the steering assist system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusting an acceleration sensitivity of the torque assist system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusting at least one of a high beam activation, a head lamp aim, and a head lamp photometric pattern of the head lamp system based at least in part on the threat estimation. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising integrating the map into a digital road network map providing an X-Y-Z Cartesian road network coordinate map. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising using the map to determine a target vehicle driver intent probability that is a measure of a probable trajectory of the target vehicle, and a host vehicle driver intent probability, being a measure of a probable trajectory of the host vehicle, and, based at least in part on the target vehicle driver intent probability, producing a threat estimation that is a measure of a probability of a collision between the host vehicle and the target vehicle.",
-    "A power supply control apparatus includes a control circuit configured to obtain a value of power consumed by a specified device to which plural power supply devices supply power and further configured to determine based on the obtained power value and a predetermined value obtained from power conversion efficiency of each power supply device among the plural power supply devices, a scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be any one among a first scheme in which the plural power supply devices supply power and a second scheme in which among a first power supply device and a second power supply device included in the plural power supply devices, voltage of power supplied by the first power supply device is made lower than that of power supplied by the second power supply device, whereby the second power supply device supplies power. 1. A power supply control apparatus comprising: a control circuit configured to obtain a value of power consumed by a specified device to which a plurality of power supply devices supply power and further configured to determine based on the obtained power value and a predetermined value obtained from power conversion efficiency of each power supply device among the plurality of power supply devices, a scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be any one among a first scheme in which the plurality of power supply devices supply power and a second scheme in which among a first power supply device and a second power supply device included in the plurality of power supply devices, voltage of power supplied by the first power supply device is made lower than that of power supplied by the second power supply device, whereby the second power supply device supplies power. 2. The power supply control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control circuit determines the scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be the second scheme when the obtained power value is smaller than a first predetermined value obtained from the conversion efficiency, while power is being supplied to the specified device by the first scheme, and the control circuit determines the scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be the first scheme when the obtained power value is greater than or equal to a second predetermined value that is greater than the first predetermined value, while power is being supplied to the specified device by the second scheme. 3. The power supply control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the specified device is a device that accesses data on a disk by moving a head, and the control circuit refers to information that indicates corresponding to a count of the specified device, a predetermined value at which the second scheme is to be determined when power is being supplied to the specified device by the first scheme, and a predetermined value at which the first scheme is to be determined when power is being supplied to the specified device by the second scheme, and sets the first predetermined value and the second predetermined value, based on the count of the specified device. 4. A non-transitory, computer-readable recording medium storing therein a power supply control program causing a computer to execute a process comprising: obtaining a value of power consumed by a specified device to which a plurality of power supply devices supply power; and determining, based on the obtained power value and a predetermined value obtained from power conversion efficiency of each power supply device among the plurality of power supply devices, a scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be any one among a first scheme in which the plurality of power supply devices supply power and a second scheme in which among a first power supply device and a second power supply device included in the plurality of power supply devices, voltage of power supplied by the first power supply device is made lower than that of power supplied by the second power supply device, whereby the second power supply device supplies power. 5. The non-transitory, computer-readable recording medium according to claim 4, wherein the determining includes determining the scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be the second scheme when the obtained power value is smaller than a first predetermined value obtained from the conversion efficiency, while power is being supplied to the specified device by the first scheme, and the determining includes determining the scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be the first scheme when the obtained power value is greater than or equal to a second predetermined value that is greater than the first predetermined value, while power is being supplied to the specified device by the second scheme. 6. The non-transitory, computer-readable recording medium according to claim 5, wherein the specified device is a device that accesses data on a disk by moving a head, and the process further comprises referring to information that indicates corresponding to a count of the specified device, a predetermined value at which the second scheme is to be determined when power is being supplied to the specified device by the first scheme, and a predetermined value at which the first scheme is to be determined when power is being supplied to the specified device by the second scheme, and setting the first predetermined value and the second predetermined value, based on the count of the specified device. 7. A power supply control method comprising: obtaining by a computer, a value of power consumed by a specified device to which a plurality of power supply devices supply power; and determining by the computer, based on the obtained power value and a predetermined value obtained from power conversion efficiency of each power supply device among the plurality of power supply devices, a scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be any one among a first scheme in which the plurality of power supply devices supply power and a second scheme in which among a first power supply device and a second power supply device included in the plurality of power supply devices, voltage of power supplied by the first power supply device is made lower than that of power supplied by the second power supply device, whereby the second power supply device supplies power. 8. The power supply control method according to claim 7, wherein the determining includes determining the scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be the second scheme when the obtained power value is smaller than a first predetermined value obtained from the conversion efficiency, while power is being supplied to the specified device by the first scheme, and the determining includes determining the scheme of supplying power to the specified device to be the first scheme when the obtained power value is greater than or equal to a second predetermined value that is greater than the first predetermined value, while power is being supplied to the specified device by the second scheme. 9. The power supply control method according to claim 8, wherein the specified device is a device that accesses data on a disk by moving a head, and the power supply control method further comprises referring by the computer, to information that indicates corresponding to a count of the specified device, a predetermined value at which the second scheme is to be determined when power is being supplied to the specified device by the first scheme, and a predetermined value at which the first scheme is to be determined when power is being supplied to the specified device by the second scheme, and setting by the computer, the first predetermined value and the second predetermined value, based on the count of the specified device.",
-    "Ad hoc communications are established between unknown contacts. For example, in today's mobile communications environment, there are many instances in which a user of smart phone may wish to send a message to an unknown user's smartphone. An ad hoc communication thus allows messaging with an unknown user. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a server, an electronic token sent from a recipient device, the electronic token to authenticate an unsolicited message sent to the recipient device from a sending device, wherein the sending device is an unknown contact to the recipient device; determining, by the server, a confirmation of authentication using the electronic token; and approving, by the server, an ad hoc communication between the recipient device and the sending device in response to the confirmation of authentication using the electronic token. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the sending device is a cellular subscriber. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a telephone number associated with the sending device. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a name associated with the sending device. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the recipient device is a cellular subscriber. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a telephone number associated with the recipient device. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a name associated with the recipient device. 8. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memory device, the memory device storing instructions, the instructions when executed causing the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving an electronic token sent from a recipient device, the electronic token to authenticate an unsolicited message sent to the recipient device from a sending device, wherein the sending device is an unknown contact to the recipient device; determining a confirmation of authentication using the electronic token; and approving an ad hoc communication between the recipient device and the sending device in response to the confirmation of authentication using the electronic token. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining the sending device is a cellular subscriber. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining a telephone number associated with the sending device. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining a name associated with the sending device. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining the recipient device is a cellular subscriber. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining a telephone number associated with the recipient device. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining a name associated with the recipient device. 15. A memory device storing instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving an electronic token sent from a recipient device, the electronic token to authenticate an unsolicited message sent to the recipient device from a sending device, wherein the sending device is an unknown contact to the recipient device; determining a confirmation of authentication using the electronic token; and approving an ad hoc communication between the recipient device and the sending device in response to the confirmation of authentication using the electronic token. 16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise determining the sending device is a cellular subscriber. 17. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise determining a telephone number associated with the sending device. 18. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise determining a name associated with the sending device. 19. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise determining the recipient device is a cellular subscriber. 20. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise determining a telephone number associated with the recipient device.",
-    "A wheel assembly having rolling and swiveling capability includes a wheel bracket configured for mounting one or more wheels, a swivel bracket configured for positioning with respect to an object with respect to which the wheel assembly is used, the swivel bracket including a main body and a spindle extending from one side of the main body of the swivel bracket into a receptacle in the wheel bracket, the spindle and receptacle being tapered at different angles to minimize surface to surface engagement during swiveling, a thrust bearing between the swivel bracket and wheel bracket to transfer force between the brackets while assisting to align the brackets, a retention mechanism at the distal end portion of the spindle configured to retain the spindle in the wheel bracket and aligning the spindle with respect to the wheel bracket while permitting the wheel bracket to swivel about the spindle relative to the swivel bracket. 1. A wheel assembly, comprising a wheel bracket configured for mounting one or more wheels with respect thereto, a swivel bracket configured for positioning with respect to an object with respect to which the wheel assembly is used, the swivel bracket including a main body and a spindle extending from one side of the main body of the swivel bracket, the spindle having a proximal end portion and a distal end portion, the proximal end portion relatively proximate the main body of the swivel bracket and the distal end portion being remote from the main body relative to the proximal end portion, the spindle configured to extend into the wheel bracket, and a retention mechanism at the distal end portion of the spindle configured to retain the spindle in the wheel bracket while permitting the wheel bracket to swivel about the spindle relative to the swivel bracket. 2. The wheel assembly of claim 1, further comprising a mounting structure for mounting the wheel assembly to an article for support by the wheel assembly. 3. The wheel assembly of claim 2, wherein the mounting structure comprises an adhesive bracket coupled to the swivel bracket, and adhesive attachment coupled to the adhesive bracket and configured to adhere the wheel assembly to an article. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The wheel assembly of claim 1, wherein the spindle extends along a generally linear spindle axis, and wherein the wheels comprise two wheels that are spaced apart along a wheel axis that is generally perpendicular to the spindle axis and that is spaced apart from the spindle axis as not to intersect the spindle axis, and wherein the wheels, respectively, are on opposite sides of the spindle axis. 7. The wheel assembly of claim 6, further comprising an axle supported by the wheel bracket, the wheels being mounted on the axle. 8. The wheel assembly of claim 1, wherein the spindle extends generally linearly from the main body of the swivel bracket along a generally linear spindle axis, and the retention mechanism is configured to retain the spindle in the wheel bracket while limiting movement of the spindle in a direction along the spindle axis. 9. (canceled) 10. The wheel assembly of claim 8, wherein the wheel bracket includes a main body and a passage in the main body in which the spindle extends, and wherein the passage has an entrance at one end and has a distal end, and the passage further having a stop configured to cooperate with a retainer of the retention mechanism to retain the spindle in the wheel bracket. 11. The wheel assembly of claim 10, wherein the passage includes a portion that extends through the stop member, wherein the distal end portion of the spindle extends through and beyond the stop member, wherein the stop member has a stop surface at the distal side of the stop relative to the entrance of the passage, and wherein the retainer is configured for attachment to the distal end of the spindle in position for interference with the stop surface to block the spindle from being withdrawn from the passage. 12. The wheel assembly of claim 11, further comprising a mounting structure for mounting the wheel assembly to an article for support by the wheel assembly, and wherein in response to loading of the wheel assembly at the mounting structure urging the swivel bracket toward the wheel bracket, the retainer is urged toward but in spaced relation relative to the stop surface avoiding interference with swiveling of the wheel bracket relative to the swivel bracket. 13. The wheel assembly of claim 1, further comprising a thrust bearing between the wheel bracket and the swivel bracket configured to facilitate swiveling of the wheel bracket relative to the spindle and swivel bracket when the wheel bracket and swivel bracket are urged toward each other in response to loading of the wheel assembly. 14. The wheel assembly of claim 13, further comprising a surface surrounding at least part of the thrust bearing to block contaminant from entering the thrust bearing. 15. (canceled) 16. The wheel assembly of claim 13, wherein the wheel bracket includes a main body and a passage having an entrance end and a distal end, the spindle extending in the passage from the entrance end toward the distal end of the passage, and the thrust bearing comprises a smooth surface of the wheel bracket main body about the entrance end and a smooth surface of the swivel bracket about the spindle, and wherein the respective smooth surfaces face each other. 17. The wheel assembly of claim 16, the passage further having a stop configured to cooperate with the retainer to retain the spindle in the wheel bracket, wherein the passage includes a portion that extends through the stop and is rotatable in the portion, wherein the distal end of the spindle extends through and beyond the stop, wherein the stop has a stop surface at the distal side of the stop relative to the entrance of the passage, and wherein the retainer is configured for attachment to the distal end of the spindle in position for interference with the stop surface to block the spindle from being withdrawn from the passage. 18. The wheel assembly of claim 17, wherein the retainer is configured to retain the spindle bracket and wheel bracket together with the respective smooth surfaces aligned with each other to provide a thrust bearing function. 19. The wheel assembly of claim 1, the spindle having at least a portion that is generally tapering truncated conical shape, and the wheel bracket having a receptacle that is of gradually tapering truncated conical shape different from that of the spindle, and is configured to receive at least part of the spindle, whereby with the spindle inserted in the receptacle corresponding portions of the spindle and receptacle are in closer fitting relation relatively near the proximal end portion of the spindle than corresponding other parts of the spindle and receptacle that are relatively near the distal end of the respective tapered portions thereof. 20. The wheel assembly of claim 1, wherein the wheel bracket includes a receptacle configured to receive therein at least part of the spindle, wherein at least part of the spindle that is in the receptacle is of truncated conical tapered configuration and at least part of the receptacle is of truncated conical configuration, and further comprising a thrust bearing and a stop that are cooperative with the wheel bracket and spindle bracket to limit relative movement of the wheel bracket and spindle bracket to maintain spaced relation between the respective truncated conical tapered portions of the spindle and receptacle. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. A swivelable wheel assembly, comprising a wheel bracket configured to support at least one wheel, a swivel bracket configured to support the wheel bracket, the swivel bracket including a base and an elongate spindle extending from the base, the elongate spindle having a generally circular cross section portion at least part of which is tapered from a relatively wider cross section toward a relatively narrower cross section remote from the base, the wheel bracket including a body having an elongate receptacle space therein to receive at least part of the elongate spindle, the receptacle space having a generally circular cross section portion at least part of which is tapered from a relatively wider cross section at the entrance to the elongate receptacle space where the elongate spindle is received in the elongate receptacle space toward the interior of the elongate receptacle away from the entrance, the angle of taper of the elongate spindle being sharper than the angle of taper of the elongate receptacle space as to tend to minimize surface contact between the tapered part of the elongate spindle and a wall of the elongate receptacle space adjacent the tapered part of the elongate spindle inserted in the elongate receptacle space, a retainer configured to retain the elongate spindle in the elongate receptacle space, and wherein a wall portion of the elongate spindle and a wall portion of the base of the swivel bracket engage each other. 24. The swivelable wheel assembly of claim 23, wherein the wheel bracket and swivel bracket have respective surfaces that are cooperative as a thrust bearing to distribute force between the wheel bracket and swivel bracket in response to force urging them together. 25. The swivelable wheel assembly of claim 23, further comprising a pair of wheels supported by the wheel bracket, a mounting assembly configured to attach the wheel assembly to an article for support by the swivelable wheel assembly and the wheels thereof, and wherein in response force of an article against the mounting assembly the swivel bracket and wheel bracket are urged together, and wherein the wheel bracket is rotatable relative to the swivel bracket about a swivel axis, and the pair of wheels are rotatable about a wheel axis that is perpendicular to the swivel axis, and wherein the wheel axis is spaced from in offset relation to the swivel axis so as not to intersect the swivel axis at the swivelable wheel assembly. 26. (canceled) 27. The swivelable wheel assembly of claim 25, wherein part of the spindle and part of receptacle engage at the entrance and there is no substantial surface to surface engagement of the tapered part of the spindle and the wall of the tapered receptacle spindle in use of the swivelable wheel assemble supporting an article via wheels of the swivelable wheel assembly. 28. A swivelable wheel assembly, includes a swivel bracket having a support base and an extending spindle, the spindle having a generally round cross section and a portion that is tapered from a relatively wider cross section toward a relatively narrower cross section from an area nearer the support base toward an area nearer the distal end of the spindle, and a wheel bracket having a receptacle extending in a direction and having an open area to receive at least part of the spindle, the open area of the receptacle that receives the spindle having a generally round cross section that is tapered from a relatively wider cross section near an entrance to receive the spindle into the open area toward a relatively narrower cross section portion, and wherein the swivel bracket and the wheel bracket are swivelable with respect to each other with the spindle in the receptacle, a retainer configured to retain the elongate spindle in the elongate receptacle space while limiting axial movement of the spindle and receptacle with respect to each other to tend to avoid surface to surface engagement of respective surfaces of the spindle and receptacle.",
-    "The present invention relates to compounds that bind to human vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and human angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), and may be useful for treating angiogenic eye diseases, such as diabetic and other proliferative retinopathies, and for cancer, especially solid tumors driven by VEGFA and Ang2, including gastric, lung, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian, colorectal, and breast cancers. 1. A compound, comprising an antibody fused by two linkers to two single chain fragment variable (scFv) polypeptides, wherein: a) the antibody comprises two identical heavy chains (HCs) and two identical light chains (LCs), wherein each HC comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) whose amino acid sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein each LC comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) whose amino acid sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 4, b) the two scFv polypeptides are identical and each comprise an HCVR operably linked to an LCVR, wherein each HCVR has the amino acid sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 7, and wherein each LCVR has the amino acid sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 8, and c) the two linkers are identical glycine-rich linkers that each operably link the carboxy-terminus of one HC of the antibody to the amino-terminus of one of the scFv polypeptides. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the two scFv polypeptides each comprise the carboxy-terminus of the HCVR of one scFv polypeptide operably linked to the amino-terminus of the LCVR of one scFv polypeptide. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises two heavy chains (HCs) and two light chains (LCs), wherein each HC has the amino acid sequence given in one of SEQ ID NO: 2, and each LC has the amino acid sequence given in one of SEQ ID NO: 5. 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein each scFv polypeptide has the identical amino acid sequence given in SEQ ID NO: 6. 5. A compound comprising two first polypeptides and two second polypeptides wherein each of the first polypeptides has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and each of the second polypeptides has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein each of the first polypeptides forms an inter-chain disulfide bond with each of the second polypeptides, and the first polypeptide forms two inter-chain disulfide bonds with the other first polypeptide, and each of the first polypeptides forms seven intra-chain disulfide bonds. 7. A mammalian cell comprising a DNA molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first polypeptide given by SEQ ID NO: 3 and a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second polypeptide given by SEQ ID NO: 5, wherein the cell is capable of expressing a compound comprising the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide. 8. A process for producing a compound comprising two first polypeptides given by SEQ ID NO: 3 and two second polypeptides given by SEQ ID NO: 5, comprising cultivating the mammalian cell of claim 7 under conditions such that the compound is expressed, and recovering the expressed compound. 9. A compound obtainable by the process of claim 8. 10. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound of claim 1, and an acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. 11. A method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of claim 1. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancer is breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, or hepatocellular carcinoma. 13. A method of treating proliferative retinopathy, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of claim 1. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the proliferative retinopathy is diabetic retinopathy, or retinopathy of prematurity. 15. A method of treating angiogenic eye disease, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of claim 1. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the angiogenic eye disease is neovascular glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, corneal neovascularization, conical graft neovascularization, conical graft rejection, retinal/choroidal neovascularization, neovascularization of the angle (rubeosis), ocular neovascular disease, vascular restenosis, or arteriovenous malformations (AVM).",
-    "A personalized data monitoring service is provided to users. Data from a user's devices is collected and compared to user-defined rules and to ranges. Notification messages may be sent to notify of the data. Data labels may be added to explain the data and any abnormal condition. 1. A method, comprising: retrieving, by a server, a list of devices, each device in the list of devices commonly associated with an end-user; sending, by the server, queries to the each device in the list of devices, each one of the queries requesting data from a corresponding device in the list of devices; retrieving, by the server, responses to the queries, each one of the responses comprising the data retrieved from the corresponding device in the list of devices; retrieving, by the server, a data combination associated with the end-user, the data combination defining percentages of the data retrieved from the corresponding device in the list of devices; generating, by the server, a combined value of the data according to the data combination associated with the end-user; and executing, by the server, an action in response to the combined value of the data. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining ranges of the combined value of the data. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising comparing the combined value of the data to the ranges. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising determining that the combined value of the data lies outside the ranges. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising retrieving the action in response to the combined value of the data lying outside the ranges. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising retrieving the action. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending a notification that notifies of the combined value of the data. 8. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: retrieving a profile associated with an end-user of a monitoring service; retrieving network addresses from the profile, each one of the network addresses associated with a corresponding device of multiple devices listed in the profile associated with the end-user of the monitoring service; sending queries to the network addresses, each one of the queries requesting data from the corresponding device of the multiple devices listed in the profile; retrieving data in response to the queries; retrieving a data combination from the profile, the data combination defining different percentages of the data retrieved from the multiple devices listed in the profile; generating a combined value of the data according to the data combination defining the different percentages of the data retrieved from the multiple devices listed in the profile; and executing an action in response to the combined value of the data. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise determining ranges of the combined value of the data. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise comparing the combined value of the data to the ranges. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the operations further comprise determining that the combined value of the data lies outside the ranges. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise retrieving the action in response to the combined value of the data lying outside the ranges. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise retrieving the action. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise sending a notification that notifies of the combined value of the data. 15. A memory device storing instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: retrieving a profile associated with an end-user of a monitoring service; retrieving network addresses from the profile, the network addresses associated with multiple devices listed in the profile, the devices associated with the end-user of the monitoring service; sending queries to the network addresses, each one of the queries requesting data from a corresponding device of the multiple devices listed in the profile; retrieving data in response to the queries; retrieving a data combination from the profile, the data combination defining different percentages of the data retrieved from the multiple devices listed in the profile; generating a combined value of the data according to the data combination defining the different percentages of the data retrieved from the multiple devices listed in the profile; retrieving a range from the profile, the range associated with the combined value of the data; comparing the combined value of the data to the range; determining that the combined value of the data lies outside the range; retrieving an action from the profile; and executing the action in response to the combined value of the data lying outside the range. 16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise sending a notification that notifies of the combined value of the data. 17. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise sending a notification that notifies of the combined value of the data lying outside the range. 18. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise sending notifications to the network addresses retrieved from the profile, each one of the notifications notifying of the combined value of the data. 19. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise sending notifications to the network addresses retrieved from the profile, each one of the notifications notifying of the combined value of the data lying outside the range. 20. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise storing the combined value of the data in association with the profile.",
-    "A surgical system includes one or more arms defining a passageway therethrough. The arm includes a proximal portion configured for positioning externally of a patient's body and a distal portion configured for positioning within an internal body cavity. The distal portion includes first and second articulatable segments spaced apart from one another and capable of independent articulation between a substantially straight configuration and an articulated configuration. A first articulation assembly is coupled to the proximal portion of the one arm and is transitionable between a first state and a second state for articulating the first articulatable segment between the substantially straight configuration and the articulated configuration. A second articulation assembly is coupled to the proximal portion of the arm and is configured to move between a plurality of positions for articulating the second articulatable segment between the substantially straight configuration and the articulated configuration. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A method of providing access to an internal surgical site, comprising the steps of: positioning an access port within an opening in tissue, the access port including at least one lumen extending therethrough; inserting a first arm through one of the lumens of the access port such that a proximal portion of the first arm is positioned externally of the internal surgical site and such that a distal portion of the first arm is positioned within the internal surgical site, the first arm including a passageway extending therethrough, first and second articulation assemblies coupled to the proximal portion thereof, and first and second articulatable segments positioned along the distal portion thereof; inserting a first surgical instrument through the passageway of the first arm such that an end effector assembly thereof extends distally from the first arm and such that a handle of the first surgical instrument extends proximally from the first arm; and independently manipulating at least one of the first articulation assembly of the first arm to articulate the first articulatable segment of the first arm and the second articulation assembly of the first arm to articulate the second articulatable segment of the first arm to position the end effector assembly of the first surgical instrument for performing a surgical task within the internal surgical site. 14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the steps of: inserting a second arm through one of the lumens of the access port such that a proximal portion of the second arm is positioned externally of the internal surgical site and such that a distal portion of the second arm is positioned within the internal surgical site, the second arm including a passageway extending therethrough, first and second articulation assemblies coupled to the proximal portion thereof and first and second articulatable segments positioned along the distal portion thereof; inserting a second surgical instrument through the passageway of the second arm such that an end effector assembly thereof extends distally from the second arm and such that a handle of the second surgical instrument extends proximally from the second arm; and independently manipulating at least one of the first articulation assembly of the second arm to articulate the first articulatable segment of the second arm and the second articulation assembly of the second arm to articulate the second articulatable segment of the second arm to position the end effector assembly of the second surgical instrument for performing a surgical task within the internal surgical site. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the first and second articulatable segments of each of the first and second arms are independently articulatable between a substantially straight configuration and an articulated configuration. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein, when each of the first and second articulatable segments of each of the first and second arms are disposed in the articulated configuration, the end effector assemblies of the surgical instruments oppose one another to facilitate performing a surgical task within the internal surgical site. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first articulation assembly of the first arm includes a lever, the lever selectively moveable between a spaced-apart position and an approximated position for articulating the first articulatable segment of the first arm. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first articulation assembly of the first arm includes first and second components pivotable relative to one another between a substantially aligned position and a substantially transverse position for articulating the first articulatable segment of the first arm. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein the second articulation assembly of the first arm includes a rotatable member disposed within a base and movable relative to the base for articulating the second articulatable segment of the first arm, the rotatable member configured to receive the first surgical instrument therein such that manipulation of the handle of the first surgical instrument effects moves the rotatable member within the base to articulate the second articulatable segment of the first arm. 20. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step of locking the position of at least one of the first articulatable segment and the second articulatable segment of the first arm.",
-    "A tailgate of a motor vehicle has an opening apparatus configured to avoid overshooting during opening of the tailgate. The opening apparatus is connected to a silicone damper to bring about a damping action in the opening direction and a freewheeling action in the closing direction. Additionally, the opening apparatus is configured so that closing of the tailgate and lock actuation are not impeded. 1. An opening apparatus for a tailgate of a motor vehicle, the opening apparatus comprising a compression spring element arranged in a stationary functional housing on the tailgate and connected to an opener, the compression spring element being arranged between the functional housing and an actuating piston of the opener so that the compression spring element is prestressed in the closed position of the tailgate, the actuating piston having a force-transmitting toothed segment that is in engagement in a positively locking manner with a gearwheel of a silicone brake so that the silicone brake is configured to act as a damping means in an opening direction of the tailgate and to act as a decoupling freewheel in the closing direction of the tailgate. 2. The opening apparatus of claim 1, wherein the toothed segment is arranged on the actuating piston so as to extend axially on the actuating piston and the gearwheel of the silicone brake and of the integrated freewheel is arranged on a horizontally extending rotational axis and is in meshing engagement with the toothed segment. 3. The opening apparatus of claim 1, wherein the extendable actuating piston of the opening apparatus has an anti-rotation protection means. 4. The opening apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a latching means for adjusting a height of the tailgate, the latching means being arranged on an end of the actuating piston, and having an axial toothing system that is guided in a receptacle of the actuating piston. 5. The opening apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a rubber buffer adjoining the latching means and supported on the vehicle body in the closed position of the tailgate and during opening of the tailgate.",
-    "An exemplary refill unit for a foam dispenser includes a container for holding foamable liquid and a liquid pump. The liquid pump includes a pump housing and an outlet nozzle with an elongated central axis. The pump housing has an arcuate shaped liquid pump chamber formed by a backing plate. The backing plate includes a liquid inlet and a flexible membrane. At least a portion of the elongated central axis of the nozzle extends through a central area defined, at least in part, by the arcuate shaped pump chamber. 1. A refill unit for a foam dispenser comprising: a container for holding a foamable liquid; a liquid pump having a pump housing and an outlet nozzle; the pump housing having an arcuate shaped liquid pump chamber formed by a backing plate with a liquid inlet and a flexible membrane; wherein the outlet nozzle has an elongated central axis; and wherein at least a portion of the elongated central axis extends through a central area defined at least in part by the arcuate shaped pump chamber. 2. The refill unit of claim 1 wherein the backing plate comprises a horseshoe shaped arcuate recess, and wherein the liquid inlet is located near a first end of the arcuate recess. 3. The refill unit of claim 1 further comprising a liquid passage between the pump chamber and an interior portion of the pump housing. 4. The refill unit of claim 2 wherein the liquid passage is located at the end of the arcuate pump chamber. 5. The refill unit of claim 2 wherein the outlet nozzle extends downward from the interior portion of the pump housing. 6. The refill unit of claim 1 further comprising a liquid outlet valve located on an interior portion of the pump housing between the horseshoe shaped arcuate pump chamber and the outlet nozzle. 7. The refill unit of claim 1 wherein the horseshoe shaped arcuate pumping chamber moves fluid along a path that is substantially perpendicular to the direction of fluid that flows out of the outlet nozzle. 8. The refill unit of claim 1 wherein the outlet nozzle comprises one or more air inlet openings. 9. The refill unit of claim 1 wherein the outlet nozzle comprises one or more sealing members for sealing against a dispenser housing to create an air passage. 10. A refill unit for a foam dispenser comprising: a container for holding a foamable liquid; a pump housing connected to the container; the pump housing having a base, a backing plate, a flexible membrane and an outlet nozzle; an arcuate shaped pump chamber formed at least in part by the base, the backing plate and the flexible membrane; a liquid inlet in the first end of the arcuate shaped pump chamber and a liquid outlet located in the second end of the arcuate shaped pump chamber; a liquid outlet passage extending into an area that is at least partially surrounded by the arcuate shaped pump chamber; the outlet nozzle extending from the liquid outlet passage to the outlet of the pump housing; a foaming media located at least partially in the outlet nozzle; and one or more air inlet apertures located downstream of the liquid outlet passage and upstream of the foaming media. 11. The refill unit of claim 10 wherein fluid flowing through the arcuate shaped pump chamber flows in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to a direction of fluid flow in the outlet nozzle. 12. The refill unit of claim 10 wherein the arcuate shaped pump chamber is along a substantially horizontal axis and the outlet nozzle extends along a substantially vertical axis. 13. A foam dispenser comprising: a housing; an air pump secured to the housing; an actuating mechanism secured to the housing; the actuating mechanism comprising a motor; a circular member having a plurality of rollers secured thereto; an aperture through the circular member located between the plurality of rollers; a refill unit installed in the dispenser; the refill unit comprising a container and a pump secured to the container; the pump having an arcuate pump chamber and an outlet nozzle; and wherein the arcuate pump chamber moves fluid along a horizontal plane and the outlet nozzle moves fluid along an axis that intersects the horizontal plane. 14. The refill unit of claim 13 wherein the arcuate shaped pump chamber is located along an exposed surface of the pump housing and the outlet nozzle extends below the arcuate shaped pump chamber. 15. The refill unit of claim 13 wherein the circular member includes one or more gear teeth. 16. A refill unit for a foam dispenser comprising: a container for holding a foamable liquid; the container having a neck with a circular opening along a first plane; a pump housing secured to the neck; an arcuate shaped pump chamber secured to the pump housing; the arcuate shaped pump chamber extending along a second plane; wherein the first plane and the second plane are substantially parallel; and an outlet nozzle extending along an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the first and second planes. 17. The refill unit of claim 16 further comprising a seal for sealing the pump during shipping. 18. The refill unit of claim 17 wherein the seal is a one-way liquid outlet valve. 19. The refill unit of claim 16 wherein fluid flows downward from the container into the arcuate pump chamber, around the arcuate pump chamber, up and into the center of the pump housing and down through the outlet nozzle. 20. The refill unit of claim 16 further comprising one or more air inlets downstream of the arcuate shaped pump chamber.",
-    "A portable furniture power outlet includes a power module having one or more AC receptacles and DC connector ports. A transformer supplies DC power to the DC connector ports at different voltages and provides wireless device charging. An elongated fin member extends downward from the power module and includes a shape and size for being positioned between two cushions in either a vertical or horizontal orientation. The fin member is secured to the power module by a two axis hinge that allows the power module to spin and pivot with respect to the fin member. 1. A portable outlet device for furniture, comprising: a power module main body having a top wall, a bottom wall and a plurality of upstanding walls defining an internal cavity; one or more power receptacles that are disposed along the power module main body; a power cord having a plug along a distal end thereof, said power cord being in communication with the power module; and an elongated fin member that extends longitudinally from the bottom wall of the power module, said fin member including a body having a shape and size that is suitable for engaging at least one cushion of the furniture so as to removably position the power module adjacent thereto. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the elongated fin member is pivotally secured to the power module via a connector. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the connector is configured to rotate the power module 360 degrees horizontally with respect to the elongated fin member. 4. The device of claim 2, wherein the connector is configured to pivot the power module across a vertical axis, with respect to the elongated fin member. 5. The device of claim 2, wherein the connector includes a dual axis hinge that is configured to rotate the power module 360 degrees horizontally with respect to the elongated fin member; and pivot the power module across a vertical axis, with respect to the elongated fin member. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more power receptacles includes an A/C power receptacle or a DC connector port that are disposed along the power module main body. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein each of the one or more power receptacles comprises: a plurality of AC receptacles and a plurality of DC connector ports that are positioned along the power module main body. 8. The device of claim 6, further comprising: a transformer that is positioned within the internal cavity, said transformer functioning to change an AC input voltage to a plurality of different output DC voltages. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the transformer is configured to sense a voltage requirement of an electronic device that is plugged into one of the plurality of DC connector ports and to automatically provide the required voltage to the one DC connector port. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the transformer is further configured to perform wireless charging of a portable electronic device. 11. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of ridges that are positioned along one or both of a first and second side surfaces of the body of the elongated fin member. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the body of the elongated fin member includes a generally wedge shape having a dimension that is suitable for being removably inserted vertically between two cushions of the furniture. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the body of the elongated fin member includes a central bend, said bend forming a generally right angle shape that is suitable for being removably positioned vertically along two sides of a cushion at a corner of the furniture. 14. The device of claim 1, further comprising: an upstanding lip that is disposed along one edge of the top wall, and wherein the body of the elongated fin member includes a generally wedge shape having a dimension that is suitable for being removably inserted horizontally between two cushions of the furniture. 15. The device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of ridges are constructed from rubber and are configured to prevent shifting of the elongated fin when in contact with a cushion of the furniture.",
-    "A cleaning device having a frame and an elongated strip of cleaning material wound into a roll rotatably mounted on a roller support. A slave roller having a core and a cylindrical tube disposed over the core is mounted to the frame so that the slave roller is spaced and parallel to the roll. A torsion spring is secured to and between the core and the tube so that, as the tube rotates relative to the core, the spring is wound. The strip of cleaning material is wound in between the roll and slave roller so that, upon rotation of the first roller in a first rotational direction, the cleaning material is unwound from the slave roller onto the roll while simultaneously winding the torsion spring. Upon disengagement of the first roller from the cleaning surface, the torsion spring rotatably drives the slave roller and rewinds the portion of the strip around the tube. 1. A cleaning device comprising: a frame having a roller support, an elongated strip of a cleaning material wound into a roll and rotatably mounted on said roller support, a slave roller having a core and a cylindrical tube disposed over said core, said core being selectively mounted against rotation so that said slave roller is spaced apart and parallel to said roll and a portion of said strip of cleaning material from said roll being wound around said tube of said slave roller, a torsion spring secured to and between said core and said tube, wherein rotation of said roll in a first rotational direction during contact with a surface winds said portion of said strip around said roll and simultaneously winds said torsion spring so that, upon disengagement of said roll from said surface, said torsion spring rotatably drives said slave roller and rewinds said portion of said strip around said tube. 2. The cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein said cleaning material comprises an adhesive roll. 3. The cleaning device defined in claim 1 and comprising a lock pin secured to and extending outwardly from said core of said slave roller, said lock pin registering with a spring clip mounted to said frame which prevents rotation of said core. 4. The cleaning device defined in claim 3 and comprising a handle mounted to said core which enables rotation of said core on said frame by deflecting said spring clip. 5. The cleaning device defined in claim 1 and comprising a clutch operatively coupled between said roll and said frame which permits limited rotation of said roll on said frame. 6. The cleaning device defined in claim 5 wherein said clutch permits only two rotations of said roll on said frame. 7. The cleaning device defined in claim 6 wherein said clutch comprises: a swing bar coaxially rotatably mounted to said first roller support, a pin mounted to said first roll, said pin extending longitudinally outward from said roll so that said pin contacts said swing bar during a full rotation of said roll, and a swing bar lock mounted to said frame which abuts against said swing bar at a predetermined rotational position of said roll. 8. The cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein said cleaning material comprises an absorbent material. 9. The cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein said roll comprises a roll support and said strip of cleaning material wound around said roll support.",
-    "Data analysis and management methods and systems for social networks are provided. First, specific data is received from a specific registered user of a social network system via a network. The specific data is processed with a data analysis procedure to obtain at least one contact information based on the specific data. Then, a connection with at least one target user who has not registered on the social network system is established according to the contact information. 1. A data analysis and management method for social networks for use in an electronic device, comprising: receiving specific data from a specific registered user of a social network system via a network; performing a data analysis procedure on the specific data to obtain at least one contact information based on the specific data; and establishing a connection with at least one target user who has not registered on the social network system according to the contact information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific user obtains the specific data by using an image capture unit, and the specific data comprises an image. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the data analysis procedure performs an image recognition process on the image to obtain at least a text, number, symbol, or figure in the image, and determines the contact information according to the text, number, symbol, or figure. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising recording at least one specific operation regarding the specific data performed by a plurality of candidate users of the social network system, wherein the specific operation comprises a collection, sharing, or commenting corresponding to the specific data. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: determining whether the number of the candidate users is greater than a predefined threshold value; and performing the data analysis procedure on the specific data when the number of the candidate users is greater than the predefined threshold value. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: determining whether the number of times corresponding to the performance of the specific operation is greater than a predefined number of times; performing the data analysis procedure on the specific data when the number of times corresponding to the performance of the specific operation is greater than the predefined number of times. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the contact information comprises a physical address, an email address, or a phone number, and an email message, a short message, or a physical mail is transmitted to the target user according to the contact information, so that a connection with the target user is established. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: creating a specific account according to the specific data; receiving a registration request for the social network system from the target user via a network; and designating the specific account for the target user in response to the registration request. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising: receiving a registration request for the social network system from the target user via a network; and providing information corresponding to the candidate users, or information about the specific operation regarding the specific data generated by the candidate users to the target user in response to the registration request. 10. A data analysis and management system for social networks for use in an electronic device, comprising: a network connecting unit receiving specific data from a specific registered user of a social network system via a network; a storage unit storing the specific data; and a processing unit performing a data analysis procedure on the specific data to obtain at least one contact information based on the specific data, and establishing a connection with at least one target user who has not registered on the social network system according to the contact information. 11. A machine-readable storage medium comprising a computer program, which, when executed, causes a device to perform a data analysis and management method for social networks, wherein the method comprises: receiving specific data from a specific registered user of a social network system via a network; performing a data analysis procedure on the specific data to obtain at least one contact information based on the specific data; and establishing a connection with at least one target user who has not registered on the social network system according to the contact information.",
-    "A prosthesis may include a stem, a ball stud, an adaptor, and a head. The stem may include a longitudinal axis and a bore having a central axis that is angled relative to the longitudinal axis. The ball stud may include a cylindrical shaft and a ball end. The cylindrical shaft may be received in the bore of the stem. The adaptor may include a tapered outer surface and a ball socket rotatably receiving the ball end of the stud. The head may be rotatably supported by the adaptor and may include a semispherical articulating surface and a female taper rotatably receiving the tapered outer surface of the adaptor. 1. (canceled) 2. A shoulder prosthesis comprising: a stem having a longitudinal axis, a proximal face and a first bore formed in the proximal face; an adaptor including: a collar having a male taper formed thereon, and a ball stud having a shank segment, a divided ball segment, and a second bore formed therein; and a head configured to be rotatably supported by the adaptor; wherein the head is positionable relative to the stem through rotation of the adaptor relative to the stem for adjusting at least one of an angular inclination and a radial offset of the head. 3. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein in an assembled state, the first bore of the stem receives the shank segment of the ball stud and the collar rotatably receives and is supported by the divided ball segment of the ball stud. 4. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein in an assembled state, the second bore of the ball stud receives a fastener for fixedly securing the collar in a fixed relationship to the divided ball segment of the ball stud. 5. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein in an assembled state, an axis of rotation of the ball stud and an axis of rotation of the collar are eccentric. 6. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein the adaptor includes a plurality of indicia for indicating a degree of adjustment of the radial offset. 7. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein the head includes a plurality of indicia for indicating alignment of the radial offset. 8. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein a relative position of the adaptor within the head provides the radial offset between an axis of rotation of the head and an axis of rotation of the adaptor for selective radial adjustment of the head relative to the longitudinal axis of the stem. 9. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 2, wherein the adaptor includes an aperture formed at an angle relative to a central axis of the collar. 10. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 9, wherein in an assembled state, the first bore in the proximal face of the stem receives the shank segment. 11. A shoulder prosthesis comprising: a stem having a longitudinal axis, a proximal face and a first bore formed in the proximal face; an adaptor including a ball stud having a shank segment, a divided ball segment having a second bore formed therein, a ring having a bearing surface for rotatably supporting the ring on the ball segment and a tapered outer surface, and a fastener configured to be disposed in the second bore for selectively securing the ring to the ball stud in a fixed orientation; and a head configured to be rotatably supported by the adaptor; wherein the head is positionable relative to the stem through rotation of the ring about the ball stud for adjusting at least one of an angular inclination and a radial offset of the head. 12. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 11, wherein the adaptor includes a plurality of indicia for indicating a degree of adjustment of the at least one of the angular inclination and the radial offset. 13. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 11, wherein the head includes a plurality of indicia for indicating alignment of the at least one of the angular inclination and the radial offset. 14. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 11, wherein in an assembled state, an axis of rotation of the ball stud and an axis of rotation of the ring are eccentric. 15. shoulder prosthesis of claim 11, wherein in an assembled state, a central axis of the first bore and an axis of rotation of the ball stud are concentric. 16. A shoulder prosthesis comprising: a stem having a rod portion and a proximal face; a humeral head having an articulation surface and a bottom face opposite the articulation surface; and an adaptor configured to be interposed between the proximal face of the stem and the bottom surface of the humeral head, the adaptor being relatively positionable on the stem to provide a first adjustment and relatively positionable on the head to provide a second adjustment so as to couple the head to the stem in a fixed orientation within a range of orientations defined by the first and second adjustments, the adaptor including a ball segment having a bore formed therein and a ring having a bearing surface for rotatably supporting the ring on the ball segment, wherein the head is positionable relative to the stem through rotation of the ring about the ball segment to effect an angular inclination of the head relative to the stem. 17. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 16, wherein the adaptor is configured to be eccentrically coupled to the stem such that relative angular positioning of the adaptor on the stem will effect a first radial offset, and the adaptor is configured to be eccentrically coupled to the head such that relative angular positioning of the adaptor on the head will effect a second radial offset. 18. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 16, wherein the range of orientations is a 0-10 mm radial offset. 19. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 16, wherein in a first assembled state, the adaptor can be coupled to the stem in a first angled orientation such that relative angular positioning of the adaptor on the stem will effect a first angular inclination, and in a second assembled state, the adaptor can be coupled to the head in a second angled orientation such that relative angular positioning of the adaptor on the head will effect a second angular inclination. 20. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 19, wherein the range of orientations is a 0-10 degree angular inclination. 21. The shoulder prosthesis of claim 16, wherein in an assembled state, an axis of rotation of the ball segment and an axis of rotation of the ring are eccentric such that relative positioning of the ring on the ball segment effects a radial offset of the head relative to the stem.",
-    "A vehicle seating assembly comprises a seat having a lower seat and a seatback extending upwardly from the lower seat. The seatback comprises a forward facing surface, a rearward facing surface, a headrest mounted on an upper portion of the seatback and received within a headrest cup disposed on the forward facing surface of the seatback, a speaker assembly mounted in the headrest cup, and a resonance cavity formed proximate the headrest cup within which the speaker assembly is received. 1. (canceled) 2. A vehicle seating assembly for a motor vehicle having a lower seat and a seatback extending upwardly from the lower seat, the seatback comprising a forward facing surface, a rearward facing surface, a headrest mounted on an upper portion of the seatback and received within a headrest cup disposed on the forward facing surface of the seatback, a speaker assembly mounted in the headrest cup, and a resonance cavity formed proximate the headrest cup within which the speaker assembly is received, the resonance cavity further comprising an upper opening that opens into the headrest cup disposed on a lower portion of the headrest cup, the upper opening receiving the speaker assembly, and a passive radiator disposed on a rearward side of the resonance cavity. 3. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, wherein the upper opening comprises a pair of speaker openings arranged in side-by-side relation on the lower portion of the headrest cup and the speaker assembly comprises a pair of speakers each received within one of the pair of speaker openings. 4. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 3, wherein a headrest cup speaker grill is disposed above the speaker openings and below the headrest, and a forward facing gap is provided between the headrest cup speaker grill and a lower portion of the headrest. 5. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 4, wherein the headrest cup speaker grill is comprised of a thin gauge perforated metal mesh. 6. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 5, wherein the perforated metal mesh is comprised of aluminum mesh having a thickness of 0.005 inch. 7. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, wherein the resonance cavity further comprises a rearward facing opening in which the passive radiator disposed on a rearward side of the resonance cavity is received. 8. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 7, wherein the upper opening comprises a pair of speaker openings arranged in side-by-side relation on the lower portion of the headrest cup and the speaker assembly comprises a pair of speakers each received within one of the pair of speaker openings, and the rearward facing opening comprises a pair of passive radiator openings arranged in side-by-side relation within which each one of a pair of the passive radiators is received. 9. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 8, wherein each of the pair of passive radiators comprise a circular elastomeric diaphragm. 10. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, wherein the resonance cavity is completely enclosed. 11. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, further comprising a forward facing gap between the speaker assembly and a lower portion of the headrest. 12. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, wherein the headrest cup is formed as a polymeric shell mounted within and on the forward facing surface of the seatback and the headrest is removably mounted within the headrest cup. 13. A seatback for a motor vehicle comprising a forward facing surface, a rearward facing surface, a headrest disposed on an upper portion of the seatback and received within a headrest cup formed on the forward facing surface of the seatback, a speaker assembly mounted in the headrest cup, and a resonance cavity formed proximate the headrest cup within which the speaker assembly is received. 14. The vehicle seating of claim 13, wherein a forward facing gap is provided between the speaker assembly and a lower portion of the headrest. 15. The vehicle seating of claim 14, wherein the resonance cavity is enclosed and comprises a pair of speaker openings arranged in side-by-side relation on the lower portion of the headrest cup and the speaker assembly comprises a pair of speakers each received within one of the pair of speaker openings, the resonance cavity further comprising a pair of passive radiator openings arranged in side-by-side relation within which each one of a pair of the passive radiators is received. 16. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 15, wherein each of the pair of passive radiators comprise a circular elastomeric diaphragm. 17. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, wherein a headrest cup speaker grill comprised of a thin gauge perforated metal mesh is disposed above the speaker opening and below the headrest. 18. A vehicle seating assembly for a motor vehicle having a lower seat and a seatback extending upwardly from the lower seat, the seatback comprising a forward facing surface, a rearward facing surface, a headrest mounted on an upper portion of the seatback and received within a headrest cup disposed on the forward facing surface of the seatback, a pair of speakers mounted in the headrest cup, and a resonance cavity formed proximate the headrest cup within which the pair of speakers is received, the resonance cavity forming an enclosed volume and comprising a pair of speaker openings arranged in side-by-side relation on a lower portion of the headrest cup, wherein one each of the pair of speakers is received within one of the pair of speaker openings, the resonance cavity further comprising a pair of rearward facing passive radiator openings arranged in side-by-side relation within which each receive one of a pair of passive radiators. 19. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 2, wherein the headrest cup is formed as a polymeric shell mounted within and on the forward facing surface of the seatback and the headrest is removably mounted within the headrest cup. 20. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 18, wherein a forward facing gap is provided between the speaker openings and a lower portion of the headrest.",
-    "A speaker includes a vibration system including a vibrating diaphragm and a flat voice coil for driving the vibrating diaphragm; a magnetic circuit system including a first magnet group, a second magnet group and a third magnet group, lined up in turn along the vibration direction of the vibration system; and a housing for accommodating the vibrational system and the magnetic circuit system. The first magnet group includes a first magnet and the second magnet with opposite magnetic poles thereof faced each other. The second magnet group includes a third magnet and a fourth magnet with N-pole of the third magnet close to S-pole of the fourth magnet. The third magnet group includes a fifth magnet and a sixth magnet with opposite magnetic poles thereof faced each other. 1. A speaker, comprising: a vibration system including a vibrating diaphragm and a flat voice coil for driving the vibrating diaphragm; a magnetic circuit system including a first magnet group, a second magnet group and a third magnet group, lined up in turn along the vibration direction of the vibration system, the first magnet group including a first magnet and the second magnet with opposite magnetic poles thereof faced each other, the second magnet group including a third magnet and a fourth magnet with N-pole of the third magnet close to S-pole of the fourth magnet; the third magnet group including a fifth magnet and a sixth magnet with opposite magnetic poles thereof faced each other; a housing for accommodating the vibrational system and the magnetic circuit system; a magnetic gap formed by the gap between the first magnet and the second magnet, the gap between the third magnet and the fourth magnet, and the gap between the fifth magnet and the sixth magnet, for partially receiving the flat voice coil. 2. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a front opening for assembling the vibrating diaphragm and a rear opening corresponding to and communicating with the front opening. 3. The speaker according to claim 2 further including a front cover for the front opening and a rear cover for the rear opening, and an edge of the vibrating diaphragm is fixed between the front cover and the housing. 4. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the vibrating diaphragm includes a suspension with a periphery thereof fixed on the housing, and a center dome top connected to the suspension. 5. The speaker according to claim 4, wherein the flat voice coil includes a voice coil wire in flat and annular shape and a coil bracket with one end fixed on the center dome top. 6. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the first magnet group, the second magnet group, and the third magnet group are fixed respectively on the inner surface of the housing. 7. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the third magnet is located between the first magnet and the fifth magnet; the fourth magnet is located between the second magnet and the sixth magnet; The magnetic pole of the first magnet close to the second magnet and the magnetic pole of the fifth magnet close to the sixth magnet are opposite to each other. 8. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the second magnet group is magnetized along the vibration direction of the vibration system; the first magnet group and the third magnet group are magnetized along a direction vertical to the vibration direction of the vibration system. 9. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the first magnet group, the second magnet group and the third magnet group are separated from each other.",
-    "A content synchronization apparatus is provided. The content synchronization apparatus includes a communication unit configured to communicate with a device that the content synchronization apparatus can synchronize content with, a control unit configured to, in response to a synchronization command to share current content being played by the device being received, share the current content by acquiring the current content and state information corresponding to the current content through the communication unit, synchronize the current content with the device using the current content and the state information, and configure a display screen based on the results of the synchronization of the current content with the device, and an output unit configured to display the configured display screen. 1. A content synchronization apparatus, comprising: a communication unit configured to communicate with a device with which the content synchronization apparatus synchronizes content; a control unit configured to share content being played by the device by acquiring the content and state information corresponding with the content through the communication unit, synchronize the content with the device using the content and the state information, and configure a display screen based on the results of the synchronization of the content; and an output unit configured to display the configured display screen. 2. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit acquires an augmented reality information corresponding with the content from the device, and, in response to augmented reality information that can interact with the user of the content synchronization apparatus being selected from the acquired augmented reality information, performs a predefined operation corresponding to the selected augmented reality information. 3. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a storage unit configured to store user profile information corresponding to the user of the content synchronization apparatus, user preference information corresponding to the user of the content synchronization apparatus, or a combination thereof, wherein the control unit selects and displays the personalized augmented reality information from the acquired augmented reality information using the user profile information, the user preference information, or a combination thereof and configures a display screen including the content and the selected personalized augmented reality information. 4. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit acquires content metadata corresponding with the content from the device and acquires the content from another device than the device using the content metadata, the content metadata being used to search for the content. 5. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 4, wherein the content metadata comprises a web address corresponding to the content, broadcast channel information corresponding to a broadcast channel from which the content can be received, or a combination thereof. 6. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 5, further comprising an image acquisition unit configured to capture an image, wherein the control unit in a case in which the reception of the synchronization command in response to an image being captured by the image acquisition unit, acquires content metadata corresponding to the content by analyzing the captured image. 7. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 2, wherein the communication unit communicates with an augmented reality (AR) supporting server, which provides augmented reality information corresponding a plurality of content items, and the control unit acquires additional augmented reality information corresponding to the content from the AR supporting server using acquired content metadata and configures the display screen by rendering the additional augmented reality information with the content. 8. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 2, wherein the acquired augmented reality information comprises playback control information for controlling the playback of the content, and the control unit, in response to reception of a user input signal for selecting the playback control information, controls the playback of the content. 9. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit executes an application that can interact with the user of the content synchronization apparatus in parallel with the synchronization of the content. 10. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 9, wherein the application that can interact with the user of the content synchronization apparatus comprises an internet search application, a social networking application, or a combination thereof. 11. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 2, wherein the control unit, in response to reception of a synchronization command to share content being played by the content synchronization apparatus with the device, transmits the content being played by the content synchronization apparatus and state information and augmented reality information corresponding to the content being played by the content synchronization apparatus to the device. 12. The content synchronization apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit is further configured to detect the device within a synchronization range of the content synchronization apparatus and control the communication unit to access the device. 13. A content synchronization method, comprising: receiving a synchronization command to share content being played by a device; sharing the content by acquiring the content and state information corresponding to the content; and synchronizing the content with the device using the content and the state information. 14. The content synchronization method of claim 13, further comprising: acquiring content metadata corresponding to the content from the device; and directly acquiring the content from another device other than the device using the content metadata. 15. The content synchronization method of claim 14, wherein the directly acquiring the content comprises, in response to the content being real-time broadcast content, acquiring the content by receiving the real-time broadcast content from a broadcast network using the content metadata. 16. The content synchronization method of claim 13, further comprising acquiring an augmented reality information corresponding to the content from the device, wherein the synchronizing the content comprises synchronizing the content with the device using the content, the state information, and the augmented reality information. 17. The content synchronization method of claim 16, wherein the personalized augmented reality information is selected based on user profile information, user preference information, or a combination thereof. 18. The content synchronization method of claim 16, wherein the augmented reality information comprises playback control information for controlling the playback of the content and the content synchronization method further comprises, in response to reception of a user input signal for selecting the playback control information, controlling the playback of the content. 19. The content synchronization method of claim 13, further comprising, in parallel with the synchronizing the content, executing an application that can be interacted with by the user. 20. The content synchronization method of claim 13, further comprising, in response to reception of a synchronization command to share the content with another device, transmitting the content and state information and an augmented reality information corresponding to the content to the another device.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, an intermediary transfer member, a plurality of stretching members, a transfer member, a constant-voltage element, a voltage source, an obtaining portion for obtaining information on an image ratio of a toner image formed on the image bearing member, a voltage controller for controlling the voltage source so that a first voltage is applied to the transfer member in a period in which primary transfer of the toner image is executed and secondary transfer of the toner image is not executed and so that a second voltage larger than the first voltage is applied to the transfer member in a period in which the secondary transfer of the toner image is executed, and an adjusting portion for adjusting the first voltage on the basis of the information obtained by the obtaining portion. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member for bearing a toner image; an intermediary transfer member for carrying the toner image primary-transferred from said image bearing member at a primary transfer position; a plurality of stretching members for stretching said intermediary transfer member in contact with an inner peripheral surface of said intermediary transfer member; a transfer member, urged from an outer peripheral surface of said intermediary transfer member toward said intermediary transfer member, for secondary-transferring the toner image from said intermediary transfer member onto a recording material at a secondary transfer position; a constant-voltage element, electrically connected between said intermediary transfer member and a ground potential, for maintaining a predetermined voltage by a flow of a current therethrough; a voltage source for applying a voltage to said transfer member so as to form a secondary transfer electric field at the secondary transfer position and a primary transfer electric field at the primary transfer position; an obtaining portion for obtaining information on an image ratio of the toner image formed on said image bearing member; a voltage controller for controlling said voltage source so that a first voltage is applied to said transfer member in a period in which primary transfer of the toner image is executed and secondary transfer of the toner image is not executed and so that a second voltage larger than the first voltage is applied to said transfer member in a period in which the secondary transfer of the toner image is executed; and an adjusting portion for adjusting the first voltage on the basis of the information obtained by said obtaining portion. 2. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said adjusting portion adjusts an absolute value of the first voltage at a first image ratio so as to be larger than that at a second image ratio smaller than the first image ratio. 3. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said adjusting portion adjusts the first voltage so that said constant-voltage element maintains the predetermined voltage. 4. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said intermediary transfer belt is an endless belt. 5. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said constant-voltage element is a Zener diode or a varistor. 6. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said intermediary transfer member has a multi-layer structure in which an electric resistance of a surface layer is higher than an electric resistance of another layer.",
-    "Aspects described herein improve upon systems and methods for generalising topographical map data relating to the road network for use at different scale levels. Existing systems collapse the two carriageways of a dual carriageway to a single centreline representing the dual carriageway by tracking along one way sections of carriageway and generating pairs of carriageways for collapse, but fall short of being able to compute complicated intersections. Further, existing methods place heavy demands on processing power and are not suitable for change only refreshes. Aspects described herein use graph theory to create a tracked network of stroke type objects representing the length of single carriageway sections of dual carriageways, and then successfully pairs them such that they can be collapsed to a centre line and connected to the road network. The process reduces computation time, thereby speeding the rendering process for map imagery. 1. A method comprising: creating, by analysing geographic information system data relating to single direction carriageways contained in a section of existing topographical map data showing a road network, a directed graph of edges and nodes representing said carriageways, defining paths through the directed graph, each path representing a section of a carriageway, and each path comprising: one or more edges of the graph, end nodes; and a unique path identifier; defining the pairs of paths which represent dual carriageway pairs; creating centre lines between the paths within dual pairs; merging the defined dual carriageway paths to respective centre lines which each represent a dual carriageway, wherein merging is carried out at points where the distance between paths is below a predefined threshold, the threshold being defined based on a scale of a map to be created; and connecting the ends of the centre lines to the road network in the topographical map data to create the map as a collapsed dual map. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting edges into the graph connecting the end nodes of pairs of paths. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein inserting edges comprises first inserting edges between pairs of nodes each connected to only one edge, wherein the condition that the inter-node distance is smaller than a first predefined limit is satisfied. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein inserting edges further comprises inserting edges linking pairs of nodes connected to only one edge in which the inter-node distance does not satisfy the first predefined limit, but satisfies a second predefined limit. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting edges further comprises: defining triple edge nodes that have three edges, two of which share a path identifier and define a common path, as belonging to a first type or second type, wherein the first type has a third edge which crosses the common path, and the second type has a third edge which does not cross the common path; and inserting edges between nodes of the same first or second type wherein the internode distance satisfies a third predefined limit, and the shared path identifier is the same at both nodes of a pair. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: inserting edges between pairs of nodes, wherein the pairs include a node of the first type and a node of the second type, and the inter-node distance satisfies a fourth predefined limit, and the shared path identifier is different at each of the nodes in a pair. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein creating the directed graph is carried out in response to a change being registered in the topographical map data. 8. A device, comprising: a display; a communications interface; a processor controlling operations of the device; and memory storing computer readable instructions that, when executed by the processor, configure the device to perform: generating a graphical user interface for output on the display, said graphical user interface comprising: a map portion selection input, arranged for selecting a portion of an existing topographic map to be displayed on the display, and a zoom level selection input, arranged to receive user input for a desired zoom level of the map portion to be displayed on the display; communicating, via the communications interface, a request for the selected map portion and selected zoom level to a map generator; and receiving, via the communications interface, requested new map data generated by the map generator in response to the request; and displaying the new map data on the display, wherein the new map data comprises map data having merged dual carriageway paths with respective centre lines which each represent a dual carriageway, wherein the ends of the centre lines are connected to the road network in the topographical map data to create a collapsed dual map, and wherein the merging is carried out at points where the distance between paths is below a predefined threshold, the threshold being defined based on a scale of the topographic map. 9. A system, comprising: a communications interface; one or more processors arranged to control operation of the system; and memory storing topographic map data including road network data and single carriageway data, and further storing computer readable instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, configure the system to perform: receiving one or more requests for map data from a user device via the communications interface; executing a pairing module to: extract the requested map data from the computer readable map memory module, construct a directed graph formed of nodes and edges representing single direction carriageway data in the road network data, define paths corresponding to single carriageways from the edges, and define one or more dual carriageway pairs of paths, which represent dual carriageways; and executing a collapsing module to: create a centre line for each dual carriageway pair, merge paths to the centre line at points where the distance between paths is below a predefined threshold; generating new map data incorporating the created centre-lines; and sending, via the communications interface, the new map data for transmission to the user device, for display by the user device. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the pairing module is arranged to create connection edges within the graph between end nodes of pairs of paths. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the pairing module is arranged to create connection edges based on the proximity of end nodes in the graph. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein creating connection edges further comprises: defining triple edge nodes that have three edges, two of which share a path number and define a common path, as belonging to a first type or second type, wherein the first type has a third edge which crosses the common path, and the second type has a third edge which does not cross the common path; and inserting edges between nodes of the same first or second type wherein the internode distance satisfies a third predefined limit, and the shared path number is the same at both nodes of a pair. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein creating connection edges further comprises: inserting edges between pairs of nodes, wherein the pairs include a node of the first type and a node of the second type, and the inter-node distance satisfies a fourth predefined limit, and the shared path identifier is different at each of the nodes in a pair. 14. The system of claim 9, further comprising a user device arranged to display map data, the user device comprising: a graphical user interface having a zoom selection tool for selecting a zoom level, wherein the user device is arranged to send a request for map data when the zoom selection tool is adjusted to display a zoom level lower than a predetermined threshold, and further arranged to display the new map data created by the map server. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the operations of the pairing module and the collapsing module are executed in response to a change being registered in road network data of the stored topographic map data. 16. A computing device, comprising: one or more processors controlling operations of the device; a display, arranged to display topographic map data and a graphical user interface; and memory storing topographical map data including road network data and single carriageway data, and further storing computer readable instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, configure the device to perform: displaying the graphical user interface comprising a zoom level controller arranged to control the magnification of the map data displayed on the display; in response to receiving user input adjusting the zoom level controller: executing a pairing module to: extract the requested map data from the computer readable map memory module, construct a directed graph formed of nodes and edges representing single direction carriageway data in the road network data, define paths corresponding to single carriageways from the edges, and define one or more divided highway pairs of paths, which represent divided highways; and executing a collapsing module to: create a centre line for each divided highway pair, and merge paths to the centre line at points where the distance between paths is below a predefined threshold, thereby creating new map data; and displaying the new map data on the display. 17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the pairing module is further executed to insert edges into the graph connecting the end nodes of pairs of paths. 18. The computing device of claim 17, wherein inserting edges comprises first inserting edges between pairs of nodes each connected to only one edge, wherein the condition that the inter-node distance is smaller than a first predefined limit is satisfied. 19. The computing device of claim 17, wherein inserting edges further comprises inserting edges linking pairs of nodes connected to only one edge in which the inter-node distance does not satisfy the first predefined limit, but satisfies a second predefined limit. 20. The computing device of claim 17, wherein inserting edges further comprises: defining triple edge nodes that have three edges, two of which share a path identifier and define a common path, as belonging to a first type or second type, wherein the first type has a third edge which crosses the common path, and the second type has a third edge which does not cross the common path; and inserting edges between nodes of the same first or second type wherein the internode distance satisfies a third predefined limit, and the shared path identifier is the same at both nodes of a pair.",
-    "An exemplary electrified vehicle assembly includes a charging system having a luminescent portion. The charging system is configured to electrically couple together a charging station and an electrified vehicle. 1. An electrified vehicle assembly, comprising: a charging system having a luminescent portion, the charging system configured to electrically couple together a charging station and an electrified vehicle. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the luminescent portion is within a charging port of the electrified vehicle. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the luminescent portion is within a charging plug of a charging station. 4. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the luminescent portion is within a terminal region of the charging plug. 5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the terminal region comprises an outer surround and at least one terminal surround extending from a floor, the outer surround and the at least one terminal surround including a higher percentage of a luminescent resin than the floor. 6. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the luminescent portion is covered when the charging plug is electrically coupled to a charging port of the electrified vehicle, and at least a portion of the luminescent portion is uncovered when the charging plug is electrically decoupled from the charging port. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein a floor of the terminal region includes a first percentage of luminescent resin and a terminal surround of the terminal region includes a second, different percentage of luminescent resin. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the first percentage of luminescent resin included in the floor is nominally zero. 9. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the luminescent portion comprises a molded luminescent resin. 10. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a bezel having a luminescent resin that surrounds at least a portion of a charging port of an electrified vehicle. 11. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a cable connecting a charging plug of the charging system to another portion of the charging station, wherein the cable includes a luminescent portion. 12. A method of coupling an electrified vehicle to an external charging station, comprising: aligning a charging plug relative to a charging port using a luminescent portion of the charging port, the charging plug, or both; and moving the charging plug from an electrically decoupled position with the charging port to an electrically coupled position with the charging port. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the luminescent portion is within the charging port of the electrified vehicle. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the luminescent portion is within the charging plug of a charging station. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the luminescent portion is within a terminal region of the charging plug. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein a floor of the terminal region is less luminescent than a terminal surround of the terminal region. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the luminescent portion comprises a molded luminescent resin. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the luminescent portion is hidden when the charging plug is in the electrically coupled position with the charging port, and the luminescent portion is visible when the charging plug is in the electrically decoupled position with the charging port.",
-    "A vehicle seating assembly has a seat having a lower seat and a seatback extending upwardly from the lower seat. The lower seat comprises a cushion frame assembly connected to a vehicle floor and a cushion leg jounce bracket comprising a base and a paddle connected with the cushion frame assembly. The paddle extends upwardly and forwardly to form a vertical gap between a distal end of the paddle and a forward portion of the cushion frame assembly to provide independent and resilient support for an occupant's thighs. A cushion foam assembly is disposed above and is attached to the cushion frame, a forward portion of the cushion foam assembly being supported by the paddle of the cushion leg jounce bracket. 1. A vehicle seating assembly for a motor vehicle having a lower seat and a seatback extending upwardly from the lower seat, the lower seat comprising: a cushion frame assembly connected to a vehicle floor; a cushion leg jounce bracket comprising a base and a paddle connected with the cushion frame assembly, the paddle extending upwardly and forwardly to form a vertical gap between a distal end of the paddle and a forward portion of the cushion frame assembly to provide independent and resilient support for an occupant's thighs; and a cushion foam assembly disposed above and attached to the cushion frame, a forward portion of the cushion foam assembly being supported by the paddle of the cushion leg jounce bracket. 2. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 1, wherein the cushion frame assembly is connected to the vehicle floor through a seat mounting rail assembly, the track assembly being adapted to allow the vehicle seating assembly to be adjusted in forward and rearward directions relative to the vehicle. 3. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 1, wherein the cushion frame assembly further comprises a cushion pan that forms the forward portion of the cushion frame assembly, and the cushion leg jounce bracket is attached to a rear portion of the cushion pan. 4. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 3, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket is attached to the rear portion of the cushion pan about longitudinally midway on the cushion frame assembly. 5. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 3, wherein the cushion pan is pivotably and adjustably mounted to the cushion frame assembly by a pair of pivots located on either side of the cushion frame assembly, whereby the cushion pan may be pivotally adjusted relative the cushion frame assembly. 6. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 3, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket comprises a base attached to a rear portion of the cushion pan. 7. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 1, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket forms a pair of curved, cantilevered paddles symmetrically disposed along either side of a longitudinal centerline of the vehicle seating assembly, and a notch separates each of the paddles along the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle seating assembly. 8. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 7, wherein each of the paddles is about 150 mm wide transverse to the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle. 9. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 7, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket is formed as a single molded component. 10. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 7, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket is formed from two symmetrical paddles arranged on either side of the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle seating assembly. 11. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 1, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket is formed from glass-filled injection molded nylon having a thickness of about between 2.5 and 3.5 mm. 12. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 8, wherein an underside of the cushion foam assembly is fabricated with a wear resistant surface material in the areas where relative movement between the paddles of the cushion leg jounce bracket and the underside of the cushion foam assembly will occur. 13. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 1, the cushion frame assembly further comprising a suspension system disposed within a rear portion of the cushion frame assembly and beneath and juxtaposed with the cushion foam assembly disposed above for support of an occupant, wherein the suspension system comprises variable tension springs mounted to the cushion frame assembly such that tension applied to the variable tension springs can be adjusted. 14. A seat assembly for a motor vehicle comprising: a cushion frame assembly; a cushion leg jounce bracket connected with the cushion frame assembly and extending upwardly and forwardly to form a vertical gap between a distal end of the cushion leg jounce bracket and a forward portion of the cushion frame assembly; and a forward portion of a cushion foam assembly disposed above and being supported by the cushion leg jounce bracket. 15. The seat assembly of claim 14, wherein the cushion leg jounce bracket forms a pair of curved, cantilevered paddles symmetrically disposed along either side of a longitudinal centerline of the seat assembly, and a notch separates each of the paddles along the longitudinal centerline of the seat assembly. 16. The seat assembly of claim 14, wherein the cushion frame assembly further comprises a cushion pan that forms the forward portion of the cushion frame assembly, and the cushion leg jounce bracket is attached to a rear portion of the cushion pan at about longitudinally midway on the cushion frame assembly. 17. The seat assembly of claim 16, wherein the cushion pan is pivotably mounted to the cushion frame assembly by a pair of pivots located on either side of the cushion frame assembly, whereby the cushion pan is pivotally adjusted relative the cushion frame assembly. 18. A vehicle seating assembly for a motor vehicle having a lower seat and a seatback extending upwardly from the lower seat, the lower seat comprising: a cushion frame assembly connected to a vehicle floor; a cushion leg jounce bracket connected with the cushion frame assembly, the cushion leg jounce bracket comprising a base, a pair of curved, cantilevered paddles symmetrically disposed along either side of a longitudinal centerline of the vehicle seating assembly, and a notch separating each of the paddles along the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle seating assembly, the pair of paddles extending upwardly and forwardly to form a vertical gap between a distal end of each of the paddles and a forward portion of the cushion frame assembly to provide independent and resilient support for an occupant's thighs; and a cushion foam assembly disposed above and attached to the cushion frame assembly, a forward portion of the cushion foam assembly being supported by the pair of paddles of the cushion leg jounce bracket. 19. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 18, wherein the cushion frame assembly further comprises a cushion pan that forms the forward portion of the cushion frame assembly, and the cushion leg jounce bracket comprises a base attached to a rear portion of the cushion pan. 20. The vehicle seating assembly of claim 19, wherein the cushion pan is pivotably mounted to the cushion frame assembly by a pair of pivots located on either side of the cushion frame assembly, whereby the cushion pan is pivotally adjusted relative the cushion frame assembly.",
-    "Silicone nanoemulsions that include alkylene glycol alkyl ethers. Treatment compositions that include such silicone nanoemulsions. Methods of making such nanoemulsions and treatment compositions. 1. An amino silicone nanoemulsion comprising: a. one or more liquid amino silicone compounds represented by formula (1) below: where each R is an alkyl group or a phenyl group with 1-10 carbon atoms, wherein each R\u2032 is an alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a monovalent group represented by formula (2) below, or a monovalent group represented by the formula: \u2014OR3, where R3 is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group with 1-10 carbon atoms; m is a whole number from 50-1000, n is a whole number from 1-100, A is a monovalent group represented by formula (2) below: \u2014R1\u2014(NH\u2014R2)a-NH2 (2) where R1 and R2 are divalent hydrocarbon groups with 1-10 carbon atoms; a is a whole number from 0-4; b. an internal phase diluent comprising a C3-C6 alkylene glycol alkyl ether; c. a surfactant system; and d. a protonating agent. 2. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the nanoemulsion is from about 20 nm to about 500 nm. 3. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the nanoemulsion is from about 50 nm to about 150 nm. 4. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the C3-C6 alkylene glycol alkyl ether is selected from the group consisting of a monopropylene glycol alkyl ether, a dipropylene glycol alkyl ether, a tripropylene glycol alkyl ether, and mixtures thereof. 5. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 4, wherein the C3-C6 alkylene glycol alkyl ether is selected from the group consisting of a monopropylene glycol n-butyl ether, a dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, a tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, and mixtures thereof. 6. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 5, wherein the C3-C6 alkylene glycol alkyl ether is a monopropylene glycol n-butyl ether. 7. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the C3-C6 alkylene glycol alkyl ether comprises C3-C6 alkylene glycol C1-C12 alkyl ether. 8. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 7, wherein the C3-C6 alkylene glycol alkyl ether comprises C3-C6 alkylene glycol C1-C4 alkyl ether. 9. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant system comprises a surfactant selected from nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, zwitterionic surfactant, ampholytic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant, and mixtures thereof. 10. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 9, wherein the surfactant system comprises nonionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, or mixtures thereof. 11. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 10, wherein the surfactant system consists of nonionic surfactant. 12. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 11, wherein the nonionic surfactant comprises at least a first nonionic surfactant and a second nonionic surfactant. 13. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 12, wherein the first nonionic surfactant is characterized by a first HLB value, wherein the second nonionic surfactant is characterized by a second HLB value, and wherein the amino silicone is characterized by a third HLB value that is between the first HLB value and the second HLB value. 14. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 13, wherein the nonionic surfactant is an alkoxylated alcohol. 15. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the protonating agent is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and mixtures thereof. 16. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 15, wherein the protonating agent is acetic acid. 17. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the nanoemulsion comprises from about 15% to about 60%, by weight of the nanoemulsion, of the amino silicone. 18. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the nanoemulsion comprises from about 10% to about 50%, by weight of the amino silicone, of the internal phase diluent. 19. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the amino silicone nanoemulsion is substantially free of a silicone resin. 20. An amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the amino silicone nanoemulsion is characterized by a Percentage Transmittance (% T) of at least about 80% at 480 nm. 21. A method of making an amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: mixing the amino silicone with the internal phase diluent to form a first composition; adding the surfactant system, the protonating agent, and water to the first composition; and mixing. 22. A method of making an amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 21, wherein the mixing uses an energy density of less than about 4 kW/m3. 23. A treatment composition comprising the nanoemulsion of claim 1. 24. A method of making a treatment composition comprising the nanoemulsion of claim 1, comprising the steps of: providing a base composition; mixing in the amino silicone nanoemulsion of claim 1.",
-    "A position-measuring device includes a first scale and a second scale, which are arranged end-to-end to extend across a measurement range, as well as a scanning unit having a light source configured to emit a light beam. The first scale includes a reflective phase grating having first periodic marks which diffract an incident light beam into a predetermined diffraction order with a first diffraction efficiency. The second scale includes a reflective phase grating having second periodic marks that differ in shape from the first periodic marks. A reflectivity of the phase grating of the second scale is reduced compared to a reflectivity of the phase grating of the first scale to such an extent that the phase grating of the second scale diffracts the incident light beam into the predetermined diffraction order with the first diffraction efficiency. 1. A position-measuring device, comprising: at least one first scale and at least one second scale, which are arranged end-to-end to form an enlarged measurement range; and a scanning unit having a light source configured to emit a light beam, wherein the first scale includes a reflective phase grating having first periodic marks which diffract an incident light beam into a predetermined diffraction order with a first diffraction efficiency, and wherein the second scale includes a reflective phase grating having second periodic marks that differ in shape from the first periodic marks, a reflectivity of the phase grating of the second scale being reduced compared to a reflectivity of the phase grating of the first scale to such an extent that the phase grating of the second scale diffracts the incident light beam into the predetermined diffraction order with the first diffraction efficiency. 2. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the reflectivity of the phase grating of the second scale is reduced by 5% to 20% compared to the reflectivity of the phase grating of the first scale. 3. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the phase grating of the first scale and the phase grating of the second scale are each adapted to suppress the zeroth diffraction order. 4. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the predetermined diffraction order is the first diffraction order. 5. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the first scale and the second scale each have a layer stack comprising a transparent spacer layer disposed between two reflectors, a first one of the reflectors of the first scale that faces the scanning unit forming the first periodic marks, and a first one of the reflectors of the second scale that faces the scanning unit forming the second periodic marks. 6. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 5, wherein the transparent spacer layer is composed of a dielectric material. 7. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 5, wherein the reflectivity of the phase grating of the second scale is reduced compared to the reflectivity of the phase grating of the first scale in that a reflectivity of a second one of the reflectors of the second scale that is disposed under the spacer layer of the second scale is less than a reflectivity of a second one of the reflectors of the first scale that is disposed under the spacer layer of the first scale. 8. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 5, wherein the reflectivity of the phase grating of the second scale is reduced compared to reflectivity of the phase grating of the first scale by an attenuating layer that is disposed between the spacer layer and a second one of the reflectors of the reflectors of the second scale that is disposed under the spacer layer of the second scale. 9. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 8, wherein the attenuating layer has a thickness that is in a range of 3 nm to 15 nm. 10. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the first scale and second scale are configured for position measurement in two orthogonal directions, respectively, in that the first marks and the second marks are arranged periodically in directions that are orthogonal to each other. 11. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 1, wherein the first periodic marks have an outer contour that differs from an outer contour of the second periodic marks. 12. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 11, wherein the first periodic marks have a rectangular outer contour. 13. The position-measuring device as recited in claim 11, wherein the second periodic marks each have: an octagonal outer contour; a circular outer contour; an outer contour composed of curves; an outer contour composed of curves or of curves and straight lines; or an outer contour that is formed by a continuous line which includes two mutually opposing first straight edges and two mutually opposing second straight edges extending perpendicularly thereto, as well as connecting lines extending between the first edges and the second edges, respectively, that form an obtuse angle therewith, respectively.",
-    "A prosthetic heart valve provided herein can include at least two leaflets being secured together along aligned edges thereof by a stitch of a single thread. The stitch includes at least one loop extending through a first aperture, around the aligned edges, and back through the first aperture. 1. A prosthetic heart valve comprising at least two leaflets being secured together along aligned edges thereof by a stitch of a single thread, the stitch comprising at least one loop extending through a first aperture, around the aligned edges, and back through the first aperture. 2. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the stitch further comprises at least one segment of thread extending from the first aperture to a second aperture in a direction parallel to the aligned edges of the at least two leaflets. 3. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 2, wherein the stitch comprises a second loop extended through the second aperture, around the aligned edges, and back through the second aperture. 4. The prosthetic heart valve of one of claim 1, wherein the stitch comprises at least three loops each extending from an aperture, around the aligned edges, and back to that aperture. 5. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 4, wherein the stitch runs in a forward direction having thread pass through a set of apertures and back in a reverse direction having the thread again pass through the set of apertures. 6. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 5, wherein each aperture has two loops extending from that aperture, around the aligned edges, and tack to that aperture, wherein one loop is from the stitch running in the forward direction and one loop is from the stitch running in the reverse direction. 7. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 5, wherein segments of thread extending between adjacent apertures in the forward direction are on an opposite side of the two leaflets from the segments of thread extending between adjacent apertures in the reverse direction. 8. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein each leaflet has a body portion and two opposite sleeve portions, the body portion being defined by a bottom edge and two side edges adjacent each sleeve portion, wherein each of the at least two leaflets are aligned and stitched along a first side edge. 9. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 8, wherein the leaflets define notches between the two side edges and the adjacent sleeve portion. 10. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 8, wherein the stitch runs along a side edge from a bottom edge to a notch. 11. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 8, further comprising a plurality of support element each supporting sleeve portions each leaflet along a line approximately aligned the stitch. 12. A prosthetic heart valve comprising: at least three leaflets secured together along side edges thereof by a stitch of a single thread; a tubular expandable member secured to an out flow end of the at least three leaflets; and a tubular seal secured to an inflow end bottom edge of the at least three leaflets and to an outer surface of the tubular expandable member. 13. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 12, wherein the tubular expandable member is a braided stent and wherein tubular seal is secured to the braided stent by a plurality of cross stitches connecting the tubular seal to a pair of overlapping wire members of the braided stent. 14. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 12, wherein the tubular seal comprises a woven fabric and the at least three leaflets are secured to the tubular seal in a portion of the tubular seal comprising the woven fabric. 15. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 14, wherein the woven fabric can have a thickness range from about 40 to about 80 microns. 16. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 14, wherein the woven fabric is disposed within a polymer matrix. 17. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 12, wherein the at least one leaflet comprises bovine or porcine pericardium tissue or a synthetic material. 18. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 12, wherein the stitch is formed using between 3 and 20 apertures and includes between 3 and 40 loops each extending from an aperture, around the aligned side edges, and back to that aperture. 19. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 12, wherein one or more stitches can be repeated at a plurality of intersections circumferentially around the inflow end bottom edge. 20. A prosthetic heart valve comprising: at least three leaflets secured together along side edges thereof by a stitch of a single thread, at least one leaflet being secured to at least a second leaflet by a running stitch, the running stitch being a square stitch; a tubular expandable member secured to an out flow end of the at least three leaflets; and a tubular seal secured to an inflow end bottom edge of the at least three leaflets and to an outer surface of the tubular expandable member.",
-    "At a physical device in a network configured to host a virtual switch and one or more virtual machines, a packet is received at the virtual switch from a source virtual machine that is directly attached to that virtual switch. A destination Media Access Control (MAC) address is identified from the packet indicating a destination virtual machine for the packet. In response to determining that the destination MAC address of the packet is not present in a database of MAC addresses accessible by the virtual switch, the destination MAC address of the packet is replaced with a shared MAC address associated with a plurality of physical switches in the network. 1. A method comprising: at a physical device in a network configured to host a virtual switch and one or more virtual machines, receiving a packet at the physical device hosting the virtual switch from a source virtual machine that is in communication with the virtual switch; identifying from the packet, a destination Media Access Control (MAC) address indicating a destination virtual machine for the packet; determining whether the destination MAC address of the packet is a unicast address or multicast address and whether the destination MAC is present in a database of MAC addresses accessible by the virtual switch; and if the determining indicates that the destination MAC address is not present in the database and is a unicast destination MAC address, replacing the destination MAC address of the packet with a shared MAC address. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the shared MAC address is an anycast-gateway MAC address. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the shared MAC address is a router-MAC address. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising forwarding the packet using the shared MAC address as the destination MAC address to the destination virtual machine via a destination physical switch in the network. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein forwarding comprises performing a forwarding table lookup to Layer 3 forward the packet using the shared MAC address to the destination physical switch. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein forwarding comprises forwarding the packet using the shared MAC address to the destination physical switch based upon a first-hop protocol. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein replacing is not performed when the destination MAC address is a multi-destination MAC address. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining comprises determining that the destination MAC address of the packet is not present in the database when there is a layer 2 lookup miss at the virtual switch. 9. An apparatus comprising: a network interface unit configured to receive a packet from a source virtual machine in communication with a virtual switch hosted by the apparatus; and a processor coupled to the network interface unit and a memory and configured to: identify from the packet, a destination Media Access Control (MAC) address indicating a destination virtual machine for the packet; determine whether the destination MAC address of the packet is a unicast address or multicast address and whether the destination MAC is present in a database of MAC addresses accessible by the virtual switch; and if it is determined that the destination MAC address is not present in the database and is a unicast destination MAC address, replace the destination MAC address of the packet with a shared MAC address. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the shared MAC address is an anycast-gateway MAC address. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the shared MAC address is a router-MAC address. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to forward the packet using the shared MAC address as the destination MAC address to the destination virtual machine via a destination physical switch in the network. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to perform a forwarding table lookup to Layer 3 forward the packet to the destination physical switch. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to forward the packet to the destination physical switch based upon a first-hop protocol. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to update the database of MAC addresses to include a MAC address of the source virtual machine. 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to determine that the destination MAC address of the packet is not present in the database when there is a layer 2 lookup miss at the virtual switch. 17. One or more non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with software comprising computer executable instructions and when the software is executed operable to: at a physical device in a network configured to host a virtual switch and one or more virtual machines, receive a packet at the virtual switch from a source virtual machine that is in communication with the virtual switch; identify from the packet, a destination Media Access Control (MAC) address indicating a destination virtual machine for the packet; determine whether the destination MAC address of the packet is present in a database of MAC addresses accessible by the virtual switch; and replace the destination MAC address of the packet with a shared MAC address associated with a plurality of physical switches in the network, if it is determined that the destination MAC address is not present in the database. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the shared MAC address is an anycast-gateway MAC address. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the shared MAC address is a router-MAC address. 20. The computer readable storage media of claim 17, further comprising instructions operable to forward the packet using the shared MAC address as the destination MAC address to the destination virtual machine via a destination physical switch in the network. 21. The computer readable storage media of claim 20, wherein the instructions to forward further comprise instructions operable to perform a forwarding table lookup to forward the packet to the destination physical switch.",
-    "Methods for spinning, weaving, and finishing fabric and/or cloth containing cotton fibers are disclosed. The methods of the invention are performed at lower ambient, solution and/or working temperatures than is previously known in the art. The reduced temperature processing improves various qualities of the resulting textile products and fabrics and lowers costs of operating the processing facility. 1. A method for manufacturing yarn or thread including cotton fibers, comprising: spinning cotton fibers into yarn or thread at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees Celsius. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein spinning the cotton is performed at greater than 50,000 revolutions per minute. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein spinning the cotton is performed at approximately 150,000 revolutions per minute. 4. A method for manufacturing yarn or thread including cotton fibers, comprising: blowing and cleaning unspun cotton at an ambient temperature of 38-40.5 degrees Celsius; then carding said cotton at an ambient temperature of 38-40.5 degrees Celsius; then drawing said cotton at an ambient temperature of 38-40.5 degrees Celsius; and then spinning said cotton into yarn or thread at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees Celsius. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein spinning the cotton is performed at greater than 50,000 revolutions per minute. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein spinning the cotton is performed at approximately 150,000 revolutions per minute. 7. A method for manufacturing fabric including cotton fibers, comprising: weaving yarn containing cotton fibers into a fabric at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees Celsius. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: immersing said fabric for between 8 and 10 hours in a bleaching liquor maintained at 35 to 40 degrees Celsius; and washing said fabric in a washing solution maintained at 85 to 95 degrees Celsius. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein said washing solution is water. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising immersing said fabric in a 26 to 32 degree Baume solution of caustic soda maintained at 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. 11. The method of claim 10 where in the 26 to 32 degree Baume solution of caustic soda is a 30 degree Baume solution. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: immersing at least a portion of the fabric in a dye liquor bath maintained at 20 to 25 degrees Celsius; rotating said fabric in said dye liquor bath for approximately 16 hours; and washing said fabric in water maintained at 85 to 95 degrees Celsius. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said dye liquor includes a dye having at least one vinyl sulphone reactive group. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein said dye liquor includes a dye selected from the group consisting of Bezaktiv dyes, Jakazol dyes, and Everzol dyes. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein said water is maintained at approximately 90 degrees Celsius. 16. A method for manufacturing fabric including cotton fibers, comprising: blowing and cleaning unspun cotton at an ambient temperature of 38-40.5 degrees Celsius; then carding said cotton at an ambient temperature of 38-40.5 degrees Celsius; then drawing said cotton at an ambient temperature of 38-40.5 degrees Celsius; then spinning said cotton into yarn at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees Celsius; and then weaving said yarn into a fabric at an ambient temperature of 25-30 degrees Celsius. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: immersing said fabric for between 8 and 10 hours in a bleaching liquor maintained at 35 to 40 degrees Celsius; and washing said fabric in a washing solution maintained at 85 to 95 degrees Celsius. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein said washing solution is water. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising immersing said fabric in a 26 to 32 degree Baume solution of caustic soda maintained at 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. 20. The method of claim 19 where in the 26 to 32 degree Baume solution of caustic soda is a 30 degree Baume solution. 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising: immersing at least a portion of the fabric in a dye liquor bath maintained at 20 to 25 degrees Celsius; rotating said fabric in said dye liquor bath for approximately 16 hours; and washing said fabric in water maintained at 85 to 95 degrees Celsius. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein said dye liquor includes a dye having at least one vinyl sulphone reactive group. 23. The method of claim 21 wherein said dye liquor includes a dye selected from the group consisting of Bezaktiv dyes, Jakazol dyes, and Everzol dyes. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein said water is maintained at approximately 90 degrees Celsius. 25. A method of processing fabric containing cotton fibers comprising: immersing said fabric for between 8 and 10 hours in a bleaching liquor maintained at 35 to 40 degrees Celsius; and washing said fabric in a washing solution maintained at 85 to 95 degrees Celsius. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the washing solution is water. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising immersing said fabric in a 26 to 32 degree Baume solution of caustic soda maintained at 15 to 18 degrees Celsius. 28. The method of claim 27 where in the 26 to 32 degree Baume solution of caustic soda is a 30 degree Baume solution. 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising: immersing at least a portion of the fabric in dye liquor maintained at 20 to 25 degrees Celsius; rotating said fabric in said dye liquor for approximately 16 hours; and washing said fabric in water maintained at 85 to 95 degrees Celsius. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein said dye liquor includes a dye having at least one vinyl sulphone reactive group. 31. The method of claim 29 wherein said dye is selected from the group consisting of Bezaktiv dyes, Jakazol dyes, and Everzol dyes. 32. The method of claim 29 wherein said water is maintained at approximately 90 degrees Celsius. 33. The yarn produced by the method of claim 1. 34. The fabric produced by the method of claim 16. 35. The fabric produced by the method of claim 21.",
-    "Systems and methods for per queue per service buffering capability for traffic shaping include receiving an ingress packet; responsive to no traffic shaping, providing the ingress packet to an output interface; and, responsive to traffic shaping, performing one of sending the ingress packet to the output interface, buffering the ingress packet in a queue based on service priority, and dropping the ingress packet. The traffic shaping can include one of a token bucket algorithm and a leaky bucket algorithm. 1. A method for per queue per service buffering capability for traffic shaping, the method comprising: receiving an ingress packet; responsive to no traffic shaping, providing the ingress packet to an output interface; and responsive to traffic shaping, performing one of sending the ingress packet to the output interface, buffering the ingress packet in a queue based on service priority, and dropping the ingress packet. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the traffic shaping comprises one of a token bucket algorithm and a leaky bucket algorithm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, responsive to the traffic shaping, the sending the ingress packet to the output interface is performed if tokens are available and tokens are deducted based on a size of the ingress packet. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the queue supports traffic comprising a plurality of services, and wherein each of the plurality of services has an associated priority used by the service priority to determine whether or not to buffer the ingress packet. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the queue supports traffic comprising a plurality of services defined through any of Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) identifiers, service identifiers in IEEE 802.1ah, a Type of Service (ToS) in IP headers, and tunnel identifiers. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the service priority is one of user-defined, determined from Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv), and based on IEEE 802.1Q priority. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the service priority is utilized to differentiate data traffic and control traffic on the queue to provide a higher priority for the control traffic. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the service priority is utilized to differentiate voice traffic and video traffic on the queue to provide a higher priority for the voice traffic. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the service priority is utilized to make the queue behave like strict priority by provisioning highest priority to a first service such that traffic for the first service gets buffered first and will be dropped only when the queue is left with no room to buffer any further packets. 10. An apparatus for per queue per service buffering capability for traffic shaping, the apparatus comprising: circuitry adapted to receive an ingress packet; circuitry adapted to, responsive to no traffic shaping, provide the ingress packet to an output interface; and circuitry adapted to, responsive to traffic shaping, perform one of send the ingress packet to the output interface, buffer the ingress packet in a queue based on service priority, and drop the ingress packet. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the traffic shaping comprises one of a token bucket algorithm and a leaky bucket algorithm. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein, responsive to the traffic shaping, the ingress packet is sent to the output interface if tokens are available and tokens are deducted based on a size of the ingress packet. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the queue supports traffic comprising a plurality of services, and wherein each of the plurality of services has an associated priority used by the service priority to determine whether or not to buffer the ingress packet. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the queue supports traffic comprising a plurality of services defined through any of Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) identifiers, service identifiers in IEEE 802.1ah, a Type of Service (ToS) in IP headers, and tunnel identifiers. 15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service priority is one of user-defined, determined from Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv), and based on IEEE 802.1Q priority. 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service priority is utilized to differentiate data traffic and control traffic on the queue to provide a higher priority for the control traffic. 17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service priority is utilized to differentiate voice traffic and video traffic on the queue to provide a higher priority for the voice traffic. 18. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service priority is utilized to make the queue behave like strict priority by provisioning highest priority to a first service such that traffic for the first service gets buffered first and will be dropped only when the queue is left with no room to buffer any further packets. 19. A node adapted for per queue per service buffering capability for traffic shaping, the node comprising: one or more line ports comprising circuitry adapted to receive an ingress packet; and circuitry adapted to, responsive to no traffic shaping, provide the ingress packet to an output interface; and circuitry adapted to, responsive to traffic shaping, perform one of send the ingress packet to the output interface, buffer the ingress packet in a queue based on service priority, and drop the ingress packet. 20. The node of claim 19, wherein the traffic shaping comprises one of a token bucket algorithm and a leaky bucket algorithm.",
-    "A voice prompting method includes detecting whether an unread communication message is received by an electronic device, acquiring, a signal intensity of a wearable device coupled with the electronic device if the unread communication message is received, and performing voice prompt for the unread communication message according to a prompting manner corresponding to the signal intensity. 1. A voice prompting method, comprising: detecting whether an unread communication message is received by an electronic device; acquiring, if the unread communication message is received, a signal intensity of a wearable device coupled with the electronic device; and performing voice prompt for the unread communication message according to a prompting manner corresponding to the signal intensity. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein performing the voice prompt for the unread communication message includes: forbidding the voice prompt or performing the voice prompt in a prompting manner that shields privacy information if the signal intensity is lower than a first intensity threshold, the privacy information including at least sender information and contents of the unread communication message; performing the voice prompt in a prompting manner that prompts brief information if the signal intensity equals or is greater than the first intensity threshold but is lower than a second intensity threshold, the brief information including at least the sender information of the unread communication message; and performing the voice prompt in a prompting manner that prompts complete information if the signal intensity equals or is greater than the second intensity threshold. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: detecting, when the voice prompt is being performed, in real time whether the signal intensity of the wearable device is reduced to a level lower than the first intensity threshold; and interrupting, if the signal intensity of the wearable device is reduced to a level lower than the first intensity threshold, the voice prompt. 4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: detecting whether the unread communication message is present in the electronic device; detecting, if the unread communication message is present in the electronic device, in real time whether the signal intensity of the wearable device is at a level equal to or greater than the first intensity threshold; and performing, if the signal intensity of the wearable device is increased to a level greater than the first intensity threshold, the voice prompt according to the prompting manner corresponding to the signal intensity. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring the signal intensity of the wearable device includes: acquiring a broadcast signal broadcasted by the wearable device, obtaining a broadcast signal intensity of the broadcast signal, and determining the obtained broadcast signal intensity as the signal intensity of the wearable device; or, acquiring at least two broadcast signals broadcasted by the wearable device, calculating an average value of broadcast signal intensities of the at least two broadcast signals, and determining the obtained average value as the signal intensity of the wearable device. 6. A voice prompting apparatus, comprising: one or more processors; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: detect whether an unread communication message is received by an electronic device; acquire, if the unread communication message is received, a signal intensity of a wearable device coupled with the electronic device; and perform voice prompt for the unread communication message according to a prompting manner corresponding to the signal intensity. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: forbid the voice prompt or perform the voice prompt in a prompting manner that shields privacy information if the signal intensity is lower than a first intensity threshold, the privacy information including at least sender information and contents of the unread communication message; perform the voice prompt in a prompting manner that prompts brief information if the signal intensity equals or is greater than the first intensity threshold but is lower than a second intensity threshold, the brief information including at least the sender information of the unread communication message; and perform the voice prompt in a prompting manner that prompts complete information if the signal intensity equals or is greater than the second intensity threshold. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: detect, when the voice prompt is being performed, in real time whether the signal intensity of the wearable device is reduced to a level lower than the first intensity threshold; and interrupt, if the signal intensity of the wearable device is reduced to a level lower than the first intensity threshold, the voice prompt. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the instructions cause the one or more processors to: detect whether the unread communication message is present in the electronic device; detect, if the unread communication message is present in the electronic device, in real time whether the signal intensity of the wearable device is at a level equal to or greater than the first intensity threshold; and perform, if the signal intensity of the wearable device is increased to a level greater than the first intensity threshold, the voice prompt according to the prompting manner corresponding to the signal intensity. 10. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: acquire a broadcast signal broadcasted by the wearable device, obtain a broadcast signal intensity of the broadcast signal, and determine the obtained broadcast signal intensity as the signal intensity of the wearable device; or, acquire at least two broadcast signals broadcasted by the wearable device, calculate an average value of broadcast signal intensities of the at least two broadcast signals, and determine the obtained average value as the signal intensity of the wearable device. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to: detect whether an unread communication message is received by an electronic device; acquire, if the unread communication message is received, a signal intensity of a wearable device coupled with the electronic device; and perform voice prompt for the unread communication message according to a prompting manner corresponding to the signal intensity.",
-    "A door assembly for a vehicle includes a door, an inflator mounted to the door, and a passive restraint. The passive restraint has a first airbag chamber and a second airbag chamber. The first airbag chamber is in communication with the inflator and is inflatable from an uninflated position to an inflated position. The second airbag chamber is in communication with the inflator and is inflatable from an uninflated position to an inflated position. The first airbag chamber in the inflated position extends transverse to the second airbag chamber in the inflated position. 1. (canceled) 2. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the door includes a trim panel, and the first and second airbag chambers, in their respective uninflated positions, are covered by the trim panel and extend from the trim panel in their respective inflated positions. 3. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the first airbag chamber in the inflated position extends substantially perpendicular to the second airbag chamber in the inflated position. 4. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the door includes a window opening and a bezel adjacent the window opening, the first and second airbag chambers being disposed in the bezel in the uninflated positions. 5. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the door includes an armrest, and the first and second airbag chambers are disposed above the armrest. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the door is a rear door. 12. A vehicle door assembly comprising: a door; an inflator mounted to the door; a passive restraint having a first airbag chamber and a second airbag chamber, wherein the first airbag chamber is in communication with the inflator and inflatable from an uninflated position to an inflated position and wherein the second airbag chamber is in communication with the inflator and inflatable from an uninflated position to an inflated position; and a controller programmed to change one of the first and second airbag chambers from its uninflated position to its inflated position based on a detected direction of vehicle impact without changing the other of the first and second airbag chambers from its uninflated position to its inflated position. 13. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the first airbag chamber and the second airbag chamber are in direct fluid communication with each other. 14. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the first airbag chamber and the second airbag chamber are separately connected to the inflator and are fluidly disconnected from each other. 15. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the first airbag chamber in the inflated position extends transverse to the second airbag chamber in the inflated position. 16. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, further comprising: a first valve between the inflator and the first airbag chamber and moveable between closed and open positions; a second valve between the inflator and the second airbag chamber and moveable between closed and open positions; and the controller is programmed to independently move the first valve and the second valve from the closed position to the open position. 17. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, wherein the inflator is further defined as a dual-chambered inflator having two chambers and the controller is programmed to independently activate the chambers. 18. The vehicle door assembly according to claim 12, further comprising an impact sensor in communication with the controller. 19. (canceled) 20. The vehicle door assembly of claim 12, further comprising a front seat rotatable between a front-facing and a rear-facing position, and a rear seat. 21. The vehicle door assembly of claim 20, wherein the door is a rear door adjacent the rear seat. 22. The vehicle door assembly of claim 21, wherein the inflated position of the first airbag chamber is between the front seat and rear seat, and the inflated position of the second airbag chamber is along the door.",
-    "A forward facing sensing system for a vehicle includes a radar sensor device disposed at the vehicle and having a sensing direction forward of the vehicle and an image sensor disposed behind the vehicle windshield so as to view forward of the vehicle through the windshield. A control includes an image processor operable to analyze image data captured by the image sensor in order to, at least in part, detect an object present forward of the vehicle. The control, responsive at least in part to processing of captured image data by the image processor and to sensing by the radar sensor, determines that a potentially hazardous condition may exist in the path of forward travel of the vehicle. The radar sensor device and the image sensor collaborate in a way that enhances determination of existence of the potentially hazardous condition in the path of forward travel of the vehicle. 1. A forward facing sensing system for a vehicle, the vehicle having a windshield, said forward facing sensing system comprising: a radar sensor device disposed within an interior cabin of a vehicle equipped with said forward facing sensing system, and wherein said radar sensor device has a sensing direction forward of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device comprises an array antenna; wherein said radar sensor device transmits at a frequency of at least 20 GHz; an image sensor disposed within the interior cabin of the equipped vehicle behind the vehicle windshield and wherein said image sensor views forward of the equipped vehicle through the vehicle windshield; wherein said image sensor comprises a pixelated imaging array sensor comprising a plurality of photo-sensing pixels; a control comprising an image processor, said image processor operable to analyze image data captured by said image sensor in order to, at least in part, detect an object present forward of the equipped vehicle in its direction of forward travel; wherein said image processor comprises an image processing chip that processes image data captured by said image sensor utilizing object detection software; wherein said control, responsive at least in part to processing of captured image data by said image processor and to sensing by said radar sensor, determines that a potentially hazardous condition may exist in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said potentially hazardous condition comprises at least one of (i) a pedestrian in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle and (ii) a deer in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor collaborate in a way that enhances determination of existence of the potentially hazardous condition in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor share, at least in part, common circuitry; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor are housed in a self-contained unit disposed behind and attached at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said self-contained unit mounts at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle and is removable therefrom as a unit for at least one of service and replacement; and wherein said control at least in part controls an adaptive cruise control system of the equipped vehicle. 2. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said image processor is operable to undertake enhanced processing of pixel outputs of pixels of said image sensor that are within a sub-array of said pixelated imaging array. 3. The sensing system of claim 2, wherein an object associated with said potentially hazardous condition is detected at least at said sub-array of said pixelated imaging array. 4. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said radar sensor device utilizes digital beam forming. 5. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said radar sensor device utilizes digital beam steering. 6. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said radar sensor device comprises a phased array antenna. 7. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said potentially hazardous condition comprises a pedestrian in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor collaborate in a way that enhances sensing capability of said sensing system for the pedestrian in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle. 8. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said potentially hazardous condition comprises a deer in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor collaborate in a way that enhances sensing capability of said sensing system for the deer in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle. 9. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle windshield comprises an opaque layer generally where said self-contained unit is disposed behind the vehicle windshield, and wherein said opaque layer comprises a light-transmitting aperture, and wherein, with said self-contained unit attached at the vehicle windshield, said image sensor views forward of the equipped vehicle via said light-transmitting aperture. 10. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said radar sensor device transmits at a frequency of at least 60 GHz. 11. The sensing system of claim 10, wherein said radar sensor device transmits at a frequency of at least 77 GHz. 12. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said image sensor views through the vehicle windshield at a location that is at or near where an interior rearview mirror assembly of the equipped vehicle is located at the vehicle windshield. 13. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said image processor and said common circuitry are housed in said self-contained unit disposed behind and attached at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle. 14. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said image processor processes image data captured by said image sensor for an automatic headlamp control system of the equipped vehicle. 15. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein said common circuitry includes said image processor. 16. A forward facing sensing system for a vehicle, the vehicle having a windshield, said forward facing sensing system comprising: a radar sensor device disposed within an interior cabin of a vehicle equipped with said forward facing sensing system, and wherein said radar sensor device has a sensing direction forward of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device comprises an array antenna; wherein said radar sensor device transmits at a frequency of at least 20 GHz; an image sensor disposed within the interior cabin of the equipped vehicle and wherein said image sensor views forward of the equipped vehicle through the vehicle windshield; wherein said image sensor comprises a pixelated imaging array sensor comprising a plurality of photo-sensing pixels; a control comprising an image processor, said image processor operable to analyze image data captured by said image sensor in order to, at least in part, detect an object present forward of the equipped vehicle in its direction of forward travel; wherein said image processor comprises an image processing chip that processes image data captured by said image sensor utilizing object detection software; wherein said control, responsive at least in part to processing of captured image data by said image processor and to sensing by said radar sensor, determines that a potentially hazardous condition may exist in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said potentially hazardous condition comprises a pedestrian in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor collaborate in a way that enhances determination of existence of the potentially hazardous condition in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor are housed in a self-contained unit disposed behind and attached at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said self-contained unit mounts at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle and is removable therefrom as a unit for at least one of service and replacement; wherein the vehicle windshield comprises an opaque layer generally where said self-contained unit is disposed behind the vehicle windshield, and wherein said opaque layer comprises a light-transmitting aperture, and wherein, with said self-contained unit attached at the vehicle windshield, said image sensor views forward of the equipped vehicle via said light-transmitting aperture; and wherein said image sensor views through the vehicle windshield at a location that is near where an interior rearview mirror assembly of the equipped vehicle is located at the vehicle windshield. 17. The sensing system of claim 16, wherein said image processor is housed in said self-contained unit disposed behind and attached at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle. 18. The sensing system of claim 17, wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor share, at least in part, common circuitry, and wherein said circuitry comprises said image processor. 19. The sensing system of claim 18, wherein said control at least in part controls an adaptive cruise control system of the equipped vehicle. 20. The sensing system of claim 19, wherein said radar sensor device transmits at a frequency of at least 60 GHz and wherein said radar sensor device utilizes digital beam forming. 21. A forward facing sensing system for a vehicle, the vehicle having a windshield, said forward facing sensing system comprising: a radar sensor device disposed within an interior cabin of a vehicle equipped with said forward facing sensing system, and wherein said radar sensor device has a sensing direction forward of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device comprises an array antenna; wherein said radar sensor device transmits at a frequency of at least 60 GHz; an image sensor disposed within the interior cabin of the equipped vehicle and wherein said image sensor views forward of the equipped vehicle through the vehicle windshield; wherein said image sensor comprises a pixelated imaging array sensor comprising a plurality of photo-sensing pixels; a control comprising an image processor, said image processor operable to analyze image data captured by said image sensor in order to, at least in part, detect an object present forward of the equipped vehicle in its direction of forward travel; wherein said image processor comprises an image processing chip that processes image data captured by said image sensor utilizing object detection software; wherein said control, responsive at least in part to processing of captured image data by said image processor and to sensing by said radar sensor, determines that a potentially hazardous condition may exist in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said potentially hazardous condition comprises a pedestrian in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor collaborate in a way that enhances determination of existence of the potentially hazardous condition in the path of forward travel of the equipped vehicle; wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor are housed in a self-contained unit disposed behind and attached at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said self-contained unit mounts at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle and is removable therefrom as a unit for at least one of service and replacement; wherein the vehicle windshield comprises an opaque layer generally where said self-contained unit is disposed behind the vehicle windshield, and wherein said opaque layer comprises a light-transmitting aperture, and wherein, with said self-contained unit attached at the vehicle windshield, said image sensor views forward of the equipped vehicle via said light-transmitting aperture; wherein said image sensor views through the vehicle windshield at a location that is near where an interior rearview mirror assembly of the equipped vehicle is located at the vehicle windshield; and wherein said image processor processes image data captured by said image sensor for an automatic headlamp control system of the equipped vehicle. 22. The sensing system of claim 21, wherein said image processor is housed in said self-contained unit disposed behind and attached at the vehicle windshield of the equipped vehicle, and wherein said radar sensor device and said image sensor share, at least in part, common circuitry, and wherein said circuitry comprises said image processor. 23. The sensing system of claim 22, wherein said control at least in part controls an adaptive cruise control system of the equipped vehicle. 24. The sensing system of claim 23, wherein said image processor is operable to undertake enhanced processing of pixel outputs of pixels of said image sensor that are within a sub-array of said pixelated imaging array. 25. The sensing system of claim 24, wherein the pedestrian is detected at least at said sub-array of said pixelated imaging array. 26. The sensing system of claim 23, wherein said radar sensor device comprises a phased array antenna.",
-    "An exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle includes a mounting portion mountable at a side of a vehicle and a mirror head portion pivotally adjustable relative to the mounting portion. An actuator is operable to impart pivotal movement of the mirror head portion relative to the mounting portion to adjust the mirror head portion relative to the side of the vehicle at which the mounting portion is mounted. The actuator includes a first motor and a second motor operable in tandem to cooperatively drive a common drive gear of a gear system to adjust the mirror head portion relative to the mounting portion. Operation of the first and second motors is synchronized. Operation of the first motor drives a first gear that rotatably drives the common drive gear and operation of the second motor drives a second gear that rotatably drives the common drive gear. 1. An exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle, said exterior rearview mirror assembly comprising: a mounting portion mountable at a side of a vehicle; a mirror head portion pivotally adjustable relative to said mounting portion; a reflective element at said mirror head portion; an actuator operable to impart pivotal movement of said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion to adjust said mirror head portion relative to the side of a vehicle at which said mounting portion is mounted; wherein said actuator comprises at least two motors; wherein said at least two motors comprises a first motor and a second motor; wherein said first motor and said second motor are operable in tandem to cooperatively drive a common drive gear of a gear system to adjust said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion; wherein operation of said first and second motors is synchronized; wherein operation of said first motor drives a first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear; and wherein operation of said second motor drives a second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear. 2. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said first and second gears comprise worm gears. 3. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 2, wherein said first and second gears comprise worm gears driven by respective shafts of said first and second motors. 4. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said first and second gears engage teeth of said common drive gear at opposite sides of said common drive gear. 5. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said common drive gear is interconnected with an attaching portion of said actuator that attaches at one of said mirror head portion and said mounting portion, and wherein rotation of said common drive gear adjusts said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion. 6. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said first gear engages a first gear element that rotatably drives said common drive gear and wherein said second gear rotatably drives a second gear element that engages said common drive gear. 7. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 6, wherein said first gear element is interconnected with a first worm gear that rotates with said first gear element, and wherein said first worm gear engages said common drive gear, and wherein said second gear element is interconnected with a second worm gear that rotates with said second gear element, and wherein said second worm gear engages said common drive gear. 8. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 7, wherein said first and second worm gears engage said common drive gear at diametrically opposite portions of said common drive gear. 9. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein, during operation of said actuator, a shutoff circuit determines rotational movement of the shaft of said first motor and the shaft of said second motor and, responsive to a determination of rotational movement being below a threshold speed, said shutoff circuit deactivates said first and second motors. 10. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein, responsive to operation of said first motor driving said first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear and to operation of said second motor driving said second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear, said mirror head portion pivots relative to said mounting portion to adjust said mirror head between (i) a rearward viewing position or orientation where said reflective element at said mirror head is positioned so as to provide a rearward field of view to a driver of the vehicle and (ii) a folded or stowed position where said mirror head is oriented generally along the side of the vehicle. 11. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 1, wherein said first motor comprises a first drive shaft defining a first axis and wherein said second motor comprises a second drive shaft defining a second axis, and wherein said first axis is oriented generally parallel to said second axis when said first motor is driving said first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear and said second motor is driving said second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear. 12. An exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle, said exterior rearview mirror assembly comprising: a mounting portion mountable at a side of a vehicle; a mirror head portion pivotally adjustable relative to said mounting portion; a reflective element at said mirror head portion; an actuator operable to impart pivotal movement of said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion to adjust said mirror head portion relative to the side of a vehicle at which said mounting portion is mounted; wherein said actuator comprises at least two motors; wherein said at least two motors comprises a first motor and a second motor; wherein said first motor and said second motor are operable in tandem to cooperatively drive a common drive gear of a gear system to adjust said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion; wherein operation of said first and second motors is synchronized; wherein operation of said first motor drives a first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear; wherein operation of said second motor drives a second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear; wherein said first and second gears engage teeth of said common drive gear at opposite sides of said common drive gear; and wherein, responsive to operation of said first motor driving said first gear that engages said common drive gear and to operation of said second motor driving said second gear that engages said common drive gear, said mirror head portion pivots relative to said mounting portion to adjust said mirror head between (i) a rearward viewing position or orientation where said reflective element at said mirror head is positioned so as to provide a rearward field of view to a driver of the vehicle and (ii) a folded or stowed position where said mirror head is oriented generally along the side of the vehicle. 13. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 12, wherein said first and second gears engage said common drive gear at diametrically opposite portions of said common drive gear. 14. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 13, wherein said first motor comprises a first drive shaft defining a first axis and wherein said second motor comprises a second drive shaft defining a second axis, and wherein said first axis is oriented generally parallel to said second axis when said first motor is driving said first gear that engages said common drive gear and said second motor is driving said second gear that engages said common drive gear. 15. An exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle, said exterior rearview mirror assembly comprising: a mounting portion mountable at a side of a vehicle; a mirror head portion pivotally adjustable relative to said mounting portion; a reflective element at said mirror head portion; an actuator operable to impart pivotal movement of said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion to adjust said mirror head portion relative to the side of a vehicle at which said mounting portion is mounted; wherein said actuator comprises at least two motors; wherein said at least two motors comprises a first motor and a second motor; wherein said first motor and said second motor are operable in tandem to cooperatively drive a common drive gear of a gear system to adjust said mirror head portion relative to said mounting portion; wherein operation of said first and second motors is synchronized; wherein operation of said first motor drives a first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear; wherein operation of said second motor drives a second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear; wherein said first motor comprises a first drive shaft defining a first axis and wherein said second motor comprises a second drive shaft defining a second axis, and wherein said first axis is oriented generally parallel to said second axis when said first motor is driving said first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear and said second motor is driving said second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear; and wherein, responsive to operation of said first motor driving said first gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear and to operation of said second motor driving said second gear that rotatably drives said common drive gear, said mirror head portion pivots relative to said mounting portion to adjust said mirror head between (i) a rearward viewing position or orientation where said reflective element at said mirror head is positioned so as to provide a rearward field of view to a driver of the vehicle and (ii) a folded or stowed position where said mirror head is oriented generally along the side of the vehicle. 16. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 15, wherein said first and second gears comprise worm gears and wherein said first and second worm gears engage said common drive gear at diametrically opposite portions of said common drive gear. 17. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 15, wherein, during operation of said actuator, a shutoff circuit determines rotational movement of the shaft of said first motor and the shaft of said second motor and, responsive to a determination of rotational movement being below a threshold speed, said shutoff circuit deactivates said first and second motors. 18. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 17, wherein said first and second gears engage teeth of said common drive gear at opposite sides of said common drive gear. 19. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 18, wherein said first and second gears comprise worm gears. 20. The exterior rearview mirror assembly of claim 18, wherein said first and second gears comprise worm gears driven by respective shafts of said first and second motors.",
-    "A vehicle system includes a base, a seat rotatably disposed on the base, a magnet generating a magnetic field, and a sensor. The sensor is programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base based at least in part on an orientation of the magnetic field generated by the magnet. 1. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a seat rotatably disposed on the base; a magnet generating a magnetic field; and a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base based at least in part on an orientation of the magnetic field generated by the magnet. 2. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the magnet is disposed on the seat and the sensor is disposed on the base, and wherein the magnet rotates with the seat relative to the base and wherein the sensor is stationary relative to the base. 3. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the magnet is disposed on the base and the sensor is disposed on the seat, and wherein the sensor rotates with the seat relative to the base and wherein the magnet is stationary relative to the base. 4. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the sensor includes a plurality of resistors arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configured to output a first displacement signal and a second displacement signal, both in accordance with the orientation of the magnetic field. 5. The vehicle system of claim 4, wherein the first displacement signal is based at least in part on a sine function and wherein the second displacement signal is based at least in part on a cosine function. 6. The vehicle system of claim 5, further comprising a processor programmed to receive the first displacement signal and the second displacement signal from the sensor and determine the angular displacement from the first displacement signal and the second displacement signal. 7. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a seat rotatably disposed on the base; a circle gear disposed on the seat and configured to rotate in accordance with rotation of the seat; a magnet generating a magnetic field and spaced from the circle gear; and a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base based at least in part on the magnetic field generated by the magnet relative to circle gear. 8. The vehicle system of claim 7, wherein rotation of the circle gear changes a strength of the magnetic field and wherein the sensor is programmed to detect whether the circle gear is rotating based at least in part on a change in the strength of the magnetic field. 9. The vehicle system of claim 8, wherein the circle gear includes a plurality of teeth and a plurality of gaps, wherein each gap is disposed between two teeth and defined by a bottomland. 10. The vehicle system of claim 9, wherein the magnet is stationary relative to the circle gear and wherein the magnetic field increases when one of the plurality teeth pass near the magnet and wherein the magnetic field decreases when one of the plurality of gaps passes near the magnet. 11. The vehicle system of claim 10, wherein the sensor is programmed to output a displacement signal representing the change in the strength of the magnetic field. 12. The vehicle system of claim 11, further comprising a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal and determine the angular displacement based at least in part on the displacement signal. 13. The vehicle system of claim 12, wherein the processor is programmed to determine the angular displacement by counting how many teeth passed the magnet during the rotation of the circle gear. 14. The vehicle system of claim 13, wherein the processor is programmed to count how many teeth passed the magnet based at least in part on the change in the strength of the magnetic field represented by the displacement signal. 15. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a seat rotatably disposed on the base; a circle gear disposed on the seat and configured to rotate in accordance with rotation of the seat, wherein the circle gear includes a plurality of teeth and a plurality of gaps, wherein each gap is disposed between two teeth and defined by a bottomland; a light emitting device configured to generate light; and a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base based at least in part on the light generated by the light emitting device relative to circle gear, wherein the sensor is configured to receive the light generated by the light emitting device when one of the plurality of gaps is between the light emitting device and the sensor and wherein at least one of the plurality of teeth block the light from reaching the sensor when the at least one of the plurality of teeth is between the light emitting device and the sensor. 16. The vehicle system of claim 15, wherein the light emitting device is stationary while the circle gear rotates. 17. The vehicle system of claim 15, wherein the sensor is programmed to output a displacement signal representing whether light from the light emitting device has been detected. 18. The vehicle system of claim 17, further comprising a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal and determine the angular displacement of the seat based at least in part on the displacement signal. 19. The vehicle system of claim 18, wherein the processor is programmed to determine the angular displacement by counting how many teeth passed between the light emitting device and the sensor during the rotation of the circle gear. 20. The vehicle system of claim 19, wherein the processor is programmed to count how many teeth passed between the light emitting device and the sensor based at least in part on a change in the displacement signal.",
-    "A vehicle system includes a base, a seat rotatably disposed on the base, a sensor, and a processor. The sensor is programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement. The processor is programmed to receive the displacement signal and deploy at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal. 1. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a seat rotatably disposed on the base; a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement; and a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal and select at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal. 2. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to receive a collision mode signal and deploy the at least one passive safety device selected in accordance with the displacement signal, wherein the at least one passive safety device is deployed in accordance with the collision mode signal. 3. The vehicle system of claim 2, wherein the impact angle signal and a virtual zone where an impact occurs represents a collision mode of a host vehicle involved in a collision. 4. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to a virtual zone defining an area of a host vehicle involved in a collision. 5. The vehicle system of claim 4, wherein the processor is programmed to select at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the virtual zone associated with the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal and a collision mode signal. 6. The vehicle system of claim 5, wherein enabling at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the virtual zone includes querying a lookup table for the virtual zone. 7. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a seat rotatably disposed on the base; a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement; and a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal and select at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal, wherein the processor is programmed to receive a collision mode signal representing an impact angle and a virtual zone representing an area of a host vehicle involved in a collision, wherein the at least one passive safety device is selected and deployed in accordance with the virtual zone, the impact angle, and the displacement signal. 8. The vehicle system of claim 7, wherein the processor is programmed to associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to a virtual zone. 9. The vehicle system of claim 8, wherein the virtual zone is associated with the at least one passive safety device. 10. The vehicle system of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed to select at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the impact angle and the virtual zones representing an area of a host vehicle involved in a collision and associated with the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal. 11. The vehicle system of claim 10, wherein enabling at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the virtual zone includes querying a lookup table for the virtual zone. 12. The vehicle system of claim 11, wherein deploying the at least one passive safety device includes querying the lookup table for the virtual zone associated with the displacement signal and the collision mode signal. 13. The vehicle system of claim 11, wherein the at least one passive safety device is selected and deployed based at least in part on the querying the lookup table for the virtual zone. 14. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a seat rotatably disposed on the base; a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement; and a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal, associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to one of a plurality of virtual zones and select at least one of a plurality of passive safety devices associated with the virtual zone associated with the angular displacement. 15. The vehicle system of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to receive a collision mode signal and deploy the at least one passive safety device associated with the collision mode. 16. The vehicle system of claim 15, wherein the impact angle signal and the virtual zone where an impact occurs represents a collision mode of a host vehicle involved in a collision. 17. The vehicle system of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to the virtual zone by querying a lookup table. 18. The vehicle system of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to select the at least one passive safety device by querying a lookup table.",
-    "A system and method of cleaning a turbine engine are provided. The method may include inserting, directing and evacuating a cleaning agent. Inserting may include inserting the cleaning agent through a predefined access port into a cooling cavity defined by an internal wall of an assembled turbine component, while directing may include directing the cleaning agent against the internal wall to remove a foreign material therefrom. Evacuating may include evacuating the cleaning agent from the cooling cavity. 1. A method of cleaning a turbine engine comprising: inserting a cleaning agent through a predefined access port into a cooling cavity defined by an internal wall of an assembled turbine component; directing the cleaning agent against the internal wall to remove a foreign material therefrom; and evacuating the cleaning agent from the cooling cavity. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein directing the cleaning agent includes flushing the cleaning agent through a volume of the cooling cavity. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning agent includes a fluid for dissolving the foreign material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning agent includes a solid particulate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein evacuating the cleaning agent includes draining the cleaning agent to a gas flow path of the turbine engine from a cooling aperture defined by the turbine component. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting a cleaning agent includes guiding the cleaning agent through a duct in fluid communication with an outer engine casing, the outer engine casing enclosing at least a portion of the assembled turbine component. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein guiding the cleaning agent further includes guiding the cleaning agent through a mated port into a turbine shroud hanger. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting a cleaning agent includes withdrawing a plug disposed within the predefined access port. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting a cleaning agent includes forcing the cleaning agent through a channel defined about portion of a combustion chamber into an assembled turbine airfoil. 10. A method of cleaning a turbine engine comprising: dispensing a cleaning agent as an agent flow from an external conduit into a cooling cavity defined by an internal wall of an assembled turbine component, including guiding the cleaning agent through a first access port defined through a casing of the engine; flushing the cleaning agent through the cooling cavity to remove a foreign material therefrom; and draining the cleaning agent from the cooling cavity. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein draining includes draining the cleaning agent through a cooling aperture defined by the turbine component. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein draining includes reversing the agent flow from the cooling cavity into the external conduit. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein draining includes directing the agent flow through a selectively-plugged second access port. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the cleaning agent includes a fluid for dissolving the foreign material. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning agent includes a solid particulate. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein flushing the cleaning agent includes substantially filling the volume of the cooling cavity with the cleaning agent. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein dispensing a cleaning agent includes withdrawing a plug disposed within the predefined access port. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein dispensing a cleaning agent includes guiding the cleaning agent through a duct in fluid communication with an outer engine casing, the engine casing enclosing at least a portion of the assembled turbine component. 19. A gas turbine engine comprising: an engine casing defining a radial access port to selectively receive a cleaning agent duct; a turbine component including an internal wall defining a cooling cavity in fluid communication with the access port of the engine casing, the internal wall further defining a cooling aperture to direct a fluid flow from the cooling cavity to the hot gas flow path; and a port plug removably disposed in the access port to selectively prevent fluid communication through the predefined access port. 20. The gas turbine engine of claim 19, wherein the turbine component includes shroud hanger defining a mated port, wherein the mated port is disposed coaxial to the predefined access port to direct a cleaning agent from the predefined access port to the cooling cavity.",
-    "In order to provide a semiconductor device with high reliability while manufacturing cost is being suppressed, dry etching for an insulating film is performed by using mixed gas containing at least CF4 gas and C3H2F4 gas as its components. 1. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a film to be processed, which contains at least silicon and oxygen as its components, over a main surface of a semiconductor wafer; (b) forming a photoresist film over the film to be processed so as to cover the film to be processed; (c) transferring a predetermined pattern to the photoresist film by photolithography such that a resist mask pattern is formed; and (d) after the step (c), subjecting the film to be processed to a dry etching process by using mixed gas containing at least CF4 gas and C3H2F4 gas as its components. 2. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a film to be processed, which contains at least silicon and oxygen as its components, over a main surface of a semiconductor wafer; (b) forming a photoresist film over the film to be processed so as to cover the film to be processed; (c) transferring a predetermined pattern to the photoresist film by photolithography such that a resist mask pattern is formed; and (d) after the step (c), subjecting the film to be processed to a dry etching process by using mixed gas containing at least CF4 gas, C3H2F4 gas, and O2 gas as its components. 3. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a flow rate of the mixed gas to be used for the dry etching process of the step (d) satisfies a relationship of CF4>O3H2F4. 4. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a flow rate of the mixed gas to be used for the dry etching process of the step (d) satisfies a relationship of CF4>O2>O3H2F4. 5. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the mixed gas to be used for the dry etching process of the step (d) further contains Ar gas. 6. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the film to be processed is a silicon oxide film, and wherein, in the step (d), a wiring trench for forming copper wiring is formed in the silicon oxide film. 7. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (c), the photolithography is ArF exposure by an ArF laser, and wherein the photoresist film is an ArF resist film. 8. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a carbon-added silicon oxide film in a main surface of a semiconductor wafer; (b) forming a first photoresist film over the carbon-added silicon oxide film so as to cover the carbon-added silicon oxide film; (c) transferring a predetermined pattern to the first photoresist film by photolithography such that a first resist mask pattern is formed; and (d) after the step (c), subjecting the carbon-added silicon oxide film to a dry etching process by using mixed gas containing at least CF4 gas, C3H2F4 gas, and N2 gas as its components. 9. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein a flow rate of the mixed gas to be used for the dry etching process of the step (d) satisfies a relationship of CF4>C3H2F4. 10. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein a flow rate of the mixed gas to be used for the dry etching process of the step (d) satisfies a relationship of CF4>N2>C3H2F4. 11. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the mixed gas to be used for the dry etching process of the step (d) further contains Ar gas. 12. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein, in the step (d), a wiring trench for forming copper wiring is formed in the carbon-added silicon oxide film. 13. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 8 further comprising, between the step (a) and the step (b), the steps of: (e) forming a second photoresist film over the carbon-added silicon oxide film so as to cover the carbon-added silicon oxide film; (f) transferring a predetermined pattern to the second photoresist film by photolithography such that a second resist mask pattern is formed; and (g) after the step (f), subjecting the carbon-added silicon oxide film to a dry etching process by using mixed gas containing at least Ar gas, C4F8 gas, and N2 gas as its components. 14. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein, in the step (g), a contact hole for forming a contact with lower wiring is formed in the carbon-added silicon oxide film. 15. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein, in the step (c), the photolithography is ArF exposure by an ArF laser, and wherein the first photoresist film is an ArF resist film.",
-    "Computer program products, methods, systems, apparatus, and computing entities are provided for defining travel paths in parking areas. In one embodiment, travel paths in parking areas can be defined in a digital map by automatically, semi-automatically, and/or manually after the parking areas are identified from one or more captured images of the parking area. 1. A method for defining travel paths in parking areas, the method comprising: automatically identifying, by one or more processors, a parking area based at least in part on an estimated color value of one or more captured images of the parking area; for the parking area in which there is at least one travel path that is not represented as part of a digital map, defining, by the one or more processors, a set of travel paths in the parking area by (a) identifying a plurality of travel paths traversed by one or more vehicles in the parking area based at least in part on telematics data collected while the one or more vehicles were traversing the parking area; (b) connecting one or more street network connection points for the parking area, the one or more street network connection points providing the ability to enter the parking area from a street network, exit the parking area to the street network, or both; or (c) both; and updating, by the one or more processors, the digital map to comprise a representation of the set of travel paths defined in the parking area. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the parking area is associated with the estimated color value and a configurable threshold. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein automatically identifying the parking area comprises identifying pixels in the one or more images that are within the configurable threshold from the estimated color value. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of travel paths in the parking area are defined by identifying the plurality of travel paths traversed by the one or more vehicles in the parking area based at least in part on telematics data collected while the one or more vehicles were traversing the parking area. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of travel paths in the parking area are defined by connecting the one or more street network connection points for the parking area. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: identifying a known obstruction in the parking area; and removing a first travel path from the set of travel paths defined in the parking area that overlaps with the known obstruction. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein defining the set of travel paths in the parking area by connecting the one or more street network connection points in the parking area further comprises defining travel paths in the parking area using one selected from the group consisting of a grid, a lattice, and a matrix. 8. An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to at least: automatically identify a parking area based at least in part on an estimated color value of one or more captured images of the parking area; for the parking area in which there is at least one travel path that is not represented as part of a digital map, define a set of travel paths in the parking area by (a) identifying a plurality of travel paths traversed by one or more vehicles in the parking area based at least in part on telematics data collected while the one or more vehicles were traversing the parking area; (b) connecting one or more street network connection points for the parking area, the one or more street network connection points providing the ability to enter the parking area from a street network, exit the parking area to the street network, or both; or (c) both; and update the digital map to comprise a representation of the set of travel paths defined in the parking area. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the parking area is associated with the estimated color value and a configurable threshold. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein automatically identifying the parking area comprises identifying pixels in the one or more images that are within the configurable threshold from the estimated color value. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the set of travel paths in the parking area are defined by identifying the plurality of travel paths traversed by the one or more vehicles in the parking area based at least in part on telematics data collected while the one or more vehicles were traversing the parking area. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the set of travel paths in the parking area are defined by connecting the one or more street network connection points for the parking area. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the memory and computer program code are further configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus to: identify a known obstruction in the parking area; and remove a first travel path from the set of travel paths defined in the parking area that overlaps with the known obstruction. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein defining the set of travel paths in the parking area by connecting the one or more street network connection points in the parking area further comprises defining travel paths in the parking area using one selected from the group consisting of a grid, a lattice, and a matrix. 15. A computer program product comprising at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program code portions stored therein, the computer-readable program code portions comprising: an executable portion configured to automatically identify a parking area based at least in part on an estimated color value of one or more captured images of the parking area; an executable portion configured to, for the parking area in which there is at least one travel path that is not represented as part of a digital map, define a set of travel paths in the parking area by (a) identifying a plurality of travel paths traversed by one or more vehicles in the parking area based at least in part on telematics data collected while the one or more vehicles were traversing the parking area; (b) connecting one or more street network connection points for the parking area, the one or more street network connection points providing the ability to enter the parking area from a street network, exit the parking area to the street network, or both; or (c) both; and an executable portion configured to update the digital map to comprise a representation of the set of travel paths defined in the parking area. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the parking area is associated with the estimated color value and a configurable threshold. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein automatically identifying the parking area comprises identifying pixels in the one or more images that are within the configurable threshold from the estimated color value. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the set of travel paths in the parking area are defined by identifying the plurality of travel paths traversed by the one or more vehicles in the parking area based at least in part on telematics data collected while the one or more vehicles were traversing the parking area. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the set of travel paths in the parking area are defined by connecting the one or more street network connection points for the parking area. 20. The computer program product of claim 19 further comprising: an executable portion configured to identify a known obstruction in the parking area; and an executable portion configured to remove a first travel path from the set of travel paths defined in the parking area that overlaps with the known obstruction. 21. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein defining the set of travel paths in the parking area by connecting the one or more street network connection points in the parking area further comprises defining travel paths in the parking area using one selected from the group consisting of a grid, a lattice, and a matrix.",
-    "A transmitter path of a power line communication (PLC) device is described. In an embodiment, the transmitter path may include an amplifier, a capacitor coupled to the amplifier, a shared transformer coupled to the capacitor, and a plurality of line interface coupling circuits coupled to the shared transformer, where each of the line interface coupling circuits is configured to be connected to a different phase of an electrical power circuit. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A transmitter path of a power line communication (PLC) device comprising: an amplifier; a capacitor coupled to the amplifier; a shared transformer coupled to the capacitor; and a plurality of line interface coupling circuits coupled to the shared transformer, each of the plurality of line interface coupling circuits configured to be connected to a different phase of an electrical power circuit. 22. The transmitter path of claim 21, wherein the processor includes a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system-on-chip (SoC) circuit, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, or a microcontroller. 23. The transmitter path of claim 21, wherein each of the plurality of line interface coupling circuits is configured as a high-pass filter. 24. The transmitter path of claim 21, wherein the amplifier is configured to operate in a low impedance mode during a transmission operation and in a high impedance mode during a receiving operation. 25. The transmitter path of claim 21, further comprising a plurality of high-voltage switches, each of the plurality of high-voltage switches coupled between the shared transformer and a corresponding one of the plurality of line interface coupling circuits. 26. A transmitter circuit comprising: an amplifier; a capacitor coupled to the amplifier; a shared transformer coupled to the capacitor; and a plurality of line interface coupling circuits coupled to the shared transformer, each of the plurality of line interface coupling circuits connectable to a different phase of an electrical power circuit. 27. The circuit of claim 26, wherein each of the plurality of line interface coupling circuits includes a high-pass filter. 28. The circuit of claim 26, wherein the amplifier is configured to operate in a low impedance mode during a transmission operation and in a high impedance mode during a receiving operation. 29. The circuit of claim 26, further comprising a plurality of high-voltage switches, each of the plurality of high-voltage switches coupled between the first transformer and a corresponding one of the plurality of line interface coupling circuits.",
-    "A vehicle system includes a base, a driver seat rotatably disposed on the base, a sensor, and a processor. The sensor is programmed to measure an angular displacement of the driver seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement. The processor is programmed to receive the displacement signal and select at least one of a plurality of passive safety devices based at least in part on the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal and only deploy the selected passive safety devices during a collision. 1. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a driver seat rotatably disposed on the base; a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the driver seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement; and a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal and select at least one of a plurality of passive safety devices based at least in part on the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal, an impact zone, and a predicted impact angle and only deploy the selected passive safety devices during a collision. 2. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to receive an impact angle signal confirming the predicted impact angle and the impact zone and deploy the at least one passive safety device selected in accordance with the displacement signal and the predicted impact angle and the impact zone. 3. The vehicle system of claim 2, wherein the impact angle signal confirms an area of a host vehicle involved in the collision. 4. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to a virtual zone. 5. The vehicle system of claim 4, wherein the processor is programmed to select at least one of the plurality of passive safety devices based at least in part on the virtual zone associated with the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal. 6. The vehicle system of claim 5, wherein enabling at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the virtual zone includes querying a lookup table for the virtual zone. 7. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a driver seat rotatably disposed on the base; a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the driver seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement; and a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal and select at least one of a plurality of passive safety devices based at least in part on the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal and an impact zone and predicted impact angle, wherein the processor is programmed to receive an impact angle signal confirming an area of a host vehicle involved in a collision and deploy only the at least one selected passive safety device in accordance with the displacement signal, the impact zone, and the impact angle signal. 8. The vehicle system of claim 7, wherein the processor is programmed to associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to a virtual zone. 9. The vehicle system of claim 8, wherein the virtual zone is associated with the at least one selected passive safety device. 10. The vehicle system of claim 8, wherein the processor is programmed to select at least one of the plurality of passive safety devices based at least in part on the virtual zone associated with the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal. 11. The vehicle system of claim 10, wherein selecting the at least one passive safety device based at least in part on the virtual zone includes querying a lookup table for the virtual zone. 12. The vehicle system of claim 11, wherein deploying the at least one selected passive safety device includes querying the lookup table for the virtual zone and for the area of the host vehicle involved in the collision and the impact angle signal. 13. The vehicle system of claim 11, wherein the at least one selected passive safety device is deployed in response to receiving the impact angle signal confirming the collision in the impact zone. 14. A vehicle system comprising: a base; a driver seat rotatably disposed on the base; a sensor programmed to measure an angular displacement of the driver seat relative to the base and output a displacement signal representing the angular displacement; and a processor programmed to receive the displacement signal, associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal to one of a plurality of virtual zones, identify at least one of a plurality of passive safety devices associated with the virtual zone associated with the angular displacement, and select the at least one of the plurality of passive safety devices associated with the virtual zone and based at least in part on an impact zone and predicted impact angle. 15. The vehicle system of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to receive an impact angle signal confirming the predicted impact angle and impact zone and deploy the at least one selected passive safety device associated with the virtual zone in response to receiving the impact angle signal. 16. The vehicle system of claim 15, wherein the impact angle signal confirms an area of a host vehicle involved in a collision. 17. The vehicle system of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to associate the angular displacement represented by the displacement signal and the virtual zone to at least one of the plurality of passive safety devices by querying a lookup table. 18. The vehicle system of claim 14, wherein the processor is programmed to identify the at least one passive safety device associated with the virtual zone by querying a lookup table.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention are provided that include executing, by a processor, a software stack received from a first boot image, and retrieving and executing, by the processor, a second software stack. A writeable boot device such as a storage device with a removable medium is detected, and the second software stack is saved by replacing, on the writeable boot device, the first boot image with a second boot image comprising the second software stack. The second software stack is saved upon detecting the boot device having no boot image. 1. A method comprising: executing, by a processor, a first software stack retrieved from a first boot image; retrieving and executing, by the processor, a second software stack; detecting a writeable boot device coupled to the processor; and saving the second software stack by replacing, on the writeable boot device, the first boot image with a second boot image comprising the second software stack; wherein the second software stack is saved upon detecting the boot device having no boot image. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first or second software stack comprises one or more components that are selected from a list comprising an operating system kernel, a service, and a software application. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the boot device is selected from a list comprising a solid state drive, a hard disk and an optical disk. 4. The method according to claim 1, and comprising rebooting the first software stack upon the second software stack failing to reach a boot level threshold for the second software stack. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first software stack is executing from a location in a memory, and wherein executing the second software stack comprises replacing, in the memory location, the first software stack with the second software stack. 6. A storage system, comprising: a memory configured to store a first and a second software stack; and a processor configured to: execute the first software stack retrieved from a first boot image, retrieve and execute the second software stack, detect a writeable boot device, and save the second software stack by replacing, on the writeable boot device, the first boot image with a second boot image comprising the second software stack; wherein the processor is configured to save the second software stack upon detecting the boot device having no boot image. 7. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to save, upon reaching a boot level threshold for the second software stack, the second software stack to the writeable boot device as a second boot image. 8. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein the first or second software stack comprises one or more components that the processor is configured to select from a list comprising an operating system kernel, a service, and a software application. 9. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to select the boot device from a list comprising a solid state drive, a hard disk and an optical disk. 10. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to reboot the first software stack upon the second software stack failing to reach a boot level threshold for the second software stack. 11. The storage system according to claim 10, and comprising a timer configured to power cycle the storage system upon the second software stack failing to reach the boot level threshold for the second software stack within a specific time period. 12. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to execute the first software stack from a location in a memory, and wherein the processor is configured to execute the second software stack by replacing, in the memory location, the first software stack with the second software stack. 13. A computer program product, the computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code configured to execute a first software stack retrieved from a first boot image; computer readable program code configured to retrieve and execute, by the processor, a second software stack; computer readable program code configured to detect a writeable boot device; and computer readable program code configured to save the second software stack by replacing, on the writeable boot device, the first boot image with a second boot image comprising the second software stack; wherein the computer readable program code is further configured to save the first or second software stack upon detecting the boot device having no boot image. 14. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the computer readable program code is further configured to save, upon reaching a boot level threshold for the second software stack, the second software stack to the writeable boot device as a boot image. 15. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the computer readable program code is further configured to reboot the first software stack upon the second software stack failing to reach a boot level threshold for the second software stack.",
-    "The present invention relates to amino silicone nanoemulsions. More specifically, the present invention relates to amino silicone nanoemulsions that may be used to protect surfaces from being soiled or wetted. 1. An amino silicone nanoemulsion comprising: a. one or more liquid amino silicone compounds represented by formula (1) below: where each R is an alkyl group or a phenyl group with 1-10 carbon atoms, wherein each R\u2032 is an alkyl group having 1-10 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a monovalent group represented by formula (2) below, or a monovalent group represented by the formula: \u2014OR3, where R3 is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group with 1-10 carbon atoms; m is a whole number from 50-1000, n is a whole number from 1-100, A is a monovalent group represented by formula (2) below: \u2014R1\u2014(NH\u2014R2)a\u2014NH2 (2) where R1 and R2 are divalent hydrocarbon groups with 1-10 carbon atoms; a is a whole number from 0-4; b. a non-resin crosslinking agent, which is capable of crosslinking the amino silicone via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, of formula (3): R-Ln (3) wherein n\u22672, R is a polyvalent, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, organic moiety comprising 2-30 carbon atoms, and the L groups, which may be identical or different, are leaving groups capable of being displaced by an amino group; c. a solvent; d. a surfactant; and e. a protonating agent; wherein said amino silicone nanoemulsion is substantially free of a silicone resin. 2. The amino silicone nanoemulsion of claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent of formula (3) comprises at least two identical L groups. 3. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein in said non-resin crosslinking agent of formula (3), R is a polyvalent, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, organic moiety comprising 2-15 carbon atoms. 4. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein in said non-resin crosslinking agent of formula (3), L is selected from the group consisting of halides, saturated or unsaturated C1-C30 alkoxides and their conjugate acids, H2O, and mixtures thereof. 5. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of alkyl poly-halides, saturated or unsaturated esters, saturated or unsaturated C2-C30 di-, tri-, and polycarboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof. 6. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of alkyl di-iodides, alkyl dichlorides, alkyl dibromides, and mixtures thereof. 7. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of consisting of dibromopropane, 1,4-dibromobutane, 1,6-dibromohexane, 1,12-dibromo-dodecane, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, dichloro-o-xylene, dichloro-m-xylene, dichloro-p-xylene, and mixtures thereof. 8. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of vinyl esters of di-, tri-, and poly-acid compounds. 9. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl adipate (DMA), divinyl adipate (DVA), and mixtures thereof. 10. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein said non-resin crosslinking agent is selected from the group consisting of C1-C30 alcohol esters of carboxylic acids. 11. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of said non-resin crosslinking agent to said liquid amino silicone compound is from about 0.05:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 0.1:1 to about 5:1, more preferably from about 0.5:1 to about 3:1. 12. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 11, wherein the molar ratio of said non-resin crosslinking agent to said liquid amino silicone compound is from about 0.1:1 to about 5:1. 13. The amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 12, wherein the molar ratio of said non-resin crosslinking agent to said liquid amino silicone compound is from about 0.5:1 to about 3:1. 14. A treatment composition that comprises a. an amino silicone nanoemulsion according to claim 1, b. a carrier, wherein said treatment composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 15% amino silicone nanoemulsion, by weight of the treatment composition, and said treatment composition is substantially free of silicone resin. 15. The treatment composition of claim 14, wherein said treatment composition is selected from the group consisting of beauty care composition, hand washing composition, body wash composition, shampoo composition, conditioner composition, cosmetic composition, hair removal composition, oral care composition, laundry spray composition, laundry rinse additive composition, liquid laundry detergent compositions, solid laundry detergent compositions, hard surface cleaning compositions, liquid hand dishwashing compositions, solid automatic dishwashing compositions, liquid automatic dishwashing, and tab/unit dose form automatic dish washing compositions, and laundry detergent compositions contained in a water-soluble pouch.",
-    "Methods, apparatus and computer program products implement embodiments of the present invention that include ascertaining, by a first storage system, a respective port identifier for each of one or more host ports defined to the first storage system for a logical volume stored on a second storage system. Examples of the port identifiers include WWPN and iSCSI iQN identifiers. A respective unique identifier is assigned to each of the ascertained one or more host ports, and for each of the one or more host ports, the respective port identifier and the assigned respective unique identifier are conveyed to the second storage system. Upon receiving, from one of the one or more host ports, an input/output (I/O) request for the logical volume, I/O request with the respective unique identifier of the one of the one or more host ports is conveyed to the second storage system. 1. A method, comprising: ascertaining, by a first storage system, a respective port identifier for each of one or more host ports defined to the first storage system for a logical volume stored on a second storage system; assigning a respective unique identifier to each of the ascertained one or more host ports; conveying, for each of the one or more host ports, the respective port identifier and the assigned respective unique identifier to the second storage system; and upon receiving, from one of the one or more host ports, an input/output (I/O) request for the logical volume, conveying, to the second storage system, the I/O request with the respective unique identifier of the one of the one or more host ports; wherein a mapping is selected from a list comprising a mapped connection between a host computer and the first storage system, and a mapped connection between the host computer and the second storage system. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the I/O request is selected from a list comprising a request to read data from the logical volume and a request to write data to the logical volume. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the respective port identifier is selected from a list comprising a World Wide Port Name and an Internet Small Computer System Interface Qualified Name. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein assigning the unique identifier comprises retrieving the unique identifier from a free list comprising a list of identifiers that are unique to a storage controller and are available to be assigned to the ascertained one or more host ports. 5. The method according to claim 1, and comprising populating a local port table with each of the ascertained port identifiers and the respective unique identifiers, each entry in the local port table storing one of the ascertained port identifiers and the respective unique identifier. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein conveying the assigned respective unique identifier comprises locating an entry in the local port table, storing the respective port identifier for the one of the one or more host ports, and conveying the respective unique identifier stored in the located entry. 7. A proxy storage system, comprising: one or more proxy ports coupled to a storage area network (SAN); and a processor configured: to ascertain a respective port identifier for each of one or more host ports defined to the proxy storage system for a logical volume stored on an owner storage system, to assign a respective unique identifier to each of the ascertained one or more host ports, to convey, for each of the one or more host ports, the respective port identifier and the assigned respective unique identifier to the owner storage system, and upon receiving, from one of the one or more host ports, an input/output (I/O) request for the logical volume via one of the one or more proxy ports, to convey, to the owner storage system, the I/O request with the respective unique identifier of the one of the one or more host ports; wherein the mapping is selected from a list comprising a mapped connection between a host computer and the proxy storage system, and a mapped connection between the host computer and the owner storage system. 8. The proxy storage system according to claim 7, wherein the I/O request is selected from a list comprising a request to read data from the logical volume and a request to write data to the logical volume. 9. The proxy storage system according to claim 7, wherein the port identifiers are selected from a list comprising a World Wide Port Name and an Internet Small Computer System Interface Qualified Name. 10. The proxy storage system according to claim 7, and comprising a memory configured to store a free list comprising a list of identifiers that are unique to a storage controller and are available to be assigned to the ascertained one or more host ports, and wherein the processor is configured to assign the respective unique identifier by retrieving the respective unique identifier from the free list. 11. The proxy storage system according to claim 7, wherein the processor is configured to populate a local port table with each of the ascertained port identifiers and the respective unique identifiers, each entry in the local port table storing one of the ascertained port identifiers and the respective unique identifier. 12. The proxy storage system according to claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to convey the assigned respective unique identifier by locating an entry in the local port table storing the respective port identifier for the one of the one or more host ports, and conveying the respective unique identifier stored in the located entry. 13. An owner storage system, comprising: multiple owner ports configured to communicate with one or more proxy storage systems via a storage area network (SAN); a storage device configured to store a logical volume mapped on the one or more proxy storage systems to a host computer having multiple host ports; and a processor configured: to receive configuration data from each of the one or more proxy storage systems, the configuration data comprising a port identifier and a respective unique identifier for each host port defined for each of the one or more proxy storage systems, subsequent to receiving the configuration data, to receive, from one of the one or more proxy storage systems, an input/output (I/O) request for the logical volume, the I/O request including a given unique identifier, and to ascertain, using the configuration data, one of the host ports that originated the I/O request; wherein the mapping is selected from a list comprising a mapped connection between the host computer and the proxy storage system, and a mapped connection between the host computer and the owner storage system. 14. The owner storage system according to claim 13, wherein upon verifying an availability of the logical volume, the processor is configured to process the I/O request, and to convey a result of the I/O request to the one of the one or more proxy storage systems. 15. The owner storage system according to claim 13, wherein the I/O request is selected from a list comprising a request to read data from the logical volume and a request to write data to the logical volume. 16. The owner storage system according to claim 13, wherein the port identifiers are selected from a list comprising a World Wide Port Name and an Internet Small Computer System Interface Qualified Name. 17. The owner storage system according to claim 13, wherein upon receiving the configuration, the processor is configured to populate a global port table with the configuration data. 18. The owner storage system according to claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to ascertain the one of the host ports by locating an entry in the global port table storing the respective port identifier for the one of the one or more proxy storage system and the received unique identifier. 19. The owner storage system according to claim 13, wherein the logical volume has a non-persistent reservation from the host computer, and comprising releasing the non-persistent reservation in response to detecting zero logins from any of the multiple host ports to the logical volume.",
-    "The purposes of the devices described herein are to provide an LED lighting device capable of efficiently and economically emitting light having a selectable color temperature or a warm-on-dim feature when driven with AC power and to provide LED lighting devices which have an improved power factor and a reduced total harmonic distortion when powered with AC power. 1. An LED lighting device comprising: at least one LED circuit having at least two LEDs connected in series; a first active current limiting device connected in parallel with at least one LED in the at least one LED circuit to bypass the at least one LED connected in parallel until a voltage threshold is reached, the first active current limiting device setting an upper limit on the amount of current flowing through any LEDs in the LED circuit it is not connected in parallel with. 2. The LED lighting device of claim 1 further comprising at least a second active current limiting device, the second active current limiting device being connected in series with the at least one LED circuit. 3. The LED lighting device of claim 2 further comprising a bridge rectifier, the at least one LED circuit with the second active current limiting device connected in series with the at least one LED in the at least one LED circuit being connected across the output of the bridge rectifier. 4. The LED lighting device of claim 3 wherein the bridge rectifier is constructed using LEDs. 5. The LED lighting device of claim 2 further comprising at least one additional LED circuit having at least two LEDs connected in series and at least one active current limiting device connected in parallel with at least one of the at least LEDs in the at least one additional LED circuit, the at least one additional LED circuit being connected to the at least one LED circuit in parallel. 6. The LED lighting device of claim 5 wherein the at least one LED circuit is capable of emitting light having one or more of a different color or wavelength than the at least one additional LED circuit. 7. The LED lighting device of claim 5 wherein the at least one LED circuit has different forward operating voltage than the at least one additional LED circuit. 8. The LED lighting device of any one of claim 1 further comprising a resistor, the resistor being connected in series with the at least one LED circuit. 9. The LED lighting device of any one of claim 1 wherein the at least one active current limiting device is a constant current regulator. 10. The LED lighting device of any one of claim 1 wherein the at least one active current limiting device is a current limiting diode. 11. A method of reducing harmonic distortion in LED lighting circuits and devices, the method comprising the steps of: connecting at least two LEDs in series; providing a bypass around at least one of the at least two LEDs connected in series, the bypass being an active current limiting device; and, maintaining a substantially constant current flowing through at least one LED which is not bypassed while the at least one of the at least two LEDs is bypassed by the active current limiting device. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of connecting a second active current limiting device in series with the at least two LEDs. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of rectifying the voltage provided to the at least two LEDs using a bridge rectifier. 14. An LED lighting device comprising: at least two LED circuits connected in parallel, each of the at least two LED circuits having at least one LED, each LED circuit emitting light having one or more of a different color or wavelength than other LED circuits; a first active current limiting device being connected in series with one of the at least two LED circuits; a bridge rectifier, the bridge rectifier providing rectified AC voltage to each of the at least two LED circuits connected in parallel. 15. The LED lighting device of claim 14 wherein the first active current limiting device is a current limiting diode. 16. The LED lighting device of claim 14 wherein the first active current limiting device is a constant current regulator. 17. The LED lighting device of claim 14 further comprising a second active current limiting device, the second active current limiting device being connected in series with a different LED circuit than the LED circuit connected in series with the first active current limiting device. 18. The LED lighting device of claim 14 wherein the LED circuit connected in series with the first active current limiting device has at least two LEDs connected in series, and a second active current limiting device is connected in parallel with at least one of the at least two LEDs connected in series. 19. An LED lighting device comprising: at least one LED circuit having at least two LEDs connected in series; at least one LED of the at least two LEDs emitting light of a different color or wavelength than the other LEDs connected in series; at least one active current limiting device, the active current limiting device being connected in parallel with at least one LED in the at least one LED circuit; at least a second active current limiting device, the second active current limiting device being connected in series with the at least two LEDs, wherein the LED lighting device is capable of emitting light during both a positive and negative phase of a provided AC voltage. 20. The LED lighting device of claim 20 further comprising a bridge rectifier, the bridge rectifier being connected in series with the at least one LED circuit in order to provide rectified AC voltage to the at least one LED circuit.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a sample carrying device that can easily stow a sample carrying rod in a small space. The sample carrying device includes the sample carrying rod that carries a sample in the left-right direction in a sample compartment and a preparatory sample compartment, a support body that supports the sample carrying rod, a case that supports the support body such that the support body can rotate around a rotational axis perpendicular to the left-right direction, and a third O-ring that is disposed between the support body and the case and seals the sample compartment and the preparatory sample compartment. The sample carrying rod can be switched between the use state where it can carry a sample and the stowed state where it has been moved in the up-down direction from the use state by rotation of the support body. 1. The sample carrying device comprising: a sample carrying rod carrying a sample in a predetermined direction in a vacuum chamber; a support body supporting the sample carrying rod; a case supporting the support body such that the support body can rotate around a rotational axis perpendicular to the predetermined direction; and a seal disposed between the support body and the case and seals the vacuum chamber, wherein the sample carrying rod can be switched between a use state where the sample carrying rod can carry the sample and a stowed state where the sample carrying rod has been moved to a predetermined position from the use stage by rotation of the support body. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a holding mechanism keeping the sample carrying rod in the stowed state. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the holding mechanism includes a coupler formed at a first end of the sample carrying rod and a recess formed on the inner side of the case to be coupled to the coupler in the stowed state. 4. The device of claim 2, wherein on outer sides of the case, a slit is formed in a plane perpendicular to the rotational axis to receive the sample carrying rod and a cut-portion is formed across the slit as the holding mechanism. 5. The device of claim 1, the support body is formed in a spherical shape. 6. The device of claim 2, the support body is formed in a spherical shape. 7. The device of claim 3, the support body is formed in a spherical shape. 8. The device of claim 4, the support body is formed in a spherical shape. 9. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 1. 10. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 2. 11. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 3. 12. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 4. 13. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 5. 14. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 6. 15. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 7. 16. A vacuum apparatus comprising the sample carrying device of claim 8.",
-    "A fuel inlet assembly for an automotive vehicle having an elongated tubular and. cylindrical housing open at each end and defining a port in between the ends of the housing. A flapper valve is associated with the fluid port and is movable between an open and a closed position. At least two latches are pivotally mounted to the housing adjacent the fluid port and movable between a latch position and a release position. The latches engage the flapper valve to prevent the flapper valve from moving to its open position. A flexible bump is attached to each latch so that the bump pivots with its associated latch and each bump protrudes radially inwardly from its associated latch. Each bump has a cam surface which, when engaged by a fuel nozzle, pivots the bump and its associated latch to the release position. However, the latch is collapsible in a radially outward direction towards its associated latch when that latch is in its release position thus enabling a fuel nozzle to pass past the collapsed bumps and engage the flapper valve. As such, only a fuel nozzle with a predetermined size range will engage the bumps and pivot the latches to an open position and also allow the fuel nozzle to pass the bumps and extend through the fluid port. 1. A fuel inlet assembly comprising: an elongated tubular and cylindrical housing open at each end, said housing defining a fluid port between said ends of said housing, a flapper valve associated with said fluid port, said flapper valve being movable between an open and a closed position and resiliently urged towards its closed positions, at least two annularly spaced rigid latches pivotally mounted to said housing adjacent said fluid port and pivotal about an axis perpendicular to an axis of said housing between a hitch position and a release position, said latches engaging said flapper valve when at least one of said latches is in said latch position to thereby prevent said, flapper valve moving to said open position, a flexible bump attached to each latch so that each bump pivots with its associated latch and each said bump protruding radially inwardly from its associated latch, each bump having a earn surface which, when engaged by a fuel nozzle, pivots said bump and its associated latch to said release position, wherein said each hump is collapsible in a radially outward direction toward its associated latch when said latch is in said release position to enable the fuel nozzle to pass said bumps and engage said flapper valve, wherein only a fuel nozzle within a predetermined size range will engage said cam surfaces of said bumps and pivot said latches to said release position and also allow the fuel nozzle to pass said bumps and extend through said fluid port. 2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 and comprising a pressure relief valve contained in said flapper valves. 3. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 and comprising a spring which urges said flapper valve towards a dosed position. 4. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said flapper valve comprises a first valve part and a second valve part secured together by a snap fitting. 5. The apparatus as defined in claim 4 and comprising a pressure relief valve at least partially contained between said valve parts. 6. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said latches are elongated, pivotally secured to said housing adjacent one end and having a valve engaging hook at their other ends, said cam surface position between said ends of said latches. 7. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein an upper end of each said bump is secured to its associated latch and wherein a lower end of each bump abuts against its associated latch.",
-    "A bottom opening back-strap-bucket with an adjustable lever. A bucket or large container body has a bottom opening, operable by a lever that permits an operator to pick up, carry and deposit items, leaving the operator's hands free when traveling. The invention utilizes leg and upper body strength, which allows the operators hands and arms to rest or be available for other tasks, such as for loading. The invention allows a user to travel anywhere, even hauling or carry heavy items up and down steps or ladders. The lever is operable to open the bottom plate to deposit items carried within the bucket at a selected location. 1. A portable receptacle, comprising: a receptacle having an first opening defined in a top end and a second opening defined in a bottom end of the receptacle; a bottom plate hingedly attached to the bottom end of the receptacle and operable between a closed position in which the bottom plate closes the second opening defining a cavity in the receptacle, and an open position; a lever assembly pivotally attached to a side of the receptacle and operatively connected to the bottom plate to position the bottom plate between the closed position and the open position; and a strap assembly attached between the top end and the bottom end of the receptacle. 2. The portable receptacle of claim 1, the lever assembly further comprising: a generally U-shaped bar pivotally attached to the receptacle at an intermediate portion of a leg of the U-shaped bar; and a coupling member connecting an aft portion of the U-shaped bar and an aft portion of the bottom plate. 3. The portable receptacle of claim 2, wherein the coupling member comprises a chain. 4. The portable receptacle of claim 2, wherein the coupling member comprises one of: a strap, a cable, a rope, an arm, a rod, or a strap. 5. The portable receptacle of claim 1, further comprising: a hinge attached between a forward end of the bottom plate and a forward end of the receptacle. 6. The portable receptacle of claim 3, further comprising: a D-ring attached to a top end of the receptacle and a bottom end of the receptacle; and a hook attaching a first end of the strap to the D-ring at the top end of the receptacle and a second end of the strap to the D-ring at the bottom end of the receptacle. 7. The portable receptacle of claim 3, further comprising: a locking mechanism operable to secure the lever assembly in the closed position. 8. The portable receptacle of claim 7, wherein the locking mechanism comprises: a hook and an eye, wherein the hook is attached to the handle and the eye is attached to the receptacle, the hook being operable between a locked position wherein the hook engages in the eye, and an unlocked position wherein the hook is disengaged from the eye. 9. The portable receptacle of claim 8, the handle assembly further comprising: a handle end hingedly attached to a forward end of the U-shaped bar, the handle movable about the hinge between an extended position and a retracted position. 10. The portable receptacle of claim 8, the strap assembly further comprising: an adjustable buckle disposed between the first end of the strap and the second end of the strap.",
-    "Methods, computer program products, and systems are presented. The methods include, for instance: providing a cognitive tour guide service to a group of participants for a tour with an initial route planned by participants registration information and environment information along the initial route. During the tour, real time sensory data on the participants health characteristics, change in environment are collected by a cognitive agent accompanying the group to lead the tour are relayed to a cognitive tour guide engine, and real time multi-objective optimization is modeled and performed. The participants are regrouped responsive to their respective enjoyment and circumstances of the environment and, among a set of optimal solutions, a new route for the tour is selected based on participant preference modeled and trained by participant feedback. During the tour, the cognitive tour guide engine continuously optimizes route responsive to incoming real time sensory data. 1. A computer implemented method for providing a cognitive tour guide service to a group of participants, comprising: collecting, by a cognitive tour guide engine running on a computer, sensory data on the participants and on environments of a tour in real time captured by two or more cognitive agents accompanying and leading the group for the tour with a present route such that the cognitive tour guide engine learns location of the group, respective pace of travel for the participants, and respective level of interest of the participants for a landmark in the present route; optimizing, by the cognitive tour guide engine, the present route by use of at least two objectives of the tour in real time during the tour, a first objective of the tour from the at least two objectives being to minimize expenses for the tour, and a second objective of the tour from the at least two objectives being to maximize enjoyment of the participants, based on the collected real time sensory data; and notifying, by the cognitive tour guide engine, the participants and the two or more cognitive agents of two or more new routes generated from the optimizing in real time, respective new routes of the two or more new routes corresponding to each subgroup of two or more subgroups formed from the group of participants based on each objective of the at least two objectives of the tour, such that the participants of each subgroup may continue the tour according to the respective new route corresponding to respective subgroups. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: registering a first participant among the participants for the tour with an initial route prior to the tour, the initial route being calculated from individual participant registration data as provided by the first participant, the participant registration data comprising face image, body measurements, and data for health characteristics. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more cognitive agents are respective unmanned aerial vehicles capable of real time sensory data collection and real time data communication, wherein the sensory data comprises visual data, auditory data, and/or gestural data of the participants captured by respective devices installed on each cognitive agent, wherein each cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents communicates in real time with the cognitive tour guide engine, other cognitive agents, and a mobile communication terminal of respective participants in the group, and wherein said each cognitive agent relays data stream from the mobile communication terminal to the cognitive tour guide engine, the data stream being generated by an applet installed on the mobile communication terminal. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensory data on the environment of the tour comprises topographical scan of the present route, obstacles on the present route, weather, delays of the tour caused by traffic, concentration of visitors in a landmark in the present route and/or an emergency to the participants. 5. The method of claim 1, said collecting comprising: obtaining the sensory data on the participants and on the environments of the tour from a first cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents; and identifying a level of interest of a participant among the participants on the landmark by measuring time spent by the participant at the landmark. 6. The method of claim 1, said optimizing comprising: determining a Pareto optimal frontier for the at least two objectives of the tour, the Pareto optimal frontier specifying combinations of trade-offs between the at least two objectives; generating a set of Pareto optimal solutions satisfying the at least two objectives as much as possible, by executing the determined Pareto optimal frontier; building a stochastic model of participant preference for the generated set of Pareto optimal solutions; selecting a dominant solution amongst the set of Pareto optimal solutions based on the stochastic model of participant preference; gathering feedback from the participants on the selected dominant solution upon informing the participants of the selected dominant solution to train the stochastic model of participant preference in subsequent cycles of the optimizing; and regrouping the participants into the two or more subgroups and creating the two or more new routes respectively for the two or more subgroups. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: leading a first subgroup of the two or more subgroups, by a first cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents, based on a first new route of the two or more new routes, responsive to the notifying. 8. A computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer storage medium readable by one or more processor and storing instructions for execution by the one or more processor for performing a method for providing a cognitive tour guide service to a group of participants, comprising: collecting, by a cognitive tour guide engine running on a computer, sensory data on the participants and on environments of a tour in real time captured by two or more cognitive agents accompanying and leading the group for the tour with a present route such that the cognitive tour guide engine learns location of the group, respective pace of travel for the participants, and respective level of interest of the participants for a landmark in the present route; optimizing, by the cognitive tour guide engine, the present route by use of at least two objectives of the tour in real time during the tour, a first objective of the tour from the at least two objectives being to minimize expenses for the tour, and a second objective of the tour from the at least two objectives being to maximize enjoyment of the participants, based on the collected real time sensory data; and notifying, by the cognitive tour guide engine, the participants and the two or more cognitive agents of two or more new routes generated from the optimizing in real time, respective new routes of the two or more new routes corresponding to each subgroup of two or more subgroups formed from the group of participants based on each objective of the at least two objectives of the tour, such that the participants of each subgroup may continue the tour according to the respective new route corresponding to respective subgroups. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, further comprising: registering a first participant among the participants for the tour with an initial route prior to the tour, the initial route being calculated from individual participant registration data as provided by the first participant, the participant registration data comprising face image, body measurements, and data for health characteristics. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the two or more cognitive agents are respective unmanned aerial vehicles capable of real time sensory data collection and real time data communication, wherein the sensory data comprises visual data, auditory data, and/or gestural data of the participants captured by respective devices installed on each cognitive agent, wherein each cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents communicates in real time with the cognitive tour guide engine, other cognitive agents, and a mobile communication terminal of respective participants in the group, and wherein said each cognitive agent relays data stream from the mobile communication terminal to the cognitive tour guide engine, the data stream being generated by an applet installed on the mobile communication terminal. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the sensory data on the environment of the tour comprises topographical scan of the present route, obstacles on the present route, weather, delays of the tour caused by traffic, concentration of visitors in a landmark in the present route and/or an emergency to the participants. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, said collecting comprising: obtaining the sensory data on the participants and on the environments of the tour from a first cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents; and identifying a level of interest of a participant among the participants on the landmark by measuring time spent by the participant at the landmark. 13. The computer program product of claim 8, said optimizing comprising: determining a Pareto optimal frontier for the at least two objectives of the tour, the Pareto optimal frontier specifying combinations of trade-offs between the at least two objectives; generating a set of Pareto optimal solutions satisfying the at least two objectives as much as possible, by executing the determined Pareto optimal frontier; building a stochastic model of participant preference for the generated set of Pareto optimal solutions; selecting a dominant solution amongst the set of Pareto optimal solutions based on the stochastic model of participant preference; gathering feedback from the participants on the selected dominant solution upon informing the participants of the selected dominant solution to train the stochastic model of participant preference in subsequent cycles of the optimizing; and regrouping the participants into the two or more subgroups and creating the two or more new routes respectively for the two or more subgroups. 14. The computer program product of claim 8, further comprising: leading a first subgroup of the two or more subgroups, by a first cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents, based on a first new route of the two or more new routes, responsive to the notifying. 15. A system comprising: a memory; one or more processor in communication with memory; and program instructions executable by the one or more processor via the memory to perform a method for providing a cognitive tour guide service to a group of participants, comprising: collecting, by a cognitive tour guide engine running on the one or more processor, sensory data on the participants and on environments of a tour in real time captured by two or more cognitive agents accompanying and leading the group for the tour with a present route such that the cognitive tour guide engine learns location of the group, respective pace of travel for the participants, and respective level of interest of the participants for a landmark in the present route; optimizing, by the cognitive tour guide engine, the present route by use of at least two objectives of the tour in real time during the tour, a first objective of the tour from the at least two objectives being to minimize expenses for the tour, and a second objective of the tour from the at least two objectives being to maximize enjoyment of the participants, based on the collected real time sensory data; and notifying, by the cognitive tour guide engine, the participants and the two or more cognitive agents of two or more new routes generated from the optimizing in real time, respective new routes of the two or more new routes corresponding to each subgroup of two or more subgroups formed from the group of participants based on each objective of the at least two objectives of the tour, such that the participants of each subgroup may continue the tour according to the respective new route corresponding to respective subgroups 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising: registering a first participant among the participants for the tour with an initial route prior to the tour, the initial route being calculated from individual participant registration data as provided by the first participant, the participant registration data comprising face image, body measurements, and data for health characteristics. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the two or more cognitive agents are respective unmanned aerial vehicles capable of real time sensory data collection and real time data communication, wherein the sensory data comprises visual data, auditory data, and/or gestural data of the participants captured by respective devices installed on each cognitive agent, wherein each cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents communicates in real time with the cognitive tour guide engine, other cognitive agents, and a mobile communication terminal of respective participants in the group, wherein said each cognitive agent relays data stream from the mobile communication terminal to the cognitive tour guide engine, the data stream being generated by an applet installed on the mobile communication terminal, and wherein the sensory data on the environment of the tour comprises topographical scan of the present route, obstacles on the present route, weather, delays of the tour caused by traffic, concentration of visitors in a landmark in the present route and/or an emergency to the participants. 18. The system of claim 15, said collecting comprising: obtaining the sensory data on the participants and on the environments of the tour from a first cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents; and identifying a level of interest of a participant among the participants on the landmark by measuring time spent by the participant at the landmark. 19. The system of claim 15, said optimizing comprising: determining a Pareto optimal frontier for the at least two objectives of the tour, the Pareto optimal frontier specifying combinations of trade-offs between the at least two objectives; generating a set of Pareto optimal solutions satisfying the at least two objectives as much as possible, by executing the determined Pareto optimal frontier; building a stochastic model of participant preference for the generated set of Pareto optimal solutions; selecting a dominant solution amongst the set of Pareto optimal solutions based on the stochastic model of participant preference; gathering feedback from the participants on the selected dominant solution upon informing the participants of the selected dominant solution to train the stochastic model of participant preference in subsequent cycles of the optimizing; and regrouping the participants into the two or more subgroups and creating the two or more new routes respectively for the two or more subgroups. 20. The system of claim 15, further comprising: leading a first subgroup of the two or more subgroups, by a first cognitive agent of the two or more cognitive agents, based on a first new route of the two or more new routes, responsive to the notifying.",
-    "A utility device includes a base tapered at an edge and a clip. The clip includes a hook, and when in a closed position, the hook fits into a recess of the clip and is unable to receive an object. However, in an opened position, the hook is pivoted away from the clip and is able to receive an object. An abutment prevents the hook from opening further than the opened position. The clip further includes a channel with overhangs and retainers that prevent an attached corresponding rotatable attachment piece from detaching from the channel. The corresponding rotatable attachment piece may attach to the channel and rotate within the channel. However, a first and second set of stoppers limit the rotation of the corresponding rotatable attachment piece within the channel. Further, the utility device may include a slot offset from the base to receive a corresponding fixed attachment piece. 1. A utility device comprising: a rigid base; and a clip coupled to the base, the clip including: a channel including overhangs along sides of the channel; wherein: the channel is adapted to receive a shaft and tab of a corresponding attachment piece; and the overhangs prevent the corresponding attachment piece from detaching depthwise from the channel. 2. The utility device of claim 1, wherein the base is ovular. 3. The utility device of claim 1, wherein the base is tapered at one edge. 4. The utility device of claim 1, wherein: the channel further comprises a first set of stoppers radially across from each other. 5. The utility device of claim 4, wherein the channel still further comprises a second set of stoppers radially across from each other. 6. The utility device of claim 5, wherein the channel allows the corresponding rotatable attachment piece to rotate within the channel limited by the first set of stoppers and the second set of stoppers. 7. The utility device of claim 1, wherein the channel further comprises retainers coupled to the overhangs, wherein the retainers prevent the corresponding rotatable attachment piece from detaching lengthwise from the channel. 8. The utility device of claim 1, wherein the clip further comprises: a hook pivotably selectable between a closed position and an opened position, wherein: the hook fits into a recess of the clip and is unable to receive an object when in the closed position; and a top of the hook is pivoted away from the clip and a bottom of the hook is pivoted toward the base in the opened position; 9. The utility device of claim 1 further including a slot for receiving a corresponding fixed attachment piece. 10. The utility device of claim 9, wherein the slot includes a sloped side to guide the corresponding fixed attachment piece into the slot. 11. The utility device of claim 9, wherein the slot includes three sloped sides to guide the corresponding fixed attachment piece into the slot. 12. The utility device of claim 9, wherein the slot includes an interference fit locking mechanism. 13. The utility device of claim 8, wherein the clip further includes an internal abutment that prevents the hook from opening further than the opened position. 14. The utility device of claim 8, wherein the hook further includes a blocker that is in contact with the abutment when the hook is in the opened position and that is not in contact with the abutment when the hook is in the closed position. 15. A system comprising: a utility device comprising: a rigid base; and a clip coupled to the base, the clip including: a channel including overhangs along sides of the channel; and a corresponding rotatable attachment device comprising a shaft; and a tab; wherein: the channel of the clip is adapted to receive the shaft and the tab of the corresponding attachment device; and the overhangs of the clip prevent the corresponding attachment device from detaching depthwise from the channel. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the corresponding rotatable attachment device is a beverage container rotatable attachment device. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the corresponding rotatable attachment device is a fishing pole rotatable attachment device. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the corresponding rotatable attachment device is a tool pouch rotatable attachment device. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the clip further comprises: a hook pivotably selectable between a closed position and an opened position, wherein: the hook fits into a recess of the clip and is unable to receive an object when in the closed position; and a top of the hook is pivoted away from the clip and a bottom of the hook is pivoted toward the base in the opened position; 20. A utility device comprising: a rigid, ovular base tapered at an edge of the base; a slot offset from the base, the slot including: three sloped sides to guide a corresponding fixed attachment piece; and an interference fit locking mechanism; and a clip coupled to the base, the clip including: a hook pivotably selectable between a closed position and an opened position, wherein: the hook fits into a recess of the clip and is unable to receive an object when in the closed position; and a top of the hook is pivoted away from the clip and a bottom of the hook is pivoted toward the base in the opened position; an abutment that prevents the hook from opening further than the opened position; a channel including: overhangs along sides of the channel; retainers coupled to the overhangs; a first set of stoppers radially across from each other; and a second set of stoppers radially across from each other; wherein: the channel is adapted to receive a shaft and circular tab of a corresponding rotatable attachment piece; the retainers prevent the corresponding rotatable attachment piece from detaching lengthwise from the channel; the overhangs prevent the corresponding rotatable attachment piece from detaching depthwise from the channel; and the channel allows the corresponding rotatable attachment piece to rotate within the channel limited by the first set of stoppers and the second set of stoppers.",
-    "The present invention is an alignment device for a bag containing one or more ports. The alignment device is attached to either the one or more ports or to the bag adjacent the one or more ports. The plate has an indicator or a unique outer edge shape that is designed to fit into a corresponding unique opening in a holder to ensure proper alignment of the bag and its port(s) in the holder. The plate is has a series of holes equal to and in alignment with the one or more ports of the bag and the port(s) extend through the holes of the plate. 1. A disposable processing bag formed of one or more pieces of plastic sealed to form a closed container, one or more ports formed in the bag to provide access to an interior of the bag for the introduction and/or removal of materials to the bag and an alignment plate attached to the bag adjacent the one or more ports, the plate has an outer edge corresponding to that of the opening of a corresponding holder, such that the plate fits into and aligns with the opening in the holder in only one orientation for proper alignment of the bag within the holder. 2. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises one or more channels from the edge of the plate to one or more holes or knockout plugs that correspond to one or more ports in the bag. 3. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate is attached to the one or more ports by one or more cable ties. 4. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate is welded to surface of the bag adjacent the one or more ports. 5. The bag of claim 1 wherein the plate is molded to an adjacent surface of the bag. 6. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate has one or more openings aligned to match the one or more ports of the bag and the plate is overmolded to an adjacent surface of the bag. 7. The bag of claim 1 further comprising a wireless device attached to the plate. 8. The bag of claim 1 further comprising a wireless device attached to the plate, wherein the wireless device is an RFID chip. 9. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate is made of plastic, composites, metal, wood, or a mixture thereof. 10. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises stainless steel or aluminum. 11. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises a thermoplastic. 12. The bag of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic is polyethylene, polypropylene, PVDF or PES. 13. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises a thermoset plastic. 14. The bag of claim 13, wherein the thermoset plastic is a urethane or epoxy. 15. The bag of claim 1, wherein the plate comprises fiberglass or a graphite composite.",
-    "A vehicle entry system includes a lock mechanism, an interface, and a control. The control receives a plurality of code digits by presenting a displayed number on the interface that is initially a random number and at least one of changing or receiving an entry of the displayed number based on a signal from the input. When the plurality of code digits corresponds to a stored entry code, the control causes the lock mechanism to unlock. 1. A vehicle entry system, comprising: a lock mechanism; an interface including a display; and a control: receiving a plurality of code digits by initially presenting a random number as displayed number on the display and at least one of changing or receiving an entry of the displayed number based on a signal from the interface; and when the plurality of code digits corresponds to a stored entry code, causing the lock mechanism to unlock. 2. The vehicle entry system of claim 1, wherein: the interface includes a confirmation button and a selection button; the signal received by the controller from the interface corresponds with changing the displayed number when the selection button is depressed; and the signal received by the controller from the interface corresponds with receiving the entry of the displayed number when the confirmation button is depressed. 3. (canceled) 4. The vehicle entry system of claim 1, wherein: the display is on a portion of a confirmation button; and the signal received by the controller from the interface corresponds with receiving the entry of the displayed number when the confirmation button is depressed. 5. The vehicle entry system of claim 1, wherein: the controller receives a first one of the plurality of code digits including presenting the displayed number in the form of a first displayed number on the interface that is initially the random number in the form of a first random number; and upon receiving the entry of the displayed number based on the signal from the interface in the form of a first signal, the controller receives a second one of the plurality of code digits including presenting a second displayed number on the interface that is initially a second random number at least one of changing or receiving the entry of the second displayed number based on a second signal from the interface. 6. The vehicle entry system of claim 1, further including a proximity sensor in communication with the controller, wherein: the controller presents the displayed number on the interface upon detecting a first object within a first range of the proximity sensor. 7. The vehicle entry system of claim 1, further including a first vehicle door defining an exterior surface and an interior, wherein; the interface is mounted on the exterior of the vehicle door; and the door lock mechanism is mounted within the interior of the vehicle door. 8. The vehicle entry system of claim 7, wherein: the exterior surface includes a portion thereof defined on a B-pillar trim piece of the door; and the interface is mounted on the exterior of the vehicle door on the portion defined on the B-pillar trim piece. 9. A vehicle, comprising: a door including a lock mechanism; an interface mounted on the door; and a control: receiving a plurality of code digits by initially presenting a random number as a displayed number on the interface and at least one of changing the displayed number to a sequentially-adjacent integer or storing the displayed number based on a signal from the interface; and when the plurality of code digits corresponds to a stored entry code, causing the lock mechanism to unlock. 10. (canceled) 11. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein: the interface includes an increase selection button and a decrease selection button; and changing the displayed number includes increasing the displayed number to a greater sequentially-adjacent integer upon receiving the signal from the increase selection button or decreasing the displayed number to a lesser sequentially-adjacent integer upon receiving the signal from the decrease selection button. 12. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein: the interface includes a confirmation button and a selection button; the signal received by the controller from the interface corresponds with changing the selection of the displayed number when the selection button is depressed; and the signal received by the controller from the interface corresponds with receiving the entry of the displayed number when the confirmation button is depressed. 13. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein: the controller receives a first one of the plurality of code digits including presenting the displayed number in the form of a first displayed number on the interface that is initially the random number in the form of a first random number; and upon receiving the entry of the displayed number as a first entry based on the signal from the interface in the form of a first signal, the controller receives a second one of the plurality of code digits including presenting a second displayed number on the interface that is initially a second random number at least one of changing or receiving a second entry of the second displayed number based on a second signal from the interface. 14. The vehicle of claim 9, further including a proximity sensor in communication with the controller, wherein: the controller presents the displayed number on the interface upon detecting a first object within a first range of the proximity sensor. 15. A method for controlling access to a vehicle, comprising: presenting on an interface a first displayed number that is initially a first random number and at least one of changing or receiving an entry of the first displayed number based on a signal from an interface; and upon receiving the entry of the first displayed number, presenting a second displayed number on the interface that is initially a second random number. 16. The method of claim 15, further including: storing in memory entries of at least the first and second displayed numbers as a plurality of sequential code digits; and when the plurality of code digits corresponds to a stored entry code, causing a lock mechanism to unlock. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein presenting a second displayed number on the interface that is initially a second random number further includes at least one of changing or receiving an entry of the second displayed number based on a second signal from the interface. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein changing the displayed number includes changing the displayed number to a sequentially-adjacent integer. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein: changing the displayed number includes increasing the displayed number to a greater sequentially-adjacent integer upon receiving a signal from an increase selection input or decreasing the displayed number to a lesser sequentially-adjacent integer when the signal corresponds to a decrease selection input. 20. The method of claim 15, further including initiating a code entry sequence, including presenting on the interface the first displayed number, upon detecting an object within a first range of the interface.",
-    "Disclosed herein are an RCAS and a request processing method for the RCAS. The request processing method according to an embodiment includes validating, by a Distributed Authorization Center (DAC), a join request or a leave request transmitted from a Set-Top Box (STB), sending, by the DAC, a report message to a Centralized Authorization Center (CAC) when validation has succeeded, updating, by the CAC, a database (DB) related to a state of the STB, based on the report message, and sending a certificate state update message including information about the update to DACs of one or more additional head-ends. 1. A request processing method for a Renewable Conditional Access System (RCAS) including head-ends, comprising: validating, by a Distributed Authorization Center (DAC), a join request or a leave request transmitted from a Set-Top Box (STB); sending, by the DAC, a report message to a Centralized Authorization Center (CAC) when validation has succeeded; updating, by the CAC, a database (DB) related to a state of the STB, based on the report message; and sending a certificate state update message including information about the update to DACs of one or more additional head-ends. 2. The request processing method of claim 1, wherein sending the report message to the CAC comprises: sending a report message to the CAC when the join request is successfully validated, the report message including a DAC identifier of the DAC, a Conditional Access Module Sub-system (CASS) identifier of a CASS, a Conditional Access Module (CAM) identifier of a CAM of the STB, and a descrambler identifier of a descrambler of the STB. 3. The request processing method of claim 2, further comprising: sending, by the CAC, an acknowledgement message, in response to the report message, to the DAC. 4. The request processing method of claim 3, wherein the acknowledgement message includes data about a result of processing the join request by the CAC, based on the report message for the join request. 5. The request processing method of claim 1, wherein sending the report message to the CAC comprises: sending a report message to the CAC when the leave request is successfully validated, the report message including a DAC identifier of the DAC, a CASS identifier of a CASS, a CAM identifier of a CAM of the STB, and a descrambler identifier of a descrambler of the STB. 6. The request processing method of claim 5, further comprising sending, by the CAC, an acknowledgement message for the leave request to the DAC. 7. The request processing method of claim 6, wherein the acknowledgement message for the leave request includes data about a result of processing the leave request by the CAC, based on the report message for the leave request. 8. The request processing method of claim 1, wherein the information about the update comprises at least one parameter that includes an update query of the database. 9. The request processing method of claim 8, further comprising: synchronizing, by the DAC, information about the STB with the CAC, based on the certificate state update message. 10. The request processing method of claim 9, further comprising: sending, by the DAC, an acknowledgement message including a result of synchronization to the CAC. 11. A request processing method for a Renewable Conditional Access System (RCAS) including head-ends, comprising: requesting, by a Distributed Authorization Center (DAC), a Centralized Authorization Center (CAC) to generate a certificate of a Set-Top Box (STB); and generating, by the CAC, the certificate, and sending both the certificate and a message including information about the certificate to the DAC. 12. The request processing method of claim 11, wherein the message including information about the certificate includes at least one of information about whether there is an additional certificate to be transmitted from the CAC to the DAC, information about a path of a folder in which certificates are stored, a length of each certificate, and a file name of the certificate. 13. The request processing method of claim 12, further comprising: sending, by the DAC, an acknowledgement message including a result of transmitting the certificate to the CAC, based on the message including the information about the certificate. 14. The request processing method of claim 13, wherein sending the acknowledgement message to the CAC comprises: determining, by the CAC, whether transmission of the certificate has been completed, based on information about whether there is an additional certificate to be transmitted to the DAC, and sending the acknowledgement message to the CAC if it is determined that the transmission of the certificate has been completed. 15. A Renewable Conditional Access System (RCAS) including head-ends, comprising: a Distributed Authorization Center (DAC) for validating a join request or a leave request transmitted from a Set Top Box (STB), and sending a report message to a Centralized Authorization Center (CAC) when validation has succeeded; and the CAC for updating a database related to a state of the STB, based on the report message, and sending a certificate state update message including information about the update to DACs of one or more additional head-ends. 16. The RCAS of claim 15, wherein the DAC sends a report message to the CAC when the join request is successfully validated, the report message including a DAC identifier of the DAC, a Conditional Access Module Sub-system (CASS) identifier of a CASS, a CAM identifier of a CAM of the STB, and a descrambler identifier of a descrambler of the STB. 17. The RCAS of claim 16, wherein the CAC sends an acknowledge message, in response to the report message, to the DAC. 18. The RCAS of claim 17, wherein the CAC sends the acknowledgement message including data obtained by processing the join request based on the report message for the join request. 19. The RCAS of claim 18, wherein each of the report message and the acknowledgement message is defined in an Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) syntax format. 20. The RCAS of claim 19, wherein the report message and the acknowledgement message have different message type values depending on names of the messages and directions in which the messages are sent.",
-    "Techniques for precisely determining a location of a mobile computing device based on both wireless signal strengths measured at the mobile computing device and movement of the device. The wireless signal strengths may represent the strength of a connection between the device and wireless access points (WAPs), cellular towers, or the like. Furthermore, the techniques described herein may utilize movement data provided by the device. For instance, the device may include an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or any other components configured to recognize when a device is moving, a direction that the device is moving, or the like. In one example, the accelerometer reports when the device has moved by a certain amount, while the gyroscope reports a direction in which the device is moving. The techniques then utilize this information in addition to the wireless signal strengths to estimate locations of the device as the device moves over time. 1. (canceled) 2. A computer-implemented method comprising: determining a first likelihood that a device is located at a first location; receiving motion data from a motion sensor; determining a second location of the device based at least in part on the first location and the motion data; determining a signal strength at the device at the second location; and determining a second likelihood that the device is located at the second location based at least in part on the first likelihood and the signal strength. 3. The computer-implemented method as recited in claim 2, wherein before the determining the first likelihood, the method further comprises: determining a signal strength at the device at the first location, and wherein the second likelihood is further based on the signal strength at the device at the first location. 4. The computer-implemented method as recited in claim 2, further comprising: analyzing the signal strength with respect to a previously determined signal strength at the second location; and wherein the determining the second likelihood is based at least in part on the analyzing and the first likelihood. 5. The computer-implemented method as recited in claim 2, further comprising determining the second likelihood based at least in part on the first likelihood and the signal strength using at least one of a probabilistic model approach or a particle filter. 6. The computer-implemented method as recited in claim 2, further comprising: determining a third location based at least in part on the first location; determining a third likelihood that the device is located at the third location; determining a fourth location of the device based at least in part on the third location and the motion data; determining a fourth likelihood that the device is located at the fourth location based at least in part on the third likelihood and the signal strength; determining that the second likelihood is greater than the fourth likelihood; and determining an error for the fourth location based at least in part on a difference between the second likelihood and the fourth likelihood. 7. The computer-implemented method as recited in claim 6, further comprising selecting the second location as a location of the device based at least in part on the second likelihood being greater than the fourth likelihood. 8. The computer-implemented method as recited in claim 2, further comprising: receiving a distance and a direction associated with the device from the motion sensor; and determining the second location of the device based at least in part on the distance and the direction associated with the device. 9. A device comprising: a motion sensor; one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media storing computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: determine a first likelihood that the device is located at a first location; receive motion data from the motion sensor; determine a second location of the device based at least in part on the first location and the motion data; determine a signal strength at the device at the second location; and determine a second likelihood that the device is located at the second location based at least in part on the first likelihood and the signal strength. 10. The device as recited in claim 9, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: determine a signal strength at the device at the first location, and wherein the second likelihood is further based on the signal strength at the device at the first location. 11. The device as recited in claim 9, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: analyze the signal strength with respect to a previously determined signal strength at the second location; and wherein the determining the second likelihood is based at least in part on the analyzing and the first likelihood. 12. The device as recited in claim 9, wherein the determining of the second likelihood comprises determining the second likelihood based at least in part on the first likelihood and the signal strength using at least one of a probabilistic model approach or a particle filter. 13. The device as recited in claim 9, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: determine a third location based at least in part on the first location; determine a third likelihood that the device is located at the third location; determine a fourth location of the device based at least in part on the third location and the motion data; determine a fourth likelihood that the device is located at the fourth location based at least in part on the third likelihood and the signal strength; determine that the second likelihood is greater than the fourth likelihood; and determine an error for the fourth location based at least in part on a difference between the second likelihood and the fourth likelihood. 14. The device as recited in claim 13, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to select the second location as a location of the device based at least in part on the second likelihood being greater than the fourth likelihood. 15. The device as recited in claim 9, wherein: the motion data includes a distance and a direction associated with the device; and the determining of the second location comprises determining the second location based at least in part on the distance and the direction associated with the device. 16. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-readable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining a first likelihood that a device is located at a first location; receiving motion data from a motion sensor; determining a second location of the device based at least in part on the first location and the motion data; determining a signal strength at the device at the second location; and determining a second likelihood that the device is located at the second location based at least in part on the first likelihood and the signal strength. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 16, the operations further comprising: determining a signal strength at the device at the first location, and wherein the determining of the second likelihood is further based on the signal strength at the device at the first location. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 16, the operations further comprising: analyzing the signal strength with respect to a previously determined signal strength at the second location; and wherein the determining the second likelihood is based at least in part on the analyzing and the first likelihood. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 16, wherein the determining the second likelihood comprises determining the second likelihood based at least in part on the first likelihood and the signal strength using at least one of a probabilistic model approach or a particle filter. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 16, the operations further comprising: determining a third location based at least in part on the first location; determining a third likelihood that the device is located at the third location; determining a fourth location of the device based at least in part on the third location and the motion data; determining a fourth likelihood that the device is located at the fourth location based at least in part on the third likelihood and the signal strength; determining that the second likelihood is greater than the fourth likelihood; and selecting the second location as a location of the device based at least in part on the second likelihood being greater than the fourth likelihood. 21. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media as recited in claim 16, wherein: the receiving of the motion data comprises receiving a distance and a direction associated with the device from the motion sensor; and the determining of the second location comprises determining the second location based at least in part on the distance and the direction associated with the device.",
-    "There is provided a non-water soluble drug delivery composition comprising a conjugate and a polymer matrix wherein exposure of the composition to electromagnetic radiation at a suitable pre-determined wavelength and intensity induces release of the active ingredient from the composition. The conjugate is attached to the polymer matrix through non-covalent interactions. There is also provided a drug delivery apparatus formed from the drug delivery composition. 1. A non-water soluble drug delivery composition comprising; a conjugate and a polymer matrix, said conjugate comprising an active ingredient bonded to a protecting group; wherein exposure of the composition to electromagnetic radiation at a suitable pre-determined wavelength and intensity induces release of the active ingredient from the composition; wherein the polymer matrix is formed from one or more copolymer compounds; and wherein the, or one of the, copolymer compounds comprises the protecting group. 2. A non-water soluble drug delivery composition comprising: a conjugate and a polymer matrix said conjugate comprising an active ingredient bonded to a protecting group via a first functional group; wherein exposure of the composition to electromagnetic radiation at a suitable pre-determined wavelength and intensity induces release of the active ingredient from the composition; and wherein the protecting group comprises a second functional group attached to the polymer matrix through non-covalent interactions. 3. The composition as claimed in either one of claim 1 or 2 wherein the active ingredient is bonded to the protecting group via an ester or carbamate group and wherein upon said exposure to electromagnetic radiation the ester group reacts to form a carboxylic acid group on the active ingredient or the carbamate group reacts to form a secondary amine group on the active ingredient. 4. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the polymer matrix does not comprise cyclodextrin. 5. The composition as claimed in claim 1 which dissolves in 5 parts per million or less in water. 6. The composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the non-covalent interactions comprise at least one of hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals attractions, \u03c0-\u03c0 interactions, electrostatic interactions or combinations thereof. 7. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the polymer matrix comprises one or more of, poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl pyrrolidoone), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), poly(diethylaminoethylmethacrylate), poly(diethylaminoethylethacrylate), silicone, styrene-isoprene/butadiene-styrene, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(orthoesters) and polyphosphazines. 8. The composition as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the protecting group is a dimethoxybenzoin group, a nitro benzyl ester group, an optionally chemically protected alkylamino group or a thioalkyl Grignard reagent group. 9. The composition as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the protecting group is a dimethoxybenzoinyl group; a benzoinyl group; a nitro benzyl, dinitrobenzyl or trinitrobenzyl group; a benzyloxycarbonyl group; a 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl group; or a 6-nitroveratryloxycarbonyl group. 10. The composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the protecting group is 3,5-dimethoxybenzoinyl group. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 1 in the form of a tablet, capsule, suspension, cream, ointment, lotion, powder, gel, solution, paste, spray, foam, oil, enema, suppository, controlled or slow release matrix or depot. 12. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active ingredient is an antibiotic, analgesic, vitamin, anti-histamine, antimicrobial, an anti-histamine, an antipyretic, a hormone, a neurotransmitter or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. 13. The composition as claimed in claim 12 wherein the active ingredient is acetyl salicyl, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, vancomycin, fexofenadine, desloratidine, levocetirizine, olopatadine, levocabastine, gamma-amino butyric acid, lidocaine, amethocaine, testosterone, cholesterol or oestrogen. 14. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the second functional group is one or more thiol, amino, alkylamino, mercapto, carboxylic acid or alcohol functional groups, said functional group or functional groups being bonded to the polymer matrix. 15. The composition as claimed in claim 14 wherein the second functional group is one or more alkylamino or mercapto functional groups. 16. The composition as claimed claim 1 wherein the protecting group is substantially permanently incorporated into the polymer matrix and substantially all of the protecting group is retained in the composition throughout and following the exposure of the composition to electromagnetic radiation. 17. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein one or more of the copolymer compounds comprises vinyl or acrylate monomers or combinations thereof. 18. A drug delivery apparatus comprising the composition as claimed claim 1. 19. The drug delivery apparatus of claim 18 in the form of: apheresis equipment, blood bags; blood administration tubing; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation equipment; dialysis and peritoneal drainage bags; urinary collection bags; urological catheters; wound drainage bags and tubes; enteral feeding equipment; nasogastric tubes; breast pump tubes; intravenous catheters, drip chambers, tubing and solution bags; total parenteral nutrition bags; hemodialysis tubing and catheters; film wrap; gloves; endotrachael tubes; tracheostomy tubes; esophagel tubes; humidifiers; ocular prosthesis; or sterile water bags and tubing. 20. The drug delivery apparatus as claimed claim 18 wherein the apparatus is formed from a material comprising the composition. 21. The drug delivery apparatus of claim 20 wherein the apparatus is formed from a material consisting essentially of the composition. 22. The drug delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 18 comprising a coating of the composition. 23. A method of administering an active ingredient to a patient in need thereof comprising the steps of administering the drug delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 18 to the patient, and exposing the drug delivery apparatus to electromagnetic radiation at a predetermined wavelength and intensity suitable to induce release of the active ingredient from the drug delivery apparatus. 24. The method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the structure and integrity of the polymer matrix is maintained throughout exposure of the drug delivery apparatus to electromagnetic radiation. 25. The method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the rate of release of the active ingredient is predicatable and controllable. 26. The method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the rate of release of the active ingredient is controlled through controlling the wavelength, amplitude and intensity of the electromagnetic radiation, or the location and duration of the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. 27. The method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the rate of release of the active ingredient is substantially constant. 28. The method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the release of the active ingredient is stopped and started repeatedly through stopping and starting exposure of the drug delivery apparatus to electromagnetic radiation. 29. The method as claimed in claim 23 wherein at least 99% of the protecting group is retained in the drug delivery apparatus throughout the exposure of the drug delivery apparatus to electromagnetic radiation. 30. The method as claimed in claim 29 wherein at least 99.95% of the protecting group is retained in the drug delivery apparatus throughout the exposure of the drug delivery apparatus to electromagnetic radiation. 31. A method of treating a patient in need thereof comprising the steps of administering the drug delivery apparatus as claimed in claim 18 to the patient and exposing the drug delivery apparatus to electromagnetic radiation at a predetermined wavelength and intensity suitable to induce release of the active ingredient from the drug delivery apparatus. 32. The method as claimed in claim 31 wherein the method is for the treatment of a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of: urinary tract infection, pneumonia, ocular and skin infection, hypersensitivity, glaucoma, posterior capsular opacification, diabetes, epilepsy and pain. 33. A method of substantially permanently incorporating a conjugate into a polymer matrix, said conjugate comprising an active ingredient bonded to a protecting group via a first functional group, wherein the protecting group comprises a second functional group, said method comprising the steps of: reacting the conjugate with the polymer matrix to form non-covalent interactions between the second functional group and the polymer matrix to form a drug delivery composition, said active ingredient being releasable from the drug delivery composition upon exposure of the drug delivery composition to electromagnetic radiation at a suitable predetermined wavelength and intensity. 34. A method of substantially permanently incorporating a protecting group into a polymer matrix, said protecting group being bonded to an active ingredient, said method comprising the steps of: forming a copolymer comprising the protecting group, and a suitable monomer and copolymerising the mixture to form the polymer matrix, wherein said active ingredient is releasable from the polymer matrix in a controllable and predictable manner upon exposure of the polymer matrix to electromagnetic radiation at a suitable predetermined wavelength and intensity. 35. The method as claimed in claim 34 wherein the active ingredient is bonded to the protecting group after the step of copolymerising the mixture to form the polymer matrix. 36. The method as claimed in claim 34 wherein the copolymer is mixed with vinyl or acrylate monomers or combinations thereof prior to polymerisation. 37. The method of forming a drug delivery device comprising incorporating the composition as claimed in claim 1 in an apparatus suitable for drug delivery. 38. The method as claimed in claim 37 wherein the apparatus suitable for drug delivery is formed from a material and the composition is incorporated into the material prior to formation of the drug delivery apparatus. 39. The method as claimed in claim 37 wherein the composition is coated onto at least a portion of a surface of the apparatus suitable for drug delivery.",
-    "In an electrode unit, a working electrode and a counter electrode are disposed in a cylindrical section having a cylindrical shape, which is a sensor main body, a distal end face of the working electrode is covered with a diaphragm that allows liquid to be measure to permeate, and an internal liquid chamber in which internal liquid of an electrolyte is stored and a standard solution chamber in which a standard solution for calibration is stored are partitioned by the diaphragm. The standard solution chamber is surrounded by an inner wall of the cylindrical section and a cap. When the electrode unit is mounted on a medical solution tank, zero adjustment is automatically performed using a standard solution inside the electrode unit. Thereafter, when the cap is opened, the standard solution is discharged and measurement in an actual use can be performed. 1. An electrode-type solution measuring apparatus comprising an electrode unit detachably attachable to a storage container that stores liquid to be measured, which is a measurement target, the electrode unit including: a cylindrical section having a cylindrical shape detachably inserted into the storage container; a cap that openably closes a distal end portion of the cylindrical section with stress application; a diaphragm disposed a predetermined distance apart from the cap, the diaphragm selectively allowing the liquid to be measured to permeate; a standard solution chamber surrounded by an inner wall of the cylindrical section, the cap, and the diaphragm, the standard solution chamber storing a standard solution for calibration; a working electrode disposed in the cylindrical section to be set in contact with the diaphragm; a first electrode pad electrically connected to the working electrode and disposed on a surface of the cylindrical section; an internal liquid chamber partitioned from the standard solution chamber by the diaphragm in the cylindrical section, the internal liquid chamber storing internal liquid of an electrolyte; a counter electrode disposed to be separated from the working electrode in the cylindrical section, at least a part of the counter electrode being exposed in the internal liquid chamber to come into contact with the internal liquid; and a second electrode pad electrically connected to the counter electrode and disposed on the surface of the cylindrical section. 2. An electrode-type solution measuring apparatus comprising an electrode unit detachably attachable to a storage container that stores liquid to be measured, which is a measurement target, the electrode unit including: a cylindrical section having a cylindrical shape detachably inserted into the storage container; a cap that openably closes a distal end portion of the cylindrical section with stress application; a standard solution chamber surrounded by an inner wall of the cylindrical section and the cap, the standard solution chamber storing a standard solution for calibration; a working electrode disposed in the cylindrical section, at least a part of the working electrode being exposed in the standard solution chamber to come into contact with the standard solution; a first electrode pad electrically connected to the working electrode and disposed on a surface of the cylindrical section; a counter electrode disposed to be separated from the working electrode in the cylindrical section, at least a part of the counter electrode being exposed in the standard solution chamber to come into contact with the standard solution; and a second electrode pad electrically connected to the counter electrode and disposed on the surface of the cylindrical section. 3. The electrode-type solution measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein fitting sections for aligning the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad with the solution storage container are disposed on an outer surface of the cylindrical section. 4. The electrode-type solution measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein fitting sections for aligning the first electrode pad and the second electrode pad with the solution storage container are disposed on an outer surface of the cylindrical section. 5. The electrode-type solution measuring apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cylindrical section includes: a cap holding section that holds the cap; an advancing/retracting section capable of advancing and retracting with respect to the cap holding section; and an opening section provided on a distal end side of the advancing/retracting section, the opening section pushing the cap to open the cap when the advancing/retracting section advances to the cap side. 6. The electrode-type solution measuring apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the cylindrical section includes: a cap holding section that holds the cap; an advancing/retracting section capable of advancing and retracting with respect to the cap holding section; and an opening section provided on a distal end side of the advancing/retracting section, the opening section pushing the cap to open the cap when the advancing/retracting section advances to the cap side. 7. A storage container comprising: a container section for storing medical solution; a housing section formed in a part of the container section, having a concave shape for housing an electrode unit for an electrode-type solution measuring apparatus, on a surface of which a first electrode pad and a second electrode pad are disposed, and having an opening in a bottom surface; a first contact exposed on an inner surface of the housing section and for electrically coming into contact with the first electrode pad of the electrode unit advanced to a first position of the housing section; and a second contact exposed on the inner surface of the housing section and for electrically coming into contact with the second electrode pad of the electrode unit advanced to the first position. 8. The storage container according to claim 7, further comprising: a voltage supplying section connected to the first contact and the second contact, the voltage supplying section supplying a voltage for measurement applied between the first contact and the second contact; and a current measuring section connected to the first contact and the second contact, the current measuring section measuring an electric current flowing when the voltage for measurement is applied. 9. An endoscope reprocessor comprising the storage container according to claim 7. 10. An endoscope reprocessor comprising the storage container according to claim 8.",
-    "A trench power transistor is provided. The trench gate structure of the trench power transistor includes at least one insulting layer, a gate electrode, and a shielding electrode, which are disposed in a trench of an epitaxial layer. The insulating layer formed on an inner wall of the active trench to isolate an epitaxial layer from the gate and the shielding electrodes. The insulating layer includes a first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer and a third dielectric layer. The first and second dielectric layers extend from an upper portion of the inner wall to a lower portion of the inner wall of the active trench. The third dielectric layer is formed on the second dielectric layer and located at the lower portion of the active trench. A portion of the second dielectric layer is interposed between the first and third dielectric layers. 1. A trench power transistor comprising: a substrate; an epitaxial layer formed on the substrate, wherein the epitaxial layer has at least one active trench formed therein; a trench gate structure formed in the active trench and comprising: a shielding electrode positioned in a lower portion of the active trench; a gate electrode positioned in the active trench and insulated from the shielding electrode; and an insulating layer formed in the active trench and having a contour substantially conforming to a contour of an inner wall of the active trench, wherein the gate electrode and the shielding electrode are isolated from the epitaxial layer by the insulating layer, and the insulating layer includes a first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer, and a third dielectric layer positioned in the lower portion of the active trench, and a portion of the second dielectric layer is sandwiched between the first dielectric layer and the third dielectric layer, and the second dielectric layer has a higher dielectric constant than a dielectric constant of the first dielectric layer; a body region formed in the epitaxial layer and surrounding the trench gate structure; and a source region formed in the epitaxial layer and located over the body region. 2. The trench power transistor according to claim 1, wherein the epitaxial layer further includes at least one termination trench formed in the epitaxial layer, and the trench power transistor comprises at least a terminal electrode structure formed in the termination trench, and the terminal electrode structure includes: a terminal electrode formed in the termination trench; and a termination dielectric layer formed on an inner wall of the termination trench and having a contour substantially conforming to a contour of the inner wall of the termination trench, wherein the terminal electrode is insulated from the epitaxial layer by the termination dielectric layer, and the termination dielectric layer includes at least two oxide layers and a nitride layer interposed between the two oxide layers. 3. The trench power transistor according to claim 1, wherein the trench gate structure further includes an inter-electrode dielectric layer extending between the gate electrode and the shielding electrode. 4. The trench power transistor according to claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness ranging from 10 to 35 nm, the second dielectric layer has a thickness ranging from 20 to 30 nm, and the third dielectric layer has a thickness ranging from 50 to 200 nm. 5. The trench power transistor according to claim 1, wherein the insulating layer further includes a fourth dielectric layer formed in an upper portion of the active trench and sandwiched between the second dielectric layer and the gate electrode. 6. The trench power transistor according to claim 5, wherein the first dielectric layer has a thickness of 10 nm, the second dielectric layer has a thickness ranging from 20 to 30 nm, the third dielectric layer has a thickness ranging from 50 to 200 nm, and the fourth dielectric layer has a thickness ranging from 10 to 25 nm. 7. The trench power transistor according to claim 1, further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer formed on the epitaxial layer and having at least one source contact opening formed therein; and at least one source conductive plug formed in the source contact opening to electrically connect to the source region. 8. The trench power transistor according to claim 7, wherein the interlayer dielectric layer includes a passivation layer directly formed on the epitaxial layer and having an oxide/nitride stacked layer structure. 9. A trench power transistor comprising: a substrate; an epitaxial layer formed on the substrate and defining an active region and a rectifying region, wherein the epitaxial layer has at least one active trench formed in the active region, a first termination trench formed in the rectifying region, and a second termination trench formed in the rectifying region; a trench gate structure formed in the active trench; a first body region formed in the active region of the epitaxial layer and surrounding the trench gate structure; a source region formed above the first body region; a first terminal electrode structure formed in the first termination trench; a second terminal electrode structure formed in the second termination trench, wherein the trench gate structure, the first terminal electrode structure, and the second terminal electrode structure are adjacently arranged parallel to each other along a first direction; and at least two second body regions formed in the epitaxial layer interposed between the adjacent first terminal electrode structure and the second terminal electrode structure and arranged along a second direction, wherein the two adjacent second body regions are mutually spaced apart a predetermined distance to define at least a schottky contact region. 10. The trench power transistor according to claim 9, wherein the first termination trench is spaced from the adjacent active trench by a first pitch and spaced from the adjacent second termination trench by a second pitch, and a differential value between the first pitch and the second pitch ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 \u03bcm. 11. The trench power transistor according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined distance between the two adjacent second body regions arranged along the second direction is a length of the schottky contact region in the second direction.",
-    "A method for routing calls suited to use in a call center includes receiving a call from a customer, extracting features from an utterance of the call, and, based on the extracted features, predicting a class and a complexity of a dialogue to be conducted between the customer and an agent. With a routing model, a routing strategy is generated for steering the call to one of a plurality of types of agent (such as to a human or a virtual agent), based on the predicted class and complexity of the dialogue and a cost assigned to the type of agent. A first of the plurality of types of agent is assigned a higher cost than a second of the types of agent. The routing strategy is output. 1. A method for routing calls comprising: receiving a call from a customer; extracting features from an utterance of the call; based on the extracted features, predicting a class and a complexity of a dialogue to be conducted between the customer and an agent; with a routing model, generating a routing strategy for steering the call to one of a plurality of types of agent, based on the predicted class and complexity of the dialogue and a cost assigned to the type of agent, a first of the plurality of types of agent being assigned a higher cost than a second of the types of agent; and outputting the routing strategy, wherein at least one of the extracting features, predicting the class and the complexity, and generating the routing strategy is performed with a processor. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising learning a dialogue class model based on a corpus of dialogues, each dialogue in the corpus being annotated with a class from a plurality of classes, the prediction of the class of the dialogue being performed with the dialogue class model. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the class c of the dialogue is computed according to Equation 1. p \u03b8 \ue8a0 ( c \ue85c d ) = 1 1 + e - ( \u03b8 0 c + \u03b8 1 c \u00b7 \u03c6 \ue8a0 ( d ) ) ( 1 ) where \u03c6(d) is a feature vector derived from the features extracted from the utterance d; \u03b8c is a vector of parameters to learn for each dialogue class c; and \u03b80c is a regularization vector. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising learning a dialogue complexity model based on a corpus of dialogues, each dialogue in the corpus being annotated with a respective complexity, the prediction of the complexity of the dialogue being performed with the dialogue complexity model. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the complexity is a function of a number of turns in the dialogue. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the complexity \u03b9 of the dialogue is predicted according to Equation (2): (l|d)=\u03c90+\u03c91.\u03c6(d) (2) where \u03c6(d) is a feature vector derived from the features extracted from the utterance d; \u03c9 is a vector of parameters to learn; and \u03c90 is a regularization vector. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracted features comprise n-grams. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the routing model computes an expectation of success of the dialogue for each of the types of agent, based on the predicted class and complexity of the dialogue, and computes the routing strategy as function of the expectation of success and the assigned cost for each type of agent. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising, after the dialogue has been conducted: assessing a success of the dialogue; computing a difference between the expectation of success, computed by the routing model for the type of agent to which the call has been routed, and the assessed success; and updating the routing model to reduce the difference. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the assessment of the success of the dialogue is based on at least one of: a statistical analysis of at least part of the dialogue; and customer feedback. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising assigning the call to an agent based on the routing strategy. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a first of the types of agent is a human agent and a second of the types of agent is a virtual agent. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes routing multiple calls from customers among human and virtual agents based on a respective routing strategy for each of the calls. 14. A system comprising memory which stores instructions for performing the method of claim 1 and a processor in communication with the memory for executing the instructions. 15. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory recording medium storing instructions, which when executed on a computer, causes the computer to perform the method of claim 1. 16. A system for routing calls comprising: a feature extraction component which extracts features from an utterance of a customer call; a call classification component which predicts a class of a dialogue to be conducted between the customer and an agent, based on the extracted features; a call complexity component which predicts a complexity of the dialogue to be conducted between the customer and the agent, based on the extracted features; a routing component which generates a routing strategy for steering the call to one of a plurality of types of agent with a learned routing model, the routing strategy being based on the predicted class of the dialogue, the predicted complexity of the dialogue, and a cost assigned to each type of agent, a first of the plurality of types of agent being assigned a higher cost than a second of the types of agent; an output component which outputs the routing strategy; and a processor which implements the components. 17. The system of claim 16, further comprising a feedback component which analyzes feedback on the success of a completed dialogue for updating the model. 18. The system of claim 16, further comprising an update component which updates the routing model based on feedback on success of the dialogue. 19. The system of claim 16, further comprising a virtual agent configured for conducting a dialogue with a customer. 20. A method for generating a system for routing calls among human and virtual agents in a call center, based on an estimate of success of a dialogue to be conducted with an agent, comprising: learning a dialogue class model for predicting a class of a dialogue to be conducted based on an utterance of a call, the learning being based on prior dialogues conducted between a respective customer and an agent that are annotated by class; learning a dialogue complexity model for predicting a complexity of the dialogue based on the utterance of the call, the learning being based on prior dialogues conducted between a respective customer and an agent that are annotated by complexity; learning a dialogue routing model which estimates a success of the dialogue to be conducted between a customer and an agent, when the agent is a human agent, and estimates success of a dialogue conducted between a customer and an agent, when the agent is a real agent, the estimates of success each being a respective function of a class predicted by the dialogue class model and a complexity predicted by the dialogue complexity model; assigning a cost for weighting the virtual agents differently from the virtual agents, whereby when calls are received from customers, they are routed among the real and virtual agents as a function of the estimates of success and the assigned cost.",
-    "Disclosed is a mold for forming a deep grip container, the mold having drive mechanisms opposably to drive moveable inserts into the mold. The drive mechanisms may be located entirely within the mold and may include a slotted cam. Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing a blow molded bottle with a deep pinch grip comprising: providing a mold hanger having an outer envelope and providing within the outer envelope a drive mechanism to drive moveable inserts into the mold after blowing molten plastic into contact with the mold. Further disclosed is a blow molded bottle with a deep pinch grip manufactured according to the disclosed methods. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A method of retrofitting an existing blow molding station having an existing mold hanger for supporting and encasing a mold for a bottle, the existing mold hanger defining an existing outer envelope, the method comprising: providing in the blow molding station an improved mold hanger, the improved mold hanger substantially contained within the existing outer envelope defined by the existing mold hanger and configured to support and encase a mold for blow molding a bottle from plastic; and providing in the improved mold hanger a pair of low-profile drive mechanisms configured to opposable drive a respective pair of moveable inserts at least one half inch into a cavity of the mold while the plastic is molted. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing a fluid pressure source in fluid communication with the drive mechanisms. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the fluid pressure source is configured to provide hydraulic pressure. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the fluid pressure source is configured to provide pneumatic pressure. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the fluid pressure source is a low profile, high pressure, canister. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein providing a fluid pressure source comprises securing a low profile, high pressure, canister below the mold in fluid communication with the drive mechanisms. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein providing the fluid pressure source comprises redirecting fluid pressure pre-existing on the existing blow molding station. 18. The method of claim 11 wherein providing an improved mold hanger comprises replacing the existing mold hanger. 19. The method of claim 11 wherein providing an improved mold hanger comprises reusing the existing mold hanger in altered form. 20. The method of claim 11 wherein providing an improved mold hanger comprising reusing the existing mold hanger and wherein providing in the improved mold hanger a pair of low-profile drive mechanisms comprises providing the drive mechanisms in a mold supported by the existing mold hanger. 21. The method of claim 11 wherein the improved mold hanger laterally extends beyond the existing outer envelope by a cumulative total of less than 66 millimeters. 22. The method of claim 11 wherein the improved mold hanger laterally extends beyond the existing outer envelope by a cumulative total of less than 41 millimeters. 23. The method of claim 11 wherein the improved mold hanger laterally extends beyond the existing outer envelope by a cumulative total of less than 29 millimeters. 24. The method of claim 11 wherein the improved mold hanger does not extend laterally beyond the existing outer envelope. 25. The method of claim 11 wherein the drive mechanism comprises a slotted cam. 26. The method of claim 11 wherein the drive mechanism comprises a piston. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the piston has a cross-sectional area larger than a cross-sectional area of the moveable insert. 28. The method of claim 11 wherein the drive mechanism is configured to drive the moveable insert within an insert pocket in the mold. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the moveable insert is configured to slide within the insert pocket. 30. The methods of claim 11 wherein the moveable insert is configured to move at least about one half inch into an interior cavity inside the mold. 31. The methods of claim 11 wherein the existing blow molding station is part of a ten-station Sidel-type GUPM wheel. 32. The method of claim 11 wherein the existing blow molding station is part of a sixteen-station Sidel-type GUPM wheel. 33-34. (canceled) 35. A blow molded bottle with a deep pinch grip manufactured according to the method, comprising: providing a mold hanger having an outer envelope; providing in the mold hanger a mold with a cavity configured to receive molten plastic; providing within the outer envelope a first pocket configured to receive a first moveable insert; providing within the outer envelope a second pocket configured to receive a second moveable insert; providing within the outer envelope a first drive mechanism configured to drive the first moveable insert in a first direction through the first pocket into the cavity; providing within the outer envelope a second drive mechanism configured to drive the second moveable insert in a second direction through the second mold pocket into the cavity, the second direction being generally opposed to the first direction; providing within the outer envelope a cylinder shaft positioned in a cylinder shaft hole in the mold, the cylinder shaft in mechanical cooperation with the first drive mechanism; blowing molten plastic into contact with the mold; and after blowing the molten plastic into contact with the mold, operating the first and second drive mechanisms to drive the first and second moveable inserts into the cavity while the plastic is still pliable and form a blow-molded bottle with a deep pinch grip. 36. A 1.75 litre bottle with a deep pinch grip no more than about 2 and \u215b inch wide and having a ledge at least about 29 millimeters deep on a first side of the grip and a ledge at least about 29 millimeters deep on a second side of the grip, manufactured according to the method, comprising; providing a mold hanger having an outer envelope; providing in the mold hanger a mold with a cavity configured to receive molten plastic; providing within the outer envelope a first pocket configured to receive a first moveable insert; providing within the outer envelope a second pocket configured to receive a second moveable insert; providing within the outer envelope a first drive mechanism configured to drive the first moveable insert in a first direction through the first pocket into the cavity; providing within the outer envelope a second drive mechanism configured to drive the second moveable insert in a second direction through the second mold pocket into the cavity, the second direction being generally opposed to the first direction; providing within the outer envelope a cylinder shaft positioned in a cylinder shaft hole in the mold, the cylinder shaft in mechanical cooperation with the first drive mechanism; blowing molten plastic into contact with the mold; and after blowing the molten plastic into contact with the mold, operating the first and second drive mechanisms to drive the first and second moveable inserts into the cavity while the plastic is still pliable and form a blow-molded bottle with a deep pinch grip.",
-    "In a front/back reversing unit, a base metal sheet having rollers attached thereon is engaged with a rotation spindle fixed to a fitting such that the base metal sheet is rotatable in a horizontal direction. When an operation of rolling up a print target medium is started and if winding tension with respect to the print target medium to be wrapped around a winding shaft becomes unbalanced, the front/back reversing unit rotates in accordance with the winding tension so as to balance the winding tension. Then, when the winding tension applied to the print target medium becomes balanced, the front/back reversing unit is returned to its original position by an elastic member, and the roller of the front/back reversing unit and the winding shaft become substantially parallel to each other. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a roller which conveys a print target medium ejected from an apparatus main body; and a support section which rotatably supports the roller in accordance with tension applied to the roller via the print target medium from a direction of a winding shaft arranged in a lower flow in a conveyance direction. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support section is structured such that a relation of F<F\u2032 where F represents force required for rotation of the support section and F\u2032 represents the tension is satisfied. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support section includes an elastic member which applies restoring force so that the support section is returned to a predetermined orientation. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the roller comprises a first roller which receives the print target medium ejected from the apparatus main body and a second roller which sends the print target medium toward the winding shaft, and wherein the first roller and the second roller have axes parallel to each other. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support section is rotated in accordance with a difference in winding tension at both end portions of the print target medium in a width direction with respect to the conveyance direction when the winding shaft rolls up the print target medium. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the roller reverses front and back of the print target medium ejected from the apparatus main body based on the tension applied from the direction of the winding shaft arranged in the lower flow in the conveyance direction. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support section supports the roller such that the roller is rotatable around a support axis perpendicular to an axis of the roller, in accordance with the tension applied to the roller via the print target medium from the direction of the winding shaft arranged in the lower flow in the conveyance direction. 8. A winding-deviation prevention method comprising: a step of preventing winding-deviation of a print target medium ejected from an image forming apparatus with respect to a winding shaft arranged on a lower flow side of a conveyance route, by rotating a support section for supporting a roller which changes a conveyance direction of the print target medium to a direction of the winding shaft in accordance with tension applied via the print target medium from a direction of the winding shaft.",
-    "Present invention relates to methods for preparing (1\u03b1, 2\u03b2, 4\u03b2, 5\u03b1, 7\u03b2)-7-[(hydroxidi-2-thienllacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]nonane-bromide. 1. A compound represented by formula 2C.",
-    "A transmitter having two or more transmit antennas includes a bit parser for providing two or more data streams to an interleaver of the transmitter. The bit parser receives bits representing data to be transmitted over the transmit antennas, and parses the bits into a number of data streams equal to a number of the transmit antennas such that the bits are divided into bit groups, each having no more than two of the bits, and each of the data streams include non-adjacent ones of the bit groups. 1. A wireless communication device comprising: a plurality of antennas configured to transmit a plurality of transmission streams to another wireless communication device respectively via the plurality of antennas, wherein a first transmission stream is transmitted via a first antenna, a second transmission stream is transmitted via a second antenna; and a parser configured to: receive a block of outbound data bits intended for transmission to the another wireless communication device via the plurality of transmission streams; divide the block of outbound data bits into a plurality of bit groups, wherein each respective bit group is formed from a same number of different consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes a first bit group adjacently followed by a second bit group and also includes a third bit group adjacently followed by a fourth bit group; generate and output a first data stream for first interleaving to generate the first transmission stream, wherein the first data stream includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group; and generate and output a second data stream for second interleaving to generate the second transmission stream, wherein the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group, and each of the first data stream and the second data stream excludes any adjacent bit groups of the plurality of bit groups formed from the block of outbound data bits. 2. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of bit groups includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the second bit group adjacently followed by a fifth bit group adjacently followed by a sixth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group; the first data stream includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the fifth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group; and the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group, and the first data stream and the second data stream include a same number of bits. 3. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of transmission streams also includes a third transmission stream that is transmitted via a third antenna of the plurality of antennas; the plurality of bit groups includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the second bit group adjacently followed by a fifth bit group adjacently followed by a sixth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group; the first data stream includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group; the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group; and the parser is further configured to generate and output a third data stream for third interleaving to generate the third transmission stream, wherein the third data stream includes the fifth bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group, and the first data stream, and the second data stream, and the third data stream include a same number of bits. 4. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: each respective bit group is formed from a different 2 respective consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the second bit group and also includes 2 bits of the third bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the fourth bit group; the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by more than 2 bits, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by more than 2 bits, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group. 5. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: each respective bit group is formed from a different 2 respective consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the second bit group and also includes 2 bits of the third bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the fourth bit group; the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group. 6. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: each respective bit group is formed from a different 1 bit from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 1 bit of the first bit group composed of adjacently followed by 1 bit of the second bit group and also includes 1 bit of the third bit group adjacently followed by 1 bit of the fourth bit group; the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the first data stream includes the 1 bit of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 1 bit of the third bit group; and generate the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the second data stream includes the 1 bit of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 1 bit of the fourth bit group. 7. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the another wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 8. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the another wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA). 9. A wireless communication device comprising: a plurality of antennas configured to transmit a plurality of transmission streams to another wireless communication device respectively via the plurality of antennas, wherein a first transmission stream is transmitted via a first antenna, a second transmission stream is transmitted via a second antenna; and a parser configured to: receive a block of outbound data bits intended for transmission to the another wireless communication device via the plurality of transmission streams; divide the block of outbound data bits into a plurality of bit groups, wherein each respective bit group is formed from a different 2 respective consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 2 bits of a first bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of a second bit group and also includes 2 bits of a third bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of a fourth bit group; generate and output a first data stream for first interleaving to generate the first transmission stream, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and generate and output a second data stream for second interleaving to generate the second transmission stream, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group, the first data stream and the second data stream include a same number of bits, and each of the first data stream and the second data stream excludes any adjacent bit groups of the plurality of bit groups formed from the block of outbound data bits. 10. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein: the plurality of bit groups includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of a fifth bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of a sixth bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group; the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fifth bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group. 11. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein: the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented more than 2 bits, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by more than 2 bits, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group. 12. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein: the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group. 13. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the another wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 14. A method for execution by a wireless communication device, the method comprising: via a plurality of antennas of the wireless communication device, transmitting a plurality of transmission streams to another wireless communication device respectively via the plurality of antennas, wherein a first transmission stream is transmitted via a first antenna, a second transmission stream is transmitted via a second antenna; receiving a block of outbound data bits intended for transmission to the another wireless communication device via the plurality of transmission streams; dividing the block of outbound data bits into a plurality of bit groups, wherein each respective bit group is formed from a same number of different consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes a first bit group adjacently followed by a second bit group and also includes a third bit group adjacently followed by a fourth bit group; generating and outputting a first data stream for first interleaving to generate the first transmission stream, wherein the first data stream includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group; and generating and outputting a second data stream for second interleaving to generate the second transmission stream, wherein the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group, and each of the first data stream and the second data stream excludes any adjacent bit groups of the plurality of bit groups formed from the block of outbound data bits. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the plurality of bit groups includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the second bit group adjacently followed by a fifth bit group adjacently followed by a sixth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group; the first data stream includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the fifth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group; and the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group, and the first data stream and the second data stream include a same number of bits. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein: the plurality of transmission streams also includes a third transmission stream that is transmitted via a third antenna of the plurality of antennas; the plurality of bit groups includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the second bit group adjacently followed by a fifth bit group adjacently followed by a sixth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group; the first data stream includes the first bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group; the second data stream includes the second bit group adjacently followed by the sixth bit group adjacently followed by the third bit group; and further comprising: generating and outputting a third data stream for third interleaving to generate the third transmission stream, wherein the third data stream includes the fifth bit group adjacently followed by the fourth bit group, and the first data stream, and the second data stream, and the third data stream include a same number of bits. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein: each respective bit group is formed from a different 2 respective consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the second bit group and also includes 2 bits of the third bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the fourth bit group; the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by more than 2 bits, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by more than 2 bits, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein: each respective bit group is formed from a different 2 respective consecutive bits from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the second bit group and also includes 2 bits of the third bit group adjacently followed by 2 bits of the fourth bit group; the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the first data stream includes the 2 bits of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the third bit group; and the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the second data stream includes the 2 bits of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 2 bits of the fourth bit group. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein: each respective bit group is formed from a different 1 bit from the block of outbound data bits, and the plurality of bit groups includes 1 bit of the first bit group composed of adjacently followed by 1 bit of the second bit group and also includes 1 bit of the third bit group adjacently followed by 1 bit of the fourth bit group; the first transmission stream is modulated based on a constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the first data stream includes the 1 bit of the first bit group adjacently followed by the 1 bit of the third bit group; and generate the second transmission stream is also modulated based on the constellation with constellation points respectively represented by 1 bit, wherein the second data stream includes the 1 bit of the second bit group adjacently followed by the 1 bit of the fourth bit group. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA), and the another wireless communication device includes an access point (AP).",
-    "A fingertip position estimation apparatus includes a processor that executes a process. The process includes: identifying a first fingertip position of a finger included in an image, based on a color area model that defines a color of a finger; calculating dimensions of an area that is different from a background of the image, within an area of a prescribed size that is in contact with the first fingertip position and that is positioned in a direction in which a fingertip is pointing; and when the dimensions are larger than a prescribed threshold, estimating a second fingertip position that is positioned away from the first fingertip position in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing. 1. A fingertip position estimation apparatus including a processor that executes a process, the process comprising: identifying a first fingertip position of a finger included in an image, based on a color area model that defines a color of a finger; calculating dimensions of an area that is different from a background of the image, within an area of a prescribed size that is in contact with the first fingertip position and that is positioned in a direction in which a fingertip is pointing; and when the dimensions are larger than a prescribed threshold, estimating a second fingertip position that is positioned away from the first fingertip position in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing. 2. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the estimating process, the second fingertip position is estimated based on a size of a nail of an average size. 3. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the estimating process, the second fingertip position is estimated based on a length, in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing, of the area that is different from the background within the area of the prescribed size. 4. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the process further comprises: generating a difference image between the area of the prescribed size and an area corresponding to the area of the prescribed size in a background image of only the background without a finger captured in advance; and calculating the length, in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing, of the area that is different from the background within the area of the prescribed size, based on the difference image. 5. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the process further comprises binarizing the difference image to generate a binarized image, and in the process of calculating the length, the length, in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing, of the area that is different from the background within the area of the prescribed size, is calculated based on the binarized image. 6. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the process further comprises removing a noise of the binarized image, and in the process of calculating the length, the length, in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing, of the area that is different from the background within the area of the prescribed size, is calculated based on the binarized image after the noise is removed. 7. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the length is a length in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing, of the area that is different from the background within the area of the prescribed size, in an image including the finger captured before an operation by the fingertip starts. 8. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the process further comprises when the dimensions are larger than the prescribed threshold, identifying the direction in which the fingertip is pointing. 9. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 8, wherein in the process of identifying the direction, the direction in which the fingertip is pointing is identified by calculating a degree of an angle formed by a vertical axis of an image and the direction in which the fingertip is pointing in the image. 10. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image is a captured image of a projection display. 11. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the process further comprises correcting the second fingertip position based on a tilt angle of a posture of the finger at a time of image capturing with respect to a first posture in which the finger is approximately parallel to a projection face on which the projection display is projected. 12. The fingertip position estimation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the color area model defines a color of a finger without consideration of a case in which a nail decoration is applied to a nail of the finger. 13. A fingertip position estimation method for a fingertip position estimation apparatus that estimates a fingertip position of a finger included in an image, the method comprising: identifying a first fingertip position of a finger included in the image, based on a color area model that defines a color of a finger; calculating dimensions of an area that is different from a background of the image, within an area of a prescribed size that is in contact with the first fingertip position and that is positioned in a direction in which a fingertip is pointing; and when the dimensions are larger than a prescribed threshold, estimating a second fingertip position that is positioned away from the first fingertip position in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a program for causing a computer of a fingertip position estimation apparatus that estimates a fingertip position of a finger included in an image to execute a process, the process comprising: identifying a first fingertip position of a finger included in the image, based on a color area model that defines a color of a finger; calculating dimensions of an area that is different from a background of the image, within an area of a prescribed size that is in contact with the first fingertip position and that is positioned in a direction in which a fingertip is pointing; and when the dimensions are larger than a prescribed threshold, estimating a second fingertip position that is positioned away from the first fingertip position in the direction in which the fingertip is pointing.",
-    "The present invention discloses a system for introducing a gas into a contained media such as a pond or lake. Water is removed from the media, gas introduced, and then the water removed to the contained media. 1. A system for the introduction of one or more gases into a contained liquid media comprising: a) a contained liquid media; b) a circulation pump and pipe positioned to create flowing liquid media in the pipe pumped from the contained media and returning it to the contained media; c) one or more gas infusion devices, each device comprising a containment enclosure pressurized to at least 5 psi; an inlet for introducing the one or more gases into the enclosure; an outlet in the gas infusion device in communication with the flowing liquid media in the pipe; and d) a gas source for introducing the one or more gases into the inlet. 2. The system according to claim 1 wherein the flowing media is water. 3. The system according to claim 1 wherein there are a plurality of gasses introduced into the infusion device. 4. The system according to claim 1 wherein at least one of carbon dioxide or oxygen is introduced into the mixing chamber. 5. The system according to claim 4 wherein enclosed in the containment enclosure is a porous diffusion material having a pore size of from about 5 microns to about 90 microns wherein the diffusion material is positioned such that the gas passes through the diffusion material and into the flowing media. 6. The system according to claim 4 wherein the pore size is from about 10 microns to about 50 microns. The system according to claim 1 wherein a rate the gas is introduced into the media is computer controlled. 8. The system according to claim 5 wherein the diffusion material is porous ceramic material. 9. A method for the introduction of one or more gases into a contained media comprising: a) selecting one or more gas infusion devices, each device comprising a containment enclosure pressurized to at least 5 psi; an inlet for introducing the one or more gases into the enclosure; an outlet for attaching the infusion device into flowing media in a pipe; b) creating flowing media in the pipe by placing a first end of the pipe in the contained media and pumping it back to a second end, which delivers the media back to the contained media and past the gas infusion device; c) positioning the outlet in fluid communication with the flowable media in the pipe; d) attaching a gas source to the inlet of the infusion device; and e) passing the gas from the gas source, through the infusion device and into the flowable media while media is flowing from and to the contained media. 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein there are a plurality of infusion devices infusing a gas into the flowable media. 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the flowable media is water, gasoline, diesel fuel, or natural gas. 12. The method according to claim 9 wherein at least one of carbon dioxide or oxygen is introduced into the mixing chamber. 13. The method according to claim 9 wherein the containment enclosure is enclosing a porous diffusion material having a pore size of from about 5 microns to about 90 microns wherein the diffusion media is positioned such that the gas passes through the diffusion material. 14. The method according to claim 9 wherein the diffusion material is a ceramic material. 15. The method according to claim 9 wherein the method is computer controlled. 16. The method according to claim 9 wherein the method is designed to control a media's pH.",
-    "The present invention relates to attaching aerodynamic wheel covers to the wheel of a truck or other heavy duty vehicle, and to a method of installation that does not require the removal of the nuts retaining the wheel to the hub of the axle and allows the air pressure of tires on such wheels to be easily adjusted. 1. A cover for covering a wheel of a vehicle, the vehicle having a hub surrounded by a plurality of parallel spaced studs, each of the studs having a longitudinal axis and there being a fixed distance between adjacent ones of the longitudinal axes , the wheel having a web with a plurality of holes therein for receiving the studs and a nut threaded on each of the studs to retain the wheel to the hub, the cover comprising: a first retainer member having a planar portion for contacting one of the parallel spaced studs, the planar portion having a surface perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stud while in contact with the parallel spaced studs; a second retainer member having a planar portion for contacting one of the parallel spaced studs, the planar portion having a surface perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stud while in contact with the parallel spaced studs; a connecting member spanning the first and second retainer members; and an adjustment member for adjusting the relative position of the connecting member with respect to the first and second retainer members. 2. The cover of claim 1 including a member for rigidly locking and unlocking the connecting member to the first and second retainer members. 3. The cover of claim 2 wherein the locking member is a threaded fastener and a nut. 4. The cover of claim 1 including a first mounting arm extending from the connecting member. 5. The cover of claim 4 including a second mounting arm extending from the connecting member. 6. The cover of claim 1 including two mounting arms extending from connecting member. 7. The cover of claim 1 including a first air valve extension positioned on the connecting member. 8. The cover of claim 7 including a second air valve extension positioned on the connecting member. 9. The cover of claim 4 including a first air valve extension, the first air valve extension attached to the first mounting arm. 10. The cover of claim 5 including a second air valve extension, the second air valve extension attached to the first mounting arm. 11. The cover of claim 9 wherein the first air valve extension is attached to the first mounting arm through a threaded connection. 12. The cover of claim 10 wherein the second air valve extension is attached to the second mounting arm through a threaded connection.",
-    "In a field-sequential liquid crystal display device, image quality and detection accuracy in image capture are improved by increasing the frequency of input of image signals and securing a sufficient imaging period. Image signals are concurrently supplied to pixels provided in a plurality of rows among pixels arranged in matrix. Further, image capture is concurrently performed in pixels provided in a plurality of rows among pixels arranged in matrix. Thus, the frequency of input of an image signal to each pixel of the liquid crystal display device can be increased and a sufficient imaging period can be secured. As a result, in the liquid crystal display device, display deterioration such as color break which is caused in a field-sequential liquid crystal display device can be suppressed and improvements in image quality and detection accuracy in image capture can be realized. 1. A method for driving a liquid crystal display device comprising first light sources, second light sources and a pixel portion, the pixel portion comprising display pixels in m rows and n columns and image-capture pixels in x rows and y columns (m, n, x and y are natural numbers of 4 or more), comprising the steps of: performing first supply of an image signal of a first color for the display pixels in first to k-th rows sequentially (k is a natural number of less than m/2) in a first period; performing second supply of an image signal of the first color for the display pixels in (k+1)-th to 2k-th rows sequentially in the first period; emitting light of the first color through the display pixels in first to 2k-th rows after the first period; performing a first image capture in the image-capture pixels in first to z-th rows sequentially (z is a natural number of less than x/2) while emitting the light; and performing a second image capture in the image-capture pixels in (z+1)-th to 2z-th rows sequentially while emitting the light, wherein the first supply and the second supply are performed concurrently, wherein the first image capture and the second image capture are performed concurrently, wherein the first light sources emit light of the first color, and wherein the second light sources emit light of a second color. 2. The method for driving the liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: shutting off the first light sources and the second light sources after the first period and before emitting the light of the first color. 3. The method for driving the liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: performing third supply of an image signal of the second color for the display pixels in the first to k-th rows sequentially (k is a natural number of less than m/2) in a second period; performing fourth supply of an image signal of the second color for the display pixels in the (k+1)-th to 2k-th rows sequentially in the second period; and shutting off the first light sources and the second light sources in the second period, wherein the third supply and the fourth supply are performed concurrently. 4. The method for driving the liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein common inversion driving is performed while shutting off the first light sources and the second light sources after emitting the light of the first color. 5. The method for driving the liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the first light sources and the second light sources are shut off after a period for producing one image in the pixel portion. 6. A method for driving a liquid crystal display device comprising first light sources, second light sources and a pixel portion, the pixel portion comprising display pixels in m rows and n columns and image-capture pixels in x rows and y columns (m, n, x and y are natural numbers of 4 or more), comprising the steps of: performing first supply of an image signal of a first color for the display pixels in first to k-th rows sequentially (k is a natural number of less than m/2) in a period; performing second supply of an image signal of a second color for the display pixels in (k+1)-th to 2k-th rows sequentially in the period; shutting off the first light sources and the second light sources after performing the first supply for the display pixels in the first to s-th rows and the second supply for the display pixels in the (k+1)-th to (k+s)-th rows and before emitting the light of the first color and the light of the second color; emitting light of the first color for the display pixels in first to s-th rows and light of the second color for the display pixels in (k+1)-th to (k+s)-th rows (s is a natural number of k/2 or less) in the period and after the first supply for the display pixels in the first to s-th rows and the second supply for the display pixels in the (k+1)-th to (k+s)-th rows are finished; performing a first image capture in the image-capture pixels in first to v-th rows sequentially (v is a natural number of x/4 or less) while emitting the light of the first color; and performing a second image capture in the image-capture pixels in (w+1)-th to (w+v)-th rows sequentially (w is a natural number greater than or equal to 2v and less than or equal to x/2) while emitting the light of the second color, wherein the first supply and the second supply are performed concurrently, wherein the first image capture and the second image capture are performed concurrently, wherein the first light sources emit light of the first color, wherein the second light sources emit light of the second color, wherein the liquid crystal display device further comprises a first image-capture signal line and a second image-capture signal line which are provided for each column of the image-capture pixels, wherein in each column, the image-capture pixels in the first to v-th rows are connected to the first image-capture signal line and the image-capture pixels in the (w+1)-th to (w+v)-th rows are connected to the second image-capture signal line, wherein the first image capture is performed by determining a potential of the first image-capture signal line and the second image capture is performed by determining a potential of the second image-capture signal line, and wherein the pixel portion comprises a first region which includes the display pixels in the first to k-th rows and the image-capture pixels in the first to v-th rows and a second region which includes the display pixels in the (k+1)-th to 2k-th rows and the image-capture pixels in the (w+1)-th to (w+v)-th rows. 7. A method for driving a liquid crystal display device comprising first light sources, second light sources and a pixel portion, the pixel portion comprising display pixels in m rows and n columns and image-capture pixels in x rows and y columns (m, n, x and y are natural numbers of 4 or more), comprising the steps of: performing first supply of an image signal of a first color for the display pixels in first to k-th rows sequentially (k is a natural number of less than m/2) in a period; performing second supply of an image signal of a second color for the display pixels in (k+1)-th to 2k-th rows sequentially in the period; emitting light of the first color for the display pixels in first to s-th rows and light of the second color for the display pixels in (k+1)-th to (k+s)-th rows (s is a natural number of k12 or less) in the period and after the first supply for the display pixels in the first to s-th rows and the second supply for the display pixels in the (k+1)-th to (k+s)-th rows are finished; performing a first image capture in the image-capture pixels in first to v-th rows sequentially (v is a natural number of x/4 or less) while emitting the light of the first color; and performing a second image capture in the image-capture pixels in (w+1)-th to (w+v)-th rows sequentially (w is a natural number greater than or equal to 2v and less than or equal to x/2) while emitting the light of the second color, wherein the first supply and the second supply are performed concurrently, wherein the first image capture and the second image capture are performed concurrently, wherein the first light sources emit light of the first color, wherein the second light sources emit light of the second color, wherein the liquid crystal display device further comprises a first image-capture signal line and a second image-capture signal line which are provided for each column of the image-capture pixels, wherein in each column, the image-capture pixels in the first to v-th rows are connected to the first image-capture signal line and the image-capture pixels in the (w+1)-th to (w+v)-th rows are connected to the second image-capture signal line, wherein the first image capture is performed by determining a potential of the first image-capture signal line and the second image capture is performed by determining a potential of the second image-capture signal line, wherein the pixel portion comprises a first region which includes the display pixels in the first to k-th rows and the image-capture pixels in the first to v-th rows and a second region which includes the display pixels in the (k+1)-th to 2k-th rows and the image-capture pixels in the (w+1)-th to (w+v)-th rows, and wherein the first light sources and the second light sources are shut off in a black insertion period and after a period for producing one image in the pixel portion. 8. The method for driving the liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, wherein common inversion driving is performed in the black insertion period.",
-    "An absorbable screw fastener and a method of firing with an applicator capable of applying a surgical fastener to tissue in order to form tissue connection to secure objects to tissue, the fastener including a body portion having a helical thread, a head portion disposed at the proximal end of the body portion. The head portion includes a driver receiving configuration on its outer surface. The screw fastener further includes a cannulated center lumen with an opening extending from the head portion through the longitudinal length of the body portion. 1. (canceled) 2. An end effector for a screw fastener instrument, the end effector comprising: a cam spiral driver; an inner tube assembly that supports an outer tube; and a cam spiral sub-assembly disposed in the inner tube assembly and operatively connected to the cam spiral driver, the cam spiral sub-assembly configured to rotate and translate in response to rotation of the cam spiral driver, wherein rotational and translational movement of the cam spiral sub-assembly causes at least one screw fastener to dispense from the outer tube. 3. The end effector of claim 2, wherein the end effector is a disposable loading unit. 4. The end effector of claim 2, wherein the end effector is a single use loading unit. 5. The end effector of claim 2, wherein the cam spiral sub-assembly includes a cam spiral defining a helical thread at a proximal end thereof and a pilot extending longitudinally from a distal end thereof. 6. The end effector of claim 5, further comprising a fastener retainer secured to the distal end of the cam spiral and extending about the pilot. 7. The end effector of claim 6, wherein the fastener retainer includes a pair of opposed longitudinally extending rails that guide the at least one screw fastener along the fastener retainer. 8. The end effector of claim 5, further comprising a feed spring and a screw fastener pusher disposed on the pilot and within the fastener retainer to drive the at least one screw fastener through the fastener retainer. 9. The end effector of claim 2, wherein the outer tube includes a crenellated tip. 10. The end effector of claim 2, wherein the inner tube assembly includes a cylindrical body and a torque ring coupled to a distal end of the cylindrical body, the torque ring configured to mate with the at least one screw fastener. 11. The end effector of claim 10, further comprising a retaining ring operatively connected to the torque ring, wherein the at least one screw fastener includes a plurality of screw fasteners, and wherein the torque ring is configured to prevent the plurality of screw fasteners from being dispensed from the outer tube in one rapid fire sequence. 12. A screw fastener instrument, comprising: a handle; an elongated tubular portion extending from the handle; and an end effector secured to the elongated tubular body portion, the end effector including: a cam spiral driver supported on the elongated tubular portion; an inner tube assembly that supports an outer tube; and a cam spiral sub-assembly disposed in the inner tube assembly and operatively connected to the cam spiral driver, the cam spiral sub-assembly configured to rotate and translate in response to rotation of the cam spiral driver, wherein rotational and translational movement of the cam spiral sub-assembly causes at least one screw fastener to dispense from the outer tube. 13. The screw fastener instrument of claim 12, wherein the end effector is selectively removable from the elongated tubular portion. 14. The screw fastener instrument of claim 13, wherein the end effector is a disposable loading unit. 15. The screw fastener instrument of claim 13, wherein the end effector is a single use loading unit. 16. The screw fastener instrument of claim 12, wherein the elongated tubular portion is selectively removable from the handle. 17. The screw fastener instrument of claim 12, wherein the inner tube assembly is rotatably supported on the cam spiral sub-assembly. 18. The screw fastener instrument of claim 12, wherein the inner tube assembly defines a rotational slot therein that receives a pin extending from the cam spiral sub-assembly, the pin being movable through the rotational slot. 19. The screw fastener instrument of claim 12, wherein the outer tube includes a crenellated tip. 20. The screw fastener instrument of claim 12, wherein the inner tube assembly includes a cylindrical body and a torque ring coupled to a distal end of the cylindrical body, the torque ring configured to mate with the at least one screw fastener. 21. The screw fastener instrument of claim 20, further comprising a retaining ring operatively connected to the torque ring, wherein the at least one screw fastener includes a plurality of screw fasteners, and wherein the torque ring is configured to prevent the plurality of",
-    "A column of cups guided by their rims in elongated slots is spaced into desired cup pitch by one or more linear stars from which the cups can be transferred for packaging. The linear stars have lugs engaging and spacing the cups. In another aspect of the invention, cups are manipulated into patterns for final grouping and packaging and by a plurality of cup orienting pickers engaging, inverting and re-orienting the cups. In one final packaged cup group of two or more layers, alternating cups in each layer are inverted and a top lid of a cup in an upper layer is disposed on a top lid of a cup in a bottom layer, while a bottom of a cup in an upper layer is disposed on a bottom of a cup in a lower layer, and in an alternating pattern. 1. Apparatus for spacing containers to a predetermined pitch and including: a pair of conveyors, each having a longitudinal run and each comprising lugs opposed to lugs of the other conveyor, said lugs including a surface partially defining container receiving pocket and a ramp, and a ramp of each lug inclining toward said surface. 2. Apparatus as in claim 1 including a pair of opposed container guides, each guide defining a container rim guiding slot for receiving and directing container rims. 3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said conveyors are continuously moveable to transport containers continuously. 4. Apparatus for spacing containers to a predetermined pitch and including: first and second lug conveyors, each having a longitudinal run of lugs; said runs facing each other; an elongated guide disposed between said runs; a container lane defined between each of said runs and said guide; said lugs including a surface defining a container receiving pocket between said lug and said guide; and said lugs including a ramp inclining toward said surface. 5. Apparatus as in claim 4 including a pair of opposed container guides, each guide partially defining a rim guiding slot for received and directing container rims. 6. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein said elongated guide between said runs defines elongated container paths on each side of said guide. 7. Apparatus as in claim 6 wherein each of said first and second lug conveyors includes a section tapering respectively inwardly toward said elongated guide. 8. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein said conveyors are continuously moveable to transport containers continuously. 9. Apparatus for spacing containers to a predetermined pitch and including: at least one lug conveyor defining one side of an elongated container run and comprising a plurality of lugs; each lug having a surface defining a container received pocket and a ramp inclined toward said surface; and and elongated guide spaced from and extending in the same direction as said one lug conveyor, said guide defining another side of said elongated container run. 10. A cup pattern staging apparatus a moveable cup tray defining transverse rows of cup receiving pockets, a first picker apparatus operable to place rows of cups in rows of pockets on said tray, a second picker apparatus including two rotatable cup racks operable to lift a row of cups from an alternate row of pockets on said tray, orient the cups horizontally, grasp the cup bottoms and deposit the cups inverted into said pockets in said alternate of pockets from which the cups were lifted; and said apparatus further having a cup picker head rotatable to re-orient two respective cups, one inverted and one non-inverted, in pockets in two adjacent rows into pockets previously occupied by said cups. 11. A method of spacing abutting cups into a pre-determined non-abutting pitch including the steps of: transporting cups serially into a path defined by at least lugs of one conveyor disposed in an elongated conveyor run; engaging cups serially with respective engaging lugs; retarding velocity of engaged cups; and moving engaged cups into pockets defined by said respective engaging lugs. 12. A method as in claim 11 including the step of guiding said cups by guiding rims of said cups in elongated slots. 13. A method as in claim 11 including the steps of: engaging said cups on a ramped surface of said lugs; urging said cups down said ramps toward a pocket formed in part by a first leading and a second following lug; and transporting cups downstream in a spaced apart orientation. 14. A method of creating a pattern of cups in a tray defining a plurality of transverse rows of pockets and including: depositing a row of cups in a row of pockets of said tray; inverting cups in every other of said rows, thus creating alternating rows of top up and top down cups; engaging a cup in each of two adjacent rows and, at the same time and location in each row and exchanging the respective engaged cups into a pocket previously occupied by the other respective cup; engaging cups in two sets of parallel cup rows, and transferring engaged cups for loading. 15. A method as in claim 14 including transferring engaged cups from said rows onto a loading conveyor for grouping and packaging. 16. A method as in claim 14 wherein said engaging step is applied to every other cup location on at least one of said rows. 17. A method as in claim 14 including forming two layers of cups with cups of one upper layer having their tops of top down cups engaging the tops up tops of cups the other lower layer, and the bottoms of top up cups of an upper layer engaging the bottoms of top down cups of the lower layer.",
-    "A spinal implant comprises a first member including a wall that defines a first cavity and a second member including a wall defining a second cavity. At least one first expandable bone graft is disposable within the second cavity. The second member is axially translatable relative to the first member between a first configuration and a second, expanded configuration such that at least a portion of the at least one first graft is disposed within the first cavity and the first cavity includes a substantially void portion. At least one second bone graft has a selective configuration and dimension for disposal within the substantially void portion. Systems and methods are disclosed. 1. A spinal implant comprising: a first member including a wall that defines a first cavity; a second member extending between a first end and a second end and defining a longitudinal axis, the second member including a wall defining a second cavity; at least one first expandable bone graft disposable within the second cavity; wherein the second member is disposable within the first cavity and axially translatable relative to the first member between a first configuration and a second, expanded configuration such that at least a portion of the at least one first graft is disposed within the first cavity and the first cavity includes a substantially void portion; and at least one second bone graft having a selective configuration and dimension for disposal within the substantially void portion. 2. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft is expandable in at least an axial direction such that the at least one first graft is expandable into the first cavity. 3. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft is expandable in at least an axial direction such that the at least one first graft is expandable into the first cavity and a lateral direction. 4. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the members are expandable independent of the at least one first graft. 5. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one second graft is expandable such that the at least one first graft, the at least one second graft and the members are each independently expandable. 6. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft is expandable between a first configuration and a second configuration such that the at least one first graft engages an inner surface of the wall of the second member and the inner surface includes an expansion limit for at least a portion of the expanded at least one first graft. 7. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft includes a cylindrical insert being selectively configured and dimensioned for disposal within the second cavity and expansion into the first cavity. 8. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one second graft includes an insert having an oblong barrel shaped cross section selectively configured and dimensioned for disposal within the substantially void portion. 9. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one second graft includes an insert having a cross section including three straight sides and one curved side selectively configured and dimensioned for disposal within the substantially void portion. 10. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft is disposable from a first configuration to a second, expanded configuration upon exposure to liquid in vivo. 11. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft includes demineralized cancellous bone particles and demineralized cortical bone particles, the at least one first graft being expandable upon rehydration in vivo. 12. A spinal implant comprising: an outer body including a wall having an inner surface that defines a chamber; an inner body extending between a first end defining an opening and a second end and defining a longitudinal axis, the second member including a wall defining an axial channel; at least one cylindrical insert comprising demineralized cancellous bone particles and demineralized cortical bone particles, the at least one insert being selectively configured and dimensioned for disposal within the axial channel and expansion upon exposure to liquid in vivo into the chamber; wherein the inner body is disposable within the chamber and axially translatable relative to the outer body between a first configuration and a second, expanded configuration such that at least a portion of the at least one insert is disposed within the chamber and the chamber includes a substantially void portion; and bone graft having a selective configuration and dimension for disposal within the substantially void portion. 13. A method for treating a spine, the method comprising the steps of: providing a spinal implant comprising a first member including a wall that defines a first cavity and a second member disposed with the first member and defining a longitudinal axis, the second member including a wall defining a second cavity; selecting at least one first bone graft for disposal in the second cavity; axially translating the second member relative to the first member between a first configuration and a second, expanded configuration such that at least a portion of the at least one first graft is expanded within the first cavity and the first cavity includes a substantially void portion; and selecting at least one second bone graft having a selective configuration and dimension for disposal within the substantially void portion. 14. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the step of selecting the at least one second bone graft includes selecting the configuration and dimension of the at least one second bone graft based on an expanded dimension of the members. 15. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the step of selecting the at least one second bone graft includes selecting the configuration and dimension of the at least one second bone graft based on a dimension of the substantially void portion. 16. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the at least one second bone graft includes a plurality of independently dimensioned inserts. 17. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the members are expandable independent of the at least one first graft. 18. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one second graft is expandable such that the at least one first graft, the at least one second graft and the members are each independently expandable. 19. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft is disposable from a first configuration to a second, expanded configuration upon exposure to liquid in vivo. 20. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first graft includes demineralized cancellous bone particles and demineralized cortical bone particles, the at least one first graft being expandable upon rehydration in vivo.",
-    "An adaptable equipment mounting platform in a vehicle application wherein a fixed equipment configuration is to be secured therein to provide a mobile use configuration. A universal mounting frame having multiple fixed vehicle mounting points that conform to the vehicle's required safe drill access areas provides correspondingly adjustable equipment attachment fasteners. The mounting frame therefore allows for a variety of different equipment configurations to be installed in a commercial vehicle that heretofore were unavailable due to their structural design that limited the areas in which safe mounting could occur. 1. An equipment mounting platform for vehicles comprising, a plurality of channel members secured at right angles to one another, aperture attachment plates secured to said channel members at their respective intersections, said channel members in horizontal planar alignment with one another, a plurality of adjustable equipment mounting assemblies in said respective channel members. 2. The equipment mounting platform for vehicles set forth in claim 1 wherein said first pair of spaced parallel channel members are interconnected at their oppositely disposed ends by respective end channel members. 3. The equipment mounting platform for vehicles set forth in claim 1 wherein a second pair of parallel spaced channel members extend at right angles from the respective free ends of said interconnected channel members, a transverse interconnecting channel member extending between said and secured to the free ends of said second parallel spaced channel members defining one outside perimeter edge of said equipment mounting platform. 4. The equipment mounting platform for vehicles set forth in claim 1 wherein said adjustable equipment mounting assemblies comprises, longitudinally aligned slots in said respective channel members, upstanding threaded fasteners slidably retained within said slots and threaded retainment washers on said fasteners. 5. The equipment mounting platform for vehicles set forth in claim 1 wherein said apertured attachment plates are secured to said channel member intersections by welding. 6. The equipment mounting platform for vehicles set forth in claim 3 wherein a pair of spaced parallel interior positioned channel members extend between one of said perimeter edge channel members and one of said first pair of channel members.",
-    "An apparatus for monitoring an optical signal includes a light absorbing layer formed on an optical waveguide consisting of a core layer and upper and lower cladding layers; and a photodiode comprising electrodes arranged on both the optical waveguide and the light absorbing layer. 1. An apparatus for monitoring an optical signal, comprising: a light absorbing layer formed on an optical waveguide consisting of a core layer and upper and lower cladding layers; and a photodiode comprising electrodes arranged on both the optical waveguide and the light absorbing layer. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrodes of photodiode are arranged on the light absorbing layer and the core layer of the optical waveguide and formed by an ion doping technique. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrodes of the photodiode are formed perpendicular to a direction along which an optical signal travels. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrodes of the photodiode are formed parallel to a direction along which an optical signal travels. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein both ends of the light absorbing layer are tapered. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light absorbing layer is formed on the core layer of the optical waveguide. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light absorbing layer is formed on the cladding layer of the optical waveguide and spaced apart from the core layer of the optical waveguide by a predetermined gap (GmPD). 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the core layer of the optical waveguide has grating added thereon. 9. A apparatus for monitoring an optical signal, comprising: a light absorbing layer formed on an optical waveguide consisting of a core layer and upper and lower cladding layers; and a photodiode comprising electrodes arranged on the light absorbing layer. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the electrodes of photodiode are formed by an ion doping technique. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the photodiode are formed perpendicular to a direction along which an optical signal travels. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the electrodes of the photodiode are formed parallel to a direction along which an optical signal travels. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein both ends of the light absorbing layer are tapered. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the light absorbing layer is formed on the core layer of the optical waveguide. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the light absorbing layer is formed on the cladding layer of the optical waveguide and spaced apart from the core layer of the optical waveguide by a predetermined gap (GmPD). 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the core layer of the optical waveguide has grating added thereon.",
-    "A family of amine mining collectors that uses alkoxylates allows for the easy adjustment of solubility and molecular weight useful because anionic and cationic mineral collectors require such varying degrees of solubility and molecular weight. The family of the present invention allows for the optimization of both parameters and an increase in collector efficiency. 1) The mining collector of the following structure: R is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic from 1 to 22 carbons, R1 is chosen from \u2014H, \u2014CH3, \u2014CH2CH3. n is an integer greater than zero. 2) The mining collector of claim 1 wherein R=\u2014C(CH3)3, R1=\u2014CH3 and n=3. 3) The amine collector of claim 1 wherein R=\u2014CH(CH2)2, R1=\u2014CH3, and n=3. 4) The amine collector of claim 1 wherein R=\u2014CH3, R1=\u2014CH2CH3, and n=3 5) The mining collector of the following structure: R is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic from 1 to 8 carbons, R1 is chosen from \u2014H, \u2014CH3, \u2014CH2CH3. n is an integer greater than zero. 6) The mining collector of claim 5 wherein R=\u2014C(CH3)3, R1=\u2014CH3 and n=3. 7) The amine collector of claim 5 wherein R=\u2014CH(CH2)2, R1=\u2014CH3, and n=3. 8) The amine collector of claim 5 wherein R=\u2014CH3, R1=\u2014CH3, and n=3 9) The surfactant of the following structure: Where R is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or acyclic from 1 to 8 carbons, R1 is chosen from \u2014H, \u2014CH3, \u2014CH2CH3. n is an integer greater than zero. 10) The surfactant of claim 9 wherein \u2550\u2014C(CH3)3, R1=\u2014CH3 and n=3. 11) The amine collector of claim 9 wherein R=\u2014CH(CH2)2, R1=\u2014CH3, and n=3. 12) The amine collector of claim 9 wherein R=\u2014CH3, R1=\u2014CH3, and n=3",
-    "A handsfree phone call device includes a reporting terminal unit that outputs a user's phone call via a phone terminal unit through a speaker, a relaying module that relays communication between the phone terminal unit and the reporting terminal unit, a pair of signal lines that are capable of supplying power from one of the relaying module and the reporting terminal unit to the other, a wired relaying section that transmits a received call signal via the pair of signal lines to the reporting terminal unit, a voice signal transmitting section that transmits a voice signal based on the received call signal via the pair of signal lines to the relaying module, and an echo cancelling section that reduces, by means of the voice signal, an echo that is generated according to the received call signal outputted through the speaker. 1. A handsfree phone call device comprising: a reporting terminal unit that outputs a user's phone call via a phone terminal unit through a speaker; a relaying module that relays communication between the phone terminal unit and the reporting terminal unit by effecting communication with the phone terminal unit and effecting also wired communication with the reporting terminal unit; a pair of signal lines that connect between the relaying module and the reporting terminal unit and that also are capable of supplying power from one of the relaying module and the reporting terminal unit to the other; a wired relaying section included in the relaying module, the wired relaying section transmitting a received call signal transmitted from the phone terminal unit to the relaying module via the pair of signal lines to the reporting terminal unit; a voice signal transmitting section included in the reporting terminal unit, the voice signal transmitting section transmitting a voice signal based on the received call signal via the pair of signal lines to the relaying module; and an echo cancelling section included in the relaying module, the echo cancelling section reducing, by means of the voice signal, an echo that is generated when the received call signal outputted through the speaker is inputted to a microphone included in the relaying module. 2. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 1, wherein the pair of signal lines comprise car-mounted audio bus cables. 3. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 1, wherein the voice signal transmitting section transmits the voice signal in the form of a differential signal through the pair of signal lines to the relaying module. 4. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 2, wherein the voice signal transmitting section transmits the voice signal in the form of a differential signal through the pair of signal lines to the relaying module. 5. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 1, wherein the voice signal transmitting section transmits also a voice signal other than the received call signal outputted through the speaker to the relaying module via the pair of signal lines that transmit the voice signal based on the received call signal. 6. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 2, wherein the voice signal transmitting section transmits also a voice signal other than the received call signal outputted through the speaker to the relaying module via the pair of signal lines that transmit the voice signal based on the received call signal. 7. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 3, wherein the voice signal transmitting section transmits also a voice signal other than the received call signal outputted through the speaker to the relaying module via the pair of signal lines that transmit the voice signal based on the received call signal. 8. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 4, wherein the voice signal transmitting section transmits also a voice signal other than the received call signal outputted through the speaker to the relaying module via the pair of signal lines that transmit the voice signal based on the received call signal. 9. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 1, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 10. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 2, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 11. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 3, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 12. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 4, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 13. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 5, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 14. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 6, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 15. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 7, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit. 16. The handsfree phone call device according to claim 8, wherein the relaying module comprises a signal unit integrated with the phone terminal unit.",
-    "A real time performance pressure feedback system for a stringed instrument includes a pressure sensor, a desired pressure input device, a feedback device, and a controller. The pressure sensor is configured to be fixedly and removably attached to the stringed instrument on a pressure surface, and to generate a pressure signal indicative of a pressure being applied to the pressure surface. The desired pressure user input device is configured to receive a desired pressure input and to generate a desired pressure signal indicative of the desired pressure input. The feedback device is configured to generate feedback to a performer at least in part in response to a performance feedback signal. The controller is communicatively connected to the pressure sensor, the desired pressure user input, and the feedback device, and is configured to generate the performance feedback signal at least in part in response to the pressure signal. 1. A real time performance pressure feedback system for a stringed instrument, comprising: a pressure sensor configured to be fixedly and removably attached to the stringed instrument on a pressure surface, the pressure surface including at least one of a chin rest, a neck front, a neck back, and a bow, and configured to generate a pressure signal indicative of a pressure being applied to the pressure surface; a desired pressure input device configured to receive a desired pressure input and configured to generate a desired pressure signal indicative of the desired pressure input; a feedback device configured to generate visual or audio pressure feedback to a performer playing the stringed instrument at least in part in response to a performance feedback signal, and a controller communicatively connected to the pressure sensor, the desired pressure user input, and the feedback device, and configured to generate the performance feedback signal at least in part in response to the pressure signal. 2. The system of claim 1, further including a sensitivity range user input device configured to receive a sensitivity range input and generate a sensitivity range signal at least in part in response to the sensitivity range input; and wherein the controller is communicatively connected to the sensitivity range input device and and configured to modify the pressure signal at least in part in response to the sensitivity range signal. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the desired pressure input includes a desired pressure range. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor includes a piezoelectric sensor. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the performance feedback signal is indicative of the pressure signal being in one of a satisfactory range and an unsatisfactory range. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the unsatisfactory range includes a high range and a low range, and the performance feedback signal is indicative of the pressure signal being in one of the satisfactory range, the high range, and the low range. 7. The system of claim 5, further including a sensitivity range user input device configured to receive a sensitivity range input and generate a sensitivity range signal at least in part in response to the sensitivity range input; and wherein the controller is communicatively connected to the sensitivity range input device and configured to generate the performance feedback signal at least in part in response to the a sensitivity range and the pressure signal; and wherein the satisfactory range and the unsatisfactory range are determined at least in part in response to the sensitivity range signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedback device includes multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) and one or more of the LEDs are turned on in response to the performance feedback signal. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedback device includes a display screen, and the display screen displays information in text and/or graphics indicative of the pressure signal being in one of a satisfactory range and an unsatisfactory range. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedback device includes an audio device, and the audio device generates sounds indicative of the pressure signal being in one of a satisfactory range and an unsatisfactory range. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure surface includes the chin rest. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure surface includes the neck front in an area where fingers of the performer press to produce desired notes. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure surface includes the neck back in an area where a thumb of the performer presses while playing the instrument. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the stringed instrument includes a violin. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the stringed instrument includes a guitar and the pressure surface includes one of the neck front and the neck back. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the stringed instrument includes a cello and the pressure surface includes one of the neck front and the neck back. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedback device includes a display on an electronic device, and the electronic device includes one of a mobile phone, an electronic tablet, and a computer. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the feedback device is communicatively connected to the controller, at least in part, through a wireless connection. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor is communicatively connected to the controller, at least in part, through a wireless connection. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor is communicatively connected to the controller, at least in part, through a hard wire connection.",
-    "A shockwave generator pre-treats one or more production zones within a well to facilitate recovery of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from the well. The well may be heated to a particular temperature, w here after a cooling agent is introduced through the shockwave generator which effects a cooling action in the walls of the well and induces cracking which is propagated by the tremors or shocks of the cooling agent as it exits the generator. The initiated cracks may be further propagated using one or more additional stimulation methods, including a freeze-thaw method which is implemented through a subsystem having overlapping components with the shockwave generator subsystem. 1. A system for introducing fractures into one or more points on the sides of a well bore comprising: a component having a length and width, wherein the width at its longest is less than a diameter of the well bore, the component including: a first open end; a hollow core for receiving at least one of a liquid or gas therein via the first open end; a second closed end; and a plurality of exit ports located along a periphery between the first open end and the second closed end of the component for facilitating exit of the at least one liquid or gas from the component into the well bore, wherein shockwaves are generated upon exit of the at least one liquid or gas from the component to cause fractures at the one or more points on the sides of the well bore. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the well bore further includes a perforated liner therein and the longest width of the component is less than an inner diameter of the perforated liner. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein a shape of a cross section of the width of the component includes at least one angle. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the shape of a cross section of the width of the component is hexagonal. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one of a liquid or gas is a heating agent. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one of a liquid or gas is a cooling agent. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pump for introducing the at least one of a liquid or gas into the first open end of the component. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one of a liquid or gas causes a temperature differential of at least 50 degrees Celsius within the well bore. 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the component is formed of one of the following materials: copper, aluminum, brass, steel, hastelloy, and stainless steel. 10. A method for introducing fractures at one or more points on the sides of the well bore comprising: inserting a shockwave generation device into the well bore; pumping at least one of a cooling or heating agent into a first open end of the shockwave generation device and through exit ports along a periphery of the shockwave generation device to create: shockwaves upon exit of the at least one cooling or heating agent from the shockwave generation device; and a temperature differential of at least 50 degrees Celsius within the well bore; thereby introducing fractures at the one or more points on the sides of the well bore. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising; alternately pumping a cooling agent and a heating agent into the first open end of the shockwave generation device to create the temperature differential of at least 50 degrees Celsius. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the well bore includes a perforated liner. 13. The method according to claim 10, further comprising expanding the introduced fractures using at least one of hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing and freeze-thaw fracturing. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: creating the temperature differential by heating the well bore to a first temperature by pumping a heating agent through the shockwave generation device and into the well bore; and cooling the well bore to by pumping a cooling agent having a second temperature through the shockwave generation device and into the well bore. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first temperature is approximately 150 degrees Celsius and the second temperature is approximately \u221250 degrees Celsius.",
-    "A runtime coordination subsystem allows programmers of multi-mover, linear motion systems to provide simple commands to the movers without concern for the presence of other movers on the track. The runtime coordination subsystem manages proper separation distances to prevent collisions and automatically queue movers in contention situations. In addition the runtime coordination subsystem permits a specialized multi-mover command controlling movers in unison with constant separation. 1. A control system for a multi-mover, linear motor system providing multiple movers movable along a path on a track, each mover providing magnetic pole elements interacting with electrical coils distributed along the track for movement of the mover along the track as the electrical coils are activated in response to track signals, the control system comprising: I/O circuits adapted to communicate with the track to provide track signals to the track; a controller circuit communicating with the I/O circuits and operating to: (a) receive and execute an industrial control program generating command movement signals for at least two movers on a track describing a desired position of each mover on the track; (b) execute a coordination subsystem separate from the received industrial control program and convert the desired position of at least one mover on the track to coordinated movement signals which change the command movement signals according to current relative positions of at least one other mover; and (c) communicate the coordinated movement signals to the I/O circuits for outputting as track control signals. 2. The control system of claim 1 wherein the coordination subsystem includes a data structure for each given mover indicating a leader for that given mover being an adjacent mover in a direction of movement of the given mover and wherein the coordinated movement signal for each given mover is a function of movement of a leader for that given mover. 3. The control system of claim 1 wherein the coordination subsystem changes a leader for a given mover when a direction of the mover changes. 4. The control system of claim 3 wherein the track further provides a branch segment operating to allow movers to move between a first and second track at a branch, and the I/O circuits are further adapted to communicate with a branch actuator actuating the branch to allow a given mover to move between the first and second track and wherein the industrial control program includes a branch control instruction activating the branch and wherein the coordination subsystem executes to change a leader for the given mover as it moves from the first to the second track. 5. The control system of claim 2 wherein the coordination subsystem data structure further includes minimum collision avoidance distance for each given mover and wherein the coordination subsystem modifies a command movement signal falling within an offset equal to the minimum collision avoidance distance from a position of the leader by changing the command movement signal to a coordinated movement signal equal to the position of the leader offset by the minimum collision avoidance distance. 6. The control system of claim 5 wherein the coordination subsystem data structure further includes an inertia value for each given mover and wherein the coordination subsystem modifies the command movement signal falling within a protection zone offset from the minimum collision avoidance distance of the leader of the given mover to follow a trajectory allowing the mover to maintain a separation no less than the minimum collision avoidance distance, where a size of the protection zone is a function of the inertia value of the given mover. 7. The control system of claim 6 wherein the size of the protection zone is also a function of inertia value of the leader. 8. The control system of claim 1 wherein the industrial control program includes a cluster movement command describing a unison movement of multiple movers and wherein the coordination subsystem divides the cluster command into separate command movement signals for each mover of the multiple movers separated by a predetermined minimum collision avoidance distance. 9. The control system of claim 8 wherein the coordination subsystem modifies a protection zone for follower objects within the cluster, the protection zone describing a distance at which the mover must decelerate to stop at the minimum collision avoidance distance, by reducing the protection zone. 10. The control system of claim 8 wherein the coordination subsystem converts the command movement signals to coordinate movement signals by limiting a maximum velocity and acceleration of the multiple movers to the lowest maximum acceleration and velocity of any of the movers of the multiple movers. 11. The control system of claim 8 wherein the industrial control program includes a separation command describing a desired separation between the movers of the multiple movers, and the coordination subsystem converts the command movement signals to coordinate movement signals by increasing the predetermined minimum collision avoidance distances by the difference between the desired separation and the minimum collision avoidance distance. 12. The control system of claim 1 wherein the electrical coils of the track are arranged in segments associated with motor drive circuitry and wherein the coordination subsystem receives information associating different segments with different I/O circuits and wherein the coordination subsystem directs the coordinated movement signals to an I/O circuit based on a mapping of the coordinated movement to a segment having coils proximate to a track location of the coordinated movement signals. 13. The control system of claim 1 wherein the given drive circuitry receives position signals limited to positions associated with coils connected to the given drive circuitry. 14. The control system of claim 1 wherein the controller circuit includes at least one processor executing a first stored program to execute the industrial control program and a second stored program to execute the coordination subsystem. 15. A control system for a multi-mover, linear motor system providing multiple movers movable along a path on a track, each mover providing magnetic pole elements interacting with electrical coils distributed along the track for movement of the mover along the track as the electrical coils are activated in response to track signals, the control system comprising: I/O circuits adapted to communicate with the track to provide track signals to the track; and a controller circuit including a control program execution means and a coordination subsystem means and communicating with the I/O circuits and operating to: (a) execute an industrial control program using the control program execution means to generate command movement signals for at least two movers on a track describing a desired position of each mover on the track; (b) convert the command movement signals for at least one mover to coordinate movement signals, using the coordination subsystem means, the conversion changing the command movement signals according to current relative positions of at least one other mover, and (c) communicate the coordinated movement signals to the I/O circuits for outputting as track control signals. 16. A method of controlling a multi-mover, linear motor system providing multiple movers movable along a path on a track, each mover providing magnetic pole elements interacting with electrical coils distributed along the track for movement of the mover along the track as the electrical coils are activated in response to track signals, the method including: (a) preparing an industrial control program generating command movement signals for at least two movers on the track, the command movement signals describing a desired position of each movement on the track independent of collision between the movers; (b) installing the industrial control program on a control system including I/O circuits adapted to communicate with the track to provide track signals to the track; (c) execute the industrial control program contemporaneously with operation of a coordination subsystem on the control system and separate from the received industrial control programs to convert the desired position of at least one mover on the track to coordinated movement signals which change the command movement signals according to current relative positions of at least one other mover; and (c) communicate the coordinated movement signals to the I/O circuits.",
-    "A nanodevice includes a reservoir filled with conductive fluid and a membrane separating the reservoir. A nanopore is formed through the membrane having electrode layers separated by insulating layers. A certain electrode layer has a first type of organic coating and a pair of electrode layers has a second type. The first type of organic coating forms a motion control transient bond to a molecule in the nanopore for motion control, and the second type forms first and second transient bonds to different bonding sites of a base of the molecule. When a voltage is applied to the pair of electrode layers a tunneling current is generated by the base in the nanopore, and the tunneling current travels via the first and second transient bonds formed to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. The motion control transient bond is stronger than first and second transient bonds. 1. A nanodevice, comprising: a reservoir filled with a conductive fluid; a membrane separating the reservoir, the membrane comprising electrode layers separated by insulating layers; and a nanopore formed through the membrane, a certain electrode layer having a first type of organic coating and a pair of electrode layers having a second type of organic coating inside the nanopore; wherein the first type of organic coating on the certain electrode layer forms a motion control transient bond to a molecule in the nanopore for motion control of the molecule; wherein the second type of organic coating on the pair of electrode layers forms a first transient bond to a first base and a second transient bond to a second base of the molecule in the nanopore; wherein, when a voltage is applied to the pair of electrode layers a tunneling current is generated though the first base along the molecule to the second base in the nanopore, the tunneling current traveling via the first and the second transient bonds respectively to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the first base and the second base; and wherein the motion control transient bond is stronger than the first and the second transient bonds. 2. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein the motion control transient bond has strength to hold the molecule in the nanopore against thermal motion. 3. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein the first type of organic coating on the certain electrode layer covers greater surface area on the certain electrode layer than the second type of organic coating on the pair of electrode layers. 4. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein the certain electrode layer is thicker than each of the pair of electrode layers. 5. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is split into first and second reservoir parts. 6. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein first and second electrodes are in the first and second reservoir parts respectively. 7. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein the first and second electrodes are configured to receive an external voltage such that the motion control transient bond, the first transient bond, and the second transient bond are broken to move the molecule in the nanopore. 8. The nanodevice of claim 1, wherein the first type of organic coating comprises at least one of phosphonic acid, hydroxamic acid, and resorcinol. 9. The nanodevice of claim 8, wherein the second type of organic coating comprises at least one of phosphonic acid, hydroxamic acid, and resorcinol. 10. A nanodevice, comprising: a substrate, a nanochannel formed in the substrate; a first pair of electrodes having a nanometer size gap there between; a second pair of electrodes having a nanometer size gap there between, the first and second pair of electrodes are positioned along the nanochannel and in the substrate; a first organic coating on an exposed surface of the first pair of electrodes at an inner surface of the nanochannel, the first organic coating forming a first transient bond between the first pair of electrodes and a base of a molecule in the nanochannel; and a second organic coating on an exposed surface of the second pair of electrodes at the inner surface of the nanochannel, the second organic coating forming a second transient bond between the second pair of electrodes and another base of the molecule in the nanochannel; wherein, when a first voltage is applied to the first pair of electrodes, a tunneling current is generated by the base in the nanochannel, the tunneling current traveling through the first transient bond formed to the base to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. 11. The nanodevice of claim 10, wherein, when a second voltage is applied to the second pair of electrodes, another tunneling current is generated by the another base in the nanochannel, the another tunneling current traveling through the second transient bond formed to the another base to be measured as another current signature for distinguishing the another base. 12. The nanodevice of claim 11, wherein current signature for the base and the another current signature for the another base are measured simultaneously in the nanochannel. 13. The nanodevice of claim 10, wherein the second transient bond has strength to hold the molecule in the nanochannel against thermal motion. 14. The nanodevice of claim 10, wherein the second transient bond is stronger than the first transient bond. 15. The nanodevice of claim 10, wherein a first reservoir connects to one end of the nanochannel and a second reservoir connects to another end of the nanochannel. 16. The nanodevice of claim 15, wherein first external and second external electrodes are in the first and second reservoirs respectively. 17. The nanodevice of claim 16, wherein the first external and second external electrodes are configured to receive an external voltage such that the first and second transient bonds are broken to move the molecule in the nanochannel. 18. The nanodevice of claim 10, where the substrate is a semiconductor material. 19. The nanodevice of claim 10, wherein the first organic coating comprises at least one of phosphonic acid, hydroxamic acid, and resorcinol. 20. The nanodevice of claim 19, wherein the second organic coating comprises at least one of phosphonic acid, hydroxamic acid, and resorcinol.",
-    "Aspects include managing change sets in a configuration management system. Delivery of the change sets is initiated. A determination is made as to which of the change sets are applicable for delivery. A request to deliver specific change sets of the change sets applicable for delivery, is received from a user and in response to receiving the request, a target change for delivery is created. 1. A computer-implemented method for managing change sets in a configuration management system, the computer-implemented method comprising: initiating a delivery of the change sets; determining which of the change sets are applicable for delivery, the determining comprising querying a delivered change artifact to find the applicable change sets for delivery, wherein a completion of tasks pending for updating the delivered change artifact and change set dependencies is forced for a source stream and a target stream; receiving a request to deliver specific change sets of the change sets applicable for delivery, from a user; in response to receiving the request, creating a target change set for delivery; determining whether a new target change set contains same final versions as those identified from the source stream; in response to a determination that the new target change set contains same final versions as those identified from the source stream, creating an entry in the delivered change artifact denoting that the new target change set is logically in the source stream, and not considered a candidate change set for delivery back into the source stream; in response to a determination the new target change set does not contain the same final versions as those identified from the source stream, making no addition of the new target change set into the delivered change artifact; and persisting information in a set of artifacts. 2. (canceled) 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising: querying the delivered change artifact to determine which change sets exist in the source stream that are not explicitly in the target stream; querying the delivered change artifact to determine which change sets exist are considered logically in the target stream; removing any change sets in a set of logically delivered change sets found in the target stream, from a set of outgoing change sets found in the source stream; creating the new target change set in a context of the target stream; creating new version mappings for elements of the new target change set in a context of the target stream, wherein current version mappings of the elements are no longer current, and set as previous version mappings for the new version mappings needed in the new change set, and wherein a version mapping artifact is updated with the new version mappings; calculating dependencies of the new target change set; updating a change set artifact to include an entry for the new target change set; updating the delivered change artifact to indicate the change sets from the source stream are now considered logically delivered change sets in the target stream; and in response to a determination one or more of the change sets identified have back pointers to other change sets, adding the other change sets in the delivered change artifact against the target stream and identifying those other change sets as logically delivered into the target stream. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3 wherein creating the new target change set in the context of the target stream further comprises giving the new change target set an ID and updating the change set artifact with information for the new target change set. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein the completion of tasks pending for updating the delivered change artifact and change set dependencies, is forced for the source stream and the target stream further comprises completing all asynchronous tasks pending. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein the configuration management system further comprises: a set of artifacts in a delivery and change management system comprising a stream artifact, including a unique identifier of a configuration and an identifier of a user who created the stream; wherein a change set artifact, includes a unique identifier of a change set and a reference to a stream in which the change set was created; wherein a version mapping artifact, includes a unique identifier of a version mapping and an identifier of a user who created the version mapping; and wherein a delivered change artifact, tracks logically delivered change sets. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein a local change set is one that is created by a user as a result of one of creating or modifying resources in a stream and the local change set has no back pointers, and wherein the target change set is one that is created as a result of delivering one or more change sets from one stream to another stream. 8. A computer program product for managing change sets in a configuration management system, comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor unit to cause the processor unit to perform a method comprising: initiating a delivery of the change sets; determining which of the change sets are applicable for delivery, the determining comprising querying a delivered change artifact to find the applicable change sets for delivery, wherein a completion of tasks pending for updating the delivered change artifact and change set dependencies is forced for a source stream and a target stream; receiving a request to deliver specific change sets of the change sets applicable for delivery, from a user; in response to receiving the request, creating a target change set for delivery; and in response to a determination one or more of the change sets have back pointers to other change sets, adding the other change sets in the delivered change artifact against the target stream and identifying those other change sets as logically delivered into the target stream. 9. (canceled) 10. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein the processor unit further executes the program instructions to cause the processor unit to perform the method further comprising: querying the delivered change artifact to determine which change sets exist in the source stream that are not explicitly in the target stream; querying the delivered change artifact to determine which change sets exist are considered logically in the target stream; removing any change sets in a set of logically delivered change sets found in the target stream, from a set of outgoing change sets found in the source stream; creating a new target change set in a context of the target stream; creating new version mappings for elements of the new target change set in a context of the target stream, wherein current version mappings of the elements are no longer current, and set as previous version mappings for the new version mappings needed in the new change set, and wherein a version mapping artifact is updated with the new version mappings; calculating dependencies of the new target change set; updating a change set artifact to include an entry for the new target change set; updating the delivered change artifact to indicate the change sets from the source stream are now considered logically delivered change sets in the target stream; determining whether the new target change set contains same final versions as those identified from the source stream; in response to a determination the new target change set contains same final versions as those identified from the source stream, creating an entry in the delivered change artifact denoting that the new target change set is logically in the source stream, and not considered a candidate change set for delivery back into the source stream; in response to a determination the new target change set does not contain the same final versions as those identified from the source stream, making no addition of the new target change set into the delivered change artifact; and persisting information in a set of artifacts. 11. The computer program product of claim 10 wherein creating the new target change set in the context of the target stream further comprises giving the new target change set an ID and updating the change set artifact with information for the new target change set. 12. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein the completion of tasks pending for updating the delivered change artifact and change set dependencies, is forced for the source stream and the target stream further comprises completing all asynchronous tasks pending. 13. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein the configuration management system further comprises: a set of artifacts in a delivery and change management system comprising a stream artifact, including a unique identifier of a configuration and an identifier of a user who created the stream; wherein a change set artifact, includes a unique identifier of a change set and a reference to a stream in which the change set was created; wherein a version mapping artifact, includes a unique identifier of a version mapping and an identifier of a user who created the version mapping; and wherein a delivered change artifact, tracks logically delivered change sets. 14. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein a local change set is one that is created by a user as a result of one of creating or modifying resources in a stream and the local change set has no back pointers, and wherein the target change set is one that is created as a result of delivering one or more change sets from one stream to another stream. 15. An apparatus for managing change sets in a configuration management system, the apparatus comprising: a communications fabric; a memory connected to the communications fabric, wherein the memory contains computer executable program code; a communications unit connected to the communications fabric; an input/output unit connected to the communications fabric; a display connected to the communications fabric; and a processor unit connected to the communications fabric, wherein the processor unit executes the computer executable program code to direct the apparatus to: initiate a delivery of the change sets; determine which of the change sets are applicable for delivery, the determining comprising querying a delivered change artifact to find the applicable change sets for delivery, wherein a completion of tasks pending for updating the delivered change artifact and change set dependencies is forced for a source stream and a target stream; receive a request to deliver specific change sets of the change sets applicable for delivery, from a user; in response to receiving the request, create a target change set for delivery; query the delivered change artifact to determine which change sets exist in the source stream that are not explicitly in the target stream; query the delivered change artifact to determine which change sets exist are considered logically in the target stream; remove any change sets in a set of logically delivered change sets found in the target stream, from a set of outgoing change sets found in the source stream; create a new target change set in a context of the target stream; create new version mappings for elements of the new target change set in a context of the target stream, wherein current version mappings of the elements are no longer current, and set as previous version mappings for the new version mappings needed in the new change set, and wherein a version mapping artifact is updated with the new version mappings; calculate dependencies of the new target change set; update a change set artifact to include an entry for the new target change set; and update the delivered change artifact to indicate the change sets from the source stream are now considered logically delivered change sets in the target stream. 16. (canceled) 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the processor unit executes the computer executable program code to further direct the apparatus to: in response to a determination one or more of the change sets identified have back pointers to other change sets, add the other change sets in the delivered change artifact against the target stream and identifying those other change sets as logically delivered into the target stream; determine whether the new target change set contains same final versions as those identified from the source stream; in response to a determination the new target change set contains same final versions as those identified from the source stream, create an entry in the delivered change artifact denoting that the new target change set is logically in the source stream, and not considered a candidate change set for delivery back into the source stream; in response to a determination the new target change set does not contain the same final versions as those identified from the source stream, make no addition of the new target change set into the delivered change artifact; and persist information in a set of artifacts. 18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the completion of tasks pending for updating the delivered change artifact and change set dependencies is forced for the source stream and the target stream further comprises completing all asynchronous tasks pending. 19. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the configuration management system further comprises: a set of artifacts in a delivery and change management system comprising a stream artifact, including a unique identifier of a configuration and an identifier of a user who created the stream; wherein a change set artifact, includes a unique identifier of a change set and a reference to a stream in which the change set was created; wherein a version mapping artifact, includes a unique identifier of a version mapping and an identifier of a user who created the version mapping; and wherein a delivered change artifact, tracks logically delivered change sets. 20. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein a local change set is one that is created by a user as a result of one of creating or modifying resources in a stream and the local change set has no back pointers, and wherein the target change set is one that is created as a result of delivering one or more change sets from one stream to another stream.",
-    "A resist composition containing a compound represented by the general formula (1) or (2), a method for forming a resist pattern using the composition, a polyphenolic compound for use in the composition, and an alcoholic compound that can be derived therefrom are described. 1-17. (canceled) 18. A compound represented by the general formula (1) or (2): wherein R1 are each independently a single bond or a 2n-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms wherein the hydrocarbon group may have a cyclic hydrocarbon group, a double bond, a heteroatom, or an aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyl group and may be the same or different on the same naphthalene ring; at least one of R2 is a hydroxyl group; n is an integer of 2 to 4; the structural formulas of the repeating units in the formulas (1) and (2) may be the same or different; in the general formula (1), m1 are each independently an integer of 1 to 7; and in the general formula (2), X are each independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and m2 are each independently an integer of 1 to 6. 19. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the general formula (1) is the general formula (1-1), and the general formula (2) is the general formula (2-1): wherein R1 are each independently a single bond or a 2n-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms wherein the hydrocarbon group may have a cyclic hydrocarbon group, a double bond, a heteroatom, or an aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and may be the same or different on the same naphthalene ring; the structural formulas of the repeating units in the formulas (1) and (2) may be the same or different; n is an integer of 2 to 4; in the general formula (1-1), m3 are each independently an integer of 1 to 7, m4 are each independently an integer of 0 to 6, and m3+m4 is an integer of 1 to 7; and in the general formula (2-1), m5 are each independently an integer of 1 to 6, m6 are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, and m5+m6 is an integer of 1 to 6. 20. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the general formula (1) is the general formula (1-2), and the general formula (2) is the general formula (2-2): wherein R1 are each independently a single bond or a 2n-valent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms wherein the hydrocarbon group may have a cyclic hydrocarbon group, a double bond, a heteroatom, or an aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and may be the same or different on the same naphthalene ring; the structural formulas of the repeating units in the formulas (1) and (2) may be the same or different; n is an integer of 2 to 4; in the general formula (1-2), m4 are each independently an integer of 0 to 6; and in the general formula (2-2), m6 are each independently an integer of 0 to 5.",
-    "A seeker head for a guided missile has an outer casing, a detector unit with a matrix detector, and an optical system for depicting an object from an object scene surrounding the guided missile on the matrix detector. The optical system contains entrance optics and an optical link. The seek head further has a rolling-pitching system with a rolling frame and a pitching frame for aligning at least the entrance optics with the object. In order to be able to detect even objects that are far away and radiating weakly when the guided missile is rolling, it is proposed that the detector unit is arranged on the rolling frame for conjoint rolling. 1. A seeker head for a guided missile, the seeker head comprising: an outer casing; a detector unit having a matrix detector; an optical system for depicting an object from an object scene surrounding the guided missile on said matrix detector, said optical system having entrance optics and an optical link; and a rolling-pitching system having a rolling frame and a pitching frame for aligning at least said entrance optics with the object, said detector unit disposed on said rolling frame for conjoint rolling. 2. The seeker head according to claim 1, further comprising a cooler for cooling said matrix detector, said cooler is disposed rigidly in relation to said outer casing. 3. The seeker head according to claim 2, wherein said cooler is a gas cooler having a gas outlet, which is coaxial to a rolling axis and aligned with said detector unit. 4. The seeker head according to claim 1, further comprising a communications unit having a transmitter fixed to said rolling frame and a receiver fixed to said outer casing for wireless data transmission between said transmitter and said receiver. 5. The seeker head according to claim 1, further comprising a rolling sensor disposed fixed to said rolling frame for detecting a rolling movement of said rolling frame. 6. The seeker head according to claim 1, further comprising a movement sensor disposed fixed to said outer casing for detecting a movement of said outer casing. 7. A method for depicting an object of an object scene on a matrix detector of a seeker head for a guided missile, which comprises the steps of: aligning entrance optics of an optical system of the seeker head with the object with an aid of a rolling-pitching system, the rolling-pitch system having a rolling frame and a pitching frame, the object being depicted on the matrix detector by the optical system, an outer casing of the seeker head rolls in relation to the object scene surrounding it about a rolling axis and the matrix detector rotates in relation to the outer casing and rolls conjointly with the rolling frame. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the matrix detector is steady in space and a depiction on the matrix detector is steady while the outer casing is rolling about the rolling axis. 9. The method according to claim 7, which further comprises spraying a cooling gas from a cooler of the seeker head that is fixed to the outer casing against a detector unit that has the matrix detector and turns in relation to the cooler about the rolling axis and consequently the matrix detector is cooled. 10. The method according to claim 7, which further comprises detecting a rolling rate of the rolling frame by a rolling sensor disposed fixed to the rolling frame and a rolling rate is controlled in a closed-loop manner to a desired rolling value with an aid of data from the rolling sensor. 11. The method according to claim 7, which further comprises: determining a rolling rate of the outer casing with an aid of a movement sensor fixed to the outer casing, and with an aid of a determined value a rolling drive is activated, so that the rolling frame is rotated in relation to the outer casing counter to its rotational rolling direction; and detecting a residual rolling rate of the rolling frame with an aid of a rolling sensor disposed fixed in the rolling frame and the rolling rate is controlled in a closed-loop manner to a desired rolling value with an aid of data from of the rolling sensor. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein when controlling the rolling rate to the desired rolling value, a measuring error of the rolling sensor in the form of a drift is at least partially detected with an aid of the movement sensor and taken into account. 13. The method according to claim 10, which further comprises detecting a rolling movement that is produced by a tracking of the object by the entrance optics with an aid of a rolling sensor. 14. The method according to claim 13, which further comprises controlling a rolling drive such that the rolling rate of the rolling frame is controlled in the closed-loop manner to the desired rolling value with an aid of the rolling movement activated for the tracking of the object and with the aid of the data of the rolling sensor. 15. The method according to claim 7, which further comprises controlling a rolling rate of the rolling frame in a closed-loop manner to a desired rolling value with an aid of data obtained from a depiction of the object scene on the matrix detector.",
-    "Described herein are MetAP-2 inhibitors and compositions and formulations thereof, and more particularly compositions and formulations of MetAP-2 inhibitors wherein the MetAP-2 inhibitor is associated with a block copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety. The present invention also relates to compositions and formulations comprising MetAP-2 inhibitors for oral administration or administration via routes such as topical or ocular administration. The present invention also provides methods to treat conditions associated with or related to the over-expression or over-activity of MetAP-2 by administering the compositions and formulations comprising MetAP-2 inhibitors as disclosed herein. 1. A composition comprising a methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) inhibitor formulation having anti-proliferative activity, wherein said formulation comprises a MetAP-2 inhibitor covalently linked to a block copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is a fumagillol derivative. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is covalently linked with the hydrophobic moiety of said block copolymer. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said hydrophobic polymer moiety of said block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(d,L-lactic acid), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and poly(propylene oxide). 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said hydrophilic moiety is a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said block copolymer is a diblock copolymer comprising a PEG-PLA diblock copolymer having hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PLA moieties. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein said formulation is formulated for oral administration, topical administration, IV administration, peritoneal administration, injection, ocular administration, suppository administration, pulmonary administration or inhalation, and nasal administration. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said anti-proliferative activity is an anti-tumor activity. 9. The composition of claim 2, wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises a derivative selected from the group consisting of 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470), 6-O-(4-methoxyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(3,4,5-trimethexyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(4-(N,N-dimethylethoxy)aniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclopropylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclobutylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 4-((cyclopropylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 20 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1 cyclohexanol and 4-((cyclobutylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1-cyclohexanol. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of a bengamide, a sulphonamide, a bestatin, a 3-amino-2-hydroxyamide, a hydroxyamide, an acylhydrazine, ovacillin, a reversible MetAP-2 inhibitor and an irreversible MetAP-2 inhibitor. 11. A method of treating a condition involving or relying upon MetAP-2 activity for its pathology, the method comprising administering a MetAP-2 inhibitor formulation comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitor having anti-proliferative activity, covalently linked to a block copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is a fumagillol derivative. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is associated with the hydrophobic moiety of said block copolymer. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said hydrophobic polymer moiety of said block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(d,L-lactic acid), poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(propylene oxide). 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said hydrophilic moiety is a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein said block copolymer is a diblock copolymer comprising a PEG-PLA diblock copolymer having hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PLA moieties. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein said anti-proliferative composition has anti-tumor activity. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises a derivative selected from the group consisting of 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470), 6-O-(4-methoxyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(3,4,5-trimethexyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(4-(N,N-dimethylethoxy)aniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclopropylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclobutylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 4-((cyclopropylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 20 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1 cyclohexanol and 4-((cyclobutylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1-cyclohexanol. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of a bengamide, a sulphonamide MetAP-2 inhibitor, a bestatin, a 3-amino-2-hydroxyamide MetAP-2 inhibitor, a hydroxyamide MetAP-2 inhibitor, an acylhydrazine MetAP-2 inhibitor, ovacillin, a reversible MetAP-2 inhibitor and an irreversible MetAP-2 inhibitor. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein said condition comprises a tumor activity. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, metastatic tumors, psoriasis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), thyroid hyperplasia, preeclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, pleural effusion, atherosclerosis, endometriosis, diabetic/other retinopathies, ocular neovascularizations, IL-2 therapy associated edema and other edemas, malaria, SARS, HIV, herpes, lupus, IPF, COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection, allergic reaction, multiple sclerosis, bacterial infection, viral infection, conditions involving or characterized by vascular hyperpermeability, inflammation, and spinal injury. 22. A method of making a diblock copolymer composition comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitor that has anti-proliferative activity, the method comprising conjugating said MetAP-2 inhibitor to a diblock copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is a fumagillol derivative that has anti-angiogenic activity. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor comprises 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470). 25. A diblock copolymer composition comprising a MetAP-2 inhibitor, said composition produced by the method of claim 22. 26. The diblock copolymer composition of claim 25, wherein said MetAP-2 inhibitor is a fumagillol derivative that has anti-proliferative activity. 27. The diblock copolymer composition of claim 26, wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470). 28. A composition comprising a formulation of a fumagillol derivative that has anti-angiogenic activity, said formulation comprising said derivative covalently associated with a block copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety. 29. The composition of claim 28, wherein said formulation comprises a micelle comprising said block copolymer associated with said fumagillol derivative. 30. The composition of claim 28, wherein said fumagillol derivative thereof is associated with the hydrophobic moiety of said block copolymer. 31. The composition of claim 28, wherein said hydrophobic polymer moiety of said block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(d,L-lactic acid), poly(L-lysine), poly(aspartic acid), poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(propylene oxide). 32. The composition of claim 28, wherein said hydrophilic polymer moiety of said block copolymer is a polyethylene glycol (PEG). 33. The composition of claim 28, wherein said block copolymer is a diblock copolymer comprising a PEG-PLA diblock copolymer having hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PLA moieties. 34. The composition of claim 28, wherein said formulation is formulated for oral administration. 35. The composition of claim 28, wherein said anti-angiogenic activity is an anti-tumor activity. 36. The composition of claim 28, wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises a derivative selected from the group consisting of 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470), 6-O-(4-methoxyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(3,4,5-trimethexyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(4-(N,N-dimethylethoxy)aniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclopropylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclobutylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 4-((cyclopropylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 20 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1 cyclohexanol and 4-((cyclobutylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1-cyclohexanol. 37. A method of treating an angiogenesis-mediated condition, the method comprising orally administering a composition comprising a formulation of a fumagillol derivative that retains anti-angiogenic activity, said formulation comprising said fumagillol derivative is covalently associated with a block copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein said formulation comprises a micelle comprising said block copolymer associated with said fumagillol derivative. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein said fumagillol derivative thereof is associated with the hydrophobic moiety of said block copolymer. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein said hydrophobic polymer moiety of said block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(d,L-lactic acid), poly(L-lysine), poly(aspartic acid), poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(propylene oxide). 41. The method of claim 37, wherein said hydrophilic polymer moiety of said block copolymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG). 42. The method of claim 37, wherein said block copolymer is a diblock copolymer comprising a PEG-PLA diblock copolymer having hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PLA moieties. 43. The method of claim 37 wherein said anti-angiogenic activity is an anti-tumor activity. 44. The method of claim 37 wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises a derivative selected from the group consisting of 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470), 6-O-(4-methoxyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(3,4,5-trimethexyaniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(4-(N,N-dimethylethoxy)aniline)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclopropylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 6-O-(cyclobutylamino)acetyl fumagillol, 4-((cyclopropylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 20 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1 cyclohexanol and 4-((cyclobutylamino)acetyl)oxy-2-(1,2-epoxy-1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-3-methoxy-1-chloromethyl-1-cyclohexanol. 45. The method of claim 37 wherein said formulation comprises a diblock copolymer micelle formed with said diblock copolymer. 46. The method of claim 37 wherein said angiogenesis-mediated condition comprises a tumor activity. 47. The method of claim 37, wherein the angiogenesis-mediated condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, metastatic tumors, psoriasis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), thyroid hyperplasia, preclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, pleural effusion, atherosclerosis, endometriosis, diabetic/other retinopathies, ocular neovascularizations, IL-2 therapy associated edema and other edemas. 48. A method of making a diblock copolymer micelle comprising a fumagillol derivative that has anti-angiogenic activity, the method comprising conjugating said fumagillol derivative to a diblock copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer moiety and a hydrophobic polymer moiety and forming micelles of the resulting conjugate. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470). 50. A diblock copolymer micelle comprising a fumagillol derivative, said micelle produced by the method of claim 48. 51. The diblock copolymer micelle of claim 48, wherein said fumagillol derivative comprises 6-O\u2014(N-chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP-470).",
-    "In order to permit, in a motor vehicle on-board power system, data to be transmitted with low expenditure on cabling, even between multiple partial networks, a plurality of loads embodied, in particular, as sensors is respectively assigned a communication unit for transferring data. The communication units are embodied in such a way that, by utilizing the supply lines they set up a partially interlinked data network, and transfer data made available by the loads, with the result that communication via the partial networks is also made possible. As a result of the transmission of the data via the supply lines in combination with the setting up of a partially interlinked data network, signal transmission is made possible even if there is no direct connection between the respective sensor and a target unit. 1. A motor vehicle on-board power system, comprising: electrical supply lines; a number of consumers each connected to one of said electrical supply lines; communication units, each of said communication units connected to one of said consumers for data transmission and is assigned in each case to at least a plurality of said consumers; and a plurality of subnet works separated from one another, said communication units are configured such that, using said electrical supply lines, they set up a meshed data network extending over separate ones of said subnet works and process data which are made available by said consumers and transmit the data as a data signal via said supply lines so that communications between said communication units in said separate subnet works is enabled. 2. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein said communication units are configured to modulate the data signals to be transmitted onto an on-board power-system voltage. 3. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein the data signal is a high-frequency data signal and said electrical supply lines are unshielded so that the data signal injects from one of said electrical supply lines into a further one of said electrical supply lines during operation without a galvanic connection. 4. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein said communication units form network nodes of the meshed data network. 5. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein said communication units are each integrated into a respective one of said consumers. 6. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein a communication protocol according to an open systems interconnection model with a protocol stack is used for data transmission. 7. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein a communication protocol based on a basis of a ZigBee industry standard is used. 8. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein said communication units are routers. 9. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein said communication units are each designed as a coordinator. 10. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein the meshed data network is a self-organizing data network. 11. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, wherein said consumers are selected from the group consisting of actuators and sensors. 12. The motor vehicle on-board power system according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of supply sockets and via said supply sockets at least one of said consumers is reversibly connectable according to a plug-and-play principle to the motor vehicle on-board power system at different locations of the motor vehicle on-board power system. 13. A method for transmitting data signals in a motor vehicle on-board power system containing a plurality of supply lines which, for current and/or voltage supply of consumers, are connected to the consumers, a plurality of communication units are connected to the supply lines at different points of the motor vehicle on-board power system and receive data, which comprises the steps of: providing the motor vehicle on-board power system with a plurality of subnet works which are separated from one another; and using the supply lines, the communication units set up a meshed data network extending over separate subnet works and transmit data signals formed from received data via the meshed data network to a destination device, so that communications between the communication units in the separate subnet works is enabled. 14. The method according to claim 13, which further comprises transmitting a data signal from one communication unit in a first one subnet work to another communication unit in a second subnet work by injecting the data signal through a crosstalk effect from one unshielded supply line of the first subnet work into an unshielded supply line of the second subnet work.",
-    "Aspects include extensible change set conflict and merge gap detection in a record-based configuration management system. A method includes instructing the record-based configuration management system to create a change set. The method also includes instructing the record-based configuration management system to add one or more version mappings to a given configuration and to indicate specific concepts which should be flagged as not participating in a process that includes change set conflict and merge gap detection. The record-based configuration management system is instructed to deliver the change set to a requestor. 1. A computer-implemented method for extensible change set conflict and merge gap detection in a record-based configuration management system, the method comprising: instructing the record-based configuration management system to create a change set, wherein the record-based configuration management system comprises a set of artifacts in a delivery and change management system comprising a change set artifact, including a unique identifier of a change set and a reference to a stream in which the change set was created; and a version mapping artifact, including a unique identifier of a version mapping and an identifier of a user who created the version mapping; instructing the record-based configuration management system to add one or more version mappings to a given configuration and to indicate specific concepts which should be flagged as not participating in a process that includes change set conflict and merge gap detection; instructing the record-based configuration management system to deliver the change set to a requestor; identifying version mappings identified by a change set being committed; retrieving current version mappings in a target stream, for concepts identified in the change set being delivered; and for each concept in the change set being delivered: determining whether a current version in the target stream has an ignore flag set; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream has the ignore flag set, indicating no conflict; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream does not have the ignore flag set, determining whether the current version in the target stream is the same as a current version in the change set; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream is the same as the current version in the change set indicating no conflict; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream is not the same as the current version in the change set determining whether there is no previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created; in response to a determination there is no previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created, indicating a conflict; in response to a determination there is a previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created, determining whether the version in the change set is not the same as the version in the target stream and the current version in the target stream is newer than the previous version of the version mapping in the change set; and in response to a determination the version in the change set is not the same as the version in the target stream and the current version in the target stream is newer than the previous version of the version mapping in the change set, indicating a conflict. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to a creation of a new version of an artifact, indicating by a domain tool to the record-based configuration management system that the new version of the artifact is created and setting a meta-property of a version mapping artifact in the record-based configuration management system; determining by the domain tool whether a change to a particular artifact can be ignored during a determining of whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered; in response to a determination that the change to the particular artifact can be ignored during the determining of whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered, setting a flag to ignore, wherein the flag is added to version mappings owned by change sets and controlled by the domain tool which publishes changes made by a user, and enables identified version mappings to be ignored and managed by the domain tool instead; and in response to a determination that the change to the particular artifact can not be ignored during the determining of whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered, avoiding setting the flag to ignore, wherein other non-identified artifacts are considered to ensure that interdependent artifacts identified in the change set are delivered together. 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying version mappings of a new change set created; and for each concept in the change set being delivered: look up a previous version mapping; determine whether that previous version mapping has an ignore flag set; in response to a determination the ignore flag is set returning to look up the previous version mapping; and in response to a determination the ignore flag is not set, using the change set of the version mapping without the ignore flag as a merge dependent change set. 7. (canceled) 8. A computer program product for extensible change set conflict and merge gap detection in a record-based configuration management system, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform: instructing the record-based configuration management system to create a change set, wherein the record-based configuration management system comprises a set of artifacts in a delivery and change management system comprising a change set artifact, including a unique identifier of a change set and a reference to a stream in which the change set was created; and a version mapping artifact, including a unique identifier of a version mapping and an identifier of a user who created the version mapping; instructing the record-based configuration management system to add one or more version mappings to a given configuration and to indicate specific concepts which should be flagged as not participating in a process that includes change set conflict and merge gap detection; instructing the record-based configuration management system to deliver the change set to a requestor; identifying version mappings identified by a change set being committed; retrieving current version mappings in a target stream, for concepts identified in the change set being delivered; and for each concept in the change set being delivered: determining whether a current version in the target stream has an ignore flag set; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream has the ignore flag set, indicating no conflict; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream does not have the ignore flag set, determining whether the current version in the target stream is the same as a current version in the change set; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream is the same as the current version in the change set indicating no conflict; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream is not the same as the current version in the change set determining whether there is no previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created; in response to a determination there is no previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created, indicating a conflict: in response to a determination there is a previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created, determining whether the version in the change set is not the same as the version in the target stream and the current version in the target stream is newer than the previous version of the version mapping in the change set; and in response to a determination the version in the change set is not the same as the version in the target stream and the current version in the target stream is newer than the previous version of the version mapping in the change set, indicating a conflict. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the program instructions executable by a processor further cause the processor to perform: in response to a creation of a new version of an artifact, indicating by a domain tool to the configuration management system that the new version of the artifact is created and setting a meta-property of a version mapping artifact in the system; determining by the domain tool whether a change to a particular artifact can be ignored during determining whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered; in response to a determination the change to the particular artifact can be ignored during determining whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered, setting a flag to ignore, wherein the flag added to version mappings owned by change sets is controlled by the domain tool which publishes changes made by a user, and enables identified version mappings to be ignored and managed by the domain tool instead; and in response to a determination the change to the particular artifact can not be ignored during determining whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered, avoiding setting the flag to ignore, wherein other non-identified artifacts are considered to ensure that interdependent artifacts identified in the change set are delivered together. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the program instructions executable by a processor further cause the processor to perform: identifying version mappings of a new change set created; and for each concept in the change set being delivered: look up a previous version mapping; determine whether that previous version mapping has an ignore flag set; in response to a determination the ignore flag is set returning to look up the previous version mapping; and in response to a determination the ignore flag is not set, using the change set of the version mapping without the ignore flag as a merge dependent change set. 14. (canceled) 15. An apparatus for extensible change set conflict and merge gap detection in a record-based configuration management system, the apparatus comprising: a memory having computer readable instructions; and a processor for executing the computer readable instructions, the computer readable instructions comprising: instructing the record-based configuration management system to create a change set, wherein the record-based configuration management system comprises a set of artifacts in a delivery and change management system comprising a change set artifact, including a unique identifier of a change set and a reference to a stream in which the change set was created; and a version mapping artifact, including a unique identifier of a version mapping and an identifier of a user who created the version mapping; instructing the record-based configuration management system to add one or more version mappings to a given configuration and to indicate specific concepts which should be flagged as not participating in a process that includes change set conflict and merge gap detection; instructing the record-based configuration management system to deliver the change set to a requestor; identifying version mappings identified by a change set being committed; retrieving current version mappings in a target stream, for concepts identified in the change set being delivered; and for each concept in the change set being delivered: determining whether a current version in the target stream has an ignore flag set; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream has the ignore flag set, indicating no conflict; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream does not have the ignore flag set, determining whether the current version in the target stream is the same as a current version in the change set; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream is the same as the current version in the change set indicating no conflict; in response to a determination the current version in the target stream is not the same as the current version in the change set determining whether there is no previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created; in response to a determination there is no previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created, indicating a conflict: in response to a determination there is a previous version mapping for a concept in the source stream before the change set was created, determining whether the version in the change set is not the same as the version in the target stream and the current version in the target stream is newer than the previous version of the version mapping in the change set; and in response to a determination the version in the change set is not the same as the version in the target stream and the current version in the target stream is newer than the previous version of the version mapping in the change set, indicating a conflict. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor executes the computer executable program code to further direct the apparatus to: in response to a creation of a new version of an artifact, indicate by a domain tool to the configuration management system that the new version of the artifact is created and setting a meta-property of a version mapping artifact in the system; determine by the domain tool whether a change to a particular artifact can be ignored during determining whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered; in response to a determination the change to the particular artifact can be ignored during determining whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered, set a flag to ignore, wherein the flag added to version mappings owned by change sets is controlled by the domain tool which publishes changes made by a user, and enables identified version mappings to be ignored and managed by the domain tool instead; and in response to a determination the change to the particular artifact can not be ignored during determining whether future change sets will require this change set to be delivered, avoid setting the flag to ignore, wherein other non-identified artifacts are considered to ensure that interdependent artifacts identified in the change set are delivered together. 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the processor executes the computer executable program code to further direct the apparatus to: identify version mappings of a new change set created; and for each concept in the change set being delivered: look up a previous version mapping; determine whether that previous version mapping has an ignore flag set; in response to a determination the ignore flag is set, return to look up the previous version mapping; and in response to a determination the ignore flag is not set, use the change set of the version mapping without the ignore flag as a merge dependent change set. 20. (canceled)",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for avoiding excessive paging through messaging-based solutions on a mobile network that supports multiple radio access technologies (RATs), such as both Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)/Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)/Universal Mobile Communications System (UMTS) technology, even in situations where the present location of the UE is not known. Preventing paging in access networks where the UE is not present ensures efficient use of radio resources in the paging channel and reduces signaling load on other interfaces. In one embodiment, a user equipment (UE) is simultaneously connected to a Serving General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN) and a Mobility Management Entity (MME). By using signaling between the SGSN and MME, the location of the UE may be tracked without requiring unnecessary paging, even when the UE is in IDLE mode or is inactive. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising: detecting a failure of a serving gateway (SGW) for a mobile device at a first core network node, the first core network node to communicate with the mobile device via a first radio access technology; and in response to the detecting the failure of the SGW, determining, by the first core network node, whether to page the mobile device based, at least in part, on a stored state of the mobile device with respect to a second core network node, the second core network node to communicate with the mobile device via a second radio access technology. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the determining, by the first core network node, whether to page the mobile device is further based on a determination that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the first core network node. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising receiving, by the first core network node from the second core network node, a message indicating that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the second core network node. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the determining, by the first core network node, whether to page the mobile device comprises determining to stop paging the mobile device in response to receiving the message indicating that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the second core network node. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the determining, by the first core network node, whether to page the mobile device comprises determining to not page the mobile device in response to detecting the failure of the SGW. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising causing the mobile device to be brought to an active state with respect to the first core network node subsequent to detecting the failure of the SGW. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising sending an activity notification message from the first network node to the second network node in response to the mobile device entering an active state with respect to the first core network node, the activity notification message indicating to the second core network node that the mobile node is active with respect to the first core network node. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising requesting deactivation of bearers associated with the mobile node at the second core network node on the second radio access technology. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising sending a detach notification from the first core network node to the second core network node. 30. The method of claim 21, further comprising in response to the detection of the failure of the SGW, querying the second core network node about the state of the mobile device with respect to a second core network node. 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the first core network node is a Mobility Management Entity (MME), the second core network node is a Serving General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN), and the mobile device is a user equipment (UE). 32. The method of claim 21, wherein the first core network node is a Serving General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN), the second core network node is a Mobility Management Entity (MME), and the mobile device is a user equipment (UE). 33. A core network node comprising: a memory; one or more interfaces; a processor, in communication with the one or more interfaces and capable of running instructions to be stored in the memory; wherein the core network node is to: communicate with a mobile device via a first radio access technology; detect a failure of a serving gateway (SGW) for the mobile device; and in response to the detecting the failure of the SGW, determine whether to page the mobile device based, at least in part, on a stored state of the mobile device with respect to a second core network node, the second core network node to communicate with the mobile device via a second radio access technology. 34. The core network node of claim 33, wherein the determining whether to page the mobile device is further based on a determination that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the core network node. 35. The core network node of claim 33, wherein the core network node is further to receive from the second core network node a message indicating that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the second core network node. 36. The core network node of claim 35, wherein the determining whether to page the mobile device comprises determining to stop paging the mobile device in response to receiving the message indicating that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the second core network node. 37. At least one computer-readable non-transitory media comprising one or more instructions that when executed by at least one processor configure the at least one processor to cause the performance of operations comprising: detecting a failure of a serving gateway (SGW) for a mobile device at a first core network node, the first core network node to communicate with the mobile device via a first radio access technology; and in response to the detecting the failure of the SGW, determining whether to page the mobile device based, at least in part, on a stored state of the mobile device with respect to a second core network node, the second core network node to communicate with the mobile device via a second radio access technology. 38. The at least one media of claim 37, wherein the determining whether to page the mobile device is further based on a determination that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the first core network node. 39. The at least one media of claim 37, the operations further comprising receiving, from the second core network node, a message indicating that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the second core network node. 40. The at least one media of claim 39, wherein the determining whether to page the mobile device comprises determining to stop paging the mobile device in response to receiving the message indicating that the mobile device is in an active state with respect to the second core network node.",
-    "The present invention has an object to enable white balance correction appropriate to an image photographed with strobe light-emitting. An image processing apparatus includes: a first correcting unit that corrects image data photographed with strobe light-emitting using a first WEB correction value corresponding to environmental light, and generates a first WEB correction image; a second correcting unit that corrects the image data photographed with strobe light-emitting using a second WEB correction value corresponding to strobe light, and generates a second WEB correction image; a combining ratio calculating unit that obtains a combining ratio of the first and second WEB correction images based on information on a distance to an object photographed with strobe light-emitting and distribution characteristics of the strobe light; and a combining unit that combines the first and second WEB correction images based on the combining ratio. 1. An image processing apparatus comprising: a first correcting unit that corrects data on a strobe light-emission image photographed with strobe light-emitting, using a first white balance correction value corresponding to environmental light, and generates first white balance correction image data; a second correcting unit that corrects the data on the strobe light-emission image using a second white balance correction value corresponding to strobe light, and generates second white balance correction image data; an acquiring unit that acquires distance information indicating a distance from an imaging unit, of each object included in the strobe light-emission image; a calculating unit that calculates a ratio of a component of the strobe light for each region of the strobe light-emission image, based on distribution characteristics of the strobe light and the distance information; and a combining unit that combines the first white balance correction image data and the second white balance correction image data for each region using a combining ratio according to the component ratio. 2. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calculating unit calculates a combining ratio corresponding to each pixel of the image through pixel interpolation, from the combining ratio calculated for each region of the image. 3. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calculating unit calculates the component of the strobe light based on a reflectance of a photographed object. 4. The image processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the calculating unit obtains a vector normal to a surface of the photographed object based on the distance information, and calculates the strobe light component reflected on the surface of the object based on the normal vector. 5. The image processing apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a face detecting unit that detects a region of a face from the photographed image, wherein the calculating unit calculates the strobe light component using a reflectance of the face as the reflectance of the object, with regard to the detected region of the face. 6. The image processing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the calculating unit obtains the vector normal to the surface of the object corresponding to a detected region of a face based on the distance information and a three-dimensional model of a human face, with regard to the detected region of the face, and calculates the strobe light component reflected on the surface of the object corresponding to the detected region of the face based on the normal vector. 7. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a moving region detecting unit that detects a moving region from the photographed image, wherein the calculating unit calculates the strobe light component based on the distance information and the distribution characteristics of the strobe light, with regard to a region detected as the moving region, and the calculating unit calculates the strobe light component based on an image photographed without strobe light-emitting and the image photographed with strobe light-emitting, with regard to a region that is not detected as the moving region. 8. An imaging apparatus comprising: a light emitting unit that emits strobe light; an imaging unit that acquires a strobe light-emission image by photographing with strobe light-emitting; a first correcting unit that corrects data on the strobe light-emission image using a first white balance correction value corresponding to environmental light, and generates first white balance correction image data; a second correcting unit that corrects the data on the strobe light-emission image using a second white balance correction value corresponding to the strobe light, and generates second white balance correction image data; an acquiring unit that acquires distance information indicating a distance from the imaging unit, of each object included in the strobe light-emission image; a calculating unit that calculates a component ratio of the strobe light for each region of the strobe light-emission image, based on distribution characteristics of the strobe light and the distance information; and a combining unit that combines the first white balance correction image data and the second white balance correction image data for each region using a combining ratio according to the component ratio. 9. The imaging apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the imaging unit includes: plural microlenses arranged in a lattice-like pattern; and plural divided pixels provided below each microlens, and wherein the distance information is information obtained by calculating a correlation value based on pixel values of the divided pixels. 10. An image processing method comprising: a first correcting process of correcting data on a strobe light-emission image photographed with strobe light-emitting, using a first white balance correction value corresponding to environmental light, and generating first white balance correction image data; a second correcting process of correcting the data on the strobe light-emission image using a second white balance correction value corresponding to strobe light, and generating second white balance correction image data; an acquiring process of acquiring distance information indicating a distance from an imaging unit, of each object included in the strobe light-emission image; a calculating process of calculating a ratio of a component of the strobe light for each region of the strobe light-emission image, based on distribution characteristics of the strobe light and the distance information; and a combining process of combining the first white balance correction image data and the second white balance correction image data for each region using a combining ratio according to the component ratio.",
-    "A highly distributed current reference for a solid-state memory comprises a centrally located current digital-to-analog converter (IDAC) and a plurality of remotely located tile current references. The IDAC comprises a first active device that generates a reference current, and a device that forms a first source degeneration resistance for the first active device. The IDAC outputs a voltage signal that represents a magnitude of the reference current. A remotely located tile current reference comprises a second active device and a device that forms a second source degeneration resistance for the second active device. The source degeneration resistances and capacitance coupled to the voltage signal output from the IDAC compensate for current, temperature, supply and process variations. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A current reference source, comprising: a first current source to generate a first current, the first current source including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal capable to be coupled to a first power supply voltage; and a converter to generate a first voltage signal based on a magnitude of the first current, the converter including: a first active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal coupled with the second terminal of the first active device and coupled with the second terminal of the first current source; a first degeneration-resistance device including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the first degeneration-resistance device coupled with the first active device, and the second terminal of the first degeneration-resistance device capable to be coupled to a second power supply voltage; and a first buffer including an input and an output, the input of the first buffer coupled with the first active device, the first voltage signal to be output via the output of the first buffer. 22. The current reference source according to claim 21, wherein the first degeneration-resistance device comprises a second active device. 23. The current reference source according to claim 22, wherein the first and second active devices comprise metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor devices. 24. The current reference source according to claim 21, wherein the first degeneration-resistance device comprises a second active device or a resistance. 25. The current reference source according to claim 21, further comprising at least one tile reference current generator coupled to receive the first voltage signal, the at least one tile reference current generator remotely located from the current reference source. 26. The current reference source according to claim 25, the at least one tile reference current generator comprising: a second active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal of the second active device to receive the first voltage signal from the output of the first buffer, and the second terminal of the second active device coupled with a node of the at least one tile reference current generator, and a second degeneration-resistance device including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the second degeneration-resistance device coupled with the second active device, and the second terminal of the second degeneration-resistance device capable to be coupled to the second power supply voltage. 27. The current reference source according to claim 26, further comprising: the at least one tile reference current generator included in a non-volatile type of memory; the first voltage signal from the output of the first buffer is based on a magnitude of the first current source; and the first voltage signal capable to provide a reference current to the at least one tile reference current generator for a memory operation to a portion of the non-volatile type of memory that includes the at least one tile reference current generator. 28. The current reference source according to claim 26, the node of the at least one tile reference current generator comprises an HNREG node. 29. The current reference source according to claim 21, further comprising: a second current source to generate a second current, the second current source including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the second current source capable to be coupled to the first power supply; and the converter to generate a second voltage signal based on a magnitude of the second current, the converter further including: a second active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal of the second active device coupled with the second terminal of the second active device and coupled with the second terminal of the second current source; the first degenerative-resistance device including a third terminal coupled with the first and second terminals of the second active device; and a second buffer including an input and an output, the input of the second buffer coupled with the second active device, the second voltage signal to be output via the output of the first buffer. 30. The current reference source according to claim 29, the converter further including: a first switch including a signal input, a signal output and a control input, the signal input of the first switch coupled with the output of the first buffer; and a second switch including a signal input, a signal output and a control input, the signal input of the second switch coupled with the output of the second buffer, the control inputs of the first and second switches coupled with a control signal, and the first and second switches are responsive to the control signal to respectively sample and hold the outputs of the first and second buffers. 31. The current reference source according to claim 30, further comprising at least one tile reference current generator coupled with the output of the first switch and the output of the second switch, the at least one tile reference current generator being remotely located from the current reference source. 32. The current reference source according to claim 31, further comprising: the at least one tile reference current generator included in a non-volatile type of memory; the signal output of the first switch capable to output the first voltage signal to the at least one tile reference current generator, the first voltage signal is based on a magnitude of the first current source; the signal output of the second switch capable to output the second voltage signal to the at least one tile reference current generator, the second voltage signal is based on a magnitude of the second current source; and the first and second voltage signals capable to provide respective first and second reference currents to the at least one tile reference current generator for a memory operation to a portion of the non-volatile type of memory including the at least one tile reference current generator. 33. A tile reference current generator, comprising: a first active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal coupled with a first signal line, and the second terminal being coupled to a node of the tile reference current generator; and a first degeneration-resistance device including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the first degenerative-resistance device coupled with the first active device, and the second terminal of the first degenerative-resistance device capable to be coupled to a first power supply voltage, a current flowing between the second terminal and the third terminal of the first active device is based on a first voltage signal, and the first voltage signal is based on a magnitude of a first reference current generated by a current reference source that is remotely located from the tile reference current generator. 34. The tile reference current generator according to claim 33, the node comprises an HNREG node. 35. The tile reference current generator according to claim 33, the first degeneration-resistance device comprises a second active device. 36. The tile reference current generator according to claim 35, the first and second active devices comprise metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor devices. 37. The tile reference current generator according to claim 33, wherein the tile reference current generator comprises part of a solid-state drive. 38. The tile reference current generator according to claim 33, the remotely located current reference source comprising: a first current source to generate the first reference current, the first current source including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal capable to be coupled to a second power supply voltage; and a converter to generate the first voltage signal based on the magnitude of the first reference current, the converter comprising: a second active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal coupled with the second terminal of the second active device and coupled with the second terminal of the first current source; a second degeneration-resistance device including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the second degeneration-resistance device coupled with the second active device, and the second terminal of the second degeneration-resistance device capable to be coupled to the first power supply voltage; and a first buffer including an input and an output, the input of the first buffer coupled with the second active device, the first voltage signal to be output via the output of the first buffer. 39. The tile reference current generator according to claim 38, further comprising: the tile reference current generator included in a non-volatile type of memory; and the first reference current for use in a memory operation to a portion of the non-volatile type of memory that includes the at least one tile reference current generator. 40. The tile reference current generator according to claim 38, the second degeneration-resistance device comprises a third active device. 41. The tile reference current generator according to claim 38, the second and third active devices comprise metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor devices. 42. The current reference source according to claim 38, the remotely located current reference source further comprising: a second current source to generate a second reference current, the second current source including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal capable to be coupled to the second power supply; and the converter to generate a second voltage signal based on a magnitude of the second reference current, the converter further including: a third active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal coupled with the second terminal and coupled with the second terminal of the second current source; the second degenerative-resistance device including a third terminal coupled with the first and second terminals of the third active device; and a second buffer including an input and an output, the input of the second buffer coupled with the third active device, the second voltage signal to be output via the output of the second buffer. 43. The tile reference current generator according to claim 42, the converter of the remotely located current reference source further including: a first switch including a signal input, a signal output and a control input, the signal input of the first switch coupled with the output of the first buffer, the output of the first switch being coupled with the first signal line; and a second switch including a signal input, a signal output and a control input, the signal input of the second switch coupled with the output of the second buffer, the signal output of the second switch coupled with the second signal line, the control inputs of the first and second switches coupled with a control signal, the first and second switches responsive to the control signal to respectively sample and hold the outputs of the first and second buffers. 44. The tile reference current generator according to claim 42, further comprising: the tile reference current generator included in a non-volatile type of memory; and the first and second reference currents for use in a memory operation to a portion of the non-volatile type of memory that includes the at least one tile reference current generator. 45. A method to generate a reference current, comprising: generating a first current using a first power supply; generating a first voltage signal based on a magnitude of the first current; generating a second current using the first power supply; generating a second voltage signal based on a magnitude of the second current; sampling and holding the first voltage signal and the second voltage signal; and outputting the held first voltage signal and the held second voltage signal to a remotely located tile current device. 46. The method according to claim 45, generating the first voltage signal and generating the second voltage signal comprises using a degeneration-resistance device. 47. The method according to claim 46, the degeneration-resistance device comprises a metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor device. 48. A distributed current reference system comprising: multiple tile reference current generators; and a current reference source remotely located to one or more of the multiple tile reference current generators, the current reference source including: a first current source to generate a first current, the first current source including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal capable to be coupled to a first power supply voltage; and a converter to generate a first voltage signal based on a magnitude of the first current, the converter including: a first active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal coupled with the second terminal of the first active device and coupled with the second terminal of the first current source; a first degeneration-resistance device including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the first degeneration-resistance device coupled with the first active device, and the second terminal of the first degeneration-resistance device capable to be coupled to a second power supply voltage; and a first buffer including an input and an output, the input of the first buffer coupled with the first active device the first voltage signal output via the output of the first buffer and received by each of the multiple tile reference generators. 49. The distributed current reference system according to claim 48, further comprising: the multiple tile reference current generators included in a non-volatile type of memory; the first voltage signal output via the output of the first buffer is based on a magnitude of the first current source; and the first voltage signal capable to provide a reference current to the multiple current generators for one or more memory operations to the non-volatile type of memory. 50. The distributed current reference system according to claim 48, comprising the multiple tile reference current generators separately including: a second active device including a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal, the first terminal of the second active device to receive the first voltage signal from the output of the first buffer, and the second terminal of the second active device coupled with a node of a given tile reference current generator from among the multiple tile reference current generators; and a second degeneration-resistance device including a first terminal and a second terminal, the first terminal of the second degeneration-resistance device coupled with the second active device, and the second terminal of the second degeneration-resistance device capable to be coupled to the second power supply voltage, a current flowing between the second terminal and the third terminal of the second active device is based on the first voltage signal. 51. The distributed current reference system according to claim 50, the node of the given tile reference current generator comprises an HNREG node. 52. The distributed current reference system according to claim 50, the first and second degeneration-resistance devices comprise respective third and fourth active devices, wherein the first, second, third and fourth active devices are separate metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor devices. 53. The distributed current reference system according to claim 50, comprising the first and second degeneration-resistance devices separately including a third terminal, the third terminal of respective first and second degeneration-resistance devices capable to be coupled to a third power supply voltage. 54. The distributed current reference system according to claim 53, the first power supply voltage and the third power supply voltage comprises a same power supply voltage.",
-    "An improvement is achieved in the performance of a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a first trench gate electrode and second and third trench gate electrodes located on both sides of the first trench gate electrode interposed therebetween. In each of a semiconductor layer located between the first and second trench gate electrodes and the semiconductor layer located between the first and third trench gate electrodes, a plurality of p+-type semiconductor regions are formed. The p+-type semiconductor regions are arranged along the extending direction of the first trench gate electrode in plan view to be spaced apart from each other. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate having a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to the first main surface; a first semiconductor layer having a first conductivity type and formed in the semiconductor substrate; a second semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type and formed in a portion of the semiconductor substrate which is located closer to the second main surface than the first semiconductor layer; a first trench portion extending in a first direction in plan view from the first main surface to reach a middle point in the first semiconductor layer; second and third trench portions located on both sides of the first trench portion interposed therebetween to extend in the first direction in plan view from the first main surface and reach a middle point in the first semiconductor layer; a first insulating film formed over an inner wall of the first trench portion; a second insulating film formed over an inner wall of the second trench portion; a third insulating film formed over an inner wall of the third trench portion; a first trench gate electrode formed over the first insulating film so as to be embedded in the first trench portion; a second trench gate electrode formed over the second insulating film so as to be embedded in the second trench portion; a third trench gate electrode formed over the third insulating film so as to be embedded in the third trench portion; a first semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions to be in contact with the first and second insulating films; a second semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions to be in contact with the first and third insulating films; a third semiconductor region having the first conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions to be in contact with the first semiconductor region and first insulating film; a fourth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions to be in contact with the second semiconductor region and first insulating film; a fifth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located opposite to the first trench portion relative to the second trench portion interposed therebetween; a sixth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located opposite to the first trench portion relative to the third trench portion interposed therebetween; a plurality of seventh semiconductor regions each having the second conductivity type and formed in the portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions to be in contact with the first semiconductor region; a plurality of eighth semiconductor regions each having the second conductivity type and formed in the portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions to be in contact with the first semiconductor region; an emitter electrode electrically coupled to the third semiconductor region, the fourth semiconductor region, the seventh semiconductor regions, the eighth semiconductor regions, and the second and third trench gate electrodes; a collector electrode electrically coupled to the second semiconductor layer; and a gate electrode electrically coupled to the first trench gate electrode, wherein an end portion of the fifth semiconductor region which is closer to the second main surface is located closer to the second main surface in a second direction perpendicular to the first main surface than an end portion of the second trench portion which is closer to the second main surface, wherein an end portion of the sixth semiconductor region which is closer to the second main surface is located closer to the second main surface in the second direction than an end portion of the third trench portion which is closer to the second main surface, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in each of the seventh semiconductor regions is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the first semiconductor region, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in each of the eighth semiconductor regions is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the second semiconductor region, wherein the seventh semiconductor regions are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, and wherein the eighth semiconductor regions are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a ninth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions; and a tenth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions, wherein an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the ninth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located closer to the second main surface than the ninth semiconductor region and lower than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the third semiconductor region, and wherein an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the tenth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located closer to the second main surface than the tenth semiconductor region and lower than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the fourth semiconductor region. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of semiconductor chips, wherein each of the semiconductor chips includes the semiconductor substrate, the first and second semiconductor layers, the first, second, and third trench portions, the first, second, and third insulating films, the first, second, and third trench gate electrodes, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and six semiconductor regions, the seventh semiconductor regions, the eighth semiconductor regions, the emitter electrode, the collector electrode, and the gate electrode, wherein the respective emitter electrodes of the semiconductor chips are electrically coupled to each other, and wherein the respective collector electrodes of the semiconductor chips are electrically coupled to each other. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth insulating film covering the first and second semiconductor regions; a plurality of first openings each extending through the fourth insulating film to reach a middle point in the first semiconductor region; a plurality of second openings each extending through the fourth insulating film to reach a middle point in the second semiconductor region; a plurality of first coupling electrodes embedded in the individual first openings; and a plurality of second coupling electrodes embedded in the individual second openings, wherein the first openings are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, wherein the second openings are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, wherein the seventh semiconductor regions are formed in respective portions of the first semiconductor region which are exposed in the individual first openings, wherein the eighth semiconductor regions are formed in respective portions of the second semiconductor region which are exposed in the individual second openings, and wherein the emitter electrode is electrically coupled to the third semiconductor region and the seventh semiconductor regions via the first coupling electrodes and electrically coupled to the fourth semiconductor region and the eighth semiconductor regions via the second coupling electrodes. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein each of the first openings overlaps the second trench portion in plan view, and wherein each of the second openings overlaps the third trench portion in plan view. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein each of the seventh semiconductor regions is in contact with the second insulating film, and wherein each of the eighth semiconductor regions is in contact with the third insulating film. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, further comprising: a fourth trench portion located opposite to the first trench portion relative to the third trench portion interposed therebetween to extend in the first direction in plan view from the first main surface and reach a middle point in the first semiconductor layer; a fifth trench portion located opposite to the third trench portion relative to the fourth trench portion interposed therebetween to extend in the first direction in plan view from the first main surface and reach a middle point in the first semiconductor layer; a fifth insulating film formed over an inner wall of the fourth trench portion; a sixth insulating film formed over an inner wall of the fifth trench portion; a fourth trench gate electrode formed over the fifth insulating film so as to be embedded in the fourth trench portion; a fifth trench gate electrode formed over the sixth insulating film so as to be embedded in the fifth trench portion; an eleventh semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the fourth and fifth trench portions to be in contact with the fifth and sixth insulating films; a twelfth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the fourth and fifth trench portions to be in contact with the eleventh semiconductor region; and a thirteenth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located opposite to the fourth trench portion relative to the fifth trench portion interposed therebetween, wherein the sixth semiconductor region is formed in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the third and fourth trench portions, wherein an end portion of the thirteenth semiconductor region which is closer to the second main surface is located closer to the second main surface in the second direction than an end portion of the fifth trench portion which is closer to the second main surface, wherein the emitter electrode is electrically coupled to the twelfth semiconductor region and the fourth and fifth trench gate electrodes, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the twelfth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the eleventh semiconductor region, and wherein the twelfth semiconductor region is formed continuously along the first direction. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, further comprising: a seventh insulating film covering the first and second semiconductor regions; a plurality of third openings each extending through the seventh insulating film to reach a middle point in the first semiconductor region; a plurality of fourth openings each extending through the seventh insulating film to reach a middle point in the second semiconductor region; a fifth opening extending through the seventh insulating film in the first direction in plan view to reach a middle point in the eleventh semiconductor region; a plurality of third coupling electrodes embedded in the individual third openings; a plurality of fourth coupling electrodes embedded in the individual fourth openings; and a fifth coupling electrode embedded in the fifth opening, wherein the third openings are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, wherein the fourth openings are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, wherein the seventh semiconductor regions are formed in respective portions of the first semiconductor region which are exposed in the individual third openings, wherein the eighth semiconductor regions are formed in respective portions of the second semiconductor region which are exposed in the individual fourth openings, wherein the twelfth semiconductor region is formed in a portion of the eleventh semiconductor region which is exposed in the fifth opening, and wherein the emitter electrode is electrically coupled to the third semiconductor region and the seventh semiconductor regions via the third coupling electrodes, electrically coupled to the fourth semiconductor region and the eighth semiconductor regions via the fourth coupling electrodes, and electrically coupled to the twelfth semiconductor region via the fifth coupling electrode. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of the third semiconductor regions; and a plurality of the fourth semiconductor regions, wherein each of the third semiconductor regions is located at the same position in the first direction as that of each of the seventh semiconductor regions, and wherein each of the fourth semiconductor regions is located at the same position in the first direction as that of each of the eighth semiconductor regions. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the collector electrode is formed over the second main surface of the semiconductor substrate. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein each of the seventh semiconductor regions includes a fourteenth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and a fifteenth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type, wherein each of the eighth semiconductor regions includes a sixteenth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type and a seventeenth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the fourteenth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the fifteenth semiconductor region, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the sixteenth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the seventeenth semiconductor region, wherein, in a pair of the first coupling electrode and the seventh semiconductor region which are coupled to each other, the first coupling electrode is in contact with the fourteenth semiconductor region included in the seventh semiconductor region, and wherein, in a pair of the second coupling electrode and the eighth semiconductor region which are coupled to each other, the second coupling electrode is in contact with the sixteenth semiconductor region included in the eighth semiconductor region. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein each of the first, second, and third trench gate electrodes and the first and second semiconductor regions is formed continuously along the first direction. 13. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a semiconductor substrate having a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to the first main surface; (b) forming a first semiconductor layer having a first conductivity type in the semiconductor substrate; (c) forming a second semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type in a portion of the semiconductor substrate which is located closer to the second main surface than the first semiconductor layer; (d) forming a first trench portion extending in a first direction in plan view from the first main surface to reach a middle point in the first semiconductor layer and forming second and third trench portions located on both sides of the first trench portion interposed therebetween to extend in the first direction in plan view from the first main surface and reach a middle point in the first semiconductor layer; (e) forming a first insulating film over an inner wall of the first trench portion, forming a second insulating film over an inner wall of the second trench portion, and forming a third insulating film over an inner wall of the third trench portion; (f) forming a first trench gate electrode over the first insulating film such that the first trench gate electrode is embedded in the first trench portion, forming a second trench gate electrode over the second insulating film such that the second trench gate electrode is embedded in the second trench portion, and forming a third trench gate electrode over the third insulating film such that the third trench gate electrode is embedded in the third trench portion; (g) forming a first semiconductor region having the second conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions to bring the first semiconductor region into contact with the first and second insulating films and forming a second semiconductor region having the second conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions to bring the second semiconductor region into contact with the first and third insulating films; (h) forming a third semiconductor region having the first conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions to bring the third semiconductor region into contact with the first semiconductor region and first insulating film and forming a fourth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions to bring the fourth semiconductor region into contact with the second semiconductor region and first insulating film; (i) forming a fifth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located opposite to the first trench portion relative to the second trench portion interposed therebetween and forming a sixth semiconductor region having the second conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located opposite to the first trench portion relative to the third trench portion interposed therebetween; (j) forming a plurality of seventh semiconductor regions each having the second conductivity type in the portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions to bring the seventh semiconductor regions into contact with the first semiconductor region and forming a plurality of eighth semiconductor regions each having the second conductivity type in the portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions to bring the eighth semiconductor regions into contact with the first semiconductor region; (k) forming an emitter electrode electrically coupled to the third and fourth semiconductor regions, the seventh semiconductor regions, the eighth semiconductor regions, and the second and third trench gate electrodes; (l) forming a collector electrode electrically coupled to the second semiconductor layer; and (m) forming a gate electrode electrically coupled to the first trench gate electrode, wherein an end portion of the fifth semiconductor region which is closer to the second main surface is located closer to the second main surface in a second direction perpendicular to the first main surface than an end portion of the second trench portion which is closer to the second main surface, wherein an end portion of the sixth semiconductor region which is closer to the second main surface is located closer to the second main surface in the second direction than an end portion of the third trench portion which is closer to the second main surface, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in each of the seventh semiconductor regions is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the first semiconductor region, wherein an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in each of the eighth semiconductor regions is higher than an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the second semiconductor region, wherein the seventh semiconductor regions are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, and wherein the eighth semiconductor regions are arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other. 14. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising the steps of: (n) forming a fourth insulating film covering the first and second semiconductor regions; (o) forming a plurality of first openings each extending through the fourth insulating film to reach a middle point in the first semiconductor region and forming a plurality of second openings each extending through the fourth insulating film to reach a middle point in the second semiconductor region; and (p) forming a plurality of first coupling electrodes embedded in the individual first openings and forming a plurality of second coupling electrodes embedded in the individual second openings, wherein, in the step (o), the first openings are formed to be arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other and the second openings are formed to be arranged along the first direction in plan view to be spaced apart from each other, wherein, in the step (j), the seventh semiconductor regions are formed in respective portions of the first semiconductor region which are exposed in the individual first openings and the eighth semiconductor regions are formed in respective portions of the second semiconductor region which are exposed in the individual second openings, and wherein, in the step (k), the emitter electrode is formed to be electrically coupled to the third semiconductor region and the seventh semiconductor regions via the first coupling electrodes and electrically coupled to the fourth semiconductor region and the eighth semiconductor regions via the second coupling electrodes. 15. The method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising the step of: (q) forming a ninth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type in the portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and second trench portions and forming a tenth semiconductor region having the first conductivity type in the portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located between the first and third trench portions, wherein an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the ninth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located closer to the second main surface than the ninth semiconductor region and lower than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the third semiconductor region, and wherein an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the tenth semiconductor region is higher than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in a portion of the first semiconductor layer which is located closer to the second main surface than the tenth semiconductor region and lower than an impurity concentration of the first conductivity type in the fourth semiconductor region.",
-    "A method for transferring control of an existing multi-participant conversation in which at least two communication terminals are connected to each other through a data connection to a conference control application can include the following steps: establishment of a virtual conference room that serves as an anchor point for the application and can be a virtual participant in the conference, switching of the conference room into the existing data connection and assignment of the master role to the conference room. A signal generated by the application can cause the switching of the conference room into the existing data connection and the assignment of the master role to the conference room. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method for transferring control of an existing multi-participant conversation, in which at least two communication terminals are connected to each other through a data connection, to a conference control application, comprising the following steps: creating of a virtual conference room that serves as an anchor point for the application and can be a virtual participant in the conversation, switching the conference room into the data connection, and assigning a master role to the conference room, wherein the master role is assigned to the conference room by transferring the master role of the multi-participant conversation from one of the communication terminals to the virtual conference room with the switching of the conference room into the data connection. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein at least three communication terminals are connected to each other in the conversation. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the master role of the multi-participant conversation from one of the communication terminals to the virtual conference room occurs substantially simultaneously with the switching of the conference room into the data connection. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the switching of the conference room into the data connection and the assignment of the master role to the conference room occurs via a signal generated by the application that causes a switching device to perform the switching of the conference room into the data connection and the assignment of the master role to the conference room. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the switching of the conference room into the data connection and the assignment of the master role to the conference room occurs via a signal generated by a switching device running the application or communicatively connected to a device running the application. 21. The method of claim 16, comprising, before switching the conference room into the existing data connection, handing over the conference room to the communication terminal assigned the role of master of the multi-participant conversation using a service operation selected from the group consisting of CorNet-NQ and QSIG Single Step Call Transfer. 22. The method of claim 16, comprising before the conference room is switched into the existing data connection, sending a call-waiting signal for the conference room to the communication terminal of the multi-participant conversation that was assigned a master role for the multi-participant conversation in under one second. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the conference room is switched into the existing data connection using a service operation selected from the group consisting of CSTA Service Conference Call and CSTA Service Join Call. 24. The method of claim 16, comprising after assigning the master role to the conference room, adding additional communication terminals into the multi-participant conversation with node overlapping. 25. The method of claim 16, wherein the multi-participant conversation is a conference call or a video conference call. 26. The method of claim 16, comprising: after the master role is assigned to the conference room and after the conference room is switched into the data connection, incorporating, by the conference room, additional participants into the existing multi-participant conference; and wherein a trunk is assigned as a proxy to the conference room so that an address of the conference room remains hidden from the communication terminals of the multi-participant conference. 27. The method of claim 16, wherein the switching of the conference room into the data connection comprises: transferring or handing over the conference room to the communication terminal of the existing multi-participant conversation initially assigned the master role; generating a call-waiting signal for the conference room in the communication terminal of the existing multi-participant conversation initially assigned the master role, the call-waiting signal occurring in less than one second after the transferring or handing over of the conference room; and switching the conference room into the data connection after the transferring or handling over of the conference room to connect the conference room to all the communication terminals of the multi-participant conversation. 28. A computer-readable non-transitory storage media having executable code stored thereon that defines a method that is performed when the code is executed by a conference system device, the method comprising: creating of a virtual conference room that serves as an anchor point for an application and can be a virtual participant in an existing multi-participant conversation in which at least two communication terminals are connected to each other through a data connection; switching the conference room into the data connection; and assigning a master role to the conference room, and wherein the master role is assigned to the conference room by transferring the master role of the multi-participant conversation from one of the communication terminals to the virtual conference room with the switching of the conference room into the data connection. 29. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media of claim 28, wherein a signal generated by the application causes the switching of the conference room into the data connection and the assignment of the master role to the conference room. 30. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media of claim 28, wherein the master role is assigned to the conference room by transferring the master role of the multi-participant conversation from one of the communication terminals to the virtual conference room simultaneously with the switching of the conference room into the data connection. 31. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media of claim 30, wherein the transferring of the master role and the switching of the conference room is initiated via a signal generated by the application. 32. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media of claim 28, the method also comprising: before the conference room is switched into the existing data connection, sending a call-waiting signal for the conference room to the communication terminal of the multi-participant conversation that was assigned a master role for the multi-participant conversation in under one second. 33. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media of claim 28, wherein the conference room is switched into the existing data connection using a service operation selected from the group consisting of CSTA Service Conference Call and CSTA Service Join Call. 34. The computer-readable non-transitory storage media of claim 28, wherein the multi-participant conversation is a conference call or a video conference call. 35. A conference system comprising: a computer-readable non-transitory storage media and a transceiver unit that is configured to facilitate communication connections; the conference system configured to create a virtual conference room that serves as an anchor point for a multi-participant conversation in which at least two communication terminals are connectable to each other through a data connection; the conference system configured to switch the conference room into the data connection; and the conference system configured to assign a master role to the conference room such that the master role is assigned to the conference room by transferring the master role of the multi-participant conversation from one of the communication terminals to the virtual conference room via a signal generated by the system substantially simultaneously with switching of the conference room into the data connection.",
-    "A visual display includes hidden reference illuminators adapted to emit invisible light for generating corneo-scleral reflections on an eye watching a screen surface of the display. The tracking of such reflections and the pupil center provides input to gaze tracking. A method for equipping and an LCD with a reference illuminator are also provided. Also provides are a system and method for determining a gaze point of an eye watching a visual display that includes reference illuminators. The determination of the gaze point may be based on an ellipsoidal cornea model. 1. A visual display comprising: a screen surface adapted to display graphical information; at least one waveguide arranged at a periphery of said screen surface; and at least one reference illuminator arranged to emit mainly infrared light into said at least one waveguide such that the infrared light is emitted from said at least one waveguide on an eye watching said screen surface and such that the infrared light is emitted from the visual display separately from the graphical information displayed by the screen surface.",
-    "Methods and systems for increasing the efficiency of a remote wrench. The remote wrench can include a flexible plate within the tool housing or as part of the housing that is more flexible than the rigid housing in conventional remote wrenches that has been shown to limit efficiency. Additionally, a fixed support and a base can be provided that are collectively capable of being coupled to the remote wrench, preferably at the flexible plate, to increase efficiency. The remote wrench operation is therefore improved by reducing inefficiencies and providing a maximum torque output. 1. A torque application tool comprising: a housing having opposing first and second ends and first and second housing portions with respective first and second stiffnesses, wherein the second stiffness is greater than the first stiffness; an input rotatably coupled to the housing at the first end and adapted to receive a torque; and an output rotatably coupled to the housing at the second end and operatively coupled to the input to receive the torque from the input; and a support coupled to the first portion between the first and second ends, the support extending perpendicular from the first portion. 2. The tool of claim 1, further comprising a base coupled to the support opposite the first portion. 3. The tool of claim 1, further comprising first and second sprockets respectively coupled to the input and output. 4. The tool of claim 3, wherein the first and second sprockets are coupled together by a chain. 5. The tool of claim 1, further comprising first and second gears respectively coupled to the input and output. 6. The tool of claim 5, wherein the first and second gears are coupled with a gear train. 7. The tool of claim 1, wherein the input includes a receiving portion. 8. The tool of claim 1, wherein the output includes a drive. 9. The tool of claim 1, wherein the housing further includes a first side opening, and further comprising a first cover that encloses the first side opening. 10. The tool of claim 9, wherein the housing further includes a second side opening, and further comprising a second cover that encloses the second side opening. 11. The tool of claim 9, wherein the first cover is composed of a cover material and the housing is composed of a housing material, and wherein the cover material is more flexible than the housing material. 12. A method of applying torque comprising: providing a tool having a housing with a first portion having a first stiffness and a second portion having a second stiffness greater than the first stiffness, the tool further including an input adapted to receive a torque and transfer the torque to an output, the output further adapted to transfer the torque; coupling a support to the first portion; and applying the torque to the input and allowing the torque to be transferred from the output.",
-    "A sensor layer, such as a force sensor layer, can be in included in an electronic device. The sensor layer includes a patterned compliant layer that is positioned between a first substrate and a second substrate. The patterned compliant layer includes multiple angled compliant elements that are angled at one or more angles with respect to the first and second substrates. 1. A force sensor layer, comprising: a first substrate comprising one or more first force sensitive structures; a second substrate comprising one or more second force sensitive structures; and a patterned compliant layer positioned between the first and second substrates, the patterned compliant layer comprising multiple angled compliant elements that are angled at one or more angles with respect to the first and second substrates. 2. The force sensor layer of claim 1, wherein the one or more first force sensitive structures comprise a first set of conductive electrodes, the first set of conductive electrodes including one or more conductive electrodes; the one or more second force sensitive structures comprise a second set of conductive electrodes, the second set of conductive electrodes including one or more conductive electrodes; and the first and second sets of conductive electrodes are arranged to produce one or more capacitors having a capacitance that varies with force. 3. The force sensor layer of claim 1, wherein the multiple angled compliant elements include a first set of angled compliant elements angled at a first angle and a second set of angled compliant elements angled at a different second angle with respect to the first and second substrates. 4. The force sensor layer of claim 3, wherein the angled compliant elements in the first set of angled compliant elements are angled toward the angled compliant elements in the second set of angled compliant elements. 5. The force sensor layer of claim 1, wherein the patterned compliant layer comprises a transversely isotropic patterned compliant layer. 6. The force sensor layer of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple angled compliant elements is formed with silicone. 7. The force sensor layer of claim 1, wherein the force sensor layer is positioned adjacent a display stack in an electronic device. 8. The force sensor layer of claim 1, wherein the force sensor layer is positioned around at least a portion of a perimeter of an enclosure of an electronic device. 9. An electronic device, comprising: a display stack; and a sensor layer positioned within or adjacent the display stack, the sensor layer comprising a patterned compliant layer positioned between a first substrate and a second substrate, the patterned compliant layer comprising multiple angled compliant elements that are angled at one or more angles with respect to the first and second substrates. 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the sensor layer comprises a force sensor layer and the first and second substrates each include one or more force sensitive structures. 11. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the multiple angled compliant elements include a first set of angled compliant elements angled at a first angle and a second set of angled compliant elements angled at a second angle with respect to the first and second substrates. 12. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the sensor layer is positioned below the display stack. 13. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the patterned compliant layer comprises a transversely isotropic patterned compliant layer. 14. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein at least one of the first substrate layer and the second substrate layer comprises a flexible printed circuit. 15. An electronic device, comprising: an enclosure; and a sensor layer positioned around at least a portion of a perimeter of the enclosure, the sensor layer comprising a patterned compliant layer positioned between a first substrate and a second substrate, the patterned compliant layer including multiple angled compliant elements that are angled at one or more angles with respect to the first and second substrates. 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the sensor layer comprises a force sensor layer and the first and second substrates each include one or more force sensitive structures. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the one or more force sensitive structures associated with the first substrate comprise a first set of conductive electrodes, the first set of conductive electrodes including one or more conductive electrodes; the one or more force sensitive structures associated with the second substrate comprise a second set of conductive electrodes, the first set of conductive electrodes including one or more conductive electrodes; and the first and second sets of electrodes are arranged to produce one or more capacitors that each has a capacitance that varies with force. 18. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the patterned compliant layer comprises a transversely isotropic patterned compliant layer. 19. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first substrate layer and the second substrate layer comprises a flexible printed circuit. 20. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the multiple angled compliant elements include a first set of angled compliant elements angled at a first angle and a second set of angled compliant elements angled at a second angle with respect to the first and second substrates.",
-    "A communications connection system includes an SC fiber optic connector including a storage device having memory configured to store physical layer information. The storage device also includes at least one contact member that is electrically connected to the memory. The communications connection system also includes a fiber optic adapter module having one or more media reading interfaces. Each media reading interface is configured to read physical layer information stored on one of the fiber optic connectors received at the adapter module. Certain types of media reading interfaces extend between an internal passage of the adapter module and an external surface of the adapter module. 1. A connectorized optical fiber comprising: an optical fiber having a first end; a ferrule coupled to the first end of the optical fiber; a connector body having a top, a bottom, a first side, and a second side, the connector body housing the ferrule, and the connector body including an inner body that is axially moveable relative to the outer body, wherein detent flanges of the inner body extend through slots defined in the outer body at the first and second sides of the connector body, and wherein a cavity is defined in the top of the connector body at a location offset towards the first side of the connector body; and a storage device mounted to the connector body, the storage device including memory configured to store physical layer information pertaining to the connectorized optical fiber, the storage device also including a plurality of contact members that are electrically connected to the memory, wherein tops of the contact members are generally flush with an exterior surface of the connector body. 2. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the cavity has an open top through which the contact members are accessible. 3. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the storage device includes a printed circuit board, and wherein the memory is positioned at a first side of the printed circuit board and the contact members are positioned at a second side of the printed circuit board. 4. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the memory is an EEPROM chip. 5. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the storage device includes at least three contact members. 6. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 5, wherein the storage device includes four contact members. 7. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 1, wherein at least portions of the contact members of the storage device extend in parallel strips. 8. The connectorized optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the connector body defines an SC connector. 9. An SC-type connector kit comprising: an inner housing defining a first through-passage along a first length of the inner housing, the inner housing also defining a channel in an exterior surface along a portion of the first length of the inner housing; an outer housing defining a second through-passage along a second length of the outer housing, the outer housing being configured to slideably receive the inner housing in the second through-passage, the outer housing also defining a cavity in an exterior surface of the outer housing, at least a portion of the cavity configured to align with the channel of the inner housing when the inner and outer housings are slideably mated. 10. The SC-type connector kit of claim 9, further comprising a storage device configured to fit within the cavity of the outer housing. 11. The SC-type connector kit of claim 10, wherein the storage device includes an EEPROM mounted to a circuit board. 12. The SC-type connector kit of claim 11, wherein the portion of the cavity that extends into the channel of the inner housing defines a well sized and shaped to receive the EEPROM. 13. An optical adapter dust cap comprising: a cover sized and shaped to block access to a passage of an optical adapter when positioned at a port of the passage of the optical adapter; a handle extending outwardly from a first side of the cover; an insertion member extending outwardly from a second side of the cover, the insertion member being sized and shaped to fit within the passage of the optical adapter, the insertion member including tabs extending forwardly from opposite sides of the insertion member; and a recessed surface defined in one of the tabs. 14. The optical adapter dust cap of claim 13, wherein the handle includes a key member. 15. The optical adapter dust cap of claim 13, wherein the insertion member includes outwardly extending ridges that define recessed sections between the ridges and the cover.",
-    "Compositions for treating a condition associated with activity of a muscarinic receptor (e.g., one or more of M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) and for anesthetizing a subject include a bitopic muscarinic antagonist or agonist. A bitopic muscarinic antagonist named JB-D4 was discovered. Additional bitopic muscarinic antagonists discovered and described herein include BK-23, HD-42, HD153, HD-185, KH-5, JM-31 and JM-32. These bitopic ligands and their structural analogs, as well as bitopic muscarinic agonists, may be used as neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., for use in compositions for anesthetizing a subject) and for the treatment of central nervous system disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, etc.), Overactive Bladder Syndrome, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and many other diseases associated with the activation or inhibition of M1-M5 acetylcholine receptors. 1. A composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a bitopic muscarinic antagonist or agonist having the formula: wherein: R1 is Me, Et, Pr, Bu, pentyl, or hexyl; R2 is H or Me; X is C, O Y is O or absent (Y couples A-ring to B-ring either by an ester or ether functionality) Z is C, O, or S; n is 1-5 CH2-group; and wherein the B-ring can saturated or unsaturated containing one or two double bonds between any 2 carbon atoms, or an analog or derivative thereof, in a therapeutically effective amount for activating or inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, in a subject. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated for oral or intravenous administration. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Butyl, R2=H, Z=O, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Butyl, R2=Me, Z=O, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Propyl, R2=H, Z=CH2, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Propyl, R2=Me, Z=CH2, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Hexyl, R2=Me, Z=O, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Propyl, R2=H, Z=CH2, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bitopic muscarinic antagonist has the formula: wherein: R1=Propyl, R2=Me, Z=CH2, X=C, Y=O, n=2, in a therapeutically effective amount for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 in a subject. 10. A kit for treating a disease or disorder associated with activity of a muscarinic receptor in a subject, the kit comprising: (a) the composition of claim 1 in a therapeutically effective amount for activating or inhibiting activity of at least one muscarinic receptor in the subject and alleviating or eliminating the disease or disorder in the subject; (b) instructions for use; and (c) packaging. 11. The kit of claim 10, wherein the at least one muscarinic receptor is selected from the group consisting of: M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5. 12. The kit of claim 10, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: a central nervous system (CNS) disorder, overactive bladder syndrome, peptic ulcer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), irritable bowel syndrome, overactive bladder syndrome, obesity, and asthma. 13. The kit of claim 12, wherein the CNS disorder is selected from the group consisting of: Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, drug addiction and Alzheimer's Disease. 14. The kit of claim 10, wherein the composition is formulated for oral or intravenous administration. 15. A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with activity of a muscarinic receptor in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject the composition of claim 1 in a therapeutically effective amount for activating or inhibiting activity of at least one muscarinic receptor in the subject and alleviating or eliminating the disease or disorder in the subject. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the subject is a human and the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of: a CNS disorder, overactive bladder syndrome, peptic ulcer, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, overactive bladder syndrome, obesity, and asthma. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the CNS disorder is selected from the group consisting of: Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's Disease, and drug addiction. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition is administered orally or intravenously. 19. A method of anesthetizing a subject comprising administering to the subject the composition of claim 1 in an amount effective for inhibiting activation of at least one muscarinic receptor on smooth muscle tissues in the subject. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one muscarinic receptor is selected from the group consisting of: M2, M3 and M4 muscarinic receptors. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the composition further comprises an anesthesia agent. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the composition is administered with a second composition comprising an anesthesia agent. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the composition is administered prior to, simultaneous to, or subsequent to administration of the second composition.",
-    "A three-dimensional printer uses its extruder and build platform to properly orient the build platform within a working volume. In a multi-point leveling operation, the extruder is moved to the z-axis origin at a number of x-y positions within the plane of the build platform, and the height of the build platform is adjusted to meet the extruder at the origin. If the build platform is a meltable material such as a plastic, then this leveling process must be performed while the extruder is cool. A homing operation may be performed periodically after leveling in order to realign the z-axis positions of the build platform and extruder. A non-meltable contact point may be usefully provided so that homing can be performed while the extruder is hot, such as immediately before a build or between a number of builds. 1. A computer program product for using an extruder to level a build platform for a three-dimensional printer, the build platform including a planar top surface formed of a low-temperature material for receiving an object fabricated with the three-dimensional printer, the build platform further including a contact point formed of a high-temperature material disposed outside of the planar top surface, the contact point having a z-axis offset relative to the planar top surface, the computer program product comprising non-transitory computer executable code embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium that, when executing on the three-dimensional printer, performs the steps of: moving a tip of the extruder to a z-axis origin at a first location in an x-y processing plane within the planar top surface; adjusting a height of the build platform to the tip of the extruder at the first location using a first control; moving the tip of the extruder to the z-axis origin at a second location in the x-y processing plane within the planar top surface; adjusting the height of the build platform to the tip of the extruder at the second location using a second control that adjusts a second z-axis position of the second location substantially independently from a first z-axis position of the first location, thereby providing a leveled build platform; heating the extruder to an operating temperature above a melting temperature of the low-temperature material of the planar top surface and below a melting temperature of the contact point; moving the tip of the extruder to an x-y position corresponding to the contact point; and moving the build platform along the z-axis until the tip of the extruder contacts the contact point. 2. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the step of initiating a build with the extruder and the build platform. 3. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the steps of: moving the tip of the extruder to the z-axis origin at a third location in the x-y processing plane within the planar top surface; and adjusting the height of the build platform to the tip of the extruder at the third location using a third control that adjusts a third z-axis position of the third location substantially independently from the first z-axis position of the first location and the second z-axis position of the second location, thereby providing the leveled build platform substantially normal to the z-axis. 4. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the step of determining the z-axis offset of the contact point, wherein determining the z-axis offset of the contact point includes: recording a first z-axis position of the contact point when the tip of the extruder is contacting the contact point; moving the tip of the extruder to an x-y position above the planar top surface of the leveled build platform; moving at least one of the tip of the extruder and the build platform along the z-axis until the tip of the extruder contacts the planar top surface; recording a second z-axis position of the planar top surface when the tip of the extruder is contacting the planar top surface; and calculating a difference between the first z-axis position and the second z-axis position. 5. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the planar top surface is part of a cover, the build platform further including a rigid base formed of the high-temperature material and having a second planar top surface, the cover being coupled to the second planar top surface of the rigid base, and the rigid base including the contact point. 6. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the step of locking the leveled build platform. 7. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the z-axis offset of the contact point is predetermined. 8. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the step of determining the z-axis offset of the contact point. 9. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein adjusting the height at the first location includes automatically increasing the height until the tip of the extruder contacts the planar top surface. 10. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the step of cleaning the tip of the extruder. 11. The computer program product of claim 10 wherein cleaning the tip of the extruder includes engaging a cleaning element. 12. The computer program product of claim 11 wherein the cleaning element includes a brush. 13. The computer program product of claim 11 wherein the cleaning element includes a dispenser for excess build material purged by the extruder. 14. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising code that performs the step of sending a control signal to an adjustment mechanism for adjusting the height of the build platform to the tip of the extruder at the first location. 15. The computer program product of claim 14 wherein the control signal is sent by the first control. 16. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein adjusting the height of the build platform to the tip of the extruder at the first location includes notifying a user to manually increase the height until the tip of the extruder contacts the planar top surface. 17. The computer program product of claim 16 wherein manually increasing the height includes use of a manual control of an adjustment mechanism. 18. The computer program product of claim 17 wherein the manual control includes a thumbscrew with tactile feedback, and the adjustment mechanism includes a threaded rod and a spring. 19. The computer program product of claim 18 wherein the threaded rod is rotatably coupled to one of either the build platform or the thumbscrew and coupled in a rotationally fixed manner to the other one of either the build platform or the thumbscrew.",
-    "An axial roller bearing includes a first bearing including a first cage and a first plurality of rollers and a second bearing including a second cage and a second plurality of rollers. The axial roller bearing further includes a first washer positioned on a side of the first bearing, a second washer positioned on a side of the second washer which is opposite from the side of the first bearing on which the first washer is positioned, and a connecting washer positioned between the first bearing and the second bearing. The first cage is attached at an inner side to the first washer and at an outer side to the connecting washer. The second cage is attached at an inner side to the connecting washer and at an outer side to the second washer. 1. An axial roller bearing assembly, comprising: a first bearing including a first cage and a first plurality of rollers; a second bearing including a second cage and a second plurality of rollers; a first washer positioned on a side of the first cage; a second washer positioned on a side of the second cage that is opposite from the side of the first cage on which the first washer is positioned; and a connecting washer positioned between the first bearing and the second bearing, wherein the first cage is attached at an inner side to the first washer and at an outer side to the connecting washer, and the second cage is attached at an inner side to the connecting washer and at an outer side to the second washer. 2. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 1, wherein the first cage includes a first flange that extends over the first washer and a second flange that extends over the connecting washer. 3. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 2, wherein the second cage includes a third flange that extends over the connecting washer and a fourth flange that extends over the second washer. 4. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 3, wherein each of the first, second, third, and fourth flanges includes tab portions at free ends thereof which are pressed toward a corresponding one of the washers. 5. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 4, wherein the tab portions on each of the flanges are arranged at circumferentially spaced apart locations from each other. 6. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 3, wherein the connecting washer includes a first offset flange. 7. The axial roller bearing of claim 6, wherein the first washer includes a second offset flange and the second washer is planar. 8. The axial roller bearing of claim 1, wherein the shape of the first and second cages form attachment mechanisms for securing the first bearing to the second bearing. 9. The axial roller bearing of claim 8, wherein the first and second cages are S-shaped. 10. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of rollers includes a first diameter and the second plurality of rollers includes a second diameter, the first diameter being different than the second diameter. 11. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 1, wherein connecting washer includes a first connecting flange that extends over the first cage and a second connecting flange that extends over the second cage. 12. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second connecting flanges includes tab portions at a free end thereof which are pressed toward a corresponding one of the cages. 13. The axial roller bearing of claim 1, wherein the shape of the connecting washer forms attachment mechanisms for securing the first bearing to the second bearing. 14. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 13, wherein the connecting washer is S-shaped.",
-    "An apparatus that executes a job, broadcasts a wireless signal prior to establishing a connection by wireless communication with an external apparatus. The wireless signal includes information relating to the apparatus, by which it can be identified whether execution of a job by the apparatus is possible, in a predetermined packet. 1. An apparatus that executes a job, the apparatus comprising: a broadcast unit configured to broadcast a wireless signal prior to establishing a connection by wireless communication with an external apparatus, wherein the wireless signal includes information relating to the apparatus, by which it can be identified whether execution of a job by the apparatus is possible, in a predetermined packet. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the information relating to the apparatus includes at least one of information relating to a state of the apparatus, and information relating to a capability of the apparatus. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the information relating to the capability includes capability information representing a capability of the apparatus. 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the information relating to the state includes setting information representing a setting state of the apparatus. 5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the information relating to the state includes error information representing an error state of the apparatus. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein based on a response to the wireless signal a network connection is established with an external apparatus by the wireless communication. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a switching unit configured to switch a receiving unit to a state in which the receiving unit can receive from an external apparatus a response to the wireless signal broadcast by the broadcast unit, wherein if the apparatus is in an error state, the switching unit does not switch to the state in which the response to the wireless signal can be received from the external apparatus. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein if there is a possibility that the error state will be cancelled by notifying the error state to an external apparatus, the switching unit switches to the state in which the response to the predetermined packet can be received from the external apparatus. 9. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the switching unit, after switching to the state in which the response to the wireless signal can be received from the external apparatus, switches to a state in which the response to the wireless signal cannot be received from the external apparatus after a predetermined amount of time elapses. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein if a capacity of the information which is broadcasted by the broadcast unit and is relating to the apparatus is larger than a predetermined packet capacity, the information relating to the apparatus is divided and broadcasted. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a control unit configured to, if the apparatus is in a predetermined state, execute the broadcasting by the broadcast unit after switching from a power from a main body power source of the apparatus to a power from a storage battery. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the wireless signal broadcasted by the broadcast unit includes information of a signal strength by which a distance between the external apparatus and the apparatus can be identified. 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wireless communication is in compliance with a BLE standard. 14. An apparatus that executes a job, the apparatus comprising: a determination unit configured to determine whether an error occurs in the apparatus; a broadcast unit configured to broadcast a wireless signal prior to establishing a connection by wireless communication with an external apparatus; and a switching unit configured to switch a receiving unit to a state in which the receiving unit can receive from an external apparatus a response to the wireless signal broadcast by the broadcast unit, wherein if it is determined by the determination unit that an error occurs, the switching unit does not switch the receiving unit to the state in which the receiving unit can receive from the external apparatus the response to the wireless signal. 15. A method of controlling an apparatus, the method comprising: executing a job; and broadcasting a wireless signal prior to establishing a connection by wireless communication with an external apparatus, wherein the wireless signal includes information relating to the apparatus, by which it can be identified whether execution of a job by the apparatus is possible, in a predetermined packet. 16. A method of controlling an apparatus comprising: executing a job; and determining whether an error occurs in the apparatus; broadcasting a wireless signal prior to establishing a connection by wireless communication with an external apparatus; and switching a receiving unit to a state in which the receiving unit can receive from an external apparatus a response to the wireless signal, wherein if it is determined that an error occurs, the receiving unit is not switched to the state in which the receiving unit can receive from the external apparatus the response to the wireless signal. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to function as an apparatus, wherein the program causes the computer to function as an executing unit configured to execute a job; and a broadcast unit configured to broadcast a wireless signal, including information relating to the apparatus, by which it can be identified whether execution of a job by the apparatus is possible, in a predetermined packet, prior to establishing a connection by wireless communication with an external apparatus.",
-    "The systems and methods herein permit storage systems to correctly perform data recovery, such as direct access recovery, of Network Data Management Protocol (\u201cNDMP\u201d) backup data that was modified prior to being stored in secondary storage media, such as tape. For example, as described in greater detail herein, the systems and methods may permit NDMP backup data to be encrypted, compressed, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified prior to storage. The systems and methods herein also permit a user to perform a precautionary snapshot of the current state of data (e.g., primary data) prior to reverting data to a previous state using point-in-time data. 1. A tangible computer-readable storage medium whose contents cause a data storage system to perform an operation for recovering Network Data Management Protocol (\u201cNDMP\u201d) backup data, the operation comprising: receiving a request for an unmodified version of NDMP data that was modified prior to being stored in secondary storage media, the request including a logical offset and a logical length; and, returning the requested unmodified version of NDMP data using the received logical offset and logical length. 2. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the NDMP data that was modified prior to being stored in secondary storage media was modified by one or more of: deduplication, encryption, and compression. 3. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein returning the requested unmodified version of NDMP data using the received logical offset and logical length comprises accessing an index using the received logical offset and logical length to identify from the index a physical offset and physical length associated with a physical data storage device, and wherein the physical offset and physical length permit addressing and accessing a stored chunk of data that represents a modified form of a portion of the requested NDMP data. 4. A data storage system for reverting data to a previous state using point-in-time data, the system comprising: means for receiving a request from a user to revert data to an earlier state at a previous time using previously obtained point-in-time data; means for presenting the user with an option to take a snapshot of a current state of the data; means for determining whether the user has requested that a snapshot of the current state of the data be taken; means for taking a snapshot of the current state of the data, when the user has requested that a snapshot of the current state of the data be taken; and, means for reverting the data using the previously obtained point-in-time data. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the means for presenting the user with the option to take a snapshot of the current state of the data includes means for presenting a displayable dialog box that provides the user with: an option to take a snapshot of the current state of the data, and, an option to always take a precautionary snapshot before reverting data. 6. A tangible computer-readable storage medium whose contents cause a data storage system to perform an operation for reverting a set of data, the operation comprising: performing a precautionary snapshot of a current state of a set of data, and, reverting the set of data to a previous state using point-in-time data, wherein the precautionary snapshot is performed prior to reverting the set of data. 7. The tangible computer-readable storage medium of claim 6, wherein the operation further comprises: receiving a user's request to revert the set of data to a previous state using the point-in-time data; in response to the request, automatically providing a user interface display that presents the user with the option to perform the precautionary snapshot, and, receiving the user's selection of the option to perform the precautionary snapshot via the user interface display.",
-    "A guidewire for medical procedures can be maintained in a coiled configuration with a clamp. Multiple clamped and coiled guidewires may be stored in a fluid-filled, storage bowl concurrently. Different clamps may have different colors to differentiate the clamps and clamped guidewires. The clamps may be markable to provide additional differentiation. The clamps can further comprise a guidewire introduction funnel and/or a guidewire torquer. 1. A method of storing one or more guidewires, the method comprising: wrapping a first guidewire into a coiled configuration, the first guidewire in the coiled configuration having a coiled portion and a free end portion; closing a first clamp over the coiled portion of the first guidewire, wherein the first clamp has a first color; and placing the closed first clamp and first guidewire into a fluid-filled storage bowl. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: wrapping a second guidewire into a coiled configuration, the second guidewire in the coiled configuration having a coiled portion and a free end portion; closing a second clamp over the coiled portion of the second guidewire, wherein the second clamp has a second color different than the first color; and placing the closed second clamp and second guidewire into the fluid-filled storage bowl. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein one or more of the first or second clamps are markable. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising coupling a tip of a funnel structure of the first or second clamp to a hub of a catheter. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising advancing the first or second guidewire through the funnel structure of the first or second clamp, respectively, to introduce the first or second guidewire into a lumen of the catheter. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising actuating a grasping mechanism to secure the first or second guidewire relative to the funnel structure. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the funnel structure is detachable from a main body of the first or second clamp. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the funnel structure is integral with a main body of the first second clamp. 9. A clamp for facilitating guidewire storage, the clamp comprising: a first portion, a second portion, and a pivotable portion therebetween, wherein the first and second portions are foldable or pivotable relative to one another about the pivotable portion to open or close the clamp, and wherein the first and second portions comprise upper surfaces configured to approximate or contact one another when the clamp is closed, the upper surfaces having one or more surface features to facilitate capture of the guidewire between the upper surfaces of the first and second portions. 10. The clamp of claim 9, wherein the surface features comprise teeth, ridges, or ribs to facilitate capture of one or more guidewire loops when the clamp is closed. 11. The clamp of claim 10, wherein the first portion comprises a first set of teeth and the second portion comprises a second set of teeth, the first and second set being complementary to one another. 12. The clamp of claim 11, wherein the first and second set of teeth fit within one another when the first and second portions are folded to close the clamp. 13. The clamp of claim 11, wherein tips of the first and second set of teeth abut one another when the first and second portions are folded to close the clamp. 14. The clamp of claim 10, wherein one or more of the first or second portions comprise one or more teeth, wherein the one or more teeth are shaped to accommodate one or more guidewire loops. 15. The clamp of claim 14, wherein the one or more teeth shaped to accommodate one or more guidewire loops comprises a plurality of cut-outs arranged in series, each cut-out being configured to accommodate a single guidewire loop. 16. The clamp of claim 14, wherein the one or more teeth shaped to accommodate one or more guidewire loops comprises a cut-out having a plurality of semi-circular sections, the cut-out configured to accommodate a plurality of guidewire loops. 17. The clamp of claim 16, further comprises a soft membrane over at least a portion of the cut-out. 18. The clamp of claim 9, wherein the surface features comprise a high friction material or coating. 19. The clamp of claim 18, wherein the high friction material or coating is soft and compliant so as to minimize damage to a guidewire captured between the first and second portions. 20. The clamp of claim 9, further comprising a first end coupled to the first portion and a second end coupled to the second portion, the first and second end being removably coupleable to one another. 21. The clamp of claim 20, wherein the first end comprises one or more teeth to capture the second end when the first and second portions are folded or pivoted relative to one another to close the clamp. 22. The clamp of claim 9, further comprising a guidewire introducer coupled to one or more of the first or second portions, wherein the guidewire introducer has a guidewire lumen, an open proximal end to receive a guidewire and direct the guidewire into the guidewire lumen, and a distal funnel tip to couple with a proximal hub of a catheter. 23. The clamp of claim 22, wherein the guidewire introducer further comprises a grasping mechanism to secure the guidewire received in the guidewire lumen. 24. The clamp of claim 22, wherein the guidewire introducer is removably coupled to one or more of the first or second portions. 25. The clamp of claim 22, wherein the guidewire introducer is coupled with one or more of the first or second portions. 26. A kit for facilitating guidewire storage, the kit comprising: a first clamp comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a pivotable portion therebetween, the first clamp having a first color; and a second claim comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a pivotable portion therebetween, the second clamp having a second color different from the first color. 27. The kit of claim 26, wherein the first or second clamp further comprises a funnel structure coupled with the first or second portion of the first or second clamp, respectively, the funnel structure having a tip configured to be coupled to a hub of a catheter and a funnel lumen leading to the tip. 28. The kit of claim 27, wherein the funnel structure is integral with the first or second portion of the first or second clamp. 29. The kit of claim 27, wherein the funnel structure is removably coupled with the first or second portion of the first or second clamp. 30. The kit of claim 26, wherein the funnel structure further comprises a grasper mechanism to secure a guidewire received in the funnel structure.",
-    "Multi-domain scheduling for subordinate networking is contemplated. The scheduling may include controlling a terminal to facilitate interfacing an Internet Protocol (IP) network with a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) network where the P2MP network includes one or more aggregating devices to facilitate interfacing signaling with devices/units associated with one or more subordinate P2MP networks. 1. A communication system utilizing a plurality of communication protocols having a multi-domain scheduler to facilitate regulating signaling carried over multiple paths to avoid conflict or collision, the system comprising: a plurality of subordinate networks implemented as non-optical networks; a plurality of sets of non-optical subordinate units, wherein at least one set of subordinate units is configured with each the subordinate network; an optical primary network implemented as an optical network; an aggregating device for facilitating communication between the optical primary network and the non-optical subordinate networks; a terminal for facilitating communication between an IP network and the primary network, configured with a scheduler for coordinating communication between multi-domain networks formed by the primary and subordinate networks; wherein the scheduler is configured to control the non-optical subordinate units such that communication originating from two or more of the subordinate units within the subordinate networks arrive at the terminal without conflict or collision. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a fourth network implemented as a wire-line network. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more subordinate networks of the plurality of subordinate networks are implemented as one or more of a wireless network, a coaxial network, a hybrid fiber-coax (HFC). 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the scheduler is further configured to dynamically allocate bandwidth to one or both of the aggregating device and the subordinate units. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the aggregating device is a fiber cable unit and the subordinate units are cable network units. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the aggregating device is a plurality of aggregating devices, one for each subordinate network for facilitating communication between the respective subordinate network and the primary network. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the scheduler controls multi-path signaling carried over the non-optical subordinate networks to regulate single path communication with aggregating device. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the scheduler controls multipath signaling carried over the optical primary network to regulate single path communication over the primary network to the terminal. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the scheduler is in communication with and configured to control: the subordinate units to coordinate multi-path signaling carried over the non-optical subordinate networks to regulate single path communication between each subordinate network's non-optical subordinate units and the subordinate network's aggregating device; and the aggregating device (1) to facilitate pass-through communication between the terminal and the subordinate units for coordinating communication therebetween and (2) to coordinate multipath signaling carried over the optical primary network to regulate single path communication between the aggregating device and the terminal. 10. The system claim 9, wherein the scheduler is in communication with and configured to control: the aggregating device to facilitate pass-through communication between the terminal and subordinate units for coordinating communication to reduce communication time. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the aggregator includes conversion instructions to facilitate transmit of the first and second data to the terminal, the conversion instructions facilitating the aggregating device receiving data from the non-optical subordinate units over the non-optical networks and transmitting the data to the terminal over the optical network. 12. A communication system utilizing a plurality of communication protocols having a multi-domain scheduler to facilitate regulating signaling carried over multiple paths to avoid conflict or collision, the system comprising: a plurality of subordinate networks utilizing a first communication protocol; a plurality of sets of subordinate units, wherein at least one set of subordinate units is configured with each subordinate network; a primary network utilizing a second communication protocol; an aggregating device for facilitating communication between the primary network and the subordinate networks and includes conversion instructions to facilitate the aggregating device: receiving a first communication protocol data from the subordinate units over the subordinate networks, converting the first communication protocol data to a second communication protocol data and transmitting the second communication protocol data to the terminal over the primary network; and receiving second communication protocol data from the terminal over the primary network, converting the second communication protocol data to first communication protocol data and transmitting the first communication protocol data to one or more subordinate units over the subordinate network; and a terminal for facilitating communication between an IP network and the primary network, configured with a scheduler for coordinating communication between multi-domain networks formed by the primary and subordinate networks; wherein the scheduler is configured to control the subordinate units such that communication originating from two or more of the subordinate units within the subordinate networks arrive at the terminal without conflict or collision. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having a plurality of non-transitory instructions operable with a scheduler to facilitate multi-domain scheduling for subordinate networking, the subordinate networking characterized by a terminal interfacing an Internet Protocol (IP) network with a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) optical network where the P2MP optical network includes at least a first aggregating device for a first subordinate P2MP wireless network and a second aggregating device for a second subordinate P2MP wireless network, the first aggregating device aggregating wireless data received from one or more of a first plurality of wireless devices connected to the first subordinate P2MP wireless network for transmit over the P2MP optical network to the terminal and the second aggregating device aggregating wireless data received from one or more of a second plurality to wireless devices connected to the second subordinate P2MP wireless network for transmit over the P2MP optical network to the terminal, the terminal being unable to simultaneously receive data from both of the first and second aggregating devices over the P2MP optical network, the non-transitory instructions being sufficient for: scheduling transmit of a first data from the first aggregating device to the terminal over the P2MP optical network and transmit of a second data from the second aggregating device to the terminal over the P2MP optical network such that the first data is completely received before the terminal begins receiving the second data, the first data being transmitted to the first aggregating device from a first wireless device of the first plurality of wireless devices and the second data being transmitted to the second aggregating device from a second wireless device of the second plurality of wireless devices, including scheduling the transmit of the first data from the first aggregating device as a function of a first data transmission request transmitted from the first wireless device and the transmit of the second data from the second aggregating device as a function of a second data transmission request transmitted from the second wireless device, the first and second aggregating devices using pass-through data transmission requests to respectively deliver the first and second data transmission requests from the first and second devices to the terminal; issuing a first allocation of network resources to the first aggregating device to schedule the transmit of the first data from the first aggregating device to the terminal at a first time, the first time occurring after the terminal receives the first data transmission request; issuing a second allocation of network resources to the second aggregating device to schedule the transmit of the second data from the second aggregating device to the terminal at a second time, the second time occurring after the terminal receives the second data transmission request; issuing via a pass-through of the first aggregating device a third allocation of network resources to the first device to schedule transmit of the first data from the first device to the first aggregating device at a third time, the third time occurring prior to the first time; and issuing via a pass-through of the second aggregating device a fourth allocation of network resources to the second device to schedule transmit of the second data from the second device to the second aggregating device at a fourth time, the fourth time occurring prior to the second time. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13 further comprising instructions sufficient for issuing the first, second, third and fourth allocation of network resources such that the first, second, third and fourth times occur prior to receiving any data transmission request from the first device and the second device after the first and second data transmission request. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13 further comprising instructions sufficient for receiving the first and second data transmission request then issuing the third and fourth allocation of network resources and then issuing the first and second allocation of network resources. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13 further comprising instructions sufficient for issuing the first and second allocation of network resources such that the first aggregating device begins transmitting the first data to the terminal prior to receiving an entirety of the first data from the first device. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16 further comprising instructions sufficient for issuing the third and fourth allocation of network resources such that the first and second devices begin transmitting the first and second data to the first and second aggregating devices at approximately the same time. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12 further comprising providing conversion instructions to the first and second aggregating devices to facilitate transmit of the first and second data to the terminal, the conversion instructions facilitating the first and second aggregating devices receiving the first and second data from the first and second devices over a non-optical communication medium and transmitting the first and second data to the terminal over an optical communication medium.",
-    "A method of fabricating a diamond compact includes functionalizing surfaces of diamond nanoparticles with fluorine; combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with a non-group-VIII metal to form a particle mixture; and subjecting the particle mixture to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular bonds between the diamond nanoparticles. A cutting element for an earth-boring tool includes a plurality of grains of diamond material; a plurality of diamond nanoparticles bonded to the plurality of grains of diamond material; and a non-group-VIII metal fluoride disposed within interstitial spaces between the grains of diamond material and the plurality of diamond nanoparticles. The cutting element is substantially free of a metal-solvent catalyst. 1. A method of fabricating a diamond compact, comprising: functionalizing surfaces of diamond nanoparticles with fluorine; combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with a non-group-VIII metal to faint a particle mixture; and subjecting the particle mixture to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular bonds between the diamond nanoparticles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein functionalizing surfaces of diamond nanoparticles with fluorine comprises functionalizing surfaces of crushed diamond nanoparticles with fluorine. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising including non-functionalized diamond grit in the particle mixture. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with a non-group-VIII metal comprises combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, silver, indium, zinc, lead, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein combining the diamond nanoparticles with a non-group-VIII metal comprises combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with aluminum. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the particle mixture consists essentially of the functionalized diamond nanoparticles, the non-group-VIII metal, and non-functionalized diamond particles. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein subjecting the mixture to HPHT conditions comprises heating the particle mixture to a temperature above a melting point of the non-group-VIII metal. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein subjecting the mixture to HPHT conditions comprises heating the particle mixture to a temperature of at least about 1,400\u00b0 C. and a maximum pressure of less than about 8.0 GPa. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein subjecting the mixture to HPHT conditions comprises increasing an average particle size of the diamond nanoparticles. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with a non-group-VIII metal comprises forming a mixture in which the non-group-VIII metal comprises from about 0.1% to about 20.0% by weight of the mixture. 11. A method of forming a cutting element for an earth-boring tool, comprising: functionalizing surfaces of diamond nanoparticles with fluorine; combining the functionalized diamond nanoparticles with a non-group-VIII metal to form a particle mixture; providing the particle mixture over a body; and subjecting the particle mixture and the body to high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions to form inter-granular bonds between the diamond nanoparticles and secure the inter-granular bonded diamond nanoparticles to the body. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein functionalizing surfaces of diamond nanoparticles with fluorine comprises functionalizing surfaces of crushed diamond nanoparticles with fluorine. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein subjecting the particle mixture and the body to HPHT conditions comprises forming a metal fluoride. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein forming a metal fluoride comprises forming aluminum fluoride. 15. A cutting element for an earth-boring tool, comprising: a plurality of grains of diamond material; a plurality of diamond nanoparticles bonded to the plurality of grains of diamond material; and a non-group-VIII metal fluoride disposed within interstitial spaces between the grains of diamond material and the plurality of diamond nanoparticles; wherein the cutting element is substantially free of a metal-solvent catalyst. 16. The cutting element of claim 15, wherein the non-group-VIII metal fluoride comprises aluminum fluoride. 17. The cutting element of claim 15, wherein the plurality of diamond nanoparticles comprises crushed diamond nanoparticles. 18. The cutting element of claim 15, wherein the plurality of diamond nanoparticles has a mean diameter from about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm. 19. The cutting element of claim 15, wherein the non-group-VIII metal fluoride comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of fluorides of aluminum, copper, silver, indium, zinc, lead, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. 20. The cutting element of claim 15, further comprising an oxide of a non-group-VIII metal.",
-    "An electronic component includes first through sixth LC parallel resonators and seventh through ninth capacitors. The first through sixth LC parallel resonators are arranged in this order in a first direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a stacking direction of a multilayer body of the electronic component, and define a band pass filter. The seventh capacitor is connected between the first and sixth LC parallel resonators. The eighth capacitor is connected between the first and third LC parallel resonators. The ninth capacitor is connected between the fourth and sixth LC parallel resonators. 1. An electronic component comprising: a multilayer body including a plurality of insulating layers stacked on each other in a stacking direction; first through sixth LC parallel resonators that are arranged in a first direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction in order of the first through sixth LC parallel resonators and that define a band pass filter; a seventh capacitor connected between the first and sixth LC parallel resonators; an eighth capacitor connected between the first and third LC parallel resonators; and a ninth capacitor connected between the fourth and sixth LC parallel resonators; wherein an n-th (n is an integer of 1 to 6) LC parallel resonator includes an n-th inductor and an n-th capacitor; an n-th loop plane which is surrounded by the n-th inductor and the n-th capacitor and which is parallel or substantially parallel with the stacking direction is provided; and among the first through sixth loop planes, loop planes adjacent to each other in the first direction are superposed on each other, as viewed from the first direction. 2. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the n-th inductor includes n-th and (n+6)-th interlayer connecting conductors which pass through some of the plurality of insulating layers in the stacking direction and an n-th inductor conductive layer disposed on an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers; and the n-th and (n+6)-th interlayer connecting conductors extend from the n-th inductor conductive layer toward one side of the stacking direction. 3. The electronic component according to claim 2, wherein the n-th capacitor includes an n-th capacitor conductive layer and a ground conductive layer which oppose each other with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween; the n-th interlayer connecting conductor is connected to the n-th capacitor conductive layer; and the (n+6)-th interlayer connecting conductor is connected to the ground conductive layer. 4. The electronic component according to claim 3, wherein the seventh through ninth interlayer connecting conductors are located farther toward one side of a second direction which is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction and the first direction than the first through third interlayer connecting conductors; and the tenth through twelfth interlayer connecting conductors are located farther toward the other side of the second direction than the fourth through sixth interlayer connecting conductors. 5. The electronic component according to claim 2, wherein the first through sixth inductor conductive layers extend in a second direction which is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction and the first direction; and among distances in the first direction between the m-th (m is an integer of 1 to 5) inductor conductive layers and the (m+1)-th inductor conductive layers, the distance in the first direction between the third and fourth inductor conductive layers is smallest. 6. The electronic component according to claim 3, wherein the ground conductive layer includes a slit extending from an outer edge of the ground conductive layer toward an inward direction. 7. The electronic component according to claim 2, further comprising a connecting conductive layer that connects the first and sixth inductors with each other. 8. The electronic component according to claim 1, further comprising: a first outer electrode; and a seventh inductor connected between the first outer electrode and the first LC parallel resonator. 9. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein adjacent pairs of the first through sixth LC parallel resonators are magnetically coupled with each other. 10. The electronic component according to claim 2, wherein each of the interlayer connecting conductors is a via hole. 11. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the nth inductor has an angular U-shape opened downward. 12. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through sixth loop planes are perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a right-left direction. 13. The electronic component according to claim 2, wherein the first through sixth loop planes pass through centers of the first through sixth inductor conductive layers in a right-left direction. 14. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein a winding direction of a first group of the first through sixth inductors is opposite to a winding direction of a second group of the first through sixth inductors. 15. The electronic component according to claim 1, further comprising first and second outer electrodes, a seventh inductor connected between the first outer electrode and one of the first through sixth LC parallel resonators, and an eighth inductor connected between the second outer electrode and another one of the first through sixth LC parallel resonators. 16. The electronic component according to claim 1, further comprising first and second outer electrodes, and first and second low pass filters connected between the first and second outer electrodes.",
-    "Method and apparatus for limiting absorption of food products in specific parts of the digestive system is presented. A gastrointestinal implant device is anchored in the stomach and extends beyond the ligament of Treitz. All food exiting the stomach is funneled through the device. The gastrointestinal device includes an anchor for anchoring the device to the stomach and a flexible sleeve to limit absorption of nutrients in the duodenum. The anchor is collapsible for endoscopic delivery and removal. 1. A gastrointestinal implant device comprising: a flexible sleeve, open at both ends, one foot to five feet in length to extend into the intestine and adapted to limit absorption of nutrients in the intestine, thin and conformable so that it collapses in the intestine to a small volume and unsupported at a distal end; and an anchor comprising a network of struts, the network of struts comprising a plurality of diamond-shaped openings between the struts, the anchor being coupled to a proximal portion of the sleeve and configured to anchor the sleeve at or distal to the pylorus in the digestive system.",
-    "Stacked dies (110) are encapsulated in an interposer's cavity (304) by multiple encapsulant layers (524) formed of moldable material. Conductive paths (520, 623) connect the dies to the cavity's bottom all (304B) and, through TSVs passing through the bottom wall, to a conductor below the interposer. The conductive paths can be formed in segments each of which is formed in a through-hole (514) in a respective encapsulant layer. Each segment can be formed by electroplating onto a lower segment; the electroplating current can be provided from below the interposer through the TSVs and earlier formed segments. Other features are also provided. 1. An assembly comprising: a substrate whose top side comprises a cavity comprising a bottom wall; one or more contact pads under the bottom wall; a plurality of levels overlying one another in the cavity, each level comprising one or more dies laterally encapsulated by an encapsulant layer made of cured resin at least partially cured separately from the encapsulant layer of any other level; and electrically conductive wiring passing through a plurality of the encapsulant layers and through the bottom wall to connect one or more of the dies to the one or more contact pads under the bottom wall, the electrically conductive wiring connecting at least one die overlying more than one of the encapsulant layers to at least one contact pad under the bottom wall. 2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the one or more contact pads under the bottom wall are part of a redistribution layer formed on a bottom surface of the substrate. 3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the electrically conductive wiring comprises a plurality of vertical segments each of which passes through a respective one of the encapsulant layers and is electrically connected, by the electrically conductive wiring, to the at least one die and to the at least one contact pad. 4. The assembly of claim 3 wherein the electrical wiring comprises, at a top of each vertical segment, a contact pad physically contacting the vertical segment and the encapsulant layer through which the vertical segment passes, the contact pad being wider than the vertical segment. 5. The assembly of claim 3 wherein the electrical wiring comprises, at a bottom of each vertical segment, a contact pad physically contacting the vertical segment and the encapsulant layer through which the vertical segment passes, the contact pad being wider than the vertical segment. 6. The assembly of claim 3 wherein the electrically conductive wiring comprises a conductive path comprising a non-vertical line and interconnecting two of the vertical segments passing through the respective encapsulant layers adjacent to each other. 7. The assembly of claim 1 wherein each encapsulant layer does not have any separately cured sub-layers. 8. The assembly of claim 1, comprising one or more contact pads on top of the plurality of levels, for connection to structures external to the assembly. 9. The assembly of claim 1 wherein in least one level, at least one die is part of a multi-chip module contained by the level. 10. The assembly of claim 1 wherein each level comprises at least one die whose top surface is coplanar with the encapsulant layer of the level. 11. An assembly comprising: a substrate whose top side comprises a cavity comprising a bottom wall; one or more contact pads under the bottom wall; a plurality of levels overlying one another in the cavity, each level comprising one or more dies laterally encapsulated by an encapsulant layer comprising organic polymer; and electrically conductive wiring passing through a plurality of the encapsulant layers and through the bottom wall to connect one or more of the dies to the one or more contact pads under the bottom wall, the electrically conductive wiring connecting at least one die overlying more than one of the encapsulant layers to at least one contact pad under the bottom wall; wherein the electrically conductive wiring comprises a plurality of vertical segments each of which passes through a respective one of the encapsulant layers and is electrically connected, by the electrically conductive wiring, to the at least one die and to the at least one contact pad; and wherein the electrical wiring comprises, at a top of each vertical segment, a contact pad physically contacting the vertical segment and the encapsulant layer through which the vertical segment passes, the contact pad being wider than the vertical segment. 12. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the electrical wiring comprises, at a bottom of each vertical segment, a contact pad physically contacting the vertical segment and the encapsulant layer through which the vertical segment passes, the contact pad being wider than the vertical segment. 13. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the electrically conductive wiring comprises a conductive path comprising a non-vertical line and interconnecting two of the vertical segments passing through the respective encapsulant layers adjacent to each other. 14. The assembly of claim 11 wherein the one or more contact pads under the bottom wall are part of a redistribution layer formed on a bottom surface of the substrate. 15. The assembly of claim 11, comprising one or more contact pads on top of the plurality of levels, for connection to structures external to the assembly. 16. The assembly of claim 11 wherein in least one level, at least one die is part of a multi-chip module contained by the level. 17. The assembly of claim 11 wherein each level comprises at least one die whose top surface is coplanar with the encapsulant layer of the level. 18. An assembly comprising: a substrate whose top side comprises a cavity comprising a bottom wall; one or more contact pads under the bottom wall; a plurality of levels overlying one another in the cavity, each level comprising one or more dies laterally encapsulated by an encapsulant layer comprising organic polymer; electrically conductive wiring passing through a plurality of the encapsulant layers and through the bottom wall to connect one or more of the dies to the one or more contact pads under the bottom wall, the electrically conductive wiring connecting at least one die overlying more than one of the encapsulant layers to at least one contact pad under the bottom wall; and wherein the electrically conductive wiring comprises a plurality of vertical segments each of which passes through a respective one of the encapsulant layers and is electrically connected, by the electrically conductive wiring, to the at least one die and to the at least one contact pad; and wherein the electrical wiring comprises, at a bottom of each vertical segment, a contact pad physically contacting the vertical segment and the encapsulant layer through which the vertical segment passes, the contact pad being wider than the vertical segment. 19. The assembly of claim 18 wherein the electrically conductive wiring comprises a conductive path comprising a non-vertical line and interconnecting two of the vertical segments passing through the respective encapsulant layers adjacent to each other. 20. The assembly of claim 18 wherein each level comprises at least one die whose top surface is coplanar with the encapsulant layer of the level.",
-    "A method for allowing cardiac signals to be sensed and pacing pulse vectors to be delivered between two or more electrodes. In one embodiment, cardiac signals are sensed and pacing pulse vectors are delivered between at least one of a first left ventricular electrode and a second left ventricular electrode. Alternatively, cardiac signals are sensed and pacing pulse vectors are delivered between different combinations of the first and second left ventricular electrodes and a first supraventricular electrode. In addition, cardiac signals are sensed and pacing pulse vectors are delivered between different combinations of the first and second left ventricular electrode, the first supraventricular electrode and a conductive housing. In an additional embodiment, a first right ventricular electrode is used to sense cardiac signals and provide pacing pulses with different combinations of the first and second left ventricular electrodes, the first supraventricular electrode and the housing. 1. (canceled) 2. A system, comprising: a sensing circuit configured to sense cardiac signals; a stimulation circuit configured to generate and deliver electrostimulation to a left ventricle of a heart; and a control circuit coupled to the sensing circuit and the stimulation circuit, the control circuit configured to program a pacing vector for delivering the electrostimulation to the left ventricle of the heart; wherein the control circuit is configured to alert the pacing vector based on the sensed cardiac signals. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein: the sensed cardiac signals include an intrinsic cardiac activity; and the control circuit is configured to select a first pacing vector if the intrinsic cardiac activity fails to satisfy a specified condition, or to select a second pacing vector if the intrinsic cardiac activity satisfies the specified condition. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein: the sensed cardiac signals include an evoked cardiac activity sensed during the electrostimulation according to the pacing vector; and the control circuit is configured to alter from a first pacing vector to a second pacing vector in response to the evoked cardiac activity satisfying a specified condition. 5. The system of claim 2, comprising an implantable medical device that includes at least a portion of one or more of the sensing circuit, the stimulation circuit, or the control circuit. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein: the first pacing vector includes a first anode and a first cathode each selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle; or the second pacing vector includes a second anode and a second cathode each selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein: the first pacing vector includes a first cathode selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle, and a first anode selected from one or more electrodes on a second lead adapted to be positioned at or near a region different from the left ventricle; or the second pacing vector includes a second cathode selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead, and a second anode selected from the one or more electrodes on the second lead. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the second lead is adapted to be positioned at one of a supraventricular region, a right atrium, or a right ventricle. 9. The system of claim 2, wherein: the sensing circuit is configured to sense cardiac signals according to a first sensing vector that includes a first combination of electrodes each selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead or one or more electrodes on a second lead; the control circuit, in response to the sensed cardiac signals satisfying a specified condition, is configured to: alter from the first sensing vector to a second sensing vector that includes a second combination of electrodes each selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead or the one or more electrodes on the second lead, the second combination different from the first combination by at least one electrode; and configure the sensing circuit to sense the cardiac signals according to the second sensing vector. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first lead is adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle, and the second lead is adapted to be positioned at or near one of a supraventricular region, a right atrium, or a right ventricle. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the first or the second combination of electrodes includes a first electrode selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead, and a second electrode selected from the one or more electrodes on the second lead. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the first or the second combination of electrodes includes first and second electrodes both selected from two or more electrodes on the second lead adapted to be positioned at the right ventricle. 13. A method for providing electrostimulation to a heart using an implantable medical device, the method comprising: programming, using a programming device, a pacing vector for delivering electrostimulation to a left ventricle of a heart; sensing cardiac signals with the implantable medical device; and altering the pacing vector based on the sensed cardiac signals. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the sensed cardiac signals include an intrinsic cardiac activity, the method comprising: selecting a first pacing vector if the intrinsic cardiac activity fails to satisfy a specified condition; or selecting a second pacing vector if the intrinsic cardiac activity satisfies the specified condition. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the sensed cardiac signals include an evoked cardiac activity sensed during the electrostimulation according to the pacing vector, and wherein altering the pacing vector includes altering from a first pacing vector to a second pacing vector in response to the evoked cardiac activity satisfying a specified condition. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: the first pacing vector includes a first anode and a first cathode each selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle; or the second pacing vector includes a second anode and a second cathode each selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein: the first pacing vector includes a first cathode selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle, and a first anode selected from one or more electrodes on a second lead adapted to be positioned at or near a region different from the left ventricle; or the second pacing vector includes a second cathode selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead, and a second anode selected from the one or more electrodes on the second lead. 18. A method for providing electrostimulation to a heart using an implantable medical device, the method comprising: programming, using a programming device, a stimulation vector for delivering electrostimulation to a left ventricle of a heart and a sensing vector for sensing cardiac signals; sensing cardiac signals with the implantable medical device; altering the sensing vector based on the sensed cardiac signals. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein altering the sensing vectors includes altering from a first sensing vector to a second sensing vector in response to the sensed cardiac signals satisfying a specified condition, wherein the first sensing vector includes a first combination of electrodes and the second sensing vector includes a second combination of electrodes, the first and second combinations of electrodes each selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead or one or more electrodes on a second lead, the second combination different from the first combination by at least one electrode. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein altering the pacing vector includes altering from a first pacing vector to a second pacing vector in response to the sensed cardiac signals satisfying a specified condition, and wherein: the first pacing vector includes a first anode and a first cathode each selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle; and the second pacing vector includes a second anode and a second cathode each selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein altering the pacing vector includes altering from a first pacing vector to a second pacing vector in response to the sensed cardiac signals satisfying a specified condition, and wherein: the first pacing vector includes a first cathode selected from two or more electrodes on a first lead adapted to be positioned at or near a left ventricle, and a first anode selected from one or more electrodes on a second lead adapted to be positioned at or near a region different from the left ventricle, and the second pacing vector includes a second cathode selected from the two or more electrodes on the first lead, and a second anode selected from the one or more electrodes on the second lead.",
-    "A method of delivering a volatile material to the atmosphere in a continuous manner is disclosed. The method includes providing a delivery engine having a reservoir that includes a volatile material mixture. The volatile material mixture includes about 40% to about 100%, by total weight, of the volatile materials each having a vapor pressure at 25\u00b0 C. of less than about 0.1 torr. The delivery system also includes a microporous membrane enclosing the reservoir, wherein the microporous membrane comprises an average pore size of about 0.01 to about 0.03 microns. 1. A method of delivering a volatile material comprising the step of providing a delivery engine comprising: a. a reservoir comprising a volatile material mixture, said volatile material mixture comprising about 40% to about 100%, by total weight, of volatile materials each having a vapor pressure at 25\u00b0 C. of less than about 0.1 torr; b. a microporous membrane enclosing said reservoir, said microporous membrane comprising an evaporative surface area of about 2 cm2 to about 35 cm2 and an average pore size of about 0.01 to about 0.03 microns. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said volatile material mixture comprises about 60% to about 90%, by total weight, of volatile materials each having a vapor pressure at 25\u00b0 C. of about 0.01 to about 0.3 torr. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said volatile material mixture comprises: a. 0% to about 15%, by total weight, of volatile materials each having a vapor pressure at 25\u00b0 C. of about 0.004 torr to about 0.035 torr; b. about 0% to about 25%, by total weight, of volatile materials each having a vapor pressure at 25\u00b0 C. of about 0.1 torr to about 0.325 torr; and c. about 65% to about 100%, by total weight, of volatile materials each having a vapor pressure at 25\u00b0 C. of about 0.035 torr to about 0.1 torr. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said volatile material mixture comprises a viscosity of about 1.0 cP to less than about 15 cP. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said volatile material mixture comprises a surface tension of about 19 mN/m to less than about 27 mN/m. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said microporous membrane comprises an average pore size of about 0.02 microns. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said volatile material mixture comprises a perfume material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said delivery engine further comprises a collection basin in fluid communication with said microporous membrane and said reservoir upon rupturing said rupturable substrate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said microporous membrane encloses said rupturable substrate and said reservoir. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of compressing said microporous membrane and said rupture element to breach said rupturable substrate. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said method further comprises the step of inserting said delivering engine in a housing, said housing comprising a notch to compress said microporous membrane and said rupture element. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said rupture element comprises a compressible flange.",
-    "An analyzer resource receives usage information collected by an application executing in a roaming mobile device; the usage information indicates geographical regions (and potentially specific locations) in which the roaming mobile communication device wirelessly accesses a remote network (such as the Internet) using any of one or more different wireless access services. The analyzer resource is further operable to receive resource information indicating locations of physical network resources available to support installation of wireless access points in the geographical regions and the location of any existing wireless access points already installed. The analyzer resource then uses at least the application-collected usage information and the resource information to identify where to install at least one new wireless access point. Further disclosed embodiments herein include generating a respective map indicating in which of one or more respective geographical regions it is desirable to install a respective new wireless access point. 1. A method comprising: via computer processor hardware, performing operations of: receiving feedback generated by multiple communication devices operating in a network environment, the feedback indicating usage of existing wireless access points by the multiple communication devices to access a remote network; identifying multiple candidate geographical regions in which to expand a wireless network; and utilizing the feedback as a basis to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install a new wireless access point to provide the multiple communication devices future access to the remote network. 2. The method as in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple communication devices is operated by a respective user that subscribes to wireless network services provided by a corresponding first wireless network service provider, the first wireless network service provider providing no wireless network service coverage in the candidate geographical regions. 3. The method as in claim 2, wherein the feedback indicates use of wireless network services provided by a second wireless network service provider in the geographical regions, the second wireless network service provider different than the first wireless network service provider. 4. The method as in claim 3, wherein utilizing the feedback to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install the new wireless access point further comprises: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the given geographical region selected based at least in part on an amount of prior usage by the communication devices of the wireless network services provided by the second wireless network service provider in the given geographical region. 5. The method as in claim 3, wherein utilizing the feedback to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install the new wireless access point further comprises: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the given geographical region selected based at least in part on: i) a magnitude of the multiple communication devices using the wireless network services provided by the second service provider, and ii) an estimated cost of installing the new wireless access point in the given geographical region. 6. The method as in claim 1, wherein the feedback includes: i) location information indicating respective locations in the network environment in which the multiple communication devices access the remote network, and ii) wireless access usage information indicating a degree to which the communication devices use the existing wireless access points to access the remote network. 7. The method as in claim 6, wherein utilizing the feedback to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install the new wireless access point further comprises: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions in which to install the new wireless access point, the given geographical region selected based at least in part on a magnitude of use of the existing wireless access points by the multiple communication devices in the given geographical region as indicated by the feedback. 8. The method as in claim 1 further comprising: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the given geographical region selected for installation of the new wireless access point based at least in part on a nearness to a cluster of other regions of the multiple geographical regions proposed for installation of corresponding new access points. 9. The method as in claim 1 further comprising: producing a preliminary map indicating a less-than-all subset of the multiple regions in which to potentially install new wireless access points; and combining the preliminary map with a secondary map derived from the feedback, the secondary map indicating to select a given geographical region of the multiple geographical regions in which to install the new wireless access point, the given geographical region selected based on feedback generated by client devices operated in the given geographical region. 10. The method as in claim 1 further comprising: analyzing the geographical regions to identify a respective location in which communication device users travel faster than a threshold value; and eliminating the respective location as a candidate location in which to install the new wireless access point. 11. A method comprising: via computer processor hardware, performing operations of: at a mobile communication device, tracking use of the mobile communication device to access a remote network over a set of existing wireless access points; producing feedback indicating attributes of the mobile communication device accessing the remote network via the existing wireless access points; and forwarding the feedback for distribution to an analyzer resource, the analyzer resource operable to utilize the feedback to select a particular geographical region in which to install a new wireless access point for use by the mobile communication device to access the remote network. 12. The method as in claim 11, wherein tracking use of the mobile communication device further comprises: collecting location information indicating presence of the mobile communication device in multiple different geographical regions of a network environment; and collecting network access information indicating usage of the mobile communication device to access the remote network while passing through the multiple different geographical regions. 13. The method as in claim 12, wherein producing the feedback comprises: producing the feedback to include the location information and the network access information, the usage information indicating that the mobile communication device wirelessly accessed the remote network while in the particular geographical region. 14. The method as in claim 11, wherein the usage information indicates use of the mobile communication device to access the remote network via the existing wireless access points provided by first service providers; and wherein the analyzer resource uses the feedback to provide notification to a second service provider of the particular geographical region in which to install the new wireless access point. 15. The method as in claim 11 further comprising: producing a map to indicate a location of the selected geographical region with respect to locations of geographical regions in which existing wireless access points are installed; and initiating display of the map on a display screen to indicate the location of the selected geographical region. 16. A computer system comprising: computer processor hardware; and a hardware storage resource coupled to the computer processor hardware, the hardware storage resource storing instructions that, when executed by the computer processor hardware, causes the computer processor hardware to perform operations of: receiving feedback indicating prior usage of existing wireless access points by multiple communication devices to access a remote network, the prior usage determined based on detecting prior communication sessions between the multiple communication devices and the existing wireless access points; identifying multiple candidate geographical regions in which to expand a wireless network; and utilizing the feedback indicating the prior usage as a basis to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install a new wireless access point to provide the multiple communication devices future access to the remote network. 17. The computer system as in claim 16, wherein each of the multiple communication devices is operated by a respective user that subscribes to wireless network services provided by a corresponding first wireless network service provider, the first wireless network service provider providing no wireless network service coverage in the candidate geographical regions. 18. The computer system as in claim 17, wherein the feedback indicates use of wireless network services provided by a second wireless network service provider in the geographical regions, the second wireless network service provider different than the first wireless network service provider. 19. The computer system as in claim 18, wherein utilizing the feedback to select which of the multiple geographical regions in which to install the new wireless access point further comprises: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the given geographical region selected based at least in part on a magnitude of usage by the communication devices of the wireless network services provided by the second wireless network service provider in the given geographical region. 20. The computer system as in claim 18, wherein utilizing the feedback to select which of the multiple geographical regions in which to install the new wireless access point further comprises: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the given geographical region selected based at least in part on: i) a magnitude of the multiple communication devices using the wireless network services provided by the second service provider, and ii) an estimated cost of installing the new wireless access point in the given geographical region. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. The computer system as in claim 16, wherein the computer processor hardware further performs operations of: selecting a given geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the given geographical region selected for installation of the new wireless access point based at least in part on a nearness to a cluster of other regions of the multiple geographical regions proposed for installation of corresponding new access points. 24. The computer system as in claim 16, wherein the computer processor hardware further performs operations of: producing a preliminary map indicating a less-than-all subset of the multiple regions in which to potentially install new wireless access points; and combining the preliminary map with a secondary map derived from the feedback, the secondary map indicating to select a given geographical region of the multiple geographical regions in which to install the new wireless access point, the given geographical region selected based on feedback generated by client devices operated in the given geographical region. 25. (canceled) 26. A computer system comprising: computer processor hardware; and a hardware storage resource coupled to the computer processor hardware, the hardware storage resource storing instructions that, when executed by the computer processor hardware, causes the computer processor hardware to perform operations of: at a mobile communication device, tracking use of the mobile communication device to access a remote network over a set of existing wireless access points; producing feedback indicating attributes of the mobile communication device accessing the remote network via the existing wireless access points; and forwarding the feedback for distribution to an analyzer resource, the analyzer resource operable to utilize the feedback to select a particular geographical region in which to install a new wireless access point for use by the mobile communication device to access the remote network. 27. The computer system as in claim 26, wherein tracking use of the mobile communication device further comprises: collecting location information indicating presence of the mobile communication device in multiple different geographical regions of a network environment; and collecting network access information indicating usage of the mobile communication device to access the remote network while passing through the multiple different geographical regions. 28. The computer system as in claim 27, wherein producing the feedback comprises: producing the feedback to include the location information and the network access information, the usage information indicating that the mobile communication device wirelessly accessed the remote network while in the particular geographical region. 29. The computer system as in claim 26, wherein the usage information indicates use of the mobile communication device to access the remote network via the existing wireless access points provided by first service providers; and wherein the analyzer resource uses the feedback to provide notification to a second service provider of the particular geographical region in which to install the new wireless access point. 30. (canceled) 31. Computer-readable hardware storage having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when carried out by computer processor hardware, causes the computer processor hardware to perform operations of: receiving feedback generated by multiple communication devices operating in a network environment, the feedback indicating usage of existing wireless access points by the multiple communication devices to access a network; identifying multiple candidate geographical regions in which to expand a wireless network via installation of a new wireless access point to provide future network access to the multiple communication devices; and utilizing the feedback as a basis to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install the new wireless access point. 32. The method as in claim 1, wherein the multiple communication devices are operable to keep track of prior communication sessions with the existing wireless access points to access the remote network; and wherein the feedback indicates occurrence of the prior communication sessions. 33. The method as in claim 1, wherein the received feedback includes first feedback and second feedback, the first feedback indicating first prior communication sessions between a first communication device of the multiple communication devices and a first group of wireless access points in the network environment, the second feedback indicating second prior communication sessions between a second communication device of the multiple communication devices and a second group of wireless access points in the network environment. 34. The method as in claim 1, wherein the received feedback includes first feedback, the first feedback indicating a first group of multiple geographical regions in which a first communication device previously accessed the remote network; and wherein the received feedback includes second feedback, the second feedback indicating a second group of multiple geographical regions in which the second communication device previously accessed the remote network. 35. The method as in claim 1, wherein the feedback indicates a group of geographical regions from which the multiple communication devices previously communicated with the existing wireless access points to access the remote network. 36. The method as in claim 35 further comprising: utilizing the group of geographical regions as specified by the feedback as a basis to select where to install the new wireless access point. 37. The method as in claim 1, wherein the feedback includes first feedback and second feedback, the first feedback indicating that a first communication device previously communicated from a geographical region, the second feedback indicating that a second communication device previously communicated from the geographical region. 38. The method as in claim 1, wherein utilizing the feedback to select in which of the multiple geographical regions to install the new wireless access point further comprises: selecting a particular geographical region from the multiple geographical regions, the particular geographical region selected for installation of the new wireless access point based at least in part on an amount of prior usage by the communication devices to communicate with the remote network while in the particular geographical region. 39. The method as in claim 38, wherein the communication devices communicate using wireless access point services provided by a first wireless service provider over the existing wireless access points to communicate with the remote network while in the particular geographical region, the new wireless access point installed by a second wireless service provider to which users of the communication devices subscribe.",
-    "A light-emitting device comprises a light-emitting stack comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; a first electrode formed on the second surface of the light-emitting stack; a current blocking layer formed on the first surface of the light-emitting stack and corresponding to a location of the first electrode; and a second electrode covering the current blocking layer and comprising a plurality of first metal layers and a plurality of second metal layers alternating with the plurality of first metal layers, wherein the plurality of first metal layers is discontinuous. 1. A light-emitting device, comprising: a light-emitting stack comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; a first electrode formed on the second surface of the light-emitting stack; a current blocking layer formed on the first surface of the light-emitting stack and corresponding to a location of the first electrode; and a second electrode covering the current blocking layer and comprising a plurality of first metal layers and a plurality of second metal layers alternating with the plurality of first metal layers, wherein the plurality of first metal layers is discontinuous. 2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of second metal layers alternates with the plurality of first metal layers for 2 to 12 times. 3. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of first metal layers comprises Al, Ti, W, Pt or Ni. 4. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of second metal layers comprises a thickness between 100 \u212b and 700 \u212b. 5. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the light-emitting stack comprises a first semiconductor layer comprising the second surface, a second semiconductor layer comprising the first surface and an active layer between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, and the first electrode is formed on a part of the first surface, and the light is emitted out the light-emitting stack from the second surface. 6. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein one of the plurality of first metal layers directly contacts the first surface of the light-emitting stack. 7. The light-emitting device of claim 1, further comprising a conductive substrate, and a conductive bonding layer formed between the conductive substrate and the second electrode. 8. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a pattern.",
-    "A method and device for acquiring a media file. The method includes receiving an acquiring instruction, where the acquiring instruction instructs to acquire a media file, and multiple cue points are preset in the media file; acquiring, according to the acquiring instruction, one or more cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file; determining cue point data, corresponding to the one or more cue points, in the media file; and downloading the cue point data, where the cue point data is used to present a segment of content of the media file, so that a user determines whether to acquire all or a part of data of the media file. 1. A method for acquiring a media file, comprising: receiving an acquiring instruction, wherein the acquiring instruction instructs to acquire a media file, and wherein multiple cue points are preset in the media file; acquiring, according to the acquiring instruction, one or more cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file; determining the cue point data corresponding to the cue points in the media file; and downloading the cue point data, wherein the cue point data is used to present a segment of content of the media file such that a user determines whether to acquire all or a part of data of the media file. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring, according to the acquiring instruction, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file comprises: receiving a specified signal, wherein the specified signal is used to indicate the cue points; and acquiring, from the multiple cue points preset in the media file, the cue points indicated by the specified signal. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring, according to the acquiring instruction, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file comprises selecting, according to the bandwidth of a network, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein acquiring, according to the acquiring instruction, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file comprises: acquiring an information browsing history of the user; and selecting, according to the information browsing history, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the cue point data, corresponding to the cue points, in the media file comprises: determining a moment to which the cue points belong; and determining, according to the moment, cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein determining, according to the moment, the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point comprises: using the first intra frame after the moment or an intra frame at a moment that is before the moment and closest to the moment as the first frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point; and determining, according to the first frame and a preset quantity of frames or a preset time length, the last frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein determining, according to the moment, the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point comprises: using the first frame that is of a scenario obtained after transition and that is after the moment or a frame that is of a scenario obtained after transition and that is at a moment before the moment and closest to the moment as the first frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point; and determining, according to the first frame and a preset quantity of frames or a preset time length, the last frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: acquiring a content description corresponding to the cue points; determining whether the cue point data is in accord with the content description; and outputting an exception signal when the cue point data is not in accord with the description, wherein the exception signal indicates that the cue point data is not in accord with the description. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cue point data comprises video data and audio data, and wherein the video data comprises at least two frames. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising playing the cue point data to present the segment of the content of the media file. 11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving an acquiring instruction, wherein the acquiring instruction is sent by the user according to the cue point data; and acquiring all or a part of the data of the media file according to the time retrieval instruction. 12. A device for acquiring a media file, comprising: a memory; and a computer processor coupled to the memory, wherein the computer processor is configured to: receive an acquiring instruction, wherein the acquiring instruction instructs to acquire a media file, and wherein multiple cue points are preset in the media file; acquire, according to the acquiring instruction, one or more cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file; determine cue point data, corresponding to the cue points, in the media file; and download the cue point data, wherein the cue point data is used to present a segment of content of the media file such that a user determines whether to acquire all or a part of data of the media file. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: receive a specified signal, wherein the specified signal is used to indicate the cue points; and acquire, from the multiple cue points preset in the media file, the cue points indicated by the specified signal. 14. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to select, according to bandwidth of a network, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file. 15. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: acquire an information browsing history of the user; and select, according to the information browsing history, the cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file. 16. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: determine a moment at which the cue points exist; and determine, according to the moment, cue point data corresponding to a corresponding cue point. 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: use one of the first intra frame after the moment and an intra frame at a moment that is before the moment and closest to the moment, as the first frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point; and determine, according to the first frame and one of a preset quantity of frames and a preset time length, the last frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point. 18. The device according to claim 16, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: use one of the first frame that is of a scenario obtained after transition, and that is after the moment and a frame that is of a scenario obtained after transition and that is at a moment before the moment and closest to the moment, as the first frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point; and determine, according to the first frame, and one of a preset quantity of frames and a preset time length, the last frame of the cue point data corresponding to the corresponding cue point. 19. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: acquire a content description corresponding to the cue points; determine whether the cue point data is in accord with the content description; and output an exception signal when the cue point data is not in accord with the content description, and wherein the exception signal indicates that the cue point data is not in accord with the description. 20. The device according to claim 12, wherein the cue point data corresponding to each cue point comprises video data and audio data, and wherein the video data comprises at least two frames. 21. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to play the cue point data to present the segment. 22. The device according to claim 12, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: receive a time retrieval instruction, wherein the acquiring instruction is sent by the user according to the cue point data; and acquire all or a part of the data of the media file according to the time retrieval instruction. 23. A system, comprising: a server configured to store a media file; and a device configured to acquire the media file from the server, wherein the device comprises: a memory; and a computer processor coupled to the memory, wherein the computer processor is configured to: receive an acquiring instruction, wherein the acquiring instruction instructs to acquire a media file, and wherein multiple cue points are preset in the media file; acquire, according to the acquiring instruction, one or more cue points from the multiple cue points preset in the media file; determine cue point data, corresponding to the cue points, in the media file; and download the cue point data, wherein the cue point data is used to present a segment of content of the media file such that a user determines whether to acquire all or a part of data of the media file.",
-    "A droplet driving control device includes: an output unit which outputs, at droplet ejection timing, a driving waveform for ejecting each droplet at a requested droplet ejection period, the waveform being a reference driving waveform including a plurality of pulse signals which can be set ON or OFF individually; a determination unit which determines whether the droplet ejection period has to be changed or not; an adjustment unit which sets each of the pulse signals of the reference driving waveform ON or OFF selectively based on a determination result of the determination unit to adjust the reference driving waveform to an adjusted driving waveform; and a droplet ejection control unit which ejects each droplet by use of the adjusted driving waveform adjusted by the adjustment unit. 1. A droplet driving control device comprising: an output unit which outputs, at droplet ejection timing, a driving waveform for ejecting each droplet at a requested droplet ejection period, the waveform being a reference driving waveform comprising a plurality of pulse signals which can be set ON or OFF individually; a determination unit which determines whether the droplet ejection period has to be changed or not; an adjustment unit which sets each of the pulse signals of the reference driving waveform ON or OFF selectively based on a determination result of the determination unit to adjust the reference driving waveform to an adjusted driving waveform; and a droplet ejection control unit which ejects each droplet by use of the adjusted driving waveform adjusted by the adjustment unit. 2. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, wherein: the determination unit uses the magnitude of an error of droplet ejection speed as a determination criterion, the error of the droplet ejection speed being caused by a characteristic of residual vibration whose amplitude increases around a proper value of droplet speed as the droplet ejection period is shorter, and converges keeping a specific frequency; and the determination unit determines that the period of the reference driving waveform does not have to be changed when the error is less than a permissible range, and determines that the period of the reference driving waveform has to be changed when the error is not less than the permissible range. 3. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, wherein: when the determination unit determines that the period of the reference driving waveform does not have to be changed, the droplet ejection control unit repeats a single adjusted driving waveform adjusted by the adjustment unit to thereby control ejection of each droplet at a steady period which is the same as the period of the reference driving waveform; and when the determination unit determines that the period of the reference driving waveform has to be changed, the droplet ejection control unit repeats a plurality of adjusted driving waveforms adjusted by the adjustment unit in a predetermined order to thereby control ejection of each droplet at an adjusted period which is different from the period of the reference driving waveform. 4. The droplet driving control device according to claim 2, wherein: when the determination unit determines that the period of the reference driving waveform does not have to be changed, the droplet ejection control unit repeats a single adjusted driving waveform adjusted by the adjustment unit to thereby control ejection of each droplet at a steady period which is the same as the period of the reference driving waveform; and when the determination unit determines that the period of the reference driving waveform has to be changed, the droplet ejection control unit repeats a plurality of adjusted driving waveforms adjusted by the adjustment unit in a predetermined order to thereby control ejection of each droplet at an adjusted period which is different from the period of the reference driving waveform. 5. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, wherein: the adjustment unit generates a first period Tf1 and a second period Tf2 which have different combinations of the pulse signals from each other; the droplet ejection control unit uses and outputs one of the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as a steady period when the droplet ejection period does not have to be changed; and the droplet ejection control unit alternately outputs the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as an adjusted period when the droplet ejection period has to be changed. 6. The droplet driving control device according to claim 2, wherein: the adjustment unit generates a first period Tf1 and a second period Tf2 which have different combinations of the pulse signals from each other; the droplet ejection control unit uses and outputs one of the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as a steady period when the droplet ejection period does not have to be changed; and the droplet ejection control unit alternately outputs the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as an adjusted period when the droplet ejection period has to be changed. 7. The droplet driving control device according to claim 3, wherein: the adjustment unit generates a first period Tf1 and a second period Tf2 which have different combinations of the pulse signals from each other; the droplet ejection control unit uses and outputs one of the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as a steady period when the droplet ejection period does not have to be changed; and the droplet ejection control unit alternately outputs the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as an adjusted period when the droplet ejection period has to be changed. 8. The droplet driving control device according to claim 4, wherein: the adjustment unit generates a first period Tf1 and a second period Tf2 which have different combinations of the pulse signals from each other; the droplet ejection control unit uses and outputs one of the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as a steady period when the droplet ejection period does not have to be changed; and the droplet ejection control unit alternately outputs the first period Tf1 and the second period Tf2 as an adjusted period when the droplet ejection period has to be changed. 9. The droplet driving control device according to claim 5, wherein: each of the first period Tf1=Tf0\u2212(Tc/4)\u00d7n and the second period Tf2=Tf0+(Tc/4)\u00d7n is set as the droplet ejection period, in which the period of the reference driving waveform is designated by Tf0, a period of the residual vibration characteristic is designated by Tc and an odd number among integers is designated by n. 10. The droplet driving control device according to claim 6, wherein: each of the first period Tf1=Tf0\u2212(Tc/4)\u00d7n and the second period Tf2=Tf0+(Tc/4)\u00d7n is set as the droplet ejection period, in which the period of the reference driving waveform is designated by Tf0, a period of the residual vibration characteristic is designated by Tc and an odd number among integers is designated by n. 11. The droplet driving control device according to claim 7, wherein: each of the first period Tf1=Tf0\u2212(Tc/4)\u00d7n and the second period Tf2=Tf0+(Tc/4)\u00d7n is set as the droplet ejection period, in which the period of the reference driving waveform is designated by Tf0, a period of the residual vibration characteristic is designated by Tc and an odd number among integers is designated by n. 12. The droplet driving control device according to claim 8, wherein: each of the first period Tf1=Tf0\u2212(Tc/4)\u00d7n and the second period Tf2=Tf0+(Tc/4)\u00d7n is set as the droplet ejection period, in which the period of the reference driving waveform is designated by Tf0, a period of the residual vibration characteristic is designated by Tc and an odd number among integers is designated by n. 13. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 14. The droplet driving control device according to claim 2, further comprising: a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 15. The droplet driving control device according to claim 3, further comprising: a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 16. The droplet driving control device according to claim 4, further comprising: a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 17. The droplet driving control device according to claim 13, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 18. The droplet driving control device according to claim 14, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 19. The droplet driving control device according to claim 15, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 20. The droplet driving control device according to claim 16, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 21. An image forming apparatus, comprising: the droplet driving control device according to claim 1; wherein: the image forming apparatus can select one from a normal specification mode and a specific specification mode as a droplet ejection period, an image being formed in a setting range in which at least droplet speed does not fluctuate in the normal specification mode, an image being formed in a specific period which exceeds the setting range in the specific specification mode.",
-    "The present invention provides bimetallic complexes having increased activity in the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides. Also provided are methods of using such metal complexes in the synthesis of polymers. According to one aspect, the present invention provides metal complexes comprising an activating species with co-catalytic activity tethered to a multidentate ligand that is coordinated to one or more active metal centers of the complex. 1. A method comprising the step of contacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide with a bimetallic complex having the structure: wherein: M1 is a first metal atom; M2 is a second metal atom; comprises a multidentate ligand system capable of coordinating both metal atoms; represents one or more activating moieties attached to the multidentate ligand system, where is a linker moiety covalently coupled to the ligand system, m is an integer from 1 to 4 representing the number of Z groups present on an individual linker moiety; and each (Z) is an activating functional group independently selected from the group consisting of: wherein: each R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein R1 and R2 can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing one or more additional heteroatoms; each R3 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein an R3 group can be taken with an R1 or R2 group to form one or more optionally substituted rings; and each R4 is independently hydrogen, a hydroxyl protecting group, or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 acyl; C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; R5 is R2 or hydroxyl; wherein R1 and R5 can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl rings; each R6 and R7 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein R6 and R7 can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing one or more heteroatoms, and an R6 and R7 group can be taken with an R1 or R2 group to form one or more optionally substituted rings; each occurrence of R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014SRy, \u2014S(O)Ry, \u2014S(O)2Ry, \u2014NRyC(O)Ry, \u2014OC(O)Ry, \u2014CO2Ry, \u2014NCO, \u2014N3, \u2014OR7, \u2014OC(O)N(Ry)2, \u2014N(Ry)2, \u2014NRyC(O)Ry, \u2014NRyC(O)ORy; or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; and where two or more adjacent R8 groups can be taken together to form an optionally substituted saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic 5- to 12-membered ring containing 0 to 4 heteroatoms; each Ry is independently \u2014H, or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and 8- to 10-membered aryl; X\u2212 is any anion; Ring A is an optionally substituted, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group; and Ring B is an optionally substituted, 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms in addition to the depicted ring nitrogen atom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein M1 and M2 are independently selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, V, Fe, Co, Mo, W, Ru, Al, and Ni. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein M1 and M2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: Co, Al, and Cr. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein M1 and M2 are Co. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein M1 and M2 Cr. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein M1 and M2 are Al. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the moiety contains 1-30 atoms including at least one carbon atom, and optionally one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, Si, B, and P. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the moiety is a C2-30 aliphatic group wherein one or more methylene units are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014NRy\u2014, \u2014N(Ry)C(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)N(Ry)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014OC(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014Si(Ry)2\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550S)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550NRy)\u2014, or \u2014N\u2550N\u2014. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the moiety is selected from the group consisting of: wherein each s is independently 0-6, t is 0-4, * represents the site of attachment to a ligand, and each # represents a site of attachment of an activating functional group. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the moiety comprises a hexadentate ligand. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the moiety comprises two tridentate ligands. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the hexadentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of salen derivatives, derivatives of salen ligands, bis-2-hydroxybenzamido derivatives, and Robson-type macrocyclic Schiff bases. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the hexadentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of: wherein: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6 are each independently oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms which may be optionally substituted if allowed by valency rules; each is optionally present and independently represents an optionally substituted bridge containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein such bridges can independently, or in combination, optionally form one or more optionally substituted rings, wherein each bridge present optionally contains one or more heteroatoms; each moiety is independently an optionally substituted carbon bridge that is optionally unsaturated, where any carbon atoms comprising the bridge may be part of one or more optionally substituted rings; one or more groups is optionally substituted with one or more ; rings C and D each independently represent an optionally substituted 5- to 12-membered mono- or polycylic ring that may be saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic and may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms; each Ra and Rb is independently a substituent present on phenyl rings where two or more Ra groups and/or two or more Rb groups may be taken together to form one or more optionally substituted rings; each Rc and Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of: a group, halogen, \u2014OR7, \u2014N(Ry)2, \u2014SR7, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014SO2Ry, \u2014SOR, \u2014SO2N(Ry)2; \u2014CNO, \u2014NRySO2Ry, \u2014NCO, \u2014N3, \u2014SiR3; or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; where two or more Rc or Rd groups may be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached and any intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings; and where when two Rc or Rd groups are attached to the same carbon atom, they may be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a 3- to 8-membered spirocyclic ring, a carbonyl group, an optionally substituted alkene, an optionally substituted oxime, an optionally substituted hydrazone, and an optionally substituted imine; each Re is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; a group; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of: C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein if two Re groups are present on the same position, they may be taken together to form a spirocyclic ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms and optionally substituted with one or more Re groups; R12 is optionally present, and if present is selected from the group consisting of: a group; or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; and phenyl; h and i are independently 1, 2, 3, or 4; and q is 1 or 2. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide; and where one or more activating moieties are present on the indicated phenyl ring in any one or more available positions as valency allows. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide; and where one or more activating moieties are present on the indicated phenyl ring in any one or more available positions as valency allows. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein each of X1 and X2, if present, is independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex is selected from those in Table 1, wherein each M is independently a metal ion. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein each M is cobalt. 23. The method of claim 13, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 24. The method of claim 23, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 25. The method of claim 13, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 26. The method of claim 13, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 27. The method of claim 13, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises at least one moiety independently selected from the group consisting of: 28. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein one or more Z group is independently a neutral functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, phosphines, gaunidines, bis-guanidines, amidines, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. 29. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein one or more Z group is a cationic moiety independently selected from the group consisting of: 30. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein each linker moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: wherein each s is independently 0-6, t is 0-4, * represents the site of attachment to a ligand, and each # represents a site of attachment of an activating functional group. 31. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein M1 and M2 are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, aluminum, and chromium. 32. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein M1 and M2 are selected from the group consisting of cobalt and chromium. 33. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein M1 and M2 are cobalt. 34. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: chlorine, bromine, an optionally substituted C1-12 carboxylate, azide, an optionally substituted phenoxide, a sulfonate salt, and a combination of any two or more of these. 35. The method of any of claims 23 to 27, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of chloride, acetate, trifluoroacetate, azide, pentafluorobenzoate, and a nitrophenolate. 36. The method of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 1 to 8 Z groups. 37. The method of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 1 to 6 Z groups. 38. The method of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 1 to 4 Z groups. 39. The method of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 2 Z groups. 40. The method of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 4 Z groups. 41. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 42. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is 43. The method of claim 42, wherein R1 and R2 are optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 44. The method of claim 42, wherein R1 and R2 are optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 45. The method of claim 42, wherein R1 and R2 are taken together to form an optionally substituted ring optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 46. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 47. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 48. The method of claim 47, wherein R1 and R2 are \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 49. The method of claim 47, wherein R1 and R2 are \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 50. The method of claim 47, wherein R3 is \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 51. The method of claim 47, wherein two or more of R1, R2, and R3 are taken together to form an optionally substituted ring optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 52. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 53. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 54. The method of claim 53, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 56. The method of claim 53, wherein two or more of R1 and R2 are taken together to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 57. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 58. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is 59. The method of claim 58, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 60. The method of claim 58, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 61. The method of claim 58, wherein two or more of R1 and R2 are taken together to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 62. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 63. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 64. The method of claim 1, wherein the epoxide has the formula: wherein: Ra\u2032 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-30 aliphatic; C1-30 heteroaliphatic; phenyl; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle, a 7-14 carbon saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 12-membered polycyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or an 8- to 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and each of Rb\u2032, Rc\u2032, and Rd\u2032 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-12 aliphatic; C1-12 heteroaliphatic; phenyl; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle, a 7-14 carbon saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 12-membered polycyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or an 8- to 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein any of (Ra\u2032 and Rc\u2032), (Rc\u2032 and Rd\u2032), and (Ra\u2032 and Rb\u2032) can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein a polymer formed has a formula selected from the group consisting of: 66. The method of claim 64, wherein Rb\u2032, Rc\u2032, and Rd\u2032 are each hydrogen. 67. The method of claim 64, wherein Ra\u2032 is optionally substituted C1-12 aliphatic. 68. The method of claim 1, wherein the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, 1,2 octene oxide, 3-vinyl cyclohexene oxide, epichlorohydrin and mixtures of any two or more of these. 69. The method of claim 1, wherein the epoxide is ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or cyclohexene oxide. 70. The method of claim 1, wherein the epoxide is propylene oxide. 71. The method of claim 1, wherein the CO2 pressure is between about 50 and 800 psi. 72. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of catalyst to epoxide is between about 1:1000 and about 1:100,000. 73. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of letting the polymerization proceed until a desired polymer molecular weight has been achieved, quenching the polymerization reaction and isolating the polymer. 74. A bimetallic complex having the structure: wherein: M1 is a first metal atom; M2 is a second metal atom; comprises a multidentate ligand system capable of coordinating both metal atoms; represents one or more activating moieties attached to the multidentate ligand system, where is a linker moiety covalently coupled to the ligand system, m is an integer from 1 to 4 representing the number of Z groups present on an individual linker moiety; and each (Z) is an activating functional group independently selected from the group consisting of: wherein: each R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein R1 and R2 can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing one or more additional heteroatoms; each R3 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein an R3 group can be taken with an R1 or R2 group to form one or more optionally substituted rings; and each R4 is independently hydrogen, a hydroxyl protecting group, or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 acyl; C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; R5 is R2 or hydroxyl; wherein R1 and R5 can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl rings; each R6 and R7 is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein R6 and R7 can be taken together with intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing one or more heteroatoms, and an R6 and R7 group can be taken with an R1 or R2 group to form one or more optionally substituted rings; each occurrence of R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014SRy, \u2014S(O)Ry, \u2014S(O)2Ry, \u2014NRyC(O)Ry, \u2014OC(O)Ry, \u2014CO2Ry, \u2014NCO, \u2014N3, \u2014OR7, \u2014OC(O)N(Ry)2, \u2014N(Ry)2, \u2014NRyC(O)Ry, \u2014NRyC(O)ORy; or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; and where two or more adjacent R8 groups can be taken together to form an optionally substituted saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic 5- to 12-membered ring containing 0 to 4 heteroatoms; each Ry is independently \u2014H, or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and 8- to 10-membered aryl; X\u2212 is any anion; Ring A is an optionally substituted, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group; and Ring B is an optionally substituted, 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms in addition to the depicted ring nitrogen atom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 75. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein M1 and M2 are independently selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, V, Fe, Co, Mo, W, Ru, Al, and Ni. 76. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein M1 and M2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: Co, Al, and Cr. 77. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein M1 and M2 are Co. 78. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein M1 and M2 Cr. 79. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein M1 and M2 are Al. 80. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the moiety contains 1-30 atoms including at least one carbon atom, and optionally one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, Si, B, and P. 81. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the moiety is a C2-30 aliphatic group wherein one or more methylene units are optionally and independently replaced by \u2014NRy\u2014, \u2014N(Ry)C(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)N(Ry)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014OC(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014Si(Ry)2\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550S)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550NRy)\u2014, or \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, wherein each occurrence of Ry is independently \u2014H, or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and 8- to 10-membered aryl. 82. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the moiety is selected from the group consisting of: wherein each s is independently 0-6, t is 0-4, * represents the site of attachment to a ligand, and each # represents a site of attachment of an activating functional group. 83. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the moiety comprises a hexadentate ligand. 84. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the moiety comprises two tridentate ligands. 85. The bimetallic complex of claim 83, wherein the hexadentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of salen derivatives, derivatives of salen ligands, bis-2-hydroxybenzamido derivatives, and Robson-type macrocyclic Schiff bases. 86. The bimetallic complex of claim 83, wherein the hexadentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of: wherein: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6 are each independently oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms which may be optionally substituted if allowed by valency rules; each is optionally present and independently represents an optionally substituted bridge containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein such bridges can independently, or in combination, optionally form one or more optionally substituted rings, wherein each bridge present optionally contains one or more heteroatoms; each moiety is independently an optionally substituted carbon bridge that is optionally unsaturated, where any carbon atoms comprising the bridge may be part of one or more optionally substituted rings; one or more groups is optionally substituted with one or more ; rings C and D each independently represent an optionally substituted 5- to 12-membered mono- or polycylic ring that may be saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic and may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms; each Ra and Rb is independently a substituent present on phenyl rings where two or more Ra groups and/or two or more Rb groups may be taken together to form one or more optionally substituted rings; each Rc and Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of: a group, halogen, \u2014OR7, \u2014N(Ry)2, \u2014SR7, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014SO2Ry, \u2014SOR, \u2014SO2N(Ry)2; \u2014CNO, \u2014NRySO2Ry, \u2014NCO, \u2014N3, \u2014SiR3; or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; where two or more Rc or Rd groups may be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached and any intervening atoms to form one or more optionally substituted rings; and where when two Rc or Rd groups are attached to the same carbon atom, they may be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a moiety selected from the group consisting of: a 3- to 8-membered spirocyclic ring, a carbonyl group, an optionally substituted alkene, an optionally substituted oxime, an optionally substituted hydrazone, and an optionally substituted imine; each Re is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; a group; or an optionally substituted moiety selected from the group consisting of: C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocycle; a 7- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic carbocycle; a 5- to 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 3- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 6- to 14-membered saturated or partially unsaturated polycyclic heterocycle having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; phenyl; or an 8- to 14-membered polycyclic aryl ring; wherein if two Re groups are present on the same position, they may be taken together to form a spirocyclic ring optionally containing one or more heteroatoms and optionally substituted with one or more Re groups; R12 is optionally present, and if present is selected from the group consisting of: a group; or an optionally substituted radical selected from the group consisting of C1-20 aliphatic; C1-20 heteroaliphatic; and phenyl; h and i are independently 1, 2, 3, or 4; and q is 1 or 2. 87. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide; and where one or more activating moieties are present on the indicated phenyl ring in any one or more available positions as valency allows. 88. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide; and where one or more activating moieties are present on the indicated phenyl ring in any one or more available positions as valency allows. 89. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 90. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 91. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 92. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein: X1 and X2 are each independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 93. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises: wherein each of X1 and X2, if present, independently an anion or a nucleophile capable of ring opening an epoxide. 94. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the bimetallic complex is selected from those in Table 1, wherein each M is independently a metal ion. 95. The bimetallic complex of claim 94, wherein each M is cobalt. 96. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 97. The bimetallic complex of claim 96, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 98. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 99. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, at least one phenyl ring of a bimetallic complex is independently selected from the group consisting of: 100. The bimetallic complex of claim 86, wherein the bimetallic complex comprises at least one moiety independently selected from the group consisting of: 101. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein one or more Z group is independently a neutral functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, phosphines, gaunidines, bis-guanidines, amidines, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. 102. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein one or more Z group is a cationic moiety independently selected from the group consisting of: 103. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein each linker moiety \u201c\u201d is independently selected from the group consisting of: wherein each s is independently 0-6, t is 0-4, * represents the site of attachment to a ligand, and each # represents a site of attachment of an activating functional group. 104. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein M1 and M2 are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, aluminum, and chromium. 105. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein M1 and M2 are selected from the group consisting of cobalt and chromium. 106. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein M1 and M2 are cobalt. 107. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: chlorine, bromine, an optionally substituted C1-12 carboxylate, azide, an optionally substituted phenoxide, a sulfonate salt, and a combination of any two or more of these. 108. The bimetallic complex of any of claims 96 to 100, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of chloride, acetate, trifluoroacetate, azide, pentafluorobenzoate, and a nitrophenolate. 109. The bimetallic complex of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 1 to 8 Z groups. 110. The bimetallic complex of claim 1, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 1 to 6 Z groups. 111. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 1 to 4 Z groups. 112. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 2 Z groups. 113. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein the bimetallic complex contains a total of 4 Z groups. 114. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 115. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is 116. The bimetallic complex of claim 115, wherein R1 and R2 are optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 117. The bimetallic complex of claim 115, wherein R1 and R2 are optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 118. The bimetallic complex of claim 115, wherein R1 and R2 are taken together to form an optionally substituted ring optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 119. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 120. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 121. The bimetallic complex of claim 120, wherein R1 and R2 are \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 122. The bimetallic complex of claim 120, wherein R1 and R2 are \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 123. The bimetallic complex of claim 120, wherein R3 is \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 124. The bimetallic complex of claim 120, wherein two or more of R1, R2, and R3 are taken together to form an optionally substituted ring optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 125. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 126. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 127. The bimetallic complex of claim 126, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 128. The bimetallic complex of claim 126, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 129. The bimetallic complex of claim 126, wherein two or more of R1 and R2 are taken together to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 130. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 131. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is 132. The bimetallic complex of claim 131, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-20 aliphatic. 133. The bimetallic complex of claim 131, wherein each R1 and R2 is independently independently \u2014H or optionally substituted C1-10 aliphatic. 134. The bimetallic complex of claim 131, wherein two or more of R1 and R2 are taken together to form one or more optionally substituted rings optionally containing additional heteroatoms. 135. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of: 136. The bimetallic complex of claim 74, wherein at least one Z group is selected from the group consisting of:",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, computer program product, and system for authenticating a user. The application server receives a user log in request and determines if a unique identification accompanies the received user log in request. The application server uses the unique identification to authenticate the identity of the user. The application server determines if the unique identification has been previously received by searching a first database to see if the unique identification was already stored in the first database. If the unique identification is not in the first database then the application server stores the unique identification and grants the user access to the one or more applications hosted on the application server. 1. A method for authenticating a user, the method comprising: receiving, by a first computer, a request for a user log in from a second computer; determining, by the first computer, if a unique identification accompanies the received user log in request, wherein the unique identification is used to authenticate the identity of the user; determining, by the first computer, if the unique identification has been previously received by searching a first database to see if the unique identification was already stored in the first database; in response to the unique identification not being previously received, storing, by the first computer, the unique identification to the first database; granting, by the first computer, access to the user to an application hosted on the first computer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to determining, by the first computer, that the unique identification does not accompany the received user log in request, authenticating, by the first computer, the user identity by using a user email address. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: in response to using the user email address to authenticate the user, granting, by the first computer, limited access to the user to the application, wherein the limited access to the application allows the user to access predetermined application functions associated with limited access; and transmitting, by the first computer, a request to the second computer that a unique identification be generated for the user. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the unique identification is a universally unique identifier. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the unique identification is generated by the second computer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the unique identification is stored in a secure second database, by the second computer, after the unique identification has been generated; and wherein the second computer transmits the unique identification from the secure second database to the first computer when the user request to log in on to the first computer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the secure database prevents the stored unique identification associated a user from be edited. 8. A computer program product for authenticating a user, the computer program product comprising: one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media and program instructions stored on the one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, the program instructions comprising: receiving a request for a user log in from a second computer; determining if a unique identification accompanies the received user log in request, wherein the unique identification is used to authenticate the identity of the user; determining if the unique identification has been previously received by searching a first database to see if the unique identification was already stored in the first database; in response to the unique identification not being previously received, storing the unique identification to the first database; granting access to the user to an application. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, the program instruction further comprising: in response to determining that the unique identification does not accompany the received user log in request, authenticating the user identity by using the using a user email address. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, the program instructions further comprising: in response to using the user email address to authenticate the user, granting limited access to the user to the application, wherein the limited access to the application allows the user to access predetermined application functions associated with limited access; and transmitting a request to the second computer that a unique identification be generated for the user. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the unique identification is a universally unique identifier. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the unique identification is generated by the second computer. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the unique identification is stored in a secure second database, by the second computer, after the unique identification has been generated; and wherein the second computer transmits the unique identification from the secure second database when the user request to log in. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the secure database prevents the stored unique identification associated a user from be edited. 15. A computer system for authenticating a user, the computer system comprising: one or more computer processors, one or more computer-readable storage media, and program instructions stored on one or more of the computer-readable storage media for execution by at least one of the one or more processors, the program instructions comprising: receiving a request for a user log in from a second computer; determining if a unique identification accompanies the received user log in request, wherein the unique identification is used to authenticate the identity of the user; determining if the unique identification has been previously received by searching a first database to see if the unique identification was already stored in the first database; in response to the unique identification not being previously received, storing the unique identification to the first database; granting access to the user to an application hosted. 16. The computer system of claim 15, the program instruction further comprising: in response to determining that the unique identification does not accompany the received user log in request, authenticating the user identity by using the using a user email address. 17. The computer system of claim 16, the program instructions further comprising: in response to using the user email address to authenticate the user, granting limited access to the user to the application, wherein the limited access to the application allows the user to access predetermined application functions associated with limited access; and transmitting a request to the second computer that a unique identification be generated for the user. 18. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the unique identification is a universally unique identifier. 19. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the unique identification is generated by the second computer. 20. The computer system of claim 19, wherein the unique identification is stored in a secure second database, by the second computer, after the unique identification has been generated; wherein the second computer transmits the unique identification from the secure second database when the user request to log in; and wherein the secure database prevents the stored unique identification associated a user from be edited.",
-    "A Relay Gateway (R-GW) proxies Long Term Evolution (LTE) signaling in a network core for wireless relays that serve mobile User Equipment (UE). The R-GW receives relay-originated LTE signaling from the wireless relays through a data gateway system in the network core. The R-GW transfers the relay-originated LTE signaling to a UE control system in the network core. The R-GW receives core-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the UE control system in the network core. The R-GW transfers the core-originated LTE signaling to the data gateway system for delivery to the wireless relays. 1. A method of operating a Relay-Gateway (R-GW) to proxy Long Term Evolution (LTE) signaling in a network core for wireless relays that serve mobile User Equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving relay-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the wireless relays through a data gateway system in the network core to the R-GW; transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling to a UE control system in the network core; receiving core-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the UE control system in the network core to the R-GW; and transferring the core-originated LTE signaling to the data gateway system for delivery to the wireless relays. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein: the data gateway system comprises a Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) and a Secure Gateway (Se-GW), the P-GW is coupled to a wireless LTE network, and the Se-GW is coupled to a non-LTE Wide Area Network (WAN); receiving the relay-originated LTE signaling comprises receiving some of the relay-originated LTE signaling from the P-GW and receiving other of the relay-originated LTE signaling from the Se-GW; and transferring the core-originated LTE signaling comprises transferring some of the core-originated LTE signaling to the P-GW and transferring other of the core-originated LTE signaling to the Se-GW. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein: the UE control system comprises a Mobility Management Entity (MME); transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling comprises transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling to the MME; and receiving the core-originated LTE signaling comprises receiving the core-originated LTE signaling from the MME. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the LTE signaling comprises S1-MME signaling and S11 signaling. 5. The method of claim 2 wherein: the UE control system comprises a Policy and Charging and Rules Function (PCRF); transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling comprises transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling to the PCRF; and receiving the core-originated LTE signaling comprises receiving the core-originated LTE signaling from the PCRF. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the LTE signaling comprises S15 signaling. 7. The method of claim 2 wherein: the UE control system comprises an accounting data system; transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling comprises transferring the relay-originated LTE signaling to the accounting data system; and receiving the core-originated LTE signaling comprises receiving the core-originated LTE signaling from the accounting data system. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the LTE signaling comprises Gz/Gy signaling. 9. The method of claim 2 further comprising: receiving additional relay-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the wireless relays through the data gateway system in the network core to the R-GW; transferring the additional relay-originated LTE signaling to an eNodeB; receiving eNodeB-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the eNodeB to the R-GW; and transferring the eNodeB-originated LTE signaling to the data gateway system for delivery to the wireless relays. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the LTE signaling comprises X2 signaling. 11. A Relay-Gateway (R-GW) to proxy Long Term Evolution (LTE) signaling in a network core for wireless relays that serve mobile User Equipment (UE), the R-GW comprising: a data communication interface configured to receive relay-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the wireless relays through a data gateway system in the network core to the R-GW; a data processing system configured to transfer the relay-originated LTE signaling to a UE control system in the network core; the data processing system configured to receive core-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the UE control system in the network core to the R-GW; and the data communication interface configured to transfer the core-originated LTE signaling to the data gateway system for delivery to the wireless relays. 12. The R-GW of claim 11 wherein: the data gateway system comprises a Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) and a Secure Gateway (Se-GW), the P-GW is coupled to a wireless LTE network, and the Se-GW is coupled to a non-LTE Wide Area Network (WAN); the data communication interface is configured to receive some of the relay-originated LTE signaling from the P-GW and to receive other of the relay-originated LTE signaling from the Se-GW; and the data communication interface is configured to transfer some of the core-originated LTE signaling to the P-GW and to transfer other of the core-originated LTE signaling to the Se-GW. 13. The R-GW of claim 12 wherein: the UE control system comprises a Mobility Management Entity (MME); the data processing system is configured to transfer the relay-originated LTE signaling to the MME; and the data processing system is configured to receive the core-originated LTE signaling from the MME. 14. The R-GW of claim 13 wherein the LTE signaling comprises S1-MME signaling and S11 signaling. 15. The R-GW of claim 12 wherein: the UE control system comprises a Policy and Charging and Rules Function (PCRF); the data processing system is configured to transfer the relay-originated LTE signaling to the PCRF; and the data processing system is configured to receive the core-originated LTE signaling from the PCRF. 16. The R-GW of claim 15 wherein the LTE signaling comprises S15 signaling. 17. The R-GW of claim 12 wherein: the UE control system comprises an accounting data system; the data processing system is configured to transfer the relay-originated LTE signaling to the accounting data system; and the data processing system is configured to receive the core-originated LTE signaling from the accounting data system. 18. The R-GW of claim 17 wherein the LTE signaling comprises Gz/Gy signaling. 19. The R-GW of claim 12 wherein: the data communication interface is configured to receive additional relay-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the wireless relays through the data gateway system in the network core to the R-GW; the data processing system is configured to transfer the additional relay-originated LTE signaling to an eNodeB and to receive eNodeB-originated LTE signaling that was transferred by the eNodeB to the R-GW; and the data communication interface is configured to transfer the eNodeB-originated LTE signaling to the data gateway system for delivery to the wireless relays. 20. The R-GW of claim 19 wherein the LTE signaling comprises X2 signaling.",
-    "Embodiments include semiconductor devices related to compound varactor circuits. Specifically, a semiconductor device may be constructed of a modified anti-series string of varactor pairs, wherein one varactor in a varactor pair has an effective area larger than the other varactor. Varactor pairs in the anti-series string are arranged such that adjacent varactors coupling varactor pairs have equal effective areas. In some embodiments, the anti-series string may have four varactors (two varactor pairs.) In other embodiments, the anti-series string may have eight varactors (four varactor pairs) or twelve varactors (six varactor pairs). The compound varactor using the modified anti-series string of varactor pairs may be advantageous in reducing second harmonics related to parasitic capacitances in anti-series varactor applications. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first port; a second port; and an anti-series string of varactors electrically coupled between the first port and the second port, the anti-series string of varactors comprising: a first varactor; a second varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the first varactor; a third varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the second varactor; and a fourth varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the third varactor wherein the first varactor and fourth varactor each has a first effective area and the second varactor and third varactor each has a second effective area, which is different than the first effective area. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the second effective area is between 45% and 75% of the first effective area. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the second effective area is between 50% and 60% of the first effective area. 4. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a third port; a first resistor electrically coupled between the third port and the anodes of the first and second varactors; and a second resistor electrically coupled between the third port and the anodes of the third and fourth varactors. 5. The device of claim 4, further comprising a fourth port and a third resistor electrically coupled between the fourth port and the cathodes of the second and third varactors. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the anti-series string of varactors is formed on a substrate. 7. The device of claim 6 wherein each varactor of the anti-series string of varactors is an epitaxial stack having an upper contact layer, a varactor layer, and a lower contact layer. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein the anti-series string of varactors further comprises: a fifth varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to the cathode of the fourth varactor; a sixth varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the fifth varactor; a seventh varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the sixth varactor; and an eighth varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the seventh varactor wherein the fifth varactor and eighth varactor each has the first effective area and the sixth varactor and seventh varactor each has the second effective area. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein the device is coupled with one selected from a group consisting of a voltage controlled oscillator, an electronically tuned filter, and an electronically controlled switch. 10. A semiconductor device comprising: a first port; a second port; and an anti-series string of varactors electrically coupled between the first port and the second port, the anti-series string of varactors comprising: a first varactor; a second varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the first varactor; a third varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the second varactor; and a fourth varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the third varactor wherein the first varactor and fourth varactor each has a first effective area and the second varactor and third varactor each has a second effective area, which is different than the first effective area. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein the second effective area is between 45% and 75% of the first effective area. 12. The device of claim 10 wherein the second effective area is between 50% and 60% of the first effective area. 13. The device of claim 10 further comprising a third port and a first resistor electrically coupled between the third port and the anodes of the second and third varactors. 14. The device of claim 13 further comprising: a fourth port; a second resistor electrically coupled between the fourth port and the cathodes of the first and second varactors; and a third resistor electrically coupled between the fourth port and the cathodes of the third and fourth varactors. 15. The device of claim 10 wherein the anti-series string of varactors is formed on a substrate. 16. The device of claim 15 wherein each varactor of the anti-series string of varactors is an epitaxial stack having an upper contact layer, a varactor layer, and a lower contact layer. 17. The device of claim 10 wherein the anti-series string of varactors further comprises: a fifth varactor having an anode electrically coupled to the anode of the fourth varactor; a sixth varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the fifth varactor; a seventh varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the sixth varactor; and an eighth varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the seventh varactor wherein the fifth and eighth varactors each have the first effective area and the sixth and seventh varactors each have the second effective area. 18. The device of claim 10 wherein the device is coupled with a voltage controlled oscillator, an electronically tuned filter, or an electronically controlled switch. 19. A wireless device comprising: an antenna; a radio front end (RFE) module coupled with the antenna; a compound varactor incorporated within or coupled with the RFE module, the compound varactor comprising: a first port; a second port; and an anti-series string of varactors electrically coupled between the first port and the second port, the anti-series string of varactors comprising: a first varactor; a second varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the first varactor; a third varactor having an anode electrically coupled to an anode of the second varactor; and a fourth varactor having a cathode electrically coupled to a cathode of the third varactor wherein the first varactor and fourth varactor each has a first effective area and the second varactor and third varactor each has a second effective area which is different than the first effective area. 20. The device of claim 19 wherein the compound varactor is part of an impedance tuning circuit or an antenna tuning circuit.",
-    "A memory system includes a controller and a semiconductor memory device. The semiconductor memory device stores a data set having main data bits and parity bits and provide soft decision bit streams corresponding to the data set in response to control signals of the controller. The controller includes a soft decision decoder for identifying data set by decoding the soft decision bit streams according to a first decoding method, a deinterleaver for deinterleaving the identified data set, a hard decision decoder for decoding the deinterleaved data set according to a second decoding method based on parity bits included in the deinterleaved data set, and outputting a failed data set if the decoding according to the second decoding method has failed, and an interleaver for interleaving the failed data set. The interleaved data set is fed back to the soft decision decoder. 1. A memory system comprising: a controller; and a semiconductor memory device configured to store a data set having main data bits and parity bits and provide soft decision bit streams corresponding to the data set in response to control signals of the controller, wherein the controller includes: a soft decision decoder configured to identify the data set by decoding the soft decision bit streams according to a first decoding method; a deinterleaver configured to deinterleave the identified data set; a hard decision decoder configured to decode the deinterleaved data set according to a second decoding method based on the parity bits included in the deinterleaved data set, and output a failed data set if the decoding according to the second decoding method has failed; and an interleaver configured to interleave the failed data set, wherein the interleaved data set is fed back to the soft decision decoder. 2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the soft decision decoder re-decodes the soft decision bit streams based on the interleaved data set. 3. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the soft decision decoder, the deinterleaver, the hard decision decoder, and the interleaver are included in one feedback loop. 4. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the failed data set has the same size as the data set. 5. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the main data bits are acquired if the decoding according to the second decoding method has been completed successfully, and wherein the hard decision decoder outputs the main data bits as host data. 6. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the deinterleaved data set is divided into a plurality of data blocks, wherein the decoding according to the second decoding method is performed on the data block basis, and wherein the failed data set includes a data block of which the decoding according to the second decoding method has failed and a data block of which the decoding according to the second decoding method has been completed successfully. 7. The memory system of claim 6, wherein the hard decision decoder further outputs a plurality of flag information respectively corresponding to the plurality of data blocks, and wherein each of the plurality of flag information represents whether the decoding according to the second decoding method has been completed successfully or failed with respect to a corresponding data block. 8. The memory system of claim 7, wherein the soft decision decoder re-decodes the soft decision bit streams based on the plurality of flag information and the interleaved data set. 9. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor memory device performs a read-retry operation in response to control signals of the controller and outputs, to the controller, second soft decision bit streams corresponding to the data set, and wherein the read-retry operation is performed in parallel to at least one of the decoding according to the first decoding method, the deinterleaving, the decoding according to the second decoding method, and the interleaving. 10. The memory system of claim 9, wherein the soft decision decoder decodes the second soft decision bit streams according to the first decoding method based on the interleaved data set. 11. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first decoding method corresponds to a convolution code. 12. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first decoding method corresponds to a low density parity check (LDPC) code. 13. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the second decoding method corresponds to a Reed Solomon code. 14. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the second decoding method corresponds to a Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem (BCH) code. 15. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller includes: a hard decision encoder configured to generate the parity bits by encoding host data according to a second encoding method corresponding to the second decoding method; and a second interleaver configured to generate the data set by interleaving the host data and the parity bits, wherein the data set is encoded according to a first encoding method corresponding to the first decoding method to be stored in the semiconductor memory device. 16. A method of operating a semiconductor system, the method comprising: providing soft decision bit streams corresponding to a data set, the data set having main data bits and parity bits; identifying the data set by decoding the soft decision bit streams according to a first decoding method; deinterleaving the identified data set; decoding the deinterleaved data set according to a second decoding method based on the parity bits of the deinterleaved data set; outputting a failed data set if the decoding according to the second decoding method has failed; interleaving the failed data set; and re-performing the decoding according to the first decoding method based on the deinterleaved data set. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein deinterleaving the identified data set, decoding the deinterleaved data set according to the second decoding method, outputting the failed data set, interleaving the failed data set, and re-performing the decoding according to the first decoding method are repeated until the decoding according to the second decoding method is completed successfully. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the failed data set has the same size as the data set. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising providing second soft decision bit streams corresponding to the data set, wherein providing the second soft decision bit streams is performed in parallel to at least one of decoding according to the first decoding method, deinterleaving the identified data set, decoding according to the second decoding method, outputting the failed data set, and interleaving the failed data set. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein re-performing the decoding according to the first decoding method includes decoding the second soft decision bit streams according to the first decoding method based on the interleaved data set.",
-    "A two-piece casket containment system is provided that consist of an upper cover and lower base, both of which are made from a pliable, lightweight waterproof material, and both of which may be cinched around the casket through use of a drawstring assembly. 1. A burial casket containment system comprising an upper cover and a lower base; the upper cover comprising a pliable fabric comprising a top portion and four upper side portions, each of the four upper side portions adjoining the top portion along the perimeter of the top portion so as to form an upper opening suitable in shape for encasing a top of a burial casket, the upper cover further comprising an upper drawstring assembly encased in an upper channel along the upper opening perimeter formed by the four upper side portions; the lower base comprising a pliable fabric comprising a bottom portion and four base side portions, each of the four base side portions adjoining the bottom portion along the perimeter of the bottom portion so as to form a lower opening suitable in shape for encasing a bottom of the burial casket, the lower base further comprising a base drawstring assembly in a lower channel encased along the base opening perimeter formed by the four base side portions; whereby, when the burial casket is placed within the lower opening of the lower base, the base drawstring assembly is cinched so as to draw the base opening perimeter snugly around the burial casket, and when the upper opening of the upper cover is placed over the top of the burial casket so as to encase the burial casket and overlap the lower base, the upper drawstring assembly is cinched so as to draw the upper opening perimeter snugly around the burial casket and the lower base. 2. The burial casket containment system of claim 1 wherein the upper drawstring assembly and the lower drawstring assembly each comprise a two piece buckle. 3. The burial casket containment system of claim 1 wherein the upper drawstring assembly and the lower drawstring assembly each comprise a hook and loop assembly. 4. The burial casket containment system of claim 1 wherein the pliable fabric of the upper cover and the lower cover comprises a water proof PVC coated polyester fabric. 5. The burial casket containment system of claim 1 wherein the four upper side portions adjoin the top portion along the perimeter of the top portion by heat welding. 6. The burial casket containment system of claim 1 wherein the four base side portions adjoin the bottom portion along the perimeter of the bottom portion by heat welding. 7. A method of covering a burial casket comprising the steps of: placing the burial casket within a lower opening of a lower base, wherein the lower base comprises a pliable fabric comprising a bottom portion and four base side portions, each of the four base side portions adjoining the bottom portion along the perimeter of the bottom portion so as to form the lower opening suitable in shape for encasing a bottom of the burial casket, and wherein the lower base further comprises a base drawstring assembly in a lower channel encased along the base opening perimeter formed by the four base side portions; cinching the base drawstring assembly so as to draw the base opening perimeter snugly around the burial casket; placing an upper opening of an upper cover over a top of the burial casket so as to encase the burial casket and overlap the lower base, wherein the upper cover comprises a pliable fabric comprising a top portion and four upper side portions, each of the four upper side portions adjoining the top portion along the perimeter of the top portion so as to form the upper opening suitable in shape for encasing the top of the burial casket, and wherein the upper cover further comprises an upper drawstring assembly encased in an upper channel along the upper opening perimeter formed by the four side portions; and cinching the upper drawstring assembly so as to draw the upper opening perimeter snugly around the burial casket and the lower base.",
-    "A method of operating an operating system for providing inter-application communications between a publisher application and a subscriber application. The method includes receiving a publication request from the publisher application at an operating system, receiving a subscriber application from the subscriber application at the operating system, performing an operating system based event brokering procedure based on the publication request and the subscription request, and publishing an event based on the procedure. 1. A method of sharing information entered by a publisher to a participant in a shared network meeting, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a subscription request from a subscriber application of the participant that specifies a publisher application of the publisher and subsequently, the subscriber application becoming inactive; receiving a published event from the publisher, the published event representing an action performed by the publisher on a user interface on the publisher application, the published event comprising action program code to perform the action on the user interface, and in response, to the published event, one or more processors determining that the published event matches the subscription request from the subscriber application while the subscriber application is inactive, and subsequently, the one or more processors determining that the subscriber application becomes active, and only in response, sending a screen shot of the user interface from an operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application, and sending the action, including the action program code, separate from the screen shot, from the operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application; and the subscriber application receiving and displaying the screen shot, receiving the action program code and subsequently executing the action program code to perform the action and displaying a result of the execution of the action program code on the screen shot such that the participant sees the action performed on the user interface after seeing the user interface before the action was performed. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of displaying a result comprises displaying mouse movements with respect to the screen shot. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: receiving a second published event from the publisher, the second published event representing closing the application on the publisher application, the second published event comprising program code to perform the closing on the user interface, and in response to the second published event, the one or more processors determining that the second published event matches the subscription request from the subscriber application, sending the closing, including the action program code, from the operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application; and the subscriber application receiving the closing, and removing the screen shot such that the participant sees the closing performed on the user interface, after seeing the action performed. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: subsequent to receiving the subscription request from a subscriber application of the participant that specifies a publisher application of the publisher, setting up an event filter to specify the events subscribed-to as limited to an event type, wherein the event type is not a mouse movement. 5. A computer program product for sharing information entered by a publisher to a participant in a shared network meeting, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage device having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising: comprises computer readable program code configured to receive a subscription request from a subscriber application of the participant that specifies a publisher application of the publisher and subsequently, the subscriber application becoming inactive; computer readable program code configured to receive a published event from the publisher, the published event representing an action performed by the publisher on a user interface on the publisher application, the published event comprising action program code to perform the action on the user interface, and in response, to the published event, computer readable program code configured to determine that the published event matches the subscription request from the subscriber application while the subscriber application is inactive, and subsequently, determine that the subscriber application becomes active, and only in response, send a screen shot of the user interface from an operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application, and computer readable program code configured to send the action, including the action program code, separate from the screen shot, from the operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application; and computer readable program code in the subscriber application configured to receive and displaying the screen shot, receive the action program code and subsequently executing the action program code to perform the action and displaying a result of the execution of the action program code on the screen shot such that the participant sees the action performed on the user interface after seeing the user interface before the action was performed. 6. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein the computer readable program code configured to displaying a result comprises computer readable program code configured to display mouse movements with respect to the screen shot. 7. The computer program product of claim 5, further comprising: computer readable program code configured to receive a second published event from the publisher, the second published event representing closing the application on the publisher application, the second published event comprising program code to perform the closing on the user interface, and in response to the second published event, determine that the second published event matches the subscription request from the subscriber application, computer readable program code configured to send the closing, including the action program code, from the operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application; and computer readable program code configured to receive, at the subscriber application, the closing, and remove the screen shot such that the participant sees the closing performed on the user interface, after seeing the action performed. 8. The computer program product of claim 5, further comprising computer readable program code configured to: computer readable program code configured to set up an event filter to specify the events subscribed-to as limited to an event type, wherein the event type is not a mouse movement, subsequent to receiving the subscription request from a subscriber application of the participant that specifies a publisher application of the publisher. 9. A data processing system comprising: a bus; a storage device connected to the bus, wherein computer usable code is located in the storage device; a communication unit connected to the bus; and a processor connected to the bus, wherein the processor is configured to execute computer usable code for sharing information entered by a publisher to a participant in a shared network meeting, the computer usable code, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to execute the steps: receive a subscription request from a subscriber application of the participant that specifies a publisher application of the publisher and subsequently, the subscriber application becoming inactive; receive a published event from the publisher, the published event representing an action performed by the publisher on a user interface on the publisher application, the published event comprising action program code to perform the action on the user interface, and in response, to the published event, determine that the published event matches the subscription request from the subscriber application while the subscriber application is inactive, and subsequently, determine that the subscriber application becomes active, and only in response, send a screen shot of the user interface from an operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application, and send the action, including the action program code, separate from the screen shot, from the operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application; and receive and display, by the subscriber application, the screen shot, receive the action program code and subsequently executing the action program code to perform the action and displaying a result of the execution of the action program code on the screen shot such that the participant sees the action performed on the user interface after seeing the user interface before the action was performed. 10. The data processing system of claim 9, wherein the computer usable program code configured to display a result comprises computer usable program code configured to display mouse movements with respect to the screen shot. 11. The data processing system of claim 9, wherein the processor further executes computer readable program code configured to receive a second published event from the publisher, the second published event representing closing the application on the publisher application, the second published event comprising program code to perform the closing on the user interface, and in response to the second published event, determine that the second published event matches the subscription request from the subscriber application, send the closing, including the action program code, from the operating system of the publisher application to the subscriber application; and receive, at the subscriber application, the closing, and remove the screen shot such that the participant sees the closing performed on the user interface, after seeing the action performed. 12. The data processing system of claim 9, wherein the processor further executes computer readable program code configured to set up an event filter to specify the events subscribed-to as limited to an event type, wherein the event type is not a mouse movement, subsequent to receiving the subscription request from a subscriber application of the participant that specifies a publisher application of the publisher.",
-    "A droplet driving control device includes: a droplet ejection control unit which ejects droplets at requested droplet ejection periods; and an adjustment unit which adjusts control of the droplet ejection control unit using at least continuous two of the droplet ejection periods as one set based on an error of droplet speed with respect to a proper value thereof, so that droplets can be ejected at different droplet ejection periods within a range of the one set, and an average value of the droplet ejection periods within the range of the one set for ejecting the droplets can be equal to each of the requested droplet ejection periods. 1. A droplet driving control device comprising: a droplet ejection control unit which ejects droplets at requested droplet ejection periods; and an adjustment unit which adjusts control of the droplet ejection control unit using at least continuous two of the droplet ejection periods as one set based on an error of droplet speed with respect to a proper value thereof, so that droplets can be ejected at different droplet ejection periods within a range of the one set, and an average value of the droplet ejection periods within the range of the one set for ejecting the droplets can be equal to each of the requested droplet ejection periods. 2. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment unit increases/decreases droplet ejection timings in the range of the one set by values to thereby cancel the values with each other so that droplet speed of each droplet can approach a set value of the droplet speed in each of the periods within the range of the one set. 3. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, wherein: the error in the droplet speed is caused by a characteristic of residual vibration whose amplitude increases around the proper value of the droplet speed as each of the droplet ejection periods is shorter, and converges keeping a specific frequency; and the adjustment unit executes the adjustment when there is at least a predetermined error in the droplet speed in the requested droplet ejection periods. 4. The droplet driving control device according to claim 2, wherein: the error in the droplet speed is caused by a characteristic of residual vibration whose amplitude increases around the proper value of the droplet speed as each of the droplet ejection periods is shorter, and converges keeping a specific frequency; and the adjustment unit executes the adjustment when there is at least a predetermined error in the droplet speed in the requested droplet ejection periods. 5. The droplet driving control device according to claim 3, wherein timings expressed by Tf1=Tf0\u2212(Tc/4) and Tf2=Tf0+(Tc/4) are set as the droplet ejection timings when the periods in the range of the one set include two periods, i.e. a first period and a second period, which have a temporal relation sequential to each other, the droplet ejection period as a reference is Tf0, the first period is Tf1, the second period is Tf2 and a period of the residual vibration characteristic is Tc. 6. The droplet driving control device according to claim 4, wherein timings expressed by Tf1=Tf0\u2212(Tc/4) and Tf2=Tf0+(Tc/4) are set as the droplet ejection timings when the periods in the range of the one set include two periods, i.e. a first period and a second period, which have a temporal relation sequential to each other, the droplet ejection period as a reference is Tf0, the first period is Tf1, the second period is Tf2 and a period of the residual vibration characteristic is Tc. 7. The droplet driving control device according to claim 1, further comprising a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 8. The droplet driving control device according to claim 2, further comprising a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 9. The droplet driving control device according to claim 3, further comprising a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 10. The droplet driving control device according to claim 4, further comprising a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 11. The droplet driving control device according to claim 5, further comprising a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 12. The droplet driving control device according to claim 6, further comprising a correction unit which corrects the droplet speed after the droplet ejection period has been adjusted by the adjustment unit. 13. The droplet driving control device according to claim 7, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 14. The droplet driving control device according to claim 8, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 15. The droplet driving control device according to claim 9, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 16. The droplet driving control device according to claim 10, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 17. The droplet driving control device according to claim 11, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 18. The droplet driving control device according to claim 12, wherein: the correction unit deforms a predetermined driving waveform when each droplet reserved in a pressure chamber is ejected from a nozzle under pressure control using the driving waveform; and the correction unit deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform decreasing pressure when the droplet ejection timing is earlier, and deforms the driving waveform into a driving waveform increasing pressure when the droplet ejection time is later. 19. An image forming apparatus, comprising: the droplet driving control device according to claim 1, wherein the image forming apparatus can select one from a normal specification mode and a specific specification mode as a droplet ejection period, an image being formed in a setting range in which at least droplet speed does not fluctuate in the normal specification mode, an image being formed in a specific period which exceeds the setting range in the specific specification mode.",
-    "A pattern for camouflage and a method for making the pattern. The method includes taking photographic images from the perspective of the selected animal or bird. In one embodiment, the photographic image can be taken from above so as to create a finite background within the selected environment. In another embodiment, the pattern is adapted to be seamlessly repeatable across a surface. The method includes placing desired harvested abstracts into the photographic scene to obtain the overall desired effect of the camouflage pattern including color, composition, depth and repeat. The method also includes taking multiple photographs of the same scene from the same exact spot focusing on different parts of the photographic scene to add clarity to certain portions of the images, enhance depth, and reach desired color palate. The method includes adjusting the color of objects, including water within the photographic scene, to reflect true color of objects absent outside conditions. 1. A method of formulating a camouflage pattern for use on substrates, comprising the steps of: (a) selecting a geophysical location in first outdoor environment for generating a pattern image of the geophysical location from a viewpoint of a camera for use on substrates as a pattern that blends concealingly in a second outdoor environment when a substrate bearing the pattern is positioned in proximity thereto; (b) harvesting one or more natural objects in the first outdoor environment and selectively arranging in the geophysical location; (c) selectively adjusting edges of the viewpoint of the geophysical location for pattern repeat; (d) imaging with the camera from the viewpoint the selected portion of the geophysical location in the first environment to yield a base viewpoint image; (e) determining respective vertical and horizontal repeat edges in the base viewpoint image to form a pattern image; and (f) printing the pattern mage based on the repeat edges on a substrate repeatedly in spaced-apart relation to define the pattern, whereby the substrate bearing the pattern, being positioned in the second outdoor environment, blends concealing therewith. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step (a) selecting the geophysical location is based on a selected one of a plurality of game animals to be hunted within the second environment. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the steps of repeatedly imaging the geophysical location in the first outdoor environment at a plurality of times, locations, and viewpoints to obtain a plurality of environment images; and determining from the plurality of environment images a set of commonalities of objects and colors depicted therein, and determining the selected portion for step (d) imaging based on the set of commonalities. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step (b) comprises selecting for the harvested object an image at least one of the natural objects depicted in the base environment image based on color, type of object, and depth of the natural object relative to the viewpoint. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of obtaining a plurality of layer images of the selected portion of the geophysical location at a plurality of different depths taken from the viewpoint and layering a plurality of selected ones of the layer images to form a multiple layer base viewpoint image. 6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the layer images are assembled into a stack from a first distance to a second distance relative to the viewpoint, the first distance farther from the viewpoint than the second distance to obtain the multiple layer base viewpoint image. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of selectively adjusting a position of the harvested object image on a respective one of the repeat edges to facilitate ease of repeat of the pattern. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of imaging a surface of a body of water for creating a water image for selective inserting over a portion of the repeat edges. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of adjusting the color of the images of the harvested natural objects based on the color of the natural object in the first outdoor environment. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, where in the step of adjusting the color comprises the steps of obtaining a plurality of images of selected ones of the harvested objects, printing the plurality of images on a respective substrate, comparing the selected harvested object in the first outdoor environment with the printed substrate image, adjusting the color of the harvested image, and repeating until the image color satisfactorily matches the color of the object in the first outdoor environment. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of expanding the base viewpoint image by changing a selected one of the harvested images with a second selected harvested image. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of splitting an object image into a first portion and a second portion, the first portion disposed on a respective one of the repeat edges and the second portion disposed on an opposing repeat edge. 13. The method as recited in claim 16, further comprising the step of repeating the splitting step to define a continuous repeating pattern on the opposing repeat edges of each pattern image. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the camera for imaging provides digital images for the step of displaying, harvesting, inserting, and printing using a microprocessor computer configured for receiving and manipulating digital images. 15. A method of formulating a camouflage pattern for use on substrates, comprising the steps of: (a) selecting for hunting of a type of animal a geophysical location in first outdoor environment for generating a pattern age of the geophysical location relevant to a viewpoint of the type of animal for use on substrates as a pattern that blends concealingly in a second outdoor environment when the substrate bearing the pattern is positioned in proximity thereto for hunting of the type of animal; (b) imaging with a digital camera from a first viewpoint a selected portion of the geophysical location in the first environment to yield a digital base viewpoint image; (c) operating a microprocessor computer configured for receiving the digital base viewpoint image; (d) harvesting from a display of the digital base viewpoint mage of a portion thereof depicting at least one natural object as a digital object image; (e) selectively inserting at least one digital object image into the digital base viewpoint image to yield a pattern image; (f) determining respective repeat edges on the pattern image; and (g) printing a plurality of the pattern image based on the respective repeat edges on a fabric substrate repeatedly in spaced-apart relation to define the pattern, whereby the fabric substrate bearing the pattern, being positioned as a garment worn by a hunter in the second outdoor environment, blends concealing therewith. 16. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the steps of repeatedly imaging the geophysical location in the first outdoor environment at a plurality of times, locations, and viewpoints to obtain a plurality of environment images; and determining from the plurality of environment images a set of commonalities of objects and colors depicted therein, and determining the selected portion for step (b) imaging based on the set of commonalities. 17. The method as recited in claim 15, wherein the step (c) comprises selecting for the harvested digital object image at least one of the natural objects depicted in the digital base environment image based on one or more of a color, a type of object, and a depth of field of the natural object relative to the viewpoint. 18. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the step of obtaining a plurality of digital layer images of the selected portion of the geophysical location at a plurality of different depths relative to viewpoint and layering a plurality of selected ones of the digital layer images to form a multiple layer viewpoint image. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the digital layer images are assembled into the multiple layer viewpoint image as a stack from a first distance to a second distance relative to the viewpoint, the first distance farther from the viewpoint than the second distance. 20. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the step of selectively adjusting a position of the harvested object image on a respective one of the repeat edges to facilitate ease of repeat of the pattern. 21. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the step of imaging a surface of a body of water for creating a water image for selective inserting over a portion of the repeat edges. 22. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the step of adjusting the colors of the digital images of the harvested natural object based on the color of the natural object in the first outdoor environment. 23. The method as recited in claim 22, where in the step of adjusting the color comprises the steps of obtaining a plurality of digital images of selected ones of the harvested objects, printing the plurality of digital images on a respective substrate, comparing the appearance of the selected harvested object iii the first outdoor environment with the printed substrate image, adjusting the color of the digital harvested image, and repeating until the image color printed on the substrate satisfactorily matches the color of the natural object in the first outdoor environment. 24. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the step of expanding the base viewpoint image by replacing a selected one of the digital harvested images in the base viewpoint image with a second selected digital harvested image. 25. The method as recited in claim 15, further comprising the step of splitting a digital object age into a first portion d a second portion, the first portion disposed on a respective one of the repeat edges and the second portion disposed on an opposing repeat edge. 26. The method as recited in claim 25, further comprising the step of repeating the splitting step to define a continuous repeating pattern on the opposing repeat edges of each pattern image.",
-    "An optical device comprises a semiconductor optical amplifier with an optical signal input and a current supply anode connected to an output of a current supply circuit, and a control circuit comprising a first input connected to this current supply anode and an output connected to a control input of this current supply circuit, and arranged for determining a voltage across the semiconductor optical amplifier and for authorizing the current supply circuit to supply the semiconductor optical amplifier with a current when this determined voltage becomes greater than a chosen threshold. 1. Optical device comprising a semiconductor optical amplifier with an optical signal input and a current supply anode connected to an output of a current supply circuit, and a control circuit comprising a first input connected to said current supply anode and an output connected to a control input of said current supply circuit, and arranged for determining a voltage across said semiconductor optical amplifier and for authorizing said current supply circuit to supply said semiconductor optical amplifier with a current when said determined voltage becomes greater than a chosen threshold. 2. Optical device according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a monitoring circuit connected to a second input of said control circuit and coupled to an optical signal output of said semiconductor optical amplifier, and arranged for controlling a level of an authorization signal, that is outputted by said control circuit for driving the intensity of said current delivered by said current supply circuit, as a function of the power of the amplified optical signal outputted by said optical signal output of said semiconductor optical amplifier. 3. Optical device according to claim 1, wherein said current supply circuit is switched on by said control circuit when the voltage of said first input moves from a low level to a high level and is switched off when the voltage of said second input of the control circuit moves from a high level to a low level. 4. Optical device according to claim 3, wherein, when the optical signal input of the semiconductor optical amplifier receives no optical power, the current supply circuit is switched off and the values on the first and second inputs of the control circuit are both equal to 0, defining a first state of a state machine, and when an incoming optical signal arrives on the optical input of the semiconductor optical amplifier, the value on the first input passes from 0 to 1 and triggers the generation of an authorization signal by the control circuit, which induces the current supply of the semiconductor optical amplifier by the current supply circuit and, by means of the output signal of the semiconductor optical amplifier, transitions the value on the second input from 0 to 1, putting the control circuit in a second state of the state machine, and the state machine returns to the first state when the value of the second input passes from 1 to 0 which occurs when there is no more optical power at the optical input of the semiconductor optical amplifier. 5. Optical device according to claim 2, wherein said monitoring circuit comprises a photodiode connected to said second input of said control circuit, to said optical signal output of said semiconductor optical amplifier, and to a first voltage supply circuit, and arranged for delivering an electrical signal representative of said amplified optical signal power. 6. Optical device according to claims 2, wherein said control circuit comprises another output arranged for delivering another authorization signal intended for authorizing said first voltage supply circuit to supply said photodiode with a voltage when said determined voltage becomes greater than said chosen threshold. 7. Optical device according to claim 2, wherein said monitoring circuit comprises i) a photodiode connected to said optical signal output of said semiconductor optical amplifier and to a first voltage supply circuit, and arranged for delivering an electrical signal representative of said amplified optical signal power on an output, and ii) an electronic circuit connected to said second input of said control circuit, to said output of said photodiode and to an output of a second voltage supply circuit, and arranged for controlling said authorization signal level with a signal representative of the electrical signal outputted by said photodiode and representative of said amplified optical signal power. 8. Optical device according to claim 7, wherein said control circuit comprises another output arranged for delivering another authorization signal intended for authorizing said first voltage supply circuit to supply said photodiode with a voltage and/or said second voltage supply circuit to supply said electronic circuit with another voltage when said determined voltage becomes greater than said chosen threshold. 9. Optical device according to claim 2, wherein said monitoring circuit comprises i) an optical coupler connected to said optical signal output of said semiconductor optical amplifier, and comprising first and second outputs for delivering respectively first and second chosen parts of said amplified optical signal power, and ii) a photodiode connected to said second input of said control circuit, to said second output of said optical coupler, and to a first voltage supply circuit, and arranged for delivering an electrical signal representative of said second part of said amplified optical signal power. 10. Optical device according to claim 9, wherein said control circuit comprises another output arranged for delivering another authorization signal intended for authorizing said first voltage supply circuit to supply said photodiode with a voltage when said determined voltage becomes greater than said chosen threshold. 11. Optical device according to claim 2, wherein said control circuit comprises an analog to digital converter connected to its second input and arranged for continuously adjusting the level of said authorization signal as a function of the power of the amplified optical signal outputted by said optical signal output of said semiconductor optical amplifier. 12. Optical device according to claim 1, wherein it comprises a cooling means arranged for cooling at least said semiconductor optical amplifier when said determined voltage becomes greater than said chosen threshold.",
-    "A transmission includes a case having a front support that defines a reservoir, and a first passageway in fluid communication with the reservoir. The transmission also includes a torque converter having a bypass clutch having a piston disposed between a balance chamber and an apply chamber. The clutch fixes the turbine to the impeller in response to fluid pressure in the apply chamber exceeding fluid pressure in the balance chamber. The transmission further includes a hollow stator shaft fixed to the front support and a turbine shaft driveably connected to the turbine. The turbine shaft extends through the stator shaft and defines a second passageway in fluid communication with the first passageway and the balance chamber. The reservoir, the first passageway, the second passageway, and the balance chamber are arranged such that fluid travels from the reservoir to the balance chamber when the piston is de-stroked. 1. A transmission comprising: a case including a front support defining a reservoir and a first passageway in fluid communication with the reservoir; a torque converter including an impeller, a turbine and a stator; a bypass clutch disposed within the torque converter and including a piston disposed between a balance chamber and an apply chamber, wherein the clutch fixes the turbine to the impeller in response to fluid pressure in the apply chamber exceeding fluid pressure in the balance chamber; a hollow stator shaft fixed to the front support; and a turbine shaft driveably connected to the turbine, extending through the stator shaft, and defining a second passageway in fluid communication with the first passageway and the balance chamber, wherein the reservoir, the first passageway, the second passageway and the balance chamber are arranged such that fluid travels from the reservoir to the balance chamber when the piston is de-stroked. 2. The transmission of claim 1 wherein a volume of the reservoir is greater than a volume of the balance chamber. 3. The transmission of claim 1 wherein the reservoir further includes an elevated exhaust defined in a top of the reservoir. 4. The transmission of claim 1 wherein the reservoir is a cavity defined in a wall of the front support. 5. The transmission of claim 1 further comprising a turbine-shaft insert fixed to an inner wall of the turbine shaft such that a gap is defined between the inner wall of the turbine shaft and an outer wall of the insert creating a third passageway, wherein the second passageway is defined by an inner wall of the insert. 6. The transmission of claim 1 wherein the front support further defines a third passageway in fluid communication with a valve body of the transmission, and the transmission further comprises a turbine-shaft insert fixed to an interior of the turbine shaft such that a gap is defined between an inner wall of the turbine shaft and an outer wall of the insert, wherein the gap is in fluid communication with the third passageway and the apply chamber, and the valve body is configured to supply fluid to the apply chamber via the third passageway and the gap to stroke the piston. 7. The transmission of claim 6 wherein the front support further defines a fourth passageway and a fifth passageway, and the transmission further comprises a stator-shaft insert fixed to an inner wall of the stator shaft such that a second gap is defined between the stator shaft and the stator-shaft insert and such that a third gap is defined between the stator-shaft insert and the turbine shaft, wherein the fourth passageway is in fluid communication with the second gap, and the fifth passageway is in fluid communication with the third gap. 8. The transmission of claim 1 wherein the torque converter further includes a cover having a portion that cooperates with the piston to define the supply and balance chambers. 9. A transmission comprising: a torque converter including a clutch having a piston, and balance and apply chambers partitioned from a hydrodynamic chamber of the torque converter; a hollow turbine shaft extending into a nose portion of the torque converter; and an on-axis reservoir defined within the turbine shaft and the nose portion, and in fluid communication with the balance chamber such that fluid from the reservoir refills the balance chamber when the piston is de-stroked. 10. The transmission of claim 9 wherein the torque converter further includes an impeller, a turbine and a stator disposed within the hydrodynamic chamber, and wherein the turbine is connected to the turbine shaft. 11. The transmission of claim 9 further comprising a front support that defines an elevated exhaust port and a passageway that connects the exhaust port and the reservoir in fluid communication such that fluid is capable of flowing from the reservoir and to the exhaust port. 12. The transmission of claim 9 wherein a volume of the on-axis reservoir is greater than or equal to a volume of fluid exhausted from the balance chamber when the piston is stroked. 13. The transmission of claim 9 further comprising a front support that defines an off-axis reservoir and a passageway that connects the off-axis reservoir and the on-axis reservoir in fluid communication. 14. The transmission of claim 9 further comprising a turbine-shaft insert fixed to an inner wall of the turbine shaft such that a gap is defined between the inner wall of the turbine shaft and an outer wall of the insert creating a passageway in fluid communication with the supply chamber and a valve body such that fluid is sent from the valve body to the supply chamber to stroke the piston, wherein the insert has an inner wall the defines at least a portion of the on-axis reservoir. 15. The transmission of claim 14 further comprising: a hollow stator shaft that receives the turbine shaft; and a stator-shaft insert fixed to an inner wall of the stator shaft such that a second gap is defined between the stator shaft and the stator-shaft insert and such that a third gap is defined between the stator-shaft insert and the turbine shaft, wherein the second and third gaps are in fluid communication with the hydrodynamic chamber to circulate fluid through the hydrodynamic chamber. 16. A transmission comprising: a torque converter including a clutch having a piston, and balance and apply chambers partitioned from a hydrodynamic chamber of the torque converter; a front support defining a reservoir having an elevated exhaust; and a turbine shaft extending through the front support and defining a passageway in fluid communication with the balance chamber and the reservoir such that fluid from the reservoir refills the balance chamber when the piston is de-stroked. 17. The transmission of claim 16 wherein the front support defines a second passageway in fluid communication with the reservoir and the passageway. 18. The transmission of claim 16 wherein a combined volume of the reservoir and the passage way is greater than or equal to a volume of fluid exhausted from the balance chamber when the piston is stroked. 19. The transmission of claim 16 wherein the balance chamber, the passageway, the reservoir and the elevated exhaust are arranged in fluid communication such that, during steady-state disengaged operation of the clutch, fluid flows from the balance chamber, to the reservoir via the passageway, and through the elevated exhaust to a sump of the transmission. 20. The transmission of claim 16 further comprising an insert fixed to an inner wall of the turbine shaft such that a gap is defined between the inner wall of the turbine shaft and an outer wall of the insert creating a second passageway in fluid communication with the supply chamber and a valve body such that fluid is sent from the valve body to the supply chamber to stroke the piston, wherein the insert has an inner wall the defines the passageway.",
-    "A ferroelectric field effect transistor comprises a semiconductive channel comprising opposing sidewalls and an elevationally outermost top. A source/drain region is at opposite ends of the channel. A gate construction of the transistor comprises inner dielectric extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls. Inner conductive material is elevationally and laterally outward of the inner dielectric and extends along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls. Outer ferroelectric material is elevationally outward of the inner conductive material and extends along the channel top. Outer conductive material is elevationally outward of the outer ferroelectric material and extends along the channel. Other constructions and methods are disclosed. 1. A ferroelectric field effect transistor, comprising: a semiconductive channel comprising opposing sidewalls and an elevationally outermost top; a source/drain region at opposite ends of the channel; and a gate construction comprising: inner dielectric extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls; inner conductive material elevationally and laterally outward of the inner dielectric and extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls; outer ferroelectric material elevationally outward of the inner conductive material and extending along the channel top; and outer conductive material elevationally outward of the outer ferroelectric material and extending along the channel top. 2. The transistor of claim 1 wherein no portion of the outer ferroelectric material is laterally over any of the channel sidewalls. 3. The transistor of claim 1 wherein no portion of the outer conductive material is laterally over any of the channel sidewalls. 4. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the source/drain regions each have a maximum elevational thickness that is less than a maximum elevational thickness of the inner dielectric. 5. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the source/drain regions each have a maximum elevational thickness that is less than a maximum elevational thickness of the inner conductive material. 6. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the inner conductive material has a maximum elevational thickness that is greater than a minimum width of the channel taken orthogonally relative to a shortest straight-line distance between the source/drain regions. 7. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the inner conductive material has a maximum elevational thickness that is greater than length of the channel along a shortest straight-line distance between the source/drain regions. 8. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the inner conductive material and the inner dielectric have respective elevationally innermost surfaces that are not elevationally coincident. 9. The transistor of claim 1 wherein all of the outer conductive material, the outer ferroelectric material, the inner conductive material, and the inner dielectric have at least two laterally opposing vertical sidewalls elevationally outward of the channel that are laterally coincident relative one another. 10. The transistor of claim 1 wherein all of the outer conductive material, the outer ferroelectric material, and the inner conductive material have at least two pairs of two laterally opposing vertical sidewalls elevationally outward of the channel that are laterally coincident relative one another. 11. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the outer ferroelectric material and the inner conductive material have respective encircling perimeter edges in at least one respective horizontal cross section elevationally outward of the channel that are everywhere laterally coincident. 12. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the outer ferroelectric material and the outer conductive material have respective encircling perimeter edges in at least one respective horizontal cross section elevationally outward of the channel that are everywhere laterally coincident. 13. The transistor of claim 1 wherein the inner conductive material and the outer conductive material have respective encircling perimeter edges in at least one respective horizontal cross section elevationally outward of the channel that are everywhere laterally coincident. 14. The transistor of claim 13 wherein the outer ferroelectric material has an encircling perimeter edge in at least one horizontal cross section elevationally outward of the channel that is everywhere laterally coincident with said encircling perimeter edges of the inner and outer conductive materials. 15. An MFMIS transistor where F is along a horizontal channel surface and I is along a vertical channel surface. 16. The transistor of claim 15 wherein F is not along any vertical channel surface of the transistor. 17. The transistor of claim 15 wherein I is along two vertical channel surfaces of the transistor. 18. The transistor of claim 15 wherein total area of I that is over the channel of the transistor is greater than total area of F that is over the channel of the transistor. 19. A plurality of ferroelectric field effect transistors arrayed in row lines and column lines, comprising: individual ferroelectric field effect transistors comprising: a semiconductive channel comprising opposing sidewalls and an elevationally outermost top; a source/drain region at opposite ends of the channel; and a gate construction comprising: inner dielectric extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls; inner conductive material elevationally and laterally outward of the inner dielectric and extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls; outer ferroelectric material elevationally outward of the inner conductive material and extending along the channel top; outer conductive material elevationally outward of the outer ferroelectric material and extending along the channel top; and at least one of the outer conductive material and the outer ferroelectric material being discontinuous along both of the row lines and the column lines between immediately adjacent transistors. 20. The transistors of claim 19 wherein both of the outer conductive material and the outer ferroelectric material are discontinuous along both of the row lines and the column lines between immediately adjacent transistors. 21. The transistors of claim 20 wherein the outer conductive material and the outer ferroelectric material have at least two pairs of two laterally opposing vertical sidewalls elevationally outward of the channel that are laterally coincident. 22. A plurality of ferroelectric field effect transistors arrayed in row lines and column lines, comprising: individual ferroelectric field effect transistors comprising: a semiconductive channel comprising sidewalls and an elevationally outermost top; a source/drain region at opposite ends of the channel; and a gate construction comprising: inner dielectric extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls; inner conductive material elevationally and laterally outward of the inner dielectric and extending along the channel top and laterally along the channel sidewalls; outer ferroelectric material elevationally outward of the inner conductive material and extending along the channel top; and outer conductive material elevationally outward of the outer ferroelectric material and extending along the channel top; the outer conductive material and the outer ferroelectric material being discontinuous between immediately adjacent transistors along one of a) the collective row lines, and b) the collective column lines; and the outer conductive material and the ferroelectric material being continuous between immediately adjacent transistors along the other of the collective row lines and the collective column lines. 23-36. (canceled) 37. The transistor of claim 19 wherein no portion of the outer ferroelectric material is laterally over any of the channel sidewalls. (New): The transistor of claim 19 wherein no portion of the outer conductive material is laterally over any of the channel sidewalls. 39. The transistor of claim 19 wherein the inner conductive material has a maximum elevational thickness that is greater than a minimum width of the channel taken orthogonally relative to a shortest straight-line distance between the source/drain regions. 40. The transistor of claim 19 wherein the inner conductive material has a maximum elevational thickness that is greater than length of the channel along a shortest straight-line distance between the source/drain regions. 41. The transistor of claim 19 wherein the inner conductive material and the inner dielectric have respective elevationally innermost surfaces that are not elevationally coincident.",
-    "A wireless relay serves a first User Equipment (UE). A first eNodeB in the relay wirelessly exchanges UE signaling data and UE user data with the first UE. The first eNodeB processes the UE signaling data to generate S1-MME signaling data and exchanges the S1-MME signaling data with a second UE in the relay. The first eNodeB processes the UE user data to generate S1-U user data and exchanges the S1-U user data with a Local Serving Gateway (L-SGW) in the relay. The L-SGW terminates the S1-U user data to generate non-General Packet Radio Service Transfer Protocol (non-GTP) user data. The L-SGW exchanges the non-GTP user data with the second UE in the relay. The second UE compresses/decompresses the non-GTP user data and the S1-MME signaling data. The second UE wirelessly exchanges the compressed non-GTP user data the compressed S1-MME signaling data with a second eNodeB. 1. A method of operating a wireless relay to serve a first User Equipment (UE), the method comprising: in the wireless relay, a first eNodeB wirelessly exchanging UE signaling data with the first UE, processing the UE signaling data to generate S1-MME signaling data, and exchanging the S1-MME signaling data with a second UE in the wireless relay,; in the wireless relay, the first eNodeB wirelessly exchanging UE user data with the first UE, processing the UE user data to generate S1-U user data, and exchanging the S1-U user data with a Local Serving Gateway (L-SGW) in the wireless relay; in the wireless relay, the L-SGW terminating the S1-U user data to generate non-General Packet Radio Service Transfer Protocol (non-GTP) user data and exchanging the non-GTP user data with the second UE in the wireless relay; and in the wireless relay, the second UE compressing/decompressing the non-GTP user data and the S1-MME signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed non-GTP user data the S1-MME signaling data with a second eNodeB. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the second UE compressing/decompressing the non-GTP user data comprises using Robust Header Compression (RoHC). 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: the second UE wirelessly initiating a relay data bearer by transferring a Relay Public Land Mobile Network (R-PLMN); and wherein wirelessly exchanging the compressed non-GTP user data with the second eNodeB comprises wirelessly exchanging the compressed non-GTP user data with the second eNodeB over the relay data bearer initiated with the R-PLMN. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising the second UE obtaining the relay data bearer based on a Relay Access Point Name (R-APN) associated with the R-PLMN. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the relay data bearer comprises a Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol (PMIP) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising, in the wireless relay, the second UE compressing/decompressing the S1-MME signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed S1-MME signaling data with the second eNodeB. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: in the wireless relay, the L-SGW generating Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol (PMIP) signaling data and exchanging the PMIP signaling data with the second UE in the wireless relay; and the second UE compressing/decompressing the PMIP signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed PMIP signaling data with the second eNodeB. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: in the wireless relay, a Local Policy and Charging and Rules Function (L-PCRF) generating S15 signaling data and exchanging the S15 signaling data with the second UE in the wireless relay; and the second UE compressing/decompressing the S15 signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed S15 signaling data with the second eNodeB. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: in the wireless relay, a Local CDF/CTF (L-Charging Data Function/Charging Trigger Function (CDF/CTF)) generating Gz/Gy signaling data and exchanging the Gz/Gy signaling data with the second UE; and the second UE compressing/decompressing the Gz/Gy signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed Gz/Gy signaling data with the second eNodeB. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising: in the wireless relay, the first eNodeB generating X2 signaling data and exchanging the X2 signaling data with the second UE; and in the wireless relay, the second UE compressing/decompressing the X2 signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed X2 signaling data with the second eNodeB. 11. A wireless relay to serve a first User Equipment (UE) comprising: a second UE; a Local Serving Gateway (L-SGW); a first eNodeB configured to wirelessly exchange UE signaling data with the first UE, process the UE signaling data to generate S1-MME signaling data, exchange the S1-MME signaling data with the second UE, wirelessly exchange UE user data with the first UE, process the UE user data to generate S1-U user data, and exchange the S1-U user data with the L-SGW; the L-SGW configured to terminate the S1-U user data to generate non-General Packet Radio Service Transfer Protocol (non-GTP) user data and exchange the non-GTP user data with the second UE; and the second UE configured to compress/decompress the non-GTP user data and the S1-MME signaling data and to wirelessly exchange the compressed non-GTP user data the compressed S1-MME signaling data with a second eNodeB. 12. The wireless relay of claim 11 wherein the second UE is configured to compress/decompress the non-GTP user data using Robust Header Compression (RoHC). 13. The wireless relay of claim 11 wherein the second UE is configured to wirelessly initiate a relay data bearer by transferring a Relay Public Land Mobile Network (R-PLMN) and to wirelessly exchange the compressed non-GTP user data with the second eNodeB over the relay data bearer initiated with the R-PLMN. 14. The wireless relay of claim 13 wherein the second UE obtains the relay data bearer based on a Relay Access Point Name (R-APN) associated with the R-PLMN. 15. The wireless relay of claim 13 wherein the relay data bearer comprises a Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol (PMIP) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnel. 16. The wireless relay of claim 11 wherein the second UE is configured to compress/decompress the S1-MME signaling data and wirelessly exchange the compressed S1-MME signaling data with the second eNodeB. 17. The wireless relay of claim 11 wherein: the L-SGW is configured to generate Proxy Mobile Internet Protocol (PMIP) signaling data and exchange the PMIP signaling data with the second UE; and the second UE is configured to compress/decompress the PMIP signaling data and wirelessly exchange the compressed PMIP signaling data with the second eNodeB. 18. The wireless relay of claim 11 further comprising: a Local Policy and Charging and Rules Function (L-PCRF) configured to generate S15 signaling data and exchange the S15 signaling data with the second UE; and wherein the second UE is configured to compress/decompress the S15 signaling data and wirelessly exchange the compressed S15 signaling data with the second eNodeB. 19. The wireless relay of claim 11 further comprising: a Local CDF/CTF (L-Charging Data Function/Charging Trigger Function (CDF/CTF)) configured to generate Gz/Gy signaling data and exchange the Gz/Gy signaling data with the second UE; and wherein the second UE is configured to compress/decompress the Gz/Gy signaling data and wirelessly exchange the compressed Gz/Gy signaling data with the second eNodeB. 20. The wireless relay of claim 11 wherein: the first eNodeB is configured to generate X2 signaling and exchange the X2 signaling data with the second UE; and the second UE is configured to compress/decompress the X2 signaling data and wirelessly exchanging the compressed X2 signaling data with the second eNodeB.",
-    "One or more transparent transistor force sensitive structures can be included in an electronic device. The transistor force sensitive structures(s) is used to detect a force that is applied to the electronic device, to a component in the electronic device, and/or to an input region of the electronic device. As one example, the one or more transparent transistor force sensitive structures may be included in a display stack of a display in an electronic device. 1. An electronic device, comprising: a cover layer configured to receive a touch input; a display layer positioned below the cover layer; a force layer positioned below the cover layer and configured to detect strain based on the touch input, the force layer comprising: a first plurality of transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a first surface of a substrate; at least one first gate contact electrically connected to each transistor force sensitive structures in the first plurality of transistor force sensitive structures, the at least one first gate contact configured to receive a first gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of at least one transistor force sensitive structure by depleting charge carriers from a semiconducting layer in the at least one transistor force sensitive structure; and a processing device configured to receive strain signals from the first plurality of transistor force sensitive structures and configured to estimate an amount of force associated with the touch input. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a second plurality of transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a second surface of the substrate. 3. The electronic device of claim 2, further comprising at least one second gate contact electrically connected to each transistor force sensitive structure in the second plurality of transistor force sensitive structures, the at least one second gate contact configured to receive a second gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of at least one transistor force sensitive structure in the second plurality of transistor force sensitive structures by depleting charge carriers from a semiconducting layer in the at least one transistor force sensitive structure. 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the second gate signal is the same signal as the first gate signal. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the display layer is positioned over the force layer. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the display layer is positioned below the force layer. 7. An electronic device, comprising: a cover layer configured to receive a touch input; a display layer positioned below the cover layer; a force layer positioned below the cover layer and configured to detect strain based on the touch input, the force layer comprising: a first plurality of piezotronic transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a first surface of a substrate; and a processing device configured to receive strain signals from the first plurality of piezotronic transistor force sensitive structures and configured to estimate an amount of force associated with the touch input. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, further comprising a second plurality of piezotronic transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a second surface of the substrate. 9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the display layer is positioned over the force layer. 10. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the display layer is positioned below the force layer. 11. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein at least one piezotronic transistor force sensitive structure comprises: a first electrode layer positioned between a protective layer and a first dielectric layer; a semiconducting layer positioned between the first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer; and a second electrode layer positioned between the second dielectric layer and the substrate. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the semiconducting layer comprises one of: a layer comprising zinc oxide; and a layer of silver nanowires. 13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the first and the second electrode layers each comprise a layer of indium tin oxide. 14. An electronic device, comprising: a cover layer configured to receive a touch input; a display layer positioned below the cover layer; a force layer positioned below the cover layer and configured to detect an amount of strain based on the touch input, the force layer comprising: a first transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a first surface of a substrate, the first transistor force sensitive structure comprising: a first gate electrode positioned over a first semiconducting layer; a first source electrode at least partially positioned on a surface of the first semiconducting layer below the first gate electrode; a first drain electrode at least partially positioned on the surface of the first semiconducting layer below the first gate electrode; a first strain signal line connected to the source electrode; and a second strain signal line connected to the drain electrode; a first gate contact electrically connected to the first gate electrode, the first gate contact configured to receive a first gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of the first transistor force sensitive structure by depleting charge carriers from the first semiconducting layer; and a processing device configured to receive a first strain signal transmitted by the first or the second strain signal line that represents the amount of strain and configured to estimate an amount of force associated with the touch input. 15. The electronic device of claim 14, further comprising a second gate electrode positioned below the first semiconducting layer. 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the first gate contact is electrically connected to the second gate electrode to adjust the gauge factor of the first transistor force sensitive structure by depleting charge carriers from the first semiconducting layer. 17. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein a second gate contact is electrically connected to the second gate electrode, the second gate contact configured to receive a second gate signal to adjust the gauge factor of the first transistor force sensitive structure by depleting charge carriers from the first semiconducting layer. 18. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the display layer is positioned over the force layer. 19. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the display layer is positioned below the force layer. 20. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the first gate contact is positioned in a non-display area of the force layer. 21. The electronic device of claim 14, further comprising a second transistor force sensitive structure positioned over a second surface of the substrate, the second transistor force sensitive structure that includes: a third gate electrode positioned over a second semiconducting layer; a second source electrode at least partially positioned on a surface of the second semiconducting layer below the third gate electrode; a second drain electrode at least partially positioned on the surface of the second semiconducting layer below the third gate electrode; a third strain signal line connected to the source electrode; and a fourth strain signal line connected to the drain electrode. 22. The electronic device of claim 21, wherein the first gate contact is electrically connected to the third gate electrode, the first gate contact configured to receive the first gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of the second force sensitive structure by depleting charge carriers from the second semiconducting layer. 23. The electronic device of claim 21, wherein a second gate contact is electrically connected to the third gate electrode, the second gate contact configured to receive a second gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of the second force sensitive structure by depleting charge carriers from the second semiconducting layer. 24. The electronic device of claim 21, wherein the processing device is configured to receive a second strain signal from the third or the fourth strain signal line and configured to estimate an amount of force associated with the touch input. 25. The electronic device of claim 20, further comprising a fourth gate electrode positioned below the second semiconducting layer. 26. The electronic device of claim 25, wherein the first gate contact is electrically connected to the fourth gate electrode, the first gate contact configured to receive the first gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of the second transistor force sensitive structure. 27. The electronic device of claim 25, wherein a second gate contact is electrically connected to the fourth gate electrode, the second gate contact configured to receive a second gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of the second transistor force sensitive structure. 28. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises a glass substrate. 29. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the gate electrode and the first semiconducting layer are each formed with indium tin oxide. 30. The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the gate electrode is formed with indium tin oxide and the first semiconducting material is formed with one of a silver nanowire and a zinc oxide. 31. The electronic device of claim 14, further comprising sense circuitry operably connected between at least one of the first or the second strain signal lines and the processing device. 32. A method for producing an electronic device, the method comprising: providing a display layer below the cover layer, wherein the cover layer is configured to receive a touch input; providing a force layer below the cover layer and configured to detect strain based on the touch input, the force layer comprising: a first set of transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a first surface of a substrate, wherein each transistor force sensitive structure in the first set of transistor force sensitive structures includes a conductive electrode positioned over a semiconducting layer; and providing a processing device configured to receive strain signals from the first set of transistor force sensitive structures and configured to estimate an amount of force associated with the touch input. 33. (canceled) 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the force layer comprises a second set of transistor force sensitive structures positioned over a second surface of the substrate, wherein each transistor force sensitive structure in the second set of transistor force sensitive structures includes a conductive electrode positioned over a semiconducting layer. 35. The method of claim 33, further comprising providing at least one gate contact electrically connected to at least one transistor force sensitive structure in the first set of transistor force sensitive structures, the at least one gate contact configured to receive a gate signal to adjust a gauge factor of the at least one transistor force sensitive structure in the first set of transistor force sensitive structures. 36. A method of operating a transistor force sensitive structure, comprising: receiving data from one or more electronic components in an electrical device; determining an operating state or condition of the electronic device based on the received data; and adjusting a force threshold based on the determined operating state or condition, wherein the force threshold is associated with force layer that includes at least one transistor force sensitive structure. 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising prior to adjusting the force threshold, determining if the force threshold is to be adjusted. 38. The method of claim 36, further comprising: receiving a touch input; determining if an amount of force associated with the touch input equals or exceeds the force threshold; and if the amount of force equals or exceeds the force threshold, recognizing a force input. 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising if the amount of force does not equal or exceed the force threshold, not recognizing a force input. 40. The method of claim 39, further comprising if the amount of force does not equal or exceed the force threshold, recognizing the touch input. 41. The device of claim 1, wherein the force layer comprises a transparent force layer, the substrate comprises a transparent substrate, and the first plurality of transistor force sensitive structures comprises a first plurality of transparent transistor force sensitive structures.",
-    "Registering a computer system for use in an enterprise. A method includes receiving, from a device management infrastructure of the enterprise, an executable system management component (SMC), and installing the SMC at a storage device. The method also includes executing the SMC, causing the computer system to register with the device management infrastructure, including applying a device settings policy to a configuration of the computer system. Executing the SMC also causes the computer system to configure itself to periodically execute a maintenance task received from the device management infrastructure. The method also includes periodically executing the maintenance task, causing the computer system to receive updated device settings policies from the device management infrastructure and apply the updated device settings policies to the configuration of the computer system, and to receive an updated application from the device management infrastructure and install the updated application at the computer system. 1. (canceled) 2. A computer system, comprising: one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to cause the computer system to register for use in an enterprise, the computer-executable instructions including instructions that are executable to cause the computer system to perform at least the following: receive, from a device management infrastructure of the enterprise, an executable system management component; install the executable system management component at one or more storage devices of the computer system; execute the system management component at the one or more processors, wherein executing the system management component causes the computer system to perform at least the following: register the computer system with the device management infrastructure, including applying at least one device settings policy received from the device management infrastructure to a configuration of the computer system; and configure the computer system to execute a maintenance task received from the device management infrastructure on a periodic basis; and execute the maintenance task at the one or more processors on a periodic basis, periodic execution of the maintenance task causing the computer system to perform at least the following: receive one or more updated device settings policies from the device management infrastructure, and apply the one or more updated device settings policies to the configuration of the computer system; and receive at least one updated application from the device management infrastructure, and install the at least one updated application at the computer system. 3. The computer system of claim 2, wherein periodic execution of the maintenance task also causes the computer system to perform one or more of the following: report updated hardware information to the device management infrastructure; or report compliance information to the device management infrastructure. 4. The computer system of claim 2, wherein registering the computer system with the device management infrastructure also includes one or more of the following: authenticating with the device management infrastructure using an enterprise credential; configuring the system management component for ongoing communications with the device management infrastructure; supplying device information to the device management infrastructure; configuring one or more network settings; or installing a sideloading key of the enterprise on the computer system, which authorizes the computer system to install applications not generally offered in a closed application marketplace. 5. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the device information comprises one or more of device manufacturer, device model, an operating system version, or device capabilities. 6. The computer system of claim 4, wherein configuring one or more network settings comprises one or more of configuring a virtual private network connection or configuring a wireless network. 7. The computer system of claim 2, wherein a time for execution of the maintenance task is based, at least in part, on one or more of a battery state or current network conditions. 8. The computer system of claim 2, wherein applying the at least one device settings policy to the configuration of the computer system comprises one or more of enforcing a password policy or turning off a peripheral. 9. The computer system of claim 2, wherein the system management component is executed to communicate with the device management infrastructure based on a user initiation of an application installation. 10. The computer system of claim 2, wherein registering the computer system with the device management infrastructure also includes presenting a plurality of policies an enterprise administrator would like to enforce, and receiving a user selection of one or more of the plurality of policies that the user is willing to accept. 11. The computer system of claim 10, wherein the user selection affects one or more of what configuration settings the system management component configures, or what enterprise applications are permitted to be installed on the computer system. 12. The computer system of claim 2, wherein system management component is also configured to deregister the computer system with the device management infrastructure. 13. A method, implemented at a computer system that includes one or more processors, for registering the computer system for use in an enterprise, the method comprising: receiving, from a device management infrastructure of the enterprise, an executable system management component; installing the executable system management component at one or more storage devices of the computer system; executing the system management component at the one or more processors, wherein executing the system management component causes the computer system to perform at least the following: register the computer system with the device management infrastructure, including applying at least one device settings policy received from the device management infrastructure to a configuration of the computer system; and configure the computer system to execute a maintenance task received from the device management infrastructure on a periodic basis; and executing the maintenance task at the one or more processors on a periodic basis, periodic execution of the maintenance task causing the computer system to perform at least the following: receive one or more updated device settings policies from the device management infrastructure, and apply the one or more updated device settings policies to the configuration of the computer system; and receive at least one updated application from the device management infrastructure, and install the at least one updated application at the computer system. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein periodic execution of the maintenance task also causes the computer system to perform one or more of the following: report updated hardware information to the device management infrastructure; or report compliance information to the device management infrastructure. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein registering the computer system with the device management infrastructure also includes one or more of the following: authenticating with the device management infrastructure using an enterprise credential; configuring the system management component for ongoing communications with the device management infrastructure; supplying device information to the device management infrastructure; configuring one or more network settings; or installing a sideloading key of the enterprise on the computer system, which authorizes the computer system to install applications not generally offered in a closed application marketplace. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein a time for execution of the maintenance task is based, at least in part, on one or more of a battery state or current network conditions. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein applying the at least one device settings policy to the configuration of the computer system comprises one or more of enforcing a password policy or turning off a peripheral. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein registering the computer system with the device management infrastructure also includes presenting a plurality of policies an enterprise administrator would like to enforce, and receiving a user selection of one or more of the plurality of policies that the user is willing to accept. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the user selection affects one or more of what configuration settings the system management component configures, or what enterprise applications are permitted to be installed on the computer system. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein system management component is also configured to deregister the computer system with the device management infrastructure. 21. A computer program product comprising one or more hardware storage devices having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by one or more processors of a computer system to cause the computer system to register for use in an enterprise, the computer-executable instructions including instructions that are executable to cause the computer system to perform at least the following: receive, from a device management infrastructure of the enterprise, an executable system management component; install the executable system management component at one or more storage devices of the computer system; execute the system management component at the one or more processors, wherein executing the system management component causes the computer system to perform at least the following: register the computer system with the device management infrastructure, including applying at least one device settings policy received from the device management infrastructure to a configuration of the computer system; and configure the computer system to execute a maintenance task received from the device management infrastructure on a periodic basis; and execute the maintenance task at the one or more processors on a periodic basis, periodic execution of the maintenance task causing the computer system to perform at least the following: receive one or more updated device settings policies from the device management infrastructure, and apply the one or more updated device settings policies to the configuration of the computer system; and receive at least one updated application from the device management infrastructure, and install the at least one updated application at the computer system.",
-    "Techniques for providing security policy for device data are described. In implementations, data on a device is stored in an encrypted form. To protect the encrypted data from being decrypted by an unauthorized entity, techniques enable a decryption key to be occluded if an attempt to gain unauthorized access to device data is detected. In implementations, a decryption key can be occluded in a variety of ways, such as by deleting the decryption key, overwriting the encryption key in memory, encrypting the encryption key, and so on. Embodiments enable an occluded decryption key to be recovered via a recovery experience. For example, a recovery experience can include an authentication procedure that requests a recovery password. If a correct recovery password is provided, the occluded decryption key can be provided. 1. A system comprising: one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable storage media storing instructions that, responsive to execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to perform operations including: detecting a violation of a security policy for a device; occluding, in response to said detecting, a security key usable to decrypt encrypted data for the device; initiating a reboot of the device in response to the security key being occluded; launching a recovery experience that requests a recovery key for recovering the occluded security key; determining whether a correct recovery key is provided as part of the recovery experience; and enabling the security key to be recovered in response to determining that the correct recovery key is provided. 2. A system as described in claim 1, wherein the security policy specifies a threshold number of failed logon attempts for the device, and wherein said detecting comprises detecting that a number of logon attempts for the device that have failed has reached the threshold number. 3. A system as described in claim 1, wherein the security policy specifies a threshold number of failed logon attempts for the device, wherein said detecting comprises detecting that a number of logon attempts for the device that have failed has reached the threshold number, and wherein the number of logon attempts for the device that have failed are based on two or more different types of authentication factors. 4. A system as described in claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting that a trusted status of the device has been revoked. 5. A system as described in claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting that the device has failed to check-in with a remote security service. 6. A system as described in claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting a variation in a state of the device, the state comprising one or more of a hardware state, a software state, or a network state. 7. A system as described in claim 1, wherein said detecting comprises detecting a time-related variation for the device. 8. A system as described in claim 1, wherein said security policy is associated with a geographic location of the device. 9. One or more computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon that, responsive to execution by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform operations comprising: occluding, in response to detecting a violation of a security policy for the computing device, a security key configured usable to decrypt encrypted data for the computing device; initiating a reboot of the computing device in response to the security key being occluded; and launching a recovery experience that requests a recovery key for recovering the occluded security key. 10. One or more computer-readable storage media as described in claim 9, wherein the security key is usable to decrypt operating system data to enable the computing device to boot an operating system. 11. One or more computer-readable storage media as described in claim 9, wherein said occluding comprises one or more of erasing or overwriting a portion of memory that stores the at least one decryption key. 12. One or more computer-readable storage media as described in claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise: occluding the security key by encrypting the security key with an intermediate security key; and enabling the security key to be decrypted as part of the recovery experience in response to an input of either the intermediate security key or a private key associated with the intermediate key. 13. One or more computer-readable storage media as described in claim 9, wherein said detecting occurs in response to a variation in a state of the computing device. 14. A computer-implemented method, comprising: occluding, in response to detecting a violation of a security policy for a computing device, a security key usable to decrypt encrypted data for the computing device; initiating a reboot of the computing device in response to the security key being occluded; and launching a recovery experience that requests a recovery key for recovering the occluded security key. 15. A method as described in claim 14, wherein the security policy specifies a threshold number of failed logon attempts for the device, and wherein said detecting comprises detecting that a number of logon attempts for the device that have failed has reached the threshold number. 16. A method as described in claim 14, wherein the security policy specifies a threshold number of failed logon attempts for the device, wherein said detecting comprises detecting that a number of logon attempts for the device that have failed has reached the threshold number, and wherein the number of logon attempts for the device that have failed are based on two or more different types of authentication factors. 17. A method as described in claim 14, wherein said detecting comprises detecting that a trusted status of the device has been revoked. 18. A method as described in claim 14, wherein said detecting comprises detecting that the device has failed to check-in with a remote security service. 19. A method as described in claim 14, wherein said detecting comprises detecting a time-related variation for the device. 20. A method as described in claim 14, wherein said security policy is associated with a geographic location of the device.",
-    "An aircraft comprising a rear opening and a rear door to close such rear opening, wherein the rear door is attached to the fuselage of the aircraft by means of an arrangement having two links due to which the rear door can be displaced longitudinally and in elevation up to a position at the interior of the fuselage. 1. An aircraft comprising: a rear door, a landing gear, a fuselage extending longitudinally between a nose and a rear part, and extending in elevation between a lower part and an upper part, the lower part being the part of the fuselage on which the landing gear is mounted and the rear part in turn comprising a rear opening which can be closed by the rear door, and an arrangement comprising: a first link comprising a first main body, a first door attaching means and a first fuselage attaching means, the first main body extending along a first length (L1) between the first door attaching means and the first fuselage attaching means, and the first link being pivotally attached to the rear door by means of the first door attaching means and being pivotally attached to the fuselage by means of the first fuselage attaching means, a second link comprising a second main body, a second door attaching means and a second fuselage attaching means, the second main body extending along a second length (L2), greater than the first length (L1), between the second door attaching means and the second fuselage attaching means, and the second link being pivotally attached to the rear door by means of the second door attaching means and being pivotally attached to the fuselage by means of the second fuselage attaching means, wherein the first and second fuselage attaching means are attached to the fuselage, and wherein the second fuselage attaching means is located longitudinally closer to the nose of the fuselage than the first fuselage attaching means, such that when the first and the second links rotate around the first and the second fuselage attaching means, the rear door rotates around the first and the second door attaching means, so that the rear door can be inwardly displaced in the longitudinal direction and in the elevation direction between a first position (F) wherein the rear door closes the rear opening and at least a second position (S) at the interior of the fuselage wherein the rear door extends along the longitudinal direction. 2. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the first fuselage attaching means is located, in elevation, closer to the lower part of the fuselage than the second fuselage attaching means. 3. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein, when the rear door is at the first position (F), the first door attaching means is located longitudinally farther from the nose than the first fuselage attaching means, and the second door attaching means is located longitudinally closer to the nose than the second fuselage attaching means. 4. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein each one of the first and second door attaching means and of the first and second fuselage attaching means comprises a bearing. 5. The aircraft according to claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary door suitable for closing the rear opening in a complementary manner with the rear door, the rear door and the auxiliary door being in contact along a closing boundary when both the rear door and the auxiliary door close the rear opening. 6. The aircraft according to claim 5, wherein the auxiliary door is able to open outwardly with respect to the fuselage. 7. The aircraft according to claim 6, wherein the auxiliary door is connected to the fuselage by means of an auxiliary pivoting means. 8. The aircraft according to claim 7, wherein the auxiliary pivoting means comprises a locking means suitable for locking the auxiliary door at an outward position with respect to the fuselage. 9. The aircraft according to claim 8, wherein the locking means locks the auxiliary door at a first outward position (H) in which the auxiliary door extends along the longitudinal direction of the aircraft. 10. The aircraft according to claim 8, wherein the locking means locks the auxiliary door at a second outward position (V) in which the auxiliary door extends along the elevation direction of the aircraft. 11. The aircraft of claim 8, wherein the locking means locks the auxiliary door at a third outward position (R) in which the auxiliary door is suitable for being used as a cargo ramp door. 12. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein the auxiliary door comprises tracks suitable for allowing the access of a vehicle to the interior of the fuselage. 13. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein the auxiliary door comprises a step suitable for allowing the access of a person to the interior of the fuselage. 14. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein the rear door comprises an integrated storage compartment. 15. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein the auxiliary door comprises an auxiliary integrated storage compartment.",
-    "Methods, systems, and apparatus can provide channel scanning. In various examples, a channel scanning module can instruct scanning of multiple channels within a wideband frequency range by assigning channels to demodulators to attempt to lock onto a signal at the assigned channel. In other examples, a channel scanning module can instruct scanning for downstream channels by assigning channels to multiple narrowband tuners and multiple demodulators to attempt to lock onto a signal on the assigned channel. 1. A method for channel scanning comprising: receiving a downstream network signal; identifying a first wideband frequency block in the network signal; identifying a number of demodulators available in a communications device; identifying a plurality of subfrequencies within the first wideband frequency block, wherein the plurality of subfrequencies identified matches a number of available demodulators; for each respective one subfrequency of the identified plurality of subfrequencies, attempting to lock onto the respective one subfrequency with a respective one demodulator of the available demodulators, wherein the individual processes of attempting to lock onto each of the identified plurality of subfrequencies occur in parallel to each other; identifying a first subfrequency from the identified plurality of subfrequencies on which one of the number of demodulators has achieved lock; and performing ranging and registration for the first subfrequency if demodulator lock has been achieved for the first subfrequency by one or more of the demodulators. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein demodulator lock has been achieved for the first subfrequency when five consecutive packets with a correct forward error correction check within a data stream for the first subfrequency are received. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the plurality of subfrequencies is performed using a scanning algorithm. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the scanning algorithm comprises going through the subfrequencies in order. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the order comprises going from lowest subfrequency to highest subfrequency. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the order comprises going from highest subfrequency to lowest subfrequency. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the scanning algorithm comprises going through the frequencies in the order of most common use. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the scanning algorithm comprises going through the frequencies beginning with the frequencies stored in a memory. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the scanning algorithm comprises going through the frequencies beginning with the subfrequencies having the highest signal energy. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a second wideband frequency block in the network signal if no first subfrequency has been identified for any subfrequency in the first wideband frequency block; identifying a second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for the number of demodulators to attempt to lock, wherein the plurality of subfrequencies identified matches the number of demodulators available; attempting to lock onto each of the identified second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block with a respective demodulator, wherein the individual processes of attempting to lock onto each of the identified second plurality of subfrequencies occur in parallel to each other; identifying the first subfrequency from the identified plurality of subfrequencies on which one of the number of demodulators has achieved lock; and performing ranging and registration for the first subfrequency within the second wideband frequency block if demodulator lock has been achieved for the first subfrequency within the second wideband frequency block. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a second wideband frequency block in the network signal if ranging and registration was unsuccessful for the identified first subfrequency in the first wideband frequency block; identifying a second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for the number of demodulators to attempt to lock, wherein the plurality of subfrequencies identified matches the number of demodulators available; attempting to lock onto each of the identified second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block with a respective demodulator, wherein the individual processes of attempting to lock onto each of the identified second plurality of subfrequencies occur in parallel to each other; and identifying a second subfrequency from the identified second plurality of subfrequencies on which one of the number of demodulators has achieved lock; and performing ranging and registration for the second subfrequency within the second wideband frequency block if demodulator lock has been achieved for the second subfrequency within the second wideband frequency block. 12. A method for channel scanning comprising: receiving a downstream network signal; identifying a first wideband frequency block in the network signal; identifying a first plurality of n subfrequencies within the first wideband frequency block for a plurality of n demodulators to attempt to lock; attempting to lock onto the plurality of n subfrequencies with respective demodulators from the plurality of n demodulators to identify a data signal within one of the plurality of n subfrequencies; and recursively performing ranging and registration for all subfrequencies from the plurality of subfrequencies for which lock was achieved by any of the plurality of demodulators acting in parallel. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: identifying a second wideband frequency block in the network signal if no lock has been achieved on any of the first plurality of n subfrequencies in the first wideband frequency block; identifying a second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for a plurality of n demodulators to attempt to lock; attempting to lock onto the second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block with the plurality of n demodulators; and performing ranging and registration for one or more second subfrequencies from the second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block if one or more of the plurality of n demodulators has achieved lock for the one or more second subfrequencies from the second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: identifying a second wideband frequency block in the network signal if ranging and registration was unsuccessful for all of the first plurality of n subfrequencies; identifying a second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for the plurality of n demodulators to attempt to lock; attempting to lock onto the second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block with the plurality of n demodulators; and performing ranging and registration for all subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for which demodulator lock has been achieved within the second plurality of n subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein demodulator lock has been achieved for any of the first plurality of n subfrequencies when five consecutive packets with a correct forward error correction check within the data stream for any of the first plurality of n subfrequencies are received. 16. A cable modem, comprising: a communications interface operable to receive a downstream network signal; a wideband tuner operable to receive identification of a first wideband frequency block in the network signal; a processor operable to identify the first wideband frequency block for the wideband tuner and to identify a first plurality of subfrequencies within the first wideband frequency block for a demodulator to attempt to lock; a plurality of demodulators operable to receive identification of the first plurality of subfrequencies in the wideband frequency block and to attempt to lock onto the plurality of subfrequencies to identify a data signal within one of the plurality of subfrequencies; and the processor being further operable to recursively perform ranging and registration processes for all subfrequencies from the first plurality of subfrequencies for which lock was achieved by any of the plurality of demodulators acting in parallel. 17. The cable modem of claim 16, further comprising: the processor being further operable to identify a second wideband frequency block in the network signal and to instruct the wideband tuner to tune to the second wideband frequency block if no lock has been achieved on any of the first plurality of subfrequencies in the first wideband frequency block, and the processor is operable to identify a second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for the plurality of demodulators to attempt to lock; the plurality of demodulators being operable to attempt to lock onto the second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block; and the network processor is further operable to perform ranging and registration for one or more second subfrequencies from the second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block if one or more of the plurality of demodulators has achieved lock for the one or more second subfrequencies from the second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block. 18. The cable modem of claim 16, further comprising: the processor being further operable to identify a second wideband frequency block in the network signal including identifying a second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block if ranging and registration was unsuccessful for all of the first plurality of subfrequencies; the plurality of demodulators being operable to attempt to lock onto the second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block; and the processor being further operable to perform ranging and registration processors for all subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block for which demodulator lock has been achieved for the second plurality of subfrequencies within the second wideband frequency block. 19. The cable modem of claim 16, wherein the cable modem is integrated into a set top box or an embedded multimedia terminal adapter.",
-    "A semiconductor device is produced while keeping a short circuit margin between its interconnects. A method therefor includes a step in which when a multilayered resist is used to make an interconnect trench in an interlayer dielectric, a mixed gas including, as components thereof, at least CF4 gas, C3H2F4 gas and O2 gas is used to perform dry etching in order to form the multilayered resist. 1. A method for producing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a working-receiving film over a main surface of a semiconductor wafer; (b) forming a first resist film over the working-receiving film to cover the working-receiving film; (c) forming a first insulating film over the first resist film to cover the first resist film; (d) forming a second resist film over the first insulating film to cover the first insulating film; (e) transferring a predetermined pattern to the second resist film through a photolithography, and (f) applying a first dry etching processing after the step (e) to the first insulating film, using a mixed gas comprising, as components thereof, at least CF4 gas, C3H2F4 gas and O2 gas. 2. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein about the mixed gas used for the first dry etching processing in the step (f), the flow rate of CF4>that of C3H2F4 gas. 3. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first insulating film is a silicon oxide film, and wherein about the mixed gas used for the first dry etching processing in the step (f), the flow rate of CF4>that of C3H2F4 gas. 4. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the mixed gas used for the first dry etching processing in the step (f) further comprises Ar gas. 5. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the step (e), the photolithography is ArF exposure using an ArF laser, and wherein the second resist film is an ArF resist film. 6. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: (g) removing the second resist film after the step (f); (h) using the first insulating film as a mask after the step (g) to work the first resist film, and (i) using the first resist film as a mask after the step (h) to apply a second dry etching processing to the working-receiving film. 7. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the working-receiving film is a stacked film comprising a layer comprising a silicon oxide film, and wherein when the silicon oxide film is etched, the second dry etching processing is performed, using a mixed gas comprising, as components thereof, at least CF4 gas, C3H2F4 gas and O2 gas. 8. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the working-receiving film is etched, thereby making, in the working-receiving film, an interconnect trench into which a copper interconnect is to be formed. 9. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein when the silicon oxide film is etched, about the mixed gas used for the second dry etching processing the flow rate of CF4>that of O2>that of C3H2F4 gas. 10. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the O2 gas in the mixed gas used for the first dry etching processing is smaller in flow rate than that in the mixed gas used for the second dry etching processing. 11. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the working-receiving film comprises a layer comprising a carbon-added silicon oxide film, and wherein when the carbon-added silicon oxide film is etched, the second dry etching processing is performed, using a mixed gas comprising, as components thereof, at least CF4 gas, C3H2F4 gas and N2 gas. 12. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein when the carbon-added silicon oxide film is etched, about the mixed gas used for the second dry etching processing the flow rate of CF4>that of C3H2F4 gas. 13. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein when the carbon-added silicon oxide film is etched, about the mixed gas used for the second dry etching processing the flow rate of CF4>that of N2>that of C3H2F4 gas. 14. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein when the carbon-added silicon oxide film is etched, the mixed gas used for the second dry etching processing further comprises Ar gas.",
-    "Provided is a liquid-ejecting head, including a member having opened therein an ejection orifice configured to eject a liquid, in which the liquid-ejecting head has, on a side being positioned on the member and having opened therein the ejection orifice, a cured layer of a mixture containing: (a) a condensate of hydrolyzable silane compounds containing a hydrolyzable silane compound having 20 or more fluorine atoms and a hydrolyzable silane compound having a cationically polymerizable group; (b) a fluorine atom-containing nonionic surfactant; and (c) an epoxy resin. 1. A liquid-ejecting head, comprising a member having opened therein an ejection orifice configured to eject a liquid, wherein the liquid-ejecting head has, on a side being positioned on the member and having opened therein the ejection orifice, a cured layer of a mixture containing: (a) a condensate of hydrolyzable silane compounds containing a hydrolyzable silane compound having 20 or more fluorine atoms and a hydrolyzable silane compound having a cationically polymerizable group; (b) a fluorine atom-containing nonionic surfactant; and (c) an epoxy resin. 2. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein (b) the fluorine atom-containing nonionic surfactant has a fluorine atom-containing group, and the fluorine atom-containing group has 9 or more fluorine atoms. 3. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein (c) the epoxy resin has a hydroxyl group. 4. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolyzable silane compound having 20 or more fluorine atoms comprises at least one kind of compounds represented by the following formulae (1), (2), (3), and (4): F-Rp-A-SiXaY3-a Formula (1) in the formula (1), Rp represents a perfluoropolyether group, A represents an organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, X represents a hydrolyzable substituent, Y represents a nonhydrolyzable substituent, and a represents an integer of from 1 to 3; R3-aXaSi-A-Rp-A-SiXaY3-a Formula (2) in the formula (2), R represents a nonhydrolyzable substituent, and Rp, A, X, Y, and a are identical in meaning to those in the formula (1); in the formula (3), A represents an organic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, Z represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, Q1 represents a divalent bonding group, m represents an integer of from 1 to 4, and Rp, X, Y, and a are identical in meaning to those in the formula (1); F-Rp-Q2l \ue8a0A-SiXaY3-a)n Formula (4) in the formula (4), n represents 1 or 2, when n=1, Q2 represents a divalent bonding group, and when n=2, Q2 represents a trivalent bonding group, and Rp, A, X, Y, and a are identical in meaning to those in the formula (1). 5. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 4, wherein Rp in each of the formulae (1), (2), (3), and (4) is represented by the following formula (5): in the formula (5), o, p, q, and r each represent an integer of 0 or 1 or more, and at least one of o, p, q, or r represents an integer of 1 or more. 6. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 5, wherein at least one of o, p, q, or r in the formula (5) represents an integer of from 1 to 10. 7. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein (a) the condensate comprises a condensate obtained by heating the hydrolyzable silane compounds in a mixed liquid of a non-fluorine-based organic solvent and a fluorine-based solvent. 8. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 7, wherein the mixed liquid of the non-fluorine-based organic solvent and the fluorine-based solvent comprises a mixed liquid of an alcohol free of a fluorine atom and a hydrofluoroether. 9. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein the hydrolyzable silane compound having a cationically polymerizable group comprises a compound represented by the following formula (6): Rc-SiRbX3-b Formula (6) in the formula (6), Rc represents a nonhydrolyzable substituent having an epoxy group, an oxetane group, or a cationically polymerizable vinyl group, R represents a nonhydrolyzable substituent, X represents a hydrolyzable substituent, and b represents an integer of from 0 to 2. 10. A liquid-ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein (a) the condensate comprises a condensate of hydrolyzable silane compounds containing the hydrolyzable silane compound having 20 or more fluorine atoms, the hydrolyzable silane compound having a cationically polymerizable group, and a hydrolyzable silane compound represented by the following formula (7): (Rd)a-SiX4-a Formula (7) in the formula (7), Rd represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms, X represents a hydrolyzable substituent, and a represents an integer of from 1 to 3. 11. A method of manufacturing a liquid-ejecting head comprising a substrate and a member arranged on or above the substrate, the member having opened therein an ejection orifice configured to eject a liquid, the method comprising: forming, on or above the substrate, a coating layer containing a photocationically polymerizable resin; applying, onto the coating layer, a mixed liquid containing (a) a condensate of hydrolyzable silane compounds containing a hydrolyzable silane compound having or more fluorine atoms and a hydrolyzable silane compound having a cationically polymerizable group, (b) a fluorine atom-containing nonionic surfactant, (c) an epoxy resin, and an organic solvent to form an applied film; subjecting the coating layer and the applied film to pattern exposure; heating the coating layer and the applied film to cure exposed portions thereof; and removing unexposed portions of the coating layer and the applied film to form the ejection orifice. 12. A method of manufacturing a liquid-ejecting head comprising a substrate and a member arranged on or above the substrate, the member having opened therein an ejection orifice configured to eject a liquid, the method comprising: forming, on or above the substrate, a coating layer containing a photocationically polymerizable resin; applying, onto the coating layer, a mixed liquid containing (a) a condensate of hydrolyzable silane compounds containing a hydrolyzable silane compound having 20 or more fluorine atoms and a hydrolyzable silane compound having a cationically polymerizable group, (b) a fluorine atom-containing nonionic surfactant, and an organic solvent that dissolves the photocationically polymerizable resin to form an applied film; subjecting the coating layer and the applied film to pattern exposure; heating the coating layer and the applied film to cure exposed portions thereof; and removing unexposed portions of the coating layer and the applied film to form the ejection orifice.",
-    "A steering assembly for a lawn maintenance vehicle having a control assembly that receives a user rotational input, a transfer assembly for transferring the rotational input from the user to a pair of wheel assemblies. Each wheel assembly includes a knuckle connected to a pivot bar by way of a kingpin, wherein the kingpin is positioned within the rim of the tire operatively connected to the knuckle. The transfer assembly includes a sector gear having a leading edge that forms a rack that is meshingly engaged to a pinion gear of the transfer assembly. 1. A steering assembly for a lawn maintenance vehicle having a frame, said steering assembly comprising: a control assembly including a steering wheel operatively connected to a pinion gear; a transfer assembly including a sector gear and a pair of tie rods, wherein said sector gear is operatively connected to said frame and rotatable relative thereto, said sector gear having an arcuate leading edge forming a rack that is meshingly engaged with said pinion gear, said pair of tie rods being operatively connected to said sector gear; and a pair of wheel assemblies, wherein each tie rod of said transfer assembly is attachable to one of said wheel assemblies, and movement of said tie rods in response to rotation of said sector gear causes said wheel assemblies to rotate. 2. The steering assembly of claim 1, wherein each of said wheel assemblies includes a knuckle having an axle attached thereto, a rim receiving said axle, and a tire mounted on said rim. 3. The steering assembly of claim 2, wherein said knuckle of each of said wheel assemblies is operatively connected to a pivot bar by a kingpin, said pivot bar being operatively connected to said frame. 4. The steering assembly of claim 3, wherein each kingpin is substantially vertically aligned. 5. The steering assembly of claim 3, wherein each kingpin is positioned within said rim. 6. The steering assembly of claim 5, wherein said kingpin positioned within said rim generates a scrub radius between about 0.0 inches and 1.5 inches. 7. The steering assembly of claim 2, wherein each of said knuckles is formed of a cast body. 8. A steering assembly for a lawn maintenance vehicle having a frame, said steering assembly comprising: a control assembly including a steering wheel operatively connected to a pinion gear, wherein rotation of said steering wheel is directly transferred to said pinion gear; a transfer assembly including a sector gear and a pair of tie rods, said sector gear having a leading edge forming a rack that is meshingly engaged with said pinion gear, and each of said tie rods having one end connected to said sector gear; and a pair of wheel assemblies, wherein each wheel assembly includes a knuckle, a kingpin for attaching said knuckle to a pivot bar operatively connected to said frame, an axle extending from said knuckle, a rim rotatably attached to said axle, and a tire mounted on said rim, said knuckle being connected to another end of one of said tie rods; wherein said kingpin is located within said rim. 9. The steering assembly of claim 8, wherein each knuckle is formed of a cast body having an upper landing having an aperture formed therethrough, a central landing having an aperture formed therethrough, and a lower landing having an aperture formed therethrough. 10. The steering assembly of claim 9, wherein said kingpin extends through said aperture in said central landing, a substantially vertically-aligned boss of said pivot bar, and said aperture in said lower landing. 11. The steering assembly of claim 9, wherein one of said pair of tie rods is attached to said upper landing of each of said knuckles. 12. The steering assembly of claim 9, wherein said upper landing of each of said knuckles extends vertically a sufficient distance to allow said tie rod to clear said tire during a tight turn. 13. A steering assembly for a lawn maintenance vehicle having a frame, said steering assembly comprising: a control assembly including a steering wheel, a pinion gear, and a steering shaft extending between said steering wheel and said pinion gear; a transfer assembly including a sector gear and a pair of tie rods, said sector gear having a leading edge forming a rack that is meshingly engaged with said pinion gear, and each of said tie rods operatively connected to said sector gear; and a pair of wheel assemblies, wherein each wheel assembly includes a knuckle, a kingpin for attaching said knuckle to a pivot bar that is operatively connected to said frame, an axle extending from said knuckle formed of a cast body, a rim rotatably attached to said axle, and a tire mounted on said rim, said knuckle being connected to another end of one of said tie rods; wherein a scrub radius generated by said kingpin being between about 0.0 inches and 1.5 inches.",
-    "A data reading method, applied to a data storage device that includes a flash memory capable of operating in a SLC mode and a multi-level cell mode. The data reading method includes reading a page corresponding to a first word line of the flash memory in the SLC mode according to a read command of a host to obtain a first data segment, writing a predetermined data into a most-significant-bit page corresponding to the first word line in the multi-level cell mode when the first data segment has an error, and reading the page corresponding to the first word line in the SLC mode again to obtain a second data segment. 1. A data reading method, applied to a data storage device, wherein the data storage device comprises a flash memory capable of operating in a SLC mode and a multi-level cell mode, the data reading method comprising: reading a page corresponding to a first word line of the flash memory in the SLC mode according to a read command of a host to obtain a first data segment; writing a predetermined data into a most-significant-bit page corresponding to the first word line in the multi-level cell mode when the first data segment has an error; reading the page corresponding to the first word line in the SLC mode again to obtain a second data segment. 2. The data reading method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising transmitting the second data segment to the host. 3. The data reading method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: marking the page corresponding to the first word line as a bad page when the second data segment has an error. 4. The data reading method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: marking a first block corresponding to the first word line as a bad block when the second data segment has an error. 5. The data reading method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined data is 0xFF.",
-    "A wavelength converting member includes silica glass and a plurality of fluorescent material particles including an oxynitride or nitride fluorescent material and dispersed in the silica glass. The plurality of fluorescent material particles include at least two kinds of fluorescent material particles including (i) first fluorescent material particles that emit a fluorescence having a first peak wavelength and (ii) second fluorescent material particles that emit a fluorescence having a second peak wavelength. The wavelength converting member has a density within a range from 0.8 g/cm3 to 1.2 g/cm3. 1. A wavelength converting member comprising: silica glass; and a plurality of fluorescent material particles including an oxynitride fluorescent material or nitride fluorescent material and dispersed in the silica glass, the plurality of fluorescent material particles including at least two kinds of fluorescent material particles, the at least two kinds of fluorescent material particles including: a first fluorescent material particle that, upon receipt of excitation light, emits a fluorescence having a first peak wavelength; and a second fluorescent material particle that, upon receipt of the excitation light, emits a fluorescence having a second peak wavelength, which is different from the first peak wavelength, the wavelength converting member having a density within a range from 0.8 g/cm3 to 1.2 g/cm3. 2. The wavelength converting member according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluorescent material particles are included in the wavelength converting member at a content rate within a range from 0.1% by volume to 10% by volume. 3. The wavelength converting member according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of fluorescent material particles are included in the wavelength converting member at a content rate within a range from 0.1% by volume to 3% by volume. 4. The wavelength converting member according to claim 1, wherein in a light wavelength range from 350 nm to 800 nm, the silica glass, in a case where the silica glass has a thickness of 1 mm or larger, has a light transmittance of 90% or greater which light transmittance assumes light reflected at a surface of the silica glass to be light not passing through the silica glass. 5. The wavelength converting member according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluorescent material particles includes at least one of a \u03b2-SiAlON fluorescent material, an \u03b1-SiAlON fluorescent material, or a CASN-based fluorescent material. 6. The wavelength converting member according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluorescent material particles each have a particle size within a range from 1 \u03bcm to 30 \u03bcm. 7. The wavelength converting member according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of fluorescent material particles each have a particle size within a range from 5 \u03bcm to 20 \u03bcm. 8. A light-emitting device comprising: a wavelength converting member according to claim 1; and an excitation-light source configured to irradiate the wavelength converting member with the excitation light. 9. The light-emitting device according to claim 8, wherein the excitation light has a peak wavelength within a range from 350 nm to 480 nm. 10. The light-emitting device according to claim 9, wherein the excitation light has a peak wavelength within a range from 440 nm to 460 nm. 11. The light-emitting device according to claim 8, wherein the excitation light, with which the wavelength converting member is irradiated, has a light intensity of 0.5 W/mm2 or less per unit area. 12. A method for producing a wavelength converting member including silica glass and a plurality of fluorescent material particles including an oxynitride fluorescent material or nitride fluorescent material and dispersed in the silica glass, the method comprising the step of dispersing in the silica glass at least two kinds of fluorescent material particles, the at least two kinds of fluorescent material particles including: a first fluorescent material particle that, upon receipt of excitation light, emits a fluorescence having a first peak wavelength; and a second fluorescent material particle that, upon receipt of the excitation light, emits a fluorescence having a second peak wavelength, which is different from the first peak wavelength, the wavelength converting member being so produced as to have a density within a range from 0.8 g/cm3 to 1.2 g/cm3.",
-    "Described are embodiments of methods, apparatuses, and systems for PCIe tunneling across a multi-protocol I/O interconnect of a computer apparatus. A method for PCIe tunneling across the multi-protocol I/O interconnect may include establishing a first communication path between ports of a switching fabric of a multi-protocol I/O interconnect of a computer apparatus in response to a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) device being connected to the computer apparatus, and establishing a second communication path between the switching fabric and a PCIe controller. The method may further include routing, by the multi-protocol I/O interconnect, PCIe protocol packets of the PCIe device from the PCIe device to the PCIe controller over the first and second communication paths. Other embodiments may be described and claimed. 1. An I/O interconnect apparatus comprising: a switch fabric, the switch fabric comprising a plurality of ports, including a first port, a second port, and a third port; wherein the first port is to communicatively couple a first controller to the I/O interconnect, to implement a first layer of a first protocol, and to encapsulate packets of the first protocol into packets of the I/O interconnect; wherein the second port is to communicatively couple a second controller to the I/O interconnect, to implement a first layer of a second protocol, and to encapsulate packets of the second protocol into packets of the I/O interconnect; and wherein the third port is to communicatively couple a peripheral device to the I/O interconnect. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein packets of the I/O interconnect comprise a packet header, the packet header comprising a protocol defined field to maintain synchronization between the first port and a corresponding port of the peripheral device. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the packet header further comprises a hop id field to provide an identifier associated with a corresponding path between two of the plurality of ports of the switch fabric. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the packet header further comprises a length field to indicate a number of bytes in a payload of a corresponding packet of the I/O interconnect. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the packet header further comprises a header error correction control field to enable single-bit error correction for a corresponding packet of the I/O interconnect. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the switch fabric further comprises a time management unit to enable distribution and synchronization of time in the switch fabric. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first protocol is a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) protocol. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the switch fabric comprises a plurality of cross-bar switches.",
-    "A resonator element includes a quartz crystal substrate in which a plane including X and Z\u2032 axes is set as a main plane and a direction oriented along a Y\u2032 axis is a thickness direction. The quartz crystal substrate includes a first region in which thickness shear vibration is generated, a second region that has a thickness thinner than the first region, and first protrusions that are disposed between one pair of electrode pads disposed to be lined in a direction oriented along a Z\u2032 axis on a mounted side of the second region. When Lx is a length of the first protrusions along the X axis and X is a wavelength of flexural vibration of the quartz crystal substrate, a relation of \u201c\u03bb/2\u00d7(2n+1)\u22120.1\u03bb\u2266Lx\u03bb/2\u00d7(2n+1)+0.1 \u03bb\u201d (where n is a positive integer) is satisfied. 1. A resonator element comprising: a quartz crystal substrate in which an X axis of an orthogonal coordinate system having the X axis serving as an electric axis, a Y axis serving as a mechanical axis, and a Z axis serving as an optical axis, which are crystallographic axes of quartz crystal, is set as a rotation axis, an axis inclined from the Z axis so that a +Z side is rotated in a \u2212Y direction of the Y axis is set as a Z\u2032 axis, an axis inclined from the Y axis so that a +Y side is rotated in a +Z direction of the Z axis is set as a Y\u2032 axis, a plane including the X and Z\u2032 axes is set as a main plane, and the direction oriented along the Y\u2032 axis is set as a thickness direction; and a pair of electrode pads, wherein the quartz crystal substrate includes a first region in which thickness shear vibration is generated, a second region that is located in periphery of the first region and has a thickness thinner than the first region, and a first protrusion that is disposed to be lined with the first region in a direction oriented along the X axis at one end side of the second region along the X axis, wherein the one pair of electrode pads are disposed to be lined in a direction oriented along the Z\u2032 axis at the one end side of the second region in the direction oriented along the X axis, wherein the first protrusion is present between the one pair of electrode pads, and wherein when Lx is a length of the first protrusion along the X axis and \u03bb is a wavelength of flexural vibration generated in the quartz crystal substrate, a relation of \u201c\u03bb/2\u00d7(2n+1)\u22120.1\u03bb\u2266Lx\u2266\u03bb/2\u00d7(2n+1)+0.1 \u03bb\u201d (where n is a positive integer) is satisfied. 2. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein when Lz is a length of the first protrusion along the Z\u2032 axis and Mz is a length of the first region along the Z\u2032 axis, a relation of \u201c0<Lz/Mz\u22660.7\u201d is satisfied. 3. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein the first protrusion is disposed in a region which vibration displacement energy by the vibration section does not reach. 4. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein the first protrusion has two side surfaces extending along the Z\u2032 axis, and wherein of the two side surfaces, one side surface is disposed at a position of one maximum amplitude of the flexural vibration and the other side surface is disposed at a position of the other maximum amplitude of the flexural vibration. 5. The resonator element according to claim 1, further comprising: a pair of second protrusions that are disposed to be lined in the direction oriented along the Z\u2032 axis at the other end side of the second region along the X axis. 6. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein the first region includes a first portion, and a second portion that has a thickness thinner than the first portion and is present between the first portion and the second region at least in a vibration direction of the thickness shear vibration in a plan view. 7. The resonator element according to claim 1, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 8. The resonator element according to claim 2, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 9. The resonator element according to claim 3, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 10. The resonator element according to claim 4, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 11. A resonator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and a package in which the resonator element is accommodated. 12. A resonator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 2; and a package in which the resonator element is accommodated. 13. A resonator device comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and an electronic element. 14. A resonator device comprising: the resonator element according to claim 2; and an electronic element. 15. The resonator device according to claim 13, wherein the electronic element is a thermosensitive element. 16. An oscillator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and an oscillation circuit that is electrically connected to the resonator element. 17. An oscillator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 2; and an oscillation circuit that is electrically connected to the resonator element. 18. An electronic apparatus comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1. 19. A moving object comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1.",
-    "Processes for forming an article from an \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy are disclosed. The \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy includes, in weight percentages, from 2.90 to 5.00 aluminum, from 2.00 to 3.00 vanadium, from 0.40 to 2.00 iron, and from 0.10 to 0.30 oxygen. The \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy is cold worked at a temperature in the range of ambient temperature to 500\u00b0 F., and then aged at a temperature in the range of 700\u00b0 F. to 1200\u00b0 F. 1. A process comprising: cold drawing an \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of ambient temperature to 500\u00b0 F.; and direct aging the cold drawn \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 700\u00b0 F. to 1200\u00b0 F.; the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy comprising, in weight percentages, from 2.90 to 5.00 aluminum, from 2.00 to 3.00 vanadium, from 0.40 to 2.00 iron, from 0.10 to 0.30 oxygen, titanium, and incidental impurities. 2. The process of claim 1, comprising cold drawing the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece to a 20% to 60% reduction in area. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the cold drawing of the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy comprises at least two drawing cycles, wherein each drawing cycle comprises cold drawing the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece to an at least 10% reduction in area. 4. The process of claim 1, comprising cold drawing the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at ambient temperature. 5. The process of claim 1, comprising direct aging the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 800\u00b0 F. to 1100\u00b0 F. 6. The process of claim 1, comprising direct aging the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece for 0.5 to 10 hours at temperature. 7. The process of claim 1, further comprising hot working the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 300\u00b0 F. to 25\u00b0 F. below the \u03b2-transus temperature of the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy, wherein the hot working is performed before the cold drawing. 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising hot working the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 1500\u00b0 F. to 1775\u00b0 F., wherein the hot working is performed before the cold drawing. 9. The process of claim 7, further comprising annealing the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy at a temperature in the range of 1200\u00b0 F. to 1500\u00b0 F., wherein the annealing is performed between the hot working and the cold drawing. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the cold drawing and direct aging forms an \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy article having an ultimate tensile strength in the range of 155 ksi to 200 ksi and an elongation in the range of 8% to 20%, at ambient temperature. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy article is selected from the group consisting of a billet, a bar, a rod, a tube, a slab, a plate, and a fastener. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy article has a diameter or thickness greater than 0.5 inches, an ultimate tensile strength greater than 165 ksi, a yield strength greater than 155 ksi, and an elongation greater than 12%. 13. A process comprising: cold working an \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of ambient temperature to 500\u00b0 F.; and direct aging the cold worked \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 700\u00b0 F. to 1200\u00b0 F.; the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy comprising, in weight percentages, from 2.90 to 5.00 aluminum, from 2.00 to 3.00 vanadium, from 0.40 to 2.00 iron, from 0.10 to 0.30 oxygen, titanium, and incidental impurities. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein cold working the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy comprises cold working by at least one operation selected from the group consisting of rolling, forging, extruding, pilgering, and drawing. 15. The process of claim 13, comprising direct aging the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece for 0.5 to 10 hours at temperature. 16. The process of claim 13, further comprising hot working the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 300\u00b0 F. to 25\u00b0 F. below the \u03b2-transus temperature of the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy, wherein the hot working is performed before the cold working. 17. The process of claim 16, further comprising annealing the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy at a temperature in the range of 1200\u00b0 F. to 1500\u00b0 F., wherein the annealing is performed between the hot working and the cold working. 18. The process of claim 13, wherein the cold working and direct aging forms an \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy article having an ultimate tensile strength in the range of 155 ksi to 200 ksi and an elongation in the range of 8% to 20%, at ambient temperature. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy article is selected from the group consisting of a billet, a bar, a rod, a tube, a slab, a plate, and a fastener. 20. The process of claim 18, wherein the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy article has a diameter or thickness greater than 0.5 inches, an ultimate tensile strength greater than 165 ksi, a yield strength greater than 155 ksi, and an elongation greater than 12%. 21. A process comprising: hot working an \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 1500\u00b0 F. to 1775\u00b0 F.; annealing the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy at a temperature in the range of 1200\u00b0 F. to 1500\u00b0 F.; cold working the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at ambient temperature to a 20% to 60% reduction in area; and direct aging the cold worked \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy workpiece at a temperature in the range of 800\u00b0 F. to 1100\u00b0 F.; the \u03b1+\u03b2 titanium alloy comprising, in weight percentages, from 2.90 to 5.00 aluminum, from 2.00 to 3.00 vanadium, from 0.40 to 2.00 iron, from 0.10 to 0.30 oxygen, titanium, and incidental impurities.",
-    "An environment is described in which a processing system provides application-level usage information to users. In one scenario, for example, the processing system may provide personal usage information to a user who is operating a user device. The personal usage information itemizes the amount of data (and/or other resources) that has been consumed by each application run by the user device. In another scenario, the processing system may provide expected usage information associated with at least one candidate application provided by a marketplace system. The expected usage information describes an expected consumption of data (and/or other resources) by the candidate application upon running the candidate application by the user device. The processing system can tailor the expected usage information that it sends to a particular user based on user profile data. The user profile data describes a manner in which users operate applications. 1. A method, implemented by computing functionality, comprising: generating application usage information comprising resources consumed by a plurality of applications associated with a marketplace system, each application being run by at least one user device; generating candidate usage information comprising resources consumed by a candidate application associated with the marketplace system; receiving one or more user selectable parameters comprising at least a user-adjustable period of time; and rendering an interactive user interface associated with the marketplace system, the interactive user interface presenting a plurality of user selectable views of at least one of the application usage information and the candidate usage information for the user-adjustable period of time. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying a particular device type of each of the at least one user devices that run any of the applications and presenting the application usage information and the candidate usage information within the interactive user interface based on one or more of the identified device types. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the plurality of user selectable views further comprise a total number of each identified device type that has run any of the plurality of applications and the candidate application during the user-adjustable period of time. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of user selectable views further comprise a total number of user devices that have run any of the plurality of applications and the candidate application during the user-adjustable period of time. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of user selectable views further comprise a total number of users that have run any of the plurality of applications and the candidate application during the user-adjustable period of time. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying each application that is run during the user-adjustable period of time and presenting the application identification information within the interactive user interface. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining demographic information associated with the application usage information and the candidate usage information and presenting the application usage information and the candidate usage information within the interactive user interface based on the demographic information. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of user selectable views further comprise expected usage information for one or more new applications, the expected usage information generated from a combination of the resources consumed by the plurality of applications and the resources consumed by the candidate application. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of user selectable views further comprise projected future usage information for any combination of the plurality of applications and the candidate application. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising automatically presenting the interactive user interface when any of the application usage information and the candidate usage information exceeds a triggering event. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting one or more of the user selectable views as a bar chart. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting one or more of the user selectable views as a line graph. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting one or more of the user selectable views in an alphanumeric form. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting one or more of the user selectable views as a combination of an alphanumeric form and a graphical form. 15. The method of claim 1 further comprising presenting any of the application usage information and the candidate usage information as an average over the user-adjustable period of time. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the user selectable parameters further comprise any combination of user device type, application identification, demographic information, and format for presentation of the application usage information and the candidate usage information. 17. A computer readable storage device for storing computer readable instructions, the computer readable instructions providing a usage analysis module when executed by one or more processing devices, the computer readable instructions comprising: logic configured to generate application usage information comprising resources consumed by a plurality of applications associated with a marketplace system, each application being run one or more times by one or more user computing devices; logic configured to receive one or more user selectable parameters comprising at least a user-adjustable period of time; and logic configured to render an interactive user interface associated with the marketplace system, the interactive user interface presenting a plurality of user selectable views of the application usage information for the user-adjustable period of time. 18. The computer readable storage device of claim 17 further comprising logic configured to evaluate the usage information to identify a particular device type of each of the user computing devices and presenting usage information within the interactive user interface based on one or more of the identified device types. 19. The computer readable storage device of claim 15 further comprising presenting one or more of the user selectable views as a combination of an alphanumeric form and a graphical form. 20. A usage analysis module, implemented by computing functionality, comprising: logic configured to determine usage data comprising consumption of resources by each of a plurality of applications associated with a marketplace system, each application being run one or more times by one or more user computing devices; logic configured to evaluate the usage information to identify a particular device type of each of the user computing devices; logic configured to evaluate the usage information to determine a total number of users associated with the user computing devices; logic configured to receive one or more user selectable parameters comprising at least a user-adjustable period of time; and logic configured to render an interactive user interface associated with the marketplace system, the interactive user interface presenting a plurality of user selectable views of the application usage information, the particular device types, and the total number of users for the user-adjustable period of time.",
-    "An eyewear includes a lens unit and two temples each having a fixed segment, a movable segment, at least one connecting portion and a flexible elastic portion. For each temple, the connecting portion interconnects the fixed segment and the movable segment. The movable segment is pivotable between an open position and a folded position. The elastic portion is integrally formed with and interconnects the fixed segment and the movable segment. When the movable segment is moved between the open position and the folded position, the elastic portion is deformed for generating a restoring force to drive the movable segment to pivot to one of the open position and the folded position from the other one of the open position and the folded position. 1. An eyewear comprising: a lens unit; two temples each including a fixed segment that is fixedly connected to said lens unit, a movable segment that has a proximal end proximate to said fixed segment, and a distal end distal from said fixed segment, at least one connecting portion, which is flexible, which is integrally formed with and interconnects said fixed segment and said proximal end of said movable segment, such that said movable segment is pivotable relative to said fixed segment between an open position, where said eyewear can be worn, and a folded position, where said distal end of said movable segment is proximate to said lens unit, and an elastic portion that is flexible, and that is integrally formed with and interconnects said fixed segment and said movable segment such that, when said movable segment is moved between the open position and the folded position, said elastic portion is deformed for generating a restoring force to drive said movable segment to pivot to one of the open position and the folded position from the other one of the open position and the folded position. 2. The eyewear as claimed in claim 1, wherein said elastic portion of each of said temples is configured as a wavy strip. 3. The eyewear as claimed in claim 2, wherein said elastic portion of each of said temples has two opposite end sections that are respectively connected to said fixed segment and said movable segment, and a middle section that interconnects said end sections and that has a V-shaped cross section. 4. The eyewear as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fixed segment of each of said temples is formed with an engaging groove that engages a lateral edge of said lens unit. 5. The eyewear as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of said temples includes two of said connecting portions that are spaced apart from each other in a top-bottom direction, that are integrally formed with and interconnect said fixed segment and said movable segment, said elastic portion being located between said connection portions. 6. The eyewear as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fixed segment of each of said temples and said lens unit are integrally formed. 7. The eyewear as claimed in claim 1, wherein: said fixed segment of each of said temples includes a main body that has a rear end surface, and two rearward-extending ribs that are spaced apart from each other in a top-bottom direction, that extend rearwardly from said rear end surface of said main body of said fixed segment, and that cooperate with said main body of said fixed segment to define a front groove thereamong; said movable segment of each of said temples includes a main body that has a front end surface, and two frontward-extending ribs that are spaced apart from each other in the top-bottom direction, that extend forwardly from said front end surface of said main body of said movable segment, and that cooperate with said main body of said movable segment to define a rear groove thereamong; and said elastic portion of each of said temples interconnects said rear end surface of said fixed segment of a respective one of s a id temples and said front end surface of said movable segment of a corresponding one of said temples, and spans said front groove and said rear groove of the corresponding one of said temples. 8. The eyewear as claimed in claim 7, wherein each of said temples includes two of said connecting portions that are spaced apart from each other in the top-bottom direction, each of said connecting portions being integrally formed with and interconnecting one of said rearward-extending ribs of said fixed segment of a corresponding one of said temples and an adjacent one of said frontward-extending ribs of said movable segment of the corresponding one of said temples. 9. The eyewear as claimed in claim 8, wherein each of said rearward-extending ribs has a rear contacting surface that faces rearwardly, each of said frontward-extending ribs having a front contacting surface that is in contact with and parallel to said rear contacting surface of a corresponding one of said rearward-extending ribs of said fixed segment of a corresponding one of said temples when said movable segment of the corresponding one of said temples is at the open position. 10. The eyewear as claimed in claim 9, wherein each of said connecting portions interconnects an inner side of said rear contacting surface of a corresponding one of said rearward-extending ribs and an inner side of said front contacting surface of a corresponding one of said frontward-extending ribs of said movable segment of a corresponding one of said temples. 11. The eyewear as claimed in claim 10, wherein each of said connecting portions has opposite inner and outer surfaces, a distance between said inner and outer surfaces ranging from 0.3 mm to 1 mm. 12. The eyewear as claimed in claim 7, wherein said elastic portion of each of said temples interconnects an inner side of said rear end surface of said fixed segment of a corresponding one of said temples and an outer side of said front end surface of said movable segment of the corresponding one of said temples. 13. A temple for an eyewear, the eyewear includes a lens unit having two lateral sides, said temple comprising: a fixed segment that is adapted to be fixedly connected to one of the lateral sides of the lens unit; a movable segment that has a proximal end proximate to said fixed segment, and a distal end distal from said fixed segment; at least one connecting portion, which is flexible, which is integrally formed with and interconnecting said fixed segment and said proximal end of said movable segment, such that said movable segment is pivotable relative to said fixed segment between an open position, where the eyewear can be worn, and a folded position, where said distal end of said movable segment is proximate to said lens unit; and an elastic portion that is flexible, and that is integrally formed with and interconnects said fixed segment and said movable segment, such that when said movable segment is moved between the open position and the folded position, said elastic portion is deformed for generating a restoring force to drive said movable segment to pivot to one of the open position and the folded position from the other one of the open position and the folded position. 14. The temple as claimed in claim 13, wherein said elastic portion is configured as a wavy strip. 15. The temple as claimed in claim 14, wherein said elastic portion has two opposite end sections that are respectively connected to said fixed segment and said movable segment, and a middle section that interconnects said end sections and that has a V-shaped cross section. 16. The temple as claimed in claim 13, wherein: said fixed segment includes a main body having a rear end surface, and two rearward-extending ribs that are spaced apart from each other in a top-bottom direction, that extend rearwardly from said rear end surface of said main body of said fixed segment, and that cooperate with said main body of said fixed segment to define a front groove thereamong; said movable segment includes a main body having a front end surface, and two frontward-extending ribs that are spaced apart from each other in the top-bottom direction, that extend forwardly from said front end surface of said main body of said movable segment, and that cooperate with said main body of said movable segment to define a rear groove thereamong; and said elastic portion interconnects said rear end surface of said fixed segment and said front end surface of said movable segment, and spans said front groove and said rear groove. 17. The temple as claimed in claim 16, wherein said temple includes two of said connecting portions that are spaced apart from each other in the top-bottom. direction, each of said connecting portions being integrally formed with and interconnecting a respective one of said rearward-extending ribs and a corresponding one of said frontward-extending ribs. 18. The temple as claimed in claim 17, wherein each of said rearward-extending ribs has a rear contacting surface that faces rearwardly, each of said frontward-extending ribs having a front contacting surface that is in contact with and parallel to said rear contacting surface of a corresponding one of said rearward-extending ribs when said movable segment is at the open position. 19. The temple as claimed in claim 18, wherein each of said connecting portions interconnects an inner side of said rear contacting surface of a corresponding one of said rearward-extending ribs and an inner side of said front contacting surface of a corresponding one of said frontward-extending ribs. 20. The temple as claimed in claim 17, wherein said elastic portion interconnects an inner side of said rear end surface of said fixed segment and an outer side of said front end surface of said movable segment.",
-    "A catadioptric projection objective has a multiplicity of lenses and at least one concave mirror, and also two deflection mirrors in order to separate a partial beam path running from the object field to the concave mirror from the partial beam path running from the concave mirror to the image field. The deflection mirrors are tilted relative to the optical axis of the projection objective about tilting axes running parallel to a first direction (x-direction). The first deflection mirror is arranged in optical proximity to a first field plane and the second deflection mirror is arranged in optical proximity to a second field plane, which is optically conjugate with respect to the first field plane. A displacement device for the synchronous displacement of the deflection mirrors is provided. The deflection mirrors have different local distributions of their reflection properties in first and second reflection regions, respectively. 1.-17. (canceled) 18. A projection objective configured to image an object field into an image field, the projection objective comprising: a multiplicity of lenses; a concave mirror; a first deflection mirror configured to deflect radiation from the object field to the concave mirror; a second deflection mirror configured to deflect radiation from the concave mirror to the image field, wherein: the projection objective has an optical axis; relative to the optical axis of the projection objective, the first deflection mirror is tilted about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis and parallel to a first direction; relative to the optical axis of the projection objective, the second deflection mirror is tilted about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis and parallel to the first direction; the first deflection mirror is displaceable parallel to the first direction; and the second deflection mirror is displaceable parallel to the first direction. 19. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein the projection objective has an imaging scale between 0.8 and 1.2. 20. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein during use of the projection objective: the first deflection mirror has a first position and a second position that is different from the first position; radiation passes from the object field to the image field to image the object field into the image field; when the first deflection mirror is in its first position, the radiation impinges on a first reflection region of the first deflection mirror; when the first deflection mirror is in its second position, the radiation impinges on a second reflection region of the first deflection mirror; and the second reflection region of the first deflection mirror is offset from the first reflection region of the first deflection mirror in a direction parallel the first direction. 21. The projection objective of claim 20, wherein a distribution of reflectivity of the first reflection region of the first deflection mirror is different from a distribution of reflectivity of the second reflection region of the first deflection mirror. 22. The projection objective of claim 20, wherein a reflection coating of the first deflection mirror has a thickness that changes linearly in a direction parallel to the first direction. 23. The projection objective of claim 20, wherein a reflectivity of the first reflection region of the first deflection mirror is constant, and a thickness of a reflection coating of the first deflection mirror is non-constant in the second reflection region of the first deflection mirror. 24. The projection objective of claim 20, wherein during use of the projection objective: the second deflection mirror has a first position and a second position that is different from the first position; when the second deflection mirror is in its first position, the radiation impinges on a first reflection region of the second deflection mirror; when the second deflection mirror is in its second position, the radiation impinges on a second reflection region of the second deflection mirror; and the second reflection region of the second deflection mirror is offset from the first reflection region of the second deflection mirror in a direction parallel to the first direction. 25. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein: the first deflection mirror has a non-planar mirror surface having a surface form in a direction parallel to the first direction; the second deflection mirror has a non-planar mirror surface having a surface form in a direction parallel to the first direction; and the surface form of the second deflection mirror is opposite to the surface form of the first direction in a direction parallel to the first direction. 26. The projection objective of claim 25, wherein the surface form of the first deflection mirror deviates from a planar surface by less than 10 \u03bcm, and the surface form of the second deflection mirror deviates from a planar surface by less than 10 \u03bcm. 27. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein: a mirror surface of the first deflection mirror has a profile in a direction parallel to the first direction; and the profile of the mirror surface of the first deflection mirror is selected from the group consisting of a parabolic surface profile, a cubic surface profile, a surface profile following a polynomial, and a profile with a positive curvature of the mirror surface in a first surface portion and a negative curvature in a second surface portion offset from the first surface portion. 28. The projection objective of claim 27, wherein: a mirror surface of the second deflection mirror has a profile in a direction parallel to the first direction; and the profile of the mirror surface of the second deflection mirror is selected from the group consisting of a parabolic surface profile, a cubic surface profile, a surface profile following a polynomial, and a profile with a positive curvature of the mirror surface in a first surface portion and a negative curvature in a second surface portion offset from the first surface portion. 29. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein a mirror surface of the first deflection mirror is disposed at a location within the projection objective having a subaperture ratio of less than 0.3, and a mirror surface of the second deflection mirror is disposed at a location within the projection objective having a subaperture ratio of less than 0.3. 30. The projection objective of claim 18, further comprising a device configured to displace the first and second deflection mirrors parallel to the first direction. 31. The projection objective of claim 30, wherein the device comprises a drive to synchronously displace the first and second deflection mirrors parallel to the first direction, and the drive is actuable during use the projection objective. 32. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein the first and second deflection mirrors are synchronously displaceable parallel to the first direction. 33. The projection objective of claim 18, further comprising a carrier structure that supports both the first and second deflection mirrors. 34. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein the projection objective comprises a prism, and the first and second deflection surfaces define perpendicularly oriented surfaces of the prism. 35. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein the projection objective comprises: a first objective part configured to image the object plane into a first intermediate image; a second objective part configured to image the first intermediate image into a second intermediate image; and a third objective part configured to image the second intermediate image into the image surface, and wherein: the concave mirror is in a region of a pupil surface between the first and the second intermediate images; the first deflection mirror is in optical proximity to the first intermediate image; and the second deflection mirror is in optical proximity to the second intermediate image. 36. The projection objective of claim 18, wherein the projection objective comprises: a first objective part configured to image the object plane into an intermediate image; and a second objective part configured to image the intermediate image into the image surface, and wherein: the concave mirror is in a region of a pupil surface between the object field and the intermediate image; the first deflection mirror is in optical proximity to the object field; and the second deflection mirror is arranged in optical proximity to the intermediate image. 37. An apparatus, comprising: a projection objective according to claim 18; and an illumination system configured to illuminate the object field of the projection objective, wherein the apparatus is a projection exposure apparatus. 38. A method of using a projection exposure apparatus comprising an illumination optical unit and a projection optical unit, the method comprising: using the illumination optical unit to illuminate structures of a reticle in an object plane of the projection optical unit; and using the projection optical unit to project at least some of the illuminated structures of the reticle onto a light-sensitive material in an image plane of the projection optical unit, wherein the projection optical unit is a projection objective according to claim 18.",
-    "A mobile communication device including a wireless transceiver and a controller is provided. The wireless transceiver performs wireless transmission and reception to and from a cell. The controller determines whether an Application-specific Congestion control for Data Communication (ACDC) has been enabled in the cell in response to a Domain Name Server (DNS) query or Internet Protocol (IP) packet initiated by an application, and in response to the ACDC having been enabled, responds to the DNS query with an IP address or transmits the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver only when the application is associated with a high-priority service. 1. A mobile communication device, comprising: a wireless transceiver, configured to perform wireless transmission and reception to and from a cell; and a controller, configured to determine whether an Application-specific Congestion control for Data Communication (ACDC) has been enabled in the cell in response to a Domain Name Server (DNS) query or Internet Protocol (IP) packet initiated by an application, and in response to the ACDC having been enabled, respond to the DNS query with an IP address or transmit the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver only when the application is associated with a high-priority service. 2. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to determine that the application is associated with the high-priority service when the DNS query comprises a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) specific for the high-priority service or when a destination address of the IP packet is the IP address. 3. The mobile communication device of claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to receive information concerning the URL and the IP address from the cell, so as to provide a virtual DNS for responding to the DNS query. 4. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein, in response to the ACDC having been enabled in the cell, the controller is further configured to not respond to the DNS query or respond to the DNS query with no address, or not transmit the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver, when the application is not associated with the high-priority service. 5. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein, in response to the ACDC not having been enabled in the cell, the controller is further configured to transmit the DNS query or the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver. 6. The mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the high-priority service is a Disaster Message Board (DMB) service or a disaster voice messaging service associated with an Access Point Name (APN) for emergency. 7. A method for Application-specific Congestion control for Data Communication (ACDC), executed by a mobile communication device wirelessly communicating with a cell, the method comprising: determining whether the ACDC has been enabled in the cell in response to a Domain Name Server (DNS) query or Internet Protocol (IP) packet initiated by an application; and in response to the ACDC having been enabled, responding to the DNS query with an IP address or transmitting the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver only when the application is associated with a high-priority service. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining that the application is associated with the high-priority service when the DNS query comprises a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) specific for the high-priority service or when a destination address of the IP packet is the IP address. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving information concerning the URL and the IP address from the cell, so as to provide a virtual DNS for responding to the DNS query. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising: in response to the ACDC having been enabled in the cell, not responding to the DNS query or responding to the DNS query with no address, or not transmitting the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver, when the application is not associated with the high-priority service. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: in response to the ACDC not having been enabled in the cell, transmitting the DNS query or the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the high-priority service is a Disaster Message Board (DMB) service or a disaster voice messaging service associated with an Access Point Name (APN) for emergency. 13. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising a computer program, which, when executed, causes a mobile communication device wirelessly communicating with a cell to perform a method for an Application-specific Congestion control for Data Communication (ACDC), wherein the method comprises: determining whether the ACDC has been enabled in the cell in response to a Domain Name Server (DNS) query or Internet Protocol (IP) packet initiated by an application; and in response to the ACDC having been enabled, responding to the DNS query with an IP address or transmitting the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver only when the application is associated with a high-priority service. 14. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: determining that the application is associated with the high-priority service when the DNS query comprises a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) specific for the high-priority service or when a destination address of the IP packet is the IP address. 15. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: receiving information concerning the URL and the IP address from the cell, so as to provide a virtual DNS for responding to the DNS query. 16. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: in response to the ACDC having been enabled in the cell, not responding to the DNS query or responding to the DNS query with no address, or not transmitting the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver, when the application is not associated with the high-priority service. 17. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: in response to the ACDC not having been enabled in the cell, transmitting the DNS query or the IP packet to the cell via the wireless transceiver. 18. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the high-priority service is a Disaster Message Board (DMB) service or a disaster voice messaging service associated with an Access Point Name (APN) for emergency.",
-    "The present invention relates to specific acylhydrazone compounds, their use as oxidation catalysts and to a process for removing stains and soil on textiles and hard surfaces. The compounds are substituted with a specific cyclic ammonium group adjacent to the acyl group. Further aspects of the invention are compositions or formulations comprising such compounds. 1. (canceled) 2. The method of claim 12 wherein, in the compound of formula (1), R1, R2, R3, R4 independently from each other are hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, halogen, OR11 or NR11R12; R5 is hydrogen or C1-C18alkyl; R6 is hydrogen or C1-C18alkyl; R7 is a group each group with an anion A; k is an integer from 1 to 4; A\u2212 is Cl\u2212, Br\u2212, ClO4\u2212, NO3\u2212, HSO4\u2212, BF4\u2212 or PF6\u2212; R10 is hydrogen or C1-C18alkyl; R11, R12 independently are hydrogen, C1-C18alkyl or phenyl; and R13 is hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl. 3. The method of claim 12 wherein, in the compound of formula (1), R1, R2, R3, R4 independently from each other are hydrogen, OH, methoxy, halogen or methyl; R5 is hydrogen or methyl; R6 is hydrogen or methyl; R7 is a group each group with an anion A; k is an integer from 1 to 2; A\u2212 is Cl\u2212, Br\u2212, ClO4\u2212, NO3\u2212, HSO4\u2212, BF4\u2212 or PF6\u2212; and R10 is hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl. 4. The method of claim 12 wherein, in the compound of formula (1), R1, R2, R3, R4 independently from each other are hydrogen, OH, or methyl; R5 is hydrogen; R6 is hydrogen; R7 is a group each group with an anion A\u2212; k is 1; A\u2212 is Cl\u2212, Br\u2212, ClO4\u2212, NO3\u2212, HSO4\u2212, BF4\u2212 or PF6\u2212; and R10 is methyl. 5. The method of claim 12 wherein, in the compound of formula (1), R1, R2, R3, R4 are hydrogen; R5 is hydrogen; R6 is hydrogen; R7 is a group each group with an anion A\u2212; k is 1; A\u2212 is Cl\u2212 or Br\u2212; and R10 is methyl. 6.-11. (canceled) 12. A method of oxidizing a compound comprising the use of a catalyst for oxidation reactions wherein the catalyst is at least one compound of formula (1) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 independently from each other are hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C28alkyl, C1-C28alkoxy, C2-C28alkenyl, C2-C22alkinyl, C3-C12cycloalkyl, C3-C12cycloalkenyl, C7-C9aralkyl, C3-C20heteroalkyl, C3-C12cycloheteroalkyl, C5-C16heteroaralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the substituents for the radicals are selected from the group consisting of C1-C4alkyl; C1-C4alkoxy; hydroxy; sulfo; sulfato; halogen; cyano; nitro; carboxy; amino; N-mono- or N,N-di-C1-C4alkylamino unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy in the alkyl moiety; N-phenylamino; N-naphthylamino wherein the amino groups may be quaternised; phenyl; phenoxy and naphthyloxy; or R1, R2, R3, R4 independently from each other are OR11, NR11R12, NO2 or halogen; or R1 and R2, R2 and R3 or R3 and R4 are linked together to form 1, 2 or 3 carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings, which may be uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NR13\u2014 and or which may be further fused with other aromatic rings and/or which may be substituted with one or more C1-C6akyl groups. R5 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C28alkyl, C2-C28alkenyl, C2-C22alkinyl, C3-C12cycloalkyl, C3-C12cycloalkenyl, C7-C9aralkyl, C3-C20heteroalkyl, C3-C12cycloheteroalkyl, C5-C16heteroaralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; wherein the substituents for the radicals are selected from the group consisting of C1-C4alkyl; C1-C4alkoxy; hydroxy; sulfo; sulfato; halogen; cyano; nitro; carboxy; amino; N-mono- or N,N-di-C1-C4alkylamino unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy in the alkyl moiety; N-phenylamino; N-naphthylamino wherein the amino groups may be quaternised; phenyl; phenoxy and naphthyloxy; R6 is hydrogen, C1-C28alkyl, C2-C28alkenyl, C2-C22alkinyl, C3-C12cycloalkyl, C3-C12cycloalkenyl, C7-C9aralkyl, C3-C20heteroalkyl, C3-C12cycloheteroalkyl, C5-C16heteroaralkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; wherein the substituents for the radicals are selected from the group consisting of C1-C4alkyl; C1-C4alkoxy; hydroxy; sulfo; sulfato; halogen; cyano; nitro; carboxy; amino; N-mono- or N,N-di-C1-C4alkylamino unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy in the alkyl moiety; N-phenylamino; N-naphthylamino wherein the amino groups may be quaternised; phenyl; phenoxy and naphthyloxy; R7 is a group each group with an anion A\u2212; k is an integer from 1 to 4; A\u2212 is an anion; R10 is hydrogen, C1-C28alkyl, C2-C28alkenyl, C2-C22alkinyl, C3-C12cycloalkyl, C3-C12cycloalkenyl, C7-C9aralkyl, C3-C20heteroalkyl, C3-C12cycloheteroalkyl, C5-C16heteroaralkyl; R11, R12 independently are hydrogen, C1-C15alkyl or phenyl; or R11 and R12 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a 5 or 6 membered-ring which may contain a further N, O or S atom; and R13 is hydrogen or C1-C18alkyl. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the at least one compound of formula (1) is used as catalysts together with peroxide or a peroxide-precursor, O2, and/or air. 14. The method according to claim 12 wherein an additional bleach activator is present. 15. The method according to claim 12 wherein additionally a metal chelating agent (sequestrant) is present. 16. The method according to claim 13 for the bleaching of stains or of soiling on textile materials in the context of a washing process or by the direct application of a stain remover or for the cleaning of hard surfaces. 17. The method according to claim 16 wherein an additional bleach activator is present. 18. The method according to claim 16 wherein additionally a metal chelating agent (sequestrant) is present. 19. The method according to claim 17 wherein additionally a metal chelating agent (sequestrant) is present.",
-    "A pack for carrying personal effects and protecting such effects from damage caused by contact with moisture is provided. First, a flexible and rugged water-resistant outer container having a resealable opening defines a cavity sized to receive a waterproof pouch along with various other items. Next, the waterproof pouch may have an opening to receive various items. A first means and a second means for sealing the waterproof pouch are successively spaced away from the opening of the pouch. Then, once sealed, a portion of the pouch may be successively folded over the first and second means for sealing the pouch to further reduce any risk that moisture enters the pouch through the sealed opening. Finally, means may be provided for securing the folded portion of the pouch in place to provide nested and redundantly sealed compartments. 1. A pack, comprising: a water-resistant outer container defining a cavity accessible through an opening formed on an upward facing portion of the container; a means for closing the opening; a strap disposed on an outer surface of the container; and a waterproof pouch disposable within the cavity defined by the container, the waterproof pouch comprising: a first layer and a second layer, each of the first and second layers having a first edge and second edge horizontally spaced by opposite top and bottom edges, the first, second and bottom edges of the first layer begin permanently and respectively bonded to the first, second, and bottom edges of the second layer so that the respective top edges define an opening to receive one or more items between the first and second layers; a means for sealing the pouch disposed along the top edges, the pouch foldable from the top edges over the first and second means for sealing the pouch, and a means for securing a portion of the pouch folded from the top edges in a folded position. 2. The pack of claim 1, wherein the pouch is permanently disposed within the container. 3. The pack of claim 1, wherein the outer container is cuboid and comprises a first side and a second side, spaced apart by a side panel. 4. The pack of claim 1, wherein the means for securing the folded portion of the pouch comprises securely meshable hook and loop fasteners. 5. The pack of claim 1, further comprising a flap extending from the first layer of the pouch in line with the top edges having disposed thereon the means for securing the folded portion of the pouch. 6. The pack of claim 5, wherein additional means for securing the folded portion of the pouch are disposed on the second layer of the pouch. 7. The pack of claim 1, wherein the means for sealing the pouch comprise at least one press-to-seal zipper disposed in line with the top edges. 8. The pack of claim 1, wherein the means for sealing the opening of the outer container comprises a water-resistant zipper. 9. The pack of claim 1, wherein the strap is adjustable. 10. A pack, comprising: a water-resistant outer container having a first side and a second side spaced apart by a side panel to define a cavity accessible through an opening formed on an upward portion of the side panel, the opening; a water-resistant zipper disposed on the side panel for sealing the opening; an adjustable strap disposed on an outer surface of the container; and a waterproof pouch disposable within the cavity defined by the container, the waterproof pouch comprising: a first layer and a second layer, each of the first and second layers having a first edge and second edge horizontally spaced by opposite top and bottom edges, the first, second and bottom edges of the first layer begin permanently and respectively bonded to the first, second, and bottom edges of the second layer so that the respective top edges define an opening to receive one or more items between the first and second layers; a first press-to-seal zipper for mateably sealing the pouch, the first zipper disposed along the top edges, and a second press-to-seal zipper for mateably sealing the pouch, spaced away from the first zipper, the pouch being foldable from the top edges over the first and second means for sealing the pouch; a flap disposed on the first layer spaced away from the second zipper and having disposed thereon means for securing a folded portion of the pouch in the folded position.",
-    "A method for registering a plurality of callbacks. The method may include receiving at least one callback function in a virtual machine, which includes a plurality of callback registration information. The method may include registering each at least one received callback function in a virtual machine tool interface within the virtual machine to a list of callback functions for an event based on the plurality of callback registration information. The method may include monitoring the virtual machine for an occurrence of the event. The method may include determining the event has occurred. The method may also include generating a local frame for each at least one registered callback function within the list of callback functions for the determined event. The method may include executing each at least one registered callback function based on each generated local frame associated with each at least one registered callback function. 1. A processor-implemented method for registering a plurality of callbacks, the method comprising: receiving, by a processor, at least one callback function in a virtual machine, wherein each at least one callback function includes a plurality of event context elements; registering each at least one received callback function in a virtual machine tool interface within the virtual machine to a list of callback functions for an event based on the plurality of event context elements; monitoring the virtual machine for an occurrence of the event; determining the event has occurred; generating a local frame for each at least one registered callback function within the list of callback functions for the determined event; and executing each at least one registered callback function based on each generated local frame associated with each at least one registered callback function. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining each at least one registered callback function is to be deregistered; terminating the generated local frame; and deregistering each at least one determined callback function. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the event includes at least one of a breakpoint event, a class prepared event, a method call event, a virtual machine death event, or a frame pop event. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of event context elements includes at least one of a callback name, a callback class, a method name, a method signature, or a bytecode location. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein executing each at least one registered callback function further comprises: determining each of the plurality of event context elements matches a user specified filter; executing each at least one registered callback function within the virtual machine; determining an applicable native exception applies to any at least one registered callback function; and processing the applicable native exception to each at least one registered callback function. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein registering each at least one received callback function includes registering each at least one received callback function during a startup of the virtual machine tool interface when a plurality of class files have not been prepared using at least one class prepared enclosing callback. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein registering each at least one received callback function includes registering each at least one received callback function to at least one method exit using at least one method call enclosing callback and at least one frame pop enclosing callback. 8. A computer system for registering a plurality of callbacks, the computer system comprising: one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, one or more computer-readable tangible storage medium, and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more tangible storage medium for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, wherein the computer system is capable of performing a method comprising: receiving at least one callback function in a virtual machine, wherein each at least one callback function includes a plurality of event context elements; registering each at least one received callback function in a virtual machine tool interface within the virtual machine to a list of callback functions for an event based on the plurality of event context elements; monitoring the virtual machine for an occurrence of the event; determining the event has occurred; generating a local frame for each at least one registered callback function within the list of callback functions for the determined event; and executing each at least one registered callback function based on each generated local frame associated with each at least one registered callback function. 9. The computer system of claim 8, further comprising: determining each at least one registered callback function is to be deregistered; terminating the generated local frame; and deregistering each at least one determined callback function. 10. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the event includes at least one of a breakpoint event, a class prepared event, a method call event, a virtual machine death event, or a frame pop event. 11. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of event context elements includes at least one of a callback name, a callback class, a method name, a method signature, or a bytecode location. 12. The computer system of claim 8, wherein executing each at least one registered callback function further comprises: determining each of the plurality of event context elements matches a user specified filter; executing each at least one registered callback function within the virtual machine; determining an applicable native exception applies to any at least one registered callback function; and processing the applicable native exception to each at least one registered callback function. 13. The computer system of claim 8, wherein registering each at least one received callback function includes registering each at least one received callback function during a startup of the virtual machine tool interface when a plurality of class files have not been prepared using at least one class prepared enclosing callback. 14. The computer system of claim 8, wherein registering each at least one received callback function includes registering each at least one received callback function to at least one method exit using at least one method call enclosing callback and at least one frame pop enclosing callback. 15. A computer program product for registering a plurality of callbacks, the computer program product comprising: one or more computer-readable tangible storage medium and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more tangible storage medium, the program instructions executable by a processor, the program instructions comprising: program instruction to receive at least one callback function in a virtual machine, wherein each at least one callback function includes a plurality of event context elements; program instruction to register each at least one received callback function in a virtual machine tool interface within the virtual machine to a list of callback functions for an event based on the plurality of event context elements; program instruction to monitor the virtual machine for an occurrence of the event; program instruction to determine the event has occurred; program instruction to generate a local frame for each at least one registered callback function within the list of callback functions for the determined event; and program instruction to execute each at least one registered callback function based on each generated local frame associated with each at least one registered callback function. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising: program instruction to determine each at least one registered callback function is to be deregistered; program instruction to terminate the generated local frame; and program instruction to deregister each at least one determined callback function. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the event includes at least one of a breakpoint event, a class prepared event, a method call event, a virtual machine death event, or a frame pop event. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of event context elements includes at least one of a callback name, a callback class, a method name, a method signature, or a bytecode location. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein executing each at least one registered callback function further comprises: program instruction to determine an event context element matches a user specified filter; program instruction to execute each at least one registered callback function within the virtual machine; program instruction to determine an applicable native exception applies to any at least one registered callback function; and program instruction to process the applicable native exception to each at least one registered callback function. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein registering each at least one received callback function includes registering each at least one received callback function during a startup of the virtual machine tool interface when a plurality of class files have not been prepared using at least one class prepared enclosing callback.",
-    "The invention relates to a method and to a circuit arrangement for determining an insulation variable of a network, wherein the measuring system is temporarily connected to the network and a reference point. The method comprises the following steps: measuring a first voltage at the network when the measuring system is not connected to the network; connecting the measuring system to the network, measuring a second voltage at the network, disconnecting the measuring system from the network, measuring a third voltage at the network, and determining an insulation variable based on at least one element of the measuring system, the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A method for determining an insulation variable of an electrical network, comprising: measuring a first voltage at the network that drops between a supply terminal of the electrical network and a reference point of the electrical network; connecting an auxiliary system to the network between the supply terminal and the reference point; measuring, after the auxiliary system is connected, a second voltage that drops between the supply terminal and the reference point; disconnecting the auxiliary system from the network; measuring, after the auxiliary system is disconnected, a third voltage that drops between the supply terminal and the reference point; and determining the insulation variable based on the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the insulation variable is one of an insulation capacitance or an insulation resistance. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the network is an electrical supply network comprising at least one battery. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein connecting the auxiliary system to the network comprises closing a switch associated with the auxiliary system. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the auxiliary system comprises: a capacitor, a first resistor, and a switch connected in series; and a second resistor connected in parallel with the capacitor. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein measuring the second voltage comprises measuring the second voltage when a predefined settling time has passed after the auxiliary system is connected to the network. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein measuring the third voltage comprises measuring the third voltage when a predefined duration has passed after the auxiliary system is disconnected from the network. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein determining the insulation variable comprises determining a parallel insulation resistance in accordance with RP = - t \ue89e \ue89e 1 CP \u00b7 ln \ue8a0 ( 1 - U \ue89e \ue89e 1 \ue89e ( t \ue89e \ue89e 1 ) - U \ue89e \ue89e 12 U \ue89e \ue89e 11 - U \ue89e \ue89e 12 ) where CP = Cm * U \ue89e \ue89e 12 U \ue89e \ue89e 11 - U \ue89e \ue89e 12 wherein RP denotes the parallel insulation resistance, CP denotes a parallel insulation capacitance, U11 denotes the first voltage, U12 denotes the second voltage, U1(t1) denotes the third voltage, t1 denotes the predefined duration, and Cm denotes an insulation capacitor of the auxiliary system. 21. The method according to claim 20: wherein the supply terminal is a first supply terminal, the method further comprising: measuring a fourth voltage before the auxiliary system is connected to the network, wherein the fourth voltage is measured between the reference point and a second supply terminal of the network, and determining a first insulation resistance of the network between the first supply terminal and the reference point and a second insulation resistance of the network between the reference point and the second supply terminal, in accordance with R \ue89e \ue89e 1 = RP \u00b7 ( 1 - U \ue89e \ue89e 11 U \ue89e \ue89e 21 ) and R \ue89e \ue89e 2 = - R \ue89e \ue89e 1 \u00b7 U \ue89e \ue89e 11 U \ue89e \ue89e 21 wherein R1 denotes the first insulation resistance, R2 denotes the second insulation resistance, and U21 denotes the fourth voltage. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the duration t1 depends on a resolution of an analog-to-digital converter connected to the auxiliary system. 23. A device for determining an insulation variable of an electrical network, comprising: an auxiliary system; and a processing unit coupled to the auxiliary system, the processing unit configured to perform the following operations: measuring a first voltage at the network that drops between a supply terminal of the electrical network and a reference point of the electrical network; connecting the auxiliary system to the network between the supply terminal and the reference point; measuring, after the auxiliary system is connected, a second voltage that drops between the supply terminal and the reference point; disconnecting the auxiliary system from the network; measuring, after the auxiliary system is disconnected, a third voltage that drops between the supply terminal and the reference point; and determining the insulation variable based on the first voltage, the second voltage, and the third voltage. 24. The device according to claim 23, wherein the insulation variable is one of an insulation capacitance or an insulation resistance. 25. The device according to claim 23, wherein the network is an electrical supply network comprising at least one battery. 26. The device according to claim 23, further comprising: a switch configured to connect the auxiliary system to the network. 27. The device according to claim 23, wherein the auxiliary system comprises: a capacitor, a first resistor, and a switch connected in series; and a second resistor connected in parallel with the capacitor. 28. The device according to claim 23, wherein the processing unit is further configured to measure the second voltage when a predefined settling time has passed after the auxiliary system is connected to the network. 29. The device according to claim 23, wherein the processing unit is further configured to measure the third voltage when a predefined duration has passed after the auxiliary system is disconnected from the network. 30. The device according to claim 23, wherein the processing unit is further configured to measure a parallel insulation resistance as the insulation variable in accordance with RP = - t \ue89e \ue89e 1 CP \u00b7 ln \ue8a0 ( 1 - U \ue89e \ue89e 1 \ue89e ( t \ue89e \ue89e 1 ) - U \ue89e \ue89e 12 U \ue89e \ue89e 11 - U \ue89e \ue89e 12 ) where CP = Cm * U \ue89e \ue89e 12 U \ue89e \ue89e 11 - U \ue89e \ue89e 12 wherein RP denotes the parallel insulation resistance, CP denotes a parallel insulation capacitance, U11 denotes the first voltage, U12 denotes the second voltage, U1(t1) denotes the third voltage, t1 denotes the predefined duration, and Cm denotes an insulation capacitor of the auxiliary system. 31. The device according to claim 30, wherein: the supply terminal is a first supply terminal, and the processing unit is further configured to perform the following operations: measuring a fourth voltage before the auxiliary system is connected to the network, wherein the fourth voltage is measured between the reference point and a second supply terminal of the network, and determining a first insulation resistance of the network between the first supply terminal and the reference point and a second insulation resistance of the network between the reference point and the second supply terminal, in accordance with R \ue89e \ue89e 1 = RP \u00b7 ( 1 - U \ue89e \ue89e 11 U \ue89e \ue89e 21 ) and R \ue89e \ue89e 2 = - R \ue89e \ue89e 1 \u00b7 U \ue89e \ue89e 11 U \ue89e \ue89e 21 wherein R1 denotes the first insulation resistance, R2 denotes the second insulation resistance, and U21 denotes the fourth voltage. 32. A motor vehicle comprising at least one device according to claim 23.",
-    "A system for precise timing and synchronization of events is provided. The system includes a first terminal including one or more first counters and a packetizer configured to create a packetized data stream having one or more event tags. The system also includes a second terminal that includes one or more second counters and a depacketizer. The second counter(s) is/are configured to count clock pulses generated by a first clock of the first terminal at a first clock rate. The depacketizer is configured to receive the packetized data stream and detect the event tag(s). When the at least one event tag is detected, the second terminal calculates a time at which the first terminal created the packetized data stream based on a count value of the second counter(s) and a count value of the first counter(s) of the first terminal. 1. A device for precise timing and synchronization of events, comprising: a first terminal configured to create at least one event tag; and a second terminal configured to receive and detect the at least one event tag such that when the at least one event tag is detected, the second terminal calculates a time at which the first terminal created the at least one event tag based on a count value of at least one second counter of the second terminal and a count value of at least one first counter of the first terminal. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first terminal includes a packetizer that is configured to create a packetized data stream which includes the at least one event tag. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the second terminal includes a depacketizer that is configured to receive the packetized data stream, and wherein the at least one second counter is configured to count clock pulses generated by a first clock of the first terminal at a first clock rate. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the second terminal includes at least one serial peripheral interface (SPI) master that outputs an event tag request to at least one SPI slave of the first terminal. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first and second terminals communicate with each other over a wired link interface. 6. The device according to claim 4, wherein the second terminal includes at least one second register that receives an event decode signal from the depacketizer and the count value from the at least one second counter of the second terminal. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein the second terminal includes at least one software control module that sends a control signal to the SPI master when the count value is received from the at least one second register. 8. The device according to claim 4, wherein the at least one SPI slave sends the event tag request to an event command decoder module that decodes the event tag request and sends a event command decode signal to an event logic module configured to convert the event command decode signal to an event logic signal that is sent to the packetizer of the first terminal and embedded on the packetized data stream event command decode signal. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the first terminal further includes at least one first register. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the at least one first register receives an event logic signal sent from the event logic module and the count value sent from the at least one first counter of the first terminal, and the at least one first register sends the count value of the first counter to the SPI slave, which sends the first count value of the first counter to the software module of the second terminal. 11. The device according to claim 2, wherein the packetized data stream is created based on a radio frequency (RF) signal received at the first terminal. 12. The device according to claim 3, wherein the at least one first counter is synched to the first clock. 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein the event tag includes a desired bit sequence. 14. A method for precise timing and synchronization of events, comprising: sending an event tag request from a second terminal to a first terminal; creating at the first terminal an event tag; sending the event tag to the second terminal; detecting the event tag at the second terminal; and calculating, when the event tag is detected, a time at which the first terminal created the event tag based on a count value of a second counter and a count value of a first counter of the first terminal. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising creating a packetized data stream, which includes the event tag, at the first terminal. 16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising counting clock pulses with the second counter of the second terminal, wherein the clock pulses are generated at a first clock rate by a first clock of the first terminal. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein sending the event tag request further includes sending the event tag request from at least one SPI master of the second terminal to at least one SPI slave of the first terminal. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the first and second terminals communicate with each other over a wired link interface. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising sending an event decode signal from a depacketizer of the second terminal and the count value from the second counter of the second terminal to at least one second register of the second terminal. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising sending a control signal from at least one software control module of the second terminal to the SPI master when the count value is received from the at least one second register.",
-    "An image forming apparatus comprises a first and a second HDDs (Hard Disk Drives), a RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks) controller to execute rebuilding processes in which data stored in the first HDD is copied to the second HDD restored, and a CPU (Central Processing Unit). When there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the first and the second HDDs, and the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, the image forming apparatus stops the rebuilding processes. The image forming apparatus restarts the rebuilding processes, when the access from the CPU is finished. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a first and a second fixed storage devices, a controller to execute rebuilding processes in which data being stored in the first fixed storage device is copied to the second fixed storage device, when the second fixed storage device failed is restored, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) to access each of the first and the second fixed storage devices, a determination unit to determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, when there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the first and the second fixed storage devices, a priority acquire unit to acquire a priority of data which is an object for access by the CPU and a priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, when the determination unit determined that the rebuilding processes are being executed, a priority determination unit to determine whether the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes or not, a stop unit to stop the rebuilding processes, when the priority determination unit determined that the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, and a restart unit to restart the rebuilding processes, when the access from the CPU to at least one of the fixed storage devices was finished. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the determination unit comprises: an information transmitting unit to transmit information for showing that the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, from the controller to the CPU, in response to the request from the CPU, when there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the fixed storage devices, and a CPU side determination unit to determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, by using the CPU, based on information received from the information transmitting unit, wherein the priority acquire unit comprises: a CPU reading unit to read data for which the rebuilding processes are being executed, by using the CPU, when the determination unit determined that the rebuilding processes are being execute, and a priority identifying unit to identify the priority of the data read by the CPU reading unit, by using the CPU, wherein the priority determination unit comprises: a CPU side priority determination unit to determine whether the priority of data which is an object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes or not, by using the CPU, based on the priority identified by the priority identifying unit, wherein the stop unit comprises: a stop requesting unit to request stopping the rebuilding processes, from the CPU to the controller, wherein the restart unit comprises: a restart requesting unit to request restarting the rebuilding processes, from the CPU to the controller. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the determination unit comprises: a controller side determination unit to determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, by using the controller, when there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the fixed storage devices, wherein the priority acquire unit comprises: a CPU side priority transmitting unit to transmit information for indicating the priority of data which is an object for access by the CPU, from the CPU to the controller, when the determination unit determined that the rebuilding processes are being executed, wherein the priority determination unit comprises: a controller side priority determination unit to determine whether the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes or not, by using the controller, based on information received from the CPU side priority transmitting unit. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprises: a start informing unit to inform starting of the rebuilding processes from the controller to the CPU, when the rebuilding processes is to be started, and a completion informing unit to inform completion of the rebuilding processes from the controller to the CPU, when the rebuild process is completed, wherein the determination unit comprises: an informing determination unit to determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, by using the CPU, based on information from each of the start informing unit and the completion informing unit. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the rebuilding processes is to divide data stored in the first fixed storage device into a plurality of divided data pieces, and to copy each of the plurality of divided data pieces into the second fixed storage device in series, wherein the stop unit comprises: a waiting time increment unit to increase waiting time which is time from completion of the rebuilding processes for a divided data piece which is being processed under the rebuilding processes among the plurality of divided data pieces, to starting the rebuilding processes for a next divided data piece, when there arises the necessity for accessing at least one of the first and the second fixed storage devices from the CPU. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprises: a writing job receiving unit to receive an instruction of performing a writing job for writing data into at least one of the fixed storage devices, a memory writing unit to write the writing data which is an object of the writing job into a memory, by using the CPU, when the instruction of performing the writing job was received, and a first remaining amount determination unit to determine whether the amount of a spare capacity of the memory is less than a first threshold value or not, when the memory writing unit writes the writing data into the memory, wherein the case that there arises the necessity for accessing at least one of the fixed storage devices from the CPU is the case that the first remaining amount determination unit determined that the amount of the spare capacity of the memory is less than the first threshold value. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprises: a reading job receiving unit to receive an instruction of performing a reading job for reading data from at least one of the fixed storage devices, a reading unit to read the reading data which is an object of the reading job from the first or the second fixed storage device into the memory, by using the CPU, after the stop unit stopped the rebuilding processes, when the instruction of performing the reading job was received and a second remaining amount determination unit to determine whether the amount of a spare capacity of the memory is less than a second threshold value or not, when the reading unit reads the reading data into the memory, wherein the case that there arises the necessity for accessing at least one of the fixed storage devices from the CPU is the case that the instruction of performing the reading job is received, and the case that the access from the CPU to at least one of the fixed storage devices was finished is the case that the second remaining amount determination unit determined that the amount of the spare capacity of the memory is less than the second threshold value. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, further comprises: a third remaining amount determination unit to determine whether the amount of a spare capacity of the memory is more than or equal to a third threshold value or not, when the restart unit restarted the rebuilding processes and there is the reading data which was not output, and a second stop unit to stop the rebuilding processes again when the third remaining amount determination unit determined that the amount of a spare capacity of the memory is more than or equal to the third threshold value. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller can perform a mirroring process in which data stored in one of the first and the second fixed storage devices are copied into the other of the first and the second fixed storage devices. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a controlling program for an image forming apparatus, wherein the image forming apparatus comprises: a first and a second fixed storage devices, a controller to execute rebuilding processes in which data being stored in the first fixed storage device is copied to the second fixed storage device, when the second fixed storage device failed is restored, and a CPU (Central Processing Unit) to access each of the first and the second fixed storage devices, wherein the controlling program causing a computer to execute the steps of: determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, when there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the first and the second fixed storage devices, acquire a priority of data which is an object for access by the CPU and a priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, when the rebuilding processes are being executed, determine whether the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes or not, stop the rebuilding processes, when the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, and restart the rebuilding processes, when the access from the CPU to at least one of the fixed storage devices was finished. 11. A controller which communicates with a CPU (Central Processing Unit) which access each of the first and the second fixed storage devices, wherein the controller comprises: a rebuild processor to execute rebuilding processes in which data being stored in the first fixed storage device is copied to the second fixed storage device, when the second fixed storage device failed is restored, a determination unit to determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, when there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the first and the second fixed storage devices, a priority acquire unit to acquire a priority of data which is an object for access by the CPU and a priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, when the determination unit determined that the rebuilding processes are being executed, a priority determination unit to determine whether the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes or not, a stop unit to stop the rebuilding processes, when the priority determination unit determined that the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, and a restart unit to restart the rebuilding processes, when the access from the CPU to at least one of the fixed storage devices was finished. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a controlling program for a controller, wherein the controller communicates with a CPU (Central Processing Unit) which access each of the first and the second fixed storage devices, wherein the controlling program causing a computer to execute the steps of: execute rebuilding processes in which data being stored in the first fixed storage device is copied to the second fixed storage device, when the second fixed storage device failed is restored, determine whether the rebuilding processes are being executed or not, when there arises the necessity for accessing from the CPU to at least of the first and the second fixed storage devices, acquire a priority of data which is an object for access by the CPU and a priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, when the rebuilding processes are being executed, determine whether the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes or not, stop the rebuilding processes, when the priority of data which is the object for access by the CPU is higher than the priority of data which is being processed under the rebuilding processes, and restart the rebuilding processes, when the access from the CPU to at least one of the fixed storage devices was finished.",
-    "A cam follower, comprising: a tappet which includes two flanges provided with opposite holes centered on a transverse axis; a pin extending along the transverse axis between two opposite ends received in the opposite holes; and a roller movable in rotation relative to the pin around the transverse axis and adapted to roll on a cam. Each of the opposite holes is provided with: an open portion for mounting the pin by translation in a first direction perpendicular to the transverse axis, a cylindrical portion for supporting the pin along the first direction and a plane portion for retaining the pin along the transverse axis during transport and mounting of the cam follower. A method includes steps for manufacturing such a cam follower. 1. A cam follower, comprising: a tappet which includes two flanges provided with opposite holes centered on a transverse axis; a pin extending along the transverse axis between two opposite ends received in the opposite holes; and a roller movable in rotation relative to the pin around the transverse axis and adapted to roll on a cam; wherein each of the opposite holes is provided with: an open portion for mounting the pin by translation in a first direction perpendicular to the transverse axis, a cylindrical portion for supporting the pin along the first direction and a plane portion for retaining the pin along the transverse axis during transport and mounting of the cam follower. 2. The cam follower according to claim 1, the flanges further comprising secondary holes, each secondary hole being open along the transverse axis between the plane portion and an outer side of the tappet, and each secondary hole being perpendicular to the transverse axis in a second direction, the second direction being opposite the first direction, the secondary holes allowing passage of a tool shank for machining the opposite holes in the tappet. 3. The cam follower according to claim 1, the flanges further comprising deformed portions to prevent dismounting of the pin by translation in a second direction opposite the first direction. 4. The cam follower according to claim 1, wherein the pin is secured to the tappet in the opposite holes, the flanges further comprising deformed portions in contact with the ends of the pin. 5. The cam follower according to claim 1, wherein the pin is partly movable in the opposite holes, the flanges further comprising deformed portions devoid of contact with the ends of the pin. 6. The cam follower according to claim 5, wherein the pin is movable in rotation around the transverse axis in the opposite holes. 7. The cam follower according to claim 5, wherein the pin is partly movable in translation and is retained by the plane portions along the transverse axis in the opposite holes. 8. The cam follower according to claim 2, the flanges further comprising deformed portions formed on both sides of the secondary holes. 9. The cam follower according to claim 1, wherein the cam follower is integrated into an injection pump for a motor vehicle. 10. The cam follower according to claim 1, wherein the cam follower is integrated into a valve actuator for a motor vehicle. 11. A method for manufacturing a cam follower, the cam follower comprising: a tappet which includes two flanges provided with opposite holes centered on a transverse axis; a pin extending along the transverse axis between two opposite ends received in the opposite holes; and a roller movable in rotation relative to the pin around the transverse axis and adapted to roll on a cam; wherein each of the opposite holes is provided with: an open portion for mounting the pin by translation in a first direction perpendicular to the transverse axis, a cylindrical portion for supporting the pin along the first direction and a plane portion for retaining the pin along the transverse axis during transport and mounting of the cam follower, the method comprising a mounting step, the mounting step comprising a step of: mounting the pin into the opposite holes by translation in the first direction, without deforming the flanges. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising a machining step, the machining step comprising a step of: machining the opposite holes in the flanges, wherein the machining step is accomplished prior to the mounting step. 13. The method according to claim 11, further comprising a deforming step, the deforming step comprising a step of: plastically deforming the flanges to prevent dismounting of the pin by translation in a second direction opposite the first direction, wherein the machining step is accomplished following the mounting step. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the deforming step plastically deforms the flanges, wherein deformed portions of the flange contact the ends of the pin, such that the pin is secured to the tappet in the opposite holes. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the deforming step plastically deforms the flanges wherein the deformed portions of the flange are devoid of contact with the ends of the pin, such that the pin is partly movable in the opposite holes.",
-    "The present inventions relates to the use of an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for a hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene from an archeon or for a light-active fragment of said gene, or the nucleotide sequence complementary to said nucleotide sequence, for treating or ameliorating blindness. The light-gated ion channel or pump gene can be a halorhodopsin gene. 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for a hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene from an archeon or for a light-active fragment of said gene, or the nucleotide sequence complementary to said nucleotide sequence, for use in treating or ameliorating blindness. 2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein the light-gated ion channel or pump gene is a halorhodopsin gene. 3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein the hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene is the halorhodopsin gene from Natronomas pharaonis (NpHR). 4. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule is for use by administration and expression in at least one of cones, rods, horizontal cells, rod bipolar cells, ON-cone bipolar cells, OFF-cone bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells. 5. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 comprising a cell specific promoter, for instance human rhodopsin promoter, human red opsin promoter the Grm6 promoter controlling the expression of the light-gated ion channel or pump gene. 6. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein said hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene is used, simultaneously or sequentially, together with a depolarizing light-gated ion channel gene. 7. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 wherein the depolarizing light-gated ion channel gene is a channelrhodopsin, for instance channelrhodopsin-2. 8. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 wherein the expression of said depolarizing light-gated ion channel gene is under the control of human rhodopsin promoter, human red opsin promoter and the Grm6 promoter. 9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule useful for treating blindness comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for a hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene and a nucleic acid sequence coding for a depolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene. 10. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 9 wherein said hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump gene is halorhodopsin, for instance the halorhodopsin gene from Natronomas pharaonis (NpHR), and said a depolarizing light-gated ion channel gene is a channelrhodopsin, for instance channelrhodopsin-2. 11. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 9 wherein the hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump and the depolarizing light-gated ion channel are encoded in such a way that a fusion protein is formed upon expression. 12. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 9 wherein the expression of the genes encoding the hyperpolarizing light-gated ion channel and the depolarizing light-gated ion channel or pump are, either commonly or independently, under the control of a promoter chosen from the group of human rhodopsin promoter, human red opsin promoter and the Grm6 promoter. 13. A recombinant vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1. 14. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 13. 15. A kit comprising an isolated nucleic according to claim 1.",
-    "A Universal Serial Bus (USB) dongle may include an optical transceiver having a USB interface for engagement to an electronic device such as a laptop computer or other USB-configured device. The USB dongle may include a converter or buffering, isolation, modulation or amplification circuitry. The USB dongle sends and receives data signals which may be carried upon an optical transmission as generated by an LED light source which in turn is in communication with a host device such as a network processor. The USB dongle may also include operational amplifiers (op-amps) and transistor amplifiers. 1. A light emitting diode light communication device comprising: a housing; at least one optical transceiver engaged to said housing, said at least one optical transceiver comprising at least one photodetector; and a universal serial bus interface engaged to said housing, said universal serial bus interface being in communication with said at least one optical transceiver, wherein said at least one optical transceiver is releasably engaged to, and is in communication with at least one electronic device, wherein said at least one optical transceiver receives at least one received light signal comprising light in the visible spectrum, said at least one received light signal being observable to unaided eyes of an individual as illumination, said at least one received light signal comprising a plurality of rapid flashes of light, said rapid flashes of light in the visible spectrum having a frequency which is not observable to the unaided eyes of said individual, wherein said rapid flashes of light in the visible spectrum are configured for transmission of information or data, said information or data comprising at least one destination optical transceiver location identifier and at least one intermediate optical transceiver location identifier. 2. The light emitting diode light communication device according to claim 1, said at least one optical transceiver further comprising at least one light emitting diode, wherein said at least one optical transceiver transmits at least one transmitted light signal comprising light in the visible spectrum, and wherein said at least one light emitting diode and said at least one photodector are isolated from emitter receiver feedback. 3. The light emitting diode light communication device according to claim 1, wherein said at least one transmitted light signal comprises a plurality of rapid flashes of light in the visible spectrum, said rapid flashes of light in the visible spectrum having a frequency which is not observable to the unaided eyes of said individual. 4. The light emitting diode light communication device according to claim 1, said information or data further comprising at least one optical transceiver identifier for said at least one optical transceiver. 5. The light emitting diode light communication device of claim 1, said information or data comprising global positioning system information. 6. The light emitting diode light communication device of claim 1, said optical transceiver further comprising a converter. 7. The light emitting diode light communication device of claim 6, said optical transceiver further comprising buffering circuitry. 8. The light emitting diode light communication device of claim 7, said optical transceiver further comprising isolation circuitry. 9. The light emitting diode light communication device of claim 8, said optical transceiver further comprising modulation circuitry. 10. The light emitting diode light communication device of claim 8, said optical transceiver further comprising amplification circuitry.",
-    "A recording apparatus includes a recording head capable of moving back and forth relative to a recording medium and ejecting a liquid from a nozzle, a cover portion that covers at least a portion of a no-nozzle-formed region in which the nozzle is not formed within a nozzle-formed surface in which the nozzle is formed, and a wiper provided in a back-and-forth movement range of the recording head and capable of wiping the cover portion without contacting the nozzle-formed surface as the recording head moves back and forth. 1. A recording apparatus comprising: a recording head capable of moving back and forth relative to a recording medium and ejecting a liquid from a nozzle; a cover portion that covers at least a portion of a no-nozzle-formed region in which the nozzle is not formed within a nozzle-formed surface in which the nozzle is formed; and a wiper provided in a back-and-forth movement range of the recording head and capable of wiping the cover portion without contacting the nozzle-formed surface as the recording head moves back and forth. 2. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cover portion has higher liquid repellency to the liquid than the wiper does. 3. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the liquid repellency of the cover portion to the liquid is higher in a region near the nozzle than in a region remote from the nozzle. 4. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wiper is a blade that extends in a direction that intersects reciprocating directions of the recording head. 5. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: in the nozzle-formed surface, a plurality of the nozzle is arranged in a direction that intersects reciprocating directions of the recording head; and the wiper is capable of wiping in a direction that intersects the reciprocating directions of the recording head. 6. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wiper is made of a material capable of absorbing the liquid. 7. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wiper is capable of being withdrawn from a location at which the wiper is able to wipe the cover portion as the recording head moves back and forth. 8. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein ratio of a thickness of a cover region in the cover portion which covers the nozzle-formed surface to a length of an exposed region in the nozzle-formed surface which is not covered with the cover portion, the length being measured in reciprocating directions of the recording head, is greater than or equal to 0.02 and less than or equal to 3.0. 9. The recording apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the cover region to the length of the exposed region is greater than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 2.4. 10. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a transport portion that transports the recording medium in a direction that intersects reciprocating directions of the recording head, wherein the wiper is provided at an end portion of a transport region in which the recording medium is transported by the transport portion, the end portion being at an end in one of the reciprocating directions. 11. The recording apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the wiper is provided at each of two end portions of the transport region in the reciprocating directions.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes: a semiconductor substrate; and a first trench and a second trench that extend from a front surface of the semiconductor substrate toward a rear surface side of the semiconductor substrate. A gate electrode is accommodated in the first trench. An insulator is accommodated in the second trench. An angle between a bottom surface and a side surface of the first trench is larger than an angle between a bottom surface and a side surface of the second trench. A void is provided in the insulator in the second trench. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate; and a first trench and a second trench that extend from a front surface of the semiconductor substrate toward a rear surface side of the semiconductor substrate, wherein a gate electrode is accommodated in the first trench, an insulator is accommodated in the second trench, an angle between a bottom surface and a side surface of the first trench is larger than an angle between a bottom surface and a side surface of the second trench, and a void is provided in the insulator in the second trench. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a width of an opening of the second trench is smaller than a width of an opening of the first trench. 3. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a first trench and a second trench that extend from a front surface of a semiconductor substrate toward a rear surface side of the semiconductor substrate; depositing an insulator into the first trench and the second trench; and heating the semiconductor substrate after the depositing, wherein in the forming of the first and second trenches, the first and second trenches are formed so that an angle between a bottom surface and a side surface of the first trench is larger than an angle between a bottom surface and a side surface of the second trench.",
-    "In a method for generating an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) physical layer (PHY) data unit, a signal field of the data unit is generated. The signal field includes a first subfield to indicate a configuration used for transmission of the data unit and a second subfield to indicate information regarding one of a plurality of modes for the data unit. When the configuration is a first configuration, the second subfield indicates information regarding a first mode of the plurality of modes. When the configuration is a second configuration, the second subfield indicates information regarding a second mode of the plurality of modes. The data unit is generated to include a preamble and a data portion. The signal field is included in the preamble. The data portion is generated according to one of i) the information regarding the first mode or ii) the information regarding the second mode. 1. A method for generating an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) physical layer (PHY) data unit for transmission via a communication channel, the method comprising: generating a signal field of the data unit to include a first subfield to indicate a configuration used for transmission of the data unit, and a second subfield to indicate information regarding one of a plurality of modes for the data unit, including: when the configuration is a first configuration, generating the second subfield to indicate information regarding a first mode of the plurality of modes, and when the configuration is a second configuration, generating the second subfield to indicate information regarding a second mode of the plurality of modes; and generating the data unit to include a preamble and a data portion, wherein the signal field is included in the preamble, and wherein the data portion is generated according to one of i) the information regarding the first mode or ii) the information regarding the second mode.",
-    "A managed notification system compares image(s) and/or indicia relating to the image(s) and where there is a match selectively provides a notification of the same. 1. A managed notification system for selectively notifying notification recipients, the system comprising: a video camera for capturing an image in a video camera frame including a primary captured content and a secondary captured content; cases stored in a digital library and a computing device for accessing the library; in the library, plural primary content cases with respective primary content and plural secondary content cases with respective secondary content; in each primary content case, the primary content associated with a case group selected from a list of multiple case groups; in each secondary content case, the secondary content associated with a label; a comparison module of the computing device for identifying a primary match when indicia derived from the primary captured content are matched with indicia included in a library case; the comparison module of the computing device for identifying a secondary match when indicia corresponding to the secondary captured content are matched with indicia included in a library case; wherein an image that results in both primary and secondary matches causes the system to test whether there is authorization for the combination of the primary captured content and the secondary captured content; and, wherein failure of the authorization test results in a notification component varying with one or both of the primary and secondary matched cases being sent to intended recipients identified via (i) links between case groups and user groups such that one or more user groups intended to receive the notification component can be identified and (ii) links between receiving nodes and user groups so that one or more of plural receiving nodes that serve the intended recipients can be identified. 2. The managed notification system of claim 1 wherein: the primary captured content is matched with a library case; and, the secondary captured content is matched with a library case. 3. The managed notification system of claim 2 wherein: the primary captured content substantially isolates a person's face captured from a live scene; the secondary captured content substantially isolates an inanimate object carried by or within reach of the person; and, the authorization test is failed. 4. The managed notification system of claim 3 wherein the notification component includes an image derived from the live scene that includes the human face and the inanimate object. 5. The managed notification system of claim 4 wherein the computing device marks the derived image to point out the inanimate object. 6. The managed notification system of claim 3 wherein the notification component includes a description of the matched object. 7. The managed notification system of claim 6 wherein the notification component includes a name or alias of the matched face. 8. The managed notification system of claim 3 further including a case selector whereby cases available for use in the secondary match vary with the results obtained from the primary match. 9. The managed notification system of claim 8 wherein: a case matched in the primary match is associated with a parolee case group; in a linkage between case groups and labels, the parolee case group is linked to a weapons label; and, the case selector makes only cases associated with a weapons label available for the secondary match; 10. The managed notification system of claim 9 wherein a comparison to determine a match between primary captured content and the content in a case includes dividing the primary captured content into pieces, each piece being described by a numerical representation based at least in part on edge detection and comparing each such numerical representation with a corresponding numerical representation derived from content in a case.",
-    "An instrument determines a concentration of bacteria in a plurality of fluid samples, and comprises a housing, a rotatable platform, a plurality of fluid containers, a light source, a sensor, and a motor. The rotatable platform is within the housing. The fluid containers are located on the rotatable platform. Each fluid container holds a corresponding one of the plurality of fluid samples, and has an input window and an output window. The light source provides an input beam for transmission into the input windows of the fluid containers and through the corresponding fluid samples. The input beam creates a forward-scatter signal associated with the concentration of bacteria. The motor rotates the rotatable platform so that the input beam sequentially passes through each fluid sample. A sensor within the housing detects the forward-scatter signal exiting from the output window associated with the fluid sample receiving the input beam. 1. An optical measuring instrument for determining a concentration of bacteria in a plurality of fluid samples, comprising: a housing; a rotatable platform within the housing; a plurality of fluid containers coupled to the rotatable platform, each of the fluid containers holding a corresponding one of the plurality of fluid samples, each of the fluid containers having an input window and an output window; a light source within the housing for providing an input beam for transmission into the input windows of the fluid containers and through the corresponding fluid samples, the input beam creating a forward-scatter signal associated with the concentration of bacteria; a motor for rotating the rotatable platform so that the input beam sequentially passes through each of the plurality of fluid samples; and at least one sensor within the housing for detecting the forward-scatter signal exiting from the output window associated with the fluid sample receiving the input beam. 2. The optical measuring instrument of claim 1, further including a heating system within the housing to maintain the fluid samples at a desired temperature to encourage bacterial growth in the fluid samples over a period of time. 3. The optical measuring instrument of claim 2, wherein the heating system includes a plurality of heat lamps that provide energy to a bottom surface of the rotatable platform, a top surface of the rotatable platform receiving the plurality of fluid containers. 4. The optical measuring instrument of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluid containers are a part of a cuvette, the cuvette having an arc-shape and being registered on the rotatable platform. 5. The optical measuring instrument of claim 4, wherein the input window and the output window are vertically arranged with the fluid sample located therebetween, the sensor being below the rotatable plate. 6. The optical measuring instrument of claim 5, wherein the rotatable plate has a plurality of openings that are aligned with the output windows of the cuvette. 7. The optical measuring instrument of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluid containers include at least one of (i) a single chemoeffector at different concentrations and (ii) different chemoeffectors, the plurality of fluid samples being derived from the same fluid sample source to determine the effects of the chemoeffector on the bacterial concentration of the respective fluid sample. 8. The optical measuring instrument of claim 1, further comprising a second light source within the housing for providing a second input beam for transmission into the input windows of the fluid containers and though the corresponding fluid samples, the second input beam creating a forward-scatter signal associated with the concentration of bacteria, the light source for measuring a first group of the fluid samples and the second light source for measuring a second group of the fluid samples. 9. The optical measuring instrument of claim 8, wherein the plurality of fluid containers are contained in a cuvette, the first group of the fluid samples being located in the cuvette on first locus have a first radius, the second group of the fluid samples being located in the cuvette on second locus have a second radius, the first radius being different from the second radius. 10. A method of determining the concentration of bacteria in a plurality of fluid samples, comprising: placing each of the fluid samples in a corresponding one of a plurality of fluid chambers located within a cuvette, each fluid chamber having a first window for receiving an input beam and a second window for transmitting a forward-scatter signal caused by the input beam; registering the cuvette on a rotatable platform associated with an optical measuring instrument; incrementally rotating the rotatable platform so as to sequentially pass the input beam through each of the fluid samples; and in response to passing the input beam through each of the fluid samples, measuring a first forward-scatter signal for each of the fluid samples. 11. The method of claim 10, further including: incubating the fluid samples in the optical measuring instrument before and after measuring the first forward-scatter signal; and after a period of time, sequentially passing the input beam through each of the fluid samples and measuring a second forward-scatter signal for each of the fluid samples, a difference between the first forward-scatter signal and the second forward-scatter signal for each of the fluid samples being indicative of a change in the concentration of bacteria. 12. The method of claim 11, further including determining that at least one fluid sample includes a certain concentration of bacteria in response to the difference between the first forward-scatter signal and the second forward-scatter signal. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the plurality of fluid containers include at least one of (i) a single chemoeffector at different concentrations and (ii) different chemoeffectors, the plurality of fluid samples being derived from the same fluid sample source, the method further includes determining the effects of the different concentration of a chemoeffector or the different chemoeffectors based, in part, on the measuring of the first forward-scatter signal. 14. An optical measuring instrument for determining a concentration of bacteria in fluid samples, comprising: a housing; a door coupled to the housing, the door including a door platform that extends inwardly into the housing when the door is positioned in a closed state; a light source and a sensor for measuring an optical signal in the fluid samples, the optical scatter signal being associated with the concentration of bacteria; and a rotatable platform coupled to the door platform, the rotatable platform for receiving one or more cuvettes that hold the fluid samples, the rotatable platform for sequentially moving each of the fluid samples into a testing position for measurement by use of the light source and the sensor. 15. The optical measuring instrument of claim 14, further including a motor for rotating the rotatable platform, the motor being coupled to the door platform. 16. The optical measuring instrument of claim 14, further including a heating system that permits a controlled incubation of the fluid samples to encourage bacterial growth. 17. The optical measuring instrument of claim 16, wherein the heating system includes a plurality of heating lamps for heating the rotatable platform. 18. The optical measuring instrument of claim 16, wherein the cuvette includes a central chamber for receiving a single fluid sample and a plurality of peripheral measurement chambers that receive the single fluid sample from the central chamber, at least one of the peripheral measurement chambers have a chemoeffector located therein for mixing with the single fluid sample. 19. An optical measuring instrument for determining a concentration of bacteria in a plurality of fluid samples, comprising: a cuvette having a plurality of optical chambers for receiving a respective one of the plurality of fluid samples, each of the optical chambers being at least partially formed by an entry window for allowing transmission of an input beam through the respective fluid sample and an exit window for transmitting an optical signal caused by the bacteria within the respective fluid sample, a first group of the optical chambers containing a first group of the fluid samples, a second group of the optical chambers containing a second group of the fluid samples, the first group of the optical chambers being located on a first locus have a first radius, the second group of the optical chambers being located on a second locus have a second radius, the first radius being different from the second radius; a first light source and a first sensor, the first light source for producing a first input beam, the first sensor for receiving a first optical signal that is responsive to a bacterial concentration in the fluid sample and the first input beam, the first light source and the first sensor for developing a first series of optical signals that are used for determining the concentration of bacteria within each fluid sample of the first group of fluid samples; and a second light source and a second sensor, the second light source for producing a second input beam, the second sensor for receiving a second optical signal that is responsive to a bacterial concentration in the fluid sample and the second input beam, the second light source and the second sensor for developing a second series of optical signals that are used for determining the concentration of bacteria within each fluid sample of the second group of fluid samples. 20. The optical measuring instrument of claim 19, further including a rotatable platform for receiving the cuvette, the rotatable platform having openings aligned with at least one of the entry windows and exit windows. 21. The optical measuring instrument of claim 20, further including a first mirror for turning the first input beam toward the first optical chamber, and a second mirror for turning the second input beam toward the second optical chamber. 22. The optical measuring instrument of claim 19, wherein the cuvette includes a plurality fluid-input ports for filling the plurality of optical chambers, each of the fluid-input ports having an opening positioned, with respect to gravity, above the entry and exit windows for the respective optical chamber. 23. The optical measuring instrument of claim 19, wherein the first light source and the second light source are created from a common light source producing an output beam that is split into the first light source and the second light source. 24. A cuvette for use in an optical measuring instrument for determining a characteristic of a plurality of fluid samples, comprising: a plurality of optical chambers for receiving a respective one of the plurality of fluid samples, each of the optical chambers including an entry window for allowing transmission of an input beam through the respective fluid sample and an exit window for transmitting an optical signal caused by the respective fluid sample, a first group of the optical chambers being located on a first locus having a first radius, a second group of the optical chambers being located on a second locus having a second radius, the first radius being different from the second radius. 25. The cuvette of claim 24, further including a plurality of fluid-input ports for filling the plurality of optical chambers, each of the fluid-input ports having an opening positioned, with respect to gravity, above the entry and exit windows for the respective optical chamber. 26. The cuvette of claim 24, wherein the cuvette includes a main body and a top cover, the entry window for each of the plurality of optical chambers being located on the top cover, the optical chambers being located in the main body, the top cover being initially removed from the main body to permit the filling of the optical cavities with the plurality of fluid samples, the top cover being attachable to the main body after the plurality of fluid samples are filled within respective ones of the optical chambers.",
-    "To limit motion in an electromechanical system, an input signal is filtered using an adaptive filter, such as an infinite impulse response filter, to yield a predicted motion, and the input signal is attenuated by an amount controlled by the predicted motion. The filtering may further yield a predicted temperature, and the amount of attenuating may be further controlled by that temperature. Components of the input signal at selected frequencies may be removed, and a portion of the input signal from which the components have been removed may be mixed with a portion of the input signal from which components have not been removed. The removing of components at selected frequencies may include applying a notch filter, and the two portions may be equalized. phase-adjusting the unfiltered portion to account for phase delay introduced by the notch filter. The notch filter may operate at a resonant frequency of the system. 1. A method of limiting motion in an electromechanical system, the method comprising: filtering an input signal using an adaptive filter to yield a predicted motion; and attenuating the input signal by an amount controlled by the predicted motion. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the filtering is performed using an adaptive infinite impulse response filter. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein: the filtering further yields a predicted temperature; and the amount of attenuating is further controlled by the predicted temperature. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the attenuating comprises clamping the input signal at a predetermined amplitude when the predicted temperature exceeds a threshold. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein: the electromechanical system is a loudspeaker; the motion is displacement of a transducer of the loudspeaker; and the attenuating includes removing components of the input signal at selected frequencies. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the attenuating includes mixing a portion of the input signal from which the components have been removed with a portion of the input signal from which the components have not been removed. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the mixing is performed according to a combination of more than one mixing function. 8. The method of claim 6 further comprising equalizing the portion of the input signal from which the components have not been removed with the portion of the input signal from which the components have been removed. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein: the removing components of the input signal at selected frequencies comprises applying a notch filter; and the equalizing comprises phase-adjusting the portion of the input signal from which the components have not been removed to account for phase delay introduced by the notch filter. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the removing components of the input signal at selected frequencies comprises removing components of the signal at a resonant frequency of the loudspeaker. 11. The method of claim 5 wherein the removing components of the input signal at selected frequencies comprises applying a notch filter. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the applying a notch filter comprises applying a notch filter centered on a resonant frequency of the loudspeaker. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein: the electromechanical system is a motor; and the motion is rotational speed of the motor. 14. Circuitry for limiting motion in an electromechanical system, the circuitry comprising: an adaptive filter to yield a predicted motion from an input signal; and control circuitry to attenuate the input signal by an amount controlled by the predicted motion. 15. The circuitry of claim 14, wherein the adaptive filter is an adaptive infinite impulse response filter. 16. The circuitry of claim 14 wherein: the adaptive filter is further to yield a predicted temperature; and the control circuitry is further to attenuate the input signal based on the predicted temperature. 17. The circuitry of claim 16 wherein the control circuitry comprises a clamping circuit to clamp the input signal at a predetermined amplitude when the predicted temperature exceeds a threshold. 18. The circuitry of claim 14 wherein: the electromechanical system is a loudspeaker; the motion is displacement of a transducer of the loudspeaker; and the control circuitry includes a notch filter to remove components of the loudspeaker input signal at selected frequencies. 19. The circuitry of claim 18 wherein the selected frequencies are centered on a resonant frequency of the loudspeaker. 20. The circuitry of claim 18 wherein the control circuitry includes a mixer to mix a portion of the input signal that passes through the notch filter with a portion of the input signal that does not pass through the notch filter. 21. The circuitry of claim 20 wherein the mixer is to operate according to a combination of more than one mixing function. 22. The circuitry of claim 20 further comprising a path equalizer to phase-adjust the portion of the input signal that does not pass through the notch filter to match phase delay introduced by the notch filter. 23. The circuitry of claim 14 wherein: the electromechanical system is a motor; and the motion is rotational speed of the motor.",
-    "Inventive embodiments disclosed herein relate to gel volume mascara. The mascara includes water in a concentration of at least about 45% by weight; disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate; Polysorbate 20; Black iron oxide; One or more waxes selected from the group consisting of beeswax, Cera Carnauba/Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax/CIRE de Carnauba, and paraffin in a concentration of 15-20% by weight; and a synthetic layered silicate, insoluble in water, in a concentration effective for forming a colloidal dispersion with the water. 1. (canceled) 2. Deionized water in a concentration of 53.7% by weight; Black iron oxide in a concentration of 10.0% by weight; Stearic acid in a concentration of 1.0% by weight; Polysorbate 20 in a concentration of 2.5% by weight; Stearic acid in a concentration of 1.0% by weight; and Wax in a concentration of 10.0% by weight. 3. A Gel mascara, comprising: Deionized water in a concentration of 46.7%; Black iron oxide in a concentration of 10.0% by weight; Synthetic layered silicate in a concentration of 1.5% by weight; Disodium EDTA in a concentration of 0.10% by weight; Polysorbate 20 in a concentration of 2.50% by weight; Potassium cetyl phosphate and hydrogenated palm glycerides in a concentration of 2.5% by weight; One or more of Caunauba Wax, paraffin, Candelilla Wax and White Beeswax in a concentration range of 2.0% to 20% by weight; and Ammonium acrylate copolymer in a concentration of 10.0% by weight. 4. A mascara, comprising: Deionized water in a concentration of 53.7%; Black iron oxide in a concentration of 10.0% by weight; Synthetic layered silicate in a concentration of 1.5% by weight; Disodium EDTA in a concentration of 0.10% by weight; Polysorbate 20 in a concentration of 2.50% by weight; Potassium cetyl phosphate and hydrogenated palm glycerides in a concentration of 2.5% by weight; One or more of Caunauba Wax, paraffin, Candelilla Wax and White Beeswax in a concentration range of 2.0% to 20% by weight; and Ammonium acrylate copolymer in a concentration of 3.0% by weight.",
-    "A method of control Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) reporting and discovery using AT commands is proposed. In communications networks, the MTU of a communication protocol of a layer is the size (in bytes or octets) of the largest protocol data unit that the layer can pass onwards. In an IP network, IP packets may be fragmented if the supported MTU size is smaller than the packet length. In accordance with one novel aspect, the packet data protocol (PDP) context of a packet data network (PDN) connection comprises MTU information. By introducing MTU information to the PDP contexts, TE can use AT commands to query MTU parameters from the network and thereby avoid fragmentation. TE can also use AT command to set MTU parameters and thereby control MTU discovery. 1. A method, comprising: establishing a packet data network (PDN) connection by a User Equipment (UE) in a mobile communication network; transmitting an Attention (AT) command from an Application Processor (AP) to a modem, wherein the AT command is related to maximum transmission unit (MTU) information of the PDN connection; discovering an MTU size of the PDN connection by the modem based on an MTU discovery option; and processing application data associated with the PDN connection and generating IP packets based on the MTU size received from the network. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving a list of Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context parameters. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the list of PDP context parameters comprises a context identification (CID), an EPS bearer ID, an access point name (APN), a local IP address, and the MTU size. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the application data is encapsulated in transport layer and then segmented in IP layer based on the MTU size. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the application data is segmented in transport layer based on a maximum segmentation size (MSS) derived from the MTU size. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the AT command is a set command for setting the MTU discovery option, and wherein the AP transmits a second AT read command to the modem for retrieving the MTU size. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the MTU discovery option is set to a first value for the modem to discover the MTU size via a Path-MTU-Discovery mechanism. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the MTU discovery option is set to a second value for the modem to discover the MTU size via Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) signaling. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the AT command is a set command for enabling or disabling a reporting of the MTU information from the modem. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the AP receives the MTU size from the modem via an Unsolicited Result Code (URC) if the MTU size has changed and if the reporting of the MTU information is enabled. 11. A User Equipment (UE), comprising: a connection handler that establishes a packet data network (PDN) connection by a User Equipment (UE) in a mobile communication network; an Application Processor (AP) that transmits an Attention (AT) command to a modem, wherein the AT command is related to maximum transmission unit (MTU) information of the PDN connection; an MTU detector of the modem that discovers an MTU size of the PDN connection based on an MTU discovery option; and a processor that processes application data associated with the PDN connection and generates IP packets based on the MTU size received from the network. 12. The UE of claim 11, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving a list of Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context parameters. 13. The UE of claim 12, wherein the list of PDP context parameters comprises a context identification (CID), an EPS bearer ID, an access point name (APN), a local IP address, and the MTU size. 14. The UE of claim 11, wherein the application data is encapsulated in transport layer and then segmented in IP layer based on the MTU size. 15. The UE of claim 11, wherein the application data is segmented in transport layer based on a maximum segmentation size (MSS) derived from the MTU size. 16. The UE of claim 11, wherein the AT command is a set command for setting the MTU discovery option, and wherein the AP transmits a second AT read command to the modem for retrieving the MTU size. 17. The UE of claim 16, wherein the MTU discovery option is set to a first value for the modem to discover the MTU size via a Path-MTU-Discovery mechanism. 18. The UE of claim 16, wherein the MTU discovery option is set to a second value for the modem to discover the MTU size via Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) signaling. 19. The UE of claim 11, wherein the AT command is a set command for enabling or disabling a reporting of the MTU information from the modem. 20. The UE of claim 19, wherein the AP receives the MTU size from the modem via an Unsolicited Result Code (URC) if the MTU size has changed and if the reporting of the MTU information is enabled.",
-    "A hoarding system including a hoarding assembly; the hoarding assembly includes one or more wall-boards, one or more corner-connectors, a length of vertical-u-channel, a length of lower-horizontal-u-channel, a length of upper-horizontal-u-channel, one or more angle-braces, and one or more back-brace-panels to be used in functional and structural combination. The one or more wall-boards are structured and arranged to align and connect horizontally to enclose an area to prevent unauthorized ingress into that area and may be connected by the corner-connectors to make a right-angle. The one or more wall-boards may further include a door to allow ingress and egress to the enclosed area by a user. A kit for a hoarding system is also included, as is a method of use for a hoarding system. 1) A hoarding system comprising: a) a hoarding assembly comprising; i) one or more wall-boards each comprising; (a) a front-side; (b) a back-side; (c) a top-side; (d) a bottom-edge; (e) a tongue-side-edge; (f) a groove-side-edge; and (g) a plurality of hollow-columns; ii) one or more corner-connectors comprising; (a) a top-end; (b) a bottom-end; and (c) two wall-board-channels; and (d) one or more floor-connectors; iii) a length of vertical-u-channel; iv) a length of lower-horizontal-u-channel; v) a length of upper-horizontal-u-channel; vi) one or more angle-braces; vii) and one or more back-brace-panels; c) wherein said hoarding assembly comprises said one or more wall-boards, said one or more corner-connectors, and said one or more floor-connectors used in functional and structural combination; d) wherein said one or more wall-boards each is defined by said front-side, said back-side, said top-side, said bottom-edge, said tongue-side-edge, said groove-side-edge, and said plurality of hollow-columns; e) wherein said tongue-side-edge and said groove-side-edge of said one or more wall-boards are structured and arranged to align and connect horizontally to enclose an area to prevent unauthorized ingress to said area; f) wherein said one or more corner-connectors comprises said top-end, said bottom-end, and said two wall-board-channels; g) wherein said one or more corner-connectors is structured and arranged to accept two of said wall-boards to form a substantially 90-degree corner; h) wherein said one or more floor-connectors are structured and arranged to support said one or more wall-boards in a substantially vertical position; and i) wherein said one or more wall-boards, said one or more corner-connectors, and said one or more floor-connectors are structured and arranged to provide a modular enclosure; j) wherein said one or more wall-boards of said hoarding assembly further comprises a door; k) wherein said vertical-u-channel is removably affixable to a structure-wall-surface; l) wherein said vertical-u-channel is structured and arranged to accept said one or more wall-boards; m) wherein said vertical-u-channel is structured and arranged to affix said one or more wall-boards to said structure-wall-surface to aid in vertical support of said one or more wall-boards; n) wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is structured and arranged to be removably affixable to said structure-wall-surface; o) wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is structured and arranged to accept or one or more back-brace-panels; p) wherein said lower-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said one or more wallboards; and q) wherein said one or more angle-braces are structured and arranged to removably affix to said one or more back-brace-panels to said length of lower-horizontal-u-channel to provide vertical support to said one or more wall-boards. 2) (canceled) 3) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said one or more floor-connectors comprises: a) a t-bar connector comprising; i) a base-member; and ii) a vertical-member; b) wherein said base-member lies in a plane which is substantially parallel to a floor surface; and c) wherein said vertical member is removably insertable into one of said plurality of d) hollow-columns of said one or more wall-boards to provide vertically stability to said one or more wall-boards. 4. The hoarding system of claim 3 wherein said hoarding assembly further comprises: a) a back-brace comprising; i) one or more brace-floor-channels; ii) one or more brace-wall-channels; and iii) one or more brace-panels; comprising (a) four edges; and (b) two faces; b) wherein said one or more brace-floor-channels is structured and arranged to be removably affixable to a floor surface the floor surface and one of said edges of said one or more brace-panels; c) wherein said one or more brace-wall-channels is structured and arranged to be removably affixable to one of said edges of said one or more brace-panels of said back-side of said one or more wall-boards; and d) wherein said back-brace is structured and arranged to provide vertical support to said one or more wall-boards. 5) (canceled) 6) The hoarding system of claim 4 wherein said one or more brace-wall-panels are of a shorter height than that of said one or more wall-boards. 7) The hoarding system of claim 4 wherein said one or more brace-floor-channels are removably affixable to said floor-surface via double-sided tape. 8) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said vertical-u-channel is removably affixable to said structure-wall-surface via double-sided tape. 9) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said structure-wall-surface via double-sided tape. 10) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said lower-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said one or more wall-boards via double-sided tape. 11) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said one or more angle-braces is removably affixable to said back-brace-panels via double-sided tape. 12) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said vertical-u-channel is removably affixable to said structure-wall-surface via fasteners. 13) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said structure-wall-surface via fasteners. 14) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said lower-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said one or more wall-boards via fasteners. 15) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said one or more angle-braces is removably affixable to said back-brace-panels via fasteners. 16) The hoarding system of claim 1 wherein said one or more wall-boards is constructed from fire-resistant material. 17) A hoarding system comprising: a) a hoarding assembly comprising; i) one or more wall-boards each comprising; (a) a front-side; (b) a back-side; (c) a top-side; (d) a bottom-edge; (e) a tongue-side-edge; (f) a groove-side-edge; and (g) a plurality of hollow-columns; ii) one or more corner-connectors comprising; (a) a top-end; (b) a bottom-end; and (c) two wall-board-channels; and iii) a length of vertical-u-channel; iv) a length of lower-horizontal-u-channel; v) a length of upper-horizontal-u-channel; vi) one or more angle-braces; and vii) one or more back-brace-panels; b) wherein said hoarding system comprises said hoarding assembly; c) wherein said hoarding assembly comprises said one or more wall-boards, said one or more corner-connectors, and said one or more floor-connectors used in functional and structural combination; d) wherein said one or more wall-boards each is defined by said front-side, said back-side, said top-side, said bottom-edge, said tongue-side-edge, said groove-side-edge, and said plurality of hollow-columns; e) wherein said tongue-side-edge and said groove-side-edge of said one or more wall-boards are structured and arranged to align and connect horizontally to enclose an area to prevent unauthorized ingress into said area; f) wherein said one or more corner-connectors comprises said top-end, said bottom-end, and said two wall-board-channels; g) wherein said one or more corner-connectors is structured and arranged to accept two said wall-boards to form a substantially 90-degree corner; h) wherein said one or more floor-connectors is structured and arranged to support said one or more wall-boards in a substantially vertical position; i) wherein said one or more wall-boards, said one or more corner-connectors, and said one or more floor-connectors are structured and arranged to provide a modular enclosure; j) wherein one of said one or more wall-boards of said hoarding assembly further comprises a door; k) wherein said vertical-u-channel is removably affixable to a structure-wall-surface; l) wherein said vertical-u-channel is structured and arranged to accept said one or more wall-boards; m) wherein said vertical-u-channel is structured and arranged to removably affix said one or more wall-boards to said structure-wall-surface to aid in vertical support of said one or more wall-boards; n) wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is structured and arranged to be removably coupleable to said structure-wall-surface; o) wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is structured and arranged to accept or one or more back-brace-panels; p) wherein said lower-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said one or more wall boards; q) wherein said one or more angle-braces are structured and arranged to removably affix to said one or more back-brace-panels to said length of lower-horizontal-u-channel to provide vertical support to said one or more wall-boards; r) wherein said brace-floor-channel is removably affixable to said floor-surface via double sided tape; s) wherein said vertical-u-channel is removably affixable to said structure-wall-surface via said double-sided tape; t) wherein said upper-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said structure-wall surface via said double-sided tape; u) wherein said lower-horizontal-u-channel is removably affixable to said one or more wall boards via fasteners; v) wherein said one or more angle-braces is removably affixable to said back-brace-panels via said fasteners; and w) wherein said one or more wall-boards is constructed from fire-resistant material. 18) The hoarding system of claim 17 further comprising a kit including: a) said one or more wall boards; b) said one or more corner connectors; c) said one or more floor connectors; d) said length of vertical u channel; e) said length of lower horizontal u channel; f) said length of upper horizontal u channel; g) said one or more angle braces; h) said double sided tape; i) said fasteners; and j) a set of user instructions. 19) A method of using a hoarding system comprising the steps of: a) providing a hoarding assembly comprising one or more wall boards, one or more corner connectors, one or more floor connectors, a length of vertical u channel, a length of lower horizontal u channel, a length of upper horizontal u channel, one or more angle braces, one or more back brace panels, double sided tape, fasteners; and b) erecting said hoarding assembly to enclose an area to prevent unauthorized ingress into said area. 20) The method of claim 19 further comprising the steps of: a) disassembling said hoarding assembly; and b) removing said double sided tape.",
-    "A pendant comprising: an anchor portion having three elongated sides, at least two of the three elongated sides having a plurality of supports, a first end and a second end, a bottom substantially rectangular support that is attached on three sides to the second end of each of the three elongated sides to create an open side, a bottom side and two parallel elongated sides, wherein the two parallel elongated sides have a substantially oval shape opening proximate to the first end and having the plurality of supports; wherein the bottom substantially rectangular support extends above the open side and the two parallel elongated sides; and a gemstone holder having a two side portions, a side opening between the two side portions, a top for the receipt of a gemstone and a bottom opening. 1. A pendant comprising: an anchor portion having three elongated sides, at least two of the three elongated sides having a plurality of supports, a first end and a second end, a bottom substantially rectangular support that is attached on three sides to the second end of each of the three elongated sides to create an open side, a bottom side and two parallel elongated sides, wherein the two parallel elongated sides have a substantially oval shape opening proximate to the first end and having the plurality of supports; wherein the bottom substantially rectangular support extends above the open side and the two parallel elongated sides; and a gemstone holder having a two side portions, a side opening between the two side portions, a top for the receipt of a gemstone and a bottom opening. 2. A pendant as in claim 1, wherein the bottom opening of the gemstone holder has a bar that runs perpendicular to the side opening. 3. A pendant as in claim 1, wherein one of the three elongated sides is solid. 4. A pendant as in claim 1, wherein the supports are v-shaped supports. 5. A pendant as in claim 1, wherein each of the three elongated sides have a plurality of v-shaped supports. 6. A pendant in claim 1, wherein the gemstone holder is selected from the group consisting of a square gemstone holder, a cushion gemstone holder, a pear shaped gemstone holder, a round gemstone holder, an oval gemstone holder, a heart shaped gemstone holder, quatrefoil shaped gemstone holder, a pentagon shaped gemstone holder, a hexagon shaped gemstone holder, a heptagon shaped gemstone holder, an octagon shaped gemstone holder, a nonagon shaped gemstone holder, a decagon shaped gemstone holder, a triangular shaped gemstone holder, a crescent shaped gemstone holder, an ellipse shaped gemstone holder, a trapezoid shaped gemstone holder, a kite shaped gemstone holder and a rhombus shaped gemstone holder. 7. A pendant as in claim 1, wherein the distance between the two parallel elongated sides increases from the first end to the second end to provide a tapered bar. 8. A pendant as in claim 1, further comprising a necklace chain that is threaded through the substantially oval shape opening proximate to the first end. 9. A pendant comprising: an anchor portion having three elongated sides, at least two of the three elongated sides having a plurality of v-shaped supports, a first end support and a second end support, at least one rounded opening attached to at least one of the first end support and the second end support, wherein the three elongated sides are attached to the first end support and the second end support to create an open side, a bottom side and two substantially parallel elongated sides; and a gemstone holder having a two side portions, a side opening between the two side portions, a top for the receipt of a gemstone and a bottom opening. 10. A pendant as in claim 9, wherein the bottom opening of the gemstone holder has a bar that runs perpendicular to the side opening. 11. A pendant as in claim 9, wherein one of the three elongated sides is solid. 12. A pendant as in claim 9, wherein the three elongated sides each have a plurality of v-shaped supports. 13. A pendant in claim 9, wherein the gemstone holder is selected from the group consisting of a square gemstone holder, a cushion gemstone holder, a pear shaped gemstone holder, a round gemstone holder, an oval gemstone holder, a heart shaped gemstone holder, quatrefoil shaped gemstone holder, a pentagon shaped gemstone holder, a hexagon shaped gemstone holder, a heptagon shaped gemstone holder, an octagon shaped gemstone holder, a nonagon shaped gemstone holder, a decagon shaped gemstone holder, a triangular shaped gemstone holder, a crescent shaped gemstone holder, an ellipse shaped gemstone holder, a trapezoid shaped gemstone holder, a kite shaped gemstone holder and a rhombus shaped gemstone holder. 14. A pendant as in claim 9, wherein the at least one rounded opening attached to at least one of the first end support and the second end support is a first rounded opening attached to the first end support and a second rounded opening attached to the second end support. 15. A pendant as in claim 9, wherein the anchor portion is bent into a shape selected from the group consisting of a horseshoe shape, a smiley shape, an over-under shape and a bracelet bar shape. 16. A pendant as in claim 9, further comprising a chain that is attached to the at least one rounded opening. 17. A pendant comprising: an anchor portion having three elongated sides, at least two of the three elongated sides having a plurality of cross supports, a first end and a second end, a bottom substantially rectangular support that is attached on three sides to the second end of each of the three elongated sides to create an open side, a bottom side and two parallel elongated sides, wherein the two parallel elongated sides have a substantially oval shape opening proximate to the first end; wherein the bottom substantially rectangular support extends above the open side and the two parallel elongated sides; and a gemstone holder having a two side portions, a side opening between the two side portions, a top for the receipt of a gemstone and a bottom opening. 18. A pendant as in claim 17, wherein the bottom opening of the gemstone holder has a bar that runs perpendicular to the side opening. 19. A pendant as in claim 17, wherein one of the three elongated sides is solid. 20. A pendant in claim 17, wherein the gemstone holder is selected from the group consisting of a square gemstone holder, a cushion gemstone holder, a pear shaped gemstone holder, a round gemstone holder, an oval gemstone holder, a heart shaped gemstone holder, quatrefoil shaped gemstone holder, a pentagon shaped gemstone holder, a hexagon shaped gemstone holder, a heptagon shaped gemstone holder, an octagon shaped gemstone holder, a nonagon shaped gemstone holder, a decagon shaped gemstone holder, a triangular shaped gemstone holder, a crescent shaped gemstone holder, an ellipse shaped gemstone holder, a trapezoid shaped gemstone holder, a kite shaped gemstone holder and a rhombus shaped gemstone holder.",
-    "The present invention provides monoclonal antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, that bind to Ebola virus glycoproteins, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antibodies and methods of use. The antibodies of the invention are useful for inhibiting or neutralizing Ebola virus activity, thus providing a means of treating or preventing Ebola virus infection in humans. In some embodiments, the invention provides for use of one or more antibodies that bind to the Ebola virus for preventing viral attachment and/or entry into host cells. The antibodies of the invention may be used prophylactically or therapeutically and may be used alone or in combination with one or more other anti-viral agents or vaccines. 1. An isolated recombinant antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to Ebola virus (EBOV) and/or an Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP), wherein the antibody has one or more of the following characteristics: (a) comprises three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3) contained within any one of the heavy chain variable region (HCVR) sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 66, 146, 2, 34, 50, 82, 98, 114, 130, 162, 178, 194, 210, 226, 242, 258, 274, 290, and 306; and three light chain CDRs (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) contained within any one of the light chain variable region (LCVR) sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 74, 154, 10, 42, 58, 90, 106, 122, 138, 170, 186, 202, 218, 234, 250, 266, 282, and 298; (b) is a fully human monoclonal antibody; (c) binds to EBOV, or a virus like particle (VLP) expressing an EBOV-GP with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 10\u22127M, as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay; (d) demonstrates at least a 3 fold increase in dissociative half-life (t\u00bd) at pH 5 or pH 6 relative to pH 7.4; (e) demonstrates neutralization of Zaire Ebola virus with an IC50 ranging from about 10\u221211 M to about 10\u22129 M; (f) demonstrates binding to cells expressing the EBOV-GP triggering antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; (g) cross reacts with one or more strains of EBOV selected from the group consisting of Zaire.2014, Zaire.1995, Sudan, Bundibugyo and Cote d'Ivoire; (h) binds to soluble GP (sGP); (i) cross-competes with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) and a light chain variable region (LCVR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of any of the HCVR and LCVR amino acid sequences of Table 1. 2. An isolated recombinant antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to Ebola virus (EBOV) and/or an Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP), wherein the antibody has two or more of the following characteristics: (a) is a fully human monoclonal antibody; (b) binds to EBOV, or a virus like particle (VLP) expressing an EBOV-GP with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 10\u22127M, as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay; (c) demonstrates at least a 3 fold increase in dissociative half-life (t\u00bd) at pH 5 or pH 6 relative to pH 7.4; (d) demonstrates neutralization of Zaire Ebola virus with an IC50 ranging from about 10\u221211 M to about 10\u22129 M; (e) demonstrates binding to cells expressing the EBOV-GP triggering antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; (f) cross reacts with one or more strains of EBOV selected from the group consisting of Zaire.2014, Zaire.1995, Sudan, Bundibugyo and Cote d'Ivoire; (g) binds to soluble GP (sGP); (h) cross-competes with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) and a light chain variable region (LCVR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of any of the HCVR and LCVR amino acid sequences of Table 1. 3. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 2, comprising a HCVR having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 66, 146, 2, 34, 50, 82, 98, 114, 130, 162, 178, 194, 210, 226, 242, 258, 274, 290, and 306. 4. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 3, comprising a LCVR having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 26, 74, 154, 10, 42, 58, 90, 106, 122, 138, 170, 186, 202, 218, 234, 250, 266, 282, and 298. 5. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 2, comprising: (a) a HCDR1 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 20, 68, 148, 4, 36, 52, 84, 100, 116, 132, 164, 180, 196, 212, 228, 244, 260, 276, 292 and 308; (b) a HCDR2 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 22, 70, 150, 6, 38, 54, 86, 102, 118, 134, 166, 182, 198, 214, 230, 246, 262, 278, 294 and 310; (c) a HCDR3 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24, 72, 152, 8, 40, 56, 88, 104, 120, 136, 168, 184, 200, 216, 232, 248, 264, 280, 296 and 312; (d) a LCDR1 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 28, 76, 156, 12, 44, 60, 92, 108, 124, 140, 172, 188, 204, 220, 236, 252, 268, 284 and 300; (e) a LCDR2 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 78, 158, 14, 46, 62, 94, 110, 126, 142, 174, 190, 206, 222, 238, 254, 270, 286 and 302; (f) a LCDR3 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 32, 80, 160, 16, 48, 64, 96, 112, 128, 144, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 272, 288 and 304. 6. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 2, comprising a HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18/26, 66/74, 146/154, 2/10, 34/42, 50/58, 82/90, 98/106, 114/122, 130/138, 162/170, 178/186, 194/202, 210/218, 226/234, 242/250, 258/266, 274/282, 290/298 and 306/282. 7. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 5, comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. 8. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 5, comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70; an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80. 9. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 5, comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150; an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 158 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160. 10. An isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that competes for binding to EBOV and/or EBOV GP with a reference antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising the CDRs of a HCVR, wherein the HCVR has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of HCVR sequences listed in Table 1; and the CDRs of a LCVR, wherein the LCVR has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of LCVR sequences listed in Table 1. 11. An isolated monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to the same epitope on EBOV and/or EBOV GP as a reference antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising the CDRs of a HCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of HCVR sequences listed in Table 1; and the CDRs of a LCVR, wherein the LCVR comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of LCVR sequences listed in Table 1. 12. The isolated antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody prevents attachment to and/or entry of Ebola virus into a host cell. 13. A method of neutralizing infectious EBOV, the method comprising exposing a cell infected with EBOV to a composition comprising one or more anti-EBOV antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof according to claim 1, wherein the exposing results in enhanced protection of the cell from virus infection, or from cell death. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the infectious EBOV is neutralized in vitro or in vivo. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the enhanced protection is observed when the antibody is used alone, or when it is used in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents or anti-EBOV treatment modalities. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from the group consisting of an anti-viral drug, an anti-inflammatory drug (e.g. corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), a different antibody to EBOV, a vaccine for EBOV, TKM Ebola (small interfering RNAs that target viral RNA polymerase) brincidofovir (CMX-001), favipiravir (T-705), BCX-4430, AVI-7537 (antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers that target EBOV VP24 gene) and interferons. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more additional therapeutic agents comprise one or more anti-EBOV antibodies. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more anti-EBOV antibodies comprise a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) and a light chain variable region (LCVR) amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of any of the HCVR and LCVR amino acid sequences of Table 1. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more anti-EBOV antibodies comprise a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) and a light chain variable region (LCVR) amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 66/74, 82/90, 98/106, 114/122, 130/138, 146/154, 162/170, 178/186, 194/202, 210/218, 226/234, 242/250, 258/266, 274/282, 290/298 and 306/282. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more anti-EBOV antibodies comprise a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) and a light chain variable region (LCVR) amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18/26, 66/74 and 146/154. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more isolated monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind specifically to EBOV according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein the one or more isolated antibodies comprise an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of the HCVR and LCVR sequences listed in Table 1. 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18/26, 66/74, 146/154, 2/10, 34/42, 50/58, 82/90, 98/106, 114/122, 130/138, 162/170, 178/186, 194/202, 210/218, 226/234, 242/250, 258/266, 274/282, 290/298 and 306/282. 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18/26, 66/74 and 146/154. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) a first anti-EBOV antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof; (b) a second anti-EBOV antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; and (c) a third anti-EBOV antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, according to claim 1, wherein the first antibody binds to, or interacts with, a first epitope on EBOV and the second and/or third antibody binds to, or interact(s) with a different epitope on EBOV, and (d) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the first, second and third anti-EBOV antibodies comprise an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of the HCVR and LCVR sequences listed in Table 1. 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the epitopes that bind to, or interact with, the first, second and/or third anti-EBOV antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, are distinct and non-overlapping. 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the first anti-EBOV antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to, or interacts with one epitope on one strain of EBOV and the second and/or third anti-EBOV antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to, or interacts with a second and/or a third epitope on the same strain or on a different strain of EBOV. 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the EBOV strains are selected from the group consisting of the Zaire.2014, Zaire.1995, Sudan, Bundibugyo, and Cote d'Ivoire strains. 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a first isolated monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds specifically to EBOV, wherein the first isolated monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, further comprising a second isolated monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds specifically to EBOV, wherein the second isolated monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70; an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80. 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 31, further comprising a third isolated monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds specifically to EBOV, wherein the third isolated monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150; an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 158 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160. 33. An isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes an HCVR, and/or an LCVR of an antibody as set forth in claim 1. 34. A vector comprising the polynucleotide sequence of claim 33. 35. A cell expressing the vector of claim 34. 36. A method of preventing, treating or ameliorating at least one symptom of EBOV infection, or of decreasing the frequency or severity of at least one symptom of EBOV infection, the method comprising administering an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, to a subject in need thereof. 37. The method of claim 36, comprising administering an antibody cocktail comprising a mixture of at least two anti-EBOV antibodies. 38. The method of claim 36, comprising administering an antibody cocktail comprising a mixture of three anti-EBOV antibodies, wherein the three anti-EBOV antibodies comprise HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pairs as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 18/26, 66/74 and 146/154. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the at least one symptom is selected from the group consisting of fever, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, myalgia, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration and unexplained bleeding. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered prophylactically or therapeutically to the subject in need thereof. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the subject in need thereof is a subject suffering from an infection with EBOV, or a subject exposed to, or at risk for exposure to EBOV, or of acquiring an EBOV infection, wherein the subject is selected from the group consisting of an immunocompromised individual, a healthcare worker, a person who is suspected of having been exposed to a person harboring the Ebola virus, a person who comes into physical contact or close physical proximity with an infected individual, a hospital employee, a pharmaceutical researcher, maintenance personnel responsible for cleaning a hospital facility or institution where an Ebola patient has been treated, individuals who have visited or are planning to visit an area or country known to have or suspected to have an outbreak of Ebola virus and a frequent flyer. 42. The method of claim 38, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-viral drug, an anti-inflammatory drug (e.g. corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), a different antibody to EBOV, a vaccine for EBOV, TKM Ebola (small interfering RNAs that target viral RNA polymerase) brincidofovir (CMX-001), favipiravir (T-705), BCX-4430, AVI-7537 (antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers that target Ebola virus VP24 gene) and interferons. 44. The method of claim 38, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intradermally, intramuscularly, intranasally, or orally. 45. A method of increasing survival, or the likelihood of survival of a subject suffering from infection with EBOV, or a subject exposed to EBOV, or at risk for exposure to, or for acquiring EBOV, the method comprising administering at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof. 46. The method of claim 45, comprising administering an antibody cocktail comprising a mixture of at least two anti-EBOV antibodies. 47. The method of claim 45, comprising administering an antibody cocktail comprising a mixture of three anti-EBOV antibodies, wherein the three anti-EBOV antibodies comprise HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pairs as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 18/26, 66/74 and 146/154. 48. The method of claim 45, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antibody cocktail is administered prophylactically or therapeutically to the subject in need thereof. 49. The method of claim 45, wherein the subject in need thereof who is at risk for exposure to, or for acquiring an EBOV infection is selected from the group consisting of an immunocompromised individual, a healthcare worker, a person who is suspected of having been exposed to a person harboring the Ebola virus, a person who comes into physical contact or close physical proximity with an infected individual, a hospital employee, a pharmaceutical researcher, maintenance personnel responsible for cleaning a hospital facility or institution where an Ebola patient has been treated, individuals who have visited or are planning to visit an area or country known to have or suspected to have an outbreak of Ebola virus and a frequent flyer. 50. The method of claim 45, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antibody cocktail is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-viral drug, an anti-inflammatory drug (e.g. corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), a different antibody to EBOV, a vaccine for EBOV, TKM Ebola (small interfering RNAs that target viral RNA polymerase) brincidofovir (CMX-001), favipiravir (T-705), BCX-4430, AVI-7537 (antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers that target Ebola virus VP24 gene) and interferons. 52. The method of claim 45, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intradermally, intramuscularly, intranasally, or orally.",
-    "A plurality of pivotably connected slats can be movable between a closed position wherein the slats cover the vehicle box, and an open position. At least one slat can include a first and second end fittings having first and second fixed locking elements, respectively. Each of first and second side rails can include a movable locking element movable between a locked position in which the movable locking elements in the closed position engage an adjacent one of the fixed locking elements to restrict movement of the at least one slat away from each side rail, and an unlocked position in which the movable locking element is disengaged from the adjacent one of the fixed locking elements allowing movement of the at least one slat toward the open position 1. A cover assembly for a vehicle box, comprising: a plurality of rigid rectangular elements, the plurality of elements being pivotally connected together and movable between a closed position wherein the plurality of elements are deployed for covering the vehicle box, and an open position wherein the plurality of elements are retracted to allow access to the vehicle box; first and second side rails attachable to the vehicle box, at least one side rail of the first and second side rails including a movable locking element movable between a locked position in which the movable locking element secures at least one of the rigid rectangular elements in the closed position to restrict movement of the at least one element away from the at least one side rail, and an unlocked position in which the movable locking element does not restrict movement of the at least one element. 2. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 1, wherein the at least one element includes a fixed locking element, and the movable locking element engages the fixed locking element in the closed position. 3. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 2, wherein the fixed locking element is provided adjacent a first end of the at least one element and the first side rail includes the movable locking element, and wherein a second fixed locking element is provided adjacent a second end of the at least one element opposite the first end, and the second side rail includes a second movable locking element movable between a second locked position in which the second movable locking element engages the second fixed locking element to restrict movement of the at least one element in the closed position away from the second side rail, and an unlocked position in which the second movable locking element does not restrict movement of the at least one element. 4. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 3, wherein the fixed locking element is provided on a first end fitting coupled to a first end of the at least one element and the first side rail includes the movable locking element, and wherein a second fixed locking element is provided on a second end fitting coupled to a second end of the at least one element opposite the first end and the second side rail includes a second movable locking element movable between a second locked position in which the second movable locking element engages the second fixed locking element to restrict movement of the at least one element in the closed position away from the second side rail, and an unlocked position in which the second movable locking element does not restrict movement of the at least one element. 5. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 3, wherein the fixed locking element comprises a slot, and the movable locking element comprises a rod received within the at least one side rail and having a rod hook, the rod being movable between the locked position wherein the rod hook projects into the slot to secure the at least one element in the closed position to the at least one side rail, and the unlocked position wherein the rod hook is withdrawn from the slot to allow the at least one element to be retracted toward the open position. 6. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 5, wherein the rod is a roll rod rotatable between the locked position and the unlocked position. 7. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 6, wherein the side rail comprises an arc section receiving the roll rod. 8. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 5, wherein the movable locking element further comprises a drive plate engageable by a second of the plurality of rectangular rigid elements to move the rod from the unlocked position to the locked position as the second element moves into the closed position. 9. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 8, wherein the rod is a roll rod and the roll rod is received within an arc section of the at least one side rail to be rotatable between the locked position and the unlocked position, and wherein the drive plate rotates the roll rod from the unlocked position to the locked position. 10. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 9, wherein the second element comprises an upper surface and a lower surface, and wherein the drive plate is engaged by the lower surface as the rear element moves into the closed position. 11. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 1, wherein the cover assembly is a roll-up cover designed to be retracted from the closed position to the open position by rolling the plurality of elements together. 12. The cover assembly of claim 1, wherein the cover assembly is a fold-up cover designed to be retracted from the closed position to the open position by folding the plurality of elements together. 13. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of elements comprises a first end and includes an end fitting coupled to the first end, and wherein the end fitting defines a seal slot with a resilient seal received in seal slot and the resilient seal having arm extendable over the first side rail. 14. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 1, wherein a first element and second element of the plurality of rigid rectangular elements are pivotally connected together via a first hinge element on a first side of the first element and a second hinge element on a second side of the second element adjacent the first side of the first element to form a pivot joint between the first element and the second element. 15. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 14, wherein the first hinge element comprises a curved hinge hook and the second hinge element comprises a curved hinge lip engaging the curved hinge hook. 16. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 1, wherein the cover assembly includes a fabric cover overlying the plurality of rigid rectangular elements. 17. A cover assembly for a vehicle box having a forward end and a rear end, comprising: a plurality of slats, the plurality of slats being pivotally connected together and movable between a closed position wherein the slats are deployed for covering the vehicle box, and an open position wherein the slats are retracted to allow access to the vehicle box; at least one of the slats comprising a first end fitting having a first fixed locking element and a second end fitting having a second fixed locking element; first and second side rails attachable to the vehicle box with a forward and rear end of each side rail respectively positionable adjacent the forward and rear ends of the vehicle box, each side rail including a movable locking element movable between a locked position in which the movable locking element engages an adjacent one of the fixed locking elements to restrict movement of the at least one slat in the closed position away from each side rail, and an unlocked position in which the movable locking element is disengaged from the adjacent one of the fixed locking elements allowing movement of the at least one slat relative to the side rails. 18. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 17, wherein each movable locking element comprises a rod received within one of the side rails and having a rod hook, the rod being movable between the locked position wherein the rod hook projects into the adjacent fixed locking element, and the unlocked position wherein the rod hook is disengaged from the adjacent fixed locking element to allow the at least one slat to move relative to the side rails. 19. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 18, wherein the fixed locking element comprises a slot into which the rod hook projects in the locked position. 20. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 18, wherein each movable locking element further comprises a drive plate engageable by a rear one of the slats to move the rod from the unlocked position to the locked position as the plurality of slats move into the closed position. 21. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 20, wherein each rod is a roll rod and each roll rod is received within an arc section of one of the side rails to be rotatable between the locked position and the unlocked position, and wherein the drive plate rotates the roll rod from the unlocked position to the locked position. 22. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 20, wherein the rear slat has an upper surface and a lower surface, and wherein each drive plate is engaged by the lower surface as the rear slat moves into the closed position. 23. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 20, wherein the at least one slat is not the rear slat. 24. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 17, wherein the cover assembly is a roll-up cover designed to be retracted from the closed position to the open position by rolling the plurality of slats together from a rear one of the plurality of slats toward the forward end of the side rails. 25. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 17, wherein each end fitting defines a seal slot with a resilient seal received in seal slot and the resilient seal having arm extending over an adjacent one of the side rails. 26. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 17, wherein a first slat and second slat of the plurality of slats are pivotally connected together via a first hinge element on a first side of the first slat and a second hinge element on a second side of the second slat adjacent the first side of the first slat to form a pivot joint between the first slat and the second slat. 27. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 26, wherein the first hinge element comprises a curved hinge hook and the second hinge element comprises a curved hinge lip engaging the curved hinge hook. 28. The cover assembly for a vehicle box of claim 17, wherein the cover assembly includes a fabric cover overlying the plurality of slats.",
-    "A case for a portable electronic device (PED), the PED having a back side, a display side, and at least one digital imaging device, including a base panel having a front and a back surface and sides attached to a perimeter of the base panel, and a note-recording medium, wherein the note-recording medium is removeably attachable to the case, wherein the note-recording medium has a first surface and an opposing second surface, at least one of which can receive a written indicia, further wherein in an attached mode, one of the first and the second surface of the note-recording medium against the back surface of the case and the other side is exposed in a manner to receive the written indicia. 1. A case for a portable electronic device (PED), the PED having a back side, a display side, and at least one digital imaging device, the case comprising: a base panel having a front and a back surface and sides attached to a perimeter of the base panel, wherein the front surface of the base panel is adapted to engage the back side of the PED and the sides are adapted to engage a perimeter of the PED, and a note-recording medium, wherein the note-recording medium is remove ably attachable to the case, further wherein the note-recording medium has a first surface and an opposing second surface, at least one of which can receive a written indicia, further wherein in an attached mode, one of the first and the second surface of the note-recording medium is disposed adjacent the back surface of the case and the other of the first and the second surface of the note-recording medium is exposed in a manner to receive the written indicia. 2. The case of claim 1, wherein the back side of the base panel includes two or more guide rails and the removeably attachable note-recording medium is slidably engageable with the two or more guide rails. 3. The case of claim 2, wherein at last one of the at least two guide rails has an end-stop. 4. The case of claim 1, wherein the note-recording medium is reusable and washable. 5. The case of claim 1, further comprising a removeably attachable protective panel configured to cover at least 50% of the exposed surface of the note-recording medium when both are in an attached mode. 6. The case of claim 1, wherein the note-recording medium covers at least 75% of the surface area of the back side of the base panel in the attached mode. 7. The case of claim 1, further comprising a hook and a loop fastener respectively connected to the case and the note-recording medium. 8. The case of claim 1, wherein the case and the note-recording medium respectively contain a magnetic material for magnetically attaching the note-recording medium to the case. 9. The case of claim 1, wherein the case and the note-recording medium respectively include one or more snap-fit buttons for attaching the note-recording medium to the case. 10. The case of claim 1, wherein the note-recording medium has marker indicia that identify a note-recording region on the note-recording medium. 11. A case to receive a portable electronic device, the portable electronic device having a back side, a display side, and at least one digital imaging device, the case comprising: a base panel on a portable electronic device and a noting panel, wherein the base panel includes side panels receiving the portable electronic device, and a back panel with the inside of the back panel receiving the back side of the portable electronic device and the outside of the back panel facing away from the portable electronic device; a noting panel removeably attached to the case, configured to have an attached and a detached mode, the noting panel including, a first surface, capable of accepting writing, a second surface on the other side of the first surface, wherein in the attached mode, the noting panel is securely attached to the case and is located on the display side of the portable electronic device, and wherein in the detached mode, the first surface is exposed and able to accept noting and image capture from the at least one digital imaging device. 12. The case of claim 11, wherein the removeably attached noting panel is slidably attached to the back outside of the base panel of the case with two or more guide rails, wherein at least two of the at least two guide rails are attached to the base panel and are at or nearly parallel to each other to allow for the noting panel to be in an attached and detached mode. 13. The case of claim 12, wherein one end of the at last two of the at least two guide rails have an end-stop to stop the noting panel from moving further in a planar direction. 14. The case of claim 11, wherein the first surface of the noting panel is capable of accepting noting in the attached mode. 15. The case of claim 11, wherein the second surface of the noting panel is capable of accepting writing. 16. The case of claim 11, wherein the noting panel is reusable and washable. 17. The case of claim 11, the case further containing a protective layer covering 50% or more of the removable noting panel. 18. The case of claim 11, wherein the noting panel covers at least 75% of the surface area of the back side or display side of the portable electronic device. 19. The case of claim 11, wherein the noting panel is attached to the case with hook and loop fasteners, the fastener halves being attached to the noting panel and to the case. 20. The case of claim 11, wherein the case contains magnetic material and the noting panel is magnetically attached to the case. 21. The case of claim 11, wherein the noting panel contains one or more snap-fit buttons and is attached to the case with snap-fit buttons attached to the case. 22. The case of claim 11, wherein the noting panel has marker indicia that a digital camera can recognize to capture the boundary of drawings encompassed by the noting panel.",
-    "A trim shear is adapted to trim the front and tail ends of a hot rolled product exiting from a rolling mill along a mill pass line and travelling at either high or low speeds, depending on the size of the product being rolled. The trim shear comprises a trim station having a high speed a set of trim knives configured and arranged to trim the front and tail ends of high speed products, and a different low speed set of trim knives disposed laterally from the high speed set of trim knives and configured and arranged to trim the front and tail ends of low speed products; and traversing means for shifting the trim station transversely with respect to the mill pass line to alternatively locate either one or the other of said sets of trim knives in an active position on the mill pass line. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A rolling mill delivery guide for handling either high or low speed products travelling along a mill pass line, said delivery guide comprising laterally disposed high and low speed sections, said high speed section having front and tail end high speed guide paths separated by a high speed through path, and said low speed section having front and tail end low speed guide paths separated by a low speed through path, said high speed paths being dimensioned to provide close support and guidance for high speed products, and said low speed paths being more generously proportioned in comparison to said high speed paths to handle said slow speed products, said delivery guide being laterally shiftable to selectively align one or the other of said through paths with said mill pass line. 14. The delivery guide of claim 13, wherein said high speed and low speed delivery guide sections are combined in a single unit. 15. The delivery guide of claim 13, wherein said high speed and low speed delivery guide sections comprise separate units.",
-    "A plurality of quantum dots are prepared. The plurality of prepared quantum dots are optically etched, and thus, have a uniformized band gap energy. 1. A quantum dot ensemble including quantum dots each have a composition represented by a formula AxB1-xCyD1-y (0\u2266x\u22661, 0\u2266y\u22661, A and B are elements selected from the group consisting of Zn and Mg, and C and D are elements selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, and Te) and form the ensemble in a mixed manner, wherein at least one of x and y in the formula AxB1-xCyD1-y is varied by equal to or greater than 0.05, wherein the quantum dots have an average particle size that is equal to or less than 20 nm and a band gap energy of the quantum dot ensemble is greater than a band gap energy of a bulk mixed crystal, and wherein a half-width of an emission spectrum is less than 50 nm. 2. The quantum dot ensemble according to claim 1, wherein the quantum dots each include a core layer and a shell layer that has a composition represented by the formula AxB1-xCyD1-y on the core layer and form the ensemble in a mixed manner, wherein, in the shell layer, at least one of x and y in the formula AxB1-xCyD1-y is varied by equal to or greater than 0.05, and wherein a band gap energy of the shell layer is constant. 3. The quantum dot ensemble according to claim 2, wherein the core layer and the shell layer are formed of a material having a type II quantum structure. 4. The quantum dot ensemble according to claim 1, wherein the AxB1-xCyD1-y is ZnOS. 5. A quantum dot ensemble including quantum dots each have a composition represented by a formula AlxGayInzN (0\u2266x\u22661, 0\u2266y\u22661, 0\u2266z\u22661, and x+y+z=1) and form the ensemble in a mixed manner, wherein at least one of x, y, and z in the formula AlxGayInzN is varied by equal to or greater than 0.05, wherein the quantum dots have an average particle size that is equal to or less than 20 nm and a band gap energy of the quantum dot ensemble is greater than a band gap energy of a bulk mixed crystal, and wherein a half-width of an emission spectrum is less than 50 nm. 6. The quantum dot ensemble according to claim 5, wherein the quantum dots each include a core layer and a shell layer that has a composition represented by the formula AlxGayInzN on the core layer and form the ensemble in a mixed manner, wherein, in the shell layer, at least one of x, y, and z in the formula AlxGayInzN is varied by equal to or greater than 0.05, and wherein a band gap energy of the shell layer is constant. 7. The quantum dot ensemble according to claim 6, wherein the core layer and the shell layer are formed of a material having a type II quantum structure. 8. A manufacturing method of a quantum dot ensemble, comprising: (a) step of preparing a plurality of quantum dots; and (b) step of uniformizing band gap energy of the plurality of quantum dots by 5 optically etching the plurality of quantum dots which are prepared in the step (a). 9. The manufacturing method of a quantum dot ensemble, according to claim 8, wherein in the step (a), the plurality of quantum dots that have one of a composition represented by a formula AxB1-xCyD1-y (0\u2266x\u22661, 0\u2266y\u22661, A and B are elements selected from the group consisting of Zn and Mg, and C and D are elements selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, and Te) and a composition represented by a formula AlxGayInzN (0\u2266x\u22661, 0\u2266y\u22661, 0\u2266z\u22661, and x+y+z=1) are prepared, and wherein in the step (b), a quantum dot ensemble having an emission spectrum of which a half-width is less than 50 nm is processed. 10. The manufacturing method of a quantum dot ensemble, according to claim 9, wherein the quantum dots prepared in the step (a) include a core layer and a shell layer that has one of a composition presented by the AxB1-xCyD1-y and a composition presented by the AlxGayInzN on the core layer, and wherein in the step (b), a band gap energy of the shell layer of the quantum dots is constant. 11. The manufacturing method of a quantum dot ensemble, according to claim 8, wherein in the step (b), the plurality of quantum dots are processed such that an average particle size thereof is equal to or less than 20 nm.",
-    "A power semiconductor module arrangement includes a semiconductor module having a controllable power semiconductor component, a first printed circuit board (PCB) arranged outside the semiconductor module, and a control unit arranged outside the semiconductor module and having a second PCB. The control unit is configured to control the controllable power semiconductor component. The controllable power semiconductor component has a first load terminal and a second load terminal between which a load path of the power semiconductor component is formed, and also a control terminal for controlling the load path. The first PCB has a conductor track connected in series with the load path. The first and second PCBs are spaced apart from one another and electrically connected to one another by a pin. 1. A power semiconductor module arrangement, comprising: a semiconductor module having a controllable power semiconductor component comprising a first load terminal and a second load terminal between which a load path of the power semiconductor component is formed, and a control terminal for controlling the load path; a first printed circuit board arranged outside the semiconductor module and having a conductor track connected in series with the load path; and a control unit arranged outside the semiconductor module and configured to control the controllable power semiconductor component, the control unit comprising a second printed circuit board, wherein the first printed circuit board and the second printed circuit board are spaced apart from one another, wherein the first printed circuit board and the second printed circuit board are electrically connected to one another by a pin. 2. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the pin is not electrically connected to the semiconductor module or is electrically connected to the semiconductor module only indirectly via the first printed circuit board and/or via the second printed circuit board. 3. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor module has a terminal of a first type which electrically connects the semiconductor module to the first printed circuit board. 4. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 3, wherein the terminal of the first type is not electrically connected to the second printed circuit board or is electrically connected to the second printed circuit board only indirectly via the first printed circuit board and/or via the semiconductor module. 5. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 3, wherein the terminal of the first type is a press-fit contact. 6. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor module comprises a terminal of a second type which electrically connects the semiconductor module to the second printed circuit board. 7. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 6, wherein the terminal of the second type is not electrically connected to the first printed circuit board or is electrically connected to the first printed circuit board only indirectly via the second printed circuit board and/or via the semiconductor module. 8. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 6, wherein the terminal of the second type is a press-fit contact. 9. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the first printed circuit board is arranged between the semiconductor module and the second printed circuit board. 10. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the second printed circuit board is arranged between the semiconductor module and the first printed circuit board. 11. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 10, wherein the semiconductor module comprises a housing having a depression, and wherein the first printed circuit board extends across the depression and/or the second printed circuit board is arranged in the depression. 12. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the first printed circuit board is populated with a capacitor or with a plurality of capacitors which are electrically connected in parallel by conductor tracks of the first printed circuit board. 13. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the first printed circuit board and the second printed circuit board are arranged parallel to one another. 14. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises a first input and a second input, wherein a section of a conductor track of the first printed circuit board is electrically connected between the first input and the second input. 15. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 14, wherein a series connection, in which the section of the conductor track is connected in series with an electrical connection between the first printed circuit board and the second printed circuit board, is electrically connected between the first input and the second input. 16. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 15, wherein the electrical connection is a plug and/or press-fit connection. 17. The power semiconductor module arrangement of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor module comprises: a plurality of first terminal pins which project from a module housing at a top side and which each have a first contact end in electrical contact with the first printed circuit board; and a plurality of second terminal pins which project from the module housing at the top side and which each have a second contact end in electrical contact with the second printed circuit board; wherein the first contact ends and the second contact ends extend away from the top side and the module housing in one direction such that the second contact ends project beyond the first contact ends.",
-    "An illuminated garment is provided including at least three panels including a flexible fabric back panel, a flexible fabric front panel, and a planar light panel. The flexible fabric back panel forms the interior of the garment to be positioned adjacent to a person's body. The flexible fabric front panel forms the exterior of the garment. The planar light panel produces light and is positioned between the back panel and front panel. Preferably, a blackout layer is positioned on the interior side of the front panel to be adjacent said light panel. The flexible fabric front panel includes one or more openings in the form of decorative designs which permit the passage of light from the planar light panel. 1. An illuminated garment comprising: a flexible fabric back panel forming the interior of said garment to be positioned adjacent to a person's body; a flexible fabric front panel forming the exterior of said garment; a planar light panel producing light positioned between said back panel and said front panel; a blackout layer positioned on the interior side of said front panel to be adjacent said light panel; and said flexible fabric front panel including one or more openings in the form of decorative designs which permit the passage of light, said planar light panel positioned between said back panel and said front panel adjacent to said front panel's one or more openings to emit light through said one or more openings to produce illuminated decorative designs. 2. The illuminated garment of claim 1 wherein said light panel includes an interior positioned reflective layer, an exterior diffuser layer, an intermediate light layer and one or more LEDs mounted to the light layer, said LEDs emitting light through light layer to project light through said diffuser layer. 3. The illuminated garment of claim 1 wherein said garment includes a single planar light panel and said flexible fabric front panel includes two or more openings, and wherein said single planar light panel's periphery extends to beyond the edge of said two or more openings to emit light from said two or more openings. 4. The illuminated garment of claim 1 is a cap having a hollow semi-spherical shape for receiving the top of a person's head, the cap including a front section forming the front of the cap, and said front section including said flexible fabric back panel forming the interior of said cap's front section for engaging a person's head, and said flexible fabric front panel forming the exterior of said cap's front section. 5. The illuminated garment of claim 1 is selected from the group consisting of headwear, jacket, pants, robe, scarf, belt, and backpack.",
-    "A driving device for a vertically movable waist bar of a vehicle is provided. The driving device enables the waist bar to be moved vertically in conjunction with the door glass to ensure the driver's vision by eliminating an invisible area created by the waist bar, and also to increase available indoor space. The driving device includes a transfer unit that is coupled to the waist bar mounted at a vehicle door and configured to be movable vertically, and a power transmission unit that is connected at a first side thereof to the transfer unit and at a second side thereof to a drive unit to transmit power generated from the drive unit to the transfer unit. Additionally, the waist bar is moved vertically in response to the vertical movement of the transfer unit. 1. A driving device for a waist bar of a vehicle, comprising: a transfer unit coupled to the waist bar mounted at a vehicle door and configured to be movable vertically; and a power transmission unit connected at a first side thereof to the transfer unit and at a second side thereof to a drive unit, to transmit power generated from the drive unit to the transfer unit, wherein the waist bar is moved vertically in response to the vertical movement of the transfer unit. 2. The driving device according to claim 1, wherein the drive unit is a window motor configured to move a door glass of the vehicle vertically, and the waist bar is moved vertically in a direction opposite to a direction in which the door glass is moved vertically via driving of the window motor. 3. The driving device according to claim 1, wherein the transfer unit includes: a pair of carriers inserted respectively into both distal ends of the waist bar to be moved vertically along with the waist bar; and a pair of rails coupled to an inner door panel to correspond to positions of the carriers, the rails being configured to accommodate the carriers in a sliding manner. 4. The driving device according to claim 3, wherein the transfer unit further includes: a connection bar having both distal ends coupled to the respective carriers; and a rack gear having an upper end coupled to the connection bar, the rack gear being configured to convert rotational motion of the drive unit into linear motion to move the connection bar vertically. 5. The driving device according to claim 4, wherein the power transmission unit includes: a gear-belt connected to the drive unit via a belt to be rotated; and a pinion gear engaged with the gear-belt and the rack gear, the pinion gear being rotated in a direction opposite to a rotation direction of the drive unit. 6. The driving device according to claim 5, wherein the gear-belt includes: a first gear part connected to the belt; and a second gear part engaged with the pinion gear to rotate the pinion gear. 7. The driving device according to claim 5, further comprising: a bracket coupled to the inner door panel, wherein the gear-belt and the pinion gear are rotatably coupled to the bracket, and the rack gear is vertically movably coupled to the bracket.",
-    "Disclosed is an apparatus in a semiconductor lithography system. The apparatus comprises a multiplexer and a plurality of imaging elements. The plurality is configured into a shift chain and an output of the shift chain is coupled to a data input of the multiplexer. 1. An apparatus in a semiconductor lithography system, comprising: a first multiplexer; and a first plurality of imaging elements, wherein the first plurality is configured into a first shift chain and an output of the first shift chain is coupled to a data input of the first multiplexer. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first shift chain is a bidirectional shift chain. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the imaging elements is an electron beam (e-beam) mirror. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a second multiplexer; and a second plurality of imaging elements, wherein the second plurality is configured into a second shift chain and an output of the second shift chain is coupled to a data input of the second multiplexer, wherein another data input of the first multiplexer and another data input of the second multiplexer are connected to a common node. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first plurality and the second plurality comprise the same number of imaging elements. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a node that is coupled to inputs of the first plurality for deactivating the first plurality. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the node is further coupled to a select input of the first multiplexer. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second plurality of imaging elements, wherein a data input of the first plurality and a data input of the second plurality are configured to receive image data for collectively imaging a semiconductor wafer. 9. The DPG of claim 8, wherein one of the first plurality is defective and at least a portion of the second plurality is configured to substitute the first plurality. 10. A digital pattern generator (DPG) in a semiconductor lithography system using electron beam (e-beam), comprising: a first multiplexer; a first plurality of e-beam mirrors, wherein the first plurality is configured into a first shift chain and an output of the first shift chain is coupled to a data input of the first multiplexer; a second multiplexer; and a second plurality of e-beam mirrors, wherein the second plurality is configured into a second shift chain and an output of the second shift chain is coupled to a data input of the second multiplexer, wherein another data input of the first multiplexer and another data input of the second multiplexer are connected to a common node. 11. The DPG of claim 10, wherein the first and second shift chains are connected to form a common shift chain through at least one of: the first multiplexer and the second multiplexer. 12. The DPG of claim 10, wherein the first plurality and the second plurality comprise the same number of e-beam mirrors. 13. The DPG of claim 10, further comprising: a first node that is coupled to inputs of the first plurality for deactivating the first plurality; and a second node that is coupled to inputs of the second plurality for deactivating the second plurality, wherein the first and second nodes are different nodes. 14. The DPG of claim 13, wherein the first node is further coupled to a select input of the first multiplexer, and the second node is further coupled to a select input of the second multiplexer. 15. The DPG of claim 10, further comprising a third plurality of e-beam mirrors, wherein a data input of the first plurality and a data input of the third plurality are configured to receive different image data. 16. A digital pattern generator (DPG) in a semiconductor lithography system using electron beam (e-beam), comprising: a multiplexer; a first plurality of e-beam mirrors, wherein the first plurality of e-beam mirrors is configured into a first shift chain, and an output of the first shift chain is coupled to a data input of the multiplexer; and a second plurality of e-beam mirrors configured into a second shift chain, wherein: when the first plurality is used for imaging a semiconductor wafer, the second plurality is not used for imaging the semiconductor wafer; and when the first plurality is not used for imaging a semiconductor wafer, the second plurality is used for imaging the semiconductor wafer. 17. The DPG of claim 16, further comprising a node that is coupled to inputs of the first plurality for deactivating the first plurality. 18. The DPG of claim 17, wherein the node is further coupled to a select input of the multiplexer. 19. The DPG of claim 18, wherein another data input of the multiplexer is configured to receive image data. 20. The DPG of claim 16, wherein the first and second pluralities comprise the same number of e-beam mirrors.",
-    "In one aspect of the disclosure, an article for filling an opening in an object includes a plug having a body, a first flange, and a second flange. The plug has a trailing end. The first flange is in contact with the body and extends away from the body. The second flange is in contact with the first flange and extends away from the first flange and the body. The second flange is configured to deform toward the body upon installation of the plug into the opening. This deformation of the second flange rotationally and translationally secures the plug in the opening and consolidates the plug in the opening. 1. A method of installing a plug into an opening in an object, the method comprising: providing a plug comprising a body, a first flange, a second flange, and a gap, wherein: the first flange is in contact with the body and extends away from the body, the second flange is in contact with the first flange and extends away from the first flange and the body, the first flange is disposed between the second flange and the body and separates the second flange and the body, and the first flange and the body delimit at least a portion of the gap; and installing the plug into the opening to consolidate the plug in the opening and to rotationally and translationally secure the plug in the opening, wherein the second flange shears from the first flange and consolidates into the gap toward the body and contacts the body upon installation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein, upon installation, the second flange fills the gap substantially without voids. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume of the gap is substantially equal to a volume of the second flange. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein installing the plug into the opening comprises urging the plug into the opening. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein: the second flange comprises an anchor feature on a leading outer corner of the second flange, and as the plug is urged into the opening, the anchor feature grips a wall of the opening, causing the second flange to deform toward the body. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein: the second flange comprises a slip feature on a trailing outer corner of the second flange, and as the plug is urged into the opening, the slip feature allows the second flange to deform toward the body by reducing friction between the second flange and other elements of the plug. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein urging the plug into the opening comprises applying an impact to the plug. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the impact is applied to a shaft frangibly coupled to the plug, and wherein the impact decouples the shaft from the plug. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein urging the plug into the opening comprises applying a torque to the plug. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the plug is consolidated in the opening by urging the plug into the opening to cause the second flange to deform toward the body of the plug. 11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the body has a frusto-conical shape. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the plug comprises a trailing end, at least a portion of the trailing end protruding from the opening above a surface of the object when the plug is installed in the opening. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first flange remains intact while installing the plug into the opening. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the gap and the second flange have a same size. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the body, the first flange, and the second flange form a monolithic structure. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the second flange is removably attached to the first flange. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first flange and the second flange are made from different materials. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the first flange and the second flange are annular flanges. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the first flange and the second flange are spiral flanges.",
-    "Embodiments include a vehicle comprising an audio system configured to create a plurality of audio zones within a vehicle cabin, and at least one display communicatively coupled to the audio system. The display is configured to display a separate user interface for each audio zone. Each user interface comprises an engine sound control and a cabin noise control for adjusting an audio output provided to the corresponding audio zone. Embodiments also include a method of providing user-controlled sound isolation in a plurality of audio zones within a vehicle. The method comprises presenting, for each audio zone, a user interface including an engine sound control and a cabin noise control, and generating an audio output for each audio zone based on a first value received from the engine sound control and a second value received from the cabin noise control of the corresponding user interface. 1. A vehicle, comprising: a wireless interface to connect to a mobile device; and an audio system configured to: create a plurality of audio zones within a vehicle cabin; and display, via the mobile device communicatively coupled to the wireless interface, a separate user interface for each audio zone, each user interface comprising an engine sound control and a cabin noise control for adjusting an audio output provided to the corresponding audio zone. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the audio system includes: an audio control module configured to generate the audio output for each audio zone based on a first value received from the engine sound control and a second value received from the cabin noise control of the corresponding user interface; and a plurality of speakers configured to present, to each audio zone, the audio output generated for that audio zone. 3. The vehicle of claim 2, wherein the audio control module includes a noise cancellation module, and the audio output for each audio zone includes an anti-noise output signal generated by the noise cancellation module. 4. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein the audio system further includes a plurality of receiver microphones configured to detect, for each audio zone, a cabin noise within that audio zone, and wherein the second value is a cabin noise gain for the corresponding audio zone, and wherein for each audio zone, the noise cancellation module is configured to generate the corresponding anti-noise output signal based on the cabin noise and the cabin noise gain. 5. The vehicle of claim 4, wherein the audio system further includes a plurality of error microphones configured to detect, for each audio zone, a noise cancellation error signal for that audio zone, and wherein for each audio zone, the noise cancellation module is configured to generate the corresponding anti-noise output signal based further on the noise cancellation error signal. 6. The vehicle of claim 3, wherein the audio control module further includes an engine sound module, and the audio output for each audio zone includes an engine sound output signal generated by the engine sound module. 7. The vehicle of claim 6, wherein the audio system further includes an engine microphone positioned adjacent to a vehicle engine for detecting an engine sound, and the first value is an engine sound gain for the corresponding audio zone, and wherein for each audio zone, the engine sound module is configured to generate the corresponding engine sound output signal based on the engine sound and the engine sound gain. 8. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the at least one display includes a separate display unit for each audio zone, each separate display unit configured to display the user interface for the corresponding audio zone. 9. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each user interface, each of the engine sound control and the road noise control includes a slider control for enabling user selection of the corresponding value. 10-13. (canceled) 14. A method of providing user-controlled sound isolation in a plurality of audio zones within a vehicle, the method comprising: connecting to a mobile device; presenting, for at least one of the plurality of audio zones, a user interface including an engine sound control and a cabin noise control on the mobile device; presenting, for the remaining ones of the plurality of audio zones, the user interface including the engine sound control and the cabin noise control on a display of the vehicle; and generating an audio output for each audio zone based on a first value received from the engine sound control and a second value received from the cabin noise control of the corresponding user interface. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first value is an engine sound gain and the second value is a cabin noise gain. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: providing the audio output for each audio zone to a plurality of speakers directed towards the audio zone. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the audio output for each audio zone includes an anti-noise signal, and wherein generating the audio output for each audio zone includes generating the anti-noise signal based on the second value and a cabin noise detected by a plurality of receiver microphones directed towards the corresponding audio zone. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-noise signal for each audio zone is generated based further on a noise cancellation error signal detected by a plurality of error microphones directed towards the audio zone. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the audio output for each audio zone further includes an engine sound signal, and wherein generating the audio output for each audio zone further includes generating the engine sound signal based on the first value and an engine noise detected by an engine microphone adjacent to a vehicle engine. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein generating the audio output for each audio zone includes combining the anti-noise signal, the engine sound signal, and a user-selected audio signal. 21. The vehicle of claim 1, including a plurality of presence detectors, each of the plurality of presence detectors associated with a corresponding one of the plurality of audio zones, wherein the audio system is configured to display the separate user interface for each of the plurality of audio zones in which the plurality of presence detectors detects an occupant. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein presenting, for the remaining ones of the plurality of audio zones, the user interface including the engine sound control and the cabin noise control on a display of the vehicle further comprises presenting, for the remaining ones of the plurality of audio zones in which a presence detector detects an occupant, the user interface for the corresponding ones of the plurality of audio zones including the engine sound control and the cabin noise control on a display of the vehicle.",
-    "A sensing device has a first substrate, a second substrate, a plurality of sets of first electrodes, a plurality of second electrodes, a plurality of first axis signal lines, a plurality of second axis signal lines, and a plurality of second signal lines. The second substrate is above the first substrate and has a reset structure. The second electrodes are on the first surface of the second substrate in array. Each set of first electrodes is on the first substrate in array, corresponding to one of the plurality of second electrodes, and having at least one first axis electrode and at least one second axis electrode. The first axis electrode and the second axis electrode both partially overlap with the corresponding second electrode. 1. A sensing device, comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate above the first substrate, having at least one reset structure; a plurality of second electrodes on a first surface of the second substrate in array; a plurality of sets of first electrodes on the first substrate in array, each of the plurality of sets of first electrodes corresponding to one of the plurality of second electrodes, each of the plurality of sets of first electrodes further comprising: at least one first axis electrode partially overlapping the corresponding second electrode; and at least one second axis electrode partially overlapping the corresponding second electrode; a plurality of first axis signal lines connected to the plurality of first axis electrodes respectively; a plurality of second axis signal lines connected to the plurality of second axis electrodes respectively; and a plurality of second signal lines connected to the plurality of second electrodes respectively. 2. The sensing device of claim 1, wherein the at least one reset structure is a soft dielectric sandwiched between a body of the second substrate and the first substrate. 3. The sensing device of claim 1, wherein the second substrate further comprises a plurality of pressing parts, and the at least one reset structure is a plurality of reset structures, and the plurality of reset structures surround each of the plurality of pressing parts, and the plurality of second electrodes are on the plurality of pressing parts. 4. The sensing device of claim 1, wherein the at least one reset structure is a plurality of reset structures, and the plurality of reset structures are sandwiched between a body of the second substrate and the first substrate, and the plurality of reset structures are neighboring to the plurality of second electrodes but do not overlap the plurality of second electrodes. 5. The sensing device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of first axis signal lines are not parallel to the plurality of second axis signal lines. 6. The sensing device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of second signal lines are not parallel to the plurality of first axis signal lines. 7. The sensing device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of second signal lines are not parallel to the plurality of second axis signal lines. 8. The sensing device of claim 1, further comprising a processing module electrically connected to the plurality of first axis signal lines, the plurality of second axis signal lines, and the plurality of second signal lines, for determining a shift of one of the plurality of second electrodes according to a signal of one of the plurality of first axis signal lines, a signal of one of the plurality of second axis signal lines, and a signal of one of the plurality of second signal lines. 9. The sensing device of claim 8, wherein the processing module further calculates a corresponding force value and a corresponding force direction according to the shift.",
-    "Disclosed is a video stream processing method and apparatus that may identify a target picture to be edited among a I-picture and at least one B-picture subsequent to the I-picture, the I-picture and the at least one B-picture constituting a group of pictures (GOP) included in a video stream, and process the target picture, wherein pictures included in the video stream may be decoded in a playback order. 1. A video stream processing method comprising: identifying a target picture to be edited among an intra coded picture (I-picture) and at least one bi-prediction coded picture (B-picture) subsequent to the I-picture, the I-picture and the at least one B-picture constituting a group of pictures (GOP) included in a video stream; and processing the target picture, wherein pictures included in the video stream are decoded in a playback order. 2. The video stream processing method of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one B-picture is predicted by referring to the I-picture. 3. The video stream processing method of claim 1, wherein the processing comprises decoding the target picture and a reference I-picture which the target picture refers to. 4. The video stream processing method of claim 3, wherein the processing comprises setting a flag of the target picture and a flag of the reference I-picture as different values. 5. The video stream processing method of claim 3, wherein the target picture is decoded and played back, and the reference I-picture is decoded and not played back. 6. The video stream processing method of claim 1, wherein a video stream including the processed target picture is output, and the output video stream comprises a flag indicating that a picture decoded and to not be played back is included. 7. The video stream processing method of claim 1, wherein the video stream is encoded or decoded using high efficiency video coding (HEVC). 8. The video stream processing method of claim 1, wherein the I-picture is decoded separately without referring to another picture. 9. A video stream processing apparatus comprising: an identifier configured to identify a target picture to be edited among an intra coded picture (I-picture) and at least one bi-prediction coded picture (B-picture) subsequent to the I-picture, the I-picture and the at least one B-picture constituting a group of pictures (GOP) included in a video stream; and a processor configured to process the target picture, wherein the pictures included in the video stream are decoded in a playback order. 10. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 9, wherein each of the at least one B-picture is predicted by referring to the I-picture. 11. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to decode the target picture and a reference I-picture which the target picture refers to. 12. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to set a flag of the target picture and a flag of the reference I-picture as different values. 13. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 11, wherein the target picture is decoded and played back, and the reference I-picture is decoded and not played back. 14. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 11, wherein a video stream including the processed target picture is output, and the output video stream comprises a flag indicating that a picture decoded and to not be played back is included. 15. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 9, wherein the video stream is encoded or decoded using high efficiency video coding (HEVC). 16. The video stream processing apparatus of claim 9, wherein the I-picture is decoded separately without referring to another picture.",
-    "An incubator 1 includes a cultivating chamber 4 for cultivating culture in a plurality of containers 3 and a supply device 5 provided outside the cultivating chamber 4 and supplying steam into the cultivating chamber 4 for humidification. The supply device 5 includes a supply chamber 5A in which a tray 42 for reserving water is accommodated and an ultrasonic atomizing device 43 for atomizing water. The water in the tray 42 is easily made into steam by the ultrasonic atomizing device 43, passes through an HEPA filter 45 provided in an opening portion 5B and is supplied into the circulation passage 37 of the cultivating chamber 4. 1. An incubator comprising: a cultivating chamber for cultivating culture, a supply device provided outside the cultivating chamber and making reserved water into steam and supplying it into the cultivating chamber, and an air filter provided in a flow passage of the steam from the supply device to the cultivating chamber, characterized in that the steam generated by the supply device is passed through the air filter and then, is supplied into the cultivating chamber so as to humidify an inside of the cultivating chamber. 2. The incubator according to claim 1, wherein the supply device includes a reserving portion for reserving water and humidifying means for making water in the reserved portion into steam, wherein a circulation passage for circulating air in the cultivating chamber in a certain direction is provided in the cultivating chamber, the steam having passed through the air filter is supplied to the circulation passage, and a pressure in a region where the steam having been passed through the air filter in the circulation passage is supplied is adjusted to be lower than a pressure in the supply device. 3. The incubator described in claim 2, wherein the humidifying means is an ultrasonic atomizing device for atomizing water.",
-    "Provided are active materials for electrochemical cells. The active materials include silicon containing structures and treatment layers covering at least some surface of these structures. The treatment layers may include aminosilane, a poly(amine), and a poly(imine). These layers are used to increase adhesion of the structures to polymer binders within active material layers of the electrode. As such, when the silicon containing structures change their size during cycling, the bonds between the binder and the silicon containing structure structures or, more specifically, the bonds between the binder and the treatment layer are retained and cycling characteristics of the electrochemical cells are preserved. Also provided are electrochemical cells fabricated with such active materials and methods of fabricating these active materials and electrochemical cells. 1. Active material particles in a powder form for use in electrochemical cells, each of the active material particles comprising: a silicon containing structure forming a core, a carbon containing structure at least partially forming a shell around the core; and a treatment layer disposed over the shell and at least partially covering the shell, wherein the treatment layer comprises one or more treatment materials selected from the group consisting of an aminosilane, a poly(amine), a poly(imine), and an amine functionalized alkoxy siloxane. 2. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the carbon containing structure comprises carbon particles. 3. The active material particles of claim 2, wherein the carbon particles have a particle size of less than 1 micrometer. 4. The active material particles of claim 2, wherein the carbon particles have a particle size of less than 0.2 micrometers. 5. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the silicon containing particle has a size of between about 1 and 50 microns. 6. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the silicon containing structure comprising a silicon dioxide layer forming a surface of the core. 7. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the one or more treatment materials comprise one or more aminosilanes selected from the group consisting of aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropylmethoxysilane, bis-gamma-trimethoxysilypropyl amine, aminoneohexyltrimethoxysilane, and aminoneohexylmethyldimethoxysilane. 8. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the one or more treatment materials comprise one or more materials selected from the group consisting of poly(ethyleneimine), poly(allylamine), and poly(vinylamine). 9. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the one or more treatment materials comprise amine functionalized alkoxy siloxane. 10. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the treatment layer comprises a poly(imine). 11. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the treatment layer is formed by molecules of the one or more treatment materials adsorbed on the shell. 12. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the treatment layer is formed by molecules of the one or more treatment materials covalently bound to the shell. 13. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein a volume ratio of the treatment layer to the silicon containing structure is between about 0.001% and 10%. 14. The active material particles of claim 1, wherein the one or more treatment materials form oligomeric brushes. 15. A method of fabricating active material particles in a powder form for use in electrochemical cells, the method comprising: preparing a solution, wherein the solution comprises a carrier solvent and one or more treatment materials, and wherein the one or more treatment materials is selected from the group consisting of an aminosilane, a poly(amine), a poly(imine), and an amine functionalized alkoxy siloxane; combining the solution with discrete particles, wherein each of the discrete particles comprises a silicon containing structure forming a core and a carbon containing structure at least partially forming a shell around the core; wherein the one or more treatment materials of the solution attach to an external surface of each of the discrete particles when the solution is combined with the particles; and removing the carrier solvent from a combination of the discrete particles and the solution while retaining the one or more treatment materials on the external surface of each of the discrete particles. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising, after removing the carrier solvent from the combination of the discrete particles and the solution, performing a heat treatment on the discrete particles having the one or more treatment materials attached to the external surface. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat treatment adoptively or covalently anchors the one or more treatment materials to the external surface of each of the discrete particles. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of between about 80\u00b0 C. and 130\u00b0 C. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the carrier solvent comprises a mixture of alcohol and deionized water. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein an acidity of the solution is between about 4.0 pH and 6.0 pH.",
-    "Methods and systems for determining and presenting virtual safety cages are provided. An example method may involve receiving an instruction for a robotic device to perform a physical action in a physical environment occupied by the robotic device. The method may also involve, responsive to receiving the instruction, and based on one or more parameters of one or more physical components of the robotic device, determining one or more estimated trajectories along which the one or more physical components of the robotic device are estimated to move as the robotic device performs the physical action. The method may further involve, based on the one or more estimated trajectories, determining a virtual representation of a space that the robotic device is estimated to occupy in the physical environment while performing the physical action. The method may then involve providing, into the physical environment, an indication of a location of the space. 1. A method performed by a computing system, the method comprising: receiving, by one or more processors of the computing system, an instruction requesting that a robotic device perform a physical action in a physical environment occupied by the robotic device; in response to receiving the instruction, the one or more processors determining multiple estimated trajectories of one or more physical components of the robotic device, wherein the multiple estimated trajectories are multiple trajectories along which the one or more physical components are estimated to move as the robotic device performs the physical action; the one or more processors associating respective probabilities to the robotic device moving along the multiple estimated trajectories; based on the multiple estimated trajectories and further based on the associated respective probabilities, the one or more processors determining a virtual representation of space that the robotic device is estimated to occupy in the physical environment while performing the physical action; and the one or more processors providing, into the physical environment, an indication of a location of the space in the physical environment, the indication visually depicting the multiple estimated trajectories and indications of the associated respective probabilities. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the space comprises a superposition of multiple spaces corresponding to respective estimated trajectories of the multiple estimated trajectories, the multiple spaces including multiple different spaces that the robotic device is estimated to occupy in the physical environment while performing the physical action. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication includes a two-dimensional (2D) image of the space projected on a surface in the physical environment, wherein the 2D image depicts multiple 2D paths representative of the multiple estimated trajectories. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication includes a holographic three-dimensional (3D) indication of the space, wherein the holographic 3D indication depicts multiple 3D paths representative of the multiple estimated trajectories, and wherein the holographic 3D indication is provided within the space in the physical environment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the indication comprises providing the indication to at least one computing device located remotely from the robotic device, and wherein the indication includes a three-dimensional (3D) model of the space, wherein the 3D model depicts multiple 3D paths representative of the multiple estimated trajectories. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the indication comprises causing at least one projecting device communicatively linked to the computing system to project the indication into the physical environment. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the instruction requesting that the robotic device perform the physical action includes an instruction requesting that the robotic device move a physical object, and wherein the space represented by the virtual representation includes space that the physical object is estimated to occupy while the robotic device is moving the physical object. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: after receiving the instruction requesting that the robotic device move the physical object, the one or more processors causing the at least one projecting device to project a light onto the physical object. 9. A method performed by a computing system, the method comprising: receiving, by one or more processors of the computing system, an instruction requesting that a robotic device perform a physical action in a physical environment occupied by the robotic device; in response to receiving the instruction, the one or more processors determining one or more estimated trajectories of one or more physical components of the robotic device, wherein the one or more estimated trajectories are one or more trajectories along which the one or more physical components are estimated to move as the robotic device performs the physical action; the one or more processors identifying a moving object in the physical environment; in response to identifying the moving object in the physical environment, determining an estimated trajectory of the moving object along which the moving object is estimated to travel over a predetermined period of time; making a comparison between the estimated trajectory of the moving object and the one or more estimated trajectories of the one or more physical components of the robotic device; based on the output of the comparison, the one or more processors adjusting the one or more estimated trajectories of the one or more physical components of the robotic device; based on the adjusted one or more estimated trajectories of the one or more physical components of the robotic device, the one or more processors determining a virtual representation of a space that the robotic device is estimated to occupy in the physical environment while performing the physical action; and the one or more processors providing, into the physical environment, an indication of a location of the space in the physical environment, the indication visually depicting the adjusted one or more estimated trajectories. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more estimated trajectories are based on one or more parameters of the one or more physical components, and wherein the one or more parameters of the one or more physical components include one or more of: a maximum torque of the one or more physical components, a maximum power output of the one or more physical components, and a momentum of the one or more physical components. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein determining the estimated trajectory of the moving object along which the moving object is estimated to travel over the predetermined period of time comprises: determining a plurality of parameters associated with the moving object, wherein the plurality of parameters include at least a current velocity of the moving object and a current direction of movement of the moving object; and based on the determined plurality of parameters associated with the moving object, determining the estimated trajectory of the moving object along which the moving object is estimated to travel over the predetermined period of time. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the moving object includes a human. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication includes a two-dimensional (2D) image of the space projected on a surface in the physical environment, wherein the 2D image depicts one or more 2D paths representative of the adjusted one or more estimated trajectories. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the indication includes a holographic three-dimensional (3D) indication of the space, wherein the holographic 3D indication depicts one or more 3D paths representative of the adjusted one or more estimated trajectories, and wherein the holographic 3D indication is provided within the space in the physical environment. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein providing the indication comprises providing the indication to at least one computing device located remotely from the robotic device, and wherein the indication includes a three-dimensional (3D) model of the space, wherein the 3D model depicts multiple 3D paths representative of the adjusted one or more estimated trajectories. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein providing the indication comprises causing at least one projecting device communicatively linked to the computing system to project the indication into the physical environment. 17. A system comprising: a robotic device; one or more optical devices; a wireless communication interface; at least one processor; and data storage comprising instructions executable by the at least one processor to cause the system to perform functions comprising: receiving an instruction requesting that a robotic device perform a physical action in a physical environment occupied by the robotic device; in response to receiving the instruction, determining multiple estimated trajectories of one or more physical components of the robotic device, wherein the multiple estimated trajectories are multiple trajectories along which the one or more physical components are estimated to move as the robotic device performs the physical action; associating respective probabilities to the robotic device moving along the multiple estimated trajectories; based on the multiple estimated trajectories and further based on the associated respective probabilities, determining a virtual representation of space that the robotic device is estimated to occupy in the physical environment while performing the physical action; and providing into the environment, by one or more of the wireless communication interface and the one or more optical devices, an indication of a location of the space in the physical environment, the indication visually depicting the multiple estimated trajectories and indications of the associated respective probabilities. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein determining the multiple estimated trajectories of the one or more physical components of the robotic device comprises determining multiple estimated trajectories of the one or more physical components along which the one or more physical components are estimated to move within a predetermined period of time, and wherein the space includes space that the robotic device is estimated to occupy in the physical environment while performing the physical action during the predetermined period of time. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the robotic device includes at least one robotic manipulator involved in performing the physical action, the method further comprising: determining respective ranges of motion for the at least one robotic manipulator involved in performing the physical action, wherein determining the virtual representation is further based on the determined respective ranges of motion for the at least one robotic manipulator involved in performing the physical action, and wherein the indication further visually depicts the determined respective ranges of motion. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the multiple estimated trajectories are based on one or more parameters of the one or more physical components, and wherein the one or more parameters of the one or more physical components include one or more of: a maximum torque of the one or more physical components, a maximum power output of the one or more physical components, and a momentum of the one or more physical components.",
-    "The invention relates to methods for treating a subject by manipulating ABCB5 on a cell as well as related products. The methods include methods of treating cancer using ABCB5 binding molecules such as antibodies and fragments thereof. 1. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to an intracellular compartment of a cell, comprising: contacting a cell with an isolated molecule that selectively binds to ABCB5 conjugated to a therapeutic agent in an effective amount to deliver the therapeutic agent to an intracellular compartment of the cell. 2-13. (canceled) 14. A method, comprising: contacting a sample of a subject with a label-conjugated monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to ABCB5, determining whether an ABCB5 antigen is within the sample by detecting binding of the monoclonal antibody with the ABCB5 antigen. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the label-conjugated monoclonal antibody is an antibody with a fluorescent probe or a radiological probe. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the monoclonal antibody has at least one human region. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the monoclonal antibody competitively inhibits binding of mAb 3C2-1D12 to ABCB5. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the monoclonal antibody is of immunoglobulin class IgA, IgGb 1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or IgM. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the monoclonal antibody is a single chain antibody. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the ABCB5 antigen is on an ABCB5-expressing cell. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the sample is isolated from a subject and subjected to FACS analysis, Western blotting, or immunohistochemistry. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the sample is in a subject and the label-conjugated monoclonal antibody is administered to the subject to assess tumor burden, tumor localization or residual tumor mass following chemotherapy or surgical therapy of ABCB5-expressing tumors. 23. A composition, comprising: a label-conjugated monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to ABCB5, in a carrier. 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the monoclonal antibody has at least one human region. 25. The composition of claim 23, wherein the monoclonal antibody competitively inhibits binding of mAb 3C2-1D12 to ABCB5. 26. The composition of claim 23, wherein the monoclonal antibody is of immunoglobulin class IgA, IgGb 1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 or IgM. 27. The composition of claim 23, wherein the monoclonal antibody is a single chain antibody. 28. The composition of claim 23, wherein the label-conjugated monoclonal antibody is an antibody with a fluorescent probe. 29. The composition of claim 23, wherein the label-conjugated monoclonal antibody is an antibody with a radiological probe.",
-    "Systems and methods are disclosed for a single sign-on (SSO) enterprise system with multiple data centers that use a lightweight cookie on a user's client device. The lightweight cookie includes a reference to a data center in which the user is already authenticated, and a new data center contacts the old data center for creating a session for the user on the new data center. If the old data center is unavailable, then the new data center may fall back to accessing a local security store, a backup of keys, security tokens, and/or other security data, in order to create a local session for the user on the new data center. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising: generating, by a first computer system managing access at a first data center, authentication data associated with a user, wherein the authentication data is generated upon successful authentication of the user at the first data center using a first session object stored at the first data center, and wherein the authentication data includes information that identifies the first data center; sending the generated authentication data to a client device associated with the user; and transmitting, by the first computer system, to a second computer system of a second data center, session data indicated by the first session object, wherein a second session object is generated by the second computer system for the second data center using the session data, and wherein the second session object is generated for authentication of the user at the second data center. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: receiving, by the first computer system, from the second computer system, a request for session information associated with the user, the session information being indicated by the first session object that is stored at the first data center, wherein the request is addressed to the first data center identified based on the generated authentication data sent to the client device, wherein the transmitting the session data is responsive to the request for session information. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising: receiving, by the first computer system, an indication that a session object at the second data center has been created using the generated authentication data; and terminating, by the first computer system, a session associated with the user at the first data center based on receiving the indication that the session object at the second data center has been initiated. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the terminating is performed based on a session policy, the session policy indicating a session threshold of a single active session for both the first data center and the second data center. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising: receiving, by the first computer system, an indication of the user exiting access for a session at the second computer system; and terminating, by the first computer system, a session associated with the user at the first data center in response to receiving the indication of the user exiting access for a session at the second computer system. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising: sending, by the first computer system, to the client device, a request that causes the user device to prompt the user for authentication information based on a session policy. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising: providing, by the first computer system, the session data for a data store of the second data center for authentication of the user at the second data center based on the session data, wherein the session data identifies a first session at the first data center based on authentication of the user at the first data center. 28. The method of claim 22, further comprising: responsive to the receiving the request for session information, sending, by the first computer system, to the client device, a request for credential information of the user; and receiving, by the first computer system, the credential information from the client device responsive to the request, wherein transmitting, by the first computer system, to the second computer system, the session data indicated by the first session object includes transmitting the credential information. 29. A system comprising: a first data storage system including a memory storing a plurality of instructions; and one or more hardware processors; and a second data storage system including a computer system; wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed by the one or more hardware processors, cause the one or more hardware processors to: generate authentication data associated with a user, wherein the authentication data is generated upon successful authentication of the user at the first data storage system using a first session object stored at the first data storage system, and wherein the authentication data includes information that identifies the first data storage system; send the generated authentication data to a client device associated with the user; receive a request for session information associated with the user, the session information being indicated by the first session object that is stored at the first data storage system, wherein the request is addressed to the first data storage system identified based on the generated authentication data sent to the client device; and responsive to the request, transmit session data indicated by the first session object to the computer system, wherein a second session object is generated by the computer system for the second data storage system using the session data, and wherein the second session object is generated for authentication of the user at the second data storage system. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more hardware processors to: receive an indication that a session object at the second data storage system has been created using the generated authentication data; and terminate a session associated with the user at the first data storage system based on receiving the indication that the session object at the second data storage system has been initiated. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the terminating is performed based on a session policy, the session policy indicating a session threshold of a single active session for both the first data storage system and the second data storage system. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more hardware processors to: receive an indication of the user exiting access for a session at the computer system; and terminate a session of the user at the first data storage system in response to receiving the indication of the user exiting access for a session at the computer system. 33. The system of claim 29, wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more hardware processors to: provide the session data for a data store of the second data storage system for authentication of the user at the second data storage system based on the session data, wherein the session data identifies a first session at the first data storage system based on authentication of the user at the first data storage system. 34. The system of claim 29, wherein the plurality of instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more hardware processors to: responsive to the receiving the session retrieval request, send to the client device, a request for credential information of the user; receive the credential information from the client device responsive to the request; and wherein transmitting the session data indicated by the first session object includes transmitting the credential information. 35. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors of a first data center to cause the one or more processors to: generate authentication data associated with a user, wherein the authentication data is generated upon successful authentication of the user at the first data center using a first session object stored at the first data center, and wherein the authentication data includes information that identifies the first data center; send the generated authentication data to a client device associated with the user; receive, from a computer system of a second data center, a request for session information associated with the user, the session information being indicated by the first session object that is stored at the first data center, wherein the request is addressed to the first data center identified based on the generated authentication data sent to the client device; and responsive to the request, transmit session data indicated by the first session object, wherein a second session object is generated by the computer system for the second data center using the session data, and wherein the second session object is generated for authentication of the user at the second data center. 36. The computer-readable medium of claim 35, the plurality of instructions further causing the one or more processors to: receive an indication that a session object at the second data center has been created using the generated authentication data; and terminate a session associated with the user at the first data center based on receiving the indication that the session object at the second data storage system has been initiated. 37. The computer-readable medium of claim 36, wherein the terminating is performed based on a session policy, the session policy indicating a session threshold of a single active session for both the first data center and the second data center. 38. The computer-readable medium of claim 35, the plurality of instructions further causing the one or more processors to: receive an indication of the user exiting access for a session at the computer system; and terminate a session of the user at the first data center in response to receiving the indication of the user exiting access for a session at the computer system. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 35, the plurality of instructions further causing the one or more processors to: provide the session data for a data store of the second data center for authentication of the user at the second data center based on the session data, wherein the session data identifies a first session at the first data center based on authentication of the user at the first data center. 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 35, the plurality of instructions further causing the one or more processors to: responsive to the receiving the session retrieval request, send to the client device, a request for credential information of the user; receive the credential information from the client device responsive to the request; and wherein transmitting the session data indicated by the first session object includes transmitting the credential information.",
-    "The present invention relates to aqueous compositions of associative polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), optionally containing surfactants, biocidal agents and/or oxidants, which can provide surface protection to treated articles including reduced soiling tendency, reduced cleaning effort and improved soil repellancy, as well as providing bacteriostatic properties to treated surfaces that thereby gain resistance to water, environmental exposure and microbial challenge. Treatment means and compositions are provided that employ associative polyelectrolyte complexes formed by combining a water soluble cationic first polyelectrolyte with a water soluble second polyelectrolyte bearing groups of opposite charge to the first polyelectrolyte under suitable mixing conditions where the one polyelectrolyte present in molar excess is added in the form of a first aqueous solution during a mixing step to a second aqueous solution comprising the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte present in molar deficiency. Also provided are means to form stable associative polyelectrolyte complexes in aqueous solutions having R values from about 0.10 to 20, including near stoichiometric R values approaching 1, being the ratio of charged groups present on the component polyelectrolytes employed. 1. An aqueous composition comprising: (a) water; (b) a water soluble cationic first polyelectrolyte selected from a homopolymer of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride); (c) a water soluble anionic second polyelectrolyte selected from the group consisting of homo- or copolymers of the following anionic monomers: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamide propane sulfonic acid, and mixtures thereof; and (d) one or more surfactants; wherein a total polymer concentration of the water soluble cationic first polyelectrolyte and the water soluble anionic second polyelectrolyte in the aqueous composition is at a concentration of less than or equal to about 50 mM with respect to a total concentration of charged associating groups present on the first and second polyelectrolytes; wherein the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte are not block copolymers. 2. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising an oxidant selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, alkaline metal salts of hypochlorous acid, alkaline earth metal salts of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorous acid, acidic sodium chlorite, active chlorine generating compounds, active oxygen generating compounds, sodium potassium peroxysulfate, sodium perborate, and combinations thereof. 3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the oxidant is present in the composition at a level of from about 0.001 wt % to about 10 wt %. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the cationic first polyelectrolyte is present in the composition at a level of from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt %. 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the anionic second polyelectrolyte is present in the composition at a level of from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt %. 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the total polymer concentration is at a concentration of less than or equal to about 10 mM with respect to a total concentration of charged associating groups present on the first and second polyelectrolytes. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a buffering agent selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium silicate, sodium succinate, citric acid, citrate salts, boric acid and borate salts. 10. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising an antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of water-soluble quaternary ammonium salts, chlorhexidine salts, alpha-hydroxy acids, and water-soluble salts of silver, copper or zinc. 11. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the one or more surfactants are selected from the group consisting of an amine oxide, an alkyl poly(glucoside), an alkyl poly(pentoside), an alkyl sulfate, a secondary alkane sulfophonate, an alkyl benzene sulfonate, an alkyl polyethylene oxide, an alkyl betaine, an alkyl sulfo-betaine, and mixtures thereof. 12. An article comprising the composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is disposed on or within a carrier substrate selected from the group consisting of a woven material, a non-woven material, a roller, a pad, a sponge, and combinations thereof. 13. An aqueous composition comprising: (a) water; (b) a water soluble cationic first polyelectrolyte selected from a homopolymer of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride); (c) a water soluble anionic second polyelectrolyte selected from the group consisting of homo- or copolymers of the following anionic monomers: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamide propane sulfonic acid, and mixtures thereof; and (d) one or more surfactants; (e) one or more oxidants selected from the group consisting of alkaline metal salts of hypochlorous acid, alkaline earth metal salts of hypochlorous acid, hypochlorous acid, and mixtures thereof; wherein a total polymer concentration of the water soluble cationic first polyelectrolyte and the water soluble anionic second polyelectrolyte in the aqueous composition is at a concentration of less than or equal to about 50 mM with respect to a total concentration of charged associating groups present on the first and second polyelectrolytes; wherein the first polyelectrolyte and the second polyelectrolyte are not block copolymers. 14. The composition according to claim 13, wherein the oxidant is present in the composition at a level of from about 0.001 wt % to about 10 wt %. 15. The composition according to claim 13, wherein the cationic first polyelectrolyte is present in the composition at a level of from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt %. 16. The composition according to claim 13, wherein the anionic second polyelectrolyte is present in the composition at a level of from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt %. 17. The composition according to claim 13, wherein the total polymer concentration is at a concentration of less than or equal to about 10 mM with respect to a total concentration of charged associating groups present on the first and second polyelectrolytes. 18. (canceled) 19. The composition according to claim 13, wherein the one or more surfactants are selected from the group consisting of an amine oxide, an alkyl poly(glucoside), an alkyl poly(pentoside), an alkyl sulfate, a secondary alkane sulfophonate, an alkyl benzene sulfonate, an alkyl polyethylene oxide, an alkyl betaine, an alkyl sulfo-betaine, and mixtures thereof. 20. An article comprising the composition according to claim 13, wherein the composition is disposed on or within a carrier substrate selected from the group consisting of a woven material, a non-woven material, a roller, a pad, a sponge, and combinations thereof.",
-    "The invention features compounds of the general formula: in which the variable groups are as defined herein, and to their preparation and use. 1-42. (canceled) 43. A compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein X1 is NRb1 or CRb; X2 is NRc1; X3 is NRd1 or CRd; X4 is NRe1 or CRe; Ring A is an aryl, a 5- or a 6-membered heteroaryl ring which contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S(O)r; each Ra, Rb, Rd and Re is independently halo, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014R1, \u2014OR2, \u2014O\u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1\u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1\u2014OR2, \u2014C(O)YR2, \u2014OC(O)YR2, \u2014NR1C(O)YR2, \u2014SC(O)YR2, \u2014NR1C(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014OC(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014C(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550NR1)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550N\u2014OR1)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550N\u2014NR1R2)YR2, \u2014YP(\u2550O)(YR3)(YR3), \u2014Si(R3a)3, \u2014NR1SO2R2, \u2014S(O)rR2, \u2014SO2NR1R2 or \u2014NR1SO2NR1R2, and Rb1, Rc1, Rd1 and Re1 are absent; each Y is independently a bond, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NR1\u2014; alternatively, two adjacent substituents selected from Rb, Rb1, Rc1, Rd, Rd1, Re and Re1, or two adjacent Ra moieties, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated ring, which ring contains 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S(O)r and which is substituted with one to four Rf moieties; each Rf moiety is independently halo, \u2550O, \u2550S, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014R1, \u2014OR2, \u2014O\u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1\u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1\u2014OR2, \u2014C(O)YR2, \u2014OC(O)YR2, \u2014NR1C(O)YR2, \u2014SC(O)YR2, \u2014NR1C(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014OC(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014C(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550NR1)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550N\u2014OR1)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550N\u2014NR1R2)YR2, \u2014YP(\u2550O)(YR3)(YR3), \u2014Si(R3a)3, \u2014NR1SO2R2, \u2014S(O)rR2, \u2014SO2NR1R2 or \u2014NR1SO2NR1R2; or alternatively two adjacent Rf moieties, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated ring which contains 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S(O)r; at least one of Ra, Rb, Rd, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc1, Rd1 and Re1, when present, is or contains \u2014P(\u2550O)(R3)2 or a ring system containing the moiety \u2014P(\u2550O)(R3)\u2014 as a ring member; r is 0, 1 or 2; s is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; n is 0 or 1; each Y is independently a bond, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NR1\u2014; each R1 and R2 is independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclic or heteroaryl; each R3 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclic or heteroaryl, or two adjacent R3 moieties combine to form a ring system including a phosphorous atom; each R3a is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl; alternatively, each NR1R2 moiety may be a 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated ring, which is optionally substituted and which contains 0-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O and S(O)r; and each of the foregoing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic moiety is optionally substituted. 44. The compound of claim 43, having the Formula VII: wherein Ring A, Ra, Rf, n, X1, X2, X3 and X4 are as defined in claim 43; t is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and Ring F is an aryl, a carbocyclyl, a 5- or 6- or 7-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring substituted with 1-4 Rf groups. 45. The compound of claim 43, having the Formula II: wherein R3, Ra, n, Ring A, X1, X2, X3 and X4 are as defined in claim 43 and m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. 46. The compound of claim 43 in which X1 is N. 47. The compound of claim 46 in which X3 is N and X4 is CRe. 48. The compound of claim 46 in which X3 is CRd and X4 is CRe. 49. The compound of claim 43 in which X1 is CRb. 50. The compound of claim 49 in which X3 is N and X4 is CRe. 51. The compound of claim 49 in which X3 is CRd and X4 is CRe. 52. The compound of claim 43 in which Rd is selected from Cl, F, C1-C4 alkyl, trihaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, and alkynyl. 53. The compound of claim 43 in which X3 is CRd and X4 is CRe wherein Rd and Re, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a fused, 5-, 6- or 7-membered saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated ring, which contains 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S(O)r and which may bear up to four substituents. 54. The compound of claim 43 in which s is 1, 2, 3 or 4, and each of the substituents Ra is independently selected from halo, \u2014R1, \u2014OR2, \u2014NR1R2 and \u2014P(\u2550O)(R3)2, wherein each R1 and R2 moiety may be further substituted or unsubstituted. 55. The compound of claim 54 in which at least one substituent Ra is \u2014OR2 and R2 is selected from C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl. 56. The compound of claim 54 in which at least one substituent Ra is a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl moiety, linked to Ring A either directly or by an ether bond, and which may be further substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halo, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014R1, \u2014OR2, \u2014O\u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1\u2014NR1R2, \u2014NR1\u2014OR2, \u2014C(O)YR2, \u2014OC(O)YR2, \u2014NR1C(O)YR2, \u2014SC(O)YR2, \u2014NR1C(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014OC(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014C(\u2550S)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550NR1)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550N\u2014OR1)YR2, \u2014YC(\u2550N\u2014NR1R2)YR2, \u2014YP(\u2550O)(YR3)(YR3), \u2014Si(R3a)3, \u2014NR1SO2R2, \u2014S(O)rR2, \u2014SO2NR1R2 and \u2014NR1SO2NR1R2; and wherein each Y is independently a bond, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NR1\u2014. 57. The compound of claim 56 in which the heterocyclic or heteroaryl substituent Ra is selected from the following: 58. The compound of claim 54 in which at least one substituent Ra is \u2014P(\u2550O)(R3)2 in which each R3 is, independently, a C7-C4 alkyl moiety. 59. The compound of claim 43 in which Ra is H, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C7-C4 haloalkyl, C7-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 haloalkoxy or \u2014P(O)(R3)2. 60. The compound of claim 43 in which Rd is F, Cl, C7-C4 alkyl, cyclopropyl, CF3, OMe, or OCF3, or Rf is H, \u2014CH3 or halo. 61. A method for treating an ALK-driven cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 62. A pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of claim 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.",
-    "A method of enhancing the activity of lysosomal \u03b1-Galactosidase A (\u03b1-Gal A) in mammalian cells and for treatment of Fabry disease by administration of 1-deoxy-galactonojirimycin and related compounds. 1. A method of enhancing the activity of lysosomal \u03b1-galactosidase A in mammalian cells comprising administering an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-mannitol, 3,4-diepz-\u03b1-homonojirimycin, 5-O-\u03b1-D-galactopyranosyl-\u03b1-homonojirimycin, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin, 4-epi-fagomine, calystegine A3, calystegine B2, and calystegine B3, and N-alkyl derivatives thereof. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the lysosomal \u03b1-galactosidase A is a mutant form which is present in patients with Fabry disease. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said cells are human cells. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said cells are the cells of a patient with Fabry disease. 5. A method of treating Fabry disease comprising administering an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-mannitol, 3,4-diepi-\u03b1-homonojirimycin, 5-O-\u03b1-D-galactopyranosyl-\u03b1-homonojirimycin, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin, 4-epi-fagomine, calystegine A3, calystegine B2, and calystegine B3, and N-alkyl derivatives thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said compound is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or 3,4-diepi-\u03b1-homonojirimycin. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said compound is 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin. 8. (canceled) 9. A method of treating Fabry disease comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula wherein R1 represents H, \u2014CH2\u2014or CH2OH; R2 represents H, OH or \u2014O-galactose; R3 and R4 independently represent H, or OH; R5 represents H, or \u2014CH2\u2014; R6 represents CH2OH, or OH; and R7 represents H or an alkyl group containing 1-3 carbon atoms, provided that when either R1, or R5 is \u2014CH2\u2014, they are identical and are linked to form a second ring structure.",
-    "This invention was a long time coming, locksmith sticker spam is on every commercial door, making it hard on business owners to know who genuinely serviced their lock. This invention is a metal security ring with a plate on top, on the plate, the locksmith's name and phone number appears. The manufacturing of the Enhanced Security Ring requires a mold, a flat circle metal piece is placed on the mold and then pressed to create its shape. The Enhanced Security Ring has 2 main purposes: 1. Protection against break in: The security ring surrounds the lock and prevents an intruder from grabbing the lock and spinning to break connecting pins. 1. The invention is a round metal piece with flat metal plate on top presenting phone number and logo of service provider (FIG. 1), the invention is designed to fit all types and sizes of a \u201cMortice Cylinder\u201d lock (U.S. Pat. No. 2,194,244 A), mostly used on commercial doors. 2. This invention is for the purpose of securing a lock against break-ins and advertising the service provider at once. 3. The Enhanced Metal Plate for Security Purposes was mainly invented to fight locksmith sticker spam/solicitations and fills its purpose with a smarter, cleaner, more esthetic look to the client's door. 4. Issues this invention will solve: Locksmiths will place a sticker on a door, another locksmith will take off the competitor's sticker and place his own sticker, and the property owner is confused and never knows whether the person on the sticker is indeed the locksmith who serviced his lock. 5. With this Invention, only the locksmith who serviced the lock will be able to install the Enhanced Security Ring. 6. With this invention both parties will be protected, home/business owners and authorized service providers: 6.1. Protecting home/business owners by having a permanent reminder of who their authorized service provider is, saving the aggravation of un-knowingly calling the wrong (may also be non-qualified) service provider and them being able to access their home/business. 6.2. Protecting the lock against forced entry, the Enhanced Security Ring surrounds the lock cylinder, with the Enhanced Security Ring, the lock cannot be grabbed by any tool, if a tool grabs the Enhanced Security Ring, the Enhanced Security Ring will loosely spin along with the tool used\u2014no harm to the lock. 7. The Enhanced Security Ring is an esthetic stainless steel, weatherproof, round and has a flat oval extension for information on top and looks as if it is a part of the lock. 8. This invention can only be installed with home/business owner's permission, opposed to the stickers, which are glued on doors in a non-professional manner and without permission. 9. This invention will contain service provider phone number and name or information and could only be taken down by removing the lock itself, therefore the client will always know who originally serviced his lock. 10. This invention, a round metal piece with flat plate on top made out of stainless steel presenting phone number and logo of service provider, the invention was designed to fit with all types and sizes of a \u201cMortice Cylinder\u201d lock (U.S. Pat. No. 2,194,244 A), mostly used on commercial doors. 11. The invention is made for security and marketing purposes. 12. Process of manufacturing requires a mold, a flat metal piece is then stamped into a circular and flat shape at once giving it its shape (FIG. 1) the back of the piece remains hollow. 13. The piece is then screen printed on with information such as phone number and name of company. 14. This invention requires installation as follows: 14.1. The mortice cylinder lock (U.S. Pat. No. 2,194,244 A) is un-installed from the door lock mechanism. 14.2. The mortice cylinder lock is placed inside the Enhanced Security Ring. 14.3. The mortice cylinder lock and the Enhanced Security Ring pieces are re-installed together back into door lock mechanism and look and act as if they are one piece. 15. The Enhanced Security Ring can only be removed by un-installing the mortice cylinder.",
-    "A free arm umbrella includes a fixing plate (1), an upper nest (2), a lower nest (3), umbrella ribs (5) and support ribs (6). The umbrella ribs (5) are hinged with the upper nest (2) and the two ends of the support rib (6) are hinged with the lower nest (3) and the umbrella rib (5) respectively. The free arm umbrella also includes a control mechanism (7), a support rod (9), a first strut rod (10) and a second strut rod (20). The two ends of the first strut rod (10) are hinged with the lower nest (3) and the upper portion of the fixing plate (1) respectively. One end of the second strut rod (20) is hinged with the upper nest (2) and the other end is provided with a support block (21). The middle part of the first strut rod (10) is hinged with the middle part of the second strut rod (20). The two ends of the support rod (9) are hinged with the second strut rod (20) and the fixing plate (1) respectively. The control mechanism (7) is fixed on the fixing plate (1). The support block (21) is moveably fixed on the control mechanism (7). A rotating lockout mechanism (8) can also be set on the free arm umbrella so that the umbrella cover can be rotated easily. The free arm umbrella has advantages of simple structure, convenience of use, economic practicality, and being applicable to narrow space. 1.-23. (canceled) 24. A free arm umbrella comprising: a mount structure having an upper portion and a lower portion; a shade providing structure comprising an upper hub and a lower hub coupled with the upper hub by a plurality of umbrella structural members; a first strut rod and a second strut rod, wherein a first end of the first strut rod is pivotally coupled with the lower hub and a second end of the first strut rod is coupled with an upper portion of the mount structure, a first end of the second strut rod is pivotally coupled with the upper hub and a second end of the second strut rod is coupled with the mount structure; and a rotation device comprising a brake structure and a handle assembly, the rotation device configured to be moveable between first and second positions, wherein when the rotation device is in the first position the brake structure is engaged and the shade providing structure is prevented from rotating about an upright axis and wherein the rotation device enables the shade providing structure to rotate about an upright axis when in the second position. 25. The free arm umbrella of claim 24, wherein the mount structure comprises a first portion for securing the free arm umbrella to a fixed structure and a second portion rotatably coupled to the first portion to enable the shade providing structure to be moved about the upright axis. 26. The free arm umbrella of claim 24, wherein the brake structure comprises a first latch segment and a second latch segment, wherein the first latch segment is configured to engage with the second late segment when the rotation device is in the first position. 27. The free arm umbrella of claim 26, wherein the first and second portion each comprise plates coupled by the rotation device. 28. The free arm umbrella of claim 27, wherein the rotation device comprises a first screw configured to couple a lower portion of each of the first and second plates and the first and second latch segments and a second screw configured to couple an upper portion of the each of the first and second plates, wherein the handle is rotatable between the first and second positions about the first and second screws. 29. The free arm umbrella of claim 28, wherein the second strut rod comprises a support block configured to be received by a control mechanism mounted to the second plate, wherein the control mechanism comprises a housing and a spring plate for securing the support block within the control mechanism to maintain the free arm umbrella in an open position. 30. The free arm umbrella of claim 29, wherein the control mechanism enables a user to push the support block into a slideway of the housing to secure the support block to the spring plate. 31. The free arm umbrella of claim 30, wherein the control mechanism comprises a spanner having a lower portion set inside the housing and positioned against the spring plate, wherein pulling the spanner releases the support block from the spring plate and enables a user to withdraw the support block from the control mechanism such that the second strut rod is detached from the housing to move the free arm umbrella to a closed position. 32. The free arm umbrella of claim 31, further comprising a locking device having a first configuration for securing the support block to the housing to maintain the free arm umbrella in the open position and a second configuration for enabling the free arm umbrella to move between open and closed positions. 33. A free arm mount umbrella comprising: a mounting structure having an upper portion and a lower portion, the mounting structure comprising a first plate and a second plate; a shade structure comprising an upper hub and a lower hub coupled with the upper hub by a plurality of umbrella structural members; a first and second pivotally connected members, wherein first and second ends of the first member are coupled with the lower hub and the mounting structure respectively; a rotation device comprising a hand grip portion, a first locking component, a second locking component, and a fastening member, at least a portion of the first locking component configured to fit within the second locking component, the first locking component coupled to the second plate and the second locking component coupled to the first plate, the fastening member passing through the first and second locking components and configured to engage with the hand grip portion, the hand grip portion disposed below the first and second pivotally connected members and configured to rotate around an axis of rotation of the fastening member, the rotation device having a first configuration for preventing rotation of the second plate and a second configuration for permitting rotation of the second plate wherein the hand grip portion translates along the fastening member between the first configuration and the second configuration. 34. The free arm mount umbrella of claim 33, wherein the second pivotally connected member comprises a support block configured to be received by a control mechanism mounted to the second plate, wherein the control mechanism comprises a housing and a spring plate for securing the support block within the control mechanism to maintain the free arm mount umbrella in an open position. 35. The free arm umbrella of claim 34, wherein the control mechanism enables a user to push the support block into a slideway of the housing to secure the support block to the spring plate. 36. The free arm umbrella of claim 35, wherein the control mechanism comprises a spanner having a lower portion set inside the housing and positioned against the spring plate, wherein pulling the spanner releases the support block from the spring plate and enables a user to withdraw the support block from the control mechanism such that the second pivotally connected member is detached from the housing to move the free arm umbrella to a closed position. 37. The free arm umbrella of claim 36, further comprising a locking device having a first configuration for securing the support block to the housing to maintain the free arm umbrella in the open position and a second configuration for enabling the free arm umbrella to move between open and closed positions. 38. A free arm umbrella comprising: a mount structure comprising a first plate and a second plate, an upper portion of the first plate rotatably connected to an upper portion of the second plate and a lower portion of the first plate rotatably connected to a lower portion of the second plate; a shade structure comprising an upper hub and a lower hub coupled with the upper hub by a plurality of umbrella structural members; a first strut rod and a second strut rod, wherein one end of the first strut rod is pivotally coupled with the lower hub and another end of the first strut rod is pivotally coupled with the upper portion of the first plate, one end of the second strut rod is pivotally coupled with the upper hub and another end is coupled with the lower portion of the first plate; a rotation device coupled to the lower portions of the first and second plates, the rotation device comprising a hand grip portion, a first locking component, a second locking component, and a fastening member, at least a portion of the first locking component configured to engage with the second locking component, the first locking component coupled to the second plate and the second locking component coupled to the first plate, the fastening member passing through the first and second locking components and configured to engage with the hand grip portion, the hand grip portion disposed below the first and second strut rods and configured to rotate around an axis of rotation of the fastening member, the rotation device having a first configuration for preventing rotation of the second plate and a second configuration for permitting rotation of the second plate wherein the hand grip portion translates along the fastening member between the first configuration and the second configuration. 39. The free arm mount umbrella of claim 38, wherein the second strut rod comprises a support block configured to be received by a control mechanism mounted to the second plate, wherein the control mechanism comprises a housing and a spring plate for securing the support block within the control mechanism to maintain the free arm umbrella in an open position. 40. The free arm umbrella of claim 39, wherein the control mechanism enables a user to push the support block into a slideway of the housing to secure the support block to the spring plate. 41. The free arm umbrella of claim 40, wherein the control mechanism comprises a spanner having a lower portion set inside the housing and positioned against the spring plate, wherein pulling the spanner releases the support block from the spring plate and enables a user to withdraw the support block from the control mechanism such that the second strut rod is detached from the housing to move the free arm umbrella to a closed position. 42. The free arm umbrella of claim 41, wherein the control mechanism comprises a control handle to enable the user to push the support block into the slideway of the housing to secure the support block to the spring plate and enable the user to withdraw the support block from the spring plate when the spanner is pulled to release the support block from the spring plate. 43. The free arm umbrella of claim 38, further comprising a support rod having a first end hingedly coupled with the second strut rod and a second end hingedly coupled with the first plate.",
-    "An optical system for sensing an environmental parameter, comprising: an optical pulse generator for generating an excitation pulse; a pulse splitter for splitting the excitation pulse into a sensing pulse and a reference pulse; a sensing arm for receiving the sensing pulse, the sensing arm comprising an emission sensor for sensing the environmental parameter, the optical emission sensor generating a first measurement pulse having a measurement wavelength; a reference arm for receiving the reference pulse, the reference arm comprising an emission artefact adapted to convert the reference pulse into a second measurement pulse having the measurement wavelength; a time delay line for delaying a relative propagation of the measurement pulses; a light detector for measuring an optical energy of the first and second measurement pulses; and an optical link for optically connecting the pulse generator to the pulse splitter, and the sensing and reference arms to the light detector. 1. An optical system for sensing an environmental parameter of a sample, comprising: an optical pulse generator for generating an excitation pulse having an excitation wavelength; a pulse splitter for splitting the excitation pulse into a sensing pulse and a reference pulse; a sensing arm connected to the pulse splitter for receiving the sensing pulse therefrom, the sensing arm comprising an optical emission sensor for sensing the environmental parameter of the sample, the optical emission sensor generating at least one first measurement pulse, each first measurement pulse having a respective measurement wavelength different from the excitation wavelength; a reference arm connected to the pulse splitter for receiving the reference pulse therefrom, the reference arm comprising an emission artefact adapted to convert the reference pulse into at least one second measurement pulse each having the respective measurement wavelength; a time delay line contained in one of the sensing arm and the reference arm, the time delay line for delaying a propagation of one of the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse relative to a propagation of another one of the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse; a light detector for detecting the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse and measuring an optical energy of the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse; and at least one optical link for optically connecting the pulse generator to the pulse splitter, and the sensing and reference arms to the light detector. 2. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the at least one optical link comprises a single optical link, the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse corresponding to back-scattered light emitted by the emission sensor and the emission artefact, respectively. 3. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the at least one optical link comprises a first optical link for optically connecting the pulse generator to the pulse splitter, and a second optical link for optically connecting the sensing and reference arms to the light detector. 4. The optical system of claim 3, wherein the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse correspond to back-scattered light emitted by the emission sensor and the emission artefact, respectively. 5. The optical system of claim 3, wherein the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse correspond to forward-scattered light emitted by the emission sensor and the emission artefact, respectively. 6. A method for remotely sensing an environmental parameter, comprising: generating an excitation pulse having an excitation wavelength; propagating the excitation pulse along at least one optical link; splitting the excitation pulse into a sensing pulse and a reference pulse; propagating the sensing pulse in a sensing arm, the sensing arm comprising an emission sensor, thereby sensing the environmental parameter and generating at least one first measurement pulse, each first measurement pulse having a respective measurement wavelength different from the excitation wavelength; propagating the reference pulse in a reference arm, the sensing arm comprising an emission artefact, thereby generating at least one second measurement pulse, each second measurement pulse having the respective measurement wavelength; delaying a propagation of one of the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse relative to a propagation of another one of the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse; propagating the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse in the at least one optical link; and measuring an optical energy of the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said propagating the excitation pulse along at least one optical link comprises propagating the excitation pulse along a single optical link, and said propagating the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse in the at least one optical link comprises propagating the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse along the single optical link, the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse corresponding to back-scattered light emitted by the emission sensor and the emission artefact, respectively. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said propagating the excitation pulse along at least one optical link comprises propagating the excitation pulse along a first optical link, and said propagating the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse in the at least one optical link comprises propagating the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse along the second optical link different from the first optical link. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse correspond to back-scattered light emitted by the emission sensor and the emission artefact, respectively. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one first measurement pulse and the at least one second measurement pulse correspond to forward-scattered light emitted by the emission sensor and the emission artefact, respectively. 11. An optical system for sensing an environmental parameter of a sample, comprising: an optical pulse generator for generating an excitation pulse having an excitation wavelength and at least one reference pulse, each one of the at least one reference pulse having a respective measurement wavelength different from the excitation wavelength; a sensing arm optically connected to the optical pulse generator for receiving at least a portion of the excitation pulse therefrom, the sensing arm comprising an optical emission sensor for sensing the environmental parameter; the optical emission sensor generating at least one measurement pulse each having the respective measurement wavelength; a reference arm optically connected to the optical pulse generator for receiving the at least one reference pulse therefrom; a time delay line contained in one of the sensing arm and the reference arm, the time delay line for delaying a propagation of one of the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse relative to a propagation of another one of the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse; a light detector for detecting the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse and measuring an optical energy of the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse; and an optical link for optically connecting the pulse generator to the sensing and reference arms, and the sensing and reference arms to the light detector. 12. The optical system of claim 11, further comprising a beam splitter optically connected to the optical link and the sensing and reference arms for propagating the excitation pulse into the sensing arm and the at least one reference pulse into the reference arm. 13. The optical system of claim 12, wherein the reference arm comprises an optical reflector adapted to reflect the at least one reference pulse. 14. The optical system of claim 12, wherein the reference arm comprises an optical loop. 15. The optical system of claim 11, further comprising an optical coupler optically connected to the optical link and the sensing and reference arms for propagating at least a portion of the excitation pulse into the sensing arm and at least a portion of the at least one reference pulse into the reference arm. 16. A method for remotely sensing an environmental parameter, comprising: generating an excitation pulse having an excitation wavelength and at least one reference pulse, each one of the at least one reference pulse having a respective measurement wavelength different from the excitation wavelength; propagating the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse along an optical link; propagating the excitation pulse in a sensing arm, the sensing arm comprising an emission sensor, thereby sensing the environmental parameter and generating at least one measurement pulse each having the respective measurement wavelength; propagating the at least one reference pulse in a reference arm; delaying a propagation of one of the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse relative to a propagation of another one of the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse; propagating the at least one measurement pulse and the at least one reference pulse in the optical link; and measuring an optical energy of the at least one measurement pulse and at least one reference pulse. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising propagating the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse into a beam splitter optically connected to the optical link and the sensing and reference arms, thereby propagating the excitation pulse into the sensing arm and the at least one reference pulse into the reference arm. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said propagating the at least one reference pulse in a reference arm comprises reflecting the at least one reference pulse. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said propagating the at least one reference pulse in a reference arm comprises propagating the at least one reference pulse in an optical loop. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising propagating the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse into an optical coupler connected to the optical link and the sensing and reference arms, thereby propagating at least a portion of the excitation pulse into the sensing arm and at least a portion of the at least one reference pulse into the reference arm.",
-    "Devices and methods for cooling microwave antennas are disclosed herein. The cooling systems can be used with various types of microwave antennas. One variation generally comprises a handle portion with an elongate outer jacket extending from the handle portion. A microwave antenna is positioned within the handle and outer jacket such that cooling fluid pumped into the handle comes into contact directly along a portion of the length, or a majority of the length, or the entire length of the antenna to allow for direct convective cooling. Other variations include cooling sheaths which form defined cooling channels around a portion of the antenna. Yet another variation includes passively-cooled systems which utilize expandable balloons to urge tissue away from the surface of the microwave antenna as well as cooling sheaths which are cooled through endothermic chemical reactions. Furthermore, the microwave antennas themselves can have cooling lumens integrated directly therethrough. 1. (canceled) 2. A microwave antenna, comprising: a jacket; a feedline disposed in the jacket wherein the jacket and the feedline are dimensioned so as to define a fluid volume therebetween; a radiating portion formed on a distal portion of the feedline; a gasket interposed between the feedline and the jacket at a location proximal of a distal end of the outer jacket and configured to fluidly seal a proximal portion of the fluid volume from a distal portion of the fluid volume; at least one inflow tubing disposed within the proximal portion of the fluid volume; and at least one outlet in fluid communication with the proximal portion of the fluid volume. 3. The microwave antenna of claim 2, wherein the inflow tubing is connected to a source of carbon-dioxide. 4. The microwave antenna of claim 3, wherein the carbon-dioxide cools via the Joules-Thompson effect. 5. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, wherein the distal portion of the fluid volume includes air. 6. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, wherein the outlet is proximal to a distal end of the inflow tubing. 7. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, wherein the radiating portion is electrically connected to the feedline and includes a tip sized to mate with a distal end of the jacket. 8. The microwave antenna according to claim 7, wherein the tip and the jacket in combination form a needle. 9. The microwave antenna according to claim 7, wherein the tip is in electrical communication with the radiating portion. 10. The microwave antenna according to claim 7, wherein the tip is mechanically connected to and electrically isolated from the radiating portion. 11. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, further comprising a handle operatively connected to a proximal end of jacket. 12. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, further comprising a connector configured to connect to a power generating source. 13. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, wherein the radiating portion is a dipole antenna. 14. The microwave antenna according to claim 2, wherein the radiating portion is a monopole antenna.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming an opening in a first substrate and filling the opening with a metal to form a first connection electrode. The first substrate is then polished by chemical mechanical polishing under conditions such that a polishing rate of the metal is less that of the region surrounding the metal. The chemical mechanical polishing thereby causes the first connection electrode to protrude from the surface of the first substrate. The first substrate is stacked with a second substrate having a second connection electrode. The first and second connection electrodes are bonded by applying pressure and heating to a temperature that is below the melting point of the metal of the first connection electrode. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a first substrate including a first connection electrode that protrudes from the first substrate; and a second substrate including a second connection electrode, wherein a diffusion portion is provided between the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein a portion of the first connection electrode penetrates into the second connection electrode. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein a portion of the first connection electrode has a trapezoidal shape in a cross-sectional view, and a first base of the trapezoidal shape of the second connection electrode side is shorter than a second base of trapezoidal shape opposite to the first base. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein a corner of the trapezoidal shape on the second connection electrode side has a round shape in the cross-sectional view. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the second connection electrode protrudes from the second substrate. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein a portion of the first connection electrode and a portion of the second connection electrode have trapezoidal shapes in a cross-sectional view, and a first base of the trapezoidal shape of the other connection electrode side is shorter than a second base of trapezoidal shape opposite to the first base. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein a corner of the first connection electrode on the second connection electrode side and a corner of the second connection electrode on the first connection electrode side have round shapes in the cross-sectional view. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein a filling material fills a gap between the first and second substrates. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode comprises copper. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode includes a stopper film and a copper film that is provided on the stopper film, the stopper film having a reduced polishing rate as compared to the copper film in a chemical mechanical polishing process. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the second connection electrode has a concave recessed shape like a dish. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate has a through-substrate-via. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the first substrate has an insulating film that is provided in a region surrounding the first connection electrode. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein a shape of a portion of the first connection electrode and a portion of the insulating film that is provided in a region surrounding the first connection electrode has a trapezoidal shape in a cross-sectional view, and a first base of the trapezoidal shape of the second connection electrode side is shorter than a second base of trapezoidal shape opposite to the first base. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the diffusion portion includes material from both the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode. 16. The device of claim 1, wherein the first connection electrode is diffusion-bonded to the second connection electrode. 17. The device of claim 1, wherein the diffusion portion is formed by diffusion bonding the first and second connection electrodes to each other. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein a bonding side of the first connection electrode facing the diffusion portion is flat or convex shaped. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the bonding side of the first connection electrode is convex shaped. 20. The device of claim 1, wherein a bonding side of the first connection electrode facing the diffusion portion is flat or convex shaped.",
-    "A therapeutic, fitness, and sports enhancement device which includes a cylindrically shaped body having a predetermined density and predetermined diameter, the body including a plurality of projections of a predetermined shape. One or more of the predetermined density and the predetermined diameter in combination with the predetermined shape of the projections optimize mobilization of soft tissue structures of the human body. 1. A two piece therapeutic, fitness, and sports enhancement device comprising: a first piece including an entirely cylindrically shaped core made of closed cell foam, rubber or plastic and having a diameter of about 3 inches to about 15 inches and, a second piece including an overlay completely surrounding the core, the overlay made of closed cell foam, rubber, or plastic and including a plurality of solid projections having a predetermined shape configured to extend into soft tissue of a user to enhance mobilization of soft tissue and optimize body core strength and balance training. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein one or more of a predetermined density of the body and a predetermined diameter of the body in combination with the predetermined shape of the projections optimize body core strength and optimize balance training. 3. The device of claim 1 in which the one or more of a predetermined density of the body and the predetermined diameter of the body in combination with the predetermined shape of the projections effectively break up collagenous fibers of the soft tissue structures. 4. The device of claim 1 in which the one or more of a predetermined density of the body and a predetermined diameter of the body in combination with the predetermined shape of the projections enhance flexibility of the soft tissue structures. 5. The device of claim 1 in which the one or more of a predetermined density of the body and the predetermined diameter of the body in combination with the predetermined shape of the projections enhance distensibility of the soft tissue structures. 6. The device of claim 1 in which the projections longitudinally extend over a length of the body. 7. The device of claim 1 in which the projections extend perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body. 8. The device of claim 1 in which the projections radially extend from the body are at the same angles. 9. The device of claim 1 in which the projections radially extend from the body at different angles. 10. The device of claim 1 in which the projections are configured in a wave pattern. 11. The device of claim 1 in which the projections are configured in a Z pattern. 12. The device of claim 1 in which the projections are configured in a helical pattern. 13. The device of claim 1 in which the projections are individually spaced in a predetermined pattern over the body. 14. The device of claim 13 in which the predetermined pattern includes an aligned pattern of a plurality of shaped projections. 15. The device of claim 13 in which the predetermined pattern includes an offset pattern of a plurality of shaped projections. 16. The device of claim 1 in which the cylindrically shaped core and the projections are made of a pliable material. 17. The device of claim 16 in which the pliable material includes a closed-cell foam material. 18. The device of claim 17 in which the closed-cell foam material includes a chemically cross-linked polyethylene foam. 19. The device of claim 1 in which the pliable material includes expandable polyethylene. 20. The device of claim 1 in which the pliable material includes plastic. 21. The device of claim 1 in which the number of the projections are configured to optimize mobilization of the soft tissue structures and/or optimize body core and balance training and/or efficiently break up collagenous fibers of the soft tissue structures and/or enhance flexibility of the soft tissue structures and/or enhance distensibility of the soft tissue structures. 22. The device of claim 1 in which the predetermined shape of the projections includes one or more of: a rounded shape, a curved shape, a triangle shape, a square, a notch shape, a cylindrical shape with rounded ends, and cylindrical shape with flat ends. 23. The device of claim 1 further including a lumen extending through the body.",
-    "A method and apparatus for mechanically deforming a substrate assembly. The substrate assembly may be advanced in a machine direction at a first velocity toward a bonder apparatus. The bonder apparatus may rotate about an axis of rotation and include a support surface between each of a first and a second member. The first member and the second member may be separated by a repitch angle. The second member may be repositioned such that the first member and the second member are separated by a product angle. The first member may receive a leading portion and second member may receive a trailing portion of the substrate assembly and each member may rotate at the first velocity. The leading portion and the trailing portion are separated by a product arc length, which may be equal to a process product pitch. The substrate assembly may then undergo one or more processes such as bonding, cutting, and/or scoring. 1. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion, and wherein the substrate assembly comprises a first substrate in facing relationship with a second substrate; rotating a bonder apparatus about an axis of rotation, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a support surface between each of a first member and a second member adjacent the first member, wherein each of the first and second member comprises a proximal end portion adjacent the axis of rotation and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion; rotating the first member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity, wherein the first member comprises a first receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the first member; receiving the leading portion on the first receiving surface of the first member, wherein the first member and the second member are separated by a repitch angle; at least one of accelerating and decelerating the second member such that the first member and the second member are separated by a product angle, wherein the second member comprises a second receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the second member; receiving the first trailing portion on the second receiving surface of the second member and rotating the second member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity, wherein the leading portion and the first trailing portion are separated by a product arc length, wherein the product arc length is substantially equal to the process product pitch; heating a fluid to a temperature sufficient to at least partially melt the first substrate and the second substrate; directing a jet of the fluid toward at least one of the leading portion and the first trailing portion; partially melting at least a portion of at least one of the leading portion and the first trailing portion; and compressing a portion of the substrate assembly. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface define a fluid aperture, and wherein the jet of heated fluid passes through the fluid aperture toward the substrate assembly. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface define a vacuum aperture, and wherein a fluid passes through the vacuum aperture toward the axis of rotation. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of maintaining the position of the substrate assembly on the surface of the first and second members using a position control member. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the jet of fluid is expelled from a fluid nozzle. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the step of maintaining the fluid nozzle a distance Y from an outer surface of the substrate assembly. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the distance Y from the fluid nozzle to the outer surface of the substrate assembly is in the range of about 0 to about 10 millimeters. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the jet of heated fluid is at a temperature ranging from a lower melting point of the first and second substrates minus 30\u00b0 C. to the lower melting point of the first and second substrates plus 100\u00b0 C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the jet of heated fluid is directed at the first and second substrates at a pressure in the range of about 0.1\u00d7105 Newtons per square meter to about 1\u00d7106 Newtons per square meter. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the jet of heated fluid is directed at the first and second substrates between about 10 milliseconds and about 1000 milliseconds. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the fluid nozzle includes a fluid orifice, and the fluid orifice is spaced from about 0.5 millimeters to about 5 millimeters apart from an aperture in the surface of at least one of the first member and the second member. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of compressing the substrate assembly comprises advancing the substrate assembly between an anvil roll and a bond roll. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are nonwovens. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the fluid is ambient air. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of cutting the substrate assembly into individual articles with a knife roll. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of compressing the substrate assembly includes cutting the first and second substrates into individual articles. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of applying a vacuum to a portion of the leading portion and the first trailing portion. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the support surface comprises a first support segment and a second support segment, wherein each of the first support segment and the second support segment comprise a distal end portion and a proximal end portion opposite the distal end portion, and wherein the proximal end portion of the first support segment is joined to the first member and the proximal end portion of the second support segment is joined to the second member, and wherein the distal end portion of the first support segment is configured to operatively engage the distal end portion of the second support segment. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: removing the substrate assembly from the first receiving member; at least one of accelerating and decelerating the first member; removing the substrate assembly from the second receiving member; at least one of accelerating and decelerating the second member, wherein the first receiving member is configured to receive a leading portion of the substrate assembly and the second receiving member is configured to receive a trailing portion of the substrate assembly, and wherein the first member and the second member are configured to rotate about the axis of rotation at a first velocity maintaining the process product pitch. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the repitch angle is at least one of greater than or less than the product angle. 21. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion; rotating a bonder apparatus about an axis of rotation, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a support surface between each of a first member and a second member adjacent the first member, wherein each of the first and second member comprises a proximal end portion adjacent the axis of rotation and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion, and wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a process zone and a repitch zone; rotating the first member and the second member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity in the process zone, wherein the first member comprises a first receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the first member and second member comprises a second receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the second member; transferring the leading portion on the first receiving surface and transferring the first trailing portion on the second receiving surface in the process zone, wherein the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface are positioned such that the leading portion and the first trailing portion are separated by a product arc length; heating a fluid to a temperature sufficient to at least partially melt a portion of the substrate assembly; directing a j et of the heated fluid toward the substrate assembly; partially melting a portion of the substrate assembly; and at least one of accelerating and decelerating the first member and the second member in the repitch zone, wherein the substrate assembly is not disposed on first receiving surface and the second receiving surface. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of compressing the substrate assembly. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the step of compressing includes advancing the substrate assembly through a bond roll and an anvil roll, wherein the bond roll comprises a press member extends radially outward from an outer circumferential surface of the bond roll. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the anvil roll comprises an outer circumferential surface that rotates about an anvil axis of rotation, wherein the outer circumferential surface is configured to operatively engage the press member. 25. An apparatus for bonding a substrate assembly together, the apparatus comprising: a shaft member defining an axis of rotation, wherein the shaft member extends in a cross direction; a first member comprising a proximal end portion and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion, wherein the proximal end portion is rotatably connected to the shaft member; a second member comprising a proximal end portion and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion, wherein the proximal end portion is rotatably connected to the shaft member; a first receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the first member, wherein the first receiving surface extends in a direction substantially parallel to the shaft member, and wherein the first receiving surface defines one or more apertures configured to aid in at least one of holding and removing a substrate assembly from the first receiving surface; a second receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the second member, wherein the second receiving surface extends in a direction substantially parallel to the shaft member, and wherein the second receiving surface defines one or more apertures configured to aid in at least one of holding and removing the substrate assembly from the second receiving surface; a support surface extending between the first member and the second member, wherein the support surface comprises a first support segment and a second support segment, wherein each of the first support segment and the second support segment comprise a distal end portion and a proximal end portion opposite the distal end portion, and wherein the proximal end portion of the first support segment extends from to the first receiving surface and the proximal end portion of the second support segment extends from the second receiving surface and wherein the distal end portion of the first support segment is configured to operatively engage the distal end portion of the second support segment; and a process assembly adjacent the receiving surface, wherein the process assembly comprises a seaming station, and wherein the seaming station comprises a fluid nozzle positioned adjacent to the substrate assembly, wherein the fluid nozzle is adapted to direct a fluid radially outward toward the substrate assembly, wherein the fluid is configured to partially melt at least a portion of the substrate assembly. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, further comprising a first drive member operatively connected to the first member and a second drive member operatively connected to the second drive member. 27. The apparatus of claim 25, further comprising a vacuum port operatively engaged with one or more apertures of the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface, wherein the vacuum port is adapted to direct fluid radially inward away from the substrate assembly. 28. The apparatus of claim 25, further comprising an anvil roll located adjacent the first member and the second member, the anvil roll adapted to rotate about an axis of rotation. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, a bond roll comprising a press member, the bond roll configured to operatively engage the anvil roll such that the press member compresses the first and second substrates against the anvil roll to form a bond.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention provide methods for preparing high density membrane protein membranes by slow, controlled removal of detergent from mixtures of detergent, block copolymers and membrane protein mixtures. Membranes created by this method are also provided. The structure of these membranes may be varied by varying the amount of membrane protein. 1. A method for preparing a block copolymer/protein membrane, comprising: preparing a mixture comprising at least one block copolymer, at least one detergent, and at least one protein, wherein said block copolymer is solubilized in the detergent; removing the detergent at a slow, controlled rate from said mixture until the concentration of detergent is below the mixture's critical micelle concentration; optionally removing additional detergent, either in the same or a different way that detergent was removed at a slow, controlled rate from the mixture; and forming a membrane comprising the block copolymer and the membrane protein at high density representing a molar polymer to protein ratio of 0.2-20. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture has a polymer to protein molar ratio of between 0.2 and 100. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the detergent concentration is at least 5% wt/volume. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the polymer to protein molar ratio is between 0.2 and 40. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said the block copolymer is an amphiphilic diblock or triblock block copolymer comprising one or more hydrophobic blocks selected from the group consisting of polybutadiene (PB), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polypropylene (PP), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyethylethylene (PEE), polyisobutylene (PIB), polyisoprene (PI), polycaprolactone (PCL), polystyrene (PS), fluorinated polymers, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); and one or more hydrophilic blocks selected from the group consisting of polymethyloxazoline (PMOXA), polyethyloxazoline (PEtOXA), and polyethylene oxide (PEO). 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said block copolymer comprises one or more hydrophobic blocks selected from the group consisting of polybutadiene (PB), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); and one or more hydrophilic blocks selected from the group consisting of polymethyloxazoline (PMOXA), and polyethylene oxide (PEO). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said detergent is selected from the group consisting of octylglucopyranoside (OG), polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether, octylpolyoxyethylene (Octyl-POE), decyl maltoside (DM), and dodecyl maltoside (DDM). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said membrane protein is selected from the group consisting of aquaporins, outer membrane channels, mechanosensitive channels, ATPases, rhodopsins, ABC transporters, G-protein coupled receptors, potassium channels, sodium iodide symporter, and photosynthetic proteins. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said membrane protein is selected from the group consisting of AQP0, AQP1, AqpZ, AQP4, SoPIP2; 1, NtAQP1, AQP9, AqpX, OmpF, OmpA, OmpC, FhuA, an MscL, an ATPase, a rhodopsin, a bacteriorhodopsin, a halorhodopsin, a channel rhodopsin, NIS, PSI, and PSII. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said slow, controlled removal is through a method selected from the group consisting of dialysis, biobeads, dilution and cylclodextrin removal. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said slow, controlled removal is conducted through dialysis, and wherein the dialysis is conducted with a dialysis buffer selected from the group consisting of MES, HEPES, Citrate, PBS, and TRIS. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein removal is through dialysis conducted at a controlled rate by including detergent in a dialysis buffer at the beginning of dialysis and gradually diluting the dialysis buffer. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the detergent is removed at a rate of 0.1 mg per ml per day to 100 mg per ml per day.",
-    "An engine control system and method includes sensing the quality of fuel in the engine relative to emissions, by for example sensing the level of an emission related constituent, such as sulfur. A fuel quality sensor detects a fuel, quality of a fuel such as the sulfur level the fuel, and provides a signal in response to the fuel quality. The engine control, system also includes a navigation device to determine whether an engine is located, in a regulated or non-regulated region. The engine control system receives the signal and controls engine operation by, for example, enabling or disabling one or more engine algorithms to improve performance of the engine based on the fuel, quality signal or, in other embodiments, the combination of the fuel quality and the location of the engine. 1. An engine control system, comprising: a fuel constituent sensor to detect a level of an emissions related constituent of fuel present in an engine and to provide a fuel constituent level signal based on the detected level of the constituent in the fuel present in the engine; and an electronic control device to control operation of the engine based on said fuel constituent level signal. 2. The engine control system of claim 1, wherein said emissions related constituent is sulfur and said fuel constituent sensor detects a level of sulfur in the fuel present in the engine. 3. The engine control system of claim 1, wherein said electronic control device is adapted to receive said fuel constituent level signal and to deactivate an engine exhaust gas recirculation system when said fuel constituent level signal is above a predetermined level. 4. The engine control system of claim 1, wherein said electronic control device is adapted to receive said fuel constituent level signal and to modify operation of an engine exhaust aftertreatment system when said fuel constituent level signal is above a predetermined level. 5. The engine control system of claim 4, wherein said aftertreatment system is a selective catalytic reduction system with diesel exhaust fluid dosing, said electronic control device adapted to disable said selective catalytic reduction system to prevent dosing of diesel exhaust fluid when said fuel constituent level signal is above a predetermined level. 6. A method for controlling an engine, comprising: detecting a level of an emissions related constituent of fuel present in an engine while the fuel is in the engine; and controlling operation of the engine based on said fuel constituent level. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said emissions related constituent is sulfur and said detecting includes detecting a level of sulfur in the fuel present in the engine. 8. The method of claim 1, further including deactivating an engine exhaust gas recirculation system when said fuel constituent level is one of above a predetermined level, below a predetermined level, and within a predetermined value range. 9. The method of claim 1, further including modifying operation of an engine exhaust aftertreatment system when said fuel constituent level is one of above a predetermined level, below a predetermined level, and within a predetermined value range. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said aftertreatment system includes a selective catalytic reduction system with diesel exhaust fluid dosing, further including disabling said selective catalytic reduction system to prevent dosing of diesel exhaust fluid when said fuel constituent level is above a predetermined level. 11. The engine control system of claim 1, further comprising: a geographic location device to determine a geographic location of the engine and generate a location signal; wherein the electronic control device is in communication with said fuel constituent sensor and said geographic location device to receive the fuel constituent level signal and the geographic location signal, said electronic control device adapted to control operation of the engine based on the fuel constituent level signal and said geographic location signal. 12. The engine control system of claim 11, wherein at least one of said geographic location device and said electronic control device is adapted to determine whether the engine is located in an emissions regulated geographic region based on said geographic location signal, said electronic control device adapted to modify operation of the engine upon determining the engine is located in an unregulated region. 13. The engine control system of claim 12, wherein the fuel constituent sensor senses a level of sulfur in the fuel present in the engine, said fuel constituent level signal being indicative of the level of sulfur in the fuel. 14. The engine control system of claim 11, wherein said electronic control device is in communication with an engine exhaust gas recirculation system, said electronic control device adapted to receive said fuel constituent level signal and said geographic location signal and to deactivate the engine exhaust gas recirculation system when said fuel constituent level signal indicates a quality below a predetermined level and the geographic location signal indicates the engine is not in a regulated region. 15. The engine control system of claim 11, wherein said electronic control device is in communication with an engine exhaust aftertreatment system, said electronic control device adapted to receive said fuel constituent level signal and said geographic location signal and to deactivate the engine exhaust aftertreatment system when said fuel constituent level signal indicates a quality below a predetermined level and the geographic location signal indicates the engine is not in a regulated region. 16. The engine control system of claim 15, wherein said aftertreatment system includes a selective catalytic reduction system with diesel exhaust fluid dosing, said electronic control device adapted to disable said selective catalytic reduction system to prevent dosing of diesel exhaust fluid when said fuel constituent level signal indicates a-the quality is below the predetermined level. 17. A method for controlling an engine, comprising: detecting a quality of a fuel present in the engine; providing a signal indicative of the fuel quality; determining whether the engine is located in an emissions regulated region; and controlling operation of the engine based on the fuel quality signal and whether the engine is located in an emissions regulated geographic region. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein detecting a fuel quality includes detecting a level of sulfur in the fuel present in the engine, said fuel quality signal being indicative of the level of sulfur in the fuel. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein controlling operation of the engine includes controlling an engine exhaust gas recirculation system when both said fuel quality signal indicates a quality below a predetermined level and a determination is made that the engine is not in a regulated region. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein controlling operation of the engine includes controlling the engine exhaust aftertreatment system based on said fuel quality signal and the determination of whether the engine is located in a regulated region.",
-    "A device for assisting in the landing of an aircraft in a flare phase comprising a control stick, a first unit for acquiring current flight parameters of the aircraft, a second unit for acquiring a current deflection angle of the control stick, a computation unit for computing a difference between the current deflection angle of the control stick and a target deflection angle of the control stick, and an acoustic emission unit configured to automatically emit a warning or guidance sound signal in the cockpit of the aircraft, according to the difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle of the control stick. 1. A method for assisting in the landing of an aircraft in a flare phase, said aircraft comprising at least one control stick configured to be able to be actuated by a pilot in order to control the aircraft according to at least one pitch axis, said method comprising the following sequence of steps, implemented repetitively and automatically during a flight of the aircraft: a first acquisition step of performing the real-time acquisition of current flight parameters of the aircraft; a second acquisition step of performing the real-time acquisition of a current deflection angle of the control stick; a step of acoustic emission by emitting a sound signal in the cockpit of the aircraft; and a step of computation by computing, in real time, a difference between the current deflection angle of the control stick and a target deflection angle of the control stick dependent on said current flight parameters and on a target vertical speed on impact, and wherein said acoustic emission step comprises emitting the sound signal in the cockpit of the aircraft, according to said difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle of the control stick. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising a step prior to said sequence of steps, comprising acquiring said target vertical speed. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the sound signal comprises: at least one acoustic signal; at least one voice; or a combination of at least one acoustic signal and at least one voice. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the acoustic emission step is a warning step, said sound signal comprising at least one sound emitted to indicate that said difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle is greater than a predetermined value. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, in which the acoustic emission step is configured to emit, if appropriate, one of the following plurality of sounds defining said sound signal: a first sound to indicate that the control stick exhibits a current deflection angle greater than the target deflection angle; and a second sound to indicate that the control stick exhibits a current deflection angle less than the target deflection angle. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the acoustic emission step is a guidance step, said sound signal being a sound varying according to said difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, in which the sound variation corresponds to at least one of a frequency or a pulse variation. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the computation step comprises a computation substep comprising computing a vertical speed on impact predicted from the current deflection angle and from current flight parameters of the aircraft, said difference corresponding to the difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle resulting from the difference between the predicted vertical speed and the target vertical speed. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the computation step comprises a computation substep comprising computing a flare making it possible to achieve the target vertical speed on impact from the current deflection angle and from current flight parameters of the aircraft, said difference corresponding to the difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle resulting from the difference between a current vertical speed and a set point vertical speed for the flare thus computed at the current position of the aircraft. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, in which the computation step uses: a digital integration; at least one precomputed trajectory of the aircraft; or at least one analytical computation of at least one trajectory of the aircraft. 11. A device for assisting in the landing of an aircraft in a flare phase, said device comprising: at least one control stick configured to be able to be actuated by a pilot in order to control the aircraft according to at least one pitch axis; a first acquisition unit configured to perform the automatic acquisition in real time of current flight parameters of the aircraft; a second acquisition unit configured to perform the automatic acquisition in real time of a current deflection angle of the control stick; an acoustic emission unit configured to automatically emit a sound signal in the cockpit of the aircraft; and a computation unit configured to automatically compute, in real time, a difference between the current deflection angle of the control stick and a target deflection angle of the control stick dependent on said current flight parameters and on a target vertical speed on impact, and wherein said acoustic emission unit is configured to automatically emit the sound signal in the cockpit of the aircraft, according to said difference between the current deflection angle and the target deflection angle of the control stick. 12. The device as claimed in claim 11, in which the acoustic emission unit is configured to emit a plurality of sounds in the cockpit, including said sound signal, said acoustic emission unit comprising an auxiliary element configured to, when two sound emissions have to be generated simultaneously, establish a priority between said sounds so as to prioritize the emission of the sound of the highest priority.",
-    "A soot trap for use in chimney cleaning which includes a soot trap housing having a bottom, a circumferential sidewall, and a top which together define an interior cavity. The bottom and the top have axially aligned push rod pass through openings. A closure is provided in one of the top or the bottom to provide access to the interior cavity of the housing. A sequential series of push rod wipers is stacked loosely in the interior cavity of the housing. Each push rod wiper has an opening that is in axial alignment with the push rod pass through openings, such that the sequential series of push rod wipers wipe soot into the interior cavity of the housing as a push rod passes through the push rod pass through openings. 1. A soot trap for use in chimney cleaning, comprising: a soot trap housing having a bottom, a circumferential sidewall, and a top which together define an interior cavity, the bottom and the top having axially aligned push rod pass through openings, a closure being provided in one of the top or the bottom to provide access to the interior cavity of the housing; and a sequential series of push rod wipers stacked loosely in the interior cavity of the housing, each push rod wiper having an opening that is in axial alignment with the push rod pass through openings, the sequential series of push rod wipers wiping soot into the interior cavity of the housing as a push rod passing through the push rod passes through openings. 2. The soot trap of claim 1, wherein the opening in each push rod wiper has resilient flaps that move in response to contact and then resiliently return, thereby allowing the opening to expand as required to allow passage of couplings that connect push rods in end to end relation and then retract around the push rods. 3. The soot trap of claim 2, wherein the flaps define sectors of a circle. 4. The soot trap of claim 1, wherein a resident push rod extends through the axially aligned push rod pass through openings in the housing and through the opening in the sequential series of push rod wipers stacked loosely in the interior cavity of the housing, the resident push rod having an upper end and a lower end, the upper end having a coupling for connecting with cleaning brushes and the lower end having a coupling for connecting to a string of push rods. 5. The soot trap of claim 4, wherein a stop is positioned at the upper end of the resident push rod, the stop engaging the top of the housing to limit downward movement of the resident push rod, the resident push rod being freely movable upwardly away from the top of the housing. 6. The soot trap of claim 1, wherein an overlying seal rests on the top of the housing to limit entry of soot into the housing. 7. The soot trap of claim 1, wherein soot collection media is positioned within the housing. 8. The soot trap of claim 1, wherein a push rod clamp is positioned under the housing, the push rod clamp having clamping pads that are selectively moveable into and out of engagement with a push rod.",
-    "Synthetic surfaces suitable for culturing stem cell derived cardiomyocytes contain acrylate polymers formed from one or more acrylate monomers. The acrylate surfaces, in many cases, are suitable for culturing stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in chemically defined media. 1. A cell culture article for culturing stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in a chemically defined medium, comprising: a substrate having a surface; a polymer material disposed on the surface, wherein the polymer material comprises (i) a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, or (ii) a copolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and neopentyl glycol ethoxylate diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and trimethylolpropane benzoate diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO/OH) methyl diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO/OH) methyl diacrylate, or neopentyl glycol diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer material comprises a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate or glycerol dimethacrylate or a copolymer formed from (i) di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, (ii) glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, (iii) glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, (iv) tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer material consists essentially of a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate or glycerol dimethacrylate or a copolymer formed from (i) di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, (ii) glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, (iii) glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, (iv) tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the polymer material disposed on the surface of the article has a surface area greater than about 5 mm2. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is produced by a process of: diluting one or more monomers in a volatile organic solvent; depositing the diluted monomers on the substrate surface of the article; evaporating substantially all of the solvent; and polymerizing the monomers to form the polymer layer attached to the surface. 6. The article of claim 6, wherein the volatile solvent is ethanol. 7. The article of claim 1, further comprising a well, wherein the surface of the substrate on which the polymer material is disposed is in the well. 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a multi-well plate, a petri dish, a beaker, a tube, and a flask. 9. A culture of a stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte, comprising: an article comprising a polymeric material disposed on a surface; the stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte disposed on the polymer material; and a culture medium in which the stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte is cultured, wherein the polymer material comprises a (i) homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, or (ii) a copolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and neopentyl glycol ethoxylate diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and trimethylolpropane benzoate diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO/OH) methyl diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO/OH) methyl diacrylate, or neopentyl glycol diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate. 10. The culture of claim 9, wherein the polymer material comprises a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate or glycerol dimethacrylate or a copolymer formed from (i) di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, (ii) glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, (iii) glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, (iv) tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 11. The culture of claim 9, wherein the polymer material consists essentially of a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate or glycerol dimethacrylate or a copolymer formed from (i) di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, (ii) glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, (iii) glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, (iv) tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 12. The culture of claim 9, wherein culture medium is a chemically defined medium. 13. The culture of claim 9, wherein the stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte is a human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte. 14. A method for culturing a stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte, comprising: depositing a suspension comprising the stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte on a polymer material; and culturing the deposited stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte in a cell culture medium, wherein the polymer material comprises (i) a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, or (ii) a copolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and neopentyl glycol ethoxylate diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and trimethylolpropane benzoate diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO/OH) methyl diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO/OH) methyl diacrylate, or neopentyl glycol diacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein culturing the deposited stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte in a cell culture medium comprises culturing the cardiomyocyte in a chemically defined medium. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein polymer material comprises a homopolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein polymer material comprises a copolymer formed from di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymeric material comprises a homopolymer formed from glycerol dimethacrylate. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymeric material comprises a copolymer formed from glycerol dimethacrylate and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymeric material comprises a copolymer formed from glycerol dimethacrylate and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymeric material comprises a copolymer formed from tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte is a human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte.",
-    "A method for mechanically deforming a substrate assembly. The substrate assembly may advance at a first velocity toward a bonder apparatus. The bonder apparatus may rotate about an axis of rotation and include a support surface between a first member and a second member. The first and second members may rotate at the first velocity and may be separated by an initial angle. The first member may receive a leading portion and the second member may receive a trailing portion of the substrate assembly. The first member may decelerate to a second velocity, and, subsequently, the second member may decelerate to the second velocity. The first member and the second member may be separated by a process angle, which may be different than the initial angle. A central portion of the substrate assembly may be relaxed while the leading and trailing portion may be held at a process tension. The substrate assembly may then undergo one or more processes. 1. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion, and wherein the substrate assembly comprises a first substrate and a second substrate; rotating a bonder apparatus about an axis of rotation, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a support surface between each of a first member and a second member adjacent the first member, wherein each of the first and second members comprise a proximal end portion adjacent the axis of rotation and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion; rotating the first member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity, wherein the first member comprises a first receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the first member; rotating the second member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity, wherein the second member comprises a second receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the second member, wherein the first member and the second member are separated by an initial angle; receiving the leading portion on the first receiving surface of the first member; receiving the trailing portion on the second receiving surface of the second member; decelerating the first member to a second velocity; decelerating the second member to the second velocity; positioning the first member and the second member such that the first member and the second member are separated by a process angle, wherein the process angle is different than the initial angle; maintaining the position of a portion of the leading portion and the trailing portion of the substrate assembly on the surface of the first and second members; bonding at least a portion of the substrate assembly; accelerating the first member to the first velocity; and accelerating the second member to the first velocity. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface define a fluid aperture, and wherein the jet of heated fluid passes through the fluid aperture toward the substrate assembly. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first receiving surface and the second receiving surface define a vacuum aperture, and wherein a fluid passes through the vacuum aperture toward the axis of rotation. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of maintaining the position of the portion of the substrate assembly on the surface of the first and second members includes using a position control member. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of bonding includes: heating a fluid to a temperature sufficient to at least partially melt the first substrate and the second substrate; directing a jet of the fluid toward the leading portion, the first trailing portion, and the second leading portion; partially melting at least a portion of the leading portion; and compressing the substrate assembly. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of fluid is expelled from a fluid nozzle. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of maintaining the fluid nozzle a distance Y from the outer surface of the first substrate. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the distance Y from the fluid nozzle to the outer surface of the first substrate is in the range of about 0 to about 10 millimeters. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of heated fluid is at a temperature ranging from a lower melting point of the first and second substrates minus 30\u00b0 C. to the lower melting point of the first and second substrates plus 100\u00b0 C. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of heated fluid is directed at the first and second substrates at a pressure in the range of about 0.1\u00d7105 Newtons per square meter to about 1\u00d7106 Newtons per square meter. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of heated fluid is directed at the first and second substrates between about 10 milliseconds and about 1000 milliseconds. 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of compressing the substrate assembly comprises advancing the substrate assembly between an anvil roll and a bond roll. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are positioned in facing relationship, and wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are nonwovens. 14. The method of claim 5, wherein the fluid is ambient air. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of cutting the substrate assembly into individual articles with a knife roll. 16. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of compressing the substrate assembly includes cutting the first and second substrates into individual articles. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of maintaining the position of the portion of the substrate assembly on the surface of the first and second members includes applying a vacuum to a portion of the leading portion and the trailing portion of the substrate assembly. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the support surface comprises a first support segment and a second support segment, wherein each of the first support segment and the second support segment comprise a distal end portion and a proximal end portion opposite the distal end portion, and wherein the proximal end portion of the first support segment is joined to the first member and the proximal end portion of the second support segment is joined to the second member, and wherein the distal end portion of the first support segment is configured to operatively engage the distal end portion of the second support segment. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the second velocity is less than the first velocity. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial angle is at least one of greater than or equal to the process angle. 21. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion; rotating a bonder apparatus about an axis of rotation, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a support surface between each of a first member and a second member adjacent the first member, wherein each of the first and second member comprises a proximal end portion adjacent the axis of rotation and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a first receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the first member and a second receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the second member, and wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a receiving zone, a process zone, and a discharge zone; rotating the first member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity and receiving the leading portion on the first receiving surface in the receiving zone; rotating the second member about the axis of rotation at the first velocity and receiving the trailing portion on the second receiving surface in the receiving zone; decelerating the first member and the second member to a second velocity, wherein the second velocity is less than the first velocity; holding a portion of the leading portion and the trailing portion; bonding a portion of the substrate assembly in the process zone; accelerating the first member and the second member to the first velocity and removing the leading portion from the first receiving surface and the trailing portion from the second receiving surface in the discharge zone; and rotating the first member and the second member to the receiving zone. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the step of bonding comprises: heating a fluid to a temperature sufficient to at least partially melt a portion of the substrate assembly; directing a jet of the heated fluid toward the substrate assembly; and partially melting a portion of the substrate assembly. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of relaxing the substrate assembly such that a product arc length is less than the process product pitch in the process zone. 24. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a first product pitch defined by a first leading portion and a first trailing portion, and wherein the substrate assembly comprises a central portion between the first leading portion and the first trailing portion, and wherein the substrate assembly is held at a process tension; rotating a bonding apparatus about an axis of rotation, wherein the bonding apparatus comprises a support surface between each of a first member and a second member adjacent the first member, wherein each of the first and second member comprises a proximal end portion adjacent the axis of rotation and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end portion, wherein the first member comprises a first receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the first member and the second member comprises a second receiving surface positioned at the distal end portion of the second member, and wherein the bonding apparatus comprises a receiving zone, a process zone, and a discharge zone; receiving the first leading portion on the first receiving surface and receiving the first trailing portion on the second receiving surface in the receiving zone; relaxing the central portion to a relaxed tension; holding a portion of the first leading portion and the first trailing portion such that the process tension in the first leading portion and the first trailing is maintained; bonding a portion of the substrate assembly in the process zone; stretching the central portion to the process tension in the discharge zone; removing the first leading portion from the first receiving surface and the first trailing portion from the second receiving surface in the discharge zone; and rotating the first member and the second member back to the receiving zone.",
-    "A fiber optic connector inner housing employing a front-loading retention feature for receiving and retaining a ferrule holder, and related fiber optic connectors, cables, and methods are disclosed. In one example, the inner housing has an opening extending therethrough and at least one bayonet locking mechanism that includes an insertion slot, a rotation slot, and a retention slot disposed in an interior surface of the opening. A ferrule holder having a key portion is inserted into the opening such that the key portion is received by the insertion slot. The ferrule holder is next rotated in the rotation slot and released such that a bias member within the inner housing moves the key portion of the ferrule holder into the retention slot, thereby retaining the ferrule holder in the inner housing and preventing accidental removal of the ferrule holder from the inner housing. 1. A fiber optic connector, comprising: a ferrule extending along a longitudinal axis; a ferrule holder having a body in which the ferrule is received and at least one arm extending from the body; and a housing having a passage in which the ferrule holder is received, the passage being shaped to accommodate insertion of the ferrule holder from a front end of the housing; wherein: the at least one arm is configured to flex toward and away from an outer surface of the body; and the ferrule holder is retained in the passage by a snap-fit coupling between the at least one arm and the housing. 2. The fiber optic connector of claim 1, wherein the housing further includes at least one retention member cooperating with the at least one arm of the ferrule holder to retain the ferrule holder in the housing. 3. The fiber optic connector of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the passage between the front end of the housing and the at least one retention member is sized to limit the at least one arm to a first radial position, and further wherein the at least one retention member is defined by a portion of the housing configured to accommodate the at least one arm in a second radial position further from the longitudinal axis than the first radial position. 4. The fiber optic connector of claim 2, wherein the at least one retention member comprises at least one opening formed between an outer surface of the housing and the passage. 5. The fiber optic connector of claim 2, wherein the at least one arm comprises a plurality of arms circumferentially distributed about the body, and further wherein the at least one retention member comprises a plurality of retention members each configured to cooperate with a corresponding one of the arms. 6. The fiber optic connector of claim 2, wherein the at least one arm comprises first and second arms extending from diametrically opposed locations on the body of the ferrule holder, and further wherein the at least one retention member comprises first and second retention members arranged to cooperate with the respective first and second arms. 7. The fiber optic connector of claim 1, wherein each arm of the ferrule holder extends from the body at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis in an unflexed condition. 8. The fiber optic connector of claim 1, wherein each arm of the ferrule holder includes a proximal end coupled to the body, a distal end offset from the body, and an intermediate portion extending between the proximal and distal ends, and further wherein a space is defined between the intermediate portion and the outer surface of the body when the arm is in an unflexed condition. 9. The fiber optic connector of claim 8, wherein the intermediate portion of each arm defines at least one ramped outer surface between the proximal and distal ends, the at least one ramped outer surface increasing radially in a direction toward a front end of the ferrule holder. 10. The fiber optic connector of claim 2, wherein the passage of the housing defines a taper between the front end and the at least one retention member. 11. The fiber optic connector of claim 2, wherein the passage of the housing includes at least one key configured to receive the at least one arm of the ferrule holder when the ferrule holder is inserted into the passage, wherein each key extends one of the retention members and is configured to constrain relative rotation between the ferrule holder and housing. 12. The fiber optic connector of claim 1, wherein the body of the ferrule holder includes a first end portion in which the ferrule is received and a second end portion opposite the first end portion, and further wherein the at least one arm of the ferrule holder extends from the second portion of the body in an axial direction toward the first end portion. 13. The fiber optic connector of claim 1, wherein the body of the ferrule holder includes a first end portion in which the ferrule is received and a second end portion opposite the first end portion, and further wherein the at least one arm of the ferrule holder extends from the first portion of the body in an axial direction toward the second end portion. 14. The fiber optic connector of claim 1, further comprising: a bias member disposed in the housing between the ferrule holder and a rear end of the housing. 15. The fiber optic connector of claim 14, further comprising: a crimp body coupled to the rear end of the housing, wherein the crimp body or the housing defines a bias member mounting portion, the bias member extending between the bias member mounting portion and the ferrule holder. 16. The fiber optic connector of claim 15, wherein the crimp body is integrally formed with the housing and includes a least one section having a reduced cross-sectional width relative to a remainder of the housing. 17. A fiber optic connector, comprising: a ferrule extending along a longitudinal axis; a ferrule holder having a body in which the ferrule is received and at least one arm extending from the body, the at least one arm being configured to flex toward and away from an outer surface of the body; and a housing having a passage in which the ferrule holder is received, the passage being configured to accommodate insertion of the ferrule holder from a front end of the housing; wherein a constricting portion of the passage is sized to limit the at least one arm to a first radial position relative to the body and a retention portion of the passage is sized to accommodate the at least one arm in a second radial position relative to the body, the second radial position being further from the longitudinal axis than the first radial position. 18. A fiber optic cable assembly, comprising: a fiber optic connector including: a ferrule extending along a longitudinal axis; a ferrule holder having a body in which the ferrule is received and at least one arm extending from the body; and a housing having a passage in which the ferrule holder is received, the passage being shaped to accommodate insertion of the ferrule holder from a front end of the housing, wherein the at least one arm is configured to flex toward and away from an outer surface of the body, and further wherein the ferrule holder is retained in the passage by a snap-fit coupling between the at least one arm and the housing; and an optical fiber extending through a rear end of the ferrule holder and into a bore defined by the ferrule. 19. A method of assembling a fiber optic connector, comprising: providing a ferrule holder having a body and at least one arm extending from the body, the at least one arm being configured to flex toward and away from at least a portion of the body; providing a housing having a front end, a rear end, a passage extending between the front and rear ends, and at least one retention member; inserting the ferrule holder into the passage from the front end of housing; moving the ferrule holder along the passage toward the rear end of the housing, wherein such movement results in contact between an inner wall of the housing and the at least one arm that causes the at least one arm to flex toward the body; and releasing the ferrule holder after the at least one arm is moved to or past the at least one retention member, wherein the at least one retention member allows the arm to move away from the body and cooperates with the at least one arm to retain the ferrule holder in the housing. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the ferrule holder is not rotated relative to the housing when moving along the passage and after being released. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one retention member comprises at least one opening formed in an inner surface of the housing, the method further comprising: inserting a bias member into the passage from the front end of the housing before inserting the ferrule holder into the passage such that the bias member is disposed between the rear end of the housing and the ferrule holder after inserting the ferrule holder into the passage; wherein: the ferrule holder is moved along the passage until the at least one arm is at least partially received in the at least one opening; moving the ferrule holder along the passage compresses the bias member such that the bias member urges the ferrule holder toward the front end of the housing upon releasing the ferrule holder; and the at least one opening engages the at least one arm to limit movement of the ferrule holder toward the front end of the housing.",
-    "A vehicle control device according to one embodiment includes an inverter converting a DC power to a three-phase AC power and supplying the three-phase AC power to a motor driving a vehicle. A detector detects a current value between the inverter and the motor. A controller PWM-controls the inverter based on a current value detected by the detector, a speed command signal, and a rotor frequency of the motor. The controller determines occurrence of a malfunction when a PWM modulation rate is equal to or higher than a predetermined value and the rotor frequency is equal to or lower than a predetermined value. 1. A vehicle control device comprising: an inverter converting a DC power to a three-phase AC power and supplying the three-phase AC power to a motor driving a vehicle; a detector detecting a current value between the inverter and the motor; and a controller PWM-controlling the inverter based on a current value detected by the detector, a speed command signal, and a rotor frequency of the motor, wherein the controller determines occurrence of a malfunction when a PWM modulation rate is equal to or higher than a predetermined value and the rotor frequency is equal to or lower than a predetermined value. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the controller determines that the malfunction is an open phase, when a current value detected by the detector is lower than a predetermined value while the controller determines occurrence of a malfunction. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the inverter supplies the three-phase AC power to a first motor and a second motor which drive a vehicle. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein a wire connecting the inverter and the first and second motors is branched at a branch point into a first wire and a second wire, the first wire being connected to the first motor and the second wire being connected to the second motor, and the detector includes a first detector provided in the first wire and a second detector provided in the second wire. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the controller determines occurrence of a malfunction when the current value detected by the first detector, the current value detected by the second detector, or the sum of the two current values detected by the first and second current detectors is smaller than a predetermined threshold. 6. A railroad vehicle comprising: the vehicle control device of claim 1, and a motor to which the three-phase AC power is supplied from the inverter. 7. A railroad vehicle comprising: the vehicle control device of claim 3, and a motor to which the three-phase AC power is supplied from the inverter.",
-    "The invention relates to information extraction systems having discriminative models which utilize hierarchical cluster trees and active learning to enhance training. 1. An information extraction system comprising: a discriminative information extraction model implemented as computer readable instructions executable on one or more general or special purpose computers, the discriminative information extraction model comprising a classification set, a feature set, and a cluster tree; and a training module implemented as computer readable instructions executable on the one or more general or special purpose computers, the training module comprising an active learning user interface and a data input. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the classification set comprises: a plurality of classifications to which words in a sentence can be assigned; and two non-name classifications referred to as none and null. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the none classification refers to words in a sentence that are not part of a named entity. 4. The system of claim 1 where the null classification refers Null to a beginning of a sentence, before a first word, or an end of a sentence, after a last word. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the feature set comprises a plurality of variables related to each classification and tag in the discriminative information extraction model. 6. The system of claim 23 wherein the feature set comprises: word context features that relate to a use of specific words and related classifications: and cluster context features that relate to the use of groups of similarly used words as defined by the cluster tree. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the cluster tree groups words into hierarchical groups that have decreasingly similar usage statistics as the groups increase in size. 8. The system of claim 34 wherein the discriminative information extraction model further comprises a data store including a training set and a feature weight table. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the training set comprises a copy of all annotated text on which the discriminative information extraction model has been trained. 10. The system of claim 8 wherein the feature weight table stores weights corresponding to each of the features for each classification and tag in discriminative information extraction model. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the discriminative information extraction model further comprises an evaluation module for determining a proper classification of a given word based on data stored in the feature weight table and in the cluster tree. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the evaluation module determines a set of all possible tag sequences for the string of words and the set into a lattice structure, evaluates each path through the lattice, and selects a best path according to a Viterbi algorithm. 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the active learning user interface provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for labeling each word in a selected sentence.",
-    "An axial roller bearing assembly is provided. The axial roller bearing assembly includes a first axial washer including a contact surface, a bearing element engaging the first axial washer, and a spring plate connected to the first axial washer and including a first surface and a second surface. The second surface is in contact with at least a portion of the contact surface. The spring plate is configured to deflect under a load applied to the first surface such that an increasingly larger portion of the second surface abuts the contact surface. 1. An axial roller bearing assembly, comprising: a first axial washer including a contact surface; a bearing element engaging the first axial washer; and a spring plate connected to the first axial washer and including a first surface and a second surface, the second surface being in contact with at least a portion of the contact surface, wherein the spring plate is configured to deflect under a load applied to the first surface such that an increasingly larger portion of the second surface abuts the contact surface. 2. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 1, wherein the spring plate is curved under a first loading condition and is configured to deflect to a substantially planar shape under a second loading condition. 3. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 2, wherein the spring plate is configured to return to a curved shape when the second loading condition is removed. 4. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 3, wherein the spring plate is a diaphragm spring. 5. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 1, wherein the first axial washer includes a first axial flange configured to support the spring plate. 6. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 5, wherein the first axial washer further includes a plurality of retention tabs configured to retain the spring plate on the first axial flange. 7. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 5, wherein the first axial washer includes a second axial flange configured to extend over at least a portion of the bearing element. 8. An axial roller bearing assembly, comprising: a first axial washer including a circumferentially extending body with first axial flange, a second axial flange, and a radial flange forming an S shape, the radial flange including a contact surface; a second axial washer; a bearing element positioned between and engaging the first axial washer and the second axial washer, the bearing element including a cage and a plurality of rollers; and a spring plate connected to the first axial washer via the first axial flange, the spring plate being curved in a direction axially away from the radial flange as the spring plate extends from a radially inner end to a radially outer end. 9. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 8, wherein the spring plate is configured to deflect into a substantially planar shape. 10. The axial roller bearing assembly of claim 9, wherein the spring plate is configured to redistribute an uneven axial load on the contact surface toward a radially inner portion of the axial roller bearing assembly.",
-    "According to an embodiment, a memory device includes a nonvolatile memory, a controller, and power storage. The controller is configured to receive, from a host device, a write request for writing data into the nonvolatile memory, and then, write the data based on the write request. The power storage is configured to store power supplied from a power supply. The controller writes, when abnormality in power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, the data based on the write request that has already been received, using the power supplied from the power storage. 1. A memory device comprising: a nonvolatile memory; a controller configured to receive, from a host device, a write request for writing data into the nonvolatile memory, and then, write the data based on the write request; and power storage configured to store power supplied from a power supply, wherein the controller writes, when abnormality in power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, the data based on the write request that has already been received, using the power supplied from the power storage. 2. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the controller stops, when the abnormality in the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, receiving the write request. 3. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the controller does not write, when the abnormality in the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, the data based on the write request currently being received from the host device. 4. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the controller receives the write request over a plurality of clock cycles. 5. The memory device according to claim 1, further comprising a buffer memory configured to temporarily store information, wherein the controller stores writing target data included in the write request received from the host device in the buffer memory, and then, writes the data based on the writing target data stored in the buffer memory. 6. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the power storage is a capacitor, a capacity of which is set to a value that allows the capacitor to store an amount of power required for at least writing the data based on the write request that has already been received when the abnormality has occurred in the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device. 7. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the memory device is connected to a second memory device, and when receiving, from the host device, a second write request requesting writing of data into the second memory device, the controller forwards the second write request to the second memory device. 8. The memory device according to claim 7, wherein the controller forwards, when the abnormality in the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, the second write request that has already been received to the second memory device, using the power supplied from the power storage. 9. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the memory device is connected to a second memory device, the controller receives, from the second memory device, a third write request through which a second host device different from the host device requests writing of data into the nonvolatile memory, and then, writes the data based on the third write request, and the controller continues, when the abnormality in the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected and when the third write request is currently being received from the second memory device, receiving the third write request from the second memory device, using the power supplied from the power storage. 10. The memory device according to claim 9, wherein the controller writes the data based on the third write request that has been fully received, using the power supplied from the power storage. 11. The memory device according to claim 1, wherein the controller determines that the abnormality has occurred in the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device when a voltage of the power supplied from the power supply to the memory device drops to or below a threshold. 12. A memory device comprising: a nonvolatile memory; a controller configured to receive, from a second memory device connected to the memory device, a write request through which a host device requests writing of data into the nonvolatile memory, and then, write the data based on the write request; and power storage configured to store power supplied from a power supply, wherein the controller writes, when abnormality in power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, the data based on the write request that has already been received, using the power supplied from the power storage, and the controller continues, when the write request is currently being received from the second memory device, receiving the write request from the second memory device, using the power supplied from the power storage. 13. A memory device comprising: a nonvolatile memory; and a controller configured to receive, from a host device, a write request for writing data into the nonvolatile memory, and then, write the data based on the write request, wherein the controller writes, when abnormality in power supplied from a power supply to the memory device is detected, using power supplied from power storage storing the power supplied from the power supply, the data based on the write request that has already been received. 16. A memory device comprising: a nonvolatile cache memory; a controller configured to receive, from a host device, a write request for writing data into a nonvolatile memory, and then, write write information corresponding to the write request into the nonvolatile cache memory; and power storage configured to store power supplied from a power supply, wherein the controller writes, when abnormality in power supplied from the power supply to the memory device is detected, the write information corresponding to the write request that has already been received into the nonvolatile cache memory, using the power supplied from the power storage. 17. A memory device comprising: a nonvolatile cache memory; and a controller configured to receive, from a host device, a write request for writing data into a nonvolatile memory, and then, write write information corresponding to the write request into the nonvolatile cache memory, wherein the controller writes, when abnormality in power supplied from a power supply to the memory device is detected, the write information corresponding to the write request that has already been received into the nonvolatile cache memory, using power supplied from power storage storing the power supplied from the power supply.",
-    "The present invention relates to a homeopathic formulation comprising dilutions of Arnica, Calendula, Echinacea, Hypericum, Silver, Sulfur, Thiosinaminum, Urtica, and methods for treating pain, inflammation, scar tissue, itching/pruritus and infection using same. 1. A homeopathic formulation comprising at least one dilution of Arnica, at least one dilution of Calendula, at least one dilution of Echinacea, at least one dilution of Hypericum, at least one dilution of Silver, at least one dilution of Sulfur, at least one dilution of Thiosinaminum, and at least one dilution of Urtica. 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the potency of the at least one dilution of Arnica ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; the potency of the at least one dilution of Calendula ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; the potency of the at least one dilution of Echinacea ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; the potency of the at least one dilution of Hypericum ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; the potency of the at least one dilution of Silver ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; the potency of the at least one dilution of Sulfur ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; the potency of the at least one dilution of Thiosinaminum ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M; and the potency of the at least one dilution of Urtica ranges from mother tincture to about 1000M. 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one dilutions of Arnica, Calendula, Echinacea, Hypericum, Silver, Sulfur, Thiosinaminum, and Urtica include dilutions of C and M potencies. 4. The formulation of claim 3, wherein the C potency of the dilutions of Arnica, Calendula, Echinacea, Hypericum, Silver, Sulfur, Thiosinaminum, and Urtica ranges from about 5C to about 50C. 5. The formulation of claim 3, wherein the M potency of the dilutions of Arnica, Calendula, Echinacea, Hypericum, Silver, Sulfur, Thiosinaminum, and Urtica ranges from about 5M to about 100M. 6. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one dilution of Arnica comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Calendula comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Echinacea comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Hypericum comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Silver comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Sulfur comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Thiosinaminum comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M; the at least one dilution of Urtica comprises dilutions with potencies of about 10C, about 30C and about 50M. 7. The formulation of claim 1, further comprising at least one dilutions of Nosode. 8. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the Nosode comprises an infection agent selected from the group consisting of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), microplasms, Aspergillus niger, Candida, Mucor racemosus, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and mixtures thereof. 9. The formulation of claim 6, wherein the at least one dilution of Noside comprises a dilution of M potency. 10. The formulation of claim 6, wherein the M potency of Nosode ranges from about 5M to about 100M. 11. The formulation of claim 1, further comprising an inactive ingredient. 12. The formulation of claim 11, wherein the inactive ingredient is selected from the group consisting of viscosity modifying agents, buffers, antioxidants, emulsifying agents, absorbents, anti-acne agents, antiperspirants, anticaking agents, antifoaming agents, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, antidandruff agents, astringents, binders, buffers, biological additives, buffering agents, bulking agents, chelating agents, chemical additives, coupling agents, conditioners, colorants, cosmetic astringents, cosmetic biocides, denaturants, drug astringents, detergents, dispersants, external analgesics, film formers, foaming agents, fragrance components, flavoring agents humectants, keratolytics, opacifying agents, pH adjusters, preservatives, propellants, proteins, retinoids, reducing agents, sequestrants, skin bleaching agents, skin-conditioning agents, skin soothing agents, skin healing agents, softeners, solubilizing agents, lubricants, penetrants, plastisizers, preservatives solvents and co-solvents, sunscreening additives, sweeteners, salts, essential oils, vitamins and mixtures thereof. 13. The formulation of claim 11, wherein the inactive ingredient is selected from the group consisting of sea mineral, silver, preservative and mixtures thereof. 14. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the dilutions of Arnica is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; the dilutions of Calendula is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; the dilutions of Echinacea is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; the dilutions of Hypericum is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; the dilutions of Silver is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; the dilutions of Sulfur is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; the dilutions of Thiosinaminum is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20%; and the dilutions of Urtica is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 20% relative to the total volume of the formulation. 15. A topical spray comprising the formulation of claim 1. 16. A method of treating pain, inflammation and/or infection comprising administering the formulation of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof orally, parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly, intrathecally, subcutaneously, sublingually, gingivally, buccally, rectally, vaginally, ocularly, nasally, by inhalation, cutaneously, topically, systematically, or transdermally. 17. A method of simultaneous treating one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of pain, infection, inflammation, scar tissue, itching and pruritus comprising administering the formulation of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 18. A method for treating pain comprising: applying the topical spray of claim 15 formulation of claim 1 directly onto an area of concern on the outside or inside a patient's body. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the topical spray of claim 15 is applied onto skin, eyes, ears, joints, feet, hands, back, face, neck, spinal area, legs, arms, back, nasal cavities, mouth or throat. 20. A method of treating pain associated with burn wounds comprising applying the topical spray of claim 15 directly onto the wounds.",
-    "A sensor is disclosed that can include a light component in support of a first light source operable to direct a first beam of light, and a second light source operable to direct a second beam of light. The sensor can also include an imaging device positioned proximate the light component and operable to directly receive the first beam of light and the second beam of light, and convert these into electric signals. The imaging device and the light component can be movable relative to one another. The sensor can further include a light location module configured to receive the electric signals and determine locations of the first beam of light and the second. beam of light on the imaging device. In addition, the sensor can include a position. module configured to determine a relative position of the imaging device and the light component based on the locations of the first beam of light and the second beam of light on the imaging device. 1. A sensor, comprising: a first monochromatic light source operable to direct a first beam of light of a first color, a second monochromatic light source operable to direct a second beam of light of a second color, wherein the first color and the second color are different monochromatic colors; an imaging device that includes: a first monochromatic detector configured to receive light of the first color and convert the light into a first electrical signal, and a second monochromatic detector configured to receive light of the second color and convert the light into a second electrical signal; a light component, positioned proximate to the imaging device, that supports the first monochromatic light source and the second monochromatic light source, wherein the imaging device and the light component are movable relative to one another; one or more elastic members that connect the light component to the imaging device, wherein the one or more elastic members are operable to facilitate relative movement of the imaging device and the light component; a light location module configured to receive the first signal and the second electric signal and determine locations of the first beam of light and the second beam of light on the imaging device; and a position module configured to determine a relative position of the imaging device and the light component based on the locations of the first beam of light and the second beam of light on the imaging device. 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the imaging device and the light component are movable relative to one another in a first translational degree of freedom and the position module is further configured to determine the relative position of the imaging device and the light component with respect to the first translational degree of freedom, and wherein the first beam of light is directed substantially perpendicular to an axis of the first translational degree of freedom. 3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the imaging device and the light component are movable relative to one another in a second translational degree of freedom and the position module is further configured to determine the relative position of the imaging device and the light component with respect to the second translational degree of freedom, and wherein the first beam of light is directed substantially perpendicular to an axis of the second translational degree of freedom. 4. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the imaging device and the light component are movable relative to one another in a first rotational degree of freedom and the position module is further configured to determine the relative position of the imaging device and the light component with respect to the first rotational degree of freedom, and wherein the first beam of light is directed substantially perpendicular to an axis of the rotational degree of freedom. 5. The sensor of claim 4, wherein the imaging device and the light component are movable relative to one another in a second rotational degree of freedom and the position module is further configured to determine the relative position of the imaging device and the light component with respect to the second rotational degree of freedom, and wherein the first beam of light is directed substantially parallel to an axis of the second rotational degree of freedom. 6. The sensor of claim 1, wherein center locations of the first beam of light and second beam of light on the imaging device are determined utilizing a statistical method applied to the locations of the first beam of light and the second beam of light on the imaging device. 7. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the imaging device comprises a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS). 8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the imaging device comprises a color separation mechanism. 9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the imaging device comprises a plurality of imaging devices. 10. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the first light source comprises an LED, a laser, an organic LED, a field emission display element, a surface-conduction electron-emitter display unit, a quantum dot, a cell containing an electrically charged ionized gas, a fluorescent lamp, a hole through which light from a larger light source located external to a plane of light emission can pass, or combinations thereof. 11. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a collimator and a lens operable with the first monochromatic light source. 12. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a mass associated with at least one of the imaging device and the light component. 13. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the imaging device is anchored to a surface, and the position module is further configured to determine a strain on the surface in one or more degrees of freedom based on the relative position of the imaging device and the light component. 14. A multi degree of freedom sensor, comprising: a first monochromatic light source operable to direct a first beam of light of a first color; a second monochromatic light source operable to direct a second beam of light of a second color non-parallel to the first beam of light wherein the first color and the second color are different monochromatic colors; an imaging device that includes: a first monochromatic detector configured to receive light of the first color and convert the light into a first electrical signal, and a second monochromatic detector configured to receive light of the second color and convert the light into a second electrical signal; a light component in support of the first monochromatic light source and the second monochromatic light source, wherein the imaging device and the light component are movable relative to one another in a plurality of translational degrees of freedom and a plurality of rotational degrees of freedom; one or more elastic members that connect the light component to the imaging device, wherein the one or more elastic members are operable to facilitate relative movement of the imaging device and the light component; a light location module configured to receive the first signal and the second electric signal and determine locations of the first beam of light and the second beam of light on the imaging device; and a position module configured to determine a relative position of the imaging device and the light component based on the locations of the first beam of light and the second beam of light on the imaging device. 15. The sensor of claim 14, wherein at least one beam of light is directed substantially perpendicular to an axis of a translational degree of freedom. 16. The sensor of claim 14, wherein at least one beam of light is directed substantially parallel to an axis of a rotational degree of freedom. 17. The multi degree of freedom sensor of claim 14, wherein the imaging device is anchored to a surface, and the position module is further configured to determine a strain on the surface based on the relative position of the imaging device and the light component. 18. A method for facilitating a displacement measurement, comprising: directing, by a first monochromatic light source, a first monochromatic beam of light of a first color; directing, by a second monochromatic light source a second monochromatic beam of light of a second color, wherein the first color and the second color are different monochromatic colors; directly receiving, by an imaging device positioned proximate a light component, the first monochromatic beam of light and the second monochromatic beam of light, wherein the first light source and the second light source are supported by the light component; converting, by the imaging device, the first monochromatic beam of light and the second monochromatic beam of light into electric signals, wherein the second monochromatic beam of light is non-parallel to the first beam of light; connecting, by one or more elastic members, the light component to the imaging device; receiving, by a light location module, the electric signals; determining, by the light location module, locations of the first monochromatic beam of light and the second monochromatic beam of light on the imaging device; determining, by a position module, a relative position of the imaging device and the light component based on the locations of the first monochromatic beam of light and the second monochromatic beam of light on the imaging device; and facilitating, by the one or more elastic members, relative movement of the imaging device and the light component. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein facilitating relative movement of the imaging device and the light component comprises facilitating relative movement in at least one of a translational degree of freedom and a rotational degree of freedom. 20. The method for facilitating a displacement measurement of claim 18, wherein the imaging device is anchored to a surface, and the method further comprising: determining a strain on the surface in one or more degrees of freedom based on the relative position of the imaging device and the light component.",
-    "This disclosure provides for implementing a firmware security interface within a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for communicating between secure and non-secure environments executable within the FPGA. A security monitor is implemented within the programmable logic of the FPGA as a soft core processor and the firmware security interface modifies one or more functions of the security monitor. The modifications to the security monitor include establishing a timer \u201cheartbeat\u201d within the FPGA to ensure that the FPGA invokes a secure environment and raising an alarm should the FPGA fail to invoke such environment. 1. A system for securing a field-programmable gate array, the system comprising: a first machine-readable memory storing a first operating system that implements a secure environment for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA); a second machine-readable memory storing a second operating system that implements a non-secure environment for the FPGA; at least one hardware processor of the FPGA communicatively coupled to the first machine-readable memory and the second machine-readable memory, the at least one hardware processor configurable to: transition to the secure environment by executing the first operating system; reset a watchdog timer communicatively coupled to the at least one hardware processor by loading a register associated with the watchdog timer with a predetermined value; and transition to the non-secure environment by executing the second operating system; and programmable logic of the FPGA communicatively coupled to the at least one hardware processor, the programmable logic configurable to: instruct the at least one hardware processor to transition to the secure environment; retrieve an event value from a status register associated with the watchdog timer; and determine whether the first operating system was executed by the at least one hardware processor by comparing the retrieved event value with a second predetermined value. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the watchdog timer comprises a private watchdog timer assigned to the at least one hardware processor. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the predetermined value comprises a time interval measured in milliseconds. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the programmable logic is further configurable to implement a reset timer, the reset timer signaling when the programmable logic is to instruct the at least one hardware processor to transition to the secure environment. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the programmable logic is further configurable to implement the reset timer by using the predetermined value loaded into the register associated with the watchdog timer. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the programmable logic is further configurable to implement an event timer, the event timer signaling when the programmable logic is to retrieve the event value from the status register associated with the watchdog timer. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the programmable logic is further configurable to implement the event timer using a time interval greater than the predetermined value loaded into the register associated with the watchdog timer. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the programmable logic is further configurable to repetitively instruct the at least one hardware processor to transition to the secure environment and retrieve the event value from the status register so long as the programmable logic determines that the watchdog timer did not reach a zero value. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the retrieved event value comprises a first value indicating that the watchdog timer did not reach a zero value or a second value indicating that the watchdog timer reached a zero value. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the programmable logic is further configurable to initiate a lockdown procedure for the FPGA where the comparison of the retrieved event value with the second predetermined value indicates that the watchdog timer was not reset by the at least one hardware processor. 11. A method for securing a field-programmable gate array, the method comprising: instructing, by a programmable logic of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), at least one hardware processor of the FPGA to transition to a secure environment, the secure environment implemented by a first operating system executable by the at least one hardware processor; instructing, by the programmable logic, the at least one hardware processor to reset a watchdog timer communicatively coupled to the at least one hardware processor with a predetermined value; instructing, by the programmable logic, the at least one hardware processor to transition to a non-secure environment, the non-secure environment implemented by a second operating system executable by the at least one hardware processor; retrieving, by the programmable logic, an event value from a status register associated with the watchdog timer; and determining, by the programmable logic, whether the first operating system was executed by comparing the retrieved event value with a second predetermined value. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the watchdog timer comprises a private watchdog timer assigned to the at least one hardware processor. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the predetermined value comprises a time interval measured in milliseconds. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: implementing, by the programmable logic, a reset timer signaling when the programmable logic is to instruct the at least one hardware processor to transition to the secure environment. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the reset timer is implemented using the predetermined value used to reset the watchdog timer. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: implementing, by the programmable logic, an event timer signaling when the programmable logic is to retrieve the event value from the status register associated with the watchdog timer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the event timer is implemented using a time interval greater than the predetermined value loaded into the register associated with the watchdog timer. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: repetitively instructing the at least one hardware processor to transition to the secure environment and repetitively retrieving the event value from the status register so long as the programmable logic determines that the watchdog timer did not reach a zero value. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the retrieved event value comprises a first value indicating that the watchdog timer did not reach a zero value or a second value indicating that the watchdog timer reached a zero value. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising: initiating a lockdown procedure for the FPGA where the comparison of the retrieved event value with the second predetermined value indicates that the watchdog timer was not reset by the at least one hardware processor.",
-    "A method for mechanically deforming, such as by bonding, a substrate assembly. The substrate assembly may be advanced at first velocity toward a bonder apparatus. The bonder apparatus may rotate at a second velocity, which is less than or equal to the first velocity. The bonder apparatus may include a support surface and a process assembly. The substrate assembly may be contracted prior to advancing onto the bonder apparatus. A first process assembly may receive a leading portion of the substrate assembly and a subsequent process assembly may receive a trailing portion. The leading portion and the trailing portion define a product arc length, which is less than or equal to a process product pitch. One or more processes may be performed on the substrate assembly. The substrate assembly may then be removed from the apparatus and advanced through a metering assembly such that the substrate assembly exits at the first velocity and may be expanded such that the leading portion and the trailing portion are separated by the process product pitch. 1. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion, and wherein the substrate assembly comprises a first substrate in facing relationship with a second substrate; rotating a bonder apparatus about an axis of rotation at a second velocity, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a support surface and a process assembly disposed on a portion of the support surface, and wherein the first velocity is greater than the second velocity; contracting the substrate assembly; receiving the leading portion on the process assembly; receiving the trailing portion on a subsequent process assembly, wherein the leading portion and the trailing portion define a product arc length, and wherein the product arc length is less than or equal to the process product pitch; seaming the leading portion and the trailing portion of the substrate assembly; removing the substrate assembly from the support surface and the process assembly; advancing the substrate assembly through an exit metering assembly such that the substrate assembly exits the metering assembly at the first velocity; and expanding the substrate assembly such that the leading portion and the trailing portion are separated by the process product pitch. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of advancing the substrate assembly through an entry metering assembly, wherein the substrate assembly enters the entry metering assembly at the first velocity. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the entry metering assembly comprises an entry metering roll configured to rotate about an axis of rotation at the first velocity. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the exit metering assembly comprises an exit metering roll configured to rotate about an axis of rotation at the first velocity. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of seaming comprises: heating a fluid to a temperature sufficient to at least partially melt the first substrate and the second substrate; directing a jet of the fluid toward at least one of the first leading portion, the first trailing portion; and partially melting at least a portion of at least one of the first leading portion and the first trailing portion. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of compressing at least a portion of the substrate assembly. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bonder apparatus further comprises a receiving surface disposed on at least a portion of the process assembly, and wherein the receiving surface defines a fluid aperture, and wherein the jet of heated fluid passes through the fluid aperture toward the substrate assembly. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a receiving surface disposed on at least a portion of the process assembly, and wherein the receiving surface defines a vacuum aperture, and wherein a fluid passes through the vacuum aperture toward the axis of rotation. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of holding the leading portion and the trailing portion includes using a position control member. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of fluid is expelled from a fluid nozzle, and wherein the fluid nozzle includes a fluid orifice. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of maintaining the fluid nozzle a distance Y from the outer surface of the substrate assembly, wherein the distance Y from the fluid nozzle to the surface assembly is in the range of about 0 to about 10 millimeters. 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of heated fluid is at a temperature ranging from a lower melting point of the first and second substrates minus 30\u00b0 C. to the lower melting point of the first and second substrates plus 100\u00b0 C. 13. The method of claim 5, wherein the jet of heated fluid is directed at the first and second substrates at a pressure in the range of about 0.1\u00d7105 Newtons per square meter to about 1\u00d7106 Newtons per square meter, and wherein the jet of heated fluid is directed at the first and second substrates between about 10 milliseconds and about 1000 milliseconds. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of compressing the substrate assembly comprises advancing the substrate assembly between an anvil roll and a bond roll. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are nonwovens. 16. The method of claim 5, wherein the fluid is ambient air. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of cutting the substrate assembly into individual articles with a knife roll. 18. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion; moving a bonder apparatus at a second velocity, wherein the bonder apparatus comprises a support surface and a process assembly disposed on a portion of the support surface, and wherein the first velocity is greater than or equal to the second velocity; advancing the substrate assembly to a first metering roll, wherein the first metering roll is configured to rotate about an axis of rotation at the first velocity; contracting the substrate assembly; receiving the substrate assembly on the bonder apparatus, wherein the leading portion is disposed on the process assembly and the trailing portion is disposed on a subsequent process assembly and the portion of the substrate assembly between the leading portion and the trailing portion is disposed on the support surface; advancing the substrate assembly on the bonder apparatus at the second velocity; seaming a portion of the leading portion and a portion of the trailing portion of the substrate assembly; bonding at least a portion of the leading portion and bonding at least a portion of the trailing portion; removing the substrate assembly from the support surface and the process assembly; advancing the substrate assembly through an exit metering assembly such that the substrate assembly exits the metering assembly at the first velocity; and expanding the substrate assembly such that the leading portion and the trailing portion are separated by the process product pitch. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the leading portion disposed on the process assembly and the trailing portion disposed on the subsequent process assembly defines a product arc length, and wherein the product arc length is less than the process product pitch. 20. A method for forming a bond, the method comprising the steps of: advancing a substrate assembly in a machine direction at a first velocity, wherein the substrate assembly comprises a process product pitch defined by a leading portion and a trailing portion, and wherein the substrate assembly comprises a first substrate in facing relationship with a second substrate; advancing the substrate assembly through a first metering assembly, wherein the first metering assembly comprises a first roll and a second roll each configured to rotate at the first velocity; providing a bonder apparatus comprising a first transition apparatus and a second transition apparatus adjacent the first transition apparatus, wherein the first transition apparatus comprises a first conveyor and the second transition apparatus comprises a second conveyor, and wherein the first conveyor and the second conveyor define an entry region and an exit region opposite the entry region; advancing the first conveyor and the second conveyor at a second velocity, wherein the first velocity is greater than or equal to the second velocity; contracting the substrate assembly; advancing the substrate assembly through the entry region and between the first conveyor and the second conveyor at the second velocity; engaging the substrate assembly and a process assembly to mechanically deform at least a portion of the substrate assembly; advancing the substrate assembly through the exit region of the bonder apparatus at the second velocity; compressing at least a portion of the substrate assembly; advancing the substrate assembly through a second metering assembly such that the substrate assembly exits the second metering assembly at the first velocity; and expanding the substrate assembly such that the leading portion and the trailing portion are separated by the process product pitch.",
-    "A high capacitance embedded capacitor and associated fabrication processes are disclosed for fabricating a capacitor stack in a multi-layer stack to include a first capacitor plate conductor formed with a cylinder-shaped storage node electrode formed in the multi-layer stack, a capacitor dielectric layer surrounding the cylinder-shaped storage node electrode, and a second capacitor plate conductor formed from a conductive layer in the multi-layer stack that is sandwiched between a bottom and top dielectric layer, where the cylinder-shaped storage node electrode is surrounded by and extends through the conductive layer. 1. A memory device having a semiconductor substrate that includes a substrate surface, the memory device comprising: a first conductive plate; a second conductive plate; a select transistor on the substrate surface, the select transistor including a source end and a drain end; a conducting line having a location thereon that makes electrically connection to the source end of the select transistor; a cylindrical storage element connected to the drain end of the select transistor, the cylindrical storage element including a cylindrical conductive element, the cylindrical conductive element penetrating through at least the first conductive plate and the second conductive plate; an insulating film including: a sidewall portion at least substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface and covering a side surface of the cylindrical conductive element; and a bottom portion at least substantially parallel to the substrate surface, and the insulating film intervening between the first conductive plate and the cylindrical conductive element, and the insulating film further intervening between the second conductive plate and the cylindrical conductive element; and a hole defined by the bottom portion of the insulating film, and the cylindrical conductive element penetrating through the hole and being electrically connected to the drain end of the select transistor. 2. The memory device of claim 1 further comprising an interlayer insulation layer, and wherein the second conductive plate is stacked over the first conductive plate and an interlayer insulation layer is intervening between the first and second conductive plates. 3. The memory device of claim 2 wherein the cylindrical conductive element includes at least a conformal conductive layer. 4. The memory device of claim 2 wherein the insulating film comprises silicon nitride. 5. The memory device of claim 2 wherein the cylindrical conductive element comprises polysilicon. 6. The memory device of claim 2 further comprising: a first contact that intervenes between the cylindrical storage element and the semiconductor substrate, and wherein a lateral diameter of a portion of the cylindrical storage element proximate to the first contact is smaller than a lateral diameter of a widest portion of the first contact. 7. The memory device of claim 6 further comprising a second contact that intervenes between the conducting line and the semiconductor substrate. 8. The memory device of claim 2 wherein the conducting line is located closer to the semiconductor substrate than the cylindrical storage element. 9. The memory device of claim 2 wherein the select transistor includes a channel, and at least a portion of the channel being located within the semiconductor substrate and extending in a direction horizontal to substrate surface. 10. The memory device of claim 1 further comprising active circuits forming part of the semiconductor substrate. 11. The memory device of claim 10 wherein the active circuits comprise volatile memory circuits. 12. The memory device of claim 1 wherein the cylindrical storage element is located at the M2 interconnect layer of the memory device. 13. The memory device of claim 1 wherein the cylindrical storage element is located at the M1 interconnect layer of the memory device. 14. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate having an upper surface; a select transistor having a gate electrode; a first contact plug adjacent to the gate electrode and in direct contact with the semiconductor substrate, the first contact plug having a lower portion proximate to the semiconductor substrate and a pad portion on the lower portion, the pad portion being wider than the lower portion; a conductive pillar on the contact plug, the conductive pillar having a substantially cylindrical shape and having a side surface and a bottom surface, the bottom surface being in direct contact with the contact plug; an insulating film surrounding the side surface of the conductive pillar, the insulating film having a bottom portion in direct contact with the contact plug, the bottom portion surrounding the bottom surface of the conductive pillar; first and second conductive layers being substantially plate-shaped, the first conductive layer surrounding a lower portion of the insulating film and the conductive pillar, and the second conductive layer surrounding an upper portion of the insulating film and the conductive pillar; and an interlayer insulation layer intervening between the first and second conductive layers. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 14 further comprising a memory wherein the conductive pillar forms part of a storage element of the memory. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 14 wherein the conductive pillar includes at least a conformal conductive layer. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 14 wherein the insulating film comprises silicon nitride. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 14 wherein the conductive pillar comprises polysilicon.",
-    "A liquid crystal display device includes an insulating substrate, a data line disposed on the insulating substrate and extended in a first direction, a plurality of pixel electrodes which is disposed on the insulating substrate and in which a slit pattern is defined, a common electrode facing the pixel electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and the common electrode, where each of the pixel electrodes includes an edge electrode portion and a plurality of branch electrode portions protruding in a direction toward a central portion of the pixel electrode from the edge electrode portion, and at least a portion of the edge electrode portion overlaps the data line. 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising: an insulating substrate; a data line disposed on the insulating substrate and extended in a first direction; a plurality of pixel electrodes which is disposed on the insulating substrate and in which a slit pattern is defined; a common electrode facing the plurality of pixel electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the plurality of pixel electrodes and the common electrode, wherein each of the plurality of pixel electrodes includes an edge electrode portion and a plurality of branch electrode portions protruding in a direction toward a central portion of the pixel electrode from the edge electrode portion, and at least a portion of the edge electrode portion overlaps the data line. 2. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of pixel electrodes include a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode disposed to be adjacent to the first pixel electrode in a second direction intersecting the first direction, and a distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is equal to or greater than about 5 micrometers and equal to or less than about 10 micrometers 3. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, wherein a region overlapping the pixel electrode defines a pixel region, the pixel region includes a plurality of different domains in which directivities of the plurality of branch electrode portions are different from one another, and the plurality of domains includes a first domain, a second domain adjacent to the first domain in the first direction, and a third domain adjacent to the first domain in a second direction intersecting the first direction. 4. The liquid crystal display device of claim 3, wherein a minimum distance between an end portion of a branch electrode portion overlapping the first domain and protruding toward the second domain among the plurality of branch electrode portions and an end portion of a branch electrode portion overlapping the second domain and protruding toward the first domain among the plurality of branch electrode portions is smaller than a minimum distance between an end portion of a branch electrode portion overlapping the first domain and protruding toward the third domain among the plurality of branch electrode portions and an end portion of a branch electrode portion overlapping the third domain and protruding toward the first domain among the plurality of branch electrode portions. 5. The liquid crystal display device of claim 4, wherein the minimum distance between the end portion of the branch electrode portion overlapping the first domain and protruding toward the second domain and the end portion of the branch electrode portion overlapping the second domain and protruding toward the first domain is equal to or greater than 2.5 micrometers and equal to or less than 3.5 micrometers. 6. The liquid crystal display device of claim 5, wherein the minimum distance between the end portion of the branch electrode portion overlapping the first domain and protruding toward the third domain and the end portion of the branch electrode portion overlapping the third domain and protruding toward the first domain is equal to or greater than 4.5 micrometers and equal to or less than 5.5 micrometers. 7. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising: a sustain electrode line disposed between the insulating substrate and the pixel electrode and including at least a portion thereof overlapping the edge electrode portion of the pixel electrode. 8. The liquid crystal display device of claim 7, wherein the at least a portion of the sustain electrode line overlaps the data line. 9. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising: a light shielding member disposed in a region overlapping at least a portion of the data line and the at least a portion of the edge electrode portion of the pixel electrode. 10. The liquid crystal display device of claim 1, further comprising: a first alignment layer disposed between the pixel electrode and the liquid crystal layer; a second alignment layer disposed between the common electrode and the liquid crystal layer; a first photo-curing layer disposed between the first alignment layer and the liquid crystal layer; and a second photo-curing layer disposed between the second alignment layer and the liquid crystal layer, wherein the first photo-curing layer and the second photo-curing layer are provided through polymerization of reactive mesogen. 11. A liquid crystal display device comprising: an insulating substrate; a plurality of pixel electrodes which is disposed on the insulating substrate and in which a slit pattern is defined; a common electrode facing the plurality of pixel electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the plurality of pixel electrodes and the common electrode and including liquid crystal molecules, wherein a central slit portion including a horizontal slit portion and a vertical slit portion and a plurality of fine slit portions extended in a direction inclined from the central slit portion are defined in each of the plurality of pixel electrodes, a width of the horizontal slit portion is narrower than that of the vertical slit portion, a region overlapping the pixel electrode defines a pixel region, the pixel region includes a plurality of different domains in which directivities of the liquid crystal molecules are different from one another, and in a state in which an electric field is generated between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, the liquid crystal molecules within one of the plurality of domains are disposed in parallel with an extension direction of the fine slit portion and are aligned in a direction toward a central portion of the pixel electrode from a circumferential portion thereof. 12. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, wherein the width of the horizontal slit portion is equal to or greater than 2.5 micrometers and equal to or less than 3.5 micrometers. 13. The liquid crystal display device of claim 12, wherein the width of the vertical slit portion is equal to or greater than 4.5 micrometers and equal to or less than 5.5 micrometers. 14. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, wherein the pixel electrode further includes an edge electrode portion disposed in the circumferential portion of the pixel electrode along an edge of the pixel electrode. 15. The liquid crystal display device of claim 14, wherein the plurality of pixel electrodes include a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode disposed to be adjacent to the first pixel electrode in a first direction, and a distance between the first electrode and the second electrode is equal to or greater than 5 micrometers and equal to or less than 10 micrometers. 16. The liquid crystal display device of claim 14, further comprising: a data line disposed on the insulating substrate and extended in a second direction, and at least a portion of the edge electrode portion overlaps the data line. 17. The liquid crystal display device of claim 16, further comprising: a sustain electrode line disposed between the insulating substrate and the pixel electrode and including at least a portion thereof overlapping the edge electrode portion of the pixel electrode. 18. The liquid crystal display device of claim 17, wherein the at least a portion of the sustain electrode line overlaps the data line. 19. The liquid crystal display device of claim 16, further comprising: a light shielding member disposed in a region overlapping at least a portion of the data line and the at least a portion of the edge electrode portion of the pixel electrode. 20. The liquid crystal display device of claim 11, further comprising: a first alignment layer disposed between the pixel electrode and the liquid crystal layer; a second alignment layer disposed between the common electrode and the liquid crystal layer; a first photo-curing layer disposed between the first alignment layer and the liquid crystal layer; and a second photo-curing layer disposed between the second alignment layer and the liquid crystal layer, wherein the first photo-curing layer and the second photo-curing layer are provided through polymerization of reactive mesogen.",
-    "An integrated circuit structure includes an n-type fin field effect transistor (FinFET) and a p-type FinFET. The n-type FinFET includes a first germanium fin over a substrate; a first gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of the first germanium fin; and a first gate electrode on the first gate dielectric. The p-type FinFET includes a second germanium fin over the substrate; a second gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of the second germanium fin; and a second gate electrode on the second gate dielectric. The first gate electrode and the second gate electrode are formed of a same material having a work function close to an intrinsic energy level of germanium. 1. A method comprising: forming a first germanium-containing fin higher than top surfaces of Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) regions, wherein the STI regions are on opposite sides of the first germanium-containing fin and extend into a silicon substrate, and the first germanium-containing fin has a first germanium atomic percentage; forming a first gate stack on a middle portion of the first germanium-containing fin, with an end portion of the first germanium-containing fin exposed; etching the end portion of the first germanium-containing fin to form a recess; and re-growing a first source/drain region in the recess, wherein the first source/drain region has a second germanium atomic percentage lower than the first germanium atomic percentage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gate stack and the first source/drain region are parts of an n-type Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first source/drain region extends below the top surfaces of the STI regions to contact a portion of the silicon substrate, with the portion of the silicon substrate extending between and at a same level as the STI regions. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first germanium-containing fin is free from silicon. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a p-type Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) comprising: when the first germanium-containing fin is formed, simultaneously forming a second germanium-containing fin over the silicon substrate. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: forming a second gate stack on a middle portion of the second germanium-containing fin, with an end portion of the second germanium-containing fin exposed; etching the end portion of the second germanium-containing fin to form an additional recess; and re-growing a second source/drain region in the additional recess, wherein the second source/drain region has a third germanium atomic percentage higher than the first germanium atomic percentage. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein each of the forming the first gate stack and the forming the second gate stack comprises: forming a gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of a respective one of the first germanium-containing fin and the second germanium-containing fin; and forming a gate electrode over the gate dielectric, wherein the gate electrode of the first gate stack and the gate electrode of the second gate stack are formed of a same material having a work function between about 4.25 eV and about 4.4 eV. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the first germanium-containing fin comprises: recessing a top portion of the silicon substrate between the STI regions to form an additional recess; re-growing a germanium-containing semiconductor material in the additional recess; and recessing the STI regions. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming gate spacers on sidewalls of the first germanium-containing fin, wherein in the etching the end portion of the first germanium-containing fin, the middle portion of the first germanium-containing fin is protected by the first gate stack and the gate spacers. 10. A method comprising: forming Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) regions extending into a substrate, with the substrate comprising silicon; forming a first germanium fin and a second germanium fin higher than portions of the STI regions on opposite sides of respective ones of the first and the second germanium fins, wherein both the first and the second germanium fins have a first germanium atomic percentage; forming an n-type Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) comprising: forming a first gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of the first germanium fin; forming a first gate electrode over the first gate dielectric; etching a portion of the first germanium fin to form a first recess; and growing a first source/drain region comprising germanium in the first recess, with the first source/drain region having a second germanium atomic percentage lower than the first germanium atomic percentage, and the first source/drain region extends below top surfaces of the STI regions to contact the substrate; and forming a p-type FinFET comprising: forming a second gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of the second germanium fin; forming a second gate electrode over the second gate dielectric; etching a portion of the second germanium fin to form a second recess; and growing a second source/drain region comprising germanium in the second recess, with the second source/drain region having a third germanium atomic percentage higher than the first germanium atomic percentage, wherein the second source/drain region extends below the top surfaces of the STI regions to contact the substrate, and wherein the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode are formed of a same material having a work function between 4.25 eV and 4.4 eV. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first and the second germanium fins are free from silicon. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode are formed simultaneously, and are formed of a same metallic material. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the growing the second source/drain region comprises growing germanium tin (GeSn). 14. The method of claim 10 further comprising: forming a third germanium fin underlying the first gate electrode, wherein the third germanium fin is physically separated from, and electrically connected to, the first germanium fin; and forming a fourth germanium fin underlying the second gate electrode, wherein the fourth germanium fin is physically separated from, and electrically connected to, the second germanium fin. 15. A method comprising: forming Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) regions extending into a substrate; forming a p-type Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) comprising: forming a first germanium fin over the substrate, wherein the first germanium fin is a germanium fin without being doped with silicon; forming a first gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of the first germanium fin; forming a first metal gate over the first gate dielectric; and growing a first source/drain region adjacent to the first metal gate; and forming an n-type FinFET comprising: forming a second germanium fin over the substrate, wherein the second germanium fin is a germanium fin without being doped with silicon; forming a second gate dielectric on a top surface and sidewalls of the second germanium fin; forming a second metal gate over the second gate dielectric, wherein the first metal gate and the second metal gate are formed simultaneously; and growing a second source/drain region adjacent to the second metal gate, wherein the second source/drain region comprises silicon germanium, with a germanium atomic percentage in the second source/drain region being lower than a germanium atomic percentage in the second germanium fin, wherein the second source/drain region extends below top surfaces of the STI regions to contact the substrate. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first germanium fin and the second germanium fin are formed simultaneously in a same epitaxial growth. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming the first source/drain region of the p-type FinFET comprises growing a III-V compound semiconductor material. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming the first source/drain region of the p-type FinFET comprises growing germanium tin (GeSn). 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first metal gate and the second metal gate are formed of a same material having a work function between 4.25 eV and 4.4 eV. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first germanium fin and the second germanium fin are free from silicon.",
-    "A fiber optic connector comprises a ferrule extending along a longitudinal axis, a ferrule holder having a body in which the ferrule is received and at least one arm extending from the body, and a housing having a passage in which the ferrule holder is received. The passage is shaped to accommodate insertion of the ferrule holder from a front end of the housing, and the housing further includes at least one retention member that cooperates with the at least one arm to retain the ferrule holder in the housing. The at least one arm is configured to flex toward and away from an outer surface of the body to provide a snap-fit coupling between the ferrule holder and housing. 1. A fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly for mounting and retaining a ferrule holder as part of a fiber optic connector sub-assembly, comprising: an inner housing having an opening extending therethrough, wherein the opening comprises a front end, a rear end, and an interior surface; and at least one bayonet locking mechanism comprising: an insertion slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening and configured to receive a respective key portion of a ferrule holder when the ferrule holder is inserted into the front end of the opening; a rotation slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening for rotating the key portion of the ferrule holder away from the insertion slot; and a retention slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening for retaining the ferrule holder in the inner housing. 2. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, wherein the inner housing comprises a stop disposed at a front end of the retention slot to provide a stop surface for retaining the ferrule holder in the inner housing. 3. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, wherein the insertion slot is a groove extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the fiber optic connector inner housing. 4. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 3, wherein one of a portion of the rotation slot and a portion of the retention slot extends from the interior surface of the opening through an outer surface of the fiber optic connector inner housing. 5. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, wherein the retention slot extends substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the fiber optic connector inner housing. 6. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, wherein the rotation slot extends substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the fiber optic connector inner housing. 7. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, wherein the rotation slot includes a ramp surface configured to cause the key portion of the ferrule holder to rotate away from the insertion slot with respect to a longitudinal axis of the fiber optic connector inner housing when an insertion force parallel to the longitudinal axis is applied to the ferrule holder. 8. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 7, wherein the rotation slot includes a second ramp surface configured to cause the key portion of the ferrule holder to rotate the key portion toward the retention slot when a bias force parallel to the longitudinal axis in a direction opposite the direction of the insertion force is applied to the ferrule holder. 9. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, wherein the rotation slot includes a ramp surface configured to cause the key portion of the ferrule holder to rotate the key portion toward the retention slot with respect to a longitudinal axis of the inner housing toward the retention slot when a bias force parallel to the longitudinal axis is applied to the ferrule holder. 10. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, further comprising a latch configured to permit movement of the key portion of the ferrule holder from the rotation slot into the retention slot, and to impede movement of the key portion of the ferrule holder from the retention slot into the rotation slot. 11. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 10, wheren the latch includes first and second substantially straight sections separated by a bend. 12. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 10, wheren the latch comprises a leaf-spring. 13. The fiber optic connector inner housing sub-assembly of claim 1, further comprising a crimp body connected to the inner housing at the rear end of the opening, wherein the inner housing is integarlly formed with a crimp body at the rear end of the opening. 14. A fiber optic connector sub-assembly comprising: an inner housing sub-assembly comprising: an inner housing having an opening extending therethrough, wherein the opening comprises a front end, a rear end, and an interior surface; at least one bayonet locking mechanism comprising: an insertion slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening; a rotation slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening; and a retention slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening; and a bias member mounting portion disposed at the rear end of the opening; a ferrule holder disposed in the inner housing and having a key portion, the front end of the opening being configured to accommodate the ferrule holder; and a bias member disposed in the inner housing between the ferrule holder and the bias member mounting portion; wherein the insertion slot is configured to receive the key portion of the ferrule holder when the ferrule holder is inserted into the opening; wherein the rotation slot is configured to allow the ferrule holder to be rotated away from the insertion slot; and wherein the bias member is configured to move the key portion of the ferrule holder into the retention slot when the ferrule holder is released, thereby retaining the ferrule holder in the inner housing. 15. The fiber optic connector sub-assembly of claim 14, further comprising a crimp body connected to the inner housing at the rear end of the opening, wherein the inner housing is integrally formed with a crimp body at the rear end of the opening. 16. The fiber optic connector sub-assembly of claim 14, further comprising a shroud mounted to the fiber optic connector inner housing. 17. The fiber optic connector sub-assembly of claim 14, further comprising an optical fiber extending through a rear end of the ferrule holder and connected to a fiber optic ferrule mounted in the ferrule holder. 18. The fiber optic connector sub-assembly of claim 14, wherein the key portion of the ferrule holder is a protrusion such that the insertion slot, rotation slot and retention slot of the inner housing are configured to slidably accommodate the protrusion. 19. A method of assembling a fiber optic connector sub-assembly comprising: providing an inner housing sub-assembly comprising: an inner housing having an opening extending therethrough, wherein the opening comprises a front end, a rear end, and an interior surface; at least one bayonet locking mechanism comprising: an insertion slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening; a rotation slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening; and a retention slot disposed in the interior surface of the opening; and a bias member mounting portion disposed at the rear end of the opening; providing a bias member in the inner housing adjacent the bias member mounting portion; inserting the ferrule holder into the front end of the opening of the inner housing such that the key portion is received by the insertion slot and the bias member is disposed between the ferrule holder and the bias member mounting portion; rotating the ferrule holder about a longitudinal axis of the opening such that the key portion rotates within the rotation slot; and releasing the ferrule holder such that the bias member moves the key portion of the ferrule holder into the retention slot, thereby retaining the ferrule holder in the inner housing. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein: inserting the ferrule holder into the front end of the opening comprises applying an insertion force to the ferrule holder in a first direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the inner housing; and rotating the ferrule holder about the longitudinal axis comprises continuing to apply the insertion force in the first direction.",
-    "A face detection method includes acquiring a video image sequence, performing a video shot boundary detection process on the video image sequence to determine whether a shot change exists in the video image sequence to obtain a first judgment result, and determining, when the first judgment result indicates that a shot change exists in the video image sequence, that face detection has failed. The present disclosure also provides a face detection device, which includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire a video image sequence, a first detection unit configured to perform a video shot boundary detection process on the video image sequence to determine whether a shot change exists in the video image sequence to obtain a first judgment result, and a determination unit configured to determine, when the first judgment result indicates that a shot change exists in the video image sequence, that face detection has failed. 1. A face detection method, comprising: acquiring a video image sequence; performing a video shot boundary detection process on the video image sequence to determine whether a shot change exists in the video image sequence to obtain a first judgment result; and determining, when the first judgment result indicates that a shot change exists in the video image sequence, that face detection has failed. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the performing a video shot boundary detection process on the video image sequence to determine whether a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: performing an image feature extraction on the video image sequence in an image feature extraction region to obtain image feature vectors; calculating, with the image feature vectors of two image frames, to obtain a similarity value between the two image frames to determine content continuity of the two image frames; and determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the similarity value, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the image feature extraction region comprises any one of: a single pixel feature extraction region, a pixel block feature extraction region, or a complete frame image feature extraction region. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the performing an image feature extraction on the video image sequence to obtain image feature vectors comprises at least one of: obtaining, in a selected color region, pixel gray level statistics or pixel color statistics of image frames of the video image sequence, and constituting the image feature vectors with the obtained pixel gray level statistics or pixel color statistics; obtaining a gray level histogram or color histogram of image frames in the video image sequence; obtaining image edge features of image frames in the video image sequence; and transforming original images into other feature regions by means of a compressed domain to obtain corresponding image feature vectors. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the two image frames are the ith image frame and the ith image frame, where j=i+n(n\u22671), i\u22671. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the video shot boundary detection process comprises a video shot cut detection process. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the similarity value between the two image frames, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: determining, when the similarity value between the two image frames is smaller than a first threshold value, that a cut change exists between the two image frames and a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein, the determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the similarity value between the two image frames, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: judging the similarity value between the two image frames based on a neighbor algorithm k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier, a decision tree, or a support vector machine (SVM), and determining, when the judgment result indicates that a cut change exists between the two frames of images, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein the video shot boundary detection process comprises a video shot gradual change detection process, and wherein, the determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the similarity value between the two frames of images, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: obtaining, when it is determined that the similarity value between the two frames of images is greater than a third threshold value and is smaller than a fourth threshold value, subsequent image frames of the two image frames; calculating a similarity value between pairwise image frames of the subsequent image frames until the similarity value between the pairwise image frames is greater than the fourth threshold value; and calculating a sum of the similarity values of the obtained image frames, and determining, when the sum of the similarity values is smaller than a fifth threshold value, that a gradual change exists in the video image sequence and a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: carrying out the face detection based on a face feature point detection process to obtain a second judgment result; and determining, when the second judgment result indicates that face detection conditions are satisfied and the first judgment result shows that no shot change exists in the video image sequence, that the face detection has passed. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the performing video shot boundary detection process on the video image sequence to determine whether a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: performing an image feature extraction on the video image sequence in an image feature extraction region to obtain image feature vectors; calculating, with the image feature vectors of two image frames, to obtain a frame difference value between the two image frames to determine content continuity of the two image frames; and determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the calculated frame difference value between the two image frames, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the image feature extraction region comprises any one of: a single pixel feature extraction region, a pixel block feature extraction region, or a complete frame image feature extraction region. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the performing an image feature extraction on the video image sequence to obtain image feature vectors comprises at least one of: obtaining, in a selected color region, pixel gray level statistics or pixel color statistics of image frames in the video image sequence, and constituting the image feature vectors with the obtained pixel gray level statistics or pixel color statistics; obtaining a gray level histogram or color histogram of image frames in the video image sequence; obtaining image edge features of image frames in the video image sequence; and transforming original images into other feature regions by means of a compressed domain to obtain corresponding image feature vectors. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the video shot boundary detection process comprises a video shot cut detection process. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein, the determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the frame difference value between the two frames of images, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: determining, when the frame difference value between the two image frames is greater than a second threshold value, that a cut change exists between the two image frames and a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein, the determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the similarity value between the two image frames, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: judging the frame difference value between the two image frames based on a neighbor algorithm k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier, a decision tree or a support vector machine (SVM), and determining, when the judgment result indicates that a cut change exists between the two frames of images, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the video shot boundary detection process comprises a video shot gradual change detection process, and wherein, the determining, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the frame difference value between the two image frames, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence comprises: obtaining, when it is determined that the frame difference value between the two image frames is greater than a six threshold value and is smaller than a seven threshold value, subsequent image frames of the two image frames; calculating the frame difference value between pairwise image frames of the subsequent image frames until the frame difference value between the pairwise image frames is smaller than the six threshold value; and calculating a sum of the frame difference values, and determining, when the sum is greater than the seventh threshold value, that a gradual change exists in the video image sequence and a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 18. A face detection device, comprising: an acquisition unit configured to acquire a video image sequence; a first detection unit configured to perform a video shot boundary detection process on the video image sequence to determine whether a shot change exists in the video image sequence to obtain a first judgment result; and a determination unit configured to determine, when the first judgment result indicates that a shot change exists in the video image sequence, that face detection has failed. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the first detection unit is further configured to: perform an image feature extraction on the video image sequence in an image feature extraction region to obtain image feature vectors; calculate a similarity or frame difference value based on the image feature vectors of two image frames to determine content continuity of the two image frames; and determine, when it is determined that the two image frames are discontinuous in content according to the similarity or frame difference value, that a shot change exists in the video image sequence. 20. The device according to claim 19, wherein the image feature extraction region comprises any one of: a single pixel feature extraction region, a pixel block feature extraction region, or a complete frame image feature extraction region.",
-    "A method for patterning a light transmitting electrically conductive member uses a light transmitting laminate material in which an electrically conductive layer including an overcoat layer and silver nanowires embedded therein is formed on a surface of a light transmitting base film and includes a step of treating a surface of the electrically conductive layer which is not covered with a resist layer using an iodine solution to at least partially iodize the silver nanowires and a step of applying a thiosulfate solution to the surface of the electrically conductive layer which is not covered with the resist layer to remove a silver iodide exposed to a surface of the overcoat layer. Since a white cloudy or a whitened silver iodide is removed, the optical transmission characteristics of the non-electrically conductive region can be improved. 1. A light transmitting electrically conductive member comprising: a light transmitting base material; and an electrically conductive layer which includes an overcoat layer and silver nanowires embedded therein and which is provided on a surface of the light transmitting base material, wherein the electrically conductive layer is partitioned into an electrically conductive region and a non-electrically conductive region having a high surface resistivity as compared to that of the electrically conductive region, and in the non-electrically conductive region, the silver nanowires embedded in the overcoat layer are at least partially iodized, and a silver iodide is not exposed to a surface of the overcoat layer in the non-electrically conductive region. 2. A light transmitting electrically conductive member comprising: a light transmitting base material; and an electrically conductive layer which includes an overcoat layer and silver nanowires embedded therein and which is provided on a surface of the light transmitting base material, wherein the electrically conductive layer is partitioned into an electrically conductive region and a non-electrically conductive region having a high surface resistivity as compared to that of the electrically conductive region, and in the non-electrically conductive region, the silver nanowires embedded in the overcoat layer are at least partially iodized, and the amount of a silver iodide exposed to the surface of the overcoat layer in the non-electrically conductive region is small as compared to the amount of silver nanowires exposed to a surface of the overcoat layer in the electrically conductive region. 3. A method for patterning a light transmitting electrically conductive member, the method using a light transmitting laminate material in which an electrically conductive layer including an overcoat layer and silver nanowires embedded therein is formed on a surface of a light transmitting base material, and the method comprising: covering a part of the electrically conductive layer with a resist layer; treating a surface of the electrically conductive layer which is not covered with the resist layer using an iodine solution to at least partially iodize the silver nanowires; and applying a thiosulfate solution to the surface of the electrically conductive layer which is not covered with the resist layer to remove a silver iodide exposed to a surface of the overcoat layer. 4. The method for patterning a light transmitting electrically conductive member according to claim 3, wherein the iodine solution is an iodine-potassium iodine solution. 5. The method for patterning a light transmitting electrically conductive member according to claim 4, wherein in the iodine-potassium iodine solution, the concentration of iodine is 0.05 to 1.0 percent by mass, and the concentration of potassium iodine is 0.1 to 5.0 percent by mass. 6. The method for patterning a light transmitting electrically conductive member according to claim 3, wherein the thiosulfate solution is a sodium thiosulfate solution. 7. The method for patterning a light transmitting electrically conductive member according to claim 6, wherein the concentration of sodium thiosulfate is 1.0 to 25 percent by mass.",
-    "Methods, apparatus and systems for collecting thin tissue samples for imaging. Thin tissue sections may be cut from tissue samples using a microtome-quality knife. In one example, tissue samples are mounted to a substrate that is rotated such that thin tissue sections are acquired via lathing. Collection of thin tissue sections may be facilitated by a conveyor belt. Thin tissue sections may be mounted to a thin substrate (e.g., by adhering thin tissue sections to a thin substrate via a roller mechanism) that may be imaged, for example, by an electron beam (e.g., in an electron microscope). Thin tissue sections may be strengthened before cutting via a blockface thinfilm deposition technique and/or a blockface taping technique. An automated reel-to-reel imaging technique may be employed for collected/mounted tissue sections to facilitate random-access imaging of tissue sections and maintaining a comprehensive library including a large volume of samples. 1. An apparatus for processing a tissue sample, the apparatus comprising: a support tape having a surface upon which to support a thin tissue section, the support tape adapted for electron microscopy; a conveyor portion constructed and arranged to automatically guide the support tape having the thin tissue section disposed thereon from a first location toward a second location; and a collection portion for collecting the support tape and the thin tissue section from the conveyor region. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the collection portion comprises a take-up reel for collecting the support tape and the thin tissue section. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the support tape is conductive. 4. A system for processing a tissue sample, the system comprising: a cutting surface for contacting the tissue sample so as to liberate a thin tissue section that includes at least a portion of the tissue sample; a water bath constructed and arranged to contain water having a surface for supporting the thin tissue section; a support tape for collecting the thin tissue section from the surface of the water on to the support tape, the support tape adapted for electron microscopy; and a conveyor device upon which the support tape is disposed having a conveyor surface for automatically guiding the support tape and the thin tissue section toward a collection portion. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the collection portion comprises a take-up reel for collecting the support tape and the thin tissue section. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the support tape is conductive. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein the surface of the support tape is adapted to support a plurality of thin tissue sections. 8. The system of claim 4, wherein the thin tissue section is less than 1 micron in thickness. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the thin tissue section is between about 100 nm and about 1 micron in thickness. 10. The system of claim 4, wherein the cutting surface comprises an ultramicrotome-quality knife.",
-    "A method of forming a roll of convolutely wound web material. The method includes winding web material around an elongated mandrel to form a roll of convolutely wound web material. The mandrel is substantially axially elastic and formed of material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0%, and more preferably 2.5%. The mandrel is preferably radially complaint. The method further includes removing the mandrel from the roll. A further method includes winding web material around an elongated mandrel to form a roll of convolutely wound web material, the mandrel being comprised of material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0%, and then longitudinally elongating the mandrel. 1. A method of forming a roll of convolutely wound web material comprising the steps of: a) winding web material around an elongated mandrel to form a roll of convolutely wound web material, the mandrel being substantially axially elastic and comprised of material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0%; and b) removing the mandrel from the roll. 2. The method of claim 1 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% has at least one of the following properties: a) a glass transition temperature less than 60\u00b0 F.; b) a mass density (g/cc) less than 1.50; c) a tensile elastic modulus less than 2,000,000 psi; d) a tensile yield strength less than 50,000 psi; e) a structure (% crystallinity) greater than 25; f) a Poisson's ratio greater than 0.30. 3. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is moved longitudinally during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 4. The method of claim 1 in which the roll is moved longitudinally during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 5. The method of claim 1 including the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally after the step of winding web material around the mandrel. 6. The method of claim 5 in which the mandrel longitudinally elongates during the step of pulling the mandrel. 7. The method of claim 5 in which said mandrel has two ends and the step of pulling the mandrel is performed by pulling one end of the mandrel. 8. The method of claim 7 including the step of pushing the other end of the mandrel when said one end is pulled. 9. The method of claim 5 in which said mandrel has two ends and the step of pulling the mandrel is performed by pulling both ends of the mandrel. 10. The method of claim 1 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% has a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.5%. 11. The method of claim 1 in which the longitudinal dimension of said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% increases during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 12. The method of claim 1 in which the transverse dimension of said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% decreases during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 13. The method of claim 1 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% is flexible and elastic. 14. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is radially compliant. 15. The method of claim 1 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% is thermoplastic. 16. The method of claim 1 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% is HDPE. 17. The method of claim 1 in which the material of the mandrel is homogeneous. 18. The method of claim 1 including the step of recirculating the mandrel after the mandrel is removed from the roll of web material and using the mandrel to repeat steps a) and b). 19. The method of claim 5 in which the outer periphery of the roll is restrained from moving axially when the mandrel is pulled longitudinally. 20. The method of claim 1 including the step of applying adhesive longitudinally on the mandrel before winding the web around the mandrel. 21. The method of claim 20 in which the mandrel is rotated relative to the roll during the step of winding the web around the mandrel. 22. The method of claim 21 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll smears the adhesive in a circumferential direction. 23. The method of claim 20 in which the mandrel is rotated relative to the roll before the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 24. The method of claim 23 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll smears the adhesive in a circumferential direction. 25. The method of claim 20 in which the mandrel is rotated relative to the roll during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 26. The method of claim 25 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll smears the adhesive in a circumferential direction. 27. The method of claim 5 including the step of applying adhesive longitudinally on the mandrel before winding the web around the mandrel. 28. The method of claim 27 in which the mandrel is rotated relative to the roll during the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally. 29. The method of claim 28 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll smears the adhesive in a circumferential direction. 30. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is tubular and the step of removing the mandrel from the roll includes: inserting a rigid shaft inside of the tubular mandrel; and moving a plurality of clamps which are spaced apart circumferentially around the outside of the mandrel radially inwardly to clamp portions of the mandrel against the rigid shaft. 31. The method of claim 30 in which the step of moving the clamps radially inwardly to clamp portions of the mandrel against the shaft causes the mandrel to elastically deform into lobes between the clamps. 32. The method of claim 5 in which the mandrel is tubular and the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally includes: inserting a rigid shaft inside of the tubular mandrel; moving a plurality of clamps which are spaced apart circumferentially around the outside of the mandrel radially inwardly to clamp portions of the mandrel against the rigid shaft; and moving the clamps and the rigid shaft longitudinally to pull the mandrel longitudinally. 33. The method of claim 32 in which the step of moving the clamps radially inwardly to clamp portions of the mandrel against the shaft causes the mandrel to elastically deform into lobes between the clamps. 34. A method of forming a roll of convolutely wound web material comprising the steps of: a) winding web material around an elongated mandrel to form a roll of convolutely wound web material, the mandrel being comprised of material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0%; b) longitudinally elongating the mandrel; and c) removing the mandrel from the roll. 35. The method of claim 34 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% has at least one of the following properties: a) a glass transition temperature less than 60\u00b0 F.; b) a mass density (g/cc) less than 1.50; c) a tensile elastic modulus less than 2,000,000 psi; d) a tensile yield strength less than 50,000 psi; e) a structure (% crystallinity) greater than 25; f) a Poisson's ratio greater than 0.30. 36. The method of claim 34 in which the mandrel is moved longitudinally during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 37. The method of claim 34 in which the roll is moved longitudinally during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 38. The method of claim 34 including the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally after the step of winding web material around the mandrel. 39. The method of claim 38 in which the mandrel longitudinally elongates during the step of pulling the mandrel. 40. The method of claim 34 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% has a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.5%. 41. The method of claim 34 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% is flexible and elastic. 42. The method of claim 34 in which the mandrel is radially compliant. 43. The method of claim 34 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% is thermoplastic. 44. The method of claim 34 in which said material having a tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0% is HDPE. 45. The method of claim 34 in which the material of the mandrel is homogeneous. 46. The method of claim 38 in which the outer periphery of the roll is restrained from moving axially when the mandrel is pulled longitudinally. 47. The method of claim 34 including the step of recirculating the mandrel after the mandrel is removed from the roll of web material and using the mandrel to repeat steps a), b), and c). 48. The method of claim 34 in which the mandrel is substantially axially elastic.",
-    "An undulator with a compact construction is provided that reduces weight, complexity and cost. The compact undulator system and methods provides mechanical integrity without compromising magnetic field quality. 1. A magnet array of an undulator system, comprising: a base plate; a holder fastened to the base plate; a magnetized permanent magnet soldered to the holder; and a ferromagnetic material arranged around the magnetized permanent magnet only when soldering the magnetized permanent magnet to the holder. 2. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 1 further comprising a cooling element attached to the base plate for controlling temperature of the magnet array. 3. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 1 further comprising a driving mechanism for moving the magnet array to control magnetic field strength of the undulator. 4. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim herein the holder comprises a copper material. 5. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 1 wherein the magnetized permanent magnet is a neodymium magnet. 6. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic material is arranged to completely cover at least three sides of the magnetized permanent magnet. 7. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic material is arranged to form a top section, a side section and a bottom section. 8. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 7 wherein the side section and the bottom section are made of a unitary body. 9. The magnet array of the undulator system according to claim 7 wherein the top section, the side section and the bottom section are made of a unitary body. 10. A method of fabricating a magnet array comprising the steps: fastening a holder to a base plate; soldering a magnetized permanent magnet to the holder, wherein the soldering step further comprises the steps of: providing an arrangement of ferromagnetic material around the magnetized permanent magnet; applying a high temperature process onto the magnetized permanent magnet; and removing the arrangement of ferromagnetic material from around the magnetized permanent magnet. 11. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 10 further comprising the step of attaching a cooling element to the base plate for controlling temperature of the magnet array. 12. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 10 further comprising the step of moving by a driving mechanism the magnet array to control magnetic field strength of the undulator. 13. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 10 wherein the holder comprises a copper material. 14. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 10 wherein the magnetized permanent magnet is a neodymium magnet. 15. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 10 wherein the providing step further comprises the step of arranging the ferromagnetic material to completely cover at least three sides of the magnetized permanent magnet. 16. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 10 wherein the providing step further comprises the step of arranging the ferromagnetic material to form a top section, a side section and a bottom section. 17. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 6 wherein the side section and the bottom section are made of a unitary body. 18. The method of fabricating a magnet array according to claim 16 wherein the top section, the side section and the bottom section are made of a unitary body.",
-    "A system and method for anti-reflective layers is provided. In an embodiment the anti-reflective layer comprises a floating component in order to form a floating region along a top surface of the anti-reflective layer after the anti-reflective layer has dispersed. The floating component may be a floating cross-linking agent, a floating polymer resin, or a floating catalyst. The floating cross-linking agent, the floating polymer resin, or the floating catalyst may comprise a fluorine atom. 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: applying an anti-reflective coating onto a substrate, the anti-reflective coating comprising a first component and a second component, wherein prior to the applying the anti-reflective coating the first component has a constant concentration within the anti-reflective coating; and forming a first region and a second region within the anti-reflective coating, wherein the first region comprises a first concentration of the first component and a second concentration of the second component and wherein the second region comprises a third concentration of the first component and the second concentration of the second component, wherein the first concentration is at least 0.01% and the third concentration is different from the first concentration. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising initiating a cross-linking within the first region after the forming the first region and the second region, wherein the second region has a first height prior to the initiating the cross-linking and has the first height subsequent to the initiating the cross-linking. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first concentration is less than about 10%. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein prior to the applying the anti-reflective coating onto the substrate the anti-reflective coating has a fourth concentration of the first component, the fourth concentration between about 0.01% and about 30%. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the first concentration is less than about 5%. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first region has a thickness of at least 10 \u212b. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising initiating a cross-linking within the first region after the forming the first region and the second region, wherein the second region has a first hydrophilicity prior to the initiating the cross-linking and has the first hydrophilicity after the initiating the cross-linking. 8. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming fins located over a substrate; dispensing a bottom anti-reflective coating onto the fins, wherein the bottom anti-reflective coating is dispensed between the fins and comprises a first concentration of a first component as the bottom anti-reflective coating is dispensed; and forming a floating region within the bottom anti-reflective coating, wherein the floating region has a thickness of at least 10 \u212b and the first component has a second concentration larger than the first concentration within the floating region than a region outside of the floating region, and wherein a second component different from the first component has a constant concentration throughout both the floating region and outside of the floating region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first concentration is between about 0.1% and about 60%. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first concentration is between about 0.01% and about 30%. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the second concentration is between about 0.01 and about 10%. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first component has a third concentration outside of the floating region that is less than about 5%. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising initiating a cross-linking reaction within the floating region after the forming the floating region, wherein the region outside of the floating region experiences no shrinkage during the cross-linking reaction. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising: placing a photoresist onto the floating region after the forming the floating region; and patterning the bottom anti-reflective coating after the placing the photoresist. 15. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: dispensing an anti-reflective material between a first fin and a second fin, wherein the first fin and the second fin comprise semiconductor material; waiting until a first component within the anti-reflective material forms a floating region with a thickness of at least 10 \u212b within the anti-reflective material, wherein the first component has a concentration within the floating region of between about 0.01% to about 10%; applying a photoresist over the floating region; and patterning the anti-reflective material while the photoresist is located over the anti-reflective material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the anti-reflective material has a concentration of the first component of between about 0.01% to about 30% prior to the dispensing the anti-reflective material. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the patterning the anti-reflective material comprises applying a developer to the anti-reflective material. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the patterning the anti-reflective material comprises an etching process. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the anti-reflective material has a concentration of the first component of between about 0.01% to about 60% prior to the dispensing the anti-reflective material and wherein the first component is a floating polymer. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first component has a concentration outside of the floating region of less than about 5%.",
-    "A paper sizing or coating composition is provided, which includes; a first binder resin, which is compatible with dry toner binder resin; a second binder resin, which is compatible with liquid toner binder resin, and which is different from the first binder resin; a first pigment, which has a BET surface area of from greater than zero to about 35 m2/g; and a second pigment, which has a BET surface area of about 35 m2/g or greater, and which is different from the first pigment. Recording sheets which include the composition, methods of making the composition and recording sheets, and methods for making an image are provided. 1. A sizing or coating composition, comprising: a first binder resin, which is compatible with dry toner binder resin; a second binder resin, which is compatible with liquid toner binder resin, and which is different from the first binder resin; a first pigment, which has a BET surface area of from greater than zero to about 35 m2/g; and a second pigment, which has a BET surface area of about 35 m2/g or greater, and which is different from the first pigment. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first binder resin comprises one or more of a styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, styrene-butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene acrylate latex, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl acetate acrylate copolymer, or a mixture thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second binder resin comprises one or more of a polyethylene acrylic acid copolymer, polyethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, polyethylene imine, or a mixture thereof. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first pigment has a BET surface area of about 1-35 m2/g. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first pigment comprises calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, calcined clay, aluminum trihydrate, titanium dioxide, talc, plastic pigment, ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, amorphous silica, modified calcium carbonate, modified calcined clay, aluminum silicate, zeolite, aluminum oxide, colloidal silica, colloidal alumina slurry, modified calcium carbonate, modified ground calcium carbonate, modified precipitated calcium carbonate, or a mixture thereof. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the first pigment is calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, calcined clay, aluminum trihydrate, talc, plastic pigment, or a mixture thereof. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second pigment has a BET surface area of about 35-700 m2/g. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second pigment comprises calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, calcined clay, aluminum trihydrate, titanium dioxide, talc, plastic pigment, ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, amorphous silica, modified calcium carbonate, modified calcined clay, aluminum silicate, zeolite, aluminum oxide, colloidal silica, colloidal alumina slurry, modified calcium carbonate, modified ground calcium carbonate, modified precipitated calcium carbonate, or a mixture thereof. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the second pigment is amorphous silica, modified calcium carbonate, modified calcined clay, aluminum silicate, zeolite, aluminum oxide, colloidal silica, colloidal alumina slurry, or a mixture thereof. 10. The composition of claim 1, which further comprises one or more of a water soluble divalent metal salt, complexing agent, optical brightening agent, sizing agent, nonreactive sizing agent, reactive sizing agent, internal sizing agent, external sizing agent, stabilizer, modified starch, unmodified starch, defoamer, surfactant, slip agent, dispersant, dye, retention aid, binder, filler, thickener, preservative, solvent, wet strength resin, dry strength resin, alum, pigment, bulking agent, microsphere, pulp fiber, diamide salt, reducing agent, or a mixture thereof. 11. A method for making the composition of claim 1, comprising contacting, in any order: the first binder resin; the second binder resin; the first pigment; and the second pigment, to produce the composition of claim 1. 12. The method of claim 11, which comprises first contacting one or more of the first binder resin; the second binder resin; the first pigment; the second pigment; or a mixture thereof, with a paper or plastic substrate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first contacting is carried out at a size press. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the contacting comprises: contacting the first and second pigments, to produce a pigment mixture; and contacting the pigment mixture with the first binder resin, the second binder resin, or a mixture thereof. 15. A recording sheet, comprising: a sizing or coating composition, comprising a first binder resin, which is compatible with dry toner binder resin; a second binder resin, which is compatible with liquid toner binder resin, and which is different from the first binder resin; a first pigment, which has a BET surface area of from greater than zero to about 35 m2/g; and a second pigment, which has a BET surface area of about 35 m2/g or greater, and which is different from the first pigment; and a paper or plastic substrate in contact with the composition. 16. The recording sheet of claim 15, wherein the composition is comprised within a single layer in contact with the paper or plastic substrate. 17. The recording sheet of claim 15, wherein the composition is comprised within first and second sublayers, the first sublayer being in contact with the paper or plastic substrate and comprising at least one of the first and second binder resins and at least one of the first and second pigments; and the second sublayer being in contact with the first sublayer and comprising at least one of the first and second binder resins. 18. The recording sheet of claim 15, wherein the paper or plastic substrate comprises a front side and a back side, and wherein the composition is in contact with both the front side and the back side. 19. A method for making the recording sheet of claim 15, comprising contacting, in any order: the first binder resin; the second binder resin; the first pigment; the second pigment; or a mixture thereof, and the paper or plastic substrate, to produce the recording sheet of claim 15. 20. A method, comprising: forming an image with a printing apparatus on a surface of a recording sheet, the recording sheet comprising: a sizing or coating composition, comprising a first binder resin, which is compatible with dry toner binder resin; a second binder resin, which is compatible with liquid toner binder resin, and which is different from the first binder resin; a first pigment, which has a BET surface area of from greater than zero to about 35 m2/g; and a second pigment, which has a BET surface area of about 35 m2/g or greater, and which is different from the first pigment; and a paper or plastic substrate in contact with the composition.",
-    "A pressure relief valve system for use in a downhole operation may include a pressure relief valve configured to relieve pressure from high pressure tubing extending between a pump and a wellhead, and may include a sensor operably disposed to detect pressure in the high pressure tubing. The pressure relief valve system also may include a controller having a pressure threshold stored therein. The controller may be configured to receive data from the sensor and compare the detected pressure to the stored pressure threshold. A valve actuation system may be in communication with the pressure relief valve and in communication with the controller. The valve actuation system may be configured to change the state of the pressure relief valve from a closed state to an open state in response to a command signal from the controller. 1. A pressure relief valve system, comprising: a pressure relief valve having a closed state and an open state, wherein the pressure relief valve is configured to relieve pressure from high pressure tubing extending between a pump and a wellhead, and wherein the pressure relief valve is configured to be maintained in the closed state with a pressurized gas from a gas source; a sensor configured to detect pressure in the high pressure tubing; a controller programmable to have a stored pressure threshold, the controller being configured to receive data from the sensor and compare the pressure in the high pressure tubing to the stored pressure threshold; one or more flow pipes, the one or more flow pipes comprising an input portion configured to be connected to the gas source, and an output portion configured to be connected to the pressure relief valve; and at least one of the following: a reducing valve configured to be disposed between the input portion and the output portion, and to adjust the pressure in the output portion based on data from the controller; and a dump valve configured to open so that the state of the pressure relief valve changes from the closed state to the open state. 2. The pressure relief valve system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to emit a command signal, to change the state of the pressure relief valve from the closed state to the open state, when the controller determines that the pressure in the high pressure tubing exceeds the stored pressure threshold. 3. The pressure relief valve system of claim 1, wherein the pressure relief valve system comprises both the dump valve and the reducing valve. 4. The pressure relief valve system of claim 3, further comprising a second controller configured to determine a suitable pressure for the output portion, and to adjust the reducing valve to achieve the suitable pressure in the output portion. 5. The pressure relief valve system of claim 4, wherein the suitable pressure is about 105-150% of a gas pressure threshold that opens the relief valve. 6. The pressure relief valve system of claim 3, further comprising a first pressure transmitter configured to detect pressure of the output portion and a second pressure transmitter configured to detect pressure of the input portion. 7. The pressure relief valve system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to emit a command signal, to change the state of the pressure relief valve from the closed state to the open state, when the controller determines that a nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over a predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold. 8. The pressure relief valve system of claim 7, wherein the controller is configured to determine that the nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold by averaging the pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time and comparing the average pressure to the stored pressure threshold. 9. The pressure relief valve system of claim 7, wherein the controller is configured to determine that the nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold by detecting that the pressure in the high pressure tubing exceeds the stored pressure threshold, starting an internal timer that runs for the predetermined increment of time, and detecting that the pressure in the high pressure tubing continues to exceed the stored pressure threshold at the conclusion of the predetermined increment of time. 10. A pressure relief valve system, comprising: a pressure relief valve configured to relieve pressure from high pressure tubing extending between a pump and a wellhead; a sensor configured to detect pressure in the high pressure tubing; and a controller programmable to have a stored pressure threshold, the controller being configured to receive data from the sensor and compare the detected pressure to the stored pressure threshold; wherein the pressure relief valve is configured to change from a closed state to an open state in response to an emission of a command signal from the controller; and wherein the controller is configured to emit the command signal when the controller determines at least one of the following: that the detected pressure exceeds the stored pressure threshold; and that a nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over a predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold. 11. The pressure relief valve system of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to emit the command signal when the controller determines that the nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold; and wherein the controller is configured to determine that the nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold by averaging the pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time and comparing the average pressure to the stored pressure threshold. 12. The pressure relief valve system of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to emit the command signal when the controller determines that the nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold; and wherein the controller is configured to determine that the nominal pressure in the high pressure tubing over the predetermined increment of time exceeds the stored pressure threshold by detecting that the pressure in the high pressure tubing exceeds the stored pressure threshold, starting an internal timer that runs for the predetermined increment of time, and detecting that the pressure in the high pressure tubing continues to exceed the stored pressure threshold at the conclusion of the predetermined increment of time. 13. The pressure relief valve system of claim 10, further comprising a dump valve configured to receive the command signal from the controller. 14. The pressure relief valve system of claim 10, further comprising: one or more flow pipes, the one or more flow pipes comprising an input portion configured to be connected to a gas source, and an output portion configured to be connected to the pressure relief valve; and a reducing valve configured to be disposed between the input portion and the output portion, and to adjust the pressure in the output portion based on data from the controller. 15. The pressure relief valve system of claim 14, further comprising another controller configured to determine a suitable pressure for the output portion, the another controller configured to adjust the reducing valve to achieve the suitable pressure in the output portion. 16. The pressure relief valve system of claim 15, wherein the suitable pressure is about 105-150% of a gas pressure threshold that opens the relief valve. 17. The pressure relief valve system of claim 14, further comprising a first pressure transmitter configured to detect pressure of the output portion, and a second pressure transmitter configured to detect pressure of the input portion. 18. A system, comprising: means for maintaining a pressure relief valve in a closed state; means for detecting a fluid pressure in a high pressure tube extending between a pump and a wellhead; means for comparing the detected fluid pressure in the high pressure tube to a storable fluid pressure threshold to determine if the fluid pressure in the high pressure tube exceeds the storable fluid pressure threshold; and means for, if the fluid pressure in the high pressure tube exceeds the storable fluid pressure threshold, opening a dump valve until the pressure relief valve changes from the closed state to an open state. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein means for comparing the fluid pressure in the high pressure tube to the storable fluid pressure threshold comprises means for comparing a nominal pressure in the high pressure tube over a predetermined time increment to the storable fluid pressure threshold. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein means for comparing the nominal pressure in the high pressure tube over the predetermined time increment to the storable fluid pressure threshold comprises: means for detecting that the fluid pressure in the high pressure tube exceeds the storable fluid pressure threshold; means for starting an internal timer that runs for the predetermined time increment of time; and means for comparing the pressure in the high pressure tubing to the storable pressure threshold at the conclusion of the predetermined time increment. 21. The system of claim 19, wherein means for comparing the nominal pressure in the high pressure tube over the predetermined time increment to the storable fluid pressure threshold comprises: means for averaging the fluid pressure in the high pressure tube over the predetermined time increment to obtain an average pressure; and means for comparing the average pressure to the fluid pressure threshold.",
-    "Provided herein are piperidine alkaloids and uses thereof in neurological disorders and physical enhancement applications. 1. A method of treating or preventing neurodegenerative disease in a subject comprising identifying a subject at risk for neurodegenerative disease and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a piperidine alkaloid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises an extract of fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) venom. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the piperidine alkaloid comprises the formula wherein R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group having from 7 to 30 carbon atoms. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the piperidine alkaloid comprises 2-methyl-6-alkyl-piperidine. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the piperidine alkaloid is Solenopsin A. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the piperidine alkaloid is selected from the group consisting of cis-2-methyl-6-undecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-undecylpiperidine, cis-2-methyl-6-tridecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-tridecylpiperidine, cis-2-methyl-6-pentadecylpiperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-pentadecylpiperidine, cis-2-methyl-6-(cis-4-tridecen-1-yl)piperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-(cis-4-tridecen-1-yl)piperidine, cis-2-methyl-6-(cis-4-pentadecen-1-yl)piperidine, trans-2-methyl-6-(cis-4-pentadecen-1-yl)piperidine. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the piperidine alkaloid is 2-methyl-6-undecylpiperidine. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered to the subject orally, systemically, or intracranially. 10. A method of treating a subject at risk for Alzheimer's disease comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising a piperidine alkaloid. 11. A method of enhance the physical performance in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising a piperidine alkaloid.",
-    "A multicellular communications system where transmission between a roving subscriber and multiple base station transceivers is maintained throughout the territory. Each mobile subscriber unit has global code seeds for the entire communications system or an updated neighbor list and continuously searches to access available cell base stations while maintaining a communication link with one base station. Candidate cell base stations are interrogated and communicated with. The candidate base station that requires less transmitting energy from the mobile subscriber unit is closely monitored. When the mobile subscriber unit can successfully communicate with less transmit power than currently required by the present base station, the mobile subscriber unit is handed off to the candidate base station transceiver. 1. A subscriber unit comprising: a receiver and a processor configured to receive at least one synchronization code transmitted from a base station; a memory, associated with the processor, configured to store an association between the at least one synchronization code and at least one global pilot code sequence; the processor configured to derive time synchronization information from the received at least one synchronization code; the receiver and the processor further configured to receive a global pilot code sequence of the base station using the derived time synchronization information and to determine the global pilot code sequence using the stored association; and the receiver and the processor further configured to receive a broadcast channel utilizing the determined global pilot code sequence. 2. The subscriber unit of claim 1, wherein: the receiver and the processor are further configured to receive at least one synchronization code transmitted from another base station and to derive a global pilot code sequence of the another base station using the stored association. 3. The subscriber unit of claim 1, further comprising: a transmitter and the processor configured to transmit an access signal to the base station. 4. The subscriber unit of claim 3, wherein the access signal includes a short code. 5. The subscriber unit of claim 3, wherein: the transmitter and the processor are further configured to ramp up a transmission power level of the access signal. 6. A method comprising: receiving, by a subscriber unit, at least one synchronization code transmitted from a base station; deriving, by the subscriber unit, time synchronization information from the received at least one synchronization code; receiving, by the subscriber unit, a global pilot code sequence of the base station using the derived time synchronization information and determining the global pilot code sequence using a stored association between the at least one synchronization code and at least one global pilot code sequence; and receiving, by the subscriber unit, a broadcast channel utilizing the determined global pilot code sequence. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising: receiving, by the subscriber unit, at least one synchronization code transmitted from another base station; and deriving, by the subscriber unit, a global pilot code sequence of the another base station using the stored association. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: transmitting, by the subscriber unit, an access signal to the base station. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the access signal includes a short code. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: ramping up a transmission power level of the access signal.",
-    "A pyrazolopyridine compound according to Formula I, able to inhibit JAK is disclosed, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, a solvate thereof, solvates of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and biologically active metabolites thereof. The compound may be prepared as a pharmaceutical composition, and may be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of a variety of conditions in mammals including humans, and particularly, such conditions as may be associated with aberrant JAK activity, including by way of non-limiting example, allergy, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases, transplant rejection, diseases involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage malformations, and/or diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6. 1. The compound according to Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a solvate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a biologically active metabolite thereof. 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to claim 1. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the carrier is selected from a parenteral carrier, an oral carrier and a topical carrier. 4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2 comprising a further therapeutic agent. 5. A method for the treatment, or prophylaxis of allergy, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases, transplant rejection, diseases involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage malformations, and/or diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6 or interferons, comprising administering an amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, sufficient to effect said treatment, or prophylaxis. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered in combination with a further therapeutic agent. 7. A method for the treatment, or prophylaxis of allergy, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases, transplant rejection, diseases involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage malformations, and/or diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6 or interferons, comprising administering an amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, sufficient to effect said treatment, or prophylaxis. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with a further therapeutic agent. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent for the treatment, or prophylaxis of allergy, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, proliferative diseases, transplant rejection, diseases involving impairment of cartilage turnover, congenital cartilage malformations, and/or diseases associated with hypersecretion of IL6 or interferons. 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2 comprising a further therapeutic agent selected from arthritis treatment agents. 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent selected from analgesics, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). 12. A method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, comprising administering an amount of a compound of claim 1, sufficient to effect said treatment. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said compound is administered in combination with one or more further therapeutic agents selected from arthritis treatment agents. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said compound is administered in combination with one further therapeutic agent selected from arthritis treatment agents. 15. A method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, comprising administering an amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, sufficient to effect said treatment. 16. A method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, comprising administering an amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, sufficient to effect said treatment. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with one or more further therapeutic agents selected from arthritis treatment agents. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with one further therapeutic agent selected from arthritis treatment agents. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the further therapeutic agent is selected from arthritis treatment agents. 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent selected from analgesics, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). 21. The method according to claim 14, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent selected from analgesics, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). 22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent selected from analgesics, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). 23. The method according to claim 18, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent selected from analgesics, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs). 24. The method according to claim 19, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent selected from analgesics, NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and DMARDS (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs).",
-    "Disclosed is a bread board including a metal layer joinable with a magnet, an insulation layer placed on the metal layer, and a plurality of conductive pads placed on the insulation layer, thus allowing a user to intuitively know a circuit connection state of the bread board and to easily form a circuit. 1. A bread board comprising: a metal layer joinable with a magnet; an insulation layer placed on the metal layer; and a plurality of conductive pads placed on the insulation layer. 2. The bread board of claim 1, wherein the metal layer comprises a tin, the insulation layer comprises a synthetic resin, and the conductive pads comprises a nonferrous metal, wherein the metal layer and the insulation layer are directly joined each other. 3. The bread board of claim 1, wherein each width of the plurality of conductive pads is formed in a specific width and an interval between adjacent conductive pads is larger than the specific width. 4. The bread board of claim 3, wherein a jumper wire comprising a magnet terminal is joinable the metal layer joined to the conductive pads. 5. A bread-board specific jumper wire comprising: a magnet terminal; a connection wire configured to conduct an electrical signal with the magnet terminal; and a connection terminal configured to conduct an electric signal with the connection wire. 6. The bread-board specific jumper wire of claim 5, further comprising a solder through which the magnet terminal and the connection wire transfer an electric signal, the solder being made by a low melting-point soldering. 7. The bread-board specific jumper wire of claim 6, wherein the connection wires comprises: a rigid electric wire configured to transfer an electric signal to the solder; and a flexible electric wire configured to transfer an electric signal between the rigid electric wire and the connection terminal. 8. An education kit comprising the bread board of claim 1 and the bread-board specific jumper wire of claim 5.",
-    "Within a secure messaging environment, a determination is made that a request to send a message has been generated by a message sender. A message protection policy configured to process the message within the secure messaging environment is identified. The message protection policy specifies that, within the secure messaging environment, a secured digital certificate, other than a digital certificate of the message sender, is configured with an associated private key to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender. Based upon the message protection policy, a determination is made to digitally sign the message using the private key of the secured digital certificate. The message is signed on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate. 1. A system, comprising: a memory; and a processor programmed to: determine, within a secure messaging environment, that a request to send a message has been generated by a message sender; identify, within the memory, a message protection policy configured to process the message within the secure messaging environment, where the message protection policy specifies that, within the secure messaging environment, a secured digital certificate, other than a digital certificate of the message sender, is configured with an associated private key to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender; determine, based upon the message protection policy, to digitally sign the message using the private key of the secured digital certificate; and sign the message on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate. 2. The system of claim 1, where the processor is further programmed to protect, by the secure messaging environment, the secured digital certificate against access by the message sender. 3. The system of claim 1, where the secured digital certificate comprises at least one of: a digital certificate assigned to a secure messaging component within the secure messaging environment; and a digital certificate managed by the secure messaging component within the secure messaging environment. 4. The system of claim 3, where the secure messaging component comprises one of a queue manager within the secure messaging environment and a data protection module within the secure messaging environment that interfaces with the queue manager. 5. The system of claim 1, where the message protection policy further specifies that a plurality of secured digital certificates, other than the digital certificate of the message sender, are configured to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender, and the processor is further programmed to: select one of the plurality of secured digital certificates, other than the digital certificate of the message sender, specified within the message protection policy; and where, in being programmed to sign the message on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate, the processor is programmed to: sign the message using a private key of the selected one of the plurality of digital certificates. 6. The system of claim 1, where the message protection policy further specifies that the secured digital certificate is configured to digitally sign messages on behalf of a plurality of message senders, and the processor is further programmed to: sign messages of the plurality of message senders using the private key of the secured digital certificate. 7. A computer program product, comprising: a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, where the computer readable storage medium is not a transitory signal per se and where the computer readable program code when executed on a computer causes the computer to: determine, within a secure messaging environment, that a request to send a message has been generated by a message sender; identify a message protection policy configured to process the message within the secure messaging environment, where the message protection policy specifies that, within the secure messaging environment, a secured digital certificate, other than a digital certificate of the message sender, is configured with an associated private key to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender; determine, based upon the message protection policy, to digitally sign the message using the private key of the secured digital certificate; and sign the message on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate. 8. The computer program product of claim 7, where the computer readable program code when executed on the computer further causes the computer to protect, by the secure messaging environment, the secured digital certificate against access by the message sender. 9. The computer program product of claim 7, where the secured digital certificate comprises at least one of: a digital certificate assigned to a secure messaging component within the secure messaging environment; and a digital certificate managed by the secure messaging component within the secure messaging environment. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, where the secure messaging component comprises one of a queue manager within the secure messaging environment and a data protection module within the secure messaging environment that interfaces with the queue manager. 11. The computer program product of claim 7, where the message protection policy further specifies that a plurality of secured digital certificates, other than the digital certificate of the message sender, are configured to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender, and the computer readable program code when executed on the computer further causes the computer to: select one of the plurality of secured digital certificates, other than the digital certificate of the message sender, specified within the message protection policy; and where in causing the computer to sign the message on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate, the computer readable program code when executed on the computer causes the computer to: sign the message using a private key of the selected one of the plurality of digital certificates. 12. The computer program product of claim 7, where the message protection policy further specifies that the secured digital certificate is configured to digitally sign messages on behalf of a plurality of message senders, and the computer readable program code when executed on the computer further causes the computer to: sign messages of the plurality of message senders using the private key of the secured digital certificate.",
-    "To provide a heat dissipating device which enables the fabrication of a small and highly bright light source unit and a light source unit and a projector which include this heat dissipating device, a heat dissipating device is provided which includes a fixing portion which fixes a first light source, a first heat dissipating portion having a plurality of fins provided on a rear surface side of the fixing portion, a flat plate portion erected from the fixing portion and a second heat dissipating portion having a plurality of fins provided on the flat plate portion. 1. A heat dissipating device comprising: a fixing portion which fixes a first light source; a first heat dissipating portion which has a plurality of fins which are provided on a back surface side of the fixing portion; a flat plate portion which is erected from the fixing portion; and a second heat dissipating portion having a plurality of fins which are provided on the flat plate portion. 2. The heat dissipating device according to claim 1, wherein the fixing portion has a first connecting surface which is connected to a back surface of the first light source and a second connecting surface which is connected to a side surface of the first light source. 3. The heat dissipating device according to claim 2, wherein the flat plate portion is provided near an end portion of the second connecting surface. 4. The heat dissipating device according to claim 2, wherein the first light source is biased towards the second connecting surface by a biasing member. 5. The heat dissipating device according to claim 3, wherein the first light source is biased towards the second connecting surface by a biasing member. 6. The heat dissipating device according to claim 1, wherein the second heat dissipating portion is formed on an upper side of the first heat dissipating portion. 7. The heat dissipating device according to claim 2, wherein the second heat dissipating portion is formed on an upper side of the first heat dissipating portion. 8. The heat dissipating device according to claim 3, wherein the second heat dissipating portion is formed on an upper side of the first heat dissipating portion. 9. The heat dissipating device according to claim 1, wherein first heat dissipating portions are provided at two locations while being spaced apart from each other, and wherein the flat plate portion on which the second heat dissipating portion is provided is provided so as to extend between the first heat dissipating portions which are located at the two locations. 10. The heat dissipating device according to claim 1, wherein the flat plate portion has a duct portion having a U-shaped vertical section. 11. The heat dissipating device according to claim 10, wherein the duct portion has a third heat dissipating portion which has a plurality of fins. 12. The heat dissipating portion according to claim 10, wherein the first light source has a plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements, and wherein a holder which holds the plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements is fixed to the fixing portion. 13. A light source unit comprising: the first light source including the heat dissipating device according to claim 12 which has a holder which holds a plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements. 14. The light source unit according to claim 13, wherein the first light source is provided side by side with a second light source which emits light in a wavelength range which is different from light emitted by the first light source. 15. The light source unit according to claim 14, comprising: a luminescent plate device having a luminous light emitting area which emits luminous light by using light emitted from the first light source as excitation light and a light transmitting area which transmits light emitted from the first light source and which emits light in a wavelength range which is different from light emitted from the first light source and light emitted from the second light source. 16. A projector comprising: the light source unit according to claim 13; a light source side optical system which guides light from the light source unit to a display device; a projection side optical system which projects an image emitted from the display device on to a screen; and a projector control unit which controls the light source unit and the display device.",
-    "The present invention relates to a fusion protein comprising a skin-penetrating peptide, a polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide, a transformant comprising the expression vector, a method for preparing the fusion protein, a cosmetic composition for improving skin conditions, which comprises the fusion protein, and a pharmaceutical composition for external skin use, which comprises the fusion protein. The fusion protein of the invention comprises a skin-penetrating peptide bound to a physiologically active protein. The fusion protein significantly enhances the skin penetration and skin retention of the physiologically active protein while maintaining or enhancing the ability of the physiologically active protein to synthesize a material showing physiologically active effects. Thus, it can be widely used as an active ingredient in functional cosmetic compositions and pharmaceutical compositions for external skin use. 1. A polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises a physiologically active protein, and a skin-penetrating peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the skin-penetrating peptide is bound to the N-terminus of the physiologically active protein. 3. The polynucleotide of claim 2, wherein the skin-penetrating peptide is bound to the N-terminus of the physiologically active protein by a linker. 4. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the physiologically active protein is a hormone or a cytokine. 5. The polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein the hormone is a human growth hormone (hGH). 6. The polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein the hormone is an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 7. The polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein the cytokine is a growth factor. 8. The polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein the growth factor is selected from the group consisting of epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor-b subunit (PDGFb), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). 9. The polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein the growth factor is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 3 to SEQ ID NO: 5. 10. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 9. 11. An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 1. 12. A transformant comprising the expression vector of claim 11. 13. A method for preparing a fusion protein comprising a physiologically active protein, and a skin-penetrating peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) culturing the transformant of claim 12 to obtain a culture product; and (b) recovering the fusion protein from the culture product. 14. A method for improving skin conditions, comprising transdermally administering a composition for improving skin conditions, wherein the composition comprises a fusion protein as an active ingredient, wherein the fusion protein comprises a physiologically active protein, and a skin-penetrating peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the physiologically active protein is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone (hGH), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth facter-b subunit (PDGFb), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).",
-    "A method for protecting application servers from network-based attacks and verifying the security posture of end client systems is disclosed. A trust broker system receives a request from a user agent associated with a client system remote from the trust broker to connect to applications and resources associated with the trust broker. The trust broker system verifies the integrity of the client system and verifies the identity of a user of the client system. The trust broker system then determines the access level permitted to the identified user and based on the access level. The trust broker system establishes a connection with the user agent and transmits session information to the server system. The trust broker system sends the user agent connection information, wherein the connection information enables the requesting user agent to connect to the requested server system. 1. A method for securing communication over a network, comprising: at a trust broker system having one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors: receiving a request from a client system remote from the trust broker system to connect to network applications and resources hosted by a server system, wherein the client system is a stateless client device that retains no network access information from a prior online session; in response to the request to connect with the server system: determining which network applications and resources a user associated with the client system is authorized to access; in accordance with a determination that the user is authorized to access the requested network applications and resources: establishing a connection with the client system; transmitting, to the server system, session information that identifies the client system; and sending the network access information to the client system, wherein the network access information enables the requesting client system to connect to the requested server system for one session, and enables the client system to download, from the server system, instructions for performing one or more tasks associated with the requested network data and services, wherein the downloaded instructions are not permanently stored on the client system and are only retained for the one session. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising verifying an identity of the client system, including determining an identity of the user based on a unique user identifier received from the client system. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein verifying the identity of the client system includes: receiving a generated system fingerprint for the client system; and determining, based on the generated system fingerprint, a specific device that is currently executing a user agent computer application, wherein the request to connect to network applications and resources is received from the user agent computer application. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the trust broker system includes a user device database that associates specific users with devices, and wherein verifying the identity of the client system further includes: determining whether the identified user is associated with the determined specific device currently executing the user agent computer application. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein verifying the identity of the client system includes: determining a geographic location of the client system; retrieving a list of authorized regions within which the client system is authorized to operate; and determining whether the list of authorized regions includes the geographic location of the client system, wherein sending the user agent the network access information is in accordance with a determination that the list of authorized regions includes the geographic location of the client system. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the server system and the trust broker system are components in a secure network. 7. The method of claim 1, further including: identifying a first virtual domain of a plurality of virtual domains, wherein: each virtual domain provides a respective logical set of network applications and resources, distinct from other virtual domains, wherein a respective logical set of network applications and information corresponds to a subset of network resources provided by the server system, and the first virtual domain provides the requested network applications and services; wherein determining which network applications and resources the identified user is authorized to access includes: retrieving stored permissions of the user associated with the client system; and determining, based on the stored permissions associated with the user, that the user is permitted to access the first virtual domain. 8. An electronic device for securing communication over a network, wherein the electronic device comprises a trust broker system, comprising: one or more processors; memory storing one or more programs to be executed by the one or more processors; the one or more programs comprising instructions for: receiving a request from a client system remote from the trust broker system to connect to network applications and resources hosted by a server system, wherein the client system is a stateless client device that retains no network access information from a prior online session; in response to the request to connect with the server system: determining which network applications and resources a user associated with the client system is authorized to access; in accordance with a determination that the user is authorized to access the requested network applications and resources: establishing a connection with the client system; transmitting, to the server system, session information that identifies the client system; and sending the network access information to the client system, wherein the network access information enables the requesting client system to connect to the requested server system for one session, and enables the client system to download, from the server system, instructions for performing one or more tasks associated with the requested network data and services, wherein the downloaded instructions are not permanently stored on the client system and are only retained for the one session. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the user of a client system further include instructions for verifying an identity of the client system, including determining an identity of the user based on a unique user identifier received from the client system. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the client system further include instructions for: receiving a generated system fingerprint for the client system; and determining, based on the generated system fingerprint, a specific device that is currently executing a user agent computer application, wherein the request to connect to network applications and resources is received from the user agent computer application. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the trust broker system includes a user device database that associates specific users with devices, and wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the client system further include instructions for: determining whether the identified user is associated with the determined specific device currently executing the user agent computer application. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the client system include instructions for: determining a geographic location of the client system; retrieving a list of authorized regions within which the client system is authorized to operate; and determining whether the list of authorized regions includes the geographic location of the client system, wherein sending the user agent the network access information is in accordance with a determination that the list of authorized regions includes the geographic location of the client system. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the server system and the trust broker system are components in a secure network. 14. The device of claim 8, further including instructions for: identifying a first virtual domain of a plurality of virtual domains, wherein: each virtual domain provides a respective logical set of network applications and resources, distinct from other virtual domains, wherein a respective logical set of network applications and information corresponds to a subset of network resources provided by the server system, and the first virtual domain provides the requested network applications and services; wherein determining which network applications and resources the identified user is authorized to access includes: retrieving stored permissions of the user associated with the client system; and determining, based on the stored permissions associated with the user, that the user is permitted to access the first virtual domain. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured for execution by an electronic device, wherein the electronic device comprises a trust broker system, the one or more programs comprising instructions for: receiving a request from a client system remote from the trust broker system to connect to network applications and resources hosted by a server system, wherein the client system is a stateless client device that retains no network access information from a prior online session; in response to the request to connect with the server system: determining which network applications and resources a user associated with the client system is authorized to access; in accordance with a determination that the user is authorized to access the requested network applications and resources: establishing a connection with the client system; transmitting, to the server system, session information that identifies the client system; and sending the network access information to the client system, wherein the network access information enables the requesting client system to connect to the requested server system for one session, and enables the client system to download, from the server system, instructions for performing one or more tasks associated with the requested network data and services, wherein the downloaded instructions are not permanently stored on the client system and are only retained for the one session. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the user of a client system further include instructions for verifying an identity of the client system, including determining an identity of the user based on a unique user identifier received from the client system. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the client system further include instructions for: receiving a generated system fingerprint for the client system; and determining, based on the generated system fingerprint, a specific device that is currently executing a user agent computer application, wherein the request to connect to network applications and resources is received from the user agent computer application. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the trust broker system includes a user device database that associates specific users with devices, and wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the client system further include instructions for: determining whether the identified user is associated with the determined specific device currently executing the user agent computer application. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions for verifying the identity of the client system include instructions for: determining a geographic location of the client system; retrieving a list of authorized regions within which the client system is authorized to operate; and determining whether the list of authorized regions includes the geographic location of the client system, wherein sending the user agent the network access information is in accordance with a determination that the list of authorized regions includes the geographic location of the client system. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, further including instructions for: identifying a first virtual domain of a plurality of virtual domains, wherein: each virtual domain provides a respective logical set of network applications and resources, distinct from other virtual domains, wherein a respective logical set of network applications and information corresponds to a subset of network resources provided by the server system, and the first virtual domain provides the requested network applications and services; wherein determining which network applications and resources the identified user is authorized to access includes: retrieving stored permissions of the user associated with the client system; and determining, based on the stored permissions associated with the user, that the user is permitted to access the first virtual domain.",
-    "Mode size converter includes a first coupler having a signal waveguide that has a first inverse taper portion and an intermediate waveguide that overlaps the first inverse taper portion. The intermediate waveguide has a refractive index that is less than a refractive index of the signal waveguide. The mode size converter also include a second coupler having the intermediate waveguide and an overlay waveguide. The intermediate waveguide has a second inverse taper portion. The overlay waveguide overlaps the second inverse taper portion. The overlay waveguide has a refractive index that is less than the refractive index of the intermediate waveguide. The first and second couplers are configured to change a mode size of light propagating through the mode size converter. The mode size of the light through the overlay waveguide is configured to match a mode size of a single-mode fiber. 1. A mode size converter comprising: a first coupler including a signal waveguide that has a first inverse taper portion and an intermediate waveguide that overlaps the first inverse taper portion, the intermediate waveguide having a refractive index that is less than a refractive index of the signal waveguide; and a second coupler including the intermediate waveguide and an overlay waveguide, the intermediate waveguide having a second inverse taper portion, the overlay waveguide overlapping the second inverse taper portion, the overlay waveguide having a refractive index that is less than the refractive index of the intermediate waveguide, the first and second couplers configured to change a mode size of light propagating through the mode size converter, the mode size of the light propagating through the overlay waveguide being configured to match a mode size of a single-mode fiber. 2. The mode size converter of claim 1, wherein the overlay waveguide has an exterior that is configured to abut the single-mode fiber. 3. The mode size converter of claim 2, wherein the intermediate waveguide has a distal end, the distal end of the intermediate waveguide and the end face of the overlay waveguide having a gap therebetween, the overlay waveguide filling the gap. 4. The mode size converter of claim 1, wherein the overlay waveguide constitutes a waveguide core, the mode size converter further comprising a cladding that surrounds the waveguide core. 5. The mode size converter of claim 1, wherein the first inverse taper portion has a distal end, the distal end having a width that is measured transverse to a light-propagation direction, the width being at least 90 nanometers (nm). 6. The mode size converter of claim 1, wherein the intermediate waveguide has a guide segment that is coupled to the second inverse taper portion, the guide segment having a cross-section taken transverse to a light-propagation direction that is essentially uniform through the guide segment, the second inverse taper portion having a cross-section that reduces as the second inverse taper portion extends away from the guide segment to a distal end of the intermediate waveguide, wherein the guide segment overlaps the first inverse taper portion of the signal waveguide. 7. The mode size converter of claim 1, wherein the first and second inverse taper portions do not overlap each other. 8. An optical device comprising: a first coupler including a signal waveguide that has a first inverse taper portion and an intermediate waveguide that overlaps the first inverse taper portion, the intermediate waveguide having a refractive index that is less than a refractive index of the signal waveguide; a second coupler including the intermediate waveguide and an overlay waveguide, the intermediate waveguide having a second inverse taper portion, the overlay waveguide overlapping the second inverse taper portion, the overlay waveguide having a refractive index that is less than the refractive index of the intermediate waveguide, wherein the first and second couplers form a mode size converter that is configured to change a mode size of light propagating therethrough; and a fiber support having a fiber-receiving channel that is configured to hold an optical fiber for communicating with the mode size converter, the fiber support being held in a fixed position with respect to the mode size converter. 9. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the overlay waveguide has an end face that is configured to abut the optical fiber when the optical fiber is disposed in the fiber-receiving channel, the mode size of the light through the overlay waveguide being configured to match a mode size of the optical fiber. 10. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the overlay waveguide is a waveguide core, the mode size converter further comprising a cladding that surrounds the waveguide core. 11. The optical device of claim 10, wherein the waveguide core and the cladding form a converter face that is configured to abut the optical fiber. 12. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the first inverse taper portion has a distal end, the distal end having a width that is measured transverse to a light-propagation direction, the width being at least 90 nanometers (nm). 13. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the intermediate waveguide has a guide segment that is coupled to the second inverse taper portion, the guide segment having a cross-section taken transverse to a light-propagation direction that is essentially uniform through the guide segment, the second inverse taper portion having a cross-section that reduces as the second inverse taper portion extends away from the guide segment to a distal end of the intermediate waveguide, wherein the guide segment overlaps the first inverse taper portion of the signal waveguide. 14. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the first and second inverse taper portions do not overlap each other. 15. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the fiber-receiving channel is sized and shaped to receive a single-mode fiber. 16. A mode size converter having a first end and a second end, the mode size converter comprising: a silicon waveguide having an inverse taper from the first end; a silicon nitride waveguide having an inverse taper relative to the first end, the silicon nitride waveguide adjacent and substantially parallel to the silicon waveguide, wherein an overlapping of the silicon waveguide and silicon nitride waveguide form a first coupler; and a polymer waveguide comprising a core and a cladding, said core adjacent and substantially parallel to the silicon nitride waveguide, and said cladding formed over said core, wherein an overlapping of the silicon nitride waveguide and the polymer waveguide form a second coupler; and wherein said first coupler and said second coupler are cascaded. 17. The mode size converter of claim 16, wherein a width of the inverse taper of the silicon waveguide goes from about 0.15 \u03bcm to about 0.35 \u03bcm for a length of the inverse taper of the silicon waveguide of about 50-100 \u03bcm. 18. The mode size converter of claim 16, wherein the silicon nitride waveguide tapers from a width of about 0.8-1 \u03bcm at the first end to between about 0.35-0.7 \u03bcm at the second end. 19. The mode size converter of claim 16, wherein the silicon nitride waveguide tapers from a width W1 at the first end to a width W2 over a first distance, then from W2 to a width W3 over a second distance. 20. The mode size converter of claim 16, wherein the silicon nitride waveguide has a height of about 200 nm.",
-    "An oil and gas well gas separator that operates in conjunction with an isolation means and a tail pipe to reduce the pressure gradient of the well fluids flowing up the tailpipe, to thereby reduce the well's producing bottom hole pressure. 1. An apparatus for production of well fluids, including well liquids and well gases, in an oil and gas well having a casing extending down to, and perforated within, an oil and gas formation, and having a pump supported from a tubing string with a pump inlet, the apparatus comprising: a gas separator coupled to deliver well liquids to the pump inlet, and having a well fluid inlet, said separator defining a separation annulus within which well gases rise and are separated from well liquids; a tailpipe having a fluid inlet for receiving formation well fluids that enter the casing through the perforations, and having a fluid outlet coupled to said gas separator well fluid inlet; an isolation means disposed to sealably engage the casing at a location below said separator liquid inlet to thereby provide a pressure seal which isolates the well fluids in the casing above and below said isolation means, and wherein said tailpipe has an internal diameter less than that of said tubing string to thereby reduce a pressure gradient of the well fluids flowing in said tailpipe. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein the pump is set a substantial distance above the formation, to thereby: minimize the multi-phase liquid and gas flow gradient and reduce the oil and gas well producing bottom hole pressure. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, and further comprising: a tubing anchor connected proximate said gas separator to fixedly locate said gas separator and said well fluid outlet of said tail pipe with respect to the casing. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said isolation means is a pack-off assembly. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said isolation means is a packer. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said isolation means is plural diverter cups. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said isolation means is a flow diverter consisting of plural elastomeric discs. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said isolation means is slidably mounted along the vertical axis of the casing. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said separation annulus is formed between said gas separator and the casing. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said isolation means is configured as at least a first disc having an outer diameter selected to fit within an interior diameter of the casing, and having a mounting hole formed there through and sized to engage an exterior surface of said tail pipe. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, and wherein: said oil and gas well has a horizontal portion. 12. A method of producing well fluids, including well liquids and well gases, in an oil and gas well having a casing extending down to, and perforated within, an oil and gas formation, and having a pump supported from a tubing string with a pump inlet, the method comprising the steps of: operating the pump, thereby enabling well liquids to flow into the pump inlet, and inducing flow of the well fluids below the pump, including enabling well fluids to flow from the oil and gas formation, through the perforations, and into the casing; inducing the well fluids to flow up a tailpipe from a fluid inlet located proximate the oil and gas formation, the tailpipe having an internal diameter that is less than the tubing string diameter to thereby reduce the pressure gradient of the well fluids therein as a result of the smaller diameter thereof, and discharging the well fluids from a fluid outlet of a gas separator, which is coupled to an upper end of the tailpipe, into a separation annulus defined by the gas separator and the casing, wherein the well gases rise and are separated from the well liquids that fall, entering a liquid inlet of the gas separator, and coupling separated well liquids from the gas separator into the pump inlet, and isolating the flow of well fluids up the casing from the oil and gas formation by an isolation means disposed to sealably engage the casing at a location below the gas separator liquid inlet. 13. Apparatus for the production of fluid, which includes liquids and gas, from a well having therein a casing that extends from the surface down to a formation that is the source of the fluids and a downhole pump for driving the liquids upward through tubing to the surface, comprising: a gas separator having a fluid inlet, a liquid outlet and a separation annulus wherein gas in the fluid rises and separates from the liquid, said gas separator liquid outlet coupled to the inlet of said pump; a tailpipe having a fluid inlet for receiving said well fluids that have flowed into said casing from said formation and a fluid outlet coupled to said gas separator fluid inlet; an isolator disposed within the casing below said separator to provide a pressure seal to isolate the casing interior region above the isolator from the casing interior region below the isolator, and said tailpipe having an internal diameter less than the diameter of said tubing to provide a lower pressure gradient of said well fluid passing upward through said tailpipe in comparison to a tailpipe having the same internal diameter as that of said tubing. 14. Apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said isolator is a packer. 15. Apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said isolator is mounted to said tailpipe. 16. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said isolator is a packer mounted to said tailpipe. 17. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said isolator primarily comprises polymeric material. 18. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said isolator includes a metal sleeve and a plurality of polymeric cups. 19. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said well has a horizontal portion. 20. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 including a tubing anchor installed in said well within said casing to limit the vertical movement of said isolator with respect to said casing. 21. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 wherein said gas separator comprises an inner barrel and an outer barrel coaxial with said inner barrel, said fluid inlet located at an lower region of said separator, said outer barrel having a liquid inlet at a lower region thereof, said liquid inlet coupled to said gas separator liquid outlet, and said separation annulus defined at least partially by the exterior wall of said outer barrel and the adjacent interior wall of said casing, 22. The apparatus as recited in claim 13 including a tubing anchor connected to said tubing to restrict vertical movement of said pump with respect to said casing. 23. A method for producing fluid, which includes liquids and gas, from a well having therein a casing that extends from the surface down to a formation that is the source of the fluid and a downhole pump within the casing for pushing liquids upward through tubing to the surface, comprising the steps of: receiving said fluid from said formation through perforations in said casing into a bottom hole casing annulus region, driving fluid in said bottom hole casing annulus region upward through a tailpipe which has an inlet in said casing annulus region, said tailpipe having an internal diameter less than the diameter of said tubing such that the pressure gradient of said fluid in said tailpipe is less than the pressure gradient of a tailpipe similarly located and having the same diameter as that of said tubing, receiving said fluid from said tailpipe at the fluid inlet of a gas separator, directing said fluid received at the fluid inlet of said gas separator to a gas separation zone contiguous said separator, said gas rising in said gas separation zone to at least partially separate from said liquid in said fluid, said gas separation zone formed by an isolation member positioned in said casing below said gas separator, said isolation member providing a pressure seal between the gas separation zone and the casing annulus region below said isolation member, transferring said liquid, which remains after said gas has been at least partially separated from said liquid, from said gas separation zone into the inlet of said pump by the upward movement of said pump, and flowing said gas, which has separated from said fluid in said gas separation zone, upward through the casing annulus to the surface. 24. The method recited in claim 23 wherein the step of directing said fluid received at the fluid inlet of the separator includes the steps of driving said fluid from the lower end of said gas separator upward through the interior of said separator to a fluid outlet located at the upper region of said separator and from this fluid outlet into said gas separation zone, and transferring said liquid from said gas separation zone through a liquid inlet at the lower end of said separator and transferring said liquid to the inlet of said pump. 25. An apparatus for the production of well fluids, including liquids and gases, from a horizontal oil well having casing perforated for ingress of the well fluids from an oil bearing formation and a pump coupled to tubing within the casing for extracting liquids from the oil well, the apparatus comprising: a gas separator coupled to receive well fluids from a tailpipe located below said gas separator, wherein said gas separator defines a separation annulus in which the well gases rise and are separated from the well liquids that fall within said separation annulus that is coupled to deliver well liquids to said pump; a packer having pressure seal between said separation annulus above and the casing annulus below, said packer being coupled at the top to said gas separator and the bottom being coupled to a tail pipe, and wherein said tail pipe is coupled at an upper end thereof to said packer and extending downward in the oil well, said tail pipe transfers well fluid to said packer, wherein said tail pipe reduces the well fluid pressure gradient. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, and wherein: said packer further comprises plural locking lugs to engage the casing wall. 27. The apparatus of claim 25, and wherein: said separation annulus is located between said separator and the casing. 28. The apparatus of claim 25, and wherein: said packer is a polymeric pressure isolating member. 29. The apparatus as recited in claim 25 including a tubing anchor installed in said well within said casing to limit the vertical movement of said isolator with respect to said casing. 30. An apparatus for the production of well fluids, including liquids and gases, from an oil well having casing perforated for ingress of the well fluids from an oil bearing formation and a pump coupled to tubing within the casing for extracting liquids from the well, the apparatus comprising: a gas separator coupled to deliver well liquids to an inlet of the pump, said gas separator defining a separation annulus zone between the exterior of said gas separator and an interior wall of the casing adjacent to said gas separator, said gas separator having a fluid inlet at the lower portion thereof and a fluid outlet at an upper portion thereof for transferring well fluid from said gas separator into said separation annulus zone; a tail pipe coupled at an upper end thereof to said gas separator fluid inlet and extending downward in the oil well to receive well fluid in the casing below said gas separator, said tail pipe having a lesser interior diameter than that of said tubing to thereby reduce the pressure gradient for well fluid flow upward through said tail pipe to said gas separator, and a polymeric isolating member mounted to the exterior surface of said tail pipe below said gas separator to provide a pressure seal in the casing annulus. 31. The apparatus of claim 30, and wherein: said polymeric pressure isolating member includes a plurality of coaxial cupped type discs. 32. The apparatus of claim 30, and wherein: said polymeric pressure isolating member includes a steel sleeve, which is in contact with the outer surface of said tail pipe. 33. The apparatus as recited in claim 30 wherein said well has a horizontal portion. 34. The apparatus of claim 30, and wherein: said gas separator includes a inner cylindrical barrel and an outer cylindrical barrel which has a greater diameter than said inner cylindrical barrel and defines an upward fluid flow zone therebetween and said gas separator inlet connected to transfer well fluid from said tail pipe into said upward fluid flow zone, said outer barrel having a fluid outlet at an upper region thereof for transferring well fluid from said upward fluid flow zone into said separation annulus zone. 35. The apparatus of claim 30, and further comprising: a tubing anchor connected to said tubing. 36. The apparatus receited in claim 30 wherein said pressure isolating member is in sliding relation with the interior wall of said casing. 37. An apparatus for the production of well fluids, including liquids and gases, from an oil well having casing perforated for ingress of the well fluids from an oil bearing formation and a pump coupled to tubing within the casing for extracting liquids from the oil well, the apparatus comprising: a gas separator coupled to deliver well liquids to an inlet of the pump, said gas separator defining a separation annulus zone between the exterior of said gas separator and an interior wall of the casing adjacent to said gas separator, said gas separator having a fluid inlet at the lower portion thereof and a fluid outlet at an upper portion thereof for transferring well fluid from said gas separator into said separation annulus zone; a tail pipe coupled at an upper end thereof to said gas separator fluid inlet and extending downward in the oil well to receive well fluid in the casing below said gas separator, said tail pipe for transferring well fluid to said gas separator, and a polymeric pressure isolating member having a center opening with a cylindrical surface wall and an outer periphery edge, said center opening having said tail pipe therein and having said cylindrical surface wall joined to the exterior wall of said tail pipe, said outer periphery edge of said isolating member in sliding relation with the interior wall of the casing, and said isolating member providing a pressure seal between said separation annulus zone and the casing annulus below said isolating member. 38. The apparatus of claim 37, and wherein: said polymeric pressure isolating member includes a plurality of coaxial cupped type discs. 39. The apparatus of claim 37, and wherein: said isolating member cylindrical surface wall is a metal sleeve. 40. The apparatus of claim 37, and wherein: said gas separator includes a inner cylindrical barrel and an outer cylindrical barrel which has a greater diameter than said inner cylindrical barrel and defines an upward fluid flow zone therebetween and said gas separator inlet connected to transfer well fluid from said tail pipe into said upward fluid flow zone, said outer barrel having a fluid outlet at an upper region thereof for transferring well fluid from said upward fluid flow zone into said separation annulus zone. 41. The apparatus of claim 37, and wherein: said tail pipe has a lesser interior diameter than that of said tubing to reduce the pressure gradient for well fluid flow upward through said tail pipe to said gas separator. 42. The apparatus of claim 37, and further comprising: a tubing anchor connected to said tubing. 43. The apparatus as recited in claim 37 wherein said well has a horizontal portion. 44. An apparatus for the production of well fluids, including liquids and gases, from an oil well having casing perforated for ingress of the well fluids from an oil bearing formation and a pump coupled to tubing within the casing for extracting liquids from the oil well, the apparatus comprising: a gas separator having a fluid inlet to receive said well fluid to the upper region of said separator for discharge into a separation annulus zone defined between the exterior of said separator and an interior wall of the casing adjacent to said gas separator and a liquid inlet at a lower region of said separator for receiving liquid from said separation annulus zone for transfer upward to the inlet of said pump; a tail pipe coupled at an upper end thereof to said gas separator fluid inlet and extending downward in the oil well to receive well fluid in the casing below said gas separator, said tail pipe for transferring well fluid to said gas separator, and a polymeric pressure isolating member mounted to the exterior surface of said tail pipe below said gas separator to provide a pressure seal in the casing annulus. 45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said gas separator having an inner cylindrical barrel and outer cylindrical barrel which has a greater diameter than said inner cylindrical barrel and is positioned coaxial with said inner cylindrical barrel to define an upward well fluid flow zone therebetween, said gas separator having a fluid inlet at the lower end thereof for receiving well fluid into said upward well fluid flow zone, said gas separator having a fluid outlet at an upper region of said outer cylindrical barrel for transferring well fluid from said upward well fluid flow zone into said separation annulus zone defined between the exterior of said outer cylindrical barrel and an interior wall of the casing adjacent to said gas separator, a passage at the lower region of said gas separator from said separation annulus zone through said outer and inner cylindrical barrels to transfer liquid from said separation annulus zone into said inner cylindrical barrel, said inner cylindrical barrel connected at the upper end thereof to the inlet of the pump; 46. The apparatus of claim 44, and wherein: said polymeric pressure isolating member includes a plurality of coaxial cupped type discs. 47. The apparatus of claim 44, and wherein: said polymeric pressure isolating member includes a steel sleeve, which is in contact with the outer surface of said tail pipe. 48. The apparatus of claim 44, and wherein: said tail pipe has a lesser interior diameter than that of said tubing to reduce the pressure gradient for well fluid flowing upward through said tail pipe to said gas separator. 49. The apparatus of claim 44, and further comprising: a tubing anchor connected to said tubing. 50. A system for reducing a pressure gradient below an inlet to a pump located by a tubing string in a casing of an oil well, wherein the casing is perforated at a substantially deeper depth than the pump inlet, for the ingress of well fluids including well fluid liquids and well fluid gases thereinto from an oil bearing formation, the system comprising: a gas separator coupled beneath said pump to deliver the well fluid liquids to the pump inlet, wherein said gas separator defines a separation annulus in which the well fluid gases rise and are separated from the well fluid liquids that fall within said separation annulus, and wherein said gas separator has a bottom inlet for receiving well fluids; a tail pipe, fluidly coupled to said bottom inlet of said gas separator, which has a length that extends down the casing to receive well fluids from the area of the oil bearing formation; an isolating member disposed below the separator and adjacent the casing to fluidly isolate said separation annulus located above from the casing annulus located below said isolation member, and wherein said tail pipe having a smaller internal diameter than the tubing string to reduce the pressure gradient of said well fluids in said tail pipe. 51. The system of claim 50 wherein said isolating member is a packer. 52. The system of claim 50, and wherein: said separation annulus is formed between said gas separator and the casing. 53. The system of claim 50, and wherein: said isolating member is a pack-off assembly. 54. The system of claim 50, and wherein: said isolating member is a low pressure flow diverter assembly disposed about said tail pipe. 55. The system of claim 50, and wherein: said isolating member is configured as at least a first disc having an outer diameter selected to fit within an interior diameter of the casing, and having a mounting hole formed there through and sized to engage an exterior surface of said tail pipe. 56. The system of claim 55, and wherein: said isolating member is formed of a polymeric material. 57. The system of claim 55, and wherein: said isolating member is slidably engaged along said tail pipe. 58. The system as recited in claim 50 wherein said well has a horizontal portion. 59. The system as recited in claim 50 including a tubing anchor installed in said well within said casing to limit the vertical movement of said isolator with respect to said casing. 60. A system for reducing a pressure gradient below an inlet to a down hole pump located in a tubing string in a casing of an oil well for increasing petroleum production from the well, wherein the casing is perforated within an oil bearing formation for the ingress of well fluids including well fluid liquids and well fluid gases thereinto, and wherein the down hole pump is located at a depth a considerable distance above the formation, the system comprising: a gas separator coupled beneath said pump to deliver the well fluid liquids to the pump inlet, wherein said gas separator defines a separation annulus in which the well fluid gases rise and are separated from the well fluid liquids that fall within said separation annulus, and wherein said gas separator has a bottom inlet for receiving well fluids; a tail pipe, fluidly coupled to said bottom inlet of said gas separator, which has a length that extends down the casing to receive well fluids from the area of the oil bearing formation; an isolating member disposed below the separator and the casing to fluidly isolate said separation annulus from the casing located below said isolation member, and wherein said tail pipe having a smaller diameter than the tubing string to reduce the pressure gradient of said well fluids in said tail pipe. 61. The system of claim 60, and wherein: said separation annulus is formed between said gas separator and the casing. 62. The system of claim 60, and wherein: said isolating member is a pack-off assembly. 63. The system of claim 60, and wherein: said isolating member is a low pressure flow diverter assembly disposed about said tail pipe. 64. The system of claim 60, and wherein: said isolating member is configured as at least a first disc having an outer diameter selected to fit within an interior diameter of the casing, and having a mounting hole formed there through and sized to engage an exterior surface of said tail pipe. 65. The system of claim 60, and wherein: said isolating member is formed of a polymeric material. 66. The system of claim 60, and wherein: said isolating member is slidably engaged along said tail pipe. 67. The system of claim 60, and further comprising: a tubing anchor coupled to rigidly fix the location of the pump and said gas separator with respect to the casing. 68. The system of claim 60 wherein said isolating member is a packer positioned between said tubing and said casing. 69. A method of producing well fluids, including well liquids and well gases, in an oil and gas well having a casing extending down to, and perforated within, an oil and gas formation, and having a pump with a pump inlet supported from a tubing string at a depth a considerable distance above the oil and gas formation, the method comprising the steps of: operating the pump, thereby enabling well liquids to flow into the pump inlet, and inducing flow of the well fluids below the pump, including enabling well fluids to flow from the oil and gas formation, through the perforations, and into the casing; inducing the well fluids to flow up a tailpipe from a fluid inlet located proximate the oil and gas formation, the tailpipe having an internal diameter that is less than the diameter of the adjacent casing to thereby reduce the pressure gradient of the well fluids therein as a result of the smaller diameter thereof, and separating the well liquids from the well gases by discharging the well fluids from a fluid outlet of a gas separator coupled to an upper end of the tailpipe, and into a separation annulus defined by the gas separator, wherein the well gases rise and are separated from the well liquids that fall, entering a liquid inlet of the gas separator, and coupling separated well liquids from the gas separator into the pump inlet, and isolating the flow of well fluids up the casing from the oil and gas formation by an isolation means disposed to sealably engage the casing at a location below the gas separator liquid inlet. 70. The method of claim 69, and further comprising the step of: defining the separation annulus as an annulus between the gas separator and the casing. 71. The method of claim 69, and further comprising the step of: sliding the isolating member along the tail pipe, thereby accommodating movement of the tailpipe with respect to the casing. 72. A method of producing well fluids, including well liquids and well gases, in an oil and gas well having a casing extending down to, and perforated within, an oil and gas formation, and having a pump with a pump inlet supported from a tubing string, wherein the casing is perforated at a substantially deeper depth than the pump inlet, the method comprising the steps of: operating the pump, thereby enabling well liquids to flow into the pump inlet, and inducing flow of the well fluids below the pump, including enabling well fluids to flow from the oil and gas formation, through the perforations, and into the casing; inducing the well fluids to flow up a tailpipe from a fluid inlet located proximate the oil and gas formation, the tailpipe having an internal diameter that is less than the tubing string internal diameter to thereby reduce the pressure gradient of the well fluids therein as a result of the smaller diameter thereof, and separating the well liquids from the well gases by discharging the well fluids from a fluid outlet of a gas separator coupled to an upper end of the tailpipe, and into a separation annulus defined by the gas separator, wherein the well gases rise and are separated from the well liquids that fall, entering a liquid inlet of the gas separator, and coupling separated well liquids from the gas separator into the pump inlet, and isolating the flow of well fluids up the casing from the oil and gas formation by an isolation means disposed to sealably engage the casing at a location below the gas separator liquid inlet. 73. The method of claim 72, and further comprising the step of: defining the separation annulus as an annulus between the gas separator and the casing. 74. The method of claim 72, and further comprising the step of: sliding the isolating member along the tail pipe, thereby accommodating movement of the tailpipe with respect to the casing. 75. The method of claim 72 wherein the step of isolating the flow of well liquids up the casing further comprises isolating the flow of well liquids up the casing by means of a packer connected to said tubing. 76. The method of claim 72 further including the step of restricting movement of said pump by a tubing anchor connected to said tubing and contacting said casing and located proximate said pump.",
-    "A method and an apparatus for allocating a transmission time for a bi-directional relay are proposed. In a bi-directional relay system in which bi-directional communication is performed between a first node and a second node, basic parameters for transmission time allocation are acquired, where the basic parameters include a first transmission power of a signal transmitted from the first node and a second transmission power of a signal transmitted from the second node. A plurality of intersecting times at which sums of transmission rates for nodes become equal are calculated by using the basic parameters, and a transmission time is allocated based on the plurality of the intersecting times, the first transmission power, and the second transmission power. 1. A method for allocating a transmission time in a bi-directional relay system in which bi-directional communication is performed between a first node and a second node through a relay, comprising: acquiring basic parameters for transmission time allocation, where the basic parameters include a first transmission power of a signal transmitted from the first node and a second transmission power of a signal transmitted from the second node; calculating a plurality of intersecting times at which sums of transmission rates for nodes become equal by using the basic parameters; and allocating a transmission time based on the plurality of the intersecting times, the first transmission power, and the second transmission power. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises determining a transmission time and then allocating a first final transmission time and a second final transmission time based on the determined transmission time, wherein the first final transmission corresponds to a first time duration in which a signal from the first node is transmitted to the relay and a signal from the second node to the relay and the second final transmission time corresponds to a second time duration in which the relay processes received signals and transmits them to the first node and the second node. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of intersecting times include a first intersecting time, a second intersecting time, and a third intersecting time based on a time at which a sum of transmission rates between the first node and the relay and a sum of transmission rates between the second node and the relay become equal. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the allocating of transmission times comprises: comparing the first intersecting time with the second intersecting time; comparing the first transmission power with the third transmission power or the second transmission power with the third transmission power based on the results of the comparison of intersecting times; and allocating transmission time by using the results of the comparison of intersecting times or the results of the comparison of transmission powers. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the comparing the first transmission power comprises comparing the first transmission power and the third transmission power when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises determining the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the first transmission power is greater than the third transmission power. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises determining a time between the second intersecting time and the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the first transmission power is the same as the third transmission power. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises determining the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the third transmission power is greater than the first transmission power. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises determining the first intersecting time or the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is the same as the second intersecting time. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the comparing the first transmission power comprises comparing the second transmission power with the third transmission power when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises allocating the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the second transmission power is greater than the third transmission power. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises allocating a time between the first intersecting time and the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the second transmission power is the same as the third transmission power. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the allocating of a transmission time comprises allocating the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the third transmission power is greater than the second transmission power. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining of a transmission time allocates the determined transmission time as the first final transmission time, and allocates the second final transmission time based on the first final transmission time, where a condition of the second final transmission time=1\u2014the first final transmission time is satisfied. 15. The method of claim 3, wherein the basic parameters include a first channel coefficient for a channel between the first source node and the relay and a second channel coefficient for a channel between the second source node and the relay, and the sum of transmission rates includes a first sum of transmission rates, a second sum of transmission rates, a third sum of transmission rates, and a fourth sum of transmission rates, wherein the first intersecting time represents a time when a point at which the second sum of transmission rates and the fourth sum of transmission rates intersect and a point at which the third sum of transmission rates and the first sum of transmission rates intersect are the same, and the second intersecting time represents a time when a point at which the second sum of transmission rates and the first sum of transmission rates intersect and a point at which the third sum of transmission rates and the fourth sum of transmission rates intersect are the same, wherein the first sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the first node to the relay and a transmission rate from the second node to the relay, the second sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the first node to the relay and a transmission rate from the relay to the first node, the third sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the second node to the relay and a transmission rate from the relay to the second node, and the fourth sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the relay to the second node and a transmission rate from the relay to the first node. 16. An apparatus for allocating a transmission time in a bi-directional relay system in which bi-directional communication is performed between a first node and a second node through a relay, comprising: a wireless frequency converter configured to transmit/receive a signal through an antenna; and a processor connected to the wireless frequency converter and configured to process transmission time allocation, wherein the processor comprises: a parameter acquiring processor configured to acquire basic parameters for transmission time allocation, where the basic parameters include a first transmission power of a signal transmitted from the first node, a second transmission power of a signal transmitted from the second node, a first channel coefficient for a channel between the first source node and the relay, and a second channel coefficient for a channel between the second source node and the relay; an intersecting time calculator configured to calculate a plurality of intersecting times at which sums of transmission rates for nodes become equal by using the basic parameter; a first comparison processor configured to compare a first intersecting time with a second intersecting time; a second comparison processor configured to compare the first transmission power and the third transmission power or to compare the second transmission power and the third transmission power based on the results of the comparison by the first comparison processor; and a transmission time allocation processor configured to allocate a transmission time based on the results of the comparison by the first comparison processor or the results of the comparison by the second comparison processor. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine a transmission time and then allocate a first final transmission time and a second final transmission time based on the determined transmission time, wherein the first final transmission corresponds to a first time duration in which a signal from the first node is transmitted to the relay and a signal from the second node is transmitted to the relay, the second final transmission time corresponds to a second time duration in which the relay processes received signals and transmits them to the first node and the second node, and a condition of the second final transmission time=1\u2014the first final transmission time is satisfied. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the first node to the relay and a transmission rate from the second node to the relay, the second sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the first node to the relay and a transmission rate from the relay to the first node, the third sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the second node to the relay and a transmission rate from the relay to the second node, and the fourth sum of transmission rates represents a sum of a transmission rate from the relay to the second node and a transmission rate from the relay to the first node. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time and the first transmission power is greater than the third transmission power, the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine a time between the second intersecting time and the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time and the first transmission power is the same as the third transmission power, and the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time and the third transmission power is greater than the first transmission power. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine the first intersecting time or the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is the same as the second intersecting time, the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine the second intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time and the second transmission power is greater than the third transmission power, the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine a time between the second intersecting time and the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time and the second transmission power is the same as the third transmission power, and the transmission time allocation processor is configured to determine the first intersecting time as a transmission time when the first intersecting time is greater than the second intersecting time and the third transmission power is greater than the second transmission power.",
-    "A mechanism is provided in a non-volatile memory controller for reducing read access latency by straddling pages across non-volatile memory channels. Responsive to a request to write a logical page to a non-volatile memory array, the non-volatile memory controller determines whether the logical page fits into a current physical page. Responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page, the non-volatile memory controller writes a first portion of the logical page to a first physical page in a first block and writes a second portion of the logical page to a second physical page in a second block. The first physical page and the second physical page are on different non-volatile memory channels. 1. A method, in a non-volatile memory controller, for reducing read access latency by straddling pages across non-volatile memory channels, the method comprising: responsive to a request to write a logical page to a non-volatile memory array, determining whether the logical page fits into a current physical page; and responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page, writing a first portion of the logical page to a first physical page in a first block and writing a second portion of the logical page to a second physical page in a second block, wherein the first physical page and the second physical page are on different non-volatile memory channels. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first physical page and the second physical page are in a same physical page stripe. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page and writing the first portion of the logical page to the first physical page and writing the second portion of the logical page to the second physical page, setting a straddle bit in a logical page table entry corresponding to the logical page. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to receiving from a user a request to read the logical page from the non-volatile memory array and responsive to determining that the logical page straddles non-volatile memory channels, issuing parallel reads over two non-volatile memory channels to read the first physical page and the second physical page. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: responsive to reading the first physical page and the second physical page, extracting the first portion of the logical page from the first physical page and the second portion of the logical page from the second physical page, coalescing the first portion of the logical page and the second portion of the logical page to form the logical page, and returning the logical page to the user. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: checking an entry in a logical page table to determine whether a straddle bit is set for the logical page; and determining that the logical page straddles non-volatile memory channels responsive to the straddle bit being set for the logical page. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein issuing parallel reads over two non-volatile memory channels comprises consulting an additional table to obtain a location of the second physical page and reading from a physical page stripe in which the first physical page and the second physical page are stored. 8. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having a computer readable program stored therein, wherein the computer readable program, when executed on a non-volatile memory controller, causes the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to a request to write a logical page to a non-volatile memory array, determine whether the logical page fits into a current physical page; and responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page, write a first portion of the logical page to a first physical page in a first block and write a second portion of the logical page to a second physical page in a second block, wherein the first physical page and the second physical page are on different non-volatile memory channels. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the first physical page and the second physical page are in a same physical page stripe. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the computer readable program further causes the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page and writing the first portion of the logical page to the first physical page and writing the second portion of the logical page to the second physical page, set a straddle bit in a logical page table entry corresponding to the logical page. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the computer readable program further causes the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to receiving from a user a request to read the logical page from the non-volatile memory array and responsive to determining that the logical page straddles non-volatile memory channels, issue parallel reads over two non-volatile memory channels to read the first physical page and the second physical page. 12. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the computer readable program further causes the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to reading the first physical page and the second physical page, extract the first portion of the logical page from the first physical page and the second portion of the logical page from the second physical page, coalesce the first portion of the logical page and the second portion of the logical page to form the logical page, and return the logical page to the user. 13. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the computer readable program further causes the non-volatile memory controller to: check an entry in a logical page table to determine whether a straddle bit is set for the logical page; and determine that the logical page straddles non-volatile memory channels responsive to the straddle bit being set for the logical page. 14. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein issuing parallel reads over two non-volatile memory channels comprises consulting an additional table to obtain a location of the second physical page and reading from a physical page stripe in which the first physical page and the second physical page are stored. 15. A storage device comprising: a non-volatile memory array; a non-volatile memory controller; and a memory coupled to the non-volatile memory controller, wherein the memory comprises instructions which, when executed by the non-volatile memory controller, cause the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to a request to write a logical page to a non-volatile memory array, determine whether the logical page fits into a current physical page; and responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page, write a first portion of the logical page to a first physical page in a first block and write a second portion of the logical page to a second physical page in a second block, wherein the first physical page and the second physical page are on different non-volatile memory channels. 16. The storage device of claim 15, wherein the first physical page and the second physical page are in a same physical page stripe. 17. The storage device of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to determining the logical page does not fit into the current physical page and writing the first portion of the logical page to the first physical page and writing the second portion of the logical page to the second physical page, set a straddle bit in a logical page table entry corresponding to the logical page. 18. The storage device of claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to receiving from a user a request to read the logical page from the non-volatile memory array and responsive to determining that the logical page straddles non-volatile memory channels, consult an additional table to obtain a location of the second physical page and issue parallel reads over two non-volatile memory channels to read the first physical page and the second physical page. 19. The storage device of claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the non-volatile memory controller to: responsive to reading the first physical page and the second physical page, extract the first portion of the logical page from the first physical page and the second portion of the logical page from the second physical page, coalesce the first portion of the logical page and the second portion of the logical page to form the logical page, and return the logical page to the user. 20. The storage device of claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the non-volatile memory controller to: check an entry in a logical page table to determine whether a straddle bit is set for the logical page; and determine that the logical page straddles non-volatile memory channels responsive to the straddle bit being set for the logical page.",
-    "An integrated circuit structure includes a semiconductor substrate, a metal pad over the semiconductor substrate, a passivation layer including a portion over the metal pad, a polymer layer over the passivation layer, and a Post-Passivation Interconnect (PPI) over the polymer layer. The PPI is electrically connected to the metal pad. The PPI includes a PPI line have a first width, and a PPI pad having a second width greater than the first width. The PPI pad is connected to the PPI line. The PPI pad includes an inner portion having a first thickness, and an edge portion having a second thickness smaller than the first thickness. 1. A method comprising: forming a passivation layer comprising a portion over a metal pad, wherein the metal pad is further overlying a semiconductor substrate; forming a polymer layer over the passivation layer; patterning the polymer layer to expose the metal pad; forming a Post-Passivation Interconnect (PPI) electrically connected to the metal pad, wherein the PPI comprises: a PPI line having a first width; and a PPI pad having a second width greater than the first width, wherein the PPI pad is connected to the PPI line; performing an oxidation on the PPI to form a metal oxide layer on the PPI; applying a flux over the metal oxide layer; placing a solder region over and contacting the flux; and reflowing the solder region. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: after the reflowing the solder region, removing remaining portions of the metal oxide layer; and encapsulating a lower portion of the solder region in an encapsulating material. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising encapsulating a lower portion of the solder region in an encapsulating material, wherein the metal oxide layer remains between the encapsulating material and the PPI line. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidation is performed by exposing the PPI in an oxygen-containing gas, with a plasma generated from the oxygen-containing gas. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the oxygen-containing gas comprises argon, and wherein the oxidation comprises bombarding the PPI using the argon. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidation is performed by exposing the PPI in an oxygen-containing environment at a temperature higher than about 80\u00b0 C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein after the oxidation, the metal oxide layer has a thickness greater than about 0.4 \u03bcm. 8. A method comprising: forming a metal pad in a semiconductor wafer; oxidizing the metal pad to form a metal oxide layer on the metal pad; applying a flux on the metal oxide layer; disposing a solder region over and contacting the flux; reflowing the solder region; and encapsulating at least a portion of the solder region in an encapsulating compound. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising removing remaining portions of the metal oxide layer. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein after the reflowing the solder region, the solder region is in contact with a sidewall of the metal pad. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal pad comprises a bird-beak region, and after the reflowing the solder region, the solder region is spaced apart from the bird-beak region. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the oxidation is performed by exposing the metal pad in an oxygen-containing gas, with a plasma generated from the oxygen-containing gas. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the oxygen-containing gas further comprises argon, and wherein the oxidation comprises bombarding the metal pad using the argon. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the oxidation is performed by exposing the metal pad in an oxygen-containing environment at a temperature higher than about 80\u00b0 C. 15. A method comprising: forming a metal pad in a semiconductor wafer, wherein the metal pad comprises a bird-beak region connected to a metal line; oxidizing the metal pad to form a metal oxide layer over the metal pad, with the oxidizing performed by using a method selected from the group consisting of applying an oxygen-containing plasma on the metal pad, heating the metal pad in an oxygen-containing gas, and combinations thereof; removing a first portion of the metal oxide layer from a portion of the metal pad, wherein a second portion of the metal oxide layer directly over the metal line remains unremoved; forming a solder region attached to the portion of the metal pad; and encapsulating at least a portion of the solder region in a encapsulating material. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising, after the solder region is formed, removing the second portion of the metal oxide layer. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the second portion of the metal oxide layer remains to separate the encapsulating material from the metal line and the bird-beak region. 18. The method of claim 15 further comprising: applying a flux over the metal oxide layer, wherein the flux is directly over the metal pad; disposing the solder region over and contacting the flux; reflowing the solder region; and encapsulating at least a portion of the solder region in an encapsulating material. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the oxidizing comprises applying the oxygen-containing plasma. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the oxidizing comprises heating the metal pad in an oxygen-containing process gas.",
-    "The present invention provides a single domain specific binding molecule having the structure FW1-CDR1-FW2-HV2-FW3a-HV4-FW3b-CDR3-FW4 in which the Framework Regions FW1, FW2, FW3a, FW3b, and FW4, the Complementarity Determining Regions CDR1 and CDR3, and the Hypervariable Regions HV2, and HV4 have amino acid sequences as defined which provide a high affinity anti-human serum albumin (HSA) binding domain. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A single domain specific binding molecule comprising the structure FW1-CDR1-FW2-HV2-FW3a-HV4-FW3b-CDR3-FW4 in which the Framework Regions FW1, FW2, FW3a, FW3b, and FW4, the Complementarity Determining Regions CDR1 and CDR3, and the Hypervariable Regions HV2, and HV4 comprise amino acid sequences in which FW1 comprises the sequence TRVDQTPRTATRETGESLTINCVLT (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a humanized derivative of SEQ ID NO: 1 in which at least one amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 is replaced by a corresponding amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the humanized derivative is at least 50% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1; FW2 comprises the sequence TYWYRKNPGS (SEQ ID NO: 2); FW3a comprises the sequence GRYVESVN (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a humanized derivative of SEQ ID NO: 3 in which one amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 3 is replaced by a corresponding amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the humanized derivative is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3; FW3b comprises the sequence FSLRIKDLTVADSATYICRA (SEQ ID NO: 4) or a humanized derivative of SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least one amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 4 is replaced by a corresponding amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the humanized derivative is at least 55% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4; FW4 the sequence GAGTVLTVN (SEQ ID NO: 5) or a humanized derivative of SEQ ID NO: 5 in which at least one amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 5 is replaced by a corresponding amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the humanized derivative is at least 44% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5; CDR1 comprises a sequence at least 60% identical to the sequence DTSYPLYS (SEQ ID NO: 6); CDR3 comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of MGTNIWTGD (SEQ ID NO: 7), MATNIWTGD (SEQ ID NO: 8), and MSTNIWTGD (SEQ ID NO: 11); HV2 comprises the sequence SNKEQISIS (SEQ ID NO: 26); and HV4 comprises a sequence at least 60% identical to the sequence KGTKS (SEQ ID NO: 27). 18. The single domain specific binding molecule according to claim 17, wherein CDR1 comprises the sequence DTSYPLYS (SEQ ID NO: 6) and HV4 comprises the sequence KGTKS (SEQ ID NO: 27). 19. A single domain specific binding molecule comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical an amino acid sequence selected from E06v1.10 (SEQ ID NO: 74) and BA11 (SEQ ID NO: 83), wherein the single domain specific binding molecule binds to human, mouse, and rat albumin. 20. The single domain specific binding molecule according to claim 19, comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical an amino acid sequence selected from E06v1.10 (SEQ ID NO: 74) and BA11 (SEQ ID NO: 83). 21. A single domain specific binding molecule comprising an amino acid sequence selected from E06v1.10 (SEQ ID NO: 74) and BA11 (SEQ ID NO: 83). 22. A fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 17 fused to a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment. 23. A fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 18 fused to a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment. 24. A fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 19 fused to a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment. 25. A fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 20 fused to a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment. 26. A fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 21 fused to a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment. 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein as claimed in claim 22 and at least one second component selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer solution. 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein as claimed in claim 23 and at least one second component selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer solution. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein as claimed in claim 24 and at least one second component selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer solution. 30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein as claimed in claim 25 and at least one second component selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer solution. 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein as claimed in claim 26 and at least one second component selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer solution. 32. The single domain specific binding molecule according to claim 17, wherein CDR1 comprises the sequence DTSYPLYS (SEQ ID NO: 6). 33. The single domain specific binding molecule according to claim 17, wherein HV4 comprises the sequence KGTKS (SEQ ID NO: 27). 34. A method of administering a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment to a patient, comprising providing a fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 17 fused to the therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment and administering the fusion protein to the patient to thereby administer the therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment to the patient. 35. A method of administering a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment to a patient, comprising providing a fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 19 fused to the therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment and administering the fusion protein to the patient to thereby administer the therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment to the patient. 36. A method of administering a therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment to a patient, comprising providing a fusion protein comprising a single domain specific binding molecule as claimed in claim 21 fused to the therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment and administering the fusion protein to the patient to thereby administer the therapeutic protein or therapeutic protein fragment to the patient.",
-    "An assembly comprises a shaft, and a support structure surrounding the shaft; and a magnetic seal system comprising an annular seal assembly including a ring sealingly mounted to a shaft to rotate therewith and slidingly axially displaceable along the shaft, and an annular seal supported by the ring. An annular magnet assembly is configured to be non-rotatingly supported adjacent to and surrounding the shaft, the annular magnet assembly configured and positioned relative to the ring to exert a sufficient attracting force on the ring to biasingly displace the ring axially along the shaft into sealing contact with the magnet. A cooling fluid feeding conduit, a cooling fluid exhaust conduit distinct from the cooling fluid feeding conduit are provided. An annular cavity is defined at least partially by or in a radially outer surface of the annular magnet, the annular cavity being in fluid communication with the cooling fluid feeding conduit, and with the cooling fluid exhaust conduit, for circulation of cooling fluid in the annular cavity. 1. A magnetic seal system comprising: an annular seal assembly including a ring, the ring configured to be sealingly mounted to a shaft to rotate therewith and slidingly axially displaceable along the shaft, and an annular seal supported by the ring; and an annular magnet assembly including an annular magnet connected to a support structure, the annular magnet assembly configured to be non-rotatingly supported adjacent to and surrounding the shaft, the annular magnet assembly positioned relative to the ring to exert a sufficient attracting force on the ring to biasingly displace the ring axially along the shaft into sealing contact with the annular magnet, the annular magnet at least partially defining an annular cavity at least partially by or in a radially outer surface of the annular magnet, the annular cavity defining a hollow flow path entirely circumscribed by the annular magnet and the support structure, the flow path of the annular cavity being in fluid communication with a cooling fluid inlet and a cooling fluid exhaust distinct from the inlet. 2. The magnetic seal system according to claim 1, wherein the annular cavity is formed in the radially outer surface of the annular magnet assembly. 3. The magnetic seal system according to claim 2, further comprising annular seal cavities on opposed sides of the annular cavity, and at least one seal in each said annular seal cavities adapted to seal an interface between the annular magnet and the support structure. 4. The magnetic seal system according to claim 1, wherein the cooling fluid inlet in the annular cavity, and the cooling fluid exhaust in the annular cavity are generally diametrically opposed. 5. An assembly comprising: a shaft; a support structure surrounding the shaft; and a magnetic seal system comprising an annular seal assembly including a ring sealingly mounted to a shaft to rotate therewith and slidingly axially displaceable along the shaft, and an annular seal supported by the ring, an annular magnet assembly non-rotatingly supported adjacent to and surrounding the shaft, the annular magnet assembly including an annular magnet positioned relative to the ring to exert a sufficient attracting force on the ring to biasingly displace the ring axially along the shaft into sealing contact with the annular magnet, a cooling fluid feeding conduit, a cooling fluid exhaust conduit distinct from the cooling fluid feeding conduit, and an annular cavity defined at least partially by or in a radially outer surface of the annular magnet, the annular cavity defining a hollow flow path entirely circumscribed by the annular magnet and the support structure, the flow path of the annular cavity being in fluid communication with the cooling fluid feeding conduit, and with the cooling fluid exhaust conduit, for circulation of cooling fluid in the annular cavity. 6. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the annular cavity is formed in the radially outer surface of the annular magnet. 7. The assembly according to claim 6, further comprising annular seal cavities on opposed sides of the annular cavity, and at least one seal in each said annular seal cavities to seal an interface between the annular magnet and the support structure. 8. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein an outlet of the cooling fluid feeding conduit in the annular cavity, and an inlet of the cooling fluid exhaust conduit are generally diametrically opposed. 9. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the annular cavity is formed in the support structure and is delimited radially inwardly by the radially outer surface of the annular magnet. 10. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cooling fluid feeding conduit and the cooling fluid exhaust conduit are defined in the support structure. 11. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cooling fluid feeding conduit is connected to a pressurized source of cooling fluid, whereby a pressure differential between a pressure in the cooling fluid exhaust conduit and a pressure in the cooling fluid feeding conduit is negative, during use. 12. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the annular cavity comprises a first annular cavity portion formed in the support structure, and a second annular cavity portion formed in the radially outer surface of the annular magnet, the first annular cavity portion and the second annular cavity portion being axially aligned to concurrently form the annular cavity. 13. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cooling fluid feeding conduit is connected to a pressurized source of cooling fluid, the cooling fluid being oil. 14. A method for cooling an annular magnet of a magnetic seal assembly sealing a gap between a shaft and a support structure, the method comprising: feeding cooling fluid to an annular cavity surrounding the annular magnet via a first conduit; circulating the cooling fluid in the annular cavity in a hollow flow path entirely circumscribed by the annular magnet and the support structure such that the cooling fluid flows directly against a radially outer surface of the annular magnet; and exhausting the cooling fluid via a second conduit distinct from the first conduit. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein feeding the cooling fluid comprises feeding oil. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein feeding and exhausting the cooling fluid comprises creating a negative pressure differential between the second conduit and the first conduit. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein feeding and exhausting the cooling fluid comprises feeding the cooling fluid into the annular cavity at a location generally diametrically opposed to a location where cooling fluid is exhausted. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein circulating the cooling fluid in the annular cavity comprises circulating the cooling fluid in at least one of the support structure and the annular magnet. 19. The magnetic seal system according to claim 1, wherein the annular magnet including the annular cavity and the hollow flow path is monolithic. 20. The assembly according to claim 5, wherein the annular magnet including the annular cavity and the hollow flow path is monolithic.",
-    "The invention relates to a coupling arrangement (10) for pipelines, with a female coupling section (20) and a male coupling section (40) as well as a locking element (60) which at least in regions engages between the coupling sections (20, 40) and is secured on a coupling section (20), one of the coupling sections (20) comprising a locking contour (34) which cooperates with a locking contour (64) of the locking element (60), and the locking element (60) having a blocking section (62) which cooperates with a blocking section (52) of the other coupling section (40) such that a lateral movement between the coupling sections (20, 40) can be restricted. 1. A coupling arrangement (10) for pipelines adapted to compensate for lateral movement and tilting movements between connection points, comprising: a female coupling section (20); and a male coupling section (40); a locking element (60) which is arranged between and engages between the coupling sections (20, 40) and is secured on one of the coupling sections (20); the locking section comprising: a locking contour (34) which cooperates with a locking contour (64) of the locking element (60); wherein the locking element (60) has a blocking section (62) which cooperates with a blocking section (52) of the other coupling section (40) such that a lateral movement between the coupling sections (20, 40) can be restricted. 2. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the locking contour (64) of the locking element (60) is arranged in a region which engages between the coupling sections (20, 40). 3. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the blocking section (62) of the locking element (60) and the blocking section (52) of the coupling section (40) form a positive-locking fit upon contact. 4. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the locking element (60) is formed as a wedge ring with a bearing surface (66) on a face side (26) of the female coupling section (20) and a collar (68) which engages between the coupling sections (20, 40). 5. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the locking element (60) is reversibly expandable for an intended assembly of the coupling sections. 6. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the blocking section (52) at the coupling section forms a region (50) of an outer surface (48) of a thickening (44) at the face side of the male coupling section (40). 7. The coupling arrangement according to claim 6, wherein the blocking section (52) at the coupling section is formed to be crowned at least in certain regions. 8. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the locking contour (34) of the female coupling section (20) is arranged on an inner side (28) of the female coupling section (20). 9. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the locking contours (34, 64) are formed as a bayonet connection. 10. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the locking contours (34, 64) are formed as latching connections. 11. The coupling arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the male coupling section forms a joint ball; wherein the female coupling section forms a ball socket into which the joint ball is slidably and tiltably received; wherein the locking element engages against the male coupling section and the female coupling section to enable and limit lateral movement of the male couple section relative to the female coupling section; wherein the locking element engages against the male coupling section and the female coupling section to enable and limit angular tilting movement of the male couple section relative to the female coupling section. 12. A use of the coupling arrangement according to any one of claims 1 for establishing a quasi-rigid connection of charge air pipes for an engine. 13. A coupling section (20) for a coupling arrangement (10) according to claim 1, wherein on an inner side (28) in a receiving region (32) for at least one locking contour (64) of a locking element (60) at least one locking contour (34) is provided. 14. A coupling section (40) for a coupling arrangement (10) according to claim 1, wherein a thickening (44) is provided at a face-side end (46) of the coupling section; wherein an outer surface (48) of the thickening has a region (50) that is provided as a blocking section (52) in an assembled state for cooperating with a blocking section (62) of a locking element (60). 15. A locking element (60) for a coupling arrangement (10) according to claim 1, wherein a locking contour (64) is provided radially on an outside of the locking element and is operative for securing the locking element (60) in an assembled state onto a first coupling section (20); and a blocking section (62) is arranged radially on an inside of the locking element for restricting a lateral movement of a second coupling section (40). 16. A pipeline (110) adapted to compensate for lateral movement and tilting movements between connection points, comprising: a coupling arrangement (10) for pipelines, comprising: a female coupling section (20); and a male coupling section (40); a locking element (60) which is arranged between and engages between the coupling sections (20, 40) and is secured on one of the coupling sections (20); the locking section comprising: a locking contour (34) which cooperates with a locking contour (64) of the locking element (60); wherein the locking element (60) has a blocking section (62) which cooperates with a blocking section (52) of the other coupling section (40) such that a lateral movement between the coupling sections (20, 40) can be restricted; wherein at least one of the coupling sections (40) has a thickening (44) at a face-side end (46); wherein an outer surface (48) of the thickening (44) has a region (50) which, in an assembled state, is arranged as a blocking section (52) cooperating with a blocking section (62) of a locking element (60). 17. The pipeline according to claim 16, wherein the male coupling section forms a joint ball; wherein the female coupling section forms a ball socket into which the joint ball is slidably and tiltably received; wherein the locking element engages against the male coupling section and the female coupling section to enable and limit lateral movement of the male couple section relative to the female coupling section; wherein the locking element engages against the male coupling section and the female coupling section to enable and limit angular tilting movement of the male couple section relative to the female coupling section.",
-    "A method of fabricating a fin-like field-effect transistor (FinFET) device is disclosed. The method includes forming first and second gate stacks over first and second portions of a fin feature respectively; filling a space between the first and second gate stacks with a dielectric layer; removing the first and second gate stacks to form first and second trenches respectively; and removing the first portion of the fin feature through the first trench while keeping the second portion of the fin feature in the second trench. The method further includes, after the removing of the first portion, depositing a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer in the first and second trenches. 1. A method for fabricating a fin-like field-effect transistor (FinFET) device, the method comprising: forming first and second gate stacks over first and second portions of a fin feature over a substrate respectively; filling a space between the first and second gate stacks with a dielectric layer; removing the first and second gate stacks to form first and second trenches respectively; removing the first portion of the fin feature through the first trench while keeping the second portion of the fin feature in the second trench; and after the removing of the first portion, depositing a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer in the first and second trenches. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, before the filling of the space: forming gate spacers along sidewalls of the first and second gate stacks. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein after the removing of the first portion of the fin feature, the fin feature has another portion that is separated from the second portion by the first trench. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the removing of the first portion of the fin feature extends the first trench below a top surface of the substrate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second gate stacks are disposed over a top surface of an isolation feature over the substrate, and wherein the removing of the first portion of the fin feature extends the first trench below the top surface of the isolation feature. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the removing of the first portion of the fin feature includes: covering the second portion of the fin feature with a patterned hard mask. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second gate stacks are removed by a selective etch that does not etch the dielectric layer. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second gate stacks are removed without using a patterned hard mask. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the fin feature is removed by a selective etch that does not etch the dielectric layer. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after the filling of the space: applying a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process to expose top surfaces of the first and second gate stacks. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the gate dielectric layer includes a high-k dielectric material and the gate electrode layer includes a metal. 12. A method for fabricating a fin-like field-effect transistor (FinFET) device, the method comprising: providing a precursor having a substrate, an isolation feature over the substrate, and a fin feature over the substrate and protruding out of the isolation feature; forming first, second, and third gate stacks over a top surface of the isolation feature and engaging first, second, and third portions of the fin feature respectively; filling spaces between the first, second, and third gate stacks with a dielectric layer; removing the first, second, and third gate stacks to form first, second, and third trenches respectively; removing the second portion of the fin feature through the second trench while keeping the first and third portions of the fin feature; and after the removing of the second portion, depositing a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer in the first, second, and third trenches. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the removing of the second portion of the fin feature extends the second trench below the top surface of the isolation feature. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising, before the filling of the spaces: forming gate spacers along sidewalls of the first, second, and third gate stacks. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the second portion of the fin feature is between the first and third portions of the fin feature. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the first, second, and third gate stacks are removed by a selective etch that does not etch the dielectric layer. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the removing of the second portion of the fin feature includes covering the first and third portions of the fin feature with a patterned hard mask, and wherein the second portion of the fin feature is removed by a selective etch that does not etch the dielectric layer. 18. A method for fabricating a fin-like field-effect transistor (FinFET) device, the method comprising: providing a precursor having a substrate and a fin feature over the substrate; forming first, second, and third gate stacks over first, second, and third portions of the fin feature respectively; forming gate spacers along sidewalls of the first, second, and third gate stacks; filling spaces between the gate spacers with a dielectric layer; removing the first, second, and third gate stacks to form first, second, and third trenches respectively; removing the second portion of the fin feature through the second trench while keeping the first and third portions of the fin feature; and after the removing of the second portion, depositing a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer in the first, second, and third trenches. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the removing of the first, second, and third gate stacks includes a selective etch that does not etch the dielectric layer and the gate spacers. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the removing of the second portion of the fin feature includes a selective etch that does not etch the dielectric layer and the gate spacers.",
-    "A waste stream is treated by anaerobic digestion. A process is described involves a step of separating solids from digestate, and returning separated solids to a digester. Optionally, there may be a step of solids separation in which larger solids are removed from the digester. A process and apparatus are described for treating waste sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in an anaerobic digester. Feed sludge is thickened or solids are separated from digestate and returned to the digester. Additional co-digestion waste may be added to the digester. The process and apparatus may be used in a retrofit of an existing wastewater treatment plant. 1. A process for treating WWTP sludge comprising the steps of, feeding the WWTP sludge at 12-20% TS to an anaerobic digester; operating the anaerobic digester at 6-12% TS; and, dewatering digestate in two stages. 2. The process of claim 1 further comprising adding nutrients to the digester in an amount effective to alleviate ammonia toxicity. 3. The process of claim 1 further comprising mixing the digester with a hydraulic or electric motor mixer. 4. A process for treating WWTP sludge comprising the steps of, feeding the WWTP sludge at 1-5% TS to an anaerobic digester; operating the anaerobic digester at 4-6% TS; and, providing recuperative thickening for the digester by way of a side stream thickener; and, adding a polymeric thickening aid in the side stream. 5. The process of claim 4 wherein the polymeric thickening aid is added at 3 kg/MT-TSS or less. 6. The process of claim 4 wherein waste digestate is dewatered separately from the side stream. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein a polymeric thickening aid is added at 7 kg/MT-TSS or less for dewatering. 8. The process of any claim 4 further comprising mixing the digester with a hydraulic or electric motor mixer.",
-    "Methods, systems, and media for presenting mobile content corresponding to media content are provided. In some implementations, a method for providing information relating to media content is provided, the method comprising: determining a channel that is providing the television program; causing images relating to the television program to be presented, wherein the images are selected based on the channel and a time parameter; receiving a user selection of an image; identifying an entity within the selected image using one or more image recognition techniques; generating a search query based at least in part on the identified entity; obtaining search results responsive to the generated search query; and causing at least one of the search results to be presented to the mobile device in response to receiving the user selection of the image. 1. A method for providing information relating to media content, the method comprising: causing, using a hardware processor, a plurality of images to be presented on a mobile device, wherein the plurality of images relate to media content being presented on a media presentation device; receiving a user selection of an image from the plurality of images; causing a plurality of question terms to be presented in response to receiving the user selection of the image from the plurality of images; receiving a user selection of a question term from the plurality of question terms, where the user selection of the question term indicates an entity type that is to be identified from the user-selected image; in response to receiving the user selection of the question term, identifying an entity of the indicated entity type within the image using one or more image recognition techniques; generating a search query based at least in part on the identified entity; obtaining a plurality of search results responsive to the generated search query; and causing at least a portion of the plurality of search results to be presented in response to receiving the user selection of the image. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining channel information corresponding to the media content being presented on the media presentation device, wherein the plurality of images are selected based on the channel information and timing information. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving audio data from at least the media presentation device, wherein the channel information is determined from the received audio data. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: extracting a plurality of media content images from media content provided by one of a plurality of media content sources; storing the plurality of media content images in a database indexed by source and time; and retrieving at least a portion of the plurality of media content items from the database based on the channel information and timing information derived from the media presentation device, wherein the plurality of images are selected from the at least a portion of the plurality of media content items. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: accessing guidance information to identify the media content be presented on the media presentation device based on the channel information and the timing information; and receiving media content information relating to the media content, wherein the entity of the indicated entity type is identified within the image using the received media content information. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a user selection of a region of interest within the selected image, wherein the entity of the indicated entity type is identified within the region of interest using the one or more image recognition techniques. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving media content information relating to the media content, wherein the media content information includes information about one or more people appearing in the media content, wherein the user selection of the question term indicates that the entity to be identified in the image is a person, and wherein a person entity is identified within the image using one or more facial recognition techniques based on the one or more people appearing in the media content. 8. A system for providing information relating to media content, the system comprising: a hardware processor that is configured to: cause a plurality of images to be presented on a mobile device, wherein the plurality of images relate to media content being presented on a media presentation device; receive a user selection of an image from the plurality of images; cause a plurality of question terms to be presented in response to receiving the user selection of the image from the plurality of images; receive a user selection of a question term from the plurality of question terms, where the user selection of the question term indicates an entity type that is to be identified from the user-selected image; in response to receiving the user selection of the question term, identify an entity of the indicated entity type within the image using one or more image recognition techniques; generate a search query based at least in part on the identified entity; obtain a plurality of search results responsive to the generated search query; and cause at least a portion of the plurality of search results to be presented in response to receiving the user selection of the image. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to determine channel information corresponding to the media content being presented on the media presentation device, wherein the plurality of images are selected based on the channel information and timing information. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to receive audio data from at least the media presentation device, wherein the channel information is determined from the received audio data. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to: extract a plurality of media content images from media content provided by one of a plurality of media content sources; store the plurality of media content images in a database indexed by source and time; and retrieve at least a portion of the plurality of media content items from the database based on the channel information and timing information derived from the media presentation device, wherein the plurality of images are selected from the at least a portion of the plurality of media content items. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to: access guidance information to identify the media content be presented on the media presentation device based on the channel information and the timing information; and receive media content information relating to the media content, wherein the entity of the indicated entity type is identified within the image using the received media content information. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to receive a user selection of a region of interest within the selected image, wherein the entity of the indicated entity type is identified within the region of interest using the one or more image recognition techniques. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to receive media content information relating to the media content, wherein the media content information includes information about one or more people appearing in the media content, wherein the user selection of the question term indicates that the entity to be identified in the image is a person, and wherein a person entity is identified within the image using one or more facial recognition techniques based on the one or more people appearing in the media content. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing computer executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for providing information relating to media content, the method comprising: causing a plurality of images to be presented on a mobile device, wherein the plurality of images relate to media content being presented on a media presentation device; receiving a user selection of an image from the plurality of images; causing a plurality of question terms to be presented in response to receiving the user selection of the image from the plurality of images; receiving a user selection of a question term from the plurality of question terms, where the user selection of the question term indicates an entity type that is to be identified from the user-selected image; in response to receiving the user selection of the question term, identifying an entity of the indicated entity type within the image using one or more image recognition techniques; generating a search query based at least in part on the identified entity; obtaining a plurality of search results responsive to the generated search query; and causing at least a portion of the plurality of search results to be presented in response to receiving the user selection of the image. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises determining channel information corresponding to the media content being presented on the media presentation device, wherein the plurality of images are selected based on the channel information and timing information. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises receiving audio data from at least the media presentation device, wherein the channel information is determined from the received audio data. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises: extracting a plurality of media content images from media content provided by one of a plurality of media content sources; storing the plurality of media content images in a database indexed by source and time; and retrieving at least a portion of the plurality of media content items from the database based on the channel information and timing information derived from the media presentation device, wherein the plurality of images are selected from the at least a portion of the plurality of media content items. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises: accessing guidance information to identify the media content be presented on the media presentation device based on the channel information and the timing information; and receiving media content information relating to the media content, wherein the entity of the indicated entity type is identified within the image using the received media content information. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises receiving a user selection of a region of interest within the selected image, wherein the entity of the indicated entity type is identified within the region of interest using the one or more image recognition techniques. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises receiving media content information relating to the media content, wherein the media content information includes information about one or more people appearing in the media content, wherein the user selection of the question term indicates that the entity to be identified in the image is a person, and wherein a person entity is identified within the image using one or more facial recognition techniques based on the one or more people appearing in the media content.",
-    "The invention relates to the use of saccharide, such as lactose for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of one or more symptoms caused by bacterial vaginosis, wherein the medicament comprises at least 20 percent by weight of saccharide, and wherein the medicament is substantially free from bacteria. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for treating one or more symptoms associated with bacterial vaginosis, as well as a pharmaceutical composition comprising the saccharide. 1. A method for the treatment and/or amelioration of one or more symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, comprising administering to an individual having one or more symptoms of bacterial vaginosis a pharmaceutical dosage unit of 10 mg to 10 g in the form of a vaginal solution or gel, said pharmaceutical dosage unit consisting essentially of at least 20% by weight of lactose monohydrate as the only active ingredient, and wherein said dosage unit includes less than 105 bacteria, thereby treating and/or ameliorating symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein one symptom is unpleasant vaginal odor. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a symptom is pruritus of vulva. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the lactose monohydrate is substantially not fermented by Gardnerella vaginalis. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria selected from Gardnerella vaginalis, Gram negative rods, and Mycoplasma hominis. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria selected from anaerobic Gram negative rods. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage unit is formulated for topical application. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage unit is in the form of a vaginal solution. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage unit is in the form of a vaginal suppository gel. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein a dosage unit is from 1-5 g. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical dosage unit comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives and carriers selected from the group consisting of: polyethylene glycols, glycerol, agar agar, carrageenan, modified starches, stearates and water. 12. A method for reducing vaginal pH to below 4.7, comprising administering to an individual having one or more symptoms of bacterial vaginosis an effective amount of a pharmaceutical dosage unit of 10 mg to 10 g in the form of a vaginal solution or gel for vaginal application said pharmaceutical dosage unit consisting essentially of: a) at least 20 percent by weight of lactose monohydrate as the only active ingredient, and b) optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives, carriers and/or preservatives, wherein said dosage unit includes less than 105 bacteria. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the vaginal pH is reduced to below 4.5. 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising measuring said vaginal pH subsequent to said administering.",
-    "An electrical pop out device has a shroud and an outlet housing. The outlet housing is sized to be placed inside the shroud. A guidance mechanism connects the outlet housing with the shroud. The guidance mechanism includes multiple rack gears and multiple pinion gears. The outlet housing is moveable with respect to the shroud along a direction defined by the rack gear. A spring connector electrically couples the shroud to the outlet housing. 1. An electrical pop out device comprising: a shroud; an outlet housing being sized to be placed inside the shroud, the outlet housing comprising one or more USB ports; an AC to DC converter coupled to the one or more USB ports for providing low voltage DC power; and a guidance mechanism connecting the outlet housing with the shroud, the guidance mechanism being configured to allow movement of the outlet housing with respect to the shroud and to prevent misalignment of the outlet housing with respect to the shroud during movement of the outlet housing. 2. The electrical pop out device according to claim 1, further comprising a switch coupled to the AC to DC converter, the switch being configured to selectively activate the AC to DC converter to energize the one or more USB ports. 3. The electrical pop out device according to claim 1, further comprising a spring connector electrically coupling the shroud to the outlet housing, the spring connector being configured to mechanically expel the outlet housing from within the shroud and to retain the outlet housing in an expanded position. 4. The electrical pop out device according to claim 1, wherein the guidance mechanism includes multiple rack and pinion gear sets, each rack and pinion gear set having at least one rack gear and at least one pinion gear, the outlet housing being moveable with respect to the shroud along a direction defined by the rack gears. 5. The electrical pop out device according to claim 4, wherein at least two rack and pinion gear sets are diametrically opposed about the outlet housing, or are orthogonally arranged about the outlet housing. 6. The electrical pop out device according to claim 4, wherein the pinion gears of each rack and pinion gear set are rotatably attached to the outlet housing. 7. The electrical pop out device according to claim 6, wherein the guidance mechanism additionally comprises a retention frame attached to the outlet housing. 8. The electrical pop out device according to claim 7, wherein the pinion gears are rotatably attached to the outlet housing by the retention frame. 9. The electrical pop out device according to claim 4, wherein the rack gears of each rack and pinion gear set are disposed on the shroud and extend from an opening in the shroud straight back into an interior of the shroud. 10. The electrical pop out device according to claim 9, wherein at least three independent rack gears are arranged on at least three mutually orthogonal planes to resist twisting of the outlet housing by a combination of resultant reaction vectors aligned with the gear sets. 11. An electrical pop out device comprising: a shroud; an outlet housing being sized to be placed inside the shroud; and a guidance mechanism connecting the outlet housing with the shroud, the guidance mechanism being configured to allow movement of the outlet housing with respect to the shroud and to prevent misalignment of the outlet housing with respect to the shroud during movement of the outlet housing. 12. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, further comprising a spring having a first portion coupled to the shroud and a second portion coupled to the outlet housing, the first portion being substantially perpendicular to the second portion, the first portion and the second portion being configured to expand and contract along perpendicular directions, the spring being configured to expel the outlet housing from within the shroud and to provide an electrical connection to the outlet housing from the shroud. 13. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, further comprising a spring connector electrically coupling the shroud to the outlet housing, the spring connector being configured to mechanically expel the outlet housing from within the shroud and to retain the outlet housing in an expanded position. 14. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, wherein the guidance mechanism includes multiple rack and pinion gear sets, each rack and pinion gear set having at least one rack gear and at least one pinion gear, the outlet housing being moveable with respect to the shroud along a direction defined by the rack gears. 15. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, wherein the guidance mechanism includes a plurality of slides located about and extending from the outlet housing, each of the plurality of slides being nested in a slot defined in the shroud. 16. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, wherein the guidance mechanism includes at least a pair of cross links, a first cross link being pinned to the shroud and being movably pinned within a slot defined in the outlet housing, a second cross link being pinned to the outlet housing and being movably pinned within a slot defined in the shroud. 17. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, further comprising a push-push latch operatively connected with the shroud and the outlet housing. 18. The electrical pop out device according to claim 14, wherein the pinion gears of each rack and pinion gear set are rotatably attached to the outlet housing. 19. The electrical pop out device according to claim 18, wherein the guidance mechanism additionally comprises a retention frame attached to the outlet housing; and wherein the pinion gears are rotatably attached to the outlet housing by the retention frame. 20. The electrical pop out device according to claim 11, wherein the outlet housing includes at least a pair of outlets placed about the outlet housing to provide access to each of the pair of outlets from different directions.",
-    "A shower head that includes a stem, a spray head coupled to the stem and including a plurality of outlets for discharging water into at least one spray pattern, and a valve provided within one of the stem and the spray head. The valve has a body including a waterway located therein for water to flow through, and a flow control valve located within the body and configured to control the flow of water to the plurality of outlets. The shower head also includes an electric heater extending through at least a portion of the body of the valve and configured to heat at least a portion of the body to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms within the waterway. 1. (canceled) 2. A shower head comprising: a stem; a spray head coupled to the stem and including a plurality of outlets for discharging water into at least one spray pattern; a valve provided within one of the stem and the spray head, the valve comprising: a body including a waterway located therein for water to flow through; and a flow control valve located within the body and configured to control the flow of water to the plurality of outlets; and an electric heater extending through at least a portion of the body of the valve and configured to heat at least a portion of the body to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms within the waterway. 3. The shower head of claim 2, wherein the waterway is fluidly connected to the plurality of outlets of the spray head. 4. The shower head of claim 3, wherein the waterway is defined by a wall that comprises a thermally-conductive material, the valve is provided in the stem, and a body of the stem comprises a thermally-insulating material. 5. The shower head of claim 4, wherein the electric heater is potted into a bore that extends through the body of the valve using a thermally-conductive adhesive. 6. The shower head of claim 2, wherein the valve is provided within the stem of the shower head, and wherein the waterway of the valve is fluidly connected with the plurality of outlets through an outlet conduit extending through at least a portion of the stem. 7. The shower head of claim 6, wherein the spray head is pivotally coupled to the stem via a pivot, and wherein the water enters the spray head through the pivot from the outlet conduit. 8. The shower head of claim 6, further comprising a spray head mount coupled to an end of the stem, wherein a portion of the spray head is received in an opening of the spray head mount and is pivotally coupled to the spray head mount via two opposing pivots, such that the spray head is pivotable relative to the spray head mount and the stem. 9. The shower head of claim 6, further comprising a heating element disposed within a body of the stem and configured to heat internal wetted surfaces of the outlet conduit to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms within the outlet conduit. 10. The shower head of claim 9, further comprising a liner provided within the body of the stem and configured to define at least a portion of the internal wetted surfaces of the outlet conduit, wherein the liner comprises a thermally-conductive material and the heating element is configured to heat the liner. 11. The shower head of claim 10, wherein the heating element is in direct contact with the liner and the body of the stem comprises a material that is different than the material of the liner. 12. The shower head of claim 6, wherein the shower head is a moveable handset, such that the stem is configured to detachably engage a shower head dock fixed within a shower enclosure. 13. The shower head of claim 2, wherein the valve is a mixing valve and the body of the mixing valve includes a first inlet configured to receive cold water, a second inlet configured to receive hot water, a mixing chamber configured to mix hot and cold water, and an outlet that opens to an outlet conduit of the shower head, which is fluidly connected to the plurality of outlets of the spray head. 14. The shower head of claim 13, wherein the waterway is at least part of the mixing chamber of the mixing valve. 15. The shower head of claim 13, wherein the flow control valve is a first flow control valve of the mixing valve that is configured to control flow of cold water, and the mixing valve further comprises a second flow control valve configured to control flow of hot water. 16. The shower head of claim 15, further comprising: a first stepper motor mounted on a side of the body of the valve that is opposite to the outlet of the mixing valve, the first stepper motor being configured to control movement of the first flow control valve; and a second stepper motor mounted on the side of the body of the valve and configured to control movement of the second flow control valve. 17. The shower head of claim 16, further comprising a controller provided within one of the stem and the spray head, the controller being configured to control operation of the first and second stepper motors to control both a flow rate and a temperature of the water supplied from the outlet of the mixing valve. 18. The shower head of claim 17, further comprising a user interface for communicating a selected flow rate and a selected temperature of the water to the controller via at least one control signal. 19. The shower head of claim 18, wherein the controller is provided within the stem of the shower head, and the user interface is disposed on an outside surface of the stem of the shower head. 20. The shower head of claim 2, wherein the valve is provided within the spray head of the shower head, and the waterway of the valve is fluidly connected with the plurality of outlets. 21. The shower head of claim 20, wherein the plurality of outlets are a first plurality of outlets provided on a first side of the spray head, and the spray head further includes a second plurality of outlets provided on a second side of the spray head opposite the first side, and wherein the shower head is selectively configured to discharge water from one of the first and second plurality of outlets. 22. The shower head of claim 21, wherein the spray head is rotatable within a spray head mount about diametrically opposed pivots, such that when the spray head is rotated to a first position, in which the first side of the spray head faces a first direction, water is discharged through the first plurality of outlets, and when spray head is rotated to a second position, in which the second side of the spray head faces the first direction, water is discharged through the second plurality of outlets to provide a second spray pattern different than a first spray pattern provided by the first plurality of outlets. 23. The shower head of claim 20, wherein the shower head is a moveable handset, such that the stem is configured to detachably engage a shower head dock fixed within a shower enclosure.",
-    "Techniques are disclosed that dynamically allocate communications resources in a wireless communications network, such as a wireless personal area network (WPAN). For instance, a wireless communications device may obtain a resource allocation. This resource allocation includes a time slot (e.g., a TDMA time slot) within a wireless communications medium. The device determines a first portion of the time slot in which it intends to transmit data. Also, the wireless communications device relinquishes a second portion of the time slot that occurs after the first portion of the time slot. Based on this relinquishment, a central controller device may reallocate the second portion of the time slot. 1. (canceled) 2. An apparatus, comprising: a transceiver to receive a transmission indicating a resource allocation, wherein the resource allocation comprises a time duration within a wireless communications medium; and a control module to determine, based at least in part on the resource allocation and a usage portion of the time duration for data transmission or data reception, a relinquishment of a portion of the time duration; wherein the transceiver is to send, to a remote device: a transmission indicating the relinquishment, wherein the transceiver is to send the transmission indicating the relinquishment prior to the relinquished portion; a data transmission in the time duration prior to the relinquished portion of the time duration, the data transmission comprising millimeter wave signals. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the remote device is a central controller device. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the transceiver is to refrain from transmitting data during the relinquished portion. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising one or more antennas to provide directional beamforming. 6. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a host module to perform operations of a user application. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the user application is a variable bit rate (VBR) application. 8. A method, comprising: obtaining a resource allocation for a wireless communications device, the resource allocation comprising a time duration within a wireless communications medium; relinquishing a portion of the time duration based at least in part on the resource allocation and a usage portion of the time duration for data transmission or data reception, wherein relinquishing the portion of the time duration comprises sending a transmission indicating the relinquishment to a remote device, wherein the transmission indicating the relinquishment is sent prior to the relinquished portion; transmitting data in the time duration prior to the relinquished portion of the time duration, the data transmission comprising millimeter wave signals. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the relinquished portion of the time duration is a final portion of the time duration. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising refraining from transmitting data during the relinquished portion. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein transmitting data in the time duration prior to the relinquished portion of the time duration comprises performing directional beamforming of the millimeter wave signals. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising performing operations of a user application. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the user application is a variable bit rate (VBR) application. 14. An article comprising a non-transitory machine-accessible medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by one or more machines, cause the one or more machines to: obtain a resource allocation for a wireless communications device, the resource allocation comprising a time duration within a wireless communications medium; relinquish a portion of the time duration based at least in part on the resource allocation and a usage portion of the time duration for data transmission or data reception, wherein relinquishing the portion of the time duration comprises sending a message indicating the relinquishment to a remote device, wherein the message is sent prior to the relinquished portion; transmit data in the time duration prior to the relinquished portion of the time duration, the data transmission comprising millimeter wave signals. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more machines, cause the one or more machines to perform operations of a user application. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the user application is a variable bit rate (VBR) application. 17. The article of claim 14, wherein the relinquished portion of the time duration is a final portion of the time duration. 18. The article of claim 14, wherein the non-transitory machine-accessible medium having stored thereon further instructions that, when executed by the one or more machines, cause the one or more machines to refrain from transmitting data during the relinquished portion. 19. The article of claim 14, wherein the non-transitory machine-accessible medium having stored thereon further instructions that, when executed by the one or more machines, cause the one or more machines to perform directional beamforming of the millimeter wave signals.",
-    "An array substrate for a self-capacitive touch display panel is provided. The array substrate includes a common electrode layer, a wire layer; an insulating layer, a first electrode block, a plurality of first interconnection structures and a plurality of second interconnection structure. The common electrode layer includes a plurality of touch electrodes, the wire layer includes a plurality of touch wires, and the insulating layer is disposed between the common electrode layer and the wire layer. Each touch electrode is electrically connected with a corresponding touch wire through the first interconnection structure. The first electrode block is in the same layer as the common electrode layer, and is separated and insulated from the plurality of touch electrodes. The first electrode block is electrically connected with the touch wire through the second interconnection structure. Accordingly problems associated with low quality display in conventional display panels are solved. 1. An array substrate for a self-capacitive touch display panel, comprising: a common electrode layer comprising a plurality of touch electrodes; a wire layer comprising a plurality of touch wires; an insulating layer disposed between the common electrode layer and the wire layer, wherein each touch electrode is electrically connected with a corresponding touch wire through a first interconnection structure; and a plurality of first electrode blocks disposed in a same layer as the common electrode layer, wherein the plurality of first electrode blocks are separated and insulated from the plurality of touch electrodes, and the plurality of first electrode blocks are electrically connected with the plurality of touch wires through a plurality of second interconnection structures. 2. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the touch electrode comprises a hollow portion, and the first electrode block is disposed in the hollow portion. 3. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of touch electrodes are arranged in an array, each row of the array comprises n touch electrodes, and n\u22672; wherein the n touch electrodes in the same row correspond to n touch wires, each of the n touch electrodes is electrically connected with one corresponding touch wire through the first interconnection structure, and overlaps and is insulated from the rest (n\u22121) touch wires; and wherein a plurality of hollow portions are disposed in a portion of the touch electrode where the touch electrode overlaps and be insulated from the rest (n\u22121) touch wires, and the plurality of first electrode blocks are disposed in the plurality of hollow portions and are electrically connected with the rest (n\u22121) touch wires through the plurality of second interconnection structures respectively. 4. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of touch electrodes are arranged in an array, each column of the array comprises m touch electrodes, and m\u22672; wherein the m touch electrodes in the same column correspond to m touch wires, each of the m touch electrodes is electrically connected with one corresponding touch wire through the first interconnection structure, and overlaps and is insulated from the rest (m\u22121) touch wires; and wherein a plurality of hollow portions are disposed in a portion of the touch electrode where the touch electrode overlaps and be insulated from the rest (m\u22121) touch wires, and the plurality of first electrode blocks are disposed in the plurality of hollow portions and are electrically connected with the rest (m\u22121) touch wires through the plurality of second interconnection structures respectively. 5. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of touch wires have a same length. 6. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the common electrode layer is disposed below or above the wire layer. 7. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: a pixel electrode disposed in the wire layer, wherein the pixel electrode is insulated from the common electrode layer by the insulating layer, the plurality of touch wires and the pixel electrode are disposed in a same layer and are insulated from each other, the first interconnection structure comprises a first through hole disposed in the insulating layer, and the second interconnection structure comprises a second through hole disposed in the insulating layer. 8. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: a pixel electrode disposed between the wire layer and the common electrode layer, wherein a first insulating layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the wire layer, a second insulating layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode layer, the insulating layer between the common electrode layer and the wire layer comprises the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. 9. The array substrate according to claim 8, wherein the first interconnection structure comprises a third through hole disposed in the first insulating layer, a first conductive pad disposed in a same layer as the pixel electrode, and a fourth through hole disposed in the second insulating layer; and wherein the second interconnection structure comprises a fifth through hole disposed in the first insulating layer, a second conductive pad disposed in the same layer as the pixel electrode, and a sixth through hole disposed in the second insulating layer. 10. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: a pixel electrode, wherein the pixel electrode is disposed on a side of the wire layer away from the common electrode layer; and wherein a third insulating layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the wire layer, or a fourth insulating layer is disposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode layer. 11. The array substrate according to claim 1, wherein both a length and a width of the first electrode block are less than or equal to 5 \u03bcm. 12. The array substrate according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of gate line and a plurality of data line, wherein the plurality of gate lines and the plurality of data lines are crossed to define a plurality of pixel units arranged in an array, the plurality of gate lines are insulated from the plurality of data lines, each row or each column of the array comprises K pixel units, and K\u22672; and wherein each touch wire is disposed between two adjacent rows of pixel units or between two adjacent columns of pixel units, in the two adjacent rows or the two adjacent columns, at least one pixel unit comprises the first interconnection structure, and at most (K\u22121) pixel units comprise the second interconnection structure. 13. The array substrate according to claim 12, wherein the first interconnection structure and the second interconnection structures are disposed in a same row or a same column of pixel units. 14. A display panel, comprising: the array substrate according to claim 1; a color film substrate disposed opposite to the array substrate; and a light shielding layer disposed on a side of the color film substrate towards the array substrate, wherein the wire layer and the first electrode block are disposed below the light shielding layer.",
-    "A microwave ablation system includes an energy source adapted to generate microwave energy and a power splitting device having an input adapted to connect to the energy source and a plurality of outputs. The plurality of outputs are configured to be coupled to a corresponding plurality of energy delivery devices. The power splitting device is configured to selectively divide energy provided from the energy source between the plurality of energy devices. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A microwave ablation system, comprising: an energy source configured to generate microwave energy; a power splitting device having an input configured to connect to the energy source and a plurality of outputs; and a plurality of energy delivery devices each including an elongated needle structure configured to be inserted directly into tissue, the plurality of energy delivery devices configured to electrically communicate with the plurality of outputs of the power splitting device, wherein the power splitting device is configured to selectively divide microwave energy between the plurality of energy delivery devices. 22. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, wherein microwave energy is selectively divided equally between the plurality of energy delivery devices. 23. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, wherein microwave energy is selectively divided unequally between the plurality of energy delivery devices. 24. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, wherein microwave energy is selectively divided between the plurality of energy delivery devices based on at least one pre-determined time interval. 25. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, wherein microwave energy is selectively divided between the plurality of energy delivery devices based on a desired ablation geometry. 26. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, further comprising a plurality of transmission lines interconnecting the plurality of outputs of the power splitting device and the plurality of energy delivery devices. 27. A microwave ablation system according to claim 26, wherein each transmission line of the plurality of transmission lines are substantially equal in length. 28. A microwave ablation system according to claim 26, wherein each transmission line of the plurality of transmission lines has a length of a quarter wavelength. 29. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, further comprising at least one switching device interconnected between the energy source and the power splitting device and configured to selectively deliver microwave energy from the energy source to the power splitting device. 30. A microwave ablation system according to claim 21, further comprising at least one isolator configured to provide a fixed load relative to the energy source.",
-    "A robot cleaner based on wall following and a controlling method thereof are provided. The robot cleaner includes a first detector configured to generate a wall detection signal by detecting a wall, a second detector configured to generate a first contact signal through contact with the wall, a cleaner main body in which the first and second detectors are disposed and which includes a driver configured to drive on a surface to be cleaned, and a controller which is mounted on the cleaner main body and to which the first and second detectors and the driver are electrically coupled. The controller controls the driver so that the robot cleaner moving to one direction moves along the wall by the wall detection signal, the robot cleaner rotates to a first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first contact signal not being generated within a preset time, and the robot cleaner rotates to a second direction opposite to the first direction to be spaced from the wall in response to the generated first contact signal. 1. A robot cleaner comprising: a first detector configured to generate a wall detection signal by detecting a wall; a second detector configured to generate a first contact signal through contact with the wall; a cleaner main body in which the first and second detectors are disposed and which includes a driver configured to drive on a surface to be cleaned; and a controller which is mounted on the cleaner main body and to which the first and second detectors and the driver are electrically coupled, wherein the controller controls the driver so that the robot cleaner moving to one direction moves along the wall by the wall detection signal, the robot cleaner rotates to a first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first contact signal not being generated within a preset time, and the robot cleaner rotates to a second direction opposite to the first direction to be spaced from the wall in response to the first contact signal generated by the second detector. 2. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first detector includes a plurality of distance sensors disposed in a front of the cleaner main body. 3. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second detector includes: a plurality of rotation units, the plurality of rotation units being elastically hinge-coupled to the cleaner main body and disposed to protrude more than an outer circumference of the cleaner main body; a first sensor configured to generate the first contact signal; and a second sensor configured to generate a second contact signal by detecting the plurality of rotation units rotated toward an inside of the cleaner main body by a preset angle after the first contact signal is generated. 4. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein a rotation section of the plurality of rotation units is from an initial position in which the plurality of rotation units protrude more than the outer circumference of the cleaner main body to a position in which the second contact signal is generated through lead-in of the plurality of rotation units to the inside of the cleaner main body. 5. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein outer surfaces of the plurality of rotation units curvedly protrude. 6. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first sensor is disposed in outer surfaces of the plurality of rotation units. 7. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first sensor includes at least one tactile sensor. 8. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first sensor is disposed in the cleaner main body, and is established in a position closer to the plurality of rotation units than the second sensor. 9. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 8, wherein the first sensor is a photo sensor. 10. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein the second sensor is a micro switch configured to generate the second contact signal by being pressed by the plurality of rotation units. 11. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein the second sensor is a photo sensor configured to detect the plurality of rotation units which are led into the inside of the cleaner main body. 12. The robot cleaner as claimed in claim 3, wherein an auxiliary brush unit is rotatably coupled to a bottom of each of the plurality of rotation units. 13. A method of controlling a robot cleaner, the method comprising: detecting a wall through the robot cleaner moving to one direction; moving the robot cleaner along the wall; turning on a first sensor provided in the robot cleaner by rotating the robot cleaner to a first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first sensor being turned on through contact with the wall or the first sensor not being turned on within a preset time; turning off the first sensor by rotating the robot cleaner to a second direction opposite to the first direction with a first angular velocity while the robot cleaner moves; and turning on the first sensor by rotating the robot cleaner to the first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first sensor not being turned on within the preset time after the first sensor is turned off. 14. A method of controlling a robot cleaner, the method comprising: detecting a wall through the robot cleaner moving to one direction; moving the robot cleaner along the wall; turning on a first sensor provided in the robot cleaner by rotating the robot cleaner to a first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first sensor being turned on through contact with the wall or the first sensor not being turned on within a preset time; sequentially turning off a second sensor provided in the robot cleaner and a first sensor by rotating the robot cleaner with a second angular velocity greater than the first angular velocity to the second direction in response to the second sensor being turned on in a state that the first sensor is not turned off by rotating the robot cleaner to a second direction opposite to the first direction with the first angular velocity while the robot cleaner moves; and turning on the first sensor by rotating the robot cleaner to the first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first sensor not being turned on within the preset time after the first sensor is turned off. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising allowing the robot cleaner to drive backward in response to an on state of the second sensor being maintained beyond a preset time after a second sensor provided in the robot cleaner is turned on. 16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first angular velocity and the second angular velocity are linearly increased and reduced. 17. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first angular velocity and the second angular velocity are increased and reduced according to angular accelerations linearly increased and reduced. 18. A method of controlling a robot cleaner, the method comprising: detecting a wall through the robot cleaner moving to one direction; moving the robot cleaner along the wall; turning on a first sensor provided in the robot cleaner by rotating the robot cleaner to a first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first sensor being turned on through contact with the wall or the first sensor not being turned on within a preset time; turning off the first sensor by rotating the robot cleaner to a second direction opposite to the first direction with a first angular velocity while the robot cleaner moves; and turning on the first sensor by rotating the robot cleaner to the first direction to be in contact with the wall in response to the first sensor not being turned on within the preset time after the first sensor is turned off, the method further comprising rotating the robot cleaner to the one direction after a backward driving of the robot cleaner in response to a third sensor or a fourth sensor disposed in one side of the robot cleaner which is not in contact with the wall and configured to detect contact with an obstacle being turned on between the moving of the robot cleaner and the turning off of the first sensor. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, further comprising allowing the robot cleaner to approach the wall again by moving the robot cleaner rotated to the one direction forward.",
-    "A method for generating a geographically-bound mobile ad hoc network identification. The method may include receiving, by a processor, a mobile ad hoc network request. The method may also include determining a plurality of geographic coordinates of a device associated with a current location of the device. The method may further include generating a mobile ad hoc network identification based on the determined plurality of geographic coordinates. The method may also include processing the received mobile ad hoc network request using the generated mobile ad hoc network identification. 1-9. (canceled) 10. A computer system for generating a geographically-bound mobile ad hoc network identification, the computer system comprising: one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, one or more computer-readable tangible storage medium, and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more tangible storage medium for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, wherein the computer system is capable of performing a method comprising: receiving a mobile ad hoc network request; determining a plurality of geographic coordinates of a device associated with a current location of the device; generating a mobile ad hoc network identification based on the determined plurality of geographic coordinates; and processing the received mobile ad hoc network request using the generated mobile ad hoc network identification. 11. The computer system of claim 10, wherein generating the mobile ad hoc network identification includes ordering a plurality of components associated with the determined plurality of geographic coordinates. 12. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the ordered plurality of components includes at least one of a latitudinal compass direction, a plurality of degrees latitude, a plurality of minutes latitude, a longitudinal compass direction, a plurality of degrees longitude, or a plurality of minutes longitude. 13. The computer system of claim 10, wherein determining the plurality of geographic coordinates is accomplished using a global positioning system. 14. The computer system of claim 10, further comprising: generating an updated mobile ad hoc network identification based on a change in the current location of the device. 15. The computer system of claim 10, wherein generating the mobile ad hoc network identification includes utilizing at least one of a transposition, a translation, an encryption, or a hashing. 16. The computer system of claim 10, wherein the generated mobile ad hoc network identification includes a user configurable granularity setting. 17. The computer system of claim 10, further comprising: determining a mobile ad hoc network identification associated with a recipient device based on a predicted geographic location of the recipient device; and transmitting a plurality of data to the recipient device based on the determined mobile ad hoc network identification. 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein determining the mobile ad hoc network identification associated with the recipient device includes wildcarding at least one geographic component within a plurality of geographic components associated with the predicted geographic location of the recipient device. 19. A computer program product for generating a geographically-bound mobile ad hoc network identification, the computer program product comprising: one or more non-transitory computer-readable tangible storage medium and program instructions stored on at least one of the one or more non-transitory tangible storage medium, the program instructions executable by a processor, the program instructions comprising: program instructions to receive a mobile ad hoc network request; program instructions to determine a plurality of geographic coordinates of a device associated with a current location of the device; program instructions to generate a mobile ad hoc network identification based on the determined plurality of geographic coordinates; and program instructions to process the received mobile ad hoc network request using the generated mobile ad hoc network identification. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein generating the mobile ad hoc network identification includes ordering a plurality of components associated with the determined plurality of geographic coordinates.",
-    "Methods and systems for reducing driver distraction and situation non-awareness related to a dialogue of an automated dialogue system in a vehicle. For a dialogue policy learning session, driver distraction is introduced as an input into a penalty assigner that assesses dialogue quality, and dialogue acts are extended to include dialogues and dialogue act presentation styles which reduce driver workload related to dialogues. The automated dialogue system policy is developed during the learning process by optimizing the penalties, an that automated dialogue workload is reduced in response to increased workload or anticipated workload on the driver. Methods and systems are presented for responding to both actual workload in regular vehicles as well as anticipated workload in autonomous vehicles. 1. A method for reducing user distraction associated with interaction with an automated dialogue system, the method comprising: receiving, by a processor, a user workload parameter; responsively to the user workload parameter, controlling the automated dialogue system to perform a system dialogue turn that reduces the user workload associated with interacting with the automated dialogue system, wherein the system dialogue turn includes a dialogue act selected from a group consisting of: a workload-reducing dialogue act; and a regular dialogue act modified by a workload-reducing dialogue modification. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the workload-reducing dialogue act comprises an act selected from a group consisting of: a dialogue pause; a suggestion of a dialogue pause; a dialogue termination; a suggestion of a dialogue termination. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising a spectrum of pause-handling and termination handling choices ranging by degree of user involvement. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the workload-reducing dialogue modification comprises a dialogue modification selected from a group consisting of: a switch to voice modality; breaking up compound prompts into items; a change to a yes/no prompt; and speeding up of a dialogue. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the speeding up of a dialogue act is in response to a predicted workload increase. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the user workload parameter includes a hazard warning of a hazard ahead of the vehicle, and wherein at least one of the workload reducing act or the workload reducing dialogue modification includes an immediate suspension of the dialogue. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the hazard warning includes a warning of a braking condition of another vehicle ahead of the vehicle. 8. A method for reducing user situation non-awareness associated with an automated dialogue system, the method comprising: receiving, by a processor, a user anticipated workload parameter; responsively to the user anticipated workload parameter, controlling the automated dialogue system to perform a system dialogue turn that reduces the user workload associated with interacting with the automated dialogue system, wherein the system dialogue turn includes a dialogue act selected from a group consisting of: a workload-reducing dialogue act; and a regular dialogue act modified by a workload-reducing modification. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the workload-reducing dialogue act comprises an act selected from a group consisting of: a dialogue pause; a suggestion of a dialogue pause; a dialogue termination; a suggestion of a dialogue termination. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising a spectrum of pause-handling and termination handling choices ranging by degree of user involvement. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the workload-reducing dialogue modification comprises a dialogue modification selected from a group consisting of: a switch to voice modality; breaking up compound prompts into items; a change to a yes/no prompt; and speeding up of a dialogue. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the speeding up of a dialogue act is in response to a predicted anticipated workload increase. 13. A dialogue system for reducing user distraction associated with interaction with automated dialogue, the system comprising: a dialogue control unit; a storage device containing a dialogue policy; a workload estimation unit operative to: receive a workload parameter indicative of a user workload; and compute a workload estimate; and input the workload estimate into the dialogue control unit. 14. The dialogue system of claim 13, wherein the workload parameter includes a hazard warning of a hazard ahead of the vehicle, and wherein the workload estimate includes the hazard warning. 15. The dialogue system of claim 14, wherein the hazard warning includes a warning of a braking condition of another vehicle ahead of the vehicle. 16. A dialogue system for reducing user situation non-awareness associated with interaction with automated dialogue, the system comprising: a dialogue control unit; a storage device containing a dialogue policy; an anticipated workload estimation unit operative to: receive an anticipated workload parameter indicative of an anticipated user workload; and compute an anticipated workload estimate; and input the anticipated workload estimate into the dialogue control unit. 17. The dialogue system of claim 16, wherein the anticipated workload parameter includes a hazard warning of a hazard ahead of the vehicle, and wherein the anticipated workload estimate includes the hazard warning. 18. The dialogue system of claim 17, wherein the hazard warning includes a warning of a braking condition of another vehicle ahead of the vehicle.",
-    "A roof panel for the passenger cabin of a motor vehicle includes a composite or plastic panel-like body and a metal frame that runs continuously along a periphery of the plastic body. The metal frame prevents the thermal expansion of the plastic body at high temperatures, so the expansion of the entire roof panel approximates that of an equivalent metal roof panel. Specifically, the uninterrupted encircling structure of the frame absorbs forces resulting from thermal expansion of the plastic body. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A roof panel for the passenger cabin of a motor vehicle comprising a plastic panel and a metal frame continuously extending around the periphery along an edge of the plastic panel. 16. The roof panel according to claim 15, wherein the frame is embedded in the plastic panel. 17. The roof panel according to claim 15, wherein the frame comprises a wire having a cross section defining a simple closed curve. 18. The roof panel according to claim 17, wherein the wire is embedded in the plastic panel. 19. The roof panel according to claim 15, wherein the plastic panel comprises a first component positioned on top of a second component, wherein the frame is positioned therebetween. 20. The roof panel according to claim 19, wherein at least one of the first and second components comprise a fiber-reinforced plastic panel. 21. The roof panel according to claim 15, further comprising a connecting wire crossing over an opening defined in the frame and having two ends, wherein the connecting wire is fastened to the frame at each of the two ends. 22. The roof panel according to claim 21, wherein the connecting wire comprises a plurality of connecting wires forming a braid. 23. The roof panel according to claim 21, wherein the connecting wire comprises a plurality of connecting wires forming a mesh. 24. The roof panel according to claim 23, wherein the crossing wires are fastened to each other at an intersection points of the mesh. 25. The roof panel according to claim 15, further comprising a groove extending along at least a portion of the periphery configured to receive a bead of adhesive for securing the roof panel to an adjacent body structure. 26. The roof panel according to claim 25, wherein the plastic panel comprises a first component positioned on top of a second component, and wherein second component has a shorter peripheral edge than the first component. 27. The roof panel according to according to claim 15 further comprising at least one rib extending in a transverse direction to the plastic panel and joined therewith. 28. The roof panel according to claim 27, wherein the at least one ribs is formed in the plastic panel. 29. The roof panel according to claim 27, further comprising a plurality of ribs connected as a single part in a transverse roof arch. 30. The roof panel according to claim 29, wherein the plurality of ribs comprises a ladder-like structure having a pair of side rails extending along opposite lateral edges of the roof panel and at least one rung extending between the pair of side rails.",
-    "Various embodiments of switched amplifiers are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a switched amplifier may include a first amplifier; a second amplifier; an input matching network common to both the first and second amplifiers; and at least one switch to couple an input of the switched amplifier, via the input matching network, to one of the first amplifier or the second amplifier. In some embodiments, a switched amplifier may include a first amplifier; a second amplifier; an input matching network common to both the first and second amplifiers or an output matching network common to both the first and second amplifiers; and a bias generation circuit to selectively (1) provide a first bias current to the first amplifier or (2) provide a second bias current to the second amplifier, wherein the second bias current is less than the first bias current. 1. A switched amplifier, comprising: a first amplifier; a second amplifier; an input matching network common to both the first and second amplifiers; at least one switch to couple an input of the switched amplifier, via the input matching network, to one of the first amplifier or the second amplifier; a bias generation circuit to provide a first bias current to the first amplifier when the input is coupled to the first amplifier via the input matching network, and to provide a second bias current to the second amplifier when the input is coupled to the second amplifier via the input matching network, wherein the second bias current is less than the first bias current; and a bias control circuit to: receive a first power mode signal; receive a bias level signal; in response to receipt of the first power mode signal and the bias level signal, cause the bias generation circuit to generate the second bias current, wherein the second bias current has a current value corresponding to the bias level signal within a first power mode current range. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The switched amplifier of claim 1, wherein the bias control circuit is further to, in response to receipt of the first power mode signal, cause the at least one switch to couple the input, via the input matching network, to the second amplifier. 5. The switched amplifier of claim 1, wherein the bias control circuit is further to: receive a second power mode signal, wherein the second power mode signal is representative of a second power mode different from the first power mode; and at least partially in response to receipt of the second power mode signal, cause the bias generation circuit to generate the first bias current. 6. The switched amplifier of claim 5, wherein the bias control circuit is further to, in response to receipt of the second power mode signal, cause the at least one switch to couple the input, via the input matching network, to the first amplifier. 7. The switched amplifier of claim 5, wherein the bias level signal is a first bias level signal, and the bias control circuit is further to: receive a second bias level signal; and in response to receipt of the second power mode signal and the second bias level signal, cause the bias generation circuit to generate the first bias current, wherein the first bias current has a current value corresponding to the second bias level signal within a second power mode current range. 8. (canceled) 9. The switched amplifier of claim 1, further comprising: an output matching network common to both the first and second amplifiers. 10. The switched amplifier of claim 9, further comprising: at least one switch to couple an output of the switched amplifier, via the output matching network, to one of the first amplifier or the second amplifier. 11. The switched amplifier of claim 1, wherein the first and second amplifiers are transconductance amplifiers. 12. The switched amplifier of claim 1, further comprising: a third amplifier; wherein the input matching network is common to the first, second, and third amplifiers, and the at least one switch is to couple the input, via the input matching network, to one of the first amplifier, the second amplifier, or the third amplifier. 13. The switched amplifier of claim 1, wherein the first amplifier includes a first bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the second amplifier includes a second BJT. 14. The switched amplifier of claim 13, further comprising: a bias generation circuit including a pair of current mirror BJTs. 15. The switched amplifier of claim 14, wherein the bias generation circuit further includes a pair of beta helper BJTs. 16. The switched amplifier of claim 13, wherein the first amplifier has a cascode topology. 17. The switched amplifier of claim 13, wherein the first and second BJTs are arranged in a common emitter configuration. 18. The switched amplifier of claim 1, wherein the first amplifier includes a first metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and the second amplifier includes a second MOSFET. 19. A switched amplifier system for improved gain performance, comprising: a switched amplifier, including: an input terminal; an output terminal; multiple amplifiers; an input matching network coupled to the input terminal and common to the multiple amplifiers, or an output matching network coupled to the output terminal and common to the multiple amplifiers; and a bias circuit to identify a value of a bias current for the switched amplifier, and to cause ones of the multiple amplifiers to be switched into or out of a signal pathway between the input terminal and the output terminal based on the identified value of the bias current. 20-21. (canceled) 22. The switched amplifier system of claim 19, further comprising: a radio frequency (RF) signal source coupled to an input of the switched amplifier. 23. A method of operating a switched amplifier with adjustable power consumption, comprising: providing a first bias current to a first amplifier in the switched amplifier; receiving a first power mode signal and a bias level signal; and in response to receiving the first power mode signal and the bias level signal, providing a second bias current to a second amplifier in the switched amplifier, wherein the second bias current is lower than the first bias current, and the second bias current has a current value corresponding to the bias level signal within a first power mode current range. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising: in response to receiving the first power mode signal, actuating one or more switches to couple an input of the switched amplifier to the second amplifier. 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising: after providing the second bias current to the second amplifier, receiving a second power mode signal; in response to receiving the second power mode signal, providing the first bias current to the first amplifier; and actuating one or more switches to couple an input of the switched amplifier to the first amplifier. 26. The switched amplifier system of claim 19, wherein the value of the bias current for the switched amplifier is based on a power consumption limit for the switched amplifier system. 27. The switched amplifier system of claim 19, wherein the bias circuit is to to cause ones of the multiple amplifiers to be switched into or out of a signal pathway between the input terminal and the output terminal based on the identified value of the bias current to mitigate gain expansion. 28. The switched amplifier system of claim 19, wherein identify a value of a bias current for the switched amplifier includes identify a received power mode signal. 29. The switched amplifier system of claim 19, further comprising: an input matching network coupled to the input terminal and common to the multiple amplifiers, or an output matching network coupled to the output terminal and common to the multiple amplifiers. 30. The switched amplifier of claim 1, wherein the switched amplifier does not include an additional matching network between the input and the first amplifier, or between the input and the second amplifier.",
-    "Particular embodiments described herein provide for an apparatus that includes a means for determining a power state for a device connected to a system, a means for determining that the device should change power states, and means for sending a signal to the device to put the device in a D3-cold state while the system is a G0/S0 state. In an embodiment, the device is a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device. Also, the particular example implementation can include means for sending a PCIRST# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the PCIRST# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated PCIRST# signal pin. 1. A method for managing power and performance, comprising: determining a power state for a device connected to a system; determining that the device should change power states; sending a signal to the device to put the device in a D3-cold state while the system is a G0/S0 state; and sending a PCIRST# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the PCIRST# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated PCIRST# signal pin. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending a WAKE# signal from a controller to the device to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the WAKE# signal was sent from a designated WAKE# signal pin on the controller. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the WAKE# signal was not sent to other devices in the system. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending a WAKE# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the WAKE# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated WAKE# signal pin. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the PCIRST# signal was not sent to other devices in the system. 7. An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory, the at least one memory comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to: determine a power state for a device connected to a system; determine that the device should change power states; send a signal to the device to put the device in a D3-cold state while the system is a G0/S0 state; and send a PCIRST# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the PCI RST# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated PCIRST# signal pin. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the device is a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to: send a WAKE# signal from a controller to the device to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the WAKE# signal was sent from a designated WAKE# signal pin on the controller. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the WAKE# signal was not sent to other devices in the system. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to: sending a WAKE# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the WAKE# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated WAKE# signal pin. 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the PCIRST# signal was not sent to other devices in the system. 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause an apparatus to: determine a power state for a device connected to a system; determine that the device should change power states; and send a signal to the device to put the device in a D3-cold state while the system is a G0/S0 state; and send a PCIRST# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the PCI RST# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated PCIRST# signal pin. 14. The computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the device is a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device. 15. The computer readable medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to: send a WAKE# signal from a controller to the device to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the WAKE# signal was sent from a designated WAKE# signal pin on the controller. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the WAKE# signal was not sent to other devices in the system. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to: send a WAKE# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the WAKE# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated WAKE# signal pin. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the PCIRST# signal was not sent to other devices in the system. 19. An apparatus, comprising: means for determining a power state for a device connected to a system; means for determining that the device should change power states; means for sending a signal to the device to put the device in a D3-cold state while the system is a G0/S0 state; and means for sending a PCIRST# signal from the device to a controller to cause the device to exit the D3-cold state, wherein the PCI RST# signal is received at a pin on the controller that is different than a designated PCIRST# signal pin. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the device is a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) device.",
-    "A display device includes: a display panel including a display area; scan lines disposed on the display panel; data lines disposed on the display panel, the data lines crossing the scan lines while being insulated from the scan lines; pixel units disposed in the display area and positioned at a point where the scan line intersects the data line; and photosensors respectively connected to the pixel units, each photosensor configured to activate a respective pixel units when laser light is incident on the photosensor. 1. A display device comprising: a display panel comprising a display area; scan lines disposed on the display panel; data lines disposed on the display panel, the data lines crossing the scan lines while being insulated from the scan lines; pixel units disposed in the display area and positioned near a point where the scan line intersects the data line; and photosensors respectively connected to the pixel units, each photosensor configured to activate a respective pixel unit when laser light is incident on the photosensor. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein each photosensor comprises a light sensing unit configured to transmit a sensor current in response to detecting the laser light, and wherein the light sensing unit comprises any one selected from the group consisting of a photoresistor, a photodiode, and a phototransistor. 3. The display device of claim 2, further comprising a power line configured to provide a current to the pixel units, wherein each pixel unit comprises: a first switching element comprising a gate electrode connected to the scan line, a source electrode, and a drain electrode; a second switching element comprising a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode; and a light emitting element, wherein the light sensing unit comprises a first electrode connected to the power line and a second electrode connected to the light emitting element, wherein the source electrode and the drain electrode of the first switching element are respectively connected to the data line and the gate electrode of the second switching element, and wherein the source electrode and the drain electrode of the second switching element are respectively connected to the power line and the light emitting element. 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein: the photosensor comprises: a light sensing unit configured to generate a sensor current in response to detecting the laser light is incident; and a resistance unit connected in parallel to the light sensing unit. 5. The display device of claim 4, wherein: the pixel unit comprises: a switching element comprising a gate electrode connected to the scan line, a source electrode, and a drain electrode is connected to the data line; a pixel electrode; and a common electrode, wherein the resistance unit of the photosensor is connected between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, and wherein the source electrode and the drain electrode of the switching element are respectively connected to the data line and the pixel electrode of the pixel electrode. 6. The display device of claim 4, wherein the light sensing unit comprises any one selected from the group consisting of a photoresistor, a photodiode, and a phototransistor. 7. The display device of claim 1, wherein the photosensors comprise at least one photosensor connected to two adjacent pixel units. 8. The display device of claim 1, wherein the photosensors comprise at least two photosensors configured to simultaneously detect the laser light radiated to activate the pixel units corresponding to the photosensors. 9. The display device of claim 1, wherein: each pixel unit comprises an organic light emitting diode. 10. The display device of claim 1, wherein: each pixel unit comprises a liquid crystal layer and a pixel electrode configured to provide a voltage to a liquid crystal. 11. A method of operating a display device comprising pixel units and photosensors, the method comprising: displaying an image in a display area of the display device; detecting, using the photosensors, a laser light of a laser pointer incident on the display area of the display device; activating a corresponding pixel unit disposed within an indication region to emit light, the indication region is formed by the laser light of the laser pointer radiated onto the display area; determining whether the laser light of the laser pointer is removed; and inactivating the corresponding pixel unit.",
-    "A surgery table utilizing first and second sections which are hingedly attached to one another. First and second sections are also connected to supports apart from the hinged portion. An elevator moves one of the sections upwardly and downwardly at the support. The resultant position of the frame formed by the first and second sections may take the configuration of a flat surface or an upwardly or downwardly oriented \u201cvee\u201d. 1. A surgical table for supporting a patient having a torso region above a floor during a medical procedure, the apparatus comprising: a patient support structure configured to support the patient during the medical procedure and comprising first and second sections that are inwardly coupled by a hinge and outwardly supported by respective first and second supports; and a chest platform configured to support the torso region of the patient, the chest platform being in sliding relation with the second section and coupled with the hinge through a motivating mechanism such that articulation of the first and second sections about the hinge into a flexed position causes the chest platform to move towards the hinge so as to increasingly position the patient in flexion. 2. The table of claim 1, further comprising hip supports positioned on the first section of the patient support structure. 3. The table of claim 1, wherein the hinge comprises a pair of spaced apart hinges. 4. The table of claim 1, wherein the patient support structure comprises only a single pair of spaced apart hinges between outer ends of the of the patient support structure. 5. The table of claim 1, wherein the first and second sections are open frame sections. 6. The table of claim 1, wherein the motivating mechanism causes the chest platform to move during the articulation. 7. The table of claim 1, wherein the motivating mechanism prevents free moving of the chest platform. 8. The table of claim 1, wherein the flexed position defines an angle under the first and second section of less than one hundred eighty degrees. 9. A surgical table for supporting a patient having a torso region above a floor during a medical procedure, the apparatus comprising: a patient support structure consisting of first and second open frame sections and a hinge, the first and second frame sections coupled at outer ends to supports and coupled at inner ends to the hinge; a chest platform slidingly engaged with the first open frame section and configured for receiving the torso region of the patient, wherein the chest platform is prevented from freely moving on the first open frame section by a motivating mechanism that is configured to move the chest platform towards the hinge when the first and second frame sections articulate about the hinge. 10. The table of claim 9, wherein the motivating mechanism is configured to move the chest platform towards the hinge when the first and second frame sections articulate about the hinge so as to increasingly position the patient in flexion. 11. The table of claim 10, wherein, when the patient is positioned in flexion, the first and second open frame sections define an upside-down vee with the hinges at an apex of the upside-down vee. 12. The table of claim 10, wherein, when the patient is positioned in flexion, an angle less than about one hundred eighty degrees is defined on an underside of the first and second open frame sections. 13. The table of claim 9, wherein the motivating mechanism is configured to move the chest platform towards the hinge when the first and second frame sections articulate about the hinge so as to increasingly position the first and second open frame sections in flexion. 14. The table of claim 9, wherein the hinge comprises a pair of spaced apart hinges. 15. A surgical table for supporting a patient having a torso region above a floor during a medical procedure, the apparatus comprising: a patient support structure configured to support the patient during the medical procedure and comprising first and second sections that are inwardly coupled by a hinge and outwardly supported by respective first and second supports; and a chest platform configured to support the torso region of the patient, the chest platform being in slidable relation with the second section and cooperating with the hinge through a motivating mechanism such that articulation of the first and second sections about the hinge causes the chest platform to move in a predetermined controlled direction with respect to the hinge when positioning the patient thereon. 16. The table of claim 15, wherein the predetermined controlled direction is towards the hinge when the first and second sections articulate to position the patient lying prone in flexion. 17. The table of claim 15, wherein the motivating mechanism causes the chest platform to move during articulation. 18. The table of claim 15, wherein the motivating mechanism prevents free moving of the chest platform. 19. The table of claim 15, wherein the hinge comprises a pair of spaced apart hinges. 20. The table of claim 15, wherein the patient support structure comprises only a single pair of spaced apart hinges between outer ends of the of the patient support structure.",
-    "Embodiments of windows mainframe components, for example, head/jamb window mainframe components which meet the egress requirements for egress windows are provided herein. 1. A head/jamb window mainframe component for egress windows comprising: a horizontal block having a first surface configured to abut a window opening along perimeter sections of the window opening and a second surface opposite the first surface; an exterior boss extending from the second surface and disposed at one edge of the second surface of the horizontal block, wherein the exterior boss comprises a blind stop channel; an interior boss extending from the second surface and disposed at an edge of the second surface opposite the edge in which the exterior boss is disposed; a plurality of vertical beams comprising at least a first vertical beam and a second vertical beam, the plurality of vertical beams extending from the second surface in between the interior boss and the exterior boss, wherein the first vertical beam and the second vertical beam are spaced apart and each have flanged ends operable for attachment to a window sash; a plurality of balance shoe tracks comprising at least a first balance shoe track and a second balance shoe track, wherein the first balance shoe track is a channel formed in spacing between the first vertical beam and the exterior boss, and the second balance shoe track is a channel formed in spacing between the second vertical beam and the interior boss, wherein the first balance shoe track and the second balance shoe track have a depth of one inch or less; and an attachable blind stop comprising a slidable flange member configured to slidingly engage the blind stop channel of the exterior boss, and a sash back stop member extending a distance beyond a horizontal plane defined by the flanged ends of the first vertical beam and the second vertical beam. 2. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the attachable blind stop comprises a support flange extending vertically opposite the sash back stop member and contacting an outer surface of at least one wall of the blind stop channel such that the at least one wall is sandwiched between the slidable flange member and the support flange. 3. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the interior boss is an interior screw boss. 4. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the exterior boss is an exterior screw boss. 5. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the depth of the first balance shoe track and the second balance shoe track is less than 0.9 inch. 6. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the first balance shoe track and the second balance shoe track have a depth of 0.4 to 1.0 inches. 7. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the head/jamb window mainframe component comprises extruded polymer. 8. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the head/jamb window mainframe component comprises fiberglass. 9. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1 wherein the attachable blind stop comprises one or more of polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), fiberglass, carbon fiber, wood, or aluminum. 10. The head/jamb window mainframe component of claim 1, further comprising an additional blind stop channel disposed between the first vertical beam and the second vertical beam. 11. An egress window assembly comprising: a window opening; a window mainframe attached along a perimeter of the window opening, the window mainframe comprising a head jamb, a sill, and side jambs disposed therebetween, wherein the head jamb, the side jambs, or both comprise a head/jamb window mainframe component, the head/jamb window mainframe component comprising: a horizontal block having a first surface abutting the window opening and a second surface opposite the first surface; an exterior boss extending from the second surface and disposed at one edge of the second surface of the horizontal block, wherein the exterior boss comprises a blind stop channel; an interior boss extending from the second surface and disposed at an edge of the second surface opposite the edge in which the exterior boss is disposed; a plurality of vertical beams comprising at least a first vertical beam and a second vertical beam, the plurality of vertical beams extending from the second surface in between the interior boss and the exterior boss, wherein the first vertical beam and the second vertical beam are spaced apart and each have flanged ends operable for attachment to a window sash; a plurality of balance shoe tracks comprising at least a first balance shoe track and a second balance shoe track, wherein the first balance shoe track is a channel formed in spacing between the first vertical beam and the interior boss, and the second balance shoe track is a channel formed in spacing between the second vertical beam and the exterior boss, wherein the first balance shoe track and the second balance shoe track have a depth of one inch or less; an attachable blind stop comprising a slidable flange member configured to slidingly engage the blind stop channel of the exterior boss, and a sash back stop member extending a vertical distance beyond a horizontal plane defined by the flanged ends of the first vertical beam and the second vertical beam; and a window sash attached to window mainframe, wherein at least a portion of the sash back stop member extends a distance beyond an upper edge of the window sash. 12. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the attachable blind stop comprises a support flange extending vertically opposite the sash back stop member and contacting an outer surface of at least one wall of the blind stop channel such that the at least one wall is sandwiched between the slidable flange member and the support flange. 13. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the interior boss is an interior screw boss. 14. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the exterior boss is an exterior screw boss. 15. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the depth of the first balance shoe track and the second balance shoe track is less than 0.9 inch. 16. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the first balance shoe track and the second balance shoe track have a depth of 0.4 to 1.0 inches. 17. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the head/jamb window mainframe component comprises extruded polymer. 18. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the head/jamb window mainframe component comprises fiberglass. 19. The egress window assembly of claim 11, wherein the attachable blind stop comprises one or more of polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), fiberglass, carbon fiber, wood, or aluminum. 20. The egress window assembly of claim 11, further comprising an additional blind stop channel disposed between the first vertical beam and the second vertical beam.",
-    "A system and method for driveway marker light safety system mainly to assist the snowplow drivers during adverse weather conditions is disclosed. The lighting marker system comprises a set of telescoping tubes positioned on either side of the driveway wherein it has extending sections along with a light fixture placed on top of the apparatus. The system further comprises a photo eye detector for detecting the snow obstruction and adjusts the marker light section by using a gear drive or coiled plastic rod mechanism. A solar panel is provided in the apparatus for supporting the power supply. 1. A marker lighting device comprising; at least pair of telescoping tubes configured to have teeth like indentations; a gear drive motor mechanism associated with said telescoping tubes; a renewable energy source to power the lighting device; a height-adjustable light fixture positioned on top of the telescoping tubes; a photo eye detector placed in the lighting device; and a wireless remote communicating device to adjust height of the lighting fixture to provide assistance for snow plow drivers. 2. The marker lighting device according to claim 1, wherein said gear drive mechanism comprises a drive and electric motor connected to one of telescoping tubes and teeth like indentations in the telescoping tube to adjust the height of the light fixture. 3. The marker lighting device according to claim 1, wherein said lighting fixture placed on both sides of the driveway or road. 4. The marker lighting device according to claim 1, wherein lighting fixture have arm like structures placed at certain interval. 5. The marker lighting device according to claim 1, wherein lighting fixture includes an illuminating element. 6. The marker lighting device according to claim 1, wherein lighting fixture include two posts that are telescopically adjustable to move the lights vertically up or down with respect to the snow plow obstruction. 7. The marker lighting device of claim 6, wherein the housing is height adjustable. 8. A method of operating a marker lighting system, comprising the steps of: a pair of telescoping tubes includes teeth like structures located in the lighting system; a gear drive motor mechanism associated with said telescoping tubes for raising the lighting fixture level up at certain interval sensing or monitor a snow fall obstruction using a photo eye detector; adjusting the height of the lighting fixture by gear drive motor mechanism positioned in telescoping tubes; and a wireless remote communicating device to adjust height of the lighting fixture to provide assistance for snowplow drivers. 7. The method as defined in claim 8, wherein the substantial height of the lighting fixture is adjusted automatically. 8. The method as defined in claim 8, wherein the substantial height of the lighting fixture is adjusted using a swivel head portion. 9. The method as defined in claim 8, wherein the substantial height of the lighting fixture is adjusted automatically using power derived from solar panel or photovoltaic cell. 10. The method as defined in claim 8, wherein the substantial height of the lighting fixture is adjusted automatically uses power through electric motor. 11. The method as defined in claim 8, wherein the substantially height of the lighting fixture is adjusted automatically by the detection of photo eye detector. 12. The method as defined in claim 8, wherein the substantially height of the lighting fixture is adjusted automatically using remote wireless communication.",
-    "An electronic system includes: a storage device, configured to receive an interface command including: an interface control unit, a first CPU, coupled to the interface control unit, configured to execute a logical block address (LBA) command, a second CPU, coupled to the interface control unit, configured to execute a key-value command, and a non-volatile storage, coupled to the volatile memory, the first CPU, and the second CPU configured to process the LBA command and the key-value command independently and concurrently; wherein: the first CPU or the second CPU are configured to compile a detailed status after completing the LBA command or the key-value command; and the interface control unit, connected to a device coupling structure, is configured to respond to the interface command by sending the detailed status to a device driver. 1. An electronic system comprising: a storage device, configured to receive an interface command including: an interface control unit, a first CPU, coupled to the interface control unit, configured to execute a logical block address (LBA) command, a second CPU, coupled to the interface control unit, configured to execute a key-value command, and a non-volatile storage, coupled to the volatile memory, the first CPU, and the second CPU, configured to process the LBA command and the key-value command independently and concurrently; wherein: the first CPU or the second CPU are configured to compile a detailed status after completing the LBA command or the key-value command; and the interface control unit, connected to a device coupling structure, is configured to respond to the interface command by sending the detailed status to a device driver. 2. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the interface control unit includes a first command processor is configured to analyze the LBA command. 3. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the interface control unit includes a second command processor is configured to analyze the key-value command. 4. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the interface control unit includes a first command processor which is configured to analyze a conditioning command. 5. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a command multiplexer, which is configured to analyze the interface command and route to a first command processor or a second command processor based on a DWORD15 of the interface command. 6. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a volatile memory, accessed by the first CPU configured to execute the LBA command. 7. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a volatile memory, accessed by the second CPU configured to execute the key-value command. 8. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the interface control unit is configured to analyze the interface command in order to select the first CPU from a plurality of CPU's. 9. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a first command processor which is configured to execute a conditioning command, and reconfigure a one or more of the CPUs to execute the LBA command, the key-value command, or a combination thereof. 10. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the interface circuit is configured to accept the interface command generated by the device driver in response to a key-value application program interface (API) or an LBA API loaded in a host processor. 11. A method of operation of an electronic system comprising: receiving an interface command by a storage device including: analyzing the interface command in an interface control unit, selecting a first CPU for executing a logical block address (LBA) command, selecting a second CPU for executing a key-value command, and processing the LBA command and the key-value command independently and concurrently for accessing a non-volatile storage; compiling a detailed status, by the first CPU or the second CPU, after completing the LBA command or the key-value command; and responding to the interface command by sending the detailed status, through a device coupling structure, to a device driver. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising identifying the LBA command including analyzing the interface command by a first command processor selected by a command multiplexer. 13. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising identifying the key-value command including analyzing the interface command by a second command processor selected by the command multiplexer. 14. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising identifying a conditioning command including analyzing the interface command by a first command processor selected by the command multiplexer. 15. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising analyzing the interface command and routing to a first command processor or a second command processor based on a DWORD15 of the interface command. 16. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising accessing a volatile memory by the first CPU configured for executing the LBA command. 17. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising accessing a volatile memory by the second CPU configured for executing the key-value command. 18. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising analyzing the interface command for selecting the first CPU from a plurality of CPU's. 19. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising executing a conditioning command including reconfiguring one or more CPUs to execute the LBA command, the key-value command, or a combination thereof. 20. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising accepting the interface command generated by the device driver in response to a key-value application program interface (API) or an LBA API loaded in a host processor.",
-    "A system comprises a respiratory delivery arrangement adapted to cover at least one respiratory orifice of a patient. The system also comprises a first conduit having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement. A positive pressure is provided to the respiratory orifice via the first conduit and a second conduit having a third end and a fourth end, the fourth end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement. An exhaled gas is extracted from the respiratory orifice by one or both of a valve configured to redirect flow through the respiratory delivery arrangement and a venturi opening. 1. A system, comprising: a respiratory delivery arrangement adapted to cover at least one respiratory orifice of a patient, the respiratory delivery arrangement comprising a leak port; a first conduit having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement, a positive pressure being provided to the respiratory orifice via the first conduit; a second conduit having a third end and a fourth end, the third end being separated from the first end, the fourth end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement; and a valve located in the first conduit, the valve having a first position and a second position, wherein when the valve is in the first position, (a) a positive pressure flows through the first and second conduits and (b) exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice exits through the leak port, wherein, when the valve is in the second position, (a) a positive pressure flows through only the second conduit, (b) a first portion of exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice exits the leak port and (c) a second portion of exhaled gas exits through the valve. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first end is coupled to a respiratory device providing the positive pressure. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the valve moves to the second position when a flow of positive pressure falls below a predetermined flow rate. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the predetermined flow rate is 5 cm H2O. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein, when the valve is in the second position, an opening formed adjacent the valve is open to an ambient atmosphere. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the second conduit is located within the first conduit. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the second conduit extends external to and parallel to the first conduit. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the valve is controlled by feedback from a sensor located in the respiratory delivery arrangement. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the sensor is configured to determined whether the patient is in one of an awake state and a sleep state. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the valve moves to the second position when the sensor indicated that the patient is in the awake state. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the valve prevents positive pressure flow through the first and second conduits in the awake state. 12. A system, comprising: a respiratory delivery arrangement adapted to cover at least one respiratory orifice of a patient; a first conduit having a first end, a second end, and a valve, the valve having a first position and second position, the second end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement, a positive pressure being provided to the respiratory orifice via the first conduit; a second conduit located within the first conduit and having a third end, a fourth end and a venturi opening, the third end being separated from the first end, the fourth end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement; and wherein, when the valve is in the first position, (a) a positive pressure flows through the first conduit and (b) a first portion of exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice is guided through the second conduit to exit through the venturi opening, and wherein, when the valve is in the second position, (a) positive pressure flow from the first conduit is prevented, (b) inhalation gas is drawn in from an ambient atmosphere via the first conduit, and (c) a first portion of exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice is guided through the second conduit to exit through the venturi opening. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first end is coupled to a respiratory device providing the positive pressure. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein when the valve is in the first position, a second portion of exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice exits through a leak port provided in the respiratory arrangement and when the valve is in the second position, a second portion of exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice exits through the leak port. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein, when the valve is in the second position, an opening located adjacent the valve is open to the ambient atmosphere. 16. The system of claim 12, wherein the valve is controlled by feedback from a sensor located in the respiratory delivery arrangement. 17. A method, comprising: positioning a respiratory delivery arrangement over at least one respiratory orifice of a patient, the respiratory delivery arrangement comprising a leak port, a first conduit having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement, a positive pressure being provided to the respiratory orifice via the first conduit, a second conduit having a third end and a fourth end, the third end being separated from the first end, the fourth end connected to the respiratory delivery arrangement and a valve located in the first conduit, the valve having a first position and a second position; monitoring data corresponding to a breathing pattern of a patient; supplying, based on the breathing pattern, a predetermined pressure of air to the patient; and controlling the valve so that when the air pressure is within a first range, the valve is moved to the first position and (a) a positive pressure flows through the first and second conduits and (b) exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice exits through the leak port and, when the air pressure is within a second range, the valve is moved to the second position and (a) a positive pressure flows through only the second conduit, (b) a first portion of exhaled gas from the respiratory orifice exits the leak port and (c) a second portion of exhaled gas exits through the valve. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the valve is controlled by feedback from a sensor located in the respiratory delivery arrangement. 19-20. (canceled)",
-    "Selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor compounds designed with one or more thiophene-2-carboximidamide substituents for improved bioavailability. 1. A compound of a formula wherein n is an integer selected from 1 and 2; and R is a moiety selected from where R\u2032 is selected from moieties; or a salt thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein said phenyl moiety is meta-substituted. 3. The compound of claim 2 selected from 4. A compound selected from compounds of a formula wherein n is an integer selected from 1 and 2, R is where R\u2032 is selected from H, alkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl, alkynyl and arylalkynyl moieties, and X is selected from H, halogen, methyl, mono- and polyfluoro-substituted methyl moieties; and compounds of a formula wherein R\u2032 is selected from H, methylene, alkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl, alkynyl, and arylalkynyl moieties, and R\u2033 is selected from H, a valence bond and a methylene moiety, providing that where R\u2033 is a valence bond or a methylene moiety, R\u2032 is a methylene moiety whereby R\u2032 and R\u2033 taken together form a 5-6 member heterocyclic ring, and X is selected from H, halogen, methyl, mono- and polyfluorosubstituted methyl moieties; and salts thereof. 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein R\u2033 is H, and said compound is of a formula 6. The compound of claim 4 wherein R\u2033 is selected from a valence bond and a methylene moiety, said compound of a formula wherein m is an integer selected from 0 and 1. 7. A compound selected from compounds of a formula and compounds of a formula wherein L is a linker moiety selected from divalent CH\u2550CH, CH2CH2, OCH2CH(OH), O(CH2)2O, O(CH2)3O, (CH2)2NH, (CH2)2NHCH2, CH2CH(CH2NH2)CH2CH2, CH2CH(CH2NH2)NHCH2 and OCH(CH2NH2)CH2O moieties; and salts thereof. 8. The compound of claim 7 wherein L is selected from said CH2CH2 and CH2(OH)CH2(OH) moieties. 9. A compound of a formula wherein n and n\u2032 are integers independently selected from 0 and 1; or a salt thereof. 10. A compound selected from compounds of a formula and compounds of a formula wherein n and n\u2032 are integers independently selected from 0 and 1; X is selected from O and NH; and R is selected from phenyl, fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and thiophene-2-carboximidamide-substituted phenyl moieties, said substituent with a relationship selected from ortho-, meta- and para- to said prolinyl linker moiety, and salts thereof. 11. The compound of claim 10 wherein each said X is O. 12. The compound of claim 11 wherein each said n and n\u2032 is 0. 13. The compound of claim 12 wherein each said R is a thiophene-2-carboximidamide-substituted phenyl moiety. 14. The compound of claim 13 wherein each said compound is a trans stereoisomer. 15. The compound of claim 11 wherein each said n and n\u2032 is 1. 16. The compound of claim 15 wherein each said R is a thiophene-2-carboximidamide-substituted phenyl moiety. 17. The compound of claim 16 selected from cis and trans stereoisomers.",
-    "Various high-strength microwave antenna assemblies are described herein. The microwave antenna has a radiating portion connected by a feedline to a power generating source, e.g., a generator. The antenna is a dipole antenna with the distal end of the radiating portion being tapered and terminating at a tip to allow for direct insertion into tissue. Antenna rigidity comes from placing distal and proximal radiating portions in a pre-stressed state, assembling them via threaded or overlapping joints, or fixedly attaching an inner conductor to the distal portion. The inner conductor is affixed to the distal portion by, e.g., welding, brazing, soldering, or by adhesives. A junction member made from a hard dielectric material, e.g., ceramic, can be placed between the two portions and can have uniform or non-uniform shapes to accommodate varying antenna designs. Electrical chokes may also be used to contain returning currents to the distal end of the antenna. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A microwave antenna assembly comprising: a feedline including an inner conductor, an outer conductor, and a first dielectric disposed between the inner and outer conductors; a radiating portion coupled to the feedline via compression and electrically connected to the inner conductor; and a second dielectric separating at least a portion of the radiating portion from contact with the outer conductor. 17. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, wherein the second dielectric is selected from the group consisting of ceramics, air, and thermoplastics. 18. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, wherein the second dielectric is a junction member disposed between the radiating portion and the feedline. 19. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 18, wherein the radiating portion is coupled to the feedline via a compressive force applied on the junction member by the feedline and the radiating portion. 20. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, wherein the radiating portion includes a sharpened distal tip configured for insertion into tissue. 21. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, further comprising a connector configured to connect the microwave antenna to a power generating source. 22. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, further comprising one or more dielectric layers overlying the outer conductor. 23. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, wherein the radiating portion is configured to generate spherical ablation zones. 24. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, wherein the radiating portion and the inner conductor are electrically connected via soldering. 25. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 16, wherein the inner conductor extends distally beyond the outer conductor. 26. A microwave antenna assembly comprising: a feedline including an inner conductor, an outer conductor, and a first dielectric disposed between the inner conductor and the outer conductor; a radiating portion electrically connected to the inner conductor and mechanically coupled to the feedline; and a second dielectric separating at least a portion of the radiating portion from contact with the outer conductor, the radiating portion coupled to the feedline via a compressive force applied on the second dielectric by at least one of the feedline or the radiating portion. 27. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, wherein the second dielectric is selected from the group consisting of ceramics, air, and thermoplastics. 28. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, wherein the second dielectric is a junction member disposed between the radiating portion and the feedline. 29. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, wherein the radiating portion forms at least a portion of a needle having a sharpened distal tip configured for insertion into tissue. 30. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, further comprising a connector configured to connect the microwave antenna to a power generating source. 31. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, further comprising at least one dielectric layer overlying the outer conductor. 32. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, wherein the radiating portion is configured to generate spherical ablation zones. 33. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, wherein the radiating portion and the inner conductor are electrically connected via soldering. 34. The microwave antenna assembly of claim 26, wherein the inner conductor extends distally beyond the outer conductor.",
-    "A method of forming a roll of convolutely wound web material. The method includes applying adhesive to an elongated mandrel, winding web material around the mandrel to form a roll of convolutely wound web material, rotating the mandrel relative to the roll to smear the adhesive, and removing the mandrel from the roll. The smearing can be in a circumferential direction. The adhesive can be applied longitudinally along the mandrel. The adhesive preferably has a viscosity within the range of 3000 to 18,000 cps. Preferably, the method includes pulling the mandrel longitudinally before the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. The pulling can reduce the mandrel diameter and/or can increase its length. The rotating can be conducted before the pulling, during the pulling or during the winding. The rotating can be conducted before or during the removing. The web material can be bathroom tissue or kitchen towel. 1. A method of forming a roll of convolutely wound web material comprising the steps of: a) applying adhesive to an elongated mandrel; b) winding web material around said mandrel to form a roll of convolutely wound web material, c) rotating the mandrel relative to the roll to smear the adhesive; and d) removing the mandrel from the roll. 2. The method of claim 1 including the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally before the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 3. The method of claim 2 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll is performed before the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally. 4. The method of claim 2 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll is performed during the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally. 5. The method of claim 2 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll is performed during the step of winding the web around the mandrel. 6. The method of claim 2 in which the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally reduces the diameter of the mandrel. 7. The method of claim 2 in which the step of pulling the mandrel longitudinally increases the length of the mandrel. 8. The method of claim 1 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll is performed before the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 9. The method of claim 1 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll is performed during the step of removing the mandrel from the roll. 10. The method of claim 1 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll is performed during the step of winding the web around the mandrel. 11. The method of claim 1 in which the step of rotating the mandrel relative to the roll smears the adhesive in a circumferential direction around the mandrel. 12. The method of claim 1 in which the adhesive is applied longitudinally along the mandrel. 13. The method of claim 1 in which the adhesive has a viscosity within the range of 3000 to 18,000 cps. 14. The method of claim 1 in which the web is bathroom tissue. 15. The method of claim 1 in which the web is kitchen towel. 16. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is comprised of material having tensile yield strength divided by elastic modulus greater than 2.0%. 17. The method of claim 1 including the step of recirculating the mandrel after the mandrel is removed from the roll and using the mandrel to repeat steps a), b), c), and d). 18. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is comprised of flexible and elastic material. 19. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is comprised of axially elastic material. 20. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is comprised of radially elastic material. 21. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is comprised of thermoplastic. 22. The method of claim 1 in which the mandrel is comprised of HDPE. 23. The method of claim 1 in which the material of the mandrel has a Poisson's ratio of greater than 0.35. 24. The method of claim 1 in which the material of the mandrel has a Poisson's ratio of greater than 0.40.",
-    "A multi-compartment capsule, comprising, a first receiving chamber comprising at least one ingredient having a first physical state, wherein said ingredient is selected from the group consisting of a nutraceutical, a vitamin, a dietary supplement and a mineral; and a second receiving chamber comprising at least one ingredient having a second physical state, wherein said ingredient is selected from the group consisting of a nutraceutical, a vitamin, a dietary supplement and a mineral; wherein said first physical state of said ingredient of said first receiving chamber being different from said second physical state of said ingredient of said second receiving chamber; and said ingredient of said first receiving chamber being different from said ingredient of said second receiving chamber. 1. A multi-compartment capsule, comprising: a first receiving chamber comprising at least one ingredient having a first physical state, and a second receiving chamber comprising at least one ingredient having a second physical state, wherein the first physical state of the ingredient of the first receiving chamber is different from the second physical state of the ingredient of the second receiving chamber, and wherein in one of the receiving chambers the ingredient is a cannabinoid and in the other receiving chamber the ingredient comprises pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, botanicals, extracts, antioxidants, herbal oils, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, brain support components, diet support components or mood support components, or mixtures thereof. 2. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1, wherein the antioxidants comprise: d-alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, tocotrienol, grape seed oil, selenium, vitamin C, or mixtures thereof. 3. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1, wherein the brain support components comprise: d-alpha tocopherol, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Omega 3 fatty acids, lecithin, choline, coenzyme Q 10, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin B 12, or mixtures thereof. 4. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1, wherein the mood support components comprise: d-alpha tocopherol, lecithin, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Omega 3 fatty acids, S-Adenosylmethione (SAM-e), 1-tyrosine, or mixtures thereof. 5. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1, wherein the diet support components comprise: conjugated linoleic acid, flax seed oil, chromium, zinc, 1-carnitine, or mixtures thereof. 6. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1, wherein the botanicals comprise: bilberry, black cohosh, cinnamon, dandelion, Evening primrose oil, forskolin, turmeric, green tea, ginger oil. ginseng, fennel seed, fenugreek, curcumin, guarana, garlic, glucosamine, gotu kola, grape seed, Holy Basil, ma huang, hesperidin, licorice root, red raspberry oil, red rice yeast, spirulina, saw palmetto, St. John's Wort, yohimbe, yohimbine, valerian, kava kava, chamomile, quercetin, oregano, sage, saw palmetto, lavender, or mixtures thereof. 7. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1 wherein the minerals comprise: selenium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, iron, or zinc. 8. The multi-compartment capsule of claim 1, further comprising a third receiving chamber for incorporating at least one ingredient that is different from the ingredients in the first and second receiving chambers.",
-    "A signaling configuration method, device-to-device discovery method and apparatus and communication system. The method includes: configuring device-to-device discovery signals, the device-to-device discovery signals including a first discovery signal and a second discovery signal; wherein the first discovery signal is used for device-to-device initial discovery, detection or synchronization, and the second discovery signal is used for carrying auxiliary information. Mutual peer-to-peer (device-to-device) discovery or inter-small cell discovery may be achieved by the configured first discovery signal and second discovery signal, thereby alleviating mutual device-to-device interference, avoiding multiple times of transmission of signals, and lowering power consumption. 1. A signaling configuration apparatus, comprising: a configuring unit configured to configure device-to-device discovery signals, the device-to-device discovery signals comprising a first discovery signal and a second discovery signal, wherein the first discovery signal is used for device-to-device initial discovery, detection or synchronization, and the second discovery signal is used for carrying auxiliary information. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal are configured by a network side communication device or a user side communication device, or configured by the network side communication device and reported to the user side communication device. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein relate information of the first discovery signal is carried by different sequences, and auxiliary information of the second discovery signal is carried by different sequences or by means of bit packaging; and wherein the number of discovery sequences to which the first discovery signal corresponds is less than the number of discovery sequences to which the second discovery signal corresponds. 4. A device-to-device discovery apparatus, comprising: a signal detecting unit configured to detect a first discovery signal and/or a second discovery signal transmitted by another communication device. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a triggering unit configured to trigger transmission of a first discovery signal and/or a second discovery signal when the first discovery signal or the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal transmitted by the other communication device is/are detected. 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a signal transmitting unit configured to transmit a first discovery signal, or transmit a first discovery signal and a second discovery signal, prior to the detection by the signal detecting unit. 7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a first determining unit configured to determine whether a predefined triggering condition is satisfied; wherein the triggering unit triggers the transmission of the first discovery signal and/or the second discovery signal when the triggering condition is satisfied; and wherein the triggering condition refers to that the communication device successfully detects the first discovery signal, or the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal, or that an intensity of the detected signal(s) exceeds a predefined first threshold, or that a signal to interference plus noise ratio of the detected signal(s) exceeds a predefined second threshold. 8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the signal transmitting unit aperiodically or periodically transmits the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal, or transmits the first discovery signal by broadcasting. 9. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a second determining unit configured to determine whether the other communication device supports device-to-device communication; and wherein when a determination result is that the other communication device supports the device-to-device communication, the triggering unit triggers the transmission of the first discovery signal and/or the second discovery signal. 10. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein relative positions of the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal are fixed. 11. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein related information of the first discovery signal is carried by different sequences, and auxiliary information of the second discovery signal is carried by different sequences or by means of bit packaging; and wherein the number of discovery sequences to which the first discovery signal corresponds is less than the number of discovery sequences to which the second discovery signal corresponds. 12. A device-to-device discovery apparatus, comprising: a transmitting unit configured to transmit a first discovery signal, or transmit a first discovery signal and a second discovery signal. 13. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the communication device aperiodically or periodically transmits the first discovery signal, or the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal, or transmits the first discovery signal by broadcasting. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a receiving unit configured to receive a first discovery signal and/or a second discovery signal transmitted by another communication device according to the first discovery signal, or the first discovery signal and the second discovery signal transmitted by the communication device. 15. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the transmitting unit transmits the first discovery signal by broadcasting, and the apparatus further comprises: a processing unit configured to judge whether there exists another communication device in vicinity, or judge whether information transmitted by the communication device has been correctly received, or judge whether to continue to transmit the first discovery signal, according to the received first discovery signal and/or second discovery signal, after the receiving unit receives the first discovery signal and/or the second discovery signal transmitted by the other communication device.",
-    "An apparatus is disclosed for severing a continuous web into discrete pieces, and re-orienting the discrete pieces by turning and placing the discrete pieces onto a moving conveyor for further processing as desired. 1. A method of processing a continuous web; the method comprising: providing an incoming continuous web of material at a first orientation relative to horizontal; severing the web into discrete pieces, each piece comprising a leading edge, a trailing edge, a top edge and a bottom edge; acquiring a discrete piece with a rotating and pivoting unit; rotating said discrete piece about an axis of the first orientation; spacing adjacent pieces by separating a trailing edge of a first discrete piece from a leading edge of a second discrete piece; reorienting said discrete pieces from said first orientation relative to horizontal to a second orientation relative to horizontal; depositing said pieces and spacing adjacent pieces by separating a top edge of said first discrete piece from a bottom edge of said second discrete piece. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said first orientation relative to horizontal is vertical. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said second orientation relative to horizontal is horizontal. 4. A method of claim 1, said pieces deposited onto a conveyor. 5. A method of claim 1, said pieces deposited onto a running web of material. 6. A method of claim 1, said pieces comprising a diaper. 7. A method of processing a continuous web; the method comprising: acquiring with a rotating and pivoting unit a series of discrete pieces comprising a leading edge, a trailing edge, a top edge and a bottom edge, said pieces traveling at a first orientation relative to horizontal; rotating said discrete pieces about an axis of the first orientation; spacing adjacent pieces by separating a trailing edge of a first discrete piece from a leading edge of a second discrete piece; reorienting said discrete pieces from said first orientation relative to horizontal to a second orientation relative to horizontal; depositing said pieces and spacing adjacent pieces by separating a top edge of said first discrete piece from a bottom edge of said second discrete piece. 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein said first orientation relative to horizontal is vertical. 9. A method according to claim 7, wherein said second orientation relative to horizontal is horizontal. 10. A method of claim 7, said pieces deposited onto a conveyor. 11. A method of claim 7, said pieces deposited onto a running web of material.",
-    "Within a secure messaging environment, a determination is made that a request to send a message has been generated by a message sender. A message protection policy configured to process the message within the secure messaging environment is identified. The message protection policy specifies that, within the secure messaging environment, a secured digital certificate, other than a digital certificate of the message sender, is configured with an associated private key to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender. Based upon the message protection policy, a determination is made to digitally sign the message using the private key of the secured digital certificate. The message is signed on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate. 1. A method, comprising: determining, within a secure messaging environment, that a request to send a message has been generated by a message sender; identifying a message protection policy configured to process the message within the secure messaging environment, where the message protection policy specifies that, within the secure messaging environment, a secured digital certificate, other than a digital certificate of the message sender, is configured with an associated private key to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender; determining, based upon the message protection policy, to digitally sign the message using the private key of the secured digital certificate; and signing the message on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising protecting, by the secure messaging environment, the secured digital certificate against access by the message sender. 3. The method of claim 1, where the secured digital certificate comprises at least one of: a digital certificate assigned to a secure messaging component within the secure messaging environment; and a digital certificate managed by the secure messaging component within the secure messaging environment. 4. The method of claim 3, where the secure messaging component comprises one of a queue manager within the secure messaging environment and a data protection module within the secure messaging environment that interfaces with the queue manager. 5. The method of claim 1, where the message protection policy further specifies that a plurality of secured digital certificates, other than the digital certificate of the message sender, are configured to digitally sign the message on behalf of the message sender, and further comprising: selecting one of the plurality of secured digital certificates, other than the digital certificate of the message sender, specified within the message protection policy; and where signing the message on behalf of the message sender using the private key of the secured digital certificate comprises: signing the message using a private key of the selected one of the plurality of digital certificates. 6. The method of claim 1, where the message protection policy further specifies that the secured digital certificate is configured to digitally sign messages on behalf of a plurality of message senders, and further comprising: signing messages of the plurality of message senders using the private key of the secured digital certificate.",
-    "In one embodiment, a surgical instrument comprises a handle assembly. The handle assembly comprises a first translatable member defining a notch, a lockout lever comprising a cam surface and a detent, a closure trigger, a jaw position sensor in a first state, and a translatable cam operatively coupled to the closure trigger. The detent of the lockout lever is configured to engage the notch of the first translatable member. In response to actuation of the closure trigger, the translatable cam is configured to slidably interface with the cam surface of the lockout lever to: (i) disengage the detent of the lockout lever from the notch of the first translatable member, and (ii) actuate the jaw position sensor to a second state. 1. A surgical instrument, comprising: a handle assembly, comprising: a first translatable member defining a notch; a lockout lever comprising a cam surface and a detent, wherein the detent is configured to engage the notch; a closure trigger; a jaw position sensor in a first state; and a translatable cam operatively coupled to the closure trigger, wherein, in response to actuation of the closure trigger, the translatable cam is configured to slidably interface with the cam surface of the lockout lever to: (i) disengage the detent of the lockout lever from the notch of the first translatable member, and (ii) actuate the jaw position sensor to a second state. 2. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the handle assembly further comprises a second translatable member configured to translate in response to actuation of the closure trigger, wherein the second translatable member operatively couples the translatable cam to the closure trigger, and wherein the translatable cam is configured to translate with the second translatable member to slidably interface with the cam surface of the lockout lever. 3. The surgical instrument of claim 2, further comprising an end effector operably coupled to the handle assembly, wherein the end effector comprises: a first jaw member pivotally coupled to a second jaw member; and at least one electrode. 4. The surgical instrument of claim 3, wherein translation of the second translatable member transitions the first jaw member from an open position toward a closed position. 5. The surgical instrument of claim 3, wherein the handle assembly further comprises an energy button configured to deliver energy to the at least one electrode, wherein when the jaw position sensor is in the first state the energy button is rendered incapable of delivering energy to the at least one electrode, and wherein when the jaw position sensor is in the second state the energy button is rendered capable of delivering energy to the at least one electrode. 6. The surgical instrument of claim 5, wherein the second state indicates that the first jaw member has been closed to at least a predetermined position. 7. The surgical instrument of claim 5, wherein the handle assembly further comprises a control board, wherein the control board is electrically coupled to the energy button, the jaw position sensor and an energy source, and wherein the control board controls the capability of the energy button to deliver the energy to the at least one electrode. 8. The surgical instrument of claim 5, wherein the energy deliverable to the at least one electrode comprises radiofrequency energy, sub-therapeutic radiofrequency energy, or ultrasonic energy. 9. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the handle assembly further comprises a firing trigger operably coupled to the first translatable member, and wherein the first translatable member is configured to translate in response to actuation of the firing trigger. 10. The surgical instrument of claim 9, wherein when the detent of the lockout lever is engaged with the notch of the first translatable member the firing trigger is rendered incapable of translating the first translatable member, and wherein when the detent of the lockout lever is disengaged from the notch of the first translatable member, the firing trigger is rendered capable of translating the first translatable member. 11. The surgical instrument of claim 1, wherein the handle assembly further comprises a lock spring configured to bias the lockout lever against at least one of a portion of the first translatable member or a portion of the translatable cam. 12. A surgical instrument, comprising: a handle assembly, comprising: a jaw position sensor in a first state; a lockout lever comprising a cam surface; a closure trigger; and a translatable cam operatively coupled to the closure trigger, wherein, in response to actuation of the closure trigger, the translatable cam is configured to interface with the cam surface of the lockout lever to actuate the jaw position sensor to a second state. 13. The surgical instrument of claim 12, further comprising an end effector operably coupled to the handle assembly, wherein the end effector comprises: at least one jaw member; and at least one electrode. 14. The surgical instrument of claim 13, wherein the handle assembly further comprises an energy button configured to deliver energy to the at least one electrode, wherein when the jaw position sensor is in the first state the energy button is rendered incapable of delivering energy to the at least one electrode, and wherein when the jaw position sensor is in the second state the energy button is rendered capable of delivering energy to the at least one electrode. 15. The surgical instrument of claim 14, wherein the second state indicates that the at least one jaw member has been closed to at least a predetermined position. 16. The surgical instrument of claim 14, wherein the handle assembly further comprises a control board, wherein the control board is electrically coupled to the energy button, the jaw position sensor and an energy source, and wherein the control board controls the capability of the energy button to deliver the energy to the at least one electrode. 17. A surgical instrument, comprising: a handle assembly, comprising: a first translatable member defining a notch; a lockout lever comprising a cam surface and a detent, wherein the detent is configured to engage the notch; a closure trigger; and a translatable cam operatively coupled to the closure trigger, wherein, in response to actuation of the closure trigger, the translatable cam is configured to interface with the cam surface of the lockout lever to disengage the detent of the lockout lever from the notch of the first translatable member. 18. The surgical instrument of claim 17, wherein the handle assembly further comprises a firing trigger operably coupled to the first translatable member, and wherein the first translatable member is configured to translate in response to actuation of the firing trigger. 19. The surgical instrument of claim 18, wherein when the detent of the lockout lever is engaged with the notch of the first translatable member the firing trigger is rendered incapable of translating the first translatable member, and wherein when the detent of the lockout lever is disengaged from the notch of the first translatable member, the firing trigger is rendered capable of translating the first translatable member. 20. The surgical instrument of claim 17, wherein the cam surface is configured to disengage the detent of the lockout lever from the notch of the first translatable member prior to full actuation of the closure trigger.",
-    "A substrate liquid processing apparatus including: a substrate rotary-holding unit configured to rotate a substrate while holding the substrate; and a processing liquid supply unit configured to supply a processing liquid to a bottom surface of the substrate held by the substrate rotary-holding unit. The substrate rotary-holding unit includes: a base plate disposed spaced apart from the substrate below the substrate; a cover member supported by the base plate and disposed outside an outer periphery of the substrate; and a discharge port formed between the base plate and the cover member and configured to discharge an air stream occurring below the substrate. The support portion of the base plate and the cover member protrudes outwards from a top surface of the base plate to be connected to the cover member. 1. A substrate liquid processing apparatus comprising: a substrate rotary-holding unit configured to rotate a substrate while holding the substrate; and a processing liquid supply unit configured to supply a processing liquid to the substrate held by the substrate rotary-holding unit, wherein the substrate rotary-holding unit includes: a base plate disposed spaced apart from the substrate below the substrate; a cover member supported on the base plate by a support portion and disposed outside an outer periphery of the substrate; and a discharge port formed between the base plate and the cover member and configured to discharge an air stream occurring below the substrate, wherein the support portion of the base plate and the cover member protrudes outwards from a top surface of the base plate to be connected to the cover member. 2. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the support portion of the base plate and the cover member is formed below a bottom surface of the substrate. 3. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein an upper end face of the support portion of the base plate and the cover member is formed on the same plane as the top surface of the base plate. 4. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing liquid supply unit supplies the processing liquid to the bottom surface of the substrate, and the discharge port discharges the processing liquid supplied from the processing liquid supply unit. 5. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the support portions of the base plate and the cover member are formed between a plurality of substrate holders configured to support the substrate and provided at intervals along the outer periphery of the substrate. 6. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the support portions of the base plate and the cover member, and the substrate holders are formed at equal intervals along the outer periphery of the substrate. 7. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 1, comprising a plurality of support members provided on the top surface of the base plate to support the substrate. 8. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of support members include a first support member made of a conductive resin, a conductive member is disposed within the base plate to be in contact with the first support member, and the substrate is electrically conductive through the first support member and the conductive member. 9. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of support members include a second support member made of a resin having a conductivity lower than the first support member. 10. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 9, wherein the number of the first support members is smaller than the number of the second support members. 11. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 7, wherein the support members are detachable from the top surface side of the base plate. 12. The substrate liquid processing apparatus of claim 7, wherein a protrusion is formed on the cover member to extend downwards from the cover member, and the protrusions are formed at a plurality of locations along the outer periphery of the substrate, and extend to positions lower than a top surface of the substrate. 13. A substrate liquid processing method comprising: rotating a substrate by a substrate rotary-holding unit while holding the substrate, supplying a processing liquid to the substrate from a processing liquid supply unit and performing a liquid processing on the substrate by the processing liquid, and discharging, during the liquid processing, an air stream occurring below the substrate from a discharge port formed between a base plate and a cover member provided in the substrate rotary-holding unit while the base plate and the cover member are connected at a support portion, the base plate being disposed spaced apart from the substrate below the substrate, and the cover member being disposed outside an outer periphery of the substrate.",
-    "A guide wire control device and methods of use are described herein. A guide wire is retained by a lock mechanism to a sliding assembly. The sliding assembly controllably moves within a stationary assembly. The guide wire control device provides improved control of guide wires during transcatheter surgical procedures. 1. A guide wire control device comprising: a stationary tubular member having a leading end and an open back end, said tubular member having a slot extending from said open back end and extending towards said leading end, said tubular member having an array of grooves in the direction of a center axis of said stationary tubular member; and, a translating assembly radially constrained within said stationary tubular member and having a spring with one or more tines extending upward into said array of grooves, said translating assembly also having an actuator extending up through said slot and having a spring contact surface, said translating assembly having a lock mechanism for creating friction with a guide wire. 2. The guide wire control device of claim 1, wherein said one or more tines engage said array of grooves at an angle \u201c\u03b1\u201d which is greater than 90 degrees. 3. The guide wire control device of claim 1, wherein said one or more tines are offset. 4. The guide wire control device of claim 1, wherein said array of grooves is comprised of two offset sets of grooves. 5. The guide wire control device of claim 1, wherein said array of grooves extend partially through a wall of said tubular member. 6. A guide wire control device comprising: a stationary hollow member having an attachment end and an open back end, said hollow member having a slot extending from said open back end and extending towards said attachment end, said hollow member having an array of cavities; and, a translating assembly radially constrained within said stationary hollow member and having a spring with one or more tines extending upward into said array of cavities, said translating assembly having an actuator extending up through said slot and having a plurality of engagement surfaces that translate a force to a spring contact force, said translating assembly having a lock mechanism for creating friction with a guide wire. 7. The guide wire control device of claim 6, wherein said one or more tines engage said array of cavities at an angle \u201c\u03b1\u201d which is greater than 90 degrees. 8. The guide wire control device of claim 6, wherein said one or more tines are offset. 9. The guide wire control device of claim 6, wherein said array of cavities is comprised of two offset sets of cavities. 10. The guide wire control device of claim 6, wherein said array of cavities extend partially through a wall of said hollow member. 11. A guide wire control device comprising: a stationary assembly in fixed relationship with a delivery catheter, said stationary assembly having one or more first engagement features; a translational assembly having a lock for securing a guide wire; said translational assembly having one or more second engagement features; wherein said first engagement features variably engage with said second engagement features controlling displacement between said guide wire and said delivery catheter; and, further wherein said translational assembly is detachable from said stationary assembly. 12. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said one or more first engagement features are a spring tine. 13. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said one or more first engagement features are grooves. 14. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said one or more second engagement features are a spring tine. 15. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said one or more second engagement features are grooves. 16. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said lock includes a screw thread. 17. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said stationary assembly includes a connector fitting. 18. The guide wire control device of claim 11, wherein said first or second engagement features are movable by an actuator.",
-    "Polyols derived from palm oil fractions of metathesized triacylglycerols, and their related physical properties are disclosed. Such metathesized triacylglycerol polyols are also used as a component of polyurethane applications, including polyurethane foams. 1. A method of making a triacylglycerol polyol from palm oil, the method comprising: providing a metathesized triacylglycerol composition, which is formed by the cross-metathesis of a natural oil with lower-weight olefins, and which comprises triglyceride compounds having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; separating a fraction of the metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition, which comprises compounds having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; and reacting at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a triacylglycerol polyol composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise C2-C6 olefins. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise C2-C6 alpha olefins. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise ethylene or 1-butene. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise 1-butene. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural oil comprises canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil, or a combination thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the metathesized triacylglycerol composition comprises triglycerides that comprise 9-decenoate residues. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the metathesized triacylglycerol composition comprises triglycerides that comprise 9-dodecenoate residues. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: melting the metathesized triacylglycerol composition; cooling the melted metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a metathesized triacylglycerol composition having a liquid phase and a solid phase; and separating at least a portion of the liquid phase to form the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: melting the metathesized triacylglycerol composition; cooling the melted metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a metathesized triacylglycerol composition having a liquid phase and a solid phase; and separating at least a portion of the solid phase to form the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: dissolving the metathesized triacylglycerol composition in a solvent composition; cooling the dissolved metathesized triacylglycerol composition to crystallize a portion of the metathesized triacylglycerol composition; and separating at least a portion of the dissolved metathesized triacylglycerol composition from the crystallized metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: dissolving the metathesized triacylglycerol composition in a solvent composition; cooling the dissolved metathesized triacylglycerol composition to crystallize a portion of the metathesized triacylglycerol composition; and separating at least a portion of the crystallized metathesized triacylglycerol composition from the dissolved metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition has an iodine value that is greater than that of the metathesized triacylglycerol composition. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition has an iodine value that is less than that of the metathesized triacylglycerol composition. 16-19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting comprises epoxidizing at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the fractionated metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a triacylglycerol polyol, followed by hydroxylating at least a portion of the epoxide groups formed by the epoxidizing step. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the epoxidizing comprises reacting at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the metathesized fractionated triacylglycerol composition with a peroxyacid. 22-24. (canceled) 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the reacting further comprises, after the epoxidizing and before the hydroxylating, neutralizing the product of the epoxidizing step. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the epoxidizing comprises reacting at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the metathesized triacylglycerol composition with formic acid or acetic acid. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the hydroxylating comprises reacting at least a portion of the epoxide groups formed by the epoxidizing with perchloric acid. 28. A method of forming a polyurethane composition, comprising: providing a triacylglycerol polyol and an organic diisocyanate, wherein providing the triacylglycerol polyol comprises making a triacylglycerol polyol according to claim 1; and reacting the triacylglycerol polyol and the organic diisocyanate to form a polyurethane composition. 29-32. (canceled)",
-    "A method of diagnosing metastatic potential of a breast cancer in an individual with breast cancer is described. The method comprises a step of assaying a breast cancer tumour sample from the patient for expression of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 22, (ADAM22), wherein expression of ADAM22 correlates with increased potential for metastasis compared with a patient who is ADAM22 negative. The invention also describes an agent for use in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in a patient, in which the agent is selected from leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) protein (SEQ ID NO:1) and an LGI1 peptide mimic capable of mimicking the ADAM22 binding activity of LGI1 by binding to the LGI1 binding domain of ADAM22 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and which is capable of inhibiting migration of endocrine resistant breast cancer cells. 1. A method for treating metastatic breast cancer in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of an ADAM22 antibody, wherein the antibody binds to ADAM22, inhibits ADAM22 activity, and inhibits migration of endocrine resistant breast cancer cells. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient has ER positive breast cancer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is ADAM 22 positive. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ADAM22 antibody is an antibody that reduces cell migration in an endocrine resistant cell line selected from LY2 or LetR.",
-    "A surgical stapling instrument. Various embodiments include an actuation system for selectively generating a plurality of control motions. A surgical end effector is operably coupled to the actuation system. The actuation system interfaces with an actuation member configured to operably engage rotatable camming members to fire staples within the end effector into forming contact with an anvil portion of the end effector. 1. A surgical stapling instrument comprising: an actuation system for selectively generating a plurality of control motions; a surgical end effector operably coupled to said actuation system, said surgical end effector comprising: a surgical staple cartridge operably supporting a plurality of surgical staples arranged in at least two spaced staple lines; and an actuation member operably interfacing with said actuation system such that upon application of said control motions thereto, said actuation member is axially driven within said surgical staple cartridge between a starting position and an ending position, said actuation member having rotatable staple camming members thereon corresponding to each one of said at least two staple lines such that as said actuation member is driven from said starting to said ending position, each said rotatable camming member is rotated into camming driving engagement with said surgical staples in said corresponding staple lines. 2. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 1, wherein said actuation member operably supports a cutting instrument thereon. 3. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 1, wherein said end effector further comprises an anvil that is movably supported relative to said elongated staple cartridge between an open position and a closed position in response to closure motions applied thereto by said actuation system. 4. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 3, wherein said actuation member is configured to slidably engage said anvil to retain said anvil at a desired spacing relative to said surgical staple cartridge as said actuation member is axially driven from said starting to said ending position. 5. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 1, wherein said actuation system comprises a robotic system that has a tool drive assembly that is operatively coupled to a control unit of the robotic system that is operable by inputs from an operator and is configured to provide said plurality of control motions to said actuation member of said surgical end effector. 6. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 5, further comprising: an elongated shaft assembly operably coupled to said surgical end effector and configured to transmit said control motions thereto; and a tool mounting portion operably coupled to said elongated shaft assembly and configured to operably interface with the tool drive assembly of the robotic system, said tool mounting portion operably supporting a transmission arrangement thereon configured to apply at least one said control motion to said elongated shaft assembly in response to at least one rotary output motion applied thereto from the tool drive assembly. 7. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 6, wherein said end effector further comprises an anvil that is movably supported relative to said elongated staple cartridge between an open position and a closed position in response to closure motions applied thereto by said actuation system. 8. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 7, wherein said transmission arrangement comprises a closure transmission supported on said tool mounting portion in operable engagement with the tool drive assembly of the robotic system for receiving a closure rotary output motion therefrom, said closure transmission in operable engagement with a portion of said elongated shaft assembly such that upon application of said closure rotary output motion in a first direction to said closure transmission assembly, said portion of said elongated shaft assembly applies a closure motion to said anvil and upon application of said closure rotary output motion in a second direction to said closure transmission, said portion of said elongated shaft assembly applies an opening motion to said anvil. 9. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 6, wherein said elongated shaft assembly comprises a rotary drive shaft member operably interfacing with said actuation member and a firing transmission that is operably coupled to a corresponding rotatable body portion supported on the tool drive assembly such that upon application of a firing rotary output motion in a first direction to said firing transmission by said rotatable body portion, said firing transmission rotates said rotary drive shaft to thereby drive said actuation member from said starting to said ending position. 10. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 6, wherein said elongated shaft assembly defines a longitudinal tool axis and has a proximal end portion that is rotatably supported on said tool mounting portion and wherein said transmission arrangement comprises a rotational transmission operably coupled to a corresponding rotatable body portion supported on the tool drive assembly such that upon application of a shaft rotation output motion in a first direction to said rotational transmission by said rotatable body portion, said rotational transmission rotates said elongated shaft assembly about said longitudinal tool axis. 11. A surgical stapling instrument comprising: an actuation system for selectively generating a plurality of control motions; a surgical end effector operably coupled to said actuation system, said surgical end effector comprising: an anvil that is movable between an open position and a closed position in response to closure motions applied thereto by said actuation system; a surgical staple cartridge operably supporting a plurality of linearly arranged pusher members therein, each said pusher member operably supporting at least one unformed surgical staple thereon; a plurality of linearly arranged staple drivers corresponding to said plurality of linearly arranged pusher members, each said staple driver being rotatably supported within said end effector; and an actuation member operably interfacing with said actuation system such that upon application of firing control motions thereto, said actuation member is axially driven within said surgical staple cartridge between a starting position and an ending position, and wherein said actuation member is configured to move each said staple driver into rotatable camming engagement with each said corresponding pusher member to drive said at least one surgical staple supported thereon into forming contact with said anvil as said actuator is driven from said starting position to said ending position. 12. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 11, wherein said actuation member operably supports a cutting instrument thereon. 13. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 11, wherein said actuation member is configured to slidably engage said anvil to retain said anvil at a desired spacing relative to said surgical staple cartridge as said actuation member is axially driven from said starting to said ending position. 14. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 11, wherein said actuation system comprises a robotic system that has a tool drive assembly that is operatively coupled to a control unit of the robotic system that is operable by inputs from an operator and is configured to provide said plurality of control motions to said actuation member of said surgical end effector. 15. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 14, further comprising: an elongated shaft assembly operably coupled to said surgical end effector and configured to transmit said control motions thereto; and a tool mounting portion operably coupled to said elongated shaft assembly and configured to operably interface with the tool drive assembly of the robotic system, said tool mounting portion operably supporting a transmission arrangement thereon configured to apply at least one said control motion to said elongated shaft assembly in response to at least one rotary output motion applied thereto from the tool drive assembly. 16. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 15, wherein said transmission arrangement comprises a closure transmission supported on said tool mounting portion in operable engagement with the tool drive assembly of the robotic system for receiving a closure rotary output motion therefrom, said closure transmission in operable engagement with a portion of said elongated shaft assembly such that upon application of said closure rotary output motion in a first direction to said closure transmission assembly, said portion of said elongated shaft assembly applies a closure motion to said anvil and upon application of said closure rotary output motion in a second direction to said closure transmission, said portion of said elongated shaft assembly applies an opening motion to said anvil. 17. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 15, wherein said elongated shaft assembly comprises a rotary drive shaft member operably interfacing with said actuation member and a firing transmission that is operably coupled to a corresponding rotatable body portion supported on the tool drive assembly such that upon application of a firing rotary output motion in a first direction to said firing transmission by said rotatable body portion, said firing transmission rotates said rotary drive shaft to thereby drive said actuation member from said starting to said ending position. 18. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 15, wherein said elongated shaft assembly defines a longitudinal tool axis and has a proximal end portion that is rotatably supported on said tool mounting portion and wherein said transmission arrangement comprises a rotational transmission operably coupled to a corresponding rotatable body portion supported on the tool drive assembly such that upon application of a shaft rotation output motion in a first direction to said rotational transmission by said rotatable body portion, said rotational transmission rotates said elongated shaft assembly about said longitudinal tool axis. 19. A surgical stapling instrument comprising: an actuation system for selectively generating a plurality of control motions; a surgical end effector operably coupled to said actuation system, said surgical end effector comprising: an anvil that is movable between an open position and a closed position in response to closure motions applied thereto by said actuation system; a surgical staple cartridge operably supporting a plurality of linearly arranged pusher members therein, each said pusher member operably supporting at least one unformed surgical staple thereon; and an actuation member operably interfacing with said actuation system such that upon application of said control motions thereto, said actuation member is axially driven within said surgical staple cartridge between a starting position and an ending position; and camming means interfacing with said actuation member such that as said actuation member is driven from said starting to said ending position, said camming means are moved into rotatable camming engagement with each said surgical pusher member to drive said at least one surgical staple supported thereon into forming contact with said anvil when said anvil is in said closed position. 20. The surgical stapling instrument of claim 19, wherein said actuation system comprises a robotic system that has a tool drive assembly that is operatively coupled to a control unit of the robotic system that is operable by inputs from an operator and is configured to provide said plurality of control motions to said actuation member of said surgical end effector.",
-    "Embodiments are disclosed that relate to operating a user interface on an augmented reality computing device comprising a display system. For example, one disclosed embodiment includes displaying a virtual object via the display system as free-floating, detecting a trigger to display the object as attached to a surface, and, in response to the trigger, displaying the virtual object as attached to the surface via the display system. The method may further include detecting a trigger to detach the virtual object from the surface and, in response to the trigger to detach the virtual object from the surface, detaching the virtual object from the surface and displaying the virtual object as free-floating. 1. On an augmented reality computing device comprising a display system, a method of operating a user interface, the method comprising: displaying a virtual object via the display system as free-floating; identifying a surface via image data acquired with the augmented reality computing device; comparing the surface to a policy associated with the virtual object; and based at least on comparing the surface to the policy associated with the virtual object, displaying the virtual object as attached to the surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface is a first surface, further comprising identifying a second surface via the image data, comparing the second surface to the policy associated with the virtual object, and not displaying the virtual object as attached to the second surface based upon comparing the second surface to the policy associated with the virtual object. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises a real-world surface. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the trigger comprises a threshold distance between the virtual object and the surface. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising updating displaying of the virtual object on the display system based on a change in a location of a gaze of a user. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a trigger to detach the virtual object from the surface; and in response to the trigger to detach the virtual object from the surface, detaching the virtual object from the surface and displaying the virtual object as free-floating. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a location of user focus on the surface; and displaying the virtual object on the surface at a location based upon the location of user focus. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the surface is a first surface, and further comprising after displaying the virtual object as attached to the first surface via the display system, detecting a change in the location of user focus on the first surface and maintaining the virtual object attached at a fixed location on the first surface. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising detecting a discontinuity on the first surface at a location of user focus, and detaching the virtual object from the first surface at the discontinuity and then reattaching the virtual object at a location past the discontinuity. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising detecting a discontinuity between the first surface and a second surface, and displaying a first portion of the virtual object on the first surface adjacent to the discontinuity and a second portion of the virtual object on the second surface adjacent to the discontinuity. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising detecting a discontinuity between the first surface and a second surface, and in response to an angle between a direction of user focus and the second surface meeting a threshold condition, displaying the virtual object on the second surface and not displaying the virtual object on the first surface. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the policy specifies one or more of a color and a texture of a surface to which the virtual object can attach. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the policy specifies one or more of size, a location, and an orientation of a surface to which the virtual object can attach. 14. On an augmented reality computing device comprising a see-through display system, a method for operating a user interface, the method comprising: displaying a virtual object via the display system as free-floating; identifying a surface of a first orientation and a surface of a second, different orientation via image data acquired with the augmented reality computing device; based at least on comparing the surface to a policy associated with the virtual object, displaying the virtual object as attached to the surface of the first orientation when the virtual object is closer than a threshold distance from the surface of the first orientation, and not displaying the virtual object as attached to the surface of the second orientation when the virtual object is closer than the threshold distance from the surface of the second orientation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the policy specifies one or more of which real-world surfaces the virtual object may be attached to and under what conditions the virtual object may be attached to a real-world surface, and displaying the virtual object on the see-through display system based on the one or more policies associated with the virtual object. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising, after displaying the virtual object attached at the fixed location on the first real-world surface on the see-through display system, detecting a second change in location of user focus on the first real-world surface and maintaining the virtual object attached at the fixed location on the first real-world surface. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: detecting a trigger to detach the virtual object from the first real-world surface; and in response to the trigger to detach the virtual object from the first real-world surface, detaching the virtual object from the first real-world surface and displaying the virtual object as free-floating. 18. A wearable augmented reality computing device, comprising: a see-through display device; a sensor system including one or more sensors; a logic subsystem; and a storage subsystem comprising instructions stored thereon that are executable by the logic subsystem to identify a surface via image data acquired with the augmented reality computing device; compare the surface to a policy associated with the virtual object; and based at least on comparing the surface to the policy associated with the virtual object, display the virtual object as attached to the surface. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the policy specifies one or more of a color and a texture of a surface to which the virtual object can attach. 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the policy specifies one or more of size, a location, and an orientation of a surface to which the virtual object can attach.",
-    "A method of controlling an aircraft in the event of pilot incapacity includes detecting, using at least one sensor, the occurrence of an event relating to a pilot's capacity to control the aircraft, determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot, asserting a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot if it has been determined that a controlled takeover is justified, and executing a controlled landing of the aircraft without assistance of the pilot. 1. A method of controlling an aircraft in the event of pilot incapacity, comprising: detecting, using at least one sensor, the occurrence of an event relating to a pilot's capacity to control the aircraft; determining, using a controller that is operatively connected to the at least one sensor, whether the event justifies a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot; asserting a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot if it has been determined that a controlled takeover is justified; and executing a controlled landing of the aircraft without assistance of the pilot. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the occurrence of an event includes detecting a biometric parameter using the sensor. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover includes determining whether the biometric parameter is outside of a predetermined range. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the occurrence of an event includes detecting aircraft course and/or location information. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover includes determining whether the course information represents a deviation from a predetermined flight course beyond a deviation threshold. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the occurrence of an event includes detecting an aircraft flight state. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover includes determining whether the aircraft flight state is within predetermined aircraft operational parameters. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the occurrence of an event includes detecting an action initiated by the pilot or other crew member. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover includes providing a signal to the pilot indicating that an event has occurred justifying a controlled takeover to confirm whether the pilot is incapacitated. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover includes confirming whether the pilot is incapacitated by remote visual observation. 11. The method of any of claim 1, wherein determining whether the event necessitates a controlled takeover includes confirming whether the pilot is incapacitated by illuminating the pilot with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. 12. The method of any of claim 1, wherein asserting a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot includes activating an autonomous flight control of the aircraft. 13. The method of any of claim 1, wherein asserting a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot involves asserting remote flight control of the aircraft. 14. The method of any of claim 1, wherein executing a controlled landing of the aircraft without the assistance of the pilot includes flying the aircraft to a predetermined landing location. 15. The method of any of claim 1, wherein the executing a controlled landing of the aircraft without the assistance of the pilot includes flying the aircraft to the closest safe landing area. 16. An aircraft emergency control system, comprising: a controller operatively connected to at least one sensor to receive a signal therefrom and a flight control system of the aircraft to control the aircraft, wherein the controller includes a processor, a memory, and instructions executable by the processor to perform a method, the method including: detecting, using the at least one sensor, the occurrence of an event relating to a pilot's capacity to control the aircraft; determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot, wherein determining whether the event justifies a controlled takeover includes at least one of determining whether a biometric parameter of the pilot is outside of a predetermined range, determining whether course information and/or location of the aircraft represents a deviation from a predetermined flight course beyond a deviation threshold, determining whether the aircraft flight state is within predetermined aircraft operational parameters, receiving a signal confirming whether the pilot is incapacitated by remote visual observation, providing a signal to the pilot indicating that an event has occurred to confirm whether the pilot is incapacitated and determining whether the pilot reacts, illuminating the pilot with a laser and analyzing the reflected light, or receiving an indication from the pilot that imminent incapacitation is likely; asserting a controlled takeover of the aircraft from the pilot if it has been determined that a controlled takeover is justified; and executing a controlled landing of the aircraft without assistance of the pilot. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one sensor includes at least one of a biometric sensor, an aircraft state sensor, an imaging device, a responsiveness sensor, or an aircraft location sensor.",
-    "A device for limiting access of an animal is disclosed. The device includes a housing having a sidewall defining an opening therein, and a housing interior in communication with the opening. The device also includes an opening-size selectable member engageable with at least a portion of the housing for restricting at least one dimension of the opening to form a modified opening. The modified opening allows passage of a first animal into the housing interior through the opening, and restrains a second animal from entering the housing interior. In one configuration, the second animal is than the first animal. 1. A device for limiting access of an animal, comprising: a housing having a sidewall defining an opening therein, and a housing interior in communication with the opening; and an opening-size selectable member engageable with at least a portion of the housing adjacent the opening for restricting at least one dimension of the opening to form a modified opening, wherein the modified opening allows passage of a first animal into the housing interior through the opening and restrains a second animal from entering the housing interior, the second animal being larger than the first animal. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing interior is adapted to house at least one of a food dish and a litter box therein. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the opening-size selectable member is disposed over the opening. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member may be adjusted to define a plurality of modified openings. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member may be fixed with respect to a portion of the housing to define a fixed modified opening. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member comprises a plurality of ridges for correspondingly engaging a plurality of steps associated with a portion of the housing. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member comprises a slideable panel portion slideably engaged with a portion of the housing. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member comprises a plurality of moveable bars restrainably connected to a portion of the housing. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member comprises at least one crescent shaped body moveably received at least partially within a track disposed within the housing. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the opening-size selectable member comprises an attachable panel portion engageable with a portion of the housing. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the panel portion includes one of a peg and a hole, and the housing includes the other of the peg and the hole, such that the hole is adapted to receive the peg therethrough to secure the opening-size selectable member and the housing. 12. The device of claim 10, further comprising a second attachable panel portion engageable with a portion of the housing. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the attachable panel portion is engageable with a portion of the housing for restraining the opening in a first dimension, and the second attachable panel portion is engageable with a portion of the housing for restraining the opening in a second dimension, the second dimension being different than the first dimension. 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a top portion defining an access port therethrough, the access port in communication with the housing interior. 15. The device of claim 1, wherein the modified opening restrains at least a portion of the second animal from entering the housing interior.",
-    "A method and apparatus for generating an address sequence in a memory device is provided. The method includes providing a memory array having a set of unique addresses, storing one of a first subset of the set of unique addresses in a first storage element, storing one of a second subset of the set of unique addresses in a second storage element, and generating a sequence of addresses to test the memory array. The sequence of addresses are formed by alternately outputting addresses stored in the first storage element and the second storage element such that the sequence of addresses causes each unique address of the set to transition only once. The sequence of addresses can be used to efficiently test the memory array during a built-in self-test (BIST). 1. A method for generating an address sequence in a memory device, the method comprising: providing a memory array having a set of unique addresses; storing one of a first subset of the set of unique addresses in a first storage element, the first storage element external to the memory array; storing one of a second subset of the set of unique addresses in a second storage element, the second storage element external to the memory array; and generating a sequence of addresses to test the memory array, the sequence of addresses formed by alternately outputting addresses stored in the first storage element and the second storage element, wherein the sequence of addresses causes each unique address of the set to transition only once. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a processing element coupled to the first and second storage elements and coupled to provide addresses to the memory array. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising coupling the processing element to a row decoder and to a column decoder of the memory array. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the processing element is characterized as a state machine and included in a built-in self-test (BIST) logic block. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein generating a sequence of addresses to test the memory array further comprises generating a sequence of addresses to test the memory array during a BIST mode of the memory array. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a first portion of the sequence of addresses includes one address from the first subset interleaved among a plurality of addresses from the second subset, each of the addresses in the plurality of addresses from the second subset different from each other and different from the one address from the first subset. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of unique addresses is a set of unique decoded addresses. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising using a memory controller, providing addresses to the memory array during a normal operating mode. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of addresses in the first subset and the number of addresses in the second subset are the same. 10. A memory device, comprising: a memory array having a set of unique addresses; a first storage element external to the memory array; a second storage element external to the memory array; and a processing element coupled to the first storage element and to the second storage element and coupled to provide addresses to the memory array, the processing element to iteratively output addresses stored in the first storage element and the second storage element to form a sequence of addresses, the sequence of addresses causing each unique address in the set to transition only once. 11. The memory device of claim 10, wherein a first address of a first subset of the set of unique addresses is stored in the first storage element and a second address of a second subset of the set of unique addresses is stored in the second storage element. 12. The memory device of claim 11, wherein the sequence of addresses includes the first address directly followed by the second address, and the second address directly followed by the first address. 13. The memory device of claim 10, wherein the first storage element and the second storage element are each characterized as a register. 14. The memory device of claim 10, wherein the processing element to iteratively output addresses stored in the first storage element and the second storage element to form a sequence of addresses further comprises alternately outputting address stored in the first storage element and the second storage element to form the sequence of address. 15. The memory device of claim 10, further comprising a row decoder and a column decoder each coupled to the memory array, the row decoder and the column decoder coupled to the processing element to receive the sequence of addresses during a test mode. 16. The memory device of claim 10, further comprising a built-in self-test (BIST) logic block, the BIST logic block including the first storage element, the second storage element, and the processing element. 17. The memory device of claim 10, wherein the processing element is characterized as a state machine. 18. A method for generating an address sequence in a memory device, the method comprising: providing a memory array having a set of unique addresses; storing one address of a first subset of the set of unique addresses in a first storage element, the first storage element external to the memory array; storing one address of a second subset of the set of unique addresses in a second storage element, the second storage element external to the memory array; outputting the address stored in the first storage element; outputting the address stored in the second storage element; updating the address in the second storage element with a next address of the second subset; and iteratively repeating the steps of outputting the address stored in the first storage element, outputting the address stored in the second storage element, and updating the address in the second storage element, until the second storage element has been updated with a predetermined number of next addresses to generate a first sequence of addresses. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: after generating the first sequence of addresses, updating the address in the first storage element with a next address of the first subset; and iteratively repeating the steps of outputting the address stored in the first storage element, outputting the address stored in the second storage element, and updating the address in the second storage element, until the second storage element has been updated with a predetermined number of next addresses to generate a second sequence of addresses. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first sequence and the second sequence are a first and second portion of a sequence of addresses, the sequence of addresses causing each unique address in the set of unique addresses of the memory array to transition only once.",
-    "Methods and systems for granting temporary access to videos from a programmer to viewers based on the viewers having subscriptions with a separate MVPD. An examplary technique involves receiving a request for the programmer to provide a video to a viewer and accessing the MVPD to authenticate that the viewer has a subscription with the MVPD and confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video. The technique determines that the MVPD is not able to timely authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video. While waiting for the MVPD to respond, the viewer is granted temporary access to the video. When a subsequent response from the MVPD is received, the technique continues to grant access to the viewer to the video from the programmer or cuts off access of the viewer to the video from the programmer based on the response. 1. In an environment in which a programmer provides video content to viewers based on the viewers having subscriptions with a separate multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD), a method for granting temporary access when the MVPD is unavailable, the method comprising: receiving a request for the programmer to provide a video to a viewer; accessing the MVPD to authenticate that the viewer has a subscription with the MVPD or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video; determining that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video; granting a temporary access to the viewer to access the video from the programmer while waiting for the MVPD; and continuing to grant access to the viewer to the video from the programmer or cutting off access of the viewer to the video from the programmer based on a subsequent response from the MVPD regarding authentication of the viewer subscription or authorization of the viewer to receive the video. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a monitoring service separate from the programmer and MVPD determines that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video and grants the temporary access to the viewer to access the video from the programmer while waiting for the MVPD. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the monitoring service determines that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video based on statistics regarding the MVPD based on multiple programmers accessing the MVPD to authenticate subscriptions and viewer authorizations. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the monitoring service applies a programmer-specific rule to grant the temporary access to the viewer to access the video from the programmer while waiting for the MVPD. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein granting temporary access comprises applying a rule to determine whether the programmer will provide the video to the viewer, wherein the rule is specific to the programmer and specifies to provide videos to viewers who have previously been authenticated by the MVPD and to deny content to viewers who have not previously been authenticated by the MVPD. 6. The method of claim 1, applying a rule to determine whether the programmer will provide the video to the viewer, wherein the rule is specific to the programmer and specifies to provide video from a first channel of the programmer but withhold video from a second channel of the programmer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the MVPD provides television channels from the programmer and other programmers, wherein the video is from a television channel from the programmer provided on one of the television channels. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video comprises: receiving login credentials from the viewer associated with a subscription to the MVPD; and attempting to authenticate the subscription with the MVPD using the login credentials. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video comprises: receiving login credentials from the viewer associated with a subscription to the MVPD; and attempting to confirm with the MVPD using the login credentials that the viewer is authorized to view video according to the subscription. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the MVPD provides television channels from the programmer and other programmers using a dedicated network, wherein the request for the programmer to provide the video to the viewer is received via a network different from the dedicated network. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the viewer requests to view the video on a mobile device. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the viewer requests to view the video using an app provided by the programmer on the mobile device. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the viewer requests to view the video using a web browser accessing a web page. 14. In an environment in which a programmer provides video content to viewers based on the viewers having subscriptions with a separate multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD), a method for granting temporary access when the MVPD is unavailable, the method comprising: receiving a request for the programmer to provide a video to a viewer; accessing the MVPD to authenticate that the viewer has a subscription with the MVPD or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video; determining that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video; applying a rule to determine whether the programmer will provide the video to the viewer, wherein the rule is specific to the programmer and specifies to provide videos to viewers who have previously been authenticated by the MVPD and to deny content to viewers who have not previously been authenticated by the MVPD; and based on applying the rule, providing the video from the programmer to the viewer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a monitoring service separate from the programmer and MVPD determines that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the monitoring service determines that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video based on statistics regarding the MVPD based on multiple programmers accessing the MVPD to authenticate subscriptions and viewer authorizations. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the programmer specifies different rules for different channels governing access to the different channels differently when the MVPD is unavailable. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the programmer specifies different rules for different videos governing access to the different videos differently when the MVPD is unavailable. 19. In an environment in which a programmer provides video content to viewers based on the viewers having subscriptions with a separate multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD), a method for granting temporary access when the MVPD is unavailable, the method comprising: receiving a request for the programmer to provide a video to a viewer; accessing the MVPD to authenticate that the viewer has a subscription with the MVPD or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video; determining that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video; applying a rule to determine whether the programmer will provide the video to the viewer, wherein the rule is specific to the programmer and specifies to provide video from a first channel of the programmer and to withhold video from a second channel of the programmer; and based on applying the rule, providing the video from the programmer to the viewer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein a monitoring service separate from the programmer and MVPD determines that the MVPD is not able to, within a predetermined time period, authenticate the viewer subscription or confirm that the viewer is authorized to receive the video.",
-    "A method, an apparatus, and an electronic device are provided for controlling a smart home device. In the method, the device detects a user trigger operation from a user, where the user trigger operation indicates a request for a control permission to control the smart home device. The device determines whether a wearable device associated with the user is located within a preset distance range. When determining that the wearable device is located within the preset distance range, the device grants the user the control permission. 1. A method for controlling a smart home device, comprising: detecting, by a terminal including a processor, a user trigger operation from a user, the user trigger operation indicating a request for a control permission to control the smart home device; determining, by the terminal, whether a wearable device associated with the user is located within a preset distance range of the terminal; and granting, by the terminal, the user the control permission when determining that the wearable device is located within the preset distance range. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the user trigger operation comprises a touch operation or a swipe operation with respect to a screen of the terminal by the user, a touch point of the touch operation or the swipe operation is within a trigger range of a displayed icon corresponding to the smart home device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the user trigger operation comprises a touch operation or a swipe operation with respect to a locked screen of the terminal by the user, a touch point of the touch operation or the swipe operation is within a trigger range of a displayed icon corresponding to the smart home device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within the preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal containing, an emitting parameter corresponding to the preset distance range; determining whether the wearable device is located within the preset distance range by receiving a corresponding response signal, and determining a sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal; when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining whether a strength of the response signal is indicative of the wearable device being within a preset range; and when the strength of the response signal is within the preset range, determining a sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal, an emitting parameter of the probe signal corresponding to the preset distance range; when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining whether a sending party of the response signal is the wearable device according to whether the response signal contains a preset device ID; and when the response signal contains the preset device ID, determining the sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein granting a control permission with respect to the smart home device comprises: before a current control operation finishes, granting a control permission with respect to the smart home device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: after granting a control permission with respect to the smart home device, switching to a control operation interface of the smart home device. 9. An electronic device, comprising: a processor; and a memory for storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein the processor is configured to perform: detecting a user trigger operation from a user, the user trigger operation indicating a request for a control permission to control a smart home device; determining whether a wearable device associated with the user is located within a preset distance range of the electronic device; and granting the user the control permission when determining the wearable device is located within the preset distance range. 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the user trigger operation is a touch operation or a swipe operation with respect to a screen of the electronic device by the user, a touch point of the touch operation or the swipe operation is within a trigger range of a displayed icon corresponding to the smart home device. 11. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the user trigger operation is a touch operation or a swipe operation with respect to a locked screen of the electronic device by a user, a touch point of the touch operation or the swipe operation is within a trigger range of a displayed icon corresponding to the smart home device. 12. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal, an emitting parameter of the probe signal corresponding to the preset distance range; determining whether the wearable device is located within the preset distance range by receiving a response signal; and determining a sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 13. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal; when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining whether a strength of the response signal is indicative of the wearable device being within a preset range; and when the strength of the response signal is within the preset range, determining a sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 14. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal, an emitting parameter of the probe signal corresponding to the preset distance range; when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining whether a sending party of the response signal is the wearable device according to whether the response signal contains a preset device ID; and when the response signal contains the preset device ID, determining the sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 15. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein granting a control permission with respect to the smart home device comprises: before a current control operation finishes, granting a control permission with respect to the smart home device. 16. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to perform: after granting a control permission with respect to the smart home device, switching to a control operation interface of the smart home device. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when being executed by a processor of a terminal, cause the terminal to perform: detecting a user trigger operation from a user, the user trigger operation indicating a request for a control permission to control a smart home device; determining whether a wearable device associated with the user is located within a preset distance range of the terminal and granting the user the control permission when determining that the wearable device is located within the preset distance range. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal, an emitting parameter of the probe signal corresponding to the preset distance range; and determining whether the wearable device is located within the preset distance range according to whether receiving a response signal; and when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining a sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal; when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining whether a strength of the response signal is indicative of the wearable device being within a preset range; and when the strength of the response signal is within the preset range, determining a sending party of the response signal as the wearable device. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein determining whether the wearable device is located within a preset distance range comprises: emitting a probe signal, an emitting parameter of the probe signal corresponding to the preset distance range; and when receiving a corresponding response signal, determining whether a sending party of the response signal is the wearable device according to whether the response signal contains a preset device ID; and when the response signal contains the preset device ID, determining the sending party of the response signal as the wearable device.",
-    "The invention relates to a tunable laser, the tunable laser comprising a first waveguide, a second waveguide and a semiconductor layer being arranged to separate the first waveguide from the second waveguide. The first waveguide comprises a first coupling portion and an active portion for generating a laser signal. The second waveguide comprises a second coupling portion and a tuning portion for tuning the wavelength of the laser signal. The first coupling portion and the second coupling portion are configured to couple the laser signal between the first waveguide and the second waveguide through the semiconductor layer. 1. A tunable laser, comprising: a first waveguide comprising a first coupling portion and an active portion for generating a laser signal; a second waveguide comprising a second coupling portion and a tuning portion for tuning the wavelength of the laser signal; a semiconductor layer being arranged to separate the first waveguide from the second waveguide; wherein the first coupling portion and the second coupling portion are configured to couple the laser signal between the first waveguide and the second waveguide through the semiconductor layer. 2. The tunable laser of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first waveguide or the second waveguide is embedded within the semiconductor layer. 3. The tunable laser of claim 1, further comprising a heating element for heating the tuning portion in order to thermally tune the wavelength of the laser signal. 4. The tunable laser of claim 1, wherein the first coupling portion and the second coupling portion are arranged in parallel. 5. The tunable laser of claim 1, wherein the first coupling portion at least partially overlies the second coupling portion. 6. The tunable laser of claim 1, wherein the first coupling portion or the second coupling portion comprises a tapered width portion. 7. The tunable laser of claim 1, wherein the first waveguide is a ridge waveguide. 8. The tunable laser of claim 1, further comprising: a first semiconductor layer forming the first waveguide; a second semiconductor layer forming the second waveguide; and wherein the semiconductor layer separating the first waveguide from the second waveguide is a semiconductor substrate layer supporting the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer. 9. The tunable laser of claim 1, wherein: the second waveguide has a Y-shaped form comprising a first arm and a second arm; and wherein the second coupling portion forms at least part of the basis of the Y-shaped second waveguide and the first arm and the second arm form the respective arms of the Y-shaped second waveguide. 10. The tunable laser of claim 9, wherein: the first arm comprises a first wavelength selective element and the second arm comprises a second wavelength selective element; wherein the first wavelength selective element is configured to provide a first reflected laser signal having a comb-shaped spectrum; wherein the second wavelength selective element is configured to provide a second reflected laser signal having a comb-shaped spectrum; and wherein the spacing between subsequent peaks of the comb-shaped spectrum of the first reflected laser signal differs from the spacing between subsequent peaks of the comb-shaped spectrum of the second reflected laser signal. 11. The tunable laser of claim 10, wherein the first wavelength selective element or the second wavelength selective element is formed as a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector or a superstructure grating distributed Bragg reflector. 12. The tunable laser of claim 10, wherein the first wavelength selective element is formed by a portion of varying width of the first arm of the second waveguide or the second wavelength selective element is formed by a portion of varying width of the second arm of the second waveguide. 13. The tunable laser of claim 10, wherein the second waveguide further comprises a phase adjuster for aligning a first phase of the first reflected laser signal with a second phase of the second reflected laser signal. 14. The tunable laser of claim 9, further comprising: a thermal insulation trench provided in the semiconductor layer separating the first waveguide from the second waveguide for providing thermal insulation between the first arm and the second arm of the second waveguide. 15. A method of tuning a laser, the method comprising: generating a laser signal by an active region of a first waveguide; guiding the laser signal by the first waveguide to a first coupling portion of the first waveguide; optically coupling the laser signal from the first coupling portion of the first waveguide into a second coupling portion of a second waveguide, wherein the first waveguide is separated from the second waveguide by a semiconductor layer; guiding the laser signal by the second waveguide to a tuning portion of the second waveguide; and tuning the wavelength of the laser signal by the tuning portion of the second waveguide.",
-    "A window assembly includes a first sash having a first rail having a longitudinal axis extending between a first end and an opposite second end. A continuous handle extends along the length of the first rail and is pivotally connected to the first rail between a lowered first position and a second raised position. 1. A sliding window assembly comprising: a sliding sash having a first vertical stile, a second vertical stile spaced from the first stile, and a pair of horizontal rails spaced from one another and perpendicular to the first and second stiles; a handle operatively attached to the first vertical stile and extending along the length of the first vertical stile, the handle substantially covering the surface of the first vertical stile in a first position and exposing the surface of the first vertical stile in a second position; a lock operatively connected to the handle and configured to unlock the sash from a second sash or frame when the handle is moved from the first position to the second position. 2. The window assembly of claim 1 further including a track configured to slidably receive a portion of one of rails. 3. The window assembly of claim 2 wherein the handle includes a pivot member extending along an entire edge of the handle that is received within a groove of the vertical stile, the groove extending along the entire vertical length of the vertical stile. 4. The window assembly of claim 3, wherein the lock is configured to retain the handle in the second position when the sash is moved from its closed position.",
-    "Methods and apparatus are disclosed for generating a short term password that may be used to access a data warehouse. According to aspects of the disclosure, a user may request a password after inputting a data warehouse environment, an ID name, and a reason for the password reset. A server may receive the request and determine whether the difference in time of the present request and a previous request for the same ID name and data warehouse environment is greater than a time limit. Additionally, the server may determine whether a previous user has logged in using a password for the same ID name and data warehouse environment. Thereafter, the server may generate and output a short term password that expires after the time limit. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, at a processor, a request to generate a single use short term password, wherein the request comprises prompts for entry of a data warehouse environment, an ID name, and a text box for typing a reason for password reset; determining, at the processor, the time that the request to generate the single use short term password is received at the processor; identifying, at the processor, the latest previous request to generate a single use short term password initiated for the same ID name and the data warehouse environment, wherein the identifying comprises determining the time that the latest previous request was received at the processor; calculating, at the processor, a time difference between the time the request to generate the single use short term password is received at the processor and the time the latest previous request to generate the single use short term password was received at the processor; determining whether a previous user who initiated the latest previous request with the same ID name and data warehouse environment has logged on using the single use short term generated password; comparing, at the processor, the time difference with a short term time limit; outputting, by the processor, a denial message if the previous user who initiated the latest previous request with the same ID name and data warehouse environment has not logged on with a previously generated single use short term password generated by the latest previous request or the time difference is less than the short term time limit randomly generating, by the processor, a single use short term password when the time difference is greater than the short term time limit or the previous user who initiated the latest previous request to generate a single use short term password has logged in using the single use short term password generated from the latest previous request; and outputting, at the processor, the single use short term password after randomly generating the short term password. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the time limit is a predetermined short term time limit. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the short term time limit is five minutes. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising expiring, at the processor, the single use short term password when no new request to generate a single use short time password was initiated for the ID name and data warehouse environment a certain time after the password was output, wherein the certain time is equal to the short term time limit. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the generated single use short term password enables access to a data warehouse. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the denial message provides a notification that a single use short term password cannot be generated for the ID name until the short term time limit expires. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the single use short term password comprises alphanumeric characters. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable program instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: receive a request to generate a single use short term password, wherein the request comprises prompts for entry of a data warehouse environment, an ID name, and a text box for typing a reason for the single use short term password reset; determine the time that the request to generate the single use short term password is received at the processor; identify the latest previous request to generate a short term single use password initiated for the same ID name and the data warehouse environment, wherein the identifying comprises determining the time that the latest previous request was received at the processor; calculate a time difference between the time the request to generate the single use short term password is received at the processor and the time the latest previous request to generate the short term single use password was received at the processor; determine whether a previous user who initiated the latest previous request with the same ID name and data warehouse environment has logged on using the single use short term generated password; compare the time difference with a short term time limit; output, by the processor, a denial message if the previous user who initiated the latest previous request with the same ID name and data warehouse environment has not logged on with a previously generated single use short term password generated by the latest previous request or the time difference is less than the short term time limit; randomly generate a single use short term password when the time difference is greater than the time limit or the previous user who initiated the latest previous request to generate a single use short term password has logged in using the single use short term password generated from the latest previous request; and output the single use short term password after randomly generating the single use short term password. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the short term time limit is a predetermined time limit. 10. The transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the short term time limit is five minutes. 11. The transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the computer-executable program instructions further cause the processor to expire the single use short term password when no new request to generate a single use short term password was initiated for the ID name and data warehouse environment a certain time after the single use short term password was output, wherein the certain time is equal to the short term time limit. 12. The transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the generated single use short password enables access to a data warehouse. 13. The transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the denial message provides a notification that a single use short term password cannot be generated for the ID name until the short term time limit expires. 14. An apparatus comprising: a memory; a processor, wherein the processor executes computer-executable program instructions which cause the processor to: receive a request to generate a single use short term password, wherein the request comprises prompts for entry of a data warehouse environment, an ID name, and a text box for typing a reason for the single use short term password reset; determine the time that the request to generate the single use short term password is received at the processor; identify the latest previous request to generate a single use short term password initiated for the same ID name and the data warehouse environment, wherein the identifying comprises determining the time that the latest previous request was received at the processor; calculate a time difference between the time the request to generate the single use short term password is received at the processor and the time the latest previous request to generate the short term single use password was received at the processor; determine whether a previous user who initiated the latest previous request with the same ID name and data warehouse environment has logged on using the single use short term generated password compare the time difference with a time limit; output, by the processor, a denial message if the previous user who initiated the latest previous request with the same ID name and data warehouse environment has not logged on with a previously generated single use short term password generated by the latest previous request or the time difference is less than the short term time limit; randomly generate the single use short term password when the time difference is greater than the time limit or the previous user who initiated the latest previous request to generate a single use short term password has logged on using the single use short term password generated from the latest previous request; and output the single use short term password after randomly generating the short term single use password. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the short term time limit is a predetermined time limit. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the short term time limit is five minutes. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the denial message provides a notification that a single use short term password cannot be generated for the ID name until the time limit expires. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the computer-executable program instructions further cause the processor to expire the single use short term password when no new request to generate a single use short term password was initiated for the ID name and data warehouse environment a certain time after the single use short term password was output, wherein the certain time is equal to the short term time limit. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the single use short term generated password enables access to a data warehouse data warehouse. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the short term single use password comprises alphanumeric characters.",
-    "A buildable seal assembly (100) is used with a jacket (102) which is connected to a sidewall (14) and slide out room (12) of a conventional RV or similar mobile equipment or mobile living quarters (10). A right angled seal element (132) is coupled to the jacket (102) in a snap in configuration. The right angled seal element (132) is further coupled to a bulb (152) and a wiper component (146). The bulb (152) and wiper component (146) assist in providing a seal between the mobile living quarters (10) and the slide out room (12) when the room (12) is in a retracted, closed position or an extended, open position. 1. A buildable seal assembly adapted for use in combination with a mobile living quarters, said mobile living quarters comprises: a slide-out room having a room interior formed in said mobile living quarters and movable between a retracted, closed position and an extended, open position, whereby positioning of said slide-out room in said open position provides for an increase in living space within an overall interior of said mobile living quarters; at least one first side wall formed as an exterior wall of said mobile living quarters, said side wall being positionable as either an actual side of said mobile living quarters, or an end of said mobile living quarters; said first side wall having a room opening formed therein, said room opening providing an opening through which said slide-out room may extend and retract between said closed and said open positions, respectively; said first side wall further comprises an exterior surface facing outwardly from an interior of said mobile living quarters, an interior surface facing inwardly into said overall interior of said mobile living quarters, and an end section formed between said interior surface and said exterior surface, said end section forming an end of said first side wall facing toward said slide-out room; said slide-out room comprises at least a second side wall positioned adjacent to and slidably movable relative to said first side wall, and an end wall which, together with two or more of said second side walls, defines said room interior of said slide-out room; said end wall comprises a peripheral flange overlapping said first side wall when said slide-out room is in said closed position; characterized in that said seal assembly comprises a seal component and a jacket, said seal component comprises: a right-angled seal element comprising a side leg and an angled leg, each of said legs being configured at substantially a 90\u00b0 angle relative to the other leg; a wiper assembly flexible in nature and secured to the right angled seal element, for maintaining of an effective seal between said first side wall and said second side wall during extension and retraction of said slide-out room; a bulb assembly secured to said right-angled seal element, said bulb assembly providing for a continuous seal between said exterior surface of said first side wall and a surface of said peripheral flange of said end wall when said slide out room is in a closed, retracted position; and said jacket is securable on said first side wall and releasably securable to said right angled seal element for purposes of positioning said bulb assembly and said wiper assembly for maintaining appropriate sealing when said slide-out room is in said closed position, and when said slide-out room is moving between said closed and said open positions. 2. A buildable seal assembly adapted for use in combination with a mobile living quarters, said mobile living quarters comprises: a slide-out room having a room interior formed in said mobile living quarters and movable between a retracted, closed position and an extended, open position, whereby positioning of said slide-out room in said open position provides for an increase in living space within an overall interior of said mobile living quarters; at least one first side wall formed as an exterior wall of said mobile living quarters, said side wall being positionable as either an actual side of said mobile living quarters, or an end of said mobile living quarters; said first side wall having a room opening formed therein, said room opening providing an opening through which said slide-out room may extend and retract between said closed and said open positions, respectively; said first side wall further comprises an exterior surface facing outwardly from an interior of said mobile living quarters, an interior surface facing inwardly into said overall interior of said mobile living quarters, and a section end formed between said interior surface and said exterior surface, said section end forming an end of said first side wall facing toward said slide-out room; said slide-out room comprises at least a second side wall positioned adjacent to and slidably movable relative to said first side wall, and an end wall which, together with two or more of said second side walls, defines said room interior of said slide-out room; said end wall comprises a peripheral flange overlapping said first side wall when said slide-out room is in said closed position; characterized in that said seal assembly comprises a seal component and a jacket, said seal component comprises: a wiper assembly flexible in nature and releasably secured to said first side wall, for continuously maintaining an effective seal between said first side wall and said second side wall during extension and retraction of said slide-out room and maintain said effective seal when said slide out room is in said closed, retracted position; and means securable on said first side wall and releasably securable to said wiper assembly for purposes of positioning said wiper assembly for maintaining appropriate sealing when said slide-out room is in said closed position, and when said slide-out room is moving between said closed and said open positions. 3. A buildable seal assembly adapted for use in combination with a mobile living quarters, said mobile living quarters comprises: a slide-out room having a room interior formed in said mobile living quarters and movable between a retracted, closed position and an extended, open position, whereby positioning of said slide-out room in said open position provides for an increase in living space within an overall interior of said mobile living quarters; at least one first side wall formed as an exterior wall of said mobile living quarters, said side wall being positionable as either an actual side of said mobile living quarters, or an end of said mobile living quarters; said first side wall having a room opening formed therein, said room opening providing an opening through which said slide-out room may extend and retract between said closed and said open positions, respectively; said first side wall further comprises an exterior surface facing outwardly from an overall interior of said mobile living quarters, an interior surface facing inwardly into said interior of said mobile living quarters, and an end section formed between said interior surface and said exterior surface, said end section forming an end of said first side wall facing toward said slide-out room; said slide-out room comprises at least a second side wall positioned adjacent to and slidably movable relative to said first side wall, and an end wall which, together with two or more of said second side walls defines said room interior of said slide-out room; said end wall comprises a peripheral flange overlapping said first side wall when said slide-out room is in said closed position; characterized in that said seal assembly comprises: a bulb assembly releasably secured to said first side wall, said bulb assembly providing for a continuous seal between said exterior surface of said first side wall and a surface of said peripheral flange of said end wall when said slide out room is in said closed position; and means releasably securable to said first side wall for purposes of appropriately positioning said bulb assembly for maintaining appropriate sealing when said slide-out room is in said closed position. 4. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that said bulb assembly and said right angled seal element comprise snap fit components for securing said bulb assembly to said right angled seal element through a releasable snap fit connection, and without permitting or otherwise allowing any connection of said bulb assembly to said right angled seal element through a sliding movement of said bulb assembly. 5. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 4, characterized in that said right angled seal element is an element separate from said jacket. 6. A buildable seal assembly adapted for use in combination with a mobile living quarters, said mobile living quarters comprises: a slide-out room having a room interior formed in said mobile living quarters and movable between a retracted, closed position and an extended, open position, whereby positioning of said slide-out room in said open position provides for an increase in living space within an overall interior of said mobile living quarters; at least one first side wall formed as an exterior wall of said mobile living quarters, said side wall being positionable as either an actual side of said mobile living quarters, or an end of said mobile living quarters; said first side wall having a room opening formed therein, said room opening providing an opening through which said slide-out room may extend and retract between said closed and said open positions, respectively; said first side wall further comprises an exterior surface facing outwardly from an interior of said mobile living quarters, an interior surface facing inwardly into said interior of said mobile living quarters, and a section end formed between said interior surface and said exterior surface, said section end forming an end of said first side wall facing toward said slide-out room; said slide-out room comprises at least a second side wall positioned adjacent to and slidably movable relative to said first side wall, and an end wall which, together with two or more of said second side walls, defines said room interior of said slide-out room; said end wall comprises a peripheral flange overlapping said first side wall when said slide-out room is in said closed position; characterized in that said seal assembly comprises a jacket adapted to be releasably secured to said first side wall, said jacket comprises: a bight section adapted to be positioned adjacent said end section of said first side wall, and having first and second opposing ends; a first leg which extends at an angle from said first end of said bight section; and a second leg extending at an angle from said second end of said bight section, said first leg and said second leg being positioned adjacent said exterior and said interior surfaces of said first side wall. 7. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 6, characterized in that said first and second legs of said jacket are angled inwardly, relative to said bight section, at an angle greater than 90 degrees, so as to apply a compressive force when positioned on said side wall. 8. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 7, characterized in that said bight section of said jacket comprises a pair of insert tabs, said insert tabs forming a first insert tab and a second insert tab, positioned in an opposing relationship. 9. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 8, characterized in that said insert tabs are utilized to capture nubs on said buildable seal assemblies. 10. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 9, characterized in that each of said insert tabs comprises an inwardly extending hook for purposes of capturing said nubs. 11. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the structure and configuration of said buildable seal assembly allows a user to snap-fit said buildable seal assembly in place around at least three sides of said room opening, without requiring any type of sliding movement for positioning components of said buildable seal assembly in place. 12. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 11, characterized in that an elongated wiper assembly is releasably attached to one of said legs of said right angled bracket. 13. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 12, characterized in that said elongated wiper assembly comprises an extended base, having a resilient tip formed at the end thereof. 14. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 13, characterized in that said elongated wiper assembly comprises a bead formed at an end of said tip. 15. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 13, characterized in that said seal assembly comprises a bulb releasably attached to said first leg of said sealing component. 16. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 17, characterized in that said sealing component is releasably attached to said jacket through a locator/retention lip positioned on a first leg of said jacket, and a compression lip positioned on said first leg of said jacket below said retention lip. 17. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 16, characterized in that with said jacket separate from said snap-in sealing component, a mitered corner can be achieved by cutting said jacket at an angle of 45 degrees. 18. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 17, characterized in that said mitered corners provide for a performance advantage by substantially preventing leak paths forming, in view of overlap resulting from said mitered corners, and further provides for an aesthetic appearance. 19. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 18, characterized in that when a user wishes to repair said buildable seal assembly, said seal component can be replaced and removed from said jacket by applying forces on said retention tabs so as to permit removal of seal component tabs from being captured under said retention tabs' outside jacket. 20. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that said seal assembly comprises two or more of said bulbs. 21. A buildable seal assembly in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that said seal assembly comprises two or more wiper assemblies.",
-    "A microassembler system includes an alignment surface, a two-dimensional array of electrodes adjacent the alignment surface, a sensor network arranged adjacent the array of electrodes, and a control computer electrically connected to the array of electrodes and the sensor network, the control computer to receive signals from the sensor network indicating a position of at least one chiplet and to actuate the electrodes to change the position of the chiplet based upon the signals. A method of assembling chiplets includes receiving, at one of an array of control logic units, a signal from a control computer identifying an assembly location in a block of an assembly template at which a chiplet is to be located, using a sensor to determine a chiplet location of a nearest chiplet, and generating, using electrodes corresponding to the control logic unit, a traveling wave pattern to translate and orient the nearest chiplet to the location. 1. A microassembler system, comprising: an alignment surface; a two-dimensional array of electrodes adjacent the alignment surface; a sensor network arranged adjacent the array of electrodes; and a control computer electrically connected to the array of electrodes and the sensor network, the control computer to receive signals from the sensor network indicating a position of at least one chiplet and to actuate the electrodes to change the position of the chiplet as needed based upon the signals. 2. The microassembler system of claim 1, wherein the sensor network is arranged interstitially with the array of electrodes. 3. The microassembler system of claim 1, wherein the sensor network is arranged below the array of electrodes. 4. The microassembler system of claim 3, wherein the electrodes are optically transparent. 5. The microassembler system of claim 3, wherein each electrode in the array of electrodes contains an aperture. 6. The microassembler system of claim 1, wherein the sensor network is arranged above the array of electrodes with a gap between the alignment surface and the sensor network. 7. The microassembler system of claim 6, further comprising a shield between the gap and the optical sensor network. 8. The microassembler system of claim 1, wherein alignment surface is divided into blocks. 9. The microassembler system of claim 8, wherein each block in the alignment surface corresponds to one or more of the electrodes in the electrode array, one or more of the sensors in the sensor unit, and each of an array of control logic units. 10. A method of assembling chiplets, comprising: receiving, at one of an array of control logic units, a signal from a control computer, the signal identifying an assembly location in a block of an assembly template at which a chiplet is to be located; determining, using a sensor corresponding to the control logic unit, a chiplet location of a nearest chiplet; and generating, using electrodes corresponding to the control logic unit, a traveling wave pattern to translate and orient the nearest chiplet to the location. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the chiplet location comprises determining that a chiplet resides in the block. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein receiving the signal identifying the assembly location comprises identifying the assembly location as being closer to a boundary of the block than a chiplet. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein determining a chiplet location comprises: querying a block adjacent to the boundary of the block about any chiplets closer to the assembly location than chiplets in the block; and generating the traveling wave in the adjacent block to move a chiplet from the adjacent block to the assembly location when a chiplet in the adjacent block is closer than chiplets in the block. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising generating the traveling wave in the block to move a chiplet from the block to the assembly location, when a chiplet in the block is closer than any chiplets in the adjacent block. 15. A method of claim 12, wherein determining a chiplet location of a nearest chiplet comprises: determining that no chiplets reside in the block; and querying a plurality of neighboring blocks to determine a closest chiplet; and generating the traveling wave comprises generating the traveling wave from a neighbor block that has the closest chiplet to the assembly location. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein receiving a signal comprises receiving multiple signals identifying multiple assembly locations. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein generating the traveling wave comprises generating multiple traveling waves and moving multiple chiplets in multiple paths. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein generating multiple waves comprises generating at least one wave from the block and at least one wave from a neighboring block. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein moving multiple chiplets in multiple paths comprises identifying at least two paths that collide, and wherein moving the multiple chiplets in multiple paths occurs sequentially. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein generating multiple waves comprises generating multiple waves that collide, and generating multiple waves occurs sequentially.",
-    "Conjugates between Factor IX and PEG moieties, are disclosed in the present application. The conjugates are linked via a glycosyl linking group interposed between and covalently attached to the peptide and the modifying group. Conjugates are formed from glycosylated peptides by the action of a glycosyltransferase. The glycosyltransferase ligates a modified sugar moiety onto a glycosyl residue on the peptide. Also provided are methods for preparing the conjugates, methods for treating various disease conditions with the conjugates, and pharmaceutical formulations including the conjugates. 1. A PEGylated Factor IX protein comprising SEQ ID NO:1 and a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety is conjugated to an amino acid selected from Asn 157 and Asn 167 of SEQ ID NO:1 via a glycosyl linking group of a glycosyl residue, and having a composition according to the formula: wherein R2 is COOH; R3 is H; R4 is OH; D is OH; and G is R1-L- wherein L is a substituted heteroalkyl linker comprising C(O)CH2NH; R1 is the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety comprises a branched poly(ethylene glycol) having a core glycerol moiety, and wherein the branched poly(ethylene glycol) has a molecular weight of about 40 kDa. 2. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising the Factor IX conjugate of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 3. A method of stimulating blood coagulation in a mammal, said method comprising administering to said mammal the PEGylated Factor IX conjugate of claim 1. 4. A method of treating hemophilia in a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject said Factor IX conjugate of claim 1. 5. The method of treating hemophilia of claim 4, wherein hemophilia is hemophilia B.",
-    "Methods for the use of peracid compositions having decreased hydrogen peroxide concentration and a UV-blocking agent for various water treatments, including oil- and gas-field operations, and/or other aseptic treatments are disclosed. In numerous aspects, peracetic acid is the preferred peracid and is treated with a peroxide-reducing agent to substantially reduce the hydrogen peroxide content. Methods for using the treated peracid compositions for treatment of drilling fluids, frac fluids, flow back waters and disposal waters are also disclosed for improving water condition, reducing oxidizing damage associated with hydrogen peroxide and/or reducing bacteria infestation 1. A method of treating waters comprising: treating a percarboxylic acid composition with a peroxide-reducing enzyme to generate an antimicrobial composition; providing the antimicrobial composition to a water source in need of treatment to form a treated water source, wherein the antimicrobial composition and/or the treated water source further comprises a UV-blocking agent, and wherein the treated water source comprises (i) from up to about 1000 ppm catalase enzyme, (ii) from about 0 wt-% to about 1 wt-% hydrogen peroxide; (iii) from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10.0 wt-% of a C1-C22 carboxylic acid; and (iv) from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10.0 wt-% of a C1-C22 percarboxylic acid, wherein the hydrogen peroxide to peracid ratio is from about 0:100 to about 1:10 by wt; and directing the treated water source into a subterranean environment or disposing of the treated water source having a minimized environmental impact. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the UV-blocking agent is a natural or synthetic dye, and wherein water source in need of treatment is selected from the group consisting of fresh water, pond water, sea water, produced water and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the UV-blocking agent is a cationic dye, and wherein the water source is at least 1 wt-% produced water and wherein antimicrobial efficacy of the antimicrobial composition on the treated water source is superior to antimicrobial effects of a water source that does not contain produced water. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the treating of the percarboxylic acid composition with the peroxide-reducing agent to generate the antimicrobial composition is not a pretreatment step and occurs within the water source in need of treatment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the treated water reduces corrosion caused by hydrogen peroxide and reduces microbial-induced corrosion, and wherein the antimicrobial composition does not interfere with friction reducers, viscosity enhancers, other functional ingredients found in the water source, or combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the percarboxylic acid stability is improved through the pretreatment step to minimize hydrogen peroxide concentration within the percarboxylic acid composition from about 0 wt-% to about 0.5 wt-% hydrogen peroxide, and wherein the concentration of the C1-C22 carboxylic acid is from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 5.0 wt-%, and wherein the concentration of the C1-C22 percarboxylic acid is from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 5.0 wt-%. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the percarboxylic acid is peracetic acid, wherein the carboxylic acid is acetic acid, and wherein the UV-blocking agent is methylene blue. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein an acidulant is added to the water source in need of treatment before the addition of the antimicrobial composition to a water source. 9. A method of treating a water source comprising: adding a percarboxylic acid composition, a peroxide-reducing agent and a UV-blocking agent to a water source to form a treated water source having a hydrogen peroxide to peracid ratio from about 0:100 to about 1:10 by weight, wherein said antimicrobial composition in a use solution with said treated water source comprises (i) less than about 1000 ppm of a catalase enzyme, (ii) from about 0 wt-% to about 1 wt-% hydrogen peroxide; (iii) from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10.0 wt-% of a C1-C22 carboxylic acid; (iv) from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10.0 wt-% of a C1-C22 percarboxylic acid; and (v) from about 0.00001 wt-% to about 5 wt-% of said UV-blocking agent; and wherein the treated water source reduces corrosion caused by hydrogen peroxide and reduces microbial-induced corrosion, and wherein the antimicrobial composition does not interfere with friction reducers, viscosity enhancers, other functional ingredients found in the water source or combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the UV-blocking agent is a natural or synthetic dye, and wherein the water source is fresh water, pond water, sea water, produced water or combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein use of said produced water in the water source further includes a first pretreatment of a percarboxylic acid antimicrobial composition with the peroxide-reducing agent, wherein the peroxide-reducing agent is a metal to provide the antimicrobial composition, wherein said composition provides superior antimicrobial efficacy in comparison to a water source that does not contain produced water. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising a first pretreatment step wherein a percarboxylic acid composition is contacted by the peroxide-reducing agent to generate a pretreated antimicrobial composition. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of directing the treated water source into a subterranean environment or disposing of the treated water source having a minimized environmental impact. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the percarboxylic acid stability is improved through the reduction of hydrogen peroxide concentration as a result of the addition of the peroxide-reducing agent. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the percarboxylic acid is peracetic acid, wherein the carboxylic acid is acetic acid, and wherein the UV-blocking agent is methylene blue. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the adding of the percarboxylic acid composition and the peroxide-reducing agent to the water source occurs on an at least every 5 day dosing cycle. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein an acidulant is added to the water source in need of treatment before the addition of the percarboxylic acid and peroxide-reducing agent to the water source. 18. A method of treating a water source comprising: a first step of either treating a percarboxylic acid composition with a peroxide-reducing agent to generate an antimicrobial composition or adding a percarboxylic acid and peroxide-reducing agent to a water source, wherein said peroxide-reducing agent is an enzyme; obtaining a water source in need of treatment; forming a treated water source, wherein the treated water source comprises (i) from up to about 1000 ppm peroxide-reducing agent, (ii) from about 0 wt-% to about 1 wt-% hydrogen peroxide; (iii) from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10.0 wt-% of a C1-C22 carboxylic acid; (iv) from about 0.0001 wt-% to about 10.0 wt-% of a C1-C22 percarboxylic acid; and (v) from about 0.00001 wt-% to about 5 wt-% of a UV-blocking agent, wherein the hydrogen peroxide to peracid ratio is from about 0:100 to about 1:10 by wt; and directing the treated water source into a subterranean environment or disposing of the treated water source having a minimized environmental impact, wherein the treated water source reduces corrosion caused by hydrogen peroxide, reduces microbial-induced corrosion, and does not interfere with friction reducers, viscosity enhancers, or other functional ingredients found in the water source. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the UV-blocking agent is a cationic dye and wherein the inorganic peroxide-reducing agent is a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, copper and manganese. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the UV-blocking agent is methylene blue and wherein the inorganic peroxide-reducing agent is a halide.",
-    "Here described are compounds of formula I: wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from C10 to C18 alkyl, C12 to C18 alkenyl, and oleoyl; R3 and R4 are independently selected from C1 to C6 alkyl and C2 to C6 alkanol; X is selected from \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, and \u2014O\u2014, or X is absent; Y is selected from \u2014(CH2)n, \u2014S(CH2)n\u2014, \u2014O(CH2)n\u2014, -thiophene-, \u2014SO2(CH2)n\u2014, and ester; n=1-4; a=1-4; b=1-4; c=1-4; and Z\u2212 is a counterion. Also described herein are compositions and pharmaceutical formulations including compounds of formula I which are useful for the delivery of therapeutic agents, and methods of using these compositions and formulations. 1. A compound of formula I wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from C10 to C18 alkyl, C12 to C18 alkenyl, and oleoyl; R3 and R4 are independently selected from C1 to C6 alkyl and C2 to C6 alkanol; X is selected from \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, and \u2014O\u2014, or X is absent; Y is selected from \u2014(CH2)n\u2014, \u2014S(CH2)n\u2014, \u2014O(CH2)n\u2014, -thiophene-, \u2014SO2(CH2)n\u2014, and -ester-; n=1-4; a=1-4; b=1-4; c=1-4; and Z\u2212 is a counterion.",
-    "A mating assurance system includes first and second microphones configured to be located in a vicinity of a mating zone for electrical connectors. The first microphone is located a first distance from the mating zone and the second microphone being located a second distance from the mating zone. The first and second microphones are configured to detect audible sound when the electrical connectors are mated. An output unit is connected to the first and second microphones and receives audio signals from the first and second microphones. The output unit processes the audio signals from the first microphone and from the second microphone for mating assurance. 1. A mating assurance system comprising: first and second microphones configured to be located in a vicinity of a mating zone for electrical connectors, the first microphone being located a first distance from the mating zone and the second microphone being located a second distance from the mating zone, the first and second microphones configured to detect audible sound when the electrical connectors are mated; and an output unit connected to the first and second microphones and receiving audio signals from the first and second microphones, the output unit processing the audio signals from the first microphone and from the second microphone for mating assurance. 2. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit determines a direction of origination of the audible sounds. 3. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit compares the audio signals from the first microphone with the audio signals from the second microphone for mating assurance. 4. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit compares the audio signals from the first microphone with the audio signals from the second microphone to determine a direction of origination of the audible sounds. 5. The mating assurance system of claim 4, wherein the output unit ignores audio signals determined to originate from a direction other than the mating zone. 6. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit determines a mating orientation of the electrical connectors based on the audio signals from at least one of the first microphone and the second microphone. 7. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit determines an origination distance from the electrical connectors to the second microphone based on a timed difference between receipt of the audible sound at the first microphone and receipt of the audible sound at the second microphone. 8. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the first microphone is configured to be worn by an assembler proximate to the assembler's finger tips and the second microphone is configured to be worn by the assembler proximate to the assembler's wrist. 9. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit filters background noise based on the time the audio signals are received at the first microphone and at the second microphone. 10. The mating assurance system of claim 1, further comprising a third microphone configured to be located in the vicinity of the mating zone, the output unit connected to the third microphone and receiving audio signals from the third microphone, the output unit processing the audio signals from the third microphone. 11. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the microphone detects the audible sound that occurs when a latch of one electrical connector latches to the corresponding electrical connector. 12. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit provides at least one of visual feedback to an assembler at a display screen and audio feedback to an assembler at a speaker based on the audio signals. 13. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit compares the audio signal to a plurality of templates to determine the type of electrical connectors mated. 14. The mating assurance system of claim 1, wherein the output unit compares the audio signal to a plurality of templates to determine the orientation of the electrical connectors. 15. A mating assurance system comprising: first and second microphones configured to be located in a vicinity of a mating zone for electrical connectors, the first and second microphones configured to detect audible sound; and an output unit connected to the first and second microphones and receiving audio signals from the first and second microphones, the output unit processing the audio signals from the first microphone and from the second microphone to determine a direction of origination of the audible sounds. 16. The mating assurance system of claim 15, wherein the output unit compares the audio signals from the first microphone with the audio signals from the second microphone for mating assurance. 17. The mating assurance system of claim 15, wherein the output unit determines an origination distance from the electrical connectors to the second microphone based on a timed difference between receipt of the audible sound at the first microphone and receipt of the audible sound at the second microphone. 18. A method of detecting electrical connector mating, the method comprising: positioning a first microphone in a vicinity of a mating zone for the electrical connectors; positioning a second microphone in a vicinity of the mating zone for the electrical connectors; detecting audible sounds with the first and second microphones when the electrical connectors are mated; transmitting audio signals based on the audible sounds detected by the first and second microphones to an output unit; processing the audio signals from the first and second microphones at the output unit. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said processing the audio signals comprises determining a time difference between receipt of the audible sound at the first microphone and receipt of the audible sound at the second microphone. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said processing the audio signals comprises determining a direction of origination of the sound by comparing the audio signals of the first and second microphones.",
-    "The present invention provides a compound having a lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitory action, and useful as a medicament such as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for cancer, and central nervous system diseases, and the like. The present invention relates to a compound represented by the formula wherein A is a hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group optionally having substituent(s); R is H, a hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group optionally having substituent(s); A and R are optionally bonded to each other to form a ring optionally having substituent(s); Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each a hydrogen atom or a substituent; Q1 and Q2, and Q3 and Q4, are each optionally bonded to each other to form a ring optionally having substituent(s); X is H, an acyclic hydrocarbon group or saturated cyclic group optionally having substituent(s); Y1, Y2 and Y3 are each H, a hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group optionally having substituent(s); X and Y1, and Y1 and Y2, are each optionally bonded to each other to form a ring optionally having substituent(s); and Z1, Z2 and Z3 are each H or a substituent, or a salt thereof. 1. A compound represented by the formula wherein A is a hydrocarbon group optionally having substituent(s), or a heterocyclic group optionally having substituent(s); R is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group optionally having substituent(s), or a heterocyclic group optionally having substituent(s); or A and R are optionally bonded to each other to form a ring optionally having substituent(s); Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent; Q1 and Q2, and Q3 and Q4, are each optionally bonded to each other to form a ring optionally having substituent(s); X is a hydrogen atom, an acyclic hydrocarbon group optionally having substituent(s), or a saturated cyclic group optionally having substituent(s); Y1, Y2 and Y3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group optionally having substituent(s), or a heterocyclic group optionally having substituent(s); X and Y1, and Y1 and Y2, are each optionally bonded to each other to form a ring optionally having substituent(s); and Z1, Z2 and Z3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent, or a salt thereof. 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is (1) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group optionally having substituent(s), (2) a C6-14 aryl group optionally having substituent(s), (3) a C6-14 aryl C1-6 alkyl group optionally having substituent(s), (4) a C6-14 aryl C1-6 alkyl C6-14 aryl group optionally having substituent(s), (5) a 4- to 11-membered heterocyclic group containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, 1 to 3 hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and optionally having substituent(s), or (6) a C10-14 cyclic hydrocarbon group optionally having substituent(s); R is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group optionally having substituent(s); or A and R are optionally bonded to each other to form a 4- to 10-membered heterocycle optionally having substituent(s), or a salt thereof. 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Q1 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group, and Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each a hydrogen atom, or a salt thereof. 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl group; Y1, Y2 and Y3 are each independently (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a C1-20 alkyl group optionally having substituent(s), (3) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group optionally having substituent(s), (4) a C6-14 aryl group optionally having substituent(s), (5) a C6-14 aryl C1-6 alkyl group optionally having substituent(s), (6) a 5- to 7-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocyclic group containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and optionally having substituent(s), or (7) a bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic heterocyclic group containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and optionally having substituent(s); X and Y1 are optionally bonded to each other to form, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom and carbon atom, a 5- to 7-membered monocyclic nitrogen-containing nonaromatic heterocycle containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, one nitrogen atom, and optionally further containing one hetero atom selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and optionally having substituent(s); Y1 and Y2 are optionally bonded to each other to form, together with the adjacent carbon atom, (1) a 5- to 7-membered monocyclic nonaromatic heterocycle containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, one or two hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and optionally having substituent(s), or (2) a 7- to 10-membered bridged heterocycle containing, as a ring-constituting atom besides carbon atom, one or two hetero atoms selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and optionally having substituent(s), or a salt thereof. 5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Z1, Z2 and Z3 are each a hydrogen atom, or a salt thereof. 6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is a phenyl-C1-6 alkyl group, a C3-6 cycloalkyl group, a tetrahydronaphthyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylyl group, a furyl group, a thienyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an indazolyl group, a benzofuryl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an indolyl group, or a tetrahydrobenzazepinyl group, each of which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a halogen atom, (2) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from a halogen atom, a phenyl group, an imidazolyl group and a triazolyl group, (3) a C1-6 alkoxy group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from a halogen atom and a phenyl group, (4) a C1-6 alkyl-carbonyl group, (5) a di-C1-6 alkylamino group, (6) a C1-6 alkylsulfonyl group, (7) a sulfamoyl group, (8) a C1-6 alkylsulfonylamino group, (9) an oxo group, (10) a C3-6 cycloalkyl group, (11) a phenyl group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from a halogen atom and a C1-6 alkyl group, (12) a phenoxy group, (13) a phenylcarbonylamino group, (14) a benzyloxycarbonylamino group, (15) a benzoyl group, (16) a benzylamino group, (17) a pyrazolyl group, (18) a dihydropyrazolyl group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from a C1-6 alkyl group and an oxo group, (19) an oxazolyl group, (20) a thiazolyl group having 1 or 2 C1-6 alkyl groups, (21) a tetrazolyl group, (22) a pyrrolyl group, (23) a piperazinyl group having 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups, (24) an imidazolyl group, (25) a pyridyl group, (26) a pyrimidinyl group, (27) a piperidyl group optionally having one oxo group, (28) a thienyl group, (29) a furyl group, and (30) a thiadiazolyl group; R is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group; or A and R are optionally bonded to each other to form a dihydroisoindole ring having 1 or 2 oxo groups; Q1 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group; Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each a hydrogen atom; X is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by one C3-6 cycloalkyl group; Y2 and Y3 are each independently (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a C1-20 alkyl group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from an amino group, a C1-6 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a phenyloxy group and a benzyloxy group, (3) a C3-8 cycloalkyl group, (4) a phenyl group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from a halogen atom, a C1-6 alkoxy group, a C1-3 alkylenedioxy group and a di-C1-6 alkylamino group, (5) a pyridyl group optionally having 1 to 3 C1-6 alkoxy groups, (6) a naphthyl group, (7) a biphenylyl group, (8) a thienyl group, (9) an imidazolyl group, (10) a thiazolyl group, (11) a piperidyl group optionally having 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups, (12) an imidazopyridyl group, (13) an imidazothiazolyl group, (14) a thienopyridyl group, or (15) a 1,8-naphthyridinyl group; Y1 and Y2 are optionally bonded to each other to form, together with the adjacent carbon atom, a C3-8 cycloalkane ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a piperidine ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, a 2,3-dihydroindene ring, a fluorene ring, a 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring, or a tetrahydrothiopyran ring, each of which optionally has 1 to 3 substituents selected from (1) a halogen atom, (2) a C1-6 alkyl group optionally having 1 to 3 substituents selected from a halogen atom and a phenyl group, (3) a C3-6 cycloalkyl group, (4) an oxo group, (5) a phenyl group, (6) a C2-6 alkenyloxy-carbonyl group, and (7) a C1-6 alkyl-carbonyl group; X and Y1 are optionally bonded to each other to form a pyrrolidine ring, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom and carbon atom; and Z1, Z2 and Z3 are each a hydrogen atom, or a salt thereof. 7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is a phenyl group optionally having 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms, a biphenylyl group, or a pyrazolyl group; R is a hydrogen atom; or A and R are optionally bonded to each other to form a dihydroisoindole ring having 1 or 2 oxo groups; Q1 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group; Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each a hydrogen atom; X is a hydrogen atom; Y1, Y2 and Y3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a C3-8 cycloalkyl group; Y1, and Y2 are optionally bonded to each other to form, together with the adjacent carbon atom, a piperidine ring optionally having 1 to 3 C1-6 alkyl groups; and Z1, Z2 and Z3 are each a hydrogen atom, or a salt thereof. 8-10. (canceled) 11. A medicament comprising the compound according to claim 1 or a salt thereof. 12. The medicament according to claim 11, which is a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for cancer. 13. The medicament according to claim 11, which is an LSD1 inhibitor. 14. The medicament according to claim 11, which is a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or Huntington's chorea. 15. A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or Huntington's chorea, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1 or a salt thereof to a mammal. 16-17. (canceled) 18. A method of inhibiting LSD1, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1 or a salt thereof to a mammal. 19. A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of cancer, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1 or a salt thereof to a mammal.",
-    "Systems and methods are disclosed that may detect data transmitted using MIMO communications. Data may be received, on a wireless channel, as a plurality of spatial streams. A channel matrix characterizing the wireless channel may also be received. The channel matrix may be decomposed into a first sub-channel matrix and a second sub-channel matrix, each having a lower dimension than the channel matrix. A first estimated data signal may be generated based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the first sub-channel matrix. A second estimated data signal may be generated based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the second sub-channel matrix. The first and second estimated data signals may be combined to recover the data. 1. A method of detecting data transmitted using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, the method comprising: receiving, on a wireless channel, data as a plurality of spatial streams; receiving a channel matrix characterizing the wireless channel; decomposing the channel matrix into a first sub-channel matrix and a second sub-channel matrix, the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix each having a lower dimension than the channel matrix; generating a first estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the first sub-channel matrix; generating a second estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the second sub-channel matrix; and combining the first and second estimated data signals to recover the data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: generating the first estimated data signal includes generating and deinterleaving a first set of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) streams; generating the second estimated data signal includes generating and deinterleaving a second set of LLR streams; and combining the first and second estimated data signals includes generating estimates of a transmitted data stream using a soft-input forward error correction decoder. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: generating the first estimated data signal includes generating and deinterleaving a first set of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) streams; generating the second estimated data signal includes generating and deinterleaving a second set of LLR streams; decoding the first set of LLR streams using a soft-input forward error correction decoder; and decoding the second set of LLR streams using the soft-input forward error correction decoder. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the data comprises eight spatial streams, the channel matrix is an 8 by 8 matrix, and each of the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix is a corresponding 8 by 4 matrix. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sub-channel matrix comprises a first half of the channel matrix, and the second sub-channel matrix comprises a second half of the channel matrix. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the data comprises Nt<8 spatial streams, the channel matrix is an 8 by Nt matrix, the first sub-channel matrix is an 8 by Nss1 matrix and the second sub-channel matrix is an 8 by Nss2 matrix, where Nss1 and Nss2 add up to Nt. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first sub-channel matrix comprises columns 1 to Nss1 of the channel matrix, and the second sub-channel matrix comprises columns Nss1+1 to Nt of the channel matrix. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein decomposing the channel matrix comprises: applying a first projection matrix to the channel matrix to generate the first sub-channel matrix; and applying a second projection matrix to the channel matrix to generate the second sub-channel matrix. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first projection matrix and the second projection matrix are each orthogonal null-projection matrices. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first projection matrix and the second projection matrix are each non-orthogonal pre-whitening projection matrices. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein: applying the first projection matrix to the channel matrix comprises embedding the first sub-channel matrix into a null space of the second sub-channel matrix; and applying the second projection matrix to the channel matrix comprises embedding the second sub-channel matrix into a null space of the first sub-channel matrix. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein: the first projection matrix is based on row substitution of a OR decomposition of the first sub-channel matrix; and the second projection matrix is based on row substitution of a OR decomposition of the second sub-channel matrix. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein rows of the first projection matrix are combined to produce a lower dimension matrix based on a number of spatial streams of the second sub-channel matrix; and rows of the second projection matrix are combined to produce a lower dimension matrix based on a number of spatial streams of the first sub-channel matrix. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sub-channel matrix characterizes a first effective channel for a first subset of the plurality of spatial streams, and the second sub-channel matrix characterizes a second effective channel for a second subset of the plurality of spatial streams. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein decomposing the channel matrix into the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix comprises: iteratively decomposing the channel matrix into a number of smaller sub-channel matrices using multiple projection stages. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs containing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a communication device, cause the communication device to perform operations comprising: receiving, on a wireless channel, data as a plurality of spatial streams; receiving a channel matrix characterizing the wireless channel; decomposing the channel matrix into a first sub-channel matrix and a second sub-channel matrix, the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix each having a lower dimension than the channel matrix; generating a first estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the first sub-channel matrix; generating a second estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the second sub-channel matrix; and combining the first and second estimated data signals to recover the data. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the data comprises eight spatial streams, the channel matrix is an 8 by 8 matrix, and each of the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix is a corresponding 8 by 4 matrix. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the first sub-channel matrix comprises a first half of the channel matrix, and the second sub-channel matrix comprises a second half of the channel matrix. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein execution of the instructions to decompose the channel matrix causes the communication device to perform operations further comprising: applying a first projection matrix to the channel matrix to generate the first sub-channel matrix; and applying a second projection matrix to the channel matrix to generate the second sub-channel matrix. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the first projection matrix and the second projection matrix are each orthogonal null-projection matrices. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the first projection matrix and the second projection matrix are each non-orthogonal pre-whitening projection matrices. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein: applying the first projection matrix to the channel matrix comprises embedding the first sub-channel matrix into a null space of the second sub-channel matrix; and applying the second projection matrix to the channel matrix comprises embedding the second sub-channel matrix into a null space of the first sub-channel matrix. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the first sub-channel matrix characterizes a first effective channel for a first subset of the plurality of spatial streams, and the second sub-channel matrix characterizes a second effective channel for a second subset of the plurality of spatial streams. 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein execution of the instructions to decompose the channel matrix into the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix causes the communication device to perform operations further comprising: iteratively decomposing the channel matrix into a number of smaller sub-channel matrices using multiple projection stages. 25. A communication device for detecting data transmitted using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, the communication device comprising: a number of antennas configured to receive, on a wireless channel, data as a plurality of spatial streams; a circuit configured to receive or store a channel matrix that characterizes the wireless channel; a first projector configured to decompose the channel matrix into a first sub-channel matrix; a second projector configured to decompose the channel matrix into a second sub-channel matrix, the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix each having a lower dimension than the channel matrix; a first detector configured to generate a first estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the first sub-channel matrix; a second detector configured to generate a second estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the second sub-channel matrix; a serializer configured to combine the first and second estimated data signals into a serial bit stream; and a decoder configured to recover the data from the serial bit stream. 26. The communication device of claim 25, wherein the data comprises eight spatial streams, the channel matrix is an 8 by 8 matrix, and each of the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix is a corresponding 8 by 4 matrix. 27. The communication device of claim 25, wherein the first sub-channel matrix comprises a first half of the channel matrix, and the second sub-channel matrix comprises a second half of the channel matrix. 28. The communication device of claim 25, wherein: the first projector is configured to decompose the channel matrix into the first sub-channel matrix by applying a first projection matrix to the channel matrix; and the second projector is configured to decompose the channel matrix into the second sub-channel matrix by applying a second projection matrix to the channel matrix. 29. The communication device of claim 28, wherein the first projection matrix and the second projection matrix are each orthogonal null-projection matrices. 30. A communication device for detecting data transmitted using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, the communication device comprising: means for receiving, on a wireless channel, data as a plurality of spatial streams; means for receiving a channel matrix characterizing the wireless channel; means for decomposing the channel matrix into a first sub-channel matrix and a second sub-channel matrix, the first sub-channel matrix and the second sub-channel matrix each having a lower dimension than the channel matrix; means for generating a first estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the first sub-channel matrix; means for generating a second estimated data signal based at least in part on the plurality of spatial streams and the second sub-channel matrix; and means for combining the first and second estimated data signals to recover the data.",
-    "A technique relates to stretching an extensible molecule. The molecule moves through an array of pillars in a flow direction, where the array has an interface connecting a first pillar region and a second pillar region. Stretching the molecule by traversing the molecule in the flow direction through the interface connecting the first pillar region to the second pillar region, such that a first end and a second end of the molecule straddle a straddle pillar, thereby causing the first end to extend along a first path in the second and the second end to extend along a second path. Traversing the molecule stretches the first end and the second end along two different paths. The molecule is further traversed through the array such that the second end follows the first end along the first path, where the stretching causes the molecule to be in an uncoiled state. 1. A method to stretch an extensible molecule flowing in a fluidic device, the method comprising: moving a molecule through an array of pillars in a flow direction, wherein the array of pillars are organized to have at least one interface connecting a first pillar region and a second pillar region; stretching the molecule by traversing the molecule in the flow direction through the interface connecting the first pillar region to the second pillar region, such that a first end and a second end of the molecule straddle at least one straddle pillar, thereby causing the first end to extend in the flow direction along a first path in the second pillar region and causing the second end to extend in the flow direction along a second path in the second pillar region, wherein traversing the molecule stretches the first end and the second end along two different paths; and further traversing the molecule through the array of pillars in the flow direction such that the second end follows the first end along the first path in the second pillar region, wherein the stretching causes the molecule to be in an uncoiled state; wherein the interface between the first and second pillar regions is discontinuous, such that the interface is jagged. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first pillar region is homogeneous. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second pillar region is homogeneous. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein pillars in the first and second pillar regions are a diamond shape. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first pillar region includes first pillars having a first width and the second pillar region includes second pillars having a second width. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first width of the first pillars is larger than the second width of the second pillars. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the flow direction is from the first pillar region to the second pillar region. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the straddle pillar is in the second pillar region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein straddling of the straddle pillar occurs as the molecule is leaving the first pillar region and entering the second pillar region. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 5, where the molecule is a DNA or RNA molecule of length at least 10 times the second width of the second pillars. 12. A method of fabricating an array of pillars to cause straddling, the method comprising: forming a first pillar region of first pillars, wherein a gap separates the first pillars from one another; forming a second pillar region of second pillars such that the first and second pillar regions have an interface, wherein a smaller gap separates the second pillars from each other, wherein the first pillars have a larger width than the second pillars; and forming an interface that is discontinuous between the first pillar region and the second pillar region, such that a point of the second pillars is positioned at the gap of the first pillars at the interface, wherein one or more of the second pillars, positioned at the gap of the first pillars, is configured to act as a straddling pillar. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein on an opposite side of the second pillar region relative to the first pillar region, nanochannels are formed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein one or more other pillars regions are formed between the second pillar region and the nanochannels. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the first pillars in the first pillar region and the second pillars in the second pillar region are diamond-shaped relative to a flow direction. 16. A fluidic device having an array of pillars to cause straddling, the device comprising: a first pillar region of first pillars, wherein a gap separates the first pillars from one another; a second pillar region of second pillars such that the first and second pillar regions have an interface, wherein a smaller gap separates the second pillars from each other, wherein the first pillars have a larger width than the second pillars; and an interface that is discontinuous between the first pillar region and the second pillar region, such that a point of the second pillars is positioned at the gap of the first pillars at the interface, wherein one or more of the second pillars, positioned at the gap of the first pillars, is configured to act as a straddling pillar. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein on an opposite side of the second pillar region relative to the first pillar region, nanochannels are formed. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein one or more other pillars regions are formed between the second pillar region and the nanochannels. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein the first pillars in the first pillar region and the second pillars in the second pillar region are diamond-shaped relative to a flow direction 20. The device of claim 16, wherein the gap is twice as large as the smaller gap; and wherein a first width of the first pillars is twice as large as a second width of the second pillars.",
-    "Methods of forming conductive structures and the conductive structures are disclosed. A method includes forming an opening in a dielectric layer over a substrate, performing a cleaning process on the dielectric layer with the opening, forming a nucleation layer in the opening, etching the nucleation layer in the opening, and forming a conductive material in the opening and on the nucleation layer after the etching. An upper portion of the opening is distal from the substrate, and a lower portion of the opening is proximate the substrate. After the etching, a thickness of an upper portion of the nucleation layer in the upper portion of the opening is less than a thickness of a lower portion of the nucleation layer in the lower portion of the opening. 1. A structure comprising: a dielectric material having an opening, the dielectric material being over a substrate; byproduct portions on respective opposing sidewalls of the dielectric material in the opening, the byproduct portions forming a necking region in the opening; a nucleation layer in the opening and on the byproduct portions, a distance between inner opposing sidewalls of the nucleation layer not decreasing as the opening is traversed from a surface of the opening proximate the substrate to a plane of a surface of the dielectric material distal from the substrate; and a conductive material on the nucleation layer and disposed in the opening. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein a first portion of the nucleation layer distal from the substrate has a first thickness, and a second portion of the nucleation layer proximate the substrate has a second thickness, the first thickness being less than the second thickness. 3. The structure of claim 2, wherein the first portion of the nucleation layer is in a first region of the opening, and the second portion of the nucleation layer is in a second region of the opening, the necking region in the opening being disposed between the first region of the opening and the second region of the opening. 4. The structure of claim 1, where no void and no seam is in the conductive material in the opening. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the nucleation layer comprises tungsten, and the conductive material comprises tungsten. 6. The structure of claim 1, wherein an upper sidewall of the opening has a first slope and a lower sidewall of the opening has a second slope, the first slope being different than the second slope. 7. The structure of claim 6, wherein the byproduct portions are on the lower sidewall. 8. A structure comprising: a dielectric material having an opening, the dielectric material being over a substrate, an upper portion of the opening being distal from the substrate, a lower portion of the opening being proximate the substrate; byproduct portions on respective opposing sidewalls of the dielectric material in the opening, the byproduct portions forming a necking region in the opening between the lower portion and the upper portion; a nucleation layer along sidewalls of the dielectric material and the byproduct portions, a thickness of an upper portion of the nucleation layer in the upper portion of the opening is less than a thickness of a lower portion of the nucleation layer in the lower portion of the opening; and a conductive material on the nucleation layer and disposed in the opening. 9. The structure of claim 8, wherein a thickness of the nucleation layer decreases as the nucleation layer is traversed over the byproduct portions in a direction from the substrate to the upper portion of the opening. 10. The structure of claim 8, wherein a distance between opposing interior sidewalls of the nucleation layer does not decrease as the opening is traversed from a bottom surface defining the opening to a plane of a top surface of the dielectric material. 11. The structure of claim 8, wherein the nucleation layer comprises tungsten. 12. The structure of claim 8, wherein the conductive material comprises tungsten. 13. The structure of claim 8, wherein an upper sidewall of the opening has a first slope relative to a major surface of the substrate and a lower sidewall of the opening has a second slope relative to a major surface of the substrate, the first slope being less than the second slope. 14. The structure of claim 13, wherein the byproduct portions are on the lower sidewall. 15. A structure comprising: a dielectric material over a substrate, the dielectric material having an opening extending to the substrate; a necking layer along sidewalls of the opening, the necking layer being separated from the substrate; a nucleation layer along sidewalls of the opening and the necking layer in the opening, a distance between inner opposing sidewalls of the nucleation layer continuously increasing as the opening is traversed from a surface of the substrate to a surface of the dielectric material; and a conductive material on the nucleation layer and disposed in the opening. 16. The structure of claim 15, wherein the opening has an upper portion and a lower portion, the lower portion of the opening being near the substrate, the upper portion of the opening being away from the substrate, the necking layer being disposed in respective regions between the upper portion of the opening and the lower portion of the opening, the nucleation layer in the lower portion of the opening being thicker than the nucleation layer in the upper portion of the opening. 17. The structure of claim 15, wherein the necking layer is a non-conformal layer. 18. The structure of claim 15, wherein a slope of a sidewall of the opening above the necking layer is different than a slope of the sidewall of the opening below the necking layer. 19. The structure of claim 15, wherein the nucleation layer comprises tungsten. 20. The structure of claim 19, wherein the conductive material comprises tungsten.",
-    "A floor for a portable containment berm has an intermediate layer of flexible puncture-resistant material sandwiched between lower and upper sheets of flexible impervious material and at least one puncture-resistant and wear-resistant tread pad fixed to the top surface of the upper sheet of flexible impervious material. In one embodiment, the layer of puncture-resistant material and the sheets of impervious material are substantially coextensive and are welded in laminar relationship along their peripheries. In another embodiment, the intermediate layer of flexible puncture-resistant material includes at least two belts of flexible puncture-resistant material with the lower and upper sheets welded in laminar relationship along their peripheries and between each adjacent pair of belts. In either embodiment, the tread pads are welded to the top surface of the upper sheet of flexible impervious material in a configuration suitable to receive the wheels of a vehicle traversing the floor of the berm. 1. A floor for a portable containment berm comprising: a lower sheet of flexible impervious material; an upper sheet of flexible impervious material; an intermediate layer of flexible puncture-resistant material between said lower and upper sheets of flexible impervious material; and at least one puncture-resistant and wear-resistant tread pad fixed to a top surface of said upper sheet of flexible impervious material. 2. A floor according to claim 1, said intermediate layer of flexible puncture-resistant material comprising a sheet of flexible puncture-resistant material substantially coextensive with said lower and upper sheets of flexible impervious material. 3. A floor according to claim 2, said lower, intermediate and upper sheets being welded in laminar relationship along their peripheries. 4. A floor according to claim 3, said at least one puncture-resistant and wear-resistant tread pad being fixed to a top surface of said upper sheet of flexible impervious material by welding. 5. A floor according to claim 1, said intermediate layer comprising at least two belts of flexible puncture-resistant material extending lengthwise in a lengthwise direction of said lower and upper sheets of flexible impervious material. 6. A floor according to claim 5, said lower and upper sheets being welded in laminar relationship along their peripheries and between each adjacent pair of said at least two belts of flexible puncture-resistant material. 7. A floor according to claim 6, said at least one puncture-resistant and wear-resistant tread pad extending lengthwise in a lengthwise direction of said at least two belts of flexible puncture-resistant material. 8. A floor according to claim 7, said at least one puncture-resistant and wear-resistant tread pad being fixed to a top surface of said upper sheet of flexible impervious material by welding.",
-    "Initial interaction between a mobile robot and at least one user is described herein. The mobile robot captures several images of its surroundings, and identifies existence of a user in at least one of the several images. The robot then orients itself to face the user, and outputs an instruction to the user with regard to the orientation of the user with respect to the mobile robot. The mobile robot captures images of the face of the user responsive to detecting that the user has followed the instruction. Information captured by the robot is uploaded to a cloud-storage system, where information is included in a profile of the user and is shareable with others. 1. A robot comprising: a camera; a processor; and memory that comprises instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the robot to perform acts comprising: based upon data received from the camera, detecting that the robot is in a new environment; responsive to the robot detecting that the robot is in the new environment, executing an introduction protocol that is configured to introduce the robot to a user who is in the new environment with the robot, wherein executing the introduction protocol comprises: recognizing a presence of the user in an image of surroundings of the robot without determining an identity of the user; responsive to recognizing the presence of the user in the image of the surroundings of the robot, orienting a body of the robot such that the robot faces the user; using the camera, capturing an image of a face of the user subsequent to the body of the robot being oriented such that the robot faces the user; and retaining the image of the face of the user for use in connection with identifying the user during a subsequent interaction of the user with the robot. 2. The robot of claim 1, wherein detecting that the robot is in the new environment comprises determining that the robot is in a location in which the robot has not before been operable. 3. The robot of claim 1, wherein detecting that the robot is in the new environment comprises: using the camera, capturing one or more images of the surroundings of the robot; and identifying a presence of a first person in the one or more images of the surroundings of the robot, the first person having had no prior interaction with the robot. 4. The robot of claim 1, the introduction protocol further comprising: outputting a request to the user for information pertaining to the user; and responsive to receiving a response to the request, updating a user profile in computer-readable storage for use in connection with interacting with the user during the subsequent interaction of the user with the robot. 5. The robot of claim 4, wherein the memory further comprises instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the robot to perform acts comprising: during the subsequent interaction with the user, presenting the user with content based upon the user profile. 6. The robot of claim 5, the content being one or more of audio content output by a speaker of the robot or visual content displayed on a display of the robot. 7. The robot of claim 6, the request being related to a music preference of the user, the content being music. 8. The robot of claim 6, the request being related to a television or movie preference of the user, the content being a portion of one of a television show or a movie. 9. The robot of claim 1, wherein detecting that the robot is in the new environment comprises recognizing that a plurality of users are in the new environment, wherein the robot has not engaged in interaction with at least one of the plurality of users, the acts further comprising: executing the introduction protocol once for each user in the plurality of users in the environment that the robot has not engaged in interaction with, the introduction protocol further comprising receiving a categorization of the user from an owner of the robot. 10. The robot of claim 9, the categorization of the user comprising a priority level, the priority level usable by the robot in subsequent interactions with the user to determine a priority of commands issued to the robot. 11. The robot of claim 1, the acts further comprising: responsive to detecting that the robot is in a new environment, searching for available wireless networks; and based upon a user input, connecting to a wireless network in the available wireless networks. 12. A method performed by a mobile robot, comprising: capturing an image of surroundings of the robot with a camera; recognizing that the robot is in a new environment based upon the image; and responsive to recognizing that the robot is in the new environment, executing an introduction protocol, wherein executing the introduction protocol comprises: capturing a plurality of images of the surroundings of the robot with the camera; identifying existence of a user in an image in the plurality of images; responsive to identifying existence of the user in the image in the plurality of images, orienting the robot to cause the user to be in a center of a field of view of the camera; outputting an instruction to the user pertaining to orientation of the user with respect to the robot; detecting that the user has responded to the instruction; capturing another image of the user responsive to detecting that the user has responded to the instruction; and retaining the another image of the user for use in connection with identifying the user during subsequent interactions between the robot and the user. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein recognizing that the robot is in a new environment comprises identifying in the image a first user with whom the robot has not before interacted. 14. The method of claim 12, the introduction protocol further comprising: outputting a request to the user by way of an output device of the robot, the request being a question about the user; receiving a response to the question from the user at an input device of the robot; and updating a profile of the user in computer-readable storage based upon the response to the question. 15. The method of claim 14, the method further comprising providing a service to the user in a subsequent interaction based upon the user profile. 16. The method of claim 15, providing the service to the user comprising presenting content to the user based upon the user profile. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein outputting the request to the user comprises emitting audio from a speaker of the robot. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein receiving the response to the question from the user comprises receiving an audio signal from a microphone, the audio signal representative of audio received at the microphone. 19. The method of claim 12, the introduction protocol further comprising assigning a categorization of the user, the categorization of the user usable by the robot in a subsequent interaction with the user to determine a priority of execution of commands received from a plurality of users. 20. A robot that comprises a computer-readable medium, the computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of the robot, causes the processor of the robot to perform acts comprising: based upon an image captured by a camera, recognizing that the robot is in a new environment; responsive to recognizing that the robot is in the new environment, executing an introduction protocol configured to introduce the robot to a user who is in a same room with the robot, the introduction protocol comprising: scanning surroundings of the robot with a camera to capture images of the surroundings of the robot; recognizing that an image in the captured images includes the user; responsive to recognizing that the image includes the user, orienting a body of the robot such that the robot faces the user; using the camera, capturing an image of a face of the user subsequent to the body of the robot being oriented such that the robot faces the user; retaining the image of the face of the user for use in connection with identifying the user during a subsequent interaction of the user with the robot; and assigning a priority level to a user profile retained by the robot, the priority level usable during the subsequent interaction of the user with the robot to determine a priority of a command issued by the user relative to a command issued by another user.",
-    "An acetabular hip implant includes an acetabular shell component having a first feature and a first insert having a second feature that cooperates with the first feature of the acetabular shell component and further includes a third feature. The implant further includes a second insert having a fourth feature that cooperates with the third feature of the first insert and further includes a fifth feature. A femoral head component includes a sixth feature that cooperates with the fifth feature. Interaction between the first and second features, between the third and fourth features, and between the fifth and sixth features mechanically constrains the acetabular hip implant to prevent dislocation of the femoral head during rotation. 1. An acetabular hip implant, comprising: an acetabular shell component configured to be implanted within an acetabulum of a patient, the acetabular shell having a first feature defined in its inner surface, a first insert secured to the acetabular shell component such that an outer surface of the first insert contacts the inner surface of the acetabular shell, the first insert having a second feature defined in its outer surface which contacts the first feature defined in the inner surface of the acetabular shell such that the first insert is (i) permitted to rotate relative to the acetabular shell component about a first axis and (ii) prevented from rotating relative to the acetabular shell component about a second axis and a third axis, the first insert having a third feature defined in its inner surface, a second insert secured to the first insert such that the outer surface of the second insert contacts the inner surface of the first insert, the second insert having a fourth feature defined in its outer surface that contacts the third feature defined in the inner surface of the first insert such that the second insert is (i) permitted to rotate relative to the first insert about the second axis and (ii) prevented from rotating relative to the first insert about the first axis and the third axis, the second insert having a fifth feature defined in its inner surface, and a femoral head configured to be secured to a femoral stem, the femoral head being secured to the second insert such that the outer surface of the femoral head contacts the inner surface of the second insert, the femoral head having a sixth feature defined in its outer surface which contacts the fifth feature defined in the inner surface of the second insert such that the femoral head is (i) permitted to rotate relative to the second insert about the third axis and (ii) prevented from rotating relative to the second insert about the first axis and the second axis; wherein interaction between the first and second features, between the third and fourth features, and between the fifth and sixth features mechanically constrains the acetabular hip implant to prevent dislocation of the femoral head during rotation. 2. The acetabular hip implant of claim 1, wherein the first feature is different than the second feature, the third feature is different than the fourth feature, and the fifth feature is different than the sixth feature. 3. The acetabular hip implant of claim 2, wherein one of the first and second features comprises at least one annular or semi-annular groove and the other of the first and second features comprises at least one annular or semi-annular projection that is movably secured within the at least one annular or semi-annular groove to permit rotation of the first insert with respect to the acetabular shell about only the first axis. 4. The acetabular hip implant of claim 3, wherein the at least one semi-annular groove includes two semi-annular grooves centered around the first axis and disposed on opposite sides of the acetabular shell or the first insert and the at least one semi-annular projection includes two semi-annular projections centered around the first axis and disposed on opposite sides of the other of the acetabular shell and the first insert. 5. The acetabular hip implant of claim 3, wherein one of the third and fourth features comprises at least one annular or semi-annular groove and the other of the third and fourth features comprises at least one annular or semi-annular projection that is movably secured within the at least one annular or semi-annular groove to permit rotation of the second insert with respect to the first insert about only the second axis. 6. The acetabular hip implant of claim 5, wherein the at least one semi-annular groove includes two semi-annular grooves centered around the second axis and disposed on opposite sides of the first or second insert and the at least one semi-annular projection includes two semi-annular projections centered around the second axis and disposed on opposite sides of the other of the first and second inserts. 7. The acetabular hip implant of claim 5, wherein one of the fifth and sixth features comprises an annular groove and the other of the fifth and sixth features comprises an annular projection that is movably secured within the annular groove to permit rotation of the femoral head with respect to the second insert about only the third axis. 8. The acetabular hip implant of claim 7, wherein the annular projection and the annular groove are centered around and symmetrical about the third axis. 9. The acetabular hip implant of claim 8, wherein the annular projection and the annular groove are offset from diameters of the second insert and the femoral head. 10. The acetabular hip implant of claim 7, wherein the first axis is orthogonal to the second axis and the third axis and the second axis is orthogonal to the third axis. 11. The acetabular hip implant of claim 2, wherein one of the first and second features comprises a semi-circular groove and the other of the first and second features comprises a semi-circular projection that is movably secured within the semi-circular groove to permit rotation of the first insert with respect to the acetabular shell about only the first axis. 12. The acetabular hip implant of claim 11, wherein the first feature includes two semi-circular projections disposed on opposite sides of the acetabular shell and the second feature includes two semi-circular grooves disposed on opposite sides of the first insert, and wherein the projections and grooves are centered about the first axis to allow for rotation about the first axis. 13. The acetabular hip implant of claim 11, wherein one of the third and fourth features comprises a semi-circular groove and the other of the third and fourth features comprises a semi-circular projection that is movably secured within the semi-circular groove to permit rotation of the second insert with respect to the first insert about only the second axis. 14. The acetabular hip implant of claim 13, wherein the third feature includes two semi-circular projections disposed on opposite sides of the first insert and the fourth feature includes two semi-circular grooves disposed on opposite sides of the second insert, and wherein the projections and grooves are centered about the second axis to allow for rotation about the second axis. 15. The acetabular hip implant of claim 11, wherein one of the fifth and sixth features comprises an annular groove and the other of the fifth and sixth features comprises an annular projection that is movably secured within the annular groove to permit rotation of the femoral head with respect to the second insert about only the third axis. 16. The acetabular hip implant of claim 15, wherein the annular projection and the annular groove are centered around and symmetrical about the third axis and are offset from diameters of the second insert and the femoral head. 17. The acetabular hip implant of claim 16, wherein the first axis is orthogonal to the second axis and the third axis and the second axis is orthogonal to the third axis. 18. An acetabular hip implant, comprising: an acetabular shell component configured to be implanted within an acetabulum of a patient, the acetabular shell component having a first set of projections or grooves defined within an inner surface of the acetabular shell, a first insert secured to the acetabular shell component such that the outer surface of the first surface contacts the inner surface of the acetabular shell, the first insert having a second set of projections or grooves defined within an outer surface of the first insert and cooperating with the first set of projections or grooves defined within the inner surface of the acetabular shell such that the first insert is permitted to rotate relative to the acetabular shell component about a first axis, the first insert having a third set of projections or grooves defined within an inner surface of the first insert, a second insert secured to the first insert such that the outer surface of the second insert contacts the inner surface of the first insert, the second insert having a fourth set of projections or grooves defined in its outer surface which cooperate with the third set of projections or grooves defined in the inner surface of the first insert such that the second insert is permitted to rotate relative to the first insert about the second axis, the second insert having a first annular projection or groove defined in its inner surface, and a femoral head configured to be secured to a femoral stem, the femoral head being secured to the second insert such that the outer surface of the femoral head contacts the inner surface of the second insert, the femoral head having a second annular projection or groove defined in its outer surface which cooperates with the first annular projection or groove defined in the inner surface of the second insert such that the femoral head is permitted to rotate relative to the second insert about the third axis; wherein the first annular projection or groove and second annular projection or groove mechanically constrain the femoral head within the second insert to prevent dislocation of the femoral head during rotation. 19. The acetabular hip implant of claim 18, wherein the first set of projections or grooves comprises two semi-annular projections centered around the first axis and disposed on opposite sides of the acetabular shell and the second set of projections or grooves comprises two semi-annular grooves centered around the first axis and disposed on opposite sides of the first insert, wherein the semi-annular projections of the first set and semi-annular grooves of the second set are configured to cooperate to allow rotation of the first insert about the first axis. 20. The acetabular hip implant of claim 19, wherein the third set of projections or grooves comprises two semi-annular projections centered around the second axis and disposed on opposite sides of the first insert and the fourth set of projections or grooves comprises two semi-annular grooves centered around the second axis and disposed on opposite sides of the second insert, wherein the semi-annular projections of the third set and semi-annular grooves of the fourth set are configured to cooperate to allow rotation of the second insert about the second axis.",
-    "Systems and methods for allowing existing rotary printing press units to produce smaller pages at a faster rate of speed without having to replace the press unit. Specifically, the systems and methods relate to retrofitting an existing press unit to produce three pages of material in each full rotation instead of the traditional two pages. 1. A method of reducing the cut-off length of a newspaper, the method comprising: providing a press unit having: a frame; said frame supporting: a first existing plate cylinder, said first existing plate cylinder having two existing plates attached thereto, each of said existing plates on said first existing plate cylinder comprising generally half a circumference of said first existing plate cylinder, said first existing plate cylinder being thus configured to print two pages of a newspaper with each rotation; a second existing plate cylinder, said second existing plate cylinder having two existing plates attached thereto, each of said existing plates on said second existing plate cylinder comprising generally half a circumference of said second existing plate cylinder, said second existing plate cylinder being thus configured to print two pages of a newspaper with each rotation; a first blanket cylinder transferring ink from said plates on the first existing plate cylinder to paper, said first blanket cylinder including a first existing slot; and a second blanket cylinder transferring ink from said plates of the second existing plate cylinder to paper, said second blanket cylinder including a second existing slot; replacing said first existing plate cylinder with a first new plate cylinder having generally the same length, diameter, and circumferences as said first existing plate cylinder without modification to said frame of said press unit, said first new plate cylinder being configured print three pages of a newspaper, said three pages arranged about the circumference of said first new plate cylinder such that each of said three pages comprises generally one-third of the circumference of said first new plate cylinder; replacing said second existing plate cylinder with a second new plate cylinder having generally the same length, diameter, and circumferences as said second existing plate cylinder without modification to said frame of said press unit, said second new plate cylinder being configured print three pages of a newspaper, said three pages arranged about the circumference of said first new plate cylinder such that each of said three pages comprises generally one-third of the circumference of said first new plate cylinder; removing said second blanket cylinder from said frame; cutting a new second slot being positioned about 180\u00b0 around said second blanket cylinder from said second existing slot; filing said second existing slot; returning said second blanket cylinder to said frame. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: having a third existing plate cylinder supported on said frame, said third existing plate cylinder having two existing plates attached thereto, each of said existing plates on said third existing plate cylinder comprising generally half a circumference of said third existing plate cylinder, said third existing plate cylinder being thus configured to print two pages of a newspaper with each rotation; having a third blanket cylinder supported on said frame, said third blanket cylinder transferring ink from said plates on said third existing plate cylinder to paper, said third blanket cylinder including a third slot; removing said third blanket cylinder from said frame; cutting a new third slot being positioned about 180\u00b0 around said third blanket cylinder from said third existing slot; filing said third existing slot; returning said third blanket cylinder to said frame 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said replacing of said existing plate cylinders with new plate cylinders comprises: removing said existing plate cylinders from said frame; and replacing each of them with a new plate cylinder having said new plate attached thereto. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said replacing of said existing plate cylinders with new plate cylinders comprises: removing said existing plate cylinders from said frame; modifying each of said existing plate cylinders to have said single plate attached thereto; and placing said modified existing plate cylinders on said frame as said new plate cylinders. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: printing pages on said press unit, the printing comprising running the press unit at the same speed it had run prior to the replacing. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising: configuring each of said new plate cylinders such that said three pages arranged about said circumference of said new plate cylinders comprise a page arrangement and said page arrangement appears at least twice along said length of said new plate cylinders. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said page arrangements are aligned with each other about said circumference of said new plate cylinders. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein said page arrangements are rotated relative to each other about said circumference of said new plate cylinders.",
-    "Improved non-cellular (e.g., Wi-Fi) link integration with a cellular (e.g., LTE) network is described. The improved link integration can relate to utilizing an eNodeB device (e.g., residing in a radio access network portion of a cellular network) as an anchor point rather than a packet data network gateway device (e.g., residing in a core network portion of the cellular network) utilized by other approaches. The improved link integration can maintain full compliance with or support for other approaches, and can reduce signaling overhead, simplify quality-of-service management, and/or provide a more rapid reaction to changes of access, particularly in cases where the eNodeB device and a non-cellular access point device are co-located. 1. An eNodeB device, comprising: a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: facilitating a first communication path with a user equipment according to a long term evolution protocol for communicating with a network device of a communication network that operates according to the long term evolution protocol; receiving an indication that the user equipment is in communication with an access point device via a second communication path, the access point device operating according to a different protocol that is different from the long term evolution protocol; determining that the access point device is co-located with the eNodeB device; receiving uplink data from the user equipment via the second communication path and a third communication path between the eNodeB device and the access point device; and transmitting the uplink data to the network device. 2. The eNodeB device of claim 1, wherein the network device is a gateway device for a core network portion of the communication network. 3. The eNodeB device of claim 1, wherein the determining that the access point device is co-located comprises determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are physically co-located and situated in a common physical structure. 4. The eNodeB device of claim 1, wherein the determining that the access point device is co-located comprises determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are topologically co-located with respect to a defined network topology. 5. The eNodeB device of claim 4, wherein the third communication path is a virtual tunnel representing a secure communication path between the access point device and the eNodeB device. 6. The eNodeB device of claim 5, wherein the secure communication path conforms to the long term evolution protocol. 7. The eNodeB device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise receiving downlink data from the network device and transmitting the downlink data to the user equipment via the third communication path and the second communication path. 8. A machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: facilitating creation of a first communication path with an access point device that operates according to a protocol that differs from a long term evolution protocol; determining that the access point device is in proximity to an eNodeB device that operates according to the long term evolution protocol to communicate with a network device of a communication network; facilitating creation of a second communication path with the eNodeB device according to the long term evolution protocol; and transmitting uplink data to the network device by way of the first communication path and a third communication path between the eNodeB device and the access point device. 9. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the network device is a gateway device for a core network portion of the communication network. 10. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the determining that the access point device is in proximity to the eNodeB device comprises determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are physically co-located and comprise a common physical structure. 11. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the determining that the access point device is in proximity to the eNodeB device comprises determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are topologically co-located with respect to a defined network topology. 12. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise receiving an indication that a virtual tunnel has been established between the access point device and the eNodeB device, wherein the virtual tunnel is a secure communication path between the access point device and the eNodeB device according to the long term evolution protocol. 13. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise receiving downlink data from the network device by way of the third communication path and the first communication path. 14. A method, comprising: receiving, by a system including a processor, a first indication that an access point device that operates according to a protocol that differs from a long term evolution protocol and a user equipment that supports the protocol and the long term evolution protocol are in communication via a first communication path receiving, by the system, a second indication that the user equipment and an eNodeB device that operates according to the long term evolution protocol are in communication via a second communication path; determining, by the system, that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located and connected by a third communication path; and facilitating, by the system, communication of data between the user equipment and a network device in a core network portion of a communication network via the third communication path. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the facilitating communication comprises facilitating, by the system, communication of downlink data transmitted to the user equipment by the network device via the third communication path. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the facilitating communication comprises facilitating, by the system, communication of uplink data transmitted by the user equipment to the network device via the third communication path. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising determining, by the system, a bearer for the uplink data according to the long term evolution protocol. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising selecting, by the system, the first communication path as a link for the uplink data according to the protocol that differs from a long term evolution protocol. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising tagging, by the system, the uplink data with tag information of the bearer. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located comprises determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are topologically co-located with respect to a defined network topology.",
-    "A recording apparatus includes an apparatus main body portion that contains a recorder that performs recording on a recording medium, and a panel having a display unit that displays various information and being capable of opening and closing an upper portion of the apparatus main body portion by pivoting about a first pivot shaft. The panel has an outer perimeter that includes two short sides and two long sides. The display unit has an outline that includes two short sides and two long sides and is provided on the panel so that a longitudinal direction of the display unit coincides with a longitudinal direction of the panel. The longitudinal direction of the panel intersects a direction of the first pivot shaft about which the panel pivots. 1. A recording apparatus comprising: an apparatus main body portion that contains a recorder that performs recording on a recording medium; and a panel having a display unit that displays various information and being capable of opening and closing an upper portion of the apparatus main body portion by pivoting relative to the apparatus main body portion about a first pivot shaft, wherein: the panel has an outer perimeter that includes two short sides and two long sides; the display unit has an outline that includes two short sides and two long sides and is provided on the panel so that a longitudinal direction of the display unit coincides with a longitudinal direction of the panel; and a direction of the first pivot shaft about which the panel pivots intersects the longitudinal direction of the panel. 2. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the display unit has a size that is larger than or equal to a postcard size. 3. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: in the apparatus main body portion, the first pivot shaft is provided at a side surface portion in a direction that intersects a recording medium transport direction; and when the apparatus main body portion is placed so that the panel in an open state is at a near side, the recording medium transport direction is a left-right direction. 4. The recording apparatus according to claim 3, wherein when the apparatus main body portion is placed so that a discharge opening of the recording medium is at a near side, the first pivot shaft is at a right side surface of the apparatus main body portion. 5. The recording apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the panel, when closed, covers an entire region of the upper portion of the apparatus main body portion in a direction that intersects the recording medium transport direction. 6. The recording apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: a medium setting unit in which the recording medium is set; a carriage that is provided with the recorder and that is movable in a direction that intersects the recording medium transport direction; and an arm that maintains an open state of the panel by engaging with the panel, wherein a position of the arm in the recording medium transport direction is between the medium setting unit and the carriage. 7. The recording apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the arm holds the panel at a plurality of angles of aperture. 8. The recording apparatus according to claim 6, wherein in an apparatus height direction, at least a portion of the arm and at least a portion of the carriage are at positions equal in height. 9. The recording apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a handle pivotable relative to the apparatus main body portion about a second pivot shaft, wherein both the first pivot shaft and the second pivot shaft are provided at the same side surface side of the apparatus main body portion. 10. The recording apparatus according to claim 9, wherein: the upper surface of the apparatus main body portion changes between when the recording apparatus is in a state for recording and when the recording apparatus is in a state for carrying the recording apparatus by grasping the handle; and the first pivot shaft and the second pivot shaft are provided at a surface side of the apparatus main body portion which is a side surface side when the recording apparatus is in the state for recording. 11. The recording apparatus according to claim 10, wherein a pivot axis of the first pivot shaft and a pivot axis of the second pivot shaft are substantially parallel to each other. 12. The recording apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the second pivot shaft is below the first pivot shaft. 13. The recording apparatus according to claim 9, wherein: the panel is provided pivotably relative to the apparatus main body portion via a hinge portion that includes the first pivot shaft; the handle is provided pivotably relative to the apparatus main body portion via an attaching member that includes the second pivot shaft; the apparatus main body portion includes an upper-side apparatus main body portion that constitutes an upper side and a lower-side apparatus main body portion that constitutes a lower side; and the hinge portion, the upper-side apparatus main body portion, and the lower-side apparatus main body portion are fixed to the attaching member. 14. The recording apparatus according to claim 13, wherein: a side surface of the lower-side apparatus main body portion is provided with a protruded portion that is protruded sideways; and the protruded portion is provided with the attaching member. 15. The recording apparatus according to claim 14, wherein: the handle has a substantially square U shape; and when the handle is closed, the handle lies around the protruded portion and constitutes, together with the protruded portion, a side surface of the recording apparatus without protruding outward from the side surface of the lower-side apparatus main body portion. 16. The recording apparatus according to claim 15, wherein: the handle is provided with a recess portion that receives the second pivot shaft; the recess portion is provided with an allowance that, when the handle is closed, allows the handle to move in a direction that intersects a pivot axis direction of the handle; and the handle, when closed, assumes a state in which a gap between the handle and the protruded portion is eliminated due to urging force of an urger. 17. The recording apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the handle and the panel have a positional relation such that neither one of the handle and the panel interferes with the other one of the handle and the panel when pivoting.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for cross-linking peptides using an activated furan-moiety. In particular, the present invention provides a method for cross-linking peptides comprising the steps of: a) providing a composition comprising furan-peptides, said furan-peptides comprising at least one amino acid comprising a furan-moiety; b) contacting said composition comprising furan-peptides with second peptides, thereby obtaining a mixture comprising furan-peptides and second peptides; c) adding an activation signal to said mixture of step b), thereby activating said furan-peptides to activated furan-peptides, and d) reacting said activated furan-peptides with said second peptides, thereby cross-linking said activated furan-peptides with said second peptides. 1-27. (canceled) 28. A kit comprising: furan-peptides comprising at least one amino acid comprising a furan moiety; and an oxidation signal selected from the group consisting of chemical oxidants, enzymes, and a sensitizer. 29. (canceled) 30. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the chemical oxidant is selected from the group consisting of NBS (N-bromo-succinimide), NaOCl, H2O2 and peracids. 31. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the chemical oxidant is NBS. 32. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the enzyme belongs to the class of cytochrome P450 enzymes. 33. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the sensitizer is Rose Bengal or Methylene Blue. 34. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the sensitizer in combination with a photo-activator generates singlet oxygen. 35. The kit according to claim 34, wherein the photo-activator is visible light. 36. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the furan-peptide is a furan-ligand, said furan-ligand being capable of specifically binding to a receptor. 37. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the furan-peptide is a furan-ligand, said furan-ligand being capable of specifically binding to a cell-surface receptor. 38. The kit according to claim 28, wherein the furan-peptides are not coupled to a solid support selected from a polystyrene resin comprising an acid labile linker or a polystyrene-co-polyethyleneglycol resin comprising an acid labile linker.",
-    "Embodiments pin connections, electronic devices, and methods are shown that include pin configurations to reduce voids and pin tilting and other concerns during pin attach operations, such as attachment to a chip package pin grid array. Pin head are shown that include features such as convex surfaces, a number of legs, and channels in pin head surfaces. 1. A pin grid array, comprising; a substrate, including a number of electrical connections; a matrix material forming an interface with the electrical connections on the substrate; and a number of pins including pin shafts, and having pin heads embedded in the matrix, wherein one or more pins includes a pin head having at least three legs extending at an angle with respect to the pin shaft between, but not including 0 and 90 degrees. 2. The pin grid array of claim 1, wherein the pin head includes a textured top surface. 3. The pin grid array of claim 2, wherein the textured top surface includes one or more channels. 4. The pin grid array of claim 1, wherein the matrix material includes solder. 5. The pin grid array of claim 3, wherein the solder includes a tin-antimony solder. 6. A method of forming a pin connection, comprising: forming a pin, including a pin head having at least three legs extending at least partially away from the pin head in a direction away from a point of the pin; placing the pin head in contact with an electrical connection on a substrate surface; and flowing solder around the pin head and in contact with the electrical connection to embed the pin head. 7. The method of claim 6, further including channeling gas bubbles from beneath the pin head using gaps formed by the at least three legs. 8. The method of claim 6, further including forming a substantially convex top surface on the pin head. 9. The method of claim 8, further including forming one or more channels in the substantially convex top surface. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the pin grid connection is formed as part of a pin grid array.",
-    "A packet data network gateway, P-GW, is located in a second network for supporting user plane data to terminal devices in a wireless communications system that additionally comprises a first network having a first packet data network gateway, P-GW operably couplable to the P-GW. The P-GW comprises a processor arranged to: check a destination address of received packets from the first P-GW to determine whether the received packets are destined for any of the terminal devices, and in response thereto: extract one or more properties of said received packets if they are destined for any of the terminal devices served with user plane data; or discard said received packets if they are not destined for the terminal device(s). 1. A packet data network gateway, second P-GW, located in a second network for supporting user plane data to terminal devices in a wireless communications system that additionally comprises a first network having a first packet data network gateway, first P-GW operably couplable to the second P-GW; the second P-GW comprising a processor located on an integrated circuit and arranged to: check a destination address of received packets from the first P-GW to determine whether the received packets are destined for any of the terminal devices, and in response thereto: extract one or more properties of said received packets if they are destined for any of the terminal devices served with user plane data; or discard received packets that are not destined for the terminal device(s); and determine an operational status of: a backhaul link of the second network, and the first P-GW located in the first network; and in response to determining that both of the backhaul link and first P-GW are available, perform at least one of: trigger deferred signaling between at least one of: a mobile management entity, MME, a serving gateway, S-GW, and the first network; return to a state that determines an operational status of at least one of; the backhaul link, first P-GW; and trigger user plane handling. 2. The second P-GW of claim 1 wherein the processor is arranged to build context information for the terminal devices from signaling used to establish a single packet data network connection for the terminal device that traverses through the first P-GW and the second P-GW. 3. The second P-GW of claim 2 wherein the processor is operably coupled to a memory element arranged to store the terminal device context information. 4. The second P-GW of claim 1 wherein the processor is arranged to monitor and build terminal device context information for a plurality of terminal devices being served with user plane data by the second network. 5. The second P-GW of claim 1 wherein the processor further performs packet analysis or statistical analysis on said received packets. 6. The second P-GW of claim 1 wherein the processor is arranged to re-encapsulate, modify and forward a received data packet on a tunnel established by the first P-GW. 7. A method of operation of a packet data network gateway, second P-GW, located in a second network for supporting user plane data to terminal devices in a wireless communications system that additionally comprises a first network having a first packet data network gateway, first P-GW, operably couplable to the second P-GW; the method comprising, at the second P-GW: checking a destination address of received packets from the first P-GW to determine whether the received packets are destined for any of the terminal devices, extracting one or more properties of said received packets if they are destined for any of the terminal devices served with user plane data; or discarding received packets that are not destined for the terminal device(s); and determining an operational status of: a backhaul link of the second network, and the first P-GW located in the first network; and in response to determining that both of the backhaul link and first P-GW are available, performing at least one of: triggering deferred signaling between at least one of: a mobile management entity, MME, a serving gateway, S-GW, and the first network; returning to a state that determines an operational status of at least one of: the backhaul link, first P-GW; and triggering user plane handling. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising performing packet analysis or statistical analysis on said received packets. 9. The method of claim 7 further comprising: re-encapsulating a received data packet, modifying the received data packet, and forwarding the re-encapsulated, modified received data packet on a tunnel established by the first P-GW. 10. A non-transitory computer program product comprising executable program code for operation of a packet data network gateway, second P-GW, located in a second network for supporting user plane data in a wireless communications system that additionally comprises a first network having a first packet data network gateway, first P-GW, the executable program code operable for, when executed at the second P-GW, performing the method of claim 7. 11. An integrated circuit for a packet data network gateway, second P-GW, located in a second network for supporting user plane data to terminal devices in a wireless communications system that additionally comprises a first network having a first P-GW operably couplable to the second P-GW; the integrated circuit comprising a processor arranged to: check a destination address of received packets from the first P-GW to determine whether the received packets are destined for any of the terminal devices, and in response thereto: extract one or more properties of said received packets if they are destined for any of the terminal devices served with user plane data; or discard said received packets if they are not destined for the terminal device(s); and determine an operational status of: a backhaul link of the second network, and the first P-GW located in the first network; and in response to determining that both of the backhaul link and first P-GW are available, perform at least one of: trigger deferred signaling between at least one of: a mobile management entity, MME, a serving gateway, S-GW, and the first network; return to a state that determines an operational status of at least one of: the backhaul link, first P-GW; and trigger user plane handling.",
-    "An array of methods for assessing vaginal atrophy are disclosed. The methods may be used alone or in combination with a treatment or as part of a kit. 1. A method for identifying urogenital changes associated with vaginal atrophy, the methods comprising: a. measuring pH at the labia majora, labia minora, introitus, or combinations thereof; b. determining brush sensitivity at the introitus; c. assessing glycogen amount at the introitus; d. analyzing epithelial cells sampled at the introitus; e. assessing protein amount testing at the introitus or the labia majora or the labia minora; f. assessing metabolites amounts at the introitus or the labia majora or the labia minora; g. assessing histamine amount at the introitus or the labia majora or the labia minora; h. transcriptomic heat mapping at the labia majora or the labia minora or the introitus; and i. evaluating gene expression at the labia majora for a set gene probe set. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method of measuring pH further comprises using a pH probe. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the changes in the gene probe set are limited to gene probes associated with collagen expression. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the changes in the gene probe set are limited to cell cycle progression. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the methods are used to assess the extent of vaginal atrophy prior and post a treatment regime. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the treatment shows an effect of reducing the pH relative to atrophy by 0.1 to 2.0 pH units. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the treatment shows an effect of reducing pH relative to atrophy by 0.3 units to 1.5 units. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the treatment results in the introitus having a pH of 3.5 to 5.8 units. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the treatment is a urogenitally or vaginally applied emollient comprised of estrogen, isoflavones, niacinamide, hyaluronin, panthenol, fatty oils, buffered acids, and mixtures thereof. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the treatment is an oral or dermal delivery system comprised of estrogen. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing epithelial cells at the introitus further comprises of measuring the abundance of rete pegs in the hymenal ring, wherein the methods further comprise a treatment, and wherein the treatment shows an effect of increasing the rete abundance by 10 to 100%. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing epithelial cells at the introitus further comprises of measuring the thickness of the hymenal epithelia, wherein the methods further comprise a treatment, and wherein the treatment shows an effect of increasing the thickness relative to atrophy by 10 to 300%.",
-    "The present invention concerns chimeric or humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise specific CDR sequences, disclosed herein. Preferably, the antibodies or fragments comprise specific heavy and light chain variable region sequences disclosed herein. More preferably, the antibodies or fragments also comprise specific constant region sequences, such as those associated with the nG1m1,2 or Km3 allotypes. The antibodies or fragments may bind to a human histone protein, such as H2B, H3 or H4. The antibodies or fragments are of use to treat a variety of diseases that may be associated with histones, such as autoimmune disease (e.g., SLE), atherosclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, edema, sepsis, septic shock, hyperinflammatory disorder, infectious disease, inflammatory disease, immune dysregulatory disorder, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, a coagulopathy, myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, nephritis, inflammatory liver injury, acute pancreatitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and burn. 1. A method of treating a disease selected from the group consisting of autoimmune disease, sepsis, septic shock, inflammatory disease and graft-versus host disease, comprising administering to a subject with the disease a chimeric or humanized anti-histone H4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising the heavy chain complementarity-determining region (CDR) sequences CDR1 (DDYLH, SEQ ID NO:90), CDR2 (WIGWIDPENGDTEYASKFQG, SEQ ID NO:91) and CDR3 (PLVHLRTFAY, SEQ ID NO:92) and the light chain CDR sequences CDR1 (RASESVDSYDNSLH, SEQ ID NO:93), CDR2 (LASNLES, SEQ ID NO:94) and CDR3 (QQNNEDPWT, SEQ ID NO:95). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune disease other than SLE, atherosclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, edema, sepsis, septic shock, a non-septic hyperinflammatory disorder, infectious disease, inflammatory disease, immune dysregulatory disorder, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), acute respiratory distress syndrome, diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC), transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis, myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, nephritis, inflammatory liver injury, traumatic hemorrhage, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, radiotherapy toxicity, cytokine therapy toxicity and burn. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of acute immune thrombocytopenia, chronic immune thrombocytopenia, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, diabetes mellitus (e.g., juvenile diabetes), Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcal nephritis, erythema nodosum, Takayasu's arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitides, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitis obliterans, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pemphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, fibrosing alveolitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), organ transplant rejection, sepsis, septicemia and inflammation. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering at least one other therapeutic agent to the subject, either before, concurrently with or after the chimeric or humanized antibody or fragment thereof. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a second antibody, a second antibody fragment, an immunoconjugate, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, an anti-angiogenic agent, a pro-apoptotic agent, a cytokine, a chemokine, a drug, a toxin, a hormone, an siRNA, a cytokine, a chemokine, a coagulation inhibitor, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, a hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor, an interferon, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, an enzyme, recombinant human thrombomodulin and activated human protein C. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second antibody, second antibody fragment or immunoconjugate binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of 5-fluorouracil, aplidin, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracyclines, bendamustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bryostatin-1, busulfan, calicheamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine, celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatinum, Cox-2 inhibitors, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecans, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2P-DOX), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, epirubicin glucuronide, estramustine, epipodophyllotoxin, estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glucuronide, etoposide phosphate, floxuridine (FUdR), 3\u2032,5\u2032-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-dO), fludarabine, flutamide, farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, lenolidamide, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, navelbine, nitrosourea, plicomycin, procarbazine, paclitaxel, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, streptozocin, tamoxifen, temazolomide (an aqueous form of DTIC), transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, teniposide, topotecan, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, vinblastine, vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, a tyrophostin, canertinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, leflunomide, nilotinib, pazopanib, semaxinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, sutent, vatalanib, PCI-565 (ibrutinib), PCI-45292, GDC-0834, LFM-A13 and RN486. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the toxin is selected from the group consisting of ricin, abrin, alpha toxin, saporin, ribonuclease (RNase), ranpirnase, DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, and Pseudomonas endotoxin. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the immunomodulator is selected from the group consisting of a cytokine, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, a hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor (CSF), an interleukin (IL), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, interferon-\u03bb, TGF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, recombinant human thrombomodulin, endostatin and lymphotoxin. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, bovine growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, insulin, proinsulin, relaxin, prorelaxin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), hepatic growth factor, prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor, prolactin, placental lactogen, OB protein, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b2, mullerian-inhibiting substance, mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide, inhibin, activin, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin, thrombopoietin (TPO), NGF-\u03b2, platelet-growth factor, TGF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-II, erythropoietin (EPO), osteoinductive factors, interferon-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), IL-1, IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 111In, 111At, 77Lu, 211Bi, 212Bi, 213Bi, 211At, 62Cu, 67Cu, 90Y, 125I, 15I, 133I, 32P, 33P, 47Sc, 111Ag, 67 Ga, 153Sm, 161Tb, 152Dy, 161Tb, 166Ho, 161Ho, 186Re, 188Re, 189Re, 211Pb, 212Pb, 223Ra, 225Ac, 77As, 89Sr, 99Mo, 105Rh, 149Pm, 169Er, 194Ir, 58Co, 80mBr 99mTc, 103mRb, 109Pt, 119Sb, 125I, 189mOs, 192Ir, 219Rn, 215Po, 221Fr, 255Fm, 11C, 13N, 15O, 75Br, 198Au, 199Al, 224Ac, 77Br, 113mIn, 95Ru, 97Ru, 103Ru, 105Ru, 107Hg, 203Hg, 121mTe, 122mTe, 125mTe, 165Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 197Pt, 109Pd, 142Pr, 143Pr, 161Tb, 57Co, 58CO, 51Cr, 59Fe, 75Se, 201Tl, 76Br, 169Yb and 227Th. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the chimeric or humanized antibody or fragment thereof is a bispecific antibody or fragment thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the bispecific antibody binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of histone H1, histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a hapten, In-DTPA, HSG, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the bispecific antibody binds to two antigens selected from the group consisting of histone H1, histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a hapten, In-DTPA, HSG, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a chimeric antibody or fragment and wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:98 and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:99. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a humanized antibody or fragment and wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:96 and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:97. 17. A method of treating a disease selected from the group consisting of autoimmune disease, sepsis, septic shock, inflammatory disease and graft-versus host disease, comprising administering to a subject with the disease a chimeric or humanized anti-histone H3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising the heavy chain CDR sequences CDR1 (SYWMH, SEQ ID NO:100), CDR2 (NIDPSDSETHYNQKFKD, SEQ ID NO:101) and CDR3 (EKITDDYNYFDY, SEQ ID NO:102) and the light chain CDR sequences CDR1 (RASESVDSYGNSFMH, SEQ ID NO:103), CDR2 (HASNLES, SEQ ID NO:104) and CDR3 (QQNNEDPLT, SEQ ID NO:105). 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune disease other than SLE, atherosclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, edema, sepsis, septic shock, a non-septic hyperinflammatory disorder, infectious disease, inflammatory disease, immune dysregulatory disorder, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), acute respiratory distress syndrome, diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC), transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis, myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, nephritis, inflammatory liver injury, traumatic hemorrhage, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, radiotherapy toxicity, cytokine therapy toxicity and burn. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of acute immune thrombocytopenia, chronic immune thrombocytopenia, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, diabetes mellitus (e.g., juvenile diabetes), Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcal nephritis, erythema nodosum, Takayasu's arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitides, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitis obliterans, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pemphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, fibrosing alveolitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), organ transplant rejection, sepsis, septicemia and inflammation. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising administering at least one other therapeutic agent to the subject, either before, concurrently with or after the chimeric or humanized antibody or fragment thereof. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a second antibody, a second antibody fragment, an immunoconjugate, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, an anti-angiogenic agent, a pro-apoptotic agent, a cytokine, a chemokine, a drug, a toxin, a hormone, an siRNA, a cytokine, a chemokine, a coagulation inhibitor, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, a hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor, an interferon, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, an enzyme, recombinant human thrombomodulin and activated human protein C. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the second antibody, second antibody fragment or immunoconjugate binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of 5-fluorouracil, aplidin, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracyclines, bendamustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bryostatin-1, busulfan, calicheamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine, celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatinum, Cox-2 inhibitors, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecans, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2P-DOX), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, epirubicin glucuronide, estramustine, epipodophyllotoxin, estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glucuronide, etoposide phosphate, floxuridine (FUdR), 3\u2032,5\u2032-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-dO), fludarabine, flutamide, farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, lenolidamide, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, navelbine, nitrosourea, plicomycin, procarbazine, paclitaxel, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, streptozocin, tamoxifen, temazolomide (an aqueous form of DTIC), transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, teniposide, topotecan, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, vinblastine, vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, a tyrophostin, canertinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, leflunomide, nilotinib, pazopanib, semaxinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, sutent, vatalanib, PCI-565 (ibrutinib), PCI-45292, GDC-0834, LFM-A13 and RN486. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the toxin is selected from the group consisting of ricin, abrin, alpha toxin, saporin, ribonuclease (RNase), ranpirnase, DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, and Pseudomonas endotoxin. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the immunomodulator is selected from the group consisting of a cytokine, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, a hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor (CSF), an interleukin (IL), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, interferon-\u03bb, TGF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, recombinant human thrombomodulin, endostatin and lymphotoxin. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, bovine growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, insulin, proinsulin, relaxin, prorelaxin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), hepatic growth factor, prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor, prolactin, placental lactogen, OB protein, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b2, mullerian-inhibiting substance, mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide, inhibin, activin, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin, thrombopoietin (TPO), NGF-\u03b2, platelet-growth factor, TGF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-II, erythropoietin (EPO), osteoinductive factors, interferon-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), IL-1, IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 111In, 111At, 177Lu, 211Bi, 212Bi, 213Bi, 211At, 62Cu, 67Cu, 90Y, 125I, 15I, 133I, 32P, 33P, 47Sc, 111Ag, 67Ga, 153Sm, 161Tb, 152Dy, 166Dy, 161Ho, 166Ho, 186Re, 188Re, 189Re, 211Pb, 212Pb, 223Ra, 225Ac, 77As, 89Sr, 99Mo, 105Rh, 149Pm, 169Er, 194Ir, 58Co, 80mBr, 99mTc, 103mRh, 109Pt, 119Sb, 125I, 189mOs, 192Ir, 219Rn, 215Po, 221Fr, 225Fm, 11C, 15O, 75Br, 198Au, 199Au, 224Ac, 77Br, 113mIn, 95Ru, 97Ru, 103Ru, 105RU, 107Hg, 203Hg, 121mTe, 122mTe, 125mTe, 165Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 197Pt, 109Pd, 142Pr, 143Pr, 161Tb, 57Co, 58Co, 51Cr, 59Fe, 75Se, 201Tl, 76Br, 169Yb and 227Th. 28. The method of claim 17, wherein the chimeric or humanized antibody or fragment thereof is a bispecific antibody or fragment thereof. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the bispecific antibody binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of histone H1, histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a hapten, In-DTPA, HSG, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the bispecific antibody binds to two antigens selected from the group consisting of histone H1, histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a hapten, In-DTPA, HSG, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 31. The method of claim 17, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a chimeric antibody or fragment thereof and wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:108 and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:109. 32. The method of claim 17, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a humanized antibody or fragment thereof and wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:106 and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:107. 33. A method of treating a disease selected from the group consisting of autoimmune disease, sepsis, septic shock, inflammatory disease and graft-versus host disease, comprising administering to a subject with the disease a chimeric or humanized anti-histone H2B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising the heavy chain CDR sequences CDR1 (SYVMY, SEQ ID NO:110), CDR2 (YINPYNDGTKYNEKFKG, SEQ ID NO:111) and CDR3 (PGDGYPFDY, SEQ ID NO:112) and the light chain CDR sequences CDR1 (RSSQSIVHSNGNTYLE, SEQ ID NO:113), CDR2 (KVSNRFS, SEQ ID NO:114) and CDR3 (FQGSHVPYT, SEQ ID NO:115). 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune disease other than SLE, atherosclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, edema, sepsis, septic shock, a non-septic hyperinflammatory disorder, infectious disease, inflammatory disease, immune dysregulatory disorder, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), acute respiratory distress syndrome, diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC), transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis, myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, nephritis, inflammatory liver injury, traumatic hemorrhage, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, radiotherapy toxicity, cytokine therapy toxicity and burn. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of acute immune thrombocytopenia, chronic immune thrombocytopenia, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, diabetes mellitus (e.g., juvenile diabetes), Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcal nephritis, erythema nodosum, Takayasu's arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitides, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitis obliterans, Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pemphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis, fibrosing alveolitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), organ transplant rejection, sepsis, septicemia and inflammation. 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising administering at least one other therapeutic agent to the subject, either before, concurrently with or after the chimeric or humanized antibody or fragment thereof. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a second antibody, a second antibody fragment, an immunoconjugate, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, an anti-angiogenic agent, a pro-apoptotic agent, a cytokine, a chemokine, a drug, a toxin, a hormone, an siRNA, a cytokine, a chemokine, a coagulation inhibitor, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, a hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor, an interferon, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, an enzyme, recombinant human thrombomodulin and activated human protein C. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the second antibody, second antibody fragment or immunoconjugate binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of 5-fluorouracil, aplidin, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracyclines, bendamustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bryostatin-1, busulfan, calicheamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine, celecoxib, chlorambucil, cisplatinum, Cox-2 inhibitors, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecans, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2P-DOX), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, epirubicin glucuronide, estramustine, epipodophyllotoxin, estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glucuronide, etoposide phosphate, floxuridine (FUdR), 3\u2032,5\u2032-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-dO), fludarabine, flutamide, farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, lenolidamide, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, navelbine, nitrosourea, plicomycin, procarbazine, paclitaxel, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, streptozocin, tamoxifen, temazolomide (an aqueous form of DTIC), transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, teniposide, topotecan, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, vinblastine, vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, a tyrophostin, canertinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, leflunomide, nilotinib, pazopanib, semaxinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, sutent, vatalanib, PCI-565 (ibrutinib), PCI-45292, GDC-0834, LFM-A13 and RN486. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the toxin is selected from the group consisting of ricin, abrin, alpha toxin, saporin, ribonuclease (RNase), ranpirnase, DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, and Pseudomonas endotoxin. 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the immunomodulator is selected from the group consisting of a cytokine, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, a hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor (CSF), an interleukin (IL), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, interferon-\u03bb, TGF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, recombinant human thrombomodulin, endostatin and lymphotoxin. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, bovine growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, insulin, proinsulin, relaxin, prorelaxin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), hepatic growth factor, prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor, prolactin, placental lactogen, OB protein, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b2, mullerian-inhibiting substance, mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide, inhibin, activin, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin, thrombopoietin (TPO), NGF-\u03b2, platelet-growth factor, TGF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-II, erythropoietin (EPO), osteoinductive factors, interferon-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b2, interferon-\u03b3, macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), IL-1, IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin. 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 111In, 111At, 177Lu, 211Bi, 212Bi, 213Bi, 211At, 62Cu, 67Cu, 90Y, 125I, 15I, 133I, 32P, 33P, 47Sc, 111Ag, 67Ga, 153Sm, 161Tb, 152Dy, 161Ho, 166Ho, 186Re, 188Re, 189Re, 211Pb, 212Pb, 223Ra, 225Ac, 77As, 89Sr, 99Mo, 105Rh, 149Pm, 169Er, 194Ir, 58Co, 80mBr, 99mTc, 103mRh, 109Pt, 119Sb, 125I, 189mOs, 192Ir, 219Rn, 215Po, 221Fr, 255Fm, 11C, 13N, 15O, 75Br, 198Au, 199Au, 224Ac, 77Br, 113mIn, 95Ru, 97Ru, 103Ru, 105Ru, 107Hg, 203Hg, 121mTe, 122mTe, 125mTe, 165Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 197Pt, 109Pd, 142Pr, 143Pr, 161Tb, 57Co, 58Co, 51Cr, 59Fe, 75Se, 201Tl, 76Br, 169Yb and 227Th. 44. The method of claim 33, wherein the chimeric or humanized antibody or fragment thereof is a bispecific antibody or fragment thereof. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the bispecific antibody binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of histone H1, histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a hapten, In-DTPA, HSG, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the bispecific antibody binds to two antigens selected from the group consisting of histone H1, histone H2A, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, a hapten, In-DTPA, HSG, a proinflammatory effector of the innate immune system, a proinflammatory effector cytokine, a proinflammatory effector chemokine, a target specifically associated with infectious disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, septic shock, GVHD, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, asthma, granulomatous disease, a neuropathy, cachexia, a coagulopathy, acne, giant cell arteritis or myocardial ischemia, TNF-\u03b1, MIF, CD74, HLA-DR, IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CCL19, CCL21, mCRP, MCP-19, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, RANTES, ENA-78, IP-10, GRO-\u03b2, lipopolysaccharide, lymphotoxin, HMGB-1, tissue factor, a complement regulatory protein, a coagulation factor, thrombin, a complement factor, C3, C3a, C3b, C4a, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, Flt-1 and VEGF. 47. The method of claim 33, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a chimeric antibody or fragment thereof and wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:118 and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:119. 48. The method of claim 33, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a humanized antibody or fragment thereof and wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:116 and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region sequence is SEQ ID NO:117.",
-    "The amount of adipose tissue, including lipomas, at selected locations in the body is reduced by introducing collagenase or collagenase plus another proteinase into the tissue. 1. A method of reducing the amount of adipose tissue at selected locations in the body which consists of introducing into said tissue effective amounts of an enzyme and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the enzyme is purified collagenase in the substantial absence of another proteinase. 2. A method of reducing the amount of adipose tissue at selected locations in the body wherein said method comprises introducing into said tissue a composition consisting of an effective amount of an enzyme and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the enzyme is purified collagenase. 3. A method of reducing the amount of adipose tissue at selected locations in the body consisting of introducing into said tissue a composition consisting of an effective amount of purified collagenase and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said collagenase is injected into said adipose tissue. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said carrier is a liquid. 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein said carrier is aqueous. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein said adipose tissue is injected at a multiplicity of closely spaced sites. 8. A method according to claim 6, wherein the collagenase is introduced in the amount of from about 5 to about 150 ABC units collagenase per gram of adipose tissue treated. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said amount of collagenase is from about 10 to about 100 ABC units collagenase per gram of adipose tissue treated. 10. A method according to claim 3, wherein the collagenase is injected in a liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a concentration of from 50 to about 5,000 ABC units per mL. 11. A method according to claim 3, wherein the collagenase is injected in a liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a concentration of at least 1,000 ABC units per mL.",
-    "The various embodiments relate generally to systems, devices, apparatuses, and methods for providing audio streams to multiple listeners, and more specifically, to a system, a device, and a method for providing independent listener-specific audio streams to multiple listeners using a common audio source, such as a set of loudspeakers, and, optionally, a shared audio stream. In some embodiments, a method includes identifying a first audio stream for reception at a first region to be canceled at a second region, and generating a cancellation signal that is projected in another audio stream destined for the second region. The cancellation signal and the first audio steam are combined at the second region. Further, a compensation signal to reduce the cancellation signal at the first region can be generated. 1. A method comprising: identifying a first audio stream for reception at a first region to be canceled at a second region; modifying the first audio stream to form a modified first audio stream; designating the modified first audio stream to be projected via a second channel loudspeaker and the first audio stream via a first channel loudspeaker to the second region; combining the modified first audio stream and the first audio stream to reduce the first audio steam at the second region; and generating a compensation signal to reduce the modified first audio stream at the first region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the first audio stream to form the modified first audio stream further comprises: forming a plurality of cancellation signals including the modified first audio stream to be projected via the second channel loudspeaker; and forming recursively a plurality of compensation signals including the compensation signal to compensate for the presence of the plurality of cancellation signals at the first region. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein forming recursively the plurality of compensation signals further comprises: determining a magnitude of one of the plurality of compensation signals; and forming other compensation signals until a threshold magnitude is met. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: selecting the threshold magnitude based on a magnitude of a shared audio stream. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a second audio stream for reception at the second region to be canceled at the first region; identifying a shared audio stream for reception at the first region and the second region; and generating audio signals to project the first audio stream with reduced magnitude at the second region, the second audio stream with reduced magnitude at the first region, and the shared audio stream to the first region and the second region. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: determining locations of the first region and the second region; generating the modified first audio stream based on the locations; determining updated locations of the first region and the second region; and tuning automatically the modification of the first audio stream based on the updated locations. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the updated locations of the first region and the second region further comprise: receiving location data representing the updated locations from wearable computing devices, wherein a first wearable computing device is disposed at the first region and a second wearable computing device is disposed at the second region. 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising: selecting one of either the first region or the second region for receiving a private audio stream not intended for the other of either the first region or the second region, wherein the private audio stream originates at a remote region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the private audio stream is generated during a teleconference in which audio signals of multiple remote regions are generated as a shared audio envelop, the private audio stream originating from the remote region of the multiple remote regions. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the first audio stream to form the modified first audio stream further comprises: forming a first cancellation signal. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein generating the compensation signal further comprises: determining the first cancellation signal at the first region to form a first region cancellation signal; generating a first compensation signal as the compensation signal based on the first region cancellation signal; designating the first compensation signal for projection via the first channel loudspeaker; and combining the first compensation signal and the first region cancellation signal to reduce the first region cancellation signal. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein identifying the first audio stream to be canceled at the second region comprises: identifying the first compensation signal to be canceled at the second region; modifying the first compensation signal to form a modified first compensation signal as a second cancellation signal; designating the second cancellation signal for projection via the second channel loudspeaker to the second region; and combining the second cancellation signal and the first compensation signal to reduce the first compensation signal at the second region. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: forming a second compensation signal to reduce the second cancellation signal at the first region. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a shared audio stream for reception at the first region and the second region; mixing the shared audio stream with at least the first audio stream configured to propagate from the first channel loudspeaker and a second audio stream configured to propagate from the second channel loudspeaker to form a mixed shared audio stream; and. projecting the mixed shared audio stream to the first region and the second region. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: identifying a second audio stream for reception at the second region to be canceled at the first region; modifying the second audio stream to form a modified second audio stream; projecting the modified second audio stream via the first channel loudspeaker and the second audio stream via the second channel loudspeaker to the first region; combining the modified second audio stream and the second audio stream to reduce the second audio steam at the first region; and generating another compensation signal recursively to reduce the modified second audio stream at the second region. 16. The method of claim 1, modifying the first audio stream to form a modified first audio stream further comprises: inverting the first audio stream to form an inverted first audio stream; and delaying the inverted first audio stream. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising: attenuating the modified first audio stream. 18. An apparatus comprising: a dual-mode audio stream generator including one or more processors, the dual-mode audio stream generator configured to generate a shared audio stream in a first mode and generate multiple audio streams in a second mode for transmission via a loudspeaker system including at least a first loudspeaker for a first audio stream and a second loudspeaker for a second audio stream, at least one audio stream is isolated from receiving at least another of the audio streams, the dual-mode audio stream generator comprising; a crosstalk cancellation filter for the first audio stream comprising: a modified audio signal generator configured to generate one or more cancellation signals based on the first audio stream for transmission via the second loudspeaker; and a compensation signal generator configured to generate one or more compensation signals to compensate for the one or more cancellation signals, wherein the one or more compensation signals are generated recursively until a threshold magnitude of at least one of the one or more compensation signals is achieved, wherein either the first mode or the second mode, or both are active. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising: a region locator configured to determine locations of a first region and a second region to which the multiple audio streams are projected, and to update the locations of the first region and the second region automatically. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: a communication module configured to establish communications with one or more wearable devices to receive data representing the locations.",
-    "Methods and systems for transmitting timecode and metadata to networked devices can include identifying one or more network devices capable of receiving timecode and sync information, generating a communication signal comprising timecode and sync information by a device having an internal clock, distributing the communication signal over a network to the identified network devices, and synchronizing the identified networked devices during an event. 1. A method to transmit timecode and metadata to networked devices, the method comprising: identifying one or more network devices capable of receiving timecode and sync information; generating a communication signal comprising timecode and sync information by a device having an internal clock; distributing the communication signal over a network to the identified network devices; and synchronizing the identified networked devices during an event. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending control instructions to the identified network devices over a second network; and receiving status information from the network devices over the second network. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein synchronizing the identified networked devices comprises associating media information with the communication signal to create indexed media information and storing the indexed media information on a removable storage device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication signal is simultaneously transmitted over a wired and wireless network. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization includes receiving and providing timecode and sync information to the identified networked devices. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the event is a live or pre-recorded activity recorded by two or more cameras. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization includes synchronizing sync and control data across each of the identified network devices. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the timecode and sync information using the internal clock. 9. The method of claim 1, further calibrating the internal clock using an external sync input. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the external sync input includes GPS coordinates and timing information. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the identified network devices is a video camera. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the video camera is capable of recording audio and video signals. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the video camera is a personal video camera. 14. A device for timecode and metadata distribution, the device comprising: a timecode generator including an internal clock, the timecode generator configured to generate timecode information; an RF transceiver configured to transmit and receive the timecode information over using an RF signal; a network controller configured to provide wired and wireless network access for distribution of the timecode information; and a display configured to display the timecode information to a user. 15. The device of claim 14, further comprising a non-transitory computer readable media device storing instructions that are executable by a processing device to perform operations comprising: identifying one or more network devices capable of receiving time code and sync information; generating a communication signal comprising timecode and sync information by a device having an internal clock; distributing the communication signal over a network to the identified network devices; and synchronizing the identified networked devices during an event. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein the time code generator further comprises a timecode oscillator configured to provide timecode and genlock information through at least one of a TCXO reference oscillator, an OXCO reference oscillator, and a rubidium atomic clock. 17. The device of claim 14, further comprising a GPS receiver module in communication with the timecode generator, the GPS receiver module being configured to provide a sync signal to the internal clock. 18. The device of claim 14, further comprising a module in communication with an external synchronization source, the external module being configured to encode and decode NTP and PTP network timing protocols. 19. A system comprising: a network; a base station comprising: a timecode generator including an internal clock, the timecode generator configured to generate timecode information; an RF transceiver configured to transmit and receive the timecode information over using an RF signal; a network controller configured to provide wired and wireless access to the network access for distribution of the timecode information; and a display configured to display the timecode information to a user; and at least two cameras in communication with the base station over the network. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the base station is configured to identify another camera capable of receiving timecode data.",
-    "A liquid crystal display includes a first display substrate including a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding to a plurality of pixels, respectively, a second display substrate disposed opposite to the first display substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second display substrates, where each of the pixel electrodes includes first and second subpixel electrodes, which are disposed near each other in a first direction and each include a plurality of minute branches, the first subpixel electrode is divided into a plurality of first-subpixel areas including a first first-subpixel area, in which the minute branches extend in a first diagonal direction, and the second subpixel electrode includes a plurality of second-subpixel areas including a first second-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in the first diagonal direction. 1. A liquid crystal display, comprising: a first display substrate comprising a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding to a plurality of pixels, respectively; a second display substrate disposed opposite to the first display substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second display substrates, wherein each of the pixel electrodes comprises: first and second subpixel electrodes, which are disposed near each other in a first direction, each of the first and second subpixel electrodes comprises a plurality of minute branches, the first subpixel electrode is divided into a plurality of first-subpixel areas including a first first-subpixel area, in which the minute branches extend in a first diagonal direction, and the second subpixel electrode is divided into a plurality of second-subpixel areas including a first second-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in the first diagonal direction. 2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the first-subpixel areas further includes a second first-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in a second direction crossing the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in a second diagonal direction crossing the first diagonal direction, and the second-subpixel areas further includes a second second-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first second-subpixel area in the second direction and in which the minute branches extend in the second diagonal direction, wherein the second first-subpixel area is disposed near the second second-subpixel area in the first direction. 3. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein the first-subpixel areas further includes: a third first-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in a third diagonal direction crossing the first diagonal direction, and a fourth first-subpixel area, which is disposed near the second first-subpixel area in the first direction, and in which the minute branches extend in a fourth diagonal direction crossing the second diagonal direction. 4. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein the first subpixel electrode is a high-gray-level electrode, and the second subpixel electrode is a low-gray-level electrode. 5. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second subpixel electrodes further comprises a stem which extends in at least one of the first and second directions and to which the minute branches are connected. 6. The liquid crystal display of claim 5, wherein the stem and the minute branches form an angle of about \u00b145 or about \u00b1135 degrees. 7. The liquid crystal display of claim 5, wherein the first and second display substrates are bent in the first direction. 8. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the minute branches are in a shape of a rectangle or a parallelogram. 9. A liquid crystal display, comprising: a first display substrate including a plurality of pixel electrodes corresponding to a plurality of pixels, respectively; a second display substrate disposed opposite to the first display substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and second display substrates, wherein each of the pixel electrodes comprises first and second subpixel electrodes, which are disposed near each other in a first direction, each of the first and second subpixel electrodes comprises a plurality of minute branches, the second subpixel electrode comprises: a first electrode portion, which is disposed near a side of the first subpixel electrode; a second electrode portion, which is disposed near another side of the first subpixel electrode; and an electrode portion connecting pattern, which connects the first and second electrode portions, the first subpixel electrode is divided into a first first-subpixel area, in which the minute branches extend in a first diagonal direction, a second first-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in a second direction crossing the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in a second diagonal direction crossing the first diagonal direction, a third first-subpixel area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in a third diagonal direction crossing the first diagonal direction, and a fourth first-subpixel area, which is disposed near the second first-subpixel area in the first direction, and in which the minute branches extend in a fourth diagonal direction crossing the second diagonal direction, the first electrode portion of the second subpixel electrode is divided into a first first-electrode-portion area, which is disposed near the first first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in the first diagonal direction, and a second first-electrode-portion area, which is disposed near the second first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in the second diagonal direction, and the second electrode portion of the second subpixel electrode is divided into a first second-electrode-portion area, which is disposed near the third first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in the third diagonal direction, and a second second-electrode-portion area, which is disposed near the fourth first-subpixel area in the first direction and in which the minute branches extend in the fourth diagonal direction. 10. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein the first display substrate further comprises first, second and third thin-film transistors, the first thin-film transistor provides a first subpixel voltage to the first subpixel electrode, and the second thin-film transistor provides a second subpixel voltage to the second subpixel electrode along with the third TFT. 11. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein the first subpixel electrode is a high-gray-level electrode, and the second subpixel electrode is a low-gray-level electrode. 12. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second subpixel electrodes further comprises a stem which extends in at least one of the first and second directions and to which the minute branches are connected. 13. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein the stem and the minute branches form an angle of about \u00b145 or about \u00b1135 degrees. 14. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein the first and second display substrates are bent in the first direction. 15. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein the minute branches are in a shape of a rectangle or a parallelogram. 16. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein a width, in the first direction, of the first subpixel electrode is greater than a width, in the second direction, of the first subpixel electrode. 17. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein a width, in the first direction, of the first electrode portion of the second subpixel electrode is greater than a width, in the first direction, of the first first-subpixel area. 18. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein the first and second electrode portions of the second subpixel electrode have a smaller width in the first direction than in the second direction. 19. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein an area of the first subpixel electrode is larger than an area of each of the first and second electrode portions of the second subpixel electrode. 20. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein the first subpixel electrode further comprises a cross-shaped stem comprising a horizontal stem and a vertical stem crossing the horizontal stem.",
-    "A communications system has a cellular structure and the communications system includes a base station that is located within a cell of the cellular structure and employs a Kronecker product of azimuth and elevation precoding vectors for beamforming. Additionally, the communications system includes user equipment that is located within the cell and coupled to the base station to receive a reference channel state information process employing a reference precoding vector for use in a non-reference channel state information process to derive a compensated channel quality indication. A method of operating a communications system is also included. 1. A communications system having a cellular structure, comprising: a base station that is located within a cell of the cellular structure and employs a Kronecker product of azimuth and elevation precoding vectors for beamforming; and user equipment that is located within the cell and coupled to the base station to receive a reference channel state information process employing a reference precoding vector for use in a non-reference channel state information process to derive a compensated channel quality indication. 2. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein the reference channel state information process corresponds to an elevation channel state information process and the non-reference channel state information process corresponds to an azimuth channel state information process. 3. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein the reference channel state information process corresponds to an azimuth channel state information process and the non-reference channel state information process corresponds to an elevation channel state information process. 4. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio estimate is generated using a reported precoding matrix indicator of the non-reference channel state information process. 5. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein a reference channel beamforming gain is estimated by applying the reference precoding vector to the reference channel instead of the non-reference channel. 6. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein a non-reference channel signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio estimate and a reference channel beamforming gain estimate are added to provide the compensated channel quality indication of the non-reference channel state information process. 7. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein a precoding matrix indicator and a rank indicator along with the compensated channel quality indication are fed back to the base station as the parts of a channel state information report for the non-reference channel state information process. 8. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein a reference channel precoding matrix indicator is included separately in a non-reference channel state information report. 9. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein signaling of the reference precoding vector to the user equipment may employ one selected from the group consisting of: a parametric representation of the reference precoding vector; quantized parameters of a parametric representation of the reference precoding vector; quantized phase or amplitude of precoder coefficients corresponding to the reference precoding vector; and an indexed, pre-defined codebook containing the reference precoding vector. 10. The communications system as recited in claim 1 wherein the reference precoding vector is fixed and not configurable. 11. A method of operating a communications system, comprising: providing azimuth and elevation precoding vectors for beamforming in a base station of the communications system; and receiving, from the base station, a reference channel state information process employing a reference precoding vector for use in a non-reference channel state information process to derive a compensated channel quality indication for user equipment. 12. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein the reference channel state information process corresponds to an elevation channel state information process and the non-reference channel state information process corresponds to an azimuth channel state information process. 13. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein the reference channel state information process corresponds to an azimuth channel state information process and the non-reference channel state information process corresponds to an elevation channel state information process. 14. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio estimate is generated using a reported precoding matrix indicator of the non-reference channel state information process. 15. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein a reference channel beamforming gain is estimated by applying the reference precoding vector to the reference channel instead of the non-reference channel. 16. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein a non-reference channel signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio estimate and a reference channel beamforming gain estimate are added to provide the compensated channel quality indication of the non-reference channel state information process. 17. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein a precoding matrix indicator and a rank indicator along with the compensated channel quality indication are fed back to the base station as the parts of a channel state information report for the non-reference channel state information process. 18. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein a reference channel precoding matrix indicator is included separately in a non-reference channel state information report. 19. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein signaling of the reference precoding vector to the user equipment may employ one selected from the group consisting of: a parametric representation of the reference precoding vector; quantized parameters of a parametric representation of the reference precoding vector; quantized phase or amplitude of precoder coefficients corresponding to the reference precoding vector; and an indexed, pre-defined codebook containing the reference precoding vector. 20. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein the reference precoding vector is fixed and not configurable.",
-    "Systems, apparatus, devices, and methods for converting electrical signals into sound using an acoustic transducer. The inventive acoustic transducer utilizes the motion of an airfoil shaped element to generate a sound wave, with the airfoil element being driven in response to an electrical signal input to a suitable driving element. In some embodiments, the airfoil element or elements act to mechanically couple the motion of an armature attached to the driver to the surrounding air, producing sound waves in a more efficient manner than typical acoustic transducer devices. Embodiments of the invention may be used in the design of loudspeakers, earpieces, headphones, and other devices for which a high efficiency transducer is desired. 1. A transducer operative to convert an input signal into an output acoustic wave, comprising: a source of airflow having an outlet; an airfoil-shaped element positioned relative to the outlet so that air exiting the outlet flows predominantly along the surface of the airfoil-shaped element; and a driver operative to rotate the airfoil-shaped element in response to the input signal, thereby causing an angle of attack between the airfoil-shaped element and the air exiting the outlet to vary in response to the input signal.",
-    "An integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system includes a local sports management server. The server includes a league management component executable on the local sports management server, the league management component managing payment, scheduling, and team registration operations for one or more local sports leagues. The server further includes a player management component executable on the local sports management server, the player management component managing a plurality of players associated with the one or more local sports leagues. The server includes a scoring component executable at least in part on the local sports management server, the scoring component configured to receive realtime data regarding scoring of a game occurring in the one or more local sports leagues, the scoring component including a user interface displayable on a remote system. 1. An integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system comprising: a local sports management server comprising: a league management component executable on the local sports management server, the league management component managing payment, scheduling, and team registration operations for one or more local sports leagues; a player management component executable on the local sports management server, the player management component managing a plurality of players associated with the one or more local sports leagues; a scoring component executable at least in part on the local sports management server, the scoring component configured to receive realtime data regarding scoring of a game occurring in the one or more local sports leagues, the scoring component including a user interface displayable on a remote system. 2. The integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system of claim 1, further comprising an application executable on a client computing system, the application including a scoring component including a scoring user interface receiving touch-screen input, the scoring user interface including a plurality of active touch areas associated with each user and type of scoring associated with a corresponding sport for which scoring is performed. 3. The integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system of claim 2, wherein the scoring user interface includes a plurality of pre-defined color commentary options. 4. The integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system of claim 1, wherein the application comprises a web application executable within a browser. 5. The integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system of claim 1, wherein the one or more local sports leagues are selected from among a group of leagues consisting of: a basketball league; a softball league; a t-ball league; a football league; a hockey league; a soccer league; a volleyball league; and a kickball league. 6. The integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system of claim 1, wherein users having a plurality of different user roles can access the league management component, the plurality of different user roles including a league manager, a team manager, a player, and a scorer. 7. The integrated local sports league tracking and scoring system of claim 1, wherein the one or more local sports leagues include a plurality of local sports leagues in different municipalities. 8. A method of tracking scoring in a local sports league application comprising: presenting a user interface on a touchscreen mobile device, the user interface including a depiction a game played as part of a local sports league, the user interface including a plurality of selectable scoring regions, each of the plurality of selectable scoring regions corresponding to a different scoring event that may occur during the game; receiving a touch input from a user, on the user interface at one of the plurality of selectable scoring regions; upon receiving the touch input: registering a scoring event associated with the scoring region at which the touch input is received; and transmitting the scoring event to a local sports management server. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving from a second mobile device a score request occurring during the game; and displaying at least near-realtime statistics aggregated during the game in a user interface on the second mobile device based on scoring events aggregated at the local sports management server and received from the touchscreen mobile device. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising aggregating in a database at the local sports management server statistics regarding a plurality of leagues. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising developing a user profile for each player included in the local sports league, the user profile being exportable to one or more third party systems. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of the one or more third party systems comprises a video game system including a video game associated with a sport played by the local sports league. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of selectable scoring regions include selectable scoring regions that correspond to tracked scoring events occurring during the game. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising generating a live box score at the local sports management server. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving a voice input uniquely associated with a scoring event that corresponds to a touch input at one or more of the selectable scoring regions, and upon receiving the voice input: registering a scoring event; and transmitting the scoring event to a local sports management server.",
-    "Techniques are provided for maintaining data persistently in one format, but making that data available to a database server in more than one format. For example, one of the formats in which the data is made available for query processing is based on the on-disk format, while another of the formats in which the data is made available for query processing is independent of the on-disk format. Data that is in the format that is independent of the disk format may be maintained exclusively in volatile memory to reduce the overhead associated with keeping the data in sync with the on-disk format copies of the data. 1. A method comprising: maintaining, by a database server, at least two copies of each item in a particular set of data; wherein, for each item in the particular set of data, the at least two copies include: a first copy, stored on persistent storage, in a persistent format, and a second copy, stored in volatile memory, in a mirror format; wherein the particular set of data includes a first item and a second item; when a particular transaction performs a first operation that makes a change to the first item, the database server: making the change to a copy of the first item that is in the persistent format; and storing, in an in-memory journal, an entry that indicates the change without updating any copy of the first item that is in the mirror format; after the particular transaction performs the change, when the particular transaction performs a second operation that involves the first item and the second item, the database server: obtaining a copy of the first item, which is a current version of the first item, based on the entry in the in-memory journal; and obtaining a copy of the second item, which is a current version of the second item, from volatile memory in the mirror format. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the in-memory journal is a private journal; and the method further comprises, upon commit of the particular transaction, moving one or more entries, from the in-memory journal, to a global journal. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: after commit of the particular transaction, a second transaction obtaining a copy of the first item, that is the current version of the first item, based on a particular entry in the global journal; wherein the second transaction is distinct from the particular transaction. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the second operation involves a third item; and the method further comprises, when the particular transaction performs the second operation that involves the first item and the second item, the database server obtaining a copy of the third item, which is a current version of the third item, from persistent format data. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein obtaining the copy of the third item from persistent format data comprises obtaining a cached copy of the third item from volatile memory. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein making the change to the copy of the first item that is in the persistent format comprises making the change to a cached copy of the first item stored in volatile memory. 7. A method comprising: maintaining, by a database server, at least two copies of each item in a particular set of data; wherein, for each item in the particular set of data, the at least two copies include: a copy, stored on persistent storage, in a persistent format; and a copy, stored in volatile memory, in a mirror format; maintaining an in-memory journal with particular entries that reflect committed changes, wherein each change of the committed changes: was made to a copy of an item, in the particular set of data, in the persistent format; and was not made to any copy of the item, in the particular set of data, in the mirror format; purging a portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal; wherein the portion of the particular entries includes information for one or more changes to one or more items of the particular set of data; wherein purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal is performed without having applied the one or more changes to any copies, of the one or more items, in the mirror format; after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, providing, in response to a query, a copy of a particular item, of the particular set of data, in the mirror format. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal is performed based, at least in part, on memory availability within the volatile memory. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein: the mirror format copies of items, in the particular set of data, belong to a set of mirror format data; the set of mirror format data reflects values that were current as of a particular time; the portion of the particular entries includes entries for changes committed between a first time and the particular time; the first time precedes the particular time; and the method further comprises: before purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the first time and the particular time; and after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, using persistent format data, that includes persistent format copies of items in the particular set of data, as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the first time and the particular time. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein: the mirror format copies of items, in the particular set of data, belong to a set of mirror format data; the set of mirror format data reflects values that were current as of a particular time; the portion of the particular entries includes entries for changes committed between a first time and a second time; the particular time precedes both the first time and the second time; and the first time precedes the second time; the method further comprises: before purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the particular time and the second time; and after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal: using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the particular time and the first time, and using persistent format data, that includes persistent format copies of items in the particular set of data, as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the first time and the second time. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal: identifying, based on a delete vector for a particular transaction with a snapshot time of a third time, one or more particular items that have not changed between the first time and the third time; wherein the third time is before the second time and the third time is after the first time; in response to identifying the one or more particular items that have not changed between the first time and the third time, using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source, for the one or more particular items, for the particular transaction. 12. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause: maintaining, by a database server, at least two copies of each item in a particular set of data; wherein, for each item in the particular set of data, the at least two copies include: a first copy, stored on persistent storage, in a persistent format, and a second copy, stored in volatile memory, in a mirror format; wherein the particular set of data includes a first item and a second item; when a particular transaction performs a first operation that makes a change to the first item, the database server: making the change to a copy of the first item that is in the persistent format; and storing, in an in-memory journal, an entry that indicates the change without updating any copy of the first item that is in the mirror format; after the particular transaction performs the change, when the particular transaction performs a second operation that involves the first item and the second item, the database server: obtaining a copy of the first item, which is a current version of the first item, based on the entry in the in-memory journal; and obtaining a copy of the second item, which is a current version of the second item, from volatile memory in the mirror format. 13. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 12, wherein: the in-memory journal is a private journal; and the one or more sequences of instructions further comprise instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause, upon commit of the particular transaction, moving one or more entries, from the in-memory journal, to a global journal. 14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 13, wherein the one or more sequences of instructions further comprise instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause: after commit of the particular transaction, a second transaction obtaining a copy of the first item, that is the current version of the first item, based on a particular entry in the global journal; wherein the second transaction is distinct from the particular transaction. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 12, wherein: the second operation involves a third item; and the one or more sequences of instructions further comprise instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause, when the particular transaction performs the second operation that involves the first item and the second item, the database server obtaining a copy of the third item, which is a current version of the third item, from persistent format data. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 15, wherein obtaining the copy of the third item from persistent format data comprises obtaining a cached copy of the third item from volatile memory. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 12, wherein making the change to the copy of the first item that is in the persistent format comprises making the change to a cached copy of the first item stored in volatile memory. 18. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause: maintaining, by a database server, at least two copies of each item in a particular set of data; wherein, for each item in the particular set of data, the at least two copies include: a copy, stored on persistent storage, in a persistent format; and a copy, stored in volatile memory, in a mirror format; maintaining an in-memory journal with particular entries that reflect committed changes, wherein each change of the committed changes: was made to a copy of an item, in the particular set of data, in the persistent format; and was not made to any copy of the item, in the particular set of data, in the mirror format; purging a portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal; wherein the portion of the particular entries includes information for one or more changes to one or more items of the particular set of data; wherein purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal is performed without having applied the one or more changes to any copies, of the one or more items, in the mirror format; after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, providing, in response to a query, a copy of a particular item, of the particular set of data, in the mirror format. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 18, wherein purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal is performed based, at least in part, on memory availability within the volatile memory. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 18 wherein: the mirror format copies of items, in the particular set of data, belong to a set of mirror format data; the set of mirror format data reflects values that were current as of a particular time; the portion of the particular entries includes entries for changes committed between a first time and the particular time; the first time precedes the particular time; and the one or more sequences of instructions further comprise instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause: before purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the first time and the particular time; and after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, using persistent format data, that includes persistent format copies of items in the particular set of data, as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the first time and the particular time. 21. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 18 wherein: the mirror format copies of items, in the particular set of data, belong to a set of mirror format data; the set of mirror format data reflects values that were current as of a particular time; the portion of the particular entries includes entries for changes committed between a first time and a second time; the particular time precedes both the first time and the second time; and the first time precedes the second time; the one or more sequences of instructions further comprise instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause: before purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal, using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the particular time and the second time; and after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal: using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the particular time and the first time, and using persistent format data, that includes persistent format copies of items in the particular set of data, as a source for data items for transactions with snapshot times between the first time and the second time. 22. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 21 wherein the one or more sequences of instructions further comprise instructions which, when executed by one or more processors cause, after purging the portion of the particular entries from the in-memory journal: identifying, based on a delete vector for a particular transaction with a snapshot time of a third time, one or more particular items that have not changed between the first time and the third time; wherein the third time is before the second time and the third time is after the first time; in response to identifying the one or more particular items that have not changed between the first time and the third time, using the in-memory journal in conjunction with the set of mirror format data as a source, for the one or more particular items, for the particular transaction.",
-    "A system, apparatus, or method for enabling an application developer to access the events, data and functionality of a device, such as a mobile phone, without being limited by the API provided by the device manufacturer. In some embodiments, the present invention utilizes a transparent gateway as a proxy that is inserted into the device stack to enable an application developer to access features and functions of the device beyond those exposed by the manufacturer provided API. For example, the transparent gateway may be inserted into the wireless stack of a mobile phone, in between the Bluetooth stack and the device's API. The transparent gateway may be installed in the mobile phone via an over the air provisioning or another suitable method. 1. A device, comprising: a data transfer bus, and electrically coupled with the data transfer bus: an antenna; a processor; a wireless network stack electrically coupled with the antenna through the data transfer bus; a communication interface configured to receive an event from an external wireless source, the event wirelessly received by the wireless network stack and communicated to the communications interface through the data transfer bus; a first application program interface; a transparent gateway disposed between and in communication with the wireless network stack and the first application program interface; a first extensible application program interface in communication with the first application program interface; a second application program interface in communication with an extensible application program interface manager and the transparent gateway; a local application program interface in communication with the second application program interface; a third application program interface in communication with the second application program interface and with an external backend service via a network connection, the third application program interface including functions distributed between the external backend service and the second application program interface; and a rule base including a set of rules, the rule base in communication with a rule manager configured to update rules in the rule base, the rule manager in communication with the transparent gateway, the transparent gateway configured to: receive the event from the communication interface; process, using the processor, the event to determine whether the event satisfies a rule in the set of rules of the rule base, and if the event satisfies the rule in the set of rules, apply the rule to the event, the transparent gateway configured to: examine an incoming event received via the communications interface against one or more rules in the rule base, and pass the incoming event to the extensible application program interface manager when the one or more rules request the incoming event be exposed to the second application program interface.",
-    "A method and system for criteria-based advertisement blocking are presented. The method comprises receiving blocking criteria of an advertisement to be displayed in a web page and information identifying the web page; analyzing the identifying information to determine at least one blocking factor associated with the web page, wherein the identifying information includes at least a uniform resource locator (URL) of the web page; determining, based on the at least one blocking factor, whether the blocking criteria have been met; and automatically blocking a display of the advertisement in the web page, when the blocking criteria have been met. 1. A method for criteria-based advertisement blocking, comprising: receiving blocking criteria of an advertisement to be displayed in a web page and information identifying the web page; analyzing the identifying information to determine at least one blocking factor associated with the web page, wherein the identifying information includes at least a uniform resource locator (URL) of the web page; determining, based on the at least one blocking factor, whether the blocking criteria have been met; and automatically blocking a display of the advertisement in the web page, when the blocking criteria have been met. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each blocking factor is at least one of: a category of content in the web page, an advertiser preference associated with the web page, a number of advertisements to be displayed in the web page, and a language of the web page. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the blocking criteria includes at least one of: a list of negative categories for the advertisement, a tolerance score threshold, an advertisement quantity threshold, and a language of the advertisement. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: generating at least one tolerance score based on the at least one blocking factor; and comparing the tolerance score threshold to the generated at least one tolerance score, wherein the blocking criteria have been met when any of the at least one tolerance score is below the tolerance score threshold. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the blocking criteria have been met when the number of advertisements to be displayed in the web page is above the advertisement quantity threshold. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the blocking criteria have been met when the language of the web page is different from the language of the advertisement. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying information includes a content of the web page analyzing the identifying information further comprises: semantically analyzing the content in the web page, wherein the at least one blocking factor is determined based on the results of the semantic analysis. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one blocking factor is determined based on the results of the uniform resource locator analysis. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying information includes a domain name, and wherein analyzing the identifying information further comprises: analyzing the domain of the web page, wherein the at least one blocking factor is determined based on the results of the domain analysis. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending the advertisement for redistribution, when the blocking criteria have been met. 11. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions for causing one or more processing units to execute the method according to claim 1. 12. A system for criteria-based advertisement blocking, comprising: a processing unit; and a memory, the memory containing instructions that, when executed by the processing unit, configure the system to: receive blocking criteria of an advertisement to be displayed in a web page and information identifying the web page; analyze the identifying information to determine at least one blocking factor associated with the web page, wherein the identifying information includes at least a uniform resource locator (URL) of the web page; determine, based on the at least one blocking factor, whether the blocking criteria have been met; and automatically block a display of the advertisement in the web page, when the blocking criteria have been met. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein each blocking factor is at least one of: a category of content in the web page, an advertiser preference associated with the web page, a number of advertisements to be displayed in the web page, and a language of the web page. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the blocking criteria includes at least one of: a list of negative categories for the advertisement, a tolerance score threshold, an advertisement quantity threshold, and a language of the advertisement. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the system is further configured to: generate at least one tolerance score based on the at least one blocking factor; and compare the tolerance score threshold to the generated at least one tolerance score, wherein the blocking criteria have been met when any of the at least one tolerance score is below the tolerance score threshold. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the blocking criteria have been met when the number of advertisements to be displayed in the web page is above the advertisement quantity threshold. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the blocking criteria have been met when the language of the web page is different from the language of the advertisement. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is further configured to: semantically analyze content in the web page, wherein the at least one blocking factor is determined based on the results of the semantic analysis. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one blocking factor is determined based on the results of the uniform resource locator analysis. 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the identifying information is a domain name, and wherein the system is further configured to: analyze the domain name of the URL, wherein the at least one blocking factor is determined based on the results of the domain analysis. 21. The system of claim 12, wherein the system is further configured to: send the advertisement for redistribution, when the blocking criteria have been met.",
-    "An x-ray calibration apparatus includes a radiolucent knee alignment jig configured to receive a knee of a patient and a radiolucent cushion configured to hold a patient's knee at a fixed angle of flexion. The x-ray calibration apparatus also includes a number of radio-opaque fiducial markers positioned within the radiolucent knee alignment jig. 1. A method of generating an image for use in the fabrication of a customized patient-specific orthopaedic knee instrument, comprising: positioning a patient's knee on an x-ray calibration apparatus having a plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers positioned at fixed distances such that each of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers are distinct from one another when viewed in x-ray images taken (i) in a direction anterior to the patient's knee, and (ii) in a direction lateral to the patient's knee, taking a first x-ray image in a direction anterior to the patient's knee such that representations of at least some of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers are visible in the first x-ray image, taking a second x-ray image in a direction lateral to the patient's knee such that representations of at least some of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers are visible in the second x-ray image, registering the first and second x-ray images onto one another using the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the first and second x-ray images. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein registering the first and second x-ray images comprises aligning the first and second x-ray images using the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the first and second x-ray images. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating an x-ray scaling factor by (i) measuring the distances between two or more of the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in one or both of the first and second x-ray images, and (ii) comparing the distances between the two or more of the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in one or both of the first and second x-ray images to the distances between the corresponding fiducial markers positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating a beam angle by (i) measuring the distances between two or more sets of representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in one or both of the first and second x-ray images, and (ii) comparing the distances between the two or more of the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in one or both of the first and second x-ray images to the distances between the corresponding fiducial markers positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating an x-ray scaling factor by (i) measuring the distance between a first representation of a first of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the first x-ray image and a second representation of a second of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the first x-ray image, and (ii) comparing the distance between the first and second representations to the distance between the first fiducial marker positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus and the second fiducial marker positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating an x-ray scaling factor by (i) measuring the distance between a first representation of a first of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the second x-ray image and a second representation of a second of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the second x-ray image, and (ii) comparing the distance between the first and second representations to the distance between the first fiducial marker positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus and the second fiducial marker positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating a beam angle by (i) measuring the distances between two or more sets of representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the first x-ray image, and (ii) comparing the distances between the two or more of the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the first x-ray image to the distances between the corresponding fiducial markers positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating a beam angle by (i) measuring the distances between two or more sets of representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the second x-ray image, and (ii) comparing the distances between the two or more of the representations of the plurality of radio-opaque fiducial markers visible in the second x-ray image to the distances between the corresponding fiducial markers positioned in the x-ray calibration apparatus. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a design of the customized, patient-specific orthopaedic knee instrument based on the registered first and second x-ray images.",
-    "An object detection method and an object detection apparatus are provided. The object detection method comprises: mapping at least one image frame in an image sequence into a three dimensional physical space to obtain three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the at least one image frame; extracting a foreground region in the at least one image frame; segmenting the foreground region into a set of blobs; and detecting, for each blob in the set of blobs, an object in the blob through a neural network based on the three dimensional coordinates of at least one predetermined reference point in the blob, to obtain an object detection result. 1. An object detection method comprising: mapping at least one image frame in an image sequence into a three dimensional physical space, to obtain three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the at least one image frame; extracting a foreground region in the at least one image frame; segmenting the foreground region into a set of blobs; and detecting, for each blob in the set of blobs, an object in the blob through a neural network based on the three dimensional coordinates of at least one predetermined reference point in the blob to obtain an object detection result. 2. The object detection method of claim 1, further comprising: matching the object detection results of at least two of image frames to obtain an object tracking result. 3. The object detection method of claim 1, wherein the at least one predetermined reference point in the blob comprises at least one pixel in contact with a predetermined reference plane in the blob, and wherein the step of detecting, for each blob in the set of blobs, the object in the blob through the neural network based on the three dimensional coordinates of at least one predetermined reference point in the blob to obtain the object detection result comprises: estimating a physical dimension of the blob in the three dimensional physical space based on the three dimensional coordinates of the at least one pixel in contact with the predetermined reference plane in the blob and based on size information of the blob in the image frame; calculating an upper limit of the number of the objects which can exist in the blob based on the physical dimension of the blob; and detecting the object in the blob through the neural network based on the blob and the upper limit to obtain the object detection result. 4. The object detection method of claim 3, the step of detecting the object in the blob through the neural network based on the blob and the upper limit to obtain the object detection result comprising: inputting the blob and the upper limit to the neural network which is a trained neural network during a detecting process to obtain a location of a first object corresponding to the detecting process in the blob and a confidence indicating a probability that the first object exists at the location; determining whether an ending condition is satisfied or not; performing a next detecting process for detecting a second object in the blob when it is determined that the ending condition has not been satisfied; and outputting the locations and corresponding confidences obtained through respective detecting processes as the object detection result when it is determined that the ending condition is satisfied. 5. The object detection method of claim 4, the step of determining whether the ending condition is satisfied or not comprising at least one of: determining whether the number of objects that have been detected in the blob reaches the upper limit or not; and determining whether the confidence obtained in the current detecting process is lower than a threshold or not. 6. The object detection method of claim 2, the step of matching the object detection results of at least two image frames comprising: extracting feature information of each object detected in each image frame of the at least two image frames, wherein the feature information comprises at least one of location information, appearance information, and texture information of the object; for each object in an image frame of the at least two image frames, assigning a plurality of weights to a plurality of links between the object and each object in other image frames of the at least two image frames respectively based on the feature information, wherein each of the weights indicates a probability of the object being matched with each object in the other image frames; and matching the at least two image frames in the image sequence based on the weights to obtain the object tracking result. 7. The object detection method of claim 1, the step of obtaining the three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the image frame comprising: determining at least three non-collinear pixels on a predetermined reference plane in an image space; acquiring deep information of the at least three pixels; establishing a mapping transformation from the image space to the three dimensional physical space based on the deep information of the at least three pixels; and mapping each pixel in the image frame to the three dimensional physical space through the mapping transformation to obtain the three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the image frame. 8. An object detection apparatus comprising: a three dimensional coordinate obtaining unit operative to map at least one image frame in an image sequence into a three dimensional physical space, to obtain three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the at least one image frame; a foreground extracting unit operative to extract a foreground region in the at least one image frame; a segmenting unit operative to segment the foreground region into a set of blobs; and a detecting unit operative to detect, for each blob in the set of blobs, an object in the blob through a neural network based on the three dimensional coordinates of at least one predetermined reference point in the blob to obtain an object detection result. 9. The object detection apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: a tracking unit operative to match the object detection results of at least two image frames to obtain an object tracking result. 10. The object detection apparatus of claim 8, wherein the predetermined reference point in the blob comprises at least one pixel in contact with a predetermined reference plane in the blob, and wherein the detecting unit comprises: a physical dimension estimating unit operative to estimate a physical dimension of the blob in the three dimensional physical space based on the three dimensional coordinates of the at least one pixel in contact with the predetermined reference plane in the blob and based on size information of the blob in the image frame; an upper limit calculating unit operative to calculate an upper limit of the number of the objects which can exist in the blob based on the physical dimension of the blob; and a detection result obtaining unit operative to detect the object in the blob through the neural network based on the blob and the upper limit to obtain the object detection result. 11. The object detection apparatus of claim 10, the detection result obtaining unit comprising: an executing unit operative to input the blob and the upper limit to the neural network which is a trained neural network during a detecting process to obtain a location of a first object corresponding to the detecting process in the blob and a confidence indicating a probability that the first object exists at the location; a determining unit operative to determine whether an ending condition is satisfied or not; and wherein the executing unit performs a next detecting process for detecting a second object when it is determined that the ending condition has not been satisfied, and outputs the locations and corresponding confidences obtained through respective detecting processes as the object detection result when it is determined that the ending condition has been satisfied. 12. The object detection apparatus of claim 11, the determining unit being operative to perform at least one of: determining whether the number of objects that have been detected in the blob reaches the upper limit or not; and determining whether the confidence obtained in the current detecting process is lower than a threshold or not. 13. The object detection apparatus of claim 9, the tracking unit comprising: a feature extracting unit operative to extract feature information of each object detected in each image frame of the at least two image frames, wherein the feature information comprises at least one of location information, appearance information, and texture information of the object; a weight assigning unit operative to assign, for each object in an image frame of the at least two image frames, a plurality of weights to a plurality of links between the object and each object in other image frames of the at least two image frames respectively based on the feature information, and wherein each of the weights indicates a probability of the object being matched with each object in the other image frames; and a matching unit operative to match the at least two image frames in the image sequence based on the weights to obtain the object tracking result. 14. The object detection apparatus of claim 8, wherein the three dimensional coordinate obtaining unit comprises: a pixel determining unit operative to determine at least three non-collinear pixels on a predetermined reference plane in an image space; a deep information acquiring unit operative to acquire deep information of the at least three pixels; a mapping transformation establishing unit operative to establish a mapping transformation from the image space to the three dimensional physical space based on the deep information of the at least three pixels; and a mapping unit operative to map each pixel in the image frame to the three dimensional physical space through the mapping transformation to obtain the three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the image frame. 15. An object detection apparatus comprising: a processor; a memory comprising computer program instruction, wherein the computer program instructions operative to, when read by the processor, cause the object detection apparatus to perform at least the following: mapping at least one image frame in an image sequence into a three dimensional physical space, to obtain three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the at least one image frame; extracting a foreground region in the at least one image frame; segmenting the foreground region into a set of blobs; and detecting, for each blob in the set of blobs, an object in the blob through a neural network based on the three dimensional coordinates of at least one predetermined reference point in the blob to obtain an object detection result. 16. The object detection apparatus of claim 15, wherein the computer program instructions operative to, when read by the processor, cause the object detection apparatus to further perform: matching the object detection results of at least two of image frames to obtain an object tracking result. 17. The object detection apparatus of claim 15, wherein the predetermined reference point in the blob comprises at least one pixel in contact with a predetermined reference plane in the blob, and wherein the step of detecting, for each blob in the set of blobs, the object in the blob through the neural network based on the three dimensional coordinates of at least one predetermined reference point in the blob to obtain the object detection result, performed by the object detection apparatus caused by the computer program instructions read by the processor, comprises: estimating a physical dimension of the blob in the three dimensional physical space based on the three dimensional coordinates of the at least one pixel in contact with the predetermined reference plane in the blob and based on size information of the blob in the image frame; calculating an upper limit of the number of the objects which can exist in the blob based on the physical dimension of the blob; and detecting the object in the blob through the neural network based on the blob and the upper limit to obtain the object detection result. 18. The object detection apparatus of claim 17, wherein the step of detecting the object in the blob through the neural network based on the blob and the upper limit to obtain the object detection result, performed by the object detection apparatus caused by the computer program instructions read by the processor, comprises: inputting the blob and the upper limit to the neural network which is a trained neural network during a detecting process to obtain a location of a first object corresponding to the detecting process in the blob and a confidence indicating a probability that the first object exists at the location; determining whether an ending condition is satisfied or not; performing a next detecting process for detecting a second object in the blob when it is determined that the ending condition has not been satisfied; and outputting the locations and corresponding confidences obtained through respective detecting processes as the object detection result when it is determined that the ending condition is satisfied. 19. The object detection apparatus of claim 18, wherein the step of determining whether the ending condition is satisfied or not, performed by the object detection apparatus caused by the computer program instructions read by the processor, comprises at least one of: determining whether the number of objects that have been detected in the blob reaches the upper limit or not; and determining whether the confidence obtained in the corresponding detecting process is lower than a threshold or not. 20. The object detection apparatus of claim 16, wherein the step of matching the object detection results of at least two image frames, performed by the object detection apparatus caused by the computer program instructions read by the processor, comprises: extracting feature information of each object detected in each image frame of the at least two image frames, wherein the feature information comprises at least one of location information, appearance information, and texture information of the object; for each object in an image frame of the at least two image frames, assigning a plurality of weights to a plurality of links between the object and each object in other image frames of the at least two image frames respectively based on the feature information, wherein each of the weights indicates a probability of the object being matched with each object in the other image frames; and matching the at least two image frames in the image sequence based on the weights to obtain the object tracking result. 21. The object detection apparatus of claim 15, wherein the step of obtaining the three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the image frame, performed by the object detection apparatus caused by the computer program instructions read by the processor, comprises: determining at least three non-collinear pixels on a predetermined reference plane in an image space; acquiring deep information of the at least three pixels; establishing a mapping transformation from the image space to the three dimensional physical space, based on the deep information of the at least three pixels; and mapping each pixel in the image frame to the three dimensional physical space through the mapping transformation to obtain the three dimensional coordinates of each pixel in the image frame.",
-    "Technologies for handling a call based on user identification include determining a personal profile identification for a user of a communal mobile communication device and initiating a call to a personal communication device using a phone number of the personal communication device and the personal profile identification. The personal communication device may apply a call treatment to the incoming call based on the personal profile identification. Additionally, the personal communication device may originate a call to a call recipient of the communal mobile communication device using a personal profile identification to identify the call recipient. The communal mobile communication device may apply a call treatment to the incoming call based on the personal profile identification. 1. A communal mobile communication device for handling calls based on user identification, the communal mobile communication device comprising: an outgoing call handler module to (i) determine a personal profile identification that identifies a user of the communal mobile communication device from other users, (i) determine a phone number of a personal mobile communication device of a call recipient selected to receive a call from the communal mobile communication device, and (iii) initiate the call to the personal mobile communication device using the phone number and the personal profile identification to identify the user. 2. The communal mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the communal mobile communication device further comprises a personal profile database having stored therein personal profile identifications for users of the communal mobile communication device, and wherein to determine the personal profile identification comprises to: authenticate the user to the communal mobile communication device; and retrieve, in response to authentication of the user, a personal profile identification from the personal profile database based on the authentication of the user. 3. The communal mobile communication device of claim 2, wherein to authenticate the user comprises to: determine whether a personal profile identification for the authenticated user exists in the personal profile database; and set the personal profile identification to a default personal profile identification in response to the determination that the personal profile identification for the user does not exist in the personal profile database. 4. The communal mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the personal profile identification comprises at least one of (i) a numerical sequence that uniquely identifies the user from other authorized users of the communal mobile communication device, (ii) an e-mail address that uniquely identifies the user from other authorized users of the communal mobile communication device, or (iii) a passkey that uniquely identifies the user from other authorized users of the communal mobile communication device. 5. The communal mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein to initiate the call comprises to generate an outgoing phone number comprising (i) the phone number of the personal mobile communication device, (ii) the phone number of the communal mobile communication device, and (iii) the personal profile identification. 6. The communal mobile communication device of claim 1, wherein the outgoing call handler further to record call metrics of the call for the user of the communal mobile communication device. 7. The communal mobile communication device of claim 1, further comprising an incoming call handler module to: receive an incoming call including a personal profile identification identifying a call recipient to receive the call; determine a call treatment for the incoming call based on the personal profile identification; and announce the incoming call on the communal mobile communication device using the determined call treatment. 8. The communal mobile communication device of claim 7, further comprising a personal profile database having stored therein personal profile identifications for user of the communal mobile communication device, and wherein to determine the call treatment for the incoming call comprises to retrieve call treatment data from the personal profile database based on the personal profile identification. 9. The communal mobile communication device of claim 7, wherein: to determine the call treatment comprises to retrieve a ringtone associated with the call recipient based on the personal profile identification, and to announce the incoming call comprises to play the ringtone on the communal mobile communication device. 10. One or more machine readable storage media comprising a plurality of instructions stored thereon that, in response to being executed, causes a mobile communication device to: determine a personal profile identification for a user of a communal mobile communication device, the personal profile identification identifying the user from other users of the communal mobile communication device; determine a phone number of a personal mobile communication device of a call recipient selected to receive the call; and initiate the call from the communal mobile communication device to the personal mobile communication device using the phone number and the personal profile identification to identify the user. 11. The machine readable storage media of claim 10, wherein to determine the personal profile identification comprises to: authenticate the user to the communal mobile communication device; and retrieve, in response to authentication of the user, a personal profile identification from a personal profile database of the communal mobile communication device based on the authentication of the user. 12. The machine readable storage media of claim 11, wherein to authenticate the user comprises to: determine whether a personal profile identification for the authenticated user exists in the personal profile database; and set the personal profile identification to a default personal profile identification in response to the personal profile identification for the user not existing in the personal profile database. 13. The machine readable storage media of claim 10, wherein the personal profile identification comprises at least one of: (i) a numerical sequence that uniquely identifies the user from other authorized users of the communal mobile communication device, (ii) an e-mail address that uniquely identifies the user from other authorized users of the communal mobile communication device, or (iii) a passkey that uniquely identifies the user from other authorized users of the communal mobile communication device. 14. The machine readable storage media of claim 10, wherein to initiate the call comprises to generate an outgoing phone number comprising (i) the phone number of the personal mobile communication device, (ii) the phone number of the communal mobile communication device, and (iii) the personal profile identification. 15. The machine readable storage media of claim 10, wherein the plurality of instructions, in response to being executed, further cause the mobile communication device to record call metrics of the call for the user of the communal mobile communication device. 16. The machine readable storage media of claim 10, wherein the plurality of instructions, in response to being executed, further cause the mobile communication device to: receive an incoming call on the communal mobile communication device, the incoming call including a personal profile identification identifying a call recipient to receive the call; determine a call treatment for the incoming call based on the personal profile identification; and announce the incoming call on the communal mobile communication device using the determined call treatment. 17. The machine readable storage media of claim 16, wherein to determine a call treatment comprises to apply a default call treatment in response to the personal profile identification not existing in an incoming call policy database of the communal mobile communication device. 18. A method for handling a call based on user identification, the method comprising: determining a personal profile identification for a user of a communal mobile communication device, the personal profile identification identifying the user from other users of the communal mobile communication device; determining, on the communal mobile communication device, a phone number of a personal mobile communication device of a call recipient selected to receive the call; and initiating the call from the communal mobile communication device to the personal mobile communication device using the phone number and the personal profile identification to identify the user. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the personal profile identification comprises: authenticating the user to the communal mobile communication device; and retrieving, in response to authentication of the user, a personal profile identification from a personal profile database of the communal mobile communication device based on the authentication of the user. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein authenticating the user comprises: determining whether a personal profile identification for the authenticated user exists in the personal profile database; and setting the personal profile identification to a default personal profile identification in response to the personal profile identification for the user not existing in the personal profile database.",
-    "A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a plurality of pressure chambers which generate a pressure for ejecting liquid from a nozzle; a common liquid chamber which stores liquid which is supplied to the plurality of pressure chambers; a flexible film which configures a part of a wall face of the common liquid chamber; a damper chamber which is partitioned from the common liquid chamber using the flexible film; and a first pressurizing unit which pressurizes the damper chamber. 1. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: a plurality of pressure chambers which generate a pressure for ejecting liquid from a nozzle; a common liquid chamber which stores liquid which is supplied to the plurality of pressure chambers; a flexible film which configures a part of a wall face of the common liquid chamber; a damper chamber which is partitioned from the common liquid chamber using the flexible film; and a first pressurizing unit which pressurizes the damper chamber. 2. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a second pressurizing unit which pressurizes liquid which is supplied to the common liquid chamber. 3. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein pressurizing of the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit is performed before pressurizing using the second pressurizing unit. 4. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an atmosphere opening port which causes an inside of the damper chamber to communicate with atmosphere; and an on-off valve which is provided between the damper chamber and the atmosphere opening port. 5. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: an atmosphere opening port which causes an inside of the damper chamber to communicate with atmosphere; and an on-off valve which is provided between the damper chamber and the atmosphere opening port. 6. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: an atmosphere opening port which causes an inside of the damper chamber to communicate with atmosphere; and an on-off valve which is provided between the damper chamber and the atmosphere opening port. 7. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 4, wherein pressurizing of the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit is performed after closing the on-off valve. 8. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 5, wherein pressurizing of the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit is performed after closing the on-off valve. 9. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 6, wherein pressurizing of the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit is performed after closing the on-off valve. 10. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, when finishing pressurizing of the damper chamber, a pressurizing operation of the first pressurizing unit is stopped after opening the on-off valve. 11. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 7, wherein, when finishing pressurizing of the damper chamber, a pressurizing operation of the first pressurizing unit is stopped after opening the on-off valve. 12. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 4, wherein, when finishing pressurizing of the damper chamber, the on-off valve is opened after stopping the pressurizing operation of the first pressurizing unit. 13. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 7, wherein, when finishing pressurizing of the damper chamber, the on-off valve is opened after stopping the pressurizing operation of the first pressurizing unit. 14. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit. 15. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit. 16. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit. 17. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit. 18. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit. 19. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit. 20. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising: a wiping unit which wipes an ejecting face on which a plurality of nozzles are provided, wherein the ejecting face is wiped using the wiping unit in the middle of pressurizing the damper chamber using the first pressurizing unit.",
-    "An electronic card connector comprises: an insulating housing and a plurality of terminals mounted to the insulating housing. Each terminal comprises two resilient arms, a contacting structure and a tail. The two resilient arms each have a first end and a second end, the two first ends of the two resilient arms are spaced apart from each other and fixed to the insulating housing, and the two second ends of the two resilient arms are connected to the contacting structure. The contacting structure comprises a convex curved surface for contacting the corresponding conducting pad of the electronic card. 1. An electronic card connector configured to be mounted on a circuit board so as to be electrically connected to an electronic card having a plurality of conducting pads, the electronic card connector comprising: an insulating housing; and a plurality of terminals mounted to the insulating housing, and each terminal comprising two resilient arms, a contacting structure and a tail for being soldered to the circuit board, the two resilient arms each having a first end and a second end, the two first ends of the two resilient arms being spaced apart from each other and fixed to the insulating housing, and the two second ends of the two resilient arms being connected to the contacting structure, the contacting structure comprising a convex curved surface, the convex curved surface having two outside edges respectively connected to two outside edges of the two resilient arms, a first portion positioned at a middle region of the convex curved surface and curved upwardly for contacting the corresponding conducting pad of the electronic card and two second portions each positioned between the first portion and the corresponding outside edge of the convex curved surface and curved downwardly from the first portion toward the corresponding outside edge of the convex curved surface, the two outside edges of the convex curved surface being lower than the first portion of the convex curved surface in height. 2. The electronic card connector according to claim 1, wherein the first portion and the two second portions of the convex curved surface are identical in curvature. 3. The electronic card connector according to claim 1, wherein the tail is positioned between the two resilient arms. 4. The electronic card connector according to claim 1, wherein the insulating housing comprises an insulating plate portion, each terminal further comprises a fixed portion connecting the two resilient arms and the tail, and the fixed portion is embedded in the insulating plate portion, the plurality of terminals are mounted in the insulating plate portion in two rows, and the contacting structures of the terminals in the two rows respectively protrude at two opposite sides of the insulating plate portion. 5. The electronic card connector according to claim 4, wherein the insulating housing further comprises two insulating frame portions respectively connected to the two opposite sides of the insulating plate portion, and the two insulating frame portions each cooperate with the insulating plate portion to define a receiving space for receiving the terminals. 6. The electronic card connector according to claim 5, wherein the insulating housing further comprises two metal strengthening plates respectively embedded in the two insulating frame portions. 7. An electronic card connector configured to be mounted on a circuit board so as to be electrically connected to an electronic card having a plurality of conducting pads, the electronic card connector comprising: an insulating housing; and a plurality of terminals mounted to the insulating housing, and each terminal comprising two resilient arms, a contacting structure and a tail for being soldered to the circuit board, the two resilient arms each having a first end and a second end, the two first ends of the two resilient arms being spaced apart from each other and fixed to the insulating housing, and the two second ends of the two resilient arms being connected to the contacting structure, an overall surface of the contacting structure opposite to the circuit board being a part of a spherical surface. 8. The electronic card connector according to claim 7, wherein the overall surface of the contacting structure opposite to the circuit board has two outside edges respectively connected to the two outside edges of the two resilient arms, a middle contact region for contacting the corresponding conducting pad of the electronic card and a side contact region, the side contact region is adjacent to one of the two outside edges of the overall surface of the contacting structure opposite to the circuit board. 9. The electronic card connector according to claim 7, wherein the tail is positioned between the two resilient arms. 10. The electronic card connector according to claim 7, wherein the insulating housing comprises an insulating plate portion, each terminal further comprises a fixed portion connecting the two resilient arms and the tail, and the fixed portion is embedded in the insulating plate portion, the plurality of terminals are mounted in the insulating plate portion in two rows, and the contacting structures of the terminals in the two rows respectively protrude at two opposite sides of the insulating plate portion. 11. The electronic card connector according to claim 10, wherein the insulating housing further comprises two insulating frame portions respectively connected to the two opposite sides of the insulating plate portion, and the two insulating frame portions each cooperate with the insulating plate portion to define a receiving space for receiving the terminals. 12. The electronic card connector according to claim 11, wherein the insulating housing further comprises two metal strengthening plates respectively embedded in the two insulating frame portions.",
-    "Disclosed herein are heterocyclic compounds and compositions useful in the treatment of ITK mediated diseases, such as inflammation, having the structure of Formula (I): wherein R1, R2, and X are as defined in the detailed description. Methods of inhibition of ITK activity in a human or animal subject are also provided. 1. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, of Formula (I): wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- and bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R2 is chosen from heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is substituted with one R4 substituent, and any of which may be further optionally substituted with one or more R8 substituents, or alternatively R2 is NR12R13; each R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6alkyl, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014C(O)NR6R6\u2032, C1-4alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nC7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, alkanoyl, amino, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, and cyano; R11 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, and heteroarylC1-4alkyl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R12 is a nitrogen-containing C3-7heterocycloalkyl, wherein said nitrogen is further substituted by R5; R13 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, and C3-7cycloalkylalkyl; X is N or CR11; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3. 2. A compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein R2 is chosen from phenyl and pyridinyl, either of which is substituted with one R4 substituent, and either of which may be further optionally substituted with one or more R8 substituents. 3. A compound of claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinonyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, and pyrrolopyrimidinyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 4. A compound according to claim 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: when R1 is phenyl, said phenyl is substituted with one or more R3 substituents; one R3 is C(O)NR6R6\u2032; R6 is phenylC1-4alkyl; and R6\u2032 is hydrogen. 5. A compound according to claim 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein R4 is chosen from NR5R6 and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN. 6. A compound according to claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R4 is NR5R6; R5 is chosen from C(O)CH\u2550CH2 and \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8; R6 is hydrogen; and R8 is di(C1-4alkyl)amino. 7. A compound according to claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R4 is \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; n is 0; R7 is hydrogen; R9 is amido. 8. A compound according to claim 3, chosen from: N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(3-cyano-5-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-N-methylacrylamide, N-(3-methoxy-5-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-morpholino-N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-(methylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-(3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, (E)-N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-morpholinobut-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(6-methoxy-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-6-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(o-tolyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(6-isopropoxy-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(cyclopropylmethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(methylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(quinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(isoquinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-methoxy-5-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(1H,1\u2032H-[3,4\u2032-bipyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(quinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-methoxy-N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, 4-(5-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)benzamide, N-(6-methoxy-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1H-indol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(6-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, 4-(5-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)benzamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-methoxy-5-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-N-(3-(3-(3-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(3-(benzofuran-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-hydroxypentan-3-yl)-5-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(cyclopropylmethyl)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-N-(3-(1H,1\u2032H-[3,4\u2032-bipyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, (E)-N-(3-(3-(1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(2-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(3-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-3-(3-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(6-isopropyl-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, 4-(5-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)picolinamide, and N-(3-(1H,1\u2032H-[3,5\u2032-bipyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 9. A compound of claim 2, wherein the compound has formula (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- or bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6 alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4 alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4 alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4 alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014CONR6R6\u2032, C1-4 alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from \u2014NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4 alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4 alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, C(O)CH3, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl and CN; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3. 10. A compound according to claim 9, chosen from: N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-cyano-5-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-N-methylacrylamide, N-(3-methoxy-5-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-morpholino-N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-(methylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-(3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, (E)-N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-morpholinobut-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(6-methoxy-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-6-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(o-tolyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(cyclopropylmethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(methylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(quinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(isoquinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-methoxy-5-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(1H,1\u2032H-[3,4\u2032-bipyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(quinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-methoxy-N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, 4-(5-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)benzamide, N-(3-(3-(1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(1H-indol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, 4-(5-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)benzamide, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-methoxy-5-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-N-(3-(3-(3-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(3-(benzofuran-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-hydroxypentan-3-yl)-5-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-2-cyano-N-(3-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-methylpent-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(6-(cyclopropylmethyl)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-N-(3-(1H,1\u2032H-[3,4\u2032-bipyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, (E)-N-(3-(3-(1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide, N-(3-(3-(2-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(3-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, (E)-3-(3-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, N-(3-(3-(2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, 4-(5-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)picolinamide, and N-(3-(1H,1\u2032H-[3,5\u2032-bipyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-5-yl)phenyl)acrylamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 11. A compound of claim 2, wherein the compound has formula (IV): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- or bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014CONR6R6\u2032, C1-4alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from \u2014NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4 alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, \u2014C(O)CH3, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl and CN; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3. 12. A compound of claim 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein R8 is hydrogen. 13. A compound of claim 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is independently chosen from aryl and heteroaryl including phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridinone, pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidine, wherein each aromatic or heteroaromatic ring may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 14. A compound according to claim 13, chosen from: N-(5-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(1-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(5-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, and N-(5-(3-(6-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 15. A compound of claim 2, wherein the compound has formula (V): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- or bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014CONR6R6\u2032, C1-4alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from \u2014NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, \u2014C(O)CH3, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl and CN; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3. 16. A compound of claim 15, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridinone, pyrrolopyridine, and pyrrolopyrimidine, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 17. A compound according to claim 15, chosen from: N-(6-isopropoxy-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, N-(6-methoxy-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methacrylamide, N-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methacrylamide, N-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, and N-(6-isopropyl-4-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acrylamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 18. A compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has formula (VI) or a regioisomer thereof: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- or bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6 alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4 alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4 alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4 alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014CONR6R6\u2032, C1-4 alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from \u2014NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4 alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, \u2014C(O)CH3, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl and CN; R11 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, and heteroarylC1-4alkyl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; U is O, S or NR11; V is N or CR11; W is N or CR11; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3. 19. A compound of claim 18, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridinone, pyrrolopyridine, and pyrrolopyrimidine, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 20. A compound according to claim 16, chosen from the compounds in Table 3 having a five-membered heteroaryl at R2. 21. A compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has formula (VII): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- or bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6 alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4 alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4 alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4 alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014CONR6R6\u2032, C1-4 alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from \u2014NR5R6, \u2014(CH2),CR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2),CR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4 alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4 alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, \u2014C(O)CH3, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl and CN; R11 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, and heteroarylC1-4alkyl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; and n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3. 22. A compound of claim 21, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridinone, pyrrolopyridine, and pyrrolopyrimidine, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 23. A compound according to claim 21, chosen from the compounds in Table 3 having a pyridinone at R2. 24. A compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has formula (VIII): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- or bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014CONR6R6\u2032, C1-4alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from \u2014NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkylalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, \u2014C(O)CH3, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl and CN; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3; p and q are each independently an integer chosen from 1 and 2. 25. A compound of claim 24, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridinone, pyrrolopyridine, and pyrrolopyrimidine, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 26. A compound according to claim 24, chosen from: N-(1-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide, N-(1-(3-(2-(methylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide, (S)\u2014N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)acrylamide, (S)\u2014N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)cyanamide, and (S)\u2014N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)piperidin-3-yl)acrylamide. 27. A compound of claim 24, wherein p is 1 and q is 1. 28. A compound according to claim 27, chosen from: N-(1-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide; N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide, and N-(1-(3-(2-(methylamino)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)azetidin-3-yl)acrylamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 29. A compound of claim 24, wherein p is 2 and q is 1. 30. A compound according to claim 29, chosen from: (S)\u2014N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)acrylamide and (S)\u2014N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)cyanamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 31. A compound of claim 24, wherein p is 2 and q is 2. 32. A compound according to claim 31, wherein the compound is (S)\u2014N-(1-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)piperidin-3-yl)acrylamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 33. A compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has formula (IX): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, wherein: R1 is chosen from mono- and bicyclic aryl and heteroaryl, wherein R1 may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents; R2 is chosen from heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, each of which is substituted with one R4 substituent, and any of which may be further optionally substituted with one or more R8 substituents, or alternatively R2 is R12R13; R3 is independently chosen from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C1-6alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-6alkoxyalkyl, arylC1-6alkyl, arylC1-6alkoxy, heteroarylC1-6alkyl, heteroarylC1-6alkoxy, aryloxyC1-6alkyl, heteroaryloxyC1-6alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkyl, cyclopropylC1-4alkoxy, cyclopropoxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylamino, C1-4alkylarylamino, C1-4alkylheteroarylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, \u2014C(O)NR6R6\u2032, C1-4alkanoyl, \u2014C(O)aryl, \u2014C(O)heteroaryl, \u2014C(O)NHaryl, \u2014C(O)NHheteroaryl, trifluoromethyl, and halo, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with R9; R4 is chosen from NR5R6, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)nCR7\u2550CR9CN; R5 is chosen from cyano, \u2014C(O)CF3, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CH2, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CR7\u2550CHR7, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CR7R7\u2032, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHCH2R8, \u2014C(O)CH\u2550CHC(O)CH2R8, \u2014COC(CN)\u2550CHR6, \u2014C(O)(C(O)NH2)\u2550CHR6, C(O)alkynylR7, \u2014S(O)2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)CH3, \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9C(O)NR7R7\u2032, and \u2014(CH2)mCR7\u2550CR9CN; R6 and R6\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, and phenylC1-4alkyl; R7 and R7\u2032 are each independently chosen from hydrogen, cyano, C1-4alkyl, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxyalkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, (NR6R6\u2032)C1-4alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R8 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, cyano, C1-4alkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, heteroarylC1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, heterocycloalkylC1-4alkyl, C3-7heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-4alkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxy, C3-7cycloalkoxyalkyl, heteroaryloxy, aryloxy, (NR6R6\u2032)alkyl, arylalkoxy, C1-4alkoxyC1-4alkyl, amino, C1-4alkylamino, di(C1-4alkyl)amino, trifluoromethyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R9 is chosen from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-4 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, alkanoyl, amido, and aryl; R10 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, and cyano; R11 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylC1-4alkyl, and heteroarylC1-4alkyl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more R9; R12 is a nitrogen-containing C3-7heterocycloalkyl, wherein said nitrogen is further substituted by R5; R13 is chosen from hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, and C3-7cycloalkylalkyl; X is N or CR11; m is an integer chosen from 1, 2 and 3; n is an integer chosen from 0, 1, 2, and 3; p and q are each independently an integer chosen from 1, 2, and 3. 34. A compound of claim 33, wherein R1 is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridinone, pyrrolopyridine, and pyrrolopyrimidine, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more R3 substituents. 35. A compound of claim 33, wherein p is 1 and q is 1. 36. A compound of claim 33, wherein p is 2 and q is 1. 37. A compound of claim 33, wherein p is 2 and q is 2. 38. A compound of claim 33, wherein p is 3 and q is 1. 39. A compound according to claim 33, chosen from the compounds in Table 3 having a an N-linked nitrogen-containing C3-7heterocycloalkyl at R2, wherein said nitrogen is further substituted by R5. 40. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. 41. A method of inhibiting ITK activity in a biological sample comprising contacting the biological sample with a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 42. A method of treating an ITK-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to the subject a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the subject is a human. 44. The method according to claim 42, wherein the subject is a companion animal, exotic animal or farm animal. 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the ITK-mediated disorder is selected from cancer, autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory disorders, auto-inflammatory disorders, pain, inflammatory disorders, and allergic disorders. 46. The method according to claim 42, wherein the ITK-mediated disorder is selected from asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, contact hypersensitivity and inflammatory bowel disease. 47. The method according to claim 42, wherein the ITK-mediated disorder is selected from T-cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia. 48. The method according to claim 42, wherein the ITK-mediated disorder is selected from a solid tumor, colorectal cancer and a hematological tumor. 49. The method according to claim 42, wherein the ITK-mediated disorder is HIV. 50. A method of treating an ITK-mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising the sequential or co-administration of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, and another therapeutic agent. 51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from taxanes, inhibitors of bcr-abl, inhibitors of EGFR, DNA damaging agents, and antimetabolites. 52. The method according to claim 50, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from Paclitaxel, Gleevec, dasatinib, nilotinib, Tarceva, Iressa, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, anthracyclines, AraC and 5-FU. 53. The method according to claim 59, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from camptothecin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, Cisplatin, taxol, taxotere, vincristine, tarceva, a MEK inhibitor, U0126, an ERK inhibitor, a cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor, vorinostat, Gleevec, dasatinib, and nilotinib. 54. The method according to claim 50, wherein the therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab and ipilumimab. 56. The method according to claim 50, wherein the therapeutic agent is an immunotherapeutic agent. 57. The method according to claim 56, wherein the immunotherapeutic agent is selected from aPD1, aPDL1 and CTLA4.",
-    "A method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprises providing a substrate with a shallow trench isolation (STI) within the substrate and a gate stack. A cavity is formed between the gate stack and the STI. The cavity comprises one sidewall formed by the STI, one sidewall formed by the substrate, and a bottom surface formed by the substrate. A film is grown in the cavity and thereafter an opening formed by removing a first portion of the strained film until exposing the bottom surface of the substrate while a second portion of the strained film adjoins the STI sidewall. Another epitaxial layer is then grown in the opening. 1. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: providing a substrate comprising a major surface; forming a shallow trench isolation (STI) within the substrate; forming a gate stack on the major surface of the substrate, wherein the STI is disposed on one side of the gate stack; forming a cavity distributed between the gate stack and the STI, wherein the cavity comprises one sidewall formed by the STI, one sidewall formed by the substrate, and a bottom surface formed by the substrate; epitaxially growing a strained film in the cavity; forming an opening by removing a first portion of the strained film until exposing the bottom surface of the substrate, wherein a second portion of the strained film adjoins the STI sidewall; and epitaxially growing a SiGe layer in the opening. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: forming a dummy gate stack with a sidewall spacer over the STI; and forming a recess in the STI below the sidewall spacer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of forming a recess in the STI is performed by a wet etching process. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a wet etch process is performed in a solution comprising HF. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming the opening removes the strained film on the sidewall of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming the opening does not fully remove the strained film on the sidewall of the substrate. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the cavity distributed between the gate stack and the STI includes aligning the sidewall formed by the STI with a spacer element abutting the gate stack. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing the major surface provides a top surface of a fin structure of the substrate. 9. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a shallow trench isolation (STI) within a semiconductor substrate; forming a gate stack over the semiconductor substrate; forming a cavity in the semiconductor substrate between the gate stack and the STI; growing an epitaxial film in the cavity; defining an opening by etching a portion of the epitaxial film to expose a surface of the cavity defined by the semiconductor substrate, wherein after the etching the epitaxial film abuts a sidewall of the STI; and epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer in the opening. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the forming the STI defines a fin structure on the semiconductor substrate; and wherein the forming the gate stack provides forming the gate stack on at least at least on surface of the fin structure. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the forming the cavity includes forming the cavity in the fin structure. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the forming the cavity includes etching the semiconductor substrate and etching the STI. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the forming the cavity includes using spacers abutting the gate stack as a hard mask during the forming the cavity. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the growing the epitaxial film in the cavity includes epitaxially growing at least one of a II-VI semiconductor material and a III-V semiconductor material. 15. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a shallow trench isolation (STI) within a semiconductor substrate; forming a gate stack over the semiconductor substrate; forming a cavity in the semiconductor substrate between the gate stack and the STI, wherein the forming the cavity includes removing a portion of the STI to form a recessed sidewall of the STI; growing an epitaxial film such that the epitaxial film is disposed on a sidewall of the cavity adjacent the STI; etching the epitaxial film to expose a bottom surface of the cavity defined by the semiconductor substrate, wherein after the etching the epitaxial film abuts the recessed sidewall of the STI; and epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer in the opening from the bottom surface of the cavity. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the forming the cavity is performed by a wet etching process. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the growing the epitaxial film includes growing at least one of a II-VI semiconductor material and a III-V semiconductor material. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the growing the epitaxial film is performed by a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process. 19. The method of claim 15, where the etching the epitaxial film to expose the bottom surface of the cavity also exposes a sidewall of the cavity opposite the STI. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the etching the epitaxial film is performed by a reactive ion etch (RIE).",
-    "An orthopaedic prosthesis assembly includes a first prosthetic component, a second prosthetic component, and a fastener. The first prosthetic component includes a threaded bore. The second prosthetic component includes an opening and a threaded inner wall that extends inwardly from the opening. The fastener includes a first axial section having a first plurality of threads engaged with the threaded inner wall the second prosthetic component, and a second axial section having a second plurality of threads engaged with the threaded bore of the first prosthetic component to secure the first prosthetic component to the second prosthetic component. 1. An orthopaedic prosthesis system comprising: a first prosthetic component including (i) a first end, (ii) a second end opposite the first end, and (iii) a threaded bore defined in the first end, a second prosthetic component including (i) an outer surface, (ii) an inner surface positioned opposite the outer surface that is configured to face a bone of a patient, and (iii) a post extending from the inner surface along a longitudinal axis, the post including an opening defined in a free end and a threaded inner wall that extends inwardly from the opening to define a lower passageway in the post, and a fastener including (i) a first axial section having a first plurality of threads engaged with the threaded inner wall the second prosthetic component, and (ii) a second axial section having a second plurality of threads engaged with the threaded bore of the first prosthetic component to secure the first prosthetic component to the second prosthetic component. 2. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of threads and the second plurality of threads twist in opposite directions. 3. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 2, wherein the first plurality of threads are one of right-handed threads and left-handed threads and the second plurality of threads are the other of right-handed threads and left-handed threads. 4. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of threads twist in a same direction as the second plurality of threads. 5. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 4, wherein the first plurality of threads and the second plurality of threads are one of right-handed threads and left-handed threads. 6. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of threads has a first thread pitch and a first lead and the second plurality of threads has a second thread pitch that is same as the first thread pitch and a second lead that is the same as the first thread pitch. 7. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 1, wherein the outer surface of the second prosthetic component has an opening defined therein, and an upper passageway connects the opening to the lower passageway. 8. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 6, further comprising a tool having an end sized to be received in the upper passageway and configured to engage the head of the fastener to selectively rotate the fastener and decouple the first prosthetic component from the second prosthetic component. 9. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 7, wherein the rotation of the fastener in a first direction causes the fastener to move axially away from the second prosthetic component within the upper passageway of the component. 10. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 1, wherein the first prosthetic component is a stem component having an elongated body extending from the first end, and the second prosthetic component is a femoral component having a pair of condyle surfaces. 11. The orthopaedic prosthesis system of claim 1, wherein the first prosthetic component is a stem component having an elongated body extending from the first end, and the second prosthetic component is a tibial component comprising a tibial tray having a platform and the post extends from the platform. 13. A method for joint line assembly of an orthopaedic prosthesis assembly, the method comprising: threading a first axial section of a fastener into a threaded bore defined in a first prosthetic component by rotating the fastener in a first direction, and threading a second axial section of the fastener into a threaded lower passageway defined in a second prosthetic component by rotating the first prosthetic component in a second direction to secure the first prosthetic component to the second prosthetic component. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: advancing a tool through an upper passageway defined in the second prosthetic component to engage an end of the tool to the second axial section of the fastener, and rotating the tool in the second direction with the end of the tool engaged with the fastener to move the first axial section of the fastener out of engagement with the first prosthetic component. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first axial section includes a first plurality of threads having a first thread pitch and the second axial section includes a second plurality of threads having a second thread pitch that matches the first thread pitch. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the second axial section has a diameter greater than a diameter of the first axial section of the fastener. 17. A method for joint line assembly of an orthopaedic prosthesis assembly, the method comprising: engaging a first axial section of a fastener with a threaded bore defined in a first prosthetic component, engaging a second axial section of the fastener into a threaded lower passageway defined in a second prosthetic component, and rotating the fastener in a first direction to simultaneously move the first axial section and the second axial section into the first prosthetic component and the second prosthetic component, respectively. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising: advancing a tool through an upper passageway defined in the second prosthetic component extending away from the lower passageway, engaging an end of the tool to the second axial section of the fastener, and rotating the tool in a second direction to simultaneously move the first axial section and the second axial section out of engagement with the first prosthetic component and the second prosthetic component, respectively. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first axial section has a same diameter as a diameter of the second axial section.",
-    "A video modulator is presented. The modulator includes a video input interface, a video modulation circuit, a video output interface, a communication interface, and control circuitry. The video input interface is configured to receive a video signal to be modulated, the video modulation circuit is configured to modulate the video signal, and the video output interface is configured to transmit the modulated video signal. The communication interface is configured to receive a command via a communication link to control the video modulator. The control circuitry is configured to receive the command from the communication interface and to control at least one of the video input interface, the video modulation circuit, and the video output interface based on the command. 1. A video distribution system, comprising: a plurality of receiver/modulator pairs, wherein each receiver/modulator pair comprises: a video receiver is configured to receive a specified video channel that is specified from a plurality of video channels provided to the video distribution system; and a video modulator communicatively coupled to the video receiver, wherein the video modulator includes a video modulation circuit, control circuitry and a video output interface, wherein the video modulation circuit is configured to receive the specified video channel from its respective video receiver, wherein the control circuitry is configured to control a modulation frequency used by the video modulation circuit to modulate the received specified video channel into a modulated video signal, wherein the modulated video signal is output at the specified modulation frequency from the video output interface, and wherein the modulation frequency specified for each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs are different; a communication node controllably coupled to the video receiver and the video modulator control circuitry, wherein the communication node is configured to specify the video channel and the modulation frequency for each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; and a video combiner communicatively coupled to each video output interface, wherein each of the received modulated video signals output by each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs is combined and is output onto a distribution network that is communicatively coupled to the video distribution system. 2. The video distribution system of claim 1, further comprising: a remote computing device communicatively coupled to the communication node and operable to communicate command messages to the communication node, wherein the remote computing device specifies the video channel that is to be modulated by each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs in a first command message that is communicated to the communication node, wherein the remote computing device specifies the modulation frequency for each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs in a second command message that is communicated to the communication node, wherein the communication node specifies the video signal to each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs in accordance with the first command message, and wherein the communication node specifies the modulation frequency to each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs in accordance with the second command message. 3. The video distribution system of claim 2, wherein the communication node is further configured to: determine an operational status for the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; communicate a status message to the remote computing device that indicates at least one of the following status for at least one of the receiver/modulator pairs: an indication of the currently specified video channel of the receiver/modulator pair; an indication of whether the specified is being received by the receiver/modulator pair; an indication of whether the modulated video signal corresponding to the specified video channel is being output by the receiver/modulator pair; an indication of the currently specified modulation frequency; an indication of whether the output modulated video signal is being output at the specified modulation frequency; and an indication of information quantifying a strength of the output modulated video signal; and receive a command from the remote computing device to replace the receiver/modulator pair associated with the status message with an alternative receiver/modulator pair selected from the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs, wherein the selected alternative receiver/modulator pair is assigned to at least one of the specified video channel and the specified modulation frequency of the replaced receiver/modulator pair associated with the status message. 4. The video distribution system of claim 3, wherein the selected alternative receiver/modulator pair is receiving a specified low priority video channel before being assigned to the at least one of the specified video channel and the specified modulation frequency of the replaced receiver/modulator pair associated with the status message, and wherein the communication node defines the low priority video channel as being a video channel that has a low viewership within the community or area being served by the video distribution system. 5. The video distribution system of claim 3, wherein the selected alternative receiver/modulator pair is a spare receiver/modulator pair that has not been assigned to one of the plurality of video channels or one of the plurality of modulation frequencies before being assigned to the at least one of the specified video channel and the specified modulation frequency of the replaced receiver/modulator pair associated with the status message. 6. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein the communication node is further configured to: define at least one low priority video channel from the plurality of video channels that is being modulated by a first receiver/modulator pair; monitor operation of each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; identify an occurrence of at least one defect occurring in the monitored operation of a second receiver/modulator pair; and replace the second receiver/modulator pair having the identified defect with the first receiver/modulator pair, wherein the first receiver/modulator pair is reconfigured to receive the specified video channel of the second receiver/modulator pair such that the first receiver/modulator pair stops modulation of the low priority video channel. 7. The video distribution system of claim 6, wherein the communication node defines the at least one low priority video channel as being a video channel that has a low viewership within the community or area being served by the video distribution system. 8. The video distribution system of claim 6, wherein the communication node operates the second receiver/modulator pair to enter into a low-power mode of operation. 9. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein the communication node is further configured to: define at least one low priority video channel from the plurality of video channels, wherein the low priority video channel is currently being modulated by a first receiver/modulator pair, wherein if a number of the plurality of video channels provided to the video distribution system is greater than a number of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs, the video distribution system stops distribution of the low priority video channel by not assigning the low priority video channel to one of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs. 10. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein the communication node is further configured to: compare a number of the plurality of video channels with a number of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs, wherein if the number of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs is greater than the number of the plurality of video channels provided to the video distribution system, the communication node defines at least one of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs as a spare receiver/modulator pair, and wherein the spare receiver/modulator pair is not assigned to one of the received plurality of video channels provided to the video distribution system. 11. The video distribution system of claim 10, wherein the communication node is further configured to place the spare receiver/modulator pair into a low power mode of operation. 12. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein each of the specified modulation frequencies are different from each other so that the modulated video signals output by the video combiner do not interfere with each other. 13. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the specified modulation frequencies of the receiver/modulator pair corresponds to an over-the-air channel frequency of the specified video channel that is being modulated by that receiver/modulator pair. 14. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein selected ones the specified modulation frequencies are grouped in an order that corresponds to over-the-air channel frequencies of the respective specified video channels. 15. The video distribution system of claim 1, further comprising: an amplifier communicatively coupled to an output of the video combiner, wherein the amplifier adjusts output power of the received modulated video signals output onto the video distribution system. 16. The video distribution system of claim 1, wherein the communication node monitors signal strength of the output modulated video signals, and wherein the communication node operates at least one of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs to adjust an output power of its respective modulated video signal such that the output powers of the plurality of modulated video signals are balanced with respect to each other. 17. A method of communicating video channels over a video distribution system, comprising: receiving a plurality of video channels at a plurality of receiver/modulator pairs of the video distribution system, wherein each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs comprise: a video receiver is configured to receive a specified video channel that is specified from the plurality of video channels; and a video modulator communicatively coupled to the video receiver; assigning one of the plurality of video channels to each one the video receivers of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; specifying a unique modulation frequency to each one of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; modulating, at the video modulator of each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs the specified video channel into a modulated video signal using the specified unique modulation frequency; and outputting the modulated video signal from each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs at the specified modulation frequency onto a distribution network that is communicatively coupled to the video distribution system. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: defining at least one low priority video channel from the plurality of video channels, wherein if a number of the plurality of video channels is greater than a number of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs, the video distribution system stops distribution of the low priority video channel by not assigning the low priority video channel to one of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: defining at least one low priority video channel from the plurality of video channels that is being modulated by a first receiver/modulator pair; monitoring operation of each of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; identifying an occurrence of at least one defect occurring in the monitored operation of a second receiver/modulator pair; and replacing the second receiver/modulator pair having the identified defect with the first receiver/modulator pair, wherein the first receiver/modulator pair is reconfigured to receive and modulate the specified video channel of the second receiver/modulator pair such that the first receiver/modulator pair stops modulation of the low priority video channel. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the number of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs is greater than the number of the plurality of video channels, the method further comprising: defining a first one of the plurality of receiver/modulator pairs as a spare receiver/modulator pair, wherein the spare receiver/modulator pair is not assigned to one of the received plurality of video channels provided to the video distribution system; monitoring operation of each of the other plurality of receiver/modulator pairs; identifying an occurrence of at least one defect occurring in the monitored operation of a second receiver/modulator pair; and replacing the second receiver/modulator pair having the identified defect with the spare receiver/modulator pair, wherein the spare receiver/modulator pair is reconfigured to receive and modulate the specified video channel of the second receiver/modulator pair.",
-    "The present invention provides novel bean cultivar Achiever and plant parts, seed, and tissue culture therefrom. The invention also provides methods for producing a bean plant by crossing the bean plants of the invention with themselves or another bean plant. The invention also provides bean plants produced from such a crossing as well as plant parts, seed, and tissue culture therefrom. 1. A seed of bean cultivar Achiever, a representative sample of seed of said cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 2. A plant of bean cultivar Achiever, a representative sample of seed of said bean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 3. A bean plant, or a part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the bean plant of claim 2. 4. A progeny bean plant of the plant of claim 2 comprising at least 50% of the alleles of the plant of claim 2. 5. A bean plant comprising at least one set of chromosomes derived from the plant of claim 2. 6. A doubled haploid bean plant produced from the plant of claim 2. 7. A plant part of the bean plant of claim 2. 8. The plant part of claim 7, wherein the plant part is a pod, a berry, pollen, an ovule, an anther, or a cell. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim 2. 10. A bean plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 9 or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein said bean plant comprises all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of bean cultivar Achiever. 11. A processed product from the plant of claim 2, wherein said processed product comprises dehydrated, cut, sliced, ground, pureed, dried, canned, jarred, washed, brined, packaged, refrigerated, frozen and/or heated pods, berries or seeds. 12. A method of producing seed, the method comprising crossing the plant of claim 2 with itself or a second bean plant and harvesting the resulting seed. 13. An F1 seed produced by the method of claim 12. 14. An F1 plant produced by growing the seed of claim 13, or a selfed progeny of said plant. 15. A method for producing a seed of a bean plant derived from the plant of claim 2, the method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of bean cultivar Achiever, a representative sample of seed of said bean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______, with a second bean plant; (b) allowing seed to form; (c) growing a plant from the seed of step (b) to produce a plant derived from bean cultivar Achiever; (d) selfing the plant of step (c) or crossing it to a second bean plant to form additional bean seed derived from bean cultivar Achiever; and (e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to generate further derived bean seed from bean cultivar Achiever, wherein in step (c) a plant is grown from the additional bean seed of step (d) in place of growing a plant from the seed of step (b). 16. A seed produced by the method of claim 15, wherein the seed comprises at least 50% of the alleles of bean cultivar Achiever. 17. A plant produced by growing the seed of claim 16. 18. A method of vegetatively propagating the plant of claim 2, the method comprising: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant of bean cultivar Achiever, a representative sample of seed of said bean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______; (b) cultivating the tissue to obtain proliferated shoots; (c) rooting the proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets; and (d) optionally, growing plants from the rooted plantlets. 19. Plantlets or plants obtained by the method of claim 18. 20. A method of introducing a desired added trait into bean cultivar Achiever, the method comprising: (a) crossing the plant of claim 2 with a bean plant that comprises a desired added trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired added trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with bean cultivar Achiever to produce backcross progeny; (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired added trait and essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the bean cultivar Achiever; and (e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to produce a plant derived from bean cultivar Achiever comprising the desired added trait and essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of bean cultivar Achiever, wherein in step (c) the selected backcross progeny produced in step (d) is used in place of the selected F1 progeny of step (b). 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the desired added trait is male sterility, pest resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, or any combination thereof. 22. A bean plant produced by the method of claim 21, wherein the bean plant has the desired added trait. 23. Seed that produces the plant of claim 22. 24. A method of producing a plant of bean cultivar Achiever comprising a desired added trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired added trait into the plant of claim 2. 25. A bean plant produced by the method of claim 24 or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein the bean plant has the desired added trait. 26. Seed of the plant of claim 25, wherein the seed produces a plant that has the desired added trait. 27. A method of determining a genotype of bean cultivar Achiever, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from the plant of claim 2; and (b) detecting a polymorphism in the nucleic acid sample. 28. A method of producing a bean pod, the method comprising: (a) growing the bean plant according to claim 2 to produce a bean pod; and (b) harvesting the bean pod. 29. A method of producing a processed product from bean cultivar Achiever, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a pod of the plant of claim 2; and (b) processing said pod to produce a processed product. 30. A method of producing a seed from bean cultivar Achiever, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a pod of the plant of claim 2; and (b) processing said pod to produce a seed.",
-    "Systems and methods for stimulation of neurological tissue generate stimulation trains with temporal patterns of stimulation, in which the interval between electrical pulses (the inter-pulse intervals) changes or varies over time. Compared to conventional continuous, high rate pulse trains having regular (i.e., constant) inter-pulse intervals, the non-regular (i.e., not constant) pulse patterns or trains that embody features of the invention provide a lower average frequency. 1. A neural stimulation device comprising: a pulse generator transmitting temporal patterns of stimulation to neurological tissue through at least one electrode operatively coupled with the pulse generator, said temporal patterns including: a first temporal pattern having a first non-regular pulse train comprising a plurality of pulses having differing inter-pulse intervals between pulses to treat a neurological condition, said first temporal pattern adapted from applying a first model-based optimization technique; and optional subsequent temporal patterns having a subsequent non-regular pulse train comprising a plurality of pulses having non-regular inter-pulse intervals between the pulses to treat a neurological condition, the subsequent temporal patterns adapted from applying a model-based optimization technique. 2. The neural stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the pulse generator is configured to apply at least one of the first and subsequent temporal patterns of stimulation in repeating succession, whereby the first temporal pattern is different from the second temporal pattern. 3. The neural stimulation device of claim 2, further comprising an output port configured in the pulse generator configured to operatively attach the at least one electrode. 4. The neural stimulation device of claim 3, wherein the at least one electrode is operatively attached to the output port. 5. The neural stimulation device of claim 4, wherein the at least one electrode is an implanted lead. 6. The neural stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the model-based optimization technique includes applying at least one of: a genetic algorithm, other evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms, other optimization techniques, and metaheuristic. 7. A method for stimulation of a targeted neurological tissue region comprising the steps of: applying electrical current to a targeted neurological tissue region of an animal using a pulse generator operatively coupled with at least one electrode according to a first non-regular pulse train comprising a plurality of pulses having differing inter-pulse intervals between the pulses to treat a neurological condition, wherein the first non-regular pulse train is adapted from applying a model-based optimization technique; applying the model-based optimization technique creating a subsequent non-regular pulse train comprising a plurality of second pulses having non-regular inter-pulse intervals between the second pulses; and applying electrical current to the targeted neurological tissue region of the animal using the pulse generator and through the at least one electrode according to the subsequent non-regular pulse train. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of repeating the applying electrical current to the targeted neurological tissue region of the animal using the pulse generator according to the subsequent non-regular pulse train in succession, wherein the subsequent non-regular pulse train is different from the first non-regular pulse train. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the model-based optimization technique includes applying at least one of: a genetic algorithm, other evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms, other optimization techniques, and metaheuristic. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of operatively connecting the at least one electrode to the pulse generator. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one electrode is an implanted lead. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of analyzing results of the first non-regular pulse train includes quantitatively assessing the first non-regular pulse train having an efficiency measure, E, and an efficacy measure, S. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of analyzing results of the first non-regular pulse train includes applying a cost function (C) for the first non-regular pulse train based upon E and S, the cost function weighting E and S differentially to minimize E and S. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of analyzing results of the first non-regular pulse train includes applying the cost function to evaluate the cost of the first non-regular pulse train. 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the model-based optimization technique includes applying at least one of: a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, intelligent water drops, or other evolutionary computing algorithms. 16. The neural stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the model-based optimization technique includes applying at least one of: a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, intelligent water drops, or other evolutionary computing algorithms. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein E is an average stimulation pulse rate. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein S is a rate or a pattern of neural activity. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein S is a rate or a pattern of neural activity.",
-    "Methods and apparatuses are provided for remote-controlling a target apparatus using a mobile communication terminal. A communication link is established with the target apparatus having a display screen adapted to visualize an object. An amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal is detected. Motion information is generated using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal. The motion information is transmitted to the target apparatus. The motion information corresponds to movement data of the object and the amount of displacement is detected based on at least one of current position information, acceleration information and angular velocity information of the mobile communication terminal. 1. A mobile communication terminal comprising: a motion sensor; a transceiver configured for communication with a target apparatus including a display screen; and a processing unit configured to: establish, via the transceiver, a communication link with the target apparatus having the display screen adapted to visualize an object, detect an amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal, via the motion sensor, generate motion information using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal, and transmit the motion information to the target apparatus, wherein the motion information corresponds to movement data of the object and the amount of displacement is detected based on at least one of current position information, acceleration information and angular velocity information of the mobile communication terminal. 2. The mobile communication terminal of claim 1, wherein the motion information is generated using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal and a distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus. 3. The mobile communication terminal of claim 2, wherein the processing unit compares the current position information of the mobile communication terminal with previous position information based on a previous position of the mobile communication terminal, and determines whether the distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus is changed according to a result of the comparison. 4. The mobile communication terminal of claim 2, wherein the processing unit determines the distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus based on a time from a transmission time of a first signal to a reception time of a second signal. 5. The mobile communication terminal of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor comprises a position sensor for measuring the current position information of the mobile communication terminal, an acceleration sensor for measuring the acceleration information, and a gyro sensor for measuring the angular velocity information. 6. The mobile communication terminal of claim 1, wherein, if the mobile communication terminal is to operate in a remote control mode, the transceiver transmits an initialization signal to determine a reference point at the target apparatus and receives an initialization response signal corresponding to the initialization signal from the target apparatus. 7. A remote control method for remote-controlling a target apparatus using a mobile communication terminal comprising: establishing a communication link with the target apparatus having a display screen adapted to visualize an object; detecting an amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal; generating motion information using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal; and transmitting the motion information to the target apparatus, wherein the motion information corresponds to movement data of the object and the amount of displacement is detected based on at least one of current position information, acceleration information and angular velocity information of the mobile communication terminal. 8. The remote control method of claim 7, wherein the motion information is generated using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal and a distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus. 9. The remote control method of claim 8, further comprising: comparing the current position information of the mobile communication terminal with previous position information based on a previous position of the mobile communication terminal, and determining whether the distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus is changed according to a result of the comparison. 10. The remote control method of claim 8, further comprising: determining the distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus based on a time from a transmission time of a first signal to a reception time of a second signal. 11. The remote control method of claim 7, further comprising: transmitting an initialization signal to determine a reference point at the target apparatus; and receiving an initialization response signal corresponding to the initialization signal from the target apparatus. 12. A target apparatus remote-controlled by a mobile communication terminal comprising: a transceiver configured for communication with the mobile communication terminal; a display to visualize an object; and a processing unit configured to: establish, via the transceiver, a communication link with the mobile communication terminal, receive data corresponding to an amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal, generate motion information using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal, and move the object according to the motion information, wherein the motion information corresponds to movement data of the object, and the amount of displacement is detected based on at least one of current position information, acceleration information and angular velocity information of the mobile communication terminal. 13. The target apparatus of claim 12, wherein the motion information is generated using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal and a distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus. 14. The target apparatus of claim 12, wherein, if the target apparatus is to operate in the remote control mode, the transceiver receives an initialization signal to determine a reference point at the target apparatus and transmits an initialization response signal corresponding to the initialization signal to the mobile communication terminal. 15. A remote control method for remote-controlling a target apparatus using a mobile communication terminal comprising: establishing a communication link with the mobile communication terminal; receiving data corresponding to an amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal; generating motion information generated using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal; and moving an object displayed on a display of the target apparatus according to the motion information, wherein the motion information corresponds to movement data of the object, and the amount of displacement is detected based on at least one of current position information, acceleration information and angular velocity information of the mobile communication terminal. 16. The remote control method of claim 15, wherein the motion information is generated using the amount of displacement of the mobile communication terminal and a distance between the mobile communication terminal and the target apparatus. 17. The remote control method of claim 15, further comprising: if the target apparatus is to operate in the remote control mode, receiving an initialization signal to determine a reference point at the target apparatus; and transmitting an initialization response signal corresponding to the initialization signal to the mobile communication terminal.",
-    "Various systems and methods are described for deactivation and reactivation of a cylinder bank in a V-engine. In one example, the cylinder bank is deactivated responsive to an indication of misfire based on crankshaft acceleration and exhaust air fuel ratio. The cylinder bank is reactivated sequentially based on exhaust catalyst temperature. 1. A system, comprising: an engine with first and second cylinder groups; an exhaust system with an exhaust gas sensor positioned upstream of an exhaust catalyst; a control system including non-transitory instructions to indicate cylinder group misfire of one of the first and second cylinder groups based on crankshaft acceleration and the exhaust gas sensor, deactivate the cylinder group with cylinder group misfire identified responsive to the indication of bank misfire, and reactivate individual cylinders of the deactivated cylinder group sequentially based on temperature of the exhaust catalyst. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising instructions to deactivate an individual cylinder of the first or second cylinder group responsive to an indication of individual cylinder misfire and to not reactivate the individual cylinder until a diagnostic code indicating misfire in the individual cylinder is cleared. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein instructions to deactivate the cylinder group responsive to the exhaust gas sensor include deactivating the cylinder group when an air fuel ratio output by the exhaust gas sensor is greater than a threshold air fuel ratio, and wherein instructions to reactivate the individual cylinders sequentially based on the temperature of the exhaust catalyst includes reactivating the individual cylinders when the temperature is less than a threshold temperature and a rate of change of the temperature is steady.",
-    "Memoizable functions may be identified by analyzing a function's side effects. The side effects may be evaluated using a white list, black list, or other definition. The side effects may also be classified into conditions which may or may not permit memoization. Side effects that may have de minimus or trivial effects may be ignored in some cases where the accuracy of a function may not be significantly affected when the function may be memoized. 1. A computer-implemented method of determining whether an impure function of a program is memoizable, the computer-implemented method comprising: performing a static code analysis of the program which identifies for one or more functions of the program whether a function has a side effect, and if the function has a side effect, classifying the function as impure; for each function classified as impure: analyzing different sets of input parameters treated as input vectors, clustering the input vectors to create areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed and areas of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed, and for a given input vector, classifying at least one or more of the impure functions as memoizable or not based at least in part on whether the given input vector is within one of said areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed; and storing the one or more impure functions classified as memoizable in a memoization list to facilitate return of cached results for those functions stored on the memoization list so that the cached results are provided without having to re-execute the one or more functions. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising: for the given input vector, classifying whether the given input vector is within a known area of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: at least one area of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed is defined by a first boundary; at least one area of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed is defined by a second boundary; classifying at least one or more of the impure functions as memoizable or not further comprises determining whether the given input function is within either the first or second boundary. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising: for the given input vector, determining for one or more of the impure functions whether the given input vector is not within either one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may be performed or one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed; and not adding to the memoization list one or more impure functions based on said determination. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein determining for one or more of the impure functions whether the given input vector is not within either one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may be performed or one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed comprises determining that the given input vector is not within either of the first or second boundaries. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein the areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed and areas of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed are evaluated for consistency. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6 wherein the evaluation for consistency is performed using said different sets of input parameters for a given impure function, and wherein said consistency is determined with a statistical confidence. 8. A computing system comprising: memory containing computer-executable instructions; one or more processors which, when executing the computer-executable instructions, cause the computing system to determine whether an impure function of a program is memoizable, by causing the computing system to perform the following: perform a static code analysis of the program which identifies for one or more functions of the program whether a function has a side effect, and if the function has a side effect, classifying the function as impure; for each function classified as impure: analyze different sets of input parameters treated as input vectors, cluster the input vectors to create areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed and areas of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed, and for a given input vector, classify at least one or more of the impure functions as memoizable or not based at least in part on whether the given input vector is within one of said areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed; and store the one or more impure functions classified as memoizable in a memoization list to facilitate return of cached results for those functions stored on the memoization list so that the cached results are provided without having to re-execute the one or more functions. 9. The computing system of claim 8 wherein the one or more processors cause the computing system to further perform the following: for the given input vector, classify whether the given input vector is within a known area of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed. 10. The computing system of claim 8 wherein: at least one area of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed is defined by a first boundary; at least one area of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed is defined by a second boundary; and wherein the one or more processors causing the computing system to classify at least one or more of the impure functions as memoizable or not comprises causing the computing system to determine whether the given input function is within either the first or second boundary. 11. The computing system of claim 8 wherein the one or more processors cause the computing system to further perform the following: for the given input vector, determine for one or more of the impure functions whether the given input vector is not within either one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may be performed or one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed; and not add to the memoization list one or more impure functions based on said determination. 12. The computing system of claim 11 wherein causing the computing system to determine for one or more of the impure functions whether the given input vector is not within either one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may be performed or one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed comprises causing the computing system to determine that the given input vector is not within either of the first or second boundaries. 13. The computing system of claim 8 wherein the areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed and areas of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed are evaluated for consistency. 14. The computing system of claim 8 wherein the evaluation for consistency is performed using said different sets of input parameters for a given impure function, and wherein said consistency is determined with a statistical confidence. 15. A computer program product comprising one or more computer storage device containing computer-executable instructions which, when performed by one or more processors, implemented a method of determining whether an impure function of a program is memoizable, and wherein the method comprises: performing a static code analysis of the program which identifies for one or more functions of the program whether a function has a side effect, and if the function has a side effect, classifying the function as impure; for each function classified as impure: analyzing different sets of input parameters treated as input vectors, clustering the input vectors to create areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed and areas of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed, and for a given input vector, classifying at least one or more of the impure functions as memoizable or not based at least in part on whether the given input vector is within one of said areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed; and storing the one or more impure functions classified as memoizable in a memoization list to facilitate return of cached results for those functions stored on the memoization list so that the cached results are provided without having to re-execute the one or more functions. 16. The computer program product of claim 15 wherein the method further comprises: for the given input vector, classifying whether the given input vector is within a known area of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein: at least one area of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed is defined by a first boundary; at least one area of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed is defined by a second boundary; and wherein the method further comprises classifying at least one or more of the impure functions as memoizable or not further comprises determining whether the given input function is within either the first or second boundary. 18. The computer program product of claim 15 wherein the method further comprises: for the given input vector, determining for one or more of the impure functions whether the given input vector is not within either one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may be performed or one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed; and not adding to the memoization list one or more impure functions based on said determination. 19. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein determining for one or more of the impure functions whether the given input vector is not within either one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may be performed or one of said known areas of input vectors for which memoization may not be performed comprises determining that the given input vector is not within either of the first or second boundaries. 20. The computer program product claim 15 wherein the areas of known input vectors for which memoization may be performed and areas of known input vectors for which memoization may not be performed are evaluated for consistency, and wherein said consistency is determined with a statistical confidence.",
-    "A method includes: acquiring speech signals in a vehicle; dividing the speech signals into speech segments including one or more speech samples; processing a set of the speech segments using dual Kalman filters; and synthesizing the processed speech segments to construct noise-reduced speech signals. Each dual Kalman filter includes a first Kalman filter and a second Kalman filter, each speech segment in the set is processed using a different dual Kalman filter, and each speech segment in the set is processed in parallel with one another. 1. A method comprising: acquiring speech signals in a vehicle; dividing the speech signals into speech segments in time domain including one or more speech samples; processing a set of the speech segments using dual Kalman filters, wherein: each dual Kalman filter includes a first Kalman filter and a second Kalman filter, each speech segment in the set is processed using a different dual Kalman filter, and each speech segment in the set is processed in parallel with one another; and synthesizing the processed speech segments to construct noise-reduced speech signals. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving vehicle information provided by a controller area network (CAN) bus of the vehicle indicating one or more sources of noise potentially affecting a cabin of the vehicle; estimating noise parameters based on the received vehicle information; and tuning the dual Kalman filters according to the estimated noise parameters, wherein the set of speech segments is processed using the tuned dual Kalman filters. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the vehicle information provided by the CAN bus includes one or more of: an engine speed, a fan level, a wind amount, a weather indication, a window position, a sunroof position, a radio volume level, a turn indicator status, a presence of passing vehicles, and a road feature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing comprises: determining n dual Kalman filters, each of the n dual Kalman filters being different from one another; and processing a first set of n speech segments in parallel with one another using the n dual Kalman filters, wherein each of the n speech segments in the first set is processed, respectively, using a corresponding dual Kalman filter of the n dual Kalman filters. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the processing further comprises: processing a second set of n speech segments in parallel with one another using the n dual Kalman filters, wherein each of the n speech segments in the second set is processed, respectively, using a corresponding dual Kalman filter of the n dual Kalman filters. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing comprises: determining n dual Kalman filters, each of the n dual Kalman filters being different from one another; and processing a plurality of sets of n speech segments using the n dual Kalman filters, wherein: each set of n speech segments is processed in a sequential order, each of the n speech segments in any given set is processed in parallel with one another, each of the n speech segments in any given set is processed, respectively, using a corresponding dual Kalman filter of the n dual Kalman filters. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the dividing comprises: grouping one or more speech samples in each speech signal, resulting in the speech segments. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more speech samples are grouped according to time. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the speech segments contain a reduced amount of noise after the processing of each speech segment using the dual Kalman filters. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing comprises: estimating a speech sample based on a first speech segment among the set of speech segments based on one or more estimated coefficients using the first Kalman filter; and estimating the one or more coefficients based on the estimated speech sample using the second Kalman filter. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the one or more estimated coefficients are estimated according to an autoregressive (AR) model. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein each speech segment is processed using a different combination of a first Kalman filter and a second Kalman filter. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the processed speech segments are noise-reduced speech segments. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the speech signals are divided into speech segments according to time. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthesizing comprises: reconstructing speech segments based on filtered speech samples resulting from the processing of the speech segments using the dual Kalman filters; and synthesizing the reconstructed speech segments to construct the noise-reduced speech signals. 16. An apparatus comprising: an audio acquisition device acquiring speech signals in a vehicle; and a controller installed in the vehicle configured to: divide the speech signals acquired by the audio acquisition device into speech segments in time domain including one or more speech samples; process a set of the speech segments using dual Kalman filters, wherein: each dual Kalman filter includes a first Kalman filter and a second Kalman filter, each speech segment in the set is processed using a different dual Kalman filter, and each speech segment in the set is processed in parallel with one another; and synthesize the processed speech segments to construct noise-reduced speech signals. 17. The voice recognition apparatus of claim 16, wherein the controller is further configured to: receive vehicle information provided by a controller area network (CAN) bus of the vehicle indicating one or more sources of noise potentially affecting a cabin of the vehicle; estimate noise parameters based on the received vehicle information; and tune the dual Kalman filters according to the estimated noise parameters, wherein the set of speech segments is processed using the tuned dual Kalman filters. 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium containing program instructions for performing a method in a vehicle, the computer readable medium comprising: program instructions that divide speech signals acquired by an audio acquisition device in the vehicle into speech segments in time domain including one or more speech samples; program instructions that process a set of the speech segments using dual Kalman filters, wherein: each dual Kalman filter includes a first Kalman filter and a second Kalman filter, each speech segment in the set is processed using a different dual Kalman filter, and each speech segment in the set is processed in parallel with one another; and program instructions that synthesize the processed speech segments to construct noise-reduced speech signals. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of 18, further comprising: program instructions that receive vehicle information provided by a controller area network (CAN) bus of the vehicle indicating one or more sources of noise potentially affecting a cabin of the vehicle; program instructions that estimate noise parameters based on the received vehicle information; and program instructions that tune the dual Kalman filters according to the estimated noise parameters, wherein the set of speech segments is processed using the tuned dual Kalman filters.",
-    "A system for calculating the value of physical items, comprising: one or more weight devices; and one or more collection devices; wherein said one or more weight devices comprise a pad, one or more plates, one or more transducers, a data transfer module, and a power source; wherein said one or more transducers are configured to determine a weight of one or more objects when said one or more transducers measure a load generated by said one or more objects applying a vertical force onto said one or more transducers, said vertical force is then converted into an electrical impulse proportional to said load, which is then converted into said weight of one or more objects; wherein said data transfer module is configured to transmit a first signal comprising information relating to said weight of said one or more objects. 1. A system for calculating the value of physical items, comprising: one or more weight devices; wherein said one or more weight devices comprise a pad, one or more plates, one or more transducers, a data transfer module, and a power source; wherein said one or more transducers are configured to determine a weight of one or more objects when said one or more transducers measure a load generated by said one or more objects applying a vertical force onto said one or more transducers; wherein said vertical force is then converted into an electrical impulse proportional to said load, which is then converted into said weight of one or more objects; and wherein said data transfer module is configured to transmit a first signal comprising information relating to said weight of said one or more objects. 2. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said first signal is transmitted to one or more servers to determine a value of said one or more objects by multiplying said weight of said one or more objects with a known weight-value of said one or more objects. 3. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, further comprising: one or more collection devices; wherein said one or more collection devices are configured to receive said first signal and transmit a second signal to said one or more servers to determine a value of said one or more objects by multiplying said weight of said one or more objects times a known weight-value of said one or more objects. 4. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 3, wherein said one or more servers are configured to send one or more alerts to an electronic device of a user; and wherein said one or more alerts are configured to be sent to said electronic device upon a trigger. 5. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 3, wherein said one or more alerts comprise information related to said value. 6. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said one or more plates are disposed within said pad and span a substantial portion of said pad; wherein said one or more plates are a thin aluminum sheet; and wherein said pad is non-absorbent. 7. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 6, wherein said one or more transducers, said data transfer module, and said power source are positioned substantially within a center of said weight device. 8. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 7, wherein said one or more weight devices are configured to be reduced in size while said one or more transducers, said data transfer module, and said power source remain functional; and wherein said size reduction of said one or more weight devices is performed by removing portions of said pad and said plate. 9. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said data transfer module comprises a wireless connectivity. 10. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 9, wherein said wireless connectivity is a low power point to point communication protocol 11. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said power source is a battery. 12. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said power source is a physical wire connection. 13. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said one or more objects comprise coins, precious metals, jewelry, gemstones, medication, consumables, boxes, and trucks. 14. The system for calculating the value of physical items recited in claim 1, wherein said one or more weight devices further comprises a display configured to illustrate a value of said one or more objects. 15. A system for calculating the value of physical items, comprising: one or more weight devices; and one or more collection devices; wherein said one or more weight devices comprise a pad, one or more plates, one or more transducers, a data transfer module, and a power source; wherein said one or more transducers are configured to determine a weight of one or more objects when said one or more transducers measure a load generated by said one or more objects applying a vertical force onto said one or more transducers; wherein said vertical force is then converted into an electrical impulse proportional to said load, which is then converted into said weight of one or more objects; wherein said data transfer module is configured to transmit a first signal comprising information relating to said weight of said one or more objects; wherein said one or more collection devices are configured to receive said first signal and transmit a second signal to one or more servers to determine a value of said one or more objects by multiplying said weight of said one or more objects with a known weight-value of said one or more objects; wherein said one or more servers are configured to send alerts to an electronic device of a user; wherein said alerts are configured to be sent to said electronic device upon a trigger; wherein said alerts comprise information related to said value; wherein said one or more plates are disposed within said pad and span a substantial portion of said pad; wherein said one or more plates are a thin aluminum sheet; wherein said pad is non-absorbent; wherein said one or more transducers, said data transfer module, and said power source are located substantially within a center of said weight device; wherein said one or more weight devices is configured to be reduced in size while said one or more transducers, said data transfer module, and said power source remain functional; wherein said size reduction of said one or more weight devices is performed by removing portions of said pad and said plate; wherein said data transfer module comprises a wireless connectivity; wherein said wireless connectivity is a low power point to point communication protocol; wherein said power source is a battery; wherein said one or more objects comprise coins, precious metals, jewelry, gemstones, medication, consumables, boxes, and trucks; and wherein said one or more weight devices further comprises a display configured to display a value of said one or more objects. 16. A system for calculating the value of physical items, comprising: one or more weight devices; wherein said one or more weight devices comprise a pad, one or more plates, one or more transducers, a data transfer module, and a power source; wherein said one or more transducers are configured to determine a weight of one or more objects when said one or more transducers measure a load generated by said one or more objects applying a vertical force onto said one or more transducers; wherein said vertical force is then converted into an electrical impulse proportional to said load, which is then converted into said weight of one or more objects; wherein said data transfer module is configured to transmit a first signal comprising information relating to said weight of said one or more objects; wherein said first signal is configured to be sent to one or more servers to determine a value of said one or more objects by multiplying said weight of said one or more objects with a known weight-value of said one or more objects; wherein said one or more servers are configured to send alerts to an electronic device of a user; wherein said alerts are configured to be sent to said electronic device upon a trigger; wherein said alerts comprise information related to said value; wherein said one or more plates are disposed within said pad and span a substantial portion of said pad; wherein said one or more plates are a thin aluminum sheet; wherein said pad is non-absorbent; wherein said one or more transducers, said data transfer module, and said power source are located substantially within a center of said weight device; wherein said one or more weight devices is configured to be reduced in size while said one or more transducers, said data transfer module, and said power source remain functional; wherein said size reduction of said one or more weight devices is performed by removing portions of said pad and said plate; wherein said data transfer module comprises a wireless connectivity; wherein said wireless connectivity is a low power point to point communication protocol; wherein said power source is a battery; wherein said one or more objects comprise coins, precious metals, jewelry, gemstones, medication, consumables, boxes, and trucks; and wherein said one or more weight devices further comprises a display configured to display a value of said one or more objects.",
-    "An auditory theme represents at least one participant in a networked group interaction, and reflects an attribute of that participant. Systems for presenting auditory themes may perform one or more operations. Such operations may include, but are not limited to: determining at least one participant in a networked group interaction; and presenting an auditory theme representing the at least one participant. 1. A method comprising: determining at least one participant in a networked group interaction; and presenting an auditory theme representing the at least one participant. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein presenting an auditory theme representing the at least one participant further comprises: presenting an auditory theme representing the at least one participant and an interaction status of the at least one participant. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein presenting an auditory theme representing the at least one participant further comprises: presenting an auditory theme representing at least one of the participant's status in the interaction, status in an organization, an interaction context of the at least one participant, or at least one attribute of the at least one participant. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the at least one attribute of the at least one participant status in the interaction further comprises: at least one of a participant age, affiliation, gender, or location. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the at least one participant status in the interaction further comprises: at least one joined status, foreground mode status, background mode status, dropped status, or unable to accept communications status. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the at least one attribute of the at least one participant further comprises: at least one participant membership in a group or an organization. 7. The method of claim 3 wherein the interaction context further comprises at least one of: a level of the participant's interaction aggression, virtual interaction proximity of the participant to other participants of the interaction, or a role of the participant in the interaction. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the auditory theme further comprises at least one of: one or more tones, one or more songs, one or more tunes, one or more spoken words, one or more sound clips, or one or more jingles. 9. The method of claim 3 wherein presenting the auditory signal further comprises: setting at least one of a gain, tempo, tone, key, orchestration, orientation or distribution of sound, echo, or reverb effect of the auditory signal according to at least one of the participant status in the interaction, status in an organization, an interaction context of the at least one participant, or at least one attribute of the at least one participant. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the auditory signal is presented in an ongoing fashion during the participant's participation in the interaction. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the auditory signal is presented in a transitory fashion in response to an interaction event. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein setting the gain of the auditory signal further comprises: setting the gain according to whether the at least one participant status is a foreground mode status or a background mode status. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein setting the gain of the auditory signal further comprises: attenuating the auditory signal when the at least one participant status is a background mode status. 14. The method of claim 7 further comprising: terminating presenting the theme when at least one participant status changes to dropped status. 15. The method of claim 3 further comprising: mixing the auditory signal with a second auditory signal representing an unable to accept communications status. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the second auditory signal further comprises: a busy signal. 17. The method of claim 6 further comprising: the at least one participant status in an organization determined from an organization chart. 18. The method of claim 6 further comprising: setting a gain of the auditory signal according to the at least one participant status in an organization. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein setting a gain of the auditory signal further comprises: setting the gain according to at least one participant corresponding position in an organization chart. 20. A user interface comprising: an auditory signal comprising at least one theme indicative of an attention status of at least one participant of a networked group interaction. 22. The user interface of claim 20 wherein the attention status is indicative of a level of participation in the interaction. 22. The user interface of claim 20 further comprising: a volume of at least one theme of the auditory signal indicative of the attention status of the at least one participant. 23. The user interface of claim 20 wherein the at least one theme further comprises: at least one theme indicative of a status in an organization of the at least one participant. 24. The user interface of claim 23 further comprising: a volume of the at least one theme indicative of the status of the at least one participant in the organization. 25. A method comprising: setting an auditory signal for a networked group interaction comprising at least one theme indicative of an organization status of at least one participant of the group. 26. The method of claim 25 further comprising: a volume of the at least one theme indicative of the status of the at least one participant in the organization. 27. A method comprising: setting an auditory signal for a networked group interaction comprising at least one theme indicative of an available status of at least one participant of the group. 28. The method of claim 27 further comprising: a volume of the at least one theme indicative of the available status of the at least one participant. 29. The method of claim 27 wherein the at least one theme further comprises: a busy signal.",
-    "Methods and apparatuses are provided for determining an interference transmission mode (TM) at a communication device in a cellular communication system using a resource element (RE) defined by frequency and time. A first signal is received in one RE. The first signal comprises a serving signal and an interference signal. A first vector of the received first signal is projected onto each of N projection vectors. A traffic-to-pilot ratio (TPR) decision metric of the interference signal is determined by using N pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected first vector. A TM of the interference signal is detected by determining a TF of the interference signal which minimizes the TPR decision metric from among predetermined transmit format (TF) candidates. 1. A method for determining an interference transmission mode (TM) at a communication device in a cellular communication system using a resource element (RE) defined by frequency and time, the method comprising: receiving a first signal in one RE, the first signal comprising a serving signal and an interference signal; projecting a first vector of the received first signal onto each of N projection vectors; determining a traffic-to-pilot ratio (TPR) decision metric of the interference signal using N pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected first vector; and detecting a TM of the interference signal by determining, from among predetermined transmit format (TF) candidates, a TF of the interference signal which minimizes the TPR decision metric. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined TF candidates comprise: a first TF comprising TM6 of the LTE system with a precoding matrix indicator (PMI)=0, a second TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=1, a third TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=2, a fourth TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=3, and a fifth TF comprising TM2, TM3, and TM4. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a second signal in two REs corresponding to consecutive subcarriers, the second signal comprising a serving signal and an interference signal; projecting a second vector of the second signal onto each of M projection vectors; determining a TM decision metric using M pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected second vector; and detecting, from among predetermined TM candidates, a TM of the interference signal which minimizes the TM decision metric, wherein the predetermined TM candidates comprise a first TM using a transmit diversity scheme and a second TM with a rank indicator (RI)=2 using a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first TM is TM2 of a long term evolution (LTE) system, and the second TM is TM3 or TM4 of the LTE system. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a TPR corresponding to the detected TM of the interference signal. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the N projection vectors are Grassmannian vectors, and a value of N is one of 2, 4, and 8. 7. A method for determining an interference transmission mode (TM) at a communication device in a cellular communication system using a resource element (RE) defined by frequency and time, the method comprising: receiving a first signal in two REs corresponding to consecutive subcarriers, the first signal comprising a serving signal and an interference signal; projecting a first vector of the first signal onto each of M projection vectors; determining a TM decision metric using M pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected first vector; and detecting, from among predetermined TM candidates, a TM of the interference signal which minimizes the TM decision metric, wherein the predetermined TM candidates comprise a first TM using a transmit diversity scheme and a second TM with a rank indicator (RI)=2 using a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first TM is TM2 of a long term evolution (LTE) system, and the second TM is TM3 or TM4 of the LTE system. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining a traffic-to-pilot ratio (TPR) corresponding to the detected TM of the interference signal. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising, prior to projecting the first vector: projecting a second vector of a second signal received in one RE onto each of N projection vectors; determining a TPR decision metric of the interference signal using N pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected second vector; and detecting, from among predetermined transmit format (TF) candidates, a TF of the interference signal which minimizes the TPR decision metric. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the predetermined TF candidates comprise: a first TF comprising TM6 of the LTE system with a precoding matrix indicator (PMI)=0, a second TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=1, a third TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=2, a fourth TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=3, and a fifth TF comprising TM2, TM3, and TM4. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the M projection vectors are Grassmannian vectors, and a value of M is one of 2, 4, and 8. 13. A communication device in a cellular communication system using a resource element (RE) defined by frequency and time, the communication device comprising: a transceiver configured to receive a first signal in one RE, the first signal comprising a serving signal and an interference signal; and a controller configured to project a first vector of the received first signal onto each of N projection vectors, determine a traffic-to-pilot ratio (TPR) decision metric of the interference signal using N pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected first vector, and detect a TM of the interference signal by determining a TF of the interference signal which minimizes the TPR decision metric from among predetermined transmit format (TF) candidates. 14. The communication device of claim 13, wherein the predetermined TF candidates comprise: a first TF comprising TM6 of the LTE system with a precoding matrix indicator (PMI)=0, a second TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=1, a third TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=2, a fourth TF comprising TM6 with a PMI=3, and a fifth TF comprising TM2, TM3, and TM4. 15. The communication device of claim 13, wherein the transceiver is further configured to receive a second signal in two REs corresponding to consecutive subcarriers, the second signal comprising a serving signal and an interference signal, and wherein the controller is further configured to projecting a second vector of the second signal onto each of M projection vectors, determine a TM decision metric using M pairs of an actual squared value and an expected squared value which are corresponding to the projected second vector, and detect, from among predetermined TM candidates, a TM of the interference signal which minimizes the TM decision metric, and wherein the predetermined TM candidates comprise a first TM using a transmit diversity scheme and a second TM with a rank indicator (RI)=2 using a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme. 16. The communication device of claim 15, wherein the first TM is TM2 of a long term evolution (LTE) system, and the second TM is TM3 or TM4 of the LTE system. 17. The communication device of claim 13, wherein the controller is further configured to determine a TPR corresponding to the detected TM of the interference signal. 18. The communication device of claim 13, wherein the N projection vectors are Grassmannian vectors, and a value of N is one of 2, 4, and 8. 19. The communication device of claim 15, wherein the M projection vectors are Grassmannian vectors, and a value of M is one of 2, 4, and 8. 20. The communication device of claim 15, wherein the controller is further configured to cancel the interference signal from the first signal using the detected TM of the interference signal. 21-37. (canceled)",
-    "During an information-extraction technique, visual suitability indicators may be displayed to a user of the electronic device to assist the user in acquiring an image of a document that is suitable for subsequent extraction of textual information. For example, an imaging application executed by the electronic device may display, in a window associated with the imaging application, a visual suitability indicator of a tilt orientation of the electronic device relative to a plane of the document. When the tilt orientation falls within a predefined range, the electronic device may modify the visual suitability indicators to provide visual feedback to the user. Then, the electronic device may acquire the image of the document using an imaging device, which is integrated into the electronic device. Next, the electronic device may extract the textual information from the image of the document using optical character recognition. 1. An electronic-device-implemented method for extracting textual information from a document, comprising: launching an imaging application that executes on the electronic device; displaying, in a window associated with the imaging application, visual suitability indicators of a tilt orientation of the electronic device relative to a plane of the document, wherein the visual suitability indicators include a ball whose position in the window indicates the tilt orientation; modifying the visual suitability indicators when the tilt orientation falls within a predefined range; acquiring an image of the document using an imaging device, which is integrated into the electronic device; and extracting the textual information from the image of the document using optical character recognition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises receiving a user command to extract the textual information; and wherein the imaging application is launched in response to the user command. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual suitability indicators are non-textual. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual suitability indicators include: a circle in the center of the window, and corner markers proximate to the corners of the window. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the ball is displayed within the circle when the tilt orientation is within the predefined range. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the visual suitability indicators includes changing color of a visual suitability indicator. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the image is acquired without the user activating an acquisition icon associated with the imaging device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the image is acquired after the tilt orientation falls within the predefined range for more than a time interval. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein, after acquiring the image, the method further comprises: displaying the image to a user; receiving user feedback about the image from a user; and if the user feedback rejects the image, repeating the displaying, modifying and acquiring operations to acquire another image of the document. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein, after extracting the textual information, the method further comprises receiving user feedback from a user about the accuracy of the extracted textual information. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual suitability indicators further indicate at least one of: light intensity, an in-plane orientation of the document relative to the electronic device, and framing of the document in the window; and wherein the visual suitability indicators are further modified when at least one of: the light intensity is sufficient, the in-plane orientation falls within a second predefined range, and the document is suitably framed in the window. 12. A computer-program product for use in conjunction with an electronic device, the computer-program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and a computer-program mechanism embedded therein, to extract textual information from a document, the computer-program mechanism including: instructions for launching an imaging application that executes on the electronic device; instructions for displaying, in a window associated with the imaging application, visual suitability indicators of a tilt orientation of the electronic device relative to a plane of the document, wherein the visual suitability indicators include a ball whose position in the window indicates the tilt orientation; instructions for modifying the visual suitability indicators when the tilt orientation falls within a predefined range; instructions for acquiring an image of the document using an imaging device, which is integrated into the electronic device; and instructions for extracting the textual information from the image of the document using optical character recognition. 13. The computer-program product of claim 12, wherein the visual suitability indicators are non-textual. 14. The computer-program product of claim 12, wherein the visual suitability indicators include: a circle in the center of the window, and corner markers proximate to the corners of the window. 15. The computer-program product of claim 14, wherein the ball is displayed within the circle when the tilt orientation falls within the predefined range. 16. The computer-program product of claim 12, wherein the visual suitability indicators further indicate at least one of: light intensity, an in-plane orientation of the document relative to the electronic device, and framing of the document in the window; and wherein the visual suitability indicators are further modified when at least one of: the light intensity is sufficient, the in-plane orientation falls within a second predefined range, and the document is suitably framed in the window. 17. An electronic device, comprising: a processor; memory; and a program module, wherein the program module is stored in the memory and configurable to be executed by the processor to extract textual information from a document, the program module including: instructions for launching an imaging application that executes on the electronic device; instructions for displaying, in a window associated with the imaging application, visual suitability indicators of a tilt orientation of the electronic device relative to a plane of the document, wherein the visual suitability indicators include a ball whose position in the window indicates the tilt orientation; instructions for modifying the visual suitability indicators when the tilt orientation falls within a predefined range; instructions for acquiring an image of the document using an imaging device, which is integrated into the electronic device; and instructions for extracting the textual information from the image of the document using optical character recognition. 18. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the visual suitability indicators include: a circle in the center of the window, and corner markers proximate to the corners of the window. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the ball is displayed within the circle when the tilt orientation falls within the predefined range. 20. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the visual suitability indicators further indicate at least one of: light intensity, an in-plane orientation of the document relative to the electronic device, and framing of the document in the window; and wherein the visual suitability indicators are further modified when at least one of: the light intensity is sufficient, the in-plane orientation falls within a second predefined range, and the document is suitably framed in the window.",
-    "Provided are systems, methods, and computer-readable media for searching for events from a computer-implemented calendar in accordance. A search interface is provided in a user interface element in response to a user selection to create a new calendar event. A search query and selected event categories are received from the search interface and search results responsive to the search query are provided in the user interface element. A selection to save a search result item is received, and an event details interface is provided. After event details are submitted by the user, a new calendar event is created based on the selected search result item. 1. A computer-implemented method for searching from a computer-implemented calendar, comprising: providing, by one or more processors, a computer-implemented calendar associated with a user; receiving from the user, by one or more processors, a request to create a calendar event; receiving from the user, via a control in the computer-implemented calendar, a request to perform a search; providing, by one or more processors, a search interface element configured to be displayed coincident with the computer-implemented calendar; receiving, by one or more processors, one or more search terms from the user via the search interface; executing, by one or more processors, a search query based on the one or more search terms; displaying a plurality of search results to the user coincident with the computer-implemented calendar; receiving from the user, by one or more processors, a selection of one of the plurality of search results; processing, by one or more processors, information associated with the selected search result to determine a type of the search result; and adding, by one or more processors, the calendar event to the calendar in accordance with the determined type of the search result. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the calendar event includes event information. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein event information comprises an event start date and at least one of: an event start time, an event end time, an event end date, an event description, an event location, a guest list, or a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the selected one of the plurality of search results. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising providing an event information interface to receive at least some of the event information from the user. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising receiving event information from the user via the event information interface. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising extracting information from the selected search result and auto-populating the event information with the extracted information. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising providing, by one or more processors, an invitation interface to allow the user to invite a guest to the event. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising: determining that the user has invited a guest and saved the event; and sending an invitation to the guest to attend the event. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the type of search result comprises a movie, a play, a concert, a bar, a flight, a train ride, a museum, an art gallery, a shopping mall, a lounge, a spa, a local service, or a home service. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, further comprising providing, by one or more processors, controls based on the type of the selected search result. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein providing, by one or more processors, a computer-implemented calendar associated with a user, comprises transmitting, over a network, a webpage including the computer-implemented calendar to a client computer. 12. A non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage medium having executable computer code stored thereon for searching from a computer-implemented calendar, the code comprising a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: providing, by one or more processors, a computer-implemented calendar associated with a user; receiving from the user, by one or more processors, a request to create a calendar event; receiving from the user, via a control in the computer-implemented calendar, a request to perform a search; providing, by one or more processors, a search interface element configured to be displayed coincident with the computer-implemented calendar; receiving, by one or more processors, one or more search terms from the user via the search interface; executing, by one or more processors, a search query based on the one or more search terms; displaying a plurality of search results to the user coincident with the computer-implemented calendar; receiving from the user, by one or more processors, a selection of one of the plurality of search results; processing, by one or more processors, information associated with the selected search result to determine a type of the search result; and adding, by one or more processors, the calendar event to the calendar in accordance with the determined type of the search result. 13. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the calendar event includes event information comprising one or more of an event start date and at least one of: an event start time, an event end time, an event end date, an event description, an event location, a guest list, or a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the selected one of the plurality of search results. 14. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, the code comprising a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: extracting information from the selected search result and auto-populating the event information with the extracted information. 15. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, the code comprising a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: providing controls based on the type of the selected search result. 16. A system for searching from a computer-implemented calendar, the system comprising: one or more processors; a tangible non-transitory memory accessible by the one or more processors, the memory having computer code stored thereon, the code comprising instructions that cause at least some of the one or more processors to perform steps comprising: providing, by one or more processors, a computer-implemented calendar associated with a user; receiving from the user, by one or more processors, a request to create a calendar event; receiving from the user, via a control in the computer-implemented calendar, a request to perform a search; providing, by one or more processors, a search interface element configured to be displayed coincident with the computer-implemented calendar; receiving, by one or more processors, one or more search terms from the user via the search interface; executing, by one or more processors, a search query based on the one or more search terms; displaying a plurality of search results to the user coincident with the computer-implemented calendar; receiving from the user, by one or more processors, a selection of one of the plurality of search results; processing, by one or more processors, information associated with the selected search result to determine a type of the search result; and adding, by one or more processors, the calendar event to the calendar in accordance with the determined type of the search result. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the calendar event includes event information comprising one or more of an event start date and at least one of: an event start time, an event end time, an event end date, an event description, an event location, a guest list, or a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the selected one of the plurality of search results. 18. The system of claim 16, the code comprising a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: extracting information from the selected search result and auto-populating the event information with the extracted information. 19. The system of claim 16, the code comprising a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: providing controls based on the type of the selected search result. 20. The system of claim 16, the code comprising a set of instructions that causes one or more processors to perform the following: providing an event information interface to receive at least some of the event information from the user.",
-    "System and method to search audio data, including: receiving audio data representing speech; receiving a search query related to the audio data; compiling, by use of a processor, the search query into a hierarchy of scored speech recognition sub-searches; searching, by use of a processor, the audio data for speech identified by one or more of the sub-searches to produce hits; and combining, by use of a processor, the hits by use of at least one combination function to provide a composite search score of the audio data. The combination function may include an at-least-M-of-N function that produces a high score when at least M of N function inputs exceed a predetermined threshold value. The composite search score employ a soft time window such as a spline function. 1. A method to search audio data, comprising: receiving, by a server, audio data representing speech; receiving, by the server, a search query related to the audio data; compiling, by the server, the search query into a hierarchy of scored speech recognition sub-searches; searching, by an audio search engine executing on the server, the audio data for speech identified by one or more of the sub-searches to produce hits; determining, by the server, whether the hits exceed a predetermined number; and when the hits exceed the predetermined number, combining, by the server, the hits by use of at least one combination function to provide a composite search score of the audio data, wherein at least one of the combination functions comprises an at-least-M-of-N function, wherein the at-least-M-of-N function produces a high score when at least M members found within a set having a membership size of N exceed a predetermined threshold value, wherein N is greater than or equal to M and wherein the predetermined number of hits comprises at least M hits. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the high score is produced by applying a transform function to at least one of N function inputs. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at-least-M-of-N function comprises an ALL-function, wherein the ALL-function produces a high score when all inputs to the at-least-M-of-N function exceed the predetermined threshold value within a predetermined time window. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the search query comprises one or more search terms and each hit comprises an identifier that indicates a match to one or more of the one or more search terms, a time interval over which the match is declared, and a relevance score. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: applying, by the server, a respective threshold to one or more of the hits obtained from the step of searching the audio data for speech identified by one or more of the sub-searches; and blocking, by the server, the hits having relevance scores below their respective threshold. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the audio data comprises content-dependent metadata and content-independent metadata. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the content-dependent metadata comprises: an identification of a predetermined speaker; a time interval during which the speaker was speaking; and a quality score of the identification of the predetermined speaker. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the composite search score comprises an attribute with an associated score and one or more associated time intervals. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the composite search score may be determined in accordance with the following relationship: L ab \ue8a0 ( x ) = 1 1 + e a \ue8a0 ( x - b ) , wherein: x comprises a vector of scores associated with the hits; a and b comprise sensitivity vectors; and Lab(x) comprises the composite search score. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the sensitivity vectors are obtained from user feedback that indicates a correctness of the composite search score. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: self-learning, by the server, of the sensitivity vectors based upon the user feedback. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: scoring, by the server, the speech recognition by use of a soft time window. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the soft time window comprises a window definable by a spline function. 14. A system to search audio data, comprising: a computer-readable storage medium, storing executable instructions; a processor in communication with the computer-readable storage medium, the processor when executing the executable instructions: receives audio data representing speech; receives a search query related to the audio data; compiles the search query into a hierarchy of scored speech recognition sub-searches; searches, by an audio search engine executing on the processor, the audio data for speech identified by one or more of the sub-searches to produce hits; and determines whether the hits exceed a predetermined number; and combines the hits by use of at least one combination function to provide a composite search score of the audio data, wherein at least one of the combination functions comprises an at-least-M-of-N function, wherein the at-least-M-of-N function produces a high score when at least M members found within a set having membership size of N exceed a predetermined threshold value, wherein N is greater than or equal to M and wherein the predetermined number of hits comprises at least M hits. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the high score is produced by applying a transform function to at least one of N function inputs. 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the audio data comprises content-dependent metadata and content-independent metadata. 17. The system of claim 14 wherein the composite search score comprises an attribute with an associated score and or more associated time intervals. 18. The system of claim 14 wherein the composite search score may be determined in accordance with the following relationship: L ab \ue8a0 ( x ) = 1 1 + e a \ue8a0 ( x - b ) , wherein: x comprises a vector of scores associated with the hits; a and b comprise sensitivity vectors; and Lab(x) comprises the composite search score. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the sensitivity vectors are obtained from user feedback that indicates a correctness of the composite search score. 20. The system of claim 19 further comprising a self-learning module to process the sensitivity vectors based upon the user feedback.",
-    "A semiconductor structure includes a plurality of stacked and suspended semiconductor nanosheets located above a semiconductor substrate. Each semiconductor nanosheet has a pair of end sidewalls that have a V-shaped undercut surface. A functional gate structure is located around the plurality of stacked and suspended semiconductor nanosheets, and a source/drain (S/D) semiconductor material structure is located on each side of the functional gate structure. In accordance with the present application, sidewall portions of each S/D semiconductor material structure are in direct contact with the V-shaped undercut surface of the end sidewalls of each of the semiconductor nanosheets. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method of forming a semiconductor structure, said method comprising: providing a material stack of alternating layers of dielectric portions and semiconductor material portions located on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, wherein each semiconductor material portion comprises a semiconductor channel material having semiconducting properties and is located between a lower dielectric portion and an upper dielectric portion of said material stack and wherein a sacrificial gate structure and a gate spacer straddle over a portion of said material stack; removing, utilizing an anisotropic etch, an entirety of said material stack not covered by said gate spacer and said sacrificial gate structure to physically expose said semiconductor substrate and to provide a stack of dielectric nanosheets and semiconductor nanosheets, wherein each dielectric nanosheet comprises a remaining portion of a respective one of said dielectric portions and each semiconductor nanosheet comprises a remaining portion of a respective one of said semiconductor material portions, and wherein outermost sidewalls of each dielectric nanosheet are vertically aligned with outermost sidewalls of each semiconductor nanosheet, and wherein said stack of dielectric nanosheets and semiconductor nanosheets does not extend beyond outermost sidewalls of said gate spacer; performing a crystallographic orientation dependent etch on each semiconductor nanosheet to provide a pair of end sidewalls to each semiconductor nanosheet, each pair of end sidewalls has a V-shaped undercut surface; and epitaxially growing a source/drain (S/D) semiconductor material structure on each side of the sacrificial gate structure and from said V-shaped undercut surface of said end sidewalls of each semiconductor nanosheet. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: forming a middle-of-the-line (MOL) dielectric material on a surface of each S/D semiconductor material structure; removing said sacrificial gate structure to provide a gate cavity; and suspending each semiconductor nanosheet within said gate cavity. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: forming a functional gate structure in said gate cavity and surrounding a portion of each suspended semiconductor nanosheet. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said crystallographic orientation dependent etch recesses a portion of said semiconductor substrate not covered by said gate spacer and said sacrificial gate structure. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein each S/D semiconductor material structure comprises a different semiconductor material than each of said semiconductor nanosheets. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein each S/D semiconductor material structure comprises a silicon germanium alloy and each of said semiconductor nanosheets comprises silicon. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said pair of end sidewalls having said V-shaped undercut surface have a {111} crystallographic orientation. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said silicon germanium alloy contains a p-type dopant. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein after said suspending each semiconductor nanosheet, a dielectric nanosheet base portion is formed beneath a bottommost semiconductor nanosheet. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein each S/D semiconductor material structure is also formed from a recessed surface of said semiconductor substrate, said recessed surface of said semiconductor substrate having a {100} crystallographic orientation. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein said providing said material stack comprises: forming an initial stack of at least one sacrificial semiconductor material and at least one semiconductor channel material; patterning said initial stack; and replacing the at least one sacrificial semiconductor material with a dielectric material.",
-    "The present invention relates to variants of a parent alpha-amylase, the variant having improved stability or activity at low calcium conditions or at low pH. 1. An isolated variant alpha-amylase, comprising two or more alterations at positions corresponding to positions 163, 188, 205, 208, and 209 of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein (a) the variant has at least 90% and less than 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4. (b) each alteration is independently a substitution, deletion or insertion; and (c) the variant has alpha-amylase activity. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The variant of claim 1, which has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:4. 5. The variant of claim 1, wherein the alterations at positions 163, 188, 205, 208, and 209 are substitutions. 6. The variant of claim 1, wherein the alterations are selected among: X163Q,N, X188N, X205N, X208Y and X209N,S. 7. The variant of claim 1, further comprising one or more alterations selected from the group consisting of a deletion at a position corresponding to positions 183 and 184 and a substitution at a position corresponding to the positions selected from the group consisting of 186, 193, 195, 202, 206, 214, 244, 452, 474 and 475 8. The variant of claim 1, which further comprises one or more alterations selected from the group of X181*+X182*, X182*+X183*, X183*+X184*, X185K, X167W, X202L/I/T, X203Y, X167W+X168E+X169E+X170R, X51T+X109G+X203Y, X109G+X203Y, X189W, X189W+x190E+x193T, X190E, X193T, X303K, X303K+x305R+x306D+X409N+X432N+X434D, X305R, X306D, X409N, X432N, X434D. 9. The variant of claim 1, which further comprises one or more alterations selected from the group consisting of A113E, N116V, V117F,L118K, A119V,V120I,N123D, N126D, N128T, Q129K, G133E, D134P, Y135F, T136E, A139G, D144T, N150D, T151Q, D154S, R158N, W159S, Y160E, V165T, W167F, Q169A, S170K, R171G, Q172*, F173E, Q174R, N175T, R176G, 1177V, Y178F, K179R, F180I, R181A, D183E, G184N, A186K, W189E, E190N, S193T/D, N195F, Y203F,V206I, E212D, V214R, and N215R. 10. The variant of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: D188N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D205N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S; D207N+D209S; D163N+D207N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D207N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D199N+D207N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D199N+D205N+D207N+D209S; D163N+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+G186N+D188N+D205N+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S+K242P+S244W; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S+K242P+S244W+N409D+D432N+A434P; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S+K242P+S244W+H408W+N409D+D432N+A434P; N128W+D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S+K242P+S244W; D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+G186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S+V2381+K242P+S244W; and D163Q+D188N+M208F+D209S+K242P+S244W. 11. The variant of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: D188N+D209S D163N+D188N+D209S D163N+D188N+D205N+D209S D163N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S D207N+D209S D163N+D207N+D209S D163N+D188N+D207N+D209S D163N+D188N+D199N+D207N+D209S D163N+D188N+D199N+D205N+D207N+D209S D163N+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S D163N+R181A+G182N+G186N+D188N+D205N+D209S D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+A186N+D188N+D205N+D209S D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+A186N+D188N+D205N+M208F+D209S D163N+R181A+G182N+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S D163N+R181A+G182N+K185T+A186N+D188N+D199N+D205N+M208F+D207N+D209S. 12. The variant of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: D207N+D186N D207N+D186N+D162N D207N+D186N+D162N+D203N D207N+D186N+D162N+D203N+M206Y D207N+D186N+D162N+D203N+M206Y+D105N D207N+A184K+T187E D207N+A184K+T187E+D186N D207N+A184K+T187E+D186N+D162N D207N+A184K+T187E+D186N+D162N+D203N D207N+A184K+T187E+D186N+D162N+D203N+M206Y D207N+A184K+T187E+D186N+D162N+D203N+M206Y+D105N. 13. A detergent composition comprising a variant of claim 1 and a surfactant. 14. A method of producing liquefied starch, comprising liquefying a starch-containing material with a variant of claim 1. 15. A process of producing a fermentation product, comprising a. liquefying a starch-containing material with a variant of claim 1 to produce a liquefied mash; b. saccharifying the liquefied mash to produce fermentable sugars; and c. fermenting the fermentable sugars in the presence of a fermenting organism. 16. A process of producing a fermentation product, comprising contacting a starch substrate with a variant of claim 1, a glucoamylase, and a fermenting organism. 17. An isolated polynucleotide encoding the variant of claim 1. 18. A nucleic acid construct comprising the polynucleotide of claim 17. 19. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim 18. 20. A method of producing a variant alpha-amylase, comprising: a. cultivating the host cell of claim 19 under conditions suitable for the expression of the alpha-amylase; and b. recovering the variant from the cultivation medium.",
-    "A switching power supply includes a power converter which includes a transformer and a switch, a current sensor, a switch controller and a compensation resistor. The current sensor is operable for generating a current monitoring signal indicating a current through a primary winding of the transformer. The switch controller is operable for receiving a feedback signal indicating an output voltage of the power converter, generating a driving signal based on the feedback signal to control an input power and an output power of the transformer, receiving a line voltage signal indicating an input voltage of the power converter, and generating a compensation current corresponding to a peak value of the line voltage signal. The compensation resistor is coupled between the current sensor and the switch controller. A voltage of the current monitoring signal is inversely proportional to the input voltage under control of the compensation current and the compensation resistor. 1. A switching power supply comprising: a power converter comprising a transformer and a switch controlled by a driving signal, said transformer comprising a primary winding operable for receiving an input power from an AC/DC (alternating current/direct current) converter and a secondary winding operable for providing an output power for a load; a current sensor, coupled between said switch and ground, operable for generating a current monitoring signal indicating a current through said primary winding; a switch controller, coupled between an optical-coupler and said primary winding, operable for receiving a feedback signal from said optical-coupler, generating said driving signal based on said feedback signal to control said input power and said output power, receiving a line voltage signal indicating an input voltage of said power converter, and generating a compensation current corresponding to a peak value of said line voltage signal, wherein said feedback signal indicates an output voltage of said power converter, and wherein said AC/DC converter is operable for converting an AC voltage to said input voltage and providing said input voltage to said power converter; and a compensation resistor coupled between said current sensor and said switch controller, wherein a voltage of said current monitoring signal is inversely proportional to said input voltage under control of said compensation current and said compensation resistor, wherein said voltage of said current monitoring signal increases if said input voltage decreases, and wherein said voltage of said current monitoring signal decreases if said input voltage increases. 2. The switching power supply of claim 1, wherein said transformer further comprises an auxiliary winding operable for providing power to said switch controller. 3. The switching power supply of claim 1, wherein said switch controller comprises a line voltage compensation unit operable for generating said compensation current based on said line voltage signal, wherein said line voltage compensation unit comprises: a first counter, operable for generating a first counter value indicating a peak voltage of said line voltage signal during a first cycle; a second counter, operable for generating a second counter value indicating a peak voltage of said line voltage signal during a second cycle; a first D/A converter, coupled to said first counter, operable for converting said first counter value to a first analog signal indicating said peak voltage of said line voltage signal during said first cycle; a second D/A converter, coupled to said second counter, operable for converting said second counter value to a second analog signal indicating said peak voltage of said line voltage signal during said second cycle; a data selection unit, coupled to said first D/A converter and said second D/A converter, operable for providing a selected analog signal, wherein during said second cycle said data selection unit is operable for selecting said first analog signal as said selected analog signal; and a voltage/current converter, coupled to said peak voltage detection unit, operable for converting said selected analog signal to said compensation current. 4. The switching power supply of claim 3, wherein said cycle is 30 milliseconds in length. 5. The switching power supply of claim 3, wherein said line voltage compensation unit further comprises a comparator and a voltage shifting unit, wherein said comparator has a non-inverting input operable for receiving said line voltage signal and an inverting input coupled to said voltage shifting unit, wherein said voltage shifting unit is operable for providing a threshold, wherein said line voltage compensation unit stops generating said compensation current if said line voltage signal is less than said threshold. 6. The switching power supply of claim 5, wherein said first counter and said second counter are enabled and disabled based on an output of said comparator, wherein said first counter and said second counter are alternately enabled to count in response to a clock signal if said line voltage signal is greater than said threshold. 7. The switching power supply of claim 1, further comprising: a safety capacitor; at least one diode; and a discharging switch coupled to said safety capacitor, wherein said discharging switch is turned on to discharge said safety capacitor through said at least one diode if an AC power source which provides said AC voltage is disconnected from said switching power supply. 8. The switching power supply of claim 7, further comprising: a comparator operable for comparing an instant value of said line voltage signal in a first cycle with a voltage value proportional to said peak voltage of said line voltage signal in a second cycle preceding said first cycle; a counter, controlled by an output from said comparator, operable for generating a counter value and for determining whether said AC power source is disconnected from said switching power supply; and a latch, coupled to said counter, operable for generating a discharging signal to control said discharging switch based on a status of said counter. 9. The switching power supply of claim 8, wherein said voltage value is 0.5 times said peak voltage of said line voltage signal. 10. The switching power supply of claim 8, wherein said counter value remains unchanged if said instant value of said line voltage signal in said first cycle is less than said voltage value proportional to said peak voltage of said line voltage signal in said second cycle, and wherein said latch is operable for generating said discharging signal to turn on said discharging switch if said counter value remains unchanged for a preset time period. 11. A switch controller operable for controlling a power converter comprising a transformer and a switch controlled by a driving signal, said transformer comprising a primary winding operable for receiving an input power from an AC/DC converter (alternating current/direct current) and a secondary winding operable for providing an output power for a load, said switch controller comprising: a feedback terminal operable for receiving a feedback signal from an optical-coupler, wherein said feedback signal indicates an output voltage of said power converter; a driving terminal operable for providing said driving signal to control said input power and said output power based on said feedback signal; a line voltage monitoring terminal operable for receiving a line voltage signal indicating an input voltage of said power converter, wherein said input voltage is provided to said power converter by said AC/DC converter; and a current monitoring terminal operable for receiving a current monitoring signal indicating a current through said primary winding, wherein a compensation current corresponding to a peak value of said line voltage signal flows through said current monitoring terminal, wherein said current monitoring terminal is coupled to a compensation resistor, wherein a voltage of said current monitoring signal is inversely proportional to said input voltage under control of said compensation current and said compensation resistor, wherein said voltage of said current monitoring signal increases if said input voltage decreases, and wherein said voltage of said current monitoring signal decreases if said input voltage increases. 12. The switch controller of claim 11, further comprising a line voltage compensation unit operable for generating said compensation current based on said line voltage signal, wherein said line voltage compensation unit comprises: a first counter, operable for generating a first counter value indicating a peak voltage of said line voltage signal during a first cycle; a second counter, operable for generating a second counter value indicating a peak voltage of said line voltage signal during a second cycle; a first D/A converter, coupled to said first counter, operable for converting said first counter value to a first analog signal indicating said peak voltage of said line voltage signal during said first cycle; a second D/A converter, coupled to said second counter, operable for converting said second counter value to a second analog signal indicating said peak voltage of said line voltage signal during said second cycle; a data selection unit, coupled to said first D/A converter and said second D/A converter, operable for providing a selected analog signal, wherein during said second cycle said data selection unit is operable for selecting said first analog signal as said selected analog signal; and a voltage/current converter, coupled to said peak voltage detection unit, operable for converting said selected analog signal to said compensation current. 13. The switch controller of claim 12, wherein said cycle is 30 milliseconds in length. 14. The switch controller of claim 12, wherein said line voltage compensation unit further comprises a comparator and a voltage shifting unit, wherein said comparator has a non-inverting input operable for receiving said line voltage signal and an inverting input coupled to said voltage shifting unit, wherein said voltage shifting unit is operable for providing a threshold, wherein said line voltage compensation unit stops generating said compensation current if said line voltage signal is less than said threshold. 15. The switch controller of claim 14, wherein said first counter and said second counter are enabled and disabled based on an output of said comparator, wherein said first counter and said second counter are alternately enabled to count in response to a clock signal if said line voltage signal is greater than said threshold. 16. The switch controller of claim 11, wherein said switch controller is operable for turning on a discharging switch to discharge a safety capacitor through at least one diode if an AC power source that provides an AC voltage to said AC/DC converter is disconnected from said AC/DC converter. 17. The switch controller of claim 16, further comprising: a comparator operable for comparing an instant value of said line voltage signal in a first cycle with a voltage value proportional to said peak voltage of said line voltage signal in a second cycle that precedes said first cycle; a counter, controlled by an output from said comparator, operable for generating a counter value and for determining whether said AC power source is disconnected from said switching power supply; and a latch, coupled to said counter, operable for generating a discharging signal to control said discharging switch based on a status of said counter. 18. The switch controller of claim 17, wherein said voltage value is 0.5 times said peak voltage of said line voltage signal. 19. The switch controller of claim 17, wherein said counter value remains unchanged if said instant value of said line voltage signal in said first cycle is less than said voltage value proportional to said peak voltage of said line voltage signal in said second cycle, and wherein said latch is operable for generating said discharging signal to turn on said discharging switch if said counter value remains unchanged for a preset time period.",
-    "Amorphous and polymorphic of palonosetron hydrochloride are disclosed that can be characterized by X-ray powder diffraction patterns, thermal properties, purity and methods of manufacture. These forms of palonosetron hydrochloride can be produced from solution or by solid state interconversions. The forms can be used in pharmaceutical formulations: particularly preferred uses of these formulations are in prevention and treatment of nausea and emesis arising from chemotherapy or postoperative side effects. The forms can optionally be used as mixtures of the crystalline and/or amorphous forms. 1.-11. (canceled) 12) An isolated composition of palonosetron hydrochloride comprising Form I PH, Form II PH, amorphous PH, or a mixture thereof, comprising less than or equal to 0.5 wt. % diastereomer. 13.-25. (canceled) 26) A method of making a pharmaceutical formulation comprising admixing the composition of claim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 27) The method of claim 26 wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is water, and said formulation is a sterile intravenous solution. 28) The method of claim 26 wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is water, and said formulation is a sterile intravenous solution, further comprising terminally sterilizing said formulation at a temperature greater than 80\u00b0 C. 29.-35. (canceled) 36) Amorphous palonosetron hydrochloride. 37) (canceled) 38) (canceled)",
-    "Techniques are provided for alerting drivers of hazardous driving conditions using the sensing capabilities of wearable mobile technology. In one aspect, a method for alerting drivers of hazardous driving conditions includes the steps of: collecting real-time data from a driver of a vehicle, wherein the data is collected via a mobile device worn by the driver; determining whether the real-time data indicates that a hazardous driving condition exists; providing feedback to the driver if the real-time data indicates that a hazardous driving condition exists, and continuing to collect data from the driver in real-time if the real-time data indicates that a hazardous driving condition does not exist. The real-time data may also be collected and used to learn characteristics of the driver. These characteristics can be compared with the data being collected to help determine, in real-time, whether the driving behavior is normal and whether a hazardous driving condition exists. 1. A method for alerting drivers of hazardous driving conditions, the method comprising the steps of: collecting real-time data from a driver of a vehicle, wherein the data is collected via a mobile device worn by the driver; determining whether the real-time data indicates that a hazardous driving condition exists; providing feedback to the driver if the real-time data indicates that the hazardous driving condition exists; continuing to collect data from the driver in real-time if the real-time data indicates that the hazardous driving does not exist, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: detecting hand deviations of the driver using the real-time data; determining whether the hand deviations of the driver involve side-to-side hand movements; estimating speed of the vehicle using the real-time data if the hand deviations of the driver involve side-to-side hand movements; continuing to collect data from the driver in real-time if the hand deviations of the driver do not involve side-to-side hand movements; determining whether the speed of the vehicle is higher than an average speed for a roadway on which the vehicle is travelling; providing the feedback to the driver if the speed of the vehicle is higher than the average speed for the roadway on which the vehicle is travelling; and continuing to collect data from the driver in real-time if the speed of the vehicle is not higher than an average speed for a roadway on which the vehicle is travelling. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: using the real-time data to learn characteristics of the driver. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of: comparing the real-time data to the characteristics of the driver to determine whether the real-time data indicates that the hazardous driving condition exists. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedback is provided to the driver via the mobile device worn by the driver. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the feedback is provided as an audible alert message to the driver via the mobile device worn by the driver. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedback is provided as an audible alert message to the driver via an audio system of the vehicle. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: tracking feedback provided to the driver. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the real-time data collected from the user comprises physiological data for the user selected from the group consisting of: skin electrical characteristics, blood oxygen levels, heart rate, pulse, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the real-time data collected from the user comprises trajectory data for the user selected from the group consisting of: movement, speed, direction, orientation, location, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the real-time data collected from the user comprises environmental data selected from the group consisting of: air pressure, temperature, wind velocity, and combinations thereof. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile device worn by the user comprises at least one sensor selected from the group consisting of: an electrodermal activity (EDA) sensor, a pulse oximeter sensor, a heart rate sensor, and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile device worn by the user comprises at least one sensor selected from the group consisting of: a gyroscope sensor, a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile device worn by the user comprises at least one sensor selected from the group consisting of: a barometer, an air temperature sensor, a wind speed sensor, and combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile device worn by the user comprises a smartwatch. 15-20. (canceled)",
-    "A golf club includes a shaft and a club head. The club head includes a body member having a ball striking face, a heel, a toe, a back, a crown, a sole, and a hosel region located at the intersection of the ball striking face, the heel and the crown. The sole includes a channel extending from the hosel region toward the toe. An insert is received within the channel. The club head further includes means for detachably securing the insert to the channel. A second insert configured for being received within the channel may be provided. 1. A golf club head for a metal wood type club, the golf club head comprising: a body member having a ball striking face, a heel, a toe, a back, a crown, a sole, and a hosel region located at an intersection of the ball striking face, the heel, and the crown; the sole including a channel extending from the hosel region toward the toe, wherein the channel extends across a centerline of the golf club head; and an insert located within the channel, wherein the insert is made of a thermoplastic and has a thickness of at least a portion of the insert that is less than a depth of the channel. 2. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the channel has a constant depth. 3. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the insert includes a plurality of grooves that extend along a top surface of the insert. 4. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the insert is secured in the channel using an adhesive. 5. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the insert is secured to the channel in the sole defined by a frictional fit configuration. 6. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the insert having a top surface and defining a recess in the top surface. 7. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the insert has a portion that is flexible. 8. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein a plurality of inserts is configured for interchangeable receipt by the channel. 9. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the channel forms a recess that gradually increases in cross-sectional area as it extends away from the hosel region. 10. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the channel has a width and a length and wherein the insert extends the entire width of the channel and extends a partial length of the channel. 11. A golf club head for a metal wood type club, the golf club head comprising: a body member having a ball striking face, a heel, a toe, a back, a crown, a sole, and a hosel region located at the intersection of the ball striking face, the heel, and the crown; the sole including a channel extending from the hosel region toward the toe, the channel defining a front side wall and a rear side wall, wherein the front side wall and rear side wall are parallel to each other, wherein the channel extends across a centerline of the golf club head, and an insert located within the channel, wherein a portion of the insert is flexible. 12. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the insert defines a top surface and a recess located in the top surface; and further wherein a portion of the insert is below a surface of the sole. 13. The golf club head of claim 12, wherein the recess forms an elongated feature extending generally in a heel-to-toe direction of the golf club head and oriented generally parallel to the front side wall. 14. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the insert forms a recess that gradually increases in cross-sectional area as it extends away from the hosel region. 15. The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the channel is located in a forward region of the golf club head and the forward region of the golf club head is the forward 30 percent of a breadth of the golf club head. 16. A golf club head for a metal wood type club, the golf club head comprising: a body member having a ball striking face, a heel, a toe, a back, a crown, a sole, and a hosel region located at the intersection of the ball striking face, the heel, and the crown; the sole including a channel extending from the hosel region toward the toe across a centerline of the golf club head; wherein the channel comprises a front side wall and a rear side wall, wherein the front side wall and rear side wall are parallel to each other, wherein the channel is located in a forward region of the golf club head and the forward region of the golf club head is the forward 40 percent of a breadth of the golf club head, an insert located within the channel, wherein the insert comprises a portion made of a flexible material. 17. The golf club head of claim 16, wherein the insert further comprises a top surface and a recess located in the top surface wherein a portion of the insert is below a surface of the sole and wherein the recess forms an elongated feature extending generally in a heel-to-toe direction of the golf club head and has a forward wall oriented generally parallel to the front side wall of the channel. 18. The golf club head of claim 16, wherein the forward region of the golf club head is the forward 30 percent of a breadth of the golf club head. 19. The golf club head of claim 16, wherein the insert has a width and a length and wherein the insert extends the entire width of the channel and extends a partial length of the channel. 20. The golf club head of claim 16, wherein the channel has a constant depth.",
-    "A system for monitoring calls in a VoLTE network is provided. The monitored calls include SIP, RTP and H.248 portions. The system includes monitoring probes and first and second correlation engine components (CECs). The probe is configured to generate SIP, RTP and H.248 data records (DRs), send the SIP DRs to a second CEC based on a distribution key, generate and send a routing label to a first CEC and to send the H.248 and RTP DRs to the first CEC based on the first and second attributes, respectively. The first CEC is configured to correlate the received RTP and H.248 DRs and the routing label based on the second and first attributes, respectively, and send the correlated DRs to the second CEC based on a distribution key. The second CEC is configured to bind all of the generated DRs to a single call based on the distribution key. 1. A network monitoring system for monitoring calls in a VoLTE network, the calls having session initiation protocol (SIP), real time protocol (RTP) and H.248 portions, the network monitoring system comprising: one or more passive monitoring probes coupled to network interfaces and placed at different monitoring points and first and second correlation engine components, the monitoring probes configured to capture data packets from the network interfaces, the data packets associated with messages exchanged between network nodes, the monitoring probes further configured to: generate SIP, RTP and H.248 data records by monitoring the SIP, RTP and H.248 portions of the VoLTE calls; for each generated SIP data record: send the generated SIP data record to a second correlation engine component based on a distribution key; generate a routing label, wherein the routing label includes at least the distribution key, a first attribute and a second attribute; and send the generated routing label to a first correlation engine component; for each generated H.248 data record and RTP data record: send the generated H.248 and RTP data records to the first correlation engine component based on the first and the second attributes, respectively; the first correlation engine component configured to: correlate the received RTP data records and the generated routing label based on the second attribute; correlate the received H.248 data records and the generated routing label based on the first attribute; insert the distribution key into the correlated RTP and H.248 data records; and send the correlated RTP and H.248 data records to the second correlation engine component based on the distribution key; and the second correlation engine component configured to: bind the one or more generated SIP data records with the one or more correlated RTP and H.248 data records to a single call based on the distribution key. 2. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 1, wherein the distribution key comprises a phone number associated with a calling party. 3. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 2, wherein the monitoring probes are further configured to correlate the one or more generated SIP data records and RTP data records based on the second attribute. 4. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more H.248 data records and RTP data records sent to the first correlation engine component comprise undecorated data records. 5. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 3, wherein the first attribute comprises an IP_Port attribute related to a call destination device. 6. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 5, wherein the second attribute comprises an IP_Port_Pair attribute. 7. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more passive monitoring probes are further configured to recognize patterns being present in network packets, wherein the patterns are related to a subject of a monitoring task. 8. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 1, wherein the routing label comprises an abbreviated data record. 9. A network monitoring system for monitoring calls in a VoLTE network, the calls having session initiation protocol (SIP), real time protocol (RTP) and H.248 portions and having one or more handover events affecting an established call, the network monitoring system comprising: one or more passive monitoring probes coupled to network interfaces and placed at different monitoring points, the monitoring probes configured to capture data packets from the network interfaces, the data packets associated with messages exchanged between network nodes, the monitoring probes further configured to: generate one or more SIP data records, RTP data records and H.248 data records by monitoring the SIP, RTP and H.248 portions of the VoLTE calls; for each generated SIP data record: determine whether the generated one or more SIP data records include a distribution key; in response to determining that the one or more SIP data records include the distribution key: send the generated SIP data record to a second correlation engine component based on the distribution key; generate a routing label, wherein the routing label includes at least the distribution key, a first attribute, a second attribute and a third attribute; and send the generated routing label to a first correlation engine component; in response to determining that the one or more SIP data records does not include the distribution key: send the generated SIP data record to the first correlation engine component based on the third attribute; for each generated H.248 data record and RTP data record, send the generated H.248 data record and RTP data record to the first correlation engine component based on the first attribute and the second attribute, respectively; the first correlation engine component receiving the generated data records and routing labels from the probes, the first correlation engine component configured to: correlate the one or more received SIP data records and the generated routing label based on the third attribute; correlate the one or more received RTP data records and the generated routing label based on the second attribute; correlate the one or more received H.248 data records and the generated routing label based on the first attribute; insert the distribution key into the correlated SIP data records, RTP data records and H.248 data records; and send the correlated SIP data records, RTP data records and H.248 data records to the second correlation engine component based on the distribution key; and the second correlation engine component receiving the generated data records from the probes and the correlated data records from the first correlation engine component, the second correlation engine component configured to: bind the one or more generated SIP data records with the one or more correlated RTP and H.248 data records to a single call based on the distribution key. 10. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein the third attribute comprises a Call_ID attribute associated with an established call. 11. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein at least one of the first correlation engine component and second correlation engine component comprises two or more communicatively coupled processors. 12. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein at least one of the first correlation engine component and second correlation engine component comprises two or more communicatively coupled processors. 13. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first correlation engine and the second correlation engine are communicatively coupled by a plurality of links. 14. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein the VoLTE network comprises one or more User Equipment (UE) devices and a plurality of Evolved NodeBs. 15. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein the H.248 portion comprises at least H.248 signaling facilitating call set-up and call teardown functions. 16. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein the first attribute comprises an IP_Port attribute related to a call destination device. 17. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein the second attribute comprises an IP_Port_Pair attribute. 18. The network monitoring system as recited in claim 9, wherein the routing label comprises an abbreviated data record. 19. A passive monitoring probe coupled to network interfaces for performing distributed correlation of data records associated with calls in a VoLTE network, the calls having a session initiation protocol (SIP) portion, a real time protocol (RTP) portion and a H.248 portion, the monitoring probe configured to: generate one or more SIP data records, RTP data records and H.248 data records by monitoring the SIP, RTP and H.248 portions of the VoLTE calls; for each generated SIP data record: send the generated SIP data record to a second correlation engine component based on a distribution key; generate a routing label, wherein the routing label includes at least the distribution key, a first attribute and a second attribute; and send the generated routing label to a first correlation engine component; for each generated H.248 data record and RTP data record, send the generated H.248 data record and RTP data record to the first correlation engine component based on the first attribute and the second attribute, respectively. 20. The passive monitoring probe as recited in claim 19, wherein the monitoring probe is configured to capture data packets from the network interfaces, the data packets associated with messages exchanged between network nodes.",
-    "A system that incorporates the subject disclosure may perform, for example, operations including receiving a request from a first device to access information content of a second device. The process further includes forwarding a token to the second device by way of a second wireless network, to obtain a second device token, and forwarding the token to the first device by way of the first network to obtain a first device token, wherein the first device forwards the first device token to the second device by way of a third network. A confirmation that the token was received at the first device is based on the result of the comparison indicating a match between the first device token and the second device token. Access to the information content of the second device is authorized in response to the confirmation. Other embodiments are disclosed. 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a server comprising a processor, a request from a mobile communication device of a user to allow user access to an application program of a separate device, wherein the request is received by way of a first network; forwarding, by the server, a token to the separate device by way of a second network, to obtain a separate device token, and forwarding, by the server, the token to the mobile communication device by way of the first network to obtain a mobile communication device token, wherein the mobile communication device forwards the mobile communication device token to the separate device by way of a third network; determining, by the server, a result of a comparison between the separate device token and the mobile communication device token; confirming, by the server, that the mobile communication device token was received at the separate device, based on the result of the comparison indicating a match between the mobile communication device token and the separate device token; and authorizing, by the server, access to the application program of the separate device in response to the confirming that the mobile device token was received at the separate device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first network comprises a cellular mobile network and wherein the third network comprises a proximity network comprising one of a near field communications protocol, a mobile personal area network protocol, a Bluetooth personal area network protocol, or a wireless local area network protocol. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, by the server, a valid encryption key in response to the confirming that the mobile device token was received at the separate device, wherein the authorizing of the access to the application program is in response to the determining of the valid encryption key and the confirming that the mobile device token was received at the separate device, wherein the valid encryption key is unknown by the mobile communication device and the separate device, and wherein the valid encryption key is unknown by the server before the receiving of the request from the mobile communications device, and wherein the separate devices comprises a vehicle remotely pilotable by way of the mobile communication device. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising forwarding the valid encryption key to the separate device, wherein the valid encryption key is used to encrypt one of data related to the application program or communications between the separate device and one of the mobile communication device, the server or both, and wherein the vehicle comprises a ground vehicle. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the determining of the valid encryption key is based on an execution of a plurality of agent modules on a plurality of processors to obtain a plurality of cryptographic materials that when combined determine the valid encryption key. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the executing of the plurality of agent modules comprises determining that one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device and the server is in a safe state, wherein the plurality of cryptographic materials that when combined determine the valid encryption key responsive to the determining that the one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device and the server is in the safe state. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the determining that the one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device and the server is in a safe state based on a predetermined state of the one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device and the server. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising accessing, by the server, a configuration file that specifies the plurality of agent modules and a plurality of conditions identifying the safe state. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: encrypting, by the server, the token based on the valid encryption key; and transferring, by the server, the valid encryption key to one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device or the server, wherein a successful decryption of the token on the one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device or the server based on the valid encryption key indicates that a system of one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device and the server is in a safe state according to a predetermined safe state of a network definition file. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising: identifying, by the server, the plurality of agent modules; installing, by the server, the plurality of agent modules on one or more of the mobile communication device, the separate device or the server; and executing, by the server, the plurality of agent modules on the one or more of the mobile communication device, a separate device or the server. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the identifying of the plurality of agent modules, the installing of the plurality of agent modules, and the executing of the plurality of agent modules are responsive to the receiving of the request. 12. A system comprising: a server comprising a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations comprising: receiving, by way of a first network, a request from a mobile communication device of a user to provide user access to an application program of a another device; forwarding a token to the another device by way of a second network, to obtain another device token, and forwarding the token to the mobile communication device by way of the first network to obtain a mobile communication device token, wherein the mobile communication device forwards the mobile communication device token to the another device by way of a third network; determining, by the server, a result of a comparison between the another device token and the mobile communication device token; confirming that the token was received at the mobile communication device, based on the result of the comparison indicating a match between the mobile communication device token and the another device token; and authorizing access to the application program of the another device in response to the confirming that the mobile device token was received at the another device. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first network comprises a cellular mobile network wherein the another devices comprises a drone remotely pilotable by way of the mobile communication device, and wherein the third network comprises a proximity network comprising one of a near field communications protocol, a mobile personal area network protocol or a wireless local area network protocol. 14. The system of claim 12, further comprising identifying a valid encryption key determined in response to the confirming that the mobile device token was received at the another device, wherein the authorizing of the access to the application program is in response to the determining of the valid encryption key and the confirming that the mobile device token was received at the another device, and wherein the valid encryption key is unknown by the mobile communication device and the another device, and wherein the valid encryption key is unknown by the server before the receiving of the request from the mobile communications device. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the identifying of the valid encryption key comprises determining the valid encryption key based on an execution of a plurality of agent modules on a plurality of processors to obtain a plurality of cryptographic materials that when combined determine the valid encryption key. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the executing of the plurality of agent modules comprises determining that one or more of the mobile communication device, the another device and the server is in a safe state, and wherein the plurality of cryptographic materials that when combined determine the valid encryption key responsive to the determining that the one or more of the mobile communication device, the another device and the server is in the safe state. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the determining that the one or more of the mobile communication device, the another device and the server is in a safe state based on a predetermined state of the one or more of the mobile communication device, the another device and the server, and wherein the another device comprises a ground vehicle. 18. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: receiving a request from a first device of a user, by way of a first wireless network, to access information content of a second device; forwarding a token to the second device by way of a second wireless network, to obtain a second device token, and forwarding the token to the first device by way of the first network to obtain a first device token, wherein the first device forwards the first device token to the second device by way of a third network; determining a result of a comparison between the second device token and the first device token; confirming that the token was received at the first device based on the result of the comparison indicating a match between the first device token and the second device token; and authorizing access to the information content of the second device in response to confirming that the token was received at the first device, wherein the second device comprises a remotely pilotable vehicle. 19. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 18, further comprising identifying a valid encryption key determined in response to the confirming that the first device token was received at the second device, wherein the authorizing of the access to the information content is in response to the determining of the valid encryption key and the confirming that the first device token was received at the second device, and wherein the valid encryption key is unknown by the first device and the second device. 20. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the identifying of the valid encryption key comprises determining the valid encryption key based on an execution of a plurality of agent modules on a plurality of processors to obtain a plurality of cryptographic materials that when combined determine the valid encryption key.",
-    "The present invention provides novel anhydrous polymorph forms of 2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-(cyclopentylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl nitrate (Compound A). The present invention also provides processes for preparation of the anhydrous polymorphic forms of compound A. 1. Crystalline anhydrous polymorph A1 of Compound A characterized by the following crystal data, C15H20N606; Mr=380.37; Monoclinic crystal system; P21 space group; a=5.546(2) \u212b; b=7.107(2) \u212b; c=21.929(9) \u212b; V=858.8(5) \u212b3, and Z=2. 2. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph A1 of claim 1 characterized by substantially equivalent peaks at a reflection angle 2-theta as shown in Table 3. 3. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1 that is at least about 75% free of other forms. 4. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1 that is at least about 80% free of other forms. 5. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1 that is at least about 90% free of other forms. 6. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1 that is at least about 95% free of other forms. 7. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1 that is at least about 99% free of other forms. 8. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1 that is 100% free of other forms. 9. A method of obtaining the crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1, the method comprising the steps of preparing compound A as API as defined herein and recrystallizing at least twice from ethanol. 10. A method of obtaining the crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1, the method comprising the steps of taking Compound A and recrystallizing from isopropanol, ethyl acetate, or isopropyl acetate. 11. A method of obtaining the crystalline anhydrous polymorph of claim 1, the method comprising the steps of taking Compound A and recrystallizing from 1,4 dioxane, 2-methoxy ethanol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, methylethyl ketone, or 1,2-dimethoxyethane. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the crystalline anhydrous polymorph A1 of claim 1 and further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients selected from the group consisting of carriers, excipients, diluents, additives, fillers, surfactants, binders, antimicrobial preservatives, viscosity enhancing agents, and buffers. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 that is formulated for ophthalmic administration. 14. A method of treating a subject in need of a selective adenosine A1 agonist, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the crystalline anhydrous polymorph A1 of claim 1. 15. A method of reducing intraocular pressure in a subject, the method comprising topically administering to an eye of a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the crystalline anhydrous polymorph A1 of claim 1. 16. Crystalline anhydrous polymorph A2 characterized by the following crystal data, C15H20N606; Mr=380.37; Orthorhombic crystal system; P212121 space group; a=5.51796(17) \u212b; b=7.14615(29) \u212b; c=42.9738(29) \u212b and V=1694.55(14) \u212b3; wherein the crystalline polymorph A2 is substantially free of other solid forms of Compound A. 17. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph A2 of claim 16 characterized by substantially equivalent peaks at a reflection angle 2-theta as shown in Table 5; wherein the crystalline polymorph A2 is substantially free of other solid forms of Compound A. 18. The crystalline anhydrous polymorph A2 of claim 16 that is 100% free of other solid forms of compound A. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the crystalline anhydrous polymorph A2 of claim 16 and further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients selected from the group consisting of carriers, excipients, diluents, additives, fillers, surfactants, binders, antimicrobial preservatives, viscosity enhancing agents, and buffers. 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 that comprises: Ingredient %, W/V Compound A 0.152-0.76 Sodium CMC 0.7 Benzalkonium Chloride 0.01 Polysorbate 80 0.3 Citric Acid Monohydrate 0.152 (7 mM) NaOH/HCl pH 5.1 \u00b1 0.1 NaCl q.s. to 270-330 mOsm; and Purified Water q.s. to 100.00. 21. A method of treating a subject in need of a selective adenosine A1 agonist, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the polymorph A2 of claim 16. 22. A method of reducing intraocular pressure in a subject, the method comprising topically administering to an eye of a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the polymorph A2 of claim 16. 23. A method of obtaining the crystalline anhydrous polymorph A2 of claim 16, the method comprising the steps of suspending Compound A in an aqueous liquid vehicle and heating to about 40 degrees for at least 9 hours. 24. Crystalline anhydrous polymorph form A1 characterized by a PXRD spectra having peaks at about 17.5, 20.5, 21.2, 22.7, 24.8, 33.2 and 42.1+0.2 degrees 2 theta. 25. Crystalline anhydrous polymorph form A2 characterized by PXRD spectra having peaks at about 16.9, 18.1, 19.1, 20.8, 21.3, 22.0, 22.8, 23.8, 24.9, 25.0, 29.1, 29.8, 34.2 and 35.8+0.2 degrees 2 theta.",
-    "A wearable camera captures an image of a capturing area, and a vehicle-mounted camera captures an image of the capturing area. The wearable camera records first image data of the capturing area in the wearable camera. The wearable camera repeatedly transmits information related to a recording amount of the first image data to the vehicle-mounted recorder. The vehicle-mounted recorder receives the information related to the recording amount of the first image data transmitted from the wearable camera. The vehicle-mounted recorder records second image data of the capturing area captured by the vehicle-mounted camera in the vehicle-mounted recorder when the recording amount of the first image data exceeds a set value. 1. A wearable camera system comprising: a wearable camera capable of being worn by a user; and a vehicle-mounted recorder and a vehicle-mounted camera which are mounted on a vehicle and are communicably connected to each other, wherein the wearable camera includes a first imaging unit that captures an image of a capturing area, a first recorder that records first image data of the capturing area captured by the first imaging unit in a first memory, and a first communicator that repeatedly transmits to the vehicle-mounted recorder, information related to an amount of the first image data recorded by the first recorder, wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder includes a second communicator that receives the information related to the amount of the first image data recorded by the first recorder transmitted from the first communicator, and a second recorder that records second image data of the capturing area captured by the vehicle-mounted camera in a second memory, and wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder instructs the second recorder to start recording of the second image data when the amount of the first image data recorded by the first recorder exceeds a set value. 2. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the first communicator transmits to the vehicle mounted recorder, the information related to the amount of the first image data recorded by the first recorder at regular predetermined time intervals. 3. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the set value is changeable through an operation of the user. 4. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the second communicator transmits to the wearable camera a reception response in response to the second communicator receiving the information related to the amount of the first image data recorded by the first recorder. 5. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder instructs the second recorder to stop the recording of the second image data when the amount of the first image data recorded by the first recorder for a set period of time is equal to a predetermined value or is within a predetermined range. 6. The wearable camera system according to claim 5, wherein the set period is changeable through an operation of the user. 7. A recording control method in a wearable camera system that includes a wearable camera capable of being worn by a user, and a vehicle-mounted recorder and a vehicle-mounted camera which are mounted on a vehicle and are communicably connected to each other, the method comprising: capturing an image of a capturing area by the wearable camera; and capturing an image of the capturing area by the vehicle-mounted camera; recording in the wearable camera first image data of the capturing area image captured by the wearable camera; repeatedly transmitting from the wearable camera, information related to an amount of the first image data recorded in the wearable camera; receiving by the vehicle mounted recorder the information related to the amount of the first image data recorded in the wearable camera and transmitted from the wearable camera to the vehicle-mounted recorder; and initiating recording in the vehicle-mounted recorder second image data of the capturing area captured by the vehicle-mounted camera when the amount of the first image data recorded in the wearable camera exceeds a set value.",
-    "Motion vector estimation is provided for generating and displaying images at a frame rate that is greater than a rendering frame rate. The displayed images may include late stage graphical adjustments of pre-rendered scenes that incorporate motion vector estimations. A head-mounted display (HMD) device may determine a predicted pose associated with a future position and orientation of the HMD, render a current frame based on the predicted pose, determine a set of motion vectors based on the current frame and a previous frame, generate an updated image based on the set of motion vectors and the current frame, and display the updated image on the HMD. In one embodiment, the HMD may determine an updated pose associated with the HMD subsequent to or concurrent with generating the current frame, and generate the updated image based on the updated pose and the set of motion vectors. 1. A mobile device, comprising: a display; and one or more processors configured to communicate with the display, the one or more processors configured to access a first frame rendered using first pose information associated with the mobile device and a second frame rendered using second pose information associated with the mobile device, the one or more processors configured to transform the first frame based on a difference between the first pose information and the second pose information, the one or more processors configured to determine a set of motion vectors based on animation between the first frame and the second frame after transforming the first frame, the one or more processors configured to generate a first field for the display of the mobile device based on the second frame and the set of motion vectors. 2. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein: each motion vector is associated with a block of one or more pixels of the display; determining the set of motion vectors includes determining a velocity for each block based on displacement associated with the block and a first time associated with the first frame and a second time associated with the second frame; and the one or more processors are configured to determine a set of offsets for a set of pixels of the display based on the velocity of the block and a target display time of each pixel. 3. The mobile device of claim 2, wherein: the first pose information corresponds to a first predicted pose and the second pose information corresponds to a second predicted pose 4. The mobile device of claim 3, wherein: the display time is associated with third pose information corresponding to a third predicted pose associated with a point in time between the second predicted pose and the first predicted pose. 5. The mobile device of claim 3, wherein: the display time is associated with third pose information corresponding to a third predicted pose associated with a point in time following the second predicted pose and the first predicted pose. 6. The mobile device of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are configured to generate the first field by: determining third pose information corresponding to a third predicted pose subsequent to accessing the second frame; generating a first set of uv values for the second field based on a difference between the second pose information and the third pose information; and modifying the first set of uv values using the offset for each pixel to generate a second set of uv values associated with the target display time for each pixel. 7. The mobile device of claim 6, wherein generating the first set of uv values for the second field comprises applying a pixel offset adjustment to at least a portion of the current frame. 8. A method, comprising: rendering a first image based on a first predicted pose associated with a mobile device and a second image based on a second predicted pose associated with the mobile device; generating a projected image based on the first image and the second predicted pose after rendering the second image; determining a set of motion of vectors based on the second image and the projected image; generating an updated image for a display of the mobile device based on the second image and the set of motion vectors; and displaying the updated image on the display of the second device. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein transforming the first image based on the second pose comprises: determining a pose difference between the first predicted pose and the second predicted pose; and applying a homographic transformation to at least a portion of the first image. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein: generating the updated image comprises modifying a set of pixel values associated with the second image based on the set of motion vectors to generate a first field for the display including the updated image. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein: the first image is part of a first rendered frame and the second image is part of a second rendered frame; and modifying the set of pixel values associated with the second image comprises modifying a set of uv values associated with the second rendered frame; and generating the updated image comprises generating a first field including the updated image. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining an area of focus or tracking based on eye tracking information associated with the second image; wherein modifying the set of uv values comprises modifying a subset of the set of uv values that are associated with the area of focus. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein modifying the set of pixel values comprises: determining at least one target display time for the first field; and determining a set of offsets based on the set of motion vectors and the at least one target display time. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the set of offsets comprises: determining a velocity of each motion vector based on a time difference between when the first rendered frame and the second rendered frame are to be displayed. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the display is a scanning display; determining the at least one target display time comprises determining a plurality of target display times associated with the first field, the plurality of display times include a first target display time associated with a first pixel in a first row and a second target display time associated with a second pixel in a second row, the second target display time is after the first target display time; and determining the set of offsets includes determining a first offset for the first pixel based on the first target display time and determining a second offset for the second pixel based on the second target display time. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein: the display is a color sequential display configured to sequentially display the first field, a second field, and a third field for the second rendered frame; generating the first field for the display includes projecting the set of motion vectors for a first target display time associated with the first field; and the method further comprises generating the second field by projecting the set of motion vectors for a second target display time associated with the second field, and generating the third field by projecting the set of motion vectors for a third target display time associated with the third field. 17. A computer readable storage medium having computer readable instructions for programming a processor to perform a method comprising: modifying a first frame rendered using a first predicted pose based on a second predicted pose associated with a second frame rendered subsequent to the first frame; determining a set of motion vectors for the second frame based on a comparison of the second frame and the first frame after being modified; generating a first field for a display of a mobile device based on the set of motion vectors and the second frame; and displaying the first field on the display of the mobile device. 18. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein modifying the first frame based on the second predicted pose associated with the second frame comprises: determining a pose difference between the first predicted pose and the second predicted pose; and applying a homographic transformation to at least a portion of the first frame based on the pose difference. 19. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises: determining an area of focus or tracking associated with the second frame; projecting a subset of the set of motion vectors based on one or more target display times associated with the area of focus; accessing a set of pixel values associated with the second frame including a first subset of pixel values associated with the area of focus and a second subset of pixel values associated with at least one additional area outside of the area of focus; and modifying a first subset of the set of pixel values associated with the second frame based on projecting the subset of motion vectors to generate a first subset of modified pixel values for the area of focus and a second subset of unmodified pixel values for the at least one additional area; wherein generating the updated image comprises generating a first field for the display of the mobile device by sampling based on the first subset of modified pixel values for the area of focus and sampling based on the second subset of unmodified pixel values for the at least one additional area. 20. The computer readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein: the display is a color sequential display configured to sequentially display the first field, a second field, and a third field for the second rendered frame; generating the first field for the display includes projecting the set of motion vectors for a first target display time associated with the first field; and the method further comprises generating the second field by projecting the set of motion vectors for a second target display time associated with the second field, and generating the third field by projecting the set of motion vectors for a third target display time associated with the third field.",
-    "A mobile terminal includes a display device, a detector, and a storage. The detector detects an attitude of the mobile terminal. The storage stores, when an event occurs, therein at least one piece of incoming information on the event. The mobile terminal further includes a first display control module and a second display control module. The first display control module displays, when the detection module detects a first attitude, a first tiled object relating to the at least one piece of incoming information and a second tiled object not relating to the at least one piece of incoming information on the display device. The second display control module displays, when the detection module detects a second attitude, the at least one piece of incoming information stored in the storage on the display device. 1. A mobile terminal comprising: a display device; a detector that detects an attitude of the mobile terminal; a storage that stores, when an event occurs, therein at least one piece of incoming information on the event; a first display control module that displays, when the detector detects a first attitude, a first tiled object relating to the at least one piece of incoming information and a second tiled object not relating to the at least one piece of incoming information on the display device; and a second display control module that displays, when the detector detects a second attitude, the at least one piece of incoming information stored in the storage on the display device. 2. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein: the at least one piece of incoming information on the event displayed by the second display control module on the display device corresponds to a function, and the mobile terminal further comprises: a performance module that performs, when the at least one piece of incoming information displayed by the second display control module on the display device is selected, the function corresponding to the at least one piece of incoming information. 3. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, further comprising: a touch panel located on the display device; and a predetermined processing performance module that performs predetermined processing when a touch operation is performed on the at least one piece of incoming information displayed on the display device. 4. The mobile terminal according to claim 3, wherein: the predetermined processing performance module includes: a setting module that sets, when a particular touch operation is performed on the at least one piece of incoming information displayed on the display device, a piece of information obtained in the event corresponding to the at least one piece of incoming information to a checked state; and a deletion module that deletes, when the particular touch operation is performed on the at least one piece of incoming information displayed on the display device, the at least one piece of incoming information. 5. The mobile terminal according to claim 2, wherein: the at least one piece of incoming information comprises a plurality of pieces of incoming information, and the second display control module includes: a first incoming information display control module that displays the pieces of incoming information stored in the storage by function on the display device. 6. The mobile terminal according to claim 5, wherein: when any piece of incoming information is selected in a state in which the pieces of incoming information stored in the storage are displayed by function on the display device, a piece of incoming information corresponding to the function is displayed on the display device. 7. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein: the at least one piece of incoming information comprises a plurality of pieces of incoming information, and the second display control module includes: a second incoming information display control module that displays the pieces of incoming information stored in the storage in chronological order on the display device. 8. The mobile terminal according to claim 5, wherein: the second display control module further includes: a second incoming information display control module that displays the pieces of incoming information stored in the storage in chronological order on the display device, and the mobile terminal further comprises: a switching module that switches, when the detector detects a particular operation of the mobile terminal, between display of the pieces of incoming information stored in the storage by function and display of the pieces of incoming information stored in the storage in chronological order. 9. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, further comprising: a notification module that indicates, when the detector detects the second attitude in a state in which no piece of incoming information is stored in the storage, that no piece of incoming information is stored in the storage. 10. An incoming information display method for use in a mobile terminal including a storage, a display device, and a detector that detects an attitude of the mobile terminal, wherein: a processor of the mobile terminal performs: a storage step of storing, when an event occurs, a piece of incoming information on the event in the storage; a first display step of displaying, when the detector detects a first attitude, a first tiled object relating to the piece of incoming information and a second tiled object not relating to the piece of incoming information on the display device; and a second display step of displaying, when the detector detects a second attitude, the piece of incoming information stored in the storage step on the display device. 11. A mobile terminal comprising: a display device; a detector that detects an attitude of the mobile terminal; a storage that stores, when an event occurs, therein a piece of incoming information on the event; and a display control module that displays, when the detector detects a change from a first attitude to a second attitude, the piece of incoming information stored in the storage on the display device.",
-    "Provided herein are methods, compounds, and compositions for reducing expression of huntingtin mRNA and protein in an animal. Such methods, compounds, and compositions are useful to treat, prevent, delay, or ameliorate Huntington's disease, or a symptom thereof. 1.-76. (canceled) 77. A single-stranded modified oligonucleotide consisting of 20 linked nucleosides and having: a gap segment consisting of ten linked deoxynucleosides; a 5\u2032 wing segment consisting of five linked nucleosides; and a 3\u2032 wing segment consisting of five linked nucleosides; wherein the gap segment is positioned between the 5\u2032 wing segment and the 3\u2032 wing segment; wherein each nucleoside of each wing segment comprises a 2\u2032O-methoxyethyl sugar; and wherein the nucleobase sequence of the oligonucleotide consists of the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 78. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 77, wherein at least one nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase. 79. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 78, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine. 80. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 77, wherein each cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine. 81. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 77, wherein at least one internucleoside linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage. 82. The compound of claim 77, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. 83. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 80, wherein at least one internucleoside linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage. 84. The compound of claim 80, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. 85. A composition comprising the single-stranded modified oligonucleotide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 77 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 86. A composition comprising the single-stranded modified oligonucleotide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 80 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 87. A composition comprising the single-stranded modified oligonucleotide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 82 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 88. A composition comprising the single-stranded modified oligonucleotide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 84 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 89. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 77, which is capable of inhibiting huntingtin expression. 90. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 80, which is capable of inhibiting huntingtin expression. 91. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 82, which is capable of inhibiting huntingtin expression. 92. The single-stranded modified oligonucleotide of claim 84, which is capable of inhibiting huntingtin expression.",
-    "A method and an apparatus for compressing a content name are provided. In the method, a controller constructs a content name tree according to content names in a content database, where a first node of the content name tree stores a first-level prefix of a content name in the content database, and an Nth-level node of the content name tree stores prefixes of first N levels of the content name; and then the controller compresses a content name stored in the Mth-level node into a first content name stored in a father node of the Mth-level node when determining that the content name stored in each Mth-level node in the content name tree is corresponding to a first network node in a network. Thus, compression of a content name in a content name database is achieved, and space occupied by the content name is saved. 1. A method for compressing a content name, comprising: constructing, by a controller, a content name tree according to content names in a content database, wherein the content name tree is tree-structured, a first-level node of the content name tree stores a first-level prefix of a content name, an Nth-level node of the content name tree stores prefixes of at least first N levels of the content name, and N is an integer greater than 1; and when determining, by the controller, that a first content name stored in each Mth-level node in the content name tree is corresponding to a first network node, compressing the first content name stored in the Mth-level node into a second content name stored in a father node of the Mth-level node, wherein each Mth-level node is connected to a same father node, the first network node comprises at least one content router, M is an integer greater than 1, and M is less than or equal to N. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, before the constructing, by the controller, the content name tree according to the content names in the content database, further comprising: constructing, by the controller, a network topology tree according to a topology information table, wherein the network topology tree is tree-structured, a first content router is set at a first-layer node of the network topology tree, an Nth content router directly and physically connected to an Mth content router is set at an Nth-layer node of the network topology tree, M+1=N, N is an integer greater than 1, the topology information table is stored in the controller, and a topology structure between content routers is stored in the topology information table; before the compressing the first content name stored in the Mth-level node into the second content name stored in the father node of the Mth-level node, further comprising: determining, by the controller, a content router other than the first content router on a subtree in the network topology tree as the first network node, wherein the first network node is connected to the first content router via a first port of the first content router. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, before the constructing, by the controller, the content name tree according to the content names in the content database, or after the constructing, by the controller, the content name tree according to the content names in the content database, further comprising: receiving, by the controller, a route request message sent by the second content router, wherein the route request message is used to request, from the controller, a route from the second content router to a content router storing the first content name, and the route request message carries the first content name. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein, after the receiving, by the controller, the route request message sent by the second content router, further comprising: sending, by the controller, a route response message to the second content router and all content router located on the route from the second content router to the content router storing the first content name, wherein the route response message carries the second content name and the route from the second content router to the content router storing the first content name, and the second content name is a content name obtained by compressing the first content name. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, after the compressing the first content name stored in the Mth-level node into the second content name stored in the father node of the Mth-level node, further comprising: constructing, by the controller, a first forwarding table (FIB) according to the first network node and the second content name, wherein the first FIB carries the second content name and the first port, and the first port is a port through which the first content router reaches the first network node. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein, after the constructing, by the controller, the first forwarding table (FIB) according to the first network node and the second content name, further comprising: sending, by the controller, the first FIB to the first content router. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein, after the constructing, by the controller, the first forwarding table FIB according to the first network node and the second content name, further comprising: receiving, by the controller, an FIB request message sent by the first content router, wherein the FIB request message is used to request the first FIB; and sending, by the controller, an FIB response message to the first content router, wherein the FIB response message carries the first FIB. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein, after the compressing the first content name stored in the Mth-level node into the second content name stored in the father node of the Mth-level node, further comprising: receiving, by the controller, content information sent by a third content router, and storing a new content name carried in the content information into the content name tree, wherein a first-level node of the content name tree stores a first-level prefix of the new content name, an Nth-level node of the content name tree stores prefixes of at least first N levels of the new content name, and the content information carries the new content name and a content router identification storing the new content name; determining, by the controller, whether the new content name stored in a Kth-level node and the second content name stored in a further Kth-level node are respectively stored in different network nodes, wherein the further Kth-level node and the Kth-level node stored with the new content name have a same father node, the new content name is stored in a second network node, the second network node is a content router, the first content name is stored in the first network node, and K is less than or equal to N; if so, then updating, by the controller, routing information on a third network node connected to both the first network node and the second network node, wherein the third network node comprises at least one content router. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, the updating, by the controller, the routing information on the third network node connected to both the first network node and the second network node comprises: sending, by the controller, the new content name and a second port to the third network node, wherein the second port is a port through which the third network node reaches the second network node. 10. An apparatus for compressing a content name, comprising: a constructing module, configured to construct a content name tree according to content names in a content database, wherein the content name tree is tree-structured, a first-level node of the content name tree stores a first-level prefix of a content name, an Nth-level node of the content name tree stores prefixes of at least first N levels of the content name, and N is an integer greater than 1; and a compressing module, configured to: when determining that a first content name stored in each Mth-level node in the content name tree is corresponding to a first network node, compress the first content name stored in the Mth-level node into a second content name stored in a father node of the Mth-level node, wherein each Mth-level node is connected to a same father node, the first network node comprises at least one content router, M is an integer greater than or equal to 1, and M is less than or equal to N. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising: a determining module, wherein the constructing module is further configured to construct a network topology tree according to a topology information table, wherein the network topology tree is tree-structured, a first content router is set at a first-layer node of the network topology tree, an Nth content router directly and physically connected to an Mth content router is set at an Nth-layer node of the network topology tree, M+1=N, N is an integer greater than 1, the topology information table is stored in a controller, and a topology structure between content routers is stored in the topology information table; the determining module is configured to determine a content router other than the first content router on a subtree in the network topology tree as the first network node, wherein the first network node is connected to the first content router via a first port of the first content router. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: a receiving module, configured to receive a route request message sent by the second content router, wherein the route request message is used to request, from the controller, a route from the second content router to a content router storing the first content name, and the route request message carries the first content name. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising: a sending module, configured to send a route response message to the second content router and all content router located on the route from the second content router to the content router storing the first content name, wherein the route response message carries the second content name and the route from the second content router to the content router storing the first content name, and the second content name is a content name obtained by compressing the first content name. 14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the constructing module is further configured to construct a first forwarding table (FIB) according to the first network node and the second content name, wherein the first FIB carries the second content name and the first port, and the first port is a port through which the first content router reaches the first network node. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the sending module is further configured to send the first FIB to the first content router. 16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the receiving module is further configured to receive an FIB request message sent by the first content router, wherein the FIB request message is used to request the first FIB; and the sending module is further configured to send an FIB response message to the first content router, wherein the FIB response message carries the first FIB. 17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the receiving module is further configured to receive content information sent by a third content router, and store a new content name carried in the content information into the content name tree, wherein a first-level node of the content name tree stores a first-level prefix of the new content name, an Nth-level node of the content name tree stores prefixes of at least first N levels of the new content name, and the content information carries the new content name and a content router identification storing the new content name; and the determining module is further configured to determine whether the new content name stored in a Kth-level node and the second content name stored in a further Kth-level node are respectively stored in different network nodes, wherein the further Kth-level node and the Kth-level node storing the new content name have a same father node, the new content name is stored in a second network node, the second network node is a content router, the first content name is stored in the first network node, and K is less than or equal to N; if so, then update, by the controller, routing information on a third network node connected to both the first network node and the second network node, wherein the third network node comprises at least one content router. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the sending module is specifically configured to send the new content name and a second port to the third network node, wherein the second port is a port through which the third network node reaches the second network node.",
-    "A high speed data contact assembly having a linear data contact set and a right-angle termination insert. The linear data contact set has a housing having a hollow body and a termination subassembly. The termination subassembly is inserted in the hollow body of the housing. The termination subassembly has a plurality of pairs of parallel contact beams, the contact beams in each pair being of the same orientation and the pairs of contact beams having alternating orientations, wherein each contact beam has a distal end having a first orientation and a proximal end having a second orientation opposite of the first orientation. The right angle termination insert is adapted for insertion into the proximal end of the linear data contact set. The right angle termination insert has a u-shaped housing and a right-angle contact insert assembly in the U-shaped housing. 1. A high speed data contact assembly comprising: a linear data contact set comprising: a housing comprising: a hollow body having a top, a bottom, a distal end, a proximal end, and first side and a second side; and a termination subassembly in said hollow body, said termination subassembly comprising: a plurality of pairs of parallel contact beams, the contact beams in each pair being of the same orientation and the pairs of contact beams having alternating orientations, wherein each contact beam has a distal end having a first orientation and a proximal end having a second orientation opposite of said first orientation; and a right angle termination insert adapted for insertion into said proximal end of said linear data contact set, said right angle termination insert comprising: a U-shaped housing; and a right-angle contact insert assembly in said U-shaped housing, said right-angle contact insert assembly comprising: a plurality of right angle contact beams each having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein said proximal end of each of said plurality of right-angle contact beams extends at a right angle to the distal end of each said contact beam; and over molding over said plurality of contacts. 2. The high speed data contact assembly according to claim 1, wherein said linear data contact set is hermaphroditic. 3. The high speed data contact assembly according to claim 1, further comprising potting material in said insert shroud with said termination subassembly. 4. The high speed data contact assembly according to claim 1, wherein said over molding comprises plastic. 5. The high speed data contact assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of openings in said over molding; and potting material in said plurality of openings in said over molding.",
-    "A floor panel apparatus comprises: beams arranged inside an aircraft main body; floor panels arranged on the beams; and ball transfer unit bolts each including a ball transfer unit in which a rotatable ball is disposed and a bolt portion which is integral with the ball transfer unit, the ball transfer unit bolts configured such that the floor panels and the beams are detachably fastened together by the bolt portions with the balls protruding on the floor panel side. 1. A floor panel apparatus comprising: a beam arranged inside an aircraft main body; a floor panel arranged on the beam; and a ball transfer unit bolt including a ball transfer unit in which a rotatable ball is disposed and a bolt portion which is integral with the ball transfer unit, the ball transfer unit bolt configured such that the floor panel and the beam are detachably fastened together by the bolt portion with the ball protruding on the floor panel side. 2. The floor panel apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the beam includes a plurality of beam bolt holes, the floor panel includes floor panel bolt holes at positions corresponding to the respective beam bolt holes, and the ball transfer unit bolt passes through each of the floor panel bolt holes and the corresponding beam bolt holes in an attachable and detachable manner to fasten the floor panel to the beam. 3. The floor panel apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the ball transfer unit bolt is attachable to a portion of the floor panel other than the floor panel bolt holes. 4. The floor panel apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an O-ring provided on a surface of the ball transfer unit, the surface being in contact with the floor panel. 5. The floor panel apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ball transfer unit has a side surface smoothly inclining in such a way that a diameter of the ball transfer unit decreases toward an upper side.",
-    "The present invention provides novel snap pea cultivar Sugar 153 and plant parts, seed, and tissue culture therefrom. The invention also provides methods for producing a pea plant by crossing the pea plants of the invention with themselves or another pea plant. The invention also provides pea plants produced from such a crossing as well as plant parts, seed, and tissue culture therefrom. 1. A seed of pea cultivar Sugar 153, a representative sample of seed of said cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 2. A plant of pea cultivar Sugar 153, a representative sample of seed of said pea cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 3. A pea plant, or a part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pea plant of claim 2. 4. A progeny pea plant comprising, on average, at least 50% of the alleles of the plant of claim 2. 5. A progeny pea plant comprising at least one set of chromosomes derived from the plant of claim 2. 6. A doubled haploid pea plant produced from the plant of claim 2. 7. A plant part of the pea plant of claim 2. 8. The plant part of claim 7, wherein the plant part is a pod, a berry, pollen, an ovule, or a cell. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim 2. 10. A pea plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 9 or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein said pea plant comprises all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 153. 11. A processed product from the plant of claim 2, wherein said processed product comprises dehydrated, cut, sliced, ground, pureed, dried, canned, jarred, washed, brined, packaged, refrigerated, frozen and/or heated pods, berries or seeds. 12. A method of producing seed, the method comprising crossing the plant of claim 2 with itself or a second pea plant and harvesting the resulting seed. 13. A seed produced by the method of claim 12. 14. A plant produced by growing the seed of claim 13, or a selfed progeny of said plant. 15. A method for producing a seed of a pea plant derived from the plant of claim 2, the method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 153, a representative sample of seed of said pea cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______, with a second pea plant; (b) allowing seed to form; (c) growing a plant from the seed of step (b) to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 153; (d) selfing the plant of step (c) or crossing it to a second pea plant to form additional pea seed derived from pea cultivar Sugar 153; and (e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to generate further derived pea seed from pea cultivar Sugar 153, wherein in step (c) a plant is grown from the additional pea seed of step (d) in place of growing a plant from the seed of step (b). 16. A seed produced by the method of claim 15, wherein the seed comprises, on average, at least 50% of the alleles of pea cultivar Sugar 153. 17. A plant produced by growing the seed of claim 16. 18. A method of vegetatively propagating the plant of claim 2, the method comprising: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 153, a representative sample of seed of said pea cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______; (b) cultivating the tissue to obtain proliferated shoots; (c) rooting the proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets; and (d) optionally, growing plants from the rooted plantlets. 19. Plantlets or plants obtained by the method of claim 18. 20. A method of introducing a desired added trait into pea cultivar Sugar 153, the method comprising: (a) crossing the plant of claim 2 with a pea plant that comprises a desired added trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired added trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with pea cultivar Sugar 153 to produce backcross progeny; (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired added trait and essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pea cultivar Sugar 153; and (e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 153 comprising the desired added trait and essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 153, wherein in step (c) the selected backcross progeny produced in step (d) is used in place of the selected F1 progeny of step (b). 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the desired added trait is male sterility, pest resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, or any combination thereof. 22. A pea plant produced by the method of claim 21, wherein the pea plant has the desired added trait. 23. Seed of the plant of claim 22, wherein the seed produces a pea plant that has the desired added trait. 24. A method of producing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 153 comprising a desired added trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired added trait into the plant of claim 2. 25. A pea plant produced by the method of claim 24 or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein the pea plant has the desired added trait. 26. Seed of the plant of claim 25, wherein the seed produces a plant that has the desired added trait. 27. A method of determining a genotype of pea cultivar Sugar 153, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from the plant of claim 2; and (b) detecting a polymorphism in the nucleic acid sample. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the method comprises detecting a plurality of polymorphisms in said nucleic acid sample and further comprises storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium. 29. A method of producing a pea pod, the method comprising: (a) growing the pea plant according to claim 2 to produce a pea pod; and (b) harvesting the pea pod. 30. A method of producing a processed product from pea cultivar Sugar 153, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a pod of the plant of claim 2; and (b) processing said pod to produce a processed product.",
-    "A lighting system is configured to provide lighting on an interior of a utility platform. The lighting system comprises a rope light and a power source for installing in or near the utility platform. The rope light includes a plurality of light emitters and a casing. The casing surrounds the plurality of light emitters, which are spread along the rope light. The rope light is configured to provide light to an interior surface of the utility platform. The isolated power source provides electrical power to the rope light, and is configured to prevent a discharge of electricity. 1. A lighting system configured to provide lighting on an interior of a utility platform, the lighting system comprising: a rope light including\u2014 a plurality of light emitters; and a casing, wherein the casing surrounds the plurality of light emitters, wherein the plurality of light emitters are spread along the rope light, wherein the rope light is configured to provide light to an interior surface of the utility platform; and an isolated power source for providing electrical power to the rope light, wherein the power source is configured to prevent a discharge of electricity. 2. The lighting system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the rope light is configured to be installed on an interior surface of the utility platform. 3. The lighting system of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the rope light is configured to be covered with a translucent insulative liner. 4. The lighting system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the rope light is configured to be installed on an exterior surface of the utility platform. 5. The lighting system of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the rope light is configured to emit light through a wall of the utility platform so as to illuminate the interior. 6. The lighting system of claim 1, wherein the rope light comprises: an interior rope light configured to provide light to the interior of the utility platform; and an exterior lighting cable configured to provide light to an exterior of the utility platform. 7. The lighting system of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the exterior lighting cable is configured to provide light in an upward direction so as to illuminate a work area. 8. The lighting system of claim 7, wherein the rope light emits light in the red spectrum for preservation of a utility worker's ability to see at night. 9. The lighting system of claim 1, wherein the power source is a battery, wherein the battery stores electrical power for the rope light. 10. The lighting system of claim 9, wherein the battery is recharged by a solar panel, wherein the solar panel is configured to be installed on an exterior side of the utility platform, wherein the solar panel is configured to charge the battery during lighted conditions such that the battery can power the rope light during low-light conditions. 11. A utility platform assembly comprising: a utility platform including a sidewall and a floor wherein the utility platform presents a cavity configured to support a utility worker therein; and a lighting system including a rope light and a power source, wherein at least a portion of the lighting system is embedded in the utility platform. 12. The utility platform assembly of claim 11, wherein the utility platform further comprises a step disposed on the sidewall, wherein the lighting system emits light upward such that the light is visible from the step. 13. The utility platform assembly of claim 11, wherein the utility platform assembly further comprises a set of upper boom controls, wherein the lighting system provides light such that the set of upper boom controls is illuminated 14. The utility platform assembly of claim 11, wherein the utility platform assembly is configured to be installed on an aerial device. 15. The utility platform assembly of claim 11, wherein the utility platform further comprises a lip disposed at a top end of the sidewall. 16. The utility platform assembly of claim 15, wherein the lighting system emits light upward such that the light is visible from the lip. 17. The utility platform assembly of claim 15, wherein the lighting system emits light downward and laterally from a set of upper boom controls. 18. A method of providing light to an interior of a utility platform, the method comprising the following steps: installing a rope light adjacent to the utility platform, wherein the rope light is configured to emit a light via a plurality of light emitters disposed along the rope light; and installing a power source with the utility platform such that the power source is configured to provide electrical power to the rope light, wherein the power source is electrically isolated so as to prevent a potentially hazardous discharge of electricity. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the following steps: molding a channel into a sidewall of the utility platform, wherein the channel is disposed at least in part on the interior of the utility platform; and placing the rope light within the channel, wherein the channel keeps the rope light aligned in a desired orientation within the utility platform. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the following steps: molding a channel into an insulative liner; placing the insulative liner within the utility platform, wherein at least a portion of the rope light is disposed within the channel and between the insulative liner and the utility platform, wherein the insulative liner is substantially translucent such that at least a portion of the light from the rope light can be observed by a utility worker through the insulative liner.",
-    "A method, system, and apparatus for temporarily disarming a barrier alarm in a security system. In one embodiment, a method is described, performed by a barrier alarm in communication with a central controller, where the barrier alarm receives a first signal from a user interface on the barrier alarm to disarm the barrier alarm, disables the barrier alarm in response to receiving the indication, and re-arming the barrier alarm upon receipt of a second signal from a sensor that forms part of the barrier alarm. 1. A method performed by a barrier alarm in communication with a central controller, comprising: receiving a first signal, by a processor within the barrier alarm from a user interface on the barrier alarm, to disarm the barrier alarm; disabling, by the processor, the barrier alarm in response to receiving the indication; and re-arming, by the processor, the barrier alarm upon receipt of a second signal from a sensor that forms part of the barrier alarm. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting a message by a transmitter within the barrier alarm to the central controller indicating that the barrier alarm has been disarmed. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing an indication, on the barrier alarm, that the barrier alarm has been disarmed. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the user interface comprises a pushbutton located on the barrier alarm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein re-arming the barrier comprises: comparing, by the processor, the second signal to one or more parameters stored in a memory; determining whether the comparison indicates that a predetermined condition has occurred by the processor; and re-arming the barrier alarm by the processor, if the predetermined condition has occurred. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second signal comprises an indication of a deceleration of the barrier alarm; comparing the signal to a threshold deceleration; and determining that the second signal exceeds the predetermined threshold deceleration by the processor; wherein the predetermined condition comprises detection that the second signal has exceeded the predetermined threshold deceleration by the processor. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal comprises an indication of a magnetic field proximate the barrier alarm. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal comprises an indication of a deceleration of the barrier alarm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein disarming the barrier alarm comprises: disabling the sensor by the processor. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein disarming the barrier alarm comprises: ignoring, by the processor, the second signal provided by the sensor. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein disarming the barrier alarm comprises: changing one or more parameters used to determine if an alarm condition has occurred. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier alarm comprises a transmitter, and disarming the barrier alarm comprises: disabling the transmitter. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: re-enabling the transmitter to transmit heartbeat messages to the central controller. 14. A method performed by a central controller for temporarily ignoring local alarm signals from a barrier alarm in communication with the central controller, comprising: receiving, by the central controller, a command from the barrier alarm for the central controller to ignore subsequent local alarm signals from the barrier alarm; after receipt of the command, receiving a local alarm signal from the barrier alarm; and refraining from performing one or more actions normally taken by the central controller in response to receiving a local alarm signal from the barrier alarm. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein one of the one or more actions comprises notifying a remote monitoring station of the local alarm signal. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: providing an indication to a user, by a status indicator located on the central controller, that the central controller is temporarily ignoring local alarm signals transmitted by the barrier alarm. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: receiving a second command, by the central controller, from the barrier alarm for the central controller to enter a normal mode of operation with respect to the barrier alarm, the normal mode of operation providing for the central controller to notify the remote monitoring station of a subsequent local alarm signal. 18. A barrier alarm having a capability of being temporary disarmed, the barrier alarm in communication with a central controller, the barrier alarm for monitoring signals provided by a sensor associated with the barrier alarm, comprising: a sensor for detecting when a barrier monitored by the barrier alarm is in a closed position; a user input device for receiving an indication from a user to disarm the barrier alarm; a memory for storing processor-executable instructions; and a processor for executing the processor-executable instructions that causes the barrier alarm to: disarm the barrier alarm in response to receiving the indication by the processor; and re-arm the barrier alarm upon receipt of a signal from the sensor by the processor. 19. The barrier alarm of claim 18, further comprising: a transmitter; wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that cause the transmitter to transmit a message to the central controller indicating that the barrier alarm has been disarmed in response to disarming the barrier alarm by the processor. 20. The barrier alarm of claim 18, further comprising: a status indicator; wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that cause the barrier alarm to provide a second signal to the status indicator, indicating that the barrier alarm has been disarmed. 21. The barrier alarm of claim 18, wherein the user input device comprises a pushbutton located on the barrier alarm. 22. The barrier alarm of claim 17, wherein the signal from the sensor is generated as a result of the barrier being placed into a closed position. 23. The barrier alarm of claim 22, wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that cause the barrier alarm to: compare the signal to one or more parameters stored in the memory; determine whether the comparison indicates that the barrier has been placed into the closed position; and re-arm the barrier alarm when the comparison indicates that the barrier has been placed into the closed position. 24. The barrier alarm of claim 22, wherein the sensor comprises a magnetic field detection device that generates the signal when a magnetic field is detected 25. The barrier alarm of claim 22, wherein the sensor comprises an accelerometer that generates the signal when a deceleration is detected. 26. The barrier alarm of claim 18, wherein the processor-executable instructions that cause the barrier alarm to disarm the barrier comprise instructions that cause the barrier alarm to: disable the sensor. 26. The barrier alarm of claim 18, wherein the processor-executable instructions that cause the barrier alarm to disarm the barrier comprise instructions that cause the barrier alarm to: ignore the signal from the sensor. 27. The barrier alarm of claim 18, wherein the processor-executable instructions that cause the barrier alarm to disarm the barrier comprise instructions that cause the barrier alarm to: change one or more parameters used to determine if the signal represents that the barrier has been placed into a closed position. 28. The barrier alarm of claim 18, further comprising: a transmitter; wherein the processor-executable instructions that cause the barrier alarm to disarm the barrier alarm comprise instructions to disable the transmitter. 29. The barrier alarm of claim 28, wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that cause the barrier alarm to: enable the transmitter to only transmit heartbeat messages to the central controller. 30. A central controller for temporarily ignoring local alarm signals from a barrier alarm in communication with the central controller, comprising: a receiver for receiving local alarm signals and commands from the barrier alarm; a memory for storing processor-executable instructions; and a processor for executing the processor-executable instructions that causes the barrier alarm to: receive, by the central controller, a command from the barrier alarm for the central controller to ignore subsequent local alarm signals from the barrier alarm; after receipt of the command, receive a local alarm signal from the barrier alarm; and refrain from performing one or more actions normally taken by the central controller in response to receiving a local alarm signal from the barrier alarm. 31. The central controller of claim 30, wherein one of the one or more actions comprises notifying a remote monitoring station of the local alarm signal. 32. The central controller of claim 30, wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that causes the central controller to: a status indicator; wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that cause the central controller to provide a signal to the status indicator that the central controller is temporarily ignoring local alarm signals from the barrier alarm. 33. The central controller of claim 30, wherein the processor-executable instructions further comprise instructions that causes the central controller to: receive a second command from the barrier alarm for the central controller to enter a normal mode of operation with respect to the barrier alarm, the normal mode of operation providing for the central controller to notify a remote monitoring station of a subsequent local alarm signal received from the barrier alarm.",
-    "An apparatus for storing and dispensing a fluid from a flexible portable fluid container is provided. The apparatus includes a bottom surface and at least one sidewall that defining a cavity configured to receive a flexible portable fluid container. A support member extends from the bottom surface of the body into the cavity to help support the flexible portable fluid container. An extruding member extends outwardly from the outside portion of the sidewall and defines a channel that extends from the inside portion of the sidewall through the extruding member. The channel is sized to receive the spout of the flexible portable fluid container 1. An apparatus for storing and dispensing a fluid, the apparatus comprising: a housing comprising a top portion and a bottom portion, the housing defining a cavity configured to receive a flexible portable fluid container including a spout for dispensing a fluid from within the flexible portable fluid container, wherein top portion comprises an opening to receive a spout of the flexible portable fluid container and the bottom portion comprising an inner surface and an outer surface; and a bottom surface base of the bottom portion of the housing, the bottom surface base comprising a concave surface in the outer surface of the bottom portion of the housing and a plurality of support legs extending from the outside surface of the bottom portion of the housing, the plurality of support legs disposed on the outside surface of the bottom portion of the housing along an edge of the concave surface of the bottom portion. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a stand configured to retain the housing in an elevated position such that the fluid within the flexible portable fluid container flows from the spout of the flexible portable fluid container. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the stand comprises a first upright leg, a second upright leg, and at least one crossbeam disposed between the first upright leg and the second upright leg. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the at least one crossbeam comprises three crossbeams disposed between the first upright leg and the second upright leg. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plurality of support legs disposed on the outside surface of the bottom portion comprise an at least partially flat surface opposite the bottom portion of the housing. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the concave surface in the outer surface of the bottom portion of the housing is configured to engage a top portion of a second apparatus for storing and dispensing a fluid when the apparatus for storing and dispensing the fluid is stacked on the second apparatus. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing is an oblate spheroid shape. 8. An apparatus for storing and dispensing a fluid, the apparatus comprising: a housing comprising a top portion and a bottom portion, the housing defining a cavity configured to receive a flexible portable fluid container including a spout for dispensing a fluid from within the flexible portable fluid container, wherein top portion comprises an opening to receive a spout of the flexible portable fluid container and the bottom portion comprising an inner surface and an outer surface; a bottom surface base of the bottom portion of the housing, the bottom surface base comprising a concave surface in the outer surface of the bottom portion of the housing and a plurality of support legs extending from the outside surface of the bottom portion of the housing, the plurality of support legs disposed on the outside surface of the bottom portion of the housing along an edge of the concave surface of the bottom portion; and a stand configured to retain the housing in an elevated position such that the fluid within the flexible portable fluid container flows from the spout of the flexible portable fluid container. 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the stand comprises a first upright leg, a second upright leg, and at least one crossbeam disposed between the first upright leg and the second upright leg. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the at least one crossbeam comprises three crossbeams disposed between the first upright leg and the second upright leg. 11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the plurality of support legs disposed on the outside surface of the bottom portion comprise an at least partially flat surface opposite the bottom portion of the housing. 12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the concave surface in the outer surface of the bottom portion of the housing is configured to engage a top portion of a second apparatus for storing and dispensing a fluid when the apparatus for storing and dispensing the fluid is stacked on the second apparatus. 13. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the housing is an oblate spheroid shape. 14. An apparatus for storing and dispensing a fluid, the apparatus comprising: an upper housing unit comprising a top portion and a bottom portion defining a cavity configured to receive a first flexible portable fluid container including a spout for dispensing a fluid from within the flexible portable fluid container and a bottom surface base comprising a concave surface in an outer surface of the bottom portion of the upper housing unit and a plurality of support legs extending from the outside surface of the bottom portion of the upper housing unit; and a lower housing unit comprising a top portion and a bottom portion defining a cavity configured to receive a second flexible portable fluid container including a spout for dispensing a fluid from within the flexible portable fluid container and a bottom surface base comprising a concave surface in an outer surface of the bottom portion of the lower housing unit and a plurality of support legs extending from the outside surface of the bottom portion of the lower housing unit; wherein the upper housing unit and the lower housing unit are stacked such that the upper housing unit rests on the lower housing unit. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the concave surface in the outer surface of the bottom portion of the upper housing unit is configured to engage a corresponding convex portion of the top portion of the lower housing unit. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the plurality of support legs disposed on the outside surface of the bottom portion of the lower housing unit comprise an at least partially flat surface opposite the bottom portion of the lower housing unit.",
-    "A method for derivation of a temporal motion data (TMD) candidate for a prediction unit (PU) in video encoding or video decoding is provided. The derived TMD candidate is for inclusion in an inter-prediction candidate list for the PU. The method includes determining a primary TMD position relative to a co-located PU in a co-located largest coding unit (LCU), wherein the co-located PU is a block in a reference picture having a same size, shape, and coordinates as the PU, and selecting at least some motion data of a secondary TMD position as the TMD candidate when the primary TMD position is in a bottom neighboring LCU or in a bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU, wherein the secondary TMD position is determined relative to the co-located PU. 1. A method for derivation of a temporal motion data (TMD) candidate for a prediction unit (PU) in video encoding or video decoding, the TMD candidate for inclusion in an inter-prediction candidate list for the PU, the method comprising: determining a primary TMD position relative to a co-located PU in a co-located largest coding unit (LCU), wherein the co-located PU is a block in a reference picture having a same size, shape, and coordinates as the PU; selecting at least some motion data of a secondary TMD position as the TMD candidate when the primary TMD position is in a bottom neighboring LCU or in a bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU, wherein the secondary TMD position is determined relative to the co-located PU. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining an alternative TMD position relative to the co-located PU when the primary TMD position is in the bottom neighboring LCU or in the bottom right neighboring LCU; and selecting at least some motion data of the alternative TMD position as the TMD candidate when the motion data of the alternative TMD position is available, wherein selecting at least some motion data of a secondary TMD position comprises selecting at least some of the motion data of the secondary TMD position as the TMD candidate when the primary TMD position is in the bottom neighboring LCU or in the bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU and when the motion data of the alternative TMD position is not available. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the primary TMD position is a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU, and the secondary TMD position is inside the co-located PU. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the secondary TMD position is one selected from an upper left central position inside the co-located PU and a bottom right central position inside the co-located PU. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the primary TMD position is a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU, the secondary TMD position is inside the co-located PU, and the alternative TMD position is one selected from a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU and inside the co-located LCU row and a bottom right position inside the co-located PU. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the TMD candidate is one selected from a group consisting of a temporal merging candidate and a temporal motion vector predictor (MVP) candidate. 7. A method for derivation of a temporal merging candidate for a prediction unit (PU) in video encoding or video decoding, the temporal merging candidate for inclusion in a merging candidate list for the PU, the method comprising: determining a primary temporal motion data (TMD) position relative to a co-located PU in a co-located largest coding unit (LCU), wherein the co-located PU is a block in a reference picture having a same size, shape, and coordinates as the PU and the primary TMD position is a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU; and selecting motion data of a secondary TMD position as the temporal merging candidate when the primary TMD position is in a bottom neighboring LCU or in a bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU, wherein the secondary TMD position is inside the co-located PU. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining an alternative TMD position relative to the co-located PU when the primary TMD position is in the bottom neighboring LCU or in the bottom right neighboring LCU, wherein the alternative TMD position is one selected from a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU and inside the co-located LCU row and a bottom right position inside the co-located PU; and selecting motion data of the alternative TMD position as the temporal merging candidate when the motion data of the alternative TMD position is available, wherein selecting motion data of a secondary TMD position comprises selecting the motion data of the secondary TMD position as the temporal merging candidate when the primary TMD position is in the bottom neighboring LCU or in the bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU and when the motion data of the alternative TMD position is not available. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the secondary TMD position is one selected from an upper left central position inside the co-located PU and a bottom right central position inside the co-located PU. 10. A method for derivation of a temporal motion vector predictor (MVP) candidate for a prediction unit (PU) in video encoding or video decoding, the temporal MVP candidate for inclusion in an advanced MVP (AMVP) candidate list for the PU, the method comprising: determining a primary temporal motion data (TMD) position relative to a co-located PU in a co-located largest coding unit (LCU), wherein the co-located PU is a block in a reference picture having a same size, shape, and coordinates as the PU and the primary TMD position is a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU; and selecting motion vector data from motion data of a secondary TMD position as the temporal MVP candidate when the primary TMD position is in a bottom neighboring LCU or in a bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU, wherein the secondary TMD position is inside the co-located PU. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: determining an alternative TMD position relative to the co-located PU when the primary TMD position is in the bottom neighboring LCU or in the bottom right neighboring LCU, wherein the alternative TMD position is one selected from a bottom right neighboring position outside the co-located PU and inside the co-located LCU row and a bottom right position inside the co-located PU; and selecting motion data of the alternative TMD position as the temporal MVP candidate when the motion data of the alternative TMD position is available, wherein selecting motion data of a secondary TMD position comprises selecting the motion data of the secondary TMD position as the temporal MVP candidate when the primary TMD position is in the bottom neighboring LCU or in the bottom right neighboring LCU of the co-located LCU and when the motion data of the alternative TMD position is not available. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the secondary TMD position is one selected from an upper left central position inside the co-located PU and a bottom right central position inside the co-located PU.",
-    "An electronic device may have a housing in which components such as a display are mounted. A strain gauge may be mounted on a layer of the display such as a cover layer or may be mounted on a portion of the housing or other support structure. The layer of material on which the strain gauge is mounted may be configured to flex in response to pressure applied by a finger of a user. The strain gauge may serve as a button for the electronic device or may form part of other input circuitry. A differential amplifier and analog-to-digital converter circuit may be used to gather and process strain gauge signals. The strain gauge may be formed form variable resistor structures that make up part of a bridge circuit that is coupled to the differential amplifier. The bridge circuit may be configured to reduce the impact of capacitively coupled noise. 1. An electronic device, comprising: a display; a display cover layer, wherein the display cover layer comprises first and second ends; a strain gauge having first and second variable resistors formed on an interior surface of the display cover layer; and a differential amplifier that receives signals from the first and second variable resistors, wherein the first and second variable resistors are located at the second end of the display cover layer, and wherein the first and second variable resistor structures are configured to serve as a button for the electronic device. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the button is formed on a front face of the electronic device, and wherein the button is the only button formed on the front face of the electronic device. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 1, further comprising a speaker port located at the first end of the display cover layer. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the first and second variable resistors have different shapes. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the first and second variable resistors have different sizes. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the electronic device further comprises a coupling pad in the strain gauge that is coupled to the first resistor. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the display is a touch sensitive display with an array of touch sensors. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the button is a button selected from the group consisting of: a menu button, a volume button, and a power button. 9. A cellular telephone, comprising: housing; a display in the housing that forms a front face of the cellular telephone; a display cover layer; a strain gauge having first and second variable resistors formed on an interior surface of the display cover layer; and a differential amplifier that receives signals from the first and second variable resistors. 10. The cellular telephone defined in claim 9, further comprising a speaker port formed on the front face of the cellular telephone. 11. The cellular telephone defined in claim 10, further comprising a data port formed in the housing. 12. The cellular telephone defined in claim 11, wherein the display cover layer has first and second opposing ends, wherein the first and second variable resistors are located at the second end of the display cover layer, and wherein the first and second variable resistor structures are configured to serve as a button for the electronic device. 13. The cellular telephone defined in claim 12, wherein the button is the only button formed on the front face of the electronic device. 14. An electronic device comprising: a display; a display cover layer; a strain gauge having first and second variable resistors formed on an interior surface of the display cover layer; and a differential amplifier that receives signals from the first and second variable resistors, wherein the first and second variable resistors have different shapes. 15. The electronic device defined in claim 14, wherein the display cover layer is configured to flex in response to pressure from a finger of a user. 16. The electronic device defined in claim 14, wherein the first variable resistor has a first size, and wherein the second variable resistor has a second size that is equal to the first size. 17. The electronic device defined in claim 14, wherein the first and second variable resistors have different sizes. 18. An electronic device comprising: a display; a display cover layer; a strain gauge having first and second variable resistors formed on an interior surface of the display cover layer; and a differential amplifier that receives signals from the first and second variable resistors, wherein the first variable resistor overlaps the second variable resistor. 19. The electronic device defined in claim 18, wherein the second variable resistor is positioned directly beneath the first variable resistor. 20. The electronic device defined in claim 19, wherein the first and second variable resistors have equal size and shape.",
-    "An apparatus and methodology is presented for magnetically conditioning any hydrocarbon based fluid flowing through a conduit or pipe. The object of the invention is to advance the art by increasing the range of application, the effectiveness, the simplicity and the ease of use of a magnetic fluid conditioning device. The invention accomplishes this by a unique magnetic and mechanical configuration, not taught in the art or previously known to the applicants. 1. An apparatus for magnetically treating fluid flowing through a conduit, comprising: a conduit having an axis and an exterior surface; a fluid flowing through the conduit; two unit halves, wherein each of the unit halves has a U-shaped channel having two wall sections and a base section, such that the wall sections form a right angle to the base section; wherein the base section of each of the unit halves has a different base width, such that the two wall sections of the first unit half are operable to slide vertically between the two wall sections of the second unit half, leaving an air gap of not more than 2 mm between the wall sections of the unit halves; wherein the base section of each of the unit halves has an interior surface; wherein a spacer made of non-magnetic material is attached to the interior surface of the base section of each of the unit halves; wherein each of the spacers is further attached to a magnetically permeable bar, such that the spacer is interposed between the magnetically permeable bar and the interior surface of the base section of each of the unit halves; wherein each of the unit halves has three or more magnets attached to the magnetically permeable bar, such that the magnetically permeable bar is interposed between the three or more magnets and the spacer; wherein the two unit halves assemble around the conduit such that the axis of the conduit is parallel to the interior surface of the base section of each of the unit halves and is parallel to the interior surface of the two wall sections of each of the unit halves; wherein each of the three or more magnets attached to each of the unit halves has a magnetic pole orientation, a north pole, and a south pole; wherein each of the three or more magnets attached to each of the unit halves has either a north pole or a south pole facing the exterior surface of the conduit; wherein each of the three or more magnets attached to each of the unit halves is positioned in a magnet pair, being directly opposite the conduit from one of the three or more magnets attached to the other unit half; and wherein the magnetic pole orientation of each magnet pair is oriented such that the magnetic pair has one north pole and one south pole facing the exterior surface of the conduit. 2. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the fluid flowing through said conduit is a hydrocarbon based fuel. 3. An apparatus as in claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon based fuel is gasoline. 4. An apparatus as in claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon based fuel is diesel fuel. 5. An apparatus as in claim 2 wherein the conduit is a component of an internal combustion engine. 6. An apparatus as in claim 2 wherein the conduit is a component of a heating system. 7. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of a non-magnetic material selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, gold, aluminum and zinc. 8. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of plastic. 9. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of silver. 10. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of copper. 11. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of gold. 12. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of aluminum. 13. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made of zinc. 14. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein each of the spacers is made from a solid plate of non-magnetic material. 15. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the spacer completely surrounds the magnets and magnetically permeable bar, forming an enclosure. 16. An apparatus as in claim 15, wherein the enclosure completely seals off the magnets within from exposure to the exterior operating environment. 17. An apparatus as in claim 16, wherein the enclosure is made of a non-magnetic material selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, gold, aluminum and zinc. 18. An apparatus as in claim 16, wherein the enclosure is made of plastic. 19. An apparatus as in claim 16, wherein each enclosure is retained within its unit half by a pair of parallel retaining bars running the length of the two wall sections. 20. An apparatus as in claim 19, wherein the pair of parallel retaining bars form a stop-limit to the assembly of the unit halves.",
-    "A semiconductor device and a fabricating process for the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes a base layer having a part of a reactive material; and a self-assembled protecting layer of a self-assembled molecule reacting with the reactive material formed over the part. 1. A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, the process comprising: providing a base layer having a surface of a reactive material; forming a protecting structure of a self-assembled molecule having a first etch rate, the self-assembled molecule reacting with the reactive material; forming a dielectric layer of a dielectric material having a second etch rate over the protecting structure, wherein the first etch rate is lower than the second etch rate; and forming an opening through the dielectric layer, the opening extending through the protecting structure. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein forming the protecting structure is performed by a spin-on coating scheme, an atomic layer deposition scheme, or a vapor-based deposition scheme. 3. The process of claim 1, further comprising: removing the self-assembled molecule un-reacting with the reactive material by a solvent prior to forming the dielectric layer; and forming an antireflection layer over the dielectric layer and a hard mask layer over the antireflection layer. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the solvent is one selected from a group consisting essentially of an ethanol-based solvent, an acetone-based solvent, a dimethyl sulfoxide-based solvent and a combination thereof. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the antireflection layer is a layer of nitrogen-free anti-reflective coating (NFARC). 6. The process of claim 3, wherein the hard mask layer is a layer of Ti/TiN. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the self-assembled molecule is one selected from a group consisting of a polymeric molecule, an alkyl thiol molecule, a functionized thiol molecule, a ring thiol molecule, a dithiol molecule, a thiol-based molecule and a combination thereof. 8. The process of claim 1, further comprising forming a conductive layer in the opening, the conductive layer contacting the protecting structure. 9. The process of claim 1, further comprising forming a diffusion barrier layer using a second self-assembled molecule along sidewalls of the opening, the second self-assembled molecule reacting with the dielectric layer. 10. The process of claim 9, further comprising: forming a seed layer over the diffusion barrier layer, wherein the seed layer is one selected from a layer of copper and a layer of copper alloy; and forming a conductive layer over the seed layer, wherein the conductive layer is one selected from a layer of copper, a layer of copper alloy, a layer of tungsten and a layer of aluminum. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the second self-assembled molecule comprises a silane molecule. 12. A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, the process comprising: forming a first layer of self-assembled molecules over a conductive feature, the first layer of self-assembled molecules reacting with the conductive feature forming a first self-assembled protecting layer over the conductive feature; forming a dielectric layer over the first self-assembled protecting layer; forming an opening through the dielectric layer, the opening extending through the first self-assembled protecting layer; and forming a first conductive element in the opening, the first conductive element electrically coupled to the conductive feature. 13. The process of claim 12, further comprising, prior to forming the first conductive element, forming a second layer of self-assembled molecules along sidewalls of the dielectric layer, the second layer of self-assembled molecules reacting with the dielectric layer forming a second self-assembled protecting layer along sidewalls of the dielectric layer. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the first conductive element contacts the conductive feature. 15. The process of claim 13, further comprising: forming a trench in the dielectric layer, the trench having a depth less than a thickness of the dielectric layer; forming a third self-assembled protecting layer along sidewalls and a bottom of the trench; and forming a second conductive element in the trench. 16. The process of claim 15, further comprising planarizing the first conductive element and the second conductive element such that upper surfaces of the first conductive element, the second conductive element, the first self-assembled protecting layer and the second self-assembled protecting layer are level. 17. A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, the process comprising: forming a first self-assembled layer over a conductive feature, portions of the first self-assembled layer reacting with the conductive feature to form a first self-assembled protecting structure; forming a dielectric layer over the first self-assembled protecting structure; forming an opening through the dielectric layer, the opening exposing the conductive feature; forming a second self-assembled layer along sidewalls of the dielectric layer in the opening, portions the second self-assembled layer reacting with the dielectric layer to form a second self-assembled protecting structure; and filling the opening with a conductive material, the conductive material electrically coupled to the conductive feature. 18. The process of claim 17, further comprising removing unreacted portions of the first self-assembled layer. 19. The process of claim 17, further comprising, prior to forming the opening: forming an antireflection layer over the dielectric layer; and forming a mask layer over the antireflection layer. 20. The process of claim 17, wherein forming the first self-assembled layer comprises depositing a self-assembled molecule over the conductive feature, the self-assembled molecule being a polymeric molecule, an alkyl thiol molecule, a functionized thiol molecule, a ring thiol molecule, a dithiol molecule, a thiol-based molecule, or a combination thereof.",
-    "A display device includes a display panel, a light shielding plate having an opening, a protective plate, and a coordinate input device having a transparent substrate, and a first flexible interconnect substrate. The coordinate input device is disposed on the display panel at the side of a display screen, and each of the light shielding plate and the protective plate is arranged on the coordinate input device on the opposite side of the display panel. The coordinate input device has first signal interconnects and a second signal interconnect disposed outside the first signal interconnects but near a peripheral edge of the transparent substrate. The second signal interconnect is formed of a thin conductive film disposed along a peripheral edge portion of the transparent substrate, and is disposed along the peripheral edge of three sides of the transparent substrate. 1. A display device comprising: a coordinate input substrate having detection electrodes disposed in a detection region, and first interconnects outside the detection region; a protective plate on the coordinate input substrate; a light shielding material which has an opening and is disposed between the coordinate input substrate and the protective plate; and a first flexible substrate electrically connected to the coordinate input substrate, wherein the coordinate input substrate has a second interconnect, a first electrode, and a second electrode, wherein the second interconnect surrounds the detection region and is formed outside the interconnects, wherein the first electrode is formed at one end of the second interconnect, wherein the second electrode is formed at the other end of the second interconnect, wherein the second interconnect is disposed along a peripheral edge of at least three sides of the coordinate input substrate, wherein a display region is surrounded by the second interconnect, wherein the first electrode is electrically connected with a third electrode on the first flexible substrate, or the second electrode is electrically connected with a fourth electrode on the first flexible substrate, wherein the opening of the light shielding material is larger than the display region and surrounds the display region, and wherein the light shielding material overlaps the second interconnect along the peripheral edge of at least the three sides of the coordinate input substrate in a plan view. 2. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising a display panel having the display region, wherein the coordinate input substrate is disposed between the display panel and the protective plate. 3. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising a first semiconductor chip, wherein a third interconnect and the first semiconductor chip are disposed on the first flexible substrate, wherein the third electrode is formed at one end of the third interconnect, wherein a fifth electrode is formed at the other end of the third interconnect, and wherein the first semiconductor chip doesn't overlap the third interconnect and the fifth electrode in a plan view. 4. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the first semiconductor chip drives the coordinate input substrate. 5. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the third interconnect extends from the third electrode to the fifth terminal along an edge of the first flexible substrate and is disposed between the first semiconductor chip and the edge of the first flexible substrate. 6. The display device according to claim 3, wherein a fourth interconnect is disposed on the first flexible substrate, wherein the fourth electrode is formed at one end of the fourth interconnect, wherein a sixth electrode is formed at the other end of the fourth interconnect, wherein the first semiconductor chip is disposed between the third interconnect and the fourth interconnect in plan view, and wherein the first semiconductor chip doesn't overlap the fourth interconnect and the sixth terminal in a plan view. 7. The display device according to claim 3, wherein the first flexile substrate supplies driving signals to the detection electrodes via the first interconnects and receives detection signals corresponding to a contact position from the detection electrodes. 8. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the display panel comprises: a first substrate on which a plurality of video signal lines and a plurality of scanning signal lines intersecting the video signal lines are formed; and a second flexible substrate electrically connected to the first substrate, wherein a plurality of seventh electrodes, a fifth interconnect, an eighth electrode and ninth electrode are formed on the first substrate, wherein the seventh electrodes receive video signals and scanning signals from an external system, the eighth electrode is formed at one end of the fifth interconnect, and the ninth electrode formed at the other end of the fifth interconnect, wherein a plurality of tenth electrodes, a eleventh electrode, twelfth electrode are formed on the second flexible substrate, and the plurality of tenth electrodes are formed between the eleventh electrode and the twelfth electrode, wherein the tenth electrodes are connected to the seventh electrodes, the eleventh electrode is connected to the eighth electrode, the twelfth electrode is connected to the ninth electrode, and wherein the fifth interconnect is disposed along a peripheral edge of at least three sides of the first substrate. 9. The display device according to claim 8, wherein the display panel further comprises a second semiconductor chip receiving the video signals, supplying display signals to the video signal lines, and controlling the video signal lines and the scanning signal lines, wherein the second semiconductor chip is formed on the first substrate and is surrounded by the fifth interconnect. 10. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the opening of the light shielding material is smaller than the detection region of the coordinate input substrate. 11. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising: a sixth interconnect surrounds the detection region and is formed outside the first interconnects, wherein the sixth interconnect is electrically connected with the first flexible substrate, and wherein the sixth interconnect is disposed along a peripheral edge of at least three sides of the coordinate input substrate. 12. A coordinate input device comprising: a coordinate input substrate having detection electrodes disposed in a detection region, and first interconnects outside the detection region; and a first flexible substrate electrically connected to the coordinate input substrate, wherein the coordinate input substrate has a second interconnect, a first electrode, and a second electrode, wherein the second interconnect surrounds the detection region and is formed outside the first interconnects, wherein the first electrode is formed at one end of the second interconnect, wherein the second electrode is formed at the other end of the second interconnect, wherein the second interconnect is disposed along a peripheral edge of at least three sides of the coordinate input substrate, and wherein the first electrode is electrically connected with a third electrode on the first flexible substrate, or the second electrode is electrically connected with a fourth electrode on the first flexible substrate. 13. The coordinate input device according to claim 12, further comprising a first semiconductor chip, wherein a third interconnect and the first semiconductor chip are disposed on the first flexible substrate, wherein the third electrode is formed at one end of the third interconnect, wherein a fifth electrode is formed at the other end of the third interconnect, and wherein the first semiconductor chip doesn't overlap the third interconnect and the fifth electrode in a plan view. 14. The coordinate input device according to claim 13, wherein the first semiconductor chip drives the coordinate input substrate. 15. The coordinate input device according to claim 13, wherein the third interconnect extends from the third electrode to the fifth electrode along an edge of the first flexible substrate and is disposed between the first semiconductor chip and the edge of the first flexible substrate. 16. The coordinate input device according to claim 13, wherein a fourth interconnect is disposed on the first flexible, substrate, wherein the fourth electrode is formed at one end of the fourth interconnect, wherein a sixth electrode is formed at the other end of the fourth interconnect, wherein the first semiconductor chip is disposed between the third interconnect and the fourth interconnect in plan view, and wherein the first semiconductor chip doesn't overlap the sixth electrode and the fourth interconnect in plan view. 17. The coordinate input device according to claim 12, wherein the opening of the light shielding material is smaller than the detection region of the coordinate input substrate. 18. The coordinate input device according to claim 17, wherein the first flexile substrate supplies driving signals to the detection electrodes via the first interconnects and receives detection signals corresponding to a contact position from the detection electrodes. 19. The coordinate input device according to claim 12, further comprising: a sixth interconnect surrounds the detection region and is formed outside the first interconnects, wherein the sixth interconnect is electrically connected with the first flexible substrate, and wherein sixth interconnect is disposed along a peripheral edge of at least three sides of the coordinate input substrate.",
-    "A connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics includes: at least two pieces of fabric, a first adhesive layer, and a first waterproof rubberized layer. Each piece of fabric sequentially includes an inner mesh fabric layer, a breathable and waterproof layer, a breathable layer and an outer fabric layer. The breathable layer includes a plurality of air holes to communicate with the breathable and waterproof layer, the first adhesive layer is fixed to a connecting position of each pieces of fabric, and the first waterproof rubberized layer is fixed to the inner mesh fabric layer and coated with a second adhesive layer, so that the second adhesive layer and the first adhesive layer being adhered to each other, so as to connect the first waterproof rubberized layer to the at least two pieces of fabric. 1. A connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics, comprising: at least two pieces of fabric, and each of the at least two pieces of fabric sequentially including an inner mesh fabric layer, a breathable and waterproof layer, a breathable layer and an outer fabric layer, wherein the inner mesh fabric layer is located towards user's skin, and the outer fabric layer is located towards outside, the breathable layer includes a plurality of air holes to communicate with the breathable and waterproof layer; a first adhesive layer fixed to a connecting position of each of the at least two pieces of fabric; and a first waterproof rubberized layer fixed to the inner mesh fabric layer of each of the at least two pieces of fabric, and being coated with a second adhesive layer, so that the second adhesive layer and the first adhesive layer being adhered to each other, so as to connect the first waterproof rubberized layer to the at least two pieces of fabric. 2. The connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a second waterproof rubberized layer which is fixed to the inner mesh fabric layer and the first waterproof rubberized layer of each of the at least two pieces of fabric, and is coated with a third adhesive layer which is located towards the inner mesh fabric layer and the first waterproof rubberized layer, so that the second waterproof rubberized layer is tightly adhered to the inner mesh fabric layer and the first waterproof rubberized layer of each of the at least two pieces of fabric. 3. The connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer fabric layer is made of foamed material. 4. The connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics as claimed in claim 3, wherein the foamed material is rubber. 5. The connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics as claimed in claim 1, wherein the breathable and waterproof layer includes a plurality of pores, and a diameter of each of the pores is smaller than a diameter of liquid molecule and larger than a diameter of gas molecule. 6. The connecting structure for connecting waterproof breathable and warm keeping fabrics as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inner mesh fabric layer is provided with a plurality of micro holes.",
-    "A system includes an engine, a motor and a transmission coupled to the engine and the motor and that can be shifted from a first gear ratio to a second gear ratio. The system also includes an ECU that may receive or generate a shift command corresponding to an instruction for the transmission to shift from the first gear ratio to the second gear ratio and may determine a target engine speed corresponding to a desired speed of the engine when the transmission shifts from the first gear ratio to the second gear ratio. The ECU may control the motor to adjust the motor torque such that the motor torque causes the engine speed to become close or equal to the target engine speed and may cause the transmission to shift to the second gear ratio when the engine speed is within a threshold of the target engine speed. 1. A system for increasing efficiency of a vehicle comprising: an engine configured to convert fuel to engine torque at an engine speed; a motor configured to convert electrical energy into motor torque; a transmission coupled to the engine and the motor and configured to be shifted from a first gear ratio to a second gear ratio; and an electronic control unit (ECU) coupled to the engine, the motor and the transmission and configured to: receive or generate a shift command corresponding to an instruction for the transmission to shift from the first gear ratio to the second gear ratio, determine a target engine speed that corresponds to a desired speed of the engine when the transmission shifts from the first gear ratio to the second gear ratio, control the motor to adjust the motor torque such that the motor torque causes the engine speed to become close or equal to the target engine speed, and cause the transmission to shift to the second gear ratio when the engine speed is within a threshold of the target engine speed. 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a sensor coupled to the engine and to the ECU and configured to detect the engine speed. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the motor is a starter motor usable to start the engine. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the motor is a motor-generator and is further configured to convert torque into electrical energy when in a regeneration mode. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the shift from the first gear ratio to the second gear ratio is an upshift and wherein the ECU is configured to adjust the motor torque by controlling the motor-generator to at least one of operate in the regeneration mode or output torque in a reverse direction of engine rotation to cause the engine speed to decrease. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the shift from the first gear ratio to the second gear ratio is a downshift and wherein the ECU is configured to control the motor to increase the motor torque to cause the engine speed to increase. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the ECU is further configured to start a timer when the ECU receives or generates the shift command and to cause the transmission to shift to the second gear ratio when the timer expires if the engine speed does not reach a speed within the threshold of the target engine speed before the timer expires. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the ECU causes the engine speed to become close or equal to the target engine speed without adjusting a throttle position of the engine. 9. A hybrid vehicle for performing efficient shifts comprising: an engine configured to rotate at an engine speed; a motor-generator coupled to the engine and configured to convert electrical energy into motor torque such that the engine speed can be controlled by adjusting the motor torque; a transmission coupled to at least one of the engine or the motor-generator, having a plurality of gears and configured to downshift and to upshift between the plurality of gears; and an electronic control unit (ECU) coupled to the motor-generator and the transmission and configured to: receive or generate a shift command corresponding to an instruction for the transmission to upshift or to downshift, determine a target engine speed corresponding to a desired speed of the engine when the upshift or the downshift occurs, and control the motor-generator to adjust the motor torque to cause the engine speed to become close or equal to the target engine speed. 10. The hybrid vehicle of claim 9 further comprising a sensor coupled to the engine and to the ECU and configured to detect the engine speed. 11. The hybrid vehicle of claim 9 wherein the ECU is configured to control the motor-generator to at least one of operate in a regeneration mode in which torque is converted into electrical energy or to output torque in a reverse direction of engine rotation to cause the engine speed to decrease when the shift command corresponds to the upshift. 12. The hybrid vehicle of claim 9 wherein the ECU is configured to control the motor-generator to increase the motor torque to cause the engine speed to increase when the shift command corresponds to the downshift. 13. The hybrid vehicle of claim 9 wherein the ECU is further configured to start a timer when the ECU receives or generates the shift command and to cause the transmission to upshift or downshift when the timer expires if the engine speed does not reach a speed within a threshold of the target engine speed before the timer expires. 14. The hybrid vehicle of claim 9 wherein the ECU causes the engine speed to become close or equal to the target engine speed without adjusting a throttle position of the engine. 15. A method for increasing efficiency of a vehicle comprising: receiving or generating, by an electronic control unit (ECU), a shift command corresponding to an instruction for a geared component to shift from a first gear to a second gear; determining, by the ECU, a target engine speed that corresponds to a desired speed of an engine when the geared component shifts from the first gear to the second gear; controlling, by the ECU, a motor to adjust an amount of torque to cause a rotational speed of the engine to become close or equal to the target engine speed; and controlling, by the ECU, the geared component to shift to the second gear when the rotational speed of the engine is within a threshold of the target engine speed. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the geared component is positioned between a transmission of the vehicle and an axle of the vehicle. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising controlling, by the ECU, the motor to at least one of operate in a regeneration mode to convert torque into electrical energy or to output torque in a reverse direction of engine rotation to cause the rotational speed of the engine to decrease when the shift to the second gear is an upshift. 18. The method of claim 15 further comprising controlling the motor to increase the amount of torque to cause the rotational speed of the engine to increase when the shift to the second gear is a downshift. 19. The method of claim 15 further comprising: starting, by the ECU, a timer in response to receiving or generating the shift command, and controlling, by the ECU, the geared component to shift to the second gear when the timer expires if the rotational speed of the engine does not reach a speed within the threshold of the target engine speed before the timer expires. 20. The method of claim 15 further comprising controlling, by the ECU, a throttle of the engine to remain in a current position between receiving or generating the shift command and controlling the geared component to shift to the second gear.",
-    "Systems and devices are described for quickly connecting an external device to a flow control device. In some examples, a liquid flow control device is provided that includes a quick connect-disconnect male coupler, and a quick connect-disconnect female coupler is provided for connecting to the male coupler. Together, the quick connect-disconnect male coupler and the quick connect-disconnect female coupler form a quick connect-disconnect coupling. The quick connect-disconnect coupling allows the external device to be easily connected and disconnected to the flow-control device. 1. A liquid flow control device, comprising: a first end for receiving a liquid from a liquid source, the first end including a connection component, the connection component being configured to connect to the liquid source; a second end providing an exit point for the liquid from the liquid flow control device, the second end including a male coupler connection component, the male coupler connection component having a groove circumscribing an outer circumference of the second end for securing a female coupler connection component to the male coupler connection component, wherein the male coupler connection component and the female coupler connection component form a quick connect-disconnect coupling; a body connecting the first end and the second end; and a regulator for regulating flow of the liquid from the first end to the second end, the regulator being coupled to the body. 2. The liquid flow control device of claim 1, wherein the regulator includes: a stem for controlling an amount of liquid flowing from the first end to the second end; and a lever coupled to the stem, the lever being adjustable to rotate the stem to increase or decrease the amount of liquid flowing from the first end to the second end. 3. The liquid flow control device of claim 1, wherein the regulator further includes: a bonnet including threading on an inner portion of the bonnet for mounting to outer threading of a gland nut; and the gland nut circumscribing the stem. 4. The liquid flow control device of claim 1, wherein the regulator includes a ball valve. 5. The liquid flow control device of claim 1, wherein the female coupler connection component is part of a quick connect-disconnect female coupler, the female coupler connection component having one or more protuberances for securing to the groove circumscribing the outer circumference of the male coupler connection component of the liquid flow control device, wherein the quick connect-disconnect female coupler includes a second end providing an exit point for the liquid from the quick connect-disconnect female coupler, the second end including a connection component configured to connect to an external device. 6. The liquid flow control device of claim 5, wherein the one or more protuberances of the female coupler connection component include a plurality of ball bearings seated in concave openings at the first end. 7. The liquid flow control device of claim 5, wherein the connection component of the second end of the quick connect-disconnect female coupler includes internal threads for securing the second end to threads of the external device. 8. The liquid flow control device of claim 5, wherein the connection component of the second end of the quick connect-disconnect female coupler includes one or more protuberances for securing to a groove around an outer circumference of a male coupler connection component of the external device. 9. A quick-connect liquid transport system, comprising: a liquid flow control device including: a first end for receiving a liquid from a liquid source, the first end including a connection component, the connection component being configured to connect to the liquid source; a second end providing an exit point for the liquid from the liquid flow control device, the second end including a male coupler connection component, the male coupler connection component having a groove circumscribing an outer circumference of the second end for securing a female coupler connection component to the male coupler connection component, wherein the male coupler connection component and the female coupler connection component form a quick connect-disconnect coupling; a body connecting the first end and the second end; and a regulator for regulating flow of the liquid from the first end to the second end, the regulator being coupled to the body; and a quick connect-disconnect female coupler, including: a first end for receiving a liquid from the liquid flow control device, the first end including the female coupler connection component, the female coupler connection component having one or more protuberances for securing to the groove circumscribing the outer circumference of the male coupler connection component of the liquid flow control device; and a second end providing an exit point for the liquid from the quick connect-disconnect female coupler, the second end including a connection component, the connection component being configured to connect to an external device. 10. The quick-connect liquid transport system of claim 9, wherein the regulator includes: a stem for controlling an amount of liquid flowing from the first end of the liquid flow control device to the second end of the liquid flow control device; and a lever coupled to the stem, the lever being adjustable to rotate the stem to increase or decrease the amount of liquid flowing from the first end of the liquid flow control device to the second end of the liquid flow control device. 11. The quick-connect liquid transport system of claim 9, wherein the regulator further includes: a bonnet including threading on an inner portion of the bonnet for mounting to outer threading of a gland nut; and the gland nut circumscribing the stem. 12. The quick-connect liquid transport system of claim 9, wherein the regulator includes a ball valve. 13. The quick-connect liquid transport system of claim 9, wherein the one or more protuberances of the female coupler connection component include a plurality of ball bearings seated in concave openings at the first end. 14. The quick-connect liquid transport system of claim 9, wherein the connection component of the second end of the quick connect-disconnect female coupler includes internal threads for securing the second end to threads of the external device. 15. The quick-connect liquid transport system of claim 9, wherein the connection component of the second end of the quick connect-disconnect female coupler includes one or more protuberances for securing to a groove around an outer circumference of a male coupler connection component of the external device.",
-    "The present invention relates to compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pump systems wherein the composition comprises a fluoroolefin and at least one other component. The compositions of the present invention are useful in processes for producing cooling or heat, as heat transfer fluids, foam blowing agents, aerosol propellants, and fire suppression and fire extinguishing agents. 1-5. (canceled) 6. A composition consisting essentially of trans-HFC-1234ze and HFC-32; or trans-HFC-1234ze, HFC-32 and HFC-125; wherein said trans-HFC-1234ze is present at about 20 weight percent to about 99 weight percent. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein said trans-HFC-1234ze is present at about 40 weight percent to about 99 weight percent. 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein said trans-HFC-1234ze is present at about 50 weight percent to about 99 weight percent. 9. The composition of claim 6, consisting essentially of about 40 weight percent to about 99 weight percent trans-HFO-1234ze and about 60 weight percent to about 1 weight percent HFC-32. 10. The composition of claim 6, selected from the group consisting of: about 95 weight percent trans-HFC-1234ze and about 5 weight percent HFC-32; about 30 weight percent HFC-32, about 50 weight percent HFC-125, and about 20 weight percent trans-HFC-1234ze; and about 23 weight percent HFC-32, about 25 weight percent HFC-125, and about 52 weight percent trans-HFC-1234ze. 11. The composition of claim 6, further comprising a lubricant selected from the group consisting of polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, mineral oil, alkylbenzenes, synthetic paraffins, synthetic napthenes, and poly(alpha)olefins. 12. The composition of claim 6, further comprising a stabilizer, water scavenger, or odor masking agent. 13. The composition of claim 6, wherein said stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitromethane, hindered phenols, hydroxylamines, thiols, phosphites and lactones. 14. A method of producing cooling, said method comprising: evaporating said composition of claim 6 in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and thereafter condensing said composition. 15. A method of producing heat, said method comprising: condensing said composition of claim 6 in the vicinity of a body to be heated and thereafter evaporating said composition. 16. A method for replacing a high GWP refrigerant in a refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus, wherein said high GWP refrigerant is R410A, said method comprising providing the composition of claim 6 to said refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus that uses, used or is designed to use said high GWP refrigerant. 17. A method of using the composition of claim 6 as a heat transfer fluid composition, said process comprising comprises transporting said composition from a heat source to a heat sink. 18. A refrigeration, air-conditioning, or heat pump apparatus containing a composition of claim 6. 19. A method of forming a foam comprising: a. adding to a foamable composition the composition of claim 6; and b. reacting the foamable composition under conditions effective to form a foam. 20. A process for producing aerosol products comprising the step of adding a composition of claim 6 to active ingredients in an aerosol container, wherein said composition functions as a propellant.",
-    "A delivery system is disclosed which can be used to deliver an ocular implant into a target location within the eye via an ab interno procedure. In some embodiments, the implant can provide fluid communication between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal or supraciliary space while in an implanted state. The delivery system can include a proximal handle component and a distal delivery component. In addition, the proximal handle component can include an actuator to control the release of the implant from the delivery component into the target location in the eye. 1. An eye treatment system, comprising: delivery system for delivering an ocular implant into an eye, the delivery system comprising: a) a proximal handle portion; b) a delivery portion coupled to the handle portion, the delivery portion configured to releasably couple to an ocular implant, the delivery portion including a retractable guidewire that fits through an inner lumen of the ocular implant such that only the guidewire is inserted through the inner lumen of the ocular implant when the ocular implant is attached to the guidewire; c) wherein the guidewire includes at least one non-spiraled curved section for providing an interference fit between the guidewire and an inner lumen of the ocular implant when the ocular implant is mounted on the guidewire to assist in retaining the implant on the guidewire during delivery into the eye, wherein the curved section of the guidewire is confined along a discrete section of the guidewire such that the discrete section of the guidewire forms a radius of curvature that is tighter than a radius of curvature of the entire guidewire and wherein the guidewire comprises at least two curved sections, the curved sections being spaced from one another a distance of about 0.0100 inch to 0.0200 inch along the length of the guidewire; d) an actuator that actuates to cause an ocular implant coupled to the delivery portion to release from the delivery portion upon actuation of the actuator; and the ocular implant. 2. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the delivery portion further includes a sheath positioned axially over at least a portion of the guidewire. 3. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the guidewire comprises an s-shape. 4. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the guidewire comprises a sinusoidal curve shape. 5. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein, when the implant has been delivered into the eye, actuation of the actuator causes the guidewire to withdraw from the ocular implant in a proximal direction. 6. The eye treatment system of claim 7, wherein the delivery portion further includes a sheath positioned axially over at least a portion of the guidewire and wherein a distal end of the sheath abuts a proximal end of an ocular implant when the ocular implant is positioned on the guidewire, and wherein the distal end of the sheath prevents the ocular implant from moving toward the handle portion as the guidewire withdraws in a proximal direction. 7. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the guidewire includes at least one inner lumen. 8. The eye treatment system of claim 7, wherein the guidewire includes at least one opening that provides fluid communication between the inner lumen of the guidewire and an area surrounding the guidewire. 9. The eye treatment system of claim 8, wherein the area surrounding the guidewire comprises an inner lumen of an ocular implant. 10. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the delivery system includes at least one fluid delivery feature which delivers fluid from a fluid source and into an inner lumen of the guidewire. 11. The eye treatment system of claim 10, wherein the fluid from the fluid source includes one or more of a viscoelastic, a drug and a stem cell. 12. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the ocular implant is formed of a tubular structure having an internal lumen. 13. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the ocular implant is configured to drain fluid from an anterior chamber of an eye to a supraciliary space of an eye. 14. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein a distal portion of the guidewire is configured to separate a ciliary body of the eye from a sclera of the eye. 15. The eye treatment system of claim 2, wherein the actuator includes a mechanism that includes a spring, the spring being coupled to the guidewire. 16. The eye treatment system of claim 15, wherein actuation of the actuator causes the spring to move the guidewire between a first position and a second position relative to the handle portion. 17. The eye treatment system of claim 16, wherein actuation of the actuator causes the spring to move the guidewire in a proximal direction relative to the handle portion. 18. The eye treatment system of claim 1, wherein the curved portion of the guidewire has a nominal longitudinal axis and one or more wire peaks separated from the nominal longitudinal axis, wherein each of the peaks contacts an inner surface of the ocular implant to assist in retaining the implant on the guidewire during delivery into the eye. 19. The eye treatment system of claim 1, further comprising a dampener coupled to the handle portion, the dampener adapted to dampen retraction of the guidewire upon actuation of the actuator.",
-    "Data is collected during the operation of a vehicle and used to produce a ranking of a driver's performance, and that ranking is shared on a hosted website, such that the drivers can compare their performance metrics to their peers. Fleet operators can use these performance metrics as incentives, by linking driver pay with performance. Individual fleet operators can host their own website, where driver rankings in that fleet can be compared, or the website can be hosted by a third party, and multiple fleet operators participate. The third party can offset their costs for operating the website by charging participating fleet operators a fee, and/or by advertising revenue. In some embodiments, all driver performance data is displayed in an anonymous format, so that individual drivers cannot be identified unless the driver shares their user ID. 1. A system for producing a performance metric indicative of a performance of a driver of a vehicle, comprising: (a) at least one vehicle data acquisition component disposed at the vehicle, the at least one vehicle data acquisition component being configured to collect time indexed vehicle data, the time indexed vehicle data comprising: (i) position data; (ii) speed data; (iii) torque data; and (iv) engine speed data; and (b) at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to implement the functions of: (i) determining a slope the vehicle is traveling over at a specific point in time based on the vehicle position data at that point in time; (ii) determining a mass of the vehicle at a specific point in time, based on the slope the vehicle is traveling over at that point in time, the speed data at that point in time, the torque data at that point in time, and the engine speed data at that point in time; and (iii) producing the performance metric of the driver's operation of the vehicle based at least in part on the mass of the vehicle, the mass having been determined using slope data derived from vehicle position data (iv) based on the performance metric, identifying a change the driver can implement to improve performance; and (v) presenting the change to the driver, where the change comprises at least one of: (a) changing gear (b) reducing RPM (c) turning off an accessory device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the change comprises of changing gear. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the change comprises reducing RPM; 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the change comprises turning off an accessory device. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor includes an onboard computer. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor includes a remote computer, wirelessly linked to the vehicle. 7. A system for improving the efficiency of a vehicle being driven by a driver, comprising: (a) at least one vehicle data acquisition component disposed at the vehicle, the at least one vehicle data acquisition component being configured to collect time indexed vehicle data, the time indexed vehicle data comprising: (i) position data; (ii) speed data; (iii) torque data; and (iv) engine speed data; and (b) at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to implement the functions of: (i) determining a slope the vehicle is traveling over at a specific point in time based on the vehicle position data at that point in time; (ii) determining a mass of the vehicle at a specific point in time, based on the slope the vehicle is traveling over at that point in time, the speed data at that point in time, the torque data at that point in time, and the engine speed data at that point in time; and (iii) producing the performance metric of the driver's operation of the vehicle based at least in part on the mass of the vehicle, the mass having been determined using slope data derived from vehicle position data (iv) based on the performance metric, determining if a different fuel map would improve performance, and if so (v) automatically instructing a vehicle controller to change to the more efficient fuel map. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor includes an onboard computer. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor includes a remote computer wirelessly linked to the vehicle. 10. A system for improving the efficiency of a vehicle being driven by a driver, comprising: (a) at least one vehicle data acquisition component disposed at the a vehicle, the at least one vehicle data acquisition component being configured to collect time indexed vehicle data, the time indexed vehicle data comprising: (i) position data; (ii) speed data; (iii) torque data; and (iv) engine speed data; and (b) at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to implement the functions of: (i) determining a slope the vehicle is traveling over at a specific point in time based on the vehicle position data at that point in time; (ii) determining a mass of the vehicle at a specific point in time, based on the slope the vehicle is traveling over at that point in time, the speed data at that point in time, the torque data at that point in time, and the engine speed data at that point in time; and (iii) producing the performance metric of the driver's operation of the vehicle based at least in part on the mass of the vehicle, the mass having been determined using slope data derived from vehicle position data (iv) based on the performance metric, determining if a different fuel map would improve performance, and if so (v) enabling the driver to approve of the change in the fuel map, and if the driver approves, (vi) automatically instructing a vehicle controller to change to the more efficient fuel map. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor includes an onboard computer. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor includes a remote computer wirelessly linked to the vehicle.",
-    "Communication is performed between a wearable camera and a vehicle-mounted recorder, the wearable camera captures an image of a capturing area, and the vehicle-mounted camera captures an image of the capturing area. The vehicle-mounted recorder records first image data of the capturing area captured by the vehicle-mounted camera according to a recording start request from the wearable camera, and transmits a recording start instruction to the wearable camera simultaneously with the recording. The wearable camera starts the recording of second image data of the capturing area captured by the wearable camera after the recording start instruction is received. 1. A wearable camera system comprising: a wearable camera capable of being worn by a user; and a vehicle-mounted recorder and a vehicle-mounted camera which are mounted on a vehicle into which the user gets and are connected to each other, wherein the wearable camera includes a first communicator that communicates with the vehicle-mounted recorder, a first capture that captures an image of a capturing area, and a first recorder that records first image data of the capturing area captured by the first capture in a first memory, wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder includes a second communicator that communicates with the wearable camera, and a second recorder that records second image data of the capturing area captured by the vehicle-mounted camera in a second memory, wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder instructs the second recorder to start the recording of the second image data when a recording start request is received, and transmits the recording start instruction to the wearable camera simultaneously with the instruction, and wherein the wearable camera starts the recording of the first image data after the recording start instruction is received. 2. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder instructs the second recorder to stop the recording of the second image data when a recording stop request is received, and transmits the recording stop instruction to the wearable camera simultaneously with the instruction, and wherein the wearable camera stops the recording of the first image data after the recording stop instruction is received. 3. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the recording start instruction includes a transmission time of the recording start instruction in the vehicle-mounted recorder. 4. The wearable camera system according to claim 3, wherein the wearable camera further includes an operator that receives an attachment operation of attribute information related to the first image data, and a first controller that stores identification information of the first image data, the attribute information, and a transmission time of the recording start instruction corresponding to the recording of the first image data in the first memory by correlating the identification information, the attribute information and the transmission time with each other when the attachment operation is received, and wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder further includes a second controller that stores identification information of the second image data and the same time as a transmission time of the recording start instruction corresponding to the recording of the second image data in the second memory by correlating the identification information and the same time. 5. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the wearable camera further includes a recording switch that instructs that the recording of the first image data be started, and wherein the recording start request is transmitted to the vehicle-mounted recorder in response to a push operation of the user on the recording switch. 6. The wearable camera system according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle includes a notification lamp that gives notification of an emergency state, and wherein the vehicle-mounted recorder acquires the recording start request by starting to turn on the notification lamp. 7. A recording control method in a wearable camera system that includes a wearable camera capable of being worn by a user, and a vehicle-mounted recorder and a vehicle-mounted camera which are mounted on a vehicle into which the user gets and are connected to each other, the method comprising: performing communication between the wearable camera and the vehicle-mounted recorder; capturing an image of a capturing area by the wearable camera, and capturing an image of the capturing area by the vehicle-mounted camera; instructing that the recording of first image data of the capturing area captured by the vehicle-mounted camera be started according to a recording start request, and transmitting the recording start instruction to the wearable camera simultaneously with the instruction; and starting the recording of the first image data in the vehicle-mounted recorder according to the instruction, and starting the recording of second image data of the capturing area captured by the wearable camera in the wearable camera after the recording start instruction is received.",
-    "The present invention provides a portable pitching mat having a first side with a first end and a second end, wherein the first side is substantially flat and has a weight attached proximal to the first end; a second side, wherein the second side engages an artificial turf substrate with a plurality of anchors; and a pitching rubber on the first side proximal to the first end. Also provided is a portable mat having a first side with a first end and a second end, wherein the first side is substantially flat; a second side, wherein the second side has a plurality of recessed regions; and a plurality of substrates, wherein each of the plurality of substrates comprises a first face that reversibly engages one of the plurality of recessed regions on the second side; and a second face that engages an artificial turf surface with a plurality of anchors. 1. A portable pitching mat, said mat comprising: a first side with a first end and a second end, wherein the first side is substantially flat and has a weight attached proximal to the first end; a second side, wherein the second side engages an artificial turf substrate with a plurality of anchors; and a pitching rubber on the first side proximal to the first end. 2. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein the mat further comprises a stripe along the first side running from the first end to the second end along a middle section of the pitching mat. 3. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein the plurality of anchors have a length of at least 0.2 inches. 4. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein the pitching rubber is removable from the mat. 5. The portable pitching mat of claim 4, wherein the pitching rubber engages the mat through an attachment type selected from the group consisting of a hook and loop fastener, a through pin, screw, nut and bolt, and integral molding. 6. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein the pitching rubber weighs at least three pounds. 7. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein the plurality of anchors on the second side has a number density of between 40 and 400 per square foot, inclusive. 8. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein density of anchors in a rubber area of the pitching mat under the pitching rubber is greater than density of anchors in a foot area of the pitching mat designated for a pitcher to plant a foot. 9. The portable pitching mat of claim 1, wherein the anchors are angled towards the second end at an angle of between 15 and 75 degrees. 10. A portable mat, said mat comprising: a first side with a first end and a second end, wherein the first side is substantially flat; a second side, wherein the second side has a plurality of recessed regions; and a plurality of substrates, wherein each of the plurality of substrates comprises: a first face that reversibly engages one of the plurality of recessed regions on the second side; and a second face that engages an artificial turf surface with a plurality of anchors. 11. The mat of claim 10 further comprising a pitching rubber located on the first side proximal to the first end. 12. The mat of claim 11, wherein the pitching rubber has a weight of at least three pounds. 13. The mat of claim 10, wherein the plurality of anchors on the second side of the plurality of substrates has a number density of between 40 and 400 per square foot, inclusive. 14. The mat of claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of anchors has a length of at least 0.2 inches. 15. The mat of claim 10, wherein the plurality of recessed regions is a plurality of channels along a longest side of the mat. 16. The mat of claim 15, wherein the plurality of channels is two channels. 17. The mat of claim 16, wherein the two channels are placed within ten inches of an outside edge of the mat. 18. The mat of claim 15, wherein each channel has a protruding lip to hold the substrate. 19. The mat of claim 10, wherein the first face of the plurality of substrates engages the recessed region via a hook and loop fastener. 20. The mat of claim 10, wherein the plurality of recessed regions is a plurality of polygonal shapes.",
-    "Disclosed are methods and apparatus to prevent poor quality handoff decisions in mobile networks. The methods and apparatus effectuate a determination whether a predetermined condition concerning a cell has occurred as detected in the mobile device, such as unsuccessful handoff or a signal to noise ratio being less than a certain amount. Based on such determinations, poor quality handoff decisions can be realized by modifying or configuring the measurement report message to be sent to the serving network where the measurement report is configured to omit information concerning those cells not meeting the predetermined condition. Accordingly, these cells will not be considered in handoff decisions, thus increasing the quality of such decisions. 1. A method for use in a mobile device comprising: determining whether a predetermined condition concerning a cell has occurred as detected in the mobile device; updating a neighbor cell list in the mobile device with at least cell identifying information concerning the cell received from a serving network; storing the cell identifying information if the predetermined condition is met; and configuring a measurement report message to be sent to the serving network based on the stored information, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit the stored information concerning cells not meeting the predetermined condition. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein determining that the predetermined condition is met comprises: determining that a handoff to the cell is unsuccessful. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell identifying information is stored in a blacklist database used for configuring the measurement report message. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: resetting the blacklist database at predetermined time intervals. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the predetermined condition is met comprises: analyzing a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and the receive power level (RxLev) of the cell; and determining that the predetermined condition is met when the SNR of the cell is lower than a predetermined value. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information about neighboring cells having an SNR lower than the predetermined value. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit the neighboring cell information provided that there are other cells available having a better SNR and an RxLev above another predetermined value. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the predetermined value is an SNR of 5 dB. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell identifying information includes an Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) for a GSM network and an UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) and Primary Scrambling Code (PSC) for a WCDMA network. 10. A mobile station apparatus comprising: at least one processor configured to: determine whether a predetermined condition concerning a cell has occurred as detected in the mobile device; update a neighbor cell list in the mobile device with at least cell identifying information concerning the cell received from a serving network; store the cell identifying information if the predetermined condition is met; and configure a measurement report message to be sent to the serving network based on the stored information, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information concerning cells not meeting the predetermined condition. 11. The mobile station apparatus of claim 10 wherein determining that the predetermined condition is met comprises: determining that a handoff to the cell is unsuccessful. 12. The mobile station apparatus of claim 10, wherein the cell identifying information is stored in a blacklist database used for configuring the measurement report message. 13. The mobile station apparatus of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is configured to reset the blacklist database at predetermined time intervals. 14. The mobile station apparatus of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine that the predetermined condition is met by analyzing a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and the receive power level (RxLev) of the cell, and determining that the predetermined condition is met when the SNR of the cell is lower than a predetermined value. 15. The mobile station apparatus of claim 14, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information about neighboring cells having an SNR lower than the predetermined value. 16. The mobile station apparatus of claim 15, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit the neighboring cell information provided that there are other cells available having a better SNR and an RxLev above another predetermined value. 17. The mobile station apparatus of claim 14, wherein the predetermined value is an SNR of 5 dB. 18. The mobile station apparatus of claim 10, wherein the cell identifying information includes an Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) for a GSM network and an UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) and Primary Scrambling Code (PSC) for a WCDMA network. 19. A wireless device comprising: means for determining whether a predetermined condition concerning a cell has occurred as detected in the mobile device; means for updating a neighbor cell list in the mobile device with at least cell identifying information concerning the cell received from a serving network; means for storing the cell identifying information if the predetermined condition is met; and means for configuring a measurement report message to be sent to the serving network based on the stored information, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information concerning cells not meeting the predetermined condition. 20. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the means for determining that the predetermined condition is met further comprises: means for determining that a handoff to the cell is unsuccessful. 21. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the cell identifying information is stored in a blacklist database used for configuring the measurement report message. 22. The wireless device of claim 21, further comprising: means for resetting the blacklist database at predetermined time intervals. 23. The wireless device of claim 19, further comprising: means for analyzing a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and the receive power level (RxLev) of the cell; and means for determining that the predetermined condition is met when the SNR of the cell is lower than a predetermined value. 24. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information about neighboring cells having an SNR lower than the predetermined value. 25. The wireless device of claim 24, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit the neighboring cell information provided that there are other cells available having a better SNR and an RxLev above another predetermined value. 26. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the predetermined value is an SNR of 5 dB. 27. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the cell identifying information includes an Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) for a GSM network and an UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) and Primary Scrambling Code (PSC) for a WCDMA network. 28. A computer program product including a computer readable medium, the medium comprising: code for causing a computer to determine whether a predetermined condition concerning a cell has occurred as detected in a mobile device; code for causing a computer to update a neighbor cell list in the mobile device with at least cell identifying information concerning the cell received from a serving network; code for causing a computer to store the cell identifying information if the predetermined condition is met; and code for causing a computer to configure a measurement report message to be sent to the serving network based on the stored information, wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information concerning cells not meeting the predetermined condition. 29. The computer program product of claim 28, further comprising: code for causing a computer to store the cell identifying information in a blacklist database used for configuring the measurement report message; and wherein the determined predetermined condition is a determination that a handoff to the cell is unsuccessful. 30. The computer program product of claim 28, further comprising: the code for causing a computer to determine whether a predetermined condition is met further comprising: code for causing a computer to analyze a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and the receive power level (RxLev) of the cell; and code for causing a computer to determine that the predetermined condition is met when the SNR of the cell is lower than a predetermined value; and wherein the measurement report is configured to omit information about neighboring cells having an SNR lower than the predetermined value.",
-    "Disclosed herein is an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Display) device. A switching thin-film transistor configured to be an oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor is disposed in a first pixel. A second pixel is adjacent to the first pixel in the direction in which data lines are extended. A switching thin-film transistor configured to be an LTPS (Low Temperature Poly-Silicon) thin-film transistor is disposed in the second pixel. The switching thin-film transistor of the first pixel and the switching thin-film transistor of the second pixel are connected to the same gate line. A pixel and another pixel adjacent to the pixel connected to a gate line in common, so that it is possible to provide an OLED device with high aperture ratio and high resolution. 1. An organic light-emitting display (OLED) device, comprising: a switching thin-film transistor; a driving thin-film transistor connected to the switching thin thin-film transistor; a first storage capacitor having one electrode being an active layer of the driving thin-film transistor; and a second storage capacitor having one electrode being one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, wherein the first storage capacitor and the second storage capacitor overlap each other, and among the switching thin-film transistor and the driving thin-film transistor, one is an oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor and the other is an LTPS (Low Temperature Poly-Silicon) thin-film transistor. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the switching thin-film transistor is an oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor and the driving thin-film transistor is an LTPS thin-film transistor. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein both the other electrode of the first storage capacitor and the other electrode of the second storage capacitor are an active layer of the switching thin-film transistor. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein a gate insulation layer covers the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, a gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and a gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor are on the gate insulation layer, an interlayer insulation layer covers the gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor overlaps the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor on the interlayer insulation layer, an etch stopper covers the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor, and one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the driving thin-film transistor overlaps the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor on the etch stopper. 5. The device of claim 3, further comprising: a third storage capacitor overlapped with the first storage capacitor and the second storage capacitor and having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode of the third storage capacitor is one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, and the second electrode of the third storage capacitor is a metal layer electrically connected to one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and on the switching thin-film transistor and the driving thin-film transistor. 6. The device of claim 3, further comprising: a fourth storage capacitor overlapped with the first storage capacitor and the second storage capacitor and having a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode of the fourth storage capacitor is the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, and the second electrode of the fourth storage capacitor is a light-blocking layer under the switching thin-film transistor and the driving thin-film transistor and configured to block light directed toward the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor and the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor. 7. The device of claim 2, wherein both the other electrode of the first storage capacitor and the other electrode of the second storage capacitor are a gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor 8. The device of claim 7, wherein a gate insulation layer covers the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, a gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor are on the gate insulation layer, the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor overlaps the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, an interlayer insulation layer covers the gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, an active layer of the switching thin-film transistor is on the interlayer insulation layer, an etch stopper covers the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor, and one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the driving thin-film transistor overlaps the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor on the etch stopper. 9. The device of claim 2, wherein the other electrode of the first storage capacitor is a gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, and the other electrode of the second storage capacitor is an active layer of the switching thin-film transistor. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein a gate insulation layer covers the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, a gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor are on the gate insulation layer, the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor overlaps the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, an interlayer insulation layer covers the gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, an active layer of the switching thin-film transistor is on the interlayer insulation layer, an etch stopper covers the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor, and one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the driving thin-film transistor overlaps the active layer of the switching thin-film transistor on the etch stopper. 11. The device of claim 2, wherein the driving thin-film transistor has a coplanar structure in which the active layer, a gate electrode, and the source electrode and the drain electrode are stacked in order, and the switching thin-film transistor has a bottom gate structure in which a gate electrode, an active layer, and a source electrode and a drain electrode are stacked in order. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the switching thin-film transistor is an LTPS thin-film transistor and the driving thin-film transistor is an oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein a gate insulation layer covers an active layer of the switching thin-film transistor, a gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and a gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor are on the gate insulation layer, an interlayer insulation layer covers the gate electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor, the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor is disposed to overlap the gate electrode of the driving thin-film transistor on the interlayer insulation layer, an etch stopper covers the active layer of the driving thin-film transistor, and a metal layer is electrically connected to one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the switching thin-film transistor and to overlap one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the driving thin-film transistor. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the switching thin-film transistor has a coplanar structure in which an active layer, a gate electrode, and a source electrode and a drain electrode are stacked in order, and the driving thin-film transistor has a bottom gate structure in which a gate electrode, the active layer, and the source electrode and the drain electrode are stacked in order.",
-    "A channel detection method for an echo canceller of a communication device is provided. The method includes the following steps. A first detection signal is transmitted to an end of a channel coupled to the communication device. A plurality of taps corresponding to a reflected signal of the first detection signal are received by an echo canceller at the end of the channel. The taps corresponding to the reflected signal are compared with a reference value corresponding to each of the taps so as to determine whether each of the taps is larger than or equal to the corresponding reference value. When the tap is determined to be larger than or equal to the reference value corresponding to the tap, the tap and a position of the tap are recorded. 1. A channel detection method for at least one echo canceller of a communication device, comprising: transmitting a first detection signal to an end of a channel coupled to said communication device; receiving, by said at least one echo canceller, a plurality of taps corresponding to a reflected signal of said first detection signal at said end of said channel; comparing each of said plurality of taps corresponding to said reflected signal with a corresponding reference value so as to determine whether each of said plurality of taps is larger than or equal to said corresponding reference value; and recording one of said plurality of taps and a position of said one of plurality of taps when said one of said plurality of taps is determined to be larger than or equal to said corresponding reference value. 2. The channel detection method of claim 1, further comprising: switching to a next tap to repeat determining whether said next tap is larger than or equal to a next reference value corresponding to said next tap when said tap is determined to be smaller than said reference value corresponding to said tap. 3. The channel detection method of claim 1, wherein said step of recording said one of said plurality of taps and said position of said one of plurality of taps further comprises recording that said one of said plurality of taps is a maximum coefficient and said position of said one of plurality of taps is a maximum coefficient position. 4. The channel detection method of claim 3, further comprising: switching to a next tap to determine whether said next tap of said reflected signal is larger than or equal to said maximum coefficient after recording that said one of said plurality of taps is said maximum coefficient and said position of said one of plurality of taps is said maximum coefficient position. 5. The channel detection method of claim 4, further comprising: updating said maximum coefficient to said next tap and updating said maximum coefficient position to a position of said next tap when said next tap is determined to be larger than or equal to said maximum coefficient. 6. The channel detection method of claim 3, further comprising: determining whether said next tap is smaller than a predetermined value when said next tap is determined to be smaller than said maximum coefficient. 7. The channel detection method of claim 6, further comprising: outputting said maximum coefficient and said maximum coefficient position when said next tap is determined to be smaller than said predetermined value. 8. The channel detection method of claim 6, wherein said predetermined value is half of said maximum coefficient. 9. The channel detection method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether said channel detection method is in a dual-ended detection mode before transmitting said first detection signal. 10. The channel detection method of claim 9, further comprising: activating a signal detection to continue detecting whether a second detection signal is received when said channel detection method is determined to be in said dual-ended detection mode. 11. A channel detection system, comprising: a first communication device, comprising: a transceiving module for transmitting a first detection signal to an end of a channel coupled to said transceiving module; at least one echo canceller coupled to said transceiving module for receiving, through said transceiving module, a plurality of taps corresponding to a reflected signal of said first detection signal at said end of said channel; and a calculation unit coupled to said at least one echo canceller for comparing each of said plurality of taps corresponding to said reflected signal with a corresponding reference value so as to determine whether each of said plurality of taps is larger than or equal to said corresponding reference value; and wherein one of said plurality of taps and a position of said one of plurality of taps are recorded when said one of said plurality of taps is determined to be larger than or equal to said corresponding reference value. 12. The channel detection system of claim 11, wherein said calculation unit further records that said one of said plurality of taps is a maximum coefficient and that said position of said one of said plurality of taps is a maximum coefficient position. 13. The channel detection system of claim 12, wherein said calculation unit further determines whether a next tap of said reflected signal is larger than or equal to said maximum coefficient. 14. The channel detection system of claim 13, wherein said maximum coefficient is updated to said next tap and said maximum coefficient position is updated to a position of said next tap when said next tap is determined to be larger than or equal to said maximum coefficient. 15. The channel detection system of claim 12, wherein said calculation unit determines whether said next tap is smaller than a predetermined value when said calculation unit determines that said next tap is smaller than said maximum coefficient, said predetermined value being half of said maximum coefficient. 16. The channel detection system of claim 15, wherein said maximum coefficient and said maximum coefficient position are outputted when said calculation unit determines that said next tap is smaller than said predetermined value. 17. The channel detection system of claim 11, further comprising: a second communication device coupled to another end of said channel; wherein whether said channel detection system is in a dual-ended detection mode is determined before said first communication device transmits said first detection signal. 18. The channel detection system of claim 17, wherein said at least one echo canceller activates a signal detection to continue detecting whether a second detection signal transmitted by said second communication device is received when said first communication device determines that said channel detection system is in said dual-ended detection mode. 19. The channel detection system of claim 18, wherein said first communication device and said second communication device are provided, respectively, with a first identification code and a second identification code having different delay times. 20. The channel detection system of claim 11, wherein said first communication device uses a second register in said at least one echo canceller to continue receiving remaining ones of said plurality of taps when a first register in said at least one echo canceller for receiving said plurality of taps is full.",
-    "A method for guaranteeing a data frame transmit opportunity in a wireless LAN system having three different transmission modes includes: setting a first transmission protection interval based on a lowest transmission mode, when a node of a mode having a lowest transmission rate among the three transmission modes exists in the wireless LAN system, aggregating a data frame to be transmitted within time of the set transmission protection interval, and transmitting the data frame; and setting a second transmission protection interval based on a mode having a highest transmission rate, when only nodes of a mode having a highest transmission rate among the three transmission modes exist, aggregating a data frame to be transmitted within time of the set transmission protection interval, and transmitting the data frame. 1. An access point for protecting transmission opportunity (TXOP) of a data frame in a wireless LAN system, comprising: the access point configured to generate a data frame including a legacy-signal (L-SIG) field, and transmit the data frame through at least one of a multi-user multi-antenna scheme and a multi-channel scheme; wherein the L-SIG field is determined by transmission time (TXTIME) of a plurality of data units included in the data frame corresponding to very high throughput (VHT)-mode packets based on a transmission scheme of a VHT mode, wherein the TXTIME is determined by a total number of data symbols in a data field of the data frame. 2. The access point of claim 1, wherein the total number of data symbols is determined by a maximum number of symbols in the data field. 3. The access point of claim 2, wherein the maximum number of symbols is determined by a length of a data unit having a maximum length in the data units. 4. The access point of claim 1, wherein the L-SIG field is determined by a length of a data unit having a maximum length in the data units. 5. The access point of claim 1, wherein the data field of the data frame includes a plurality of aggregation data units. 6. A mobile station for protecting transmission opportunity (TXOP) of a data frame in a wireless LAN system, comprising: the mobile station configured to generate a data frame including a legacy-signal (L-SIG) field, and transmit the data frame through at least one of a multi-user multi-antenna scheme and a multi-channel scheme; wherein the L-SIG field is determined by transmission time (TXTIME) of a plurality of data units included in the data frame corresponding to very high throughput (VHT)-mode packets based on a transmission scheme of a VHT mode, wherein the TXTIME is determined by a total number of data symbols in a data field of the data frame. 7. The mobile station of claim 6, wherein the total number of data symbols is determined by a maximum number of symbols in the data field. 8. The mobile station of claim 7, wherein the maximum number of symbols is determined by a length of a data unit having a maximum length in the data units. 9. The mobile station of claim 6, wherein the L-SIG field is determined by a length of a data unit having a maximum length in the data units. 10. The mobile station of claim 6, wherein the data field of the data frame includes a plurality of aggregation data units. 11. A base station for protecting transmission opportunity (TXOP) of a data frame in a wireless LAN system, comprising: the base station configured to generate a data frame including a legacy-signal (L-SIG) field, and transmit the data frame through at least one of a multi-user multi-antenna scheme and a multi-channel scheme; wherein the L-SIG field is determined by transmission time (TXTIME) of a plurality of data units included in the data frame corresponding to very high throughput (VHT)-mode packets based on a transmission scheme of a VHT mode, wherein the TXTIME is determined by a total number of data symbols in a data field of the data frame. 12. The base station of claim 11, wherein the total number of data symbols is determined by a maximum number of symbols in the data field. 13. The base station of claim 12, wherein the maximum number of symbols is determined by a length of a data unit having a maximum length in the data units. 14. The base station of claim 11, wherein the L-SIG field is determined by a length of a data unit having a maximum length in the data units. 15. The base station of claim 11, wherein the data field of the data frame includes a plurality of aggregation data units.",
-    "A non-transitory recording medium has a program recorded therein that is executable by a computer. The program causes the computer to implement functions of a detection unit configured to detect an event which occurs in an output apparatus in which intervention of a user is required, and a screen displaying unit configured to display a notification screen including information relating to the event, an instruction reception field configured to receive an instruction to cope with the event from the user, and a preview image displaying reception field configured to receive a request for displaying a preview image of the output data from the user. The screen displaying unit is configured to display the preview image of the output data which was being output by the output apparatus when the event occurred, in response to receiving the request for displaying the preview image of the output data from the user. 1. A non-transitory recording medium having a program recorded therein that is executable by a computer, the program when executed causing the computer to implement functions of: a detection unit configured to detect an event which occurs in an output apparatus which outputs output data, intervention of a user being required in the event; and a screen displaying unit configured to display a notification screen, the notification screen including information relating to the event which occurred in the output apparatus, an instruction reception field configured to receive an instruction to cope with the event from the user, and a preview image displaying reception field configured to receive a request for displaying a preview image of the output data from the user, wherein the screen displaying unit is configured to display the preview image of the output data which was being output by the output apparatus when the event occurred, in response to receiving the request for displaying the preview image of the output data from the user. 2. The non-transitory recording medium as claimed in claim 1, the screen displaying unit is configured to display the preview image of a page of the output data, the page being output by the output apparatus when the event occurred. 3. The non-transitory recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the screen displaying unit arranges an input box in the preview image displaying reception field, the input box being configured to receive, from the user, a specification of a page of the output data for the preview image, and wherein a value which indicates a page of the output data which page was being output by the output apparatus when the event occurred is displayed in the input box as default. 4. The non-transitory recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the detection unit is configured to detect failure which occurs in the output apparatus as the event in which the intervention of the user is required. 5. The non-transitory recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the detection unit is configured to detect notification of paper confirmation for prompting the user to confirm a paper which is set in the output apparatus as the event in which the intervention of the user is required. 6. An information processing apparatus comprising: a detection unit configured to detect an event which occurs in an output apparatus which outputs output data, intervention of a user being required in the event; and a screen displaying unit configured to display a notification screen, the notification screen including information relating to the event which occurred in the output apparatus, an instruction reception field configured to receive an instruction to cope with the event from the user, and a preview image displaying reception field configured to receive a request for displaying a preview image of the output data from the user, wherein the screen displaying unit is configured to display the preview image of the output data which was being output by the output apparatus when the event occurred, in response to receiving the request for displaying the preview image of the output data from the user. 7. An output management method executed in an output management system, the output management system including a terminal apparatus operated by a user and an information processing apparatus for managing output data from an output apparatus, the output management method comprising: a step of detecting an event which occurs in the output apparatus, intervention of the user being required in the event; and a step of displaying a notification screen, the notification screen including information relating to the event which occurred in the output apparatus, an instruction reception field configured to receive an instruction to cope with the event from the user, and a preview image displaying reception field configured to receive a request for displaying a preview image of the output data from the user, wherein the step of displaying the notification screen is performed by displaying the preview image of the output data which was being output by the output apparatus when the event occurred, in response to receiving the request for displaying the preview image of the output data from the user.",
-    "For optical routing, a processor detects an optical data packet communicated over at least one optical subcarrier of a plurality of optical subcarriers. The processor further detects each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried. The processor generates a label including one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried. In addition, the processor routes the optical data packet from the optical switch based on a routing action associated with the label. 1. An apparatus comprising: an optical switch that switches optical data; a processor; a memory that stores code executable by the processor to: detect an optical data packet communicated over at least one optical subcarrier of a plurality of optical subcarriers; detect each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; generate a label comprising one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; and route the optical data packet from the optical switch based on a routing action associated with the label. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the label further comprises an optical fiber index that identifies an optical fiber over which the optical data packet is carried and an optical channel index that identifies an optical channel over which the optical data packet is carried. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to detect the optical fiber and the optical channel over which the optical data packet is carried. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the routing action specifies a transmission optical fiber index for routing the optical data packet over a given optical fiber. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the routing action specifies discarding the optical data packet. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to: determine a Forward Equivalence Class (FEC) for a data packet, wherein the FEC identifies a class of data packets that receive equivalent routing; generate the label from the FEC; and route the optical data packet over at least one optical subcarrier as indicated by the label, wherein the optical data packet comprises the data packet. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to: detect the optical data packet; detect each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; generate the label comprising the one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; and generate a data packet from the optical data packet in response to an optical receiver node being a destination node. 8. A method comprising: detecting, by use of a processor, an optical data packet communicated over at least one optical subcarrier of a plurality of optical subcarriers; detecting each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; generating a label comprising one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; and routing the optical data packet from the optical switch based on a routing action associated with the label. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the label further comprises an optical fiber index that identifies an optical fiber over which the optical data packet is carried and an optical channel index that identifies an optical channel over which the optical data packet is carried. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises detecting the optical fiber and the optical channel over which the optical data packet is carried. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the routing action specifies a transmission optical fiber index for routing the optical data packet over a given optical fiber. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the routing action specifies discarding the optical data packet. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprising: determining a Forward Equivalence Class (FEC) for a data packet, wherein the FEC identifies a class of data packets that receive equivalent routing; generating the label from the FEC; and routing the optical data packet over the at least one optical subcarriers as indicated by the label, wherein the optical data packet comprises the data packet. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: detecting the optical data packet; detecting each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; generating the label comprising the one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; and generating a data packet from the optical data packet in response to an optical receiver node being a destination node. 15. A program product comprising a computer readable storage medium that stores code executable by a processor, the executable code comprising code to perform: detecting an optical data packet communicated over at least one optical subcarrier of a plurality of optical subcarriers; detecting each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; generating a label comprising one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; and routing the optical data packet from the optical switch based on a routing action associated with the label. 16. The program product of claim 15, wherein the label further comprises an optical fiber index that identifies an optical fiber over which the optical data packet is received and an optical channel index that identifies an optical channel over which the optical data packet is carried. 17. The program product of claim 16, wherein the code further performs detecting the optical fiber and the optical channel over which the optical data packet is carried. 18. The program product of claim 15, wherein the routing action specifies a transmission optical fiber index for routing the optical data packet over a given optical fiber. 19. The program product of claim 15, wherein the processor further performs: determining a Forward Equivalence Class (FEC) for a data packet, wherein the FEC identifies a class of data packets that receive equivalent routing; generating the label from the FEC; and routing the optical data packet over the at least one optical subcarriers as indicated by the label, wherein the optical data packet comprises the data packet. 20. The program product of claim 15, wherein the processor further performs: detecting the optical data packet; detecting each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; generating the label comprising the one or more asserted optical subcarrier values corresponding to each of the plurality of optical subcarriers over which the optical data packet is carried; and generating a data packet from the optical data packet in response to an optical receiver node being a destination node.",
-    "Disclosed is an arterial access sheath for introducing an interventional device into an artery. The arterial access sheath includes an elongated body sized and shaped to be transcervically introduced into a common carotid artery at an access location in the neck and an internal lumen in the elongated body having a proximal opening in a proximal region of the elongated body and a distal opening in a distal region of the elongated body. The internal lumen provides a passageway for introducing an interventional device into the common carotid artery when the elongated body is positioned in the common carotid artery. The elongated body has a proximal section and a distalmost section that is more flexible than the proximal section. A ratio of an entire length of the distalmost section to an overall length of the sheath body is one tenth to one half the overall length of the sheath body. 1. A method for introducing an interventional device into a common carotid artery, the method comprising: collectively introducing an arterial access sheath and a first dilator into a common carotid artery via a carotid access needle puncture site, wherein the first dilator is positioned within the arterial access sheath, wherein: a) the arterial access sheath includes a sheath body sized and shaped to be introduced into the common carotid artery via the carotid artery access site, the sheath body defining an internal lumen that provides a passageway for introducing a catheter into the common carotid artery when the sheath body is positioned in the common carotid artery; and b) the first dilator has a tapered distal tip sized and shaped to dilate the needle puncture site to a larger diameter for insertion of the arterial access sheath into the artery, the first dilator having an internal lumen to allow the dilator to be inserted over a sheath guidewire into an artery, wherein at least a portion of the first dilator has a first bending stiffness; removing the first dilator from the arterial access sheath; and introducing an elongated second dilator into the internal lumen of the sheath body while the sheath body is positioned within the common carotid artery, the second dilator having a tapered distal tip, the second dilator having an internal lumen to allow the second dilator to be inserted over a guidewire into an artery, wherein the second dilator has a distal region having a second bending stiffness less than the first bending stiffness of the first dilator. 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein the first dilator has a distal section that is more flexible than a proximal section of the first dilator so as to accommodate a steep insertion angle into an artery. 3. A method as in claim 2, wherein the distal section of the first dilator is 2 to 5 cm in length. 4. A method as in claim 2, wherein the distal section of the first dilator is 20% to 50% more flexible than the proximal section of the first dilator. 5. A method as in claim 1, wherein the distal region of the second dilator is more flexible than a distal section of the first dilator. 6. A method as in claim 1, wherein the distal region of the second dilator is 2 to 5 cm in length. 7. A method as in claim 1, wherein the distal region of the second dilator is 20% to 50% more flexible than a proximal region of the second dilator. 8. A method as in claim 1, wherein the second dilator has an intermediate mid portion that provides a smooth transition in stiffness between a proximal region of the second dilator and the distal region of the second dilator. 9. A method as in claim 1, wherein a distal region of the first dilator has a bending stiffness in the range of 50 to 100 N-mm2 and the distal region of the second dilator has a bending stiffness in the range of 5 to 15 N-mm2. 10. A method as in claim 1, further comprising a radiopaque tip marker on at least one of the first and second dilators. 11. A method as in claim 1, wherein the internal lumen of the second dilator has a diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the internal lumen of the first dilator. 12. A method as in claim 1, wherein the internal lumen of the first dilator accommodates a guidewire of 0.035 to 0.038 inch in diameter and the internal lumen of the second dilator accommodates a guidewire of 0.014 to 0.018 inch in diameter. 13. A method as in claim 1, wherein a proximal region of at least one of the first dilator and the second dilator includes a hub having a side opening that provides access to the internal lumen of the respective dilator to permit insertion and removal of a guidewire into or from the internal lumen of the respective dilator. 14. A method as in claim 13, wherein the hub includes a sleeve that moves between a first position that covers the side opening and a second position that does not cover the side opening. 15. A method as in claim 1, wherein the second dilator is a two-part dilator formed of an outer dilator and one or more inner dilators that slidably attach to the outer dilator in a co-axial arrangement. 16. A method as in claim 15, wherein the outer dilator accommodates a guidewire of 0.035 to 0.038 inch in diameter and inner dilator accommodates a guidewire of 0.014 to 0.018 inch in diameter. 17. A method as in claim 15, wherein the inner and outer dilators include proximal hubs that lock to one another to lock the inner and outer dilators to one another. 18. A method as in claim 15, wherein at least one of the inner dilators has an angled tip that angles away from a longitudinal axis of the respective dilator. 19. A method as in claim 1, wherein the sheath body has a proximal section and a distalmost section that is more flexible than the proximal section, and wherein a ratio of an entire length of the distalmost section to an overall length of the sheath body is one tenth to one half the overall length of the sheath body. 20. A method as in claim 1, wherein the sheath body has a proximal section and a distalmost section that is more flexible than the proximal section, and wherein the distalmost section is 2.5 to 5 cm in length and the overall sheath body is 20 to 30 cm in length. 21. A method as in claim 1, wherein the sheath body has a proximal section and a distalmost section that is more flexible than the proximal section and a transition section between the distalmost flexible section and the proximal section, and wherein the distalmost section is 2.5 to 5 cm in length, the transition section is 2 to 10 cm in length, and the overall sheath body is 20 to 30 cm in length. 22. A method as in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second dilators is configured to lock to the arterial access sheath when positioned in the internal lumen of the arterial access sheath.",
-    "The present disclosure provides prodrugs of biologically active 2,4-pyrimidinediamine compounds, salts and hydrates of the prodrugs, compositions comprising the prodrugs, intermediates and methods for synthesizing the prodrugs and methods of using the prodrugs in a variety of applications. 1. An oral dosage formulation comprising a hydrate of the prodrug salt: or a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or diluent; wherein: M is Na; the prodrug salt hydrate present in the oral dosage formulation is substantially crystalline prodrug salt hydrate; and the powder X-ray diffraction data of the crystalline prodrug salt hydrate comprises a characteristic peak at a two theta value of 9.9\u00b10.1\u00b0 in response to radiation of wavelength 1.54059 \u212b. 2. The oral dosage formulation of claim 1, the formulation comprising from about 50 mg to about 400 mg of the crystalline prodrug salt hydrate. 3. The oral dosage formulation of claim 1, wherein the powder X-ray diffraction data of the crystalline prodrug salt hydrate comprises a characteristic peak at a two theta value of 11.8\u00b10.1\u00b0. 4. The oral dosage formulation of claim 1, wherein the powder X-ray diffraction data of the crystalline prodrug salt hydrate comprises a characteristic peak at a two theta value of 21.8\u00b10.1\u00b0. 5. The oral dosage formulation of claim 1, wherein the powder X-ray diffraction data of the crystalline prodrug salt hydrate comprises a characteristic peak at a two theta value of 13.2\u00b0\u00b10.1\u00b0. 6. The oral dosage formulation of claim 1, wherein the hydrate of the prodrug salt has the formula: wherein x is from about 1 to about 15. 7. The oral dosage formulation of claim 6, wherein x is from about 5 to about 10. 8. The oral dosage formulation of claim 6, wherein x is from about 5 to about 8. 9. The oral dosage formulation of claim 6, wherein x is 6. 10. The oral dosage formulation of claim 8, wherein the powder X-ray diffraction data of the crystalline prodrug salt hydrate comprises a characteristic peak at a two theta value of 3.4\u00b0\u00b10.1\u00b0. 11. The oral dosage formulation of claim 1, wherein the hydrate is:",
-    "The present disclosure provides compounds that include a tetrazolone derivative of a carboxyl group of an active agent. This disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions that include these compounds, methods of using these compounds in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, and processes for preparing these compounds. 1. A compound comprising a tetrazolone derivative of a carboxyl group of an active agent. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the tetrazolone derivative comprises a tetrazolone or a substituted tetrazolone. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: wherein R1 is the active agent; and R2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof. 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R2 is hydrogen or alkyl. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the active agent is a therapeutically effective active agent. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the tetrazolone derivative is produced from the carboxyl group of the active agent. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from: 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, further comprising a second active agent. 10. A compound comprising a tetrazolone or substituted tetrazolone produced from a carboxyl group of an active agent. 11. A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need of treatment, the method comprising administering to the subject a compound comprising a tetrazolone derivative of a carboxyl group of an active agent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the tetrazolone derivative comprises a tetrazolone or a substituted tetrazolone. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the compound is of the formula: wherein R1 is the active agent; and R2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein R2 is hydrogen or alkyl. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the active agent is a therapeutically effective active agent. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the tetrazolone derivative is produced from the carboxyl group of the active agent. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the compound is selected from:",
-    "A saddle-type vehicle can be configured to perform idle-stop during deceleration corresponding to a driver's demand. In some embodiments, the vehicle comprises a bar handle mounted on its opposite tip ends with a grasping grip grasped by the driver and a throttle grip for accelerator operation; two operation controls for performing braking operation, at least one of which being a first brake and a second brake mounted on tip ends of the bar handle; and an engine controller for automatically stopping an engine and making the engine an idle-stop state. In some cases, the saddle-type vehicle further comprises a judgment controller for judging whether a simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes has been achieved; and the engine controller performs the idle-stop during deceleration of the vehicle when the judgment controller judges that the simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes has been performed. 1. A saddle-type vehicle which can be driven by a driver straddling a seat with steering a bar handle, the vehicle comprising: the bar handle having opposite tip ends, the bar handle on one tip end having a grasping grip configured to be grasped by a driver and a throttle grip on the other tip end for accelerator operation; two operation means for performing braking operation, at least one of operation means being one of a first brake means and a second brake means and at least one of the first and second brake means being mounted on a tip end of the bar handle; and an engine control means for automatically stopping an engine and transitioning the engine to an idle-stop state wherein: the saddle-type vehicle further comprises: a judgment means for judging whether a respective operation of the first and second brake means has been achieved; and a clutch control means for controlling a clutch so that the clutch engages in creep control enabling the vehicle to travel during a state of no-accelerator operation during idling of the engine; the engine control means is configured to perform the idle-stop during deceleration of the vehicle when the judgment means judges that a simultaneous operation of the first and second brake means has been performed; and the creep control by the clutch control means is performed when the judgment means judges that the second brake means has been operated but the first brake means has not been operated when the accelerator operation of the throttle grip is not performed and the engine is not in the idle-stop state. 2. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 1 wherein the first brake means comprises an operating means mounted on the tip end of the bar handle to which the throttle grip is mounted. 3. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 2 wherein the judgment means is configured to judge that the first brake means has been operated when the first brake means is continuously operated for a predetermined period of time. 4. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 1 wherein the judgment means is configured to judge when the speed of a vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed and to make the engine control means perform the idle-stop when the judgment means determines that the vehicle speed is lower than the predetermined speed and that the first and second brake means are simultaneously operated. 5. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 2 wherein the judgment means is configured to judge when the speed of a vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed and to make the engine control means perform the idle-stop when the judgment means determines that the vehicle speed is lower than the predetermined speed and that the first and second brake means are simultaneously operated 6. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 3 wherein the judgment means is configured to judge when the speed of a vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed and to make the engine control means perform the idle-stop when the judgment means determines that the vehicle speed is lower than the predetermined speed and that the first and second brake means are simultaneously operated. 7. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 1 wherein the clutch control means is configured to perform the creep control subject to judgment of the judgment means that the vehicle speed is lower than a predetermined speed, accelerator operation by the throttle grip is not made, and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brake means is not performed. 8. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 1 wherein the vehicle further comprises a stepwise variable transmission provided with a dog clutch, and wherein the idle-stop by the engine control means is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment means that a dog clutch of the stepwise variable transmission is in a power transmission state and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brake means is performed. 9. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 4 wherein the vehicle further comprises a stepwise variable transmission provided with a dog clutch, and wherein the idle-stop by the engine control means is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment means that a dog clutch of the stepwise variable transmission is in a power transmission state and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brake means is performed. 10. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 1 wherein the vehicle further comprises a continuously variable transmission, and wherein the idle-stop by the engine control means is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment means that a gear ratio of the continuously variable transmission is a predetermined value or more and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brake means is performed. 11. A saddle-type vehicle which can be driven by a driver straddling a seat with steering a bar handle, the vehicle comprising: the bar handle having opposite tip ends, the bar handle on one tip end having a grasping grip configured to be grasped by a driver and a throttle grip on the other tip end for accelerator operation; two operation controllers configured to perform braking operations, wherein at least one of operation controllers is one of a first brake and a second brake and at least one of the first and second brakes is mounted on a tip end of the bar handle; and an engine controller configured to automatically stop an engine and transition the engine to an idle-stop state wherein: the saddle-type vehicle further comprises: a judgment controller configured to judge whether a respective operation of the first and second brakes has been achieved; and a clutch controller configured to control a clutch such that the clutch engages in creep control to enable the vehicle to travel during a state of no-accelerator operation during idling of the engine; the engine controller is configured to perform the idle-stop during deceleration of the vehicle when the judgment controller judges that a simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes has been performed; and the creep control by the clutch controller is configured to be performed when the judgment controller judges that the second brake has been operated but the first brake has not been operated when the accelerator operation of the throttle grip is not performed and the engine is not in the idle-stop state. 12. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 11 wherein the first brake comprises an operating controller mounted on the tip end of the bar handle to which the throttle grip is mounted. 13. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 12 wherein the judgment controller is configured to judge that the first brake has been operated when the first brake is continuously operated for a predetermined period of time. 14. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 11 wherein the judgment controller is configured to judge when the speed of a vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed and to make the engine controller perform the idle-stop when the judgment controller determines that the vehicle speed is lower than the predetermined speed and that the first and second brakes are simultaneously operated. 15. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 12 wherein the judgment controller is configured to judge when the speed of a vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed and to make the engine controller perform the idle-stop when the judgment controller determines that the vehicle speed is lower than the predetermined speed and that the first and second brakes are simultaneously operated. 16. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 13 wherein the judgment controller is configured to judge when the speed of a vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed and to make the engine controller perform the idle-stop when the judgment controller determines that the vehicle speed is lower than the predetermined speed and that the first and second brakes are simultaneously operated. 17. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 11 wherein the creep control by the clutch controller is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment controller that the vehicle speed is lower than a predetermined speed, accelerator operation by the throttle grip is not made, and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes is not performed. 18. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 11 wherein the vehicle further comprises a stepwise variable transmission provided with a dog clutch, and wherein the idle-stop by the engine controller is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment controller that a dog clutch of the stepwise variable transmission is in a power transmission state and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes is performed. 19. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 14 wherein the vehicle further comprises a stepwise variable transmission provided with a dog clutch, and wherein the idle-stop by the engine controller is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment controller that a dog clutch of the stepwise variable transmission is in a power transmission state and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes is performed. 20. The saddle-type vehicle of claim 11 wherein the vehicle further comprises a continuously variable transmission, and wherein the idle-stop by the engine controller is configured to be performed subject to judgment of the judgment controller that a gear ratio of the continuously variable transmission is a predetermined value or more and a simultaneous operation of the first and second brakes is performed.",
-    "In one aspect, a diagnostic test system includes a housing, a reader, and a data analyzer. The housing includes a port for receiving a test strip. The reader obtains separable light intensity measurements from localized regions of an area of the detection zone exposed for optical inspection, wherein each of the localized regions is characterized by at least one surface dimension smaller than the first dimension. The data analyzer identifies ones of the light intensity measurements obtained from the at least one test region and computes at least one parameter from the identified ones of the light intensity measurements. In another aspect, the reader obtains a respective set of light intensity measurements from each of multiple corresponding regions of the exposed surface area of the detection zone, and the data analyzer computes at least one parameter from at least one of the sets of light intensity measurements. 1.-30. (canceled) 31. A diagnostic test system, comprising: a test strip comprising one or more test regions and one or more control regions, the one or more test regions comprising multiple localized regions containing an immobilized substance configured to bind a target analyte; a reader configured to obtain light intensity measurements from the multiple localized regions of the one or more test regions, the reader comprising one or more light sources configured to illuminate the multiple localized regions of the one or more test regions, and a light detector array that comprises individual light detectors, each individual light detector configured to obtain a separable light intensity measurement from one of the multiple localized regions of the one or more test regions; and a data analyzer comprising software that identifies the separable light intensity measurements obtained from the one or more test regions and computes at least one parameter from the identified separable light intensity measurements. 32. The diagnostic test system of claim 31, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a peak intensity value or an aggregative intensity value. 33. The diagnostic test system of claim 31, wherein the test strip supports lateral flow of a fluid along a lateral flow direction, and wherein at least one test region includes an area that is exposed for optical inspection and is characterized by a first dimension transverse to the lateral flow direction and a second dimension parallel to the lateral flow direction. 34. The system of claim 33, wherein each of the localized regions of the one or more test regions is characterized by at least one dimension that is the same size or smaller than the second dimension of the at least one test region. 35. The system of claim 31, further comprising a mechanism for imparting relative motion between the test strip and the reader. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the mechanism comprises a motorized carriage that moves the test strip relative to the reader. 37. The system of claim 35, wherein the test strip supports lateral flow of a fluid along a lateral flow direction and wherein the mechanism is configured to move the reader relative to the test strip in the lateral flow direction. 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the light detector array comprises a linear light detector array oriented in a direction transverse to the direction of motion of the reader. 39. The system of claim 31, wherein the data analyzer is configured to identify the separable light intensity measurements obtained from the test region based at least in part on intensity measurements obtained from at least one position marker on the test strip. 40. A diagnostic test system, comprising: a reader configured to measure an intensity of a light signal arising from a measurement zone of a lateral flow assay test strip as a result of the presence of a labeled target analyte complex immobilized in the measurement zone, the reader further configured to measure an intensity of a light signal arising from a control zone of the lateral flow assay test strip as a result of the presence of a labeling substance immobilized in the control zone, the lateral flow assay test strip comprising multiple localized regions, the reader comprising a light source configured to illuminate the lateral flow assay test strip, and a plurality of light detectors, each light detector configured to detect intensity of light signals arising from one of the multiple localized regions and generate a light intensity measurement; and a data analyzer configured to individually analyze each light intensity measurement and isolate light intensity measurements arising from the measurement zone and the control zone from light intensity measurements that do not arise from the measurement zone or the control zone, the data analyzer further configured to compute at least one parameter from the isolated light intensity measurements arising from the measurement zone and the control zone. 41. The system of claim 40, wherein the measurement zone comprises immobilized compounds configured to bind the labeled target analyte complexes and retain the labeled target analyte complexes in the measurement zone. 42. The system of claim 40, wherein the control zone comprises a compound configured to bind the labeling substance and retain the labeling substance in the control zone. 43. The system of claim 40, wherein the data analyzer is further configured to determine the presence of a labeled target analyte complex immobilized in the measurement zone based on isolated light intensity measurements arising from the measurement zone. 44. The system of claim 40, wherein the data analyzer is further configured to determine when sufficient quantity of the labeling substance has accumulated in the control zone based on isolated light intensity measurements arising from the control zone. 45. The system of claim 40, further comprising a test result indicator configured to indicate the presence of a labeled target analyte complex immobilized in the measurement zone. 46. The system of claim 45, wherein the test result indicator comprises one or more lights or an alphanumeric display. 47. The system of claim 45, wherein the test result indicator is further configured to indicate completion of an assay test when sufficient quantity of the labeling substance has accumulated in the control region. 48. The system of claim 40, wherein the reader is configured to communicate light intensity measurements to the data analyzer over a wireless connection.",
-    "Systems and methods for analysis of execution patterns for applications executing on remote devices. In some implementations of the system, a knowledge base stores successful traces from a plurality of instances of an application and one or more computing processors in the system receive, via a network interface, call-stack information from an instance of the application executing on a remote device, call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the instance of the application, and determine whether there is a similarity between the call-stack information received from the instance of the application and the stored plurality of successful traces. Responsive to determining a similarity, the computing processors add the remote device to a population of devices likely to execute the object and facilitate further actions specific to the device population. 1. A system comprising: a knowledge base storing a collected plurality of successful traces from a plurality of instances of an application executing on a plurality of remote devices; a network interface; and a computer processor configured to: receive, via the network interface from a first instance of the application executing on a first remote device, one or more units of call-stack information, the call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the first instance of the application; receive, from the first instance of the application, an indicator that the first instance of the application has executed an objective; aggregate, responsive to receiving the indicator, the received units of call-stack information leading up to the executed objective as a successful trace and store the successful trace in the knowledge base; receive, from a second instance of the application executing on a second remote device, one or more units of call-stack information, the call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the second instance of the application; determine a similarity between the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application and the plurality of successful traces; and add, responsive to determining the similarity, the second remote device to a population of devices likely to execute the object. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a filter configured to use a set of rules to exclude, from each received unit of call-stack information, information that is common to all instances of the application. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the computer processor is configured to update the set of rules based on the collected plurality of successful traces. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the computer processor is configured to update the set of rules based on call-stack traces where the objective has not been executed. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the call-stack information is received from a library linked to the application. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein a unit of call-stack information includes multiple call-stack captures batched together. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the periodicity of call-stack captures is between one per second and one per minute. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein determining a similarity between the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application and the plurality of successful traces comprises using a clustering algorithm to determine that the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application belongs to a cluster of successful traces. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the objective is a purchase event. 10. A method comprising: receiving, from a first instance of an application executing on a first remote device, one or more units of call-stack information, the call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the first instance of the application; receiving, from the first instance of the application, an indicator that the first instance of the application has executed an objective; aggregating the received units of call-stack information leading up to the executed objective as a successful trace; collecting a plurality of successful traces from a plurality of instances of the application executing on a plurality of remote devices; receiving, from a second instance of the application executing on a second remote device, one or more units of call-stack information, the call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the second instance of the application; determining a similarity between the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application and the plurality of successful traces; adding the second remote device to a population of devices likely to execute the object. 11. The method of claim 1, comprising filtering the call-stack information using a set of rules to exclude call-stack information common to all instances of the application. 12. The method of claim 11, comprising updating the set of rules based on the collected plurality of successful traces. 13. The method of claim 11, comprising updating the set of rules based call-stack traces where the objective has not been executed. 14. The method of claim 10, comprising receiving the call-stack information from a library linked to the application. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein a unit of call-stack information includes multiple call-stack captures batched together. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the periodicity of call-stack captures is between one per second and one per minute. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein determining a similarity between the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application and the plurality of successful traces comprises using a clustering algorithm to determine that the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application belongs to a cluster of successful traces. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the objective is a purchase event. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by one or more computing processors, cause the one or more computing processors to: receive, from a first instance of an application executing on a first remote device, one or more units of call-stack information, the call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the first instance of the application; receive, from the first instance of the application, an indicator that the first instance of the application has executed an objective; aggregate, responsive to receiving the indicator, the received units of call-stack information leading up to the executed objective as a successful trace and store the successful trace in a knowledge base storing a collected plurality of successful traces from a plurality of instances of an application executing on a plurality of remote devices; receive, from a second instance of the application executing on a second remote device, one or more units of call-stack information, the call-stack information including periodic captures of an execution status for the second instance of the application; determine a similarity between the call-stack information received from the second instance of the application and the plurality of successful traces; and add, responsive to determining the similarity, the second remote device to a population of devices likely to execute the object. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, storing instructions that, when executed by one or more computing processors, cause the one or more computing processors to filter the call-stack information using a set of rules to exclude call-stack information common to all instances of the application.",
-    "A pillar assembly has a first side member, a second side member for connecting to the first side member, a third side member having a first side channel, a second side channel, and an access opening, the third side member for connecting to the second side member, and a fourth side member having an adjustment opening, the fourth side member for connecting to the first side member and the third side member. A pillar assembly having a reinforcing member is also disclosed. 1. A pillar assembly comprising: a first side member; a second side member for connecting to the first side member; a third side member having a first side channel, a second side channel, and an access opening, the third side member for connecting to the second side member; and a fourth side member having an adjustment opening, the fourth side member for connecting to the first side member and the third side member. 2. The pillar assembly of claim 1 further comprising a hinge assembly for placement in the adjustment opening of the fourth side member. 3. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 2 wherein the reinforcement member further comprises an aperture in the second leg adapted to receive a connecting device. 4. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 1 wherein the fourth side member further comprises a second adjustment opening. 5. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 1 wherein the second side member comprises an adjustment opening. 6. The pillar assembly of claim 5 wherein the second side member further comprises a second adjustment opening. 7. The pillar assembly of claim 6 further comprising a second reinforcement member for fitting within the first side channel and the second side channel of the third side member for providing reinforcement for the third side member and being movable within the first channel, the second channel, and the second adjustment opening. 8. A pillar assembly comprising: a first side member; a second side member for connecting to the first side member; a third side member having a first side channel, a second side channel, and an access opening, the third side member for connecting to the second side member; a fourth side member having an adjustment opening, the fourth side member for connecting to the first side member and the third side member; and a reinforcement member for fitting within the first side channel and the second side channel of the third side member for providing reinforcement for the third side member. 9. The pillar assembly of claim 8 wherein the reinforcement member comprises an L-shaped member having a first leg for spanning between the first side channel and the second side channel and a second leg. 10. The pillar assembly of claim 9 wherein the reinforcement member further comprises an aperture in the second leg adapted to receive a connecting device. 11. The pillar assembly of claim 8 wherein the fourth side member further comprises an access opening. 12. The pillar assembly of claim 8 wherein the reinforcement member is movable within the first channel, the second channel, and the adjustment opening. 13. The pillar assembly of claim 8 wherein the fourth side member further comprises a second adjustment opening. 14. The pillar assembly of claim 13 further comprising a second reinforcement member for fitting within the first side channel and the second side channel of the third side member for providing reinforcement for the third side member and being movable within the first channel, the second channel, and the second adjustment opening. 15. A pillar assembly comprising: a first side member; a second side member for connecting to the first side member; a third side member having a first side channel, a second side channel, and an access opening, the third side member for connecting to the second side member; and a fourth side member having an adjustment opening, the fourth side member for connecting to the first side member and the third side member; and an access panel member for covering the access opening of the third side member. 16. The pillar assembly of claim 15 wherein the access panel further comprises a first side flange and a second side flange and the pillar assembly having a reinforcement member further comprises a of further comprising a pair of rail members with first side flange and the second side flange for sliding on the rail members for the access panel member to held in place to cover the access panel member. 17. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 15 wherein the reinforcement member comprises an L-shaped member having a first leg for spanning between the first side channel and the second side channel and a second leg. 18. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 17 wherein the reinforcement member further comprises an aperture in the second leg adapted to receive a connecting device. 19. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 15 further comprising a second reinforcement member for fitting within the first side channel and the second side channel of the third side member for providing reinforcement for the third side member. 20. The pillar assembly having a reinforcement member of claim 15 wherein the fourth side member further comprises a second adjustment opening and the pillar assembly having a reinforcement member further comprises a second reinforcement member for fitting within the first side channel and the second side channel of the third side member for providing reinforcement for the third side member and being movable within the first channel, the second channel, and the second adjustment opening.",
-    "Loop vectorization methods and apparatus are disclosed. An example method includes prior to executing an original loop having iterations, analyzing, via a processor, the iterations of the original loop, identifying a dependency between a first one of the iterations of the original loop and a second one of the iterations of the original loop, after identifying the dependency, vectorizing a first group of the iterations of the original loop based on the identified dependency to form a vectorization loop, and setting a dynamic adjustment value of the vectorization loop based on the identified dependency. 1. A method, comprising: prior to executing an original loop having iterations: analyzing, via a processor, the iterations of the original loop; identifying, via the processor, a dependency between a first one of the iterations of the original loop and a second one of the iterations of the original loop; after identifying the dependency, vectorizing, via the processor, a first group of the iterations of the original loop based on the identified dependency to form a vectorization loop; and setting, via the processor, a dynamic adjustment value of the vectorization loop based on the identified dependency.",
-    "A high frequency termination device includes a printed circuit board. A ground pad having a first predetermined inductive reactance at a resonant frequency can be mounted on the printed circuit board. A resistor landing pad having a second predetermined inductive reactance at the resonant frequency can be mounted on the printed circuit board. The resistor landing pad can be selectively positioned adjacent to the ground pad to create a desired capacitive reactance at the resonant frequency to cancel at least part of the first predetermined inductive reactance and the second predetermined inductive reactance. A terminating resistor can be coupled with the resistor landing pad. An impedance of the termination device is dominated by a resistance value of the terminating resistor at the resonant frequency due to cancellation of at least part of the first predetermined inductive reactance and the second predetermined inductive reactance at the resonant frequency. 1. A high frequency termination device comprising: a printed circuit board; a ground pad having a first predetermined inductive reactance at a resonant frequency and being mounted on the printed circuit board; a resistor landing pad having a second predetermined inductive reactance at the resonant frequency and being mounted on the printed circuit board, the resistor landing pad selectively positioned adjacent to the ground pad to create a desired capacitive reactance at the resonant frequency to cancel at least part of the first predetermined inductive reactance and the second predetermined inductive reactance; and a terminating resistor coupled with the resistor landing pad, an impedance of the termination device dominated by a resistance value of the terminating resistor at the resonant frequency due to cancellation of at least part of the first predetermined inductive reactance and the second predetermined inductive reactance at the resonant frequency. 2. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the resistor landing pad is positioned at a first layer of the printed circuit board and the ground pad is positioned at a second layer of the printed circuit board to be a predetermined distance from the ground pad, and the ground pad is dimensioned to form a predetermined area so as to create the desired capacitive reactance at the resonant frequency. 3. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the desired capacitive reactance is created based on a capacitor formed by an area of the ground pad being sized to form a bottom conductor, an area of the resistor landing pad being sized to form a top conductor, and a thickness and dielectric content of the printed circuit board being selected as an insulator between the top conductor and the bottom conductor. 4. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the ground pad and the resistor landing pad cooperatively operate to create the desired capacitive reactance as a function of an area of the ground pad and the resistor landing pad, a thickness and dielectric content of the printed circuit board, and the selective position of the resistor landing pad with respect to the ground pad. 5. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein a total area of the ground pad and the resistor landing pad are adjustable based on a predetermined size of the ground pad, and the resistor landing pad is positioned at a predetermined distance with respect to the ground pad to create the desired capacitive reactance. 6. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the resonant frequency is a predetermined value between 10 GHz and 100 GHz. 7. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the resonant frequency is between 55 GHz and 65 GHz. 8. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the terminating resistor is a surface mount resistor. 9. The high frequency termination device of claim 1, wherein the termination device is a passive termination device for termination of wireless signals with a frequency greater than 10 GHz. 10. A high frequency termination device comprising: a printed circuit board comprising a mounting area; a ground pad positioned within the mounting area; a resistor landing pad positioned to overlap at least a part of the ground pad, wherein an area and location of the ground pad, and a distance between the ground pad and the resistor landing pad are predetermined to produce, at a resonant frequency, a predetermined capacitive reactance to compensate for a parasitic inductive reactance of at least the resistor landing pad; and a resistor coupled with the resistor landing pad. 11. The high frequency termination device of claim 10, wherein the printed circuit board includes a first surface opposing a second surface, the ground pad mounted within the mounting area on the first surface, and the resistor landing pad mounted on the second surface such that the distance between the ground pad and the landing pad is based on a thickness of the printed circuit board. 12. The high frequency termination device of claim 10, wherein the capacitive reactance is predetermined to also compensate for a parasitic inductive reactance of the ground pad. 13. The high frequency termination device of claim 12, wherein the capacitive reactance is created to substantially cancel the parasitic inductive reactance of the resistor landing pad and the ground pad. 14. The high frequency termination device of claim 10, wherein the resistor is a connectable to a signal line for termination of a high frequency wireless signal operable at the resonant frequency. 15. The high frequency termination device of claim 10, wherein the termination device comprises a combined impedance of the ground pad, the resistor landing pad and the resistor, the combined impedance being dominated by a resistance of the resistor at the resonant frequency. 16. A method comprising: mounting a resistor terminator pad on a printed circuit board; mounting a ground pad in a predetermined position with respect to the resistor terminator pad so that the resistor terminator pad is space away from the ground pad by a predetermined distance; the predetermined position of the ground pad with respect to the resistor terminator pad creating a predetermined capacitive reactance between the resistor terminator pad and the ground pad at a resonant frequency to compensate for a parasitic inductive reactance associated with at least one of the resistor terminator pad or the ground pad at the resonant frequency; and mounting a resistor on the resistor terminator pad, the resistor and the resistor terminator pad forming a predetermined impedance for termination of a high frequency wireless signal operable at the resonant frequency. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the resonant frequency is greater than 10 GHz. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the ground pad has a first predetermined inductive reactance, and the resistor terminator pad has a second predetermined inductive reactance, and the method comprises the predetermined capacitive reactance canceling at least part of the first and the second predetermined inductive reactance at the resonant frequency, the resonant frequency being greater than 10 GHZ. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein terminating the resistor comprises surface mounting the resistor on the resistor terminator pad. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising sizing the ground pad to have a predetermined area to obtain the predetermined capacitive reactance at the resonant frequency.",
-    "A highly reliable semiconductor device exhibiting stable electrical characteristics is provided. Further, a highly reliable semiconductor device is provided. Oxide semiconductor films are stacked so that the conduction band has a well-shaped structure. A second oxide semiconductor film having a crystalline structure is provided over the first oxide semiconductor film and a third oxide semiconductor film is provided over the second oxide semiconductor film. The bottom of a conduction band in the second oxide semiconductor film is deeper from a vacuum level than the bottom of a conduction band in the first oxide semiconductor film and the bottom of a conduction band in the third oxide semiconductor film. 1. (canceled) 2. A semiconductor device comprising: a gate electrode; a gate insulating film over the gate electrode; a first oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating film; a second oxide semiconductor film having a crystalline structure over the first oxide semiconductor film; and a third oxide semiconductor film over the second oxide semiconductor film, a source electrode and a drain electrode which are in contact with the third oxide semiconductor film, wherein a bottom of a conduction band in the second oxide semiconductor film is deeper from a vacuum level than a bottom of a conduction band in the first oxide semiconductor film and a bottom of a conduction band in the third oxide semiconductor film, wherein each of the first oxide semiconductor film, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the third oxide semiconductor film includes indium, zinc, and gallium, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film has a lower degree of crystallinity than the second oxide semiconductor film, and wherein the third oxide semiconductor film has a lower degree of crystallinity than the second oxide semiconductor film. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film includes a crystal region which is c-axis-aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a surface of the second oxide semiconductor film. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film has a higher indium content than the first oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film each have an indium content of higher than or equal to 1\u00d71019/cm3. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a portion of the source electrode and a portion of the drain electrode are overlapped with the gate electrode. 7. A display device comprising: a gate electrode; a gate insulating film over the gate electrode; a first oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating film; a second oxide semiconductor film having a crystalline structure over the first oxide semiconductor film; and a third oxide semiconductor film over the second oxide semiconductor film, a source electrode and a drain electrode which are in contact with the third oxide semiconductor film, an insulating film over the third oxide semiconductor film, the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a pixel electrode over the insulating film, wherein a bottom of a conduction band in the second oxide semiconductor film is deeper from a vacuum level than a bottom of a conduction band in the first oxide semiconductor film and a bottom of a conduction band in the third oxide semiconductor film, wherein each of the first oxide semiconductor film, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the third oxide semiconductor film includes indium, zinc, and gallium, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film has a lower degree of crystallinity than the second oxide semiconductor film, and wherein the third oxide semiconductor film has a lower degree of crystallinity than the second oxide semiconductor film. 8. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film includes a crystal region which is c-axis-aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a surface of the second oxide semiconductor film. 9. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film has a higher indium content than the first oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film. 10. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film each have an indium content of higher than or equal to 1\u00d71019/cm3. 11. The display device according to claim 7, wherein a portion of the source electrode and a portion of the drain electrode are overlapped with the gate electrode. 12. A display device comprising: a gate electrode; a gate insulating film over the gate electrode; a first oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating film; a second oxide semiconductor film having a crystalline structure over the first oxide semiconductor film; and a third oxide semiconductor film over the second oxide semiconductor film, a source electrode and a drain electrode which are in contact with the third oxide semiconductor film, an insulating film over the third oxide semiconductor film, the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a pixel electrode over the insulating film, wherein a bottom of a conduction band in the second oxide semiconductor film is deeper from a vacuum level than a bottom of a conduction band in the first oxide semiconductor film and a bottom of a conduction band in the third oxide semiconductor film, wherein each of the first oxide semiconductor film, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the third oxide semiconductor film includes indium, zinc, and gallium, wherein the third oxide semiconductor film is in contact with a side surface of the first oxide semiconductor film and a side surface of the second oxide semiconductor film, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film has a lower degree of crystallinity than the second oxide semiconductor film, and wherein the third oxide semiconductor film has a lower degree of crystallinity than the second oxide semiconductor film. 13. The display device according to claim 12, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film includes a crystal region which is c-axis-aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to a surface of the second oxide semiconductor film. 14. The display device according to claim 12, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film has a higher indium content than the first oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film. 15. The display device according to claim 12, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film each have an indium content of higher than or equal to 1\u00d71019/cm3. 16. The display device according to claim 12, wherein a portion of the source electrode and a portion of the drain electrode are overlapped with the gate electrode.",
-    "The present disclosure includes an insert for a fuse structure. In one approach, a fuse, includes a housing having a cavity, a fuse element disposed within the cavity, a plurality of terminals extending out of the housing and electrically connected to the fuse element, and an insert disposed in the cavity, the insert including a pin extending through an opening of the housing. In some approaches, the insert includes a separating wall defining first and second cavities of the insert. 1. A fuse, comprising: a housing having a cavity; a fuse element disposed within the cavity; a plurality of terminals extending out of the housing and electrically connected to the fuse element; and an insert disposed in the cavity, the insert including a pin extending through an opening of the housing. 2. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the insert comprises: a set of sidewalls; a set of end walls coupled to the set of sidewalls; and a separating wall extending between the set of end walls. 3. The fuse of claim 2, wherein the separating wall defines a plurality of cavities of the insert. 4. The fuse of claim 2, wherein the insert comprises a buttress extending from the separating wall. 5. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the insert is silicone. 6. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the insert is disposed above and below the fuse element. 7. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the pin includes an opening formed therein. 8. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the fuse element is disposed between the set of sidewalls. 9. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the plurality of terminals includes a first terminal and a second terminal, and wherein the insert is spaced apart from the first terminal and the second terminal. 10. The fuse of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises a first portion and a second portion. 11. A method of forming a fuse, comprising: providing a fuse structure comprising a fuse element and a first terminal and a second terminal connected to the fuse element; providing a first housing part and a second housing part; providing an insert about the fuse element and between the first housing part and the second housing part, wherein the insert includes a pin extending through an opening of one or more of the first housing part and the second housing part; and coupling the first housing part to the second housing part, wherein the first housing part and the second housing part define a cavity retaining the insert therein. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing a separating wall extending between a set of end walls of the insert, wherein the separating wall defines a first cavity within the insert and a second cavity within the insert. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising coupling a first section of the insert to a second section of the insert, wherein the fuse element is clamped between the first and second sections of the insert. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the insert is silicone. 15. A fuse, comprising: a housing having a cavity; a fuse element disposed within the cavity; a plurality of terminals extending out of the housing and electrically connected to the fuse element; and a silicone insert disposed in the cavity, the insert including a plurality of cavities separated by at least one separating wall. 16. The fuse of claim 15, wherein the insert comprises: a set of sidewalls; and a set of end walls coupled to the set of sidewalls, wherein the separating wall extends between the set of end walls. 17. The fuse of claim 16, wherein the fuse element is disposed between the set of sidewalls. 18. The fuse of claim 15, wherein the insert is disposed above and below the fuse element. 19. The fuse of claim 15, wherein the plurality of terminals includes a first terminal and a second terminal, and wherein the insert is spaced between the first terminal and the second terminal. 20. The fuse of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises a first portion and a second portion.",
-    "Solid state lighting devices and associated methods of manufacturing are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a solid state lighting device includes a substrate material having a substrate surface and a plurality of hemispherical grained silicon (\u201cHSG\u201d) structures on the substrate surface of the substrate material. The solid state lighting device also includes a semiconductor material on the substrate material, at least a portion of which is between the plurality of HSG structures. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A solid state lighting device, comprising: a plurality of hemispherical grained silicon (HSG) structures positioned on a substrate surface; a single-crystal semiconductor material positioned on the substrate surface and the plurality of HSG structures; and an active region proximate the single-crystal semiconductor material, the active region including gallium nitride (GaN)/indium gallium nitride (InGaN) multiple quantum wells. 8. The solid state lighting device of claim 1 wherein the substrate surface is a generally-planar surface. 9. The solid state lighting device of claim 1 wherein the individual HSG structure includes a base proximate the substrate surface, an apex spaced apart from the base, and a side surface between the base and the apex. 10. The solid state lighting device of claim 9 wherein the side surface includes a hemispherical surface. 11. The solid state lighting device of claim 1 wherein the single-crystal semiconductor material substantially encapsulates the plurality of HSG structures. 12. The solid state lighting device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of HSG structures are arranged as an array. 13. The solid state lighting device of claim 12 wherein the array has a pitch, and wherein the pitch is determined based on a desired dislocation density of the single-crystal semiconductor material. 14. The solid state lighting device of claim 12 wherein the plurality of HSG structures includes multiple bases, and wherein the adjacent bases are spaced apart from one another by a gap. 15. The solid state lighting device of claim 14 wherein a portion of the substrate surface is exposed by the gap. 16. The solid state lighting device of claim 12 wherein the plurality of HSG structures are positioned based on a side-by-side arrangement. 17. The solid state lighting device of claim 12 wherein the plurality of HSG structures are aligned based on a crystal orientation of the substrate surface. 18. An apparatus for supporting a solid state lighting device, comprising: a substrate surface; a plurality of hemispherical grained silicon (HSG) structures positioned on the substrate surface based on a crystal orientation of the substrate surface; a single-crystal semiconductor material positioned on the substrate surface and the plurality of HSG structures; and an active region proximate the single-crystal semiconductor material, the active region including a bulk indium gallium nitride (InGaN) material. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the individual HSG structure includes a base proximate the substrate surface, an apex spaced apart from the base, and a side surface between the base and the apex. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the base and the apex of the individual HSG structure have a Si (1,1,1) crystal orientation. 21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the side surface is not at any preferential growth planes. 22. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the crystal orientation of the substrate surface includes a Si (1,1,1) crystal orientation. 23. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the crystal orientation of the substrate surface includes a Si (1,0,0) crystal orientation. 24. A microelectronic device, comprising: a plurality of hemispherical grained silicon (HSG) structures positioned on a substrate surface; a single-crystal semiconductor material positioned on the substrate surface and the plurality of HSG structures; and an active region proximate the single-crystal semiconductor material, the active region including an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) single quantum well. 25. The microelectronic device of claim 24 wherein the individual HSG structure includes a base proximate the substrate surface, an apex spaced apart from the base, and a side surface between the base and the apex. 26. The microelectronic device of claim 24 wherein the side surface includes a hemispherical surface, and wherein the hemispherical surface is not at any preferential growth planes.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated 43393886 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 43393886, to the plants of soybean cultivar 43393886, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar 43393886, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar 43393886. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 43393886. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 43393886, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar 43393886 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar 43393886, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 43393886 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar 43393886 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 43393886 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce Fl progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar 43393886 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar 43393886 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar 43393886, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar 43393886 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar 43393886. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar 43393886, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. A mutagenized soybean plant produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the mutagenized soybean plant comprises a mutation in the genome and otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 43393886. 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "High-pressure fluid jet systems are provided which include a pump to selectively provide a source of high-pressure fluid, a cutting head assembly configured to receive the high-pressure fluid and generate a high-pressure fluid jet for processing workpieces or work surfaces, and a fluid distribution system in fluid communication with the pump and the cutting head assembly to route the high-pressure fluid from the pump to the cutting head assembly. The pump, the cutting head assembly and/or the fluid distribution system include at least one fluid distribution component having a unitary body formed from an additive manufacturing or casting process with an internal passage having at least a curvilinear portion to efficiently route matter through the fluid jet system. Example fluid distribution components include fittings, valve bodies, cutting head bodies and nozzles of the high-pressure fluid jet systems. 1. (canceled) 2. A high-pressure fluid jet system comprising: a pump to selectively provide a source of high-pressure fluid at an operating pressure of at least 20,000 psi, the pump including a valve body having a unitary body formed from an additive manufacturing or casting process, the unitary body comprising an inlet, an outlet and an internal passage between the inlet and the outlet to assist in routing matter through the valve body, the internal passage having a path that is at least partially curvilinear and including at least a portion having a cross-sectional profile that varies over a corresponding length of the path, and the valve body being subjected to cyclic or periodic loading during operation of the system arising from recurrent high-pressure conditions corresponding to the operating pressure of at least 20,000 psi. 3. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 2 wherein the internal passage extends through the unitary body of the valve body along the path that is non-linear and includes a first end portion near the inlet and a second end portion near the outlet. 4. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 3 wherein the path of the internal passage that extends through the unitary body of the valve body includes an intermediate portion between the first end portion and the second end portion that is curvilinear, and the internal passage is configured to gradually redirect a flow of matter from the inlet to the outlet. 5. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 2 wherein the cross-sectional profile gradually narrows over the corresponding length of the path in a downstream direction. 6. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 2 wherein the cross-sectional size changes over the corresponding length of the path. 7. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 2 wherein the cross-sectional profile shape changes over the corresponding length of the path. 8. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 2 wherein the valve body includes a sidewall, an upstream end and a downstream end, the inlet being formed in the sidewall to receive a source of fluid and the outlet being formed in the upstream end of the valve body to intermittingly discharge fluid passing through the inlet into a cylinder cavity downstream of the outlet for subsequent pressurization of the fluid during a pressurizing stroke of the pump. 9. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 8 wherein the valve body includes a plurality of inlets spaced around a perimeter of the valve body, a corresponding plurality of outlets formed in the upstream end of the valve body and a respective internal passage extending between each inlet and corresponding outlet, and the valve body including a central discharge passage to enable high-pressure fluid generated during the pressurization stroke of the pump to pass through the valve body toward a high-pressure fluid output of the pump. 10. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 9 wherein the central discharge passage of the valve body extends from the upstream end of the valve body to the downstream end of the valve body along a central axis of the valve body, and wherein each internal passage includes an upstream portion that extends generally perpendicular to the central axis of the valve body and a downstream portion which extends generally parallel to the central axis of the valve body. 11. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 10 wherein the upstream portion of each internal passage has an initial cross-sectional area that is greater than a terminal cross-sectional area of the downstream portion of the internal passage. 12. A fluid distribution component of a high-pressure system, the fluid distribution component comprising: a unitary body formed from an additive manufacturing or casting process, the unitary body comprising: an inlet; an outlet; and an internal passage between the inlet and the outlet to assist in routing matter through the fluid distribution component, the internal passage having a path that is at least partially curvilinear and including at least a portion having a cross-sectional profile that varies over a corresponding length of the path, and wherein the fluid distribution component is subjected to cyclic or periodic loading during operation of the system arising from recurrent high-pressure conditions corresponding to an operation pressure of at least 20,000 psi. 13. The fluid distribution component of claim 12 wherein the fluid distribution component is a valve body of a pump, the valve body including a sidewall, an upstream end and a downstream end, the inlet being formed in the sidewall to receive a source of fluid and the outlet being formed in the upstream end of the valve body to intermittingly discharge fluid passing through the inlet into a cylinder cavity downstream of the outlet for subsequent pressurization of the fluid during a pressurizing stroke of the pump. 14. The fluid distribution component of claim 13 wherein the valve body includes a plurality of inlets spaced around a perimeter of the valve body, a corresponding plurality of outlets formed in the upstream end of the valve body and a respective internal passage extending between each inlet and corresponding outlet, and the valve body including a central discharge passage to enable high-pressure fluid generated during the pressurization stroke of the pump to pass through the valve body toward a high-pressure fluid output of the pump. 15. The fluid distribution component of claim 14 wherein the central discharge passage of the valve body extends from the upstream end of the valve body to the downstream end of the valve body along a central axis of the valve body, and wherein each internal passage includes an upstream portion that extends generally perpendicular to the central axis of the valve body and a downstream portion which extends generally parallel to the central axis of the valve body. 16. The fluid distribution component of claim 15 wherein the upstream portion of each internal passage has an initial cross-sectional area that is greater than a terminal cross-sectional area of the downstream portion of the internal passage. 17. A high-pressure fluid jet system comprising: a pump to selectively provide a source of high-pressure fluid at an operating pressure of at least 20,000 psi; and a fluid distribution system in fluid communication with the pump and an end effector assembly to route the high-pressure fluid from the pump to the end effector assembly, and wherein at least one of the pump and the fluid distribution system comprises: a fluid distribution component having a unitary body formed from an additive manufacturing or casting process, the unitary body comprising an inlet, an outlet and an internal passage between the inlet and the outlet to assist in routing matter through the high-pressure fluid jet system, the internal passage having a path that is at least partially curvilinear and including at least a portion having a cross-sectional profile that varies over a corresponding length of the path, and the fluid distribution component being subjected to cyclic or periodic loading during operation of the system arising from recurrent high-pressure conditions corresponding to the operating pressure of at least 20,000 psi. 18. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 17 wherein the fluid distribution component is a valve body of the pump, the valve body including a sidewall, an upstream end and a downstream end, the inlet being formed in the sidewall to receive a source of fluid and the outlet being formed in the upstream end of the valve body to intermittingly discharge fluid passing through the inlet into a cylinder cavity downstream of the outlet for subsequent pressurization of the fluid during a pressurizing stroke of the pump. 19. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 18 wherein the valve body includes a plurality of inlets spaced around a perimeter of the valve body, a corresponding plurality of outlets formed in the upstream end of the valve body and a respective internal passage extending between each inlet and corresponding outlet, and the valve body including a central discharge passage to enable high-pressure fluid generated during the pressurization stroke of the pump to pass through the valve body toward a high-pressure fluid output of the pump. 20. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 19 wherein the central discharge passage of the valve body extends from the upstream end of the valve body to the downstream end of the valve body along a central axis of the valve body, and wherein each internal passage includes an upstream portion that extends generally perpendicular to the central axis of the valve body and a downstream portion which extends generally parallel to the central axis of the valve body. 21. The high-pressure fluid jet system of claim 20 wherein the upstream portion of each internal passage has an initial cross-sectional area that is greater than a terminal cross-sectional area of the downstream portion of the internal passage.",
-    "A method for the production of a workpiece having a corrected gear tooth geometry and/or a modified surface structure by a diagonal generating method by a modified tool, wherein a modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced in that the position of the tool dresser is varied during dressing in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool and/or on the tool width position and/or wherein a modification of the surface geometry is produced which has a constant value at least locally in the generating pattern in a first direction of the tool and is given by a function in a second direction of the tool which extends perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the modification of the tool produces a corresponding modification on the surface of the workpiece, and wherein the modification on the surface of the workpiece is a directed crowning without shape deviations. 1. A method for production of a workpiece having a corrected gear tooth geometry and/or a modified surface structure by a diagonal generating method by means of a modified tool, wherein a modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced in that the position of a dresser to the tool is varied during dressing in dependence on an angle of rotation of the tool and/or on a tool width position and/or wherein a modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced which has a constant value at least locally in a generating pattern in a first direction of the tool and is given by a function FFt1 in a second direction of the tool which extends perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the modification of the tool by the diagonal generating method produces a corresponding modification on the surface of the workpiece, wherein the modification on the surface of the workpiece is a directed crowning without shape deviations, or wherein the specific modification represents a pure tooth trace modification, or wherein the specific modification is an end relief, or wherein lines of constant modification extend on the workpiece at an angle of less than 60\u00b0, the lines of constant modification further in parallel with a line of action of the gear teeth. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the crowning is free of twist or wherein the crowning has a twist with a freely predefined direction on a tooth flank, wherein the direction of the twist is selected such that lines of constant modification extend at an angle less than 60\u00b0, the lines of constant modification further in parallel with the a of action of the gear teeth, and/or wherein a predefined direction of the crowning is achieved by a corresponding selection of the first or second directions of the modification on the tool and of a diagonal ratio, and/or wherein the crowning is produced only via the modification of the tool and without any modification of machine kinematics during machining of the workpiece, and/or wherein the crowning is circular or parabolic or logarithmic or is composed of a plurality of circular, parabolic or logarithmic segments. 3. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tooth trace modification is predefined within certain conditions, wherein the tooth trace modification is predefined as function FFt2 and/or the position of the dresser to the tool during the dressing is varied in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool and/or on the tool width position in accordance with a function FFt1 and/or wherein the first or second directions of the modification of the tool and the diagonal ratio are selected such that the first direction is mapped onto transverse sectional planes of the workpiece. 4. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the lines of constant modification extend at an angle of less than 60\u00b0, the lines of constant modification further in parallel with a line of action of the gear teeth and/or wherein the end relief is a generated end relief, wherein the lines of constant modification have an angle \u03b1 different from zero with the tooth edge. 5. The method in accordance with claim 4, wherein the end relief perpendicular to the lines of constant modification is planar, parabolic, in the form of a part circle, logarithmic, exponential or elliptical or sectionally consists of such shapes or sectionally comprises such shapes and transitional regions which provide a tangential transition, wherein the end relief perpendicular to the lines of constant modification is planar and merges in a transition region into an unmodified section or a section having another modification, and/or wherein the first or second directions of the modification of the tool and the diagonal ratio are selected in dependence on a desired direction of the end relief. 6. The method in accordance with claim 4, wherein different end reliefs are provided at an upper edge and at a lower edge, the end reliefs having different extents of the lines of constant modification, wherein work is carried out with different diagonal ratios for machining the end reliefs, and/or wherein the tool has at least one modified region and one unmodified region and/or at least two regions with different modifications, the modifications having different orientations, and/or two modified regions between which an unmodified region is disposed, wherein work is carried out in at least two regions with different diagonal ratios. 7. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein a desired modification of the surface geometry of the workpiece on the tooth gear flank has a constant value at least locally in the generating pattern in a first direction of the workpiece and is given by a function FFt2 in a second direction of the workpiece which extends perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the modification of the surface geometry of the tool used for producing the desired modification of the surface geometry of the workpiece has a constant value at least locally in the generating pattern in a first direction of the tool and further is given in a second direction of the tool which extends perpendicular to the first direction by the same function FFt1, wherein macrogeometry of the tool and/or a line of action of the dressing tool and/or a diagonal ratio and/or a compression factor are selected such that the modification of the tool along a first line on which a contact point moves on the tool on the machining of the workpiece corresponds to the desired modification of the workpiece along a second line on which the contact point moves on the workpiece, and/or wherein the modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced by a change of machine kinematics during the dressing process in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool and/or on the tool width position, wherein one or more of the following corrections of axial movements relative to dressing kinematics are carried out: a) varying axial spacing of a dresser from the tool in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width, b) varying axial feed of the tool or of the dresser in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width, c) varying an axial cross angle of the tool and of the dresser in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width, d) varying the speed of the tool in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width. 8. A gear manufacturing machine for production of a workpiece having a corrected gear tooth geometry and/or a modified surface structure by a diagonal generating method by means of a modified tool, wherein a modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced, wherein the gear manufacturing machine has an input function and/or a calculation function via which the modification and/or the orientation of the modification is predefined and/or determined, and/or a control function which produces the modification within a framework of machining of the workpiece, wherein the input function allows the input of a desired modification and the calculation function determines the modifications required for its manufacture and/or changes of machine kinematics required for producing the modifications during the machining process and/or during a dressing process, wherein a control function is provided which correspondingly changes the machine kinematics during the machining process and/or during the dressing process. 9. The gear manufacturing machine in accordance with claim 8, further comprising a computer system and/or software program comprising a function for inputting a desired modification and comprising a calculation function which determines the parameters of the machining process of the workpiece required for the production of the desired modifications from the desired modifications of the workpiece and/or the required modification of the tool and/or the modification of the dressing process of the tool required for the provision of the modification of the tool. 10. The gear manufacturing machine in accordance with claim 9, wherein the computer system and/or software program further comprises an interface to or installable on the gear manufacturing machine so that the changes of the machine kinematics during the dressing process and/or the parameters of the machining process is predefined and/or determined by the computer system and/or the software program. 11. A geared workpiece comprising a crowning-modified tooth flank, and/or a transmission having one or more geared workpieces having a crowning-modified tooth flank, wherein the crowning is a directed crowning without shape deviations, wherein the crowning is twist-free; wherein the crowning has a twist whose direction is selected such that the of constant modification extend at an angle of less than 60\u00b0, the lines of constant modification further in parallel with a line of action of the gear teeth and/or a helically toothed workpiece, having a modified tooth flank, and/or a transmission having one or more geared workpieces having a modified tooth flank, wherein the modification is a pure tooth trace modification. 12. The geared workpiece in accordance with claim 11, further comprising at least one end relief, and/or a transmission having one or more geared workpieces having at least one end relief, wherein the lines of constant modification extend at an angle of less than 60\u00b0, the lines of constant modification further in parallel with the line of action of the gear teeth, and/or wherein the end relief is a generated end relief, wherein the lines of constant modification have an angle \u03b1 not equal to zero with the tooth edge, and/or wherein different end reliefs are provided at an upper edge and at a lower edge, the end reliefs having different extents of the lines of constant modification, and/or a geared workpiece having a modified tooth flank, and/or a transmission having one or more geared workpieces having a modified tooth flank, wherein the modification has a constant value at least locally in the generating pattern in a first direction, and is given by a function FFt2 in a second direction which extends perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the lines of constant modification extend at an angle of less than 60\u00b0, the lines of constant modification further in parallel with the line of action of the gear teeth. 13. The geared workpiece of claim 11, wherein the geared workpiece is a gear wheel, wherein the helically toothed workpiece is a gear wheel. 14. The method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the function FFt1 is compressed linearly by a factor. 15. The gear manufacturing machine in accordance with claim 9, wherein a method for the production of a workpiece having a corrected gear tooth geometry and/or a modified surface structure by a diagonal generating method is implemented by the computer system and/or software program. 16. The method in accordance with claim 6, wherein a desired modification of the surface geometry of the workpiece on the tooth gear flank has a constant value at least locally in the generating pattern in a first direction of the workpiece and is given by a function FFt2 in a second direction of the workpiece which extends perpendicular to the first direction, wherein and the modification of the surface geometry of the tool used for producing the desired modification of the surface geometry of the workpiece has a constant value at least locally in the generating pattern in a first direction of the tool and further is given in a second direction of the tool which extends perpendicular to the first direction by the same function FFt1, wherein macrogeometry of the tool and/or a line of action of the dressing tool and/or a diagonal ratio and/or a compression factor are selected such that the modification of the tool along a first line on which a contact point moves on the tool on the machining of the workpiece corresponds to the desired modification of the workpiece along a second line on which the contact point moves on the workpiece, and/or wherein the modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced by a change of machine kinematics during the dressing process in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool and/or on the tool width position, wherein one or more of the following corrections of axial movements relative to dressing kinematics are carried out: a) varying axial spacing of a the dresser from the tool in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width, b) varying axial feed of the tool or of the dresser in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width, c) varying an axial cross angle of the tool and of the dresser in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width, d) varying the speed of the tool in dependence on the angle of rotation of the tool or on the tool width. 17. The method in accordance with claim 5, wherein different end reliefs are provided at an upper edge and at a lower edge, the different end reliefs having different extents of the lines of constant modification, wherein work is carried out with different diagonal ratios for machining the end reliefs, and/or wherein the tool has at least one modified region and one unmodified region and/or at least two regions with different modifications, the modifications having different orientations, and/or two modified regions between which an unmodified region is disposed, wherein work is carried out in at least two regions with different diagonal ratios.",
-    "Provided are methods of detecting the presence or amount of a vitamin D metabolite in a sample using mass spectrometry. The methods generally comprise ionizing a vitamin D metabolite in a sample and detecting the amount of the ion to determine the presence or amount of the vitamin D metabolite in the sample. Also provided are methods to detect the presence or amount of two or more vitamin D metabolites in a single assay. 1. A method for determining the amount of a vitamin D metabolite in a sample by tandem mass spectrometry, comprising: (a) generating one or more fragment ions having a mass-to-charge ratio of 251.30\u00b10.5, 211.35\u00b10.5, 209.20\u00b10.5, or 179.10\u00b10.5; (c) detecting the amount of one or more of the ions generated in step (a) and relating the detected ions to the amount of the vitamin D metabolite in the sample. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the detected amount of the one or more ions with an internal standard to determine the amount of the vitamin D metabolite in the body fluid sample. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the internal standard comprises a deuterated vitamin D metabolite. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the internal standard comprises 6D-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising ionizing the internal standard to generate one or more standard ions and generating a standard curve using the one or more standard ions. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising ionizing the internal standard to generate one or more ions with a mass/charge ratio (m/z) of at least one of 389.20\u00b10.5 and 211.30\u00b10.5. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising purifying the sample prior to ionization. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the purification comprises one or more methods selected from the group consisting of protein precipitation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high turbulence liquid chromatography (HTLC), and chiral chromatography. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the vitamin D metabolite comprises 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein generating comprises ionizing in positive ion mode.",
-    "A method and apparatus for a low resistance image sensor contact, the apparatus comprising a photosensor disposed in a substrate, a first ground well disposed in a first region of the substrate, the first ground well having a resistance lower than the substrate, and a ground line disposed in a region adjacent to the first ground well. The first ground well is configured to provide a low resistance path to the ground line from the substrate for excess free carriers in the first region of the substrate. The apparatus may optionally comprise a second ground well having a lower resistance than the first ground well and disposed between the first ground well and the ground line, and may further optionally comprise a third ground well having a lower resistance than the second ground well and disposed between the second ground well and the ground line. 1. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a first ground well in a substrate, the first ground well having a first dopant concentration of a first conductivity type, the first dopant concentration being greater than a dopant concentration of first conductivity type in an underlying region of the substrate; forming a photosensor in a first region of the substrate and separate from the first ground well; forming a dielectric layer on the substrate; and forming a metal trace ground contact directly over the first ground well, the metal trace ground contact extending through the dielectric layer and into the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal trace ground contact is disposed such that the first ground well provides a low resistance path for free carriers in the first region of the substrate to the metal trace ground contact. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a second ground well between the first ground well and the metal trace ground contact, the second ground well having a second dopant concentration of the first conductivity type, the second dopant concentration being greater than the first dopant concentration. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising forming a third ground well between the second ground well and the metal trace ground contact, the third ground well having a third dopant concentration of the first conductivity type, the third dopant concentration being greater than the first dopant concentration. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a drain region in the substrate, the drain region being directly over at least a portion of the first ground well. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first ground well comprises epitaxially growing a doped semiconductor layer as a first ground well. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal trace ground contact directly contacts the first ground well. 8. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a photosensor in a first region of a substrate; forming a first ground well in a second region of the substrate, the first ground well being separated from the photosensor by a third region of the substrate, the first ground well having a first dopant concentration of a first conductivity type, the third ground well having a second dopant concentration of the first conductivity type, the first dopant concentration being greater than the second dopant concentration; forming a dielectric layer over the substrate; and forming a metal trace ground contact laterally over the first ground well, the metal trace ground contact extending through the dielectric layer and into the substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming one or more additional ground wells interposed between the first ground well and the metal trace ground contact, wherein each of the one or more additional ground wells has a lower dopant concentration of the first conductivity type than other ones of the additional ground wells closer to the metal trace ground contact, each of the one or more additional ground wells having a dopant concentration of the first conductivity type greater than the first dopant concentration. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein an uppermost ground well of the one or more additional ground wells directly contacts the metal trace ground contact. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the first ground well and forming the one or more additional ground wells comprise epitaxially growing a doped semiconductor layer. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal trace ground contact directly contacts the first ground well. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming a drain region in the substrate, the drain region being laterally over at least a portion of the first ground well. 14. A device of forming a semiconductor device, the device comprising: a substrate; a photosensor in a first region of the substrate; a first ground well in a second region of the substrate, the first ground well being separated from the photosensor by a third region of the substrate, the first ground well having a first dopant concentration of a first conductivity type, the third region of the substrate having a second dopant concentration of the first conductivity type, the first dopant concentration being greater than the second dopant concentration; a dielectric layer on the substrate; and a metal trace ground contact laterally over the first ground well, the metal trace ground contact extending through the dielectric layer and into the substrate. 15. The device of claim 14, further comprising a second ground well interposed between the first ground well and the metal trace ground contact, the second ground well having a third dopant concentration of the first conductivity type, the third dopant concentration being greater than the first dopant concentration. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the metal trace ground contact directly contacts the second ground well. 17. The device of claim 15, further comprising a third ground well interposed between the second ground well and the metal trace ground contact, the third ground well having a fourth dopant concentration of the first conductivity type, the fourth dopant concentration being greater than the third dopant concentration. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the metal trace ground contact directly contacts the third ground well. 19. The device of claim 14, further comprising a drain region in the substrate, the drain region being laterally over at least a portion of the first ground well. 20. The device of claim 14, wherein the metal trace ground contact directly contacts the first ground well.",
-    "A method and apparatus for allowing easy access to air conditioning/heating/ventilation through a panel that has flip hinges connecting the filter grill to the panel. Traditional \u201cFilter Grill Panels\u201d require removal from the air conditioning vent when replacing a filter or accessing the vent. The inventor has created a \u201cFilter Grill Panel\u201d with two flip hinges which allow for the panel to stay connected to the vent and not require complete removal of the panel. The \u201cFlip Hinged Filter Grill\u201d will save time whenever access to the air conditioning vent is needed and allows for easier opening and closing of the Filter Grill Panel which otherwise is completely removed in order to replace or install an air filter by unscrewing multiple screws and removal of the panel. Reference numbers 100\u2014Vent Panel 44\u00d730 inch (Plan view and Axonometric view); 101\u2014Filter Grill 26\u00d712 inch (Plan view and Axonometric view); 102\u2014Hinge 1\u00bc inch (Plan view and Axonometric view); 103\u2014Clip Lock 2 inch (Plan view and Axonometric view). 1. A method for opening and closing the filter grill on a heating, ventilation, air conditioning service panel to allow for access to the filter housing where the heating, ventilation, air conditioning filter is installed without requiring the complete removal of the grill. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the filter grill panel opens and closes without complete removal by the use of hinges and clip locks. 3. The method of claim 1, where the clip lock is rotated which allows the filter grill to open and close without being completely removed. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, where the filter grill is hinged to the service panel by hinges at the top of the filter grill panel and the filter grill remains connected to the service panel as it opens and closes to allow access to the filter housing area where the heating, ventilation, air conditioning filter is installed, replaced, or removed.",
-    "A wearable retina/iris authentication system includes: a frame; a retina/iris scanner mounted to the frame for capturing images of a retina and/or an iris of a user; a mobile computing device, the mobile computing device including a memory for storing information about the user; a position determining device coupled to the mobile computing device for continuously determining a location of the user and providing the location to the mobile computing device; a display mounted to the frame and coupled to the mobile computing device for displaying information received from the mobile computing device; a database for storing information about one or more of a plurality of retina images and a plurality of iris images for matching with the captured images of one or more of the retina and the iris of the user; and a communication interface for comminuting with external systems remote to the wearable system. 1. A wearable retina/iris authentication system comprising: a frame mountable on a head of a user; a retina/iris scanner mounted to the frame for capturing images of one or more of a retina and an iris of the user; a mobile computing device wearable by the user and electrically coupled to the retina/iris scanner, the mobile computing device including a memory for storing information about the user; a position determining device coupled to the mobile computing device for continuously determining a location of the user and providing the location to the mobile computing device; a display mounted to the frame and coupled to the mobile computing device for displaying information received from the mobile computing device; a database for storing information about one or more of a plurality of retina images and a plurality of iris images for matching with the captured images of one or more of the retina and the iris of the user; and a communication interface for comminuting with external systems remote to the wearable system, wherein the mobile computing device continuously authenticates the user to access certain information or certain portal based on the captured images of one or more of the retina and the iris of the user and the stored information in the database at an authentication frequency, and wherein the authentication frequency is dependent on the stored information about the user, the location of the user, a sensitivity of the certain information or a type of the certain portal. 2. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the frame is one or more of the group consisting of a helmet, an eye glasses and a goggle. 3. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the display is one or more of the group consisting of a flip down optical element, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a goggle and a pico-display. 4. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the communication interface is one or more of the group consisting of a wired interface and a wireless interface. 5. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the stored information about the user include one or more of a behavior pattern of the user, identity and access privileges of the user, and a fatigue level of the user. 6. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the retina/iris scanner obtains biometric data about the user and the mobile computing device utilizes said biometric data to determine a level of fatigue of the user. 7. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the mobile computing device determines access privilege for the user based on said authentication of the user, obtains information from external systems via the communication interface and displays said information on the display, according to said determined access privilege for the user, 8. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the database is remote from the user and accessible via the communication interface. 9. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the mobile computing device increases a level of the authentication, based on the stored information about the user, the location of the user, the sensitivity of the certain information or the type of the certain portal. 10. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the mobile computing device increases a level of the authentication by performing a voice authentication of the user, based on the stored information about the user, the location of the user, the sensitivity of the certain information or the type of the certain portal. 11. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the certain portal is a vehicle and wherein the mobile computing device increases the authentication frequency for a smaller vehicle and decreases the authentication frequency for a larger vehicle. 12. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the certain portal is an area, and wherein the mobile computing device decreases the authentication frequency for a smaller area and increases the authentication frequency for a larger area. 13. A wearable retina/iris authentication system comprising: a helmet wearable on a head of a user; a retina/iris scanner mounted to the helmet for capturing images of one or more of a retina and an iris of the user; a mobile computing device wearable by the user and electrically coupled to the retina/iris scanner, the mobile computing device including a memory for storing information about the user; a display mounted to the helmet and coupled to the mobile computing device for displaying information received from the mobile computing device; a database for storing information about one or more of a plurality of retina images and a plurality of iris images for matching with the captured images of one or more of the retina and the iris of the user; and a wireless communication interface for comminuting with external systems remote to the wearable system, wherein the mobile computing device continuously authenticates the user to access certain information or certain portal based on the captured images of one or more of the retina and the iris of the user and the stored information in the database at an authentication frequency, wherein the authentication frequency is dependent on the stored information about the user and a sensitivity of the certain information or a type of the certain portal, and wherein upon a positive authentication of the user, the wireless communication interface communicates with an external system to grant the user access to said certain information or said certain portal. 14. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 13, wherein the stored information about the user include one or more of a behavior pattern of the user, identity and access privileges of the user, and a fatigue level of the user. 15. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 13, wherein the retina/iris scanner obtains biometric data about the user and the mobile computing device utilizes said biometric data to determine a level of fatigue of the user. 16. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 13, wherein the mobile computing device determines access privilege for the user based on said authentication of the user, obtains information from external systems via the communication interface and displays said information on the display, according to said determined access privilege for the user. 17. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 1, wherein the database is remote from the user and accessible via the communication interface. 18. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 13, wherein the mobile computing device increases a level of the authentication, based on the stored information about the user, the location of the user, the sensitivity of the certain information or the type of the certain portal. 19. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 13, wherein the mobile computing device increases a level of the authentication by performing a voice authentication of the user, based on the stored information about the user, the location of the user, the sensitivity of the certain information or the type of the certain portal. 20. The wearable retina/iris authentication system of claim 13, wherein the certain portal is a vehicle and wherein the mobile computing device increases the authentication frequency for a smaller vehicle and decreases the authentication frequency for a larger vehicle.",
-    "A differential coupling path is provided for power measurement communication between a host device and a line side device. The line side device couples to AC power grid to extract voltage signals and current signals using various voltage and current sensors. The extracted voltage signal and current signal are converted to digital signals by internal A/D converters within the line device and then sent to the host device through the differential coupling path coupled between the host device and the line side device. The host device may couple to one or more line side devices via multiple differential coupling paths. 1. A method for electrical power measurement, the method comprising: coupling a line side device to a power grid to extract measurement signals, the measurement signals including voltage signals and current signals; converting the measurement signals to digital signals; and sending the digital signals to a host device via a differential coupling path coupled between the host device and the line side device. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the differential coupling path is a differential resistor-capacitor (RC) coupling path comprising two coupling links, wherein each coupling link comprises a resistor and a capacitor in serial connection. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the differential coupling path is a differential capacitor coupling path, wherein the coupling path comprises two capacitive coupling links. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the host device provides mismatch compensation to the received digital signals to compensate a parameter mismatch within the differential coupling path. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the line side device comprises at least two A/D converters, an I/O logic module receiving outputs from the A/D converters, and a transceiver coupled to the A/D converters, the transceiver transferring data to the host device. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the transceiver comprises a coupling resistor pair coupled to the differential coupling path only when the transceiver is in a receiver mode to receive signals from the host device. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the host device comprises a host coupling resistor pair coupled to the differential coupling path only when the host device is in a receiver mode to receive signals from the line side device. 8. A system for power measurement, the system comprising: a line side device coupled to a power grid to extract measurement signals, the line side device converting the measurement signals to digital signals; a host device in communication with the line side device; and a differential coupling path coupled between the host device and the line side device, the differential coupling path comprising two coupling links. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the measurement signals including voltage signals measured with a voltage sensor and current signals measured with a current sensor. 10. The system of claim 8 wherein each coupling link comprises a resistor and a capacitor in serial connection. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the line side device comprises at least two A/D converters, an I/O logic module receiving inputs from the A/D converters, and a transceiver coupled to the A/D converters, the transceiver transferring data to the host device. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the transceiver comprises a pair of coupling resistors coupled to the differential coupling path only when the transceiver is in a receiver mode to receive signals from the host device. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the coupling resistors are smaller in resistance value than the resistor of the coupling links. 14. The system of claim 10 wherein the host device comprises a pair of host coupling resistors coupled to the differential coupling path only when the host device is in a receiver mode to receive signals from the line side device. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the host coupling resistors are smaller in resistance value than the resistor of the coupling links. 16. The system of claim 11 wherein the transceiver of the line side device comprises a pair of transmit amplifiers and a pair of receiver amplifiers, when the transceiver transfers data to the host device, the pair of transmit amplifiers actively couples to the differential coupling path, when the transceiver receives data from the host device, the pair of receiver amplifiers actively couples to the differential coupling path. 17. The system of claim 8 wherein the host side device comprises a host transmitter amplifier and a host receiver amplifier for amplifying of transmitted signal from the host side device and received signal from the line side device respectively. 18. The system of claim 9 further comprising a clamp circuit coupled to the differential coupling path, the clamp circuit comprising a Metal oxide varistor (MOV) coupled to each coupling link through a pair of resistors. 19. A system for power measurement, the system comprising: one or more line side devices, each line side devices coupled to a power grid to extract measurement signals of the power grid and converting the measurement signals to digital signals, the measurement signals including voltage signals measured with a voltage sensor and current signals measured with a current sensor; and a host device in communication with the one or more line side devices with one or more differential coupling paths, each differential coupling path coupled between the host device and one line side device, each differential coupling path comprising two coupling links with each link comprising a resistor and a capacitor in serial connection. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein each line side device communicates to the host device at different time intervals, the host device coordinating the communication interval for each line side device in a predetermined or a dynamic way.",
-    "A terminal device includes: a memory unit to store a lock program for locking the terminal device; a condition checking unit to determine whether the terminal device is in a state of a preset condition for terminal protection when the lock program is executed; a lock control unit to allow the terminal device to be locked by the lock program when the terminal device is determined to be in a state of the preset condition for terminal protection; and a information deleting unit to delete an unlock key for use in unlocking the locked terminal device from the memory unit after the terminal device is locked. 1. A terminal device comprising: a memory unit configured to store a lock program for locking the terminal device; a condition checking unit configured to determine whether the terminal device is in a state of a preset condition for terminal protection when the lock program is executed; a lock control unit configured to allow the terminal device to be locked by the lock program when the terminal device is determined to be in a state of the preset condition for terminal protection; and an information deleting unit configured to delete an unlock key for use in unlocking the locked terminal device from the memory unit after the terminal device is locked. 2. The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the preset condition for terminal protection comprises a case where the terminal device receives a lock command from a terminal management server remotely managing the terminal device. 3. The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the preset condition for terminal protection includes at least one of subscriber identity module (SIM) separation away from the terminal device, SIM replacement which is occurred in the terminal device, and a country code change or a firmware update which is occurred in the terminal device 100. 4. The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the memory unit includes data storage areas, the data storage including a non-volatile storage area, a non-user area and a user area. 5. The terminal device of claim 4, wherein the unlock key is stored in the non-volatile storage area which is not reset in case of initialization, among the data storage areas of the memory unit and the unlock key is deleted from the terminal device, wherein the lock program is stored in the non-user area among the data storage areas and is configured to compare an authentication unlock key created by using an entered password and identification information of the terminal device with the unlock key stored in the non-volatile storage area to perform authentication, and to lock the terminal device depending on a result of the authentication or decision on whether the condition for terminal protection is satisfied, and wherein a terminal management application program is stored in the user area among the data storage areas and is configured to access a terminal management server remotely managing the terminal device in accordance with an instruction from the terminal management server, and to lock the terminal device when a lock command is received from the terminal management server. 6. The terminal device of claim 5, wherein when booting the terminal device starts, the lock program is driven to detect whether the terminal management application program exists in the user area, and wherein the terminal device is locked when the terminal management application program is not found in the user area. 7. The terminal device of claim 5, wherein the non-volatile storage area stores a public key for use in creating a key signature value and the key signature value, wherein a root file system area in the non-user area stores a lock checking program configured to verify the public key with the public key whether the key signature value is a normal value while performing functions of the lock program, and wherein a secure boot area of the non-user area stores a lock monitoring program to be driven, when the booting the terminal device starts, to detect whether the lock checking program exists in the root file system area and the terminal device is locked when the lock checking program is not found in the root file system area. 8. A method for protecting a terminal device comprising one or more processors and/or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), the method executed by the one or more processors and/or the ASICs, the method comprising: determining whether the terminal device is in a state of a preset condition for terminal protection; locking the terminal device when the terminal device is determined to be in a state of the preset condition for terminal protection; and deleting an unlock key for use in unlocking the terminal device, from the terminal device after locking the terminal device. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the preset condition for terminal protection comprises a case where the terminal device receives a lock command from a terminal management server for remotely managing the terminal device. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the preset condition for terminal protection includes at least one of subscriber identity module (SIM) separation away from the terminal device, SIM replacement which is occurred in the terminal device, and a country code change or a firmware update which is occurred in the terminal device 100. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the unlock key is stored in a non-volatile storage area which is not reset in case of initialization, among data storage areas of the terminal device and the unlock key is erasable from the terminal device. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein a lock program is stored in a non-user area among the data storage areas and is configured to compare an authentication unlock key for created by using an entered password and the identification information of the terminal device with the unlock key stored in the non-volatile storage area to perform authentication, and to lock the terminal device depending on a result of the authentication or decision about whether the condition for terminal protection is satisfied, and wherein a terminal management application program is stored in a user area among the data storage areas and is configured to access a terminal management server remotely managing the terminal device in accordance with an instruction from the terminal management server, and to lock the terminal device when a lock command is received from the terminal management server. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: driving the lock program, when booting the terminal device starts, to detect whether the terminal management application program is found in the user area; and locking the terminal device when the terminal management application program is not found in the user area. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the non-volatile storage area stores a public key for use in creating a key signature value, and the key signature value, wherein a root file system area in the non-user area stores a lock checking program configured to verify with the public key to whether the key signature value is a normal value while performing functions of the lock program and wherein a secure boot area of the non-user area stores a lock monitoring program to be driven, when the booting the terminal device starts, to detect whether the lock checking program exists in the root file system area, and the terminal device is locked if the lock checking program is not found in the root file system area. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a program stored therein to perform the method disclosed in any one of claim 8. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the unlock key is stored in a non-volatile storage area which is not reset in case of initialization, among data storage areas of the terminal device and the unlock key is erasable from the terminal device; wherein a lock program is stored in a non-user area among the data storage areas and is configured to compare an authentication unlock key for created by using an entered password and the identification information of the terminal device with the unlock key stored in the non-volatile storage area to perform authentication, and to lock the terminal device depending on a result of the authentication or decision about whether the condition for terminal protection is satisfied, and wherein a terminal management application program is stored in a user area among the data storage areas and is configured to access a terminal management server remotely managing the terminal device in accordance with an instruction from the terminal management server, and to lock the terminal device when a lock command is received from the terminal management server. 17. A terminal management server comprising: a communication unit supporting a plurality of communication channels for communication with a terminal device; an information storage unit storing unique information of a terminal device to be protected to which locking is requested; a terminal identification unit configured to determine whether the terminal device is an entity subject to be protected depending on a result of comparing identification information of the terminal device received through the communication unit with the unique information; a communication environment checking unit configured to check a communication environment of the terminal device to be protected; and a terminal management control unit configured to send a terminal lock command and an unlock key deleting command to the terminal device to be protected through a communication channel determined based on the current communication environment status among the plurality of communication channels. 18. The server of claim 17, wherein the communication environment checking unit is configured to check the communication environment status depending on a communication channel through which the identification information is received among the plurality of communication channels.",
-    "Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for reducing latency in transmitting and presenting map user interfaces. In one aspect, a method includes receiving, from a client device, a request for presentation of an interactive map user interface that depicts (i) a region and (ii) data related to an account for sub-regions of the region. One or more servers render a map of the region. The server(s) generate an image file representing an image of the rendered map. A different visual characteristic is assigned to each different sub-region. The server(s) configure a user interface of the client device to present (i) the image with each of the different sub-regions being presented according to the different visual characteristics and (ii) account data related to a sub-region when the client device detects a user interaction with the sub-region. 1. A method comprising: receiving, from a client device, a request for presentation of an interactive map user interface that depicts (i) a particular geographic region and (ii) data related to an online account for multiple different sub-regions of the particular region; rendering, by one or more servers and using a mapping service, a map of the particular region, the rendering comprising generating a canvas of the particular region and loading a plurality of programming elements and graphic elements that are used to generate the map; generating, by the one or more servers and based on the rendered map, an image file representing an image of the rendered map, wherein the image file is renderable using fewer computing resources than required to generate the canvas; detecting one or more sub-regions within the image based at least on visual borders depicted by the image; assigning a different visual characteristic to each different sub-region within the image; generating an electronic index that maps each location within the image to a corresponding sub-region that includes the location; and configuring, by the one or more servers, a user interface of the client device to present (i) the image with each of the different sub-regions being presented according to the different visual characteristic corresponding to the different sub-region and (ii) account data related to at least one given sub-region when the client device detects a user interaction with the given sub-region of the image. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual characteristic for each sub-region comprises a particular color assigned to the sub-region and that is presented within the sub-region in the image. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising reducing a data size of the image file using compression techniques that include: assigning, to each sub-region of the image, a particular red, green, blue (RGB) color in which the sub-region of the image is presented; and storing, in the image file and for each particular sub-region, the RGB color for the sub-region and data specifying locations of the particular sub-region within the image. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, at the one or more servers and from the client device, data specifying a selection of a particular location within the image; generating an updated image that depicts a map of the particular sub-region that corresponds to the selected location in response to the selection, the generating including rendering a map of the particular sub-region using the mapping service and generating an image of the rendered map; and providing, to the client device, an image file representing the updated image. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: receiving, from the client device, data specifying a zoom level for the image at the time of the selection; determining, based on the zoom level, a level of granularity for the selection; and determining, based on the level of granularity for the selection, the particular sub-region that corresponds to the selected location. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the image file comprises a Portable Network Graphics (PNG) file format. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing, by the one or more servers and to the client device, one or more additional image files that each represents a map of at least one of the sub-regions in response to the request and prior to receiving a request for the one or more additional image files. 8. A system comprising: a first front-end server that receives, from client devices, requests for presentation of interactive map user interfaces that depict (i) a particular geographic region and (ii) data related to an online account for multiple different sub-regions of the particular region; a map rendering server in data communication with the front-end server and that uses a mapping service to render a map of the particular region by generating a canvas of the particular region and loading a plurality of programming elements and graphic elements that are used to generate the map; a map image file generator that generates, based on the rendered map, an image file representing an image of the rendered map, wherein the image file is renderable using fewer computing resources than required to generate the canvas; detects one or more sub-regions within the image based at least on visual borders depicted by the image; and assigns a different visual characteristic to each different sub-region within the image; and generating an electronic index that maps each location within the image to a corresponding sub-region that includes the location; and a second front-end server that configures a user interface of the client device to present (i) the image with each of the different regions being presented according to the different visual characteristic corresponding to the different region and (ii) account data related to at least one given sub-region when the client device detects a user interaction with the given sub-region of the image. 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a file compressor that compresses a data size of an image file that stores the image by using compression techniques that include: assigning, to each sub-region of the image, a particular red, green, blue (RGB) color in which the sub-region of the image is presented; and storing, in the image file and for each particular sub-region, the RGB color for the sub-region and data specifying locations of the particular sub-region within the image. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the visual characteristic for each sub-region comprises a particular color assigned to the sub-region and that is presented within the sub-region in the image. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein: the first front-end server receives, from the client device, data specifying a selection of a particular location within the image; the map image file generator generates an updated image that depicts a map of the particular sub-region that corresponds to the selected location in response to the selection, the generating including rendering a map of the particular sub-region using the mapping service and generating an image of the rendered map; and the second front-end server provides, to the client device, an image file representing the updated image. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein: the first front-end server receives, from the client device, data specifying a zoom level for the image at the time of the selection; the map rendering server determines, based on the zoom level, a level of granularity for the selection; and the map rendering server determines, based on the level of granularity for the selection, the particular sub-region that corresponds to the selected location. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the image file comprises a Portable Network Graphics (PNG) file format. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the second front-end server provides, to the client device, one or more additional image files that each represents a map of at least one of the sub-regions in response to the request and prior to receiving a request for the one or more additional image files. 15. A non-transitory computer storage medium encoded with a computer program, the program comprising instructions that when executed by one or more data processing apparatus cause the data processing apparatus to perform operations comprising: receiving, from a client device, a request for presentation of an interactive map user interface that depicts (i) a particular geographic region and (ii) data related to an online account for multiple different sub-regions of the particular region; rendering, using a mapping service, a map of the particular region, the rendering comprising generating a canvas of the particular region and loading a plurality of programming elements and graphic elements that are used to generate the map; generating, based on the rendered map, an image file representing an image of the rendered map, wherein the image file is renderable using fewer computing resources than required to generate the canvas; detecting one or more sub-regions within the image based at least on visual borders depicted by the image; assigning a different visual characteristic to each different sub-region within the image; generating an electronic index that maps each location within the image to a corresponding sub-region that includes the location; and configuring a user interface of the client device to present (i) the image with each of the different sub-regions being presented according to the different visual characteristic corresponding to the different sub-region and (ii) account data related to at least one given sub-region when the client device detects a user interaction with the given sub-region of the image. 16. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 15, wherein the visual characteristic for each sub-region comprises a particular color assigned to the sub-region and that is presented within the sub-region in the image. 17. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise reducing a data size of the image file using compression techniques that include: assigning, to each sub-region of the image, a particular red, green, blue (RGB) color in which the sub-region of the image is presented; and storing, in the image file and for each particular sub-region, the RGB color for the sub-region and data specifying locations of the particular sub-region within the image. 18. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving, from the client device, data specifying a selection of a particular location within the image; generating an updated image that depicts a map of the particular sub-region that corresponds to the selected location in response to the selection, the generating including rendering a map of the particular sub-region using the mapping service and generating an image of the rendered map; and providing, to the client device, an image file representing the updated image. 19. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving, from the client device, data specifying a zoom level for the image at the time of the selection; determining, based on the zoom level, a level of granularity for the selection; and determining, based on the level of granularity for the selection, the particular sub-region that corresponds to the selected location. 20. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 15, wherein the image file comprises a Portable Network Graphics (PNG) file format.",
-    "Collagen crosslinking/stabilization composition optionally in combination with elastin crosslinking composition as treatment of vascular aneurysms, methods of using the compositions, especially with respect to in vivo procedures are described. The treatment is achieved through the delivery of an effective amount of crosslinking/stabilization composition to the site of the aneurysm. The crosslinking/stabilization agent may be embedded in a delivery composition and delivered to the site of aneurysm using a delivery device. The site of the aneurysm may be isolated for treatment using the delivery device. The elastin stabilization agent may be simultaneously or sequentially delivered with the collagen crosslinking/stabilization agent for the treatment of vascular aneurysms in the isolated section of blood vessel. 1. A method for the stabilization of a blood vessel in a living subject, the method comprising applying an effective amount of a collagen stabilization agent to an isolated section within the interior of the blood vessel, wherein the collagen stabilization agent comprises a compound that is a polyamine, a photo-catalytic dye, genipin, an epoxide, an azide ester, or a combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising aspirating the isolated section of the blood vessel prior to the application of the stabilization agent. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the stabilization agent is applied for about 1 min to about 4 hours. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising aspirating the vessel to remove the stabilization agent and applying a second quantity of the stabilization agent after performing the aspiration. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the stabilization agent applied in the second application has a different composition from the collagen stabilization agent of the first application. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the collagen stabilization agent is applied simultaneously with an elastin stabilization agent, which comprises a phenolic compound with a hydrophobic core. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein a collagen stabilization agent is applied sequentially with the elastin stabilization agent, which comprises a phenolic compound with a hydrophobic core. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising an aspiration, a rinse, or combinations of the aspiration and rinse steps. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the rinse comprises an amino acid, serum albumin or a combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the isolated section of the blood vessel comprises aneurysm. 11. A method for in vivo stabilization of a blood vessel, the method comprising: rinsing an isolated section of the blood vessel with a toxicity reducing composition following the treatment of the isolated section of blood vessel with a multifunctional aldehyde, wherein the toxicity reducing composition comprises a toxicity reducing agent. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the multifunctional aldehyde is glutaraldehyde. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the toxicity reducing agent comprises a nonionic surfactant. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the toxicity reducing composition comprises amines. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the amine comprises an amino acid. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the toxicity reducing composition comprises inorganic sulfur-oxygen containing anions, organic sulfates, ammonium salts, surfactants, or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the sulfur-oxygen anions comprises sulfate anions SO4\u22122, thiosulfate anions S2O4\u22122, bisulfate HSO4\u2212, or a combination thereof, wherein the organic sulfates comprises methyl sulfate CH3O4S\u2212, dimethyl sulfate (CH3)2O4S and dodecyl sulfate CH3(CH2)11O4S\u2212 as well as protonated forms thereof, wherein the ammonium salt comprises ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide or other suitable salt thereof, and wherein the surfactants comprises aliphatic fatty acid esters, polypropyleneglycol fatty acid esters, glycerol fatty acid esters, polyalkylene ethers, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyethylene glycol p-isooctyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 11 wherein the toxicity reducing agents have a concentration from about 0.005 molar (M) to about 3 M. 19. A method for the stabilization of a blood vessel in a living subject, the method comprising applying an effective amount of a collagen stabilization agent and an elastin stabilization agent to an isolated section within the interior of the blood vessel, wherein the blood vessel comprises collagen having a plurality of reactive groups and elastin, wherein the collagen stabilization agent comprises a delivery vehicle and a compound that reacts with reactive groups of the collagen, and wherein the elastin stabilization agent comprises a delivery vehicle and a compound that crosslinks elastin. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the compound in the collagen stabilization agent is an aldehyde with at least two aldehyde groups, a polyamine with carbodiimide, a photo-catalytic dye, genipin, an epoxide, an azide ester, or a combination thereof.",
-    "A method, a device, and a network system of establishing a tunnel are provided in embodiments of the present disclosure. The method of establishing the tunnel includes: obtaining, by a WTP, an address of an AC and an address of a BRAS from a DHCP server; using, by the WTP, the address of the AC to establish a CAPWAP control tunnel with the AC; and using, by the WTP, the address of the BRAS to establish a CAPWAP data tunnel with the BRAS. By using the technical scheme provided in the embodiments of the present disclosure, the CAPWAP data tunnel may be established between the WTP and the BRAS. 1. A wireless termination point (WTP) comprising a processor and a memory comprising processor executable code, which when executed by the processor, configures the WTP to: obtain an address of an access control point (AC) and an address of an access device, wherein the access device is used to perform access authentication on a terminal device when the access device receives, through the WTP, an access request sent by the terminal device; use the address of the AC to establish a control and provisioning of wireless access points protocol (CAPWAP) control tunnel with the AC; and use the address of the access device to establish a CAPWAP data tunnel with the access device. 2. The WTP of claim 1, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: send a first keep alive packet to the AC through the CAPWAP control tunnel according to a first preset period; determine whether a first response packet to the first keep alive packet is received from the AC within a first specific period, wherein when the first response packet is not received, the WTP is further configured to; determine that the CAPWAP control tunnel is not connected; decide not to exchange control management information with the AC through the CAPWAP control tunnel; and decide not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 3. The WTP of claim 2, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: send a second keep alive packet to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel according to a second preset period; determine whether a second response packet to the second keep alive packet is received from the access device within a second specific period, wherein when the second response packet is not received, the WTP is further configured to; determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is not connected; and decide not to send the data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 4. The WTP of claim 2, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected; and implement at least one of the following: (a) sending a data packet from the terminal device to the access device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel; and (b) sending a data packet from the access device to the terminal device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel. 5. The WTP of claim 4, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: receive the access request sent by the terminal, sending the access request to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel; and receive an authentication success notification message corresponding to the access request sent by the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 6. The WTP of claim 1, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: send a second keep alive packet to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel according to a second preset period; determine whether a response packet to the second keep alive packet is received from the access device within a specific period; if the response packet is received within the specific period, determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected; and if the response packet is not received within the specific period, determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is not connected, and control not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 7. The WTP of claim 6, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: receive the access request sent by the terminal device; send the access request to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel; and receive an authentication success notification message corresponding to the access request sent by the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 8. The WTP of claim 1, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected; and then implement at least one of the following: (a) sending a data packet from the terminal device to the access device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel; and (b) sending a data packet from the access device to the terminal through the established CAPWAP data tunnel; or determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is not connected; and control not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 9. The WTP of claim 8, wherein the processor executable code, when executed by the processor, further configures the WTP to: receive the access request sent by the terminal; send the access request to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel; and receive an authentication success notification message corresponding to the access request sent by the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 10. A system comprising a wireless termination point (WTP), an access device and an access control point (AC), where the access device is used to perform access authentication on a terminal device when the access device receives, through the WTP, an access request sent by the terminal device; where the WTP is configured to obtain an address of the AC and an address of the access device, use the address of the AC to establish a control and provisioning of wireless access points protocol (CAPWAP) control tunnel with the AC, and use the address of the access device to establish a CAPWAP data tunnel with the access device. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the WTP is configured to: send a first keep alive packet to the AC through the CAPWAP control tunnel according to a first preset period; determine whether a first response packet to the first keep alive packet is received from the AC within a first specific period, wherein when the first response packet is not received, the WTP is further configured to: determine that the CAPWAP control tunnel is not connected; decide not to exchange control management information with the AC through the CAPWAP control tunnel; and decide not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the WTP is configured to: send a second keep alive packet to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel according to a second preset period; determine whether a second response packet to the second keep alive packet is received from the access device within a second specific period, wherein when the second response packet is not received, the WTP is further configured to: determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is not connected; and decide not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the WTP is configured to: determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected; and implement at least one of the following: (a) sending a data packet from the terminal device to the access device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel; and (b) sending a data packet from the access device to the terminal device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel when the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the WTP is configured to: receive the access request sent by the terminal device, sending the access request to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel; and receive an authentication success notification message corresponding to the access request sent by the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the WTP is configured to: send a second keep alive packet to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel according to a second preset period; determine whether a response packet to the second keep alive packet is received from the access device within a specific period; if the response packet is received, determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected; and if the response packet is not received, determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is not connected, and control not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the WTP is configured to: receive the access request sent by the terminal device; send the access request to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel; and receive an authentication success notification message corresponding to the access request sent by the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the WTP is configured to: determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is connected; and then implement at least one of the following: (a) sending a data packet from the terminal device to the access device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel; and (b) sending a data packet from the access device to the terminal device through the established CAPWAP data tunnel; or, determine that the CAPWAP data tunnel is not connected; and control not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the WTP is configured to: receive the access request sent by the terminal device; send the access request to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel; and receive an authentication success notification message corresponding to the access request sent by the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel. 19. A method for establishing tunnels, comprising: obtaining, by a wireless termination point (WTP), an address of an access control point (AC) and an address of an access device, establishing, by the WTP, a control and provisioning of wireless access points protocol (CAPWAP) control tunnel between the WTP and the AC, according to the address of the AC, establishing, by the WTP, a CAPWAP data tunnel between the WTP and the access device, according to the address of the access device. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: sending, by the WTP, a first keep alive packet to the AC through the CAPWAP control tunnel according to a first preset period; determining, by the WTP, whether a first response packet to the first keep alive packet is received from the AC within a first specific period, wherein when the first response packet is not received, the method further comprises; determining that the CAPWAP control tunnel is not connected; deciding not to exchange control management information with the AC through the CAPWAP control tunnel; and deciding not to send a data packet of the terminal device to the access device through the CAPWAP data tunnel.",
-    "A communication system facilitating communication for assisting hearing-impaired users includes an analog telephone adaptor (ATA) device and a communication device. The communication device is configured to route digital voice data between the ATA device and a second communication device during a conversation involving the communication device and a second communication device through a wireless port of communication device, and communicate through the wireless port with a relay service configured to provide interpretive assistance for a hearing-impaired user of the communication device. A method includes routing digital voice data received wirelessly by a communication device to an ATA device, routing digital voice data received from the ATA device from the communication device wirelessly to a second communication device, and communicating wirelessly with a relay service configured to provide captioning services of the content of a portion of the voice data received by the communication device from the second communication device. 1. A communication system comprising: an analog telephone adaptor (ATA) device configured to convert digital voice data to analog voice data, and analog voice data to digital voice data; and a communication device specifically configured for use by a hearing-impaired user, the communication device comprising: an electronic display; a wireless data port; a digital data port operably coupled with the ATA device; an analog data port operably coupled with the ATA device; and a processor operably coupled with the electronic display, the digital data port, the analog data port, and the wireless data port, wherein the processor is configured to: coordinate communication with a second communication device through the wireless data port during a communication session with the second communication device; coordinate communication of caption call service (CCS) data with a remote captioning service through the wireless data port during the communication session; and coordinate communication with the ATA device through both the digital data port and the analog data port during the communication session such that: far-end digital voice data received by the wireless data port from the second communication device is routed by the processor to the ATA device through the digital data port of the communication device; the far-end digital voice data received by the wireless data port from the second communication device is also routed by the processor to the remote captioning service through the wireless data port of the communication device; far-end analog voice data received from the ATA device is received through the analog data port of the communication device; near-end analog voice data transmitted the ATA device is transmitted through the analog data port of the communication device; and near-end digital voice data received from the ATA device is routed by the processor to the second communication device through the wireless data port of the communication device. 2. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the CCS data includes the far-end digital voice data transmitted to the remote captioning service, and text caption data received from the remote captioning service that is a text transcription of the far-end digital voice data. 3. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is further configured to coordinate electronic packet switching service (EPSS) data with the remote captioning service through the wireless data port. 4. The communication system of claim 3, wherein the EPSS data includes at least one of log-in data, synchronization data, contact information, settings, logging information, or a combination thereof. 5. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the communication device is coupled directly to a power source such that power is provided from the communication device to the ATA device through a wired connection therebetween. 6. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the ATA device is coupled directly to a power source such that power is provided from the ATA device to the communication device through a wired connection therebetween. 7. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is configured to use routing tables to pass network packets of the digital voice data to and from the ATA device. 8. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is configured to acquire an IP address for the ATA device from a dynamic host configuration protocol server. 9. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is configured to maintain its own address for the ATA device. 10. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is configured to set the ATA device as a fixed address device and provide an IP address to the ATA device. 11. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is configured to transmit routing information and domain name server (DNS) information to the ATA device. 12. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to receive video data through the wireless data port and present the video data on the electronic display of the communication device. 13. The communication system of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to synchronize the video data with the far-end analog voice data received from the ATA device. 14. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the communication device is further configured to enable and disable features performed by the ATA device. 15. A method of facilitating communication in a communication network including a communication device and a remote captioning service, the method comprising: receiving a far-end digital voice signal wirelessly from a second communication device via a wireless data port of a first communication device during a communication session between the first communication device and the second communication device; routing the far-end digital voice signal from the first communication device to a remote captioning service via the wireless data port of the first communication device; routing the far-end digital voice signal from the first communication device to an analog telephone adaptor (ATA) device via a digital data port of the first communication device; converting the far-end digital voice signal to far-end analog voice signal by the ATA device; receiving the far-end analog voice signal from the ATA device via an analog data port of the first communication device; transmitting a near-end analog voice signal from the first communication device to the ATA device via the analog data port of the first communication device; converting the near-end analog voice signal to near-end digital voice signal by the ATA device; receiving the near-end digital voice signal from the ATA device via digital data port of the first communication device; routing the near-end digital voice signal from the first communication device to the second communication device via the wireless data port of the first communication device; receiving text caption data wirelessly from the remote captioning service via the wireless data port of the first communication device; and reproducing the far-end analog voice signal and the text caption data by the first communication device for a hearing-impaired user during a communication session between the first communication device and the second communication device that is assisted by the remote captioning service. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein routing the far-end digital voice signal from the first communication device to the ATA device includes the first communication device using at least one of the following methods: routing tables, IP masquerading, dynamic IP addresses, fixed IP addresses, and multi-cast transmission. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising performing at least one of the following functions through by the ATA device: call waiting, call blocking, facilitating conference calls with multiple connections, providing additional telephone connections or SIP connections to other devices, or combinations thereof. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising enabling or disabling the functions of the ATA device using the first communication device. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: receiving video data wirelessly from the second communication device via the wireless data port of a first communication device; and displaying the video data on an electronic display of the first communication device that is synchronized with the far-end analog voice signal when reproduced by the first communication device. 20. A communication system comprising: a first communication device specifically configured for use by a hearing-impaired user for providing text captions during a communication session with a second communication device, the first communication device having a processor operably coupled with a wireless data port, an analog data port, a digital data port, and an electronic display; a remote captioning service configured to generate the text captions during the communication session; and an analog telephone adaptor (ATA) device operably coupled with the analog data port and the digital data port of the first communication device, wherein during the communication session: the first communication device is configured to: receive a far-end digital voice signal from the second communication device through the wireless data port; route the far-end digital voice signal to the ATA device through the digital data port; route the far-end digital voice signal to the remote captioning service through the wireless data port; receive a far-end analog voice signal from the ATA device through the analog data port; transmit a near-end analog voice signal to the ATA device through the analog data port; receive a near-end digital voice signal from the ATA device through the digital data port; route the near-end digital voice signal to the second communication device through the wireless data port; receive text captions of the far-end digital voice signal from the remote captioning service through the wireless data port; display the text captions on the electronic display; and reproduce audio from the far-end analog voice signal; and the ATA device is configured to: receive the far-end digital voice signal from the first communication device; convert the far-end digital voice signal to the far-end analog voice signal; transmit the far-end analog voice signals to the first communication device; convert the near-end analog voice signal to near-end digital voice signal; and transmit the near-end digital voice signal to the first communication device.",
-    "A multidimensional synopsis of a stream of textual data pertaining to a particular subject can be generated. To produce the multidimensional synopsis, multiple dimensions that each includes concepts can be identified. The stream of textual data can then be analyzed to identify the occurrence of the concepts within elements of the stream. The multidimensional synopsis can then be produced by generating a score for each intersecting set of concepts from the multiple dimensions. Therefore, each score can generally represent a prevalence of the corresponding intersecting set of concepts within the stream of textual data. 1. A method, implemented by one or more processors in a computing system, for generating a multidimensional synopsis of a stream of textual data, the method comprising: accessing, by the one or more processors, a stream of textual data that includes a number of elements of textual data, each element of textual data comprising plain text content that is associated with an author and is directed to a particular subject; identifying, by the one or more processors, a first dimension and a second dimension for the stream of textual data, the first dimension including a number of concepts that each represent a subject attribute of the particular subject, the second dimension including a number of concepts that each represent an author attribute; processing, by the one or more processors, each of the number of elements of textual data to identify which of the concepts of the first and second dimension appear in the plain text content included in the element; and generating, by the one or more processors, the multidimensional synopsis of the stream of textual data by generating a score for each intersecting set of concepts, each score representing a prevalence of the intersecting set of concepts within the stream of textual data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein processing each of the number of elements of textual data further comprises generating a quantitative value for at least some of the identified concepts. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a quantitative value is generated for concepts within the first dimension. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the quantitative value defines a sentiment of the author of the plain text content included in the element of textual data towards the subject attribute represented by the concept. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the quantitative value defines an occurrence of a question directed towards the subject attribute represented by the concept. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the score for each intersecting set of concepts is generated from the corresponding quantitative values. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the score is generated by summing the quantitative values. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the score for each intersecting set of concepts includes a positive component and a negative component. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first dimension and second dimension and the concepts of each dimension are generated by analyzing the stream of textual data. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein processing each of the number of elements of textual data to identify which of the concepts of the first and second dimension appear in the plain text content included in the element comprises performing natural language processing on the number of elements of textual data. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying a first dimension and a second dimension for the stream of textual data further includes identifying one or more additional dimensions, each additional dimension including a number of concepts; wherein processing each of the number of elements of textual data to identify which of the concepts of the first and second dimension appear in the plain text content included in the element further includes processing each of the number of elements of textual data to identify which of the concepts of each of the one or more additional dimension appear in the plain text content included in the element; and wherein each intersecting set of concepts includes a concept from at least two of the dimensions. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the elements of textual data comprise user reviews of a product such that the first dimension includes concepts that represent attributes of the product and the second dimension includes concepts that represent possible classifications of users. 13. One or more computer storage media storing computer executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors implements a method for generating a multidimensional synopsis of a stream of textual data, the method comprising: accessing a stream of textual data that includes a number of elements of textual data, each element of textual data comprising plain text content that is associated with an author and is directed to a particular subject; identifying a first dimension and a second dimension for the stream of textual data, the first dimension including a number of concepts that each represent a subject attribute of the particular subject, the second dimension including a number of concepts that each represent an author attribute; generating machine learning classification training for the concepts in the first and second dimensions; for each of the number of elements of textual data, processing the element against the machine learning classification training to identify which concepts appear in the plain text content included in the element; identifying each intersecting set of concepts from the first and second dimensions; and for each intersecting set of concepts, generating a score representing a prevalence of the intersecting set of concepts within the stream of textual data. 14. The computer storage media of claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: for at least some of the identified concepts, generating a quantitative value; wherein the score for each intersecting set of concepts is generated from the corresponding quantitative values. 15. The computer storage media of claim 14, wherein the quantitative values are sentiment values and are generated for concepts of the first dimension. 16. The computer storage media of claim 13, wherein the score for each intersecting set of concepts includes a positive component and a negative component. 17. The computer storage media of claim 13, wherein identifying a first dimension and a second dimension for the stream of textual data further includes identifying one or more additional dimensions, each additional dimension including a number of concepts; and wherein identifying each intersecting set of concepts from the first and second dimensions comprises identifying at least some intersecting sets of concepts from the first, second, and one or more additional dimensions. 18. A system comprising: one or more processors; and computer storage media storing computer executable instructions which when executed perform a method for generating a multidimensional synopsis of a stream of textual data, the method comprising: accessing a stream of textual data that includes a number of elements of textual data, each element of textual data comprising plain text content that is associated with an author and is directed to a particular subject; identifying a first dimension and a second dimension for the stream of textual data, the first dimension including a number of concepts that each represent a subject attribute of the particular subject, the second dimension including a number of concepts that each represent an author attribute; generating machine learning classification training for the concepts in the first and second dimensions; for each of the number of elements of textual data, determining, using the machine learning classification training, which sentence fragments within the plain text content included in the element address a particular concept of the first or second dimension; identifying each intersecting set of concepts from the first and second dimensions; and for each intersecting set of concepts, generating a score representing a prevalence of the intersecting set of concepts within the stream of textual data. 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising: generating a quantitative value for at least some of the identified concepts. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the score for each intersecting set of concepts is generated from quantitative values assigned to the corresponding concept in the first dimension.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a method for the gear manufacturing machining of a workpiece by a diagonal-generating method, in which the workpiece is subjected to gear tooth machining by the rolling off of a tool, wherein an axial feed of the tool takes place during the machining with a diagonal ratio given by the ratio between the axial feed of the tool and the axial feed of the workpiece. According to the present disclosure, the diagonal ratio is changed within the course of the machining of a workpiece. 1. A method for gear manufacturing machining of a workpiece by a diagonal-generating method, in which the workpiece is subjected to gear tooth machining by a rolling off of a tool, wherein an axial feed of the tool takes place during the machining with a diagonal ratio given by the ratio between the axial feed of the tool and an axial feed of the workpiece, wherein the diagonal ratio is changed within the course of the machining of the workpiece. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, for the production of a workpiece with a corrected gear tooth geometry and/or with a modified surface structure, wherein a corresponding modification is produced on the surface of the workpiece by means of a modification of the surface geometry of the tool and of a mapping of the surface of the tool onto the surface of the workpiece produced by the diagonal generating method and dependent on the diagonal ratio, wherein the modification of the surface geometry of the tool is produced in that the position of a dresser to the tool during dressing is varied in dependence on an angle of rotation of the tool and/or on a tool width position, and/or wherein the modification of the surface geometry of the workpiece on a tooth flank has a constant value at least locally in a first region in a generating pattern in a first direction of the workpiece and is given by a function FFt2 in a second direction of the workpiece which extends perpendicular to the first direction, and/or wherein the modification of the surface geometry of the tool used for the production of the modification of the surface geometry of the workpiece has a constant value at least locally in a first region in the generating pattern in a first direction of the tool and is given by a function FFt1 in a second direction of the tool which extends perpendicular to the first direction, wherein the function on the tool is the same function as the function on the workpiece, wherein macrogeometry of the tool and/or a line of action of the dressing tool and/or the diagonal ratio and/or the compression factor are selected such that the modification of the tool along a first line on which a contact point moves on the tool on the machining of the workpiece corresponds to a desired modification of the workpiece along a second line on which the contact point moves on the workpiece. 3. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein work is carried out with different diagonal ratios for the machining of different regions of the workpiece and/or on the use of different regions of the tool, and/or wherein the diagonal ratio is changed while the width of the gear teeth is traveled over within the course of the gear tooth machining. 4. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein work is carried out with a constant diagonal ratio within the respective regions. 5. The method in accordance with claim 4, wherein the diagonal ratio is varied during the machining of the workpiece in dependence on an axial feed of the workpiece and/or of the tool, wherein the diagonal ratio is given as a non-constant function of the axial feed at least in a region of the axial feed, and/or wherein the extent of at least one line of constant modification is predefined and a variation of the diagonal ratio is determined from this in dependence on the axial feed and the non-constant function which is given by it, wherein the function has at least one region in which it has a steady non-constant extent, and/or wherein the variation of the diagonal ratio takes place on a sweeping over of a modified region of the workpiece. 6. The method in accordance with claim 4, wherein a change of the diagonal ratio takes place while the tool is guided along the workpiece in a width direction, wherein the tool has a conical basic shape, wherein the modifications which are achieved by the change of the diagonal ratio are influenced by one or more parameters of the machining process and/or of the macrogeometry of the tool. 7. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tool has at least one modified region and one unmodified region and/or at least two regions having different modifications, the modifications having different orientations, and/or two modified regions between which an unmodified region is disposed, wherein work is carried out in at least two regions with different diagonal ratios. 8. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tool has at least two regions which are used after one another for machining the same region of the workpiece, wherein the two regions comprise at least one rough machining region and at least one fine machining region, wherein the rough-machining step and/or the fine machining step take place with different diagonal ratios, wherein the regions used for the machining utilize the total tool width, and/or wherein at least one region, is modified, wherein the modification on the rough machining region has a different orientation from the modification on the fine machining region, and/or the modification on the rough machining region only approximately produces the desired modification on the gear teeth. 9. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tool has at least two regions which are used after one another for machining different regions of the workpiece, wherein the machining in the one region takes place with a different diagonal ratio than in the other region, wherein the tool has a modified region and an unmodified region, wherein the diagonal ratio is smaller in the unmodified region than in the modified region to reduce the width of the tool or wherein the diagonal ratio in the unmodified region is larger than in the modified region to reduce the load on the tool in this region. 10. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the tool has two modified regions between which an unmodified region is disposed which are used after one another for machining different regions of the workpiece, wherein work is carried out with different diagonal ratios in the modified regions to produce different modifications having different orientations in the respective regions of the workpiece, wherein the regions are arranged such that a contact point between the tool and the workpiece is disposed completely in the unmodified region in at least one grinding position. 11. A tool for gear manufacturing machining of a workpiece by a diagonal-generating method, wherein the tool has at least two regions which are used after one another for machining the same region of the workpiece, the two regions comprising at least one rough machining region and at least one fine machining region, wherein the two regions have different widths, and/or wherein the tool has at least one modified region and one unmodified region which are used after one another for machining different regions of the workpiece, and/or wherein the tool has two modified regions between which an unmodified region is disposed which are used after one another for machining different regions of the workpiece, wherein the two modified regions of the tool are differently modified and have modifications having a different orientation, and/or wherein the tool has a conical basic shape, wherein the conical angle of the tool is larger than 1\u2032, and/or wherein the conical angle of the tool is less than 50\u00b0. 12. The tool in accordance with claim 11, further comprising a method for dressing of the tool, the method comprising, wherein a modification of the tool is produced by a change of machine kinematics during the dressing process, wherein the position of the dresser relative to the tool is varied in dependence on an angle of rotation of the tool and/or a tool width position, wherein the tool has a modification having the same orientation over its total active surface and/or at least one modified region and at least one unmodified region and/or at least two regions having different modifications. 13. A gear manufacturing machine for machining of a workpiece by a diagonal-generating method, in which the workpiece is subjected to gear tooth machining by a rolling off of a tool, wherein the gear manufacturing machine has an input function and/or a calculation function via which different diagonal ratios and/or a variable diagonal ratio are predefined and/or determined and/or a control function which changes the diagonal ratio within a framework of the machining of a workpiece. 14. The gear manufacturing machine in accordance with claim 13, wherein the control function carries out at least two machining steps which take place after one another and in which a respective other region of the tool is used for machining the same region of the workpiece, the two machining steps comprising at least one rough machining step and at least one fine machining step, wherein the rough machining step and the fine machining step take place with different diagonal ratios. 15. The gear manufacturing machine in accordance with claim 13, wherein the control function changes the diagonal ratio at least once in the course of a machining step and/or the diagonal ratio is changed while the width of the gear teeth is traveled over in the course of the gear tooth machining, wherein the control function works with different diagonal ratios for machining different regions of the workpiece and further works with a constant diagonal ratio within the respective regions, and/or wherein the control function varies the diagonal ratio during the machining of the workpiece in dependence on an axial feed of the workpiece and/or of the tool, wherein the diagonal ratio is given at least in one region of the axial feed as a non-constant and/or continuous function of the axial feed. 16. The method in accordance with claim 6, wherein and the one or more parameters of the machining process and/or of the macrogeometry of the tool comprises one or more of an axial cross angle and/or of axial spacing and/or of a conical angle and/or of a profile angle of the tool. 17. The method in accordance with claim 2, wherein the tool has at least two regions which are used after one another for machining the same region of the workpiece, wherein the two regions comprise at least one rough machining region and at least one fine machining region, wherein the rough-machining step and/or the fine machining step take place with different diagonal ratios, wherein the regions used for the machining utilize the total tool width, and/or wherein at least one region is modified, wherein the modification on the rough machining region has a different orientation from the modification on the fine machining region, and/or the modification on the rough machining region only approximately produces the desired modification on the gear teeth. 18. The method in accordance with claim 2, wherein work is carried out with different diagonal ratios for the machining of different regions of the workpiece and/or on the use of different regions of the tool, and/or wherein the diagonal ratio is changed while the width of the gear teeth is traveled over within the course of the gear tooth machining. 19. The method in accordance with claim 2, wherein the tool has at least one modified region and one unmodified region and/or at least two regions having different modifications, the modifications having different orientations, and/or two modified regions between which an unmodified region is disposed, wherein work is carried out in at least two regions with different diagonal ratios. 20. The tool for gear manufacturing machining of a workpiece in accordance with claim 11, the method comprising, wherein a controller is provided configure with instructions stored in memory communicating with actuators of the tool such that a change of a diagonal ratio takes place while the tool is guided along the workpiece in a width direction, wherein the modifications which is achieved by the change of the diagonal ratio are influenced by one or more parameters of the machining process and/or of the macrogeometry of the tool.",
-    "A method for detecting instances of exfiltration by an application. The method includes performing a first set of runs on a first computation device, and performing a second set of runs on a second computation device. Each set of runs involves running the application a plurality of times; and for each run, capturing packets transmitted by the computation device. In some embodiments the packets within the first set of runs are compared to identify differences caused by environmental noise, such as run-to-run changes in the information sent to the first device by remote servers. Comparisons between (i) runs performed on the first device and (ii) runs performed on the second device, with differences caused by environmental noise removed, may then be used to assess whether the application exfiltrates personal information, such as a phone number, that has different values on the first device and on the second device. 1. A method for detecting instances of exfiltration by an application, the method comprising: performing a first set of runs, the performing of the first set of runs including: running the application a plurality of times on a first computation device; and for each run, capturing packets transmitted by the first computation device to form a first plurality of captured packets; performing a second set of runs, the performing of the second set of runs including: running the application a plurality of times on a second computation device; and for each run, capturing packets transmitted by the second computation device to form a second plurality of captured packets; comparing packets from among the first plurality of captured packets pairwise to form a first list of packet location identifiers, each packet location identifier corresponding to a difference found between a packet from one run of the first set of runs and a corresponding packet from another run of the first set of runs; comparing packets from among the first plurality of captured packets pairwise with packets from among the second plurality of captured packets, to form a first set of inter-device differences; and eliminating from the first set of inter-device differences each difference corresponding to a packet location identifier in the first list of packet location identifiers. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: uninstalling the application from the first computation device when the first set of inter-device differences, after eliminating, from the first set of inter-device differences, each difference corresponding to a packet location identifier in the first list of packet location identifiers, is not empty. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing packets from among the second plurality of captured packets pairwise to form a second list of packet location identifiers, each packet location identifier corresponding to a difference found between a packet from one run of the second set of runs and a corresponding packet from another run of the second set of runs. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising merging the second list of packet location identifiers into the first list of packet location identifiers. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second set of runs includes the same number of runs as the first set of runs. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: before performing the first set of runs, putting the first computation device into a first state; and after performing the first set of runs: putting the first computation device into a second state; and performing a third set of runs, the performing of the third set of runs including: running the application a plurality of times; and for each run, capturing packets transmitted by the first computation device to form a third plurality of captured packets; comparing packets from among the first plurality of captured packets pairwise with packets from among the third plurality of captured packets, to form a second set of inter-device differences; and eliminating, from the second the set of inter-device differences, each difference corresponding to a packet location identifier in the first list of packet location identifiers. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: uninstalling the application from the first computation device when the second set of inter-device differences, after eliminating, from the second set of inter-device differences, each difference corresponding to a packet location identifier in the first list of packet location identifiers, is not empty. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein in the first state, an email client running on the first computation device is logged in to a first email account and in the second state, the email client is logged in to a second email account, different from the first email account. 9. A method for detecting instances of exfiltration by an application, the method comprising: putting a first computation device into a first state; performing a first set of runs with the first computation device in the first state, the performing of the first set of runs including: running the application a plurality of times on the first computation device; and for each run, capturing packets transmitted by the first computation device to form a first plurality of captured packets; putting the first computation device into a second state; performing a second set of runs with the first computation device in the second state, the performing of the second set of runs including: running the application a plurality of times on the first computation device; and for each run, capturing packets transmitted by the first computation device to form a second plurality of captured packets; comparing packets from among the first plurality of captured packets pairwise to form a first list of packet location identifiers, each packet location identifier corresponding to a difference found between a packet from one run of the first set of runs and a corresponding packet from another run of the first set of runs; comparing packets from among the first plurality of captured packets pairwise with packets from among the second plurality of captured packets, to form a first set of inter-device differences; and eliminating, from the first set of inter-device differences, each difference corresponding to a packet location identifier in the first list of packet location identifiers. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: uninstalling the application from the first computation device when the first set of inter-device differences, after eliminating, from the first set of inter-device differences, each difference corresponding to a packet location identifier in the first list of packet location identifiers, is not empty. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising comparing packets from among the second plurality of captured packets pairwise to form a second list of packet location identifiers, each packet location identifier corresponding to a difference found between a packet from one run of the second set of runs and a corresponding packet from another run of the second set of runs. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising merging the second list of packet location identifiers into the first list of packet location identifiers. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second set of runs includes the same number of runs as the first set of runs.",
-    "The present invention provides a fissured substrata water pumping apparatus and methods thereof. The fissured substrata water pumping apparatus includes a water pumping pipe inserted into a drilled hole under a roadway floor; one or more unidirectional water-blocking plates configured inside the water pumping pipe; a servo pump; and an annular drainage siphon having a first end connected to an upper end of the water pumping pipe, and a second end connected to an inlet end of the servo pump through a valve. 1. A fissured substrata water pumping apparatus, comprising: a water pumping pipe inserted into a drilled hole under a roadway floor; one or more unidirectional water-blocking plates configured inside the water pumping pipe; a servo pump; and an annular drainage siphon having a first end connected to an upper end of the water pumping pipe, and a second end connected to an inlet end of the servo pump through a valve. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: a sealant is filled between an outer wall of the upper end of the water pumping pipe and an inner wall of an opening of the drilled-hole, and a plurality of suction holes are configured on the outer wall of the water pumping pipe by a space interval between adjacent suction holes along an axial direction of the water pumping pipe. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the first end of the annular drainage siphon connected to the water pumping pipe is positioned higher than the second end of the annular drainage connected to the servo pump. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: one or more rubber water-resisting rings configured to surround the outer wall of the water pumping pipe, wherein the one or more rubber water-resisting rings contain expanding agents. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of barbs configured on the outer wall of the water pumping pipe. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the one or more unidirectional water-blocking plates are configured to include an eccentric pin which opens and closes in one direction. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: each suction hole has an axial center perpendicular to the outer wall of the water pumping pipe; and at a same horizontal level, only one suction hole is punctured through wall of the water pumping pipe. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the servo pump is a constant pressure self-regulating pump. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the water pumping pipe is made of stainless steel. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a water sink configured to connect with an outlet end of the servo pump via a hose. 11. A fissured substrata water pumping method, comprising: inserting a water pumping pipe to a drilled hole; when the water pumping pipe is secured in the drilled hole, sealing the drilled hole by filling a sealant between an outer wall of an upper end of the water pumping pipe and an inner wall of an opening of the drilled hole; connecting the water pumping pipe with an annular drainage siphon, and a servo pump, wherein the annular drainage siphon has a first end connected to an upper end of the water pumping pipe, and a second end connected to an inlet end of the servo pump through a valve; and opening the valve and turning on the servo pump to automatically pump substrata fissure water from the drilled hole. 12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: positioning the first end of the annular drainage siphon connected to the water pumping pipe higher than the second end of the annular drainage connected to the servo pump. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein one or more unidirectional water-blocking plates are configured inside the water pumping pipe. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein a plurality of suction holes are configured on the outer wall of the water pumping pipe by a space interval between adjacent suction holes along an axial direction of the water pumping pipe. 15. The method according to claim 11, before inserting the water pumping pipe, further comprising: connecting a plurality of pipe segments as the water pumping pipe, wherein the pipe segments are configured based on rock layers corresponding to the drilled hole; and surrounding one or more connections between adjacent pipe segments with one or more rubber water-resisting rings containing expanding agents. 16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: configuring a plurality of barbs on the outer wall of the water pumping pipe, and when the water pumping pipe reaches a bottom of the drilled hole, pulling back the water pumping pipe to ensure that the barbs are stuck into the inner wall of the drilled hole and the water pumping pipe is secured in the drilled hole. 17. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: fixating the annular drainage siphon on a side wall of the drilled hole. 18. The method according to claim 11, wherein: the servo pump is a constant pressure self-regulating pump; a constant pressure is configured for the servo pump using a gauge; and the servo pump automatically turns on or turns off according to fissured substrata water pressure in the drilled hole.",
-    "Apparatuses, methods, and computer program products for communication are provided. In an aspect, an apparatus for communication may include a processing system configured to receive a frame configured to assign at least member information or position information for one or more identifiers, and receive a data packet associated with a particular identifier and indicating a number of space-time streams for one or more position information. In another aspect, an apparatus for communication may include a processing system configured to transmit a frame configured to assign at least member information or position information for one or more identifiers, and transmit a data packet associated with a particular identifier and indicating a number of space-time streams for one or more position information. 1. An apparatus for communication, the apparatus comprising: a transceiver; and a processing system comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the processing system is configured to: receive a data packet comprising a plurality of space-time streams and a plurality of fields each indicating a number of space-time streams associated with a position information; determine a position information assigned to the apparatus; determine how many of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus based on a field indicating a number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus; when the position information assigned to the apparatus does not have a lowest possible value, determine that the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus is preceded by one or more other fields indicating a number of space-time streams associated with position information different from the position information assigned to the apparatus; consider a value of each of the one or more other fields that precede the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus to determine which of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus; and process one or more space-time streams destined to the apparatus. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein considering the value of the one or more other fields that precede the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus to determine which of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus comprises: considering a sum of the value of each of the one or more other fields that precede the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus to determine which of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more other fields indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the one or more position information different from the position information assigned to the apparatus is different from the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more position information different from the position information assigned to the apparatus comprises a value that is lower than a value of the position information assigned to the apparatus. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a value of each of the one or more other fields indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the one or more position information different from the position information assigned to the apparatus is equal to or greater than a value of the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the data packet is associated with an identifier, and wherein the identifier is associated with the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of space-time streams comprise at least one or more space-time streams destined to the apparatus and one or more space-time stream destined to one or more other apparatus. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of space-time streams comprise at least two space-time streams destined to different apparatus. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the data packet is a multi-user data packet addressed or destined to more than one apparatus. 10. A method of communication, the method comprising: receiving a data packet comprising a plurality of space-time streams and a plurality of fields each indicating a number of space-time streams associated with a position information; determining a position information assigned to the apparatus; determining how many of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus based on a field indicating a number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus; when the position information assigned to the apparatus does not have a lowest possible value, determining that the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus is preceded by one or more other fields indicating a number of space-time streams associated with position information different from the position information assigned to the apparatus; considering a value of each of the one or more other fields that precede the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus to determine which of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus; and processing one or more space-time streams destined to the apparatus. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code for: receiving a data packet comprising a plurality of space-time streams and a plurality of fields each indicating a number of space-time streams associated with a position information; determining a position information assigned to the apparatus; determining how many of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus based on a field indicating a number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus; when the position information assigned to the apparatus does not have a lowest possible value, determining that the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus is preceded by one or more other fields indicating a number of space-time streams associated with position information different from the position information assigned to the apparatus; considering a value of each of the one or more other fields that precede the field indicating the number of space-time streams associated with the position information assigned to the apparatus to determine which of the plurality of space-time streams in the data packet are destined to the apparatus; and processing one or more space-time streams destined to the apparatus.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method and an automatic analyzer for determining more accurately the concentration of lipids and other interfering substances in body fluids, particularly of interfering substances such as bilirubin and hemoglobin in blood serum and blood plasma samples. 1. A method for determining the concentration of lipids in a body fluid sample, comprising the steps: a) transirradiating the body fluid sample with light at a multiplicity of wavelengths; b) capturing a first measurement value (A1) at a first wavelength at which the absorbance not caused by lipids is negligible; c) capturing a second measurement value (A2) at a second wavelength at which bilirubin has an absorbance maximum; d) capturing a third measurement value (A3) at a third wavelength at which hemoglobin has an absorbance maximum; e) capturing a fourth measurement value (A4) at a fourth wavelength at which the absorbance not caused by bilirubin and hemoglobin and lipids is negligible; f) calculating a power-function approximation curve (Lo) of the form E(\u03bb)=p0\u00b7\u03bbq0 for the absorbance of the lipids on the basis of the first measurement value (A1) by determining the factor p0 at predetermined exponent q0; g) determining an approximation value of the bilirubin concentration (cB) on the basis of a first theoretical absorbance value (EB) for bilirubin, corresponding to the difference between the second measurement value (A2) and the value of the approximation curve (L0) at the second wavelength; h) determining an approximation value of the hemoglobin concentration (cH) on the basis of a second theoretical absorbance value (EH) for hemoglobin, corresponding to the difference between the third measurement value (A3) and the value of the approximation curve (L0) at the third wavelength; i) determining a third theoretical absorbance value (EHBL) for the fourth wavelength on the basis of the sum of the theoretical absorbance values for hemoglobin (EH) and bilirubin (EB) and the value of the approximation curve (L0) at the fourth wavelength; j) ascertaining a deviation of the third theoretical absorbance value (EHBL) from the fourth measurement value (A4), wherein: I.\u2014if the deviation ascertained in step j) does not exceed a predetermined threshold value\u2014the concentration (cL) of lipids is determined by generating the difference between the value of the approximation curve (L0) at the fourth wavelength and the value of the approximation curve (L0) at the first wavelength and dividing said difference by the extinction coefficient specific for lipids, or II.\u2014if the deviation ascertained in step j) exceeds a predetermined threshold value\u2014a corrected approximation curve (Lk) for the absorbance of the lipids is calculated and steps g) to j) are repeated with the values of the corrected approximation curve (Lk) until the deviation reaches or falls short of the predetermined threshold value, and the concentration (cL) of lipids is determined by i.\u2014if the first measurement value (A1) does not exceed a predetermined absorbance threshold value for the absorbance at the first wavelength\u2014generating the difference between the value of the corrected approximation curve (Lk) at the fourth wavelength and the value of the approximation curve (Lk) at the first wavelength and dividing said difference by the extinction coefficient specific for lipids or ii.\u2014if the first measurement value (A1) exceeds a predetermined absorbance threshold value for the absorbance at the first wavelength and if the exponent qk of the corrected approximation curve is greater than \u22121\u2014correcting the value of the corrected approximation curve (Lk) at the first wavelength by means of an equalizing function which relates the first measurement value (A1) to the value of the corrected approximation curve (Lk) at the first wavelength, and then generating the difference between the value of the corrected approximation curve (Lk) at the fourth wavelength and the value at the first wavelength, as corrected by application of the equalizing function, and dividing said difference by the extinction coefficient specific for lipids. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first wavelength is within the range between 600 nm and 660 nm, and the second wavelength is within the range between 440 nm and 480 nm, and the third wavelength is within the range between 400 nm and 440 nm, and the fourth wavelength is within the range between 350 nm and 370 nm. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first wavelength is 645 nm and/or the second wavelength is 470 nm and/or the third wavelength is 415 nm and/or the fourth wavelength is 365 nm. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentration of hemoglobin (cH) and/or the concentration of bilirubin (cB) is/are additionally determined. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein, if the deviation ascertained in step j) does not exceed a predetermined threshold value, the concentrations (cH, cB) of hemoglobin and bilirubin are determined by outputting the approximation values of the hemoglobin concentration and the bilirubin concentration, as determined in steps g) and h), as concentrations (cH, cB) of hemoglobin and bilirubin. 6. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein, if the deviation ascertained in step j) exceeds a predetermined threshold value, the concentrations (cH, cB) of hemoglobin and bilirubin are determined by outputting the approximation values of the hemoglobin concentration and the bilirubin concentration, as determined in steps g) and h) that are repeated with the values of the corrected approximation curve (Lk), as concentrations (cH, cB) of hemoglobin and bilirubin when the deviation reaches or falls short of the predetermined threshold value. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold value is 10 mAU. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined absorbance threshold value for the absorbance at the first wavelength is 950 mAU. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a transirradiation of the body fluid sample with light at a multiplicity of wavelengths is achieved using laser or light-emitting diodes or using a light source having various optical filters and wherein the capture of the multiplicity of measurement values (A1; A2; A3; A4) is achieved using a photodetector. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the body fluid sample is serum or plasma. 11. An automatic analyzer comprising a measuring device designed to carry out method steps a) to e) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the analyzer further comprises a calculation device designed to carry out the remaining method steps for determining the concentration (cL) of lipids as claimed in claim 1. 12. The automatic analyzer as claimed in claim 11, wherein the measuring device comprises at least one light source and multiple optical filters. 13. The automatic analyzer as claimed in claim 11, wherein the measuring device comprises multiple light sources, preferably multiple light-emitting or laser diodes. 14. The automatic analyzer as claimed in claim 13, wherein the measuring device comprises at least four light sources, wherein the first light source emits light of a wavelength within the range between 600 nm and 660 nm, and the second light source emits light of a wavelength within the range between 440 nm and 480 nm, and the third light source emits light of a wavelength within the range between 400 nm and 440 nm, and the fourth light source emits light of a wavelength within the range between 350 nm and 370 nm. 15. The automatic analyzer as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first light source emits light of a wavelength of 645 nm, and the second light source emits light of a wavelength of 470 nm, and the third light source emits light of a wavelength of 415 nm, and the fourth light source emits light of a wavelength of 365 nm. 16. The automatic analyzer as claimed in claim 11, wherein the measuring device comprises at least one photodetector.",
-    "The present invention includes a partially continuous countercurrent process for converting gypsum, by reaction with ammonium carbonate, to products of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate by introducing the reactants into reactors, mixing the reactants for a predetermined amount of time, employing a novel combination of countercurrent flows coupled with the reactors operated in a batch manner with process recycle of liquids, removing materials from the reactor and separating solids from solutions wherein no reactants are added during the removal process and thus the reactants have sufficient time to react and ensure the desired degree of reaction, yield and purity of product calcium carbonate and ammonium sulfate while minimizing the reaction time. 1. A partially continuous countercurrent flow process for converting gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate comprising the following steps: separating an aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a gypsum cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the gypsum cake and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate into a first reactor for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the first reactor for a retention time selected to achieve a preselected degree of chemical reaction to form an ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant; discharging the ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant; resuming the flow of reactants into the first reactor; separating the first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the ammonium sulfate solution to result in a product ammonium sulfate solution and a remnant cake of first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum; retaining the product ammonium sulfate solution; feeding a flow of reactants being the remnant cake of first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum and ammonium carbonate solution into a second reactor for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the second reactor for a retention time selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction to form a second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; discharging the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; resuming the flow of reactants into the second reactor; separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to the first reactor. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of separating the aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in first and second gypsum liquid residues and a gypsum cake is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering an aqueous slurry of gypsum on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the gypsum slurry is filtered resulting in a first gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; and transporting the residual gypsum cake on the filter to zone B in which the residual gypsum cake is washed with water to result in a second gypsum liquid residue. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is filtered resulting in a calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to one or both of the first and second reactors; transporting the calcium carbonate cake on the filter to zone B in which the calcium carbonate cake is washed with water to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and feeding the wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to an ammonium carbonate absorber to retain ammonium carbonate. 4. The process of claim 1 further comprising the following steps: washing the product calcium carbonate cake with water to result in a wash residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; and adding the wash residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to the first reactor. 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising the following steps: washing the product calcium carbonate cake with water to result in a wash residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; and feeding the wash residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to an ammonium carbonate absorption column. 6. The process of claim 1 further comprising the following step: adding ammonia or ammonium hydroxide to the first reactor and second reactor to reduce foaming. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the product ammonium sulfate solution contains ammonium sulfate and the product calcium carbonate cake contains calcium carbonate, with ammonium sulfate in a yield of 97 to 100% and calcium carbonate in a yield of 97 to 100%. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the product ammonium sulfate solution contains ammonium sulfate and the product calcium carbonate cake contains calcium carbonate, with both ammonium sulfate in a yield of 100% and calcium carbonate in a yield of 100%. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the process has a total retention time of 4 to 60 minutes for 100% yield of product calcium carbonate and product ammonium sulfate. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the process is conducted at temperatures of 41 to 176\u00b0 F. 11. The process of claim 1, further including mixing within the first reactor and the second reactor by a mixer selected from the group consisting of impeller mixer, paddle mixer, ultrasonic mixer and homogenizer. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating steps are accomplished by a device selected from the group consisting of belt filter, pan filter, drum filter and centrifuge. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein contaminants are removed from the gypsum by an acid rinse process comprising the steps of separating the aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a gypsum cake; rinsing the gypsum cake with an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid from 0.01 to 10% concentration to result in a purified gypsum cake; and rinsing the purified gypsum cake with water to remove residual sulfuric acid solution to result in a final purified gypsum cake. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the gypsum is a phosphogypsum and a contaminant is uranium wherein uranium is removed from the gypsum cake to result in a 40 to 75% reduction of uranium in the gypsum cake. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the aqueous slurry of gypsum is directly from a SOx scrubber. 16. A partially continuous countercurrent flow process for converting gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate comprising the following steps: separating an aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a gypsum cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the gypsum cake and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate, selectively into one or both of a first reactor and a second reactor, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or both of the first reactor and second reactor for a first reactor retention time and a second reactor retention time both selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in one or both first reactor and second reactor to form an ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant in one or both first reactor and second reactor; discharging the ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant from one or both first reactor and second reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into one or both first reactor and second reactor; separating the first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the ammonium sulfate solution to result in a product ammonium sulfate solution and a remnant cake of precipitated calcium carbonate and gypsum; retaining the product ammonium sulfate solution; feeding a flow of reactants being the remnant cake of first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum and ammonium carbonate solution, selectively into one or both of a third reactor and a fourth reactor, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or both of the third reactor and fourth reactor for a third reactor retention time and a fourth reactor retention time both selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in one or both third reactor and fourth reactor to form a second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; discharging the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate from one or both third reactor and fourth reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into one or both third reactor and fourth reactor; separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to one or both first reactor and second reactor. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the step of separating the aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in first and second gypsum liquid residues and a gypsum cake is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering an aqueous slurry of gypsum on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the gypsum slurry is filtered resulting in a first gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; and transporting the residual gypsum cake on the filter to zone B in which the residual gypsum cake is washed with water to result in a second gypsum liquid residue. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the step of separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is filtered resulting in a calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to one or both of the first and second reactors; transporting the calcium carbonate cake on the filter to zone B in which the calcium carbonate cake is washed with water to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and feeding the wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to an ammonium carbonate absorber to retain ammonium carbonate. 19. A partially continuous countercurrent flow process for converting gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate comprising the following steps: separating an aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the residual gypsum cake and a second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate, selectively into one or both of a first reactor and a second reactor, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or both of the first reactor and second reactor for a first reactor retention time and a second reactor retention time both selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in one or both first reactor and second reactor to form an ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant in one or both first reactor and second reactor; discharging the ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant from one or both first reactor and second reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into one or both first reactor and second reactor; separating the first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the ammonium sulfate solution to result in a product ammonium sulfate solution and a first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake; retaining the product ammonium sulfate solution; feeding a flow of reactants being the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake and an ammonium carbonate solution, selectively into one or both of a third reactor and a fourth reactor for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or both of the third reactor and fourth reactor for a third reactor retention time and a fourth reactor retention time both selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in one or both third reactor and fourth reactor to form a third precipitate calcium carbonate and a first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate in one or both third reactor and fourth reactor; discharging the third precipitate calcium carbonate and a first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate from one or both third reactor and fourth reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into one or both third reactor and fourth reactor; separating the first, second, and third precipitate calcium carbonate from the first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a first residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the first residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake, selectively into one or both of a fifth reactor and a sixth reactor, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or both of the fifth reactor and sixth reactor for a fifth reactor retention time and a sixth reactor retention time both selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in one or both fifth reactor and sixth reactor to form a second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant in one of both fifth reactor and sixth reactor; discharging the first and second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from one or both fifth reactor and sixth reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into one or both fifth reactor and sixth reactor; separating the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in the second residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake; feeding the second residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to the first reactor and second reactor; and feeding the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake to the third reactor and fourth reactor. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the step of separating the aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in first and second gypsum liquid residues and a gypsum cake is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering an aqueous slurry of gypsum on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the gypsum slurry is filtered resulting in a first gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; and transporting the residual gypsum cake on the filter to zone B in which the residual gypsum cake is washed with water to result in a second gypsum liquid residue. 21. The process of claim 19, wherein the step of separating the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth precipitate calcium carbonate from the first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is filtered resulting in a calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to any one or all of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth reactors; transporting the calcium carbonate cake on the filter to zone B in which the calcium carbonate cake is washed with water to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and feeding the wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to an ammonium carbonate absorber to retain ammonium carbonate. 22. A partially continuous countercurrent flow process for converting gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate comprising the following steps: separating an aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the residual gypsum cake and a second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate, into a first reactor, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the first reactor for a first reactor retention time selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in the first reactor to form an ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant in the first reactor; discharging the ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant from the first reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into the first reactor; separating the first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the ammonium sulfate solution to result in a product ammonium sulfate solution and a first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake; retaining the product ammonium sulfate solution; feeding a flow of reactants being the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake and an ammonium carbonate solution, selectively into a third reactor for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the third reactor for a third reactor retention time selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in the third reactor to form a third precipitate calcium carbonate and a first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate in the third reactor; discharging the third precipitate calcium carbonate and a first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate from the third reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into the third reactor; separating the first, second, and third precipitate calcium carbonate from the first solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a first residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the first residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake, into a second reactor, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the second reactor for a second reactor retention time selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in the second reactor to form a second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant in the second reactor; discharging the first and second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the second reactor; resuming the flow of reactants into the second reactor; separating the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in the second residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate and the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake; feeding the second residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to the first reactor; and feeding the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant cake to the third reactor. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein the step of separating the aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in first and second gypsum liquid residues and a gypsum cake is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering an aqueous slurry of gypsum on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the gypsum slurry is filtered resulting in a first gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; and transporting the residual gypsum cake on the filter to zone B in which the residual gypsum cake is washed with water to result in a second gypsum liquid residue. 24. The process of claim 22, wherein the step of separating the second precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the second solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is filtered resulting in a calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to any one or all of the first, second, and third reactors; transporting the calcium carbonate cake on the filter to zone B in which the calcium carbonate cake is washed with water to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and feeding the wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to an ammonium carbonate absorber to retain ammonium carbonate. 25. A partially continuous countercurrent flow process for converting gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate comprising the following steps: separating an aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a gypsum cake; feeding a flow of reactants being ammonia, carbon dioxide, the gypsum cake, and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate into a first reactor for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the first reactor for a retention time selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction to form an ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant; discharging the ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant; resuming the flow of reactants into the first reactor; separating the first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the ammonium sulfate solution to result in a product ammonium sulfate solution and a remnant cake of first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum; retaining the product ammonium sulfate solution; feeding a flow of reactants being ammonia, carbon dioxide, the remnant cake of first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum and ammonium carbonate solution into a second reactor for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into the second reactor for a retention time selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction to form a second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; discharging the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; resuming the flow of reactants into the second reactor; venting excess carbon dioxide and ammonia from the first reactor and the second reactor; separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to the first reactor. 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the step of separating the aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in first and second gypsum liquid residues and a gypsum cake is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering an aqueous slurry of gypsum on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the gypsum slurry is filtered resulting in a first gypsum liquid residue and a residual gypsum cake; and transporting the residual gypsum cake on the filter to zone B in which the residual gypsum cake is washed with water to result in a second gypsum liquid residue. 27. The process of claim 25, wherein the step of separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is accomplished by steps comprising: filtering the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate on a filter having two zones, zone A and zone B, wherein zone A the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate is filtered resulting in a calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to one or both of the first and second reactors; transporting the calcium carbonate cake on the filter to zone B in which the calcium carbonate cake is washed with water to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and feeding the wash water solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to an ammonium carbonate absorber to retain ammonium carbonate. 28. A partially continuous countercurrent flow process for converting gypsum to ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate comprising the following steps: separating an aqueous slurry of gypsum to result in a gypsum liquid residue and a gypsum cake; feeding a flow of reactants being the gypsum cake and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate, selectively into one or all reactors of a plurality of reactors, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors for a reactor retention time selected for any one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors, wherein the retention time for a particular one reactor is selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in the particular one reactor to form an ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant in one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors; discharging the ammonium sulfate solution containing a first precipitate calcium carbonate and a gypsum remnant from one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors; resuming the flow of reactants into one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors; separating the first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum remnant from the ammonium sulfate solution to result in a product ammonium sulfate solution and a remnant cake of precipitated calcium carbonate and gypsum; retaining the product ammonium sulfate solution; feeding a flow of reactants being the remnant cake of first precipitate calcium carbonate and gypsum and ammonium carbonate solution, selectively into one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors, for chemical reaction; stopping the flow of reactants into one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors for a reactor retention time selected for any one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors, wherein the retention time for a particular one reactor is selected to achieve a predetermined degree of chemical reaction in the particular one reactor to form a second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; discharging the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate and a solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate from one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors; resuming the flow of reactants into one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors; separating the first and second precipitate calcium carbonate from the solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to result in a product calcium carbonate cake and a residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate; retaining the product calcium carbonate cake; and adding the residue solution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate to one or all reactors of the plurality of reactors.",
-    "Example techniques may involve multiple calibrations for one or more playback devices. An example implementation may involve detecting, via a microphone, calibration sounds as emitted by one or more playback devices during a calibration sequence, perhaps by recording first samples while the microphone is in motion through a given environment and recording second samples while the microphone is stationary at one or more particular locations. The implementation may also include determining a first calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the first samples of the calibrations sounds and determining a second calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the second samples of the calibrations sounds. The implementation may further include applying at least one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices. 1. A method comprising: detecting, via one or more microphones, at least a portion of one or more calibration sounds as emitted by one or more playback devices of a zone during a calibration sequence, wherein detecting the portion of the one or more calibrations sounds comprises recording first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds while the one or more microphones are in motion through a given environment and recording second samples of the one or more calibrations sounds while the one or more microphones are stationary at one or more particular locations within the given environment; determining a first calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds; determining a second calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the second samples of the one or more calibrations sounds; and applying at least one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds comprises determining a first calibration that offsets acoustic characteristics of the given environment when applied to playback by the one or more playback devices, and wherein determining the second calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the second samples comprises determining a particular second calibration that, when applied to playback by the one or more playback devices, offsets acoustic characteristics of the given environment and calibrates the one or more playback devices to the one or more particular locations. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the particular second calibration comprises determining the particular second calibration based on a combination of the first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds and the second samples of the one or more calibrations sounds 4. The method of claim 2, wherein calibrating the one or more playback devices to the one or more particular locations comprises one or more of (i) offsetting propagation delay from the one or more playback devices to the one or more particular locations, or (ii) adjusting respective gain of the one or more playback devices based on respective distances from the one or more playback devices to the one or more particular locations. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the one or more playback devices comprise a stereo pair, and wherein adjusting gain of the one or more playback devices based on distance from the one or more playback devices to the one or more particular locations comprises balancing gain of the stereo pair to the one or more particular locations. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein applying at least one one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting playback of media content that comprises audio and video; and applying the second calibration to the playback of the media content that comprises audio and video. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting playback of media content consisting of audio; and applying the first calibration to the playback of the media content consisting of audio. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a given playback device comprises a physical input, and wherein applying one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting that the zone is playing back media content from the physical input of the given playback device; and applying the second calibration while the zone is playing back media content from the physical input. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein applying at least one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting that the zone is playing back media content from a network source; and applying the second calibration while the zone is playing back media content from the network source. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the zone is a first zone of a media playback system that comprises a second zone of one or more additional playback devices; and wherein applying at least one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting that the first zone of the media playback system is joined into a zone group with the second zone of the media playback system; and applying the first calibration while the first zone of the media playback system is joined into the zone group with the second zone of the media playback system. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying at least one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting that one or more listeners are located in the one or more particular locations; and applying the second calibration while the one or more listeners are located in the one or more particular locations. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein applying at least one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the one or more playback devices comprises: detecting that a plurality of listeners are located in the given environment; and applying the first calibration while the plurality of listeners are located in the given environment. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored therein instructions executable by one or more processors to cause a control device to perform a method comprising: displaying, via a graphical interface one or more prompts to move the control device within a given environment during a calibration sequence of a given zone that comprises one or more playback devices; detecting, via one or more microphones, at least a portion of one or more calibration sounds as emitted by the one or more playback devices during the calibration sequence, wherein detecting the portion of the one or more calibrations sounds comprises recording first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds while the one or more microphones are in motion through the given environment and recording second samples of the one or more calibrations sounds while the one or more microphones are stationary at one or more particular locations within the given environment; determining a first calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds; determining a second calibration for the one or more playback devices based on at least the second samples of the one or more calibrations sounds; and sending at least one of the first calibration and the second calibration to the zone. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the one or more calibration sounds comprise a periodic calibration tone; and wherein recording first samples of the one or more calibrations sounds while the one or more microphones are in motion through the given environment comprises detecting, via one or more sensors, that the control device is in motion; and recording, as respective first samples, one or more first frames, wherein the one or more first frames correspond to respective periods of the periodic calibration tone. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the one or more calibration sounds comprise a periodic calibration tone; and wherein recording second samples of the one or more calibrations sounds while the one or more microphones are stationary at one or more particular locations within the given environment comprises detecting, via one or more sensors, that control device is stationary at a given location for a threshold period of time; and while the control device is stationary, recording, as respective second samples, one or more second frames, wherein the one or more second frames correspond to respective periods of the periodic calibration tone, and wherein the given location is one of the one or more particular locations. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein displaying the one or more prompts to move the control device within the given environment during the calibration sequence comprises displaying a prompt to (i) move the control device continuously through the given environment for one or more first portions of the calibration sequence and (ii) remain stationary with the control device at the one or more particular locations within the given environment for one or more second portions of the calibration sequence. 17. A playback device comprising: one or more processors; and tangible, computer-readable media having instructions encoded therein, wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the playback device to perform a method comprising: receiving (i) a first calibration and (ii) a second calibration; detecting that the playback device is playing back media content in a given playback state; and based on the detected given playback state, applying the one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the playback device. 18. The playback device of claim 17, wherein receiving the first calibration comprises receiving a particular first calibration that acoustic characteristics of the given environment when applied to playback by the one or more playback devices, and wherein receiving the second calibration comprises a particular second calibration that, when applied to playback by the one or more playback devices, offsets acoustic characteristics of the given environment and calibrates the one or more playback devices to the one or more particular locations. 19. The playback device of claim 17, wherein detecting that the playback device is playing back media content in a given playback state comprises detecting that the playback device is playing back media content that comprises audio and video; and wherein applying the one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the playback device comprises applying the second calibration when the playback device is playing back media content that comprises audio and video. 20. The playback device of claim 15, wherein detecting that the playback device is playing back media content in a given playback state comprises detecting that the playback device is playing back media content that consists of audio, and wherein applying the one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the playback device comprises applying the first calibration when the playback device is playing back media content that consists of audio. 21. The playback device of claim 15, wherein detecting that the playback device is playing back media content in a given playback state comprises detecting that the playback device is playing back media content from a physical input, and wherein applying the one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the playback device comprises applying the second calibration when the playback device is playing back media content from the physical input. 22. The playback device of claim 15, wherein detecting that the playback device is playing back media content in a given playback state comprises detecting that the playback device is playing back media content from a network source, and wherein applying the one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the playback device comprises applying the first calibration when the playback device is playing back media content from the network source. 23. The playback device of claim 15, wherein detecting that the playback device is playing back media content in a given playback state comprises detecting that a first zone is joined into a zone group with a second zone of the media playback system, wherein the first zone comprises the playback device and the second zone comprises one or more additional playback devices, and wherein applying the one of (a) the first calibration or (b) the second calibration to playback by the playback device comprises applying the first calibration when the first zone of the media playback system is joined into the zone group with the second zone of the media playback system.",
-    "Systems and methods are disclosed for segregating target individuals represented in a probe digital image from background pixels in the probe digital image. In particular, in one or more embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods train a neural network based on two or more of training position channels, training shape input channels, training color channels, or training object data. Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods utilize the trained neural network to select a target individual in a probe digital image. Specifically, in one or more embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods generate position channels, training shape input channels, and color channels corresponding the probe digital image, and utilize the generated channels in conjunction with the trained neural network to select the target individual. 1. In a digital medium environment for editing digital visual media, a method of using deep learning to automatically select individuals portrayed in the digital visual media, the method comprising: training, by at least one processor, a neural network utilizing training input generated from a repository of digital training images; generating, by the at least one processor, with regard to a probe digital image portraying a target individual, one or more of: a position channel that indicates positions of pixels in the probe digital image relative to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image by comparing one or more features of the target individual with a canonical pose, or a shape input channel that comprises an estimated shape of the target individual; and identifying, by the at least one processor, a set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image utilizing the trained neural network and one or more of the position channel or the shape input channel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the training input comprises a plurality of training position channels, a plurality of training shape input channels, and a plurality of training color channels corresponding to the digital training images, wherein each training color channel in the plurality of training color channels reflect colors of pixels in a corresponding digital training image; the method further comprises generating a color channel that reflects colors of pixels in the digital training image; and the method identifies the set of pixels representing the target individual by utilizing the color channel. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising generating the training input by: identifying a training target individual portrayed in each digital training image; generating a training position channel for each digital training image that indicates positions of pixels in the digital training image relative to the identified training target individual portrayed in the training digital image; and generating a training shape input channel for each digital training image that comprises an estimated shape of the identified target individual portrayed in the digital training image. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the position channel further comprises: generating an x-position channel that indicates horizontal positions of pixels in the digital image relative to a face of the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image; and generating a y-position channel that indicates vertical positions of pixels in the digital image relative to a face of the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the position channel further comprises: detecting the one or more facial feature points corresponding to a face of the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image; estimating a transform between the detected one or more facial feature points and the canonical pose, wherein the canonical pose comprises template facial features; and applying the transform to the canonical pose to generate the position channel. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the position channel expresses the position of pixels in the canonical pose in a coordinate system that is centered on the face and scaled according to the size of the face. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the shape input channel further comprises: generating a mean digital object mask based on target individuals in a plurality of digital images, the mean digital object mask comprising a shape corresponding to the target individuals in the plurality of digital images; and utilizing the mean digital object mask to generate the shape input channel. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein generating the mean digital object mask comprises: identifying a set of pixels representing a target individual in a digital image from the plurality of digital images; identifying one or more facial feature points corresponding to the target individual in the digital image; estimating a first transform between the facial feature points and a canonical pose; and applying the first transform to the set of pixels representing the target individual in the digital image. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein utilizing the mean digital object mask to generate the shape input channel comprises: detecting one or more facial feature points corresponding to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image; estimating a second transform based on the detected one or more facial feature points corresponding to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image and the canonical pose; and applying the second transform to the mean digital object mask to generate the shape input channel. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising modifying the probe digital image based on the set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image by applying one or more of: a first image filter to the set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image; or a second image filter to other pixels in the probe digital image. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying, by the at least one processor, a set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image further comprises: upon receiving a request to select the target individual in the probe digital image, automatically identifying the set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image without additional user input. 12. In a digital medium environment for editing digital visual media, a method of using deep learning to automatically select individuals portrayed in the digital visual media, the method comprising: accessing: a trained neural network generated from a repository of digital training images, wherein each of the digital training images portrays a training target individual, and a mean digital object mask reflecting a shape based on a comparison of each of the training target individuals portrayed in the digital training images and a canonical pose; generating, with regard to the probe digital image by at least one processor and utilizing the mean digital object mask, a shape input channel comprising an estimated shape of the target individual based on the mean digital object mask; and identifying, by the at least one processor, a set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image utilizing the trained neural network and the generated shape input channel. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein utilizing the mean digital object mask to generate the shape input channel comprises: detecting one or more facial feature points corresponding to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image; estimating a transform based on the detected one or more facial feature points corresponding to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image and the canonical pose; and applying the transform to the mean digital object mask to generate the shape input channel. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising generating a position channel, wherein the position channel indicates the position of pixels in the probe digital image relative to a face of the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the position channel further comprises: generating an x-position channel that indicates horizontal positions of pixels in the digital image relative to a face of the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image; and generating a y-position channel that indicates vertical positions of pixels in the digital image relative to a face of the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the position channel further comprises: detecting one or more facial feature points corresponding to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image; estimating a transform between the detected one or more facial feature points and a canonical pose, wherein the canonical pose comprises template facial features; and applying the transform to the canonical pose to generate the position channel. 17. A system for identifying target objects within digital visual media, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions thereon, that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: generate a plurality of training color channels and a plurality of training shape input channels with regard to a plurality of digital training digital images, wherein each digital training image portrays a target individual; train a neural network utilizing the plurality of training color channels and the plurality of training shape input channels; generate a color channel and a shape input channel with regard to a probe digital image, wherein the probe digital image portrays a target individual, the color channel reflects colors of pixels in the digital training image and the shape input channel comprises an estimated shape of the target individual based on a comparison between one or more features of the target individual and a canonical pose; and identify a set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image utilizing the trained neural network, the generated color channel, and the generated shape input channel. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: generate a plurality of training position channels; train the neural network utilizing the plurality of training position channels; generate a position channel with regard to the probe digital image, wherein the position channel indicates positions of pixels in the probe digital image relative to the target individual portrayed in the probe digital image, and identify the set of pixels representing the target individual in the probe digital image utilizing the generated position channel. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein generating the plurality of training position channels and the plurality of training shape input channels comprises: generating a training position channel for each digital training image in the plurality of digital training images, wherein the training position channel for each digital training image indicates positions of pixels in the digital training image relative to the training target individual portrayed in the training digital image; and generating a training shape input channel for each digital training image in the plurality of digital training images, wherein the training shape input channel for each digital training image comprises an estimated shape of the identified target individual portrayed in the training digital image. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein generating the shape input channel further comprises: generating a mean digital object mask from a plurality of digital images, wherein each of the plurality of digital images portray a target individual, and the mean digital object mask comprises a shape corresponding to the target individuals portrayed in the plurality of digital images; and utilizing the mean digital object mask to generate the shape input channel.",
-    "Systems and methods for redundant circuit disconnection in electric vehicles are disclosed. Systems can include a resistive metallic fuse connected within an electrical circuit for a battery or otherwise, an inductor comprising a coil of at least one turn of wire about a longitudinal axis, and an AC power source configured to provide an alternating current across the inductor. The resistive metallic fuse may be disposed within the inductor along the longitudinal axis, and the AC power source may be configured to cause the inductor to induce within the resistive metallic fuse eddy currents of sufficient magnitude to melt or vaporize at least a portion of the resistive metallic fuse disposed therein. 1. A redundant disconnection system for use in an electrical circuit, the system comprising: a switch; a resistive metallic fuse connected within the electrical circuit in series with the switch; an inductor comprising a coil of at least one turn of wire about a longitudinal axis; and an AC power source configured to provide an alternating current across the inductor; wherein the resistive metallic fuse is disposed within the inductor along the longitudinal axis, and the AC power source is configured to cause the inductor to induce within the resistive metallic fuse eddy currents of sufficient magnitude to melt or vaporize at least a portion of the resistive metallic fuse disposed therein. 2. The redundant disconnection system of claim 1, wherein the switch is a magnetic contactor. 3. The redundant disconnection system of claim 1, further comprising a layer of electrically insulating material disposed between the resistive metallic fuse and the inductor. 4. The redundant disconnection system of claim 3, further comprising an air gap disposed between the resistive metallic fuse and the layer of electrically insulating material. 5. The redundant disconnection system of claim 1, wherein the coil comprises a plurality of turns of wire. 6. The redundant disconnection system of claim 1, further comprising a battery connected within the electrical circuit in series with the switch and the resistive metallic fuse. 7. The redundant disconnection system of claim 6, wherein the system further comprises a plurality of separately switchable parallel battery strings, and wherein each battery string comprises: a battery; a switch connected in series with the battery; a resistive metallic fuse connected in series with the switch and the battery; an inductor comprising a coil of at least one turn of wire about a longitudinal axis; and an AC power source configured to provide an alternating current across the inductor; wherein the resistive metallic fuse is disposed within the inductor along the longitudinal axis, and the AC power source is configured to cause the inductor to induce within the resistive metallic fuse eddy currents of sufficient magnitude to melt or vaporize at least a portion of the resistive metallic fuse disposed therein. 8. The redundant disconnection system of claim 7, wherein the switch is a magnetic contactor. 9. A redundant disconnection method for use in an electrical circuit, the method comprising: providing a switch connected within the electrical circuit; providing a resistive metallic fuse connected within the electrical circuit in series with the switch; providing an inductor comprising a coil of at least one turn of wire wound about the resistive metallic fuse; commanding the switch to open the electrical circuit; detecting a failure of the switch to open the electrical circuit; and applying an alternating current through the inductor; wherein the alternating current in the inductor induces within the resistive metallic fuse eddy currents of sufficient magnitude to melt or vaporize at least a portion of the resistive metallic fuse. 10. The redundant disconnection method of claim 9, wherein the switch is a magnetic contactor. 11. The redundant disconnection method of claim 9, wherein the coil comprises a plurality of turns of wire. 12. The redundant disconnection method of claim 9, further comprising providing a battery connected within the electrical circuit in series with the switch and the resistive metallic fuse. 13. The redundant disconnection method of claim 12, wherein the step of commanding the switch to open the electrical circuit is performed in response to a malfunction of the battery. 14. A vehicle with redundant battery protection, the vehicle comprising: at least one electrical circuit at least one battery connected within the electrical circuit; a switch connected within the electrical circuit in series with the battery; a resistive metallic fuse connected within the electrical circuit in series with the battery and the switch; an inductor comprising a coil of at least one turn of wire about a longitudinal axis; and an AC power source configured to provide an alternating current across the inductor; wherein the resistive metallic fuse is disposed within the inductor along the longitudinal axis, and the AC power source is configured to cause the inductor to induce within the resistive metallic fuse eddy currents of sufficient magnitude to melt or vaporize at least a portion of the resistive metallic fuse disposed therein. 15. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein the switch is a magnetic contactor. 16. The vehicle of claim 14, further comprising a layer of electrically insulating material disposed between the resistive metallic fuse and the inductor. 17. The vehicle of claim 14, further comprising an air gap disposed between the resistive metallic fuse and the layer of electrically insulating material. 18. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein the coil comprises a plurality of turns of wire. 19. The vehicle of claim 14, wherein the vehicle further comprises a plurality of separately switchable parallel battery strings, and wherein each battery string comprises: a battery; a switch connected in series with the battery; a resistive metallic fuse connected in series with the switch and the battery; an inductor comprising a coil of at least one turn of wire about a longitudinal axis; and an AC power source configured to provide an alternating current across the inductor; wherein the resistive metallic fuse is disposed within the inductor along the longitudinal axis, and the AC power source is configured to cause the inductor to induce within the resistive metallic fuse eddy currents of sufficient magnitude to melt or vaporize at least a portion of the resistive metallic fuse disposed therein. 20. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the switch is a magnetic contactor.",
-    "The present disclosure relates generally to signal processing, including processing digital watermarking. One claim recites a detector apparatus comprising: memory for storing data representing color image data comprising red color data and green color data, in which the red color data comprises digital watermarking including a first polarity and the green color data comprises the digital watermarking including a second polarity that is inversely related to the first polarity; means for selectively weighting the red color data and the green color data so that the digital watermarking is emphasized while image content is de-emphasized when weighted red color data and weighted green color data are combined; means for detecting the digital watermarking from combined, weighted red color data and weighted green color data; and more or more processors configured for outputting data corresponding to detected digital watermarking. Of course, different combinations and claims are provided too. 1. A detector apparatus comprising: memory for storing data representing color image data comprising red color data and green color data, in which the red color data comprises digital watermarking including a first polarity and the green color data comprises the digital watermarking including a second polarity that is inversely related to the first polarity; one or more processors programmed for: selectively weighting the red color data and the green color data so that the digital watermarking is emphasized while image content is de-emphasized when weighted red color data and weighted green color data are combined; detecting the digital watermarking from combined, weighted red color data and weighted green color data; and outputting data corresponding to detected digital watermarking. 2. The detector apparatus of claim 1 in which combining the weighted red color data and the weighted green color data subtracts the weighted green color data from the weighted red color data. 3. The detector apparatus of claim 1 in which weighting aligns digital watermark detection along an a\u2212b direction, where a represents a first multi-color axis, and b represent a second multi-color axis. 4. A handheld device comprising the detector apparatus of claim 3. 5. A cell phone comprising the handheld device of claim 4. 6. The detection apparatus of claim 1 in which the weighted red color data and the weighted green color data are combined according to 0.35*red color data\u22121.05*green color data. 7. The detection apparatus of claim 1 in which the image color data also comprises blue color data, and said selectively weighting the red color data and the green color data also selectively weights the blue color data so that the digital watermarking is emphasized while image content is de-emphasized when weighted red color data, weighted green color data and weighted blue color data are combined. 8. The detection apparatus of claim 7 in which the weighted red color data, the weighted green color data and the weighted blue color data are combined according to 0.35*red color data\u22121.05*green color data+0.70*blue color data, plus a constant. 9. A detector apparatus comprising: memory for storing data representing color image data comprising first color data and second color data, in which the first color data comprises digital watermarking including a first polarity and the second color data comprises the digital watermarking including a second polarity that is inversely related to the first polarity, and in which the first color data corresponds to a first multi-color axis, and the second color data corresponds to a second multi-color axis; one or more processors programmed for: combining the first color data and the second color data by subtracting the second color data and the first color data, the subtracting emphasizing the digital watermarking while de-emphasizing image content; detecting the digital watermarking from the combined first color data and second color data; and outputting data corresponding to detected digital watermarking. 10. A handheld device comprising the detector apparatus of claim 9. 11. A cell phone comprising the handheld device of claim 10. 12. The detector apparatus of claim 9 in which said combining aligns digital watermark detection along an a\u2212b color direction. 13. A detector apparatus comprising: memory for storing data representing color image data comprising red color data and green color data, in which the red color data comprises digital watermarking including a first polarity and the green color data comprises the digital watermarking including a second polarity that is inversely related to the first polarity; means for selectively weighting the red color data and the green color data so that the digital watermarking is emphasized while image content is de-emphasized when weighted red color data and weighted green color data are combined; means for detecting the digital watermarking from combined, weighted red color data and weighted green color data; and more or more processors configured for outputting data corresponding to detected digital watermarking. 14. The detector apparatus of claim 13 comprising means for combining the weighted red color data and the weighted green color data by subtracting the weighted green color data from the weighted red color data. 15. The detector apparatus of claim 13 in which said means for selectively weighting aligns digital watermark detection along an a\u2212b direction, where a represents a first multi-color axis, and b represent a second multi-color axis. 16. A handheld device comprising the detector apparatus of claim 13. 17. A cell phone comprising the handheld device of claim 16. 18. The detection apparatus of claim 18 in which the image color data also comprises blue color data, and said means for selectively weighting the red color data and the green color data also selectively weights the blue color data so that the digital watermarking is emphasized while image content is de-emphasized when weighted red color data, weighted green color data and weighted blue color data are combined.",
-    "A distributed pulse-width modulation system includes an array of pulse-width modulation elements, each element including a digital memory for storing a multi-bit digital value and a drive circuit that drives an output device in response to the multi-bit digital value stored in the digital memory. A system controller includes a memory for storing a multi-bit digital value for each element and a communication circuit for communicating each multi-bit digital value to each corresponding pulse-width modulation element. 1. A distributed pulse-width modulation system, comprising: an array of pulse-width modulation elements, each element comprising: a digital memory for storing a multi-bit digital value, and a drive circuit that drives an output device in response to the multi-bit digital value stored in the digital memory; and a system controller comprising: a memory for storing a multi-bit digital value for each element, and a communication circuit for communicating each multi-bit digital value to each corresponding pulse-width modulation element. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the system controller comprises a timing circuit for providing timing signals to each element, wherein the timing signals control the rate at which the output device is driven in response to the multi-bit digital value stored in the digital memory. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system controller comprises a memory for storing a full-bit digital value for each element, wherein the full-bit digital value comprises a plurality of multi-bit digital values, and the communication circuit communicates each multi-bit digital value to each corresponding element sequentially. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the timing circuit, in response to the system controller, provides a timing signal with a first period for a first multi-bit digital value and provides a timing signal with a second period different from the first period for a second multi-bit digital value. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the first multi-bit digital value represents the lower bits of the full-bit digital value and the second multi-bit digital value represents the upper bits of the full-bit digital value and the first and second periods are related by the relative value of the lower bits and the upper bits in the full-bit digital value. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the elements each comprise a counter that is responsive to the timing signal and the output device is responsive to the counter. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the counter is a first counter and the system comprises: a second counter responsive to the timing signal; and a control circuit that alternates the signals from the first counter and the second counter, wherein the output device is responsive to the alternating signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is a display system, the elements are pixel elements, the multi-bit digital value is a pixel value specifying light output, and the output device outputs light. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the elements form an array of elements arranged in rows and columns. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the system controller is an active-matrix controller for the array of elements. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive circuit, in response to the pulse-width modulation element, sequentially provides a voltage or a current corresponding to the value of each bit of the multi-bit digital value. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the drive circuit, in response to the pulse-width modulation element, supplies a constant current or voltage to the output device for a time period corresponding to the value of each bit of the multi-bit digital value. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the system controller comprises a timing circuit for providing timing signals to each element, wherein the time period is formed with a counter controlled by the timing signal. 14. (canceled) 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the output device is a light-emitting diode. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the display system comprises a plurality of light-emitting diodes and each output device is a light-emitting diode of the plurality of light-emitting diodes. 17. A method of controlling a distributed pulse-width modulation system according to claim 1, comprising: providing an array of multi-bit digital values; loading each element of the array of elements with a multi-bit digital value of the array of multi-bit digital values; providing a timing signal to each element; combining the timing signal and the multi-bit digital value to provide a control signal in each element, the control signal responsive to the value of the multi-bit digital value; and driving the output device of each element in response to the control signal. 18. The method of claim 17, comprising: providing an array of full-bit digital values, each full-bit digital value comprising at least first and second multi-bit digital values; loading each element of the array of elements with the first multi-bit digital value of the array of full-bit digital values; providing a first timing signal to each element; combining the timing signal and the first multi-bit digital value to provide a control signal in each element, the control signal responsive to the value of the first multi-bit digital value; driving the output device of each element in response to the control signal; loading each element of the array of elements with the second multi-bit digital value of the array of full-bit digital values; providing a second timing signal to each element; combining the second timing signal and the second multi-bit digital value to provide a control signal in each element, the control signal responsive to the value of the second multi-bit digital value; and driving the output device of each element in response to the control signal. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the rate of the first timing signal and the rate of the second timing signal are related by the relative value of the lower bits and the upper bits in the full-bit digital value. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the timing signal for different elements are relatively out of phase. 21. A pixel circuit for a digital display system, comprising: a digital memory for storing a multi-bit digital value and a drive circuit that drives a light emitter in response to the multi-bit digital value stored in the digital memory. 22-23. (canceled)",
-    "A tunable laser transmitter configured in a small package subassembly coupled to a printed circuit board. The tunable laser transmitter includes a housing with a volume formed by exterior walls. An electrical input interface is positioned at the first end of the housing. A first and a second optical output interface is positioned at the second end of the housing, the first output being configured to transmit a modulated optical beam, and the second output configured to transmit a cw beam to the local oscillator of an external receiver. 1. A small, packaged tunable optical transmitter comprising: a first housing; an electrical input interface positioned at the first end of a first housing, the electrical input interface configured to receive an information-containing electrical signal; an optical first output interface positioned at the second end of the first housing, the optical output interface configured to transmit a modulated optical communication beam; a tunable semiconductor laser disposed within a rectangular second housing having a volume of less than 0.6 cubic centimeters, the second housing being disposed in the interior space of the first housing, the second housing having six planar exterior walls including a bottom, a top, opposing first and second ends, and opposing sidewalls, the exterior walls forming a hermetically sealed interior space and operable to emit a laser beam having a selectable wavelength; and a semiconductor-based modulator positioned in the interior space of the first housing along an optical path of the laser beam, the semiconductor-based modulator configured to impart I and Q modulation respectively to the laser beam corresponding to the information-containing electrical signal received through the electrical input interface. 2. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 1, wherein the modulator includes first and second discrete semiconductor-based modulators positioned in the interior space of the first housing is configured to impart X and Y polarization, respective to the laser beam corresponding to the information-containing electrical signal received through the electrical input interface, and each of the first and second modulators is configured to impart both I and Q modulation respectively to the laser beam corresponding to the information-containing electrical signal received through the electrical input interface. 3. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 1, wherein the tunable semiconductor laser is an external cavity laser that includes a tunable filter that comprises a Vernier tuning mechanism including respective first and second optical filters having respective sets of transmission peaks having slightly different free spectral ranges and similar finesses, and wherein tuning is performed by shifting the set of transmission peaks of the second optical filter relative to the set of transmission peaks of the first optical filter to align a single transmission peak of each of the first and second sets of transmission peaks. 4. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 1, further comprising a base in the interior of the second housing; a structure operatively coupled to the base, having a front facet and a substantially non-reflective rear facet optically coupled via a waveguide passing there through, the structure further including a gain section to emit a plurality of photons in response to a first electrical input, and having a facet defining the rear facet of the structure. 5. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 1, further comprising a ferrule having an entry aperture disposed adjacent to the coupling optics, wherein the entry aperture has a planar face which is inclined at an angle of from five to seven degrees from a plane which is normal to the incoming central beam from the coupling optics so as to prevent reflections of the incoming beam from the surface of the planar entry end face from going back into the coupling optics. 6. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 3, further including a cavity length actuator positioned in the interior space of the second housing along an optical path of the beam downstream from the first optical filter and along the optical path of the beam emitted from the first optical filter and functioning to adjust and lock an optical pathlength of the external cavity tunable laser. 7. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 6, wherein the cavity length actuator is a block of silicon having a planar surface tilted with respect to the optical axis to prevent the incoming light from the laser from reflecting back into the cavity of the laser. 8. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 3, further comprising a cavity length actuator disposed in the second housing between the first and second optical filters of the Vernier tuning mechanism, and further including an anti-reflection coating on its planar surface. 9. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 4, further including a thermoelectric cooler positioned within the interior space of the second housing between the bottom of the second housing and at least one of the tunable semiconductor laser and the coupling optics. 10. The tunable optical transmitter of claim 1, wherein the electrical input interface includes a row of pins extending from the housing to enable an electrical connector to be coupled thereto. 11. The transmitter of claim 3, further including a cavity length actuator positioned in the interior space along an optical path of the beam from the first optical filter to adjust and lock an optical path length of the external cavity tunable laser. 12. The transmitter of claim 11, wherein the cavity length actuator is a block of silicon having a planar surface tilted with respect to the optical axis to prevent the incoming light from the laser from reflecting back into the cavity of the laser. 13. The transmitter of claim 3, further comprising a cavity length actuator disposed between the first and second optical filters of the Vernier tuning mechanism along an optical path of the beam from the first optical filter, and further including an anti-reflection coating on its planar surface. 14. The transmitter of claim 3, wherein the external cavity laser further includes a cavity length actuator to adjust an optical pathlength of the external cavity tunable laser. 15. The transmitter of claim 2, wherein the output of the tunable laser is coupled to the first and second modulators by free space. 16. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the coupling optics are positioned in the interior space along the optical path between the external cavity laser and the focusing lens assembly, the coupling optics including a pair of coupling lenses and an isolator. 17. The transmitter of claim 2, wherein the first and second semiconductor-based modulators are disposed in elongated housings that are positioned in the interior space substantially orthogonal to the outgoing optical path of the laser beam from the tunable laser, and further comprising first and second optical reflectors in the optical path of the laser beam from the tunable laser to direct the laser beam to the optical input interface of the first and second semiconductor-based modulators respectively. 18. The transmitter of claim 2, wherein the first and second semiconductor-based modulators are positioned parallel to one another in the interior space, with the one of the modulators being positioned offset from the other modulator, and further comprising a one piece third optical reflector being disposed at the output ends of the first and second semiconductor-based modulators so that the modulated output beams from the first and second semiconductor-based modulators are combined to produce a composite output beam. 19. The transmitter of claim 1, further comprising an optical second output interface positioned at the second end of the first housing, and further comprising fourth and fifth optical reflectors in the optical path of the laser beam from the tunable laser to direct the laser beam to the optical second output interface. 20. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the first housing conforms to either the CFP, CFP2 or CFP4 Multi-Source Agreement.",
-    "A four-wheel drive vehicle is provided, including an engine with an operating mode that is switchable between all-cylinder and reduced-cylinder operating modes, a torque transmission assembly for transmitting an output torque of an engine to main drive wheels and auxiliary drive wheels, a torque ratio adjusting device included in the torque transmission assembly and configured to adjust a ratio of the output torque distributed to the auxiliary drive wheels, and controller that executes a noise suppression module for increasing the torque ratio provided to the auxiliary drive wheels by the torque ratio adjusting device so as to suppress noise generation at the torque transmission assembly, in the all-cylinder and reduced-cylinder operating modes. The noise suppression device changes the torque ratio provided to the auxiliary drive wheels according to engine operating ranges where the torque transmission assembly is in a noise generating state in the all-cylinder and reduced-cylinder operating modes, respectively. 1. A four-wheel drive vehicle, comprising: an engine configured with an operating mode that is switchable between an all-cylinder operating mode and a reduced-cylinder operating mode; a torque transmission assembly configured to transmit an output torque of the engine to main drive wheels and auxiliary drive wheels; a torque ratio adjusting device included within the torque transmission assembly, configured to adjust a ratio of the output torque that is distributed to the auxiliary drive wheels; and a controller that executes a noise suppression module to cause the torque ratio adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels, so as to suppress a generation of noise at the torque transmission assembly in the all-cylinder and reduced-cylinder operating modes, wherein the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to change the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels according to engine operating ranges in which the torque transmission assembly is in a noise generating state in the all-cylinder and reduced-cylinder operating modes. 2. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a damper configured to suppress the generation of noise by the torque transmission assembly in the reduced-cylinder operating mode, wherein the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to suppress the noise generation to a value that is smaller in the reduced-cylinder operating mode than in the all-cylinder operating mode. 3. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 2, wherein the damper is a centrifugal pendulum absorber. 4. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 3, wherein in a change from a first operating mode to a second operating mode, the change being selected from a group consisting of a change from the all-cylinder operating mode to the reduced-cylinder operating mode and a change from the reduced-cylinder operating mode to the all-cylinder operating mode, within an engine operating range where the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is increased by the change to be larger in the second operating mode after the change than in the first operating mode before the change, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to temporarily increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be larger than the torque ratio applied in the second operating mode after the change. 5. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 4, wherein in the change from the first operating mode to the second operating mode, within an engine operating range where the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is reduced to be smaller in the second operating mode after the change than in the first operating mode before the change, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to temporarily reduce the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be smaller than the torque ratio applied in the second operating mode after the change. 6. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 5, wherein in the change from the all-cylinder operating mode to the reduced-cylinder operating mode, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to temporarily change the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels based on an operating mode changing torque map in which a relationship between a speed of the engine and the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels in the change from the all-cylinder operating mode to the reduced-cylinder operating mode is preset, and in the change from the reduced-cylinder operating mode to the all-cylinder operating mode, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to temporarily change the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels based on an operating mode changing torque map in which a relationship between an engine speed and the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels in the change from the reduced-cylinder operating mode to the all-cylinder operating mode is preset. 7. The control apparatus of claim 6, wherein the engine is further configured with a combustion mode that is switchable between a spark-ignition mode and a compression-ignition mode, and wherein the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to change the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels in the spark-ignition mode and the compression-ignition mode. 8. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 7, wherein when a switch from the spark-ignition mode to the compression-ignition mode occurs within an engine operating range where the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is to be increased to be larger in the compression-ignition mode than in the spark-ignition mode, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to temporarily increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be larger than a torque ratio applied after the switch in the compression-ignition mode. 9. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 1, wherein when a change from a first operating mode to a second operating mode, the change being selected from a group consisting of a change from the all-cylinder operating mode to the reduced-cylinder operating mode and a change from the reduced-cylinder operating mode to the all-cylinder operating mode, within an engine operating range where the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is increased by the change to be larger in the second operating mode after the change than in the first operating mode before the change, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque adjusting device to temporarily increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be larger than the torque ratio applied in the second operating mode after the change. 10. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 9, wherein when the change from the first operating mode to the second operating mode, within an engine operating range where the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is reduced to be smaller in the second operating mode after the change than in the first operating mode before the change, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to temporarily reduce the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be smaller than the torque ratio applied in the second operating mode after the change. 11. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 1, wherein the engine is further configured with a combustion mode that is switchable between a spark-ignition mode and a compression-ignition mode, and wherein the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque adjusting device to change the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels in the spark-ignition mode and the compression-ignition mode. 12. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 11, wherein when a switch from the spark-ignition mode to the compression-ignition mode occurs within an engine operating range where the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is to be increased to be larger in the compression-ignition mode than in the spark-ignition mode, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque adjusting device to temporarily increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be larger than a torque ratio applied after the switch in the compression-ignition mode. 13. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 8, wherein to suppress the noise generation, in the all-cylinder operating mode, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels within a first engine operating range where the torque transmission assembly is in the noise generating state in the all-cylinder operating mode, and in the reduced-cylinder operating mode, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels within a second engine operating range that is on a higher engine speed side of the first engine operating range and includes an engine operating range where the torque transmission assembly is in the noise generating state in the reduced-cylinder operating mode. 14. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 13, wherein the first engine operating range is an engine operating range between a predetermined first engine speed and a predetermined second engine speed that is above the first engine speed and wherein the torque transmission assembly is in the noise generating state in the all-cylinder operating mode in the first engine operating range, wherein the second engine operating range is an engine operating range between the first engine speed and a predetermined third engine speed that is above the second engine speed, and wherein in the reduced-cylinder operating mode, within a part of the second engine operating range where the engine speed is below an engine speed at which the torque ratio, applied to the auxiliary drive wheels and increased to suppress the noise generation, takes a largest value, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to be larger than a value to which the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels is increased to suppress the noise generation. 15. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 14, wherein when a request for shifting the operating mode of the engine to the all-cylinder operating mode is issued in the reduced-cylinder operating mode within a part of the second engine operating range overlapping with the first engine operating range, the operating mode is shifted to the all-cylinder operating mode after the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque adjusting device to adjust the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to an increased value of the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to suppress the noise generation within the first engine operating range in the all-cylinder operating mode. 16. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 15, wherein when a request for shifting the operating mode of the engine to the reduced-cylinder operating mode is issued in the all-cylinder operating mode within a part of the second engine operating range on the higher engine speed side of the first engine operating range, the operating mode is shifted to the reduced-cylinder operating mode after the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque adjusting device to adjust the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to an increased value of the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels to suppress the noise generation within the second engine operating range in the reduced-cylinder operating mode. 17. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 3, further comprising an all-cylinder operation damper configured to suppress the noise generation at the torque transmission assembly in the all-cylinder operating mode. 18. The four-wheel drive vehicle of claim 17, wherein the all-cylinder operation damper is a torsional damper configured to shift, to a lower engine speed side, the engine operating range where the torque transmission assembly is in the noise generating state in the all-cylinder operating mode. 19. A four-wheel drive vehicle, comprising: an engine configured with an operating mode that is switchable between an all-cylinder operating mode and a reduced-cylinder operating mode; a torque transmission assembly configured to transmit an output torque of the engine to main drive wheels and auxiliary drive wheels; a torque ratio adjusting device included within the torque transmission assembly, configured to adjust a ratio of the output torque that is distributed to the auxiliary drive wheels; and a controller that executes a noise suppression module to cause the torque ratio adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels, so as to suppress the generation of noise at the torque transmission assembly in the all-cylinder operating mode within a first engine operating range where the torque transmission assembly is in a noise generating state, wherein in the reduced-cylinder operating mode, to suppress the noise generation, the controller that executes the noise suppression module causes the torque ratio adjusting device to increase the torque ratio applied to the auxiliary drive wheels within a second engine operating range that is on a higher engine speed side of the first engine operating range and includes an engine operating range where the torque transmission assembly is in the noise generating state in the reduced-cylinder operating mode. 20. A four-wheel drive vehicle, comprising: an engine configured with an operating mode that is switchable between an all-cylinder operating mode and a reduced-cylinder operating mode; a torque transmission assembly configured to transmit an output torque of the engine to main drive wheels and auxiliary drive wheels; a torque ratio adjusting device included in the torque transmission assembly, configured to adjust a ratio of the output torque that is distributed to the auxiliary drive wheels so as to suppress a generation of noise at the torque transmission assembly; and a damper configured to further suppress the generation of noise at the torque transmission assembly in the reduced-cylinder operating mode.",
-    "The embodiments of the present application disclose an antenna array control apparatus, method, and system. The apparatus includes a link establishing unit, multiple modems, and multiple AISG interfaces, and the AISG interfaces are configured to receive an antenna array configuration signal; the multiple modems are connected to the link establishing unit, and the modems are configured to decode the antenna array configuration signal to obtain an antenna array configuration instruction; and the link establishing unit is connected to multiple electric motors and configured to establish a communications link between each electric motor and one modem according to the antenna array configuration instruction. The multiple AISG interfaces are used in the apparatus as control ports, and a communications link between an antenna array and the multiple AISG interfaces can be connected in multiple manners, so that multiple antenna arrays are more flexibly controlled. 1. An antenna array control apparatus, configured to control work of an electric motor of multiple antenna arrays, wherein the apparatus comprises: a link establishing unit, multiple modems, and multiple Antenna Interface Standards Group (AISG) interfaces, wherein: each AISG interface is connected to one of the modems, and the AISG interfaces are in a one-to-one correspondence with the modems, wherein the AISG interfaces are configured to receive an antenna array configuration signal; the multiple modems are connected to the link establishing unit, the modems are configured to decode the antenna array configuration signal to obtain an antenna array configuration instruction; and the link establishing unit is connected to multiple electric motors and configured to establish a communications link between each electric motor and one of the modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each electric motor has one unique identification identifier, the antenna array configuration instruction comprises identification identifiers of multiple target electric motors, and a quantity of the target electric motors is less than or equal to a quantity of the electric motors of the multiple antenna arrays; and the link establishing unit comprises: a configuring unit, configured to establish a correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and the modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction, the correspondence includes one of the following types of correspondence: a many-to-one correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and one of the modems; a one-to-one correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and the multiple modems; and a many-to-one correspondence between some target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and some modems in the multiple modems, and a one-to-one correspondence between the other target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and the other modems in the multiple modems; and a link establishing subunit, configured to establish a communications link between the target electric motors and the modems according to the correspondence. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the link establishing unit further comprises: a link detecting unit, configured to detect, before the configuring unit establishes the correspondence, whether a communications link exists between the target electric motors and one of the modems; and a link disconnecting unit, configured to: when a detection result of the detecting unit is that a communications link exists, disconnect the existing communications link of the target electric motors. 4. An antenna array control method, comprising: receiving an antenna array configuration signal; decoding the antenna array configuration signal to obtain an antenna array configuration instruction; and establishing a communications link between each electric motor and one of modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein each electric motor has one unique identification identifier, the antenna array configuration instruction comprises identification identifiers of multiple target electric motors, and a quantity of the target electric motors is less than or equal to a quantity of electric motors of multiple antenna arrays; and the establishing a communications link between each electric motor and one of modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction comprises: establishing a many-to-one correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and one of the modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction; and establishing a many-to-one communications link between the multiple target electric motors and one of the modems according to the many-to-one correspondence. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein each electric motor has one unique identification identifier, the antenna array configuration instruction comprises identification identifiers of multiple target electric motors, and a quantity of the target electric motors is less than or equal to a quantity of electric motors of multiple antenna arrays; and the establishing a communications link between each electric motor and one of modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction comprises: establishing a one-to-one correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and multiple modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction; and establishing a one-to-one communications link between the multiple target electric motors and the multiple modems according to the one-to-one correspondence. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein each electric motor has one unique identification identifier, the antenna array configuration instruction comprises identification identifiers of multiple target electric motors, and a quantity of the target electric motors is less than or equal to a quantity of electric motors of multiple antenna arrays; and the establishing a communications link between each electric motor and one of modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction comprises: establishing a many-to-one correspondence between some target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and some modems in multiple modems, and establishing a one-to-one correspondence between the other target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and the other modems in the multiple modems, according to the antenna array configuration instruction; and establishing a many-to-one communications link between the some target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and the some modems in the multiple modems according to the many-to-one correspondence, and establishing a one-to-one communications link between the other target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and the other modems in the multiple modems according to the one-to-one correspondence. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein before the establishing a communications link between each electric motor and one of modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction, further comprises: detecting whether a communications link exists between the target electric motors and one of the modems; and when a detection result is that a communications link exists, disconnecting the existing communications link of the target electric motors. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein before the receiving an antenna array configuration signal, the method further comprises: scanning and acquiring identification identifiers of multiple electric motors. 10. An antenna array control system, configured to control work of an electric motor of multiple antenna arrays, wherein the system comprises a configuration signal generating unit and an antenna array control apparatus, wherein: the configuration signal generating unit is configured to generate an antenna array configuration signal; and the antenna array control apparatus comprises: one or more Antenna Interface Standards Group AISG interfaces configured to receive the antenna array configuration signal; modems that are connected to the AISG interfaces, wherein the modems are configured to decode the antenna array configuration signal to obtain an antenna array configuration instruction, wherein each AISG interface is connected to one of the modems and the AISG interfaces are in a one-to-one correspondence with the modems; and a link establishing unit that is connected to each modem and connected to each electric motor, configured to establish a communications link between each electric motor and one of the modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the system further comprises: a control signal generating unit that is connected to the AISG interfaces, wherein the control signal generating unit is configured to generate a tilt angle control signal for the multiple antenna arrays and send the tilt angle control signal to the electric motor of the multiple antenna arrays by using the communications link established by the antenna array control apparatus. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein each electric motor has one unique identification identifier, the antenna array configuration instruction comprises identification identifiers of multiple target electric motors, and a quantity of the target electric motors is less than or equal to a quantity of electric motors of the multiple antenna arrays; and the link establishing unit comprises: a configuring unit, configured to establish a correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and the modems according to the antenna array configuration instruction, the correspondence includes one of the following types of correspondence: a many-to-one correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and one of the modems; a one-to-one correspondence between the multiple target electric motors and the multiple modems; and a many-to-one correspondence between some target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and some modems in the multiple modems, and a one-to-one correspondence between the other target electric motors in the multiple target electric motors and the other modems in the multiple modems; and a link establishing subunit, configured to establish a communications link between the target electric motors and the modems according to the correspondence. 13. The system according to claim 12, wherein the link establishing unit further comprises: a link detecting unit, configured to detect, before the configuring unit establishes the correspondence, whether a communications link exists between the target electric motors and one of the modems; and a link disconnecting unit, configured to: when a detection result of the detecting unit is that a communications link exists, disconnect the existing communications link of the target electric motors. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the system further comprises: an identifier acquiring unit that is connected to multiple electric motors and connected to the multiple AISG interfaces, wherein the identifier acquiring unit is configured to scan and acquire identification identifiers of the multiple electric motors and send, by using the AISG interfaces, the identification identifiers that are of the multiple electric motors and acquired by means of scanning to the configuration signal generating unit.",
-    "A method of operating a gas-filled collision cell in a mass spectrometer is provided. The collision cell has a longitudinal axis. Ions are caused to enter the collision cell. A trapping field is generated within the collision cell so as to trap the ions within a trapping volume of the collision cell, the trapping volume being defined by the trapping field and extending along the longitudinal axis. Trapped ions are processed in the collision cell and a DC potential gradient is provided, using an electrode arrangement, resulting in a non-zero electric field at all points along the axial length of the trapping volume so as to cause processed ions to exit the collision cell. The electric field along the axial length of the trapping volume has a standard deviation that is no greater than its mean value. 1. A method of operating a gas-filled collision cell in a mass spectrometer, the collision cell having a longitudinal axis extending between a first end and a second end, the method comprising: causing ions to enter the collision cell through the first end in a forward direction; generating a trapping field within the collision cell so as to trap the ions within a trapping volume of the collision cell, the trapping volume being defined by the trapping field and extending along the longitudinal axis; ejecting trapped ions from the collision cell in the forward direction through the second end; causing the ejected ions to re-enter the collision cell in the reverse direction through the second end; and ejecting ions from the collision cell in a reverse direction through the first end, wherein the method further comprises providing a DC potential gradient, using an electrode arrangement, resulting in a non-zero electric field at all points along the axial length of the trapping volume so as to cause ions to exit the collision cell in the reverse direction, wherein the direction and magnitude of the DC potential gradient remains the same during the steps of generating the trapping field, ejecting ions in the reverse direction. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of processing the ions. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of processing the ions includes processing the ions within the collision cell prior to ejecting the ions from the collision cell in the forward direction. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of processing the ions includes processing the ions outside of the collision cell subsequent to ejecting the ions from the collision cell in the forward direction. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of processing the ions includes fragmenting the ions. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of mass selecting ions prior to causing ions to enter the collision cell in a forward direction. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of trapping ions that re-enter the collision cell in the reverse direction. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of ejecting ions from the collision cell in the reverse direction includes reducing a potential harrier at or proximate to the first end. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of reducing the potential barrier includes increasing a potential energy of ions confined within the trapping volume. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the DC potential gradient results in an electric field of no less than 1 V/m at any point along the longitudinal extent of the trapping volume. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the trapping volume is filled with collision gas, and the product of the pressure of the collision gas and the longitudinal extent of the trapping volume is no greater than 0.004 mbar\u00b7cm. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating ions in an ion source; and causing the generated ions to enter and then exit an ion store before the step of causing ions to enter the collision cell through the first end in a forward direction.",
-    "A gaming machine that provides an operation unit, a display unit, and a control unit. The operation unit is configured to receive an operation of the player. The display unit is operably coupled to the operation unit and is configured to display a symbol display area. The symbol display area includes a plurality of cells arranged in a grid. The control unit is operably coupled to the operation unit and the display unit and being configured to initiate a game in response to player operation and to establish an outcome of the game. During the game, the control unit, in response to a trigger condition, is further configured to establish a set of replacement symbols and to divide the set of replacements symbols into two groups and to display the replacement groups using features or feature animations. 1. A gaming machine, comprising: an operation unit configured to receive an operation of a player; a display unit operably coupled to the operation unit and configured to display a symbol display area, the symbol display area including a plurality of cells arranged in a grid; and, a control unit operably coupled to the operation unit and the display unit and being configured to initiate a game in response to player operation and to establish an outcome of the game, the control unit, in response to initiation of the game, being further configured to: randomly establish a first set of symbols associated with the symbol display area, each symbol in the first set of symbols being associated with one of the plurality of cells in the group; randomly establish a set of replacement symbols, each symbol in the set of replacement symbols being associated with one of the plurality of cells in the group and adapted to replace the symbol from the first set of symbols associated with the respective cell in the grid; divide the set of replacement symbols into a first group of replacement symbols and a second group of replacement symbols; display the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols and the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid, the first group of replacement symbols, the second group of replacement symbols and any remaining symbols in the first set of symbols forming the outcome, wherein the control unit, in displaying the replacement symbols, is further configured to: display the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols using a first feature and to display the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid using a second feature; and, award a payout to the player as a function of the outcome. 2. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the control unit, in dividing the set of replacement symbols, is configured to: divide the set of replacement symbols into an interim first group of replacement symbols and an interim second group of replacement symbols, establish a first estimated payout to the player as a function of the first set of symbols and the interim first group of replacement symbols, establish a second estimated payout to the player as a function of the first set of symbols, the interim first and second groups of replacement symbols, compare the second estimated payout to the first estimated payout, and, if the comparison does not meet a predetermined condition, display the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols and the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid using a unified feature. 3. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 2, wherein the control unit is further configured to display the replacement symbols using the first and second features, respectively, if the comparison of the first and second estimated payouts meets the predetermined condition. 4. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 3, wherein the control unit is configured to establish successive interim first and second groups of replacement symbols until the predetermined condition is met, or a predetermined number of interim first and second groups of replacement symbols have been established. 5. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to detect a triggering condition, wherein the set of replacement symbols are established in response to detection of the triggering condition. 6. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to display the first set of symbols in the cells of the grid prior to display of the first and second features or the unified feature. 7. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the game is a video slot game and the cells in the grid are arranged into a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, wherein each column defines a reel of the video slot game, wherein the control unit is configured to display the first set of symbols in the cells of the grid in a manner to simulate rotating reels, the first set of symbols being displayed in the cells when the simulated rotating reels are stopped. 8. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 7, wherein the first feature is displayed while the rotating reels are spinning. 9. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 8, wherein the second feature is displayed after the rotating reels are stopped. 10. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 7, wherein the first and second features are displayed while the rotating reels are spinning. 11. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 7, wherein the first and second features are displayed after the rotating reels are stopped. 12. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first, second and unified features include a variable reel strip, the control unit being configured to move the variable reel strip over the grid to deposit the replacement symbols in the respective cells of the grid. 13. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 12, wherein the variable reel strip is moved across the grid in a defined pattern, wherein the pattern is selected from a set of predefined patterns or dynamically determined. 14. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the control unit in randomly establishing the set of replacement symbols, randomly established the cells in which the replacement symbols are to be inserted. 15. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 14, wherein the replacement symbols are a wild symbol. 16. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 14, wherein the replacement symbols are randomly selected from a set of possible replacement symbols. 17. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein each cell of the grid has an associated probability, wherein the control unit establishes the set of replacement symbols by randomly determining if a replacement symbol will appear in each cell as a function of the associated probability. 18. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 17, wherein the probability associated with one of the cells of the grid is different than the probability associated with another one of the cells. 19. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 1, wherein the grid includes a plurality of virtual reels, each virtual reel being populated by replacement and null symbols, wherein the control unit establishes the set of replacement symbols by randomly determining a stop position for each virtual reel. 20. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 19, wherein the virtual reels are horizontal. 21. A gaming machine, as set forth in claim 20, wherein the virtual reels are vertical. 22. A control method for providing a game to a player using a gaming machine, the gaming machine including a control unit, an operation unit, and a display unit, the operation unit configured to receive operation from the player, the display unit operably coupled to the operation unit and being configured to display a symbol display area, the symbol display area including a plurality of cells arranged in a grid, the symbol display area including a plurality of cells arranged in a grid, the control unit, the control unit operably coupled to the operation unit and the display unit and being configured to initiate a game in response to player operation and to establish an outcome of the game, the control method, in response to initiation of the game performing the steps of: randomly establishing, by the control unit, a first set of symbols associated with the symbol display area, each symbol in the first set of symbols being associated with one of the plurality of cells in the group; randomly establishing, by the control unit, a set of replacement symbols, each symbol in the set of replacement symbols being associated with one of the plurality of cells in the group and adapted to replace the symbol from the first set of symbols associated with the respective cell in the grid; dividing, by the control unit, the set of replacement symbols into a first group of replacement symbols and a second group of replacement symbols; displaying, in the display area of the display unit, the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols and the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid, the first group of replacement symbols, the second group of replacement symbols and any remaining symbols in the first set of symbols forming the outcome, wherein the control unit, in displaying the replacement symbols, displays the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols using a first feature and displays the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid using a second feature; and awarding, by the control unit, a payout to the player as a function of the outcome. 23. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein the step of dividing the set of replacement symbols, includes the steps of: dividing the set of replacement symbols into an interim first group of replacement symbols and an interim second group of replacement symbols, establishing a first estimated payout to the player as a function of the first set of symbols and the interim first group of replacement symbols, establishing a second estimated payout to the player as a function of the first set of symbols, the interim first and second groups of replacement symbols, comparing the second estimated payout to the first estimated payout, and if the comparison does not meet a predetermined condition, displaying the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols and the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid using a unified feature. 24. A method, as set forth in claim 23, including the step of displaying the replacement symbols using the first and second features, respectively, if the comparison of the first and second estimated payouts meets the predetermined condition. 25. A method, as set forth in claim 24, including the step of establishing successive interim first and second groups of replacement symbols until the predetermined condition is met, or a predetermined number of interim first and second groups of replacement symbols have been established. 26. A method, as set forth in claim 22, including the step of detecting a triggering condition, wherein the set of replacement symbols are established in response to detection of the triggering condition. 27. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein the first set of symbols are displayed in the cells of the grid prior to display of the first and second features or the unified feature. 28. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein the game is a video slot game and the cells in the grid are arranged into a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, wherein each column defines a reel of the video slot game, wherein the first set of symbols are displayed in the cells of the grid in a manner to simulate rotating reels, the first set of symbols being displayed in the cells when the simulated rotating reels are stopped. 29. A method, as set forth in claim 28, wherein the first feature is displayed while the rotating reels are spinning. 30. A method, as set forth in claim 29, wherein the second feature is displayed after the rotating reels are stopped. 31. A method, as set forth in claim 28, wherein the first and second features are displayed while the rotating reels are spinning. 32. A method, as set forth in claim 28, wherein the first and second features are displayed after the rotating reels are stopped. 33. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein the first, second and unified features include a variable reel strip, the method including the step of moving the variable reel strip over the grid to deposit the replacement symbols in the respective cells of the grid. 34. A method, as set forth in claim 33, wherein the variable reel strip is moved across the grid in a defined pattern, wherein the pattern is selected from a set of predefined patterns or dynamically determined. 35. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein the step of randomly establishing the set of replacement symbols includes the step of randomly establishing the cells in which the replacement symbols are to be inserted. 36. A method, as set forth in claim 35, wherein the replacement symbols are a wild symbol. 37. A method, as set forth in claim 35, wherein the replacement symbols are randomly selected from a set of possible replacement symbols. 38. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein each cell of the grid has an associated probability, wherein the step of establishing the set of replacement symbols includes the step of randomly determining if a replacement symbol will appear in each cell as a function of the associated probability. 39. A method, as set forth in claim 38, wherein the probability associated with one of the cells of the grid is different than the probability associated with another one of the cells. 40. A method, as set forth in claim 22, wherein the grid includes a plurality of virtual reels, each virtual reel being populated by replacement and null symbols, wherein the set of replacement symbols is established by randomly determining a stop position for each virtual reel. 41. A method, as set forth in claim 40, wherein the virtual reels are horizontal. 42. A method, as set forth in claim 40, wherein the virtual reels are vertical. 43. A program for a gaming machine for providing a game to a player, wherein the gaming machine including a control unit, an operation unit, and a display unit, the operation unit configured to receive operation from the player, the display unit operably coupled to the operation unit and being configured to display a symbol display area, the symbol display area including a plurality of cells arranged in a grid, the symbol display area including a plurality of cells arranged in a grid, the control unit, the control unit operably coupled to the operation unit and the display unit and being configured to initiate a game in response to player operation and to establish an outcome of the game, the program of the gaming machine performing the steps of: randomly establishing, by the control unit, a first set of symbols associated with the symbol display area, each symbol in the first set of symbols being associated with one of the plurality of cells in the group; randomly establishing, by the control unit, a set of replacement symbols, each symbol in the set of replacement symbols being associated with one of the plurality of cells in the group and adapted to replace the symbol from the first set of symbols associated with the respective cell in the grid; dividing, by the control unit, the set of replacement symbols into a first group of replacement symbols and a second group of replacement symbols; displaying, in the display area of the display unit, the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols and the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid, the first group of replacement symbols, the second group of replacement symbols and any remaining symbols in the first set of symbols forming the outcome, wherein the control unit, in displaying the replacement symbols, displays the replacement symbols in the first group of replacement symbols using a first feature and displays the symbols in the second group of replacement symbols in the respective associated cells of the grid using a second feature; and, awarding, by the control unit, a payout to the player as a function of the outcome.",
-    "An air suspension in an embodiment includes: a cylinder; a piston rod; a rod-side member disposed on the lower end side of the piston rod; a diaphragm; an axle-side attachment member having an upper end side of which is fixed to an opening at a lower end of the rod-side member, the axle-side attachment member including a fixing section for fixing the piston rod and an attachment hole joined to an axle; a gas passage formed in the axle-side attachment member, one end of the gas passage being opened to an upper end face of the axle-side attachment member and the other end of the gas passage being opened to a side section of the axle-side attachment member; and a valve section provided at the opening of the other end of the gas passage. 1. An air suspension comprising: a cylinder including, on an upper end side thereof, a vehicle-body-side attachment member joined to a vehicle body; a piston rod including a piston on an upper end side thereof and inserted into the cylinder together with the piston; a cylindrical rod-side member disposed on a lower end side of the piston rod and opened at an upper end of the rod-side member and a lower end thereof; a diaphragm having an upper end of which is fixed to a side of the cylinder and a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member, the diaphragm forming an air chamber around the piston rod; an axle-side attachment member having an upper end side of which is fixed to the opening at the lower end of the rod-side member, the axle-side attachment member which includes, on an upper end face thereof, a fixing section fixing a lower end of the piston rod and, on a lower end side thereof, an attachment hole joined to an axle; a gas passage formed in the axle-side attachment member, one end of the gas passage being opened to the upper end face of the axle-side attachment member and the other end of the gas passage being opened to a side section of the axle-side attachment member; and a valve section provided at the opening of the other end of the gas passage. 2. The air suspension according to claim 1, wherein the other end of the gas passage is opened to the side section of the axle-side attachment member between the fixing section and the attachment hole. 3. The air suspension according to claim 1, wherein the gas passage is formed by an L-shaped through-hole including a bent section. 4. The air suspension according to claim 2, wherein the gas passage is formed by an L-shaped through-hole including a bent section. 5. The air suspension according to claim 1, wherein the valve section includes: a valve main body that guides gas supplied from an outside to the gas passage; and a valve cap that seals the valve main body, the axle-side attachment member includes an annular groove around the gas passage on a side of the side section, and the valve cap is attached in a state where at least a part of the valve cap is inserted into the groove section. 6. The air suspension according to claim 2, wherein the valve section includes: a valve main body that guides gas supplied from an outside to the gas passage; and a valve cap that seals the valve main body, the axle-side attachment member includes an annular groove around the gas passage on a side of the side section, and the valve cap is attached in a state where at least a part of the valve cap is inserted into the groove section. 7. The air suspension according to claim 3, wherein the valve section includes: a valve main body that guides gas supplied from an outside to the gas passage; and a valve cap that seals the valve main body, the axle-side attachment member includes an annular groove around the gas passage on a side of the side section, and the valve cap is attached in a state where at least a part of the valve cap is inserted into the groove section. 8. The air suspension according to claim 4, wherein the valve section includes: a valve main body that guides gas supplied from an outside to the gas passage; and a valve cap that seals the valve main body, the axle-side attachment member includes an annular groove around the gas passage on a side of the side section, and the valve cap is attached in a state where at least a part of the valve cap is inserted into the groove section. 9. The air suspension according to claim 1, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 10. The air suspension according to claim 2, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 11. The air suspension according to claim 3, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 12. The air suspension according to claim 4, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 13. The air suspension according to claim 5, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 14. The air suspension according to claim 6, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 15. The air suspension according to claim 7, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm. 16. The air suspension according to claim 8, further comprising: a cylindrical cover having a lower end of which is fixed to the rod-side member and an upper end of which is opened, the cylindrical cover covering an outer circumference of the diaphragm.",
-    "Systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable analyzing facial expressions within an interactive online event to gauge participant level of attentiveness are provided. Facial expressions from a plurality of participants accessing an interactive online event may be analyzed to determine each participant's facial expression. The determined expressions may be analyzed to determine an overall level of attentiveness. The level of attentiveness be relayed to the host of the interactive online event to inform him or her how the participants are reacting to the interactive online event. If there are participants not paying attention or confused, the host may modify their presentation to increase the attentiveness of the students. 1. A method for monitoring participants' level of attentiveness within an interactive online event, the method comprising: receiving, from each of a plurality of participants accessing an interactive online event, at least one video; capturing, from each received video, at least one facial image; analyzing each captured facial image, wherein analyzing comprises: comparing each captured facial image to a plurality of predefined facial expressions; and matching each captured facial image to at least one predefined facial expression, wherein each match assigns a value to the captured facial image; determining a level of attentiveness for the interactive online event by processing each of the assigned values together; and providing attentiveness data representing the determined level of attentiveness to a host device accessing the interactive online event. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, to the host device, access to each matched facial expression. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a plurality of indicators, each indicator representing the value assigned to each captured image; and providing, to the host device, access to the generated plurality of indicators. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: changing a color of a user interface displayed on the host device in response to the attentiveness data. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a message representing the attentiveness data to the host device. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the message comprises at least one of: happy, confused, focused, bored, attentive, and understood. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the interactive online event is an online class; the plurality of participants are students accessing the online class; and the host device is a terminal accessible to a teacher of the online class. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of predefined facial expressions comprises an emotion of at least one of: happy, confused, focused, bored, attentive, and understood. 9. A method for monitoring a participant's level of attentiveness within an interactive online event, the method comprising: A) receiving video from a participant accessing an interactive online event; B) capturing a facial image from the received video; C) analyzing the captured facial image, wherein analyzing comprises: comparing the captured facial image to a plurality of predefined facial expressions; and matching the captured facial image to at least one predefined facial expression wherein each match assigns a value to the captured facial image; D) determining a level of attentiveness of the interactive online event by processing each assigned value; and E) providing the determined level of attentiveness to a host device accessing the interactive online event. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein steps B through E are repeated a plurality of times during the interactive online event. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: providing, to the host device, access to each matched type of facial expression. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising: generating an indicator, the indicator representing the value assigned to the captured image; and providing, to the host device, access to the generated indicator. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising: changing the color of a user interface of the host device in response to the level of attentiveness. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the data further comprises a message stating the level of attentiveness. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the message comprises at least one of: happy, confused, focused, bored, attentive, and understood. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein: the interactive online event is an online class; the participant is a student accessing the online class; and the host device is a terminal accessible to a teacher of the online class. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the plurality of types of facial expressions comprises at least one of: happy, confused, focused, bored, attentive, and understood. 18. A system for monitoring participants' level of attentiveness within an interactive online event, the system comprising: a plurality of user devices accessing an interactive online event, wherein each user device corresponds to a participant of the interactive online event; a host device accessing the interactive online event, wherein the host device corresponds to a host of the interactive online event; a server, the server operable to: receive, from each of the plurality of user devices, at least one video; capture, from each received video, at least one facial image; analyze each captured facial image, wherein analyze comprises: compare each captured facial image to a plurality of predefined facial expressions; and match each captured facial image to at least one predefined facial expression, wherein each match assigns a value to the captured facial image; determine a level of attentiveness for the interactive online event by processing each of the assigned values together; and transmit the determined level of attentiveness to the host device. 19. The system of claim 18, the server further operable to: change the color of a user interface of the host device in response to the level of attentiveness. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein: the interactive online event is an online class; the plurality of participants are students accessing the online class; and the host is a teacher of the online class.",
-    "The present invention relates to a system, method, and apparatus for powering intelligent lighting networks. The power for the intelligent lighting network is supplied by Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) switches and/or Mid-Spans, which are conditioned by a powered device to distribute power tuned specifically for each, at least one light emitting diode (LED) fixture. The Power-over-Ethernet switch and/or Mid-Span with associated router and wireless access point can be used to communicate with, and power a sensor network that collects data relevant to the intelligent lighting network. Optionally, the Power-over-Ethernet switch and/or Mid-Span can be used to communicate with, and power a network of sensors that collects data relevant to the space the intelligent lighting network is operating in, or can be used to communicate with and power a network of AC wall plugs that can be turned on and off, and various switches, relays, and PLCs, RFID systems, USB hubs, etc. 1. A system for powering and controlling a light-emitting diode (LED) lighting network, the system comprising: at least one router operably connected to Internet and a local network; at least one line card including: (a) at least one physical channel connected to an output port; (b) a power conditioning module operably powering the at least one physical channel; and (c) a controller, said controller configured to control the amount of conditioned power using one or more pulse width modulators, and control the start and stop times of the one or more pulse width modulators; at least one power distribution unit having a lighting system controller and the at least one line card; at least one Power-over-Ethernet switch configured to: (a) control the flow of the lighting system switch and sensor data within the LED lighting network; and (b) supply direct current power to the at least one power distribution unit; a structured cabling network that is connected to the output port of the at least one line card; and an LED fixture that is connected to a homerun cable that is connected to the output port of the at least one line card. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one line card may be configured in one or more form factors. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the one or more form factors allows the system to be utilized with a standard LED fixture. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the one or more form factors allows the system to be utilized with a screw-based lighting fixture. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one Power-over-Ethernet switch is configured to power a sensor network that collects data by utilizing the at least one router that is operably connected to Internet and a local network. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the sensor network includes at least one sensor, said at least one sensor is an ambient light sensor. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the at least one power distribution unit further comprises a shared memory device. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the ambient light sensor is configured to store data on the shared memory device. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least one power distribution utilizes the data from the ambient light sensor that is stored on the shared memory device to select the light setting. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one power distribution unit is equipped with vertical and horizontal power regulation and distribution across multiple channels operating on multiple ports to optimize port usage. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is designed to include an industrial bus controller for managing and operating relays, solenoids, PLCs, and configured to communicate with building automation systems. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one power distribution unit is configured to convert AC to DC for use by the at least one Power-over-Ethernet switch. 13. A system for powering and controlling a light-emitting diode (LED) lighting network, the system comprising: at least one router operably connected to Internet and a local network; at least one line card including: (a) at least one physical channel connected to an output port; (b) a power conditioning module operably powering the at least one physical channel; and (c) a controller, said controller configured to control the amount of conditioned power using one or more pulse width modulators, and control the start and stop times of the one or more pulse width modulators; at least one power distribution unit having a lighting system controller and the at least one line card; at least one Power-over-Ethernet switch configured to: (a) control the flow of the lighting system switch and sensor data within the LED lighting network; and (b) supply direct current power to the at least one power distribution unit; and at least one LED fixture in a daisy chain that is connected via a jumper cable to an LED fixture that is connected via a homerun cable to the output port of the at least one line card. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one line card may be configured in one or more form factors. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more form factors allows the system to be utilized with a standard LED fixture. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more form factors allows the system to be utilized with a screw-based lighting fixture 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one line card includes a wireless device configured to enable wireless communication with the controller. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one line card utilizes wireless communication with the controller to turn lights on, off, or dim.",
-    "A switching power converter is configured to control switching noise by implementing a plurality of pulse width modulation modes of operation. The peak current in each pulse width modulation mode of operation is controlled so that an output power for the switching power converter is continuous with regard to transitions between the pulse width modulation modes. 1. A switching power converter comprising: a power switch; a controller configured to cycle the power switch at a first switching frequency to produce a first peak current through the power switch responsive to an amplitude of a control signal being within a first output power range and to cycle the power switch at a second switching frequency to produce a second peak current through the power switch responsive to the amplitude of the control signal being within a second output power range, wherein a first ratio of the first peak current to the second peak current at a boundary between the first output power range and the second output power range is a function of a second ratio of the second switching frequency to the first switching frequency. 2. The switching power converter of claim 1, wherein the control signal is a control voltage signal, the switching power converter further comprising: a transformer having a primary winding and an auxiliary winding, wherein the power switch is coupled to the primary winding; an error amplifier configured to compare a sense voltage derived from the auxiliary winding to a reference voltage to produce an error voltage signal; and a loop filter configured to filter the error voltage signal to produce the control voltage. 3. The switching power converter of claim 2, wherein the function of the second ratio is a square root function. 4. The switching power converter of claim 2, wherein the controller includes a switch control logic circuit configured to determine the first peak current using a first function of the control logic and configured to determine the second peak current using a second function of the control logic. 5. The switching power converter of claim 4, wherein the first function and the second function are both linear functions of the control voltage. 6. The switching power converter of claim 1, wherein first output power range ranges from a maximum output power for the switching power converter to a first output power for the switching power converter, and wherein the second output power range ranges from the first output power for the switching converter to a second output power for the switching power converter, the first output power being greater than the second output power. 7. The switching power converter of claim 6, wherein the controller is further configured to cycle the power switch in a pulse frequency mode having a constant peak current responsive to the amplitude of the control voltage being within a third output power range that ranges from zero output power to the second output power. 8. The switching power converter of claim 6, wherein the controller is further configured to transition from the first switching frequency to the second switching frequency responsive to the control voltage being greater than a first boundary value and to transition from the second switching frequency to the first switching frequency responsive to the control voltage being greater than a second boundary value, wherein the second boundary value is greater than the first boundary value. 9. The switching power converter of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to configured to cycle the power switch at a third switching frequency to produce a third peak current through the power switch responsive to an amplitude of a control signal being within a third output power range. 10. A method, comprising: cycling a power switch for a switching power converter according to a first switching frequency responsive to an output power for the switching power converter being within a first output power range; while cycling the power switch according to the first switching frequency, controlling a first peak current through the power switch responsive to a first function of the output power; cycling the power switch according to a second switching frequency responsive to the output power being within a second power range; and while cycling the power switch according to the second switching frequency, controlling a second peak current through the power switch responsive to a second function of the output power, wherein a first ratio of the first peak current to the second peak current at a boundary between the first power range and the second power range is a function of a second ratio of the second switching frequency to the first switching frequency. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the function of the second ratio is a square root function. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first power range ranges from a maximum output power to a first output power level, the method further comprising transitioning from cycling the power switch at the first frequency to cycling the power switch at the second frequency responsive to the output power dropping below the first output power level. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising transitioning from cycling the power switch at the second frequency to cycling the power switch at the first frequency responsive to the output power rising above a second output power level that is greater than the first output power level. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the first switching frequency is greater than the second switching frequency. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first switching frequency is a multiple of the second switching frequency. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: cycling the power switch according to a third switching frequency responsive to the output power being within a third power range; and while cycling the power switch according to the third switching frequency, controlling a third peak current through the power switch responsive to a third function of the output power. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising: cycling the power switch according to a variable switching frequency responsive to the output power being within a third power range; and while cycling the power switch according to the variable switching frequency, controlling a third peak current through the power switch to be a constant value. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the third power range includes a zero output power for the switching power converter. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the switching power converter is a flyback converter. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the first function and the second function are both linear functions.",
-    "Mounting and triggering mechanisms for first person actuation of a camera by an internally mounted remote camera actuator in the form of a handle grip are disclosed for use in any applicable activity, without limitation, such as sporting, recreational, documentary filmmaking and/or photography, or the like. 1. A board grip camera mount comprising: a board grip pad, having a top and a bottom, the bottom of the board grip pad configured to attach to a board; and a pad mount, having a top and a bottom, the bottom of the pad mount secured to the top of the board grip pad, the pad mount further comprising a mount opening with an opening at the top of the pad mount and structured to receive a portion of a camera boom, the mount opening further including a mounting mechanism to secure the received portion of the camera boom. 2. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the board grip pad comprises an adhesive layer to attach to the board. 3. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the board grip pad includes a gripping surface comprised of at least one of divots, channels, and protrusions. 4. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the board comprises one of a surfboard, a skate board, and a paddle board. 5. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the pad mount comprises an adhesive layer to secure to the top of the board grip pad. 6. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the pad mount extends up from the board grip pad. 7. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the pad mount is integrated with the board grip pad in a uni-body constructions. 8. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the mount opening is cylindrical. 9. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the mount opening comprises at least one of metal, plastic, nylon, carbon fiber, and high density rubber. 10. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the mount opening is a mount cavity. 11. The board grip camera mount of claim 10, where in the mount cavity extends from the top of the pad mount to the bottom of the pad mount. 12. The board grip camera mount of claim 10, wherein the mount cavity extends from the top of the pad mount toward the bottom of the pad mount. 13. The board grip camera mount of claim 10, wherein the mount cavity is deep enough so that a breakaway point of the camera boom sits above the top of the pad mount. 14. The board grip camera mount of claim 1, wherein the mounting mechanism includes at least one of: a screw, a bolt, a pin, a latch, a clip, a lock, a friction fit, a threading on an interior wall of the mount opening, orientation guides, indentation ridges, and grooves. 15. A board grip camera mount comprising: a board grip pad, having a top and a bottom, the bottom of the board grip pad comprising an adhesive layer to attach to a board; and a pad mount, having a top and a bottom, the bottom of the pad mount comprising an adhesive layer to secure to the top of the board grip pad, the pad mount further comprising a mount cavity with a cylindrical opening at the top of the pad mount, extending from the top of the pad mount towards the bottom of the pad mount, the cylindrical opening having a diameter larger than a diameter of a camera boom to receive a camera boom and secure the camera boom with a friction fit. 16. The board grip camera mount of claim 15, wherein the camera boom comprises a first end and a second end, the first end of the camera boom structured to engage with the mount cavity. 17. The board grip camera mount of claim 16, wherein the diameter cylindrical opening is larger than a diameter of the first end of the camera boom.",
-    "Metathesized triacylglycerol polyols, fractionated polyol variants thereof, and their related physical and thermal properties are disclosed. 1. A method of making a fractionated triacylglycerol polyol from palm oil, the method comprising: providing a metathesized triacylglycerol composition, which is formed by the cross-metathesis of a natural oil with lower-weight olefins, and which comprises triglyceride compounds having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; reacting at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a triacylglycerol polyol composition; and separating a fraction of the triacylglycerol polyol composition to form a fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition, which comprises compounds having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise C2-C6 olefins. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise C2-C6 alpha olefins. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise ethylene or 1-butene. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the lower-weight olefins comprise 1-butene. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the natural oil comprises canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil, or combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the metathesized triacylglycerol composition comprises triglycerides that comprise 9-decenoate residues. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the metathesized triacylglycerol composition comprises triglycerides that comprise 9-dodecenoate residues. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting comprises epoxidizing at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the metathesized triacylglycerol composition to form a triacylglycerol polyol, followed by hydroxylating at least a portion of the epoxide groups formed by the epoxidizing step. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the epoxidizing comprises reacting at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the metathesized triacylglycerol composition with a peroxyacid. 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the reacting further comprises, after the epoxidizing and before the hydroxylating, neutralizing the product of the epoxidizing step. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the epoxidizing comprises reacting at least a portion of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the compounds comprised by the metathesized triacylglycerol composition with formic acid or acetic acid. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: melting the triacylglycerol polyol composition; cooling the melted triacylglycerol polyol composition to form a triacylglycerol polyol composition having a liquid phase and a solid phase; and separating at least a portion of the liquid phase to form the fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: melting the triacylglycerol polyol composition; cooling the melted triacylglycerol polyol composition to form a triacylglycerol polyol composition having a liquid phase and a solid phase; and separating at least a portion of the solid phase to form the fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: dissolving the triacylglycerol polyol composition in a solvent composition; cooling the dissolved triacylglycerol polyol composition to crystallize a portion of the triacylglycerol polyol composition; and separating at least a portion of the dissolved triacylglycerol polyol composition from the crystallized triacylglycerol polyol composition to form the fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the separating comprises: dissolving the triacylglycerol polyol composition in a solvent composition; cooling the dissolved triacylglycerol polyol composition to crystallize a portion of the triacylglycerol polyol composition; and separating at least a portion of the crystallized triacylglycerol polyol composition from the dissolved triacylglycerol polyol composition to form the fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the solvent composition comprises ethyl acetate, hexane, or tetrahydrofuran. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the solvent composition comprises dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, or tetrahydrofuran. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition has an iodine value that is no less than that of the triacylglycerol polyol composition. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the fractionated triacylglycerol polyol composition has an iodine value that is less than that of the triacylglycerol polyol composition. 24-31. (canceled)",
-    "A fixing apparatus which fixes a toner image on a recording material, includes a tubular film; a heater disposed in contact with the film, the heater including a substrate and a heat generating resistor formed on the substrate; a contact member disposed in contact with a surface of the heater opposite to a surface of the heater in contact with the film, a coefficient of linear expansion of the contact member being larger than that of the substrate; and a support member configured to support the heater, the support member sandwiching the contact member with the heater, wherein a lubricant is applied in at least a longitudinal end portion of a contact region between the heater and the contact member. 1. A fixing apparatus which fixes a toner image on a recording material, comprising: a tubular film; a heater disposed in contact with the film, the heater including a substrate and a heat generating resistor formed on the substrate; a contact member disposed in contact with a surface of the heater opposite to a surface of the heater in contact with the film, a coefficient of linear expansion of the contact member being larger than that of the substrate; and a support member configured to support the heater, the support member sandwiching the contact member with the heater, wherein a lubricant is applied in at least a longitudinal end portion of a contact region between the heater and the contact member. 2. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a thermal conductivity of the contact member is higher than that of the substrate. 3. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the longitudinal direction of the heater, contact pressure between the heater and the contact member at a central portion of the contact region is larger than at end portion of the contact region. 4. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a central portion of the support member facing the contact member in a longitudinal direction of the heater projects toward the contact member than an end portion of the support member facing the contact member in the longitudinal direction. 5. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in the width direction of the heater, a width of the contact member is wider than that of the heater. 6. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lubricant is applied in a contact region between the film and the heater. 7. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a roller in contact with the film to form a nip portion, at which a recording material on which the toner image is formed is heated while being conveyed, and the toner image is fixed on the recording material. 8. The fixing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the roller forms the nip portion with the heater via the film. 9. The fixing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein pressure of the nip portion is greater at the central portion than at the end portions in the longitudinal direction of the heater.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for sample processing. A device may be provided, capable of receiving the sample, and performing one or more of a sample preparation, sample assay, and detection step. The device may be capable of performing multiple assays. The device may comprise one or more modules that may be capable of performing one or more of a sample preparation, sample assay, and detection step. The device may be capable of performing the steps using a small volume of sample. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A benchtop device device for analyzing a sample having a volume of less than about 250 microliters (\u03bcL), said device being configured i) to perform, on at least a portion of said sample, two or more assays selected from an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay, the device comprising: a housing suitable for placement on a benchtop, said housing containing components comprising: a sample handling system configured to transport, within said housing, i) one or more individually addressable assay units, and ii) a sample having a volume of less than about 250 \u03bcL, or portions thereof; sample preparation stations configured to perform a plurality of sample preparation procedures on said sample, or portions thereof, said sample preparation procedures comprising sample processing and chemical processing; one or more assay components configured to perform an assay, said assays comprising at least an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay on said sample, or portions thereof, wherein each assay is configured to yield a detectable optical signal; and one or more detectors comprising at least one optical sensor configured to detect optical signals. 10. The device of claim 9, configured to perform each of an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay on a single sample having a volume of less than about 250 \u03bcL, or portions thereof. 11. The device of claim 9 further configured ii) to perform a cytometry assay on at least a portion of said sample, said device further comprising a cytometry station within said housing, said cytometry station configured to perform a cytometry assay by microscopy on stationary cells in a sample portion, wherein said sample portion is fluidically isolated from other portions of said sample, wherein said device is configured to perform a cytometry assay and two or more assays selected from an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay on a single sample having a volume of less than about 250 \u03bcL, or portions thereof. 12. The device of claim 11, configured to perform each of an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, a receptor-based assay, and a cytometry assay on a single sample having a volume of less than about 250 \u03bcL, or portions thereof. 13. The device of claim 9, wherein an assay component is configured to receive one or more individually addressable assay units, each assay unit being fluidically isolated from one another, wherein at least one type of assay may be performed within said individually addressable assay unit effective to yield an optical signal. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein said sample handling system is configured to transport one or more individually addressable assay units from an assay component to a detector. 15. The device of claim 11, wherein said sample handling system is configured to move an individually addressable assay unit or at least a portion of the sample to the cytometry station. 16. The device of claim 9, an assay component being configured to receive one or more individually addressable assay units, each assay unit being fluidically isolated from one another, wherein a given type of assay performed within said individually addressable assay unit is configured to yield a detectable signal. 17. The device of claim 11, wherein said stationary cells are contained in a microscopy cuvette or slide configured to contain said stationary cells. 18. The device of claim 9, comprising a fluid handling system comprising a pipette, said pipette being configured to transport uptake, dispense, or transfer said sample, or combinations thereof. 19. The device of claim 9, wherein said fluid handling system is configured to transport an individual assay unit within said housing. 20. The device of claim 9, further comprising a communication unit configured to perform two-way communication with external devices, said communication unit being configured to a) receive instructions and b) to send data to external devices. 21. The device of claim 9, wherein said assay comprises an immunoassay for detecting, in said sample or a portion thereof, the presence or amount of an analyte selected from the group of analytes consisting of apolipoprotein-A1, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and a blood cholesterol fraction selected from small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 22. The device of claim 9, wherein said assay comprises a nucleic acid assay for detecting, in said sample or portion thereof, the presence or amount of an analyte selected from the group of analytes consisting of apolipoprotein-A1, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and a blood cholesterol fraction selected from small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 23. The device of claim 9, wherein said assay comprises a receptor-based assay for detecting, in said sample or portion thereof, the presence or amount of an analyte selected from the group of analytes consisting of apolipoprotein-A1, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and a blood cholesterol fraction selected from small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 24-29. (canceled) 30. A method of analyzing a sample, comprising: Receiving a sample having a volume of less than about 250 microliters (\u03bcL) to a device of claim 1; and Performing at least two assays selected from the group of assays consisting of an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay on said sample. 31. The method of claim 30, comprising performing an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay on said sample. 32. A method of analyzing a sample, comprising: Receiving a sample having a volume of less than about 250 microliters (\u03bcL) to a device of claim 1; and Performing at least two assays selected from the group of assays consisting of an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, and a receptor-based assay on said sample; and Performing a cytometry assay by microscopy on stationary cells in a portion of the sample, wherein said sample portion is fluidically isolated from other portions of said sample. 33. The method of claim 32, comprising performing an immunoassay, a nucleic acid assay, a receptor-based assay, and a cytometry assay on said sample. 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the device comprises a communication unit configured to perform two-way communication with external devices, further comprising a) receiving instructions regarding one or more of the assays, b) sending data regarding one or more of the assays to an external device, or both a) and b). 35-38. (canceled)",
-    "According to one embodiment, an electronic device receives a first stroke made on a first position of a screen, displays the first stroke at the first position on the screen, determines a first handwriting candidate in accordance with the first stroke, and displays the first handwriting candidate on the screen. The electronic device receives a second stroke made on a second position of the screen, displays the second stroke at the second position on the screen, and determines a distance between the first position and the second position. The electronic device determines, in accordance with the distance, either a second handwriting candidate conforming to both the first stroke and the second stroke, or a third handwriting candidate conforming to the second stroke, not the first stroke. 1. An electronic device comprising: a display configured to detect a stroke made on a screen of the display and display the stroke on the screen; and a hardware processor configured to: receive a first stroke made on a first position of the screen; display the first stroke at the first position on the screen; determine a first handwriting candidate in accordance with the first stroke; display the first handwriting candidate on the screen; receive a second stroke made on a second position of the screen; display the second stroke at the second position on the screen; determine a distance between the first position and the second position; determine, in accordance with the distance, either a second handwriting candidate conforming to both the first stroke and the second stroke or a third handwriting candidate conforming to the second stroke, not the first stroke; and display either the second handwriting candidate or the third handwriting candidate on the screen. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to display on the screen the third handwriting candidates if the distance is greater than a first distance, and display on the screen the second handwriting candidates if the distance is not greater than the first distance. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to display on the screen the third handwriting candidates if a lateral distance between the first and second positions is greater than a first distance or if a longitudinal distance between the first and second positions is greater than a second distance less than the first distance. 4. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the first distance is determined in accordance with at least one of a size of the screen and a size of outline of the first stroke. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein each of the first handwriting candidate, the second handwriting candidate and the third handwriting candidate includes at least one stroke. 6. A method comprising: receiving a first stroke made on a first position of a screen of a display; displaying the first stroke at the first position on the screen; determining a first handwriting candidate in accordance with the first stroke; displaying the first handwriting candidate on the screen; receiving a second stroke made on a second position of the screen; displaying the second stroke at the second position on the screen; determining a distance between the first position and the second position; determining, in accordance with the distance, either a second handwriting candidate conforming to both the first stroke and the second stroke or a third handwriting candidate conforming to the second stroke, not the first stroke; and displaying either the second handwriting candidate or the third handwriting candidate on the screen. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the third handwriting candidate is displayed on the screen if the distance is greater than a first distance, and the second third handwriting candidate is displayed on the screen if the distance is not greater than the first distance. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the third handwriting candidate is displayed on the screen if a lateral distance between the first and second positions is greater than a first distance or if a longitudinal distance between the first and second positions is greater than a second distance less than the first distance. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first distance is determined in accordance with at least one of a size of the screen and a size of outline of the first stroke. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein each of the first handwriting candidate, the second handwriting candidate and the third handwriting candidate includes at least one stroke.",
-    "A resilient mold including a plurality of cavities in which a plurality of concrete blocks are cast. Cured concrete blocks are demolded from the mold by supporting the inverted mold on a support surface, engaging two opposing edges of the mold and separating the mold from the support surface so that the mold bends or sags to release the blocks from the mold cavities. The mold includes at least one wall extending in a direction between the two opposing edges between two adjacent mold cavities. One or more resilient support rods is embedded in the wall. The support rods are shaped to bend in a first direction while resisting bending in a direction perpendicular to the first direction. The rods are oriented in the wall for preventing the wall from deforming as the adjacent mold cavities are filled with concrete, while permitting the wall to bend during demolding. 1. A mold for simultaneously casting a plurality of concrete blocks comprising a resilient mold having first and second opposing sides, at least two adjacent cavities formed in the mold for simultaneously casting at least two blocks, the mold having a wall extending between the two cavities and extending in a direction between the first and second sides, at least one elongated reinforcement member embedded in the wall to extend between the two cavities in a direction between the two sides, and wherein the reinforcement member is configured to resist bending in of the wall in a first direction extending between the two cavities while having reduced resistance to bending of the wall in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. 2. The mold of claim 1, and wherein the reinforcement member is an elongated rod. 3. The mold of claim 2, and wherein at the reinforcement rods are formed from a material selected from a group consisting of steel and carbon fiber. 4. The mold of claim 2, and wherein the elongated rod has a generally rectangular cross section with a wide side extending in the first direction and a narrow side extending in the second direction. 5. The mold of claim 4, and wherein the mold is generally rectangular having third and fourth sides extending between the first and second sides, wherein the third side abuts a side to at least one of the cavities and the fourth side abuts a side to a different one of the cavities, and wherein at least one reinforcement rod is embedded in the third side and at least one reinforcement rod is embedded in the fourth side wherein the rods extend in a direction extending between the first and second sides with the flat sides of each of the rods extending in the first direction and the narrow sides of each of the rods extending in the second direction. 6. The mold of claim 5, and wherein at the reinforcement rods are formed from a material selected from a group consisting of steel and carbon fiber.",
-    "A regenerator includes an axially extending regenerator-element container, and a regenerator-element laminated structure accommodated in the regenerator-element container. The regenerator-element laminated structure comprises a plurality of first regenerator-element members axially stacked in layers, and each extending along a plane perpendicular to the axis of regenerator extension. The plurality of first regenerator-element members each comprise an outer rim portion and/or an inner rim portion extending in a direction not lying in said plane, such as to fill a gap between the regenerator-element container and the regenerator-element laminated structure. 1. A regenerator comprising: an axially extending regenerator-element container; and a regenerator-element laminated structure accommodated in the regenerator-element container; wherein the regenerator-element laminated structure comprises a plurality of first regenerator-element members axially stacked in layers, and each extending along a plane perpendicular to the axis of regenerator extension, and the plurality of first regenerator-element members each comprise a rim portion extending in a direction not lying in said plane, such as to fill a gap between the regenerator-element container and the regenerator-element laminated structure. 2. The regenerator according to claim 1, wherein the first regenerator-element members comprise wire mesh components, and the rim portions constitute part of the wire mesh components. 3. The regenerator according to claim 1, wherein the first regenerator-element members comprise felt-like sintered metal structures, and the rim portions constitute part of the sintered metal structures. 4. The regenerator according to claim 1, wherein: the regenerator-element laminated structure comprises the plurality of first regenerator-element members axially stacked together with at least one second regenerator-element member; and the second regenerator element member is disposed inward of the rim portions. 5. The regenerator according to claim 1, wherein: the regenerator-element container includes axially extending container inner and outer cylinders, and the regenerator-element laminated structure is accommodated in between the container inner and outer cylinders; and each of the plurality of first regenerator-element members includes an inner rim portion extending in a direction not lying in said plane, and an outer rim portion extending in a direction not lying in said plane such as to fill an inner gap between the container inner cylinder and the regenerator-element laminated structure, and such as to fill an outer gap between the container outer cylinder and the regenerator-element laminated structure. 6. The regenerator according to claim 5, wherein: the regenerator-element laminated structure further comprises the plurality of first regenerator-element members and axially stacked together with at least one second regenerator-element member; and the second regenerator-element member is disposed in between the first regenerator-element member inner and outer rim portions. 7. The regenerator according to claim 1, further comprising: a pair of holders clamping both of axial ends of the regenerator-element laminated structure such as to axially compressively retain the regenerator-element laminated structure; wherein the pair of holders each comprise an edge portion of form corresponding to that of the rim portions. 8. A Stirling cryocooler, comprising: an axially extending displacer; and a regenerator arranged surrounding the displacer such as to guide axially reciprocating travel of the displacer; wherein the regenerator comprises a container inner cylinder extending axially and guiding the reciprocating travel of the displacer, a container outer cylinder extending axially and forming an accommodation space between the container inner and outer cylinders, and a regenerator-element laminated structure accommodated in the accommodation space; the regenerator-element laminated structure comprise a plurality of first regenerator-element members axially stacked in layers, and each extending along a plane perpendicular to the axis of regenerator extension; and the plurality of first regenerator-element members each comprise an inner rim portion extending in a direction not lying in said plane, and an outer rim portion extending in a direction not lying in said plane, such as to fill an inner gap between the container inner cylinder and the regenerator-element laminated structure, and such as to fill an outer gap between the container outer cylinder and the regenerator-element laminated structure.",
-    "A firearm maintenance tool has a body including a rail mount segment and a spindle rotatably mounted to the body and adapted to receive an elongated cleaning rod. The tool may include a square drive element adapted to engage a tool socket. The body may be an elongated body, and the rail segment may extend the length of the body. The body may be an elongated body defining a body axis, and the spindle may extend perpendicularly from the body along a spindle axis perpendicular to the body axis. The body may define a first aperture receiving the spindle, and a second aperture receiving a retention element operably securing the spindle to the body. The first and second apertures may be perpendicular to each other. 1. A firearm maintenance tool comprising: a body including a rail mount segment; and a spindle rotatably mounted to the body and adapted to receive an elongated cleaning rod. 2. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 1 wherein the tool includes a square drive element adapted to engage a tool socket. 3. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 1 wherein the body is an elongated body and wherein the rail segment extends the length of the body. 4. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 1 wherein the body is an elongated body defining a body axis and the spindle extends perpendicularly from the body along a spindle axis perpendicular to the body axis. 5. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 1 wherein the body defines a first aperture receiving the spindle, and a second aperture receiving a retention element operably securing the spindle to the body. 6. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 5 wherein the first and second apertures are perpendicular to each other. 7. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 1 wherein the body defines a retention element bore closely receiving and preventing the relative rotation of a retention element, the retention element being an elongated body having a first end including a protruding tool drive portion and an opposed second end having a retention facility engaging the spindle to prevent extraction of the spindle from the body. 8. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 7 wherein the retention facility is a fork defining a gap receiving a neck portion of the spindle, and having a face abutting a flange portion of the spindle. 9. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 7 wherein the tool drive portion is a square element adapted to engage a standard socket tool. 10. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 1 including a firearm handgrip removably mounted to the rail. 11. A firearm maintenance tool comprising: an elongated body defining a body axis and including a rail mount segment; the body defining a spindle bore perpendicular to the body axis; a spindle rotatably received in the spindle bore and adapted to receive an elongated cleaning rod; the body defining a retention element bore parallel to the body axis and communicating with the spindle bore; an elongated retention element received in the retention element bore; and the retention element having a first end including a tool interface element and an opposed send end having a retention facility engaging the spindle and operable to prevent extraction of the spindle from the body. 12. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 11 wherein the tool interface element is a square drive element adapted to engage a tool socket. 13. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 11 wherein the rail segment extends the length of the body. 14. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 11 wherein the retention facility is a fork defining a gap receiving a neck portion of the spindle, and having a face abutting a flange portion of the spindle. 15. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 11 including a firearm handgrip removably mounted to the rail. 16. The firearm maintenance tool of claim 11 wherein the spindle and the retention element are formed of steel, and the body is formed of a material less dense than steel.",
-    "A non-invasive electrical stimulator shapes an elongated electric field of effect that can be oriented parallel to a long nerve, such as a vagus nerve in a patient's neck, producing a desired physiological response in the patient. The stimulator comprises a source of electrical power, at least one electrode and a continuous electrically conducting medium in contact with the electrodes. The conducting medium is also in contact with an interface element that may conform to the contour of a target body surface of the patient when the interface element is applied to that surface. When the interface element is made of insulating (dielectric) material, and disclosed stimulation waveforms are used, the power source need not supply high voltage, in order to capacitively stimulate the target nerve. The stimulator produces a peak pulse that is sufficient to produce a physiologically effective electric field in the vicinity of a target nerve. 1. A method for treating a medical disorder of a patient, the method comprising: generating one or more electrical impulses, wherein each of the one or more electrical impulses comprises bursts of pulses; transmitting the one or more electrical impulses through an outer skin surface of the patient to a nerve at a target region within the patient such that the one or more electrical impulses modulate the nerve to treat the medical disorder; and pairing the one or more electrical impulses with a time-varying sensory stimulation. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: positioning an interface coupled to one or more electrodes against the outer skin surface of the patient; and transmitting the one or more electrical impulses through the interface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the bursts comprises a frequency from about 1 Hz to about 100 Hz and each of the pulses comprises a duration from about 20 microseconds to about 1000 microseconds. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the bursts comprises a frequency from about 10 Hz to about 35 Hz. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bursts of pulses are generated from a single signal which is not modulated by another signal. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the one or more electrical impulses from the one or more electrodes through a volume of electrically conductive fluid to the interface. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the electrically conductive fluid comprises an electrically conductive gel. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the positioning comprises housing the one or more electrodes and the interface within a handheld device and positioning the handheld device against the outer skin surface of the patient. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the pulses comprises a duration of about 200 microseconds. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the one or more electrical impulses through the outer skin surface of a neck of the patient to a vagus nerve of the patient such that the one or more electrical impulses is sufficient to stimulate a fiber of the vagus nerve. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the medical disorder comprises a disorder selected from a group consisting of a primary headache, a migraine headache, a cluster headache, a tension headache, and a sinus headache. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the interface comprises at least one of a dielectric material, a material which is permeable to a charged particle or a porous material. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the interface comprises a stainless steel. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the interface comprises a plurality of membranes and the one or more electrodes comprise a device, the device further comprises a plurality of electrodes corresponding to the membranes, wherein the method further comprising: spacing the electrodes from each of the membranes by about 0.25 to about 4 times a diameter of a corresponding membrane from the membranes. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more electrical impulses is sinusoidal. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the paired sensory stimulation comprises at least one of bright light, sound, tactile stimulation, or electrical stimulation of the tongue. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the paired sensory stimulation comprises electrical stimulation of the tongue to simulate at least one of odor and taste. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the paired sensory stimulation pulsates with the same frequency as the one or more electrical impulses. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the paired sensory stimulation is applied in a manner so as to enhance the therapeutic effect. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the paired sensory stimulation comprises bright light to enhance the role of the hypothalamus in producing the desired therapeutic effect. 21. A method for treating a medical disorder of a patient, the method comprising: positioning an interface of a handheld device against an outer skin surface of the patient; generating an electrical impulse at one or more electrodes within the handheld device; transmitting the electrical impulse from the one or more electrodes through a conduction medium to the interface, through the interface, and transcutaneously, through the outer skin surface of the patient to a nerve at a target region below the outer skin surface to treat the medical disorder; and pairing the electrical impulse with a time-varying sensory stimulation. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrical impulse comprises sinusoidal bursts of sinusoidal pulses followed by a silent inter-burst period which repeats itself over a time period. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the conduction medium comprises a volume of electrically conductive gel filling a space between the one or more electrodes and the interface within an enclosure of the handheld device. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the interface comprises a plurality of membranes and the handheld device further comprises a plurality of electrodes corresponding to the membranes, wherein the method further comprises spacing each of the electrodes from a corresponding one of each of the membranes by about 0.25 to about 4 times a diameter of the corresponding one of each of the membranes, wherein the conduction medium electrically couples the membranes with the electrodes. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrical impulse comprises bursts of pulses with a frequency from about 5 bursts per second to about 100 bursts per second, wherein each of the pulses comprises a duration from about 20 microseconds to about 1000 microseconds. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrical impulse comprises bursts of sinusoidal pulses followed by a silent inter-burst period that repeats itself over a time period from about 1 Hz to about 100 Hz and the sinusoidal pulses comprise a frequency from about 1 KHz to about 50 KHz. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the time period is from about 10 Hz to about 35 Hz. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the frequency of the sinusoidal pulses is from about 1 Hz to about 10 Hz. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the bursts of pulses are generated from a single signal which is not modulated by another signal. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the positioning comprises positioning the interface of the handheld device against an outer surface of a neck of the patient and the nerve is a vagus nerve of the patient, wherein the electrical impulse is sufficient to stimulate the vagus nerve. 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the electrical impulse is sinusoidal. 32. The method of claim 21, wherein the paired sensory stimulation comprises at least one of bright light, sound, tactile stimulation, or electrical stimulation of the tongue. 33. The method of claim 21, wherein the paired sensory stimulation comprises electrical stimulation of the tongue to simulate at least one of odor and taste. 34. The method of claim 21, wherein the paired sensory stimulation pulsates with the same frequency as the one or more electrical impulses. 35. The method of claim 21, wherein the paired sensory stimulation is applied in a manner so as to enhance the therapeutic effect. 36. The method of claim 21, wherein the paired sensory stimulation comprises bright light to enhance the role of the hypothalamus in producing the desired therapeutic effect.",
-    "Compositions and methods for the dissolution of a microbial biofilm are provided, where the method comprises contacting a microbiofilm with an effective dose of a curcumin derivative as a biofilm inhibitor. In some embodiments the curcumin derivative is dimethoxycurcumin. In some embodiments the biofilm comprises E. coli, e.g. including uropathogenic E. coli. The biofilm can be present in vitro or in vivo. The biofilm inhibitor may be administered alone, or in combination with bacteriocidal agents. 1. A method of inhibiting microbial biofilm maintenance or formation, the method comprising: contacting microbes involved in said biofilm formation or maintenance with an effective dose of a curcumin derivative. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the curcumin derivative is dimethoxycurcumin. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the effective dose provides for a concentration at the biofilm site of from about 0.01 \u03bcM to about 10 mM. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said biofilm is present in vitro. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said biofilm is present in vivo. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the biofilm comprises E. coli. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the biofilm comprises uropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic microorganisms. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the biofilm comprises uropathogenic E. coli. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein an effective daily dose ranges from about 0.5 mg to about 500 g. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising contacting microbes involved in said biofilm formation or maintenance with an effective dose of a bactericidal agent in combination with said curcumin derivative. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the curcumin derivative inhibits biofilm extracellularly. 12. The method of claim 5, wherein the biofilm is present in a human individual. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the individual suffers from a urinary infection associated with a biofilm producing microorganism. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the urinary infection is a catheter-associated urinary tract infection.",
-    "A portable light fastening assembly for use with the human interface of an electronic device includes a lamp housing and an adjustable attachment device extending from the lamp housing. An ultra-violet (UV) light source is at least partially enclosed in the lamp housing such that the adjustable attachment device includes an engagement member and a receptacle housing such that the engagement member can be removably fastened within the receptacle housing for holding the lamp housing in a fixed position. 1. A portable light fastening assembly for use with the human interface of an electronic device comprising: a lamp housing; an adjustable attachment device extending from the lamp housing; an ultra-violet (UV) light source at least partially enclosed in the lamp housing, and wherein the adjustable attachment device includes an engagement member and a receptacle housing such that the engagement member can be removably fastened within the receptacle housing for holding the lamp housing in a fixed position. 2. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 1, wherein the receptacle housing includes a latch for preventing the engagement member from being retracted from the receptacle housing. 3. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 1, wherein the receptacle housing can be fixedly attached to the electronic device. 4. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 1, wherein the receptacle housing is attached using an adhesive. 5. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 1, wherein the human interface is one of: a laptop computer; a laptop computer keyboard; a laptop touch pad; a keyboard; a mouse; a touch screen; a cash register; an automated teller machine (ATM); and a credit card payment device. 6. A portable light fastening assembly for disinfecting a human interface device having a touch surface comprising: a lamp housing; an adjustable attachment device extending from the lamp housing, the adjustable attachment device having a locking mechanism for preventing an engagement member from being retracted from an receptacle housing; and an ultra-violet (UV) light source at least partially enclosed in the lamp housing, wherein said UV light source is configured to project an illumination pattern onto the touch surface of the human interface device. 7. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 6, wherein the receptacle housing is fastened to a surface of an electronic device. 8. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 6, wherein the receptacle housing is attached using an adhesive. 9. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 6, wherein the human interface is one of: a laptop computer; a laptop computer keyboard; a laptop touch pad; a keyboard; a mouse; a touch screen; a cash register; an automated teller machine (ATM); and a credit card payment device. 10. A portable light fastening assembly comprising: a shade defining an aperture; an adjustable attachment device extending from said housing, the adjustable attachment device configured to removably attach to the human interface device; an ultra-violet (UV) light source at least partially enclosed in said housing, wherein said UV light source is configured to project an illumination pattern at least partially defined by the aperture and position of the adjustable attachment device, such that the illumination pattern substantially corresponds to the touch surface of the human interface device; and wherein the adjustable attachment device includes an engagement member and a receptacle housing such that the engagement member attaches to the shade and can be inserted into the receptacle housing for holding the UV light source into a fixed position from the touch surface. 11. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 10, wherein the receptacle housing is attached to the human interface device using an adhesive. 12. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 10, wherein the human interface is one of: a laptop computer; a laptop computer keyboard; a laptop touch pad; a keyboard; a mouse; a touch screen; a cash register; an automated teller machine (ATM); and a credit card payment device. 13. A portable light fastening assembly for use with the human interface of an electronic device comprising: a lamp housing; an adjustable attachment device extending from the lamp housing; an ultra-violet (UV) light source at least partially enclosed in the lamp housing, and wherein the adjustable attachment device includes a plurality of attachment members that positioned to form an orthogonal notch for fastening the adjustable attachment device to a point of sale (POS) device. 14. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 13, wherein the plurality of attachment members are attached to the electronic device using an adhesive. 15. A portable light fastening assembly as in claim 13, wherein the human interface is one of: a touch screen; a cash register; an automated teller machine (ATM); and a credit card payment device.",
-    "MEMS microphone and vibration sensor dies and packages are described. In an embodiment, a MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die includes a die substrate, a MEMS microphone on the die substrate and a MEMS vibration sensor on the die substrate. The MEMS vibration sensor may include a plurality of beams with different proof masses corresponding to different resonant frequencies, wherein the different proof masses comprise a same material as the die substrate. 1. A micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) microphone and vibration sensor die comprising: a die substrate; a MEMS microphone on the die substrate; and a MEMS vibration sensor on the die substrate, the MEMS vibration sensor having a plurality of beam transducers, each of the plurality of beam transducers having a beam and a proof mass, wherein each proof mass is tuned to a different resonant frequency range and comprises a same material as the die substrate. 2. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein each beam comprises a same length dimension. 3. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein at least one proof mass comprises a different length dimension than another proof mass. 4. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein the MEMS microphone comprises a diaphragm, and the diaphragm comprises a same material as each beam. 5. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein the MEMS vibration sensor is operable to detect mechanical vibrations within a frequency range of from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. 6. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein the plurality of beam transducers comprise a first beam transducer and a second beam transducer, wherein the first beam transducer is operable to detect a mechanical vibration in a first frequency range and the second beam transducer is operable to detect a mechanical vibration within a second frequency range, wherein the first frequency range is different than the second frequency range. 7. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein the MEMS microphone and the MEMS vibration sensor are integrally formed with the die substrate as one integrally formed unit, and the integrally formed unit is mounted to a package substrate. 8. The MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die of claim 1 wherein the MEMS microphone and vibration sensor die is incorporated into a remote control housing for a headphone. 9. A headphone remote controller having multiple sensors, the headphone remote controller comprising: a housing for a remote controller of a headphone, the housing having a housing wall defining a vibration contact side for the remote controller; a multiple sensor package positioned within the housing, the multiple sensor package comprising a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) microphone, a plurality of MEMS beam transducers having different proof masses corresponding to different resonant frequencies, and an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) electrically connected to the MEMS microphone and the MEMS beam transducers; a printed circuit board (PCB) positioned within the housing, wherein the multiple sensor package is mounted to the PCB; and a capacitive contact sensor mounted to the wall defining the vibration contact side for the remote controller. 10. The headphone remote controller of claim 9 wherein the multiple sensor package is mounted to a side of the PCB facing the vibration contact side for the remote controller. 11. The headphone remote controller of claim 9 wherein the different proof masses are connected to a plurality of beams, and each of the beams have a same length dimension. 12. The headphone remote controller of claim 9 wherein the MEMS microphone and the plurality of beam transducers are integrally formed with a die substrate as a single integrally formed unit, and the single integrally formed unit is mounted to a package substrate. 13. The headphone remote controller of claim 9 wherein the MEMS microphone is connected to a first die substrate and the plurality of beam transducers are connected to a second die substrate, and wherein the first die substrate and the second die substrate are separately mounted to the package substrate. 14. The headphone remote controller of claim 9 wherein the MEMS microphone is operable to sense air pressure changes corresponding to a first frequency range and the plurality of beam transducers are operable to sense mechanical vibrations corresponding to a second frequency range. 15. The headphone remote controller of claim 9 wherein the capacitive contact sensor comprises a pattern of contacts operable to detect a contact between the housing and a user. 16. The headphone remote controller of claim 15 wherein a width of the contact with respect to the pattern of contacts is used to differentiate between a first contact indicating a user is using the remote controller to control the headphone and a second contact indicating the user is sensing a vocal cord vibration through the user's skin. 17. A method of manufacturing a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) microphone and vibration sensor die, the method comprising: providing a substrate; and forming a MEMS microphone and a MEMS vibration sensor from the substrate, the MEMS microphone having a diaphragm and a top plate suspended over a first opening in the substrate, and the MEMS vibration sensor having a plurality of beam transducers with different resonant frequencies, each of the plurality of beam transducers having a beam and a proof mass suspended over a second opening in the substrate, and wherein the diaphragm and the beam of each of the plurality of beam transducers is formed from a polysilicon layer formed over the substrate. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein forming comprises: etching the substrate to form a microphone cavity and a vibration sensor cavity; depositing a first sacrificial layer within the microphone cavity and the vibration sensor cavity; depositing the polysilicon layer over the first sacrificial layer; and patterning the polysilicon layer to form the diaphragm of the MEMS microphone and the beam of each of the plurality of beam transducers. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the proof mass for each of the beam transducers is formed within the vibration sensor cavity during etching. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the polysilicon layer is a first polysilicon layer, and forming further comprises: depositing a second sacrificial layer over the diaphragm and the beam; depositing a second polysilicon layer over the sacrificial layer; patterning the second polysilicon layer to form a first top plate over the diaphragm and a second top plate over the beam; etching a back side of the substrate to form the first opening and the second opening; and using the first opening and the second opening, wet etching the first sacrificial layer and the second sacrificial layer to release the diaphragm, the beam and the proof mass.",
-    "An architecture for sorts and bucketizes alerts in a virtualization environment. A plurality of alerts associated with virtual machines in the virtualization environment is received. A plurality of attributes is identified for the virtual machines, and a plurality of buckets defined for each attribute, into which the received alerts are assigned. The buckets for each attribute are then sorted. The attributes may also be sorted based upon the distribution of alerts in the buckets of the attribute, allowing a system administrator or other personnel to more easily determine which attributes of the virtual machines are correlated with the received alerts, in order to identify potential causes and solutions for the alerts in the virtualization environment. 1. A computer-implemented method for managing alerts in a virtualization environment, comprising: receiving alerts associated with entities in the virtualization environment; identifying attributes associated with the entities; defining buckets associated with the attributes, wherein a bucket corresponds to a value or value range of an attribute; assigning the entities and their corresponding alerts into the buckets associated with the attributes; for an attribute, sorting the buckets associated with the attribute, based at least in part upon a number of alerts assigned to the buckets; sorting the attributes based at least in part upon a distribution of alerts assigned to the buckets associated with the attributes. 2.-27. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides novel stable, liquid compositions comprising chalcogenides or salts thereof. These compositions may be used for a variety of purposes, including the treatment and prevention of ischemic or hypoxic injury, as well as in the preservation of biological matter. 1. A sterile, stable aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising: a solution of deoxygenated water and sodium sulfide; wherein the sodium sulfide produces Na2S, H2S and HS\u2014; wherein the solution further comprises sulfide oxidation products selected from the group consisting of polysulfide, sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate; and wherein the oxidation products comprise sulfate in the range of 0%-1.0%, sulfite in the range of 0%-1.0%, polysulfide in the range of 0%-2.0% or thiosulfate in the range of 0%-1.0%. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said HS\u2014 has a concentration in the range of 50 mM to 150 mM. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein said HS\u2014 has a concentration in the range of 65 mM to 75 mM. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein said HS\u2014 has a concentration in the range of 68-72 mM. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein said HS\u2014 is present in amounts ranging from about 95% to about 100% by w/v. 6. The composition of claim 1 which is stable for a storage period of about 6 months at a temperature range of 23\u00b0-27\u00b0 C. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition has an osmolarity in the range of 250-330 mOsmol/L. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is near isotonic. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises a pH modifying agent. 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein said pH modifying agent is selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid or hydrogen sulfide. 11. The composition of claim 1 which has an oxygen content of less than or equal to 5 \u03bcM for about six months. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition is stored in an impermeable container. 13. A kit comprising one or more containers comprising a composition of a sulfide, wherein said composition has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.5. 14. The kit of claim 13, wherein said composition is isotonic. 15. The kit of claim 13, wherein said containers are light protective. 16. The kit of claim 13, wherein said containers are amber vials. 17. The kit of claim 13, wherein said containers are gas impermeable. 18. The kit of claim 13, wherein said composition is stored in said container under an inert atmosphere or noble gas.",
-    "A musical instrument mute, a mute body, a microphone, a speaker, and a microcontroller for electronic modification of sound emitted from a musical instrument. A mute body is positionable within a bell or horn of the musical instrument, and the body has a proximal end portion and is configured to at least partially occlude the bell or horn. A microphone is positioned at the proximal end portion of the mute body and is configured to transduce a sound produced by the musical instrument. A speaker is positioned in the mute body as well. A microcontroller is configured to receive a signal from the microphone and to electronically modify the sound of the instrument when emitted through the speaker. Some mutes also provide a communication transceiver, sensors, and input devices to control and manipulate sound produced by the mute. 1. A musical instrument mute, comprising: a mute body positionable within a bell or horn of a musical instrument, the body having a proximal end portion, the body being configured to at least partially occlude the bell or horn; a microphone positioned at the proximal end portion of the mute body and configured to transduce a sound produced by the musical instrument; a speaker positioned in the mute body; a microcontroller configured to receive a signal from the microphone and to electronically modify the sound of the instrument when emitted through the speaker. 2. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein the mute body completely occludes the bell or horn of the musical instrument. 3. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein the proximal end portion of the mute body is at least partially conical. 4. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein the mute body is attachable to the musical instrument using a friction fit, interference fit, or negative pressure fit. 5. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein a distal end portion of the mute body comprises a rotatable ring configured to provide control of the microcontroller. 6. The musical instrument mute of claim 5, wherein the rotatable ring extends circumferentially around the distal end portion of the mute body. 7. The musical instrument mute of claim 5, further comprising a sensor configured to detect a position of the rotatable ring relative to the mute body. 8. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein a distal end portion of the mute body comprises a plurality of rotatable rings configured to control electronic modification of the sound of the musical instrument by the microcontroller. 9. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, further comprising a gyroscopic sensor, wherein the microcontroller is configured to electronically modify the sound of the musical instrument based on a signal received from the gyroscopic sensor. 10. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, further comprising an accelerometer, wherein the microcontroller is configured to electronically modify the sound of the musical instrument based on a signal received from the accelerometer. 11. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, further comprising a barometric pressure sensor, wherein the microcontroller is configured to electronically modify the sound of the musical instrument based on a signal received from the barometric pressure sensor. 12. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, further comprising a wireless transceiver connected to the microcontroller and configured to receive control signals, the control signals configured to control the microcontroller. 13. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein the mute body is positionable within the bell or horn of a brass or woodwind instrument. 14. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, further comprising an outer microphone positioned on the mute body and configured to transduce a sound produced external to the musical instrument. 15. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein electronic modification of the sound of the instrument comprises recording a first sound of the instrument and emitting the first sound through the speaker. 16. The musical instrument mute of claim 15, wherein the first sound is emitted on a loop. 17. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, further comprising a lighted indicator configured to indicate settings of the microcontroller or to indicate characteristics of the sound generated by the musical instrument. 18. The musical instrument mute of claim 1, wherein the mute body further comprises a plurality of circumferentially spaced pads at least partially insertable into the bell or horn. 19. A musical instrument mute system, comprising: a mute body attachable to a musical instrument, the mute body having a microphone and a speaker; a microcontroller connected to the microphone and configured to electronically modify the sound of the instrument when emitted through the speaker; a wireless transceiver connected to the microcontroller, the wireless transceiver being configured to receive a control signal from a remote device; wherein the microcontroller electronically modifies the sound of the instrument based on the control signal from the remote device. 20. The musical instrument mute system of claim 19, further comprising the remote device. 21. The musical instrument mute system of claim 20, wherein the remote device is another musical instrument mute having another wireless transceiver. 22. The musical instrument mute system of claim 20, wherein the remote device is a remote controller. 23. The musical instrument mute system of claim 20, wherein the remote device comprises at least one gyroscopic sensor, accelerometer, or barometric pressure sensor. 24. The musical instrument mute system of claim 20, wherein the remote device comprises a foot pedal. 25. The musical instrument mute system of claim 20, wherein the remote device is attachable to the musical instrument. 26. The musical instrument mute system of claim 19, wherein the microphone is positioned on the mute body to be inserted into the musical instrument and the speaker is positioned on the mute body to emit sound external to the musical instrument. 27. A musical instrument having a mute apparatus, comprising: a musical instrument having a bell or horn and an interior space within the bell or horn; a mute positioned within the bell or horn; a microphone positioned within the interior space of the musical instrument; a processor configured to receive a signal from the microphone and to generate an electronic reproduction of the signal; a speaker positioned on the mute and connected to the processor to emit the electronic reproduction of the signal. 28. The musical instrument having a mute apparatus of claim 27, wherein the musical instrument is a brass or woodwind instrument. 29. A method of controlling an electronic mute for a musical instrument, the method comprising: providing a musical instrument and an electronic mute insertable into the musical instrument, the electronic mute having a sensor; inserting the electronic mute into the musical instrument; detecting, via the sensor, the position of the electronic mute relative to the musical instrument; controlling a feature of the electronic mute based on the position of the electronic mute relative to the musical instrument. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the sensor is an accelerometer and wherein the position of the electronic mute is determined by detecting movement of the electronic mute via the accelerometer. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the sensor is a pressure-activated switch and wherein the position of the electronic mute is determined by contact pressure between the electronic mute and the musical instrument being transduced by the pressure-activated switch. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the sensor is a proximity sensor and wherein the position of the electronic mute is determined by detecting the proximity of the electronic mute relative to the musical instrument.",
-    "Novel modulators, including antibodies and derivatives thereof, and methods of using such modulators to treat proliferative disorders are provided. 1.-74. (canceled) 75. A method of delivering a cytotoxic agent to a DLL3 expressing cancer cell in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-DLL3 antibody drug conjugate (ADC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprises the formula M-[L-D]n, wherein: M comprises an anti-DLL3 antibody, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is an internalizing antibody; L comprises a linker; D comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD); and n is an integer from 1 to 20. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the ADC further comprises the structure: wherein: CBA is a cell binding agent, which is the anti-DLL3 antibody M; A, L1, and L2 are components of the linker L; A is a connecting group connecting L1 to the cell binding agent (CBA); L1 is optionally a cleavable linker; L2 is a covalent bond or together with the \u2014OC(\u2550O)\u2014 group forms a self-immolative linker; and wherein the linker L is attached to the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) at the position of the asterisk (*). 77. The method of claim 76, wherein L1 comprises a cleavable linker and the cleavable linker comprises a dipeptide. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the dipeptide is Phe-Lys, Val-Ala, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Phe-Arg, or Trp-Cit. 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the dipeptide is Val-Ala. 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the moiety: comprises the structure: wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of the structure directly to A or to a remaining portion of L1 that is further connected to A and the (*) indicates the point of attachment to the PBD. 81. The method of claim 75, wherein M comprises an anti-DLL3 antibody that specifically binds to an epitope within the DSL domain of a DLL3 protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4. 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody specifically binds to an epitope comprising amino acids G203, R205 and P206 (SEQ ID NO: 10). 83. The method of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is selected from the group consisting of a chimeric antibody, a CDR-grafted antibody, and a humanized antibody. 84. The method of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody competes for binding to human DLL3 protein with an antibody comprising a light chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 84 and a heavy chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 85. 85. The method of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L1, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L2, residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L3, residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H1, residues 50-65 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H2 and residues 95-102 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H3, wherein the residues are numbered according to Kabat. 86. The method of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 212 and a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 213. 87. The method of claim 75, wherein the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) comprises the formula AC: wherein: the dotted lines indicate the optional presence of a double bond, and wherein only one of the dotted lines in a given ring can be a double bond; R2 is selected from H, OH, \u2550O, \u2550CH2, CN, R, OR, \u2550CH\u2014RD, \u2550C(RD)2, O\u2014SO2\u2014R, CO2R, COR, and halo, where RD is selected from R, CO2R, COR, CHO, CO2H, and halo; R6 and R9 are each independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R7 is selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R10 is the linker L connected to the anti-DLL3 antibody; Q is selected from O, S and NH; R11 is either H, or R or, where Q is O, SO3M, where M is a metal cation; R and R\u2032 are each independently selected from optionally substituted C1-12 alkyl, C3-20 heterocyclyl and C5-20 aryl groups, and optionally in relation to the group NRR\u2032, R and R\u2032 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; X is selected from O, S, and N(H); R2\u2033, R6\u2033, R7\u2033, R9\u2033, and X\u2033 are as defined according to R2, R6, R7, R9, and X, respectively; and R\u2033 is a C3-12 alkylene group, which comprises a chain optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, one or more rings, or both one or more heteroatoms and one or more rings, wherein the optional one or more rings are optionally substituted. 88. The method of claim 87, wherein R2 is R, wherein R is a C5-20 aryl group. 89. The method of claim 87, wherein R6 and R9 are H. 90. The method of claim 87, wherein R7 is OR. 91. The method of claim 90, wherein R is a C1 alkyl. 92. The method of claim 87, wherein Q is O. 93. The method of claim 92, wherein R\u2033 is H. 94. The method of claim 87, wherein X and X\u2033 are O. 95. The method of claim 75, wherein the DLL3 expressing cancer cell is a tumor initiating cell. 96. The method of claim 75, wherein the cancer is lung cancer. 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the lung cancer is small cell lung cancer. 98. The method of claim 75, wherein the cancer is large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. 99. The method of claim 75, wherein the cancer is thyroid cancer. 100. The method of claim 75, wherein the cancer is prostate cancer. 101. A method of delivering a cytotoxic agent to a DLL3 expressing cancer cell in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-DLL3 antibody drug conjugate (ADC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprises the formula M-[L-D]n, wherein: M comprises an anti-DLL3 antibody; L comprises an optional linker; D comprises a cytotoxic agent; and n is an integer from 1 to 20. 102. The method of claim 101, wherein M comprises an anti-DLL3 antibody that specifically binds to an epitope within the DSL domain of a DLL3 protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4. 103. The method of claim 101, wherein the optional linker L is a cleavable linker. 104. The method of claim 101, wherein D comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD), an auristatin, or a maytansinoid.",
-    "An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order. The photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support; and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal contains in its crystal, at least one selected from the group consisting of N-ethylformamide, N,N-diisopropylformamide, and N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylformamide. 3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support; a charge generation layer; and a charge transport layer in this order, wherein the charge generation layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3, wherein the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal contains in its crystal, at least one selected from the group consisting of N-ethylformamide, N,N-diisopropylformamide, and N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylformamide. 5. A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support and a photosensitive layer in this order, the method comprising the steps of: (i) mixing a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal in which the half width of the maximum peak in an X-ray diffraction pattern using the CuK\u03b1 line is 0.4\u00b0 to 1.6\u00b0 and at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of N-ethylformamide, N,N-diisopropylformamide, and N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylformamide for crystal transformation to obtain a crystal-transformed chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal; and (ii) forming the photosensitive layer containing the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal obtained in the step (i). 6. The method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5, wherein the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal obtained in the step (i) is a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 7. A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order, the method comprising the steps of: (i) mixing a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal in which the half width of the maximum peak in an X-ray diffraction pattern using the CuK\u03b1 line is 0.4\u00b0 to 1.6\u00b0 and at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of N-ethylformamide, N,N-diisopropylformamide, and N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylformamide for crystal transformation to obtain a crystal-transformed chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal; and (ii) forming the charge generation layer containing the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal obtained in the step (i). 8. The method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7, wherein the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal obtained in the step (i) is a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 9. A process cartridge which integrally supports an electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one device selected from the group consisting of a charging device, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device and which is detachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order, and the photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 10. A process cartridge which integrally supports an electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one device selected from the group consisting of a charging device, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device and which is detachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order, and the charge generation layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 11. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising: an electrophotographic photosensitive member; a charging device; an exposure device, a developing device; and a transfer device, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in this order, and the photosensitive layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 12. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising: an electrophotographic photosensitive member; a charging device; an exposure device; a developing device; and a transfer device, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order, and the charge generation layer contains a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 13. A chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having peaks at 7.8\u00b0, 16.4\u00b0, 24.3\u00b0, and 27.8\u00b0 in an X-ray diffraction pattern (Bragg angle: 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0) using the CuK\u03b1 line. 14. The chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal according to claim 13, wherein the chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal contains in its crystal, at least one selected from the group consisting of N-ethylformamide, N,N-diisopropylformamide, and N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylformamide.",
-    "Disclosed herein are embodiments of batch-style bottom-discharge rotary debarkers for removing bark from a batch of logs in a bin and discharging debarked logs from a bottom of the bin. In some embodiments, the bin includes four walls and an opening in its bottom. In some embodiments, the debarkers include a plurality of rotors, a plurality of chutes, and a plurality of conveyor belt systems for carrying bark and logs away from the bin. In some embodiments, the debarkers include an internal gate which can be moved between a debarking configuration and an unloading configuration. 1. A debarking system, comprising: a bin including a first side wall, a first end wall, a second side wall opposite the first side wall, a second end wall opposite the first end wall, and an opening in a bottom of the bin; a plurality of rotors, each of the plurality of rotors aligned with the first side wall, aligned with the second side wall, and spanning from the first end wall to the second end wall; and an internal gate movable from a debarking configuration, in which the internal gate obstructs access to the opening to prevent a log in the bin from falling out of the bin through the opening, to an unloading configuration, in which the internal gate is spaced apart from the debarking configuration to provide access to the opening and to allow the log to fall out of the bin through the opening. 2. The debarking system of claim 1 wherein the internal gate is rotatable about a top end portion of the second side wall to move from the debarking configuration to the unloading configuration. 3. The debarking system of claim 2 wherein the plurality of rotors forms a floor of the bin that is inclined downward from the first side wall toward the second side wall. 4. The debarking system of claim 3, further comprising: a bark chute to guide bark falling between the plurality of rotors onto a first conveyor belt system; and a log chute to guide logs falling out of the bin onto a second conveyor belt system. 5. The debarking system of claim 4 wherein a bottom-most one of the plurality of rotors is positioned directly above a location where an edge of the bark chute meets an edge of the log chute. 6. The debarking system of claim 1, further comprising a conveyor belt system and a metering system positioned underneath the bin to meter logs falling out of the bin through the opening onto the conveyor belt system. 7. The debarking system of claim 6 wherein the metering system includes a ramp and a gate rotatable with respect to the ramp between a closed position and an open position. 8. A debarking system, comprising: a bin including a first side wall, a first end wall, a second side wall opposite the first side wall, a second end wall opposite the first end wall, and an opening in a bottom of the bin; a plurality of rotors, each of the plurality of rotors aligned with the first side wall, aligned with the second side wall, and spanning from the first end wall to the second end wall; a bark chute having an upper opening directly under the plurality of rotors and a lower opening directly over a first conveyor belt system; a log chute having an upper opening directly under a gap between the plurality of rotors and the first side wall, and a lower opening directly over a second conveyor belt system; and an internal gate rotatable from a debarking configuration, in which the internal gate prevents a log in the bin from falling out of the bin, to an unloading configuration, in which the internal gate allows the log to fall out of the bin. 9. A method comprising: depositing a plurality of logs into a bin; actuating a plurality of rotors to rotate within the bin; rotating an internal gate within the bin from a debarking configuration toward an unloading configuration; and allowing the logs to fall vertically out of the bin through an opening in a bottom of the bin. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the plurality of rotors forms an inclined floor of the bin and actuating the plurality of rotors to rotate causes the plurality of logs to be carried upwards along the inclined floor. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the plurality of rotors forms an inclined floor of the bin and actuating the plurality of rotors to rotate causes the plurality of logs to be carried downwards along the inclined floor. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein rotating the internal gate toward the unloading configuration comprises rotating the internal gate partially toward the unloading configuration to meter the logs falling vertically out of the bin. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising allowing bark removed from the plurality of logs to fall between the plurality of rotors onto a first conveyor belt system. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein allowing the logs to fall vertically out of the bin comprises allowing the logs to fall onto a second conveyor belt system. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein allowing the logs to fall vertically out of the bin comprises allowing the logs to fall onto a conveyor belt system.",
-    "The present invention is a novel, theft-resistant, and senior-friendly packaging for consumer and retail products that is cheap and easy to manufacture. The packaging is designed to prevent individuals from gaining access to the enclosed product through tampering with the packaging while at the same time meeting or exceeding federal child-resistant and senior-friendly guidelines. The packaging incorporates plastic material and multiple cuts to be tear-resistant and to halt the propagation of a tear, if one should occur. 1. A packaging apparatus comprising: a first panel laminated with film; a second panel laminated with film and coupled to the first panel; a first tear-stop cut proximate to a perimeter edge of the first panel; and a second tear-stop cut proximate to a perimeter edge of the second panel. 2. The packaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first panel and the second panel comprise paperboard, cardboard, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 3. The packaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the film comprises biaxial film, plastic, polyester, or PVC. 4. The packaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the first tear-stop cut is positioned between 0.25 inch and 0.5 inch from the perimeter edge of the first panel; and the second tear-stop cut is positioned between 0.25 inch and 0.5 inch from the perimeter edge of the second panel. 5. The packaging apparatus of claim 1, further comprising one or more interior tear-stop cuts proximate to the first tear-stop cut. 6. The packaging apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one tab edge. 7. The packaging apparatus of claim 6, wherein the tab edge comprises adhesive. 8. The packaging apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pull-tab. 9. The packaging apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a perforated cut proximate to the pull-tab. 10. The packaging apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a cut-score proximate to the perforated cut. 11. A packaging apparatus comprising: a laminated panel comprising a first area and a second area a first tear-stop cut proximate to a perimeter edge of the first area; and a second tear-stop cut proximate to a perimeter edge of the second area. 12. The packaging apparatus of claim 11, wherein the laminated panel comprises paperboard, cardboard, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 13. The packaging apparatus of claim 11, wherein the laminated panel comprises biaxial film, plastic, polyester, or PVC. 14. The packaging apparatus of claim 11, wherein: the first tear-stop cut is positioned between 0.25 inch and 0.5 inch from the perimeter edge of the first area; and the second tear-stop cut is positioned between 0.25 inch and 0.5 inch from the perimeter edge of the second area. 15. The packaging apparatus of claim 11, further comprising one or more interior tear-stop cuts proximate to the first tear-stop cut. 16. The packaging apparatus of claim 11, further comprising at least one tab edge. 17. The packaging apparatus of claim 16, wherein the tab edge comprises adhesive. 18. The packaging apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a pull-tab. 19. The packaging apparatus of claim 18, further comprising a perforated cut proximate to the pull-tab. 20. The packaging apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a cut-score proximate to the perforated cut.",
-    "A system and method for generating an estimated volume of activation (VOA) corresponding to settings applied to a stimulation leadwire includes a processor performing the following: determining, for each of a plurality of neural elements, one or more respective parameters characterizing an electrical distribution along the neural element, looking up the one or more parameters for each of the neural elements in a look-up table (LUT), obtaining threshold values for each of the neural elements recorded in the LUT in association with the looked-up parameters, comparing, for each of the neural elements, a value of the leadwire settings to each of the respective threshold value, estimating based on the comparisons which of the neural elements would be activated by the settings, and generating a structure corresponding to a region including the neural elements estimated to be activated. 1. A computer system for generating an estimated volume of activation (VOA), the system comprising: a computer processor configured to: for each of a plurality of neural elements that are in a vicinity of a leadwire: determine a respective threshold activation value; and determine whether a user-input stimulation value to be applied to the leadwire meets the respective threshold activation value of the respective neural element; and generate a surface structure corresponding to those of the neural elements whose respective threshold activation values have been determined to be met by the user-input stimulation value; wherein, for each of the plurality of neural elements, the determination of the respective threshold value includes: determining at least one of a peak voltage level along the respective neural element or a peak second difference voltage values along the respective neural element; and obtaining the respective threshold value based on the respective determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value includes both the peak voltage level along the respective neural element and the peak second difference voltage value along the respective neural element. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the obtaining of the respective threshold value includes looking up a combination of the determined peak voltage level and the determined peak second difference voltage value in a look-up table that pairs a respective threshold value with each of a plurality of combinations of (a) a respective voltage level and (b) a respective second difference value. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value includes the peak voltage level along the respective neural element, wherein the obtaining of the respective threshold value includes looking up the respective determined peak voltage level in a look-up table that pairs a respective threshold value with a respective voltage level. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value includes the peak second difference voltage value along the respective neural element, wherein the obtaining of the respective threshold value includes looking up the respective determined peak second difference voltage value in a look-up table that pairs a respective threshold value with a respective second difference voltage value. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is arranged to provide an anodic stimulation. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the user-input stimulation value includes one of a current amplitude and a voltage amplitude. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the user-input stimulation value includes a respective distinct stimulation value for each of a plurality of contacts of the leadwire. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the respective distinct stimulation values include current values. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is configured to provide a deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is configured to provide a spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is configured to provide an Occipital NS therapy. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is configured to provide a Trigemenal NS therapy. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is configured to provide a peripheral field stimulation therapy. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the leadwire is configured to provide a sacral root stimulation therapy. 16. A computer implemented method for generating an estimated volume of activation (VOA), the method comprising: for each of a plurality of neural elements that are in a vicinity of a leadwire: determining, by a computer processor, a respective threshold activation value; and determining, by the computer processor, whether a user-input stimulation value to be applied to the leadwire meets the respective threshold activation value of the respective neural element; and generating, by the computer processor, a surface structure corresponding to those of the neural elements whose respective threshold activation values have been determined to be met by the user-input stimulation value; wherein, for each of the plurality of neural elements, the determination of the respective threshold value includes: determining, by the computer processor, at least one of a peak voltage level along the respective neural element or a peak second difference voltage values along the respective neural element; and obtaining, by the computer processor, the respective threshold value based on the respective determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value includes both the peak voltage level along the respective neural element and the peak second difference voltage value along the respective neural element. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the obtaining of the respective threshold value includes looking up a combination of the determined peak voltage level and the determined peak second difference voltage value in a look-up table that pairs a respective threshold value with each of a plurality of combinations of (a) a respective voltage level and (b) a respective second difference value. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value includes the peak voltage level along the respective neural element, wherein the obtaining of the respective threshold value includes looking up the respective determined peak voltage level in a look-up table that pairs a respective threshold value with a respective voltage level. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the determined at least one of the peak voltage level or the peak second difference voltage value includes the peak second difference voltage value along the respective neural element, wherein the obtaining of the respective threshold value includes looking up the respective determined peak second difference voltage value in a look-up table that pairs a respective threshold value with a respective second difference voltage value.",
-    "The invention comprises a method and/or an apparatus using a computer configured exercise system equipped with an electric motor to provide physical resistance to user motion in conjunction with means for sharing exercise system related data and/or user performance data with a secondary user, such as a medical professional, a physical therapist, a trainer, a computer generated competitor, and/or a human competitor. For example, the exercise system is used with a remote trainer to enhance exercise performance, with a remote medical professional for rehabilitation, and/or with a competitor in a competition, such as in a power/weightlifting competition or in a video game. The exercise system is optionally configured with an intelligent software assistant and knowledge navigator functioning as a personal assistant application. 1. A method for a primary user exercising in communication with a remote secondary user, comprising the steps of: the primary user using an exercise system, said exercise system comprising: a primary user interface configured for interaction with the primary user; an electric motor, said electric motor configured to provide a resistive force to said primary user interface; a controller communicatively coupled with said electric motor, said controller configured to control the resistive force supplied by said electric motor as a function of time; and means for communication with the secondary user, said means for communication communicatively coupled with said controller; and communicating output of said exercise system with the remote secondary user, wherein said controller dynamically maintains the resistive force supplied by said electric motor within twenty percent of an iso-inertial force as a function of time within one-half of a repetition by adjusting the resistive force as a function of monitored acceleration of said primary user interface. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: transferring via a flexible material the resistive force supplied by the electric motor to the primary user interface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the secondary user comprises at least one of: a physical therapist; a coach; a game or contest opponent; and a trainer. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: the secondary user remotely configuring the controller with a program. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of: the exercise system communicating historical use of the exercise system by the primary user to an algorithm of the remote secondary user. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: using a sensor to measure at least one of: force applied by the primary user to the primary user interface; a physiological measure of the primary user; acceleration of the primary user interface; and motion of the primary user interface. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of: using output of said sensor, said controller dynamically adjusting the resistive force supplied by said electric motor within a repetition of movement of the primary user interface. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of: using said electric motor to increase the resistive force when said sensor outputs data indicating positive acceleration of said primary user interface. 9. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of: decreasing the resistive force supplied by said electric motor when output of said sensor indicates sticking point reduced motion of said primary user interface. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: said controller dynamically adjusting, by at least twenty percent, the resistive force supplied by said electric motor during a repetition of movement of the primary user interface by the primary user. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said means for communication comprise at least one of: use of an internet; a wireless digital link; use of a cloud; and use of a local area network. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: storing energy generated by use of said exercise system into a battery. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: using said controller and output of a heart rate monitor to vary the resistive force supplied by said electric motor to maintain a heart rate of the primary user in a target range. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: said exercise system responding to a verbal control command. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: said controller computing the resistive force using at least one of: an equation of F=mg+ma; an equation of F=mg; an equation relating F to ma; and an equation adjusting F with maximum, wherein maximum comprises a measure of maximum achieved resistance in said repetition, wherein F comprises the resistive force, m comprises a simulated mass, a comprises a measure of acceleration, and g comprises a constant. 16. The method of claim 3, wherein said trainer comprises a virtual trainer. 17. The method of claim 16, said virtual trainer configured to provide at least one of: a training tip; a pep talk; and a personalized training routine. 18. The method of claim 1, said secondary user comprising a secondary external and remote computer system. 19. The method of claim 1, said controller further comprising: an intelligent software assistant and knowledge navigator functioning as a personal assistant application. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: said controller dynamically selecting an equation used to determine the resistive force.",
-    "In an embodiment, a method of decoding a watermarked video includes receiving a video including a watermark and three or more pilot signals. The method includes attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve a corresponding message in the video based on one or more decoding starting points of the video. The method includes outputting the message if the attempt is successful. If the attempt fails, the method includes detecting the pilot signals in the video; based on the detected pilot signals, estimating a geometric distortion of the video; inverting the geometric distortion for the video to generate a warped video; and attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve the corresponding message in the warped video based on one or more decoding starting points of the warped video. 1. A method of decoding a watermarked video, the method comprising: receiving a video including a watermark and three or more pilot signals; attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve a corresponding message in the video based on one or more decoding starting points of the video; if the attempt is successful, outputting the message; or if the attempt fails: detecting the pilot signals in the video; based on the detected pilot signals, estimating a geometric distortion of the video; inverting the geometric distortion for the video to generate a warped video; and attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve the corresponding message in the warped video based on one or more decoding starting points of the warped video. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the decoding starting points of the video or of the warped video are denoted p(x,y), where 0\u2266x\u22667 and 0\u2266y\u22667; and attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve the corresponding message in the video or in the warped video comprises performing a detection and retrieving algorithm including: partitioning frames of the video or warped frames of the warped video into 8\u00d78 blocks beginning at a corresponding one of the decoding starting points p(x,y); detecting, for each of the 8\u00d78 blocks, a watermarking bit in discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of the corresponding 8\u00d78 block; and one of: selecting a different one of the decoding starting points p(x,y) and repeating the detection and retrieving algorithm if the message is not retrieved in at least one of the watermarks detected from the frames or the warped frames; or terminating the detection and retrieving algorithm if the message is retrieved from at least one of the watermarks detected from the frames or the warped frames or if the detection and retrieving algorithm has been performed for all of the decoding starting points p(x,y). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein attempting to detect the watermark in the video or in the warped video comprises: detecting a watermark in each of a plurality of frames of the video or the warped video; and averaging the detected watermarks to generate an average watermark. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein detecting a watermark in each of the plurality of frames comprises, for each of the plurality of frames: calculating an aggregation level A indicating an extent to which detected black and white pixels in the frame aggregate to blocks; calculating a local deviation D(t) of the aggregation level A; determining that the local deviation D(t) exceeds a selected threshold; and in response to the determination that the local deviation D(t) exceeds a selected threshold, flagging the frame as a watermarked frame wherein at least some of the detected black and white pixels collectively form the detected watermark. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a Wiener filter to the frame of the video, the frame including the watermark, to estimate a watermark-free frame; and subtracting the watermark-free frame from the frame to generate a watermark frame estimate; wherein attempting to detect the watermark in the video comprises attempting to detect the watermark in the watermark frame estimate. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a median filter to the detected watermark to generate a de-noised watermark, wherein retrieving a message from the detected watermark includes retrieving the message from the de-noised watermark. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the pilot signals comprises: calculating an autocorrelation of each frame of the video; dividing each autocorrelation into a plurality of search areas; for each autocorrelation, detecting a peak in each of the plurality of search areas; and across all of the autocorrelations, identifying a single peak in each of the plurality of search areas as a corresponding one of the three or more pilot signals, the identified peak for each of the plurality of search areas having a highest detection frequency out of all of the one or more peaks detected in the corresponding one of the plurality of search areas across all of the autocorrelations. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a filter to a frame of the video, the frame including at least one of the pilot signals, to estimate a pilot-free frame; and subtracting the pilot-free frame from the frame including at least one of the pilot signals to generate a pilot frame estimate; wherein attempting to detect the pilot signals in the video comprises attempting to detect the pilot signals in the pilot frame estimate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: estimating a geometric distortion of the video comprises executing an OpenCV function \u201cgetPerspectiveTransform( );\u201d and inverting the geometric distortion comprises executing an OpenCV function \u201cwarpPerspective( ).\u201d 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having computer instructions stored thereon that are executable by a processing device to perform operations to decode a watermarked video, the operations comprising: receiving a video including a watermark and three or more pilot signals; attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve a corresponding message in the video based on one or more decoding starting points of the video; if the attempt is successful, outputting the message; or if the attempt fails: detecting the pilot signals in the video; based on the detected pilot signals, estimating a geometric distortion of the video; inverting the geometric distortion for the video to generate a warped video; and attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve the corresponding message in the warped video based on one or more decoding starting points of the warped video. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein: the decoding starting points of the video or of the warped video are denoted p(x,y), where 0\u2266x\u22667 and 0\u2266y\u22667; and attempting to detect the watermark and retrieve the corresponding message in the video or in the warped video comprises performing a detection and retrieving algorithm including: partitioning frames of the video or warped frames of the warped video into 8\u00d78 blocks beginning at a corresponding one of the decoding starting points p(x,y); detecting, for each of the 8\u00d78 blocks, a watermarking bit in discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of the corresponding 8\u00d78 block; and one of: selecting a different one of the decoding starting points p(x,y) and repeating the detection and retrieving algorithm if the message is not retrieved in at least one of the watermarks detected from the frames or the warped frames; or terminating the detection and retrieving algorithm if the message is retrieved from at least one of the watermarks detected from the frames or the warped frames or if the detection and retrieving algorithm has been performed for all of the decoding starting points p(x,y). 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein attempting to detect the watermark in the video or in the warped video comprises: detecting a watermark in each of a plurality of frames of the video or the warped video; and averaging the detected watermarks to generate an average watermark. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein detecting a watermark in each of the plurality of frames comprises, for each of the plurality of frames: calculating an aggregation level A indicating an extent to which detected black and white pixels in the frame aggregate to blocks; calculating a local deviation D(t) of the aggregation level A; determining that the local deviation D(t) exceeds a selected threshold; and in response to the determination that the local deviation D(t) exceeds a selected threshold, flagging the frame as a watermarked frame wherein at least some of the detected black and white pixels collectively form the detected watermark. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, further comprising: applying a Wiener filter to the frame of the video, the frame including the watermark, to estimate a watermark-free frame; and subtracting the watermark-free frame from the frame to generate a watermark frame estimate; wherein attempting to detect the watermark in the video comprises attempting to detect the watermark in the watermark frame estimate. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, further comprising applying a median filter to the detected watermark to generate a de-noised watermark, wherein retrieving a message from the detected watermark includes retrieving the message from the de-noised watermark. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein detecting the pilot signals comprises: calculating an autocorrelation of each frame of the video; dividing each autocorrelation into a plurality of search areas; for each autocorrelation, detecting a peak in each of the plurality of search areas; and across all of the autocorrelations, identifying a single peak in each of the plurality of search areas as a corresponding one of the three or more pilot signals, the identified peak for each of the plurality of search areas having a highest detection frequency out of all of the one or more peaks detected in the corresponding one of the plurality of search areas across all of the autocorrelations. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, further comprising: applying a filter to a frame of the video, the frame including at least one of the pilot signals, to estimate a pilot-free frame; and subtracting the pilot-free frame from the frame including at least one of the pilot signals to generate a pilot frame estimate; wherein attempting to detect the pilot signals in the video comprises attempting to detect the pilot signals in the pilot frame estimate. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein: estimating a geometric distortion of the video comprises executing an OpenCV function \u201cgetPerspectiveTransform( );\u201d and inverting the geometric distortion comprises executing an OpenCV function \u201cwarpPerspective( ).\u201d",
-    "A method includes displaying information via a first display, displaying information via a second display, controlling the information displayed via the first display and the second display with a controller, and receiving a first input from a user through a user interface. The first input includes a command to change a setting of the first display or the second display and/or the information being displayed via the first display or the second display. The method also includes generating a first haptic effect to confirm receipt of the first input. 1. A method for controlling multiple displays of a motor vehicle comprising: displaying information via a first display; displaying information via a second display; controlling the respective information displayed via the first display and the second display with a controller; receiving a first input from a user through a user interface in signal communication with the controller, the first input comprising one of a command to change a setting of the first display and/or to change the information being displayed via the first display, and a command to change a setting of the second display and/or to change the information being displayed via the second display; and generating a first haptic effect via a haptic output device in signal communication with the controller to confirm receipt of the first input. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving a second input from the user through a display control selector in signal communication with the controller to select which of the first display and the second display is being controlled by the user; and associating the first input received from the user through the user interface with the first display or the second display selected by the user through the display control selector. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: changing the first haptic effect based on the selection of which of the first display and the second display is being controlled by the user. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: generating a second haptic effect via the haptic output device at the user interface prior to receiving the first input, the second haptic effect providing an indication to the user which of the first display and the second display is under active control by the controller so that the user is informed as to which of the first display and the second display the first input will be directed. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the first haptic effect is a vibrotactile effect and the second haptic effect is a friction effect. 6-19. (canceled) 20. A system for a motor vehicle comprising: a first display; a second display; a controller in signal communication with the first display and the second display, the controller being configured to control an output of the first display and an output of the second display; a user input device in signal communication with the controller, the user input device configured to receive a first input from a user of the system and to output a control command to the controller to change a setting and/or the output of the first display or the output of the second display based on the first input; a display control selector in signal communication with the controller configured to receive a second input from the user to select which of the first display and the second display is being controlled by the user; and a haptic output device in signal communication with the controller, the haptic output device being configured to receive a haptic output signal generated by the controller and to output a first haptic effect to the user to confirm receipt of the first input from the user, and being configured to change the first haptic effect based on a determination of which of the first display and the second display is being controlled by the user. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the first display comprises a display screen that is located on one of a dashboard and a center stack of the motor vehicle. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the second display comprises a display screen that is located on the other of the dashboard and the center stack of the motor vehicle. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the second display is a heads-up display that is configured to project images onto a windshield of the motor vehicle. 24. The system of claim 20, wherein the user input device comprises a touch input device. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the haptic output device comprises an electrostatic device, and wherein the first haptic effect comprises a friction effect felt on the touch input device. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the touch input device comprises one of a touch pad and a touch screen. 27. The system of claim 20, wherein the user input device comprises at least one of a joystick and a rotary knob. 28. The system of claim 20, wherein the haptic output device comprises an actuator, and wherein the first haptic effect comprises vibrotactile feedback. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the actuator is selected from the group consisting of a piezoelectric actuator, a voice coil, a magnetic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, an ultrasonic energy actuator, an eccentric mass actuator, an electroactive polymer actuator, and a shape memory alloy. 30. The system of claim 28, wherein the vibrotactile feedback is provided to the user via contact with a steering wheel of the motor vehicle. 31. The system of claim 28, wherein the vibrotactile feedback is provided to the user via contact with a driver's seat of the motor vehicle. 32. The system of claim 28, wherein the vibrotactile feedback is provided to the user via contact with the user input device. 33. The system of claim 20, wherein the user input device is located on one of a steering wheel, a dash board, a center stack, a driver's door and a driver's seat of the motor vehicle. 34. The system of claim 20, wherein the display control selector is selected from the group consisting of a mechanical button, rotary dial, and slider switch.",
-    "The present invention provides a novel emulsion composition in a stable, fast acting emulsion that contains cannabidiol in an aqueous vehicle. The cannibidiol is extracted using CO2 from an industrial hemp plant that produces cannibiodiol molecules surrounded by less fats and waxes making it more hydrophilic. A little emulsifying agent, such as polysorbate 80, is mixed with cannabidiol oil to create a stable first emulsion mixture. A batch mixture is then prepared containing water, food preservatives, sugar, a sufficient amount of CBD Premix that contains citicoline and masker A for Reb A. Both mixtures are then mixed in water with ginger, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and sugar. The final mixture is then distributed in 60 ml bottles and consumers are instructed to take an initial loading dose of 15 ml (equal to approximately 5 mg of cannabidiol) either before a THC containing product is in consumed or smoke, shortly after a THC containing consuming or smoking or when the first signs of anxiety are perceived. 1. A method of treating undesirable or overdose symptoms associated with consumption of excessive cannabis comprising is an aqueous emulsion containing 10 to 50 mg of cannabidiol oil, citicoline, a-pinene, ginger, guayusa, polysorbate 80, and potassium sorbate, and artificial or natural sweeteners. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the composition further includes sodium benzoate. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the composition further includes potassium sodium. 4. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the composition further includes potassium sodium. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the composition is consumed prior to consuming cannabis. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said composition is consumed after consuming cannabis 7. A liquid composition for treatment of cannabis toxicity, 2 fl oz of said composition includes the following ingredients and amount; a. CBD 10-50 mg derived from industrial hemp extracted using CO2; b. citicoline 200 to 500 mg; c. a-pinene 10 to 50 mcg.; d. polysorbate 80 0.01 to 0.02%; (v/v) e. guayusa 5 to 2%; f. ginger 500 mcg to 1000 mcg; g. a sweetener 1 to 8%; (v/v) h. at least one preservative taken from a group that includes sodium sorbate and sodium benzoate; and, i. a sufficient amount of water to produce final volume of 2 fl. oz. 8. The liquid composition as recited in claim 7, further including 100 to 500 mg of Vitamin C. 9. The liquid composition as recited in claim 7, further including 10 to 500 mg of Vitamin B6. 10. The liquid composition as recited in claim 7, further including 50 to 200 mcg of Vitamin B12. 11. A method for manufacturing an oral liquid composition containing 20 mg of CBD in 2 fl. oz; comprising the steps of: a. preparing a first emulsion mixture made from CBD resin from an industrial hemp source containing approximately 25% CBD produced using a CO2 based extraction method and mixing a sufficient amount of CBD resin to produce a composition containing 20 mg of CBD in 2 fl. oz, adding a surfactant/emulsifier and then adding the emulsion mixture to small volume of water and then mixing the emulsion mixture and water and adding sufficient amount of A-pinene to the emulsion mixture to produce a final concentration of approximately 0.0000083%; b. preparing a batch mixture containing water, food preservatives, sugar, a sufficient amount of CBD Premix to provide 200 to 500 mg of citicoline 200 to 500 mg per 2 fl. oz, and masker A for Reb A; and, c. mixing the first emulsion mixture with the batch mixture; d. adding guayusa ginger, bitter blocker and masking agent and berry base; and, e. adding additional water to make 2 fl. oz of liquid composition.",
-    "The invention relates to a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) for inhibiting the expression of the PCSK9 gene (PCSK9 gene), comprising an antisense strand having a nucleotide sequence which is less that 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-25 nucleotides in length, and which is substantially complementary to at least a part of the PCSK9 gene. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and method for treating diseases caused by PCSK9 gene expression. 1. A double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) for inhibiting expression of a human proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) gene in a cell, wherein the dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand complementary to at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of a PCSK9 gene and comprises a duplex structure between 15 and 30 base pairs in length, wherein the antisense strand comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence of an antisense strand of Table 1 except for SEQ ID NO: 1229 and SEQ ID NO:454. 2. The dsRNA of claim 1 comprising a duplex structure between 19 and 21 base pairs in length. 3. (canceled) 4. The dsRNA of claim 1, consisting of a sense strand and an antisense strand of Table 1. 5. The dsRNA of claim 1, consisting of a modified dsRNA of Table 2. 6. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the dsRNA comprises at least one modified nucleotide. 7. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein the dsRNA comprises at least one 2\u2032-O-methyl modified nucleotide and at least one nucleotide comprising a 5\u2032-phosphorothioate group. 8. The dsRNA claim 1, wherein the dsRNA comprises at least one modified nucleotide, wherein the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2\u2032-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2\u2032-deoxy-2\u2032-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2\u2032-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2\u2032-amino-modified nucleotide, 2\u2032-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, a nucleotide comprising a 5\u2032-phosphorothioate group, a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. 9. A cell comprising the dsRNA of claim 1. 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 11. A composition comprising the dsRNA of claim 1 and a lipid formulation. 12. A composition comprising the dsRNA of claim 1 and a lipid formulation, wherein the lipid formulation comprises a cationic lipid comprising ND-98. 13. A vector comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one strand of the dsRNA of claim 1. 14. A cell comprising the vector of claim 13. 15. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein contacting a cell in vitro with 30 nM or less of the dsRNA and maintaining the cell for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of a mRNA transcript of a PCSK9 gene, inhibits expression of the PCSK9 gene in the cell. 16. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein contacting HepG2 cells expressing the PCSK9 gene in vitro with the dsRNA and maintaining the cells for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of a mRNA transcript of a PCSK9 gene, inhibits expression of the PCSK9 gene in the cell by at least 20%. 17. The dsRNA of claim 1, wherein administering the dsRNA to an animal decreases total serum cholesterol in the animal. 18. A method for inhibiting expression of a proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) gene in a cell comprising contacting the cell with the dsRNA of claim 1 and maintaining the cell for a time sufficient to obtain degradation of a mRNA transcript of a PCSK9 gene, thereby inhibiting expression of the PCSK9 gene in the cell. 19. A method of treating or managing pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating expression of a proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) gene comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment or management a therapeutically effective amount of the dsRNA of claim 1. 20. A method of treating a proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) gene-associated disorder comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the dsRNA of claim 1.",
-    "A pesticide, fungicidal, bactericidal, anti-pathogen or biocidal composition includes at least one biologically inert carrier; and at least one ferrite or at least one doped component including at least one fixed copper compound doped with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, zinc compounds, magnesium compounds, calcium compounds, and combinations and/or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the doped component has a particle size of about 0.5 nm to about 30 microns. A method for the control of pests includes the step of applying to the pests or their growth habitat the aforementioned composition. The method also includes the control of disease in citrus plants caused by vectors such as Psyllid nymphs, by applying the aforementioned composition to their growth habitat in citrus groves. 1. A pesticidal composition to be applied to agricultural crop plants, wherein said composition is effective in treating agricultural plants afflicted with agricultural crop diseases, comprising: a) at least one biologically inert carrier; and b) at least one ferrite containing copper, zinc or iron alone, or in any combination, and, c) optionally at least one doped component comprising at least one fixed copper compound doped with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, zinc compounds and combinations thereof; d) said pesticide composition to be applied to agricultural plants in an effective amount for the treatment of agricultural crop diseases. 2. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is iron oxide. 3. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is copper zinc iron oxide. 4. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is copper iron oxide. 5. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is zinc iron oxide. 6. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein said fixed copper compound is selected from the group consisting of cupric hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper oxide, cupric carbonate basic, copper sulfate basic, tribasic copper sulfate, cuprous oxide, cupric citrate, cupric phosphate, cuprobam, indigo copper, minerals brochantite, langite, malachite, cornetite, libethenite, pseudolibethenite, pseudo-malachite, antlerite, covellite, marshite, cuprite, chalcocite, Rogojski's salt, brochantite, hydrocyanite, nantokite, dolerophane, ammonia copper carbonate, basic copper chloride, and combinations thereof. 7. The pesticidal composition according to claim 6, wherein said fixed copper compound is cupric hydroxide. 8. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein said iron compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble iron compound. 9. The pesticidal composition according to claim 8 wherein said iron compound is selected from the group consisting of iron hydroxide, iron oxyhydroxide, iron oxide, iron glucose, ferric citrate, Ferritin, ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, and iron saturated human holotransferrin. 10. The pesticidal composition according claim 1, wherein said zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 11. The pesticidal composition according to claim 10, wherein said zinc compound is selected from the group consisting of zinc hydroxide and zinc oxide. 12. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein said fixed copper compound is cupric hydroxide and said iron compound is iron hydroxide and/or iron oxyhydroxide. 13. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein said doped component includes about 15 at % iron from said iron compound doped within said fixed copper compound. 14. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein said particle size of said doped component is about 3.5 to about 200 nm. 15. The pesticidal composition according to claim 14, wherein said particle size of said doped component is about 3.5 to about 10 nm. 16. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, wherein said doped component is only doped with an iron compound and/or a zinc compound. 17. The pesticidal composition according claim 1, further comprising c) at least one iron compound mixed with a) and b). 18. The pesticidal composition according to claim 17, wherein said iron compound is at least one insoluble or substantially insoluble iron compound. 19. The pesticidal composition according to claim 18, wherein said iron compounds is iron hydroxide. 20. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, further comprising d) at least one zinc compound mixed with a), b) and c). 21. The pesticidal composition according to claim 20, wherein said at least one zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 22. The pesticidal composition according to claim 21, wherein said at least one zinc compounds is zinc hydroxide or zinc oxide. 23. The pesticidal composition according to claim 1, further comprising d) at least one zinc compound mixed with a) and b). 24. The pesticidal composition according to claim 23, wherein said at least one zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 25. The pesticidal composition according to claim 24, wherein said at least one zinc compounds is zinc hydroxide or zinc oxide. 26. A method for the control of pests comprising; applying to said pests or their growth habitat a pesticidal composition according to claim 1. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein said pesticidal composition is administered to said pests or their growth habitat by a method selected from the group consisting of dusting, sprinkling, spraying, brushing, dipping, smearing, impregnating, injection of the composition into plant vasculature, and application to a root system. 28. A method for the control of pests of claim 26 wherein said pest is at least one fungus and said method comprises the step of applying to said fungus or their growth habitat the pesticidal composition according to claim 1. 29. A method for the control of pests according to claim 26 wherein said pest is at least one disease carrying vector and said method comprises the step of applying the pesticidal composition according to claim 1 to their growth habitat. 30. The method for the control of pests according to claim 29 wherein said disease carrying vector is Psyllid.",
-    "The present invention relates to novel anesthetic compositions containing a non-polymeric carrier material and an anesthetic, where the compositions are suitable for providing a sustained local anesthesia without an initial burst and having a duration for about 24 hours or longer. Certain compositions are also provided that include a first anesthetic and a second anesthetic. In such compositions, the second anesthetic is a solvent for the first anesthetic and provides an initial anesthetic effect upon administration to a subject. The non-polymeric carrier may optionally be a high viscosity liquid carrier material such as a suitable sugar ester. The compositions can further include one or more additional ingredients including active and inactive materials. Methods of using the compositions of the invention to produce a sustained anesthetic effect at a site in a subject are also provided. 1. A composition comprising an anesthetic and a pharmaceutically acceptable non-polymeric carrier, wherein the non-polymeric carrier controls release of the anesthetic to provide an anesthetic effect characterized by sustained local anesthesia after administration to a subject without an initial burst and having a duration of at least about 24 hours after administration. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the non-polymeric carrier is sufficient to provide either a first order controlled-release profile of the anesthetic, or a pseudo-zero order release profile of said anesthetic. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anesthetic provides sustained local anesthesia for at least about 36 to 48 hours after administration to a subject. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the anesthetic provides sustained local anesthesia for at least about 48 to 72 hours after administration to a subject. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anesthetic is a local anesthetic. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the anesthetic is an amide- or ester-type local anesthetic. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the anesthetic is bupivacaine. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anesthetic is present in free base form. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the non-polymeric carrier is substantially insoluble in water or aqueous biological systems. 10. The composition of claim 9 further comprising a solvent that is dispersible, soluble or miscible in water or in an aqueous system. 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the solvent is an organic solvent. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the solvent is capable of dissipating, diffusing or leaching away from the composition upon placement within a biological system, whereby the non-polymeric carrier can coagulate or precipitate to form a solid implant in situ. 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein the non-polymeric carrier is a liquid. 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the non-polymeric carrier is a high viscosity liquid carrier material (\u201cHVLCM\u201d) having a viscosity of at least about 5,000 cP at 37\u00b0 C. that does not crystallize neat under ambient or physiological conditions. 15. The composition of claim 14 further comprising a solvent in which the non-polymeric carrier is soluble. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, triethyl citrate, ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, triacetin, N-methylpyrrolidone, propylene carbonate, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, glycofurol, 2-pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethane, esters of caprylic and/or capric acids with glycerol or alkylene glycols, and combinations thereof. 17. The composition of claim 15, wherein the solvent is sufficient to lower to viscosity of the HVLCM. 18. The composition of claim 15, wherein the solvent is a second anesthetic agent. 19.-166. (canceled) 167. A method for providing an anesthetic effect at a site in a subject, said method comprising administering a composition at, near, in, or adjacent to the site, wherein the composition comprises an anesthetic and a pharmaceutically acceptable non-polymeric carrier, and further wherein the non-polymeric carrier controls release of the anesthetic to provide an anesthetic effect characterized by sustained local anesthesia after administration to the subject without an initial burst and having a duration of at least about 24 hours after administration. 168. A method for providing an anesthetic effect at a site in a subject, said method comprising administering a composition at, near, in, or adjacent to the site, wherein the composition comprises an anesthetic and a pharmaceutically acceptable non-polymeric carrier, and further wherein the non-polymeric carrier controls release of the anesthetic to provide an anesthetic effect characterized by sustained local anesthesia after administration to the subject, and the composition is capable of providing a sustained mean steady state plasma concentration (Css) of the anesthetic of at least about 200 ng/mL for a period of at least about 24 hours when said composition is administered subcutaneously. 169.-181. (canceled)",
-    "A method and system of affixing a plaque to a solid surface is provided. The method includes the steps of providing at least one opening in a face of the solid surface and inserting a plaque support into the at least one opening. The plaque support includes a body defining a passageway therethrough and having a first end and a second end. The first end has a flange portion. Further, at least one outer tab member extends radially outward toward the first end and at least one inner tab member extends radially inward toward the second end. The outer tab member engages the solid surface upon insertion of the plaque support into the at least one opening. The method and system further include providing the plaque with at least one installation fastener. The at least one installation fastener is inserted into the passageway of the plaque support, such that the at least one inner tab member engages the at least one installation fastener. 1. A method of affixing a plaque to a solid surface comprising the steps of: providing at least one opening in a face of the solid surface; inserting at least one plaque support into the at least one opening, the at least one plaque support comprising: a body defining a passageway therethrough and having a first end and a second end, the first end having a flange portion; at least one outer tab member extending radially outward toward the first end; and at least one inner tab member extending radially inward toward the second end, wherein the outer tab member engages the solid surface when the plaque support is inserted into the at least one opening; providing the plaque with at least one installation fastener; and inserting the at least one installation fastener into the passageway of the plaque support such that the at least one inner tab member engages the at least one installation fastener. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second end has at least one lead tab extending radially inward. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one lead tab engages the at least one installation fastener upon insertion of the at least one installation fastener into the passageway of the plaque support. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the flange portion of the plaque support has an outer diameter larger than the diameter of the opening. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one installation fastener comprises a plurality of threads such that the at least one inner tab member engages at least one thread of said plurality of threads. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing at least one opening in a face of the solid surface comprises drilling said at least one opening in the face of the solid surface. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of inserting at least one plaque support into the at least one opening comprises applying force to the first end of the at least one plaque support, wherein the at least one plaque support is inserted into the at least one opening. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing the plaque with at least one installation fastener comprises providing at least one opening on a mounting surface of the plaque and inserting the at least one installation fastener into the at least one opening of the plaque. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one installation fastener comprises a plurality of threads and the at least one opening on the mounting surface of the plaque comprises a threaded opening, wherein the step of inserting the at least one installation fastener into the at least one opening of the plaque comprises threadably securing the at least one installation fastener to the at least one opening on the mounting surface of the plaque. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the mounting surface of the plaque comprises a circumferential lip surrounding a recessed area defined by the mounting surface, wherein the step of providing at least one opening on the mounting surface of the plaque comprises providing at least one boss on said recessed area having a threaded opening. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one plaque support comprises a material selected from the group consisting of steel and high carbon spring steel. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one flange portion of the at least one plaque support engages the face of the solid surface. 13. A system for affixing a plaque to a solid surface having at least one opening comprising: a plaque support for inserting into an opening on a face of the solid surface, the plaque support comprising a body defining a passageway therethrough and having a first end and a second end, the first end having a flange portion for engaging a face of the solid surface, at least one outer tab member extending radially outward toward the first end, and at least one inner tab member extending radially inward toward the second end, wherein the outer tab member engages the solid surface when the plaque support is inserted into the at least one opening; a plaque; and at least one installation fastener for inserting into the passageway of the plaque support, wherein the at least one installation fastener is secured to the plaque, and wherein the at least one inner tab member engages the at least one installation fastener when the installation fastener is inserted into the passageway of the plaque support. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the second end of said plaque support has at least one lead tab extending radially inward. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one lead tab engages the at least one installation fastener upon insertion of the at least one installation fastener into the passageway of the plaque support. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the flange portion of the plaque support has an outer diameter larger than the diameter of the opening. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one installation fastener comprises a plurality of threads such that the at least one inner tab member engages at least one thread of said plurality of threads. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the plaque comprises a mounting surface, the mounting surface comprising at least one opening, wherein the at least one installation fastener is inserted into the at least one opening. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the mounting surface comprises a circumferential lip, wherein the circumferential lip surrounds a recessed area defined by the mounting surface. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the plaque comprises at least one boss, the boss defining a threaded opening, wherein the installation fastener is threadably secured to the threaded opening of said boss.",
-    "A method is provided for inducing or enhancing an immune response in a mammal to a target polypeptide expressed in a plurality of cells of the mammal, which method comprises administering to the mammal an inhibitory nucleic acid which targets a region of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) which encodes said polypeptide. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitory nucleic acid which targets a region of an RNA which encodes a target polypeptide expressed in a plurality of cells of a mammal, such that translation of an aberrant form of the target polypeptide occurs in said cells, said truncated form of the target polypeptide comprising one or more T cell epitopes; together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 1.-8. (canceled) 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitory nucleic acid which targets a region of an RNA which encodes a target polypeptide expressed in a plurality of cells of a mammal, such that translation of an aberrant form of the target polypeptide occurs in said cells, said aberrant form of the target polypeptide comprising one or more T cell epitopes, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitory nucleic acid which targets a region of an RNA which encodes a target polypeptide expressed in a plurality of cells of a mammal, such that such that at least a portion of the polypeptide, which portion comprises a T cell epitope, is presented on the surface of the cells bound to WIC, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 11. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein the target polypeptide is a tumour antigen. 12. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein the target polypeptide is a viral antigen. 13. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein the dose of inhibitory nucleic acid is insufficient to kill directly the cells expressing that target polypeptide. 14. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein the inhibitory nucleic acid is an interfering RNA. 15. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein at least one of the T cell epitopes is a CTL epitope. 16. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 comprising a plurality of said inhibitory nucleic acids, each inhibitory nucleic acid targeting a different region of said RNA. 17. A method of killing tumour cells in a mammal which method comprises administering to the mammal the pharmaceutical composition of claim 9. 18.-23. (canceled)",
-    "Processes for extracting product molecules from an algae feed are provided. The algae feed represents an input stream, batch sample, or other algae portion suitable for use in product extraction. The product extraction is typically performed at pressures greater than ambient pressure. This allows for improved extraction, including the potential for use of extraction solvents at temperatures greater than the boiling point for the solvent. 1. A method for recovering products from algae, comprising: mixing an algae feed with particulate solids, the algae feed comprising from 0.1 wt % to about 30 wt % algae in water, the particulate solids having an average particle size between about 1 \u03bcm and about 200 \u03bcm, the weight of the particulate solids being at least about 10% of the weight of the algae feed, to product a mixed particulate-algae product; performing a washing step on the mixed particulate-algae product to produce a washed mixed particulate-algae product and a wash effluent, wherein the washing step comprises exposing the mixed particulate-algae product to an amount of water corresponding to at least the dry weight of the algae feed at a temperature of about 25\u00b0 C. to about 100\u00b0 C. and at a pressure of about 100 psig (0.7 MPag) to about 2500 psig (17.2 MPag); exposing the washed mixed particulate-algae product to a solvent under effective solvent extraction conditions, wherein the solvent is water-miscible and wherein the effective solvent extraction conditions include a temperature greater than the boiling point of the solvent and a pressure greater than the vapor pressure of the solvent at the extraction temperature, to form an extraction mixture comprising the particulate solids, residual algae solids, the solvent, water, and extracted products; and recovering at least a portion of the extracted products from the extraction mixture. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the extracted products comprise lipids or oils. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the particulate solids comprise diatomaceous earth. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol containing four carbons or less, a ketone containing four carbons or less, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, propanol, and isopropanol. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the effective solvent extraction conditions comprise a temperature of at least about 40\u00b0 C. and a pressure of about 100 psig (0.7 MPag) to about 2500 psig (17.2 MPag). 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the effective solvent extraction conditions comprise a pressure of about 300 psig (2.1 MPag) to about 2000 psig (13.8 MPag). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective solvent extraction conditions comprise a temperature of about 80\u00b0 C. to about 200\u00b0 C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein recovering at least a portion of the extracted products comprises a filtering step, wherein the filtering step is used to separate liquids comprising extracted products from the particulate solids and residual algal solids. 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the washing step comprises exposing the algae feed mixed with particulate solids to water for about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective washing conditions comprise exposing the mixed particulate-algae product to a pressure of about 300 psig (2.1 MPag) to about 2000 psig (13.8 MPag). 12. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the wash effluent is recycled to an algae growth environment. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein recycling at least a portion of the wash effluent comprises: separating metal salts, water-soluble proteins, water-soluble carbohydrates, or a combination thereof from water in the wash effluent; and recycling at least a portion of the separated metal salts, water-soluble proteins, water-soluble carbohydrates, or combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein recovering at least a portion of the extracted products further comprises recovering at least a portion of the solvent, and wherein the algae feed is exposed to a solvent comprising at least a portion of the recovered solvent. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising; recovering at least a portion of the particulate solids and residual algae solids; and regenerating the recovered particulate solids by digesting the residual algae solids, wherein the algae feed is mixed with particulate solids comprising at least a portion of the regenerated, recovered particulate solids. 16. A method for recovering products from algae, comprising: mixing an algae feed comprising from about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % algae in water with diatomaceous earth to product a mixed diatomaceous earth-algae product; washing the mixed diatomaceous earth-algae product with water at a temperature of from about 25\u00b0 C. and about 100\u00b0 C. under pressure of from about 300 psi (2.1 MPag) to about 2000 psi (13.8 MPag) to produce a washed mixed diatomaceous earth-algae product and a wash effluent; exposing the washed mixed diatomaceous earth-algae product to a water-miscible solvent under effective solvent extraction conditions, the effective solvent extraction conditions including a temperature of at least about 80\u00b0 C. and a pressure of about 100 psig (0.7 MPag) to about 2500 psig (17.2 MPag), the temperature being greater than the standard boiling point of the water-miscible solvent and the pressure being greater than a vapor pressure of the water-miscible solvent at the temperature, to form an extraction mixture comprising the water-miscible solvent, water, extracted products, diatomaceous earth, and residual algae solids; separating the water-miscible solvent, water, and extracted products from the diatomaceous earth and residual algae solids by passing water-miscible solvent, water, and extracted products through a filter; and recovering at least a portion of the extracted products from the water-miscible solvent, water, and extracted products. 17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the extracted products comprise lipids or oils. 18. A method according to claim 16, wherein washing the algae feed mixed with diatomaceous earth comprises exposing the algae feed mixed with diatomaceous earth to water for about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the water-miscible solvent comprises ethanol. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the effective solvent extraction conditions comprise a pressure of about 300 psig (2.1 MPag) to about 2000 psig (13.8 MPag).",
-    "A method and apparatus for recycling gypsum board which includes grinding the raw material into chunks, crushing the material further in a rolling mill which will reduce material sizes as well as partially knock gypsum off its backing paper. Material is then screened such that only gypsum material is then deposited into a hopper prior to a mixer assembly which mixes the various sizes of recycled gypsum into a consistent mixture prior to passing such material into a roll press subsystem for densifying such material to produce material of known and uniform composition suitable for cement manufacturing. Reclaimed gypsum in this specific physical form factor may then be used in significant portions as replacement for virgin gypsum in cement manufacture. The method and apparatus are applicable to the recycling of both new and renovation gypsum-based building material. 1. A method for recycling gypsum, the method comprising: pre-selecting recycled gypsum material to remove defined non-usable material, said recycled gypsum material comprising gypsum and paper; grinding the recycled gypsum material to a first size range of gypsum lumps and paper in a grinding assembly; crushing the gypsum lumps and paper to a second smaller size range of gypsum powder to remove at least a portion of the gypsum from the paper in a roller mill assembly; screening the gypsum powder to remove at least a portion of the paper and leave screened gypsum powder in a screening assembly; collecting the screened gypsum powder in a hopper assembly; admitting the screened gypsum powder in a measured flow into a mixing assembly; mixing the screened gypsum powder with a binder additive in the mixing assembly to provide a gypsum mixture; admitting the gypsum mixture into a roll press assembly; and densifying the gypsum mixture into a densified gypsum form factor in the roll press assembly. 2. The method according claim 1, wherein the recycled gypsum material comprises drywall. 3. The method according claim 1, wherein the step of pre-selecting comprises removal of at least one of plastic, wood, plaster, concrete-based and asbestos-based material. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the grinding assembly comprises a stationary hydraulic grinder. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of grinding the recycled gypsum material additionally comprises magnetically removing ferrous material from the recycled gypsum material. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the roller mill comprises a plurality of counter-rotating hydraulic crushing rolls. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the hydraulic crushing rolls rotate at different speeds. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the screening assembly comprises a rotating drum comprising multiple screens. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hopper assembly comprises a hopper comprising a low friction liner material on an inside surface of the hopper. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mixing assembly comprises a ribbon mixer comprising a ribbon mixing blade. 11. The method according to claim 1, additionally comprising admitting the densified gypsum form factor into a cement manufacturing process. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein screening the gypsum powder additionally comprises admitting the gypsum powder and paper to a hammer mill assembly and secondary screen. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein screening the gypsum powder additionally comprises admitting the gypsum powder to a secondary roller mill assembly immediately preceding the hammer mill assembly. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the densified gypsum form factor comprises at least one of densified gypsum lumps, briquettes, bricks and pucks. 15. An apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum, comprising: a grinding assembly comprising at least one grinder adapted for grinding recycled gypsum material, said recycled gypsum material comprising gypsum and paper; a roller mill assembly comprising at least one crushing roll adapted for receiving said recycled gypsum material from said grinding assembly and for crushing said recycled gypsum material to a gypsum powder; a screening assembly comprising a rotating drum comprising at least one screen adapted for receiving said gypsum powder from said roller mill assembly and for screening said gypsum powder to separate at least a portion of said paper from said gypsum powder; a hopper assembly comprising at least one collection hopper adapted for receiving said gypsum powder from said screening assembly and for controlling a flow of said gypsum powder; a mixing assembly comprising at least one mixer adapted for receiving said gypsum powder from said hopper assembly and for mixing said gypsum powder; and a roll press assembly comprising at least one press roll adapted for receiving said gypsum powder from said mixing assembly and for densifying said gypsum powder by compression by said at least one press roll. 16. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 15, wherein said grinding assembly comprises a stationary hydraulic grinder. 17. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 15, wherein the roller mill assembly comprises a plurality of counter-rotating hydraulic crushing rolls. 18. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 17, wherein the hydraulic crushing rolls rotate at different speeds. 19. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 15, wherein the screening assembly comprises a rotating drum comprising a plurality of screens. 20. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 15, wherein the mixing assembly comprises a ribbon mixer comprising a ribbon mixing blade. 21. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 15, additionally comprising at least one of: a hammer mill assembly comprising at least one mechanical hammer and adapted to receive said gypsum powder from said screening assembly, to crush said gypsum powder, and to provide said gypsum powder to the hopper assembly; and a secondary roller mill assembly comprising counter-rotating rollers and adapted to receive said gypsum powder from said screening assembly, to crush said gypsum powder, and to provide said gypsum powder to the hopper assembly. 22. The apparatus for densifying recycled gypsum according to claim 15, wherein said roll press assembly comprises counter-rotating press rolls, wherein a surface of each of said counter-rotating press rolls comprises at least one of pockets, depressions or voids, wherein said press rolls are adapted so as to form at least one of densified gypsum lumps, briquettes, bricks and pucks when said gypsum powder passes between said counter-rotating press rolls.",
-    "Systems and methods are disclosed for displaying notifications received from multiple applications. In some embodiments, an electronic device can monitor notifications that are received from the multiple applications. Responsive to receiving the notifications, the electronic device can control the manner in which the notifications are displayed while the device is operating in a locked or an unlocked state. In some embodiments, the electronic device can allow users to customize how notifications are to be displayed while the device is in the locked and/or unlocked states. 1. A data processing system, comprising: a processor to execute instructions; a touch processing module; and a memory coupled with the processor to store instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to interface a notification module of the data processing system with an application programming interface (\u201cAPI\u201d) calling component and operative to: receive a plurality of notifications from at least one application; detect that the electronic device is operating in a locked state; provide a pull-down option associated with the plurality of notifications; detect whether a user has selected the pull-down option using the touch processing module; and in response to detecting that the user has selected the pull-down option, provide a list of the plurality of notifications to the user. 2. A method comprising: at an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display: receiving a plurality of notifications from at least one application; detecting that the electronic device is operating in the locked state; and while the device is operating in the locked state: receiving a new notification from an application, displaying the new notification, providing a pull-down option, detecting whether a user has selected the pull-down option, and in response to detecting that the user has selected the pull-down option, displaying a list of notifications comprising the plurality of notifications and the new notification, wherein displaying the list covers the display of the new notification, and enabling a user to scroll the displayed list while the electronic device is operating in the locked state. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein each displayed notification comprises a representative graphic and text. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the list of notifications is arranged based on a time that each of the notifications was received. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving a user command to unlock the electronic device; relocking the electronic device; and after the electronic device re-enters the locked state, ceasing to display the list of notifications that were displayed prior to unlocking the electronic device. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising displaying an user input unlocking region, the user input unlocking region comprising text. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the text of the user input unlocking region is context sensitive based on a received notification. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the locked state is a state that limits user interaction with the electronic device. 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display, cause the device to: receive a plurality of notifications from at least one application; detect that the electronic device is operating in the locked state; and while the device is operating in the locked state: receive a new notification from an application, display the new notification, provide a pull-down option, detect whether a user has selected the pull-down option, and in response to detecting that the user has selected the pull-down option, display a list of notifications comprising the plurality of notifications and the new notification, wherein displaying the list covers the display of the new notification, and enable a user to scroll the displayed list while the electronic device is operating in the locked state. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein each displayed notification comprises a representative graphic and text. 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the list of notifications is arranged based on a time that each of the notifications was received. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, including instructions which cause the device to: receive a user command to unlock the electronic device; relock the electronic device; and after the electronic device re-enters the locked state, cease to display the list of notifications that were displayed prior to unlocking the electronic device. 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, including instructions which cause the device to display an user input unlocking region, the user input unlocking region comprising text. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the text of the user input unlocking region is context sensitive based on a received notification. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the locked state is a state that limits user interaction with the electronic device. 16. An electronic device, comprising: a display; a touch-sensitive surface; one or more processors; memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a plurality of notifications from at least one application; detecting that the electronic device is operating in the locked state; and while the device is operating in the locked state: receiving a new notification from an application, displaying the new notification, providing a pull-down option, detecting whether a user has selected the pull-down option, and in response to detecting that the user has selected the pull-down option, displaying a list of notifications comprising the plurality of notifications and the new notification, wherein displaying the list covers the display of the new notification, and enabling a user to scroll the displayed list while the electronic device is operating in the locked state. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein each displayed notification comprises a representative graphic and text. 18. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the list of notifications is arranged based on a time that each of the notifications was received. 19. The electronic device of claim 16, further including instructions for: receiving a user command to unlock the electronic device; relocking the electronic device; and after the electronic device re-enters the locked state, ceasing to display the list of notifications that were displayed prior to unlocking the electronic device. 20. The electronic device of claim 16, further including instructions for displaying an user input unlocking region, the user input unlocking region comprising text. 21. The electronic device of claim 20, wherein the text of the user input unlocking region is context sensitive based on a received notification. 22. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the locked state is a state that limits user interaction with the electronic device.",
-    "A novel fabric switch is provided. The switch includes a tunnel management apparatus that maintains a local inter-switch tunnel and an inter-fabric tunnel. The local inter-switch tunnel facilitates communication to a switch in a local fabric switch. The inter-fabric tunnel facilitates communication to a remote fabric switch. The switch further includes a packet header management apparatus that decapsulates a packet received from the local inter-switch tunnel and encapsulates the packet with a new tunnel header for transmission over the inter-fabric tunnel. 1. A switch, comprising: a tunnel management apparatus configured to maintain a local inter-switch tunnel and an inter-fabric tunnel, wherein the local inter-switch tunnel facilitates communication to a switch in a local fabric switch, and wherein the inter-fabric tunnel facilitates communication to a remote fabric switch; and a packet header management apparatus configured to decapsulate a packet received from the local inter-switch tunnel and encapsulate the packet with a new tunnel header for transmission over the inter-fabric tunnel. 2. The switch of claim 1, wherein the tunnel management apparatus is further configured to manage an edge tunnel which facilitates communication with an end host. 3. The switch of claim 1, wherein the new tunnel header includes an identifier for a destination remote fabric switch. 4. The switch of claim 1, wherein the new tunnel header includes a network service header. 5. The switch of claim 1, further comprising a data structure that stores a mapping between a medium access control (MAC) address and a virtual tunnel endpoint. 6. The switch of claim 1, further comprising a data structure that stores a mapping between a MAC address and a remote fabric identifier. 7. The switch of claim 1, further comprising a packet forwarding apparatus configured to preclude a packet received from an intra-fabric tunnel from being forwarded onto another intra-fabric tunnel. 8. The switch of claim 1, further comprising a packet forwarding apparatus configured to load a MAC address in forwarding hardware of the switch in response to identifying the MAC address in a packet. 9. A method, comprising: maintaining a local inter-switch tunnel and an inter-fabric tunnel, wherein the local inter-switch tunnel facilitates communication to a switch in a local fabric switch, and wherein the inter-fabric tunnel facilitates communication to a remote fabric switch; decapsulating a packet received from the local inter-switch tunnel; and encapsulating the packet with a new tunnel header for transmission over the inter-fabric tunnel. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising managing an edge tunnel which facilitates communication with an end host. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the new tunnel header includes an identifier for a destination remote fabric switch. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the new tunnel header includes a network service header. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising storing a mapping between a medium access control (MAC) address and a virtual tunnel endpoint. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising storing a mapping between a MAC address and a remote fabric identifier. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising precluding a packet received from an intra-fabric tunnel from being forwarded onto another intra-fabric tunnel. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising to loading a MAC address in forwarding hardware of the switch in response to identifying the MAC address in a packet. 17. A computing system that includes a processor and a storage device, wherein the storage device stores instructions which when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform a method, the method comprising: maintaining a local inter-switch tunnel and an inter-fabric tunnel, wherein the local inter-switch tunnel facilitates communication to a switch in a local fabric switch, and wherein the inter-fabric tunnel facilitates communication to a remote fabric switch; decapsulating a packet received from the local inter-switch tunnel; and encapsulating the packet with a new tunnel header for transmission over the inter-fabric tunnel. 18. The computing system of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises managing an edge tunnel which facilitates communication with an end host. 19. The computing system of claim 17, wherein the new tunnel header includes an identifier for a destination remote fabric switch. 20. The computing system of claim 17, wherein the new tunnel header includes a network service header.",
-    "A first playback device plays first audio content in synchrony with at least one second playback device. One or more commands is received that define a duration of time. The first playback device stops playback of the first audio content based on the received one or more commands. After stopping playback of the first audio content, second audio content is played for the duration of time defined by the one or more commands. After playing the second audio content for the duration of time, the first playback device resumes playback of the first audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device. 1. A method comprising: playing, by a first playback device, first audio content in synchrony with at least one second playback device; receiving, by the first playback device, one or more commands that define a duration of time; stopping, by the first playback device, playback of the first audio content based on the received one or more commands; after stopping playback of the first audio content, playing, by the first playback device, second audio content for the duration of time defined by the one or more commands; and after playing the second audio content for the duration of time, resuming, by the first playback device, playback of the first audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the duration of time is a predefined duration of time, and wherein playing the second audio content comprises playing the second audio content for the predefined duration of time based on the received one or more commands. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein playing the second audio content comprises playing the second audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device. 4. The method of of claim 1, wherein playing the second audio content comprises playing the second audio content in synchrony with a third playback device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second audio content is an audio track; wherein the duration of time is less than a full length of the audio track; and wherein playing the second audio content comprises playing the second audio content for the less than the full length of the audio track. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein resuming playback of the first audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device comprises resuming playback of the first audio content in synchrony with a third playback device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein resuming playback of the first audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device comprises resuming playback of the first audio content at a position within the first audio content at which the first playback device stopped playback of the first audio content. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein resuming playback of the first audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device comprises resuming playback of the first audio content at a given position within the first audio content, wherein the given position comprises a position within the first audio content that the at least one second playback device reached in playback of the first audio content as the first playback device played back the second audio content. 9. A method comprising: playing, by a first playback device, first audio content in synchrony with at least one second playback device; receiving, by the first playback device, one or more commands that define a duration of time; stopping, by the first playback device, playback of the first audio content based on the received one or more commands; after stopping playback of the first audio content, playing, by the first playback device, second audio content for the duration of time defined by the received one or more commands; and after playing the second audio content for the duration of time defined by the one or more commands, playing, by the first playback device, the second audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the duration of time is a predefined duration of time, and wherein playing the second audio content for the duration of time defined by the received one or more commands comprises playing the second audio content for the predefined duration defined by the received one or more commands. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first audio content and the second audio content are received by the first playback device from different sources. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein playing the second audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device comprises playing the second audio content in synchrony with a third playback device. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the second audio content is an audio track; wherein the duration of time is less than a full length of the audio track; and wherein playing the second audio content for the duration of time defined by the received one or more commands comprises playing the second audio content for less than the full length of the audio track. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the first playback device is a control device configured to control the at least one second playback device. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon program instructions executable by a processor to perform a method comprising: playing, by a first playback device, first audio content in synchrony with at least one second playback device; receiving, by the first playback device, one or more commands that define a duration of time; stopping, by the first playback device, playback of the first audio content based on the received one or more commands; after stopping playback of the first audio content, playing, by the first playback device, second audio content for the duration of time defined by the received one or more commands; and after playing back the second audio content for the duration of time defined by the one or more commands, playing, by the first playback device, the second audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the duration of time is a predefined duration of time, and wherein playing the second audio content for the duration of time defined by the received one or more commands comprises playing the second audio content for the predefined duration defined by the received one or more commands. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the first playback device is a control device configured to control the at least one second playback device. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein playing the second audio content in synchrony with the at least one second playback device comprises playing the second audio content in synchrony with a third playback device. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the second audio content is an audio track; wherein the duration of time is less than a full length of the audio track; and wherein playing the second audio content for the duration of time defined by the received one or more commands comprises playing the second audio content for less than the full length of the audio track. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the first audio content and the second audio content are received by the first playback device from different sources.",
-    "Provided are human alpha-synuclein-specific autoantibodies as well as fragments, derivatives and variants thereof as well as methods related thereto. Assays, kits, and solid supports related to antibodies specific for \u03b1-synuclein are also disclosed. The antibody, immunoglobulin chain(s), as well as binding fragments, derivatives and variants thereof can be used in pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions for \u03b1-synuclein targeted immunotherapy and diagnosis, respectively. 1.-30. (canceled) 31. An expression vector comprising a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising: an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively, wherein the VH when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:3, residues 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:3, and residues 99-110 of SEQ ID NO:3, respectively, wherein the VH when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:6, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:6, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:6, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:15, residues 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:15, and residues 99-112 of SEQ ID NO:15, respectively, wherein the VH when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO:18, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO:18, and residues 89-96 of SEQ ID NO:18, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 binds to human alpha-synuclein; or an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO:21, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO:21, and residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO:21, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 binds to human alpha-synuclein. 32. The expression vector of claim 31, wherein the promoter is a heterologous promoter. 33. The expression vector of claim 32, wherein the heterologous promoter is a cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40, or retroviral promoter. 34. The expression vector of claim 32, wherein the heterologous promoter is the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. 35. The expression vector of claim 34, wherein the expression vector comprises cytomegalovirus intron-A. 36. The expression vector of claim 31, wherein the polypeptide comprises a signal peptide. 37. The expression vector of claim 36, wherein the signal peptide is a heterologous signal peptide. 38. The expression vector of claim 31, wherein the polypeptide comprises: an immunoglobulin heavy chain or fragment thereof comprising a VH with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10; an immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof comprising a VL with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13; an immunoglobulin heavy chain or fragment thereof comprising a VH with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; an immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof comprising a VL with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; an immunoglobulin heavy chain or fragment thereof comprising a VH with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; an immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof comprising a VL with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19; or an immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof comprising a VL with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22. 39. The expression vector of claim 31, wherein the polynucleotide comprises the nucleic acid sequence set forth in: SEQ ID NO:8; or SEQ ID NO:11. 40. The expression vector of claim 31, wherein the expression vector is a plasmid, phage, virus, or retrovirus. 41. An expression vector comprising: a first polynucleotide encoding a first polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively; and a second polynucleotide encoding a second polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or fragment thereof when paired with the immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof forms an anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof. 42. The expression vector of claim 41, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the immunoglobulin light chain comprises a human lambda light chain constant region. 43. The expression vector of claim 41, wherein: the VH consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10; and the VL consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13. 44. The expression vector of claim 41, wherein: the first polynucleotide comprises the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and the second polynucleotide comprises the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11. 45. The expression vector of claim 41, wherein the expression vector is a plasmid, phage, virus, or retrovirus. 46. A cDNA comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising: an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively, wherein the VH when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:3, residues 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:3, and residues 99-110 of SEQ ID NO:3, respectively, wherein the VH when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:6, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:6, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:6, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:15, residues 50-66 of SEQ ID NO:15, and residues 99-112 of SEQ ID NO:15, respectively, wherein the VH when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 binds to human alpha-synuclein; an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO:18, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO:18, and residues 89-96 of SEQ ID NO:18, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 binds to human alpha-synuclein; or an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO:21, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO:21, and residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO:21, respectively, wherein the VL when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 binds to human alpha-synuclein. 47. A host cell comprising: a first expression vector comprising a first polynucleotide encoding a first polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively; and a second expression vector comprising a second polynucleotide encoding a second polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or fragment thereof when paired with the immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof forms an anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof. 48. The host cell of claim 47, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the immunoglobulin light chain comprises a human lambda light chain constant region. 49. The host cell of claim 47, wherein the host cell is a mammalian host cell. 50. The host cell of claim 47, wherein the host cell is a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell, a HEK 293 cell, or a NSO cell. 51. A host cell comprising an expression vector comprising: a first polynucleotide encoding a first polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively; and a second polynucleotide encoding a second polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or fragment thereof when paired with the immunoglobulin light chain or fragment thereof forms an anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof. 52. The host cell of claim 51, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the immunoglobulin light chain comprises a human lambda light chain constant region. 53. The host cell of claim 51, wherein the host cell is a mammalian host cell. 54. The host cell of claim 51, wherein the host cell is a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell, a HEK 293 cell, or a NSO cell. 55. A method for preparing an anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising: culturing the host cell of claim 47 in a cell culture; and isolating the anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof from the cell culture. 56. The method of claim 55, further comprising formulating the anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof into a sterile pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a human subject. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for intravenous or subcutaneous administration. 58. A method for preparing an anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising: culturing the host cell of claim 51 in a cell culture; and isolating the anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof from the cell culture. 59. The method of claim 58, further comprising formulating the anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof into a sterile pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a human subject. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for intravenous or subcutaneous administration. 61. A method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition, the method comprising formulating an anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof into a sterile pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a human subject, wherein the anti-human alpha-synuclein antibody or human alpha-synuclein-binding fragment thereof comprises (i) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively; and (ii) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein (i) the VH consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10; and (ii) the VL consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the immunoglobulin light chain comprises a human lambda light chain constant region. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for intravenous or subcutaneous administration. 65. A method of treating a synucleinopathic disease in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody that binds to human alpha-synuclein and comprises: (i) an immunoglobulin heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively; and (ii) an immunoglobulin light chain comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the synucleinopathic disease is Parkinson's disease. 67. The method of claim 65, wherein (i) the VH consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10; and (ii) the VL consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13. 68. The method of claim 65, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the immunoglobulin light chain comprises a human lambda light chain constant region. 69. An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to human alpha-synuclein and comprises: an immunoglobulin heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO:9, residues 50-68 of SEQ ID NO:9, and residues 101-102 of SEQ ID NO:9, respectively; and an immunoglobulin light chain comprising a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in residues 23-33 of SEQ ID NO:12, residues 49-55 of SEQ ID NO:12, and residues 88-98 of SEQ ID NO:12, respectively, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a detectable label selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, and a heavy metal. 70. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 69, wherein (i) the VH consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10; and (ii) the VL consists of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13.",
-    "A method for evaluating a specimen, the method can include positioning an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector at a first position; scanning a flat surface of the specimen by a charged particle beam that exits from a charged particle beam optics tip and propagates through an aperture of an EDX detector tip; detecting, by the EDX detector, x-ray photons emitted from the flat surface as a result of the scanning of the flat surface with the charged particle beam; after a completion of the scanning of the flat surface, positioning the EDX detector at a second position in which a distance between the EDX detector tip and a plane of the flat surface exceeds a distance between the plane of the flat surface and the charged particle beam optics tip; and wherein a projection of the EDX detector on the plane of the flat surface virtually falls on the flat surface when the EDX detector is positioned at the first position and when the EDX detector is positioned at the second position. 1. A method for evaluating a specimen, comprising: positioning an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector at a first position, the EDX detector including an EDX detector amplifier and an EDX detector conduit, the EDX detector conduit surrounding an EDX detector conductor that is coupled between an x-ray sensitive element of the EDX detector and the EDX detector amplifier, wherein the EDX detector conduit comprises an upper horizontal portion, a lower horizontal portion, and a sloped intermediate portion that is coupled between the upper horizontal portion and the lower horizontal portion, and with the EDX detector at the first position: scanning a flat surface of the specimen by a charged particle beam that exits from a charged particle beam optics tip and propagates through an aperture located at a tip of the EDX detector; and detecting, by the x-ray sensitive element of the EDX detector, x-ray photons emitted from the flat surface as a result of the scanning of the flat surface with the charged particle beam; thereafter, positioning the EDX detector at a second position in which a distance between the tip of the EDX detector and a plane of the flat surface exceeds a distance between the plane of the flat surface and the charged particle beam optics tip; and wherein a projection of the tip of the EDX detector on the plane of the flat surface virtually falls on the flat surface when the EDX detector is positioned at the first position and when the EDX detector is positioned at the second position. 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising processing detection signals generated by the EDX detector to provide estimated compositions of multiple points of the flat surface of the specimen. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the positioning of the EDX detector at the second position comprises moving the tip of the EDX detector along a first direction that is parallel to the flat surface of the specimen and along a second direction that is vertical to the flat surface of the specimen. 4. A charged particle beam system, comprising: a controller; a movable stage that is configured to support a specimen; charged particle beam optics that comprises a charged particle beam optics tip that is configured to output a primary charged particle beam; an electron detector; an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector comprising an EDX detector tip that includes an aperture and a window, the EDX detector also including an EDX detector amplifier and an EDX detector conduit, the EDX detector conduit surrounding an EDX detector conductor that is coupled between an x-ray sensitive element of the EDX detector and the EDX detector amplifier, wherein the EDX detector conduit comprises an upper horizontal portion, a lower horizontal portion, and a sloped intermediate portion that is coupled between the upper horizontal portion and the lower horizontal portion; and an EDX detector motion module configured to move the EDX detector between a first position and a second position; wherein, when the EDX detector is positioned at the first position and the movable stage supports the specimen, the EDX detector tip is positioned between the charged particle beam optics tip and a flat surface of the specimen and the charged particle beam passes through the aperture; wherein, when the EDX detector is positioned at the second position, a distance between the EDX detector tip and the movable stage exceeds a distance between the movable stage and the charged particle beam optics tip; and wherein a projection of the EDX detector tip on a plane of the flat surface virtually falls on the flat surface when the EDX detector is positioned at the first position and when the EDX detector is positioned at the second position. 5. The system according to claim 4 wherein the movable stage is configured to follow a mechanical scan pattern and the charged particle beam optics is configured to deflect the charged particle beam thereby scanning the flat surface of the specimen; and wherein x-ray photons emitted as a result of the scanning of the specimen enter the window of the EDX detector tip and are detected by the x-ray sensitive element of the EDX detector. 6. The system according to claim 5 comprising a processor that is configured to associate between points of the flat surface of the specimen that were illuminated during the scanning of the flat surface of the specimen and detection signals generated by the EDX detector. 7. The system according to claim 6 wherein the processor is configured to evaluate compositions of the points of the flat surface of the specimen that were illuminated during the scanning of the specimen. 8. The system according to claim 4 wherein the EDX detector tip comprises multiple windows that are positioned at a radial symmetry. 9. The system according to claim 4 wherein the wherein the EDX detector motion module is configured to move the EDX detector from the second position to the first position by moving the EDX detector tip downwards and towards the charged particle optics tip. 10. (canceled) 11. The system according to claim 4 further comprising a specimen chamber; wherein the specimen chamber comprises a chamber opening through which the EDX detector conduit passes; wherein the chamber opening is sealed by a bellows; and wherein the bellows surrounds a portion of the EDX detector conduit. 12. (canceled) 13. The system according to claim 4 wherein the lower horizontal portion is connected to the EDX detector tip. 14. The system according to claim 4 wherein the EDX detector amplifier is positioned outside a specimen chamber and the EDX detector tip remains within the specimen chamber when the EDX detector is positioned at the first position and when the EDX detector is positioned at the second position. 15. A charged particle beam system, comprising: a controller; a movable stage that is configured to support a specimen; charged particle beam optics that comprises a charged particle beam optics tip that is configured to output a primary charged particle beam; a detector comprising a detector tip that includes an aperture, the detector also including a detector amplifier and a detector conduit, the detector conduit surrounding a detector conductor that is coupled between a sensing element of the detector and the detector amplifier, wherein the detector conduit comprises an upper horizontal portion, a lower horizontal portion, and a sloped intermediate portion that is coupled between the upper horizontal portion and the lower horizontal portion; and a detector motion module configured to move the detector between a first position and a second position; wherein, when the detector is positioned at the first position and the movable stage supports the specimen, the detector tip is positioned between the charged particle beam optics tip and the specimen and the charged particle beam passes through the aperture; and wherein, when the detector is positioned at the second position, a distance between the detector tip and the movable stage exceeds a distance between the movable stage and the charged particle beam optics tip. 16. The system according to claim 15 wherein the detector motion module is configured to move the detector from the second position to the first position by moving the detector tip downwards and towards the charged particle optics tip. 17. The system according to claim 15 further comprising a specimen chamber; wherein the specimen chamber comprises a chamber opening through which the detector conduit passes; wherein the chamber opening is sealed by a bellows; and wherein the bellows surrounds a portion of the detector conduit. 18. The system according to claim 15 wherein the lower horizontal portion is connected to the detector tip. 19. The system according to claim 15 wherein the detector amplifier is positioned outside a specimen chamber and the detector tip remains within the specimen chamber when the detector is positioned at the first position and when the detector is positioned at the second position.",
-    "Systems and methods for earbud control based on proximity detection are provided. An example method includes transmitting ultrasonic signals and receiving reflected ultrasonic signals. Based at least partially on the reflected ultrasonic signals, a distance of an earbud to an ear canal may be determined. If the distance is above a first predetermined threshold value, a low-power mode is activated. If the distance is below the first predetermined threshold value, a functionality of the earbud is modified. Modifying the functionality of the earbud may include activating a full power mode and may further include determining a quality of a seal, provided by the earbud, in the ear canal. If the quality of the seal is above a second predetermined threshold value, a positive feedback is provided to a user. If the quality of the seal is below the second predetermined threshold value, a negative feedback is provided to the user. 1. A method for controlling an earbud, the method comprising: transmitting ultrasonic signals; receiving reflected ultrasonic signals; determining, based at least partially on the reflected ultrasonic signals, a distance of an earbud to an ear canal; and if the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is above a first predetermined threshold value, activating a low-power mode of operation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the earbud further comprises an ultrasonic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone for the transmitting of the ultrasonic signals and the receiving of the reflected ultrasonic signals. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein activating the low-power mode of operation includes deactivating one or more internal components of the earbud, other than the ultrasonic MEMS microphone. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the ultrasonic MEMS microphone comprises a transceiver for the ultrasonic signals. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, if the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is below the first predetermined threshold value, modifying a functionality of the earbud. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the modifying the functionality of the earbud includes activating a full power mode of operation. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the modifying the functionality of the earbud further comprises: determining a quality of a seal, provided by the earbud, of the ear canal; and if the quality of the seal is below a second predetermined threshold value, providing the user with a negative feedback. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the determining the quality of the seal comprises comparing at least one component of a first acoustic signal captured outside the ear canal and at least one component of a second acoustic signal captured inside the ear canal, wherein the determination of the quality of the seal is based on a difference between the at least one component of the first acoustic signal and the at least one component of the second acoustic signal. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the earbud further comprises an ultrasonic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone for the transmitting of the ultrasonic signals and the receiving of the reflected ultrasonic signals, wherein the ultrasonic MEMS microphone captures the second acoustic signal. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein an internal microphone of the earbud captures the second acoustic signal. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising, if the quality of the seal is above the second predetermined threshold value, providing the user with a positive feedback. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the positive feedback and the negative feedback are audible feedback. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the positive feedback includes a first tone and the negative feedback includes a second tone. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the negative feedback includes an instruction to re-insert the earbud into the ear canal. 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the negative feedback includes a verbal instruction. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the determination of the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is based at least in part on a time-of-flight calculation, a signal amplitude calculation, or a pseudo noise correlation sequence. 17. A system for controlling an earbud, the system comprising: at least one processor; and a memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor, the memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, perform a method comprising: transmitting ultrasonic signals; receiving reflected ultrasonic signals; determining, based at least partially on the reflected ultrasonic signals, a distance of an earbud to an ear canal; and if the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is above a first predetermined threshold value, activating a low-power mode of operation. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the earbud further comprises an ultrasonic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone for the transmitting of the ultrasonic signals and the receiving of the reflected ultrasonic signals. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein activating the low-power mode of operation includes deactivating one or more internal components of the earbud, other than the ultrasonic MEMS microphone. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the ultrasonic MEMS microphone comprises a transceiver for the ultrasonic signals. 21. The system of claim 17, further comprising, if the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is below the first predetermined threshold value, modifying a functionality of the earbud. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the modifying the functionality of the earbud includes activating a full power mode of operation. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the modifying the functionality of the earbud further comprises: determining a quality of a seal, provided by the earbud, of the ear canal; and if the quality of the seal is below a second predetermined threshold value, providing the user with a negative feedback. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the determining the quality of the seal further comprises comparing at least one component of a first acoustic signal captured outside the ear canal and at least one component of a second acoustic signal captured inside the ear canal, wherein the determination of the quality of the seal is based on a difference between the at least one component of first acoustic signal and the at least one component of the second acoustic signal. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the earbud further comprises an ultrasonic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone for transmitting the ultrasonic signals and receiving the reflected ultrasonic signals, wherein the ultrasonic MEMS microphone captures the second acoustic signal. 26. The system of claim 24, wherein an internal microphone of the earbud captures the second acoustic signal. 27. The system of claim 23, further comprising, if the quality of the seal is above the second predetermined threshold value, providing the user with a positive feedback. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the positive feedback and the negative feedback are audible feedback. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the positive feedback includes a first tone and the negative feedback includes a second tone. 30. The system of claim 23, wherein the negative feedback includes a verbal instruction. 31. The system of claim 17, wherein the determination of the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is based at least in part on a time-of-flight calculation, a signal amplitude calculation, or a pseudo noise correlation sequence. 32. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having embodied thereon instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, perform steps of a method, the method comprising: transmitting ultrasonic signals; receiving reflected ultrasonic signals; determining, based at least partially on the reflected ultrasonic signals, a distance of an earbud to an ear canal; and if the distance of the earbud to the ear canal is above a first predetermined threshold value, activating a low-power mode of operation.",
-    "The disclosure relates to cannabinoid derivative compounds, pharmaceutical compositions made thereof, and methods for treating various diseases and disorders including cancer. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A compound having the structure of Formula III: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, wherein: X is independently either a C or N; R2-R3 are each independently a hydroxyl or (C1-C2)alkoxy, R6 is selected from the group consisting of a (C1-C12)alkyl, a hetero(C1-C11)alkyl, a (C1-C12)alkenyl, a-hetero(C1-C11)alkenyl, a (C1-C12)alkynyl, and a hetero(C1-C11)alkynyl, R11-R18 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, FG, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkyl, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkenyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkenyl, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkynyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkynyl, and R21-R31 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, FG, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkyl, hetero(C1-C8)alkyl, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkenyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkenyl, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkynyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkynyl, optionally substituted (C5-C8)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted (C5-C8)cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted (C5-C8)cycloalkynyl, optionally substituted (C4-C8)heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted extended mixed ring system. 8-29. (canceled) 30. The compound of claim 7, wherein: X is C, R2-R3 are hydroxyl, R11-R18 are each independently hydrogen or deuterium, and R21-R31 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, FG, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkyl, hetero(C1-C8)alkyl, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkenyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkenyl, optionally substituted (C1-C8)alkynyl, optionally substituted hetero(C1-C8)alkynyl, optionally substituted (C5-C8)cycloalkyl, optionally substituted (C5-C8)cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted (C5-C8)cycloalkynyl, optionally substituted (C4-C8)heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted extended mixed ring system. 31. The compound of claim 30, wherein: R21-R26 and R29-R31 are each independently hydrogen or deuterium, and R27-R28 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium and FG. 32. The compound of claim 31, wherein FG is selected from group consisting of alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls, aryls, hetero-alkyls, hetero-alkenyls, hetero-alkynyls, cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, heterocycles, halos, hydroxyls, anhydrides, carbonyls, carboxyls, carbonates, carboxylates, aldehydes, haloformyls, esters, hydroperoxy, peroxy, ethers, orthoesters, carboxamides, amines, imines, imides, azides, azos, cyanates, isocyanates, nitrates, nitriles, isonitriles, nitrosos, nitros, nitrosooxy, pyridyls, sulfhydryls, sulfides, disulfides, sulfinyls, sulfos, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, carbonothioyls, phosphinos, phosphonos, phosphates, silyls, and Si(OH)3. 33. The compound of claim 31, wherein FG is a halo. 34. The compound of claim 33, wherein R27-R28 are both CI or both F. 35. The compound of claim 31, wherein R27 is a halo and R28 hydrogen or deuterium. 36. The compound of claim 31, wherein R28 is hydrogen or deuterium. 37. The compound of claim 34, wherein the compound has the structure: 38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 7. 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein the composition further comprises an additional therapeutic agent. 40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 39, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u201cTHC\u201d) or a THC derivative. 41. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40, wherein the THC derivative is selected from the group consisting of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-C4, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabivarin, tetrahydrocannabiorcol, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabinolic acid A, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabinolic acid B, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabinolic acid-C4 A, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabinolic acid-C4 B, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabivarinic acid A, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabiorcolic acid A, \u03949-tetrahydro-cannabiorcolic acid B, (\u2212)-\u03948-trans-(6aR,10aR)-\u03948-tetrahydrocannabinol, (\u2212)-\u03948-trans-(6aR,10aR)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, and (\u2212)-(6aS,10aR)-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol. 42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 39, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, cancer immunotherapy monoclonal antibodies, anti-metabolites, mitotic inhibitors, anti-tumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-cancer agents, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-migraine treatments, anti-tussives, mucolytics, decongestants, anti-allergic non-steroidals, expectorants, anti-histamine treatments, anti-retroviral agents, CYP3A inhibitors, CYP3A inducers, protease inhibitors, adrenergic agonists, anti-cholinergics, mast cell stabilizers, xanthines, leukotriene antagonists, glucocorticoid treatments, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, sepsis treatments, steroidals, local or general anesthetics, NSAIDS, NRIs, DARIs, SNRIs, sedatives, NDRIs, SNDRIs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, hypothalamic phoshpholipids, anti-emetics, ECE inhibitors, opioids, thromboxane receptor antagonists, potassium channel openers, thrombin inhibitors, growth factor inhibitors, anti-platelet agents, P2Y(AC) antagonists, anti-coagulants, low molecular weight heparins, Factor VIa inhibitors, Factor Xa inhibitors, renin inhibitors, NEP inhibitors, vasopepsidase inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, anti-atherosclerotic agents, MTP inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel activators, alpha-muscarinic agents, beta-muscarinic agents, anti-arrhythmic agents, diuretics, thrombolytic agents, anti-diabetic agents, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, growth hormone secretagogues, aP2 inhibitors, phophodiesterase inhibitors, anti-inflammatories, anti-proliferatives, antibiotics, farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, hormonal agents, plant-derived products, epipodophyllotoxins, taxanes, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, anti-TNF antibodies and soluble TNF receptors, and Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. 43. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 42, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, cancer immunotherapy monoclonal antibodies, anti-metabolites, mitotic inhibitors, anti-tumor antibiotics, topisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-cancer agents, and chemotherapeutic agents. 44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 43, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent. 45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 44, wherein the anti-cancer agent is paclitaxel and/or temozolomide. 46. A method for modulating helix-loop-helix Id protein expression, cell proliferation, cell invasion, metastasis or a combination thereof in vivo and/or in vitro by administering a compound of claim 7. 47. A method for treating a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 7, wherein the disease or disorder can be ameliorated by inhibiting the expression of an Id polypeptide, by activating cannabinoid type 2 (\u201cCB2\u201d) receptors or a combination thereof. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of cancer, chronic pancreatitis, psoriasis, neoplasms, angiomas, endometriosis, obesity, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathies, restenosis, scaring, fibrogenesis, fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, failure associated with myocardial infarction, keloids, fibroid tumors, stenting, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, age related dementia, Huntington's Disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.",
-    "Methods related generally to the removal of atmospheric pollutants from the gas phase, are provided, as well as related apparatus, processes and uses thereof. A single-stage air scrubbing apparatus is provided that includes at least one reaction vessel, at least one introduction duct, and a turbulence component, wherein a residence time is sufficient to allow the conversion of at least one atmospheric pollution compound to at least one other compound, molecule or atom. In some embodiments, the at least one atmospheric pollution compound comprises nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide or a combination thereof. Additionally, methods of removing atmospheric pollution compounds from a waste gas stream are disclosed that include introducing a waste gas stream and at least one additional gas stream, mist stream, liquid stream or combination thereof into a single-stage air scrubbing apparatus at a flow rate sufficient to allow for conversion of the at least one atmospheric pollution compound. 1. A system for scrubbing a waste gas of at least one of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, comprising: an inlet for introducing chlorine dioxide into the reaction vessel; and an inlet for introducing waste gas into the reaction vessel, the waste gas containing at least one component selected from the group consisting of a sulfur oxide and a nitrogen oxide; and a reaction vessel, wherein the reaction vessel is equipped with one or more turbulence inducing devices configured for inducing turbulence. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device is selected from the group consisting of vanes, baffles, diffusers, and tube arrays. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device is configured for insertion into the reaction vessel. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein turbulence is introduced by passing at least one of the waste gas and the chlorine dioxide through a turbulence inducing device comprising a set of two or more blades in a fan configuration. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing component is located such that it adds turbulence or mixing to the waste gas before the waste gas comes into contact with the chlorine dioxide. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device comprises a spinner spool. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein blades of the spinner spool are tilted at an angle of from 5 to 85 degrees. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein blades of the spinner spool comprises from 2 to 30 blades. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device comprises a screw shaped blade. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device comprises a baffle. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device comprises a moving fan. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device comprises a mixer. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is a cylindrical reaction vessel, and wherein the turbulence inducing device is placed in a duct just prior to a point where gas enters the vessel. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the turbulence inducing device is placed at a beginning of the reaction vessel just after the waste gas enters the reaction vessel. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is equipped with a plurality of turbulence inducing devices, wherein the plurality of turbulence inducing devices are spaced evenly along the reaction vessel. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is equipped with a plurality of turbulence inducing devices, wherein the plurality of turbulence inducing devices are spaced irregularly along the reaction vessel. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is a cylindrical reaction vessel, wherein the waste gas is introduced at a side of the cylindrical reaction vessel and tangentially aligned with a circumference of the cylindrical reaction vessel, and wherein the turbulence inducing component is located at a position configured to swirl or mix the gas in a duct just prior to a point where the waste gas enters the vessel. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is a rectangular reaction vessel, and wherein the turbulence inducing component is configured to minimize collision between the vessel walls and gas turbulence within the reaction vessel when chlorine dioxide is introduced in a mist or liquid phase. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the chlorine dioxide is dissolved in a liquid and is sprayed, released, or propelled into the waste gas stream at a point just downstream of a point at which gas is swirled by the turbulence component. 20. A method for scrubbing a waste gas, comprising, introducing into a reaction vessel a waste gas containing at least one component selected from the group consisting of a sulfur oxide and a nitrogen oxide, wherein the reaction vessel is equipped with one or more turbulence inducing devices for inducing turbulence; introducing chlorine dioxide into the reaction vessel; and introducing turbulence into a mixture of the waste gas and the chlorine dioxide, whereby the chlorine dioxide reacts with the component, such that the component is converted into at least one other compound, molecule or atom.",
-    "Glaucoma can be treated by implanting an intraocular shunt into an eye. The eye has an anterior chamber and sclera. A shunt can be placed into the eye to establish fluid communication from the anterior chamber of the eye through the sclera. 1. A method comprising inserting, through a cornea, an implant in an eye having (i) an anterior chamber and (ii) a sclera, to form a channel through the sclera and thereby establish fluid communication between the anterior chamber and the channel. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the implant comprises an intraocular shunt, and wherein the inserting comprises inserting the intraocular shunt through the cornea and into the anterior chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the inserting comprises, from within the anterior chamber, forming a slit in sclera. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the inserting comprises inserting, through the cornea and into the anterior chamber, a hollow shaft carrying an intraocular shunt. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising, from within the anterior chamber, piercing the sclera with the shaft such that a distal tip of the shaft enters the sclera to form the channel. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the inserting comprises, while maintaining the shaft distal tip positioned in the sclera, advancing the shunt from the hollow shaft to position a first end of the shunt in the anterior chamber and a second end of the shunt between layers of sclera such that the shunt forms a passage from the anterior chamber to the sclera. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the inserting comprises positioning an outlet end of a shunt between layers of sclera for providing fluid communication to a space between the layers. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising actuating a portion of a deployment device to distally advance the shunt into the space. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the inserting comprises advancing a pusher component to distally advance the implant into the sclera. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the advancing the pusher component comprises rotating a portion of a deployment mechanism. 11. A method comprising inserting an intraocular shunt through a cornea of an eye, and positioning an outlet end of the shunt in a channel formed within sclera and an inlet end of the shunt in an anterior chamber of the eye. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming the channel in the sclera using a hollow shaft of a deployment mechanism. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising, from within the anterior chamber, forming a slit in sclera. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the positioning comprises positioning the outlet end in the slit. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the positioning comprises positioning the shunt outlet end in the sclera between deep and superficial layers of sclera. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the positioning comprises advancing a pusher component to distally advance the shunt into the sclera. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the advancing the pusher component comprises rotating a portion of a deployment mechanism. 18. A method comprising piercing a cornea of an eye with a hollow shaft, advancing the shaft to form a channel through sclera, and positioning an outlet end of a shunt within the channel and an inlet end of the shunt within an anterior chamber of the eye to drain fluid from the anterior chamber via subconjunctival drainage and episcleral lymphatic pathways. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising actuating a portion of a deployment device to distally advance the shunt into the channel. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the actuating comprises rotating the portion of the deployment device. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the rotating causes distal advancement of a pusher component to distally advance the shunt into the sclera. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the channel terminates in the sclera. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the positioning comprises while maintaining a hollow shaft distal tip positioned in the sclera, advancing the shunt from the hollow shaft to position the outlet end of the shunt between layers of sclera. 24. The method of claim 18, further comprising, from within the anterior chamber, forming a slit in sclera.",
-    "A method for forming a photosensitive module is provided. The method includes providing a sensing device. The sensing device includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite thereto. A conducting pad is located on the first surface. A first opening penetrates the substrate and exposes the conducting pad. A redistribution layer is in the first opening to electrically connect to the conducting pad. A cover plate is located on the first surface and covers the conducting pad. The method also includes bonding the sensing device to a circuit board. The cover plate is removed after bonding the sensing device to the circuit board. The method further includes mounting an optical component corresponding to the sensing device on the circuit board. A photosensitive module formed by the method is also provided. 1. A method for forming a photosensitive module, comprising: providing a sensing device, wherein the sensing device comprises: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite thereto; a conducting pad on the first surface; a first opening penetrating the substrate and exposing the conducting pad; a redistribution layer in the first opening and electrically connected to the conducting pad; and a cover plate on the first surface and covering the conducting pad; bonding the sensing device to a circuit board; removing the cover plate of the sensing device after bonding the sensing device to the circuit board; and mounting an optical component on the circuit board, wherein the optical element corresponds to the sensing device. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a temporary adhesive layer between the cover plate and the first surface and covering the conducting pad, and wherein the method further comprises removing the temporary adhesive layer after bonding the sensing device to the circuit board. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a spacer layer between the cover plate and the first surface and covering the conducting pad, and wherein the method further comprises removing the spacer layer and exposing the conducting pad after bonding the sensing device to the circuit board. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the sensing device further comprises a surfactant layer between the cover plate and the first surface, and the spacer layer is removed through the surfactant layer. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a spacer layer between the cover plate and the first surface and covering the conducting pad, and wherein the spacer layer is exposed after removing the cover plate. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the sensing device further comprises a surfactant layer between the cover plate and the first surface, and the cover plate is removed through the surfactant layer. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising forming a conducting structure electrically connected to the redistribution layer and between the redistribution layer and the circuit board. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of bonding the sensing device to the circuit board comprises performing a reflow process. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a second opening extending along a sidewall of the substrate and penetrating the substrate. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein a method for forming the sensing device comprises dicing the cover plate along the second opening. 11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first opening is in communication with the second opening. 12. The method as claimed in claim 9, further comprising forming a protection layer, wherein the protection layer fills the first opening and the second opening. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising forming a protection layer, wherein the protection layer partially fills the first opening so that a hole is formed between the redistribution layer and the protection layer within the first opening. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the redistribution layer has an end located within the hole. 15. A photosensitive module, comprising: a sensing device bonded onto a circuit board, wherein the sensing device comprises: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite thereto; a conducting pad on the first surface; a first opening penetrating the substrate and exposing the conducting pad; and a redistribution layer in the first opening and electrically connected to the conducting pad; and an optical component corresponding to the sensing device and mounted on the circuit board. 16. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sensing device further comprises a spacer layer between the optical component and the first surface and covering the conducting pad. 17. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 15, wherein the conducting pad of the sensing device is exposed and faces the optical component. 18. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sensing device further comprises a conducting structure electrically connected to the redistribution layer and between the redistribution layer and the circuit board. 19. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sensing device further comprises a second opening extending along a sidewall of the substrate and penetrating the substrate. 20. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 19, wherein the first opening is in communication with the second opening. 21. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 19, wherein the sensing device further comprises a protection layer, and the protection layer fills the first opening and the second opening. 22. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 15, wherein the sensing device further comprises a protection layer, and the protection layer partially fills the first opening so that there is a hole between the redistribution layer and the protection layer within the first opening. 23. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 22, wherein the redistribution layer has an end located within the hole.",
-    "A fabric venetian window shade assembly including: an actuation system for a double panel window shading including opposing first and second facings coupled by a plurality of vanes, the actuation system comprising: a roller configured to receive the opposing first and second facings; a ratcheting mechanism mechanically coupled to at least the second facing through the roller; and a grip coupled exclusively to a lower end of the second facing, wherein, in response to a downward force being applied to the grip, the downward force is applied directly to the second facing without being applied directly to the first facing, and wherein the ratcheting mechanism is further configured to adjust a position of the opposing first and second facings and an orientation of the plurality of vanes relative to the opposing first and second facings. 1. An actuation system for a double panel window shading including opposing first and second facings coupled by a plurality of vanes, said actuation system comprising: a roller configured to receive the opposing first and second facings; a ratcheting mechanism mechanically coupled to at least the second facing through said roller; and a grip coupled exclusively to a lower end of the second facing, wherein, in response to a downward force being applied to said grip, said downward force is applied directly to the second facing without being applied directly to the first facing, and wherein said ratcheting mechanism is further configured to adjust a position of the opposing first and second facings and an orientation of the plurality of vanes relative to the opposing first and second facings. 2. The actuation system of claim 1, wherein the grip comprises a bottom rail coupled to said second facing. 3. The actuation system of claim 1, further comprising a separate bottom rail coupled exclusively to a lower end of the second facing. 4. The actuation system of claim 1, wherein said ratcheting mechanism includes a plurality of catches therein, each catch of said plurality of catches providing a different angling of the plurality of the vanes relative to the first and second facings, a diameter of said roller and a spacing of said plurality of catches of said ratcheting mechanism are configured in relation to a width of the plurality of vanes such that at least one catch of said ratcheting mechanism occurs within a full rotation of said roller. 5. The actuation system of claim 4, wherein each catch of said ratcheting mechanism provides a different angling of the plurality of the vanes relative to the first and second facings. 6. The actuation system of claim 1, wherein said ratcheting mechanism positions the roller and the first and second facings of the double panel window shading in a plurality of positions including: a retracted position in which the double panel window shading is fully rolled onto said roller; a plurality of partially deployed, non-transparent positions in which the double panel window shading is partially deployed from said roller and the first and second facings are substantially parallel with the plurality of vanes so the double panel window shading is non-transparent; a fully deployed, non-transparent position in which the double panel window shading is fully deployed from said roller and the first and second facings and the plurality of vanes are substantially parallel so the double panel window shading is non-transparent; and a plurality of fully deployed, at least partially transparent positions in which the double panel window shading is fully deployed from said roller and the first and second facings are not parallel with the plurality of vanes so the double panel window shading is at least partially transparent. 7. A window shading assembly comprising: a roller having first and second opposing radial sides; a first facing coupled to said first side of said roller; a second facing coupled to said second side said roller; a plurality of vanes extending across and coupled between said first and second facings; and a ratcheting mechanism coupled to said roller; wherein said second facing is coupled to said roller to actuate said ratcheting mechanism upon a downward force being applied exclusively to said second facing. 8. The window shading assembly of claim 7, wherein said ratcheting mechanism includes a plurality of catches therein, each catch of said plurality of catches providing a different angling of said plurality of the vanes relative to said first and second facings, a diameter of said roller and a spacing of said plurality of catches of said ratcheting mechanism are configured in relation to a width of said plurality of vanes such that at least one catch of said ratcheting mechanism occurs within a full rotation of said roller. 9. The window shading assembly of claim 8, wherein each catch of said ratcheting mechanism provides a different angling of the plurality of the vanes relative to the first and second facings. 10. The window shading assembly of claim 7, wherein said ratcheting mechanism positions said roller and said first and second facings of the window shading assembly in a plurality of positions including: a retracted position in which the window shading assembly is fully rolled onto said roller; a plurality of partially deployed, non-transparent positions in which the window shading assembly is partially deployed from said roller and said first and second facings are substantially parallel with said plurality of vanes so the window shading assembly is non-transparent; a fully deployed, non-transparent position in which the window shading assembly is fully deployed from said roller and said first and second facings and the plurality of vanes are substantially parallel so the window shading assembly is non-transparent; and a plurality of fully deployed, at least partially transparent positions in which the window shading assembly is fully deployed from said roller and the first and second facings are not parallel with the plurality of vanes so the window shading assembly is at least partially transparent. 11. The window shading assembly of claim 7, further comprising a grip coupled exclusively to the second facing. 12. A window shading assembly comprising: a roller having first and second opposing radial sides; a shade element having a top end coupled to one of said first and second opposing radial sides of said roller, and a bottom end having a grip; and a ratcheting mechanism coupled to said roller for controlling the position of said shade element; wherein said shade element is coupled to said roller at one of said first and second opposing radial sides of said roller so that application of a downward force to said grip directs force to said one of said first and second opposing radial sides of said roller to actuate said ratcheting mechanism to control the position of said shade element. 13. The window shading assembly of claim 12, wherein said grip is coupled exclusively to one of a front and a rear end of bottom side of said shade element. 14. The window shading assembly of claim 12, wherein said shade element further includes a first facing and an opposing second facing therein. 15. The window shading assembly of claim 13, wherein said ratcheting mechanism is further configured to control a position of the second facing relative to the first facing. 16. A method for operating a window shading including opposing first and second facings coupled to opposite radial sides of a roller, and a plurality of vanes extending between said first and second facings, said method comprising: applying a downward force to a grip on the window covering to direct the downward force to the second facing and one radial side of the roller to actuate a ratcheting mechanism coupled to the roller to adjust a position of the opposing first and second facings and an orientation of said plurality of vanes relative to the opposing first and second facings. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said grip is coupled exclusively to the second facing of the window shading. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein applying said downward force to said grip on the window covering adjusts said ratchet mechanism to one of a plurality of positions. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said plurality of positions includes: a retracted position in which the window shading assembly is fully rolled onto said roller; a plurality of partially deployed, non-transparent positions in which the window shading assembly is partially deployed from said roller and said first and second facings are substantially parallel with said plurality of vanes so the window shading assembly is non-transparent; a fully deployed, non-transparent position in which the window shading assembly is fully deployed from said roller and said first and second facings and the plurality of vanes are substantially parallel so the window shading assembly is non-transparent; and a plurality of fully deployed, at least partially transparent positions in which the window shading is fully deployed from said roller and the first and second facings are not parallel with the plurality of vanes so the window shading is at least partially transparent. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein said ratcheting mechanism includes a plurality of catches therein, each catch of said plurality of catches providing a different angling of the plurality of the vanes relative to the first and second facings, and wherein said applying of said downward force actuates said ratcheting mechanism to move to one of said plurality of catches.",
-    "Novel modulators, including antibodies and derivatives thereof, and methods of using such modulators to treat proliferative disorders are provided. 1.-74. (canceled) 75. A kit for treating cancer comprising: (a) one or more containers containing a composition comprising an antibody drug conjugate of the formula M-[L-D]n, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: M comprises an anti-DLL3 antibody, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is an internalizing antibody; L comprises a linker; D comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD); and n is an integer from 1 to 20; and (b) a label or package insert on or associated with the one or more containers indicating the composition is for treating cancer. 76. The kit of claim 75, wherein the one or more containers is an intravenous solution bag, a vial, a bottle, or a syringe. 77. The kit of claim 75, wherein the composition is provided as a lyophilized powder. 78. The kit of claim 77, wherein the label or package insert indicate reconstitution of the lyophilized powder in sterile water or buffered saline. 79. The kit of claim 77, wherein the lyophilized powder comprises one or more substances to inhibit protein aggregation. 80. The kit of claim 79, wherein the one or more substances to inhibit protein aggregation is sucrose. 81. The kit of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody specifically binds to an epitope within the DSL domain of a DLL3 protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4. 82. The kit of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody specifically binds to an epitope comprising amino acids G203, R205 and P206 (SEQ ID NO: 10). 83. The kit of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is a chimeric antibody, a human antibody, a CDR-grafted antibody, or a humanized antibody. 84. The kit of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody competes for binding to a human DLL3 protein with an antibody comprising a light chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 84 and a heavy chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 85. 85. The kit of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises: (a) residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L1, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L2, residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L3, residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H1, residues 50-65 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H2 and residues 95-102 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H3, wherein the residues are numbered according to Kabat; or (b) a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 212 and a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 213. 86. The kit of claim 75 wherein the antibody drug conjugate comprises the structure: wherein: CBA is a cell binding agent, which comprises the anti-DLL3 antibody M; and A, L1, and L2 are components of the linker L wherein: A is a connecting group connecting L1 to the cell binding agent (CBA); L1 is optionally a cleavable linker; L2 is a covalent bond or together with the \u2014OC(\u2550O)\u2014 group forms a self-immolative linker; and wherein the linker L is attached to the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) at the position of the asterisk (*). 87. The kit of claim 86, wherein L1 comprises a cleavable linker and the cleavable linker comprises a dipeptide. 88. The kit of claim 87, wherein the dipeptide is Phe-Lys, Val-Ala, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Phe-Arg, or Trp-Cit. 89. The kit of claim 88, wherein the dipeptide is Val-Ala. 90. The kit of claim 86, wherein the moiety: comprises the structure: wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of the structure directly to A or to a remaining portion of L1 that is further connected to A and the (*) indicates the point of attachment to the PBD. 91. The kit of claim 75, wherein the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) comprises the formula AC: wherein: the dotted lines indicate the optional presence of a double bond, and wherein only one of the dotted lines in a given ring can be a double bond; R2 is selected from H, OH, \u2550O, \u2550CH2, CN, R, OR, \u2550CH\u2014RD, \u2550C(RD)2, O\u2014SO2\u2014R, CO2R, COR, and halo, where RD is selected from R, CO2R, COR, CHO, CO2H, and halo; R6 and R9 are each independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R7 is selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R10 is the linker L connected to the anti-DLL3 antibody; Q is selected from O, S and NH; R11 is either H, or R or, where Q is O, SO3M, where M is a metal cation; R and R\u2032 are each independently selected from optionally substituted C1-12 alkyl, C3-20 heterocyclyl and C5-20 aryl groups, and optionally in relation to the group NRR\u2032, R and R\u2032 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; X is selected from O, S, and N(H); R2\u2033, R6\u2033, R7\u2033, R9\u2033, and X\u2033 are as defined according to R2, R6, R7, R9, and X, respectively; and R\u2033 is a C3-12 alkylene group, which comprises a chain optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, one or more rings, or both one or more heteroatoms and one or more rings, wherein the optional one or more rings are optionally substituted. 92. The kit of claim 91, wherein R2 is R, wherein R is a C5-20 aryl group. 93. The kit of claim 91, wherein R6 and R9 are H. 94. The kit of claim 91, wherein R7 is OR. 95. The kit of claim 94, wherein R is a C1 alkyl. 96. The kit of claim 91, wherein Q is O. 97. The kit of claim 96, wherein R11 is H. 98. The kit of claim 91, wherein X and X\u2033 are O. 99. The kit of claim 75, wherein the label or package insert indicate that the composition is for treating lung cancer. 100. The kit of claim 99, wherein the label or package insert indicate that the composition is for treating small cell lung cancer. 101. The kit of claim 75, wherein the label or package insert indicate that the composition is for treating large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. 102. The kit of claim 75, wherein the label or package insert indicate that the composition is for treating thyroid cancer. 103. The kit of claim 75, wherein the label or package insert indicate that that composition is for treating prostate cancer. 104. A kit for treating cancer comprising: (a) one or more containers containing a composition comprising a lyophilized antibody drug conjugate of the formula M-[L-D]n, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: M comprises an anti-DLL3 antibody comprising residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L1, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L2, residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L3, residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H1, residues 50-65 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H2 and residues 95-102 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H3, wherein the residues are numbered according to Kabat, and wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is an internalizing antibody; L comprises a linker; D comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) comprising the formula AC: wherein: the dotted lines indicate the optional presence of a double bond, and wherein only one of the dotted lines in a given ring can be a double bond; R2 is selected from H, OH, \u2550O, \u2550CH2, CN, R, OR, \u2550CH\u2014RD, \u2550C(RD)2, O\u2014SO2\u2014R, CO2R, COR, and halo, where RD is selected from R, CO2R, COR, CHO, CO2H, and halo; R6 and R9 are each independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R7 is selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R10 is the linker L connected to the anti-DLL3 antibody; Q is selected from O, S and NH; R11 is either H, or R or, where Q is O, SO3M, where M is a metal cation; R and R\u2032 are each independently selected from optionally substituted C1-12 alkyl, C3-20 heterocyclyl and C5-20 aryl groups, and optionally in relation to the group NRR\u2032, R and R\u2032 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; X is selected from O, S, and N(H); R2\u2033, R6\u2033, R7\u2033, R9\u2033, and X\u2033 are as defined according to R2, R6, R7, R9, and X, respectively; and R\u2033 is a C3-12 alkylene group, which comprises a chain optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, one or more rings, or both one or more heteroatoms and one or more rings, wherein the optional one or more rings are optionally substituted; and n is an integer from 1 to 20; and (b) a label or package insert on or associated with the one or more containers indicating the composition is for treating cancer.",
-    "In an embodiment a shunt driver circuit has a first and a second connection terminal (N1, N2) forming a two-wire interface (N1, N2), the first connection terminal (N1) being prepared to receive a supply power and to provide an output signal (Sout), the second connection terminal (N2) being connected to a reference potential terminal (10), an Operational Transconductance Amplifier, OTA, (11) comprising a first input coupled to the first connection terminal (N1), a second input for receiving a first reference signal (Sref1) and an output (12) for providing a signal (S12) depending on a difference between an input signal on the first input and the first reference signal (Sref1), a capacitor (C1) coupled between the output (12) and the first input of the OTA (11) via the second connection terminal (N2) in a control loop, and a controlled current source (13) coupled between the output (12) of the OTA (11) and the second connection terminal (N2). The controlled current source (13) is controlled to provide an additional current (Ifall) during a transient phase of the output signal (Sout). 1. A shunt driver circuit having a first and a second connection terminal forming a two-wire interface, the first connection terminal being prepared to receive a supply power and to provide an output signal, the second connection terminal being connected to a reference potential terminal, an Operational Transconductance Amplifier, OTA, comprising a first input coupled to the first connection terminal, a second input for receiving a first reference signal and an output for providing a signal depending on a difference between an input signal on the first input and the first reference signal, a capacitor coupled between the output and the first input of the OTA via the second connection terminal in a control loop, and a controlled current source coupled between the output of the OTA and the second connection terminal, wherein the controlled current source is controlled to provide an additional current during a transient phase of the output signal. 2. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 1 further comprising a first switch connected between the output of the OTA and the first connection terminal, and a voltage follower coupled between the first and the second connection terminal, the voltage follower having a control input connected to the output of the OTA. 3. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 1 or 2 further comprising a resistor divider connected between the first and the second connection terminal, the resistor divider having a first and a second resistor connected in series to each other, wherein a connection node between the first and the second resistor is coupled to the first input of the OTA. 4. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 2 further comprising a circuit for generating a control signal for controlling the controlled current source, the control signal being generated as a function of a signal at an output terminal of the voltage follower and a second reference signal. 5. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 2 further comprising a current limiter circuit coupled to the second connection terminal and to another terminal of the voltage follower. 6. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first reference signal is provided as a function of the output signal. 7. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 2, wherein the voltage follower comprises a first transistor realizing a first voltage follower stage, the first transistor having a control input which forms the control input of the voltage follower. 8. The shunt driver circuit according to claim 2, wherein the voltage follower comprises a first transistor realizing a first voltage follower stage, the first transistor having a control input which forms the control input of the voltage follower, wherein the voltage follower further comprises at least one second transistor realizing at least one second voltage follower stage, the at least one second transistor being coupled between the first and the second connection terminal and having a control input connected to a terminal of the first transistor. 9. A sensor arrangement having a shunt driver circuit according to claim 1, a control logic circuit coupled to the shunt driver circuit for providing an activation signal to control the first switch, a regulator circuit coupled between the first and the second connection terminal, the regulator circuit being prepared to provide a regulated supply voltage to the sensor arrangement, the regulated supply voltage being provided as a function of the supply power received via the two-wire interface, and a sensor coupled between the first and the second connection terminal, the sensor being configured to provide a digital sensor signal. 10. A transmission arrangement having a shunt driver circuit according to claim 1, a control logic circuit coupled to the shunt driver circuit for providing an activation signal to control the first switch, a regulator circuit coupled between the first and the second connection terminal, the regulator circuit being prepared to provide a regulated supply voltage to the sensor arrangement, the regulated supply voltage being provided as a function of the supply power received via the two-wire interface, and a sensor coupled between the first and the second connection terminal, the sensor being configured to provide a digital sensor signal, a two-wire transmission line connected to the first and the second connection terminal of the shunt driver circuit, a controller unit connected to the two-wire transmission line, the controller unit having an energy source for providing the supply power, and a device for receiving the output signal. 11. A method for providing an output signal by means of a two-wire interface comprising the following steps: supplying power to a shunt driver circuit via the two-wire interface, providing, by the shunt driver circuit, an output signal on the two-wire interface, the output signal having a first signal level, providing, by a control logic circuit, an activation signal to the shunt driver circuit, providing, by the shunt driver circuit, the output signal on the two-wire interface, the output signal having a second signal level, wherein during a transition of the output signal from the first signal level to the second signal level an additional current is provided within the shunt driver circuit. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the activation signal is provided upon detection of activity by a sensor connected to the two-wire interface. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the additional current is adapted to a level of the output signal and is switched off shortly before the output signal assumes the second signal level. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the output signal is provided as a multilevel signal.",
-    "A crossbow may be a horizontal crossbow having a main beam and a bow assembly mounted to the main beam. The bow assembly may include: a bowstring; a riser attached to the main beam; a first bow limb; a second bow limb; a first wheel that is supported to the first bow limb; and a second wheel that is supported to the second bow limb. In some embodiments, the bow limbs may be separated at least as wide as a user's foot. In other embodiments, the bow assembly may include a trigger oriented parallel to pivot axes about which the wheels rotate. In yet other embodiments, a ratio of the distance between the wheels and the power stroke is less than 1.8. 1. A crossbow comprising: a main beam that has: a first end; a second end; a first side; a second side; and an axis of elongation; a bow assembly mounted to the main beam and comprising: (a) a bowstring that is: adapted to propel an arrow; and movable between a cocked position and an uncocked position; (b) a riser attached to the first end of the main beam and comprising: a first end that extends from the first side of the main beam; and a second end that extends from the second side of the main beam; (c) a first bow limb that has: a first end supported to the first end of the riser; a second end that extends from the first end of the riser toward the second end of the main beam; and a concave surface that faces the first side of the main beam when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (d) a second bow limb that has: a first end supported to the second end of the riser; a second end that extends from the second end of the riser toward the second end of the main beam; and a concave surface that faces the second side of the main beam when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (e) a first wheel that is: supported to the first bow limb; and pivotal with respect to the first bow limb about a first pivot axis; and (f) a second wheel that is: supported to the second bow limb; and pivotal with respect to the second bow limb about a second pivot axis; and a trigger mechanism that: is mounted to the main beam; holds the bowstring in the cocked position; and comprises a trigger that is movable on a trigger plane to release the bowstring out of the cocked position into the uncocked position; wherein: (1) a first line that is substantially parallel to the first pivot axis simultaneously intersects a portion of the first wheel and a portion of the first bow limb; (2) a second line that is substantially parallel to the second pivot axis simultaneously intersects a portion of the second wheel and a portion of the second bow limb; (3) the first and second wheels are adapted to operatively receive the bowstring; (4) the second end of the first bow limb remains positioned longitudinally closer to the second end of the main beam than the first end of the first bow limb: (i) when the bowstring is in the cocked position; and (ii) when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (5) the second end of the second bow limb remains positioned longitudinally closer to the second end of the main beam than the first end of the second bow limb: (i) when the bowstring is in the cocked position; and (ii) when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (6) the bow assembly has a draw weight greater than 87 pounds; (7) the trigger plane is substantially parallel to the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis; and (8) the first end of the first bow limb is separated from the first end of the second bow limb at least as wide as a user's foot. 2. The crossbow of claim 1 wherein: the first bow limb has a thickness and a hinge point; the thickness of the first limb varies continuously along its length from the first end of the first bow limb to the hinge point of the first bow limb; the second bow limb has a thickness and a hinge point; and the thickness of the second limb varies continuously along its length from the first end of the second bow limb to the hinge point of the second bow limb. 3. The crossbow of claim 2 wherein: the thickness of the first end of the first bow limb is constant along its length for about 2 inches; and the thickness of the first end of the second bow limb is constant along its length for about 2 inches. 4. The crossbow of claim 1 wherein: the first end of the riser has a limb receiving surface to which the first end of the first bow limb is supported; the second end of the riser has a limb receiving surface to which the first end of the second bow limb is supported; a third line that is tangent to the limb receiving surface on the first end of the riser and that intersects a fourth line that is perpendicular to the main beam axis of elongation forms an angle with the fourth line that is between 60 and 30 degrees; and a fifth line that is tangent to the limb receiving surface on the second end of the riser and that intersects a sixth line that is perpendicular to the main beam axis of elongation forms an angle with the sixth line that is between 60 and 30 degrees. 5. The crossbow of claim 1 wherein: the first bow limb is a split bow limb that comprises top and bottom portions; a portion of the first wheel is positioned between the top and bottom portions of the first bow limb; the second bow limb is a split bow limb that comprises top and bottom portions; and a portion of the second wheel is positioned between the top and bottom portions of the second bow limb. 6. The crossbow of claim 1 wherein: the first end of the riser has a first pocket that receives the first end of the first bow limb; and the second end of the riser has a second pocket that receives the first end of the second bow limb. 7. The crossbow of claim 1 wherein: the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis are separated by a wheel distance (WD) when the crossbow is in the uncocked position; and WD is 24 inches or less. 8. A crossbow comprising: a main beam that has: a first end; a second end; a first side; a second side; and an axis of elongation; a bow assembly mounted to the main beam and comprising: (a) a bowstring that is: adapted to propel an arrow; and movable between a cocked position and an uncocked position; (b) a riser attached to the first end of the main beam and comprising: a first end that extends from the first side of the main beam; and a second end that extends from the second side of the main beam; (c) a first bow limb that has: a first end supported to the first end of the riser; a second end that extends from the first end of the riser toward the second end of the main beam; a concave surface that faces the first side of the main beam when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; and a length that is less than or equal to 12 inches; (d) a second bow limb that has: a first end supported to the second end of the riser; a second end that extends from the second end of the riser toward the second end of the main beam; a concave surface that faces the second side of the main beam when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; and a length that is less than or equal to 12 inches; (e) a first wheel that is: supported to the first bow limb; and pivotal with respect to the first bow limb about a first pivot axis; and (f) a second wheel that is: supported to the second bow limb; and pivotal with respect to the second bow limb about a second pivot axis; and a trigger mechanism that: is mounted to the main beam; holds the bowstring in the cocked position; and comprises a trigger that is movable on a trigger plane to release the bowstring out of the cocked position into the uncocked position; wherein: (1) a first line that is substantially parallel to the first pivot axis simultaneously intersects a portion of the first wheel and a portion of the first bow limb; (2) a second line that is substantially parallel to the second pivot axis simultaneously intersects a portion of the second wheel and a portion of the second bow limb; (3) the first and second wheels are adapted to operatively receive the bowstring; (4) the second end of the first bow limb remains positioned longitudinally closer to the second end of the main beam than the first end of the first bow limb: (i) when the bowstring is in the cocked position; and (ii) when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (5) the second end of the second bow limb remains positioned longitudinally closer to the second end of the main beam than the first end of the second bow limb: (i) when the bowstring is in the cocked position; and (ii) when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (6) the bow assembly has a draw weight greater than 87 pounds; and (7) the trigger plane is substantially parallel to the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis. 9. The crossbow of claim 8 wherein: the first bow limb has a thickness and a hinge point; the thickness of the first limb varies continuously along its length from the first end of the first bow limb to the hinge point of the first bow limb; the second bow limb has a thickness and a hinge point; and the thickness of the second limb varies continuously along its length from the first end of the second bow limb to the hinge point of the second bow limb. 10. The crossbow of claim 9 wherein: the thickness of the first end of the first bow limb is constant along its length for about 2 inches; and the thickness of the first end of the second bow limb is constant along its length for about 2 inches. 11. The crossbow of claim 8 wherein: the first end of the riser has a limb receiving surface to which the first end of the first bow limb is supported; the second end of the riser has a limb receiving surface to which the first end of the second bow limb is supported; a third line that is tangent to the limb receiving surface on the first end of the riser and that intersects a fourth line that is perpendicular to the main beam axis of elongation forms an angle with the fourth line that is between 60 and 30 degrees; and a fifth line that is tangent to the limb receiving surface on the second end of the riser and that intersects a sixth line that is perpendicular to the main beam axis of elongation forms an angle with the sixth line that is between 60 and 30 degrees. 12. The crossbow of claim 8 wherein: the first bow limb is a split bow limb that comprises top and bottom portions; a portion of the first wheel is positioned between the top and bottom portions of the first bow limb; the second bow limb is a split bow limb that comprises top and bottom portions; and a portion of the second wheel is positioned between the top and bottom portions of the second bow limb. 13. The crossbow of claim 8 wherein: the first end of the riser has a first pocket that receives the first end of the first bow limb; and the second end of the riser has a second pocket that receives the first end of the second bow limb. 14. The crossbow of claim 8 wherein: the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis are separated by a wheel distance (WD) when the crossbow is in the uncocked position; and WD is 24 inches or less. 15. A crossbow comprising: a main beam that has: a first end; a second end; a first side; a second side; and an axis of elongation; a bow assembly mounted to the main beam and comprising: (a) a bowstring that is: adapted to propel an arrow; and movable between a cocked position and an uncocked position; (b) a riser attached to the first end of the main beam and comprising: a first end that extends from the first side of the main beam; and a second end that extends from the second side of the main beam; (c) a first bow limb that has: a first end supported to the first end of the riser; a second end that extends from the first end of the riser toward the second end of the main beam; and a concave surface that faces the first side of the main beam when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (d) a second bow limb that has: a first end supported to the second end of the riser; a second end that extends from the second end of the riser toward the second end of the main beam; and a concave surface that faces the second side of the main beam when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (e) a first wheel that is: supported to the first bow limb; and pivotal with respect to the first bow limb about a first pivot axis; and (f) a second wheel that is: supported to the second bow limb; and pivotal with respect to the second bow limb about a second pivot axis; wherein: (1) a first line that is substantially parallel to the first pivot axis simultaneously intersects a portion of the first wheel and a portion of the first bow limb; (2) a second line that is substantially parallel to the second pivot axis simultaneously intersects a portion of the second wheel and a portion of the second bow limb; (3) the first and second wheels are adapted to operatively receive the bowstring; (4) the second end of the first bow limb remains positioned longitudinally closer to the second end of the main beam than the first end of the first bow limb: (i) when the bowstring is in the cocked position; and (ii) when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (5) the second end of the second bow limb remains positioned longitudinally closer to the second end of the main beam than the first end of the second bow limb: (i) when the bowstring is in the cocked position; and (ii) when the bowstring is in the uncocked position; (6) the bow assembly has a draw weight greater than 87 pounds; (7) when the bowstring moves between the cocked position and the uncocked position it moves along the axis of elongation a power stroke distance (PD); (8) the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis are separated by a wheel distance (WD) when the crossbow is in the uncocked position; (9) the ratio of WD to PD (WD/PD) is less than 1.8; and (10) the crossbow is a horizontal crossbow. 16. The crossbow of claim 15 wherein: the first bow limb has a thickness and a hinge point; the thickness of the first limb varies continuously along its length from the first end of the first bow limb to the hinge point of the first bow limb; the second bow limb has a thickness and a hinge point; and the thickness of the second limb varies continuously along its length from the first end of the second bow limb to the hinge point of the second bow limb. 17. The crossbow of claim 16 wherein: the thickness of the first end of the first bow limb is constant along its length for about 2 inches; and the thickness of the first end of the second bow limb is constant along its length for about 2 inches. 18. The crossbow of claim 15 wherein: the first end of the riser has a limb receiving surface to which the first end of the first bow limb is supported; the second end of the riser has a limb receiving surface to which the first end of the second bow limb is supported; a third line that is tangent to the limb receiving surface on the first end of the riser and that intersects a fourth line that is perpendicular to the main beam axis of elongation forms an angle with the fourth line that is between 60 and 30 degrees; and a fifth line that is tangent to the limb receiving surface on the second end of the riser and that intersects a sixth line that is perpendicular to the main beam axis of elongation forms an angle with the sixth line that is between 60 and 30 degrees. 19. The crossbow of claim 15 wherein: the first bow limb is a split bow limb that comprises top and bottom portions; a portion of the first wheel is positioned between the top and bottom portions of the first bow limb; the second bow limb is a split bow limb that comprises top and bottom portions; and a portion of the second wheel is positioned between the top and bottom portions of the second bow limb. 20. The crossbow of claim 15 wherein: the first end of the riser has a first pocket that receives the first end of the first bow limb; and the second end of the riser has a second pocket that receives the first end of the second bow limb.",
-    "One embodiment of the present invention provides a switch that facilitates name services in a virtual cluster switch. The switch includes a name service database indicating at least one media access control (MAC) address learned at a second switch. The switch also includes a control mechanism. During operation, the control mechanism distributes information on a locally learned MAC address to the second switch. In addition, the control mechanism receives information on a MAC address learned at the second switch. 1. A switch, comprising: a storage device; management circuitry configured to: identify a media access control (MAC) address and a logical identifier from a notification message, wherein the logical identifier identifies a plurality of switches controlled as a single logical switch; and store the MAC address in association with the logical identifier in a data structure in the storage device. 2. The switch of claim 1, wherein the management circuitry is further configured to identify a port identifier from the notification message, wherein the port identifier identifies a port from which a remote switch has learned the MAC address. 3. The switch of claim 2, further comprising forwarding circuitry configured to, in response to identifying the MAC address as a destination address of a packet, determine a local port associated with the remote switch as an egress port for the packet. 4. The switch of claim 1, wherein the management circuitry is further configured to: identify a second identifier associated with the MAC address from a second notification message; and update the data structure in the storage device by storing MAC address in association with the second identifier. 5. The switch of claim 1, wherein the management circuitry is further configured to identify a virtual local area network (VLAN) tag associated with the MAC address from the notification message. 6. The switch of claim 1, wherein the MAC address is a multicast address associated with a multicast group. 7. The switch of claim 1, wherein the management circuitry is further configured to construct an update message for a remote switch, wherein the update message comprises a MAC address learned from a local port and a switch identifier of the switch. 8. A method, comprising: identifying a media access control (MAC) address and a logical identifier from a notification message, wherein the logical identifier identifies a plurality of switches controlled as a single logical switch; and storing the MAC address in association with the logical identifier in a data structure in a storage device of a switch. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising identifying a port identifier from the notification message, wherein the port identifier identifies a port from which a remote switch has learned the MAC address. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, in response to identifying the MAC address as a destination address of a packet, determining a local port associated with the remote switch as an egress port for the packet. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: identifying a second identifier associated with the MAC address from a second notification message; and updating the data structure in the storage device by storing MAC address in association with the second identifier. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising identifying a virtual local area network (VLAN) tag associated with the MAC address from the notification message. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the MAC address is a multicast address associated with a multicast group. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising constructing an update message for a remote switch, wherein the update message comprises a MAC address learned from a local port and a switch identifier of the switch. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method, the method comprising: identifying a media access control (MAC) address and a logical identifier from a notification message, wherein the logical identifier identifies a plurality of switches controlled as a single logical switch; and storing the MAC address in association with the logical identifier in a data structure in a storage device of a switch. 16. The storage medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises identifying from the notification message one or more of: a port identifier, wherein the port identifier identifies a port from which a remote switch has learned the MAC address; and a virtual local area network (VLAN) tag associated with the MAC address. 17. The storage medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: identifying a second identifier associated with the MAC address from a second notification message; and updating the data structure in the storage device by storing MAC address in association with the second identifier. 18. The storage medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises identifying a virtual local area network (VLAN) tag associated with the MAC address from the notification message. 19. The storage medium of claim 15, wherein the MAC address is a multicast address associated with a multicast group. 20. The storage medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises constructing an update message for a remote switch, wherein the update message comprises a MAC address learned from a local port and a switch identifier of the switch.",
-    "Described herein are techniques related to transmitter precoding for optimizing positioning performance. The techniques are directed to transmit signals with relatively higher transmission power, in a direction along the line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver, than signals transmitted in other directions. The techniques render the first signal arriving at the receiver, as it travels along the line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver, to have stronger signal strength than the signal strengths of other signals that travel through non-LoS paths to reach the receiver. 1-24. (canceled) 25. A device comprising: at least one memory storing computer-executable instructions; and at least one processor configured to access the at least one memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to execute the computer-executable instructions to: determine a first preamble received from a first device at a first direction ; determine a second preamble received from the first device at a second direction; determine a first signal characteristic associated with the first preamble; and determine a second signal characteristic associated with the second preamble. 26. The device of claim 1, further comprising at least one transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals. 27. The device of claim 2, further comprising at least one transmitter and receiver coupled to the at least one transceiver. 28. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute computer-executable instructions to: compare the first signal characteristic and the second signal characteristic; and select the first direction when the first signal characteristic is greater than the second signal characteristic. 29. The device of claim 4, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute computer-executable instructions to: determine a line of sight between the device and the first device based at least in part on the second signal characteristic; and determine an estimate of a channel associated with the first device based at least in part on the selected direction. 30. The device of claim 1, wherein the first signal characteristic is a first signal strength associated with the first preamble and the second signal characteristic is a second signal strength associated with the second preamble. 31. The device of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-executable instructions to determine the estimate of the channel is based at least in part on a first time of arrival of the first preamble and a second time of arrival of the second preamble. 32. The device of claim 5, wherein the estimate of the channel associated with the first device is based at least in part on the line of sight between the device and the first device. 33. The device of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-executable instructions to determine the estimate of the channel is based at least in part on the first time of arrival is greater than the second time of arrival. 34. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: determining a first direction to transmit a first preamble to a first device; determining a second direction to transmit a second preamble to the first device; and cause to send the first preamble and the second preamble to the first device. 35. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the second direction is a first angular distance from the first direction. 36. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, further comprising operations of: determining a first level of transmission power associated with the first direction; determining a second level of transmission power associated with the second direction; causing to send the first preamble at the first level of transmission power; and causing to send the second preamble at the second level of transmission power. 37. A method comprising: determine, by one or more processors, a first preamble received from a first device at a first direction; determine, by the one or more processors, a second preamble received from the first device at a second direction; determine, by the one or more processors, a first signal characteristic associated with the first preamble; and determine, by the one or more processors, a second signal characteristic associated with the second preamble. 38. The method of claim 13, further comprising: comparing the first signal characteristic and the second signal characteristic; selecting the first direction when the first signal characteristic is greater than the second signal characteristic. 39. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining an estimate of a channel associated with the first device based at least in part on the selected direction. 40. The method of claim 15, wherein the first signal characteristic is a first signal strength associated with the first preamble and the second signal characteristic is a second signal strength associated with the second preamble. 41. The method of claim 15, further comprising determining a line of sight between the first device and a second device based at least in part on the second signal characteristic. 42. The method of claim 17, wherein the estimate of the channel associated with the first device is based at least in part on the line of sight between the first device and the first device. 43. The method of claim 17, wherein the estimate of the channel associated with the first device is based at least in part on the line of sight between the first device and the first device. 44. The method of claim 17, wherein a first time of arrival of the first preamble is greater than a second time of arrival of the second preamble.",
-    "A pesticide composition includes at least one biologically inert carrier; and at least one ferrite or at least one doped component including at least one fixed copper compound doped with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, zinc compounds, magnesium compounds, calcium compounds, and combinations and/or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the doped component has a particle size of about 0.5 nm to about 30 microns. A method for the control of pests includes the step of applying to the pests or their growth habitat the aforementioned composition. The method also includes the control of fungal and other diseases in banana plants, by applying the aforementioned composition to their growth habitat in banana plant groves. 1. A pesticide composition to be applied to banana crop plants, wherein said composition is effective in treating banana plants afflicted with Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease, comprising: a) at least one biologically inert carrier; and b) at least one doped component comprising at least one fixed copper compound doped with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, zinc compounds and combinations thereof; said pesticide composition to be applied to banana plants in an effective amount for the treatment of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease. 2. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one fixed copper compound is doped with at least one iron compound. 3. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said at least one fixed copper compound is doped with at least one zinc compound. 4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said fixed copper compound further comprises a composition selected from the group consisting of cupric hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper oxide, cupric carbonate basic, copper sulfate basic, tribasic copper sulfate, cuprous oxide, cupric citrate, cupric phosphate, cuprobam, indigo copper, minerals brochantite, langite, malachite, cornetite, libethenite, pseudolibethenite, pseudo-malachite, antlerite, covellite, marshite, cuprite, chalcocite, Rogojski's salt, brochantite, hydrocyanite, nantokite, dolerophane, ammonia copper carbonate, basic copper chloride, and combinations thereof. 5. The pesticide composition according to claim 4, wherein said fixed copper compound is copper oxide. 6. The pesticide composition according to claim 4, wherein said fixed copper compound is cupric hydroxide. 7. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said iron compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble iron compound. 8. The pesticide composition according to claim 7 wherein said iron compound is selected from the group consisting of iron hydroxide, iron oxyhydroxide, iron oxide, iron glucose, ferric citrate, Ferritin, ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate. 9. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 10. The pesticide composition according to claim 9, wherein said zinc compound is selected from the group consisting of zinc hydroxide and zinc oxide. 11. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said fixed copper compound is cupric hydroxide and said iron compound is iron oxide, iron hydroxide and/or iron oxyhydroxide. 12. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said doped component includes about 15 atomic percentage (at %) iron from said iron compound doped within said fixed copper compound. 13. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said particle size of said doped component is about 0.5 nm to 30 microns. 14. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said iron compound is at least one insoluble or substantially insoluble iron compound. 15. The pesticide composition according to claim 14, wherein said iron compound is iron hydroxide or iron oxide. 16. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, further comprising d) at least one zinc compound mixed with a), b) and c). 17. The pesticide composition according to claim 16 wherein said at least one zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 18. The pesticide composition according to claim 17, wherein said at least one zinc compound is zinc hydroxide or zinc oxide. 19. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, further comprising d) at least one zinc compound mixed with a) and b). 20. The pesticide composition according to claim 19, wherein said at least one zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 21. The pesticide composition according to claim 20, wherein said at least one zinc compounds is zinc hydroxide or zinc oxide. 22. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said pesticide composition is a plant nutritional composition. 23. A method for the control of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease in banana plants comprising the steps of: applying to a banana plant the pesticide composition according to claim 1; said method further comprising the step of applying said pesticide composition in an effective amount for the treatment of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease in banana plants. 24. The method for the control of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease in banana plants according to claim 23 further comprising the steps of: applying to at least one respective agricultural crop disease carrying pest or its respective growth habitat the pesticide composition according to claim 1. 25. The method for the control of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease in banana crop plants according to claim 24, wherein said pesticide composition is administered to said at least one agricultural crop disease carrying pest or its respective growth habitat by a method selected from the group consisting of dusting, sprinkling, spraying, brushing, dipping, smearing, impregnating, injection of the composition into plant vasculature, and application to a root system. 26. The method for the control of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease in banana crop plants according to claim 23 further comprising the step of applying said pesticide composition to an at least one agricultural crop disease carrying vector.",
-    "A method for detection and use of device identifiers to enhance the security of data transfers between electronic devices. A first electronic device can transmit access data to a second electronic device. The access data can be associated with a first access code that can be generated based at least in part on data representing a device identifier of the first electronic device. A device identifier can uniquely identify the first electronic device from a plurality of electronic devices. Transferring the access data can involve transforming the first access code into a second access code that can include data representing a device identifier associated with the second electronic device. Transforming the first access code into the second access code can facilitate access to a resource associated with the access data for a second user, but not for a first user. 1. A computer-implemented method for detecting and using unique device identifiers to enhance security of access-right assignments, the method comprising: receiving a first communication from a first electronic device associated with a first user, the first communication corresponding to a first request to retrieve access data associated with the first user, the access data corresponding to one or more access rights; receiving a second communication from the first electronic device, the second communication including a second request for an access right; identifying first metadata associated with the second communication, the first metadata including one or more first composites; identifying a first composite of the one or more first composites included in the first metadata; identifying a first value corresponding to the first composite, the first value being representative of a first device identifier that uniquely identifies the first electronic device from amongst a plurality of electronic devices, the first device identifier including a first characteristic of the first electronic device; generating a first access code corresponding to the access right, at least a portion of the first access code including a representation of the first device identifier; receiving a third communication from the first electronic device, the third communication corresponding to a third request to transfer the access right to a second user; verifying that the third request to transfer the access right corresponds to the first electronic device associated with the first user; receiving a fourth communication from a second electronic device associated with the second user, the fourth communication corresponding to an indication to proceed with the transfer of the access right; identifying second metadata associated with the fourth communication, the second metadata including one or more second composites; identifying a second composite from the one or more second composites; identifying a second value corresponding to the second composite, the second value being representative of a second device identifier that uniquely identifies the second electronic device from amongst the plurality of electronic devices, the second device identifier including a second characteristic of the second electronic device; transforming the first access code corresponding to the access right into a second access code, at least a portion of the second access code including a representation of the second device identifier, transformation of the access right facilitating transfer of the access right to the second electronic device; and transmitting, to the second electronic device, a fifth communication that includes the second access code. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, at a third electronic device, a fourth request from the second electronic device, the fourth request being a request to facilitate entry to a spatial area, the fourth request including the second access code and the second characteristic of the second electronic device; determining whether the second characteristic of the second electronic device corresponds to the representation of the second device identifier in the second access code; and facilitating entry to the spatial area for the second user when the representation of the second device identifier matches the second characteristic of the second electronic device. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the second access code includes at least one code that is not included in the first access code so that the second access code is determined as corresponding to a transferred access right. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first device identifier includes at least one of a first media access control (MAC) address, a first organizationally unique identifier, a first globally unique identifier, a first universally unique identifier, first identity correlation, or a first World Wide Port Name, and wherein the second device identifier includes at least one of a second media access control (MAC) address, a second organizationally unique identifier, a second globally unique identifier, a second universally unique identifier, second identity correlation, or a second World Wide Port Name. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein transforming the first access code of the access right into the second access code comprises: replacing at least part of the first access code with the representation of the second device identifier. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein verifying that the request to transfer the access right corresponds to the first electronic device associated with the first user comprises: authenticating, using the first device identifier, that the third communication is received from the first electronic device. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein authenticating that the request to transfer the access right corresponds to the first electronic device comprises: transmitting visual data to the first electronic device, the visual data corresponding to a prompt for biometric data from the first user. 8. A system, comprising: one or more data processors; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing instructions which, when executed on the one or more data processors, cause the one or more data processors to perform operations including: receiving a first communication from a first electronic device associated with a first user, the first communication corresponding to a first request to retrieve access data associated with the first user, the access data corresponding to one or more access rights; receiving a second communication from the first electronic device, the second communication including a second request for an access right; identifying first metadata associated with the second communication, the first metadata including one or more first composites; identifying a first composite of the one or more first composites included in the first metadata; identifying a first value corresponding to the first composite, the first value being representative of a first device identifier that uniquely identifies the first electronic device from amongst a plurality of electronic devices, the first device identifier including a first characteristic of the first electronic device; generating a first access code corresponding to the access right, at least a portion of the first access code including a representation of the first device identifier; receiving a third communication from the first electronic device, the third communication corresponding to a third request to transfer the access right to a second user; verifying that the third request to transfer the access right corresponds to the first electronic device associated with the first user; receiving a fourth communication from a second electronic device associated with the second user, the fourth communication corresponding to an indication to proceed with the transfer of the access right; identifying second metadata associated with the fourth communication, the second metadata including one or more second composites; identifying a second composite from the one or more second composites; identifying a second value corresponding to the second composite, the second value being representative of a second device identifier that uniquely identifies the second electronic device from amongst the plurality of electronic devices, the second device identifier including a second characteristic of the second electronic device; transforming the first access code corresponding to the access right into a second access code, at least a portion of the second access code including a representation of the second device identifier, transformation of the access right facilitating transfer of the access right to the second electronic device; and transmitting, to the second electronic device, a fifth communication that includes the second access code. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving, at a third electronic device, a fourth request from the second electronic device, the fourth request being a request to facilitate entry to a spatial area, the fourth request including the second access code and the second characteristic of the second electronic device; determining whether the second characteristic of the second electronic device corresponds to the representation of the second device identifier in the second access code; and facilitating entry to first spatial area for the second user when the representation of the second device identifier matches the second characteristic of the second electronic device. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the second access code includes at least one code that is not included in the first access code so that the second access code is determined as corresponding to a transferred access right. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the first device identifier includes at least one of a first media access control (MAC) address, a first organizationally unique identifier, a first globally unique identifier, a first universally unique identifier, first identity correlation, or a first World Wide Port Name, and wherein the second device identifier includes at least one of a second media access control (MAC) address, a second organizationally unique identifier, a second globally unique identifier, a second universally unique identifier, second identity correlation, or a second World Wide Port Name. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein transforming the first access code of the access right into the second access code comprises: replacing at least part of the first access code with the representation of the second device identifier. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein verifying that the request to transfer the access right corresponds to the first electronic device associated with the first user comprises: authenticating, using the first device identifier, that the third communication is received from the first electronic device. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein authenticating that the request to transfer the access right corresponds to the first electronic device comprises: transmitting visual data to the first electronic device, the visual data corresponding to a prompt for biometric data from the first user. 15. A computer-implemented method for enhancing security of access-data transfers between near-field communication (NFC) devices, the method comprising: receiving, at an access management system, a first communication from a first NFC device associated with a first user, the first NFC device being configured to include a first set of sensors and a first communication interface to facilitate wireless communication, the first communication corresponding to a first request to retrieve access data associated with the first user, the access data corresponding to one or more access rights; receiving, at the access management system, a second communication from the first NFC device, the second communication including a second request for an access right; generating, at the access management system, a first access code corresponding to the access right, at least a portion of the first access code including a representation of a first device identifier that uniquely identifies the first NFC device from amongst a plurality of electronic devices; transmitting, at the access management system, the first access code to the first NFC device; identifying, at the first NFC device, a second NFC device associated with a second user, the second NFC device being configured to include a second set of sensors, a display, and a second communication interface to facilitate wireless communication, the second NFC device being physically located in a proximate vicinity to the first NFC device, and identification of the second NFC device establishing an NFC communication channel between the first NFC device and the second NFC device; and detecting, at the first NFC device, a trigger event at the first set of sensors of the first NFC device, detection of the trigger event initiating a transformation of the first access code into a second access code, at least a portion of the second access code including a representation of a second device identifier that uniquely identifies the second NFC device from amongst the plurality of electronic devices, transformation of the first access code into the second access code facilitating transfer of the access right from the first NFC device to the second NFC device. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein detecting the trigger event at the second NFC device, comprises: detecting sensor data generated at each of the second set of sensors, at least one sensor of the second set of sensors being a motion sensor; identifying a motion feature from the sensor data; and generating a control signal upon the identifying of the motion feature, the control signal initiating transformation of the first access code. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 16, wherein the motion feature corresponds to a bump motion or a tap motion on the first or second NFC device. 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 16, further comprising: detecting, at the second NFC device, a second trigger event corresponding to the first trigger event detected at the first NFC device, the second trigger event being detected at substantially the same time as the first trigger event; and invalidating, at the first NFC device, the first access code corresponding to the access right upon detection of the second trigger event. 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein the first device identifier includes at least one of a first media access control (MAC) address, a first organizationally unique identifier, a first globally unique identifier, a first universally unique identifier, first identity correlation, or a first World Wide Port Name, and wherein the second device identifier includes at least one of a second media access control (MAC) address, a second organizationally unique identifier, a second globally unique identifier, a second universally unique identifier, second identity correlation, or a second World Wide Port Name. 20. The computer-implemented method of claim 15, wherein generating the first access code comprises: extracting metadata associated with the second communication, the metadata including one or more composites; identifying a composite of the one or more composites included in the metadata; identifying a value contained in the composite, the value being representative of the first device identifier; and generating the first access code based on the first device identifier.",
-    "Imaging data including images associated with a patient may be received. A subset of the images that are used with a model that is associated with the position and motion of a targeted region of the patient to receive radiation treatment may be identified. The subset of images may be sorted. A graphical user interface (GUI) that identifies two or more of the images of the sorted subset may be provided. A selection associated with one of the images of the sorted subset may be received by the GUI. Furthermore, a new model to identify the targeted region based on the selection that is associated with one of the two or more images may be generated. 1. A method comprising: receiving imaging data comprising a plurality of images associated with a patient; identifying a subset of the plurality of images that are used with a model associated with a position and motion of a targeted region of the patient to receive radiation treatment; sorting the subset of the plurality of images; providing, by a processing device, a graphical user interface (GUI) that identifies two or more images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images; receiving, by the GUI, a selection associated with one of the two or more images of the sorted subset of the plurality images; and generating, by the processing device, a new model to be associated with the position and motion of the targeted region based on the selection that is associated with one of the two or more images. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sorting of the subset of the plurality of images is based on a respiratory order associated with the patient, and wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a removal of the one image from being used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of the targeted region, and wherein the new model that is generated is not based on the removed one image. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a changing of a correlation output parameter threshold of a target tracking process associated with the model, the method further comprising: in response to the changing of the correlation output parameter threshold, determining, for each of the images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, whether the corresponding image is associated with a respective correlation parameter result that satisfies the changed correlation output parameter threshold. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a changing of an input parameter, the method further comprising: in response to the selection corresponding to the changing of the input parameter, determining, for each of the images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, new correlation parameter results based on a target tracking process using the changed input parameter. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, via the GUI, each image of a second subset of the plurality of images from the imaging data that are not used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of the targeted region, wherein the GUI further provides an option to include, for each image of the second subset, the corresponding image in the subset that is used with the model. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the images are x-ray images, the method further comprising: in response to a selection on the GUI corresponding to one of the x-ray images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, providing a display of the x-ray image with a superimposed visual indicator that is associated with the model. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the visual indicator represents the targeted region that is tracked. 8. A system comprising: a memory to store an image history comprising a plurality of images associated with a patient; and a processing device operatively coupled with the memory to: receive imaging data comprising a plurality of images associated with a patient; identify a subset of the plurality of images that are used with a model associated with a position and motion of a targeted region of the patient to receive radiation treatment; sort the subset of the plurality of images; provide a graphical user interface (GUI) that identifies two or more images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images; receive, by the GUI, a selection associated with one of the two or more images of the sorted subset of the plurality images; and generate a new model to be associated with the position and motion of the targeted region based on the selection that is associated with one of the two or more images. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the sorting of the subset of the plurality of images is based on a respiratory order associated with the patient, and wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a removal of the one image from being used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of the targeted region, and wherein the new model that is generated is not based on the removed one image. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a changing of a correlation parameter threshold of a target tracking process associated with the model, the processing device is further to: in response to the changing of the correlation parameter threshold, determine, for each of the images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, whether the corresponding image is associated with a respective correlation parameter result that satisfies the changed correlation parameter threshold. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a changing of an input parameter, wherein the processing device is further to: in response to the selection corresponding to the changing of the input parameter, determine, for each of the images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, new correlation parameter results based on a target tracking process using the changed input parameter. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein each of the images are x-ray images, the processing device is further to: in response to a selection on the GUI corresponding to one of the x-ray images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, provide a display of the x-ray image with a superimposed visual indicator that is associated with the model. 13. The system of claim 13, wherein the visual indicator represents the targeted region that is tracked. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the processing device is further to: provide, via the GUI, each image of a second subset of the plurality of images from imaging data that are not used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of the targeted region, wherein the GUI further provides an option to include, for each image of the second subset, the corresponding image in the subset that is used with the model. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: receive imaging data comprising a plurality of images associated with a patient; identify a subset of the plurality of images that are used with a model associated with a position and motion of a targeted region of the patient to receive radiation treatment; sort the subset of the plurality of images; provide, by a processing device, a graphical user interface (GUI) that identifies two or more images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images; receive, by the GUI, a selection associated with one of the two or more images of the sorted subset of the plurality images; and generate, by the processing device, a new model to be associated with the position and motion of the targeted region based on the selection that is associated with one of the two or more images. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the sorting of the subset of the plurality of images is based on a respiratory order associated with the patient, and wherein the selection associated with the one of the two or more images corresponds to a removal of the one image from being used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of the targeted region, and wherein the new model that is generated is not based on the removed one image. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a changing of a correlation parameter threshold of a target tracking process associated with the model, wherein the processing device is further to: in response to the changing of the correlation parameter threshold, determine, for each of the images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, whether the corresponding image is associated with a respective correlation parameter result that satisfies the changed correlation parameter threshold. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the selection associated with one of the two or more images corresponds to a changing of an input parameter ,wherein the processing device is further to: in response to the selection corresponding to the changing of the input parameter, determine, for each of the images of the subset of the plurality of images, new correlation parameter results based on a target tracking process using the changed input parameter. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the processing device is further to: provide, via the GUI, each image of a second subset of the plurality of images from the imaging data that are not used with the model that is associated with the position and motion of the targeted region, wherein the GUI further provides an option to include, for each image of the second subset, the corresponding image in subset that is used with the model. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein each of the images are x-ray images, the processing device is further to: in response to a selection on the GUI corresponding to one of the x-ray images of the sorted subset of the plurality of images, provide a display of the x-ray image with a superimposed visual indicator that is associated with the model, wherein the visual indicator represents the targeted region that is tracked.",
-    "The overall performance and power utilization of an audio device may be improved with an adaptive sidetone generation system that generates sidetones optimized for different application-specific problems. In particular, systems that include sidetone generation capabilities may be developed to include numerous microphones from which information may be received and processed to generate optimized sidetones. For example, the information from the microphones may be used to receive and/or determine the audio device's operating mode. The information from the microphones and the received and/or determined mode may then be used to generate a sidetone that is optimized for the particular mode and particular conditions in which the audio device is operating. Through the generation of optimized sidetones, the audio signal quality may be improved, thus reducing the amount of subsequent audio processing required, and resulting in improved performance and power utilization. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first microphone configured to generate a first microphone signal; a second microphone configured to generate a second microphone signal; a sidetone circuit configured to perform steps comprising: receiving a mode of operation; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the received mode of operation, wherein the received mode of operation comprises at least one of phone call, speaker recognition, and automatic speech recognition modes, and wherein the first microphone is configured to receive speech input, and wherein the sidetone circuit is configured to generate the sidetone signal by mixing a combination of the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal to recover high frequencies in the received speech input; and a transducer for reproducing an audio signal and the sidetone signal. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sidetone circuit is further configured: to detect speech based on at least one of the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal; and to determine that the mode of operation is the phone call mode when speech is detected. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the sidetone circuit is configured to generate the sidetone to improve voice characteristics including at least one of louder speech and enhanced signal-to-noise when the received mode of operation is the phone call mode. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the sidetone circuit is further configured to: generate the sidetone based, at least in part, on an automatic speech recognition (ASR) algorithm when no speech is detected and the audio signal is generated by an audio playback application; and otherwise, generate the sidetone based, at least in part, on a speaker recognition (SR) algorithm when no speech is detected. 7. An apparatus, comprising: a first microphone configured to generate a first microphone signal; a second microphone configured to generate a second microphone signal, wherein the first microphone is configured to receive speech input and wherein the second microphone is configured to receive in-ear audio; a sidetone circuit configured to perform steps comprising: receiving a mode of operation; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the received mode of operation, and wherein the sidetone circuit is further configured to: compare a frequency response of speech captured by the first microphone and the second microphone; track the compared frequency response over a period of time; and apply a compensation filter to reduce a difference of the frequency response of speech captured by the first microphone and the second microphone; and a transducer for reproducing an audio signal and the sidetone signal. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sidetone circuit is further configured to cancel bone conducted speech in an output of the transducer when the mode of operation is the phone call mode. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the sidetone circuit is further configured to cancel low frequency air conducted speech. 10. (canceled) 11. An apparatus, comprising: a first microphone configured to generate a first microphone signal; a second microphone configured to generate a second microphone signal; a transducer for reproducing an audio signal and the sidetone signal; and a sidetone circuit configured to perform steps comprising: receiving a mode of operation; and generating the sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the received mode of operation, wherein the sidetone circuit is configured to compensate for an occlusion effect by processing sound to match a frequency response of the transducer to simulate a frequency response of an open ear. 12. A method, comprising: receiving a first microphone signal from a first microphone; receiving a second microphone signal from a second microphone; receiving a mode of operation of a user device; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the received mode of operation, wherein receiving the first microphone signal comprises receiving speech input, and wherein the step of generating the sidetone signal comprises mixing a combination of the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal to recover high frequencies in the received speech input. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising reproducing, at a transducer, a combination of an audio signal and the sidetone signal. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the received mode of operation comprises at least one of phone call, speaker recognition, and speech recognition modes. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of receiving the mode of operation comprises: detecting speech based on at least one of the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal; and determining the mode of operation is the phone call mode when speech is detected. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising generating the sidetone to improve voice characteristics including at least one of louder speech and enhanced signal-to-noise when the received mode of operation is the phone call mode. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising at least one of: generate the sidetone based, at least in part, on a speaker recognition (SR) algorithm when no speech is detected; and generate the sidetone based, at least in part, on an automatic speech recognition (ASR) algorithm when no speech is detected and the audio signal is generated by an audio playback application. 19. A method, comprising: receiving a first microphone signal from a first microphone; receiving a second microphone signal from a second microphone; receiving a mode of operation of a user device; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the received mode of operation, wherein the first microphone signal comprises speech input and the second microphone signal comprises in-ear audio, the method further comprising: comparing a frequency response of speech captured by the first microphone and the second microphone; tracking the compared frequency response over a period of time; and applying a compensation filter to reduce a difference of the frequency response of speech captured by the first microphone and the second microphone. 20. The method of claim 12, further comprising cancelling bone conducted speech when the mode of operation is phone call. 21. (canceled) 22. A method, comprising: receiving a first microphone signal from a first microphone; receiving a second microphone signal from a second microphone; receiving a mode of operation of a user device; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the received mode of operation, wherein the step of generating the sidetone signal comprises compensating for an occlusion effect comprises processing sound to match a frequency response of the transducer to simulate a frequency response of an open ear. 23. An apparatus, comprising: a controller configured to perform steps comprising: receiving a first microphone signal from a first microphone; receiving a second microphone signal from a second microphone; determining a mode of operation of a user device; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the determined mode of operation, wherein receiving the first microphone signal comprises receiving speech input, and wherein the step of generating the sidetone signal comprises mixing a combination of the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal to recover high frequencies in the received speech input. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the controller is further configured to perform the step of causing reproduction, at a transducer, of a combination of an audio signal and the sidetone signal. 25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the determined mode of operation comprises at least one of phone call, speaker recognition, and speech recognition modes. 26. (canceled) 27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the step of determining a mode of operation comprises: detecting speech based on at least one of the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal; and determining the mode of operation is the phone call mode when speech is detected. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the controller is further configured to perform a step of generating the sidetone to improve voice characteristics including at least one of louder speech and enhanced signal-to-noise when the determined mode of operation is the phone call mode. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the controller is further configured to perform at least one step of: generate the sidetone based, at least in part, on a speaker recognition (SR) algorithm when no speech is detected; and generate the sidetone based, at least in part, on an automatic speech recognition (ASR) algorithm when no speech is detected and the audio signal is generated by an audio playback application. 30. An apparatus, comprising: a controller configured to perform steps comprising: receiving a first microphone signal from a first microphone; receiving a second microphone signal from a second microphone; determining a mode of operation of a user device; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the determined mode of operation, wherein the first microphone signal comprises speech input and the second microphone signal comprises in-ear audio, and wherein the controller is further configured to perform steps comprising: comparing a frequency response of speech captured by the first microphone and the second microphone; tracking the compared frequency response over a period of time; and applying a compensation filter to reduce a difference of the frequency response of speech captured by the first microphone and the second microphone 31. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the controller is further configured to cancel bone conducted speech when the mode of operation is the phone call mode. 32. (canceled) 33. An apparatus, comprising: a controller configured to perform steps comprising: receiving a first microphone signal from a first microphone; receiving a second microphone signal from a second microphone; determining a mode of operation of a user device; and generating a sidetone signal based, at least in part, on the first microphone signal and the second microphone signal and the determined mode of operation to compensate for an occlusion effect, wherein the step of generating a sidetone to compensate for an occlusion effect comprises processing sound to match a frequency response of the transducer to simulate a frequency response of an open ear.",
-    "Disclosed is a deposition apparatus including: a deposition source heating a deposition material filled therein to vaporize the deposition material and including a plurality of nozzles spraying the vaporized deposition material toward a counter substrate; and a structure disposed between the deposition source and the substrate and including a plurality of angle adjustment plates arranged to have an opening in order to guide a movement direction of the deposition material sprayed from the nozzles, in which the angle adjustment plate is subjected to coating treatment by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Thereby, when a continuous deposition operation is performed, an organic material is not stacked on a structure such as an angle limitation plate or the angle adjustment plate. 1. A deposition apparatus comprising: a deposition source heating a deposition material filled therein to vaporize the deposition material and including a plurality of nozzles spraying the vaporized deposition material toward a counter substrate; and a structure disposed between the deposition source and the substrate and including a plurality of angle adjustment plates arranged to have an opening in order to guide a movement direction of the deposition material sprayed from the nozzles, wherein the angle adjustment plate is subjected to coating treatment by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). 2. The deposition apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an angle limitation plate equipped in the deposition source to limit the movement direction of the deposition material sprayed from the nozzles, wherein the angle limitation plate is subjected to coating treatment by an SAM. 3. The deposition apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the SAM includes a head group, a hydrocarbon chain, and a terminal group, and silane is used in the head group. 4. The deposition apparatus of claim 3, wherein: a radical reducing surface energy to form a hydrophobic state is used in the terminal group. 5. The deposition apparatus of claim 4, wherein: the radical allows a contact angle of the terminal group to be 90\u00b0 or more. 6. The deposition apparatus of any one of claims 1, wherein: the SAM is coated by a vapor phase method or a liquid phase method. 7. The deposition apparatus of claim 6, wherein: the SAM is deposited by any one of trichloro-(1H,1H,2H,2H perfluorooctyl)silane (FOTS), dichlorodimethylsilane (DDMS), and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). 8. A deposition apparatus comprising: a deposition source heating a deposition material filled therein to vaporize the deposition material and including a plurality of nozzles spraying the vaporized deposition material toward a counter substrate; and an angle limitation plate equipped in the deposition source to limit a movement direction of the deposition material sprayed from the nozzles, wherein the angle limitation plate is subjected to coating treatment by a SAM.",
-    "Processes and systems including providing at least one computer input field for a user to input location data generally corresponding to the location of the building; providing visual access to a first aerial image of a region including a roof structure of a building corresponding to said location data, the first aerial image having a first resolution; providing a computer input capable of signaling user-acceptance of a final location within the aerial image; and providing visual access to one or more second aerial images of an aerial imagery database corresponding to location coordinates of the final location, the one or more second aerial images having a second resolution that is higher resolution than the first resolution. 1. A process, comprising: providing at least one computer input field for a user to input location data generally corresponding to a location of a building; providing visual access to a first aerial image of a region including a roof structure of the building corresponding to said location data, the first aerial image having a first resolution; providing a computer input capable of signaling user-acceptance of a final location within the first aerial image; and providing visual access to one or more second aerial images of an aerial imagery database corresponding to location coordinates of the final location, the one or more second aerial images having a second resolution that is higher resolution than the first resolution. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising providing visual access to one or more outline drawing corresponding to the roof structure of the building. 3. The process of claim 2, further comprising providing one or more length dimension on the outline drawing. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a perimeter of the roof structure. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a length of a ridge of the roof structure. 6. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a total length of ridges of the roof structure. 7. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a length of a valley of the roof structure. 8. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a total length of valleys of the roof structure. 9. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a length of a flashing of the roof structure. 10. The process of claim 3, wherein the length dimension is a total length of flashings of the roof structure. 11. The process of claim 2, further comprising providing one or more area dimension on the outline drawing. 12. The process of claim 2, further comprising providing one or more pitch dimension on the outline drawing. 13. The process of claim 2, further comprising providing one or more indicator of pitch direction on the outline drawing. 14. The process of claim 2, further comprising providing one or more non-dimensional attribute of the roof structure on the outline drawing. 15. The process of claim 2, further comprising, providing visual access to a nadir image of the aerial imagery database corresponding to location coordinates of the final location, and wherein the outline drawing is super-imposed on the nadir image. 16. A non-transitory computer memory storing computer logic, that when executed by computer hardware causes the computer hardware to: provide at least one computer input field for a user to input location data generally corresponding to a location of a building; provide visual access to a first aerial image of a region including a roof structure of the building corresponding to said location data, the first aerial image having a first resolution; provide a computer input capable of signaling user-acceptance of a final location within the first aerial image; and provide visual access to one or more second aerial images of an aerial imagery database corresponding to location coordinates of the final location, the one or more second aerial images having a second resolution that is higher resolution than the first resolution. 17. The non-transitory computer memory of claim 16, wherein said computer logic when executed by computer hardware causes the computer hardware to: provide visual access to one or more outline drawing corresponding to the roof structure of the building. 18. The non-transitory computer memory of claim 17, wherein said computer logic when executed by computer hardware causes the computer hardware to: provide at least one length dimension on the outline drawing. 19. The non-transitory computer memory of claim 17, wherein said computer logic when executed by computer hardware causes the computer hardware to: provide visual access to a nadir image of the aerial imagery database corresponding to location coordinates of the final location, and wherein the outline drawing is super-imposed on the nadir image. 20. The non-transitory computer memory of claim 17, wherein said computer logic when executed by computer hardware causes the computer hardware to: provide one or more area dimension on the outline drawing.",
-    "A computer-implemented system and method for placing groups of document clusters into a display is provided. One or more spines of document clusters are placed into a display and at least one of the document clusters for each placed spine is designated as an anchor cluster. At least one of the unplaced spines is compared with each of the placed spines in the display and one of the placed spines most similar to the unplaced spine is identified. The document clusters of the unplaced spine are compared with the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine and the cluster on the unplaced spine that is most similar to the anchor cluster on the most similar placed spine is identified. The most similar cluster of the unplaced spine is grafted to the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine. 1. A computer-implemented system for placing groups of document clusters into a display, comprising: a placement module to place one or more spines of document clusters into a display, wherein at least one of the document clusters for each placed spine is designated as an anchor cluster; a spine selection module to compare at least one of the unplaced spines with each of the placed spines in the display and to identify one of the placed spines most similar to the unplaced spine; a cluster selection module to compare the document clusters of the unplaced spine with the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine and to identify the cluster most similar to the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine; and a grafting module to graft the most similar cluster of the unplaced spine to the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine. 2. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a document concept determination module to form concepts for each document from terms extracted from that document; and a score assignment module to assign a score to each of the document concepts. 3. A system according to claim 2, further comprising: a cluster concept determination module to designate at least one cluster concept for each cluster placed on the spines by determining a cumulative score based on the document concept scores of the documents in that cluster; and a concept ranking module to rank the cluster concepts by the cumulative score. 4. A system according to claim 3, further comprising: a theme selection module to select as a theme for each cluster one such concept that is located in an initial center of that cluster and is included in a minimum number of documents in that cluster. 5. A system according to claim 3, wherein the top ranked cluster concepts best summarize the documents in that cluster. 6. A system according to claim 3, further comprising: a spine concept determination module to select at least one concept for each spine by analyzing each cluster concept assigned to the clusters along that spine and by selecting as the spine concepts, the cluster concepts that are not referenced by a single cluster along that spine and are not referenced by more than a predetermined number of clusters along that spine. 7. A system according to claim 6, further comprising: a score generator to generate a score for each spine concept by aggregating the cumulative cluster concept scores for each of the clusters along that spine. 8. A system according to claim 7, further comprising: an anchor cluster selection module to select as the anchor cluster for each spine, one of the clusters that include the spine concept for that spine. 9. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: an angle determination module to determine an angle for positioning the unplaced spine to the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine; and the spine placement module to place the unplaced spine in relation to the most similar placed spine along the angle. 10. A system according to claim 1, further comprising: a cluster theme determination module to assign concepts to each cluster based on instructions received from a user and to select one such concept as a theme for that cluster, wherein the selected concept is located in an initial center of that cluster and is included in a minimum number of documents in that cluster. 11. A computer-implemented method for placing groups of document clusters into a display, comprising the steps of: placing one or more spines of document clusters into a display, wherein at least one of the document clusters for each placed spine is designated as an anchor cluster; comparing at least one of the unplaced spines with each of the placed spines in the display and identifying one of the placed spines most similar to the unplaced spine; comparing the document clusters of the unplaced spine with the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine and identifying the cluster on the unplaced spine that is most similar to the anchor cluster on the most similar placed spine; and grafting the most similar cluster of the unplaced spine to the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine. 12. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: forming concepts for each document from terms extracted from that document; and assigning a score to each of the document concepts based on at least one of a frequency, concept weight, structural weight, and corpus weight of that document concept. 13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising: designating at least one cluster concept for each cluster associated with the spines, comprising: determining a cumulative score for each cluster concept based on the document concept scores of the documents in that cluster; and ranking the cluster concepts by the cumulative score. 14. A method according to claim 13, further comprising: selecting as a theme for each cluster one such concept that is located in an initial center of that cluster and is included in a minimum number of documents in that cluster. 15. A method according to claim 13, wherein the top ranked cluster concepts best summarize the documents in that cluster. 16. A method according to claim 13, further comprising: selecting at least one concept for each spine, comprising: analyzing each cluster concept assigned to the clusters along that spine; and selecting as the spine concepts, the cluster concepts that are not referenced by a single cluster along that spine and are not referenced by more than a predetermined number of clusters along that spine. 17. A method according to claim 16, further comprising: generating a score for each spine concept by aggregating the cumulative cluster concept scores for each of the clusters along that spine. 18. A method according to claim 17, further comprising: selecting as the anchor cluster for each spine, one of the clusters that include the spine concept for that spine. 19. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: determining an angle for positioning the unplaced spine to the anchor cluster of the most similar placed spine; and placing the unplaced spine in relation to the most similar placed spine along the angle. 20. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: assigning concepts to each cluster based on instructions received from a user; and selecting one such concept as a theme for that cluster, wherein the selected concept is located in an initial center of that cluster and is included in a minimum number of documents in that cluster.",
-    "Etching having high selectivity is performed within a plane of a substrate. To this end, a substrate processing apparatus includes a substrate support where a substrate including a first film containing at least silicon and a second film having a silicon content ratio lower than that of the first film is placed; a process chamber wherein the substrate support is disposed; a gas supply system configured to supply an etching gas to the substrate; a coolant channel disposed in the substrate support and having a coolant flowing therein; a coolant flow rate controller configured to control a flow rate of the coolant supplied to the coolant channel; a control unit configured to control at least the coolant flow rate controller such that a temperature of the substrate is maintained whereat an etch rate of the first film is higher than that of the second film while the etching gas is in contact with the substrate; and an exhaust system configured to exhaust an inner atmosphere of the process chamber. 1. A substrate processing apparatus comprising: a substrate support where a substrate including a first film containing at least silicon and a second film having a silicon content ratio lower than that of the first film is placed; a process chamber wherein the substrate support is disposed; a gas supply system configured to supply an etching gas to the substrate; a coolant channel disposed in the substrate support and having a coolant flowing therein; a coolant flow rate controller configured to control a flow rate of the coolant supplied to the coolant channel; a control unit configured to control at least the coolant flow rate controller such that a temperature of the substrate is maintained whereat an etch rate of the first film is higher than that of the second film while the etching gas is in contact with the substrate; and an exhaust system configured to exhaust an inner atmosphere of the process chamber. 2. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a heater disposed in the substrate support, wherein the control unit is further configured to control the heater to control the temperature of the substrate. 3. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gas supply system comprises a first gas supply system configured to supply the etching gas and a second gas supply system configured to supply an inert gas, and the control unit is configured to control the first gas supply system and the second gas supply system to: supply the inert gas; and then supply the etching gas with the inert gas present about the substrate. 4. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a coolant temperature detector configured to detect a temperature of the coolant after passing through the coolant channel, wherein the control unit is further configured to control the coolant flow rate controller to control the flow rate of the coolant based on a temperature of the coolant detected by the coolant temperature detector. 5. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: (a) placing a substrate including a first film containing at least silicon and a second film having a silicon content ratio lower than that of the first film on a substrate support in a process chamber; (b) supplying an etching gas, controlling a flow rate of a coolant flowing in a coolant channel disposed in the substrate support such that a temperature of the substrate is maintained whereat an etch rate of the first film is higher than that of the second film while the etching gas is in contact with the substrate, and exhausting an inner atmosphere of the process chamber; and (c) unloading the substrate from the process chamber. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising controlling the temperature of the substrate by controlling a heater disposed in the substrate support. 7. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: (a) placing a substrate including a sacrificial film containing at least silicon and a pillar-shaped metal film surrounded by the sacrificial film on a substrate support in a process chamber; (b) supplying an etching gas, and controlling a flow rate of a coolant flowing in a coolant channel disposed in the substrate support such that a temperature of the substrate is maintained whereat an etch rate of the sacrificial film is higher than that of the metal film while the etching gas is in contact with the substrate, and exhausting an inner atmosphere of the process chamber; and (c) unloading the substrate from the process chamber.",
-    "An intraocular shunt deployment device can release an intraocular shunt into an eye using a deployment mechanism that coordinates action between a pusher component, a shaft component, and a housing of the device. The deployment mechanism causes axial movement of the components in response to a rotational input force. 1. A method of deploying an intraocular shunt, the method comprising: advancing a hollow shaft of a device through a cornea of an eye, the device comprising a housing and a plunger disposed within the shaft, the hollow shaft being coupled to the housing and holding an intraocular shunt; rotating a rotating component, coupled to the housing, in a first increment to cause distal axial movement of a pusher component, the pusher component being coupled to the rotating component via a first member that resides within a first slot of the rotating component, wherein distal axial movement of the pusher component urges the plunger in a distal axial direction to advance the shunt distally relative to the housing and the shaft; and rotating the rotating component in a second increment to cause proximal axial movement of a retraction component, coupled to the shaft, the retraction component being coupled to the rotating component via a second member that resides within a second slot of the rotating component, wherein proximal axial movement of the retraction component urges the shaft in a proximal axial direction relative to the shunt. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pusher component is coupled to a plunger disposed within the shaft, and wherein distal axial movement of the pusher component urges the plunger in a distal axial direction to advance the shunt distally relative to the housing and the shaft. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotating the rotating component in the first increment causes the shunt to be advanced partially from within the shaft. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the first slot and at least a portion of the second slot extend diagonally relative to a longitudinal axis of the rotating component. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotating the rotating component in the second increment comprises proximally retracting the shaft into the housing. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the rotating the rotating component in the second increment comprises proximally retracting the shaft fully into the housing. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising stopping axial movement of the shaft once the shaft is retracted into the housing. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a distal portion of the housing comprises a sleeve and the hollow shaft is movable within the sleeve, the method further comprising advancing the sleeve through the cornea into an anterior chamber of the eye. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the advancing the sleeve comprises abutting the sleeve against anterior chamber angle tissue. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotating the rotating component in the first increment comprises grasping the rotating component to apply a rotational force to the rotating component. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotating the rotating component in the second increment comprises grasping the rotating component to apply a rotational force to the rotating component. 12. A method of operating an intraocular shunt deployment device, the device comprising a housing, a hollow shaft, a rotating component at least partially disposed within the housing, a plunger slidably disposed within the shaft, a pusher component coupled to the plunger, and a retraction component coupled to the shaft, the rotating component being operably coupled to the pusher and retraction components by first and second slots and first and second protrusions slidably disposed within the respective first and second slots, the method comprising: rotating the rotating component to cause (i) axial movement of the pusher component to urge the plunger distally relative to the shaft and the housing and (ii) axial movement of the retraction component to urge the shaft proximally relative to the plunger and the housing. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the rotating the rotating component comprises sequentially moving the pusher component and the retraction component. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pusher component is axially moved before the retraction component. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein rotating component comprises the first and second slots, the pusher component comprises the first protrusion, and the retraction component comprises the second protrusion, the rotating comprising inhibiting rotation of the pusher component and the retraction component to allow the first and second slots to axially move the respective first and second protrusions. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the rotating comprises retracting the shaft fully into the housing. 17. A method of deploying an intraocular shunt, the method comprising: advancing a hollow shaft of a device into of an eye, the device comprising a housing, the hollow shaft being coupled to the housing, a rotating component at least partially disposed within the housing, a retraction component coupled to the shaft, the rotating component being operably coupled to the retraction component by a slot and a protrusion slidably disposed within the slot; and rotating the rotating component to cause proximal axial movement of the retraction component and the shaft relative to the housing. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the device further comprises a plunger slidably disposed within the shaft and a pusher component coupled to the plunger, the rotating component being operably coupled to the pusher component by a first slot and a first protrusion slidably disposed within the first slot, the method further comprising rotating the rotating component to cause distal axial movement of the pusher component and the plunger relative to the housing. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the rotating comprises distally pushing a stent within the shaft using the plunger. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising maintaining an axial position of an intraocular shunt relative to the housing, using a plunger disposed within the shaft, as the shaft is proximally moved relative to the housing.",
-    "The present disclosure includes a method and system for applying markings on a food product by applying a radiant energy to the food product in such a manner to form a permanent marking thereon. The markings include text and graphics, and can include an advertisement, a freshness date, a traceability code, or other types of relevant information. A laser is preferably employed as the radiant energy source. The method preferably forms the markings on the food product while the product moves through a predetermined region of a food processing system. The performance or characteristics of the laser may be adjusted in response to selected characteristics of the food product, environmental conditions, and processing conditions, in order to optimize the marking applied thereon. 1. A system for laser marking individual objects with indicia at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, the system comprising: at least one processor operable to control laser marking of individual objects; at least one laser marking unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at one least processor, the at least one laser marking unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one laser marking unit operable to direct at least one laser beam onto the objects to mark the objects with indicia as the objects pass through the marking station; and a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the laser marking of the objects; wherein the least one processor is operable to: obtain status data associated with at least one of at least one operational parameter of the processing system, at least one operational parameter of the at least one laser marking unit, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, at least one characteristic of the indicia to be marked thereon, and combinations thereof; determine based on at least a portion of the status data, at least one operational parameter of the at least one laser marking unit; and direct at least one laser beam from at the least one laser marking unit onto the objects in accordance with the at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the status data is obtained during at least one of prior to the marking of indicia on the objects, during the marking of indicia on the objects, after the marking of indicia on the objects, and any combination thereof. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one operational parameters of the at least one laser marking unit to be determined includes laser power, spot size, depth of field, laser pulse frequency, laser wavelength, speed of traverse of the laser beam over the surface of the object to be marked, dwell time, number of passes, characteristics associated with each passes and time between passes, and combinations thereof. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one processor is further operable to store at least a portion of the status data in the non-transient memory. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the objects are individual eggs. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the indicia to be marked on the eggs comprises at least one text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the status data includes at least one operational parameter of an associated egg-handling apparatus to which the eggs are subjected prior to or after the marking thereon by the at least one laser marking unit. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to obtain status data as to the quality of markings applied to the individual eggs; adjust at least one of the operational parameters of the processing system, at least one of the operational parameters of the at least one laser marking unit, and combinations thereof; and direct at least one laser beam from the at least one laser marking unit onto the eggs to be marked thereafter in accordance with the at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon. 9. The system of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor is operable to obtain status data as to approximate depth the indicia is marked on the eggs. 10. A method for laser marking individual objects with indicia at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, wherein at least one laser marking unit is positioned adjacent at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one laser marking unit operable to direct at least one laser beam onto the objects to mark the objects with indicia as the objects pass through the marking station, the method comprising: obtaining status data associated with at least one of at least one operational parameter of the processing system, at least one operational parameter of the at least one laser marking unit, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, at least one characteristic of the indicia to be marked thereon, and combinations thereof; determining, based on at least a portion of the status data, at least one operational parameter of the at least one laser marking unit; directing at least one laser beam from at the least one laser marking unit onto the objects in accordance with the at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the status data is obtained during at least one of prior to the marking of indicia on the objects, during the marking of indicia on the objects, after the marking of indicia on the objects, and any combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one operational parameters of the at least one laser marking unit to be determined includes laser power, spot size, depth of field, laser pulse frequency, laser wavelength, speed of traverse of the laser beam over the surface of the object to be marked, dwell time, number of passes, characteristics associated with each passes and time between passes, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises storing at least a portion of the status data in an associated non-transient memory. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the objects are individual eggs. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the indicia to be marked on the eggs comprises at least one text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the status data includes at least one operational parameter of an associated egg-handling apparatus to which the eggs are subjected prior to or after the marking thereon by the at least one laser marking unit. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises obtaining status data as to the quality of markings applied to the individual eggs; adjusting at least one of the operational parameters of the processing system, at least one of the operational parameters of the at least one laser marking unit, and combinations thereof; and directing at least one laser beam from at the least one laser marking unit onto the eggs to be marked thereafter in accordance with the at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises obtaining status data as to approximate depth the indicia is marked on the eggs. 19. An apparatus for laser marking individual objects with indicia at a marking station, the apparatus comprising: at least one processor operable to control laser marking of individual objects; at least one laser marking unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least processor, the at least one laser marking unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one laser marking unit operable to direct at least one laser beam onto the objects to mark the objects with indicia as the objects pass through the marking station; and a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the laser marking of the objects; wherein the least one processor is operable to: obtain status data associated with at least one of at least one operational parameter of the at least one laser marking unit, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, at least one characteristic of the indicia to be marked thereon, at least one operational parameter of an associated processing system, and combinations thereof; determine based on at least a portion of the status data, at least one operational parameter of the at least one laser marking unit; and direct at least one laser beam from at the least one laser marking unit onto the objects in accordance with the at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the objects are individual eggs, and wherein the indicia to be marked on the eggs comprises at least one text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof.",
-    "There is provided an electrolyte solution for extending shelf life, and/or accelerating or improving resolution or improving transfer efficacy for blot applications, or accelerating and improving resolution, or accelerating and improving transfer efficacy of gel electrophoresis and containing Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), at least one zwitterion, and water. The electrolyte solution may be used in buffer systems for gel electrophoresis and the preparation of gels for gel electrophoresis, such as Western blot. 1.-43. (canceled) 44. An electrolyte solution comprising: Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS); at least one zwitterion chosen from 2-amino-2methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD), N,N-bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid (BES), N-Glycylglycine (Gly-Gly), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-propanesulfonic acid (EPPS or HEPPS), and 3-(cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPSO), N-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-amino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (AMPSO), 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPS), 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES), 3-[N-Bis(hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (DIPSO), N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N\u2032-(4-butanesulfonic acid) (HEPBS), 4-(N-Morpholino)butanesulfonic acid (MOBS), piperazie-N,N\u2032-bis[2-hydroxypropanesulphonic]acid (POPSO), N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-4-aminobutanesulfonic acid (TABS), N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS), (2-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethylamino]ethanesulphonic acid) (TES), (2-[2-acetamino]-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid) (ACES), (1,4-piperazinediethanesulphonic acid) (PIPES), and Piperazine-N,N\u2032-bis(3-propanesulfonic Acid) (PIPPS); water, and a chelating agent having the name: ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), trisodium nitrilotriacetate, hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine trisodium acetate (trisodium HEDTA), diethylene triamino pentasodium acetate or uramil disodium acetate, wherein said EDTA is at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) or less; wherein the pH of the electrolyte solution is from about 8.0 to about 8.8, wherein said electrolyte solution is for at least one of: a shorter electrophoresis time of a gel electrophoresis, an improved resolution of a gel electrophoresis, an improved transfer efficacy of a gel electrophoresis, and a shorter transfer time of a gel electrophoresis, compared to a Tris-Glycine-SDS electrolyte solution at pH 8.3. 45. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, further comprising methanol. 46. The electrolyte solution of claim 45, wherein said methanol is up to 20%. 47. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, further comprising sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). 48. The electrolyte solution of claim 47, wherein sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is 0.5% (wt/vol) or less. 49. The electrolyte solution of claim 48, wherein the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is 0.1% (wt/vol) or less. 50. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein a concentration of said chelating agent is 0.5% (wt/vol) or less. 51. The electrolyte solution of claim 50, wherein a concentration of said chelating agent is 0.05% (wt/vol) or less. 52. The electrolyte solution of claim 51, wherein a concentration of said chelating agent is 0.03%. 53. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein the concentration of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) is from about 10 mM to about 500 mM. 54. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein the concentration of the zwitterion is from about 1 mM to about 500 mM. 55. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein the concentration of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) is from about 50 mM to about 150 mM. 56. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein the concentration of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) is from about 50 mM to about 250 mM. 57. The electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein the concentration of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) is 150 mM. 58. The electrolyte solution according to claim 44, wherein said zwitterions is a combination of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-propanesulfonic acid (EPPS or HEPPS), (2-[2-acetamino]-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid) (ACES), and (1,4-piperazinediethanesulphonic acid) (PIPES). 59. An electrophoresis gel comprising the electrolyte solution of claim 44, wherein the gel is chosen from an acrylamide gel at a concentration from less than 1% (wt/vol) to about 25% (wt/vol), an agarose gel at a concentration from about 0.5% (wt/vol) to about 3% (wt/vol) and a combination thereof. 60. The electrophoresis gel of claim 59, further comprising sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). 61. The electrophoresis gel of claim 59, wherein the pH is from about 8.0 to about 8.8. 62. A method of accelerating or improving the resolution, or improving transfer efficacy, or accelerating and improving the resolution, or accelerating and improving transfer efficacy of the electrophoretic separation of at least one sample comprising the step of: applying a voltage to an electrolyte solution according to claim 44, in contact with an electrophoresis gel containing the at least one sample therein.",
-    "A pesticide composition includes at least one biologically inert carrier; and at least one ferrite or at least one doped component including at least one fixed copper compound doped with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, zinc compounds, magnesium compounds, calcium compounds, and combinations and/or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the doped component has a particle size of about 0.5 nm to about 30 microns. A method for the control of pests includes the step of applying to the pests or their growth habitat the aforementioned composition. The method also includes the control of fungal and other diseases in banana plants, by applying the aforementioned composition to their growth habitat in banana plant groves. 1. A pesticide composition to be applied to banana crop plants, wherein said composition is effective in treating banana plants afflicted with Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease, comprising: a) at least one biologically inert carrier, and b) at least one ferrite containing copper, zinc or iron alone, or in any combination, and, c) optionally at least one doped component comprising at least one fixed copper compound doped with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of iron compounds, zinc compounds and combinations thereof; d) said pesticide composition to be applied to agricultural plants in an effective amount for the treatment of agricultural crop diseases. 2. The pesticide composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is iron oxide. 3. The pesticide composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is copper zinc iron oxide. 4. The pesticide composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is copper iron oxide. 5. The pesticide composition according to claim 1 wherein said ferrite is zinc iron oxide. 6. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said fixed copper compound is selected from the group consisting of cupric hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper oxide, cupric carbonate basic, copper sulfate basic, tribasic copper sulfate, cuprous oxide, cupric citrate, cupric phosphate, cuprobam, indigo copper, minerals brochantite, langite, malachite, cometite, libethenite, pseudolibethenite, pseudo-malachite, antlerite, covellite, marshite, cuprite, chalcocite, Rogojski's salt, brochantite, hydrocyanite, nantokite, dolerophane, ammonia copper carbonate, basic copper chloride, and combinations thereof. 7. The pesticide composition according to claim 6, wherein said fixed copper compound is cupric hydroxide. 8. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said iron compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble iron compound. 9. The pesticide composition according to claim 8 wherein said iron compound is selected from the group consisting of iron hydroxide, iron oxyhydroxide, iron oxide, iron glucose, ferric citrate, Ferritin, ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, and iron saturated human holotransferrin. 10. The pesticide composition according claim 1, wherein said zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 11. The pesticide composition according to claim 10, wherein said zinc compound is selected from the group consisting of zinc hydroxide and zinc oxide. 12. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said fixed copper compound is cupric hydroxide and said iron compound is iron hydroxide and/or iron oxyhydroxide. 13. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said doped component includes about 15 at % iron from said iron compound doped within said fixed copper compound. 14. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said particle size of said doped component is about 0.5 nm to about 30 microns. 15. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, wherein said doped component is only doped with an iron compound and/or a zinc compound. 16. The pesticide composition according claim 1, further comprising c) at least one iron compound mixed with a) and b). 17. The pesticide composition according to claim 16, wherein said iron compound is at least one insoluble or substantially insoluble iron compound. 18. The pesticide composition according to claim 17, wherein said iron compounds is iron hydroxide. 19. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, further comprising d) at least one zinc compound mixed with a), b) and c). 20. The pesticide composition according to claim 19, wherein said at least one zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 21. The pesticide composition according to claim 20, wherein said at least one zinc compounds is zinc hydroxide or zinc oxide. 22. The pesticide composition according to claim 1, further comprising d) at least one zinc compound mixed with a) and b). 23. The pesticide composition according to claim 22, wherein said at least one zinc compound is an insoluble or substantially insoluble zinc compound. 24. The pesticide composition according to claim 23, wherein said at least one zinc compounds is zinc hydroxide or zinc oxide. 25. A method for the control of Black Sigatoka disease, Yellow Sigatoka disease and Panama disease in banana plants, comprising; applying to said pests or their growth habitat a pesticide composition according to claim 1. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said pesticide composition is administered to said pests or their growth habitat by a method selected from the group consisting of dusting, sprinkling, spraying, brushing, dipping, smearing, impregnating, injection of the composition into plant vasculature, and application to a root system.",
-    "A method for an engine may comprise, responsive to a first condition comprising a reference voltage of a first exhaust oxygen sensor operating in variable voltage mode increasing above a threshold voltage, determining a change in an output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor corresponding to the increase in the reference voltage, correcting the output of the first oxygen sensor based on the output change, and adjusting engine operation based on the corrected output. In this way, the accuracy of air-fuel estimates based on the exhaust gas sensor can be preserved, and closed loop fuel control of the engine can be maintained even when the exhaust oxygen sensor is operating VVS mode, thereby reducing engine emissions, increasing fuel economy, and increasing vehicle drivability. 1. A method for an engine comprising, responsive to a first condition comprising a reference voltage of a first exhaust oxygen sensor operating in variable voltage mode increasing above a threshold voltage, determining a change in an output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor corresponding to the increase in the reference voltage, correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor based on the output change, and adjusting engine operation based on the corrected output. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein adjusting engine operation based on the corrected output comprises determining an air-fuel ratio based on the corrected output and adjusting engine operation based on the air-fuel ratio. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, responsive to the increase in the reference voltage, correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor based on the output of a second exhaust oxygen sensor. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first condition further comprises a pumping current of the first exhaust oxygen sensor increasing above a threshold current. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising during operation of the first exhaust oxygen sensor in variable voltage mode, controlling the engine in a closed loop manner based on the air-fuel ratio, and responsive to the increase in the reference voltage, maintaining closed loop control of the engine based on the air-fuel ratio. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the threshold voltage comprises a voltage above which exhaust water or exhaust carbon dioxide are dissociated at the first oxygen sensor. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second exhaust oxygen sensor is positioned downstream from the first exhaust oxygen sensor. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first exhaust oxygen sensor is positioned upstream from an emissions control device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein correcting the output of the first oxygen sensor based on the output change comprises subtracting the change in the output from the output. 10. A method, comprising: during operation of a combustion engine in a closed loop control mode based on an air-fuel ratio, correcting an output of a first exhaust oxygen sensor operating in a variable voltage mode, and determining the air-fuel ratio based on the corrected output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor while the first exhaust oxygen sensor is operating in a higher voltage state. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor comprises determining a change in the output corresponding to an increase in a reference voltage of the first exhaust oxygen sensor from a lower voltage state to the higher voltage state, and subtracting the output change from the output. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor further comprises correcting the output based on an output of a second exhaust oxygen sensor. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first exhaust oxygen sensor is positioned upstream from the second exhaust oxygen sensor. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the higher voltage state corresponds to a voltage at which exhaust water or exhaust carbon dioxide dissociate to oxygen. 16. An engine system, comprising: an engine; a first exhaust oxygen sensor positioned at an exhaust passage of the engine; and a controller, including executable instructions to, during operation of the engine in a closed loop control mode based on an air-fuel ratio, correcting an output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor operating in a variable voltage mode, and determining the air-fuel ratio based on the corrected output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor. 17. The engine system of claim 16, wherein the executable instructions further comprise correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor while the first exhaust oxygen sensor is operating in a higher voltage state. 18. The engine system of claim 17, wherein correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor comprises determining a change in the output corresponding to an increase in a reference voltage of the first exhaust oxygen sensor from a lower voltage state to the higher voltage state, and subtracting the output change from the output. 19. The engine system of claim 18, further comprising a second exhaust oxygen sensor disposed in the exhaust passage of the engine, wherein correcting the output of the first exhaust oxygen sensor further comprises correcting the output based on an output of a second exhaust oxygen sensor. 20. The engine system of claim 19, wherein the first exhaust oxygen sensor comprises a UEGO sensor and the second exhaust oxygen sensor comprises a HEGO sensor.",
-    "Systems and methods for encoding source media in Matroska container files for adaptive bitrate streaming utilizing Hypertext Transfer Potocol (HTTP) in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed. One embodiment of the invention includes a processor configured via a source encoding application to ingest at least one multimedia file containing a source video. In addition, the source encoding application further configures the processor to select a portion of the source video, transcode the selected portion of the source video into a plurality of alternative portions of encoded video, where each alternative portion is encoded using a different set of encoding parameters and commences with an intra frame starting a closed Group of Pictures (GOP), write each of the alternative portions of encoded video to an element of a different EBML container file, where each element is located within an EBML container file that also includes another element that indicates the encoding parameters used to encode the alternative portion of encoded video, and add an entry to at least one index that identifies the location of the element containing one of the alternative portions of encoded video within each of the EBML container files. 1. A source encoder configured to encode source video as a plurality of alternative video streams packed in container files, where the container files are extensible binary markup language (EBML) files, the source encoder comprising: a processor configured via a source encoding application to ingest at least one multimedia file containing a source video; wherein the source encoding application further configures the processor to: select a portion of the source video; transcode the selected portion of the source video into a plurality of alternative portions of encoded video, where each alternative portion is encoded using a different set of encoding parameters and commences with an intra frame starting a closed Group of Pictures (GOP); write each of the alternative portions of encoded video to an element of a different EBML container file, where each element is located within an EBML container file that also includes another element that indicates the encoding parameters used to encode the alternative portion of encoded video; and add an entry to at least one index that identifies the location of the element containing one of the alternative portions of encoded video within each of the EBML container files.",
-    "A method and apparatus for tracking and responding to mobile events in a relationship management system is described. The method may include detecting a mobile event associated with a user of a relationship management system. Furthermore, the method may include analyzing the mobile event to determine at least one relationship management process associated with the user for which the mobile event is related. The method may also include generating one or more relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user prior to initiation of the mobile event, and generating one or more relationship management suggestions or relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user after a termination of the mobile event. 1. A method, comprising: detecting a mobile event associated with a user of a relationship management system with a mobile device configurable to provide access to the relationship management system; analyzing the mobile event to determine at least one relationship management process comprising at least a sequential series of stages in communication between the user and one or more relationships and collaborators tracked by the relationship management system; generating either 1) one or more relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user corresponding to the mobile event, or 2) one or more relationship management suggestions or relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user after a termination of the mobile event. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile event is a mobile telephone call event, further comprising: receiving pre-call data associated with the mobile telephone call event from the mobile device of the user, wherein the pre-call data includes at least a telephone number of a second user involved in the mobile telephone call event, and the pre-call data is received before the mobile telephone call event occurs; analyzing the pre-call data to identify the second user as a relationship or a collaborator within the process; generating the one or more relationship management notifications based on the identification of the second user; and sending the one or more generated relationship management notifications to the mobile device of the user before the call occurs. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the pre-call data comprises a telephone number of an incoming call received by the mobile device of the user. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the pre-call data comprises a telephone number of an outgoing call to be placed by the mobile device of the user. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more relationship management notifications include at least an identification of the at least one relationship management process associated with the user, a status of the at least one relationship management process, and an identification of the second user as a collaborator or a relationship of the user within the at least one relationship management process. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the mobile event is a mobile telephone call event, further comprising: receiving post-call data associated with the mobile telephone call event from the mobile device of the user, wherein the post-call data includes at least a duration of the telephone call event and a direction of the telephone call event, wherein the post-call data is tracked by the mobile device and received after the call event is terminated; analyzing the post-call data to determine one or more relationship management suggestions based on the pre-call data, the post call data, and the at least one relationship management process; and sending the one or more generated relationship management suggestions to the mobile device of the user after the call event is terminated. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the generated relationship management suggestion is a suggestion to for the user to add the second user as a new relationship or collaborator within a second process. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile event is a calendar event, further comprising: receiving access credentials from the user for a calendar system; accessing the calendar system using the access credentials; locating the calendar event in the calendar system, wherein the calendar event is an imminent event that is scheduled to occur within a predetermined amount of time; extracting event data from the calendar event; determining that the calendar event is related to the at least one relationship management process based on the extracted event data; and generating the one or more relationship management notifications and the one or more relationship management suggestions based on the event data and the at least one relationship management process. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the event data extracted from the calendar event includes at least one or more attendees of the calendar event, a title of the calendar event, a location specified in the calendar event, and a description of the calendar event. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more generated relationship management suggestions include at least a suggestion to follow up with one or more attendees of the calendar event. 11. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, are configurable to cause the one or more processors to: detect a mobile event associated with a user of a relationship management system with a mobile device configurable to provide access to the relationship management system; analyze the mobile event to determine at least one relationship management process comprising at least a sequential series of stages in communication between the user and one or more relationships and collaborators tracked by the relationship management system; generate either 1) one or more relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user corresponding to the mobile event, or 2) one or more relationship management suggestions or relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user after a termination of the mobile event. 12. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the mobile event is a mobile telephone call event, further comprising: receiving pre-call data associated with the mobile telephone call event from the mobile device of the user, wherein the pre-call data includes at least a telephone number of a second user involved in the mobile telephone call event, and the pre-call data is received before the mobile telephone call event occurs; analyzing the pre-call data to identify the second user as a relationship or a collaborator within the process; generating the one or more relationship management notifications based on the identification of the second user; and sending the one or more generated relationship management notifications to the mobile device of the user before the call occurs. 13. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the pre-call data comprises a telephone number of an incoming call received by the mobile device of the user. 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the pre-call data comprises a telephone number of an outgoing call to be placed by the mobile device of the user. 15. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more relationship management notifications include at least an identification of the at least one relationship management process associated with the user, a status of the at least one relationship management process, and an identification of the second user as a collaborator or a relationship of the user within the at least one relationship management process. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the mobile event is a mobile telephone call event, further comprising: receiving post-call data associated with the mobile telephone call event from the mobile device of the user, wherein the post-call data includes at least a duration of the telephone call event and a direction of the telephone call event, wherein the post-call data is tracked by the mobile device and received after the call event is terminated; analyzing the post-call data to determine one or more relationship management suggestions based on the pre-call data, the post call data, and the at least one relationship management process; and sending the one or more generated relationship management suggestions to the mobile device of the user after the call event is terminated. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the mobile event is a calendar event, further comprising: receiving access credentials from the user for a calendar system; accessing the calendar system using the access credentials; locating the calendar event in the calendar system, wherein the calendar event is an imminent event that is scheduled to occur within a predetermined amount of time; extracting event data from the calendar event; determining that the calendar event is related to the at least one relationship management process based on the extracted event data; and generating the one or more relationship management notifications and the one or more relationship management suggestions based on the event data and the at least one relationship management process. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the event data extracted from the calendar event includes at least one or more attendees of the calendar event, a title of the calendar event, a location specified in the calendar event, and a description of the calendar event. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the one or more generated relationship management suggestions include at least a suggestion to follow up with one or more attendees of the calendar event. 20. A system, comprising: a memory; and one or more processors coupled with the memory, the one or more processors configurable to detect a mobile event associated with a user of a relationship management system with a mobile device configurable to provide access to the relationship management system; analyze the mobile event to determine at least one relationship management process comprising at least a sequential series of stages in communication between the user and one or more relationships and collaborators tracked by the relationship management system; generate either 1) one or more relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user corresponding to the mobile event, or 2) one or more relationship management suggestions or relationship management system notifications for transmission to the mobile device of the user after a termination of the mobile event. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the mobile event is a mobile telephone call event, and the system is further configurable to: receive pre-call data associated with the mobile telephone call event from the mobile device of the user, wherein the pre-call data includes at least a telephone number of a second user involved in the mobile telephone call event, and the pre-call data is received before the mobile telephone call event occurs; analyze the pre-call data to identify the second user as a relationship or a collaborator within the process; generate the one or more relationship management notifications based on the identification of the second user; and send the one or more generated relationship management notifications to the mobile device of the user before the call occurs. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the pre-call data comprises a telephone number of an incoming call received by the mobile device of the user. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the pre-call data comprises a telephone number of an outgoing call to be placed by the mobile device of the user. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the one or more relationship management notifications include at least an identification of the at least one relationship management process associated with the user, a status of the at least one relationship management process, and an identification of the second user as a collaborator or a relationship of the user within the at least one relationship management process. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein the mobile event is a mobile telephone call event, further comprising: receiving post-call data associated with the mobile telephone call event from the mobile device of the user, wherein the post-call data includes at least a duration of the telephone call event and a direction of the telephone call event, wherein the post-call data is tracked by the mobile device and received after the call event is terminated; analyzing the post-call data to determine one or more relationship management suggestions based on the pre-call data, the post call data, and the at least one relationship management process; and sending the one or more generated relationship management suggestions to the mobile device of the user after the call event is terminated. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the generated relationship management suggestion is a suggestion to for the user to add the second user as a new relationship or collaborator within a second process. 27. The system of claim 20, wherein the mobile event is a calendar event, further comprising: receiving access credentials from the user for a calendar system; accessing the calendar system using the access credentials; locating the calendar event in the calendar system, wherein the calendar event is an imminent event that is scheduled to occur within a predetermined amount of time; extracting event data from the calendar event; determining that the calendar event is related to the at least one relationship management process based on the extracted event data; and generating the one or more relationship management notifications and the one or more relationship management suggestions based on the event data and the at least one relationship management process. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the event data extracted from the calendar event includes at least one or more attendees of the calendar event, a title of the calendar event, a location specified in the calendar event, and a description of the calendar event. 29. The system of claim 27, wherein the one or more generated relationship management suggestions include at least a suggestion to follow up with one or more attendees of the calendar event.",
-    "Novel modulators, including antibodies and derivatives thereof, and methods of using such modulators to treat proliferative disorders are provided. 1.-74. (canceled) 75. A method of making an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) of the formula M-[L-D]n, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a drug D, wherein D comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD); (b) providing a linker L; (c) synthesizing a linker-PBD [L-D] conjugate; (d) conjugating the [L-D] conjugate to M, wherein M comprises a chimeric, CDR-grafted, or humanized anti-DLL3 antibody that specifically binds to an epitope within the DSL domain of a DLL3 protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is capable of internalizing upon binding to a cell expressing DLL3; and wherein the conjugating occurs under conditions where n is an integer from 1 to 20. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the linker L comprises a terminal thiol reactive group. 77. The method of claim 76, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises a reducible cysteine that can be made reactive for conjugating with the linker L. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody and the [L-D] conjugate are conjugated by reaction of the reduced cysteine of the anti-DLL3 antibody with the terminal thiol reactive group of the linker L. 79. The method of claim 75, further comprising the step of: (e) purifying the ADC by ion exchange column chromatography. 80. The method of claim 75, wherein the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) comprises the formula AC: wherein: the dotted lines indicate the optional presence of a double bond, and wherein only one of the dotted lines in a given ring can be a double bond; R2 is selected from H, OH, \u2550O, \u2550CH2, CN, R, OR, \u2550CH\u2014RD, \u2550C(RD)2, O\u2014SO2\u2014R, CO2R, COR, and halo, where RD is selected from R, CO2R, COR, CHO, CO2H, and halo; R6 and R9 are each independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R7 is selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R10 is the linker L connected to the anti-DLL3 antibody; Q is selected from O, S and NH; R11 is either H, or R or, where Q is O, SO3M, where M is a metal cation; R and R\u2032 are each independently selected from optionally substituted C1-12 alkyl, C3-20 heterocyclyl and C5-20 aryl groups, and optionally in relation to the group NRR\u2032, R and R\u2032 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; X is selected from O, S, and N(H); R2\u2033, R6\u2033, R7\u2033, R9\u2033, and X\u2033 are as defined according to R2, R6, R7, R9, and X, respectively; and R\u2033 is a C3-12 alkylene group, which comprises a chain optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, one or more rings, or both one or more heteroatoms and one or more rings, wherein the optional one or more rings are optionally substituted. 81. The method of claim 80, wherein (a) R2 is R, wherein R is a C5-20 aryl group; (b) R6 and R9 are H; (c) R7 is OR, and wherein R is a C1 alkyl; (d) Q is O, and wherein R11 is H; or (e) X and X\u2033 are O. 82. The method of claim 75, wherein the ADC further comprises the structure: wherein: CBA is a cell binding agent, which is the anti-DLL3 antibody M; A, L1, and L2 are components of the linker L; A is a connecting group connecting L1 to the cell binding agent (CBA); L1 is optionally a cleavable linker; L2 is a covalent bond or together with the \u2014OC(\u2550O)\u2014 group forms a self-immolative linker; and wherein the linker L is attached to the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) at the position of the asterisk (*). 83. The method of claim 82, wherein L1 comprises a cleavable linker and the cleavable linker comprises a dipeptide. 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the dipeptide is Phe-Lys, Val-Ala, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Phe-Arg, or Trp-Cit. 85. The method of claim 84, wherein the dipeptide is Val-Ala. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the moiety: comprises the structure: wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of the structure directly to A or to a remaining portion of L1 that is further connected to A. 87. The method of claim 75, wherein (a) the anti-DLL3 antibody specifically binds to an epitope comprising amino acids G203, R205 and P206 (SEQ ID NO: 10); or (b) the anti-DLL3 antibody competes for binding to human DLL3 protein with an antibody comprising a light chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 84 and a heavy chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 85. 88. The method of claim 75, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises: (a) residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L1, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L2, residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L3, residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H1, residues 50-65 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H2 and residues 95-102 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H3, wherein the residues are numbered according to Kabat; or (b) a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 212 and a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 213. 89. A method of making an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) of the formula M-[L-D]n, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a drug D, wherein D comprises a cytotoxic agent; (b) providing a linker L; (c) synthesizing a linker-cytotoxic agent [L-D] conjugate; (d) conjugating the [L-D] conjugate to M, wherein M comprises a chimeric, CDR-grafted, or humanized anti-DLL3 antibody that specifically binds to an epitope within the DSL domain of a DLL3 protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody is capable of internalizing upon binding to a cell expressing DLL3; under such conditions where n is an integer from 1 to 20. 90. The method of claim 89, wherein the linker L comprises a terminal thiol reactive group. 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises a reducible cysteine that can be made reactive for conjugating with the linker L. 92. The method of claim 91, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody and the [L-D] conjugate are conjugated by reaction of the reduced cysteine of the anti-DLL3 antibody with the terminal thiol reactive group of the linker L. 93. The method of claim 89, further comprising the step of: (e) purifying the ADC by ion exchange column chromatography. 94. The method of claim 89, wherein the cytotoxic agent comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD), an auristatin, or a maytansinoid. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the cytotoxic agent comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine. 96. The method of claim 95, wherein the cytotoxic agent comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine comprising the formula AC: wherein: the dotted lines indicate the optional presence of a double bond, and wherein only one of the dotted lines in a given ring can be a double bond; R2 is selected from H, OH, \u2550O, \u2550CH2, CN, R, OR, \u2550CH\u2014RD, \u2550C(RD)2, O\u2014SO2\u2014R, CO2R, COR, and halo, where RD is selected from R, CO2R, COR, CHO, CO2H, and halo; R6 and R9 are each independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R7 is selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH2, NHR, NRR\u2032, NO2, Me3Sn and halo; R10 is the linker L connected to the anti-DLL3 antibody; Q is selected from O, S and NH; R11 is either H, or R or, where Q is O, SO3M, where M is a metal cation; R and R\u2032 are each independently selected from optionally substituted C1-12 alkyl, C3-20 heterocyclyl and C5-20 aryl groups, and optionally in relation to the group NRR\u2032, R and R\u2032 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; X is selected from O, S, and N(H); R2\u2033, R6\u2033, R7\u2033, R9\u2033, and X\u2033 are as defined according to R2, R6, R7, R9, and X, respectively; and R\u2033 is a C3-12 alkylene group, which comprises a chain optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, one or more rings, or both one or more heteroatoms and one or more rings, wherein the optional one or more rings are optionally substituted. 97. The method of claim 96, wherein (a) R2 is R, wherein R is a C5-20 aryl group; (b) R6 and R9 are H; (c) R7 is OR, and wherein R is a C1 alkyl; (d) Q is O, and wherein R11 is H; or (e) X and X\u2033 are O. 98. The method of claim 89, wherein the ADC further comprises the structure: wherein: CBA is a cell binding agent, which is the anti-DLL3 antibody M; A, L1, and L2 are components of the linker L; A is a connecting group connecting L1 to the cell binding agent (CBA); L1 is optionally a cleavable linker; L2 is a covalent bond or together with the \u2014OC(\u2550O)\u2014 group forms a self-immolative linker; and wherein the linker L is attached to the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) at the position of the asterisk (*). 99. The method of claim 98, wherein L1 comprises a cleavable linker and the cleavable linker comprises a dipeptide. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the dipeptide is Phe-Lys, Val-Ala, Val-Lys, Ala-Lys, Val-Cit, Phe-Cit, Leu-Cit, Ile-Cit, Phe-Arg, or Trp-Cit. 101. The method of claim 100, wherein the dipeptide is Val-Ala. 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the moiety: comprises the structure: wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of the structure directly to A or to a remaining portion of L1 that is further connected to A. 103. The antibody drug conjugate of claim 89, wherein (a) the anti-DLL3 antibody specifically binds to an epitope comprising amino acids G203, R205 and P206 (SEQ ID NO: 10); or (b) the anti-DLL3 antibody competes for binding to human DLL3 protein with an antibody comprising a light chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 84 and a heavy chain variable region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 85. 104. The method of claim 89, wherein the anti-DLL3 antibody comprises: (a) residues 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L1, residues 50-56 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L2, residues 89-97 of SEQ ID NO: 84 for CDR-L3, residues 31-35 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H1, residues 50-65 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H2 and residues 95-102 of SEQ ID NO: 85 for CDR-H3, wherein the residues are numbered according to Kabat; or (b) a light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 212 and a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 213.",
-    "A medical device for removing tissue from a subject is provided with a distal housing, an elongate member, a first rotatable member and first and second tissue shearing edges. The distal housing is configured with at least one tissue engaging opening. The elongate member is coupled to the distal housing and configured to introduce the distal housing to a target tissue site. The first rotatable member is located at least partially within the distal housing. The first and second tissue shearing edges are configured to cooperate to shear tissue therebetween. The first rotatable member is configured to engage tissue from the target tissue site, rotate towards the second tissue shearing edge. A first axis of the first rotatable member is offset from the longitudinal axis of the elongate member, lies in a common plane and forms an angle therewith of between 0 and 90 degrees. Methods are also disclosed. 1. A medical device for removing tissue from a subject, comprising: a distal housing configured with at least one tissue engaging opening; an elongate member coupled to the distal housing and configured to introduce the distal housing to a target tissue site of the subject, the elongate member having a central longitudinal axis; a first rotatable member located at least partially within the distal housing and configured to rotate about a singular first axis, the first rotatable member comprising a first cutting blade, the first blade having a first tissue shearing edge; and a second tissue shearing edge located and configured to cooperate with the first tissue shearing edge of the first blade to shear tissue therebetween, wherein the first rotatable member is configured to engage tissue from the target tissue site, rotate towards the second tissue shearing edge and inwardly to direct tissue from the target tissue site through the tissue engaging opening and into an interior portion of the distal housing, and wherein the first axis of the first rotatable member is offset from the longitudinal axis of the elongate member, lies in a common plane and forms an angle therewith of between 0 and 90 degrees. 2. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the first cutting blade comprises a disc-shaped portion having a series of teeth along an outer circumference of the blade. 3. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the first tissue shearing edge is located along a distal portion of one of the teeth. 4. The medical device of claim 2, wherein the disc-shaped portion is perpendicular to the singular first axis. 5. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the second tissue shearing edge is formed by a fixed portion of the distal housing. 6. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the first rotatable member comprises a second cutting blade, wherein the first and the second cutting blades each comprise a disc-shaped portion having a series of teeth along an outer circumference of the blade, wherein the first tissue shearing edge is located along a distal portion of one of the teeth of the first blade and a third tissue shearing edge is located along a distal portion of one of the teeth of the second blade, wherein the first and third tissue shearing edges are located and configured to alternately cooperate with the second tissue shearing edge to shear tissue therebetween. 7. The medical device of claim 6, wherein the second tissue shearing edge is formed by a fixed portion of the distal housing. 8. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the elongate member comprises a drive tube coaxially located therein and configured to rotate about the central longitudinal axis, the drive tube comprising a crown gear located on its distal end, wherein the distal housing comprises a first spur gear rotatably mounted therein and configured to mesh with the crown gear and rotate about a second axis which is parallel or coincident with the first axis, wherein the first spur gear is configured to drive the first rotatable member about the first axis. 9. The medical device of claim 8, wherein the distal housing comprises a second spur gear rotatably mounted therein and configured to mesh with the first spur gear and rotate about a third axis which is parallel or coincident with the first axis, wherein the crown gear is configured to drive the first spur gear which is configured to drive the second spur gear which is configured to directly drive the first rotatable member. 10. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the elongate member comprises a distal portion that is oriented at an angle with respect to a more proximal portion of the elongate member such that the central longitudinal axis has an inflection point between the distal portion and more proximal portion. 11. The medical device of claim 10, wherein a distal portion of the central longitudinal axis and a more proximal portion of the central longitudinal axis lie in a common plane that is coincident with or generally parallel to the first axis of the first rotatable member. 12. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the device is configured to allow the first rotatable member to articulate with respect to the elongate member about an articulation axis that is perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis. 13. The medical device of claim 8, wherein the device is configured to allow the first rotatable member to articulate with respect to the elongate member about an articulation axis that is perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis, wherein the articulation axis passes through a meshing contact point between the first spur gear and the crown gear. 14. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the device is configured to draw sheared tissue pieces into the distal housing and proximally through the elongate member. 15. The medical device of claim 1, wherein the first axis of the first rotatable member forms an angle of 45 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the elongate member. 16. A method of removing tissue from a target tissue site of a patient, the method comprising: providing a device comprising: a distal housing configured with at least one tissue engaging opening; an elongate member coupled to the distal housing and configured to introduce the distal housing to a target tissue site of the subject, the elongate member having a central longitudinal axis; a first rotatable member located at least partially within the distal housing and configured to rotate about a singular first axis, the first rotatable member comprising a first cutting blade, the first blade having a first tissue shearing edge; and a second tissue shearing edge located and configured to cooperate with the first tissue shearing edge of the first blade to shear tissue therebetween, wherein the first axis of the first rotatable member is offset from the longitudinal axis of the elongate member, lies in a common plane and forms an angle therewith of between 0 and 90 degrees; introducing the distal housing of the device to a target tissue site of a patient; and engaging tissue from the target tissue site with the first rotatable member, rotating the first rotatable member towards the second tissue shearing edge and inwardly directing tissue from the target tissue site through the tissue engaging opening and into an interior portion of the distal housing. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first rotatable member comprises a second cutting blade, wherein the first and the second cutting blades each comprise a disc-shaped portion having a series of teeth along an outer circumference of the blade, wherein the first tissue shearing edge is located along a distal portion of one of the teeth of the first blade and a third tissue shearing edge is located along a distal portion of one of the teeth of the second blade, wherein during the engaging tissue step the first and third tissue shearing edges alternately cooperate with the second tissue shearing edge to shear tissue therebetween. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising drawing sheared tissue pieces into the distal housing and proximally through the elongate member. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the elongate member comprises a drive tube coaxially located therein and rotates about the central longitudinal axis, the drive tube comprising a crown gear located on its distal end, wherein the distal housing comprises a first spur gear rotatably mounted therein and meshes with the crown gear and rotates about a second axis which is parallel or coincident with the first axis, wherein the first spur gear drives the first rotatable member about the first axis. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising articulating the first rotatable member with respect to the elongate member about an articulation axis that is perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis.",
-    "A live-fire simulation system uses a position sensitive detector (PSD) in a weapon-mounted sensor to intercept emitted light from target emitters spatially distributed about a target. Each target emitter is modulated with a unique frequency. The system can thus not only determine the points of interception on the PSD but also determine which emitter caused which interception by using a frequency analysis. 1. (canceled) 2. A system comprising: a detector comprising a lateral effect photodiode comprising a single contiguous active area configured to receive, at corresponding positions on the active area, uniquely modulated light from a plurality of emitters, wherein the detector is configured to generate output signals based on the received light; and a processor configured to: determine spectrums associated with the output signals, and calculate, using the spectrums, pointing angles from the detector to the emitters. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to: detect, from the spectrums, spectral peaks associated with the emitters; and use the spectral peaks to calculate the pointing angles. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to determine the corresponding positions on the active area using the spectrums. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to perform Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) on the output signals to determine the spectrums. 6. The system of claim 2, wherein at least two of the output signals are combined into a single combined output signal, wherein the processor is configured to determine at least one of the spectrums using the combined output signal. 7. The system of claim 2, further comprising optics configured to focus the received light onto the active area, wherein the positions of the received light on the active area are dependent on the pointing angles from the active area to the emitters. 8. The system of claim 2, wherein: the lateral effect photodiode comprises a resistive layer; a first one of the output signals is associated with a first current generated at a first portion of the resistive layer; and a second one of the output signals is associated with a second current generated at a second portion of the resistive layer. 9. The system of claim 2, wherein: the active area comprises a single PN junction; the lateral effect photodiode further comprises a plurality of electrodes coupled to the PN junction; and each electrode is configured to generate a corresponding one of the output signals based on the positions within the active area and the unique modulation frequencies of the received light. 10. The system of claim 2, wherein the output signals are analog signals, the system further comprising a plurality of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) configured to convert the analog output signals to digital signals received by the processor. 11. The system of claim 2, further comprising a transmitter configured to transmit the pointing angles to a remote host computer. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the transmitter is wireless WiFi transmitter or a wireless Bluetooth\u00ae transmitter. 13. The system of claim 2, wherein the emitters are attached to one or more static or dynamic targets. 14. The system of claim 2, wherein the emitters are attached to one or more human beings. 15. The system of claim 2, wherein the system is a sensor configured to operate with a live-fire simulation system. 16. A method comprising: receiving, at corresponding positions on a single contiguous active area of a lateral effect photodiode, uniquely modulated light from a plurality of emitters; generating output signals based on the received light; determining spectrums associated with the output signals, and calculating, using the spectrums, pointing angles from the detector to the emitters. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: detecting, from the spectrums, spectral peaks associated with the emitters; and using the spectral peaks to calculate the pointing angles. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising determining the corresponding positions on the active area using the spectrums. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the determining comprises performing Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) on the output signals to determine the spectrums. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: combining at least two of the output signals into a single combined output signal; and determining at least one of the spectrums using the combined output signal. 21. The method of claim 16, further comprising focusing the received light onto the active area using optics, wherein the positions of the received light on the active area are dependent on the pointing angles from the active area to the emitters. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein: the lateral effect photodiode comprises a resistive layer; a first one of the output signals is associated with a first current generated at a first portion of the resistive layer; and a second one of the output signals is associated with a second current generated at a second portion of the resistive layer. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein: the active area comprises a single PN junction; the lateral effect photodiode further comprises a plurality of electrodes coupled to the PN junction; and the generating comprises generating, by each electrode, a corresponding one of the output signals based on the positions within the active area and the unique modulation frequencies of the received light. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the output signals are analog signals, the method further comprising converting the analog output signals to digital signals used to determine the spectrums. 25. The method of claim 16, further comprising transmitting the pointing angles to a remote host computer. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the transmitting is performed by a wireless WiFi transmitter or a wireless Bluetooth\u00ae transmitter. 27. The method of claim 16, wherein the emitters are attached to one or more static or dynamic targets. 28. The method of claim 16, wherein the emitters are attached to one or more human beings. 29. The method of claim 16, wherein the method is performed by a live-fire simulation system.",
-    "The present disclosure includes a method and system for applying markings on a food product package in such a manner to form a permanent marking thereon. The markings may include text, graphics, images, advertisements or other promotional material, freshness information, traceability data, other types of indicia, and any combination thereof. The markings are applied by any suitable marking device known in the art, such as laser-based or ink-based technologies. The method preferably forms the markings on the food product package while such package moves through a predetermined region of a food processing system. 1. A system for marking food product packages with selected content at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, the system comprising: at least one processor operable to control marking of food product packages; at least one marking unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one marking unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the food product packages are conveyed, the at least one marking unit operable to mark the food product packages as the food product packages pass through the marking station; a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the marking of the food product packages; at least one input/output interface operatively coupled to the processor; wherein the least one processor is operable to: determine whether the food product package has been closed; obtain content marking parameters comprising at least one of content to be marked thereon, at least one rendering parameter associated with marking of the content thereon, at least one characteristic of the food product packages to be marked, and combinations thereof; render the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters; and mark the food product packages with the selected content by the at least one marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one food product package closing unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one food package closing unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the food product packages are conveyed and upstream of the at least one marking unit, the at least one food product package closing unit operable to close open food product packages as the food product packages pass thereby. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the content to be marked on the food product packages comprises at least one of text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one rendering parameter comprises at least one of at least one parameter associated with text, graphics, images, and combinations included in the content, at least one operational parameter of the at least one marking unit, at least one parameter associated with the food product packages which are to be marked, and combinations thereof. 5. The system of 1, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to receive at least a portion of the content marking parameters from at least one associated user via the at least one input/output interface. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to: receive at least a portion of the content marking parameters from multiple associated users via the at least one input/output interface; generate aggregate content marking parameters based on the content marking parameters received from at least a portion of the multiple users; render the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters; and mark the food product packages with the selected content by the at least one marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the food product packages are egg cartons and the food product package closing unit is an egg carton lid closing unit having a progressive closing action mechanism. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the marking station comprises at least two parallel-motion rails positioned on opposite sides of at least one path along which the egg cartons are conveyed and are operable to provide consistent pressure on the sides of the egg cartons to orient the egg cartons with respect to the at least one marking unit for marking thereon. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least two parallel-motion rails are operable to adjust in order to provide consistent pressure on the sides of the eggs cartons of differing types, differing dimensions, and combinations thereof. 10. A method for marking food product packages with selected content at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, wherein at least one marking unit is positioned adjacent at least one path along which the food product packages are conveyed, the at least one marking unit operable to mark the food product packages as the food product packages pass through the marking station, the method comprising: determining whether the food product package has been closed; obtaining content marking parameters comprising at least one of content to be marked thereon, at least one rendering parameter associated with marking of the content thereon, at least one characteristic of the food product packages to be marked, and combinations thereof; rendering the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters; and marking the food product packages with the selected content by the at least one marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the content to be marked on the food product packages comprises at least one of text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one rendering parameter comprises at least one of at least one parameter associated with text, graphics, images, and combinations included in the content, at least one operational parameter of the at least one marking unit, at least one parameter associated with the food product packages which are to be marked, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of 10, wherein the method further comprises receiving at least a portion of the content marking parameters from at least one associated user via at least one input/output interface. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprising: receiving at least a portion of the content marking parameters from multiple associated users via the at least one input/output interface; generating aggregate content marking parameters based on the content marking parameters received from at least a portion of the multiple users; rendering the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters; and marking the food product packages with the selected content by the at least one marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the food product packages are egg cartons. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the food product package is closed via a progressive closing action. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises applying consistent pressure on the sides of the egg cartons by at least two parallel-motion rails positioned on opposite sides of at least on path along which the egg cartons are conveyed to orient the egg cartons with respect to the at least one marking unit for marking thereon. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises adjusting the at least two parallel-motion rails in order to provide consistent pressure on the sides of the eggs cartons of differing types, differing dimensions, and combinations thereof. 19. An apparatus for ink marking food product packages with selected content at a marking station, the system comprising: at least one processor operable to control marking of food product packages; at least one ink marking unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one ink marking unit positioned above at least one path along which the food product packages are conveyed, the at least one ink marking unit operable to mark the food product packages as the food product packages pass thereunder and through the marking station; and a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the marking of the food product packages; wherein the least one processor is operable to: determine whether the food product package has been closed; obtain content marking parameters comprising at least one of content to be marked thereon, at least one rendering parameter associated with marking of the content thereon, at least one characteristic of the food product packages to be marked, and combinations thereof; render the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters; and mark the food product packages with the selected content by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising at least one food product package closing unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one food package closing unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the food product packages are conveyed and upstream of the at least one ink marking unit, the at least one food product package closing unit operable to close open food product packages as the food product packages pass thereby.",
-    "A helicopter stall warning method includes receiving an airspeed of the helicopter, determining a stall airspeed based on multiple factors associated with the helicopter, the multiple factors comprising ambient temperature near the helicopter, the helicopter's altitude, and the helicopter's gross weight, determining a stall warning threshold derived from the stall airspeed, and providing a tactile warning through a collective helicopter control when the helicopter's airspeed meets or exceeds the stall warning threshold. 1. A helicopter stall warning method comprising: receiving an airspeed of the helicopter, determining a stall airspeed based on multiple factors associated with the helicopter, the multiple factors comprising ambient temperature near the helicopter, the helicopter's altitude, and the helicopter's gross weight, determining a stall warning threshold derived from the stall airspeed, and providing a tactile warning through a collective helicopter control when the helicopter's airspeed meets or exceeds the stall warning threshold. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a stall airspeed comprises referencing a database of stall airspeeds that correspond to at least one of the helicopters' altitude, the ambient temperature near the helicopter, and the helicopter's gross weight. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising providing a tactile warning when the helicopter's airspeed is within a defined percentage of the stall airspeed. 4. The method of claim 1, comprising providing a tactile warning when the helicopter's airspeed is within a defined airspeed of the stall airspeed. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising receiving the helicopter's rotor revolutions per unit time and providing a tactile warning through the collective helicopter control when the helicopter's rotor speed meets or drops below a low rotor revolution per unit time threshold. 6. A helicopter stall warning system comprising: a stall airspeed processor configured to determine a stall airspeed of a helicopter based on the ambient temperature near the helicopter, the helicopter's altitude, and the helicopter's gross weight, a stall warning threshold processor configured to receive the stall airspeed and determines a stall warning threshold from the stall airspeed, and a tactile warning processor configured to receive the stall warning threshold and the helicopter's airspeed, and provide an activation signal to a shaker of the helicopter's collective control when the helicopter's airspeed meets or exceeds the stall warning threshold. 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising a database of stall airspeeds that correspond to at least one of the helicopters' altitude, the ambient temperature near the helicopter, and the helicopter's gross weight, wherein the stall airspeed processor is configured to determine the stall airspeed by accessing the database. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein a tactile warning is provided when the helicopter's airspeed is within a defined percentage of the stall airspeed. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein a tactile warning is provided when the helicopter's airspeed is within a defined airspeed of the stall airspeed. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the tactile warning processor is configured to receive the helicopter's rotor revolution per unit time, and provide the activation signal to the shaker of the helicopter's collective control when the helicopter's rotor revolution per unit time meets or drops below a rotor revolution per unit time warning threshold. 11. A helicopter stall warning system comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the device to: receive an airspeed of the helicopter, determine a stall airspeed based on multiple factors associated with the helicopter, the multiple factors comprising ambient temperature near the helicopter, the helicopter's altitude, and the helicopter's gross weight, determine a stall warning threshold derived from the stall airspeed, and provide a tactile warning through a collective helicopter control when the helicopter's airspeed meets or exceeds the stall warning threshold. 12. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein determining a stall airspeed comprises referencing a database of stall airspeeds that correspond to at least one of the helicopters' altitude, the ambient temperature near the helicopter, and the helicopter's gross weight. 13. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the one or more programs further comprising instructions to provide a tactile warning when the helicopter's airspeed is within a defined percentage of the stall airspeed. 14. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions to provide a tactile warning when the helicopter's airspeed is within a defined airspeed of the stall airspeed. 15. The computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions to receive the helicopter's rotor revolutions per unit time and provide a tactile warning through the collective helicopter control when the helicopter's rotor speed meets or drops below a low rotor revolution per unit time threshold.",
-    "Apparatus and methods for therapy delivery are disclosed. In one embodiment, a therapy delivery system includes a plurality of movable components including a radiation therapy nozzle and a patient pod for holding a patient, a patient registration module for determining a desired position of at least one of the plurality of movable components, and a motion control module for coordinating the movement of the least one of the plurality of movable components from a current position to the desired position. The motion control module includes a path planning module for simulating at least one projected trajectory of movement of the least one of the plurality of moveable components from the current position to the desired position 1. (canceled) 2. A monitoring system for a radiation therapy system having movable components, the radiation therapy system operable to selectively deliver a radiation therapy beam along a beam axis, the monitoring system comprising: a plurality of external measurement devices arranged to obtain position measurements of components of the radiation therapy system and a patient substantially fixed in position with respect to a movable patient support so as to provide location information; a controller operable to receive position information from the plurality of external measurement devices and provide movement commands to the movable patient support to automatically align the patient in a desired pose, and a control system operable to determine whether the actual orientation of at least one moveable component of the radiation therapy system meets pre-determined criteria for correspondence with a desired orientation of the at least one component relative to a positioned patient. 3. The monitoring system of claim 2, wherein the controller is operable to receive position information from the plurality of external measurement devices, provide movement commands to the movable patient support, determine and evaluate a corresponding movement envelope, and inhibit movement of the patient support if a collision is indicated else initiate the movement. 4. The monitoring system of claim 2, wherein aligning the patient in the desired pose comprises aligning the patient support with respect to a beam delivery aiming point through which the radiation therapy system directs a radiation beam. 5. The monitoring system of claim 2, further comprising a patient imager system which is movable into and out of the beam axis so as to obtain an image of the patient and a target iso-center, wherein the path planning and collision avoidance system determines movement commands and trajectories for both the patient imager and the patient support and inhibits movement if a collision is indicated. 6. The monitoring system of claim 2, further comprising a plurality of markers fixed to selected points of the moveable components of the radiation system and wherein the external measurement devices obtain position measurements of the markers. 7. The monitoring system of claim 6, wherein multiple external measurement devices obtain position measurements of a single marker so as to provide a more accurate measurement of the single marker's location than provided by a single external measurement device. 8. The monitoring system of claim 2, further comprising internal monitoring systems that also monitor the movement of the movable components and provide signals indicative thereof and wherein the system monitors signals from the plurality of external measurement devices and internal monitoring systems and inhibits movement of the plurality of movable components if the signals indicate that a collision of components is likely to occur. 9. The monitoring system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of external measurement devices comprise a plurality of cameras which obtain optical images of the movable components, and wherein the plurality of external measurement devices image distinctive monuments of the movable components to monitor their physical location. 10. The monitoring system of claim 9, wherein the monuments comprise markers attached to selected regions of the movable components. 11. The monitoring system of claim 8, wherein the internal monitoring system comprises resolvers in operable communication with the moving components so as to provide information relating to the measured position of the movable components. 12. The monitoring system of claim 2, further comprising a patient imager which obtains at least one image of a patient supported by the patient positioner and wherein the system evaluates the at least one patient image and provides control signals to induce at least one of the patient positioner and a nozzle to move with respect to each other to achieve a desired treatment pose. 13. A method of monitoring a radiation therapy system having movable components said radiation therapy system selectively delivering a radiation therapy beam along a beam axis, the method comprising: obtaining position measurements of components of the radiation therapy system and a patient substantially fixed in position with respect to a movable patient support so as to provide location information; receiving position information from the plurality of external measurement devices; providing movement commands to the movable patient support to automatically align the patient in a desired pose, and determining whether the actual orientation of at least one moveable component of the radiation therapy system meets pre-determined criteria for correspondence with a desired orientation of the at least one component relative to a positioned patient. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising repositioning the moveable patient support such that the actual orientation of a patient substantially fixed in position with respect to the patient support more closely corresponds to the desired orientation if the actual orientation does not meet the pre-determined criteria. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising the steps of: providing movement commands to the movable patient support, determining and evaluating a corresponding movement envelope, and inhibiting movement of the patient support if a collision is indicated else initiating the movement.",
-    "An optoelectronic device with high band-gap absorbers optimized for indoor use and a method of manufacturing are disclosed. The optoelectronic semiconductor device comprises a p-n structure made of one or more compound semiconductors, wherein the p-n structure comprises a base layer and an emitter layer, wherein the base and/or emitter layers comprise materials whose quantum efficiency spectrum is well-matched to a spectrum of incident light, wherein the incident light is from a light source other than the sun; and wherein the device is a flexible single-crystal device. The method for forming an optoelectronic device optimized for the conversion of light from non-solar illumination sources into electricity, comprises depositing a buffer layer on a wafer; depositing a release layer above the buffer layer; depositing a p-n structure above the release layer; and lifting off the p-n structure from the wafer. 1. An optoelectronic semiconductor device, comprising: a p-n structure comprising one or more compound semiconductors, wherein the p-n structure comprises a base layer and an emitter layer, wherein any of the emitter layer, the base layer or a combination thereof comprises a material whose quantum efficiency spectrum is well-matched to a spectrum of incident light, wherein the incident light is from a light source other than the sun; and wherein the device is a flexible single-crystal device. 2. The optoelectronic device of claim 1, having a first side and a second side, wherein the first side of the device is a back side of the device and the second side of the device is a front side of the device, and wherein the device is configured to receive the incident light on the second side of the device. 3. The optoelectronic device of claim 2, wherein a p-n junction is formed between the base layer and the emitter layer. 4. The optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the emitter layer and the base layer are made of the same material, such that a homojunction is formed between the emitter layer and the base layer. 5. The optoelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the emitter layer is made of a different material than the base layer, such that a heterojunction is formed between the emitter layer and the base layer. 6. The optoelectronic device of claim 3, wherein the p-n junction is closer to the second side of the device than it is to the first side of the device. 7. The optoelectronic device of claim 3, wherein the p-n junction is closer to the first side of the device than it is to the second side of the device. 8. The optoelectronic device of claim 2, further comprising a front contact layer and a window layer closer to the second side of the device. 9. The optoelectronic device of claim 2, wherein an antireflective coating is disposed above the window layer closer to the second side of the device. 10. The optoelectronic device of claim 2, further comprising a support layer, wherein the support layer comprises any of a diffuser layer, a dielectric layer, a semiconductor contact layer, a passivation layer, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an anti-reflective coating, a metal coating, an adhesive layer, an epoxy layer, plastic coating or a combination thereof, and the support layer is closer to the first side of the device than the p-n structure is to the first side of the device. 11. The optoelectronic device of claim 10, wherein the diffuser is disposed below the p-n structure, closer to the first side of the device than the p-n structure is to the first side of the device, wherein the diffuser is covered with a reflector layer which provides for photons to be redirected to the base layer to be absorbed and converted into electric energy. 12. The optoelectronic device of claim 10, wherein the dielectric layer comprises dielectric materials that are resistant to etching by acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid during an epitaxial lift off (ELO) process. 13. The optoelectronic device of claim 10, wherein the metal coating further comprises a metallic reflector layer. 14. A method for forming an optoelectronic device optimized for the conversion of light from non-solar illumination sources into electricity, comprising: depositing a buffer layer on a wafer; depositing a release layer above the buffer layer; depositing a p-n structure above the release layer; wherein the p-n structure comprises a base layer and an emitter layer, and wherein any of the emitter layer, the base layer or a combination thereof comprises a material whose quantum efficiency spectrum is well-matched to a spectrum of incident light, wherein the incident light is from a light source other than the sun; and lifting off the p-n structure from the wafer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the optoelectronic device comprises a first side and a second side, wherein the first side of the device is a back side of the device and the second side of the device is a front side of the device, and wherein the device is configured to receive the incident light on the second side of the device. 16. The optoelectronic device of claim 15, wherein a p-n junction is formed between the base layer and the emitter layer. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the emitter layer and the base layer are made of the same material, such that a homojunction is formed between the emitter layer and the base layer. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the emitter layer is made of a different material than the base layer, such that a heterojunction is formed between the emitter layer and the base layer. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the p-n junction is closer to the second side of the device than it is to the first side of the device. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the p-n junction is closer to the first side of the device than it is to the second side of the device. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the optoelectronic device further comprises a front contact layer and a window layer closer to the second side of the device. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein an antireflective coating is disposed above the window layer closer to the second side of the device. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the optoelectronic device further comprises a support layer, wherein the support layer comprises any of a diffuser layer, a dielectric layer, a semiconductor contact layer, a passivation layer, a transparent conductive oxide layer, an anti-reflective coating, a metal coating, an adhesive layer, an epoxy layer, plastic coating and a combination thereof, and the support layer is closer to the first side of the device than the p-n structure is to the first side of the device. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the diffuser layer is disposed below the p-n structure, closer to the first side of the device than the p-n structure is to the first side of the device, wherein the diffuser is covered with a reflector layer which provides for photons to be redirected to the base layer to be absorbed and converted into electric energy. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the dielectric layer comprises dielectric materials that are resistant to etching by acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid during an epitaxial lift off (ELO) process. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the metal coating further comprises a metallic reflector layer.",
-    "Applications in social networks support interaction between members through various types of channels such as notifications, newsfeed, and so forth. For each channel, applications are ranked based on their user affinity measures. User affinity is based on measuring positive and negative interactions by users as both senders and recipients of messages generated by applications. Metrics are computed for the different types of messages and interactions provided by applications. For each channel, an application receives user affinity score based on specific weighted combination of the metrics. Applications use channel resources to send messages to increase their user base. Given the large number of applications that are available, the extent to which applications are allowed to use channels is controlled, limiting their resource consumption. User affinity scores of applications calculated for a channel are used to decide the allocation of channel resources for an application. 1. A computer implemented method comprising: providing access to a plurality of applications provided by third-party developers on a social networking system; receiving information about a plurality of interactions of a plurality of users of the social networking system, the interactions relating to one or more of the applications, each interaction associated with one of a plurality of action types, each action type associated with a measure of affinity of a user for an application; aggregating the interactions of the plurality of users for a subject application of the plurality of applications based on the action types; determining, by the social networking system, a user affinity score for the subject application indicating affinity of the users of the social networking system for the application, the user affinity score based at least in part on the aggregated interactions, weighted based on the action types of the interactions; and receiving, by the social networking system, request to send one or more messages associated with the subject application; and determining whether to send the one or more messages based on the user affinity score for the subject application. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether to send the one or more messages comprises: determining to send the one or more messages if the user affinity score for the subject application exceeds a predetermined threshold value. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether to send the one or more messages comprises: determining to block the one or more messages if the user affinity score for the subject application is below a predetermined threshold value. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more messages comprise a message for sending information describing the subject application. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more messages comprise a request to a user of the social networking system to interact with the social networking system in relation to the subject application. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more messages are sent by a user of the social networking system executing the subject application, each of the one or more messages including information describing the subject application and sent to another user connected to the user via the social networking system. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each action type is associated with a channel, wherein the channel is a computer mediated communication mechanism for facilitating communication between users of the social networking system and the social networking system. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the channel comprises one of: notification channel, invitation channel, mini-feed channel, and wall post channel. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the user affinity score represents a likelihood of a user taking an action of a particular action type when presented with a specific application. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining to disable the subject application from being accessible to users of the social networking system if the user affinity score for the subject application is below a predetermined threshold value. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more messages comprise information for promoting the subject application. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for: providing access to a plurality of applications provided by third-party developers on a social networking system; receiving information about a plurality of interactions of a plurality of users of the social networking system, the interactions relating to one or more of the applications, each interaction associated with one of a plurality of action types, each action type associated with a measure of affinity of a user for an application; aggregating the interactions of the plurality of users for a subject application of the plurality of applications based on the action types; determining, by the social networking system, a user affinity score for the subject application indicating affinity of the users of the social networking system for the application, the user affinity score based at least in part on the aggregated interactions, weighted based on the action types of the interactions; and receiving, by the social networking system, request to send one or more messages associated with the subject application; and determining whether to send the one or more messages based on the user affinity score for the subject application. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein determining whether to send the one or more messages comprises: determining to send the one or more messages if the user affinity score for the subject application exceeds a predetermined threshold value. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein determining whether to send the one or more messages comprises: determining to block the one or more messages if the user affinity score for the subject application is below a predetermined threshold value. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more messages comprise a message for sending information describing the subject application. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more messages comprise a request to a user of the social networking system to interact with the social networking system in relation to the subject application. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more messages are sent by a user of the social networking system executing the subject application, each of the one or more messages including information describing the subject application and sent to another user connected to the user via the social networking system. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein each action type is associated with a channel, wherein the channel is a computer mediated communication mechanism for facilitating communication between users of the social networking system and the social networking system. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18 wherein the channel comprises one of: notification channel, invitation channel, mini-feed channel, and wall post channel. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the user affinity score represents a likelihood of a user taking an action of a particular action type when presented with a specific application. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more messages comprise information for promoting the subject application. 22. A computer system, comprising: an electronic processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for execution by the electronic processor, the instructions for: providing access to a plurality of applications provided by third-party developers on a social networking system; receiving information about a plurality of interactions of a plurality of users of the social networking system, the interactions relating to one or more of the applications, each interaction associated with one of a plurality of action types, each action type associated with a measure of affinity of a user for an application; aggregating the interactions of the plurality of users for a subject application of the plurality of applications based on the action types; determining, by the social networking system, a user affinity score for the subject application indicating affinity of the users of the social networking system for the application, the user affinity score based at least in part on the aggregated interactions, weighted based on the action types of the interactions; and receiving, by the social networking system, request to send one or more messages associated with the subject application; and determining whether to send the one or more messages based on the user affinity score for the subject application.",
-    "When an advertisement break is detected on a program channel stream, demographic data is obtained which is descriptive of the subscribers who are currently watching material from the program channel stream, and one or more streams containing substitute advertisements are generated based on the demographic data. The substitute advertisements in each stream, thus generated, are targeted at a different demographic group of the subscribers. The number of substitute advertisement streams corresponds to the number of unused transmission channels allocated for transmission of such streams. Groups of subscribers' set-top terminals (STTs) are directed to tune to the allocated transmission channels during the advertisement break to receive the substitute advertisement streams, respectively. Consequently, the subscribers are shown the substitute, targeted advertisements instead of the regularly-scheduled advertisements. 1.-54. (canceled) 55. A method for delivery of programming content to a plurality of user terminals over a communications network, comprising: detecting, during playback of particular programming content, an indicator indicative of an advertising event therein; in response to the detection of the indicator, generating a list of individual ones of the plurality of user terminals currently tuned to the particular programming content; obtaining data descriptive of at least one group of members of the list; and at a first time during the playback of the particular programming content, generating targeted advertising content based at least on the data.",
-    "A support, a conductive layer, and an intermediate layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member have a particular surface profile. The intermediate layer is a cured film containing particles. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member, comprising: a support; an intermediate layer adjacent to the support; a charge-generating layer; and a charge-transport layer in this order, wherein the intermediate layer has a thickness of 6.0 \u03bcm or less, the intermediate layer comprises a cured film containing dispersed particles having a number-average particle size of 0.3 \u03bcm or less, a surface of the support has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.1 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm1 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm1 (\u03bcm) or less, and a surface of the intermediate layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.08 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm2 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm2 (\u03bcm) or less, wherein Lm1 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the support has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max), and Lm2 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the intermediate layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max). 2. An electrophotographic photosensitive member, comprising: a support; a conductive layer; an intermediate layer adjacent to the conductive layer; a charge-generating layer; and a charge-transport layer in this order, wherein the intermediate layer has a thickness of 6.0 \u03bcm or less, the intermediate layer comprises a cured film containing dispersed particles having a number-average particle size of 0.3 \u03bcm or less, a surface of the conductive layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.1 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm3 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm3 (\u03bcm) or less, and a surface of the intermediate layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.08 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm4 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm4 (\u03bcm) or less, wherein Lm3 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the conductive layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max), and Lm4 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the intermediate layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max). 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2, wherein the conductive layer contains resin particles and a binder resin. 4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the particle content of the intermediate layer is 0.7% or more by volume and 13% or less by volume of the total volume of the intermediate layer. 5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the particles in the intermediate layer are inorganic particles. 6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5, wherein the inorganic particles contain at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and alumina. 7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the particles in the intermediate layer have a solidity of 0.90 or less. 8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2, wherein the particle content of the intermediate layer is 0.7% or more by volume and 13% or less by volume of the total volume of the intermediate layer. 9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2, wherein the particles in the intermediate layer are inorganic particles. 10. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2, wherein the particles in the intermediate layer have a solidity of 0.90 or less. 11. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the cured film contains a polymer of a composition containing an organic compound having a polymerizable functional group. 12. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the cured film contains a polymer of a composition containing an electron-transport substance having a polymerizable functional group and a crosslinking agent. 13. A process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the process cartridge integrally supports an electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one device selected from the group consisting of a charging device, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device, the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an intermediate layer adjacent to the support, a charge-generating layer, and a charge-transport layer in this order, the intermediate layer has a thickness of 6.0 \u03bcm or less, the intermediate layer comprises a cured film containing dispersed particles having a number-average particle size of 0.3 \u03bcm or less, a surface of the support has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.1 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm1 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm1 (\u03bcm) or less, and a surface of the intermediate layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.08 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm2 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm2 (\u03bcm) or less, wherein Lm1 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the support has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max), and Lm2 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the intermediate layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max). 14. A process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, wherein the process cartridge integrally supports an electrophotographic photosensitive member and at least one device selected from the group consisting of a charging device, a developing device, a transfer device, and a cleaning device, the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a conductive layer, an intermediate layer adjacent to the conductive layer, a charge-generating layer, and a charge-transport layer in this order, the intermediate layer has a thickness of 6.0 \u03bcm or less, the intermediate layer comprises a cured film containing dispersed particles having a number-average particle size of 0.3 \u03bcm or less, a surface of the conductive layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.1 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm3 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm3 (\u03bcm) or less, and a surface of the intermediate layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.08 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm4 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm4 (\u03bcm) or less, wherein Lm3 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the conductive layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max), and Lm4 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the intermediate layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max). 15. An electrophotographic apparatus, comprising: an electrophotographic photosensitive member; a charging device; an exposure device; a developing device; and a transfer device, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an intermediate layer adjacent to the support, a charge-generating layer, and a charge-transport layer in this order, the intermediate layer has a thickness of 6.0 \u03bcm or less, the intermediate layer comprises a cured film containing dispersed particles having a number-average particle size of 0.3 \u03bcm or less, a surface of the support has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.1 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm1 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm1 (\u03bcm) or less, and a surface of the intermediate layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.08 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm2 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm2 (\u03bcm) or less, wherein Lm2 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the support has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max), and Lm2 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the intermediate layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max). 16. An electrophotographic apparatus, comprising: an electrophotographic photosensitive member; a charging device; an exposure device; a developing device; and a transfer device, the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a conductive layer, an intermediate layer adjacent to the conductive layer, a charge-generating layer, and a charge-transport layer in this order, the intermediate layer has a thickness of 6.0 \u03bcm or less, the intermediate layer comprises a cured film containing dispersed particles having a number-average particle size of 0.3 \u03bcm or less, a surface of the conductive layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.1 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm3 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm3 (\u03bcm) or less, and a surface of the intermediate layer has an average local height difference (Rmk) of 0.08 \u03bcm or more along a calculation length in the range of 0.5 Lm4 (\u03bcm) or more and 1.5 Lm4 (\u03bcm) or less, wherein Lm3 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the conductive layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max), and Lm4 denotes a calculation length in the range of 0.1 \u03bcm or more and 100 \u03bcm or less along which the surface of the intermediate layer has a maximum average local height difference (Rmk,max).",
-    "An additive three-dimensional fabrication process uses multiple build materials with different optical properties (e.g., color, opacity) at different surface depths to achieve grayscale-rendered images on exterior surfaces thereof. 1. A system for three-dimensional printing comprising: a supply of two materials including a substantially opaque material and a substantially translucent material; an extruder controllable to selectively deliver one of the two materials; an x-y-z positioning system controllable to move the extruder relative to a build platform; and a controller configured to operate the extruder and the x-y-z positioning system to fabricate an object from the two materials, the controller including a processor configured to receive a digital image and to control delivery of the two materials in a manner that imparts a grayscale image of the digital image to an exterior surface of the object by selectively layering the substantially translucent material over the substantially opaque material such that the substantially opaque material is disposed at various depths beneath the exterior surface to obtain corresponding predetermined grayscale levels of the grayscale image. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the digital image is a digital photograph. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the digital image is a texture image for repeated instantiation on the exterior surface. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the predetermined grayscale levels includes three, four, or five grayscale levels. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the substantially opaque material is a black build material. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the substantially translucent material is a white build material. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the exterior surface is a z-axis top or bottom surface of the object. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the exterior surface is a sidewall of the object. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein fabricating the object includes extruding successive layers of material in two-dimensional patterns derived from a computer model of the object. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the substantially opaque material includes a colored material having at least one of a red color, a blue color, and a green color. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the substantially opaque material includes a colored material having at least one of a cyan color, a magenta color, a yellow color, and a black. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the supply includes a third material having a color different from the colored material. 13. A structure comprising a deposition from a three-dimensional printing process of multiple layers of at least two build materials, the structure including an exterior surface having a grayscale image comprising regions with three or more grayscale levels, each one of the three or more grayscale levels rendered using a different number and arrangement of layers of the at least two build materials, the at least two build materials including an opaque build material and a translucent build material, wherein the opaque build material is disposed at various depths beneath the translucent build material corresponding to each of the three or more grayscale levels. 14. The structure of claim 13 wherein the at least two build materials include multiple overlaps of the opaque build material and the translucent build material in at least one region. 15. The structure of claim 13 wherein the exterior surface is derived from a digital image. 16. The structure of claim 15 wherein the digital image is a digital photograph. 17. The structure of claim 15 wherein the digital image is a texture image for repeated instantiation on the exterior surface. 18. The structure of claim 13 wherein the grayscale levels include three, four, or five grayscale levels. 19. The structure of claim 13 wherein the opaque build material is a black build material. 20. The structure of claim 13 wherein the translucent build material is a white build material.",
-    "The present invention is for a recirculating gas system for a manufacturing device. The recirculating gas system consists of an enclosure, a gas inlet, a gas outlet and an actuator to propel the gas. 1. A recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device, comprising: a. an airtight enclosure; b. an additive manufacturing device within the enclosure; c. at least one filter configured to capture nanoparticles generated by operation of the additive manufacturing device; and d. an air handler configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight enclosure through at least one filter, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight enclosure. 2. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device of claim 1, wherein the air handler is one or more of: a centrifugal pump; a compressor; a piston; a pump; a fan; and a blower. 3. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device of claim 1, wherein the filter is one or more of: carbon; HEPA; activated carbon; ULPA or any common filter technology. 4. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 1, wherein a filter is replaceable from within or outside the additive manufacturing enclosure. 5. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 1, wherein the air handler is configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight enclosure through at least one heat exchanger, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight enclosure. 6. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 1, wherein the air handler is configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight enclosure through at least one heater, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight enclosure. 7. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 1, wherein the air handler is configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight enclosure through at least one dehumidifier, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight enclosure. 8. A additive manufacturing recirculating atmosphere system, comprising: a. an airtight additive manufacturing device; b. at least one filter configured to capture nanoparticles generated by operation of the additive manufacturing device; and c. an air handler configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight additive manufacturing device through at least one filter, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight additive manufacturing device. 9. The additive manufacturing recirculating atmosphere system of claim 8, wherein the air handler is one or more of: a centrifugal pump; a compressor; a piston; a pump; a fan; and a blower. 10. The additive manufacturing recirculating atmosphere system of claim 8, wherein the filter is one or more of: carbon; HEPA; activated carbon; ULPA or any common filter technology. 11. The additive manufacturing recirculating atmosphere system of claim 8, wherein a filter is replaceable from within or outside the airtight additive manufacturing device. 12. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 8, wherein the air handler is configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight additive manufacturing device through at least one heat exchanger, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight additive manufacturing device. 13. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 8, wherein the air handler is configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight additive manufacturing device through at least one heater, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight additive manufacturing device. 14. The recirculating atmosphere system for a additive manufacturing device claim 8, wherein the air handler is configured to drive atmosphere contained within the airtight additive manufacturing device through at least one dehumidifier, and returning the atmosphere to the airtight additive manufacturing device.",
-    "A new stevia variety is characterized by remarkably high levels of Rebaudioside A (RA), and developed by the use of non-GMO selective breeding technologies and wherein such variety is uniquely identified by RAPD gene analysis, and comprises at least about 7-20% by weight RA in the leaf (leaf content), and comprises about 15-28% by weight total steviol glycosides in the leaf. 1. A Stevia rebaudiana plant that comprises a Rebaudioside A leaf content selected from: i) greater than 6% by dry weight; ii) greater than 10% by dry weight; iii) greater than 15% by dry weight; and iv) around 16% by dry weight; and a total steviol glycosides leaf content selected from the group consisting of: i) 15-28% by dry weight; ii) 14-25% by dry weight; iii) 18-23% by dry weight; and iv) around 21% by dry weight; and which comprises three bands, one between each of i) 500 bp-750 bp; ii) 750-1000 bp; and iii) about 2000 bp, when analyzed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using the primers of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4. 2. A Stevia rebaudiana plant that comprises an Rebaudioside A leaf content selected from the group consisting of: i) greater than 6% by dry weight; ii) greater than 10% by dry weight; iii) greater than 15% by dry weight; and iv) around 16% by dry weight; and a total steviol glycosides leaf content selected from the group consisting of: i) 15-28% by dry weight; ii) 14-25% by dry weight; iii) 18-23% by dry weight; iv) around 21% by dry weight; and a Rebaudioside A content as a percentage of total steviol glycosides selected from the group consisting of: i) 60-85% by dry weight; ii) 70-80% by dry weight; iii) around 76% by dry weight; and which comprises three bands, one between each of i) 500 bp-750 bp; ii) 750-1000 bp; and iii) about 2000 bp, when analyzed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using the primers of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4. 2. The Stevia rebaudiana plant of claim 1, that is the Stevia rebaudiana bertoni variety. 3. A method for breeding Stevia rebaudiana with a high content of RA, which comprises the following steps: selecting a plant with a RA content in the leaf of greater than 6% by weight (\u201ccore plant\u201d), asexually reproducing the core plant to produce parent plants, hybridizing the parent plants to produce F1 generation seeds, and stabilizing the traits of the F1 generation (namely, in the leaves of the F1 generation, producing an RA content of at least 7-20% by weight and thereafter producing F2 generation seeds by a backcross method. 4. A method for breeding Stevia rebaudiana with a high content of RA, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a plant with a RA content in the leaf of greater than 6% (\u201ccore plant\u201d); (2) asexually reproducing the core plant to produce parent plants; (3) hybridizing parent plants to produce F1 generation seeds; (4) stabilizing the traits of the F1 generation (namely, in the leaves of the F1 generation, an RA content of at least 7-20% by weight; (3) producing F2 generation seeds by a backcross method; and (4) producing F3 generation seeds by a backcross method. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein parent plants are a male plant and a female plant, and wherein the male parents and female parents which are selected and matched in said step (3) by asexual propagation wherein the clonal plants are colonized at a ratio of 1:1. 6. The method of claim 4 wherein parent plants are a male plant and a female plant and wherein the male plant and the female plant in said step of producing F2 generation seeds by a backcross method are colonized at a ratio of 1:3. 7. Stevia rebaudiana elite variety seeds, cells, plants, tissue culture, germplasm, breeding lines, varieties, and plant parts produced by the methods of claim 1. 8. Stevia rebaudiana elite variety seeds, cells, plants, tissue culture, germplasm, breeding lines, varieties, and plant parts produced by the methods of claim 2. 9. A method for the production of a sweetener composition characterized in that the sweetener composition comprises RA and is produced from dried leaves of the plant described in claim 1 and wherein RA is extracted with a solvent comprising water. 10. A method for the production of a sweetener composition characterized in that the sweetener composition comprises RA and is produced from dried leaves of the plant described in claim 2 and wherein RA is extracted with a solvent comprising water. 11. A natural sweetener composition comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 1. 12. A natural sweetener composition comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 2. 13. Foods, beverages, nutraceuticals, functional foods, medicinal formulations, cosmetics, health products, condiments and seasonings comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 1. 14. Foods, beverages, nutraceuticals, functional foods, medicinal formulations, cosmetics, health products, condiments and seasonings comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 2. 15. A natural sweetener composition comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 1 additionally comprising at least one secondary sweetener. 16. A natural sweetener composition comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 2 additionally comprising at least one secondary sweetener. 17. A natural sweetener composition comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 1 additionally comprising Luo Han Guo (Mogroside V). 18. A natural sweetener composition comprising a composition comprising RA, extracted and purified from any of the plant material of claim 2 additionally comprising Luo Han Guo (Mogroside V).",
-    "Aspects of the disclosed techniques relate to techniques for resist simulation in lithography. Local light power values are determined for a plurality of sample points in boundary regions of an aerial image of a feature to be printed on a resist coating, wherein each of the local light power values represents a light power value for an area surrounding one of the plurality of sample points. Based on the local light power values, a vertical shrinkage function is constructed. Resist contour data of the feature are then computed based at least on resist shrinkage effects modeled using the local light power values and the vertical shrinkage function. 1. A method, executed by at least one processor of a computer, comprising: determining local light power values for a plurality of sample points in boundary regions of an aerial image of a feature to be printed on a resist coating, wherein each of the local light power values represents a light power value for an area surrounding one of the plurality of sample points; constructing a vertical shrinkage function based on the local light power values; and computing resist contour data of the feature based at least on resist shrinkage effects modeled using the local light power values and the vertical shrinkage function. 2. The method recited in claim 1, wherein the vertical shrinkage function is represented by vsd = ( 1 - u ) - v * 0.5 * [ erf \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) - t l ) ] where Is (X, y, z)=I(x, y, z)Gs(x, y), G s \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e s 2 \ue89e exp \ue8a0 ( - x 2 + y 2 s 2 ) , s in nm is diffusion length for Gaussian kernel, u is uniform part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, v is variable part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, l is transition length for erf function, and t is transition threshold. 3. The method recited in claim 2, wherein the resist shrinkage effects is represented by \ue89e \ue89e c * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) * { erf \ue8a0 [ - ( z 0 h - vsd \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) ) ) * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) d ] - 1 } where c is a linear coefficient, z0 is default resist plane of current resist image simulation, and d is dimensionless normalized vertical smoothing length parameter. 4. The method recited in claim 1, wherein the vertical shrinkage function is represented by vsd = ( 1 - u ) - v * 0.5 * [ B 7 \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) - t l ) ] where Is (x, y, z)=I(x, y, z)Gs(x, y), G s \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e s 2 \ue89e exp ( - x 2 + y 2 s 2 ) , s in nm is diffusion length for Gaussian kernel, u is uniform part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, v is variable part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, l is transition length for B7 function, and t is transition threshold. 5. The method recited in claim 4, wherein the resist shrinkage effects is represented by \ue89e \ue89e c * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) * { B 7 \ue8a0 [ - ( z 0 h - vsd \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) ) ) * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) d ] - 1 } where c is a linear coefficient, z0 is default resist plane of current resist image simulation, and d is dimensionless normalized vertical smoothing length parameter. 6. A non-transitory processor-readable medium storing processor-executable instructions for causing one or more processors to perform a method, the method comprising: determining local light power values for a plurality of sample points in boundary regions of an aerial image of a feature to be printed on a resist coating, wherein each of the local light power values represents a light power value for an area surrounding one of the plurality of sample points; constructing a vertical shrinkage function based on the local light power values; and computing resist contour data of the feature based at least on resist shrinkage effects modeled using the local light power values and the vertical shrinkage function. 7. The non-transitory processor-readable medium recited in claim 6, wherein the vertical shrinkage function is represented by vsd = ( 1 - u ) - v * 0.5 * [ erf \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) - t l ) ] where I (x, y, z)=I(x, y, z)Gs(x, y), G s \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e s 2 \ue89e exp ( - x 2 + y 2 s 2 ) , s in nm is diffusion length for Gaussian kernel, u is uniform part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, v is variable part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, l is transition length for erf function, and t is transition threshold. 8. The non-transitory processor-readable medium recited in claim 7, wherein the resist shrinkage effects is represented by c * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) * { erf \ue8a0 [ - ( z 0 h - vsd \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) ) ) * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) d ] - 1 } where c is a linear coefficient, z0 is default resist plane of current resist image simulation, and d is dimensionless normalized vertical smoothing length parameter. 9. The non-transitory processor-readable medium recited in claim 6, wherein the vertical shrinkage function is represented by vsd = ( 1 - u ) - v * 0.5 * [ B 7 \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) - t l ) ] where Is (X, y, z)=I(x, y, z)Gs(x, y), G s \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e s 2 \ue89e exp ( - x 2 + y 2 s 2 ) , s in nm is diffusion length for Gaussian kernel, u is uniform part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, v is variable part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, l is transition length for B7 function, and t is transition threshold. 10. The non-transitory processor-readable medium recited in claim 9, wherein the resist shrinkage effects is represented by c * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) * { B 7 \ue8a0 [ - ( z 0 h - vsd \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) ) ) * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) d ] - 1 } where c is a linear coefficient, z0 is default resist plane of current resist image simulation, and d is dimensionless normalized vertical smoothing length parameter. 11. A system, comprising: one or more processors, the one or more processors programmed to perform a method, the method comprising: determining local light power values for a plurality of sample points in boundary regions of an aerial image of a feature to be printed on a resist coating, wherein each of the local light power values represents a light power value for an area surrounding one of the plurality of sample points; constructing a vertical shrinkage function based on the local light power values; and computing resist contour data of the feature based at least on resist shrinkage effects modeled using the local light power values and the vertical shrinkage function. 12. The system recited in claim 11, wherein the vertical shrinkage function is represented by vsd = ( 1 - u ) - v * 0.5 * [ erf \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) - t l ) ] where Is(x, y, z)=I(x, y, z)Gs(x, y), G s \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e s 2 \ue89e exp ( - x 2 + y 2 s 2 ) , s in nm is diffusion length for Gaussian kernel, u is uniform part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, v is variable part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, l is transition length for erf function, and t is transition threshold. 13. The system recited in claim 12, wherein the resist shrinkage effects is represented by c * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) * { erf \ue8a0 [ - ( z 0 h - vsd \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) ) ) * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) d ] - 1 } where c is a linear coefficient, z0 is default resist plane of current resist image simulation, and d is dimensionless normalized vertical smoothing length parameter. 14. The system recited in claim 11, wherein the vertical shrinkage function is represented by vsd = ( 1 - u ) - v * 0.5 * [ B 7 \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) - t l ) ] where Is (x, y, z)=I(x, y, z)Gs(x, y), G s \ue8a0 ( x , y ) = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e s 2 \ue89e exp ( - x 2 + y 2 s 2 ) , s in nm is diffusion length for Gaussian kernel, u is uniform part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, v is variable part of resist shrink/loss normalized to resist film thickness, l is transition length for B7 function, and t is transition threshold. 15. The system recited in claim 14, wherein the resist shrinkage effects is represented by c * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) * { B 7 \ue8a0 [ - ( z 0 h - vsd \ue8a0 ( I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z ) ) ) * I s \ue8a0 ( x , y , z 0 ) d ] - 1 } where c is a linear coefficient, z0 is default resist plane of current resist image simulation, and d is dimensionless normalized vertical smoothing length parameter.",
-    "A grinder guard assembly disclosed for a grinder blade includes a rotatable and adjustable indexed grinder guard defining a plurality of indexed and chamfered holes adjacent to an inner ring thereof and an \u201cL\u201d edge configured on an outer circumference thereof to form a guard by retaining grinding debris and preventing outside intervention. The grinder guard assembly also includes an annulus forming a single member with an inside washer and an outside washer and a space there between configured to slidably retain the indexed grinder guard in a common plane with the washers, the annulus configured to axially attach to a hub of the grinder. The grinder guard assembly further includes torque sensitive protrusions mounted from the outside washer, the protrusions configured to lock with the chamfered holes of the indexed grinder guard and retract therefrom based a torque force applied to the indexed grinder guard relative to the annulus. 1. A grinder guard assembly for a grinder, the grinder guard assembly comprising: an indexed grinder guard defining a plurality of indexed and chamfered holes adjacent to an inner ring thereof and an \u201cL\u201d edge configured on a portion of an outer circumference thereof to form a guard by retaining grinding debris and preventing outside intervention; an annulus forming a single member with an inside washer and an outside washer and a space there between configured to slidably retain the indexed grinder guard in a common plane with the washers, the annulus configured to axially attach to a hub of the grinder; and a plurality of torque sensitive conical protrusions mounted from the outside washer, the protrusions configured to lock with the chamfered holes of the indexed grinder guard and retract therefrom based a torque on the indexed grinder guard relative to the annulus. 2. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the annulus is separated from the outside washers by a slot defined there between along a portion of the circumference of the annulus, the slot configured to allow a compression of the annulus around the axial hub of the grinder. 3. The grinder guard of claim 2, further comprising a clamping device on the annulus separated from the outside washer by the slot, the clamping device configured to frictionally attach the annulus on the axial hub of the grinder based on a mechanical pressure there between derived by the clamping device. 4. The grinder guard of claim 3, wherein the clamping device comprises two opposing lips, one on each of two sides formed in the annulus portion separated from the outside washer by the slot and a screwing fastener configured to adjustably compress the opposing lips together. 5. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the torque sensitive conical protrusions comprise one of a spring load and a spring force greater than a retracting force component of a torque applied to the grinder guard relative to the grinder annulus and the grinder to change a locked position of the grinder guard relative to the grinder. 6. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the torque sensitive conical protrusions comprise bumps having a static frictional force less than a torque force applied to the grinder guard relative to the grinder annulus and the grinder to change a locked position of the grinder guard relative to the grinder. 7. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the torque sensitive protrusions comprise a spring loaded ball bearing having a spring adjustable resisting force less than a torque load applied to the grinder guard relative to the grinder annulus and the grinder to change a locked position of the grinder guard relative to the grinder. 8. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the plurality of torque sensitive protrusions comprise 1 or more torque sensitive protrusions spaced equidistantly and randomly around the outside washer. 9. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the plurality of indexed and chamfered holes comprise as many as 12 or more each indexed and chamfered holes indexed equidistantly and randomly around the inner ring portion of the grinder guard. 10. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the \u201cL\u201d configured edge of the outer circumference of the grinder guard comprises a minimum of 180 degrees of grinder guard circumference. 11. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the torque necessary to move a protrusion from a chamfered hole of the grinder guard comprises an adjustable 10 ft-lbs to 15 ft-lbs nominal torque force on the grinder guard with respect to the grinder annulus and grinder hub, plus and minus a 10% manufacturing tolerance. 12. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the torque necessary to move an outer washer protrusion from a chamfered hole of the grinder guard comprises an adjustable torque force on the grinder guard with respect to the grinder annulus and grinder hub based on a helical adjustment of the protrusion penetration relative to a chamfered hole in the grinder guard. 13. The grinder guard of claim 1, wherein the torque necessary to move an outer washer protrusion from a chamfered hole of the grinder guard comprises an adjustable torque force on the grinder guard with respect to the grinder annulus and grinder hub based on a helical adjustment of a spring coil length acting on the protrusion relative to a chamfered hole in the grinder guard. 14. A grinder guard device, comprising: a dialable grinder guard defining a plurality of indexed and chamfered holes adjacent to an inner ring thereof and an \u201cL\u201d edge configured on a portion of an outer circumference thereof to form a guard by retaining grinding debris and preventing outside intervention; an annulus forming a single member with an inside washer and an outside washer and a space there between configured to dialably retain the dialable grinder guard in a common plane with the washers, the annulus configured to axially attach to a hub of the grinder; and a plurality of torque sensitive keepers mounted from the outside washer, the keepers configured to lock with the chamfered holes of the dialable grinder guard and retract therefrom based a torque on the indexed grinder guard relative to the annulus. 15. The grinder guard device of claim 14, wherein the torque sensitive keepers comprise a static frictional load against the chamfered holes of the dialable grinder guard less than a torque applied to the grinder guard relative to the grinder annulus and the grinder to change a locked position of the grinder guard relative to the grinder. 16. The grinder guard device of claim 14, wherein the torque sensitive keepers comprise a spring loaded pin having a spring adjustable resisting force less than a torque force applied to the grinder guard relative to the grinder annulus and the grinder to urge a pin out from a locked position in the chamfered hole of the grinder guard. 17. The grinder guard device of claim 14, wherein the annulus is separated from the outside washers by a slot defined there between and along a portion of the circumference of the annulus, the slot configured to allow a compression of the annulus around the axial hub of the grinder. 18. A method for guarding a grinder blade, comprising: providing a dialable grinder guard defining a plurality of indexed and chamfered holes adjacent to an inner ring thereof and an \u201cL\u201d edge configured on an outer circumference thereof to form a guard by retaining grinding debris and preventing outside intervention; axially attaching to a hub of the grinder an annulus forming a single member with an inside washer and an outside washer and a space there between configured to dialably retain the dialable grinder guard in a common plane with the washers; and dialing in at least one torque sensitive keeper mounted from the outside washer, the keepers configured to lock with the chamfered holes of the dialable grinder guard and retract therefrom based a torque force on the indexed grinder guard relative to the annulus. 19. The method for guarding a grinder of claim 18, further comprising urging a torque sensitive keeper having a spring adjustable force less than a torque force applied to the grinder guard relative to the grinder annulus and the grinder out from a locked position in the chamfered hole of the grinder guard. 20. The method for guarding a grinder of claim 18, further comprising clamping the annulus around the axial hub of the grinder via a separating slot defined between the outside washer along a portion of the circumference of the annulus, the slot configured to allow a compression of the annulus around the axial hub of the grinder.",
-    "A connector includes a housing and a plurality of signal contacts and a plurality of ground contacts. Each contact includes a contact portion that contacts an object, a connection portion mounted on a substrate, and a fixing portion located between the contact portion and the connection portion in the vicinity of the connection portion. The signal contact and the ground contact are aligned and held in the housing, and the fixing portion is fixed to the housing. When the plurality of signal contacts are arranged between the ground contacts, at least two of the ground contacts are coupled and connected integrally or by a separate component, the coupling and connection being made in a section of each ground contact between one end (leading end) of the contact portion and the fixing portion, so that high-frequency transmission characteristics are improved. 1. A connector, comprising: a plurality of contacts of two types, the plurality of contacts of two types being a plurality of signal contacts and a plurality of ground contacts, each contact including, a contact portion that contacts an object, a connection portion mounted on a substrate, and a fixing portion located between the contact portion and the connection portion and in a vicinity of the connection portion; and a housing, wherein the signal contact and the ground contact are aligned and held in the housing and the fixing portion is fixed to the housing, wherein the contact portion of each contact has a leading end and an end that is proximal to the fixing portion as compared to the leading end, and when the plurality of signal contacts are arranged between the ground contacts, at least two of the ground contacts are coupled and connected by a separate component at a section of each ground contact between the leading end of the contact portion and the fixing portion, so that high-frequency transmission characteristics are improved. 2. The connector according to claim 1, wherein the at least two ground contacts are coupled and connected by the separate component at a section of each ground contact that is in a vicinity of the contact portion. 3. The connector according to claim 2, wherein the ground contacts are coupled and connected within a range of 1 mm from a position at which the contact portion contacts an object. 4. The connector according to claim 1, wherein coupling and connection are achieved by one of: elastic contact by an elastic piece, welding, and fusion bonding. 5. The connector according to claim 1, wherein three ground contacts are coupled and connected together and two sets of two of the signal contacts are arranged between the ground contacts. 6. The connector according to claim 1, wherein the separate component is one of a coupling member and a coupler.",
-    "An LED lamp uses a flexible metal fabric as a heat sink. At least one light emitting diode is attached to a circuit board that is mounted on a heat conducting member. The flexible heat sink is attached to the heat conducting member, such that heat generated by the light emitting diode and circuit board is conducted to the flexible heat sink. The flexible heat sink can be deformed to fit in a variety of spaces. The flexible heat sink dissipates the heat generated by the LED lamp without the need for a fan. The flexible heat sink may be made from braided copper fabric. 1. An LED lamp with a heat sink, the lamp comprising: a wire harness adapted for connection to an electrical system; a first circuit board electrically connected to the wire harness; a heat conducting member, wherein the first circuit board is mounted to the heat conducting member; a first light emitting diode on the first circuit board; and a heat sink comprising a flexible metal fabric mechanically connected to the heat conducting member. 2. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the flexible metal fabric comprises a braided metal band. 3. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the braided metal band is folded into first and second loops. 4. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the flexible metal fabric comprises a first and a second braided metal band, and wherein the first and second braided metal bands are crimped to the heat conducting member with the heat conducting member sandwiched between the braided metal bands. 5. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the braided metal band comprises copper strands. 6. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the braided metal band comprises tinned copper strands. 7. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the heat conducting member comprises a copper bar. 8. The LED lamp of claim 7, wherein the first circuit board is mounted on the heat conducting member by a heat conducting adhesive. 9. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the first circuit board is mounted to the heat conducting member with the first light emitting diode proximate to a first end of the heat conducting member and further wherein the flexible heat sink is connected at a second end of the heat conducting member opposite from the first end of the heat conducting member. 10. The LED lamp of claim 1, further comprising a second circuit board with a second light emitting diode mounted on the heat conducting member on an opposite side of the first heat conducting member from the first circuit board. 11. The LED lamp of claim 10, wherein the light emitting diodes produce at least 1100 lumens. 12. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the LED lamp is free from fans. 13. The LED lamp of claim 1, further comprising a mounting base, wherein the circuit boards and the heat conducting member are enclosed within the mounting base, wherein the mounting base has openings to accommodate the light emitting diodes, and wherein the flexible heat sink extends outwardly out of the mounting base. 14. The LED lamp of claim 13, wherein the wire harness is adapted for connection to an automobile electrical system. 15. The LED lamp of claim 13, wherein the mounting base is adapted to mount within an automobile headlight fixture.",
-    "An electronic device is provided. A first PCB includes a plurality of ground pads. A fingerprint sensor includes a sensing array, an insulating surface disposed on the sensing array, and a second PCB disposed between the sensing array and the first PCB. The sensing array senses fingerprint information of a user. The second PCB includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, a metal trace disposed on the first surface and adjacent to the sensing array, and a plurality of ESD pads disposed on the second surface and coupled to the first ground pads of the first PCB, respectively. When an ESD event occurs, ESD energy is discharged from the metal trace to the first ground pads of the first PCB through a plurality of vias and the ESD pads without passing through the sensing array. 1. An electronic device, comprising: a first printed circuit board (PCB), comprising: a plurality of first ground pads; and a fingerprint sensor disposed on the first PCB, comprising: a sensing array, sensing fingerprint information of a user; an insulating surface disposed on the sensing array; and a second PCB disposed between the sensing array and the first PCB, comprising: a substrate, comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; at least one metal trace disposed on the first surface of the substrate and adjacent to the sensing array; and a plurality of electrostatic discharge (ESD) pads disposed on the second surface of the substrate, and coupled to the first ground pads of the first PCB, respectively, wherein when an ESD event occurs, ESD energy is discharged from the metal trace to the first ground pads of the first PCB through a plurality of first vias in the substrate and the ESD pads without passing through the sensing array. 2. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ESD pads are disposed directly below the metal trace. 3. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal trace partially surrounds the sensing array on the first surface of the substrate. 4. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a molding compound disposed on the first surface of the substrate of the second PCB, covering the metal trace. 5. The electronic device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the molding compound surrounds the sensing array and the insulating surface of the fingerprint sensor, and the molding compound has an opening so that the insulating surface is exposed. 6. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a plurality of sensing units of the sensing array are arranged in a rectangle, and the metal trace is disposed on one side of the rectangle on the first surface of the substrate. 7. The electronic device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing array is disposed in a sensing die, and the sensing die is implemented on the second PCB, and the second PCB further comprises: at least a second ground pad disposed on the second surface of the substrate, and coupled to a ground pin of the sensing die through at least a second via in the substrate. 8. The electronic device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the second ground pad is electrically insulated from the ESD pads on the second PCB. 9. The electronic device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the ground pin of the sensing die is coupled to the first ground pads of the first PCB through the second ground pad of the second PCB, such that the ESD pads are electrically connected to the ground pin of the sensing die through the first ground pads of the first PCB and the second pad of the second PCB. 10. An electronic device, comprising: a first printed circuit board (PCB), comprising: a plurality of first ground pads; and a fingerprint sensor disposed on the first PCB, comprising: a sensing array, sensing fingerprint information of a user; an insulating surface disposed on the sensing array; and a second PCB disposed between the sensing array and the first PCB, comprising: a substrate, comprising a first surface adjacent to the sensing array and a second surface adjacent to the first PCB; a first metal trace disposed on the first surface of the substrate and adjacent to the sensing array; a second metal trace disposed on the first surface of the substrate and adjacent to the sensing array, wherein the first and metal traces are symmetrically disposed on the first surface of the substrate; and a plurality of electrostatic discharge (ESD) pads disposed on the second surface of the substrate, and coupled to the first ground pads of the first PCB, wherein when an ESD event occurs, ESD energy is discharged from the first metal trace or the second metal trace to the first ground pads of the first PCB through a plurality of first vias in the substrate and the ESD pads without passing through the sensing array. 11. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the ESD pads are disposed directly below the first and second metal traces. 12. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the first and second metal traces partially surround the sensing array on the first surface of the substrate. 13. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, further comprising: a molding compound disposed on the first surface of the substrate of the second PCB, covering the first and second metal traces. 14. The electronic device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the molding compound surrounds the sensing array and the insulating surface of the fingerprint sensor, and the molding compound has an opening so that the insulating surface is exposed. 15. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, wherein a plurality of sensing units of the sensing array are arranged in a rectangle, and the first metal trace is disposed on a first side of the rectangle and the second metal trace is disposed on a second side of the rectangle on the first surface of the substrate, wherein the second side is opposite the first side in the rectangle. 16. The electronic device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the sensing array is disposed in a sensing die, and the sensing die is implemented on the second PCB, and the second PCB further comprises: at least a second ground pad disposed on the second surface of the substrate, and coupled to a ground pin of the sensing die through at least a second via in the substrate. 17. The electronic device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second ground pad is electrically insulated from the ESD pads on the second PCB. 18. The electronic device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the ground pin of the sensing die is coupled to the first ground pads of the first PCB through the second ground pad of the second PCB, such that the ESD pads are electrically connected to the ground pin of the sensing die through the first ground pads of the first PCB and the second pad of the second PCB.",
-    "An e-mail system is disclosed that overcomes many deficiencies of, but is backward compatible with, existing e-mail systems. Embodiments of the system may include various features, including but not limited to: (1) secure transfer of e-mail messages, without the need for users to replace existing e-mail clients or to change e-mail addresses; (2) tracking of all actions performed in connection with an e-mail transmission; (3) the ability for a recipient to view information about an e-mail message, optionally including information about how other addressees have responded to it, before deciding whether to retrieve the e-mail message; (4) the aggregation of entire e-mail conversations into a single threaded view; (5) the ability to include both private and public messages in a single e-mail communication; (6) sender control over downstream actions performed in connection with an e-mail message; (7) flexible control over cryptographic methods used to encrypt emails messages for storage. 1. A computer-implemented method of securely communicating e-mail messages, comprising at a client device: sending, to a server system, an e-mail message addressed to a recipient from a sender via a remote client executed on the client device; receiving, from the server system, a substitute message based on the e-mail message, the substitute message lacking at least some message content of the e-mail message, and including a link to a component that provides functionality for the recipient to securely retrieve the e-mail message from the server system; and sending the substitute message to the recipient. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the remote client comprises an e-mail client plug-in configured to run in conjunction with an e-mail client program on the client device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the client communicates with the server system via an HTTPS connection over a computer network. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substitute message is sent to the recipient via a SMTP server associated with an e-mail address of the sender. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the component that provides functionality for the recipient to securely retrieve the e-mail message from the server system comprises a link to a network location for downloading an e-mail client plug-in that is capable of securely retrieving and displaying the e-mail message. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the component that provides functionality for the recipient to securely retrieve the e-mail message from the server system comprises a link to a web-based interface that provides functionality for viewing the e-mail message.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for providing efficient spectral usage in extensible carrier deployments. In one embodiment, the deployment comprises a long-term evolution (LTE) or LTE-advanced (LTE-A) network, and a reference carrier resource and one or more extensible carrier resources are configured based at least in part on a time and/or frequency separation. In one exemplary implementation, one or more reference carriers are combined with one or more carrier extensions/segments. The resulting aggregated bandwidth can be used to, among other things, optimize overall network operation. 1. A method for providing efficient spectral usage in extensible carrier deployments, the method comprising: aggregating (a) one or more reference carriers and (b) one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments into an aggregated frequency band; and provisioning the aggregated frequency band to at least one user equipment (UE) device, wherein: the one or more carrier extensions or the one or more carrier segments include one or more self-contained reference signals to reduce control signaling overhead, the aggregated frequency band comprises one or more guard band resource blocks, at least part of the self-contained reference signals extend over at least part of the one or more guard band resource blocks, and each guard band resource block of the one or more guard band resource blocks is located either: between at least one frequency band associated with the one or more reference carriers and at least one frequency band associated with the one or more carrier extensions or the one or more carrier segments, or appended at a periphery of the aggregated frequency band. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: by the at least one network base station of the wireless network: identifying the one or more reference carriers and the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments in a peer-to-peer manner with at least one other network base station of the wireless network. 3. The method of claim 1, the one or more reference carriers and the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments are identified by a centralized network authority that is configured to communicate with one or more network base stations of the wireless network. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the one or more reference carriers comprise at least one fully configured, backward-compatible reference carrier; and the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments are not backward-compatible carrier resource additions of the one or more reference carriers. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments are configured without cell-specific reference signals. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments are configured to include Primary Synchronization Symbols (PSS) or Secondary Synchronization Symbols (SSS); and the PSS or the SSS indicate a time reference for the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments when a non-contiguous frequency separation exists between the one or more reference carriers and the one or more carrier extensions or one or more carrier segments. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more self-contained reference signals include one or more demodulation reference signals or one or more channel state information reference signals. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more self-contained reference signals comprise one or more UE device-specific reference signals that allow the UE device to perform channel state estimation and coherent detection of at least one control channel or at least one data channel. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the aggregated frequency band is operable as a virtualized wideband carrier. 10. A mobile apparatus configurable to operate using extensible carrier deployments, the mobile apparatus comprising: at least one transceiver; one or more processors coupled to the at least one transceiver; and a storage device storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the mobile apparatus to: receive one or more reference carriers and one or more carrier extensions in an aggregate communication; receive one or more guard band resource blocks as part of the aggregate communication; determine whether the one or more reference carriers are contiguous in frequency with the one or more carrier extensions; and select one or more reception modes for the mobile apparatus based at least in part on the determination, wherein: the one or more carrier extensions include one or more self-contained reference signals, at least part of the self-contained reference signals extend over at least part of the one or more guard band resource blocks, and each guard band resource block of the one or more guard band resource blocks is located either: between at least one frequency band associated with the one or more reference carriers and at least one frequency band associated with the one or more carrier extensions, or appended at a frequency band periphery of the aggregate communication. 11. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more self-contained reference signals of the one or more carrier extensions include one or more demodulation reference signals or one or more channel state information reference signals. 12. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more self-contained reference signals of the one or more carrier extensions include one or more user device-specific reference signals associated with the mobile apparatus. 13. The mobile apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more carrier extensions are configured without cell-specific reference signals. 14. A base station apparatus of a long term evolution (LTE)-enabled wireless network, the base station apparatus comprising: at least one wireless interface that is configurable to communicate with a plurality of wireless devices; one or more processors coupled to the at least one wireless interface; and a storage device storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the base station apparatus to: aggregate one or more reference carriers and one or more carrier extensions into an aggregated frequency band; and provision the aggregated frequency band to at least one user equipment (UE) device, wherein: the one or more carrier extensions include one or more self-contained reference signals, the aggregated frequency band includes one or more guard band resource blocks, at least part of the self-contained reference signals extend over at least part of the one or more guard band resource blocks, and each guard band resource block of the one or more guard band resource blocks is located either: between at least one frequency band associated with the one or more reference carriers and at least one frequency band associated with the one or more carrier extensions, or appended at a periphery of the aggregated frequency band. 15. The base station apparatus of claim 14, wherein the aggregated frequency band includes a contiguous frequency bandwidth having minimized frequency gap spacing between at least one frequency band associated with the one or more reference carriers and at least one frequency band associated with the one or more carrier extensions. 16. The base station apparatus of claim 14, wherein the aggregated frequency band includes a non-contiguous frequency bandwidth between at least one frequency band associated with the one or more reference carriers and at least one frequency band associated with the one or more carrier extensions. 17. A method executed by a mobile device configurable to operate using extensible carrier deployments, the method comprising: by the mobile device: receiving an aggregate communication that includes one or more reference carriers, one or more carrier extensions, and one or more guard band resource blocks; determining whether the one or more reference carriers are contiguous with the one or more carrier extensions in the frequency domain; and processing the one or more reference carriers and the one or more carrier extensions of the aggregate communication based at least in part on the determination, wherein: the one or more carrier extensions include one or more self-contained reference signals, at least part of the self-contained reference signals extend over at least part of the one or more guard band resource blocks, and each guard band resource block of the one or more guard band resource blocks is located either: between at least one frequency band associated with the one or more reference carriers and at least one frequency band associated with the one or more carrier extensions, or appended at a frequency band periphery of the aggregate communication. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more self-contained reference signals comprise one or more device-specific reference signals that allow the mobile device to perform one or more of: channel state estimation, or coherent detection of at least one control channel or at least one data channel. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more carrier extensions are configured without cell-specific reference signals. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more carrier extensions include a time reference for synchronization when a non-contiguous frequency separation exists between the one or more reference carriers and the one or more carrier extensions.",
-    "A physiological monitoring system may use photonic signals to determine physiological parameters. The system may vary parameters of a light drive signal used to generate the photonic signal from a light source such that power consumption is reduced or optimized. Parameters may include light intensity, firing rate, duty cycle, other suitable parameters, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system may use information from a first light source to generate a light drive signal for a second light source. In some embodiments, the system may vary parameters in a way substantially synchronous with physiological pulses, for example, cardiac pulses. In some embodiments, the system may vary parameters in response to an external trigger. 1. A method of operating a pulse oximeter, the method comprising: receiving, using the pulse oximeter, a photoplethysmograph (PPG) signal from a pulse oximetry sensor, which comprises a light source and a detector; determining, using the pulse oximeter, pulse information related to physiological pulses in the PPG signal; determining, using the pulse oximeter, at least one parameter of a light drive signal based on the pulse information, wherein the at least one parameter is determined to vary substantially synchronously with the physiological pulses, and wherein the determined at least one parameter comprises at least one of light intensity, light source firing rate, and duty cycle; and generating, using the pulse oximeter, the light drive signal for activating the light source of the pulse oximetry sensor to emit a photonic signal according to the determined at least one parameter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined at least one parameter comprises the light intensity. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the light intensity comprises a high value and a low value, and wherein the light intensity is varied so that the high value coincides with at least one of a systole period, a diastole period, a dicrotic notch, a peak, and a trough of the physiological pulses. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the light intensity is varied according to a periodic waveform, wherein the periodic waveform comprises a plurality of peaks, and wherein the peaks are configured to coincide with at least one of a systole period, a diastole period, a dicrotic notch, a peak, and a trough of the physiological pulses. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined at least one parameter comprises the light source firing rate. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the light source firing rate comprises a high value and a low value, and wherein the light source firing rate is varied so that the high value coincides with at least one of a systole period, a diastole period, a dicrotic notch, a peak, and a trough of the physiological pulses. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the light source firing rate is varied according to a periodic waveform, wherein the periodic waveform comprises a plurality peaks, and wherein the peaks are configured to coincide with at least one of a systole period, a diastole period, a dicrotic notch, a peak, and a trough of the physiological pulses. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, using the pulse oximeter, a sampling rate of an analog-to-digital converter of the pulse oximeter based on the pulse information, wherein the sampling rate is determined to vary substantially synchronously with the physiological pulses in the PPG signal; and sampling, using the analog-to-digital converter of the pulse oximeter, the PPG signal according to the determined sampling rate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined at least one parameter comprises the duty cycle. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the duty cycle comprises a high value corresponding to a longer duty cycle and a low value corresponding to a shorter duty cycle, and wherein the duty cycle is varied so that the high value coincides with at least one of a systole period, a diastole period, a dicrotic notch, a peak, and a trough of the physiological pulses. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the duty cycle is varied according to a periodic waveform, wherein the periodic waveform comprises a plurality of peaks, and wherein the peaks are configured to coincide with at least one of a systole period, a diastole period, a dicrotic notch, a peak, and a trough of the physiological pulses. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological pulses of the subject are cardiac pulses. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cardiac pulses comprise at least one period of interest and wherein the at least one parameter is determined to vary substantially synchronously with the at least one period of interest. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one parameter is determined to vary during the period of each of the physiological pulses and substantially synchronously with at least one feature of the physiological pulses. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the physiological pulses of the subject are respiratory pulses. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises at least two emitters and wherein the light drive signal is configured to activate the at least two emitters. 17. The method of claim 16, the wherein the at least one parameter is determined to vary for each of the at least two emitters. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving an external trigger, wherein the at least one parameter is further determined based on the external trigger. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, using the pulse oximeter, a subsequent portion of the PPG signal that is generated based on the light source being activated by the light drive signal; and determining, using the pulse oximeter, a physiological parameter of the subject based on the subsequent portion of the PPG signal. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the physiological parameter comprises at least one of pulse rate and oxygen saturation of the subject.",
-    "A collapsible toilet with enhanced strength and stability is provided. The toilet supports an entire weight of a user when in use. The collapsible toilet includes a plurality of panels coupled together to form a generally oval shaped member with an interior space, each panel of the plurality of panels pivotably mounted to an adjacent one of the plurality of panels to permit pivotal movement of each panel relative to the adjacent panel, and a lid detachably coupled to the plurality of panels and having a central opening aligned with the interior space of the panels, the lid having a pair of foldable halves pivotably mounted together. The entire weight of the user is dispersed throughout the plurality of panels when the user is situated on the lid. 1. A collapsible toilet with enhanced strength and stability, the toilet configured to support an entire weight of a user when in use, the collapsible toilet comprising: a plurality of panels coupled together to form a generally oval shaped member with an interior space, each panel of the plurality of panels pivotably mounted to an adjacent one of the plurality of panels to permit pivotal movement of each panel relative to the adjacent panel; and a lid detachably coupled to the plurality of panels and comprising a central opening aligned with the interior space of the panels, the lid comprising a pair of foldable halves pivotably mounted together, wherein the entire weight of the user is dispersed throughout the plurality of panels when the user is situated on the lid. 2. The collapsible toilet of claim 1, wherein each half of the lid comprises a generally C-shaped member. 3. The collapsible toilet of claim 2, wherein each half of the lid comprises a hook configured to detachably couple with any one of the plurality of panels. 4. The collapsible toilet of claim 3, wherein each panel of the plurality of panels comprises a top edge, a bottom edge opposite the top edge, and a pair of side edges connecting the top and bottom edges, wherein each side edge of the panel comprises a plurality of hinge knuckles. 5. The collapsible toilet of claim 4, wherein the plurality of hinge knuckles of each panel are aligned with hinge knuckles of one side edge of the adjacent panel and a U-shaped rod is disposed through the hinge knuckles of both the panel and the hinge knuckles of the adjacent panel. 6. The collapsible toilet of claim 5, further comprising at least one anchor member coupled to the U-shaped rod and configured to prevent the panel and adjacent panel from bending. 7. The collapsible toilet of claim 6, further comprising a bracket coupled to the end of the U-shaped rod. 8. The collapsible toilet of claim 7, wherein each panel of the plurality of panels comprises a notch configured to receive an accessory. 9. The collapsible toilet of claim 8, wherein the accessory is a toilet paper holder. 10. The collapsible toilet of claim 8, wherein the accessory is a battery pack configured for use with a seat warmer operably connected to the lid.",
-    "The present disclosure includes a method and system for applying ink markings on a food product in such a manner to form a permanent marking thereon. The markings include text and graphics, and can include an advertisement, freshness information, traceability data, or other types of relevant information, or any combination thereof. The method preferably forms the markings on the food product while the product moves through a predetermined region of a food processing system. Preferably, the ink marking assembly is located above the food products to be marked and the products are marked while passing thereunder. The performance or characteristics of the marking device may be adjusted in response to selected characteristics of the food product, environmental conditions, processing conditions, compliance requirements, and the like, in order to optimize the marking process. 1. A system for ink marking individual objects with indicia at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, the system comprising: at least one processor operable to control marking of individual objects; at least one ink marking unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at one least processor, the at least one ink marking unit positioned above at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one ink marking unit operable to mark the objects with indicia as the objects pass under the at least one ink marking unit and through the marking station; and a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the marking of the objects; an input/output interface operatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein the least one processor is operable to: obtain status data associated with at least one of at least one operational parameter of the processing system, at least one operational parameter of the at least one ink marking unit, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, at least one characteristic of the indicia to be marked thereon, and combinations thereof; determine based on at least a portion of the status data, at least one operational parameter of the at least one ink marking unit; and mark the objects with the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the status data is obtained during at least one of prior to the marking of indicia on the objects, during the marking of indicia on the objects, after the marking of indicia on the objects, and combination thereof. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the objects are individual eggs. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the indicia to be marked on the objects comprises at least one text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the status data includes at least one operational parameter of an associated object-handling apparatus to which the objects are subjected prior to or after the marking thereon by the at least one ink marking unit. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to obtain status data as to the quality of markings applied to the individual objects; adjust at least one of the operational parameters of the processing system, at least one of the operational parameters of the at least one ink marking unit, and combinations thereof in response to the status data; and mark the objects to be marked thereafter by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with the at least one adjusted operational parameter. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to: obtain content marking parameters comprising at least one of content to be marked thereon, at least one rendering parameter associated with marking of the content thereon, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, and combinations thereof; render the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters; and mark the individual objects with the selected content by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters. 8. The system of 1, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to receive at least a portion of the content marking parameters from at least one associated user via the at least one input/output interface. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to: receive at least a portion of the content marking parameters from multiple associated users via the at least one input/output interface; generate aggregate content marking parameters based on the content marking parameters received from at least a portion of the multiple users; render the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters; and mark the individual objects with the selected content by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters. 10. A method for ink marking individual objects with indicia at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, wherein at least one ink marking unit is positioned above at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one ink marking unit operable to mark the objects as the objects pass under the at least one ink marking unit and through the marking station, the system comprising: obtaining status data associated with at least one of at least one operational parameter of the processing system, at least one operational parameter of the at least one ink marking unit, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, at least one characteristic of the indicia to be marked thereon, and combinations thereof; determining based on at least a portion of the status data, at least one operational parameter of the at least one ink marking unit; and marking the objects with the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least one operational parameter to form indicia thereon. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the status data is obtained during at least one of prior to the marking of indicia on the objects, during the marking of indicia on the objects, after the marking of indicia on the objects, and combination thereof. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the objects are individual eggs. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the indicia to be marked on the objects comprises at least one text, graphics, and any combination thereof, and includes at least one of advertisement, sponsored images, freshness information, traceability data, source information, and any combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the status data includes at least one operational parameter of an associated object-handling apparatus to which the objects are subjected prior to or after the marking thereon by the at least one ink marking unit. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises: obtain status data as to the quality of markings applied to the individual objects; adjusting at least one of the operational parameters of the processing system, at least one of the operational parameters of the at least one ink marking unit, and combinations thereof in response to the status data; and marking the objects to be marked thereafter by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with the at least one adjusted operational parameter. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises: obtaining content marking parameters comprising at least one of content to be marked thereon, at least one rendering parameter associated with marking of the content thereon, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, and combinations thereof; rendering the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters; and marking the individual objects with the selected content by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters. 17. The method of 10, wherein the method further comprises receiving at least a portion of the content marking parameters from at least one associated user via at least one input/output interface. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises: receiving at least a portion of the content marking parameters from multiple associated users via at least one input/output interface; generating aggregate content marking parameters based on the content marking parameters received from at least a portion of the multiple users; rendering the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters; and marking the individual objects with the selected content by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the aggregate content marking parameters. 19. An apparatus for ink marking individual objects with indicia at a marking station, the apparatus comprising: at least one processor operable to control marking of individual objects; at least one ink marking unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at one least processor, the at least one ink marking unit positioned above at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one laser marking unit operable to mark the objects with indicia as the objects pass under the at least one ink marking unit and through the marking station; and a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the marking of the objects; wherein the least one processor is operable to: obtain content marking parameters comprising at least one of content to be marked thereon, at least one rendering parameter associated with marking of the content thereon, at least one characteristic of the individual objects to be marked, and combinations thereof; render the selected content in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters; and mark the individual objects with the selected content by the at least one ink marking unit in accordance with at least a portion of the content marking parameters. 20. The system of 19, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to receive at least a portion of the content marking parameters from at least one associated user via at least one input/output interface.",
-    "An anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod for a coal mine floor and methods thereof are provided. The anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod includes a hollow drill pipe and a hollow sleeve configured inside the hollow drill pipe. A front joint is configured at a front end of the hollow drill pipe. A back joint is configured at a back end of the hollow drill pipe. The hollow sleeve is wound with a spiral connection line in a direction opposite to a rotation direction of the anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod during drilling. A spiral-shaped space is formed between the spiral connection line and an inner chamber of the hollow drill pipe. 1. An anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod for a coal mine floor, comprising: a hollow drill pipe; and a hollow sleeve configured inside the hollow drill pipe, wherein: a front joint is configured at a front end of the hollow drill pipe, a back joint is configured at a back end of the hollow drill pipe, the hollow sleeve is wound with a spiral connection line in a direction opposite to a rotation direction of the anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod during drilling, and a spiral-shaped space is formed between the spiral connection line and an inner chamber of the hollow drill pipe. 2. The anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod according to claim 1, wherein: a waterproof insertion slot is configured at a back end of the hollow sleeve for connecting a connector or the hollow sleeve of another anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod. 3. The anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod according to claim 1, wherein: the front joint is compatible with the back joint for connecting two anchoring and anti-clogging drill rods in a head-to-tail. 4. The anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod according to claim 3, wherein: the front joint is configured as a bolt with threads on an outer surface; and the back joint is configured as a bolt hole with threads in an inner wall. 5. The anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod according to claim 1, the hollow drill pipe further comprising: a first wrench-compatible segment configured at a location connecting the front joint; and a second wrench-compatible segment configured at a location connecting the back joint. 6. The anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod according to claim 5, wherein: an outer surface of the wrench-compatible segments has a prism shape or a cuboid shape. 7. A method for using an anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod for a coal mine floor, comprising: configuring the anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod, including a hollow drill pipe and a hollow sleeve configured inside the hollow drill pipe, by a process including: connecting a back joint at a back end of the hollow drill pipe with a drill machine, connecting a front joint at a front end of the hollow drill pipe with a drill head, and connecting the hollow sleeve with a pump, injecting pressured clean water to an empty space between the hollow drill pipe and the hollow sleeve, wherein the hollow sleeve is configured such that the clean water follows along a spiral connection line wound around an outer surface of the hollow sleeve and is transported to the drill head for cleaning; and pumping dirty water from the drill head through the hollow sleeve for waste discharge. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein: a waterproof insertion slot is configured at a back end of the hollow sleeve for connecting to the pump or the hollow sleeve of another anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the step of installing the anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod further comprises: connecting two anchoring and anti-clogging drill rods in a head-to-tail manner by connecting the front joint with the back joint. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein: the front joint is configured as a bolt with threads on an outer surface; and the back joint is configured as a bolt hole with threads in an inner wall. 11. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: tightening the anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod with a wrench using a first wrench-compatible segment configured at a location connecting the front joint; or tightening the anchoring and anti-clogging drill rod with a wrench using a second wrench-compatible segment configured at a location connecting the back joint. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein: an outer surface of the wrench-compatible segments has a prism shape or a cuboid shape.",
-    "Remote presence systems and methods are presented. In one embodiment, a system may comprise a pilot workstation comprising a pilot computing station having a display, a microphone, a camera oriented to capture images of the pilot, a network connectivity subsystem, and a master input device such as a keyboard, mouse, or joystick. The pilot network connectivity subsystem may be operatively coupled to an electromechanically mobile workstation comprising a mobile base interconnected to a head component. The mobile workstation may comprise a display, a microphone, a camera oriented to capture images of nearby people and structures, and a workstation network connectivity subsystem that preferably is operatively coupled to the pilot network connectivity subsystem. Preferably by virtue of the system components, the pilot is able to remotely project a virtual presence of himself in the form of images, sound, and motion of the mobile workstation at the location of the mobile workstation. 1. A remote presence system, comprising: a. a remote mobile workstation comprising a controller and a drive system; and b. a pilot workstation operatively coupled to the remote mobile workstation in a pier-to-pier network configuration such that commands from a pilot operating a first master input device comprising the pilot workstation are communicated to the remote mobile workstation and utilized to navigate the drive system with commands from the controller; wherein the controller of the remote mobile workstation is configured such that navigation commands from the first master input device will be ignored if navigation commands from a second master input device comprising the pilot workstation are instituted.",
-    "A threshold voltage measuring device may include a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, a drain voltage clamping circuit configured to control a drain voltage of the MOS transistor wherein the drain voltage having a substantially constant level, and a constant current supply circuit configured to cause a drain-source current to flow through the MOS transistor wherein the drain-source current having a substantially constant magnitude. 1. A threshold voltage measuring device comprising: a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor; a drain voltage clamping circuit configured to control a drain voltage of the MOS transistor, the drain voltage having a substantially constant level; and a constant current supply circuit configured to cause a drain-source current to flow through the MOS transistor, the drain-source current having a substantially constant magnitude. 2. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 1, wherein a voltage of a source of the MOS transistor has substantially the same level as that of a back gate of the MOS transistor. 3. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 2, wherein the MOS transistor is an NMOS transistor, and wherein the source and the back gate of the MOS transistor are coupled to a ground. 4. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 2, wherein the MOS transistor is a PMOS transistor, and wherein the source and the back gate of the MOS transistor are coupled to a supply voltage. 5. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 1, wherein the drain voltage clamping circuit comprises a first amplifier configured to control a gate voltage of the MOS transistor by amplifying a difference between the drain voltage and a set voltage. 6. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 5, wherein the constant current supply circuit comprises: a reference current source configured to generate a reference current; and a current replication circuit configured to replicate the reference current and provide a current that causes the drain-source current to flow through the MOS transistor. 7. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 6, wherein the current replication circuit comprises: a regulator configured to regulate a supply voltage according to a feedback voltage and output a rectified voltage; a first resistor coupled between an output of the regulator and a drain of the MOS transistor; a second resistor having first and second terminals, the first terminal coupled to the reference current source, a first voltage at the first terminal corresponding to a reference voltage, a second voltage at the second terminal corresponding to the set voltage; and a second amplifier configured to amplify a difference between the rectified voltage and the reference voltage and provide the feedback voltage to the regulator. 8. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 6, wherein the reference current has a magnitude that is substantially equal to that of the drain-source current. 9. A threshold voltage measuring device comprising: a transistor array comprising a plurality of MOS transistors arranged in a matrix, the matrix being defined by a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns; a row selector configured to apply a gate voltage to a selected row among the plurality of rows according to a row select signal; a column selector configured to select a column among the plurality of columns according to a column select signal; a bias controller configured to apply a bias voltage to unselected rows among the plurality of rows; a drain voltage clamping circuit configured to provide a drain voltage of a MOS transistor selected by the row select signal and the column select signal, the drain voltage having a substantially constant level; and a constant current supply circuit configured to cause a drain-source current to flow through the selected MOS transistor, the drain-source current having a substantially constant magnitude. 10. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 9, wherein a voltage of a source and a voltage of a back gate of each of the MOS transistors included in the transistor array have substantially the same level. 11. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 10, wherein the MOS transistors are NMOS transistors, and wherein the source and the back gate of each of the NMOS transistors are coupled to a ground. 12. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 10, wherein the MOS transistors are PMOS transistors, and wherein the source and the back gate of each of the PMOS transistors are coupled to a supply voltage. 13. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 9, wherein the drain voltage clamping circuit comprises a first amplifier configured to control the gate voltage by amplifying a difference between a set voltage and the drain voltage of the selected MOS transistor. 14. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 13, wherein the constant current supply circuit comprises: a reference current source configured to generate a reference current that has a substantially constant magnitude; and a current replication circuit configured to copy the reference current and provide a current that causes the drain-source current to flow through the selected MOS transistor. 15. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 14, wherein the reference current has a magnitude that is substantially equal to that of the drain-source current. 16. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 14, wherein the current replication circuit comprises: a regulator configured to regulate a supply voltage according to a feedback voltage and output a rectified voltage; a first resistor coupled between an output of the regulator and a drain of the selected MOS transistor; a second resistor having first and second terminals, the first terminal coupled to the reference current source, a first voltage at the first terminal corresponding to a reference voltage, a second voltage at the second terminal corresponding to the set voltage; and a second amplifier configured to amplify a difference between the rectified voltage and the reference voltage and provide the feedback voltage to the regulator. 17. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 9, wherein the plurality of MOS transistors comprise N-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistors. 18. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 17, wherein the bias voltage is a negative voltage. 19. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 9, wherein the plurality of MOS transistors comprise P-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistors. 20. The threshold voltage measuring device of claim 19, wherein the bias voltage is a positive voltage.",
-    "A location tagged data provision and display system. A personal communication device (PCD) with electromagnetic communication capability has a GPS receiver and a display. The PCD requests maps and location tagged data from data providers and other for display on the PCD. The data providers respond to requests by using searching and sorting schemes to interrogate data bases and then automatically transmitting data responsive to the requests to the requesting PCD. 1. A digital camera with GPS stamp comprising: a housing containing an imaging device; a GPS receiver for determining a position of the digital camera; a memory coupled to the imaging device and the GPS receiver, the memory storing an image formed by the imaging device and the position of the digital camera. 2.-14. (canceled)",
-    "A high-speed signaling system with adaptive transmit pre-emphasis. A transmit circuit has a plurality of output drivers to output a first signal onto a signal path. A receive circuit is coupled to receive the first signal via the signal path and configured to generate an indication of whether the first signal exceeds a threshold level. A first threshold control circuit is coupled to receive the indication from the receive circuit and configured to adjust the threshold level according to whether the first signal exceeds the threshold level. A drive strength control circuit is coupled to receive the indication from the receive circuit and configured to adjust a drive strength of at least one output driver of the plurality of output drivers according to whether the first signal exceeds the threshold level. 1. (canceled) 2. An apparatus, comprising: a set of drivers to transmit a digital sequence to a receiver, each driver controlled in association with one of a plurality of taps; and an update circuit to update a tap weight associated with at least one of the plurality of taps responsive to feedback from the receiver, the feedback representing an adjustment, based on a target signal level, for at least one of the plurality of taps. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the update circuit is responsive to feedback from the receiver representing an increment for at least one of the plurality of taps. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: the update circuit is responsive to feedback from the receiver representing a positive increment up for at least one of the plurality of taps. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: the update circuit is responsive to feedback from the receiver representing a negative increment up for at least one of the plurality of taps. 6. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the feedback comprises one or more tap values. 7. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the feedback comprises an indicator of a predefined set of tap values. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein: the indicator comprises a channel response. 9. A method of operation within a signaling system, the method comprising: transmitting a digital sequence to a receiver using a transmit equalizer, the transmit equalizer having a plurality of taps; receiving, from the receiver, feedback representing an adjustment for at least one of the plurality of taps based on a target signal level; and updating a tap weight associated with the at least one of the plurality of taps responsive to the feedback. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein: receiving the feedback from the receiver comprises receiving feedback from the receiver representing an increment for at least one of the plurality of taps. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein: receiving the feedback from the receiver comprises receiving feedback from the receiver representing a positive increment up for at least one of the plurality of taps. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein: receiving the feedback from the receiver comprises receiving feedback from the receiver representing a negative increment up for at least one of the plurality of taps. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein: the feedback comprises one or more tap values. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein: the feedback comprises an indicator of a predefined set of tap values. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein: the indicator comprises a channel response. 16. An integrated circuit (IC) chip comprising: a transmit equalizer to transmit a digital sequence to a receiver, the transmit equalizer having at least one tap; and an update circuit to update a tap weight associated with the at least one tap responsive to feedback from the receiver, the feedback representing an adjustment, based on a target signal level, for the at least one tap. 17. The IC chip according to claim 16, wherein: the update circuit is responsive to feedback from the receiver representing an increment for at least one of the plurality of taps. 18. The IC chip according to claim 17, wherein: the update circuit is responsive to feedback from the receiver representing a positive increment up for at least one of the plurality of taps. 19. The IC chip according to claim 17, wherein: the update circuit is responsive to feedback from the receiver representing a negative increment up for at least one of the plurality of taps. 20. The IC chip according to claim 16, wherein: the feedback comprises one or more tap values. 21. The IC chip according to claim 16, wherein: the feedback comprises an indicator of a predefined set of tap values.",
-    "Real-time messaging is a very familiar activity for users. Messaging apps allow users to create messaging channels through which users can message each other. Some of these channels are direct messaging channels between two users while others are group messaging channels connecting multiple users. For group messaging, users are able to bring in other users to the group via a user-interface for adding users. This invention describes how this user-interface can be easily extended to include interconnection with other data channels to create ingoing and outgoing message flows to other applications and services. This allows users to mashup content, message across platforms, share Internet of Things devices, and chain services all within the convenience of their messaging app. Also in this invention it is described how the same user-interface can be used to add virtual user-workers or bots to group messages, allowing users to convert message channels to their own task-performing services for a variety of applications such as geo-notification, anti-spam, and language processing. In summary this invention outlines a framework for \u2018do-it-all\u2019 messaging apps that is based on overloading the same widget (control element) for adding members to a channel (e.g., the \u2018+\u2019 or \u2018add user\u2019 button) with the ability to include channel feeds and bots to that channel. 1. An electronic application building system comprising: a processor; a computer readable storage media that comprises instructions stored in the computer readable storage media that are executable with the processor, the instructions comprising: instructions to display a list of application components; instructions to store information about the selection and configuration of application components in response to a component selection command indicative of a user selecting an application component; instructions to store information about the selection and configuration of application components in response to a component configuration command indicative of a user configuring an application component. 2. The electronic application building system of claim 1, wherein the computer readable storage media further comprises: instructions to display a list of application templates; instructions to store information about selection and configuration of application components based on a selected template in response to a template selection command indicative of a user selecting an application template. 3. The electronic application building system of claim 1, wherein the computer readable storage media further comprises: instructions to execute and display a selected and configured application as a channel view, where the channel view display is in one of the following formats: album, map, calendar, web, game, survey/quiz. 4. The electronic application building system of claim 1, wherein the application components comprise applications, devices, application programming interface services, or virtual workers. 5. The electronic application building system of claim 1, wherein the computer readable storage media further comprises: instructions to execute and display the selected and configured application components integrated into a messaging application. 6. An electronic application building system comprising: a processor; a computer readable storage media that comprises instructions stored in the computer readable storage media that are executable with the processor, the instructions comprising: instructions to display a visual representation of a chat or application channel; instructions to display a user control element capable of adding users to a chat or application channel; instructions to add a user to a chat or application channel in response to an add command indicative of a user manipulating the user control element in order to add a user; instructions to display a member control element, visually similar to the user control element, that is capable of adding feed-ins, feed-outs, and virtual workers to a chat or application channel; instructions to add a feed-in, feed-out, or virtual worker to a chat or application channel in response to an add command indicative of a user manipulating the member control element in order to add a feed-in, feed-out, or virtual worker. 7. A method of electronic application building comprising: displaying with a display device a visual representation of a chat or application channel; displaying with a display device a user control element capable of adding users to a chat or application channel; in response to receipt from an input device of a user add command: saving to a database a chat or application channel configuration with an additional user added; displaying with a display device a member control element, visually similar to the user control element, that is capable of adding feed-ins, feed-outs, and virtual workers to a chat or application channel; in response to receipt from an input device of a member add command: saving to a database a chat or application channel configuration with an additional feed-in, feed-out, or virtual worker added.",
-    "A method for making a composite product can include combining a plurality of lignocellulose substrates and a binder to produce a resinated furnish. The binder can be or include a polyphenolic compound, a free radical precursor, and an unsaturated compound having two or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. At least one of the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is a pi-bond that is not conjugated with an aromatic moiety and is capable of free radical addition. The method can also include pressing the resinated furnish between at least two surfaces in a press, where at least one of the at least two surfaces can be a porous surface, and at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish to produce a composite product. 1. A method for making a composite product, comprising: combining a plurality of lignocellulose substrates and a binder to produce a resinated furnish, wherein the binder comprises a polyphenolic compound, a free radical precursor, and an unsaturated compound having two or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, and wherein at least one of the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is a pi-bond that is not conjugated with an aromatic moiety and is capable of free radical addition; pressing the resinated furnish between at least two surfaces in a press, wherein at least one of the at least two surfaces is a porous surface; and at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish to produce a composite product. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the porous surface is a press screen, a caul screen, a mesh screen, a perforated platen, a press weave, or a caul plate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the at least two surfaces is a porous surface. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two surfaces comprises a first facial contact surface and a second facial contact surface, wherein the composite product comprises a first face opposite of a second face, and wherein the first face is formed by the first facial contact surface and the second face is formed by the second facial contact surface. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two surfaces are heated to a temperature of 110\u00b0 C. to about 180\u00b0 C. when at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish to produce the composite product. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the resinated furnish is heated when at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish to produce the composite product, and wherein a core of the composite product is heated by the at least two surfaces to a maximum internal board temperature of about 100\u00b0 C. to about 165\u00b0 C. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the resinated furnish is pressed to a maximum internal board pressure when at least partially curing the binder to produce the composite product, and wherein the core of the composite product is pressurized by the at least two surfaces to a maximum internal board pressure of less than 0.6 MPa. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the maximum internal board pressure is about 0.01 MPa to about 0.22 MPa. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish produces steam, and wherein at least a portion of the steam passes through the porous surface. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the unsaturated compound comprises an unsaturated polyester prepolymer, an unsaturated polyether prepolymer, an unsaturated polyamide prepolymer, an unsaturated polyurethane prepolymer, or any mixture thereof. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite product has an internal bond strength of at least 0.35 MPa to about 1 MPa and a density of about 0.7 g/cm3 to about 0.9 g/cm3. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of lignocellulose substrates comprises wood particles, wood strands, wood chips, wood flakes, wood shavings, wood wafers, or any mixture thereof, and wherein the composite product is particleboard, fiberboard, oriented strand board, oriented stand lumber, chipboard, flakeboard, or waferboard. 13. A method for making a composite product, comprising: combining a plurality of lignocellulose substrates and a binder to produce a resinated furnish, wherein the binder comprises a polyphenolic compound, a free radical precursor, and an unsaturated compound having two or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, and wherein at least one of the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is a pi-bond that is not conjugated with an aromatic moiety and is capable of free radical addition; heating at least two surfaces in a press to a temperature of 110\u00b0 C. to about 180\u00b0 C., wherein at least one of the at least two surfaces is a porous surface; heating and pressing the resinated furnish between the at least two surfaces; and at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish to produce a composite product, wherein a core of the composite product is heated by the at least two surfaces to a maximum internal board temperature of about 100\u00b0 C. to about 165\u00b0 C. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the porous surface is a press screen, a caul screen, a mesh screen, a perforated platen, a press weave, or a caul plate. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the at least two surfaces is a porous surface. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least two surfaces comprises a first facial contact surface and a second facial contact surface, wherein the composite product comprises a first face opposite of a second face, and wherein the first face is formed by the first facial contact surface and the second face is formed by the second facial contact surface. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the resinated furnish is pressed to a maximum internal board pressure when at least partially curing the binder to produce the composite product, and wherein the core of the composite product is pressurized by the at least two surfaces to a maximum internal board pressure of less than 0.25 MPa. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish produces steam, and wherein at least a portion of the steam passes through the porous surface. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the unsaturated compound comprises an unsaturated polyester prepolymer, an unsaturated polyether prepolymer, an unsaturated polyamide prepolymer, an unsaturated polyurethane prepolymer, or any mixture thereof. 20. A method for making a composite product, comprising: combining a plurality of lignocellulose substrates and a binder to produce a resinated furnish, wherein the binder comprises a polyphenolic compound, a free radical precursor, and an unsaturated compound having two or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, wherein at least one of the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is a pi-bond that is not conjugated with an aromatic moiety and is capable of free radical addition, and wherein the unsaturated compound comprises an unsaturated polyester prepolymer, an unsaturated polyether prepolymer, an unsaturated polyamide prepolymer, an unsaturated polyurethane prepolymer, or any mixture thereof; heating and pressing the resinated furnish between at least two surfaces in a press, wherein at least one of the at least two surfaces is a porous surface, and wherein the porous surface is a press screen, a caul screen, a caul plate, a mesh screen, a press weave, or a perforated platen; and at least partially curing the binder in the resinated furnish to produce a composite product.",
-    "Seamless earbud structures and methods for making the same are disclosed. Seamless earbud structures can be constructed using an insert molding construction method, which overmolds a cosmetic material over two sub-enclosures that are mated together. The two sub-enclosures form a housing that can encompass a driver assembly (e.g., woofer and tweeter), a conductor bundle, and provide one or more acoustic volumes. The housing has a non-occluding member and a neck member, and has a seamless or nearly seamless construction. The cosmetic material is insert molded around the housing to provide a smooth and seamless surface disposed around the periphery of the housing. 1-27. (canceled) 28. Apparatus comprising: a housing providing a port member and a neck member extending away from the port member in a first direction; the port member comprises a port operative to direct sound out from the port member in a second direction; and the first direction and the second direction are skew. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein: the housing comprises a first sub-enclosure coupled to a second sub-enclosure; the apparatus further comprises a component covering at least a portion of the housing; and the at least a portion of the housing comprises at least a portion of a junction between the coupled first and second sub-enclosures of the housing. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the at least a portion of the housing further comprises at least a portion of the port member. 31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the at least a portion of the housing further comprises at least a portion of the neck member. 32. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the at least a portion of the housing further comprises at least a portion of the neck member. 33. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the port member is a non-occluding member. 34. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein a first line extending along the first direction does not intersect a second line extending along the second direction. 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the first line is not parallel to the second line. 36. An earbud comprising: a housing providing a port member and a neck member extending away from the port member in a first direction, wherein: the port member comprises a port provided through the port member in a second direction and operative to direct sound out from the port member; and a first line comprising the first direction does not intersect a second line comprising the second direction. 37. The earbud of claim 36, wherein the first line is not parallel to the second line. 38. The earbud of claim 36, wherein: the housing comprises a first sub-enclosure coupled to a second sub-enclosure; the earbud further comprises a component covering at least a portion of the housing; and the at least a portion of the housing comprises at least a portion of a junction between the coupled first and second sub-enclosures of the housing. 39. The earbud of claim 38, wherein the at least a portion of the housing further comprises at least a portion of the port member. 40. An earbud comprising: a port member defining at least a portion of a volume of a housing; and a driver assembly positioned within the volume of the housing, wherein: the port member comprises a port; the driver assembly is operative to direct sound through the port; a first periphery of the port member in the largest cross-section of the port member surrounds a portion of the driver assembly; and a second periphery of the port member in the smallest cross-section of the port member comprises the port. 41. The earbud of claim 40, wherein the largest cross-section of the port member is parallel to the smallest cross-section of the port member. 42. The earbud of claim 40, wherein: the port is provided through the port member in a first direction; and a first line comprising the first direction is perpendicular to the largest cross-section of the port member. 43. The earbud of claim 42, wherein the first line is perpendicular to the smallest cross-section of the port member. 44. The earbud of claim 40, wherein: the port is operative to direct the sound out from the housing in a first direction; and a first line comprising the first direction is perpendicular to the largest cross-section of the port member. 45. The earbud of claim 44, wherein the first line is perpendicular to the smallest cross-section of the port member. 46. The earbud of claim 40, wherein: a first line extends through the center of the largest cross-section of the port member; the first line is perpendicular to the largest cross-section of the port member; a second line extends through the center of the smallest cross-section of the port member; the second line is perpendicular to the smallest cross-section of the port member; and the first line is parallel to the second line. 47. The earbud of claim 40, wherein: the housing provides a port member and a neck member extending away from the port member in a first direction; the port is provided through the port member in a second direction; and a first line comprising the first direction does not intersect a second line comprising the second direction.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to CBH II chimera fusion polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides, and host cells for producing the polypeptides. 1. (canceled) 2. A recombinant polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a, polypeptide comprising a sequence that is (a) identical to SEQ ID NO:67 and having a C400S mutation; (b) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:68 and having a C400S mutation; (c) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:69 and having a C400S mutation; (d) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:70 and having a C400S mutation; (e) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:71 and having a C400S mutation; (f) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:72 and having a C400S mutation; (d) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:73 and having a C400S mutation; (h) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:74 and having a C400S mutation; (i) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:75 and having a C400S mutation; (j) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:76 and having a C407S mutation; (k) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:77 and having a C394S mutation; and (l) is at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:78 and having a C412S, wherein the foregoing polypeptides have cellulase activity and improved thermostability compared to their corresponding parental (wild-type) protein lacking a Cys\u2192Ser mutation. 3. The recombinant polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the polypeptide has from 1-30 conservative amino acid substitutions except at the position identified below wherein a C\u2192S substitution is present: SEQ ID NO:67 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:68 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:69 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:70 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:71 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:72 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:73 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:74 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:75 comprising a C400S; SEQ ID NO:76 comprising a C407S; SEQ ID NO:77 comprising a C394S, or SEQ ID NO:78 comprising a C412S. 4-7. (canceled) 8. A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of claim 2. 9. A vector comprising a polynucleotide of claim 8. 10. A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 8. 11. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 9. 12. An enzymatic preparation comprising a polypeptide of claim 2. 13. An enzymatic preparation comprising a polypeptide produced by a host cell of claim 10. 14. A method of treating a biomass comprising cellulose, the method comprising contacting the biomass with a polypeptide of claim 2. 15. A method of treating a biomass comprising cellulose, the method comprising contacting the biomass with an enzymatic preparation of claim 12.",
-    "A rearview imaging system for a vehicle includes at least one video camera mounted at the rear of the vehicle for providing a wide angle horizontal field of view (FoV) rearwardly of the vehicle, and a display device in the vehicle at a position viewable by the driver. A video processor subdivides the camera FoV into three horizontally disposed sub-FOVs and displaying said sub-FoVs on visually separated side-by-side regions of the display device screen. The horizontal position and/or extent of at least one sub-FoV is variable as a function of the motion of the vehicle. 1. A rearview imaging system for a vehicle, comprising: at least one video camera mounted on the vehicle for providing a wide angle horizontal field of view (FoV) rearwardly of the vehicle, a display device in the vehicle at a position viewable by the driver, and a video processor for subdividing the camera FoV into multiple horizontally disposed subsidiary fields of view (sub-FOVs) and displaying said sub-FoVs on visually separated side-by-side regions of the display device screen, wherein the horizontal position and/or extent of at least one sub-FoV is variable as a function of the motion of the vehicle. 2. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the camera FoV is divided into left-hand (LH), right hand (RH) and centre subsidiary FoVs. 3. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 2, wherein when the vehicle is reversing and turning in a particular direction the boundary between the centre FoV and the subsidiary FoV on the side of the vehicle in which the vehicle is reversing is shifted towards that side of the vehicle. 4. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the region of the display screen displaying the centre FoV is elongated at the expense of at least one other region of the display screen, when the vehicle is reversing and turning in said particular direction. 5. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the subsidiary fields of view narrow when the vehicle moves forwardly. 6. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the subsidiary fields of view become progressively narrower as the vehicle speed increases. 7. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the wide angle horizontal FoV of the video camera is at least 135 degrees. 8. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the vertical FoV of the video camera is at least 70 degrees. 9. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said at least one video camera comprises multiple cameras, and wherein the wide angle horizontal field of view (FoV) rearwardly of the vehicle is derived from said multiple cameras. 10. A rearview imaging system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the subsidiary fields of view narrow when the vehicle moves forwardly. 11.-26. (canceled)",
-    "Methods and systems for selectively blocking, allowing and/or reformatting IPv6 headers by traversing devices are provided. According to one embodiment, reputation information regarding observed senders of Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 (IPv6) packets and packet fragments is maintained by a traversing device based on conformity or nonconformity of extension headers contained within the IPv6 packets with respect to a set of security checks performed by the traversing device. When an IPv6 packet or packet fragment is received from a particular source IP address indicated by the reputation information to be associated with one or more nonconformity issues, then dropping, rate limiting or quarantining, by the traversing device, the IPv6 packet or the packet fragment. 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a traversing device within a protected network, a plurality of Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 (IPv6) packets or packet fragments; applying, by the traversing device, a set of security checks to extension headers within each of the plurality of IPv6 packets or packet fragments; based on results of the set of security checks, updating, by the traversing device, sender reputation information maintained by the traversing device corresponding to senders of the plurality of IPv6 packets or packet fragments, wherein the sender reputation information is indicative of observed conformity/non-conformity of IPv6 extension headers with one or more security checks of the set of security checks; and making use of the sender reputation information, by the traversing device, to drop, rate limit or quarantine one or more subsequently received IPv6 packets or packet fragments. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of security checks includes a security check relating to a limit on a number of extension headers that may be included within an IPv6 packet or packet fragment based on an application or a protocol with which the IPv6 packet or packet fragment is associated. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising responsive to a violation of the security check, sending, by the traversing device, the IPv6 packet or packet fragment to an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) within the protected network for deeper inspection. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising responsive to a violation of the security check, logging, by the traversing device, information regarding the IPv6 packet or packet fragment for subsequent analysis. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising responsive to a violation of the security check, alerting, by the traversing device, an administrator of the protected network. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising responsive to a violation of the security check, returning an error message, by the traversing device, to a sending device associated with the IPv6 packet or packet fragment via an error-reporting protocol. 7. The method of claim 2, further comprising responsive to a violation of the security check, modifying, by the traversing device, the extension headers of the IPv6 packet or packet fragment to bring them into conformity with the security check. 8. A method comprising: maintaining, by a traversing device, reputation information regarding observed senders of Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 (IPv6) packets and packet fragments based on conformity or nonconformity of extension headers contained within the IPv6 packets with respect to a set of security checks performed on IPv6 extension headers by the traversing device; receiving, by the traversing device, an IPv6 packet or packet fragment; and when the IPv6 packet or the packet fragment is received from a particular source IP address indicated by the reputation information to be associated with one or more nonconformity issues, then dropping, rate limiting or quarantining, by the traversing device, the IPv6 packet or the packet fragment. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the set of security checks includes a security check relating to a limit on a number of extension headers that may be included within an IPv6 packet or packet fragment based on an application or a protocol with which the IPv6 packet or packet fragment is associated. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein a security check of the set of security checks restricts certain types of extension headers that may be included within an IPv6 packet or packet fragment. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the certain types of extension headers comprise those requesting encryption. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the certain types of extension headers comprise unknown extension headers.",
-    "A method for forming a photosensitive module is provided. The method includes providing a sensing device. The sensing device includes a conducting pad located on a substrate. A first opening penetrates the substrate and exposes the conducting pad. A redistribution layer is in the first opening to electrically connect to the conducting pad. A cover plate is located on the substrate and covers the conducting pad. The method also includes removing the cover plate of the sensing device. The method further includes bonding the sensing device to a circuit board after the removal of the cover plate. The redistribution layer in the first opening is exposed and faces the circuit board. In addition, the method includes mounting an optical component corresponding to the sensing device on the circuit board. A photosensitive module formed by the method is also provided. 1. A method for forming a photosensitive module, comprising: providing a sensing device, wherein the sensing device comprises: a substrate; a conducting pad on the substrate; a first opening penetrating the substrate and exposing the conducting pad; a redistribution layer in the first opening and electrically connected to the conducting pad; and a cover plate on the substrate and covering the conducting pad; removing the cover plate of the sensing device; bonding the sensing device to a circuit board after the removal of the cover plate, wherein the redistribution layer in the first opening is exposed and faces the circuit board; and mounting an optical component on the circuit board, wherein the optical element corresponds to the sensing device. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a spacer layer between the cover plate and the substrate and covering the conducting pad, and wherein the spacer layer is exposed after the removal of the cover plate. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a spacer layer between the cover plate and the substrate and covering the conducting pad, and wherein the method further comprises removing the spacer layer and exposing the conducting pad before bonding the sensing device to the circuit board. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device is bonded to the circuit board through a conducting structure, and the conducting structure is electrically connected to the redistribution layer. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the conducting structure is formed on the circuit board before bonding the sensing device to the circuit board. 6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the conducting structure is adhesive, and the method further comprises performing a reflow process before bonding the sensing device to the circuit board. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sensing device further comprises a second opening extending along a sidewall of the substrate and penetrating the substrate. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein a method for forming the sensing device comprises dicing the cover plate along the second opening. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first opening is in communication with the second opening. 10. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the optical component comprises a space, and the first opening and/or the second opening are in communication with the space. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the redistribution layer has an end located within the first opening. 12. A photosensitive module, comprising: a sensing device bonded onto a circuit board, wherein the sensing device comprises: a substrate; a conducting pad on the substrate; a first opening penetrating the substrate and exposing the conducting pad; and a redistribution layer in the first opening and electrically connected to the conducting pad, wherein the redistribution layer in the first opening is exposed and faces the circuit board; and an optical component corresponding to the sensing device and mounted on the circuit board. 13. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 12, wherein the sensing device further comprises a spacer layer, and the spacer layer is between the cover plate and the substrate and covers the conducting pad. 14. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 12, wherein the conducting pad of the sensing device is exposed and faces the optical component. 15. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 12, wherein the sensing device is bonded to the circuit board through a conducting structure, and the conducting structure is electrically connected to the redistribution layer. 16. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 15, wherein the conducting structure is adhesive. 17. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 12, wherein the sensing device further comprises a second opening extending along a sidewall of the substrate and penetrating the substrate. 18. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 17, wherein the first opening is in communication with the second opening. 19. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 17, wherein the optical component comprises a space, and the first opening and/or the second opening are in communication with the space. 20. The photosensitive module as claimed in claim 12, wherein the redistribution layer has an end located within the first opening.",
-    "Mobile devices emit signals in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and cellular (i.e. 2G, 3G, 4G, Edge, H+, etc.). These signals attempt to connect to paired devices, hotspots, cell towers, or other suitable wireless connection points to greater networks. In order to connect to connect to hotspots mobile devices send out identifying data to establish a connection. Hotspots may unobtrusively collect the identification data of the mobile device, and then reject the connection request. The hotspots collect data in real time on the mobile device, and by association, the human carrying the mobile device without having alerted or impeded the human carrier. The system uses analytical software to determine, for example, an approaching unique ID user's presence, history, frequency of visits, duration of presence and so on. 1. A system for tracking individuals' presence and route through a building via collecting information about network connected devices held by the individual, the system comprising: at least three network transceivers positioned proximate or inside a building configured for human occupation, the network transceivers configured to wirelessly communicate with mobile devices attempting to connect to a wireless network, collect identification data from those mobile devices a plurality of times, and subsequently deny connection; a server communicatively connected to the network transceivers and configured to receive identification data collected by the network transceivers and use said identification data to identify unique mobile devices and track movement of the mobile devices through the building via triangulation. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the wireless network is a Wi-Fi network. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the identification data includes a mobile device MAC address and a manufacturer of the mobile device. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the wireless network is a cellular data network. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the identification data includes a mobile device MAC address and a manufacturer of the mobile device, a SIM card number, a carrier, a registered country, a list of installed applications with network updates, a list of cached web pages on the mobile device. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: beacon application software installed on a particular mobile device which embeds an identification friend or foe (IFF) signal in the identification data; and wherein the server triggers a security system upon receiving identification data and location data of a mobile device which does not include an embedded \u201cfriend\u201d IFF signal and at least one other condition. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the at least one other condition is any of: location of the mobile device within a bounded zone; time the mobile device is detected within a predetermined range; velocity of the mobile device within predetermined range; mobile device identification data included on a black list; or mobile device information data includes an embedded \u201cfoe\u201d IFF signal. 8. A method for tracking individuals presence and route through a building, the method comprising: detecting, by at least three detection devices, a connection request signal from a mobile device, the connection request signal configured to facilitate a connection to a wireless network; storing identification data contained in the connection request signal from the mobile device; rejecting the connection request; transmitting the identification data to a server; identifying, by the server, unique mobile devices that make connection requests to the detection devices; and identifying the location of the unique mobile device through triangulation of the identification data. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the wireless network is a WiFi network. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the identification data includes a mobile device MAC address and a manufacturer of the mobile device. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the wireless network is a cellular data network. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the identification data includes a mobile device MAC address and a manufacturer of the mobile device, a SIM card number, a carrier, a registered country, a list of installed applications with network updates, a list of cached web pages on the mobile device. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the steps are performed a plurality of times, and the method further comprising: tracking a path taken by the mobile device by plotting a plurality of the identified locations of unique mobile devices on a map. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: displaying, the path taken by the mobile device superimposed on images of a zone serviced by the detection devices. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: triggering a security system upon detecting an unrecognized mobile device and satisfaction of at least one other condition. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one other condition is any of: identified location of the mobile device within a bounded zone; time the mobile device is detected within a predetermined range; velocity of the mobile device within predetermined range; or mobile device identification data included on a black list. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising: generating a behavior profile for each unique mobile device based upon the tracked path taken. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: displaying, on a monitor proximate to the mobile device, a message relevant to the identification data. 19. A system for tracking individuals presence and route through a building, the system comprising: at least three detection devices positioned proximate to or inside a building configured for human occupation, the detection devices configured to receive network connection requests from mobile devices attempting to connect to a wireless network, collect identification data from those mobile devices a plurality of times, and subsequently deny connection; a server communicatively connected to the detection devices and configured to receive identification data collected by the detection devices and use said identification data to identify unique mobile devices and track movement of said mobile devices through the building via triangulation. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the building is a commercial store including marketing displays. 21. The system of claim 19, wherein the building is a domicile with a security system. 22. The system of claim 19, further comprising: a data filter configured to compare identification data for a given mobile device received over a plurality of network connection requests and remove device ID numbers which do not appear repeatedly.",
-    "A hermetically sealed media converter apparatus configured to operate in harsh high-pressure differential environments, such as deep marine environments, and oil and gas. A hermetically sealed media converter apparatus is provided having a vessel forming an inner chamber that is hermetically sealed from surrounding ambient environment outside the vessel. Media conversion circuitry is contained within the inner chamber. At least one hermetic electrical feedthrough is mounted on the vessel enabling a transmit wire and a receive wire to pass therethrough and connect to the media conversion circuitry, while maintaining the hermetic seal of the inner chamber of the vessel from the surrounding ambient environment. Similarly, a hermetic optical feedthrough also is mounted on the vessel enabling an optical fiber to pass therethrough and connect to the media conversion circuitry, while maintaining the hermetic seal of the inner chamber of the vessel from the surrounding ambient environment. 1. A hermetically sealed media converter apparatus, comprising: a vessel forming an inner chamber that is hermetically sealed from a surrounding ambient environment outside the vessel, said vessel including a first end and a second end; media conversion circuitry for Ethernet transmissions contained within the inner chamber; said media conversion circuitry including isolation transformers, an Ethernet ASIC including a MAC, a PHY interface, a buffer memory, and an optical transceiver serial interface; an optoelectronic transceiver connected to the media conversion circuitry and contained within the inner chamber; a high-pressure hermetic electrical feedthrough on the first end of the vessel including a wire passing completely through the hermetic electrical feedthrough, wherein an insulation of the wire is removed within the feedthrough; and a high-pressure hermetic optical feedthrough on the second end of the vessel including an optical fiber passing completely through the hermetic optical feedthrough, wherein a cladding of the optical fiber is removed within the feedthrough; and wherein an outer surface of the optical fiber in the optical feedthrough is glass-to-glass sealed to form a high pressure hermetic seal. 2. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ambient environment includes water. 3. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hermetic seal of the vessel maintains a constant internal pressure despite greater external pressures. 4. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second ends are at opposing locations of the vessel. 5. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, wherein the media conversion circuitry comprises at least one of a physical chip and chip set. 6. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor contained within the inner chamber to be directly connected to and providing real-time sensor data to an external host. 7. The media conversion apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a pressure sensor within the inner chamber for monitoring pressure within the inner chamber and reporting inner chamber pressure data back over an optical link. 8. The media conversion apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one of a physical chip and a chip set includes a 10/100BT PHY electrical interface, a first-in first-out memory, and a 100BFX PHY optical interface. 9. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vessel has a cylindrical configuration, and the media converter apparatus further comprising: a first flange hermetically sealed to the first end of the cylindrical vessel, and the hermetic electrical feedthrough is mounted within an aperture in the first flange; and a second flange hermetically sealed to the second end of the cylindrical vessel, and the hermetic optical feedthrough is mounted within an aperture in the second flange. 10. A hermetically sealed media converter apparatus, comprising: a vessel forming an inner chamber that is hermetically sealed from surrounding ambient environment outside the vessel; media conversion circuitry for Ethernet transmissions contained within the inner chamber; an optoelectronic transceiver connected to the media conversion circuitry and contained within the inner chamber; and a high-pressure hybrid hermetic electrical and optical feedthrough on the vessel including both a wire and an optical fiber, connected to the media conversion circuitry and the optoelectronic transceiver, passing completely through the hybrid hermetic feedthrough while maintaining a consistent configuration and the hermetic seal of the inner chamber of the vessel from the surrounding ambient environment; and wherein an outer surface of the optical fiber in the optical feedthrough is glass-to-metal sealed to form a high pressure hermetic seal. 11. The media conversion apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: an isolation transformer (XFMR) contained within the inner chamber of the vessel and electrically connected to the hermetic electrical feedthrough. 12. The media converter apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrical wire maintains a straight path and a consistent configuration while completely passing though the electrical feedthrough, and the optical fiber maintains a straight path and a consistent configuration while completely passing though the optical feedthrough. 13. A hermetically sealed media converter apparatus, comprising: a vessel forming an inner chamber that is hermetically sealed from a surrounding ambient environment outside the vessel, said vessel including a first end and a second end; media conversion circuitry for Ethernet transmissions contained within the inner chamber; said media conversion circuitry including isolation transformers, an Ethernet ASIC including a MAC, a PHY interface, a buffer memory, a time slot controller and switch function, and a least one optical transceiver serial interface; an optoelectronic transceiver connected to the media conversion circuitry and contained within the inner chamber; a high-pressure hermetic electrical feedthrough on the first end of the vessel including a wire passing completely through the hermetic electrical feedthrough, wherein an insulation of the wire is removed within the feedthrough; a high-pressure hermetic optical feedthrough on the second end of the vessel including an optical fiber passing completely through the hermetic optical feedthrough, wherein a cladding of the optical fiber is removed within the feedthrough; and wherein an outer surface of the optical fiber in the optical feedthrough is glass-to-glass sealed to form a high pressure hermetic seal using a low-melting-point glass alloy.",
-    "A wireless communication system includes an LOPS-capable user equipment, an LOPS-mode eNB and a normal-mode eNB. When the user equipment is under the coverage of both the LOPS-mode eNB and the normal-mode eNB, the user equipment is configured to perform automatic PLMN by registering on both the IOPS-mode eNB and the normal-mode eNB so as to maintain both normal-mode communications and IOPS mode communications. 1. A method of performing an automatic public land mobile network (PLMN) selection in an IOPS (isolated evolved universal terrestrial radio access network operations for public safety)-capable wireless communication system, comprising: a user equipment selecting a first PLMN as a primary PLMN and registering on the primary PLMN; the user equipment performing a PLMN search when registering on the primary PLMN; the user equipment determining if a second PLMN which is currently unable to provide connectivity to the first PLMN can be detected in the PLMN search; the user equipment selecting the second PLMN as a secondary PLMN if the second PLMN can be detected in the PLMN search; and the user equipment registering on both the primary PLMN and the secondary PLMN after selecting the secondary PLMN. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first PLMN is a normal PLMN connected to a macro evolved packet core (EPC) which serves the user equipment in a normal mode of operation, and the second PLMN is an IOPS PLMN connected to a local EPC which provides a local connectivity and public safety services to the user equipment in an IOPS mode of operation when a backhaul to the macro EPC is lost or not available to the user equipment; or the first PLMN is the IOPS PLMN and the second PLMN is the normal PLMN. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: assigning a normal PLMN identity to the first PLMN or the second PLMN for use in the normal mode of operation; and assigning an IOPS-dedicated PLMN identity to the first PLMN or the second PLMN for use in the IOPS mode of operation. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: storing an IOPS-dedicated PLMN identity associated with the first PLMN or the second PLMN for use in the IOPS mode of operation in a smartcard of the user equipment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the user equipment performing the PLMN search includes: access stratum (AS) layers of the user equipment reporting information associated with all available PLMNs to a non-access stratum (NAS) layer of the user equipment; and the NAS layer determining if the available PLMNs include the second PLMN. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining if the user equipment needs to detach from the primary PLMN or the secondary PLMN based on a signal quality of the primary PLMN or a signal quality the secondary PLMN. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the user equipment remaining registering on the primary PLMN if the second PLMN cannot be detected in the PLMN search. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the user equipment registering on both the primary PLMN and the secondary PLMN includes: the user equipment listening to a first cell in the primary PLMN at a first time slot using a smartcard; and the user equipment listening to a second cell in the secondary PLMN at a second time slot using the smartcard, wherein the first time slot and the second time slot are not overlapped. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the user equipment registering on both the primary PLMN and the secondary PLMN includes: the user equipment listening to a first cell in the primary PLMN at a first time slot using a first smartcard; and the user equipment listening to a second cell in the secondary PLMN at a second time slot using a second smartcard, wherein the first time slot and the second time slot are not overlapped. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the user equipment registering on both the primary PLMN and the secondary PLMN includes: the user equipment listening to a first cell in the primary PLMN using a first smartcard and listening to a second cell in the secondary PLMN using a second smartcard simultaneously.",
-    "Content which is related to content being provided by a media source is synchronized with content being provided by the media source. A mobile device operates to receive content which is related to the content being provided by the media source. The system operates based on mobile device location, and the media source location. Based on the location, a server can determine what content is being provided by the media source and can therefore serve related content based on that to the mobile device. It works passively with periodic regular updates of the mobile device location or actively through the use of a button (touch screen, keyboard, etc.) on the mobile device to signal the server to check its location and therefore identifying which media source the mobile device is near. 1. A system for enabling desired content related to content being provided by at least one media source to be sent to a mobile device comprising: a) a location detection process server configured to receive location information from said mobile device and determine a location of a nearest one of said at least one media source, and determine whether the mobile device is within a predetermined distance from said determined location; b) a media content lookup server coupled to said location detection process server configured to determine if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content provided by said at least one media source at said determined location and said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined distance; c) a media source data management server configured to operate in coordination with said location detection process server, said media content lookup server, and a related content server to cause said related content server to send data to said mobile device which is related to said content provided by said media source at said determined location if said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined distance. 2. A method for providing content to a mobile device which is related to content provided by a media source comprising: a) sending a location and content provided by said media source; b) determining a location of the mobile device by receiving location information from said mobile device; c) if said media source location and mobile device location are within a predetermined distance of each other, sending content to said mobile device which is related to said content provided by said media source. 3. A method for enabling desired content related to content provided by at least one media source to be sent to a mobile device comprising: a) receiving location information from said mobile device; b) determining a location of a nearest one of said at least one media source to said received location; c) determining whether the mobile device is within a predetermined distance from said determined location; d) determining if predetermined content exists which corresponds to said content provided by said media source at said determined location; e) sending data to said mobile device which is related to said content provided by said media source at said determined location if said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined distance. 4. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said location detection process server determines the location of the nearest one of said at least one media source by accessing a data table maintained by said media source data management server which contains a media source identifier and a latitude and longitude for each of said at least one media source. 5. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said media content lookup server and said media source data management server operate to determine if said related content server includes data which is related to said content on said media source at said determined location using a media source ID corresponding to said media source, and a media ID corresponding to said content. 6. The system defined by claim 5 wherein said media source data management server further operates to perform a lookup of related content for said content provided by said media source corresponding to a media ID by using the media source ID, and the media ID. 7. The system defined by claim 6 wherein said media source data management server further operates to instruct said related content server to send said related content data to said mobile device determined to be within said predetermined distance using a related content table having records wherein for each media ID, there is a corresponding media source ID and a corresponding related content ID. 8. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said related content is provided to said mobile device by one of said mobile device initiating a request for said related data by a pulling operation and said related data being pushed to said mobile device without a specific request being initiated by said mobile device. 9. The system defined by claim 1 wherein upon determining that said mobile device is within said predetermined distance, said media source data management server sends a signal to said mobile device to sample an audio signal from said media source or a device related to said media source to identify said media source content and send said identified media source content to said media source data management server which operates in cooperation with said related content server to send data to said mobile device which is related to said content being provided by said media source as determined by said sampled audio signal. 10. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said media source content is identified by a predetermined uniform resource locator to identify a network resource containing said media source content. 11. The method defined by claim 2 wherein said determining a location and content being provided comprises accessing a data table which contains a media source identifier and latitude and longitude for said media source. 12. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said determining if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being provided by a media source comprises using a media source ID corresponding to said media source, a media ID corresponding to said content and a last start time corresponding to a time when said media source first began providing said content. 13. The method defined by claim 12 wherein said sending data comprises performing a lookup of related content corresponding to the media ID by using the media source ID, and the media ID. 14. The method defined by claim 13 further comprising sending said related content data to said mobile device determined to be within said predetermined distance using a related content table having records wherein for each media ID, there is a corresponding media source ID and a corresponding related content ID. 15. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said sending data to said mobile device comprises one of said mobile device initiating a request for said related data by a pulling operation and pushing data to said mobile device without a specific request being initiated by said mobile device. 16. The method defined by claim 3 wherein upon determining that said mobile device is within said predetermined distance, said method further comprises: sending a signal to said mobile device to sample an audio signal from said media source or device related to said media source to identify said content provided by said media source; receiving from said mobile device said identified content provided by said media source or device related to said media source; and sending data to said mobile device which is related to said content being provided by said media source as determined by said sampled audio signal. 17. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said content provided by said media source is identified by a predetermined uniform resource locator to identify a network resource containing said content provided by said media source. 18. The system defined by claim 1 where said at least one media source has a moving location which location is dynamically provided to said location detection process server. 19. The method defined by claim 2 wherein said media source has a moving location which location is dynamically provided to said location detection process server. 20. The method defined by claim 2 wherein said at least one media source has a moving location which moving location is dynamically provided to said location detection process server. 21. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said media source is a gaming device. 22. The method defined by claim 2 wherein said media source is a gaming device. 23. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said media source is a gaming device. 24. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said mobile device provides said location information in response to a trigger signal. 25. The method defined by claim 2 wherein said mobile device provides said location information in response to a trigger signal. 26. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said mobile device provides said location information in response to a trigger signal. 27. The system defined by claim 24 wherein said trigger signal is provided by one of an audio watermark and a wireless beacon. 28. The method defined by claim 25 wherein said trigger signal is provided by one of an audio watermark and a wireless beacon. 29. The method defined by claim 26 wherein said trigger signal is provided by one of an audio watermark and a wireless beacon.",
-    "The present invention provides compounds useful as inhibitors of Btk, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same. 1. A compound having the formula: wherein: X1 is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CR5R6\u2014 or \u2014NR7\u2014; X2 is \u2550CR8\u2014 or \u2550N\u2014; p is 0-5; y is 0, 1, or 2; z is 0, 1, or 2, wherein z is 0 or 1 when y is 2, and z is 1 or 2 when y is 0; each R1 is independently halogen, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014OR, \u2014SR, \u2014N(R)2, \u2014C(O)R, \u2014CO2R, \u2014C(O)C(O)R, \u2014C(O)CH2C(O)R, \u2014S(O)R, \u2014S(O)2R, \u2014C(O)N(R)2, \u2014SO2N(R)2, \u2014OC(O)R, \u2014N(R)C(O)R, \u2014N(R)N(R)2, \u2014N(R)C(\u2550NR)N(R)2, \u2014C(\u2550NR)N(R)2, \u2014C\u2550NOR, \u2014N(R)C(O)N(R)2, \u2014N(R)SO2N(R)2, \u2014N(R)SO2R, \u2014OC(O)N(R)2, or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-12 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or: two R1 groups on adjacent carbon atoms are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or: two R1 groups on non-adjacent carbon atoms are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted bridge of a bridged bicyclic group, wherein the bridge is a C1-3 hydrocarbon chain wherein one methylene unit is optionally replaced by \u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014OC(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S\u2014, or \u2014S\u2014, or: two R1 groups on the same carbon atom are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted spiro fused ring selected from a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, or a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or: two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each of R2, R3, R5, R6, and R8 is independently R, halogen, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014OR, \u2014SR, \u2014N(R)2, \u2014C(O)R, \u2014CO2R, \u2014C(O)C(O)R, \u2014C(O)CH2C(O)R, \u2014S(O)R, \u2014S(O)2R, \u2014C(O)N(R)2, \u2014SO2N(R)2, \u2014OC(O)R, \u2014N(R)C(O)R, \u2014N(R)N(R)2, \u2014N(R)C(\u2550NR)N(R)2, \u2014C(\u2550NR)N(R)2, \u2014C\u2550NOR, \u2014N(R)C(O)N(R)2, \u2014N(R)SO2N(R)2, \u2014N(R)SO2R, or \u2014OC(O)N(R)2; or: R3 and R4 are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted ring selected from pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each of R4 and R7 is independently R, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)R, \u2014CO2R, \u2014C(O)C(O)R, \u2014C(O)CH2C(O)R, \u2014C(O)N(R)2, \u2014S(O)R, \u2014S(O)2R, or \u2014S(O)2N(R)2; Ring A1 is an optionally substituted phenylene ring; Ring A2 is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic carbocyclic ring, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 7-10 membered saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; L is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted, bivalent C1-7 saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain, wherein one, two, or three methylene units of L are independently replaced by -Cy-, \u2014CR2\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014, \u2014N(R)C(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)N(R)\u2014, \u2014N(R)SO2\u2014, \u2014SO2N(R)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014OC(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550S)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550NR)\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, or \u2014C(\u2550N2)\u2014, wherein at least one methylene unit of L is replaced by \u2014N(R)\u2014; and each Cy is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring selected from phenylene, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylene, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclylene having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered heteroarylene having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein L is \u2014NH\u2014C(O)\u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, or \u2014NHSO2\u2014. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein L is \u2014NH\u2014C(O)\u2014NH\u2014 or \u2014NH\u2014. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein L is: wherein s and t are independently 0, 1, or 2, and the sum of s and t is 0-4. 8-15. (canceled) 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula I-a-i, or I-a-ii: 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of formula I-b-i, or I-b-ii: 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 and R4 are joined together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted pyrrole or pyrazole. 19-20. (canceled) 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 is hydrogen. 22. (canceled) 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is halogen, \u2014CN, or optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic. 24-26. (canceled) 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein p is 0. 28-32. (canceled) 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein X1 is \u2014CR5R6\u2014. 34-47. (canceled) 48. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A1 is: 49. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A1 is unsubstituted phenylene. 50-55. (canceled) 56. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring A2 is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 57. (canceled) 58. The compound of claim 56, wherein Ring A2 is optionally substituted phenyl. 59. The compound of claim 58, wherein substituents on Ring A2 are selected from R, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014CF3, \u2014OH, \u2014OR, \u2014NH2, \u2014N(R)2, \u2014COOH, \u2014SR, \u2014S(O)R, \u2014S(O)2R, \u2014S(O)N(R)2, \u2014S(O)2N(R)2. 60. The compound of claim 59, wherein Ring A2 is of the formula: wherein Rh is F, Cl, Br, or I. 61. The compound of claim 58, wherein the ortho carbons on Ring A2 are independently R, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014CF3, \u2014OH, \u2014OR, \u2014NH2, \u2014N(R)2, or \u2014COOH. 62-65. (canceled) 66. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is a compound as shown in Table 1. 67. (canceled) 68. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 69. A method of decreasing the enzymatic activity of Bruton's tyrosine kinase comprising contacting Bruton's tyrosine kinase with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a composition thereof. 70. A method of treating a disorder responsive to inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a composition thereof. 71. A method of treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, and cancers comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 of a composition thereof. 72-74. (canceled)",
-    "Content which is related to content being displayed on an out-of-home display screen is synchronized with content being shown on an out-of-home display screen. A mobile device operates to receive content which is related to the content being displayed on the out-of-home display screen. The system operates based on mobile device location, out-of-home display screen location and the time of day. Based on the time and locations, a server can determine what content is on the display screen and can therefore serve related content based on that to the mobile device. It works passively with periodic regular updates of the mobile device location or actively through the use of a button (touch screen, keyboard, etc.) on the mobile device to signal the server to check its location and therefore identifying which display screen the mobile device is near. 1. A system for enabling desired content related to content being displayed on at least one display screen to be sent to a mobile device comprising: a) a location detection process server configured to receive current location information from said mobile device and determine a location of a nearest one of said at least one display screens, and determine whether the mobile device is within a predetermined range from said determined location; b) a display content lookup server coupled to said location detection process server configured to determine if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being displayed on a display screen at said determined location and said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined range; c) a screen management data server configured to operate in coordination with said location detection process server, said display content lookup server, and a related content server to cause said related content server to send data to said mobile device which is related to content being displayed on said display screen at said determined location if said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined range. 2. A method for providing content to a mobile device which is related to content on a display screen comprising: a) determining a location and content being displayed on the display screen; b) determining a location of the mobile device by receiving location information from said mobile device; c) if said determined display screen location and mobile device location are within a predetermined distance of each other, sending content to said mobile device which is related to content being displayed on said display screen. 3. A method for enabling desired content related to content being displayed on at least one display screen to be sent to a mobile device comprising: a) receiving current location information from said mobile device; b) determining a location of a nearest one of said at least one display screens; c) determining whether the mobile device is within a predetermined range from said determined location; d) determining if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being displayed on a display screen at said determined location; e) sending data to said mobile device which is related to said content being displayed on said display screen at said determined location if said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined range. 4. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said location detection process server determines the location of the nearest one of said at least one display screens by accessing a data table maintained by said screen management data server which contains a display identifier and a latitude and longitude for each of said at least one display screens. 5. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said display content lookup server and said screen management data server operate to determine if said related content server includes data which is related to said content being displayed on said display screen at said determined location using a display ID corresponding to said display screen, and a content ID corresponding to said content being displayed on said display screen. 6. The system defined by claim 1 wherein said related content is provided to said mobile device by one of said mobile device initiating a request for said related data by a pulling operation and said related data being pushed to said mobile device without a specific request being initiated by said mobile device. 7. The system defined by claim 1 wherein upon determining that said mobile device is outside said predetermined range, said screen management data server is configured to send a signal to said mobile device to sample an audio signal to identify said content being displayed and send said identified content to said screen management data server which is further configured to operate in cooperation with said related content server to cause said related content server to send data to said mobile device which is related to content being displayed on said display screen as determined by said sampled audio signal. 8. The method defined by claim 2 wherein said determining a location and content being displayed comprises accessing a data table which contains a display identifier and latitude and longitude for said display screen. 9. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said determining if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being displayed on said display screen at said determined location comprises using a display ID corresponding to said display screen. 10. The method defined by claim 3 wherein said sending data to said mobile device comprises one of said mobile device initiating a request for said related data by a pulling operation and pushing data to said mobile device without a specific request being initiated by said mobile device. 11. The method defined by claim 3 wherein upon determining that said mobile device is outside said predetermined range, said method further comprises: sending a signal to said mobile device to sample an audio signal to identify said displayed content; receiving from said mobile device said identified displayed content; and sending data to said mobile device which is related to content being displayed on said display screen at said determined location as determined by said sampled audio signal. 12. A system for enabling desired content related to content being displayed on at least one display screen to be sent to a mobile device comprising: a) a location detection process server configured to receive current location information from said mobile device and determine a location of a nearest one of said at least one display screens, and determine whether the mobile device is within a predetermined range from said determined location; b) a video content lookup server coupled to said location detection process server configured to determine if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being displayed on a display screen at said determined location and said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined range; c) a screen management data server configured to operate in coordination with said location detection process server, said video content lookup server, a related content server and a streaming media server to cause said related content server to send data to said mobile device which is related to content from said streaming media server being displayed on said display screen at said determined location if said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined range, wherein said video content lookup server and said screen management data server operate to determine if said related content server includes data which is related to said content being streamed to said display screen at said determined location using a display ID corresponding to said display screen, a content ID corresponding to said content being streamed and a last start time corresponding to a time when said display screen first began playing said content being streamed to said display screen. 14. The system defined by claim 12 wherein said screen management data server further operates to perform a lookup of related content for a video stream corresponding to a video ID and a timecode matching the present time in the corresponding video stream by using the display ID, video ID, and a video stream timecode. 15. The system defined by claim 14 wherein said screen management data server further operates to instruct said related content server to send said related content data to said mobile device determined to be within said predetermined range using a related content table having records wherein for each video ID, there is a corresponding display ID and for each start time and end time segment within said video stream there is a corresponding related content ID. 16. A method for enabling desired content related to content being displayed on at least one display screen to be sent to a mobile device comprising: a) streaming content to said at least one display screen; b) receiving current location information from said mobile device; c) determining a location of a nearest one of said at least one display screens; d) determining whether the mobile device is within a predetermined range from said determined location; e) determining if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being displayed on a display screen at said determined location; f) sending data to said mobile device which is related to said streaming content being displayed on said display screen at said determined location if said mobile device is determined to be within said predetermined range wherein said determining if predetermined content exists which corresponds to content being displayed on a display screen comprises using a display ID corresponding to said display screen, a video ID corresponding to said content being streamed and a last start time corresponding to a time when said display screen at said determined location first began playing said content being streamed to said display screen at said determined location. 17. The method defined by claim 16 wherein said sending data comprises performing a lookup of related content for a video stream corresponding to the video ID and a timecode matching the present time in the corresponding video stream by using the display ID, video ID, and a video stream timecode. 18. The method defined by claim 17 further comprising sending said related content data to said mobile device determined to be within said predetermined range using a related content table having records wherein for each video ID, there is a corresponding display ID and for each start time and end time segment within said video stream there is a corresponding related content ID.",
-    "Provided are exemplary embodiments of a trash container. The trash container for holding trash may include a flexible first sidewall, a flexible second sidewall opposed and in a spaced relationship to the first sidewall to define a cavity, a bottom rigid wall connected to the flexible first sidewall and the flexible second sidewall to seal the cavity, and a top ring connected to the flexible first sidewall and the flexible second sidewall to seal the cavity. In some embodiments, the trash container includes an inflation tube for introducing a fluid into the cavity. 1. An inflatable container, comprising: one or more inner sidewalls; one or more outer sidewalls placed in a spaced apart relationship to the one or more inner sidewalls such that it forms a cavity between the one or more inner sidewalls and the one or more outer sidewalls; a bottom wall, the bottom wall connecting to the one or more inner sidewalls and the one or more outer sidewalls around a periphery of the bottom wall and creating a first seal between a bottom edge of the one or more inner sidewalls and a bottom edge of the one or more outer sidewalls; a top peripheral wall, the top peripheral wall connecting to the one or more inner sidewalls and the one or more outer sidewalls around a periphery of the top peripheral wall and creating a second seal between a top edge of the one or more inner sidewalls and a top edge of the one or more outer sidewalls; and an inflation tube coupled to the top peripheral wall for introducing a liquid or a gas into the cavity. 2. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising one or more tie straps extending from the top peripheral wall. 3. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising a discharge valve coupled with the one or more outer sidewalls. 4. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the bottom wall forms a circle. 5. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the bottom wall forms a rectangle. 6. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the bottom wall forms an oval. 7. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the bottom wall forms a square. 8. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the top peripheral wall is circular. 9. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the top peripheral wall is rectangular. 10. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the top peripheral wall is ovoid. 11. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the top peripheral wall is square. 12. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the top peripheral wall is a ring. 13. An inflatable container, comprising: one or more inner sidewalls joined together at a bottom apex to form a lower portion; one or more outer sidewalls joined together and placed in a spaced apart relationship to the one or more inner sidewalls to form a cavity between the one or more inner sidewalls and the one or more outer sidewalls; a top peripheral wall connecting the one or more inner sidewalls and the one or more outer sidewalls around a periphery of the top peripheral wall and creating a seal between a top edge of the one or more inner sidewalls and a top edge of the one or more outer sidewalls; and an inflation tube coupled to the top peripheral wall for introducing a fluid or a gas into the cavity. 14. The inflatable container according to claim 13, further comprising one or more tie straps extending from the top peripheral wall. 15. The inflatable container according to claim 13, further comprising a discharge valve coupled with the one or more outer sidewalls. 16. The inflatable container according to claim 13, wherein the top peripheral wall is circular. 17. The inflatable container according to claim 13, wherein the top peripheral wall is rectangular. 18. The inflatable container according to claim 13, wherein the top peripheral wall is ovoid. 19. The inflatable container according to claim 13, wherein the top peripheral wall is square. 20. The inflatable container according to claim 13, wherein the top peripheral wall is a ring.",
-    "The present disclosure includes a method and system for monitoring food product processing operations and facilities. The food products are examined and/or analyzed with respect to the quality and integrity of the processing thereof, any markings applied thereto, and compliance with commercial, regulatory, or customer requirements. The present disclosure provides a machine vision system that is used in connection with the food processing operations to examine and analyze the eggs being processed. In a preferred embodiment, the machine vision system includes at least one imaging sensor for capturing images of the processing thereof and is positioned above the path along which the food products are conveyed. 1. A system for determining the quality of markings applied to individual objects at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, wherein the marking station includes at least one marking unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one marking unit operable to mark the objects as the objects pass through the marking station, the system comprising: at least one processor; at least one image capture device operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one image capture device positioned adjacent the at least one marking unit, the at least one image capture device operable to capture image data representative of at least one area adjacent to the at least one marking unit, wherein the at least one area is defined such that at least one of objects to be marked by the at least one marking unit, objects marked by the at least one marking unit, and combinations thereof will pass therethrough; at least one image analysis unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one image analysis unit operable to analyze at least a portion of the captured image data with respect to at least one of position of objects to be marked with respect to the at least one marking unit, characteristics of objects to be marked, quality of markings which have been applied to the objects, integrity of the objects to which markings have been applied, and combinations thereof, and generate quality data therefrom; a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the captured images; and at least one input/output interface operatively coupled to the processor. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one image capture device is positioned above the path on which the objects are conveyed. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least one image capture device is mounted on a traversing mechanism above the path on which the objects are conveyed, wherein the traversing mechanism is operable to move the at least one image capture device across at least a portion of the path. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one image capture device is operable to capture image data of objects within the at least one area while the objects are stationary with respect to the at least one image capture device, while the objects are moving with respect to the at least one image capture device, and combinations thereof. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein a plurality of image capture devices are positioned above the path on which the objects are conveyed, and each of the plurality of image capture devices captures image data representative of a discrete area along the path on which the objects are conveyed. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one image capture device is positioned upstream of the at least one marking unit, downstream of the at least one marking unit, and combinations thereof. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is operable to store at least a portion of the quality data generated by the at least one image analysis unit in memory. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the memory is implemented in a cloud-based component communicatively coupled to the at least one processor, and operable to store at least a portion of the data associated with the captured images. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further operable to transmit at least at portion of the quality data generated by the at least one image analysis unit to the associated marking station for further analysis thereof. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a calibration unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the calibration unit positioned adjacent to the at least one image capture device, the calibration unit operable to capture image data representative of an area in which the at least one image capture device is located, an area in which the at least one image capture device captures image data, and combinations thereof, and wherein the image analysis unit is further operable to analyze at least a portion of the image data captured by the calibration unit. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the objects to be marked are eggs. 12. A method for determining the quality of markings applied to individual objects at a marking station while the objects travel along at least one path through a processing system, wherein the marking station includes at least one marking unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the objects are conveyed, the at least one marking unit operable to mark the objects as the objects pass through the marking station, the method comprising: capturing image data by at least one image capture device from at least one area adjacent to the at least one marking unit, wherein the at least one area is defined such that at least one of objects to be marked by the at least one marking unit, objects marked by the at least one marking unit, and combinations thereof will pass therethrough; analyzing at least a portion of the captured image data with respect to at least one of position of objects to be marked with respect to the at least one marking unit, characteristics of objects to be marked, quality of markings which have been applied to the objects, integrity of the objects to which markings have been applied, and combinations thereof, and generating quality data therefrom. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one image capture device is positioned above the path on which the objects are conveyed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one image capture device traverses across at least a portion of the path. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein image data associated with the objects is captured area while the objects are stationary with respect to the at least one image capture device, while the objects are moving with respect to the at least one image capture device, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising storing at least a portion of the quality data generated in memory. 17. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising storing at least a portion of the data associated with the captured images in a cloud-based component. 18. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising transmitting at least at portion of the quality data to the associated marking station for further analysis thereof. 19. An apparatus for determining the quality of markings applied to eggs at a marking station while the eggs travel along at least one path, wherein the marking station includes at least one marking unit positioned adjacent at least one path along which the eggs are conveyed, the at least one marking unit operable to mark the objects as the objects eggs through the marking station, the system comprising: at least one processor; at least one image capture device operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one image capture device positioned adjacent the at least one marking unit, the at least one image capture device operable to capture image data representative of at least one area adjacent to the at least one marking unit, wherein the at least one area is defined such that at least one of eggs to be marked by the at least one marking unit, eggs marked by the at least one marking unit, and combinations thereof will pass therethrough; at least one image analysis unit operatively coupled to the at least one processor and controlled in part by the at least one processor, the at least one image analysis unit operable to analyze at least a portion of the captured image data with respect to at least one of position of eggs to be marked with respect to the at least one marking unit, characteristics of eggs to be marked, quality of markings which have been applied to the eggs, integrity of the eggs to which markings have been applied, and combinations thereof, and generate quality data therefrom; a non-transient memory operatively coupled to the at least one processor and operable to store data associated with the captured images; and at least one input/output interface operatively coupled to the processor. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one image capture device is mounted on a traversing mechanism above the path on which the eggs are conveyed, wherein the traversing mechanism is operable to move the at least one image capture device across at least a portion of the path.",
-    "Intelligent motion capture element that includes sensor personalities that optimize the sensor for specific movements and/or pieces of equipment and/or clothing and may be retrofitted onto existing equipment or interchanged therebetween and automatically detected for example to switch personalities. May be used for low power applications and accurate data capture for use in healthcare compliance, sporting, gaming, military, virtual reality, industrial, retail loss tracking, security, baby and elderly monitoring and other applications for example obtained from a motion capture element and relayed to a database via a mobile phone. System obtains data from motion capture elements, analyzes data and stores data in database for use in these applications and/or data mining. Enables unique displays associated with the user, such as 3D overlays onto images of the user to visually depict the captured motion data. Enables performance related equipment fitting and purchase. Includes active and passive identifier capabilities. 1. A motion capture element comprising: a memory; a sensor configured to capture one or more values associated with an orientation, position, velocity, acceleration, proximity, pressure or strain of said at least one motion capture element; a first communication interface; a microcontroller coupled with said memory, said sensor and said first communication interface wherein said microcontroller is configured to collect data that comprises sensor values from said sensor and determine a type of equipment or type of movement said sensor is coupled with or both, and based on said type of equipment or type of movement or both, set a sensor personality to utilize dynamically, and based on said sensor personality selected from a plurality of sensor personalities, control sensor settings to collect the data in an optimal manner with respect to a specific type of movement associated with a specific piece of equipment or type of clothing; store said data in said memory; transmit said data via said first communication interface; and, recalibrate said sensor using calibration data from a below threshold sensor or transmission of an out of calibration alert. 2. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to estimate an initial orientation based on motion capture data from two points in time wherein said estimate comprises a calculation of an orientation transform matrix Q of the sensor with respect to a world reference frame through integration of u(t)=\u222b0rPsBdt wherein Q0u(t)=\u2212gt when said motion capture data at said two points in time comprises estimated velocities that are approximately zero. 3. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to alter a sampling rate of said sensor based on said sensor values obtained from said sensor to maintain accuracy of said sensor values. 4. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to detect a first value from said sensor values having a first threshold value and detect a second value from said sensor values having a second threshold value within a time window; signify a prospective event; compare said prospective event to a characteristic signal associated with a typical event and eliminate any false positive events; signify a valid event if said prospective event is not a false positive event; save said valid event in said memory comprises information within an event time window as said data. 5. The motion capture element of claim 4 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to transmit said valid event as said data after said valid event is detected wherein said data is transmitted on an event-by-event basis or periodically or when requested by a computer. 6. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to store said data in memory at least until a communications link to a computer exists and said data has been transferred to said computer. 7. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to power off if no motion is detected for a predefined time or power on when motion is detected or both. 8. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to power on when motion is detected via said sensor or wherein said microcontroller is coupled with a passive motion detector that requires no power and wherein said microcontroller is further configured to power on when said passive motion detector that requires no power detects said motion. 9. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to download new firmware, check the new firmware and if the new firmware is valid, execute the new firmware and wherein said download is configured to utilize a universally unique identifier to pair said microcontroller to another computer. 10. The motion capture element of claim 1 further comprising a visual marker. 11. The motion capture element of claim 1 further comprising a battery and a mechanical charger wherein said battery is coupled with said microcontroller and wherein said battery is further coupled with said mechanical charger. 12. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said transmit of said data is configured to transmit said data to an alarm to turn said alarm off. 13. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said motion capture element is configured to decouple from a first mount on a first piece of equipment or clothing and couple with a second mount on a different type of second piece of equipment or clothing and automatically utilize a different sensor personality associated with said second piece of equipment or clothing. 14. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said motion capture element is configured to couple with a piece of sporting equipment having an integrated mount or wherein said motion capture element is configured to couple with a mount that is removable from said piece of sporting equipment. 15. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said motion capture element is configured to reside within a SIM card. 16. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said motion capture element is configured to transmit the data to a mobile device that comprises an application configured to blend at least two trajectories in said data to form a more accurate single trajectory. 17. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said motion capture element is configured to output a motion gesture or circle gesture or number of taps gesture to enable the motion capture element to signify that particular motion capture element that is to be communicated with instead of one or more other motion capture elements within the vicinity of the mobile device. 18. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said motion capture element further comprises an output display for local viewing of motion capture data. 19. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to recalibrate said sensor through measurement of changes in linear acceleration during a motionless period for the sensor; computation of an average of the linear acceleration along each axis; computation of an average magnitude of the linear acceleration gm; comparison of gm to g wherein g is 9.8 m/sec2; calculation of a scaling factor s=g/gm; multiplication of a calibration matrix by the scaling factor if a difference between g and gm exceeds a predefined threshold. 20. The motion capture element of claim 1 wherein said microcontroller is further configured to recalibrate said sensor through measurement of linear acceleration during a low acceleration time window for at least two axes of the sensor; comparison of differences in linear acceleration in the low acceleration time window; performance of a recalibration using calibration data from a below threshold sensor or transmission of an out of calibration alert.",
-    "This disclosure relates to a system and method for detecting vehicle events. Some or all of the system may be installed in a vehicle, operate at the vehicle, and/or be otherwise coupled with a vehicle. The system includes one or more sensors configured to generate output signals conveying information related to the vehicle. The system receives contextual information from a source external to the vehicle. The system detects a vehicle event based on the information conveyed by the output signals from the sensors and the received contextual information. 1. A system configured to detect vehicle events, the system configured to couple with a vehicle, the system comprising: one or more sensors configured to generate output signals conveying information related to one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle associated with movement of the vehicle, wherein the one or more sensors are carried by the vehicle; electronic storage configured to store information, and one or more processors configured to: determine a current operating condition of the vehicle based on the generated output signals; receive contextual information related to one or more current environmental conditions near and/or around the vehicle, wherein the one or more current environmental conditions include a first condition related to traffic conditions, and wherein the one or more current environmental conditions further include a second condition related to at least one of weather conditions and/or visibility; determine a first threshold value at which the current operating condition of the vehicle effectuates detection of vehicle events, wherein the first threshold value varies based on the first condition; at the vehicle, detect a vehicle event based on a first comparison of the current operating condition of the vehicle and the first threshold value, wherein detection of the vehicle event is further based on a second comparison of the first condition with a second threshold value, and wherein the second threshold value varies based on the second condition; create a vehicle event record based on the detected vehicle event, wherein the vehicle event record includes the received contextual information and the information related to the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle; store the vehicle event record in the electronic storage; and effectuate presentation to a user of the system, via a user interface, of a notification based on the vehicle event record. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein at least some of the contextual information is received from one or more sources external to the vehicle. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle include vehicle speed of the vehicle, and wherein the vehicle event includes a particular driving maneuver. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the value of the current operating condition of the vehicle does not effectuate detection of the vehicle event absent the received contextual information. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the current operating condition of the vehicle includes at least one of vehicle speed, an engine load, a throttle level (or accelerator position), a particular acceleration level of the vehicle, a particular change in vehicle direction, and multiple changes in vehicle direction. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the current operating condition of the vehicle is vehicle speed, wherein the contextual information includes a likelihood of traffic congestion near the vehicle, and wherein the vehicle event is related to unsafe vehicle speed. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the current operating condition of the vehicle is break pressure, wherein the contextual information includes a likelihood of road surface near the vehicle being wet and/or icy, and wherein the vehicle event is related to potential collision conditions. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors include a video camera, and wherein the one or more sensors are configured such that the information related to the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle includes video information. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine and/or obtain geographical information of the vehicle, and wherein detection of the vehicle event is further based on the geographical information of the vehicle. 10. A system configured to detect vehicle events, the system configured to couple with a vehicle, the system comprising: one or more sensors configured to generate output signals conveying information related to one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle associated with movement of the vehicle, wherein the one or more sensors are carried by the vehicle; electronic storage configured to store information; and one or more processors configured to: determine a first operating condition and a second operating condition of the vehicle based on the generated output signals, wherein the first operating condition corresponds to a first moment in time, wherein the second operating condition corresponds to a second moment in time, and wherein the second moment in time is subsequent to the first moment in time; at the vehicle, analyze the first operating condition and determine that no vehicle event has occurred that needs to be reported to either a driver of the vehicle or an external server; receive contextual information related to one or more current environmental conditions near and/or around the vehicle, wherein the one or more current environmental conditions include a first condition related to traffic conditions, and wherein the one or more current environmental conditions further include a second condition related to at least one of weather conditions and/or visibility; determine a first threshold value at which the second operating condition of the vehicle effectuates detection of vehicle events, wherein the first threshold value varies based on the first condition; at the vehicle, detect a vehicle event based on a first comparison of the second operating condition of the vehicle and the first threshold value, wherein detection of the vehicle event is further based on a second comparison of the first condition of the vehicle with a second threshold value, and wherein the second threshold value varies based on the second condition; create a vehicle event record based on the detected vehicle event, wherein the vehicle event record includes the received contextual information and the information related to the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle; store the vehicle event record in the electronic storage; and effectuate presentation to a user of the system, via a user interface, of a notification based on the vehicle event record. 11. A method to detect vehicle events for a vehicle, the method being implemented in a computer system that includes one or more sensors and one or more physical processors, the method comprising: generating, by the one or more sensors, output signals conveying information related to one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle associated with movement of the vehicle, wherein the one or more sensors are carried by the vehicle; determining a current operating condition of the vehicle based on the generated output signals; receiving contextual information related to one or more current environmental conditions near and/or around the vehicle, wherein the one or more current environmental conditions include a first condition related to traffic conditions, and wherein the one or more current environmental conditions further include a second condition related to at least one of weather conditions and/or visibility; determining a first threshold value at which the current operating condition of the vehicle effectuates detection of vehicle events, wherein the first threshold value varies based on the first condition; detecting, at the vehicle, a vehicle event based on a first comparison of the current operating condition of the vehicle and the first threshold value, wherein detection of the vehicle event is further based on a second comparison of the first condition with a second threshold value, and wherein the second threshold value varies based on the second condition; creating a vehicle event record based on the detected vehicle event, wherein the vehicle event record includes the received contextual information and the information related to the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle; storing the vehicle event record in electronic storage; and effectuating presentation to a user of the system, via a user interface, of a notification based on the vehicle event record. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the contextual information is received from one or more sources external to the vehicle. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle include vehicle speed of the vehicle, and wherein the vehicle event includes a particular driving maneuver. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the value of the current operating condition of the vehicle does not effectuate detection of the vehicle event absent the received contextual information. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the current operating condition of the vehicle includes at least one of vehicle speed, an engine load, a throttle level (or accelerator position), a particular acceleration level of the vehicle, a particular change in vehicle direction, and multiple changes in vehicle direction. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the current operating condition of the vehicle is vehicle speed, wherein the contextual information includes a likelihood of traffic congestion near the vehicle, and wherein the vehicle event is related to unsafe vehicle speed. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the current operating condition of the vehicle is break pressure, wherein the contextual information includes a likelihood of road surface near the vehicle being wet and/or icy, and wherein the vehicle event is related to potential collision conditions. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more sensors include a video camera, and wherein the information related to the one or more current operating conditions of the vehicle includes video information. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining and/or obtaining geographical information of the vehicle, and wherein detecting the vehicle event is further based on the geographical information of the vehicle. 20. A system configured to detect vehicle events, the system configured to couple with a vehicle, the system comprising: one or more sensors configured to generate output signals conveying information related to a current speed of the vehicle; electronic storage configured to store information, and one or more processors configured to: determine the current speed of the vehicle based on the generated output signals; receive contextual information related to one or more current environmental conditions near and/or around the vehicle, wherein the one or more current environmental conditions include a traffic condition and a weather condition; determine a first threshold value at which the current speed of the vehicle effectuates detection of vehicle events, wherein the first threshold value varies based on the traffic condition; determine a second threshold value for the traffic condition, wherein the second threshold value varies based on the weather condition; at the vehicle, detect a vehicle event based on: (i) a first comparison of the current speed of the vehicle with the first threshold value, and (ii) a second comparison of the traffic condition with the second threshold value; create a vehicle event record based on the detected vehicle event, wherein the vehicle event record includes the received contextual information and the current speed of the vehicle; store the vehicle event record in the electronic storage; and effectuate presentation to a user of the system, via a user interface, of a notification based on the vehicle event record.",
-    "Provided are exemplary embodiments of a trash container. The trash container for collecting trash or waste may include an outer container having a first cavity and an inner container being connected to the outer container and being positioned within the first cavity. The outer container may include a bottom first wall, opposing first walls, and a back first wall to define the first cavity. The inner container may include a bottom inner wall, opposing inner sidewalls, and a back inner wall to define a second cavity. A space between the walls of the outer container and the inner container would be created. 1. An inflatable container, comprising: an outer container forming a first cavity; an inner container forming a second cavity, the inner container being disposed within the outer container in such a way that a space between the inner and outer containers is created and the inner container having a bottom floor that is sloped; a top wall joining the inner and outer containers; and an inflation mechanism for introducing or removing a fluid or a gas into the space. 2. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the inner container is detachably disposed within the outer container. 3. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the inflation mechanism is disposed on the top wall. 4. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising a cleat tie disposed on the top wall. 5. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising a tie cord for rapid discarding of waste disposed within the inflatable container. 6. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising an air release valve disposed on the outer container. 7. The inflatable container according to claim 1, wherein the bottom floor is sloped towards holes or slats extending through the inner container, the holes or slats providing a path for communication of fluids. 8. The inflatable container according to claim 7, further comprising an absorbent material disposed underneath the holes or slats. 9. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising an inflatable support bench within the second cavity. 10. The inflatable container according to claim 9, wherein the inflatable support bench is in fluid communication with the space between the inner and outer containers. 11. The inflatable container according to claim 1, further comprising sections of structural support material disposed within the space to join and support the inner and outer containers. 12. An inflatable container, comprising: an outer container forming a first cavity; an inner container forming a second cavity, the inner container being disposed within the outer container in such a way that a space between the inner and outer containers is created, the space comprising support structure disposed within the space; a top wall joining the inner and outer container; and an inflation mechanism for introducing or removing a fluid or a gas into the space. 13. The inflatable container according to claim 12, wherein the inner container is detachably disposed within the outer container. 14. The inflatable container according to claim 12, wherein the inflation mechanism is disposed on the top wall. 15. The inflatable container according to claim 12, further comprising a cleat tie disposed on the top wall. 16. The inflatable container according to claim 12, further comprising a tie cord for rapid discarding of waste disposed within the inflatable container. 17. The inflatable container according to claim 12, further comprising an air release valve disposed on the outer container. 18. The inflatable container according to claim 12, further comprising an inflatable support bench within the second cavity. 19. The inflatable container according to claim 18, wherein the inflatable support bench is in fluid communication with the space between the inner and outer containers. 20. The inflatable container according to claim 12, wherein the support structure comprises sections of structural support material to join and support the inner and outer containers.",
-    "A display panel includes a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate arranged opposite to the first transparent substrate, and multiple sub-regions arranged in an array, including a first sub-region and an adjacent second sub-region. The display panel also includes a first organic film layer configured on the first transparent substrate and a second organic film layer configured on the second transparent substrate. The first organic film layer and the second organic film layer comprise a polymer doped with a dichroic organic dye. The display panel also includes a first alignment layer configured on the surface of the first transparent substrate facing the second transparent substrate, and a second alignment layer configured on the surface of the second transparent substrate facing the first transparent substrate; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate. 1. A display panel, comprising: a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate arranged opposite to the first transparent substrate; multiple sub-regions arranged in an array, wherein the multiple sub-regions includes a first sub-region and an adjacent second sub-region; a first organic film layer configured on the first transparent substrate and a second organic film layer configured on the second transparent substrate, wherein the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer comprise a polymer doped with a dichroic organic dye; a first alignment layer configured on the surface of the first transparent substrate facing the second transparent substrate, and a second alignment layer configured on the surface of the second transparent substrate facing the first transparent substrate; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate, wherein: the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer have a first polarization axis and a second polarization axis in the first sub-region, respectively; the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer have, respectively, a third polarization axis and a four polarization axis in the second sub-region; and the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer have a first orientation direction in the first sub-region, and have a second orientation direction in the second sub-region. 2. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein: the angle between the first polarization axis and the second polarization axis is \u03b1, and 89\u00b0\u2266\u03b1\u226691\u00b0; the angle between the third polarization axis and the fourth polarization axis is \u03b2, and 89\u00b0\u2266\u03b2\u226691\u00b0; the angle between the first orientation direction and the first polarization axis or the second polarization axis is \u03b3, and \u22121\u00b0\u2266\u03b3\u22661\u00b0; and the angle between the second orientation direction and the third polarization axis or the fourth axis polarization axis is \u03b4, and \u22121\u00b0\u2266\u03b4\u22661\u00b0. 3. The display panel according to claim 2, wherein: the angle \u03b1 between the first polarization axis and the second polarization axis is 90\u00b0; the angle \u03b2 between the third polarization axis and the fourth polarization axis is 90\u00b0; the angle \u03b3 between the first orientation direction and the first polarization axis or the second polarization axis is 0\u00b0; and the angle \u03b4 between the second orientation direction and the third polarization axis or the fourth polarization axis is 0\u00b0. 4. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the first orientation direction and the second orientation direction are symmetrical with respect to a row direction or a column direction of the array. 5. The display panel according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines configured on the first transparent substrate, wherein the plurality of scan lines and the plurality of data lines intersect with each other and define a plurality of pixel regions; a switching element configured near the intersection of a scan line and a data line; and a pixel electrode and a common electrode configured within a pixel region, wherein the pixel electrode and the common electrode comprise at least one stripe electrode. 6. The display panel according to claim 5, wherein the first sub-region and the second sub-region are located within a same pixel region. 7. The display panel according to claim 5, wherein the first sub-region and the second sub-region are located in two adjacent pixel regions. 8. The display panel according to claim 5, wherein the extending directions of the stripe electrodes in the first sub-region and in the second sub-region are symmetrical with respect to a row direction or a column direction of the array. 9. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer comprise a polyimide doped with a dichroic organic dye. 10. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the dichroic ratio of the dichroic dye is larger than seven (7). 11. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the first organic film layer is placed between the first transparent substrate and the first alignment layer. 12. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the second organic film layer is placed between the second transparent substrate and the second alignment layer. 13. A method for manufacturing a display panel, comprising: providing a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate, wherein the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate have multiple sub-regions arranged in an array, and the multiple sub-regions include a first sub-region and an adjacent second sub-region; forming a first organic film layer on the first transparent substrate and a second organic film layer on the second transparent substrate, wherein the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer comprise a polymer doped with a dichroic organic dye; forming a first alignment layer on the surface of the first transparent substrate facing the second transparent substrate, and a second alignment layer on the surface of the second transparent substrate facing the first transparent substrate; and filling a liquid crystal layer between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate, wherein: the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer have a first polarization axis and a second polarization axis in the first sub-region, respectively; the first organic film layer and the second organic film layer have, respectively, a third polarization axis and a four polarization axis in the second sub-region; and the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer have a first orientation direction in the first sub-region, and have a second orientation direction in the second sub-region. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein: the angle between the first polarization axis and the second polarization axis is \u03b1, and 89\u00b0\u2266\u03b1\u226691\u00b0; the angle between the third polarization axis and the fourth polarization axis is \u03b2, and 89\u00b0\u2266\u03b2\u226691\u00b0; the angle between the first orientation direction and the first polarization axis or the second polarization axis is \u03b3, and \u22121\u00b0\u2266\u03b3\u22661\u00b0; and the angle between the second orientation direction and the third polarization axis or the fourth axis polarization axis is \u03b4, and \u22121\u00b0\u2266\u03b4\u22661\u00b0. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein forming a first organic film layer on the first transparent substrate and forming a second organic film layer on the second transparent substrate further includes: forming a first organic material layer on the first transparent substrate, wherein the first organic material layer includes a photosensitive prepolymer doped with a dichroic organic dye; forming a second organic material layer on the second transparent substrate, wherein the second organic layer comprises a photosensitive prepolymer doped with a dichroic organic dye; and irradiating the first organic material layer and the second organic material layer with polarized ultraviolet light, so as to form a first organic film layer and a second organic film layer, respectively. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein irradiating the first organic material layer and the second organic material layer with polarized ultraviolet light further includes: respectively irradiating the first organic material layer and the second organic material layer with the ultraviolet light passing through a grating and a first mask, wherein the first mask has a first light shielding region and a first light-transmitting region, and the first light-transmitting region corresponds to the first sub-region; and respectively irradiating the first organic material layer and the second organic material layer with the ultraviolet light passing through the grating and a second mask, wherein the second mask has a second light shielding region and a second light-transmitting region, and the second light-transmitting region corresponds to the second sub-region. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein forming a first alignment layer on the first transparent substrate and forming a second alignment layer on the second transparent substrate further includes: forming a first alignment material layer on the first transparent substrate, and forming a second alignment material layer on the second transparent substrate; and irradiating the first alignment material layer and the second alignment material layer with polarized ultraviolet light to form the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer, respectively. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein: the angle \u03b1 between the first polarization axis and the second polarization axis is 90\u00b0; the angle \u03b2 between the third polarization axis and the fourth polarization axis is 90\u00b0; the angle \u03b3 between the first orientation direction and the first polarization axis or the second polarization axis is 0\u00b0; and the angle \u03b4 between the second orientation direction and the third polarization axis or the fourth polarization axis is 0\u00b0. 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein: the first organic film layer and the first alignment layer are successively formed on one surface of the first transparent substrate; and the second organic film layer and the second alignment layer are successively formed on one surface of the second transparent substrate. 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein the dichroic organic dye is an organic dye with a dichroic ratio larger than seven (7).",
-    "A wrench with multiple display windows includes a body, two side display window lighting modules and a main display window lighting module. The two side display window lighting modules are illuminated synchronously with each other. The two side display window lighting modules are corresponding to each other. The two side display window lighting modules, are illuminated toward a first optical axis and a second optical axis. The side display window lighting module includes side display window lighting elements configured to generate side display wind ow colors which are turned on or turned off according to the torque. The main display window lighting module is connected to the body and illuminated toward the first optical axis. The main display window lighting module includes main display window lighting elements configured to generate main display window colors which are turned on or turned off according to the torque. 1. A wrench with multiple display windows for detecting a torque, the wrench comprising: a body; two side display window lighting modules connected to two sides of he body respectively, wherein the two side display window lighting modules are illuminated synchronously with each other, and the two side display window lighting modules are corresponding to each other, and the two side display' window lighting modules are illuminated toward a first optical axis and a second optical axis, and the first optical axis is perpendicular to the second optical axis, and each of the two side display window lighting modules comprises: a plurality of side display window lighting elements configured to generate a plurality of side display window colors which are turned on or turned off according to the torque; and a main display window lighting module connected to the body and illuminated toward the first optical axis, the main display window lighting module comprising: a plurality of main display window lighting elements configured to generate a plurality of main display window colors which are turned on or turned of according to the torque. 2. The wrench of claim 1, wherein each of the two side display window lighting modules further comprises a transparent cover, and the transparent cover is located outside each of the two side display window lighting modules, and the first optical axis and the second optical axis both pass through the transparent cover. 3. The wrench of claim 1, wherein the side display window colors comprise yellow, green and red, and the main display window colors comprise yellow, green and red, and one of the main display window lighting elements is configured to twinkle at a twinkling frequency which is greater than or equal to 0.5 Hz and smaller than 5 Hz. 4. The wrench of claim 3, wherein the number of the side display window lighting elements generating the same side display window color is three, and the number of the main display window lighting elements is three, and the main display window lighting elements are configured to generate the main display window colors which are different from one another. 5. The wrench of claim 1, further comprising: a torque sensor connected to the body for sensing a magnitude of the torque; and a torque comparing processor connected to the body and electrically connected to the torque sensor, wherein the torque comparing processor is configured to compare the torque with a predetermined value so as to generate a comparison value. 6. The wrench of claim 5, further comprising: a buzzer connected to the body and electrically connected to the torque comparing processor for beeping; and a vibrator connected to the body and electrically connected to the torque comparing processor for vibrating the body. 7. The wrench of claim 6, further comprising: a plurality of control buttons connected to the body and electrically connected to the torque comparing processor for controlling the torque sensor, the buzzer and the vibrator; and a display connected to the body and electrically connected to the torque comparing processor for displaying the torque, the predetermined value and the comparison value. 8. An optical warning method of a wrench with multiple display windows, the optical warning method comprising: performing a comparing step for comparing a torque with a predetermined value to generate a comparison value by a torque comparing processor; performing a progressive light-emitting warning step for deciding two side display window lighting modules to be turned on or turned off according to the comparison value; and performing a twinkling luminous warning step for deciding a main display window lighting module and the two side display window lighting modules to be turned on or turned off according to the comparison value. 9. The optical warning method of claim 8, wherein the progressive light-emitting warning step comprises: performing a first warning sub-step for driving one of a plurality of side display window lighting elements to generate yellow color by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to a first predetermined value and smaller than a second predetermined value; performing a second warning sub-step for driving another one of the side display window lighting elements to generate yellow color by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to the second predetermined value and smaller than a third predetermined value; and performing a third warning sub-step for driving the other one of the side display window lighting elements to generate yellow color by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to the third predetermined value and smaller than a fourth predetermined value; wherein each of the two side display window lighting modules comprises the side display window lighting elements configured to generate a plurality of side display window colors, and the side display window colors comprise yellow, green and red, and the main display window lighting module comprises a plurality of main display window lighting elements configured to generate a plurality of main display window colors, and the main display window colors comprise yellow, green and red, and the number of the side display window lighting elements generating the same side display window color is at least three, and the number of the main display window lighting elements generating the same main display window color is at least one. 10. The optical warning method of claim 9, wherein the progressive light-emitting warning step further comprises: performing a fourth warning sub-step for driving another three of the,side display wind ow lighting elements to generate green color by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to the fourth predetermined value and smaller than a fifth predetermined value; and performing a fifth warning sub-step for driving the other three of the side display window lighting elements to generate red color by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value Is greater than or equal to the fifth predetermined value. 11. The optical warning method of claim 10, wherein the twinkling luminous warning step comprises: performing a sixth warning sub-step for driving one of the main display window lighting elements to generate yellow color and twinkle by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to the third predetermined value and smaller than the fourth predetermined value. 12. The optical warning method of claim 11, wherein the twinkling luminous warning step further comprises: performing a seventh warning sub-step for driving another one of the main display window lighting elements to generate green color and twinkle by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to the fourth predetermined value and smaller than the fifth predetermined value. 13. The optical warning method of claim 12, wherein the twinkling luminous warning step further comprises: performing an eighth warning sub-step for driving the other one of the main display window lighting elements to generate red color and twinkle by the torque comparing processor if the comparison value is greater than or equal to the fifth predetermined value. 14. The optical warning method of claim 13, wherein the first predetermined value is 40%, and the second predetermined value is 60%, and the third predetermined value is 80%, and the fourth predetermined value is 100%, and the fifth predetermined value is 110%. 15. The optical warning method of claim 8, further comprising: performing a sound warning step for driving a buzzer according to the comparison value, wherein the buzzer is configured to generate a plurality of beeps, and when the comparison value is greater than or equal to a third predetermined value, the buzzer is driven to beep by the torque comparing processor and the number of beeps is equal to 5. 16. The optical warning method of claim 8, further comprising: performing a vibration warning step for driving a vibrator according to the comparison value, wherein the vibrator is configured to vibrate a body at a vibration frequency, and when the comparison value is greater than or equal to a fifth predetermined value, the vibrator is driven to vibrate the body by the torque comparing processor, and the vibration frequency is greater than or equal to 1 Hz and smaller than 20 Hz.",
-    "Techniques are described for providing a meeting notification and automatic modification service. A system may be configured to identify an appointment in a calendar application, identify a geographic location of the appointment, and identify, before the appointment time, a geographic location of a first participant of the appointment. Based on the geographic information, the system may identify a route extending from the geographic location of the first participant to the geographic location of the appointment, and may identify a travel time associated with the route. Based on the travel time and the appointment time, the system may determine whether the first participant is estimated to arrive at the appointment on time and, based on the determination, the system may send a message to participants of the appointment or dynamically reschedule the appointment. 1. A method comprising: identifying, by at least one processor, a geographic location and a start time associated with an appointment in an electronic calendar associated with a user; determining a location of a mobile device associated with the user; determining, based on the location of the mobile device associated with the user, that the user will be late for the appointment; and based on the determination that the user will be late for the appointment, providing a communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment comprises providing an alert to the user. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment comprises providing an alert to a second user associated with the appointment. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising providing the location of the mobile device associated with the user to the second user. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment comprises displaying a user interface to the user, the user interface comprising one or more of: an option to send a message to one or more participants associated with the appointment, an option to reschedule the appointment, or an option to change one or more aspects associated with travel to the geographic location associated with the appointment. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: accessing contact information associated with the one or more participants associated with the appointment; and sending a message to the one or more participants using the accessed contact information. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the user will be late for the appointment comprises: identifying an amount of time remaining until the start time associated with the appointment; identifying a travel time associated with a route from the location of the mobile device to the geographic location associated with the appointment; and determining that the travel time exceeds the amount of time remaining until the start time associated with the appointment. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining when the user will arrive at the geographic location associated with the appointment; and rescheduling the appointment for a time after the user will arrive at the geographic location associated with the appointment. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein providing a communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment comprises providing updated appointment information to at least one participant of the appointment. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: identifying one or more additional users associated with the appointment; determining time availability of the one or more additional users; and automatically rescheduling the appointment based on the time availability of the one or more additional users and a time availability of the user. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising rescheduling, without user input, the appointment based on temporal proximity to geographic locations associated with adjacent appointments associated with the user and the one or more additional users. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to the determination that the user will be late for the appointment, identifying a need to reschedule at least one additional appointment in the electronic calendar associated with the user; receiving confirmation from the user that the at least one additional appointment should be rescheduled; and dynamically rescheduling the at least one additional appointment within the electronic calendar in response to the received confirmation. 13. A system comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: identify a geographic location and a start time associated with an appointment in an electronic calendar associated with a user; determine a location of a mobile device associated with the user; determine, based on the location of the mobile device associated with the user, that the user will be late for the appointment; and based on the determination that the user will be late for the appointment, provide a communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium further storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: provide the communication by providing an alert to a second user associated with the appointment, and provide the location of the mobile device associated with the user to the second user. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is implemented by at least one server that is remote from the mobile device associated with the user. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the system is implemented by the mobile device associated with the user. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium further storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: determine that multiple participants associated with the appointment will be late for the appointment; and reschedule, without user input, the appointment to accommodate the multiple participants that will be late for the appointment. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium further storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: provide the communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment by displaying a user interface to the user, the user interface comprising one or more of: an option to send a message to one or more participants associated with the appointment, an option to reschedule the appointment, or an option to change one or more aspects associated with travel to the geographic location associated with the appointment; access contact information associated with the one or more participants associated with the appointment; and send the message to the one or more participants using the accessed contact information in response to selection of the option to send the message to one or more participants associated with the appointment. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium further storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the system to: determine when the user will arrive at the geographic location associated with the appointment; identify one or more additional users associated with the appointment; determine time availability of the one or more additional users; reschedule, without user input, the appointment based on the time availability of the one or more additional users and a time availability of the user; and provide updated appointment information to the user and the one or more additional users. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause a computer system to: identify a geographic location and a start time associated with an appointment in a calendar associated with a user; determine a location of a mobile device associated with the user; determine, based on the location of the mobile device associated with the user, that the user will be late for the appointment; and based on the determination that the user will be late for the appointment, provide a communication associated with the determination that the user will be late for the appointment.",
-    "An electronic brake system may include a hydraulic pressure supply device having a motor configured to be operated by receiving an electrical signal from the pedal displacement sensor when the brake pedal is operated, a gear pump configured to discharge and suction a hydraulic pressure depending on a rotational force of the motor, and a power transmission unit configured to deliver the rotational force of the motor to the gear pump; a hydraulic control unit having first and second hydraulic circuits configured to receive the hydraulic pressure by a force generated by the hydraulic pressure supply device to control hydraulic pressure flows delivered to wheel cylinders provided on wheels; and an electronic control unit configured to control the motor and valves based on hydraulic pressure information and pedal displacement information. 1. An electronic brake system, which includes a reservoir storing oil, a master cylinder having first and second hydraulic ports and coupled to the reservoir so as to receive the oil, a pedal displacement sensor sensing a displacement of a brake pedal, and a simulation device connected to the master cylinder to provide a reaction force corresponding to a pedal effort of the brake pedal, comprising: a hydraulic pressure supply device having a motor configured to operate by receiving an electrical signal from the pedal displacement sensor when the brake pedal is operated, a gear pump configured to discharge and suction a hydraulic pressure depending on a rotational force of the motor, and a power transmission unit configured to deliver the rotational force of the motor to the gear pump; a hydraulic control unit having first and second hydraulic circuits configured to receive the hydraulic pressure by a force generated by the hydraulic pressure supply device to control hydraulic pressure flows delivered to wheel cylinders provided on wheels; and an electronic control unit configured to control the motor and valves based on hydraulic pressure information and pedal displacement information, wherein the gear pump includes: a first gear pump having one end connected to the first hydraulic circuit through a first hydraulic passage and the other end connected to the reservoir; and a second gear pump having one end connected to the second hydraulic circuit through a second hydraulic passage and the other end connected to the reservoir, the electronic brake system further comprising: a balance valve arranged between the first and second hydraulic passages to connect and disconnect the first and second hydraulic passages, wherein the balance valve is opened to control such that hydraulic pressures delivered to the first and second hydraulic circuits are the same when a deviation occurs between the hydraulic pressure delivered to the first and second hydraulic circuits through the first and second gear pumps. 2. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, wherein the balance valve is provided with a normally closed type solenoid valve that is closed in a normal operating state and is opened when receiving an opening signal. 3. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, comprising: a first dump valve provided on a passage connecting the first hydraulic passage to the reservoir; and a second dump valve provided on a passage connecting the second hydraulic passage to the reservoir. 4. The electronic brake system according to claim 3, wherein the first and second dump valves are provided with a normally closed type solenoid valve that is closed in a normal operating state and is opened when receiving an opening signal. 5. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, further comprising: a first backup passage configured to connect the first hydraulic port to the first hydraulic circuit so as to directly provide the oil to the wheel cylinders when the electronic brake system is abnormally operated; a second backup passage configured to connect the second hydraulic port to the second hydraulic circuit; a first cut valve provided on the first backup passage to control an oil flow; and a second cut valve provided on the second backup passage to control an oil flow. 6. The electronic brake system according to claim 5, wherein the first and second cut valves are provided with a normally opened type solenoid valve that is opened in a normal operating state and is closed when receiving a closing signal from the electronic control unit. 7. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic control unit includes inlet valves, each of which is provided on an upstream side of each of the wheel cylinders so as to control the hydraulic pressure flowing into the wheel cylinder installed on each of the wheels. 8. The electronic brake system according to claim 7, wherein the hydraulic control unit further includes a plurality of outlet valves configured to independently control hydraulic pressure flows discharged from the wheel cylinders, wherein the respective outlet valves are connected to the reservoir. 9. The electronic brake system according to claim 7, wherein the inlet valves are provided with a normally opened type solenoid valve that is opened in a normal operating state and is closed when receiving a closing signal from the electronic control unit. 10. The electronic brake system according to claim 8, wherein the outlet valves are provided with a normally closed type solenoid valve that is closed in a normal operating state and is opened when receiving an opening signal. 11. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, wherein the electronic brake system controls that the motor is rotated in one direction by receiving an electrical signal for the braking from the pedal displacement sensor when a driver pressurizes the brake pedal, the first gear pump receives the oil from the reservoir to discharge hydraulic pressure to the first hydraulic passage, and the second gear pump receives the oil from the reservoir to discharge hydraulic pressure to the second hydraulic passage, and controls that the motor is rotated in a reverse direction with respect to the one direction by receiving an electrical signal for releasing a brake state from the pedal displacement sensor when the driver releases the pressurized brake pedal, the first gear pump delivers the oil from the first hydraulic passage to the reservoir, and the second gear pump delivers the oil from the second hydraulic passage to the reservoir.",
-    "An RDL structure on a passivation layer includes a first landing pad disposed directly above a first on-chip metal pad; a first via in a passivation layer to electrically connect the first landing pad with the first on-chip metal pad; a second landing pad disposed directly above the second on-chip metal pad; a second via in the passivation layer to electrically connect the second landing pad with the second on-chip metal pad; and at least five traces being disposed on the passivation layer and passing through a space between the first landing pad and the second landing pad. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: an integrated circuit (IC) die having an active surface, wherein at least a first on-chip metal pad and a second on-chip metal pad in close proximity to the first on-chip metal pad are disposed on the active surface; a passivation layer on the active surface and covering the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad; and a redistribution layer (RDL) structure on the passivation layer, the RDL structure comprising: a first landing pad disposed directly above the first on-chip metal pad; a first via in the RDL structure to electrically connect the first landing pad with the first on-chip metal pad; a second landing pad disposed directly above the second on-chip metal pad; a second via in the RDL structure to electrically connect the second landing pad with the second on-chip metal pad; and at least three traces being disposed on the RDL structure and passing through a space between the first landing pad and the second landing pad. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first on-chip metal pad is an aluminum pad. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the second on-chip metal pad is an aluminum pad. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the passivation layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, undoped silicon glass, or any combination thereof. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first landing pad and the first via are composed of copper. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the second landing pad and the second via are composed of copper. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the at least five traces comprise two intervening reference traces between three high-speed signal traces to thereby form a SGSGS RDL trace configuration. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the high-speed signal traces are operated greater than 1 Gb/s. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the two intervening reference traces transmit a ground signal. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first landing pad and the second landing pad both have a rectangular shape or oval shape when viewed from the above. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein the first landing pad and the second landing pad both have an aspect ratio ranging between 1\u02dc3. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad have a rectangular shape or oval shape when viewed from the above. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad both have an aspect ratio ranging between 1\u02dc3. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein at least four aluminum traces extending along a die-to-die direction are disposed between the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad. 15. A wafer level package, comprising: an integrated circuit (IC) die having an active surface, wherein at least a first on-chip metal pad and a second on-chip metal pad in close proximity to the first on-chip metal pad are disposed on the active surface; a passivation layer on the active surface and covering the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad; a molding compound encapsulating the IC die except for the active surface; and a redistribution layer (RDL) structure on the passivation layer and on the molding compound, the RDL structure comprising: a first landing pad disposed directly above the first on-chip metal pad; a first via in the RDL structure to electrically connect the first landing pad with the first on-chip metal pad; a second landing pad being disposed directly above the second on-chip metal pad; a second via in the RDL structure to electrically connect the second landing pad with the second on-chip metal pad; and at least three traces being disposed on the RDL structure and passing through a space between the landing pad and the second landing pad. 16. The wafer level package according to claim 15, wherein the first on-chip metal pad is an aluminum pad. 17. The wafer level package according to claim 16, wherein the second on-chip metal pad is an aluminum pad. 18. The wafer level package according to claim 15, wherein the passivation layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, undoped silicon glass, or any combination thereof. 19. The wafer level package according to claim 15, wherein the first landing pad and the first via are composed of copper. 20. The wafer level package according to claim 19, wherein the second landing pad and the second via are composed of copper. 21. The wafer level package according to claim 15, wherein the at least five traces comprise two intervening reference traces between three high-speed signal traces to thereby form a SGSGS RDL trace configuration. 22. The wafer level package according to claim 21, wherein the high-speed signal traces are operated greater than 1 Gb/s. 23. The wafer level package according to claim 21, wherein the two intervening reference traces transmit a ground signal. 24. The wafer level package according to claim 15, wherein the first landing pad and the second landing pad both have a rectangular shape or oval shape when viewed from the above. 25. The wafer level package according to claim 24, wherein the first landing pad and the second landing pad both have an aspect ratio ranging between 1\u02dc3. 26. The wafer level package according to claim 15, wherein the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad have a rectangular shape or oval shape when viewed from the above. 27. The wafer level package according to claim 26, wherein the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad both have an aspect ratio ranging between 1\u02dc3. 28. The wafer level package according to claim 26, wherein at least four aluminum traces extending along a die-to-die direction are disposed between the first on-chip metal pad and the second on-chip metal pad.",
-    "An optical communication amplification system may include a number of amplification stages for an optical signal that includes a first optical wavelength band signal portion and a second optical wavelength band signal portion. Each amplification stage may separate the first optical wavelength band signal portion from the second optical wavelength band signal portion. The separated first optical wavelength band signal portion is amplified using one or more first optical wavelength band amplifiers and the separated second optical wavelength band signal portion are amplified using one or more second optical wavelength band amplifiers. The amplified first optical wavelength band signal portion is filtered and a reflected portion of the first optical wavelength band signal portion may be used to provide energy to the one or more second optical wavelength band amplifiers to increase the power or gain of the separated second optical wavelength band signal portion. 1. An optical communication amplification system, comprising: an optical splitter to separate an optical signal into at least a first optical wavelength band signal portion and the second optical wavelength band signal portion; an optical amplifier operably coupled to the optical splitter, the optical amplifier to increase the energy of the second optical wavelength band signal portion; an optical combiner that combines the first optical wavelength band signal portion and the amplified second optical wavelength band signal portion; and an optical filter operably coupled to the optical combiner, wherein a portion of the energy of the first optical wavelength band signal portion reflected from the optical filter is received by the optical amplifier where the received energy increases the energy of the second optical wavelength band signal portion. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: an optical amplifier that receives the optical signal and increases the energy of at least the first optical wavelength band signal portion of the received optical signal. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprising: a first optical isolator operably coupled to an input of the optical amplifier that increases the energy of at least the first optical wavelength band signal portion of the received optical signal. 4. The system of claim 2 wherein the optical amplifier that increases the energy of at least the first optical wavelength band signal portion of the received optical signal comprises a C-band/L-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (C/L-EDFA). 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: an optical amplifier disposed subsequent to the optical splitter to receive the first optical wavelength band signal portion and increase an energy level of the first optical wavelength band signal portion. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: an optical circulator having a first port operably coupled to the optical combiner, a second port operably coupled to the optical filter, and a third port operably coupled the optical combiner such that at least a portion of the energy of the reflected first optical wavelength band signal portion reflected from the optical filter is provided to the second amplifier. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the energy of the second optical wavelength band signal portion reflected from the optical filter is provided to the optical splitter. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising: an optical isolator operably coupled to the optical amplifier that increases the energy of the second optical wavelength band signal portion. 9. The system of claim 1: wherein the first optical wavelength band signal portion comprises a C-band; wherein the second optical wavelength band signal portion comprises an L-band; and wherein the optical amplifier that increases the energy of the second optical wavelength band signal portion comprises a C-band/L-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (C/L-EDFA). 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the optical splitter comprises a three-port C-band/L-band optical de-multiplexer that transmits the C-band wavelength signal portion and reflects the L-band wavelength signal portion. 11. The system of claim 10 where in the optical combiner comprises a four-port C-band/L-band optical multiplexer that reflects the C-band wavelength signal portion and transmits the L-band wavelength signal portion. 12. The system of claim 9 wherein the optical filter comprises a gain flattening filter (GFF). 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the GFF comprises a Short Period Fiber Bragg Grating GFF. 14. An optical communication amplification method, comprising: splitting an optical signal into a first optical wavelength band signal portion and a second optical wavelength band signal portion; amplifying, via an optical amplifier, the second optical wavelength band signal portion of the optical signal; combining the first optical wavelength band signal portion and the amplified second optical wavelength band signal portion to provide an amplified optical signal; filtering, via at least one optical filter, the amplified optical signal; receiving, by the optical amplifier, at least a portion of the first optical wavelength band signal portion reflected by the at least one optical filter, and increasing the energy of the optical amplifier using energy in the reflected portion of the first optical wavelength band signal portion. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: amplifying, via an optical amplifier, at least the first optical wavelength band signal portion of the optical signal prior to splitting the optical signal into the first optical wavelength band signal portion and the second optical wavelength band signal portion. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: amplifying, via an optical amplifier, at least the first optical wavelength band signal portion of the optical signal subsequent to splitting the optical signal into the first optical wavelength band signal portion and the second optical wavelength band signal portion. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein splitting an optical signal into a first optical wavelength band signal portion and a second optical wavelength band signal portion comprises: splitting the optical signal into a C-band signal portion and an L-band portion signal using a three-port, C-band/L-band, wavelength division demultiplexer. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein amplifying, via an optical amplifier, the second optical wavelength band signal portion of the optical signal comprises: amplifying the L-band signal portion of the optical signal using an L-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (L-EDFA). 19. The method of claim 18 wherein combining the first optical wavelength band signal and the amplified second optical wavelength band signal to provide an amplified combined optical signal comprises: combining the C-band signal portion and the amplified L-band signal portion to provide an amplified optical signal using a four-port, C-band/L-band, wavelength division multiplexer. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein filtering, via at least one optical filter, the amplified optical signal comprises: filtering, via at least one Gain Flattening Filter (GFF), the amplified optical signal. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein filtering, via at least one Gain Flattening Filter (GFF), the amplified optical signal comprises: filtering, via at least one Short Period Fiber Bragg Grating, the amplified optical signal. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein reflecting at least a portion of the first optical wavelength band signal portion of the amplified optical signal from the at least one optical filter comprises: reflecting at least a portion of the C-band signal portion of the amplified optical signal from the at least one GFF. 23. The method of claim 19 wherein increasing the energy of the optical amplifier using energy in the reflected portion of the first optical wavelength band signal portion reflected by the at least one optical filter comprises: increasing the energy of the L-EDFA using energy in the reflected portion of the C-band signal portion reflected by the at least one GFF. 24. An optical communication amplification method, comprising: amplifying, by an optical amplifier, an optical signal that includes at least a first optical wavelength band signal portion and a second optical wavelength band signal portion; passing the amplified optical signal through at least one optical filter; receiving, at the optical amplifier, at least a portion of energy in the first optical wavelength band signal portion reflected by the at least one optical filter; and increasing the energy of an optical amplifier used to increase the energy level of the second optical wavelength signal portion using the reflected energy in the first optical wavelength signal portion. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein amplifying an optical signal that includes at least a first optical wavelength band signal portion and a second optical wavelength band signal portion comprises: amplifying, via an erbium doped fiber amplifier, the optical signal that includes at least a C-band signal portion and an L-band signal portion. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein increasing the energy of an optical amplifier used to increase the energy level of the second optical wavelength band signal portion using the reflected energy in the first optical wavelength band signal portion comprises: increasing the energy of an erbium doped fiber amplifier used to increase the energy level of the L-band signal portion using the reflected energy in the C-band signal portion.",
-    "The present invention relates generally to the use of compositions and methods for treating nociceptive events that occur on the ocular surface in association with dryness, injury, environmental pollutants, and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Specifically, the present invention is directed to the use of certain compounds for treating for treating ocular pain or ocular discomfort. 1) A method of treating corneal nociception in a patient comprising administering to at least one eye of the patient the following compound: 2) The method of claim 1 including the compound's pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 3) The method of claim 1 wherein the compound is administered in an ophthalmologically acceptable composition to one or both eyes of the patient once a day. 4) The method of claim 3 wherein the ophthalmologically acceptable composition is one selected from the group consisting of a solution, an emulsion, a dispersion, a suspension, an ointment and a gel. 5) The method of claim 1 wherein the method results in a significant reduction of corneal nociception. 6) The method of claim 5 wherein the corneal nociception is associated with the ocular surface. 7) The method of claim 1 wherein the compound interacts with prostanoid IP receptors. 8) The method of claim 1 wherein the corneal nociception is produced by one selected from the group consisting of environmentally or disease induced dry eye, ocular surface injury, ulceration, infection, allergy, environmental pollution, infection and eye surgery. 9) The method of claim 1 wherein the compound interacts with platelet activating factor (PAF) receptors. 10) The method of claim 1 wherein the corneal nociception is one selected from the group consisting of ocular discomfort and ocular pain. 11) A method of relieving ocular pain or ocular discomfort resulting from corneal nociception comprising administering to the eyes of the patient a compound selected from the group consisting of: and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 12) The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is administered in an ophthalmologically acceptable composition once a day. 13) The method of claim 12 wherein the ophthalmologically acceptable composition is one selected from the group consisting of a solution, an emulsion, a dispersion, a suspension, an ointment and a gel. 14) The method of claim 13 wherein the ophthalmologically acceptable composition is an ocular implant. 15) The method of claim 13 wherein the method results in a significant reduction of ocular pain or ocular discomfort. 16) The method of claim 12 wherein the ocular pain or ocular discomfort is associated with the ocular surface. 17) The method of claim 16 wherein the compound interacts with prostanoid IP receptors. 18) The method of claim 17 wherein the ocular pain or ocular discomfort is produced by one selected from the group consisting of environmentally or disease induced dry eye, ocular surface injury, ulceration, infection, allergy, environmental pollution, infection, and surgery. 19) The method of claim 11 for treating ocular pain or ocular discomfort by combining an IP receptor antagonist with an ocular surface lubricating agent such as polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, castor oil and glycerol. 20) The method of claim 11 wherein a prostanoid IP antagonist is combined with cyclosporine or a cyclosporine analog thereof for the treatment of dry eye disease. 21) The method of claim 11 wherein a prostanoid IP receptor antagonist is combined with an antihistamine for treating allergic conjunctivitis.",
-    "Systems and methods for a split phase accumulator having a plurality of sub phase accumulators are provided. Each sub phase accumulator receives a portion of a frequency control word. The first sub phase accumulator includes a first register and the remaining sub phase accumulators include a register and an overflow register. At each discrete point in time, the first sub phase accumulator is configured to be responsive to the first portion of the frequency control word at that discrete point in time and to the first sub phase accumulator value at the immediately previous discrete point in time, and each of the remaining sub phase accumulators is configured to he responsive to a value of its corresponding portion of the frequency control word at that discrete point in time and to the same second sub phase accumulator value at the immediately previous discrete point in time. 1. A system comprising: a phase accumulator configured to receive a frequency control word as an input, the phase accumulator comprising: a first accumulator including a first register, the first accumulator configured to receive a first portion of the frequency control word, and a second accumulator configured to receive a second portion of the frequency control word, wherein the second accumulator includes a second register and an overflow register, wherein the phase accumulator is configured to produce a sequence of normalized rotation angles, each normalized rotation angle being based on a current value of the first accumulator and a current value of the second accumulator, including its overflow register, and wherein the first accumulator and the second accumulator operate simultaneously in a first output data cycle; and a fine rotation stage, coupled to the phase accumulator, wherein the overflow register delays a carry-in to the first accumulator until a second output data cycle and wherein the fine rotation stage is responsive to the carry-in during the second output data cycle. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first register has the same number of bits as the first portion of the frequency control word. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the second register has the same number of bits as the second portion of the frequency control word. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the overflow register is a single-bit overflow register. 5. A circuit comprising: a first accumulator comprising a first register, the first accumulator configured to receive a first portion of a frequency control word, and a second accumulator configured to receive a second portion of the frequency control word, wherein the second accumulator includes a second register and an overflow register, wherein the first accumulator and the second accumulator receive the first and second portions of the frequency control word approximately simultaneously, wherein the first accumulator is configured to perform during contiguous output data cycles, wherein output data of the second accumulator comprises a carry-out to the first accumulator, wherein the overflow register is configured to perform by delaying the carry-out to the first accumulator from the second accumulator for a duration of one output data cycle, wherein the overflow register and the second accumulator are configured to deliver a carry-in, the delayed carry-out, to a rotation stage after a delay of approximately one output data cycle, and wherein the overflow register is configured to perform during each of the contiguous data cycles 6. The circuit of claim 5, further comprising a mapping function circuit responsive to at least the first accumulator, wherein the mapping function circuit is configured to produce one or more digital output signals. 7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the one or more digital output signals includes a sequence of values representing a sine or cosine function of a sequence of rotation angles related to the frequency control word input. 8. The circuit of claim 6, wherein a value of the one or more digital output signals is computed from a current value of the first accumulator, a current value of the second accumulator, and the overflow register. 9. The circuit of claim 5, wherein outputs of the first accumulator, the second accumulator and the overflow register represent a sequence of normalized rotation angles. 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the frequency control word comprises M bits. 11. The circuit of claim 10, further comprising: a module for truncating each normalized rotation angle in the sequence of normalized rotation angles to have a length of W bits, where W<M. 12. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the first register has the same number of bits as the first portion of the frequency control word. 13. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the second register has the same number of bits as the second portion of the frequency control word. 14. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the overflow register is a single-bit overflow register. 15. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the mapping function circuit includes a coarse rotation stage coupled to a fine rotation stage. 16. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the coarse rotation stage includes a read only memory. 17. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the fine rotation stage is configured to perform rounding. 18. The circuit of claim 9, further comprising: an output stage module configured to identify an octant associated with each normalized rotation angle in the sequence of normalized rotation angles based on the three most significant bits of the normalized rotation angle. 19. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the mapping function circuit includes a coarse rotation stage coupled to a fine rotation stage, the course rotation stage and the fine rotation stage forming a portion of a direct digital frequency synthesizer, wherein the fine rotation stage employs one of an excess four rotation module, or an excess three rotation module, or an excess two module or an excess one rotation module. 20. A method of converting a value of a frequency control word having a first portion and a second portion into a sequence of phase accumulator values, comprising: accumulating the first portion in a first accumulator in a first output data cycle; accumulating the second portion in a second accumulator in the first output data cycle; delivering a carry-in to the first accumulator from the second accumulator after a delay of approximately one output data cycle; and delivering the carry-in to a rotation stage after a delay of approximately one output data cycle, wherein the first and second accumulators are implemented in hardware. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first accumulator has the same number of bits as the first portion. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the delivering to the first accumulator is performed by a register holding a single overflow bit. 23. The method of claim 20, further comprising: mapping the accumulator values into digital output signals by using a mapping function configured to produce one or more digital output signals. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more digital output signals includes a sequence of values representing a sine function of a sequence of rotation angles related to the frequency control word input. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more digital output signals includes a sequence of values representing a cosine function of a sequence of rotation angles related to the frequency control word input. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the one or more digital output signals further includes a sequence of values representing a cosine function of a sequence of rotation angles related to the frequency control word input.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a polarizer and fabrication method thereof. The polarizer includes a substrate made of transparent material and a first polarizing layer formed on the substrate having an optical alignment direction after being exposed to a polarized ultraviolet light. The substrate is the only substrate in the polarizer, and no additional substrate is configured on the polarizing layer. 1. A polarizer, comprising: a substrate made of a transparent material; and a first polarizing layer formed on the substrate having an optical alignment direction after being exposed to a polarized ultraviolet light, wherein the substrate is the only substrate in the polarizer, and no additional substrate is configured on the polarizing layer. 2. The polarizer of claim 1, wherein: the first polarizing layer includes at least a first region and a second region; and the first region and the second region have different polarization axis directions. 3. The polarizer of claim 2, further including: a second polarizing layer formed on the first polarizing layer and having a polarization axis direction different from a polarization axis direction of at least one of the first region and the second region. 4. The polarizer of claim 3, wherein: the second polarizing layer includes at least a third region and a fourth region; and the third region and the fourth region have different polarization axis directions. 5. The polarizer of claim 1, wherein: the first polarizing layer is made of a base material and a polarizing material doped into the base material. 6. The polarizer of claim 5, wherein: the polarizing material is a dichroic organic dye. 7. The polarizer of claim 5, wherein: the base material is a polyimide, a cinnamic acid derivative, or an azo-based optical alignment material. 8. The polarizer of claim 1, wherein: the substrate is a rigid substrate. 9. The polarizer of claim 8, wherein: the substrate is made of glass. 10. The polarizer of claim 1, further including: a quarter-wavelength thin film formed on the first polarizing layer. 11. The polarizer of claim 10, wherein: the quarter-wavelength thin film has a thickness approximately between 28 nm and 100 nm. 12. A method of fabricating the polarizer, comprising: providing a substrate; forming a first polarizing layer on the substrate; pre-baking the first polarizing layer including at least a first region and a second region; irradiating a polarized ultraviolet light on the first polarizing layer, wherein the first region and the second region are irradiated by the polarized ultraviolet light with different polarization directions; and curing the first polarizing layer on the substrate to form the polarizer without adding any additional substrate on the first polarizing layer. 13. The polarizer fabrication method of claim 12, further including: forming a second polarizing layer on the first polarizing layer having a polarization axis direction different from a polarization axis direction of at least one of the first region and the second region. 14. The polarizer fabrication method of claim 13, wherein: the second polarizing layer includes at least a third region and a fourth region; and the third region and the fourth region have different polarization axis directions. 15. The polarizer fabrication method of claim 12, wherein: the first polarizing layer is made of a base material and a polarizing material doped into the base material; the polarizing material is a dichroic organic dye; and the base material is a polyimide, a cinnamic acid derivative, or an azo-based optical alignment material. 16. The polarizer fabrication method of claim 12, wherein: the substrate is a rigid substrate. 17. The polarizer of claim 16, wherein: the substrate is made of glass. 18. The polarizer fabrication method of claim 12, further including: forming a quarter-wavelength thin film on the polarizing layer, having a thickness approximately between 28 nm and 100 nm. 19. The polarizer fabrication method of claim 12, wherein: the polarized ultraviolet light has an energy level approximately between 300 mj and 1000 mj; during the pre-baking process, the baking temperature is approximately between 90\u00b0 C. and 130\u00b0 C., and the baking time is approximately between 60 seconds and 120 seconds; and during the curing process, the baking temperature is approximately between 210\u00b0 C. and 230\u00b0 C., and the baking time is approximately between 20 minutes and 50 minutes.",
-    "In an embodiment, speech is recorded and converted to digital text based on a shared vocabulary dictionary. During the session, voice recognition errors, that is, speech that could not be automatically identified (if any exists), are identified by the system and associated with digital text. When text for the voice recognition error is identified (e.g., by an editor), the shared vocabulary dictionary is updated (so that that particular voice recognition error will not occur again), thereby improving the performance of the system for all users that use the shared vocabulary dictionary. The identification of voice recognitions errors and the updated of the vocabulary dictionary are performed on an ongoing basis, so that the performance of the system for all users continually improves. 1. A system comprising: a processor system including one or more processors; a storage system including one or more storage units storing at least a database and a shared vocabulary dictionary; the storage system storing one or more machine instructions, which when implemented cause the system to implement a method including at least recording, at the system, a user pronouncing one or more words; automatically, by the system, while recording, recognizing and extracting one or more words on the recording, and associating the one or more words recognized with digital text, based on a shared vocabulary dictionary, the shared vocabulary dictionary being shared by multiple unrelated users; automatically, by the system, identifying at least one voice recognition error, the voice recognition error being a sound that the system was unable to automatically associate with digital text of a word; automatically, by the system, storing the one or more words that were recognized in the database by at least storing in the database the recording of the pronouncing of the one or more words and the digital text of the one or more words in association with each other; automatically, by the system, storing the at least one voice recognition error by storing a sound that the system was unable to recognize and an indication that a voice recognition error occurred in association with each other; receiving, at the system, and storing in the database said digital text to associate with the sound that the system was unable to recognize; and updating a shared vocabulary dictionary by at least storing in the shared vocabulary dictionary the sound that the system was unable to identify and the digital text received in association with each other, so that the sound that the system was unable to recognize is recognizable by the system after the updating; wherein the system extracts digital text of words and user pronunciations of the words extracted and updates the shared vocabulary dictionary on an ongoing basis. 2. The system of claim 1, the one or more machine instructions further include at least one machine instruction, which when implemented causes the method implemented by the system to further comprise: prior to the recording, requesting, by the system, the user to enter identifying information; and in response, receiving at the system, one or more entries for the identifying information, and performing the recording. 3. The system of claim 2, the identifying information including at least a user-id of an individual speaking during a session during the recording; of the user pronouncing the one or more words, the method implemented initiating the extracting based on the user-id. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the automatically recognizing and associating of the one or more words recognized with the digital text includes identifying, by the system, a segment of the recording as a candidate for a word; in response to the identifying, comparing, by the system, the one or more words to recordings of words in the shared vocabulary dictionary; and determining, by the system, whether the segment of the recording matches one of the recordings of the words in the shared vocabulary dictionary. 5. The system of claim 4, performing an iterative process that includes at least enhancing, by the system, the segment of the recording and comparing the segment of the recording that was enhanced to the shared vocabulary dictionary, if a match is found, exiting, by the system, the iterative process and proceeding to a next step in the method, if a match is not found, checking one or more exit criteria, if the exit criteria is not met, repeating, by the system, the enhancing therein further enhancing the segment, and repeating, by the system, the comparing, but upon repetition, the comparing being performed with the segment after the segment was further enhanced; if the one or more exit criteria are met, exiting, by the system, the iterative process and identifying, by the system, the segment as a voice recognition error. 6. The system of claim 1, the method further comprising: prior to the associating of the one or more words recognized with the digital text, based on the shared vocabulary dictionary, determining, by the system, whether an association of the one or more words recognized can be made with the digital text, based on a personal vocabulary dictionary; if an association of the one or more words recognized can be made with the digital text, based on the personal vocabulary dictionary, associating, by the system, the one or more words recognized with the digital text, based on the personal vocabulary dictionary. 7. The system of claim 1, the shared vocabulary dictionary including at least recordings of combinations of consecutive words that are associated with a particular word as different pronunciations of the particular word, the particular word being between two other words in the recordings of the combinations of consecutive words, therein capturing variations of pronunciations of a single word according to a word that proceeds the word that is between two other words and a word that follows the word that is between two other words. 8. The system of claim 7, the method further comprising: updating, by the system, a shared library dictionary by at least storing in the shared library dictionary the sound that the system was unable to identify and the digital text received in association with each other, so that the sound is recognizable by the system, when using the shared library dictionary for recognizing words, the shared library dictionary including recordings of individual words in association with digital text of the individual words. 9. The system of claim 1, the method further comprising: updating, by the system, a personal vocabulary dictionary by at least storing in the personal vocabulary dictionary, in association with each other, the sound that the system was unable to identify and the digital text received, so that sound is recognizable by the system, when using the personal vocabulary dictionary for recognizing words, the personal vocabulary dictionary being a vocabulary dictionary having recordings of pronunciations of words by a single user in association with digital text of the words. 10. The system of claim 1, the shared vocabulary dictionary including at least one subject specific vocabulary dictionary. 11. The system of claim 1, the unrelated users being users that have different accounts that are not owned by a common legal entity and that are not sponsored by a common legal entity. 12. The system of claim 1, the recording including recordings from speech of multiple people, the method further comprising identifying one of the multiple people as having uttered a segment of the recording. 13. The system of claim 12, the method further comprising: determining, by the system, that one of the multiple people is an unregistered user; requesting, by the system, the unregistered user to read text; recording, by the system, the text read by the unregistered user as the unregistered user reads the text; automatically training the system to recognize words spoken by the unregistered user, based on the recording of the text read by the unregistered user. 14. The system of claim 12, the method further comprising: determining, by the system, that at least one of the multiple people is an unregistered user and that at least one of the multiple people is a registered user; for each registered user, prior to the associating of the one or more words recognized with the digital text, based on the shared vocabulary dictionary, determining whether an association of the one or more words recognized can be made with the digital text, based on a personal vocabulary dictionary, and if an association of the one or more words recognized can be made with the digital text, based on the personal vocabulary dictionary, associating the one or more words recognized with the digital text, based on the personal vocabulary dictionary; and for each unregistered user performing the associating based on the shared vocabulary dictionary. 15. The system of claim 12, the method further comprising: detecting, by the system, a plurality of people speaking simultaneously; and in response, interrupting the recording, by the system, and indicating, by the system that the plurality of people speaking simultaneously was not recorded prior to continuing the recording. 16. The system of claim 1, the method further comprising: presenting, by the system, to an editor, one or more records of speech that the system processed; the one or more records including text of speech that was recognized as words and indications of speech that was not recognized; and presenting, by the system, to the editor one or more tools, which when activated by the editor, cause a single indication of speech that was not recognized to be divided into multiple words that were not recognized. 17. The system of claim 16, the method further comprising: receiving, at the system, from the editor a selection of a record; in response to the receiving, sending to the editor information which when consumed by a viewing device causes text corresponding to speech associated with the record to be displayed, the text of the speech being interrupted with highlighted regions indicating speech that was not recognized. 18. The system of claim 16, the method further comprising providing, by the system, one or more tools for listening to the speech that was not recognized and associating text with the speech that was not recognized. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the updating of the shared vocabulary system is based on the associating of the speech that was not recognized with text. 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising: a set of tools including at least one tool of the set of tools, which when activated, chooses a specific text of a word stored in the system; at least one tool of the set of tools, which when activated causes the system to associate the speech that was not recognized with the specific text of the word that was chosen, as an alternate pronunciation of the specific text of the word that was chosen.",
-    "The present disclosure includes a system and method for providing a reservoir conveyor that provides the linear space needed to increase the capacity of the buffer storage reservoir such that it is compatible with and increases the efficiency of a Grader and packers. 1. A reservoir conveyor system for use with an object grading system and an object packer, the reservoir conveyor comprising: a conveyor connected to the object grader and object packer having a length that is large enough to increase the size of a buffer storage reservoir within the reservoir conveyor. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the grading system is an egg grading system and the packer is an egg packer. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the reservoir conveyor system is an infeed conveyor system. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the reservoir conveyor system is an outfeed conveyor system. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir conveyor system is powered by the packer's preexisting reservoir drive motor system. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir conveyor system has a separate motor than that which is used by the packer's conveyor drive system. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a series of short ramps on the reservoir conveyor to prevent forward movement of objects that can cause high impact collisions between an object and the object following behind it. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir conveyor system is offset at an angle and provides for motion of objects on the conveyor to move at that angle. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more auxiliary buffer storage reservoirs where objects may be diverted. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more auxiliary buffer storage reservoirs are layered above and/or below the primary buffer storage reservoir such that the objects may be diverted from the primary buffer storage reservoir to one or more of the auxiliary buffer storage reservoirs. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the auxiliary buffer storage reservoir(s) are instead positioned to the side of the primary buffer storage reservoir. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir conveyor system is networked to a computer that can control its speed and/or the diversion of objects to one or more auxiliary buffer storage reservoirs. 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising a flip-up tail at one or both ends of the reservoir conveyor to allow ready access to the underside of the conveyor belt and associated support mechanisms. 14. The system of claim 1, further comprising quick-disconnect or drop-in components, such as guide rails on the conveyor and side rails of the conveyor, that can be easily removed to permit generally more ready access to the conveyor belt and associated mechanisms. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein localized vertical compliance is provided on the reservoir conveyor at the end nearest the grader to minimize the impact of the objects falling from the conveyor into the reservoir conveyor system. 16. A reservoir conveyor system for use with an object grading system and an object packer, the reservoir conveyor comprising: a conveyor connected to the object grader and object packer having a width that is large enough to increase the size of a buffer storage reservoir within the reservoir conveyor without increasing the length of reservoir conveyor system. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the grader is an egg grader and the packer is an egg packer. 18. The system of claim 16 wherein the reservoir conveyor system is an infeed conveyor system. 19. The system of claim 16 wherein the reservoir conveyor system is an outfeed conveyor system. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein localized vertical compliance is provided on the reservoir conveyor at the end nearest the grader to minimize the impact of the objects falling from the conveyor into the reservoir conveyor system.",
-    "One or more wearable devices may measure real-time blood pressure in a body using signals from multiple sensors including but not limited to a multi-axis accelerometer, a bioimpedance (BI) sensor, a capacitive touch sensor, an electrocardiography sensor (ECG), a ballistocardiograph sensor (BCG), a photoplethysmogram (PPG), a pulse oximetery sensor, and a phonocardiograph sensor (PCG), for example. Accelerometry data (e.g., from a multi-axis accelerometer or BCG sensor) may be used to derive effects of acceleration (e.g., gravity) on changes in blood pressure (e.g., due to changes in blood volume as measured using BI signals). The accelerometry data may be used to determine a baseline value for BI voltage signals that are indicative of diastolic and systolic blood pressure (e.g., in mmHg). Combinations of methods, such as BCG, ECG, PPG, blood pressure Pulse Wave and others may be used to determine pulse transit time (PTT), pulse arrival time (PAT), and pre-ejection period (PET). The wearable devices may be born on one or more body parts, such as the wrist, arm, leg, ankle, neck, chest, thorax, head, and ear. 1. A system, comprising: a wearable device being configured to be associated with a body; a biometric sensor included in the wearable device, the biometric sensor being configured to generate a biometric signal indicative of biometric activity generated by a portion of the body; a motion sensor being configured to generate a motion signal indicative of motion of the body; and a processor being configured to: receive the biometric signal and the motion signal, generate data representing a difference between a first value and a second value of the biometric signal, receive calibration data, determine a calibration factor based on the calibration data and the data representing the difference between the first value and the second value of the biometric signal, calculate, using the motion signal and the calibration factor, data representing a motion-related artifact in the biometric signal, and factor the motion-related artifact out of the biometric signal to generate data representing blood pressure indicative of blood pressure in the portion of the body. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal indicative of the biometric activity comprises a bioimpedance signal. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor is disposed in another wearable device being configured to be associated with the body. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor is disposed external to the body. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the motion signal comprises accelerometry data associated with the motion of the body. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the biometric sensor includes a plurality of electrode pairs, each electrode pair including a drive electrode and a receive electrode. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor comprises an accelerometer being configured to sense acceleration along at least one axis of motion. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the calibration factor comprises the calibration data multiplied by the data representing the difference between the first value and the second value of the biometric signal. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the biometric signal comprises a blood pressure signal. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the biometric sensor comprises an optical sensor being configured to sense blood flow in the portion of the body. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: input the data representing the difference between the first value and the second value of the biometric signal to a data resource being configured to match the data representing the difference between the first value and the second value with data representing a matching value stored in the data resource, the data representing the matching value being associated with data representing an output value; and receive the data representing the output value as the correlation data.",
-    "A dynamically-reconfigurable multiband multiprotocol communications jamming system and method is provided that are particularly suited for the generation of effective radio-frequency waveforms/noise output that successively translates up and down the RF spectrum. The system and method are particularly suited for strategically targeting specific frequencies in order to disrupt a communications network or networks, and can be rapidly deployed via delivery platforms, such as artillery and other projectile mechanisms, remote operated vehicles (unmanned aerial, sea or land systems) or targeted air or land delivery via manned assets or automated or robotic support means, or manual delivery by personnel. 1. A communications jamming system, comprising: a software defined radio (SDR) system for generating a jamming signal; a processing system in communication with the SDR system, wherein the processing system comprises, a host processor for running software used to control the SDR system, and a content management system (CMS) database that contains jamming signal parameters for target signals of interest; and a transmit antenna system for transmitting the jamming signal. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the transmit antenna system comprises: at least two different types of antenna; and an auto band selector for selectively choosing one of the at least two types of antenna based on the frequency of the jamming signal. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least two different types of antenna comprise a metamaterial fractal antenna, a Yagi/Log directional antenna and a metamaterial parabolic antenna. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the CMS database is adapted to construct software radio blocks utilized by the SDR system. 5. A mesh jamming network, comprising: at least two communications jamming systems in communication with each other for dynamically coordinating communications jamming coverage, wherein each communications jamming system comprises, a software defined radio (SDR) system for generating a jamming signal; a processing system in communication with the SDR system, wherein the processing system comprises a host processor for running software used to control the SDR system, and a content management system (CMS) database that contains jamming signal parameters for target signals of interest, and a transmit antenna system for transmitting the jamming signal. 6. The mesh jamming network of claim 5, wherein each communications jamming system is capable of communicating jamming system parameters, protocols and other field intelligence to other communications jamming systems in the mesh jamming network. 7. The mesh jamming network of claim 5, wherein the communications jamming systems communicate with one another via radio-frequency links 8. The mesh jamming network of claim 7, wherein the radio-frequency links comprise coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing links",
-    "A tether may include a core, a hybrid layer surrounding the core, and a jacket surrounding the hybrid layer. The hybrid layer may include a plurality of strength members, and a plurality of electrical conductor bundles. Each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical bundles may include a compliant element, a plurality of electrical conducting elements surrounding the compliant element, and an insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electrical conducting elements. 1. A tether comprising: a core; a hybrid layer surrounding the core, wherein the hybrid layer comprises: a plurality of strength members, and a plurality of electrical conductor bundles, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical bundles comprises: a compliant element, a plurality of electrical conducting elements surrounding the compliant element, and an insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electrical conducting elements; and a jacket surrounding the hybrid layer. 2. The tether of claim 1, wherein the plurality of strength members comprises a first strength member and a second strength member, wherein the first strength member is spaced apart from the second strength member by about 180 degrees along a circumference of the core. 3. The tether of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a first group of electrical conductor bundles defining a first electrical path, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a first portion of the core, such that a cross-section of the first group of electrical conductor bundles defines a first arc along the first portion of the core; and a second group of electrical conductor bundles defining a second electrical path that is different than the first electrical path, wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a second portion of the core, such that a cross-section of the second group of the electrical conductor bundles defines a second arc along the first portion of the core, wherein the plurality of strength members comprises a first strength member and a second strength member, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles is located between the first strength member and the second strength member, and wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles is located between the first strength member and the second strength member. 4. The tether of claim 3, wherein the first group of electrical conductors is configured to carry a first phase of electrical power, and wherein the second group of electrical conductors is configured to carry a second phase of electrical power that is different from the first phase of electrical power. 5. The tether of claim 3, wherein the first group of electrical conductors is configured to operate at a first potential, and wherein the second group of electrical conductors is configured to operate at a second potential that is different from the first potential. 6. The tether of claim 1, wherein the plurality of strength members comprises four strength members, wherein each strength member of the plurality of strength members is located around a respective portion of the core, and wherein each strength member of the plurality of strength members is spaced apart from two other strength members of the four strength members by about 90 degrees along a circumference of the core. 7. The tether of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a first group of two electrical conductor bundles defining a first electrical path, wherein the first group of two electrical conductors is located around a first half of a circumference of the core, and a second group of two electrical conductor bundles defining a second electrical path that is different from the first electrical path, wherein the second group of two electrical conductors is located around a second half of the circumference of the core, wherein the plurality of strength members comprises four strength members, and wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles is located between two strength members of the plurality of strength members. 8. The tether of claim 1, wherein each strength member of the plurality of strength members comprises a non-circular cross-section shape. 9. The tether of claim 1, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises a non-circular cross-section shape. 10. The tether of claim 1, wherein the core or at least one strength member of plurality of strength members comprises an abrasion resistant layer. 11. The tether of claim 1 further comprising at least one fiber optic cable, coaxial conductor, or sensor located in first interstitial spaces between adjacent strength members or electrical conductor bundles and the core, or second interstitial spaces between adjacent strength members or electrical conductor bundles and the jacket. 12. The tether of claim 1, wherein the core or at least one strength member of the plurality of strength members comprises a fiber optic cable, coaxial conductor, or sensor. 13. The tether of claim 1 further comprising a fill material located in (i) first interstices between adjacent strength members or electrical conductor bundles and the core and (ii) second interstices between adjacent strength members or electrical conductor bundles and the jacket. 14. The tether of claim 1 further comprising: a plurality of second strength elements; and a plurality of second electrical conductor bundles, wherein each second electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of second electrical conductor bundles comprises: a compliant element, a plurality of electrical conducting elements surrounding the compliant element, and an insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electrical conducting elements. 15. The tether of claim 1, wherein the jacket comprises an outer surface that comprises a plurality of drag-affecting surface features. 16. A tether comprising: a core; a hybrid layer surrounding the core, wherein the hybrid layer comprises: a first strength member, a second strength member, and a plurality of electrical conductor bundles, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a compliant element, a plurality of electrical conducting elements wound around the compliant element, and an insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electrical conducting elements, wherein the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a first group of electrical conductor bundles defining a first electrical path, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a first portion of the core, such that a cross-section of the first group of electrical conductor bundles defines a first arc along the first portion of the core, and a second group of electrical conductor bundles defining a second electrical path that is different than the first electrical path, wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a second portion of the core, such that a cross-section of the second group of the electrical conductor bundles defines a second arc along the second portion of the core, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles is located between the first strength member and the second strength member, and wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles is located between the first strength member and the second strength member; and a jacket surrounding the hybrid layer. 17. The tether of claim 16, wherein the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises six electrical conductor bundles. 18. A tether comprising: a core; a hybrid layer surrounding the core, wherein the hybrid layer comprises: a plurality of strength members, wherein each strength member of the plurality of strength members comprises a non-circular cross-section shape; a plurality of electrical conductor bundles, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises a circular cross-section shape, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a compliant element, a plurality of electrical conducting elements wound around the compliant element, and an insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electrical conducting elements, wherein the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a first group of electrical conductor bundles defining a first electrical path, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a first half of a circumference of the core, and a second group of electrical conductor bundles defining a second electrical path that is different than the first electrical path, wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a second half of a circumference of the core, and wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical bundles is located between two strength members of the plurality of strength members; and a jacket surrounding the hybrid layer. 19. The tether of claim 18, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles comprises two electrical conductor bundles, and wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles comprises two electrical conductor bundles. 20. A tether comprising: a core; a hybrid layer surrounding the core, wherein the hybrid layer comprises: a plurality of first strength members located around the core, wherein each first strength member of the plurality of first strength members comprises a rectangular cross-section shape, a plurality of second strength members located around the plurality of first strength members, wherein each second strength member of the plurality second strength members comprises a triangular cross-section shape, and a plurality of electrical conductor bundles located around the core, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises a circular cross-section shape, wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a compliant element, a plurality of electrical conducting elements wound around the compliant element, and an insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electrical conducting elements, wherein the plurality of electrical conductor bundles comprises: a first group of electrical conductor bundles defining a first electrical path, wherein the first group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a first half of a circumference of the core, and a second group of electrical conductor bundles defining a second electrical path that is different than the first electrical path, wherein the second group of electrical conductor bundles is located around a second half of a circumference of the core, and wherein each electrical conductor bundle of the plurality of electrical bundles is located between two first strength members of the plurality of first strength members and two second strength members of the plurality of second strength members; and a jacket surrounding the plurality of second strength members and the plurality of electrical conductor bundles.",
-    "A stratified or segmented composite data structure can be formed by selecting a group of data entities, stratifying or segmenting them according to attributes, and assigning relative weights to the components based on their stratified or segmented positions. The attributes are selected from a universe of possible values. Further positive and negative biases can be applied at any arbitrary point or position, including to individual data entities, groups of arbitrarily selected data entities, or arbitrary positions. 1. A method implemented in a computer system for storing a database characterization of a set, aggregate, or composite of elements of a functional system, or of a representation of those elements, the method comprising: electronically storing a set of data entities in a database system, the data entities corresponding to elements of a functional system, wherein the functional system comprises a group of elements ordered by their functional roles in converting inputs to outputs, or as the inputs, or as the outputs; electronically assigning the data entity corresponding to an element one or more functional attributes represented as an electronic tag, wherein the functional attributes characterize the roles of the elements in a process of converting inputs to outputs; selecting multiple elements, or a representation of those elements, characterized by data entities for inclusion in a set, aggregate, or composite; segmenting the selected elements, or a representation of those elements, into two or more defined groups based on the electronic tags representing the functional attributes associated with the corresponding elements, wherein the first group shares a first common functional attribute, and the second group shares a second common functional attribute; electronically accessing the database representation of the segmented groups; electronically iterating through the accessed representation to compute a negative or positive weight for one or more of the elements, or a representation of those elements, based on the one or more segmented groups; and assigning the negative or positive weight to the one or more of the elements, or a representation of those elements; and electronically storing the assigned weight in the database system. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting one of the segmented groups of data entities which share a first common or proximate functional attribute; segmenting the selected group of data entities into two or more sub-groups, wherein the sub-groups are subsets of the segmented groups; and weighting the two or more segmented sub-groups, wherein the data entities in a first sub-group share a third common or proximate functional attribute and the data entities in a second sub-group share a fourth common or proximate functional attribute. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: one or more groups, sub-groups, or data entities are weighted based on syntactic or functional tags, or syntactic or functional attributes; and one or more groups, sub-groups, or data entities are weighted based on non-syntactic, non-functional tags, or non-syntactic or non-functional attributes. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: assigning a target weight to a data entity representing a group, sub-group, or element; and periodically rebalancing the data entity representing a group, sub-group, or element to the target weight. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more data entities or elements are represented in graphical, sequential, clustered, or networked form. 6. A system for storing a database characterization of a set, aggregate, or composite of elements of a functional system, or of a representation of those elements, comprising: a computerized processor configured for: electronically storing a set of data entities in a database system, the data entities corresponding to elements of a functional system, wherein the functional system comprises a group of elements ordered by their functional roles in converting inputs to outputs, or as the inputs, or as the outputs; electronically assigning the data entity corresponding to an element one or more functional attributes represented as an electronic tag, wherein the functional attributes characterize the roles of the elements in a process of converting inputs to outputs; selecting multiple elements, or a representation of those elements, characterized by data entities for inclusion in a set, aggregate, or composite; segmenting the selected elements, or a representation of those elements, into two or more defined groups based on the electronic tags representing the functional attributes associated with the corresponding elements, wherein the first group shares a first common functional attribute, and the second group shares a second common functional attribute; electronically accessing the database representation of the segmented groups; electronically iterating through the accessed representation to compute a negative or positive weight for one or more of the elements, or a representation of those elements, based on the one or more segmented groups; and assigning the negative or positive weight to the one or more of the elements, or a representation of those elements; and electronically storing the assigned weight in the database system. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the computerized processor is further configured for: selecting one of the segmented groups of data entities which share a first common or proximate functional attribute; segmenting the selected group of data entities into two or more sub-groups, wherein the sub-groups are subsets of the segmented groups; and weighting the two or more segmented sub-groups, wherein the data entities in a first sub-group share a third common or proximate functional attribute and the data entities in a second sub-group share a fourth common or proximate functional attribute. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein: one or more groups, sub-groups, or data entities are weighted based on syntactic or functional tags, or syntactic or functional attributes; and one or more groups, sub-groups, or data entities are weighted based on non-syntactic, non-functional tags, or non-syntactic or non-functional attributes. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the computerized processor is further configured for: assigning a target weight to a data entity representing a group, sub-group, or element; and periodically rebalancing the data entity representing a group, sub-group, or element to the target weight. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein one or more data entities or elements are represented in graphical, sequential, clustered, or networked form. 11. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions adapted to cause the computer system to perform storing a database characterization of a set, aggregate, or composite of elements of a functional system, or of a representation of those elements, the method further comprising: electronically storing a set of data entities in a database system, the data entities corresponding to elements of a functional system, wherein the functional system comprises a group of elements ordered by their functional roles in converting inputs to outputs, or as the inputs, or as the outputs; electronically assigning the data entity corresponding to an element one or more functional attributes represented as an electronic tag, wherein the functional attributes characterize the roles of the elements in a process of converting inputs to outputs; selecting multiple elements, or a representation of those elements, characterized by data entities for inclusion in a set, aggregate, or composite; segmenting the selected elements, or a representation of those elements, into two or more defined groups based on the electronic tags representing the functional attributes associated with the corresponding elements, wherein the first group shares a first common functional attribute, and the second group shares a second common functional attribute; electronically accessing the database representation of the segmented groups; electronically iterating through the accessed representation to compute a negative or positive weight for one or more of the elements, or a representation of those elements, based on the one or more segmented groups; and assigning the negative or positive weight to the one or more of the elements, or a representation of those elements; and electronically storing the assigned weight in the database system. 12. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, further having computer-executable instructions adapted for: selecting one of the segmented groups of data entities which share a first common or proximate functional attribute; segmenting the selected group of data entities into two or more sub-groups, wherein the sub-groups are subsets of the segmented groups; and weighting the two or more segmented sub-groups, wherein the data entities in a first sub-group share a third common or proximate functional attribute and the data entities in a second sub-group share a fourth common or proximate functional attribute. 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein: one or more groups, sub-groups, or data entities are weighted based on syntactic or functional tags, or syntactic or functional attributes; and one or more groups, sub-groups, or data entities are weighted based on non-syntactic, non-functional tags, or non-syntactic or non-functional attributes. 14. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, further having computer-executable instructions adapted for: assigning a target weight to a data entity representing a group, sub-group, or element; and periodically rebalancing the data entity representing a group, sub-group, or element to the target weight. 15. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein one or more data entities or elements are represented in graphical, sequential, clustered, or networked form.",
-    "A toner having toner particles, each of which contains a binder resin, a wax and inorganic fine particles, wherein the inorganic fine particles are fixed at the surface of the toner particles as a result of a surface treatment by hot air, and the degree of uneven distribution of wax in the toner is controlled in a depth direction of the toner, from the toner surface towards a toner central portion. 1 to 4. (canceled) 5. A toner comprising toner particles, each of which contains a binder resin, a wax, a colorant and inorganic fine particles, wherein the binder resin is a polyester resin, the wax is a hydrocarbon wax, the inorganic fine particles are fixed at the surface of the toner particles, and the toner satisfies the following formula (1): 1.20\u2266P1/P2=2.00 (1) in the formula (1), P1=Pa/Pb and P2=Pc/Pd, wherein, Pa is an intensity of the highest absorption peak in a range from 2843 cm\u22121 to 2853 cm\u22121, and Pb is an intensity of the highest absorption peak in a range from 1713 cm\u22121 to 1723 cm\u22121 in an FT-IR spectrum obtained by an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method by using Ge as the ATR crystal and under the condition of an infrared light-incidence angle of 45\u00b0, and wherein Pc is an intensity of the highest absorption peak in a range from 2843 cm\u22121 to 2853 cm\u22121, and Pd is an intensity of the highest absorption peak in a range from 1713 cm\u22121 to 1723 cm\u22121 in an FT-IR spectrum obtained by an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method by using KRS5 as the ATR crystal and under the condition of an infrared light-incidence angle of 45\u00b0. 6. The toner according to claim 5, wherein a specific surface area of the inorganic fine particles ranges from 10 m2/g to 60 m2/g. 7. The toner according to claim 5, wherein the P1/P2 ranges from 1.30 to 1.80.",
-    "A fiber optic plug, suitable for multi-core fiber (MCF), is structured to hold satellite cores of the MCF in a precise angular positions so as to attain suitable alignment with satellite cores of a mating connector. The plug includes features to permit a ferrule holding the MCF to move longitudinally relative to the connector's housing, so that a spring may control a mating force to an abutting ferrule of a mating connector. The ferrule may be held by ferrule barrel having splines projecting away from an outer peripheral surface. The splines may slide longitudinally within notches of the connector housing or a strength member attached to the connector housing. The notches and splines have a tight tolerance, so that the satellite cores remain in a desired, set angular position. 1. A multi-core fiber connector comprising: a ferrule with a bore therein, said bore being sized to hold a multi-core fiber; a ferrule barrel surrounding at least a portion of said ferrule, said ferrule barrel including at least one first alignment feature on an outer peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel; and a connector housing having an inner cavity receiving said ferrule barrel, said inner cavity including at least one second alignment feature cooperating with said at least one first alignment feature and permitting said at least one first alignment feature to move relative to said at least one second alignment feature in a first direction which is substantially parallel to an extension direction of said ferrule. 2. The connector of claim 1, wherein said at least one first alignment feature is at least one spline extending away from said outer peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel, and said at least one second alignment features is at least one notch receiving said at least one spline, and wherein a width of said at least notch and a width of said at least one spline are dimensioned so as to permit reciprocal movement of said ferrule barrel along an axis passing through the center of said ferrule, which is parallel to the first direction, and limit rotation of the ferrule barrel around the axis to less than +/\u22122.3 degrees. 3. The connector of claim 1, wherein said ferrule is cylindrical in shape and said bore is located along an axis passing through a center of said ferrule. 4. The connector of claim 1, further comprising: a tube surrounding an exit opening of said bore in said ferrule; an extender surrounding said tube; and a spring surrounding said tube and residing between said ferrule barrel and said extender and biasing said ferrule barrel away from said extender, wherein said extender is attached to a portion of said inner cavity of said connector housing. 5. A multi-core fiber connector comprising: a ferrule with a bore therein, said bore being sized to hold a multi-core fiber; a ferrule barrel surrounding at least a portion of said ferrule, said ferrule barrel including at least one first alignment feature on an outer peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel; a strength member surrounding an exit opening of said bore in said ferrule to a rear of said ferrule barrel, said strength member including at least one second alignment feature cooperating with said at least one first alignment feature and allowing said at least one first alignment feature to move in a direction substantially parallel to an extension direction of said ferrule; and a connector housing having an inner cavity receiving said ferrule barrel and said strength member, wherein said strength member is attached directly or indirectly to said connector housing. 6. The connector of claim 5, wherein said at least one first alignment feature is at least one spline extending away from said outer peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel, and said at least one second alignment features is at least one notch receiving said at least one spline. 7. The connector of claim 6, wherein said at least one spline includes four splines, each extending away from said outer peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel and being equally spaced around said peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel at intervals of ninety degrees. 8. The connector of claim 5, further comprising: an extender surrounding said strength member, and wherein said strength member is adhered to said extender, and said extender is attached to a portion of said inner cavity of said connector housing. 9. The connector of claim 5, further comprising: a tube located within said strength member and to the rear of said ferrule barrel; and a spring surrounding said tube and residing between said ferrule barrel and a portion of said strength member and biasing said ferrule barrel away from said portion of said strength member. 10. A multi-core fiber connector comprising: a ferrule with a bore therein, said bore being sized to hold a multi-core fiber; a ferrule barrel surrounding at least a portion of said ferrule, said ferrule barrel including first and second splines extending away from an outer peripheral surface of said ferrule barrel; a first collar surrounding said ferrule on a first side of said ferrule barrel, said first collar including first and second notches to receive said first and second splines and allowing said first and second splines to slide therein, said first collar including first and second tabs protruding away from a surface of said first collar; a second collar surrounding said ferrule, said second collar including third and fourth notches to receive said first and second tabs and allowing said first and second tabs to slide therein; and a connector housing having an inner cavity receiving said second collar, wherein said second collar is adhered to said inner cavity. 11. The connector of claim 10, further comprising: an extender surrounding an exit opening of said bore in said ferrule to a rear of said ferrule barrel, said extender being located on an opposite side of said ferrule barrel as compared to said first collar, wherein said extender is attached to said inner cavity of said connector housing. 12. The connector of claim 11, further comprising: a spring interposed between said ferrule barrel and said extender. 13. The connector of claim 10, wherein said ferrule barrel, said first collar and said second collar are all formed of metal. 14. The connector of claim 10, wherein said first and second splines are located approximately one hundred eighty degrees apart along said periphery of said ferrule barrel, and wherein said first and second tabs are located approximately one hundred eighty degrees apart along said edge of said front face of said first collar, and wherein the first and second tabs are offset by approximately ninety degrees relative to the first and second notches. 15. The connector of claim 1, wherein said ferrule barrel is a first ferrule barrel and said portion of said ferrule is a first portion of said ferrule; and wherein said first ferrule barrel is pressed fitted onto said first portion of said ferrule, such that said ferrule can turn within said first ferrule barrel once a first frictional coefficient existing between said ferrule and said first ferrule barrel is overcome. 16. The connector of claim 15, further comprising: a second ferrule barrel surrounding at least a second portion of said ferrule, wherein rotation of said second ferrule barrel causes said ferrule to rotate within said first ferrule barrel. 17. The connector of claim 16, wherein said second ferrule barrel is pressed fitted onto said second portion of said ferrule, and wherein a second frictional coefficient exists between said ferrule and said second ferrule barrel, and wherein the second frictional coefficient is greater than the first frictional coefficient. 18. The connector of claim 16, wherein said second ferrule barrel is adhered to ferrule. 19. The connector of claim 16, further comprising: a tube attached to said second ferrule barrel, wherein said tube includes features for engagement by a tool to rotate said tube, and wherein rotation of said tube causes corresponding rotation of said second ferrule barrel and said ferrule. 20. The connector of claim 16, further comprising: teeth attached to an exterior of said second ferrule barrel; and an opening in a side of said connector housing providing access to said teeth, wherein said teeth may be engaged to impart a rotation to said second ferrule barrel and cause said second ferrule barrel to rotate in order to cause said ferrule to rotate about an axis passing through a center of said ferrule.",
-    "A method and system for performing video content analysis based on two-dimensional image data and depth data are disclosed. Video content analysis may be performed on the two-dimensional image data, and then the depth data may be used along with the results of the video content analysis of the two-dimensional data for tracking and event detection. 1. A video content analysis method comprising: capturing a video sequence that includes a plurality of frames, each frame including a video image; for each frame, receiving image data of the video image and also receiving depth data associated with the video image; analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence; using the depth data along with the one or more detected objects to classify at least a first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked; performing tracking on at least the first classified object; and performing event detection analysis on the first classified object. 2. The video content analysis method of claim 1, further comprising: using the depth data along with the one or more detected objects to additionally classify at least a second object of the one or more detected objects as an object not to be tracked. 3. The video content analysis method of claim 1, wherein: classifying the first object as an object to be tracked includes classifying the first object as a person. 4. The video content analysis method of claim 1, wherein: classifying the first object as an object to be tracked includes classifying the first object as an object above a predetermined height or volume threshold. 5. The video content analysis method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence includes detecting at least one blob that corresponds to the one or more objects. 6. The video content analysis method of claim 1, further comprising: classifying at least the first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked by using the depth data associated with the one or more detected objects and without analyzing depth data associated with a portion of the video image that is not part of the one or more detected objects. 7. The video content analysis method of claim 1, wherein the depth data is determined by a single depth sensor. 8-29. (canceled) 30. A video surveillance system comprising: one or more sensors that capture two-dimensional (2D) image data and depth data; and a video content analysis system configured to: receive a video sequence that includes a plurality of frames, each frame including a video image; for each frame, receive the 2D image data of the video image for that frame, and also receive depth data associated with the video image; analyze the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence; use the depth data along with the one or more detected objects to classify at least a first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked; perform tracking on at least the first classified object; and perform event detection analysis on the first classified object. 31. The video content analysis method of claim 30, wherein analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence includes analyzing only the 2D image data without analyzing the depth data. 32. The video content analysis method of claim 30, wherein analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence includes performing 2D analysis on the image data to perform motion and change detection. 33. The video content analysis method of claim 30, wherein the only depth data used in classifying at least the first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked is the depth data associated with the one or more detected objects. 34. The video content analysis method of claim 30, wherein using the depth data along with the one or more detected objects to classify at least a first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked includes using the depth data to determine that the one or more detected objects include two people. 35. The video content analysis method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence includes analyzing only two-dimensional data to perform object detection without using depth data for the analysis. 36. The video content analysis method of claim 35, wherein the only depth data used in classifying at least the first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked is the depth data associated with the one or more detected objects. 37. The video content analysis method of claim 35, wherein analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence includes performing two-dimensional (2D) analysis on the image data to perform motion and change detection. 38. The video content analysis method of claim 37, wherein: analyzing the image data to detect one or more objects depicted in the video sequence further includes, based on the motion and change detection, detecting at least one blob that corresponds to the one or more objects; and using the depth data along with the one or more detected objects to classify at least the first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked includes classifying only part of the blob as a target to be tracked. 39. The video content analysis method of claim 38, further comprising: using the depth data with the detected blob to determine that part of the blob does not correspond to the target to be tracked. 40. The video content analysis method of claim 38, wherein using the depth data along with the one or more detected objects to classify at least the first object of the one or more detected objects as an object to be tracked includes using the depth data to determine that the one or more detected objects include two people.",
-    "The invention provides polymers comprising Formula I: wherein monomer is a repeating unit comprising 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms and the monomers are linked together through amide or ester bonds; n is about 6 to about 1000; and Linker is an optionally substituted carbon chain that is optionally interrupted by moieties such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon. Charge is a moiety having a positive or negative charge on a heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, or sulfur; where the Linker separates the monomer and the Charge by at least six linear atoms. The invention also provides methods of preparing the polymers and the copolymers and methods of using the polymers and copolymers, for example, as drug delivery systems, as membrane penetrating peptides, and as therapeutic agents. 1. A polymer comprising Formula IA: wherein n is about 6 to about 1000; q is 0 to about 5; r is 0 to about 5; R13 is H, absent, an aromatic group, or an aliphatic group, wherein the aromatic group or aliphatic group is optionally substituted; Linker is a chain of atoms that is 6 atoms or longer; and * is a positively or negatively charged moiety, wherein the moiety having the positive or negative charge comprises a cationic nitrogen of a nitrogen heterocycle, a guanidinium group, a hydrazone, a hydrazide, or a hydrazine, or an anionic oxygen of a carboxylate; or a salt thereof. 2. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer is in the form of an \u03b1-helix. 3. The polymer of claim 2 wherein the \u03b1-helix form is stable at pH 1 to about pH 11 in an aqueous solution, and in an aqueous solution containing up to a 4 M concentration of NaCl. 4. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer forms an \u03b1-helix in aqueous solution wherein the helix is stable at temperatures up to about 90\u00b0 C. 5. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the backbone of the polymer of Formula IA comprises glutamic acid residues or aspartic acid residues. 6. The polymer of claim 1 wherein Linker is a (C6-C20)alkyl group comprising an ester, wherein the (C6-C20)alkyl group is optionally interrupted by one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, phenyl groups, a sulfur atom, a triazole group, or a combination thereof, and wherein the (C6-C20)alkyl group is optionally substituted by one, two, three, four, or five oxo groups, hydroxy groups, (C1-C4)alkyl groups, pyridine groups, piperidine groups, pyrrolidine groups, monosaccharide groups, or a combination thereof. 7. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the charged moiety * is a moiety comprising a cationic nitrogen of a nitrogen heterocycle or a guanidinium group, or an anionic oxygen of a carboxylate. 8. The polymer of claim 9 wherein q is 1 to about 5. 9. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polymer of Formula IIa: wherein n is about 6 to about 600; m is 1 to about 10; p is 1 to about 16; L is \u2014R1, \u2014NH\u2014R2, or -Ph-CH2\u2014NH\u2014R2; R1 is moiety having a guanidinium cation, a carboxylate anion, a phosphonate anion, or sulfonate anion; and R2 is \u2014C(\u2550O)-pyridine, sugar, phenyl, phenyl meta para substituted with a crown ether moiety; or (C2-C10)alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, pyridine, piperidine, or pyrrolidine groups; or a salt thereof. 10. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polymer of Formula IIb or IIc: wherein n is about 10 to about 500; m is 1 to about 10; p is 1 to about 16; q is 0 to about 5; L is \u2014R1, \u2014NH\u2014R2, or -Ph-CH2\u2014NH\u2014R2; R1 is moiety having a guanidinium cation, a carboxylate anion, a phosphonate anion, or a sulfonate anion; and R2 is \u2014C(\u2550O)-pyridine, sugar, phenyl, phenyl meta para substituted with a crown ether moiety; or (C2-C10)alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy, pyridine, piperidine, or pyrrolidine groups; or a salt thereof. 11. The polymer of claim 10 wherein q is 1 to about 5. 12. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a polymer of Formula IIIa or IIIb: wherein R1 is moiety having a guanidinium cation, a carboxylate anion, a phosphonate anion, or a sulfonate anion; n is about 6 to about 600; m is 1 to about 10; p is 1 to about 16; and q is 0-5. 13. The polymer of claim 12 wherein q is 1 to about 5. 14. The polymer of claim 10 wherein the polymer comprises Formula IIIc: wherein R1 is moiety having a guanidinium cation, a carboxylate anion, a phosphonate anion, or a sulfonate anion; n is about 6 to about 600; m is 1 to 9; and p is 1 to about 16. 15. The polymer of claim 1 wherein n is 100 or greater. 16. The polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprising Formula IA is a block copolymer or a random copolymer. 17. A method for delivering molecular cargo to a cell comprising: contacting a cell with a composition comprising a polymer of claim 1 and molecular cargo, and optionally contacting the cell with an effective transfection-promoting amount of nocodazole; wherein the polymer adopts a secondary structure, where the secondary structure comprises an \u03b1-helix or a \u03b2-sheet; under conditions sufficient to transfect the cell with the molecular cargo; wherein the molecular cargo comprises, DNA, RNA, a protein, a small molecule drug, or a diagnostic agent. 18. A method for inhibiting bacterial growth comprising: contacting bacteria with a composition comprising a polymer of claim 1, wherein the polymer adopts a secondary structure, where the secondary structure comprises an \u03b1-helix or a \u03b2-sheet; under conditions sufficient to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. 19. A method for inhibiting cancer cell growth comprising: contacting cancer cells with a composition comprising a polymer of claim 1, wherein the polymer is in the form of a secondary structure, where the secondary structure comprises an \u03b1-helix or a \u03b2-sheet; under conditions sufficient to inhibit the growth of the cancer cells. 20. A method for destabilizing a cell membrane or causing pore formation in a cell comprising: contacting the cell with a composition comprising a polymer claim 1, wherein the polymer is in the form of a stable \u03b1-helix; under conditions sufficient contact the cell with the polymer, whereby the polymer causes pore formation in the cell.",
-    "A robot includes a base, a first arm, a second arm, a first motor, and a second motor. The first arm is disposed on the base and swingable about a first axis. The second arm is disposed on the first arm and swingable about a second axis. The first motor moves the first arm about the first axis. The second motor moves the second arm about the second axis. The first and second motors each include a body and a protrusion. The body has an axial dimension in a direction along an output shaft of each motor and a perpendicular dimension in a direction approximately perpendicular to the output shaft. The axial dimension is smaller than the perpendicular dimension. The protrusion protrudes from a surface of the body in a direction along the output shaft and is disposed at a position displaced from the output shaft. 1. A robot comprising: a base; a first arm disposed on the base and swingable about a first axis parallel to an installation surface on which the base is installed; a second arm disposed on the first arm and swingable about a second axis parallel to the first axis; a first motor configured to move the first arm about the first axis relative to the base, the first motor comprising: a first body comprising an axial dimension in a direction along an output shaft of the first motor and a perpendicular dimension in a direction approximately perpendicular to the output shaft of the first motor, the axial dimension being smaller than the perpendicular dimension; and a first protrusion protruding from a surface of the first body in a direction along the output shaft of the first motor and disposed at a position displaced from the output shaft of the first motor; and a second motor configured to move the second arm about the second axis relative to the first arm, the second motor comprising: a second body comprising an axial dimension in a direction along an output shaft of the second motor and a perpendicular dimension in a direction approximately perpendicular to the output shaft of the second motor, the axial dimension being smaller than the perpendicular dimension; and a second protrusion protruding from a surface of the second body in a direction along the output shaft of the second motor and disposed at a position displaced from the output shaft of the second motor. 2. The robot according to claim 1, further comprising a cable extending between the first arm and the second arm, wherein in a view from a direction along the first axis and the second axis, the cable overlaps the first body of the first motor and the second body of the second motor with the surface of the first body and the surface of the second body in contact with or abutting on the cable. 3. The robot according to claim 2, further comprising: a first reducer coupled to the first motor and comprising an input shaft coaxial with the output shaft of the first motor, wherein the first motor is disposed between the first reducer and the cable in a direction along the first axis; and a second reducer coupled to the second motor and comprising an input shaft coaxial with the output shaft of the second motor, wherein the second motor is disposed between the second reducer and the cable in a direction along the second axis. 4. The robot according to claim 2, wherein the first motor is fixed to the base, and wherein the second motor is fixed to the second arm. 5. The robot according to claim 4, wherein the output shaft of the first motor and the first axis are coaxial with each other, wherein the first arm is swingable in a first direction up to a first swing angle relative to a first reference line that is in a direction approximately perpendicular to the installation surface and that passes through the first axis, and the first arm is swingable relative to the first reference line in a second direction opposite to the first direction up to a second swing angle smaller than the first swing angle, and wherein in a view from a direction along the first axis, the first protrusion of the first motor is disposed at a position that is lower than the first axis in a direction toward the installation surface and that is further in the second direction than the first reference line. 6. The robot according to claim 4, wherein the output shaft of the second motor and the second axis are coaxial with each other, wherein the second arm is swingable in a first direction up to a first swing angle relative to a second reference line that is in a direction approximately perpendicular to the installation surface and that passes through the second axis, and the second arm is swingable relative to the second reference line in a second direction opposite to the first direction up to a second swing angle smaller than the first swing angle, and wherein while the second arm is not swinging relative to the second reference line, the second protrusion of the second arm is at a position that is further away from the first axis than the second axis is from the first axis in a view from a direction along the second axis. 7. The robot according to claim 2, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 8. The robot according to claim 7, wherein the first motor is positioned between two fixtures among the plurality of fixtures, and the second motor is positioned between another two fixtures among the plurality of fixtures. 9. The robot according to claim 1, wherein the first arm comprises a pair of arm members extending and facing each other. 10. The robot according to claim 3, wherein the first motor is fixed to the base, and wherein the second motor is fixed to the second arm. 11. The robot according to claim 10, wherein the output shaft of the first motor and the first axis are coaxial with each other, wherein the first arm is swingable in a first direction up to a first swing angle relative to a first reference line that is in a direction approximately perpendicular to the installation surface and that passes through the first axis, and the first arm is swingable relative to the first reference line in a second direction opposite to the first direction up to a second swing angle smaller than the first swing angle, and wherein in a view from a direction along the first axis, the first protrusion of the first motor is disposed at a position that is lower than the first axis in a direction toward the installation surface and that is further in the second direction than the first reference line. 12. The robot according to claim 10, wherein the output shaft of the second motor and the second axis are coaxial with each other, wherein the second arm is swingable in a first direction up to a first swing angle relative to a second reference line that is in a direction approximately perpendicular to the installation surface and that passes through the second axis, and the second arm is swingable relative to the second reference line in a second direction opposite to the first direction up to a second swing angle smaller than the first swing angle, and wherein while the second arm is not swinging relative to the second reference line, the second protrusion of the second arm is at a position that is further away from the first axis than the second axis is from the first axis in a view from a direction along the second axis. 13. The robot according to claim 3, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 14. The robot according to claim 4, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 15. The robot according to claim 5, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 16. The robot according to claim 6, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 17. The robot according to claim 10, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 18. The robot according to claim 11, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 19. The robot according to claim 12, further comprising a plurality of fixtures fixing the cable with the first motor and the second motor positioned between the plurality of fixtures. 20. The robot according to claim 13, wherein the first motor is positioned between two fixtures among the plurality of fixtures, and the second motor is positioned between another two fixtures among the plurality of fixtures.",
-    "A robot includes a base. A turnable portion is mounted on the base and turnable about a first axis approximately perpendicular to an installation surface on which the base is disposed. An arm is mounted on the turnable portion and swingable about a second axis parallel to the installation surface. A first motor is accommodated in the turnable portion and moves the turnable portion about the first axis. A first motor includes a body and a protrusion. The body has an axial dimension that is in a direction along an output shaft of the first motor and that is smaller than a perpendicular dimension in a direction approximately perpendicular to the output shaft. The protrusion protrudes from a surface of the body in a direction along the output shaft and is displaced from the output shaft. A second motor moves the arm about the second axis. 1. A robot comprising: a base; a turnable portion mounted on the base and turnable about a first axis approximately perpendicular to an installation surface on which the base is disposed; an arm mounted on the turnable portion and swingable about a second axis parallel to the installation surface; a first motor accommodated in the turnable portion and configured to move the turnable portion about the first axis relative to the base, the first motor comprising: a body comprising an axial dimension in a direction along an output shaft of the first motor and a perpendicular dimension in a direction approximately perpendicular to the output shaft of the first motor, the axial dimension being smaller than the perpendicular dimension; and a protrusion protruding from a first surface of the body in a direction along the output shaft of the first motor and disposed at a position displaced from the output shaft of the first motor; and a second motor configured to move the arm about the second axis relative to the turnable portion. 2. The robot according to claim 1, wherein the first motor is fixed to the turnable portion and rotatable together with the turnable portion. 3. The robot according to claim 2, wherein the output shaft of the first motor is coaxial with the first axis, and a second surface of the body opposite to the first surface faces the installation surface, wherein the arm is swingable in a first direction up to a first swing angle relative to a reference line that is in a direction approximately perpendicular to the installation surface and that passes through the second axis, and the arm is swingable relative to the reference line in a second direction opposite to the first direction up to a second swing angle, and wherein in a view from a direction along the second axis, the first axis is disposed at a position that is further in the second direction than the reference line, and the protrusion of the first motor is disposed on the body and between the first axis and the reference line. 4. The robot according to claim 1, further comprising a reducer coupled to the first motor and comprising an input shaft coaxial with the output shaft, the reducer being fixed to the base. 5. The robot according to claim 2, further comprising a reducer coupled to the first motor and comprising an input shaft coaxial with the output shaft, the reducer being fixed to the base. 6. The robot according to claim 3, further comprising a reducer coupled to the first motor and comprising an input shaft coaxial with the output shaft, the reducer being fixed to the base.",
-    "A method for fabricating semiconductor device is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a substrate having a first region and a second region; forming a gate layer on the substrate; forming a first gate dielectric layer on the gate layer; forming a first channel layer on the first region and a second channel layer on the second region; and forming a first source/drain on the first channel layer and a second source/drain on the second channel layer. 1. A method for fabricating semiconductor device, comprising: providing a substrate having a first region and a second region; forming a gate layer extending from the first region to the second region on the substrate; forming a first gate dielectric layer on the gate layer; forming a first channel layer on the first region and a second channel layer on the second region; and forming a first source/drain on the first channel layer and a second source/drain on the second channel layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a channel layer on the first gate dielectric layer; patterning the channel layer to form the first channel layer and the second channel layer. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a first metal layer on the first channel layer; patterning the first metal layer to form the first source/drain; forming a second metal layer on the second channel layer; and patterning the second metal layer to form the second source/drain. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the flexible substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyimide (Kapton), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethersulphone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first channel layer or the second channel layer comprises phosphorene. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first source/drain and the second source/drain are selected from the group consisting of Ti, Pd, Pt, and Au. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a second gate dielectric layer on the first channel layer and a third gate dielectric layer on the second channel layer; forming a first gate structure on the first channel layer and a second gate structure on the second channel layer; and forming the first source/drain adjacent to the first gate structure and the second source/drain adjacent to the second gate structure. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first gate structure and the second gate structure comprise metal gates. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the second gate dielectric layer and the third gate dielectric layer comprise high-k dielectric layers. 11. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate having a first region and a second region; a gate layer extending from the first region to the second region on the substrate; a gate dielectric layer on the gate layer; a first channel layer on the first region and a second channel layer on the second region; a first source/drain on the first channel layer; and a second source/drain on the second channel layer. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the flexible substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyimide (Kapton), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethersulphone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 14. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first channel layer or the second channel layer comprises phosphorene. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first source/drain and the second source/drain are selected from the group consisting of Ti, Pd, Pt, and Au. 16. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate having a first region and a second region; a gate layer extending from the first region to the second region on the substrate; a first gate dielectric layer on the gate layer; a first channel layer on the first region and a second channel layer on the second region; a first gate structure on the first channel layer and a second gate structure on the second channel layer; a first source/drain adjacent to the first gate structure; and a second source/drain adjacent to the second gate structure. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the substrate comprises a flexible substrate. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the flexible substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyimide (Kapton), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethersulphone (PES), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first channel layer or the second channel layer comprises phosphorene. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first source/drain and the second source/drain are selected from the group consisting of Ti, Pd, Pt, and Au.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to an optical sensor module, an optical sensing accessory, and an optical sensing device. An optical sensor module comprises a light source, a photodetector, and a substrate. The light source is configured to convert electric power into radiant energy and emit light to an object surface. The photodetector is configured to receive the light from an object surface and convert radiant energy into electrical current or voltage. An optical sensing accessory and an optical sensing device comprise the optical sensor module and other electronic modules to have further applications. 1. An optical sensor module comprising: a substrate; a light source disposed on the substrate; a first encapsulant formed over the light source; a photodetector disposed on the substrate; a second encapsulant formed over the photodetector; a partition coupled to the substrate and located between the light source and the photodetector; wherein at lease a part of the partition being spaced apart from at least one of the first encapsulant and the second encapsulant by a predetermined distance; and a microstructure formed on an outer profile of at least one of the first and the second encapsulants. 2. The optical sensor module of claim 1, further comprises an optical directional component on a medial surface of at least one of the first and the second encapsulants. 3. The optical sensor module of claim 2, wherein the optical directional component is configured as an inclined plane. 4. The optical sensor module of claim 2, wherein the optical directional component is configured as a curvature lens. 5. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the photodetector is substantially annularly arranged around the light source. 6. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the second encapsulant is substantially annularly arranged around the light source. 7. The optical sensor module of claim 1, further comprises a cover disposed on the packaging wall coupled to the substrate and defines an area surrounding the light source, the partition, and the photodetector. 8. The optical sensor module of claim 1, further comprises a cover. 9. The optical sensor module of claim 8, wherein the cover is configured with a curvature lens. 10. The optical sensor module of claim 8, wherein the cover is configured with a microstructure. 11. The optical sensor module of claim 8, wherein the cover is coated with an anti-scratch thin film, an anti-reflective thin film, or a filter thin film. 12. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the optical sensor module further comprises at least one of an analogue front end, a microcontroller, an operational amplifier, or a light source driver. 13. An optical sensing accessory for detecting optical properties comprising: at least one optical sensor module of claim 1; a communication module electrically connected to the optical sensor module; and a housing containing the at least one optical sensor module and the communication module. 14. An optical sensing device for detecting optical properties comprising: at least one optical sensor module of claim 1; a microprocessor electrically connected to the optical sensor module; a memory electrically connected to the optical sensor module and the microprocessor; a power supply electrically connected to the optical sensor module and the memory; and a housing containing the at least one optical sensor module, the microprocessor, the memory and the power supply.",
-    "Provided are systems and methods for configuring battery packs in electric vehicles. A battery pack may include a plurality of battery modules, a support part, and at least one opening provided on the support part. The support part may be provided with a bottom for supporting the plurality of battery modules, sides, a top, and an accommodation space formed by the bottom, the sides, and the top for accommodating the plurality of battery modules. The opening provided on the bottom of the support part may enable the plurality of battery modules to be passed through the at least one opening and be detachably mounted to the bottom of the support part so as to be supported by the bottom. 1. A battery pack for an electric vehicle, the battery pack comprising: a plurality of battery modules; a support part provided with a bottom for supporting the plurality of battery modules, sides, a top, and an accommodation space formed by the bottom, the sides, and the top for accommodating the plurality of battery modules; and at least one opening provided on either the bottom or sides of the support part to enable the plurality of battery modules to be passed through the at least one opening and be detachably mounted to either the bottom or sides of the support part so as to be supported by either the bottom or sides. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, further comprising: a layer mounted above the top of the support part to cover the plurality of battery modules accommodated in the support part. 3. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the at least one opening is provided on the bottom of the support part. 4. The battery pack of claim 3, further comprising: first and second mounting flanges provided on each of the plurality of battery modules, wherein the first and second mounting flanges are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of a bottom of each of the plurality of battery modules so that the plurality of battery modules can be mounted to the bottom of the support part using the first and second mounting flanges, and wherein the first and second mounting flanges are mounted below the bottom of the support part. 5. The battery pack of claim 4, wherein the plurality of battery modules are mounted to the bottom of the support part through fasteners. 6. The battery pack of claim 3, further comprising: a protector sheet mounted below the bottom of the support part to cover the plurality of battery modules accommodated in the support part. 7. The battery pack of claim 3, wherein the layer mounted above the top of the support part is a carbon fiber composite layer. 8. An electric vehicle chassis comprising: an underbody panel located below a cabin of an electric vehicle; two side sills extending along the longitudinal direction of the underbody panel, wherein each of the two side sills comprises an upper part and a lower part and is connected to one of the two opposite sides of the underbody panel through the upper part thereof; a battery pack located below the underbody panel and between the two side sills, wherein the battery pack comprises: a plurality of battery modules; a support part provided with a bottom for supporting the plurality of battery modules, sides, a top, and an accommodation space formed by the bottom, the sides, and the top for accommodating the plurality of battery modules; and at least one opening provided on either the bottom or sides of the support part to enable the plurality of battery modules to be passed through the at least one opening and be detachably mounted to either the bottom or sides of the support part so as to be supported by either the bottom or sides; and wherein the battery pack is configured to be mounted to the lower parts of the two side sills through the bottom of the support part. 9. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 8, further comprising: a layer mounted above the top of the support part to cover the plurality of battery modules accommodated in the support part. 10. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 8, wherein the at least one opening provided on the support part is provided on the bottom of the support part. 11. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 10, wherein the bottom of the support part is provided with mounting flanges extending along the longitudinal direction of the underbody panel, wherein the battery pack is mounted to the lower parts of the two side sills using the mounting flanges. 12. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 11, wherein the mounting flanges of the support part are mounted to the lower parts of the two side sills through fasteners. 13. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 10, further comprising: first and second mounting flanges provided on each of the plurality of battery modules, wherein the first and second mounting flanges are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of a bottom of each of the plurality of battery modules so that the plurality of battery modules can be mounted to the bottom of the support part using the first and second mounting flanges, and wherein the first and second mounting flanges are mounted below the bottom of the support part. 14. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 13, wherein the plurality of battery modules are mounted to the bottom of the support part through fasteners. 15. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 10, further comprising: a protector sheet mounted below the bottom of the support part to cover the plurality of battery modules accommodated in the support part. 16. The electric vehicle chassis of claim 10, wherein the layer mounted above the top of the support part is a carbon fiber composite layer. 17. A method for replacing a battery module in an electric vehicle, the method comprising: identifying a first battery module from among a plurality of battery modules in a battery pack, wherein the battery pack is located within the electric vehicle and comprises: the plurality of battery modules; a support part provided with a bottom for supporting the plurality of battery modules, sides, a top, and an accommodation space formed by the bottom, the sides, and the top for accommodating the plurality of battery modules; and at least one opening provided on the bottom of the support part to enable the plurality of battery modules to be passed through the at least one opening and be detachably mounted to the bottom of the support part so as to be supported by the bottom; detaching the first battery module from the bottom of the support part; removing the first battery module from the support part by passing the first battery module through the at least one opening; inserting a second battery module into the support part by passing the second battery module through the at least one opening; and mounting the second battery module to the bottom of the support part. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second battery module has a higher electrical potential energy than the first battery module. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: removing a protector sheet from below the bottom of the support part. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: removing fasteners that are configured to mount the first battery module to the bottom of the support part.",
-    "A system that performs a bus transaction includes a transaction controller and a protection code processing circuit. The transaction controller identifies a set of parameters corresponding to the bus transaction based on address and received control information, and modifies at least one parameter or splits the bus transaction into sub-transactions depending on the parameter values to map the bus transaction to a memory address space. The protection code processing circuit generates and inserts a protection code into data to be written to the memory, and removes a protection code from data read from the memory. The system facilitates error checking without requiring modification of the channels (e.g., bus width) used to read and/or write data to memory. 1. A system for performing a bus transaction, the system comprising: a transaction controller that (i) receives address and control information corresponding to the bus transaction, (ii) identifies a set of parameters corresponding to the bus transaction, and (iii) modifies at least one parameter of the set of parameters for mapping the bus transaction to an address space of a memory when the bus transaction is at least one of a bus transaction that is of an incrementing burst type with a size equal to a first threshold value and a burst length less than or equal to a second threshold value, a bus transaction that is of a fixed burst type with a size equal to the first threshold value, a bus transaction that is of a wrapping burst type with a size equal to the first threshold value, and a bus transaction with a size less than the first threshold value, wherein the set of parameters includes at least one of a size of the bus transaction, a type of the bus transaction, and a burst length of the bus transaction; and a protection code processing circuit that receives first data corresponding to the bus transaction when the bus transaction is a write transaction, and generates and inserts a first protection code in the first data, wherein the modified first data is stored in the address space of the memory. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the protection code processing circuit receives second data corresponding to the bus transaction from the memory when the bus transaction is a read transaction, removes a second protection code from the second data, and outputs the modified second data. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprises a data and response merging circuit that merges beats of the modified second data into a single beat before outputting the modified second data, merges read responses received from a memory controller of the memory into a single read response, and outputs the single read response, wherein the memory controller provides a read response for each beat of the modified second data. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprises a write response merging circuit that merges write responses received from a memory controller of the memory into a single write response and outputs the single write response when the bus transaction is a write transaction and the transaction controller splits the bus transaction into sub-transactions, wherein the memory controller provides a write response for each sub-transaction. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the transaction controller increases the size of the bus transaction when the size of the bus transaction is less than the first threshold value. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein when the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value and the bus transaction is of the fixed burst type, the transaction controller modifies the burst length of the bus transaction and changes the type of the bus transaction to the incrementing burst type. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein when the bus transaction is of the incrementing burst type and the bus transaction crosses an aligned address boundary, the transaction controller splits the bus transaction into at least two sub-transactions. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: when the bus transaction is of the incrementing burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, and the burst length of the bus transaction is less than or equal to the second threshold value, the transaction controller increases the burst length of the bus transaction, and when the bus transaction is of the incrementing burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, and the burst length of the bus transaction is greater than the second threshold value, the transaction controller splits the bus transaction into at least two sub-transactions. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein when the bus transaction is of the wrapping burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, and the burst length of the bus transaction is less than or equal to the second threshold value, the transaction controller increases the burst length of the bus transaction. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein when the bus transaction is of the wrapping burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, the burst length of the bus transaction is greater than the second threshold value, and a start address of the bus transaction is at least one of center-aligned and boundary-aligned addresses, the transaction controller splits the bus transaction into at least two sub-transactions and changes the type of the bus transaction to the incrementing burst type, and wherein the address information includes the start address of the bus transaction. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein when the bus transaction is of the wrapping burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, the burst length of the bus transaction is greater than the second threshold value, and a start address of the bus transaction is neither a center-aligned address nor a boundary-aligned address, the transaction controller splits the bus transaction into at least three sub-transactions and changes the type of the bus transaction to the incrementing burst type, and wherein the address information includes the start address of the bus transaction. 12. A method for performing a bus transaction, the method comprising: receiving address and control information corresponding to the bus transaction; identifying a set of parameters corresponding to the bus transaction, wherein the set of parameters includes at least one of a size of the bus transaction, a type of the bus transaction, and a burst length of the bus transaction; modifying at least one parameter of the set of parameters for mapping the bus transaction to an address space of a memory when the bus transaction is at least one of a bus transaction that is of an incrementing burst type with a size equal to a first threshold value and a burst length less than or equal to a second threshold value, a bus transaction that is of a fixed burst type with a size equal to the first threshold value, a bus transaction that is of a wrapping burst type with a size equal to the first threshold value, and a bus transaction with a size less than the first threshold value; receiving first data corresponding to the bus transaction when the bus transaction is a write transaction; generating and inserting a first protection code in the first data; and storing the modified first data in the address space of the memory. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving second data corresponding to the bus transaction from the memory when the bus transaction is a read transaction; removing a second protection code from the second data; and outputting the modified second data. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: merging beats of the modified second data into a single beat before outputting the modified second data; merging read responses corresponding to the beats of the modified second data into a single read response; and outputting the single read response. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein when the bus transaction is a write transaction and when the bus transaction is split into sub-transactions, the method further comprises: receiving write responses corresponding to the sub-transactions; merging the write responses into a single write response; and outputting the single write response. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein modifying the at least one parameter comprises increasing the size of the bus transaction when the size of the bus transaction is less than the first threshold value. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein when the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value and the bus transaction is of the fixed burst type, modifying the at least one parameter further comprises: modifying the burst length of the bus transaction; and changing the type of the bus transaction to the incrementing burst type. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein modifying the at least one parameter further comprises splitting the bus transaction into at least two sub-transactions when the bus transaction is the incrementing burst type and the bus transaction crosses an aligned address boundary. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein modifying the at least one parameter further comprises: increasing the burst length of the bus transaction when the bus transaction is the incrementing burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, and the burst length of the bus transaction is less than or equal to the second threshold value; and splitting the bus transaction into at least two sub-transactions when the bus transaction is the incrementing burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, and the burst length of the bus transaction is greater than the second threshold value. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein: when the bus transaction is the wrapping burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, and the burst length of the bus transaction is less than or equal to the second threshold value, then modifying the at least one parameter further comprises increasing the burst length of the bus transaction; when the bus transaction is the wrapping burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, the burst length of the bus transaction is greater than the second threshold value, and a start address of the bus transaction is at least one of center-aligned and boundary-aligned addresses, wherein the address information includes the start address of the bus transaction, then modifying the at least one parameter further comprises: splitting the bus transaction into at least two sub-transactions; and changing the type of the bus transaction to the incrementing burst type; and when the bus transaction is the wrapping burst type, the size of the bus transaction is equal to the first threshold value, the burst length of the bus transaction is greater than the second threshold value, and the start address of the bus transaction is neither a center-aligned address nor a boundary-aligned address, then modifying the at least one parameter further comprises: splitting the bus transaction into at least three sub-transactions; and changing the type of the bus transaction to the incrementing burst type.",
-    "A riser card rotating module is disposed adjacent to an expansion slot and includes a guide plate, a fixing plate, a riser card, a first pivot member and a second pivot member. The guide plate has a first guide rail parallel to a plug-unplug direction of the expansion slot and a second guide rail perpendicular to the plug-unplug direction of the expansion slot, wherein the first guide rail and the second guide rail communicate with each other to form a T-shape. The riser card is fixed on the fixing plate and has an electric connector. An end of the first pivot member is fixed on the fixing plate. Another end of the first pivot member is movably disposed on the guide plate. An end of the second pivot member is fixed on the fixing plate. Another end of the second pivot member is movably disposed on the guide plate. 1. A riser card rotating module disposed adjacent to an expansion slot, the riser card rotating module comprising: a guide plate having a first guide rail and a second guide rail, the first guide rail and the second guide rail communicating with each other to form a T-shape, the first guide rail being parallel to a plug-unplug direction of the expansion slot, the second guide rail being perpendicular to the plug-unplug direction of the expansion slot; a fixing plate; a riser card fixed on the fixing plate, the riser card having an electric connector; a first pivot member, an end of the first pivot member being fixed on the fixing plate, another end of the first pivot member being movably disposed on the guide plate; and a second pivot member, an end of the second pivot member being fixed on the fixing plate, another end of the second pivot member being movably disposed on the guide plate; wherein when the electric connector of the riser card is inserted into the expansion slot, the first pivot member and the second pivot member are located in the first guide rail and located at opposite sides of the second guide rail; when the fixing plate drives the riser card to move away from the expansion slot to detach the electric connector from the expansion slot, the first pivot member and the second pivot member move away from the expansion slot along the first guide rail; when the second pivot member moves to an intersection of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, the second pivot member is capable of moving from the first guide rail into the second guide rail and driving the first pivot member to move toward the expansion slot along the first guide rail, so as to rotate the riser card. 2. The riser card rotating module of claim 1, wherein when the second pivot member moves along the second guide rail to drive the first pivot member to move to the intersection of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, the first pivot member is capable of moving from the first guide rail into the second guide rail. 3. The riser card rotating module of claim 1, wherein the first pivot member comprises a first screw, a first washer and a first screw nut, the second pivot member comprises a second screw, a second washer and a second screw nut, and the fixing plate has a first hole and a second hole; the first screw passes through the first guide rail, the first washer and the first hole in sequence and the first screw nut is fixed on the first screw, such that the fixing plate is clamped and fixed between the first screw and the first screw nut, and the first screw and the first washer are capable of sliding at opposite sides of the first guide rail; the second screw passes through the first guide rail, the second washer and the second hole in sequence and the second screw nut is fixed on the second screw, such that the fixing plate is clamped and fixed between the second screw and the second screw nut, and the second screw and the second washer are capable of sliding at opposite sides of the first guide rail. 4. The riser card rotating module of claim 1, further comprising a resilient member, opposite ends of the resilient member being fixed on the guide plate and the fixing plate, respectively. 5. The riser card rotating module of claim 4, wherein when the first pivot member and the second pivot member are located in the first guide rail, the resilient member is stretched; when the second pivot member moves to the intersection of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, an elastic force generated by the resilient member drives the second pivot member to move into the second guide rail. 6. An electronic device comprising: a casing having a back plate; a main board disposed in the casing, the main board having an expansion slot; and a riser card rotating module disposed in the casing and adjacent to the expansion slot, the riser card rotating module comprising: a guide plate fixed on the back plate, the guide plate having a first guide rail and a second guide rail, the first guide rail and the second guide rail communicating with each other to form a T-shape, the first guide rail being parallel to a plug-unplug direction of the expansion slot, the second guide rail being perpendicular to the plug-unplug direction of the expansion slot; a fixing plate, the guide plate being located between the fixing plate and the back plate; a riser card fixed on the fixing plate, the riser card having an electric connector; a first pivot member, an end of the first pivot member being fixed on the fixing plate, another end of the first pivot member being movably disposed on the guide plate; and a second pivot member, an end of the second pivot member being fixed on the fixing plate, another end of the second pivot member being movably disposed on the guide plate; wherein when the electric connector of the riser card is inserted into the expansion slot, the first pivot member and the second pivot member are located in the first guide rail and located at opposite sides of the second guide rail; when the fixing plate drives the riser card to move away from the expansion slot to detach the electric connector from the expansion slot, the first pivot member and the second pivot member move away from the expansion slot along the first guide rail; when the second pivot member moves to an intersection of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, the second pivot member is capable of moving from the first guide rail into the second guide rail and driving the first pivot member to move toward the expansion slot along the first guide rail, so as to rotate the riser card. 7. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein when the second pivot member moves along the second guide rail to drive the first pivot member to move to the intersection of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, the first pivot member is capable of moving from the first guide rail into the second guide rail. 8. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the first pivot member comprises a first screw, a first washer and a first screw nut, the second pivot member comprises a second screw, a second washer and a second screw nut, and the fixing plate has a first hole and a second hole; the first screw passes through the first guide rail, the first washer and the first hole in sequence and the first screw nut is fixed on the first screw, such that the fixing plate is clamped and fixed between the first screw and the first screw nut, and the first screw and the first washer are capable of sliding at opposite sides of the first guide rail; the second screw passes through the first guide rail, the second washer and the second hole in sequence and the second screw nut is fixed on the second screw, such that the fixing plate is clamped and fixed between the second screw and the second screw nut, and the second screw and the second washer are capable of sliding at opposite sides of the first guide rail. 9. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the riser card rotating module further comprises a resilient member and opposite ends of the resilient member are fixed on the guide plate and the fixing plate, respectively. 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein when the first pivot member and the second pivot member are located in the first guide rail, the resilient member is stretched; when the second pivot member moves to the intersection of the first guide rail and the second guide rail, an elastic force generated by the resilient member drives the second pivot member to move into the second guide rail.",
-    "A method of forming patterns includes the steps of providing a substrate on which a target layer and a hard mask layer are formed; forming a plurality of first resist patterns on the hard mask layer; performing a tilt-angle ion implant process to form a first doped area and a second doped area in the hard mask layer between adjacent two of the first resist patterns; removing the first resist patterns; coating a directed self-assembly (DSA) material layer onto the hard mask layer; performing a self-assembling process of the DSA material layer to form repeatedly arranged block copolymer patterns in the DSA material layer; removing undesired portions from the DSA material layer to form second resist patterns on the hard mask layer; transferring the second resist patterns to the hard mask layer to form third resist patterns; and etching the target layer through the third resist patterns. 1. A method of forming patterns, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate on which a target layer and a hard mask layer are formed, wherein the hard mask is in direct contact with the target layer, and wherein the hard mask layer comprises titanium nitride, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon carbon nitride, or polysilicon; forming a plurality of first resist patterns on the hard mask layer; performing a tilt-angle ion implant process to form a first doped area and a second doped area in the hard mask layer between adjacent two of said first resist patterns; removing the first resist patterns; coating a directed self-assembly (DSA) material layer onto the hard mask layer; performing a self-assembling process of the DSA material layer to form repeatedly arranged block copolymer patterns in the DSA material layer; removing undesired portions from the DSA material layer to form second resist patterns on the hard mask layer; transferring the second resist patterns to the hard mask layer to form third resist patterns; and etching the target layer through the third resist patterns. 2. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the target layer comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon, or polysilicon. 3. (canceled) 4. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the first doped area is spaced apart from the second doped area between adjacent two of said first resist patterns. 5. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the first doped area and the second doped area have the same width. 6. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the first doped area and the second doped area have different widths. 7. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the tilt-angle ion implant process changes polarity on the hard mask layer. 8. The method of forming patterns according to claim 7, wherein the polarities of the first doped area and the second doped area are different from the polarity of undoped areas. 9. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the DSA material layer comprises block copolymers. 10. The method of forming patterns according to claim 9, wherein the block copolymers comprise polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). 11. The method of forming patterns according to claim 10, wherein the self-assembling process is performed at a temperature lower than a glass transition temperature (Tg) of the block copolymers. 12. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the undesired portions are the DSA material layer directly positioned on the first doped area and the second doped area. 13. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the undesired portions are the DSA material layer not directly positioned on the first doped area and the second doped area. 14. The method of forming patterns according to claim 1, wherein the second resist patterns have a pitch smaller than that of the first resist patterns.",
-    "A dendrimer represented by formula (I): G0-G10 represent a generation 0-10 dendrimer; the dendrimer has a plurality of branches; each branch has a terminal group; and n is an integer of 4-4096. 1. A dendrimer of Formula (I): wherein G0-G10 represent generation-0 to generation-10 dendrimers; the dendrimers comprise a plurality of branches; each branch comprises terminal groups and n is an integer from 4-4096. 2. The dendrimer of claim 1, wherein the dendrimer is polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. 3. A dendrimer having functional groups comprising: a PAMAM dendrimer comprising a plurality of branches and each of the branch having a phenylboronic acid (PBA) terminal group; and a plurality of first functional groups bonded to at least part of the PBA terminal groups. 4. The dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3, wherein each of the first functional groups comprise a drug group, a fluorescent group, a peptide group or a dopamine derivative group. 5. The dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3, wherein each of the first functional groups comprises a drug group, and the drug group is doxorubicin (DOX). 6. The dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3, wherein each of the first functional groups comprises a fluorescent group, and the fluorescent group comprises a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) group or a Cyanine dye group. 7. The dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3, wherein each of the first functional groups comprises a peptide group and the peptide group has ability to recognize an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 8. The dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3, wherein each of the first functional groups comprises a group of 9. The dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3, further comprising a plurality of second functional groups, wherein each of the first functional groups comprise a peptide group having ability to recognize antigen, and each of the second functional groups comprise a drug group or a fluorescent group. 10. An antibody comprising the dendrimer having functional groups of claim 3.",
-    "A lighting apparatus for a motor vehicle includes a daytime running light device, a low-beam and/or high-beam light device, and a drive device operable to drive an illumination level of the daytime running light device. With the low-beam and/or high-beam light device switched off, the drive device drives the daytime running light device so as to have a first illumination level. With the low-beam and/or high beam light device switched on, the drive device drives the daytime running light device so as to have a second illumination level. With the low-beam and/or high-beam light device switched on and with poor weather conditions, the drive device drives the daytime running light device so as to have a third illumination level. The second illumination level is less than or equal to the first illumination level. The third illumination level is less than the second illumination level. 1: A lighting apparatus for a motor vehicle comprising: a daytime running light device; a low-beam and/or high-beam light device, a drive device operable to drive an illumination level of the daytime running light device where: with the low-beam and/or high-beam light device switched off, the drive device drives the daytime running light device so as to have a first illumination level, with the low-beam and/or high beam light device switched on, the drive device drives the daytime running light device so as to have a second illumination level and, with the low-beam and/or high-beam light device switched on and with poor weather conditions, the drive device drives the daytime running light device so as to have a third illumination level, wherein the second illumination level is less than or equal to the first illumination level and wherein the third illumination level is less than the second illumination level. 2: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the second illumination level is less than the first illumination level. 3: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the third illumination level is different than zero. 4: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the third illumination level is zero. 5: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the drive device is configured to generate or receive a signal that signals a poor weather condition and to assess a poor weather condition as present when the signal is present. 6: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 5, wherein the drive device is configured to receive a signal that signals a poor weather condition, and wherein the signal that signals a poor weather condition is a signal of at least one of an actuated wiper, an actuated rear fog lamp, or an actuated fog lamp. 7: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 5, wherein the drive device is configured to receive a signal from a sensor which identifies rain, snowfall, fog or comparable weather conditions and generates a signal that signals a poor weather condition. 8: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the sensor is an optical sensor. 9: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein the optical sensor is a camera-based sensor. 10: The lighting apparatus as recited in claim 5, wherein the drive device receives the signal that signals a poor weather condition from a different device present in the motor vehicle that generates the signal if it identifies a poor weather condition. 11: A method for operating a lighting apparatus, the method comprising: driving an illumination level of a daytime running light device using a drive device so as to: drive the daytime running light device at a first illumination level when a low-beam and/or high-beam light device is switched off, drive the daytime running light device at a second illumination level when the low-beam and/or high beam light device is switched on, and drive the daytime running light device at a third illumination level when the low-beam and/or high beam light device is switched on and there are poor weather conditions, where the second illumination level is less than or equal to the first illumination level and wherein the third illumination level is less than the second illumination level.",
-    "A touch control display device is provided. The touch control device includes: a display area including a gate electrode, a plurality of gate lines, a source electrode, a drain electrode, a plurality of source lines, a plurality of conversion lines, and a plurality of common electrodes. A first via hole may be formed on the gate line and exposes at least a portion of the gate line, and a second via hole may be formed on the common electrode and exposes at least a portion of the common electrodes. The plurality of conversion lines may include a plurality of first conversion lines and a plurality of second conversion lines. The plurality of first conversion lines may be electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines via the first via hole, and the plurality of second conversion lines may be electrically connected to the plurality of common electrodes via the second via hole. 1. A touch control display device, comprising: a display area and a non-display area, the display area comprising a gate metal layer, a source/drain metal layer, a conversion layer and a common electrode layer, the gate metal layer comprising a gate electrode and a plurality of gate lines, the source/drain metal layer comprising a source electrode, a drain electrode and a plurality of source lines, the conversion layer comprising a plurality of conversion lines, and the common electrode layer comprising a plurality of common electrodes that are independent from one another, wherein a first via hole is formed on the gate line and exposes at least a portion of the gate line, and a second via hole is formed on the common electrode and exposes at least a portion of the common electrodes, wherein the plurality of gate lines intersect the plurality of source lines, and the plurality of conversion lines have an extension direction parallel to that of the plurality of source lines, and wherein the plurality of conversion lines comprise a plurality of first conversion lines and a plurality of second conversion lines, the plurality of first conversion lines are electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines via the first via hole, and the plurality of second conversion lines are electrically connected to the plurality of common electrodes via the second via hole. 2. The touch control display device according to claim 1, further comprising a shift register unit and a display touch control driving unit, wherein the shift register unit is configured to supply gate driving signal to the plurality of gate lines via the plurality of first conversion lines, and the display touch control driving unit is configured to supply touch control driving signal to the plurality of common electrodes via the plurality of second conversion lines and/or to sense a touch control detection signal on the common electrodes via the plurality of second conversion lines. 3. The touch control display device according to claim 2, wherein the shift register unit and the display touch control driving unit are located at a same side or opposite sides of the display area. 4. The touch control display device according to claim 1, wherein the touch control display device comprises a base substrate, and the plurality of conversion lines have projection shadows on the base substrate in the vertical direction at least partly overlap those of the plurality of source lines. 5. The touch control display device according to claim 1, wherein a first insulation layer is covered on the gate line, a second insulation layer covers the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a third insulation layer covers the second insulation layer and the common electrode, wherein the source electrode and drain electrode are formed on the first insulation layer, and the common electrode is formed on the second insulation layer, and wherein the first via hole penetrates the first insulation layer, the second insulation layer and the third insulation layer, and the second via hole penetrates the third insulation layer. 6. The touch control display device according to claim 5, further comprising a pixel electrode disposed on the third insulation layer and a third via hole provided on the source electrode or the drain electrode, wherein the third via hole penetrates the second insulation layer and the third insulation layer and exposes at least a portion of the source electrode or the drain electrode, and the pixel electrode is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode via the third via hole. 7. The touch control display device according to claim 5, further comprising a protection layer located on the third insulation layer and the plurality of conversion lines, a pixel electrode provided on the protection layer and a third via hole provided on the source electrode or the drain electrode, wherein the protection layer covers the plurality of conversion lines, the third via hole penetrates the second insulation layer, the third insulation layer and the protection layer and exposes at least a portion of the source electrode or the drain electrode, and the pixel electrode is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode via the third via hole. 8. The touch control display device according to claim 1, wherein a first insulation layer is covered on the gate line, a second insulation layer covers the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a third insulation layer covers the conversion lines and the second insulation layer, wherein the source electrode and drain electrode are formed on the first insulation layer, the conversion lines are formed on the second insulation layer, and the common electrode is formed on the third insulation layer, and wherein the first via hole penetrates the first insulation layer, and the second insulation layer, and the second via hole penetrates the third insulation layer. 9. The touch control display device according to claim 8, further comprising a pixel electrode interposed between the conversion lines and the third insulation layer and a third via hole provided on the source electrode or the drain electrode, wherein the third via hole penetrates the second insulation layer and exposes at least a portion of the source electrode or the drain electrode, and pixel electrode is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode via the third via hole. 10. The touch control display device according to claim 1, wherein any one of the first conversion lines is electrically connected to only one of the gate lines. 11. The touch control display device according to claim 10, wherein any one of the gate lines is electrically connected to at least one of the first conversion lines. 12. The touch control display device according to claim 1, wherein any one of the second conversion lines is electrically connected to only one of the common electrodes. 13. The touch control display device according to claim 12, wherein any one of the common electrodes is electrically connected to at least one of the second conversion lines. 14. The touch control display device according to claim 1, wherein the conversion layer further comprises a plurality of redundant lines that are parallel to the plurality of conversion lines, and any one of the redundant lines is electrically connected to only one of the common electrodes. 15. The touch control display device according to claim 14, wherein any one of the common electrodes is electrically connected to at least one of the redundant lines, and the redundant lines have a resistivity smaller than that of the common electrodes. 16. A manufacturing method of a touch control display device, comprising: providing a base substrate; forming, on the base substrate, a thin film transistor element layer comprising a gate metal layer and a source/drain electrode metal layer, wherein the gate metal layer comprises a gate electrode and a plurality of gate lines, and the source/drain electrode metal layer comprises a source electrode, a drain electrode and a plurality of source lines; forming a common electrode layer on the thin film transistor element layer, and patterning the common electrode layer to form a plurality of common electrodes that are independent from one another; forming a third insulation layer on the common electrode and the thin film transistor element layer; forming a conversion layer on the third insulation layer, and patterning the conversion layer to form a plurality of conversion lines comprising a plurality of first conversion lines and a plurality of second conversion lines; and forming on the gate line a first via hole that exposes at least a portion of the gate line, and forming on the common electrode a second via hole that exposes at least a portion of the common electrode, wherein the plurality of first conversion lines are electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines via the first via hole, and the plurality of second conversion lines are electrically connected to the plurality of common electrodes via the second via hole. 17. The manufacturing method according to claim 16, wherein the method further comprises: after forming a conversion layer on the third insulation layer, and patterning the conversion layer to form a plurality of conversion lines, forming a protection layer on the third insulation layer and the plurality of conversion lines, wherein the protection layer covers the plurality of conversion lines. 18. The manufacturing method according to claim 16, wherein the thin film transistor element layer further comprises a first insulation layer covering the gate electrode and the plurality of gate lines and a second insulation layer covering the source electrode, the drain electrode and the plurality of source lines, and the step of forming on the gate line a first via hole comprises: patterning the first insulating layer, the second insulating layer and the third insulating layer to form the first via hole on the gate line, wherein the first via hole penetrates the first insulating layer, the second insulating layer and the third insulating layer and exposes at least a portion of the gate line. 19. A manufacturing method of a touch control display device, comprising: providing a base substrate; forming, on the base substrate, a thin film transistor element layer comprising a gate metal layer and a source/drain electrode metal layer, wherein the gate metal layer comprises a gate electrode and a plurality of gate lines, and the source/drain electrode metal layer comprises a source electrode, a drain electrode and a plurality of source lines; patterning the thin film transistor element layer to form on the gate line a first via hole that exposes at least a portion of the gate line; forming a pixel electrode layer and a conversion layer on the thin film transistor element layer; patterning the conversion layer and the pixel electrode layer to form a pixel electrode, a plurality of first conversion lines and a plurality of second conversion lines, wherein the plurality of first conversion lines are electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines via the first via hole; forming a third insulation layer on the first conversion line, the second conversion line and the pixel electrode; patterning the third insulation layer to form on the second conversion line a second via hole that exposes at least a portion of the second conversion line; and forming a common electrode layer on the third insulation layer and patterning the common electrode layer to form a plurality of common electrodes that are independent from one another, wherein the common electrode is electrically connected to the second conversion line via the second via hole. 20. The manufacturing method according to claim 19, wherein the thin film transistor element layer further comprises a first insulation layer covering the gate electrode and the plurality of gate lines and a second insulation layer covering the source electrode, the drain electrode and the plurality of source lines, and the step of patterning the thin film transistor element layer to form on the gate line a first via hole comprises: patterning the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer to form the first via hole on the gate line, wherein the first via hole penetrates the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer and exposes at least a portion of the gate line.",
-    "A system and method are provided for forming energy filter layers or shutter components, including energy/light directing/scattering layers that are actively electrically switchable. The energy filters or shutter components are operable between at least a first mode in which the layers, and thus the presentation of the shutter components, appear substantially transparent when viewed from an energy/light incident side, and a second mode in which the layers, and thus the presentation of the energy filters or shutter components, appear opaque to the incident energy impinging on the energy incident side. The differing modes are selectable by electrically energizing, differentially energizing and/or de-energizing electric fields in a vicinity of the energy scattering layers, including electric fields generated between a pair of transparent electrodes sandwiching an energy scattering layer. Refractive indices of transparent particles, and the transparent matrices in which the particles are fixed, are tunable according to the applied electric fields. 1. An electromagnetic energy filtering structure, comprising: an energy scattering layer, comprising a plurality of substantially-transparent particles; and a substantially-transparent matrix material that fixes the particles in a layer arrangement to form the energy scattering layer, the energy scattering layer having an energy-incident surface and an opposite surface, the energy scattering layer being configured to have a first refractive index in a first mode when at rest, and a second refractive index different from the first refractive index in a second mode when subjected to effects from an externally-applied electrical field. 2. The structure of claim 1, refractive indices of at least some of the plurality of substantially-transparent particles and at least a portion of the substantially-transparent matrix material being modified by the externally-applied electrical field between the first mode and the second mode. 3. The structure of claim 1, further comprising: at least one first transparent electrode positioned on one of the energy-incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer; and a power source that generates the electrical field via the at least one first transparent electrode. 4. The structure of claim 3, further comprising at least one second transparent electrode positioned on the other one of the energy-incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer, the power source generating the electrical field between the at least one first transparent electrode and the at least one second transparent electrode, and the refractive indices of the at least some of the plurality of substantially-transparent particles and the at least the portion of the substantially-transparent matrix being modified by the electrical field generated between the at least one first transparent electrode and the at least one second transparent electrode. 5. The structure of claim 1, the first refractive index rendering the energy scattering layer substantially transparent at least in discrete portions in the first mode. 6. The structure of claim 1, the second refractive index causing the at least discrete portions of the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer to present an opaque appearance in response to incident energy in the form of light energy in the visual range in the second mode. 7. The structure of claim 6, the at least the discrete portions of the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting selectable wavelengths of incident light impinging on the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer to present the opaque appearance, and passing other wavelengths of the incident light through the energy scattering layer substantially at least one of unfiltered and unmodified. 8. The structure of claim 1, the particles being fixed in the matrix material in a non-homogeneous structure of the energy scattering layer, the particles being formed of at least two separate physical or material compositions, the non-homogeneous structure in the energy scattering layer being based on particles of a first one of the two separate physical or material compositions being fixed in the matrix material in first discrete portions and particles of a second one of the two separate physical or material compositions being fixed in the matrix in second discrete portions, and the first discrete portions and the second discrete portions exhibiting different second refractive indices in the second mode. 9. The structure of claim 1, the particles being fixed in the matrix material in a non-homogeneous structure of the energy scattering layer, the matrix material having at least two separate physical or material compositions, the non-homogeneous structure in the energy scattering layer being based on matrix material of a first one of the two separate physical or material compositions fixing the particles in the matrix material in first discrete portions and matrix material of a second one of the two separate physical or material compositions fixing the particles in the matrix material in second discrete portions, and the first discrete portions and the second discrete portions exhibiting different second refractive indices in the second mode. 10. The structure of claim 1, further comprising at least one transparent electrode positioned on one of the an energy-incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer, and being formed to have a plurality of discrete electrode portions for inducing a plurality of separate electrical fields acting on the energy scattering layer, discrete portions of the energy scattering layer exhibiting different responses in the second mode. 11. The structure of claim 1, the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting a substantially same wavelength of incident light from the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the energy-incident surface to appear as a single-color opaque surface. 12. The structure of claim 1, the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting a first wavelength of incident light from first discrete portions of the energy-incident surface and at least one second wavelength of the incident light from one or more second discrete portions of the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the energy-incident surface to appear as at least one of a multi-color or texturized opaque surface. 13. A method for forming an energy filtering structure, comprising: depositing a substantially-transparent matrix material on a surface; depositing a plurality of substantially-transparent particles in the matrix material and fixing the plurality of particles in the matrix material in a layer arrangement to form an energy scattering layer having an energy-incident surface and an opposite surface, the energy scattering layer being configured to have a first refractive index in a first mode when at rest, and a second refractive index different from the first refractive index in a second mode when subjected to effects from an externally-applied electrical field. 14. The method of claim 13, the layer arrangement being configured such that refractive indices of at least some of the plurality of substantially-transparent particles and at least a portion of the substantially-transparent matrix material being modified by the externally-applied electrical field between the first mode and the second mode. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: positioning at least one first transparent electrode on one of the energy incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer; and connecting the at least the first transparent electrode to a power source that generates the electrical field via the at least one first transparent electrode. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising positioning at least one second transparent electrode on the other one of the energy-incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer; and connecting the power source to the at least the second transparent electrode to generate the electrical field between the at least one first transparent electrode and the at least one second transparent electrode, refractive indices of at least some of the plurality of substantially-transparent particles and at least a portion of the substantially-transparent matrix being modified by the electrical field generated between the at least one first transparent electrode and the at least one second transparent electrode. 17. The method of claim 13, the first refractive index rendering the energy scattering layer substantially transparent at least in discrete portions in the first mode. 18. The method of claim 17, the second refractive index causing the at least discrete portions of the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer to present an opaque appearance in response to incident energy in the form of light energy in the visual range in the second mode. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising fixing the particles in the matrix material in a non-homogeneous structure of the energy scattering layer, the particles being formed of at least two separate physical or material compositions, the non-homogeneous structure in the energy scattering layer being based on particles of a first one of the two separate physical or material compositions being fixed in the matrix material in first discrete portions and particles of a second one of the two separate physical or material compositions being fixed in the matrix in second discrete portions, and the first discrete portions and the second discrete portions exhibiting different second refractive indices in the second mode. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising fixing the particles in the matrix material in a non-homogeneous structure of the energy scattering layer, the matrix material having at least two separate physical or material compositions, the non-homogeneous structure in the energy scattering layer being based on matrix material of a first one of the two separate physical or material compositions fixing the particles in the matrix material in first discrete portions and matrix material of a second one of the two separate physical or material compositions fixing the particles in the matrix material in second discrete portions, and the first discrete portions and the second discrete portions exhibiting different second refractive indices in the second mode. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising at least one transparent electrode positioned on one of the an energy-incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer, and being formed to have a plurality of discrete electrode portions for inducing a plurality of separate electrical fields acting on the energy scattering layer, discrete portions of the energy scattering layer exhibiting different responses in the second mode. 22. The method of claim 13, the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting a substantially same wavelength of incident light from the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the energy-incident surface to appear as a single-color opaque surface. 23. The method of claim 13, the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting a first wavelength of incident light from first discrete portions of the energy-incident surface and at least one second wavelength of the incident light from one or more second discrete portions of the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the energy-incident surface to appear as at least one of a multi-color or texturized opaque surface.",
-    "A system and method are provided for forming body structures including energy filters/shutter components, including energy/light directing/scattering layers that are actively electrically switchable. The filters or components are operable between at least a first mode in which the layers, and thus the presentation of the shutter components, appear substantially transparent when viewed from an energy/light incident side, and a second mode in which the layers, and thus the presentation of the energy filters or shutter components, appear opaque to the incident energy impinging on the energy incident side. The differing modes are selectable by electrically energizing, differentially energizing and/or de-energizing electric fields in a vicinity of the energy scattering layers, including electric fields generated between a pair of transparent electrodes sandwiching an energy scattering layer. Refractive indices of transparent particles, and the transparent matrices in which the particles are fixed, are tunable according to the applied electric fields. 1. An object body structure, comprising: a structural body member with an energy-incident face including at least first portions and second portions; and an energy scattering layer formed over the at least the first portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member, the energy scattering layer having an energy-incident surface and a body side surface opposite the energy-incident surface, the energy scattering layer comprising: a plurality of substantially-transparent particles; and a substantially-transparent matrix material that fixes the particles in a layer arrangement to form the energy scattering layer, the particles being fixed in the matrix material in a manner that causes the layer arrangement to have a first refractive index in a first mode when at rest, and a second refractive index different from the first refractive index in a second mode when subjected to effects from an externally-applied electrical field. 2. The object body structure of claim 1, refractive indices of at least some of the plurality of substantially-transparent particles and at least a portion of the substantially-transparent matrix material being modified by the externally-applied electrical field between the first mode and the second mode. 3. The object body structure of claim 1, further comprising: at least one transparent electrode positioned on one of the an energy-incident surface or the opposite surface of the energy scattering layer, and in contact with the energy scattering layer; and a power source that generates the electrical field via the at least one first transparent electrode. 4. The object body structure of claim 3, further comprising a controller for controlling the power source, the controller being configured to receive a control input from one of an electrically-activate component or an electronic device with which the object body structure is associated, the controller commanding the power source to generate the electrical field to switch the layer arrangement between the first mode and the second mode according to the control input. 5. The object body structure of claim 4, the first refractive index in the first mode rendering the energy scattering layer substantially transparent over the at least the first portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member, and the second refractive index in the second mode causing the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer to present an opaque appearance in response to incident energy in the form of light energy in the visual range over the at least the first portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member. 6. The object body structure of claim 5, the second refractive index in the second mode being adjusted according to (1) the applied electrical field and (2) one or more of an index of refraction of the particles, a size of the particles, a material from which the particles are formed, a structural composition of the particles including a multi-layered structure in which each of a plurality of layers displays a different index of refraction and a composition of the matrix material. 7. The object body structure of claim 6, the at least one transparent electrode being formed to have a plurality of discrete electrode portions for inducing a plurality of separate electrical fields acting on the energy scattering layer, discrete portions of the energy scattering layer exhibiting different responses in the second mode. 8. The object body structure of claim 7, the discrete portions of the at least one transparent electrode comprising a pattern formed by one or more of (1) valleys formed in and (2) protrusions formed on the energy-scattering layer facing side of the at least one transparent electrode, the different responses causing the pattern to appear in the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer in the second mode. 9. The object body structure of claim 1, the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting a substantially same wavelength of the incident light from the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the energy-incident surface to cause the first portions of the structural member to appear as single-color opaque surface portions. 10. The object body structure of claim 1, the energy scattering layer in the second mode reflecting a first wavelength of the incident light from first discrete portions of the energy-incident surface and at least one second wavelength of the incident light from one or more second discrete portions of the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the first portions of the structural member to appear as at least one of multi-color or texturized opaque surface portions. 11. The object body structure of claim 1, the energy scattering layer being formed additionally over the at least the second portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member. 12. The object body structure of claim 11, the structural body member being a transparent structural body member. 13. The object body structure of claim 1, the structural body member comprising a wall plate. 14. A method for filtering energy through a structure, comprising: providing a structural body member with an energy-incident face including at least first portions and second portions, the at least the first portions being transparent; and an energy scattering layer formed over the at least the first portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member, the energy scattering layer having an energy-incident surface and a body side surface opposite the energy-incident surface, the energy scattering layer comprising: a plurality of substantially-transparent particles; and a substantially-transparent matrix material that fixes the particles in a layer arrangement to form the energy scattering layer, fixing the particles in the matrix material in a manner that causes the layer arrangement to have a first refractive index in a first mode when at rest, and a second refractive index different from the first refractive index in a second mode when subjected to effects from an externally-applied electrical field. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: positioning at least one transparent electrode on one of the an energy-incident surface and a body side surface of the energy scattering layer; connecting the at least one transparent electrode to a power source that is controlled to induce the electrical field in the energy scattering layer; and controlling, with a controller, the power source to switch the energy scattering layer between the first mode and the second mode. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising receiving, with the controller, a control input from one of an electrically-activated component or an electronic device with which the object body structure is associated, the controller commanding the power source to generate the electrical field to switch the layer arrangement between the first mode and the second mode according to the control input. 17. The method of claim 16, the first refractive index in the first mode rendering the energy scattering layer substantially transparent over the at least the first portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member, and the second refractive index in the second mode causing the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer to present an opaque appearance in response to incident energy in the form of light energy in the visual range over the at least the first portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member. 18. The method of claim 17, the second refractive index in the second mode being adjusted according to (1) the applied electrical field and (2) one or more of an index of refraction of the particles, a size of the particles, a material from which the particles are formed, a structural composition of the particles including a multi-layered structure in which each of a plurality of layers displays a different index of refraction and a composition of the matrix material. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising forming the at least one transparent electrode to have a plurality of discrete electrode portions for inducing a plurality of separate electrical fields acting on the energy scattering layer, the discrete portions of the energy scattering layer exhibiting different responses in the second mode. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising patterning the discrete portions of the at least one transparent electrode comprising forming one or more of (1) valleys in and (2) protrusions on the energy scattering layer facing side of the at least one transparent electrode, the different responses causing the pattern to appear in the energy-incident surface of the energy scattering layer in the second mode. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising causing the energy scattering layer in the second mode to reflect a substantially same wavelength of the incident light from the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the energy-incident surface to cause the first portions of the structural member to appear as single-color opaque surface portions. 22. The method of claim 14, further comprising causing the energy scattering layer in the second mode to reflect a first wavelength of the incident light from first discrete portions of the energy-incident surface and at least one second wavelength of the incident light from one or more second discrete portions of the energy-incident surface in a manner that causes the first portions of the structural member to appear as at least one of multi-color or texturized opaque surface portions. 23. The method of claim 14, further comprising forming the energy scattering layer additionally over the at least the second portions of the energy-incident face of the structural body member. 24. The method of claim 23, the structural body member being a transparent structural body member. 25. The method of claim 14, configuring the structural body member as a wall plate.",
-    "The embodiments disclosed herein are directed to an apparatus useful in conducting detection of compounds on blotting membranes. The device is comprised of several layers including a porous support layer below the blotting membrane(s), a flow distributor above the blotting membrane(s) and optionally a well on the flow distributor to contain the liquid to the desired area and to allow for lower starting volumes of such liquid. Preferably, the flow distributor is a non-binding or low binding hydrophilic porous membrane such as a 0.22 micron membrane and the support layer is a grid or sintered porous material. The distributor and support are held together to form an envelope around the membrane(s). The use of a hinge, clips and other such devices is preferred in doing so. 1-29. (canceled) 30. A blotting membrane holder for conducting immunoassays, comprising a frame and a porous support, wherein the frame has a perimeter edge and is configured to support a blotting membrane and a flow distributor is attached to the frame, and wherein the porous support comprises a polypropylene mesh and a sheet of paper is laminated to one side of said polypropylene mesh, wherein the polypropylene mesh is bound to the frame along one edge. 31. The blotting membrane holder of claim 30, wherein said frame is made of plastic or paper. 32. The blotting membrane holder of claim 30, wherein said flow distributor is a membrane laminated to said frame. 33. The blotting membrane holder of claim 30, wherein said blotting membrane is sandwiched between said flow distributor and said porous support. 34. The blotting membrane holder of claim 30, wherein more than one blotting membrane is sandwiched between said flow distributor and said porous support. 35. A method of carrying out an immunoassay, comprising: providing a device comprising a holder and a carrier for the holder, the holder being formed of a material selected from the group consisting of plastic and paper, the holder comprising a frame having a perimeter edge, the frame configured to support a flow distributor; said flow distributor comprising a membrane attached to said frame and over which a blotting membrane can be positioned; a porous support comprising polypropylene mesh bound to said frame along a portion of said perimeter edge; and a sheet of paper laminated to said polypropylene mesh; and a carrier for the holder comprised of a top plate and a bottom plate, each having a width and a length, a top and bottom surface and a thickness between the top and bottom surfaces, an outer edge and at least one opening, the plates being of a length and width greater than the length and width of the holder, the top plate of the carrier having at least one well and an opening substantially equal in width and length to the holder, the bottom surface of the top plate and the top surface of the bottom plate each having one or more seals in alignment with each other when the two plates are adjacent each other and the seals being arranged on each surface at a width and length greater than that of the opening of the top plate, but less than the outer dimensions of the holder, at least one of the plates has a seal formed adjacent the outer edge of the plate and outward of the seal of that plate; placing a blotting membrane on one of the surfaces of an open holder such that the lower surface of the blotting membrane faces the porous support and the upper surface of the blotting membrane faces the flow distributor when the device is closed around the membrane; placing the blot holder inside the carrier which is then securely closed; placing the carrier on or in a manifold; applying a driving force to said manifold; placing a liquid in the at least one well of the top plate of the carrier; and continuing the application of said driving force until the liquid has been moved through the device and blotting membrane. 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising pre-wetting said blotting membrane prior to placing it in the open holder. 37. The method of claim 35, further comprising analyzing blots on said blotting membrane. 38. The method of claim 35, further comprising collecting a portion of said liquid and recycling the same for future use. 39. The method of claim 35, further comprising placing a second blotting membrane in the holder prior to placing the blot holder inside the carrier. 40. The method of claim 35, wherein said driving force is vacuum. 41. The method of claim 35, wherein said driving force is positive pressure. 42. The method of claim 35, wherein said manifold has first and second carrier receiving regions for respectively receiving first and second carriers to carry out two immunoassays in parallel.",
-    "According to various embodiments, a frame cassette may include: a housing; a mounting structure inserted in the housing, the mounting structure including a plurality of tape-frame slots, wherein each tape-frame slot is configured to receive a tape-frame, wherein the housing includes an opening to introduce a tape-frame into a tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots or to remove a tape-frame from a tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots, and a door mounted at the housing, wherein the door is configured to close the opening of the housing to seal the interior of the housing from the exterior of the housing. 1. A processing arrangement comprising: a frame cassette comprising: a housing; a mounting structure within the housing, the mounting structure comprising a plurality of tape-frame slots, each tape-frame slot configured to receive a tape-frame; wherein the housing comprises an opening to introduce at least one tape-frame into the at least one tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots or to remove the at least one tape-frame from the at least one tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots; a door mounted at the housing, wherein the door is configured to close the opening of the housing to seal an interior of the housing from an exterior of the housing and to be operated by the overhead transportation system; and an overhead transportation system configured to transport the frame cassette and to operate the door of the frame cassette. 2. The processing arrangement of claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises the at least one tape-frame disposed within the at last one tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots. 3. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a door guidance system mechanically connecting the door to the housing, wherein the door guidance system is configured to guide the door movement. 4. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the door comprises a door handling flange, wherein the overhead transportation system is configured to operate the door via the door handling flange. 5. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a gasket connected with at least one of the housing or the door, the gasket sealing the housing air-tightly when the door is closed. 6. The processing arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the gasket completely surrounds the opening in the housing. 7. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a transport flange which allows the frame cassette to be transported by the overhead transport system. 8. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the door and the housing are configured such that the interior of the housing is hermetically sealed maintaining cleanroom conditions of ISO-class 7 or cleaner than ISO-class 7 according to the ISO-14644-1 dated 1999 cleanroom standard in the interior of the housing. 9. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a valve structure to purge the housing with inert gas. 10. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the housing comprises an electrostatic discharge protection. 11. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: one or more RFID-tags for frame cassette identification. 12. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising: a semiconductor processing tool. 13. The processing arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a kinematic coupling comprising at least one feature to align the frame cassette to a load port of the semiconductor processing tool. 14. The processing arrangement according to claim 12, further comprising: a further semiconductor processing tool, wherein the overhead transportation system is configured to transport the frame cassette from the semiconductor processing tool to the further semiconductor processing tool. 15. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the mounting structure comprises 13 or 25 tape-frame slots. 16. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a frame restraint preventing hosted tape-frames from slipping within the housing during transportation of the frame cassette. 17. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: bottom rails for a transport of the frame cassette via roller conveyors. 18. The processing arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the frame cassette further comprises: a cassette stacking to stack two or more than two frame cassettes on top of each other. 19. A processing arrangement comprising: a first semiconductor processing tool, a second semiconductor processing tool, a frame cassette, and an overhead transportation system configured to transport the frame cassette from the first semiconductor processing tool to the second semiconductor processing tool; the frame cassette comprising: a housing; a mounting structure within the housing, the mounting structure comprising a plurality of tape-frame slots, each tape-frame slot configured to receive a tape-frame; at least one tape-frame disposed within at last one tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots, wherein the housing comprises an opening to introduce the at least one tape-frame into the at least one tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots or to remove the at least one tape-frame from the at least one tape-frame slot of the plurality of tape-frame slots; a door and a door rail system that couples the door to the housing, wherein the door rail system is configured to enable a vertical sliding of the door to open and close the door, wherein the door is configured to seal an interior of the housing from an exterior of the housing when it is closed, wherein the door comprises a door handling flange; a transport flange which allows the frame cassette to be transported by the overhead transport system; wherein the overhead transportation system is further configured to operate the door of the frame cassette via the door handling flange. 20. The processing arrangement according to claim 19, wherein at least one of the first and second semiconductor processing tools is selected of the following group of semiconductor processing tools: a laminating tool, a dicing tool, a sawing tool, an ion implantation tool, and a coating tool.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate that includes an IGBT region. A first lifetime control layer extending along a planar direction of the semiconductor substrate is provided in a range in a drift region that is closer to the rear surface than an intermediate portion of the semiconductor substrate in a thickness direction. A crystal defect density in the first lifetime control layer is higher than any of a crystal defect density in a region adjacent to the first lifetime control layer on the rear surface side and a crystal defect density in a region adjacent to the first lifetime control layer on a front surface side. A crystal defect density in a region between the first lifetime control layer and the rear surface is lower than a crystal defect density in a region between the first lifetime control layer and the front surface. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising a semiconductor substrate that includes an IGBT region, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes a front surface and a rear surface, the IGBT region comprises: an emitter region being of n-type and exposed on the front surface; a body region being of p-type and in contact with the emitter region; a drift region being of n-type, located on a rear surface side with respect to the body region, and separated from the emitter region by the body region; and a collector region being of p-type, located on the rear surface side with respect to the drift region, separated from the body region by the drift region, and exposed on the rear surface, a gate electrode is located so as to face, via a gate insulating film, a part of the body region in a range separating the emitter region from the drift region, a first lifetime control layer extending along a planar direction of the semiconductor substrate is provided in a range in the drift region that is closer to the rear surface than an intermediate portion of the semiconductor substrate in a thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate, a crystal defect density in the first lifetime control layer is higher than any of a crystal defect density in a region adjacent to the first lifetime control layer on the rear surface side and a crystal defect density in a region adjacent to the first lifetime control layer on a front surface side, and a crystal defect density in a region between the first lifetime control layer and the rear surface is lower than a crystal defect density in a region between the first lifetime control layer and the front surface. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a second lifetime control layer extending along the planar direction of the semiconductor substrate is provided in a range in the drift region that is closer to the front surface than the first lifetime control layer, and a crystal defect density in the second first lifetime control layer is higher than any of a crystal defect density in a region adjacent to the second lifetime control layer on the rear surface side and a crystal defect density in a region adjacent to the second lifetime control layer on the front surface side. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the drift region comprises: a low density drift region; and a buffer region located between the low density drift region and the collector region and including an n-type impurity density ten or more times higher than an n-type impurity density in the low density drift region, and the first lifetime control layer is provided in the low density drift region. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises a diode region, and the diode region comprises an anode region being of p-type and exposed on the front surface, the drift region is in contact with the anode region and exposed on the rear surface in the diode region, and the first lifetime control layer is distributed across the IGBT region and the diode region. 5. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: implanting charged particles into a semiconductor substrate comprising an n-type drift region so as to form a first lifetime control layer in the n-type drift region, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes a front surface and a rear surface, the charged particles are implanted from a front surface side, and a crystal defect density is increased in the first lifetime control layer; forming an emitter region, a body region, and a gate electrode in a range closer to the front surface than the first lifetime control layer; and forming a collector region in a range closer to the rear surface than the first lifetime control layer, wherein the emitter region is of n-type and exposed on the front surface, the body region is of p-type, is in contact with the emitter region, and separates the emitter region from the n-type drift region, the gate electrode faces, via a gate insulating film, a part of the body region in a range separating the emitter region from the n-type drift region, the collector region is of p-type, located on a rear surface side with respect to the n-type drift region, separated from the body region by the n-type drift region, and exposed on the rear surface, and the first lifetime control layer is located in a range closer to the rear surface than an intermediate portion of the semiconductor substrate in a thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising polishing the rear surface so as to thin the semiconductor substrate after the formation of the first lifetime control layer so that a semiconductor layer remains in the range closer to the rear surface than the first lifetime control layer, wherein the collector region is formed in the semiconductor layer remaining in the range closer to the rear surface than the first lifetime control layer in the formation of the collector region. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising implanting charged particles into the semiconductor substrate from the front surface side so as to form a second lifetime control layer in which a crystal defect density is increased, the second lifetime control layer being formed in a range in the n-type drift region that is closer to the front surface than the first lifetime control layer. 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising forming a buffer region in a range in the n-type drift region that is closer to the rear surface than the first lifetime control layer, wherein the buffer region includes an n-type impurity density ten or more times higher than an n-type impurity density in the original n-type drift region. 9. The method of claim 5, further comprising forming an anode region being of p-type in a range in the semiconductor substrate that is closer to the front surface than the first lifetime control layer so that the anode region is exposed on the front surface, the n-type drift region is in contact with the anode region, and the n-type drift region is exposed on the rear surface at a position on the rear surface side with respect to the anode region.",
-    "A flexible bar-shaped camera is applied to an intubation device and placed inside an endotracheal tube. The intubation device has a display screen. The flexible bar-shaped camera includes a main body. The endotracheal tube has a tube front end and a first curved end. The main body has a camera end, a connecting end, and a second curved end. The camera end is located at the second curved end. After the flexible bar-shaped camera is placed inside the endotracheal tube, the second curved end touches the tube front end, and the second curved end situates in the first curved end, such that the camera end is parallel to the display screen. 1. An assembly comprising: a flexible bar-shaped camera; an intubation device, with the intubation device including a display screen; an endotracheal tube, with the flexible bar-shaped camera placed inside the endotracheal tube, with the endotracheal tube including a tube front end, with the flexible bar-shaped camera comprising a main body comprising a camera end and a connecting end; a guiding portion including a guide slot used for placing the endotracheal tube and the flexible bar-shaped camera, wherein the guide slot is provided in a front end of the guiding portion, and wherein a passage is formed in a rear end of the guiding portion, to place the endotracheal tube and the flexible bar-shaped camera in the guide slot; and means for rotating the camera end at least one while the flexible bar-shaped camera is placed inside the endotracheal tube, with the rotating means comprising a first curved end of the endotracheal tube and a second curved end of the main body, wherein the camera end is located at the second curved end, with the first and second curved ends interfering with each other, while the flexible bar-shaped camera is placed inside the endotracheal tube, wherein after the flexible bar-shaped camera is placed inside the endotracheal tube, the second curved end touches the tube front end and the second curved end situates in the first curved end, and wherein the camera end is parallel to the display screen. 2. The assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein a length of the main body is 50\u00b110 centimeters, and wherein an are length of the second curved end is 40\u00b110 centimeters. 3. The assembly as claimed in claim 2, wherein a bending diameter of the second curved end is 15\u00b15 centimeters. 4. The assembly as claimed in claim 1, with the intubation device comprising a gripping portion including the display screen. 5. The assembly as claimed in claim 4, wherein a length of the main body is 50\u00b110 centimeters, and wherein an arc length of the second curved end is 40\u00b110 centimeters. 6. The assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein a bending diameter of the second curved end is 15\u00b15 centimeters. 7. (canceled)",
-    "A method of and system for managing file transfer commands to a remote system is disclosed. The method and system may include establishing a first defined file transfer command having a first group identifier. The first defined file transfer command may be configured to pull data from the remote system. The method and system may include establishing a second defined file transfer command having a second group identifier. The second defined file transfer command may be configured to at least one of delete data of the remote system and push data to the remote system. The method and system may include performing the first defined file transfer command after performing the second defined file transfer command when the first group identifier and the second group identifier match. 1. A computer program product for managing file transfer protocol (FTP) commands to a remote system, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a computer to cause the computer to perform a method comprising: receiving a first defined FTP command having a first group identifier; queuing the received first defined FTP command in a command queue; receiving, while the first defined FTP command is queued in the command queue, a second defined FTP command having a second group identifier; comparing the first group identifier from the queued first defined FTP command and the second group identifier from the received second defined FTP command; determining, based on the comparing, that the first group identifier and the second group identifier match; identifying the first defined FTP command as being configured to cause data to be pulled from the remote system; identifying the second defined FTP command as being configured to cause the performance of at least one of a group of actions consisting of: pushing data to the remote system and deleting data of the remote system; prioritizing, in response to the determining that the group identifiers match, in further response to the identifying the first defined FTP command as being configured to cause data to be pulled from the remote system, and in further response to the identifying the second defined FTP command as being configured to cause the performance of at least one of the group of actions consisting of: pushing data to the remote system and deleting data of the remote system, the second defined FTP command ahead of the first defined FTP command in the command queue; executing, in response to the prioritizing, the second defined FTP command; and executing, after the executing the second defined FTP command, the first defined FTP command. 2. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the first defined FTP command is a GET command and the second defined FTP command includes at least one of a DELETE command and a PUT command. 3. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: receiving, while the first defined FTP command is queued in the command queue, a third defined FTP command having a third group identifier; comparing the first group identifier from the queued first defined FTP command and the third group identifier from the received third defined FTP command; determining, based on the comparing, that the first group identifier and the third group identifier do not match; identifying the third defined FTP command as being configured to cause the performance of at least one of a group of actions consisting of: pushing data to the remote system and deleting data of the remote system; prioritizing, in response to the determining that the first group identifier and third group identifier do not match and in further response to the receiving the third defined FTP command while the first defined FTP command is queued in the command queue, the third defined FTP command behind the first defined FTP command in the command queue; and executing, after the executing the first defined FTP command, the third defined FTP command. 4. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: receiving, while the first defined FTP command and the second defined FTP command are queued in the command queue, a third defined FTP command having a third group identifier; determining that the third group identifier matches the first and the second group identifiers; identifying the third defined FTP command as being configured to cause the performance of at least one of a group of actions consisting of: pushing data to the remote system and deleting data of the remote system; prioritizing, in response to the determining that the third group identifier matches the first and the second group identifiers, in further response to the receiving the third defined FTP command while the first defined FTP command and the second defined FTP command are queued in the command queue, in further response to the identifying the first defined FTP command as a pull command, in further response to the identifying the second defined FTP command as at least one of a group of command types consisting of: a push command and a delete command, and in further response to the identifying the third defined FTP command as at least one of a group of command types consisting of: a push command and a delete command, the third defined FTP command behind the second defined FTP command and ahead of the first defined FTP command in the command queue; and executing, after the executing the second defined FTP command and before the executing the first defined FTP command, the third defined FTP command. 5. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the receiving the first defined FTP command is at a host device and from a first client device, and wherein the receiving the second defined FTP command is at the host device and from a second client device. 6. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein group identifiers correspond to groups of client devices that share storage on the remote system such that the matching of the first group identifier and the second group identifier serves to indicate that the first client device and the second client device share storage with each other on the remote system. 7. The computer program product of claim 3, wherein the receiving the first defined FTP command is at a host device and from a first client device, wherein the receiving the second defined FTP command is at the host device and from a second client device, wherein the receiving the third defined FTP command is at the host device and from a third client device, and wherein group identifiers correspond to groups of client devices that share storage on the remote system such that the matching of the first group identifier and the second group identifier serves to indicate that the first client device and the second client device are part of a same group and share storage with each other on the remote system and further such that the non-matching of the first group identifier and the third group identifier serves to indicate that the third client device is not part of the same group and does not share storage with the first client device on the remote system. 8. A computer program product for managing file transfer protocol (FTP) commands to a remote system, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a computer to cause the computer to perform a method comprising: establishing a first defined FTP command having a first group identifier; determining that the first defined FTP command is configured to pull data from the remote system; establishing a second defined FTP command having a second group identifier; determining that the second defined FTP command is configured to at least one of delete data of the remote system and push data to the remote system; determining that the first group identifier and the second group identifier match; prioritizing, in response to the determining that the first group identifier and the second group identifier match, in further response to the determining that the first defined FTP command is configured to pull data from the remote system, and in further response to the determining that the second defined FTP command is configured to at least one of delete data of the remote system and push data to the remote system, the second defined FTP command ahead of the first defined FTP command in the command queue; executing, in response to the prioritizing, the second defined FTP command; and executing, after the executing the second defined FTP command, the first defined FTP command, wherein matching group identifiers correspond to groups of client devices that share storage devices on the remote system such that the first group identifier and the second group identifier matching indicates that the first defined FTP command and the second defined FTP command came from client devices that share a storage device on the remote system with each other.",
-    "A machine includes a rotor and a stator that is situated adjacent the rotor. The stator includes a plurality of wire-wound phases. The phases include at least first and second wire-wound phases that differ in temperature-responsive electrical resistance. A controller is in electrical communication with the stator. The controller is configured to identify an over-temperature condition of the stator based upon the differing temperature-responsive electrical resistance and modify the operation of the stator in response to the over-temperature condition. 1. A machine comprising: a rotor; a stator situated adjacent the rotor, the stator including a plurality of wire-wound phases, the plurality of wire-wound phases including at least first and second wire-wound phases that differ in temperature-responsive electrical resistance; and a controller in electrical communication with the plurality of wire-wound phases, the controller configured to: identify an over-temperature condition of the stator based upon the differing temperature-responsive electrical resistance of the first and second wire-wound phases, and modify operation of the stator in response to the over-temperature condition. 2. The machine as recited in claim 1, wherein the first wire-wound phase includes a conductive wire formed of a first material and the second wire-wound phase includes a conductive wire formed of a second material that differs in composition from the first material. 3. The machine as recited in claim 2, wherein the first material and the second material are independently selected from the group consisting of allotropes of carbon, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, calcium, tungsten, zinc, nickel, lithium, iron, platinum, tin, and combinations thereof. 4. The machine as recited in claim 2, wherein the first material includes copper and the second material excludes copper and includes at least one of allotropes of carbon, silver, gold, or aluminum. 5. The machine as recited in claim 2, wherein the second wire-wound phase includes one or more wire bundles, and each of the one or more wire bundles includes the conductive wire formed of the second material. 6. The machine as recited in claim 2, wherein the second wire-wound phase includes a plurality of wire bundles, and one of the wire bundles includes the conductive wire formed of the second material and another of the wire bundles includes a conductive wire formed of a third material that differs in composition from the second material. 7. The machine as recited in claim 2, wherein the second wire-wound phase includes a plurality of wire bundles, and one of the wire bundles includes the conductive wire formed of the second material and another of the wire bundles includes a conductive wire formed of a third material having the same composition as the first material. 8. The machine as recited in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to identify the over-temperature condition based upon a difference in an electrical parameter between the first and second wire-wound phases that changes according to the temperature-responsive electrical resistance of the first and second wire-wound phases. 9. The machine as recited in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to send an electrical test signal to the first and second wire-wound phases, the first and second wire-wound phases generating a response to the electrical test signal in the form of an electrical parameter that changes according to the temperature-responsive electrical resistance, and the controller is configured to identify the over-temperature condition based upon a difference in the electrical parameter between the first and second wire-wound phases. 10. The machine as recited in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to modify operation of the stator in response to the over-temperature condition by reducing current to the stator. 11. A stator comprising: a plurality of wire-wound phases, the plurality of wire-wound phases including at least first and second wire-wound phases that differ in temperature-responsive electrical resistance. 12. The stator as recited in claim 11, wherein the first wire-wound phase includes a conductive wire formed of a first material and the second wire-wound phase includes a conductive wire formed of a second material that differs in composition from the first material. 13. The stator as recited in claim 12, wherein the first material and the second material are independently selected from the group consisting of allotropes of carbon, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, calcium, tungsten, zinc, nickel, lithium, iron, platinum, tin, and combinations thereof. 14. The stator as recited in claim 12, wherein the first material includes copper and the second material excludes copper and includes at least one of allotropes of carbon, silver, gold, or aluminum. 15. The stator as recited in claim 12, wherein the second wire-wound phase includes one or more wire bundles, and each of the one or more wire bundles includes the conductive wire formed of the second material. 16. The stator as recited in claim 12, wherein the second wire-wound phase includes a plurality of wire bundles, and one of the wire bundles includes the conductive wire formed of the second material and another of the wire bundles includes a conductive wire formed of a third material that differs in composition from the second material. 17. The stator as recited in claim 12, wherein the second wire-wound phase includes a plurality of wire bundles, and one of the wire bundles includes the conductive wire formed of the second material and another of the wire bundles includes a conductive wire formed of a third material having the same composition as the first material. 18. A method comprising: in a machine that has a rotor and a stator situated adjacent the rotor, wherein the stator includes a plurality of wire-wound phases with at least first and second wire-wound phases that differ in temperature-responsive electrical resistance, identifying an over-temperature condition of the stator based upon the differing temperature-responsive electrical resistance of the first and second wire-wound phases; and modifying operation of the stator in response to the over-temperature condition. 19. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the identifying of the over-temperature condition is based upon a difference in an electrical parameter between the first and second wire-wound phases that changes according to the temperature-responsive electrical resistance. 20. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the modifying of the operation of the stator includes reducing current to the stator.",
-    "A method for processing drawings. The present invention can enhance a child's self-esteem and creativity by enabling them to create unique and imaginative works of art. First, a plurality of randomized markings are generated. A user makes linear connections between the markings, creating a user drawing. Next, a first database is queried to retrieve an outline that matches the user drawing. The outline is matched to the user drawing based on similarities and locations of general shapes used in both. Once the database has found a matching outline, a second database is queried to retrieve an image corresponding to the outline. The image is transmitted to a terminal where the user can then add additional elements, such as color, figures, text, and the like. 1) An electronic device comprising: a processor; a non-transitory computer readable medium operatively connected to the processor; a logic stored in the non-transitory computer readable medium that, when executed by the processor, causes the electronic device to perform a method, the method comprising the steps of: generating a randomized plurality of markings; receiving a user drawing having one or more linear connections between the markings; querying a database to retrieve an outline matching the user drawing; querying the database to retrieve an image corresponding to the outline; and transmitting the image to a terminal. 2) The method of claim 1, wherein the outline and the user drawing are matched based on similarities and locations of closed shapes in both the outline and the user drawing. 3) The method of claim 1, wherein the outline and user drawing are matched based on the location and size of lines in both the outline and the user drawing. 4) The method of claim 1, wherein a user input generates the markings. 5) The method of claim 1, wherein the processor generates a randomized arrangement of markings. 6) The method of claim 1, wherein the processor generates an arrangement of markings corresponding to beats of music played on a mobile device. 7) The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of receiving a user input of additional artistic elements. 8) A non-transitory computer readable medium that, when executed by a processor of an electronic device, causes the electronic device to perform a method, the method comprising the steps of: generating a randomized plurality of markings; receiving a user drawing having one or more linear connections between the markings; querying a database to retrieve an outline matching the user drawing; querying the database to retrieve an image corresponding to the outline; and transmitting the image to a terminal. 9) The method of claim 8, wherein the outline and the user drawing are matched based on based on similarities and locations of closed shapes in both the outline and the user drawing. 10) The method of claim 8, wherein the outline and user drawing are matched based on the location and size of lines in both the outline and the user drawing 11) The method of claim 8, wherein a user input generates the markings. 12) The method of claim 8, wherein the processor generates a randomized arrangement of markings. 13) The method of claim 8, wherein the processor generates an arrangement of markings corresponding to beats of music played on a mobile device. 14) The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of receiving a user input of additional elements. 15) A method for processing drawings, comprising: generating a randomized plurality of markings; receiving a user drawing having one or more linear connections between the markings; querying a database to retrieve an outline matching the user drawing; querying the database to retrieve an image corresponding to the outline; and transmitting the image to a terminal. 16) The method of claim 15, wherein the outline and the user drawing are matched based on similarities and locations of closed shapes in both the outline and the user drawing. 17) The method of claim 15, wherein the outline and user drawing are matched based on the location and size of lines in both the outline and the user drawing 18) The method of claim 15, wherein a user input generates the markings. 19) The method of claim 15, further comprising the step of receiving a user input of additional artistic elements.",
-    "The disclosure pertains to valvuloplasty devices which include a first outer shaft, a second inner shaft, a plurality of elongate members disposed therebetween and adapted to be expanded radially by relative motion between the first outer shaft and second inner shaft and a circumferential member disposed about the central portions of the plurality of elongate members, wherein the circumferential member is urged by radial expansion of the plurality of elongate members to contact the valve to be treated thereby effecting a valvuloplasty and methods of use therefor. 1. (canceled) 2. A method of performing a valvuloplasty, comprising: inserting a valvuloplasty device intravascularly into a patient, said valvuloplasty device comprising: an outer shaft; an inner shaft; a plurality of elongate members disposed between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft and affixed thereto; and a circumferential member affixed to the plurality of elongate members and disposed between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft; advancing the valvuloplasty device to a position within a valve to be treated; reducing a distance between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft thereby causing a central portion of the plurality of elongate members disposed between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft to expand to a radially expanded configuration and press the circumferential member against the valve to be treated; increasing the distance between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft thereby causing the central portion of the plurality of elongate members disposed between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft to contract radially; removing the valvuloplasty device from the patient in a radially contracted configuration in which the distal end of the inner shaft extends distally beyond the distal end of the outer shaft and the plurality of elongate members disposed between and operably connected to the inner shaft and the outer shaft are generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the inner shaft. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes one or more cutting edges extending radially outward therefrom and the step of reducing the distance between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft causes the central portion of the plurality of elongate members disposed between the distal end of the outer shaft and the distal end of the inner shaft to expand radially outward and causes the one or more cutting edges extending radially outward to cut the valve to be treated. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes a first population of elongate members and a second population of elongate members, wherein the first population of elongate members differs from the second population of elongate members with regard to lengths of the members of the respective populations of elongate members. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes a first population of elongate members and a second population of elongate members, wherein the first population of elongate members differs from the second population of elongate members with regard to the stiffness of the elongate members of the respective populations. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes elongate members which vary in cross-sectional area along their length. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes elongate members which vary in cross-sectional shape along their length. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes elongate members which vary with regard to a mechanical property along their length. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of elongate members are uniformly distributed circumferentially in the radially expanded configuration. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of elongate members are non-uniformly distributed circumferentially in the radially expanded configuration. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the radially expanded configuration includes a longitudinal taper. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the circumferential member is textured on its radially outermost surface. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes a drug coating on at least a portion of its surface. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes a one-way valve. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the valvuloplasty device includes a one or more radiopaque elements.",
-    "Methods of making a golf ball that includes a lattice reinforced layer, which is a layer made of at least two materials with different properties, includes various injection and compression molding steps. In some embodiments, the lattice reinforced layer is manufactured using a shutoff molding technique so that the entire lattice reinforced layer is molded in the same mold. In other embodiments, a grid for the lattice layer is formed first, then filled using an injection molding technique. 1-5. (canceled) 6. A method of making a golf ball comprising the steps of: making a core; making a grid from a first material, the first material having at least one pore; forming the grid into a cup; positioning the cup on the core; and overmolding a second material onto the grid, so that the second material at least partially fills the at least one pore of the grid. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of making the grid comprises cutting the first material. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of making the grid comprises die cutting the first material. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of forming the grid comprises compression molding the grid. 10. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of cutting the grid prior to forming the grid into a cup. 11. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of adhering the cup to the core. 12. The method of claim 6 further comprising the step of forming at least one additional layer on the core prior to positioning the cup on the core. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of adhering the cup to the at least one additional layer prior to positioning the cup on the core. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of overmolding the second material comprises injection molding the second material onto the grid. 15. The method of claim 6 further comprising forming a second cup from a second grid. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cup and second cup are joined together to encompass the core. 17-20. (canceled)",
-    "A polarizing plate includes an adhesive layer, a protective layer made of an aqueous composition containing polyvinylalcohol, and a polarizer which are laminated in this order, and the polarizer includes a liquid crystal coating layer which is formed on one surface of a base film thereof. The polarizing plate having the above configuration may exhibit increased durability and maintain optical characteristics, and thereby implementing high image quality in the display device with increased durability. 1. A polarizing plate, comprising: an adhesive layer; a protective layer made of an aqueous composition containing polyvinylalcohol; and a polarizer comprising a base film and a liquid crystal coating layer formed on one surface of the base film, the liquid crystal coating layer having alignment property offered by a non-stretching method; wherein, the adhesive layer, the protective layer, and the polarizer are laminated sequentially. 2. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein the polyvinylalcohol is included in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight, to 100% by weight of the aqueous composition. 3. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer is formed by applying the aqueous composition and then drying the same. 4. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer has a thickness of 0.5 to 3.0 \u03bcm after drying. 5. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein the base film is a transparent polymer film. 6. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal coating layer includes a polymerizable liquid crystal compound and a dichroic dye. 7. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer includes one selected from a group consisting of an acrylic copolymer, epoxy resin, urethane resin, silicon resin, polyether resin, polyester resin, polyamide resin, polyvinylalcohol resin, and a combination thereof. 8. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein a change amount of transmittance before and after being left under a high temperature or high humidity atmosphere is 1.0% or less. 9. The polarizing plate according to claim 1, wherein a change amount of degree of polymerization before and after being left under a high temperature or high humidity atmosphere is 1.0% or less. 10. A display device comprising: the polarizing plate according to claim 1.",
-    "A corrective device for the positioning of a foot is an apparatus used to treat foot drop. The apparatus includes a spring, a bone anchor assembly, and a tendon anchor assembly. The spring is used to prevent the foot from drooping downward. The spring includes a coil, a first spring coupler, and a second spring coupler. The first spring coupler is used to connect the coil to the bone anchor assembly. The bone anchor assembly anchors the apparatus to a human tibia. The second spring coupler is used to connect the coil to the tendon anchor assembly. The tendon anchor assembly is used to anchor the apparatus to one or more tendons in the foot. Because the coil is anchored above and below the ankle, rotations about the ankle may be limited by the coil. 1. A corrective device for the positioning of a foot comprises: a spring; a bone anchor assembly; a tendon anchor assembly; the spring comprises a coil, a first spring coupler, and a second spring coupler; the first spring coupler being connected adjacent to the coil; the second spring coupler being connected adjacent to the coil, opposite to the first spring coupler; the first spring coupler and the second spring coupler being positioned perpendicular to each other; the bone anchor assembly being rotatably mounted to the first spring coupler; and the tendon anchor assembly being rotatably mounted to the second spring coupler. 2. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the bone anchor assembly comprises an anchor plate, a first pivot flange, a second pivot flange, and a pivot pin; the first pivot flange being connected adjacent to a lateral edge of the anchor plate; the second pivot flange being connected adjacent to the lateral edge of the anchor plate; the first pivot flange and the second pivot flange being positioned opposite to each other along the lateral edge; the first spring coupler being positioned in between the first pivot flange and the second pivot flange; and the pivot pin traversing through the first pivot flange, the first spring coupler, and the second pivot flange. 3. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 2 comprises: the bone anchor assembly further comprises an anchor bolt; the anchor bolt traversing normal and through the anchor plate, wherein the anchor bolt engages with a human tibia; and a head of the anchor bolt being pressed against the anchor plate. 4. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the tendon anchor assembly comprises a base plate, an anchor flange, a plurality of anchor holes, a coupler disk, and a coupler pin; the anchor flange being connected adjacent to the base plate; each of the plurality of anchor holes traversing normal and through the anchor flange; the coupler disk and the base plate being positioned parallel and offset from each other; the second spring coupler being positioned in between the base plate and the coupler disk; and the coupler pin traversing through the anchor plate, the second spring coupler, and the coupler disk. 5. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 4 comprises: the tendon anchor assembly further comprises at least one surgical thread; and the at least one surgical thread being woven through the plurality of anchor holes, wherein the at least one surgical thread is sutured through a tendon. 6. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 1 comprises: a spring cover; the spring cover being laterally mounted about the coil; and the spring cover traversing from the first spring coupler to the second spring coupler. 7. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spring is a tension spring. 8. A corrective device for the positioning of a foot comprises: a spring; a bone anchor assembly; a tendon anchor assembly; the spring comprises a coil, a first spring coupler, and a second spring coupler; the first spring coupler being connected adjacent to the coil; the second spring coupler being connected adjacent to the coil, opposite to the first spring coupler; the first spring coupler and the second spring coupler being positioned perpendicular to each other; the bone anchor assembly being rotatably mounted to the first spring coupler; the tendon anchor assembly being rotatably mounted to the second spring coupler; the bone anchor assembly comprises an anchor plate, a first pivot flange, a second pivot flange, and a pivot pin; the first pivot flange being connected adjacent to a lateral edge of the anchor plate; the second pivot flange being connected adjacent to the lateral edge of the anchor plate; the first pivot flange and the second pivot flange being positioned opposite to each other along the lateral edge; the first spring coupler being positioned in between the first pivot flange and the second pivot flange; and the fastening pin traversing through the first pivot flange, the first spring coupler, and the second pivot flange. 9. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 8 comprises: the bone anchor assembly further comprises an anchor bolt; the anchor bolt traversing normal and through the anchor plate, wherein the anchor bolt engages with a human tibia; and a head of the anchor bolt being pressed against the anchor plate. 10. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 8 comprises: the tendon anchor assembly comprises a base plate, an anchor flange, a plurality of anchor holes, a coupler disk, and a coupler pin; the anchor flange being connected adjacent to the base plate; each of the plurality of anchor holes traversing normal and through the anchor flange; the coupler disk and the base plate being positioned parallel and offset from each other; the second spring coupler being positioned in between the base plate and the coupler disk; and the coupler pin traversing through the anchor plate, the second spring coupler, and the coupler disk. 11. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 10 comprises: the tendon anchor assembly further comprises at least one surgical thread; and the at least one surgical thread being woven through the plurality of anchor holes, wherein the at least one surgical thread is sutured through a tendon. 12. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 8 comprises: a spring cover; the spring cover being laterally mounted about the coil; and the spring cover traversing from the first spring coupler to the second spring coupler. 13. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 8, wherein the spring is a tension spring. 14. A corrective device for the positioning of a foot comprises: a spring; a bone anchor assembly; a tendon anchor assembly; the spring comprises a coil, a first spring coupler, and a second spring coupler; the first spring coupler being connected adjacent to the coil; the second spring coupler being connected adjacent to the coil, opposite to the first spring coupler; the first spring coupler and the second spring coupler being positioned perpendicular to each other; the bone anchor assembly being rotatably mounted to the first spring coupler; the tendon anchor assembly being rotatably mounted to the second spring coupler; the tendon anchor assembly comprises a base plate, an anchor flange, a plurality of anchor holes, a coupler disk, and a coupler pin; the anchor flange being connected adjacent to the base plate; each of the plurality of anchor holes traversing normal and through the anchor flange; the coupler disk and the base plate being positioned parallel and offset from each other; the second spring coupler being positioned in between the base plate and the coupler disk; and the coupler pin traversing through the anchor plate, the second spring coupler, and the coupler disk. 15. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 14 comprises: the bone anchor assembly comprises an anchor plate, a first pivot flange, a second pivot flange, and a pivot pin; the first pivot flange being connected adjacent to a lateral edge of the anchor plate; the second pivot flange being connected adjacent to the lateral edge of the anchor plate; the first pivot flange and the second pivot flange being positioned opposite to each other along the lateral edge; the first spring coupler being positioned in between the first pivot flange and the second pivot flange; and the fastening pin traversing through the first pivot flange, the first spring coupler, and the second pivot flange. 16. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 15 comprises: the bone anchor assembly further comprises an anchor bolt; the anchor bolt traversing normal and through the anchor plate, wherein the anchor bolt engages with a human tibia; and a head of the anchor bolt being pressed against the anchor plate. 17. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 14 comprises: the tendon anchor assembly further comprises at least one surgical thread; and the at least one surgical thread being woven through the plurality of anchor holes, wherein the at least one surgical thread is sutured through a tendon. 18. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 14 comprises: a spring cover; the spring cover being laterally mounted about the coil; and the spring cover traversing from the first spring coupler to the second spring coupler. 19. The corrective device for the positioning of a foot as claimed in claim 14, wherein the spring is a tension spring.",
-    "Methods, systems, and external programmers provide therapy to a patient having a dysfunction. In one aspect, electrical energy is conveyed between electrodes to create a stimulation region in tissue adjacent the electrodes. Physiological information from the patient is acquired and analyzed, and a locus of the stimulation region is electronically displaced relative to the tissue based on the analysis of the acquired physiological information. In another aspect, electrical energy is delivered to tissue of the patient in accordance with one or more stimulation parameters. A cognitive brain signals is sensed and analyzed, and the stimulation parameter(s) are modified based on the analysis of the cognitive brain signal. 1. A system comprising: an array of electrodes; and an implantable pulse generator coupled to the array of electrodes, the implantable pulse generator being configured to: convey electrical energy to one or more of the electrodes, thereby creating a stimulation region in tissue of a patient, acquire neural signals corresponding to the patient, perform an analysis of the acquired neural signals, and displace a locus of the stimulation region relative to the tissue based on the analysis. 2. The system of claim 1, the neural signals comprising non-cognitive based neural signals. 3. The system of claim 2, the non-cognitive based neural signals comprising at least one of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals and electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals. 4. The system of claim 3, the tissue comprising brain tissue, and wherein the non-cognitive based neural signals are obtained from portions of the brain that can be correlated to a dysfunction. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the implantable pulse generator is configured to displace the locus of the stimulation region in at least one direction and between two or more of the electrodes. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising an external programmer configured to receive the acquired neural signals from the implantable pulse generator, perform an analysis of the acquired neural signals, and transmit at least one of a series of stimulation parameter sets to the implantable pulse generator to define the displacement of the locus of the stimulation region relative to the tissue. 7. A system comprising: an array of electrodes; an implantable pulse generator coupled to the array of electrodes, the implantable pulse generator being configured to: convey electrical energy to one or more of the electrodes, thereby creating a stimulation region in tissue of a patient, acquire neural signals corresponding to the patient, transmit the acquired neural signals, and displace a locus of the stimulation region relative to the tissue; and an external programmer configured to: receive the acquired neural signals from the implantable pulse generator; perform an analysis of the acquired neural signals, and transmit at least one of a series of stimulation parameter sets to the implantable pulse generator to define the displacement of the locus of the stimulation region relative to the tissue. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the series of stimulation parameter sets corresponds to different loci of the stimulation region relative to the tissue. 9. The system of claim 7, the external programmer comprising a casing configured to house internal circuitry, a lighted display screen, the casing comprising a button pad arranged on an exterior of the casing. 10. The system of claim 9, the series of stimulation parameter sets comprising a pulse amplitude, pulse duration, and pulse rate, and wherein a user may alter the series of stimulation parameter sets via the button pad. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the neural signals are indicative of a changed status of a dysfunction suffered by the patient. 12. The system of claim 7, the neural signals comprising non-cognitive based neural signals. 13. The system of claim 12, the non-cognitive based neural signals comprising at least one of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals and electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals. 14. The system of claim 13, the tissue comprising brain tissue, and wherein the non-cognitive based neural signals are obtained from portions of the brain that can be correlated to a dysfunction. 15. The system of claim 7, the external programmer comprising telemetry circuitry. 16. The system of claim 7, wherein the telemetry circuitry is configured to receive the acquired neural signals from the implantable pulse generator and transmit the stimulation parameter sets to the implantable pulse generator. 17. A method comprising: conveying electrical energy to one or more of the electrodes, thereby creating a stimulation region in tissue of a patient; acquiring neural signals corresponding to the patient; performing an analysis of the acquired neural signals; displacing a locus of the stimulation region relative to the tissue based on the analyzed neural signals. 18. The method of claim 17, the neural signals comprising non-cognitive based neural signals. 19. The method of claim 18, the non-cognitive based neural signals comprising at least one of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals and electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising sub-durally placing the array of electrodes adjacent the cortex of a brain of the patient, wherein acquiring the neural signals includes sensing brain signals in a cortical region of the brain.",
-    "An evaporator for an appliance includes a conduit extending between an inlet and an outlet. The conduit has a diameter. The diameter of the conduit is less than three-eighths of an inch. A vapor bypass is mounted to the conduit such that the vapor bypass extends between the inlet of the conduit and the outlet of the conduit. The vapor bypass has a diameter. The diameter of the vapor bypass is less than the diameter of the conduit. 1. An evaporator for an appliance, comprising: a conduit extending between an inlet and an outlet, the conduit configured for receiving refrigerant at the inlet of the conduit and directing the refrigerant through the conduit to the outlet of the conduit, the conduit having a diameter, the diameter of the conduit being less than three-eighths of an inch; and a vapor bypass mounted to the conduit such that the vapor bypass extends between the inlet of the conduit and the outlet of the conduit, the vapor bypass configured for directing vapor refrigerant through the vapor bypass such that the vapor refrigerant bypasses the conduit, the vapor bypass having a diameter, the diameter of the vapor bypass being less than the diameter of the conduit. 2. The evaporator of claim 1, further comprising a spine fin heat exchanger wound about the conduit at an outer surface of the conduit. 3. The evaporator of claim 1, wherein the conduit comprises a pair of jumper tubes, each jumper tube of the pair of jumper tubes positioned at a respective one of the inlet and outlet of the conduit, the vapor bypass to the mounted to the jumper tubes of the pair of jumper tubes. 4. The evaporator of claim 3, wherein the vapor bypass is soldered to the jumper tubes of the pair of jumper tubes. 5. The evaporator of claim 3, wherein the conduit further comprises aluminum tubing, the jumper tubes of the pair of jumper tubes comprising copper jumper tubes. 6. The evaporator of claim 1, wherein the conduit defines a serpentine segment between the inlet and outlet of the conduit. 7. The evaporator of claim 1, wherein the inlet and outlet of the conduit are positioned at a top portion of the conduit. 8. The evaporator of claim 1, further comprising a capillary tube mounted to the conduit at the inlet of the conduit, an exit of the capillary tube positioned below the vapor bypass within the conduit at the inlet of the conduit. 9. The evaporator of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the bypass conduit and a length of the bypass conduit are selected such that a pressure drop of the vapor refrigerant through the vapor bypass is about equal to a pressure drop of the refrigerant through the conduit. 10. The evaporator of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the conduit is no greater than five-sixteenths of an inch and no less than three-sixteenths of an inch. 11. An evaporator for an appliance, comprising: a conduit extending between an inlet and an outlet, the conduit having a serpentine segment between the inlet and outlet of the conduit, the conduit configured for receiving refrigerant at the inlet of the conduit and directing the refrigerant through the conduit to the outlet of the conduit, the conduit having a diameter, the diameter of the conduit being less than three-eighths of an inch; a vapor bypass mounted to the conduit such that the vapor bypass extends between the inlet of the conduit and the outlet of the conduit, the vapor bypass configured for directing vapor refrigerant through the vapor bypass such that the vapor refrigerant bypasses the conduit, the vapor bypass having a diameter, the diameter of the vapor bypass being less than the diameter of the conduit; a capillary tube mounted to the conduit, an exit of the capillary tube positioned below the vapor bypass within the conduit at the inlet of the conduit; and a spine fin heat exchanger wound about the conduit at an outer surface of the conduit. 12. The evaporator of claim 11, wherein the conduit comprises a pair of jumper tubes, each jumper tube of the pair of jumper tubes positioned at a respective one of the inlet and outlet of the conduit, the vapor bypass to the mounted to the jumper tubes of the pair of jumper tubes. 13. The evaporator of claim 12, wherein the vapor bypass comprises tubing soldered to the jumper tubes of the pair of jumper tubes. 14. The evaporator of claim 12, wherein the conduit further comprises aluminum tubing, the jumper tubes of the pair of jumper tubes comprising copper jumper tubes. 15. The evaporator of claim 11, wherein the inlet and outlet of the conduit are positioned at a top portion of the conduit. 16. The evaporator of claim 11, wherein the diameter of the bypass conduit and a length of the bypass conduit are selected such that a pressure drop of the vapor refrigerant through the vapor bypass is about equal to a pressure drop of the refrigerant through the conduit. 17. The evaporator of claim 11, wherein the diameter of the conduit is no greater than five-sixteenths of an inch and no less than three-sixteenths of an inch.",
-    "In one aspect, the invention provides a transgenic non-human animal model having germ cells and somatic cells containing an endogenous MMTV-SV40-Spy1A gene sequence introduced into said animal model or an ancestor of said animal model at an embryonic stage, wherein said gene sequence comprises a mouse mammary tumor virus gene (MMTV), a functionally disrupted SV40 gene (SV40) and a human Spy1A gene. In another aspect, the present invention provides a transgenic non-human animal model whose germ cells and somatic cells contain an endogenous Spy1A-pTRE-Tight gene sequence introduced into said animal model or an ancestor of said animal model at an embryonic stage. Preferably, the Spy1A-pTRE-Tight animal model expresses the Spy1A gene and develop cancer, preferably breast cancer, when administered with tetracycline, preferably doxycycline. 1. A method of producing a transgenic non-human animal model comprising germ cells and somatic cells having a Spy1A-pTRE-Tight gene sequence introduced into the genome of said animal model or an ancestor of said animal model at an embryonic stage, the gene sequence comprising a human Spy1A gene, wherein the method comprises microinjecting a fragment sequence obtained from restriction enzyme digestion of SEQ ID NO: 18 or a conservatively modified variant thereof with XhoI and A1wNI into a fertilized embryo and transplanting said fertilized embryo into a surrogate animal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said animal model is hemizygous of said Spy1A-pTRE-Tight gene sequence, and said human Spy1A gene comprises a modified human Spy1A gene of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a conservatively modified variant thereof. 3. The transgenic non-human animal model of claim 1, wherein said animal is selected to express the Spy1A gene and develop cancer when administered with a tetracycline. 4. The transgenic non-human animal model of claim 3, wherein said tetracycline is doxycycline. 5. The transgenic non-human animal model of claim 3, wherein said cancer is breast cancer. 6. The transgenic non-human animal model of claim 1, wherein said animal model is selected from the group consisting of a mouse and a rat.",
-    "A document box includes a top container portion and a bottom container portion. The top container portion has a rear wall with a hollow rib integrally disposed thereon. The bottom container portion is rotatably coupled to the top container portion about an axis of rotation, and the top container portion is positionable between a closed position and an open position on the bottom container portion. The bottom container portion having a rear wall and a bottom wall. A raised member is positioned on the bottom wall adjacent to the rear wall. The top container portion where rotated to the open position releasably positions the raised member within the hollow recessed rib, thereby defining a hold open feature for the top container portion. 1. A document box, comprising: a top container portion having a rear wall with a hollow rib integrally disposed thereon; and a bottom container portion rotatably coupled to the top container portion about an axis of rotation, and the top container portion positionable between a closed position and an open position on the bottom container portion, the bottom container portion having a rear wall and a bottom wall, a raised member positioned on the bottom wall adjacent to the rear wall, wherein the top container portion where rotated to the open position releasably positions the raised member within the hollow recessed rib thereby defining a hold open feature for the top container portion. 2. The document box of claim 1, wherein the bottom container portion further has a contact rib extending outwardly from the bottom wall of the bottom container portion, the raised member positioned between the contact rib and the rear wall of the bottom container portion. 3. The document box of claim 2, wherein the contact rib defines a rotational positive stop for the top container portion, the rear wall of the top container portion abutting the contact rib where the top container portion is in the open position. 4. The document box of claim 1, wherein the raised member is angled with respect to a plane defined by the bottom wall of the bottom container portion. 5. The document box of claim 1, where the raised member permits the top container portion to be rotated through an angle of rotation alpha (\u03b1) greater than 90 degrees relative to a plane defined by the bottom wall of the bottom container portion, from the closed position to the open position. 6. The document box of claim 5, wherein the angle \u03b1 is between approximately 100 to 150 degrees. 7. The document box of claim 5, wherein the top container portion and the bottom container portion are coupled with a pair of hinge fasteners, the hinge fasteners defining the axis of rotation. 8. The document box of claim 7, wherein the each of the hinge fasteners is disposed through an outer wall of the top container portion and a side wall of the bottom container portion, the side wall arranged between the rear wall and a front wall of the bottom container portion. 9. The document box of claim 7, wherein the raised member has a longitudinal axis extending therethrough, the longitudinal axis intersecting with the axis of rotation with the top container rotational axis to define an angle beta (\u03b2). 10. The document box of claim 9, wherein the angle beta (\u03b2) is less than the angle of rotation alpha (\u03b1). 11. The document box of claim 1, wherein the top container portion is in peripheral contact with at least a portion of the bottom container portion where in the closed position. 12. The document box of claim 1, wherein the top container portion has a flanged edge. 13. The document box of claim 12, wherein the top container portion has a raised outer rim with an opening formed therein. 14. The document box of claim 13, wherein the top container portion has a handle portion arranged on an outer wall of the top container portion between the opening in the raised outer rim and the flanged edge. 15. The document box of claim 14, wherein the opening in the raised outer rim has a thumb-sized indentation centrally located within the opening. 16. The document box of claim 13, wherein the top container portion has a pair of raised members disposed on opposite sides of the handle portion and extending outwardly from an inner surface of the top container portion. 17. The document box of claim 16, wherein the raised members are configured to cooperate with a flange formed on the front wall of the bottom container portion to selectively hold the top container portion in the closed position. 18. The document box of claim 1, wherein the bottom container portion has a planar wall extending inwardly from a front wall, the planar wall having a raised rib formed thereon, the raised rib configured to abut the top container portion where in the closed position. 19. A document box, comprising: a top container portion having a rear wall with a hollow rib integrally disposed thereon; and a bottom container portion rotatably coupled to the top container portion about an axis of rotation, and the top container portion positionable between a closed position and an open position on the bottom container portion, the bottom container portion having a rear wall and a bottom wall, an angled raised member positioned on the bottom wall adjacent to the rear wall, the angled raised member permitting the top container portion to be rotated through an angle of rotation alpha (\u03b1) greater than 90 degrees relative to a plane defined by the bottom wall of the bottom container portion, from the closed position to the open position, and the bottom container portion further having a contact rib extending outwardly from the bottom wall of the bottom container portion, the raised member positioned between the contact rib and the rear wall of the bottom container portion, wherein the top container portion where rotated to the open position releasably positions the angled raised member within the hollow recessed rib thereby defining a hold open feature for the top container portion, and wherein the contact rib defines a rotational positive stop for the top container portion, the rear wall of the top container portion abutting the contact rib where the top container portion is in the open position. 20. A document box, comprising: a top container portion having a rear wall with a hollow rib integrally disposed thereon, and further having a flanged edge and a raised outer rim with an opening formed therein, a handle portion arranged on an outer wall of the top container portion between the opening in the raised outer rim and the flanged edge, the opening in the raised outer rim having a thumb-sized indentation centrally located within the opening, a pair of raised members disposed on opposite sides of the handle portion and extending outwardly from an inner surface of the top container portion; and a bottom container portion rotatably coupled to the top container portion about an axis of rotation, and the top container portion positionable between a closed position and an open position on the bottom container portion, the top container portion in peripheral contact with at least a portion of the bottom container portion where in the closed position, the bottom container portion having a rear wall and a bottom wall, an angled raised member positioned on the bottom wall adjacent to the rear wall, the angled raised member permitting the top container portion to be rotated through an angle of rotation alpha (\u03b1) greater than 90 degrees relative to a plane defined by the bottom wall of the bottom container portion, from the closed position to the open position, and the bottom container portion further having a contact rib extending outwardly from the bottom wall of the bottom container portion, the raised member positioned between the contact rib and the rear wall of the bottom container portion, wherein the top container portion where rotated to the open position releasably positions the angled raised member within the hollow recessed rib thereby defining a hold open feature for the top container portion, and wherein the contact rib defines a rotational positive stop for the top container portion, the rear wall of the top container portion abutting the contact rib where the top container portion is in the open position, and wherein the top container portion where rotated to the closed position is selectively held by a cooperation of the raised members with a flange formed on a front wall of the bottom container portion.",
-    "An access point (AP) contends for a medium during a contention period in order to obtain exclusive control of the medium for a certain time period that may include one or more transmission opportunities. The AP and client stations (STAs) communicate during the time period using orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) techniques with scheduled use (i.e., allocation) of sub-channels of the medium. The AP controls this scheduling for down-link and up-link communications by sending control signaling to inform the STAs of the resource allocation schedule which specifies STAs involved in the OFDMA communications along with the sub-channel identification bandwidth allocated to each STA. The control signaling may be a combination of physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) communicated information. 1. A method for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication in a wireless local area network (WLAN) including an access point (AP) and a plurality of client stations (STAs), comprising: obtaining by the AP of exclusive control of a wireless communications medium including a plurality of sub-channels for a time period; determining by the AP of an allocation of one or more sub-channels to certain ones of the STAs for use in said time period for OFDMA communications; and sending by the AP at a beginning of the time period on each of the plurality of sub-channels of a control frame including for each of said certain ones of the STAs: a) an identification of the STA; b) an identification of one or more sub-channels allocated to that STA; and c) an identification of a bandwidth to use for communications with that STA. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said control frame specifies whether the OFDMA communications with the certain ones of the STAs during said time period after the sending of the control frame are to be down-link communications from the AP to the certain ones of the STAs. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising sending by the AP of simultaneous Aggregated MAC Protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU) communications using OFDMA to the certain ones of the STAs, said simultaneous A-MPDU communications having a same start time and same finish time within said time period. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising issuing, after said finish time, by the STAs of block acknowledgement of received A-MPDU communications from the AP. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein STA issuance of the block acknowledgement is made in response to receipt of a block acknowledgement request transmitted by the AP. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising transmitting the block acknowledgement request by the AP on all sub-channels used for the simultaneous A-MPDU communications. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein block acknowledgement issued by the STA is transmitted by the STA on all sub-channels used for the simultaneous A-MPDU communications. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein each A-MPDU communication includes a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), said PPDU including a physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) header including signaling information, and further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a first signaling information field including a flag specifying whether the PPDU of the A-MPDU communication is an OFDMA communication. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a second signaling information field specifying for the STA the one or more sub-channels allocated to that STA. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a third signaling information field specifying for the STA the bandwidth allocated to that STA on the one or more sub-channels. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a fourth signaling information field specifying other STAs assigned to belong in a group with said STA for OFDMA communications. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a fifth signaling information field specifying one or more sub-channels allocated to said other STAs in said group. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the control frame is a medium access layer (MAC) control frame. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said control frame specifies whether the OFDMA communications with the certain ones of the STAs during said time period after the sending of the control frame are to be up-link communications from the AP to the certain ones of the STAs. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising sending by the certain ones of the STAs of simultaneous Aggregated MAC Protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU) communications using OFDMA to the AP, said simultaneous A-MPDU communications having a same start time and same finish time within said time period. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising issuing, after said finish time, by the AP of a block acknowledgement of received A-MPDU communications from the STAs. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the block acknowledgement is transmitted by the AP on all sub-channels used for the simultaneous A-MPDU communications. 18. A method for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication in a wireless local area network (WLAN) including an access point (AP) and a plurality of client stations (STAs), comprising: obtaining by the AP of exclusive control of a wireless communications medium including a plurality of sub-channels for a time period; determining by the AP of an allocation of one or more sub-channels to certain ones of the STAs for use in said time period for OFDMA communications; and sending by the AP of simultaneous Aggregated MAC Protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU) communications using OFDMA to the certain ones of the STAs, said simultaneous A-MPDU communications having a same start time and same finish time within said time period. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising issuing, after said finish time, by the STAs of block acknowledgement of received A-MPDU communications from the AP. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein STA issuance of the block acknowledgement is made in response to receipt of a block acknowledgement request transmitted by the AP. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising transmitting the block acknowledgement request by the AP on all sub-channels used for the simultaneous A-MPDU communications. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein block acknowledgement issued by the STA is transmitted by the STA on all sub-channels used for the simultaneous A-MPDU communications. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein each A-MPDU communication includes a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), said PPDU including a physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) header including signaling information, and further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a first signaling information field including a flag specifying whether the PPDU of the A-MPDU communication is an OFDMA communication. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a second signaling information field specifying for the STA the one or more sub-channels allocated to that STA. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a third signaling information field specifying for the STA the bandwidth allocated to that STA on the one or more sub-channels. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a fourth signaling information field specifying other STAs assigned to belong in a group with said STA for OFDMA communications. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising sending by the AP in the PLCP header a fifth signaling information field specifying one or more sub-channels allocated to said other STAs in said group.",
-    "Some embodiments are directed to a valve assembly for use with a combustion engine. The valve assembly can include a valve stem having a plunger end, and a valve head having a stem portion disposed along a central axis and connected to the plunger end of the valve stem. The valve head can have a hollow interior portion defining interior floor and ceiling surfaces, and include ribs that extend between the interior floor and ceiling surfaces. The ribs can also extend radially around the central axis of the valve head from the stem portion to an outer circumference of the hollow interior portion. Additionally, the ribs can be configured such that a majority of an upper surface of each rib contacts the ceiling surface. 1. A valve assembly for use with a combustion engine, comprising: a valve stem having a plunger end; and a valve head having a central axis and a stem portion connected to the plunger end of the valve stem, the valve head having a hollow interior portion defining interior floor and ceiling surfaces, the valve head including ribs that extend between the interior floor and ceiling surfaces and that extend radially around the valve head central axis from the stem portion to an outer circumference of the hollow interior portion, the ribs being configured such that a majority of an upper surface of each rib contacts the ceiling surface. 2. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the ribs extends from the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion of the valve head into the valve stem. 3. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the ribs extends from the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion of the valve head, through the stem portion, to the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion on an opposing side of the valve head. 4. The valve assembly according to claim 3, wherein the at least one of the ribs extends into the valve stem. 5. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein at least one pair of ribs extends from the outer circumference of the valve head, through the stem portion, to the respective outer circumference on an opposing side of the valve head. 6. The valve assembly according to claim 5, wherein the at least one pair of ribs extends into the valve stem. 7. The valve assembly according to claim 5, wherein the at least one pair of ribs are perpendicular relative to each other about the central axis of the valve head. 8. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the plunger end of the valve stem is connected to the stem portion of the valve head such that the ribs terminate before the valve stem. 9. The valve assembly according to claim 1, wherein the valve head includes a column disposed at the stem portion and extending along the central axis such that the ribs extend from the column to the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion. 10. The valve assembly according to claim 9, wherein adjacent ribs form side walls of compartments, the compartments having top and bottom surfaces defined by the floor and ceiling surfaces, respectively, and a base wall defined by the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion of the valve head. 11. A valve head assembly for use with a valve stem that thereby forms a valve assembly for use with a combustion engine, the valve head assembly comprising: a valve head having a central axis and a stem portion, the valve head having a hollow interior portion defining interior floor and ceiling surfaces, the valve head including ribs that extend between the interior floor and ceiling surfaces and that extend radially around the valve head central axis from the stem portion to an outer circumference of the hollow interior portion, the ribs being configured such that a majority of an upper surface of each rib contacts the ceiling surface. 12. The valve head assembly according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the ribs extends from the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion of the valve head into the valve stem. 13. The valve head assembly according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the ribs extends from the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion of the valve head, through the stem portion, to the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion on an opposing side of the valve head. 14. The valve head assembly according to claim 13, wherein the at least one of the ribs extends into the valve stem. 15. The valve head assembly according to claim 11, wherein at least one pair of ribs extends from the outer circumference of the valve head, through the stem portion, to the respective outer circumference on an opposing side of the valve head. 16. The valve head assembly according to claim 15, wherein the at least one pair of ribs extends into the valve stem. 17. The valve head assembly according to claim 15, wherein the at least one pair of ribs are perpendicular relative to each other about the central axis of the valve head. 18. The valve head assembly according to claim 11, wherein the plunger end of the valve stem is connected to the stem portion of the valve head such that the ribs terminate before the valve stem. 19. The valve head assembly according to claim 11, wherein the valve head includes a column disposed at the stem portion and extending along the central axis such that the ribs extend from the column to the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion, and adjacent ribs form side walls of compartments, the compartments having top and bottom surfaces defined by the floor and ceiling surfaces, respectively, and a base wall defined by the outer circumference of the hollow interior portion of the valve head. 20. A method of manufacturing a valve assembly for use with a combustion engine, the method comprising: providing a valve stem having a plunger end; and connecting a valve head having a central axis and a stem portion to the plunger end of the valve stem, the valve head having a hollow interior portion defining interior floor and ceiling surfaces, the valve head including ribs that each extend between the interior floor and ceiling surfaces and that extend radially around the valve head central axis from the stem portion to an outer circumference of the hollow interior portion, the ribs being configured such that a majority of an upper surface of each rib contacts the ceiling surface.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a combination fuel monitoring and anti-theft device and system for monitoring fuel load and preventing fuel theft. The device and system provide real-time information, relating to fuel load and consumption, which is transmittable to a remote receiver. 1. A fuel monitoring and anti-theft device for use with a fuel tank, the device comprising: a housing having a first section and a second section; the first section containing a fuel load monitoring assembly; the second section containing a data transmission assembly; wherein the fuel load monitoring assembly is operatively connected to the data transmission assembly to gather and provide data concerning fuel load and usage to a remote receiver to prevent fuel theft. 2. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the housing includes a tamper-proof locking fuel cap. 3. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the housing is configured for insertion into a fuel tank inlet and replacing a standard fuel cap. 4. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the housing includes at least one sensor for indicating whether the device is present within or removed from the fuel tank inlet. 5. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the first section includes an internal passageway for receiving a fuel load. 6. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the internal passageway includes a top section and a bottom section, wherein the top section is adapted for receiving the tamper-proof locking fuel cap. 7. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the fuel monitoring assembly includes a flow meter assembly and at least one sensor operatively connected to the flow meter assembly. 8. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 7, wherein the flow meter assembly is contained within the internal passageway. 9. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 7, wherein the sensor collects data relating to fuel load passing through the flow meter. 10. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 9, wherein the data transmission assembly includes a processor/controller for receiving data relating to fuel load from the sensor. 11. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 10, wherein the data transmission assembly further includes a modem having a built-in antenna for transmitting the data from the processor/controller to a remote receiver. 12. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein the device further includes an anti-siphoning component. 13. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 12, wherein the anti-siphoning component is positioned within the first section of the housing. 14. The fuel monitoring and anti-theft device of claim 12, wherein the anti-siphoning component is a sieve. 15. A fuel monitoring system comprising: a housing configured for insertion into a fuel tank inlet; a flow meter assembly positioned within the housing; a sensor connected to the flow meter, the sensor adapted for receiving data relating to fuel load through the flow meter assembly; a processor operatively connected to the sensor, wherein the processor collects data from the sensor; a modem operatively connected to the processor for transmitting the data to a remote receiver. 16. The fuel monitoring system of claim 15, wherein the system further includes an anti-siphoning component. 17. The fuel monitoring system of claim 15, wherein the system further includes a power source providing power to the fuel monitoring system independent from a vehicle power source.",
-    "A compound represented by the following formula is provided: Also provided is a solution including a compound disclosed herein, a volume of dense carbon dioxide (CO2), and a co-solvent, where the solution has an increased viscosity greater than the viscosity of dense CO2. Methods of increasing the viscosity of dense CO2 and natural gas liquids (NGLs) by, for example, dissolving a compound disclosed herein to form a solution, are also provided. 1. A compound of the following formula: wherein Z is an aromatic moiety, a, b, and c are independently integers from 2 to 9, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, and X9 are independently chosen from wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are independently chosen in each instance from \u2014(C1-5)alkyl, and wherein R2a, R2b, and R2c are independently chosen in each instance from \u2014(C1-5)alkyl, \u2014OSi((C1-5)alkyl)3, and \u2014OSi((C1-5)alkyl)2(OSi((C1-5)alkyl)3), or taken together with the Si to which they are attached, any 2 of R2a, R2b, and R2c form a fully alkylated 8 to 12 membered siloxane ring, wherein R1d and R1f are independently each \u2014(C1-5)alkyl, and R1e is \u2014OSi((C1-5)alkyl)2(CH2)1-5(CH3), wherein when any one or more of X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, and X9 is each then X1, X2, and X3 are each wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each \u2014(C1-5)alkyl. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is selected from an aromatic ring, a heteroaromatic ring, a polycyclic aromatic ring system, and a polycyclic heteroaromatic ring system. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is a (C6-10) aromatic ring or a polycyclic aromatic ring. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, and X9 are each 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein two or less of X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, and X9 are each 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is a, b, and c are each 3, and X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, and X9 are each wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are each \u2014CH3. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is a, b, and c are each 3, and X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, and X9 are each wherein R1a, and R1c are each \u2014CH3 and R1b is and wherein R2a, R2b, and R2c taken together with the Si to which they are attached form 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is a, b, and c are each 3, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6 are each wherein R1a, R1b, and R1c are \u2014CH3, X7 and X9 are each \u2014CH3, and X8 is wherein R1d and R1f are \u2014CH3, and R1e is \u2014OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3(CH3). 9. A solution comprising a volume of dense CO2, a compound of claim 1, and a co-solvent, wherein the solution has a viscosity greater than the viscosity of dense CO2. 10. The solution of claim 9, wherein the co-solvent is a C3-C16 hydrocarbon solvent. 11. A method of increasing viscosity of dense CO2 comprising: dissolving a compound in accordance with claim 1 in a co-solvent to form a solution; and mixing the solution with a volume of dense CO2. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the compound is an amount between 0.01 and 5 wt. % based on the weight of the resultant mixed solution. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound is an amount between 0.1 and 1 wt. % based on the weight of the resultant mixed solution. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the co-solvent used to dissolve the compound is an amount between 1 and 50 wt. % based on the weight of the resultant mixed solution. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the mixing of the solution with a volume of dense CO2 is performed at a temperature between 20\u00b0 C. and 100\u00b0 C., and under pressure within the range of 800 psi and 9000 psi. 16. A method of increasing viscosity of natural gas liquids (NGLs) comprising: dissolving a compound in accordance with claim 1 in a volume of an NGL to form a solution. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the NGL comprises one or more gases selected from a group consisting of propane, butane, iso-butane, pentane, and pentane plus. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the compound is an amount between 0.01 and 5 wt. % based on the weight of the resultant solution. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the compound is an amount between 0.1 and 1 wt. % based on the weight of the resultant solution. 20. The method of 16, wherein the dissolving of the compound with a volume of NGL is performed at a temperature between 20\u00b0 C. and 120\u00b0 C., and under pressure within the range of 50 psi and 10,000 psi.",
-    "A system for rope cleating is disclosed. A system incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may include a cleating component, an anchoring component, and an exterior shell. In practice, the system may facilitate connecting a boat to a dock even if the boater is unfamiliar with proper nautical knots. 1. A system comprising: a cleating component formed of plastic and including a first end cap at least partially defining a U-shaped void, a member extending from one side of the end cap and having a generally elliptical cross section, the member formed to at least partially define an elliptical void formed along a longitudinal axis of the member, a cleat opening at least partially defined by an open end of the U-shaped void and a cut away in the member, and a locking port; an anchoring component formed of plastic and including a second end cap at least, a dual port member extending from one side of the second end cap and having a generally elliptical cross section, the dual port member formed to at least partially define a first and second generally circular voids formed along a longitudinal axis of the dual port member, a deflection slit cut into at least a portion of the dual port member, and a locking node; and a floating shell formed of a foam material and including a cut away region, a generally elliptical void formed along its longitudinal access, and a printing location on an exterior portion of the floating shell.",
-    "A multi-position child safety seat having a base and a separable seat shell supported by the base wherein the base comprises a movable block that alters the angle of the seat shell dependent upon the position of the block and provides for at least two usable positions of the seat shell. The seat shell includes a latching mechanism for securing the seat shell to the base which is operable in any of the at least two positions. The movable block is hingedly connected to the base and preferably movable between two generally opposing positions corresponding to two pre-determined seat shell positions and may include restraint provisions to preclude unintentional movement of the block. 1. A multi-position child safety seat assembly comprising: a seat shell having an interior seating area with a seating surface, a forward seat end, a backrest portion generally upwardly angled from the seating surface, and an external surface opposite of the interior seating area having at least one support structure disposed thereon; a seat base having a lower surface configured to support the seat assembly on a surface and a generally opposing upper surface configured to receive the external surface of the seat shell; and a movable positioning block connected to the upper surface, the positioning block being movable between generally opposing first and second positions, the block contacting the at least one support structure as the seat shell is received in the upper surface, interaction of the positioning block and the at least one support structure guiding the seat shell into one of two positions relative to the seat base dependent upon whether the block is in the first position or the second position. 2. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein the upper surface is configured to engage the external surface of the seat shell and inhibit lateral movement of the seat shell relative to the seat base. 3. The seat assembly of claim 2, further comprising a retention mechanism having a first latch configured to engaged a first receptacle or a second receptacle to retain the seat shell connected to the seat base, the receptacle being engaged dependent upon whether the block is in the first position or the second position. 4. The seat assembly of claim 3, wherein the retention mechanism further comprises a second latch configured to engage a third receptacle or a fourth receptacle. 5. The seat assembly of claim 4, wherein the first latch and the third and fourth receptacles are disposed on the seat shell, and the second latch and the first and second receptacles are disposed on the seat base. 6. The seat assembly of claim 3, wherein the at least one support structure comprises a pair of spaced-apart, convexly curved support structures extending generally fore and aft along the lower surface. 7. The seat assembly of claim 6, wherein the wherein the movable block is hingedly connected to the upper surface and movable about a generally transverse axis. 8. The seat assembly of claim 7, wherein the support structures comprise at least one positioner engagable by the movable block, the movable block having a first surface configured to matingly engage the at least one positioner to guide the seat shell into the first or the second position dependent upon the position of the movable block, and retain the seat shell generally fixed in relation to the seat base when the retention mechanism is engaged. 9. The seat assembly of claim 8, wherein the at least one positioner includes a positioner engagable by the movable block whether the block is the first position or the second position. 10. The seat assembly of claim 1, wherein the backrest portion is more uprightly angled when the seat shell is received and the positioning block is in the second position than when the seat shell is received and the positioning block is in the first position. 11. A multi-position child safety seat assembly comprising: a seat shell having an interior seating area with a seating surface, a forward seat end, a backrest portion generally upwardly angled from the seating surface, and an external surface opposite of the interior seating area having at least one support structure disposed thereon; a seat base having a lower surface configured to support the seat assembly on a surface, a generally opposing upper surface configured to receive the external surface of the seat shell, and a base end; and a movable positioning block connected to the upper surface, the positioning block being movable between generally opposing first and second positions, the block contacting the at least one support structure as the seat shell is received in the upper surface, interaction of the positioning block and the at least one support structure guiding the seat shell into one of two positions relative to the seat base dependent upon whether the block is in the first position or the second position wherein the space between the forward seat end and the base end is increased when the seat is received and the block is in the second position. 12. The seat assembly of claim 11, wherein the backrest portion is more uprightly angled when the positioning block is in the second position that when in the first position. 13. The seat assembly of claim 12, wherein the upper surface is configured to engage the external surface of the seat shell and inhibit lateral movement of the seat shell relative to the seat base. 14. The seat assembly of claim 13, further comprising a retention mechanism having a first latch configured to engaged a first receptacle or a second receptacle to retain the seat shell connected to the seat base, the receptacle being engaged dependent upon whether the block is in the first position or the second position. 15. The seat assembly of claim 14, wherein the at least one support structure comprises a pair of spaced-apart, convexly curved support structures extending generally fore and aft along the lower surface. 16. The seat assembly of claim 15, wherein the wherein the movable block is hingedly connected to the upper surface and movable about a generally transverse axis. 17. The seat assembly of claim 16, wherein the support structures comprise at least one positioner engagable by the movable block, the movable block having a first surface configured to matingly engage the at least one positioner to guide the seat shell into the first or the second position dependent upon the position of the movable block, and retain the seat shell generally fixed in relation to the seat base when the retention mechanism is engaged. 18. The seat assembly of claim 17, wherein the at least one positioner includes a positioner engagable by the movable block whether the block is the first position or the second position. 19. The seat assembly of claim 14, wherein the retention mechanism further comprises a second latch configured to engage a third receptacle or a fourth receptacle. 20. The seat assembly of claim 19, wherein the first latch and the third and fourth receptacles are disposed on the seat shell, and the second latch and the first and second receptacles are disposed on the seat base.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for recording a user's biometric features and generating an identifier representative of the user's biometric features and whether the user is alive (\u201cliveness\u201d) using mobile devices such as a smartphone. The systems and methods described herein enable a series of operations whereby a user using a mobile device can capture imagery of a user's face, eyes and periocular region. The mobile device is also configured analyze the imagery to identify and determine the position of low-level features spatially within the images and the changes in position of the low level features dynamically throughout the images. Using the spatial and dynamic information the mobile device is further configured to determine whether the user is alive and/or generate a biometric identifier characterizing the user's biometric features which can be used to authenticate the user by determining liveness and/or verify the user's identity. 1. A computer implemented method for authenticating a user according to the user's biometric features, the method comprising: a) capturing, by a mobile device having a camera, a storage medium, instructions stored on the storage medium, and a processor configured by executing the instructions, a plurality of images depicting at least one facial region of the user; b) detecting, by the processor from a first image of the plurality of images, a plurality of low-level features depicted in the first image; c) determining, by the processor from the first image, a first position of a first low-level feature, wherein the first position is relative to a respective position of each of at least one other low-level feature; d) determining, by the processor from each of at least one other image of the plurality of images, at least one second respective position of the first low-level feature; e) calculating, by the processor as a function of the determining in steps c) and d), changes in position of the first low-level feature; f) determining, by the processor, that the first low-level feature represents a live biometric feature of the user and thereby indicates liveness of the user as a function of: i) the position of the first low-level feature depicted in the first image, and ii) the calculated changes in position of the first low-level feature; and g) authenticating, by the processor, the user according to determining that the first low-level feature indicates liveness of the user. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step f) determining further comprises: h) generating, by the processor, a biometric identifier that is useable to determine liveness of the user as a function of the changes in position of the first low-level feature and at least one predetermined continuity criteria. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step c) determining further comprises: i) determining, by the processor, a location of each of a plurality of pixels depicting the first low-level feature in the first image. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step d) determining further comprises: j) determining, by the processor in the at least one other image, respective locations of each of a plurality of pixels depicting the first low-level feature in each of the at least one other image. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step e) calculating further comprises: k) calculating, by the processor, the changes in position of the low-level feature in accordance with the determining in steps i) and j). 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: l) encoding, by the processor, the changes in position of the first low-level feature as temporal gradients in at least one spatiotemporal histogram, wherein each of the temporal gradients corresponds to at least one of the pixels depicting at least a portion of the first low-level feature in the first image. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the temporal gradients represent a difference between the location of the pixels depicting the first low-level feature in the first image and the respective locations of the pixels depicting the first low-level feature in each of the at least one other images. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: m) encoding, by the processor, intensity values for each of the plurality of pixels depicting the first low-level feature in the first image as spatial gradients in the at least one spatiotemporal histogram. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step f) determining further comprises: n) characterizing, by the processor, the first low-level feature as a function of a space of distributions of the spatial gradients and temporal gradients stored in the at least one spatiotemporal histograms on a pre-defined spatiotemporal domain. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the step f) generating further comprises: iii) determining, by the processor, that at least one of the temporal gradients encoded in the at least one spatiotemporal histogram have values representing continuous changes of position of the first low-level feature. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step iii) determining is performed according to at least one predetermined continuity criteria. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of images depict at least a portion of the user's periocular region, eyes and face, and wherein the plurality of images are captured in at least one light spectrum selected from a group consisting of: visible light, near infra-red light, and infra-red light. 13. The method of claim 2, further comprising: o) generating, by the processor, a second biometric identifier usable to determine liveness of the user; and wherein the step f) determining further comprises: p) comparing, by the processor, the first biometric identifier to the second biometric identifier. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step o) generating comprises: q) capturing, by the processor and a microphone communicatively coupled to the processor, an audio data file including a recording of the user's voice; and r) generating, by the processor from the audio data file, a voice print usable to determine liveness of the user. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step g) authenticating further comprises: s) comparing, by the processor, at least a portion of the biometric identifier to the second biometric identifier; and t) determining, by the processor, that the biometric identifier and the second biometric identifier match to a prescribed degree. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the step g) authenticating further comprises: u) comparing, by the processor, at least a portion of the biometric identifier to at least one previously generated biometric identifier; and v) determining, by the processor, that the biometric identifier and the at least one previously generated biometric identifier match to a prescribed degree. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising: w) capturing, by the mobile device, at least one image depicting an object, wherein the object is an object known to the user, and wherein at least one previously captured image of the object is stored on the storage medium; and wherein the step g) authenticating further comprises: x) determining, by the processor, that the at least one image depicting the object and the at least one previously captured image of the object match to a prescribed degree. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising: y) capturing, by the processor using one or more sensors, non-machine-vision based information; and wherein the step g) of authenticating further comprises: z) comparing, by the processor, the non-machine vision based information to pre-defined behavioral characteristics stored on the storage medium; and aa) determining, by the processor, that the non-machine vision based information is consistent with the pre-defined behavioral characteristics to a prescribed degree. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the non-machine-vision based information includes at least one of: a time received from an on-board clock; a location received from a GPS sensor; a distance from the user's face to the camera calculated from one or more of the plurality of images; a distance from the user's face to the mobile device from an on-board proximity measuring device; an orientation of the mobile device received from an accelerometer; an acceleration of the mobile device received from an accelerometer; an RF radiation signature received from an RF radiation detector; a position or orientation of the mobile device received from a gravity magnetometer, and a light signature received from a light intensity detector. 20. A system for authenticating a user according to the user's biometric features, comprising: a computing device having a processor, a computer-readable storage medium, instructions in the form of at least one software module stored on the storage medium, comprising: a biometric capture module that executes so as to configure the processor to cause a camera in communication with the processor to capture a plurality of images, wherein the plurality of images depict at least one facial region of the user, an analysis module that executes so as to configure the processor to detect low-level features depicted in a first of the plurality of images, determine from the first image a first position of a first low-level feature relative to at least one other low-level feature, determine a at least one second respective position of the first low-level feature in each of at least one other image of the plurality of images, calculate changes in position of the first low-level feature, generate a biometric identifier useable to determine liveness for the user as a function of the first position and the calculated changes in position of the first low-level feature; and a biometric authentication module that executes so as to configure the processor to authenticate the user by comparing the biometric identifier to at least one previously generated biometric identifier.",
-    "A water switch assembly for a nugget ice making assembly is provided. The ice making assembly includes a hollow auger rotatably mounted within a reservoir and configured for extruding ice. The water switch assembly extends vertically through the center of the ice making auger and reservoir. The water switch assembly is in fluid communication with a water inlet and includes a float for measuring the water level. In this manner, the water switch assembly is configured to control the level of water within the reservoir. 1. An ice making assembly that defines a vertical direction, comprising: a casing in thermal communication with a sealed system, the interior of the casing defining a reservoir configured to receive water; an auger assembly rotatably mounted within the casing, the auger assembly comprising: a hollow auger shaft; an auger head disposed on the auger shaft and defining an auger cavity in fluid communication with the reservoir; and a motor operably coupled with the auger shaft and configured for selectively rotating the auger assembly within the casing; and a water switch assembly configured for controlling the water level within the auger cavity and the reservoir, the water switch assembly comprising: a switch head assembly having a water inlet in fluid communication with a water supply and configured to provide the auger cavity with water; a switch shaft extending from the switch head assembly through the hollow auger shaft; and a float slidably received on the switch shaft within the auger cavity, the float configured to measure the water level within the auger cavity. 2. The ice making assembly of claim 1, further comprising a valve configured to open the water supply when the float indicates a water level below a predetermined lower threshold and close the water supply when the float indicates a water level above a predetermined upper threshold. 3. The ice making assembly of claim 2, wherein the water switch assembly comprises a reed switch positioned within the switch shaft configured for determining the position of the float. 4. The ice making assembly of claim 3, wherein the reed switch is a first reed switch that is positioned in the switch shaft such that it is activated when the float reaches the predetermined lower threshold, the water switch further comprising a second reed switch that is positioned in the switch shaft such that it is activated when the float reaches the predetermined upper threshold. 5. The ice making assembly of claim 1, wherein the switch head assembly comprises an annular chamber that surrounds the switch shaft, the annular chamber being in fluid communication with the water inlet and the water supply. 6. The ice making assembly of claim 5, wherein the annular chamber defines a plurality of water supply holes that direct water from the annular chamber between the switch shaft and the auger shaft into the auger cavity. 7. The ice making assembly of claim 1, wherein the water switch assembly further comprises a deflector plate disposed on the switch shaft between the switch head assembly and the float, the deflector plate being configured to deflect water around the float. 8. The ice making assembly of claim 1, wherein the auger assembly further comprises a drive gear operably coupling the auger shaft with the motor, and wherein the switch shaft passes through a center of the drive gear. 9. The ice making assembly of claim 1, wherein the auger head defines a plurality of apertures to provide fluid communication between the auger cavity and the reservoir. 10. The ice making assembly of claim 1, wherein the switch head assembly is disposed above the auger assembly. 11. A water switch assembly for an ice making assembly, the ice making assembly comprising an auger rotatably mounted in a reservoir defined by a casing, the auger being disposed on an auger shaft and defining an auger cavity in fluid communication with the reservoir, the water switch assembly comprising: a switch head assembly having a water inlet in fluid communication with a water supply and configured to provide the auger cavity with water; a switch shaft extending from the switch head assembly through the auger shaft; and a float slidably received on the switch shaft within the auger cavity, the float configured to measure the water level within the auger cavity. 12. The water switch assembly of claim 11, further comprising a valve configured to open the water supply when the float indicates a water level below a predetermined lower threshold and close the water supply when the float indicates a water level above a predetermined upper threshold. 13. The water switch assembly of claim 12, further comprising a reed switch positioned within the switch shaft and configured for determining the position of the float. 14. The water switch assembly of claim 13, wherein the reed switch is a first reed switch that is positioned in the switch shaft such that it is activated when the float reaches the predetermined lower threshold, the water switch further comprising a second reed switch that is positioned in the switch shaft such that it is activated when the float reaches the predetermined upper threshold. 15. The water switch assembly of claim 11, wherein the switch head assembly comprises an annular chamber that surrounds the switch shaft, the annular chamber being in fluid communication with the water inlet and the water supply. 16. The water switch assembly of claim 15, wherein the annular chamber defines a plurality of water supply holes that direct water from the annular chamber between the switch shaft and the auger shaft into the auger cavity. 17. The water switch assembly of claim 11, further comprising a deflector plate disposed on the switch shaft between the switch head assembly and the float, the deflector plate being configured to deflect water around the float. 18. The water switch assembly of claim 11, wherein the auger shaft is operably couple to a drive motor by a drive gear, and wherein the switch shaft passes through a center of the drive gear. 19. The water switch assembly of claim 11, wherein the auger defines a plurality of apertures to provide fluid communication between the auger cavity and the reservoir. 20. The water switch assembly of claim 11, wherein the switch head assembly is disposed above the auger and the auger shaft.",
-    "Utilization of radio network technology and display thereof are managed when multiple services and radio network technologies are available to a multi-technology mobile device. The management relies at least in part on a subscriber profile that comprises a network selection profile constructed through market policy, subscriber policy, and application policy for radio technology utilization. Network preference(s) profile is generated on per subscriber, or per subscriber type, basis and is conveyed to a subscriber station over the air. Initial subscriber profile can be delivered at a time of provisioning a multi-technology mobile device, and updated based at least upon subscriber demand, a schedule established by a network operator or service provider, or an event related to coverage area relocation or contracted services. Radio technology preferences and display of associated technologies available to a multi-technology mobile device can be dynamically controlled on a per-call and/or per-application basis. 1. A method, comprising: determining, by a system comprising a processor, that segmentation data representing a subscriber segment type associated with a user equipment has changed, wherein the subscriber segment type indicates a consumer market of consumer markets respectively defined by unique socioeconomic criteria; updating, by the system, a subscriber profile that specifies respective radio network technology preference settings associated with the consumer markets respectively defined b the unique socioeconomic criteria and applications stored on the user equipment; and transmitting, by the system, the subscriber profile to the user equipment to facilitate a selection of a radio network technology that is to be employed by the user equipment for a communication associated with an application of the applications. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining is tri red based on an indication that the user equipment has exited a specified area. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the updating is based on available radio network technologies in another specified area in which the user equipment has entered. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving, by the system, the indication from the user equipment. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the subscriber segment type further indicates the consumer markets respectively defined by unique seasonal criteria. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the subscriber profile further defines another market policy that specifies respective radio network technology preference settings associated with the consumer markets respectively further defined by the unique seasonal criteria. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the subscriber profile further defines an idle mode radio technology preference that defines selection of the radio network technology for an idle mode based on a battery usage criterion of the user equipment. 8. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: determining that segmentation data representing a subscriber segment type associated with a user equipment has changed, wherein the subscriber segment type indicates a market of markets respectively defined by unique socioeconomic criteria; modifying a subscriber profile that specifies respective radio network technology preference settings associated with the markets respectively defined by the unique socioeconomic criteria and applications stored on the user equipment; and sending the subscriber profile to the user equipment to facilitate a selection of a radio network technology that is to be employed by the user equipment for a communication associated with an application of the applications. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the determining is triggered based on an indication that the user equipment has exited a specified area. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the updating is based on available radio network technologies in another specified area into which the user equipment has entered. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise receiving the indication from the user equipment. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the subscriber segment type further indicates consumer markets respectively defined by unique seasonal criteria. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the subscriber profile further defines a market policy that specifies respective radio network technology preference settings associated with the consumer markets. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the subscriber profile further defines an idle mode radio technology preference that defines selection of the radio network technology for an idle mode based on a battery usage criterion of the user equipment. 15. A machine-readable storage device, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: determining that segmentation data representing a subscriber segment type associated with a user equipment has changed, wherein the subscriber segment type indicates a market of markets respectively defined by unique socioeconomic criteria; adjusting a subscriber profile that specifies respective radio network technology preference settings associated with the markets and applications stored on the user equipment; and conveying the subscriber profile to the user equipment to facilitate a selection of a radio network technology that is to be employed by the user equipment for a communication associated with an application of the applications. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the determining is triggered based on an indication that the user equipment has exited a first specified area. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the updating is based on available radio network technologies in a second specified area into which the user equipment has entered. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the operations further comprise receiving the indication from the user equipment. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the subscriber segment type further indicates the markets respectively defined by unique seasonal criteria. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the subscriber profile further defines a market policy that specifies respective radio network technology preference settings associated with the markets.",
-    "The hair band has a stretchable foundation (lateral and longitudinal) which carries a plurality of hair wefts in a brick layered pattern thereby permitting the hair wefts to move both left-right and up-down with the expanding-contracting foundation. A filament is attached to the foundation which encircles the user's head. One or two elastic members are attached between the foundation and the filament such that, when the hair band is worn, the elastic-foundation establishes a tension fit about the head of the user. Elastic elements are disposed in respective foundation tunnel cloths. The brick layered pattern of hair wefts has at least a top spaced apart weft pattern, an intermediate spaced apart weft pattern and a bottom spaced apart pattern such that respective intermediate spaces are covered by hairs falling downward. 1. A hair band adapted to be worn about the head of a user comprising: an elongated stretchable foundation which is both laterally and longitudinally expandable; a plurality of hair wefts, each hair weft carrying a plurality of hairs adapted to fall beyond the head of the user wearing the hair band, said hair wefts attached to said foundation in a bricklayered pattern thereby permitting said hair wefts to move both laterally and longitudinally with the foundation expansion; a filament attached to said foundation such that both said filament and said foundation are adapted to extend about the head of the user; an elastic member attached between said foundation and said filament which is adapted to establish a tension fit about the head of the user. 2. A hair band as claimed in claim 1 including two elastic members, one at either end of said filament and each elastic member connected between said filament and said foundation. 3. A hair band as claimed in claim 2 including respective cloth tunnels for part of said elastic elements at the respective interfaces between said elastic members and said foundation. 4. A hair band as claimed in claim 3 wherein said elastic members, when not in a tension fit, extend outboard of said tunnels. 5. A hair band as claimed in claim 1 wherein said foundation has an upper edge and a lower edge and an intermediate segment, a first plurality of hair wefts are mounted to said upper edge of said foundation in a first spaced apart pattern, a second plurality of hair wefts are mounted to said foundation in a second spaced apart longitudinally aligned pattern on said intermediate segment of said foundation, and a third plurality of hair wefts are mounted to said lower edge of said foundation in a third spaced apart pattern and wherein respective intermediate spaces of said first, second and third spaced apart patterns are covered by hairs falling there over due to the bricklayered pattern. 6. A hair band adapted to be worn about the head of a user comprising: an elongated stretchable foundation which is both laterally and longitudinally expandable; a plurality of hair wefts, each hair weft carrying a plurality of hairs adapted to fall beyond the head of the user wearing the hair band, said hair wefts attached to said foundation in a bricklayered pattern thereby permitting said hair wefts to move both laterally and longitudinally with the expandable foundation; a filament attached to said foundation, said filament and foundation combination adapted to encircle the head of the user; an elastic member coupled between said foundation and said filament adapted to establish a tension fit about the head of the user. 7. A hair band as claimed in claim 6 including two elastic members, one at either end of said filament and each elastic member connected between said filament and said foundation. 8. A hair band as claimed in claim 7 including respective cloth tunnels for part of said elastic elements at the respective interfaces between said elastic members and said foundation. 9. A hair band as claimed in claim 8 wherein said elastic members, when not in a tension fit, extend outboard of said tunnels. 10. A hair band as claimed in claim 6 wherein said foundation has an upper edge and a lower edge and an intermediate segment, a first plurality of hair wefts are attached to said upper edge of said foundation in a first spaced apart pattern, a second plurality of hair wefts are attached to said foundation in a second spaced apart longitudinally aligned pattern on said intermediate segment of said foundation, and a third plurality of hair wefts are attached to said lower edge of said foundation in a third spaced apart pattern and wherein respective intermediate spaces of said first, second and third spaced apart patterns are covered by hairs falling there over due to the brick layered pattern.",
-    "The present invention is directed to novel substituted aminotetrahydropyrans of structural formula I which are inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzyme and which are useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases in which the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzyme is involved, such as diabetes and particularly Type 2 diabetes. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds and compositions in the prevention or treatment of such diseases in which the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzyme is involved. 1-25. (canceled) 26. A compound having the following structure:",
-    "Two novel cytochrome P450 genes are isolated from sorghum, each gene encoding a protein having pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase activity. Expression vectors containing these sequences are made and used to elevate levels of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase in transgenic cells and organisms. 1-36. (canceled) 37. An isolated cDNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. 38. An isolated cDNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 39. An expression vector comprising a promoter and a heterologous polynucleotide; wherein said heterologous polynucleotide encodes a pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase; wherein said promoter is operatively linked to said heterologous polynucleotide. 40. The expression vector of claim 39, wherein said pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. 41. The expression vector of claim 39, wherein said promoter is an inducible promoter. 42. The expression vector of claim 39, wherein said promoter is a constitutive promoter. 43. The expression vector of claim 39, wherein said promoter is a tissue-specific promoter. 44. The expression vector of claim 39, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 13. 45. The expression cassette of claim 44 wherein said promoter is an inducible promoter. 46. The expression cassette of claim 44 wherein said promoter is a constitutive promoter. 47. The expression cassette of claim 44 wherein said promoter is a tissue-specific promoter. 48. A transformed cell capable of producing pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase, said transformed cell comprising the expression vector of claim 39, wherein said transformed cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, a fungus, a blue-green algae, and a bacterium. 49. The transformed cell of claim 48, wherein said pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. 50. The transformed cell of claim 48, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 13. 51. A transgenic organism capable of producing pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase, said transgenic organism comprising the transformed cell of claim 48; wherein said transgenic organism produces elevated levels of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase compared to the levels of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase produced by the non-transformed organism. 52. The transgenic organism of claim 51, wherein said pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. 53. The transgenic organism of claim 51, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide comprises SEQ ID NO: 13. 54. A transformed cell that has elevated levels of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase compared to the level of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase present in the untransformed cell; said transformed cell comprises an expression vector, wherein said expression vector comprises a promoter operably linked to heterologous DNA encoding said pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase, and wherein said pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. 55. A method of manipulating pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase levels in a transformed cell or transformed organism, said method comprising introducing into a wild-type cell or a wild-type organism an expression vector comprising a heterologous polynucleotide and a promoter to produce said transformed cell or said transformed organism, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to said promoter, wherein said promoter is active in said cell or organism, wherein said heterologous polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, wherein said polypeptide has pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase activity, wherein said transformed cell or transformed organism is selected from the group consisting of a plant, a fungus, a blue-green algae, and a bacterium, and allowing the production of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase in said transformed cell or transformed organism. 56. A transformed plant cell or plant made by the method of claim 55, or progeny thereof, wherein said transformed plant cell or plant or progeny thereof is selected for having increased levels of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase as compared to the level of pentadecatrienyl resorcinol hydroxylase present in the non-transformed plant cell or plant of the same variety.",
-    "The light source apparatus of the present disclosure includes a solid-state light source, a dichroic mirror for reflecting blue excitation light emitted from the solid-state light source, a phase difference plate for receiving the excitation light reflected on the dichroic mirror, a fluorescent plate having a fluorescent region irradiated with the excitation light, which is reflected on the dichroic mirror and transmitted through the phase difference plate, to emit fluorescent light and a reflection region for reflecting the excitation light, and a plurality of condenser lenses that are disposed between the phase difference plate and the fluorescent plate and condense the excitation light and the fluorescent light. Among the plurality of condenser lenses, the condenser lens closest to the fluorescent plate is made of a glass material having a linear expansion coefficient of 32.5\u00d710\u22127 or less. 1. A light source apparatus comprising: a solid-state light source: a dichroic mirror for reflecting blue excitation light emitted from the solid-state light source; a phase difference plate which the excitation light reflected on the dichroic mirror enters; a fluorescent plate including a fluorescent region irradiated with the excitation light to emit fluorescent light and a reflection region on which the excitation light is reflected, the excitation light being reflected on the dichroic mirror and transmitted through the phase difference plate; and a plurality of condenser lenses that are disposed between the phase difference plate and the fluorescent plate and condense the excitation light and the fluorescent light, wherein at least the condenser lens closest to the fluorescent plate among the plurality of condenser lenses is a lens made of a glass material having a linear expansion coefficient of 32.5\u00d710\u22127 or less. 2. A light source apparatus, comprising: a solid-state light source; a dichroic mirror for dividing light from the solid-state light source and synthesizing blue light, green light, and red light; a fluorescent-light side condenser lens for condensing one of the light divided by the dichroic mirror; a fluorescent plate excited by the light supplied from the dichroic mirror and condensed by the fluorescent-light side condenser lens to emit fluorescent light; a phase difference plate for converting the other of the light divided by the dichroic mirror into circularly-polarized light; a reflection-plate side condenser lens for condensing the circularly-polarized light converted by the phase difference plate; a reflection plate for reflecting back the light from the reflection-plate side condenser lens, wherein the reflection-plate side condenser lens close to the reflection plate is a lens made of a glass material having a linear expansion coefficient of 32.5\u00d710\u22127 or less. 3. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the glass material is synthetic quartz glass. 4. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the glass material is synthetic quartz glass. 5. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the glass material is a Pyrex (Registered Trademark) material or a Tempax (Registered Trademark) material. 6. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the glass material is a Pyrex (Registered Trademark) material or a Tempax (Registered Trademark) material. 7. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the dichroic mirror has an incident angle of 55 degrees. 8. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the dichroic mirror has an incident angle of 55 degrees. 9. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the solid-state light source is a blue semiconductor laser. 10. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid-state light source is a blue semiconductor laser. 11. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the solid-state light source emits linearly polarized light. 12. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the solid-state light source emits linearly polarized light. 13. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the phase difference plate is a quarter-wave plate. 14. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the phase difference plate is a quarter-wave plate. 15. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the fluorescent plate is rotated controllably. 16. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the fluorescent plate is rotated controllably. 17. A projection display apparatus comprising: the light source apparatus according to claim 1; an illumination optical system for condensing light from the light source apparatus; an image forming element for forming images from the light condensed by the illumination optical system according to a video signal; and a projection lens for projecting the images formed by the image forming element. 18. A projection display apparatus comprising: the light source apparatus according to claim 2; an illumination optical system for condensing light from the light source apparatus; an image forming element for forming images from the light condensed by the illumination optical system according to a video signal; and a projection lens for projecting the images formed by the image forming element. 19. The projection display apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the image forming element is a digital micro mirror device (DMD). 20. The projection display apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the image forming element is a digital micro mirror device (DMD).",
-    "A spinal implant comprises a plurality of members. At least one element connects the members. An agent is disposed with at least one of the members. The members and the agent are disposable between a configuration for simultaneous delivery to a surgical site and an implant configuration. Systems, spinal constructs, surgical instruments and methods are disclosed. 1. A spinal implant comprising: a plurality of members; at least one element connecting the members, the at least one element including a surface; and an agent adjacent to and contacting the members, the members and the agent being disposable between a configuration for simultaneous delivery to a surgical site and an implant configuration, wherein the implant configuration includes an elliptical configuration that defines an inner cavity, the agent being disposed with the inner cavity; and the surface is configured to surround and contain the agent such that the agent is disposed in a center portion of the spinal implant. 2. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the members comprise a plurality of interconnected links. 3. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the members define a surface that engages a first vertebral surface and a surface that engages a second vertebral surface. 4. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the members define a passageway for disposal of the at least one element. 5. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one element includes a plurality of separate elements. 6. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one element includes a shape memory material. 7. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one element is monolithic. 8. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one element includes a plurality of articulated segments. 9. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one element is exposed to a temperature stimulus to move the members between the configurations. 10. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one element is exposed to a force stimulus to move the members between the configurations. 11. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the delivery configuration includes a linear configuration. 12. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the implant configuration further includes an arcuate configuration. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, wherein the agent includes bone graft. 16. A spinal implant as recited in claim 1, further comprising a receptacle and the members and bone graft are disposed within the receptacle. 17. A spinal implant comprising: a plurality of members engageable with a first vertebral surface and a second vertebral surface; a shape memory element that connects the members, the shape memory element having an outer surface; and an agent adjacent to and contacting the members, the members and the agent being disposable between a configuration for simultaneous delivery to a surgical site and the element being reactive to a stimulus to dispose the members in an implant configuration, wherein in the implant configuration, the outer surface forms a cavity and contains the agent surrounding therein adjacent a vertebral space between the first vertebral surface and the second vertebral surface. 18. A spinal implant system comprising: a spinal implant including a plurality of members connected by at least one element, the at least one element having an outer surface, and an agent adjacent to and contacting the members; and a cannula, the members and the agent being disposable between a configuration for simultaneous delivery within the cannula and an implant configuration, wherein in the implant configuration, the outer surface forms a cavity and contains the agent surrounding therein. 19. A spinal implant system as recited in claim 18, wherein the delivery configuration includes a linear configuration. 20. A spinal implant system as recited in claim 18, wherein the implant configuration includes an arcuate configuration.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to an electronic device and a method for operating same, which can divide a recognition section for voice recognition, process different types of voice recognition corresponding to the divided recognition sections, and improve a voice recognition rate. According to an embodiment, a method for recognizing a voice by an electronic device may include: detecting a voice input; determining the direction of the voice and a beamforming direction. Voice recognition is based on the voice when the direction of the voice and the beamforming direction correspond to each other. Different types of voice recognition may be performed for voices input in a first section and a second section, based on divided types of voice input sections, when the direction of the voice and the beamforming direction do not correspond to each other. 1. An electronic device that performs voice recognition, comprising: a microphone that receives an input of a voice and generates a voice signal; a non-transitory storage unit that stores data processed based on voice recognition; and a processor functionally connected to the microphone and the storage unit, wherein the processor is configured to divide a voice recognition section configured for voice recognition into a first section and a second section, and to perform different types of voice recognition for voices input in the first section and the second section, based on types of the divided voice recognition sections. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor checks the divided types of the first section and the second section of the voice recognition section when initiating the voice recognition, processes the voice recognition based on a first method configured during dividing of a portion of the voice recognition section into the first section, and performs the voice recognition based on a second method configured during the dividing of another portion of the voice recognition section into the second section, wherein the first section comprises a section in which a beamforming direction is formed to correspond within a predefined range to the direction of the input voice, and the second section comprises a section after the section in which the beamforming direction is formed to correspond within the predefined range to the direction of the input voice. 3. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the processor performs the voice recognition for the voice input in the second section while excluding a voice input in the first section from the voice recognition. 4. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the processor performs the voice recognition based on a non-directionally input voice in the first section, and performs the voice recognition based on a directionally input voice in the second section. 5. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the processor performs the voice recognition based on a simultaneously input voice non-directionally and directionally in the first section and the second section, performs the voice recognition by setting a higher weight to the non-directional input voice in the first section than the directional input voice, and performs the voice recognition by setting a second higher weight to the directional input voice in the second section than the non-directional input voice. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor performs training based on the voice input during an operation preceding the voice recognition, and generates training data based on the training. 7. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the training data is stored in one or more of the storage unit, another electronic device, or a server. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the processor performs the voice recognition for the input voice based on the training data. 9. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the processor controls determining of the direction of the input voice and the beamforming direction when initiating the voice recognition and when changing the beamforming direction based on a result of the determining. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises a voice recognition unit which performs different types of voice recognition for each of the divided sections with respect to the input voice. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the voice recognition unit comprises: a direction detection module that detects a direction of the input voice; a beam-former that changes a beamforming direction to correspond to the direction of the input voice detected by the direction detection module; a decoder that provides a recognition result based on the input voice or, based on the input voice and a pre-learned training data; at least one training module that performs training for training data based on a voice passed from the decoder; at least one modeling module that generates the training data based on the training of the training module; and an output module that outputs a recognition result corresponding to the input voice. 12. A method for recognizing a voice by an electronic device, comprising: detecting a voice input; determining a direction of the voice and a beamforming direction; performing, by a processor, voice recognition on a basis of the voice when the direction of the voice and the beamforming direction correspond to each other within a predefined range; and performing different types of voice recognition for voices input in a first section and a second section based on dividing a voice recognition section into types of voice input sections, when the direction of the voice and the beamforming direction do not correspond to each other with a predefined range. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein performing of the different types of voice recognition comprises: checking divided types of voice recognition sections when the direction of the voice and the beamforming direction do not correspond to each other within a predefined range; performing the voice recognition based on a first method configured during dividing a portion of the voice recognition section into the first section; and performing the voice recognition based on a second method configured during dividing another portion of the voice recognition section into the second section; wherein in the first section a beamforming direction is formed to correspond to the direction of the voice, and the second section comprises a section after the section in which the beamforming direction is formed to correspond to the direction of the voice. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the performing of the voice recognition of the voice input in the second section occurs while excluding the performing of voice recognition of the voice input in the first section. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the performing of the voice recognition in the first section is based on a non-directional voice input in the first section, and performing the voice recognition in the second section is based on a directional voice input in the second section. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein performing of the voice recognition comprises: performing the voice recognition based on a simultaneously input voice non-directionally and directionally in the first section and the second section; and performing the voice recognition by setting a higher weight to the non-directional input voice in the first section than the directional input voice, and processing the voice recognition by setting a higher weight to the directional input voice in the second section than the non-directional input voice. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising: performing training based on a voice input during an operation of performing the voice recognition, and generating training data based on the training; and storing the training data in at least one of inside or outside of the electronic device. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein performing the voice recognition on the basis of the voice comprises: processing voice recognition for the voice on the basis of the training data. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising: when the direction of the voice and the beamforming direction do not correspond to each other, a controller changing the beamforming direction during the first section. 20. A computer-readable recording medium in which a program for executing operations is recorded, when executed by a processor the operations comprising: dividing a voice recognition section for recognizing a voice input into a first section and a second section; and performing, by the processor, different types of voice recognition for the voice input in the first section and the voice input in the second section.",
-    "An adhesive composition for bonding to bone and bone-like structures includes a polymerizable, multifunctional acidic monomer having a concentration ranging from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the adhesive composition, one or more multifunctional monomers with one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups having a concentration ranging from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the adhesive composition, an organically modified calcium phosphate salt with one or more pendant polymerizable groups having a concentration ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the adhesive composition, and a polymerization initiator system. A method of forming the adhesive composition is also provided. 1. An adhesive composition for bonding to bone and bone-like structures, the composition comprising: a polymerizable, multifunctional acidic monomer having a concentration ranging from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the adhesive composition; one or more multifunctional monomers with one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, the one or more multifunctional monomers having a concentration ranging from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the adhesive composition; an organically modified calcium phosphate salt having a concentration ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the adhesive composition, the modified calcium phosphate salt having one or more pendant polymerizable groups; and a polymerization initiator system. 2. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the multifunctional acidic monomer is bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, glycerol dimethacrylate phosphate, ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate, methacryloyl ethyl oxy polycaprolactone phosphate, allyl phosphate, vinyl phosphonic acid, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanephosphonic acid, methacryloyloxy decyl hydrogen phosphate, methacryloyloxy ethyloxy phosphate, 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, or a combination thereof. 3. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the organically modified calcium phosphate salt has a concentration ranging from about 5% to about 30% by weight of the adhesive composition. 4. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the organically modified calcium phosphate salt is completely soluble in the adhesive composition. 5. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the organically modified calcium phosphate salt is stabilized by a reaction of a calcium salt and an organically functional phosphate monomer having at least one polymerizable group. 6. The adhesive composition of claim 5, wherein the organically functional phosphate monomer is bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, vinyl phosphonic acid, or a combination thereof. 7. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the polymerization initiator system has a concentration ranging from about 0.1% to about 4% by weight. 8. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the polymerization initiator system includes a photo-polymerization initiator having a concentration ranging from about 0.25% to about 3% by weight of the adhesive composition. 9. The adhesive composition of claim 1, further comprising a volatile organic solvent having a concentration ranging from about 0.1% to about 40% by weight of the adhesive composition. 10. The adhesive composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more inert fillers, wherein the inert fillers include glass, quartz, silica or combinations thereof. 11. The adhesive composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more non-polymerizable, polymeric fillers configured to allow debonding of the adhesive component on-demand. 12. The adhesive composition of claim 11, wherein the one or more non-polymerizable, polymeric fillers are polyvinylidene difluoride, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate or a combination thereof. 13. A method of forming an adhesive composition for bonding to bone and bone-like structures for use in dental or biomedical applications, the method comprising: providing an organically modified calcium phosphate salt having a concentration ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the adhesive composition, the modified calcium phosphate salt having one or more pendant polymerizable groups; adding a polymerizable, multifunctional acidic monomer having a concentration ranging from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the adhesive composition; adding one or more multifunctional monomers with one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, the one or more multifunctional monomers having a concentration ranging from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the adhesive composition; and adding a polymerization initiator system. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the multifunctional acidic monomer is bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, glycerol dimethacrylate phosphate, ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate, methacryloyl ethyl oxy polycaprolactone phosphate, allyl phosphate, vinyl phosphonic acid, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanephosphonic acid, methacryloyloxy decyl hydrogen phosphate, methacryloyloxy ethyloxy phosphate, 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the organically modified calcium phosphate salt has a concentration ranging from about 5% to about 30% by weight of the adhesive composition. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the organically modified calcium phosphate salt is completely soluble in the adhesive composition. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the organically modified calcium phosphate salt is stabilized by a reaction of a calcium salt and an organically functional phosphate monomer having at least one polymerizable group. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the organically functional phosphate monomer is bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate, vinyl phosphonic acid, or a combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymerization initiator system has a concentration ranging from about 0.1% to about 4.0% by weight. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymerization initiator system includes a photo-polymerization initiator having a concentration ranging from about 0.25% to about 3% by weight of the adhesive composition. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising: adding a volatile organic solvent having a concentration ranging from about 0.1% to about 40% by weight of the adhesive composition. 22. The method of claim 13, further comprising: adding one or more non-polymerizable, polymeric fillers configured to allow debonding of the adhesive component on-demand. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more non-polymerizable, polymeric fillers are polyvinylidene difluoride, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidinone, polybutanediol, polyesterdiols, polyether diols or combinations thereof.",
-    "A mobile device runs audio recognition while operating in a low power state. A mobile device processor will wake from the low power state in response to detecting an audio trigger corresponding to an audio public announcement at a location of the mobile device. The mobile device will receive the audio public announcement and display a text version of the audio public announcement on the mobile device display. 1. A method comprising: running audio recognition on a mobile device operating in a low power state; waking a processor from the low power state in response to detecting an audio trigger corresponding to an audio public announcement at a location of the mobile device; receiving the audio public announcement; and displaying a text version of the audio public announcement on a display of the mobile device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining an audio template from a server based on location of a mobile device, the audio template defining the audio trigger related to a public address system at the location. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein waking the processor from the low power state in response to detecting an audio trigger comprises: detecting the audio trigger where the audio trigger is a spoken word, sound or combination thereof from a public address system. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: obtaining the text version of the audio public announcement from the server, the text version associated with the audio template. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: converting the audio public announcement into the text version of the audio public announcement by performing a voice-to-text conversion. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: detecting a match between the received audio public announcement and the audio template; sending audio template identification information to the server, in response to detecting the match; and obtaining the text version of the audio public announcement from the server in response to sending the audio template identification information. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising: detecting a match between the received audio public announcement and the audio template; sending audio template identification information to the server, in response to detecting the match; and obtaining an audio stream of the audio public announcement from the server in response to sending the audio template identification information. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a match between the audio public announcement and an audio template stored on a server; and obtaining the text version of the audio public announcement from the server in response to detecting the match. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a match between the audio public announcement and an audio template stored on a server; and obtaining an audio stream of the audio public announcement from the server in response to detecting the match. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: playing the audio stream of the audio public announcement over a headset accessory connected to the mobile device. 11. A mobile device comprising: at least one microphone; a display; a first processor, operatively coupled to the microphone and to the display, the first processor operative to receive an audio public announcement and display a text version of the audio public announcement on the display; a second processor, operatively coupled to the first processor, the microphone and to the display, the second processor operative to: run audio recognition while the first processor operates in a low power state; and wake the first processor from the low power state in response to an audio trigger detected using the microphone, the audio trigger corresponding to an audio public announcement at a location of the mobile device. 12. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the first processor is further operative to: obtain an audio template from a server based on location of a mobile device, the audio template defining the audio trigger related to a public address system at the location. 13. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the first processor is further operative to: wake from the low power state in response to the second processor detecting an audio trigger where the audio trigger is a spoken word, sound or combination thereof from a public address system. 14. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the first processor is further operative to: obtain the text version of the audio public announcement associated with the audio template from the server. 15. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the first processor is further operative to: convert the audio public announcement into the text version of the audio public announcement by performing a voice-to-text conversion. 16. The mobile device of claim 14, wherein the first processor is further operative to: detect a match between the received audio public announcement and the audio template; send audio template identification information to the server, in response to detecting the match; and obtain the text version of the audio public announcement from the server in response to sending the audio template identification information. 17. The mobile device of claim 14, wherein the first processor is further operative to: detect a match between the received audio public announcement and the audio template; send audio template identification information to the server, in response to detecting the match; and obtain an audio stream of the audio public announcement from the server in response to sending the audio template identification information. 18. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the first processor is further operative to: detect a match between the audio public announcement and an audio template stored on the server; and obtain the text version of the audio public announcement from the server in response to detecting the match. 19. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the first processor is further operative to: detect a match between the audio public announcement and an audio template stored on the server; and obtain an audio stream of the audio public announcement from the server in response to detecting the match. 20. The mobile device of claim 19, further comprising: a headset jack operatively coupled to the first processor; wherein the first processor is further operative to play the audio stream of the audio public announcement over a headset accessory connected to the mobile device via the headset jack.",
-    "In accordance with certain embodiments, electronic components such as light-emitting elements are bonded to connection points on a substrate via pressure applied via a membrane and curing of a pressure-activated adhesive. 1. A method of fabricating an electronic device, the electronic device comprising a plurality of electronic components each bonded to a connection point on a substrate, the method comprising: positioning each of the plurality of electronic components over a different connection point on the substrate; providing a pressure-activated adhesive between each electronic component and its connection point; providing a membrane over the plurality of electronic components and the substrate; applying a pressure, via the membrane, substantially simultaneously between each electronic component and its connection point; and curing the pressure-activated adhesive, thereby bonding each electronic component to its connection point. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the pressure via the membrane comprises application of a fluid pressure to the membrane. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising reducing a pressure in a region between the membrane and the substrate. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the fluid pressure is at least partially applied to a surface of the membrane opposite the plurality of electronic components by a gas. 5.-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the membrane comprises a flexible membrane. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein curing the pressure-activated adhesive comprises applying heat thereto. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein (i) at least one connection point comprises two conductive traces defining a gap therebetween, and (ii) at least one electronic component comprises two spaced-apart contacts to each be bonded to one of the conductive traces. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure-activated adhesive comprises an anisotropic conductive adhesive. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure-activated adhesive comprises an isotropic conductive adhesive. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein at least two of the electronic components have different sizes and/or heights. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic components are positioned over the substrate such that a first pair of electronic components are separated by a first spacing and a second pair of electronic components are separated by a second spacing different from the first spacing. 16.-19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electronic components comprises a light-emitting diode. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electronic components is unpackaged. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electronic components is packaged. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a flexible web extending between a supply roll and a take-up roll. 24.-28. (canceled) 29. The method of claim 1, wherein, when pressure is applied via the membrane, the membrane substantially conforms to the shapes of the underlying electronic components. 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising disposing a force multiplier between at least one electronic component and the membrane. 31. (canceled) 32. The method of claim 1, wherein, when pressure is applied via the membrane, the membrane conforms only partially to the shapes of the underlying electronic components. 33. The method of claim 1, further comprising disposing a protective layer between at least one electronic component and the membrane, wherein, after curing the pressure-activated adhesive, the protective layer is disposed over the at least one electronic component and is adhered to at least a portion of the substrate. 34.-35. (canceled) 36. The method of claim 1, further comprising disposing a shaped protective layer between at least one electronic component and the membrane, wherein, after curing the pressure-activated adhesive, the shaped protective layer covers the at least one electronic component and is bonded to at least a portion of the substrate, and wherein the shaped protective layer comprises a curved portion that is disposed over the at least one electronic component. 37.-53. (canceled)",
-    "A mounting assembly for mounting an antenna to a support structure includes an attachment bracket coupled to a support structure. The mounting assembly includes a support member coupled to the attachment bracket and extending along a support member axis. The support member has a body defining a substantially hollow interior that extends substantially co-axially along the support member axis. A support arm supports an antenna. The support arm is received within the substantially hollow interior of the support member. The support arm is in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support member. In the locked position, the support arm is fixed with respect to the support member. In the unlocked position, the support arm is movable with respect to the support member along the support member axis. 1. A mounting assembly for mounting an antenna to a support structure, the mounting assembly comprising: an attachment bracket configured to be coupled to a support structure; a support member coupled to the attachment bracket and extending along a support member axis, the support member having a body defining a substantially hollow interior that extends substantially co-axially along the support member axis; and a support arm for supporting an antenna, the support arm received within the substantially hollow interior of the support member, the support arm configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support member, wherein in the locked position, the support arm is fixed with respect to the support member, wherein in the unlocked position, the support arm is configured to be movable with respect to the support member along the support member axis. 2. The mounting assembly of claim 1, the attachment bracket comprising a first attachment plate and a second attachment plate spaced apart to define an attachment opening into which the support structure is received. 3. The mounting assembly of claim 2, the attachment bracket configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support structure, wherein in the locked position, the attachment bracket is fixed with respect to the support structure, wherein in the unlocked position, the attachment bracket is configured to be movable with respect to the support structure. 4. The mounting assembly of claim 2, the first attachment plate comprising a first contoured portion substantially matching a shape of the support structure, the second attachment plate comprising a third contoured portion substantially matching the shape of the support structure. 5. The mounting assembly of claim 2, comprising a second attachment bracket configured to be coupled to the support structure, the second attachment bracket spaced a distance apart from the support structure. 6. The mounting assembly of claim 5, the second attachment bracket comprising a third attachment plate and a fourth attachment plate spaced apart to define a second attachment opening into which the support structure is received. 7. The mounting assembly of claim 6, the second attachment bracket configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support structure, wherein in the locked position, the second attachment bracket is fixed with respect to the support structure, wherein in the unlocked position, the second attachment bracket is configured to be movable with respect to the support structure. 8. The mounting assembly of claim 6, the third attachment plate comprising a fifth contoured portion substantially matching a shape of the support structure, the fourth attachment plate comprising a sixth contoured portion substantially matching the shape of the support structure. 9. The mounting assembly of claim 1, comprising an antenna mounting bracket for mounting an antenna to the support arm, the antenna mounting bracket having a bracket body defining a substantially hollow bracket interior that extends substantially co-axially along the support member axis, the support arm received within the substantially hollow bracket interior of the antenna mounting bracket. 10. The mounting assembly of claim 9, the antenna mounting bracket configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support arm, wherein in the locked position, the antenna mounting bracket is fixed with respect to the support arm, wherein in the unlocked position, the antenna mounting bracket is configured to be movable with respect to the support arm along the support member axis. 11. The mounting assembly of claim 1, comprising a second support arm for supporting a second antenna, the second support arm received within the substantially hollow interior of the support member. 12. The mounting assembly of claim 11, the second support arm configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support member, wherein in the locked position, the second support arm is fixed with respect to the support member, wherein in the unlocked position, the second support arm is configured to be movable with respect to the support member. 13. A mounting assembly for mounting an antenna to a support structure, the mounting assembly comprising: an attachment bracket configured to be coupled to a support structure, the attachment bracket comprising a first attachment plate and a second attachment plate spaced apart to define an attachment opening into which the support structure is received, the attachment bracket configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support structure, wherein in the locked position, the attachment bracket is fixed with respect to the support structure, wherein in the unlocked position, the attachment bracket is configured to be movable with respect to the support structure; a support member coupled to the attachment bracket; and a support arm for supporting an antenna, the support arm attached to the support member and configured to be movable with respect to the support member. 14. The mounting assembly of claim 13, the support arm received within a substantially hollow interior of the support member. 15. The mounting assembly of claim 14, the support arm configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support member, wherein in the locked position, the support arm is fixed with respect to the support member, wherein in the unlocked position, the support arm is configured to be movable with respect to the support member. 16. The mounting assembly of claim 13, comprising a second attachment bracket configured to be coupled to the support structure, the second attachment bracket spaced a distance apart from the support structure and configured to be movable with respect to the support structure. 17. A mounting assembly for mounting an antenna to a support structure, the mounting assembly comprising: an attachment bracket configured to be coupled to a support structure; a support member coupled to the attachment bracket and extending along a support member axis, the support member having a body defining a substantially hollow interior that extends substantially co-axially along the support member axis; a support arm received within the substantially hollow interior of the support member, the support arm configured to be movable with respect to the support member along the support member axis; and an antenna mounting bracket for mounting an antenna to the support arm, the antenna mounting bracket having a bracket body defining a substantially hollow bracket interior that extends substantially co-axially along the support member axis, the support arm received within the substantially hollow bracket interior of the antenna mounting bracket, the antenna mounting bracket configured to be in a locked position or an unlocked position relative to the support arm, wherein in the locked position, the antenna mounting bracket is fixed with respect to the support arm, wherein in the unlocked position, the antenna mounting bracket is configured to be movable with respect to the support arm along the support member axis. 18. The mounting assembly of claim 17, comprising a support brace coupled to the attachment bracket and the support member and a second support brace coupled to the attachment bracket and the support member. 19. The mounting assembly of claim 18, the support brace configured to extend substantially non-parallel with respect to the second support brace. 20. The mounting assembly of claim 17, comprising a second support arm for supporting a second antenna, the second support arm received within the substantially hollow interior of the support member.",
-    "The present disclosure includes methods and apparatuses for mapping between program states and data patterns. One method includes mapping a data pattern to a number of program state combinations L corresponding to a group of memory cells configured to store a fractional number of data units per cell. The mapping can be based, at least partially, on a recursive expression performed in a number of operations, the number of operations based on a number of memory cells N within the group of memory cells and the number of program state combinations L. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A method for operating a memory, comprising: determining an m unit data pattern to which a combination of program states of a number of memory cells corresponds based, at least partially, on a recursive expression, wherein the recursive expression is based on an index corresponding to the program states of each respective one of the number of memory cells and a cost associated with each respective one of the number of memory cells and corresponding to a voltage level of each respective one of the program states. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising mapping the m unit data pattern to the combination of program states, wherein the number of memory cells are configured to store a fractional number of data units per cell. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising encoding the m unit data pattern via the recursive expression. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising determining a program state of each of the number of memory cells. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising ordering each of the respective program states of each memory cell of the number of memory cells in order of increasing cost. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising mapping the m unit data pattern to a memory cell comprising multiple units of data belonging to a single page of data. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising programming the number of memory cells to a particular program state combination in accordance with a cost-based mapping. 28. An apparatus, comprising: a mapping component coupled to an array of memory cells and configured to: read a group of N memory cells programmable to L program states; and determine a particular index for each of the L program states according to a cost-based mapping, wherein the index corresponds to each one of a number of program state combinations, and wherein the cost-based mapping comprises a total cost corresponding to each one of the respective number of program state combinations. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the group of N memory cells stores an m unit data pattern, and wherein L is a number of program states used to store m/N units of data per memory cell. 30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the total cost is a sum of costs corresponding to the respective program states of the respective number of program state combinations, with each of the L program states having a different cost corresponding thereto. 31. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the group of N memory cells comprises fractional unit memory cells. 32. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the mapping component is further configured to program each memory cell of the group such that a proportion of an occurrence of a first program state is lower than a proportion of an occurrence of a second program state, wherein the first program state has a higher program state voltage level as compared to the second program state. 33. A method for operating a memory, comprising: programming each memory cell of a group of N memory cells to a respective one of L program states such that a combination of the program states of the group maps to a received m unit data pattern determined using a cost-based mapping based, at least partially, on a recursive expression and including: a first program state of the L program states comprising a first first-half cost ordered ahead of a second program state comprising a second first-half cost, wherein the second first-half cost is different than the first first-half cost. 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising receiving an m unit data pattern to be stored in the group of N memory cells, wherein the m unit data pattern is one of a number of m unit data patterns to which combinations of program states of the N memory cells are mapped. 35. The method of claim 33, further comprising the combination of the program states of the group mapping to the received m unit data pattern, wherein L is a number of program states used to store m/N units of data per memory cell. 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the second first-half cost is greater than the first first-half cost. 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the recursive expression comprises ( \u2211 c = 0 C - 1 \ue89e L n 2 \ue8a0 ( c ) \ue89e L n 2 \ue8a0 ( C - c ) ) + I 2 * L n 2 \ue8a0 ( C 1 ) + I 1 , wherein C is a cost of a memory cell program state of length N, LN(c) is a number of memory cell program states of length N that have a cost c, I1 is an index of a first half of a memory cell program state within LN(c), and I2 is an index of a second half of the memory cell program state. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein I1+I2=I, and wherein I corresponds to each one of the respective program state combinations. 39. The method of claim 33, including decoding the m unit data pattern via the recursive expression. 40. The method of claim 33, wherein the recursive expression includes a remainder R, a new first half index I1new determined in response to a first recursion of the recursive expression and a new second half index I2new determined in response to the first recursion of the recursive expression.",
-    "A portable urination station including: a receptor; a tube attached to the receptor at a first end; a urine pouch attached to the tube at a second end of the tube; and an inner absorbent material within the urine pouch, where the absorbent material is adapted to receive and hold urine. The receptor may be configured as a male receptor or a female receptor. 1. A portable urination station comprising: a. a receptor; b. a tube attached to the receptor at a first end; c. a urine pouch attached to the tube at a second end of the tube, wherein the urine pouch is sealed with a zipper; and d. an inner absorbent non-woven material within the urine pouch, where the absorbent non-woven material is adapted to receive and hold urine and wherein the inner absorbent non-woven material is disposable. 2. The portable urination station according to claim 1, where the receptor is a male receptor. 3. The portable urination station according to claim 1, where the receptor is a female receptor.",
-    "A reciprocating pump with chamber-charging mechanism is provided. In an example diaphragm pump, a discharge valve can be opened by the pressure of fluid leaving the pump and can also be opened by an intermittent mechanical linkage actuated by the reciprocating member powering the pump. The discharge valve is mechanically opened to allow pressure backflow into the pumping chamber, thereby charging compressible fluid mixtures and gases with an increase in pressure. The increased pressure enables the compressible fluids to open the discharge valve on the next compression stroke and exit the pump. In an implementation, the discharge valve is pushed open by the reciprocating power source in a configuration that seals the valve mechanism from well fluid. In another implementation, the discharge valve is pulled open to pre-charge the pumping chamber. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a pump for a well fluid; a reciprocating mover in the pump to alternately inflate and deflate a diaphragm within the pump; an inlet valve to allow the well fluid to enter the pump when the diaphragm deflates; a discharge valve to allow the well fluid to exit the pump when the diaphragm inflates; an intermittent mechanical linkage between the reciprocating mover and the discharge valve; wherein the intermittent mechanical linkage causes a pressure backflow of a well fluid from outside the pump into the pump via the discharge valve; wherein the mechanical linkage causes the pressure backflow from outside the pump during each minimum extension of the reciprocating mover charge a pumping chamber of the pump with each reciprocation of the pump. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the intermittent mechanical linkage pulls the discharge valve open. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the intermittent mechanical linkage pulls the discharge valve open at a minimum extension or a maximum retraction of the reciprocal mover. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a seal for preserving at least a valve guide of the discharge valve from the well fluid being pumped to protect a movement of the valve from the well fluid, wherein the well fluid contains one of a gas, a corrosive, a solvent, or a particulate. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a seal for preserving the intermittent mechanical linkage from the well fluid being pumped to protect the intermittent mechanical linkage from the well fluid, wherein the well fluid contains one of a gas, a corrosive, a solvent, or a particulate. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a bellows for allowing a reciprocation of the discharge valve while keeping an operating fluid of the pump separate from a well fluid being pumped without a sliding friction interface. 7. A method comprising: establishing an intermittent mechanical linkage between a reciprocating mover of a pump and a discharge valve; and pressurizing a pump chamber of the pump by opening the discharge valve via the intermittent mechanical linkage. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the intermittent mechanical linkage pulls the discharge valve open. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising sealing at least a valve guide of the discharge valve from a well fluid being pumped to protect a movement of the valve from the well fluid, wherein the well fluid contains one of a gas, a corrosive, a solvent, or a particulate. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising sealing the intermittent mechanical linkage from a well fluid being pumped to protect the intermittent mechanical linkage from the well fluid, wherein the well fluid contains one of a gas, a corrosive, a solvent, or a particulate. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein pressurizing the pump chamber of the pump by opening the discharge valve via the intermittent mechanical linkage enables a pressure backflow into the pump via the discharge valve. 12. A diaphragm pump, comprising: a reciprocating mover; a pump chamber; an inflatable diaphragm in the pump chamber in fluid communication with the reciprocating mover; an outlet check valve to allow a pumped well fluid to open the outlet check valve and exit the pump chamber; a valve stem on the outlet check valve to open the outlet check valve during each minimum extension of the reciprocating mover and each inflation of a diaphragm of the diaphragm pump when the valve stem is mechanically moved by the reciprocating mover; and wherein each minimum extension of the reciprocating mover pre-charges the pump chamber with an increased pressure from a well fluid outside the pump and the inflation of the diaphragm and the minimum extension of the reciprocating mover. 13. The diaphragm pump of claim 12, wherein the valve stem is slidably disposed in axial alignment with the reciprocating mover to open the outlet check valve when the reciprocating mover pushes the valve stem. 14. The diaphragm pump of claim 12, further comprising a tappet connected to the valve stem, wherein the reciprocating mover contacts the tappet near a maximum extension of the reciprocating mover during a pump cycle. 15. The diaphragm pump of claim 12, further comprising a spring to maintain the outlet check valve in a closed state until the outlet check valve is opened by a mechanical push from the reciprocating mover or by a well fluid exiting the pump. 16. The diaphragm pump of claim 15, further comprising at least one seal to isolate at least a slidable mount of the outlet check valve and the spring from a well fluid, wherein the well fluid contains one of a gas, a corrosive, a solvent, or a particulate.",
-    "Managing a Personal Security Device (PSD) includes retrieving proprietary information from a remote storage location using a first Remote Computer System, providing at least one Client as a host to the PSD and establishing a communications pipe over a first network between the PSD and the Remote Computer System. The communications pipe communicates with the PSD through the Client. Managing a PSD also includes transmitting the proprietary information from the Remote Computer System to the PSD by sending a PSD-formatted message through the communications pipe, where the proprietary information provided in the PSD-formatted message and passing through the Client is at least partially inaccessible by the Client, processing the PSD-formatted messages at the PSD to extract the proprietary information and storing the proprietary information in the PSD. 1. A method for activating and/or managing at least one PSD (2040) with at least a first Remote Computer System (2050) over a first network (2045) using at least one Client (2010) as a host to said at least one PSD (2040), said method comprising the steps of: a) establishing at least one communications pipe (2075) over said first network (2045) between said at least one PSD (2040) and said at feast first Remote Computer System (2050), b) retrieving proprietary information (I; I\u2032) by said at least first Remote Computer System (2050) from a remote storage location (2165; 2165\u2032); c) transmitting said proprietary information (I; I\u2032) from said at least first Remote. Computer System (2050) to said at least one PSD (2040) through said at least one communications pipe (2075), and d) storing and/or processing said proprietary information (I; I\u2032) in said at least one PSD (2040). 2.-15. (canceled)",
-    "There is provided a test indicator with which a correct measurement value can be easily obtained. A test indicator includes a gauge head including a contact ball at a tip end, a body case which pivotally supports the gauge head, and a rotary encoder which detects a rotation displacement amount of the gauge head. The test indicator further includes a correction unit which corrects a measurement value according to an angle \u03b8 between a measurement target surface W and the gauge head. The correction unit includes an angle memory which stores the angle \u03b8 between the measurement target surface W and the gauge head, a correction coefficient calculation unit which calculates a correction coefficient according to the angle \u03b8, and a correction arithmetic unit which multiplies, by the correction coefficient, a displacement amount of the contact ball based on a detection value by the rotary encoder. 1. A test indicator comprising: a gauge head including a contact ball at a tip end; a body case configured to pivotally support the gauge head; a rotary encoder configured to detect a rotation displacement amount of the gauge head; a display unit configured to display a measurement value based on a detection value by the rotary encoder; and a correction unit configured to correct the measurement value according to an angle \u03b8 between a measurement target surface and the gauge head. 2. The test indicator according to claim 1, wherein the correction unit comprises: an angle memory configured to store the angle \u03b8 between the measurement target surface and the gauge head; a correction coefficient calculation unit configured to calculate a correction coefficient according to the angle \u03b8; and a correction arithmetic unit configured to multiply, by the correction coefficient, a displacement amount of the contact ball based on the detection value by the rotary encoder. 3. The test indicator according to claim 1, wherein the display unit displays a message for a user to input the angle \u03b8 between the measurement target surface and the gauge head. 4. The test indicator according to claim 1, further comprising an angle scale provided around a rotation axis of the gauge head on a side surface of the test indicator.",
-    "In a three-phase AC electric motor, in each slot, any or some of the windings of six phases in total, including three phases of U, V, and W phases and opposite phases thereof, are arranged in three layers per slot. As the windings in first layers, of the three-layer windings, U, V, and W-phase windings are arranged so as to have rotational symmetry with one another at a mechanical angle of \u00b1120 degrees. The windings in second layers have the same arrangement as in the first layers shifted by L slots, and the windings in third layers have the same arrangement as in the first layers shifted by L slots in a direction opposite to the arrangement of the windings in the second layers. 1. A three-phase alternating current electric motor comprising: a rotor having a plurality of pairs of magnetic poles; a stator having a plurality of slots formed in the direction of a rotation axis of the rotor and arranged in a circumferential direction, the stator is disposed opposite the rotor in a radial direction; and a plurality of windings inserted into the slots and wound in the stator, wherein when 2P represents the number of poles of the rotor and N represents the number of the slots of the stator into which the windings are inserted, a division of the slot number N by the number of pole pairs P becomes a fraction in lowest terms, and the denominator of the fraction becomes an odd number, in each of the slots of the stator for inserting the windings thereinto, any or some of the windings of six phases in total, including three phases of a U phase, a V phase, and a W phase and opposite phases thereof, are disposed in three layers per slot, as the windings in first layers, of the windings in the three layers disposed in each slot, U-phase windings, V-phase windings, and W-phase windings are laid out so as to have rotational symmetry with one another at a mechanical angle of \u00b1120 degrees, the windings in second layers, each of which is one of the remaining two layers, have the same arrangement as in the first layers shifted by L slots, and the windings in third layers, each of which is the other of the remaining two layers, have the same arrangement as in the first layers shifted by L slots in a direction opposite to the arrangement of the windings in the second layers. 2. The three-phase alternating current electric motor according to claim 1, wherein in the slots of the stator of the electric motor, the order of insertion of the three-phase windings, including the U-phase windings, the V-phase windings, and the W-phase windings, and the positions of the U-phase windings, the V-phase windings, and the W-phase windings in the slots are not differentiated among the first layers, the second layers, and the third layers. 3. The three-phase alternating current electric motor according to claim 2, wherein the number of pole pairs P=5, the number of slots N=36, and the number of slots shifted L=14.",
-    "A ready to assemble or knockdown sofa having a back rest that can be reconfigured between a use configuration in which the sofa is has a conventional L-shaped cross-section and a shipping or storage configuration in which the sofa is arranged in a more efficiently stacked rectangular cross-section. The rectangular cross-section allows the sofa to be more efficiently stacked with other sofas during shipping or storage. The back rest has an upper back rest portion and a lower back rest portion in which the upper back rest portion can be rotated forward toward the front of the sofa and downwardly into a nesting region against the top of the seat base to provide a more efficient shape. 1-26. (canceled) 27. A boxed knock down sofa in a shipping configuration and having a use configuration, the boxed knock down sofa comprising: a box: a seat base in the box, the seat base having a rectangular foot print, a top side, a bottom side, a front side, a back side, a left side and a right side, the seat base defining an open interior space; a plurality of seat cushions in the box and sized for the top side of the seat base; a seat back rest portion permanently attached to and extending upwardly at the back side of the seat base, the seat back rest portion having an upper back portion and a lower back portion hinged together, the upper back portion is folded forwardly and laying on a front surface of the lower back portion whereby, the upper back portion rotatable upwardly, when removed from the box, to the use configuration whereby a front surface of the upper back portion is positioned above and is aligned with the front surface of the lower back portion, in a shipping configuration; and a plurality of back cushions in the box, the back cushions being positioned over the top side of the seat base to fill dead space and create a rectangular cross-section and, when the sofa is in the use configuration, the plurality of back cushions are positioned upright and forward of and covering the front side of the lower back portion and the front side of the upper back portion. 28. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the seat back rest portion has a taper going upwardly when the upper back portion is in the upright use position. 29. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the rotation of the upper back portion with respect to the lower back portion is at least 160 degrees. 30. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the upper back portion, when in the upright use position, has a downwardly facing flat surface that is elongate and rectangular and that corresponds to and abuts against a like sized upwardly facing surface on the lower back portion. 31. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the downwardly facing flat surface of the upper back portion and the upwardly facing surface of the lower back portion have cooperating patches of hook and loop engagement material. 32. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, further comprising a pair of arm rests in the box, the pair of arm rests removably attachable on the left side and right side of the seat base. 33. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 32, wherein the pair of arm rests having a height, and the top surface of the lower back portion has a height and said height is positionable at or below the height of the arm rests when the arm rests are attached to the seat base, and the heights are within 20% of one another. 34. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 32, wherein the arm rests are removably attachable to the seat base by at a plurality of at least one of: a) bolts with manually turnable handles and b) vertically engagable brackets. 35. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 32, wherein the arm rests are removably attachable to the seat base and are stowable within the seat base during storage or shipment. 36. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein when the sofa is in the shipping configuration the upper back portion of the seat back rest portion is resting against the lower back portion of the seat back rest portion such that a back side of the upper back portion is facing forward and the back cushions are positioned against and forwardly of the back side of the upper portion. 37. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the front side of the upper back portion has hook and loop material and the plurality of back cushions each have cooperating hook and loop material whereby the back cushions may be attached to a front side of the upper back portion of the seat back rest portion in the use position. 38. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, the upper back portion is positioned above the seat cushions when in the shipping configuration. 39. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein when the upper back portion is in the stowed position, a lower side, when in the use position, of the upper back portion and an upper side of the lower back portion are coplanar. 40. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein when the upper back portion is in the stowed position, an upwardly horizontal surface of the upper back portion and an upper side of the lower back portion are substantially coplanar. 41. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the upper back portion and lower back portion, when the upper back portion is in the upright use position, each have a front side and a front side surface, and wherein when the upper back portion is in the shipping configuration, the front side surface of the upper back portion rests against the front side surface of the lower back portion. 42. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the seat cushions are removably placeable within the seat base with access from a removable sheet material cover on the bottom side of the seat base. 43. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the upper back portion and lower back portion each present an upwardly facing surface with a total width, front to back, of at least 4 inches. 44. The boxed knock down sofa of claim 27, wherein the sofa has a shipping configuration and wherein when in the shipping configuration the upper back portion rests against the lower back portion with the front side surface of the upper back portion resting against the front side surface of the lower back portion, the seat cushions are on top of the seat base. 45. A boxed knock down sofa in a shipping configuration and having a use configuration, the boxed knock down sofa comprising: a box: a seat base in the box, the seat base having a rectangular foot print, a top side, a bottom side, a front side, a back side, a left side and a right side, the seat base defining an open interior space; a plurality of seat cushions in the box and sized for the top side of the seat base; a seat back rest portion permanently attached to and extending upwardly at the back side of the seat base, the seat back rest portion having an upper back portion and a lower back portion hinged together, the upper back portion is folded forwardly and laying on a front surface of the lower back portion whereby, the upper back portion rotatable upwardly, when removed from the box, to the use configuration whereby a front surface of the upper back portion is positioned above and is aligned with the front surface of the lower back portion, in a shipping configuration; and a plurality of back cushions in the box, the back cushions being positioned inside the open interior space defined by the seat base and, when the sofa is in the use configuration, the plurality of back cushions are positioned upright and forward of and covering the front side of the lower back portion and the front side of the upper back portion. 46. A boxed knock down sofa in a shipping configuration and having a use configuration, the boxed knock down sofa comprising: a box: a seat base in the box, the seat base having a rectangular foot print, a top side, a bottom side, a front side, a back side, a left side and a right side, the seat base defining an open interior space; a plurality of seat cushions in the box and sized for the top side of the seat base; a seat back rest portion permanently attached to and extending upwardly at the back side of the seat base, the seat back rest portion having an upper back portion and a lower back portion hinged together, the upper back portion is folded forwardly and laying on a front surface of the lower back portion whereby, the upper back portion rotatable upwardly, when removed from the box, to the use configuration whereby a front surface of the upper back portion is positioned above and is aligned with the front surface of the lower back portion, in a shipping configuration; and a plurality of back cushions in the box, whereby when the sofa is in the use configuration, the plurality of back cushions are positioned upright and forward of and covering the front side of the lower back portion and the front side of the upper back portion.",
-    "A folding knife that uses a four bar linkage mechanism to open and close. The knife can include a means of one hand opening and closing as well as a means to become latched in, and released from, a fixed position. The four bar linkage knife includes a blade, a handle, and the motion of a four bar linkage to open and close the knife. The four bar knife provides inherent safety because the four bar linkage motion can not fold onto the users hand. 1. A knife comprising: a four bar four pivot parallelogram-like mechanical linkage wherein each bar of the linkage incorporates a component of said knife; a blade extending from an end of one bar of the four bar linkage; a blade sheath extending from the opposite bar of the bar with the blade; two bars linking the blade and sheath bars and completing the parallelogram-like structure whereby one of the linking bars incorporates the front half of the handle and the other incorporates the back half of the handle; a parallelogram-like motion that occurs when the bars linking the blade to the sheath rotate together in the same direction thereby carrying the sheath to open and closed positions; a parallelogram-like motion where the linking bars that incorporate the handle components come into alignment in the knife open position and become the handle. 2. The knife according to claim 1. wherein the handle components are made of but not limited to materials including plastic, metal, wood, stone, ceramic, carbon fiber, or other composites or a combinations of materials. 3. The knife according to claim 1. wherein the pivot joints are made of but not limited to, rivets, threaded screws, welded pins, press fit pins or combinations of like functioning methods and devices. 4. The knife according to claim 1. Wherein the sheath is made of materials including but not limited to, plastic, aluminum, steel, carbon fiber, or other composites or combinations of other materials. 5. The knife according to claim 1. wherein the blade is made of but not limited to materials including ceramic, metal, or a composite of different materials. 6. A method of latching a four bar parallel linkage knife to a fixed position comprising: a component included with a bar of the linkage wherein said component engages a feature of another bar thereby blocking one direction of motion of the linkage; a component of a bar of the four bar parallel linkage whereby said component releases the latching component allowing the four bar linkage to move in the direction blocked by the latch; a method whereby a latch engages automatically as the knife reaches a certain position and holds the knife in that position. 7. A knife comprising: a four bar four pivot anti-parallel mechanical linkage; a blade extending from one bar of said linkage; a handle incorporated with the opposite bar of said linkage; two bars linking the bar with the blade to the bar with the handle and that rotate in opposite directions from each other when carrying the blade in or out of the handle; a motion generated by an anti-parallel four bar four pivot linkage that moves a blade into a handle by pivoting the blade first in one direction then back in the opposite direction to fully close or open the knife. 8. The knife according to claim 7 wherein the pivot joints are comprised of but not limited to, rivets, threaded screws, welded pins, press fit pins or combinations of like functioning devices. 9. The knife according to claim 7 wherein the handle components are made of but not limited to a plurality of materials including plastic, metal, wood, stone, ceramic, carbon fiber, or other composites or combinations of materials. 10. The knife according to claim 7 wherein the links are made of but not limited to materials including, metal, plastic or other combinations of materials. 11. The knife according to claim 7 wherein the blade is made of but not limited to materials including ceramic, metal, or a composite of different materials. 12. A four bar anti-parallel linkage knife opening method comprising: a lever projecting from a bar of a four bar anti-parallel linkage knife wherein pushing said lever can open and or close the knife. 13. The lever according to claim 12 wherein the lever projects from the blade bar of the four bar anti-parallel linkage. 14. The lever according to claim 12 wherein said lever projects from a linking bar of a four bar anti-parallel linkage knife. 15. A four bar anti-parallel linkage knife latch comprising: a component incorporated into a bar wherein said component engages a component of another bar of the four bar anti-parallel linkage thereby latching the knife in a fixed position; a method whereby said latch is released allowing the four bar anti-parallel linkage to move. 16. The latch according to claim 15 whereby said latch automatically engages as the knife reaches a determined position.",
-    "A coffee packet includes a compartment defining an enclosure. The compartment is comprised of a fluid permeable material. A loose particulate material is positioned within the enclosure. The loose particulate material includes ground coffee beans. The compartment is placed within a person's mouth to release coffee flavor and caffeine. 1. An oral coffee pouch assembly configured for positioning within a person's mouth to provide caffeine to the person, said coffee pouch assembly comprising: a compartment defining an enclosure, said compartment being comprised of a fluid permeable material; and a loose particulate material being positioned within said enclosure, said loose particulate material including ground coffee beans. 2. The oral coffee pouch assembly according to claim 1, wherein said compartment is comprised of a mesh material and being fluid permeable. 3. The oral coffee pouch assembly according to claim 1, wherein said compartment has an inner volume being less than 0.50 in3. 4. The oral coffee pouch assembly according to claim 1, wherein said ground coffee beans includes caffeine. 5. An oral coffee pouch assembly configured for positioning within a person's mouth to provide caffeine to the person, said coffee pouch assembly comprising: a compartment defining an enclosure, said compartment being comprised of a mesh material and being fluid permeable, said compartment having an inner volume being less than 0.50 in3, said compartment having a top wall, a bottom wall, a first end, a second end, a first lateral wall and a second lateral wall, said compartment being elongated from said first end to said second end; and a loose particulate material being positioned within said enclosure, said loose particulate material including ground coffee beans, said ground coffee beans including caffeine.",
-    "Disclosed are methods, circuits, apparatus, systems and associated software modules for dynamically evaluating code behavior in runtime. There is provided a code testing platform and/or framework which may include: (1) a code execution environment instancing module (CEEIM), (2) code execution resources, (3) executed code isolation logic, and (4) code call response logic. The CEEIM may instance, on a computing platform, a code execution environment (CEE) which is at least partially isolated from external resources functionally associated with the computing platform. The CEE may include code execution resources adapted to execute code whose behavior is to be evaluated, wherein a resource call generated from code execution may be analyzed by the code isolation logic and may under certain conditions be routed to the code call response logic. 1. A system for evaluating code behavior, said system comprising: a tangible medium containing processor executable software testing code adapted to cause a processor to: instance a code execution environment (CEE); ii. execute one or more code segments of a given native machine code being evaluated, within said code execution environment; analyze resource calls from code execution of the given code; iv. forward a selected call of a first resource, resulting from the execution of the one or more code segments, to a code call response logic; V. determine, by the code call response logic, a call response format corresponding to the selected call; vi. dynamically generate, based on the code call response logic, testing code to replace the first resource and generate a fake response to the selected call according to the determined format, which fake response implements a defined testing parameter. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to deep copy arguments for the generated testing code and later use the copied arguments for verification. The system according to claim 1, wherein said software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to: i. identify debugger event code within one or more code segments of a second code being evaluated; ii. retrieve an original code of the second code being evaluated, which original code represents the second code prior to a debugging operation; iii. execute code segments of the original code, within said code execution environment; iv. analyze resource calls from code execution of the original code; and v. forward a second selected call of a second resource, resulting from the execution of the code segments of the original code, to a code call response logic configured to dynamically generate testing code to replace the second resource and generate a fake response to the second selected call, which fake response implements a second defined testing parameter. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the original code is retrieved by querying a debugger. 5. The system according to claim 3, wherein the original code is retrieved from an external source. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to identify arguments associated by reference, or by pointer, with a segment of the given code under evaluation and set the identified arguments to a desired testing value. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the fake response to the selected call comprises code designed to generate a fake response to a subsequent resource call. 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable code further comprises an EAT/IAT manager configured to read object definitions from an export address table (EAT) or an import address table (IAT), and wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to use said object definitions to generate the testing code for replacing the called resource. 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable code further comprises a program debug information manager configured to dynamically detect object definitions and addresses associated with the given code under evaluation in a debug information repository, and wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to use said object definitions and addresses to generate the testing code for replacing the first resource. 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable code further comprises a program debug information manager configured to dynamically detect object definitions and addresses associated with the given code under evaluation in a debug information repository, and wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to use said object definitions and addresses to detour the first resource. 11. The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to analyze a stack and calling convention associated with the one or more code segments and then clean up the stack and associated registers before returning from the faked call. 17. . The system according to claim 1, wherein said processor executable code further comprises a program debug information manager configured to dynamically detect object definitions associated with the given code under evaluation in a debug information repository, and wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to use said object definitions and addresses to set and read data members and fields associated with the given code being evaluated. 13. A system for evaluating code behavior, said system comprising: a tangible medium containing processor executable software testing code adapted to cause a processor to: i. instance a code execution environment (CEE); ii. execute one or more code segments of a given code being evaluated, within said code execution environment; iii. allocate space in a memory; iv. analyze resource calls from code execution of the given code; v. fill a virtual table suitable to a virtual method of the given code being evaluated; and vi. forward a selected call of a first resource, resulting from the execution of the one or more code segments, to a code call response logic configured to dynamically generate testing code to replace the first resource and generate a fake response to the selected call, which fake response implements a defined testing parameter; wherein forwarding a selected call includes inserting an address in the virtual table pointing to the generated testing code. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein said processor executable software testing code is further adapted to cause the processor to identify arguments associated by reference, or by pointer, with a segment of the given code under evaluation and set the identified arguments to a desired testing value. 15. The system according to claim 13, wherein the fake response to the selected call comprises code designed to generate a fake response to a subsequent resource call. 16. A system for evaluating code behavior, said system comprising: a tangible medium containing processor executable software testing code adapted to cause a processor to: i. instance a code execution environment (CEE); ii. execute one or more code segments of a given code being evaluated, within said code execution environment; iii. identify a non-public field called during code execution of the given code; iv. identify a location in a memory associated with the non-public field, within a digital memory functionally associated with the processor, by finding an offset associated with the field in a Debug, Import Address Table (IAT), Run-Time Type Identification(RTTI) or metadata method relating to the field; and v. set or copy a value of the non-public field, to test the given code, by directly setting or copying the value in the identified memory location. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein setting or copying a value of the non-public field includes setting the value to a test value.",
-    "A liquid crystal cell panel includes a first substrate from which is formed a thin film transistor array substrate, the first substrate including a plurality of unit cells and test terminals which respectively correspond to the unit cells, and a second substrate which faces the first substrate and from which is formed a color filter substrate. The first substrate further includes a first cutting pattern at each of a plurality of corners thereof, and the second substrate includes a second cutting pattern at each of a plurality of corners thereof, the second cutting patterns corresponding one-to-one with the first cutting patterns. Corresponding first and second cutting patterns cross each other in a plan view, and the crossing first and second cutting patterns expose a test terminal adjacent to the crossing first and second cutting patterns to outside the liquid crystal cell panel. 1. A liquid crystal cell panel, comprising: a first substrate from which is formed a thin film transistor array substrate, the first substrate comprising: a plurality of unit cells in which a pixel region is defined; test terminals which respectively correspond to the unit cells; and a first cutting pattern at each of a plurality of corners of the first substrate, the test terminals respectively adjacent to the first cutting patterns; and a second substrate which faces the first substrate and from which is formed a color filter substrate, the second substrate comprising a second cutting pattern at each of a plurality of corners thereof, the second cutting patterns in one-to-one correspondence with the first cutting patterns of the first substrate, wherein corresponding first and second cutting patterns cross each other in a plan view, and the crossing first and second cutting patterns expose a test terminal adjacent to the crossing first and second cutting patterns to outside the liquid crystal cell panel. 2. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 1, wherein the first and second substrates have a substantially same polygonal shape respectively defined by the cutting patterns thereof and remaining sides thereof. 3. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 2, wherein each of the first and second substrates have an octagonal shape. 4. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 2, wherein the facing first and second substrates have a vertically or laterally symmetrical relationship with each other in a plane. 5. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 4, wherein the vertically symmetrical relationship is a relationship in which when the first substrate is vertically inverted in the plane, the first substrate corresponds to the second substrate, and the laterally symmetrical relationship is a relationship in which when the first substrate is laterally inverted in the plane, the first substrate corresponds to the second substrate. 6. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 2, wherein an angle formed by the crossing first and second cutting patterns is an obtuse angle. 7. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 1, wherein the first substrate further comprises a pixel electrode, and the second substrate further comprises a common electrode. 8. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of unit cells comprises: a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines, and a plurality of thin film transistors. 9. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 8, wherein the test terminal comprises: a gate line terminal connected to the plurality of gate lines, a data line terminal connected to the data lines, and a common voltage terminal connected to the common electrode. 10. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 1, further comprising a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate facing the second substrate. 11. The liquid crystal cell panel of claim 10, wherein the liquid crystal layer is a liquid crystal material layer of one of the first and second substrates in a non-facing state with the other one of the first and second substrates. 12. A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal cell panel, comprising: forming an alignment film on a first substrate from which a thin film transistor array substrate is formed or a second substrate from which a color filter substrate is formed, the first substrate comprising: a plurality of unit cells in which a pixel region is defined; a first cutting pattern at each of a plurality of corners thereof, and test terminals respectively corresponding to the first cutting patterns, the test terminals respectively connected to the unit cells, the second substrate comprising: a second cutting pattern at each of a plurality of corners thereof, the second cutting patterns corresponding one-to-one with the first cutting patterns; forming a seal pattern and a spacer on the first substrate or the second substrate which includes the alignment film thereon; dropping liquid crystal material on the first substrate or the second substrate which includes the seal pattern thereon; assembling the substrate including the liquid crystal dropped thereon among the first and second substrates with the remaining substrate among the first and second substrates to form the liquid crystal cell panel in which corresponding first and second cutting patterns to cross each other in a plan view to expose a test terminal adjacent thereto; and testing the liquid crystal cell panel for defects through the exposed test terminal which is adjacent to the crossing first and second cutting patterns. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first and second substrates have a substantially same polygonal shape respectively defined by the cutting patterns thereof and remaining sides thereof. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the first and second substrates have an octagonal shape. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first and second substrates assembled with each other have a vertically or laterally symmetrical relationship with each other in a plane. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the vertically symmetrical relationship is a relationship in which when the first substrate is vertically inverted in the plane, the first substrate corresponds to the second substrate, and the laterally symmetrical relationship is a relationship in which when the first substrate is laterally inverted in the plane, the first substrate corresponds to the second substrate. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein an angle formed by the crossing first and second cutting patterns is an obtuse angle. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing the liquid crystal cell panel for defects comprises an on/off inspection apparatus applying a direct current voltage to the exposed test terminal which is adjacent to the crossing first and second cutting patterns. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the testing the liquid crystal cell panel for defects is performed before separating the unit cells of liquid crystal cell panel from each other to respectively form display cells from the separated unit cells.",
-    "A bridged polysilsesquioxane-based flame retardant filler imparts flame retardancy to printed circuit boards (PCBs). In an exemplary synthetic method, a bridged polysilsesquioxane-based flame retardant filler is prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer having two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group that contains a fire retardant group (e.g., a halogen atom, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof). Bridged polysilsesquioxane particles formed by sol-gel polymerization of (((2,5-dibromo-1,4-phenylene)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(trimethoxysilane), for example, and follow-on sol-gel processing may serve both as a filler for rheology control (viscosity, flow, etc.) and a flame retardant. In an embodiment of the present invention, a PCB laminate stack-up includes conductive planes separated from each other by a dielectric material that includes a bridged polysilsesquioxane-based flame retardant filler. 1. An electronic circuit board, comprising: a laminate stack-up that includes a plurality of conductive planes separated from each other by a dielectric material, wherein the dielectric material includes a flame retardant filler comprising a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the bridging group contains a fire retardant group selected from a halogen atom, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof. 2. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 1, wherein the bridging group contains at least two bromine atoms as the fire retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: 3. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 1, wherein the bridging group contains at least four bromine atoms as the fire retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: 4. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 1, wherein the bridging group contains a phosphinate as the flame retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: wherein R1, R2 and R3 are organic substituents. 5. An electronic circuit board, comprising: a laminate stack-up that includes a plurality of conductive planes separated from each other by a dielectric material, wherein the dielectric material includes a flame retardant filler comprising a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the organic bridging group has a backbone portion that includes at least two oxygen atoms, and wherein the organic bridging group is halogenated. 6. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 5, wherein the dielectric material further includes a varnish coating applied to a glass fiber substrate having its surface modified by a silane coupling agent, and wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane is incorporated into the varnish coating in the form of bridged polysilsesquioxane particles. 7. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 6, wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane particles serve both as a filler for rheology control and a flame retardant. 8. An electronic circuit board, comprising: a laminate stack-up that includes a plurality of conductive planes separated from each other by a dielectric material, wherein the dielectric material includes a flame retardant filler comprising a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the organic bridging group contains a fire retardant group selected from a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof, and wherein the organic bridging group has a backbone portion that includes at least one phosphorous atom. 9. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 8, wherein the dielectric material further includes a varnish coating applied to a glass fiber substrate having its surface modified by a silane coupling agent, and wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane is incorporated into the varnish coating in the form of bridged polysilsesquioxane particles. 10. The electronic circuit board as recited in claim 9, wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane particles serve both as a filler for rheology control and a flame retardant.",
-    "A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a channel region disposed between a source region and a drain region, a gate structure over the channel region, an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer proximate the gate structure, an ILD stress layer proximate the top portion of gate structure and over the ILD layer. The gate structure includes a first sidewall, a second sidewall and a top portion. A first stress memorization region is also provided. The first stress memorization region is proximate the top portion of the gate structure. A method of making a semiconductor device is also provided. 1. A method of forming a semiconductor device, comprising: etching a substrate to define a fin structure; forming a dummy gate structure over a channel region of the fin structure; forming an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over a source/drain region in contact with the channel region; implanting a dopant into a portion of the ILD layer to define an implanted ILD layer over a second portion of the ILD layer in which the dopant is not implanted; and annealing the implanted ILD layer to stress the implanted ILD layer, wherein the stress applies a compressive force on the dummy gate structure. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the etching comprises etching the substrate to define a second fin structure, and the method comprises: forming an isolation structure over the substrate and between the fin structure and the second fin structure. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising: etching a portion of the fin structure not covered by the dummy gate structure to define a fin recess. 4. The method of claim 3, comprising: growing an epi-region in the fin recess, the epi-region corresponding to the source/drain region. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising: depositing a contact etch stop layer (CESL) over the source/drain region prior to the forming an ILD layer. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising: depositing a contact etch stop layer (CESL) over the source/drain region and the dummy gate structure prior to the forming an ILD layer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the forming an ILD layer comprises: forming the ILD layer over the CESL, the ILD layer overlying the source/drain region and the dummy gate structure. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming a dummy gate structure comprises: depositing a dummy poly layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the implanting comprises: implanting the dopant into a portion of the dummy poly layer to define an implanted dummy poly layer over a second portion of the dummy poly layer in which the dopant is not implanted. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein annealing comprises: annealing the implanted dummy poly layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein annealing the implanted dummy poly layer causes an amorphous part of the implanted dummy poly layer to be recrystallized. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein recrystallization of the implanted dummy poly layer causes a compressive force to be applied to the channel region. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the compressive force on the dummy gate structure causes a second compressive force to be applied to the channel region. 14. The method of claim 1, comprising: replacing the dummy gate structure with a gate structure after the annealing. 15. A method of forming a semiconductor device, comprising: etching a substrate to define a fin structure; forming a dummy gate structure over a channel region of the fin structure, the dummy gate structure comprising a dummy poly layer; implanting a dopant into a portion of the dummy poly layer to define an implanted dummy poly layer over a second portion of the dummy poly layer in which the dopant is not implanted; and annealing the implanted dummy poly layer to recrystallize the implanted dummy poly layer, wherein recrystallization of the implanted dummy poly layer causes a compressive force to be applied to the channel region. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising: etching a portion of the fin structure not covered by the dummy gate structure to define a fin recess; and growing an epi-region in the fin recess, the epi-region corresponding to a source/drain region. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising: forming an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over a source/drain region; and implanting the dopant into a portion of the ILD layer to define an implanted ILD layer over a second portion of the ILD layer in which the dopant is not implanted. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the annealing comprises: annealing the implanted ILD layer to stress the implanted ILD layer, wherein the stress applies a compressive force on the dummy gate structure. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the compressive force on the dummy gate structure causes a second compressive force to be applied to the channel region. 20. A method of forming a semiconductor device, comprising: etching a substrate to define a fin structure; forming a dummy gate structure over a channel region of the fin structure, the dummy gate structure comprising a dummy poly layer; growing an epi-region adjacent the channel region, the epi-region corresponding to a source/drain region; forming an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer over the source/drain region; implanting a dopant into a portion of the ILD layer to define an implanted ILD layer over a second portion of the ILD layer in which the dopant is not implanted and into a portion of the dummy poly layer to define an implanted dummy poly layer over a second portion of the dummy poly layer in which the dopant is not implanted; and annealing the implanted ILD layer and the implanted dummy poly layer to stress the implanted ILD layer and to recrystallize the implanted dummy poly layer.",
-    "Example systems and methods may be used to determine a trajectory for moving an object using a robotic device. One example method includes determining a plurality of possible trajectories for moving an object with an end effector of a robotic manipulator based on a plurality of possible object measurements. The method may further include causing the robotic manipulator to pick up the object with the end effector. After causing the robotic manipulator to pick up the object with the end effector, the method may also include receiving sensor data from one or more sensors indicative of one or more measurements of the object. Based on the received sensor data, the method may additionally include selecting a trajectory for moving the object from the plurality of possible trajectories. The method may further include causing the robotic manipulator to move the object through the selected trajectory. 1. A method comprising: causing a robotic manipulator to pick up an object in an environment with an end effector; causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around an edge of the object in contact with a surface in the environment; while causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object, using sensor data from a force-torque sensor cause the robotic manipulator to follow a trajectory that maintains contact between the edge of the object and the surface in the environment; and determining at least one dimension of the object based on the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a radius of the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator, wherein determining the at least one dimension of the object is further based on the radius of the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising causing the robotic manipulator to follow a trajectory that maintains contact between the edge of the object and the surface in the environment at a fixed contact point on the surface of the environment. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one dimension of the object is measured from the edge of the object in contact with the surface in the environment. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around a second edge of the object in contact with the surface in the environment; while causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around the second edge, using sensor data from the force-torque sensor to cause the robotic manipulator to follow a second trajectory that maintains contact between the second edge of the object and the surface in the environment; and determining at least one other dimension of the object based on the second trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, based on the at least one dimension of the object, a path for moving the object to a drop-off location; and causing the robotic manipulator to move the object to the drop-off location through the determined path. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising determining at least one other dimension of the object based on sensor data from at least one of a depth sensor and a visual sensor, wherein determining the path for moving the object to the drop-off location is further based on the sensor data from the at least one of a depth sensor and a visual sensor. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one dimension of the object is at least one of a width of the object, a height of the object, and a depth of the object. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is a rectangular object, wherein causing the robotic manipulator to pick up the object comprises causing the end effector to grip the rectangular object from a first side, and wherein the at least one dimension of the rectangular object is a dimension of a surface of the rectangular object opposite the first side of the rectangular object. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is a first rectangular object, and wherein the surface in the environment is a surface of a second rectangular object. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the end effector of the robotic manipulator comprises a gripper, and wherein the force-torque sensor is positioned above the gripper on the robotic manipulator. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the gripper comprises at least one suction gripper. 13. A system, comprising: a robotic manipulator; a force-torque sensor; and a control system configured to: cause the robotic manipulator to pick up an object in an environment with an end effector; cause the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around an edge of the object in contact with a surface in the environment; while causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object, use sensor data from the force-torque sensor to cause the robotic manipulator to follow a trajectory that maintains contact between the edge of the object and the surface in the environment; and determine at least one dimension of the object based on the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the control system is further configured to: determine a radius of the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator; and determine the at least one dimension of the object based on the radius of the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the control system is further configured to cause the robotic manipulator to follow a trajectory that maintains contact between the edge of the object and the surface in the environment at a fixed contact point on the surface of the environment. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one dimension of the object is measured from the edge of the object in contact with the surface in the environment. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the control system is further configured to: cause the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around a second edge of the object in contact with the surface in the environment; while causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around the second edge, use sensor data from the force-torque sensor to cause the robotic manipulator to follow a second trajectory that maintains contact between the second edge of the object and the surface in the environment; and determine at least one other dimension of the object based on the second trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored therein instructions, that when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform functions comprising: causing a robotic manipulator to pick up an object in an environment with an end effector; causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object around an edge of the object in contact with a surface in the environment; while causing the robotic manipulator to pivot the object, using sensor data from a force torque sensor to cause the robotic manipulator to follow a trajectory that maintains contact between the edge of the object and the surface in the environment; and determining at least one dimension of the object based on the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the functions further comprise determining a radius of the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator, and wherein determining the at least one dimension of the object is further based on the radius of the trajectory followed by the robotic manipulator. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the functions further comprise causing the robotic manipulator to follow a trajectory that maintains contact between the edge of the object and the surface in the environment at a fixed contact point on the surface of the environment.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a plurality of wiring structures spaced apart from each other, and an insulating interlayer structure. Each of the wiring structures includes a metal pattern and a barrier pattern covering a sidewall, a bottom surface, and an edge portion of a top surface of the metal pattern and not covering a central portion of the top surface of the metal pattern. The insulating interlayer structure contains the wiring structures therein, and has an air gap between the wiring structures. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a plurality of wiring structures that are spaced apart from each other, each of the wiring structures including: a metal pattern; and a barrier pattern on a sidewall of the metal pattern, a bottom surface of the metal pattern, and an edge portion of a top surface of the metal pattern and not on a central portion of the top surface of the metal pattern; and an insulating interlayer structure that contains the wiring structures therein and that includes an air gap between the wiring structures. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a diffusion barrier layer on a top surface and at least a sidewall of each of the wiring structures. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the diffusion barrier layer covers a sidewall of each of the wiring structures that are adjacent the air gap. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the diffusion barrier layer defines a bottom and a sidewall of the air gap. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the diffusion barrier layer includes silicon nitride, silicon carbonitride, silicon carboxide, and/or silicon oxycarbonitride. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the insulating interlayer structure includes first and second insulating interlayers that are sequentially stacked, and wherein the diffusion barrier layer is formed between the first and second insulating interlayers. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein a top of the air gap is defined by the second insulating interlayer, and a bottom and a sidewall of the air gap are defined by the diffusion barrier layer. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein each of the first and second insulating interlayers includes a low-k dielectric material. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein each of the first and second insulating interlayers includes silicon oxide doped with carbon. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein each of the wiring structures includes: a lower portion; and an upper portion that is integrally formed with the lower portion, the upper portion having a width that is greater than a width of the lower portion. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the metal pattern includes copper, aluminum and/or tungsten, and the barrier pattern includes tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum and/or titanium. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the central portion of the top surface of the metal pattern is higher than the edge portion of the top surface of the metal pattern. 13. A semiconductor device, comprising: a plurality of first wiring structures spaced apart from each other and a plurality of second wiring structures spaced apart from each other, wherein each of the first and second wiring structures comprises a metal pattern and a barrier pattern on a sidewall of the metal pattern, a bottom surface of the metal pattern, and an edge portion of a top surface of the metal pattern and not on a central portion of the top surface of the metal pattern; and an insulating interlayer structure that contains the first and second wiring structures therein and that has an air gap between the first wiring structures. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein a distance between the first wiring structures is smaller than a distance between the second wiring structures. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 13, further comprising first and second diffusion barrier structures on top surfaces of the first and second wiring structures, respectively. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 15, wherein the first diffusion barrier structure is on both sidewalls of each of the first wiring structures adjacent the air gap. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 15, wherein the first diffusion barrier structure defines a bottom and a sidewall of the air gap. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 15, wherein a thickness of the second diffusion barrier structure on the top surfaces of the second wiring structures is greater than a thickness of the first diffusion barrier structure on the top surfaces of the first wiring structures at each side of which the air gap is formed. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein the insulating interlayer structure includes first and second insulating interlayers that are sequentially stacked, and the first and second diffusion barrier layers are between the first and second insulating interlayers. 20. A semiconductor device, comprising: an active fin defined by an isolation pattern on a substrate; a plurality of gate structures on the active fin, the gate structures being spaced apart from each other; a source/drain layer on the active fin adjacent each of the gate structures; contact plugs on the source/drain layers, respectively; a plurality of wiring structures on the contact plugs, respectively, each of the wiring structures including: a metal pattern; and a barrier pattern on a sidewall of the metal pattern, a bottom surface of the metal pattern, and an edge portion of a top surface of the metal pattern and not on a central portion of the top surface of the metal pattern; and an insulating interlayer structure that contains the wiring structures therein and that has an air gap between the wiring structures. 21-46. (canceled)",
-    "A system of one or more computers configured to perform operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that causes the system to perform the actions. The programs can be configured to perform operations, when executed by computer, cause the computer to perform the actions. One general aspect includes a system, a program to initiate an evaporative control engine off natural vacuum test in a vehicle and identify a geolocation where a fuel was obtained for the vehicle. The system then determines an e100 value and an e0 value for a temperature of the fuel and determines a vehicle percentage of ethanol of the fuel using at least the e100 value, the e0 value, a timestamp, and a fuel tank pressure and adjusts at least one engine parameter based upon the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel. 1. A system, comprising a computer having a processor and a memory, the memory storing instructions executable by the processor such that the computer is programmed to: initiate an evaporative control (EVAP) engine off natural vacuum (EONV) test in a first vehicle; identify a first geolocation where a first fuel was obtained for the first vehicle; determine an E100 value and an E0 value for a first temperature of the first fuel; determine a first vehicle percentage of ethanol of the first fuel using at least the E100 value, the E0 value, a timestamp, and a fuel tank pressure; and adjust at least one engine parameter based upon the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer is further programmed to store at least the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel and the first geolocation in a database. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein at least an EVAP EONV result and a EVAP EONV data is stored in the database. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the EVAP EONV test is at least a positive pressure test and a negative pressure test. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer is included in a powertrain control module (PCM). 6. The system of claim 2, wherein the database is located on a server computer accessed via a network outside of the first vehicle. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the computer is further programmed to request at least one of the E100 value and the E0 value from the server. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the computer is connected to a remote network via a first vehicle telematics unit. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the server computer is further programmed to receive at least a second vehicle percentage of ethanol and a second EVAP EONV test data from a second vehicle at the first geolocation; determine an average percentage of ethanol for the first geolocation from the first vehicle percentage of ethanol and the second vehicle percentage of ethanol; and store the average percentage of ethanol in the database. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the computer is further programmed to send a percentage of ethanol request to the server computer for the first geolocation and to adjust at least one engine parameter based upon a percentage of ethanol response. 11. A method, comprising: initiating an evaporative control (EVAP) engine off natural vacuum (EONV) test in a first vehicle; identifying a first geolocation where a first fuel was obtained for the first vehicle; determining an E100 value and an E0 value for a first temperature of the first fuel; determining a first vehicle percentage of ethanol of the first fuel using at least the E100, the E0, a timestamp, and a fuel tank pressure; and adjusting at least one engine parameter based upon the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising storing at least the percentage of ethanol of the first fuel and the first geolocation in a database. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein at least an EVAP EONV result and a EVAP EONV data is stored in the database. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising performing at least a positive pressure EVAP EONV test and a negative pressure EVAP EONV test. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising executing the EVAP EONV test in a computer included in a powertrain control module (PCM). 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the database is located on a server computer accessed via a network outside of the first vehicle. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising requesting at least one of the E100 value and the E0 value from the server. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the computer is connected to a remote network via a first vehicle telematics unit. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving at least a second vehicle percentage of ethanol and a second EVAP EONV test data from a second vehicle at the first geolocation; determining an average percentage of ethanol for the first geolocation from the first vehicle percentage of ethanol and the second vehicle percentage of ethanol; and storing the average percentage of ethanol in the database. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising sending a percentage of ethanol request to the server computer for the first geolocation and adjusting at least one engine parameter based upon a percentage of ethanol response.",
-    "Methods and systems for facilitating incremental software deployment are disclosed. For example, a method can include receiving a command to deploy a second version of software to a computing system for execution on the computing system. In response to the command, differences between the second version of the software and a first version of the software being executed on the computing system are determined. Code changes to be made to the first version of the software to produce the second version of the software are determined based on the differences. The code changes to be made to the first version of the software are transmitted to the computing system. 1. A method, comprising: receiving a command to deploy a second version of software to a computing system for execution on the computing system; in response to receiving the command, determining, using at least one processor, differences between the second version of the software and a first version of the software being executed on the computing system; determining, using the at least one processor, code changes to be made to the first version of the software to produce the second version of the software based on the differences; and transmitting to the computing system the code changes to be made to the first version of the software. 2. The method of claim 1, the command being initiated in response to user input. 3. The method of claim 1, the command being initiated in response to the second version of the software becoming available. 4. The method of claim 1, the code changes comprising at least one binary library. 5. The method of claim 1, the code changes comprising at least one class file. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: after transmitting to the computing system the code changes, receiving a notification from the computing system whether the code changes were implemented on the computing system without a restarting of the software executing on the computing system; and if the notification does not indicate that the code changes were implemented on the computing system without a restarting of the software executing on the computing system, transmitting an instruction to restart the software executing on the computing system to implement any of the code changes not previously implemented on the computing system. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: transmitting to a second computing system the code changes to be made to the first version of the software executing in the second computing system; after transmitting to the second computing system the code changes, receiving a notification from the second computing system whether the code changes were implemented on the second computing system without a restartin of the software executing on the second computing system; and if the notification does not indicate that the code changes were implemented on the second computing system without a restarting of the software executing on the second computing system, determining a relative order in which the second version of the software is to be implemented on the first computing system and the second computing system, and transmitting a second instruction to restart the software executing on the second computing system to implement any of the code changes not previously implemented on the second computing system according to the relative order. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: if the notification indicates that the code changes were implemented on the computing system without a restarting of the software executing on the computing system, waiting a predefined period of time; and after waiting the predefined period of time, transmitting to a second computing system the code changes to be made to the first version of the software executing in the second computing system. 9. The method of claim 1, the code changes comprising binary libraries of the second version of the software, the binary libraries comprising all binary libraries of the second version of the software that are different from corresponding libraries of the first version of the software. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having encoded thereon instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving, at a computing system, code changes to be implemented in a first version of software executing on the computing system; analyzing the code changes to determine if all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software; if all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software, implementing all of the code changes while the software is executing on the computing system to produce a second version of the software; and if less than all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software, transmitting an indication that less than all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, the operations further comprising: after transmitting the indication, receiving an instruction at the computing system to restart the software to implement the code changes to the first version of the software; and in response to receiving the instruction, stopping execution of the first version of the software in the computing system, implementing all of the code changes to the first version of the software to produce the second version of the software, and restarting the software after implementing all of the code changes. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, the operations further comprising: after restarting the software, transmitting a second indication that the second version of the software, including the code changes, is executing on the computing system. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, the analyzing of the code changes comprising: identifying a programming language associated with each of the code changes; and determining if each of the code changes is implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software based on the programming language identified with each of the code changes. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, the implementing of all of the code changes comprising: storing each of the code changes in the computing system; and modifying each reference involving code of the first version of the software executing on the computing that is to be replaced by one of the code changes to refer to a corresponding stored code change. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, the modifying of each reference involving code of the software executing on the computing system comprising: for each reference, determining if the code associated with the reference is currently being executed, modifying the reference to direct execution to the corresponding stored code change if the code associated with the reference is not currently being executed, and awaiting for execution of the code associated with the reference to complete before modifying the reference if the code associated with the reference is currently being executed. 16. A system comprising: a computing system comprising at least one processor to execute a first version of software; and a deployment system to: receive a command to deploy a second version of the software to the computing system for execution on the computing system; in response to the command, determine differences between the second version of the software and the first version of the software being executed on the computing system; determine code changes to be made to the first version of the software to produce the second version of the software based on the differences; and transmit to the computing system the code changes to be made to the first version of the software. 17. The system of claim 16, the computing system to: receive the code changes to be made to the first version of software executing on the computing system; analyze the code changes to determine if all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software; implement all of the code changes while executing the software to produce the second version of the software if all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software; and transmit a notification to the deployment system if less than all of the code changes are implementable while the computing system is executing the first version of the software. 18. The system of claim 17, the deployment system to: receive the notification from the computing system; and transmit a command to the computing system to restart the software executing on the computing system to implement all of the code changes not previously implemented on the computing system in response to receiving the notification. 19. The system of claim 18, the computing system to: receive the command from the deployment system to restart the software executing on the computing system; stop execution of the first version of the software in the computing system in response to receiving the command; implement all of the code changes to the first version of the software to produce the second version of the software; and restart the software after implementing all of code changes. 20. The system of claim 19, the computing system to: transmit a second notification to the deployment system to indicate that the second version of the software, including the code changes, is executing on the computing system in response to restarting the software.",
-    "There is provided an ink jet primer including a carriage, and an ink jet head. The ink jet head has two first nozzle groups to jet a first ink, two second nozzle groups to jet a second ink, and two third nozzle groups to jet the second ink. Each of the first, second and third nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at a pitch P along a second direction. The second nozzle groups accord respectively with the first nozzle groups in terms of nozzle position in the second direction, the third nozzle groups are dislocated respectively from the second nozzle groups in terms of nozzle position in the second direction, and any two groups selected from the first and second nozzle groups are arranged respectively on two opposite sides of each of the third nozzle groups in the first direction. 1. An ink jet printer comprising: a carriage configured to move in a first direction; and an ink jet head mounted on the carriage, and including two first nozzle groups to jet first ink, two second nozzle groups to jet second ink, and two third nozzle groups to jet the second ink; wherein each of the first nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at a. pitch P along a second direction intersecting the first direction, each of the second nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at the pitch P along the second direction, and each of the third nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at the pitch P along the second direction; and wherein positions of the nozzles of the second nozzle groups are coincident with those of the nozzles of the first nozzle groups in the second direction, positions of the nozzles of the third nozzle groups are dislocated respectively from those of the nozzles of the second nozzle groups in the second direction, and one of the first nozzle groups and the second nozzle groups are arranged respectively on both sides of each of the third nozzle groups in the first direction. 2. The ink jet printer according to claim 1, wherein one of the two third nozzle groups is arranged on one side of the two second nozzle groups in the first direction, and the other of the two third nozzle groups is arranged on the other side of the two second nozzle groups in the first direction, and wherein one of the two first nozzle groups is arranged on one side of the two second nozzle groups and the two third nozzle groups in the first direction, and the other of the two first nozzle groups is arranged on the other side of the two second nozzle groups and the two third nozzle groups in the first direction. 3. The ink jet printer according to claim 2, wherein the ink jet head includes first, second and third head units, the first head unit being located between the second and third head unit in the first direction; wherein each of the first, second and third head units includes two nozzle rows arranged side by side in the first direction, each of the nozzle rows including the nozzles arrayed at the pitch P in the second direction; wherein the two nozzle rows of the first head unit are the two first nozzle groups; wherein an inner nozzle row of the two nozzle rows in the second head unit in the first direction and an inner nozzle row of the two nozzle row in the third head unit in the first direction are the third nozzle groups; and wherein an outer nozzle row of the two nozzle rows in the second head unit in the first direction and an outer nozzle row of the two nozzle row in the third head unit in the first direction are the first nozzle groups. 4. The ink jet printer according to claim 3, wherein the ink jet head further includes a fourth head unit arranged on one side of the first, second and third head units in the first direction, and a fifth head unit arranged on the other side of the first, second and third head units in the first direction; and wherein each of the nozzle rows of the fourth head unit and the fifth head unit are the first nozzle groups. 5. The ink jet printer according to claim 4, wherein the first to fifth head units are located in accordant positions in the second direction. 6. The ink jet printer according to claim 4, wherein the first head unit, the fourth head unit, and the fifth head unit are located in accordant positions in the second direction; wherein the second head unit and the third head unit are located in accordant positions in the second direction; and wherein the first head unit is dislocated from the second head unit in the second direction. 7. The ink jet printer according to claim 6, wherein the two nozzle rows of the first head unit are configured to jet a black ink, wherein the two nozzle rows of each of the fourth head unit and the fifth head unit are configured to jet a cyan ink and a magenta ink, wherein the inner nozzle row of each of the second head unit and the third head unit are configured to jet the black ink, and wherein the outer nozzle row of each of the second head unit and the third head unit are configured to jet a yellow ink. 8. The ink jet printer according to claim 6, wherein the first head unit is dislocated from the second head unit in the second direction by a dislocation amount equal to P/4. 9. The ink jet printer according to claim 6, wherein the first head unit is dislocated from the second head unit in the second direction by a dislocation amount less than P/4. 10. The ink jet printer according to claim 1, wherein the nozzles forming the first nozzle groups are located in accordant positions with the nozzles forming the second nozzle groups in the second direction, and wherein the nozzles forming the second nozzle groups are dislocated from the nozzles forming the third nozzle groups in the second direction. 11. The ink jet printer according to claim 10, wherein a part of the nozzles forming the third nozzle groups are arranged on the upstream side from the second nozzle groups in the second direction. 12. An ink jet printer comprising: a carriage configured to move in a first direction; an ink jet head mounted on the carriage, and including two first nozzle groups to jet a first ink, two second nozzle groups to jet a second ink, and two third nozzle groups to jet the second ink; and a controller configured to control the ink jet head, wherein each of the first nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at pitch P along a second direction intersecting the first direction, each of the second nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at the pitch P along the second direction, and each of the third nozzle groups includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at the pitch P along the second direction; wherein the controller is configured to control ink jet head to carry out ink jetting from the first nozzle groups and from the second nozzle groups but no ink jetting from the third nozzle groups, and to control the ink jet head to carry out ink jetting from the second nozzle groups and from the third nozzle groups but no ink jetting from the first nozzle groups; and wherein one of the first and second nozzle groups are arranged on both sides of each of the third nozzle groups in the first direction. 13. An ink jet head configured to move in a first direction while jetting inks to a recording medium being conveyed in a second direction intersecting the first direction, the ink jet head comprising: two first nozzle groups which are configured to jet a first ink and each of which includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at a pitch P along the second direction; two second nozzle groups which are configured to jet a second ink and each of which includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at the pitch P along the second direction, positions of the nozzles in the second nozzle groups are coincide with those of the nozzles in the first nozzle groups in the second direction; and two third nozzle groups which are configured to jet the second ink and each of which includes a plurality of nozzles arrayed at the pitch P along the second direction, positions of the nozzles in the third nozzle groups being dislocated respectively from those of the nozzles in the second nozzle groups in the second direction, wherein one of the first and second nozzle groups are arranged on both sides of each of the third nozzle groups in the first direction.",
-    "A livestock feeder with improved corrosion resistance and collapse resistance is described. The feeder comprises a polymeric cylinder with an open top and an interior surface. The interior surface defines a hollow interior where feedstuffs can be placed. One or more feeding portals extend through the cylinder to provide livestock access to feedstuffs. The feeding portals include a lower ledge against which livestock exerts a force while accessing feedstuffs in the feeder interior. A reinforcing annulus extends around the interior surface of the feeder proximate to and below the lower feeding portal ledge. The reinforcing annulus may be integrally formed with the polymeric cylinder or separately formed and attached to the polymeric cylinder. The feeder can withstand repeated feedings without collapse. 1. A livestock feeder, comprising: (a) a polymeric cylinder defining a radial axis and a height axis and having an open top, an interior surface, and at least one feeding portal with a lower ledge in a vertical arcuate sidewall section; and (b) a reinforcing annulus located along the interior surface beneath the lower ledge along the height axis, wherein the reinforcing annulus projects inwardly from the interior surface along the radial axis and has a radius of curvature substantially the same as a radius of curvature of the polymer cylinder at the interior surface. 2. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing annulus is a unitary assembly. 3. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing annulus comprises multiple arcuate segments. 4. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing annulus is integrally formed with the polymeric cylinder. 5. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the feeder is capable of withstanding a force on the lower ledge exerted by livestock feeding through the feeding portal. 6. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing annulus is secured by fasteners to the interior surface of the vertical sections at the lower ledge of each feeding portal of the polymeric cylinder. 7. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the polymeric cylinder has an upper rim defining the open top, and wherein feedstuff can be placed within the interior surface without disruption by the presence of the reinforcing annulus attached to the interior surface at the lower ledge of the feeding portal. 8. The feeder of claim 7, further comprising a second reinforcing annulus attached on the interior surface of the upper rim. 9. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the polymeric cylinder has a molded polymeric structure of vertical polymer reinforcing posts on the interior surface, and wherein the reinforcing annulus provides horizontal hoop strength at the elevation of the lower ledge on the interior surface. 10. The feeder of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of vertical reinforcing posts having a height along the height axis, wherein each of the vertical posts is spaced apart from the at least one feeding portal along the entirety of the reinforcing post's height. 11. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the polymeric cylinder is formed from high density polyethylene. 12. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing annulus is attached to the interior surface by being embedded into the polymeric cylinder itself. 13. The feeder of claim 12, further comprising at least one vertical rib interconnecting the reinforcing annulus at the lower ledge and the second reinforcing annulus at the upper rim. 14. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the at least one feeding portal has a width that increases when moving from the lower ledge of the at least one feeding portal along the height axis. 15. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing annulus has a diameter of from about 2.54 cm to about 7.62 cm. 16. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the polymeric cylinder has a circumference, the at least one feeding portal comprises a plurality of feeding portals spaced apart from one another around the circumference of the polymeric cylinder, and the feeder further comprises a plurality of vertical posts, wherein each post is located between and spaced apart from adjacent feeding portals from the plurality of feeding portals around the circumference of the polymeric cylinder. 17. The feeder of claim 1, wherein the polymeric cylinder has a circumference and a closed skirt segment beneath the lower ledge of the at least one feeding portal, and the closed skirt segment extends around the circumference of the polymeric cylinder.",
-    "A smart antenna system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention including a beam forming antenna which includes an active antenna and a plurality of parasitic antennas, the system including: a reactance load which is connected to the parasitic antenna; a transceiver which transmits and receives a signal to the beam forming antenna; and an antenna adjusting block which tracks a signal source in real time using a plurality of beam patterns having the largest signal size and forms a beam in a direction having the largest signal size. 1. A smart antenna system including a beam forming antenna which includes an active antenna and a plurality of parasitic antennas, the system comprising: a reactance load which is connected to the parasitic antenna; a transceiver which transmits and receives a signal to the beam forming antenna; and an antenna adjusting block which tracks a signal source in real time using a plurality of beam patterns having the largest signal size and forms a beam in a direction having the largest signal size. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna adjusting block includes: an antenna adjusting block which measures a strength of a signal of a beam pattern for every parasitic antenna, compares the strengths of the signals to fix the beam pattern of a signal having the strongest strength as a first beam pattern and sequentially performs the beam forming while fixing the first beam pattern to track a second beam pattern having the strongest strength of the signal. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the antenna adjusting block forms a final beam pattern using the first beam pattern and the second beam pattern. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the antenna adjusting block forms the first beam pattern and the second beam pattern to have the same size. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the antenna adjusting block forms the first beam pattern and the second beam pattern to have different sizes. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna adjusting block further includes: a signal receiving unit which measures and compares the signal strengths; and a parasitic antenna control unit which adjusts the reactance load in accordance with the strength of the signal by being interworked with the signal receiving unit. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the parasitic antenna control unit sets the reactance load such that the signal has the strongest strength. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the signal receiving unit processes a signal in parallel with the transceiver. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the signal receiving unit includes: an amplifier which amplifies a received signal; a mixer which converts the signal amplified by the amplifier into a base band signal; a low pass filter which performs low pass filtering on the signal which is converted into the base band signal by the mixer; an analog to digital converter which converts the filtered signal into a digital signal; a register which sequentially stores the digital signal; and a comparator which compares sizes of the digital signals which are sequentially stored. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna adjusting block performs beam forming during a receiving mode of the transceiver and tracks the signal source in real time. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the reactance load includes: a switch which has one end connected to the parasitic antenna and is controlled by the antenna adjusting block so that the other end is connected to the variable inductor or the variable capacitor; a first reactance matching circuit which is connected to the variable capacitor to set a load value of the parasitic antenna; and a second reactance matching circuit which is connected to the variable inductor to set a load value of the parasitic antenna. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first and second reactance matching circuits include: a variable inductor whose one end is connected to the ground voltage terminal; and a variable capacitor whose one end is connected to the ground voltage terminal and the other end is connected to the variable inductor. 13. An improving method of a receiving performance of a smart antenna system, comprising: sequentially performing primary beam forming when entering a receiving mode; measuring strengths of signals for beam patterns formed by the primary beam forming and comparing the strengths of the signals of the beam patterns to determine and fix a first beam pattern having the strongest strength of the signal; performing secondary beam forming in a state when the first beam pattern is fixed; measuring strengths of signals for beam patterns formed by the secondary beam forming and comparing the strengths of the signals of the beam patterns to determine a second beam pattern having the strongest strength of the signal; and determining a final beam pattern using the first beam pattern and the second beam pattern. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining the first beam pattern as a final beam pattern when the strength of the signal by the final beam pattern obtained by combining the first beam pattern and the second beam pattern is weaker than the strength of the signal of the first beam pattern. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein in the determining of a second beam pattern, the second beam pattern having the same size as the first beam pattern is formed. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein in the determining of a second beam pattern, the second beam pattern having different size from the first beam pattern is formed.",
-    "In one embodiment, a memory that is delineated into transparent and non-transparent portions. The transparent portion may be controlled by a control unit coupled to the memory, along with a corresponding tag memory. The non-transparent portion may be software controlled by directly accessing the non-transparent portion via an input address. In an embodiment, the memory may include a decoder configured to decode the address and select a location in either the transparent or non-transparent portion. Each request may include a non-transparent attribute identifying the request as either transparent or non-transparent. In an embodiment, the size of the transparent portion may be programmable. Based on the non-transparent attribute indicating transparent, the decoder may selectively mask bits of the address based on the size to ensure that the decoder only selects a location in the transparent portion. 1-20. (canceled) 21. An apparatus comprising: a memory configured to receive memory requests, the memory including a first portion and a second portion, wherein the received memory requests include attributes providing information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved in response to the received memory requests; a control circuit including a decoder configured to decode the addresses associated with the memory requests to select a memory location in the memory to be accessed, wherein: when the provided information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved indicates that the address is managed by hardware, the decoder is configured to mask one or more portions of the address to zero to decode into the first portion of the memory that is managed by hardware; and when the provided information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved indicates that the address is managed by software, the decoder is configured to decode the address into the second portion of the memory that is managed by software. 22. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the first portion of the memory comprises a transparent portion of the memory and the second portion of the memory comprises a non-transparent portion of the memory. 23. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the memory comprises a cache memory including a data memory and a tag memory. 24. The apparatus as recited in claim 23, wherein data stored in the first portion of the memory has corresponding tags stored in the tag memory. 25. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the control circuit is configured to access the first portion of the memory to detect a cache hit/miss. 26. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the unmasked address into the second portion when the provided information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved indicates that the address is managed by software. 27. The apparatus as recited in claim 26, wherein software allocates the addresses for the second portion so that the address naturally decodes in to the second portion. 28. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein an index portion of the address is decoded by the decoder to select the memory location, and wherein the one or more portions that are masked to zero include one or more most significant bits of the index portion. 29. The apparatus as recited in claim 28, wherein a number of the most significant bits that are masked to zero is based on a programmable size of the first portion of the memory. 30. A non-transitory computer accessible storage medium storing a plurality of instructions which, when executed on a processor in a system including a memory having a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is managed by hardware and the second portion is managed by software: program a size of the first portion of the memory; and allocate an address range to the second portion based on the size, wherein the address range includes at least one set bit in a portion of an index to the memory that is zeroed by a decoder in the memory for addresses that are managed by hardware, wherein the decoder is configured to decode the index to select a memory location in the memory to be accessed by a memory request. 31. A method comprising: receiving memory requests in a memory that includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein the received memory requests include attributes providing information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved in response to the received memory requests; decoding the addresses associated with the memory requests to select a memory location in the memory to be accessed, wherein the decoding comprises: mask one or more portions of the address to zero to decode into the first portion of the memory when the provided information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved indicates that the address is managed by hardware; and decoding the address into the second portion of the memory when the provided information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved indicates that the address is managed by software. 32. The method as recited in claim 31, wherein the first portion of the memory comprises a transparent portion of the memory and the second portion of the memory comprises a non-transparent portion of the memory. 33. The method as recited in claim 31, wherein the memory comprises a cache memory including a data memory and a tag memory. 34. The method as recited in claim 33, wherein data stored in the first portion of the memory has corresponding tags stored in the tag memory. 35. The method as recited in claim 31 further comprising accessing the first portion of the memory to detect a cache hit/miss. 36. The method as recited in claim 31 further comprising decoding the unmasked address into the second portion when the provided information related to the address associated with the data to be retrieved indicates that the address is managed by software. 37. The method as recited in claim 36 further comprising allocating the addresses for the second portion so that the address naturally decodes in to the second portion. 38. The method as recited in claim 31 wherein an index portion of the address is decoded by the decoder to select the memory location, and wherein the one or more portions that are masked to zero include one or more most significant bits of the index portion. 39. The method as recited in claim 38 wherein a number of the most significant bits that are masked to zero is based on a programmable size of the first portion of the memory.",
-    "An approach to use silicided bit line contacts that do not short to the underlying substrate in memory devices. The approach provides for silicide formation in the bit line contact area, using a process that benefits from being self-aligned to the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) nitride edges. A further benefit of the approach is that the bit line contact implant and rapid temperature anneal process can be eliminated. This approach is applicable to embedded flash, integrating high density devices and advanced logic processes. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A memory device comprising: a first dielectric layer disposed on a substrate; a charge trapping layer disposed on the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed on the charge trapping layer; a bit line layer formed in the substrate in spaces in which portions of the second dielectric layer, the charge trapping layer, and the first dielectric layer are absent; a silicide formed in the bit line layer, the silicide having lateral edges defined by the charge trapping layer; and a bit line oxide disposed over the second dielectric layer, the bit line oxide exposing the bit line layer. 22. The memory device of claim 21, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide. 23. The memory device of claim 21, wherein the charge trapping layer comprises silicon-rich nitride (SiRN). 24. The memory device of claim 21, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide. 25. The memory device of claim 21, wherein the silicide comprises at least one of titanium silicide, cobalt silicide, and nickel silicide. 26. The memory device of claim 21, wherein the silicide comprises a trench-like configuration. 27. The memory device of claim 21, wherein an etch rate of the second dielectric layer, the charge trapping layer, and the first dielectric layer is substantially higher than the etch rate of an oxide spacer forming spaces in the second dielectric layer, the charge trapping layer, and the first dielectric layer. 28. The memory device of claim 27, wherein the oxide spacer comprises at least one of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) oxide, a high temperature oxide (HTO), or an atomic layer deposition (ALD)-formed oxide. 29. The memory device of claim 28, wherein the bit line dielectric layer comprises: a bit line contact region formed in the substrate; and a bit line implant region formed in the substrate within the bit line contact region. 30. The memory device of claim 29, wherein the bit line implant region comprises: a first bit line implant sub-region comprising an n-type dopant disposed at a first depth; and a second bit line implant sub-region comprising the n-type dopant disposed at a second depth, wherein the second depth is less than the first depth. 31. The memory device of claim 28 further comprising a word line oriented substantially at right angles to a bit line formed within the bit line contact region. 32. The memory device of claim 28, wherein the bit line layer is formed within a bit line contact region. 33. The memory device of claim 32, wherein the bit line dielectric layer comprises a high density plasma (HDP) oxide. 34. A memory array comprising: a first dielectric layer disposed on a substrate; a charge trapping layer disposed on the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed on the charge trapping layer; a bit line layer formed in the substrate in spaces in which portions of the second dielectric layer, the charge trapping layer, and the first dielectric layer are absent; a silicide formed in the bit line dielectric layer, the silicide having lateral edges defined by the charge trapping layer; and a bit line oxide disposed over the second dielectric layer, the bit line oxide exposing the bit line layer. 35. The memory array of claim 34, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide. 36. The memory array of claim 34, wherein the charge trapping layer comprises silicon-rich nitride (SiRN). 37. The memory array of claim 34, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide. 38. The memory array of claim 34, wherein an etch rate of the second dielectric layer, the charge trapping layer, and the first dielectric layer is substantially higher than the etch rate of an oxide spacer forming spaces in the second dielectric layer, the charge trapping layer, and the first dielectric layer. 39. The memory array of claim 38, wherein the oxide spacer comprises at least one of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) oxide, a high temperature oxide (HTO), or an atomic layer deposition (ALD)-formed oxide. 40. The memory array of claim 34 further comprising a word line oriented substantially at right angles to a bit line formed within the bit line oxide exposed portion of the bit line layer.",
-    "This application discloses a computing system to identify portions of source code in a test bench that correspond to class objects, and insert handle tracking code at locations in the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code. During simulation of the test bench, the computing system can execute the handle tracking code, which generates handle occupancies corresponding to memory pointers associated with the class objects. Each of the handle occupancies can include a handle reference or memory pointer for a class object, a location in the test bench corresponding to usage of the memory pointer, and a simulation time associated with the generation of the handle occupancy. The computing system can arrange the handle occupancies, synchronize the handle occupancies to portions of source code in the test bench, and display the handle occupancies and the test bench source code in a debug window. 1. A method comprising: identifying, by a computing system, portions of source code in a test bench that correspond to class objects; inserting, by the computing system, handle tracking code at locations in the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code; and generating, by the computing system, handle occupancies corresponding to memory pointers associated with the class objects in response to execution of handle tracking code during simulation of the test bench. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the handle occupancies includes at least one of a handle reference configured to identify a memory pointer for a class object, a location in the test bench corresponding to usage of the memory pointer for the class object, or a time during simulation of the test bench associated with the generation of the handle occupancy. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising prompting, by the computing system, presentation of the handle occupancies in a debug window. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein prompting presentation of the handle occupancies further comprises: synchronizing the handle occupancies with the identified portions of source code in the test bench; and prompting presentation of the identified portions of source code in the test bench associated with the handle occupancies based on the synchronization. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising receiving, by the computing system, a selection corresponding to one of the handle occupancies in the debug window, wherein prompting presentation of the identified portions of source code in the test bench associated with the handle occupancies is performed in response to the selection. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising compiling, by the computing system, the test bench into machine-executable code, wherein inserting the handle tracking code at locations of the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code is performed during the compilation of the test bench into the machine-executable code. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: simulating, by the computing system, the test bench and a circuit design at least in part by executing the machine-executable code; and recording, by the computing system in a results database, waveform data generated by the simulated circuit design and the handle occupancies generated in response to execution of handle tracking code. 8. A system comprising: a memory device configured to store machine-readable instructions; and a computing system including one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, configured to: identify portions of source code in a test bench that correspond to class objects; insert handle tracking code at locations in the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code; and generate handle occupancies corresponding to memory pointers associated with the class objects in response to execution of handle tracking code during simulation of the test bench. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein each of the handle occupancies includes at least one of a handle reference configured to identify a memory pointer for a class object, a location in the test bench corresponding to usage of the memory pointer for the class object, or a time during simulation of the test bench associated with the generation of the handle occupancy. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to: synchronize the handle occupancies with the identified portions of source code in the test bench; and prompt presentation of the identified portions of source code in the test bench associated with the handle occupancies based on the synchronization. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to: receive a selection corresponding to one of the handle occupancies in the debug window; and prompt presentation of the identified portions of source code in the test bench associated with the selected handle occupancy. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to compile the test bench into machine-executable code, wherein the insertion of the handle tracking code at locations of the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code is performed during the compilation of the test bench into the machine-executable code. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to: simulate the test bench and a circuit design at least in part by executing the machine-executable code; and record, in a results database, waveform data generated by the simulated circuit design and the handle occupancies generated in response to execution of handle tracking code. 14. An apparatus comprising at least one computer-readable memory device storing instructions configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations comprising: identifying portions of source code in a test bench that correspond to class objects; inserting handle tracking code at locations in the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code; and generating handle occupancies corresponding to memory pointers associated with the class objects in response to execution of handle tracking code during simulation of the test bench. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein each of the handle occupancies includes at least one of a handle reference configured to identify a memory pointer for a class object, a location in the test bench corresponding to usage of the memory pointer for the class object, or a time during simulation of the test bench associated with the generation of the handle occupancy. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instruction are configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations further comprising prompting presentation of the handle occupancies in a debug window. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein prompting presentation of the handle occupancies further comprises: synchronizing the handle occupancies with the identified portions of source code in the test bench; and prompting presentation of the identified portions of source code in the test bench associated with the handle occupancies based on the synchronization. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instruction are configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations further comprising receiving a selection corresponding to one of the handle occupancies in the debug window, wherein prompting presentation of the identified portions of source code in the test bench associated with the handle occupancies is performed in response to the selection. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instruction are configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations further comprising compiling the test bench into machine-executable code, wherein inserting the handle tracking code at locations of the test bench associated with the identified portions of source code is performed during the compilation of the test bench into the machine-executable code. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the instruction are configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations further comprising: simulating the test bench and a circuit design at least in part by executing the machine-executable code; and recording, in a results database, waveform data generated by the simulated circuit design and the handle occupancies generated in response to execution of handle tracking code.",
-    "Example systems and methods may allow for closed-loop control of robotic operation. One example method includes receiving input data that identifies data sources to monitor and indicates adjustments to make in response to deviations by at least one of the data sources from at least one predicted state during subsequent execution of sequences of operations by robotic devices, receiving data streams from the data sources during execution of the sequences of operations by the robotic devices, identifying a deviation by one of the data sources from a predicted state for which the received input data indicates adjustments to the sequences of operations for the robotic devices, providing instructions to the robotic devices to execute the adjusted sequences of operations, and providing instructions to a second computing device to update a visual simulation of the robotic devices based on the adjusted sequences of operations. 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a computing device, one or more sequences of operations corresponding to one or more robotic devices within a workcell; providing instructions for display of a visual simulation of the one or more robotic devices to illustrate at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; providing instructions for display of at least a portion of a graphical timeline corresponding to the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; identifying an error in robotic operation predicted to occur during execution of the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; and providing instructions for display of an indication of the error at a point of the graphical timeline at which the error is predicted to occur. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: after providing instructions for display of the indication of the error, receiving input data indicating a selection of the point of the graphical timeline at which the error is predicted to occur; and in response to receiving the input data, providing instructions for display of an indication of a state of the one or more robotic devices at a point in the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations corresponding to the point of the graphical timeline at which the error is predicted to occur. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving additional input data indicating at least one modification to the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; and updating the visual simulation and the graphical timeline to illustrate the at least one modification indicated by the received input data. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving input data indicating a selection of a particular point of the graphical timeline, wherein the particular point is within the at least one portion of the graphical timeline corresponding to the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; and providing instructions for display of a portion of the visual simulation starting at a point in the visual simulation corresponding to the particular point of the graphical timeline. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing instructions for display of at least one time-based graphical curve representing a state of at least one of the one or more robotic devices during the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the time-based graphical curve is synchronized with the graphical timeline, the method further comprising providing instructions for display of the indication of the error at a section of the time-based graphical curve corresponding to the error. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the state of the at least one of the one or more robotic devices is a joint angle value of at least one joint of the at least one of the one or more robotic devices. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the state of the at least one of the one or more robotic devices is an axis value of at least one axis of the at least one of the one or more robotic devices. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more sequences of operations corresponding to one or more robotic devices comprise robot movements and tool actions that cause the one or more robotic devices to construct an output product, and wherein the visual simulation comprises a geometric representation of the output product over the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual simulation of the one or more robotic devices comprises a geometric representation of the one or more robotic devices over the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual simulation of the one or more robotic devices comprises numerical data associated with at least one joint parameter of at least one of the one or more robotic devices at one or more points within the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the error in robotic operation is at least one of the one or more robotic devices exceeding an allowable range of motion, the method further comprising providing instructions for display, within the visual simulation, of an end effector separated from the at least one of the one or more robotic devices by a distance proportional to an extent by which the allowable range of motion is exceeded. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the error in robotic operation is at least one of a potential collision of the one or more robotic devices, a singularity in at least one of the one or more robotic devices, an input-output value associated with at least one of the one or more robotic devices exceeding a predefined range by a threshold amount, and a deviation in the state of the output product from a planned specification of the output product. 14. A system comprising: one or more robotic devices; and a computing device configured to: receive one or more sequences of operations corresponding to the one or more robotic devices within a workcell; provide instructions for display of a visual simulation of the one or more robotic devices to illustrate at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; provide instructions for display of at least a portion of a graphical timeline corresponding to the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; identify an error in robotic operation experienced during execution of the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; and provide instructions for display of an indication of the error at a point of the graphical timeline at which the error has been experienced. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the computing device is further configured to modify, in response to identifying the error in robotic operation, the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the computing device is further configured to update the visual simulation and the graphical timeline to illustrate the modified portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the computing device is further configured to provide instructions for display of at least one time-based graphical curve representing a state of at least one of the one or more robotic devices during the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the time-based graphical curve is synchronized with the graphical timeline, and wherein the computing device is further configured to provide instructions for display of an indication of the error at a section of the time-based graphical curve corresponding to the error. 19. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored therein instructions, that when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform functions comprising: receiving, by a computing device, one or more sequences of operations corresponding to one or more robotic devices within a workcell; providing instructions for display of a visual simulation of the one or more robotic devices to illustrate at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; providing instructions for display of at least a portion of a graphical timeline corresponding to the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; identifying an error in robotic operation predicted to occur during execution of the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations; and providing instructions for display of an indication of the error at a point of the graphical timeline at which the error is predicted to occur. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein the functions further comprise providing instructions for display of at least one time-based graphical curve representing a state of at least one of the one or more robotic devices during the at least one portion of the one or more sequences of operations.",
-    "A reticle for a projectile weapon aiming apparatus including a plurality of aiming marks, the plurality of aiming marks include a first mark positioned at the center of the reticle and at least one additional mark spaced below the first mark along a vertical center axis of the reticle, wherein adjacent marks of the first mark and the at least one additional mark are spaced apart by predetermined distances. First and second horizontal stripes are provided on each side of the plurality of aiming marks respectively, the first and second horizontal stripes offset relative to the vertical center axis with a gap provided therebetween and extending towards the perimeter of the reticle, the first and second horizontal stripes spaced a predetermined distance from a bottom of the reticle measured along the vertical center axis. 1. A reticle for a weapon aiming apparatus, comprising: a plurality of aimimg marks, the plurality of aiming marks include a first mark positioned at the center of the reticle and at least one additional mark spaced below the first mark along a vertical center axis of the reticle, wherein adjacent marks of the first mark and the at least one additional mark are spaced apart by predetermined distances; and first and second horizontal stripes provided on each side of the plurality of aiming marks respectively, the first and second horizontal stripes offset relative to the vertical center axis creating a gap therebetween and extending towards the perimeter of the reticle, the first and second horizontal stripes spaced a predetermined distance from a bottom of the reticle measured along the vertical center axis. 2. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein: the first mark and the at least one additional mark are spaced apart from each other by the predetermined distances in order that an operator can determine a range of a target in a first manner, the first and second horizontal stripes are spaced the predetermined distance from the bottom of the reticle in order that the operator can determine the range of the target in a second manner, and each of the plurality of aiming marks is positioned on the reticle to serve as an aiming point for the target dependent on the determined range of the target. 3. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein the gap provided between the first and second horizontal stripes has a predetermined length in order to enable the operator to compensate for wind. 4. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined distances spacing the adjacent aiming marks are determined using a danger space analysis for a plurality of weapons and a plurality of ammunitions combinations. 5. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein an operator can calibrate the reticle for a particular weapon and ammunition combination by zeroing the weapon using the first primary aiming dot. 6. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined distance from the bottom of the reticle is determined using a distance-to-height ratio and a conversion formula for a plurality of weapons and a plurality of ammunitions combinations. 7. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein the reticle is implemented in a holographic weapon sight. 8. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein the reticle is implemented in an optical sight. 9. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein a danger space corresponding to one of the plurality of primary aiming dots overlaps a danger space corresponding to an adjacent primary aiming dot. 10. The reticle according to claim 1, wherein the width of the horizontal stripes can be used to determine the height of an object. 11. A weapon sight, comprising: an elevation adjustment device; a windage adjustment device; and a reticle including: a plurality of aiming marks, the plurality of aiming marks include a first mark positioned at the center of the reticle and at least one additional mark spaced below the first mark along a vertical center axis of the reticle, wherein adjacent marks of the first mark and the at least one additional mark are spaced apart by predetermined distances, and first and second horizontal stripes provided on each side of the plurality of aiming marks respectively, the first and second horizontal stripes offset relative to the vertical center axis creating a gap therebetween and extending towards the perimeter of the reticle, the first and second horizontal stripes spaced a predetermined distance from a bottom of the reticle measured along the vertical center axis. 12. The weapon sight of claim 11, wherein the predetermined distances between the first mark and the at least one additional mark is based on anthropomorphic data. 13. The weapon sight of claim 11, wherein the anthropomorphic data is based on a twenty-four inch by eighteen inch torso dimension. 14. The weapon sight of claim 11, wherein the reticle is configured to provide a firing solution within a range from zero (0) to three-hundred thirty (300) yards for a human target without adjustment of either the windage or elevation adjustment devices. 15. A weapon sight comprising a reticle constructed to provide a firing solution for a target at an unknown distance within a range of distances without manual adjustment of the sight, the reticle being configured with a mark and an other mark based on anthropomorphic data for a mean or average human torso so the tiring solution results in ammunition hitting the target when fired from a weapon to which the sight is mounted without regard for at least one of ammunition weight, muzzle velocity, or altitude. 16. The weapon sight of claim 15, wherein the range of distances comprises between zero (0) to three-hundred thirty (300) yards. 17. The weapon sight of claim 15, wherein the anthropomorphic data is based on a twenty-four inch by eighteen inch human torso dimension. 18. The weapon sight of claim 15, wherein the reticle further comprises additional marks, the additional marks being configured to compensate for at least one of elevation or windage without manual adjustment of the sight. 19. The weapon sight of claim 15, wherein the mark is position at a center of the reticle and the other mark is positioned on a vertical axis relative to the weapon. 20. The weapon sight of claim 15, wherein the other mark comprises a stripe having a length based on the anthropomorphic data for a mean or average human torso.",
-    "A composition for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons. The composition includes an adsorbent, such as activated carbon, capable of adsorbing the hydrocarbons. The composition also includes a sulfate-containing compound that releases sulfate over a period of time, e.g., a time-release compound that may include calcium sulfate. The composition includes a nutrient system for promoting growth of facultative anaerobes, in the soil or provided in the composition itself. In some embodiments, the nutrient system includes a sulfide scavenging agent such as iron sulfate. In the same or other embodiments, the nutrient system includes at least one of a nitrogen source and a phosphorous source. 1. A composition for in situ bioremediation of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, comprising: an adsorbent capable of adsorbing hydrocarbons; a compound that releases sulfate over a period of time; and a nutrient system for promoting growth of facultative anaerobes capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent comprises activated carbon. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfate-containing compound comprises calcium sulfate. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition includes the facultative anaerobes. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nutrient system includes a sulfide scavenging agent. 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the sulfide scavenging agent comprises iron sulfate. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nutrient system includes a nitrogen source and a phosphorous source. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the nitrogen source comprises an ammonium salt and the phosphorous source comprises a monobasic alkali-metal phosphate. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the nitrogen source comprises ammonia and ammonium nitrate in a molar ratio of about 2.3 to 1. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent is adapted for adsorbing hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. 11. A composition for in situ bioremediation of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, comprising: an adsorbent adapted for adsorbing hydrocarbons, wherein the adsorbent comprises activated carbon; a compound that releases sulfate over a period of time; and a nutrient system for promoting growth of facultative anaerobes capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons, wherein the nutrient system includes at least one of a nitrogen source and a phosphorous source. 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the sulfate-containing compound comprises calcium sulfate. 13. The composition of claim 11, further including a mixture of facultative anaerobes capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons under sulfate-reduction conditions. 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the nutrient system includes a sulfide scavenging agent. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the sulfide scavenging agent comprises iron sulfate. 16. The composition of claim 11, wherein the nitrogen source comprises an ammonium salt and the phosphorous source comprises a monobasic alkali-metal phosphate. 17. The composition of claim 11, wherein the nitrogen source comprises ammonia and ammonium nitrate in a molar ratio of about 2.3 to 1. 18. The composition of claim 11, wherein the adsorbent is adapted for adsorbing hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. 19. A method for in situ bioremediation of soil and/or groundwater that has been contaminated with a hydrocarbon, comprising introducing into contaminated soil an aqueous suspension of a composition comprising an adsorbent capable of adsorbing hydrocarbons, a compound that releases sulfate over a period of time, and a nutrient system for promoting growth of facultative anaerobes capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the composition includes a mixture of facultative anaerobes and wherein the introducing comprises the steps of: (a) at an injection point, driving a small diameter injection rod in the contaminated soil to a depth between about 5 and 150 feet; (b) injecting the aqueous suspension under pressure down the injection rod until the pressure in the void increases to a point whereby the aqueous suspension emanates outward from the void; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) until a substantially homogenous distribution of the aqueous suspension is obtained in the contaminated soil.",
-    "A thin film transistor substrate includes a base substrate, an active pattern disposed on the base substrate, a gate insulation pattern disposed on the active pattern, a gate electrode disposed on the gate insulation pattern and overlapping the channel, and a light-blocking pattern disposed between the base substrate and the active pattern and having a size greater than the active pattern. The active pattern includes a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a channel disposed between the source electrode and the drain electrode. 1. A method of manufacturing a thin film transistor substrate, the method comprising: providing a light-blocking layer on a base substrate; providing a semiconductor layer on the light-blocking layer; patterning the semiconductor layer to form a semiconductor pattern; sequentially providing a gate insulation layer and a gate metal layer on the semiconductor pattern; patterning the gate metal layer to form a gate electrode; patterning the gate insulation layer to form a gate insulation pattern; and patterning the light-blocking layer by using the gate electrode and the semiconductor pattern as a mask, to form a light-blocking pattern having a planar size greater than a planar size of the semiconductor pattern. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the gate insulation pattern exposes portions of the semiconductor pattern; further comprising providing a plasma to the exposed portions of the semiconductor pattern to form a source electrode and a drain electrode. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: providing a data line on the base substrate before the providing the light-blocking layer; and providing a data insulation layer covering the data line. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: providing a buffer layer on the light-blocking layer, before the providing the semiconductor layer.",
-    "An articulated vehicle. In an exemplary embodiment, an articulated vehicle of the present disclosure comprises a first unit and a second unit articulated together by a joint, wherein the joint comprises a first slew ring arranged to permit the two units to pivot relative to one another about an axis lying substantially perpendicular to a direction of travel of the vehicle in use, and a second slew ring arranged to permit the two units to pivot relative to one another about an axis lying substantially parallel to a direction of travel of the vehicle in use. 1. An articulated vehicle comprising a first unit and a second unit articulated together by a joint, wherein the joint comprises a first slew ring arranged to permit the two units to pivot relative to one another about an axis lying substantially perpendicular to a direction of travel of the vehicle in use, and a second slew ring arranged to permit the two units to pivot relative to one another about an axis lying substantially parallel to a direction of travel of the vehicle in use. 2. The articulated vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the plane of the second slew ring is arranged at an angle of between 85 and 89 degrees to the plane of the first slew ring. 3. The articulated vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the angle between the two planes is axis is acute. 4. The articulated vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the angle between the two planes is obtuse. 5. The articulated vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the second slew ring is configured to allow 360 degree rotation of the first unit relative to the second unit. 6. The articulated vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising a rotation limiter for limiting the rotation of the second slew ring. 7. The articulated vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the rotation limiter limits the rotation of the first unit relative to the second unit to 60 degrees. 8. The articulated vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the rotation limiter limits the rotation of the first unit relative to the second unit to 30 degrees. 9. The articulated vehicle according to claim 6, wherein the rotation limiter limits the rotation of the first unit relative to the second unit to 15 degrees. 10. The articulated vehicle according to claim 1, wherein either or both of the first and second units comprise continuous tracks. 11. The articulated vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle is a dumper.",
-    "An optical coupling apparatus includes a shell in which a sleeve that guides optical coupling is inserted; a ferrule into which an optical fiber collimator stub is inserted, wherein the optical fiber collimator stub is integrated into one with an optical fiber inserted inside the sleeve and converts an optical signal into a collimated beam; and a housing that surrounds the ferrule. 1. An optical coupling apparatus, comprising: a shell in which a sleeve that guides optical coupling is inserted; a ferrule into which an optical fiber collimator stub is inserted, wherein the optical fiber collimator stub is integrated into one with an optical fiber inserted inside the sleeve and converts an optical signal into a collimated beam; and a housing that surrounds the ferrule. 2. The optical coupling apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is a single-mode optical fiber or a multi-mode optical fiber. 3. The optical coupling apparatus of claim 1, wherein the collimator is a collimating lens that is manufactured as one in a same standard as a gradient-index (GRIN) lens or a general optical fiber. 4. The optical coupling apparatus of claim 1, wherein one end of the optical fiber collimator is flat or has an angled edge with a predetermined angle. 5. The optical coupling apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber collimator is anti-reflection (AR) coated. 6. The optical coupling apparatus of claim 1, wherein on one end of the ferrule, an optical isolator to prevent a reflected optical signal from flowing as a light source is mounted.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a MEMS package with a rough metal anti-stiction layer, to improve stiction characteristics, and an associated method of formation. In some embodiments, the MEMS package includes a MEMS IC bonded to a CMOS IC. The CMOS IC has a CMOS substrate and an interconnect structure disposed over the CMOS substrate. The interconnect structure includes a plurality of metal layers disposed within a plurality of dielectric layers. The MEMS IC is bonded to an upper surface of the interconnect structure and, in cooperation with the CMOS IC, enclosing a cavity between the MEMS IC and the CMOS IC. The MEMS IC has a moveable mass arranged in the cavity. The MEMS package further includes an anti-stiction layer disposed on the upper surface of the interconnect structure under the moveable mass. The anti-stiction layer is made of metal and has a rough top surface. 1. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) package comprising: a CMOS IC comprising a CMOS substrate and an interconnect structure disposed over the CMOS substrate, wherein the interconnect structure includes a plurality of metal layers disposed within a plurality of dielectric layers; a MEMS IC bonded to an upper surface of the interconnect structure and, in cooperation with the CMOS IC, enclosing a cavity between the MEMS IC and the CMOS IC, wherein the MEMS IC comprises a moveable mass arranged in the cavity; and an anti-stiction layer disposed on the upper surface of the interconnect structure under the moveable mass, wherein the anti-stiction layer is made of metal and has a rough top surface. 2. The MEMS package of claim 1, further comprising: a fixed electrode plate disposed on the upper surface of the interconnect structure under the moveable mass and made of the same metal as the anti-stiction layer, wherein a measurement circuit is configured to detect a distance change between the moveable mass and the fixed electrode plate. 3. The MEMS package of claim 2, wherein the anti-stiction layer has a ring shape surrounding the fixed electrode plate. 4. The MEMS package of claim 2, wherein the fixed electrode plate has a smooth top surface, wherein the smooth top surface has a surface height that is substantially same with a mean surface height of the rough top surface of the anti-stiction layer. 5. The MEMS package of claim 4, wherein an uppermost region of the rough top surface is spaced apart from a lower surface of the moveable mass by a first vertical distance, and an uppermost region of the smooth top surface is spaced apart from the lower surface of the moveable mass by a second vertical distance, the second vertical distance being greater than the first vertical distance. 6. The MEMS package of claim 1, wherein the anti-stiction layer comprises aluminum (Al). 7. The MEMS package of claim 1, further comprising a eutectic bonding structure that includes a first bonding pad on the CMOS IC and a second bonding pad on the MEMS IC, wherein the anti-stiction layer and the first bonding pad have substantially the same thickness as one another. 8. The MEMS package of claim 1, wherein the rough top surface of the anti-stiction layer has a root mean square (RMS) surface roughness in a range of from about 40 nm to about 60 nm. 9. The MEMS package of claim 1, wherein the MEMS IC further comprises: a capping substrate comprising a recess which is disposed directly above the moveable mass proximate a back side of the MEMS opposite to the CMOS IC, wherein the recess constitutes a portion of the cavity. 10. The MEMS package of claim 9, wherein the CMOS substrate and the capping substrate comprise monocrystalline silicon. 11. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) package comprising: a CMOS IC comprising CMOS devices disposed within a CMOS substrate; a MEMS device layer bonded to the CMOS IC and comprising a fixed portion and a moveable mass connected to the fixed portion; a capping substrate bonded to a back side of the MEMS device layer opposite to the CMOS IC so as to enclose a cavity between the capping substrate and the CMOS substrate, wherein the moveable mass is arranged in the cavity; and an anti-stiction layer disposed over the CMOS substrate and under the moveable mass; wherein the anti-stiction layer has a rough upper surface with a root mean square (RMS) surface roughness in a range of from about 40 nm to about 60 nm. 12. The MEMS package of claim 11, further comprising a fixed electrode plate disposed over the CMOS substrate between portions of the anti-stiction layer, wherein the anti-stiction layer and the fixed electrode plate comprise the same metal material and have bottom surfaces that are substantially aligned to one another. 13. The MEMS package of claim 11, wherein the CMOS IC comprises an interconnect structure comprising a plurality of metal layers disposed within a plurality of dielectric layers; wherein the anti-stiction layer is disposed on an upper surface of the interconnect structure. 14. The MEMS package of claim 13, further comprising: a eutectic bonding structure of a first bonding pad on the CMOS IC and a second bonding pad on the MEMS device layer; wherein the first bonding pad is disposed on the upper surface of the interconnect structure; wherein the anti-stiction layer and the first bonding pad comprise the same metal material and have substantially the same thickness. 15. The MEMS package of claim 11, wherein the anti-stiction layer comprises aluminum (Al) or copper (Cu). 16-20. (canceled) 21. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) package comprising: a CMOS IC comprising CMOS devices disposed within a CMOS substrate and an interconnect structure disposed over the CMOS substrate, wherein the interconnect structure includes a plurality of metal layers disposed within a plurality of dielectric layers; a MEMS device overlying the CMOS IC and comprising a moveable mass; a metal layer disposed on an upper surface of a top dielectric layer of the interconnect structure, and having discrete portions comprising a bonding pad of the CMOS IC, a fixed electrode plate of the MEMS device, and an anti-stiction layer under the moveable mass of the MEMS device, wherein the anti-stiction layer has a rough top surface while the bonding pad and the fixed electrode plate have smooth top surfaces. 22. The MEMS package of claim 21, wherein the anti-stiction layer has a ring shape surrounding the fixed electrode plate. 23. The MEMS package of claim 21, wherein the smooth top surfaces of the bonding pad and the fixed electrode plate have a surface height that is substantially same with a mean surface height of the rough top surface of the anti-stiction layer. 24. The MEMS package of claim 21, wherein the metal layer comprises aluminum (Al). 25. The MEMS package of claim 21, wherein the rough top surface of the anti-stiction layer has a root mean square (RMS) surface roughness in a range of from about 40 nm to about 60 nm.",
-    "When an application 11n belonging to a group is installed or uninstalled, to allocate a resource region that the application 11n belonging to the group uses, a resource service 304, when an administrator requests installation of the application 11n, adds a resource upper-limit value of the group to the resource upper-limit value of the resource definition bundle original data, and installs the resource definition bundle 307. 1. A resource management apparatus for managing a resource of an application in a unit of a group, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to each other and cooperating to act as: a changing unit configured to, when an application belonging to a group is installed on a system that, due to an installation of an application, allocates for the application a resource in accordance with a declaration value of the application, add a declaration value of a resource of the group to which the installed application belongs to a declaration value of a resource of a resource definition application; and an install unit configured to install, after addition processing by the changing unit, the resource definition application in the system. 2. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a declaration value of a resource that the application belonging to the group declares is 0. 3. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, when all applications belonging to a group are uninstalled from the system, the changing unit subtracts the declaration value of the resource of the group from the declaration value of the resource of the resource definition application, and the install unit re-installs the resource definition application. 4. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a table that holds group information associating a group, an application that belongs to the group, and a declaration value of a resource of the group, wherein when an application is installed, the changing unit obtains from the table and adds a declaration value of a resource of a group corresponding to the application to change the declaration value of the resource of the resource definition application, and the install unit installs the resource definition application. 5. The resource management apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the at least one processor and at least one memory cooperate to act as an addition unit configured to add group information that includes a group of a new application, an application belonging to the group, and a declaration value of a resource of the group to the table. 6. The resource management apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the addition unit, when a fragment application that holds the group information is installed in the system, obtains the group information from the fragment application and adds the group information to the table. 7. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the install unit, in a case where the resource definition application is already installed, uninstalls and then installs again the resource definition application. 8. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the changing unit, after an application belonging to the group is installed in the system, adds a declaration value of a resource of the group to change the declaration value of the resource of the resource definition application so not to duplicate, and performs installation of the resource definition application by the install unit, and in a case where the installation of the resource definition application fails, outputs that a failure occurred, and uninstalls the application. 9. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the changing unit, if instructed to install an application that belongs to the group, before installing the application adds a declaration value of the resource of a group to which the application belongs to change the declaration value of the resource of the resource definition application so not to duplicate, and the install unit installs the resource definition application, and in a case where the installation of the resource definition application fails, stops the installation of the application. 10. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one processor and at least one memory cooperate to act as a user interface unit configured to provide a user interface, wherein by the user interface unit, installation of at least one of the group, and an application that belongs to the group is instructed. 11. The resource management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one processor and at least one memory cooperate to act as a unit configured to allocate, in accordance with a request for a resource from an application that belongs to the group, a resource to the application from a resource allocated for the resource definition application. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a program for causing, when loaded and executed in a computer, the computer to execute a process, the process comprising: when an application belonging to a group is installed on a system that, due to an installation of an application, allocates for the application a resource in accordance with a declaration value of the application, adding a declaration value of a resource of the group to which the installed application belongs to a declaration value of a resource of a resource definition application; and installing, after the adding, the resource definition application in the system. 13. A resource management method, executed by a computer, for managing a resource of an application in a unit of a group, comprising: when an application belonging to a group is installed on a system that, due to an installation of an application, allocates for the application a resource in accordance with a declaration value of the application, adding a declaration value of a resource of the group to which the installed application belongs to a declaration value of a resource of a resource definition application; and installing, after the adding of the declaration value, the resource definition application in the system.",
-    "A flame retardant filler includes a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization. In an exemplary synthetic method, a bridged polysilsesquioxane-based flame retardant filler is prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer having two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group that contains a fire retardant group (e.g., a halogen atom, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof). Bridged polysilsesquioxane particles formed by sol-gel polymerization of (((2,5-dibromo-1,4-phenylene)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(trimethoxysilane), for example, and follow-on sol-gel processing may serve both as a filler for rheology control (viscosity, flow, etc.) and a flame retardant. 1. A flame retardant filler, comprising: a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the organic bridging group has a backbone portion that includes at least two oxygen atoms, and wherein the organic bridging group is halogenated. 2. The flame retardant filler as recited in claim 1, wherein the monomer is represented by the following formula: 3. The flame retardant filler as recited in claim 1, wherein the monomer is represented by the following formula: 4. A flame retardant filler, comprising: a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the organic bridging group has a backbone portion that includes at least one phosphorous atom. 5. The flame retardant filler as recited in claim 4, wherein the monomer is represented by the following formula: wherein R1, R2 and R3 are organic substituents. 6. A flame retardant filler, comprising: a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the bridging group contains a fire retardant group selected from a halogen atom, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof. 7. The flame retardant filler as recited in claim 6, wherein the bridging group contains at least two bromine atoms as the fire retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: 8. The flame retardant filler as recited in claim 6, wherein the bridging group contains at least four bromine atoms as the fire retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: 9. The flame retardant filler as recited in claim 6, wherein the bridging group contains a phosphinate as the flame retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: wherein R1, R2 and R3 are organic substituents.",
-    "For an integrated circuit product comprising a non-tapered FinFET device formed in a first region of the substrate and a tapered FinFET device in a second region of the substrate, the method includes, among other things, forming the fins for the non-tapered FinFET device in the first region by performing a fin-cut-last process and forming the fins for the tapered FinFET by performing a fin-cut-first process. 1. A method of forming an integrated circuit product on a semiconductor substrate, the product comprising a non-tapered FinFET device formed in a first region of said substrate and a tapered FinFET device formed in a second region of said substrate, the method comprising: while masking said second region, forming a first plurality of fins for said non-tapered FinFET device in said first region by performing a fin-cut-last process that comprises: initially forming said first plurality of fins in said first region; and performing at least one first etch process to remove a portion of at least a first fin of said initially formed first plurality of fins without removing any portions of at least a second fin of said initially formed first plurality of fins during said at least one first etch process; and while masking said first region, forming a second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device in said second region by performing a fin-cut-first process that comprises: forming a patterned fin-formation etch mask layer comprising a plurality of line-type fin-formation features above said second region; modifying said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer by removing a portion of at least a first feature of said plurality of line-type fin-formation features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer without removing any portions of at least a second feature of said plurality of line-type fin-formation features; and performing a second etch process through said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask to define said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of performing said second etch process through said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask to define said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device is performed prior to the step of removing said portion of said at least one of said previously formed first plurality of fins. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein initially forming said first plurality of fins in said first region comprises performing at least one anisotropic etching process to initially form said first plurality of fins in said first region. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein performing said at least said one first etch process to remove said portion of said at least said first fin of said initially formed first plurality of fins comprises performing an isotropic etching process to remove said portion of said at least said first fin of said initially formed first plurality of fins. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein performing said second etch process through said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask to define said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device comprises performing at least one anisotropic etching process through said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask to define said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to forming said first plurality of fins for said non-tapered FinFET device in said first region, the method comprises forming said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer above said first and second regions. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said non-tapered FinFET device is formed above a substantially rectangular active area defined in said substrate and said tapered FinFET device is formed above a substantially non-rectangular active area defined in said substrate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein performing said second etch process through said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask to define said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device results in at least some of said second plurality of fins having cut edges. 9. A method of forming an integrated circuit product on a semiconductor substrate, the product comprising a non-tapered FinFET device formed in a first region of said substrate and a tapered FinFET device formed in a second region of said substrate, the method comprising: forming a patterned fin-formation etch mask layer above said first and second regions of said substrate; while masking said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer in said second region, performing an anisotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to form a first plurality of fins in said first region; after forming said first plurality of fins, removing a portion of at least one of a plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer that are positioned above said second region; after removing said portion of said at least one of said plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer, and while masking said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer in said first region, performing an anisotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to form a second plurality of fins in said second region; and after forming said second plurality of fins, forming a masking layer that covers said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer in said second region and thereafter performing an isotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to remove at least a portion of at least one of said first plurality of fins in said first region. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein removing said portion of said at least one of said plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer that are positioned above said second region comprises performing an etching process to remove said portion of said at least one of said plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer that are positioned above said second region and to remove a portion of at least one of a plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer that are positioned above said first region so as to thereby expose at least a portion of an upper surface of at least one of said first plurality of fins in said first region. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein performing said anisotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to form said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device results in at least some of said second plurality of fins having cut edges. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein forming said masking layer that covers said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer comprises forming said masking layer that covers said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer and said cut edges of said at least some of said second plurality of fins. 13. A method of forming an integrated circuit product on a semiconductor substrate, the product comprising a non-tapered FinFET device formed in a first region of said substrate and a tapered FinFET device formed in a second region of said substrate, the method comprising: forming a patterned fin-formation etch mask layer across said first and second regions of said substrate, said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer comprising a first plurality of features positioned above said first region and a second plurality of features positioned above said second region; while masking said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer in said second region, performing an anisotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to form a first plurality of fins in said first region; after forming said first plurality of fins, performing at least one etching process to: remove a portion of at least one of said first plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer positioned above at least one of said first plurality of fins in said first region so as to thereby expose a portion of an upper surface of said at least one of said first plurality of fins in said first region; and to remove at least a portion of at least one of said second plurality of features of said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer that are positioned above said second region; after performing at least one etching process and while masking said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer in said first region, performing an anisotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to form a second plurality of fins in said second region; and after forming said second plurality of fins, forming a masking layer that covers said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer in said second region and thereafter performing an isotropic etching process to remove at least a portion of at least one of said first plurality of fins in said first region having said exposed upper surface. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein performing said anisotropic etching process through said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer to form said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device results in at least some of said second plurality of fins having cut edges. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein forming said masking layer that covers said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer comprises forming said masking layer that covers said patterned fin-formation etch mask layer and said cut edges of said at least some of said second plurality of fins. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising replacing said removed portion of said at least said first fin with an insulating material. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said portion of said at least said first fin of said initially formed first plurality of fins is removed after said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device are formed in said second region. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said portion of said at least said first fin of said initially formed first plurality of fins is removed before said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device are formed in said second region. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device are formed in said second region after initially forming said first plurality of fins in said first region. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask is formed above a semiconductor material layer comprising said semiconductor substrate, wherein performing said second etch process through said modified patterned fin-formation etch mask to define said second plurality of fins comprises etching a plurality of fin-formation trenches in said semiconductor material layer during said second etch process after initially forming said first plurality of fins, said plurality of fin-formation trenches defining said second plurality of fins for said tapered FinFET device.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes: a fixing portion for fixing an image formed on a recording material; and a guide member for guiding the recording material. The guide member is provided at an entrance to the fixing portion and at an end portion with respect to a direction perpendicular to a feeding direction of the recording material The guide member is moved when the guide member is pushed by the recording material. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a fixing portion for fixing an unfixed image, formed on a recording material, onto the recording material at a fixing nip; a first guide member for guiding the recording material to the fixing nip, said first guide member is provided at a position opposed to a surface of the recording material where the unfixed image is formed and at a center of said fixing portion with respect to a longitudinal direction of said fixing portion; a second guide member for guiding the recording material to the fixing nip, said second guide member is provided at a position opposed to the surface of the recording material where the unfixed image is formed and at an end of said fixing portion with respect to the longitudinal direction of said fixing portion, wherein said second guide member is movable about said first guide member with respect to a direction perpendicular to a feeding direction of the recoding material. 2. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second guide member has a guide surface contactable with the recording material that is inclined as seen from an upstream side of the feeding direction of the recoding material. 3. An image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said second guide member is provided rotatably about an inside end portion thereof with respect to the longitudinal direction of said fixing portion. 4. An image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first guide member is movable between a first position and a second position with respect to the direction perpendicular to the feeding direction of the recoding material. 5. An image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said first guide member is movable between the first position where an entrance to the fixing nip is opened and the second position where the entrance to the fixing nip is blocked. 6. An image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said second guide member moves together with said first guide member when said first guide member moved. 7. An image forming apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising a door for accessing by a user, wherein said first guide member moves between the first position and the second position in accordance with a movement of said door. 8. An image forming apparatus comprising: a fixing portion for fixing an unfixed image, formed on a recording material, onto the recording material at a fixing nip; a first guide member for guiding the recording material to the fixing nip; a second guide member for guiding the recording material to the fixing nip, said second guide member is supported by said first guide member and provided at an end of said first guide member with respect to a longitudinal direction of said fixing portion, wherein said second guide member is movable about said first guide member with respect to a direction perpendicular to a feeding direction of the recoding material. 9. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said second guide member has a guide surface contactable with the recording material that is inclined as seen from an upstream side of the feeding direction of the recoding material. 10. An image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said second guide member is provided rotatably about an inside end portion thereof with respect to the longitudinal direction of said fixing portion. 11. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said first guide member is movable between a first position and a second position with respect to the direction perpendicular to the feeding direction of the recoding material. 12. An image forming apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said first guide member is movable between the first position where an entrance to the fixing nip is opened and the second position where the entrance to the fixing nip is blocked. 13. An image forming apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said second guide member moves together with said first guide member when said first guide member moved. 14. An image forming apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a door for accessing by a user, wherein said first guide member moves between the first position and the second position in accordance with a movement of said door.",
-    "An information processing system includes first and second information processing apparatuses. The first information processing apparatus transmits a request for status notification to the second information processing apparatus, which transmits a response of the status notification to the first information processing apparatus. The second information processing apparatus transmits a header of the response to the first information processing apparatus when receiving the request for the status notification from the first information processing apparatus, and transmits a part of a body of the response to the first information processing apparatus in response to the occurrence of a status change to be reported in the second information apparatus. The part of the body includes information on the status change. The second information processing apparatus transmits a last part of the body of the response to the first information processing apparatus when the status notification becomes unnecessary. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a body unit configured to perform predetermined image processing; and an operation unit configured to receive an operation with respect to the body unit, wherein the operation unit transmits a request for status notification to the body unit, and the body unit transmits a single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to reception of the request, the single response including a header and a body, and wherein the body unit includes a processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, causes the body unit to: transmit the header of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to receiving the request for the status notification from the operation unit; transmit a part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to occurrence of a status change to be reported in the body unit, the part of the body including information on the status change; and transmit a last part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to the status notification becoming unnecessary. 2. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the body unit is further caused to transmit another part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to no occurrence of the status change to be reported for a predetermined time, said another part of the body including information on an absence of the status change. 3. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the operation unit transmits a request that specifies the status change to be reported, to the body unit, and wherein the body unit is further caused to report the specified status change to the operation unit. 4. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the operation unit transmits the request for the status notification with respect to each of functions of the body unit. 5. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the header of the single response of the status notification includes no description of a data size. 6. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the part of the body of the single response of the status notification is written in JSON format with an addition of a delimiter. 7. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the request for the status notification and the single response of the status notification are transmitted using HTTP protocol. 8. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the last part of the body of the single response completes the single response. 9. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the body unit and the operation unit operate on different operating systems independent of each other. 10. The image forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a communication between the body unit and the operation unit is established by the request for the status notification transmitted by the operation unit and is closed by the last part of the body of the single response of the status notification transmitted by the body unit, and the header and the part of the body of the single response are transmitted during the communication. 11. An information processing method executed by an image forming apparatus, the image forming apparatus including a body unit configured to perform predetermined image processing and an operation unit configured to receive an operation with respect to the body unit, wherein the operation unit transmits a request for status notification to the body unit, and the body unit transmits a single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to reception of the request, the single response including a header and a body, the information processing method comprising: transmitting, implemented by a processor of the body unit, the header of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to receiving the request for the status notification from the operation unit; transmitting, implemented by the processor of the body unit, a part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to occurrence of a status change to be reported in the body unit, the part of the body including information on the status change; and transmitting, implemented by the processor of the body unit, a last part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to the status notification becoming unnecessary. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a program for causing a computer to execute an information processing process executed by an image forming apparatus, the image forming apparatus including a body unit configured to perform predetermined image processing and an operation unit configured to receive an operation with respect to the body unit, wherein the operation unit transmits a request for status notification to the body unit, and the body unit transmits a single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to reception of the request, the single response including a header and a body, the information processing process comprising: transmitting, by the body unit, the header of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to receiving the request for the status notification from the operation unit; transmitting, by the body unit, a part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to occurrence of a status change to be reported in the body unit, the part of the body including information on the status change; and transmitting, by the body unit, a last part of the body of the single response of the status notification to the operation unit in response to the status notification becoming unnecessary.",
-    "An electric lead contains at least three conductors. Each of conductors has a line which is surrounded by a conductor sheath. Two of the conductors are embodied as signal conductors, and form, with a common partial lead sheath surrounding them, a first partial lead, in particular a signal lead. Another of the conductors is embodied as a power conductor and forms a second partial lead, in particular a power lead. The conductors are surrounded by a separating sleeve, which is in turn surrounded by a common sheath of the electric lead. The lead is characterized in that the partial lead sheath has an inner sheath section and an outer sheath section, and the outer sheath section is harder than the inner sheath section. 1. An electric lead, comprising: at least three conductors, each having a line being surrounded by a conductor sheath; two of said conductors are signal conductors; a common partial lead sheath surrounding said signal conductors, said common partial lead sheath and said signal conductors forming a first partial lead; another of said conductors is a power conductor forming a second partial lead; a separating sleeve surrounding said conductors; and a common sheath surrounding said separating sleeve. 2. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said common partial lead sheath has an inner sheath section and an outer sheath section, and said outer sheath section is harder than said inner sheath section. 3. The lead according to claim 2, wherein said common sheath is softer than said outer sheath section. 4. The lead according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said common partial lead sheath of said first partial lead or said common sheath is formed from a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. 5. The lead according to claim 2, further comprising a function element connected to said first partial lead, said function element having a housing fabricated from a material which can be connected at least one of chemically or physically to a material of said outer sheath section. 6. The lead according to claim 2, wherein said conductor sheath of said conductor embodied as said power conductor is softer than said outer sheath section. 7. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said at least one conductor sheath is formed from polyethylene. 8. The lead according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said conductors has a conductor separating layer being a hot seal layer disposed between said line of said conductor and said conductor sheath of said conductor. 9. The lead according to claim 2, wherein said first and second partial leads form a partial lead bundle which is surrounded by said separating sleeve, said separating sleeve is adapted to an outer contour of said partial lead bundle. 10. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said separating sleeve is a synthetic non-woven fabric or a plastic film. 11. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said first and second partial leads are embodied free of separating means. 12. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said separating sleeve is applied running in longitudinally to said first and second partial leads. 13. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said conductor of said second partial lead contains a plurality of wires, said wires are first combined to form a plurality of bundles, each of said bundles is twisted in a limb direction of lay to form a limb, and said limbs are twisted to form a limb stranded conductor, wherein one of said limbs is a centrally guided limb and the limb direction of lay of said centrally guided limb is opposed to the limb direction of lay of other ones of said limbs surrounding said centrally guided limb, and around said centrally guided limb said other limbs are stranded in an opposite direction to the limb direction of lay of said centrally guided limb. 14. The lead according to claim 13, wherein said limbs are stranded to one another with a reverse twist. 15. The lead according to claim 1, wherein: said first partial lead is a signal lead; and said second partial lead is a power lead. 16. The lead according to claim 7, wherein said polyethylene is a cross-linked polyethylene. 17. The lead according to claim 1, wherein said separating sleeve is applied running longitudinally, in a spiral fashion, to said first and second partial leads. 18. A method for connecting sensors, which comprises the steps of: providing an electric lead, the electric lead containing at least three conductors each having a line being surrounded by a conductor sheath, two of the conductors are signal conductors, a common partial lead sheath surrounding the signal conductors, the common partial lead sheath and the signal conductors forming a first partial lead, another of the conductors is a power conductor forming a second partial lead, the electric lead further having a separating sleeve surrounding the conductors and a common sheath surrounding the separating sleeve; connecting the first partial lead as a signal lead to a wheel rotational speed sensor in a motor vehicle; and connecting the second partial lead, as a power lead, to an electric brake actuator. 19. A method for manufacturing an electric lead, which comprises the steps of: combining two conductors, via twisting, to form a first partial lead; a partial lead sheath is applied jointly to the two conductors, the partial lead sheath having an inner sheath section being applied and subsequently an outer sheath section being applied, the outer sheath section is harder than the inner sheath section; providing at least one other conductor which forms a second partial lead; combining the first and second partial leads; surrounding the first and second partial leads with a common separating sleeve; and applying a common sheath to the common separating sleeve. 20. The method according to claim 19, which further comprises combining the first and second partial leads by twisting.",
-    "According to an embodiment, an image forming system comprises a terminal device and an image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus is provided with an image forming section, a transfer section and a transfer bias applying section. The image forming section forms a toner image on a transfer belt. The transfer section transfers the toner image onto a medium. The transfer bias applying section applies transfer bias voltage to the transfer section. The terminal device is provided with a request receiving section and a bias voltage determination section. The request receiving section receives a print request of printing the image on at least one card arranged on a cardboard as media. The bias voltage determination section determines the transfer bias voltage according to the print request. 1. An image forming system, comprising: a terminal device and an image forming apparatus, wherein the image forming apparatus comprises: an image forming section configured to form a toner image on an intermediate transfer medium; a transfer section configured to transfer the toner image onto a medium; and a transfer bias applying section configured to apply transfer bias voltage to the transfer section; and the terminal device comprises: a request receiving section configured to receive a print request of printing the toner image on at least one card arranged on a cardboard as the medium; and a bias voltage determination section configured to determine the transfer bias voltage according to a combination of the card and the cardboard and an arrangement of the card on the cardboard. 2. The image forming system according to claim 1, wherein the print request contains information indicating a material and a thickness of the card; and the bias voltage determination section determines the transfer bias voltage according to the material the thickness of the card. 3. The image forming system according to claim 1, wherein the print request contains information indicating a material and a thickness of each of the card and the cardboard; and the bias voltage determination section determines the transfer bias voltage according to the thickness of the cardboard, the thickness of the card, the material of the cardboard and the material of the card. 4. The image forming system according to claim 2, wherein the transfer section includes a first roller and a second roller applied with the transfer bias voltage; the first and second rollers sandwich the intermediate transfer medium and the medium to pressure the medium to transfer the toner image onto the medium; and the bias voltage determination section determines the transfer bias according to a current value of current flowing in the card when the card passes through the transfer section. 5. The image forming system according to claim 4, wherein the bias voltage determination section determines the transfer bias according to the number of cards that pass through the transfer section simultaneously. 6. The image forming system according to claim 4, further comprising a speed determination section configured to determine a speed at which the cardboard and the card arranged on the cardboard pass through the first roller and the second roller, wherein the speed determination section determines the speed according to the thickness of each of the cardboard and the card, the material of the cardboard and the material of the card. 7. image forming system according to claim 6, wherein there is a case in which a plurality of the cards is arranged on the cardboard and one or both of the material and the thickness of among these cards differ; the speed determination section determines the speed according to the material and the thickness of any one of the cards; and the bias voltage determination section determines the transfer bias voltage according to the speed, the thickness of the cardboard, the thickness of the card, the material of the cardboard and the material of the card. 8. image forming system according to claim 6, wherein in a case in which a plurality of the cards is arranged along a direction in which the cardboard passes through the transfer section, a certain interval is arranged between the cards; and the certain interval is determined according to maximum value that can be acquired for the speed and the time needed for the change of the transfer bias voltage. 9. An image forming system, comprising: a terminal device and an image forming apparatus, wherein the terminal device comprises: a request receiving section configured to receive a print request of printing a toner image on at least one card arranged on a cardboard as a medium; and the image forming apparatus comprises; an image forming section configured to form the toner image on a transfer belt; a transfer section configured to transfer the toner image onto the medium; and a transfer bias applying section configured to apply transfer bias voltage to the transfer section; and a bias voltage determination section configured to determine the transfer bias voltage according to the print request. 10. An image forming apparatus, comprising: an image forming section configured to form a toner image on an intermediate transfer medium; a transfer section configured to transfer the toner image onto a medium; a bias control section configured to control transfer bias voltage applied to the transfer section; a request receiving section configured to receive a print request of printing the toner image on at least one card arranged on a cardboard as the medium; and a bias voltage determination section configured to determine the transfer bias voltage according to the print request.",
-    "Provided are methods of treating a cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) and methods of treating cerebral aneurysm in a mammal with certain Rho kinase inhibitors. 1. A method of treating a cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) in a mammal, comprising: administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising BA-1049; and detecting a reduction in the number or size of CCM lesions and/or maturation of simple CCM lesions into complex, clinically significant lesions relative to the number, size, and/or maturity of CCM lesions before administration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the BA-104 is a racemic mixture. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the BA-104 is the (R) enantiomer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is administered orally. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet or a capsule. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor other than BA-1049 (racemic mixture) or BA-1049 (R). 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor is BA-1042, BA-1043, BA-1044, BA-1050, BA-1051, C3, KD025, Rhopressa, Roclatan, AR-13533, Fasudil, HA-1077, Radicut, Azandoile 1, BF66851, BF66852, BF66853, and/or Y27632. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation further comprises at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor other than BA-1049 (racemic mixture) or BA-1049 (R). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor is BA-1042, BA-1043, BA-1044, BA-1050, BA-1051, C3, KD025, Rhopressa, Roclatan, AR-13533, Fasudil, HA-1077, Radicut, Azandoile 1, BF66851, BF66852, BF66853 and/or Y27632. 10. A method of treating a cerebral aneurysm in a mammal, comprising: administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising BA-1049; and detecting a reduction in the number or the size of cerebral aneurysms and/or a reduction in the maturation of simple aneurysms into complex, clinically significant aneurysms relative to the number, size and/or maturity of the cerebral aneurysms before administration. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein BA-1049 is a racemic mixture. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein BA-1049 is an (R) enantiomer. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is administered orally. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet or a capsule. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor other than BA-1049 (racemic mixture) or BA-1049 (R). 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor is BA-1042, BA-1043, BA-1044, BA-1050, BA-1051, C3, KD025, Rhopressa, Roclatan, AR-13533, Fasudil, HA-1077, Radicut, Azandoile 1, BF66851, BF66852, BF66853, and/or Y27632. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation further comprises a second Rho kinase inhibitor other than BA-1049 (racemic mixture) or BA-1049 (R). 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least a second Rho kinase inhibitor is BA-1042, BA-1043, BA-1044, BA-1050, BA-1051, C3, KD025, Rhopressa, Roclatan, AR-13533, Fasudil, HA-1077, Radicut, Azandoile 1, BF66851, BF66852, BF66853 and/or Y27632.",
-    "In general, an image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment comprises an image forming section, a reading section and a controller. The image forming section forms an image on a sheet. The reading section reads the image on the sheet to generate scan image information. The controller generates background image information obtained by excluding extraction image information from the scan image information and forms the background image information, first identification information of the sheet and orientation information indicating orientation of the sheet on the sheet through the image forming section. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: an image forming section configured to form an image on a sheet with a color material; a reading section configured to use an imaging device to read the image on the sheet to generate scan image information; and a controller configured to include a processor and a memory and to generate background image information obtained by excluding extraction image information from the scan image information and form the background image information, identification information of the sheet and orientation information indicating orientation of the sheet on the sheet through the image forming section and send the extraction image information, the background image information and the identification information to a server, wherein the server sends the extraction image information to a head-mounted display apparatus that reads the identification information from the sheet and sends the identification information to the server; and the display apparatus enables a user to confirm the extraction image information in a state of overlapping with the background image information by sight. 2. (canceled) 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extraction image information contains different color image information in a second color different from a first color, and the controller forms the background image information and the identification information on the sheet in the first color. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extraction image information contains a text. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extraction image information contains image information of a setting position in the scan image information. 6. A server, including: receiving background image information obtained by excluding extraction image information from scan image information generated by reading a sheet and first identification information of the sheet from an image forming apparatus; and sending the extraction image information to the display apparatus if receiving the first identification information from a head-mounted display apparatus with which a user can confirm the extraction image information in a state of overlapping with the background image information by sight. 7. The server according to claim 6, further including acquiring position information of the display apparatus from the display apparatus and restricting sending of the extraction image information according to the position information. 8. The server according to claim 7, wherein the position information contains a height. 9. The server according to claim 6, further including acquiring second identification information of the display apparatus from the display apparatus and restricting sending of the extraction image information according to the second identification information. 10. The server according to claim 6, further including translating a first text which is the extraction image information into a set language and sending the translated second text to the display apparatus as the extraction image information. 11. An image forming apparatus, comprising: an image forming section configured to form an image on a sheet with a color material; an reading section configured to use an imaging device to read the image on the sheet to generate scan image information; and a controller configured to include a processor and a memory and include: a first copy mode in which the controller forms an image on a sheet based on the scan image information through the image forming section; and a second copy mode in which the controller sends the scan image information to a server, and receives background image information from the server which generates the background image information by excluding extraction image information from the scan image information, and forms the background image information, identification information of the sheet and orientation information indicating orientation of the sheet on the sheet through the image forming section, and sends the identification information to the server, wherein the server sends the extraction image information to a head-mounted display apparatus that reads the identification information from the sheet and sends the identification information to the server; and the display apparatus enables a user to confirm the extraction image information in a state of overlapping with the background image information by sight.",
-    "The present disclosure is directed to enhanced virtual function capabilities in a virtualized network environment. In general, devices may comprise physical and virtualized resources. The physical resources may comprise at least a network adaptor that may handle incoming data from a network and outgoing data to the network. The virtualized resources may comprise at least one virtual machine (VM) and a corresponding interface. The corresponding interface may be one of a physical interface, a virtual interface or a \u201csuper\u201d virtual interface. The physical interface may provide a first set of capabilities allowing the VM to access (e.g., control) at least the network adaptor. The virtual interface may provide a second set of capabilities that is a subset of the first set. The super virtual interface may provide a third set of capabilities including the second set of capabilities and at least one additional capability from the first set of capabilities. 1. A device capable of virtualized operation, comprising: physical resources including at least a network adaptor; memory circuitry in which virtualized resources are loaded, the virtualized resources including virtual machines and interfaces corresponding to each of the virtual machines, the interfaces including a physical interface, a virtual interface and a super virtual interface; and processing circuitry to at least cause a virtual machine and a corresponding physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface to be loaded into the memory circuitry as part of the virtualized resources. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the network adaptor is configured to operate utilizing single root input/output virtualization. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the physical interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a first set of capabilities to control the network adaptor. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the capabilities include the ability to access at least one register in the device for controlling operation of at least the network adaptor. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein the virtual interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a second set of capabilities that is a subset of the capabilities included in the first set. 6. The device of claim 4, wherein the super virtual interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a third set of capabilities including the second set of capabilities and at least one additional capability included in the first set. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is to cause a virtual machine manager to be loaded into the memory circuitry. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the virtual machine manager is to determine that a virtual machine is to be loaded into the memory circuitry. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the virtual machine manager is to determine whether to load a physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein in determining to load the super virtual interface the virtual machine manager is to determine at least one additional capability. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein in determining the at least one additional capability the virtual machine manager is to determine whether the virtual machine is allowed to access the at least one additional capability based on a security configuration. 12. A method for virtualized operation, comprising: determining that a virtual machine is to be loaded into memory circuitry in a device; determining at least one of a physical interface, a virtual interface or a super virtual interface to be loaded corresponding to the virtual machine, the physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface allowing the virtual machine to access a network adaptor in the device; and loading the virtual machine and the determined at least one of the physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface into the memory circuitry. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the physical interface provides to the corresponding virtual machine a first set of capabilities to control the network adaptor. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the capabilities include the ability to access at least one register in the device for controlling operation of at least the network adaptor. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the virtual interface provides to the corresponding virtual machine a second set of capabilities that is a subset of the capabilities included in the first set. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the super virtual interface provides to the corresponding virtual machine a third set of capabilities including the second set of capabilities and at least one additional capability included in the first set. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining the at least one additional capability when it is determined that a super virtual interface is to be loaded. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: determining whether the virtual machine is allowed to access at least one additional capability based on a security configuration in the device. 19. At least one machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon, individually or in combination, instructions for virtualized operation that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: determine that a virtual machine is to be loaded into memory circuitry in a device; determine at least one of a physical interface, a virtual interface or a super virtual interface to be loaded corresponding to the virtual machine, the physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface allowing the virtual machine to access a network adaptor in the device; and load the virtual machine and the determined at least one of the physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface into the memory circuitry. 20. The storage medium of claim 19, wherein the physical interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a first set of capabilities to control the network adaptor. 21. The storage medium of claim 20, wherein the capabilities include the ability to access at least one register in the device for controlling operation of at least the network adaptor. 22. The storage medium of claim 20, wherein the virtual interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a second set of capabilities that is a subset of the capabilities included in the first set. 23. The storage medium of claim 22, wherein the super virtual interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a third set of capabilities including the second set of capabilities and at least one additional capability included in the first set. 24. The storage medium of claim 23, further comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: determine the at least one additional capability when it is determined that a super virtual interface is to be loaded. 25. The storage medium of claim 24, further comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: determine whether the virtual machine is allowed to access at least one additional capability based on a security configuration in the device. 26. A system for virtualized operation, comprising: means for determining that a virtual machine is to be loaded into memory circuitry in a device; means for determining at least one of a physical interface, a virtual interface or a super virtual interface to be loaded corresponding to the virtual machine, the physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface allowing the virtual machine to access a network adaptor in the device; and means for loading the virtual machine and the determined at least one of the physical interface, virtual interface or super virtual interface into the memory circuitry. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the physical interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a first set of capabilities to control the network adaptor. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the virtual interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a second set of capabilities that is a subset of the capabilities included in the first set. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the super virtual interface is to provide to the corresponding virtual machine a third set of capabilities including the second set of capabilities and at least one additional capability included in the first set.",
-    "A transmitter comprises at least one nonlinear circuit, and a power spectral density (PSD) shaping circuit. The PSD shaping circuit is operable to receive a symbol of a modulated signal, wherein the symbol corresponds to a first one or more frequency bins. The PSD shaping circuit is operable to perform iterative processing of the symbol, wherein each iteration of the processing comprises: generation of a pre-distortion signal based on a model of the at least one nonlinear circuit, wherein the nonlinearly distorted signal corresponds to a second one or more frequency bins; and combination of the symbol, or a pre-distorted version of the symbol, with the nonlinearly-distorted signal. The generation of the pre-distorted signal may comprise generation of a nonlinearly-distorted signal, and adjustment of one or more components of the nonlinearly-distorted signal. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A system comprising: combiner circuitry configured to combine a first signal and a second signal to generate a third signal, wherein said third signal is output for transmission onto a communication medium; nonlinearity modeling circuitry configured to: model a nonlinear response of a nonlinear circuit; and generate a fourth signal through nonlinear distortion of a fifth signal using said model; and bin modification circuitry configured to: generate said second signal through application of one or more weighting factors to frequency bins of said fourth signal, or of a transformed version of said fourth signal; and determine said weighting factors based on a difference, or squared difference, error metric. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein said fifth signal is a transformed version of said third signal. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein: said one or more weighting factors comprises a plurality of weighting factors; a first weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors is different than a second weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors; and said first weighting factor is applied to a first frequency bin of said fourth signal and said second weighting factor is applied to a second frequency bin of said fourth signal. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein said first frequency bin is a desired frequency bin and said second frequency bin is an undesired frequency bin. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein first frequency bin is an in-band frequency bin and said second frequency bin is an out-of-band frequency bin. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein said combiner circuitry, said nonlinearity modeling circuitry, and said bin modification circuitry reside in a transmitter. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein: said one or more weighting factors comprises a plurality of weighting factors; a first weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors is different than a second weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors; said first weighting factor is applied to a first frequency bin of said fourth signal and said second weighting factor is applied to a second frequency bin of said fourth signal; said first frequency bin is assigned to said transmitter by a basestation; and said second frequency bin is assigned to another transmitter by said basestation. 28. The system of claim 21, wherein said bin modification circuitry is configured to adjust said one or more weighting factors based on a performance metric fed back to said transmitter from a receiver. 29. The system of claim 21, wherein said bin modification circuitry is configured to adjust said one or more weighting factors based on order of a modulation constellation used for generation of said symbol. 30. The system of claim 21, wherein said bin modification circuitry is configured to adjust said one or more weighting factors based on a determination of interference present at a receiver to which said symbol is to be transmitted. 31. A method comprising: combining, by combiner circuitry of a transmitter, a first signal and a second signal to generate a third signal, wherein said third signal is output for transmission onto a communication medium; generating, by nonlinearity modeling circuitry of said transmitter, a model of a nonlinear response of a nonlinear circuit of said transmitter; generating, by said nonlinearity modeling circuitry, a fourth signal through nonlinear distortion of a fifth signal using said model; generating, by bin modification circuitry of said transmitter, said second signal through application of one or more weighting factors to frequency bins of said fourth signal, or of a transformed version of said fourth signal; and determining, by said bin modification circuitry, said weighting factors based on a difference, or squared difference, error metric. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said fifth signal is a transformed version of said third signal. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein: said one or more weighting factors comprises a plurality of weighting factors; a first weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors is different than a second weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors; and said first weighting factor is applied to a first frequency bin of said fourth signal and said second weighting factor is applied to a second frequency bin of said fourth signal. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein said first frequency bin is a desired frequency bin and said second frequency bin is an undesired frequency bin. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein first frequency bin is an in-band frequency bin and said second frequency bin is an out-of-band frequency bin. 36. The method of claim 31, wherein said combiner circuitry, said nonlinearity modeling circuitry, and said bin modification circuitry reside in a transmitter. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein: said one or more weighting factors comprises a plurality of weighting factors; a first weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors is different than a second weighting factor of said plurality of weighting factors; said first weighting factor is applied to a first frequency bin of said fourth signal and said second weighting factor is applied to a second frequency bin of said fourth signal; said first frequency bin is assigned to said transmitter by a basestation; and said second frequency bin is assigned to another transmitter by said basestation. 38. The method of claim 31, comprising adjusting, by said bin modification circuitry, said one or more weighting factors based on a performance metric fed back to said transmitter from a receiver. 39. The method of claim 31, comprising adjusting, by said bin modification circuitry, said one or more weighting factors based on order of a modulation constellation used for generation of said symbol. 40. The method of claim 21, comprising adjusting, by said bin modification circuitry, said one or more weighting factors based on a determination of interference present at a receiver to which said symbol is to be transmitted.",
-    "An augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus and method using image information. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus using image information includes an object recognition module configured to extract feature points from an input color image, recognize an object which is a target of interest based on the extracted feature points, and estimate a three-dimensional (3D) posture of the recognized object, and an interaction module configured to extract 3D mesh information from an input depth image, match 3D coordinates of the extracted 3D mesh information with 3D coordinates of the object recognized by the object recognition module to extract 3D position information of the recognized object in 3D space, and detect whether or not an augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other based on relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object. 1. An augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus using image information, the apparatus comprising: an object recognition module configured to extract feature points from an input color image, recognize an object that is a target of interest based on the extracted feature points, and estimate a three-dimensional (3D) posture of the recognized object; and an interaction module configured to extract 3D mesh information from an input depth image, match 3D coordinates of the extracted 3D mesh information with 3D coordinates of the object recognized by the object recognition module to extract 3D position information of the recognized object in 3D space, and detect whether or not an augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other based on relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object. 2. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object recognition module tracks a movement path of the recognized object in consecutive input color image frames, extracts new feature points from an input color image when tracking of the movement path of the recognized object fails, and recursively performs object recognition, 3D posture estimation, and object tracking based on the newly extracted feature points. 3. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interaction module calculates 3D position coordinates of a mesh corresponding to the recognized object, a movement direction vector of the mesh, and a speed of the mesh, and calculates a direction and a position of a collision between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object using the 3D position coordinates of the mesh, the movement direction vector of the mesh, and the speed of the mesh. 4. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 3, wherein the interaction module tracks and observes the collision direction and position over time, and determines a motion state of the augmented 3D object using 3D coordinates, a movement direction vector, and a speed of the recognized object tracked and observed in real time, and the collision direction and position. 5. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 4, wherein the motion state is any one motion of the augmented 3D object among a movement motion, a rotary motion, and a complex motion in which movement and rotation are made together. 6. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 4, wherein the interaction module renders a motion or a change in a shape of the augmented object corresponding to the determined motion state and displays the rendered motion or change in the shape to a user. 7. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interaction module determines a back-and-forth positional relationship between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object with respect to a camera based on the relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object, renders an object positioned forward first, and then renders a region of an object positioned back excluding a region occluded by the object positioned forward. 8. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object recognition module comprises: a color image input unit configured to receive color image information of surroundings taken by a camera; a feature point extractor configured to extract the feature points that may be features of the image using pixels corresponding to an entire region or a predetermined region in the received color image information; an object recognizer configured to recognize the specific object in the color image by matching the extracted feature points with feature points extracted from a trained image; a posture estimator configured to calculate a rotation matrix or a translation matrix representing a relative positional relationship between the recognized object and the camera; and an object tracker configured to track the recognized object in consecutive input image frames. 9. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interaction module comprises: a depth image input unit configured to receive depth image information of surroundings taken by a depth camera; a depth image mesh generator configured to convert the input depth image into mesh information usable by a 3D rendering engine; a calibrator configured to calibrate a relative positional relationship between a red, green, and blue (RGB) camera and the depth camera using initial posture information of the recognized object and match the 3D coordinates of a mesh obtained by modeling the recognized object and the 3D coordinates of the recognized object; a manipulation processor configured to detect whether or not the augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other based on the relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object in the 3D space, and determine a motion state of the augmented 3D object using the 3D coordinates, a movement direction vector, and a speed of the recognized object, and a direction and position of the collision; and a manipulation state output unit configured to render a motion or a change in a shape of the augmented object corresponding to the determined motion state and display the rendered motion or change in the shape to a user. 10. The augmented reality-based hand interaction apparatus of claim 9, wherein the manipulation state output unit determines a back-and-forth positional relationship between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object with respect to a camera based on the relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object, renders an object positioned forward first, and then renders a region of an object positioned back excluding a region occluded by the object positioned forward. 11. An augmented reality-based hand interaction method using image information, the method comprising: extracting feature points from an input color image, recognizing an object that is a target of interest based on the extracted feature points, and estimating a three-dimensional (3D) posture of the recognized object; extracting 3D mesh information from an input depth image; matching 3D coordinates of the extracted 3D mesh information with 3D coordinates of the recognized object; extracting 3D position information of the recognized object in 3D space, and detecting whether or not an augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other based on relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object; and when it is detected that the augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other, determining a motion state of the augmented 3D object, and rendering a motion or a change in a shape of the augmented object corresponding to the determined motion state. 12. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 11, wherein the estimating of the 3D posture of the recognized object further comprises tracking a movement path of the recognized object in consecutive input color image frames, and when tracking of the movement path of the recognized object fails, extracting new feature points from an input color image and recursively performing object recognition, 3D posture estimation, and object tracking based on the newly extracted feature points. 13. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 11, wherein the estimating of the 3D posture of the recognized object comprises calculating a rotation matrix or a translation matrix representing a relative positional relationship between the recognized object and a camera. 14. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 11, wherein the extracting of the 3D mesh information comprises: extracting a bounding volume of a 3D polygon mesh; dividing the bounding volume into 3D grids using a plurality of sampling lines; extracting vertices of the 3D grids meeting the 3D polygon mesh among vertices of the 3D grids as valid vertices; and calculating depth information of the respective valid vertices using vertices of the 3D polygon mesh and modeling the recognized object using the depth information of the valid vertices. 15. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 11, wherein the detecting of whether or not the augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other comprises: calculating 3D position coordinates of a mesh corresponding to the recognized object, a movement direction vector of the mesh, and a speed of the mesh; and calculating a direction and a position of a collision between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object using the 3D position coordinates of the mesh, the movement direction vector of the mesh, and the speed of the mesh. 16. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 15, wherein the detecting of whether or not the augmented 3D object and the recognized object collide with each other further comprises tracking and observing the collision direction and position over time, and determining a motion state of the augmented 3D object using 3D coordinates, a movement direction vector, and a speed of the recognized object tracked and observed in real time, and the collision direction and position. 17. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 11, wherein the rendering of the motion or the change in the shape of the augmented object comprises rendering any one of a movement motion of the augmented 3D object, a rotary motion of the augmented 3D object, and a complex motion of the augmented 3D object in which movement and rotation are made together. 18. The augmented reality-based hand interaction method of claim 11, wherein the rendering of the motion or the change in the shape of the augmented object comprises: determining a back-and-forth positional relationship between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object with respect to a camera based on the relative positional relationship information between the recognized object and the augmented 3D object; and rendering an object positioned forward first, and then rendering a region of an object positioned back excluding a region occluded by the object positioned forward.",
-    "A compact toothbrush includes a head with an extendable handle allowing it to be stored in a small sealed plastic package until used. Puncturing the seal of the packaging allows access to the sterile collapsed toothbrush therein. The toothbrush has a brush head with bristles extending from one side, and an opening containing one or more segments nested within one another. The inner-most segment is pulled outward, away from the brush head, with the adjacent outer segments following forming a handle assembly. Upon extension the segments form an interference fit with each adjacent interior and exterior segment forming a rigid handle assembly. When the handle assembly is in an extended configuration a retention member extends from the interior of the segment surrounding the extended segment for engaging the end of the segment thereby preventing the handle assembly from collapsing. 1. A toothbrush, comprising: a hollow brush head forming an internal sidewall and an opening; at least one segment movably disposed within the brush head, comprising: a tubular member with a wall having an exterior, the tubular member extending between a first end and a second end; wherein when the at least one segment is in a first position the at least one segment extends within the brush head; and wherein when the at least one segment is in a second position the exterior wall of the at least one segment forms an interference fit with the internal sidewall of the brush head opening. 2. The toothbrush of claim 1, further comprising: a first engagement member at the brush head internal sidewall; a second engagement member at the at least one segment exterior adjacent the first end; and wherein when the at least one segment is in the second position the first engagement member engages the second engagement member. 3. The toothbrush of claim 2, wherein: the first engagement member is a protrusion; and the second engagement member is a groove. 4. The toothbrush of claim 2, wherein: the first engagement member is a groove; and the second engagement member is a protrusion. 5. The toothbrush of claim 4, wherein the groove is an annular groove. 6. The toothbrush of claim 4, wherein the groove within the brush head is complimentary in configuration to the protrusion of the at least one segment. 7. The toothbrush of claim 1, further comprising: a package, comprising: a tray forming a compartment; and a membrane sealing the compartment; and wherein the toothbrush with the at least one segment in the first position is sealed within the compartment. 8. The toothbrush of claim 1, wherein the brush head internal sidewall includes a retention member engaging the at least one segment in the second position preventing movement of the at least one segment into the brush head. 9. The toothbrush of claim 8, wherein the retention member comprises a projection formed from the brush head internal sidewall and extending into the interior of the segment forming a tip. 10. The toothbrush of claim 9, wherein the projection tip engages the first end of the first segment. 11. A toothbrush, comprising: a brush head; and an extendable handle assembly connected to the brush head, comprising: a first segment, comprising: a tubular member with a wall having an exterior and an interior, the wall extending between a first end and a second end forming a passage; and a first engagement member at the wall interior adjacent the second end; a second segment movably disposed within the first segment, comprising: a tubular member with a wall having an exterior and an interior, the wall extending between a first end and a second end; and a second engagement member at the wall exterior adjacent the first end; wherein when the second segment is in a first position the first engagement member is disengaged from the second engagement member; wherein when the second segment is in a second position the first engagement member engages the second engagement member forming a handle assembly. 12. The toothbrush of claim 11, wherein: the first engagement member is a groove; and the second engagement member is a protrusion. 13. The toothbrush of claim 12, wherein the groove is an annular groove. 14. The toothbrush of claim 11, further comprising: a package, comprising: a tray forming a compartment; and a membrane sealing the compartment; and wherein the toothbrush is sealed within the compartment. 15. The toothbrush of claim 11, wherein the first segment interior wall includes a retention member engaging the second segment in the second position preventing movement of the second segment into the first segment. 16. The toothbrush of claim 15, wherein the retention member comprises a projection formed from the wall interior extending into the interior of the first segment forming a tip for engaging the first end of the first segment. 17. A toothbrush, comprising: a brush head; and an extendable handle assembly connected to the brush head, comprising: a first segment, comprising: a tubular member with a wall having an exterior and an interior, the wall extending between a first end and a second end; and a retention member formed from the wall interior; a second segment movably disposed within the first segment, comprising: a tubular member with a wall having an exterior and an interior, the wall extending between a first end and a second end; wherein when the handle assembly is in a collapsed configuration the retention member is compressed; and wherein when the handle assembly is in an extended configuration the retention member extends into the interior of the first segment preventing movement of the second segment into the first segment. 18. The toothbrush of claim 17, further comprising: a package, comprising: a tray forming a compartment; and a membrane sealing the compartment; and wherein the toothbrush with the handle assembly in a collapsed configuration is sealed within the compartment. 19. The toothbrush of claim 17, wherein when the first segment and second segment are in the extended configuration the exterior wall of the first end of the second segment forms an interference fit with the interior wall of the first segment second end.",
-    "An elastic hinge for spectacles includes a first hinge component having two chip elements connected together by means of being partially overlapped, and a second hinge component having two chip elements superimposed together. One chip element in the first hinge component is connected with the chip element of the second hinge component. A gap is disposed at the joint of one chip element of the first hinge component and one chip element of the second hinge component. Movable space is formed between the first hinge component and the second hinge component, so that the hinge elastically moves inwards or outwards. The elastic hinge is installed after the trim and the arm of the spectacles. Relying on the mutually smart cooperation of the components, the arm of the spectacles can have functions of bounding inwards and outwards without the help of any slingshot element, and has good durability. 1. An elastic hinge for spectacles, comprising: a first hinge component which comprises two chip elements and the two chip elements are connected together by means of being partially overlapped; a second hinge component which comprises two chip elements and the two chip elements are superimposed together, wherein one chip element in the first hinge component is connected with the chip element of the second hinge component; and a gap disposed at the joint of one chip element of the first hinge component and one chip element of the second hinge component, so as to form movable space between the first hinge component and the second hinge component, so that the elastic hinge for spectacles can move elastically. 2. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 1, wherein the first hinge component comprises: a first chip element which has an arc surface; and a second chip element which is of a rectangular shape, and is integrally connected with the first chip element, wherein one end of the second chip element has an oblique edge. 3. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 2, wherein the second chip element is provided with a through hole. 4. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 1, wherein the second hinge component comprises: a third chip element, wherein one end of the third chip element is configured as a hook shape; and a fourth chip element, wherein one end of the fourth chip element is provided with a step portion lower than the surface of the fourth chip element, and the third chip element is jointed on the surface of the fourth chip element, and the hook shape end leans against the step portion of the fourth chip element. 5. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 4, wherein the second hinge component further comprises a connector so as to fix the third chip element and the fourth chip element together. 6. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 5, wherein two ends of the connector are provided with a step portion, and one end of the connector is provided with an opening. 7. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 6, wherein the third chip element and the fourth chip element are provided with corresponding through holes, and the step portions of the connector are clamped in the through holes. 8. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 4, wherein the third chip element is provided with a round hole. 9. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 4, wherein the third chip element and the fourth chip element are welded together or connected together by rivets. 10. The elastic hinge for spectacles according to claim 4, wherein one end of the third chip element is configured into two hook shapes.",
-    "An electronic receiver may generate a differential detection sequence based on a received symbol sequence and based on a m-symbol delayed version of the received symbol sequence, where m is an integer greater than 1. The particular differential detection sequence may be a result of an element-by-element multiplication of the particular received symbol sequence and the conjugate of an m-symbol delayed version of the particular received symbol sequence. The receiver may calculate differential decision metrics based on the differential detection sequence and based on a set of differential symbol sequences generated from the set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. The receiver may generate a decision as to which of a set of possible transmitted symbol sequences resulted in the received symbol sequence, where the decision is based on the differential decision metrics and the set of possible transmitted symbols sequences. 1. A system comprising: an electronic receiver comprising: differential detection circuitry operable to: generate a differential detection sequence based on a received symbol sequence and based on an m-symbol delayed version of said received symbol sequence, where the value of m is an integer greater than 1; and vary the value of in during operation of the electronic receiver; decision metrics calculation circuitry operable to calculate differential decision metrics based on said differential detection sequence; and sequence decision circuitry operable to generate a decision as to which of a set of possible transmitted symbol sequences resulted in said received symbol sequence, where said decision is based on said differential decision metrics. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said calculation of said differential detection sequence is based on an element-by-element multiplication of said received symbol sequence and the conjugate of said in-symbol delayed version of said received symbol sequence. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said calculation of said decision metrics is based on a set of differential symbol sequences generated from said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. 4. (canceled) 5. The system of claim 3, wherein a particular differential symbol sequence in said set of differential symbol sequences is based on a particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences and an m-symbol delayed version of said particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said particular differential symbol sequence is a result of an element-by-element multiplication of said particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences and the conjugate of said m-symbol delayed version of said particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. 7. The system of claim 3, wherein said calculation of said decision metrics is based on a correlation of said differential detection sequence with each differential symbol sequence in said set of differential symbol sequences. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said differential detection circuitry is operable to vary the value of m, during operation of said electronic receiver, based on a mode of operation of said electronic receiver. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said differential detection circuitry is operable to vary the value of m is c, during operation of said electronic receiver, based on a transmitter from which communications are to be received by said electronic receiver. 10. (canceled) 11. A method comprising: in an electronic receiver: generating, via differential detection circuitry of said receiver, a differential detection sequence based on a received symbol sequence and based on an m-symbol delayed version of said received symbol sequence, where m the value of is an integer greater than 1; varying, during operation of the electronic receiver, is configurable during operation of the electronic receiver; calculating, via decision metrics calculation circuit, differential decision metrics based on said differential detection sequence; and generating, via sequence decision circuitry of said receiver, a decision as to which of a set of possible transmitted symbol sequences resulted in said received symbol sequence, where said decision is based on said differential decision metrics. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said calculating said differential detection sequence is based on an element-by-element multiplication of said received symbol sequence and the conjugate of said in-symbol delayed version of said received symbol sequence. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said calculating said decision metrics is based on a set of differential symbol sequences generated from said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 13, wherein a particular differential symbol sequence in said set of differential symbol sequences is based on a particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences and an m-symbol delayed version of said particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said particular differential symbol sequence is a result of an element-by-element multiplication of said particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences and the conjugate of said m-symbol delayed version of said particular sequence of said set of possible transmitted symbol sequences. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein said calculating said decision metrics comprises correlating said differential detection sequence with each differential symbol sequence in said set of differential symbol sequences. 18. The method of claim 11, comprising varying, during operation of the electronic receiver, the value of m is selected based on a mode of operation of said electronic receiver. 19. The method of claim 11, comprising varying, during operation of the electronic receiver, the value of m based on a transmitter from which communications are to be received by said electronic receiver. 20. (canceled)",
-    "A women's tool kit facilitates use of tools by women. The kit includes a perimeter wall coupled to and extending from a bottom panel defining an interior space of a container. The container includes a top panel pivotally coupled to the perimeter wall to cover the interior space. A medial section of the top panel is clear such that the interior space is visible through the top panel when the top panel covers the interior space. Interior walls define a plurality of compartments within the interior space. Each of a plurality of tools is positionable within an associated one of the compartments. The tools include a plurality of hand held tools sized to fit an average woman's hand size. Instruction media is positionable in the container providing instructions on proper use of each of the tools. 1. A women's tool kit comprising: a container, said container having a bottom panel and a perimeter wall coupled to and extending from said bottom panel defining an interior space of said container, said container including a top panel being pivotally coupled to said perimeter wall such that said top panel selectively covers said interior space, a medial section of said top panel being clear such that said interior space is visible through said top panel when said top panel covers said interior space, said container including a plurality of interior walls defining a plurality of compartments within said interior space; a plurality of tools, each of said tools being positionable within an associated one of said compartments wherein said container is configured for holding said tools to be carried by a person, said tools including a plurality of hand held tools, each of said hand held tools being sized such that said tools are configured to fit an average woman's hand size; and instruction media, said instruction media being positionable in said container with said tools, said instruction media providing instructions on proper use of each of said tools. 2. The kit of claim 1, further comprising said bottom panel being opaque and said perimeter wall being opaque. 3. The kit of claim 1, further comprising said hand held tools including a hammer. 4. The kit of claim 3, further comprising said hammer having a magnetic striking face. 5. The kit of claim 1, further comprising each of said plurality of tools of said kit having patterned indicia thereon, said patterned indicia comprising a pink camouflage pattern. 6. The kit of claim 1, further comprising a handle coupled to said perimeter wall. 7. The kit of claim 1, further comprising said hand held tools including a measuring tape. 8. The kit of claim 1, further comprising said hand held tools including a drill. 9. The kit of claim 8, further comprising a rechargeable battery, said drill being powered by said rechargeable battery. 10. The kit of claim 9, further comprising said tools including a battery charger, said rechargeable battery being coupleable to said battery charger for charging said rechargeable battery. 11. The kit of claim 1, further comprising said hand held tools including a level. 12. The kit of claim 8, further including said tools including a drill accessory pouch. 13. The kit of claim 1, further comprising said tools including safety glasses. 14. The kit of claim 1, further comprising a zipper coupled to said perimeter wall and said top panel wherein said zipper selectively couples said top panel to said perimeter wall to secure said top panel while covering said interior space. 15. A women's tool kit comprising: a container, said container having a bottom panel and a perimeter wall coupled to and extending from said bottom panel defining an interior space of said container, said container including a top panel being pivotally coupled to said perimeter wall such that said top panel selectively covers said interior space, a medial section of said top panel being clear such that said interior space is visible through said top panel when said top panel covers said interior space, said bottom panel being opaque, said perimeter wall being opaque, said container including a plurality of interior walls defining a plurality of compartments within said interior space; a handle coupled to said perimeter wall; a zipper coupled to said perimeter wall and said top panel wherein said zipper selectively couples said top panel to said perimeter wall to secure said top panel while covering said interior space; a plurality of tools, each of said tools being positionable within an associated one of said compartments wherein said container is configured for holding said tools to be carried by a person, each of said plurality of tools of said kit having patterned indicia thereon, said patterned indicia comprising a pink camouflage pattern, said tools including a plurality of hand held tools, each of said hand held tools being sized such that said hand held tools are configured to fit an average woman's hand size, said hand held tools including a measuring tape, said hand held tools including a level, said hand held tools including a hammer, said hammer having a magnetic striking face, said hand held tools including a drill, said drill being powered by a rechargeable battery, said tools including a battery charger, said rechargeable battery being coupleable to said battery charger for charging said rechargeable battery, said tools including a drill accessory pouch, said tools including safety glasses; and instruction media, said instruction media being positionable in said container with said tools, said instruction media providing instructions on proper use of each of said tools.",
-    "The invention relates to a concentrated aqueous polymer dispersion with an average particle size of less than 1000 nm comprising g) a polymer carrier prepared by heterophase radical polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer in the presence of h) a non-polar photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst and i) optionally a non-ionic, cationic or anionic surfactant, wherein the weight ratio of the non-polar photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst to the polymer carrier is greater than 20 parts of photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst per 100 parts of polymer carrier. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A process for the preparation of a concentrated aqueous polymer dispersion with an average particle size of less than 1000 nm comprising the step polymerizing at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer in the presence of a photoinitiator and/or a photolatent catalyst by heterophase radical polymerization; wherein the weight ratio of the photoinitiator and/or a photolatent catalyst to the polymer carrier formed from the ethylenically unsaturated monomer is equal or greater than 35 parts of photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst per 100 parts of polymer carrier. 8. A process according to claim 7 comprising the steps of a) dissolving, emulsifying or dispersing a photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst in at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer; b) preparing a conventional oil in water emulsion of said photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst dissolved, emulsified or dispersed in at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer; c) homogenizing the conventional emulsion to a mini-emulsion wherein the droplets of the organic phase have an average diameter below 1000 nm; d) polymerizing the mini-emulsion by adding a polymerization initiator; wherein the weight ratio of the photoinitiator and/or a photolatent catalyst to the polymer carrier formed from the ethylenically unsaturated monomer equal or greater than 35 parts of photoinitiator and/or photolatent catalyst per 100 parts of polymer carrier. 9. A process for preparing a polymer powder by preparing a concentrated aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 7 followed by vaporizing the volatile components of the concentrated aqueous polymer dispersion. 10. A polymer powder obtainable by a process according to claim 9. 11. Aqueous or non-aqueous formulations, coatings, inks, adhesives or in formulations for electronic materials comprising the aqueous polymer dispersion prepared according to claim 7. 12. A process for preparing a polymer powder by preparing a concentrated aqueous polymer dispersion according to claim 8 followed by vaporizing the volatile components of the concentrated aqueous polymer dispersion. 13. A polymer powder obtained by a process according to claim 12. 14. Aqueous or non-aqueous formulations, coatings, inks, adhesives or in formulations for electronic materials comprising the polymer powder according to claim 10. 15. Aqueous or non-aqueous formulations, coatings, inks, adhesives or in formulations for electronic materials comprising the polymer powder according to claim 13.",
-    "A portable, stand-alone microfluidic interrogation device including a microprocessor and a touch-screen display. The touch screen display can receive one or more user input to select a particular particle interrogation procedure, and subsequently show interrogation results. A microfluidic path extending through the interrogation device, includes alignment structure that defines an interrogation zone in which particles carried in a fluid are urged toward single-file travel. Operable alignment structure may define sheath-, or non-sheath fluid flow. Desirably, a portion of the alignment structure is removable from the. device in a tool-free procedure, The device may operate under the Coulter principle, and/or detect Stokes' shift phenomena, and/or other optically-based signal(s). 1. A microfluidic interrogation apparatus, comprising: a housing; a microprocessor and an associated memoir protected by said housing and operably disposable in-circuit with a microfluidic particle detector to receive particle-related data from said particle detector, said microprocessor being programmable to perform a plurality of different particle interrogation tasks; a microfluidic path extending through a portion of said housing and arranged to urge particles carried in a fluid into substantially travel through an interrogation zone of said particle detector; and a display device carried by said housing and disposed operably in-circuit with said microprocessor, said display device being operable to present a visual image representative of particle interrogation data resulting from microfluidic interrogation performed by said apparatus. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a source of radiation disposed to impinge radiation onto particles in said interrogation zone; and a first photodetector disposed to detect radiation propagating from said interrogation zone and arranged in-circuit to communicate a signal, corresponding to detected radiation, to said microprocessor. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: a portion of said microfluidic path is removable from said housing. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: said microfluidic particle detector comprises said removable portion of said microfluidic path. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: said portion of said microfluidic path is manually removable in a tool-free operation. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said housing is sized to fit inside a volume of about 24 inches in height by about 24 inches in width by about 24 inches in depth. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said housing defines a volume that is smaller than defined by a plan form of about 12 inches by about 9 inches and an orthogonal height of about 9 inches. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said apparatus is structured to weigh less than about 50 pounds. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said apparatus is structured to weigh less than about 15 pounds. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said microfluidic particle detector is structured to operate under, or detect, either or both of, the Coulter principle and optically-based phenomena. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said microfluidic particle detector operates to detect scatter radiation. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said interrogation zone is disposed in said microfluidic path, and is defined by structure forming non-sheath fluid flow. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein: said interrogation zone is defined, at least in part, by a microcapillary lumen. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein: said interrogation zone is defined, at least in part, by an aperture disposed to permit fluid flow from a first channel disposed in a first thin film layer, through said aperture, and into a second channel disposed in a second thin film layer. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said microfluidic particle detector comprises a laser configured and arranged in operable combination with a heat sink to permit turning said laser on momentarily for purpose of particle interrogation and turning said laser off before it overheats. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said particle detector comprises a plurality of optically-based detectors. 17. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said microprocessor is programmed for signal processing that performs peak finding in the raw data by combining raw data from a plurality of optically-based detectors. 18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said microprocessor is programmed for signal processing that performs peak finding in the raw data by combining data from an electrically-based detector and from at least one optically-based detector. 19. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said apparatus is structured and arranged as a self-contained device to permit operation of said apparatus to perform a microfluidic interrogation on a fluid sample, to process resulting microfluidic interrogation data, and to display a corresponding result on said display device without requiring input from a remote computing device. 20. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said apparatus is structured and arranged to permit coupling said apparatus to a computing device that is disposed exterior to said housing effective to upload data obtained from particle interrogation by said apparatus.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment, a sheet processing apparatus comprises a decoloring section, a stacking section, an image forming section, a sheet feed roller and a combined roller. The decoloring section carries out a decoloring processing on a sheet. The sheet subjected to the decoloring processing is discharged to the stacking section. The image forming section carries out an image forming processing on the sheet fed from the stacking section. The sheet feed roller feeds a sheet stacked in the stacking section to a conveyance path through which the sheet is fed to the image forming section. The combined roller aligns the sheets to be discharged to the stacking section at a reference position in a conveyance direction in which the sheets are conveyed to the sheet feed roller, and feeds the sheets stacked in the stacking section to the sheet feed roller along the conveyance direction. 1. A sheet processing apparatus, comprising: a decoloring section configured to carry out a decoloring processing on a sheet; a stacking section to which the sheet subjected to the decoloring processing is discharged at a first position downstream from the decoloring section; an image forming section configured to carry out an image forming processing on the sheet fed from the stacking section at a second position downstream from the stacking section; a paper feed roller configured to feed a sheet stacked in the stacking section to a conveyance path through which the sheet is fed to the image forming section; and a combined roller configured to align sheets to be discharged to the stacking section at a reference position in a conveyance direction in which the sheets are conveyed to the sheet feed roller, and feed the sheets stacked in the stacking section to the sheet feed roller along the conveyance direction. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a moving mechanism configured to move the combined roller along the conveyance direction to position the combined roller at an alignment position when aligning a sheet, and to position the combined roller at a sheet feed position that is different from the alignment position when feeding a sheet to the sheet feed roller. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the moving mechanism changes the alignment position in the conveyance direction based on the size of sheet. 4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein when the apparatus is in a standby state in which neither the decoloring processing nor the image forming processing is executed, the moving mechanism positions the combined roller at a home position which corresponds to the sheet feed position and is located above the sheet feed position. 5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein when the combined roller is in a standby state until the combined roller is moved to and positioned at the alignment position during the decoloring processing, the moving mechanism positions the combined roller at a standby position which corresponds to the alignment position and is separated from sheets stacked in the cassette. 6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the combined roller changes a feeding amount towards the conveyance direction of sheet to be discharged to the stacking section based on a sheet size. 7. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the moving mechanism lifts the combined roller down to contact with the sheet discharged to the cassette, and the initial contact position of the combined roller with the sheet is at the downstream side in the conveyance direction of sheet. 8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the moving mechanism lifts the combined roller down to position at the alignment position and to enable the combined roller to contact with the sheet discharged to the cassette, and the initial contact position of the combined roller with the sheet is at the upstream side in the conveyance direction of sheet. 9. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein after positioning the combined roller at the alignment position, the moving mechanism moves the rotating combined roller to the downstream side along the conveyance direction to align sheets at the reference position.",
-    "A receiver includes a plurality of input paths for receiving and processing a plurality of input RF signals. The input paths isolate one or more portions of corresponding ones of the received input RF signals, and combine the isolated portions of the corresponding ones of the received input RF signals onto one or more output signals. A bandwidth of the isolated portions of the corresponding ones of the received input RF signals and a bandwidth of the output signals are variable. The isolated portions of the corresponding ones of the received plurality of input RF signals are extracted and utilized to generate the output signals. The portions of the corresponding ones of the received plurality of input RF signals may be mapped into one or more channel slots in the time domain. The channel slots may be assigned in the frequency domain to one or more frequency bins. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A system comprising: channelizer circuitry operable to select a first number of channels of one or more received signals; crossbar circuitry operable to map the first number of channels to a second number of slots, where a first portion of the slots correspond to a first one of two overlapping fast Fourier transform (FFT) grids, and a second portion of the slots correspond to a second one of the two overlapping FFT grids; and FFT circuitry operable to perform a fast Fourier transform on the two frequency-overlapping FFT grids to generate a stacked signal for output onto a communication link. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the first number is less than the second number. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the crossbar circuitry is operable to perform the mapping of the channels to the slots based on a bandwidth of one or more of the channels. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the crossbar circuitry is operable to perform the mapping of the channels to the slots based on a bandwidth of the stacked signal. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein an amount of frequency overlap of the two frequency-overlapping FFT grids is determined based on a bandwidth of one or more of the channels. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein an amount of frequency overlap of the two frequency-overlapping FFT grids is determined based on a bandwidth of the stacked signal. 27. The system of claim 21, comprising digital-to-analog conversion circuitry operable to digitize the stacked signal. 28. The system of claim 21, wherein said channels are satellite television channels. 29. A method comprising: selecting, by channelizer circuitry of an electronic device, a first number of channels of one or more received signals; mapping, by crossbar circuitry of the electronic device, the first number of channels to a second number of slots, where a first portion of the slots correspond to a first one of two overlapping fast Fourier transform (FFT) grids, and a second portion of the slots correspond to a second one of the two overlapping FFT grids; and performing, by FFT circuitry of the electronic device, a fast Fourier transform on the two frequency-overlapping FFT grids to generate a stacked signal for output onto a communication link. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the first number is less than the second number. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the crossbar circuitry performs the mapping of the channels to the slots based on a bandwidth of one or more of the channels. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the crossbar circuitry performs the mapping of the channels to the slots based on a bandwidth of the stacked signal. 33. The system of claim 29, wherein an amount of frequency overlap of the two frequency-overlapping FFT grids is determined based on a bandwidth of one or more of the channels. 34. The system of claim 29, wherein an amount of frequency overlap of the two frequency-overlapping FFT grids is determined based on a bandwidth of the stacked signal. 35. The system of claim 29, comprising digitizing, by digital-to-analog conversion circuitry of the electronic device, the stacked signal. 36. The system of claim 29, wherein said channels are satellite television channels.",
-    "The invention provides compositions and methods for treating celiac sprue. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 75% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 1-567, wherein (a) the polypeptide degrades a PQPQLP (SEQ ID NO:34) peptide at pH 4; (b) residue 467 is Ser, residue 267 is Glu, and residue 271 is Asp; and (c) the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid changes from SEQ ID NO: 33 at one or more residues selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues 119, 262, 291, 292, 293, 319, 354, 357, 358, 361, and 368, wherein if the amino acid change is at residue 262, the residue 262 amino acid is changed to either K or G. 22. The polypeptide of claim 21, comprising an amino acid sequence at least 85% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 1-567. 23. The polypeptide of claim 21, comprising an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 1-567. 24. The polypeptide of claim 21, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 1-567. 25. The polypeptide of claim 21, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:2-32 residues 1-567. 26. The polypeptide of claim 21, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32 residues 1-567. 27. The polypeptide of claim 21, wherein the one or more amino acid changes are selected from the group consisting of: Residue 119: D; Residue 262: K and G; Residue 291: D; Residue 292: S; Residue 293: A, T, and N; Residue 319: S; Residue 354: N; Residue 357: T; Residue 358: N and G; Residue 361: Q; and Residue 368: S and H. 28. A nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of claim 21. 29. A nucleic acid expression vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid of claim 28. 30. A recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid expression vector of claim 29. 31. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the polypeptide of claim 21 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 32. A method for treating celiac sprue, comprising administering to an individual with celiac sprue an amount effective to treat the celiac sprue of the polypeptide of claim 21. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 85% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 residues 1-567. 32. The method of claim 32, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 residues 1-567. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 1-567. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:2-32 residues 1-567. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32 residues 1-567. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein the one or more amino acid changes are selected from the group consisting of: Residue 119: D; Residue 262: K and G; Residue 291: D; Residue 292: S; Residue 293: A, T, and N; Residue 319: S; Residue 354: N; Residue 357: T; Residue 358: N and G; Residue 361: Q; and Residue 368: S and H 39. A method for treating celiac sprue, comprising administering to an individual with celiac sprue an amount effective of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 31 to treat the celiac sprue. 40. The method of claim 32, wherein the polypeptide is administered orally.",
-    "A post-processing apparatus of an embodiment includes a first tray configured to receive a sheet on which the post processing is not executed by a processing section, a second tray configured to temporarily place a sheet, an inlet roller configured to carry in a sheet discharged from an image forming apparatus into the post-processing apparatus, a first roller configured to convey the sheet to the first tray, a second roller configured to convey the sheet to the second tray, a detection sensor configured to detect whether or not there is sheet being conveyed in a sheet conveyance path from the inlet roller to the first or the second tray, and a roller control section configured to drive the first or the second roller if an image forming apparatus stops the discharge of the sheet that is being printed and the detection sensor detects the sheet. 1. A post-processing apparatus, comprising: a processing section configured to execute a post processing on a sheet; a first tray configured to receive a sheet on which the post processing is not executed by the processing section; a second tray configured to temporarily place a sheet in the post-processing apparatus; an inlet roller configured to carry in a sheet discharged from an image forming apparatus into the post-processing apparatus; a first roller configured to convey the sheet carried in by the inlet roller to the first tray; a second roller configured to convey the sheet carried in by the inlet roller to the second tray; a detection sensor configured to detect whether or not there is a sheet being conveyed in a sheet conveyance path from the inlet roller to the first or the second tray; a punch section configured to be arranged between the inlet roller and the first roller and the second roller; a roller control section configured to drive the first roller or the second roller in a case in which the image forming apparatus stops the discharge of the sheet that is being printed and the detection sensor detects the sheet; and a jam detection section configured to detect a sheet jam in the post-processing apparatus, wherein the roller control section drives the second roller in an opposite direction in a case in which there is the sheet jam in the post-processing apparatus and there is no sheet in the punch section. 2. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the roller control section drives the first roller to convey a sheet that is being conveyed to the second tray to the first tray in a case in which there is the sheet jam; and the roller control section drives the first roller or the second roller corresponding to a tray designated by a user in a case in which there is no sheet jam. 3. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the punch section is configured to punch a hole on the sheet carried in by the inlet roller, wherein the detection sensor detects whether or not there is a sheet in the punch section; and the roller control section drives the first roller in a case in which there is the sheet jam in the post-processing apparatus and there is the sheet in the punch section. 4. (canceled) 5. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the roller control section, after driving the second roller in an opposite direction, drives the first roller in a case in which the sheet is detected by the punch section. 6. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a third tray arranged on the side surface of the post-processing apparatus; and a discharge section configured to convey the sheet on the second tray to the third tray, wherein in a case in which there is the sheet jam in the post-processing apparatus and there is a sheet on the second tray, the discharge section conveys the sheet on the second tray to the third tray. 7. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the detection sensor comprises a first detection sensor, a second detection sensor and a third detection sensor; the first detection sensor is arranged in the sheet conveyance path from the inlet roller to the first roller; the second detection sensor is arranged in the sheet conveyance path from the inlet roller to the second roller; the third detection sensor is arranged in the sheet conveyance path from the second roller to the second tray; and the jam detection section detects the sheet jam according to a driving amount of the inlet roller, the first and the second trays and detection results of the first, the second and the third detection sensors. 8. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a notification section configured to notify the image forming apparatus that a sheet is discharged to a tray different from the tray designated by the user after the image forming apparatus stops the discharge of the sheet that is being printed. 9. The post-processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the roller control section drives the inlet roller to carry in the sheet that is being carried in into the post-processing apparatus at the time the image forming apparatus stops the discharge of the sheet that is being printed; and the roller control section drives the first or the second roller to convey the sheet that is being carried-in to the first or the second tray. 10. An image forming system, comprising: an image forming apparatus that discharges a sheet on which an image is formed and a post-processing apparatus mounted integrally with the image forming apparatus, wherein the post-processing apparatus comprises: a processing section configured to execute a post processing on a sheet; a first tray configured to receive a sheet on which the post processing is not executed by the processing section; a second tray configured to temporarily place a sheet in the post-processing apparatus; an inlet roller configured to carry in a sheet discharged from an image forming apparatus into the post-processing apparatus; a first roller configured to convey the sheet carried in by the inlet roller to the first tray; a second roller configured to convey the sheet carried in by the inlet roller to the second tray; a detection sensor configured to detect whether or not there is sheet being conveyed in a sheet conveyance path from the inlet roller to the first or the second tray; a roller control section configured to drive the first or the second roller in a case in which the image forming apparatus stops the discharge of the sheet that is being printed and the detection sensor detects the sheet; and a notification section configured to notify the image forming apparatus of the number of the sheets carried into the post-processing apparatus after the image forming apparatus stops the discharge of the sheet that is being printed; and the image forming apparatus determines a page at the time of restart of a printing processing on the basis of the number of the sheets already discharged to the post-processing apparatus and the number of the sheets notified by the notification section.",
-    "A method is performed in a network node of a mobile communication network, for determining a dropped connection to a mobile terminal. The method comprises detecting a release of a radio bearer associated with the mobile terminal; determining whether the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer; when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer, determining the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when the release is classified as an involuntary release; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determining the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer. A corresponding network node, computer program and computer program product are also presented. 1. A method, performed in a network node of a mobile communication network, for determining a dropped connection to a mobile terminal, the method comprising: detecting a release of a radio bearer associated with the mobile terminal; determining whether the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer; when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer, determining the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when the release is classified as an involuntary release; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determining the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer, the released radio bearer is determined to be a dropped connection only when the release is classified as an involuntary release; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, the released radio bearer is determined to be a dropped connection only when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, the released radio bearer is determined to be a dropped connection when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer and the release is classified as an involuntary release. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising determining that the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer when a quality of service class identifier, associated with the radio bearer, comprises a parameter indicating guaranteed bit rate. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the radio bearer is determined to be a real-time type radio bearer when a quality of service class identifier, associated with the radio bearer, comprises a real-time parameter indicating a real-time service, which real-time parameter is absent from any telecommunication standard with which the mobile communication network complies. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the release is classified as an involuntary release using a release cause code associated with the released radio bearer. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the involuntary release is a release which is involuntary from a perspective of a user of the mobile terminal. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining a number of dropped connections during a measurement period for all mobile terminals under the control of the network node; obtaining session duration measurements for all radio bearers under the control of the network node in the measurement period; and calculating a drop rate measurement by dividing the number of dropped connections during the measurement period with a sum of the session duration measurements during the measurement period. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein obtaining session duration measurements comprises, for a real-time type radio bearer, determining the session duration to be the duration of when the radio bearer is established; and for a radio bearer that differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determining the session duration to be the start of the radio bearer until there is an absence of data transfer on the radio bearer during at least a predetermined inactivity time. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined inactivity time is 100 milliseconds (ms). 11. A network node operative to be part of a mobile communication network that is arranged for serving one or more mobile terminals, the network node comprising: a radio bearer release detector operative to detect a release of a radio bearer associated with the mobile terminal; a radio bearer type determiner operative to determine whether the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer; and a dropped connection determiner operative to: when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when the release is classified as an involuntary release; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer. 12. The network node according to claim 11, wherein the dropped connection determiner is operative to: when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection only when the release is classified as an involuntary release; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection only when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer. 13. The network node according to claim 11, wherein the dropped connection determiner is operative to: when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer and the release is classified as an involuntary release. 14. The network node according to claim 11, wherein the radio bearer type determiner is operative to determine the radio bearer to be a real-time radio bearer when a quality of service class identifier, associated with the radio bearer, comprises a parameter indicating guaranteed bit rate. 15. The network node according to claim 11, wherein the radio bearer type determiner is operative to determine the radio bearer to be a real-time radio bearer when a quality of service class identifier, associated with the radio bearer, comprises a real-time parameter indicating a real-time service, which real-time parameter is absent from any telecommunication standard with which the mobile communication network complies. 16. The network node according to claim 11, wherein the dropped connection determiner is operative to classify the release as an involuntary release by use of a release cause code associated with the released radio bearer. 17. The network node according to claim 11, wherein the involuntary release is a release which is involuntary from a perspective of a user of the mobile terminal. 18. The network node according to claim 11, further comprising: a session duration obtainer operative to obtain session duration measurements for all radio bearers under the control of the network node during a measurement period; and a drop rate calculator operative to calculate a drop rate measurement by division of a number of dropped connections during the measurement period divided with a sum of the session duration measurements during the measurement period. 19. The network node according to claim 18, wherein the session duration obtainer is operative to: when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer, determine the session duration to be the duration of when the radio bearer is established; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determine the session duration to be the start of the radio bearer until there is an absence of data transfer on the radio bearer during at least a predetermined inactivity time. 20. The network node according to claim 19, wherein the predetermined inactivity time is 100 milliseconds (ms). 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program comprising computer program code which, when run on a network node, causes the network node to: detect a release of a radio bearer associated with a mobile terminal; determine whether the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer; when the radio bearer is a real-time type radio bearer, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when the release is classified as an involuntary release; and when the radio bearer differs from a real-time type radio bearer, determine the released radio bearer to be a dropped connection when there is remaining user data in a buffer for transfer in either direction over the released radio bearer.",
-    "A method of managing access to enterprise resources is provided. An access manager may operate at a mobile device to validate a mobile application installed at that mobile device. If the access manager does not successfully validate the mobile application, the access manager may prevent the mobile application from accessing computing resource. If the access manager does successfully validate the mobile application, then the access manager may identify the mobile application as a trusted mobile application. The access manager may thus permit the trusted mobile application to access the computing resource. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: storing, at a computing device, application metadata corresponding to at least one token embedded in an application installed at the computing device; challenging the application to provide a response prior to granting the application access to a computing resource; generating an expected response that is based, at least in part, on the application metadata stored at the computing device; comparing the expected response to the response received from the application; and either granting or denying the application access to the computing resource based on whether the expected response matches the response received. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: challenging the application to provide the response comprises challenging the application responsive to receipt, from the application, of a request to access the computing resource. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: challenging the application to provide the response comprises challenging the application responsive to a launch of the application at the computing device. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: generating the expected response comprises generating an expected application signature for the application. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein: generating the expected application signature further comprises obtaining at least one first token from the application metadata. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein: generating the expected application signature further comprises deriving at least one second token from the application. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein: deriving the at least one second token comprises hashing a component of the application. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein: the component comprises one of a binary of the application, an icon of the application, or a framework of the application. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein: generating the expected application signature further comprises arranging, in a predetermined order, at least one of the first tokens and at least one of the second tokens. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: providing a nonce to the application; wherein generating the expected response further comprises generating an expected hash value based on the application signature and the nonce; and wherein comparing the expected response to the response received from the application comprises comparing the expected hash value to a hash value received from the application. 11. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving, at an application installed at a computing device, a challenge to provide a response prior to obtaining access to a computing resource; generating, by the application, a response that is based, at least in part, on a token embedded in the application; providing, by the application, the response for comparison to an expected response that has been generated based, at least in part, on application metadata stored at the computing device, the application metadata corresponding to the token embedded in the application; and obtaining, by the application, access to the computing resource responsive to a determination that the expected response matches the response provided by the application. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein: generating the response comprises generating, by the application, an application signature. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein: generating the application signature comprises extracting, by the application, the token embedded in the application. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, wherein: generating the application signature comprises deriving at least one second token from the application. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14 wherein: deriving the at least one second token comprises hashing a component of the application; and the component comprises one of a binary of the application, an icon of the application, or a framework of the application. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein: generating the application signature comprises arranging, in a predetermined order, the token extracted from the application and at least one of the second tokens. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving a nonce; and wherein generating the response further comprises generating a hash value based on the application signature and the nonce; and wherein providing the response for comparison to the expected response comprises providing the hash value to an expected hash value. 18. A computer-implemented method comprising: embedding a token in an application; providing, to a computing device for storage, application metadata corresponding to the token embedded in the application; including, in the application, a management framework that configures the application to (i) generate, in response to receiving a challenge, a response that is based, at least in part, on the token embedded in the application, and (ii) provide the response for comparison to an expected response that has been generated at the computing device based, at least in part, the application metadata; and provide the application to the computing device for installation. 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 18, wherein: the management framework configures the application to generate the response by generating an application signature based, at least in part, on the token embedded in the application. 20. The computer-implemented method of claim 19, wherein: the management framework configures the application to generate the application signature by extracting the token embedded in the application and arranging, in a predetermined order, the token extracted from the application and at least one second token derived from the application.",
-    "An ice maker has an ice mold that includes a metallic piece and an insulated piece. A cooling source is thermally coupled to the metallic piece. A cavity is within the ice mold and has a first reservoir in the metallic piece and a second reservoir in the insulated piece. The first and second reservoirs align to substantially enclose the cavity. An intake aperture in the insulated piece extends to the cavity for receiving water. A drive body rotatably coupled to the ice mold that operates in an ice-making cycle, wherein the drive body repeatedly rotates the mold from an injection position to a tilted position. The cavity receives an incremental amount of water in the injection position and moves to the tilted position to freeze at least a portion of the incremental amount of water over a side surface of the cavity to make an ice piece. 1. An ice maker comprising: an ice mold that includes a first piece removably engaged with a second piece; a spherical cavity within the ice mold, wherein the first and second pieces align to substantially enclose the cavity; an aperture in the mold that extends into to the cavity for injecting water into the cavity; a thermoelectric device thermally engaged with the second piece for freezing water in the cavity; an electrical drive body rotatably coupled with the ice mold that is configured to rotate the mold from an injection position to a tilted position, wherein the cavity receives water in the injection position, and wherein the mold rotates at least 45 degrees from the injection position to the tilted position to freeze water on a side portion of the cavity; and a storage bin positioned to receive an ice piece formed in the cavity when the first and second pieces disengage to release the ice piece. 2. The ice maker of claim 1, wherein the second piece includes a metallic material and the first piece includes a polymeric material, and wherein the first piece includes a lower thermal conductivity than the second piece. 3. The ice maker of claim 1, wherein the electrical drive body is configured to operate in an ice-forming cycle that repeatedly rotates the mold between the injection position and tilted position to make a substantially clear ice piece. 4. The ice maker of claim 1, wherein first piece and the second piece each include substantially half of the spherical cavity. 5. The ice maker of claim 1, wherein the first piece is pivotally coupled with the second piece, and wherein the second piece pivots away from the first piece to release the ice piece. 6. A method of forming an ice piece, comprising: providing an ice maker that includes an ice mold that has a top piece and a bottom piece; a cavity within the ice mold having a first reservoir in the top piece and a second reservoir in the bottom piece, wherein the first and second reservoirs align to substantially enclose the cavity; and an aperture extending to the cavity for receiving water; cooling the bottom piece of the ice mold with a cold source thermally coupled with the bottom piece; injecting an incremental amount of water into the cavity through the aperture; rotating the ice mold about an axis of the cavity in a rocking cycle using a drive body coupled with the ice mold, causing the incremental portion of water to move between a first side portion of the cavity and a second side portion of the cavity; freezing a portion of the incremental amount of water over the first and second side portions of the cavity; and repeating the injection and rotation steps to form an ice piece substantially occupying the cavity. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ice mold includes a plurality of cavities linearly arranged, and wherein step of rotating the ice mold includes rotating the ice mold along a transverse axis of the plurality of cavities. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the ice maker is substantially surrounded by a housing, wherein the housing includes a liner of a door of an appliance. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of rotating the ice mold includes rotating the mold a first direction at an angle, moving the water in the cavity to a first side of the cavity below the intake aperture, and a second direction at the angle, moving the water in the cavity to a second side of the cavity below the intake aperture. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first direction is opposite the second direction, and wherein the angle is configured to move water beyond an edge of the ice piece that is forming on the first side and the second side. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the incremental amount of water is less than half of the fluid volume of the cavity, and wherein the ice piece occupies the fluid volume of the cavity.",
-    "A laminate of an artificial nail bound to a natural nail with a layer of a cyanoacrylate adhesive formulation containing a thickener, a stabilizer, and a plasticizer is as strong and durable as similar laminates but is flexible and pliable enough to bend without cracking. 1. A laminate, comprising: a natural nail; an artificial nail; and a layer of a composition, interposed therebetween, comprising: at least one cyanoacrylate monomer; at least one thickener; and at least one plasticizer. 2. The laminate of claim 1, in which: said at least one plasticizer is triacetin. 3. The laminate of claim 2, in which: triacetin is present in the range of 10 to 15% w/w of said composition. 4. The laminate of claim 2, in which: triacetin is present in the range of 3 to 6% w/w of said composition. 5. The laminate of claim 2, in which: triacetin is present in the range of 4 to 5% w/w of said composition. 6. The laminate of claim 2, in which: triacetin is present at a concentration of about 4.5% w/w of said composition. 7. The laminate of claim 2, in which: said at least one cyanoacrylate monomer is ethyl cyanoacrylate; and said at least one thickener is PMMA. 8. The laminate of claim 7, in which: triacetin is present in the range of 10 to 15% w/w of said composition. 9. The laminate of claim 7, in which: triacetin is present in the range of 3 to 6% w/w of said composition. 10. The laminate of claim 7, in which: triacetin is present in the range of 4 to 5% w/w of said composition. 11. The laminate of claim 7, in which: triacetin is present at a concentration of about 4.5% w/w of said composition. 12. The laminate of claim 1, in which said composition comprises: up to about 1% stabilizer; said thickener is 4 to 6% w/w PMMA; said plasticizer is 10 to 15% w/w triacetin; and the balance weight percentage is ethyl cyanoacrylate monomer. 13. The laminate of claim 1, in which said composition comprises: up to about 1% stabilizer; said thickener is 4 to 6% w/w PMMA; said plasticizer is 3 to 6% w/w triacetin; and the balance weight percentage is ethyl cyanoacrylate monomer. 14. The laminate of claim 1, in which said composition comprises: up to about 1% stabilizer; said thickener is 4 to 6% w/w PMMA; said plasticizer is 4 to 5% w/w triacetin; and the balance weight percentage is ethyl cyanoacrylate monomer. 15. The laminate of claim 1, in which said composition comprises: up to about 1% stabilizer; said thickener is 4 to 6% w/w PMMA; said plasticizer is about 4.5% w/w triacetin; and the balance weight percentage is ethyl cyanoacrylate monomer. 16. The laminate of claim 1, in which said composition comprises: about 83% cyanoacrylate monomer; about 4.5% PMMA; and about 12.5% triacetin.",
-    "A refrigerator includes an icemaker, an ice bank that is configured to store ice released from the icemaker, a weight sensor configured to measure a weight of the ice bank, and a controller configured to determine, based on weight measurements measured by the weight sensor, a variation in amount of ice stored in the ice bank during a set time period, and adjust an ice determination reference value based on the determined variation in the amount of ice stored in the ice bank during the set time period. 1. A refrigerator comprising: an icemaker; an ice bank that is configured to store ice released from the icemaker; a weight sensor configured to measure a weight of the ice bank; and a controller configured to: determine, based on weight measurements measured by the weight sensor, a variation in amount of ice stored in the ice bank during a set time period, and adjust an ice determination reference value based on the determined variation in the amount of ice stored in the ice bank during the set time period. 2. The refrigerator according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value, and wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value. 3. The refrigerator according to claim 1, further comprising a discharge device configured to melt the ice stored in the ice bank, wherein the melted ice is discharged from the ice bank, wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value, wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value, and exceeds a second set value, which is lower than the first set value, and wherein the controller is configured to turn on the discharge device based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the second set value. 4. The refrigerator according to claim 1, further comprising a discharge device configured to melt the ice stored in the ice bank, wherein the controller is configured to turn on the discharge device based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is below a set lower limit value. 5. The refrigerator according to claim 4, wherein the discharge device comprises: an ice bank heater configured to melt the ice stored in the ice bank; and a drain hose configured to discharge water from the ice bank. 6. The refrigerator according to claim 4, wherein the discharge device comprises: a hot line configured to allow refrigerant to flow through; a hot line valve configured to adjust the supply of refrigerant to the hot line; and a drain hose configured to discharge water from the ice bank. 7. The refrigerator according to claim 5, wherein the discharge device further comprises a drain valve installed on the drain hose. 8. The refrigerator according to claim 6, wherein the discharge device further comprises a drain valve installed on the drain hose. 9. The refrigerator according to claim 1, further comprising a display unit configured to display information, wherein the controller is configured to output an ice disposal signal to the display unit based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is below a set lower limit value. 10. The refrigerator according to claim 1, further comprising a display unit configured to display information, wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value, wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value and exceeds a second set value, which is lower than the first set value, and wherein the controller is configured to output an ice disposal signal to the display unit based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the second set value. 11. A refrigerator comprising: an icemaker; an ice bank that is configured to store ice released from the icemaker; a weight sensor configured to measure a weight of the ice bank; a discharge device configured to melt the ice stored in the ice bank; a display unit configured to display information; and a controller configured to determine, based on weight measurements measured by the weight sensor, a variation in amount of ice stored in the ice bank during a set time period, wherein the controller is configured to turn on the discharge device when a determined variation in the amount of ice stored in the ice bank during a set time period is below a set lower limit value, or to output an ice disposal signal to the display unit when the variation in amount of ice during the set time period is below the set lower limit value. 12. The refrigerator according to claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to set an ice determination reference value to a first reference value when the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value, wherein the controller is configured to set the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value and exceeds a second set value, which is lower than the first set value, and wherein the controller is configured to turn on the discharge device based on a determination that the variation of the ice amount during the set time period is less than the second set value. 13. The refrigerator according to claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to set an ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value, wherein the controller is configured to set the full ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value and exceeds a second set value, which is lower than the first set value, and wherein the controller is configured to output the ice disposal signal to the display unit based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the second set value. 14. A method of operating a refrigerator, the method comprising: determining a variation in the amount of ice stored in an ice bank during a set time period; and determining an ice determination reference value for the ice bank based on the determined variation of the amount of ice. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein determining an ice determination reference value comprises: setting the ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value; and setting the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value. 16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising melting the ice stored in the ice bank to discharge the ice outward based on the determined variation of the ice amount. 17. The method according to claim 16 further comprising: setting the ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value; and setting the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period less than the first set value and exceeds a second set value, which is lower than the first set value, and wherein the melting includes turning on a discharge device when the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the second set value. 18. The method according to claim 14, further comprising displaying the disposal of ice from the ice bank on a display unit based on the determined variation of the amount of ice. 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising: setting the ice determination reference value to a first reference value based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period exceeds a first set value; and setting the ice determination reference value to a second reference value, which is lower than the first reference value, based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the first set value and exceeds a second set value, which is lower than the first set value, and wherein displaying the disposal of ice from the ice bank on the display unit based on a determination that the variation of the amount of ice during the set time period is less than the second set value.",
-    "A system for automatically performing a bail off of the locomotive brakes in response to certain train braking operations without the need for the train operator to manually bail off the locomotive brakes. The system includes a controller that is programmed to determine when an appropriate train braking operation has been requested and to issue commands to the locomotive braking system to cause the locomotive brake cylinder to be reduced to zero pressure or a predetermined minimum pressure. The controller is also programmed to determine when an automatic bail off should be inhibited and/or cancelled depending on ongoing train conditions. 1. A system for automatically bailing off a train having a locomotive braking system with at least one locomotive brake cylinder, the system comprising a controller programmed to determine when an operator of the train has initiated a brake application and to send a bail off command to the locomotive braking system that results in a release of a predetermined amount of pressure from the at least one locomotive brake cylinder. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is programmed to determine whether the operator of the train performed a manual bail off of the locomotive braking system in connection with a prior train brake application and to enable the sending of the bail off command only if the operator of the train performed the manual bail off. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the controller is programmed to send the bail off command if the operator of the train performed a manual bail off of the locomotive braking system in connection with a prior train brake application and the operator of the train subsequently initiates another brake application. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the controller is programmed to determine whether the operator of the train has requested a subsequent brake application beyond the equivalent of a full service brake and, if so, to send a command cancelling the bail off. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is programmed to determine whether the operator of the train has initiated a brake application between a minimum service brake application and a full service brake application and to send the bail off command if the brake application is between a minimum service brake application and a full service brake application. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the controller is programmed to determine whether the operator of the train has requested a subsequent brake application beyond the equivalent of a full service brake and, if so, to send a command cancelling the bail off. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is programmed to determine whether there is an end of train signal and to only send a bail off command if there is an end of train signal. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is programmed to determine if the locomotive is in lead cut-in prior to sending a bail off command. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the controller is programmed to determine that locomotive is not in an emergency state prior to sending a bail off command. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the controller is programmed to determine that the locomotive is not in a penalty state prior to sending a bail off command. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a train braking system associated with the controller; a locomotive operator input interconnected to the train braking system and having a train brake handle and an independent brake handle; a rail car braking system interconnected to the train braking system; wherein the locomotive braking system is interconnected to the train braking system and is configured to respond to the bail off command sent by the controller by releasing the predetermined amount of pressure from the at least one locomotive brake cylinder.",
-    "A strut assembly including a spring to help absorb impacts and a shock absorber to help control motion of the spring is disclosed. The shock absorber includes a base assembly and is mounted between a top mount assembly and a knuckle. The top mount assembly mounts to the body of the vehicle and helps support the spring. An upper spring seat is adjacent the top mount assembly and receives one end of the spring. A lower spring seat formed of a composite material is supported by the base assembly and is adapted to support another end of the spring. The lower spring seat includes at least one reinforcing element having a plurality of reinforcing cords disposed between an upper surface and a lower surface for improving impact resistance thereof. 1. A strut assembly comprising: a top mount assembly; a shock absorber; an upper spring seat supported by said top mount and a lower spring seat supported by said shock absorber, said upper and said lower spring seats spaced apart from one another; a coil spring disposed between said upper and said lower spring seats; said lower spring seat comprising an annular disc defining an opening; said lower spring seat further comprising an upper surface and a lower surface and having a spring channel defined within said upper surface for receiving said coil spring; and wherein said lower spring seat is formed of a composite material and includes at least one reinforcing element having a plurality of reinforcing cords disposed between said upper surface and said lower surface for improving impact resistance thereof. 2. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said reinforcing element further comprises a carrier supporting said reinforcing cords. 3. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 2 wherein said reinforcing element is further defined as a metal woven fabric. 4. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 2 further comprising at least two reinforcing cords being located adjacent said spring channel and wherein said carrier includes at least one joint formed between adjacent reinforcing cords to locate said reinforcing element between said surfaces prior to molding. 5. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said reinforcing cord is further defined as comprising a metal cord. 6. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 5 wherein said metal cord is further defined as a single, continuous steel cord. 7. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 5 wherein said metal cord forms a continuous winding within said spring seat. 8. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 7 wherein said metal cord further comprises at least one joint where said metal cord crosses itself. 9. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 7 wherein said joint is formed from welding. 10. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 5 wherein said metal cord further comprises a coating for improving adherence to said composite material. 11. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 5 wherein said metal cord has a substantially circular cross-section. 12. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said spring channel is further defined as having an inner raised edge, an outer raised edge, and a flat portion therebetween, and said reinforcing element disposed in said flat portion and one of said raised edges. 13. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 12 further comprising at least two reinforcing cords disposed in said flat portion and at least two reinforcing cords being disposed in said outer raised edge. 14. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said spring channel is not concentric about said tubular extension. 15. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 1 wherein said reinforcing cord is further defined as at least one steel cord and said carrier is further defined as a non-metal carrier supporting said at least one steel cord. 16. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 15 wherein said at least one steel cord is held to said non-metal carrier by stitches in a curvilinear trajectory. 17. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 16 wherein said curvilinear trajectory is in the form of a spiral. 18. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 17 wherein said stitches are double yarn zig-zag stitches. 19. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 18 wherein steel cord circumscribes said opening. 20. The strut assembly as set forth in claim 15 wherein said non-metal carrier is a polyamide open scrim and further comprises a yarn of a polyamide securing said steel cord thereto, wherein both said polyamide open scrim and said polyamide are compatible with the polymer matrix of said lower spring seat.",
-    "A face insert comprising a planar member composed of a rigid material such as plastic or metal and a polymeric backing is disclosed herein. The planar member, which makes contact with a golf ball during use, includes a plurality of geometrically-shaped holes, each of which comprises a perimeter edge that has a variable radius to further optimize performance of the face insert. In some embodiments, one or more of the holes extends completely through the planar member, i.e. is a through-hole, and the polymeric backing includes at least one protrusion with an angled upper surface that is sized to extend into a through-hole and further improve performance of the face insert. The face insert described herein can be used with any type of golf club head, including putters, woods, irons, and hybrids, and the holes may take any shape, including oval, hexagonal, and chevron. 1. A golf club face insert comprising: a planar member comprising a front surface, a back surface, a first upper edge, a first lower edge, and a plurality of holes, wherein at least one of the plurality of holes has a perimeter edge comprising a second upper edge disposed closer to the first upper edge and a second lower edge disposed closer to the first lower edge, wherein the perimeter edge is disposed proximate the front surface of the sheet, and wherein the radius of the perimeter edge varies around the at least one hole. 2. The golf club face insert of claim 1, wherein the second lower edge has a smaller radius than the second upper edge. 3. The golf club face insert of claim 2, wherein the second lower edge has a radius of up to 0.005 inch, and wherein the second upper edge has a radius of 0.010 inch to 0.040 inch. 4. The golf club face insert of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of holes has a perimeter edge with a variable radius. 5. The golf club face insert of claim 1, wherein the planar member is composed of a rigid material, and wherein the planar member has a thickness of no less than 0.005 inch and no more than 0.100 inch. 6. The golf club face insert of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of holes is a through-hole that extends completely through the planar member 7. The golf club face insert of claim 6, further comprising a backing, wherein the backing comprises at least one protrusion that extends into the through-hole. 8. The golf club face insert of claim 7, wherein the protrusion comprises an angled upper surface with a slope of 5\u00b0 to 20\u00b0. 9. The golf club face insert of claim 8, wherein the angled upper surface comprises an uppermost edge located proximate the second lower edge and a lowermost edge located proximate the second upper edge. 10. The golf club face insert of claim 8, wherein the protrusion comprises a protrusion edge having a constant radius that is equivalent to the radius of the second lower edge. 11. The golf club face insert of claim 1, wherein the planar member is composed of a metal material. 12. The golf club face insert of claim 1, wherein the planar member is composed of a polymeric material. 13. A golf club head comprising: a body comprising a top surface, a bottom surface, a heel side, a toe side, and a face recess; and a face insert comprising a planar member and a backing, wherein the planar member comprises a front surface, a first upper edge, a first lower edge, and a plurality of holes extending into the front surface, wherein each of the plurality of holes has a perimeter edge comprising a second upper edge disposed closer to the first upper edge and a second lower edge disposed closer to the first lower edge, wherein each perimeter edge is disposed proximate the front surface of the planar member, wherein each perimeter edge has a variable radius, wherein the second lower edge has a radius that is less than a radius than that of the second upper edge, wherein the face insert is sized to fit within the face recess, and wherein the face insert is secured within the face recess with an adhesive material. 14. The golf club head of claim 13, wherein the golf club head is selected from the group consisting of a fairway head, driver head, hybrid head, iron head, and putter head. 15. The golf club head of claim 13, wherein at least one of the plurality of holes is a through-hole that extends completely through the planar member. 16. The golf club head of claim 15, wherein the backing comprises at least one protrusion that extends into the through-hole. 17. The golf club head of claim 16, wherein the protrusion comprises an angled upper surface with a slope of 5\u00b0 to 20\u00b0. 18. The golf club head of claim 17, wherein the protrusion comprises a protrusion edge having a constant radius. 19. The golf club head of claim 18, wherein the radius of the protrusion edge is equivalent to the radius of the second lower edge. 20. A putter-type golf club head comprising: a body comprising a top surface, a bottom surface, a heel side, a toe side, and a face recess; and a face insert comprising a planar member and a backing, wherein the planar member comprises a front surface and a plurality of through-holes extending into the front surface and completely through the planar member, wherein each of the plurality of through-holes has a perimeter edge with a variable radius, wherein each perimeter edge is disposed proximate the front surface of the planar member, wherein the backing comprises at least one protrusion that extends into at least one of the plurality of through-holes, wherein the at least one protrusion comprises an angled upper surface with a slope of 5\u00b0 to 20\u00b0, wherein the face insert is sized to fit within the face recess, and wherein the face insert is secured within the face recess with an adhesive material.",
-    "Preforms with a neck region and a preform body and having an enlarged geometry in comparison with the cavity of the injection mould are produced by injecting a polymer melt into the mould with a geometry of the cavity in the mould such that the radial extent of an inner space in the Preform body thereby produced is not greater than the radial extent of the inner space in the neck region, the preforms are removed from the open mould by a removal gripper, and the preforms in the removal gripper are inflated using positive pressure such that the geometry of the inflated preform body is larger than the cavity in the injection mould. 1. A method for producing a preform, comprising: injecting a polymer melt into an injection mould having a cavity shaped to mold a preform formed with a neck region and defined by an inner space having in a preform body region a radial extent which is not greater than a radial extent of the inner space in the neck region adjacent the preform body region; opening the injection mould after a first cooling step; removing the preform from the open mould with a removal gripper; and inflating the preform relative to the cavity of the injection mould with use of a positive pressure so that the preform increases relative to the cavity of the injection mould and a wall of the inflated preform is urged against a wall of a cavity of the removal gripper which is greater than the cavity of the injection mould. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said inflating step including inflating a base region of the preform in the removal gripper with the positive pressure. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the overpressure is between 0.5 and 8 bar. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a radial outer circumference of the preform is kept constant. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising tempering a removal sleeve of the removal gripper. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the tempering in the removal gripper provides conditioning of the preform. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the conditioning takes place at a temperature range between 90\u00b0 and 150\u00b0 C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tempering step in the removal gripper provides substantially strong cooling. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising supporting the neck region of the preform from outside, when applying the positive pressure during receiving of the preform in the removal gripper. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising placing a removal sleeve of the removal gripper immediately adjacent to the support of the preform in the neck region to realize a complete circumferential support of the preform. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a post cooling of the preform after the inflating of the preform. 12. A device for producing a preform, comprising: an injection mould having a plurality of cavities provided for formation of preforms formed with a neck region and a preform body, with geometries of the cavities formed such that a free inner space in preform bodies has a radial extent which is not greater than a radial extent of a free inner space in the neck region; a plasticizing and injecting device to melt a plastic material and to introduce the plastic material into the cavity of the injection mould, when the injection mould is closed; a removal gripper including a plurality of removal sleeves having cavities to receive the preforms formed in the injection mould, wherein the cavities of the removal sleeves of the removal gripper are enlarged in comparison with the cavities in the injection mould. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the cavities in the removal gripper are enlarged in a base region of the preform in comparison with the cavities in the injection mould. 14. The device of claim 12, further comprising a transfer gripper having transfer pins for introduction into the preform, the transfer pins of the transfer gripper having a sealing device for sealing the inner space of the preform, and a fluid production device for introduction of fluid into the inner space of the preform. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the removal sleeves are constructed so as to be able to be tempered. 16. The device of claim 14, further comprising a jaw device for the transfer pins on the transfer gripper, said jaw device having at least two jaws, which at least radially open and close around at least a portion of the neck region of the preform. 17. The device of claim 14 , wherein each of the transfer pins has a stretching rod. 18. The device of claim 12, wherein the cavities of the removal sleeves have walls with a surface structure.",
-    "A thin film capacitor comprises a base material, a dielectric layer provided on the base material, and an upper electrode layer provided on the dielectric layer. The dielectric layer includes a plurality of columnar crystals that extend along a normal direction with respect to a surface of the upper electrode layer, the columnar crystal has a perovskite crystal structure represented by AyBO3, an element A is at least one of Ba, Ca, Sr, and Pb, an element B is at least one of Ti, Zr, Sn, and Hf, y\u22660.995 is satisfied, and the dielectric layer contains 0.05 to 2.5 mol of Al per 100 mol of AyBO3. 1. A thin film capacitor comprising: a base material; a dielectric layer provided on the base material; and an upper electrode layer provided on the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer includes a plurality of columnar crystals that extend along a normal direction with respect to a surface of the upper electrode layer, the columnar crystals have a perovskite crystal structure represented by AyBO3, an element A is at least one of Ba, Ca, Sr, and Pb, an element B is at least one of Ti, Zr, Sn, and Hf, y\u22660.995 is satisfied, and the dielectric layer contains 0.05 to 2.5 mol of Al per 100 mol of AyBO3. 2. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer further contains 0.05 to 0.45 mol of Mn per 100 mol of AyBO3. 3. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer further contains at least one of V, Nb, and Ta, and total content of V, Nb, and Ta is 0.05 to 0.5 mol per 100 mol of A3BO3. 4. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer further contains at least one of rare-earth elements, and total content of the rare-earth elements is 0.05 to 0.3 mol per 100 mol of AyBO3. 5. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein 0.97\u2266y\u22660.995 holds. 6. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the base material is a metal foil that contains Ni as a principal component.",
-    "A method can be used for facilitating a random access procedure between a first transceiver and a second transceiver within a cell. The first transceiver selects a signature sequence from a set of signature sequences, incorporates the signature sequence into a signal, and transmits the signal to the second transceiver. The set of signature sequences being obtained from a Zadoff-Chu sequence with zero correlation zone. 1. A method of facilitating a random access procedure between a first transceiver and a second transceiver within a cell, the method comprising: incorporating, by the first transceiver, a signature sequence into a signal, wherein the signature sequence is one of a set of signature sequences, wherein the set of signature sequences is obtained from a Zadoff-Chu sequence with zero correlation zone, and the Zadoff-Chu sequence satisfies: a(k)=WNk(k+1)/2,k=0,1, . . . ,N\u22121, where WN=exp(\u2212j2\u03c0r/N), N is an odd integer, r is relatively prime to N; and transmitting, by the first transceiver, the signal with the signature sequence to the second transceiver. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a zero correlation zone of the signature sequence is associated with a size of the cell. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the signature sequence is incorporated into a preamble portion of the signal. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the preamble portion of the signal comprises a cyclic prefix. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the signature sequence is randomly selected from the set of signature sequences. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of signature sequences allows for a low power back-off for the first transceiver. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein r=1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the value of r is indicated by the first transceiver to an apparatus in which the first transceiver is disposed. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of signature sequences is specific to the cell. 10. An apparatus operable in a cell of a wireless communications system, the apparatus comprising: a processor, configured to incorporate a signature sequence into a signal, wherein the signature sequence is one of a set of signature sequences, wherein the set of signature sequences being obtained from a Zadoff-Chu sequence with zero correlation zone, and the Zadoff-Chu sequence satisfying: a(k)=WNk(k+1)/2,k=0,1, . . . ,N\u22121, where WN=exp(\u2212j2\u03c0r/N), N is an odd integer, r is relatively prime to N; and a transmitter, configured to transmit the signal with the signature sequence to a transceiver. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein a zero correlation zone of the signature sequence is associated with a size of the cell. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the signature sequence is incorporated into a preamble portion of the signal. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the preamble portion of the signal comprises a cyclic prefix. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the signature sequence is randomly selected from the set of signature sequences. 15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the set of signature sequences allows for a low power back-off for the apparatus. 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein r=1. 17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the value of r is indicated by the transceiver to the apparatus. 18. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the set of signature sequences is specific to the cell. 19. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is a mobile terminal.",
-    "A motor drive device driving any of a feed shaft or spindle of a machine tool or arm of an industrial machine or industrial robot etc., comprising a current detecting part detecting a motor current, a current control part using an output from the current detecting part as the basis to output a command value to the motor, and a power converting part using a current command as the basis to supply power to the motor, the current detecting part comprising a current slope detecting part and a switching part using an output of the current slope detecting part to switch a plurality of filter characteristics to switch a mode of current detection. The switching part switches to a filter with a narrow/a broad bandwidth when the slope of the current is small/large to thereby improve the precision of current detection. 1. A motor drive device driving any of a feed shaft or spindle of a machine tool or arm of an industrial machine or industrial robot etc., comprising a current detecting part detecting a current flowing through a motor, a current control part using an output from said current detecting part as the basis to output a command for running a desired current to said motor, and a power converting part using a command from said current control part as the basis to supply power to said motor, said current detecting part comprising a current slope detecting part detecting a slope of an increase or decrease of current at a certain point of time and a switching part using an output of said current slope detecting part as the basis to switch a mode of current detection. 2. The motor drive device according to claim 1 wherein said switching part switches among a plurality of two or more filters differing in filter characteristics to thereby switch the mode of current detection. 3. The motor drive device according to claim 2 wherein said switching part switches to a narrow bandwidth filter when a slope of current is small and switches to a broad bandwidth filter when a slope of current is large. 4. The motor drive device according to claim 3 wherein the input to said current slope detecting part is the output of said narrow bandwidth filter. 5. The motor drive device according to claim 2 wherein the input of said plurality of filters changes depending on the positions of A/D converters and which part in the current detection circuit is being filtered and is a digital value when filtering a back part of said A/D converters and an analog value when filtering a front part of said A/D converters. 6. The motor drive device according to claim 1 wherein said current slope detecting part samples the current value at a high speed and uses the results as the basis to judge the slope of current. 7. The motor drive device according to claim 6 wherein a system of AD conversion of said A/D converters is \u0394\u03a3 modulation type A/D conversion, said filters are digital filters forming \u0394\u03a3 modulation type A/D conversion. 8. The motor drive device according to claim 1 which has, separate from normal motor drive, a special operating pattern enabling it to run a current easy to sample for detecting a slope of current to said power converting part, detect the current, and store the slope in the current slope storage part. 9. The motor drive device according to claim 1 wherein said current detecting part further has a current slope storage part storing the slope of the current detected by said current slope detecting part, and said switching part also switches the mode of current detection by the slope of the current read from said current slope storage part. 10. The motor drive device according to claim 9 wherein said switching part switches the mode of current detection by the slope of current read out from said current slope storage part when there is an abnormality at a part relating to the slope of the current and when said current slope detecting part cannot accurately detect the slope of the present current. 11. The motor drive device according to claim 6 wherein said current slope detecting part constantly samples the current value at a high speed. 12. The motor drive device according to claim 6 wherein said current slope detecting part samples the current value at a high speed only in the instant of detecting the slope of current.",
-    "A light-emitting diode is provided. The light-emitting diode comprises: a first light-emitting structure, comprising: a first area; a second area; a first isolation path having an electrode isolation layer between the first area and the second area; an electrode contact layer covering the first area; and an electrical connecting structure covering the second area; wherein each of the first area and the second area sequentially comprises a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer, and the electrode contact layer covers a sidewall of the first area. 1. A light-emitting diode, comprising: a first light-emitting structure, comprising: a first area; a second area; a first isolation path having an electrode isolation layer between the first area and the second area; an electrode contact layer covering the first area; and an electrical connecting structure covering the second area; wherein each of the first area and the second area sequentially comprises a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer, and the electrode contact layer covers a sidewall of the first area. 2. The light-emitting diode according to claim 1, further comprising a second light-emitting structure comprising a semiconductor stack layer and a second electrical bonding pad on the semiconductor stack layer, wherein the semiconductor stack layer sequentially comprises a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer. 3. The light-emitting diode according to claim 2, further comprising a second isolation path between the first light-emitting structure and the second light-emitting structure, wherein the electrical connecting structure extends into the second isolation path and electrically connects to the first light-emitting structure and the second light-emitting structure. 4. The light-emitting diode according to claim 3, further comprising a first isolation structure and a second isolation structure in the second isolation path. 5. The light-emitting diode according to claim 4, wherein in a cross-sectional view of the light-emitting diode, the first isolation structure and the second isolation structure are separated by the electrical connecting structure. 6. The light-emitting diode according to claim 4, wherein the electrical connecting structure covers along the first isolation structure. 7. The light-emitting diode according to claim 3, wherein the second isolation path separates the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the second area from the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the second light-emitting structure, separates the active layer of the second area from the active layer of the second light-emitting structure and separates the first conductive type semiconductor layer of the second area from the first conductive type semiconductor layer of the second light-emitting structure. 8. The light-emitting diode according to claim 2, wherein the electrode contact layer and the second electrical bonding pad respectively comprise a top surface, wherein the top surfaces have the same height. 9. The light-emitting diode according to claim 1, further comprising an electrical contact layer under the electrical connecting structure, wherein the electrical contact layer directly contacts the electrical connecting structure. 10. The light-emitting diode according to claim 9, wherein the electrical contact layer is under the electrode contact layer and directly contacts the electrode contact layer. 11. The light-emitting diode according to claim 9, wherein the electrode contact layer covers along a side wall of the first conductive type semiconductor layer, a side wall of the active layer and a side wall of the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the first area to directly contact the electrical contact layer. 12. The light-emitting diode according to claim 1, further comprising a substrate below the first area and the second area. 13. The light-emitting diode according to claim 12, further comprising a bonding layer between the substrate and the first area and between the substrate and the second area. 14. The light-emitting diode according to claim 1, wherein the electrode contact layer covers an upper surface of the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the first area, extends into the first isolation path and covers along a side wall of the active layer of the first area in the first isolation path, and along a side wall of the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the first area in the first isolation path. 15. The light-emitting diode according to claim 1, wherein the first isolation path separates the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the first area from the second conductive type semiconductor layer of the second area, separates the active layer of the first area from the active layer of the second area. 16. The light-emitting diode according to claim 1, wherein a distance between the first area and the second area is not less than 25 \u03bcm.",
-    "A method for efficient wireless communications includes determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell measurement; and when the first predetermined threshold value is not greater than the second predetermined threshold value, determining not to perform cell measurement on a predetermined neighbor cell and determining to perform at least one radio activity instead in a predetermined period of time reserved for performing the cell measurement. 1. A communications apparatus, camping on a serving cell, comprising: a radio frequency (RF) signal processing device, processing a plurality of RF signals to generate a plurality of baseband signals; a baseband signal processing device, processing the baseband signals; and a processor, determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell measurement, and when the first predetermined threshold value is not greater than the second predetermined threshold value, determining not to perform cell measurement on a predetermined neighbor cell and determining to perform at least one radio activity instead in a predetermined period of time reserved for performing the cell measurement. 2. The communications apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a first radio module, providing wireless communications services in compliance with a first Radio Access Technology (RAT); and a second radio module, providing wireless communications services in compliance with a second RAT, wherein the cell measurement is supposed to be performed by the first radio module, and when the processor determines not to perform the cell measurement, the processor schedules the at least one radio activity to be performed by the second radio module in the predetermined period of time. 3. The communications apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined neighbor cell is a low priority cell on a frequency having a reselection priority that is lower than that of a frequency of the serving cell, and wherein the first predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell and the second predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to perform cell measurement on a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell. 4. A method for efficient wireless communications and performed by a communications apparatus camping on a serving cell, comprising: determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell measurement; and when the first predetermined threshold value is not greater than the second predetermined threshold value, determining not to perform cell measurement on a predetermined neighbor cell and determining to perform at least one radio activity instead in a predetermined period of time reserved for performing the cell measurement. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the cell measurement is supposed to be performed by a first radio module of the communications apparatus, and when it is determined not to perform the cell measurement, the at least one radio activity of a second radio module of the communications apparatus is scheduled to be performed in the predetermined period of time. 6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the predetermined neighbor cell is a low priority cell on a frequency having a reselection priority that is lower than that of a frequency of the serving cell, and wherein the first predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell and the second predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to perform cell measurement on a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell. 7. A communications apparatus, camping on a serving cell, comprising: a radio frequency (RF) signal processing device, processing a plurality of RF signals to generate a plurality of baseband signals; a baseband signal processing device, processing the baseband signals; and a processor, determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection of the serving cell is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection of a predetermined neighbor cell, and when the first predetermined threshold value is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, determining not to perform cell reselection to reselect to the predetermined neighbor cell and determining to perform at least one radio activity instead in a predetermined period of time reserved for performing the cell reselection. 8. The communications apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further comprising: a first radio module, providing wireless communications services in compliance with a first Radio Access Technology (RAT); and a second radio module, providing wireless communications services in compliance with a second RAT, wherein the cell reselection is supposed to be performed by the first radio module, and when the processor determines not to perform the cell reselection, the processor schedules the at least one radio activity to be performed by the second radio module in the predetermined period of time. 9. The communications apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the predetermined neighbor cell is a low priority cell on a frequency having a reselection priority that is lower than that of a frequency of the serving cell, and wherein the first predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell and the second predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority higher than that of the predetermined neighbor cell. 10. A method for efficient wireless communications and performed by a communications apparatus camping on a serving cell, comprising: determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection of a predetermined neighbor cell; and when the first predetermined threshold value is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, determining not to perform cell reselection to reselect to the predetermined neighbor cell and determining to perform at least one radio activity instead in a predetermined period of time reserved for performing the cell reselection. 11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the cell reselection is supposed to be performed by a first radio module of the communications apparatus, and when it is determined not to perform the cell reselection, the at least one radio activity of a second radio module of the communications apparatus is scheduled to be performed in the predetermined period of time. 12. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the predetermined neighbor cell is a low priority cell on a frequency having a reselection priority that is lower than that of a frequency of the serving cell, and wherein the first predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell and the second predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority higher than that of the predetermined neighbor cell. 13. A communications apparatus, camping on a serving cell, comprising: a radio frequency (RF) signal processing device, processing a plurality of RF signals to generate a plurality of baseband signals; a baseband signal processing device, processing the baseband signals; and a processor, measuring a signal quality or power of the serving cell and determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection of the serving cell is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection of a predetermined neighbor cell, wherein when the first predetermined threshold value is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, the processor further determines whether the signal quality or power of the serving cell is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, and when the signal quality or power of the serving cell is not greater than the second predetermined threshold value, the processor further determines whether to perform cell measurement on the predetermined neighbor cell. 14. The communications apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein when the processor determines to perform cell measurement on the predetermined neighbor cell, the processor further determines whether to reselect to the predetermined neighbor cell according to measurement results of the predetermined neighbor cell. 15. The communications apparatus as claimed in claim 13, wherein the predetermined neighbor cell is a low priority cell on a frequency having a reselection priority that is lower than that of a frequency of the serving cell, and wherein the first predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell and the second predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority higher than that of the predetermined neighbor cell. 16. A method for efficient wireless communications and performed by a communications apparatus camping on a serving cell, comprising: measuring a signal quality or power of the serving cell; and determining whether a first predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection is greater than a second predetermined threshold value related to cell reselection of a predetermined neighbor cell, wherein when the first predetermined threshold value is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, the method further comprises: determining whether the signal quality or power of the serving cell is greater than the second predetermined threshold value; and determining whether to perform cell measurement on the predetermined neighbor cell when the signal quality or power of the serving cell is not greater than the second predetermined threshold value. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein when it is determined to perform cell measurement on the predetermined neighbor cell, the method further comprises: determining whether to reselect to the predetermined neighbor cell according to measurement results of the predetermined neighbor cell. 18. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the predetermined neighbor cell is a low priority cell on a frequency having a reselection priority that is lower than that of a frequency of the serving cell 1, and wherein the first predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority lower than that of the serving cell and the second predetermined threshold value is a threshold value utilized for determining whether to reselect to a cell having a priority higher than that of the predetermined neighbor cell.",
-    "A set of temporary sights to fit on a scope has a first sight unit comprising a stretchable, resilient first ring adapted to be positioned on an end of the scope, a single, radially-protruding first sight member, a second sight unit comprising a stretchable, resilient second ring adapted to be positioned on an end of the scope, a radially-protruding sight comprising two uprights protruding from the ring, a top closure and a horizontal crosspiece connecting the uprights between the top closure and the second ring. The top closure, uprights and second ring may define a rectangular opening bisected by the horizontal crosspiece to define an upper and lower opening. The first sight unit may be adapted to mount over the front end of the sight, and the second sight unit is adapted to mount over the rear end of the sight. 1. A set of temporary sights for a scope, the set comprising: a. a first sight unit comprising: i. a stretchable, resilient first ring adapted to be positioned on an end of a scope; ii. a single, radially-protruding first sight member b. a second sight unit comprising: i. a stretchable, resilient second ring adapted to be positioned on an end of the scope; ii. a radially-protruding sight comprising: 1. two uprights protruding from the ring 2. a top closure connecting the uprights; and 3. a horizontal crosspiece connecting the uprights between the top closure and the second ring. 2. The set of sights of claim 1, wherein the top closure, uprights and second ring define a rectangular opening, and the horizontal crosspiece bisects the opening to define an upper opening and a lower opening. 3. The set of sights of claim 1, wherein each sight unit is formed of a single piece of rubber. 4. The set of sights of claim 1, wherein the first sight unit is adapted to be mounted over the front end of the sight, and the second sight unit is adapted to be mounted over the rear end of the sight. 5. The set of sights of claim 1, further comprising a sloped transition connecting the first sight member to the first ring. 6. The set of sights of claim 1, further comprising a sloped transition connecting the each upright to the second ring. 7. A method of installing and using sights on a scope, comprising: a. stretching a first sight ring having a single protruding sight over one end of a scope; b. stretching a second sight ring having two protruding uprights connected by a horizontal crosspiece over an opposite end of the scope; c. calibrating the sights by bore sighting, wherein a user removes a rifle bolt and views a target through a rifle bore; d. trimming the first sight ring so as to be level with the bottom of the target; e. trimming the second sight ring to a certain width. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first sight ring is mounted on the front of the scope, and the second sight ring is mounted on the rear of the scope. 9. The method of claim 7 further comprising selecting a rear sight from a higher and lower rear sight, wherein the higher rear sight is selected for scopes with high turret sight adjustment. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein in sighting a target the horizontal crosspiece forms a cross with the single protruding sight.",
-    "A high-frequency signal transmission line includes a body including a plurality of first base layers and a second base layer stacked on one another in a stacking direction. The first base layers have a first relative permeability, and the second base layer has a relative permeability lower than the first relative permeability. A first signal line and a second signal line extending along the first signal line are provided in the body. In a cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a first direction in which the first signal line extends, the second base layer occupies at least a portion of an area between the first signal line and the second signal line. In the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the plurality of first base layers define a loop enclosing the first signal line, the second signal line and the second base layer. 1. A high-frequency signal transmission line comprising: a body including a plurality of first base layers and a second base layer stacked in a stacking direction, the plurality of first base layers having a first relative permeability, the second base layer having a second relative permeability lower than the first relative permeability; a first signal line provided at the body; and a second signal line provided at the body and extending along the first signal line; wherein in a cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a first direction in which the first signal line extends, the second base layer occupies at least a portion of an area between the first signal line and the second signal line; and in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the plurality of first base layers define a loop enclosing the first signal line, the second signal line and the second base layer. 2. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 1, wherein the second base layer contacts with the first signal line and the second signal line. 3. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first base layers contacts with the first signal line and the second signal line. 4. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 1, wherein in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the first signal line and the second signal line are arranged in the stacking direction; the second base layer is sandwiched between two of the first base layers; the first signal line is located between one of the two first base layers and the second base layer; and the second signal line is located between the other of the two first base layers and the second base layer. 5. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 1, wherein in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the first signal line and the second signal line are arranged in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction; the second base layer is sandwiched between two of the first base layers; and the first signal line and the second signal line are located between one of the two first base layers and the second base layer. 6. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 1, further comprising a third signal line provided in the body and extending along the first signal line, wherein in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the third signal line is located in a different position in a second direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction from the first signal line and the second signal line; and the first signal line, the third signal line and the second signal line are arranged in this order in a third direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. 7. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 1, wherein the second base layer is made of a material containing thermoplastic resin. 8. The high-frequency signal transmission line according to claim 7, wherein the first base layers are made of a material that is a mixture of thermoplastic resin and a magnetic powder. 9. A method for manufacturing a high-frequency signal transmission line, the method comprising: a first base layer preparing step of preparing a plurality of first base layers having a first relative permeability; a second base layer preparing step of preparing a second base layer made of a material containing thermoplastic resin and having a second relative permeability lower than the first relative permeability; a signal line preparing step of preparing a first signal line and a second signal line extending along the first signal line; a stacking step of stacking the first base layers and the second base layer while placing the second base layer in an area between the first signal line and the second signal line or in contact with the area between the first signal line and the second signal line in a cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to an extending direction of the first signal line such that the first signal line, the second signal line and the second layer are sandwiched between the first base layers; and a pressure bonding step of heating and pressing the stacked first and second base layers. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the first base layers are made of a material containing the same or substantially the same thermoplastic resin used as a material of the second base layer. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the first base layers are made of a material prepared by mixing the thermoplastic resin with a magnetic powder. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the second base layer contacts with the first signal line and the second signal line. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the first base layers contacts with the first signal line and the second signal line. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the first signal line and the second signal line are arranged in the stacking direction; the second base layer is sandwiched between two of the first base layers; the first signal line is located between one of the two first base layers and the second base layer; and the second signal line is located between the other of the two first base layers and the second base layer. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the first signal line and the second signal line are arranged in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction; the second base layer is sandwiched between two of the first base layers; and the first signal line and the second signal line are located between one of the two first base layers and the second base layer. 16. The method according to claim 9, further comprising a third signal line forming step of forming a third signal line in the body and extending along the first signal line, wherein in the cross section perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction, the third signal line is located in a different position in a second direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction from the first signal line and the second signal line; and the first signal line, the third signal line and the second signal line are arranged in this order in a third direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction.",
-    "A method for polishing tooth surface which eases removal of a bacterial film later grown on the polished surface. The method includes the steps of providing a providing a toothpaste or slurry comprising a plurality of inorganic abrasive particles smaller than 100 nm in size, the inorganic abrasive particles comprising one or more of silica, ceria, titania, zirconia, silicon nitrite, and silica carbide, wherein the inorganic abrasive particles are sufficiently hard to be abrasive; and polishing a tooth surface with the toothpaste or slurry to attain an ultra-smooth tooth surface which can be easily cleaned. 1. A method for polishing a tooth surface, the method comprising the steps of: providing a toothpaste comprising a plurality of inorganic abrasive particles smaller than 100 nm in size, the inorganic abrasive particles comprising one or more of silica, ceria, titania, zirconia, silicon nitrite, and silica carbide, wherein the inorganic abrasive particles are sufficiently hard to be abrasive; and polishing a tooth surface with the toothpaste such that a roughness of the tooth surface is reduced. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the tooth surface is polished for approximately 20 seconds to 2 minutes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of inorganic abrasive particles comprise an average size of approximately 60 nm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said polishing step results in a tooth surface roughness of less than 5 nm. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of removing a bacterial film from the polished tooth surface without a toothbrush. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the removing step comprises rinsing the tooth surface with water. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the toothpaste has a neutral pH value. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said toothpaste provides a relative dentin abrasivity (\u201cRDA\u201d) value of at least 750. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: providing a polishing pad configured to receive the toothpaste; and adding a first quantity of the toothpaste to the polishing pad. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said polishing pad comprises polyurethane. 11. A method for polishing a tooth surface, the method comprising the steps of: providing a toothpaste comprising a plurality of inorganic abrasive nanoparticles, the inorganic abrasive particles comprising one or more of silica, ceria, titania, zirconia, silicon nitrite, and silica carbide, wherein said plurality of inorganic abrasive particles comprise an average size of approximately 60 nm, and further wherein the inorganic abrasive particles are sufficiently hard to be abrasive; adding first quantity of the toothpaste to a polishing pad configured to receive the toothpaste; and polishing a tooth surface with the polishing pad such that a roughness of the tooth surface is reduced. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the tooth surface is polished for approximately 20 seconds to 2 minutes. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said polishing step results in a tooth surface roughness of less than 5 nm. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the toothpaste comprises a neutral pH value. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said toothpaste comprises a relative dentin abrasivity (\u201cRDA\u201d) value of at least 750. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein said polishing pad comprises polyurethane. 17. A method for polishing a tooth surface, the method comprising the steps of: providing a toothpaste comprising a plurality of inorganic abrasive silica nanoparticles having an average size of approximately 60 nm, wherein the inorganic silica nanoparticles are sufficiently hard to be abrasive, and further wherein the toothpaste has a neutral pH and a relative dentin abrasivity (\u201cRDA\u201d) value of at least 750; adding first quantity of the toothpaste to a polishing pad configured to receive the toothpaste; and polishing a tooth surface with the polishing pad such that a roughness of the tooth surface is reduced to a level wherein a bacterial film growing on the polished surface can be removed by rinsing with water. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the tooth surface is polished for approximately 20 seconds to 2 minutes. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said polishing step results in a tooth surface roughness of less than 5 nm. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein said polishing pad comprises polyurethane.",
-    "A mass flow controller and method for operating the same is disclosed. The mass flow controller includes a mass flow control system to control the mass flow rate of a fluid, and a data logging component that obtains snapshots of condition-specific-data for each of a plurality of reoccurring condition types, and reduces each snapshot of condition-specific-data to functional parameter values that characterize each snapshot of condition-specific-data, and the data logging component generates statistical values that are stored in a short term data store that characterize multiple functional parameter values that are obtained during each separate occurrence of a specific condition type. A diagnostics component diagnoses failures using current functional parameter values and the statistical values stored in the short-term memory, and a prognostics component predicts failures based upon a collection of data sets that are stored in the long-term memory. 1. A mass flow controller comprising: a mass flow control system that includes a mass flow sensor to provide an indication of a mass flow rate of a fluid through the mass flow controller, a control valve to regulate a flow of the fluid, and a control component to control a position of the control valve responsive to a set point and the indication of the mass flow rate of the fluid; a short-term data store; a data logging component that obtains snapshots of condition-specific-data for each of a plurality of reoccurring condition types, and reduces each snapshot of condition-specific-data to functional parameter values that characterize each snapshot of condition-specific-data, and the data logging component generates statistical values that are stored in the short-term data store that characterize multiple functional parameter values that are obtained during each separate occurrence of a specific condition type; and a diagnostics component that diagnoses failures using current functional parameter values and the statistical values stored in the short-term data store.",
-    "In order to enhance system security in the BYOD and smart work environment, the abnormal behavior detection system carries out the first analysis for processing situation information into connection, use and agent situation information and profile information and analyzing the entire use behavior pattern during the personalized connection period, and carries out the second analysis based on service access speed to enhance capability for detecting an abnormal behavior. 1. An abnormality detection part of an abnormal behavior detection system which analyzes the frequency of behaviors in the same connection situation occurring during the entire connection period through pattern analysis of use behaviors of the entire connection period in order to detect an abnormal behavior when predetermined situation information is received from a situation information collection system in a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) and smart work environment, the abnormality detection part comprising: an abnormal behavior analysis module which carries out \u2018detection of variation of the entire behavior item\u2019 and \u2018detection of variation of an individual behavior item\u2019 using the frequency of use behaviors during the present connection and the average of use behaviors during the past connection through the use behavior pattern analysis procedures of the entire connection period in order to analyze whether use of web service is abnormal or not; a detection demand classifying module which classifies received detection demand messages and transfers the classified messages to each analysis part of the abnormal behavior analysis module; and an abnormal behavior detection module which generates information on a detection result of normality or abnormality when the analysis result of the abnormal behavior analysis module is stored and which transfers the generated information to a control system, wherein the abnormal behavior analysis module includes an entire use behavior analysis part which carries out the first analysis for analyzing a use behavior pattern during the entire connection period and carries out the second analysis based on service use speed when the first analysis generates a result value of suspicion. 2. The abnormality detection part according to claim 1, wherein the entire use behavior analysis part includes: a first entire use behavior analysis part which carries out the first analysis for analyzing a pattern of the entire use behavior during the connection period; and a second entire use behavior analysis part which carries out the second analysis based on service use speed if the first entire use behavior analysis part outputs a result value of suspicion. 3. The abnormality detection part according to claim 2, wherein the first entire use behavior analysis part includes: a use behavior inquiry part for inquiring use processing information; a first frequency analysis part for detecting the frequency of use behaviors occurring during the entire connection period from the present processing information; a profile inquiry part for inquiring the corresponding user's past profile information; a second frequency analysis part for detecting the frequency of the user's behaviors in the same connection situation as the past; and a use behavior comparing part which calculates an error value by each behavior and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is abnormal according to the calculated error value in order to carry out the \u2018variation detection of the entire behavior item\u2019, and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is abnormal using the variation by individual behavior item in order to carry out the \u2018variation detection of individual behavior item\u2019. 4. The abnormality detection part according to claim 2, wherein the second entire use behavior analysis part includes: a detection part for detecting the number of times of service use which detects the number of the present user's service use behaviors; a service use time detection part which detects the present user's service use time; an inquiry part for inquiring the number of times of past service use which loads the profile data stored in the storing part and detects the number of the user's past service use behaviors; a past service use time detection part which loads the profile data stored in the storing part and detects the user's past service use time; and a use behavior analysis part which compares the present service use speed with the past service use speed through regression analysis and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is normal. 5. The abnormality detection part according to claim 4, wherein the use behavior analysis part includes: a data collection part which collects N-past profile data; a regression line generating part which generates a regression line related with the collected profile data in order to analyze the user's use speed; a normal range setting part which obtains an average residual based on the generated regression line, and sets a normal range of the residual between the present service use speed and the past service use speed; a use speed comparing part which obtains a residual and checks whether or not the residual belongs to the normal range; and a normality judging part which judges the present user's use behavior as normality or abnormality according to whether or not the residual belongs to the normal range. 6. The abnormality detection part according to claim 5, wherein the regression line generating part generates a regression line referring to the following equation: y=a0+a1x a 1 = n \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i \ue89e y i - \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e y i n \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i 2 - ( \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i ) 2 \ue89e \ue89e a 0 = \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e y i n - a 1 \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i n , wherein n means the number of profiles of a user to whom regression analysis will be applied. 7. An abnormal behavior detection method of an abnormal behavior detection part which analyzes the frequency of behaviors in the same connection situation occurring during the entire connection period through pattern analysis of use behaviors of the entire connection period in order to detect an abnormal behavior when predetermined situation information is received from a situation information collection system in a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) and smart work environment, the abnormal behavior detection method comprising: a process that a detection demand classifying module classifies received detection demand messages and transfers the classified messages to each analysis part of an abnormal behavior analysis module; a process that the abnormal behavior analysis module carries out \u2018detection of variation of the entire behavior item\u2019 and \u2018detection of variation of an individual behavior item\u2019 using the frequency of use behaviors during the present connection and the average of use behaviors during the past connection through the first analysis of the entire use behaviors for analyzing a pattern of use behaviors of the entire connection period, so as to analyze whether use of web service is abnormal or not; and a process that an abnormal behavior detection module generates information on a detection result of normality or abnormality when the analysis result of the abnormal behavior analysis module is stored and transfers the generated information to a control system, wherein the abnormal behavior analysis module carries out the second analysis based on service use speed when the first analysis of the entire use behavior generates a result value of suspicion. 8. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 7, wherein the first analysis process of the entire use behavior includes: a process that a use behavior inquiry part inquires use processing information; a process that a first frequency analysis part detects the frequency of use behaviors occurring during the entire connection period from the present processing information; a process that a profile inquiry part inquires the corresponding user's past profile information; a process that a second frequency analysis part detects the frequency of the user's behaviors in the same connection situation as the past; and a process that a use behavior comparing part calculates an error value by each behavior and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is abnormal according to the calculated error value in order to carry out the \u2018variation detection of the entire behavior item\u2019, and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is abnormal using the variation by individual behavior item in order to carry out the \u2018variation detection of individual behavior item\u2019. 9. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 8, wherein the first analysis process of the entire use behavior includes: a process that a detection part for detecting the number of times of service use detects the number of the present user's service use behaviors; a process that a service use time detection part detects the present user's service use time; a process that an inquiry part for inquiring the number of times of past service use loads the profile data stored in the storing part and detects the number of the user's past service use behaviors; a process that a past service use time detection part loads the profile data stored in the storing part and detects the user's past service use time; and a process that a use behavior analysis part compares the present service use speed with the past service use speed through regression analysis and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is normal. 10. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 8, wherein the process that the use behavior analysis part judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is normal includes: a process that a data collection part collects N-past profile data; a process that a regression line generating part generates a regression line related with the collected profile data in order to analyze the user's use speed; a process that a normal range setting part obtains an average residual based on the generated regression line, and sets a normal range of the residual between the present service use speed and the past service use speed; a process that a use speed comparing part obtains a residual and checks whether or not the residual belongs to the normal range; and a process that a normality judging part judges the present user's use behavior as normality or abnormality according to whether or not the residual belongs to the normal range. 11. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 10, wherein the process of generating a regression line generates a regression line related with the profile data referring to the following equation: y = a 0 + a 1 \ue89e x a 1 = n \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i \ue89e y i - \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e y i n \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i 2 - ( \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i ) 2 \ue89e \ue89e a 0 = \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e y i n - a 1 \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e x i n , wherein n means the number of profiles of a user to whom regression analysis will be applied.",
-    "A steering wheel assembly for a vehicle includes a steering wheel and an airbag that is supported by the steering wheel. The airbag is inflatable away from the steering wheel in an inflation direction. An airbag tether includes a first end coupled to the steering wheel, and a second end spaced from the first end and coupled to the steering wheel. The airbag is disposed between the steering wheel and the airbag tether. During a frontal impact of the vehicle, the airbag tether may be positioned independent of steering wheel position to restrict inflation of the airbag adjacent a thorax of a driver of the vehicle. 1. A steering wheel assembly comprising: a steering wheel; an airbag supported by the steering wheel; and an airbag tether including a first end coupled to the steering wheel and a second end spaced from the first end and coupled to the steering wheel, the airbag being disposed between the steering wheel and the airbag tether. 2. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a first ring rotatably supported by the steering wheel, the first end and the second end of the airbag tether being coupled to the first ring. 3. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 2, further comprising a second ring fixed relative to the steering wheel and rotatably supporting the first ring. 4. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 3, further comprising a ballast weight fixed to the first ring. 5. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 4, wherein the first ring is circular and the airbag tether is offset from a center of the first ring. 6. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 5, further comprising at least one positioning tether including a first tether end coupled to the first ring and a second tether end spaced from the first tether end and coupled to the airbag tether. 7. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 1, wherein the airbag tether is formed of an elastic material. 8. The steering wheel assembly as set forth in claim 1, wherein the airbag tether is formed of a non-elastic material. 9. An airbag assembly comprising: a base; an airbag supported by the base; and an airbag tether including a first end coupled to the base and a second end spaced from the first end and coupled to the base, the airbag being disposed between the base and the airbag tether. 10. The airbag assembly as set forth in claim 9, further comprising a first ring rotatably supported by the base, the first end and the second end of the airbag tether being coupled to the first ring. 11. The airbag assembly as set forth in claim 10, further comprising a second ring fixed relative to the base and rotatably supporting the first ring. 12. The airbag assembly as set forth in claim 11, further comprising a ballast weight fixed to the first ring. 13. The airbag assembly as set forth in claim 12, wherein the first ring is circular and the airbag tether is offset from a center of the first ring. 14. The airbag assembly as set forth in claim 13, further comprising at least one positioning tether including a first tether end coupled to the first ring and a second tether end spaced from the first tether end and coupled to the airbag tether. 15. A tether assembly comprising: a first ring; a second ring rotatably mounted to the first ring; and an airbag tether including a first end coupled to the first ring and a second end spaced from the first end and coupled to the first ring. 16. The tether assembly as set forth in claim 15, further comprising a ballast weight fixed to the first ring. 17. The tether assembly as set forth in claim 16, wherein the first ring is circular and the airbag tether is offset from a center of the first ring. 18. The tether assembly as set forth in claim 17, further comprising a bearing between the first ring and the second ring. 19. The tether assembly as set forth in claim 18, further comprising at least one positioning tether including a first tether end coupled to the first ring and a second tether end spaced from the first tether end and coupled to the airbag tether. 20. The tether assembly as set forth in claim 15, wherein the airbag tether is formed of an elastic material.",
-    "A garment worn on the upper body is disclosed having a right and left body portions that are joined at the front and rear by a corresponding fastening mechanism. This allows the right body portion and left body portion to separated from one another and interchanged with other body portions to vary the visual characteristics of the garment. The right and left body portions can have different visual characteristics. 1. A garment, comprising: a right body portion having a front and a rear; a left body portion having a front and a rear; a front fastening mechanism for joining the front of the right body portion with the front of the left body portion, a rear fastening mechanism for joining the rear of the right body portion with the rear of the left body portion, wherein any one of the right body portion and the left body portion are interchangable with another corresponding body portion to change the visual characteristics of the garment. 2. The garment of claim 1, wherein the front and rear fastening mechanisms are medially arranged, and right body portion and left body portion are halves of the garment. 3. The garment of claim 1 wherein the front and rear fastening mechanisms are non-medially arranged. 4. The garment of claim 3 wherein the front and rear fastening mechanisms are diagonally arranged. 5. The garment of claim 1 wherein the front and rear fastening mechanisms are any one of zippers, buttons, snaps, hook-and-eye, and hook-and-loop. 6. The garment of claim 1 further comprising a flap on any one of the left body portion and the right body portion to cover any one of the front fastening mechanism and the rear fastening mechanism. 7. The garment of claim 1 wherein the garment is any one of a T-shirt, a dress, a blouse, a sweater, a coat, a jacket, a polo shirt, a dress shirt, a pajama, a gown, a sweatshirt, and a vest. 8. The garment of claim 1 wherein the right body portion has a differing visual characteristic to the left body portion. 9. The garment of claim 8 wherein the differing visual characteristic can be any one or more of color, pattern, and texture.",
-    "The present invention relates to a platform of establishing an application program for a mobile device providing a user to autonomously establish the application program having a capability of dynamically calling and loading a dynamic link function (DLF) library during execution. The platform includes a user interface shown by an internet browser; and a DLF module shown by the user interface and configured to provide the user to set in the application program a call and a linkage to the DLF library during the establishing process, wherein a user accesses to the platform to operate the DLF module to establish the application program through operating on the internet browser showing the user interface. 1. A system of establishing an application program for a mobile device by providing a user to autonomously establish the application program, which has a capability of dynamically calling and loading a dynamic link function (DLF) library during execution, through operating on an internet browser showing a user interface provided by an application program establishing platform, comprising: a server in a remote end and installed with the platform, which platform comprises a DLF module shown by the user interface and configured to provide the user to set in the application program a call and a loader associated to the DLF library during the establishing process; and a personal computer in a local end, connected with the server through an Internet and installed with the internet browser, wherein the user accesses to the platform to operate the DLF module to establish the application program through operating on the internet browser showing the user interface. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the DLF module is provided and created on the platform by a DLF provider, and the DLF provider creates the DLF module through operating on the internet browser showing the user interface and opens and launches the DLF module created on the platform to all users for use and operation. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the personal computer is one selected from a desktop computer, a notebook computer and a tablet computer and the mobile device is one selected from a smart phone, a tablet computer, a phablet and a wearable device. 4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the internet is one selected from a cable network, a wireless network, a cloud network, a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), a GSM network, a 3G network, a 4G network, a Wi-Fi network and a combination thereof. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the user is one of an application program developer and a DLF provider. 6. A method of establishing an application program for a mobile device by providing a user to autonomously establish the application program, which has a capability of dynamically calling and loading a dynamic link function (DLF) library during execution, through operating on an internet browser showing a user interface provided by an application program establishing platform, comprising: in a remote end providing the platform comprising a DLF module shown by the user interface and configured to provide the user to set in the application program a linkage and a loader to the DLF library during the establishing process; and in a local end accessing to the platform to operate the DLF module to establish the application program through operating on the internet browser showing the user interface. 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising one of the following steps: providing the platform by a platform provider; providing the DLF module by a DLF provider; by the platform provider creating and providing a DLF project comprising a program file and a first data file to the DLF provider, wherein the program file comprises a basic code frame having a basic code segment for communicating with the platform and the first data file comprises parameters, data and files called and employed by the basic code frame during execution; by the DLF provider receiving the DLF project, programming a core code segment for performing a function for the DLF library, and saving the parameters, data and files called and employed by the core code segment into the first data file; by the DLF provider operating the platform by operating on the internet browser showing the user interface to create the DLF module on the platform by following with a guidance from the platform and uploading the program file and the first data file to the DLF module by following with the guidance; by the user operating the DLF module on the platform by operating on the internet browser showing the user interface to set the linkage and the loader to the DLF library in the application program to establish the application program by following with the guidance; and by the platform provider compiling and packing the established application program into an executive program executable on the mobile device. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising one of the following steps: by the DLF provider creating a second data file saving un-publishable parameters, data and files called and employed by the basic core code segment and the core code segment. 9. A platform of establishing an application program for a mobile device providing a user to autonomously establish the application program having a capability of dynamically calling and loading a dynamic link function (DLF) library during execution, comprising: a user interface shown by an internet browser; and a DLF module shown by the user interface and configured to provide the user to set in the application program a call and a linkage to the DLF library during the establishing process, wherein a user accesses to the platform to operate the DLF module to establish the application program through operating on the internet browser showing the user interface. 10. The platform according to claim 9, wherein the DLF module is configured to have a menu based interface and a click based interface, so as to provide the user to operate the DLF module simply based on a selection based operation and a click based operation.",
-    "Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for speech recognition. One of the methods includes receiving a base language model for speech recognition including a first word sequence having a base probability value; receiving a voice search query associated with a query context; determining that a customized language model is to be used when the query context satisfies one or more criteria associated with the customized language model; obtaining the customized language model, the customized language model including the first word sequence having an adjusted probability value being the base probability value adjusted according to the query context; and converting the voice search query to a text search query based on one or more probabilities, each of the probabilities corresponding to a word sequence in a group of one or more word sequences, the group including the first word sequence having the adjusted probability value. 1. (canceled) 2. A method comprising: receiving a voice search query from a user device; determining a query context associated with the voice search query; determining, based on the query context, to apply one or more language model rules; dynamically adjusting one or more probabilities in a base language model according to the applied language model rules to generate a customized language model; using the customized language model to generate a text search query from the voice search query; and providing for display on the user device, one or more search results responsive to the text search query. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein each language model rules includes one or more adjustment factors for adjusting a probability value of a word sequence in the base language model. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a magnitude of each adjustment factor depends on query frequency information. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the query context includes a location of the user device and wherein the language model rules include a geographic language model rule having an adjustment factor for a particular word sequence located in a particular geographic region. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein applying the one or more language model rules includes determining that the location of the user device matches the particular word sequence of the geographic language model rule. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the query context includes a social group of the user and wherein the language model rules include social group language model rule having an adjustment factor based on information submitted by users in the social group of the user. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein information includes one or more queries submitted by users in the social group of the user. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the query context includes event information and the language model rules include event language model rules having an adjustment factor for adjusting a probability value of the base language model. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the event information includes one or more of time of day and weather information. 11. A system comprising: one or more computers and one or more storage devices storing instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more computers, to cause the one or more computers to perform operations comprising: receiving a voice search query from a user device; determining a query context associated with the voice search query; determining, based on the query context, to apply one or more language model rules; dynamically adjusting one or more probabilities in a base language model according to the applied language model rules to generate a customized language model; using the customized language model to generate a text search query from the voice search query; and providing for display on the user device, one or more search results responsive to the text search query. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein each language model rules includes one or more adjustment factors for adjusting a probability value of a word sequence in the base language model. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein a magnitude of each adjustment factor depends on query frequency information. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the query context includes a location of the user device and wherein the language model rules include a geographic language model rule having an adjustment factor for a particular word sequence located in a particular geographic region. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein applying the one or more language model rules includes determining that the location of the user device matches the particular word sequence of the geographic language model rule. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the query context includes a social group of the user and wherein the language model rules include social group language model rule having an adjustment factor based on information submitted by users in the social group of the user. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein information includes one or more queries submitted by users in the social group of the user. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the query context includes event information and the language model rules include event language model rules having an adjustment factor for adjusting a probability value of the base language model. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the event information includes one or more of time of day and weather information. 20. A computer storage medium encoded with a computer program, the program comprising instructions that are operable, when executed by data processing apparatus, to cause the data processing apparatus to perform operations comprising: receiving a voice search query from a user device; determining a query context associated with the voice search query; determining, based on the query context, to apply one or more language model rules; dynamically adjusting one or more probabilities in a base language model according to the applied language model rules to generate a customized language model; using the customized language model to generate a text search query from the voice search query; and providing for display on the user device, one or more search results responsive to the text search query.",
-    "A universal hand loom kit includes a peg board with an array of holes. Long pegs are provided each configured at one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board and having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board within the range of 2\u2033-4\u2033 or approximately 50 mm-102 mm. Short pegs are provided each configured at the one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board and having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board less than the length of the long pegs. A shuttle stick, a long needle weaver, a short tapestry needle and a comb are included. The kit can be used to create two dimensional woven tapestry-type products and three dimensional embellishments such as flowers, pompoms, tassels and fringes. 1. A universal hand loom kit comprises a peg board provided with a rectangular array of holes forming a plurality of spaced rows and a plurality of orthogonal spaced columns; a plurality of long pegs each configured at one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each long peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board within the range of 2\u2033-4\u2033 or approximately 50 mm-102 mm; a plurality of short pegs each configured at the one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each short peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board less than the length of the long pegs; a shuttle, a needle weaver, a short tapestry needle and a comb, the kit having the versatility to quickly convert from a device for creating two dimensional woven tapestry-type products of different sizes, shapes, colors and configurations to a device that can be used to make three dimensional objects or embellishments selected from the group comprising flowers, pompoms, tassels and fringes. 2. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, wherein the ratio of the number of standard or short pegs to the number of embellishment or long pegs is approximately 10:1. 3. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, wherein said peg board has a predetermined thickness and an enlarged thickness boss surrounding each hole to enhance the stability of pegs inserted into said holes. 4. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, wherein said peg board is provided with a skirt at least partially extending about a periphery of said peg board. 5. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 4, wherein said skirt extends about the entire periphery of said peg board. 6. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 4, further comprising connecting means associated with said skirt for securing at least two peg boards to each other to effectively enlarge the weaving surface area. 7. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 6, wherein said connecting means comprises first connecting portions on said skirt and second connecting portions for engagement with first connecting portions on two peg boards to be secured or connected to each other. 8. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 7, wherein said first connecting portions comprise receptacles and said second connecting portions comprise joiners dimensioned to be received within two juxtaposed receptacles. 9. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, wherein each of said pegs has a mounting end or foot configured to provide a snap fit within a hole into which it is inserted. 10. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, with a bulbous enlargement or protuberance dimensioned to be received within a hole in press-fit relationship. 11. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, wherein said exposed length of said long pegs is approximately 66 m and said short pegs have an exposed length of approximately 11 mm. 12. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 1, wherein approximately 15 long pegs and approximately 150 short pegs are provided. 13. A method of weaving a substantially two-dimensional design by using a hand loom kit that comprises a peg board provided with a rectangular array of holes forming a plurality of spaced rows and a plurality of orthogonal spaced columns; a plurality of long pegs each configured at one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each long peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board within the range of 2\u2033-4\u2033 or approximately 50 mm-102 mm; a plurality of short pegs each configured at the one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each short peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board less than the length of the long pegs; and a shuttle, a needle weaver, a short tapestry needle and a comb, the kit having the versatility to quickly convert from a device for creating two dimensional woven tapestry-type products of different sizes, shapes, colors and configurations to a device that can be used to make three dimensional objects or embellishments selected from the group comprising flowers, pompoms, tassels and fringes, comprising the steps of arranging short pegs on said peg board to corresponding to a desired design of an item to be woven; warping the loom; and weaving the weft. 14. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 13, wherein at least a section of the item is in color. 15. A method of weaving a substantially three-dimensional design or embellishment by using a loom kit that comprises a peg board provided with a rectangular array of holes forming a plurality of spaced rows and a plurality of orthogonal spaced columns; a plurality of long pegs each configured at one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each long peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board within the range of 2\u2033-4\u2033 or approximately 50 mm-102 mm; a plurality of short pegs each configured at the one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each short peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board less than the length of the long pegs; and a shuttle, a needle weaver, a short tapestry needle and a comb, the kit having the versatility to quickly convert from a device for creating two dimensional woven tapestry-type products of different sizes, shapes, colors and configurations to a device that can be used to make three dimensional objects or embellishments selected from the group comprising flowers, pompoms, tassels and fringes, comprising the steps of arranging long pegs corresponding to a desired three dimensional design of an item to be woven; and at least partially wrapping yarn about said long pegs, the heights of said three-dimensional designs being equal up to the exposed lengths of said long pegs. 16. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 15, wherein said embellishment is a flower. 17. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 15, wherein said embellishment is a tassel. 18. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 15, wherein said embellishment is a fringe. 19. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 15, wherein said embellishment is a pom pom. 20. An expansion kit for a universal hand loom kit comprises a base peg board provided with a rectangular array of holes forming a plurality of spaced rows and a plurality of orthogonal spaced columns; a plurality of long pegs each configured at one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each long peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board within the range of 2\u2033-4\u2033 or approximately 50 mm-102 mm; a plurality of short pegs each configured at the one end to be releasably inserted into one of the holes in the peg board, each short peg having an exposed length when mounted on the peg board less than the length of the long pegs; a shuttle, a needle weaver, a short tapestry needle and a comb, the kit having the versatility to quickly convert from a device for creating two dimensional woven tapestry-type products of different sizes, shapes, colors and configurations to a device that can be used to make three dimensional objects or embellishments selected from the group comprising flowers, pompoms, tassels and fringes, said expansion kit comprising an additional peg board; additional pegs; and joiners or connectors for selectively attaching said base and additional peg boards to each to create a larger or extended weaving surface or area. 21. A universal hand loom kit as defined in claim 20, wherein with the expansion kit the combined number of standard or short pegs to the number of embellishment or long pegs is in a ratio of at least a 5:1.",
-    "The present invention provides a piezoelectric thin film element having a pair of electrode layers and a piezoelectric thin film sandwiched between the pair of electrode layers, wherein the pair of electrode layers are composed of platinum (Pt), oxide particles are contained in at least one of the electrode layers, and the oxide particles are oxide particles of at least one element constituting the piezoelectric thin film or oxide particles of Pt. 1. A piezoelectric thin film element comprising a pair of electrode layers and a piezoelectric thin film sandwiched between the pair of electrode layers, wherein the pair of electrode layers are composed of platinum (Pt), oxide particles are contained in at least one of the electrode layers, and the oxide particles are oxide particles of at least one element constituting the piezoelectric thin film or oxide particles of Pt. 2. The piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 1, wherein the oxide particles are in a state of being dispersed in the electrode layers, and the content ratio of the oxide particles per unit area in the cross section along the film thickness direction of the piezoelectric thin film is 5% or more and 20% or less. 3. The piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 1, wherein the content of the oxide particles contained in the electrode layers is 5 wt % or more and 20 wt % or less. 4. The piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 1, wherein, the content of the oxide particles has a gradient in the film thickness direction of the electrode layers, and the maximal value of the content is present at the interface layer at the piezoelectric thin film side. 5. The piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 4, wherein the maximal value is 5% or more and 20% or less in terms of the content ratio of the oxide particles per unit area in the cross section along the film thickness direction of the piezoelectric thin film. 6. The piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 4, wherein the maximal value is 5 wt % or more and 20 wt % or less in terms of the content of the oxide particles contained in the electrode layers. 7. The piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric thin film is a potassium-sodium niobate based film. 8. A piezoelectric actuator using the piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 1. 9. A piezoelectric sensor using the piezoelectric thin film element according to claim 1. 10. A hard-disk drive comprising the piezoelectric actuator according to claim 8. 11. An ink jet printer device comprising the piezoelectric actuator according to claim 8.",
-    "A speaker is disclosed in the present disclosure. The speaker includes a vibration system including a vibrating diaphragm and a flat voice coil for driving the vibrating diaphragm; a magnetic circuit system including a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet, which are separated with opposite magnetic poles thereof facing each other; a magnetic gap formed between the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet for partially receiving the flat voice coil; and a housing for accommodating the vibrational system and the magnetic circuit system. Two magnetic poles of the first permanent magnet and two magnetic poles of the second permanent magnet are close to each other respectively, N-pole of the first permanent magnet is separated from and faces S-pole of the second permanent magnet, while S-pole of the first permanent magnet is separated from and faces N-pole of the second permanent magnet. 1. A speaker, comprising: a vibration system including a vibrating diaphragm and a flat voice coil for driving the vibrating diaphragm; a magnetic circuit system including a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet, which are separated with opposite magnetic poles thereof facing each other; a magnetic gap formed between the first permanent magnet and the second permanent magnet for partially receiving the flat voice coil; a housing for accommodating the vibrational system and the magnetic circuit system; wherein two magnetic poles of the first permanent magnet and two magnetic poles of the second permanent magnet are close to each other respectively, N-pole of the first permanent magnet is separated from and faces S-pole of the second permanent magnet, while S-pole of the first permanent magnet is separated from and faces N-pole of the second permanent magnet. 2. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a front opening for assembling the vibrating diaphragm and a rear opening corresponding to and communicating with the front opening. 3. The speaker according to claim 2 further including a front cover for the front opening and a rear cover for the rear opening, and an edge of the vibrating diaphragm is fixed between the front cover and the housing. 4. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the vibrating diaphragm includes a suspension with a periphery thereof fixed on the housing, and a center dome top connected to the suspension. 5. The speaker according to claim 4, wherein the flat voice coil includes a voice coil wire and a coil bracket with one end fixed on the center dome top. 6. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the first magnet and the second magnet are fixed respectively on an inner surface of the housing. 7. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the first permanent magnet is parallel to the second permanent magnet.",
-    "A holster which obscures presence and identity of the handgun held by the holster is disclosed. The holster comprises an L-shaped frame having a pin. The handgun is installed on the holster by inserting the pin into the barrel of the handgun. The L-shaped frame combined with the installed handgun collectively form a parallelepiped of thickness equal to that of the handgun. The handgun is disguised by visually meshing in complementary fashion with the holster, when concealed beneath a fabric of an article of apparel. 1. A holster for holding and obscuring identity of a handgun, comprising: a base having a proximal end, a distal end, an inner surface between the proximal end and the distal end, and an outer surface between the proximal end and the distal end, the outer surface opposite the inner surface, the base including a pin projecting from the inner surface of the base proximate the proximal end, wherein the pin is dimensioned and configured to slidingly engage the inside of a barrel of the handgun; and a bolster projecting from the inner surface of the base at the distal end of the base, wherein the bolster is longer than the pin. 2. The holster of claim 1, wherein the base has a maximum width about equal to a width of the handgun, the holster further comprising a web projecting from the bolster towards the pin, the web extending about the full length of the bolster and having a thickness less than the width of the bolster. 3. The holster of claim 2, wherein the holster complements the shape of the handgun to simulate at least three sides of a parallelepiped when the handgun and the holster are covered by a fabric when the handgun is installed on the holster with the pin penetrating the barrel of the handgun, and with the trigger guard and the handle of the handgun received in close cooperation with the web. 4. The holster of claim 2, wherein the holster is dimensioned and configured to complement the handgun to define a three dimensional envelope with the handgun installed on the holster with the pin penetrating the barrel of the handgun with the trigger guard and the handle of the handgun received in close cooperation with the holster, wherein the envelope has a straight first side, a parallel opposed second side, a third side perpendicular to and between the first side and the second side, and a generally uniform width. 5. The holster of claim 1, wherein the bolster has a maximum width about equal to a width of the handgun. 6. The holster of claim 1, further comprising a recess on an outer side of the bolster, for receiving a finger of a user, to assist the user in maneuvering the holster into place in a pocket of apparel worn by the user. 7. The holster of claim 1, further comprising a trigger guard plate and a clamp operable to clamp the trigger guard plate to the handgun. 8. The holster of claim 7, wherein the clamp comprises a Chicago screw. 9. The holster of claim 7, wherein the trigger guard plate includes an elongated slot extending parallel to the pin, to facilitate adjustment of position of the trigger guard plate along an axis parallel to the pin. 10. The holster of claim 7, wherein the web includes an elongated slot extending perpendicularly to the elongated slot of the trigger guard plate, to facilitate adjustment of position of the trigger guard plate along an axis perpendicular to the pin. 11. A handgun and holster for holding and obscuring identity of the handgun, wherein: the handgun has a maximum width; and the holster comprises a base having a proximal end, a distal end, an inner surface between the proximal end and the distal end, and an outer surface between the proximal end and the distal end, the outer surface opposite the inner surface, the base including a pin projecting from the inner surface of the base proximate the proximal end, wherein the pin is dimensioned and configured to slidingly engage the inside of a barrel of the handgun, and a bolster projecting from the inner surface of the base at the distal end of the base, wherein the bolster is longer than the pin. 12. The holster of claim 11, wherein the base has a maximum width about equal to the maximum width of the handgun, the holster further comprising a web projecting from the bolster towards the pin, the web extending about the full length of the bolster and having a thickness less than the width of the bolster. 13. The holster of claim 12, wherein the holster complements the shape of the handgun to simulate a parallelepiped when the handgun and the holster are covered by a fabric when the handgun is installed on the holster with the pin penetrating the barrel of the handgun, and with the trigger guard and the handle of the handgun received in close cooperation with the web. 14. The holster of claim 12, wherein the holster is dimensioned and configured to complement the handgun to define a three dimensional envelope with the handgun installed on the holster with the pin penetrating the barrel of the handgun with the trigger guard and the handle of the handgun received in close cooperation with the holster, wherein the envelope has a straight first side, a parallel opposed second side, a third side perpendicular to and between the first side and the second side, and a generally uniform width. 15. The holster of claim 11, wherein the bolster has a maximum width about equal to a width of the handgun. 16. The holster of claim 11, further comprising a recess on an outer side of the bolster, for receiving a finger of a user, to assist the user in maneuvering the holster into place in a pocket of apparel worn by the user. 17. The holster of claim 11, further comprising a trigger guard plate and a clamp operable to clamp the trigger guard plate to the handgun. 18. The holster of claim 17, wherein the clamp comprises a Chicago screw. 19. The holster of claim 17, wherein the trigger guard plate includes an elongated slot extending parallel to the pin, to facilitate adjustment of position of the trigger guard plate along an axis parallel to the pin. 20. The holster of claim 17, wherein the web includes an elongated slot extending perpendicularly to the elongated slot of the trigger guard plate, to facilitate adjustment of position of the trigger guard plate along an axis perpendicular to the pin.",
-    "A dynamic baffle system for a magnetic separator includes a containment barrier secured to a frame and positioned between a rotary screen drum and a magnetic drum. The dynamic baffle system further includes a baffle configured to block an opening of the containment barrier. The baffle is movable between an open position in which media mixture is capable of flowing from the containment barrier to the magnetic drum and a closed position in which the media mixture is prohibited from flowing from the containment barrier to the magnetic drum and configured to evenly build up on the containment barrier. The dynamic baffle system further includes a sensor and a controller coupled to the sensor and the baffle to control the amount of media mixture flowing from the rotary screen drum to the magnetic drum. 1. A method of controlling the flow of abrasive/sand media mixture within a magnetic separator, the method comprises: transferring media mixture from a rotary screen drum to at least one containment barrier positioned below the rotary screen drum, the at least one containment barrier having an opening formed therein; sensing the presence of media mixture within the at least one containment barrier; and controlling the movement of a baffle between an open position in which media mixture is capable of flowing from the at least one containment barrier to the magnetic drum and a closed position in which the media mixture is prohibited from flowing from the at least one containment barrier to the magnetic drum and configured to evenly build up on the at least one containment barrier. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the movement of the baffle further includes controlling the movement of the baffle to the open position when the at least one containment barrier is completely full with media mixture, and controlling the movement of the baffle to the closed position when media mixture contained within the at least one containment barrier retreats from an exit end of the magnetic separator to enable an outer flighting of the rotary screen drum to push the media mixture to the exit end of the magnetic separator thereby resulting in a full distribution of abrasive across a face of the magnetic drum.",
-    "Methods and apparatus associated with storing data in high or low energy zones are described. Example apparatus include a data storage system (DSS) that protects a message using an erasure code (EC). A location in the DSS may have an energy efficiency rating or a latency. Example apparatus include circuits that produce EC encoded data that has a likelihood of use, that select a location to store the EC encoded data in the DSS based on the energy efficiency rating, the latency, or the likelihood of use, that store the EC encoded data in the location, and that compute an order of retrieval for EC encoded data stored in the location. The order of retrieval may be based on the energy efficiency rating or the latency. The EC encoded data may also have a priority based on the number of erasures for which the EC corrects. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage device storing computer executable instructions that when executed by a computer control the computer to perform a method for storing data in an energy efficient manner, the method comprising: accessing a set of data blocks; computing a first energy rating for a member of the set of data blocks; accessing a set of parity blocks generated from the set of data blocks; computing a second energy rating for a member of the set of parity blocks; computing a relative rating for a member of the set of data blocks or a member of the set of parity blocks as a function of the first energy rating and the second energy rating; determining an efficiency rating for a storage location in a data storage device (DSD), where the efficiency rating is a function of a property of the DSD; selecting a storage location in the DSD as a function of the relative rating and the efficiency rating; and writing the member of the set of data blocks or the member of the set of parity blocks to the storage location. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 1, where the DSD includes a solid state device (SSD), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a persistent, resistance-based, non-volatile cross point structure memory, a level 1 (L1) random access memory (RAM) cache, a level 2 (L2) RAM cache, or a level 3 (L3) RAM cache. 3. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 1, where computing the first energy rating for the member of the set of data blocks includes assigning an energy rating to the member of the set of data blocks based on a block loss probability profile associated with the set of data blocks. 4. The non-transitory computer-storage device of claim 1, where computing the first energy rating for the member of the set of data blocks includes assigning an energy rating to the member of the set of data blocks based on a set of data access patterns associated with the set of data blocks. 5. The non-transitory computer-storage device of claim 1, where computing the first energy rating for the member of the set of data blocks includes assigning an energy rating to the member of the set of data blocks based on an access frequency associated with the member of the set of data blocks. 6. The non-transitory computer-storage device of claim 1, where computing the first energy rating for the member of the set of data blocks includes assigning an energy rating to the member of the set of data blocks based on a block loss probability profile associated with the set of data blocks, a set of data access patterns associated with the set of data blocks, and an access frequency associated with the member of the set of data blocks. 7. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 1, where the set of parity blocks is generated from the set of data blocks using a systematic erasure code, a non-systematic erasure code, a Fountain code, a Reed-Solomon (RS) code, a rate-compatible low-density parity check (LDPC) code, or a rate-compatible Turbo probabilistic code. 8. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 1, where the property of the DSD is a capacity property, a power consumption property, a write speed property, a read speed property, or an affordability property. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 1, where the property of the DSD is based on a power consumption property of the DSD, a capacity property of the DSD, a speed property of the DSD, and an affordability property of the DSD. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 1, where a member of the set of parity blocks includes an adjacency set, where the adjacency set represents members of the set of data blocks that may be regenerated from the member of the set of parity blocks. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 10, where the second energy rating for the member of the set of parity blocks is based, at least in part, on a parity block access priority coefficient, and where the second energy rating for the member of the set of parity blocks is inversely related to the size of the adjacency set associated with the member of the set of parity blocks. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 11, where the parity block access priority coefficient is defined by: x / ( n k ) , where the number of data blocks in the set of data blocks for which the member of the set of parity blocks is an optimum choice from which to regenerate a data block is x; where the length of the set of data blocks is n; and where the number of failed data blocks in the set of data blocks is k, and where x, n, and k are integers. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 12, where the second energy rating for the member of the set of parity blocks is computed using a weighted sum of parity block access coefficients, where a first weight w1 and a second weight w2 are a function of a data loss probability associated with a member of the adjacency set associated with the member of the set of parity blocks, where w1+w2=1. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 13, where the relative rating of a member of the set of data blocks and a member of the set of parity blocks is defined by: \u2211 i = 1 d \ue89e p c \ue89e r i + \u2211 i = d + 1 y \ue89e ( 1 - p c ) \ue89e r i where d is the number of data blocks in the set of data blocks; y is the number d of data blocks in the set of data blocks plus the number of parity blocks in the set of parity blocks; pc is the probability that there are no data block failures among the set of data blocks within a threshold period of time; and ri is a first energy rating for a member of the set of data blocks or a second energy rating for a member of the set of parity blocks, where d and y are integers. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 14, where a member of the set of data blocks or a member of the set of parity blocks has a relative access rating, where the relative access rating indicates the relative access frequency of a member of the set of data blocks relative to at least one other member of the set of data blocks, or the relative access frequency of a member of the set of parity blocks relative to at least one other member of the set of parity blocks. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage device of claim 15, where selecting a storage location in the DSD comprises: determining a final rating for the member of the set of data blocks or the member of the set of parity blocks as a function of the relative access rating and the relative rating; and selecting, as a function of the final rating and the efficiency rating, a location in the DSD. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage device of claim 16, where the final rating is defined by the function: f(ci,rj)=ci\u00b7rj, where ci is the relative access rating of the member of the set of data blocks or the member of the set of parity blocks, and where rj is the relative rating of the member of the set of data blocks or the member of the set of parity blocks. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage device of claim 16, where the final rating is user adjustable. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage device of claim 16, the method comprising automatically dynamically adjusting the final rating based, at least in part, on a change in the relative access rating, or on a change in the probability pc that there are no data block failures among the set of data blocks within the threshold period of time. 20. An apparatus for storing electronic data, comprising: a data storage device (DSD) that stores a set of data blocks or a set of parity blocks generated from the set of data blocks, where set of parity blocks is generated using an erasure code (EC), where a zone in the DSD has an energy efficiency rating; a processor; a memory that stores electronic data that manages parity blocks or data blocks stored in the DSD; a set of circuits; and an interface that connects the processor, the memory, the set of circuits, and the DSD, the set of circuits including: a data hotness circuit that produces a data hotness rating for a member of the set of data blocks or a member of the set of parity blocks; a zone selection circuit that selects a zone in the DSD based, at least in part, on the energy efficiency rating of the zone in the DSD, the data hotness rating of the member of the set of data blocks, the data hotness rating of the member of the set of parity blocks, a likelihood of use of the member of the set of data blocks, or a likelihood of use of the member of the set of parity blocks; and a storage circuit that stores the member of the set of data blocks or the member of the set of parity blocks in the zone in the DSD. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, where the DSD is a solid state device (SSD), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a persistent, resistance-based, non-volatile cross point structure memory, a level 1 (L1) RAM cache, a level 2 (L2) RAM cache, or a level 3 (L3) RAM cache, where the DSD includes a high power zone and a low power zone. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, where the data hotness circuit produces a data hotness rating for a member of the set of parity blocks as a function of the number of data blocks that may be regenerated from the member of the set of parity blocks, the number of failures, within a threshold period of time, of data blocks that may be regenerated from the member of the set of parity blocks, and the access frequency of a data block that may be regenerated from the member of the set of parity blocks, where the function includes a weighted sum. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, where the data hotness circuit produces a data hotness rating for the member of the set of data blocks and produces a data hotness rating for the member of the set of parity blocks. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, where the zone selection circuit selects the zone based, at least in part, on the energy efficiency rating of the zone in the DSD, the data hotness rating of the member of the set of data blocks, the data hotness rating of the member of the set of parity blocks, the likelihood of use of the member of the set of data blocks, and the likelihood of use of the member of the set of parity blocks. 25. The apparatus of claim 20, the set of circuits including a retrieval circuit that computes an order of retrieval, based, at least in part, on the energy efficiency rating of the zone in the DSD, the likelihood of use of the member of the set of data blocks, or the likelihood of use of the member of the set of parity blocks, and where the retrieval circuit retrieves the member of the set of data blocks or the member of the set of parity blocks from the DSD based, at least in part, on the order of retrieval. 26. A method for storing electronic data, comprising: generating an energy rating for a data block; generating an energy efficiency rating for a storage location in a solid state device (SSD), where the SDD has a high energy storage location and a low energy storage location; selecting a storage location in the SSD as a function of the energy rating and the energy efficiency rating; and storing the data block in the storage location.",
-    "A MEMS microphone is disclosed in the present disclosure. The MEMS microphone includes a first circuit board; a second circuit board keeping a distance from the first circuit board; a frame located between the first circuit board and the second circuit board for forming a cavity cooperatively with the first circuit board and the second circuit board, the frame including a plated-through-hole; an ASIC chip located in the cavity; and an MEMS chip having a back cavity. The first circuit board is electrically connected with the second circuit board by the plated-through-hole. The frame includes a conductive layer and an insulating layer, and the conductive layer is located between an inner surface of the frame and the insulating layer. 1. A MEMS microphone, comprising: a first circuit board; a second circuit board keeping a distance from the first circuit board; a frame located between the first circuit board and the second circuit board for forming a cavity cooperatively with the first circuit board and the second circuit board, the frame including a plated-through-hole; an ASIC chip located in the cavity; and an MEMS chip having a back cavity; wherein the first circuit board is electrically connected with the second circuit board by the plated-through-hole, the frame includes a conductive layer and an insulating layer, the conductive layer is located between an inner surface of the frame and the insulating layer. 2. The MEMS microphone as described in claim 1, wherein the first circuit board includes a sound access hole. 3. The MEMS microphone as described in claim 2, wherein the MEMS chip is located on the first circuit board, and the back cavity of the MEMS chip is connected with the sound access hole. 4. The MEMS microphone as described in claim 1, wherein the second circuit board is provided with a soldering pad for connecting external electric circuit. 5. The MEMS microphone as described in claim 4, wherein the soldering pad includes a first soldering pad as differential signal output terminal, and a second soldering pad for differential signal output terminal, and a third soldering pad connected for connecting with power supply. 6. The MEMS microphone as described in claim 4, wherein the first circuit board and the second circuit board are provided with a conductive path, via which the ASIC chip is connected with the soldering pad electrically. 7. The MEMS microphone as described in claim 6 further including a binding gold wire for electrically connecting the ASIC chip and the MEMS chip, the binding gold wire is connected electrically with the conductive path.",
-    "Methods for interactive communication between an object and a smart device are provided. Signals can be transmitted from the smart device to the object to control movement of a movable part at the object. Signals can also be transmitted from the smart device to the object to broadcast words and/or songs at a speaker at the object. In addition, in response to a user's touching the object, the object's speaker can broadcast words and/or songs. The signals transmitted from the smart device to the object transceiver can be audio signals so as to create a two-way interactive and live communication. In addition, voice instructions can be spoken into the microphone of the object, and then transmitted from the object to the smart device to initiate an activity at the smart device. 1. A method of providing an interactive communication between an object and a smart device, comprising: providing a smart device having a microphone, a speaker, a display and a transceiver; providing an object having a scanner, an object speaker, and a communications module that is operationally coupled to the speaker, the communications module having an object transceiver; causing the scanner to scan a data card that contains data about a subject; transmitting signals scanned from the data card to the object transceiver to cause the communications module to broadcast words and/or songs at the object speaker relating to the subject; and displaying images of the subject at the display of the smart device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the object also has at least one movable part, and a motor coupled to the movable part, with the communications module operationally coupled to the motor, and further including: transmitting motion signals from the data card to the communications module; and causing the motor to control movement of the movable part. 3. A method of providing an interactive communication between an object and a smart device, comprising: providing a smart device having a microphone, a speaker, a display and a transceiver; providing an object having an object speaker, and a communications module that is operationally coupled to the speaker, the communications module having an object transceiver; providing a screen that is separate from the smart device, and coupling the screen to the smart device; transmitting signals from the smart device to the object transceiver to cause the communications module to broadcast words and/or songs at the object speaker; and displaying images of the object at he screen. 4. The method of claim 3, further including: providing the object with a control member; and manipulating the control member to interact with a game or activity on the smart device. 5. The method of claim 4, further including: displaying on the screen the movements of the object. 6. A method of providing an interactive communication between an object and a smart device, comprising: providing a smart device having a microphone, a speaker, a display and a transceiver; providing an object having at least one movable part, a microphone, an object speaker, a motor coupled to the movable part, and a communications module that is operationally coupled to the speaker and the motor, the communications module having an object transceiver; providing location information from the transceiver of the smart device to the object transceiver of the object indicating the location of the smart device; and based on the location information received, the communications module transmitting signals to the motor to cause the motor to move the at least one movable part so that the object can move and have its movement track the location of the smart device. 7. The method of claim 6, further including broadcasting a message from the object speaker indicative of the status of the object. 8. The method of claim 6, further including displaying images of the object at the display.",
-    "A motor drive according to the present invention has a dynamic braking circuit. The motor drive includes a motor drive control circuit for applying a voltage to windings of a synchronous motor and the dynamic braking circuit for a predetermined time by switching power transistors connected to a direct current power supply, a current detection circuit for detecting a current value outputted from the power transistor, and a failure determination circuit for determining the presence or absence of a failure in the dynamic braking circuit from the current value detected by the current detection circuit and a predetermined threshold value. When the presence or absence of a failure in the dynamic braking circuit is detected, the resistance of the dynamic braking circuit is changed. 1. A motor drive having a dynamic braking circuit for generating a deceleration torque by dynamic braking of a synchronous motor, when the excitation of the synchronous motor is interrupted, the motor drive comprising: a motor drive control circuit configured to apply a voltage to a winding of the synchronous motor and the dynamic braking circuit for a predetermined time by switching a power transistor connected to a direct current power supply; a current detection circuit configured to detect a current value outputted from the power transistor; and a failure determination circuit configured to determine the presence or absence of a failure in the dynamic braking circuit from the current value detected by the current detection circuit and a predetermined threshold value, wherein when the presence or absence of a failure in the dynamic braking circuit is detected, the resistance of the dynamic braking circuit is changed. 2. The motor drive according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic braking circuit includes a variable resistor to change the resistance of the dynamic braking circuit. 3. The motor drive according to claim 1, further comprising a shorting switch connected in parallel with a resistor of the dynamic braking circuit, in order to cause the resistor of the dynamic braking circuit to short out. 4. The motor drive according to claim 1, further comprising an additional resistor connected in parallel with a resistor of the dynamic braking circuit and a switch for switching the connection and disconnection of the additional resistor, in order to change the resistance of the dynamic braking circuit. 5. The motor drive according to claim 1, wherein when the presence or absence of the failure in the dynamic braking circuit is detected, the threshold value is changed in accordance with the resistance of the dynamic braking circuit or the inductance of the synchronous motor.",
-    "A developer replenishing apparatus includes a developer housing container and a sensor. The developer housing container includes a container main body having a wall that partitions an internal space, a shaft section arranged so as to extend in a first direction in the internal space, a moving wall which moves from an upstream side to a downstream side in the first direction along the shaft section and which conveys the developer, and a developer discharge port which is arranged near a downstream end in the first direction of the container main body. The sensor is arranged at a position that enables the sensor to generate different outputs between before and after the moving wall reaches a prescribed position on a movement route. The determining unit determines a state where there is no developer in the developer housing container when the sensor generates an output determined in advance. 1. A developer replenishing apparatus, comprising: a developer housing container that houses developer; a sensor that detects a prescribed detection object and generates an electrical output; and a determining unit that determines a presence or absence of developer inside the developer housing container based on the output from the sensor, wherein the developer housing container includes: a container main body having a wall that partitions an internal space; a shaft section arranged so as to extend in a first direction in the internal space; a moving wall which moves from an upstream side to a downstream side in the first direction along the shaft section in the internal space and which conveys the developer; and a developer discharge port which is arranged near a downstream end in the first direction of the container main body and which penetrates the wall and allows communication between the internal space and an outside, the sensor is arranged at a position that enables the sensor to generate different outputs between before and after the moving wall reaches a prescribed position on a movement route, and the determining unit determines a state where there is no developer in the developer housing container when the sensor generates an output determined in advance. 2. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moving wall includes a detection piece to become the detection object of the sensor, and the sensor is arranged at a position that enables the detection piece to be detected when the moving wall approaches the developer discharge port. 3. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the sensor is a sensor capable of detecting a common physical quantity between the developer and the detection piece. 4. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the developer is magnetic toner including a magnetic component, the sensor is a sensor that detects magnetism, the detection piece is constituted by a magnetic body, and the sensor outputs a prescribed first value when detecting the magnetic toner and outputs a second value that is higher than the first value when detecting the detection piece. 5. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising a control unit that controls movement of the moving wall, wherein the sensor outputs a third value that is lower than the first value when not detecting the magnetic toner, and the control unit: temporarily renders the moving wall in a stopped state when the sensor is outputting the first value; moves the moving wall toward the downstream side in the first direction by a prescribed amount when the sensor outputs the third value; and permanently renders the moving wall in a stopped state when and after the sensor outputs the second value. 6. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the moving wall includes a conveyance surface perpendicular to the shaft section on a surface facing the downstream side in the first direction, and the detection piece is attached to the moving wall in a state where the detection piece protrudes toward the downstream side from the conveyance surface. 7. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the detection piece has a shape with different areas per unit length in the first direction. 8. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the detection piece includes a first detection region on the downstream side and a second detection region on the upstream side in the first direction, and a non-detection region that does not become a detection object of the sensor is arranged between the first detection region and the second detection region. 9. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is arranged so as to oppose the internal space and includes a detection surface capable of detecting a presence or absence of the developer, the moving wall is configured to move from an initial position set on the upstream side in the first direction to a final position set on the downstream side in the first direction, the initial position of the moving wall is set on the upstream side in the first direction with respect to the detection surface of the sensor, and the final position of the moving wall is set so that at least a part of the detection surface of the sensor is arranged on the upstream side in the first direction with respect to the moving wall. 10. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the final position of the moving wall is set so that the entire detection surface of the sensor is arranged on the upstream side in the first direction with respect to the moving wall. 11. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the developer is magnetic toner, the sensor is a permeability sensor, and the moving wall is made of a nonmagnetic material. 12. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the sensor is a pressure sensor. 13. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a seal member which is arranged in an outer peripheral section of the moving wall and which compressedly deforms between an inner peripheral section of the container main body and the moving wall. 14. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising: a remaining amount detecting unit that detects a remaining developer amount in the developer housing container in accordance with the output of the sensor; and a display unit that displays remaining amount information in accordance with the remaining developer amount, wherein the remaining amount detecting unit causes the display unit to display developer-near-end information when the sensor periodically detects that there is no developer within a prescribed period of time. 15. The developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the remaining amount detecting unit causes the display unit to display developer empty information when the sensor continuously detects that there is no developer within a prescribed period of time. 16. An image forming apparatus, comprising: the developer replenishing apparatus according to claim 1; an image bearing member that bears an electrostatic latent image and a developer image; a developing apparatus to which the developer is supplied from the developer replenishing apparatus and which supplies the developer to the image bearing member; and a transferring unit which transfers the developer image from the image bearing member to a sheet.",
-    "A replacement tool removes an old bushing or installs a new bushing in a driveshaft yoke. A fixture has a guide chamber facing a bushing bore and a first threaded passage. A traveler mounted in the fixture has a plunger received in the guide chamber and a socket that holds the bushing. The plunger has a second threaded passage aligned with the first passage and having a smaller diameter. A set screw can lock the bushing into the socket. A removal bolt with a shaft matching the second passage is inserted through both passages. Turning of the removal bolt retracts the traveler and extracts the bushing. The tool is reconfigured with an installation bolt in the first passage only. A push plug is placed in the guide chamber to transfer force from the installation bolt to the plunger during turning of the installation bolt to press fit a new bushing. 1. A bushing replacement tool comprising: a guide fixture configured to attached to a driveshaft yoke in a predetermined relation to a bushing bore for press fitting of the bushing, wherein the guide fixture comprises a top plate having a guide chamber facing the bushing bore and a first threaded passage aligned with the guide chamber; a traveler comprising a plunger slidingly received in the guide chamber at one end and a sleeve member at the other end, wherein the sleeve member includes a socket configured to receive the bushing, wherein the plunger has a second threaded passage coaxially aligned with the first threaded passage, wherein the first threaded passage has a diameter greater than the second threaded passage, wherein the sleeve member has a transverse shaft receiving a lock bolt for selectably capturing the bushing in the socket; is a removal bolt received in both passages when the tool is in a removal configuration, the removal bolt having a shaft matching the second threaded passage and a head for transmitting a force against the top plate; an installation bolt received in the first threaded passage when the tool is in an installation configuration, the installation bolt having a shaft matching the first threaded passage; and a push plug in the guide chamber when the tool is in an installation configuration to transfer force from the installation bolt to the plunger. 2. The tool of claim 1 wherein the guide fixture further comprises a plurality of risers adapted to couple the top plate to the yoke using a plurality of fastening bolts. 3. The tool of claim 1 wherein the socket has an axial depth adapted to provide a predetermined press-fit distance for installing the bushing into the bushing bore. 4. The tool of claim 1 wherein the push plug is comprised of a disk and a pin extending from the disk into the second threaded passage, wherein the push plug rotates freely around an axis of the second threaded passage. 5. The tool of claim 1 wherein the guide fixture includes parallel, planar surfaces on opposite edges adapted to secure within a vice. 6. A tool for replacing bushings in a driveshaft yoke aperture comprising: a fixed member attachable to the yoke having a bore aligned with the aperture; a movable member slidable in the bore and having set screws for grasping a bushing within an internal socket; is coaxial threaded passages in the members wherein a bolt turned within both passages extracts the bushing, and another bolt turned only within the fixed member inserts a new bushing. 7. The tool of claim 6 further comprising a lubricated push plug between the members to transfer force from the another bolt to the movable member. 8. The tool of claim 6 wherein the threaded passage in the fixed member has a larger diameter than the threaded passage in the movable member.",
-    "A black market collection system for tracing distributors of mobile malware comprises: a black market collection module for collecting web sites suspected to be a black market or apk files suspected to be a black market app by a search related to black markets through portal sites, and creating a URL list of the collected web sites suspected to be a black market; an app static analysis module for obtaining a source code by decompiling the collected apk file and detecting a URL of a site address distributing a corresponding app; a site analysis module for collecting apk files by analyzing the URL or each URL pattern of thereof and creating an apk collection pattern rule related to paths of collecting the apk files; and a database for storing the URL list of the collected web sites suspected to be a black market and the created apk collection pattern rule. 1. A black market collection system for tracing distributors of mobile malware, the system comprising: a black market collection module for collecting web sites suspected to be a black market or apk files suspected to be a black market app by means of a search related to black markets through portal sites, and creating a URL list of the collected web sites suspected to be a black market; an app static analysis module for obtaining a source code by decompiling the collected apk file and detecting a URL of a site address distributing a corresponding app; a site analysis module for collecting apk files by analyzing the URLs detected by the app static analysis module or each URL pattern of the URL list and creating an apk collection pattern rule related to paths of collecting the apk files; and a database for storing the URL list of the collected web sites suspected to be a black market and the created apk collection pattern rule. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the app static analysis module includes: a decompiler for obtaining the source code by decompiling the collected apk file; a string detection unit for detecting a string of a site address distributing the apk file from the source code; and a regular expression unit for creating a URL address of a corresponding site by combining the detected string. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the site analysis module includes: a URL pattern analysis unit for visiting a corresponding web site according to the URL of the collected web site suspected to be a black market and searching, in steps, a structure of an app market site configured in order of a category level, an app information list level and an app download level through an HTML analysis; a URL history creation unit for creating a path history reaching a current level when the search does not reach the \u2018app download\u2019 level yet as a result of the search performed by the URL pattern analysis unit; an apk collection unit for downloading a corresponding app if it is determined that the search of the URL pattern analysis unit has reached the \u2018app download\u2019 level as a result of the search; and a collection pattern rule creation unit for creating a rule related to an apk collection pattern with reference to the path history if it is determined that the search of the URL pattern analysis unit has reached the \u2018app download\u2019 level. 4. A black market collection method for tracing distributors of mobile malware, the method comprising the steps of: collecting web sites suspected to be a black market or apk files suspected to be a black market app by means of a search related to black markets through portal sites; creating a URL list of the collected web sites suspected to be a black market; detecting a URL of a site address distributing a corresponding app by performing a static analysis on the collected apk file, by an app static analysis module; collecting apk files by analyzing the URLs detected by the app static analysis module or each URL pattern of the URL list, by a site analysis module; creating an apk collection pattern rule related to a path of collecting the apk file; and storing the URL list of the collected web sites suspected to be a black market and the created apk collection pattern rule in a database. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the URL detection step of the app static analysis module includes the steps of: obtaining a source code by decompiling the collected apk file; detecting a string of a site address distributing the apk file from the source code; and creating a URL address of a corresponding site by combining the detected string. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of creating an apk collection pattern rule includes the steps of: visiting a corresponding web site according to the URL of the collected web site suspected to be a black market and searching, in steps, a structure of an app market site configured in order of a category level, an app information list level and an app download level through an HTML analysis, a URL pattern analysis unit; creating a path history reaching a current level when the search does not reach the \u2018app download\u2019 level yet as a result of the search performed by the URL pattern analysis unit, by a URL history creation unit; downloading a corresponding app if it is determined that the search of the URL pattern analysis unit has reached the \u2018app download\u2019 level as a result of the search, by an apk collection unit; and creating a rule related to an apk collection pattern with reference to the path history if it is determined that the search of the URL pattern analysis unit has reached the \u2018app download\u2019 level, by a collection pattern rule creation unit.",
-    "A brake system for a motor vehicle comprises a first brake set and second brake set. A first hydraulic brake circuit is connected to the first brake set and a second hydraulic brake circuit is connected to the second brake set. Further, a first control module is coupled to the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit. The first control module is configured to control fluid pressure within both the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit. A second control module is also coupled to the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit. The second control module is configured to control fluid pressure within both the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit independent of the first control module. The first control module is disposed in series with the second control module in the first and the second hydraulic brake circuits. Additionally, a virtual driver sends a deceleration request to the first control module and the second control module. The first control module and the second control module determine a desired pressure based upon the deceleration request. The first brake control module controls fluid pressure within both the first and the second hydraulic brake circuits to perform the deceleration request. The second control module monitors pressure downstream from the first control module and compares the monitored pressure to the desired pressure. 1. A brake system for a motor vehicle comprising: a first brake set and second brake set; a first hydraulic brake circuit connected to the first brake set; a second hydraulic brake circuit connected to the second brake set; a first control module coupled to the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit, wherein the first control module is configured to control fluid pressure within both the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit; and a second control module coupled to the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit, wherein the second control module is configured to control fluid pressure within both the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit independent of the first control module, wherein the first control module is disposed in series with the second control module in the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit; a virtual driver, wherein the virtual driver sends a deceleration request to the first control module and the second control module, and wherein the first control module and the second control module determine a desired pressure based upon the deceleration request; wherein the first brake control module controls fluid pressure within both the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit to perform the deceleration request; and wherein the second control module monitors pressure downstream from the first control module and compares the monitored pressure to the desired pressure. 2. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 1, wherein the second brake control module controls fluid pressure within both the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit to perform the deceleration request when the difference in the desired pressure and the monitored pressure is above a predetermined threshold. 3. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 2, wherein the second brake control module informs the virtual driver when one of: the pressure difference is above the predetermined threshold, and the second brake control module detects a loss of redundancy with the first brake control module. 4. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 1, each of the first brake set and the second brake set comprise a plurality of wheel brakes and wherein at least one of the wheel brakes includes an integrated parking brake electronically coupled to each of the first control module and the second control module such that the integrated parking brake is actuatable by both at least one of: the first control module and the second control module. 5. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the first control module and the second control module include separate power and data inputs. 6. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 1, wherein the second brake control module further monitors data from at least one of: longitudinal sensor and a wheel sensor and compares the monitored data to the deceleration request, and wherein the second brake control module controls fluid pressure within the first and the second hydraulic circuit to perform the deceleration request when at least one of: the difference in the deceleration request and the monitored data is above a predetermined threshold, and, and the second brake control module detects a loss of redundancy with the first brake control module. 7. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 1, wherein the first control module is disposed in series with the second control module for only one of the first hydraulic brake circuit and the second hydraulic brake circuit. 8. A brake system for a motor vehicle comprising: a first brake set and second brake set; a first brake circuit connected to the first brake set; a second brake circuit connected to the second brake set; a first control module coupled to the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit, wherein the first control module is configured to control both the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit; and a second control module coupled to the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit, wherein the second control module is configured to control both the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit independent of the first control module, wherein the first control module is disposed in series with the second control module in the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit; a virtual driver, wherein the virtual driver sends a deceleration request to the first control module and the second control module, and wherein the first control module and the second control module determine a desired braking pressure based upon the deceleration request; wherein the first brake control module controls the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit to perform the deceleration request; wherein the second control module monitors the performed deceleration from the first control module and compares the performed deceleration to the deceleration request; and wherein the first control module and the second control module are each one of: a hydraulic control module and an electro-mechanical brake actuator. 9. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 8, wherein the second brake control module informs the virtual driver when one of: the difference in the performed deceleration and the deceleration request is above a predetermined threshold, and the second brake control module detects a loss of redundancy with the first brake control module. 10. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 8, each of the first brake set and the second brake set comprise a plurality of wheel brakes and wherein at least one of the wheel brakes includes an integrated parking brake electronically coupled to each of the first control module and the second control module such that the integrated parking brake is actuatable by both at least one of: the first control module and the second control module. 11. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 8, wherein each of the first control module and the second control module include separate power and data inputs. 12. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 8, wherein the second brake control module further monitors data from at least one of: longitudinal sensor and a wheel sensor and compares the monitored data to the deceleration request, and wherein the second brake control module controls the first and the second circuit to perform the deceleration request when at least one of: the difference in the deceleration request and the monitored data is above a predetermined threshold, and, and the second brake control module detects a loss of redundancy with the first brake control module. 13. The brake system for a motor vehicle as recited in claim 8, wherein the first control module is disposed in series with the second control module for only one of the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit. 14. A method of operating a vehicle braking system comprising: configuring a first control module coupled to control both a first brake circuit and a second brake circuit; configuring a second control module disposed in series with the first control module to control both the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit; and sending a deceleration request from a virtual driver to the first control module and the second control module; controlling both the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit with the first control module to performing the deceleration request; monitoring the performed deceleration request from the first control module with the second control module; comparing the performed deceleration request to the actual deceleration request with the second control module; and controlling both the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit with the second control module, when a difference in the performed deceleration request and the actual deceleration request is above a predetermined threshold. 15. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising the second control module informing the virtual driver when one of: the difference in the performed deceleration request and the actual deceleration request is above the predetermined threshold, and the second brake control module detects a loss of redundancy with the first brake control module. 16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein each of the first control module and the second control module include separate power and data inputs. 17. The method as recited in claim 14, further comprising: monitoring data from at least one of: a longitudinal sensor and a wheel sensor; comparing the monitored data to the deceleration request; and controlling fluid pressure with the second control module within both the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit, when a difference in the deceleration request and the monitored data is above a predetermined threshold 18. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the first control module is disposed in series with the second control module for only one of the first brake circuit and the second brake circuit. 19. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein the first control module and the second control module are each one of: a hydraulic control module and an electro-mechanical brake actuator.",
-    "A semiconductor device including: a fin-type pattern protruding from a substrate and including a first side surface and a second side surface opposite each other; a first trench in contact with the first side surface; a second trench in contact with the second side surface; a first liner formed conformally on a side surface and a bottom surface of the first trench; a first field insulating film disposed on the first liner and partially filling the first trench; a second liner formed conformally on a side surface of the second trench and exposing a bottom surface of the second trench; and a second field insulating film disposed on the second liner and partially filling the second trench. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a fin-type pattern protruding from a substrate and comprising a first side surface and a second side surface opposite each other; a first trench in contact with the first side surface; a second trench in contact with the second side surface; a first liner formed conformally on a side surface and a bottom surface of the first trench; a first field insulating film disposed on the first liner and partially filling the first trench; a second liner formed conformally on a side surface of the second trench and exposing a bottom surface of the second trench; and a second field insulating film disposed on the second liner and partially filling the second trench, wherein a portion of the second liner is disposed beneath a bottom portion of the second field insulating film. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a width of the first trench is smaller than a width of the second trench. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a depth of the first trench is smaller than a depth of the second trench. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein an upper surface of the second field insulating film is higher than, or coincident with an upper surface of the first field insulating film. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, further comprising a gate electrode formed on the fin-type pattern and the first and the second field insulating films. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the gate electrode comprises a first portion and a second portion, the first portion is overlapped with the first field insulating film, the second portion is overlapped with the second field insulating film, and a thickness of the second portion is greater than that of the first portion. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the second liner comprises a side region formed conformally on the side surface of the second trench, and a bottom region connected with the side region and formed conformally along a portion of the bottom surface of the second trench, the second field insulating film comprises a first region in contact with the side region, and a second region in contact with the first region and spaced apart from the side region by the first region, and a height of an upper surface of the first region is lower than a height of an upper surface of the second region. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the height of the upper surface of the first region is the same as the height of the upper surface of the first field insulating film. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the second liner comprises a side region formed conformally on the side surface of the second trench, and a bottom region connected with the side region and formed conformally along a portion of the bottom surface of the second trench. 10. The semiconductor of claim 9, wherein the second field insulating film comprises a first region in contact with the side region, and a second region in contact with the first region and spaced apart from the side region by the first region. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein an etch rate of the first region is different from an etch rate of the second region. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first region and the second region comprise different materials from each other. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first region is spaced apart from the substrate, and the second region is in direct contact with the substrate. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein a bottom surface of the first region is higher than a bottom surface of the second region. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein a height of an upper surface of the side region is the same as a height of an upper surface of the second field insulating film. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a height of an uppermost portion of the first liner is the same as a height of an uppermost portion of the second liner. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the height of the uppermost portion of the first liner is the same as a height of an uppermost portion of the first field insulating film. 18. A semiconductor device, comprising: a first fin-type pattern and a second fin-type pattern; a first trench formed between the first fin-type pattern and the second fin-type pattern; a first liner in contact with the first fin-type pattern and formed conformally on a sidewall and a bottom surface of the first trench; a second liner in contact with the second fin-type pattern, spaced apart from the first liner, and formed conformally on the sidewall and the bottom surface of the first trench; and a first field insulating film filling the first trench, wherein the first field insulating film comprises a first insulating film formed on the first liner, a second insulating film formed on the second liner, and a third insulating film formed between the first insulating film and the second insulating film and directly contacting a substrate. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 18, wherein an upper surface of the third insulating film is higher than upper surfaces of the first insulating film and the second insulating film. 20-23. (canceled) 24. A semiconductor device, comprising: first, second, and third fin-type patterns protruding from a substrate; a first trench formed between the first fin-type pattern and the second fin-type pattern; a second trench formed between the second fin-type pattern and the third fin-type pattern and having a wider width than the first trench; a first liner formed along a bottom surface and first and second side surfaces of the first trench; a second liner formed along a bottom surface and a side surface of the second trench and exposing the bottom surface of the second trench; a first field insulating film disposed on the first liner and partially filling the first trench; and a second field insulating film disposed on the second liner and partially filling the second trench, wherein a portion of the second liner is disposed beneath a bottom portion of the second field insulating film. 25-43. (canceled)",
-    "An object of the invention is to provide for automatic angular adjustment of an end effector thereby improving on the operability of a medical instrument. The medical system of the invention comprises a medical instrument including a driver for driving adjustment of the angle of the end effector relative to a shaft, a trocar having an insertion opening through which the medical instrument is inserted, a sensor that produces a sensor signal including at least an angle of a shaft in a reference coordinate system, and a driver for enabling follow-up control processing for driving the driver based on a sensor signal produced out of the sensor such that the angle of the end effector follows a follow-up criterion in a reference coordinate system. 1. A medical system comprising: a medical instrument including a shaft coupled to a grip grasped by a user, an end effector located at a distal end of the shaft, a moving joint for adjusting an angle of the end effector relative to the shaft, and a driver for driving the moving joint; a trocar having an insertion opening through which the medical instrument is inserted; a sensor assembly for producing a sensor signal including at least an angle of the shaft in a reference coordinate system; and a controller that enables follow-up processing for driving the driver such that based on a sensor signal produced out of the sensor, the angle of the end effector follows a follow-up criterion in the reference coordinate system. 2. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein: the follow-up criterion is a reference surface set relative to the reference coordinate system; and the follow-up processing drives the driver such that the end effector has a given configuration relation to the reference surface. 3. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the sensor assembly includes a tilt angle detection sensor located in the trocar or the medical instrument. 4. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein: the sensor assembly produces a sensor signal capable of specifying a position of the end effector in the reference coordinate system; the follow-up criterion is a reference point set relative to the reference coordinate system; and the follow-up processing drives the driver such that the end effector has a given configuration relation to the reference point. 5. A medical system as recited in claim 4, wherein the sensor assembly includes an amount-of-movement detection sensor for detecting an amount of rectilinear movement of the medical instrument relative to the trocar. 6. A medical system as recited in claim 4, wherein the sensor assembly includes an amount-of-rotation detection sensor for detecting an amount of rotation of the medical instrument relative to the trocar. 7. A medical system as recited in claim 1, which comprises a direction input portion of producing an operational signal based on operation, wherein the controller enables operation processing that drives the driver based on an operational signal from the direction input portion to adjust an angle of the end effector. 8. A medical system as recited in claim 7, which comprises a mode input portion of producing an operational signal based on operation, wherein the controller enables changeover processing that implements a changeover between the follow-up processing and the operation processing based on a mode signal from the mode input portion. 9. A medical system as recited in claim 8, wherein the controller enables processing for setting the follow-up criterion upon a changeover from the operation processing to the follow-up processing in the changeover processing. 10. A medical system as recited in claim 7, wherein the controller enables automatic changeover processing for implementing a changeover between the follow-up processing and the operation processing based on a sensor signal produced out of the sensor assembly. 11. A medical system as recited in claim 1, which comprises a setting input portion for producing a setting signal based on operation, wherein: the controller enables setting processing for setting the follow-up criterion based on a setting signal from the setting input portion. 12. A method of controlling a medical instrument which includes a shaft coupled to a grip grasped by a user, an end effector located at a distal end of the shaft, a moving joint for adjusting an angle of the end effector relative to the shaft, and a driver for driving the moving joint, comprising: driving the driver such that an angle of the end effector follows a follow-up criterion in a reference coordinate system based on a sensor signal including at least an angle of the shaft in the reference coordinate system, when the shaft inserted through an insertion opening in a trocar.",
-    "Aspects of the present disclosure include integrated circuit (IC) structures with metal plugs therein, and methods of forming the same. An IC fabrication method according to embodiments of the present disclosure can include: providing a structure including a via including a bulk semiconductor material therein, wherein the via further includes a cavity extending from a top surface of the via to an interior surface of the via, and wherein a portion of the bulk semiconductor material defines at least one sidewall of the cavity; forming a first metal level on the via, wherein the first metal level includes a contact opening positioned over the cavity of the via; forming a metal plug within the cavity to the surface of the via, such that the metal plug conformally contacts a sidewall of the cavity and the interior surface of the via, wherein the metal plug is laterally distal to an exterior sidewall of the via; and forming a contact within the contact opening of the first metal level. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A method of forming an integrated circuit (IC) structure, the method comprising: providing a structure including a local interconnect (LI) level having an upper surface and a via opening within the upper surface; forming a bulk semiconductor material on the LI level to fill the via opening, wherein an upper surface of the bulk semiconductor material is positioned over an upper surface of the LI level; planarizing the bulk semiconductor material to the upper surface of the LI level, wherein a remaining portion of the bulk semiconductor material within the via opening defines a via within the LI level, and wherein the planarizing yields a cavity extending from a top surface of the via to an interior surface of the via, and wherein a remainder of the bulk semiconductor material defines at least one sidewall of the cavity; forming a metal plug within the cavity to the interior surface of the via, such that the metal plug conformally contacts the sidewall of the cavity and the interior surface of the via, wherein the metal plug is laterally distal to an exterior sidewall of the via; and forming a first metal level on the structure, such that a contact within a first metal level of the first metal level is electrically coupled to the metal plug. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising planarizing the surface of the via after the forming of the metal plug. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein an outer surface of the contact includes a refractory metal liner, and wherein the refractory metal liner separates the contact from the via. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the refractory metal liner includes one of tantalum (Ta) and tantalum nitride (TaN). 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal plug includes one of tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), and aluminum (Al). 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the forming of the metal plug comprises a single-step selective metal deposition. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the via is positioned within an insulator of the LI level. 15-20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 8, wherein the planarizing of the bulk semiconductor material comprises a single chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of the bulk semiconductor material to form the cavity. 22. A method of forming an integrated circuit (IC) structure, the method comprising: planarizing a tungsten layer to yield a tungsten via, wherein after the planarizing, the tungsten via includes a cavity extending from a top surface of the tungsten via to an interior surface of the tungsten via, and wherein a portion of the tungsten via defines at least one sidewall of the cavity; forming a cobalt plug within the cavity to the top surface of the tungsten via, such that the cobalt plug conformally contacts a sidewall of the cavity and the interior surface of the tungsten via, wherein the cobalt plug is laterally distal to an exterior sidewall of the tungsten via; and forming a first metal level on the tungsten layer, such that a contact within the first metal level is electrically coupled to the cobalt plug. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the planarizing of the tungsten layer includes: providing a local interconnect (LI) level having an upper surface and a plurality of via openings within the upper surface; forming the tungsten layer on the LI level to fill the plurality of via openings, wherein an upper surface of the tungsten layer is positioned over an upper surface of the LI level; planarizing the tungsten layer to the upper surface of the LI level, wherein a remaining portion of the tungsten layer within the plurality of via openings defines a plurality of vias including the tungsten via within the LI level, and wherein the planarizing forms the cavity within the tungsten via. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising planarizing the top surface of the tungsten via after the forming of the cobalt plug. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein an outer surface of the contact includes a refractory metal liner, and wherein the refractory metal liner separates the contact from the tungsten via. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the planarizing of the tungsten layer comprises a single chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of the tungsten layer to form the cavity within the tungsten via. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the refractory metal liner includes one of tantalum (Ta) and tantalum nitride (TaN). 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the forming of the cobalt plug comprises a single-step selective metal deposition. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein the tungsten via is positioned within an insulator of a local interconnect (LI) level. 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the tungsten via comprises one of a plurality of tungsten vias of the structure, each tungsten via of the plurality of tungsten vias having a respective cavity, and wherein forming the cobalt plug comprises simultaneously filling each cavity of the plurality of tungsten vias by selective metal deposition.",
-    "A speaker is disclosed in the present disclosure. The speaker includes a vibration system including a vibrating diaphragm and a flat voice coil for driving the vibrating diaphragm; a magnetic circuit system including two separated permanent magnets with opposite magnetic poles thereof facing each other; a magnetic gap formed between the permanent magnets for partially receiving the flat voice coil; and a housing for accommodating the vibrational system and the magnetic circuit system. Magnetic conductive plates are attached to external surfaces of the permanent magnets. The housing includes a through-hole with a shape matched with the magnetic conductive plates, a wall of the housing has support steps located in the through-hole, and the magnetic conductive plates are placed in the through-hole and are fixed on the support steps. 1. A speaker, comprising: a vibration system including a vibrating diaphragm and a flat voice coil for driving the vibrating diaphragm; a magnetic circuit system including at least two permanent magnets, which are separated from each other with opposite magnetic poles thereof facing each other, and magnetic conductive plates attached to external surfaces of the permanent magnets; a magnetic gap formed between the permanent magnets for partially receiving the flat voice coil; a housing for accommodating the vibrational system and the magnetic circuit system; wherein the housing includes a through-hole with a shape matched with the magnetic conductive plates, a wall of the housing has support steps located in the through-hole, and the magnetic conductive plates are placed in the through-hole and are fixed on the support steps. 2. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a front opening for assembling the vibrating diaphragm and a rear opening corresponding to and communicating with the front opening. 3. The speaker according to claim 2 further including a front cover for the front opening and a rear cover for the rear opening, and an edge of the vibrating diaphragm is fixed between the front cover and the housing. 4. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein the vibrating diaphragm includes a suspension with a periphery thereof fixed on the housing, and a center dome top connected to the suspension. 5. The speaker according to claim 4, wherein the flat voice coil includes a voice coil wire and a coil bracket with one end fixed on the center dome top. 6. The speaker according to claim 1, wherein an external surface of the magnetic conductive plate is coplanar with an external surface of the housing.",
-    "An apparatus and method for processing unit reclaiming requests in a solid state memory device. The present invention provides a method of managing a memory which includes a set of units. The method includes selecting a unit from the set of units having plurality of subunits. The method further includes determining a number of valid subunits m to be relocated from the units selected for a batch operation where m is at least 2. The selecting is carried out by a unit reclaiming process. 1. A memory controller for managing a memory, comprising: a processor device configured: to select at least one unit out of a set of units in a solid state memory device for reclamation by a unit reclaiming process, where each of the set of units is a fixed size solid state memory block, where each of the set of units is configured to store data and is erasable as a whole by the unit reclaiming process, and where each of the set of units comprises a plurality of subunits, where each of the plurality of subunits is a solid state memory page that is of a fixed size; to identify a set of valid subunits n within the at least one selected unit; to determine a number m of valid subunits within each of the set of valid subunits n to be relocated by a batch operation from the at least one unit that has been selected, wherein m is at least two; and to perform the batch operation, the batch operation relocating each of the set of valid subunits n by operating relocation requests for each of the set of valid subunits in batches of size m in which the last batch to be relocated is not required to be equal to m subunits, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: storing each of a plurality of read requests for the m subunits to be relocated in a queue configured to store at least user requests and read requests for relocation requests associated with subunits, each of the plurality of read requests being stored in a row for execution and are included within one of a plurality of relocation requests, wherein the queuing prevents another request from posting in between the m read requests. 2. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein the processor device is further configured: to select a batch size for the batch operation based on the number m of valid subunits to be relocated in combination with a number of free units available, wherein the batch size corresponds to a number of subunits to be relocated in parallel during the batch operation. 3. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: performing a plurality of read operations, where each of the plurality of read operations reads data from the subunit to be relocated according to one of the plurality of read requests. 4. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: performing a plurality of write operations each corresponding to one of the plurality of read operations, where each of plurality of write operations writes the data read by the corresponding read operation to a new subunit, and where at least two of the plurality of write operations are performed in parallel. 5. The memory controller of claim 1, wherein the memory controller is a channel controller, comprising: a memory having multiple dies; and a bus which connects the multiple dies; wherein a die comprises multiple units. 6. The memory controller of claim 5, wherein the memory controller is adapted to write data that has been read from the subunit to be relocated to a subunit of the same channel wherein the channel includes a same die as the die which the subunit is read from. 7. The memory controller of claim 5, wherein the memory controller is adapted to write data that has been read to the subunit to be relocated to a subunit of a different channel wherein the channel that includes a different die from a die that the subunit is read from. 8. The memory controller of claim 1, further comprising: a first queue and a second queue, wherein the first queue and the second queue are adapted to hold requests to be executed; and a scheduler for selecting requests that are waiting in the first queue and the second queue for execution, wherein the scheduler is adapted to prioritize the requests that are waiting in the first queue over the requests waiting in the second queue; wherein the first queue is adapted to queue unit reclaiming requests; and wherein the second queue is adapted to queue user requests. 9. The memory controller of claim 1, comprising: a first queue and a second queue, wherein the first queue and the second queue are adapted to hold requests to be executed; and a scheduler for selecting requests that are waiting in the first queue and the second queue for execution according to a first and a second threshold, wherein the second threshold is below the first threshold; wherein the memory controller is adapted to queue: unit reclaiming requests in the second queue if a number of free units available is between the first threshold and the second threshold; and unit reclaiming requests in the first queue if the number of free units is below the second threshold. 10. A storage device, comprising: a solid state memory; a memory controller for managing the solid state memory; a set of erasable units erasable by a unit reclaiming process to form a free unit, where each of the set of units is a fixed size solid state memory block, where each of the set of units is configured to store data, and where each of the set of units comprises a plurality of subunits, where each of the plurality of subunits is a solid state memory page that is of a fixed size, wherein the memory controller is configured to select at least one unit from the set of units; identify a total number of valid subunits n within the at least one selected unit; determine a number m of valid subunits within each of the set of valid subunits n to be relocated by a set of batch operations from the at least one unit that has been selected, wherein the selecting is carried out by a unit reclaiming process, and wherein m is at least two; determine a number of batches to be executed for the set of batch operations based on dividing the total number of valid subunits n plus the batch size minus one by the batch size; and perform the set of batch operations, the set of batch operations relocating each of the set of valid subunits n by operating relocation requests for each of the set of valid subunits in batches of the selected batch size in which the last batch to be relocated is not required to be equal to m subunits, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: store each of a plurality of read requests for the m subunits to be relocated in a queue configured to store at least user requests and read requests for relocation requests associated with subunits, each of the plurality of read requests being stored in a row for execution and are included within one of a plurality of relocation requests, wherein the queuing prevents another request from posting in between the m read requests. 11. The storage device of claim 10, wherein data updates are performed by writing data updates to each of the subunits so that the updated data is written to a subunit that is different from the subunit that comprised the outdated data. 12. The storage device of claim 11, wherein the subunit that comprises the outdated data is an invalid subunit. 13. The storage device of claim 12, wherein the subunit comprising the updated data is a valid subunit. 14. The storage device of claim 10, wherein the memory controller is further configured to select a batch size for the set of batch operations based on the number m of valid subunits to be relocated in combination with a number of free units available, wherein the batch size corresponds to a number of subunits to be relocated in parallel during the batch operation; 15. The storage device of claim 10, further comprising: multiple channels having multiple dies; and a bus that connects the memory controller to the multiple dies. 16. A computer program product for managing a memory that comprises a set of units, the computer program product comprising: a storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method comprising: selecting at least one unit out of a set of units in a solid state memory device for reclamation by a unit reclaiming process, where each of the set of units is a fixed size solid state memory block, where each of the set of units is configured to store data and is erasable as a whole by the unit reclaiming process, and where each of the set of units comprises a plurality of subunits, where each of the plurality of subunits is a solid state memory page that is of a fixed size; identifying a set of valid subunits n within the at least one selected unit; determining a number m of valid subunits within each of the set of valid subunits n to be relocated by a batch operation from the at least one unit that has been selected, wherein m is at least two; and performing the batch operation, the batch operation relocating each of the set of valid subunits n by operating relocation requests for each of the set of valid subunits in batches of size m in which the last batch to be relocated is not required to be equal to m subunits, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: storing each of a plurality of read requests for the m subunits to be relocated in a queue configured to store at least user requests and read requests for relocation requests associated with subunits, each of the plurality of read requests being stored in a row for execution and are included within one of a plurality of relocation requests, wherein the queuing prevents another request from posting in between the m read requests. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises: to select a batch size for the batch operation based on the number m of valid subunits to be relocated in combination with a number of free units available, wherein the batch size corresponds to a number of subunits to be relocated in parallel during the batch operation. 18. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: performing a plurality of read operations, where each of the plurality of read operations reads data from the subunit to be relocated according to one of the plurality of read requests. 19. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein operating relocation requests further comprises: performing a plurality of write operations each corresponding to one of the plurality of read operations, where each of plurality of write operations writes the data read by the corresponding read operation to a new subunit, and where at least two of the plurality of write operations are performed in parallel. 20. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises: writing data updates to outdated data; wherein the data updates are written to the subunits so that the updated data is written to a different subunit from the subunit that comprises the outdated data; and wherein the subunit that comprises the outdated data is an invalid subunit and the subunit that comprises the updated data is a valid subunit.",
-    "A system for location based security which includes a plurality of receivers. Each of the receivers determines limes of arrival of received time varying signals. The system also includes a server in communication with the receivers and a mobile device. The server receives the times of arrival from the receivers, and times of arrival of the time varying signals determined by the mobile device. The server determines a location of the mobile device based on the times of arrival. The server may then authorize the mobile device to perform secure communication over the secure communication network when the location of the mobile device is determined to be in an authorized communication area defined based on the Limes of arrival received from the receivers. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for location based security in a system in an authorized communication area, the method comprising: confirming, by a server, a location of a mobile device by: transmitting a data sequence to the mobile device using a short range transmitter; receiving, by the server from the mobile device, the transmitted data sequence transmitted; confirming, by the server, whether the data sequence received from the mobile device matches the data sequence transmitted from the short range transmitter. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the short-range transmitter transmits the data sequence as one of an ultrasonic, infrared or RF signal in a frequency band such that transmitted signals tend not to propagate outside of the authorized communication area. 23. (canceled) 24. A method for achieving location based network security, comprising: receiving, by a server, data sequences from a plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area; determining, in the server, whether any of the received data sequences received from the plurality of devices matches a data sequence transmitted in the authorized communication area, wherein the transmitted data sequence is a random or pseudorandom data sequence; and transferring, from the server, cryptographic keys to any of the plurality of devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence, wherein the cryptographic keys are configured to authorize secure network communication for the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: transmitting, by the server, the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein transmitting the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area comprises transmitting the transmitted data sequence by the server via a short range transmitter located within the authorized communication area. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising: computing, in the server, an accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: determining, by the server, whether the computed accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence exceeds a predetermined value; and transferring, from the server, cryptographic keys to devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence in response to determining that the computed accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence exceeds the predetermined value. 29. The method of claim 24, wherein: receiving, by the server, data sequences from the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area includes receiving data sequences from one or more mobile devices; and transferring, from the server, cryptographic keys to devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence comprises transferring cryptographic keys to the one or more mobile devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence. 30. The method of claim 24, wherein receiving, by the server, data sequences from the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area includes receiving data sequences from one or more short range receivers. 31. The method of claim 24, wherein the transmitted data sequence is transmitted using a medium that does not propagate outside of the authorized communication area. 32. The method of claim 24, wherein transmitting, by the server, the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area comprises transmitting the transmitted data sequence by any one of infrared signals, radio frequency signals, and ultrasonic signals. 33. A server, comprising: a processor configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations comprising: receiving data sequences from a plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area; determining whether any of the received data sequences received from the plurality of devices matches a data sequence transmitted in the authorized communication area, wherein the transmitted data sequence is a random or pseudorandom data sequence; and transferring cryptographic keys to any of the plurality of devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence, wherein the cryptographic keys are configured to authorize secure network communication for the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area. 34. The server of claim 33, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations further comprising: transmitting the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area. 35. The server of claim 33, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations further comprising transmitting the transmitted data sequence by the server via a short range transmitter located within the authorized communication area. 36. The server of claim 33, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations further comprising: computing an accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence. 37. The server of claim 36, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations further comprising: determining whether the computed accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence exceeds a predetermined value; and transferring cryptographic keys to devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence in response to determining that the computed accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence exceeds the predetermined value. 38. The server of claim 33, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations such that: receiving data sequences from the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area includes receiving data sequences from one or more mobile devices; and transferring cryptographic keys to devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence comprises transferring cryptographic keys to the one or more mobile devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence. 39. The server of claim 33, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations such that receiving data sequences from the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area includes receiving data sequences from one or more short range receivers. 40. The server of claim 33, wherein the transmitted data sequence is transmitted using a medium that does not propagate outside of the authorized communication area. 41. The server of claim 33, wherein the processor is configured with processor-executable instructions to perform operations such that transmitting the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area comprises transmitting the transmitted data sequence by any one of infrared signals, radio frequency signals, and ultrasonic signals. 42. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon server-executable instructions configured to cause a server to perform operations comprising: receiving data sequences from a plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area; determining whether any of the received data sequences received from the plurality of devices matches a data sequence transmitted in the authorized communication area, wherein the transmitted data sequence is a random or pseudorandom data sequence; and transferring cryptographic keys to any of the plurality of devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence, wherein the cryptographic keys are configured to authorize secure network communication for the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area. 43. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 42, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations further comprising: transmitting the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area. 44. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 43, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations such that transmitting the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area comprises transmitting the transmitted data sequence by the server via a short range transmitter located within the authorized communication area. 45. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 42, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations further comprising: computing an accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence. 46. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 45, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations further comprising: determining whether the computed accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence exceeds a predetermined value; and transferring cryptographic keys to devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence in response to determining that the computed accuracy and number of received data sequences that match the transmitted data sequence exceeds the predetermined value. 47. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 42, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations such that: receiving data sequences from the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area includes receiving data sequences from one or more mobile devices; and transferring cryptographic keys to devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence comprises transferring cryptographic keys to the one or more mobile devices from which a received data sequence matches the transmitted data sequence. 48. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 42, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations such that receiving data sequences from the plurality of devices located within an authorized communication area includes receiving data sequences from one or more short range receivers. 49. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 42, wherein the transmitted data sequence is transmitted using a medium that does not propagate outside of the authorized communication area. 50. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 42, wherein the stored server-executable instructions are configured to cause a server to perform operations such that transmitting the transmitted data sequence within the authorized communication area comprises transmitting the transmitted data sequence by any one of infrared signals, radio frequency signals, and ultrasonic signals.",
-    "A method for managing software related to hardware mounted onto a vehicle is provided. The method includes, comprising steps of: allowing a peripheral detector to recognize new hardware, acquire meta information on the hardware, and transmit the acquired meta information to a software coordinator, if the hardware is mounted onto the vehicle; allowing the software coordinator or a cloud communicator connected with the software coordinator to determine whether software related to the hardware exists in a storage device in the vehicle by referring to the meta information; and allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator (i) to access information on the software if the software is determined to exist in the storage device in the vehicle or (ii) to access the software by acquiring it from a server and storing it in the storage device if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device. 1. A method for managing software related to hardware mounted onto a vehicle, comprising steps of: (a) a processor allowing a peripheral detector to recognize new hardware, acquire meta information on the hardware, and transmit the acquired meta information to a software coordinator, if the hardware is mounted onto the vehicle; (b) the processor allowing the software coordinator or a cloud communicator connected with the software coordinator to determine whether software related to the hardware exists in a storage device in the vehicle by referring to the meta information transmitted to the software coordinator; and (c) the processor allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator (i) to access information on the software if the software is determined to exist in the storage device in the vehicle or (ii) to access the software by acquiring it from a server and storing it in the storage device in the vehicle if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device in the vehicle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cloud communicator includes a software manager, a communication modem, and the storage device in the vehicle; and wherein the software manager determines whether the software exists in the storage device in the vehicle by referring to the meta information and acquires the software from the server through the communication modem and stores it in the storage device in the vehicle if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device in the vehicle. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of: (d) the processor allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator to install the software within a specific time if the software has not been installed or if it is requested to be installed by a user of the vehicle. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, if the software is determined to exist in the storage device in the vehicle, the step of (c) includes steps of: (c1) the processor allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator to acquire information on a list of at least one piece of software that satisfies a certain condition from the storage device in the vehicle and allowing a display manager to display the acquired information on the list of the software through a display device in the vehicle; and (c2) the processor allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator to set the hardware to access peculiar software if the peculiar software is selected among the at least one piece of software by the user through the display device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device in the vehicle, the step of (c) includes steps of: (c3) the processor allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator to acquire information on a list of at least one piece of software that satisfies a certain condition from the server and then to cause a display manager to display the acquired information on the list of the software through a display device in the vehicle; and (c4) the processor allowing the software coordinator or the cloud communicator to acquire peculiar software, if the peculiar software is selected among the at least one piece of software by the user through the display device, from a server and store it in the storage device in the vehicle and then set the hardware to access the peculiar software. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein, if the software is newly acquired from the server and stored in the storage device in the vehicle, the processor allows the software coordinator to acquire reference information on individual modules of the software existing in the storage device in the vehicle and form a vehicle software map by using the acquired reference information. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the reference information includes information on a category the reference information belongs to, a software access path corresponding to the reference information, and information on setting for executing a module of the software corresponding to the reference information. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the processor allows the software coordinator to transmit information on the newly acquired software to the display manager and allows the display manager to display the information on the newly acquired software through the display device in the vehicle. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the processor allows the software coordinator to transmit information on the vehicle software map to the display manager and allows the display manager to display the reference information on individual modules of the software through the display device in the vehicle by referring to the information on the vehicle software map. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein, if an input for selecting specified reference information among pieces of the reference information on individual modules of the software is acquired through the display device in the vehicle, the processor supports the software coordinator to set prescribed hardware corresponding to the specified reference information to be controlled by referring to the specified reference information. 11. A vehicle system for managing software related to hardware mounted onto a vehicle, comprising: a processor for (i) allowing a peripheral detector to recognize new hardware, acquire meta information on the hardware and transmit the acquired meta information to a software coordinator if the hardware is mounted onto the vehicle, and (ii) allowing the software coordinator or a cloud communicator connected with the software coordinator to determine whether software related to the hardware exists in a storage device in the vehicle by referring to the meta information transmitted to the software coordinator; and a communication part for (i) allowing information on the software to be accessed if the software is determined to exist or (ii) acquiring the software from a server and store it in the storage device in the vehicle to access if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device in the vehicle, by using a communication module included in the software coordinator or the cloud communicator. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the cloud communicator includes a software manager, a communication modem, and the storage device in the vehicle; and wherein the software manager determines whether the software exists in the storage device in the vehicle by referring to the meta information and it acquires the software from the server through the communication modem and stores it in the storage device in the vehicle if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device in the vehicle. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein, if the software has not been installed or it is requested to be installed by a user of the vehicle, the software coordinator or the cloud communicator installs the software within a specific time. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein, if the software is determined to exist in the storage device in the vehicle, the software coordinator or the cloud communicator acquires information on a list of at least one piece of software that satisfies a certain condition from the storage device in the vehicle and transmits the information to a display manager; and wherein the display manager displays the acquired information on the list through a display device in the vehicle and if peculiar software is selected among the at least one piece of software by a user of the vehicle through the display device, the software coordinator or the cloud communicator sets the hardware to access the peculiar software. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein, if the software is determined not to exist in the storage device in the vehicle, the software coordinator or the cloud communicator acquires information on a list of at least one piece of software that satisfies a certain condition from the server and transmits the information to the display manager; and wherein the display manager displays the acquired information on the list through the display device in the vehicle and if peculiar software is selected among the at least one piece of software by a user of the vehicle through the display device, the software coordinator or the cloud communicator acquires the peculiar software from the server, stores it in the storage device in the vehicle, and sets the hardware to access it. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein, if the software is newly acquired from the server and stored in the storage device in the vehicle, the software coordinator acquires reference information on individual modules of the software existing in the storage device in the vehicle and forms a vehicle software map by using the acquired reference information. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the reference information includes information on a category the reference information belongs to, a software access path corresponding to the reference information, and information on setting for executing a module of the software corresponding to the reference information. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the software coordinator transmits information on the newly acquired software to a display manager and the display manager displays the information on the newly acquired software through the display device in the vehicle. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the software coordinator transmits information on the vehicle software map to a display manager and the display manager displays reference information on individual modules of the software by referring to the information on the vehicle software map through the display device in the vehicle. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein, if an input for selecting specified reference information among pieces of the reference information on individual modules of the software is acquired through the display device in the vehicle, the software coordinator sets prescribed hardware corresponding to the specified reference information to be controlled by referring to the specified reference information.",
-    "The object of the invention is to automatically adjust the angle of an end effector to improve on the operability of medical treatment tools. The medical system of the invention comprises a slave medical treatment tool to be controlled and including a moving joint for adjusting the angle of a first end effector relative to a first shaft; a master medical instrument serving as a master control instrument and including a second end effector located at a distal end of a second shaft; a sensor that produces a sensor signal including at least an angle of the second end effector; and a controller that enables follow-up processing for driving a driver such that the angle of the first end effector follows a follow-up criterion set on the basis of a sensor signal produced out of the sensor. 1. A medical system, comprising: a slave medical treatment tool to be controlled and including a first shaft coupled to a first grip grasped by a user, a first end effector located at a distal end of the first shaft, a moving joint for adjusting an angle of the first end effector relative to the first shaft, and a driver for driving the moving joint; a master medical instrument serving as a master control instrument and including a second shaft coupled to a second grip grasped by the user and a second end effector located at a distal end of the second shaft; a first trocar having an insertion opening through which the slave medical treatment tool is inserted; a second trocar having an insertion opening through which the master medical instrument is inserted; a sensor for producing out a sensor signal including at least an angle of the second effector; and a controller that sets a follow-up criterion based on a sensor signal produced out of the sensor and enables follow-up processing for driving the driver such that an angle of the first end effector follows the follow-up criterion. 2. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the sensor is a tilt angle detection sensor located at the second trocar or the master medical instrument. 3. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the sensor includes an amount-of-movement detection sensor for detecting an amount of rectilinear movement of the master medical instrument relative to the second trocar. 4. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the sensor includes an amount-of-rotation detection sensor for detecting an amount of rotation of the master medical instrument relative to the second trocar. 5. A medical system as recited in claim 1, which further includes a direction input portion of producing an operational signal based on operation, wherein the controller enables operation processing that drives the driver based on an operational signal from the direction input portion to adjust an angle of the first end effector. 6. A medical system as recited in claim 5, which further includes a mode input portion of producing a changeover signal based on operation, wherein the controller enables changeover processing that implements a changeover between the follow-up processing and the operation processing based on a mode signal from the mode input portion. 7. A medical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the master medical instrument includes a moving joint for adjusting an angle of the first end effector relative the first shaft. 8. A medical system as recited in claim 7, wherein the follow-up processing sets a follow-up criterion based on a sensor signal produced out of the sensor and a state of the moving joint of the master medical instrument. 9. A medical system as recited in claim 7, which further includes a master/slave changeover input portion that produces a changeover signal based on operation, wherein the controller enables changeover processing between the master medical instrument and the slave medical treatment tool based on a changeover signal from the master/slave changeover input portion. 10. A method of controlling a medical system which includes a slave medical instrument configured to be inserted a body cavity through a first trocar, a master medical instrument configured to be inserted the body cavity through a second trocar, comprising: detecting a signal of sensor which includes an angle of a end effector on the master medical instrument; setting a follow-up criterion on the basis of the angle; driving a motor of the slave medical instrument on the basis of the follow-up criterion so as to follow the end effector.",
-    "A computing device determines that a first time for a first sound generated by a vehicle to reach a first sound maximum amplitude and a second time for a second sound generated by the vehicle to reach a second sound maximum amplitude are within a range. An object that reflects the second sound is identified based on an interval between receipt of the first and second sounds. A speed of sound is determined based at least in part on the time interval and a distance to the object. A humidity is determined based at least in part on the speed of sound. A vehicle subsystem is adjusted based on the humidity. 1. A system, comprising a computer including a processor and a memory, the memory storing instructions executable by the computer to: determine that a first time for a first sound generated by a vehicle to reach a first sound maximum amplitude and a second time for a second sound generated by the vehicle to reach a second sound maximum amplitude are within a range; identify an object that reflects the second sound based on an interval between receipt of the first and second sounds; determine a speed of sound based at least in part on e interval and a distance to the object; determine a humidity based at least in part on the speed of sound; and adjust a vehicle subsystem based on the humidity. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to identify objects within a distance range from the vehicle determined based on an ambient temperature and speeds of sound at no humidity and at maximum humidity. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to identify the object with a radar. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle subsystem is a climate control subsystem. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to identify exactly one object and to determine the humidity only when exactly one object is identified. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions include instructions to receive the first sound from a vehicle tire. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions include instructions to send an instruction to a spark timing subsystem to adjust a spark timing based on the humidity. 8. A system, comprising a computer including a processor and a memory, the memory storing instructions executable by the computer to: identify a start notification from a vehicle suspension subsystem; receive a sound generated by the vehicle after receipt of the start notification; identify an object that reflects the sound from a vehicle tire to a vehicle based on a time interval between the start notification and the receipt of the sound; determine a speed of sound based at least in part on the time interval; determine a humidity based at least in part on the speed of sound; and adjust a vehicle subsystem based on the humidity. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further include instructions to identify objects within a distance range from the vehicle determined based on an ambient temperature and speeds of sound at no humidity and at maximum humidity. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further include instructions to identify the object with a radar. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the vehicle subsystem is a climate control subsystem. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further include instructions to identify exactly one object and to determine the humidity only when exactly one object is identified. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions include instructions to receive the first sound from a vehicle tire. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions include instructions to send an instruction to a spark timing subsystem to adjust a spark timing based on the humidity. 15. A method, comprising: determining that a first time for a first sound generated by a vehicle to reach a first sound maximum amplitude and a second time for a second sound generated by the vehicle to reach a second sound maximum amplitude are within a range; identifying an object that reflects the second sound based on an interval between receipt of the first and second sounds; determining a speed of sound based at least in part on the interval and a distance to the object; determining a humidity based at least in part on the speed of sound; and adjusting a vehicle subsystem based on the humidity. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising identifying objects within a distance range from the vehicle, the distance range based on an ambient temperature and speeds of sound at no humidity and at maximum humidity. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising identifying exactly one object and to determine the humidity only when exactly one object is identified. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the vehicle subsystem is a climate control subsystem. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising adjusting a spark timing with a spark timing subsystem based on the humidity. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising identifying the object with a radar.",
-    "The present invention relates to the field of panoramic still and motion photography. In a first embodiment, a camera apparatus for panoramic photography includes a first image sensor positioned to capture a first image. The first image sensor has a rolling-shutter readout arranged in portrait orientation. The camera apparatus also includes second image sensor positioned to capture a second image. The second image sensor has a rolling-shutter readout arranged in portrait orientation. Finally, the camera apparatus includes a controller configured to signal the second image sensor to start capturing the second image before the first image sensor finishes capturing the first image. At least a portion of the first image is in front of the second image relative to a forward direction of the camera apparatus. 1. A method of capturing images to reduce parallax between a first image and a second image caused by movement of a camera apparatus, the method comprising: moving the camera apparatus, the camera apparatus including a first camera and a second camera; while moving the camera apparatus, starting to expose the first image using the first camera at a time T1 using the first camera; while moving the camera apparatus, starting to expose the second image using the second camera at a time T2, wherein T2 is after T1; while moving the camera apparatus, completing exposure of the first image at a time T3 after the time T2 such that the first image and the second image include overlapping fields of view captured by the camera apparatus between the times T2 and T3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first camera includes a first image sensor and the second camera includes a second image sensor and different portions of the first and second image sensors are exposed at different times in order to capture the first and second images. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first camera includes a set of photodiode columns, and starting to capture the first image includes starting to expose a first column of the set of photodiode columns of the first camera prior to starting the capture the second image, and completing exposure of the first image includes completing exposure of all columns of the set of photodiode columns of the first camera. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second camera apparatus includes a set of photodiode columns, and starting to capture the second image includes starting to expose a first column of the set of photodiode columns of the second camera after exposing the first column of the set of photodiode columns but prior to completing exposure of all columns of the set of photodiode columns of the first camera. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein moving the camera apparatus includes moving the camera apparatus in a first direction, and wherein the first column of the set of photodiode columns of the first camera is a forward most column of the set of photodiode columns of the first camera relative to the first direction. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein completing exposure of the first image includes completing exposure of a back most column of the set of photodiode columns of the first camera relative to the first direction. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the set of photodiode columns are arranged in a portrait orientation relative to a ground surface. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising completing exposure of the first image in order to reduce a likelihood that an object in the overlapping field of view has moved between the times T2 and T3. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising completing exposure of the second image at a time T4 after the time T3. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein moving the camera apparatus includes moving the camera apparatus at a given speed, and the method further comprises, prior to starting to expose the second image, determining the time T2 based on the given speed. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the given speed is an average speed of the movement of the camera apparatus while the first and second images are being exposed. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the time T2 is further based on a distance between entrance pupils of the first and second cameras. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the camera apparatus includes a set of cameras including the first and second cameras, and the method further comprising, while moving the camera apparatus, capturing additional images using the set of cameras where each additional image has an overlapping field of view with at least one other of the additional images. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference in time between T2 and T3 is proportionate to a size of the overlapping fields of view.",
-    "A sleeping pillow is configured to provide various support configurations. The sleeping pillow includes a top panel attached to a central panel. A bottom panel is attached to the central panel. A divider assembly is attached to the central panel, the top panel and the bottom panel creating a first chamber, a second chamber, a third chamber, a fourth chamber, a fifth chamber and a sixth chamber. Padding is inserted into each of the first chamber, the second chamber, the third chamber, the fourth chamber, the fifth chamber and the sixth chamber to provide support for a head and a neck of a human user. 1. A sleeping pillow, configured to provide various support configurations; the sleeping pillow comprising: a top panel attached to a central panel; a bottom panel attached to the central panel; a divider assembly, attached to the central panel, the top panel and the bottom panel creating a first chamber, a second chamber, a third chamber, a fourth chamber, a fifth chamber and a sixth chamber; wherein padding is inserted into each of the first chamber, the second chamber, the third chamber, the fourth chamber, the fifth chamber and the sixth chamber to provide support for a head and a neck of a human user. 2. The sleeping pillow of claim 1, wherein the central panel further comprises: a first side, a second side, a third side and a fourth side. 3. The sleeping pillow of claim 2, wherein the divider assembly further comprises a horizontal panel attached to a first vertical panel, a second vertical panel, a third vertical panel, and a fourth vertical panel. 4. The sleeping pillow of claim 3, wherein, the first chamber exists between the third side, the horizontal panel, the first vertical panel, the top panel, the first side and the second side; the second chamber exists between the first vertical panel, the horizontal panel, the second vertical panel, the top panel, the first side and the second side; the third chamber exists between the fourth side, the horizontal panel, the second vertical panel, the top panel, the first side and the second side; the fourth chamber exists between the third side, the horizontal panel, the first vertical panel, the bottom panel, the first side and the second side; the fifth chamber exists between the first vertical panel, the horizontal panel, the second vertical panel, the bottom panel, the first side and the second side; and the sixth chamber exists between the fourth side, the horizontal panel, the second vertical panel, the bottom panel, the first side and the second side. 5. The sleeping pillow of claim 4, further comprising: a first covering, inserted into the first chamber; wherein the first covering further comprises a first padding; a second covering, inserted into the second chamber; wherein the second covering further comprises a second padding; a third covering, inserted into the third chamber; wherein the third covering further comprises a third padding; a fourth covering, inserted into the fourth chamber; wherein the fourth covering further comprises a fourth padding; a fifth covering, inserted into the fifth chamber; wherein the fifth covering further comprises a fifth padding; and a sixth covering, inserted into the sixth chamber; wherein the sixth covering further comprises a sixth padding. 6. The sleeping pillow of claim 5, wherein shredded memory foam is used as the first padding and the fourth padding to accommodate a user desiring neck support. 7. The sleeping pillow of claim 5, wherein the fourth padding, the fifth padding and the sixth padding are shredded memory foam to accommodate a user desiring base support. 8. The sleeping pillow of claim 5, wherein the third padding, the fifth padding and the sixth padding are shredded memory foam to accommodate a user desiring elevation support.",
-    "A resin injection nozzle is provided with a first mating surface on an inner-diameter side and a second mating surface on an outer-diameter side relative to the first mating surface, and a through-hole is provided extending from a void defined between the first and second mating surfaces toward the distal end of the resin injection nozzle. Thus, gas generated from a molten resin can be effectively discharged. 1. A resin injection nozzle capable of being installed on the distal end of a heating cylinder of an injection molding machine so as to be located face to face with the heating cylinder on a mating surface, the mating surface comprising: a first mating surface on an inner-diameter side; and a second mating surface on an outer-diameter side relative to the first mating surface, wherein at least one through-hole is provided extending from a void defined between the first and second mating surfaces toward the distal end of the resin injection nozzle. 2. The resin injection nozzle according to claim 1, comprising a fixing member for securing the nozzle to the heating cylinder, wherein the fixing member secures the nozzle to the heating cylinder through the through-hole. 3. The resin injection nozzle according to claim 1, comprising a device configured to suck in or supply air through the through-hole.",
-    "A device for stimulating a sleeper is disclosed. The device comprises a tactile electromechanical stimulator positioned against the sleeper's back proximate the sleeper's lower spine. The stimulator is actuated by a control circuit and powered by a power source. In one embodiment, the control circuit can be programmed to occasionally actuate the stimulator to promote more restful sleep. In one embodiment, the control circuit includes a receiver, and a transmitter is included that is adapted to transmit an actuation signal upon detection of excess noise or motion from the sleeper. The receiver, upon receiving the actuation signal, can actuate the stimulator for a randomized period of time via one or more randomized output pulses generated by a controller in communication with the receiver. 1. A portable external electromechanical tactile stimulation device for regulating muscle tone, comprising: a portable enclosure sized and configured to be placed against a subject's back at a location proximate the base of the person's spinal cord; two or more tactile stimulators disposed within the enclosure configured to provide mechanical stimulation to Meissner corpuscles and Merkels discs located near the base of the spinal cord; a controller disposed within the enclosure, wherein the controller is configured to actuate the two or more tactile stimulators to provide mechanical stimulation of Meissner corpuscles and Merkels discs located near the base of the spinal cord sufficient to cause signals to be transmitted to the reticular formation of the brain, wherein the controller comprises stored instructions that, upon being executed thereon, output sequences of output pulses having varying sequence durations and pause times between sequences, the output pulses configured to actuate the two or more tactile stimulators, and wherein the output pulses within the sequences have varying pulse widths and varying pulse rates, wherein the sequence durations, pause times between sequences, pulse widths, and pulse rates are programmed to sufficiently minimize accommodation of the reticular formation of the brain to the mechanical stimulation provided by the two or more tactile stimulators; a power supply disposed within the enclosure; and a power control circuit disposed within the enclosure configured to provide power from the power supply to the two or more tactile stimulators and the controller. 2. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the sequence durations vary between three and six minutes and the pause times between sequences vary from seven to eleven minutes. 3. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the sequence durations vary between one and twenty minutes and the pause times between sequences vary from five to thirty minutes. 4. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 2, wherein the pulse width of each output pulse varies from 0.1 to 3.3 seconds and the pulse rate varies from 0.5 to 3.3 seconds. 5. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 3, wherein the pulse width of each output pulse varies from 0.1 to 3.3 seconds and the pulse rate varies from 0.5 to 3.3 seconds. 6. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 2, wherein the pulse width of each output pulse varies from 0.05 seconds to 5 seconds and the pulse rate varies from 0.1 to 10 seconds. 7. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 3, wherein the pulse width of each output pulse varies from 0.05 seconds to 5 seconds and the pulse rate varies from 0.1 to 10 seconds. 8. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the pulse width and pulse rates of the output pulses vary in a randomized manner. 9. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the durations and pause times of the output sequences vary in a randomized manner. 10. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the electromechanical tactile stimulation device is removably attached to a waist band of an article of clothing of the person. 11. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the electromechanical tactile stimulation device is removably coupled to a belt. 12. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the one or more tactile stimulators are vibrators. 13. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the controller is a programmable interface microcontroller. 14. The electromechanical tactile stimulation device of claim 1, wherein the enclosure is flexible. 15. A method of regulating muscle tone using an electromechanical tactile stimulation device, the method comprising: actuating a first tactile stimulator to stimulate a first set of Meissner corpuscles and Merkels discs near the base of the spinal cord of a subject for a first duration of time; disabling the first tactile stimulator after the first duration of time for a second duration of time; actuating a second tactile stimulator to stimulate a second set of Meissner corpuscles and Merkels discs near the base of the spinal cord of a subject for a third duration of time; disabling the first tactile stimulator after the third duration of time for a fourth duration of time; actuating the first tactile stimulator to stimulate the first set of Meissner corpuscles and Merkels discs after the second duration of time for a fifth duration of time; and actuating the second tactile stimulator to stimulate the second set of Meissner corpuscles and Merkels discs after the fourth duration of time for a sixth duration of time. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first duration of time, the third duration of time, the fifth duration of time and the sixth duration of time correspond to pulse times of output pulses of the first and second tactile stimulators and wherein the first duration of time, the third duration of time, the fifth duration of time and the sixth duration of time are different from each other. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the first duration of time, the second duration of time, the third duration of time, the fourth duration of time, the fifth duration of time, and the sixth duration of time are determined in a randomized manner. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising detecting a sensory input associated with a sleeping person and generating an actuation signal in response to the sensory input. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said actuating the first tactile stimulator and said actuating the second tactile stimulator is performed in response to said actuation signal. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein each of the first duration of time, the second duration of time, the fifth duration of time and the sixth duration of time is between 0.05 seconds and 5 seconds.",
-    "Detecting an IP address mismatch in a contact center includes receiving a workstation login request from a workstation of the center that include login credentials associated with an agent of the center for logging into the workstation. The method also includes retrieving from a database a predetermined first IP address assigned to the agent; receiving an application login request related to an application from a workstation of the center on which the application is executing; extracting a second IP address from the application login request; and comparing the predetermined first IP address with the second IP address and granting the agent access if the addresses match. 1. A method for detecting an Internet Protocol address mismatch in a contact center comprising: receiving, by an authentication server, a workstation login request from a first workstation of the contact center, wherein the workstation login request comprises login credentials associated with an agent of the contact center for logging into the first workstation; retrieving, by the authentication server, from a contact center database a predetermined first Internet Protocol address assigned to the agent, receiving, by the authentication server, an application login request related to an application, wherein the application login request is received from a workstation of the contact center on which the application is executing; extracting, by the authentication server, a second Internet Protocol address from the application login request, wherein the second Internet Protocol address is that of the workstation on which the application is executing; comparing, by the authentication server, the predetermined first Internet Protocol address with the second Internet Protocol address; and granting, by the authentication server, the agent access to the first workstation and the application when the predetermined first Internet Protocol address matches the second Internet Protocol address. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the contact center database comprises: an indication of a respective predetermined physical work area associated with each agent of the contact center, and a respective indication of one or more predetermined Internet Protocol addresses associated with each physical work area. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein retrieving the predetermined first Internet Protocol address comprises: determining the respective predetermined physical area associated with the agent of the contact center; and determining, based on the respective predetermined physical area, the predetermined first Internet Protocol address. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the application login request comprises: login credentials associated with the agent of the contact center for logging into the application, and call control information about the workstation on which the application is executing. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein extracting the second Internet Protocol address comprises: extracting, from the call control information, the second Internet Protocol address. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the application comprises a softphone application on the workstation on which the application is executing. 7. The method of claim 1, comprising: authenticating, by the authentication server, the workstation login request. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising: authenticating, by the authentication server, the application login request. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined first Internet Protocol address comprises a static Internet Protocol address. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein when the predetermined first Internet Protocol address and the second Internet Protocol address do not match: granting, by the authentication server, the agent access to the first workstation; and denying, by the authentication server, the agent access to the application. 11. A system for detecting an Internet Protocol address mismatch in a contact center comprising: a memory device, storing executable instructions; and a processor in communication with the memory device, the processor when executing the executable instructions: receives a workstation login request from a first workstation of the contact center, wherein the workstation login request comprises login credentials associated with an agent of the contact center for logging into the first workstation; retrieves from a contact center database a predetermined first Internet Protocol address assigned to the agent, receives an application login request related to an application, wherein the application login request is received from a workstation of the contact center on which the application is executing; extracts a second Internet Protocol address from the application login request, wherein the second Internet Protocol address is that of the workstation on which the application is executing; compares the predetermined first Internet Protocol address with the second Internet Protocol address; and grants the agent access to the first workstation and the application when the predetermined first Internet Protocol address matches the second Internet Protocol address. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the contact center database comprises: an indication of a respective predetermined physical work area associated with each agent of the contact center, and a respective indication of one or more predetermined Internet Protocol addresses associated with each physical work area. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor when executing the executable instructions: determines the respective predetermined physical area associated with the agent of the contact center; and determines, based on the respective predetermined physical area, the first predetermined Internet Protocol address. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the application login request comprises: login credentials associated with the agent of the contact center for logging into the application, and call control information about the workstation on which the application is executing. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor when executing the executable instructions: extracts, from the call control information, the second Internet Protocol address. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the application comprises a softphone application. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor when executing the executable instructions: authenticates the workstation login request. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor when executing the executable instructions: authenticates the application login request. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein, when the predetermined first Internet Protocol address and the second Internet Protocol address do not match, the processor when executing the executable instructions: grants the agent access to the first workstation; and denies the agent access to the application. 20. A contact center comprising: a first server configured to assign a respective Internet Protocol address to each of a plurality of workstations in the contact center; a first memory device storing a database, wherein the database comprises: an indication of a respective predetermined physical work area associated with each agent of the contact center, and a respective indication of one or more predetermined Internet Protocol addresses associated with each physical work area; an authentication server comprising: a second memory device, storing executable instructions; and a processor in communication with the second memory device, the processor when executing the executable instructions: receives a workstation login request from a first workstation of the contact center; wherein the workstation login request comprises login credentials associated with an agent of the contact center for logging into the first workstation; retrieves from the database a predetermined first Internet Protocol address assigned to the agent, receives an application login request related to an application, wherein the application login request is received from a workstation of the contact center on which the application is executing; extracts a second Internet Protocol address from the application login request, wherein the second Internet Protocol address is that of the workstation on which the application is executing; compares the predetermined first Internet Protocol address with the second Internet Protocol address, and grants the agent access to the first workstation and the application when the predetermined first Internet Protocol address matches the second Internet Protocol address; and a network medium connecting the first server, the first memory device, and the authentication server.",
-    "When obtaining subband signals by performing multiresolution decomposition on image data using a broad-sense pinwheel framelet or a pinwheel wavelet frame, having a degree, that is a set of an approximate filter with no orientation and a plurality of detail filters with respective orientations, and acquiring processed image data by the subband signals in a decomposition phase of the multiresolution decomposition, or processed image data that has been reconstructed into an image by summing the subband signals in a synthesis phase of the multiresolution decomposition, the present invention performs attenuation or amplification of the subband signals in the decomposition phase of the multiresolution decomposition that correspond to at least one of the filters. 1: An image processing apparatus that comprises at least a storing unit and a control unit, wherein the storing unit comprises: a filter storing unit that stores a broad-sense pinwheel framelet or a pinwheel wavelet frame, having a degree, that is a set of an approximate filter with no orientation and a plurality of detail filters with respective orientations; and an image data storing unit that stores image data; the control unit comprises: a decomposing unit that obtains subband signals by performing multiresolution decomposition on the image data using the broad-sense pinwheel framelet or the pinwheel wavelet frame; and a processed image acquiring unit that acquires processed image data formed by the subband signals in a decomposition phase of the multiresolution decomposition that have been obtained by the decomposing unit, or processed image data that has been reconstructed into an image by summing the subband signals in a synthesis phase of the multiresolution decomposition; and the decomposing unit further comprises a processing unit that performs attenuation or amplification of any of the subband signals in the decomposition phase of the multiresolution decomposition corresponding to at least one of the filters. 2: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit performs linear or nonlinear coefficient processing on the subband signals in the decomposition phase. 3: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit performs threshold processing on the subband signals in the decomposition phase. 4: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit performs coefficient processing so as to reduce values having small absolute values to be smaller in absolute value as energy of decomposition detail coefficients constituting the subband signals in the decomposition phase is larger, and so as to further enhance values having small absolute values as the energy of the decomposition detail coefficients is smaller. 5: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit attenuates or amplifies the subband signals in the decomposition phase corresponding to at least one of filters among the filters having predetermined frequency characteristics and/or predetermined orientations. 6: The image processing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the predetermined frequency characteristics are specified according to a position in a predetermined filter arrangement based on an orientation at each level of the broad-sense pinwheel framelet or the pinwheel wavelet frame, and/or according to a level in the multiresolution decomposition. 7: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit relatively amplifies subband signals in the decomposition phase corresponding to at least one of odd filters among the filters having predetermined frequency characteristics and/or predetermined orientations. 8: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit relatively amplifies the subband signals in the decomposition phase corresponding to at least one of odd filters among the filters having predetermined frequency characteristics and/or predetermined orientations, and relatively attenuates subband signals in the decomposition phase corresponding to at least one of even filters. 9: The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing unit attenuates or amplifies the subband signals in the decomposition phase by performing processing on decomposition detail coefficients and/or decomposition approximation coefficients output from the decomposition phase. 10: An image processing apparatus that comprises at least a storing unit and a control unit, wherein the storing unit comprises: a filter storing unit that stores a wavelet frame with orientation selectivity or a filterbank with orientation selectivity that is a set of an approximate filter with no orientation and a plurality of detail filters with respective orientations; and an image data storing unit that stores image data; the control unit comprises: a decomposing unit that obtains subband signals by performing multiresolution decomposition on respective color components of the image data using the wavelet frame with orientation selectivity or the filterbank with orientation selectivity, and a reconstructing unit that obtains reconstructed image data by reconstructing an image by summing the subband signals of the respective color components in a synthesis phase that have been obtained by the decomposing unit; and the decomposing unit further comprises a coefficient processing unit that performs coefficient processing, between the decomposition phase and the synthesis phase in the multiresolution decomposition, on decomposition detail coefficients output from the decomposition phase so as to reduce values having small absolute values to be smaller in absolute value as energy of the decomposition detail coefficients is larger, and so as to further enhance values having small absolute values as the energy of the decomposition detail coefficients is smaller. 11: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the color components are L*, a*, and b* in a CIELAB color space, or respective color components in a color space similar to that of human vision. 12: The image processing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the coefficient processing unit performs the coefficient processing that has been corrected with respect to the color component(s) of a* and/or b* of the image data so as to reduce values having small absolute values to be smaller in absolute value as energy determined by the decomposition detail coefficient(s) of a* and/or b* and the decomposition detail coefficient in L* is larger, and so as to further enhance values having small absolute values as the energy is smaller. 13: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the coefficient processing unit performs the coefficient processing using a function that automatically continuously changes into an S-shaped curve when the energy of the decomposition detail coefficients is large and into an N-shaped curve when the energy is small. 14: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein, between the decomposition phase and the synthesis phase, the coefficient processing unit normalizes the decomposition detail coefficients, then performs the coefficient processing on the normalized decomposition detail coefficients using a norm of the normalized decomposition detail coefficients as the energy, and performs inverse operation of the normalization on the normalized decomposition detail coefficients that have been processed by the coefficient processing. 15: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the coefficient processing unit optionally performs different processing according to differences in sign among the decomposition detail coefficients. 16: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the decomposing unit performs the multiresolution decomposition using a biorthogonal wavelet filterbank, orientations of which include horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions, or a broad-sense pinwheel framelet or a pinwheel wavelet frame, orientations of which are multidirectional. 17: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the multiresolution decomposition by the decomposing unit is maximum thinning multiresolution decomposition or partial thinning partial multiresolution decomposition. 18: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the control unit further comprises output unit that outputs a comparison result of the image data stored in the image data storing unit and the reconstructed image data. 19: The image processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the image data stored in the image data storing unit is color contrast illusion image. 20: An image processing method performed by an image processing apparatus that comprises at least a storing unit and a control unit, wherein the storing unit comprises: a filter storing unit that stores a broad-sense pinwheel framelet or a pinwheel wavelet frame, having a degree, that is a set of an approximate filter with no orientation and a plurality of detail filters with respective orientations; and an image data storing unit that stores image data; the method comprising: a decomposing step of obtaining subband signals by performing multiresolution decomposition by the broad-sense pinwheel framelet or the pinwheel wavelet frame on the image data; and a processed image acquiring step of acquiring processed image data formed by the subband signals in a decomposition phase of the multiresolution decomposition that have been obtained at the decomposing step, or processed image data that has been reconstructed into an image by summing the subband signals in a synthesis phase of the multiresolution decomposition; the decomposing step and the processed image acquiring step being performed by the control unit, and the decomposing step further comprising a processing step of performing attenuation or amplification of any of the subband signals in the decomposition phase of the multiresolution decomposition corresponding to at least one of the filters.",
-    "A linear power distribution outlet is generally presented. The power distribution outlet includes a housing having at least one side including an opening therein. An insert may be positioned within the housing and formed of an electrically insulating material. The insert may comprise a first slot, second slide and a dividing wall between the first and second slots. The first and second slots may be accessible through the opening in the housing. A first power distribution rail may extend along a length of the insert. The first power distribution rail may be positioned to be exposed to and accessible to the first slot. A second power distribution rail may extend along a length of the insert and may be positioned to be exposed to and accessible to the second slot. The first and second slots may be uniquely shaped and the first and second power distribution rails may be positioned to prevent reverse polarity connections. 1. A power distribution outlet comprising: a housing including a front face and a plurality of sides and having a length, wherein the front face includes an opening therein, the opening extending along at least a portion of the length; an insert positioned within the housing and formed of an insulating material, the insert comprising: a first slot positioned accessible to the opening; a second slot positioned accessible to the opening; and a dividing wall between the first and second slots; a first power distribution rail extending along a length of the insert, the first power distribution rail comprising a rod at least partially surrounded by the insert and having an exposed curved portion exposed along its length and accessible to one side of the first slot; a second power distribution rail electrically isolated from the first distribution rail and extending along a length of the insulation insert, the second power distribution rail comprising a rod at least partially surrounded by the insert and having an exposed curved portion exposed along its length and accessible to one side of accessible to the second slot; wherein the first power distribution rail is positioned a first distance away from the front face, and the second power distribution rail is positioned a second distance away from the front face, greater than the first distance. 2. The power distribution outlet of claim 1, wherein the insert is formed of electrically insulating material. 3. The power distribution outlet of claim 1, wherein the first and second power distribution rails are at least partially molded into the insert. 4. The power distribution outlet of claim 1, wherein the second slot is wider than the first slot. 5. The power distribution outlet of claim 1, wherein the second slot is deeper than the first slot. 6. The power distribution outlet of claim 1, wherein the insert comprises a first sidewall, center wall, and second sidewall, and further wherein the first slot is formed between the first sidewall and the center wall, and the second slot is formed between the second sidewall and the center wall. 7. The power distribution outlet of claim 6, wherein the first power rail is formed into the first sidewall. 8. (canceled) 9. The power distribution outlet of claim 1, wherein the first and second power distribution rails are cylindrical. 10. A power distribution system comprising: a housing including a front face and a plurality of sides and having a length, wherein the front face includes an opening therein, the opening extending along at least a portion of the length; an insert positioned within the housing, the insert comprising: a first slot positioned accessible to the opening; a second slot positioned accessible to the opening; and a dividing wall between the first and second slots; a first power distribution rail extending along a length of the insert, the first distribution rail accessible to one side of the first slot; a second power distribution rail electrically isolated from the first distribution rail and extending along a length of the insulation insert, the second distribution rail accessible to one side of the second slot; wherein the first power distribution rail is positioned a first distance away from the front face, and the second power distribution rail is positioned a second distance away from the front face, greater than the first distance; and a plug configured to engage the first and second power distribution rails through the opening, the plug comprising a first prong and a second prong, wherein the first prong is shorter than the second prong. 11. The power distribution system of claim 10, wherein the second power distribution rail is positioned further from the opening than the first power distribution rail. 12. The power distribution system of claim 10, wherein the insert comprises a first sidewall, center wall, and second sidewall, and further wherein the first slot is formed between the first sidewall and the center wall, and the second slot is formed between the second sidewall and the center wall. 13. The power distribution system of claim 12, wherein the first power rail is embedded in the first sidewall and further wherein a portion of the first power rail forms a protrusion from the first sidewall. 14. The power distribution system of claim 13, wherein the first prong includes an indentation configured to engage the protrusion. 15. A power distribution system comprising: a housing including a front face and a plurality of sides and having a length, wherein the front face includes an opening therein, the opening extending along at least a portion of the length; an insert positioned within the housing, the insert comprising: a first slot positioned accessible to the opening; a second slot positioned accessible to the opening; and a dividing wall between the first and second slots; a first power distribution rail extending along a length of the insert, the first distribution rail accessible to one side of the first slot; a second power distribution rail electrically isolated from the first distribution rail and extending along a length of the insulation insert, the second distribution rail accessible to one side of the second slot; wherein the first power distribution rail is positioned a first distance away from the front face, and the second power distribution rail is positioned a second distance away from the front face, greater than the first distance; and a plug configured to engage the first and second power distribution rails through the opening, the plug comprising a first prong and a second prong, wherein the second prong is wider than the first prong. 16. The power distribution system of claim 15, wherein the second slot is wider than the first slot. 17. The power distribution system of claim 15, wherein the second prong is wider than the first prong. 18. The power distribution system of claim 15, wherein the insert comprises a first sidewall, center wall, and second sidewall, and further wherein the first slot is formed between the first sidewall and the center wall, and the second slot is formed between the second sidewall and the center wall. 19. The power distribution system of claim 18, wherein the first power rail is embedded in the first sidewall and further wherein a portion of the first power rail forms a protrusion from the first sidewall. 20. The power distribution system of claim 19, wherein the first prong includes an indentation configured to engage the protrusion.",
-    "A modular energy absorbing system sandwiched between an impact-receiving upper surface and a lower foundation. The energy absorbing system has one or more interconnected modules that cooperate to absorb and distribute impact forces applied thereto. Each module has one or more frustoconical support structures. At least some of the frustoconical support structures have bases that underlie the upper impact-receiving surface such as a football field or a basketball court. 1. A modular energy absorbing system that is interposed between a lower foundation and an upper impact-receiving surface, the energy absorbing system comprising: a plurality of energy absorbing modules that cooperate to absorb at least some impact forces exerted upon the upper impact-receiving surface, the modules also being operable to space apart the upper impact-receiving surface and the lower foundation; at least some of the plurality of energy absorbing modules comprising one or more frustoconical support structures, at least some of the frustoconical support structures having a bottom surface and an upper top surface that are connected by a sidewall, the upper top surface being operable to coordinate the response of the frustoconical support structures to impact, the upper top surface underlying the upper impact-receiving surface and the bottom surface being juxtaposed with the lower foundation; at least some of the energy absorbing modules having edge flanges that define at least one elongated female trough. 2. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1 wherein the top surface of at least some energy absorbing structures is substantially parallel with the bottom surface of the frustoconical support structure. 3. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1, wherein at least some modules have edge flanges that define an elongate male lug that is adapted to engage a female trough of an adjacent module. 4. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 3, wherein the oval female recesses are oriented so that they are aligned with a direction of thermal expansion so that when a male protuberance is engaged thereby, relative movement between adjacent modules is accommodated. 5. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 4, further including lugs and grooves that are provided in the male protuberances and female troughs to offer a snap-fit engagement mechanism between adjacent modules. 6. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 3, wherein the female trough includes transverse ribs. 7. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 3, wherein the female trough includes longitudinal ribs. 8. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1, wherein the energy absorbing modules include a number (n) of modules, where 1<n<1,000,000). 9. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1, wherein the upper impact-receiving surface is positioned atop the frustoconical support structures, the upper impact-receiving surface being selected from the group consisting of a basketball court, a football field, a baseball field, one or more layers of permeable materials, synthetic turf, natural grass, sedum, geotextiles, and green products. 10. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1, further comprising anti-friction lugs extending from the upper top surface that engage the upper impact-receiving surface to reduce slippage therebetween. 11. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1, further comprising anti-friction lugs extending from the bottom surface that engage the lower foundation to reduce slippage therebetween. 12. The modular energy absorbing system of claim 1, in which one or more sidewalls buckle in response to impact and spring back to or towards an undeflected configuration after the impact. 13. A method of manufacturing the energy absorbing structure of claim 1 comprising a thermoforming step. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the thermoforming step includes the step of using a thermoplastic material. 15. The method of claim 14, further including the step of compounding additional materials into the thermoplastic material, the additional materials being selected from the group consisting of a flame retardant, ground rubber, elastomeric additives, and fillers.",
-    "A signal detection circuit includes: a first optical filter configured to filter an optical signal carrying a frequency modulated signal with a first transmission band; a second optical filter configured to filter the optical signal with a second transmission band; a first photo detector configured to convert the output light of the first optical filter into a first electrical signal; a second photo detector configured to convert the output light of the second optical filter into a second electrical signal; a difference circuit configured to output a signal representing a difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal; and a detector configured to detect the frequency modulated signal based on the output signal of the difference circuit. 1. A signal detection circuit comprising: a first optical filter configured to filter a WDM optical signal including a plurality of optical signals respectively carrying frequency modulated signals; a second optical filter configured to filter the WDM optical signal; a first photo detector configured to convert the output light of the first optical filter into a first electrical signal; a second photo detector configured to convert the output light of the second optical filter into a second electrical signal; a difference circuit configured to output a signal representing a difference between the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal; and a detector configured to detect respective frequency modulated signals carried by the plurality of optical signals based on the output signal of the difference circuit, wherein the plurality of optical signals are arranged substantially at a fixed wavelength spacing, optical transmittance of each of the first and second optical filters is changed substantially periodically with respect to the wavelength, a plurality of transmission bands of the first optical filter are arranged on the long wavelength side with respect to the corresponding center wavelengths of the spectrum of the optical signal in the WDM optical signal, and a plurality of transmission bands of the second optical filter are arranged on the short wavelength side with respect to the corresponding center wavelengths of the spectrum of the optical signal in the WDM optical signal. 2. The signal detection circuit according to claim 1, wherein each of the first and second optical filters is an etalon filter. 3. A signal detection circuit comprising: a first optical filter configured to filter an optical signal carrying a frequency modulated signal with a first transmission band; a second optical filter configured to filter the optical signal with a second transmission band; a first photo detector configured to convert the output light of the first optical filter into a first electrical signal; a second photo detector configured to convert the output light of the second optical filter into a second electrical signal; a division circuit configured to output a signal representing a ratio of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal; and a detector configured to detect the frequency modulated signal based on the output signal of the division circuit, wherein the first transmission band is shifted with respect to the center wavelength of the spectrum of the optical signal, and the second transmission band is arranged so as to extract optical components substantially symmetrically with respect to the center wavelength of the spectrum of the optical signal. 4. The signal detection circuit according to claim 3, further comprising a DC component removal circuit configured to remove a DC component of the first electrical signal.",
-    "A mobile communications resource manager including a smart card configured to accept and store a user's personal information suitable for use in commercial transactions (physical tap or electronically) and communications operations, a cellular radio modem, at least one non-cellular radio modem and a controller. The controller is configured for establishing a short-range wireless connection via said non-cellular modem to at least one user accessible electronic device with human interface functionality and accepting a service request from the at least one user accessible electronic device and making a modem selection by selecting either a cellular or a non-cellular connection via a modem resident in the mobile communications resource manager to provide the communications link for the service request, based on a rule resident in the mobile communications resource manager. 1. A mobile communications resource manager, comprising: at least one smart card configured to accept and store a user's personal information suitable for use in commercial transactions and communications operations; at least one cellular radio modem; at least one non-cellular radio modem; a controller configured for: establishing a short-range wireless connection via said non-cellular modem to at least one user accessible electronic device; accepting a service request from said at least one user accessible electronic device; and making a modem selection by selecting either a cellular or non-cellular connection via a modem resident in said mobile communications resource manager to provide a communications link for said service request, based on a rule resident in the mobile communications resource manager, wherein the mobile communication resource manager transmits said service request from said at least one user accessible electronic device via said communications link to one or more related Internet connected services",
-    "The present invention relates to providing a method and a network node that prevents radio bearers from being dropped if a mismatch in RLC Mode exists between source Node and target Node. 1. A method in a target radio network node supporting a handover from a source radio network node, said target radio network node comprises a table having preferred relations between a specific Quality of service Class Identifier (QCI) and a specific Radio Link Control (RLC) configuration at least comprising an RLC Mode, the method comprising: receiving, from the source radio network node, at least a Quality of Service (QoS) information element including at least a QCI, and an RLC Configuration information element including at least an RLC Mode; checking if the received RLC Mode corresponds to the RLC Mode for the preferred RLC configuration in said table for the received QCI; and if said check fails, mapping said preferred RLC configuration to an alternative RLC configuration having the same RLC Mode as the received RLC Mode and associated with said received QCI. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said target radio network node comprises a second table associating specific QCIs to alternative RLC Modes. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said target node comprises an eNode B in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio network. 4. A target radio network node comprising: a table having preferred relations between a specific Quality of service Class Identifier (QCI) and a specific Radio Link Control (RLC) configuration; a transceiver for receiving, from a source radio network node, at least a Quality of Service (QoS) information element including at least a QCI, and an RLC Configuration information element including at least an RLC Mode; and a control and checking unit configured to check if the received RLC Mode corresponds to the RLC Mode for the preferred RLC configuration in said table for the received QCI, and if said check fails, mapping said received RLC configuration to an alternative RLC configuration associated with said received QCI. 5. The target radio network node of claim 4, further comprising a second table associating specific QCIs to alternative RLC Modes. 6. The target radio network node of claim 4, wherein said target radio network node comprises an eNode B in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network.",
-    "A method and apparatus for implementing a charging process is provided. The method includes determining that a charging surface of a mobile device is currently located on a charging surface of a structure including a charging apparatus. The charging surface of the mobile device includes charge receiving contacts electrically connected to a battery and a processor. The charging surface of the structure includes charging contacts electrically connected to a charging circuit and in communication with a controller. The processor determines that at least two contacts of the charge receiving contacts are in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of the charging contacts and in response, a negotiation process with the controller with respect to selecting at least one associated charging voltage and polarity for charging the battery is executed resulting in a charging process between the charging circuit and the battery being enabled. 1. A mobile device charging method comprising: first determining, by a processor of a mobile device, that a charging surface of said mobile device is currently located on a charging surface of a structure comprising a charging apparatus, wherein said charging surface of said mobile device comprises a plurality of charge receiving contacts electrically connected to a battery and in communication with said processor, and wherein said charging surface of said structure comprises a plurality of charging contacts electrically connected to a charging circuit and in communication with a controller; second determining, by said processor, that at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts are in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts; executing, by said processor in response to results of said second determining, a negotiation process with said controller with respect to selecting at least one associated charging voltage and polarity for charging said battery; and enabling, by said processor in response to results of said negotiation process, a charging process between said charging circuit and said battery. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said negotiation process comprises: receiving, by said processor from said controller, data indicating a range of voltages capable of being supplied by said charging circuit; and transmitting, by said processor to said controller, a request for a first voltage value, selected from said range of voltages, for charging said battery. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said charging process comprises: receiving in response to said request, by said battery from said charging circuit via said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts, a first voltage associated with said first voltage value with respect to an associated polarity. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: requesting, by said processor, a specified time period associated with said charging process, and wherein said charging process further comprises receiving said first voltage for said specified time period. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said negotiation process further comprises: transmitting, by said processor to said controller, an additional request for a second voltage value differing from said first voltage value, selected from said range of voltages, for charging said battery; and after said receiving said first voltage for said specified time period, receiving in response to said additional request, by said battery from said charging circuit via said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts, a second voltage associated with said second voltage value with respect to said associated polarity. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by said processor, that said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts comprises a more reliable connection with respect to any other electromechanical contact between any of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said plurality of charging contacts. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: additionally determining, by said processor, that said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts is no longer in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts, and wherein said method further comprises: disabling, by said processor in response to results of said additionally determining, said charging process between said charging circuit and said battery. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: third determining, by said processor, that an alternative pair of contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts is in electro/mechanical contact with an alternative pair of contacts of said plurality of charging contacts; executing, by said processor in response to results of said third determining, an additional negotiation process with said controller with respect to selecting another associated charging voltage and polarity for charging said battery; and enabling, by said processor in response to results of said additional negotiation process, an additional charging process between said charging circuit and said battery. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said plurality of charging contacts comprise spring loaded electro/magnetic contacts. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said plurality of charging contacts comprise weight loaded electro/magnetic contacts. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: enabling, by said processor, transmission of analog or digital data between said processor and said controller via said least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving and said at two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: third determining, by said processor, that an additional two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts is in electro/mechanical contact with an additional two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts; and fourth determining, by said processor, that said additional two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts in electro/mechanical contact with said additional two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts comprise a more suitable set of charging contacts, with respect to said charging process, than said least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts in electro/mechanical contact with said at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts, wherein said charging process is performed via said additional two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts in electro/mechanical contact with said additional two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing at least one support service for at least one of creating, integrating, hosting, maintaining, and deploying computer-readable code in the control hardware, said code being executed by the computer processor to implement: said first determining, said second determining, said executing, and said enabling. 14. A computer program product, comprising a computer readable hardware storage device storing a computer readable program code, said computer readable program code comprising an algorithm that when executed by a processor of a mobile device implements a charging method, said method comprising: first determining, by said processor, that a charging surface of said mobile device is currently located on a charging surface of a structure comprising a charging apparatus, wherein said charging surface of said mobile device comprises a plurality of charge receiving contacts electrically connected to a battery and in communication with said processor, and wherein said charging surface of said structure comprises a plurality of charging contacts electrically connected to a charging circuit and in communication with a controller; second determining, by said processor, that at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts are in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts; executing, by said processor in response to results of said second determining, a negotiation process with said controller with respect to selecting at least one associated charging voltage and polarity for charging said battery; and enabling, by said processor in response to results of said negotiation process, a charging process between said charging circuit and said battery. 15. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein said negotiation process comprises: receiving, by said processor from said controller, data indicating a range of voltages capable of being supplied by said charging circuit; and transmitting, by said processor to said controller, a request for a first charging voltage value, selected from said range of voltages, for charging said battery. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein said charging process comprises: receiving in response to said request, by said battery from said charging circuit via said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts, a first voltage associated with said first voltage value with respect to an associated polarity. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein said method further comprises: requesting, by said processor, a specified time period associated with said charging process, and wherein said charging process further comprises receiving said first voltage for said specified time period. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein said negotiation process further comprises: transmitting, by said processor to said controller, an additional request for a second charging voltage value differing from said first voltage value, selected from said range of voltages, for charging said battery; and after said receiving said first voltage for said specified time period, receiving in response to said additional request, by said battery from said charging circuit via said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts, a second voltage associated with said second voltage value with respect to said associated polarity. 19. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein said method further comprises: determining, by said processor, that said at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts comprises a more reliable connection with respect to any other electromechanical contact between any of said plurality of charge receiving contacts and said plurality of charging contacts. 20. A mobile device comprising a processor coupled to a computer-readable memory unit, said memory unit comprising instructions that when executed by the processor executes a charging method comprising: first determining, by said processor, that a charging surface of said mobile device is currently located on a charging surface of a structure comprising a charging apparatus, wherein said charging surface of said mobile device comprises a plurality of charge receiving contacts electrically connected to a battery and in communication with said processor, and wherein said charging surface of said structure comprises a plurality of charging contacts electrically connected to a charging circuit and in communication with a controller; second determining, by said processor, that at least two contacts of said plurality of charge receiving contacts are in electro/mechanical contact with at least two contacts of said plurality of charging contacts; executing, by said processor in response to results of said second determining, a negotiation process with said controller with respect to selecting at least one associated charging voltage and polarity for charging said battery; and enabling, by said processor in response to results of said negotiation process, a charging process between said charging circuit and said battery.",
-    "An image formation apparatus includes, in an apparatus body, a sensing portion which senses presence or absence of depression by a paper feed unit. The sensing portion includes a slider provided to be slidingly movable along a mounting direction of the paper feed unit, a push switch arranged behind the slider along the mounting direction, and a first elastic body and a second elastic body for elastically biasing the slider toward a direction away from the push switch. The first elastic body is interposed between the slider and a portion which does not relatively move with respect to the apparatus body, and the second elastic body is interposed between the slider and a switch portion of the push switch. 1. An image formation apparatus, comprising: an apparatus body which includes an image formation portion forming an image on paper and a paper feed portion feeding the paper to the image formation portion; a paper feed unit which is detachably provided to the paper feed portion and houses paper to be fed to the image formation portion; and a sensing portion which is provided to the apparatus body and senses presence or absence of depression by the paper feed unit, wherein the sensing portion includes a slider which is provided to be slidingly movable along a mounting direction of the paper feed unit, and recedes along the mounting direction when the paper feed unit contacts the slider, a push switch arranged behind the slider along the mounting direction, a first elastic body arranged to be interposed between the slider and a portion which does not relatively move with respect to the apparatus body, for elastically biasing the slider toward a direction away from the push switch, and a second elastic body arranged to be interposed between the slider and a switch portion of the push switch, for elastically biasing the slider toward the direction away from the push switch. 2. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an elastic biasing force of the second elastic body is greater than an elastic biasing force of the first elastic body. 3. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the push switch has a third elastic body for elastically biasing the switch portion toward the slider, and an elastic biasing force of the second elastic body is greater than an elastic biasing force of the third elastic body. 4. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing portion further includes a coupling member arranged between the switch portion and the slider to cover a tip of the switch portion, and the second elastic body is arranged between the coupling member and the slider. 5. The image formation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a gap is provided between the switch portion and the coupling member, in a state where the paper feed unit is removed from the apparatus body. 6. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the first elastic body and the second elastic body is formed of a cylindrical member, and the second elastic body is housed inside the first elastic body. 7. The image formation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the sensing portions are provided to the apparatus body, and a type of the paper housed in the paper feed unit is detected based on combination of presence or absence of depression in each of the plurality of sensing portions.",
-    "A glue delivery system and method for providing precise application of glue on a substrate. A bead of glue is extruded from a first glue chamber through a gun to a leading edge of the substrate. A trailing edge of the substrate is blown off and over to the nozzle to receive a smear of glue from a second glue chamber. A gear pump is controlled by a servo drive that is connected to a servomotor utilizing a gear reducer. The pump regulates the extrusion of the glue onto the substrate that is programmed with empirical data of gear reducer ratio at which the glue flows within a constant speed, torque, current, speed and position of the glue. The empirical data is provided to a programmable logic circuit to achieve a precise pressure related to volume of a glue deposition and speed of the substrate onto which the glue is applied. 1. A method of extruding glue from a glue holding container through first and second glue applicators of a glue delivery system onto a moving substrate, the method comprising the steps of: applying a predetermined gear reducer ratio at a constant torque, current, speed and position to the glue at a desired temperature; extruding a controlled amount of the glue from the glue holding container through a first hose to a first glue chamber and to a gun of the first glue applicator and through the gun to a leading edge of the moving substrate that is placed in a leading edge pad of an applicator drum; and extruding the controlled amount of the glue from the glue holding container through a second hose to a second glue chamber and to a nozzle of the second glue applicator and a trailing edge of the moving substrate placed in a trailing edge pad of the applicator drum being blown off over to the nozzle to receive a smear of glue on the trailing edge of the moving substrate; whereby when a glue pressure drops due to the extrusion of glue onto the moving substrate the torque and current drops and a gear reducer ratio of a pump is changed to maintain a required torque and current on a main motor shaft, the glue pressure drop is measured and modulated the glue pressure based upon a differential between the changed gear reducer ratio and the predetermined gear reducer ratio thereby achieving a precise pressure related to volume of a glue deposition and speed of the moving substrate onto which the glue is applied during the extruding steps. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the predetermined gear reducer ratio is based on empirical correlations of gear reducer ratios applied to a calibrated glue, speed of the moving substrate onto which the calibrated glue is extruded and an amount of the calibrated glue during an empirical data acquisition process. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the pump is a gear pump and wherein the step of predetermining the gear reducer ratio includes adding an auxiliary motor shaft axis and an auxiliary shaft gear with a main motor shaft axis and a main shaft gear that are positioned at the gear pump. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of predetermining the gear reducer ratio further includes changing the parameters of the auxiliary motor shaft axis to determine the main motor shaft axis. 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising programming the gear pump to reference a data matrix that is data representative of the gear reducer ratio as a function of the pressure applied to the glue as the glue is provided to the gun and nozzle to be extruded. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the data matrix is created by recording data during the empirical data acquisition process representative of a measured amount of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate, on information relating to the signal indicating the glue pressure drop, a torque and current empirical data and a gear reducer ratio empirical data and a speed of movement of the substrate relative to the applicator drum. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of measuring the amount of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate includes recording data that is representative of a weight of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of measuring the amount of the calibration fluid deposited onto the moving substrate further includes recording data that is representative of a thickness of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the glue is extruded onto a plurality of moving substrates, the method further comprising the steps of: designating a pattern to be applied to the leading edge and trailing edge of each moving substrates; registering a location of each moving substrate relative to the gun and nozzle; and controlling each valve that opens and closes to apply the glue through the gun and nozzle to the leading edge and trailing edge of the moving substrates respectively in the designated pattern. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the moving substrates are labels and the pattern is a leading edge and a trailing edge pattern. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the pump is a piston pump. 12. A method of extruding glue from a glue holding container through first and second glue applicators of a glue delivery system onto a moving substrate, the method comprising the steps of: applying a predetermined gear reducer ratio at a constant torque, current, speed and position to the glue at a desired temperature; extruding a controlled amount of the glue from the glue holding container through a first hose to a first glue chamber and to a gun of the first glue applicator and through the gun to a leading edge of the moving substrate that is placed in a leading edge pad of an applicator drum; and extruding the controlled amount of the glue from the glue holding container through a second hose to a second glue chamber and to a nozzle of the second glue applicator and a trailing edge of the moving substrate placed in a trailing edge pad of the applicator drum being blown off over to the nozzle to receive a smear of glue on the trailing edge of the moving substrate; wherein the predetermined gear reducer ratio is based on empirical correlations of gear reducer ratios applied to a calibrated glue, speed of the moving substrate onto which the calibrated glue is extruded and an amount of the calibrated glue during an empirical data acquisition process performed independently of the extruding steps; wherein when a glue pressure drops due to the extrusion of glue onto the moving substrate the torque and current drops and the gear reducer ratio of a pump is changed to maintain a required torque and current on a main motor shaft, the glue pressure drop is measured and modulated the glue pressure based upon a differential between the changed gear reducer ratio and the predetermined gear reducer ratio thereby achieving a precise pressure related to volume of a glue deposition and speed of the moving substrate onto which the glue is applied during the extruding steps. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the pump is a gear pump and wherein the step of predetermining the gear reducer ratio includes adding an auxiliary motor shaft axis and an auxiliary shaft gear with a main motor shaft axis and a main shaft gear that are positioned at the gear pump. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of predetermining the gear reducer ratio further includes changing the parameters of the auxiliary motor shaft axis to determine the main motor shaft axis. 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising programming the gear pump to reference a data matrix that is data representative of the gear reducer ratio as a function of the pressure applied to the glue as the glue is provided to the gun and nozzle to be extruded. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the data matrix is created by recording data during the empirical data acquisition process representative of a measured amount of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate, on information relating to the signal indicating the glue pressure drop, a torque and current empirical data and a gear reducer ratio empirical data and a speed of movement of the substrate relative to the applicator drum. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of measuring the amount of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate includes recording data that is representative of a weight of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of measuring the amount of the calibration fluid deposited onto the moving substrate further includes recording data that is representative of a thickness of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the glue is extruded onto a plurality of moving substrates, the method further comprising: designating a pattern to be applied to the leading edge and trailing edge of each of said substrates; registering a location of each substrate relative to the gun and nozzle; and controlling each valve that opens and closes to apply the glue through the gun and nozzle to the leading edge and trailing edge of the substrates respectively in the designated pattern. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the moving substrates are labels and the pattern is a leading edge and a trailing edge pattern and wherein the pump is a piston pump. 21. A glue delivery system for extruding glue onto a moving substrate comprising: at least one glue holding container adaptable to hold glue; a first glue applicator having a gun attached to a first glue chamber that is connected to the at least one glue holding container utilizing a first hose, wherein the controlled amount of the glue is extruded from the at least one glue holding container through the first hose to the first glue chamber and to the gun and through the gun to a leading edge of the moving substrate that is placed in a leading edge pad of an applicator drum; a second glue applicator having a nozzle attached to a second glue chamber that is connected to the at least one glue holding container utilizing a second hose, wherein the controlled amount of the glue being extruded from the at least one glue holding container through the second hose to the second glue chamber and to the nozzle and a trailing edge of the moving substrate placed in a trailing edge pad of an applicator drum is blown off over to the nozzle to receive a smear of glue on the trailing edge of the moving substrate; and a gear pump connected to the at least one glue holding container, the gear pump being precisely controlled by a servo drive that is connected to a servomotor utilizing a gear reducer, wherein the gear pump regulates the extrusion of the glue onto the moving substrate that is programmed with data representative of gear reducer ratio at which the glue flows within a constant speed, torque, current, speed and position of the glue at a desired temperature; wherein when a glue pressure drops due to the extrusion of glue onto the moving substrate the torque and current drops and the gear reducer ratio of the gear pump is changed to maintain a required torque and current on a main motor shaft, the glue pressure drop is measured and modulated the glue pressure based upon a differential between the changed gear reducer ratio and the predetermined gear reducer ratio thereby achieving a precise pressure related to volume of a glue deposition and speed of the moving substrate onto which the glue is applied. 22. The glue delivery system of claim 21 wherein the gear pump is powered by the servomotor and the glue is extruded to the gun through the first hose and the first glue chamber and the nozzle through the second hose and the second glue chamber. 23. The glue delivery system of claim 21 wherein the gear pump adjusts the glue pressure in the first and second glue chambers to control designated glue patterns of deposits applied to the leading edge and the trailing edge of the moving substrate. 24. The glue delivery system of claim 23 wherein the designated glue pattern at the leading edge is a bead of glue that is extruded from the gun. 25. The glue delivery system of claim 23 wherein the designated glue pattern at the trailing edge is a vertical smear of glue that is extruded from a vertical oriented slit of the nozzle. 26. The glue delivery system of claim 21 wherein when the glue is extruded from the gun and nozzle, the air pressure formed is controlled separately either manually or automatically by an analog pneumatic valve. 27. The glue delivery system of claim 21 wherein the servo drive is configured to receive inputs including information relating to the signal indicating the glue pressure drop, a torque and current empirical data and a gear reducer ratio empirical data generated during an empirical data acquisition process and a speed of movement of the substrate relative to the applicator drum. 28. The glue delivery system of claim 21 wherein the gear reducer ratio is predetermined by including an auxiliary motor shaft axis and an auxiliary shaft gear with a main motor shaft axis and a main shaft gear, changing parameters of the auxiliary motor shaft axis to determine parameters of the main motor shaft axis and combining the parameters of the auxiliary motor shaft axis and the main motor shaft axis. 29. The glue delivery system of claim 21 wherein the predetermined gear reducer ratio is based on empirical correlations of gear reducer ratios applied to a calibrated glue, speed of the moving substrate onto which the calibrated glue is extruded and an amount of the calibrated glue during an empirical data acquisition process. 30. A method of extruding glue from a glue holding container through a glue applicator of a glue delivery system onto a moving substrate, the method comprising the steps of: applying a predetermined gear reducer ratio at a constant torque, current, speed and position to the glue at a desired temperature; extruding a controlled amount of the glue from the glue holding container through a hose to a glue chamber and to a gun of the glue applicator and through the gun to a leading edge of the moving substrate that is placed in a leading edge pad of an applicator drum; and whereby when a glue pressure drops due to the extrusion of glue onto the moving substrate the torque and current drops and a gear reducer ratio of a pump is changed to maintain a required torque and current on a main motor shaft, the glue pressure drop is measured and modulated the glue pressure based upon a differential between the changed gear reducer ratio and the predetermined gear reducer ratio thereby achieving a precise pressure related to volume of a glue deposition and speed of the moving substrate onto which the glue is applied during the extruding steps; wherein the predetermined gear reducer ratio is based on empirical correlations of gear reducer ratios applied to a calibrated glue, speed of the moving substrate onto which the calibrated glue is extruded and an amount of the calibrated glue during an empirical data acquisition process; and wherein the data matrix is created by recording data during the empirical data acquisition process representative of a measured amount of the calibration glue deposited onto the moving substrate, on information relating to the signal indicating the glue pressure drop, a torque and current empirical data and a gear reducer ratio empirical data and a speed of movement of the substrate relative to the applicator drum.",
-    "A paddle handle assembly includes a tray, a handle pivotally mounted to the tray, a spring for urging the handle toward an unactuated position with respect to the tray, and an arm integrally formed with the handle. The arm extends through the tray. A distal end of the arm includes a cable eye connector integrally formed with the arm for actuating a securing mechanism on a rear side of the tray. 1. A paddle handle assembly comprising: a tray; a handle pivotally mounted to the tray; a spring for urging the handle toward an unactuated position with respect to the tray; and an arm integrally formed with the handle and extending through the tray, a distal end of the arm including a cable eye connector integrally formed with the arm for actuating a securing mechanism on a rear side of the tray. 2. The paddle handle assembly of claim 1, further including a double bend at a proximal end of the arm for creating an offset between the cable eye connector and a side of the handle. 3. The paddle handle assembly of claim 1, further including a locking mechanism mounted to the handle for preventing actuation of the handle relative to the tray. 4. The paddle handle assembly of claim 3, wherein the tray includes a catch for receiving a locking arm of the locking assembly. 5. The paddle handle assembly of claim 4, wherein the catch is formed integrally with the tray. 6. A paddle handle assembly comprising: a tray; a handle pivotally mounted to the tray; a spring for urging the handle toward an unactuated position with respect to the tray; an arm integrally formed with the handle and extending through the tray, a distal end of the arm including a cable eye connector integrally formed with the arm for actuating a securing mechanism on a rear side of the tray, the arm including a double bend at a proximal end of the arm for creating an offset between the cable eye connector and a side of the handle; and a locking mechanism mounted to the handle for preventing actuation of the handle relative to the tray. 7. The paddle handle assembly of claim 6, wherein the tray includes a catch for receiving a locking arm of the locking assembly. 8. The paddle handle assembly of claim 7, wherein the catch is formed integrally with the tray.",
-    "A chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film including an acid generator which is capable of producing an acid when irradiated with an active beam or radiation and includes a compound having a carboxyl group; a resin whose solubility in alkali increases under the action of an acid and which includes an acrylic resin containing a structural unit derived from acrylic ester having a cyclic group containing \u2014SO2\u2014 or a cyclic group containing lactone; and an organic solvent. 1. A chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film used for forming a thick film resist pattern having a film thickness of 10 \u03bcm or more, comprising: an acid generator which is capable of producing an acid when irradiated with an active beam or radiation and includes a compound having a carboxyl group; a resin whose solubility in alkali increases under the action of an acid and which includes an acrylic resin containing a structural unit derived from acrylic ester having a cyclic group containing \u2014SO2\u2014 or a cyclic group containing a lactone; and an organic solvent. 2. The chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the acrylic resin is 70 mass % or more with respect to the total mass of a resin component included in the chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film. 3. The chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film according to claim 1, wherein the composition is used for fabricating a mold for forming a plated molded article on a metal substrate. 4. A method for producing a thick film resist pattern, comprising: laminating a photosensitive resin layer formed of the chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film according to claim 1 on a substrate; irradiating the photosensitive resin layer with an active beam or radiation; and developing the exposed photosensitive resin layer. 5. A method for producing a substrate with a mold, comprising: laminating a photosensitive resin layer formed of the chemically amplified positive-type photosensitive resin composition for a thick film according to claim 3 on a metal substrate; irradiating the photosensitive resin layer with an active beam or radiation; and developing the exposed photosensitive resin layer to fabricate a mold for forming a plated molded article. 6. A method for producing a plated molded article, comprising plating the substrate with a mold produced by the method according to claim 5 to form a plated molded article within the mold.",
-    "A printing control system, including a printer control apparatus and a host control apparatus, the printer control apparatus including: a first communication unit configured to transmit to the host control apparatus a reception request signal, which is for prompting the host control apparatus to transmit a transmission request signal; and a second communication unit configured to transmit data to the host control apparatus when receiving the transmission request signal, the host control apparatus including: a third communication unit configured to receive the reception request signal; and a fourth communication unit configured to, when receiving the reception request signal, transmit the transmission request signal, which is for prompting the printer control apparatus to transmit the data. 1. A printer control apparatus comprising: a first communication unit configured to transmit to a host control apparatus a reception request signal, which is for prompting the host control apparatus to transmit a transmission request signal; and a second communication unit configured to transmit data to the host control apparatus when receiving the transmission request signal. 2. A printer control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first communication unit transmits the reception request signal to the host control apparatus only when the data that is high in priority is to be transmitted to the host control apparatus. 3. A printer control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reception request signal indicates a priority level of the data, and the second communication unit transmits to the host control apparatus the data that has the priority level indicated by the reception request signal. 4. A printer control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the reception request signal indicates a priority level of the data, and the second communication unit transmits to the host control apparatus the data that has the priority level indicated by the reception request signal. 5. A printing control method to be used in a printer control apparatus, the printing control method including: transmitting, from the printer control apparatus to a host control apparatus, a reception request signal, which is for prompting the host control apparatus to transmit a transmission request signal; and transmitting data to the host control apparatus when the printer control apparatus receives the transmission request signal. 6. A printing control system, including a printer control apparatus and a host control apparatus, the printer control apparatus including: a first communication unit configured to transmit to the host control apparatus a reception request signal, which is for prompting the host control apparatus to transmit a transmission request signal; and a second communication unit configured to transmit data to the host control apparatus when receiving the transmission request signal, the host control apparatus including: a third communication unit configured to receive the reception request signal; and a fourth communication unit configured to, when receiving the reception request signal, transmit the transmission request signal, which is for prompting the printer control apparatus to transmit the data.",
-    "A cartridge for dispensing a fluid is presented. The cartridge comprises a reservoir chamber for receiving the fluid. The reservoir chamber has a fluid outlet. The cartridge further comprises a controllable dispenser component for dispensing a dispensing volume of the fluid from the reservoir chamber. The dispenser component is connected to the fluid outlet of the reservoir. The cartridge further comprises a single compressible fluid pump with a single elastic pumping element and a conduit extending from the fluid pump towards the fluid outlet. The fluid pump discharges a mixing volume of the fluid from the conduit into the reservoir chamber upon compression of the elastic pumping element. The mixing volume depends on the degree of compression of the elastic pumping element. The fluid pump sucks in the mixing volume from the reservoir into the conduit upon decompression of the elastic pumping element. 1. A cartridge for dispensing a fluid, the cartridge comprises: a reservoir chamber operable for receiving the fluid, the reservoir chamber having a fluid outlet; a controllable dispenser component for dispensing a dispensing volume of the fluid from the reservoir chamber, the dispenser component being connected to the fluid outlet of the reservoir; a single compressible fluid pump with a single elastic pumping element; and a conduit extending from the fluid pump towards the fluid outlet, wherein the fluid pump being operable to discharge a mixing volume of the fluid from the conduit into the reservoir chamber upon compression of the elastic pumping element, the mixing volume depending on the degree of compression of the elastic pumping element, and the fluid pump being operable to suck in the mixing volume from the reservoir into the conduit upon decompression of the elastic pumping element. 2. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the elastic pumping element is formed by bellows. 3. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the elastic pumping element is an elastic membrane. 4. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the conduit is tube or pipette-shaped. 5. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir chamber has a bottom portion forming a sink. 6. The cartridge according to claim 5, wherein the sink comprises the fluid outlet of the reservoir chamber and wherein the conduit extends into the sink to a predetermined distance (d) from the fluid outlet. 7. The cartridge according to claim 6, wherein the distance d is in the range of 1 mm to 10 mm. 8. The cartridge according to claim 6, wherein the conduit has an end portion facing the outlet, the end portion having multiple openings spread around a perimeter of the end portion for discharging the mixing volume. 9. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir chamber further comprises an inlet for receiving a ventilation gas and wherein the inlet is operable for maintaining a constant gas pressure within the reservoir chamber when the fluid is dispensed. 10. The cartridge according to claim 9, wherein the reservoir chamber further comprises a baffle for restricting gas diffusion through the inlet. 11. The cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the baffle forms a ventilation channel, the ventilation channel having a ventilation volume equal to or greater than the mixing volume that results from a maximum compression of the elastic pumping element. 12. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir chamber has walls that are flexible. 13. The cartridge according to claim 12, wherein the reservoir chamber is designed to expand upon compression of the elastic pumping element and to shrink upon decompression of the elastic pumping element. 14. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the reservoir chamber is at least partly filled with the fluid, the fluid being a dispersion or a suspension containing particles that sediment on a bottom portion of the reservoir. 15. The cartridge according to claim 14, wherein the particles are magnetic beads and/or latex-beads. 16. The cartridge according to claim 15, wherein if the particles are magnetic beads, the particles are magnetized polystyrene beads having a diameter between 1 and 4 \u03bcm and if the particles being latex-beads, the particles have a diameter between 0.05 \u03bcm and 0.4 \u03bcm. 17. The cartridge according to claim 15, wherein the beads are streptavidine-coated for binding a biotinylated antibody. 18. An automatic analyzer for analyzing a biological sample, the automatic analyzer comprising: a holder for holding the cartridge in accordance with claim 1 in an operating position; a first actuator assembly operable for actuating the dispenser component of the cartridge for controlling the dispenser component to dispense the dispensing volume, wherein the automatic analyzer is operable to perform an analysis of the biological sample for detecting an analyte using the dispensing volume; a second actuator assembly for compressing the elastic pumping element of the cartridge; and a controller for controlling the second actuator assembly for compressing the elastic pumping element prior to controlling the first actuator assembly for dispensing the dispensing volume. 19. A method of analyzing a biological sample for detecting an analyte, the method comprising: providing an automatic analyzer in accordance with claim 18 holding a cartridge in accordance with claim 8; controlling the second actuator assembly by the controller for compressing the elastic pumping element such that the mixing volume is discharged from the end portion of the conduit for re-suspending sedimented particles; controlling the first actuator assembly by the controller for dispensing the dispensing volume of the fluid; and performing an analysis by the automatic analyzer for detecting the analyte using the dispensed volume of the fluid. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the second actuator assembly is controlled such that the elastic pumping element is repeatedly compressed and released until the sedimented particles are sufficiently re-suspended for performing the analysis.",
-    "In one embodiment, a method includes deploying an application to a plurality of client systems associated with a plurality of users, respectively, wherein the application is installed on each of the client systems, and wherein one or more treatments can be remotely activated on the application, receiving, from a first client system associated with a first user of the plurality of users, a request from the application installed on the first client system to access the application server, determining whether the first user belongs in a treatment group associated with a first treatment, remotely activating the first treatment on the first client system associated with the first user if the first user belongs in the treatment group, and synchronizing activation of the first treatment in response to subsequent access by the first client system. 1. A method comprising, by an application server: deploying an application to a plurality of client systems associated with a plurality of users, respectively, wherein the application is installed on each of the client systems, and wherein one or more treatments can be remotely activated on the application; receiving, from a first client system associated with a first user of the plurality of users, a request from the application installed on the first client system to access the application server; determining whether the first user belongs in a treatment group associated with a first treatment; remotely activating the first treatment on the first client system associated with the first user if the first user belongs in the treatment group; and synchronizing activation of the first treatment in response to subsequent access by the first client system. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the first client system, exposure data identifying an exposure of the first user to the first treatment. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a treatment effect of the first treatment for the first user based on exposure data received from the first client system. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: modifying the first treatment based on the determined treatment effect of the first treatment. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: deactivating the first treatment on the first client system after a specified timeout period. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the first client system, conversion data identifying user interactions with respect to the first treatment. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein synchronizing activation of the first treatment in response to subsequent access by the first client system comprises: determining whether the first treatment is active on the first client system; and remotely re-activating the first treatment on the first client system if the first treatment is determined to be not active on the first client system. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessing a social graph comprising a plurality of nodes and a plurality of edges connecting the nodes, each of the edges between two of the nodes representing a single degree of separation between them, the plurality of nodes corresponding to a plurality of users associated with an online social network, respectively. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: identifying a plurality of clusters in the social graph using graph cluster randomization, each cluster comprising a discrete set of nodes from the plurality of nodes, wherein a threshold number of nodes in each cluster is network exposed with respect to the other nodes in the cluster. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first user corresponds to a node in a first cluster of the plurality of clusters. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: remotely activating the first treatment on one or more second client systems associated with one or more second users of the plurality of users, respectively, the one or more second client systems corresponding to one or more nodes in a second cluster of the plurality of clusters, the first cluster being discrete from the second cluster. 12. The method of claim 1, determining whether the first user belongs in the treatment group associated with a first treatment comprises determining whether the first user belongs in a treatment set of users or a control set of users. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first treatment is a particular advertisement. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first treatment is a particular product or feature associated with the application. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the client systems are mobile client systems. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the application server is a server associated with an online social network. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the application is a mobile application for accessing an online social network. 18. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media embodying software that is operable when executed to: deploy an application to a plurality of client systems associated with a plurality of users, respectively, wherein the application is installed on each of the client systems, and wherein one or more treatments can be remotely activated on the application; receive, from a first client system associated with a first user of the plurality of users, a request from the application installed on the first client system to access the application server; determine whether the first user belongs in a treatment group associated with a first treatment; remotely activate the first treatment on the first client system associated with the first user if the first user belongs in the treatment group; and synchronize activation of the first treatment in response to subsequent access by the first client system. 19. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a memory coupled to the processors comprising instructions executable by the processors, the processors operable when executing the instructions to: deploy an application to a plurality of client systems associated with a plurality of users, respectively, wherein the application is installed on each of the client systems, and wherein one or more treatments can be remotely activated on the application; receive, from a first client system associated with a first user of the plurality of users, a request from the application installed on the first client system to access the application server; determine whether the first user belongs in a treatment group associated with a first treatment; remotely activate the first treatment on the first client system associated with the first user if the first user belongs in the treatment group; and synchronize activation of the first treatment in response to subsequent access by the first client system.",
-    "Disclosed is an apparatus that includes an electric power source that powers a Marx generator that is electrically coupled to a cathode emitter that is configured to discharge electrical potential into the earth. The apparatus also includes a load resistor that is coupled between the output of the Marx generator and either a relative ground or the input to the Marx generator. 1. An apparatus comprising: an electric power source providing an electrical potential; a relative electric ground; a Marx generator electrically coupled to the electrical power source, the Marx generator having an input and an output; a cathode emitter electrically coupled to the output of the Marx generator, wherein the cathode emitter is constructed and arranged to discharge electrical potential into the earth; and a load resistor having a load resistor impedance electrically coupled between the output of the Marx generator and either the relative electric ground or the input to the Marx generator. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the Marx generator is constructed and arranged to generate a pulsed discharge with at least 30,000 volts and at least 30 Joules of energy in each pulse. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a switched-mode power supply electrically coupled between the electric power source and the Marx generator. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impedance of the load resistor is between approximately 10,000 Ohms and approximately 50,000 Ohms. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impedance of the load resistor is equal to approximately 10,000 Ohms. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the impedance of the load resistor is equal to approximately 16,700 Ohms. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the load resistor is constructed and arranged to dissipate a substantial portion of the energy discharged when there is a comparatively high impedance discharge path from the cathode emitter. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the load resistor impedance is greater than an earth impedance between the cathode emitter and the earth when there is a conductive material in the earth located proximate to the cathode emitter and within 8 cm of a surface of the earth. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a detector constructed and arranged to detect an electrical discharge from the Marx generator. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the electric circuit further comprises a current meter that detects electric current between the Marx generator and the earth. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the electric circuit further comprises an antenna adapted to detect current flow induced in conductors in the earth when electrical energy is discharged into the earth. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the Marx generator is constructed and arranged to generate a pulsed discharge with at least 30 Joules of energy in each pulse. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the Marx generator comprises: a plurality of electrically connected frame elements, each frame element comprising: a frame segment; first and second electrodes arranged to define a frame element spark gap; a first resistor having a first input terminal and a first output terminal; a second resistor having a second input terminal and a second output terminal; and a capacitor having a third input terminal and a third output terminal; wherein said frame element spark gap, said first and second resistors and said capacitor are physically mounted on said frame segment and are arranged to form one stage of said Marx generator with adjacent frame elements forming additional stages, wherein adjacent frame elements are adapted to be electrically coupled to each other. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the frame segments each define a first opening adapted to receive the load resistor. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the frame segments each define a second opening adapted to allow air flow through each frame segment and around said first and second resistors. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a casing that completely surrounds said Marx generator. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a blower fluidly coupled to said casing to force air flow into said casing and through said second openings. 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the frame segments each define a second opening adapted to allow air flow through each frame segment and around said first and second resistors. 21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein each frame element further comprises a first inductor arranged in series with said first resistor and a second inductor arranged in series with said second resistor. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an anode emitter electrically coupled to either the relative electric ground or the input to the Marx generator, wherein the anode emitter is constructed and arranged to receive electrical energy from the earth.",
-    "The display module includes first and second FPC substrates disposed on top of each other. The first substrate has an IC mounted on it. The second FPC substrate has a cutout inside which the IC is disposed. 1. A display module comprising: a first circuit substrate being flexible, having a display area provided with an image display function, and having a first peripheral area outside the display area; a second circuit substrate being flexible, having an additional function area provided with a function added to the image display function, and having a second peripheral area outside the additional function area, the second circuit substrate being disposed on top of the first circuit substrate; a first flexible wiring substrate joined to a first edge of the first peripheral area so as to be electrically coupled to the first circuit substrate; a second flexible wiring substrate disposed on top of the first flexible wiring substrate, and joined to a second edge of the second peripheral area so as to be electrically coupled to the second circuit substrate; and an electronic component, wherein the first circuit substrate has a first curved portion in the first peripheral area, the first flexible wiring substrate extends toward an opposite side of the first circuit substrate from the second circuit substrate, the second circuit substrate has a second curved portion in the second peripheral area, the second flexible wiring substrate extends toward an opposite side of the first circuit substrate from the second circuit substrate, one of the first and second flexible wiring substrates has the electronic component mounted thereon, and the other of the first and second flexible wiring substrates has a cutout inside which the electronic component is disposed. 2. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the first flexible wiring substrate is curved in a direction of curvature of the first curved portion, and the second flexible wiring substrate is curved in a direction of curvature of the second curved portion. 3. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the first curved portion is formed at least at the first edge, and the second curved portion is formed at least at the second edge. 4. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the first circuit substrate has the first curved portion between the display area and the first edge, and the second circuit substrate has the second curved portion between the additional function area and the second edge. 5. The display module according to claim 2, wherein the first and second flexible wiring substrates are curved by elastic deformation, and the electronic component and the cutout are engaged to resist a restoring force produced by the elastic deformation. 6. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the first and second circuit substrates are curved by elastic deformation, and the electronic component and the cutout are engaged to resist a restoring force produced by the elastic deformation of the first and second circuit substrates.",
-    "A method for automatic folder ownership assignment, including ascertaining which first folders, among a first multiplicity of folders, have at least one of modify and write permissions to non-IT administration entities, adding the first folders to a list of candidates for ownership assignment, defining a second multiplicity of folders which is a subset of the first multiplicity of folders and not including the first folders and descendents and ancestors thereof, ascertaining which second folders among the second multiplicity of folders, have permissions to non-IT administration entities, adding the second folders to the candidates, defining a third multiplicity of folders, which is a subset of the second multiplicity of folders and not including the second folders and descendents and ancestors thereof, ascertaining which third folders among the third multiplicity of folders are topmost folders, adding the third folders to the candidates, and recommending possible assignment of ownership of the candidates. 1. A system for automatic folder ownership assignment in an enterprise computer network, the system comprising: actual modification scrutinizing functionality operative for ascertaining which first folders, among a first multiplicity of folders in an enterprise computer network, have been at least actually modified by entities other than IT administration entities, and adding said first folders to a list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; first pruning functionality operative for defining a second multiplicity of folders, said second multiplicity of folders being a subset of said first multiplicity of folders which does not include said first folders, all descendents of said first folders and all ancestors of said first folders; actual access scrutinizing functionality operative for ascertaining which second folders among said second multiplicity of folders, have been at least actually accessed by entities other than IT administration entities and adding said second folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; second pruning functionality operative for defining a third multiplicity of folders, said third multiplicity of folders being a subset of said second multiplicity of folders which does not include said second folders, all descendents of said second folders and all ancestors of said second folders; topmost folder scrutinizing functionality operative for ascertaining which third folders among said third multiplicity of folders are topmost folders and adding said third folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; and possible ownership assignment recommendation functionality operative for recommending possible assignment of ownership of at least one of said list of base-folder candidates. 2. A system for automatic folder ownership assignment in an enterprise computer network, the system comprising: actual modification scrutinizing functionality operative for ascertaining which first folders, among a first multiplicity of folders in an enterprise computer network, have been at least actually modified by entities other than IT administration entities and comprise at least sensitive content, and adding said first folders to a list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; first pruning functionality operative for defining a second multiplicity of folders, said second multiplicity of folders being a subset of said first multiplicity of folders which does not include said first folders, all descendents of said first folders and all ancestors of said first folders; actual access scrutinizing functionality operative for ascertaining which second folders among said second multiplicity of folders, have been at least actually accessed by entities other than IT administration entities and comprise at least sensitive content, and adding said second folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; second pruning functionality operative for defining a third multiplicity of folders, said third multiplicity of folders being a subset of said second multiplicity of folders which does not include said second folders, all descendents of said second folders and all ancestors of said second folders; topmost folder scrutinizing functionality operative for ascertaining which third folders among said third multiplicity of folders are topmost folders and adding said third folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; and possible ownership assignment recommendation functionality operative for recommending possible assignment of ownership of at least one of said list of base-folder candidates. 3. A method for automatic folder ownership assignment in an enterprise computer network, the method comprising: maintaining a list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; ascertaining which first folders, among a first multiplicity of folders in an enterprise computer network, have been at least actually modified by entities other than IT administration entities, and adding said first folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; defining a second multiplicity of folders, said second multiplicity of folders being a subset of said first multiplicity of folders which does not include said first folders, all descendents of said first folders and all ancestors of said first folders; ascertaining which second folders among said second multiplicity of folders, have been at least actually accessed by entities other than IT administration entities and adding said second folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; defining a third multiplicity of folders, said third multiplicity of folders being a subset of said second multiplicity of folders which does not include said second folders, all descendents of said second folders and all ancestors of said second folders; ascertaining which third folders among said third multiplicity of folders are topmost folders and adding said third folders to said list of base-folder candidates for ownership assignment; and recommending possible assignment of ownership of at least one of said list of base-folder candidates.",
-    "An auto focusing (AF) module includes a fixed base, an AF barrel configured to support a focus lens, an AF base supported by the fixed base and configured to support the AF barrel such that the AF barrel that moves along an optical axis. A stepper motor is fixed to the AF base and provides a driving force to the AF barrel; a bonding member is arranged between the fixed base and the AF base, the bonding member being configured to bond the fixed base and the AF base to each other. The AF module may fix the AF base in an optimum location with respect to the fixed base, so that the assembling error of a first guide shaft assembled in the AF base may be compensated. The AF module may be fixed to the optimum location with respect to another component, such as the lens frame. 1. An auto focusing (AF) module comprising: a focus lens; an AF barrel including a structure configured to support a focus lens; a fixed base; an AF base supported by the fixed base, and having a structure that supports the AF barrel to permit movement of the AF barrel along an optical axis; a stepper motor unit fixed to the AF base that provides a driving force to the AF barrel for movement along the optical axis; and a bonding member arranged between the fixed base and the AF base to bond the fixed base and the AF base to each other. 2. The AF module of claim 1, wherein the AF base includes an AF body having a via hole, through which a portion of the AF barrel penetrates, and a plurality of guide shafts fixed to the AF body and arranged in parallel to a direction of the optical axis. 3. The AF module of claim 1, wherein the bonding member comprises an ultraviolet bonding agent cured by ultraviolet rays. 4. The AF module of claim 1, further comprising at least one first guide shaft assembled in the AF base to guide movement of the AF barrel along the optical axis. 5. The AF module of claim 4, wherein the at least one first guide shaft and the AF base are constructed of different materials from each other. 6. The AF module of claim 4, further includes at least one second guide shaft extending from the AF base. 7. The AF module of claim 6, wherein the AF base and the at least one second guide shaft are constructed of a same material. 8. The AF module of claim 1, wherein the fixed base includes at least one detachment prevention part that prevents the AF base from being detached from the fixed base, and the AF base is arranged apart from the detachment prevention part by a predetermined distance. 9. The AF module of claim 1, further comprising a holder unit fixed to the AF base. 10. The AF module of claim 1, wherein the stepper motor unit comprises a stepper motor, and a lead screw configured to be rotated by the stepper motor. 11. The AF module of claim 10, wherein the stepper motor unit further comprises a pressurizing member coupled to the lead screw, and the AF barrel further comprises a lead screw insertion part inserted into the lead screw. 12. A photographing apparatus comprising a lens unit including the auto focusing (AF) module of claim 1, and a main body including a lens mounting module, an image sensor and an aperture. 13. A method of manufacturing an auto focusing (AF) module, the method comprising: assembling in a fixed base an AF base configured to support an AF barrel such that the AF barrel that is movable along an optical axis, wherein the AF barrel is configured to support a focus lens; injecting an uncured bonding member between the AF base and the fixed base; adjusting a location of the AF base with respect to the fixed base; and curing the bonding member. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, before assembling the AF base in the fixed base, assembling at least one first guide shaft in the AF base. 15. The method according to claim 13, further comprising providing an actuator for driving the focus lens along the optical axis. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the adjusting of the location of the AF base comprises adjusting the location of the AF base in real time, based on a resolution of an image corresponding to incident light transmitted through the focus lens. 17. The method according to claim 15, further comprising configuring the AF module to be supported by a lens frame.",
-    "Described are negative allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions for treating depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, cognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, or autism spectrum disorders in a subject. 1. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or cycloalkyl; R2a, R2b, and R2c are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 haloalkoxy; R3 is \u2014X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014Z\u2014(CR8cR8d)q\u2014N(R7a)(R7b), \u2014X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014Z\u2014(CR8cR8d)q\u2014Y-A, -A\u2032-X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014N(R7a)(R7b), or -A\u2032-X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014Y-A; p is 0-2; q is 0-2; X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from a bond, CR8eR8f, O, S, NR10\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014NR10\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014NR10\u2014, \u2014NR10\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014NR10\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR10\u2014C(O)\u2014NR10\u2014, \u2014NR10\u2014SO2\u2014, and \u2014SO2\u2014; R7a and R7b are each independently selected from C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C7 haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, C1-C7 heteroalkyl, and heterocycle, or R7a and R7b together with the nitrogen atom to which they attach form a heterocycle; R8a, R8b, R8c, R8d, R8e and R8f, at each occurrence, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 haloalkoxy; R10 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, and C1-C4 haloalkyl; A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycle; A\u2032 is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycle; and R4 is \u2014CONH2 or cyano; wherein said aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycle, at each occurrence, are independently substituted or unsubstituted. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is aryl or heteroaryl. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is aryl or heteroaryl, substituted with 0-3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, chloro, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 fluoroalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl, cyclopropyl, fluorocyclopropyl, OR5, and NR6aR6b; wherein R5 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 fluoroalkyl; and R6a and R6b are each independently hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or C1-C6 heteroalkyl; or R6a and R6b together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attach form a heterocycle; wherein each R6a and R6b are substituted with 0-3 fluorine atoms. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is aryl substituted with 0-2 substituents independently selected from fluoro, chloro, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 fluoroalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxyalkyl, and OR5; wherein R5 is hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C3 fluoroalkyl. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is heteroaryl substituted with 0-2 substituents independently selected from fluoro, chloro, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 fluoroalkyl, and C1-C3 alkoxyalkyl. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2a, R2b, and R2c are each independently hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2a, R2b, and R2c are each hydrogen. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is \u2014X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014Z\u2014(CR8cR8d)q\u2014N(R7a)(R7b), \u2014X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014Z\u2014(CR8cR8d)q\u2014Y-A, -A\u2032-X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014N(R7a)(R7b), or -A\u2032-X\u2014(CR8aR8b)p\u2014Y-A; wherein p is 0-2; q is 0-2; X is a bond, CR8eR8f, O, or NR10; Y is a bond, CR8eR8f, O, or NR10; R7a and R7b are each independently selected from C1-C7 alkyl, cycloalkyl, C1-C7 heteroalkyl, and heterocycle, or R7a and R7b together with the nitrogen atom to which they attach form a heterocycle; R8a, R8b, R8c, R8d, R8e and R8f, at each occurrence, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 haloalkyl, and C1-C4 haloalkoxy; R10 at each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, and C1-C4 haloalkyl; A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycle; and A\u2032 is cycloalkyl or heterocycle. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is wherein X is a bond, CR8eR8f, O, or NR10; Y is a bond, CR8eR8f, O, or NR10; R7a and R7b are each independently selected from C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C7 heteroalkyl, and monocyclic heterocycle, or R7a and R7b together with the nitrogen atom to which they attach form a heterocycle; wherein R7a and R7b are substituted with 0-3 fluorine atoms; R8a, R8b, R8c, R8d, R8e and R8f are each independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro, and methyl; R9 at each occurrence is independently selected from fluoro, methyl, heterocycle, and heteroaryl; wherein 0-4 R9 groups are present in each R3; m is 0-3; n is 0-2; R10 is hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or C1-C3 fluoroalkyl; A is an aryl group of 6-10 atoms, a heteroaryl group of 5-10 atoms, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, a heterocycle group of 4-10 atoms, or a spiro heterocycle group of 7-10 atoms; wherein A is substituted with 0-3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, chloro, cyano, methyl, C1-C3 fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, OR11, NR12aR12b, SO2R11, and COR11; wherein R11 is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, and C1-C3 fluoroalkyl; R12a and R12b are each independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and C1-C4 heteroalkyl; or R12a and R12b together with the nitrogen atom to which they attach form a heterocycle; wherein each R12a and R12b are each independently substituted with 0-3 fluorine atoms. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 is \u2014CONH2. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 is cyano. 13. The compound of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of: 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(thiomorpholinomethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(morpholinomethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-phenethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(4-methylphenethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(3-methylphenethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-methylphenethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-yloxy)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-ylamino)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-((pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-4-yl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-3-yl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((6,6-difluoro-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((octahydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((4,7-dimethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((cyclopentyl(methyl)amino)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((cyclopropyl(methyl)amino)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((1,4-thiazepan-4-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((1,4-oxazepan-4-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-(azepan-1-ylmethyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((4-methoxypiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((4-cyanopiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-((4-(trifluoromethyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylmorpholino)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-(((3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholino)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-((4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((1,1-dioxido-1,4-thiazepan-4-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(3-methylisothiazol-5-yl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(1-(pyridin-4-yl)ethoxy)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methoxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-((2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethyl)amino)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-((2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)amino)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-morpholinoethyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methoxy)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethoxy)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl((2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(((3-fluoropyridin-4-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(((2-methylpyridin-4-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)oxy)methyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(((2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl)amino)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-(((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(((2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-(ethyl(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6(7H)-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonitrile; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(((6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)ethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(2-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(3-morpholinopyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; (S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylmorpholino)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; (R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylmorpholino)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((2,2-dimethylmorpholino)methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-(((3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholino)methyl)-8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-((2-methylmorpholino)methyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 6-((3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-8-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; 7-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(methyl(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; and 7-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 14. A method for treating a disease or disorder associated with dysfunction of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2), comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the compound of claim 1 is a negative allosteric modulator of mGlu2. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from at least one of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, cognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorders. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.",
-    "A method provides for operating a drive train having several drive assemblies, a transmission and an output A first drive assembly acts on a first transmission shaft of the transmission, and a second drive assembly acts on a second transmission shaft. The transmission includes several shift elements, whereas an output torque depending on a driver's requested torque is provided at the output. For the opening of a shift element the shift element is placed without load. The probability of a gearshift request is determined on the control side by a shifting strategy. If the probability of a gearshift request is greater than the defined threshold, a torque provided by a first drive assembly and the second drive assembly is changed on the control side in advance of an actual gearshift request, while maintaining the driver's requested torque at the output, in such a manner that a torque, which is transferred by a shift element to be opened for the gearshift that is detected to be probable, is reduced as much as possible in order to minimize the time required after the actual gearshift request for the execution of the gearshift. 1-8: (canceled) 9. A method for operating a drive train, wherein the drive train has: a first drive assembly, and a second drive assembly; a transmission including a plurality of shift elements; an output; wherein the first drive assembly acts on a first transmission shaft of the transmission, and the second drive assembly acts on a second transmission shaft of the transmission; wherein an output torque depending on a driver's requested torque is provided at the output; the method comprising: for opening of one of the shift elements of the transmission upon a gearshift request, placing the shift element in a no load condition by: prior to the actual gearshift request, determining a probability of the gearshift request based on a shifting strategy; if the probability of the gearshift request is greater than a defined threshold, a torque provided by the first drive assembly and a torque provided by the second drive assembly are changed in advance of the actual gearshift request while maintaining the driver's requested torque at the output; and wherein the change is torques is conducted in a manner such that a torque that is transferred by the shift element to be opened for the gearshift is reduced in order to minimize time required after the actual gearshift request for execution of the gearshift. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: calculating a target torque for each of the first drive assembly and the second drive assembly for the changing of the torques; determining if the target torques violate a torque limit of the respective drive assembly; if it is determined that none of the target torques violate the respective torque limits, the first and second drive assemblies are guided to the target torques in a torque-controlled manner in advance of the actual gearshift request while maintaining the driver's requested torque at the output and placing the shift element to be opened without load; and if it is determined that at least one of the target torques violates the respective torque limit, the shift element to be opened is only partially placed without load in advance of the actual gearshift request. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein if at least one of the target torques violates the respective torque limit, the first and second drive assemblies are guided in a torque-controlled manner towards their respective target torque until one of the drive assemblies reaches its torque limit, and, subsequently, the torques of the drive assemblies are kept constant. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, upon receipt of the actual gearshift request, the shift element to be opened is placed completely without load by bringing the drive assembly that has not reached its torque limit in a torque-controlled manner to its respective target torque while deviating the output torque from the driver's requested torque. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the first transmission shaft on which the first drive assembly acts is a transmission input shaft, the second transmission shaft on which the second drive assembly acts is provided by a planetary stage of the transmission, and an output shaft of the transmission acts on the drive. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the first drive assembly is one of an internal combustion engine or a first electric motor, and the second drive assembly is a second electric motor. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the shift element to be opened for the gearshift is a positive-locking shift. 16. A control device for operating a drive train, wherein the drive train has: a first drive assembly, and a second drive assembly; a transmission including a plurality of shift elements; an output; wherein the first drive assembly acts on a first transmission shaft of the transmission, and the second drive assembly acts on a second transmission shaft of the transmission; wherein an output torque depending on a driver's requested torque is provided at the output; the control device configured with hardware and software to carry out the method according to claim 9.",
-    "Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein indicate a correlation exists between a specific gravity of combustible fuel and the occurrence of low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) within engines. Thus techniques are disclosed herein for online measurement of the specific gravity of fuel within an engine, and allow for preventative measures to be executed to minimize or otherwise mitigate the incidence of LSPI when the calculated specific gravity of the fuel exceeds a predefined threshold. In an embodiment, the preventative measures may include, for example, altering or otherwise adjusting an engine map such that an injection timing scheme injects less poor-quality fuel into engine cylinders, thus advantageously preventing the engine from operating at full-power when conditions for LSPI are present. 1. A method for determining conditions giving rise to low-speed pre-ignition events in an engine, the method comprising: receiving, by a controller, a first and second fuel pressure measurement, the first and second fuel pressure measurement corresponding to a high pressure region and a low pressure region, respectively; determining, by the controller, a pressure differential based on the difference between the second fuel pressure measurement and the first fuel pressure measurement; calculating, by the controller, a specific gravity value based in part on the determined pressure differential; and determining, by the controller, if the calculated specific gravity value exceeds a predefined threshold. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the high pressure region and the low pressure region are within a fuel return line, and wherein a first end of the fuel return line is fluidly coupled to an outlet of a fuel rail, and wherein a second end of the fuel return line is fluidly coupled to a solenoid control valve, and wherein the method further comprises: actuating the solenoid control valve to pass fuel through an orifice for measurement purposes. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein actuating the solenoid control valve is in response to the controller receiving a measurement interrupt signal. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the measurement interrupt signal is generated based on detecting de-acceleration of the engine. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the specific gravity for the fuel is calculated based at least in part on the following equation: 1 p = ( Q CA 2 ) 2 2 \ue89e ( P 1 - P 2 ) wherein (Q) is volumetric flowrate at any cross-section (m3/s) of the fuel return line, (C) is a orifice flow coefficient of the orifice, (A2) is a cross-sectional area of a hole of the orifice, (P1) is the first fuel pressure measurement, (P2) is the second fuel pressure measurement, and ( 1 p ) is the specific gravity of the fuel. 6. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising: de-rating the engine in response to the calculated specific gravity value exceeding a predefined threshold, wherein de-rating the engine includes adjusting an engine map, and wherein the adjusted engine map causes a fuel injection scheme implemented by the engine to inject relatively less fuel into cylinders at least during engine speeds under 3000 rotations per minute than when using an unmodified engine map. 7. A direct injection system comprising: a fuel pump fluidly coupled to a fuel supply; a fuel return line; a fuel rail having an inlet fluidly coupled to the fuel pump and an outlet fluidly coupled to the fuel return line, the fuel rail being configured to provide a first portion of fuel to a plurality of fuel injectors, and provide a second portion of fuel to the fuel return line; an orifice disposed within the fuel return line and configured to pass fuel and introduce a measurable pressure difference such that a first pressure is provided before fuel passes through the orifice and a second pressure is provided downstream of the orifice; a first pressure sensor configured to measure the first pressure; a second pressure sensor configured to measure the second pressure; circuitry electrically coupled to the first and second pressure sensors and configured to: determine a pressure differential based on a difference between the second measured pressure and the first measured pressure; and calculate a specific gravity value for the second portion of fuel based in part on the determined pressure differential. 8. The direct injection system of claim 7, wherein the circuitry is further configured to de-rate an engine in response to determining the specific gravity value exceeds a predefined threshold. 9. The direct injection system of claim 8, wherein the predefined threshold equals about 0.76. 10. The direct injection system of claim 8, wherein the circuitry de-rates an engine at least in part by causing an engine map to be adjusted, wherein the adjusted engine map causes a fuel injection scheme implemented by an engine control unit to inject relatively less fuel into cylinders at least during engine speeds under 3000 rotations per minute than when using an unmodified engine map. 11. The direct injection system of claim 7, further comprising a solenoid control valve disposed along the fuel return line prior to the orifice and configured to inhibit flow of fuel when de-actuated and allow flow of fuel when actuated, and wherein the circuitry is further configured to: actuate, in response to receiving a measurement interrupt signal, the solenoid control valve by providing an electrical signal to the solenoid control valve. 12. The direct injection system of claim 11, wherein the measurement interrupt signal is generated as a result of an engine control unit detecting engine de-acceleration. 13. The direct injection system of claim 7, wherein the fuel return line is fluidly coupled to the fuel supply such that fuel passing through the orifice is returned to the fuel supply. 14. The direct injection system of claim 7, wherein the first pressure sensor is a fuel rail pressure sensor fixedly attached to the fuel rail. 15. The direct injection system of claim 7, wherein the specific gravity for the fuel is calculated based at least in part on the following equation: 1 p = ( Q CA 2 ) 2 2 \ue89e ( P 1 - P 2 ) wherein (Q) is volumetric flowrate at any cross-section (m3/s) of the fuel return line, (C) is a orifice flow coefficient, (A2) is a cross-sectional area of a hole of the orifice, (P1) is the first pressure measurement, (P2) is the second pressure measurement, and ( 1 p ) is the specific gravity of the fuel. 16. The direct injection system of claim 7, wherein the fuel pump is a high-pressure fuel pump configured to pressurize fuel up to 2,000 bars or more. 17. The direct injection system of claim 7, wherein the circuitry is integrated into an engine control unit or an engine control module. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having a plurality of instructions that when executed by at least one processor causing a process to be carried out, the process being configured to: receive a first and second fuel pressure measurement, the first and second fuel pressure measurement corresponding to a high pressure region and a low pressure region, respectively, introduced by an orifice within a fuel return line of an engine; determine a pressure differential based on a difference between the second fuel pressure measurement and the first fuel pressure measurement; and calculate a specific gravity value for a fuel of the engine based in part on the determined pressure differential. 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the specific gravity for the fuel is calculated based at least in part on the following equation: 1 p = ( Q CA 2 ) 2 2 \ue89e ( P 1 - P 2 ) wherein (Q) is volumetric flowrate at any cross-section (m3/s) of the fuel return line, (C) is a orifice flow coefficient of the orifice, (A2) is a cross-sectional area of a hole of the orifice, (P1) is the first fuel pressure measurement, (P2) is the second fuel pressure measurement, and ( 1 p ) is the specific gravity of the fuel. 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the process is further configured to de-rate an engine in response to the calculated specific gravity value exceeding a predefined threshold. 21. The computer-readable medium of claim 20, wherein the predefined threshold is about 0.76. 22. The computer-readable medium of claim 20, wherein de-rating the engine further includes adjusting an engine map, and wherein the adjusted engine map causes a fuel injection scheme implemented by the engine to inject relatively less fuel into cylinders at least during engine speeds under 3000 rotations per minute than when using an unmodified engine map.",
-    "An angle block apparatus and method of stringing cable is provided. The apparatus includes an angle block frame having an enclosed frame perimeter structure. A rotatable roller wheel is connected to the angle block frame and positioned interior of the enclosed frame perimeter structure. A connector is affixed to the angle block frame and sized to retain the angle block frame in a substantially stationary position. The method of stringing cable includes, in part, disconnecting a sled carrying the cable from a messenger wire trolley. The sled and cable attached thereto is then moved through the angle block frame from a first side to a second side of the angle block frame. The trolley is moved from the first side to the second side of the angle block frame without going through the angle block frame. The sled is then reattached to the messenger wire trolley on the second side. 1. An angle block apparatus for overhead transmission and distribution systems, the angle block apparatus comprising: an angle block frame having an enclosed frame perimeter structure; at least one roller wheel connected to the angle block frame and positioned interior of the enclosed frame perimeter structure, wherein the at least one roller wheel is rotatable about an axis; and at least a first connector affixed to a first side of the frame perimeter structure of the angle block frame and sized to retain the angle block frame in a substantially stationary position and a second connector affixed to a second side of the frame perimeter structure of the angle block frame and sized to retain the angle block frame in a substantially stationary position, wherein the first connector is independent of the second connector and the first side of the frame perimeter structure is distinct from the second side of the frame perimeter structure. 2. The angle block apparatus of claim 1, wherein the connector connects the angle block frame in a substantially stationary position to a support bracket of a utility pole. 3. The angle block apparatus of claim 2, wherein the angle block frame is oriented in an angular position, wherein in the angular position, the axis of the at least one rotatable roller wheel intersects an elongated axis of the support bracket. 4. The angle block apparatus of claim 2, wherein the axis is oriented between an angle of 20\u00b0 and 70\u00b0 with respect to the support bracket. 5. The angle block apparatus of claim 1, wherein the enclosed frame perimeter structure is sized to prevent a cable stringing trolley from fitting therethrough. 6. The angle block apparatus of claim 1, wherein the angle block frame is positioned substantially directly below a messenger wire block. 7. The angle block apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an openable section within the enclosed frame perimeter structure. 8. The angle block apparatus of claim 7, wherein the openable section is joined to the enclosed frame perimeter structure with at least one movable joint.",
-    "A discovery signal measurement method, base station and terminal, wherein the method includes: a base station determining measurement patterns used by different terminals for measuring discovery signals according to transmission patterns of discovery signals; the base station configuring measurement patterns corresponding to the terminals for the terminals; the base station transmitting the discovery signals in cells corresponding to the transmission pattern according to the transmission patterns. The method, base station and terminal according to the embodiment of the present invention provide a definite solution for configuring measurement patterns of discovery signals. 1. A measurement method for discovery signals, comprising: a base station determining measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals for different terminals according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells; the base station configuring measurement patterns corresponding to the terminals for different terminals; and the base station transmitting the discovery signals in cells corresponding to the transmission patterns, and the terminals measuring the discovery signals according to the configured measurement patterns. 2. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein, before the step of the base station determining measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals for different terminals according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells, the method further comprises: the base station determining the transmission patterns through any of following methods: the base station determining independently; or, receiving a configuration signaling sent by a central node base station or other base stations other than the central node base station, configuring the transmission patterns according to the configuration signaling, wherein the transmission patterns are centrally determined by the central node base station, or determined coordinately by the central node base station and other base stations other than the central node base station. 3. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein a transmission mode of the discovery signals comprises: continuously transmitting discovery signals according to a predetermined transmission cycle; or; transmitting a predetermined number of bursts in one cycle, and transmitting a predetermined number of subframes carrying the discovery signals in each burst, and a gap between adjacent bursts is a predetermined value. 4. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein, transmission patterns of different cells comply with at least one of following situations: a transmission pattern corresponding to an activated cell and a transmission pattern corresponding to a dormant cell are the same, and both indicate that the discovery signals are transmitted intermittently; the transmission pattern corresponding to the activated cell indicates that the discovery signals are transmitted continuously, and the transmission pattern corresponding to the dormant cell indicates that the discovery signals are transmitted intermittently; the transmission pattern corresponding to the activated cell and the transmission pattern corresponding to the dormant cell are different, and both indicate that the discovery signals are transmitted intermittently; and transmission patterns of corresponding different cells indicate that starting position offsets of starting to transmit the discovery signals are different. 5. The measurement method of claim 4, wherein, the transmission patterns being different means that at least one of following information in the transmission patterns is different: a cycle of transmitting discovery signals in a corresponding cell; the number of bursts transmitted in each cycle; the number of subframes carrying the discovery signals transmitted in each burst; a gap between adjacent bursts; starting position offset of starting to transmit the discovery signals; and occupied frequency resources and/or sequence resources. 6. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein, the step of the base station determining measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals for different terminals according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells comprises: the base station determining measurement patterns of different terminals based on measurement needs, wherein the measurement needs comprise qualitative measurement needs and/or quantitative measurement needs. 7. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein, the measurement patterns of the terminals comprise measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals of one or more cells, and measurement patterns used by the terminals for measuring discovery signals of one cell are a full set or subset of transmission patterns used by the base station for transmitting discovery signals of the cell. 8. A measurement method for discovery signals, comprising: a terminal receiving a measurement pattern configuration transmitted by a base station for measuring discovery signals, wherein the measurement pattern is determined by the base station according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells; and the terminal measuring the discovery signals based on the measurement pattern. 9. The measurement method of claim 8, wherein, the measurement pattern of the terminal comprises information used for measuring discovery signals of all cells corresponding to the base station. 10. The measurement method of claim 8, wherein, measurement patterns of different terminals comply with at least one of following situations: in an intra-frequency measurement, measurement patterns of different terminals are the same; in an inter-frequency measurement, measurement patterns of different terminals are the same; in the intra-frequency measurement, measurement patterns of different terminals are different, and measured bursts or subframes are staggered from each other in one cycle; and in the inter-frequency measurement, measured bursts or subframes of the measurement patterns of different terminals in one cycle are staggered from each other. 11. The measurement method of claim 8, wherein, the measurement pattern comprises information used for indicating following content: the number of bursts measured in each cycle; the number of subframes carrying the discovery signals measured in each burst; and the number of cycles of measurement needed for reporting a measurement result. 12. A base station, comprising: a measurement pattern determination module, a measurement pattern configuration module and a discovery signal transmission module, wherein, the measurement pattern determination module is configured to: determine measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals for different terminals according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells; the measurement pattern configuration module is configured to: configure measurement patterns corresponding to the terminals for different terminals; and the discovery signal transmission module is configured to: transmit the discovery signals in cells corresponding to the transmission patterns. 13. The base station of claim 12, wherein, the base station is further configured to determine the transmission pattern through any of following methods: the base station determining independently; or, receiving a configuration signaling sent by a central node base station or other base stations other than the central node base station, configuring the transmission pattern according to the configuration signaling, wherein the transmission pattern is centrally determined by the central node base station, or determined coordinately by the central node base station and other base stations other than the central node base station. 14. The base station of claim 12, wherein, the transmission pattern indicates that a transmission mode of the discovery signal comprises: continuously transmitting the discovery signals according to a predetermined transmission cycle; or; transmitting a predetermined number of bursts in one cycle, transmitting a predetermined number of subframes carrying discovery signals in each burst, and a gap between adjacent bursts is a predetermined value. 15. The base station of claim 12, wherein, transmission patterns of different cells comply with at least one of following situations: a transmission pattern corresponding to an activated cell and a transmission pattern corresponding to a dormant cell are the same, and both indicate that the discovery signals are transmitted intermittently; the transmission pattern corresponding to the activated cell indicates that the discovery signals are transmitted continuously, and the transmission pattern corresponding to the dormant cell indicates that the discovery signals are transmitted intermittently; the transmission pattern corresponding to the activated cell and the transmission pattern corresponding to the dormant cell are different, and both indicate that the discovery signals are transmitted intermittently; and transmission patterns of corresponding different cells indicate that starting position offsets of starting to transmit the discovery signals are different. 16. The base station of claim 15, wherein, the transmission patterns being different means that at least one of following information in the transmission patterns is different: a cycle of transmitting discovery signals in a corresponding cell; the number of bursts transmitted in each cycle; the number of subframes carrying the discovery signals transmitted in each burst; a gap between adjacent bursts; starting position offset of starting to transmit the discovery signals; and occupied frequency resources and/or sequence resources. 17. The base station of claim 12, wherein, the base station is configured to determine measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals for different terminals according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells in a following way: determining measurement patterns of the terminals based on measurement needs, wherein the measurement needs comprise qualitative measurement needs and/or quantitative measurement needs. 18. The base station of claim 12, wherein, the measurement patterns of the terminals comprise measurement patterns used for measuring discovery signals of one or more cells, measurement patterns used by the terminals for measuring discovery signals of one cell are a full set or subset of transmission patterns used by the base station for transmitting the discovery signals of the cell. 19. A terminal, comprising: a configuration reception module and a discovery signal measurement module, wherein, the configuration reception module is configured to: receive a measurement pattern configuration transmitted by a base station for measuring discovery signals, wherein the measurement pattern is determined by the base station according to transmission patterns of discovery signals of one or more cells; and the discovery signal measurement module is configured to: measure discovery signals based on the measurement patterns. 20. The terminal of claim 19, wherein, the measurement patterns of the terminals comprise information used for measuring discovery signals of all cells corresponding to the base station; or the measurement patterns of different terminals comply with at least one of following situations: in an intra-frequency measurement, measurement patterns of different terminals are the same; in an inter-frequency measurement, measurement patterns of different terminals are the same; in the intra-frequency measurement, measurement patterns of different terminals are different, measured bursts or subframes in one cycle are staggered from each other; and in the inter-frequency measurement, measured bursts or subframes of the measurement patterns of different terminals in one cycle are staggered from each other; or the measurement pattern comprises information used for indicating following content: the number of bursts measured in each cycle; the number of subframes carrying the discovery signals measured in each burst; and the number of cycles of measurement needed for reporting a measurement result. 21-22. (canceled)",
-    "A parallel processing system for processing samples is described. In one embodiment, the parallel processing system includes an instrument interface parallel controller to control a tray motor driving system, a close-loop heater control and detection system, a magnetic particle transfer system, a reagent release system, a reagent pre-mix pumping system and a wash buffer pumping system. 1-2.(canceled) 3. A system comprising: a network; and a plurality of instruments, wherein: each instrument in the plurality of instruments is configured to receive a plurality of cassettes; each instrument in the plurality of instruments comprises a particle transfer system including a plurality of valve shafts and a first actuator assembly; each instrument in the plurality of instruments comprises a computer; and each instrument in the plurality of instruments comprises a communication device, wherein the communication device is configured to couple the instrument to the network. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein each cassette of the plurality of cassettes comprises a valve member defining a cavity within which a particle can be disposed, the valve member configured to transfer the particle between a first chamber of the cassette and a second chamber of the cassette. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the first actuator assembly is configured to move the plurality of valve shafts between a first position and a second position to apply a magnetic force produced by a magnetic portion of each valve shaft to attract the particle into the cavity of the valve member of the corresponding cassette from the plurality of cassettes. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the first actuator assembly is configured to rotate each valve shaft from the plurality of valve shafts when the plurality of valve shafts is in the second position when the particle is transferred between the first chamber of the cassette and the second chamber of the cassette. 7. The system of claim 4 wherein each instrument in the plurality of instruments comprises a reagent release system comprising a plurality of protrusions and a second actuator assembly. 8. The system of claim 7 wherein each cassette comprises a first reagent chamber and a second reagent chamber, and wherein the second actuator assembly is configured to move the plurality of protrusions between a first protrusion position, in which each protrusion from the plurality of protrusions is substantially aligned with the first reagent chamber from the corresponding cassette and a second protrusion position, in which each protrusion from the plurality of protrusions is substantially aligned with the second reagent chamber from the corresponding cassette. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the second actuator assembly is configured to move a protrusion from the plurality of protrusions into contact with a plunger associated with the first chamber of the corresponding cassette to transfer a first reagent from the first reagent chamber into the first chamber, the second actuator assembly configured to move the protrusion from the plurality of protrusions into contact with a plunger associated with the second reagent chamber of the corresponding cassette to transfer a second reagent from the second reagent chamber into the first chamber. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the second actuator assembly is configured to move the plurality of protrusions along a first axis between the first protrusion position and the second protrusion position, the second actuator assembly is further configured to move the protrusion from the plurality of protrusions along a second axis into contact with the plunger associated with the first reagent chamber. 11. The system of claim 9 wherein the second actuator assembly is configured to move at least a portion of the protrusion from the plurality of protrusions into the first reagent chamber to transfer the first reagent from the first reagent chamber into the first chamber. 12. The system of claim 9 wherein each cassette from the plurality of cassettes includes a puncturable member disposed between the first chamber and the first reagent chamber; and the second actuator assembly is configured to move the protrusion from the plurality of protrusions such that the plunger associated with the first reagent chamber punctures a portion of the puncturable member. 13. The system of claim 9 wherein each cassette from the plurality of cassettes includes a pump configured to mix at least one of the first reagent or the second reagent with the particle within the first chamber; and the second actuator assembly is configured to actuate each pump from the plurality of cassettes. 14. The system of claim 3 wherein the communication device comprises a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART). 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the communication device comprises a universal serial bus (USB). 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the communication device comprises a controller area network bus (CANBUS). 17. The system of claim 3 wherein the network is a wireless network. 18. The system of claim 3 wherein the network is a wide area network (WAN). 19. The system of claim 3 wherein the network is a control area network (CAN). 20. The system of claim 3 wherein the network is a token ring. 21. The system of claim 3 wherein the network is coupled to the internet. 22. The system of claim 3 wherein the network is an Ethernet network.",
-    "Osmolarity-responsive hydrogel sensors, particularly biosensors, containing quaternary ammonium functionality, which are useful for, inter alia, continuous osmolarity monitoring with no pH interference, are disclosed. Methods of using the osmolarity-responsive hydrogels are also disclosed. 1. A sensor, comprising: a hydrogel, comprising: a hydrated, crosslinked copolymer comprising residues of the formula: wherein: n is at least 1,000; Y is \u2014(C\u2550O)\u2014Z or Y is Z is \u2014NR1R2 or \u2014OR7; each R1 and R2 is independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, benzyl, residue derived from \u2014(C1-C6)alkylenyl-NH\u2014C\u2550O\u2014CH\u2550CH2, or quaternary ammonium-substituted linker group and counteranion; and optionally, wherein at least a portion of said R1 or said R2 in said copolymer are said residues derived from \u2014(C1-C6)alkylenyl-NH\u2014C\u2550O\u2014CH\u2550CH2; wherein at least a portion of said R1 or said R2 in said copolymer are said quaternary ammonium-substituted linker group; each R3 is independently H or (C1-C6)alkyl; and each R4, R5, and R6 is independently (C1-C6)alkyl; and each R7 is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, benzyl, or said quaternary ammonium-substituted linker group and counteranion; wherein at least a portion of said R7 in said copolymer are said quaternary ammonium-substituted linker group; and wherein said hydrogel is sensitive to changes in osmolarity but substantially insensitive to changes in pH; each R11 is independently H or (C1-C4)alkyl; and a transducer associated with said hydrogel to convert a change in a physical quantity or chemical quantity associated with said hydrogel to an electrical signal. 2. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said copolymer further comprises: at least one residue of: hydroxy(C1-C6)alkyl(meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylic acid; alkyl ethers; vinyl ether; vinyl pyrrolidone; or styrene copolymerized with allyl alcohol; 4-vinylphenol; vinyl acetate; ethylene copolymerized with vinyl acetate; zwitterionic monomer; or fully-neutralized sodium acrylate monomer. 3. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said \u2014(C1-C6)alkylenyl-NH\u2014C\u2550O\u2014CH\u2550CH2 is -methylenyl-NH\u2014C\u2550O\u2014CH\u2550CH2. 4. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said quaternary ammonium-substituted linker group is quaternary ammonium-substituted (C1-C6)alkyl. 5. A sensor of claim 4, wherein said quaternary ammonium-substituted C1-C6 alkyl is trimethyl ammonium n-propylenyl. 6. A sensor of claim 1, wherein Y is \u2014C6H4CH2N+(CH3)3Cl\u2212. 7. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said copolymer is formed from the reaction of acrylamide, quaternary ammonium-functionalized monomer, and optionally N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide; wherein said quaternary ammonium-substituted linker group is 3-acrylaminopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium-substituted (meth)acrylate, or (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride. 8. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said copolymer comprises the reaction product of: about 75 mole % to about 95 mole % of acrylamide; about 6 mole % to about 15 mole % of 3-acrylaminopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride or (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride; and about 0.5 mole % to about 10 mole % of N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide. 9. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said copolymer comprises the reaction product of: about 78 mole % to about 92 mole % of acrylamide; about 7 mole % to about 12 mole % of 3-acrylaminopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride or (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride; and about 1 mole % to about 5 mole % of N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide. 10. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said copolymer comprises the reaction product of: about 87 mole % to about 89 mole % of acrylamide; about 9 mole % to about 11 mole % of 3-acrylaminopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride or (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride; and about 2 mole % to about 4 mole % of N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide. 11. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said counteranion is an anion selected from the group consisting of halide and methyl sulfate. 12. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said counteranion is fluoride ion, chloride ion, or iodide ion. 13. A sensor of claim 1, further comprising: magnetic particles associated with said hydrogel. 14. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said hydrogel is contained in a chamber of a fixed volume. 15. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said transducer is pressure transducer, a magnetic sensor, an optical sensor, an electrical sensor, or a viscoelastic sensor. 16. A sensor of claim 1, wherein said sensor is a single-use sensor. 17. A sensor of claim 1, further comprising: a signal transmitter for transmitting to said electrical signal to a controller. 18. A sensor of claim 17, wherein said signal transmitter is reusable. 19. A sensor of claim 17, wherein said signal transmitter is wireless. 20. A sensor system, comprising: an array of sensors of claim 1; and a signal transmitter for transmitting to said electrical signal to a controller. 21. A sensor system of claim 20, wherein said array is prepared by inkjet printing. 22. A method of measuring osmolarity of a fluid, comprising: contacting a sensor of claim 1 with said fluid; measuring a value of a physical change in said hydrogel; and converter said value to an electrical signal; wherein said physical change is a change in volume, a change in magnetic field, or a change in an optical property.",
-    "Disclosed herein are an electrically conductive stretchable interconnect using a twisted nature of yarn fibers and a method of manufacturing the same. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the electrically conductive stretchable interconnect includes: an elastic body in which a stretchable tunnel is formed in a length direction; and a conductive twisted yarn including a stretchable structure positioned inside the stretchable tunnel and extended by a force applied in the length direction and an extending part extending from the stretchable structure to an outside of the elastic body. 1. An electrically conductive stretchable interconnect, comprising: an elastic body in which a stretchable tunnel is formed in a length direction; and a conductive twisted yarn including a stretchable structure positioned inside the stretchable tunnel and extended by a force applied in the length direction and an extending part extending from the stretchable structure to an outside of the elastic body. 2. The electrically conductive stretchable interconnect of claim 1, wherein the stretchable structure is separated from the elastic body. 3. The electrically conductive stretchable interconnect of claim 1, wherein the stretchable structure has a helically twisted structure. 4. The electrically conductive stretchable interconnect of claim 1, further comprising: a crimping contact electrically connected to the extending part. 5. The electrically conductive stretchable interconnect of claim 1, wherein the conductive twisted yarn is a conductive coating yarn. 6. The electrically conductive stretchable interconnect of claim 1, wherein the conductive twisted yarn is formed by braiding at least two single yarns. 7. The electrically conductive stretchable interconnect of claim 1, wherein the conductive twisted yarn is plural and the plurality of conductive twisted yarns are each disposed in the length direction and are spaced apart from each other for electrical insulation. 8. A method of manufacturing an electrically conductive stretchable interconnect, comprising: injecting an elastic material into a mold to which conductive twisted yarns are fixed in a length direction; hardening the elastic material to form an elastic body; and forming a stretchable structure in at least a portion of the conductive twisted yarn by applying a tensile force to the elastic body in the length direction. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the forming of the stretchable structure in the at least a portion of the conductive twisted yarn by applying the tensile force to the elastic body in the length direction includes: clamping both ends of the elastic body; forming a stretchable tunnel, in which the stretchable structure is positioned, inside the elastic body by tensioning at least one of the clamped both ends of the elastic body in the length direction; and restoring the elastic body to an initial state by removing the tensile force. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein in the forming of the stretchable tunnel, in which the stretchable structure is positioned, inside the elastic body by tensioning the at least one of the clamped both ends of the elastic body in the length direction, the conductive twisted yarn is separated from the elastic body. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein in the restoring of the elastic body to the initial state by removing the tensile force, the at least a portion of the conductive twisted yarn positioned inside the stretchable tunnel becomes the stretchable structure extended by a force applied in the length direction. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the stretchable structure has a helically twisted structure. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising: prior to the injecting of the elastic material into the mold to which the conductive twisted yarn is fixed in the length direction, degassing bubbles from the elastic material which is in a liquid state. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the conductive twisted yarn is a conductive coating yarn. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the conductive twisted yarn is formed by braiding at least two single yarns. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the injecting of the elastic material into the mold to which the conductive twisted yarn is fixed in the length direction includes disposing each of the plurality of conductive twisted yarns to be spaced apart from each other in the length direction. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein the elastic material is silicon or rubber. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein a length of the conductive twisted yarn is longer than a maximum tensile length of the elastic body. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the maximum tensile length is a tensioned length of the elastic body until the stretchable structure becomes a straight shape. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: after the forming of the stretchable structure in the at least a portion of the conductive twisted yarn by applying the tensile force to the elastic body in the length direction, coupling a crimping contact with at least one of both ends of the conductive twisted yarn.",
-    "Differently from the existing network-based security systems through network traffic analysis, the abnormal behavior detection system implemented a method for detecting an abnormal behavior by patterning various behavior elements, such as time, position, connection network and a used device of an object. In order to enhance system security in the BYOD and smart work environment, the abnormal behavior detection system processes situation information into situation information of connection, use and agent and profile information and detects behaviors, such as abnormal access and use of a terminal device using the entire use behavior pattern and deviation of pattern error rate during the personalized connection period. 1. An abnormality detection part of an abnormal behavior detection system which analyzes the frequency of behaviors in the same connection situation occurring during the entire connection period through pattern analysis of use behaviors of the entire connection period in order to detect an abnormal behavior when predetermined situation information is received from a situation information collection system in a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) and smart work environment, the abnormality detection part comprising: an abnormal behavior analysis module which carries out \u2018detection of error value variation of the entire behavior item\u2019 and \u2018detection of error value variation of an individual behavior item\u2019 using the frequency of use behaviors during the present connection and the average of use behaviors during the past connection through the use behavior pattern analysis procedures of the entire connection period in order to analyze whether use of web service is abnormal or not; a detection demand classifying module which classifies received detection demand messages and transfers the classified messages to each analysis part of the abnormal behavior analysis module; and an abnormal behavior detection module which generates information on a detection result of normality or abnormality when the analysis result of the abnormal behavior analysis module is stored and which transfers the generated information to a control system, wherein the abnormal behavior analysis module obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past entire behavior profile and compares the cumulative average error value with an error value of the present entire behavior to carry out \u2018detection of error value variation of the entire behavior item\u2019, and obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past individual behavior profile and compares the cumulative average error value with an error value of the present individual behavior to carry out \u2018detection of error value variation of the individual behavior item\u2019, so as to judge whether or not the user's use behavior is abnormal. 2. The abnormality detection part according to claim 1, wherein the entire use behavior analysis part includes: a use behavior inquiry part for inquiring use processing information; a first frequency analysis part for detecting the frequency of use behaviors occurring during the entire connection period from the present processing information; a profile inquiry part for inquiring the corresponding user's past profile information; a second frequency analysis part for detecting the frequency of the user's behaviors in the same connection situation as the past; and a use behavior comparing part which obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past entire behavior profile and compares the cumulative average error value with an error value of the present entire behavior to carry out \u2018detection of variation of the entire behavior item\u2019, and obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past individual behavior profile and compares the cumulative average error value with an error value of the present individual behavior to carry out \u2018detection of variation of the individual behavior item\u2019, so as to judge whether or not the user's use behavior is abnormal. 3. The abnormality detection part according to claim 2, wherein the use behavior comparing part includes: a present entire behavior error calculating part which obtains an error between the past profiles with the same access type as the present user's entire use behavior pattern, namely, an error value of the present entire behavior; an entire behavior cumulative average error calculating part which obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past entire behavior profiles so as to carry out \u2018detection of error value variation of the entire behavior\u2019; an entire behavior error comparing part which compares a value obtained by multiplying the cumulative average error value of the entire behavior by 1.N with the error value of the present entire behavior, and outputs a result value of normality if the value obtained through multiplication is larger than the error value of the present entire behavior; a present individual behavior error calculating part which obtains an error between the past profiles with the same access type as the present user's individual use behavior pattern, namely, an error value of the present individual behavior; an individual behavior cumulative average error calculating part which obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past individual behavior profile in order to carry out the \u2018detection of error value variation of the individual behavior item\u2019; an individual behavior error comparing part which compares a value obtained by multiplying the cumulative average error value of the individual behavior by 1.M with the error value of the present individual behavior, and which outputs a result value of normality if the value obtained through multiplication is larger than the error value of the present individual behavior; and a normality judging part which judges the present user's use behavior as a normal behavior if all of the entire behavior error comparing part and the individual behavior error comparing part output result values of normality. 4. The abnormality detection part according to claim 3, wherein the present entire behavior error calculating part obtains an error value of the present entire behavior by calculating as shown in the following Equation: ( present \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e #1 \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate - past \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e #1 \ue89e \ue89e cumulative \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate ) 2 + \u2026 + ( present \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate - past \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e cumulative \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate ) 2 ( Number \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e behaviors ) wherein the pastifn cumulative occurrence rate is total occurrence rate of Ifn behavior out of the total behaviors of the entire past profiles, and is calculated as \u20180\u2019 if there is no past behavior information. 5. The abnormality detection part according to claim 3, wherein the present individual behavior error calculating part obtains an error value of the present individual behavior by calculating as the following Equation: ( present \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate - past \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e cumulative \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate ) 2 wherein the pastifn cumulative occurrence rate is total occurrence rate of Ifn behavior out of the total behaviors of the entire past profiles. 6. The abnormality detection part according to claim 3, wherein the entire behavior cumulative average error calculating part obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past entire behavior profiles by calculating as shown in the following equation: Cumulative average error value of the entire behavior=[(error value between profile 1 and profile 2)+{error value between (profile 1 behavior amount+2 behavior amount) and profile 3}+ . . . +)+{error value between (profile 1 behavior amount+ . . . +profilen-2 behavior amount) and profilen-1}]/(n\u22122), wherein n\u22122 is the number of profiles. 7. The abnormality detection part according to claim 3, wherein the individual behavior cumulative average error calculating part obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past individual behavior profile by calculating as the following Equation: Cumulative average error value of individual behavior=[(error value between profile 1#x and profile 2#x)+{error value between #x of (profile 1 behavior amount+2 behavior amount) and profile 3#x}+ . . . +)+{error value between #x of (profile 1 behavior amount+ . . . +profilen-2 behavior amount) and profilen-1#x}]/(n\u22122), wherein n\u22122 is the number of profiles. 8. The abnormality detection part according to claim 3, wherein the use behavior comparing part sets 20 as the default value of N and 30 as the default value of M to compare the error values. 9. An abnormal behavior detection method of an abnormal behavior detection part which analyzes the frequency of behaviors in the same connection situation occurring during the entire connection period through pattern analysis of use behaviors of the entire connection period in order to detect an abnormal behavior when predetermined situation information is received from a situation information collection system in a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) and smart work environment, the abnormal behavior detection method comprising: a process that a detection demand classifying module classifies received detection demand messages and transfers the classified messages to each analysis part of an abnormal behavior analysis module; a process that the abnormal behavior analysis module carries out \u2018detection of variation of the entire behavior item\u2019 and \u2018detection of variation of an individual behavior item\u2019 using the frequency of use behaviors during the present connection and the average of use behaviors during the past connection through the first analysis of the entire use behaviors for analyzing a pattern of use behaviors of the entire connection period, so as to analyze whether use of web service is abnormal or not; and a process that an abnormal behavior detection module generates information on a detection result of normality or abnormality when the analysis result of the abnormal behavior analysis module is stored and transfers the generated information to a control system, wherein the abnormal behavior analysis module carries out an analysis procedure of the entire use behavior pattern for judging whether or not the user's use behavior is abnormal in such a way as to obtain a cumulative average error value of the user's past entire behavior profile and compare the cumulative average error value with an error value of the present entire behavior to carry out \u2018detection of error value variation of the entire behavior item\u2019 and in such a way as to obtain a cumulative average error value of the user's past individual behavior profile and compare the cumulative average error value with an error value of the present individual behavior to carry out \u2018detection of error value variation of the individual behavior item\u2019. 10. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 9, wherein the analysis procedure of the entire use behavior pattern includes: a process that a use behavior inquiry part inquires use processing information; a process that a first frequency analysis part detects the frequency of use behaviors occurring during the entire connection period from the present processing information; a process that a profile inquiry part inquires the corresponding user's past profile information; a process that a second frequency analysis part detects the frequency of the user's behaviors in the same connection situation as the past; and a process that a use behavior comparing part calculates an error value by each behavior and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is abnormal according to the calculated error value in order to carry out the \u2018variation detection of the entire behavior item\u2019, and judges whether or not the present user's use behavior is abnormal using the variation by individual behavior item in order to carry out the \u2018variation detection of individual behavior item\u2019. 11. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 10, wherein the process of judging whether or not the user's use behavior is abnormal includes: a process that a present entire behavior error calculating part obtains an error between the past profiles with the same access type as the present user's entire use behavior pattern, namely, an error value of the present entire behavior; a process that an entire behavior cumulative average error calculating part obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past entire behavior profiles so as to carry out \u2018detection of error value variation of the entire behavior\u2019; a process that an entire behavior error comparing part compares a value obtained by multiplying the cumulative average error value of the entire behavior by 1.N with the error value of the present entire behavior, and outputs a result value of normality if the value obtained through multiplication is larger than the error value of the present entire behavior; a process that a present individual behavior error calculating part obtains an error between the past profiles with the same access type as the present user's individual use behavior pattern, namely, an error value of the present individual behavior; a process that an individual behavior cumulative average error calculating part obtains a cumulative average error value of the user's past individual behavior profile in order to carry out the \u2018detection of error value variation of the individual behavior item\u2019; a process that an individual behavior error comparing part compares a value obtained by multiplying the cumulative average error value of the individual behavior by 1.M with the error value of the present individual behavior, and outputs a result value of normality if the value obtained through multiplication is larger than the error value of the present individual behavior; and a process that a normality judging part judges the present user's use behavior as a normal behavior if all of the entire behavior error comparing part and the individual behavior error comparing part output result values of normality. 12. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 11, wherein the error value of the present entire behavior is obtained according to the following Equation: ( present \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e #1 \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate - past \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e #1 \ue89e \ue89e cumulative \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate ) 2 + \u2026 + ( present \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate - past \ue89e \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e cumulative \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate ) 2 ( Number \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e behaviors ) wherein the pastifn cumulative occurrence rate is total occurrence rate of Ifn behavior out of the total behaviors of the entire past profiles, and is calculated as \u20180\u2019 if there is no past behavior information. 13. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 11, wherein the error value of the present individual behavior is obtained according to the following Equation: ( present \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate - past \ue89e \ue89e # \ue89e n \ue89e \ue89e cumulative \ue89e \ue89e occurrence \ue89e \ue89e rate ) 2 wherein the pastifn cumulative occurrence rate is total occurrence rate of Ifn behavior out of the total behaviors of the entire past profiles. 14. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 11, wherein the cumulative average error value of the entire behavior is obtained according to the following equation: Cumulative average error value of the entire behavior=[(error value between profile 1 and profile 2)+{error value between (profile 1 behavior amount+2 behavior amount) and profile 3}+ . . . +)+{error value between (profile 1 behavior amount+ . . . +profilen-2 behavior amount) and profilen-1}]/(n\u22122), wherein n\u22122 is the number of profiles. 15. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 11, wherein the cumulative average error value of the individual behavior is obtained according to the following Equation: Cumulative average error value of individual behavior=[(error value between profile 1#x and profile 2#x)+{error value between #x of (profile 1 behavior amount+2 behavior amount) and profile 3#x}+ . . . +)+{error value between #x of (profile 1 behavior amount+ . . . +profilen-2 behavior amount) and profilen-1#x}]/(n\u22122), wherein n\u22122 is the number of profiles. 16. The abnormal behavior detection method according to claim 11, wherein in the process of judging whether or not the user's use behavior is abnormal, the default value of N is set to 20 and the default value of M is set to 30 to compare the error values.",
-    "A printer connected to an external host device and a peripheral device, the printer comprising: a power generation circuit configured to supply a preset drive voltage required for an operation of the peripheral device to the peripheral; a drive circuit configured to operate the peripheral device with the drive voltage in response to input of a drive signal; a control circuit configured to output the drive signal to the drive circuit to operate the drive circuit only in a preset drive period during which the drive circuit operates; and a communication circuit connected to the control circuit and configured to receive data input from the external host device. 1. A printer connected to an external host device and a peripheral device, the printer comprising: a power generation circuit configured to supply a preset drive voltage required for an operation of the peripheral device to the peripheral; a drive circuit configured to operate the peripheral device with the drive voltage in response to input of a drive signal; a control circuit configured to output the drive signal to the drive circuit to operate the drive circuit only in a preset drive period during which the drive circuit operates; and a communication circuit connected to the control circuit and configured to receive data input from the external host device, wherein the control circuit determines the drive voltage generated by the power generation circuit in response to input of a start instruction for starting an operation of the peripheral device from the external host device, outputs a voltage designation signal indicating the drive voltage to the power generation circuit, determines a preset rise time that elapses before a supply voltage supplied to the peripheral device becomes the drive voltage from an initial value, outputs a power generation signal to the power generation circuit, controls the power generation circuit to start supply of the supply voltage to the peripheral device, measures a time that elapses before the supply voltage becomes the drive voltage, outputs the drive signal to the drive circuit at start timing of the drive period when the measured time becomes the rise time, and stops output of the voltage designation signal, the power generation signal, and the drive signal at finish timing of the drive period. 2. A printer according to claim 1, wherein the drive period, the start instruction, the drive voltage determined by the control circuit, and the rise time are input to the control circuit through the communication circuit. 3. A printer according to claim 1, further comprising a nonvolatile memory connected to the control circuit, wherein the drive period and the start instruction are input to the control circuit through the communication circuit, and the drive voltage determined by the control circuit and the rise time are previously stored in the nonvolatile memory. 4. A printer according to claim 1, further comprising a nonvolatile memory connected to the control circuit, wherein the start instruction is input to the control circuit through the communication circuit, and the drive voltage determined by the control circuit, the rise time, and the drive period are previously stored in the nonvolatile memory. 5. A printer according to claim 1, further comprising a nonvolatile memory connected to the control circuit, wherein the drive period, the start instruction, and a model name of the peripheral device are input to the control circuit through the communication circuit, and a plurality of drive voltages determined by the control circuit and a plurality of rise times are previously stored in the nonvolatile memory corresponding to model names of the peripheral device. 6. A printer according to claim 1, further comprising a nonvolatile memory connected to the control circuit, wherein the start instruction and a model name of the peripheral device are input to the control circuit through the communication circuit, and a plurality of drive voltages determined by the control circuit, a plurality of rise times, and a plurality of driving periods are previously stored in the nonvolatile memory corresponding to model names of the peripheral device. 7. A control circuit for a printer connected to an external host device and a peripheral device, the printer comprising: a power generation circuit configured to supply a drive voltage required for an operation of the peripheral device to the peripheral device; and a drive circuit configured to operate the peripheral device with the drive voltage in response to input of a drive signal, a communication circuit connected to the control circuit and configured to receive data input from the external host device, wherein the control circuit outputs the drive signal to the drive circuit to operate the drive circuit only in a drive period during which the drive circuit operates.",
-    "There is provided a data processing apparatus, a printing apparatus and a data processing method, that can reduce a processing load and a processing time in reading data even in a case where null data is added to print data for correcting displacement of a printing position caused by inclination of a print head. To achieve this, there is provided a data processing apparatus including a first writing unit, a second writing unit and a reading unit. The reading unit reads out data arrays corresponding to the print target image and does not read out data arrays corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit, from a plurality data arrays stored in the second storage unit that have been written in by the second written in unit. 1. A data processing apparatus comprising: a first writing unit configured to write a plurality of printing data arrays corresponding to a print target image to be printed by a print heads having ink ejecting port array into a first storage unit and write a predetermined data arrays representing not printing into area corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit; a second writing unit configured to read out data included the plurality of printing data arrays and the predetermined data arrays that have been written into the first storage unit by the first writing unit and write the read out data into a second storage unit with shifting in a direction perpendicular to the arraying direction of the plurality of printing data arrays and the predetermined data arrays according to an inclination of the print head; and a reading unit configured to read out the data that have been written in the second storage unit by the second writing unit, for each data array corresponding to a predetermined ejecting timing of the ink ejecting port array, wherein the reading unit reads out data arrays corresponding to the print target image and does not read out data arrays corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit, from a plurality data arrays stored in the second storage unit that have been written in by the second written in unit. 2. A data processing apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising a generating unit configured to generate a first read permission signal for permitting to read out from the first storage unit and a second read permission signal for permitting to read out from the second storage unit, wherein the second writing unit reads out the data from the first storage unit according to the first read permission signal generated by the generating unit and the reading unit reads out the data from the second storage unit according to the second read permission signal generated by the generating unit, and the generating unit generates the second read permission signal such that a total amount of the data read out from the second storage unit is less than a total amount of the data read out from the first storage unit. 3. A data processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined data arrays includes null data and the generating unit generates the second read permission signal such that an amount of the null data read out from the second storage unit is less than an amount of the null data read out from the first storage unit. 4. A data processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal such that a period of permitting to read according to the second read permission signal is shorter than a period of permitting to read according to the first read permission signal. 5. A data processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal such that a timing at which reading is permitted by the first read permission signal differs from a timing at which reading is permitted by the second read permission signal. 6. A data processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal such that a timing at which reading is not permitted by the first read permission signal is differs from a timing at which reading is not permitted by the second read permission signal. 7. A data processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal based on positional information of a carriage mounting the print head thereon. 8. A printing apparatus comprising: a first writing unit configured to write a plurality of printing data arrays corresponding to a print target image to be printed by a print head having ink ejecting port array into a first storage unit and write a predetermined data arrays representing not printing into area corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit; a second writing unit configured to read out data included the plurality of printing data arrays and the predetermined data arrays that have been written into the first storage unit by the first writing unit and write the read out data into a second storage unit with shifting in a direction perpendicular to the arraying direction of the plurality of printing data arrays and the predetermined data arrays according to an inclination of the print head; a reading unit configured to read out the data that have been written in the second storage unit by the second writing unit, for each data array corresponding to a predetermined ejecting timing of the ink ejecting port array, and a control unit configured to control the print head according to the data that is read out by the reading unit, wherein the reading unit reads out data arrays corresponding to the print target image and does not read out data arrays corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit, from a plurality data arrays stored in the second storage unit that have been written in by the second written in unit. 9. A printing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the second writing unit writes the data into the second storage unit so as to compensate the inclination. 10. A printing apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising a determination unit configured to determine an inclination correction value for correcting the inclination, wherein the number of the predetermined data arrays is a number corresponding to the inclination correction value determined by the determination unit. 11. A printing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the reading unit reads out the data from a position shifted from a predetermined position according to the inclination correction value. 12. A printing apparatus according to claim 8 further comprising a generating unit configured to generate a first read permission signal for permitting to read out from the first storage unit and a second read permission signal for permitting to read out from the second storage unit, wherein the second writing unit reads out the data from the first storage unit according to the first read permission signal generated by the generating unit and the reading unit reads out the data from the second storage unit according to the second read permission signal generated by the generating unit, the generating unit generates the second read permission signal such that a total amount of the data read out from the second storage unit is less than a total amount of the data read out from the first storage unit. 13. A printing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the predetermined data arrays includes null data and the generating unit generates the second read permission signal such that an amount of the null data read out from the second storage unit is less than an amount of the null data read out from the first storage unit. 14. A printing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal such that a period of permitting to read according to the second read permission signal is shorter than a period of permitting to read according to the first read permission signal. 15. A printing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal such that a timing at which reading is permitted by the first read permission signal differs from a timing at which reading is permitted by the second read permission signal. 16. A printing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal such that a timing at which reading is not permitted by the first read permission signal is differs from a timing at which reading is not permitted by the second read permission signal. 17. A printing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the generating unit generates the first read permission signal and the second read permission signal based on positional information of a carriage mounting the print head thereon. 18. A data processing method comprising: a first writing step for writing a plurality of printing data arrays corresponding to a print target image to be printed by a print heads having ink ejecting port array into a first storage unit and writing a predetermined data arrays representing not printing into area corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit; a second writing step for reading out data included the plurality of printing data arrays and the predetermined data arrays that have been written into the first storage unit by the first writing step and writing the read out data into a second storage unit with shifting in a direction perpendicular to the arraying direction of the plurality of printing data arrays and the predetermined data arrays according to an inclination of the print head; and a reading step for reading out the data that have been written in the second storage unit by the second writing step, for each data array corresponding to a predetermined ejecting timing of the ink ejecting port array, wherein the reading step reads out data arrays corresponding to the print target image and does not read out data arrays corresponding to outside of the print target image in the first storage unit, from a plurality data arrays stored in the second storage unit that have been written in by the second writing step.",
-    "A method for reprogramming differentiated cells and for then converting the reprogrammed cells into a differentiated phenotype of interest by means of microfluidic technology is described, together with a related kit for cell reprogramming. 1. An in vitro method for cell reprogramming that includes the step of converting differentiated cells, cultured in adhesion within a microfluidic device, to cells at an embryonic stage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said differentiated cells are adult or neonatal somatic cells. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said differentiated cells are of prenatal origin. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said differentiated cells are healthy cells or cells derived from patients affected or predisposed to pathologies. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said cells at an embryonic stage are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc cells). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said cells at an embryonic stage are multipotent or oligopotent. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said cell reprogramming includes induction of expression of suitable cell regulatory factors into the differentiated cells. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said induction is performed using integrating or non-integrating vectors into the DNA of a host cell. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said integrating vectors are selected from the group including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and PiggyBac. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said non-integrating vectors are chosen from the group including: adenoviruses, plasmids, RNA-viruses like Sendai, RNA, proteins, and organic or inorganic chemical compounds. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein said induction is performed using non-integrating vectors characterized by a short lifespan. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said non-integrating vectors characterized by a short lifespan have a lifespan less than or approximately equal to 96 hours. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein said vectors are chosen between RNA and proteins. 14. The method of claim 7, wherein during cell reprogramming the differentiated cells are further treated with direct or indirect epigenetic modifiers, selected from the group including valproic acid, sodium butyrate, hormones, cytokines, and organic or inorganic chemical compounds. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after cell reprogramming, a step of extracting the reprogrammed cells from the microfluidic device. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after cell reprogramming, a step of purifying the reprogrammed cells in situ or outside the microfluidic device. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after cell reprogramming, a cell differentiation step, preceded or not by a purification step. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said cell differentiation step is performed where the reprogramming step is performed. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising an expansion step after said cell reprogramming step and before said cell differentiation step. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising absence of an expansion step after said cell reprogramming step and before said cell differentiation step. 21. The method of claim 17, further comprising, after the cell differentiation step, a purification step in situ or outside the microfluidic device, optionally followed by a step of extraction of the cells from the microfluidic device. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of converting the differentiated cells is performed under hypoxic conditions. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein a surface of the microfluidic device is coated with substrates by functionalization obtained by physical adsorption or by covalent chemical bonding with hydrogels or other polymers or biopolymers or inorganic or organic molecules. 24. The method of claim 2, wherein said somatic cells are fibroblasts of human or animal derivation. 25. The method of claim 2, wherein said somatic cells are replication-competent neonatal or adult fibroblasts. 26. The method of claim 2, wherein said adult somatic cells are of epithelial origin derived from urines, or nucleated cells derived from peripheral or cord blood. 27. The method of claim 2, wherein said adult somatic cells are selected from the group consisting of cells of mesenchymal origin, cells of hematopoietic origin, and cells of amniotic or fetal origin. 28. A kit for cell reprogramming including a microfluidic device including a cell preparation of differentiated cells or a preparation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc cells), wherein said cell preparation is adherent to a surface of the microfluidic device. 29. The kit for cell reprogramming of claim 28, wherein said microfluidic device includes an integrated system for producing hypoxic conditions. 30. The kit for cell reprogramming of claim 28, wherein said microfluidic device includes a surface coated with substrates by functionalization obtained by physical adsorption or by covalent chemical bonding with hydrogels or other polymers or biopolymers or inorganic or organic molecules. 31. The kit for cell reprogramming of claim 28, wherein said microfluidic device is configured as a transparent device. 32. The kit for cell reprogramming of claim 28, wherein said microfluidic device is in a closed configuration. 33. The kit for cell reprogramming of claim 28, wherein said preparation of differentiated cells or iPSc cells is obtained according to an in vitro method for cell reprogramming that includes the step of converting differentiated cells, cultured in adhesion within a microfluidic device, to cells at an embryonic stage.",
-    "A liquid crystal display (LCD) including: a first electrode disposed on a first substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the first electrode; a second electrode disposed on the insulating layer, overlapping the first electrode, and including a plurality of branch electrodes; and a second substrate opposing the second substrate. Liquid crystal molecules of a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrates are aligned to have pretilt angles in an alignment direction. The branch electrodes include a main branch portion forming a first angle with the alignment direction and a first center portion forming a second angle with the alignment direction, respectively. The branch electrodes include an outermost branch electrode, and the outermost branch electrode includes the main branch portion forming a first angle with the alignment direction and a second center portion forming a fourth angle with the alignment direction. 1. A liquid crystal display, comprising: a first substrate; a first electrode disposed on the first substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the first electrode; a second electrode disposed on the insulating layer, overlapping the first electrode, and comprising a plurality of branch electrodes; a second substrate opposing the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and comprising a plurality of liquid crystal molecules, wherein: the liquid crystal molecules are aligned to have pretilt angles in an alignment direction; the plurality of branch electrodes comprise a main branch portion forming a first angle with the alignment direction and a center portion forming a second angle with the alignment direction, respectively; and the second angle of the center portion has a different value according to dispositions of the plurality of branch electrodes. 2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, further comprising a gate line and a data line disposed on the first substrate, wherein: the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an outermost branch electrode adjacent to the data line, the outermost branch electrode comprising a first center portion protruding toward the data line, the first center portion of the outermost branch electrode forming a fourth angle with the alignment direction; and the fourth angle is greater than the second angle. 3. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein the first center portion forms an angle of about 15 degrees to about 30 degrees with a direction parallel to the gate line. 4. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein a first distance between the first center portion and the main branch portion of the outermost branch electrode along the direction parallel to the gate line is greater than a second distance between the center portion of the other branch electrodes and the main branch portion of the other branch electrodes than the outermost branch electrode. 5. The liquid crystal display of claim 4, wherein the first distance is greater than the second distance by about 1 \u03bcm to about 2 \u03bcm. 6. The liquid crystal display of claim 5, wherein the second angle is greater than the first angle. 7. The liquid crystal display of claim 6, wherein the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an edge portion forming a third angle with the alignment direction, respectively, and the third angle is greater than the first angle. 8. The liquid crystal display of claim 7, wherein: the first electrode has a planar shape; and the planar shaped first electrode overlaps the plurality of branch electrodes of the second electrode. 9. The liquid crystal display of claim 3, wherein the second angle is greater than the first angle. 10. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein: the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an edge portion forming a third angle with the alignment direction; and the third angle is greater than the first angle. 11. The liquid crystal display of claim 10, wherein: the first electrode has a planar shape; and the planar shaped first electrode overlaps the plurality of branch electrodes of the second electrode. 12. The liquid crystal display of claim 3, wherein: the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an edge portion forming a third angle with the alignment direction; and the third angle is greater than the first angle. 13. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein: the first electrode has a planar shape; and the planar shaped first electrode overlaps the plurality of branch electrodes of the second electrode. 14. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, further comprising a gate line and a data line disposed on the first substrate, wherein: the a plurality of branch electrodes comprise an outermost branch electrode adjacent to the data line; the outermost branch electrode comprises a first center portion protruding toward the data line; and a first distance between the first center portion and the main branch portion of the outermost branch electrode along the direction parallel to the gate line is greater than a second distance between the center portion of the other branch electrodes and the main branch portion of the other branch electrodes than the outermost branch electrode. 15. The liquid crystal display of claim 14, wherein the first distance is greater than the second distance by about 1 \u03bcm to about 2 \u03bcm. 16. The liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein the second angle is greater than the first angle. 17. The liquid crystal display of claim 16, wherein: the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an edge portion forming a third angle with the alignment direction; and the third angle is greater than the first angle. 18. The liquid crystal display of claim 17, wherein: the first electrode has a planar shape; and the planar-shaped first electrode overlaps the plurality of branch electrodes of the second electrode. 19. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the second angle is greater than the first angle. 20. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, wherein: the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an edge portion forming a third angle with the alignment direction; and the third angle is greater than the first angle. 21. The liquid crystal display of claim 20, wherein: the first electrode has a planar shape; and the planar-shaped first electrode overlaps the plurality of branch electrodes of the second electrode. 22. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of branch electrodes comprise an edge portion forming a third angle with the alignment direction; and the third angle is greater than the first angle. 23. The liquid crystal display of claim 22, wherein: the first electrode has a planar shape; and the planar-shaped first electrode overlaps the plurality of branch electrodes of the second electrode.",
-    "The white balance of a display device such as an LCD TV is automatically adjusted based on the color temperature of ambient light. 1. A display device comprising: a video display; a light sensor; control circuitry for controlling the matrix to present a demanded image; a processor configured to receive signals from the light sensor representing ambient light; and a computer memory comprising instructions executable by the processor to establish a white balance for the display using the control circuitry based at least in part on the ambient light represented by the signal from the light sensor. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the video display includes a liquid crystal diode (LCD) display. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable to: determine a color temperature of the ambient light represented by the signal from the light sensor. 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable to: determine a color temperature of the ambient light represented by the signal from the light sensor; and determine a white balance based at least in part on the color temperature. 5. The display device of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable to: determine a backlighting based at least in part on the ambient light represented by the signal from the light sensor; and control a backlighting circuitry associated with the video display based at least in part on the backlighting. 6. The display device of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable to determine a brightness based at least in part on the ambient light represented by the signal from the light sensor; and control the control circuitry to establish the brightness. 7 A method comprising: receiving a signal from a light sensor representing an ambient light characteristic in a space in which a video display is disposed; and based at least in part on the signal, establishing a white balance for the video display. 8. The method of claim 7, comprising: based at least in part on the signal, establishing a brightness of the video display. 9. The method of claim 7, comprising: based at least in part on the signal, establishing a backlighting for the display. 10. The method of claim 8, comprising: based at least in part on the signal, establishing a backlighting for the display. 1. The method of claim 7, comprising: determining a color temperature of the ambient light from the signal; and based at least in part on the color temperature, establishing the white balance for the video display. 12. The method of claim 7, comprising dynamically establishing the white balance during a period of time such that as the ambient light changes, the white balance established in the video display changes. 13. An apparatus comprising: at least one computer memory that is not a transitory signal and that comprises instructions executable by at least one processor to; receive a signal from an ambient light sensor located adjacent a video display; and based at least in part on the signal, establish a white balance in the video display. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising the at least one processor. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, comprising the video display and the sensor. 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the instructions are executable to: based at least in part on the signal, establish a backlighting for the video display. 17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the instructions are executable to: based at least in part on the signal, establish a brightness for the display. 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the instructions are executable to: based at least in part on the signal, determine a color temperature; and establish the white balance based at least in part on the color temperature.",
-    "Highly purified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) which meets the standard of pharmaceutical grade is provided. The PVA has of less than 0.1 wt % of residual methanol, less than 0.1 wt % of residual methyl acetate, and less than 0.3 wt % of residual sodium acetate. A method for obtaining highly purified PVA is further provided. 1. A method for purifying polyvinyl alcohol, comprising the steps of: (a) adding polyvinyl alcohol prepared by hydrolyzing polyvinyl acetate with catalysis by a base into an ethanol solution with an ethanol concentration of 95 wt % or higher; (b) heating and stirring the ethanol solution of comprising the polyvinyl alcohol; and (c) retrieving the polyvinyl alcohol from the ethanol solution comprising the polyvinyl alcohol, and drying the retrieved polyvinyl alcohol. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol prepared by hydrolyzing polyvinyl acetate with catalysis by a base is a cluster of polyvinyl alcohol particles in the form of lamellae or granules. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, in step (a), the polyvinyl alcohol prepared by hydrolyzing polyvinyl acetate with catalysis by a base is completely soaked in the ethanol solution. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, in step (a), the ethanol solution has an ethanol concentration of from 95 wt % to 100 wt %. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in step (a), the polyvinyl alcohol prepared by hydrolyzing polyvinyl acetate with catalysis by a base has a degree of alkaline hydrolysis of from 70 to 99 mole % and a degree of polymerization of from 200 to 4000. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein, in step (b), the polyvinyl alcohol is heated and stirred in the ethanol solution at a temperature of from 50 to 100\u00b0 C. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein, in step (b), the temperature of the ethanol solution comprising the polyvinyl alcohol is from 65 to 85\u00b0 C. 8. A polyvinyl alcohol, comprising less than 0.1 wt % of methanol, less than 0.1 wt % of methyl acetate, and less than 0.3 wt % of sodium acetate, based on the total weight of the polyvinyl alcohol. 9. The polyvinyl alcohol of claim 8, which has a degree of alkaline hydrolysis of from 70 to 99 mole % and a degree of polymerization of from 200 to 4000. 10. The polyvinyl alcohol of claim 8, which is a cluster of polyvinyl alcohol particles in the form of lamellae or granules. 11. The polyvinyl alcohol of claim 8, which is obtained according to the method of claim 1.",
-    "A control circuit for controlling current through a load comprises a first terminal for connection to an alternating voltage source, a second terminal for connection to the load and a thyristor-type device having a gate terminal, connected between the first and second terminals. Voltage regulation means is provided for converting alternating voltage into a direct voltage and is connected between the first and second terminals in parallel with the thyristor-type device. Gate current supplying means is provided to supply current to the gate of the thyristor-type device, the gate current supplying means being powered by the voltage regulation means and including a variable input device operable to vary a voltage waveform at the gate of the thyristor-type device in order to vary the voltage waveform provided at the second terminal. The gate current supplying means is arranged to supply, within a first half-cycle of an alternating voltage applied to the first terminal, a first voltage waveform at the gate of the thyristor-type device to supply a gate current to place the thyristor-type device in a conducting state followed by a second voltage waveform to supply a gate current to maintain the thyristor-type device in a conducting state. 1. A control circuit for controlling current through a load, the control circuit comprising: a first terminal for connection to an alternating voltage source; a second terminal for connection to the load; a thyristor-type device connected between the first and second terminals and having a gate terminal; voltage regulation means for converting alternating voltage into a direct voltage, wherein the voltage regulation means is connected between the first and second terminals in parallel with the thyristor-type device; and gate current supplying means operable to supply current to the gate of the thyristor-type device, the gate current supplying means being powered by the voltage regulation means and including a variable input device operable to vary a voltage waveform at the gate of the thyristor-type device in order to vary the voltage waveform provided at the second terminal, wherein the gate current supplying means is arranged to supply, within a first half-cycle of an alternating voltage applied to the first terminal, a first voltage waveform at the gate of the thyristor-type device to supply a gate current to place the thyristor-type device in a conducting state followed by a second voltage waveform to supply a gate current to maintain the thyristor-type device in a conducting state. 2. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first and second waveforms are different. 3. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the second voltage waveform is continuous with the first voltage waveform. 4. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the gate current supplying means is arranged to supply no current to the gate for a period of time between the first voltage waveform and the second voltage waveform. 5. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein: at a high brightness level specified by the variable input device, the gate current supplying means is arranged to supply no current to the gate for a period of time between the first voltage waveform and the second voltage waveform; and at a low brightness level specified by the variable input device, the second voltage waveform is continuous with the first voltage waveform. 6. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or second voltage waveform is a constant voltage waveform. 7. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or second voltage waveform is a sequence of pulses of the same magnitude. 8. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the second voltage waveform has a different magnitude, absolute magnitude or average magnitude to that of the first voltage waveform. 9. A control circuit according to claim 8, wherein said different magnitude, absolute magnitude or average magnitude is lower. 10. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the power consumed by the second waveform is less than the power consumed by the first waveform. 11. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the gate current supplying means is arranged to supply, within a second half-cycle of an alternating voltage applied to the first terminal, a third voltage waveform at the gate of the thyristor-type device to supply a gate current to place the thyristor-type device in a conducting state followed by a fourth voltage waveform to supply a gate current to maintain the thyristor-type device in a conducting state. 12. A control circuit according to claim 11, wherein the first and third voltage waveforms and the second and fourth voltage are the same. 13. A control circuit according to claim 11, wherein the first and third voltage waveforms and the second and fourth voltage are different. 14. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the gate current supplying means comprises a microcontroller powered by the voltage regulation means. 15. A control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the thyristor-type device is a triac. 16. A control circuit according to claim 1, further comprising an additional connection to the alternating voltage source for supplying power to the low-voltage power supply of the control circuit even when the thyristor-type device is conducting. 17. A system comprising a control circuit according to claim 1, electrically connected to the load at the second terminal, wherein the load is a fast-reacting or capacitive load. 18. A system according to claim 17, wherein the load is an LED light source. 19. A system according to claim 17, wherein the control circuit is a dimmer switch circuit. 20. A method for controlling current through a load, the method comprising: applying an alternating voltage to a first terminal of a thyristor-type device; controlling conductivity of the thyristor-type device by supplying current to a gate of the thyristor-type device, wherein supplying current to the gate of the thyristor-type device comprises: within a half-cycle of the alternating voltage being applied to the first terminal, applying a first voltage waveform at the gate of the thyristor-type device to place the thyristor-type device in a conducting state followed by applying a second voltage waveform to maintain the thyristor-type device in a conducting state; and supplying an output from a second terminal of the thyristor-type device to the load. 21. (canceled)",
-    "The apparatus 50 comprises a flange 52 which is fastened to a housing 12, a cable clamp 54 which has a first through hole through which the cable 14 is passed and which is arranged between the housing 12 and the flange 52, and an elastic member 56 which has a second through hole through which the cable 14 is passed and which is arranged between the housing 12 and the cable clamp 54. The flange 2 has a cable hole 66 which opens at an outer peripheral edge of the flange 52 and holds the cable 14. The elastic member 56 is sandwiched between the cable clamp 54 and the housing 12 when the flange 52 is fastened to the housing 12, elastically deforms, holds the cable 14 at the inside of the second through hole, and seals the cable lead-out hole 66. 1. An apparatus for leading out a cable from a cable lead-out hole formed at a housing of an electronic device while sealing the cable lead-out hole, comprising: a flange fastened to the housing and including a cable hole which opens at an outer peripheral edge of the flange and which receives the cable, a cable clamp arranged between the housing and the flange, and including a first through hole into which the cable is inserted; an elastic member arranged between the housing and the cable clamp, and including a second through hole into which the cable is inserted, wherein when the flange is fastened to the housing, the elastic member is sandwiched between the cable clamp and the housing, and elastically deforms so as to narrow the second through hole, thereby the elastic member holds the cable in the second through hole and seals the cable lead-out hole. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cable clamp is divided into a plurality of segments, wherein each of the plurality of segments has a surface which forms a part of a wall surface which defines the first through hole. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the flange includes a first recess formed to be recessed inward from an end face which faces the housing, and receiving the cable clamp. 4. The apparatus according to any one of claim 1, wherein the flange includes a projection projecting out from an end face which faces the housing toward the housing, wherein the projection is configured to be fit into a second cable lead-out hole when the flange is fastened to the housing, the second cable lead-out hole being formed at the housing so as to adjoin the cable lead-out hole. 5. An electronic device comprising: a housing which houses an electronic component inside thereof and which includes a cable lead-out hole for leading out a cable; and an apparatus according to any one of claim 1 which is provided at the housing. 6. The electronic device according to claim 5, wherein the cable lead-out hole includes: a second recess formed to be recessed inward of the housing from a first end face of the housing which faces the flange; and a hole part extending from a bottom surface of the second recess to a second end face of the housing opposite the first end face, wherein the elastic member is received in the second recess.",
-    "Method for manufacturing sheet metal blanks, in particular hybrid sheet metal blanks, a first sheet metal part being manufactured from a first sheet metal part material, a second sheet metal part being manufactured from a second sheet metal part material, an elongate connecting sheet metal strip being provided, and the connecting sheet metal strip being connected along a first longitudinal edge to the first sheet metal part by a thermal joint, and the connecting sheet metal strip being connected along a second longitudinal edge to the second sheet metal part by means of a preferably thermal joint, characterized in that, in a first process step, the connecting sheet metal strip is connected to the first sheet metal part and, in a second process step, the connecting sheet metal strip is connected to the second sheet metal part, the first and the second process steps taking place within a production line. 1. A method for manufacturing sheet metal blanks, in particular, hybrid sheet metal blanks, a first sheet metal part being manufactured from a first sheet metal part material, preferably a second sheet metal part being manufactured from a second sheet metal part material, an elongate connecting sheet metal strip being provided, and the connecting sheet metal strip being connected along a first longitudinal edge to the first sheet metal part by means of a preferably thermal joint, and preferably the connecting sheet metal strip being connected along a second longitudinal edge to the second sheet metal part by means of a preferably thermal joint, wherein, in a first process step, the connecting sheet metal strip is connected along the first longitudinal edge to the first sheet metal part by means of a thermal or mechanical joint, in particular, by means of a laser welding process, and preferably in a second process step, the connecting sheet metal strip is connected along the second longitudinal edge to the second sheet metal part by means of a thermal or mechanical joint, in particular, a laser welding process, the first and preferably the second process steps taking place within a production line. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first sheet metal part and/or the connecting sheet metal strip are supplied to the production line as an endless strip (coil) and are connected to one another with a continuous feed or with a synchronized feed. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second sheet metal part is supplied to the production line as an endless strip (coil) and is connected to the connecting strip with a continuous feed or with a synchronized feed. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second sheet metal part material is a sheet metal part material other than the first sheet metal part material and is not able to be connected directly thereto by a thermal joint, the connecting sheet metal strip being configured as a hybrid connecting sheet metal strip having a first wing made of a material capable of being connected to the first sheet metal part material by means of a thermal joint and a second wing made of a material capable of being connected to the second sheet metal part material by means of a thermal joint, and in a single process step, the first sheet metal part being connected to the first wing of the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip and/or the second sheet metal part being connected to the second wing of the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip respectively by a thermal joint, in particular, by laser welding. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in one process step, the first sheet metal part is connected with a butt joint to the first wing of the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip, and wherein in a following process step, the second sheet metal part is connected with a butt joint to the second wing of the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first sheet metal part, in one process step, is connected with an overlap to the first wing of the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip, and in that the second sheet metal part, in a subsequent process step, is connected with an overlap to the second wing of the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first or the second sheet metal part is connected with a butt joint to the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip, and in that the other of the two sheet metal parts is connected with an overlap to the hybrid connecting sheet metal strip. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the connecting sheet metal strip is manufactured in a previous process step from at least two wing strips, the manufacture taking place in particular, in a thermal jointing process and/or a mechanical forming process within the production line. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one sheet metal part and/or the connecting sheet metal strip is subjected to processing, in particular, edge processing, ablation, cutting, forming or notching, within the production line before or after the execution of a thermal or mechanical joint. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or the second sheet metal part are connected to the connecting sheet metal strip, and wherein the resulting endless metal sheet is then parted within the production line in such a way that an individual sheet metal blank resulting herefrom comprises at least one first sheet metal part section, at least one second sheet metal part section and a connecting sheet metal strip section connecting these sheet metal part sections.",
-    "A pixel circuit, a driving method of a pixel circuit and an organic light-emitting display device are provided. The pixel circuit includes a first transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to a first node; a second transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a second reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to a second node; a third transistor having a gate electrode connected to the second node, a first terminal connected to a third node and a second terminal connected to a fourth node; a fourth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a data signal, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a fifth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second scanning signal, a first terminal connected to the fourth node, and a second terminal connected to the second node; a sixth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first power supply voltage, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a seventh transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving the first power supply voltage, and a second terminal connected to the first node; an eighth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal and a first terminal connected to the fourth node; a light-emitting element having a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the eighth transistor and a second terminal receiving a second power supply voltage; and a first capacitor having a first terminal connected to the first node and a second terminal connected to the second node. 1. A pixel circuit, comprising: a first transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to a first node; a second transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a second reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to a second node; a third transistor having a gate electrode connected to the second node, a first terminal connected to a third node and a second terminal connected to a fourth node; a fourth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a data signal, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a fifth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second scanning signal, a first terminal connected to the fourth node, and a second terminal connected to the second node; a sixth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first power supply voltage, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a seventh transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving the first power supply voltage, and a second terminal connected to the first node; an eighth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, and a first terminal connected to the fourth node; a light-emitting element has a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the eighth transistor and a second terminal receiving a second power supply voltage; and a first capacitor having a first terminal connected to the first node and a second terminal connected to the second node. 2. The pixel circuit according to claim 1, further including: a second capacitor having a first terminal connected to the gate electrode of the fifth transistor and a second terminal connected to the second node. 3. The pixel circuit according to claim 1, further including: a ninth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the first scanning signal, a first terminal receiving the second reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to the second terminal of the eighth transistor. 4. The pixel circuit according to claim 2, further including: the ninth transistor having the gate electrode receiving the first scanning signal, the first terminal receiving the second reference voltage, and the second terminal connected to the second terminal of the eighth transistor. 5. The pixel circuit according to claim 1, wherein: the first power supply voltage is set at a high level and the second power supply voltage is set at a low level. 6. The pixel circuit according to claim 1, wherein: the first transistor, the second transistor, the third transistor, the fourth transistor, the fifth transistor, the sixth transistor, the seventh transistor and the eighth transistor are all P-type transistors. 7. The pixel circuit according to claim 3, wherein: the first transistor, the second transistor, the third transistor, the fourth transistor, the fifth transistor, the sixth transistor, the seventh transistor, the eighth transistor and the ninth transistor are all P-type transistors. 8. The pixel circuit according to claim 4, wherein: the first transistor, the second transistor, the third transistor, the fourth transistor, the fifth transistor, the sixth transistor, the seventh transistor, the eighth transistor, and the ninth transistor are all P-type transistors. 9. The pixel circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first capacitor is further configured to: compensate a threshold of the third transistor through maintaining an electric potential at the second node, and eliminate effects caused by a voltage drop in a wiring of the first power supply through generating a coupling effect between the first node and the second node. 10. The pixel circuit according to claim 1, wherein: the light-emitting element is a light-emitting diode. 11. An organic light-emitting display device, comprising: a plurality of scanning lines transferring a scanning signal; a plurality of data lines transferring of a data signal; a plurality of pixel circuits disposed at interactions of the plurality of scanning lines and the plurality of data lines; and wherein the pixel circuit comprises a first transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to a first node; a second transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a second reference voltage, and a second terminal connected to a second node; a third transistor having a gate electrode connected to the second node, a first terminal connected to a third node and a second terminal connected to a fourth node; a fourth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a data signal, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a fifth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second scanning signal, a first terminal connected to the fourth node, and a second terminal connected to the second node; a sixth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first power supply voltage, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a seventh transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving the first power supply voltage, and a second terminal connected to the first node; and an eighth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, a first terminal connected to the fourth node; a light-emitting element having a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the eighth transistor and a second terminal receiving a second power supply voltage; and a first capacitor having a first terminal connected to the first node and a second terminal connected to the second node. 12. A driving method of a pixel circuit driving a light-emitting element comprising a first transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first reference voltage VDD, and a second terminal connected to a first node; a second transistor having a gate electrode receiving a first scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a second reference voltage Vref, and a second terminal connected to a second node; a third transistor having a gate electrode connected to the second node, a first terminal connected to a third node and a second terminal connected to a fourth node; a fourth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second scanning signal, a first terminal receiving a data signal Vdata, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a fifth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second scanning signal, a first terminal connected to the fourth node, and a second terminal connected to the second node; a sixth transistor having a gate electrode receiving a second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving a first power supply voltage PVDD, and a second terminal connected to the third node; a seventh transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, a first terminal receiving the first power supply voltage PVDD, and a second terminal connected to the first node; an eighth transistor having a gate electrode receiving the second light-emitting signal, and a first terminal connected to the fourth node; a light-emitting element having a first terminal connected to the second terminal of the eighth transistor and a second terminal receiving a second power supply voltage; and a first capacitor having a first terminal connected to the first node and a second terminal connected to the second node, the method comprising: at a first time period, providing the first light-emitting signal to the first transistor, such that the first reference voltage VDD is transferred to the first node, providing the first scanning signal to the second transistor, such that the second reference voltage Vref is transferred to the second node; at a second time period, providing the second scanning signal to the fourth transistor, such that the data signal is transferred to the third node, providing the second scanning signal to the fifth transistor, such that the gate electrode of the third transistor and the second terminal of the third transistor are connected until a voltage of the second node is equal to a difference between the data signal and a threshold of the third transistor; and at a third time period, providing the second light-emitting signal to the seventh transistor, such that the first power supply voltage PVDD is transferred to the first node, the second node has a same electric potential change as the first node because of a coupling effect of the first capacitor, and a brightness of the light-emitting element is not determined by the first reference voltage VDD. 13. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 12, wherein providing the first light-emitting signal to the first transistor, such that the first reference voltage VDD is transferred to the first node, providing the first scanning signal to the second transistor, such that the second reference voltage Vref is transferred to the second node further includes: turning on the first transistor when the first light-emitting signal is at a low level is at a low level, such that the first reference voltage VDD is transferred to the first node; and turning on the second transistor when the first scanning signal is at a low level, such that the second reference voltage Vref is transferred to the second node 14. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 13, wherein: the voltage at the first node is VN1=VDD and the voltage at the second node is VN2=Vref. 15. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 12, wherein providing the second scanning signal to the fourth transistor, such that the data signal is transferred to the third node, providing the second scanning signal to the fifth transistor, such that the gate electrode of the third transistor and the second terminal of the third transistor are connected until a voltage of the second node is equal to a difference between the data signal and a threshold of the third transistor further includes: turning on the fifth transistor and the four transistor when the second scanning signal is at a low level, such that a current path is formed between the second node and the fourth node, the data signal Vdata is transferred through the fourth transistor, the third transistor and the fifth transistor to the second node, the gate electrode of the third transistor and the second terminal of the third transistor are disconnected when the voltage at the second node becomes VN2=Vdata\u2212Vth, where Vth is the threshold voltage of the third transistor. 16. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 15, wherein: the voltage at the second node is fixed as VN2=Vdata\u2212Vth, where Vth is the threshold voltage of the third transistor. 17. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 12, wherein providing the second light-emitting signal to the seventh transistor, such that the first power supply voltage PVDD is transferred to the first node, the second node has a same electric potential change as the first node because of a coupling effect of the first capacitor, and a brightness of the light-emitting element is not determined by the first reference voltage VDD further includes: turning on the seventh transistor when the second light-emitting signal is at a low level, such that the first power supply voltage PVDD is transferred through the seventh transistor to the first node; and turning on the sixth transistor when the second light-emitting signal is at a low level, such that the first power supply voltage PVDD is transferred through the sixth transistor to the third node. 18. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 17, wherein: the voltage at the first node VN1=PVDD; the voltage at the third node VN3=PVDD; and the voltage at the second node N2 VN2=Vdata\u2212Vth+(PVDD\u2212VDD)*C1/Ctotal, where C1 is the capacitance of the first capacitor, Ctotal is a sum of a parasitic capacitance of the second transistor, a parasitic capacitance of the third transistor and a parasitic capacitance of the fifth transistor, Vth is the threshold voltage of the third transistor. 19. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 18, wherein: a current flowing through the light-emitting element is I=K (VSG\u2212Vth)2, where Vs is the voltage at the first terminal of the third transistor connected to the third node, VG is the voltage at the gate electrode of the third transistor connected to the second node, such that VSG=VS\u2212VG=VN3\u2212VN2=PVDD\u2212[Vdata\u2212Vth+(PVDD\u2212VDD)*C1/Ctotal]. 20. The pixel circuit driving method according to claim 19, wherein: the current flowing through the light-emitting element can be written as I=K (VDD\u2212Vdata)2 when C1\u2248Ctotal, where K is parameter dependent on the third transistor.",
-    "An adjustable cup holder assembly is provided. That adjustable cup holder assembly includes a support having a guide track and a drag bar. The adjustable cup holder also includes a cup holder having (a) a body including a well, (b) an actuator and (c) a drag. The cup holder may be displaced along the guide track and secured in various positions on the support by engaging the drag bar. A motor vehicle door including a cup holder with an adjustment mechanism for displacing the cup holder along the body of the door between multiple positions is also disclosed. 1. An adjustable cup holder assembly, comprising: a support including a guide track and a drag bar; and a cup holder including (a) a body, having a well, (b) an actuator and (c) a drag wherein said cup holder may be displaced along said guide track and secured in various positions on said support by engaging said drag with said drag bar. 2. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 1, wherein said guide track includes two opposed channels and said cup holder spans a cavity in said support between said two opposed channels. 3. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 1, wherein said actuator includes a lever arm that pivots about a pivot carried on said body. 4. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 3, further including a spring that biases said lever arm into a locking position. 5. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 4, wherein an end of said lever arm is connected by a drag link to said drag. 6. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 5, wherein said drag is u-shaped. 7. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 6, wherein said drag bar includes a series of spaced ribs and said drag engages and holds said drag bar at spaces defined between said spaced ribs. 8. The adjustable cup holder assembly of claim 7, wherein said support is a map pocket of a motor vehicle door. 9. A motor vehicle door, comprising: a body; a cup holder carried on said body; and an adjustment mechanism for displacing said cup holder along said body between multiple positions. 10. The motor vehicle door of claim 9, wherein said body includes an elongated guide track and said cup holder is displaceable along said guide track. 11. The motor vehicle door of claim 10, wherein said adjustment mechanism includes a drag bar on said body and a drag on said cup holder whereby said cup holder may be secured in any of said multiple positions. 12. The motor vehicle door of claim 11, wherein said adjustment mechanism further includes an actuator for releasing said drag from said drag bar to displace said cup holder between said multiple positions. 13. The motor vehicle door of claim 12, wherein said cup holder further includes a spring for biasing said drag into engagement with said drag bar whereby said cup holder may be secured in any of said multiple positions. 14. The motor vehicle door of claim 9, wherein said body includes a map pocket having a first sidewall and a second sidewall. 15. The motor vehicle door of claim 14, wherein said body includes a guide track comprising a first channel in said first sidewall and a second channel in said second sidewall. 16. The motor vehicle door of claim 15, wherein said first channel is opposed to said second channel and said cup holder includes opposed elements that ride along said first channel and said second channel. 17. The motor vehicle door of claim 16, wherein said adjustment mechanism includes a drag bar on said body and a drag on said cup holder whereby said cup holder may be secured in any of said multiple positions. 18. The motor vehicle door of claim 17, wherein said cup holder further includes an actuator for releasing said drag from said drag bar to displace said cup holder between said multiple positions. 19. The motor vehicle door of claim 18, wherein said cup holder further includes a spring for biasing said drag into engagement with said drag bar whereby said cup holder may be secured in any of said multiple positions. 20. A method of improving cup holder accessibility for a motor vehicle occupant, comprising: providing a cup holder in a motor vehicle door wherein said cup holder has fore-aft adjustability and may be positioned for easier access by a user.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes an isolation layer defining an active region formed in a semiconductor substrate. A first recessing process is performed on the isolation layer to expose edge portions of the active region. A first rounding process is performed to round the edge portions of the active region. A second recessing process is performed on the isolation layer. A second rounding process is performed to round the edge portions of the active region. 1-20 (canceled) 21. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate: a semiconductor active region on a surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor active region protrudes away from the surface of the semiconductor substrate; and an isolation layer on the surface of the semiconductor substrate to define the semiconductor active region, wherein a top surface level of the isolation layer is lower than a top surface level of the semiconductor active region; wherein a first portion of a sidewall of the semiconductor active region below the surface of the isolation layer has a first slope, wherein a second portion of the sidewall of the semiconductor active region beyond the surface of the isolation layer has a second slope different than the first slope, and wherein a third portion of the sidewall of the semiconductor active region beyond the surface of the isolation layer has a third slope different than the first and second slopes. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 21 further comprising: a gate structure on the second and third portions of the sidewall of the semiconductor active region. 23. The semiconductor device of claim 22 wherein the sidewall of the semiconductor active region is a first sidewall of the semiconductor active region, wherein the semiconductor active region has a second sidewall, and wherein the gate structure extends across the semiconductor active region on the first and second sidewalls on opposite sides of the semiconductor active region. 24. The semiconductor device of claim 23 wherein the gate structure includes an insulating layer. 25. The semiconductor device of claim 22 wherein the sidewall of the semiconductor active region is a first sidewall of the semiconductor active region, wherein the semiconductor active region has a second sidewall, and wherein the gate structure includes a gate electrode extending across the semiconductor active region on the first and second sidewalls on opposite sides of the semiconductor active region and an insulating layer between the gate electrode and the semiconductor active region. 26. The semiconductor device of claim 21 wherein the semiconductor active region has a fin-type structure. 27. The semiconductor device of claim 21 wherein the isolation layer comprises a trench isolation layer. 28. The semiconductor device of claim 21 wherein the sidewall is a first sidewall, wherein the semiconductor active region includes a second sidewall and a top surface between the first and second sidewalls, and wherein the second and third portions of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the top surface of the semiconductor active region. 29. The semiconductor device of claim 28 wherein the second portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the top surface of the semiconductor active region by a first distance, wherein the second portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the surface of the isolation layer by a second distance, and wherein the first distance is greater than the second distance, and wherein the third portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the top surface of the semiconductor active region by a third distance, wherein the third portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the surface of the isolation layer by a fourth distance, and wherein the third distance is greater than the fourth distance. 30. The semiconductor device of claim 28 wherein the second portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the top surface of the semiconductor active region by a first distance, wherein the second portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the surface of the isolation layer by a second distance, and wherein the first distance is less than the second distance, and wherein the third portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the top surface of the semiconductor active region by a third distance, wherein the third portion of the first sidewall is spaced apart from the surface of the isolation layer by a fourth distance, and wherein the third distance is less than the fourth distance. 31. The semiconductor device of claim 28 wherein the top surface of the semiconductor active region is rounded to define a rounded top surface. 32. The semiconductor device of claim 31 wherein a first bend is defined in the sidewall between the first and second slopes, and wherein the first bend is spaced apart from the rounded top surface, and wherein a second bend is defined in the sidewall between the second and third slopes, and wherein the second bend is spaced apart from the rounded top surface. 33. The semiconductor device of claim 21 wherein a first bend is defined in the sidewall between the first and second slopes, and wherein a second bend is defined in the sidewall between the second and third slopes. 34. The semiconductor device of claim 21 wherein the first slope is greater than the second slope, and wherein the second slope is greater than the third slope. 35. The semiconductor device of claim 21 wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises at least one of silicon, silicon germanium, and/or germanium. 36. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate: a semiconductor active region on a surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor active region protrudes away from the surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor active region includes first and second sidewalls and a rounded top surface between the first and second sidewalls; and an isolation layer on the surface of the semiconductor substrate to define the semiconductor active region, wherein the semiconductor active region protrudes beyond a surface of the isolation layer; wherein a first portion of the first sidewall below the surface of the isolation layer has a first slope, wherein a second portion of the first sidewall beyond the surface of the isolation layer has a second slope different than the first slope, and wherein a third portion of the first sidewall beyond the surface of the isolation layer has a third slope different than the second slope. 37. The semiconductor device of claim 36 wherein a first bend is defined in the first sidewall between the first and second slopes, and wherein the first bend is spaced apart from the rounded top surface, and wherein a second bend is defined in the first sidewall between the second and third slopes, and wherein the second bend is spaced apart from the rounded top surface. 38. The semiconductor device of claim 36 further comprising: an insulating layer on the first and second sidewalls and on the rounded top surface of the semiconductor active region; and a gate electrode on the insulating layer. 39. The semiconductor device of claim 38 wherein the gate electrode extends across the semiconductor active region and on the isolation layer on opposite sides of the semiconductor active region. 40. The semiconductor device of claim 36 wherein the semiconductor active region has a fin-type structure.",
-    "A zoom lens comprises in order from an object side, a first lens unit having a positive refractive power, a second lens unit having a negative refractive power, and a third lens unit having a positive refractive power, and the third unit having a positive refractive power comprises in order from the object side, a first lens component having a positive refractive power, and a second lens component having a negative refractive power in which, a lens having a positive refractive power and a lens having a negative refractive power are cemented, and the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expressions (1), (2), and (3) 1.4<|f3_2p/f3_2n|<2.6 (1) nd3_2p\u2212nd3_2n\u22670 (2) nd3_2n\u22671.8 (3) 1. A zoom lens comprising in order from an object side: a first lens unit having a positive refractive power; a second lens unit having a negative refractive power; and a third lens unit having a positive refractive power, wherein the third lens unit having a positive refractive power comprises in order from the object side, a first lens component having a positive refractive power, a second lens component having a negative refractive power in which, a lens having a positive refractive power and a lens having a negative refractive power are cemented, a third lens component, and a fourth lens component, and the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expressions (2b) and (4) nd3_2p\u2212nd3_2n\u2267\u22120.2 (2b) \u03a3d3G/ft<0.42 (4) where, nd3_2p denotes a refractive index for a d-line of the lens having a positive refractive power, in the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, and nd3_2n denotes a refractive index for the d-line of the lens having a negative refractive power, in the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, \u03a3d3G denotes a total length (not including an aperture) of the third lens unit, and ft denotes a focal length at a telephoto end of the overall zoom lens system. 2. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (5) 0.6<|f3_1/f3|<1.2 (5) where, f3_1 denotes a focal length of the first lens component having a positive refractive power, in the third lens unit, and f3 denotes a focal length of the third lens unit. 3. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (6) 0.7<|f3_2/f3|<3 (6) where, f3_2 denotes a focal length of the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit, and f3 denotes a focal length of the third lens unit. 4. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (7) 1<|f3_2/f3_1|<4 (7) where, f3_1 denotes a focal length of the first lens component having a positive refractive power, in the third lens unit, and f3_2 denotes a focal length of the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit. 5. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (8) 2<|f3/fw|<4 (8) where, f3 denotes a focal length of the third lens unit, and fw denotes a focal length at a wide angle end of an overall zoom lens system. 6. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (9) Lt/ft<2.7 (9) where, Lt denotes a total length at a telephoto end of the overall zoom lens system, and ft denotes a focal length at the telephoto end of the overall zoom lens system. 7. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (10) nd3_2p\u22671.8 (10) where, nd3_2p denotes the refractive index for the d-line of the lens having a positive refractive power, in the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power. 8. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (3) nd3_2n\u22671.8 (3) where, nd3_2n denotes the refractive index for the d-line of the lens having a negative refractive power, in the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power. 9. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (1) 1.4<|f3_2p/f3_2n|<2.6 (1) where, f3_2p denotes a focal length of the lens having a positive refractive power, in the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, and f3_2n denotes a focal length of the lens having a negative refractive power in the second lens component having a negative refractive power in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power. 10. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (11) 0.3<(\u03b22t/\u03b22w)/(\u03b23t/\u03b23w)<0.7 (11) where, \u03b22t denotes a lateral magnification at a telephoto end of the second lens unit, \u03b22w denotes a lateral magnification at a wide angle end of the second lens unit, \u03b23t denotes a lateral magnification at the telephoto end of the third lens unit, and \u03b23w denotes a lateral magnification at the wide angle end of the third lens unit. 11. An image pickup apparatus comprising: a zoom lens according to claim 1; and an image pickup element which is disposed on an image side of the zoom lens, and which has an image pickup surface which receives an image by the zoom lens.",
-    "A chiller system includes an intercooler configured to cool compressed charge air received from a turbocharger or a supercharger; a low temperature cooling circuit fluidly coupled to the intercooler, the low temperature cooling circuit circulating a coolant to provide cooling to the intercooler and including a low temperature radiator configured to cool the first coolant; and an air conditioner circuit circulating a refrigerant and having a primary circuit and an evaporator bypass circuit. A chiller is thermally coupled to the low temperature cooling circuit and the bypass circuit. A chiller shut off valve is configured to be controlled to be selectively opened to provide refrigerant to the chiller to further cool the coolant in the low temperature cooling circuit after the coolant is cooled by the low temperature radiator, thereby providing increased cooling to the intercooler and the compressed charge air to increase engine performance. 1. A chiller system for a vehicle engine having a forced induction arrangement, the chiller system comprising: an intercooler configured to cool compressed charge air received from a turbocharger or a supercharger; a low temperature cooling circuit fluidly coupled to the intercooler, the low temperature cooling circuit circulating a coolant to provide cooling to the intercooler and including a low temperature radiator configured to cool the coolant; an air conditioner circuit circulating a refrigerant and having a primary circuit and a bypass circuit, the primary circuit being separate from the low temperature cooling circuit and including a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator, the bypass circuit including a conduit that bypasses the evaporator, and a chiller shut off valve configured to selectively prevent refrigerant from flowing through the bypass circuit; and a chiller thermally coupled to the low temperature cooling circuit and the bypass circuit; wherein the chiller shut off valve is configured to be controlled to be selectively opened to provide refrigerant to the chiller to further cool the coolant in the low temperature cooling circuit after the coolant is cooled by the low temperature radiator, thereby providing increased cooling to the intercooler and the compressed charge air to increase engine performance. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a controller in communication with the chiller shut off valve, the air conditioning system, and a vehicle user interface, wherein the controller is configured to control the chiller shut off valve to be opened upon receipt of a signal indicative of the vehicle being commanded to operate in a track racing mode, which configures the engine and associated vehicle systems for optimized power output. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the track racing mode is activated by selecting an icon on the vehicle user interface. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein upon the track racing mode being selected, the controller automatically disables vehicle air conditioning system controls and air conditioning of a vehicle cabin interior. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the air conditioning circuit further includes an evaporator shut off valve in communication with the controller and disposed upstream of the evaporator, the evaporator shut off valve configured to selectively prevent refrigerant from flowing to the evaporator; and wherein upon the controller receiving the signal indicative of the vehicle being commanded to operate in the track racing mode, the controller controls the evaporator shut off valve to close and the chiller bypass valve of the bypass circuit to open thereby providing flow of refrigerant from the primary circuit to the chiller. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the air conditioning circuit further includes a first expansion device disposed upstream of the evaporator, and a second expansion device disposed in the bypass circuit upstream of the chiller. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the low temperature radiator is disposed in the low temperature cooling circuit downstream of the intercooler and upstream of the chiller. 8. The system of claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to, in an absence of receiving the signal indicative of the vehicle being commended to operate in the track racing mode: operate the vehicle in a default or normal driving mode where the chiller shut off valve is closed to prevent refrigerant from flowing through the bypass circuit to the chiller; and cool the intercooler with only the coolant in the low temperature cooling circuit that has been cooled by the low temperature radiator. 9. The system of claim 2, further comprising a high temperature cooling circuit separate from the low temperature cooling circuit and the air conditioning circuit, the high temperature cooling circuit fluidly coupled to the engine and including a high temperature radiator and a thermostat, the high temperature cooling circuit configured to provide cooling to the engine independent of the low temperature radiator circuit and the intercooler. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the low temperature cooling circuit is dedicated to providing cooling to only the intercooler. 11. A method of controlling a vehicle having an engine and a controller in communication with an engine chiller system, the engine chiller system including: (a) a low temperature cooling circuit thermally coupled to an intercooler that receives compressed charge air from a forced induction system, the low temperature cooling circuit circulating a coolant and including a radiator configured to cool the coolant; (b) an air conditioner circuit circulating a refrigerant and having a primary circuit and a bypass circuit that bypasses an evaporator of the primary circuit, and includes a chiller shut off valve; and (c) a chiller thermally coupled to the low temperature cooling circuit and the bypass circuit, the method comprising: receiving a signal indicative of the vehicle being commanded to operate in a track racing mode, the track racing mode configuring the engine and associated vehicle systems for optimized power output; opening the chiller shut off valve based on receiving the signal such that refrigerant flows to the bypass circuit and the chiller; and cooling the intercooler with the coolant in the low temperature cooling circuit that has been cooled by (i) air flowing through the low temperature radiator and (ii) the refrigerant flowing through the chiller, thereby providing increased cooling to the intercooler and compressed charge air for increased engine performance when the vehicle is in the track racing mode. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising disabling vehicle air conditioning system controls and air conditioning of a vehicle cabin interior when the signal is received. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the chiller system further comprises an evaporator shutoff valve in the primary circuit upstream of the evaporator, the method further comprising, upon receipt of the signal, commanding the evaporator shutoff valve to close thereby providing flow of refrigerant to the bypass circuit and the chiller for increased cooling of the coolant in the low temperature radiator circuit. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, in an absence of receiving the signal: operating the vehicle in a default or normal driving mode where the chiller shut off valve is closed to prevent refrigerant from flowing through the evaporator bypass circuit to the chiller; and cooling the intercooler with only the coolant in the low temperature cooling circuit that has been cooled by the radiator. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the signal is received based on user selection of the track racing mode via a user interface in an interior of the vehicle.",
-    "A satellite communication system and a method of cancelling interference in the satellite communication system are disclosed. The method of cancelling interference in the satellite communication system may include receiving a signal by a central station from a terminal via a satellite transponder, estimating, from the signal, a nonlinear characteristic associated with a central station signal transmitted from the central station, and cancelling an interference signal from the signal using the estimated nonlinear characteristic. 1. A method of cancelling interference in a satellite communication system, the method comprising: receiving, by a central station, a signal from a terminal via a satellite transponder; estimating, from the received signal, a nonlinear characteristic associated with a central station signal transmitted from the central station; and cancelling an interference signal from the signal using the estimated nonlinear characteristic. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimating of the nonlinear characteristic comprises: estimating a high power amplifier (HPA) nonlinear characteristic by the central station; or estimating an HPA nonlinear characteristic by an interaction between the central station and the satellite transponder. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimating of the nonlinear characteristic comprises: estimating, from the signal, the nonlinear characteristic in consideration of a re-input signal to be re-input to the central station by the satellite transponder receiving the central station signal. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancelling of the interference signal comprises: demodulating the signal by performing at least one of symbol timing recovery (STR), carrier frequency offset (CFO) measurement, and phase tracking; and specifying the interference signal to be cancelled by adding, to an intermediate frequency (IF) band signal using an IF band in the central station signal, the estimated nonlinear characteristic and signal information associated with at least one of a timing error, a frequency error, and a phase error generated through the demodulating of the signal. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancelling of the interference signal comprises: specifying, as the interference signal to be cancelled, a re-input signal in the signal to be re-input to the central station by the satellite transponder receiving the central station signal. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cancelling of the interference signal further comprises: cancelling the re-input signal comprised in the signal by an adaptive filter having the nonlinear characteristic. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining a terminal signal to be transmitted to the central station from the terminal by cancelling the interference signal from the signal. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a frequency band of the signal comprises a frequency band allocated to a re-input signal to be re-input to the central station through the satellite transponder receiving the central station signal, and a frequency band allocated to a terminal signal to be transmitted to the central station from the terminal. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the frequency band allocated to the terminal signal is allocated to overlap at least a portion of the frequency band allocated to the re-input signal. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the terminal signal is maintained to be smaller than the central station signal by a preset amplitude. 11. A method of cancelling interference in a satellite communication system, the method comprising: receiving an overlapping signal to be transmitted to a central station of the satellite communication system via a satellite transponder through a first frequency band; estimating, from the overlapping signal, a nonlinear characteristic associated with a central station signal; generating an interference signal for the overlapping signal using the estimated nonlinear characteristic; and cancelling the generated interference signal from the overlapping signal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein, when the central station signal is transmitted to at least one terminal from the central station via the satellite transponder through a second frequency band comprised in the first frequency band, the estimating of the nonlinear characteristic comprises: estimating the nonlinear characteristic using an intermediate frequency (IF) band signal using an IF band in the central station signal and a re-input signal to be re-input to the central station by the satellite transponder receiving the central station signal. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: demodulating the overlapping signal by performing at least one of symbol timing recovery (STR), carrier frequency offset (CFO) measurement, and phase tracking on the received overlapping signal, and wherein the generating of the interference signal comprises: adding the estimated nonlinear characteristic to the IF band signal; and generating, as the interference signal, a signal similar to the re-input signal by further adding, to the IF band signal, signal information associated with at least one of a timing error, a frequency error, and a phase error generated through the demodulating of the overlapping signal. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancelling of the generated interference signal comprises: obtaining a terminal signal by cancelling the generated interference signal from the overlapping signal using an adaptive filter. 15. A satellite communication system, comprising: a receiver configured to receive a signal by a central station from a terminal via a satellite transponder; an estimator configured to estimate, from the received signal, a nonlinear characteristic associated with a central station signal transmitted from the central station; and a canceller configured to cancel an interference signal from the signal using the estimated nonlinear characteristic. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the estimator is configured to estimate a high power amplifier (HPA) nonlinear characteristic by the central station or an HPA nonlinear characteristic by an interaction between the central station and the satellite transponder. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the estimator is configured to estimate, from the signal, the nonlinear characteristic in consideration of a re-input signal to be re-input to the central station by the satellite transponder receiving the central station signal. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the estimator is configured to add the estimated nonlinear characteristic to an intermediate frequency (IF) band signal using an IF band in the central station signal, and the canceller is configured to demodulate the signal by performing at least one of symbol timing recovery (STR), carrier frequency offset (CFO) measurement, and phase tracking, and specify the interference signal to be cancelled by further adding, to the IF band signal, signal information associated with at least one of a timing error, a frequency error, and a phase error generated through the demodulating of the signal. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the canceller is configured to cancel a re-input signal in the signal by an adaptive filter having the nonlinear characteristic. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the canceller is configured to obtain a terminal signal transmitted from the terminal to the central station by cancelling the interference signal from the signal.",
-    "A developer container includes a container body and a movable wall. The container body includes an inner surface defining a cylindrical internal space extending in a first direction. The container body is formed with a developer discharge port communicating with the internal space. The movable wall includes a conveying surface defining a storage space for containing the developer in cooperation, and moves in a moving direction parallel with the first direction from an initial position at one end side to a final position at the other end side of the internal space while conveying the developer in the storage space to the developer discharge port. The movable wall that is at the final position allows the conveying surface to extend so obliquely that an upper edge of the conveying surface lies downstream of a lower edge of the conveying surface in the moving direction. 1. A developer container, comprising: a container body including an inner surface defining a cylindrical internal space extending in a first direction, the container body being formed with a developer discharge port communicating with the internal space for discharging developer therethrough; and a movable wall including an outer surface disposed slidably in close contact with the inner surface of the container body, and a conveying surface defining a storage space for containing the developer in cooperation with the inner surface of the container body, the movable wall being movable in a moving direction parallel with the first direction from an initial position at one end side to a final position at the other end side of the internal space while conveying the developer in the storage space to the developer discharge port, wherein the movable wall that is at the final position allows the conveying surface to extend so obliquely that an upper edge of the conveying surface lies downstream of a lower edge of the conveying surface in the moving direction. 2. A developer container according to claim 1, wherein the conveying surface is made from the initial position to the final position to extend so obliquely that the upper edge lies downstream of the lower edge in the moving direction. 3. A developer container according to claim 2, wherein the surface of the movable wall that is opposite to the conveying surface extends substantially in parallel with the conveying surface. 4. A developer container according to claim 2, wherein the surface of the movable wall that is opposite to the conveying surface extends in a vertical direction at the initial position. 5. A developer container according to claim 1, wherein the container body includes a projection disposed adjacent to the developer discharge port and extending upward from a lower surface of the container body in the storage space, the movable wall that is at the initial position allows the conveying surface to extend in a vertical direction, and the movable wall that is at the final position allows the lower edge of the conveying surface to be in contact with the projection and the conveying surface to extend obliquely with respect to the vertical direction. 6. A developer container according to claim 1, wherein the movable wall includes: a first wall portion including the conveying surface having the upper edge lying downstream of the lower edge in the moving direction; a second wall portion spaced from and disposed upstream of the first wall portion in the moving direction; and a biasing member compressed between an upper end of the first wall portion and an upper end of the second wall portion for biasing the upper end of the first wall portion downstream in the moving direction. 7. A developer container according to claim 1, wherein the oblique angle \u03b8 of the conveying surface sloping with respect to the moving direction satisfies the condition: 70\u00b0\u2266\u03b8<90\u00b0. 8. A developer container according to claim 1, further comprising: a stirring member disposed above the developer discharge port and configured to be driven to rotate to stir the developer in the storage space and cause the developer to flow out through the developer discharge port, wherein when the movable wall is at the final position, the upper edge of the conveying surface is spaced from and disposed upstream of the stirring member in the moving direction. 9. A developer container according to claim 1, wherein the conveying surface of the movable wall includes: a first conveying surface portion defining an upper portion of the conveying surface and extending in a vertical direction; and a second conveying surface portion defining a lower portion of the conveying surface, joining a lower edge of the first conveying surface portion, and sloping downward in a direction opposite to the moving direction so that an upper edge of the second conveying surface portion lies downstream of a lower edge of the second conveying surface portion in the moving direction. 10. A developer container according to claim 9, wherein the container body includes an end wall disposed at one end thereof in the first direction and defining an end surface of the internal space, the developer container further comprising: a lid attached to the other end of the container body that is opposite to the end wall in the first direction for closing the internal space; a shaft extending in the first direction in the internal space and rotatably supported on the end wall and the lid, the shaft including a first engaging portion in the form of a helical ridge projecting from an outer surface of the shaft and extending in the first direction; and a carrier bearing disposed in the movable wall and having a second engaging portion projecting from an inner surface of the carrier bearing and engageable with the first engaging portion, the carrier bearing allowing the shaft to pass therethrough, and the shaft being rotatable to bring the first engaging portion into engagement with the second engaging portion to thereby move the movable wall along the shaft in the moving direction, wherein the upper edge of the second conveying surface portion is disposed at the same level or above a lower edge of the carrier bearing. 11. A developer container according to claim 9, wherein the second conveying surface portion is curvedly recessed in the moving direction in a sectional side view. 12. A developer container according to claim 9, wherein the second conveying surface portion curvedly projects in the moving direction in a sectional side view. 13. A developer container according to claim 1, wherein the developer includes magnetic one-component toner. 14. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a developer container according to claim 1; an image carrier having a surface for allowing an electrostatic latent image to be formed thereon and configured to carry a developed image; a developing device configured to receive the developer supplied from the developer container and supply the developer to the image carrier; and a transfer section configured to transfer the developed image from the image carrier onto a sheet.",
-    "A boat apparatus includes an aesthetically pleasing table and a generally horizontal member to which it is mounted. In another aspect, a table is mounted to a ski rope tow bar. Another aspect provides a table mounted to a side rail such that at least a majority of the table projects outboard from a seating area. 1. A boat apparatus comprising a ski rope tow bar and a table mounted to the ski rope tow bar, the table being located directly above or below a tow rope-retention section of the bar. 2. The boat apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the ski rope tow bar further comprises a pair of substantially vertical tubes and a substantially horizontal tubes spanning between the vertical tubes; the table further comprises a substantially flat and horizontal top; and at least one mount coupling the table top to the substantially horizontal tube of the ski rope tow bar. 3. The boat apparatus of claim 2, further comprising: a boat deck; bottom ends of the substantially vertical tubes of the ski rope tow bar being mounted to the boat deck; and a ski rope removeably mounted to the ski rope tow bar while the table is also coupled to the ski rope tow bar. 4. The boat apparatus of claim 2, further comprising diagonal braces coupling the table to the substantially vertical tubes of the ski rope tow bar, and a top surface of the tow bar being within 48 inches of a boat deck upper surface, and cupholders and at least one containment rail being affixed to a top of the table. 5. The boat apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: the ski rope tow bar consisting exclusively of a substantially vertically elongated post with a rope attachment receptacle adjacent to an upper end thereof; and a bracket coupling the table on top of the upper end of the post. 6. The boat apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a pontoon boat including a seating area and a deck; an outboard motor moveably coupled to the pontoon boat adjacent a rear edge of the deck; the ski rope tow bar being mounted to the deck and allowing at least a portion of the table to overhang above the outboard motor; and the table being spaced away from the seating area to allow a boat occupant to walk therebetween. 7. The boat apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an adjuster allowing a variation in a length of an elongated member coupled to a bottom of the table. 8. The boat apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a moveable cargo support coupled to and spaced below at least one of: the table and the tow bar. 9. The boat apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a storage container removeably retained to the tow bar below the table and spaced above a plane of a boat deck, by the cargo support which is moveable. 10. A boat apparatus comprising: a substantially horizontal member; upstanding members attached to and supporting the horizontal member; a middle area of a table overlapping with the horizontal member; a mount coupling the table to the horizontal member such that at least a majority of the table is located outboard of the members; and at least one diagonal brace coupling the table to at least one of the upstanding members. 11. The boat apparatus of claim 10, wherein the members define a ski rope tow bar. 12. The boat apparatus of claim 10, wherein the members are side rails bordering a boat seating area. 13. The boat apparatus of claim 10, wherein the diagonal brace is moveable to allow the table to be rotated from a substantially horizontal plane to a substantially vertical plane. 14. The boat apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a boat deck upon which bottom ends of the upstanding members are coupled; and an outboard motor moveably coupled adjacent a rear edge of the boat deck; the members being positioned adjacent the rear edge of the boat deck to allow at least a portion of the table to overhang above the outboard motor. 15. The boat apparatus of claim 10, further comprising at least one fore-and-aft elongated member located between and attached to the table and the substantially horizontal member. 16. The boat apparatus of claim 10, wherein the table is located above the horizontal member. 17. The boat apparatus of claim 10, wherein the table is located below the horizontal member. 18. The boat apparatus of claim 10, further comprising an adjuster allowing a variation in a length of an elongated member coupled to a bottom of the table. 19. The boat apparatus of claim 10, further comprising a moveable cargo support coupled to at least one of: the table and the tow bar. 20. The boat apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a storage container removeably retained to the tow bar below the table and spaced above a plane of a boat deck, by the cargo support. 21. A boat apparatus comprising: a substantially inverted-U shaped tow bar including upstanding members and a cross member spanning between the upstanding members; a table located above or below the tow bar; at least one fastener attaching the table to the cross member; and at least one diagonal member coupling an underside of the table to at least one of the upstanding members. 22. The boat apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a boat deck; bottom ends of the upstanding members of the tow bar being mounted to the boat deck; and a ski rope removeably mounted to the tow bar while the table is also coupled to the tow bar. 23. The boat apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a pontoon boat including a seating area and a deck; an outboard motor moveably coupled to the pontoon boat adjacent a rear edge of the deck; the tow bar being mounted to the deck and allowing at least a portion of the table to overhang above the outboard motor; and the table being spaced away from the seating area to allow a boat occupant to walk therebetween. 24. The boat apparatus of claim 21, further comprising beverage holders mounted to and upstanding from the table. 25. The boat apparatus of claim 21, further comprising a moveable cargo support coupled to at least one of: the table and the tow bar, and the cargo support being spaced above an outboard motor mounting area. 26. A boat apparatus comprising: a side rail including upstanding members and a cross member spanning between the upstanding members; a table located above the side rail; at least one bracket attaching the table to the cross member; a diagonal brace coupled to the table; and a foot inwardly projecting adjacent a distal end of the diagonal brace, the foot being adapted for insertion between a pair of horizontally elongated boat structures. 27. The boat apparatus of claim 26, further comprising a pivotable joint coupling a proximal end of the diagonal brace to the table and the foot being removeably mounted between the boat structures to allow the table to be rotated relative to the cross member to which it is mounted. 28. The boat apparatus of claim 26, wherein at least a majority of the table extends outboard from a pontoon boat, and the cross member is part of a side rail outwardly bordering an occupant seating area. 29. The boat apparatus of claim 26, further comprising beverage holders mounted to and upstanding from the table. 30. A boat apparatus comprising: a pontoon boat including a deck, a seating area and rails substantially surrounding the seating area inboard of a periphery of the deck; an outboard motor moveably coupled to the boat adjacent a rear edge of the periphery; at least one upstanding post coupled to the deck between the rear edge and the rails; at least one substantially horizontal member attached to the post; a table coupled to the horizontal member, the table including at least one of: (a) a beverage container-holder or (b) a dish-holder; and at least a portion of the table overhanging the outboard motor. 31. The boat apparatus of claim 30, wherein the post and horizontal member are part of a ski rope tow bar, and a top surface of the tow bar is within 48 inches of an upper surface of the deck. 32. The boat apparatus of claim 30, further comprising at least one fore-and-aft elongated member located between and attached to the table and the substantially horizontal member. 33. The boat apparatus of claim 30, wherein the holder upstands from a top of the table. 34. The boat apparatus of claim 30, wherein the holder is below a top of the table, and the table is adjustably mounted to the horizontal member. 35. The boat apparatus of claim 30, wherein the table is spaced away from the horizontal member to allow ski tow rope clearance therebetween. 36. The boat apparatus of claim 30, further comprising a diagonal brace coupling the table to the post. 37. The boat apparatus of claim 30, further comprising a moveable cargo support coupled to at least one of: the table and the tow bar",
-    "Disclosed herein are a handheld device and method for measuring the quality of an optical link, which are capable of simultaneously measuring the strength of an optical signal and the quality of an optical link at an optical network terminal in a Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) network. A presented handheld device for measuring a quality of an optical link includes an optical signal input port for receiving an optical signal, an optical power measurement unit for measuring a power of the optical signal, an output unit for outputting one or more of a measured power value of the optical signal and results of quality measurement of an optical link, based on interworking with an optical network terminal, and a control unit for storing the measured power value of the optical signal and performing a process for quality measurement of the optical link. 1. A handheld device for measuring a quality of an optical link, comprising: an optical signal input port for receiving an optical signal; an optical power measurement unit for measuring a power of the optical signal; an output unit for outputting one or more of a measured power value of the optical signal and results of quality measurement of an optical link, based on interworking with an optical network terminal; and a control unit for storing the measured power value of the optical signal and performing a process for quality measurement of the optical link. 2. The handheld device of claim 1, wherein the optical signal input port is connected to an optical fiber connector of an optical link that is desired to be measured. 3. The handheld device of claim 1, wherein the measured power value of the optical signal includes a wavelength and a strength of the corresponding optical signal. 4. The handheld device of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to, when the optical network terminal is initialized and the control unit is connected to the optical network terminal, initiate the process for quality measurement of the optical link. 5. The handheld device of claim 4, wherein the control unit obtains resultant values for upstream/downstream bandwidth and latency of the optical link as the results of quality measurement of the optical link. 6. The handheld device of claim 5, further comprising a Global Positioning System (GPS) module unit for acquiring location information of the handheld device for measuring the quality of the optical link, wherein the location information is stored, together with the measured power value of the optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link, in the control unit. 7. The handheld device of claim 6, further comprising a long-range communication unit, wherein the control unit transmits the stored power value of the optical signal and the results of quality management of the optical link to a service subscriber or a quality management server through the long-range communication unit. 8. The handheld device of claim 1, further comprising: an optical signal output port for providing the optical signal to the optical network terminal; and a coupler for branching the optical signal, input to the optical signal input port, into the optical power measurement unit and the optical signal output port. 9. A handheld device for measuring a quality of an optical link, comprising: an optical signal input port for receiving an optical signal; an optical power measurement unit for measuring a power of the optical signal; and a control unit for transmitting a measured power value of the optical signal to a mobile device, and transmitting results of quality measurement of an optical link based on interworking with the optical network terminal to the mobile device. 10. The handheld device of claim 9, wherein the control unit directs an optical connector to be released from the optical signal input port and to be connected to the optical network terminal in compliance with a quality measurement command from the mobile device. 11. The handheld device of claim 10, wherein the control unit is configured to, when the optical connector is connected to the optical network terminal and then the control unit is connected to the optical network terminal, initiate a process for quality measurement of the optical link. 12. The handheld device of claim 11, wherein the control unit obtains resultant values for upstream/downstream bandwidth and latency of the optical link as the results of quality measurement of the optical link. 13. The handheld device of claim 9, wherein the mobile device displays the power value of the received optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link on a screen. 14. The handheld device of claim 13, wherein the mobile device displays location information, together with the power value of the received optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link, on the screen. 15. The handheld device of claim 13, wherein the mobile device transmits the power value of the received optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link to a service subscriber or a quality management server. 16. The handheld device of claim 9, further comprising: an optical signal output port for providing the optical signal to the optical network terminal; and a coupler for branching the optical signal, input to the optical signal input port, into the optical power measurement unit and the optical signal output port. 17. A method for measuring a quality of an optical link, comprising: measuring, by a handheld optical link quality measuring device, a power of an optical signal, via a connection to an optical link that is desired to be measured; measuring, by the handheld optical link quality measuring device, upstream/downstream speed and latency of the optical link, via a connection to an optical network terminal; and analyzing, by the handheld optical link quality measuring device, the upstream/downstream speed and latency of the optical link, thus determining a performance of the optical link. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising, after determining the performance of the optical link: displaying, by the handheld optical link quality measuring device, the measured power value of the optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link on a screen. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising, after determining the performance of the optical link: transmitting, by the handheld optical link quality measuring device, the measured power value of the optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link to a service subscriber. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising, after determining the performance of the optical link: transmitting, by the handheld optical link quality measuring device, the measured power value of the optical signal and the results of quality measurement of the optical link, together with location information, to a management server of a service provider.",
-    "Atomic layer deposition (ALD) type processes for producing metal containing thin films comprise feeding into a reaction space vapor phase pulses of metal containing cyclopentadienyl precursors as a metal source material. In preferred embodiments the metal containing cyclopentadienyl reactant comprises a metal atom that is not directly bonded to an oxygen or halide atom. In other embodiments the metal atom is bonded to a cyclopentadienyl compound and separately bonded to at least one ligand via a nitrogen atom. In still other embodiments the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound comprises a nitrogen-bridged ligand. 1-31. (canceled) 32. A plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition process for producing a metal containing thin film on a substrate comprising alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with vapor phase pulses of at least one volatile metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound, and a second reactant at a temperature that is low enough to prevent decomposition of the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound and the second reactant, wherein the metal comprises hafnium, and wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound does not contain a metal directly bonded to a halide or oxygen atom, and wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound comprises at least one cyclopentadienyl bonded to the metal and at least one ligand that is separately bonded to the metal via nitrogen. 33. The process of claim 32, wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound has the formula: (R1R2R3R4R5Cp)x\u2014MR0z\u2014(NR1R2)y wherein M is hafnium; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R0 is independently selected from: (i) hydrogen; (ii) linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, which are independently substituted or unsubstituted; (iii) carbocyclic groups, such as aryl, phenyl, cyclopentadienyl, alkylaryl, and halogenated carbocyclic groups; and (iv) heterocyclic groups; and wherein both x and y are \u22671 and z\u22670. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein each of the R1 and R2 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-amyl, isoamyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl. 35. The process of claim 33, wherein each of the R1 and R2 is independently selected from linear and branched C1-C4 alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, which are independently substituted or unsubstituted. 36. The process of claim 35, wherein each of the le and R2 is independently selected from linear and branched C1-C4 alkyl, which are independently substituted or unsubstituted. 37. The process of claim 33, wherein z is 0. 38. The process of claim 37, wherein y is 3. 39. The process of claim 32, wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound does not comprise halide or oxygen atoms. 40. The process of claim 32, wherein the metal containing thin film comprises an insulator material. 41. The process of claim 32, wherein the temperature is 200\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. 42. An atomic layer deposition process for producing a metal containing thin film on a substrate comprising sequentially: contacting the substrate with a vapor pulse of a first reactant, wherein the first reactant comprises a metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound, wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound does not contain a metal directly bonded to a halide or oxygen atom, and wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound has the formula: (R1R2R3R4R5Cp)x\u2014MR0z\u2014(NR1R2)y wherein M is hafnium; wherein each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R0 is independently selected from: (i) hydrogen, (ii) linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, which are independently substituted or unsubstituted, and wherein both x and y are \u22671 and z\u22670; and contacting the substrate with a second reactant. 43. The process of claim 42, wherein an inert gas serves as a carrier gas for the first reactant. 44. The process of claim 42, wherein the atomic layer deposition process comprises a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition process. 45. The process of claim 42, wherein each of the R1 and R2 is independently selected from linear and branched C1-C4 alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, which are independently substituted or unsubstituted. 46. The process of claim 45, wherein each of the le and R2 is independently selected from linear and branched C1-C4 alkyl, which are independently substituted or unsubstituted. 47. The process of claim 46, wherein each of the le and R2 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, and t-butyl. 48. The process of claim 42, wherein z is 0. 49. The process of claim 48, wherein y is 3. 50. The process of claim 42, wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound does not comprise halide or oxygen atoms. 51. The process of claim 42, wherein the metal containing cyclopentadienyl compound comprises a modified cyclopentadienyl group. 52. The process of claim 51, wherein the modified cyclopentadienyl group is selected from the group consisting of Me5Cp, MeCp, EtCp, and Me3SiCp. 53. The process of claim 42, wherein the metal containing thin film comprises an insulating thin film.",
-    "In accordance with an example embodiment, a method of operating a work vehicle with an ejector body may include receiving a position signal indicative of a position of the work vehicle, receiving a target profile indicative of a target topography for an area, receiving an ejection command at a controller and entering the controller into an ejection mode based on the ejection command, and controlling, with the controller, in the ejection mode, at least one of a speed of the work vehicle and a speed of an ejector included in the ejector body based on the position signal and the target profile, to spread a load of material from the ejector body onto a ground surface. 1: A method of operating a work vehicle with an ejector body, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a position signal indicative of a position of the work vehicle; receiving a target profile indicative of a target topography for an area; receiving an ejection command at a controller and entering the controller into an ejection mode based on the ejection command; and controlling, with the controller, in the ejection mode, at least one of a speed of the work vehicle and a speed of an ejector included in the ejector body based on the position signal and the target profile, to spread a load of material from the ejector body onto a ground surface in the area. 2: The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the speed of the work vehicle and the speed of the ejector is controlled based on a comparison of the target profile and the position signal. 3: The method of claim 2, wherein the speed of the work vehicle is controlled based on the speed of the ejector and the comparison of the target profile and the position signal. 4: The method of claim 2, wherein the speed of the ejector is controlled based on the speed of the work vehicle and the comparison of the target profile and the position signal. 5: The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining a target parameter based on a comparison of the target profile and a current profile, the current profile indicative of a current topography for the area, wherein at least one of the speed of the work vehicle and the speed of the ejector is controlled based on the target parameter. 6: The method of claim 5, further comprising the step of determining the current profile based on a plurality of received position signals. 7: The method of claim 5, wherein the speed of the work vehicle is controlled based on the target parameter and the speed of the ejector. 8: The method of claim 5, wherein the speed of the ejector is controlled based on the target parameter and the speed of the work vehicle. 9: The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of receiving the ejection command from an input actuated by an operator of the work vehicle. 10: The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of entering the ejection mode based on a comparison of the position signal and a first position. 11: The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of exiting the ejection mode based on a comparison of the position signal and a second position. 12: The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of limiting a maximum speed of the work vehicle prior to entering the ejection mode based on the comparison of the position signal and the first position. 13: The method of claim 12, wherein the maximum speed is based on a comparison of the target profile and a current profile, the current profile indicative of a current topography for the area. 14: A work vehicle with an ejector body comprising: an engine; a transmission; a GNSS receiver configured to provide a position signal indicative of a position of the work vehicle; an ejector connected to the ejector body and movable by an actuator at an ejector speed between a retracted position and an extended position; and a controller in communication with the GNSS receiver, the controller configured to: receive the position signal; receive a target profile indicative of a target topography for an area; receive an ejection command; enter an ejection mode after receiving the ejection command; and control, in the ejection mode, at least one of a speed of the engine, a gear selection of the transmission, and the ejector speed based on the target profile and the position signal. 15: The work vehicle of claim 14, further comprising: an operator input configured to provide the ejection command when actuated; and a vehicle speed sensor configured to provide the speed signal. 16: The work vehicle of claim 14 wherein at least one of the speed of the engine, the gear selection of the transmission, and the ejector speed is controlled based on a comparison of the target profile and the position signal. 17: The work vehicle of claim 15, wherein the speed of the engine is controlled based on the comparison of the target profile and the position signal. 18: The work vehicle of claim 15, wherein the speed of the ejector is controlled based on the speed signal and the comparison of the target profile and the position signal. 19: The work vehicle of claim 14, wherein the controller is further configured to determine a target parameter based on a comparison of the target profile and a current profile, the current profile indicative of a current topography for the area, and control at least one of the speed of the engine, the gear selection of the transmission, and the ejector speed based on the target parameter. 20: The work vehicle of claim 19, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the current profile based on a plurality of received position signals.",
-    "An ink jet textile printing method includes recording by applying an ink composition containing a dye to a front surface of a fabric by an ink jet method and applying a liquid penetrant to the front surface or a rear surface of the fabric before or after the recording. The liquid penetrant includes a nitrogen compound having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and an alkyl polyol having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and does not substantially include alkyl polyols having a boiling point higher than 260\u00b0 C. 1. An ink jet textile printing method comprising: recording by applying an ink composition containing a dye to a front surface of a fabric by an ink jet method and applying a liquid penetrant to the front surface or a rear surface of the fabric before or after the recording, wherein the liquid penetrant includes a nitrogen compound having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and an alkyl polyol having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and does not substantially include alkyl polyols having a boiling point higher than 260\u00b0 C. 2. The ink jet textile printing method according to claim 1, wherein the content of the nitrogen compound is 5.0 to 10% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the liquid penetrant. 3. The ink jet textile printing method according to claim 1, wherein the content of the alkyl polyol is 20 to 40% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the liquid penetrant. 4. The ink jet textile printing method according to claim 1, wherein the liquid penetrant further includes a glycol ether. 5. The ink jet textile printing method according to claim 1, wherein the ink composition includes a nitrogen compound having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and an alkyl polyol having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and does not substantially include alkyl polyols having a boiling point higher than 260\u00b0 C. 6. An ink set comprising: an ink composition containing a dye; and a liquid penetrant, wherein the liquid penetrant includes a nitrogen compound having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and an alkyl polyol having a boiling point of 230 to 260\u00b0 C. and does not substantially include alkyl polyols having a boiling point higher than 260\u00b0 C.",
-    "A zoom lens comprises in order from an object side, a first lens unit having a positive refractive power, a second lens unit having a negative refractive power, and a third lens unit having a positive refractive power, and the third unit having a positive refractive power comprises in order from the object side, a first lens component having a positive refractive power, and a second lens component having a negative refractive power in which, a lens having a positive refractive power and a lens having a negative refractive power are cemented, and the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expressions (1), (2), and (3) 1.4<|f3_2p/f3_2n|<2.6 (1) nd3_2p\u2212nd3_2n\u22670 (2) nd3_2n\u22671.8 (3) 1. A zoom lens comprising in order from an object side: a first lens unit having a positive refractive power; a second lens unit having a negative refractive power; and a third lens unit having a positive refractive power, wherein the third lens unit comprises in order from the object side, a first lens component having a positive refractive power, and a second lens component having a negative refractive power, and the second lens component having a negative refractive power comprises not less than two lenses, and the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expressions (21) and (22) 0.06<d3_12 air/\u03a3d3_12<0.2 (21) 2.2<f3/fw<3.7 (22) where, d3_12 air denotes an air space between the first lens component having a positive refractive power and the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, \u03a3d3_12 denotes an optical axial distance from a surface nearest to the object side of the first lens component having a positive refractive power up to a surface nearest to an image side of the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, f3 denotes a focal length of the third lens unit, and fw denotes a focal length at a wide angle end of the overall zoom lens system. 2. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (23) 0.6<|f3_1/f3|<1.2 (23) where, f3_1 denotes a focal length of the first lens component having a positive refractive power, in the third lens unit, and f3 denotes the focal length of the third lens unit. 3. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (24) 0.7<|f3_2/f3|<2.5 (24) where, f3_2 denotes a focal length of the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit, and f3 denotes the focal length of the third lens unit. 4. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (25) 1<|f3_2/f3_1|<3 (25) where, f3_1 denotes a focal length of the first lens component having a positive refractive power, in the third lens unit, and f3_2 denotes a focal length of the second lens component having a negative refractive power, in the third lens unit. 5. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (26) \u03a3d3G/ft<0.52 (26) where, \u03a3d3G denotes an overall length of the third lens unit, and ft denotes a focal length at the telephoto end of the overall zoom lens system. 6. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (27) Lt/ft<3.3 (27) where, Lt denotes a total length at a telephoto end of the overall zoom lens system, and ft denotes a focal length at the telephoto end of the overall zoom lens system. 7. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional expression (28) 0.3<(\u03b22t/\u03b22w)/(\u03b23t/\u03b23w)<0.75 (28) where, \u03b22t denotes a lateral magnification at a telephoto end of the second lens unit, \u03b22w denotes a lateral magnification at a wide angle end of the second lens unit, \u03b23t denotes a lateral magnification at the telephoto end of the third lens unit, and \u03b23w denotes a lateral magnification at the wide angle end of the third lens unit. 8. An image pickup apparatus comprising: a zoom lens according to claim 1; and an image pickup element which is disposed on an image side of the zoom lens, and which has an image pickup surface which receives an image by the zoom lens.",
-    "A rotation force transmission mechanism (30) includes a torque limiter (50), a breaking member (60) and a clutch member (55). The torque limiter (50) is configured to couple the first rotating member (35) and the driving source (40) to each other so as to able to transmit the rotation force until a torque of a predetermined value is applied, and to decouple from each other if a torque larger than the predetermined value is applied. The braking member (60) is configured to apply a torque exceeding the predetermined value to the first rotating member (35). The clutch member (55) is capable of being switched into a transmission state in which the rotation force can be transmitted to the first rotating member (35) and an interruption state in which the transmission of the rotation force is interrupted, in the second rotation force transmission path (P2). 1. A rotation force transmission mechanism configured to transmit a rotation force from a single driving source to a first rotating member and a second rotating member, the rotation force transmission mechanism comprising: a first rotation force transmission path configured to transmit the rotation force in a first direction from the driving source to the first rotating member; a second rotation force transmission path configured to transmit the rotation force in a second direction opposite to the first direction from the driving source to the first rotating member; a third rotation force transmission path configured to transmit the rotation force from the driving source to the second rotating member; a torque limiter provided between the first rotating member and the driving source in the first rotation force transmission path, and configured to couple the first rotating member and the driving source to each other so as to be able to transmit the rotation force until a torque of a predetermined value is applied, and to decouple from each other if a torque larger than the predetermined value is applied; a braking member configured to apply a torque exceeding the predetermined value to the first rotating member; and a clutch member capable of being switched into a transmission state in which the rotation force can be transmitted to the first rotating member and an interruption state in which the transmission of the rotation force is interrupted, in the second rotation force transmission path, wherein the rotation force is transmitted to the first rotating member and the second rotating member such that the first rotating member and the second rotating member are rotated in any one of a first rotation state, a second rotation state and a third rotation state: the first rotation state in which while the clutch member is switched into the interruption state to interrupt the transmission of the rotation force to the first rotating member through the second rotation force transmission path, the rotation force is transmitted to the first rotating member through the first rotation force transmission path to rotate the first rotating member in the first direction and also the second rotating member is rotated through the third rotation force transmission path; the second rotation state in which while the clutch member is switched into the transmission state to transmit the rotation force to the first rotating member through the second rotation force transmission path, the first rotating member applies a torque exceeding the predetermined value to the torque limiter to interrupt the transmission of the rotation force to the first rotating member through the first rotation force transmission path and then to rotate the first rotating member in the second direction and also the second rotating member is rotated through the third rotation force transmission path; and the third rotation state in which while the clutch member is switched into the interruption state to interrupt the transmission of the rotation force to the first rotating member through the second rotation force transmission path, the breaking member applies a torque exceeding the predetermined value to the first rotating member to stop the rotation of the first rotating member in the first rotation force transmission path and also the second rotating member is rotated through the third rotation force transmission path. 2. The rotation force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the braking member is a flapper type solenoid having a main body and a movable piece which is movable in directions close to or separate away from the main body by energization. 3. The rotation force transmission mechanism according to claim 2, wherein the first rotating member has a projection protruding in a radial direction, the flatter type solenoid is provided with a claw capable of engaging with the projection at a tip end of the movable piece, the flapper type solenoid capable of being switched into an engagement posture at which the claw engages with the projection and a separate posture at which the claw is spaced away from the protrusion, and by being switched into the engagement posture, a torque exceeding the predetermined value is applied to the first rotating member. 4. The rotation force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the driving source is a one-way rotating motor. 5. An image forming apparatus comprising: a switchback roller configured to rotate in a temporary ejection direction in which a sheet is to be temporarily ejected and in an inversion direction opposite to the temporary ejection direction; an ejecting roller configured to rotate in an ejection direction in which a sheet is to be ejected; and the rotation force transmission mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the first rotating member and the second rotating member of the rotation force transmission mechanism are respectively the switchback roller and the ejecting roller and the rotation force transmission mechanism transmits the rotation force to the switchback roller and the ejecting roller such that the switchback roller and the ejecting roller rotate in any one of a first rotation state, a second rotation state and a third rotation state: the first rotation state in which the switchback roller rotates in the temporary ejection direction and the ejecting roller rotates in the ejection direction; the second rotation state in which the switchback roller rotates in the inversion direction and the ejecting roller rotates in the ejection direction; and the third rotation state in which the rotation of the switchback roller is stopped and the ejecting roller rotates in the ejection direction. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, when the rotation direction of the switchback roller is switched from the temporary ejection direction to the inversion direction, the ejecting roller and the switchback roller are switchable into the third rotation state.",
-    "Circuitry includes an input node, an output node, acoustic filtering circuitry, an inductive element, and a capacitor. The acoustic filtering circuitry includes an acoustic filtering input node and an acoustic filtering output node. The inductive element is coupled in series with the acoustic filtering circuitry between the input node and the output node such that the inductive element is coupled between the input node and the acoustic filtering input node and the acoustic filtering output node is coupled to the output node. The capacitor is coupled in parallel with the acoustic filtering circuitry and the inductive element between the input node and the output node. Providing the inductive element in series with the acoustic filtering circuitry and the capacitor in parallel with the acoustic filtering circuitry and the inductive element provides a highly selective notch filter response between the input node and the output node with high attenuation. 1. A tunable notch filter comprising: an input node; an output node; acoustic filtering circuitry comprising an acoustic filtering input node and an acoustic filtering output node; an inductive element coupled in series with the acoustic filtering circuitry between the input node and the output node such that the inductive element is coupled between the input node and the acoustic filtering input node and the acoustic filtering output node is coupled to the output node; and a capacitor coupled in parallel with the acoustic filtering circuitry and the inductive element between the input node and the output node. 2. The tunable notch filter of claim 1 wherein the capacitor is tunable. 3. The tunable notch filter of claim 2 further comprising a first additional inductive element coupled in parallel with the acoustic filtering circuitry and the inductive element between the input node and the output node. 4. The tunable notch filter of claim 3 wherein the first additional inductive element is electromagnetically coupled with the inductive element. 5. The tunable notch filter of claim 4 wherein the electromagnetic coupling between the inductive element and the first additional inductive element is tunable. 6. The tunable notch filter of claim 5 further comprising: a second additional inductive element coupled between the acoustic filtering output node and the output node; and a third additional inductive element coupled in series with the first additional inductive element between the input node and the output node such that the third additional inductive element is coupled between the first additional inductive element and the output node. 7. The tunable notch filter of claim 6 wherein the second additional inductive element is electromagnetically coupled to the third additional inductive element. 8. The tunable notch filter of claim 7 wherein the electromagnetic coupling between the second additional inductive element and the third additional inductive element is tunable. 9. The tunable notch filter of claim 8 further comprising an additional capacitor coupled between the acoustic filtering output node and the connection between the first additional inductive element and the third additional inductive element. 10. The tunable notch filter of claim 9 wherein the additional capacitor is tunable. 11. The tunable notch filter of claim 10 further comprising additional acoustic filtering circuitry coupled in parallel with the acoustic filtering circuitry between the acoustic filtering input node and the acoustic filtering output node. 12. The tunable notch filter of claim 11 further comprising acoustic filtering switching circuitry configured to couple one of the acoustic filtering circuitry and the additional acoustic filtering circuitry in series with the inductive element while isolating the other. 13. The tunable notch filter of claim 10 wherein the acoustic filtering circuitry is one of a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter. 14. Radio frequency (RF) front end circuitry comprising: a plurality of antenna nodes; primary transceiver circuitry; secondary receiver circuitry comprising: low-noise amplifier circuitry; and filtering circuitry comprising: an input node; an output node coupled to the low-noise amplifier circuitry; acoustic filtering circuitry comprising an acoustic filtering input node and an acoustic filtering output node; an inductive element coupled in series with the acoustic filtering circuitry between the input node and the output node such that the inductive element is coupled between the input node and the acoustic filtering input node and the acoustic filtering output node is coupled to the output node; and a capacitor in parallel with the acoustic filtering circuitry and the inductive element between the input node and the output node; and antenna switching circuitry coupled between the primary transceiver circuitry, the secondary receiver circuitry, and the plurality of antenna nodes. 15. The RF front end circuitry of claim 14 wherein the capacitor is tunable. 16. The RF front end circuitry of claim 15 further comprising control circuitry configured to tune the capacitor such that the filtering circuitry provides a notch filter response corresponding to a frequency of a primary transmit signal provided by the primary transceiver circuitry. 17. The RF front end circuitry of claim 16 wherein: the primary transceiver circuitry is configured to provide primary transmit signals to one or more of the plurality of antenna nodes and receive primary receive signals from the one or more of the plurality of antenna nodes via the antenna switching circuitry; and the secondary receiver circuitry is configured to receive secondary receive signals from a different one of the plurality of antenna nodes via the antenna switching circuitry. 18. The RF front end circuitry of claim 17 wherein the filtering circuitry is configured to filter the secondary receive signals. 19. The RF front end circuitry of claim 18 wherein the antenna switching circuitry is configured to couple the primary transceiver circuitry to a first set of the plurality of antenna nodes and couple the secondary receiver circuitry to a second set of the plurality of antenna nodes, wherein the first set and the second set are mutually exclusive. 20. The RF front end circuitry of claim 19 wherein the acoustic filtering circuitry is one of a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter.",
-    "A computer-executable mechanism captures code modifications for a computer-executable process from a development environment into build packages that may be deployed onto specified target environments with trace, audit, code compliance and rollback options from one single web portal. The mechanism supports build package code changes from different sources, automated test of the resulting build packages, and phantom source control of all packaged code base to reduce the burden on developers to manually source control code. The computer-executable mechanism supports a portal web server for building and deploying build packages to render user responses to configurable actions that may be passed on to a job sequencer to execute a series of jobs. A computer-executable roll-back mechanism takes a snapshot of the target environment prior to deployment of a build package so that a complete release rollback or an incremental release rollback may occur as needed. 1. A computer-assisted method for automating a build deployment for a software project, the method comprising: combining a first artifact collection with a second artifact collection, wherein the first and second collections have different artifact types; generating build metadata from the combined artifact collection, wherein the build metadata includes a manifest list; forming logical build data from the first and second artifact collections based on the build metadata; when no build errors are detected with the logical build data, creating a build source data for deployment identifying a selected build package for deployment based on a selected target computing device, wherein the selected build package is identified by a build number; in response to the identifying, extracting the selected build package from the build source data; when building the selected build package, generating web page content through a first handler and a second handler with different programming languages, wherein the first handler and the second handler generate first and second generated outputs, respectively, that comply with a first markup language; transforming the first and second outputs to first and second elements, respectively, that comply with a different markup language; injecting the first and the second elements into a rendered web page; and mapping the first and second elements into a first web page section and a second web page section, respectively. 2. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: parsing the combined artifact collection; sorting the parsed artifact collection; and generating the build metadata based on the parsed artifact collection. 3. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: backing up artifact collection objects from a build computer device. 4. The A computer-assisted method of claim 3, further comprising: when no build errors are detected with the logical build data, moving the artifact collection objects to a source control computer device. 5. The computer-assisted method of claim 4, further comprising: updating a software development lifecycle (SDLC) system about the build source data. 6. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: when a build error is detected with the logical build data, repeating the combining, the generating, and the forming. 7. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: backing up existing objects from the selected target computing device based on deployment metadata. 8. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: based on deployment metadata, filtering an identified object to be excluded. 9. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: updating a software development lifecycle (SDLC) system about the selected build package. 10. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: when a deployment error is detected, repeating the identifying, the extracting, the generating, and the resolving. 11. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a categorization of one of the selected objects according to an artifact type; and directing said one selected object to an appropriate handler. 12. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a version error when a build version of a component is incompatible with a current version of the selected target computing device. 13. The computer-assisted method of claim 1, wherein the first markup language comprises an Extensible Markup Language (XML) and the different markup language comprises a HyperText Markup Language (HMTL). 14. The computer-assisted method of claim 11, the method further comprising: generating, from a dictionary, deployment metadata for the selected objects for deployment, wherein the build metadata includes the dictionary listing all the artifacts included into a build and describing object properties of the artifacts. 15. An apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to perform, based on instructions stored in the at least one memory: combining a first artifact collection with a second artifact collection, wherein the first and second collections have different artifact types; generating build metadata from the combined artifact collection, wherein the build metadata includes a manifest list; forming logical build data from the first and second artifact collections based on the build metadata; when no build errors are detected with the logical build data, creating a build source data for deployment identifying a selected build package for deployment based on a selected target computing device, wherein the selected build package is identified by a build number; in response to the identifying, extracting the selected build package from the build source data; when deploying the selected build package, generating web page content through a first handler and a second handler with different programming languages, wherein the first handler and the second handler generate first and second generated outputs, respectively, that comply with a first markup language; transforming the first and second outputs to first and second elements, respectively, that comply with a different markup language; injecting the first and the second elements into a rendered web page; and mapping the first and second elements into a first web page section and a second web page section, respectively. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform: generating, from a dictionary, deployment metadata for the selected objects for deployment, wherein the build metadata includes the dictionary listing all the artifacts included into a build and describing object properties of the artifacts. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to perform: parsing the combined artifact collection; sorting the parsed artifact collection; and generating the build metadata based on the parsed artifact collection. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed, cause a processor at least to perform operations comprising: combining a first artifact collection with a second artifact collection, wherein the first and second collections have different artifact types; generating build metadata from the combined artifact collection, wherein the build metadata includes a manifest list; forming logical build data from the first and second artifact collections based on the build metadata; when no build errors are detected with the logical build data, creating a build source data for deployment identifying a selected build package for deployment based on a selected target computing device, wherein the selected build package is identified by a build number; in response to the identifying, extracting the selected build package from the build source data; when building the selected build package, generating web page content through a first handler and a second handler with different programming languages, wherein the first handler and the second handler generate first and second generated outputs, respectively, that comply with a first markup language; transforming the first and second outputs to first and second elements, respectively, that comply with a different markup language; and injecting the first and the second elements into different sections of a rendered web page. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed, cause the processor to perform: parsing the combined artifact collection; sorting the parsed artifact collection; and generating the build metadata based on the parsed artifact collection. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the computer-executable instructions, when executed, cause the processor to perform: generating, from a dictionary, deployment metadata for the selected objects for deployment, wherein the build metadata includes the dictionary listing all the artifacts included into a build and describing object properties of the artifacts.",
-    "There is provided a thin-bottom type bore gauge having damping unit between a gauge head and a head main body part, and a long life. A head part of a bore gauge includes a head main body part, a measurement spherical face at one end face, and a gauge head slidably provided by penetrating an inside and an outside of the head main body part. The gauge head a spring holding groove carved in a circumferential direction at the other end side, and a compression coil spring is interposed between the spring holding groove and an inside end face of the head main body part. 1. A head part of an inside measuring instrument which measure an inside of a measurement target object, the head part comprising: a head main body part; and a gauge head which includes a measurement spherical face on one end face and is slidably provided by penetrating an inside and an outside of the head main body part, wherein the gauge head includes a spring holding groove carved in a circumferential direction at the other end side, and a compression coil spring is interposed between the spring holding groove and an inside end face of the head main body part. 2. The head part of the inside measuring instrument according to claim 1, wherein the compression coil spring includes a diameter which accepts the gauge head inside thereof, and a diameter of an end turn part corresponding to the other end of the gauge head is smaller than other parts so as to be fitted on the spring holding groove. 3. The head part of the inside measuring instrument according to claim 1, further comprising: a rod which is movable in a direction orthogonal to a moving direction of the gauge head; and a cam provided between the other end of the gauge head and the rod, and rotatably supported about an axis by the head main body part, wherein end faces or wholes of the gauge head and the rod are ceramic. 4. A head part of an inside measuring instrument which measure an inside of a measurement target object, the head part comprising: a head main body part; a gauge head which includes a measurement spherical face on one end face and is movably provided by penetrating an inside and an outside of the head main body part; a rod which is movable in a direction orthogonal to a moving direction of the gauge head; and a cam provided between the other end of the gauge head and the rod, and rotatably supported about an axis by the head main body part, wherein end faces or wholes of the gauge head and the rod are ceramic. 5. An inside measuring instrument comprising a head part according to claim 1. 6. The inside measuring instrument according to claim 5, further comprising: biasing means for biasing the rod in a direction toward the cam, wherein biasing force of the compression coil spring is the same as biasing force of the biasing means or more, and the head part further includes: a rod which is movable in a direction orthogonal to a moving direction of the gauge head; and a cam provided between the other end of the gauge head and the rod, and rotatably supported about an axis by the head main body part.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of fabricating a terminal plate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The method of fabricating a terminal plate includes: a material supplying step of transporting a metal drawing material having a cross-section having a quadrangular shape or a multi-step shape based on a predetermined transport condition; a piercing step of generating a hole in the metal drawing material transported to the location of a piercing unit based on a predetermined piercing condition; and a cutting step of cutting the metal drawing material with the hole, which is transported to the location of a cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition. 1. A method of fabricating a terminal plate, the method comprising: a material supplying step of transporting a metal drawing material having a cross-section having a quadrangular shape or a multi-step shape based on a predetermined transport condition; a piercing step of generating a hole in the metal drawing material transported to the location of a piercing unit based on a predetermined piercing condition; and a cutting step of cutting the metal drawing material with the hole, which is transported to the location of a cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a predetermined condition for fabricating the terminal plate, wherein the predetermined condition includes at least one of the predetermined transport condition, the predetermined piercing condition, and the predetermined cutting condition. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined transport condition includes at least one of a transport direction, a transport length, a transport speed, and a transport location of the metal drawing material, the predetermined piercing condition includes at least one of pressure of the piercing unit for generating the hole, a speed of the piercing unit for generating the hole, a depth of the hole, a position of the hole on the metal drawing material, and a diameter of the hole, and the predetermined cutting condition includes at least one of the speed of the cutting unit, a movement direction of the cutting unit, and a cutting position of the material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the terminal plate is used for a secondary battery. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cutting step includes fixing the metal drawing material with the hole by means of a material fixing unit in order to restrict movement of the metal drawing material with the hole. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: at least one of stopping transportation of the metal drawing material during the piercing step; and stopping transportation of the metal drawing material during the cutting step. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein in the cutting step, a material cutting unit of the cutting unit reciprocates vertically to the metal drawing material to cut the metal drawing material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal drawing material is fabricated through a prior drawing process, a rolling process, and a post drawing process. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the terminal plate is processed as a terminal plate product through a press process. 10. A method of fabricating a terminal plate, the method comprising: a material transport step of transporting a metal drawing material having a quadrangular cross-section shape based on a predetermined transport condition; a cutting step of cutting the metal drawing material transported to the location of a cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition; and piercing step of generating a hole in the cut metal drawing material transported to the location of a piercing unit based on a predetermined piercing condition. 11. A terminal plate fabricated by a method comprising: a material transport step of transporting a metal drawing material having a quadrangular cross-section based on a predetermined transport condition; a piercing step of generating a hole in the metal drawing material transported to the location of a piercing unit based on a predetermined piercing condition; and a cutting step of cutting the metal drawing material with the hole, which is transported to the location of a cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition. 12. A terminal plate fabricated by a method comprising: a material transport step of transporting a metal drawing material having a quadrangular cross-section based on a predetermined transport condition; a cutting step of cutting the metal drawing material transported to the location of a cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition; and a piercing step of generating a hole in the cut metal drawing material transported to the location of a piercing unit based on a predetermined piercing condition. 13. A system of fabricating a terminal plate, the system comprising: a material transport unit transporting a metal drawing material having a quadrangular cross-section based on a predetermined transport condition; a piercing unit generating a hole in the metal drawing material transported to the location of a piercing unit based on a predetermined piercing condition; and a cutting unit cutting the metal drawing material with the hole, which is transported to the location of a cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the cutting unit includes: a material fixing unit fixing the metal drawing material; and a material cutting unit cutting the metal drawing material. 15. A system of fabricating a terminal plate, the system comprising: a material transport unit transporting a metal drawing material having a quadrangular cross-section based on a predetermined transport condition; a cutting unit cutting the metal drawing material transported to the location of a material cutting unit based on a predetermined cutting condition; and a piercing unit generating a hole in the cut metal drawing material transported to the location of a punch based on a predetermined piercing condition.",
-    "A damping unit includes a cylinder which is filled with a damping fluid and in which a piston rod is guided, the piston rod associated with a bottom surface which has at least one axial through-hole which defines an effective flow cross section for the damping fluid; wherein the piston rod includes: a sleeve element which is fixed on the piston rod in the axial direction; a piston bottom element which is supported on the piston rod so as to be axially slidable and includes the bottom surface; a resilient element; and a termination element which is fixed on the piston rod in the axial direction and forms an indirect or direct stop for the piston bottom element in the insertion direction of the piston rod. 1. Damping unit comprising: a cylinder which is filled with a damping fluid and in which a piston rod is guided in an axial direction of the cylinder so as to be able to be inserted and withdrawn, the piston rod being associated with a bottom surface which extends between the piston rod and an inside wall of the cylinder and has at least one axial through-hole which defines an effective flow cross section for the damping fluid; wherein the piston rod comprises, at the front end thereof in the insertion direction into the cylinder: a stop which is fixed on the piston rod in the axial direction and defines a front face in the insertion direction of the piston rod; a piston bottom element which is supported on the piston rod so as to be axially slidable and comprises the bottom surface; a resilient element which prestresses the piston bottom element relative to the piston rod in such a way that, in an idle state of the piston rod, the bottom surface of the piston bottom element and the front face of the stop are spaced apart from each other by means of the effect of the resilient element; and the resilient element being designed such that, above a predefined insertion speed of the piston rod into the cylinder, the dynamic pressure of the damping fluid causes the bottom surface of the piston bottom element to come into contact with the front face of the stop against the effect of the resilient element, and the effective flow cross section for the damping fluid being reduced due to the interaction of the front face of the stop and the at least one axial through-hole in the bottom surface of the piston bottom element. 2. Damping unit according to claim 1, wherein the stop is formed by a sleeve element which has a casing which extends substantially in the axial direction, is spaced apart from the piston rod, and is open in the insertion direction of the piston rod, such that a chamber is formed between the piston rod and the casing, and the front face of the stop being defined on the open end of the casing in the insertion direction of the piston rod, the resilient element being received in the chamber formed between the piston rod and the sleeve element at least in part so as to be supported on the sleeve element at one end and on the piston bottom element at the other end. 3. Damping unit according to claim 1, wherein a termination element is provided which is fixed on the piston rod in the axial direction and forms an indirect or direct stop for the piston bottom element in the insertion direction of the piston rod. 4. Damping unit according to claim 1, wherein the piston bottom element is associated with a sealing element which produces a seal between the piston bottom element and the inside wall of the cylinder and which preferably has a rectangular cross section. 5. Damping unit according to claim 4, wherein the sealing element is formed separately from the piston bottom element and is received between the piston bottom element and a retaining element, the retaining element being slidably supported on the piston rod and comprising at least one axial through-hole. 6. Damping unit according to claim 1, wherein the piston rod has a region having a reduced circumference in the axial region thereof between the termination element and the sleeve element. 7. Damping unit according to claim 1, wherein the termination element is formed by a nut which is screwed onto the piston rod. 8. Damping unit comprising: a cylinder filled with a damping fluid, a piston rod which is guided in an axial direction of the cylinder so as to be able to be inserted and withdrawn, and a piston which is arranged on the piston rod and touches an inside wall of the cylinder, wherein the cylinder comprises an axial portion in which the inside wall of the cylinder has a cross section in the shape of a polygon having outwardly curved edges and rounded corners. 9. Damping unit according to claim 8, wherein the piston has a substantially circular periphery when viewed axially, the periphery of the piston substantially corresponding to an inscribed circle of the polygon. 10. Damping unit according to claim 8, wherein the piston has a substantially circular periphery when viewed axially, in that the cylinder comprises a first axial portion in which the inside wall of the cylinder has a circular cross section having substantially the same periphery as the piston, and in that the cylinder comprises a second axial portion in which the inside wall of the cylinder has a cross section in the shape of a polygon having outwardly curved edges and rounded corners, the periphery of the piston substantially corresponding to an inscribed circle of the polygon. 11. Damping unit according to claim 8, wherein the polygon is a triangle. 12. Damping unit according to claim 10, wherein, in the first axial region, the inside wall of the cylinder comprises at least one axial groove over at least some of the region. 13. Damping assembly for a flap of a motor vehicle, preferably comprising a damping unit according to claim 1, wherein the damping assembly has a first damping force at a closure speed of the flap below a predetermined threshold value and has a second damping force at a closure speed above the threshold value, which second damping force is greater than the first damping force. 14. Damping assembly according to claim 13, wherein the damping assembly has a third damping force in the case of a closure movement after a predetermined closure path, which third damping force is smaller than the first and the second damping force. 15. Damping assembly according to claim 13, wherein the piston rod has a flap stop at the end thereof opposite the piston, which stop is designed to come into contact with the flap during the closure movement of the flap, such that the flap transmits an axial force to the flap stop in an insertion direction of the piston rod into the cylinder. 16. Flap assembly comprising a frame of a motor vehicle, a flap which is attached to the frame so as to be movable between an open position and a closed position, and a damping assembly according to claim 15, the cylinder of which is fastened or intended to be fastened to the frame or to the flap, wherein the flap can be moved from the open position over a first partial path region in a manner substantially uncoupled form the damping assembly until the flap strikes the flap stop, and in that the flap can subsequently be moved over a second partial path region into the closed position and pushes the piston rod into the cylinder in the process.",
-    "A multi-user medical robotic system for collaboration or training in minimally invasive surgical procedures includes first and second master input devices, a first slave robotic mechanism, and at least one processor configured to generate a first slave command for the first slave robotic mechanism by switchably using one or both of a first command indicative of manipulation of the first master input device by a first user and a second command indicative of manipulation of the second master input device by a second user. To facilitate the collaboration or training, both first and second users communicate with each other through an audio system and see the minimally invasive surgery site on first and second displays respectively viewable by the first and second users. 1-86. (canceled) 87. A surgeon training medical robotic system comprising: a first slave robotic mechanism configured to manipulate a first surgery-related device according to a first slave command; a first trainee master control station configured to generate a first trainee command indicative of a first desired position for the first surgery-related device according to a first trainee input; and a mentor master control station configured to generate the first slave command using the first trainee command and a first sensed position of the first surgery-related device, and provide the first slave command to the first slave robotic mechanism so as to cause the first slave robotic mechanism to move the first surgery-related device to the first desired position. 88. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 87, wherein the mentor master control station is further configured to over-ride the first trainee command and generate the first slave command using a mentor command indicative of a mentor desired position for the first surgery-related device and the first sensed position of the first surgery-related device, and provide the first slave command to the first slave robotic mechanism so as to cause the first slave robotic mechanism to move the first surgery-related device to the mentor desired position. 89. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 87, further comprising: a slave cart having a plurality of slave robotic mechanisms including the first slave robotic mechanism and another slave robotic mechanism configured to manipulate an endoscope according to an endoscope positioning command, wherein images captured by the endoscope are concurrently provided to said first trainee master control station and said mentor master control station for viewing by their respective operators. 90. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 87, further comprising: an audio system configured for audio communication between a trainee operator of said first trainee master control station and a mentor operator of said mentor master control station. 91. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 87, further comprising: a second trainee master control station configured to generate a second trainee command indicative of a second desired position for the first surgery-related device according to a second trainee input; wherein the mentor master control station is further configured to generate the first slave command using one of the first trainee command or the second trainee command as selected by a mentor operator of the mentor master control station, and the first sensed position of the first surgery related device. 92. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 91, wherein the mentor master control station is provided with routing information, and the mentor master control station is configured to associate at least one of the first and the second trainee master control stations with the first robotic slave robotic mechanism according to the routing information. 93. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 92, wherein the mentor master control station is configured with a routing table, and the routing information is provided in the routing table. 94. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 92, wherein the mentor master control station is configured so that the mentor operator may define the routing information. 95. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 94, wherein the mentor master control station includes a display configured with a user interface to facilitate defining of the routing information by the mentor operator. 96. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 95, wherein the display includes a display screen displaying a plurality of icons indicating the routing information to the mentor operator. 97. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 95, wherein the display includes a plurality of light-emitting-diodes indicating the routing information to the mentor operator. 98. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 94, wherein the mentor master control station includes a manipulator and the mentor master control station is configured such that the routing information may be defined by the mentor operator using the manipulator. 99. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 94, wherein the mentor master control station includes a foot pedal and the mentor master control station is configured such that the routing information may be defined by the mentor operator using the foot pedal. 100. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 91, wherein the mentor master control station is provided with shared command information, and the mentor master control station is configured to generate the first slave command using the first trainee command or the second trainee command and the mentor command according to the shared command information. 101. The surgeon training robotic medical system according to claim 100, wherein the mentor master control station is configured with a shared command filter, and the shared command information is provided as parameters for the shared command filter.",
-    "Generating and updating event presentation user interfaces. Embodiments include identifying a first geographical location of a first computing device corresponding to a first invitee to an event, and a second geographical location of a second computing device corresponding to a second invitee. An event presentation user interface is generated, to include a first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee is within a predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event, and a second invitee presence indicator indicating the second invitee is outside of the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event. Based at least on the second computing device having moved to a third geographical location that is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event, the second invitee presence indicator is updated to indicate that the second invitee is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event. 1. A computer system, comprising: one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to cause the computer system to perform at least the following: identify a first geographical location of a first computing device corresponding to a first invitee to an event, and identify a second geographical location of a second computing device corresponding to a second invitee to the event, based on geographical data received from each computing device; generate an event presentation user interface, including generating a first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee is within a predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event based on the first geographical location of the first computing device, and generating a second invitee presence indicator indicating the second invitee is outside of the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event based on the second geographical location of the second computing device; detect that the second computing device has moved to a third geographical location that is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event; and based at least on the second computing device having moved to the third geographical location: update the second invitee presence indicator to indicate that the second invitee is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event based on the third geographical location of the second computing device; and send a notification to at least a third computing device indicating that the second invitee has arrived at the event. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee is within the predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event comprises the first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee has arrived at the event. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the second invitee presence indicator indicating that the second invitee is outside of the predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event comprises the second invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee has not yet arrived at the event. 4. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the event presentation user interface comprises a map user interface. 5. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the map user interface indicates the geographical location of the event on a map. 6. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the first invitee presence indicator indicates the first geographical location on the map. 7. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the second invitee presence indicator initially indicates the second geographical location on the map, and then indicates the third geographical location on the map. 8. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the map user interface indicates a geographical boundary on a map based on the predetermined distance. 9. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the computer-executable instructions that are also executable by the one or more processors to cause the computer system to: receive, from at least one of the first computing device or the second computing device, an event plan suggestion comprising the graphical location as a suggested geographical location for the event; and associate the geographical location with the event based on the event plan suggestion. 10. A method, implemented at a computer system that includes one or more processors, the method comprising: identifying a first geographical location of a first computing device corresponding to a first invitee to an event, and identify a second geographical location of a second computing device corresponding to a second invitee to the event, based on geographical data received from each computing device; generating an event presentation user interface, including generating a first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee is within a predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event based on the first geographical location of the first computing device, and generating a second invitee presence indicator indicating the second invitee is outside of the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event based on the second geographical location of the second computing device; detecting that the second computing device has moved to a third geographical location that is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event; and based at least on the second computing device having moved to the third geographical location: updating the second invitee presence indicator to indicate that the second invitee is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event based on the third geographical location of the second computing device; and sending a notification to at least a third computing device indicating that the second invitee has arrived at the event. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee is within the predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event comprises the first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee has arrived at the event. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the second invitee presence indicator indicating that the second invitee is outside of the predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event comprises the second invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee has not yet arrived at the event. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the event presentation user interface comprises a map user interface. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the map user interface indicates the geographical location of the event on a map. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first invitee presence indicator indicates the first geographical location on the map. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the second invitee presence indicator initially indicates the second geographical location on the map, and then indicates the third geographical location on the map. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the map user interface indicates a geographical boundary on a map based on the predetermined distance. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the computer-executable instructions that are also executable by the one or more processors to cause the computer system to: receive, from at least one of the first computing device or the second computing device, an event plan suggestion comprising the graphical location as a suggested geographical location for the event; and associate the geographical location with the event based on the event plan suggestion. 19. A computer program product comprising one or more hardware storage devices having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by one or more processors of a computer system to cause the computer system to perform at least the following: receive, from at least one of a first computing device corresponding to a first invitee to an event or a second computing device corresponding to a second invitee to the event, an event plan suggestion comprising the graphical location as a suggested geographical location for the event; associate the geographical location with the event based on the event plan suggestion. identify a first geographical location of the first computing device, and identify a second geographical location of the second computing device, based on geographical data received from each computing device; generate an event presentation user interface, including generating a first invitee presence indicator indicating that the first invitee is within a predetermined distance from a geographical location of the event based on the first geographical location of the first computing device, and generating a second invitee presence indicator indicating the second invitee is outside of the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event based on the second geographical location of the second computing device; detect that the second computing device has moved to a third geographical location that is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event; and based at least on the second computing device having moved to the third geographical location: update the second invitee presence indicator to indicate that the second invitee is within the predetermined distance from the geographical location of the event based on the third geographical location of the second computing device; and send a notification to at least a third computing device indicating that the second invitee has arrived at the event. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the event presentation user interface comprises a map user interface.",
-    "A heating control system including an air circulation fan, a heating unit, a memory, and a microprocessor. The microprocessor is configured to operate the air circulation fan at a first speed and the heating unit in a first configuration to achieve a first temperature rise where less than all of the burners are active. The microprocessor is further configured to compare the first temperature rise to a first temperature rise threshold and transition the air circulation fan to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold. The microprocessor is further configured to compare the second temperature rise to a second temperature rise threshold and transition the air circulation fan to a third speed when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold. 1. A heating control system comprising: an air circulation fan configurable to operate at a plurality of speeds; a heating unit operably coupled to the air circulation fan, wherein the heating unit comprises a plurality of burners, and wherein the heating unit is configurable to operate with less than all of the burners active; a memory operable to store a plurality of temperature rise thresholds; a microprocessor operably coupled to the air circulation fan, the heating unit, and the memory, and configured to: transmit a first electrical signal to operate the air circulation fan at a first speed and the heating unit in a first configuration with at least one active burner from the plurality of burners to achieve a first temperature rise, wherein less than all of the burners are active when the heating unit is in the first configuration; compare the first temperature rise to a first temperature rise threshold; transmit a second electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein the second speed is less than the first speed, and wherein the second temperature rise is greater than the first temperature rise; compare the second temperature rise to a second temperature rise threshold; and transmit a third electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the second speed to a third speed when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein the third speed is greater than the second speed. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: the memory is operable to store a temperature map that maps temperature rises to speeds of the air circulation fan; and the microprocessor is configured to determine the second speed using the second temperature rise and the temperature map. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration comprises decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration switches from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has more active burners than the first set of active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration switches from the second set of active burners in the second segment of the gas manifold to the first set of active burners in the first segment of the gas manifold. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises: switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, wherein the second set of active burners has more active burners than the first set of active burners; and increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration comprises: switching from the second set of active burners in the second segment of the gas manifold to the first set of active burners in the first segment of the gas manifold; and decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration activates all of the burners in the plurality of burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold. 7. A heating control device comprising: input/output (I/O) ports configured to transmit and receive electrical signals; a memory operable to store a plurality of temperature rise thresholds; a microprocessor operably coupled to the I/O ports and the memory, and configured to: transmit a first electrical signal to operate an air circulation fan at a first speed and a heating unit in a first configuration with at least one active burner from a plurality of burners to achieve a first temperature rise, wherein less than all of the burners are active when the heating unit is in the first configuration; compare the first temperature rise to a first temperature rise threshold; transmit a second electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein the second speed is less than the first speed, and wherein the second temperature rise is greater than the first temperature rise; compare the second temperature rise to a second temperature rise threshold; and transmit a third electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the second speed to a third speed to achieve a third temperature rise when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein the third speed is greater than the second speed, and wherein the third temperature rise is less than the second temperature rise. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein: the memory is operable to store a temperature map that maps temperature rises to speeds of the air circulation fan; and the microprocessor is configured to determine the second speed using the second temperature rise and the temperature map. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration to achieve a third temperature rise when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration comprises decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration switches from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has more active burners than the first set of active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration switches from the second set of active burners in the second segment of the gas manifold to the first set of active burners in the first segment of the gas manifold. 11. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises: switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, wherein the second set of active burners has more active burners than the first set of active burners; and increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration comprises: switching from the second set of active burners in the second segment of the gas manifold to the first set of active burners in the first segment of the gas manifold; and decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 12. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration activates all of the burners in the plurality of burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold. 13. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transmit the second electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises: activating all of the burners in the plurality of burners; and increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transmit the third electrical signal to transition the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration comprises decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 14. A heating control method comprising: operating, by a microprocessor, an air circulation fan at a first speed and a heating unit in a first configuration with at least one active burner from a plurality of burners to achieve a first temperature rise, wherein less than all of the burners are active when the heating unit is in the first configuration; comparing, by the microprocessor, the first temperature rise to a first temperature rise threshold; transitioning, by the microprocessor, the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein the second speed is less than the first speed, and wherein the second temperature rise is greater than the first temperature rise; comparing, by the microprocessor, the second temperature rise to a second temperature rise threshold; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the air circulation fan from the second speed to a third speed to achieve a third temperature rise when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein the third speed is greater than the second speed, and wherein the third temperature rise is less than the second temperature rise. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining the second speed using the second temperature rise and a temperature map that maps temperature rises to speeds of the air circulation fan when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the second configuration to the first configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the first configuration comprises decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration switches from a first of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has more active burners than the first set of active burners; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the second configuration to the first configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the first configuration switches from the second set of active burners in the second segment of the gas manifold to the first set of active burners in the first segment of the gas manifold. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises: switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, wherein the second set of active burners has more active burners than the first set of active burners; and increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the second configuration to the first configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the first configuration comprises: switching from the second set of active burners in the second segment of the gas manifold to the first set of active burners in the first segment of the gas manifold; and decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration activates all of the burners in the plurality of burners; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the first temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises: activating all of the burners in the plurality of burners; and increasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the second configuration to a third configuration when the second temperature rise is greater than the second temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the second configuration to the third configuration comprises decreasing the pressure for the gas valve for the active burners.",
-    "A multi-user medical robotic system for collaboration or training in minimally invasive surgical procedures includes first and second master input devices, a first slave robotic mechanism, and at least one processor configured to generate a first slave command for the first slave robotic mechanism by switchably using one or both of a first command indicative of manipulation of the first master input device by a first user and a second command indicative of manipulation of the second master input device by a second user. To facilitate the collaboration or training, both first and second users communicate with each other through an audio system and see the minimally invasive surgery site on first and second displays respectively viewable by the first and second users. 1-70. (canceled) 71. A multi-user medical robotic system for training in minimally invasive surgical procedures, comprising: mentor and trainee master input devices respectively manipulatable by a mentor and a trainee; a first slave robotic mechanism; a switch mechanism operable by the mentor for selectively associating the first slave robotic mechanism with the mentor master input device and the trainee master input device so that either or both the mentor or the trainee may control operation of the first slave robotic mechanism to perform a minimally invasive surgical procedure; and a mentor microphone proximate to the mentor and a trainee hearing device proximate to the trainee so that mentor may speak to the trainee while the mentor is performing the minimally invasive surgical procedure. 72. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 71, wherein forces associated with the first slave robotic mechanism are reflected back to the trainee master input device when the first slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the mentor master input device so that the trainee master input device tracks movement of the mentor master input device. 73. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 72, further comprising: first and second headsets respectively worn by the mentor and the trainee so that they may communicate with each while the mentor is performing the minimally invasive surgical procedure. 74. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 72, further comprising: first and second displays respectively viewable by the mentor and the trainee so that they may each view the surgical site while the mentor is performing the minimally invasive surgical procedure. 75. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 71, wherein forces associated with the first slave robotic mechanism are reflected back to the mentor master input device when the first slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the trainee master input device so that the mentor master input device tracks movement of the trainee master input device. 76. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 75, further comprising: a mentor microphone proximate to the mentor and a trainee hearing device proximate to the trainee so that mentor may speak to the trainee while the trainee is performing the minimally invasive surgical procedure. 77. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 75, further comprising: first and second headsets respectively worn by the mentor and the trainee so that they may communicate with each while the trainee is performing the minimally invasive surgical procedure. 78. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 75, further comprising: first and second displays respectively viewable by the mentor and the trainee so that they may each view the surgical site while the trainee is performing the minimally invasive surgical procedure. 79. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 71, further comprising: a second slave robotic mechanism, wherein the second slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the mentor master input device when the first slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the trainee master input device, and the second slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the trainee master input device when the first slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the mentor master input device. 80. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 79, wherein the first slave robotic mechanism is selectively associated with the mentor master input device, and first forces associated with the first slave robotic mechanism are reflected back to the trainee master input device so that the first forces may be sensed by the trainee. 81. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 80, wherein second forces associated with the second slave robotic mechanism are reflected back to the mentor master input device so that they may be sensed by the mentor. 82. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 81, wherein the second slave robotic mechanism includes at least one motor responding to movement of the mentor master input to cause movement of the second slave robotic mechanism in a corresponding fashion. 83. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 81, wherein the second slave robotic mechanism includes a computer model for simulating at least one motor responding to movement of the mentor master input to simulate movement of the second slave robotic mechanism in a corresponding fashion. 84. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 71, wherein the switch mechanism is a button pressable by a thumb of the first operator. 85. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 71, wherein the switch mechanism is a foot pedal pressable by a foot of the first operator. 86. The multi-user medical robotic system according to claim 71, wherein the switch mechanism is voice activated by the first operator. 87-101. (canceled)",
-    "A system and method for providing interactive graphical and multi-media connectivity between a plurality of users, especially in the context of shared content. In aspects, the users are placed into common virtual rooms or virtual interactive environments to permit sharing of content and chat between the individuals in a same virtual interactive environment. Participating users can thereby exchange social layer content as an enhanced content layer beyond a common broadcast content they are experiencing together. Other features and associated functions are also described. 1. A system for sharing interactive virtual environments, comprising: a conference management server adapted and programmed to couple to a plurality of conferenced client endpoint devices over a communication network; a user database of registered users accessible by the conference management server the user database containing information about each of a plurality of registered users of the system; a broadcast content server delivering broadcast media content created by a publisher of the broadcast media content; an application program interface installed on each of the plurality of conferenced client endpoint devices permitting connection of said client endpoint devices to said conference management server and permitting exchange of enhanced social layer content among the client endpoint devices corresponding to and relating to the broadcast media content. 2. The system of claim 1, said broadcast content server comprising a Web server. 3. The system of claim 1, said broadcast content server comprising a cable network content server. 4. The system of claim 1, said broadcast content server comprising a satellite broadcaster. 5. The system of claim 1, said social layer including live video streams depicting users of said database and said live video streams being provided by a video camera of said client endpoint devices. 6. The system of claim 1, said broadcast content and said enhanced social layer content being coupled to a same video display device at said client endpoint. 7. The system of claim 1, said broadcast content being coupled to a first video display device and said enhanced social layer content being coupled to a second video display device, said second video display device being different from said first video display device and being at said client endpoint.",
-    "The present invention relates to an ICOS binding protein, or antigen binding portion thereof that is an agonist human ICOS and does not induce complement, ADCC, or CDC when placed in contact with a T cell in vivo and methods of treating cancer, infectious disease and/or sepsis with said ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof. Further the ICOS binding proteins or antigen binding portions thereof of the present invention are capable of activating a T cell when placed in contact with said T cell; stimulating T cell proliferation when placed in contact with said T cell and/or inducing cytokine production when placed in contact with said T cell. The present invention relates to ICOS binding proteins or antigen binding portions thereof comprising one or more oft SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5; and/or SEQ ID NO:6. 1. An ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH domain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; and a VL domain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 wherein said ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof specifically binds to human ICOS. 2. The ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 comprising heavy chain CDRs having the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:2; and SEQ ID NO:3 and light chain CDRs having the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:5; and SEQ ID NO:6. 3. The ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 comprising a VH domain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; and a VL domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8. 4. The ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 that is an agonist to human ICOS. 5. The ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 further comprising an IgG4 isotype scaffold or a variant thereof. 6. The ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 further comprising a hIgG4PE scaffold. 7. The ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 wherein said ICOS binding protein is a humanized monoclonal antibody. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. A method of treating a disease selected from cancer, infectious disease, and/or sepsis in a human in need thereof which method comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition of claim 8 to said human. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising administering at least one anti-neoplastic agent, at least one second immune-modulatory agent, and/or at least one immunostimulatory adjuvant to said human. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said second immuno-modulatory agent is selected from: an anti-CTLA4 antibody, and anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PDLI antibody and an anti OX40 antibody. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the disease is cancer. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said cancer is selected from colorectal cancer (CRC), esophageal, cervical, bladder, breast, head and neck, ovarian, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), EC squamous cell, non-small cell lung carcinoma, mesothelioma, and prostate cancer. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the disease is infectious disease. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein infectious diseases is HIV. 16. The method of claim 9 wherein the disease is sepsis. 17. A method of stimulating T cell proliferation, inducing T cell activation and/or inducing cytokine production in a human comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 to said human. 18. A polynucleotide encoding the ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof of claim 1. 19. An isolated humanized monoclonal antibody comprising a VH domain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; a VL domain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; and a hIgG4 scaffold or a variant thereof. 20. The isolated humanized monoclonal antibody of claim 19 wherein the hIgG4 scaffold is hIgG4PE. 21. An ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof, wherein the ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding for human ICOS with a reference antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprising a VH domain comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7; and a VL domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8.",
-    "An embedded, inverse wire-grid polarizer (WGP) includes ribs 13 located over a surface of a transparent substrate 11, gaps 16 between the ribs 13, and a fill-layer 15 substantially filling the gaps 16. The fill-layer has a relatively high index of refraction, such as greater than 1.4. At a wavelength of light incident upon the WGP, E\u2225 transmission can be greater than E\u22a5 transmission. E\u2225 is a polarization of light with an electric field oscillation parallel to a length L of the ribs, and E\u22a5 is a polarization of light with an electric field oscillation perpendicular to a length L of the ribs. This embedded, inverse WGP is especially useful for polarizing, with high WGP performance, small wavelength (high-energy) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g. UV) which are difficult to polarize with conventional WGPs (E\u22a5 transmission>E\u2225 transmission). 1. An embedded, inverse wire-grid polarizer (WGP) comprising ribs located over a surface of a transparent substrate, gaps between the ribs, and a fill-layer substantially filling the gaps, wherein: a. the ribs are elongated and formed into an array; b. at a wavelength of light incident upon the WGP, E195 transmission>E\u22a5 transmission, where: i. E\u2225 is a polarization of the light with an electric field oscillation parallel to a length of the ribs; and ii. E\u22a5 is a polarization of the light with an electric field oscillation perpendicular to a length of the ribs; and c. the fill-layer has an index of refraction greater than 1.4 at the wavelength of the light. 2. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein P*(n-0.2)<\u03bb<P*(n+0.2), where: a. \u03bb is the wavelength of the light; b. P is a pitch of the ribs; and c. n is the index of refraction of the fill-layer. 3. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein the fill-layer substantially fills the gaps and extends from the gaps over the ribs such that the fill-layer in each gap extends continuously over adjacent ribs to the fill-layer in each adjacent gap. 4. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 3, wherein the fill-layer extends over the ribs for a thickness of between 50 and 100 nanometers. 5. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein, at the wavelength of the light, the E\u2225 transmission divided by the E195 transmission is at least 1000. 6. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein: a. the wavelength of the light is less than 400 nanometers; and b. the E\u2225 transmission divided by the E\u22a5 transmission is at least 300. 7. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 6, wherein: a. the wavelength of the light is less than 400 nanometers; and b. a pitch of the ribs is greater than 140 nanometers. 8. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 6, wherein a width of the ribs divided by a pitch of the ribs is between 0.45 and 0.65. 9. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein: a. a width of the ribs divided by a pitch of the ribs is less than 0.7; b. the wavelength of the light is less than 400 nanometers; c. for a wavelength range of light of at least 30 nanometers, that includes the wavelength of the light, E\u2225 transmission is greater than 80%; and d. the E\u2225 transmission divided by the E195 transmission is at least 10. 10. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein the wavelength of the light divided by a pitch of the ribs is less than 2. 11. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein the index of refraction of the fill-layer is greater than 1.5. 12. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein the fill-layer is transparent. 13. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein: a. a difference between a lower-rib-width and an upper-rib-width is greater than 20 nanometers, where: i. lower-rib-width means a maximum width of the ribs in a lower-half of the rib closer to the substrate; and ii. upper-rib-width means a maximum width of the ribs in an upper-half of the rib farther from the substrate; and b. for a wavelength range of light of at least 20 nanometers in the ultraviolet spectrum, the E\u2225 transmission divided by the E\u22a5 transmission is at least 300. 14. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein: a. a cross-sectional-profile of the ribs includes a rounded shape; and b. for a wavelength of light in the ultraviolet spectrum, the E\u2225 transmission divided by the E\u22a5 transmission is at least 300. 15. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein the WGP forms part of an integrated circuit (IC) inspection tool, the IC inspection tool comprising: a. an ultraviolet light source; b. a stage for holding an IC wafer; c. the ultraviolet light source located to emit an incident ultraviolet light-beam onto the IC wafer; d. a detector located to receive an output light-beam from the IC wafer; e. an electronic circuit configured to receive and analyze a signal from the detector, the signal based on the output light-beam received by the detector; and f. the WGP located in a path of the incident light-beam, a path of the output light-beam, or both. 16. The embedded, inverse WGP of claim 1, wherein the WGP forms part of a flat panel display (FPD) manufacturing tool, the FPD manufacturing tool comprising: a. a light source capable of emitting ultraviolet light; b. a stage for holding an FPD; and c. the WGP, located between the light source and the stage, and configured to polarize the ultraviolet light with E\u2225 transmission>E195 transmission. 17. A method of polarizing light, the method comprising: a. providing an inverse wire-grid polarizer (WGP) comprising an array of elongated ribs located over a surface of a transparent substrate, gaps between at least a portion of the ribs, and a fill-layer filling the gaps between the adjacent ribs; and b. transmitting more E\u2225 through the WGP than E\u22a5, where: i. E\u2225 is a polarization of the light with an electric field oscillation parallel to a length of the ribs; and ii. E195 is a polarization of the light with an electric field oscillation perpendicular to a length of the ribs. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein, at a wavelength in the ultraviolet spectrum, the E\u2225 transmission divided by the E\u22a5 transmission is at least 300. 19. A method of designing an embedded, inverse wire-grid polarizer (WGP), the method comprising: a. calculating a pitch of an array of ribs of the WGP for E\u2225 transmission>E195 transmission at a desired wavelength, where: i. E\u2225 is a polarization of the light with an electric field oscillation parallel to a length of the ribs; and ii. E\u22a5 is a polarization of the light with an electric field oscillation perpendicular to a length of the ribs; and b. calculating an index of refraction of a fill-layer, located over the array of ribs and substantially filling gaps between the ribs, for E\u2225 transmission>E\u22a5 transmission at the desired wavelength. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising selecting at least two of the following to increase E\u2225 transmission divided by E\u22a5 transmission at the desired wavelength: rib material, rib thickness, rib shape, rib width divided by rib pitch, substrate material, and thickness of the fill-layer over the array of ribs.",
-    "A base station initializes pseudo-random sequence generators on which wireless devices base generation of uplink reference signals. The base station determines a first sequence from a first subset of possible initialization sequences for a sequence generator of a first device, and determines a second sequence from a second subset of possible initialization sequences for a sequence generator of a second device. The range of this second subset spans at least the range of the first subset. The base station further encodes the first sequence as a first set of two or more parameters, and encodes the second sequence as a second set of one or more parameters. This second set includes at least one parameter not included in the first set, and comprises fewer bits than the first set. The base station initializes the sequence generators by transmitting the first and second sets of parameters to the devices. 1. A method implemented by a base station for initializing a pseudo-random sequence generator on which a wireless device bases generation of an uplink reference signal, comprising: determining a sequence from a subset of possible initialization sequences for said pseudo-random sequence generator, wherein each possible initialization sequence corresponds to a possible cyclic shift hopping pattern; encoding the determined sequence as a single parameter, wherein different values for the single parameter represent different possible initialization sequences within the subset, wherein the determined sequence is encoded based on a defined one-to-one mapping of possible initialization sequences within the subset to possible values for the single parameter, wherein the range of the single parameter is smaller than the range of the subset; and initializing said pseudo-random sequence generator of the wireless device with the determined sequence by transmitting the single parameter to the wireless device, wherein the determined sequence corresponds to a cyclic shift hopping pattern that the wireless device applies to a cyclic shift to generate the uplink reference signal.",
-    "Disclosed herein are methods of diarizing audio data using first-pass blind diarization and second-pass blind diarization that generate speaker statistical models, wherein the first pass-blind diarization is on a per-frame basis and the second pass-blind diarization is on a per-word basis, and methods of creating acoustic signatures for a common speaker based only on the statistical models of the speakers in each audio session. 1. A method of blind diarization of audio data having a first-pass blind diarization process and a second-pass blind diarization process, the method comprising: identifying non-speech segments in the audio using a voice-activity-detector (VAD) and segmenting audio data into a plurality of utterance that are separated by the identified non-speech segments, representing each utterance as an utterance model representative of a plurality of feature vectors of each utterance; clustering the utterance models, constructing a plurality of speaker models from the clustered utterance models; constructing a hidden Markov model (HMM) of the plurality of speaker models; decoding a sequence of identified speaker models that best corresponds to the utterances of the audio data; for each segment that was identified by the VAD, decoding the segment using a large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) decoder, wherein the LVCSR decoder outputs words and non-speech symbols; analyzing the sequence of output words and non-speech symbols from the LVCSR decoder, wherein non-speech parts are discarded and the segment is refined resulting in sub-segments comprising words constructing a second plurality of speaker models by feeding the resulting sub-segments into a clustering algorithm; constructing a second HMM of the second plurality of speaker models, decoding a best path corresponding to the sequence of output words in the second HMM by applying a Viterbi algorithm that performs word-level segmentation. 2. A method of creating an acoustic signature for a speaker from multiple sessions, the method comprising: obtaining a training set containing a number of recorded audio sessions, wherein each session includes a plurality of speaker models, wherein each speak model is characterized by its occupancy which is proportion to the number of feature vectors used to construct the speaker model, wherein the speaker models are Gaussian mixture models (GMMs); classifying the plurality of speaker models to identify a set of common speaker GMMs and a set of generic speaker GMMs, wherein the classifying includes constructing an undirected similarity graph having vertices corresponding to the plurality of speaker models of all the recorded audio session in the training set and classifying the plurality of speaker models according to a degree of their corresponding vertex in the undirected similarity graph; generating an acoustic signature by at least: constructing a super-GMM for the set of common speaker GMMs, and constructing a super-GMM for the set of generic speaker GMMs by generating a large set of random vectors and training a GMM over these random vectors, wherein the acoustic signature for the common speak is given as the super-model pair of the two constructed super-GMMs.",
-    "Embodiments are provided for digital dental modeling. One method embodiment includes receiving a three-dimensional data set including a first jaw and a second jaw of a three-dimensional digital dental model and receiving a two-dimensional data set corresponding to at least a portion of the first jaw and the second jaw. The method includes mapping two-dimensional data of the two-dimensional data set to the three-dimensional digital dental model by transforming a coordinate system of the two-dimensional data to a coordinate system of the three-dimensional data set. The method includes positioning the first jaw with respect to the second jaw based on the two-dimensional data mapped to the three-dimensional data set. The method includes using at least a portion of the two-dimensional data mapped to the three-dimensional data set as a target of movement of the first jaw with respect to the second jaw in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 1. A method for digital dental modeling, comprising: receiving a three-dimensional data set including an upper jaw and a lower jaw of a three-dimensional digital dental model; receiving a plurality of two-dimensional data sets each corresponding to at least a portion of the upper jaw and the lower jaw; mapping two-dimensional data of the plurality of two-dimensional data sets to the three-dimensional digital dental model by transforming a coordinate system of the two-dimensional data to a coordinate system of the three-dimensional data set; and simulating anatomical movement of the lower jaw with respect to the upper jaw based on the two-dimensional data mapped to the three-dimensional data set in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes determining a pivot point for the lower jaw in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes determining a range of motion for the lower jaw in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes receiving a first portion of each of the plurality of two-dimensional data sets from a two-dimensional imaging device, where the first portion of each the plurality of two-dimensional data sets comprises one of a plurality of two-dimensional images, each of the plurality of two-dimensional images corresponding to the portion of the upper jaw and the lower jaw in different relative positions. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method includes receiving a second portion of each of the plurality of two-dimensional data sets from a graphical user interface displaying one of the plurality of two-dimensional images, where the second portion of each of the plurality of two-dimensional data sets comprises at least three points marked on one of the plurality of two-dimensional images. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes two-dimensionally imaging a patient's upper jaw and lower jaw in a plurality of relative positions to generate the plurality of two-dimensional data sets. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the method includes two-dimensionally imaging the patient's upper jaw and lower jaw with one two-dimensional imaging device and without applying physical targets to the patient. 8. A system for digital dental modeling, comprising: a three-dimensional digital dental model including an upper jaw and a lower jaw; a plurality of two-dimensional images of a patient's upper jaw and lower jaw corresponding to the upper jaw and the lower jaw of the three-dimensional digital dental model; and a correlation module configured to correlate the plurality of two-dimensional images with the three-dimensional digital dental model. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the system includes a position module associated with the correlation module and configured to simulate anatomical movement of the lower jaw with respect to the upper jaw of the three-dimensional digital dental model based on an output of the correlation module. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the system includes a display module associated with the position module and configured to provide a display of the anatomical movement output from the position module. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of two-dimensional images depict the patient's upper jaw and lower jaw in a plurality of different positions between opened and closed. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the position module is configured to extrapolate a range of motion of the lower jaw with respect to the upper jaw. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the position module is configured to determine a pivot point on the three-dimensional digital dental model for the lower jaw. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the system includes one two-dimensional imaging device configured to generate the plurality of two-dimensional images without artificial targets applied to the patient and without predetermined positioning of the two-dimensional imaging device. 15. A non-transitory computing device readable medium storing a set of instructions executable to cause the computing device to: map two-dimensional data of a plurality of two-dimensional data sets each corresponding to at least a portion of an upper jaw and a lower jaw to a three-dimensional digital dental model including the upper jaw and the lower jaw by transforming a coordinate system of the two-dimensional data to a coordinate system of the three-dimensional data set; and simulate anatomical movement of the lower jaw with respect to the upper jaw based on the two-dimensional data mapped to the three-dimensional data set in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 16. The medium of claim 15, including instructions to determine a pivot point for the lower jaw in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 17. The medium of claim 15, including instructions to determine a range of motion for the lower jaw in the three-dimensional digital dental model. 18. The medium of claim 15, wherein a first portion of each of the plurality of two-dimensional data sets originated from a two-dimensional imaging device, where the first portion of each the plurality of two-dimensional data sets comprises one of a plurality of two-dimensional images, and where each of the plurality of two-dimensional images corresponding to the portion of the upper jaw and the lower jaw in different relative positions. 19. The medium of claim 18, including instructions to display one of the plurality of two dimensional images on a graphical user interface. 20. The medium of claim 19, including instructions to receive input from a user, comprising at least three points marked on the one of the plurality of two-dimensional images, via the graphical user interface, as a second portion of each of the plurality of two-dimensional data sets.",
-    "A column protection apparatus includes a number of impact absorbing members, each impact absorbing member including a protrusion and a protrusion receiving opening. The protrusion of each impact absorption member is inserted into the protrusion receiving opening of another, different impact absorption member such that a column-receiving opening is formed through the impact absorbing members. 1. A column protection apparatus comprising: a plurality of impact absorbing members, each impact absorbing member including a protrusion and a protrusion receiving opening; wherein the protrusion of each impact absorption member of the plurality of impact absorption members is inserted into the protrusion receiving opening of another, different impact absorption member of the plurality of impact absorption members such that a column-receiving opening is formed through the plurality of impact absorbing members. 2. The column protection apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least some of the protrusions of the impact absorption members of the plurality of impact absorption members are partially inserted into a protrusion receiving opening of another, different impact absorption member of the plurality of impact absorption members. 3. The column protection apparatus of claim 1 wherein each impact absorbing member of the plurality of impact absorbing members includes one or more grooves for receiving a portion of a securing strap. 4. The column protection apparatus of claim 1 wherein a top surface of each impact absorbing member of the plurality of impact absorbing members has a rounded shape. 5. The column protection apparatus of claim 1 wherein each impact absorbing member of the plurality of impact absorbing members is substantially L-shaped. 6. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 1 wherein the protrusion of each impact absorbing member of the plurality of impact absorbing members includes a protrusion alignment member and the protrusion receiving opening of each impact absorbing member of the plurality of impact absorbing members includes an opening alignment member configured to interact with the protrusion alignment member to align the protrusion in the protrusion opening. 7. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 6 wherein the protrusion alignment member includes a groove and the opening alignment member includes a groove configured to receive the groove to align the protrusion in the protrusion opening. 8. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one of the impact absorbing members of the plurality of impact absorbing members includes a recess for accommodating a strap tightening tool. 9. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a proximity sensing alarm for alerting approaching vehicles of an impending collision with the impact absorbing apparatus. 10. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a rotatable outer shell for impact deflection. 11. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 1 wherein the impact absorbing members are formed from a high density polyethylene (HDPE) material. 12. The impact absorbing apparatus of claim 1 wherein one or more of the impact absorbing members includes a strengthening rib on an outer surface thereof.",
-    "Disclosed herein are methods of diarizing audio data using first-pass blind diarization and second-pass blind diarization that generate speaker statistical models, wherein the first pass-blind diarization is on a per-frame basis and the second pass-blind diarization is on a per-word basis, and methods of creating acoustic signatures for a common speaker based only on the statistical models of the speakers in each audio session. 1. A method of blind diarization of audio data having a first-pass blind diarization process and a second-pass blind diarization process, the method comprising: identifying non-speech segments in the audio using a voice-activity-detector (VAD) and segmenting audio data into a plurality of utterance that are separated by the identified non-speech segments, representing each utterance as an utterance model representative of a plurality of feature vectors of each utterance; clustering the utterance models, constructing a plurality of speaker models from the clustered utterance models; constructing a hidden Markov model (HMM) of the plurality of speaker models; decoding a sequence of identified speaker models that best corresponds to the utterances of the audio data; for each segment that was identified by the VAD, decoding the segment using a large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) decoder, wherein the LVCSR decoder outputs words and non-speech symbols; analyzing the sequence of output words and non-speech symbols from the LVCSR decoder, wherein non-speech parts are discarded and the segment is refined resulting in sub-segments comprising words constructing a second plurality of speaker models by feeding the resulting sub-segments into a clustering algorithm; constructing a second HMM of the second plurality of speaker models, decoding a best path corresponding to the sequence of output words in the second HMM by applying a Viterbi algorithm that performs word-level segmentation. 2. A method of creating an acoustic signature for a speaker from multiple sessions, the method comprising: obtaining a training set containing a number of recorded audio sessions, wherein each session includes a plurality of speaker models, wherein each speak model is characterized by its occupancy which is proportion to the number of feature vectors used to construct the speaker model, wherein the speaker models are Gaussian mixture models (GMMs); classifying the plurality of speaker models to identify a set of common speaker GMMs and a set of generic speaker GMMs, wherein the classifying includes constructing an undirected similarity graph having vertices corresponding to the plurality of speaker models of all the recorded audio session in the training set and classifying the plurality of speaker models according to a degree of their corresponding vertex in the undirected similarity graph; generating an acoustic signature by at least: constructing a super-GMM for the set of common speaker GMMs, and constructing a super-GMM for the set of generic speaker GMMs by generating a large set of random vectors and training a GMM over these random vectors, wherein the acoustic signature for the common speak is given as the super-model pair of the two constructed super-GMMs.",
-    "A table includes a support column defining an axis, a base supporting the support column, a worksurface supported by the support column such that the work surface is rotatable relative to the base about the axis of the support column. The table further includes a rotation mechanism including a swing arm housing coupled to the worksurface. The swing arm housing is rotatable in a first angular direction about the axis to rotate the worksurface in a second angular direction about the axis. 1. A table comprising: a support column defining an axis; a base supporting the support column; a worksurface supported by the support column, the work surface being rotatable relative to the base about the axis of the support column; and a rotation mechanism including a swing arm housing coupled to the worksurface, the swing arm housing being rotatable in a first angular direction about the axis to rotate the worksurface in a second angular direction about the axis. 2. The table of claim 1, wherein the rotation mechanism includes a first gear and a second gear engagable with the first gear to drive the first gear, wherein the first gear and the second gear are at least partially supported by the swing arm housing. 3. The table of claim 2, wherein the rotation mechanism further includes a first bearing rotationally supporting the first gear and a second bearing rotationally supporting the second gear, wherein the first gear and the second gear are rotatable relative to the swing arm housing. 4. The table of claim 3, wherein the worksurface is non-rotatably fixed to the first gear of the rotation mechanism. 5. The table of claim 4, wherein the rotation mechanism further includes a fixed gear non-rotatably fixed to the support column, wherein the fixed gear drives the second gear. 6. The table of claim 4, wherein rotation of the swing arm housing in the first angular direction rotates the second gear in the first angular direction, and wherein rotation of the second gear in the first angular direction rotates both the first gear and the worksurface in the second angular direction opposite the first angular direction. 7. The table of claim 2, wherein the rotation mechanism further includes a rotation limiter assembly that limits the rotation of the worksurface to a maximum of 180 degrees relative to the base. 8. The table of claim 7, wherein the rotation limiter assembly includes a stop member having a first stop surface and a second stop surface, and a rotation limiter engagable with the first stop surface and the second stop surface. 9. The table of claim 8, wherein the rotation limiter is fixed to the first gear, and wherein the rotation limiter engages the first stop surface when the swing arm housing rotates 90 degrees in the first angular direction relative to an intermediate position and engages the second stop surface when the swing arm housing rotates 90 degrees in the second angular direction relative to the intermediate position. 10. The table of claim 1, wherein the rotation mechanism includes a first sheave and a second sheave, and wherein the first sheave and the second sheave are at least partially supported by the swing arm housing. 11. The table of claim 10, wherein the worksurface is rotatably fixed with respect to the first sheave, and wherein the second sheave is rotatably fixed relative to the support column. 12. The table of claim 11, wherein a cable is non-slidably wrapped around the first sheave and the second sheave, wherein rotation of the swing arm housing in the first angular direction drives the rotation of the first sheave and the worksurface in the second angular direction. 13. The table of claim 1, further comprising a drawer mounted to the support column below the worksurface. 14. The table of claim 1, further comprising a pivot arm extending from the worksurface, and an auxiliary work surface supported by the pivot arm above the worksurface. 15. The table of claim 1, further comprising a pivot arm extending from the worksurface, and a light rotatably mounted to the pivot arm above the worksurface. 16. The table of claim 1, wherein the worksurface has a distal end spaced apart from the axis, and wherein the rotation mechanism changes a distance between the distal end of the worksurface and the axis as the worksurface rotates about the axis. 17. The table of claim 16, wherein the worksurface is rotatable between a left hand position and a right hand position, wherein the worksurface is equal distance between the left hand position and the right hand position when in an intermediate position, and wherein the distal end of the worksurface is farther from the axis when in intermediate position than when in the left hand and right hand positions. 18. The table of claim 17, wherein a center of gravity of the worksurface is closer to the axis when in the left hand position and the right hand position than when in the intermediate position.",
-    "An oil pump having a pump housing with a suction-side inlet and with a pressure-side first outlet, which is coupled to a first pump chamber, and with a pressure-side second outlet, which is coupled to a second pump chamber having a first pump rotor which is situated in the first pump chamber so as to be rotatable about a first axis, and having a second pump rotor which is situated in the second pump chamber so as to be rotatable about a second axis, wherein the pump rotors are arranged in a plane, oriented substantially perpendicular to the axes of the pump housing and are coupled by way of an external circumferential toothing. 1. An oil pump comprising: a pump housing with a suction-side inlet and with a pressure-side first outlet, which is coupled to a first pump chamber, and with a pressure-side second outlet, which is coupled to a second pump chamber; a first pump rotor that is arranged in the first pump chamber so as to be rotatable about a first axis; and a second pump rotor that is arranged in the second pump chamber so as to be rotatable about a second axis, wherein the pump rotors are arranged in a plane, oriented substantially perpendicular to the axes, of the pump housing and are coupled by way of an external circumferential toothing. 2. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein, during operation, only one of the pump rotors is driven. 3. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein a pressure level at the first outlet is higher than a pressure level at the second outlet. 4. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein the second pump chamber is integrated in the first pump rotor. 5. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein the first pump rotor is an external gearwheel and the second pump rotor is a gerotor with an outer toothed ring with internal toothing and with an inner gearwheel that meshes with the internal toothing and that is mounted eccentrically with respect to the outer toothed ring. 6. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein the first pump chamber formed by the pump housing has an oval cross-sectional area. 7. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein the pump housing has a housing main body and a plate-like housing cover and a plate-like housing base, wherein, both between the housing main body and the housing cover and between the housing main body and the housing base there is arranged a sealing element. 8. The oil pump according to claim 7, wherein the inlet and the first outlet and the second outlet are provided in the housing base. 9. The oil pump according to claim 1, wherein the inlet is a circular arc-shaped recess of the pump housing or the housing base, and wherein the recess extends from the first pump chamber into the second pump chamber. 10. An electromotively driven oil pump comprising an electric motor that is arranged outside a pump housing and a motor shaft that runs coaxially with respect to an axis of the first or second pump rotor.",
-    "A method of preparing an oat protein and fiber product. A base composition is prepared that includes an oat material. The base composition and water are mixed to form a slurry. At least one enzyme is mixed into the slurry. The at least one enzyme facilitates sugar formation and thinning of the slurry. The slurry is cooked to convert the slurry into a first intermediate product having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of between about 20 and 90. The first intermediate product is diluted with water to form a second intermediate product. A decanting centrifuge solids slurry is recovered from the second intermediate product by passing the second intermediate product through a decanting centrifuge. The decanting centrifuge solids slurry is heated. A clarifying centrifuge solids slurry is recovered from the heated decanting centrifuge solids using a clarifying centrifuge. The clarifying centrifuge solids slurry is dried to form a dried product. The dried product has a protein concentration of between about 30 weight percent and about 90 weight percent and a total dietary fiber concentration of less than about 5 weight percent. 1. A method of preparing an oat protein and fiber product comprising: preparing a base composition comprising an oat material; mixing the base composition and water to form a slurry; mixing at least one enzyme into the slurry, wherein the at least one enzyme facilitates sugar formation and thinning of the slurry; cooking the slurry to convert the slurry into a first intermediate product having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of between about 20 and 90; diluting the first intermediate product with water to form a second intermediate product; recovering a decanting centrifuge solids slurry from the second intermediate product by passing the second intermediate product through a decanting centrifuge; heating the decanting centrifuge solids slurry; recovering a clarifying centrifuge solids slurry from the heated decanting centrifuge solids using a clarifying centrifuge; and drying the clarifying centrifuge solids slurry to form a dried product, wherein the dried product has a protein concentration of between about 30 weight percent and about 90 weight percent and a total dietary fiber concentration of less than about 5 weight percent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oat material comprises whole oat flour, low bran oat flour, patent oat flour, partially milled oats, oatmeal or combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one enzyme comprises alpha-amylase or glucoamylase. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the water is mixed with the first intermediate product at a ratio of about 1:1. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the decanting centrifuge solids slurry has a protein concentration of between about 15 and 30 weight percent on a dry weight basis and a total dietary fiber concentration of between about 10 and 30 weight percent 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the decanting centrifuge solids slurry is heated to a temperature of between about 71\u00b0 C. and about 82\u00b0 C. 7. The method of claim 1, and further comprising washing the clarifying centrifuge solids slurry to increase a protein concentration thereof and produce a washed clarifying centrifuge solids slurry. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying comprises spray drying. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the dried product has a protein concentration of between about 50 weight percent and about 60 weight percent. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the dried product has a moisture content of between about 5 percent and about 10 percent. 11. A method of preparing an oat protein and fiber product comprising: preparing a base composition comprising an oat material; mixing the base composition and water to form a slurry; mixing at least one enzyme into the slurry, wherein the at least one enzyme facilitates sugar formation and thinning of the slurry; cooking the slurry to convert the slurry into a first intermediate product having a dextrose equivalent (DE) of between about 20 and 90; diluting the first intermediate product with water to form a second intermediate product; recovering a decanting centrifuge solids slurry from the second intermediate product by passing the second intermediate product through a decanting centrifuge; heating the decanting centrifuge solids slurry; recovering a clarifying centrifuge solids slurry from the heated decanting centrifuge solids slurry using a clarifying centrifuge; adding at least one enzyme to clarifying centrifuge solids slurry; centrifuging the clarifying centrifuge solids slurry to recover a third solids slurry; and drying the third solids slurry to form a dried product, wherein the dried product has a protein concentration of between about 30 weight percent and about 90 weight percent and a total dietary fiber concentration of less than about 5 weight percent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein adding the at least one enzyme to the decanting centrifuge solids slurry comprises: adding alpha-amylase to the decanting centrifuge solids slurry when the decanting centrifuge solids slurry is at a first temperature, wherein the alpha-amylase is added at a concentration of between about 0.07 weight percent and about 0.14 weight percent; and adding glucoamylase to the decanting centrifuge solids slurry when the decanting centrifuge solids slurry is at a second temperature, wherein the glucoamylase is added at a concentration of between about 0.07 weight percent and about 0.14 weight percent and wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the mixture is maintained at the second temperature until a concentration of glucose remains substantially constant. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the oat material comprises whole oat flour, low bran oat flour, patent oat flour, partially milled oats, oatmeal or combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one enzyme added to the slurry comprises alpha-amylase or glucoamylase. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the water is mixed with the first intermediate product at a ratio of about 1:1. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the decanting centrifuge solids slurry has a protein concentration of between about 15 and 30 weight percent on a dry weight basis and a total dietary fiber concentration of between about 10 and 30 weight percent. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the decanting centrifuge solids slurry is heated to a temperature of between about 71\u00b0 C. and about 82\u00b0 C. 19. The method of claim 11, and further comprising washing the third solids slurry to increase a protein concentration thereof and produce a washed third solids slurry; 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the drying comprises spray drying and wherein the dried product has a moisture content of between about 5 percent and about 10 percent. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the dried product has a protein concentration of between about 50 weight percent and about 60 weight percent.",
-    "A headlamp, including a light source module and a lithium polymer battery in integrated connection is provided. The light source module comprises a circuit board, and the lithium polymer battery connects to the light source module and provides power for the circuit board. Compared with the known art, the present invention is able to be disposed at the forehead position as an integrated part through connecting the lightweight lithium polymer battery in small size with the light source module, which lowers the complexity of the electric circuit and the cost. 1. A headlamp comprising: a light source module and a lithium polymer battery in integrated connection; wherein the light source module comprises a circuit board; wherein the lithium polymer battery connects to the circuit board and provides power for the circuit board. 2. The headlamp of claim 1, wherein the circuit board has a direct built-in Micro-USB port, through which the external power supply can provide power for the lithium polymer battery. 3. The headlamp of claim 2, wherein the light source module further comprises a reflection cup, a waterproof ring and a lens, wherein an LED emitter is fixed on the circuit board, the said reflection cup is arranged to enclose the LED emitter, and the said lens is fixed on the surface of the reflection cup through the waterproof ring. 4. The headlamp of claim 3, wherein the light source module further comprises a front housing, a back housing and a holder, wherein the said circuit board, reflection cup, waterproof ring and lens are arranged inside the front housing, wherein the back housing covers the circuit board and forms a confined space with the said front housing, and wherein the back housing is fixed on the holder together with the front housing as an integrated part. 5. The headlamp of claim 4, wherein the light source module further comprises a waterproof cover, the said waterproof cover is fixed on the bottom of the front housing and covers the direct built-in Micro-USB port. 6. The headlamp of claim 5, wherein the light source module further comprises a button holder, a button and a button cap, wherein the button holder is arranged on top of the front housing, wherein the button is fixed on the button holder and connects with the circuit board, wherein the button cap is arranged on and covers the button.",
-    "A management device is configured to manage first and second information processing devices. The management device performs movement control to move an operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device to the second information processing device, and conducts performance measurement of the first information processing device in a state where the operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device is moved from the first information processing device to the second information processing device. 1. A system comprising: a first information processing device; a second information processing device; and a management device configured to manage the first information processing device and the second information processing device, wherein the management device is configured to: perform movement control to move an operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device to the second information processing device, and conduct performance measurement of the first information processing device in a state where the operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device is moved from the first information processing device to the second information processing device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the management device includes a performance-measurement virtual machine configured to conduct the performance measurement of the first information processing device or the second information processing device; and the management device conducts the performance measurement by: copying an image of the performance-measurement virtual machine to the first information processing device or the second information processing device, and causing the first information processing device or the second information processing device to execute the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein upon completing the performance measurement by using the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine, the management device discards the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine from the first information processing device or the second information processing device. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the management device conducts initial performance measurement of the first information processing device and the second information processing device at a time of building of the system; and the management device determines whether the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, based on a result of the initial performance measurement and a result of the performance measurement of the first information processing device. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein upon determining that the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, the management device rebuilds the first information processing device. 6. The system according to claim 5, wherein at a time of building of the system, the management device saves a backup file of disk images for the first information processing device and the second information processing device, or saves a script of building procedures of the first information processing device and the second information processing device; and the management device rebuilds the first information processing device by using the saved backup file or the saved script. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the management device: conducts performance measurement of the first information processing device after rebuilding of the first information processing device is completed; determines whether the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated based on a result of the initial performance measurement and a result of the performance measurement after the rebuilding of the first information processing device is completed; and upon determining that the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, determines that a failure has occurred in the first information processing device. 8. An apparatus comprising: a processor configured to: manage a first information processing device and a second information processing device included in an information processing system, perform movement control to move an operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device to the second information processing device, and conduct performance measurement of the first information processing device in a state where the operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device is moved from the first information processing device to the second information processing device; and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory being configured to information for managing the first and second processing devices. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the memory is configured to store a performance-measurement virtual machine configured to conduct performance measurement of the first information processing device or the second information processing device; the processor conducts the performance measurement by copying an image of the performance-measurement virtual machine to the first information processing device or the second information processing device and causing the first information processing device or the second information processing device to execute the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein upon completing the performance measurement by using the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine, the apparatus discards the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine from the first information processing device or the second information processing device. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor conducts initial performance measurement of the first information processing device and the second information processing device at a time of building of the system; and the processor determines whether the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, based on a result of the initial performance measurement and a result of the performance measurement of the first information processing device. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein upon determining that the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, the processor rebuilds the first information processing device. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein at a time of building of the system, the processor saves a backup file of disk images for the first information processing device and the second information processing device, or saves a script of building procedures of the first information processing device and the second information processing device; and the processor rebuilds the first information processing device by using the saved backup file or the saved script. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processor: conducts performance measurement of the first information processing device after rebuilding of the first information processing device is completed; determines whether the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated based on a result of the initial performance measurement and a result of the performance measurement after the rebuilding of the first information processing device is completed; and upon determining that the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, determines that a failure has occurred in the first information processing device. 15. A method for managing a first information processing device and a second information processing device included in an information processing system, the method comprising causing a computer to: perform movement control to move an operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device to the second information processing device; and conduct performance measurement of the first information processing device in a state where the operating virtual machine set on the first information processing device is moved from the first information processing device to the second information processing device. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the computer includes a performance-measurement virtual machine configured to conduct the performance measurement of the first information processing device or the second information processing device; and the computer conducts the performance measurement by copying an image of the performance-measurement virtual machine to the first information processing device or the second information processing device and causing the first information processing device or the second information processing device to execute the image of the performance-measurement virtual machine. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the computer conducts initial performance measurement of the first information processing device and the second information processing device at a time of building of the information processing system, and the computer determines whether the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, based on a result of the initial performance measurement and a result of the performance measurement of the first information processing device. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein upon determining that the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated, the processor rebuilds the first information processing device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein at a time of building of the information processing system, the computer saves a backup file of disk images in the first information processing device and the second information processing device, or a script of building procedures of the first information processing device and the second information processing device, and the computer rebuilds the first information processing device by using the saved backup file or the saved script. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the computer conducts performance measurement of the first information processing device after the rebuilding is completed, and the computer determines whether the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated based on a result of the initial performance measurement and a result of the performance measurement after the rebuilding is completed, and determines that a failure has occurred in the first information processing device when the computer determines that the performance of the first information processing device is deteriorated.",
-    "The invention relates to a flow control valve adapted for use as a flow-dividing and flow-combining valve in hydraulic devices, comprising: a valve body having a first longitudinally extending bore, an outer spool slidably positioned within the bore, the outer spool having an axially extending passageway, a pair of axially extending inner spools slidably positioned within the passageway, the valve body having a first port and a pair of second ports, the outer spool having at least a first opening communicating with the first port and with the passageway, and at least two pairs of second openings therethrough. At least one second opening of each pair is of non-constant longitudinal section narrowing from the outer face of the outer spool on at least a part of the thickness of the second opening, so that a lateral side of the second opening offers an obstacle where a part of the fluid flow entering the second opening crashes before entering the inner spool. 1. A flow control valve adapted for use as a flow-dividing and flow-combining valve in hydraulic devices, comprising: a valve body having a first longitudinally extending bore therethrough, an outer spool slidably positioned within said bore, said outer spool having an axially extending passageway therethrough, return means which tend permanently to position said outer spool centrally in the longitudinal direction of said bore, a pair of axially extending inner spools slidably positioned within the passageway provided in said outer spool, each inner spool having an axially extending passageway therethrough, said valve body having a first port therethrough and a pair of second ports therethrough, said first port and second ports communicating with the first bore, said outer spool having at least a first opening communicating at one end with the first port of said valve body and at its other end with a central zone of said outer spool, the outer spool also having at least two pairs of second openings therethrough, one pair on each side of said first opening, with the two second openings of each pair being offset from one another in the longitudinal direction, so that for each pair at least one of said second openings is in communication with one of said second ports, depending on the axial position of the outer spool, in the first bore, each inner spool having at least one opening therein arranged to be in register with one of the two second openings of said outer spool, depending on the axial position of said inner spool, for affording a flow path from the passageway within said inner spool to the second port in said valve body, wherein at least one second opening of each pair of two second openings of the outer spool is of non-constant longitudinal section, said section narrowing from the outer face of the outer spool on at least a part of the thickness of said second opening, so that a lateral side of said at least one second opening offers an obstacle where a part of the fluid flow entering said second opening from the second port crashes before it comes into an axially extending passageway of the inner spool. 2. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein said second opening of non-constant section comprises a central drill and at least one peripheral blind drill partially overlapping said central drill and opening out only on the outer face of the outer spool, said blind drill constituting said obstacle. 3. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein said second opening of non-constant section comprises a central drill, a blind drill spaced apart from said central drill and joined to it by a channel, the blind drill and the channel opening out on the outer face of the outer spool. 4. A flow control valve according to claim 2, wherein the at least one blind drill is disposed along or close to the diametrical axis of the central drill which is parallel to the longitudinal axis (X-X\u2032) of the outer spool and on the side of the central drill which is the nearest of the end of the outer spool. 5. A flow control valve according to claim 3, wherein the at least one blind drill is disposed along or close to the diametrical axis of the central drill which is parallel to the longitudinal axis (X-X\u2032) of the outer spool and on the side of the central drill which is the nearest of the end of the outer spool. 6. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein the lateral wall of said second opening of non-constant section is divergent from the inner face of the outer spool to its outer face. 7. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein said second opening of non-constant longitudinal section comprises a central drill provided with a counter bore opening out on the outer face of the outer spool. 8. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein the second opening of non-constant longitudinal section of the outer spool has an area at the outer face of the outer spool greater than its area at the inner face of said outer spool. 9. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein each inner spool is provided with a partition wall extending transversally across the passageway therethrough and in that this partition wall is provided with at least one hole therethrough, this hole affording communication between the central zone of said outer spool and the passageway therethrough of the inner spool. 10. A flow control valve according to claim 9, wherein the partition wall comprises a central hole extending along the longitudinal axis of said inner spool and/or at least one peripheral hole extending parallel to this longitudinal axis (X-X\u2032). 11. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein a partition element is disposed inside the central zone of the outer spool in front of the at least one first opening to separate the flow of hydraulic liquid circulating inside the flow control valve into two flows. 12. A flow control valve according to claim 11, wherein the partition element is a portion of tube inserted in coaxial relationship with and inside the passageway of said outer spool, the tube being provided with a plane partition wall extending in a plane transversely bisecting said tube, and the tube being provided with at least one aperture on both side of said wall, the apertures opening in front of the opening provided in the outer spool. 13. A flow control valve according to claim 11, wherein the partition element is a portion of tube inserted in coaxial relationship with and inside the passageway of said outer spool, the tube being provided with a partition wall extending in a plane transversely bisecting said tube, and the tube being provided with at least one aperture on both sides of said wall, the apertures opening in front of the opening provided in the outer spool, said partition wall being provided with two cones disposed on the partition wall such that their respective basis are in contact with said partition wall. 14. A flow control valve according to claim 1, wherein it comprised an additional by-pass spool. 15. A flow control valve according to claim 14, wherein said by-pass spool is in coaxial relationship with the outer spool and is mounted outside of said outer spool and inside the first bore of the valve body, said by-pass spool being slidably positioned within said first bore. 16. A flow control valve according to claim 14, wherein said by-pass spool is slidably positioned within an additional longitudinally extending bore provided in said valve body parallel to said first bore of the valve body. 17. A flow control valve according to claim 15, wherein it comprises a control spool, slidably mounted inside a second bore of the valve body, parallel to the first bore receiving the by-pass spool, the first bore and the second bore being connected by at least one connecting port. 18. A flow control valve according to claim 16, wherein it comprises a control spool, slidably mounted inside a second bore of the valve body, parallel to the first bore receiving the by-pass spool, the first bore and the second bore being connected by at least one connecting port. 19. A flow control valve according to claim 17, wherein said control spool is moveable between a so-called \u201cactivation\u201d position in which it connects the two second ports therethrough of the valve body to a hydraulic pump of said hydraulic device and a so-called \u201cdeactivation\u201d position in which it connects the two second ports therethrough of the valve body to a tank of hydraulic fluid of said hydraulic device. 20. A flow control valve according to claim 18, wherein said control spool is moveable between a so-called \u201cactivation\u201d position in which it connects the two second ports therethrough of the valve body to a hydraulic pump of said hydraulic device and a so-called \u201cdeactivation\u201d position in which it connects the two second ports therethrough of the valve body to a tank of hydraulic fluid of said hydraulic device.",
-    "An electronic device sends a wireless signal to a charging station indicating that charging of a battery of the electronics device is to commence. The electronic device generates a profile representing characteristics of the battery during charging. The electronic device sends a wireless signal to the charging station indicating the first type of charging is to be applied to the battery. The electronic device responds to a determination that charging of the battery is to continue by determining a second type of charging to be applied to the battery. The electronic device determines whether charging of the battery is to continue. In response to a determination that charging of the battery is not to continue, the electronic device sends a wireless signal to the charging station indicating that charging of the battery is to cease. 1. A method to charge a battery, the method comprising: determining, by the electronic device, whether a type of the battery is indicated; responsive to a determination that the type of the battery is not indicated, initiating, by the electronic device, a test of the battery to determine the type of the battery; generating, by the electronic device, a profile representing characteristics of the battery during charging based, at least in part, on a result of the test, wherein the profile of the battery is matched to a pre-existing profile to determine the type of the battery; sending, by an electronic device, a wireless signal to a charging station indicating that charging of a battery of the electronic device is to commence using a first type of charging; sending, by the electronic device, a wireless signal to the charging station indicating the first type of charging is to be applied to the battery based, at least in part, on a determined amount of charging to be applied to the battery; determining, by the electronic device, whether charging of the battery using the first type of charging of is to continue based on at least one of i) a type of charging being applied to the battery and ii) a threshold being exceeded, wherein the threshold is configured for at least one of a temperature of the battery, a voltage of the battery, an electrical current of the battery, or a resistance of the battery; responsive to a determination that charging of the battery using the first type of charging is not to continue, sending, by the electronic device, a wireless signal to the charging station indicating that charging of the battery using the first type of charging is to cease; determining, by the electronic device, whether charging of the battery is to continue based on at least one of a measured temperature of the battery, a measured voltage of the battery, a measured electrical current of the battery, or a measured electrical resistance of the battery; responsive to a determination that charging of the battery is to continue, determining, by the electronic device, a second type of charging to be applied to the battery, based, at least in part, on the profile representing characteristics of the battery during charging, wherein the second type of charging is indicated by the wireless signal sent to the charging station; sending, by the electronic device, a wireless signal to the charging station indicating the second type of charging is to be applied to the battery based, at least in part, on a determined amount of charging to be applied to the battery; determining, by the electronic device, whether charging of the battery using the second type of charging of is to continue based on at least one of i) a type of charging being applied to the battery and ii) a threshold being exceeded, wherein the threshold is configured for at least one of a temperature of the battery, a voltage of the battery, an electrical current of the battery, or a resistance of the battery; and responsive to a determination that charging of the battery using the second type of charging is not to continue, sending, by the electronic device, a wireless signal to the charging station indicating that charging of the battery using the second type of charging is to cease.",
-    "Disclosed is a platform enabling users to generate animations synchronized to a musical track in an app-based environment which facilitates collaboration. A method of generating such animations involves first receiving, by a host device executing an app input data from one or more input devices. The app utilizes a layers module to assign the input data to one or more layers. The app assigns input data to layers and allows modification of inputs and timestamps of the input data. The app further allows application of one or more media assets to the inputs. Users of the platform may each execute the app, or execute a companion app that allow communication to the host device. The app may also facilitate compiling the one or more layers into a musical animation file. The musical animation file may store the one or more layers and metadata identifying the musical track. 1. A method of generating visualizations for a musical track through a collaborative platform comprising: receiving, by a host device executing an app, input data from one or more input devices communicatively coupled to the host device, wherein the app comprises a layers module configured to assign the input data to one more layers, modifying one or more inputs and one or more timestamps of the input data, and applying one or more media assets to the one or more inputs. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: compiling the one or more layers into a musical animation file, wherein the compiled musical animation file comprises the one or more layers and metadata identifying the musical track. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the metadata is retrieved from a media metadata library of the host device. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more media assets are retrievable through a media library of the host device. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein any one or more of the one or more input devices hosts one or more module or library of the host device. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: wherein the one or more input devices execute companion apps configured to communicate input data to the host device, and wherein the companion apps perform a subset of the functions of the app executed by the host device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more input devices are communicatively coupled to the host device through a network. 8. A system of generating visualizations for a musical track through a collaborative platform comprising: an intranet of one or more input devices, at least one of the one or more input devices being designated as a host device, wherein the host device executes an app comprising instructions that when executed by the host device causes the host device to: receive, through the processor of the host device, input data from one or more input devices through the intranet, wherein the app comprises a layers module configured to assign the input data to one or more layers, modify one or more inputs and one or more timestamps of the input data, apply one or more media assets to the one or more inputs. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the app is further configured to: compile the one or more layers into a musical animation file, wherein the compiled musical animation file comprises the one or more layers and metadata identifying the musical track. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the metadata is retrieved from a media metadata library of the host device. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the one or more media assets are retrievable through a media library of the host device. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein any one or more of the one or more input devices hosts one or more module or library of the host device. 13. The system of claim 8, further comprising: wherein the one or more input devices execute companion apps configured to: communicate input data to the host device, and wherein the companion apps comprise a subset of the instructions of the app executed by the host device. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more input devices are communicatively coupled to the host device through a network. 15. An app-based platform for collaboratively generating visualizations for a musical track comprising: a data processing device storing one or more instructions in an app that when executed by a processor of the data processing device cause the data processing device to: receive, by the processor of the data processing device, input data generated by at least one of the data processing device and one or more input devices; assign the input data to one or more layers; provide a user interface for modifying one or more inputs and one or more timestamps of the input data; and apply one or more media assets to the one or more inputs. 16. The platform of claim 15, wherein the app further comprises a media library comprising one or more media assets which may be applied to the one or more inputs. 17. The platform of claim 15, wherein the app further comprises a media metadata library comprising one or more metadata identifying one or more musical tracks. 18. The platform of claim 15, wherein the app further comprises a synchronization module configured to modify the one or more inputs and the one or more timestamps. 19. The platform of claim 15, wherein the app further comprises a layers module configured to assign the input data to the one or more layers. 20. The platform of claim 15, further comprising a post-processing module configured to modify the one or more layers and compile the one or more layers into a musical animation file.",
-    "A method and system for controlling an electric device via a remote control panel comprises providing a network server that includes a database reflecting user preferences and statistics of usage of the device by the respective users; providing an application proxy on the device which is capable of controlling the device; providing the panel with controls configured to highlight the relevant control function; and associating at least one user with at least one relevant control. When a control is operated by a user, the panel operates in a mode associated with the profile of the user and with the pressed control. Usage statistics accumulated on the server is assessed by the server. An event that indicates the need for making a certain action to control the device by a certain user results in sending, by the server, a PUSH-notification containing information on the user who should exercise control and on the required control to the device. 1. A method for controlling an electric device by means of a remote control panel, the method comprising the following steps: providing a network server that comprises a database containing data reflecting user preferences towards the use of the said electric device and the statistics of usage of the device by the users; providing an application proxy on the device, which is capable of controlling the device upon receiving a relevant command from the panel, providing the panel with controls and an illuminated indicator configured to highlight the relevant control with light of a certain property, associating at least one user with at least one relevant control, upon pressing one of the controls by the user placing the panel in the mode of device control from the profile of the user associated with the pressed control, assessing the device usage statistics accumulated on the server as concerning the user associated with the pressed control, detecting via the server, an event that indicates the need for taking action to control the device by the user, sending to the device, via the server, a PUSH-notification containing information on the user who should exercise control and on the required control action, transferring the PUSH-notification, received from the server, by the device to the panel, highlighting the relevant control by the panel using light of a certain property, wherein the highlighted control corresponds to the user, information on which is contained in the PUSH-notification, and the highlighted control element corresponds to the type of the required control action, actuating the highlighted control on the panel, transferring, by the panel to the device, a command instructing the application proxy to take control of the device along with the indication of the control action to be executed, initiating, by the application proxy, control of the device that results in execution of the required control action by this device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is a digital television playback device and is operated by means of the panel. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising a step of setting up via the server a filter for the content to be sent to the digital television playback device for at least one definite user. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising a step of associating the user with a guest control element, wherein statistics of the user associated with the guest control element are ignored by the server when the guest control element is pressed. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the panel operates a group of electric devices, wherein the PUSH-notification sent by the server contains additional information on the device to be controlled, and a certain property of light, used at the step of highlighting a certain control by the panel further corresponds to the device to be controlled, wherein, in situation when two or more devices simultaneously require control action from the user associated with the same control, the method further comprises a step of selecting by the user, via the control, a specific device to which the command for execution of the required control action will be transferred as a result of pressing the highlighted control by the user. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising operating, via the panel, a device furnished with a memory unit to record user preferences towards the usage of the device, wherein the server does not accumulate the usage statistics of the device and, correspondingly, a command instructing the application proxy to take control of the device, transferred by the panel, comprises a control action preset without the use of the server, solely by relevant manipulating the control element. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed using remote control panel comprising a virtual panel on a display of a personal computer device. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of searching for the panel by sending a query to the panel from one of the server and the controlled device connected to the panel. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step during which the server, based on the signals received from the panel, analyses user tactile preferences towards manipulating the controls, wherein information on the tactile preferences is stored in the said database. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step during which the server compares the accumulated data on the preferences and/or statistics of the user associated with the currently pressed button of the user profile and the current data on the preferences and/or statistics of the active user and, when there is disagreement between these data, the method further comprises a step of sending a notification to check the current profile to the said user. 11. A remote control panel designed to implement the method of claim 1, the panel comprising: a processor, a power supply unit, controls including a control element and at least one user profile button, wherein the said at least one user profile button can be associated with at least one relevant user, a transceiver having a radio frequency transmit-receive module configured to communicate with the electric device to be controlled, and visible indication means configured to highlight a certain control using light of a certain property in response to a command from the processor, wherein the processor is configured to analyze a PUSH-notification received by the transceiver during communication with the controlled device, and to issue a command to the visible indication means for highlighting a certain control using light of a certain property, and wherein the highlighted control corresponds to the user information which is contained in the PUSH-notification, and the said property of light corresponds to the type of the required control action, wherein the user profile buttons of the panel are configured such that pressing one of the user profile buttons places the panel in the mode of device control from the profile of the user associated with this pressed user profile button, while pressing the relevant control element when the relevant control is highlighted using light of a certain property results in sending to the device to be controlled a command instructing the application proxy to take control of the device along with an indication of the control action to be executed. 12. The panel of claim 11, wherein said panel is configured to operate a digital television playback device. 13. The panel of claim 11, wherein said panel is configured to control a group of electric devices, wherein the controls are configured to select a specific device to which, a command to execute the required control action will be transferred as a result of pressing the highlighted control. 14. The panel of claim 11, further comprising a speaker and a vibrator. 15. The panel of claim 14, wherein the speaker is configured to issue an audio signal upon receipt by the panel of a query for searching the panel from the server and/or controlled device. 16. The panel of claim 11, wherein the transceiver comprises an IR module for providing compatibility of the panel with devices having an IR port.",
-    "A method for operating a motor vehicle which drives or is able to be driven at least partially automatically includes: detecting a gaze direction of a driver of the motor vehicle; inferring a driver distraction if the detected gaze direction deviates from a setpoint gaze direction beyond a predefinable measure; monitoring the driver for a secondary activity if a distracted driver was detected; and ascertaining a time period that the driver would require to take over the at least partial control of the motor vehicle, as a function of a detected secondary activity. 1. A method for operating a motor vehicle which is able to be driven at least partially automatically, the method comprising: detecting a gaze direction of a driver of the motor vehicle; inferring a distraction of the driver if the detected gaze direction deviates from a setpoint gaze direction by more than a predefined measure; monitoring the driver for a secondary activity if a distraction of the driver was inferred; and ascertaining, as a function of at least a detected secondary activity, a time period required for the driver to assume at least a partial control of the motor vehicle. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising: outputting a warning message to the driver as a function of the detected secondary activity. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein an instant for outputting the warning message is ascertained as a function of at least one of the instant when the distraction was detected and the instant when the secondary activity was detected. 4. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the time period required for the driver to assume at least a partial control of the motor vehicle is ascertained additionally as a function of at least one state parameter of the driver including at least one of the age, gender, a previously detected reaction time of the driver, and the driver's eyesight. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the instant for the output of the warning message is selected as a function of the ascertained time period. 6. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein a secondary activity of the driver is inferred as a function of a movement of the driver's eyes. 7. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein a secondary activity of the driver is inferred as a function of a movement of the lips of the driver. 8. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein a secondary activity of the driver is inferred as a function of at least one of a hand motion and a hand position. 9. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein a secondary activity of the driver is inferred as a function of an actuation of an operating device of the motor vehicle including at least one of an entertainment system, navigation system, and a climate control system. 10. A system for operating a motor vehicle which is able to be driven at least partially automatically, comprising: a gaze-detection device detecting a gaze direction of a driver of the motor vehicle; a second detection unit configure to detect a secondary activity of the driver; and a control device including a processor configured to: infer a distraction of the driver if the detected gaze direction deviates from a setpoint gaze direction by more than a predefined measure; monitor the driver using the secondary detection unit for a secondary activity if a distraction of the driver was inferred; and ascertain, as a function of at least a detected secondary activity, a time period required for the driver to assume at least a partial control of the motor vehicle.",
-    "A pasta product that includes a central body, the central body having a central region and at least one planar face, the planar face having an outwardly oriented face and a surface region oriented between the central region and the outwardly oriented face, the central body having a first color, the planar face defining a display field and at least one first indicia contained in the outwardly oriented face and extending into the surface region of the central body, the indicia having at least one second color that differs from the first color, wherein the first indicia composes between 2% and 98% of the display field defined in the outwardly oriented face. 1. A method for preparing a decorated pasta comprising the step of: prior to imparting at least one indicia onto a surface of a pasta product, contacting at least one design field located on the pasta product with an acidified aqueous solution for an interval of at least 0.5 seconds. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the acidified solution comprises at least one food grade acid selected from the group consisting of food grade carboxylic acids. 3. The process of claim 2 wherein the acidified solution is present in a gaseous state, a liquid state or a mixture of the two. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the acidified solution is present at a temperature between about 175\u00b0 F. and 300\u00b0 F. 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of: after the contacting step, drying the pasta material for an interval of at least 5 seconds. 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the drying step comprises contacting the pasta product with air at a temperature between 150 degrees and 300 degrees. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the drying step includes contacting the pasta product with air at a temperature between 150 degrees and 300 degrees and a velocity between 10 cfm and 100 cfm. 8. The process of claim 5 further comprising the step of imparting at least one first food grade dye material having a first color on discrete areas of the prepared surface, the imparting step including at least one of ink jetting, brushing, stamping and embossing. 9. The process of claim 8 further comprising the step of imparting at least one second food grade dye material on discrete areas of the prepared surface, the second imparting step including at least one of ink jetting brushing, stamping and embossing, wherein the color of the second food grade material differs from the color of the first food grade material and the discrete surface is the same or different from the discrete surface of the first dye material. 10. The process of claim 9 further comprising the step of: after at least one of the first or second food grade dye material is imparted on the pasta material surface, exposing the pasta product to a drying step for an interval suitable to set the dye material. 11. A process for preparing a pasta product comprising: prior to imparting at least one indicia onto a surface of a pasta product, contacting at least one design field located on the pasta product with an acidified aqueous solution for an interval of at least 0.5 seconds; after the contacting step, drying the pasta material for an interval of at least 5 seconds; wherein the drying step comprises contacting the pasta product with air at a temperature between 150 degrees and 300 degrees; imparting at least one first food grade dye material having a first color on discrete areas of the prepared surface, the imparting step including at least one of ink jetting, brushing, stamping and embossing; and after at least one of the first food grade dye material is imparted on the pasta material surface, exposing the pasta product to a drying step for an interval suitable to set the dye material. 12. The pasta product produced by the process of claim 11, wherein the pasta product comprises: a central body, the central body having a central region and at least one display face, the display face having an outwardly oriented surface and an intermediate region oriented located proximate to the outwardly oriented surface, the central body having a first color, the display face defining a display field; and at least one first indicia contained in the outwardly oriented surface and extending into the intermediate region of the central body, the indicia having at least one second color that differs from the first color, wherein the first indicia composes between 2% and 98% of the display field defined in the outwardly oriented surface. 13. The pasta product of claim 11 wherein the at least one first indicia is formed from a food grade dye material, the food grade dye material adhering to pasta material present in the intermediate region. 14. The pasta product of claim 12 wherein the at least one first indicia is one of writing, printing, embossing or combinations thereof. 15. The pasta product of claim 14 further comprising at least one second indicia, wherein the second indicia is either the same color as the first indicia or is a third color that is different from the first color or the second color. 16. The pasta product of claim 15 wherein the central body has at least one region that is discrete from at least one planar face, the second indicia positioned on the display field. 17. The pasta product of claim 15 wherein the second indicia is formed of a food grade dye material. 18. The pasta product of claim 17 wherein the second indicia is at least one of writing, printing, embossing or combinations thereof.",
-    "A method for manufacturing a sputtering target with which an oxide semiconductor film with a small amount of defects can be formed is provided. Alternatively, an oxide semiconductor film with a small amount of defects is formed. A method for manufacturing a sputtering target is provided, which includes the steps of: forming a polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide (M represents a metal chosen among aluminum, titanium, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, cesium, neodymium, and hafnium) powder by mixing, sintering, and grinding indium oxide, an oxide of the metal, and zinc oxide; forming a mixture by mixing the polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide powder and a zinc oxide powder; forming a compact by compacting the mixture; and sintering the compact. 1. (canceled) 2. A method for manufacturing a sputtering target, comprising the steps of: forming a polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide powder, M representing a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, cesium, neodymium, and hafnium, by mixing, sintering, and grinding indium oxide, an oxide of the metal, and zinc oxide; forming a mixture by mixing the polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide powder and a zinc oxide powder; forming a compact by compacting the mixture; and sintering the compact, wherein an atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of M in the sputtering target. 3. The method for manufacturing a sputtering target according to claim 2, wherein the polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide powder is formed from a homologous compound of an In-M-Zn oxide. 4. The method for manufacturing a sputtering target according to claim 2, wherein the atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of indium in the sputtering target. 5. A method for manufacturing a sputtering target, comprising the steps of: forming a polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide powder from a homologous compound of an In-M-Zn oxide, M representing a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, cesium, neodymium, and hafnium, forming a mixture by mixing the polycrystalline In-M-Zn oxide powder and a zinc oxide powder; forming a compact by compacting the mixture; and sintering the compact, wherein an atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of M in the sputtering target. 6. The method for manufacturing a sputtering target according to claim 5, wherein the atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of indium in the sputtering target. 7. A method for manufacturing a sputtering target, comprising the steps of: forming a polycrystalline In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide powder by mixing, sintering, and grinding indium oxide, gallium oxide, and zinc oxide; forming a mixture by mixing the polycrystalline In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide powder and a zinc oxide powder; forming a compact by compacting the mixture; and sintering the compact, wherein an atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of Ga in the sputtering target. 8. The method for manufacturing a sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein the polycrystalline In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide powder is formed from a homologous compound of an In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide. 9. The method for manufacturing a sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein the atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of indium in the sputtering target. 10. A method for manufacturing a sputtering target, comprising the steps of: forming a polycrystalline In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide powder from a homologous compound of an In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide; forming a mixture by mixing the polycrystalline In\u2014Ga\u2014Zn oxide powder and a zinc oxide powder; forming a compact by compacting the mixture; and sintering the compact, wherein an atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of Ga in the sputtering target. 11. The method for manufacturing a sputtering target according to claim 10, wherein the atomic ratio of zinc in the sputtering target is higher than an atomic ratio of indium in the sputtering target.",
-    "The invention relates to an apparatus for mounting an object to a structure. The apparatus includes an elastic arrangement including at least two elastic partial arrangements. The two elastic partial arrangements are arranged at a distance in the direction of a main axis, and the two elastic partial arrangements are soft in the direction of the main axis and stiff in all directions orthogonal to the main axis. Each of the two elastic partial arrangements comprises an inner connection area close to the main axis and an outer connection area farther away from the main axis, and each of the two elastic partial arrangements comprises at least two leaf springs which extend between the inner connection area and the outer connection area and which are spirally wound into each other within a common leaf plane. 1. An apparatus for mounting an object to a structure, the apparatus comprising an elastic arrangement including at least two elastic partial arrangements, the two elastic partial arrangements being arranged at a distance in the direction of a main axis, the two elastic partial arrangements being soft in the direction of the main axis and stiff in all directions orthogonal to the main axis, wherein each of the two elastic partial arrangements comprises an inner connection area close to the main axis and an outer connection area farther away from the main axis, and wherein each of the two elastic partial arrangements comprises at least two leaf springs which extend between the inner connection area and the outer connection area and which are spirally wound into each other within a common leaf plane. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object includes a mass repeatedly accelerated along the main axis. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the leaf springs has a width which is constant between the outer connection area and the inner connection area. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the leaf springs extending between the inner connection area and the outer connection area spans an angle in a range from 180\u00b0 to 270\u00b0 in circumferential direction about the main axis. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leaf springs of each of the two elastic partial arrangements are rotational symmetric with regard to the main axis. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leaf springs of each of the two elastic partial arrangements are arranged at a maximum distance in circumferential direction about the main axis. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leaf springs of each of the two elastic partial arrangements are part of a single one-piece leaf spring unit. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leaf springs are made of at least one of a metallic material and a fiber compound material. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the distance between the at least two elastic partial arrangements in the direction of the main axis is at least twice the distance of the outer connection area to the inner connection area of each of the two elastic partial arrangements in radial direction to the main axis. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inner connection area of each of the two elastic partial arrangements comprises a common connector for all leaf springs, and wherein the outer connection area of each of the two elastic partial arrangements comprises a separate connection point for each leaf spring. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an absorber mass of a vibration absorber is mounted to the object via a further elastic arrangement comprising at least two further elastic partial arrangement arranged at a distance in the direction of the main axis. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the leaf springs of each one of the two elastic partial arrangements and one of the two further elastic partial arrangements are spirally wound into each other within the respective common leaf plane, wherein the one of the two elastic partial arrangements and the one of the two further elastic partial arrangements have a common connector for the object. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the leaf springs of the one of the two elastic partial arrangements and the one of the two further elastic partial arrangements are parts of a single one-piece leaf spring unit. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a damping device is provided which dampens relative movements between the inner connection area and the outer connection area of at least one of the two elastic partial arrangements. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the damping device provides for at least one of a magnetic damping, an internal damping of the leaf springs and a damping by a damping material arranged on at least one of the leaf springs of the at least one of the two elastic partial arrangements. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a functional material is applied to at least one of the leaf springs of at least one of the two elastic partial arrangements, and wherein the at least one of the leaf springs is deformable by activating the functional material applied thereto. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the leaf springs have a width which increases from the outer connection area towards the inner connection area. 18. An apparatus for mounting an object to a structure, the apparatus comprising an elastic arrangement including at least two first elastic partial arrangements, the two first elastic partial arrangements being arranged at a distance in the direction of a main axis, the two first elastic partial arrangements being soft in the direction of the main axis and stiff in all directions orthogonal to the main axis, wherein each of the two first elastic partial arrangement comprises an inner connection area close to the main axis and an outer connection area farther away from the main axis, and wherein each of the two first elastic partial arrangement comprises at least two leaf springs which extend between the inner connection area and the outer connection area and which are spirally wound into each other within a common leaf plane, wherein each of the leaf springs extending between the inner connection area and the outer connection area spans an angle in a range from 180\u00b0 to 270\u00b0 in circumferential direction about the main axis, wherein the distance between the at least two first elastic partial arrangement in the direction of the main axis is at least twice the distance of the outer connection area to the inner connection area of each of the two first elastic partial arrangements in radial direction to the main axis, wherein the object is mounted to the inner connection areas of the two first elastic partial arrangements, and wherein an absorber mass of a vibration absorber is mounted to the object via a further elastic arrangement comprising at least two second elastic partial arrangement arranged at a distance in the direction of the main axis, wherein the leaf springs of each one of the first elastic partial arrangements and one of the second elastic partial arrangements are spirally wound into each other within the respective common leaf plane, wherein the one of the first elastic partial arrangements and the one of the second elastic partial arrangement have a common connector for the object, wherein the leaf springs of the one of the first elastic partial arrangements and the one of the second elastic partial arrangements are parts of a single one-piece leaf spring unit. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein a damping device is provided which dampens relative movements between the inner connection area and the outer connection area of at least one of the two elastic partial arrangements, wherein the damping device provides for at least one of a magnetic damping, an internal damping of the leaf springs and a damping by a damping material arranged on at least one of the leaf springs of the at least one of the two elastic partial arrangements. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein a functional material is applied to at least one of the leaf springs of at least one of the two elastic partial arrangements, and wherein the at least one of the leaf springs is deformable by activating the functional material applied thereto.",
-    "A method for cultivating Monarda for production of thymoquinone includes plug planting Monarda fistulosa and/or Monarda didyma plants between about 24,000 and about 44,000 plants per acre. The cultivation method produces plants bearing oil without weed contamination and reduces herbicide use due to production of natural herbicides by the monarda plants. The method results in increased production of essential oils including thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone and may include propogating plants from clones to obtain thymohydroquinone at levels up to about 40% or more of the recovered oils. 1. A method for cultivating plants of at least one species of Monarda selected from a group consisting of the species fistulosa and dydima, to increase yield of at least one constituent of an oil of said plants, said at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone, said method comprising preparing a field for planting at least one of Monarda fistulosa and Monarda dydima, growing at least about 24,000 Monarda plants per acre, and harvesting plants grown in said field. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising planting seed of Monarda fistulosa with a broadcast seeding device at a rate of between about 2.5 pounds and about 5 pounds per acre. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising using a soil compression device after seeding for at least partially sealing in moisture. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising planting plug plants of Mondarda fistulosa at a rate between about 24,000 and about 44,000 plugs per acre. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of growing seasons wherein said plants are mowed at least once after a first growing season, and harvested after each of the remaining plurality of growing seasons. 6. The method of claim 4 further comprising separating at least a portion of the oil from a plurality of said plants wherein more than half of the plants in said field are clones of a single source and the yield of thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone together comprise at least about 30% of the separated oil. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the separated oil further comprises less than about 5% thymol. 8. The method of claim 4 wherein a portion of the plants are propagated from a single clone and the oil yielded comprises at least about 30% thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone combined and at least about 20% carvacrol. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the oil yielded comprises about 5% to about 42% thymoquinone and about 5% thymohydroquinone and less than about 10% of one of carvacrol or thymol. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein harvesting plants comprises cutting the plants, gathering the plants, and separating said oil from the cut and gathered plants by steam distillation. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one quality of said at least one essential oil is improved over methods where plants per acre are less, and said at least one quality comprises reduction of levels of contamination of the oil caused by the presence of other plants. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein harvesting said plant comprises a delay between cutting the plants and collecting said oil. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein said oil is steam distilled between about 2 hours and about 6 hours after cutting the plants. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said at least about 24,000 Monarda plants per acre comprise almost all Monarda fistulosa plants, said plants comprising a plurality of leaves and at least one seed head, and further comprising separating said at least one constituent from the oil using a process comprising distillation of at least a portion of said leaves and said seed heads. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein separating said at least one constituent yields an amount of thymoquinone of at least about 5% of the oil. 16. The method of claim 15 said at least one constituent further comprising carvacrol wherein separating said at least one constituent further yields an amount of carvacrol of at least about 20% of the oil. 17. The field of the method of claim 1 wherein Monarda fistulosa the oil separated from a plurality of the plants harvested comprises thymoquinone, carvacrol, and thymol wherein said thymoquinone comprises at least about 30% of said oil and said carvacrol comprises at least about 20% of said oil. 18. The field of the method of claim 1 wherein a plurality of the plants yield oil comprising between about 34% and about 37% thymoquinone and between about 20% and about 27% carvacrol. 19. The method for cultivating of claim 1 wherein harvesting the plants grown in the field comprises cutting the plants, gathering the cut plants, and distilling oil from the cut and gathered plants. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein at least some of the plants each comprise at least one seed head, said method comprising separating a plurality of seed heads from said at least some of the plants, gathering the plurality of seed heads, and distilling oil from said seed heads. 21. The method of claim 19 further comprising delaying distillation between about 2 to about 24 hours after harvest. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein at least some of said plants further comprise leaves, said method further comprising separating said leaves from the plants and distilling oil from said leaves. 23. The method of claim 22 said method further comprising distilling oil from the leaves and seed heads together. 24. A method for cultivating a field of plants of Monarda fistulosa to increase yield of thymoquinone, said method comprising plug planting Monarda fistulosa in rows between about 12 inches and about 24 inches apart at a rate between about 24,000 and about 44,000 plants per acre, allowing said plants to mature until a plurality of said plants including at least one seed head, separating at least the seed heads from said plants after flowering and separating oil from the seed heads wherein the oil yielded comprises more thymoquinone than thymohydroquinone. 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising an increase in a yield of thymohydroquinone. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein 5% of the oil comprises thymoquinone. 27. The method of claim 24 wherein between about 5% and about 30% of the oil comprises thymoquinone.",
-    "An inkjet recording apparatus includes a conveyance section, a recording head, a maintenance mechanism, and a control section. The conveyance section conveys a recording medium. The recording head discharges ink droplets toward the recording medium while the conveyance section conveys the recording medium. The maintenance mechanism performs maintenance on the recording head. The control section causes the maintenance mechanism to operate upon determination that a width of a next recording target recording medium is greater than a width of a recording medium subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium. 1. An inkjet recording apparatus that performs image recording on a recording medium by discharging ink droplets, comprising: a conveyance section configured to convey a recording medium in a first direction; a recording head configured to discharge ink droplets toward the recording medium while the conveyance section conveys the recording medium; a maintenance mechanism configured to perform maintenance on the recording head; and a control section configured to control the maintenance mechanism, the control section causing the maintenance mechanism to operate upon determination that a width of a next recording target recording medium in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction is greater than a width of a recording medium subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium in the second direction. 2. The inkjet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control section causes the maintenance mechanism to operate upon determination that image recording has been performed on a predetermined number or more of recording mediums having a width in the second direction smaller than the width of the next recording target recording medium in the second direction prior to the next recording target recording medium. 3. The inkjet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control section controls the maintenance mechanism to perform maintenance on a part of the recording head in correspondence with a difference in width in the second direction between the next recording target recording medium and the recording medium subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium. 4. The inkjet recording apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the recording head has a nozzle surface having a plurality of nozzle orifices, the maintenance mechanism includes a supply mechanism that supplies ink to the recording head, and the control section controls the supply mechanism to purge the ink from a portion of the nozzle orifices in correspondence with the difference in width in the second direction. 5. The inkjet recording apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the maintenance mechanism further includes a wiper blade that wipes the nozzle surface, the control section controls the wiper blade to wipe a part of the nozzle surface in correspondence with the difference in width in the second direction after controlling the supply mechanism to purge the ink from some of the nozzle orifices. 6. A method for performing maintenance on a recording head that discharges ink droplets toward a recording medium being conveyed in a first direction, comprising: determining whether or not a width of a next recording target recording medium in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction is greater than a width of a recording medium in the second direction subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium; and upon determination that the width of the next recording target recording medium is greater than the width of the recording medium subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium, performing maintenance on the recording head. 7. A method for performing maintenance on a recording head that discharges ink droplets toward a recording medium being conveyed in a first direction, comprising: determining whether or not a width of a next recording target recording medium in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction is greater than a width of a recording medium in the second direction subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium; upon determination that the width of the next recording target recording medium is greater than the width of the recording medium subjected to image recording prior to the next recording target recording medium, determining whether or not image recording has been performed on a predetermined number or more of recording mediums having a width in the second direction smaller than the width of the next recording target recording medium prior to the next recording target recording medium; and upon determination that image recording has been performed on the predetermined number or more of recording mediums having the width in the second direction smaller than the width of the next recording target recording medium prior to the next recording target recording medium, performing maintenance on the recording head.",
-    "A source driver for a display device includes a gamma voltage generation circuit, first through (2m)-th data driving circuits, and a switch circuit. The gamma voltage generation circuit generates R, G and B gamma voltages. The (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits consecutively receive red image data and blue image data, and consecutively generate a R driving voltage and a B driving voltage using the R gamma voltages and B gamma voltages, respectively, during one horizontal period. The (2k)-th data driving circuits consecutively receive first green image data and second green image data, and consecutively generate a G1 driving voltage and a G2 driving voltage, respectively, using the G gamma voltages during the one horizontal period. The switch circuit outputs the R, B, G1, and G2 driving voltages through different data lines from each other based on a first selection signal and a second selection signal. 1. A source driver for a display device, comprising: a gamma voltage generation circuit configured to generate R gamma voltages, G gamma voltages, and B gamma voltages; (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits configured to consecutively receive both red image data and blue image data during one horizontal period, and to consecutively generate both a R driving voltage and a B driving voltage, which correspond to the red image data and the blue image data, using the R gamma voltages and B gamma voltages, respectively, during the one horizontal period, k being all positive integers equal to or smaller than m, m being a positive integer; (2k)-th data driving circuits configured to consecutively receive both first green image data and second green image data during the one horizontal period, and to consecutively generate both a G1 driving voltage and a G2 driving voltage, which correspond to the first green image data and the second green image data, respectively, using the G gamma voltages during the one horizontal period; and a switch circuit configured to output the R driving voltage, the B driving voltage, the G1 driving voltage, and the G2 driving voltage, which are received from the first through (2m)-th data driving circuits during the one horizontal period, through different data lines from each other based on a first selection signal and a second selection signal. 2. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the first selection signal and the second selection signal are activated alternately during the one horizontal period. 3. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the switch circuit outputs the R driving voltage and the B driving voltage, which are received from the (2i\u22121)-th data driving circuit during the one horizontal period, through a (4i\u22123)-th data line and a (4i\u22121)-th data line, respectively, based on the first selection signal and the second selection signal, and outputs the G1 driving voltage and the G2 driving voltage, which are received from the (2i)-th data driving circuit during the one horizontal period, through a (4i\u22122)-th data line and a (4i)-th data line, respectively, based on the first selection signal and the second selection signal, where i is a positive integer equal to or smaller than m. 4. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the switch circuit includes first through (2m)-th demultiplexers coupled to the first through (2m)-th data driving circuits, respectively, and each of the first through (2m)-th demultiplexers consecutively outputs two driving voltages, which are received from a corresponding data driving circuit during the one horizontal period, through different data lines from each other based on the first selection signal and the second selection signal. 5. The source driver of claim 4, wherein the (2i\u22121)-th demultiplexer includes: a first switch coupled between the (2i\u22121)-th data driving circuit and a (4i\u22123)-th data line, the first switch being configured to turn on in response to the first selection signal; and a second switch coupled between the (2i\u22121)-th data driving circuit and a (4i\u22121)-th data line, the second switch being configured to turn on in response to the second selection signal, and wherein the (2i)-th demultiplexer includes: a third switch coupled between the (2i)-th data driving circuit and a (4i\u22122)-th data line, the third switch being configured to turn on in response to the first selection signal; and a fourth switch coupled between the (2i)-th data driving circuit and a (4i)-th data line, the fourth switch being configured to turn on in response to the second selection signal, where i is a positive integer equal to or smaller than m. 6. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the order in which each of the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits receives the red image data and the blue image data during an odd horizontal period is opposite to the order in which each of the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits receives the red image data and the blue image data during an even horizontal period, and wherein the order in which the first selection signal and the second selection signal are alternately activated during the odd horizontal period is the same as the order in which the first selection signal and the second selection signal are alternately activated during the even horizontal period. 7. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the order in which each of the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits receives the red image data and the blue image data during an odd horizontal period is the same as the order in which each of the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits receives the red image data and the blue image data during an even horizontal period, and wherein the order in which the first selection signal and the second selection signal are alternately activated during the odd horizontal period is opposite to the order in which the first selection signal and the second selection signal are alternately activated during the even horizontal period. 8. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the gamma voltage generation circuit includes: a first gamma voltage generator configured to generate the R gamma voltages and the B gamma voltages alternately during the one horizontal period based on a logic level of a gamma selection signal, and to provide the R gamma voltages and the B gamma voltages to the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits; and a second gamma voltage generator configured to generate the G gamma voltages, and to provide the G gamma voltages to the (2k)-th data driving circuits. 9. The source driver of claim 1, wherein the gamma voltage generation circuit includes: a first gamma voltage generator configured to generate the R gamma voltages; a second gamma voltage generator configured to generate the B gamma voltages; a third gamma voltage generator configured to generate the G gamma voltages, and to provide the G gamma voltages to the (2k)-th data driving circuits; and a multiplexer configured to provide one of the R gamma voltages and the B gamma voltages to the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits based on a logic level of a gamma selection signal. 10. The source driver of claim 9, wherein the gamma selection signal has a first logic level during a first half of the one horizontal period, and has a second logic level during a second half of the one horizontal period. 11. The source driver of claim 1, further comprising: a data latch circuit configured to receive the red image data, the first green image data, the second green image data, and the blue image data, to consecutively provide the red image data and the blue image data to the (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits during the one horizontal period, and to consecutively provide the first green image data and the second green image data to the (2k)-th data driving circuits during the one horizontal period. 12. A display device, comprising: a display panel including red subpixels, green subpixels, and blue subpixels coupled to a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines; a gate driver configured to consecutively select the plurality of gate lines; a source driver configured to provide a plurality of driving voltages to the plurality of data lines; and a controller configured to control the gate driver and the source driver, and to provide image data to the source driver, wherein the source driver includes data driving circuits, the number of which is half of the number of the plurality of data lines, first half of the data driving circuits generate both a R driving voltage and a B driving voltage, which correspond to red image data and blue image data, respectively, that are consecutively received during one horizontal period, consecutively during the one horizontal period, and provide the R driving voltage and the B driving voltage consecutively to different data lines from each other to which the red subpixels and the blue subpixels are coupled, and second half of the data driving circuits generate both a G1 driving voltage and a G2 driving voltage, which correspond to first green image data and second green image data, respectively, that are consecutively received during the one horizontal period, consecutively during the one horizontal period, and provide the G1 driving voltage and the G2 driving voltage consecutively to different data lines from each other to which the green subpixels are coupled. 13. The display device of claim 12, wherein the display panel has a pentile structure including odd rows, in which the red subpixels, the green subpixels, and the blue subpixels are arranged in an order of the red subpixel, the green subpixel, the blue subpixel, and the green subpixel, and even rows, in which the red subpixels, the green subpixels, and the blue subpixels are arranged in an order of the blue subpixel, the green subpixel, the red subpixel, and the green subpixel, and wherein the plurality of data lines includes first through (4m)-th data lines, where m is a positive integer. 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein the source driver includes: a gamma voltage generation circuit configured to generate R gamma voltages, G gamma voltages, and B gamma voltages; (2k\u22121)-th data driving circuits configured to consecutively receive both the red image data and the blue image data during the one horizontal period, and to consecutively generate both the R driving voltage and the B driving voltage, which correspond to the red image data and the blue image data, using the R gamma voltages and B gamma voltages, respectively, during the one horizontal period, k being all positive integers equal to or smaller than m; (2k)-th data driving circuits configured to consecutively receive both the first green image data and the second green image data during the one horizontal period, and to consecutively generate both the G1 driving voltage and the G2 driving voltage, which correspond to the first green image data and the second green image data, respectively, using the G gamma voltages during the one horizontal period; and a switch circuit configured to output the R driving voltage, the B driving voltage, the G1 driving voltage, and the G2 driving voltage, which are received from the first through (2m)-th data driving circuits during the one horizontal period, through different data lines from each other based on a first selection signal and a second selection signal provided by the controller. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the switch circuit outputs the R driving voltage and the B driving voltage, which are received from the (2i\u22121)-th data driving circuit during the one horizontal period, through a (4i\u22123)-th data line and a (4i\u22121)-th data line, respectively, based on the first selection signal and the second selection signal, and outputs the G1 driving voltage and the G2 driving voltage, which are received from the (2i)-th data driving circuit during the one horizontal period, through a (4i\u22122)-th data line and a (4i)-th data line, respectively, based on the first selection signal and the second selection signal, where i is a positive integer equal to or smaller than m. 16. A display driver circuit comprising: a gamma voltage generation circuit configured to generate for each pixel of a display a red, a blue, and two green gamma voltages, the red and one green during a first portion of each horizontal period, and the blue and another green during a second portion of each horizontal period; a first plurality of data driving circuits configured to alternately receive red image data and blue image data during each horizontal period, and to alternately generate a red driving voltage based on the red image data and a blue driving voltage based on the blue image data, using the red and blue gamma voltages, respectively, during each horizontal period; and a second plurality of data driving circuits configured to alternately receive first green image data and second green image data during each horizontal period, and to alternately generate both a first green driving voltage based on the first green image data and a second green driving voltage based on the second green image data, respectively, using the first and second green gamma voltages, respectively, during each horizontal period. 17. The display driver circuit of claim 16, further comprising: a first switch circuit configured to output the red driving voltage and the blue driving voltage received from the first plurality of data driving circuits during each horizontal period; and a second switch configured to output the first green driving voltage and the second green driving voltage received from the second plurality of data driving circuits during each horizontal period. 18. The display driver circuit of claim 17 wherein the first switch outputs the red or blue driving voltages alternately through different data lines in response to a first selection signal and a second selection signal, and the second switch outputs the first green or second green driving voltages alternately through different data lines in response to the first selection signal and the second selection signal. 19. The display driver circuit of claim 16 wherein the first and second pluralities are substantially equal in number, but the first plurality comprises odd numbered data driving circuits for driving odd numbered data lines and the second plurality comprises even numbered data driving circuits for driving even numbered data lines, or the second plurality comprises odd numbered data driving circuits for driving odd numbered data lines and the first plurality comprises even numbered data driving circuits for driving even numbered data lines. 20. The display driver circuit of claim 16, further comprising at least one multiplexer in the gamma voltage generation circuit configured to alternate between first and second gamma voltages during the first and second portions of each horizontal period, respectively.",
-    "An optical transmission device in an optical network in which a first optical path and a second optical path are set, the optical transmission device locating on the second optical path, the optical transmission device includes; a storage unit configured to store control data for a control of an optical transmission power to the second optical path, the control being performed based on a training signal received through the second optical path; and a controller configured to control the optical transmission power to the second optical path, based on the control data stored in the storage unit, according to a detection of an optical path change by which an optical path transmitting a main signal is changed from the first optical path to the second optical path. 1. An optical transmission device in an optical network in which a first optical path and a second optical path are set, the optical transmission device locating on the second optical path, the optical transmission device comprising; a storage unit configured to store control data for a control of an optical transmission power to the second optical path, the control being performed based on a training signal received through the second optical path; and a controller configured to control the optical transmission power to the second optical path, based on the control data stored in the storage unit, according to a detection of an optical path change by which an optical path transmitting a main signal is changed from the first optical path to the second optical path. 2. The optical transmission device according to claim 1, further comprising: a variable optical attenuator configured to vary an attenuation amount of the optical transmission power to the second optical path, wherein the control data are data used for a control of the attenuation amount. 3. The optical transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the controller includes a detector configured to detect optical label information superimposed on the training signal, the optical label information being capable of identifying the second optical path, and wherein the optical path change is detected, based on a change in the optical label information detected by the detector. 4. The optical transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the controller includes a monitor configured to monitor the optical transmission power to the second optical path, and an evaluation unit configured to evaluate a validity of re-use of the control data stored in the storage unit, based on a current monitoring result by the monitor, and wherein the control data evaluated to be proper for the re-use by the evaluation unit is utilized for the control of the optical transmission power to the second optical path. 5. The optical transmission device according to claim 3, wherein the training signal is transmitted at a power level at which the detector is capable of accurately identifying the optical label information, and wherein the power level is larger than an initial level at a transmission initiation of the training signal, and smaller than a target level of the optical transmission power to the second optical path. 6. The optical transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the first optical path is set as a working path, and the second optical path is set as a standby path for the working path. 7. The optical transmission device according to claim 6, wherein the standby path is a shared mesh restoration path shared by a plurality of working paths including the working path. 8. An optical transmission system in which a first optical path and the second optical path are set, the optical transmission system comprising: a transmission node located on the first optical path and the second optical path; and a relay node located on the second optical path between the transmission node and a reception node located on the first optical path and the second optical path, wherein the transmission node includes a transmitter configured to transmit a training signal to the second optical path, and wherein the relay node includes a storage unit configured to store control data for a control of an optical transmission power to the second optical path in a direction toward the reception node, the control being performed based on the training signal received through the second optical path; and a controller configured to control the optical transmission power to the second optical path, based on the control data stored in the storage unit, according to a detection of an optical path change by which an optical path transmitting a main signal is changed from the first optical path to the second optical path. 9. An optical transmission control method comprising: transmitting a training signal from a transmission node located on a first optical path and a second optical path to the second optical path; storing, in a storage unit, control data for a control of an optical transmission power to the second optical path in a direction toward a reception node located on the first optical path and the second optical path, in a relay node located on the second optical path between the transmission node and the reception node, the control being performed based on the training signal received through the second optical path; and controlling the optical transmission power to the second optical path, based on the control data stored in the storage unit, according to a detection of an optical path change by which an optical path transmitting a main signal is changed from the first optical path to the second optical path in the relay node.",
-    "A carrier head includes a base, a substrate mounting surface, a retaining ring secured to the base, and a plurality of stacked shims located between the base and the retaining ring. The retaining ring has a bottom surface for contacting a polishing pad during polishing. 1-10. (canceled) 11. A method of using a retaining ring, comprising: securing a top surface of the retaining ring to a base in a carrier head without a shim between the base and the retaining ring, wherein the top surface of the retaining ring is substantially flat from an inner diameter of the retaining ring to an outer diameter of the retaining ring; polishing a first plurality of substrates with the carrier head, a lower surface of the retaining ring contacting a polishing surface; removing the retaining ring from the carrier head after the lower surface of the ring has been worn by a first amount; re-securing the retaining ring to the carrier head with a first shim between the base and the retaining ring to compensate for the first amount of wear, wherein the first shim has a same inner diameter and outer diameter as the retaining ring; polishing a second plurality of substrates with the carrier head; removing the retaining ring from the carrier head after the lower surface of the ring has been worn by a second amount; and re-securing the retaining ring to the carrier head with the first shim and a second shim between the base and the retaining ring to compensate for the second amount of wear, wherein the second shim has a same inner diameter and outer diameter as the retaining ring. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first amount is greater than the second amount. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a thickness of the first shim is greater than a thickness of the second shim. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first shim is about 90 mils thick, and the second shim is about 30 mils thick. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising securing the retaining ring to the base with a plurality of screws that pass through the plurality of stacked shims. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising transporting slurry through a plurality of slurry-transport channels formed on the bottom surface of the retaining ring. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the first shim has a first thickness about equal to the first amount and the second shim has a second thickness about equal to the second amount. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the retaining ring comprises a lower portion of a first material having the bottom surface and an upper portion of a second material that is more rigid than the lower portion. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first shim and the second shim are each formed of the second material. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the first material is PPS and the second material is stainless steel. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein each the first shim and the second shim are formed of the same material. 22. The carrier head of claim 1, wherein each shim of the plurality of stacked shims is right angular cylindrical part. 23. A method of using a retaining ring, comprising: securing a top surface of the retaining ring to a base in a carrier head without a shim between the base and the retaining ring, wherein the top surface of the retaining ring is substantially flat from an inner diameter of the retaining ring to an outer diameter of the retaining ring; polishing a first plurality of substrates with the carrier head, a lower surface of the retaining ring contacting a polishing surface; removing the retaining ring from the carrier head after the lower surface of the ring has been worn by a first amount; re-securing the retaining ring to the carrier head with a first shim between the base and the retaining ring to compensate for the first amount of wear, wherein the first shim has a same inner diameter and outer diameter as the retaining ring; and polishing a second plurality of substrates with the carrier head.",
-    "The present invention is a system and method for generating speech sounds that simulate natural emotional speech. Embodiments of the invention may utilize recorded keywords. Embodiments may also combine word sound segments to form words that are not available as recorded keywords. These keywords and word sounds may be selected using a word sound dictionary used during a text analysis process. Keywords and words formed from word sounds may be formed into sentences or phrases that comprise silent spaces between certain words and word sounds. 1. A method of electronically generating speech with an emotional inflection from text comprising the steps of: receiving text input representing word sounds to be formed; receiving an emotion to be portrayed by the received text input; analyzing the received text to identify word sounds to be formed; retrieving, from a word sound library, word sounds comprising at least one of: a rootkey, a sentence connector, a sound syllable segment, or an inflection from a word sounds database where such sounds are retrieved according to a predetermined preference and the received emotion; and combining the word sounds into a speech phrase representing the received text input. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of receiving word sounds also comprises a sound syllable segment with an emotional content. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of analyzing the received text comprises the sub steps of: identifying base words; receiving an emotion selection for each word; and for each base word, searching a word sounds database for at least one of a base word in a sound dictionary, a base word in a rootkey library, a base word in a sentence connector library, or building the base word from sound syllable segments. 4. The method of claim 3, additionally comprising the step of determining if an inflection is required for the base word. 5. The method of claim 3, where the step of combining the word sounds into a speech phrase comprises combining sound syllable segments into word sounds which comprises the sub steps of: retrieving a sound syllable segment for a word sound; calculating a spacing to follow the sound syllable segment; determining if there are remaining sound syllable segments required to form the word sound; retrieving any remaining sound syllable segments for the word sound; and calculating a spacing to follow each of the remaining sound syllable segments. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of combining the word sounds into a speech phrase comprises the sub steps of: placing a first word sound in a first phrase position; calculating a first time spacing; placing the calculated first time spacing in a second phrase position; placing a second word sound in a third phrase position; calculating a second time spacing; placing the calculated second time spacing in a fourth phrase position; and placing any remaining word sounds of the speech phrase into subsequent phrase positions followed by calculated time spacing in the phrase positions immediately after each remaining word sound. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of calculating time spacings are formed by multiplying the time representing the total time of the word sounds of a word and multiplying the result by a predetermined constant. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the predetermined constant varies according to the phrase position of the word in the phrase position immediately prior to the phrase position in which the time spacing is to be stored. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of retrieving, from a word sound library, word sounds comprises the additional step of determining if there are multiple instances of a word sound in the library and when multiple instances are present, randomly selecting from the available word sounds. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a pitch of the retrieved word sound is randomly adjusted to a level between an upper and lower predetermined pitch level. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein a volume level of the retrieved word sounds is randomly adjusted to a level between an upper and lower predetermined volume level. 12. A method of producing word sounds for use in the word sound library of claim 1, comprising the steps of: receiving an emotion identifier; generating a script which places a word sound in a first position; recording, in a first recording, a person speaking the generated script which places the word sound in the first position; isolating the word sound from the first recording and storing the word sound in the word sound library; generating a script which places a word sound in a second position; recording, in a second recording a person speaking the generated script which places the word sound in the second position; isolating the word sound from the second recording and storing the word sound in the word sound library; generating a script which places a word sound in a third position; recording, in a second recording a person speaking the generated script which places the word sound in the third position; isolating the word sound from the third recording and storing the word sound in the word sound library; generating a script which places a word sound in a fourth position; recording, in a second recording a person speaking the generated script which places the word sound in the fourth position; and isolating the word sound from the forth recording and storing the word sound in the word sound library. 13. The method of claim 12, where the word sound is a rootkey sound. 14. The method of claim 12, where the word sound is a sentence connector sound. 15. A method of producing a sound syllable segment for use in the word sound library of claim 1, comprising the steps of: receiving an emotion identifier; identifying a first word in which the sound syllable segment is located in a position of the word; generating a script which contains the identified first word; recording a person speaking the script using the emotion identifier; isolating the sound syllable segment from the recording; and storing the isolated word sound in the word sound library. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the emotion identifier represents emotionless speech and the position in which the sound syllable segment is located is a start of the word. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the position in which the sound syllable segment is located is the start of the word and comprising the additional steps of: identifying a second word in which the sound syllable segment is located in a position of the word which is located at an end of the word; generating a script which contains the identified second word; recording a person speaking the script using the emotion identifier; isolating the sound syllable segment from the recording; and storing the isolated word sound in the word sound library.",
-    "Systems and methods for identifying formation boundaries without necessarily obtaining an azimuthal borehole image are provided. A downhole tool may be placed in a wellbore in a geological formation that has a formation boundary. First and second measurements may be obtained at a number of depths of the wellbore. The first measurement may have a first effective penetration length into the geological formation and the second measurement may have a second effective penetration length into the geological formation different from the first effective penetration length. Thus, the first measurement may detect the formation boundary at a first depth and the second measurement may detect the formation boundary at a second depth. Using a difference between the first depth and the second depth, an apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or an apparent formation dip, or both, may be obtained. 1. A method comprising: placing a downhole tool in a wellbore in a geological formation that has a formation boundary; obtaining a first measurement and a second measurement of the geological formation using the downhole tool at a plurality of depths of the wellbore, wherein the first measurement has a first effective penetration length into the geological formation and the second measurement has a second effective penetration length into the geological formation different from the first effective penetration length, such that the first measurement detects the formation boundary at a first depth and the second measurement detects the formation boundary at a second depth; and determining an apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or an apparent formation dip, or both, using a difference between the first depth and the second depth. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are non-azimuthal. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement comprise acoustic measurements, resistivity measurements, photonic measurements, nuclear-radiation-based measurements, electromagnetic measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, or any combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are depth-matched to one another. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first measurement and the second measurement are respectively obtained by measuring a first response from a first sensor due to a signal emitted by a common signal source and measuring a second response from a second sensor due to the signal emitted by the common signal source, wherein the signal has different depths of investigation into the geological formation from the perspective of the first sensor and the second sensor. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or an apparent formation dip, or both, are determined without any azimuthal wellbore measurements. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary is determined in accordance with the following relationship: tan(theta)=(EPL1\u2212EPL2)/((\u0394X)/(cos(180\u2212TF))); where theta represents the apparent relative angle, EPL1 represents the first effective penetration length, EPL2 represents the second effective penetration length, \u0394X represents a difference between the first depth and the second depth, and TF represents a toolface angle of the downhole tool. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the apparent formation dip is determined in accordance with the following relationship: Apparent_Formation_Dip=90\u2212wellbore Inclination+theta where Apparent_Formation_Dip represents the apparent formation dip, wellbore inclination represents an inclination of the wellbore, and theta represents the apparent relative angle. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising generating a well log comprising an up-section flag or a down-section flag, or both, using the apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or the apparent formation dip, or both. 10. The method of claim 1, comprising using the apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or the apparent formation dip, or both, to check an alternate computation of formation dip or relative angle, or both, that is obtained using a different determination that the apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or the apparent formation dip, or both. 11. The method of claim 11, wherein the alternate computation of formation dip or relative angle, or both, is obtained based on an azimuthal borehole image. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary is determined in accordance with the following relationship: Theta=arctan(EPL_difference/app_depth_shift), where theta represents the apparent relative angle, EPL_difference represents a difference between the first and second effective penetration lengths, and app_depth_shift represents an apparent depth shift based on the difference between the first depth and the second depth shift and a toolface angle of the downhole tool. 13. A system comprising: a downhole tool configured to be moved through a wellbore in a geological formation comprising a formation boundary between two geological strata, wherein the downhole tool is configured to obtain: a first measurement of a first effective penetration length into the geological formation; and a second measurement of a second effective penetration length into the geological formation, wherein the second effective penetration length is different from the first effective penetration length; wherein the first measurement comprises values indicative of the formation boundary at a first depth and the second measurement comprises values indicative of the formation boundary at a second depth; a data processing system configured to identify whether the wellbore is down-section relative to the geological strata or up-section relative to the geological strata using a difference between the first depth and the second depth. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the downhole tool comprises a logging-while-drilling tool. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the downhole tool comprises an acoustic tool, a resistivity tool, a photonic-radiation-based tool, a nuclear-radiation-based tool, an electromagnetic tool, a nuclear magnetic resonance tool, or any combination thereof 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the data processing system is configured to determine an apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary using the difference between the first depth and the second depth. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the data processing system is configured to use the apparent relative angle to identify whether the wellbore is down-section relative to the geological strata or up-section relative to the geological strata. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the data processing system is configured to determine an apparent formation dip using the difference between the first depth and the second depth. 19. An article of manufacture comprising one or more tangible, non-transitory machine-readable media comprising instructions to: receive measurements obtained by a downhole tool disposed in a wellbore, wherein the measurements comprise: a first measurement of a first effective penetration length into the geological formation; and a second measurement of a second effective penetration length into the geological formation, wherein the second effective penetration length is different from the first effective penetration length; wherein the first measurement comprises values indicative of the formation boundary at a first depth and the second measurement comprises values indicative of the formation boundary at a second depth; and generate a well log configured to indicate an apparent relative angle between the wellbore and the formation boundary or an apparent formation dip, or both, based on a difference between the first depth and the second depth. 20. The article of manufacture of claim 19, wherein the well log is generated without using any azimuthal image data associated with the wellbore.",
-    "A method for applying a coating to a substrate surface is provided. The method involves cold spraying a coating material against the surface of the substrate at a first velocity. The first velocity is lower in magnitude than a critical velocity. The method also involves cold spraying the coating material against the surface of the substrate at a second velocity. The second velocity is greater in magnitude than the critical velocity. The critical velocity is a threshold velocity below which the coating material is substantially deflected by the surface of the substrate and above which the coating material substantially adheres to the surface of the substrate. 1. A method for applying a coating to a substrate surface, the method comprising cold spraying a coating material against the substrate surface at a first velocity below a critical velocity to modify the adhesion properties of the surface, the critical velocity being a minimum velocity which results in adherence of the coating material to the surface, and then cold spraying the coating material against the surface at a second velocity above the critical velocity to coat the surface with the material. 2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein cold spraying the coating material at the second velocity comprises cold spraying the coating material after a time delay, the time delay being a maximum of about twenty-five minutes. 3. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein cold spraying the coating material comprises cold spraying the coating material at an angle of about 90\u00b0 to the substrate surface. 4. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein cold spraying the coating material comprises cold spraying a powder coating material, the powder coating material having an average particle size, the average particle size of the powder coating material being substantially the same at the first and second velocity. 5. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein cold spraying the coating material comprises cold spraying substantially pure nickel powder at the first and second velocity. 6. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising determining the critical velocity, wherein determining the critical velocity comprises cold spraying the coating material against multiple samples of the surface, each sample being cold sprayed at a different velocity. 7. A method as defined in claim 6, wherein determining the critical velocity further comprises analyzing each sample of the surface to determine a percentage of particles of the coating material having adhered to said sample, and comparing the percentage of particles to a threshold percentage value. 8. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising shot-peening the substrate surface prior to cold spraying the coating material at the first velocity.",
-    "An apparatus for extracting a person region based on a red/green/blue-depth (RGB-D) image includes a data input unit configured to match an input RGB image and depth image and output matched RGB-D image data, a region-of-interest (ROI) extractor configured to remove a background image from the matched RGB-D image data from the data input unit, extract an approximate region of a person from an image obtained by removing the background image, and extract an ROI by applying a preset three-dimensional (3D) human model to the approximate person region, a depth information corrector configured to analyze the degree of similarity between the matched RGB image and depth image for the ROI extracted by the ROI extractor and correct the depth image, and a person region extractor configured to extract a person region from the depth image corrected by the depth information corrector. 1. An apparatus for extracting a person region based on a red/green/blue-depth (RGB-D) image, the apparatus comprising: a data input unit configured to match an input RGB image and depth image and output matched RGB-D image data; a region-of-interest (ROI) extractor configured to remove a background image from the matched RGB-D image data output from the data input unit, extract an approximate region of a person from a foreground image obtained by removing the background image, and extract an ROI by applying a preset three-dimensional (3D) human model to the approximate person region, a depth information corrector configured to analyze a degree of similarity between the matched RGB image and depth image for the ROI extracted by the ROI extractor and correct the depth image; and a person region extractor configured to extract a person region from the depth image corrected by the depth information corrector. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the data input unit determines whether there are intrinsic parameters of cameras when the RGB image and the depth image are input, extracts identical points between the two images when it is determined that there are intrinsic parameters of two cameras, calculates an image matching relationship by matching the extracted identical points, and then synchronizes the two images according to the calculated matching relationship. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein, to synchronize the two images, the data input unit calculates positions of corresponding points between the two images as a result dependent on whether there are intrinsic parameters of the cameras, and synchronizes the RGB image and the depth image having an identical size and in which corresponding pixels are at identical positions based on one of the two images having a lower resolution. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein, when it is determined that there are no intrinsic parameters of the cameras, the data input unit extracts identical points between the RGB image and the depth image, calculates an image matching relationship by matching the extracted identical points, calculates a two-dimensional (2D) homography matrix according to the calculated matching relationship, and then synchronizes the two images. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the ROI extractor removes the background image from the matched RGB image and depth image using image motion information between frames of the RGB-D image data matched by the data input unit, calculates respective contours for the foreground image obtained by removing the background image to group the contours, projects data of the contours to x and y axes to designate a region with a bounding box, and extracts skeleton information from the bounding box region to extract the ROI. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the ROI extractor matches a preset cylindrical 3D model to a 3D position of the extracted skeleton information and extracts a region of the matched cylindrical 3D model as the ROI estimated to contain the person. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the depth information corrector divides matched RGB image data corresponding to matched depth image data into ROI patches, analyzes degrees of image template similarity of the divided ROI patches to correct patch-specific depth data, integrates the patches whose depth data has been corrected, and removes data noise to correct the depth image by performing post processing, such as Gaussian filtering, for edges of the integrated patches. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the depth information corrector analyzes the degrees of image template similarity using a colorization method of Mat Levin. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, when the RGB-D image data whose depth data has been corrected is input, the person region extractor divides the ROI extracted by the ROI extractor into groups based on 3D distance, removes invalid groups using skeleton information to find a valid group, extracts pixels of the RGB image corresponding to grouped depth data values, and extracts an RGB region of the person from the original image using the extracted RGB pixels. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the person region extractor divides the ROI into the groups using a K-means clustering method. 11. A method of extracting a person region based on a red/green/blue-depth (RGB-D) image, the method comprising: matching an input RGB image and depth image into RGB-D image data; removing a background image from the matched RGB-D image data, extracting an approximate region of a person from a foreground image obtained by removing the background image, and extracting a region-of-interest (ROI) by applying a preset three-dimensional (3D) human model to the approximate person region; analyzing a degree of similarity between the matched RGB image and depth image for the extracted ROI and correcting the depth image; and extracting a person region from the corrected depth image. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the matching of the input RGB image and depth image comprises: determining whether there are intrinsic parameters of cameras when the RGB image and the depth image are input; when it is determined that there are intrinsic parameters of two cameras, extracting identical points between the two images and calculating an image matching relationship by matching the extracted identical points; and synchronizing the two images according to the calculated matching relationship to match the two images. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein, the synchronizing of the two images comprises: calculating positions of corresponding points between the two images according to whether there are intrinsic parameters of the cameras; and synchronizing the RGB image and the depth image having an identical size and in which corresponding pixels are at identical positions based on one of the two images having a lower resolution. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the matching of the input RGB image and depth image further comprises: when it is determined that there are no intrinsic parameters of the cameras, extracting identical points between the RGB image and the depth image; calculating an image matching relationship by matching the extracted identical points, calculating a two-dimensional (2D) homography matrix according to the calculated matching relationship, and then synchronizing the two images. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the extracting of the ROI comprises: removing the background image from the matched RGB image and depth image using image motion information between frames of the matched RGB-D image data; calculating respective contours for the foreground image obtained by removing the background image, and grouping the contours; projecting data of the grouped contours to x and y axes to designate a region with a bounding box; and extracting skeleton information from the bounding box region to extract the ROI. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the extracting of the ROI comprises matching a preset cylindrical 3D model to a 3D position of the extracted skeleton information and extracting a region of the matched cylindrical 3D model as the ROI estimated to contain the person. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the correcting of the depth image comprises: dividing matched RGB image data corresponding to matched depth image data into ROI patches; analyzing degrees of image template similarity of the divided ROI patches; correcting patch-specific depth data and integrating the patches whose depth data has been corrected; and removing data noise to correct the depth image by performing post processing, such as Gaussian filtering, for edges of the integrated patches. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the analyzing of the degrees of image template similarity comprises analyzing the degrees of image template similarity using a colorization method of Anat Levin. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the extracting of the person region comprises: when RGB-D image data whose depth data has been corrected is input, dividing the ROI into groups based on 3D distance; removing invalid groups using skeleton information to find a valid group; extracting pixels of the RGB image corresponding to grouped depth data values; and extracting an RGB region of the person from the original image using the extracted RGB pixels. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein dividing of the ROI into the groups comprises dividing the ROI into the groups using a K-means clustering method.",
-    "A thin film capacitor comprises a base material, a dielectric layer provided on the base material, and an upper electrode layer provided on the dielectric layer. The dielectric layer includes a plurality of columnar crystals that extend along a normal direction with respect to a surface of the upper electrode layer. The columnar crystal has a perovskite crystal structure represented by AyBO3. An element A is at least one of Ba, Ca, Sr, and Pb, and an element B is at least one of Ti, Zr, Sn, and Hf. Further, y\u22660.995 is satisfied, and the dielectric layer contains 0.05 to 2.5 mol of Mg per 100 mol of AyBO3. 1. A thin film capacitor comprising: a base material; a dielectric layer provided on the base material; and an upper electrode layer provided on the dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer includes a plurality of columnar crystals that extend along a normal direction with respect to a surface of the upper electrode layer, the columnar crystals have a perovskite crystal structure represented by AyBO3, an element A is at least one of Ba, Ca, Sr, and Pb, an element B is at least one of Ti, Zr, Sn, and Hf, y\u22660.995 is satisfied, and the dielectric layer contains 0.05 to 2.5 mol of Mg per 100 mol of AyBO3. 2. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer further contains 0.05 to 0.45 mol of Mn per 100 mol of AyBO3. 3. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer further contains at least one of V, Nb, and Ta, and total content of V, Nb, and Ta is 0.05 to 0.5 mol per 100 mol of AyBO3. 4. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer further contains at least one of rare-earth elements, and total content of the rare-earth elements is 0.05 to 0.3 mol per 100 mol of AyBO3. 5. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein 0.97\u2266y\u22660.995 holds. 6. The thin film capacitor according to claim 1, wherein the base material is a metal foil that contains Ni as a principal component.",
-    "A wireless power receiver for receiving power from a wireless power transmitter using resonance according to the embodiment includes a reception resonant coil resonance-coupled with a transmission resonant coil of the wireless power transmitter for receiving the power, a reception induction coil coupled with the reception resonant coil for receiving the power, and a connecting unit, and the reception resonant coil includes at least one conductive line having one end and an opposite end being open with each other, and the connecting unit couples the one end and the opposite end of each conductive line with each other so that the reception resonant coil forms a closed loop. 1. A portable device for receiving power from a wireless power transmitter, the portable device comprising: a reception resonant coil resonance-coupled with a transmission resonant coil of the wireless power transmitter for receiving the power, the reception resonant coil including a conductive line, wherein the conductive line has a first end and a second end being open to each other; and a connecting unit including a first connector and a second connector; wherein the first end of the conductive line is disposed in the first connector and the second end of the conductive line is disposed in the second connector, the first and second connectors being connectable to each other so that the first end of the conductive line and the second end of the conductive line are connectable to each other; and wherein the reception resonant coil receives the power using the connected conductive line from the transmission resonant coil. 2. The portable device of claim 1, wherein the first and second connectors are connected using an auxiliary connecting unit for a connection of the conductive line, and wherein the auxiliary connecting unit maintains the connection of the conductive line. 3. The portable device of claim 2, wherein the conductive line includes n conductive lines, n being an integer equal to or greater than 2; wherein each of the n conductive lines has its own first and second ends; and wherein the first end of a first conductive line and a second end of a second conductive line are connectable to each other so that the reception resonant coil forms a closed loop. 4. The portable device of claim 2, wherein the auxiliary connecting unit includes a first auxiliary connector and a second auxiliary connector, and wherein each of the first and second auxiliary connectors comprises a permanent magnet having different polarities. 5. The portable device of claim 1, wherein the connecting unit comprises an elastic member. 6. The portable device of claim 5, wherein the elastic member comprises a polymer resin or a resin composite. 7. The portable device of claim 1, wherein the reception resonant coil comprises an inductor and a capacitor. 8. The portable device of claim 7, wherein the capacitor includes a variable capacitor for matching resonant frequency with the transmission resonant coil. 9. The portable device of claim 1, further comprising a reception induction coil coupled with the reception resonant coil for receiving the power, wherein the reception induction coil comprises an inductor and a capacitor. 10. The portable device of claim 1, further comprising a rectifier circuit converting AC power received from the reception induction coil into DC power and transferring the DC power to a load. 11. The portable device of claim 1, wherein a radius of the reception resonant coil is greater than a radius of the transmission resonant coil. 12. The portable device of claim 1, wherein the first and second connectors include a first output line and a second output line, respectively; and wherein the first end of the conductive line is connected to one of the first and second output lines and the second end of the conductive line is connected to the other of the first and second output lines. 13. The portable device of claim 3, wherein the first and second connectors include a first output line and a second output line, respectively; and wherein the second end of the first conductive line is connected to one of the first and second output lines and the first end of a n-th conductive line is connected to the other of the first and second output lines. 14. A method for receiving wireless power from a wireless power transmitter with a portable device comprising a reception resonant coil including a conductive line which has a first end and a second end being open to each other, the method comprising: determining whether a first connector and a second connector are connected to each other so that the reception resonant coil forms a closed loop, wherein the first end of the conductive line is disposed in the first connector and the second end of the conductive line is disposed in the second connector, and wherein the first end of the conductive line and the second end of the conductive line are connected by the first connector and the second connector; and receiving the power using the connected conductive line of the reception resonant coil from a transmission resonant coil of the wireless power transmitter if the first end of the conductive line and the second end of the conductive line are connected by the first connector and the second connector, wherein the reception resonant coil is resonance-coupled with the transmission resonant coil. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second connectors are connected using an auxiliary connecting unit for a connection of the conductive line, and wherein the auxiliary connecting unit maintains the connection of the conductive line. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the conductive line includes n conductive lines, n being an integer equal to or greater than 2; wherein each of the n conductive lines has its own first and second ends; and wherein the first end of a first conductive line and a second end of a second conductive line are connectable to each other so that the reception resonant coil forms a closed loop. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the auxiliary connecting unit includes a first auxiliary connector and a second auxiliary connector, and wherein each of the first and second auxiliary connectors comprises a permanent magnet having different polarities. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the connecting unit comprises an elastic member. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the elastic member comprises a polymer resin or a resin composite. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the reception resonant coil comprises an inductor and a capacitor. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the capacitor includes a variable capacitor for matching resonant frequency with the transmission resonant coil. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein a radius of the reception resonant coil is greater than a radius of the transmission resonant coil. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second connectors include a first output line and a second output line, respectively; and wherein the first end of the conductive line is connected to one of the first and second output lines and the second end of the conductive line is connected to the other of the first and second output lines. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the first and second connectors include a first output line and a second output line, respectively; and wherein the second end of the first conductive line is connected to one of the first and second output lines and the first end of a n-th conductive line is connected to the other of the first and second output lines.",
-    "According to the invention, generally, a microfluidic aliquoting (MA) chip, adapted to fit in a Petri dish, has a center well (inlet) connected by a plurality of microchannels to a plurality of side wells (outlets). A relatively large (such as 120 \u03bcL) cell suspension having several cells may be injected into the inlet of the MA chip, and single cells may be substantially simultaneously and uniformly distributed, via positive pressure-driving flow, to the several (such as 120) side wells having single cells in less than 1 minute. The MA Chip has a high efficiency in cell recovery. Due to rapid isolation and easy identification of single cells, high cell viability, high enrichment factor, and convenient transfer of submicroliter single-cell suspension, MA Chips are well compatible with CTC isolation from blood, single-cell cloning, PCR, and sequencing. 1. A microfluidic aliquot (MA) chip for performing single-cell isolation, comprising: a chip in the form of a disc having a radius, a center, a top surface, a bottom surface, an outer edge and a thickness; a single center well (inlet) disposed substantially at the center of the chip, extending into and accessible from the top surface of the chip; a plurality of side wells (outlets) disposed in an annular outer portion of the chip, extending into and accessible from the top surface of the chip; and a plurality of channels extending into the bottom surface of the chip and extending from the center well to the side wells in fluid communication with the center well and the side wells. 2. The MA chip of claim 1, wherein: the chip comprises a thin sheet of flexible or semi-rigid material selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), PS (polystyrene), and PC (polycarbonate). 3. The MA chip of claim 1, characterized by at least one of: the chip has a thickness of approximately 1 mm; the chip is sized and shaped to fit within a Petri dish; and the chip has a radius of approximately 3 cm. 4. The MA chip of claim 1, wherein: the center well extends completely through the chip; and the side wells extend completely through the chip. 5. The MA chip of claim 1, characterized by at least one of: the center well has a diameter of approximately 3 mm; and the center well has a volume of approximately 4 \u03bcl. 6. The MA chip of claim 1, characterized by at least one of: at least some of the side wells each have a diameter of approximately 1.5 mm; and at least some of the side wells each has a volume of approximately 1 \u03bcl. 7. The MA chip of claim 1, wherein: a first set of the plurality of side wells are disposed at a first radius (r1) from the center of the chip; and a second set of the plurality of side wells are disposed at a second radius (r2) from the center of the chip; wherein the second radius (r2) is greater than the first radius (r1). 8. The MA chip of claim 7, wherein: the first and second sets of side wells are interleaved such that the second set of side wells are disposed at circumferential positions between the first set of sixty side wells. 9. The MA chip of claim 7, wherein: the first and second sets of side wells are distributed evenly around the annular outer portion of the chip. 10. The MA chip of claim 1, wherein: the annular outer portion of the chip extends from at least 70% of the radius of the chip to an outer edge of the chip. 11. The MA chip of claim 1, characterized by at least one of: the channels extend radially from the center well to the side wells; the channels extend only partially into the chip; the channels have a width of approximately 30 \u03bcm; and the channels are sized and shaped to accommodate transport of single cells from the center well to the side wells. 12. The MA chip of claim 1, further comprising: relatively small \u03bcm-scale markings disposed inboard of at least some of the side wells for uniquely identifying the side wells under microscopic observation; and relatively large mm-scale markings disposed outboard of at least some of the side wells for uniquely identifying the side wells under naked-eye observation. 13. The MA chip of claim 1, further comprising: a cap having a hole extending therethrough, adapted in use to be disposed atop the center well, for facilitating loading of a cell suspension into the center well. 14. The MA chip of claim 13, wherein: the cap is cylindrical and comprises a lip or shoulder extending from a bottom surface thereof to within the center well to temporarily secure the cap in place during loading of the cell suspension. 15. The MA chip of claim 13, wherein: the cap is formed integrally with the chip. 16. A method of isolating single cells from a cell suspension having a few cells comprising: injecting a cell suspension having a few cells into an inlet of a microfluidic aliquot (MA) chip having a single center well and a plurality side wells connected by a plurality microchannels to the center well; and displacing single cells via the microchannels to the side wells by positive-pressure driving flow. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising at least one of: identifying and isolating single or rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood, wherein the CTCs are captured in the side wells after single or multi-step MA Chip operations; and identifying and isolating single cells and objects from a complicated matrix, including isolating single objects including bacterial, beads, particles, virus from a matrix, including isolating Tuberculosis, and to isolate single clones, including isolating yeast cells of a particular genotype/phenotype. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: identifying cells in the side wells; and retrieving cells from the side wells containing only single cells. 19. A method of performing single-cell analysis, comprising: providing a microfluidic aliquot chip comprising: a chip in the form of a disc having a center and a surface; a single center well (inlet) disposed substantially at the center of the chip; a plurality of side wells (outlets) disposed in an annular outer portion of the chip; and a plurality of channels extending from the center well to the side wells; further comprising: injecting a cell suspension into an inlet of a microfluidic aliquot (MA) chip having a single center well and a plurality side wells connected by a plurality microchannels to the center well; and displacing single cells via the microchannels to the side wells by positive-pressure driving flow. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: adding cell-free media into the center well to generate positive hydrostatic pressure to cause single cells residual in the channels to flow into the side wells.",
-    "An image forming apparatus has a drawer accommodating a plurality of photosensitive drums. The photosensitive drums are arranged in an arrangement direction. A supporting member is configured to support the drawer, inside the casing, such that the drawer is movable, in the arrangement direction, between an accommodated position and an exposed position at which the drawer is partially protruded outside the casing. A belt is arranged to convey the sheet, and has a stretched surface extending in the arrangement direction and facing the photosensitive drums. A registration roller pair serves to adjust an orientation of the sheet conveyed from the sheet feed tray and conveys the sheet through a nip between the first registration roller and the second registration roller toward the stretched surface of the belt. The registration roller pair is integrally secured to the drawer so as to be movable in the arrangement direction together with the drawer. 1. An image forming apparatus configured to form an image on a sheet, comprising: a drawer accommodating a plurality of photosensitive drums each configured to bear developing agent, the photosensitive drums being parallel to each other in the drawer, the photosensitive drums being arranged in an arrangement direction which is a direction perpendicular to rotational axes of the photosensitive drums; a casing having a first opening; a supporting member configured to support the drawer such that the drawer is movable in the arrangement direction, the drawer being movable in the arrangement direction between an accommodated position at which the drawer is completely accommodated in the casing and an exposed position at which the drawer is protruded outside through the first opening such that the photosensitive drums are exposed to outside; a belt unit having a belt that moves to convey the sheet, the belt having a stretched surface extending in the arrangement direction and facing the photosensitive drums; a sheet feed tray arranged on a lower side with respect to the belt unit in a vertical direction, the sheet feed tray being capable of accommodating multiple sheets to be conveyed by the belt unit; a registration roller pair having a first registration roller and a second registration roller, the registration roller pair serving to adjust an orientation of the sheet conveyed from the sheet feed tray and conveys the sheet through a nip between the first registration roller and the second registration roller toward the stretched surface of the belt, the registration roller pair being integrally secured to the drawer so as to be movable in the arrangement direction together with the drawer, a contact part where the nip between the first registration roller and the second registration roller is formed is located on an upper side, in the vertical direction, with respect to the stretched surface of the belt; and a guiding part configured to guide the sheet discharged from the registration roller pair to the stretched surface of the belt such that the sheet is guided to the stretched surface of the belt at an acute angle. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a second opening is formed on the casing at a position upward, in the vertical direction, with respect to the stretched surface of the belt, the second opening communicating with the contact part and allowing the sheet to pass through. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a driving gear provided to the casing; a driven gear provided to the drawer, the driven gear being configured to engage with the driving gear to receive a driving force from the driving gear and transmit the driving force to the first registration roller; and a lifting mechanism configured to lift the drawer upward, in the vertical direction, until the driven gear is disengaged from the driving gear. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a door configured to close and open the first opening, wherein the lift mechanism is configured to move the drawer upward, in the vertical direction so that the driven gear is disengaged from the driving gear, when the door is opened, while move the drawer downward, in the vertical direction, when the door is closed. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a holding member detachably attached to the drawer, the holding member accommodating the registration roller pair. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: a removing mechanism configured to remove adhered substances adhered on the sheet; and a container provided to the holding member, the container being configured to contain the adhered substances removed by the removing mechanism. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive drums are assembled to the drawer so as not to be detached from the drawer. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive drums are detachably attached to the drawer. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising multiple cartridges respectively hold the photosensitive drums, wherein the multiple cartridges are detachably attached to the drawer. 10. An image forming apparatus configured to form an image on a sheet, comprising: a casing having a first opening; a supporting member disposed in the casing and extending along a first direction; a belt unit having a belt, the belt having a stretched surface extending in the first direction; and a drawer comprising a plurality of photosensitive drums and a registration roller pair, wherein: the drawer is supported by the supporting member; and the drawer is movable in the first direction between, an accommodated position at which the drawer is completely accommodated in the casing, and an exposed position at which the drawer is protruded outside through the first opening and at least one of the photosensitive drums are exposed to outside, and wherein: the registration roller pair comprising a first registration roller and a second registration roller; the registration roller pair is configured to feed the sheet through a nip between the first registration roller and the second registration roller toward the stretched surface of the belt; and the nip between the first registration roller and the second registration roller is located on an upper side, in the vertical direction, with respect to the stretched surface of the belt.",
-    "A bridged polysilsesquioxane-based flame retardant filler imparts flame retardancy to manufactured articles such as connectors and other articles of manufacture that employ thermosetting plastics or thermoplastics. In an exemplary synthetic method, a bridged polysilsesquioxane-based flame retardant filler is prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer having two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group that contains a fire retardant group (e.g., a halogen atom, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof). Bridged polysilsesquioxane particles formed by sol-gel polymerization of (((2,5-dibromo-1,4-phenylene)bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(tri-methoxysilane), for example, and follow-on sol-gel processing may serve both as a filler for rheology control (viscosity, flow, etc.) and a flame retardant. 1. An article of manufacture, comprising: a housing comprising a plastic material, wherein the plastic material includes a flame retardant filler comprising a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the bridging group contains a fire retardant group selected from a halogen atom, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof. 2. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 1, wherein the article of manufacture is a connector. 3. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 1, wherein the bridging group contains at least two bromine atoms as the fire retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: 4. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 1, wherein the bridging group contains at least four bromine atoms as the fire retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: 5. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 1, wherein the bridging group contains a phosphinate as the flame retardant group and the monomer is represented by the following formula: wherein R1, R2 and R3 are organic substituents. 6. An article of manufacture, comprising: a housing comprising a plastic material, wherein the plastic material includes a flame retardant filler comprising a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the organic bridging group has a backbone portion that includes at least two oxygen atoms, and wherein the organic bridging group is halogenated. 7. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 6, wherein the article of manufacture is a connector. 8. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 6, wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane is incorporated into the plastic material in the form of bridged polysilsesquioxane particles. 9. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 8, wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane particles serve both as a filler for rheology control and a flame retardant. 10. An article of manufacture, comprising: a housing comprising a plastic material, wherein the plastic material includes a flame retardant filler comprising a bridged polysilsesquioxane prepared by sol-gel polymerization of a monomer comprising two or more trialkoxysilyl groups attached to an organic bridging group, wherein the organic bridging group contains a fire retardant group selected from a phosphinate, a phosphonate, a phosphate ester, and combinations thereof, and wherein the organic bridging group has a backbone portion that includes at least one phosphorous atom. 11. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 10, wherein the article of manufacture is a connector. 12. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 10, wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane is incorporated into the plastic material in the form of bridged polysilsesquioxane particles. 13. The article of manufacture as recited in claim 12, wherein the bridged polysilsesquioxane particles serve both as a filler for rheology control and a flame retardant.",
-    "A chip resistor includes: a resistor body having a front surface and a mounting surface which face in opposite directions; a pair of electrodes which are disposed on both sides of the resistor body with the resistor body sandwiched therebetween and are in electrical conduction with the resistor body; and a protective film covering a portion of the resistor body, wherein a plurality of grooves, which does not penetrate through the resistor body, is formed in the front surface of the resistor body. 1. A chip resistor comprising: a resistor body having a front surface and a mounting surface which face in opposite directions; a pair of electrodes which are disposed on both sides of the resistor body with the resistor body sandwiched therebetween and are in electrical conduction with the resistor body; and a protective film covering a portion of the resistor body, wherein a plurality of grooves, which does not penetrate through the resistor body, is formed in the front surface of the resistor body. 2. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein a direction of the plurality of grooves is a direction perpendicular to a direction of current flowing through the resistor body. 3. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein an interval between the plurality of grooves is 50 to 100 \u03bcm. 4. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein the resistor body has a serpentine shape when viewed from top. 5. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the resistor body is 50 to 150 \u03bcm. 6. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein the resistor body is made of an alloy containing Cu, Mn and Ni. 7. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein the pair of electrodes covers a portion of each of the resistor body and the protective film. 8. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein the pair of electrodes includes an inner electrode which is in electrical conduction with the resistor body and covers a portion of the protective film, an intermediate electrode covering the inner electrode, and an outer electrode covering the intermediate electrode. 9. The chip resistor of claim 8, wherein the inner electrode is made of a Ni\u2014Cr alloy. 10. The chip resistor of claim 8, wherein the intermediate electrode and the outer electrode are formed from a plating layer. 11. The chip resistor of claim 10, wherein the outer electrode is formed from a Sn plating layer. 12. The chip resistor of claim 10, wherein the intermediate electrode includes a first intermediate electrode covering the inner electrode and a second intermediate electrode covering the first intermediate electrode. 13. The chip resistor of claim 12, wherein the first intermediate electrode is formed from a Cu plating layer. 14. The chip resistor of claim 12, wherein the second intermediate electrode is formed from a Ni plating layer. 15. The chip resistor of claim 1, wherein the protective film is made of a thermosetting resin. 16. The chip resistor of claim 15, wherein the protective film is made of a polyimide resin. 17. The chip resistor of claim 1, further comprising a substrate having a main surface and a mounting surface which face in opposite directions, wherein the resistor body is mounted on the substrate under a state where the mounting surface of the resistor body and the mounting surface of the substrate face each other. 18. The chip resistor of claim 17, wherein the substrate is an electrical insulator. 19. The chip resistor of claim 18, wherein the substrate is made of alumina. 20. The chip resistor of claim 18, wherein the substrate is made of a glass epoxy resin. 21. The chip resistor of claim 20, wherein the resistor body is mounted on the substrate under a state where the resistor body is buried in the substrate. 22. The chip resistor of claim 17, further comprising an adhesive layer sandwiched between the mounting surface of the substrate and the mounting surface of the resistor body. 23. The chip resistor of claim 22, wherein the adhesive layer is an electrical insulator. 24. The chip resistor of claim 23, wherein the adhesive layer contains an epoxy resin. 25. A method for manufacturing a chip resistor, comprising: preparing a sheet resistor body which includes a plurality of resistor body regions and has a front surface and a mounting surface which face in opposite directions; forming a plurality of grooves for resistance adjustment for each of the resistor body regions, the plurality of grooves being formed in front surfaces of the plurality of resistor body regions and not penetrating through the resistor body regions; forming a protective film body covering a portion of the plurality of resistor body regions in the front surface of the sheet resistor body; forming a conductive layer in an exposed portion of the plurality of resistor body regions, which is not covered by the protective film body, in the front surface of the sheet resistor body; and dividing the sheet resistor body into segments for the resistor body regions to form a pair of inner electrodes, which are in electrical conduction with the resistor body regions, on both sides of each of the resistor body regions with the resistor body regions sandwiched between the inner electrodes. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the act of forming a plurality of grooves includes forming a trimming groove for each of the resistor body regions, the trimming groove penetrating through the resistor body region. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the act of forming a plurality of grooves includes forming the plurality of grooves by means of a laser trimming device. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the act of forming a plurality of grooves includes forming the plurality of grooves for each of a plurality of sections set in each of the resistor body regions. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the act of forming a plurality of grooves includes forming the plurality of grooves in an order from a section located in an outer side of the resistor body region toward a section located in an inner side of the resistor body region. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the act of forming a plurality of grooves includes forming the plurality of grooves alternately in an order of a section located between the center of the resistor body region and one of the pair of inner electrodes and a section located between the center of the resistor body region and the other of the pair of inner electrodes. 31. The method of claim 25, wherein the act of forming a conductive layer includes forming the conductive layer by means of deposition or printing. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the deposition is a sputtering. 33. The method of claim 25, further comprising forming an intermediate electrode covering the pair of inner electrodes and an outer electrode covering the intermediate electrode for each of the segments. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the act of forming an intermediate electrode and an outer electrode includes forming the intermediate electrode and the outer electrode by means of plating. 35. The method of claim 25, further comprising bonding a sheet substrate to the mounting surface of the sheet resistor body. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the act of bonding a sheet substrate includes bonding the sheet substrate by applying an adhesive made of an epoxy resin to the mounting surface of the sheet resistor body or by disposing an adhesive sheet made of a glass epoxy resin on the mounting surface of the sheet resistor body.",
-    "A thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate is provided. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate comprises a substrate having at least a display region; and a plurality of bottom-gated thin-film transistors formed over the substrate. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate also includes a plurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines formed over the substrate in the display region and defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a plurality pre-reserved blank regions are configured among the scan lines, the data lines and the plurality of sub-pixels; and a gate driver circuit formed over the substrate in the display region and disposed in the pre-reserved blank regions in the display region. 1. A thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate, comprising: a substrate having at least a display region; a plurality of bottom-gated thin-film transistors formed over the substrate; a plurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines formed over the substrate in the display region and defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a plurality of pre-reserved blank regions are configured among the scan lines, the data line, and the plurality of sub-pixels; and a gate driver circuit formed over the substrate in the display region and disposed in the pre-reserved blank regions in the display region. 2. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 1, wherein the bottom-gated thin-film transistors further comprises: a gate metal layer formed over the substrate; a semiconductor layer formed over the gate metal layer; and a source and drain metal layer formed over the semiconductor layer. 3. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 2, wherein: the semiconductor layer is made of one of amorphous silicon and indium gallium zinc oxide. 4. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 2, further comprising: a first non-conductive dielectric layer formed over the source and drain metal layer; a common electrode layer formed over the first non-conductive dielectric layer; and a pixel electrode layer formed over the common electrode layer, wherein the common electrode also covers the gate drive circuit. 5. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 4, wherein: the non-conductive dielectric layer is made of one of a passive layer and an organic layer; a thickness of the passive layer is in a range of approximately 0.8 \u03bcm\u02dc5 \u03bcm; and a thickness of the organic layer is in a range of approximately 0.8 \u03bcm\u02dc5 \u03bcm. 6. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 2, wherein the display region further comprises: a plurality of pixel cells, wherein: each of the plurality of pixel cells includes a first sub-pixel and an adjacent second sub-pixel of the plurality of sub-pixels; a first data line and an adjacent second data of the plurality of data lines are disposed between the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel; and the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel are connected to the first data line and the second data line, respectively. 7. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 6, wherein the pre-reserved blank regions further comprises: a first pre-reserved blank region between two adjacent pixel cells, extending along a direction of the data lines; and a second pre-reserved blank region between the first data line and the second data line; extending along the direction of the data lines. 8. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 7, wherein: a plurality of sub-pixels in a same row are connected to a same scan line, wherein the display region further comprises: a plurality of third sub-pixels of the plurality of sub-pixels and a plurality of adjacent fourth sub-pixels of the plurality of sub-pixels, connecting to a first scan line of the plurality of scan lines and a second scan line of the plurality of scan lines disposed between the first scan lines and the second scan lines, respectively. 9. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 8, the pre-reserved blank regions further comprises: a third pre-reserved blank region disposed between the first scan line and the third sub-pixel region, extending along a direction of the scan lines; a fourth pre-reserved blank region disposed between the second scan line and the fourth sub-pixel, extending along the direction of the scan lines; and a fifth pre-reserved blank region disposed between the first scan line and the fourth sub-pixel, extending along the direction of the scan lines. 10. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 9, the gate driver circuit further comprises at least: a signal control line; a bottom-gated thin-film transistor (TFT); and a capacitor. 11. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 10, wherein: the control signal line is disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region; and the control signal line extends along a direction of the data lines and crosses over the scan lines with an insulation. 12. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 10, wherein the bottom-gated thin-film transistor further comprises: a gate formed by patterning the gate metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region; a first semiconductor facing the gate formed by patterning the semiconductor layer; and disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region; a source formed by patterning the source and drain metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved region and the third pre-reserved blank region; and a drain formed by patterning the source and drain metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved region and the fourth pre-reserved region. 13. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 12, wherein the gate further comprises: a first gate wiring disposed in parallel with the date line; and a second gate wiring disposed in parallel with the scan line, wherein the first gate wiring and the second gate wiring are disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region and the fifth pre-reserved blank region, respectively. 14. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 13, wherein: the source includes a first source wiring disposed in parallel with the data line and a second source wiring disposed in parallel with the scan line, wherein: the first source wiring is formed by patterning the source and drain metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region; the second source wiring is formed by patterning the gate metal layer, and disposed in the third pre-reserved blank region; and the first source wiring and the second source wiring are electrically connected through a through-hole structure; and the drain includes a first drain wiring disposed in parallel with the data line and a second drain wiring disposed in parallel with the scan line, wherein: the first drain wiring is formed by patterning the source and drain metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region; the second drain wiring is formed by patterning the gate metal layer, and disposed in one of the fourth pre-reserved blank region; and the first drain wiring and the second wiring are electrically connected through a through-hole structure. 15. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 10, wherein the gate driver circuit further comprises at least: a thin-film transistor (TFT) group having a plurality of thin-film transistors (TFTs) connected in parallel, and disposed in different pre-reserved blank regions. 16. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 10, wherein the thin film transistor further comprises: at least a diode-type thin film transistor (TFT) formed by one of short-circuiting the source and the gate of the thin-film transistor (TFT), and short-circuiting the drain and the gate of the thin-film transistor (TFT). 17. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 9, wherein the capacitor further comprises: a first capacitor electrode formed by patterning the gate metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region; and a second capacitor electrode facing the first capacitor electrode formed by patterning the source and drain metal layer, and disposed in the first pre-reserved blank region. 18. The thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate according to claim 17, wherein: the first capacitor electrode and the second capacitor electrode are disposed in parallel with the data line in the first pre-reserved blank region; the first capacitor electrode is connected to a first voltage by a third connecting wiring formed by patterning the gate metal layer; the second capacitor electrode is connected to a second voltage by a fourth connecting wiring formed by patterning the source and drain metal layer; and the second capacitor electrode and the fourth connecting wiring are electrically connected by a through-hole structure. 19. A display panel, comprising: at least a thin-film transistor (TFT), wherein the thin-film transistor includes: a substrate having at least a display region; a plurality of bottom-gated thin-film transistors formed over the substrate; a plurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines formed over the substrate in the display region and defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a plurality of pre-reserved blank regions are configured among the scan lines, the data line, and the plurality of sub-pixels; and a gate driver circuit formed over the substrate in the display region and disposed in the pre-reserved blank regions in the display region. 20. A display apparatus, comprising: at least a display panel having at least a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor comprises: a substrate having at least a display region; a plurality of bottom-gated thin-film transistors formed over the substrate; a plurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines formed over the substrate in the display region and defining a plurality of sub-pixels, wherein a plurality of pre-reserved blank regions are configured among the scan lines, the data line, and the plurality of sub-pixels; and a gate driver circuit formed over the substrate in the display region and disposed in the pre-reserved blank regions in the display region.",
-    "An industrial truck with an interchangeable battery block and a battery compartment receiving the battery block, wherein the battery compartment has a floor with roller receivers, each of which can mount a roller module, wherein the roller receivers each have a central cut-out and two opposite-lying bearing sections for the roller module, wherein each of the bearing sections has a trough-shaped half shell, the base of which borders the central cut-out between the bearing sections. 1. A battery compartment for an industrial truck for receiving an interchangeable battery block, the battery compartment comprising: a floor comprising roller receivers, each of which is configured to mount a roller module, wherein the roller receivers each comprise a central cut-out and two opposite-lying bearing sections for the roller module, wherein each of the bearing sections comprises a trough-shaped half shell, wherein the base of each of the bearing sections borders the central cut-out between the bearing sections. 2. The battery compartment of claim 1, wherein the bearing section is formed as one piece in the floor. 3. The battery compartment of claim 1, wherein each of the bearing section comprises a transition area, which extends from the plane of the floor at an angle of inclination to the base of the bearing section. 4. The battery compartment of claim 1, wherein the roller module comprises a roller sleeve rotatably mounted on a pin, wherein two pin ends protrude from the roller sleeve laterally. 5. The battery compartment of claim 4, wherein the base of each of the bearing sections is designed to mount a pin end. 6. The battery compartment of claim 5, wherein the base of each of the bearing sections comprises a projection, which extends into the central cut-out along a connection line between the bearing sections. 7. The battery compartment of claim 1, wherein transverse stops protrude into the central cut-out transversely to a connection line of the bearing sections. 8. The battery compartment of claim 7, wherein the transverse stops progress in a planar manner with respect to the floor in the battery compartment. 9. The battery compartment of claim 1, wherein, in the inserted state of the roller module, the roller sleeve progresses between the base of each of the bearing sections of the roller receiver and the base of the floor. 10. The battery compartment of claim 4, wherein, in the inserted state of the roller module, the pin ends are arranged entirely between the base of each of the bearing sections of the roller receiver and the base of the floor.",
-    "A prompting method using an electronic device includes detecting whether the electronic device receives a new event. A number of times that new events of the electronic device are not processed is calculated when the received new event is not processed. A prompting device is controlled to transmit a notice of the received new event according to the calculated number of times. 1. A prompting method using an electronic device, the electronic device comprising a prompting device, the method comprising: detecting whether the electronic device receives a new event; calculating a number of times that new events of the electronic device are not processed when the received new event is not processed; and controlling the prompting device to transmit a notice of the received new event according to the calculated number of times, wherein a frequency of the prompting device transmitting the notice is in direct proportion to the calculated number of times. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: resetting the calculated number of times when the received new event is processed. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of times encompasses multiple types of received new events corresponding to a same sender, wherein the multiple types of received new events are defined to be messages received from different predetermined applications. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of times encompasses only one type of received new events corresponding to a same sender. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the prompting device comprises one or more prompting unit, each of the one or more prompting unit transmits a different notice. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the calculated number of times is reset to be zero when the received new event is processed. 7. The method according to claim 5, further comprising: presetting a threshold value for each of the one or more prompting unit; and for each of the one or more prompting unit, controlling the prompting unit to transmit the notice when the calculated number of times is greater than the threshold value of the prompting unit. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: presetting a list of senders; controlling the prompting device to transmit the notice according to the calculated number of times when a sender of the received new event is on the list; and controlling the prompting device to transmit the notice not according to the calculated number of times when the sender is not on the list. 9. An electronic device, comprising: a prompting device; at least one processor; and a storage device that stores one or more computer-readable programs that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: detect whether the electronic device receives a new event; calculate a number of times that new events of the electronic device are not processed when the received new event is not processed; and control the prompting device to transmit a notice of the received new event according to the calculated number of times, wherein a frequency of the prompting device transmitting the notice is in direct proportion to the calculated number of times. 10. The electronic device according to claim 9, wherein the at least one processor further caused to: reset the calculated number of times when the received new event is processed. 11. The electronic device according to claim 9, wherein the number of times encompasses multiple types of received new events corresponding to a same sender, wherein the multiple types of received new events are defined to be messages received from different predetermined applications. 12. The electronic device according to claim 9, wherein the number of times encompasses only one type of received new events corresponding to a same sender. 13. The electronic device according to claim 9, wherein the prompting device comprises one or more prompting unit, each of the one or more prompting unit transmits a different notice. 14. The electronic device according to claim 10, wherein the calculated number of times is reset to be zero when the received new event is processed. 15. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the at least one processor further caused to: preset a threshold value for each of the one or more prompting unit; and for each of the one or more prompting unit, control the prompting unit to transmit the notice when the calculated number of times is greater than the threshold value of the prompting unit. 16. The electronic device according to claim 9, wherein the at least one processor further caused to: preset a list of senders; control the prompting device to transmit the notice according to the calculated number of times when a sender of the received new event is on the list; and control the prompting device to transmit the notice not according to the calculated number of times when the sender is not on the list. 17. A non-transitory storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a processor of an electronic device, causes the processor to perform a prompting method, the electronic device comprising a prompting device, wherein the method comprises: detecting whether the electronic device receives a new event; calculating a number of times that new events of the electronic device are not processed when the received new event is not processed; and controlling the prompting device to transmit a notice of the received new event according to the calculated number of times, wherein a frequency of the prompting device transmitting the notice is in direct proportion to the calculated number of times. 18. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprising: resetting the calculated number of times when the received new event is processed. 19. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the number of times encompasses multiple types of received new events corresponding to a same sender, wherein the multiple types of received new events are defined to be messages received from different predetermined applications. 20. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the number of times encompasses only one type of received new events corresponding to a same sender. 21. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the prompting device comprises one or more prompting unit, each of the one or more prompting unit transmits a different notice. 22. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the calculated number of times is reset to be zero when the received new event is processed. 23. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 21, wherein the method further comprises: presetting a threshold value for each of the one or more prompting unit; and for each of the one or more prompting unit, controlling the prompting unit to transmit the notice when the calculated number of times is greater than the threshold value of the prompting unit. 24. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises: presetting a list of senders; controlling the prompting device to transmit the notice according to the calculated number of times when a sender of the received new event is on the list; and controlling the prompting device to transmit the notice not according to the calculated number of times when the sender is not on the list.",
-    "Apparatuses and methods for standby current control of a signal path in a semiconductor device are described. An example apparatus includes: first and second logic gates coupled in series; a first circuit coupled between the first logic gate and a power supply line that activates the first logic gate responsive to a first control signal; and a second circuit coupled between the second logic gate and the power supply line that activates the second logic gate responsive to a second control signal that is different from the first control signal. 1. (canceled) 2. An apparatus comprising: first and second logic gates coupled in series; a first circuit coupled between the first logic gate and a power supply line and configured to activate the first logic gate responsive to a first control signal; a second circuit coupled between the second logic gate and the power supply line and configured to activate the second logic gate responsive to a second control signal that is different from the first control signal; a third circuit coupled between the first logic gate and a second ground potential terminal and configured to provide a ground potential to a source of the first logic gate, responsive to the second control signal; and a fourth circuit coupled between the second logic gate a first ground potential terminal and configured to provide a ground potential to a source of the second logic gate, responsive to the first control signal. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first circuit and the second circuit are p-channel field-effect transistors; wherein the third circuit and the fourth circuit are n-channel field-effect transistors, and wherein at least one of the first logic gate, the second logic gate and a third logic gate is an inverter. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the third circuit is further coupled between the third logic gate and the second ground potential terminal and configured to provide a ground potential to a source of the third logic gate, responsive to the second control signal. 5. An apparatus comprising: a standby logic circuit configured to provide a first control signal and a second control signal that is different from the first control signal responsive to a precharge command; and a signal transmission circuit comprising: a signal path comprising first and second logic gates coupled in series; a first precharge transistor coupled between the first logic gate and a power supply terminal; and a second precharge transistor coupled between the second logic gate and the power supply terminal, wherein the signal transmission circuit is configured to receive the first control signal and the second control signal. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first precharge transistor is configured to activate the first logic gate responsive to the first control signal; and the second precharge transistor is configured to activate the second logic gate responsive to the second control signal. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the signal transmission circuit further comprises: a first switching transistor coupled between a first ground potential terminal and a second ground potential terminal coupled to the first logic gate, and configured to activate the second logic gate responsive to the first control signal; and a second switching transistor coupled between the first ground potential terminal and a third ground potential terminal coupled to the second logic gate, and configured to activate a third logic gate coupled serially to the second logic gate responsive to the second control signal. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the signal transmission circuit further comprises: a first derivative control signal circuit configured to generate a first derivative control signal and a second derivative control signal from the first control signal; and a second derivative control signal circuit configured to generate a third derivative control signal and a fourth derivative control signal from the second control signal, wherein the first derivative signal circuit is configured to provide the first derivative control signal to the first precharge transistor and further configured to provide the second derivative control signal to the first switching transistor, and wherein the second derivative control signal circuit is configured to provide the third derivative control signal to the second precharge transistor and further configured to provide the fourth derivative control signal to the second switching transistor. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first precharge transistor is coupled to the first logic gate via the second ground potential terminal, and wherein the second precharge transistor is coupled to the second logic gate via the third ground potential terminal. 10. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first control signal and the second control signal are indicative of transiting between an active state and a standby state. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein a standby control logic is configured to provide the first control signal and the second control signal responsive to at least one command signal. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first control signal is configured to indicate an entry to the standby state at a first time and the second control signal is configured to indicate an entry to the standby state at a second time later than the first time, during a first transition from the active state to the standby state, and wherein the second control signal is configured to indicate an entry to the active state at a third time and the first control signal is configured to indicate an entry to the active state at a fourth time later than the third time, during a second transition from the standby state to the active state. 13. A method, comprising: receiving a first control signal indicative of first transition to a standby state from an active state; activating a first logic gate responsive to the first control signal by a first precharge transistor between a power supply terminal and the first logic gate; receiving a second control signal indicative of the first transition to the standby state from the active state, and; activating a second logic gate serially coupled to the first logic gate responsive to the second control signal by a second precharge transistor between the power supply terminal and the second logic gate; activating the second logic gate coupled to a third ground potential terminal, responsive to the second control signal by a second switching transistor coupled between the third ground potential terminal and a first ground potential terminal; and activating a third logic gate coupled to a second ground potential terminal, responsive to the first control signal by a first switching transistor coupled between the second ground potential terminal and the first ground potential terminal. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: receiving the second control signal indicative of second transition to the active state from the standby state; deactivating the second logic gate responsive to the second control signal by the second precharge transistor between the power supply terminal and the second logic gate; receiving the first control signal indicative of the second transition to the active state from the standby state; and activating the first logic gate responsive to the first control signal by a first precharge transistor between the power supply terminal and the first logic gate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first transition and the second transition go through a preparation state having the first control signal indicative of the standby state and the second control signal indicative of the active state. 16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the first precharge transistor is coupled to the first logic gate and the third logic gate via the second ground potential terminal, and wherein the second precharge transistor is coupled to the second logic gate via the third ground potential terminal. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising: generating a first derivative control signal and a second derivative control signal from the first control signal; generating a third derivative control signal and a fourth derivative control signal from the second control signal, providing the first derivative control signal to the first precharge transistor; providing the second derivative control signal to the first switching transistor; providing the third derivative control signal to the second precharge transistor; and providing the fourth derivative control signal to the second switching transistor. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising: providing the first control signal and the second control signal indicative of transiting between an active state and a standby state. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first control signal and the second control signal are provided responsive to at least one command signal. 21. An apparatus comprising: a first logic gate; a second logic gate coupled in series to the first logic gate; a power supply line supplied with a power voltage; a first circuit coupled between the first logic gate and the power supply line, the first circuit being configured to turn on at a first time responsive to an entry to a standby state; and a second circuit coupled between the second logic gate and the power supply line, the second circuit being configured to turn on at a second time following the first time responsive to the entry to the standby state; a ground supply line supplied with a ground voltage; a third circuit coupled between the first logic gate and the ground supply line; and a fourth circuit coupled between the second logic gate and the ground supply line. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second circuit is further configured to turn off at a third time responsive to an entry to an active state from the standby state and the first circuit is further configured to turn off at a fourth time following the third time responsive to the entry to the active state from the standby state. 23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first logic gate includes a first input node, a first output node and a first logic circuit coupled between the first input node and the first output node and the second logic gate includes a second input node coupled to the first output node, a second output node and a second logic circuit coupled between the second input node and the second output node; and wherein the first circuit is coupled to the first input node and the second circuit is coupled to the second input node. 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the third circuit being configured to turn off at the second time responsive to an entry to a standby state; and wherein the fourth circuit being configured to turn off at the first time responsive to an entry to a standby state. 25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the third circuit being configured to turn off at a third time between the first time and the second time responsive to an entry to a standby state; and wherein the fourth circuit being configured to turn off at a fourth time before the first time responsive to an entry to a standby state. 26. The apparatus of claim 24, further comprising a first voltage line coupled to the first logic gate and a second voltage line coupled to the second logic gate; wherein the power voltage is supplied with the first logic gate through the first voltage line and the first circuit, and the ground voltage being supplied with the first logic gate through the first voltage line and the third circuit; and wherein the power voltage is supplied with the second logic gate through the second voltage line and the second circuit, and the ground voltage being supplied with the second logic gate through the second voltage line and the fourth circuit.",
-    "A lighting apparatus for a vehicle is disclosed. The lighting apparatus comprises a cover portion mounted to a body panel and forming an opening extending along a perimeter of the body panel. The apparatus further comprises at least one light source disposed within the opening and configured to emit light outward through the opening. A reflective portion is disposed proximate the opening. The light is projected from the reflective portion to illuminate a region proximate the vehicle. 1. A lighting apparatus for a vehicle, comprising: a cover portion mounted to a body panel and forming an opening extending along a perimeter of the body panel; at least one light source disposed within the opening and configured to emit light outward through the opening; and a reflective portion disposed proximate the opening, wherein the light is projected from the reflective portion to illuminate a region proximate the vehicle. 2. The lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cover portion corresponds to a molding portion. 3. The lighting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the molding portion comprises a carrier disposed between the cover portion and the body panel, the carrier having an exposed portion configured to luminesce in response to the light from the light source. 4. The lighting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the molding portion extends substantially around a perimeter of the vehicle illuminating the region. 5. The lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflective portion corresponds to a reflective strip extending substantially coextensive to the cover portion. 6. The lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflective portion corresponds to a layer of reflective material disposed on a surface of the panel. 7. The lighting apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the reflective material corresponds to a reflective paint disposed on the panel configured to reflect the light to illuminate the region proximate the vehicle. 8. A monitoring system for a vehicle, comprising: a lighting apparatus comprising: a cover portion proximate a perimeter of a body panel; and a light source concealed by the cover portion and configured to output an emission; and an imaging device configured to capture a field of view; and a controller in communication with the imaging device and the light source, wherein the controller is configured to: receive image data from the imaging device; and control the light source to illuminate a region proximate the vehicle with the emission, the region corresponding to the field of view. 9. The monitoring system according to claim 8, wherein the imaging device corresponds to a plurality of imaging devices configured to capture the image data corresponding to a panoramic scene extending at least 180 degrees around the vehicle. 10. The monitoring system according to claim 9, wherein the light source corresponds to a plurality of light sources extending around a belt-line of the vehicle. 11. The monitoring system according to claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to selectively activate a portion of the light sources corresponding to one or more of the fields of view of the imaging devices. 12. The monitoring system according to claim 8, further comprising a reflective portion disposed on the body panel proximate the cover portion. 13. The monitoring system according to claim 12, wherein the emission is projected from the reflective portion to illuminate the region proximate the vehicle. 14. The monitoring system according to claim 8, wherein the cover portion forms an opening extending along the perimeter of the body panel and the light source is configured to output the emission through the opening. 15. The monitoring system according to claim 8, further comprising a carrier disposed between the cover portion and the body panel, the carrier having an exposed portion configured to luminesce in response to the emission from the light source. 16. A lighting system of a vehicle configured to illuminate a field of view of an imaging system comprising: a cover portion at least partially covering a seam of a body panel of the vehicle; a carrier disposed between the cover portion and the body panel, the carrier having an exposed portion configured to luminesce in response to a light excitation; and at least one light source configured to emit light for exciting the exposed portion. 17. The molding according to claim 16, wherein the carrier is arranged as an optical waveguide and is injection molded to the molding. 18. The molding according to claim 16, wherein the at least one light source is disposed on a flex circuit snapably engaged to the carrier. 19. The molding according to claim 16, wherein the body panel corresponds to a plurality of body panels comprising at least a side panel and a rear panel and the molding extends along the plurality of body panels. 20. The molding according to claim 16, wherein the at least one light source comprises a plurality of light source configured to selectively illuminate a portion of a region proximate to and extending around the vehicle.",
-    "An alignment sleeve for an optical fiber adapter includes features to bring precision alignment between optical fiber cores. The sleeve includes a tubular inner area to accept first and second ferrule ends of first and second connectors. First and second tabs project from first and second ends of the sleeve. The first and second tabs slide into holes in the ferrule holders or barrels of the first and second connectors, so as to provide rotational alignment of the first and second ferrules, which may be presenting multi-core optical fibers. A mid-portion of the sleeve may include geometrical features to enable a snap fit of the sleeve into a housing of the adapter. More than one tab may be employed at the ends of the sleeve, and the tabs may have defined spacing and/or dimensions to enable security keying, only permitting coupling between connectors possessing matching holes in the ferrule barrels. 1. A device comprising: a ferrule alignment sleeve, wherein said sleeve extends in a longitudinal direction and forms an inner, generally tubular area; a first rim formed around a first opening at one end of said generally tubular area to receive an end of a first ferrule; and a first tab adjacent said first rim and projecting away from said first rim and said generally tubular area to interact with a feature associated with the first ferrule to angularly align the first ferrule within said generally tubular area. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said sleeve is split along its longitudinal line of extension. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein an outer surface of said sleeve presents a generally cylindrical surface. 4. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a second rim formed around a second opening at an opposite end of said generally tubular area to receive an end of a second ferrule; and a second tab adjacent said second rim and projecting away from said second rim and said tubular area to interact with a feature associated with the second ferrule to align the second ferrule within said generally tubular area, and wherein said sleeve is split along its longitudinal line of extension. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein said first tab has a generally radiused or triangular tip at its distal end. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein a mid-section of said sleeve includes a recessed area extending into an outer surface of said sleeve toward said generally tubular inner area. 7. The device of claim 6, further comprising: a housing having a wall; a through hole formed in said wall of said housing; and at least one resilient latch projecting from said wall toward said through hole, wherein said at least one resilient latch snaps into said recessed area of said sleeve as said sleeve passes through said through hole and acts to attach said sleeve within said housing. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein said at least one resilient latch includes first and second resilient latches projecting toward different perimeter portions of said through hole, and wherein said recessed area includes first and second flat surfaces, which are engaged by said first and second resilient latches, respectively, when said sleeve is attached within said housing. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein said first and second resilient latches are first and second portions of said wall defined between void channels formed in said wall. 10. The device of claim 7, further comprising: a second rim formed around a second opening at an opposite end of said generally tubular area to receive an end of a second ferrule; a second tab adjacent said second rim and projecting away from said second rim and said tubular area to interact with a feature associated with the second ferrule to align the second ferrule within said generally tubular area, and wherein said sleeve is split along its longitudinal line of extension, and wherein said housing is an adapter housing and includes a first port on a first side of said wall and a second port on a second side of said wall; a first fiber optic connector seated into said first port, said first fiber optic connector including a first ferrule holder holding said first ferrule and a first optical fiber residing within a central bore of said first ferrule; and a second fiber optic connector seated into said second port, said second fiber optic connector including a second ferrule holder holding said second ferrule and a second optical fiber residing within a central bore of said second ferrule; wherein said first tab of said sleeve extends into a first slot formed in said first ferrule holder when said first fiber optic connector is seated into said first port, and said second tab of said sleeve extends into a second slot formed in said second ferrule holder when said second fiber optic connector is seated into said second port, so as to align said first and second slots of said first and second ferrule holders. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein said first optical fiber is a first multi-core optical fiber, and said second optical fiber is a second multi-core optical fiber, and wherein when said first and second slots of said first and second ferrule holders are aligned, cores of said first and second multi-core optical fibers are aligned. 12. A device comprising: a ferrule alignment sleeve, wherein said sleeve extends in a longitudinal direction and forms an inner, generally tubular area; a first rim formed around a first opening at one end of said generally tubular area to receive an end of a first ferrule; a first tab adjacent said first rim and projecting away from said generally tubular area; a housing having a first part with a first wall; a first through hole formed in said first wall of said first part; and a first cylindrical boss having a proximate end attached to said first wall and encircling said first hole, said first cylindrical boss extending away from said first wall and terminating at a distal end with a first turned edge protruding toward a center of said first cylindrical boss, with a first gap formed in said first turned edge; wherein said sleeve resides inside said first boss, wherein said first rim of said sleeve cannot pass by said first turned edge of said first boss, so as to attach said sleeve within said housing, and wherein said first tab of said sleeve passes through said first gap in said first turned edge. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein said housing includes a first port on a side of said first wall possessing said first boss, and further comprising: a first fiber optic connector seated into said first port, said first fiber optic connector including a first ferrule holder holding said first ferrule and a first optical fiber residing within a central bore of said first ferrule; wherein said first tab of said sleeve extends into a first slot formed in said first ferrule holder when said first fiber optic connector is seated into said first port. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein said first optical fiber is a first multi-core optical fiber. 15. The device of claim 4, further comprising: a third tab adjacent said first rim and projecting away from said first rim and said tubular area, wherein said third tab is spaced a predetermined distance away from said first tab. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein said third tab has a width dimension which is different than a width dimension of said first tab. 17. A device comprising: a ferrule alignment sleeve, wherein said sleeve extends in a longitudinal direction and forms a generally tubular inner area, and wherein a mid-section of said sleeve includes a recessed area extending into an outer surface of said sleeve toward said tubular inner area; a first rim formed around a first opening at one end of said tubular area to receive an end of a first ferrule; a second rim formed around a second opening at an opposite end of said tubular area; a first tab adjacent said first rim and projecting away from said first rim and said tubular area; a housing having a wall; a through hole formed in said wall of said housing; and a latch projecting from said wall toward said through hole, wherein an end edge of said latch forms an edge of said through hole, and wherein said latch is deflectable so as to deflect without breakage when engaged by an object larger in size than said through hole being pressed into said through hole, wherein said latch is resilient so as to snap back to an original position after the oversized object disengages said end edge of said latch, and wherein said at least one resilient latch snaps into said recessed area of said sleeve as said sleeve passes through said through hole and acts to attach said sleeve within said housing. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein said latch is a first latch, and further comprising: a second latch projecting from said wall toward said through hole, wherein an end edge of said second latch forms an edge of said through hole along a different perimeter portion of said through hole, and wherein said second latch is deflectable so as to deflect without breakage when engaged by an object larger in size than said through hole being pressed into said through hole, and wherein said second latch is resilient so as to snap back to an original position after the oversized object disengages said end edge of said second latch. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein said first and second latches are first and second portions of said wall defined between void channels formed in said wall.",
-    "The present disclosure generally pertains to a rocket propulsion oxidizer compound that is a solution, is a homogenous and stable liquid at room temperature and includes nitrous oxide and nitrogen tetroxide. In addition, an apparatus is provided for burning a fuel and nitrous oxide/nitrogen tetroxide. The apparatus has a combustor, a catalyst, a nitrous oxide/nitrogen tetroxide supply passage for directing the nitrous oxide/nitrogen tetroxide to a contact position with the catalyst, and a fuel supply passage for supplying the fuel to the combustor. The catalyst acts to facilitate decomposition of the nitrous oxide/nitrogen tetroxide, while the combustor burns the fuel, the decomposed nitrous oxide/nitrogen tetroxide and/or nitrous oxide/nitrogen tetroxide decomposed in the reaction. 1. A fluid combustion system comprising: a liquid oxidizer solution for use in a rocket propulsion system comprising nitrous oxide dissolved into nitrogen tetroxide that is a homogenous and stable liquid at room temperature, and a hydrocarbon fuel that is a homogenous and stable liquid at room temperature, the hydrocarbon fuel containing a catalyst that is capable of causing a catalytic decomposition of at least one of the nitrous oxide and the nitrogen tetroxide and thereby creating sufficient heat to facilitate autoignition of the hydrocarbon fuel. 2. The fuel combustion system of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive having a theoretical specific energy greater than that of said nitrous oxide. 3. The fuel combustion system of claim, 2 wherein said at least one additive is an earth-storable oxidizer. 4. The fuel combustion system of claim 1, wherein said liquid is non-viscous at room temperature. 5. The fuel combustion system of claim 1, wherein said liquid is a gel at room temperature. 6. The fluid combustion system of claim 1 comprising: the oxidizer solution for use in a rocket propulsion system comprising a homogenous solution that includes nitrous oxide and approximately 28 to 52 weight percent nitrogen tetroxide, and the hydrocarbon fuel that is a homogenous and stable liquid at room temperature, the hydrocarbon fuel containing a catalyst that is capable of causing a catalytic decomposition of at least one of the nitrous oxide and the nitrogen tetroxide, wherein the oxidizer solution is combined with the liquid hydrocarbon fuel containing the oxidizer catalyst capable of creating sufficient heat from a catalytic decomposition of the oxidizer solution to facilitate autoignition of the hydrocarbon fuel. 7. The fuel combustion system of claim 6, wherein said solution is a non-viscous liquid at room temperature. 8. The fuel combustion system of claim 6, wherein said solution is a gel at room temperature. 9. The fuel combustion system of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is propane. 10. The fuel combustion system of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, tungsten carbine, copper, cobalt and gold. 11. The fuel combustion system of claim 6 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is propane. 12. The fuel combustion system of claim 6 wherein the oxidizer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, tungsten carbine, copper, cobalt and gold. 13. An fuel combustion system for use in a rocket propulsion system comprising: an oxidizer component that is a homogenous and stable liquid at room temperature including nitrous oxide dissolved into nitrogen tetroxide, and a fuel component that is a homogenous and stable liquid at room temperature including a hydrocarbon fuel and a catalyst, wherein, following contacting the oxidizer component with the fuel component, the oxidizer solution further includes an amount of heat generated at least in part by an interaction of the catalyst with the oxidizer component that is sufficient to cause autoignition of the hydrocarbon fuel. 14. The fuel combustion system according to claim 13 wherein the oxidizer component includes between 35% and 65% (molar ratio) nitrogen tetroxide. 15. The fuel combustion system according to claim 14 further comprising an earth-storable oxidizer that has a specific energy greater than that of nitrous oxide. 16. The fuel combustion system according to claim 1 wherein the oxidizer component includes between 35% and 65% (molar ratio) nitrogen tetroxide. 17. The fuel combustion system according to claim 16 further comprising an earth-storable oxidizer that has a specific energy greater than that of nitrous oxide. 18. The fuel combustion system according to claim 6 wherein the oxidizer component includes between 35% and 65% (molar ratio) nitrogen tetroxide. 19. The fuel combustion system according to claim 18 further comprising an earth-storable oxidizer that has a specific energy greater than that of nitrous oxide.",
-    "The embodiment provides a method of correcting a lane. The method includes receiving first lane information detected by a lane departure warning system; comparing the received first lane information with previously stored second lane information to identify a degree of variation of a lane as a function for time; sensing whether a fault detection of the received first lane information exists according to the identified degree of variation of the lane; correcting the received first lane information when the fault detection of the first lane information is sensed; and transmitting the corrected lane information to the lane departure warning system. 1. A lane correction system comprising: an image acquisition apparatus for acquiring a forward image in front of a vehicle; and a lane detection apparatus for receiving the forward image from the image acquisition apparatus to detect lane information based on the forward image, wherein the lane information includes information about at least one of a lane type, a lane color or a lane departure situation. 2. The lane correction system of claim 1, further comprising a lane correction apparatus for receiving first lane information detected at a present time from the lane detection apparatus and for sensing whether a fault detection of the first lane information exists by comparing the first lane information with second lane information which is previously stored. 3. The lane correction system of claim 2, wherein the second lane information is reference lane information generated based on lane information transferred from the lane detection apparatus during a predetermined time in past, and the lane correction apparatus generates the second lane information by using the first lane information detected through the lane detection apparatus during a predetermined time from a present time point. 4. The lane correction system of claim 2, wherein the first lane information and the second lane information include information about at least one of a left lane angle, a right lane angle, a top end lane width, and a bottom end lane width. 5. The lane correction system of claim 2, wherein the lane correction apparatus corrects the first lane information when the fault detection is sensed in the first lane information and transfers the corrected first lane information to the lane detection apparatus. 6. The lane correction system of claim 5, wherein the lane correction apparatus detects a feature of the first lane information by using the received first and second lane information, and senses whether the fault detection of the first lane information exists by using the detected feature. 7. The lane correction system of claim 6, wherein the feature includes a degree of variation of a lane information as a function for time. 8. A lane correction apparatus comprising: a lane information transceiving unit connected to a lane departure warning system for receiving first lane information detected by the lane departure warning system; and a lane feature generating unit for comparing the first lane information received at a present time point through the lane information transceiving unit with second lane information previously stored in order to generate a feature of the first lane information according to a comparison result. 9. The lane correction apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a reference lane information generating unit for generating a second lane information by using a plurality of first lane information detected by the lane departure warning system during a predetermine time, 10. The lane correction apparatus of claim 9, wherein the reference lane information generating unit generates the second lane information by using the plurality of first lane information when the second lane information does not exist at a time point of receiving the first lane information. 11. The lane correction apparatus of claim 10, wherein the reference lane information generating unit updates the second lane information by using a normally detected first lane information when a normal detection of the first lane information is sensed. 12. The lane correction apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first lane information and the second lane information include information about at least one of a left lane angle, a right lane angle, a top end lane width, and a bottom end lane width. 13. The lane correction apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a lane fault detection sensing unit for identifying a degree of variation of a lane varying as a function for time based on the feature of the first lane information generated through the lane feature generating unit, and for sensing whether a fault detection of the first lane information exists based on the identified degree of variation. 14. The lane correction apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a lane information correcting unit for correcting a fault-detected first lane information when the fault detection of the first lane information is sensed through the lane fault detection sensing unit, and for transferring the corrected first lane information to the lane departure warning system. 15. A lane correction apparatus comprising: a lane information transceiving unit connected to a lane departure warning system for receiving first lane information detected by the lane departure warning system; and a lane feature generating unit for comparing the first lane information received at a present time point through the lane information transceiving unit with second lane information previously stored in order to generate a feature of the first lane information according to a comparison result, wherein the lane information include information about at least one of a lane type, a lane color or a lane departure situation. 16. The lane correction apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: a lane fault detection sensing unit for identifying a degree of variation of a lane information based on the feature of the first lane information generated through the lane feature generating unit. 17. The lane correction apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: a lane information correcting unit for correcting a fault-detected first lane information and transferring the corrected first lane information to the lane departure warning system. 18. The lane correction apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reference lane information generating unit for generating a second lane information by using a plurality of first lane information detected by the lane departure warning system during a predetermine time, and wherein the reference lane information generating unit generates the second lane information by using the plurality of first lane information when the second lane information does not exist at a time point of receiving the first lane information. 19. The lane correction apparatus of claim 18, wherein the reference lane information generating unit updates the second lane information by using a normally detected first lane information when a normal detection of the first lane information is sensed. 20. The lane correction apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first lane information and the second lane information include information about at least one of a left lane angle, a right lane angle, a top end lane width, and a bottom end lane width.",
-    "A thermally-conductive and mechanically-robust bonding method for attaching a metal nanowire (MNW) array to an adjacent surface includes the steps of: removing a template membrane from the MNW; infiltrating the MNW with a bonding material; placing the bonding material on the adjacent surface; bringing an adjacent surface into contact with a top surface of the MNW while the bonding material is bondable; and allowing the bonding material to cool and form a solid bond between the MNW and the adjacent surface. A thermally-conductive and mechanically-robust bonding method for attaching a metal nanowire (MNW) array to an adjacent surface includes the steps of: choosing a bonding material based on a desired bonding process; and without removing the MNW from a template membrane that fills an interstitial volume of the MNW, depositing the bonding material onto a tip of the MNW. 1. A thermally-conductive and mechanically-robust bonding method for attaching a metal nanowire (MNW) array to an adjacent surface, comprising the steps of: removing a template membrane from the MNW; infiltrating the MNW with a bonding material; placing the bonding material on the adjacent surface; bringing an adjacent surface into contact with a top surface of the MNW while the bonding material is bondable; and allowing the bonding material to form a solid bond between the MNW and the adjacent surface. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising an additional step, performed after the placing step and before the bringing step, of: wetting the bonding material to the adjacent surface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of infiltrating comprises heating the bonding material so that it becomes one or more of softened and molten. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of infiltrating comprises chemically treating a composite material so as to create a bonding material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of bringing comprises bringing the adjacent surface into contact with the top surface while the bonding material is one or more of softened and molten. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bonding material comprises one or more of a fusible metal and an alloy. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bonding material comprises one or more of tin and gold. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of bringing further comprises: compressing one or more of the bonding material and the MNW array against the adjacent surface. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the infiltrating step further comprises wicking the bonding material into the interstitial volume of the MNW array. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the wicking is done by capillary forces. 11. A thermally-conductive and mechanically-robust bonding method for attaching a metal nanowire (MNW) array to an adjacent surface, comprising the steps of: choosing a bonding material based on a desired bonding process; and without removing the MNW from a template membrane that fills an interstitial volume of the MNW, depositing the bonding material onto a tip of the MNW. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the MNW array is substantially filled to the thickness of the template membrane. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the MNW array is subfilled. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of depositing comprises electrodepositing. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of depositing comprises depositing mushroom-like caps of bonding material onto tips of the MNWs. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of depositing is performed before the MNWs grow to the top of the template membrane. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of depositing forms a compound, segmented MNW. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the electrodepositing step continues until a continuous overplating layer comprising a large amount of bonding material covers the template membrane. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein a large amount of bonding material is deposited onto one or more of the surface of the MNW array and the template membrane to form a continuous film of bonding material. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of choosing comprises choosing one or more of a bonding metal and an alloy solder for phase change bonding. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of choosing comprises applying heating to perform one or more of melting and diffusion bonding so as to adhere the bonding material to the adjacent surface. 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the bonding material comprises one or more of a fusible metal and an alloy. 23. The method of claim 11, wherein the bonding material comprises one or more of tin and gold. 24. The method of claim 11, wherein the bonding material comprises a polymer material. 25. The method of claim 11, wherein the depositing step comprises thermocompressive bonding. 26. The method of claim 11, wherein the depositing step comprises bonding using one or more of a solder and a eutectic. 27. The method of claim 11, wherein the depositing step comprises one or more of thermocompressive bonding, brazing and welding. 28. The method of claim 11, further comprising an additional step, performed after the depositing step, of: attaching a bonding material to the adjacent surface at the MNW tips. 29. The method of claim 12, wherein the method bonds all of the MNWs in the array. 30. A metal nanowire (MNW) array attached at the MNW tips to an adjacent surface by mushroom-like caps of thermally-conductive and mechanically-robust bonding material. 31. A metal nanowire (MNW) array attached at the MNW tips to a continuous overplating layer of bonding material covering a template membrane.",
-    "A clothing or garment accessory incorporating a computing platform being configured to provide a user with a wearable open computing platform. The computing platform includes a multiplicity of conductive threads incorporated in the fabric of the clothing or garment accessory used as power wires, communication wires and connection points. A central processing unit control the functions of units connected to the platform. A display unit senses a touch of a user and display executed software applications. A battery unit supplies power to the central processing unit, the display unit, and other hardware units connected to the central processing unit through the power wires. A preconfigured software app running on the central processing unit provides a user interface operable to control and communicate with the connected hardware units. 1. A system comprising: a clothing or garment accessory, said clothing or garment accessory comprising at least a fabric with an inner surface and an outer surface being configured to be worn by a user; and a wearable computing platform that is configured to be integrated with the fabric of the clothing or garment accessory, said wearable computing platform comprising: a multiplicity of conductive threads incorporated in the fabric of the clothing or garment accessory, wherein the conductive threads being configured as power wires, communication wires and connection points; a central processing unit comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium for storing an operating system and software app or applications, a controller being configured to execute the operating system and the software applications, and a communication module being configured to enable the central processing to communicate in a wired or wireless topology, in which the central processing unit is sewn onto a fabric with conductive threads, attached or sewn to the inner or outer surface of the clothing accessory, and covered with insulative layer; a display unit connected to the central processing unit, the display unit comprising a display screen being configured to display the executed software applications, a touch screen overlay on top of the display screen for sensing a touch of a user, a power supply for providing power to the display unit after being detached from the clothing accessory, and a communication module being configured to wired or wirelessly communicate with the central processing unit; a battery control unit, the battery control unit comprising a multiplicity of batteries, being configured to supply power to the central processing unit and the display unit through the power wires and other additional units; and wherein a preconfigured software app running on the central processing unit provides a user interface displayed on the display screen of display unit being operable to control and communicate with at least one or many units of the wearable computing platform. 2. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising a solar panel unit connected to the battery control unit, the solar panel being configured to charge the batteries in battery control unit or provide a backup power supply. 3. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising a weather control unit connected to the central processing unit, the weather control unit comprises a controller being configured to adjust the temperature and humidity inside the clothing or garment accessory, the weather control unit further comprises a communication module being configured to wired or wirelessly communicate control signals with the central processing unit. 4. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising a radio unit connected to the central processing unit, the radio unit comprises at least an FRS module being configured for two-way radio communication, a HF radio module being operable for distress calls, and a communication module being configured to wired or wirelessly communicate with the central processing unit. 5. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising an object tracking device unit connected to the central processing unit, the object tracking device unit being configured to track or monitor at least one RFID unit attached to an object and trigger an alarm when the RFID unit becomes out of range of a predetermined distance. 6. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising a vital sign sensing unit connected to the central processing unit, the vital sign sensing unit being operable for detecting a system user's vital signs. 7. The system of claim 4, in which said radio unit further comprising antennas using conductive threads sewn on to the inner or outer surface of the clothing or garment accessory being configured to provide a wider coverage of the radio unit. 8. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising ear speakers being disposed on a proximate upper portion of the clothing or garment accessory collar, the ear speakers being configured to relay audio information. 9. The system of claim 1, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising microphones being disposed on a proximate mid-section portion of the clothing or garment accessory collar, the microphones being configured to receive and send audio information. 10. The system of claim 1, in which said clothing or garment accessory is at least one of a jacket, a coat, a shirt, a blouse, a T-shirt, a hoodie and a sweatshirt, and said wearable computing platform is an open computing platform. 11. The system of claim 1, in which said each unit may comprise a multiplicity of soft hardware modules which comprises a multiplicity of soft chips which are integrated circuits or electronic circuits that are encapsuled in soft material instead of hard material, and formed into relatively flat and smooth shape with no sharp edges or corners, which have holes and metal contact bars in place of pins, which are laid out flat on a fabric or other soft material and are sewn onto the fabric or soft material and interconnected with each other with conductive threads, forming a soft hardware module attachable to said clothing or garment accessory. 12. A system comprising: means for outfitting a user with a wearable computing platform, said outfitting means comprises at least a fabric with an inner surface, an outer surface wherein said wearable computing platform being configured to be integrated in the fabric of the outfitting means, in which said wearable computing platform comprises: means, incorporated into the outfitting means, for providing power wires, communication wires and connection points; means for controlling and communicating with at least one or more units of the wearable computing platform; means, being disposed on a proximate lower sleeve end or upper sleeve of the outfitting in cases where sleeves are presented or front or back portion of the outfitting in cases where sleeves are not presented means and connected to the controlling and communicating means, for sensing a touch of a user and displaying executed software applications; means for providing power to the sensing and displaying means after being detached from the outfitting means; means, being disposed on the outfitting means, for supplying power to the controlling and communicating means and the sensing and displaying means; and means, being operable to control and communicate with at least one or many units of the wearable computing platform, for providing a user interface. 13. The system of claim 12, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising means, being connected to the central processing unit and being disposed on a proximate top portion of the outfitting means, for charging the power providing means or for providing a backup power providing means. 14. The system of claim 12, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising means, being connected to the central processing unit and being disposed on the outfitting means, for adjusting the temperature and humidity inside the outfitting means. 15. The system of claim 12, in which said wearable computing platform further comprising means, being connected to the central processing unit and being disposed on the outfitting means, for two-way radio communication and distress calling. 16. The system of claim 15, in which said two-way radio communication and distress calling means comprises means, being disposed on the outfitting means, for providing a wider coverage of the two-way radio communication and distress calling means. 17. The system of claim 12, in which said wearable computing platform further comprises means, being disposed on the outfitting means, for relaying audio information. 18. The system of claim 12, in which said wearable computing platform means further comprises means, being disposed on the outfitting collar means, for receiving and sending audio information. 19. A system comprising: a clothing or garment accessory, said clothing or garment accessory comprising at least a fabric with an inner surface and an outer surface being configured to be worn by a user; and a wearable computing platform that is configured to be integrated with the fabric of the clothing or garment accessory, said wearable computing platform Comprising: a multiplicity of conductive threads incorporated in the fabric of the clothing or garment accessory, wherein the conductive threads being configured as power wires, communication wires and connection points; a central processing unit being disposed on the clothing or garment accessory, the central processing unit comprises a non-transitory computer readable medium for storing an operating system and software app or applications, a controller being configured to execute the operating system and the software applications, and a communication module being configured to enable the central processing unit to communicate in a wired or wireless topology, in which the central processing unit is sewn onto a fabric with conductive threads, attached or sewn to the inner or outer surface of the clothing accessory, and covered with insulative layer; a display unit being disposed on a proximate lower sleeve end, upper sleeve of the clothing or garment accessory in cases where sleeves are presented or front or back portion of the clothing or garment accessory in cases where sleeves are not presented and connected to the central processing unit with the power/communication wires, the display unit comprises a display screen being configured to display the executed software applications, a touch screen overlay on top of the display screen for sensing a touch of a user, a power supply for providing power to the display unit after being detached from the clothing accessory, and a communication module being configured to wired or wirelessly communicate with the central processing unit; a battery control unit being disposed on a proximate lower end of the clothing or garment accessory, the battery control unit comprising a multiplicity of batteries, being configured to supply power to the central processing unit and the display unit through the power wires and other additional units; a solar panel unit connected to the battery control unit, the solar panel being configured to charge the batteries in the battery control unit or provide a backup power supply; a weather control unit connected to the central processing unit, the weather control unit comprises a controller being configured to adjust the temperature and humidity inside the clothing or garment accessory; a radio unit connected to the central processing unit, the radio unit being configured for two-way radio communication and distress calls; an object tracking device unit connected to the central processing unit, the object tracking device unit being configured to track or monitor at least one RFID unit attached to an object and trigger an alarm when the RFID unit becomes out of range of a predetermined distance; a vital sign sensing unit connected to the central processing unit, the vital sign sensing unit being operable for detecting a system user's vital signs; and wherein a preconfigured software app running on the central processing unit provides a user interface being operable to control and communicate with at least one or more units of the wearable computing platform. 20. The system of claim 19, in which said clothing or garment accessory further comprises at least one of a jacket, a coat, a shirt, a blouse, a T-shirt, a hoodie and a sweatshirt. 21. The system of claim 19, in which said all units in wearable computing platform may comprise a multiplicity of soft hardware modules which comprises a multiplicity of soft chips which are integrated circuits or electronic circuits that are encapsuled in soft material instead of hard material, and formed into relatively flat and smooth shape with no sharp edges or corners, which have holes and metal contact bars in place of pins, which are laid out flat on a fabric or other soft material and are sewn onto the fabric or soft material and interconnected with each other with conductive threads, forming a soft hardware module attachable to said clothing or garment accessory.",
-    "A method and an apparatus for constituting a feedback signal for hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) are provided. Arbitrary two feedback states of feedback states which may occur for two frames may be integrally processed into one state. In addition, the feedback signal including information indicating the feedback state determined for the two frames is constituted and transmitted. 1. A method for constituting a feedback signal for hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), the method comprising: integrally processing arbitrary two feedback states of feedback states which occur for two frames into one state; and constituting and transmitting the feedback signal including information indicating the feedback state determined for the two frames. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the integrally processing includes: binding and processing two frames into one when a feedback mode is an expansion feedback mode and a feedback for three or more frames is performed; and integrally processing arbitrary two feedback states of feedback states which occur for each of the two frames bounded into one into one state. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the constituting and transmitting of the feedback signal includes: mapping a feedback state determined for every the two frames to information of 3 bits; and constituting and transmitting the feedback signal including all of the information of 3 bits mapped to every the two frames. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein in the integrally processing, a first state in which a feedback type for one frame of the two frames is discontinuous transmission (DTX) and the feedback type for the remaining frame is negative acknowledgement (NACK), and a second state in which the feedback type for one frame of the two frames is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is DTX are integrally processed into one state. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein in the integrally processing, the first state and the second state are integrally processed into a state in which the feedback type for one frame is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is NACK/DTX. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: constituting and transmitting the feedback signal including information indicating the feedback state determined for the two frames when a feedback mode is an expansion feedback mode and a feedback for two frames is performed. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the constituting and transmitting of the feedback signal including information indicating the feedback state determined for the two frames when a feedback mode is an expansion feedback mode and a feedback for two frames is performed includes constituting and transmitting the feedback signal when the feedback state determined for the two frames is not a set state. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the set state is a state in which the feedback type for one frame of the two frames is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is DTX. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the constituting and transmitting of the feedback signal when the feedback state determined for the two frames is not a set state includes mapping the determined feedback state to information of 3 bits; and transmitting the feedback signal including the information of 3 bits. 10. An apparatus for constituting a feedback signal for hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), the apparatus comprising: a radio frequency converter transmitting and receiving a signal through an antenna; and a processor connected to the radio frequency converter and constituting a feedback signal, wherein the processor includes a mode confirming unit determining a feedback mode; a frame type confirming unit confirming a feedback type for HARQ for each frame; a state integrated processing unit integrally processing arbitrary two feedback states of feedback states which occur for two frames into one state; and a signal constituting unit constituting the feedback signal including information indicating the feedback state determined for the two frames. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein when the feedback mode is an expansion feedback mode and a feedback for three or more frames is performed, the state integrated processing unit binds and processes two frames into one and integrally processes arbitrary two states of feedback states which occur for each of the two frames bounded into one into one state. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the state integrated processing unit integrally processes a first state in which a feedback type for one frame of the two frames is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is NACK, and a second state in which the feedback type for one frame of the two frames is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is DTX into one state. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the state integrated processing unit integrally processes the first state and the second state into a state in which the feedback type for one frame is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is NACK/DTX. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the signal constituting unit maps the determined feedback state to information of 3 bits, and constitutes the feedback signal including the information of 3 bits. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein when the feedback mode is an expansion feedback mode and a feedback for two frames is performed, if the feedback state determined for the two frames is not a set state, the signal constituting unit constitutes the feedback signal for the two frames. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the set state is a state in which the feedback type for one frame of the two frames is DTX and the feedback type for the remaining frame is DTX.",
-    "A heating control device comprising input/output ports, a memory, and a microprocessor. The microprocessor is configured to transmit a first electrical signal to operate an air circulation fan at a first speed and a heating unit in a first configuration to achieve a first temperature rise where less than all of the burners are active. The microprocessor is further configured to obtain a return air temperature, obtain a room air temperature, and determine a temperature difference between the return air temperature and the room air temperature. The microprocessor is further configured to compare the temperature difference to a temperature rise threshold and transmit a second electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise that is less than the first temperature rise when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold. 1. A heating control system comprising: an air circulation fan configurable to operate at a plurality of speeds; a heating unit operably coupled to the air circulation fan, wherein the heating unit comprises a plurality of burners, and wherein the heating unit is configurable to operate with less than all of the burners active; a return air temperature sensor configured to measure a return air temperature; a room air temperature sensor configured to measure a room air temperature; a memory operable to store a plurality of temperature rise thresholds; a microprocessor operably coupled to the air circulation fan, the heating unit, the supply air temperature sensor, the room air temperature sensor, and the memory, and configured to: transmit a first electrical signal to operate the air circulation fan at a first speed and the heating unit in a first configuration with at least one active burner from the plurality of burners to achieve a first temperature rise, wherein less than all of the burners are active when the heating unit is in the first configuration; obtain the return air temperature from the return air temperature sensor; obtain the room air temperature from the room air temperature sensor; determine a temperature difference between the return air temperature and the room air temperature; compare the temperature difference to a temperature rise threshold; and transmit a second electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein the second speed is greater than the first speed, and wherein the second temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein operating the heating unit in the first configuration comprises: activating the at least one active burner using a first segment of a gas manifold; and deactivating at least one burner using a second segment of the gas manifold, wherein gas communication between the first segment and the second segment is disallowed. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein operating the heating unit in the first configuration comprises: activating the at least one active burner using a first gas valve; and deactivating at least one burner from the plurality of burners using a second gas valve. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein: the memory is operable to store a temperature map that maps temperatures to speeds of the air circulation fan; and the microprocessor is configured to determine the second speed using the temperature difference and the temperature map. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has less active burners than the first set of active burners. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises decreasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners. 7. A heating control device comprising: input/output (I/O) ports configured to transmit and receive electrical signal; a memory operable to store a plurality of temperature rise thresholds; and a microprocessor operably coupled to the I/O ports and the memory, and configured to: transmit a first electrical signal to operate an air circulation fan at a first speed and a heating unit in a first configuration with at least one active burner from a plurality of burners to achieve a first temperature rise, wherein less than all of the burners are active when the heating unit is in the first configuration; obtain a return air temperature; obtain a room air temperature; determine a temperature difference between the return air temperature and the room air temperature; compare the temperature difference to a temperature rise threshold; and transmit a second electrical signal to transition the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein the second speed is greater than the first speed, and wherein the second temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein operating the heating unit in the first configuration comprises: activating the at least one active burner using a first segment of a gas manifold; and deactivating at least one burner using a second segment of the gas manifold, wherein gas communication between the first segment and the second segment is disallowed. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein operating the heating unit in the first configuration comprises: activating the at least one active burner using a first gas valve; and deactivating at least one burner from the plurality of burners using a second gas valve. 10. The device of claim 7, wherein: the memory is operable to store a temperature map that maps temperatures to speeds of the air circulation fan; and the microprocessor is configured to determine the second speed using the temperature difference and the temperature map. 11. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has less active burners than the first set of active burners. 12. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises decreasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners. 13. The device of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: transition the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has less active burners than the first set of active burners; and decrease a pressure for a gas valve for the second set of active burners. 14. A heating control method comprising: operating, by a microprocessor, an air circulation fan at a first speed and a heating unit in a first configuration with at least one active burner from a plurality of burners to achieve a first temperature rise, wherein less than all of the burners are active when the heating unit is in the first configuration; obtaining, at the microprocessor, a return air temperature; obtaining, at the microprocessor, a room air temperature; determining, by the microprocessor, a temperature difference between the return air temperature and the room air temperature; comparing, by the microprocessor, the temperature difference to a temperature rise threshold; and transitioning, by the microprocessor, the air circulation fan from the first speed to a second speed to achieve a second temperature rise when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein the second speed is greater than the first speed, and wherein the second temperature rise is less than the first temperature rise. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein operating the heating unit in the first configuration comprises: activating the at least one active burner using a first segment of a gas manifold; and deactivating at least one burner using a second segment of the gas manifold, wherein gas communication between the first segment and the second segment is disallowed. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein operating the heating unit in the first configuration comprises: activating the at least one active burner using a first gas valve; and deactivating at least one burner from the plurality of burners using a second gas valve. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising determining, by the microprocessor, the second speed using the temperature difference and a temperature map that maps temperature to speeds of the air circulation fan. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has less active burners than the first set of active burners. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises decreasing a pressure for a gas valve for the active burners. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transitioning, by the microprocessor, the heating unit from the first configuration to a second configuration when the temperature difference is greater than the temperature rise threshold, wherein transitioning the heating unit from the first configuration to the second configuration comprises switching from a first set of active burners in a first segment of a gas manifold to a second set of active burners in a second segment of the gas manifold, and wherein the second set of active burners has less active burners than the first set of active burners; and decreasing a pressure for a gas valve for the second set of active burners.",
-    "The present invention relates to a movement detection device for detecting a movement of an object in a space range. The movement detection device includes a light source, a light guiding element, at least two light sensing elements and a processing unit. The light sensing elements have an offset therebetween along a first direction such that the object, when moving in the space range, reflects the light from the light source sequentially to the light sensing elements through the light guiding element. The processing unit identifies the movement of the object along the first direction according to a sequence that the light sensing elements detect the light reflected by the object. 1. A movement detection device configured to detect a movement of an object in a space range, the movement detection device comprising: a light source configured to emit light along an optical axis; a light guiding element; at least two light sensing elements laid out on a surface of a same substrate and having an offset therebetween along a first direction such that the object, when moving in the space range, reflects the light from the light source sequentially to the light sensing elements through the light guiding element; and a processing unit configured to identify the movement of the object along the first direction according to a sequence in which the light sensing elements detect light reflected by the object, and identify a motion of the object along the optical axis according to an intensity variation of the light reflected by the object and detected by the light sensing elements. 2. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light guiding element is a lens or an element having a pinhole. 3. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the light source is configured to emit the light at an emission angle, and the space range is determined according to the emission angle, a layout of the light sensing elements and a space relationship between the light source and the light guiding element. 4. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 1, comprising a first light sensing element, a second light sensing element and a third light sensing element, the first light sensing element and the second light sensing element having no offset therebetween along a first direction and having an offset therebetween along a second direction, the first light sensing element and the second light sensing element respectively having an offset along the first direction and the second direction with respect to the third light sensing element, wherein the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction. 5. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the processing unit is configured to identify the movement of the object along the first direction and the second direction according to a sequence in which the first light sensing element, the second light sensing element and the third light sensing element detect the light reflected by the object. 6. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the space range is a three-dimensional space defined by the first direction, the second direction and the optical axis. 7. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing unit is configured to identify the motion of the object according to a number of times that the object appears in the space range within a predetermined time interval. 8. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing unit is further configured to identify a double click when the intensity variation detected within another predetermined time interval changes from dark to bright and from bright to dark twice. 9. A movement detection device configured to detect a movement of an object in a space range, the movement detection device comprising: a light source configured to emit light along an optical axis; a light guiding element; at least two light sensing elements laid out on a surface of a same substrate and having an offset therebetween along a first direction such that the object, when moving in the space range, reflects the light from the light source sequentially to the light sensing elements through the light guiding element; and a processing unit configured to identify the movement of the object along the first direction according to a sequence in which the light sensing elements detect light reflected by the object, and identify a motion of the object along the optical axis according to an intensity variation of the light reflected by the object and detected by the light sensing elements. 10. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light guiding element is a lens or an element having a pinhole. 11. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the light source is configured to emit the light at an emission angle, and the space range is determined according to the emission angle, a layout of the light sensing elements and a space relationship between the light source and the light guiding element. 12. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 9, comprising a first light sensing element, a second light sensing element and a third light sensing element, the first light sensing element and the second light sensing element having no offset therebetween along a first direction and having an offset therebetween along a second direction, the first light sensing element and the second light sensing element respectively having an offset along the first direction and the second direction with respect to the third light sensing element, wherein the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction. 13. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the processing unit is configured to identify the movement of the object along the first direction and the second direction according to a sequence in which the first light sensing element, the second light sensing element and the third light sensing element detect the light reflected by the object. 14. The movement detection device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the space range is a three-dimensional space defined by the first direction, the second direction and the optical axis.",
-    "An object is to provide a power storage device provided with a battery that is a power storage means, for safe and accurate supply of electric power in a short period of time for drive power supply voltage without checking remaining capacity of the battery or changing batteries with deterioration over time of the battery for drive power supply voltage. The power storage device is provided with a battery that is a power storage means as a power supply for supplying electric power and a counter circuit for counting charging time of the power storage means. An electromagnetic wave with electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity, and power flux density per unit time which are transmitted from a power feeder are controlled, and the power storage means is efficiently charged using the electromagnetic wave in a short period of time. 1. (canceled) 2. A semiconductor device comprising: a conductive film configured to receive an electromagnetic wave; a rectifier circuit electrically connected to the conductive film; a power supply portion comprising the rectifier circuit, the power supply portion being operationally connected to the conductive film and to a signal processing circuit; a battery operationally connected to the power supply portion; and a charging determination portion operationally connected to the power supply portion and the conductive film, wherein the power supply portion is configured to output electric power, wherein the signal processing circuit and the battery are configured to be input with the electric power output from the power supply portion, and wherein the charging determination portion counts charging time of the battery. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the conductive film is an antenna. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the power supply portion includes a rectifier circuit and a charging control circuit, and wherein the charging control circuit is configured to output the electric power. 5. The semiconductor device according to claims 2, wherein the power supply portion includes a power supply circuit, and wherein the power supply circuit controls a voltage level of an electric signal being output from the battery. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the charging determination portion includes a determination circuit, and wherein the determination circuit determines whether the battery is in a charging state or a non-charging state in accordance with a signal from the conductive film. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the charging determination portion includes a counter circuit, and wherein the counter circuit counts charging time of the battery and outputs the counted time to the determination circuit. 8. A semiconductor device comprising: a conductive film configured to receive an electromagnetic wave; a rectifier circuit electrically connected to the conductive film; a power supply portion comprising the rectifier circuit, the power supply portion being operationally connected to the conductive film; a power generation element; a battery operationally connected to the power supply portion and the power generation element; and a charging determination portion operationally connected to the power supply portion and the conductive film, wherein the power supply portion is configured to output electric power, wherein the signal processing circuit and the battery are configured to be input with the electric power output form the power supply portion, and wherein the charging determination portion counts charging time of the battery. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the conductive film is an antenna. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the power supply portion includes a rectifier circuit and a charging control circuit, and wherein the charging control circuit is configured to output the electric power. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the power supply portion includes a power supply circuit, and wherein the power supply circuit controls a voltage level of an electric signal being output from the battery. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the charging determination portion includes a determination circuit, and wherein the determination circuit determines whether the battery is in a charging state or a non-charging state in accordance with a signal from the conductive film. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein the charging determination portion includes a counter circuit, and wherein the counter circuit counts charging time of the battery and outputs the counted time to the determination circuit. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the power generation element comprises any one of a solar battery, a piezoelectric element, and a micro electro mechanical system.",
-    "A selectorized dumbbell has a plurality of nested weights that provide a stack of left weight plates and a stack of right weight plates. A handle is dropped between the stacks and a selector is inserted into one of a plurality of vertically spaced positions on the handle to couple a selected number of the weights to the handle. The selector has a continuous periphery enclosing an open interior. A user who is exercising with the dumbbell will be alerted to unintended dislodgement of the selector since a portion of the selector's periphery will contact a portion of the user's grip hand, wrist or forearm during such dislodgement. This prevents complete dislodgement and prompts the user to restore the selector to a fully installed position. Side walls of the selector may become curved when the selector is installed to provide an additional frictional force resisting dislodgement of the selector. 1. A selectorized dumbbell, which comprises: (a) a plurality of nested weights that provide a stack of left weight plates and a stack of right weight plates; (b) a handle located between the weight plate stacks; (c) a selector that is insertable into a selected one of a plurality of vertically spaced positions on the handle to couple a selected number of the weights to the handle, wherein the selector has a substantially continuous periphery that substantially encloses an open interior; and (d) wherein, during unintended dislodgement of the selector during exercise activities using the dumbbell, a portion of the selector's periphery contacts a portion of a user's hand, wrist or forearm on an arm the user is using to grip the handle to stop further dislodgement of the selector. 2. The dumbbell of claim 1, wherein side walls of the selector become curved when the selector is installed to provide a frictional force further resisting dislodgement of the selector. 3. A selectorized dumbbell, which comprises: (a) a plurality of individual weights that can be nested together to provide a left stack of nested left weight plates and a right stack of nested right weight plates that are separated by a gap; (b) a handle having a hand grip extending along an axis with the handle further having opposite left and right ends joined to opposite ends of the hand grip with the left and right ends of the handle extending perpendicularly to the hand grip, wherein the handle may be dropped down into the gap between the stacks of nested left and right weight plates with the left end of the handle being adjacent an innermost left weight plate in the left stack of weight plates and the right end of the handle being adjacent an innermost right weight plate in the right stack of weight plates; and (c) a selector having a substantially continuous periphery that substantially encloses an open interior of the selector, wherein the selector is horizontally insertable into the ends of the handle into a selected one of a plurality of different vertical positions on the handle to connect a desired number of weights to the handle depending upon which vertical position receives the selector, and wherein the open interior of the selector when the selector is installed overlies or underlies the hand grip of the handle. 4. The dumbbell of claim 3, wherein the hand grip permits a user to grip the hand grip with one hand to perform exercises with the dumbbell, and wherein a portion of the periphery of the selector contacts against a portion of the one hand of the user or against a wrist or forearm connected to the one hand during unintended dislodgement of the selector during exercise by the user with the dumbbell. 5. The dumbbell of claim 3, wherein the selector comprises a four sided plane figure having a pair of spaced left and right side walls joined together by a pair of spaced front and back walls. 6. The dumbbell of claim 5, wherein the left and right side walls and the front and back walls are straight sided with the left and right side walls being parallel to one another and the front and back walls being parallel to one another such that the plane figure comprises a square or rectangle. 7. The dumbbell of claim 5, wherein identical arrays of vertically spaced slots are provided on the left and right ends of the handle with each slot in the left end of the handle having a corresponding slot at an identical elevation in the right end of the handle so that a plurality of corresponding sets of slots at different vertical elevations are provided by the arrays of slots with the sets of slots defining the plurality of different vertical positions on the handle into which the selector may be inserted, and wherein the left and right side walls of the selector slide into and are received within one selected set of slots in the left and right ends of the handle when the selector is installed in the handle. 8. The dumbbell of claim 7, wherein the left and right side walls of the selector each have a flexible central portion, and wherein the slots in the corresponding sets of slots have curved central portions that cause the flexible central portions of the side walls to become curved during insertion of the selector into the one selected set of slots. 9. The dumbbell of claim 8, wherein the selector is made of a material such that the disposition of the flexible central portions of the left and right side walls of the selector when the selector is installed in the one selected set of slots creates a biasing force which attempts to return the left and right side walls of the selector back to a natural, flat state thereof, and wherein the biasing force is sufficient to further frictionally retain the selector within the one selected set of slots. 10. A selectorized dumbbell, which comprises: (a) a plurality of individual weights that can be nested together to provide a stack of nested left weight plates and a stack of nested right weight plates that are separated by a gap; (b) a handle that may be dropped down into the gap between the stacks of nested left and right weight plates; (c) a selector that connects a desired number of weights to the handle, wherein the selector comprises at least one elongated connecting member that is insertable into a selected one of a plurality of vertically spaced slots provided on the handle with the number of weights coupled to the handle varying depending upon which slot receives the connecting member, wherein the at least one connecting member has a natural, flat state when it is not installed in the selected slot, wherein each of the slots has a curved central portion therein, wherein the at least one connecting member includes a flexible central portion that becomes curved by virtue of being received in the curved central portion of the selected slot when the at least one connecting member is installed in the selected slot, and wherein the curved flexible central portion of the at least one connecting member develops a biasing force that attempts to restore the at least one connecting member to the natural, flat state thereof with the biasing force serving to frictionally resist disconnection of the at least one connecting member from the selected slot.",
-    "A document image reading section is configured to read, among documents constituting a book, an image of a document of one page of the book. A document image checking section is configured to check the read image of the read document against registered images of documents stored in a server to determine whether or not the registered image matching the read image exists. When the registered image matching the read image exists, a document image acquisition section acquires the matching registered image. A document image printing section forms an image on a paper sheet using the acquired registered image. 1. An image processing apparatus connected to a server, the image processing apparatus comprising: a document image reading section configured to read, among documents constituting a book, an image of a document of at least one page of the book; a document image checking section configured to check the read image of the document read by the document image reading section against registered images of documents stored in the server to determine whether or not the registered image matching the read image exists; a document image acquisition section configured to, when the document image checking section determines that the registered image matching the read image exists, acquire the matching registered image; and a document image printing section configured to form an image on a paper sheet using the registered image acquired by the document image acquisition section. 2. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a number-of-page acceptance section configured to accept an entry of a number of pages from a user, wherein when the document image checking section determines that the registered image matching the read image exists, the document image acquisition section acquires, from the server, the registered images of the number of pages the entry of which has been accepted by the number-of-page acceptance section and which begins with the page indicated by the matching registered image, and the document image printing section forms images on paper sheets using the registered images of the number of pages acquired by the document image acquisition section. 3. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a chapter number acceptance section configured to accept an entry of a chapter number indicating a chapter from a user, wherein the document image acquisition section is further configured to acquire, from the server, one or more of the registered images of the documents stored in the server, the one or more registered images containing the chapter number the entry of which has been accepted by the chapter number acceptance section, and the document image printing section forms one or more images on one or more paper sheets using the one or more registered images acquired by the document image acquisition section. 4. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the document image checking section comprises a check target table in which check targets each consisting of one or any combination of a page number, a chapter title, a chapter number, a figure, a table, and a number of characters are stored together with respective different priorities given to the respective check targets, and the document image checking section is further configured to: search the registered images of the documents stored in the server for the registered image matching the read image of the document read by the document image reading section in terms of the highest priority check target stored in the check target table and acquire the matching registered image from the server; when the registered images of the documents stored in the server include no registered image matching the read image of the document read by the document image reading section in terms of the highest priority check target, search for the registered image matching the read image of the document read by the document image reading section in terms of the next highest priority check target stored in the check target table and acquire the matching registered image from the server; and continue to check the read image against the registered images of the documents stored in the server until the registered image matching the read image in terms of the check target is searched out of the registered images of the documents in the server. 5. An image processing system comprising an image processing apparatus and a server, the server comprising a storage section configured to store registered images of documents constituting a book, the image processing apparatus comprising: a document image reading section configured to read, among the documents constituting the book, an image of a document of at least one page of the book; a document image checking section configured to check the read image of the document read by the document image reading section against the registered images of the documents stored in the server to determine whether or not the registered image matching the read image exists; a document image acquisition section configured to, when the document image checking section determines that the registered image matching the read image exists, acquire the matching registered image; and a document image printing section configured to form an image on a paper sheet using the registered image acquired by the document image acquisition section. 6. An image processing method comprising: reading, among documents constituting a book, an image of a document of at least one page of the book; checking the read image of the document read against registered images of documents stored in a server to determine whether or not the registered image matching the read image exists; acquiring, when it is determined that the registered image matching the read image exists, the matching registered image; and forming an image on a paper sheet using the registered image acquired.",
-    "Inrush current is a critical, undesirable behavior that results from the uncontrolled start-up or shut-down of voltage regulators. Large inrush currents lead to voltage overshoot at the output node of voltage regulators and this can damage the regulator load, in addition to peak current that can damage the packaging or the regulator itself. Embodiments of the invention introduce methods of inrush current reduction based on voltage reference generation. For example, one method is based on multiple filtered steps of the voltage reference for the voltage regulator. For example, another method is based on creating a voltage reference signal that has a continuous slope starting from zero and ending at zero. Embodiments of the invention reduce or limit the inrush current for sensitive applications. 1. An inrush current controller (IRCC) to control the start-up and shut-down behavior of Voltage Regulators (VR), wherein the IRRC comprises: a multistep voltage reference generator, and a a low pass filter. 2. The IRCC of claim 1, wherein: the voltage regulator comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of linear mode and switching mode voltage regulators. 3. The IRCC of claim 1, wherein: the multistep voltage reference generator comprises: an output coupled to the low pass filter input, and the low pass filter comprises: an output coupled to the voltage reference input of the VR. 4. The IRCC of claim 1, wherein the multistep voltage reference generator is configured to: generate staircase voltage levels at startup, starting from zero and ending at the required reference voltage set by the VR. 5. The IRCC of claim 1, wherein: the low pass filter implementation is at least one selected from a group consisting of passive and active implementations. 6. An inrush current controller (IRCC) to control the start-up and shut-down behavior of Voltage Regulators (VR), wherein the IRCC comprises: a current reference generator coupled to a transistor differential pair; a differential pair with its tail current coupled to the current reference; and a current-to-voltage converter coupled to the differential pair output. 7. The IRCC of claim 6, wherein: the voltage regulator comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of linear mode and switching mode voltage regulators. 8. The IRCC of claim 6, wherein the differential pair comprises: a positive terminal coupled to a first voltage reference (V1), a negative terminal coupled to a second voltage reference (V2), a positive output coupled to the current-to-voltage converter, and a negative output coupled to a power supply voltage rail. 9. The differential pair of claim 8, wherein: V1 and V2 are relatively changing at startup and shutdown to generate a ramping current starting from an initial value and ending at a value proportional to the current reference generator output. 10. The IRCC of claim 6, wherein the current to voltage converter comprises: an optional current direction adjustment block providing a non-zero current gain, and a current to voltage element. 11. A method to control the startup and shutdown behavior for Voltage Regulators (VR) comprising: an open loop inrush current control (IRCC) mechanism performed using a modified voltage reference generator coupled to the VR. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the IRCC is achieved through generating the required voltage reference with a continuous slope function coupled to the VR. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the IRCC is achieved through generating a filtered multistep voltage reference coupled to the VR.",
-    "Embodiments provide a data transmission method, a device, and a system. The method includes: acquiring, by user equipment, a first preamble corresponding to a cell set of a primary timing advance group of a first base station and a second preamble corresponding to a cell set of a secondary timing advance group of a second base station; sending the first preamble to the first base station, to initiate random access to the first base station according to the first preamble; and sending the second preamble to the second base station, to initiate random access to the second base station according to the second preamble. 1. A method, comprising: acquiring, by user equipment, a first preamble and a second preamble, wherein the first preamble corresponds to a cell set of a primary timing advance group (PTAG) of a first base station, and the second preamble corresponds to a cell set of a secondary timing advance group (STAG) of a second base station; sending, by the user equipment, the first preamble to the first base station, to initiate random access to the first base station according to the first preamble; and sending, by the user equipment, the second preamble to the second base station, to initiate random access to the second base station according to the second preamble. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: acquiring, by the user equipment, a first channel resource, wherein the first channel resource is a physical random access channel (PRACH) resource of the first base station, and the first channel resource comprises a first subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble; and acquiring, by the user equipment, a second channel resource, wherein the second channel resource is a physical random access channel resource of the second base station, and the second channel resource comprises a second subframe set that is to be used to carry the second preamble. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein: acquiring, by the user equipment, a first channel resource further comprises receiving, by the user equipment, the first channel resource sent by the first base station, the first channel resource being sent using a system broadcast message; acquiring, by the user equipment, a second channel resource further comprises receiving, by the user equipment, the second channel resource sent by the second base station, the second channel resource being sent using dedicated signaling; and the first subframe set and the second subframe set are in different timeslots. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein sending the first preamble to the first base station and sending the second preamble to the second base station further comprises: determining, by the user equipment, a subframe that carries the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource and a subframe that carries the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource, wherein a sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with a sending time of the second preamble; sending, by the user equipment, the first preamble to the first base station in the first subframe that carries the first preamble; and sending, by the user equipment, the second preamble to the second base station in the second subframe that carries the second preamble. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein a sending time of the first preamble overlaps with a sending time of the second preamble, and the method further comprises: postponing to another subframe, by the user equipment, a time for sending the first preamble to the first base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or postponing to another subframe, by the user equipment, a time for sending the second preamble to the second base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or postponing to another subframe, by the user equipment, the time for sending the first preamble corresponding to contention-based random access to the first base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble, wherein the first preamble is a public preamble; or postponing to another subframe, by the user equipment, the time for sending the second preamble corresponding to contention-based random access to the second base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with a sending time of the second preamble, wherein the second preamble is a public preamble; or postponing, by the user equipment, to the next subframe of the subframe that is to be used to carry the first preamble, the time for sending the first preamble to the first base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble, wherein a time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource is earlier than a time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource; or postponing, by the user equipment to the next subframe of the subframe that is to be used to carry the second preamble, the time for sending the second preamble to the second base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble, wherein a time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the second channel resource is earlier than a time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in the first channel resource. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein sending the first preamble to the first base station and sending the second preamble to the second base station further comprises: selecting, by the user equipment, a subframe that carries the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource and a subframe that carries the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource, wherein a sum of transmit power of the subframe that carries the first preamble and transmit power of the subframe that carries the second preamble is less than or equal to maximum transmit power of the user equipment; sending, by the user equipment, the first preamble to the first base station in the subframe that carries the first preamble; and sending, by the user equipment, the second preamble to the second base station in the subframe that carries the second preamble. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein: the first preamble is a public preamble, and the sending the first preamble to the first base station further comprises: in response to a sending time of a message 3 corresponding to the first preamble overlapping with a sending time of the second preamble: postponing, by the user equipment to another subframe, the time for sending the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble to the first base station, so that a sending time of the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or adjusting, by the user equipment, transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble, wherein a sum of adjusted transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble and transmit power of a subframe that carries the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource is less than or equal to maximum transmit power of the user equipment; or canceling, by the user equipment, sending of the message 3, wherein the message 3 corresponds to the first preamble; and the second preamble is a public preamble, and the sending, by the user equipment, the second preamble to the second base station further comprises: in response to a sending time of the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble overlapping with a sending time of the first preamble: postponing, by the user equipment to another subframe, the time for sending the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble to the second base station, so that a sending time of the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the first preamble; or adjusting, by the user equipment, transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble, wherein a sum of adjusted transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble and transmit power of a subframe that carries the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource is less than or equal to maximum transmit power of the user equipment; or canceling, by the user equipment, sending of the message 3, wherein the message 3 corresponds to the second preamble. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein sending, by the user equipment, the first preamble to the first base station, and sending the second preamble to the second base station, further comprises: simultaneously sending, by the user equipment, the first preamble to the first base station and the second preamble to the second base station; or sending, by the user equipment, the second preamble to the second base station during a process of performing random access to the first base station; or sending, by the user equipment, the first preamble to the first base station during a process of performing random access to the second base station. 9. A method, comprising: receiving, by a first base station, a first preamble sent by a user equipment, wherein the first preamble corresponds to a cell set of a primary timing advance group (PTAG) of the first base station; and performing, by the first base station according to the first preamble, random access for the user equipment during a process in which the user equipment performs random access to a second base station; wherein a second preamble that is required for the user equipment to perform the random access to the second base station corresponds to a cell set of a secondary timing advance group (STAG) of the second base station. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: configuring, by the first base station, a first channel resource, wherein the first channel resource is a physical random access channel (PRACH) resource of the first base station, and the first channel resource comprises a first subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: sending, by the first base station, a system broadcast or dedicated signaling to the user equipment; wherein the system broadcast comprises the first channel resource; wherein a second subframe set that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in a second channel resource and the first subframe set are in different timeslots; and wherein the first subframe set and the second subframe set are acquired by the user equipment. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein configuring, by the first base station, a first channel resource further comprises: receiving, by the first base station, a second channel resource sent by the second base station; and configuring, by the first base station, the first channel resource for the user equipment according to the second channel resource. 13. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: receiving, by the first base station, a second channel resource sent by the second base station; and sending, by the first base station to the user equipment, a channel resource that does not overlap with the second channel resource and that is in the first channel resource, wherein the first subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the channel resource that does not overlap with the second channel resource and is in the first channel resource and a second subframe set that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource are in different timeslots. 14. A user equipment, comprising: a processor, configured to: acquire a first preamble and a second preamble, wherein the first preamble corresponds to a cell set of a primary timing advance group (PTAG) of a first base station, and the second preamble corresponds to a cell set of a secondary timing advance group STAG of a second base station; initiate random access to the first base station according to the first preamble; and initiate random access to the second base station according to the second preamble; and a transmitter, configured to: send the first preamble to the first base station; and send the second preamble to the second base station. 15. The user equipment according to claim 14, further comprising: a receiver, configured to: acquire a first channel resource, wherein the first channel resource is a physical random access channel (PRACH) resource of the first base station, and the first channel resource comprises a first subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble; and acquire a second channel resource, wherein the second channel resource is a physical random access channel resource of the second base station, and the second channel resource comprises a second subframe set that is to be used to carry the second preamble. 16. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein the receiver is further configured to: receive, using a system broadcast message, the first channel resource sent by the first base station; and receive, using dedicated signaling, the second channel resource sent by the second base station; wherein the first subframe set and the second subframe set are in different timeslots. 17. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein: the processor is further configured to: determine a subframe that carries the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource and a subframe that carries the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource; and determine that a sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with a sending time of the second preamble; the transmitter is further configured to send the first preamble to the first base station in the subframe that carries the first preamble and that is determined by the processor; and the transmitter is further configured to send the second preamble to the second base station in the subframe that carries the second preamble and that is determined by the processor. 18. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein a sending time of the first preamble overlaps with a sending time of the second preamble, and the processor is further configured to: postpone, to another subframe, the time for sending the first preamble to the first base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or postpone, to another subframe, the time for sending the second preamble to the second base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or postpone, to another subframe, the time for sending the first preamble corresponding to contention-based random access to the first base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble, wherein the first preamble is a public preamble; or postpone, to another subframe, the time for sending the second preamble corresponding to contention-based random access to the second base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble, wherein the second preamble is a public preamble; or in response to a time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource being earlier than a time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource, postpone, to the next subframe of the subframe that is to be used to carry the first preamble, the time for sending the first preamble to the first base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or in response to the time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the second channel resource is earlier than the time indicating a next subframe of a subframe that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in the first channel resource, postpone, to the next subframe of the subframe that is to be used to carry the second preamble, the time for sending the second preamble to the second base station, so that the sending time of the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble. 19. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein: the processor is further configured to select a subframe that carries the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource and a subframe that carries the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource, wherein a sum of transmit power of the subframe that carries the first preamble and transmit power of the subframe that carries the second preamble is less than or equal to maximum transmit power of the user equipment; the transmitter is further configured to send the first preamble to the first base station in the subframe that carries the first preamble and that is selected by the processor; and the transmitter is further configured to send the second preamble to the second base station in the subframe that carries the second preamble and that is selected by the processor. 20. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein: a sending time of a message 3 corresponding to the first preamble overlaps with a sending time of the second preamble, and the processor is further configured to: postpone, to another subframe, the time for sending the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble to the first base station, so that a sending time of the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the second preamble; or adjust transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble, wherein a sum of adjusted transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the first preamble and transmit power of a subframe that carries the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource is less than or equal to maximum transmit power of the user equipment; or cancel sending of the message 3, wherein the message 3 corresponds to the first preamble; and the sending time of the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble overlaps with the sending time of the first preamble, the processor is further configured to: postpone, to another subframe, the time for sending the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble to the second base station, so that the sending time of the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble does not overlap with the sending time of the first preamble; or adjust transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble, wherein the sum of adjusted transmit power of the subframe that carries the message 3 corresponding to the second preamble and transmit power of a subframe that carries the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource is less than or equal to maximum transmit power of the user equipment; or cancel sending of the message 3, wherein the message 3 corresponds to the second preamble. 21. The user equipment according to claim 14, wherein: the transmitter is further configured to simultaneously send the first preamble to the first base station and the second preamble acquired to the second base station; or the transmitter is further configured to, during a process in which the user equipment performs random access to the first base station, send the second preamble to the second base station; or the transmitter is further configured to, during a process in which the user equipment performs random access to the second base station, send the first preamble acquired by the processor to the first base station. 22. A base station, comprising: a receiver, configured to receive a first preamble sent by a user equipment, wherein the first preamble corresponds to a cell set of a primary timing advance group (PTAG) of the base station; and a processor; and a computer-readable storage medium storing a program to be executed by the processor, the program including instructions for: during a process in which the user equipment performs random access to a second base station, perform random access for the user equipment according to the first preamble received by the receiver; wherein a second preamble that is required for the user equipment to perform the random access to the second base station corresponds to a cell set of a secondary timing advance group (STAG) of the second base station. 23. The base station according to claim 22, wherein: the program further includes instructions for configuring a first channel resource for the user equipment, wherein the first channel resource is a physical random access channel (PRACH) resource of the base station, and the first channel resource comprises a first subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble. 24. The base station according to claim 23, wherein the base station further comprises: a transmitter, configured to send a system broadcast or dedicated signaling to the user equipment; wherein the system broadcast includes a first channel resource configured by the processor; wherein a subframe set that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in a second channel resource and a subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the first channel resource are in different timeslots; and wherein the subframe sets are acquired by the user equipment. 25. The base station according to claim 23, wherein the receiver is further configured to receive a second channel resource sent by the second base station; and the program further includes instructions for configuring, according to the second channel resource received by the receiver, the first channel resource for the user equipment. 26. The base station according to claim 22, wherein the receiver is further configured to receive a second channel resource sent by the second base station; and the base station further comprises a transmitter, configured to send, to the user equipment, a channel resource that does not overlap with the second channel resource received by the receiver and that is in the first channel resource, wherein a subframe set that is to be used to carry the first preamble and that is in the channel resource that does not overlap with the second channel resource and is in the first channel resource and a subframe set that is to be used to carry the second preamble and that is in the second channel resource are in different timeslots.",
-    "A method for computing conformal parameterizations is revealed. First discrete conformal maps are reviewed for computing a generalized eigenvalue problem (GEP) arising from spectral conformal parameterization. Then nonequivalence deflation and null-space free compression techniques are applied to transform the GEP to a small-scaled compressed and deflated standard eigenvalue problem (CDSEP). Lastly a skew-Hamiltonian isotropic Lanczos algorithm (SHILA) is used to solve the CDSEP. Numerical experiments and comparisons are presented to show that the present method compute the conformal parameterization accurately and efficiently. 1. A method for computing conformal parameterizations comprising the steps of: computing a generalized eigenvalue problem (GEP) whose eigenvectors are corresponding to the smallest positive eigenvalues for providing a conformal parameterizations; applying nonequivalence deflation and null-space free compression techniques to transform the GEP to a small-scaled compressed and deflated standard eigenvalue problem (CDSEP) with a symmetric positive semi-definite skew-Hamiltonian operator by inspecting a particular matrix structures of a pair; and using a skew-Hamiltonian isotropic Lanczos algorithm (SHILA) for solving the CDSEP. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the generalized eigenvalue problem (GEP) is defined by LCf=\u03bbBf. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pair is defined by (LC, B).",
-    "Methods and nodes for coordinating communication sessions are described herein. A method includes providing, by a control system, a signaling anchor point at a domain transfer function in a visited multimedia subsystem for an access signaling leg and a remote access signaling leg for a communication session between a user element and a public service access point and coordinating call signaling for the communication session via the access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg. 1. A method comprising: providing, by a control system, a signaling anchor point at a domain transfer function in a multimedia subsystem for a first access signaling leg and a remote access signaling leg for an emergency services session between a user element and a public service access point (PSAP), wherein the domain transfer function is inserted in the signaling path to anchor the first access leg signaling leg and the remote signaling leg; wherein the first access signaling leg is provided toward the user element via a transferring-out subsystem; establishing, by the control system, the emergency services session in response to receiving a session initiation message originating from the user element, wherein the session initiation includes location information for the user element; coordinating, by the control system, call signaling for the communication session via the first access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg; receiving, by the control system, a session initiation message responsive to initiation of a new communication session via a transferring-in subsystem to effect a transfer from a transferring-out subsystem to the transferring-in subsystem; detecting, by the control system, an existence of the communication session with the user element when the session initiation message is received; and associating, by the control system, a second access signaling leg with the remote access signaling leg, and releasing the first access signaling leg session in response to the detecting the existence of the communication session. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending, by the control system, an update message on the remote leg toward the PSAP to update the communication information for the bearer path. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising establishing, by the control system, the second access signaling leg for the communication session. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising coordinating, by the control system, call signaling exchanges for the communication session via the second access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg after the transfer to the transferring-in subsystem. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising establishing, by the control system, the remote signaling leg for the emergency services session toward the PSAP. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the transferring-out subsystem is a packet based subsystem, and the transferring-in subsystem is a circuit-switched subsystem. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising selecting, by the control system, the public service access point based on the location information for the user element. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing software instructions executable by a multimedia subsystem for coordinating an emergency services session, wherein the software instructions are configured to, when executed, cause the multimedia subsystem to: provide a signaling anchor point for a first access signaling leg and a remote access signaling leg for the emergency services session between a user element and a public service access point (PSAP), wherein the domain transfer function is inserted in the signaling path to anchor the first access leg signaling leg and the remote signaling leg; wherein the first access signaling leg is provided toward the user element via a transferring-out subsystem; establish the emergency services session in response to receiving a session initiation message originating from the user element, wherein the session initiation includes location information for the user element; coordinate call signaling for the communication session via the first access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg; receive a session initiation message responsive to initiation of a new communication session via a transferring-in subsystem to effect a transfer from a transferring-out subsystem to the transferring-in subsystem; detect an existence of the communication session with the user element when the session initiation message is received; and associate a second access signaling leg with the remote access signaling leg, and releasing the first access signaling leg session in response to the detecting the existence of the communication session. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the software instructions are further configured to cause the multimedia subsystem to send an update message on the remote leg toward the PSAP to update the communication information for the bearer path. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the software instructions are further configured to cause the multimedia subsystem to establish the second access signaling leg for the communication session. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the software instructions are further configured to cause the multimedia subsystem to coordinate call signaling exchanges for the communication session via the second access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg after the transfer to the transferring-in subsystem. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the software instructions are further configured to cause the multimedia subsystem to establish the remote signaling leg for the emergency services session toward the PSAP. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the transferring-out subsystem is a packet based subsystem, and the transferring-in subsystem is a circuit-switched subsystem. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the software instructions are further configured to cause the multimedia subsystem to select the public service access point based on the location information for the user element. 15. A node comprising: a communication interface; and a control system associated with the communication interface and configured to: provide a signaling anchor point at a domain transfer function in a multimedia subsystem for a first access signaling leg and a remote access signaling leg for the emergency services session between a user element and a public service access point (PSAP), wherein the domain transfer function is inserted in the signaling path to anchor the first access leg signaling leg and the remote signaling leg; wherein the first access signaling leg is provided toward the user element via a transferring-out subsystem; establish the emergency services session in response to receiving a session initiation message originating from the user element, wherein the session initiation includes location information for the user element; coordinate call signaling for the communication session via the first access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg; receive a session initiation message responsive to initiation of a new communication session via a transferring-in subsystem to effect a transfer from a transferring-out subsystem to the transferring-in subsystem; detect an existence of the communication session with the user element when the session initiation message is received; and associate a second access signaling leg with the remote access signaling leg, and releasing the first access signaling leg session in response to the detecting the existence of the communication session. 16. The node of claim 15, the node further configured to send an update message on the remote leg toward the PSAP to update the communication information for the bearer path. 17. The node of claim 15, the node further configured to establish the second access signaling leg for the communication session. 18. The node of claim 15, the node further configured to coordinate call signaling exchanges for the communication session via the second access signaling leg and the remote signaling leg after the transfer to the transferring-in subsystem. 19. The node of claim 15, the node further configured to establish the remote signaling leg for the emergency services session toward the PSAP. 20. The node of claim 15, wherein the transferring-out subsystem is a packet based subsystem, and the transferring-in subsystem is a circuit-switched subsystem.",
-    "A wrap has a thermal media laminate containing an array of spaced apart cells of thermal media sandwiched between a plastic film and fabric. Areas in the laminate are provided for attaching electrodes. The laminate is attached to a backing. Apertures in the laminate and backing allow passage of wire leads from the electrodes. Elastic bands with hook fasteners extend from the backing. The hook fasteners releasably attach to loop material of the backing. A TENS unit clips onto one or more of the bands. The leads attach to the TENS unit. 1. A wearable nerve-stimulating thermal wrap comprising: a thermal media laminate comprised of a web of plastic film sealed at a plurality of locations to a web of fabric with spaces between the sealed locations comprising cells, each cell being a pocket surrounded by locations at which the plastic film is sealed to the web of fabric, each cell containing an absorbent solid state thermal medium, said thermal media laminate further comprising at least one electrode area, each electrode area being devoid of cells and being sized and shaped to receive a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation electrode, an insulating backing attached to the plastic film opposite the web of fabric, a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation electrode attached to at least one electrode area, a wire lead extending from the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation electrode, a first aperture in the thermal media laminate at one of the locations at which the plastic film is sealed to the web of fabric adjacent to one of the at least one electrode area, and a second aperture in the insulating backing in alignment with the first aperture, the wire lead of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation electrode extending through the first aperture and the second aperture, an attachment band attached to the thermal media laminate, said attachment band being sized to releasably secure the thermal media laminate to a wearer, and a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit operably coupled to the wire lead of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation electrode. 2. The wearable nerve-stimulating thermal wrap according to claim 1, the at least one electrode area comprising a fenestration in the thermal media laminate. 3. The wearable nerve-stimulating thermal wrap according to claim 1, the absorbent solid state thermal medium comprising a superabsorbent, multiply-cross-linked polymer.",
-    "A hierarchical barrier synchronization of cores and nodes on a multiprocessor system, in one aspect, may include providing by each of a plurality of threads on a chip, input bit signal to a respective bit in a register, in response to reaching a barrier; determining whether all of the plurality of threads reached the barrier by electrically tying bits of the register together and \u201cAND\u201ding the input bit signals; determining whether only on-chip synchronization is needed or whether inter-node synchronization is needed; in response to determining that all of the plurality of threads on the chip reached the barrier, notifying the plurality of threads on the chip, if it is determined that only on-chip synchronization is needed; and after all of the plurality of threads on the chip reached the barrier, communicating the synchronization signal to outside of the chip, if it is determined that inter-node synchronization is needed. 1. A method for a hierarchical barrier synchronization of cores and nodes on a multiprocessor system, comprising: providing a mask bit register and a status bit register for each of a plurality of threads on a chip; receiving from a thread on the chip, an input bit signal to the status bit register associated with the thread, in response to reaching a barrier; for each of the plurality of threads, \u201cAND\u201ding at least the input bit signal with a mask signal stored in the mask bit register associated with the thread to produce a first output, and \u201cOR\u201ding at least an inverted mask signal associated with the thread with the first output to produce a second output; determining whether all participants in synchronization process reached the barrier by \u201cAND\u201ding the second outputs associated with the plurality of threads; determining whether only on-chip synchronization is needed or whether inter-node synchronization is needed; in response to determining that all of the participants on the chip reached the barrier, notifying the participants on the chip if it is determined that only on-chip synchronization is needed; and after all of the participants on the chip reached the barrier, communicating the synchronization signal to outside of the chip if it is determined that inter-node synchronization is needed. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of threads on the chip are heterogeneous wherein at least one of the plurality of threads is a component of a power efficient core and another of the plurality of threads is a component of a processing core. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the notifying the plurality of threads includes generating an interrupt, waking up one or more of the plurality of threads, or setting a bit indicating the barrier has been achieved, or combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to determining that the inter-node synchronization is needed, hierarchically integrating the synchronization signal into a system synchronization; and propagating a global synchronization signal back to one or more lower levels of synchronization down to all threads participating in the barrier. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a plurality of thread chips participate in the system synchronization and the plurality of thread chips are heterogeneous. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said each of a plurality of threads on a chip is programmed to sleep after providing the input bit signal. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said notifying the plurality of threads on the chip wakes up said each of a plurality of threads on a chip.",
-    "A communication system controls Quality-of-Service (QoS) using Internet Protocol (IP) address ports. A network controller identifies an IP port range and a QoS level for a user application. The network controller transfers port/QoS data that indicates the IP port range and the QoS level for the user application. A wireless relay and a network gateway receive the port/QoS data. The wireless relay wirelessly exchanges user data with User Equipment (UE) using an IP port in the IP port range. The wireless relay exchanges the user data with the network gateway using the QoS level associated with the IP port range responsive to the use of the IP port by the UE. The network gateway exchanges the user data using the QoS level associated with the IP port range responsive to the use of the IP port by the UE. 1. A method of operating a wireless communication system to control Quality-of-Service (QoS) using Internet Protocol (IP) address ports, the method comprising: a network controller identifying an IP port range and a QoS level for a user application and generating and transferring port/QoS data that indicates the IP port range and the QoS level for the user application; a wireless relay receiving the port/QoS data; a network gateway receiving the port/QoS data; the wireless relay wirelessly exchanging user data with User Equipment (UE) using an IP port in the IP port range; the wireless relay exchanging the user data with the network gateway using the QoS level associated with the IP port range responsive to the use of the IP port by the UE; the network gateway exchanging the user data with a data network using the QoS level associated with the IP port range responsive to the use of the IP port. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the wireless relay receiving an IP flow having the IP port and responsively requesting the port range and the port/QoS data. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the wireless relay discovering the user application and responsively requesting the port range and the port/QoS data. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: the wireless relay transferring a media type for the user application; and the network controller receiving the media type for the user application; and wherein the network controller determining the QoS level for the user application comprises the network controller determining the QoS level for the media type. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: the wireless relay transferring an application ID for the user application; the network controller receiving the application ID for the user application; and wherein the network controller determining the QoS level for the user application comprises the network controller determining the QoS level for the application ID. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the network controller selecting a Policy Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the wireless relay for the user application and wherein transferring the port/QoS data comprises transferring the port/QoS data to the selected PCEF in the wireless relay. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the network controller selecting a Policy Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the network gateway for the user application and wherein transferring the port/QoS data comprises transferring the port/QoS data to the selected PCEF in the network gateway. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: the wireless relay generating and transferring relay usage metrics for the data exchange using the IP port responsive to the port/QoS data; and the network gateway generating and transferring gateway usage metrics for the data exchange using the IP port responsive to the port/QoS data. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the wireless relay generating and transferring a Port Control Protocol (PCP) request for delivery to a PCP server that associates the port range and the port/QoS data for the user application. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising the PCP server generating and transferring a network request for delivery to a Policy Charging Rules Function (PCRF) that determines the QoS level for the user application and the PCRF responding with the QoS level for the user application. 11. A wireless communication system to control Quality-of-Service (QoS) using Internet Protocol (IP) address ports, the method comprising: a network controller configured to identify an IP port range and a QoS level for a user application and generate and transfer port/QoS data that indicates the IP port range and the QoS level for the user application; a wireless relay configured to receive the port/QoS data; a network gateway configured to receive the port/QoS data; the wireless relay configured to wirelessly exchange user data with User Equipment (UE) using an IP port in the IP port range and to exchange the user data with the network gateway using the QoS level associated with the IP port range responsive to the use of the IP port by the UE; and the network gateway configured to exchange the user data with a data network using the QoS level associated with the IP port range responsive to the use of the IP port. 12. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising the wireless relay configured to receive an IP flow having the IP port and responsively request the port range and the port/QoS data. 13. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising the wireless relay configured to discover the user application and responsively request the port range and the port/QoS data. 14. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising: the wireless relay configured to transfer a media type for the user application; and the network controller configured to receive the media type for the user application and determine the QoS level for the user application by determining the QoS level for the media type. 15. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising: the wireless relay configured to transfer an application ID for the user application; the network controller configured to receive the application ID for the user application and determine the QoS level for the user application by determining the QoS level for the application ID. 16. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising the network controller configured to select a Policy Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the wireless relay for the user application and to transfer the port/QoS data to the selected PCEF in the wireless relay. 17. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising the network controller configured to select a Policy Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the network gateway for the user application and to transfer the port/QoS data comprises transferring the port/QoS data to the selected PCEF in the network gateway. 18. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising: the wireless relay configured to generate and transfer relay usage metrics for the data exchange using the IP port responsive to the port/QoS data; and the network gateway configured to generate and transfer gateway usage metrics for the data exchange using the IP port responsive to the port/QoS data. 19. The wireless communication system of claim 11 further comprising the wireless relay configured to generate and transfer a Port Control Protocol (PCP) request for delivery to a PCP server, and the PCP server configured to associate the port range and the port/QoS data for the user application. 20. The wireless communication system of claim 19 further comprising the PCP server configured to generate and transfer a network request for delivery to a Policy Charging Rules Function (PCRF) and the PCRF configured to determine and respond with the QoS level for the user application.",
-    "An example embodiment may include a hyperspectral analyzation subassembly configured to obtain information for a sample. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly may include one or more transmitters configured to generate electromagnetic radiation electromagnetically coupled to the sample, one or more sensors configured to detect electromagnetic radiation electromagnetically coupled to the sample, and an electromagnetically transmissive window. At least one of the sensors may be configured to detect electromagnetic radiation from the sample via the window. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly may include an analyzation actuation subassembly configured to actuate at least a portion of the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly in one or more directions of movement with respect to the sample. 1. A hyperspectral analyzation subassembly configured to obtain information for a sample, the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly comprising: one or more transmitters to generate electromagnetic radiation electromagnetically coupled to the sample; one or more sensors to detect electromagnetic radiation electromagnetically coupled to the sample; an electromagnetically transmissive window to receive the sample, wherein at least one of the sensors detects electromagnetic radiation from the sample via the window; and an analyzation actuation subassembly to actuate at least a portion of the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly in one or more directions of movement with respect to the sample. 2. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 1, wherein the analyzation actuation subassembly further comprises: a first actuator to actuate at least the portion of the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly in a first direction of movement; a second actuator to actuate at least the portion of the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly in a second direction of movement; and a third actuator to actuate at least the portion of the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly in a third direction of movement. 3. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 2, further comprising: an optical multiplexer electromagnetically coupled to an objective, wherein the optical multiplexer directs electromagnetic radiation travelling between the sample and at least one of the one or more sensors and/or the one or more transmitters; and an objective electromagnetically coupled between the window and the optical multiplexer, the objective focusing electromagnetic radiation travelling to or from the sample. 4. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 1, further comprising a computerized subassembly configured to one or more of: transmit power and/or control signals to the analyzation actuation subassembly to scan the sample; and receive data from the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly to obtain information regarding the sample. 5. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 1, wherein: at least one of the transmitters includes a Raman laser source optically coupled to the sample; and at least one of the sensors is a Raman spectrometer optically coupled to the sample. 6. The hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the transmitters generates ultraviolet radiation directed at the sample. 7. A system comprising the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 1 coupled to a device configured to analyze one or more samples positioned in a sample tray, the device comprising: a tray holder configured to receive a sample tray including a plurality of wells, the sample tray configured to permit electromagnetic radiation to travel through the sample tray to one or more samples positioned inside of the wells; a first actuator configured to actuate the tray holder in a first direction of movement; and a second actuator configured to actuate the tray holder in a second direction of movement. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising an electronic assembly electrically coupled to the first actuator and the second actuator, the electronic assembly configured to control the first actuator and the second actuator to position each of the wells of the sample tray with respect to the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly to scan the samples positioned inside of the wells. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein: the sample tray is removably positioned at least partially inside of the tray holder; the samples are positioned on a first side of the sample tray; and the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly analyzes the samples by transmitting electromagnetic radiation through an oppositely positioned second side of the sample tray. 10. A system comprising the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly of claim 1 coupled to a device configured to analyze fluid samples, the device comprising: a body defining an aperture; a first window and a second window occluding the aperture and configured to permit electromagnetic radiation to travel through the aperture; a chamber defined between the first window and the second window; an inlet defined in the body and configured to permit fluid samples to enter the chamber; and an outlet defined in the body and configured to permit fluid samples to exit the chamber. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein a fluid sample is directed into the chamber through the inlet adjacent to the first window, the hyperspectral analyzation subassembly is functionally coupled to the chamber via one or more of the first window or the second window to analyze and/or process the fluid sample, and the fluid sample exits the chamber through the outlet. 12. The system of claim 10, further comprising one or more valves configured to segment portions of the fluid sample. 13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a peristaltic pump fluidly coupled to the inlet and a plurality of conduits coupled to the outlet, wherein each of the plurality of conduits is sized and shaped for particles of a specified density. 14. A system for analyzing a sample comprising: an objective; a window configured to receive a sample; a deformable member positioned between the window and the objective, the deformable member including a membrane defining a bladder filled at least partially with a fluid, the deformable member capable of deforming to permit the objective to move with respect to the window. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the deformable member and the window permit electromagnetic radiation to travel between the objective and the sample. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the deformable member is at least partially optically transparent and conveys electromagnetic radiation travelling to or from the sample. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the deformable member deforms to a shape corresponding to a space between the objective and the window. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the deformable member is capable of deforming to permit the objective to move with respect to the window in at least two directions of movement. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the membrane is a vulcanized silicone and the fluid is a silicone oil. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the deformable member is part of an array of deformable members configured to be used in analyzing a plurality of samples.",
-    "A hitch ball is shown and described. The hitch ball may include a ball member, a body extending from the ball member, and a locking member in communication with the body. The hitch ball may also include a first release mechanism positioned in the ball member, the first release mechanism operatively coupled with the locking member, where positioning the first release mechanism in an first direction positions the locking member in a disengaged position, and a second release mechanism positioned in the body, the second release mechanism operatively coupled with the locking member, where positioning the second release mechanism in a second direction positions the locking member in the disengaged position. 1. A hitch ball comprising: a ball member; a body extending from the ball member; a locking member in communication with the body; a first release mechanism positioned in the ball member, the first release mechanism operatively coupled with the locking member, wherein positioning the first release mechanism in an first direction positions the locking member in a disengaged position; and a second release mechanism positioned in the body, the second release mechanism operatively coupled with the locking member, wherein positioning the second release mechanism in a second direction positions the locking member in the disengaged position. 2. The hitch ball of claim 1, wherein the first release mechanism includes a handle positioned within the ball member. 3. The hitch ball of claim 1, wherein the second release mechanism includes a handle engaged with the body axially spaced from the ball member. 4. The hitch ball of claim 1, both of the ball member and body are configured for insertion into a socket. 5. The hitch ball of claim 1, wherein the first and second directions are a same direction. 6. The hitch ball of claim 1, further comprising a plunger, the plunger in operative engagement with the locking member. 7. The hitch ball of claim 6, wherein the second release mechanism is operatively engaged with the plunger. 8. The hitch ball of claim 6, wherein the second release mechanism includes a handle selectively engageable with either of the plunger or the body. 9. A hitch ball assembly comprising: a socket; a ball member insertable within the socket; a body extending from the ball member, the body insertable within the socket; a release mechanism; and a locking member in operative communication with the release mechanism, the release mechanism accessible from both of the ball member and body, wherein the release member positions the locking member from a first position engaged with the socket and a second position disengaged from the socket. 10. The hitch ball assembly of claim 9, further comprising an engaging device positioned with the socket, wherein the locking mechanism engages the engaging device in the first position. 11. The hitch ball assembly of claim 10, wherein the engaging device includes a generally annular groove positioned in the socket. 12. The hitch ball assembly of claim 10, wherein the engaging device includes first and second annular grooves positioned in the socket, the first and second annular grooves axially spaced apart. 13. The hitch ball assembly of claim 9, wherein the release mechanism is operatively engaged with the ball member and the body. 14. The hitch ball assembly of claim 9, wherein the release mechanism is accessible to a user when the ball member inserted into the socket. 15. The hitch ball assembly of claim 9, wherein the release mechanism is biased in a locked position whereby the locking member is in the first position. 16. The hitch ball assembly of claim 9, further comprising a first handle operatively engaged with the release mechanism, the first handle positioned in the ball member. 17. The hitch ball assembly of claim 16, further comprising a second handle operatively engaged with the release mechanism, the second handle positioned in the body axially spaced from the first handle. 18. The hitch ball assembly of claim 17, wherein the second handle is accessible when the ball member extends downward into the socket. 19. A hitch ball comprising: a ball member configured for insertion into a socket of a hitch assembly; a body extending from the ball member, the body configured for insertion into the socket of the hitch assembly; and a locking member located in the body, the locking member moveable between a first engaged position and a second disengaged position, wherein the locking member in the first position locks the ball member in both upright and inverted positions in the socket. 20. The hitch ball of claim 19, further comprising a release mechanism in operative communication with the locking member, the release mechanism positionable between a first position moving the locking member to the first engaged position to a second position moving the locking member to the second disengaged position. 21. The hitch ball of claim 20, further comprising first and second handles operatively coupled with the release mechanism. 22. The hitch ball of claim 21, wherein the first handle is positioned in the ball member and the second handle is positioned in the body. 23. The hitch ball of claim 22, wherein the second handle includes a pin member attached with the body opposite the ball member. 24. The hitch ball of claim 22, wherein the second handle includes a handle pivotally attached with the body opposite the ball member. 25. The hitch ball of claim 22, wherein the release mechanism includes a plunger whereby the second handle includes a pin member attached with the plunger opposite the ball member. 26. The hitch ball of claim 22, wherein the release mechanism includes a plunger whereby the second handle includes a handle member selectively attachable to the plunger opposite the ball member. 27. The hitch ball of claim 22, wherein the second handle includes a handle member selectively attachable to the body opposite the ball member.",
-    "A decorative pocket applique with a graphical element that can be heat-applied to most any garment to create a functional pocket with aesthetic value. The applique is made of 100% polyester fabric woven or knit which is dye-sublimated-printed to create an exterior decorative image or logo. The applique interior has a perimeter made of a thermoplastic adhesive consisting of either nylon, polyester or some combination thereof that is used to seal a folded top lip or edge of the intended pocket to itself and the remaining perimeter adhesive to a piece of apparel or garment. 1. A method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' that can be heat-applied to any garment or textile, comprising the steps of: obtaining a fabric blank substantially comprising synthetic polyester; printing a decorative graphic on one side of said fabric blank by dye sublimation printing; cutting said fabric blank around said decorative element in a geometric pocket shape having an extending top margin; coating a lower laminating frame around said cut fabric blank underlying said cut fabric blank with a marginal area outside said decorative graphic, and beneath said extending top margin, leaving said top margin uncoated; folding said top margin underneath said lower laminating frame; and thermally fusing said thermal pocket applique' to a garment around three contiguous sides via said coated lower laminating frame leaving said folded top margin open in an open-pocket configuration. 2. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 1, wherein said extending top margin comprises a rectangular margin. 3. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 2, wherein a width of said geometric pocket shape exceeds a width of said rectangular margin. 4. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 2, wherein said rectangular margin has a height within a range of from 1.0 cm to 1.6 cm. 5. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 3, wherein said rectangular margin has a width of approximately 8.5 cm. 6. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 2, wherein said step of obtaining a fabric blank further comprises obtaining a 100% polyester blank. 7. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 6, wherein said step of printing comprises dye sublimation printing. 8. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 7, wherein said step of dye sublimation printing comprises printing a plurality of colors in a plurality of passes. 9. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 1, wherein said step of cutting a fabric blank comprises cutting around said decorative element in a geometric pocket shape consisting of any one from among the group of a pentagon, hexagon, rectangle, and crest. 10. The method of manufacturing a thermal pocket applique' according to claim 1, wherein said rectangular margin has a height within a range of from 1.0 cm to 1.6 cm. 11. A method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique\u2032, comprising the steps of: obtaining a blank of material; printing a decorative graphic element on one side of said blank; cutting the blank around decorative graphic element in a predetermined cut pattern comprising a geometric pocket shape having a top, bottom and sides, with a margin extended upward above the top of said geometric pocket shape; coating a defined subarea of said geometric pocket shape on a side opposite said printed side with a thermoplastic adhesive, said defined subarea comprising a marginal ring around said geometric pocket shape; applying the decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' to a garment by placing the applique' atop the garment with the rectangular margin folded underneath so that it underlies the marginal ring below the top margin and the adhesive coated thereon, and heat-sealing. 12. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 11, wherein said extending top margin comprises a rectangular margin. 13. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 12, wherein a width of said geometric pocket shape exceeds a width of said rectangular margin. 14. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 12, wherein said rectangular margin has a height within a range of from 1.0 cm to 1.6 cm. 15. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 14 wherein said rectangular margin has a width of approximately 8.5 cm. 16. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 12, wherein said step of obtaining a fabric blank further comprises obtaining a 100% polyester blank. 17. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 16, wherein said step of printing comprises dye sublimation printing. 18. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 17, wherein said step of dye sublimation printing comprises printing a plurality of colors in a plurality of passes. 19. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 11, wherein said step of cutting a fabric blank comprises cutting around said decorative element in a geometric pocket shape consisting of any one from among the group of a pentagon, hexagon, rectangle, and crest. 20. The method of forming a decorative heat-sealable pocket applique' according to claim 11, wherein said rectangular margin has a height within a range of from 1.0 cm to 1.6 cm.",
-    "There is provided a high-quality spiral-type acidic gas separation module which is obtained by winding a laminate including an acidic gas separation layer that has a facilitated transport film and which has no defects in the facilitated transport film, in which the average value of the fiber diameter of a supply gas channel member is in a range of 100 \u03bcm to 900 \u03bcm, and the area ratio of concave portions inscribed in a hemisphere having a diameter greater than or equal to three-quarters of the fiber diameter of the supply gas channel member is 50% or less with respect to a surface of an auxiliary support film of a porous support that is on the side opposite to the facilitated transport film. 1. A spiral-type acidic gas separation module comprising: a central tube in a tube wall of which through-holes are formed; a supply gas channel member which becomes a raw material gas and is formed of at least one of woven fabric and unwoven fabric; an acidic gas separation layer which separates acidic gas from raw material gas flowing in the supply gas channel member and includes a facilitated transport film that contains a carrier reacting with the acidic gas and a hydrophilic compound for carrying the carrier and a porous support that supports the facilitated transport film and allows the acidic gas separated from the facilitated transport film to pass through; and a permeating gas channel member which becomes a channel from which the acidic gas that reacts with the carrier and permeates into the facilitated transport film flows into the central tube, wherein the porous support is obtained by laminating a porous film, which is on the facilitated transport film side, on an auxiliary support film which is formed of at least one of woven fabric and unwoven fabric on the permeating gas channel member side, the average value of the fiber diameter of the supply gas channel member is in a range of 100 \u03bcm to 900 \u03bcm, with respect to a surface of the auxiliary support film that is on the side opposite to the facilitated transport film, the area ratio of concave portions inscribed in a hemisphere having a diameter greater than or equal to three-quarters of the fiber diameter of the supply gas channel member is 50% or less, and at least one laminate which includes the supply gas channel member, the acidic gas separation layer, and the permeating gas channel member is wound around the central tube. 2. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the facilitated transport film is in a range of 5 \u03bcm to 150 \u03bcm. 3. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 1, wherein the water absorption rate of the facilitated transport film is in a range of 1% to 20%. 4. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 2, wherein the water absorption rate of the facilitated transport film is in a range of 1% to 20%. 5. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 1, wherein the tensile elastic modulus of the supply gas channel member is in a range of 1 MPa to 500 MPa. 6. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 2, wherein the tensile elastic modulus of the supply gas channel member is in a range of 1 MPa to 500 MPa. 7. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 3, wherein the tensile elastic modulus of the supply gas channel member is in a range of 1 MPa to 500 MPa. 8. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 4, wherein the tensile elastic modulus of the supply gas channel member is in a range of 1 MPa to 500 MPa. 9. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 1, wherein the supply gas channel member has a network structure formed of threads containing one or more resins selected from polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, and polyvinylidene fluoride. 10. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 8, wherein the supply gas channel member has a network structure formed of threads containing one or more resins selected from polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, and polyvinylidene fluoride. 11. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 1, wherein the acidic gas separation layer further includes a hydrophobic intermediate layer between the facilitated transport film and the porous support. 12. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 10, wherein the acidic gas separation layer further includes a hydrophobic intermediate layer between the facilitated transport film and the porous support. 13. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 11, wherein the intermediate layer is a layer containing a silicone resin. 14. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 12, wherein the intermediate layer is a layer containing a silicone resin. 15. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 1, wherein the laminate has a structure in which the permeating gas channel member is laminated on a pinching body formed by interposing the supply gas channel member between the acidic gas separation layers which are folded into two so that the facilitated transport film is inside. 16. The spiral-type acidic gas separation module according to claim 14, wherein the laminate has a structure in which the permeating gas channel member is laminated on a pinching body formed by interposing the supply gas channel member between the acidic gas separation layers which are folded into two so that the facilitated transport film is inside.",
-    "Methods, systems, and computer readable media may be operable to facilitate the automatic configuration of a network device within a wireless distribution system (WDS) extended network. Upon the boot of a network device such as a network extender, the network device may search for an access point through the transmission and reception of wireless communications. Once an access point is found, the network device may attempt to connect to the access point and may self-configure as either a station or a station operating as an access point. The network device may make the determination whether to operate as an access point based upon one or more network and/or device parameters associated with the identified access point, and may switch between station and station-access point modes based upon the link connecting the network device to the access point. 1. A method comprising: outputting a request for a network address from a network device; if no network address is received, configuring the network device as a station; associating the network device with an access point; determining whether a received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is greater than a predetermined add threshold; and if the received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold: configuring the network device as a remote base station; and establishing a wireless distribution system link between the network device and the access point. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the access point is configured as a remote base station or a master base station. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a degradation in a link between the network device and the access point; identifying a second access point, wherein the second access point is identified based upon a beacon message received at the network device from the access point, the beacon message identifying the access point as a master base station or a remote base station; determining whether a received signal strength indicator associated with the second access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold; and if the received signal strength indicator associated with the second access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold, associating the network device with the second access point. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein detecting the degradation in the link between the network device and the access point comprises determining that the received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is less than a predetermined drop threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: wherein the access point is identified from a plurality of access points; determining a bandwidth capability for each of the plurality of access points; and wherein the identified access point comprises the highest bandwidth capability of the plurality of access points. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein determining the bandwidth capability for each of the plurality of access points comprises, for each respective one of the plurality of access points, retrieving a bandwidth capability indicator from a beacon received at the network device from the respective one access point. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: updating a beacon message that is output from the network device to include an indication of the configuration of the network device as a remote base station. 8. A network device comprising: an interface configured to be used to output a request for a network address; one or more modules configured to: configure the network device as a station if no network address is received; associate the network device with an access point; determine whether a received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is greater than a predetermined add threshold; and configure the network device as a remote base station and establish a wireless distribution system link between the network device and the access point if the received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold. 9. The network device of claim 8, wherein the one or more modules are further configured to: detect a degradation in a link between the network device and the access point; identify a second access point, wherein the second access point is identified based upon a beacon message received at the network device from the access point, the beacon message identifying the access point as a master base station or a remote base station; determine whether a received signal strength indicator associated with the second access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold; and associate the network device with the second access point if the received signal strength indicator associated with the second access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold. 10. The network device of claim 9, wherein detecting the degradation in the link between the network device and the access point comprises determining that the received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is less than a predetermined drop threshold. 11. The network device of claim 8, wherein the one or more modules are further configured to, when the access point is identified from a plurality of access points, determine a bandwidth capability for each of the plurality of access points, wherein the identified access point comprises the highest bandwidth capability of the plurality of access points. 12. The network device of claim 11, wherein determining the bandwidth capability for each of the plurality of access points comprises, for each respective one of the plurality of access points, retrieving a bandwidth capability indicator from a beacon received at the network device from the respective one access point. 13. The network device of claim 8, wherein the one or more modules are further configured to update a beacon message that is output from the network device to include an indication of the configuration of the network device as a remote base station. 14. One or more non-transitory computer readable media having instructions operable to cause one or more processors to perform the operations comprising: outputting a request for a network address from a network device; if no network address is received, configuring the network device as a station; associating the network device with an access point; determining whether a received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is greater than a predetermined add threshold; and if the received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold: configuring the network device as a remote base station; and establishing a wireless distribution system link between the network device and the access point. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the access point is a master base station or a remote base station. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the instructions are further operable to cause one or more processors to perform the operations comprising: detecting a degradation in a link between the network device and the access point; identifying a second access point, wherein the second access point is identified based upon a beacon message received at the network device from the access point, the beacon message identifying the access point as a master base station or a remote base station; determining whether a received signal strength indicator associated with the second access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold; and if the received signal strength indicator associated with the second access point is greater than the predetermined add threshold, associating the network device with the second access point. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 16, wherein detecting the degradation in the link between the network device and the access point comprises determining that the received signal strength indicator associated with the access point is less than a predetermined drop threshold. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the instructions are further operable to cause one or more processors to perform the operations comprising: wherein the access point is identified from a plurality of access points; determining a bandwidth capability for each of the plurality of access points; and wherein the identified access point comprises the highest bandwidth capability of the plurality of access points. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 18, wherein determining the bandwidth capability for each of the plurality of access points comprises, for each respective one of the plurality of access points, retrieving a bandwidth capability indicator from a beacon received at the network device from the respective one access point. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the instructions are further operable to cause one or more processors to perform the operations comprising: updating a beacon message that is output from the network device to include an indication of the configuration of the network device as a remote base station.",
-    "A method for extracting hierarchical features from data defined on a geometric domain is provided. The method includes applying on said data at least an intrinsic convolution layer, including the steps of applying a patch operator to extract a local representation of the input data around a point on the geometric domain and outputting the correlation of a patch resulting from the extraction with a plurality of templates. A system to implement the method is also described. 1. A method for extracting hierarchical features from data defined on a geometric domain, comprising applying on said data at least an intrinsic convolution layer, including the steps of applying a patch operator to extract a local representation of the input data around a point on the geometric domain and outputting the correlation of a patch resulting from the extraction with a plurality of templates. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying at least one of the following layers: a linear layer or fully connected layer, including outputting a weighted linear combination of input data; a non-linear layer, including applying a non-linear function to input data; a spatial pooling layer, including: determining a subset of points on the geometric domain; for each point of said subset, determining the neighbours on the geometric domain; and computing an averaging operation on input data over the neighbours for all the points of said subset; and a covariance layer, including computing a covariance matrix of input data over all the points of the geometric domain; wherein each layer has input data and output data and output data of one layer are given as input data to another layer. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein two or more of said layers are applied in sequence, and the output data of one layer in the sequence is given as input data to a subsequent layer in the sequence. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the geometric domain is one of the following: a manifold; a parametric surface; an implicit surface; a mesh; a point cloud; or a graph. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein parameters of the applied layer are determined by minimizing a cost function by means of an optimization procedure. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the patch operator inputs data on the geometric domain and said point on said domain, and outputs the local representation of said data around said point, wherein the local representation is one or more of the following: data represented in a local intrinsic polar system of coordinates; data transformed by a windowed Fourier transform; and data weighted by anisotropic diffusion kernels. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the patch operator outputs said local representation of input data in the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates, and wherein an origin of angular coordinates of the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates is provided as side information extracted from the geometric domain or the data. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the geometric domain is a surface and the side information used to determine the origin of the angular coordinate of the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates at each point on the surface is a principle curvature direction at said point. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the side information used to determine the origin of the angular coordinate of the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates at each point is a direction of a minimal or maximal absolute change of the data at said point. 10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the patch operator outputs said local representation of input data in the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates, and the Fourier transform is applied with respect to angular coordinates, followed by an absolute value operation. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the intrinsic convolution layer includes applying said patch operator to extract a local representation of input data in a local intrinsic polar system of coordinates around a point on the geometric domain, and outputting the correlation of a patch resulting from the extraction with a plurality of templates, the computation of said correlation further comprising the steps of: rotating each template along angular coordinates; computing the correlation of the patch with the rotated template; and taking a maximum operation over all the rotations. 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the representation of input data in the local polar system of coordinates around the point on the geometric domain further comprises the steps of: computing an intrinsic distance from said point to all the other points on the geometric domain; computing level sets of said intrinsic distance at a plurality of levels; splitting a full angle at said point into a plurality of angular directions; and shooting rays emanating from said point along said directions perpendicular to said level sets. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said intrinsic distance is one of the following or an approximation thereof: geodesic distance; diffusion distance; commute time distance; or biharmonic distance. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the representation of input data further comprises the steps of computing weights localized around level sets and rays; and computing weighted averages of input data with each of said weights. 15. The method according to claim 6, wherein computing the windowed Fourier transform of input data further comprises: computing localized modulated atoms; and computing inner products of data with said atoms. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein localized modulated atoms are heat kernels multiplied by Laplacian eigenfunctions. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the heat kernels are anisotropic. 18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the computation of local representation of input data around a point on the geometric domain further comprises the steps of computing a plurality of directed anisotropic heat kernels at said point, corresponding to a plurality of anisotropy constants and directions; and computing weighted averages of input data with said directed anisotropic heat kernels. 19. The method according to claim 2, wherein the averaging operation includes one or more of the following: an arithmetic average; a maximum operation; an average weighted by weights dependent on a distance between points; and an average weighted by weights dependent on local volume elements. 20. The method according to claim 5, wherein a plurality of said cost functions are defined, and wherein each of said cost functions is associated to one or more application for which feature extraction is carried out. 21. The method according to claim 5, wherein the input into the optimization procedure is a training set comprising: a positive set of pairs of points on one or more geometric domains; and negative set of pairs points on one or more geometric domains, wherein two identical copies of the hierarchical system configured with the same parameters are fed with pairs of points from said positive and negative sets, and wherein the optimization procedure tries to minimize the distance between the outputs corresponding to positive pairs and maximize the distance between the outputs corresponding to negative pairs. 22. A system for extracting hierarchical features from data defined on a geometric domain, comprising means for applying on said data at least an intrinsic convolution layer, wherein said means are configured to apply a patch operator, to extract a local representation of the input data around a point on the geometric domain, and to output the correlation of a patch resulting from the extraction with a plurality of templates. 23. The system for extracting hierarchical features according to claim 22, further including means for applying one or more of the following layers on said data: an intrinsic convolution layer, to apply a patch operator for extracting a local representation of the data around a point on the geometric domain and to correlate a patch, resulting from the extraction, with a plurality of templates; a linear layer or fully connected layer, to take said data in input and to give in output a weighted linear combination; a non-linear layer, to take said data in input into a non-linear function; a spatial pooling layer, to determine neighbours of a point on the geometric domain and to compute an averaging operation over the neighbours; and a covariance layer, to compute a covariance matrix of said data in input over all the points of the geometric domain. 24. The system according to claim 22, wherein the geometric domain is one of the following: a manifold; a parametric surface; a mesh; a point cloud; or a graph. 25. The system according to claim 22, including an optimization procedure for minimizing a cost function to determine parameters of the layer to be applied. 26. The system according to claim 22, wherein the patch operator is one or more of the following: a local polar system of coordinates; a windowed Fourier transform; and an anisotropic diffusion kernels. 27. The system according to claim 26, wherein the patch operator is configured to output said local representation of input data in the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates, and to provide an origin of angular coordinates of the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates as side information extracted from the geometric domain or the data. 28. The system according to claim 27, configured to take a surface as a geometric domain and to a take a principle curvature direction at said point as the side information used to determine the origin of the angular coordinate of the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates at each point on the surface. 29. The system according to claim 27, configured to take a direction of a minimal or maximal absolute change of the data at said point as the side information used to determine the origin of the angular coordinate of the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates at each point. 30. The system according to claim 26, wherein the patch operator is configured to output said local representation of input data in the local intrinsic polar system of coordinates, and to apply the Fourier transform with respect to angular coordinates, followed by an absolute value operation. 31. The system according to claim 22, wherein said means to apply the intrinsic convolution layer is configured to apply said patch operator to extract a local representation of input data in a local intrinsic polar system of coordinates around a point on the geometric domain, and to output the correlation of a patch resulting from the extraction with a plurality of templates, and is further configured to: rotate each template along angular coordinates; compute the correlation of the patch with the rotated template; and take a maximum operation over all the rotations. 32. The system according to claim 22, wherein said means is further configured to: compute an intrinsic distance from said point to all the other points on the geometric domain; compute level sets of said intrinsic distance at a plurality of levels; split a full angle at said point into a plurality of angular directions; and shoot rays emanating from said point along said directions perpendicular to said level sets. 33. The system according to claim 32, wherein said intrinsic distance is one of the following or an approximation thereof: geodesic distance; diffusion distance; commute time distance; or biharmonic distance. 34. The system according to claim 32, wherein said means is further configured to: compute weights localized around level sets and rays; and compute weighted averages of input data with each of said weights. 35. The system according to claim 26, wherein said means is further configured to compute the windowed Fourier transform of input data by: computing localized modulated atoms; and computing inner products of data with said atoms. 36. The system according to claim 35, wherein said localized modulated atoms are heat kernels multiplied by Laplacian eigenfunctions. 37. The system according to claim 36, wherein the heat kernels are anisotropic. 38. The system according to claim 26, wherein said means is further configured for the computation of local representation of input data around a point on geometric domain by: computing a plurality of directed anisotropic heat kernels at said point, corresponding to a plurality of anisotropy constants and directions; and computing weighted averages of input data with said directed anisotropic heat kernels. 39. The system according to claim 23, wherein the averaging operation includes one or more of the following: an arithmetic average; a maximum operation. an average weighted by weights dependent on a distance between points; and an average weighted by weights dependent on local volume elements. 40. The system according to claim 25, which stores a plurality of said cost functions, wherein each of said cost functions is associated to one or more application for which features may be extracted. 41. The system according to claim 40, including a training set as an input for the optimization procedure, comprising: a positive set of pairs of points on one or more geometric domains; and negative set of pairs points on one or more geometric domains, wherein two identical copies of the hierarchical system configured with the same parameters are fed with pairs of points from said positive and negative sets, and wherein the optimization procedure tries to minimize the distance between the outputs corresponding to positive pairs and maximize the distance between the outputs corresponding to negative pairs. 42. The system according to claim 22, further comprising means for determining similarity between two geometric objects or for determining correspondence between objects from a class of geometric objects and a reference object.",
-    "The user interface system of the preferred embodiment includes: a layer defining a surface, a substrate supporting the layer and at least partially defining a cavity, a displacement device coupled to the cavity and adapted to expand the cavity thereby deforming a particular region of the surface, a touch sensor coupled to the substrate and adapted to sense a user touch proximate the particular region of the surface, and a display coupled to the substrate and adapted to output images to the user. The user interface system of the preferred embodiments has been specifically designed to be incorporated into an electronic device, such as the display of a mobile phone, but may be incorporated in any suitable device that interfaces with a user in both a visual and tactile manner. 1. A user interface comprising: a substrate comprising an attachment face defining a planar attachment surface and a support member continuous with the attachment face, the support member defining a first fluid channel and a second fluid channel laterally adjacent the first fluid channel, the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel configured to communicate fluid through the support member into a cavity; a tactile layer defining a tactile surface, a peripheral region, and a deformable region adjacent the peripheral region, the peripheral region coupled to the attachment face proximal a periphery of the support member, the deformable region aligned with the support member, disconnected from the support member, and cooperating with the support member to define the cavity, a portion of the tactile layer of a thickness greater than a width dimension of the first fluid channel, and the support member configured to support the deformable region against inward deformation past flush with the attachment surface into the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel; a displacement device configured to displace fluid into the cavity via the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel to transition the deformable region from a retracted setting to an expanded setting tactilely distinguishable from the retracted setting at the tactile surface; and a sensor coupled to the substrate and configured to detect an input at the tactile surface. 2. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the attachment face and the support member define a continuous curved surface. 3. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the attachment face and the support member are planar. 4. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the deformable and peripheral regions of the tactile layer are adjacent and of substantially similar thicknesses. 5. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the tactile surface of the deformable region is flush with the tactile surface of the peripheral region in the retracted setting. 6. The user interface of claim 5, wherein, in the expanded setting, the tactile surface of the deformable region is elevated above a portion of the tactile surface of the peripheral region. 7. The user interface of claim 6, wherein, in the expanded setting, the tactile surface of the deformable region defines a slider. 8. The user interface of claim 1, wherein, in the retracted setting, the deformable region is in contact with the support member. 9. The user interface of claim 8, wherein, in the expanded setting, the deformable region is lifted off of the support member. 10. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the first fluid channel defines a circular cross-section and passes through the support member, the fluid channel substantially normal to the attachment face. 11. The user interface of claim 1, further comprising a reservoir coupled to the displacement device and configured to contain fluid. 12. The user interface of claim 1, further comprising a valve arranged between the fluid channel and the displacement device. 13. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a capacitive touch sensor. 14. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the tactile layer comprises a substantially transparent material, wherein the substrate comprises a substantially transparent material, and further comprising a display coupled to the substrate and configured to visually output an image through the tactile surface. 15. The user interface of claim 14, wherein the display is configured to output the image comprising an image of an input key substantially aligned with the deformable region. 16. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the substrate further defines a fluid conduit fluidly coupled to the first fluid channel and to the second fluid channel, the fluid conduit configured to communicate fluid between the displacement device and the cavity via the first fluid channel and the second fluid channel. 17. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the displacement device is a pump. 18. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the displacement device is further configured to displace fluid away from the deformable region to transition the deformable region from the expanded setting to the retracted setting. 19. The user interface of claim 1, further comprising a processor coupled to the sensor and configured to interpret a touch on the tactile surface of the deformable region as: a first input type when the deformable region is in the retracted setting; and a second input type when the deformable region is in the expanded setting. 20. The user interface of claim 1, wherein the substrate further comprises a second support member continuous with the attachment face and a third fluid channel configured to communicate fluid through the second support member into a second cavity, wherein the tactile layer defines a second deformable region adjacent and disconnected from the second support member and cooperating with the second support member to define the second cavity, wherein the support member is configured to limit inward deformation of the second deformable region, and wherein the displacement device is further configured to displace fluid through the third fluid channel into the second cavity to transition the second deformable region from a retracted setting to an expanded setting, the expanded setting tactilely distinguishable from the retracted setting at the second deformable region. 21. The user interface of claim 20, wherein the displacement device selectively transitions the deformable region and the second deformable region between the retracted and expanded settings. 22. The user interface of claim 1 incorporated into an electronic device selected from the group consisting of: an automotive console, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a television, a radio, a desk phone, a mobile phone, a PDA, a personal navigation device, a personal media player, a camera, and a watch.",
-    "Aspects of resolving conflicting configuration parameters during wireless communication include triggering reselection to a new cell from a current cell and determining that a user equipment (UE) is configured in a forward access channel (FACH) state and is waiting for a Layer 2 Acknowledgement (L2 ACK) message from a network entity when reselection to the new cell is triggered. Further, the aspects include performing a collision resolution procedure in response to the determination that the UE is configured in the FACH state and is waiting for the L2 ACK message. In some aspects, the collision resolution procedure establishes which one of a plurality of information elements (IEs) to choose for a reconfiguration procedure. 1. A method of resolving conflicting configuration parameters during wireless communication, comprising: triggering reselection to a new cell from a current cell; determining that a user equipment (UE) is configured in a forward access channel (FACH) state and is waiting for a Layer 2 Acknowledgement (L2 ACK) message from a network entity when reselection to the new cell is triggered; and performing a collision resolution procedure in response to the determination that the UE is configured in the FACH state and is waiting for the L2 ACK message, wherein the collision resolution procedure establishes which one of a plurality of information elements (IEs) to choose for a reconfiguration procedure. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the collision resolution procedure further comprises: establishing that the new cell is included in a reconfiguration message received from the network entity prior to triggering the reselection; and applying new cell IEs included in a cell update confirm message for the reconfiguration procedure to the new cell, wherein the cell update confirm message is received from the network entity in response to triggering a cell update message for the new cell. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising performing the reconfiguration procedure for the new cell based on the new cell IEs, wherein the UE reselects to the new cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: AF: 030284.10948 transmitting an additional cell update message including the new cell IEs to the network entity for the new cell, wherein a reconfiguration status indicator (RSI) of the additional cell update message is set to FALSE. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the collision resolution procedure further comprises: establishing that the new cell is not included in a reconfiguration message received from the network entity prior to triggering the reselection, wherein the reconfiguration message includes a third cell different from the new cell and the current cell; and applying third cell IEs included in the reconfiguration message for the reconfiguration procedure to the third cell. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising performing the reconfiguration procedure for the new cell based on the third cell IEs, wherein the UE reselects to the new cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: transmitting an additional cell update message including the third cell IEs to the network entity for the third cell, wherein a reconfiguration status indicator (RSI) of the additional cell update message is set to FALSE. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the collision resolution procedure further comprises: establishing that the new cell is not included in a reconfiguration message received from the network entity prior to triggering the reselection, wherein the reconfiguration message includes a third cell different from the new cell and a current cell; determining whether a cell quality of the new cell is greater than a cell quality of the third cell; AF: 030284.10948 applying new cell IEs included in a cell update confirm message for the reconfiguration procedure to the new cell when the cell quality of the new cell is greater than the cell quality of the third cell, wherein the cell update confirm message is received from the network entity in response to triggering a cell update message for the new cell; applying third cell IEs included in the reconfiguration message for the reconfiguration procedure to the third cell when the cell quality of the new cell is not greater than the cell quality of the third cell; and transmitting an additional cell update message including either the new cell IEs or the third cell IEs to the network entity based on the determination whether the cell quality of the new cell is greater than the cell quality of the third cell, wherein a reconfiguration status indicator (RSI) of the additional cell update message is set to FALSE. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising performing the reconfiguration procedure for the new cell based on the new cell IEs, wherein the UE reselects to the new cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising performing the reconfiguration procedure for the third cell based on the third cell IEs, wherein the UE redirects to the third cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality IEs correspond to radio network temporary identifiers (RNTIs). 12. An apparatus for resolving conflicting configuration parameters during wireless communication, comprising: a memory configured to store data, and one or more processors communicatively coupled with the memory, wherein the one or more processors and the memory are configured to: AF: 030284.10948 trigger reselection to a new cell from a current cell; determine that a user equipment (UE) is configured in a forward access channel (FACH) state and is waiting for a Layer 2 Acknowledgement (L2 ACK) message from a network entity when reselection to the new cell is triggered; and perform a collision resolution procedure in response to the determination that the UE is configured in the FACH state and is waiting for the L2 ACK message, wherein the collision resolution procedure establishes which one of a plurality of information elements (IEs) to choose for a reconfiguration procedure. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors and the memory configured to perform the collision resolution procedure are further configured to: establish that the new cell is included in a reconfiguration message received from the network entity prior to triggering the reselection; and apply new cell IEs included in a cell update confirm message for the reconfiguration procedure to the new cell, wherein the cell update confirm message is received from the network entity in response to triggering a cell update message for the new cell. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the one or more processor and the memory are configured to perform the reconfiguration procedure for the new cell based on the new cell IEs, wherein the UE reselects to the new cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors and the memory configured to perform the collision resolution procedure are further configured to: establish that the new cell is not included in a reconfiguration message received from the network entity prior to triggering the reselection, wherein the reconfiguration message includes a third cell different from the new cell and the current cell; and apply third cell IEs included in the reconfiguration message for the reconfiguration procedure to the third cell. AF: 030284.10948 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors and the memory configured to perform the reconfiguration procedure for the new cell based on the third cell IEs, wherein the UE reselects to the new cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors and the memory configured to perform the collision resolution procedure are further configured to: establish that the new cell is not included in a reconfiguration message received from the network entity prior to triggering the reselection, wherein the reconfiguration message includes a third cell different from the new cell and a current cell; determine whether a cell quality of the new cell is greater than a cell quality of the third cell; apply new cell IEs included in a cell update confirm message for the reconfiguration procedure to the new cell when the cell quality of the new cell is greater than the cell quality of the third cell, wherein the cell update confirm message is received from the network entity in response to triggering a cell update message for the new cell; apply third cell IEs included in the reconfiguration message for the reconfiguration procedure to the third cell when the cell quality of the new cell is not greater than the cell quality of the third cell; and transmit an additional cell update message including either the new cell IEs or the third cell IEs to the network entity based on the determination whether the cell quality of the new cell is greater than the cell quality of the third cell, wherein a reconfiguration status indicator (RSI) of the additional cell update message is set to FALSE. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors and the memory configured to perform the reconfiguration procedure for the new cell based on the new cell IEs, wherein the UE reselects to the new cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. AF: 030284.10948 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors and the memory configured to perform the reconfiguration procedure for the third cell based on the third cell IEs, wherein the UE redirects to the third cell from the current cell in response to performing the reconfiguration procedure. 20. A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for resolving conflicting configuration parameters during wireless communication, comprising: code for triggering reselection to a new cell from a current cell; code for determining that a user equipment (UE) is configured in a forward access channel (FACH) state and is waiting for a Layer 2 Acknowledgement (L2 ACK) message from a network entity when reselection to the new cell is triggered; and code for performing a collision resolution procedure in response to the determination that the UE is configured in the FACH state and is waiting for the L2 ACK message, wherein the collision resolution procedure establishes which one of a plurality of information elements (IEs) to choose for a reconfiguration procedure. AF: 030284.10948",
-    "A color patch generation apparatus includes a printing unit that prints color patches for first color space acquisition in a certain region of a plurality of sheets of paper by a certain number of patches and in a certain patch size, and prints color patches for second color space acquisition in a region different from the certain region of at least one of the plurality of sheets of paper by a certain number of patches and in a patch size smaller than the certain patch size. 1. A color patch generation apparatus comprising: a printing unit that prints color patches for first color space acquisition in a certain region of a plurality of sheets of paper by a certain number of patches and in a certain patch size, and prints color patches for second color space acquisition in a region different from the certain region of at least one of the plurality of sheets of paper by a certain number of patches and in a patch size smaller than the certain patch size. 2. The color patch generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first color space is an apparatus-dependent color space, and the second color space is an apparatus-independent color space. 3. The color patch generation apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the first color space is RGB, and the second color space is Lab. 4. An image forming apparatus comprising: the color patch generation apparatus according to claim 1; and a control unit that generates color conversion profile data, from pairs of values obtained by reading the color patches for first color space value acquisition and values obtained by color measurement of the color patches for second color space value acquisition. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a reading unit, provided inside the image forming apparatus, that reads the color patches for first color space value acquisition. 6. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for a color patch generation apparatus, the process comprising: printing color patches for first color space acquisition in a certain region of a plurality of sheets of paper by a certain number of patches and in a certain patch size, and; printing color patches for second color space acquisition in a region different from the certain region of at least one of the plurality of sheets of paper by a certain number of patches and in a patch size smaller than the certain patch size. 7. An image forming apparatus comprising: a printing unit that arranges a plurality of evaluation color patches of the same color value in a color patch, and prints the evaluation color patches on paper; and a control unit that reads respective color values of the printed evaluation color patches, and generates color conversion profile data by using a color patch of paper having a color value difference being a tolerance or less. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the printing unit arranges the evaluation color patches in different positions of the same paper, and prints the evaluation color patches. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the printing unit arranges the evaluation color patches in the same positions of different sheets of paper, and prints the evaluation color patches. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the printing unit arranges the evaluation color patches in different positions of the same paper and in the same positions of different sheets of paper, and prints the evaluation color patches. 11. The image forming apparatus according claim 8, wherein the printing unit arranges the evaluation color patches in any one of a longitudinal direction, a lateral direction and an oblique direction of the same paper, as different positions, and prints the evaluation color patches. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the control unit generates color conversion profile data by using a color patch of paper having a minimum color value difference being within the tolerance, among color value differences for all available combinations of the evaluation color patches which are arranged in the same positions of different sheets of paper. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein when the color value difference is greater than the tolerance, the printing unit repeatedly prints the color patch on paper, until the color value difference is the tolerance or less. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the printing unit prints a color patch for first color space value acquisition and a color patch for second color space value acquisition as the color patch, and the control unit generates the color conversion profile data, from a first color space value obtained by reading the color patch for first color space value acquisition and a second color space value obtained by color measurement of the color patch for second color space value acquisition. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the printing unit prints the color patch for first color space value acquisition and the color patch for second color space value acquisition on the same paper for a plurality of sheets of paper. 16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the evaluation color patches are arranged in the color patch for first color space value acquisition. 17. The image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the printing unit prints an identification patch for identifying each of the plurality of sheets of paper. 18. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the first color space is an apparatus-dependent color space, and the second color space is an apparatus-independent color space. 19. The image forming apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the first color space is RGB, and the second color space is Lab. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for an image forming apparatus, the process comprising: arranging a plurality of evaluation color patches of the same color value in a color patch, and printing the evaluation color patches on paper; and reading respective color values of the printed evaluation color patches, and generating color conversion profile data by using a color patch of paper having a color value difference being a tolerance or less.",
-    "A radio access network node (e.g., Base Station Subsystem), a wireless device (e.g., a mobile station), and various methods are described herein for improving the allocation of radio resources in wireless communications. In one embodiment, the radio access network node and wireless device implement a fixed uplink allocation technique. In another embodiment, the radio access network node and wireless device implement a flexible downlink allocation technique. 1. A radio access network node configured to interact with a core network (CN) node and a wireless device, the RAN node comprising: a processor; and, a memory that stores processor-executable instructions, wherein the processor interfaces with the memory to execute the processor-executable instructions, whereby the RAN node is operable to: receive, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an access request message, wherein the access request message comprises: an indication of a number of data blocks the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node; and transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio blocks on a packet data traffic channel; an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and an indication of a starting point of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit a first data block from the data blocks that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 2. The RAN node of claim 1, wherein the RAN node is further operable to: receive, from the wireless device, a portion of the number of data blocks the wireless device indicated in the access request message, wherein the portion of the number of data blocks is received in a portion of the pre-allocated radio blocks, and wherein each of the received data blocks has been repeated according to the UL coverage class; and transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises: a first bitmap indicating the portion of the number of data blocks that have been received and a remaining portion of the number of data blocks that have not been received; and an indication of another number of pre-allocated radio blocks on the packet data traffic channel that the wireless device is to use to transmit the remaining portion of the number of data blocks. 3. The RAN node of claim 2, wherein the RAN node is further operable to: receive, from the wireless device, the remaining portion of the number of data blocks, wherein the remaining portion of the number of data blocks is received in the another number of the pre-allocated radio blocks; assemble a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including the received portion and the received remaining portion of the number of data blocks; transmit, to the CN node, the PDU; and transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating all of data blocks that have been received. 4. The RAN node of claim 3, wherein the RAN node is further operable to: receive, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a third acknowledgment message, wherein the third acknowledgment message comprises: an indication that the second acknowledgment message has been received by the wireless device. 5. The RAN node of claim 1, wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that all repetitions of each of the data blocks are to be transmitted contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 6. The RAN node of claim 1, wherein the access request message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class estimated by the wireless device. 7. The RAN node of claim 1, wherein the uplink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of starting points of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit the data blocks subsequent to the first data block that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 8. A method in a radio access network (RAN) node configured to interact with a core network (CN) node and a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an access request message, wherein the access request message comprises: an indication of a number of data blocks the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node; and transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio blocks on a packet data traffic channel; an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and an indication of a starting point of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit a first data block from the data blocks that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving, from the wireless device, a portion of the number of data blocks the wireless device indicated in the access request message, wherein the portion of the number of data blocks is received in a portion of the pre-allocated radio blocks, and wherein each of the received data blocks has been repeated according to the UL coverage class; and transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises: a first bitmap indicating the portion of the number of data blocks that have been received and a remaining portion of the number of data blocks that have not been received; and an indication of another number of pre-allocated radio blocks on the packet data traffic channel that the wireless device is to use to transmit the remaining portion of the number of data blocks. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving, from the wireless device, the remaining portion of the number of data blocks, wherein the remaining portion of the number of data blocks is received in the another number of the pre-allocated radio blocks; assembling a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including the received portion and the received remaining portion of the number of data blocks; transmitting, to the CN node, the PDU; and transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating all of data blocks that have been received. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a third acknowledgment message, wherein the third acknowledgment message comprises: an indication that the second acknowledgment message has been received by the wireless device. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that all repetitions of each of the data blocks are to be transmitted contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the access request message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class estimated by the wireless device. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the uplink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of starting points of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit the data blocks subsequent to the first data block that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 15. A wireless device configured to interact with a radio access network (RAN) node, the wireless device comprising: a processor; and, a memory that stores processor-executable instructions, wherein the processor interfaces with the memory to execute the processor-executable instructions, whereby the wireless device is operable to: transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an access request message, wherein the access request message comprises: an indication of a number of data blocks the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node; and receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio blocks on a packet data traffic channel; an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and an indication of a starting point of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit a first data block from the data blocks that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 16. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the wireless device is further operable to: transmit, to the RAN node, the data blocks using the pre-allocated radio blocks, and wherein each of the transmitted data blocks has been repeated according to the UL coverage class; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises: a first bitmap indicating a portion of the number of data blocks that have been received and a remaining portion of the number of data blocks that have not been received; and an indication of another number of pre-allocated radio blocks on the packet data traffic channel that the wireless device is to use to transmit the remaining portion of the number of data blocks. 17. The wireless device of claim 16, wherein the wireless device is further operable to: transmit, to the RAN node, the remaining portion of the number of the data blocks, wherein the remaining portion of the number of data blocks is transmitted in the another number of the pre-allocated radio blocks; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating all of data blocks that have been received. 18. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein the wireless device is further operable to: transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a third acknowledgment message, wherein the third acknowledgment message comprises: an indication that the second acknowledgment message has been received by the wireless device. 19. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that all repetitions of each of the data blocks are to be transmitted contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 20. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the access request message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class estimated by the wireless device. 21. The wireless device of claim 15, wherein the uplink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of starting points of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit the data blocks subsequent to the first data block that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 22. A method in a wireless device configured to interact with a radio access network (RAN) node, the method comprising: transmitting, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an access request message, wherein the access request message comprises: an indication of a number of data blocks the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node; and receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio blocks on a packet data traffic channel; an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and an indication of a starting point of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit a first data block from the data blocks that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: transmitting, to the RAN node, the data blocks using the pre-allocated radio blocks, and wherein each of the transmitted data blocks has been repeated according to the UL coverage class; and receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises: a first bitmap indicating a portion of the number of data blocks that have been received and a remaining portion of the number of data blocks that have not been received; and an indication of another number of pre-allocated radio blocks on the packet data traffic channel that the wireless device is to use to transmit the remaining portion of the number of data blocks. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising: transmitting, to the RAN node, the remaining portion of the number of the data blocks, wherein the remaining portion of the number of data blocks is transmitted in the another number of the pre-allocated radio blocks; and receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating all of data blocks that have been received. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: transmitting, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a third acknowledgment message, wherein the third acknowledgment message comprises: an indication that the second acknowledgment message has been received by the wireless device. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that all repetitions of each of the data blocks are to be transmitted contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein the pre-allocated radio blocks are allocated such that each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the access request message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class estimated by the wireless device. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the uplink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of starting points of the pre-allocated radio blocks that the wireless device is to use to transmit the data blocks subsequent to the first data block that the wireless device intends to transmit to the RAN node.",
-    "A mobile device receives a latest version of firmware with a firmware management system that manages firmware and receives a current version of firmware in an image forming apparatus through close-range communication with the image forming apparatus. The mobile device determines whether or not a later version than the current version of firmware in the image forming apparatus exists based on the latest version of firmware and the current version of firmware that are received. 1. A mobile device comprising: a latest version reception section configured to receive a latest version of firmware with a firmware management system that manages firmware; a current version reception section configured to receive a current version of firmware in an apparatus through close-range communication with the apparatus; and a latest version determining section configured to determine whether or not a later version than the current version of firmware in the apparatus exists based on the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section and the current version of firmware received by the current version reception section. 2. The mobile device according to claim 1, further comprising: a firmware management section configured to manage firmware; and a firmware updating section configured to update the current version of firmware in the apparatus to a latest version of firmware managed by the firmware management section when the latest version determining section determines that a later version than the current version of firmware in the apparatus exists. 3. The mobile device according to claim 2, further comprising a firmware acquiring section configured to acquire firmware from the firmware management system, wherein the firmware acquiring section acquires the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section when the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section is not managed by the firmware management section, and the firmware management section manages firmware acquired by the firmware acquiring section. 4. The mobile device according to claim 3, further comprising a version reception section configured to receive a version of firmware in a user's apparatus with a user information management system that manages versions of firmware in users' apparatus on a user-by-user basis, wherein the version reception section receives the version of firmware in the user's apparatus when the user is designated and reception of the version of firmware in the user's apparatus is instructed, and when the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section and the version of firmware received by the version reception section are different, the firmware acquiring section acquires the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section in a situation in which the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section is not managed by the firmware management section. 5. The mobile device according to claim 3, further comprising an update instructing section configured to instruct the firmware management system to update the firmware in the apparatus to the latest version of firmware when communication between the mobile device and the firmware management system is not through Wi-Fi, wherein when communication between the mobile device and the firmware management system is not through Wi-Fi, the firmware acquiring section stops acquisition of the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section even if the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section is not managed by the firmware management section. 6. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a firmware management program that causes a mobile device to function as a mobile device that comprises: a latest version reception section configured to receive a latest version of firmware with a firmware management system that manages firmware; a current version reception section configured to receive a current version of firmware in an apparatus through close-range communication with the apparatus; and a latest version determining section configured to determine whether or not a later version than the current version of firmware in the apparatus exists based on the latest version of firmware received by the latest version reception section and the current version of firmware received by the current version reception section.",
-    "A system and method for inertial sensing using large momentum transfer atom interferometry. Certain examples include applying a \u03c0/2-\u03c0-\u03c0/2 sequence to a cloud of atoms that produces 2\ue8a0k momentum splitting, and applying at least one augmentation pulse to the cloud of atoms to increase the momentum splitting. For instance, examples include atom optics that are based on stimulated Raman transitions and adiabatic rapid passage that produce momentum splittings of at least 30 photon recoil momenta in a Mach-Zhender interferometer. In some examples, substantial recapture of the atoms allows for higher data rates. 1. A method of inertial sensing using large momentum transfer atom interferometry, the method comprising: trapping and cooling a cloud of atoms that includes a plurality of atom wave packets; applying a first \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequence to the cloud of atoms to drive a first Raman transition and divide the atom wave packets; applying a \u03c0 mirror sequence to the cloud of atoms to drive a second Raman transition and recombine the atom wave packets; applying a second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequence to the cloud of atoms to drive a third Raman transition and overlap the atom wave packets to produce interference among the plurality of atom wave packets, a combination of the first \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequence, the \u03c0 mirror sequence, and the second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequence producing a 2\ue8a0k momentum splitting between interfering atom wave packets of the plurality of atom wave packets; applying at least one augmentation pulse to the cloud of atoms to increase the momentum splitting to a value greater than 2\ue8a0k, the at least one augmentation pulse being at least one of a Raman pulse, a composite pulse, and an adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) pulse; performing at least one inertial sensing measurement on the cloud of atoms during an interrogation time; and generating a control signal based on the at least one inertial sensing measurement. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequences, the \u03c0 mirror sequence, and the at least one augmentation pulse are applied in a Mach-Zehnder atom interferometer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein applying the at least one augmentation pulse increases the momentum splitting to a value of at least 4\ue8a0k. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the momentum splitting is increased to a value of at least 30\ue8a0k. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one augmentation pulse is an ARP pulse. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the ARP pulse is a tan/tan h pulse. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ARP pulse has a duration of 10t\u03c0. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the at least one inertial sensing measurement is determined at a specified periodic rate of at least 100 Hz. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the \u03c0 mirror sequence is applied following the first \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequence after a dwell time of at least 5 ms. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one augmentation pulse is chirped at a predetermined rate. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the predetermined rate is \u00b123 kHz/ms. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising recapturing a substantial portion of the atom wave packets of the cloud of atoms following performance of the at least one inertial sensing measurement. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one augmentation pulse includes a plurality of augmentation pulses temporally separated from one another by a predetermined time \u03c4. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising modulating a phase of at least one of the first and second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequences. 15. An atom interferometer, comprising: an atom cloud including a plurality of atom wave packets; a trap configured to trap and cool the plurality of atom wave packets to a predetermined temperature and launch the plurality of atom wave packets into an interferometry region; at least one laser light source disposed adjacent to the interferometry region and configured to generate and direct a sequence of light pulses into the interferometry region; and a controller coupled to the at least one laser light source and configured to obtain at least one inertial sensing measurement from the atom cloud and control the at least one laser light source to: apply a first \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse to drive a first Raman transition and divide the atom wave packets; apply a \u03c0 mirror sequence to drive a second Raman transition and recombine the atom wave packets; apply a second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse to drive a third Raman transition and overlap the atom wave packets to produce interference among the plurality of atom wave packets, a combination of the first \u03c0/2 beam splitter, the \u03c0 mirror sequence, and the second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse producing a 2\ue8a0k momentum splitting between interfering atom wave packets of the plurality of atom wave packets; and apply at least one augmentation pulse, the at least one augmentation pulse being at least one of a Raman pulse, a composite pulse, and an adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) pulse and configured to increase the momentum splitting to a value greater than 2\ue8a0k. 16. The atom interferometer of claim 15, wherein the trap is a first trap and the atom interferometer further comprises a second trap, the second trap configured to capture a substantial portion of the plurality of atom wave packets launched into the interferometry region by the first trap. 17. The atom interferometer of claim 16, wherein the at least one augmentation pulse is configured to increase the momentum splitting to a value of at least 30\ue8a0k. 18. The atom interferometer of claim 15, wherein the at least one laser light source comprises counter-propagating beams of light directed at the plurality of atom wave packets. 19. The atom interferometer of claim 15, further comprising an electro-optic modulator coupled to the at least one laser light source and configured to modulate a phase of at least one of the first and second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse sequences. 20. The atom interferometer of claim 15, wherein the \u03c0 mirror sequence is applied after a first dwell time after the first \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse, and the second \u03c0/2 beam splitter pulse is applied after a second dwell time after the \u03c0 mirror sequence, the first and the second dwell time having a duration of at least 5 msec.",
-    "A paste application device stores two starting components, for mixing the starting components to form a paste and for the application of the paste. The comprises a two-component cartridge comprising two cylindrical internal spaces, two feed plungers that can be shifted axially in the internal spaces and limit the internal spaces on a first side of the two-component cartridge, and at least two dispensing openings by means of which the internal spaces are open on a second side of the two-component cartridge that is opposite from the first side, a hollow cylinder that is made of a plastic material and has one front face that is open and one front face that is partially closed, in which is situated an axially mobile plunger that has two pestles attached to it, whereby the pestles are oriented in the direction of the open front face, whereby the open front face of the hollow cylinder is arranged to axially touch against the first side of the two-component cartridge, and whereby the plunger closes in gas-tight manner against the internal walls of the hollow cylinder, whereby the two-component cartridge and the hollow cylinder are arranged in a pressure vessel, whereby the pressure vessel touches against the hollow cylinder or is situated at a distance from the hollow cylinder of at most 0.1 mm. 1. A paste application device for storage of at least two starting components, for mixing the at least two starting components to form a paste, and for the application of the paste, the device comprising: a two-component cartridge comprising two cylindrical internal spaces, two feed plungers that can be shifted axially in the internal spaces and limit the internal spaces on a first side of the two-component cartridge, and at least two dispensing openings by means of which the internal spaces are open on a second side of the two-component cartridge that is opposite from the first side; a hollow cylinder made of a plastic material and having one front face that is open and another front face that is partially closed, in which is situated an axially mobile plunger that has two pestles attached to it, wherein the pestles are oriented in the direction of the open front face, wherein the open front face of the hollow cylinder is arranged to axially contact against the first side of the two-component cartridge, and wherein the plunger closes in gas-tight manner against the internal walls of the hollow cylinder, wherein the two-component cartridge and the hollow cylinder are arranged in a pressure vessel made of metal, a high-strength plastic material or a fibre-reinforced plastic material, wherein the pressure vessel touches against the hollow cylinder or is situated at a distance from the hollow cylinder of at most 0.1 mm, wherein the hollow cylinder comprises, on the front face that is partially closed, a connector for a compressed gas cartridge that extends through an opening in the pressure vessel, and further wherein a manually operable valve element is attached downstream from the dispensing openings or a dispensing tube having a manually operable valve element attached downstream from the dispensing openings, wherein the valve element attached downstream from the dispensing openings is usable to regulate the volume flow of the starting components through the dispensing openings. 2. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the valve element is arranged in a conduit that is formed by a dispensing tube, wherein a static mixture is provided in the dispensing tube by means of which the starting components are mixable while flowing through the mixer. 3. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the pressure vessel has a two-part design, whereby two parts are connected to each other in force-locking manner by riveting, by a screw connection and/or by a union nut, wherein a first part of the two parts of the pressure vessel contains the two-component cartridge and the second part of the two parts of the pressure vessel contains the hollow cylinder. 4. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the two-component cartridge, or at least regions thereof, is a coaxial cartridge, wherein one of the internal spaces in the coaxial cartridge is cylindrical and situated inside and the other internal space is cylindrical and coaxially surrounds the inner internal space. 5. The paste application device according to claim 1, further comprising a closure for closing the dispensing openings that is fastenable by a fastening means of the closure to an opposite fastening means in the region of the dispensing openings, wherein the dispensing tube comprises a corresponding fastening means that is fastenable to the opposite fastening means. 6. The paste application device according to claim 5, wherein the closure is a key for opening the compressed gas cartridge and/or for connecting the compressed gas cartridge to the connector of the hollow cylinder, wherein the closure is pluggable, on the floor-side, onto the compressed gas cartridge as a key thus rendering the compressed gas cartridge rotatable and/or shiftable in longitudinal direction for opening the compressed gas cartridge and/or for connecting the compressed gas cartridge to the connector of the hollow cylinder. 7. The paste application device according to claim 1, further comprising: a compressed gas cartridge fastening means provided on the connector of the hollow cylinder by means of which the compressed gas cartridge is attachable to the connector in pressure-tight manner; and/or a puncturing mandrel for opening of the compressed gas cartridge on the connector of the hollow cylinder. 8. The paste application device according to claim 1, further comprising: a protective foil/film arranged between the hollow cylinder and the two-component cartridge and the protective foil/film closes the internal spaces of the two-component cartridge on the first side, wherein the protective foil/film is pasted, welded or bonded onto the two-component cartridge. 9. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the pressure vessel consists of aluminium, zinc, an aluminium alloy and a steel. 10. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the valve element is operable from outside by means of a lever on the dispensing tube or a trigger on a handle of the paste application device. 11. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein at least one through-going ventilation opening is provided in the external wall of the hollow cylinder facing in the direction of the two-component cartridge and in the wall of the pressure vessel such that the pressure escapes from the hollow cylinder when the plunger is arranged between the ventilation opening and the two-component cartridge. 12. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the two-component cartridge, the hollow cylinder, and the pressure vessel are arranged in a housing, wherein the pressure gas cartridge is arranged in the housing. 13. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the distances between the pressure vessel and the external wall of the two-component cartridge and between the pressure vessel and the external wall of the hollow cylinder are less than 100 \u03bcm. 14. The paste application device according to claim 1, wherein the paste application device is holdable by one hand and the valve element is operatable by the same hand. 15. A method for mixing and dispensing a paste, the method comprising: conducting a compressed gas from the compressed gas cartridge through the connector of the hollow cylinder into the hollow cylinder, wherein the pressure vessel receives the force of the compressed gas acting on the walls of the hollow cylinder and the plunger with the pestles is propelled by the compressed gas in the hollow cylinder in the direction of the two-component cartridge; driving the feed plungers forward into the at least two internal spaces of the two-component cartridge via the propelled pestles of the plunger, wherein the starting components are expelled from the internal spaces of the two-component cartridge through the at least two dispensing openings of the internal spaces; stopping the flow of the starting components by a closed valve element downstream of the dispensing openings as seen in flow direction and a manual operation of an operating element opens the valve element such that the starting components and/or the mixture thereof flow through the valve element and, after the starting components are mixed, the mixture is applicable. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the paste application device according to claim 1 is usable for implementation of the method. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein, in the absence of a manual force acting on the operating element, the valve element is closed by the action of a force of a restoring element. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein a closure is removed from the paste application device before conducting the compressed gas into it, and the closure close the dispensing openings of the internal spaces of the two-component cartridge, and a dispensing tube is being attached in front of the dispensing openings of the internal spaces, in which the valve element is arranged, wherein the compressed gas cartridge is opened after attaching the dispensing tube and the compressed gas is conducted into the hollow cylinder upon the compressed gas cartridge being opened. 19. The paste application device according to claim 13, wherein the distances between the pressure vessel and the external wall of the two-component cartridge and between the pressure vessel and the external wall of the hollow cylinder are less than 50 \u03bcm. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the restoring element is an elastic spring.",
-    "A smart watch is herein disclosed, wherein the smart watch includes a watch face, a watch band, the watch band attached to the watch face, and a cover, the cover movably attached to the watch face, wherein the cover has at least one transparent area, wherein the at least one transparent area is above at least part of the watch face. 1. A smart watch comprising: a watch face; a watch band, the watch band attached to the watch face; and, a cover, the cover movably attached to the watch face, wherein the cover has at least one transparent area, wherein the at least one transparent area is above at least part of the watch face. 2. The smart watch of claim 1, wherein information displayed on the watch face aligns with the at least one transparent area on the cover. 3. The smart watch of claim 2, wherein the cover is attached to the watch face by a hinge. 4. The smart watch of claim 3, further comprising a clasp, wherein the clasp attaches to the watch face. 5. The smart watch of claim 4, wherein the at least one transparent area is at least one opening in the cover. 6. The smart watch of claim 5, wherein the at least one opening is at least two openings, wherein the display on the watch face aligns with the at least two openings. 7. A method for using a smart watch, the method comprising the steps of: providing a smart watch having a watch face, a watch band, the watch band attached to the watch face, and a cover, the cover movably attached to the watch face, wherein the cover has at least one transparent area, wherein the at least one transparent area is above at least part of the watch face; and, programming the smart watch to display information aligned with the at least one transparent area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the cover is attached to the watch face by a hinge. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the smart watch further comprises a clasp, wherein the clasp attaches to the watch face. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one transparent area is at least one opening in the cover. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one opening is at least two openings, wherein the display on the watch face aligns with the at least two openings.",
-    "An apparatus and method for microwave vacuum-drying of temperature-sensitive biological materials on a continuous flow-through basis, in which the materials are frozen, ground to frozen particles, dehydrated to a powder, and the powder collected. The apparatus has a microwave generator and waveguide, a freezing chamber with a grinder, a rotatable dehydration chamber in or adjacent to the waveguide, and a powder collector to receive the powdered biological material. The apparatus operates under reduced pressure provided by a vacuum system coupled to the powder collector. 1. An apparatus for continuous throughput dehydration of an aqueous biological material, comprising: (a) a microwave generator; (b) a waveguide to direct microwave radiation from the generator; (c) a freezing chamber for receiving the aqueous biological material and freezing it to form a frozen aqueous biological material; (d) means for feeding the aqueous biological material into the freezing chamber; (e) means for forming a particulate frozen aqueous biological material from the frozen aqueous biological material; (f) a rotatable dehydration chamber in fluid communication with the freezing chamber, the dehydration chamber being positioned in the waveguide to receive microwave radiation produced by the generator, the dehydration chamber having a wall that is transparent to microwave radiation; (g) means for rotating the dehydration chamber; (h) a powder collector in fluid communication with the dehydration chamber; (i) a vacuum system; and (j) means for operatively connecting the vacuum system to the powder collector for applying a vacuum to the freezing chamber, the dehydration chamber and the powder collector whereby the vacuum conveys dehydrated biological material from the dehydration chamber to the powder collector on a continuous throughput basis. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an agitator in the dehydration chamber. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising free-moving mill balls in the dehydration chamber. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means for forming a particulate frozen aqueous biological material comprises a grinder. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means for forming a particulate frozen aqueous biological material comprises a sprayer. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the grinder is positioned within the freezing chamber. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising free-moving mill balls in the freezing chamber. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising the vacuum system. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a second dehydration chamber having an inlet end operatively connected to the powder collector, and having a second powder collector at an outlet end of the second dehydration chamber. 10. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the dehydration chambers comprise tubes oriented substantially horizontally. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising means for operatively connecting the vacuum system to the second powder collector. 12. An apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a third dehydration chamber having an inlet end operatively connected to the second powder collector, and having a third powder collector at an outlet end of the third dehydration chamber. 13. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous biological material comprises a bacterial suspension, a protein, an enzyme, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, a vegetable gum, or an antibiotic. 14. A method for continuous throughput dehydration of an aqueous biological material, comprising the steps of: (a) providing an apparatus having a freezing chamber, a rotatable dehydration chamber and a powder collector in fluid communication; (b) applying a vacuum to the powder collector whereby pressure is reduced in the freezing chamber, the dehydration chamber and the powder collector; (c) feeding the aqueous biological material into the freezing chamber; (d) forming a particulate frozen material from the aqueous biological material; (e) conveying the particulate frozen material from the freezing chamber into the dehydration chamber; (f) microwaving the particulate frozen material under reduced pressure in the dehydration chamber, while rotating the dehydration chamber, to sublimate water from the aqueous biological material, to produce a powdered biological material; and (g) conveying the powdered biological material from the dehydration chamber to the powder collector on a continuous throughput basis by means of the vacuum applied to the powder collector. 15. A method according to claim 15, wherein the step of forming the particulate frozen material comprises freezing the aqueous biological material and grinding the frozen material. 16. A method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of agitating the powder in the dehydration chamber. 17. A method according to claim 17, wherein the step of agitating is done by means of mill balls in the dehydration chamber. 18. A method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of periodically reversing the direction of rotation of the dehydration chamber.",
-    "A prelam layer for use in forming a laminated card includes a flexible circuit substrate; a fingerprint sensor disposed on the flexible circuit substrate, the fingerprint sensor having upper and bottom surfaces, the bottom surface of the fingerprint sensor being disposed on the substrate, an active layer of the fingerprint sensor disposed towards the upper surface of the fingerprint sensor; a first integrated circuit chip disposed on the substrate and having at least one lead electrically connected to the flexible circuit substrate; and an adapter flexible circuit electrically bonded to the active layer of the fingerprint sensor. The integrated circuit chip is adapted to communicate with the fingerprint sensor through the adapter flexible circuit. 1. A prelam layer for use in forming a laminated card, comprising: a flexible circuit substrate; a fingerprint sensor disposed on the flexible circuit substrate, the fingerprint sensor having upper and bottom surfaces, the bottom surface of the fingerprint sensor being disposed on said substrate, an active layer of the fingerprint sensor disposed towards the upper surface of the fingerprint sensor; a first integrated circuit chip disposed on said substrate and having at least one lead electrically connected to the flexible circuit substrate; and an adapter flexible circuit electrically bonded to the active layer at the upper surface of the fingerprint sensor, wherein the integrated circuit chip is adapted to communicate with the fingerprint sensor through the adapter flexible circuit. 2. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the adapter flexible circuit is bonded to the active layer of the fingerprint sensor by anisotropic conductive film (ACF) bonding. 3. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the adapter flexible circuit is also electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate, wherein the adapter flexible circuit's electrical bond to the flexible circuit substrate couples the first integrated circuit to the fingerprint sensor. 4. The prelam layer of claim 3, wherein the adapter flexible circuit is bonded to the flexible circuit substrate and to the active layer of the fingerprint sensor by anisotropic film (ACF) bonding. 5. The prelam layer of claim 3, wherein the adapter flexible circuit is a single-sided adapter flexible printed circuit. 6. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein an active layer of the first integrated circuit chip is oriented away from the upper surface of the flexible circuit substrate, and wherein the adapter flexible circuit is electrically bonded to at least one lead of the active layer of the first integrated circuit chip, wherein the first integrated circuit chip and the fingerprint sensor are adapted to directly communicate through the adapter flexible circuit. 7. The prelam layer of claim 6, wherein the adapter flexible circuit is also electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate, thereby electrically connecting the first integrated circuit chip to the flexible circuit substrate. 8. The prelam layer of claim 7, wherein the wherein the adapter flexible circuit is a single-sided adapter flexible printed circuit. 9. The prelam layer of claim 8, wherein the adapter flexible circuit is bonded to the fingerprint sensor, the first integrated circuit chip and the flexible circuit substrate by anisotropic film (ACF) bonding. 10. The prelam layer of claim 1, further comprising a second adapter flexible circuit, wherein the second adapter flexible circuit is a double-sided flexible circuit, wherein an upper side of the second adapter flexible circuit is electrically bonded to a bottom side of the adapter flexible circuit and a bottom side of the second adapter flexible circuit is electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate. 11. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the adapter flexible substrate covers the flexible circuit substrate and has a window formed therein overlying the fingerprint sensor. 12. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the first integrated circuit chip comprises an image capture ASIC. 13. The prelam layer of claim 12, further comprising a microcontroller electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate and adapted to communicate with the image capture ASIC through the flexible circuit substrate. 14. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the first integrated circuit chip is a smart card chip controller and the fingerprint sensor is adapted to provide a fingerprint template for comparison by the smart card chip controller. 15. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the fingerprint sensor has a sense area of at least 169 mm2. 16. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein a first side of the first integrated circuit chip is electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate and a second side, opposite the first side, is electrically bonded to the adapter flexible circuit. 17. The prelam layer of claim 16, wherein the first integrated circuit chip is an image capture ASIC, the prelam layer comprising at least one second integrated circuit chip adapted to communicate with the image capture ASIC through the flexible circuit substrate. 18. The prelam layer of claim 1, wherein the prelam layer has a total thickness between about 120-450 \u03bcm. 19. A biometric system on card, comprising: at least one bottom lamination layer; a prelam layer disposed over the at least one bottom lamination layer, the prelam layer comprising: a flexible circuit substrate; a fingerprint sensor disposed on the flexible circuit substrate, the fingerprint sensor having upper and bottom surfaces, the bottom surface of the fingerprint sensor disposed on said substrate, an active layer of the fingerprint sensor disposed towards the upper surface of the fingerprint sensor; a first integrated circuit chip disposed on said substrate and having at least one lead electrically connected to the flexible circuit substrate; and an adapter flexible circuit electrically bonded to the active layer at the upper surface of the fingerprint sensor, wherein the first integrated circuit chip is adapted to communicate with the fingerprint sensor through the adapter flexible circuit; and at least one top lamination layer, the top lamination layer having a window formed therein overlying the fingerprint sensor. 20. The biometric system on card of claim 19, wherein the first integrated circuit chip is a smart card chip controller flip chip bonded to the flexible circuit substrate; wherein the adapter flexible circuit is electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate; wherein the adapter flexible circuit's electrical bond to the flexible circuit substrate allows the smart card controller to communicate with the fingerprint sensor through the adapter flexible circuit. 21. The biometric system on card of claim 19, wherein the first integrated circuit chip has an active side oriented away from an upper surface of the flexible circuit substrate, and wherein the adapter flexible circuit is electrically bonded to at least one lead at the active side of the first integrated circuit chip, whereby the first integrated circuit chip and the fingerprint sensor are adapted to directly communication through the adapter flexible circuit, and wherein the adapter flexible circuit is also bonded to flexible circuit substrate, whereby the first integrated circuit chip is adapted to directly communicate with the flexible circuit substrate through the adapter flexible circuit. 22. The biometric system on card of claim 19, wherein the least one top lamination layer includes the adapter flexible circuit, the adapter flexible circuit having a window formed therein overlying, the fingerprint sensor. 23. The biometric system on card of claim 19, wherein the first integrated circuit chip is an image capture ASIC, wherein the prelam layer further comprises at least one second integrated circuit electrically bonded to said flexible circuit, substrate and adapted to communicate with the image capture ASIC through the flexible circuit substrate. 24. A method of forming prelam layers for use in forming laminated cards, comprising the steps of: providing a flexible circuit substrate sheet having a plurality of areas corresponding to individual cards, each card area having: a fingerprint sensor disposed on the flexible circuit substrate sheet, the fingerprint sensor having upper and bottom surfaces, the bottom surface of the fingerprint sensor disposed on said substrate sheet, an active layer of the fingerprint sensor disposed towards the upper surface of the fingerprint sensor, and a first integrated circuit chip disposed on said flexible circuit substrate sheet; disposing an adapter flexible circuit sheet over the flexible circuit substrate sheet; electrically bonding the adapter flexible circuit sheet to the active layer of each fingerprint sensor; and after the bonding step, cutting the adapter flexible circuit sheet and flexible circuit substrate sheet into a plurality of individual prelam layers, each individual prelam layer comprising one or more of the plurality of areas corresponding to individual cards, each individual prelam layer having a respective flexible circuit substrate and adapter flexible circuit electrically bonded to the flexible circuit substrate, wherein the integrated circuit chip of each individual prelam layer is adapted to communicate with the fingerprint sensor of the each individual prelam layer through the respective adapter flexible circuit. 25. The method of claim 24, the flexible circuit substrate comprises an array of said plurality of areas corresponding to individual cards, said array comprising a plurality of rows and columns of said areas, wherein the adapter flexible circuit sheet comprises two or more adapter flexible circuit sheets, each of said two or more adapter flexible circuit sheets disposed over a respective subset of the plurality of areas.",
-    "A work vehicle includes a pair of left and right steerable wheels, a pair of left and right drivable wheels, and a boss portion that supports the steerable wheel pivotally about a steering axis via a king pin. The boss portion is closer to a width center of the steerable wheel than a vehicle body inner lateral side end of the steerable wheel. 1. A work vehicle comprising: a pair of left and right steerable wheels; a pair of left and right drivable wheels; and a boss portion that supports the steerable wheel pivotally about a steering axis via a king pin, the boss portion being closer to a width center of the steerable wheel than a vehicle body inner lateral side end of the steerable wheel. 2. The work vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the steerable wheel is set with a caster angle that inclines the steering axis rearwards as seen in a side view. 3. The work vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the steerable wheel is set also with a king pin angle that inclines the steering axis towards a vehicle body laterally inner side as seen in the side view. 4. The work vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the king pin has an approximately L-shape extending between the steerable wheel and the boss portion. 5. The work vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising: an operating member for steering the steerable wheels; and a link member that operably links the operating member with the steerable wheels, and wherein the king pin includes an arm member to which the link member is connected. 6. The work vehicle according to claim 5, further comprising: an axle frame that supports the pair or left and right steerable wheels; and a mount bracket to which the axle frame is attached; and wherein the mount bracket includes a recess for avoiding interference with the link member. 7. The work vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the work vehicle comprises a mid-mount type grass mower.",
-    "Semiconductor devices are provided. A semiconductor device includes a substrate. The semiconductor device includes an isolation layer defining active portions of the substrate that are spaced apart from each other in a direction. The semiconductor device includes an epitaxial layer on the active portions. The semiconductor device includes a metal silicide layer on the epitaxial layer. Moreover, the semiconductor device includes a contact structure that only partially overlaps the metal silicide layer on the epitaxial layer. Related methods of forming semiconductor devices are also provided. 1.-19. (canceled) 20. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; an isolation layer defining active portions of the substrate that are spaced apart from each other in a direction; an epitaxial layer on the active portions; a metal silicide layer on the epitaxial layer; and a contact structure that only partially overlaps the metal silicide layer on the epitaxial layer. 21. The device of claim 20, further comprising an insulating interlayer on the metal silicide layer, wherein the contact structure is in a contact hole in the insulating interlayer. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the contact structure is on less than half of an entire uppermost surface of the metal silicide layer. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein a first thickness of a first portion of the metal silicide layer underlying the contact structure is thinner than a second thickness of a second portion of the metal silicide layer underlying the insulating interlayer. 24. The device of claim 20, wherein: the epitaxial layer comprises an epitaxial source/drain region of a fin-shaped Field Effect Transistor (FinFET); and the metal silicide layer is on the epitaxial source/drain region. 25. The device of claim 20, wherein the direction in which the active portions of the substrate are spaced apart comprises a first direction, the device further comprising metal gate structures that are spaced part from each other in a second direction on an active fin structure. 26. The device of claim 20, wherein: the epitaxial layer comprises a plurality of epitaxial patterns on respective ones of the active portions of the substrate; each of the plurality of epitaxial patterns comprises a polygonal shape; and the metal silicide layer is on a plurality of sides of the polygonal shape of each of the plurality of epitaxial patterns. 27. The device of claim 26, wherein the metal silicide layer is on at least three sides of the polygonal shape of each of the plurality of epitaxial patterns. 28. The device of claim 26, wherein the metal silicide layer is on at least five sides of the polygonal shape of each of the plurality of epitaxial patterns. 29. The device of claim 26, wherein: the plurality of epitaxial patterns comprise respective first through third ones of the polygonal shapes; and the second polygonal shape contacts each of the first and third polygonal shapes. 30. The device of claim 26, wherein: the plurality of epitaxial patterns comprise gaps therebetween; and the metal silicide layer electrically connects the plurality of epitaxial patterns with each other. 31. The device of claim 26, wherein the contact structure overlaps only one of the plurality of epitaxial patterns. 32. (canceled) 33. The device of claim 20, wherein: the direction in which the active portions of the substrate are spaced apart comprises a first direction; the epitaxial layer comprises a first plurality of epitaxial patterns and a second plurality of epitaxial patterns that is spaced apart from the first plurality of epitaxial patterns in a second direction; and the contact structure comprises first and second contact structures on the first plurality of epitaxial patterns and the second plurality of epitaxial patterns, respectively. 34. The device of claim 33, wherein the first and second contact structures are in a pattern that defines an acute angle with the second direction. 35. The device of claim 20, wherein: the direction in which the active portions of the substrate are spaced apart comprises a first direction; the epitaxial layer comprises first through third pluralities of epitaxial patterns that are spaced apart from each other in a second direction; and the contact structure comprises first through third contact structures on the first through third pluralities of epitaxial patterns, respectively, and are at different positions from each other in the first direction when viewed in a plan view. 36. The device of claim 35, wherein the first through third contact structures on the first through third pluralities of epitaxial patterns, respectively, define a zig-zag pattern when viewed in the plan view. 37. The device of claim 20, further comprising a metal gate structure, wherein the epitaxial layer comprises first and second epitaxial source/drain patterns on first and second sides, respectively, of the metal gate structure. 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. The device of claim 20, wherein the metal silicide layer extends to a portion of the epitaxial layer that is spaced apart from the contact structure. 41. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate comprising a plurality of fin-shaped patterns; a plurality of metal gate structures on respective ones of the plurality of fin-shaped patterns; a plurality of epitaxial source/drain patterns on the plurality of fin-shaped patterns; a plurality of metal silicide layers on respective ones of the plurality of epitaxial source/drain patterns; a plurality of contact structures on, and only partially overlapping, respective ones of the plurality of metal silicide layers. 42. The device of claim 41, wherein: the plurality of metal silicide layers are on entireties of surface areas of respective uppermost surfaces of the plurality of epitaxial source/drain patterns; and the plurality of contact structures are on less than half of surface areas of respective uppermost surfaces of the plurality of metal silicide layers. 43. (canceled) 44. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides methods for catalyzing the conversion of an olefin to a compound containing one or more aziridine functional groups using heme enzymes. In certain aspects, the present invention provides a reaction mixture for producing an aziridination product, the reaction mixture comprising of an olefinic substrate, a nitrene precursor, and a heme enzyme. In other certain aspects, the present invention provides a method for producing an aziridination product comprising providing an olefinic substrate, a nitrene precursor, and a heme enzyme; and admixing the components in a reaction for a time sufficient to produce an aziridine product. In other aspects, the present invention provides heme enzymes including variants and fragments thereof that are capable of carrying out in vivo and in vitro olefin aziridination reactions. Expression vectors and host cells expressing the heme enzymes are also provided by the present invention. 1. A reaction mixture for producing an aziridination product, the reaction mixture comprising of an olefinic substrate, a nitrene precursor, and a heme enzyme. 2. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the olefinic substrate is represented by a structure of Formula I: wherein: R1a, R1b, and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-18alkyl, C1-8heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C1-12cycloalkyl, C3-10heterocyclyl, \u2014Y1-aryl, \u2014Y1-heteroaryl, \u2014Y1\u2014C1-12cycloalkyl and \u2014Y1\u2014C3-10heterocyclyl; Y1 is C1-8alkylene; each R1a, R1b, and R2 is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, alkoxy hydroxyl, amino, thiol, carboxy, amido, oxo, thioxo, cyano, and halogen; wherein each aryl contains between 6-14 carbon atoms, each heteroaryl group has from 5 to 8 ring atoms and from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and each heterocyclyl group has from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. 3. The reaction mixture of claim 2, wherein R1a, R1b, and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-18alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C1-12cycloalkyl, and C3-10heterocyclyl, and each R1a, R1b, and R2 is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, alkoxy, and halogen. 4. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the nitrene precursor has a formula selected from the group consisting of: wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C1-8heteroalkyl, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-10heterocyclyl, \u2014SO2Ra, \u2014CORa, \u2014CO2Rb, \u2014PO3RbRc, and \u2014CONRbRc; X1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and sodium, and X2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, \u2014SO2Ra, \u2014CO2Rb, \u2014PO3RbRc, optionally X1 and X2 can be taken together to form iodinane; Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, hydroxy, C1-8alkoxy, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; Rb and Rc are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; wherein within each R3, Ra, Rb, and Rc can be optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rd substituents; each Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, halogen, and hydroxy; and wherein each aryl contains between 6-14 carbon atoms, each heteroaryl group has from 5 to 10 ring atoms and from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and each heterocyclyl group has from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. 5. The reaction mixture of claim 4, wherein the nitrene precursor is selected from the group consisting of: 6. The reaction mixture of claim 5, wherein the nitrene precursor is 7. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the aziridination product is produced in vitro. 8. The reaction mixture of claim 7, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a reducing agent. 9. The reaction mixture of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is NADPH. 10. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the heme enzyme is localized within a whole cell and the aziridination product is produced in vivo. 11. The reaction mixture of claim 10, wherein the whole cell is a bacterial cell or a yeast cell. 12. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the aziridination product is produced under anaerobic conditions. 13. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the heme enzyme is a variant thereof comprising a mutation at the axial position of the heme coordination site. 14. The reaction mixture of claim 13, wherein the heme enzyme comprises a serine mutation at the axial position of the heme coordination site. 15. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the heme enzyme is a cytochrome P450 enzyme or a variant thereof. 16. The reaction mixture of claim 15, wherein the cytochrome P450 enzyme is a P450 BM3 enzyme or a variant thereof. 17. The reaction mixture of claim 16, wherein the P450 BM3 enzyme comprises an axial ligand mutation C400S and one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of V78, F87, P142, T175, A184, S226, H236, E252, I263, T268, A290, A328, L353, I366, L437, T438, and E442 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO: 50). 18. The reaction mixture of claim 17, wherein the P450 BM3 enzyme comprises an axial ligand mutation C400S and mutations V78A, F87V, P142S, T175I, A184V, S226R, H236Q, E252G, I263F, T268A, A290V, A328V, L353V, I366V, L437V, T438S, and E442K relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO: 51). 19. The reaction mixture of claim 16, wherein the P450 BM3 enzyme comprises an axial ligand mutation C400S and one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of L75, V78, F87, P142, T175, L181, A184, S226, H236, E252, I263, T268, A290, L353, I366, and E442 relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 52). 20. The reaction mixture of claim 19, wherein the P450 BM3 enzyme comprises an axial ligand mutation C400S and mutations L75A, V87A, F87V, P142S, T175I, L181A, A184V, S226R, H236Q, E252G, I263F, T268A, A290V, L353V, I366V, and E442K relative to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (SEQ ID NO: 53). 21. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the aziridination product is an aziridine compound according to Formula III: wherein R1a, R1b, and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-18alkyl, C1-8heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C1-12cycloalkyl, C3-10heterocyclyl, \u2014Y1-aryl, \u2014Y1-heteroaryl, \u2014Y1\u2014C1-12cycloalkyl and \u2014Y1\u2014C3-10heterocyclyl; Y1 is C1-8alkylene; each R1a, R1b, and R2 is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, alkoxy hydroxyl, amino, thiol, carboxy, amido, oxo, thioxo, cyano, and halogen; R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C1-8heteroalkyl, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-10heterocyclyl, \u2014SO2Ra, \u2014CORa, \u2014CO2Rb, \u2014PO3RbRc, and \u2014CONRbRc; Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, hydroxy, C1-8alkoxy, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; Rb and Rc are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; wherein within each R3, Ra, Rb, and Rc can be optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rd substituents; each Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, halogen, and hydroxy; and wherein each aryl contains between 6-14 carbon atoms, each heteroaryl group has from 5 to 10 ring atoms and from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and each heterocyclyl group has from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. 22. The reaction mixture of claim 21, wherein R1a and R1b are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-8alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C1-12cycloalkyl, and C3-10heterocyclyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-8 alkyl; each R1a, R1b, and R2 is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, alkoxy, and halogen; and R3 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014SO2Ra, \u2014CORa, \u2014CO2Rb, \u2014PO3RbRc, and \u2014CONRbRc, Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; Rb and Rc are independently selected from the group consisting of C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; wherein within each R3, Ra, Rb, and Rc can be optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rd substituents; and each Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, halogen, and hydroxy. 23. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the aziridination product is an amido-alcohol compound according to Formula IIIa: wherein R1a, R1b, and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-18alkyl, C1-8heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C1-12cycloalkyl, C3-10heterocyclyl, \u2014Y1-aryl, \u2014Y1-heteroaryl, \u2014Y1\u2014C1-12cycloalkyl and \u2014Y1\u2014C3-10heterocyclyl; Y1 is C1-8alkylene; each R1a, R1b, and R2 is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, alkoxy hydroxyl, amino, thiol, carboxy, amido, oxo, thioxo, cyano, and halogen; R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C1-8heteroalkyl, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-10heterocyclyl, \u2014SO2Ra, \u2014CORa, \u2014CO2Rb, \u2014PO3RbRc, and \u2014CONRbRc; Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, hydroxy, C1-8alkoxy, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; Rb and Rc are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; wherein within each R3, Ra, Rb, and Rc can be optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rd substituents; each Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, halogen, and hydroxy; and wherein each aryl contains between 6-14 carbon atoms, each heteroaryl group has from 5 to 10 ring atoms and from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and each heterocyclyl group has from 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. 24. The reaction mixture of claim 23, wherein R1a and R1b, are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-8alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, and C1-8 alkyl, each R1a, R1b, and R2 is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, alkoxy and halogen; and R3 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014SO2Ra, \u2014CORa, \u2014CO2Rb, \u2014PO3RbRc, and \u2014CONRbRc, Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; Rb and Rc are independently selected from the group consisting of C3-12cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and C3-8heterocyclyl; wherein within each R3, Ra, Rb, and Rc can be optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rd substituents; and each Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, halogen, and hydroxy. 25. The reaction mixture of claim 1, wherein the reaction produces a plurality of aziridination products. 26. The reaction mixture of claim 25, wherein the plurality of aziridination products has a % eeS of from about \u221299% to about 99%. 27. The reaction mixture of claim 25, wherein the plurality of aziridination products has a % eeS of from about \u221286% to about 86%. 28. The reaction mixture of claim 25, wherein the plurality of aziridination products has a Z:E ratio of from about 1:99 to about 99:1. 29. The reaction mixture of claim 25, wherein the reaction is at least 30% to at least 90% diastereoselective. 30-49. (canceled)",
-    "In a charged particle beam device including an objective lens that focuses a charged particle beam; a first deflector that deflects the charged particle beam to emit the charged particle beam to a sample from a direction different from an ideal optical axis of the objective lens; and a second deflector that deflects a charged particle emitted from the sample, a charged particle focusing lens to focus the charged particle emitted from the sample is disposed between the sample and the second deflector and strengths of the objective lens and the charged particle focusing lens are controlled, according to deflection conditions of the first deflector. 1. A charged particle beam device comprising: an objective lens that focuses a charged particle beam emitted from a charged particle source; a first deflector that deflects the charged particle beam to emit the charged particle beam to a sample from a direction different from an ideal optical axis of the objective lens; and a second deflector that deflects a charged particle emitted from the sample, wherein a charged particle focusing lens to focus the charged particle emitted from the sample is disposed between the sample and the second deflector and the charged particle beam device includes a control device that controls strengths of the objective lens and the charged particle focusing lens, according to deflection conditions of the first deflector. 2. The charged particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein: the control device controls the charged particle focusing lens, such that the charged particle emitted from the sample is focused on a center of the second deflector, without depending on the deflection conditions of the first deflector and other optical conditions. 3. The charged particle beam device according to claim 2, wherein: the second deflector is disposed to deflect the charged particle emitted from the sample by a paraboloid of the objective lens. 4. The charged particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein: the first deflector is disposed to deflect the charged particle beam by a paraboloid of the objective lens. 5. The charged particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein: the second deflector is an orthogonal electromagnetic field generator. 6. The charged particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein: an aberration correction unit to correct aberration generated by deflection of the charged particle beam by the first deflector is disposed between the charged particle source and the paraboloid of the objective lens. 7. The charged particle beam device according to claim 6, wherein: an aberration compensation lens is disposed above the second deflector. 8. The charged particle beam device according to claim 7, wherein: the control device adjusts the aberration correction unit and the aberration compensation lens, according to a change in the charged particle focusing lens. 9. The charged particle beam device according to claim 8, wherein: the aberration correction unit includes an aberration correction lens and an aberration generation deflector to deflect the charged particle beam to an off-axis portion of the aberration correction lens. 10. The charged particle beam device according to claim 8, wherein: the aberration correction unit includes an aberration generation lens and an aberration generation deflector, and the control device adjusts the aberration generation lens and the aberration compensation lens, such that a relation of the following formula is realized: C\u2032SOBJ(\u03b8): spherical aberration coefficient of combined lens of objective lens and charged particle condensing lens, C\u2032COBJ(\u03b8): chromatic aberration coefficient of combined lens of objective lens and charged particle condensing lens, C\u2032SCOR(\u03b8): spherical aberration coefficient of combined lens of aberration generation lens and aberration compensation lens, C\u2032CCOR(\u03b8): chromatic aberration coefficient of combined lens of aberration generation lens and aberration compensation lens, and \u03b8: inclination angle of beam. 11. The charged particle beam device according to claim 8, wherein: the aberration correction unit is an aberration generation Wien filter or a multipole. 12. The charged particle beam device according to claim 8, further comprising: a high-order chromatic aberration suppression lens to be disposed at a position of the paraboloid of the objective lens and to focus the charged particle beam having different energy on a principal surface of the objective lens, a Wien filter, or a multipole to generate a quadrupole field. 13. The charged particle beam device according to claim 12, wherein: the second deflector is disposed between the objective lens and the paraboloid of the objective lens and a dispersion deflector to disperse the charged particle beam is disposed between the second deflector and a high-order chromatic aberration suppression optical element. 14. The charged particle beam device according to claim 13, wherein: the control device controls the dispersion deflector, such that an origin of dispersion of the charged particle beam having passed through the dispersion deflector becomes the paraboloid of the objective lens virtually. 15. The charged particle beam device according to claim 13, wherein: the dispersion deflector is an orthogonal electromagnetic field generator. 16. A charged particle beam device comprising: an objective lens that focuses a charged particle beam emitted from a charged particle source; a first deflector that deflects the charged particle beam to emit the charged particle beam from a direction different from an ideal optical axis of the objective lens; an aberration correction unit that is disposed between the charged particle source and the objective lens; and an optical element that is disposed between the aberration correction unit and the objective lens and focuses the charged particle beam having passed through the aberration correction unit. 17. The charged particle beam device according to claim 16, wherein: the optical element is a lens to focus the charged particle beam having different energy on a paraboloid of the objective lens, a Wien filter, or a multipole to generate a quadrupole field. 18. The charged particle beam device according to claim 16, further comprising: a second deflector that deflects a charged particle emitted from a sample, wherein the second deflector is disposed between the objective lens and the paraboloid of the objective lens and a dispersion deflector to disperse the charged particle beam is disposed between the second deflector and the optical element. 19. The charged particle beam device according to claim 18, wherein: the control device controls the dispersion deflector, such that an origin of dispersion of the charged particle beam having passed through the dispersion deflector becomes the paraboloid of the objective lens virtually. 20. The charged particle beam device according to claim 18, wherein: the dispersion deflector is an orthogonal electromagnetic field generator.",
-    "An apparatus includes a base unit configured for sitting on a flat surface. A lower neck member is joined to the base unit. An upper neck member is configured to be at least partially received into the lower neck member and further is configured for and up and down motion relative to the lower neck member. A head member is joined proximate to a distal end of the upper neck member. The head member is configured for joining to a surface of a rockable object, wherein the up and down motion is operable for rocking the rockable object. A motor device is disposed within the base unit and is configured for imparting the up and down motion. 1. An apparatus for rocking a rockable object comprising: a base unit being configured for sitting on a flat surface; a lower neck member being joined to said base unit; an upper neck being configured to be at least received into said lower neck member and further being configured for up and down motion relative to said lower neck member; a head member being joined proximate to a distal end of said upper neck member, said head member being configured for engaging with an underside surface of the rockable object, said head member further comprising an attaching mechanism being configured for removably attaching said head member to the rockable object, the attachment mechanism comprising a first male attachment means configured for attachment to the rockable object and a second complementary male attachment means attached to the head member for releasable attachment to the first attachment means of rockable object, the rockable object free of contact with said base unit, wherein said head member and attaching mechanism pushes and pulls the rockable object upwardly and downwardly, respectively, during said up and down motion of said lower neck member and rocking the rockable object; and a motor device being disposed within said base unit and being configured for imparting said up and down motion of the upper neck member. 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising said attaching mechanism being configured for removably attaching said head member to the rockable object and an attaching member upon said head member connecting to said attaching mechanism, being said complementary male attachment means. 3-10. (canceled) 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, in which the rockable object is an infant car seat. 12. An apparatus for rocking a rockable object comprising: means for sitting on a flat surface, said means for sitting being a base unit; means for extending upward from said sitting means; means for up and down motion relative to said extending means; means for engaging with a surface of a rockable object, further comprising said attaching mechanism being configured for removably attaching said head member to said surface of the rockable object, the attachment mechanism comprising a first male attachment means configured for attachment to the rockable object and a second complementary male attachment means attached to the head member for releasable attachment to the first attachment means of the rockable object, wherein said head member and attaching mechanism pushes and pulls the rockable object upwardly and downwardly, respectively, during said up and down motion of said lower neck member for rocking the rockable object; and means for imparting said up and down motion. 13. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, further comprising means for removably joining said joining means to the rockable object, said joining means comprising said attaching member upon a head member and said attaching mechanism on the rockable object. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, further comprising means for activating said imparting means during a selected period of time. 17. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, further comprising means for reproducing an audio recording. 18. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, further comprising means for supplying power to a motor device being said means for imparting said up and down motion. 19. The apparatus for rocking a rockable object comprising: a base unit being configured for sitting on a floor; a lower neck member being joined to said base unit to extend in a generally upward direction from said base unit; an upper neck being configured to be at least partially received into said lower neck member and further being configured for up and down motion relative to said lower neck member; a head member being joined proximate to a distal end of said upper neck member, said head member being configured for removably attaching to a surface of an infant car seat, further comprising an attaching mechanism being configured for removably attaching said head member to the infant car seat, the attachment mechanism comprising a first male attachment means configured for attachment to the rockable object and a second complementary male attachment means attached to the head member for releasable attachment to the first attachment means of the rockable object, the infant car seat free of contact with said base unit, wherein said head member and said attaching mechanism pushes and pulls the rockable object upwardly and downwardly, respectively, during said up and down motion of said lower neck member and rocking moves the infant car seat in a rocking manner; and a motor device being disposed within said base unit and being configured for imparting said up and down motion of the upper neck member. 20. The apparatus as recited in claim 19, further comprising: a material being joined to a bottom of said base unit for mitigating slippage on the flat surface during operation of the apparatus; a timer unit being configured for activating said motor during a period of time selected by a user; an audio unit being configured for reproducing an audio recording selected by the user; a control unit being disposed on a top of said base unit and being configured for activating and deactivating said motor device, controlling said timer unit, and controlling said audio unit; a power supply comprising batteries and being configured for at least supplying power to said control panel for operating said motor device, said timer unit and said audio unit; and a power adapter being configured for at least supplying power to said control panel. 21. The apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein said attaching mechanism and said attaching member comprise hook and loop materials, magnets, magnetic materials, suction cups, snaps, clasps, buckles, double-sided tape, and gummy materials. 22. The apparatus as defined in claim 13, wherein said attaching mechanism and said attaching member comprise hook and loop materials, magnets, magnetic materials, suction cups, snaps, clasps, buckles, double-sided tape, and gummy materials. 23. The apparatus as defined in claim 19, wherein said attaching mechanism upon said infant car seat and said attaching member upon said head member comprise hook and loop materials, magnets, magnetic materials, suction cups, snaps, clasps, buckles, double-sided tape and gummy materials.",
-    "A liquid ejection apparatus includes: a liquid ejection head having a nozzle which ejects a liquid containing volatile organic compounds to a medium; and a maintenance unit that has a cap, which forms a closed space including an opening of the nozzle, and a suction unit that suctions a fluid from the closed space, and that performs maintenance for discharging the liquid from the nozzle by reducing pressure of the closed space. The maintenance unit is provided with a filter for adsorbing volatile organic compounds contained in the liquid discharged from the liquid ejection head. 1. A liquid ejection apparatus comprising: a liquid ejection head having a nozzle which ejects a liquid containing volatile organic compounds to a medium; and a maintenance unit that has a cap, which forms a closed space including an opening of the nozzle, and a suction unit that suctions a fluid from the closed space, and that performs maintenance for discharging the liquid from the nozzle by reducing pressure of the closed space, wherein the maintenance unit is provided with a filter for adsorbing volatile organic compounds contained in the liquid discharged from the liquid ejection head. 2. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the maintenance unit has a waste liquid container which is able to contain the fluid suctioned from the closed space, and wherein the filter is provided on an atmosphere open side of the waste liquid container. 3. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the maintenance unit includes a fluid discharge path that connects the cap with the suction unit, an on-off device that opens and closes the fluid discharge path, and a buffer tank that forms a part of the fluid discharge path on the downstream side of the on-off device and that has a predetermined spatial volume, and wherein the buffer tank communicates with the waste liquid container through the suction unit. 4. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the maintenance unit includes a fluid discharge path that connects the cap with the suction unit, an on-off device that opens and closes the fluid discharge path, a buffer tank that forms a part of the fluid discharge path on the downstream side of the on-off device and that has a predetermined spatial volume, and a pressure reducing unit that is connected to the buffer tank and reduces pressure of a space of the buffer tank, and wherein the filter is provided on at least one of a suction side and a discharge side of the pressure reducing unit. 5. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the maintenance unit has a waste liquid container which is able to contain the fluid suctioned from the closed space, and wherein the discharge side of the pressure reducing unit communicates with the waste liquid container through a passage. 6. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the filter is provided on the discharge side of the pressure reducing unit. 7. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the filter is provided on an atmosphere open side of the waste liquid container. 8. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the maintenance unit is provided with a first flow path, which passes through the filter, and a second flow path, which does not pass through the filter, wherein a first on-off valve, which is openable and closable of the first flow path, is provided on an inlet side of the first flow path, and wherein a second on-off valve, which is openable and closable of the second flow path, is provided on an inlet side of the second flow path, and combinations of opening and closing operations of the first on-off valve and the second on-off valve enable selection of a flow path through which the fluid passes. 9. The liquid ejection apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising; a mist collecting unit that collects mist generated when the liquid is ejected from the liquid ejection head, wherein a discharge side of the mist collecting unit is connected with the waste liquid container.",
-    "A display module includes an image display panel, a touch screen, a first FPC substrate, and a second FPC substrate. The first and second FPC substrates are disposed so as not to overlap with each other. The image display panel has a first curved portion in its first peripheral area. The touch screen has a second curved portion in its second peripheral area. The first and second FPC substrates each extend toward the opposite side of the image display panel from the touch screen. 1. A display module comprising: a first circuit substrate being flexible, having a display area provided with an image display function, and having a first peripheral area outside the display area; a second circuit substrate, being flexible, having an additional function area provided with a function added to the image display function, and having a second peripheral area outside the additional function area, the second circuit substrate partially overlapping with the first circuit substrate; a first flexible wiring substrate joined to a first edge of the first peripheral area so as to be electrically coupled to the first circuit substrate; and a second flexible wiring substrate joined to a second edge of the second peripheral area so as to be electrically coupled to the second circuit substrate, wherein the first and second circuit substrates are disposed so that the display area and the additional function area are superposed and so that the first and second edges are offset from each other, the first and second flexible wiring substrates are disposed so as not to overlap with each other, the first circuit substrate has a first curved portion in the first peripheral area, the first flexible wiring substrate extends toward an opposite side of the first circuit substrate from the second circuit substrate, the second circuit substrate has a second curved portion in the second peripheral area, and the second flexible wiring substrate extends toward an opposite side of the first circuit substrate from the second circuit substrate. 2. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the first flexible wiring substrate is curved in a direction of curvature of the first curved portion, and the second flexible wiring substrate is curved in a direction of curvature of the second curved portion. 3. The display module according to claim 1, wherein the first curved portion is formed at least at the first edge, and the second curved portion is formed at least at the 20 second edge. 4. The display module according to claim 1, wherein a difference between a direction from the display area to the first edge and a direction from the additional function area to the second edge is 180 degrees. 5. The display module according to claim 1, wherein a difference between a direction from the display area to the first edge and a direction from the additional function area to the second edge is 90 degrees. 6. The display module according to claim 5, wherein one of the first and second circuit substrates has an overlapping portion overlapping with the other and an extending portion extending from the overlapping portion, at least a leading edge of the extending portion is the first edge or the second edge, and in a direction perpendicular to a direction of extension of the extending portion, a width of the extending portion is less than a width of the overlapping portion. 7. The display module according to claim 1, further comprising an external circuit substrate disposed on an opposite side of the first circuit substrate from the second circuit substrate, wherein the external circuit substrate is electrically coupled to the first flexible wiring substrate and the second flexible wiring substrate. 8. The display module according to claim 7, wherein the first and second flexible wiring substrates are curved by elastic deformation, and the external circuit substrate connects the first and second flexible wiring substrates so as to resist a restoring force produced by the elastic deformation. 9. The display module according to claim 7, wherein the first and second circuit substrates are curved by elastic deformation, and the external circuit substrate connects the first and second flexible wiring substrates so as to resist a restoring force produced by the elastic deformation of the first and second circuit substrates.",
-    "An electronic component includes a wiring substrate, a heating element, a first support, a second support, and a container. The heating element, the first support, and the second support are electrically connected to the wiring substrate. Each of the first support and the second support includes a protrusion portion, and the protrusion portion of the second support is shorter than the protrusion portion of the first support. 1. An electronic component comprising: a heating element; a container; a first support which penetrates the container and comprises first protrusion portion; and a second support which penetrates the container, wherein the second support comprises a second protrusion portion shorter than the first protrusion portion of the first support, wherein the first support is a lead terminal and configured to connect to a mounting substrate, wherein the second support is a lead terminal and not configured to connect to the mounting substrate. 2. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the second support is a lead terminal configured to allow for adjustment or inspection. 3. The electronic component according to claim 1, further comprising: an oscillation circuit; a control circuit for controlling the heating element or the oscillation circuit; and a memory circuit, wherein the second support is a terminal for supply data for adjusting the control circuit to the memory circuit, or is a terminal for inspecting the control circuit that outputs data from the memory circuit. 4. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the container has a projection portion which protrudes in a protrusion direction of the second protrusion portion, is longer than the second protrusion portion, and is shorter than the first protrusion portion. 5. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the second support is smaller than a thickness of the first support. 6. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the second protrusion portion has a supporting portion and an end, and a thickness of the end is larger than that of the supporting portion. 7. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first support and the second support are connected to the container through an insulating member. 8. The electronic component according to claim 1, further comprising a circuit component, wherein the circuit component is electrically connected to the wiring substrate and includes an oscillation circuit and a resonator element. 9. The electronic component according to claim 8, wherein the oscillation circuit, the resonator element, and the heating element are disposed within a second container, and the second container is disposed on the wiring substrate. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising the electronic component according to claim 1. 11. An electronic apparatus comprising: the electronic component according to claim 1; and the mounting substrate on which the electronic component is disposed, wherein the first support and the mounting substrate are connected to each other, and the second support and the mounting substrate are separated from each other. 12. A moving object comprising the electronic component according to claim 1.",
-    "A connector secured to a panel and connectable to a circuit terminal. The connector extends through a panel opening with a flange abutting the panel rear and a front portion with a connecting terminal projecting from the panel front. A lock washer around the connector front portion includes a planar washer body and integral lock tabs radially outward of its central aperture. A securing tab extends radially from the washer body and is bent away from the panel front face. A nut is secured to the connector outer thread over the lock washer. A protective cover is selectively securable over the connector front portion by threading on the connector outer thread, and a lanyard secures the protective cover to the lock washer securing tab. 1. A connector secured to a panel and connectable to a circuit terminal, comprising: a panel having a front face and a rear face, said panel having an opening therethrough; a connector extending through said panel opening with a flange abutting the panel rear face and a front portion projecting from said panel front face, said connector front portion having an outer thread, and at least one connecting terminal exposed at a front end and adapted to connect to the circuit terminal; a lock washer around said connector front portion adjacent said panel front face, said lock washer including a planar washer body formed of a sheet of resilient metal with a central aperture and a selected thickness between top and bottom surfaces, first and second lock tabs integral with said body radially outward of said central aperture, and a securing tab extending radially from the washer body and bent from the plane of the body away from said panel front face; a nut secured to said connector outer thread with said lock washer between said nut and said panel front face; a protective cover selectively securable over said connector front portion by threading on said connector outer thread; and a lanyard securing said protective cover to said lock washer securing tab. 2. The connector of claim 1, wherein said nut has a maximum outer radius RMAX and said securing tab is bent at a radius greater than RMAX. 3. The connector of claim 1, wherein said lock washer includes: a radially inward facing, straight, free edge transverse to a radius of said body; and a spring bend biasing said tab to a displaced position in which the tab is bent to one side of the plane of said body to provide a selected spring force adapted to allow the lock tabs to be pushed down to a coplanar position with the washer body. 4. The connector of claim 1, wherein said lock tabs and free edge are defined by notches.",
-    "In various embodiments, laser apparatuses include thermal bonding layers between various components and sealing materials for preventing or retarding movement of thermal bonding material out of the thermal bonding layers. 1. A laser apparatus comprising: a beam emitter having first and second opposed surfaces; a first electrode mount disposed proximate the first surface of the beam emitter; a thermal bonding layer disposed at an interface between the first electrode mount and the first surface of the beam emitter, the thermal bonding layer (i) improving thermal conduction between the first electrode mount and the beam emitter, and (ii) comprising a thermal bonding material; and disposed along at least a portion of the interface between the first electrode mount and the first surface of the beam emitter, a sealing material for preventing or retarding movement of the thermal bonding material out of the thermal bonding layer. 2. The laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the thermal bonding material comprises indium. 3. The laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing material comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, nickel, or chromium. 4. The laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing material is disposed over at least a portion of an external surface of the first electrode mount. 5. The laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing material is disposed over at least a portion of an external surface of the beam emitter. 6. The laser apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a second electrode mount (i) disposed proximate the second surface of the beam emitter and (ii) electrically insulated from the first electrode mount; a second thermal bonding layer disposed along at least a portion of an interface between the second electrode mount and the second surface of the beam emitter, the second thermal bonding layer (i) improving thermal conduction between the second electrode mount and the beam emitter, and (ii) comprising a second thermal bonding material; and disposed along at least a portion of the interface between the second electrode mount and the second surface of the beam emitter, a second sealing material for preventing or retarding movement of the second thermal bonding material out of the second thermal bonding layer. 7. The laser apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beam emitter comprises a diode bar emitting a plurality of discrete beams. 8. A method of sealing a laser apparatus, the method comprising: disposing a thermal bonding layer over a surface of an electrode mount, the thermal bonding layer comprising a thermal bonding material; depositing a sealing material over at least a portion of the thermal bonding layer and at least a portion of an external surface of the electrode mount; and disposing a beam emitter in direct contact with the thermal bonding layer, wherein at least a portion of the sealing material is positioned to prevent or retard movement of the thermal bonding material out of the thermal bonding layer. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising, before disposing the beam emitter in direct contact with the thermal bonding layer: removing a portion of the sealing material to reveal an exposed portion of the thermal bonding layer, wherein the beam emitter is disposed in direct contact with the exposed portion of the thermal bonding layer. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: covering a portion of the thermal bonding layer with a masking material before depositing the sealing material; and after depositing the sealing material, removing the masking material before disposing the beam emitter in direct contact with the thermal bonding layer. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein depositing the sealing material comprises at least one of electroplating or electroless deposition. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the thermal bonding material comprises indium. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the sealing material comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, nickel, or chromium. 14. A method of sealing a laser apparatus, the method comprising: disposing a thermal bonding layer over a surface of an electrode mount, the thermal bonding layer comprising a thermal bonding material; disposing a beam emitter in direct contact with the thermal bonding layer; and thereafter, depositing a sealing material over at least a portion of the thermal bonding layer and at least a portion of an external surface of the electrode mount, wherein at least a portion of the sealing material is positioned to prevent or retard movement of the thermal bonding material out of the thermal bonding layer. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: depositing the sealing material over at least a portion of the beam emitter; and removing at least a portion of the sealing material to reveal a portion of the beam emitter. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: covering a portion of the beam emitter with a masking material before depositing the sealing material; and removing the masking material after depositing the sealing material. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein depositing the sealing material comprises at least one of electroplating or electroless deposition. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the thermal bonding material comprises indium. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the sealing material comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, nickel, or chromium. 20. A wavelength beam combining laser system comprising: a beam emitter emitting a plurality of discrete beams and having first and second opposed surfaces; focusing optics for focusing the plurality of beams onto a dispersive element; a dispersive element for receiving and dispersing the received focused beams; a partially reflective output coupler positioned to receive the dispersed beams, transmit a portion of the dispersed beams therethrough as a multi-wavelength output beam, and reflect a second portion of the dispersed beams back toward the dispersive element; a first electrode mount disposed proximate the first surface of the beam emitter; a thermal bonding layer disposed at an interface between the first electrode mount and the first surface of the beam emitter, the thermal bonding layer (i) improving thermal conduction between the first electrode mount and the beam emitter, and (ii) comprising a thermal bonding material; and disposed along at least a portion of the interface between the first electrode mount and the first surface of the beam emitter, a sealing material for preventing or retarding movement of the thermal bonding material out of the thermal bonding layer. 21. The laser system of claim 20, wherein the dispersive element comprises a diffraction grating. 22. The laser system of claim 20, wherein the thermal bonding material comprises indium. 23. The laser system of claim 20, wherein the sealing material comprises at least one of copper, aluminum, nickel, or chromium. 24. The laser system of claim 20, further comprising: a second electrode mount (i) disposed proximate the second surface of the beam emitter and (ii) electrically insulated from the first electrode mount; a second thermal bonding layer disposed along at least a portion of an interface between the second electrode mount and the second surface of the beam emitter, the second thermal bonding layer (i) improving thermal conduction between the second electrode mount and the beam emitter, and (ii) comprising a second thermal bonding material; and disposed along at least a portion of the interface between the second electrode mount and the second surface of the beam emitter, a second sealing material for preventing or retarding movement of the second thermal bonding material out of the second thermal bonding layer.",
-    "The present invention describes small molecule ligand-drug conjugates and methods of using the small molecule ligand-drug conjugates for targeted treatment of cancer in a patient in need thereof. Further described are methods of sterilizing circulating tumor cells and determining drug concentration in cancer tissue. 1. A conjugate compound comprising: a targeting ligand comprising a side chain portion, a small molecule anti-cancer; drug, and a linker comprising a succinic ester, wherein the linker connects the targeting ligand to the anti-cancer drug; the targeting ligand comprises two indole groups each comprising a nitrogen atom, and a polyen that (a) contains an aromatic or non-aromatic ring and (b) attaches one of the two indole groups to the other; and the side chain portion extends from the nitrogen atom of the indole group (I) as represented by the following formula: wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of: OH; NH2; SH; COOH; C1-C15 alkyl and is optionally substituted with one or more nitrogen-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups or halogen atoms; alkoxy and is optionally substituted with one or more nitrogen-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups or halogen atoms; aryl and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; aromatic ring and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; non-aromatic ring and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; oxy; carbonyl; alkenyl; nitro; and amino. 2.-3. (canceled) 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the targeting ligand comprises a conjugation amenable functional group. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein the conjugation amenable functional group is selected from the group consisting of OH, NH2, SH, and COOH. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein an indole group and the polyen are represented by the following formula: wherein E represents the polyen and R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: OH; NH2; SH; COOH; H; C1-C15 alkyl and is optionally substituted with one or more nitrogen-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups or halogen atoms; alkoxy and is optionally substituted with one or more nitrogen-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, sulfur-containing groups or halogen atoms; aryl and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; aromatic ring and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; non-aromatic ring and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; oxy; carbonyl; alkenyl; nitro; and amino. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the polyen is a polyen substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of OH, NH2, SH, and COOH. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the aromatic or non-aromatic ring is substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents, wherein the one or more substituents is selected from the group consisting of OH, NH2, SH, and COOH. 9. (canceled) 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of the two indole groups is selected from the group consisting of: 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the polyen that attaches one of the two indole groups (I) to the other (I) is represented by: 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the side chain portion extends from an indole group (I) as represented by one of the following formulas: 13.-14. (canceled) 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein the targeting ligand incorporated into the conjugate is a cyanine dye. 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein the cyanine dye incorporated into the conjugate as the targeting ligand is wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: H; C1-C15 alkyl and is optionally substituted with one or more nitrogen-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, sulfur-containing or halogen atoms; alkoxy and is optionally substituted with one or more nitrogen-containing groups, oxygen-containing groups, sulfur-containing or halogen atoms; aryl and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; aromatic ring and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; non-aromatic ring and is optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms or substituents; oxy; carbonyl; alkenyl; nitro; and amino. 17. The compound of claim 15, wherein the cyanine dye incorporated into the conjugate as the targeting ligand is selected from the group consisting of: 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the targeting ligand incorporated into the conjugate is IR-783 or a derivative thereof. 19. (canceled) 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein the targeting ligand is a dye having wavelength of maximum fluorescence emission greater than 700 nm. 21. (canceled) 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein the small molecule anti-cancer drug is capable of targeting cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, adhesion, migration, invasion, metastasis, cell cycle progression and/or cell differentiation or is a bisphosphonate drug for metastatic bone cancer treatment. 23. The compound of claim 22, further comprising a ligand capable of recognizing tumor stroma, tumor cells, and/or matrices in a tumor microenvironment. 24. The compound of claim 23, wherein the ligand capable of recognizing tumor stroma, tumor cells, and/or matrices in the tumor microenvironment is selected from the group consisting of an RGD peptide that recognizes cell surface integrin receptors, a growth factor that recognizes cell surface growth factor receptors, or a peptide or small molecule substrate that recognizes functional cell surface plasminogen activator, bombesin, bradykinin or prostate-specific membrane antigen receptors. 25. The compound of claim 22, wherein the small molecule anti-cancer drug incorporated into the conjugate is selected from the group consisting of: aminoglutethimide, asparaginase, bleomycin, busulfan, carboplatin, carmustine (BCNU), chlorambucil, cisplatin (cis-DDP), cyclophosphamide, cytarabine HCl, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin HCl, doxorubicin HCl, estramustine phosphate sodium, etoposide (VP-16), floxuridine, fluorouracil (5-FU), flutamide, hydroxyurea, hydroxycarbamide, ifosfamide, leuprolide acetate, lomustine (CCNU), mechlorethamine HCl, melphatan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate (MTX), mitomycin, mitotane (o.p\u2032-DDD), mitoxantrone HCl, octreotide, plicamycin, procarbazine HCl, streptozocin, tamoxifen citrate, thioguanine, thiotepa, vinblastine sulfate, vincrinstine sulfate, amsacrine (m-AMSA), azacitidine, hexamethylmelamine (HMM), mitoguazone (methyl-GAG, methyl glyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG)), pentostatin, semustine (methyl-CCNU), teniposide (VM-26), paclitaxel, docetaxel, taxane, vindesine, and sulfate. 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein the small molecule anti-cancer drug incorporated into the conjugate is paclitaxel or docetaxel. 27. (canceled) 28. The compound of claim 22, wherein the bisphosphonate drug incorporated into the conjugate is zoledronate or pamidronate. 29. (canceled) 30. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is S4s-I1-E4cCI-Suc-docetaxel or S4s-I1-E4cCI-Suc-paclitaxel. 31.-75. (canceled) 76. The compound of claim 18, wherein the IR-783 derivative incorporated into the conjugate is selected from the group consisting of: 77. The conjugate of claim 1, wherein the small molecule anti-cancer drug does not selectively bind a tumor.",
-    "Methods and apparatuses are described to determine subsets of vector signaling codes capable of detection by smaller sets of comparators than required to detect the full code. The resulting lower receiver complexity allows systems utilizing such subset codes to be less complex and require less power. 1. An apparatus comprising: a multi-wire bus configured to receive a set of N symbols of a codeword of a permutation-modulation (PM) code. first and second local sparse comparator units (SCUs), each local SCU comprising a respective set of M/2 graph-connected two-input comparators, wherein the first and second local SCUs are configured to receive a first N/2 symbols of the set of N symbols and a second N/2 symbols of the set of N symbols, respectively, and to generate a first M/2 fine codeword comparator outputs and a second M/2 fine codeword comparator outputs, respectively, wherein N is an even integer greater than 2 and M<N*(N\u22121)/2; first and second arithmetic units, wherein the first and second arithmetic units are configured to receive the first N/2 symbols and the second N/2 symbols, respectively, and to generate respective first and second coarse codeword elements; and a global comparator unit comprising a two-input comparator, the global comparator unit configured to generate a coarse codeword comparator output based on a comparison between the first and second coarse codeword elements. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein N is equal to 8 and wherein M is equal to 12. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the codeword is a permutation of a basis vector represented as [1,1,1,0,0,\u22121,\u22121,\u22121]. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first N/2 symbols comprise elements that sum to a first value of a pair of values and wherein the second N/2 symbols comprise elements that sum to a second value of the pair of values. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a decoder configured to generate a data word based on the first and second M/2 fine codeword comparator outputs and the coarse codeword comparator output. 6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the PM code comprises at least 288 codewords. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the PM code comprises codewords of a maximum independent set (MIS) selected from a large code set. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the PM code is at least ternary. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the arithmetic units each comprise a summation unit. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the arithmetic units each comprise an averaging unit. 11. A method comprising: receiving a set of N symbols of a codeword of a permutation-modulation (PM) code via a multi-wire bus; receiving, at first and second local sparse comparator units (SCUs), a first N/2 symbols of the set of N symbols and a second N/2 symbols of the set of N symbols, respectively, and responsively generating, using respective first and second sets of M/2 graph-connected two-input comparators, a first M/2 fine codeword comparator outputs and a second M/2 fine codeword comparator outputs, respectively, wherein N is an even integer greater than 2 and M<N*(N\u22121)/2; receiving, at first and second arithmetic units, the first N/2 symbols and the second N/2 symbols, respectively, and responsively generating respective first and second coarse codeword elements; and generating a coarse codeword comparator output based on a comparison between the first and second coarse codeword elements using a global comparator unit, the global comparator unit comprising a two-input comparator. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein N is equal to 8 and wherein M is equal to 12. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the codeword is a permutation of a basis vector represented as [1,1,1,0,0,\u22121,\u22121,\u22121]. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first N/2 symbols comprise elements that sum to a first value of a pair of values and wherein the second N/2 symbols comprise elements that sum to a second value of the pair of values. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising generating, using a decoder, a data word based on the first and second M/2 fine codeword comparator outputs and the coarse codeword comparator output. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the PM code comprises at least 288 codewords. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the PM code comprises codewords of a maximum independent set (MIS) selected from a large code set. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the PM code is at least ternary. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second coarse codeword elements are generated based on an average of the first N/2 symbols and the second N/2 symbols, respectively. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second coarse codeword elements are generated based on a sum of the first N/2 symbols and the second N/2 symbols, respectively.",
-    "This disclosure relates to a plasma processing system and methods for high precision etching of microelectronic substrates. The system may include a plasma chamber that may generate plasma to remove monolayer(s) of the substrate. The plasma process may include a two-step process that uses a first plasma to form a thin adsorption layer on the surface of the microelectronic substrate. The adsorbed layer may be removed when the system transitions to a second plasma or moves the substrate to a different location within the first plasma that has a higher ion energy. In one specific embodiment, the transition between the first and second plasma may be enabled by changing the position of the substrate relative to the source electrode with no or relatively small changes in plasma process conditions. 1. A method for treating a substrate, comprising: placing the substrate in a first position within a plasma processing chamber; receiving a first chemical composition in the plasma processing chamber, the first chemical composition comprising at least a first constituent and a second constituent; applying power from a surface wave plasma source to the first chemical composition to generate plasma that forms a layer on the substrate; receiving a second chemical composition in the plasma processing chamber, the second chemical composition being different from the first chemical composition; moving the substrate to a second position within the plasma processing chamber; and removing the layer from the substrate using the second chemical composition. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma comprises a potential less than or equal to 15V. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving of the second chemical composition comprises reducing a flow rate for at least one constituent of the first chemical composition into the plasma processing chamber. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one constituent is injected into the plasma processing chamber closer to the first position than the second position. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first position comprises a location that is more than 100 mm from the electrode of the surface wave plasma source, and the second position is between 20 mm and 100 mm from the electrode. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first chemical composition comprises one or reactive elements comprising Cl, Br, CFx, F, or O radicals. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second chemical composition comprises Ar, N2, and a lower concentration of the reactive elements than in the first chemical composition. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma comprises an ion energy between 1 eV to 20 eV during the forming of the layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plasma comprises an ion energy between 10 eV to 100 eV during the removing of the layer. 10. A method for treating a substrate, comprising: placing the substrate in a plasma processing chamber; receiving a gas into the plasma processing chamber; generating a first plasma in a first region of the plasma processing chamber, the first plasma comprising a adsorption potential less than or equal to 15V; generating a second plasma in a second region of the plasma processing chamber, the second plasma comprising a desorption potential that is greater than the adsorption potential; and moving the substrate between the first region and the second region within the plasma processing chamber. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming a layer on the substrate when the substrate is located in the first region. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising removing the layer from the substrate when the substrate is located in the second region. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the moving of the substrate comprises changing a magnitude of the pulsed power when the substrate moves between the first region and the second region. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the moving of the substrate comprises changing pressure in the plasma processing chamber when the substrate moves between the first region and the second region. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the gas comprises a mixture of two or more of the following gases: Cl, Br, CFx, F, O, Ar, or N2. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the moving of the substrate comprises changing concentration of the mixture when the substrate moves between the first region and the second region. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the receiving of the gas comprises injecting the Cl, Br, CFx, F, or O closer to the first region than where the Ar or N2 are injected into the plasma processing chamber. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the first plasma region is opposite the second plasma region. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the generating of the first plasma comprises applying a first pulsed power from a surface wave plasma source to the gas. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the generating of the second plasma comprises applying a second pulsed power from a surface wave plasma source to the gas, the second pulsed power being similar to the first pulsed power.",
-    "A data provision system includes: a certification issuing unit that transmits business entity certification to a business entity system; a password issuing unit that transmits a password to a user terminal in response to a password issuing request from the user terminal; a validity checking unit that checks validity of the business entity certification and the password transmitted from the business entity system; a personal information requesting unit that requests the user terminal to transmit personal information to the data provision system when the business entity certification and the password are valid; and a personal information transmitting unit that transmits, to the business entity system, the personal information transmitted from the user terminal. 1. A data provision system comprising: a certification issuing unit that transmits business entity certification to a business entity system; a password issuing unit that transmits a password to a user terminal in response to a password issuing request from the user terminal; a validity checking unit that checks validity of the business entity certification and the password transmitted from the business entity system; a personal information requesting unit that requests the user terminal to transmit personal information to the data provision system when the business entity certification and the password are valid; and a personal information transmitting unit that transmits, to the business entity system, the personal information transmitted from the user terminal. 2. The data provision system according to claim 1, wherein the certification issuing unit transmits the business entity certification to the business entity system in response to a request from the business entity system. 3. The data provision system according to claim 1, wherein the validity checking unit invalidates the business entity certification and the password when a predetermined period of time set for each of the business entity certification and the password has passed, and the validity checking unit has a function of notifying an error to one of or both the business entity system and the user terminal when any of the business entity certification and the password is invalid. 4. The data provision system according to claim 2, wherein the validity checking unit invalidates the business entity certification and the password when a predetermined period of time set for each of the business entity certification and the password has passed, and the validity checking unit has a function of notifying an error to one of or both the business entity system and the user terminal when any of the business entity certification and the password is invalid. 5. The data provision system according to claim 1, wherein the personal information transmitting unit deletes the personal information from the data provision system when a predetermined period of time has passed after the personal information is transmitted to the business entity system. 6. The data provision system according to claim 2, wherein the personal information transmitting unit deletes the personal information from the data provision system when a predetermined period of time has passed after the personal information is transmitted to the business entity system. 7. The data provision system according to claim 3, wherein the personal information transmitting unit deletes the personal information from the data provision system when a predetermined period of time has passed after the personal information is transmitted to the business entity system. 8. The data provision system according to claim 4, wherein the personal information transmitting unit deletes the personal information from the data provision system when a predetermined period of time has passed after the personal information is transmitted to the business entity system. 9. The data provision system according to claim 1, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 10. The data provision system according to claim 2, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 11. The data provision system according to claim 3, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 12. The data provision system according to claim 4, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 13. The data provision system according to claim 5, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 14. The data provision system according to claim 6, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 15. The data provision system according to claim 7, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system. 16. The data provision system according to claim 8, wherein the personal information transmitting unit needs approval from the user terminal when the personal information is transmitted from the data provision system to the business entity system.",
-    "A dynamic tactile interface includes: a substrate including a first transparent material and defining an attachment surface, an open channel opposite the attachment surface, and a fluid conduit intersecting the open channel and passing through the attachment surface; a tactile layer including a second transparent material and defining a tactile surface, a peripheral region bonded to the attachment surface opposite the tactile surface, and a deformable region adjacent the fluid conduit and disconnected from the attachment surface; a closing panel bonded to the substrate opposite the attachment surface and enclosing the open channel to define a fluid channel; a working fluid; and a displacement device configured to displace the working fluid into the fluid channel and through the fluid conduit to transition the deformable region from a retracted setting to an expanded setting. 1. A dynamic tactile interface comprising: a substrate comprising a first transparent material and defining an attachment surface, an open channel opposite the attachment surface, and a fluid conduit intersecting the open channel and passing through the attachment surface; a tactile layer comprising a second transparent material and defining a tactile surface, a peripheral region bonded to the attachment surface opposite the tactile surface, and a deformable region adjacent the fluid conduit and disconnected from the attachment surface; a closing panel bonded to the substrate opposite the attachment surface and enclosing the open channel to define a fluid channel; a working fluid; and a displacement device configured to displace the working fluid into the fluid channel and through the fluid conduit to transition the deformable region from a retracted setting to an expanded setting, the deformable region flush with the peripheral region in the retracted setting and offset from the peripheral region in the expanded setting.",
-    "A container suitable for the preparation, storage and dispensing of compounded suppositories is provided. Methods of preparing, storing and dispensing compounded suppositories utilizing such a container and related kits are also provided. 1. A container for preparing suppositories, comprising: a base having a substantially planar surface with a plurality of surface openings, each surface opening having a corresponding hollow member protruding from the base from at the surface opening, the base including an orientation key; a guide plate having a top side, an underside, and a plurality of guide plate openings corresponding in number to the plurality of surface openings of the base, the guide plate including an orientation opening corresponding to the orientation key of the base, the orientation opening extending through the bottom side of the guide plate, wherein the bottom side of the guide plate must be facing the base in order for the orientation key to be fully inserted into the orientation opening. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the orientation key is tapered in an upward direction. 3. The container of claim 2, wherein the orientation key comprises a triangular shape. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein the plurality of guide plate openings correspond in size to the plurality of surface openings of the base. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein the container is made of plastic. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein the plastic is polypropylene. 7. The container of claim 1, wherein the container is made of a metal alloy. 8. The container of claim 1, wherein: The base further includes a container alignment tab; the guide plate further includes an alignment tab groove and an indentation, the alignment tab groove being sized to receive the container alignment tab and the indentation being sized to provide clearance for the container alignment tab when the guide plate is placed upon the base 20. 9. The container of claim 1, wherein the guide plate is removable from the base. 10. The container of claim 1, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base such that the underside of the guide plate faces the base, the plurality of guide lace openings and the plurality of surface openings are aligned. 11. The container of claim 1, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base upside down such that the top side of the guide plate faces the base, the plurality of guide lace openings and the plurality of surface openings become misaligned. 12. The container of claim 1, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base such that the underside of the guide plate faces the base, the underside of the guide plate is flush with the base. 13. The container of claim 1, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base upside down such that the top side of the guide plate faces the base, the underside of the guide plate is spaced from the base. 14. A container for preparing suppositories, comprising: a base having a substantially planar surface with a plurality of surface openings, each surface opening having a corresponding hollow member protruding from the base from at the surface opening, the base including an orientation opening; a guide plate having a top side, an underside, and a plurality of guide plate openings corresponding in number to the plurality of surface openings of the base, the guide plate including an orientation key corresponding to the orientation opening of the base, wherein the bottom side of the guide plate must be facing the base in order for the orientation key to be fully inserted into the orientation opening. 15. A container for preparing suppositories, comprising: a base having a substantially planar surface with a plurality of surface openings, each surface opening having a corresponding hollow member protruding from the base from at the surface opening, the base including an orientation key; a guide plate having a top side, an underside, and a plurality of guide plate openings corresponding in number to the plurality of surface openings of the base, the guide plate including an orientation opening corresponding to the orientation key of the base, the orientation opening extending through the bottom side of the guide plate, an imaginary bisecting line bisecting the orientation opening from a top plan view of the guide plate, wherein, from a top plan view of the guide plate, the plurality of guide plate openings are positioned in pattern that is asymmetric about the imaginary bisecting line. 16. The container of claim 15, further comprising an imaginary line of symmetry about which the pattern of the guide plate openings are symmetric, wherein the imaginary bisecting line is rotated at an angle relative to the imaginary line of symmetry. 17. The container of claim 15, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base such that the underside of the guide plate faces the base, the plurality of guide lace openings and the plurality of surface openings are aligned. 18. The container of claim 15, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base upside down such that the top side of the guide plate faces the base, the plurality of guide lace openings and the plurality of surface openings become misaligned. 19. The container of claim 15, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base such that the underside of the guide plate faces the base, the underside of the guide plate is flush with the base. 20. The container of claim 15, wherein, if the guide plate is placed upon the base upside down such that the top side of the guide plate faces the base, the underside of the guide plate is spaced from the base.",
-    "A magnetic field sensor comprises a sensor bridge having multiple sensor legs. Each sensor leg includes magnetoresistive sense elements located in a plane of the magnetic field sensor. Each sense element comprises a pinned layer and a sense layer. The pinned layer has a reference magnetization oriented parallel to the plane and the sense layer has a sense magnetization oriented out-of-plane. A permanent magnet layer may be spaced apart from the sense elements which magnetically biases the sense magnetization of the sense layer into an out-of-plane direction that is non-perpendicular to the plane of the sensor. The sense magnetization is orientable from the out-of-plane direction toward the plane of the sensor in response to an external magnetic field. The permanent magnet layer enables detection of the external magnetic field in a sensing direction that is also perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field sensor. 1. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge, said sensor bridge including multiple sensor legs, said sensor legs including magnetoresistive sense elements located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor and sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, wherein each of said magnetoresistive sense elements comprises: a pinned layer having a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and a sense layer having a sense magnetization that is magnetically biased to have an initial orientation, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in an out-of-plane direction relative to said plane, wherein said sense magnetization of said sense layer is orientable from said out-of-plane direction toward said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field. 2. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said multiple sensor legs comprise: a first sensor leg having a first one of said magnetoresistive sense elements; a second sensor leg having a second one of said magnetoresistive sense elements; a third sensor leg having a third one of said magnetoresistive sense elements; and a fourth sensor leg having a fourth one of said magnetoresistive sense elements, wherein: said first, second, third, and fourth sensor legs are coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a first direction; and said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said second and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a second direction, said second direction being antiparallel to said first direction. 3. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 wherein: said pinned layer of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in said first direction using a thermally assisted switching process; and said pinned layer of each of said second and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in said second direction using said thermally assisted switching process. 4. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 wherein said Wheatstone bridge is a first Wheatstone bridge, and said magnetic field sensor further comprises a second Wheatstone bridge, said second Wheatstone bridge including: a fifth sensor leg having a fifth magnetoresistive sense element; a sixth sensor leg having a sixth magnetoresistive sense element; a seventh sensor leg having a seventh magnetoresistive sense element; and an eighth sensor leg having an eighth magnetoresistive sense element, wherein: said fifth and eighth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said second Wheatstone bridge, said sixth and seventh magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said second Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said second Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said second Wheatstone bridge such that a third junction of said fifth and sixth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a third input terminal and a fourth junction of said seventh and eighth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a fourth input terminal. 5. The magnetic field sensor of claim 4 wherein said external magnetic field is a first external magnetic field, said sensing direction is a first sensing direction, and each of said fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth magnetoresistive sense elements comprises: said pinned layer having said reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and said sense layer having said sense magnetization that is magnetically biased to have said initial orientation, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in said out-of-plane direction, said sense magnetization of said sense layer being orientable from said out-of-plane direction toward said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to a second external magnetic field along a second sensing direction that is orthogonal to said first sensing direction, wherein: said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said fifth and seventh magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a third direction that is orthogonal to said first direction; and said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said sixth and eighth magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a fourth direction, said fourth direction being antiparallel to said third direction. 6. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein in the absence of said external magnetic field, said initial orientation of said sense magnetization is perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 7. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 further comprising a permanent magnet layer spaced apart from said magnetoresistive sense elements, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing said initial orientation of said sense magnetization, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in said out-of-plane direction that is non-perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 8. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 wherein said external magnetic field is perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, and inclusion of said permanent magnet layer enables detection of said external magnetic field in said sensing direction that is also perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 9. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 wherein said permanent magnet layer is characterized by a single magnetic orientation. 10. The magnetic field sensor of claim 9 wherein said single magnetic orientation is substantially parallel to said magnetic field sensor. 11. The magnetic field sensor of claim 10 wherein each of said magnetoresistive sense elements is characterized by a central axis, and said permanent magnet layer comprises a plurality of magnet segments, each of said magnet segments being laterally displaced away from said central axis of adjacent ones of said each of said magnetoresistive sense elements by an equivalent distance in a symmetric configuration. 12. The magnetic field sensor of claim 9 wherein said single magnetic orientation is substantially perpendicular to said magnetic field sensor. 13. The magnetic field sensor of claim 12 wherein: each of said magnetoresistive sense elements is characterized by a central axis; said permanent magnet layer comprises a plurality of magnet segments; and for said each of said magnetoresistive sense elements, one of said magnet segments is positioned closer to said central axis than to said central axis of remaining ones of said magnetoresistive sense elements in an asymmetric configuration. 14. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 wherein said permanent magnet layer is characterized by a single thickness across an entire area of said permanent magnet layer. 15. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 wherein said permanent magnet layer is located out-of-plane from said magnetoresistive sense elements, and said permanent magnet layer is characterized by a single out-of-plane spacing away from each of said magnetoresistive sense elements. 16. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge, said sensor bridge including multiple sensor legs, said sensor legs including magnetoresistive sense elements located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor and sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, said external magnetic field being perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, wherein each of said magnetoresistive sense elements comprises: a pinned layer having a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and a sense layer having a sense magnetization that is magnetically biased to have an initial orientation, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in an out-of-plane direction relative to said plane; and a permanent magnet layer located out-of-plane from said magnetoresistive sense elements and characterized by a single magnetic orientation, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing said initial orientation of said sense magnetization, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in said out-of-plane direction that is non-perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, wherein said sense magnetization of said sense layer is orientable from said out-of-plane direction toward said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer enabling detection of said external magnetic field in said sensing direction that is also perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 17. The magnetic sensor of claim 15 wherein said multiple sensor legs comprise: a first sensor leg having a first one of said magnetoresistive sense elements; a second sensor leg having a second one of said magnetoresistive sense elements; a third sensor leg having a third one of said magnetoresistive sense elements; and a fourth sensor leg having a fourth one of said magnetoresistive sense elements, wherein: said first, second, third, and fourth sensor legs are coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a first direction; and said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said second and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a second direction, said second direction being antiparallel to said first direction. 18. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge, said sensor bridge including a first sensor leg having a first magnetoresistive sense element, a second sensor leg having a second magnetoresistive sense element, a third sensor leg having a third magnetoresistive sense element, and a fourth sensor leg having a fourth magnetoresistive sense element, wherein each of said first, second, third, and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements is located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor and is sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, said first, second, third, and fourth sensor legs being coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said each of said first, second, third, and forth magnetoresistive sense elements comprises a pinned layer having a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane and a sense layer having a sense magnetization that is magnetically biased to have an initial orientation, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in an out-of-plane direction relative to said plane, wherein said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a first direction and said reference magnetization of said pinned layer of each of said second and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in a second direction, said second direction being antiparallel to said first direction; and a permanent magnet layer located out-of-plane from said magnetoresistive sense elements, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing said initial orientation of said sense magnetization, in the absence of said external magnetic field, in said out-of-plane direction that is non-perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, wherein said sense magnetization of said sense layer is orientable from said out-of-plane direction toward said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field. 19. The magnetic field sensor of claim 18 said permanent magnet layer is characterized by a single magnetic orientation. 20. The magnetic field sensor of claim 18 wherein each of said first, second, third, and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements is characterized by a central axis, and said permanent magnet layer comprises a plurality of magnet segments, said magnet segments being laterally displaced away from said central axis of said each of said magnetoresistive sense elements.",
-    "Techniques are disclosed for performing flood-fill operations on vector artwork. In one embodiment, a region under a point of interest (POI) of vector artwork is rasterized and flood-filled, and an initial bounding shape around that area is used as a first guess as to the area to be filled. In other cases, the initial bounding shape is created around some initial area that includes the POI (no rasterization). In any such case, vector objects having bounding shapes that intersect the initial bounding shape are identified and fed into a planar map. After map planarization, a new bounding shape is created around a new area resulting from the planarizing and that includes the POI. In response to that bounding shape not extending beyond the initial bounding shape, a vector-based flood-fill operation can be performed on that new area. The process repeats if a new bounding shape extends beyond previous bounding shape. 1. A computer-implemented method for vector-based flood-filling that comprises: creating an initial bounding shape around a point of interest in a vector-based image that includes a plurality of vector objects; identifying a first subset of the vector objects, wherein vector objects in the first subset have bounding shapes that intersect the initial bounding shape; identifying a second subset of the vector objects, wherein vector objects in the second subset have bounding shapes that do not intersect the initial bounding shape; feeding the first subset of vector objects into an initial planar map; and planarizing the initial planar map such that the first subset of vector objects is planarized without planarizing the second subset of vector objects. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising creating a second bounding shape around a new area, wherein the second bounding shape (a) results from planarizing the initial planar map, and (b) includes the point of interest. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the point of interest is established by a computer program configured to identify areas in the vector-based image that are candidates for a flood-filling operation. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial bounding shape has a shape that corresponds to an object that forms part of the vector-based image, and wherein the point of interest is within the object. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising creating a second bounding shape around a new area, wherein the second bounding shape (a) results from planarizing the initial planar map, and (b) does not encompass area that is not included in the initial bounding shape. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: creating a second bounding shape around a new area; and performing a vector-based flood-fill on the new area. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: rasterizing an area around the point of interest; performing a raster-based flood-fill on the area around the point of interest; and defining the initial bounding shape based on the raster-based flood-filled area around the point of interest. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: rasterizing an area around the point of interest; and performing a raster-based flood-fill on the area around the point of interest. 9. A system comprising a memory device and a processor that is operatively coupled to the memory device, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in the memory device that, when executed, cause the processor to carry out a flood-filling process comprising: creating an initial bounding shape around a point of interest in a vector-based image that includes a plurality of vector objects; identifying a subset of the vector objects, wherein members of the identified subset have bounding shapes that intersect the initial bounding shape; planarizing the identified subset to remove overlapping amongst the vector objects that comprise the identified subset; creating a second bounding shape around a new area that results from planarizing the identified subset and that includes the point of interest; determining whether the second bounding shape encompasses area that is not included within the initial bounding shape; and performing a vector-based flood-fill on the new area. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein planarizing the identified subset further comprises merging adjacent shapes defined by the vector objects that comprise the identified sub set. 11. The system of claim 9, further comprising feeding the identified subset of vector objects into a planar map before planarizing the identified subset. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the initial bounding shape is selected from a group consisting of a rectangle, a circle, and a convex hull. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the vector-based flood-fill is performed in response the determining that the second bounding shape does not encompass area that is not included in the initial bounding shape. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the flood-filling process further comprises: rasterizing an area around the point of interest; and performing a raster-based flood-fill on the area around the point of interest. 15. A non-transitory computer program product comprising program instructions encoded on one or more computer readable media that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a flood-filling process to be carried out, the flood-filling process comprising: creating an initial bounding shape around a point of interest in a vector-based image that includes a plurality of vector objects; planarizing a subset of the plurality of vector objects that have bounding shapes that intersect the initial bounding shape, wherein vector objects that have bounding shapes that do not intersect the initial bounding shape are not planarized; creating a second bounding shape around a new area resulting from planarizing the subset, wherein the second bounding shape includes the point of interest; and performing a vector-based flood-fill on the new area. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the initial bounding shape is a cell selected from a grid of cells that are projected over the vector-based image. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein planarizing the subset further comprises transitively merging the initial bounding shape with a shape that is adjacent to the initial bounding shape in response to determining that the merged shapes share a common visual characteristic. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the initial bounding shape and the second bounding shape are both rectangular. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the flood-filling process further comprises feeding the subset of the plurality of vector objects into a planar map before planarizing. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the vector-based flood-fill is performed in response to determining that the second bounding shape does not encompass area that is not included in the initial bounding shape.",
-    "A novel methodology for detecting cloud particles is disclosed herein. This methodology exploits the optical glory phenomenon. According to one embodiment, a method for detecting clouds includes receiving data from a sensor which is configured to measure polarization of scattered light in a direction substantially opposite to the direction of incident light, and identifying, from the received sensor data, a cloud based on the polarization of the scattered light. 1. A method for detecting clouds, the method comprising: receiving data from a sensor which is configured to measure polarization of scattered light in a direction substantially opposite to the direction of incident light; and identifying, from the received sensor data, a cloud based on the polarization of the scattered light. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor is configured to measure scattered light over a range of about 0-20\u00b0 from the exact backscattered light direction. 3. The method of claim 2, the sensor is configured to measure scattered light over a range of about 5-10\u00b0 from the exact backscattered light direction. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor is configured to detect the s-polarization and p-polarization intensities of the measured scattered light. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a cloud is identified if the detected p-polarization measurement is greater than the s-polarization measurement of the scattered light direction. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor and/or image processor associated therewith is configured to provide the Stokes Parameters Q, U and I of polarization. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: calculating the degree of polarization normalized Mueller matrix element P12/P11 from the Stokes Parameters of polarization as follows: P12/P11=(IS\u2212IP)/(IS+IP), where IS is the intensity of the s-polarized component of the light and IP is the intensity of the p-polarized component of the light. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a cloud is identified if the calculated P12/P11 is negative near the backscattered light direction. 9. The method of claim 6, further comprising: calculating the angle of linear polarization (AOLP) from Stokes Parameters of polarization as follows: AOLP = 1 2 \ue89e tan - 1 \ue8a0 ( U Q ) + \u03b1 0 , where \u03b10=0\u00b0 if Q>0 and U\u22670; \u03b10=180\u00b0 if Q>0 and U<0; and \u03b10=90\u00b0 if Q\u22660. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a cloud is identified if the calculated AOLP\u2266about 60\u00b0 or \u2267120\u00b0. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor data is measured at a wavelength of about 1.38 \u03bcm. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor data is measured at a wavelength of about 670 nm. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor is located on a satellite orbiting the Earth. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: transmitting the sensor data from the satellite to a ground station, and/or receiving the transmitted sensor data at the ground station. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein only scattered sunlight is measured by the sensor. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, from the received sensor data, a super-thin cloud based on the polarization of the scattered light. 17. A method for detecting cloud particles, the method comprising; receiving data from a sensor which is configured to measure polarization of an optical glory associated with a cloud; and identifying, from the received sensor data, cloud particles based on the polarization of the optical glory. 18. A system for detecting clouds, the system comprising: a sensor configured to measure polarization of scattered light in a direction substantially opposite to the direction of incident light; and a processor configured to identify, from the measured sensor data, a cloud based on the polarization of the scattered light. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the sensor comprises: at least one polarizer which filters incoming light having p-polarization, a lens which focuses the filtered light, and an image detector which receives the focused light. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the at least one polarizer comprises (i) a rotating polarizer or (ii) three polarizers which are offset in angular orientation.",
-    "The present technology relates to improvement of memory performance and the prevention or treatment of brain disorders associated with memory loss. In particular, the invention relates to the use of Centaurin-\u03b11 (CentA1), CentA1 activating proteins, and CentA1 effector proteins as therapeutic targets to improve memory and cognitive performance in a normal subject and/or in a subject with neurological disorders associated with memory and/or cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer's disease. 1. A method of improving memory and cognitive performance in a subject comprising modulating the expression of CentA1, CentA1 effectors, CentA1 interacting proteins and/or downstream signaling molecules including Ras, Arf6, Hsp10, and Elk-1. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein improving memory and cognitive performance comprises inhibiting the expression of CentA1, CentA1 effectors, CentA1 interacting proteins, or a combination of two or more thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject does not have and is not suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss or cognitive impairment. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss or cognitive impairment. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or dementia. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein inhibiting the expression comprises administering a pharmacological compound comprising at least one farnesyl transferase inhibitor. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the pharmacological compound comprises FTI-276. 8. A method of preventing or treating memory loss in a subject comprising modulating the expression of CentA1, CentA1 effectors, CentA1 interacting proteins and/or downstream signaling molecules including Ras, Arf6, Hsp10, and Elk-1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein preventing or treating memory loss comprises inhibiting the expression of CentA1, CentA1 effectors, CentA1 interacting proteins, or a combination of two or more thereof. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the subject does not have and is not suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss or cognitive impairment. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss or cognitive impairment. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or dementia. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein inhibiting the expression comprises administering a pharmacological compound comprising at least one farnesyl transferase inhibitor. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pharmacological compound comprises FTI-276. 15. A method of protecting neurons by modulating expression of CentA1, CentA1 effectors, CentA1 interacting proteins and/or downstream signaling molecules including Ras, Arf6, Hsp10 and Elk-1. 16. The method of claim 15 comprising inhibiting the expression of CentA1, CentA1 effectors, CentA1 interacting proteins, or a combination of two or more thereof. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein inhibiting the expression comprises administering a pharmacological compound comprising FTI-276 to a subject. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject does not have and is not suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss or cognitive impairment. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss or cognitive impairment. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or dementia.",
-    "There is provided compounds of formula I, wherein R1, R2a, R2b, R2c, X, Y, Z, R3 and ring A/B have meanings given in the description, and pharmaceutically-acceptable esters, amides, solvates or salts thereof, which compounds are useful in the treatment of diseases in which inhibition of a protein or lipid kinase (e.g. PI3-K, particularly class I PI3K, PIM family kinase and/or mTOR) is desired and/or required, and particularly in the treatment of cancer. The invention also relates to combinations containing such compounds. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method of treatment of a disease, by administering to a patient suffering from, or susceptible to, such a disease, wherein the disease is selected from cancer, an immune disorder, a cardiovascular disease, a viral infection, inflammation, a metabolism/endocrine function disorder, a neurological disorder, an obstructive airways disease, an allergic disease, an inflammatory disease, immunosuppression, a disorder commonly connected with organ transplantation, an AIDS-related disease, benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis, polyposis, neuro-fibromatosis, psoriasis, a bone disorder, atherosclerosis, vascular smooth cell proliferation associated with atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis glomerulonephritis and post-surgical stenosis, restenosis, stroke, diabetes, disease, cystic fibrosis, a hormone-related disease, an immunodeficiency disorder, a destructive bone disorder, an infectious disease, a condition associated with cell death, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, chronic myelogenous leukaemia, liver disease, disorders and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), which method comprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I: wherein: ring A and ring B represent a fused bicyclic group of any one of the following formulae: wherein in formula IA: W1a is CH, CF or N; W2a is CH, CF or N; W3a is CR4a or N; W4a is CR5a or N; W5a is CR6a or N; in formula IB: W1b is CH, CF or N; W2b is CH, CF or N; W3b is CR4b or N; W4b is C or N; W5b is CR6b or N; W6b is C or N; W7b is C or N, and wherein when W3b represents N, W4b and W6b represent C and W5b represents C or N, then R* is hydrogen (in all other cases R* is absent); in formula IC: W1c is CH, CRt1, N, NRq1, O or S; W2c is CH, CRt2, N, NRq2, O or S; W3 is C or N; W4c is CR5c or N; W5c is CR6c or N; W6c is C or N; in formula ID: W1d is CH, CRt3, N, NRq3, O or S; W2d is CH, CRt4, N, NRq4, O or S; W3d is C or N; W4d is CR5d or N; W5d is C or N; W6d is C or N; each Rt1, Rt2, Rt3 and Rt4 is independently selected from halo, C1-3 alkyl or C3 cycloalkyl, a 3- to 5-membered heterocycloalkyl group, \u2014ORs1, \u2014CN, \u2014N(Rs2)Rs3, \u2014S(O)w1CH3 or \u2014C(O)CH3; w1 represents 0, 1 or 2; each Rs1, Rs2 and R3s independently represent hydrogen or C1-2 alkyl; each Rq1, Rq2, Rq3 and Rq4 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl or C3 cycloalkyl, a 3- to 5-membered heterocycloalkyl group or \u2014C(O)CH3; each R1, R2a, R2b, R2c, R3, R4a, R5a, R6a, R4b, R6b, R5c, R6c and R5d are independently selected from hydrogen or a substituent selected from halo, \u2014CN, \u2014C(O)N(Rf1)Rf2, \u2014C(O)Rf3, \u2014N(Rf4)Rf5, \u2014C(O)ORf6, \u2014ORf7, \u2014OC(O)\u2014Rf8, \u2014S(O)w2CH3 or C1-8 alkyl or C3-8 cycloalkyl and a 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl groups, both of which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and E1; w2 represents 0, 1 or 2; Rf1, Rf2, Rf4, Rf5 and Rf7 independently represent hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and E2; or Rf1 and Rf2 and/or Rf4 and Rf5 may be linked together to form a 4- to 8-membered ring optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from C1-3 alkyl or C3 cycloalkyl and halo; Rf3, Rf6 and Rf8 independently represent C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and E2; X represents a direct bond, \u2014C(Ra)(Rb)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014N(Rc)\u2014, \u2014N(Rd)C(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)N(Re)\u2014 or \u2014N(Rf)\u2014C(O)\u2014N(Rg)\u2014; Y represents -arylene-, -heteroarylene- (which latter two groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from E3), -heterocycloalkylene- or \u2014C1-12alkylene- (which latter two groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and E4); RN represents hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and E5; Z represents -(Ax)1-7-, wherein each Ax independently represents \u2014C(Rx1)(Rx2)\u2014, \u2014N(Rx3)\u2014, \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014S(O)\u2014 or \u2014S(O)2\u2014; Rx1, Rx2 and Rx3 each independently represent hydrogen or a substituent selected from Ex; each Ex independently represents halo, \u2014C(O)Ry1, \u2014N(Ry2)\u2014C(O)\u2014N(Ry3)(Ry4), C1-6 alkyl or heterocycloalkyl (both of which latter two groups are optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms); Ry1, Ry2, Ry3 and Ry4 each independently represent hydrogen or C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms; each Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg independently represent hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms; each E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5 independently represents, on each occasion when used herein: (i) Q4; (ii) C1-12 alkyl or C3-12 cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and Q5; any two E1, E2, E3, E4 and/or E5 groups, may be linked together to form a 3- to 12-membered ring, optionally containing one or more unsaturations, and which ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and J1; each Q4 and Q5 independently represent, on each occasion when used herein: halo, \u2014CN, \u2014N(R20)R21, \u2014OR20, \u2014C(\u2550Y1)\u2014R20, \u2014C(\u2550Y1)\u2014OR20, \u2014C(\u2550Y1)N(R20)R21, \u2014C(\u2550Y1)N(R20)\u2014O\u2014R21a, \u2014OC(\u2550Y1)\u2014R20, \u2014OC(\u2550Y1)\u2014OR20, \u2014OC(\u2550Y1)N(R20)R21, \u2014OS(O)2OR20, \u2014OP(\u2550Y1)(OR20)(OR21), \u2014OP(OR20)(OR21), \u2014N(R22)C(\u2550Y1)R21, \u2014N(R22)C(\u2550Y1)OR21, \u2014N(R22)C(\u2550Y1)N(R20)R21, \u2014NR22S(O)2R20, \u2014NR22S(O)2N(R20)R21, \u2014S(O)2N(R20)R21, \u2014SC(\u2550Y1)R20, \u2014SC(\u2550Y1)OR20, \u2014SC(\u2550Y1)N(R20)R21, \u2014S(O)2R20, \u2014SR20, \u2014S(O)R20, \u2014S(O)2OR20, C1-6 alkyl or heterocycloalkyl (which latter two groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and J2); each Y1 independently represents, on each occasion when used herein, \u2550O, \u2550S, \u2550NR23 or \u2550N\u2014CN; each R21a represents C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl (which latter three groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from J4 and \u2550O); each R20, R21, R22 and R23 independently represent, on each occasion when used herein, hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl (which latter three groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from J4 and \u2550O); or any relevant pair of R20, R21 and R22, may be linked together to form a 4- to 20-membered ring, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms, optionally containing one or more unsaturations, and which ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from J6 and \u2550O; each J1, J2, J4 and J6 independently represents, on each occasion when used herein: (i) Q7; (ii) C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, each of which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and Q8; each Q7 and Q8 independently represents, on each occasion when used herein: halo, \u2014CN, \u2014N(R50)R51, \u2014OR50, \u2014C(\u2550Ya)\u2014R50, \u2014C(\u2550Ya)\u2014OR50, \u2014C(\u2550Ya)N(R50)R51, \u2014N(R52)C(\u2550Ya)R51, \u2014NR52S(O)2R50, \u2014S(O)2N(R50)R51, \u2014N(R52)\u2014C(\u2550Ya)\u2014N(R50)R51, \u2014S(O)2R50, \u2014SR50, \u2014S(O)R50, C1-6 alkyl (optionally substituted by one or more fluoro atoms) or heterocycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, \u2014OR60 and \u2014N(R61)R62); each Ya independently represents, on each occasion when used herein, \u2550O, \u2550S, \u2550NR53 or \u2550N\u2014CN; each R50, R51, R52 and R53 independently represents, on each occasion when used herein, hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from fluoro, \u2014OR60 and \u2014N(R61)R62; or any relevant pair of R50, R51 and R52 may be linked together to form, a 3- to 8-membered ring, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms, optionally containing one or more unsaturations, and which ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from \u2550O and C1-3 alkyl; R60, R61 and R62 independently represent hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more fluoro atoms; wherein any heterocycloalkyl group may be selected from non-aromatic monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycloalkyl groups in which one to four of the atoms in the ring system is a heteroatom that is not carbon selected from N, O or S, and in which the total number of atoms in the ring system is from five to ten, wherein the heterocycloalkyl group may be bridged, and wherein the heterocycloalkyl group may be saturated or unsaturated containing one or more double and/or triple bonds, wherein any heteroaryl group may be selected from an aromatic group containing one to four heteroatom(s) selected from N, O or S, wherein the heteroaryl group comprises five to ten atoms in the ring system, and wherein the heteroaryl group is monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, provided that at least one of the rings is aromatic, and that when the heteroaryl group is bicyclic or tricyclic it is linked to the rest of the molecule via an aromatic ring, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide, or salt thereof, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable ester is selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl, C5-10 aryl and C5-10 aryl-C1-6 alkyl-esters; and wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable amide is selected from the group consisting of \u2014C(O)N(Rz1)Rz2, in which Rz1 and Rz2 independently represent C1-6 alkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyl, C5-10 aryl, or C5-10 aryl-C1-6 alkylene-. 17. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the disease is cancer. 18. A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the cancer is selected from carcinoma such as cancer of the bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung (including non-small cell cancer and small cell lung cancer), esophagus, gall-bladder, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid, prostate, skin, squamous cell carcinoma, testis, genitourinary tract, larynx, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papilliary carcinoma, seminona, melanoma, sarcoma, bladder carcinoma, liver carcinoma and biliary passages, kidney carcinoma, myeloid disorders, lymphoid disorders, hairy cells, buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx, small intestine, colon-rectum, large intestine, rectum, brain and central nervous system, Hodgkin's and leukaemia; hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, including leukemia, acute lymphocitic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell-lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma and Burkett's lymphoma; hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, including acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome and promyelocytic leukemia; tumors of mesenchymal origin, including fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma; tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma and schwannomas; and other tumors, including melanoma, seminoma, teratocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, xeroderma pigmentosum, keratoxanthoma, thyroid follicular cancer and Kaposi's sarcoma. 19. A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of carcinoma such as cancer of the bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung (including non-small cell cancer), ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, prostate, squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, melanoma, colon-rectum, oral, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell-lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkett's lymphoma; hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, including acute myelogenous leukemias, tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including astrocytoma; and other tumors, including melanoma. 20. A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. 21. A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the cancer is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 22. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of an immune disorder, a cardiovascular disease, inflammation, an obstructive airways disease, an allergic disease, an inflammatory disease, immunosuppression, and diabetes. 23. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein ring A and ring B represents a fused bicyclic group of the following structure (optional substituents are not shown): 24. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein Y represents arylene, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene or C1-6alkylene, all of which groups are optionally substituted as defined herein, for instance one of the following groups: 25. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein X represents \u2014N(Rc)\u2014 or a direct bond; and/or Z represents \u2014C(O)-[T1]- or \u2014C(O)N(Rx3)-[T1]-, in which T1 represents \u2014(CH2)0-4-T2- and T2 represents a direct bond or \u2014C(O)\u2014N(H)\u2014CH2\u2014. 26. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the compound is selected from the following:",
-    "A liquid ejecting head and a method of manufacturing the liquid ejecting head are provided. The liquid ejecting head has a pressure chamber forming substrate that includes a plurality of piezoelectric elements and that is connected to a first surface of a sealing plate, a driver IC that outputs signals that drive the piezoelectric elements and that is provided on a second surface of the sealing plate that is on the opposite side to the first surface, and a power supply wire that supplies electrical power to the piezoelectric elements, that is formed in the second surface of the sealing plate, and that has at least one portion thereof embedded in the sealing plate and a surface thereof exposed on the second surface side. 1. A liquid ejecting head comprising: a wiring substrate having a first surface that is connected to a driver element forming substrate in which a plurality of driver elements are provided, and a second surface that is on the opposite side to the first surface and that is provided with a driver IC that outputs signals that drive the driver elements; wherein a wire that supplies electrical power to the driver elements is formed in the second surface of the wiring substrate, and at least one portion of the wire is embedded in the wiring substrate and a surface of the wire is exposed on the second surface side. 2. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein the wire is formed of an embedded wire that is composed of a conductive material and that is embedded inside the wiring substrate and an outer layer wire that is composed of a conductive material that is different from the conductive material of the embedded wire, the outer layer wire covering the second surface side of the embedded wire. 3. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein the driver IC has a plurality of circuit blocks that generate the signals that individually drive the driver elements and a plurality of bump electrodes that connect to the circuit blocks in a first direction, and the wire that extends in the first direction and that is connected to the plurality of bump electrodes. 4. A method of manufacturing a liquid ejecting head that has a wiring substrate having a first surface that is connected to a driver element forming substrate in which a plurality of driver elements are provided and a second surface that is on the opposite side to the first surface and that is provided with a driver IC that outputs signals that drive the driver elements, a wire in the second surface that supplies electrical power to the driver elements and a through wire that extends between the first surface and the second surface, the method comprising: processing a wiring substrate so as to form a recessed portion that is recessed in the second surface of the wiring substrate in a thickness direction thereof and a through hole that penetrates through the wiring substrate, and forming the wire by filling a conductive material into the recessed portion and the through wire by filling the conductive material into the through hole. 5. The method of manufacturing a liquid ejecting head according to claim 4, wherein the forming of the wire involves forming the conductive material in the recessed portion and the through hole by electroplating. 6. The method of manufacturing a liquid ejecting head according to claim 4 further comprising: forming an outer layer wire that covers the second surface side of the wire embedded in the wiring substrate with a conductive material that is different from the conductive material of the wire embedded in the wiring substrate.",
-    "A resolver rotatably coupled to a rotatable member is described, including a method for evaluating an output signal therefrom. This includes supplying an excitation signal to the resolver and dynamically determining corresponding output signals from the resolver. A plurality of datasets are determined, with each dataset including digitized states of the excitation signal supplied to the resolver and corresponding output signals from the resolver. The digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals from the resolver for each of the datasets are arithmetically combined, and a moving average thereof is determined. A phase shift error term is determined based upon the moving average, and a phase shift is determined between the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals based upon the phase shift error term. 1. A method for evaluating an output signal from a resolver coupled to a rotatable member, the method comprising: supplying an excitation signal to the resolver and dynamically determining corresponding output signals from the resolver; determining a plurality of datasets, each dataset including digitized states of the excitation signal supplied to the resolver and the corresponding output signals from the resolver; arithmetically combining the digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals from the resolver for the datasets; determining a moving average of the arithmetically combined digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals from the resolver; determining a phase shift error term based upon the moving average; and determining a phase shift between the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals based upon the phase shift error term. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein supplying an excitation signal to the resolver comprises supplying a sinusoidal excitation signal to the resolver. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein dynamically determining corresponding output signals from the resolver comprises dynamically determining corresponding sine and cosine output signals from the resolver. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein dynamically determining corresponding output signals from the resolver comprises dynamically determining corresponding sine output signals from the resolver. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein dynamically determining corresponding output signals from the resolver comprises dynamically determining corresponding cosine output signals from the resolver. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a moving average of the arithmetically combined digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals from the resolver comprises determining the moving average for a single period of the excitation signal. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a phase shift between the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals based upon the phase shift error term comprises integrating the phase shift error term. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the phase shift error term based upon the moving average and arithmetic operations and trigonometric manipulations. 9. A method for evaluating an output signal from a variable reluctance resolver rotatably coupled to a rotatable member of an electric machine, the method comprising: supplying a sinusoidal excitation signal to an excitation winding disposed on a stator of the variable reluctance resolver; dynamically determining corresponding first and second output signals from respective first and second secondary windings disposed on the stator of the variable reluctance resolver; determining a plurality of datasets, each dataset including digitized states of the sinusoidal excitation signal and the corresponding first and second output signals; arithmetically combining the digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding first and second output signals for each of the datasets, determining a moving average of the arithmetically combined digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding first and second output signals for a single period of the sinusoidal excitation signal; determining a phase shift error term based upon the moving average; and determining a phase shift between the sinusoidal excitation signal and the corresponding first and second output signals based upon the phase shift error term. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein dynamically determining corresponding first and second output signals from corresponding first and second secondary windings disposed on the stator of the variable reluctance resolver comprises dynamically determining sine and cosine output signals, respectively. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein determining a moving average of the arithmetically combined digitized states of the excitation signal and the respective output signals comprises determining a moving average for a single period of the excitation signal. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein determining a phase shift between the sinusoidal excitation signal and the corresponding first and second output signals based upon the phase shift error term comprises integrating the phase shift error term. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining the phase shift error term based upon the moving average and arithmetic operations and trigonometric manipulations. 14. A controller for monitoring a resolver rotatably coupled to a rotatable member of an electric machine, wherein the resolver includes an excitation winding and first and second secondary windings, comprising: a microprocessor circuit including a dual-core central processing unit, a pulse generator and a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (SDADC) that communicate via a communication bus; an interface circuit connected to the excitation winding and first and second secondary windings of the resolver; and an instruction set, the instruction set executable to: supply an excitation signal to the excitation winding of the resolver and determine corresponding output signals from the first and second secondary windings of the resolver, determine a plurality of datasets, each dataset including digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals, arithmetically combine the digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals for the datasets, determine a moving average of the arithmetically combined digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals, determine a phase shift error term based upon the moving average, and determine a phase shift between the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals based upon the phase shift error term. 15. The controller of claim 14, wherein the controller does not include a resolver-to-digital converter (RDC) integrated circuit. 16. The controller of claim 14, wherein the pulse generator supplies the excitation signal to the resolver, and wherein the excitation signal comprises a sinusoidal excitation signal. 17. The controller of claim 14, wherein the instruction set dynamically determines corresponding output signals in the form of corresponding sine and cosine output signals from the resolver. 18. The controller of claim 14, wherein the instruction set determines a moving average of the arithmetically combined digitized states of the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals from the resolver comprises determining the moving average for a single period of the excitation signal. 19. The controller of claim 14, wherein the controller integrates the phase shift error term to determine the phase shift between the excitation signal and the corresponding output signals. 20. The controller of claim 14, wherein the resolver is a variable reluctance resolver.",
-    "A technology for a user equipment (UE) that is operable to connect to a third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) cell in a cellular network. Logged minimization of drive test (MDT) measurements can be recorded at the UE at a selected rate when the UE is in a radio resource control (RRC) idle mode in a first LTE cell in a cellular network. A change in a UE state of the RRC idle mode can be identified. The Logged MDT measurements can stop being recorded at the UE when the UE state changes from a camped normally UE state to another UE state of the RRC idle mode. The Logged MDT measurements can resume being recorded when the UE state changes to the camped normally UE state of the RRC idle mode. 1. A user equipment (UE) operable to connect to a third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) cell in a cellular network, having computer circuitry configured to: record, at the UE, logged minimization of drive test (MDT) measurements at a selected rate when the UE is in a radio resource control (RRC) idle mode in a first LTE cell in a cellular network; identify a change in a UE state of the RRC idle mode; stop recording the Logged MDT measurements at the UE when the UE state changes from a camped normally UE state to another UE state of the RRC idle mode; and resume recording of the Logged MDT measurements when the UE state changes to the camped normally UE state of the RRC idle mode. 2. The computer circuitry of claim 1, further configured to communicate the Logged MDT measurements to the communications network to enable the communications network to derive spatial information about cell boundaries in the communications network. 3. The computer circuitry of claim 1, wherein the MDT measurements are used to determine an LTE coverage hole in the cellular network. 4. The computer circuitry of claim 3, further configured to collect the MDT measurements for a coverage and capacity optimization (CCO) self-organizing network (SON) function to identify the LTE coverage hole in the cellular network. 5. The computer circuitry of claim 1, wherein the MDT measurement includes reference signal received power (RSRP) information, reference signal received quality (RSRQ) information, cell identification (ID) information, location information, or time stamp information for an inter-radio access technology (RAT) handover. 6. The computer circuitry of claim 1, wherein the UE state changes from the camped normally UE state to another UE state at an inter-radio access technology (RAT) handover from the 3GPP LTE cell to a different RAT. 7. The computer circuitry of claim 1, further configured to stop recording the MDT measurements at the UE when the UE state changes from the camped normally UE state to an any cell selection UE state or a camped on any cell UE state. 8. The computer circuitry of claim 7, further configured to stop recording the MDT measurements at the UE when the UE enters a non-LTE cell, wherein the non-LTE cell is a cell in a universal terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) or a cell in a global system for mobile communications (GSM) enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) radio access network (GERAN). 9. The computer circuitry of claim 1, wherein the UE includes an antenna, a camera, a touch sensitive display screen, a speaker, a microphone, a graphics processor, an application processor, internal memory, or a non-volatile memory port. 10. A method to record minimization of drive test (MDT) measurements at a user equipment (UE) in a cellular network, comprising: recording, at the UE, logged minimization of drive test (MDT) measurements at a selected rate when the UE is in a radio resource control (RRC) idle mode in a first third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) cell in a cellular network; identifying a change in a UE state of the RRC idle mode; cease recording the Logged MDT measurements at the UE when the UE state changes from a camped normally UE state to another UE state of the RRC idle mode; connecting the UE to an other LTE cell in the cellular network; and resuming recording of the MDT measurements when the UE state changes to the camped normally UE state of the RRC idle mode when the UE is connected to the other LTE cell. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising associating each state change recorded by the UE with a location stamp. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the location stamp includes global navigation satellite system (GNSS) information or radio frequency (RF) fingerprint information. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the ceasing recording of the Logged MDT measurements and the resuming of the Logged MDT measurements is used by the cellular network to derive spatial information about cell boundaries in the communications network. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving, at the UE, a UE information request radio resource control (RRC) message from an evolved Node B (eNode B) requesting the recorded MDT measurements; and sending, to the eNode B, a UE information response RRC message that includes the recorded MDT measurements. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the selected rate to record Logged MDT measurements is a continuous, a semi-continuous, or a periodic rate. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the selected rate to record Logged MDT measurements is a single measurement when the UE state changes from a camped normally UE state to an other UE state of the RRC idle mode and a single measurement when the UE state changes from the other UE state to the camped normally UE state of the RRC idle mode. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the change in the UE state occurs during an inter radio access technology (RAT) cell reselection by the UE. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising receiving, at the UE, a logged measurement configuration radio resource control (RRC) message from an evolved node B (eNode B). 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the logged measurement configuration RRC message includes coverage and capacity optimization (CCO) self-organizing network (SON) control information. 20. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving, at the UE, an inter radio access technology (RAT) cell reselection detection radio resource control (RRC) message from an evolved node B (eNode B); and changing the UE state from the camped normally UE state of the RRC idle mode to the other UE state of the RRC idle mode based on the reselection detection RRC message.",
-    "A liquid crystal display is provided. A photo-alignment layer thereof includes a polyimide and a crosslinker including an alkylene group (\u2014CnH2n\u2014, where n is a natural number) and a plurality of crosslinking end groups, wherein the plurality of crosslinking end groups include at least two types of end groups or end group derivatives, each type having a different available functional group. 1. A photo-alignment layer comprising: a polyimide; and a crosslinker comprising an alkylene group (\u2014CnH2n\u2014, where n is a natural number) and a plurality of crosslinking end groups, wherein the plurality of crosslinking end groups comprise at least two types of end groups or end group derivatives, each type having a different available functional group. 2. The photo-alignment layer of claim 1, wherein the different functional groups are disposed at lateral ends of the crosslinker such that the crosslinking end groups form an asymmetrical structure. 3. The photo-alignment layer of claim 2, wherein the crosslinker comprises at least one compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 2, and Chemical Formula 3: where n is a natural number of 3 to 11; m1, m2, m3, and m4 are independently a natural number of 1 to 4; A1 and A2 are independently where R is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; A3 is an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; A4 is a single bond, \u2014CH2-, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, and X10 independently include \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, an aryl group, a vinyl group, aziridine, or carbodiimide. 4. The photo-alignment layer of claim 3, wherein the crosslinker comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1-1: where n is a natural number of 3 to 11. 5. The photo-alignment layer of claim 2, wherein the polyimide comprises a repeated unit of a compound represented by Chemical Formula 5: where R3 is a tetravalent organic group derived from an aliphatic cyclic acid dianhydride or an aromatic acid dianhydride; and R4 is a divalent organic group derived from an aromatic diamine. 6. The photo-alignment layer of claim 5, wherein the polyimide is a copolymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a first diamine. 7. The photo-alignment layer of claim 6, wherein the first diamine comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 6: where X is \u2014(CH2)h\u2014, \u2014S\u2014(CH2)h\u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)h\u2014O\u2014, h is a natural number of 1 to 10; and h1 and h2 are a combination of natural numbers selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10. 8. The photo-alignment layer of claim 7, wherein the copolymer further comprises a polymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a second diamine represented by Chemical Formula 7: 9. The photo-alignment layer of claim 8, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one of repeated units represented by Chemical Formula 9 and Chemical Formula 10: where X is \u2014(CH2)h\u2014, \u2014S\u2014(CH2)h\u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)h\u2014O\u2014, h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that the sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group. 10. The photo-alignment layer of claim 9, wherein the copolymer comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 11: where X is \u2014(CH2)h\u2014, \u2014S\u2014(CH2)h\u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)h\u2014O\u2014, h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that the sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10; a:b is 20:80 to 50:50; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group. 11. A liquid crystal display comprising: a first substrate; a thin film transistor disposed on the first substrate; a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor; and a first alignment layer disposed on the first electrode, wherein the first alignment layer comprises a polyimide and a crosslinker comprising an alkylene group (\u2014CnH2n\u2014, n is a natural number) and a plurality of crosslinking end groups, and the plurality of crosslinking end groups comprise at least two types of end groups or end group derivatives, each type having a different available functional group. 12. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, wherein the different functional groups are disposed at lateral ends of the crosslinker such that the crosslinking end groups form an asymmetrical structure. 13. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein the crosslinker comprises at least one compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 2, and Chemical Formula 3: where n is a natural number of 3 to 11; m1, m2, m3, and m4 are independently a natural number of 1 to 4; A1 and A2 are independently where R is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; A3 is an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms; and A4 is a single bond, \u2014CH2-, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, an aromatic compound having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aliphatic cyclic compound having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, and X10 independently include \u2014OH, \u2014NH2, an aryl group, a vinyl group, aziridine, or carbodiimide. 14. The liquid crystal display of claim 13, wherein the crosslinker comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1-1: where n is a natural number of 3 to 11. 15. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, wherein the polyimide comprises a repeated unit of a compound represented by Chemical Formula 5: where R3 is a tetravalent organic group derived from an aliphatic cyclic acid dianhydride or an aromatic acid dianhydride; and R4 is a divalent organic group derived from an aromatic diamine. 16. The liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein the polyimide is a copolymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a first diamine. 17. The liquid crystal display of claim 16, wherein the first diamine comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 6: where X is \u2014(CH2)h\u2014, \u2014S\u2014(CH2)h\u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)h\u2014O\u2014, h is a natural number of 1 to 10; and h1 and h2 are a combination of natural numbers selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10. 18. The liquid crystal display of claim 17, wherein the copolymer further comprises a polymer of: (a) at least one of cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) and cyclobutane dianhydride (CBDA) derivatives; and (b) a second diamine represented by Chemical Formula 7: 19. The liquid crystal display of claim 18, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one of repeated units represented by Chemical Formula 9 and Chemical Formula 10: where X is \u2014(CH2)h\u2014, \u2014S\u2014(CH2)h\u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)h\u2014O\u2014, h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group. 20. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, wherein the copolymer comprises a compound represented by Chemical Formula 11: where X is \u2014(CH2)h\u2014, \u2014S\u2014(CH2)h\u2014S\u2014, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)h\u2014O\u2014, h is a natural number of 1 to 10; h1 and h2 are, independently, a natural number selected so that a sum of carbon atoms of an alkylene group of X is 2 to 10, a:b is 20:80 to 50:50; and X1 to X8 are, independently, hydrogen, a halogen, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group, an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl group. 21. The liquid crystal display of claim 11, further comprising a second electrode disposed on the first substrate, and an insulating layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. 22. The liquid crystal display of claim 21, wherein the first electrode comprises a plurality of branch electrodes, and the second electrode has a planar shape. 23. The liquid crystal display of claim 22, wherein the plurality of branch electrodes overlap the planar-shaped second electrode when viewed from a direction perpendicular to a top surface of the first substrate. 24. The liquid crystal display of claim 21, further comprising a passivation layer disposed between the thin film transistor and the second electrode, wherein the thin film transistor and the first electrode are connected with each other through a contact hole that penetrates the passivation layer and the insulating layer. 25. The liquid crystal display of claim 21, further comprising: a second substrate facing the first substrate; a second alignment layer disposed on the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and comprising liquid crystal molecules, wherein the second alignment layer is formed of the same material as the first alignment layer.",
-    "The present invention relates to an Electro-Optical (E-O) crystal elements, their applications and the processes for the preparation thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to the E-O crystal elements (which can be made from doped or un-doped PMN-PT, PIN-PMN-PT or PZN-PT ferroelectric crystals) showing super-high linear E-O coefficient \u03b3c, e.g., transverse effective linear E-O coefficient \u03b3Tc more than 1100 pm/V and longitudinal effective linear E-O coefficient \u03b3lc up to 527 pm/V, which results in a very low half-wavelength voltage Vl\u03c0 below 200V and VT\u03c0 below about 87V in a wide number of modulation, communication, laser, and industrial uses. 1-16. (canceled) 17. An communication system, said communication system including an electro-optical crystal element, said communication system, comprising: a longitudinal mode electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprising the steps on preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by the chemical formula: (III) y*[Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3]-(1\u2212y)*[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3] where x is defined as 0.0 to 0.35, y as 0.0 to 0.35 slicing said crystal element to (011); and polarizing into mm2 symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; and said longitudinal mode electro-optical crystal element including means for providing <011> polarization of longitudinal effective E-O coefficient \u03b3lc above 427 pm/V and Vl\u03c0 less than 300 V at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 18. An communication system, said communication system including an electro-optical crystal element, said communication system, comprising: a transverse mode electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprising the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by one of the chemical formulas: (I) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3 where x is defined as 0.22 to 0.38 or (II) Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212yTiy03 where y is defined as 0.04 to 0.11, wherein, all said crystal elements can be doped or co-doped with Lanthanum (La) up to 6% (wt %), Antimony (Sb), Tantalum (Ta) up to 8% (wt %), Indium (In) up to 31% (wt %), Zirconium (Zr) up to 5% (wt %) and at least one rare earth element from the group consisting of: Cerium (Ce), Erbium (Er), Terbium (Tb), Scandium (Sc), and Neodymium (Nd), up to 8% (wt %); slicing said crystal element to (011); and polarizing into a mm2-symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; and said transverse mode electro-optical crystal element including means for providing <011> polarization and giving the transverse effective E-O coefficient \u03b3Tc above 500 pm/V and half-wave voltage VT\u03c0 less than 87.5 V (l/d-1) at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 19. An communication system, said communication system including an electro-optical crystal element, said communication system, comprising: a transverse mode electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprising the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by the chemical formula: y*[Pb(In1/2Nb 1/2)O3]-(1\u2212y)*[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3] where x is defined as 0.0 to 0.35, y as 0.0 to 0.35 slicing said crystal element to (011); polarizing into mm2 symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; said transverse mode electro-optical crystal element including means for providing <011> polarization and giving the transverse effective E-O coefficient \u03b3Tc above 500 pm!V and half-wave voltage VT\u03c0 less than 12 V (l/d=7) at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 20. An communication system, said communication system including an electro-optical crystal element, said communication system, comprising: a longitudinal mode electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprising the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by one of the chemical formulas: (I) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3 where x is defined as 0.22 to 0.38 or (II) Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212yTiyO3 where y is defined as 0,04 to 0.11, wherein, all said crystal elements can be doped or co-doped with Lanthanum (La) up to 6% (wt %), Antimony (Sb), Tantalum (Ta) up to 8% (wt %), Indium (In) up to 31% (wt %), Zirconium (Zr) up to 5% (wt %) and at least one rare earth element from the group consisting of: Cerium (Ce), Erbium (Er), Terbium (Tb), Scandium (Sc), and Neodymium (Nd), up to 8% (wt %); slicing said crystal element to (011); and polarizing into a mm2-symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (E,,) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; and said longitudinal mode electro-optical crystal element including means for providing <011> polarization and giving the transverse effective E-O coefficient \u03b3Tc above 500 pm/V and half-wave voltage VT\u03c0 less than 87.5 V (l/d=1) at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 21. A communication system, comprising: a Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer modulator on an (011) surface of an electro-optical crystal element; and said electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprosing the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by one of the chemical formulas: (I) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3 where x is defined as 0.22 to 0.38 or (II) Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212yTiyO3 where y is defined as 0.04 to 0.11, wherein, all said crystal elements can be doped or co-doped with Lanthanum (La) up to 6% (wt %), Antimony (Sb), Tantalum (Ta) up to 8% (wt %), Indium (In) up to 31% (wt %), Zirconium (Zr) up to 5% (wt %) and at least one rare earth element from the group consisting of: Cerium (Ce), Erbium (Er), Terbium (Tb), Scandium (Sc), and Neodymium (Nd), up to 8% (wt %); slicing said crystal element to (011); polarizing into a mm2-symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; providing a transverse mode said crystal element; and said transverse mode crystal element providing <011> polarization and giving the transverse effective E-O coefficient \u03b3Tc more than 527 pm/V and half-wave voltage VT\u03c0 less than 87.5 V (l/d=1) at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 22. A communication system, comprising: a Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer modulator on an (011) surface of an electro-optical crystal element; and said electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprosing the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by one of the chemical formulas: (I) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3 where x is defined as 022 to 0.38 or (II) Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212yTiyO3 where y is defined as 0.04 to 0.11, wherein, all said crystal elements can be doped or co-doped with Lanthanum (La) up to 6% (wt %), Antimony (Sb), Tantalum (Ta) up to 8% (wt %), Indium (In) up to 31% (wt %), Zirconium (Zr) up to 5% (wt %) and at least one rare earth element from the group consisting of: Cerium (Ce), Erbium (Er), Terbium (Tb), Scandium (Sc), and Neodymium (Nd), up to 8% (wt %); slicing said crystal element to (011); polarizing into a mm2-symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; providing a longitudinal mode said crystal element; coating a transparent electrodes on said longitudinal mode crystal element; and said longitudinal mode crystal element providing <011> polarization of longitudinal effective E-O coefficient \u03b3lc more than 427 pm/V and less than 300 V at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 23. A communication system, comprising: a Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer modulator on an (011) surface of an electro-optical crystal element; and said electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprising the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by the chemical formula: (III) y*[Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3]-(1\u2212y)*[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3] where x is defined as 0.0 to 0.35, y as 0.0 to 0.35 slicing said crystal element to (011); polarizing into mm2 symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; providing a transverse mode said crystal element; and said transverse mode crystal element providing <011> polarization and giving the transverse effective E-O coefficient \u03b3Tc above 500 pm/V and half-wave voltage VT\u03c0 less than 12 V (l/d=7) at room temperature 20\u00b0 C. 24. A communication system, comprising: a Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer modulator on an (011) surface of an electro-optical crystal element; and said electro-optical crystal element produced by a method comprising the steps of: preparing a crystal element having a chemical composition represented by the chemical formula: (III) y*[Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3]-(1\u2212y)*[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1\u2212xTixO3] where x is defined as 0.0 to 0.35, y as 0.0 to 0.35 slicing said crystal element to (011); polarizing into mm2 symmetric structure by poling said crystal element in <011> direction under 2 times of coercive field (Ec) in a temperature range below 95\u00b0 C.; providing a longitudinal mode said crystal element; coating a transparent electrode on said longitudinal mode crystal element; and said longitudinal mode crystal element providing <011> polarization of longitudinal effective E-O coefficient \u03b3lc above 427 pm/V and less than 300 V at room temperature 20\u00b0 C.",
-    "A method for monitoring a vehicle operator can be executed by a controller and includes the following steps: (a) receiving image data of a vehicle operator's head; (b) tracking facial feature points of the vehicle operator based on the image data; (c) creating a 3D model of the vehicle operator's head based on the facial feature points in order to determine a 3D position of the vehicle operator's head; (d) determining a gaze direction of the vehicle operator based on a position of the facial feature points and the 3D model of the vehicle operator's head; (e) determining a gaze vector based on the gaze direction and the 3D position of the vehicle operator's head; and (f) commanding an indicator to activate when the gaze vector is outside a predetermined parameter. 1. A method for monitoring a vehicle operator, comprising: determining, via a controller, a gaze vector based on a gaze direction and a three-dimensional (3D) position of a head of a vehicle operator; determining, via the controller, whether at least one of the gaze vector or a head pose intersects a predetermined plane of a vehicle; and commanding, via the controller, an indicator to activate when the gaze vector is outside a predetermined parameter. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, via the controller, image data of the head of the vehicle operator; tracking, via the controller, facial feature points in a face of the vehicle operator based on the image data; creating, via the controller, a 3D model of the head of the vehicle operator based, at least in part, on the facial feature points in order to determine the 3D position and orientation of the head of the vehicle operator; determining, via the controller, the gaze direction of the vehicle operator based on a position of at least some of the facial feature points and the 3D model of the head of the vehicle operator; and determining, via the controller, whether the gaze vector intersects a predetermined plane of the vehicle. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein commanding the indicator includes commanding the indicator to activate when the gaze vector does not intersect the predetermined plane of the vehicle. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the predetermined plane is defined along a windshield of the vehicle. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising illuminating the head of the vehicle operator using an infrared illuminator. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the gaze direction is based on the facial feature points that are proximate a vehicle operator's eye. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising determining the 3D position of a vehicle operator's pupil based on the facial feature points that are proximate the vehicle operator's eye. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the gaze direction is a ray that extends through a center of the eye in the 3D model of the head of the vehicle operator and the 3D position of the vehicle operator's pupil. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the gaze direction is based on the gaze direction and a 3D position of the vehicle operator's eye in the 3D model of the vehicle operator's head. 10. The method of claim 2, further comprising determining, via the controller, whether the vehicle operator is wearing sunglasses. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the gaze direction is solely based on the 3D position and orientation of the head of the vehicle operator. 12. A vehicle operator monitoring system, comprising: a monocular camera configured to capture images in real time; a controller in communication with the monocular camera, wherein the controller is specially programmed to: receive image data of a head of a vehicle operator from the monocular camera; track facial feature points in a face of the vehicle operator based on the image data; create a three-dimensional (3D) model of the head of the vehicle operator based, at least in part, on the facial feature points in order to determine a 3D position and orientation of the head of the vehicle operator; determine a gaze direction of the vehicle operator based on a position of at least some of the facial feature points and the 3D model of the head of the vehicle operator; determine a gaze vector based on the gaze direction and the 3D position of the vehicle operator's head; and command an indicator to activate when the gaze vector is outside a predetermined parameter. 13. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 12, wherein the controller is programmed to determine whether the gaze vector intersects a predetermined plane of a vehicle. 14. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 13, wherein the controller is programmed to command the indicator to activate when the gaze vector does not intersect the predetermined plane of the vehicle. 15. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 14, wherein the predetermined plane is defined along a windshield of the vehicle. 16. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 12, further comprising an infrared (IR) illuminator configured to emit IR radiation toward the head of the vehicle operator. 17. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 16, wherein the monocular camera is characterized by the absence of an IR filter. 18. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 12, wherein the gaze direction is based on the facial feature points that are proximate a vehicle operator's eye. 19. The vehicle operator monitoring system of claim 18, wherein the controller is programmed to determine a 3D position of a vehicle operator's pupil based on the facial feature points that are proximate the vehicle operator's eye. 20. A vehicle, comprising a vehicle body defining a passenger compartment; a windshield coupled to the vehicle body; a steering assembly at least partially disposed in the passenger compartment, wherein the steering assembly includes a steering wheel and a steering column coupled to the steering wheel; a camera coupled to the steering column, wherein the camera is configured to capture at least one image and generate image data; an instrument panel inside the passenger compartment; an infrared (IR) illuminator coupled to the instrument panel; a controller in communication with the camera; an indicator in communication with the controller; wherein the controller is specially programmed to: receive image data of a head of a vehicle operator from the camera; track facial feature points in a face of the vehicle operator based on the image data; create a three-dimensional (3D) model of the head of the vehicle operator based, at least in part, on the facial feature points in order to determine a 3D position and orientation of the head of the vehicle operator; determine a gaze direction of the vehicle operator based on a position of at least some of the facial feature points and the 3D model of the head of the vehicle operator; determine a gaze vector based on the gaze direction and the 3D position of the head of the vehicle operator; command the indicator to activate when the gaze vector is outside a predetermined parameter.",
-    "A pedestrian barrier system includes first and second barriers each having first and second sides, first and second ends, and an upper hand guide positioned along the first side. The first end of the first barrier is pivotally connected to the second end of the second barrier, wherein the first and second barriers are pivotable between at least a linear configuration wherein the first sides of the first and second barriers are co-planar and an orthogonal configuration wherein the first sides of the first and second barriers are perpendicular, and wherein the upper hand guide of the first and second barriers are continuous when the first and second barriers are in the linear and orthogonal configurations. A barrier, together with various methods of using and assembling the barrier system, are also provided. 1. A pedestrian barrier system comprising: first and second barriers each having first and second sides, first and second ends, and an upper hand guide positioned along said first side, wherein said first end of said first barrier is pivotally connected to said second end of said second barrier, wherein said first and second barriers are pivotable between at least a linear configuration wherein said first sides of said first and second barriers are co-planar and an orthogonal configuration wherein said first sides of said first and second barriers are perpendicular, wherein said first and second barriers each comprise an internal cavity adapted to hold a fluid, and wherein said upper hand guide of said first and second barriers are continuous when said first and second barriers are in said linear and orthogonal configurations. 2. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1 wherein said first side of each of said first and second barriers comprises a flat, vertical surface extending from 2 inches or less to at least 6 inches relative to a ground engaging portion of said first and second barriers, and wherein said flat, vertical surfaces of said first and second barriers are continuous between said second end of said first barrier and said first end of said second barrier when said first and second barriers are in said linear and orthogonal configurations. 3. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1 wherein said first and second barriers each comprise a filling port communicating with said internal cavity. 4. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1, wherein an upper surface of said upper hand guide is positioned from 32 inches or greater to 35 inches or less relative to said ground engaging portion. 5. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1, wherein a gap between adjacent upper hand guides is less than or equal to about 2 inches when said first and second barriers are in said linear and orthogonal configurations. 6. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 5 where said gap is less than or equal to about 1 inch when said first and second barriers are in said linear and orthogonal configurations. 7. (canceled) 8. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 2 where an edge of said upper hand guide is contained with a plane defined by said flat, vertical surface. 9. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1, wherein said first and second barriers each have a trapezoidal shape when viewed from above. 10. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1 wherein said upper hand guide extends upwardly from a top surface of each of said first and second barriers and wherein each of said first and second barriers comprises a recess formed in a bottom along said first side, wherein said recess is shaped to receive said upper hand guide. 11. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 2 wherein said first end of said first barrier comprises a vertically extending pin and said second end of said second barrier comprises a socket shaped to receive said pin. 12. (canceled) 13. The pedestrian barrier system of claim 1, wherein said first and second barriers meet or exceed the impact requirements of the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) as a longitudinal channelizing device. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. A pedestrian barrier comprising: a body defining an internal cavity adapted to hold a fluid and a filling port communicating with said internal cavity, said body comprising first and second sides, first and second ends, and an upper hand guide positioned along said first side, wherein said upper hand guide is continuous between said first and second ends, wherein said first side is longer than said second side, wherein said first end of said body comprises a first pivotal connection arrangement and said second end of said body comprises a second pivotal connection arrangement different than said first pivotal arrangement, and wherein said first side of said body comprises a flat, vertical surface extending from 2 inches or less to at least 6 inches from a ground engaging portion of said body, wherein said flat, vertical surface is continuous between said first and second ends. 27. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26, wherein said body has a trapezoidal shape when viewed from above. 28. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26, wherein an upper surface of said upper hand guide is positioned from about 32 inches or more to about 35 inches or less relative to said ground engaging portion. 29. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26, wherein an edge of said upper hand guide is contained with a plane defined by said flat, vertical surface. 30. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26, wherein said upper hand guide extends upwardly from a top surface of said body and wherein said body comprises a recess formed in a bottom thereof along said first side. 31. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26, wherein said first pivotal connection arrangement comprises a vertically extending pin and said second pivotal connection arrangement comprises a socket. 32. (canceled) 33. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26, wherein said body meets or exceeds the impact requirements of the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) as a longitudinal channelizing device. 34. The pedestrian barrier of claim 1 wherein a post is disposed through a top wall of said first or second barrier into said internal cavity defined by said first or second barrier. 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. The pedestrian barrier of claim 34 wherein a fence is secured to said post. 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. The pedestrian barrier of claim 26 wherein a post is disposed through a top wall of said body into said internal cavity. 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. The pedestrian barrier of claim 41 wherein a fence is secured to said post. 45. (canceled)",
-    "In one embodiment, a removable pneumatic connector, comprises a body having a plurality of bores passing through, each bore surrounded by a sealing member on an inner surface of the body. A plurality of gas lines may be placed within a corresponding bore. A vacuum port is disposed on the inner surface of the body, and an outer seal on the inner surface of the body surrounds the sealing members and the vacuum port. A vacuum line may be placed within the vacuum port, and configured to deliver negative pressure to the vacuum port. A vacuum holding area is created in the volume between the outer seal and each of the sealing members when the inner surface of the body is placed against a substrate. When the vacuum line is activated, a vacuum is created within the vacuum holding area, creating a positive seal between the body and the substrate. 1. A removable pneumatic connector, comprising: a body having a plurality of bores passing through, each bore surrounded by a sealing member on an inner surface of the body; a vacuum port disposed on the inner surface of the body; and an outer seal on the inner surface of the body surrounding the sealing members and the vacuum port; wherein a vacuum holding area is created in the volume between the outer seal and each of the sealing members when the inner surface of the body is placed against a substrate. 2. The removable pneumatic connector of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of gas lines, wherein each line of the plurality of gas lines is placed within a corresponding bore. 3. The removable pneumatic connector of claim 2, further comprising a vacuum line placed within the vacuum port. 4. The removable pneumatic connector of claim 3, wherein the vacuum line is configured to deliver negative pressure to the vacuum port, such that a vacuum is created within the vacuum holding area. 5. The removable pneumatic connector of claim 1, wherein the sealing member surrounding each bore and the outer seal have a similar compressibility ratio. 6. The removable pneumatic connector of claim 1, wherein the sealing member surrounding each bore comprises an O-ring, and the outer seal comprises a gasket. 7. A method of securing a pneumatic connector to a pneumatic manifold, comprising: placing said pneumatic connector onto said pneumatic manifold, said pneumatic connector comprising a plurality of gas lines; activating a vacuum source in communication with a gas line of said plurality of gas lines, such that activating the vacuum source creates a positive seal between said pneumatic connector and said pneumatic manifold; and delivering pressure to at least one gas line of said plurality of gas lines. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein activating a vacuum source in communication with said pneumatic connector further comprises placing a gas line of said plurality of gas lines in fluid communication with a respective channel in said pneumatic manifold. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein activating a vacuum source in communication with said pneumatic connector further comprises creating a positive seal between said pneumatic manifold and a microfluidic plate. 10. The method of claim 7, further comprising detecting that vacuum pressure is lost and alerting a user. 11. A system for performing pneumatic control of a microfluidic device, comprising: a pneumatic connector, the pneumatic connector comprising a housing having a plurality of channels passing through, each channel further comprising a filter; and a pneumatic controller, the pneumatic controller comprising an interface; wherein the plurality of channels are each in communication with the interface of the pneumatic controller, the pneumatic controller configured to supply variable pressure to each of said plurality of channels through said interface. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said filters comprise hydrophobic filters. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the pneumatic controller is configured to supply negative pressure to at least one of said plurality of channels. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein each channel of the plurality of channels comprises a port configured to engage with a corresponding port on an interface of the pneumatic controller. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the port configured to engage with a corresponding port on an interface of the pneumatic controller comprises a male port configured to be received by a corresponding female port on an interface of the pneumatic controller. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the plurality of channels further comprises a plurality of bores, each male port of the plurality of ports placed within a corresponding bore. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the male port comprises a syringe. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the syringe comprises a tapered portion configured to be received by the filter such that the syringe is in fluid communication with the filter. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the pneumatic connector further comprises a magnet for magnetically securing the pneumatic connector to the controller. 20. The pneumatic connector of claim 11, wherein the controller further comprises a magnet for magnetically securing the pneumatic connector to the controller.",
-    "An altimeter system is provided. The altimeter system includes a receiver mixer including an antenna-input and a local-oscillator-input; a transceiver circulator communicatively coupled to an antenna via a transmission line having a selected length and communicatively coupled to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer; and a transmitter configured to output a transmitter signal to the antenna via the transceiver circulator. The transmitter signal is frequency modulated with a linear ramp. The transmitter is communicatively coupled to the receiver mixer to input a local oscillator signal at the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer. The receiver mixer is communicatively coupled to input a target-reflected signal from the antenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer. The selected length of the transmission line is set so that a composite-leakage signal at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer has a linear phase across a sweep bandwidth. 1. An altimeter system, comprising: a receiver mixer including an antenna-input and a local-oscillator-input; a transceiver circulator communicatively coupled to an antenna via a transmission line having a selected length and communicatively coupled to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer; and a transmitter configured to output a transmitter signal to the antenna via the transceiver circulator, wherein the transmitter signal is frequency modulated with a linear ramp, wherein the transmitter is communicatively coupled to the receiver mixer to input a local oscillator signal at the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer, wherein the receiver mixer is communicatively coupled to input a target-reflected signal from the antenna at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer, wherein the target-reflected signal is reflected from a target to the antenna, and wherein the selected length of the transmission line is set so that a composite-leakage signal at the antenna-input of the receiver mixer has a linear phase across a sweep bandwidth. 2. The altimeter system of claim 1, wherein an antenna-reflection-leakage signal of the transmitter signal is reflected by the antenna to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer via the transceiver circulator, wherein a circulator-leakage signal of the transmitter signal is transmitted from the transmitter via the transceiver circulator to the antenna-input of the receiver mixer, wherein the antenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signal are superimposed at the antenna input of the receiver mixer as the composite-leakage signal, and wherein, based on the selected length of the transmission line, 180 degree phase differences between the antenna-reflection-leakage signal and the circulator-leakage signal occur at frequencies outside of the sweep bandwidth. 3. The altimeter system of claim 1, wherein a phase of the local-oscillator signal received at the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer maintains a quadrature relationship to the phase of the composite-leakage signal. 4. The altimeter system of claim 3, further comprising a local oscillator delay line configured to input the transmitter signal from the transmitter and to output the local oscillator signal derived from the transmitter signal to the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer. 5. The altimeter system of claim 1, further comprising a local oscillator delay line configured to input the transmitter signal from the transmitter and to output the local oscillator signal derived from the transmitter signal to the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer. 6. The altimeter system of claim 1, further comprising the antenna configured to transmit the transmitter signal toward the target and configured to receive the target-reflected signal. 7. The altimeter system of claim 1, wherein the transmitter signal from the transmitter is output to the local-oscillator-input of the receiver mixer as the local oscillator signal. 8. The altimeter system of claim 1, further comprising a receiver intermediate frequency module communicatively coupled to input an intermediate frequency (IF) signal output from the receiver mixer.",
-    "Disclosed herein are systems and methods for packaging, distributing, and utilizing digital cinema packages (\u201cDCPs\u201d) with multiple screens or projectors. A merged DCP generation system is disclosed that includes a DCP ingestor module configured to receive and decode a main screen DCP and a peripheral screen DCP, the main screen DCP and the peripheral screen DCP each comprising digital files that include audiovisual information and metadata to enable the presentation of audiovisual content. The system includes a DCP editor module configured to combine the digital files of the main screen DCP and the digital files of the peripheral screen DCP to generate a merged composition playlist (\u201cCPL\u201d) comprising reels designating audiovisual content shown on the main screen and the peripheral screen. The system includes a DCP mastering and packaging module configured to generate a merged DCP from the combined digital files and the merged CPL. 1. A merged digital cinema package (\u201cDCP\u201d) generation system comprising: a DCP ingestor module configured to receive and decode a main screen DCP and a peripheral screen DCP, the main screen DCP and the peripheral screen DCP each comprising digital files that include audiovisual information and metadata to enable the presentation of audiovisual content; a DCP editor module configured to combine the digital files of the main screen DCP and the digital files of the peripheral screen DCP to generate a merged composition playlist (\u201cCPL\u201d) comprising reels designating audiovisual content shown on the main screen and the peripheral screen; and a DCP mastering and packaging module configured to generate a merged DCP from the combined digital files and the merged CPL. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the main screen DCP is encoded with an encryption key stored in a digital key distribution master (\u201cD-KDM\u201d). 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the peripheral screen DCP is encoded with an encryption key stored in a D-KDM. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein generating a merged DCP comprises generating a merged D-KDM based on at least the D-KDM of the main screen and the D-KDM of the peripheral screen. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the merged CPL designates audiovisual content to reels based on at least one of time codes, reel numbers, or frame numbers. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the file naming convention has different identifiers for the main screen and the peripheral screen. 7. A method for generating a merged digital cinema packages (\u201cDCP\u201d) comprising: decoding a main screen DCP and a peripheral screen DCP, the main screen DCP and the peripheral screen DCP each comprising digital files that include audiovisual information and metadata to enable the presentation of audiovisual content; combining the digital files of the main screen DCP and the digital files of the peripheral screen DCP; generating a merged composition playlist (\u201cCPL\u201d) comprising reels designating audiovisual content shown on each of the main screen and the peripheral screen; and generating a merged DCP from the combined digital files and the merged CPL. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the main screen DCP is encoded with an encryption key stored in a digital key distribution master (\u201cD-KDM\u201d). 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the peripheral screen DCP is encoded with an encryption key stored in a D-KDM. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein decoding the main screen DCP and the peripheral screen DCP comprises receiving the D-KDM of the main screen and the D-KDM of the peripheral screen. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein generating a merged DCP comprises generating a merged D-KDM based on at least the D-KDM of the main screen and the D-KDM of the peripheral screen. 12. A projector system comprising: a main projector configured to project an image onto a main screen; a peripheral projector configured to project an image onto a peripheral screen; and a distribution system configured to: receive a merged digital cinema package (\u201cDCP\u201d), the merged DCP comprising combined digital files from a main screen DCP and a peripheral screen DCP along with a merged composite playlist (\u201cCPL\u201d), the combined digital files including audiovisual assets and metadata to enable the presentation of audiovisual content by the main projector and the peripheral projector, and the merged CPL comprising reels designating audiovisual content for presentation by the main projector and the peripheral projector; extract the audiovisual assets from the merged DCP; and transmit the audiovisual assets to the main projector and the peripheral projector bawd on at least a merged CPL, wherein the merged CPL is configured to designate the audiovisual assets to be played by each of the main projector and the peripheral projector.",
-    "An improved weapon mount system for night vision system includes a cage-like structure receiving the body of a night vision system, such as a night vision monocular. A mounting shoe is attached to the base and cage halves secure the body of the night vision system. The mounting shoe of the present mount provides a lower profile than an integral mounting member on the night vision system that is used to attach the night vision system to a helmet/head worn mount. In one aspect, by lowering the weapon mounting height of the night vision device, the night vision system can be mounted at an appropriate height for use in front of an optical scope. In another aspect one aspect, lowering the weapon mounting height of the night vision device allows the night vision system to be mounted at an appropriate height for use on a helmet mounting system in a binocular system having a thermal camera or other type of viewing device. 1. A mounting apparatus for mounting a night vision system, the night vision system being of a type having an elongated housing and a first mounting fastener on the housing, the mounting apparatus comprising: a first shell member having a first base portion and a first generally upstanding side portion; a second shell member having a second base portion removably attached to the first base portion to define a bottom end and a second generally upstanding side portion which is spaced apart from and opposes the first generally upstanding side portion; a second mounting fastener attached to an exterior surface of the bottom end; the first shell member and the second shell member cooperating to define a compartment for receiving the elongated housing, the compartment having an open top opposite the bottom end, the open top configured to allow a protruding portion of the elongated housing having the first mounting fastener to protrude from the compartment. 2. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first mounting fastener is a mounting receptacle. 3. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second mounting fastener is a mounting shoe. 4. The mounting apparatus of claim 3, wherein the mounting shoe has a generally dovetail shape. 5. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, further comprising one or more threaded fasteners for removably securing the first base portion to the second base portion. 6. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first base portion and the second base portion each have a complementary keyed feature for interlocking the first base portion to the second base portion. 7. The mounting apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first base portion includes a protuberance which extends into a complementary recess on the second base portion. 8. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a first front retention tab attached to a distal end of the first generally upstanding side portion and extending toward the second upstanding side portion; a second front retention tab attached to a distal end of the second generally upstanding side portion and extending toward the first upstanding side portion; a first rear retention tab attached to a distal end of the first generally upstanding side portion and extending toward the second upstanding side portion; a second rear retention tab attached to a distal end of the second generally upstanding side portion and extending toward the first upstanding side portion; the first front retention tab and the first rear retention tab disposed at opposite axial ends of the first generally upstanding side portion; the second front retention tab and the second rear retention tab disposed at opposite axial ends of the second generally upstanding side portion; the first front retention tab and the second front retention tab configured to bear against a forward facing surface of the protruding portion of the elongated housing; the first rear retention tab and the second rear retention tab configured to bear against a rearward facing surface of the protruding portion of the elongated housing. 9. The mounting apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: at least one of the first front retention tab and the first rear retention tab including a first set screw rotatably received within a first threaded opening; and at least one of the second front retention tab and the second rear retention tab including a second set screw rotatably received within a second threaded opening. 10. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a rail clamp having a clamping member configured to be removably attached to a firearm accessory rail coupled to a third mounting fastener removably attachable to the second mounting fastener. 11. The mounting apparatus of claim 10, wherein the rail clamp has a first height and the base portion has a second height, the first and second heights cooperating to position an optical axis of the night vision system at a desired height above the accessory rail when night vision system is received in compartment, when the second mounting fastener is attached to the third mounting fastener, and when the rail clamp is attached to the accessory rail. 12. The mounting apparatus of claim 11, further comprising the night vision system. 13. The mounting system of claim 12, wherein the night vision system is a MINI N/SEAS night vision monocular. 14. The mounting system of claim 12, wherein the protruding portion of the elongated housing has a third height which is greater than the desired height. 15. The mounting apparatus of claim 11, wherein the desired height is substantially equal to a fourth height, the fourth height equal to a height above the accessory rail of an optical axis of an optical device mounted to the accessory rail. 16. The mounting apparatus of claim 15, wherein the third mounting fastener is pivotally attached to the clamping member, the third mounting fastener pivotable between an operative position wherein the night vision system is in optical alignment with the optical device mounted to the accessory rail and a non-operative position wherein the night vision system is moved out of optical alignment with the optical device mounted to the accessory rail. 17. The mounting apparatus of claim 10, wherein the third mounting fastener is pivotally attached to the clamping member, the third mounting fastener pivotable between an operative position and a non-operative position. 18. The mounting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second mounting fastener is configured to be attached to a helmet mount of a type configured to support the night vision system before an eye of a user. 19. The mounting apparatus of claim 18, wherein the base portion has a height selected to suspend the night vision system at a desired vertical position beneath the helmet mount. 20. The mounting apparatus of claim 19, wherein the height is selected so that an optical axis of the night vision system attached to the helmet mount will be at substantially the same vertical position beneath the helmet mount as an optical axis of an adjacent attached viewing device attached to the helmet mount. 21. The mounting apparatus of claim 19, wherein the adjacent attached viewing device is a thermal camera.",
-    "A method, an apparatus, and a computer-readable medium for wireless communication are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE may transmit a message that includes a relay status of the UE. The relay status may indicate whether the UE intends to function as a relay node between a base station and at least one D2D destination. The UE may receive a DCI message based on the relay status of the UE. The DCI message may indicate resources allocated to the UE based on the relay status of the UE. The UE may transmit data on the resources allocated to the UE based on the relay status of the UE. 1. A method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE), comprising: transmitting a message that comprises a relay status of the UE, the relay status indicating whether the UE intends to function as a relay node between a base station and at least one device-to-device (D2D) destination; receiving a downlink control information (DCI) message based on the relay status of the UE, the DCI message indicating resources allocated to the UE based on the relay status of the UE; and transmitting data on the resources allocated to the UE based on the relay status of the UE. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the message indicates the at least one D2D destination for which the UE intends to function as the relay node. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the message indicates a plurality of D2D destinations with which the UE intends to communicate, and wherein the at least one D2D destination for which the UE intends to function as the relay node is a subset of the plurality of D2D destinations. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the message indicates the at least one D2D destination by including one or more of a D2D group identifier (ID) or a UE ID. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the message includes a link quality associated with a connection between the UE and one or more UEs in the at least one D2D destination for which the UE functions as the relay node. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the message indicates an intention to perform D2D communication with the at least one D2D destination. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the message includes a buffer status report and a D2D group index, wherein the D2D group index is associated with a D2D group identifier and corresponds to a position of the D2D group identifier included in a direct communication indication message transmitted by the UE, and wherein the D2D group identifier is associated with a D2D group for which the UE intends to function as the relay node. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving the data from the at least one D2D destination for transmission to the base station. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving the data from the base station for transmission to the at least one D2D destination. 10. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: means for transmitting a message that comprises a relay status of the apparatus, the relay status indicating whether the apparatus intends to function as a relay node between a base station and at least one device-to-device (D2D) destination; means for receiving a downlink control information (DCI) message based on the relay status of the apparatus, the DCI message indicating resources allocated to the apparatus based on the relay status of the apparatus; and means for transmitting data on the resources allocated to the apparatus based on the relay status of the apparatus. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the message indicates the at least one D2D destination for which the apparatus intends to function as the relay node. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the message indicates a plurality of D2D destinations with which the apparatus intends to communicate, and wherein the at least one D2D destination for which the apparatus intends to function as the relay node is a subset of the plurality of D2D destinations. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the message indicates the at least one D2D destination by including one or more of a D2D group identifier (ID) or a user equipment ID. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the message includes a link quality associated with a connection between the apparatus and one or more user equipments in the at least one D2D destination for which the apparatus functions as the relay node. 15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the message indicates an intention to perform D2D communication with the at least one D2D destination. 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the message includes a buffer status report and a D2D group index, wherein the D2D group index is associated with a D2D group identifier and corresponds to a position of the D2D group identifier included in a direct communication indication message transmitted by the apparatus, and wherein the D2D group identifier is associated with a D2D group for which the apparatus intends to function as the relay node. 17. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising means for receiving the data from the at least one D2D destination for transmission to the base station. 18. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising means for receiving the data from the base station for transmission to the at least one D2D destination. 19. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to: transmit a message that comprises a relay status of the apparatus, the relay status indicating whether the apparatus intends to function as a relay node between a base station and at least one device-to-device (D2D) destination; receive a downlink control information (DCI) message based on the relay status of the apparatus, the DCI message indicating resources allocated to the apparatus based on the relay status of the apparatus; and transmit data on the resources allocated to the apparatus based on the relay status of the apparatus. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the message indicates the at least one D2D destination for which the apparatus intends to function as the relay node. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the message indicates a plurality of D2D destinations with which the apparatus intends to communicate, and wherein the at least one D2D destination for which the apparatus intends to function as the relay node is a subset of the plurality of D2D destinations. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the message indicates the at least one D2D destination by including one or more of a D2D group identifier (ID) or a user equipment ID. 23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the message includes a link quality associated with a connection between the apparatus and one or more user equipments in the at least one D2D destination for which the apparatus functions as the relay node. 24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the message indicates an intention to perform D2D communication with the at least one D2D destination. 25. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the message includes a buffer status report and a D2D group index, wherein the D2D group index is associated with a D2D group identifier and corresponds to a position of the D2D group identifier included in a direct communication indication message transmitted by the apparatus, and wherein the D2D group identifier is associated with a D2D group for which the apparatus intends to function as the relay node. 26. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive the data from the at least one D2D destination for transmission to the base station. 27. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive the data from the base station for transmission to the at least one D2D destination. 28. A computer-readable medium for a user equipment (UE) storing computer executable code, comprising code to: transmit a message that comprises a relay status of the UE, the relay status indicating whether the UE intends to function as a relay node between a base station and at least one device-to-device (D2D) destination; receive a downlink control information (DCI) message based on the relay status of the UE, the DCI message indicating resources allocated to the UE based on the relay status of the UE; and transmit data on the resources allocated to the UE based on the relay status of the UE. 29. The computer-readable medium of claim 28, further comprising code to receive the data from the at least one D2D destination for transmission to the base station. 30. The computer-readable medium of claim 28, further comprising code to receive the data from the base station for transmission to the at least one D2D destination.",
-    "Provided is a violation information management module configuring a violation information intelligence analysis system of an accumulated and integrated intelligence system (AEGIS), including a violation incident association information collection unit configured to analyze information received from a violation incident association information collection system and log the analyzed information, a violation information ID management unit configured to query a violation information DB about an ID of violation information and issue an ID to violation information to which an ID has not been assigned as a result of the query, and a violation information management unit configured to query the violation information DB about raw data or relationship information or store raw data or relationship information in the violation information DB and to query the violation information DB about information derived based on an analysis base defined by a system or administrator. 1. A violation information management module configuring a violation information intelligence analysis system of an accumulated and integrated intelligence system (AEGIS), comprising: a violation incident association information collection unit configured to analyze information received from a violation incident association information collection system and log the analyzed information; a violation information ID management unit configured to query a violation information DB about an ID of violation information and issue an ID to violation information to which an ID has not been assigned as a result of the query; and a violation information management unit configured to query the violation information DB about raw data or relationship information or store raw data or relationship information in the violation information DB and to query the violation information DB about information derived based on an analysis base defined by a system or administrator. 2. The violation information management module of claim 1, wherein the violation incident association information collection unit is configured to comprise: an association information analysis request unit configured to issue an ID to a violation resource and attributes of raw data received from the violation incident association information collection system and store the issued ID instead of the violation resource and attribute; a violation information collection and logging unit configured to request a history related to a process stored in the violation information DB from a logging module after an analysis of violation incident association information is completed; and an XML format analysis unit configured to analyze a violation incident information analysis request and violation incident collected information of an XML format received from a violation incident association information access processor of the interface module and convert the analyzed violation incident information analysis request and violation incident collected information into raw data. 3. The violation information management module of claim 1, wherein the violation information management unit has query request information and a violation information value as input values. 4. The violation information management module of claim 2, wherein the violation information management unit is configured to comprise: a raw data query unit configured to obtain an ID of a violation resource corresponding to a value of the violation resource of an input value, query a corresponding raw data or raw data region table about data based on the obtained ID, and return the queried data; an inter-violation resource relationship From query unit configured to obtain the ID of the violation resource corresponding to the value of the violation resource of the input value, query a From column of a tb_resource_relationship table about only data comprising the violation resource based on the obtained ID, and return the queried data; an inter-violation resource relationship To query unit configured to obtain the ID of the violation resource corresponding to the value of the violation resource of the input value, query a To column of the tb_resource_relationship table about only data comprising the violation resource based on the obtained ID, and return the queried data; an inter-violation resource/attribute relationship query unit configured to obtain the ID of the violation resource corresponding to the value of the violation resource of the input value, query a tb_attribute_relationship table about data based on the obtained ID, and return the queried data, and an inter-attribute/violation resource relationship query unit configured to obtain an ID of attributes corresponding to the value of the violation resource of the input value, query the tb_attribute_relationship table about data based on the obtained ID, and return the queried data.",
-    "One embodiment provides a method for generating a process learning graph and a document output from a recorded process for training a cognitive agent, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: obtaining a recording of a process, wherein the recording comprises a demonstration of executing the process; generating, using the recording, the process learning graph, wherein the process learning graph identifies a process flow; generating, using the recording, the document output, wherein the document output comprises process screen transitions and process steps; and providing the process learning graph and the document output to the cognitive agent. Other aspects are described and claimed. 1. A method for generating a process learning graph and a document output from a recorded process for training a cognitive agent, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: obtaining a recording of a process, wherein the recording comprises a demonstration of executing the process; generating, using the recording, the process learning graph, wherein the process learning graph identifies a process flow; generating, using the recording, the document output, wherein the document output comprises process screen transitions and process steps; and providing the process learning graph and the document output to the cognitive agent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the process learning graph defines user input requirements. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the process learning graph identifies format constraints for the user input requirements. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the recording comprises a script. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the recording comprises a video recording. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the video recording comprises annotations identifying at least one of: user inputs, screen headings, and actions. 7. The method of claim 6, comprising extracting the process flow, the process screen transitions, and the process steps using the annotations. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the document output comprises instructions for steps to be completed on a process screen. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising identifying system responses based upon identified user inputs and wherein the document output comprises the system responses. 10. An apparatus for generating a process learning graph and a document output from a recorded process for training a cognitive agent, the apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith and executable by the at least one processor, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code that obtains a recording of a process, wherein the recording comprises a demonstration of executing the process; computer readable program code that generates, using the recording, the process learning graph, wherein the process learning graph identifies a process flow; computer readable program code that generates, using the recording, the document output, wherein the document output comprises process screen transitions and process steps; and computer readable program code that provides the process learning graph and the document output to a cognitive agent. 11. A computer program product for generating a process learning graph and a document output from a recorded process for training a cognitive agent, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code that obtains a recording of a process, wherein the recording comprises a demonstration of executing the process; computer readable program code that generates, using the recording, the process learning graph, wherein the process learning graph identifies a process flow; computer readable program code that generates, using the recording, the document output, wherein the document output comprises process screen transitions and process steps; and computer readable program code that provides the process learning graph and the document output to a cognitive agent. 12. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the process learning graph defines user input requirements. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the process learning graph identifies format constraints for the user input requirements. 14. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the recording comprises a script. 15. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the recording comprises a video recording. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the video recording comprises annotations identifying at least one of: user inputs, screen headings, and actions. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, comprising computer readable program code that extracts the process flow, the process screen transitions, and the process steps using the annotations. 18. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the document output comprises instructions for steps to be completed on a process screen. 19. The computer program product of claim 11, comprising computer readable program code that identifies system responses based upon identified user inputs and wherein the document output comprises the system responses. 20. A method for generating a process learning graph and a document output from a recorded process for training a cognitive agent, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: obtaining a recording of a process, wherein the recording comprises a demonstration of executing the process; identifying at least one system response, occurring during execution of the process, based upon at least one user input; producing, from the recording, at least one screen capture of a process screen transition; identifying, from the recording, process screen headings; defining, from the recording, user input requirements during execution of the process; generating the process learning graph, wherein the process learning graph identifies a process flow comprising a plurality of process flow steps; the plurality of process flow steps comprising the process screen headings and user input requirements; generating the document output, wherein the document output comprises the at least one screen capture, at least one system response, and at least one process step; providing the process learning graph and the document output to the cognitive agent; receiving, at the cognitive agent, a message from a user, wherein the user is executing the process; mapping the message to at least one process flow step in the process learning graph; confirming, with the user, the mapped at least one process flow step; and verifying, with the user, that the user performed process flow steps, contained within the process learning graph, preceding the at least one process flow step.",
-    "Systems and methods for electric vehicle battery systems with replaceable parallel electric vehicle battery modules are described herein. The electric vehicle battery system includes a plurality of electric vehicle battery modules connected in parallel. Each electric vehicle battery module includes a battery. Each electric vehicle battery module can also include a balancing circuit in electrical communication with a current path from the battery to an electric vehicle battery module output node. Each electric vehicle battery module also may have a current sensor in electromagnetic communication with the current path between the battery and the balancing circuit. The current sensor can be configured to sense a current level between the battery and the balancing circuit. The balancing circuit can be configured to balance the current level sensed by the current sensor of each electric vehicle battery module. 1. An electric vehicle battery system, comprising: a plurality of electric vehicle battery modules connected in parallel, each electric vehicle battery module comprising: a battery; a balancing circuit in electrical communication with a current path from the battery to an electric vehicle battery module output node; and a current sensor in electromagnetic communication with the current path between the battery and the balancing circuit, the current sensor configured to sense a current level between the battery and the balancing circuit, wherein the balancing circuit is configured to balance the current level sensed by the current sensor of the electric vehicle battery module, wherein the balancing circuit is configured to charge the battery when the battery module output node is in electromagnetic communication with a charging source, and wherein the balancing circuit is configured to discharge the battery when the battery module output node is in electromagnetic communication with a load. 2. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 1, wherein the balancing circuit comprises a first pair of complementary switches that are electrically connected in parallel with the battery. 3. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 2, wherein the first pair of complementary switches includes first and second switches that are electrically connected in parallel with one another, the balancing circuit configured to discharge the battery by controlling a pulse width modulation of the first and second switches. 4. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 2, wherein the balancing circuit comprises a second pair of complementary switches that are electrically connected in parallel with the first pair of complementary switches. 5. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 4, wherein the second pair of complementary switches includes first and second switches that are electrically connected in parallel with one another, the balancing circuit configured to charge the battery by controlling a pulse width modulation of the first and second switches. 6. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 4, further comprising a smoothing circuit that is electrically connected in parallel with the first and second pairs of complementary switches. 7. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 6, wherein the smoothing circuit includes an inductor and a capacitor, the inductor electrically connected in parallel with the capacitor. 8. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 6, wherein each electric vehicle battery modules includes an inductor, the inductor electrically connected in series with the first and second pairs of complementary switches. 9. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 8, further comprising a capacitor electrically connected in parallel with the inductor. 10. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 9, wherein the capacitor is electrically connected in parallel to the plurality of electric vehicle battery modules. 11. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 4, further comprising a processor in electrical communication with the first and second pairs of complementary switches and the current sensor. 12. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to control an operation of the first and second pairs of complementary switches based on an output of the current sensor. 13. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to control an operation of the first and second pairs of complementary switches based on whether a disconnection condition has occurred. 14. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 1, wherein the current sensor includes a sense resistor and a comparator. 15. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 14, wherein the sense resistor is electrically connected in series with the battery and the comparator is electrically connected in parallel with the sense resistor, wherein the comparator determines a voltage or a current across the sense resistor. 16. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 1, wherein the balancing circuit is configured to disconnect the battery from the electric vehicle battery module output node when the current level sensed by the current sensor is beyond a threshold. 17. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 1, wherein the balancing circuit is configured to disconnect the battery from the electric vehicle battery module output node when a voltage level of the electric vehicle battery module is above an upper threshold or below a lower threshold. 18. The electric vehicle battery system of claim 1, wherein the balancing circuit is configured to disconnect the battery from the electric vehicle battery module output node when a temperature of the electric vehicle battery module is above an upper threshold or below a lower threshold.",
-    "A stack type memory device and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The stack type memory device includes a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of active layers stacked on the semiconductor substrate, and a gate structure overlapping the plurality of active layers. The gate structure includes a side gate region overlapping sides of the plurality of active layers and a top gate region overlapping a top of an uppermost active layer. 1. A stack type memory device, comprising a semiconductor substrate; a plurality of active layers stacked on the semiconductor substrate; and a gate structure overlapping the plurality of active layers, wherein the gate structure includes a side gate region overlapping sides of the plurality of active layers and a top gate region overlapping a top of an uppermost active layer. 2. The stack type memory device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of active layers are formed in a stripe pattern, and the gate structure extends to a direction substantially perpendicular to an extending direction of the stripe pattern. 3. The stack type memory device of claim 1, further comprising an interlayer insulating layer which is interposed between the plurality of active layers and insulates the plurality of active layers from each other. 4. The stack type memory device of claim 1, wherein drains are formed in the plurality of active layers located in one side of the gate structure and sources are formed in the plurality of active layers located in the other side of the gate structure. 5. The stack type memory device of claim 4, further comprising bit lines formed in outer sides of the drains. 6. The stack type memory device of claim 4, further comprising variable resistive layers formed in outer sides of the sources. 7. The stack type memory device of claim 6, further comprising a common source line which the variable resistive layers are commonly coupled thereto. 8. The stack type memory device of claim wherein the gate structure has an inverse U-shape. 9. The stack type memory device of claim 1, wherein the gate structure includes: a gate conductive layer; and a gate insulating layer interposed between the gate conductive, layer and the plurality of active layers. 10. A method of manufacturing a stack type memory device, the method comprising: alternately stacking an insulating layer and a semiconductor layer on a semiconductor substrate several times; defining a stacked active structure by patterning the insulating layer and the semiconductor layer; forming a first hole through a removing process which pulls back one-end portion of the semiconductor layer of the stacked active structure; forming a bit line in the first hole; forming a second hole through a removing process which pulls back the other-end portion of the semiconductor layer of the stacked active structure; forming a variable resistive layer in the second hole; forming a gate insulating layer on a surface of the stacked active structure; forming a gate conductive layer on a surface of the gate insulating layer; forming a gate structure by patterning the gate conductive layer and the gate insulating layer; and forming a source and a drain by implanting impurities into exposed portions of the semiconductor layer at both sides of the gate structure.",
-    "A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a line head which ejects liquid from a plurality of nozzles with respect to a medium, a wiping member that is able to wipe a nozzle forming surface on which the nozzles are formed, and an electronic mounting member that governs an electronic control, in which the wiping member is attachable and detachable with respect to the liquid ejecting apparatus, and the electronic mounting member is disposed at a location which is different from below an attachment/detachment path when the wiping member is attached and detached. 1. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: a line head which ejects a liquid from a plurality of nozzles with respect to a medium; a wiping member that is able to wipe a nozzle forming surface on which the nozzles are formed; and an electronic mounting member that governs an electronic control, wherein the wiping member is attachable and detachable with respect to the liquid ejecting apparatus, and the electronic mounting member is disposed at a location which is different from below an attachment/detachment path when the wiping member is attached and detached. 2. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wiping member is movable in a direction that intersects with a direction in which the medium is transported, and is removable from at least one movable direction. 3. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wiping member is movable to an attaching and detaching position when removed from the liquid ejecting apparatus. 4. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: an engagement member which engages in a movement end to which the wiping member is moved, wherein the wiping member is movable to the attaching and detaching position from an engaging position with the engagement member when removed from the liquid ejecting apparatus. 5. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a liquid reservoir section which retains the liquid accumulated by wiping using the wiping member, wherein the engagement member includes a communication section which communicates with the liquid reservoir section, and a negative pressure is applied to the communication section. 6. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a cover which is openable and closeable and forms a casing of an apparatus main body on a side on which the wiping member is attached and detached with respect to the liquid ejecting apparatus, wherein the electronic mounting member is attached to an inner surface of the cover, and the electronic mounting member retreats from the attachment/detachment path due to the cover being open. 7. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a cleaning section which cleans the wiping member, wherein the cleaning section is attachable and detachable in the same direction as the wiping member.",
-    "A remote monitoring system and a method of remotely monitoring a feed environment that can sense feed stored within a filled container. The remote monitoring system can be configured to determine a distance between a level sensor and a top feed surface of the feed and to wirelessly send feed level data and, optionally, environmental data, to a communication device of a user. 1. A remote monitoring system, comprising: a local module configured to be suspended above a container having an internal cavity, the local module comprising a local microcontroller, a feed level sensor electrically coupled to the local microcontroller, the feed level sensor configured to determine a distance between the feed level sensor and a top feed surface of any feed stored in the internal cavity of the container, and a communication unit electrically coupled to the local microcontroller, the communication unit being configured to exchange data with the local microcontroller and to wirelessly send data to a communication device of a user; and a remote module configured for placement inside a structure located remotely from the local module, the structure configured to house living organisms, the remote module comprising: a remote microcontroller; an environmental sensor electrically coupled to the remote microcontroller, the environmental sensor configured to sense at least one condition within the structure and to generate environmental data based on the at least one condition sensed; and a transmitter electrically coupled to the remote microcontroller, the transmitter configured to communicate environmental data to at least one of the local module and the communication device. 2. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the at least one condition within the structure sensed by the environmental sensor comprises light intensity, temperature, and humidity. 3. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the feed level sensor is configured to emit an ultrasonic pulse and to receive a reflected ultrasonic pulse bounced off of the top feed surface, wherein in the feed level sensor is configured to send respective ultrasonic pulse and reflected ultrasonic pulse signals to the local microcontroller, and wherein the local microcontroller determines a distance reading based on the respective ultrasonic pulse and reflected ultrasonic pulse signals. 4. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the local module further comprises: a renewable power unit electrically coupled to the local microcontroller; and at least one solar panel electrically coupled to the renewable power unit. 5. The remote monitoring system of claim 4, wherein the renewable power unit comprises: a trickle charger, the trickle charger having a charger input and a charger output, the charger input connected to the at least one solar panel; a renewable power source having a source input and a source output, the source input connected to the charger output; and a dc-to-dc converter having a converter input and a converter output, the converter input connected to the source output, the converter output connected to the local microcontroller. 6. The remote monitoring system of claim 4, wherein the at least one solar panel comprises a plurality of solar panels connected in parallel to one another and configured to produce a current output of approximately one ampere. 7. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the local module further comprises a local temperature-and-humidity sensor electrically coupled to the local microcontroller. 8. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the local module further comprises a receiver electrically coupled to the local microcontroller and to the communication unit. 9. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the environmental sensor comprises a photoresistor. 10. The remote monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the environmental sensor comprises a remote temperature-and-humidity sensor. 11. A method of remotely monitoring a feed environment, comprising: generating feed level data from a sensed level of feed stored within a container; transmitting feed level data over a first communication link to a communication device of a user; sensing environmental conditions in a structure located remotely from the container, the structure configured to house living organisms; generating remote data from sensed environmental conditions; and causing transmission of the remote data to the communication device. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein transmitting feed level data further comprises: comparing feed level data to a predetermined threshold level; and conditioning transmission of feed level data on inclusion of a value of feed level data that is less than the predetermined threshold level. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein transmitting feed level data further comprises: receiving a message from a sender over a second communication link; and sending a reply communication to the sender over the second communication link in response to receipt of the message, the reply communication comprising the sensed level of feed. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein transmitting feed level data further comprises: processing the message to determine whether the message contains a valid command; and conditioning the sending of the reply communication on a determination that the message contains the valid command. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising: sensing temperature and humidity proximate to the container; generating temperature and humidity data from the sensed temperature and humidity; and transmitting the sensed temperature and humidity data over the first communication link to the communication device. 16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the sensed environmental conditions at the remote location comprise at least one of light intensity, temperature, and humidity. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising reading power from a power source supplying power to a sensor that is sensing the environmental conditions. 20. (canceled) 21. A remote monitoring system, comprising: a local module configured to be suspended above a container, the local module comprising a local microcontroller, a feed level sensor electrically coupled to the local microcontroller, the feed level sensor configured to determine a distance between the feed level sensor and a top feed surface of any feed present in the container, and a communication unit electrically coupled to the local microcontroller, the communication unit being configured to exchange data with the local microcontroller and to wirelessly send data to a communication device of a user; and a structure located remotely from the local module, the structure configured to house living organisms and including a remote module, the remote module comprising: a remote microcontroller; an environmental sensor electrically coupled to the remote microcontroller, the environmental sensor configured to sense at least one condition within the structure and to generate environmental data based on the at least one condition sensed; and a transmitter electrically coupled to the remote microcontroller, the transmitter configured to communicate environmental data to at least one of the local module and the communication device.",
-    "A method implemented in a device is disclosed for networking through signals transmitted across a shared medium network. The method starts with monitoring for a first signal on a shared medium of the shared medium network. The first signal is processed after it is received and while the first signal is being processed, a set of one or more signals is received on the shared medium. Then a set of one or more amplitude increases is determined, where each amplitude increase is from an earlier received signal to a later received signal. The set of one or more amplitude increases is compared to a threshold value and at least partially in response to the comparison, the device discards one or more signals from the first signal and the set of one or more signals. 1. A method implemented at a device for networking through signals transmitted across a shared medium network, wherein a shared medium is coupled with a plurality of devices in the shared medium network, the method comprising: monitoring for a first signal on the shared medium; processing the first signal received on the shared medium; receiving a set of one or more signals on the shared medium while processing the first signal; determining a set of one or more amplitude increases, wherein each amplitude increase is from an earlier received signal to a later received signal, and wherein each of the earlier received and the later received signals is one of the first and the set of one or more signals; comparing the set of one or more amplitude increases to a threshold value; and at least partially in response to the comparison (a first comparison), discarding one or more signals from the first signal and the set of one or more signals. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the shared medium is one of a power line, a radio frequency channel, an optical fiber, a copper line, fluid, gas, and solid molecule vibration or motion. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein an amplitude of each of the first signal and the set of signals are over a sensitivity setting. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold value is configurable. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold value is a value between 6 dB and 20 dB. 6. The method of claim 1, in addition to in response to the first comparison, the discarding one or more signals from the first signal and the set of one or more signals is further in response to a second comparison of validity statuses of error-detecting codes associated with messages carried by the first signal and the set of one or more signals. 7. The method of claim 1, in addition to in response to the first comparison, the discarding one or more signals from the set of one or more signals is further in response a determination that the one or more signals received is not destined to the device. 8. A method for networking through signals transmitted across a shared medium network, wherein a shared medium is coupled with a plurality of devices in the shared medium network, the method comprising: monitoring for a first signal on the shared medium; processing the first signal received on the shared medium; processing a set of one or more signals as the set of one or more signals is received from the shared medium while processing the first signal; comparing validity statuses of error-detecting codes associated with messages carried by the first signal and the set of one or more signals; and at least partially in response to the comparison (a first comparison), discarding one or more signals from the first signal and the set of one or more signals. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein an amplitude of each of the first signal and the set of signals are over a sensitivity setting. 10. The method of claim 8, in addition to in response to the first comparison, the discarding one or more signals from the first signal and the set of one or more signals is further in response to a second comparison of a set of one or more amplitude increases to a threshold value, wherein each amplitude increase of the set of one or more amplitude increases is from a signal to a later received second signal, and wherein each signal is one of the first and the set of one or more signals. 11. The method of claim 8, in addition to in response to the first comparison, the discarding one or more signals from the set of one or more signals is further in response a determination that the one or more signals received is not destined to the device. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the share medium is one of a power line, a radio frequency channel, an optical fiber, a copper line, fluid, gas, and solid molecule vibration or motion. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the error-detecting codes are one of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code and checksum code. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the error-detecting codes are a CRC code, wherein the CRC code is one of CRC-16, CRC-18, and CRC-32. 15. An apparatus for networking through signals transmitted across a shared medium network, wherein a shared medium is coupled with a plurality of devices in the shared medium network, the apparatus comprising: a monitor logic configured to monitor for signals on the shared medium; a message processor configured to process messages carried by signals received from the shared medium through the medium monitor logic; a signal amplitude check logic configured to determine a set of one or more amplitude increases, each amplitude increase is from an earlier received signal to a later received signal, wherein each of the earlier received signal and the later received signal is one of the received signal, the signal amplitude check logic further configured to compare the set of one or more amplitude increases to a threshold value, and wherein the message processor is further configured to discard the processing of one or more signals at least partially in response to the comparison (a first comparison); and a setting database configured to store the threshold value. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the share medium is one of a power line, a radio frequency channel, an optical fiber, a copper line, fluid, gas, and solid molecule vibration or motion. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein amplitudes of the signals are over a sensitivity setting, and wherein the sensitivity setting is stored in the setting database. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the threshold value is configurable by a management system of the shared medium network. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising an error-detecting code verification logic configured to compare validity statuses of error-detecting codes associated with messages carried by the signals received, wherein the message processor is configured to discard the processing of the one or more signals further in response to the comparison (a second comparison) of validity statuses of error-detecting codes associated with messages carried by the signals received. 20. An apparatus for networking through signals transmitted across a shared medium network, wherein a shared medium is coupled with a plurality of devices in the shared medium network, the apparatus comprising: a monitor logic configured to monitor for signals on the shared medium; a message processor configured to process messages carried by signals received from the shared medium through the medium monitor logic; and an error-detecting code verification logic configured to compare validity statuses of error-detecting codes associated with the messages carried by the signals received from the shared medium through the medium monitor logic, and the message processor further configured to discard the processing of one or more signals at least partially based on the comparison (a first comparison) by the error-detecting code verification logic. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the share medium is one of a power line, a radio frequency channel, an optical fiber, a copper line, fluid, gas, and solid molecule vibration or motion. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the error-detecting codes are one of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code and checksum code. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein amplitudes of the signals are over a sensitivity setting, and wherein the sensitivity setting is stored in the setting database. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising a signal amplitude check logic configured to determine a set of one or more amplitude increases, each amplitude increase is from an earlier received signal to a later received signal, wherein each of the earlier received signal and the later received signals is one of the received signals, the signal amplitude check logic further configured to compare the set of one or more amplitude increases to a threshold value, and wherein the message processor is configured to discard the processing of one or more signals further in response to the comparison (a second comparison) to the threshold value.",
-    "A pedal assembly mounted to a vehicle includes, a pedal arm having an upper portion and a lower portion and a striker bracket pivotally connected to the upper portion of the pedal arm where the striker bracket further removably connected to the lower portion of the pedal arm. A first positioned is defined before a collision where the striker bracket is connected to the lower portion of the pedal arm. A second positioned is defined after a collision where the striker bracket rotates away from the lower portion of the pedal arm. 1. A pedal assembly for a vehicle, the pedal assembly comprising: a pedal arm having an upper portion and a lower portion, the upper portion of the pedal arm mounted to a housing at a first pivot point, the upper portion having an elongated slot, the pedal arm pivotable about the first pivot point during normal operation of the pedal assembly; a striker bracket pivotable about a second pivot point on the upper portion of the pedal arm, the striker bracket having a pin slidable in the elongated slot; the lower portion attached to the upper portion, the lower portion having an open slot receiving the pin of the striker bracket; a shear pin extending through the upper portion of the pedal arm and the striker bracket, the shear pin breakable during movement of the pedal arm from a first position to a second position such that the pin moves out of the open slot when the shear pin is broken to release the by rotating away from the lower portion of the pedal arm thereby allowing the lower portion of the pedal arm to freely rotated about a third pivot point. 2. The pedal assembly of claim 1 wherein the third pivot point is the connection point between the upper portion and the lower portion of the pedal arm. 3. The pedal assembly of claim 1 wherein the pedal arm connects to the housing, the pedal arm connected to the housing at the first pivot point. 4. The pedal assembly of claim 1 wherein the upper portion of the pedal arm includes an elongated slot configured to engage the striker bracket. 5. The pedal assembly of claim 4 wherein the striker bracket includes a pin configured to connect with and slide within the elongated slot of the upper portion of the pedal arm. 6. The pedal assembly of claim 5 wherein when the pedal assembly in the second position, the pin moves to un uppermost position spaced apart from the lower portion of the pedal arm. 7. The pedal assembly of claim 6 wherein the lower portion of the pedal includes a slot configured to engage the pin when the pedal assembly is in the first position. 8. The pedal assembly of claim 1 wherein the striker bracket includes a striker plate configured to receive an external force, upon receiving of the external force, the striker bracket configured to rotate away from the lower portion of the pedal arm. 9. The pedal assembly of claim 1 wherein the upper portion and the lower portion of the pedal are separate and distinct pieces. 10. A pedal assembly mounted to a vehicle, the pedal assembly comprising: a pedal arm having an upper portion and a lower portion; a striker bracket pivotally connected to the upper portion of the pedal arm, the striker bracket further removably connected to the lower portion of the pedal arm; a first positioned defined before a collision where the striker bracket is connected to the lower portion of the pedal arm; and a second positioned defined after a collision where the striker bracket rotates away from the lower portion of the pedal arm. 11. The pedal assembly of claim 10 wherein a shear pin extends through the upper portion of the pedal arm and the striker bracket, the shear pin breakable upon receipt of an external force upon the striker bracket. 12. The pedal assembly of claim 11 wherein an actuator supplies the external force on the striker bracket. 13. The pedal assembly of claim 10 wherein the pedal arm connects to a main bracket, the pedal arm connected to the main bracket at the first pivot point. 14. The pedal assembly of claim 10 wherein the upper portion of the pedal arm includes an elongated slot configured to engage the striker bracket. 15. The pedal assembly of claim 14 wherein the striker bracket includes a pin configured to connect with and slide within the elongated slot of the upper portion of the pedal arm. 16. The pedal assembly of claim 15 wherein when the pedal assembly in the second position, the pin moves to un uppermost position spaced apart from the lower portion of the pedal arm. 17. The pedal assembly of claim 16 wherein the lower portion of the pedal includes a slot configured to engage the pin when the pedal assembly is in the first position. 18. The pedal assembly of claim 10 wherein the striker bracket includes a striker plate configured to receive an external force, upon receiving of the external force, the striker bracket configured to rotate away from the lower portion of the pedal arm. 19. The pedal assembly of claim 10 wherein the upper portion and the lower portion of the pedal are separate and distinct pieces. 20. The pedal assembly of claim 10 wherein the pedal assembly is mounted within a housing, the housing connected to a main pivot point connecting the pedal arm to the housing.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a method for a terminal to perform a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) in a wireless access system that supports cooperative terminal communication includes allocating a second carrier from a base station through a first carrier, the first carrier being used for data transmission to the base station and the second carrier being used for data transmission to another terminal; receiving a preamble and configuration information on the second carrier from the base station; transmitting data to the other terminal in an uplink subframe of the second carrier on the basis of the received configuration information; and receiving acknowledgement (ACK) or non-acknowledgement (NACK) for the transmitted data from a downlink subframe of the second carrier related to the uplink subframe. 1. A method for performing a device to device (D2D) communication, the method performed by a first wireless device and comprising: receiving, by the first wireless device through a primary carrier, an allocation of a secondary carrier from a base station, wherein the primary carrier is used for data transmission and reception with the base station and the secondary carrier is used for data transmission and reception with a second wireless device, transmitting data to the second wireless device on a subframe of the secondary carrier. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving configuration information of the secondary carrier from the base station. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the configuration information of the secondary carrier includes frame structure information used in the secondary carrier, 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the frame structure information includes an arrangement of an uplink subframe and a downlink subframe in a frame, and wherein the uplink subframe and the downlink subframe are allocated to the frame at different times. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the configuration information of the secondary carrier is received through the secondary carrier. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration information of the secondary carrier is received through the primary carrier. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a preamble through the secondary carrier. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ACK or NACK is received from the base station through the primary carrier. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ACK or NACK is received from a collaborative device through the secondary carrier. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the frame structure information includes information on a switching gap, and wherein the switching gap is positioned between the uplink subframe and the downlink subframe. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the second wireless device, data through the secondary carrier; and transmitting an ACK or NACK with respect to the received data. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the ACK or NACK is transmitted to the base station through the primary carrier. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the ACK or NACK is transmitted to the second wireless device through the secondary carrier. 14. A device for performing a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) in a wireless access system that supports collaborative transmission, the device comprising: a radio frequency unit for transmitting and receiving wireless signals to and from the outside; and a controller coupled to the radio frequency unit, and configured for: controlling the radio frequency unit to receive an allocation of a secondary carrier from a base station through a primary carrier, wherein the primary carrier is used for data transmission and reception with the base station, and the secondary carrier is used for data transmission and reception with a second wireless device; controlling the radio frequency unit to receive a preamble and configuration information of the secondary carrier from the base station; controlling the radio frequency unit to transmit data to the second wireless device on an uplink subframe of the secondary carrier based on the received configuration information; and controlling the radio frequency unit to receive acknowledgement (ACK) or non-acknowledgement (NACK) with respect to the transmitted data on a downlink subframe of the secondary carrier linked with the uplink subframe, and wherein the configuration information of the secondary carrier includes frame structure information used in the secondary carrier, wherein the frame structure information includes the arrangement and linkage of the uplink subframe and the downlink subframe in a frame, and wherein the uplink subframe and the downlink subframe are allocated to the frame at different times.",
-    "An apparatus includes an antenna that is configured to transmit a radio frequency signal across a transmission media having a channel response impairment. A transmission path includes an encoder circuit that encodes data on a carrier signal; and a pre-equalizer circuit that is configured to pre-distort the encoded data according to equalizer coefficients representing the channel response impairment. A first equalization path includes circuitry that generates the equalizer coefficients based upon transients resulting from a presence change event for the carrier signal. A second equalization path includes circuitry that generates the equalizer coefficients based upon knowledge of encoded data on the carrier signal. Selection circuitry selects between the first equalization path and the second equalization path. 1. An apparatus comprising: an antenna configured to transmit a radio frequency (RF) signal across a transmission media having a channel response impairment; a transmission path that includes: an encoder circuit that is configured to encode data on an RF carrier signal; and a pre-equalizer circuit that is configured to pre-distort the encoded data according to equalizer coefficients representing the channel response impairment; a first equalization path including circuitry that is configured to generate the equalizer coefficients based upon sample values resulting from a power-on event or power-off event for the RF carrier signal; a second equalization path including circuitry that is configured to generate the equalizer coefficients based upon knowledge of encoded data on the RF carrier signal; and selection circuitry configured to select between the first equalization path and the second equalization path. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power-on event or power-off event for the RF carrier signal corresponds to a power-on event for the RF earlier signal. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first equalization path is further configured to generate the equalizer coefficients based upon sampled values for a complex envelope of the RF carrier signal during the power-on event. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first equalization path is further configured to calculate each of the equalizer coefficients by subtracting a respectively sampled complex envelope value from a steady state value of the complex envelope. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the pre-equalizer circuit is further configured to pre-distort according to a first order filter equation with a single zero. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power-on event or power-off event for the RF carrier signal corresponds to a power-off event for the RF carrier signal. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first equalization path is further configured to calculate each of the equalizer coefficients using respectively sampled complex envelope values. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the encoder circuit is configured to encode data on the RF carrier signal using quadrature modulation. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a down-conversion circuit and an analog-to-digital converter circuit that together are configured to provide a digital baseband signal to both the first equalization path and the second equalization path. 10. A method for transmitting a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal using an antenna, the method comprising: generating the RF carrier signal; selecting a first equalization path that captures transients that occur during a presence change event for the RF carrier signal by sampling the RF carrier signal at the antenna; generating, based upon the sampling of the RF carrier signal, equalizer coefficients that represent a channel response impairment; encoding data on the RF carrier signal using quadrature modulation; pre-distorting the encoded data according to the equalizer coefficients; selecting a second equalization path that modifies the equalizer coefficients based upon a comparison between the encoded RF carrier signal at the antenna and a desired RF carrier signal; and pre-distorting the encoded data according to the equalizer coefficients as modified by the second equalization path. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the presence change event for the RF carrier signal corresponds to a power-on event for the RF carrier signal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first equalization path generates the equalizer coefficients based upon sampled values for a complex envelope of the RF carrier signal during the power-on event. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising calculating each of the equalizer coefficients by subtracting a respectively sampled complex envelope value from a sampled complex envelope value at a steady state. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pre-distorting includes the use of a first order filter equation. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the presence change event for the RF carrier signal corresponds to a power-off event for the RF carrier signal. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising calculating the equalizer coefficients using respectively sampled complex envelope values. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein generating, based upon the sampling of the RF carrier signal, equalizer coefficients that represent the channel response impairment further includes generating three or more equalizer coefficients. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the pre-distorting includes the use of a filter equation having an order higher than one. 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the RF carrier signal is designed for use with contactless cards. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein generating the equalizer coefficients further includes sampling values resulting from a power-on event or power-off event for the RF carrier signal.",
-    "According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a curable resin composition including at least: a polysiloxane compound having, in a molecule thereof, at least two functional groups selected from the group consisting of silanol groups and alkoxysilyl groups as a component (A-1); and silica whose extract water has a pH of 6.1 or lower at 25\u00b0 C. as a component (B), wherein the amount of the component (B) relative to the total amount of the components (A-1) and (B) is in a range of 70 to 97 mass %. This curable resin composition is able to, even when formed into various shapes and sizes, prevent foaming during curing and thus is suitable as an encapsulant material for a semiconductor element. 1. A curable resin composition comprising at least: component (A-1): a polysiloxane compound having, in a molecule thereof, at least two functional groups selected from the group consisting of silanol groups and alkoxysilyl groups; and component (B): silica whose extract water has a pH of 6.1 or lower at 25\u00b0 C., wherein the amount of the component (B) relative to the total amount of the components (A-1) and (B) is in a range of 70 to 97 mass %. 2. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane compound contained as the component (A-1) has at least a structural unit of the general formula [1] [R1mSiOn/2] [1] where R1 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-C10 linear alkyl group, a C3-C10 branched alkyl group, a C3-C10 cyclic alkyl group, a C2-C10 linear alkenyl group, a C3-C10 branched alkenyl group, a C3-C10 cyclic alkenyl group or a C5-C10 aryl group; a part or all of hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group or the aryl group may be substituted by a halogen atom; a part of carbon atoms of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group or the aryl group may be replaced by at least one kind selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a silicon atom; the halogen atom is at least one kind selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom; when there are a plurality of R1, R1 can be of the same kind or different kinds; an oxygen atom of the structural unit of the general formula [1] is a siloxane bond-forming oxygen atom or a hydroxyl oxygen atom; and m and n each independently represent an integer of 1 to 4 and satisfy a relationship of m+n=4. 3. The curable resin composition according to claim 2, wherein R1 is a C1-C10 linear alkyl group, a C3-C10 branched alkyl group, a C3-C10 cyclic alkyl group or a C5-C10 aryl group. 4. The curable resin composition according to claim 2, wherein R1 is a methyl group or a phenyl group. 5. The curable resin composition according to claim 2, wherein the polysiloxane compound contained as the component (A-1) has the structural unit of the general formula [1] and a structural unit of the general formula [2] [SiO4/2] [2] where an oxygen atom of the structural unit of the general formula [2] is a siloxane bond-forming oxygen atom or a hydroxyl oxygen atom. 6. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of silanol and alkoxysilyl groups in the component (A-1) is in a range of 1 to 15 mmol/g. 7. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the component (B) contains two or more kinds of silica. 8. The curable resin composition according to claim 7, wherein the two or more kinds of silica are selected from the group consisting of crystalline silica, natural fused silica, synthetic fused silica, deflagration silica, fumed silica, sol-gel silica, flame fused silica and precipitated silica. 9. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the silica contained as the component (B) has a median particle size of 0.02 to 500 \u03bcm. 10. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the silica contained as the component (B) shows a plurality of frequency peaks in particle size distribution analysis. 11. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the silica contained as the component (B) includes silica particles having a particle size of 3 \u03bcm or smaller. 12. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the silica contained as the component (B) is chemically unmodified. 13. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of an inorganic filler, a heat-resistant resin, a mold release agent, a pigment, a flame retardant, a curing catalyst and an anti-blocking agent. 14. The curable resin composition according to claim 13, further comprising a coupling agent. 15. The curable resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the curable resin composition has a spiral flow length of 5 to 180 cm as determined according to Japan Electrical Insulating and Advanced Performance Materials Industrial Association Standard T901 under the conditions of a temperature of 180\u00b0 C., a molding pressure of 6.9 MPa and a molding time of 3 minutes. 16. A method for preparing the curable resin composition according to claim 1, comprising mixing the component (A-1) with the component (B) such that the amount of the component (B) relative to the total amount of the component (A-1) and the component (B) is in a range of 70 to 97 mass %. 17. The method for preparing the curable resin composition according to claim 16, wherein the curable resin composition is prepared by mixing the component (A-1), the component (B) and at least one kind selected from the group consisting of an inorganic filler, a heat-resistant resin, a mold release agent, a pigment, a flame retardant, a curing catalyst and an anti-blocking agent. 18. The method for preparing the curable resin composition according to claim 16, wherein the curable resin composition is prepared by mixing the component (A-1), the component (B), at least one kind selected from the group consisting of an inorganic filler, a heat-resistant resin, a mold release agent, a pigment, a flame retardant, a curing catalyst and an anti-blocking agent, and a coupling agent. 19. A tableted product of the curable resin composition according to claim 1. 20. A cured product of the curable resin composition according to claim 1. 21. The cured product according to claim 20, wherein the cured product has a thickness of 1 mm or greater. 22. The cured product according to claim 20, wherein the cured product has a thickness of 2 mm or greater. 23. The cured product according to claim 20, wherein the cured product has a thickness of 4 mm or greater. 24. A semiconductor device comprising at least a semiconductor element encapsulated by the cured product according to claim 20. 25. The semiconductor device according to claim 24, wherein the semiconductor element is a power semiconductor element. 26. A method of encapsulating a semiconductor element, comprising curing the curable resin composition according to claim 1.",
-    "An ecosystem that enables third party creators to create card templates and widgets and businesses and/or consumers to author wrap packages using the same for distribution. During authoring, the businesses and consumers, using a wrap package authoring tool, can incorporate the various card templates and/or widgets maintained in a library into their wrap packages. In this manner, businesses and consumers alike can quickly create wrap packages, including a wide array of highly pertinent and specialized content, application functionality, and e-commerce related services, without having to create the templates and/or widgets themselves. 1. A system, comprising: a library for maintaining one or more card template(s) including at least one widget card template defining a widget; a wrap authoring tool enabling an author to access the library and to author a wrap package of cards to selectively include a widget card derived from the at least one widget card template, the widget card specifying the widget and configured to interact with a remote widget server and appear within a frame included in the widget card; and a wrap package content delivery network configured to generate a wrap descriptor for the wrap package of cards, the wrap descriptor: (a) defining the cards of the wrap package including the widget card; and (b) including a plurality of card descriptors for each of the cards of the wrap package respectively, each card descriptor arranged to define content, a structure and a layout of an associated card respectively wherein the wrap package content delivery network is further configured to deliver the wrap descriptor to a computing device associated with a recipient so that the recipient can render the wrap package on the computing device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more card template(s) and the at least one widget card template is/are organized in the library into one or more categories. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the one or more categories define one or more markets, the markets including one or more of the following: (c) retail; (d) transportation; (e) hospitality (f) travel; (g) restaurant and/or food services; (h) telecommunications; (i) healthcare; (j) banking; (k) financial services; (l) energy; (m) insurance; (n) automotive; (o) education; (p) government; (q) food and/or beverage; (r) media and/or entertainment; (s) real estate; and/or (t) publishing 4. The system of claim 1, further configured to enable a a business or a consumer to author the wrap package. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein a creator of the one or more card templates maintained in the library and the author of the wrap package are either: (c) different entities; or (d) the same entity. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of card descriptors includes a widget card descriptor associated with the widget card, the widget card descriptor defining: (c) the remote widget server; and (d) calls for accessing content served by the remote widget server for presentation within the frame appearing in the widget card when rendered. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the widget card descriptor further defines one or more of the following: (e) a height, width and location of the frame appearing in the widget card; (f) a URL that specifies the remote widget server, and (g) one or more parameters that are passed between the widget card and the remote widget server. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the wrap package content delivery network is configured to deliver the wrap descriptor to the computing device of the recipient in response to the consumption of a message containing a wrap identifier used for identifying and accessing the wrap package. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the wrap package content delivery network is configured to deliver the wrap descriptor to the computing device of the recipient in response to a selection of a wrap cover, including a wrap identifier corresponding to the wrap package, appearing within a web page or application. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the wrap package content delivery network is further configured to deliver a runtime engine to the computing device, the runtime engine configured to generate a runtime instance of the wrap package for rendering on a display associated with the computing device from the delivered wrap descriptor. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the wrap descriptor is either: (c) a JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) wrap descriptor; or (d) a BSON (Binary JavaScript Object Notation) wrap descriptor. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein a runtime instance of the wrap package is generated on the computing device from the delivered wrap descriptor by: (c) creating an object graph from the wrap descriptor, (d) generating a document object model from the object graph; and (e) generating the runtime instance of the cards of the wrap package from the document object model. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the cards of the wrap package, derived from the one or more card templates, is a gallery card configured to display a plurality of gallery items by: (c) arranging the plurality of gallery items in a vertical sequence; and (d) sequentially displaying the plurality of gallery items in the vertical sequence in response to navigational inputs. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the cards of the wrap package, derived from the one or more card templates, includes an application embedded in or associated therewith. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the application comprises one of the following: (c) an online chat function; (d) a reservation, appointment or booking function for making a reservation, appointment or booking; (e) an approval function configured for entry of an approval; (f) a data input/entry function for enabling data to be input/entered; (g) GPS or a positional functionality; and/or (h) a transaction function for facilitating an online transaction. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the card descriptors corresponding to the cards of the wrap package selectively include one or more component descriptors, the one or more component descriptors selected from the following component descriptor types: (c) container; (d) text; (e) image/photo (f) video; (g) link; (h) location/GPS; (i) widget; and/or (j) feed. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the cards of the wrap package, derived from the one or more card templates, includes a feed card. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of card descriptors further comprising a feed card descriptor associated with the feed card, the feed card descriptor defining a feed source and feed content for the feed card, wherein, the feed content is retrieved from the feed source and rendered when the feed card is rendered. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the feed card descriptor further defines one or more of the following: (c) a target container within the feed card for presenting the feed content; (d) a polling frequency for polling the feed source; (e) a URL that specifies the feed source; (f) a feed lifecycle; and/or (g) one or more feed parameters. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the wrap package is configured to be rendered on a display associated with the computing device so that: (c) each of the cards is rendered in a same portrait aspect ratio respectively; and (d) within each card, a same relative positioning of the content is maintained regardless of the size or type of the display. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the cards of the wrap package are configured to be rendered in one or more linear sequence(s) that extend: (c) horizontally; (d) vertically; (e) both (c) and (d). 22. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the cards of the wrap package, derived from the one or more card templates, includes a trigger associated therewith. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the trigger is configured to invoke one of the following: (c) a chat session; (d) purchase of a displayed item; (e) an appointment, reservation or booking function; (f) a GPS/location service; (g) cul-de-sacing to a target web site; (h) placement of an item into a shopping cart; or (i) a \u201cone-click\u201d buy operation. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein the cards of the wrap package selectively include text, photo(s), image(s), and/or video(s), authored to convey a book or magazine like user experience, that unfolds as the cards of the wrap package are sequentially browsed in one or more predefined linear sequences. 25. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the cards of the wrap package, derived from the one or more card templates, includes a transaction card for implementing a transaction while the wrap package is consumed on the computing device, the transaction card implementing the transaction by one of the following: (g) associating a transaction widget with the transaction card; (h) cul-de-sacing from the transaction card to a remote server for facilitating the transaction and then returning to the wrap package; or (i) associating a buy function with the transaction card. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the widget is a transaction widget for facilitating an online transaction for a good and/or service while the wrap package is consumed on the computing device. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the transaction widget facilities the online transaction using one of the following: (c) a one-click buy operation using previously stored data; (d) by presenting and receiving information, during one or more views appearing within the frame of the widget card, for facilitating the transaction; or (e) cooperating with one or more dependent cards of the wrap package for facilitating the transaction.",
-    "A computer-implemented method, including detecting an event associated with an image displayed on a display device within a software application, loading a media player into the software application behind the image, where the media player is configured to play a media file associated with the image, and causing a representation of a frame of the media file to be displayed within the media player instead of the image. 1. (canceled) 2. A computer-implemented method, comprising: superimposing a non-functional user interface onto a frame of a video file to form an image, the non-functional user interface including non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls; displaying the image within a web browser on a display device; loading a media player into computer memory, the media player having a functional user interface including functional playback, volume, and resolution controls that are identical in appearance and position to the corresponding non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls; and displaying the functional user interface of the media player directly behind the image within the web browser on the display device, so that the functional playback, volume, and resolution controls of the media player are positioned directly behind the corresponding non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, further comprising: gradually increasing a transparency of the image within the web browser on the display device. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the transparency is increased in discrete increments. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the transparency is increased from a non-transparent state in which the media player is obscured by the image, to a partially transparent state in which the media player is partially obscured by the image, and then to a fully transparent state in which the media player is not obscured by the image. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising: after the transparency is increased to fully transparent, removing the first image from the web browser on the display device. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, further comprising: while the transparency is increasing, retrieving the video file. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising: displaying the frame of the video file in the media player, the media player being configured to play the video file in the web browser at a position contiguous with a position of the image. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8, wherein during the time interval between displaying the image in a non-transparent state to displaying the frame of the video file in the media player, the frame of the video file is continuously visible in the web browser on the display device. 10. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to manipulate one or more files, by performing operations comprising: superimposing a non-functional user interface onto a frame of a video file to form an image, the non-functional user interface including non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls; displaying the image within a web browser on a display device; loading a media player into computer memory, the media player having a functional user interface including functional playback, volume, and resolution controls that are identical in appearance and position to the corresponding non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls; and displaying the functional user interface of the media player directly behind the image within the web browser on the display device, so that the functional playback, volume, and resolution controls of the media player are positioned directly behind the corresponding non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls. 11. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the operations further comprise: gradually increasing a transparency of the image within the web browser on the display device. 12. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the transparency is increased in discrete increments from a non-transparent state in which the media player is obscured by the image, to a partially transparent state in which the media player is partially obscured by the image, and then to a fully transparent state in which the media player is not obscured by the image. 13. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise: after the transparency is increased to fully transparent, removing the first image from the web browser on the display device. 14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: while the transparency is increasing, retrieving the video file. 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise: displaying the frame of the video file in the media player, the media player being configured to play the video file in the web browser at a position contiguous with a position of the image; wherein during the time interval between displaying the image in a non-transparent state to displaying the frame of the video file in the media player, the frame of the video file is continuously visible in the web browser on the display device. 16. A computing device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing instructions that when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: superimposing a non-functional user interface onto a frame of a video file to form an image, the non-functional user interface including non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls; displaying the image within a web browser on a display device; loading a media player into computer memory, the media player having a functional user interface including functional playback, volume, and resolution controls that are identical in appearance and position to the corresponding non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls; and displaying the functional user interface of the media player directly behind the image within the web browser on the display device, so that the functional playback, volume, and resolution controls of the media player are positioned directly behind the corresponding non-functional playback, volume, and resolution controls. 17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the operations further comprise: gradually increasing a transparency of the image within the web browser on the display device. 18. The computing device of claim 17, wherein the transparency is increased in discrete increments from a non-transparent state in which the media player is obscured by the image, to a partially transparent state in which the media player is partially obscured by the image, and then to a fully transparent state in which the media player is not obscured by the image. 19. The computing device of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise: after the transparency is increased to fully transparent, removing the first image from the web browser on the display device. 20. The computing device of claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise: while the transparency is increasing, retrieving the video file. 21. The computing device of claim 20, wherein the operations further comprise: displaying the frame of the video file in the media player, the media player being configured to play the video file in the web browser at a position contiguous with a position of the image; wherein during the time interval between displaying the image in a non-transparent state to displaying the frame of the video file in the media player, the frame of the video file is continuously visible in the web browser on the display device.",
-    "A graphics processing system comprises at least one memory device storing a plurality of pixel command threads and a plurality of vertex command threads. An arbiter coupled to the at least one memory device is provided that selects a pixel command thread from the plurality of pixel command threads and a vertex command thread from the plurality of vertex command threads. The arbiter further selects a command thread from the previously selected pixel command thread and the vertex command thread, which command thread is provided to a command processing engine capable of processing pixel command threads and vertex command threads. 1. In a graphics processing system, a method for selecting a command thread for processing, the method comprising: providing, by an input arbiter implemented by the graphics processing system, a plurality of pixel and vertex command threads to each of a first and second reservation station; selecting, by an arbiter implemented by the graphics processing system, a pixel command thread from the plurality of pixel command threads; selecting, by the arbiter, a vertex command thread from the plurality of vertex command threads; selecting, by the arbiter as the command thread, either of the pixel command thread and the vertex command thread; maintaining a state of a selected pixel command thread or vertex command thread; providing, by the arbiter, the command thread to a first command processing engine operatively connected to the arbiter; and providing, by the arbiter, either of the pixel command thread and the vertex command thread that was not selected as the command thread to a second command processing engine operatively connected to the arbiter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the pixel command thread further comprises retrieving the pixel command thread from a first portion of at least one memory device storing the plurality of pixel command threads and operatively connected to the arbiter, and wherein selecting the vertex command thread further comprises retrieving the vertex command thread from a second portion of the at least one memory device storing the plurality of vertex command threads. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein selecting the pixel command thread further comprises retrieving the pixel command thread from a first memory device storing the plurality of pixel command threads and operatively connected to the arbiter, and wherein selecting the vertex command thread further comprises retrieving the vertex command thread from a second memory device storing the plurality of vertex command threads and operatively connected to the arbiter. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the pixel command thread further comprises retrieving, as the pixel command thread, an oldest one of the plurality of pixel command threads. 5. A graphics processing system comprising: a first and second reservation station; an input arbiter operative to provide a plurality of pixel and vertex command threads to each of the first and second reservation station; at least one memory device comprising a first portion operative to store the plurality of pixel command threads and a second portion operative to store the plurality of vertex command threads; an arbiter, coupled to the at least one memory device, operable to select a pixel command thread from the plurality of pixel command threads and a vertex command thread from the plurality of vertex command threads, and further operable to select, as a command thread, either of the pixel command thread or the vertex command thread; wherein the first and second reservation stations monitor a state of a selected pixel command thread or selected vertex command thread; a first command processing engine, coupled to the arbiter, wherein the arbiter is further operable to provide the command thread to the first command processing engine; and. a second command processing engine, coupled to the arbiter, wherein the arbiter is further operable to provide either of the pixel command thread and the vertex command thread that was not selected as the command thread to the second command processing engine. 6. The graphics processing system of claim 5, wherein the first portion of the at least one memory device comprises a first memory device and the second portion of the at least one memory device comprises a second memory device. 7. The graphics processing system of claim 5, wherein a single memory device comprises the first portion and the second portion of the at least one memory device. 8. The graphics processing system of claim 5, wherein the at least one memory device comprises, for each of the plurality of pixel command threads and the plurality of vertex command threads, at least one status bit comprising any of a valid thread bit, a texture engine/ALU engine needed bit, a texture reads are outstanding bit and a waiting on texture read to complete bit.",
-    "The present disclosure includes methods and systems to assess an ability to playback media content. The system progresses through media content playback applications by communicating a query to a computer system over a computer network. The progressing is used to assess an ability of the computer system to playback media content locally. Next, the system, receives a response to the query. The response indicates an ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally. 1. A system comprising: a processor and executable instructions accessible on a computer-readable medium that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: progressing through a plurality of media content playback applications by communicating a query to a computer system over a computer network, the progressing to assess an ability of the computer system to playback media content locally; and receiving a response to the query, the response indicating an ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally, the ability of the computer system being assessed by the progressing through the plurality of media content playback applications. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise providing the computer system with a version of the media content that is appropriate for the ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally, the version of the media content comprising a media file. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the providing is transparent to a user who is associated with the computer system. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise generating a script for the media content compatible with the ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise selecting the appropriate version of the media content from a plurality of available versions of the media content. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the media content includes rich media content and comprises a video clip. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the video clip is formatted in a Windows Media Format. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer network is a wireless network. 9. A method comprising: progressing through a plurality of media content playback applications by communicating a query to a computer system over a computer network, the progressing being utilized to assess an ability of the computer system to playback media content locally; and receiving a response to the query, the response indicating an ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally, the ability of the computer system being assessed by the progressing through the plurality of media content playback applications. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising providing the computer system with a version of the media content that is appropriate for the ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally, the version of the media content comprising a media file. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the providing is transparent to a user associated with the computer system. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the progressing and the providing is automatic and without initiation from the computer system. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the providing further comprises generating a script for the media content, the media content being compatible with the ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the providing further comprises selecting the appropriate version of the media content from a plurality of available versions of the media content. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the media content includes rich media content and comprises a video clip. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the video clip is formatted in a Windows Media Format. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the media content comprises an advertisement. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the media content is provided to the computer system as a highly compressed digital file. 19. A machine-readable medium having no transitory signals and for storing instructions that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform operations comprising: progressing through a plurality of media content playback applications by communicating a query to a computer system over a computer network, the progressing to assess an ability of the computer system to playback media content locally; and receiving a response to the query, the response indicating an ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally, the ability of the computer system being assessed by the progressing through the plurality of media content playback applications. 20. The machine-readable medium of claim 19, further comprising providing the computer system with a version of the media content that is appropriate for the ability of the computer system to playback the media content locally, the version of the media content comprising a media file.",
-    "A structure consisting of at least one die embedded in a polymer matrix and surrounded by the matrix, and further consisting of at least one through via through the polymer matrix around perimeter of the die, wherein typically the at least one via has both ends exposed and where the die is surrounded by a frame of a first polymer matrix and the at least one through via passes through the frame; the die is positioned with terminals on a lower surface such that the lower surface of the chip is coplanar with a lower surface of the frame, the frame is thicker than the chip, and metal is directly attached to and covers at least part of the upper surface of the chip. 1. An embedded chip-package for coupling a die to a PCB or device, the chip package comprising: a die having a terminal face and a back face separated by a die height; the die surrounded by a frame comprising a first polymer matrix; the frame having a frame height extending between a first frame face and a second frame face that is is at least 3 micron meters thicker than the die height; wherein the gap between the die and frame is filled with a packaging material comprising a second polymer matrix having a height equal to the die height; wherein the die terminal face and the packaging material are coplanar with the first frame face; the embedded chip package further comprising a first metal layer that is at least 1 micron thick and that is directly attached to the die, packaging material and first frame surface, and wherein a second metal layer is directly attached to the die back face, second frame face and packaging material and extends as a layer that is at least 1 micron thick over the frame surface and at least 4 micron meters thick over the die and packaging material surfaces. 2. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the outer surface of the first metal layer is flat and serves as a re-distribution layer comprising elements having one end on a die terminal and a second end on the frame face area in a fan-out or fan in configuration. 3. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein an outer surface of the second metal layer is flat and at least a portion of the second metal layer attached to and over the die serves as a heat-sink to aid heat dissipation from the back-face of the die. 4. The embedded chip package of claim 2 wherein the second end of the element in the redistribution layer is selected from the group comprising BGA pads, LGA pads, wire-bond pads, flip-chip pads and is used to attach the embedded chip package to a PCB or a device. 5. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein an outer surface of the second metal layer is flat, the second metal layer comprising at least two electrically separate nets, each net comprising elements having two ends, one end on the die area and the second end on the frame area in a fan-out configuration or with as second end on the die area fan in configuration. 6. The embedded die of claim 5 wherein at least one of the ends of the elements in the second layer is a BGA pad, LGA pad, wire-bond pad or flip-chip pad for attaching the embedded chip package to a PCB or a device. 7. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the first metal layer is less than 50 microns thick and the second metal layer is less than 200 microns thick 8. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the height of said frame is up to 500 microns meters thick and is up to 50 micron meters thicker than the thickness of the die. 9. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the first polymer matrix and the second polymer matrix comprise different polymers. 10. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the first polymer matrix has a slower dry etch rate than the second polymer matrix under same dry etching conditions. 11. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the frame further comprises at least one of ceramic particulate fillers and woven glass fibers. 12. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the frame further comprises at least one metal via extending the height of the frame from the first frame face to the second frame face of the frame. 13. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the packaging material further comprises at least one of ceramic particulate fillers and chopped glass fibers. 14. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein said die terminal face contains metal terminal contacts surrounded by a dielectric passivation layer where said metal terminal contacts and said dielectric passivation layer are coplanar with the first frame face and a face of the intervening packaging material. 15. The embedded chip package of claim 14 where said metal terminal contacts comprise a metal selected from the group comprising Al, Cu, Au, W and the passivation layer is selected from the group comprising polyimides and silicon nitride. 16. The embedded chip package of claim 12 where the first metal layer is connected to a surface of at least one via on said first frame face, said via running through the frame to the second frame face. 17. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein at least some of the metal layer attached directly to the die back surface functions as a metal interconnect feature layer in a fan out configuration that couples the die back surface to the frame face. 18. The embedded chip package of claim 12 wherein the at least one metal feature layer is coupled to at least one via running through the frame from the second frame face to the first frame face. 19. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the die comprises at least one metal pad on its back face and further comprises at least one Through Silicon Via (TSV) electrically connecting the metal pad to at least one contact on the terminal face. 20. The embedded chip package of claim 12 where said metal via comprises copper. 21. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the first and second metal layer comprise copper. 22. The embedded chip package of claim 21 wherein said first and second metal layer further comprise adhesion/barrier metal layers sandwiched between the said copper and the die frame and packaging material surfaces, the adhesion/barrier layer selected from the group comprising Ti, Ta, Cr, Ti/Ta and Ti/W. 23. The embedded chip package of claim 1 wherein the die comprises at least one component selected from the group comprising analog integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits, filters, switches, flash memories, MEMS chips, sensors and Integrated Passive Devices. 24. The embedded chip package of claim 1 comprising a plurality of dies within the same frame, the dies separated by the polymer packaging material. 25. The embedded chip package of claim 1 comprising a plurality of dies separated by the polymer packaging material and by a bar of the frame. 26. The embedded chip package of claim 2 further comprising additional redistribution layers parallel to the first metal layer on an opposite side thereof from the die, and separated therefrom by a polymer dielectric material and interconnected therewith by vias. 27. The embedded chip package of claim 26 wherein a second end of an element in an outermost redistribution layer is selected from the group comprising BGA pads, LGA pads, wire-bond pads and flip-chip pads and is used to attach the embedded chip package to a PCB or a device. 28. The embedded chip package of claim 3 further comprising at least one further metal layer parallel to the die back surface and beyond the second metal layer, and separated from said second metal layer by a polymer dielectric material but interconnected to said second metal layer by at least one metallic via through the polymer dielectric material. 29. The embedded chip package of claim 28 where one end of an element in the external layer is selected from the group comprising a BGA pad, LGA pad, wire-bond pad, and flip-chip pad and is used to attach the embedded chip package to a PCB a device. 30. The embedded chip package of claim 5 further comprising at least one further metal layer parallel to the die back surface and beyond the second metal layer, and separated from said second metal layer by a polymer dielectric material but interconnected to said second metal layer by at least one metallic via through the polymer dielectric material. 31. The embedded chip package of claim 30 where one end of an element in the external layer is selected from the group comprising a BGA pad, LGA pad, wire-bond pad, and flip-chip pad and is used to attach the embedded chip package to a PCB or a device. 32. (canceled) 33. The embedded chip package of at least one of claims 4 where said device is a die, IC package, inductor, resistor, capacitor or integrated passive device. 34. The embedded chip package of at least one of claims 6 where said device is a die, IC package, inductor, resistor, capacitor or integrated passive device. 35. The embedded chip package of at least one of claims 27 where said device is a die, IC package, inductor, resistor, capacitor or integrated passive device. 36. The embedded chip package of at least one of claims 30 where said device is a die, IC package, inductor, resistor, capacitor or integrated passive device.",
-    "There is provided an electronic device includes a detachable battery pack from a casing; and a battery pack loading section in which the battery pack is loaded. The battery pack loading section includes a battery receiving surface that receives a battery and a peripheral wall that is formed at the peripheral edge of the battery receiving surface and faces the side surface of the battery. A connector to be connected to a battery terminal of the battery pack is disposed on the peripheral wall. A raised portion that is raised toward the battery pack is formed on the battery receiving surface and on the peripheral wall in the battery pack loading section. The battery pack has an elastic sealing member surrounding the battery terminal at a portion in contact with the raised portion in a manner disposed in the battery pack loading section. 1.-4. (canceled) 5. An electronic device, comprising: a casing and a battery, the battery being detachable from the casing; the casing defining a battery loading section in which the battery is loaded, the battery loading section. including a battery receiving surface that receives the battery and a wall portion that is formed to be perpendicular to the battery receiving surface and faces a surface of the battery, wherein a connector, electrically connected to a battery terminal of the battery loaded in the battery loading section, is disposed on the wall portion, a raised portion is raised toward the battery and extends around a periphery of the connector, the raised portion being in contact with the battery receiving surface and on the wall portion in the battery loading section, wherein the raised portion extends from the battery receiving surface and from the wall portion, and the battery includes an elastic sealing member extending around a periphery of the battery terminal and sealing with the battery loading section when the battery is loaded in the battery loading section, wherein the battery terminal is electrically connected to the connector when the battery is loaded in the battery loading section. 6. The electronic device according to claim 5, wherein the electronic device is a tablet terminal device. 7. The electronic device according to claim 6, wherein the tablet terminal device includes first and second major surfaces, a display screen being on a side corresponding to the first major surface, the battery loading section being disposed on a side corresponding to the second major surface that is opposite the display screen. 8. The electronic device according to claim 5, wherein a major surface of the battery serves as an outer surface of the casing.",
-    "A method is disclosed for detecting packet at a receiving system in a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) system. The method starts with receiving a signal at the receiving system. Then a deviation value of the signal is computed, where the deviation value is computed at least partially based on phase differences between some number of carriers in the preamble. The deviation value is compared with a threshold to determine whether a packet has been detected from the received signal. In response to the determination that a packet has been detected, a symbol offset is computed optionally, where the symbol offset indicates a number of sample points from a beginning of a symbol. 1. A machine-implemented method of detecting packets at a receiving system in a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) system, wherein packets are transmitted through the MCM system, wherein each transmitted packet includes a preamble for packet detection, wherein the preamble for each packet consists of a number of carriers without modulation, wherein each carrier contains an initial phase, and wherein the number of carriers are transmitted in a plurality of a symbol duration, the method comprising: receiving a signal at the receiving system; computing a deviation value of the signal, wherein the deviation value is computed at least partially based on phase differences between some number of carriers in the preamble; and comparing the deviation value with a threshold to determine whether a packet has been detected from the received signal. 2. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the phase differences are between pairs of immediately adjacent carriers. 3. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble includes removing initial phase differences of the some number of carriers. 4. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the deviation value computation includes summing up the phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble. 5. The machine-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the summing up the phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble includes forming a weighted average of the phase differences. 6. The machine-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the deviation value computation includes computing a deviation from the weighted average of the phase differences. 7. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the number of carriers is no less than 18. 8. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the MCM system is a power line communication (PLC) system. 9. The machine-implemented method of claim 8, wherein the PLC system complies with G3-Power Line Communication (PLC) physical layer specification. 10. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising computing a symbol offset in response to the determination that a packet has been detected, wherein the symbol offset indicates a number of sample points from a beginning of a symbol. 11. The machine-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the computing the symbol offset includes forming a weighted average of the phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble. 12. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the MCM system is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system. 13. An apparatus implemented as a receiving system in a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) system, wherein traffic is modulated as packets transmitted through the MCM system, wherein each transmitted packet includes a preamble for packet detection, wherein the preamble for each packet consists of a number of carriers without modulation, and wherein each carrier contains an initial phase, the apparatus comprising: a signal interface logic configured to receive signals; a phase deviation processor configured to compute a deviation value of the signal, wherein the deviation value is computed at least partially based on phase differences between some number of carriers in the preamble, and the phase deviation processor further configured to compare the deviation value obtained with a threshold to determine whether a packet has been detected from the received signal; and a setting database configured to store the threshold. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein deviation computation processor comprises: a delta computation logic configured to remove initial phase differences of the some number of carriers. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the deviation value computation includes summing up the phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the summing up the phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble includes forming a weighted average of the phase differences. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the deviation value computation includes computing a deviation from the weighted average of the phase differences. 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the number of carriers is larger than 18. 19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the MCM system is a power line communication (PLC) system. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the PLC system complies with G3-Power Line Communication (PLC) physical layer specification. 21. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a symbol offset computing logic configured to compute a sample offset in response to the determination that a packet has been detected, wherein the symbol offset indicates a number of sample points from a beginning of a symbol. 22. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the MCM system is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system.",
-    "The displacement device includes a guide carriage that is slidable along a running rail and that is pivotally connectable to a first separation element. The guide carriage includes a carriage body with a carriage head and a carriage foot, which carriage head and carriage foot are connected with one another by a connecting beam, wherein the carriage head holds at least one support wheel and at least two guide wheels and wherein the carriage foot is connected torque proof with a first end piece of a hinge lever, whose second end piece is pivotally held by a hinge shaft that is connectable to a sidewall of the first separation element. 1. Device for pivotally connecting a 1st and a 2nd separation element with one another with at least one pair of hinges with a 1st hinge and a 2nd hinge connected to one another; said 1st hinge comprising a 1st hinge lever provided on the 1st separation element and said 2nd hinge comprising a 2nd hinge lever; said 1st hinge lever connected on one side to a mounting element that is firmly connectable to a 1st side of the 1st separation element and on the other side is pivotally connectable to a common hinge element, which is held between the 1st and the 2nd separation element; said 2nd hinge lever connected on one side to a mounting element that is firmly connectable to a 1st side of the 2nd separation element and on the other side is pivotally connectable to said common hinge element; said 1st hinge lever and 2nd hinge lever being bent such that the common hinge element is held distant from a plane that is formed by the 1st sides of the 1st and 2nd separation element, when they are longitudinally aligned, and that the common hinge element is held between the planes of the 1st sides of the 1st and 2nd separation element, when and they are aligned in parallel. 2. Connecting device according to claim 1, wherein the common hinge element is held between the planes of 1st sides of the 1st and 2nd separation element and in front of the 1st and 2nd separation element, when they are aligned in parallel. 3. Connecting device according to claim 1, wherein the common hinge element extends along and in parallel to the front edges of the 1st and 2nd separation element. 4. Connecting device according to claim 1, wherein the common hinge element comprises an articulated shaft that forms a common pivot axis for the 1st and the 2nd hinge lever. 5. Connecting device according to claim 1, wherein one of the 1st or 2nd hinge lever each comprise a 1st end piece that is connected to said articulated shaft and wherein one of the 1st end pieces of the 1st and 2nd hinge lever is recessed in such a way that the first end pieces of the 1st and 2nd hinge lever can be aligned in parallel when turned against one another. 6. Connecting device according to claim 5, wherein the 1st and 2nd hinge levers are L-shaped. 7. Connecting device according to claim 5, wherein the recessed end piece of the 1st or 2nd hinge levers comprises two L-shaped lever members that delimit a recess on opposite sides. 8. Connecting device according to claim 4, wherein the common hinge element comprises an intermediate bracket that is connected to the articulated shaft and that extends along and in parallel to the front edges of the 1st and 2nd separation element. 9. Connecting device according to claim 8, wherein at least one clamp is attached to the articulated shaft, that engages in a form locking manner into an intermediate bracket. 10. Connecting device according to claim 9, wherein at least one wedge-shaped clamp element engages in a form locking manner into the intermediate bracket, is slidably held in the intermediate bracket, is locked by locking means, and exhibits an axial bore, in which the articulated shaft is held. 11. Connecting device according to claim 9, wherein the locking means comprise a bridge-shaped locking element and wherein the wedge shaped clamp comprises a threaded bore, in which a locking screw is held, with which the wedge shaped clamp is pulled against the bridge-shaped locking element. 12. Connecting device according to claim 1, wherein a holding element is attached to the common hinge element. 13. Displacement device for displacing a 1st and a 2nd separation element which are pivotally connected with one another by a connecting device according to claim 1. 14. Displacement device according to claim 13, with a guide carriage that is slidable along a running rail and that is pivotally connected to the 1st separation element, wherein the guide carriage comprises a carriage body with a carriage head and a carriage foot, which carriage head and carriage foot are connected with one another by a connecting beam, wherein the carriage head holds at least one support wheel and at least two guide wheels and wherein the carriage foot is connected torque proof with a first end piece of a hinge lever, whose second end piece is pivotally held by a hinge shaft that is connectable to a sidewall of the first separation element.",
-    "The present invention, provides a flow cytometry apparatus for the detection of particles from a plurality of samples comprising: means for moving a plurality of samples comprising particles from a plurality of respective source wells into a fluid flow stream; means for introducing a separation gas between each of the plurality of samples in the fluid flow stream; and means for selectively analyzing each of the plurality of samples for the particles. The present invention also provides a flow cytometry method employing such an apparatus. 1-45. (canceled) 46. A flow cytometry apparatus comprising: a flow cytometer; and a fluid moving assembly including a mechanism juxtaposable to a sample source and further including a single length of conduit or tubing extending, without valves or junctions, from said mechanism to and through said flow cytometer, said fluid moving assembly being configured for generating and moving, from said sample source to and through said flow cytometer, a fluid-separated sample flow stream, said fluid-separated sample flow stream including a plurality of separated samples and separation fluid, said flow cytometer being configured to focus and detect said sample flow stream and to selectively analyze particles in each of said plurality of separated samples as said sample flow stream passes through said flow cytometer. 47. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 46, further comprising an autosampler including a probe, further comprising means for exposing a probe tip of said probe to a jet of gas to remove liquid from said probe tip. 48. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 46 wherein said single length of conduit or tubing is a high speed multi-sample tube. 49. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 46 wherein said single length of conduit or tubing has an internal diameter of approximately 0.02 inches. 50. The flow cytometry apparatus of claim 46 wherein said separation fluid is a gas.",
-    "A vertical-mode tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is provided with an oxide region that may be laterally positioned relative to a source region. The oxide region operates to reduce a tunneling effect in a tunnel region underlying a drain region, during an OFF-state of the TFET. The reduction in tunneling effect results in a reduction or elimination of a flow of OFF-state leakage current between the source region and the drain region. The TFET may have components made from group III-V compound materials. 1. An electrical component, comprising: a first layer including a source region and an oxide region, the oxide region being positioned laterally relative to the source region and the oxide region is different from a gate oxide layer; a second layer on top of and in contact with the first layer, the second layer including a tunnel region, wherein the tunnel region is positioned to overlay a portion of the source region and substantially an entirety of the oxide region; a third layer on top of a portion of the second layer, the portion of the second layer positioned at least partially on top of the oxide region, the third layer including a channel region; and a fourth layer on top of and in contact with the third layer, the fourth layer including a drain region. 2. The electrical component of claim 1, wherein the fourth layer includes a first width and the oxide region includes a second width, and the first width is 3% to 30% larger than the second width. 3. The electrical component of claim 1, wherein the fourth layer includes a first width and the oxide region includes a second width, and the second width is 3% to 30% larger than the first width. 4. The electrical component of claim 1, wherein the drain region, the channel region the tunnel region, and the source region are each made from a group compound material. 5. The electrical component of claim 1, wherein the tunnel region includes indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), the drain region includes aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) or aluminum indium arsenide (AlInAs), the source region includes aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) or aluminum indium arsenide (AlInAs), the channel region includes aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) or aluminum indium arsenide (AlInAs), and the oxide region includes aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) that has been oxidized to form aluminum oxide (AlO2). 6. The electrical component of claim 1, wherein the oxide region is positioned to operate as an insulator to reduce an OFF-state leakage current flow through the tunnel region. 7. The electrical component of claim 6, wherein the oxide region enables a thickness of the channel region to be approximately 1 nm-50 nm so as to provide a subthreshold swing of less than 60 mV/decade. 8. A tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET), comprising: a source region and an oxide region, the oxide region being positioned laterally relative to the source region; a tunnel region on top of and in contact with the source region and the oxide region, wherein the tunnel region is positioned to overlay a portion of the source region and substantially an entirety of the oxide region; a passivation layer on top of and in contact with the tunnel region; a channel region on top of and in contact with a portion of the passivation layer, the channel region positioned at least partially on top of the oxide region; and a drain region on top of and in contact with the channel region. 9. The TFET of claim 8, wherein the drain region includes a first width and the oxide region includes a second width, and the first width is 3% to 30% larger than the second width. 10. The TFET of claim 8, wherein the drain region includes a first width and the oxide region includes a second width, and the second width is 3% to 30% larger than the first width. 11. The TFET of claim 8, wherein the drain region, the channel region, the tunnel region, and the source region are each made from a group III-V compound material. 12. The TFET of claim 8, wherein: the tunnel region includes a heavily doped group III-V compound material of a first conductivity type; the passivation layer includes a compound material of the first conductivity type; the channel region includes a lightly doped group III-V compound material of the first conductivity type; the drain region includes a heavily doped group III-V compound material of the first conductivity type; the source region includes a heavily doped group III-V compound material of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type: and the oxide region includes a group III-V compound material that has been oxidized. 13. The TFET of claim 12, wherein the first conductivity type is an n-type material, and wherein the second conductivity type is a p-type material. 14. The TFET of claim 12, wherein the first conductivity type is an n-type material, and wherein the second conductivity type is a p-type material; and the group III-V compound material of the oxide region includes aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) that has been oxidized to form aluminum oxide (AlO2). 15. The TFET of claim 11, wherein the oxide region is positioned to operate as an insulator to reduce an OFF-state leakage current flow through the tunnel region. 16. The TFET of claim 15, wherein the oxide region enables a thickness of the channel region to be approximately 1 nm-50 nm so as to provide a subthreshold swing of less than 60 mV/decade. 17. A process to manufacture a tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET), the process comprising: forming a source layer over a substrate; forming a tunnel layer over the source layer; forming a channel layer over the tunnel layer; forming a drain layer over the channel layer; etching away respective first portions of the drain layer, the channel layer, the tunnel layer, and the source layer at a first end of the substrate to expose the substrate; and laterally oxidizing a second portion of the source layer to form an oxide region in the second portion of the source layer, the second portion of the source layer being at the first end of the substrate, the oxide region underlying the tunnel layer, the channel layer, and the drain layer and being laterally positioned relative to an un-oxidized third portion of the source layer. 18. The process of claim 17, further comprising: prior to forming the channel layer over the tunnel layer, forming a passivation layer over the tunnel layer, wherein forming the channel layer over the tunnel layer includes forming the channel layer over the passivation layer; etching away a first portion of the passivation layer at the first end of the substrate; etching away respective second portions of the drain layer, the channel layer, the passivation layer, and the tunnel layer at a second end of the substrate to expose the source layer and form a source region from the exposed source layer and form a tunnel region from the tunnel layer; and etching respective third portions of the drain layer and the channel layer to form a drain region from the drain layer and to form a channel region from the channel layer. 19. The process of claim 18, further comprising: forming a gate oxide layer that at least partially covers the source region, the passivation layer, the tunnel region, the channel region, and the drain region; forming a gate region over the gate oxide layer and that overlaps at least some of the tunnel region and at least some of the channel region; and forming a source contact on the source region; and forming a drain contact on the drain region. 20. The process of claim 17, wherein the oxide region includes a group III-V compound material that has been oxidized by said laterally oxidizing.",
-    "An approach is provided for predicting an exception during debugging of software code before the debugging encounters the exception. A number of lines X is received. A line number L of the code is debugged. In a new thread, upcoming lines consisting of line numbers L+1 through L+X are executed. Based on the execution of the upcoming lines, a prediction is determined that the exception will be encountered at line number M, which is within a range of line numbers L+1 and L+X. Based on the prediction and the line number being within the range, a warning is displayed that the exception is likely to be encountered at line number M. Responsive to the displayed warning, an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the exception is received. 1. A method of predicting an exception during a debugging of software code before the debugging encounters the exception, the method comprising the steps of: a computer receiving a number (X) of lines of the software code; the computer debugging a current line number L of the software code; the computer executing upcoming lines of the software code consisting of at least line number (L+1) through line number (L+X) of the software code; based on the upcoming lines of the software code being executed, the computer predicting that the exception will be encountered at line number M of the software code and determining the line number M is within a range of line number (L+1) through line number (L+X), inclusively; based on the exception being predicted to be encountered at the line number M and the line number M being within the range of line number (L+1) through line (L+X), inclusively, and during the debugging of the current line number L, the computer displaying a warning that the exception is likely to be encountered at line number M; and responsive to the displayed warning, the computer receiving an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the exception. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: the computer receiving a type of an exception; and the computer determining the predicted exception is of the type received, wherein the step of displaying the warning is further based on the predicted exception being of the type received. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: the computer locally changing a variable in a function to multiple values, the function included in the upcoming lines; the computer analyzing a result of repeated performances of the step of executing the upcoming lines, each performance of the step of executing the upcoming lines corresponding to a respective value in the multiple values; and based on the analyzed result, the computer predicting multiple possible exceptions resulting from the multiple values to which the variable had been locally changed. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: the computer receiving a number (Y) of lines of the software code; the computer debugging a current line number A of the software code; the computer determining that a specified block of the software code begins within a range of a line number (A+1) of the software code and a line number (A+Y) of the software code and ends at a line number (A+Y+Z), which is after line number (A+Y); the computer executing in a new thread other upcoming lines of the software code consisting of at least line number (A+1) through line number (A+Y+Z) of the software code; based on the other upcoming lines of the software code being executed in the new thread, the computer predicting that another exception will be encountered at line number N of the software code and determining the line number N is within a range of line number (A+1) through line number (A+Y+Z), inclusively; based on the exception being predicted to be encountered at the line number N and the line number N being within the range of line number (A+1) through line (A+Y+Z), inclusively, and during the debugging of the current line number A, the computer displaying a warning that the other exception is likely to be encountered at line number N; and the computer receiving an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the other exception. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of receiving the indication that the corrective action was taken is performed without being in response to a second debugging of the software code, wherein the second debugging reproduces the exception and is subsequent to the debugging of the software code. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of executing the upcoming lines of the software code includes copying variable data into temporary variables and executing the upcoming lines of the software code by using the temporary variables, wherein the step of copying avoids affecting a normal flow of the debugging of the software code. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: the computer determining that an execution of the upcoming lines includes an action of input/output (I/O); based on the action of I/O being included in the execution of the upcoming lines, the computer copying a stream in which the action of I/O is performed; and the computer undoing the action of I/O after performing the step of executing the upcoming lines. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: providing at least one support service for at least one of creating, integrating, hosting, maintaining, and deploying computer-readable program code in the computer, the program code being executed by a processor of the computer to implement the steps of receiving the number of lines, debugging the current line number, executing the upcoming lines, predicting that the exception will be encountered at the line number M, determining the line number M is within the range, displaying the warning, and receiving the indication that the corrective action was taken. 9. A computer program product, comprising: a computer-readable storage device; and a computer-readable program code stored in the computer-readable storage device, the computer-readable program code containing instructions that are executed by a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system to implement a method of predicting an exception during debugging of software code before the debugging encounters the exception, the method comprising the steps of: the computer system receiving a number (X) of lines of the software code; the computer system debugging a current line number L of the software code; the computer system executing upcoming lines of the software code consisting of at least line number (L+1) through line number (L+X) of the software code; based on the upcoming lines of the software code being executed, the computer system predicting that the exception will be encountered at line number M of the software code and determining the line number M is within a range of line number (L+1) through line number (L+X), inclusively; based on the exception being predicted to be encountered at the line number M and the line number M being within the range of line number (L+1) through line (L+X), inclusively, and during the debugging of the current line number L, the computer system displaying a warning that the exception is likely to be encountered at line number M; and responsive to the displayed warning, the computer system receiving an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the exception. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: the computer system receiving a type of an exception; and the computer system determining the predicted exception is of the type received, wherein the step of displaying the warning is further based on the predicted exception being of the type received. 11. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: the computer system locally changing a variable in a function to multiple values, the function included in the upcoming lines; the computer system analyzing a result of repeated performances of the step of executing the upcoming lines, each performance of the step of executing the upcoming lines corresponding to a respective value in the multiple values; and based on the analyzed result, the computer system predicting multiple possible exceptions resulting from the multiple values to which the variable had been locally changed. 12. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: the computer system receiving a number (Y) of lines of the software code; the computer system debugging a current line number A of the software code; the computer system determining that a specified block of the software code begins within a range of a line number (A+1) of the software code and a line number (A+Y) of the software code and ends at a line number (A+Y+Z), which is after line number (A+Y); the computer system executing in a new thread other upcoming lines of the software code consisting of at least line number (A+1) through line number (A+Y+Z) of the software code; based on the other upcoming lines of the software code being executed in the new thread, the computer system predicting that another exception will be encountered at line number N of the software code and determining the line number N is within a range of line number (A+1) through line number (A+Y+Z), inclusively; based on the exception being predicted to be encountered at the line number N and the line number N being within the range of line number (A+1) through line (A+Y+Z), inclusively, and during the debugging of the current line number A, the computer system displaying a warning that the other exception is likely to be encountered at line number N; and the computer system receiving an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the other exception. 13. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the step of receiving the indication that the corrective action was taken is performed without being in response to a second debugging of the software code, wherein the second debugging reproduces the exception and is subsequent to the debugging of the software code. 14. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the step of executing the upcoming lines of the software code includes copying variable data into temporary variables and executing the upcoming lines of the software code by using the temporary variables, wherein the step of copying avoids affecting a normal flow of the debugging of the software code. 15. A computer system comprising: a central processing unit (CPU); a memory coupled to the CPU; and a computer readable storage device coupled to the CPU, the storage device containing instructions that are executed by the CPU via the memory to implement a method of predicting an exception during debugging of software code before the debugging encounters the exception, the method comprising the steps of: the computer system receiving a number (X) of lines of the software code; the computer system debugging a current line number L of the software code; the computer system executing upcoming lines of the software code consisting of at least line number (L+1) through line number (L+X) of the software code; based on the upcoming lines of the software code being executed, the computer system predicting that the exception will be encountered at line number M of the software code and determining the line number M is within a range of line number (L+1) through line number (L+X), inclusively; based on the exception being predicted to be encountered at the line number M and the line number M being within the range of line number (L+1) through line (L+X), inclusively, and during the debugging of the current line number L, the computer system displaying a warning that the exception is likely to be encountered at line number M; and responsive to the displayed warning, the computer system receiving an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the exception. 16. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: the computer system receiving a type of an exception; and the computer system determining the predicted exception is of the type received, wherein the step of displaying the warning is further based on the predicted exception being of the type received. 17. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: the computer system locally changing a variable in a function to multiple values, the function included in the upcoming lines; the computer system analyzing a result of repeated performances of the step of executing the upcoming lines, each performance of the step of executing the upcoming lines corresponding to a respective value in the multiple values; and based on the analyzed result, the computer system predicting multiple possible exceptions resulting from the multiple values to which the variable had been locally changed. 18. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises the steps of: the computer system receiving a number (Y) of lines of the software code; the computer system debugging a current line number A of the software code; the computer system determining that a specified block of the software code begins within a range of a line number (A+1) of the software code and a line number (A+Y) of the software code and ends at a line number (A+Y+Z), which is after line number (A+Y); the computer system executing in a new thread other upcoming lines of the software code consisting of at least line number (A+1) through line number (A+Y+Z) of the software code; based on the other upcoming lines of the software code being executed in the new thread, the computer system predicting that another exception will be encountered at line number N of the software code and determining the line number N is within a range of line number (A+1) through line number (A+Y+Z), inclusively; based on the exception being predicted to be encountered at the line number N and the line number N being within the range of line number (A+1) through line (A+Y+Z), inclusively, and during the debugging of the current line number A, the computer system displaying a warning that the other exception is likely to be encountered at line number N; and the computer system receiving an indication that a corrective action was taken to avoid the other exception. 19. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the step of receiving the indication that the corrective action was taken is performed without being in response to a second debugging of the software code, wherein the second debugging reproduces the exception and is subsequent to the debugging of the software code. 20. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the step of executing the upcoming lines of the software code includes copying variable data into temporary variables and executing the upcoming lines of the software code by using the temporary variables, wherein the step of copying avoids affecting a normal flow of the debugging of the software code.",
-    "A method is disclosed for detecting packet at a receiving system in a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) system. The method starts with receiving a signal at the receiving system. Then during the plurality of symbol durations, a set of phases of the signal for each symbol duration is obtained, where each phase is a phase of a carrier of the number of carriers. Then a set of phase variances for each carrier of the number of carriers is obtained, where each phase variance is a difference of phases of a carrier in different symbol durations. Then a phase variance value based on the set of phase variances is computed and it is compared with a threshold to determine whether a packet has been detected from the received signal. 1. A machine-implemented method of detecting packets at a receiving system in a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) system, wherein packets are transmitted through the MCM system, wherein each transmitted packet includes a preamble for packet detection, wherein the preamble for each packet consists of a number of carriers without modulation, and wherein the number of carriers are transmitted in a plurality of symbol durations, the method comprising: receiving a signal at the receiving system; during the plurality of symbol durations, obtaining a set of phases of the signal for each symbol duration, wherein each phase is a phase of a carrier of the number of carriers; obtaining a set of phase variances for each carrier of the number of carriers, wherein each phase variance is a difference of phases of a carrier in different symbol durations; computing a phase variance value based on the set of phase variances; comparing the phase variance value with a threshold to determine whether a packet has been detected from the received signal. 2. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each phase variance of the set of phase variances is a difference of phases of the carrier in adjacent symbol durations. 3. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each phase variance of the set of phase variances is an absolute value of differences of phases of the carrier in different symbol durations. 4. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein each phase variance of the set of phase variances is a root mean square (RMS) value of differences of phases of the carrier in different symbol durations. 5. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the computing the phase variance value includes forming a weighted average of the set of phase variances. 6. The machine-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the computing the phase variance value includes computing a deviation from the weighted average of the set of phase variances. 7. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the computing the phase variance value includes selecting a subset of the set of phase variances. 8. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the number of carriers is no more than 18. 9. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the MCM system is a power line communication (PLC) system. 10. The machine-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the PLC system utilizes frequency bands within 95-140 kHz in compliance with the European Committee for Electro technical Standardization (CENELEC) standards. 11. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising computing a symbol offset in response to the determination that a packet has been detected, wherein the symbol offset indicates a number of sample points from a beginning of a symbol. 12. The machine-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the computing the symbol offset includes forming a weighted average of phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble. 13. The machine-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the MCM system is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system. 14. An apparatus implemented as a receiving system in a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) system, wherein traffic is modulated as packet transmitted through the MCM system, wherein each transmitted packet includes a preamble for packet detection, wherein the preamble for each packet consists of a number of carriers without modulation, and wherein each carrier contains an initial phase, the apparatus comprising: a signal interface logic configured to receive signals; a phase variance processor configured to obtain a set of phases of the signal for each symbol duration, wherein each phase is a phase of a carrier of the number of carriers during the plurality of a symbol duration, obtain a set of phase variances for each carrier of the number of carriers, wherein each phase variance is a difference of phases of a carrier in different symbol durations, compute a phase variance value based on the set of phase variances, and compare the phase variance value with a threshold to determine whether a packet has been detected from the received signal; and a setting database configured to store the threshold. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein each phase variance of the set of phase variance is a difference of phases of the carrier in adjacent symbol durations. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the computing the phase variance value includes forming a weighted average of the set of phase variances. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the computing the phase variance value includes computing a deviation from the weighted average of the set of phase variances. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the computing the phase variance value includes selecting a subset of the set of phase variances. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the number of carriers is no more than 18. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the MCM system is a power line communication (PLC) system. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the PLC system utilizes frequency bands within 95-148.5 kHz in compliance with the European Committee for Electro technical Standardization (CENELEC) standards. 22. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: an symbol offset computing logic configured to compute a symbol offset in response to the determination that a packet has been detected, wherein the symbol offset indicates a number of sample points from a beginning of a symbol. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the computing the symbol offset includes forming a weighted average of phase differences between the some number of carriers in the preamble. 24. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the MCM system is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system.",
-    "An exercise mat including a material sized and shaped to support at least one user body part thereon, the material having an upper planar surface, a single starting point representing a number zero on the upper planar surface, and at least two series of sequential integers disposed on the upper planar surface and extending from the single starting point. Each of the at least two series of sequential integers corresponding to a coordinate and placement site for a body part of a user to facilitate measurement of a linear distance along the upper planar surface 1. An exercise mat comprising: a material sized and shaped to support at least one user body part thereon, the material having: an upper planar surface; a single starting point representing a number zero on the upper planar surface; and at least two series of sequential integers disposed on the upper planar surface and extending from the single starting point, each of the at least two series of sequential integers corresponding to a coordinate and placement site for a body part of a user to facilitate measurement of a linear distance along the upper planar surface. 2. The exercise mat according to claim 1, wherein: the at least two series of sequential integers are removably coupled to the upper planar surface. 3. The exercise mat according to claim 1, wherein: the upper planar surface is divided into at least two quadrants, the at least two quadrants being mirror images of each other. 4. The exercise mat according to claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of horizontal grid lines disposed on the upper planar surface; and a plurality of vertical grid lines each intersecting the plurality of horizontal grid lines to form the coordinate. 5. The exercise mat according to claim 1, wherein: the at least two series of sequential integers are equidistantly spaced from each other. 6. An exercise mat comprising: a material sized and shaped to support at least one user body part thereon, the material having: an upper planar surface; a single starting point on the upper planar surface; a plurality of sequential integers disposed on the upper planar surface and extending from the single starting point; and a plurality of location indicia corresponding to each of the plurality of sequential integers and representing a reference spot for placement of a body part of a user. 7. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the upper planar surface includes at least two quadrants; and the plurality of sequential integers in a first one of the at least two quadrants are a mirror image of the plurality of sequential integers in a second one of the at least two quadrants. 8. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the plurality of sequential integers are equidistantly spaced from each other. 9. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the plurality of location indicia include at least one horizontal line intersecting at least one vertical line to form the reference spot. 10. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the plurality of location indicia include the reference spot disposed on a horizontal plane and a vertical plane. 11. The exercise mat according to claim 6, further comprising: the single starting point disposed on a center portion of the upper planar surface. 12. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the single starting point is a number zero. 13. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the upper planar surface includes a sequence of four quadrants. 14. The exercise mat according to claim 6, wherein: the plurality of sequential integers are removably coupled to the upper planar surface. 15. An exercise system for measuring poses comprising: a device for supporting at least one user body part thereon, the device having: an upper planar surface including a single starting point representing a zero point, a plurality of horizontal integers disposed on the upper planar surface and extending in a direction away from the single starting point, the plurality of horizontal integers corresponding to a horizontal plane of a measurement spot for placement of a user's body part; and a plurality of vertical integers disposed on the upper planar surface and extending in a direction away from the single starting point, the plurality of vertical integers corresponding to a vertical plane of a measurement spot for placement of a user's body part. 16. The exercise system according to claim 15, wherein: the upper planar surface includes at least two halves, each of the at least two halves being mirror images of each other. 17. The exercise system according to claim 15, further comprising: a plurality of horizontal lines extending from the plurality of horizontal integers; and a plurality of vertical lines extending from the plurality of vertical integers, at least one of the plurality of vertical lines intersecting at least one of the plurality of horizontal lines to form the measurement spot. 18. The exercise system according to claim 15, wherein: the plurality of horizontal integers and the plurality of vertical integers are removably coupled to the upper planar surface. 19. The exercise system according to claim 15, wherein: the plurality of horizontal integers are equidistantly spaced from each other; and the plurality of vertical integers are equidistantly spaced from each other. 20. The exercise system according to claim 15, wherein: the measurement spot is represented by a single measurement point independent of a measurement line.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a selective delivery molecule comprising: (a) an acidic sequence (portion A) which is effective to inhibit or prevent the uptake into cells or tissue retention, (b) a molecular transport or retention sequence (portion B), and (c) a linker between portion A and portion B, and (d) at least one cargo moiety. 1.-238. (canceled) 239. A selective delivery molecule according to SDM-25: 240. A method of visualizing a tissue of interest in an individual in need thereof, comprising: i) administering to the individual a selective delivery molecule according to SDM-25: and ii) visualizing at least one of the imaging agents. 241. The method of claim 240, wherein the tissue of interest is cancerous tissue. 242. The method of claim 240, wherein the tissue of interest is: breast cancer tissue, colorectal cancer tissue, squamous cell carcinoma tissue, skin cancer tissue, prostate cancer tissue, melanoma tissue, thyroid cancer tissue, ovarian cancer tissue, cancerous lymph node tissue, cervical cancer tissue, lung cancer tissue, pancreatic cancer tissue, head and neck cancer tissue, esophageal cancer tissue, or sarcoma. 243. The method of claim 240, wherein the tissue of interest is breast or colon cancer tissue. 244. The method of claim 240, further comprising surgically removing the tissue of interest from the individual. 245. The method of claim 244, wherein the surgical margin surrounding the tissue of interest is decreased. 246. The method of claim 244, further comprising preparing a tissue sample from the removed tissue of interest. 247. The method of claim 240, wherein the imaging agents are detected by a camera system. 248. The method of claim 240, wherein the molecule is administered intravenously. 249. The method of claim 240, wherein the tissue of interest is visualized intraoperatively. 250. The method of claim 240, wherein a pathologist locates a tissue of interest based on visualizing the imaging agents. 251. The method of claim 240, wherein the visualizing is used to guide surgery, to stage cancer tissue, or to stage lymph nodes. 252. The method of claim 240, wherein the visualizing allows a surgeon to minimize the removal of healthy tissue. 253. A method of delivering a pair of imaging agents to a tissue of interest, comprising contacting the tissue of interest with a selective delivery molecule according to SDM-25: 254. The method of claim 253, wherein the tissue is: breast cancer tissue, colorectal cancer tissue, squamous cell carcinoma tissue, skin cancer tissue, prostate cancer tissue, melanoma tissue, thyroid cancer tissue, ovarian cancer tissue, cancerous lymph node tissue, cervical cancer tissue, lung cancer tissue, pancreatic cancer tissue, head and neck cancer tissue, esophageal cancer tissue, or sarcoma. 255. A tissue sample comprising (a) a tissue, and (b) a selective delivery molecule of claim 239. 256. The tissue sample of claim 255, wherein the tissue sample is a pathology slide or section. 257. The tissue sample of claim 255, wherein the tissue is cancerous tissue. 258. The tissue sample of claim 255, wherein the tissue is: breast cancer tissue, colorectal cancer tissue, squamous cell carcinoma tissue, skin cancer tissue, prostate cancer tissue, melanoma tissue, thyroid cancer tissue, ovarian cancer tissue, cancerous lymph node tissue, cervical cancer tissue, lung cancer tissue, pancreatic cancer tissue, head and neck cancer tissue, esophageal cancer tissue, or sarcoma.",
-    "Techniques for electronic signature process management are described. Some embodiments provide an electronic signature service (\u201cESS\u201d) configured to associate third-party content with electronic signature documents by way of dynamic form fields. A dynamic form field is associated with a data store and an electronic signature document. The ESS may automatically populate the dynamic form field with data obtained from the associated data store. If a signer changes the data of the dynamic form field, the ESS may write back the changed data to the data store. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A computing system configured to facilitate management of electronic signature documents, the computing system comprising: one or more processors; one or more memory devices; and a module executable via the one or more processors using instructions stored by the one or more memory devices, to perform operations including: receiving an electronic document and configuration data for the electronic document from a first user via a user interface of an electronic document transaction service, the configuration data including one or more dynamic form fields comprising unpopulated fields of the electronic document, the one or more dynamic form fields mapped to an associated external data store; and in response to a request to access the electronic document from a second user, automatically populating the one or more dynamic form fields with current data associated with the second user obtained from the associated external data store; in response to populating the one or more dynamic form fields, presenting the electronic document including the one or more dynamic form fields populated with the current user data associated with the second user to the second user for signature; and receiving an indication of the second user applying an electronic signature to the electronic document. 22. The computing system of claim 21, wherein the module is further configured to perform operations including in response to receiving the indication of the second user applying the electronic signature determining whether the second user updated any of the user data in the one or more dynamic form fields; and in response to determining that the second user updated at least a portion of the user data, transmitting data from the one ore more dynamic form fields updated by the second user back to the external data store. 23. The computing system of claim 21, wherein the module is further configured to perform operations including: receiving access credentials associated with the external data store; and obtaining the current user data associated with the second user from the external data store using the received access credentials. 24. The computing system of claim 21, wherein presenting the electronic document to the second user includes transmitting an image representative of a portion of the electronic document along with a module that represents the one or more dynamic form fields and that is configured to receive input data from the second user and to transmit the received input data to the computing system. 25. The computing system of claim 21, wherein the module is further configured to perform operations including: identifying a schema associated with the external data store associating one or more additional dynamic form fields with the one or more dynamic form fields of the electronic document configuration data received from the first user; automatically populating the one or more additional dynamic form fields with the current user data associated with the second user obtained from the associated external data store; and presenting the electronic document including the one or more additional dynamic form fields populated with the current user data associated with the second user to the second user for signature. 26. The computing system of claim 21, wherein the configuration data for the electronic document received from the first user comprises a specification of data types for the one or more dynamic form fields mapped to the associated data store that provides data values for the one or more dynamic form fields. 27. The computing system of claim 21, wherein presenting the electronic signature document to the second user includes transmitting an image of a portion of the electronic signature document along with a signature control to receive the indication of the second user applying the electronic signature to the electronic document. 28. A method configured to facilitate management of electronic signature documents, the method comprising: receiving, using one or more processors executing within a computing device, an electronic document and configuration data for the electronic document from a first user via a user interface of an electronic document transaction service, the configuration data including one or more dynamic form fields comprising unpopulated fields of the electronic document, the one or more dynamic form fields mapped to an associated external data store; and in response to receiving a request to access the electronic document from a second user, automatically populating the one or more dynamic form fields with current data associated with the second user obtained from the associated external data store; in response to populating the one or more dynamic form fields, presenting the electronic document including the one or more dynamic form fields populated with the current user data associated with the second user to the second user for signature; and receiving an indication of the second user applying an electronic signature to the electronic document. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: in response to receiving the indication of the second user applying the electronic signature determining whether the second user updated any of the user data in the one or more dynamic form fields; and in response to determining that the second user updated at least a portion of the user data, transmitting data from the one ore more dynamic form fields updated by the second user back to the external data store. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the automatically populating the one or more dynamic form fields further includes: receiving access credentials associated with the external data store; and obtaining the current user data associated with the second user from the external data store using the received access credentials. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein presenting the electronic document to the second user includes transmitting an image representative of a portion of the electronic document along with a module that represents the one or more dynamic form fields and that is configured to receive input data from the second user and to transmit the received input data to the computing system. 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising: identifying a schema associated with the external data store associating one or more additional dynamic form fields with the one or more dynamic form fields of the electronic document configuration data received from the first user; automatically populating the one or more additional dynamic form fields with the current user data associated with the second user obtained from the associated external data store; and presenting the electronic document including the one or more additional dynamic form fields populated with the current user data associated with the second user to the second user for signature. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein presenting the electronic signature document to the second user includes transmitting an image of a portion of the electronic signature document along with a signature control to receive the indication of the second user applying the electronic signature to the electronic document. 34. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium including instructions that, when executed on one or more processors within a computing device, cause the computing device to perform operations including: receiving, using one or more processors executing within a computing device, an electronic document and configuration data for the electronic document from a first user via a user interface of an electronic document transaction service, the configuration data including one or more dynamic form fields comprising unpopulated fields of the electronic document, the one or more dynamic form fields mapped to an associated external data store; and in response to receiving a request to access the electronic document from a second user, automatically populating the one or more dynamic form fields with current data associated with the second user obtained from the associated external data store; in response to populating the one or more dynamic form fields, presenting the electronic document including the one or more dynamic form fields populated with the current user data associated with the second user to the second user for signature; and receiving an indication of the second user applying an electronic signature to the electronic document. 35. The computer readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein the instruction further include instructions to perform operations comprising: in response to receiving the indication of the second user applying the electronic signature determining whether the second user updated any of the user data in the one or more dynamic form fields; and in response to determining that the second user updated at least a portion of the user data, transmitting data from the one ore more dynamic form fields updated by the second user back to the external data store. 36. The computer readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein the instructions for automatically populating the one or more dynamic form fields further include instructions for: receiving access credentials associated with the external data store; and obtaining the current user data associated with the second user from the external data store using the received access credentials. 37. The computer readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein presenting the electronic document to the second user includes transmitting an image representative of a portion of the electronic document along with a module that represents the one or more dynamic form fields and that is configured to receive input data from the second user and to transmit the received input data to the computing system. 38. The computer readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein the instruction further include instructions to perform operations comprising: identifying a schema associated with the external data store associating one or more additional dynamic form fields with the one or more dynamic form fields of the electronic document configuration data received from the first user; automatically populating the one or more additional dynamic form fields with the current user data associated with the second user obtained from the associated external data store; and presenting the electronic document including the one or more additional dynamic form fields populated with the current user data associated with the second user to the second user for signature. 39. The computer readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein presenting the electronic signature document to the second user includes transmitting an image of a portion of the electronic signature document along with a signature control to receive the indication of the second user applying the electronic signature to the electronic document. 40. The computer readable storage medium system of claim 34, wherein the configuration data for the electronic document received from the first user comprises a specification of data types for the one or more dynamic form fields mapped to the associated data store that provides data values for the one or more dynamic form fields.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a first memory which stores a plurality of split keys, a second memory which stores an encryption code as at least one of an encrypted instruction and encrypted data, the plurality of split keys including an encryption key for decrypting the encryption code, and a decrypter which reads the encryption code from the second memory, decrypts the encryption code with the use of the encryption key, and supplies the decrypted encryption code to the CPU. The second memory stores an encryption key reading program which is executed by the CPU to restore the encryption key and to supply the encryption key to the decrypter, by reading and reconfiguring the split keys stored in the first memory in a distributed manner. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a central processing unit (CPU); a first memory which stores a plurality of split keys; a second memory which stores an encryption code as at least one of an encrypted instruction and encrypted data, the plurality of split keys comprising an encryption key for decrypting the encryption code; and a decrypter which reads the encryption code from the second memory, decrypts the encryption code with the use of the encryption key, and supplies the decrypted encryption code to the CPU, wherein the second memory stores an encryption key reading program which is executed by the CPU to restore the encryption key and to supply the encryption key to the decrypter, by reading and reconfiguring the split keys stored in the first memory in a distributed manner. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the CPU includes a first operation mode and a second operation mode. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the first memory comprises an electrically rewritable nonvolatile memory including a first region and a second region, the first region being forbidden access from the CPU in the second operation mode. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the first memory includes a plurality of distributed address areas in the first region, for storing the plurality of split keys. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the second memory comprises an electrically non-rewritable nonvolatile memory including a third region and a fourth region, the third region storing the encryption code. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the second memory stores the encryption key reading program in the fourth region. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the decrypter stores the encryption key, and in the second operation mode the decrypter decrypts the encryption code read from the third region of the second memory. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 5, further comprising: a communication interface, wherein the second memory stores an encryption key writing program in the fourth region, the encryption key writing program being executed by the CPU to: input the encryption key from an exterior through the communication interface; and write the encryption key in the distributed address area in the first region of the first memory, in a state where the encryption key is divided into the split keys. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein the encryption key writing program executes an authentication, before the split keys are written in the first memory. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein, before the split keys are written in the first memory, the encryption key writing program determines that the operation mode to be operated by the CPU is the first operation mode, and determines whether the split keys are already written in the first memory, and wherein, when the operation mode to be operated by the CPU is the first operation mode and when the split keys are not yet written in, the encryption key writing program advances to the authentication. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first memory includes a region for storing data indicative of whether the split keys have already been written in the first region. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the data indicative of whether the split keys have already been written comprises a plurality of bits. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the distributed address areas in the first region of the first memory are discontinuous with respect to a physical address in the first memory, and discontinuous with respect to a logical address for accessing by the CPU. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein at least one of an interval of the physical addresses corresponding to the distributed address areas in the first region of the first memory and an interval of the logical addresses corresponding to the distributed address areas, is unequal. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: an address bus and a data bus; and a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) which is coupled to the CPU, the first memory, the second memory and the decrypter, by the address bus and the data bus. 16. An encryption key writing method for writing an encryption key to a semiconductor device, the method comprising: providing a semiconductor device comprising: a central processing unit (CPU); a first memory which stores a plurality of split keys; a second memory which stores an encryption code as at least one of an encrypted instruction and encrypted data, the plurality of split keys comprising an encryption key for decrypting the encryption code; a decrypter which reads the encryption code from the second memory, decrypts the encryption code with the use of the encryption key, and supplies the decrypted encryption code to the CPU; and a communication interface; inputting the encryption key from an exterior through the communication interface; and writing the inputted encryption key in a plurality of distributed address areas in a first region of the first memory, in the state where the encryption key is divided into a plurality of split keys. 17. The encryption key writing method of claim 16, further comprising before the writing of the inputted encryption key: confirming that an operation mode to be operated by the CPU is a first operation mode; confirming that the split keys are not written in the plurality of distributed address areas of the first memory, and authenticating the writing of the inputted encryption key. 18. The encryption key writing method of claim 17, further comprising: restoring the encryption key and supplying the encryption key to the decrypter in the first operation mode, by reading and reconfiguring the split keys stored in the first memory in a distributed manner, when it is determined that an operation mode to be operated by the CPU is a second operation mode, and shifting the operation mode of the CPU to the second operation mode.",
-    "A method includes performing a first light-exposure and a second a second light-exposure on a photo resist. The first light-exposure is performed using a first lithograph mask, which covers a first portion of the photo resist. The first portion of the photo resist has a first strip portion exposed in the first light-exposure. The second light-exposure is performed using a second lithograph mask, which covers a second portion of the photo resist. The second portion of the photo resist has a second strip portion exposed in the second light-exposure. The first strip portion and the second strip portion have an overlapping portion that is double exposed. The method further includes developing the photo resist to remove the first strip portion and the second strip portion, etching a dielectric layer underlying the photo resist to form a trench, and filling the trench with a conductive feature. 1. A method comprising: performing a first light-exposure on a photo resist using a first lithography mask, wherein the first lithography mask covers a first portion of the photo resist, and the first portion of the photo resist comprises a first strip portion exposed in the first light-exposure; performing a second light-exposure on the photo resist using a second lithography mask, wherein the second lithography mask covers a second portion of the photo resist, and the second portion of the photo resist comprises a second strip portion exposed in the second light-exposure, and wherein the first strip portion and the second strip portion have an overlapping portion that is double exposed; developing the photo resist to remove the first strip portion and the second strip portion; etching a dielectric layer underlying the photo resist to form a trench; and filling the trench with a conductive feature. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein when the first portion of the photo resist is light-exposed, a portion of the second portion of the photo resist is not light-exposed, and when the second portion of the photo resist is light-exposed, a portion of the first portion of the photo resist is not light-exposed. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive feature comprises a metal line used for electrical connection. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive feature comprises a full metal ring, and the full metal ring is a part of a seal ring. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a low-k dielectric material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first strip portion and the second strip portion of the photo resist are substantially aligned to a straight line. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the filling the trench with the conductive feature is a part of a dual damascene process. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the filling the trench with the conductive feature is a part of a single damascene process. 9. A method comprising: forming a dielectric layer comprising a first region, a second region, and a third region between and joining the first region and the second region; forming a photo resist over the dielectric layer, with the photo resist comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion overlapping the first region, the second region, and the third region, respectively, of the dielectric layer; performing a first light-exposure on the first portion and the third portion of the photo resist, with the second portion of the photo resist not exposed; performing a second light-exposure on the second portion and the third portion of the photo resist, with the first portion of the photo resist not exposed; developing the photo resist to form a patterned photo resist; etching the dielectric layer using the patterned photo resist as an etching mask, wherein a trench is formed to continuously extend into the first region, the second region, and the third region of the dielectric layer; and filling the trench with a conductive material to form a conductive feature. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein in the first light-exposure, a first strip portion of the photo resist is exposed to comprise a first sub portion in the first portion of the photo resist, and a third sub portion in the third portion of the photo resist, and wherein in the second light-exposure, a second strip portion of the photo resist is exposed to comprise a second sub portion in the second portion of the photo resist, and the third sub portion in the third portion of the photo resist. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first sub portion, the second sub portion, and the third sub portion are aligned to a straight line. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the third sub portion is wider than the first sub portion and the second sub portion. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first sub portion and the second sub portion are parallel to each other, and are not aligned to a straight line. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the first light-exposure and the second light-exposure are performed using a first lithography mask and a second lithography mask, respectively. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the conductive feature comprises a metal line. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the conductive feature comprises a metal line ring and a via ring underlying and joined to the metal line ring. 17.-20. (canceled) 21. A method comprising: performing a first light-exposure on a photo resist using a first lithography mask, wherein a first exposure area of the first lithography mask covers a first portion of the photo resist, and exposed portions of the photo resist comprise a first strip portion; performing a second light-exposure on the photo resist using a second lithography mask, wherein a second exposure area of the second lithography mask covers a second portion of the photo resist, and additional exposed portions of the photo resist comprise a second strip portion, and wherein the first strip portion and the second strip portion share a common portion of the photo resist; developing the photo resist to remove the first strip portion and the second strip portion; etching a dielectric layer underlying the photo resist to form a trench, wherein the photo resist is used as an etching mask; and filling the trench with a conductive feature. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein during the first light-exposure, portions of the photo resist not covered by the first lithography mask are not light-exposed. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein during the second light-exposure, additional portions of the photo resist not covered by the second lithography mask are not light-exposed. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the first strip portion and the second strip portion are removed in a single developing step.",
-    "Methods and systems for exercising a genset are disclosed herein. The method includes detecting whether the genset is in a first mode or a second mode, and activating a plurality of exercise cycles of the genset. Activating the plurality of exercise cycles comprises, in response to detecting the genset is in the first mode, ignite fuel to activate the genset during each of the plurality of exercise cycles of the genset; and in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode, cranking the genset without igniting fuel during at least a first subset of the plurality of exercise cycles. 1. A method for exercising a genset, comprising: detecting whether the genset is in a first mode or a second mode; and activating a plurality of exercise cycles of the genset, wherein activating the plurality of exercise cycles comprises: in response to detecting the genset is in the first mode, igniting fuel to activate the genset during each of the plurality of exercise cycles of the genset; and in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode, cranking the genset without igniting fuel during at least a first subset of the plurality of exercise cycles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein activating the plurality of exercise cycles further comprises, in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode, igniting fuel to activate the genset during a second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first mode and the second mode is selected via an operator panel of the genset. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising scheduling the first subset and the second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles to activate periodically in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising alternating between the first subset and the second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles during every other exercise cycle in response to detecting the genset in the second mode. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein activating the plurality of exercise cycles further comprises: detecting whether a time maintained by the genset meets a predetermined time for any of the plurality of exercise cycles; and activating a particular exercise cycle in response to detecting that the time maintained by the genset meets the predetermined time for the particular exercise cycle. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cranking the genset comprises: actuating a starter of the genset to accelerate the engine to a speed lower than a nominal speed of the genset; and actuating an exciter of the genset to provide a field current to a generator of the genset. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein cranking the genset without igniting fuel comprises cranking the genset for a duration of between 1 to 60 seconds. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein cranking the genset without igniting fuel comprises at least one of deactivating a fuel valve, deactivating an ignition system, closing a throttle, or deactivating an engine valve train. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: activating one or more diagnostic processes on at least one of a starter, a battery, an alternator, an oil lube system, a temperature sensor, a speed sensor, an exciter, or a voltage regulator of the genset while cranking the genset without igniting fuel; and obtaining diagnostic data while the diagnostic processes are active. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: detecting a fault in the diagnostic data; and providing a notification of the fault. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: detecting a fault in the diagnostic data; in response to detecting the fault, cranking the genset again, reactivating the diagnostic processes, and determining whether the fault is reoccurring; and in response to detecting reoccurrence of the fault, providing a notification of the fault. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising: providing a notification of a successful exercise event in response to not detecting any fault in the diagnostic data. 14. A system, comprising: circuitry configured to: detect whether a genset is in a first mode or a second mode; in response to detecting the genset is in the first mode, ignite fuel to activate the genset during each of a plurality of exercise cycles of the genset; and in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode, crank the genset without igniting fuel during at least a first subset of the plurality of exercise cycles. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the circuitry is further configured to: in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode, ignite fuel to activate the genset during a second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the circuitry is further configured to alternate between the first subset and the second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles during every other exercise cycle. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the cranking the genset comprises: actuating a starter of the genset to accelerate the engine to a speed lower than a nominal speed of the genset; and actuating an exciter of the genset to provide a field current to a generator of the genset. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the circuitry is further configured to: activate one or more diagnostic processes on at least one of a starter, a battery, an alternator, an oil lube system, a temperature sensor, a speed sensor, an exciter, or a voltage regulator of the genset while cranking the genset without igniting fuel; and obtain diagnostic data while the diagnostic processes are active. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the circuitry is further configured to: detect a fault in the diagnostic data; and provide a notification of the fault. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the circuitry is further configured to: detect a fault in the diagnostic data; in response to detecting the fault, crank the genset again, reactivate the diagnostic processes, and determine whether the fault is reoccurring; and in response to detecting reoccurrence of the fault, provide a notification of the fault. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the circuitry is further configured to provide a notification of a successful exercise event in response to not detecting any fault in the diagnostic data. 22. A genset comprising: an engine including a fuel valve and an ignition system; a starter connected to the engine; an alternator connected to the engine; an exciter electrically connected to the alternator; and a controller configured to: detect whether the genset is in a first mode or a second mode; in response to detecting the genset is in the first mode, ignite fuel to activate the genset during each of a plurality of exercise cycles of the genset; in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode: ignite fuel to activate the genset during a first subset of the plurality of exercise cycles; and crank the genset without igniting fuel during a second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles, wherein cranking the engine comprises: actuating the starter to accelerate the engine to a predetermined speed lower than a nominal speed of the genset; and actuating the exciter to provide a field current to the generator; and activate one or more diagnostic processes on at least one of the starter, a battery, the alternator, an oil lube system, a temperature sensor, a speed sensor, the exciter, or a voltage regulator of the genset while cranking the genset without igniting fuel in the second mode; obtain diagnostic data while the diagnostic processes are active; detect a fault in the diagnostic data; and provide a notification of the fault. 23. The genset of claim 22, further comprising an operator panel communicably connected with the controller, wherein the first mode and the second mode are selectable via the operator panel, and wherein the notification of the fault is displayed on the operator panel. 24. The genset of claim 22, wherein the controller is further configured to alternate between the first subset and the second subset of the plurality of exercise cycles during every other exercise cycle in response to detecting the genset is in the second mode. 25. The genset of claim 22, wherein cranking the genset without igniting fuel comprises cranking the genset for a duration of between 1 to 60 seconds. 26. The genset of claim 22, wherein the controller is further configured to: in response to detecting the fault, crank the genset again, reactivate the diagnostic processes, and determine whether the fault is reoccurring; and in response to detecting reoccurrence of the fault, notify a user of the fault is reoccurring. 27. The genset of claim 22, wherein the controller is further configured to provide a notification of a successful exercise event in response to not detecting any fault in the diagnostic data.",
-    "In a multi-core device or clustered system, instead of snmpd polling for configured monitoring values of an entity to determine if reached a threshold, each core in a multi-core system or node in a clustered system triggers information to the snmpd about entities that may be or are generating SNMP traps. A configured threshold T is distributed among the cores or nodes, as the case may be, based on the number of cores or nodes. If there are \u2018n\u2019 cores in a multi-core device, and the configured threshold is \u2018T\u2019, then each core checks for a per-core threshold value \u2018T/n\u2019. If there are \u2018n\u2019 nodes in a clustered system, and the configured threshold is \u2018T\u2019, then each node checks for a per-node threshold value \u2018T/n\u2019. According to the pigeonhole principle, if an entity has reached or exceeded the threshold \u2018T\u2019, then the entity must have reached or exceeded a value of \u2018T/n\u2019 on at least one core or node. Upon the entity crossing a \u2018T/n\u2019 value on any core or node, the core or node informs snmpd about this entity. Snmpd then gathers information about this entity from all the cores and checks for the threshold \u2018T\u2019. 1. A system comprising: a device comprising a plurality of cores configured to monitor an entity via a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP); each core of the plurality of cores configured to monitor a value of the entity in comparison to a corresponding portion of a threshold for the value of the entity assigned to each core; a first core configured to determine the value of the entity as monitored by the first core has reached the first core's corresponding portion of the threshold, and responsive to the determination, to communicate an indicator of an SNMP trap condition to one or more other cores of the plurality of cores. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first core is further configured to obtain the value of the entity from each of the one or more other cores of the plurality of cores. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first core is further configured to determine whether the value of the entity has reached the threshold using an aggregation of values of the entity obtained from each of the cores of the plurality of cores. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the first core is further configured to confirm the SNMP trap condition by determining that the aggregation of values is at least one of equal to or greater than the threshold. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the device is intermediary to a plurality of clients and one or more servers and wherein the entity represents a metric of one or more of the plurality of servers. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the device is further configured to assign to each core as the corresponding portion of the threshold a value of the threshold divided by a number of cores of the plurality of cores. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the second core is further configured to determine that the value of the entity monitored by the second core has reached the second core's corresponding portion of the threshold. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the second core is further configured to communicate to the first core a second indicator of the SNMP trap condition. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the device is further configured to execute an SNMP agent on each core of the plurality of cores, the SNMP agent configured to monitor the value of the entity via polling an SNMP database. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the device is further configured to execute the SNMP agent as a master SNMP agent on the first core, wherein each SNMP agent on other cores of the plurality of cores is further configured to obtain from the master SNMP agent the monitored value of the entity as monitored by each respective core. 11. A system comprising: a plurality of devices configured to monitor an entity via a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP); each device of the plurality of devices is configured to monitor a value of the entity in comparison to a corresponding portion of a threshold for the value of the entity assigned to each device; a first device configured to determine the value of the entity as monitored by the first device has reached the first device's corresponding portion of the threshold, and responsive to the determination, to communicate an indicator of an SNMP trap condition to one or more other devices of the plurality of devices. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first device is further configured to obtain the value of the entity from each of the one or more other devices of the plurality of devices. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first device is further configured to determine whether the value of the entity has reached the threshold using an aggregation of values of the entity obtained from each of the devices of the plurality of devices. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the first device is further configured to confirm the SNMP trap condition by determining that the aggregation of values is at least one of equal to or greater than the threshold. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of devices are intermediary to a plurality of clients and one or more servers, wherein the value of the entity represents a metric of the one or more servers. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein each device is assigned the corresponding portion of the threshold comprising a value of the threshold divided by a number of devices in the plurality of devices. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein a second device of the plurality of devices is configured to determine that the value of the entity monitored by the second device has reached the second device's corresponding portion of the threshold. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the second device is further configured to communicate to the first device a second indicator of the SNMP trap condition. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein each device is configured to execute an SNMP agent configured to monitor the value of the entity via polling an SNMP database. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the first device is further configured to execute the SNMP agent as a master SNMP agent, wherein each SNMP agent on other devices of the plurality of devices is further configured to obtain from the master SNMP agent the monitored value of the entity as monitored by each respective device.",
-    "A carrier strip having a plurality of areas for retaining anatomical pathology specimens may have a backing, a cover coupled to the backing along side regions located along opposite longitudinal edges of the carrier strip and along lateral intermediate regions positioned between each of the plurality of areas for retaining anatomical pathology specimens. The carrier strip may be configured to individually retain each of the anatomical pathology specimens in one of the plurality of areas for retaining anatomical pathology specimens between the backing and the cover. Diagnostic studies of anatomical pathology specimens may be facilitated by distributing a digital copy of an image of the specimen may be to a pathologist. A diagnosis may be received from the pathologist based on the digital image of the specimen. 1. A carrier strip for retention of anatomical pathology specimens: a backing having a plurality of areas for retaining anatomical pathology specimens; a cover coupled to the backing along side regions located along opposite longitudinal edges of the carrier strip and along lateral intermediate regions positioned between each of the plurality of areas for retaining anatomical pathology specimens; wherein the carrier strip is configured to individually retain each of the anatomical pathology specimens in one of the plurality of areas for retaining anatomical pathology specimens between the backing and the cover. 2. The carrier strip of claim 1, further comprising a first unique identifier for identifying at least one of the anatomical pathology specimens retained on the carrier strip. 3. The carrier strip of claim 2, further comprising a second unique identifier for identifying at least one of the anatomical pathology specimens retained on the carrier strip, wherein at least one of the first unique identifier and the second unique identifier are machine readable. 4. The carrier strip of claim 1, further wherein the carrier strip may flex at one or more of the lateral intermediate regions. 5. The carrier strip of claim 4, wherein the backing comprises thinned lateral regions at least partially disposed within the lateral intermediate regions. 6. The carrier strip of claim 1, wherein the anatomical pathology specimen is a histology specimen. 7. A method of handling anatomical pathology specimens comprising: placing a specimen on a specimen carrier strip backing; staining the specimen; covering the specimen with a cover material; coupling the cover material with the carrier strip backing to form a carrier strip having a plurality of anatomical pathology specimens disposed therein; and winding the carrier strip on a spool. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the specimen is an infiltrated histology section. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising the steps of imaging the stained specimen and recording a digital image of the stained specimen. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of electronically distributing the digital image of the stained specimen to at least one pathologist to perform a diagnostic study of the stained specimen. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising the steps of redistributing the digital image to a plurality of pathologists to perform diagnostic studies of the stained specimen, and performing a credibility test whereby pathologists may be rated relative to one another on the of the accuracy of their respective diagnostic studies. 12. A method of facilitating diagnostic studies of anatomical pathology specimens comprising: imaging an anatomical pathology specimen; storing a digital image of the specimen; distributing a digital copy of the digital image of the specimen to a pathologist; electronically receiving a diagnosis from the pathologist based on the digital image of the specimen. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: redistributing copies of the digital image to a plurality of pathologists; receiving a diagnosis from at least some of the plurality of pathologists based on the digital image of the specimen; determining the credibility of at least one of the pathologists relative to at least one other of the plurality of pathologists through the determination of credibility scores. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a decision to use a pathologist for future diagnostic studies is in part determined by the pathologist's credibility score. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the pathologist's credibility score is calculated based on a percentage of diagnostic studies in which that pathologist's diagnosis agreed with a consensus diagnosis reached by those of the plurality of pathologists who provided a diagnosis.",
-    "A conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons includes front and rear adjacent wagons and a pair of left and right coupling units coupling left and right side portions of the adjacent wagons. The coupling units are switchable between a coupled state in which the left and right side portions of the adjacent wagons are respectively allowed for relative horizontal rotations about vertical shafts and an uncoupled state. A first coupling control mechanism operating at least one of the coupling units is provided at a horizontal turn path section in a travel path. By the operation of the first coupling control mechanism, the conveying traveling body can enter the horizontal turn path section while the coupling unit on the inner side of the horizontal turn path section is in the coupled state and the coupling unit on the outer side of the horizontal turn path section is in the uncoupled state. 1. A conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons comprising a conveying traveling body having a plurality of wagons disposed in series in a traveling direction; a wagon-to-wagon coupling means; a traveling drive means to make the conveying traveling body travel along a travel path; the wagon-to-wagon coupling means comprising a pair of left and right coupling units respectively coupling left and right both side portions of front and rear adjacent wagons, and the respective coupling units are configured to be switchable between a coupled state in which the left and right both side portions of the front and rear adjacent wagons are respectively allowed for relative horizontal turns about vertical shafts and an uncoupled state; at an entrance side of each horizontal turn path section provided in the travel path, a first coupling control means is disposed, and the first coupling control means operates at least one of the pair of left and right coupling units between the respective wagons of the conveying traveling body entering the horizontal turn path section; and the conveying traveling body being configured to enter into the horizontal turn path section while the coupling unit which becomes the inner side in a curving direction of the horizontal turn path section is in the coupled state and the coupling unit which becomes the outer side in the curving direction of the horizontal turn path section is in the uncoupled state. 2. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 1, wherein the conveying traveling body is configured to travel with all of the coupling units being in the coupled state on a straight-ahead path section in the travel path, and the first coupling control means switches the coupling unit of the pair of left and right coupling units, which coupling unit being on a side opposite to the curving direction of the horizontal turn path section, from the coupled state to the uncoupled state, and a second coupling control means for returning the coupling unit of the pair of left and right coupling units, which coupling unit having been switched into the uncoupled state at the entrance side of the horizontal turn path section, to the coupled state is provided at an exit side of the horizontal turn path section. 3. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 2, wherein each of the coupling units comprises the vertical shaft positionally fixed to one of the wagons, a vertically movable bearing member provided to the other wagon so as to be fittable and detachable with respect to the vertical shaft, and a cam follower portion provided to the movable bearing member, and the first and second coupling control means are constituted by a cam rail acting upon the cam follower portion and holding, for a fixed zone, the movable bearing member in a coupling released posture of being detached upward from the vertical shaft. 4. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 1, wherein the conveying traveling body is provided with left and right two guide roller rows, and each of the guide roller rows comprises an intermediate-position roller provided rotatably about an axial center of the vertical shaft of a coupling unit at a position immediately below the vertical shaft, and end-position rollers provided rotatably about vertical axial centers at front and rear both ends of the conveying traveling body, and on the straight-ahead path section of the travel path, a straight-ahead guide rail is laid that guides the conveying traveling body via the respective rollers of at least one of the left and right two guide roller rows, and on the horizontal turn path section of the travel path, a circular guide rail is laid that guides the conveying traveling body only via the respective rollers of the guide roller row which is located on the inner side in the curving direction of the path section. 5. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 4, wherein the first coupling control means or the first and second coupling control means are juxtaposed with a guide rail controlling moving paths of the respective rollers of the guide roller row on a side where the coupling unit controlled by the coupling control means is located. 6. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 1, wherein the traveling drive means comprises a friction drive load bar attached to the conveying traveling body so as to continue across the entire length thereof and a friction drive unit provided with a friction drive wheel disposed on the travel path and rotating in pressure contact with the load bar, and the load bar has a plurality of load bar units on at least one of left and right both side faces of the respective wagons, the load bar units is divided for the respective wagons and disposed in series in the traveling direction, and the respective load bar units are horizontally turnably coupled together by the vertical shaft of the coupling unit. 7. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 6, wherein the conveying traveling body is configured to travel with all of the coupling units being in the coupled state on the straight-ahead path section in the travel path, and the first coupling control means switches the coupling unit of the pair of left and right coupling units, which coupling unit being on a side opposite to the curving direction of the horizontal turn path section, from the coupled state to the uncoupled state, and a second coupling control means for returning the coupling unit of the pair of left and right coupling units, which coupling unit having been switched into the uncoupled state at the entrance side of the horizontal turn path section, to the coupled state is provided at an exit side of the horizontal turn path section, and the second coupling control means is juxtaposed with a guide roller pair sandwiching, from left and right both sides, the load bar units on the side of the coupling unit controlled by the second coupling control means, and controlling moving paths of the load bar units. 8. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 6, wherein the friction drive load bar is arranged on the left and right both side faces of the conveying traveling body. 9. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 1, wherein all of the coupling units of the wagon-to-wagon coupling means are separated into coupling units at a left row and coupling units at a right row and configured to be switchable between the coupled state and the uncoupled state in a way such that only the coupling units at either one of the left and right rows are brought into the coupled state, and the first coupling control means switches the coupling units of the coupling units at the left and right two rows, which coupling units at the row on a side of the curving direction of the horizontal turn path section, into the coupled state, when the conveying traveling body with the coupling units at the row on a side opposite to the curving direction of the horizontal turn path section being in the coupled state passes. 10. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 9, wherein each of the coupling units comprise a vertical shaft provided to one of the wagons and a hook-shaped coupling tool provided to the other wagon so as to be laterally fittable and detachable with respect to the vertical shaft, and the respective hook-shaped coupling tools of the pair of left and right coupling units are disposed such that lateral positions with respect to the respective vertical shafts are reverse to each other, and the vertical shafts and hook-shaped coupling tools of the coupling units at either one of the left and right rows are fitted to each other and the vertical shafts and hook-shaped coupling tools of the respective coupling units at the other row are detached from each other by laterally and relatively moving the vertical shafts and hook-shaped coupling tools of the respective coupling units. 11. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 10, wherein the vertical shafts and the hook-shaped coupling tools are respectively positionally fixed to the wagons, and when the wagon provided with the vertical shafts and the wagon provided with the hook-shaped coupling tools are laterally and relatively moved, the hook-shaped coupling tool is fitted to the vertical shaft in each of the coupling units at one of the left and right both rows and the hook-shaped coupling tool is detached from the vertical shaft in each of the coupling units at the other row, and the first coupling control means is constituted by a controlling guide rail guiding the respective wagons so as to laterally and relatively move the wagon provided with the vertical shafts and the wagon provided with the hook-shaped coupling tools. 12. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 11, wherein the guide means comprises left and right two guide roller rows provided to the conveying traveling body and a guide rail provided on the travel path, and the left and right guide roller two rows comprise rollers pivotally supported at left and right both side portions of front and rear both ends of the respective wagons so as to be rotatable about vertical axial centers, and the roller of the rollers which is disposed below the vertical shaft of the each coupling unit is disposed concentric to the vertical shaft, and the hook-shaped coupling tool of the each coupling unit has a fitting groove with respect to the vertical shaft, the fitting groove having an arc shape around the vertical axial center of the roller disposed therebelow and having an opened end portion adjacent to the vertical shaft, and a straight-ahead guide rail that guides the respective wagons via the rollers on the same side as the row of the coupling units in the coupled state of the respective left and right rows of the coupling units is laid as the guide rail of the straight-ahead path section of the travel path, and a circular guide rail that guides the respective wagons via the rollers on the same side as the row of the coupling units in the coupled state of the respective left and right rows of the coupling units is laid as the guide rail of the horizontal turn path section, and when a lateral position of the circular guide rail in the horizontal turn path section and a lateral position of the straight-ahead guide rail in the straight-ahead path section before the horizontal turn path section are opposite, the controlling guide rail is disposed on a way to the straight-ahead path section and a second straight-ahead guide rail connecting the controlling guide rail and the circular guide rail in the horizontal turn path section is laid. 13. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 12, wherein the traveling drive means comprises load bars mounted to the conveying traveling body parallelly to the traveling direction and a friction drive wheel provided on the travel path so as to pressure-contact with side surfaces of the load bars, and the load bars comprise load bar units divided for the respective wagons and respectively arranged along the left and right both side faces of the respective wagons, and the rollers constituting the left and right guide two roller rows are pivotally supported at front and rear both end portions of the respective load bar units at the left and right two rows. 14. A conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons comprising a conveying traveling body provided with a plurality of wagons disposed in series in a traveling direction and a wagon-to-wagon coupling means; a guide means guiding the conveying traveling body so as to travel along a travel path; the wagon-to-wagon coupling means comprising two links having both ends pivotally supported respectively by vertical support shafts, to end portions laterally different from each other of front and rear two wagons to be coupled, and when the front and rear two wagons coupled by the wagon-to-wagon coupling means adjoin each other in a straight ahead orientation, the two links are configured to be vertically overlapped in an orientation perpendicular to a wagon straight ahead direction and the vertical support shafts at both ends of the respective links are configured to be positioned concentrically; the guide means comprises of left and right two guide roller rows and a guide rail laid on the travel path of the conveying traveling body and guiding at least one of the left and right two guide roller rows, and when the respective wagons adjoin each other in the straight ahead orientation, the left and right two guide roller rows comprise intermediate rollers pivotally supported to one of the front and rear two wagons coupled by the two links so as to be rotatable about vertical axial centers concentric to the mutually concentric vertical support shafts at both ends of the two links, and end rollers pivotally supported rotatably about vertical axial centers to end portions on a side opposite to a side where the intermediate rollers are located of the wagons at front and rear both ends, so as to be positioned on a straight line passing the intermediate rollers and being parallel to the wagon straight ahead direction. 15. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 14, wherein the two links of the wagon-to-wagon coupling means are disposed at positions entering below either one of the front and rear adjacent wagons when the front and rear both wagons coupled by the links adjoin each other in the straight ahead orientation. 16. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 14, wherein rod members are disposed at left and right two rows along the left and right both side faces of the respective wagons, and the two links of the wagon-to-wagon coupling means have end portions pivotally supported above front and rear adjacent end portions of the rod members by the vertical support shafts, and the intermediate rollers of the left and right two guide roller rows are pivotally supported below either one of the front and rear adjacent end portions of the rod members, and the end rollers are pivotally supported below free end portions of the rod members of the wagons at the front and rear both ends. 17. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 16, wherein the front and rear adjacent end portions of the rod members are vertically overlapped and formed in an arc shape concentric to the vertical support shafts, and when the respective wagons adjoin each other in the straight ahead orientation, the rod members at the left and right two rows constitute load bars at left and right two rows for friction drive continuing across the entire length of the conveying traveling body and being horizontally bendable at positions of the vertical support shafts positioned between the front and rear adjacent wagons, and the link of the two links which is located on the lower side has one end pivotally supported directly by a vertical support shaft, above an upper end portion of the rod member targeted for pivotal support, and has the other end supported to an upper end portion of a long vertical support shaft erected from a lower end portion of the rod member targeted for pivotal support, and the link which is located on the upper side has both ends pivotally supported by vertical support shafts, to bearing members mounted at positions apart from the end portions of the rod members targeted for pivotal support and extending above the link which is located on the lower side, and the upper end portion of the rod member overlapping on the lower end portion of the rod member on which the long vertical support shaft is erected is formed with a notched groove to which the long vertical support shaft is fitted, and the load bars at the left and right two rows and a friction drive wheel disposed on the travel path so as to pressure-contact with a side surface of at least one of the load bars constitute the traveling drive means for making the conveying traveling body travel. 18. The conveyance device utilizing coupled wagons according to claim 14, wherein the travel path is constructed by combining a straight-ahead path section, a counterclockwise horizontal turn path section, and a clockwise horizontal turn path section, and on each of the horizontal turn path sections, a circular guide rail is laid that guides the respective rollers of the guide roller row of the left and right two guide roller rows which is located on the inner side in a curving direction of the horizontal turn path section, and at an upstream region of the straight-ahead path section, a straight-ahead guide rail is laid that is connected to the circular guide rail laid on the horizontal turn path section upstream from the straight-ahead path section, and at a downstream region of the straight-ahead path section, a straight-ahead guide rail is laid that is connected to the circular guide rail laid on the horizontal turn path section downstream from the straight-ahead path section, and when the straight-ahead guide rail at the upstream region of the straight-ahead path section and the straight-ahead guide rail at the downstream region are located on the same left or right side, these straight-ahead guide rails are connected with each other to continue, and when located at laterally opposite positions, the straight-ahead guide rails at the both regions are laid such that an exit end of the upstream straight-ahead guide rail and an entrance end of the downstream straight-ahead guide rail are not apart in the traveling direction.",
-    "A gaming device having a bonus scheme, wherein the player may choose when to play a bonus scheme, so long as the player is qualified to do so. The method of qualifying the player to enter the bonus round connects or links the base game operation of the gaming device with the bonus scheme. The reels of the base game contain symbols which alone or in combination with other symbols yield one or more bonus awards to a player. The bonus awards are escrowed and displayed a bonus award escrow display. Once the player obtains a single bonus award, the player becomes eligible or qualified to play the bonus round and the player may choose to do so at any time. The player can accumulate bonus awards and use multiple bonus awards at one time. 1. A gaming system comprising: a housing; at least one display device supported by the housing; a plurality of input devices supported by the housing, said plurality of input devices including: (i) an acceptor, and (ii) a cashout device; and a controller configured to operate with the at least one display device and the plurality of input devices to: (a) if a physical item is received via the acceptor, establish a credit balance based, at least in part, on a monetary value associated with the received physical item, (b) for each of a plurality of plays of a primary game: (i) receive a placement of one of a plurality of different wagers, said credit balance being decreasable based on said placed wager, (ii) determine a plurality of symbols, (iii) display the determined plurality of symbols, (iv) determine any awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, (v) display any determined awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, said credit balance being increasable based on any displayed awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, and (vi) accumulate any indicia in association of the play of the primary game, (c) upon an occurrence of a triggering event: (i) determine a secondary game award, wherein the determined secondary game award is based, at least in part, on a multiplier amount associated with a quantity of the accumulated indicia, and (ii) display the determined secondary game award, and (d) if a cashout input is received via the cashout device, cause an initiation of any payout associated with the credit balance. 2. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the quantity of the accumulated indicia are selectively redeemed in association with the occurrence of the triggering event. 3. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to enable the player to selectively redeem at least one of any accumulated indicia in association with the occurrence of the triggering event. 4. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the indicia is associated with a designated symbol and the controller is configured to accumulate at least one indicia if said displayed plurality of symbols includes said designated symbol. 5. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein a first quantity of the accumulated indicia is associated with a first multiplier amount and a second, greater quantity of the accumulated indicia is associated with a second, greater multiplier amount. 6. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein for each of the plurality of plays of the primary game, a greater wager placed is associated with a greater probability of accumulating at least one indicia. 7. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein said determination of the secondary game award is associated with a predetermined average expected value. 8. A gaming system server comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: (a) if data associated with receipt of a physical item via an acceptor is received, establish a credit balance based, at least in part, on a monetary value associated with the received physical item, (b) for each of a plurality of plays of a primary game: (i) receive a placement of one of a plurality of different wagers, said credit balance being decreasable based on said placed wager, (ii) determine a plurality of symbols, (iii) cause at least one display device to display the determined plurality of symbols, (iv) determine any awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, (v) cause the at least one display device to display any determined awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, said credit balance being increasable based on any displayed awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, and (vi) accumulate any indicia in association of the play of the primary game, (c) upon an occurrence of a triggering event: (i) determine a secondary game award, wherein the determined secondary game award is based, in part, on a multiplier amount associated with a quantity of the accumulated indicia, and (ii) cause the at least one display device to display the determined secondary game award, and (d) if data associated with receipt of a cashout input via a cashout device is received, cause an initiation of any payout associated with the credit balance. 9. The gaming system server of claim 8, wherein the quantity of the accumulated indicia are selectively redeemed in association with the occurrence of the triggering event. 10. The gaming system server of claim 9, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to enable the player to selectively redeem at least one of any accumulated indicia in association with the occurrence of the triggering event. 11. The gaming system server of claim 8, wherein the indicia is associated with a designated symbol and when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to accumulate at least one indicia if said displayed plurality of symbols includes said designated symbol. 12. The gaming system server of claim 8, wherein a first quantity of the accumulated indicia is associated with a first multiplier amount and a second, greater quantity of the accumulated indicia is associated with a second, greater multiplier amount. 13. The gaming system server of claim 8, wherein for each of the plurality of plays of the primary game, a greater wager placed is associated with a greater probability of accumulating at least one indicia. 14. The gaming system server of claim 8, wherein said determination of the secondary game award is associated with a predetermined average expected value. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium including a plurality of instructions, which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: (a) if a physical item is received via the acceptor, establish a credit balance based, at least in part, on a monetary value associated with the received physical item, (b) for each of a plurality of plays of a primary game: (i) receive a placement of one of a plurality of different wagers, said credit balance being decreasable based on said placed wager, (ii) determine a plurality of symbols, (iii) cause at least one display device to display the determined plurality of symbols, (iv) determine any awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, (v) cause the at least one display device to display any determined awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, said credit balance being increasable based on any displayed awards associated with the displayed plurality of symbols, and (vi) accumulate any indicia in association of the play of the primary game, (c) upon an occurrence of a triggering event: (i) determine a secondary game award, wherein the determined secondary game award is based, in part, on a multiplier amount associated with a quantity of the accumulated indicia, and (ii) cause the at least one display device to display the determined secondary game award, and (d) if a cashout input is received via the cashout device, cause an initiation of any payout associated with the credit balance. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the quantity of the accumulated indicia are selectively redeemed in association with the occurrence of the triggering event. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to enable the player to selectively redeem at least one of any accumulated indicia in association with the occurrence of the triggering event. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the indicia is associated with a designated symbol and when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to accumulate at least one indicia if said displayed plurality of symbols includes said designated symbol. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein a first quantity of the accumulated indicia is associated with a first multiplier amount and a second, greater quantity of the accumulated indicia is associated with a second, greater multiplier amount. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein for each of the plurality of plays of the primary game, a greater wager placed is associated with a greater probability of accumulating at least one indicia. 21. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein said determination of the secondary game award is associated with a predetermined average expected value.",
-    "A transmission line for connecting an electronic apparatus and displaying a charging status of the electronic apparatus includes a first connector for connecting the electronic apparatus, the first connector including a display module to display the charging status of the electronic apparatus, a second connector for connecting a power source, and a line body, including two terminals coupled to the first connector and the second connector respectively, for transmitting the power source to the electronic apparatus for charging, wherein the first connector is a Type-C connector. 1. A transmission line for connecting an electronic apparatus and displaying a charging status of the electronic apparatus, comprising: a first connector for connecting to the electronic apparatus, the first connector including a display module to display the charging status of the electronic apparatus, and wherein the first connector is a Type-C connector; a second connector for connecting to a power source; and a line body, including a first terminal coupled to the first connector and a second terminal coupled to the second connector, for transmitting the power source to the electronic apparatus for charging. 2. The transmission line of claim 1, wherein the charging status of the electronic apparatus is a status of being charged or a status of having been charged. 3. The transmission line of claim 2, wherein the display module includes a plurality of display units arranged on an upper display surface and a lower display surface of the first connector to display the charging status of the electronic apparatus. 4. The transmission line of claim 2, wherein the display module uses at least one of different display brightness levels, different display colors and different display frequencies to indicate the charging status of the electronic apparatus. 5. The transmission line of claim 2, wherein the first connector includes a current detection module coupled to the display module, the current detection module configured to detect a current flow direction when the electronic apparatus is being charged and to display the current flow direction via the display module. 6. The transmission line of claim 5, wherein the current detection module displays the current flow direction as a pointing direction on the first connector via the display module. 7. The transmission line of claim 1, wherein the second connector includes a current detection module configured to detect a current flow direction when the electronic apparatus is being charged, and a second display module to display the current flow direction. 8. The transmission line of claim 7, wherein the second display module includes a plurality of display units arranged on a display surface of the second connector to display a pointing direction corresponding to the current flow direction. 9. The transmission line of claim 1, wherein the second connector is selected from the group consisting of a USB connector, a USB Type-C connector, a mini USB connector, a micro USB connector and a lightning connector.",
-    "Methods, systems, and devices are described for providing network access services to mobile users via mobile terminals over a satellite system. In embodiments, dynamic multiplexing of traffic from fixed terminals and mobile users on the same satellite beam can take advantage of statistical multiplexing of large numbers of users and on different usage patterns between fixed terminals and mobile users. In embodiments, quality-of-service (QoS) is controlled for mobile devices at a per-user level. Mobile users may be provisioned on the satellite system according to a set of traffic policies based on their service level agreement (SLA). System resources of the satellite may be allocated to mobile users based on the demand of each mobile user and the set of traffic polices associated with each mobile user, regardless of which mobile terminal is used to access the system. 1. (canceled) 2. A method for providing a network access service on a vehicle, comprising: establishing, at a mobile terminal on the vehicle, a plurality of connections with a plurality of mobile devices on the vehicle; receiving, at the mobile terminal, one or more forward link transmissions associated with the network access service over one or more carriers of a first satellite beam of a multi-beam satellite, wherein the one or more forward link transmissions comprises first fixed data traffic associated with a plurality of fixed terminals and first mobile data traffic associated with the mobile terminal, and wherein at least a subset of the first fixed data traffic and at least a subset of the first mobile data traffic is received over a same carrier of the one or more carriers; demultiplexing, from the one or more forward link transmissions, the first mobile data traffic; separating the first mobile data traffic into respective data streams associated with the plurality of mobile devices; and communicating the respective data streams to the plurality of mobile devices via the plurality of connections. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: identifying each of the respective data streams based on at least one of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices, virtual local area network (VLAN) tag addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices, or tunneling protocol addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: associated each of the plurality of mobile devices with user-specific traffic policies for the network access service. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the user-specific traffic policies comprise at least one of a minimum information rate (MinIR), a committed information rate (CIR), a peak information rate (PIR), or a maximum amount of data. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving, at the mobile terminal, one or more second forward link transmissions associated with the network access service over one or more second carriers of a second, different satellite beam of the multi-beam satellite, wherein the one or more second forward link transmissions comprises second fixed data traffic associated with a second plurality of fixed terminals and second mobile data traffic associated with the plurality of mobile devices, and wherein at least a subset of the second fixed data traffic and at least a subset of the second mobile data traffic is received over a same carrier of the one or more second carriers; demultiplexing, from the one or more second forward link transmissions, the second mobile data traffic; and separating the second mobile data traffic into the respective data streams associated with the plurality of mobile devices for communication to the plurality of mobile devices via the plurality of connections. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the demultiplexing comprises one or more of frequency-domain demultiplexing, time-domain demultiplexing, or code division demultiplexing. 8. A mobile terminal for providing a network access service on a vehicle, comprising: a satellite terminal interface that establishes a plurality of connections with a plurality of mobile devices on the vehicle; a satellite modem that receives one or more forward link transmissions associated with the network access service over one or more carriers of a first satellite beam of a multi-beam satellite, wherein the one or more forward link transmissions comprises first fixed data traffic associated with a plurality of fixed terminals and first mobile data traffic associated with the mobile terminal, and wherein at least a subset of the first fixed data traffic and at least a subset of the first mobile data traffic is received over a same carrier of the one or more carriers; and a controller that: demultiplexes, from the one or more forward link transmissions, the first mobile data traffic; and separates the first mobile data traffic into respective data streams associated with the plurality of mobile devices, wherein the satellite terminal interface communicates the respective data streams to the plurality of mobile devices via the plurality of connections. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the controller identifies each of the respective data streams based on at least one of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices, virtual local area network (VLAN) tag addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices, or tunneling protocol addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the controller associates each of the plurality of mobile devices with user-specific traffic policies for the network access service. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the user-specific traffic policies comprise at least one of a minimum information rate (MinIR), a committed information rate (CIR), a peak information rate (PIR), or a maximum amount of data. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein: the satellite modem receives one or more second forward link transmissions associated with the network access service over one or more second carriers of a second, different satellite beam of the multi-beam satellite, wherein the one or more second forward link transmissions comprises second fixed data traffic associated with a second plurality of fixed terminals and second mobile data traffic associated with the plurality of mobile devices, and wherein at least a subset of the second fixed data traffic and at least a subset of the second mobile data traffic is received over a same carrier of the one or more second carriers; the controller demultiplexes, from the one or more second forward link transmissions, the second mobile data traffic and separates the second mobile data traffic into the respective data streams associated with the plurality of mobile devices for communication to the plurality of mobile devices via the plurality of connections. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the demultiplexing comprises one or more of frequency-domain demultiplexing, time-domain demultiplexing, or code division demultiplexing. 14. A mobile terminal for providing a network access service on a vehicle, comprising: at least one processor; a memory in communication with the processor, wherein the memory comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least on processor, cause the mobile terminal to: establish a plurality of connections with a plurality of mobile devices on the vehicle; receive one or more forward link transmissions associated with the network access service over one or more carriers of a first satellite beam of a multi-beam satellite, wherein the one or more forward link transmissions comprises first fixed data traffic associated with a plurality of fixed terminals and first mobile data traffic associated with the mobile terminal, and wherein at least a subset of the first fixed data traffic and at least a subset of the first mobile data traffic is received over a same carrier of the one or more carriers; demultiplex, from the one or more forward link transmissions, the first mobile data traffic; separate the first mobile data traffic into respective data streams associated with the plurality of mobile devices; and communicate the respective data streams to the plurality of mobile devices via the plurality of connections. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the memory further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least on processor, cause the mobile terminal to: identify each of the respective data streams based on at least one of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices, virtual local area network (VLAN) tag addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices, or tunneling protocol addresses assigned to each of the plurality of mobile devices. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the memory further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least on processor, cause the mobile terminal to: associate each of the plurality of mobile devices with user-specific traffic policies for the network access service. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the user-specific traffic policies comprise at least one of a minimum information rate (MinIR), a committed information rate (CIR), a peak information rate (PIR), or a maximum amount of data. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the memory further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least on processor, cause the mobile terminal to: receive one or more second forward link transmissions associated with the network access service over one or more second carriers of a second, different satellite beam of the multi-beam satellite, wherein the one or more second forward link transmissions comprises second fixed data traffic associated with a second plurality of fixed terminals and second mobile data traffic associated with the plurality of mobile devices, and wherein at least a subset of the second fixed data traffic and at least a subset of the second mobile data traffic is received over a same carrier of the one or more second carriers; demultiplex, from the one or more second forward link transmissions, the second mobile data traffic; and separate the second mobile data traffic into the respective data streams associated with the plurality of mobile devices for communication to the plurality of mobile devices via the plurality of connections. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the demultiplexing comprises one or more of frequency-domain demultiplexing, time-domain demultiplexing, or code division demultiplexing.",
-    "Methods and instruments for reconstructing soft tissues of a skeletal joint such as for example of the foot or hand are presented. 1. A method of reconstructing soft tissue of a metapodial phalangeal joint of a human extremity, the joint including a metapodial bone and a proximal phalanx, the extremity having volar and dorsal aspects, the method comprising: forming a metapodial bone tunnel in the metapodial bone; forming a phalangeal bone tunnel in the proximal phalanx; placing a graft between the metapodial and phalangeal bone tunnels; and securing the graft. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the metapodial bone tunnel intersects the anatomic attachment of a proper collateral ligament on a metatarsus and the phalangeal bone tunnel intersects the anatomic attachment of the proper collateral ligament on the proximal phalanx. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein forming a metapodial bone tunnel comprises: forming a medial-dorsal tunnel extending from a medial-dorsal aspect of the metatarsus near the metatarsal head into the metatarsus; and forming a lateral-dorsal tunnel extending from a lateral-dorsal aspect of the metatarsus near the metatarsal head into the metatarsus such that the medial-dorsal tunnel and lateral-dorsal tunnel intersect within the metatarsus. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein forming a metapodial bone tunnel comprises: forming a first bone tunnel with a first opening near the medial epicondyle of the metapodial bone and a second opening near the lateral epicondyle of the metapodial bone. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein forming the first bone tunnel comprises: engaging an indexing member of a tunnel guide with the dorsal surface of the metapodial bone; aligning an alignment feature parallel to the metapodial bone axis; and directing a guide member axis on a line from a medial to a lateral epicondyle of the metapodial bone. 6. The method of claim 4 further comprising forming a second bone tunnel extending from the medial side of the metapodial bone to the lateral side of the metapodial bone and plantar to the first bone tunnel. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein forming the second bone tunnel comprises: engaging an indexing member of a tunnel guide with the dorsal surface of the metapodial bone; aligning an alignment feature parallel to the metapodial bone axis; and directing a guide member axis on a line parallel and plantar to a line from a medial to a lateral epicondyle of the metapodial bone. 8. The method of claim 3 wherein placing a graft between the bone tunnels comprises: passing a suture attached to the graft through the metapodial bone tunnel. 9. The method of claim 2 wherein forming a phalangeal bone tunnel comprises: forming a dorsal-plantar bone tunnel through the proximal phalanx near the joint. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the bone tunnels comprises: positioning a drill guide adjacent the joint; engaging a reference portion of the drill guide with an anatomic landmark; aligning a guiding portion of the drill guide in alignment with an anatomic attachment of a ligament on the metapodial bone; and guiding a cutter with the first guiding portion to form the metapodial bone tunnel. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the reference portion is oriented relative to the guiding portion based on human anatomy relating anatomic landmarks associated with the kinematic operation of the bone joint to the ligament anatomic attachments. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the bone tunnels comprises: positioning a drill guide adjacent the joint; engaging a reference portion of the drill guide with an anatomic landmark; aligning a guiding portion of the drill guide in alignment with an anatomic attachment of the ligament on the proximal phalanx; and guiding a cutter with the second guiding portion to form the phalangeal tunnel. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the reference portion is oriented relative to the guiding portion based on human anatomy relating anatomic landmarks associated with the kinematic operation of the bone joint to the ligament anatomic attachments. 14. The method of claim 2 wherein forming the metapodial bone tunnel comprises: positioning a drill guide adjacent the joint; engaging a first reference portion of the drill guide with a first anatomic landmark; aligning a first guiding portion of the drill guide in alignment with a medial-dorsal aspect of the metapodial bone; aligning a second guiding portion of the drill guide in alignment with a lateral-dorsal aspect of the metapodial bone; guiding a cutter with the first guiding portion to form a first tunnel into the metapodial bone; and guiding a cutter with the second guiding portion to form a second tunnel into the metapodial bone intersecting the first tunnel. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein engaging a reference portion with a first anatomic landmark comprises engaging a surface of the reference portion with an articular surface of the metapodial phalangeal joint. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the surface is a concave surface and it is engaged with the head of the metapodial bone. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the surface is a convex surface and it is engaged with the head of the proximal phalanx bone. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the guide further comprises an alignment axis, the method further comprising: aligning the alignment axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metapodial bone. 19. The method of claim 2 wherein forming the phalangeal, bone tunnel comprises: positioning a drill guide adjacent the joint; engaging a first reference portion of the drill guide with a first anatomic landmark; aligning a guiding portion of the drill guide in alignment with the proximal phalanx; and guiding a cutter with the guiding portion to form the phalangeal tunnel. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein engaging a reference portion with a first anatomic landmark comprises engaging a surface of the reference portion with an articular surface of the metapodial phalangeal joint. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the surface is a concave surface and it is engaged with the bead of the metapodial bone. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the surface is a convex surface and it is engaged with the head of the proximal phalanx bone. 23. The method of claim 19 wherein the guide further comprises an alignment axis, the method further comprising: aligning the alignment axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metapodial bone. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein the metapodial bone tunnel intersects the anatomic attachment of an accessory collateral ligament on the metatarsus, the method further comprising: passing the graft through the transverse metatarsal ligament. 25. The method of claim 1 wherein placing a graft between the metapodial and phalangeal bones includes passing the graft around a portion of an intermetapodial ligament. 26.-36. (canceled)",
-    "A beam for use in construction equipment is made from tailor welded panels. At least one of the panels is made from at least two pieces of material such as steel welded together with the weld running the length of the beam. The weld between pieces of steel can either be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam, or the pieces can be tapered and the weld will be at an angle diverging from the longitudinal axis of the beam. The two pieces of material have a different compressive strength per unit of length in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the beam. In some embodiments a top panel is welded to two side panels to form two top corners of the beam and a bottom panel is welded to the two side panels to form two bottom corners of the beam. 1. A beam for use in a piece of construction equipment, the beam having a longitudinal axis and comprising: a) a top panel, a bottom panel and two side panels connected together into a body, with two top corners and two bottom corners; b) at least one of the panels being made from at least two pieces of material joined together, the two pieces of material having a different compressive strength per unit of length in a direction transverse to said longitudinal axis; c) the top panel being welded with full penetration welds to the two side panels to form the two top corners of the beam, with each top corner being made from an edge surface of the top panel butting up against an inside surface of one of the side panels, wherein a plane defined by the inside surface of the side panel is parallel to an outside surface of the side panel, with the welds occurring at the two top corners where the edge surface of the top panel butts up against the inside surface of a side panel; and d) the bottom panel being welded with full penetration welds to the two side panels to form the two bottom corners of the beam, with each bottom corner being made from an edge surface of one of the side panel butting up against an upper surface of the bottom panel, with the welds occurring at the two bottom corners where the edge surface of each side panel butts up against the upper surface of the bottom panel. 2. The beam of claim 1 wherein the at least two pieces of material are joined together at a joint with the joint running parallel to the beam longitudinal axis. 3. The beam of claim 1 wherein the at least two pieces of material are joined together by a weld at a joint with the joint running at an angle of between 0.1\u00b0 and 2\u00b0 with respect to a line intersecting the weld and parallel to the beam longitudinal axis. 4. The beam of claim 1 wherein each of the panels is made from at least three pieces of steel, with at least two of the pieces of steel having different thicknesses than one another. 5. The beam of claim 1 wherein the beam has a generally rectangular transverse cross-section. 6. The beam of claim 1 wherein the beam has a generally trapezoidal transverse cross-section. 7. The beam of claim 1 wherein at least the bottom panel and the two side panels are each made from at least two pieces of steel having a different compressive strength per unit of length in a direction transverse to said longitudinal axis. 8. The beam of claim 1 wherein at least the bottom panel and the two side panels are each made from at least three pieces of steel constituting two adjoining outer pieces and a mid-portion on each panel, with the steel used on the adjoining outer pieces of each of the bottom and two side panels being thicker than the steel used in the mid-portion of the same panel, such that when the panels are welded together, each of the corners form a fabricated, reinforced corner. 9. The beam of claim 1 wherein the piece of construction equipment is a crane and the beam is used as a telescoping section of a telescoping boom. 10. The beam of claim 8 wherein the two adjoining outer pieces of steel in the bottom panel have a thickness that is at least 1.5 times the thickness of the mid-portion in the bottom panel. 11. The beam of claim 1 wherein both of the side panels are stamped with a plurality of embossings to increase the stiffness of the side panels. 12. The beam of claim 1 wherein the panels form a flush joint at each of the corners. 13. The beam of claim 1, wherein at least one weld on at least one of the top panel and the bottom panel is configured to support at least one of a shear load, a bending load, and a compressive load. 14. The beam of claim 1, wherein at least one weld on the bottom panel is configured to support a compressive load. 15. The beam of claim 1, wherein at least one weld on the top panel is configured to support at least one of a shear load and a bending load. 16. The beam of claim 1, wherein a weld root of at least one weld is configured to carry less tensile load than a weld face of the at least one weld when the beam is subject to a force. 17. The beam of claim 1 configured for use as a section of a telescoping boom and further comprising at least two top wear pads connected to the top panel, at least two bottom wear pads connected to the bottom panel, and at least one side wear pad connected to each side panel, and wherein all of said wear pads are positioned such that a common transverse plane intersects at the longitudinal centerline of said wear pads. 18. A boom section having a longitudinal axis for use in making a telescoping boom for a crane comprising: a) a top panel, a bottom panel and two side panels connected together into a body, with two top corners and two bottom corners; b) at least the bottom panel being made from at least first, second and third pieces of steel welded together with the first piece of steel in between the second and third pieces of steel, with the first piece of steel being thinner than the second and third pieces of steel, the first piece of steel of the bottom panel including a curved region extending away from the longitudinal axis when viewed in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the boom section and running in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the boom section. 19. The boom section of claim 18 wherein the second and third pieces of steel each provide a relatively flat region adjacent the bottom corners. 20. A combination of panel members for use in making a boom section having a longitudinal axis for a telescoping crane boom comprising: a) a top panel; b) a bottom panel comprising at least three pieces of steel welded together, each weld running the length of a long side of the bottom panel, the three pieces constituting a first piece of steel in between a second piece and a third piece of steel, the second piece and the third piece each being coupled to the first piece with a butt weld, the first piece including a curved region extending away from the longitudinal axis when viewed in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the boom section and running in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the boom section; c) a first side panel comprising at least two pieces of steel welded together, the weld running the length of a long side of the first side panel; and d) a second side panel comprising at least two pieces of steel welded together with a butt weld between adjoining pieces, each butt weld running the length of a long side of the second side panel. 21. The combination of claim 20 wherein the bottom panel has three pieces of steel and the first piece has a smaller thickness than the thicknesses of the second and third pieces. 22. The combination of claim 21 wherein the center piece of the bottom panel includes a plurality of bends in the steel running parallel to the long side of the bottom panel. 23. A boom section having a longitudinal axis for use in making a telescoping boom for a crane comprising: a) at least a first panel member that forms a top shell for the boom section, the at least first panel member being formed into a curved shape that when viewed in cross-section includes at least two sections of different curvature; b) at least a second panel member that forms a bottom shell for the boom section, the at least second panel member being formed into a curved shape that when viewed in cross-section includes at least two sections of different curvature, the at least the second panel member comprising at least two pieces of steel welded together with a full penetration butt weld between adjoining pieces, the two pieces of steel having different compressive strength per unit of length transverse to the axis; c) the two panel members being welded together along a joint that runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the boom section to form the boom section; and, d) wherein the weld along the joint includes a weld face and a weld root oriented such that the weld root is configured to carry a different tensile load than the weld face when the boom section is subject to a force. 24. The boom section of claim 23 wherein the two panels are welded together with a square groove butt joint made without any edge preparation or beveling, and the weld between panels is a full penetration weld made by welding from a single side of the panel. 25. The boom section of claim 23 wherein the second panel member comprises at least three pieces of steel welded together with a butt weld between adjoining pieces, wherein the three pieces of steel comprise a center piece having a first thickness, and the two adjoining outer pieces each have a thickness greater than said first thickness.",
-    "A projectile has a front portion, a divider and a cylindrical portion. The front portion has a wall defining an interior cavity, which is closed by the divider. The cylindrical portion comprises a cylindrical sidewall having an outer surface and an inner surface. The projectile also has a plurality of depressions in the cylindrical sidewall. The depressions have an outlet adjacent the second end, an inlet toward the first end and a neck area between the inlet and the outlet. A width of the inlet is smaller than a width of the outlet. The depressions at the neck area have a curved sidewall, but a generally straight sidewall between the neck area and the outlet. The surface of the depression extends at a ramp angle from the outer surface of the sidewall at the inlet of the depression toward the inner surface of the sidewall at the outlet. 1. A projectile comprising: a generally hemispherical portion having an inner surface and an outer surface forming a generally hemispherical wall and a generally hemispherical interior volume; a divider engaging the generally hemispherical wall to close the hemispherical interior volume of the generally hemispherical portion; a cylindrical portion comprising a cylindrical sidewall adjacent the divider, the cylindrical sidewall having a first end adjacent the divider and a second end distal the divider, the cylindrical sidewall formed by an inner surface and an outer surface and having a wall thickness between the inner surface and the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall; a plurality of depressions formed in the cylindrical sidewall, the depressions having an inlet distal the second end of the cylindrical sidewall and an outlet adjacent the second end of the cylindrical sidewall, wherein a width of the inlet is smaller than a width of the outlet, and a neck area between the inlet and the outlet, wherein an outer surface of the depression has a ramp surface extending at a ramp angle gradually from the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall at the inlet to the depression toward the inner surface of the cylindrical sidewall at the outlet of the depression; and, a chamfer at the second end of the cylindrical portion, the chamfer generally extending from a bottom wall at the second end proximal the inner surface toward the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall and toward the first end of the cylindrical sidewall. 2. The projectile of claim 1, wherein the depressions at the neck area have a curved sidewall. 3. The projectile of claim 1, wherein the depressions have a generally straight sidewall between the neck area and the outlet. 4. The projectile of claim 1, wherein the ramp angle is between 1\u00b0 and 15\u00b0. 5. The projectile of claim 4, wherein the ramp angle is preferably about 3.5\u00b0. 6. The projectile of claim 1, wherein the depressions are provided at a transverse angle to a longitudinal axis of the projectile about the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall. 7. The projectile of claim 6, wherein the depressions are provided at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile of between approximately 5\u00b0 and approximately 15\u00b0. 8. The projectile of claim 6, wherein the depressions are provided at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile of approximately 9\u00b0. 9. The projectile of claim 1, wherein the plurality of depressions are symmetrically spaced around the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall. 10. The projectile of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of geometrically shaped recesses in the cylindrical sidewall between the depressions. 11. The projectile of claim 10, wherein the recesses are v-shaped. 12. The projectile of claim 1, wherein the width of the inlet is approximately \u2153 of the width of the outlet. 13. The projectile of claim 1, further comprising an open rear cavity between the inner surface of the cylindrical sidewall. 14. A projectile comprising: a front portion having a wall defining an interior cavity; a divider closing the interior cavity; a cylindrical portion comprising a cylindrical sidewall having an outer surface and an inner surface, the cylindrical sidewall having a first end adjacent the divider and a second end distal the divider; and, a plurality of depressions formed in the cylindrical sidewall, the depressions having an inlet distal the second end of the cylindrical sidewall and an outlet adjacent the second end of the cylindrical sidewall, wherein a width of the inlet is smaller than a width of the outlet, and a neck area between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the depressions at the neck area have a curved sidewall, and wherein the depressions have a generally straight sidewall between the neck area and the outlet. 15. The projectile of claim 14, wherein an outer surface of the depression has a ramp surface extending at a ramp angle gradually from the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall at the inlet of the depression toward the inner surface of the cylindrical sidewall at the outlet of the depression. 16. The projectile of claim 14, wherein the depressions are provided at a transverse angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. 17. The projectile of claim 14, wherein the plurality of depressions are symmetrically spaced around the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall. 18. The projectile of claim 14, further comprising a plurality of geometrically shaped recesses in the cylindrical sidewall between the depressions. 19. The projectile of claim 14, further comprising a chamfer at the second end of the cylindrical portion, the chamfer generally extending from a bottom wall at the second end proximal the inner surface toward the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall and toward the first end of the cylindrical sidewall. 20. A projectile comprising: a front portion having a wall defining an interior cavity; a divider closing the interior cavity; a cylindrical portion adjacent the divider, the cylindrical portion comprising a cylindrical sidewall having an outer surface and an inner surface; and, a plurality of depressions formed in the cylindrical sidewall, the depressions having an inlet distal the second end of the cylindrical sidewall and an outlet adjacent the second end of the cylindrical sidewall, wherein a width of the inlet is smaller than a width of the outlet, and a neck area between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the depressions at the neck area have a curved sidewall, wherein the depressions have a generally straight sidewall between the neck area and the outlet, and wherein a surface of the depression has a ramp surface extending at a ramp angle gradually from the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall at the inlet of the depression toward the inner surface of the cylindrical sidewall at the outlet of the depression. 21. The projectile of claim 20, further comprising a chamfer at the second end of the cylindrical portion, the chamfer generally extending from a bottom wall at the second end proximal the inner surface of the cylindrical sidewall toward the outer surface of the cylindrical sidewall and toward the first end of the cylindrical sidewall.",
-    "An aisle containment system is disclosed. The aisle containment system includes a frame defined by wall beams, header frames, and a plurality of posts secured to the wall beams and header frames. The header frames extend the width of the frame and the wall beams extend the length of the frame. A plurality of blanking panels extend from the floor to one of the wall beams. The plurality of blanking panels have a top, a bottom, a first side and a second side. Vertical stiffeners are positioned along at least one of the first side and the second side of each blanking panel. The blanking panels overlap adjacent blanking panels along the length of the frame. The blanking panels are laterally adjusted to fill openings in the aisle containment system. 1. An aisle containment system comprising: a frame having a first end and a second end, two posts positioned at each of the first end and the second end, header frames extending a width of the frame and wall beams extending a length of the frame, wherein the header frames and the wall beams are secured to the posts; a plurality of cabinets positioned within the frame; a plurality of adjustable above cabinet blanking panels installed above the plurality of cabinets for filling any openings between the wall beams and the cabinets; and a panel clamp secured to one of the wall beams, wherein the panel clamp has a first end with openings for receiving a fastener to secure the panel clamp to one of the wall beams and a second end; wherein the secured panel clamp defines a slot between one of the wall beams and the panel clamp for receiving the above cabinet blanking panels. 2. The aisle containment system of claim 1, wherein the second end of the panel clamp having an angled flange, the angled flange receives a flap seal to seal openings between the blanking panels and the panel clamp in the aisle containment system. 3. The aisle containment system of claim 2, wherein the flap seal having a first free end and a second end, the second end including a channel that receives the angled flange at the second end of the panel clamp. 4. The aisle containment system of claim 1, wherein each above cabinet blanking panel having a top, a bottom, a first side, and a second side; wherein a cabinet channel is secured to the top of at least one cabinet for receiving the bottom of above cabinet blanking panels, wherein each above cabinet blanking panel overlaps adjacent above cabinet blanking panels, the above cabinet blanking panels slide in the cabinet channel with respect to each other to fill any open space between cabinets and the wall beam. 5. The aisle containment system of claim 1, further comprising ceiling panels extending between the wall beams. 6. An aisle containment system comprising: a frame positioned on a floor, the frame defined by wall beams, header frames, and a plurality of posts secured to the wall beams and header frames, wherein the header frames extend a width of the frame and the wall beams extend a length of the frame; a plurality of blanking panels extending from the floor to one of the wall beams, wherein each blanking panels overlaps adjacent blanking panels along the length of the frame and the blanking panels are laterally adjusted to fill openings in the aisle containment system; and a panel clamp secured to one of the wall beams, wherein the panel clamp has a first end with openings for receiving a fastener to secure the panel clamp to one of the wall beams and a second end having an angled flange; wherein the secured panel clamp defines a slot between one of the wall beams and the panel clamp for receiving the blanking panels. 7. The aisle containment system of claim 6, wherein the angled flange receives a flap seal to seal openings between the blanking panels and the panel clamp in the aisle containment system. 8. The aisle containment system of claim 6, wherein the flap seal having a first free end and a second end, the second end including a channel that receives the angled flange at the second end of the panel clamp. 9. The aisle containment system of claim 6, further comprising a floor channel positioned on the floor under the wall beams, wherein a bottom of each blanking panel is positioned within the floor channel, whereby adjacent blanking panels slide in the floor channel with respect to each other. 10. The aisle containment system of claim 6, further comprising a plurality of cabinets installed under the wall beams in the aisle containment system and a plurality of adjustable above cabinet blanking panels installed above the plurality of cabinets for filling any opening between the wall beams and the cabinets. 11. The aisle containment system of claim 10, wherein each above cabinet blanking panel overlaps adjacent above cabinet blanking panels, the above cabinet blanking panels slide with respect to each other to fill any open space between the cabinets and the wall beam. 12. The aisle containment system of claim 6, further comprising ceiling panels extending between the wall beams.",
-    "Exemplary embodiments are directed to pool cleaners, generally including a canister body, a filtering medium assembly and a cyclone block. The canister body includes an inner chamber within inner walls of the canister body. The filtering medium assembly can be disposed within the inner chamber of the canister body. The cyclone block can be disposed within the inner chamber of the canister body and can be at least partially surrounded by the filtering medium assembly. The cyclone block includes a plurality of individual cyclone containers. A first cyclonic flow can be generated between the inner walls of the canister body and the filtering medium assembly. A second cyclonic flow can be generated within each of the plurality of cyclone containers. 1. A pool cleaner, comprising: a canister body including an inner chamber within inner walls of the canister body; a filtering medium assembly disposed within the inner chamber of the canister body; and a cyclone block disposed within the inner chamber of the canister body and at least partially surrounded by the filtering medium assembly, the cyclone block including a plurality of cyclone containers; wherein a first cyclonic flow is generated between the inner walls of the canister body and the filtering medium assembly; and wherein a second cyclonic flow is generated within each of the plurality of cyclone containers. 2. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein the canister body defines a cylindrical configuration. 3. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein the canister body comprises a tangential inlet. 4. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein the filtering medium assembly comprises a filtering medium support and a filtering medium. 5. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein the filtering medium assembly is configured to separate large debris particles from a fluid flow during the first cyclonic flow. 6. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein each of the cyclone containers comprises a cylindrical cyclone chamber with a tangential inlet and a debris underflow nozzle. 7. The pool cleaner of claim 6, wherein the cyclone containers are radially disposed around a central axis. 8. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein each of the cyclone containers comprises a cylindrical top portion, a frustoconical bottom portion, and a debris underflow nozzle at a distal end of the cyclone container. 9. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cyclone containers comprises a first set of radially disposed cyclone containers and a second set of radially disposed cyclone containers positioned around the first set of radially disposed cyclone containers. 10. The pool cleaner of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of cyclone containers is configured to separate small debris particles from a fluid flow during the second cyclonic flow. 11. The pool cleaner of claim 1, comprising a large debris container hingedly connected to a bottom edge of the canister body. 12. The pool cleaner of claim 11, wherein the large debris container comprises a dish including upwardly angled side walls. 13. The pool cleaner of claim 11, comprising a debris separator ring disposed between the filtering medium assembly and the large debris container. 14. The pool cleaner of claim 13, wherein the debris separator ring comprises a mesh ring configured to maintain large debris particles within the large debris container. 15. The pool cleaner of claim 1, comprising a fine debris container disposed within the inner chamber of the canister body. 16. The pool cleaner of claim 15, wherein the fine debris container comprises a rounded dish including a central hub. 17. The pool cleaner of claim 15, wherein the fine debris container comprises a dish and a central radial extension protruding from a bottom surface of the fine debris container. 18. The pool cleaner of claim 17, wherein the central radial extension defines an inner chamber configured and dimensioned to maintain small debris particles separated from a fluid flow during the second cyclonic flow. 19. The pool cleaner of claim 18, wherein the central radial extension is disposed against a dish of a large debris container, the central radial extension maintaining a separation between the small debris particles within the inner chamber and large debris particles collected in the large debris container. 20. The pool cleaner of claim 19, comprising a gasket disposed between the dish of the large debris container and the central radial extension, the gasket maintaining separation between the small debris particles within the inner chamber and the large debris particles collected in the large debris container. 21. The pool cleaner of claim 20, wherein positioning the large debris container in an open position simultaneously empties the large debris container and the inner chamber of the fine debris container. 22. The pool cleaner of claim 1, comprising a ring of vortex finders, each of the vortex finders positioned within respective cyclone containers of the plurality of cyclone containers. 23. The pool cleaner of claim 22, wherein the ring of vortex finders comprises a central portion and a plurality of perimeter flaps, each of the perimeter flaps including a vortex finder. 24. The pool cleaner of claim 23, wherein a top surface of the central portion is recessed relative to surfaces of the plurality of perimeter flaps. 25. The pool cleaner of claim 23, wherein each of the plurality of perimeter flaps are hingedly connected to a polygonal perimeter of the central portion. 26. The pool cleaner of claim 1, comprising a top cap disposed over the canister body. 27. The pool cleaner of claim 26, wherein the top cap comprises a plurality of radially arched tubes defining a chamber extending to an outlet. 28. The pool cleaner of claim 26, wherein the top cap comprises a plurality of rounded lobes defining a chamber extending to an outlet. 29. The pool cleaner of claim 1, comprising a drive assembly comprising one front roller, one rear roller, and two middle rollers. 30. The pool cleaner of claim 1, comprising a drive assembly comprising two front rollers, two middle rollers, and two rear rollers. 31. A pool cleaner, comprising: a drive assembly including one front roller, one rear roller, a first middle roller, and a second middle roller, the first and second middle rollers being disposed adjacent to each other; a motor housing mounted relative to the drive assembly, the motor housing including a first drive motor and a second drive motor; and a hydrocyclonic particle separator assembly mounted to the motor housing; wherein the first drive motor drives rotation of the one front roller and the first middle roller; and wherein the second drive motor drives rotation of the one rear roller and the second middle roller. 32. The pool cleaner of claim 31, wherein the first drive motor drives the one front roller and the first middle roller at the same rate. 33. The pool cleaner of claim 31, wherein the second drive motor drives the one rear roller and the second middle roller at the same rate. 34. A pool cleaner, comprising: a drive assembly including a first front roller, a second front roller, a first middle roller, a second middle roller, a first rear roller, and a second rear roller, the first and second front rollers being disposed adjacent to each other, the first and second middle rollers being disposed adjacent to each other, and the first and second rear rollers being disposed adjacent to each other; a motor housing mounted relative to the drive assembly, the motor housing including a first drive motor and a second drive motor; and a hydrocyclonic particle separator assembly mounted to the motor housing; wherein the first drive motor drives rotation of the first front roller, the first middle roller, and the first rear roller; and wherein the second drive motor drives rotation of the second front roller, the second middle roller, and the second rear roller. 35. The pool cleaner of claim 34, wherein the first drive motor drives the first front roller, the first middle roller, and the first rear roller at the same rate. 36. The pool cleaner of claim 34, wherein the second drive motor drives the second front roller, the second middle roller, and the second rear roller at the same rate.",
-    "A method for patterning a metal substrate includes a series of surface treatments to control tunnel initiation at a micron or sub-micron level. In particular, the series of surface treatments include forming a hydration layer which acts as a mask while etching the surface of the metal substrate. The hydration layer mask enables control of the tunnel initiation on a micron or sub-micron level because the etching does not undercut the interface between the metal substrate and the hydration layer. As a result, the tunnels can be initiated in an orthogonal direction and closer together, thereby increasing the tunnel density. 1. A patterned metal substrate comprising: a metal substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a hydrate layer incorporated into the first surface; and a plurality of tunnels extending from the first surface. 2. The patterned metal substrate of claim 1, further comprising a hydrate layer incorporated into the second surface. 3. The patterned metal surface of claim 1, wherein the hydrate layer has a thickness in a range from 0.1 to 1 micron. 4. The patterned metal surface of claim 1, wherein the metal substrate is an aluminum foil.",
-    "In one embodiment, a system includes a processor and logic configured to create a backup copy of data stored to one or more production clusters and store the backup copy to one or more disaster recovery (DR) clusters. Moreover, the logic is configured to establish a time-zero in the DR family and create a snapshot of each backup copy stored to the one or more DR clusters. Each snapshot represents data stored to the one or more DR clusters at the time-zero, and each snapshot is a point-in-time flash copy of at least a user data portion of all virtual tapes of the one or more DR clusters with the proviso that the snapshot does not include a metadata portion of the virtual tapes. The logic is further configured to share a point-in-time data consistency at the time-zero among all clusters within the DR family. 1. A system, comprising a processor and logic integrated with and/or executable by the processor, the logic being configured to cause the processor to: define a disaster recovery (DR) family, the DR family comprising one or more DR clusters accessible to a DR host and one or more production clusters accessible to a production host, wherein the DR host is configured to replicate data from the one or more production clusters to the one or more DR clusters; create a backup copy of data stored to the one or more production clusters; store the backup copy to the one or more DR clusters; establish a time-zero in the DR family; create a snapshot of each backup copy stored to the one or more DR clusters, wherein each snapshot represents data stored to the one or more DR clusters at the time-zero, and wherein each snapshot is a point-in-time flash copy of at least a user data portion of all virtual tapes of the one or more DR clusters with the proviso that the snapshot does not include a metadata portion of the virtual tapes; and share a point-in-time data consistency at the time-zero among all clusters within the DR family. 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein each cluster comprises one or more storage nodes representing a storage device, and wherein the time-zero represents a time selected to simulate a disaster. 3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the logic is further configured to cause the processor to perform DR testing using, in descending order of preference: a snapshot from a first cluster within the DR family, a snapshot accessed via the first cluster from a second cluster within the DR family when the first cluster does not include an up-to-date consistent snapshot, a backup copy from the first cluster, and a backup copy from the second cluster when the first cluster does not include an up-to-date consistent backup copy. 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the logic is further configured to cause the processor to receive a snapshot initiation request prior to creating the snapshot. 5. The system as recited in claim 4, wherein the DR family is used to determine which DR clusters are affected by the snapshot initiation request. 6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one snapshot is created on all DR clusters within the DR family. 7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one snapshot is accessible by all DR clusters within the DR family. 8. A method for disaster recovery (DR) testing, the method comprising: defining a DR family, the DR family comprising one or more DR clusters accessible to a DR host and one or more production clusters accessible to a production host, wherein the DR host is configured to replicate data from the one or more production clusters to the one or more DR clusters; creating a backup copy of data stored to the one or more production clusters; storing the backup copy to the one or more DR clusters; establishing a time-zero in the DR family for DR testing; creating a snapshot of each backup copy stored to the one or more DR clusters, wherein each snapshot represents data stored to the one or more DR clusters at the time-zero, and wherein each snapshot is a point-in-time flash copy of at least a user data portion of all virtual tapes of the one or more DR clusters with the proviso that the snapshot does not include a metadata portion of the virtual tapes; and sharing a point-in-time data consistency at the time-zero among all clusters within the DR family. 9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein each cluster comprises one or more storage nodes representing a storage device, and wherein the time-zero represents a time selected to simulate a disaster. 10. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising performing DR testing using, in descending order of preference: a snapshot from a first cluster within the DR family, a snapshot accessed via the first cluster from a second cluster within the DR family when the first cluster does not include an up-to-date consistent snapshot, a backup copy from the first cluster, and a backup copy from the second cluster when the first cluster does not include an up-to-date consistent backup copy. 11. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising receiving a snapshot initiation request prior to creating the snapshot. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the DR family is used to determine which DR clusters are affected by the snapshot initiation request. 13. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein at least one snapshot is created on all DR clusters within the DR family. 14. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein at least one snapshot is accessible by all DR clusters within the DR family. 15. A computer program product for disaster recovery (DR) testing, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage device having program code embodied therewith, wherein the computer readable storage device is not a transitory signal per se, the program code being readable and/or executable by a hardware processor to: define, by the processor, a DR family, the DR family comprising one or more DR clusters accessible to a DR host and one or more production clusters accessible to a production host, wherein the DR host is configured to replicate data from the one or more production clusters to the one or more DR clusters; create, by the processor, a backup copy of data stored to the one or more production clusters; store, by the processor, the backup copy to the one or more DR clusters; establish, by the processor, a time-zero in the DR family; create, by the processor, a snapshot of each backup copy stored to the one or more DR clusters, wherein each snapshot represents data stored to the one or more DR clusters at the time-zero, and wherein each snapshot is a point-in-time flash copy of at least a user data portion of all virtual tapes of the one or more DR clusters with the proviso that the snapshot does not include a metadata portion of the virtual tapes; and share, by the processor, a point-in-time data consistency at the time-zero among all clusters within the DR family. 16. The computer program product as recited in claim 15, wherein each cluster comprises one or more storage nodes representing a storage device, and wherein the time-zero represents a time selected to simulate a disaster. 17. The computer program product as recited in claim 15, wherein the program code is further readable and/or executable by the hardware processor to perform, by the processor, DR testing using, in descending order of preference: a snapshot from a first cluster within the DR family, a snapshot accessed via the first cluster from a second cluster within the DR family when the first cluster does not include an up-to-date consistent snapshot, a backup copy from the first cluster, and a backup copy from the second cluster when the first cluster does not include an up-to-date consistent backup copy. 18. The computer program product as recited in claim 15, wherein the program code is further readable and/or executable by the hardware processor to receive, by the processor, a snapshot initiation request prior to creating the snapshot. 19. The computer program product as recited in claim 18, wherein the DR family is used to determine which DR clusters are affected by the snapshot initiation request. 20. The computer program product as recited in claim 15, wherein at least one snapshot is created on all DR clusters within the DR family and/or the at least one snapshot is accessible by all DR clusters within the DR family.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for generating a maneuver on a propagated route for an unmanned vehicle from a series of waypoints. A planner interface is configured to receive the waypoints and at least one parameter representing constraints on the propagated route of the unmanned vehicle. A curve generation component is configured to determine respective positions for each of a set of N+1 control points for a rational Bezier curve of Nth order from the series of waypoints and the parameter. N is an integer greater than three. A weight generation component is configured to determine scalar weights for the set of N+1 control points from the parameter. A navigation interface is configured to provide the maneuver, generated from the positions for the set of control points and the scalar weights, to a control system of the unmanned vehicle, configured to execute the provided maneuver at the unmanned vehicle. 1. A system for generating a maneuver on a propagated route for an unmanned vehicle, the system comprising: a mission planner configured to generate a series of waypoints, representing a route to be travelled by the unmanned vehicle, and at least one parameter representing constraints on the propagated route of the unmanned vehicle; a route generation system comprising: a planner interface configured to receive a series of waypoints and the at least one parameter; a curve generation component configured to determine respective positions for each of a set of N+1 control points for a rational Bezier curve of Nth order from at least the series of waypoints and the at least one parameter, where N is an integer greater than three; a weight generation component configured to determine scalar weights for the set of N+1 control points from the at least one parameter; and a navigation interface configured to provide the maneuver, generated from the positions for the set of N+1 control points and the scalar weights, to a control system of the unmanned vehicle; and the control system of the unmanned vehicle configured to execute the provided maneuver at the unmanned vehicle. 2. The system of claim 1, the curve generation component being configured to determine the positions for each of the a first control point and a second control points to lie on a line segment between a first waypoint and a second waypoint of the series of waypoints and to determine the positions of each of an Nth control point and a last control point to lie on a line segment between a penultimate waypoint and a final waypoint of the series of waypoints. 3. The system of claim 2, the at least one parameter comprising a maneuver start distance and a maneuver end distance, the curve generation component configured to determine the position of the first control point from at least the maneuver start distance and to determine the position of the last control point from at least the maneuver end distance. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a desired distance between the curve and a given waypoint of the series of waypoints, the curve generation component being configured to determine a position of at least one control point from at least the desired distance between the curve and the given waypoint. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the maneuver has an expected duration and the weight generation component is configured to determine the scalar weights such that a extremum point of the rational Bezier curve occurs halfway through the expected duration and along a median of a triangle defined by a given waypoint of the series of waypoints, a first control point of the set of N+1 control points, and a final control point of the set of N+1 control points. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a maneuver start distance and a maneuver end distance and the weight generation component is configured to determine a scalar weight corresponding to a penultimate control point of the set of N+1 control points as a function of a scalar weight corresponding to a second control point of the set of N+1 control points and a ratio of the maneuver start distance to the maneuver end distance. 7. The system of claim 5, the weight generation component being configured to determine a set of at least two of the scalar weights directly from the at least one parameter, and to determine each of the scalar weights not belonging to the set of at least two scalar weights as one of a default value and a function of the set of at least two of the scalar weights. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a corridor width for the propagated route and a desired distance between a given waypoint of the series of waypoints and an extremum point of the rational Bezier curve. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein N is equal to four and the series of waypoints includes three waypoints, and each of the curve generation component and the weight generation component are configured such that the second waypoint falls either of inside of or on the rational Bezier curve. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the unmanned vehicle is an unmanned air vehicle and the at least one parameter comprises an initial speed and an initial tangential acceleration. 11. A method for generating a maneuver on a propagated route for an unmanned vehicle from a series of waypoints and at least one parameter representing constraints on the propagated route of the unmanned vehicle, the method comprising: determining scalar weights for a set of N+1 control points from the at least one parameter, where N is an integer greater than three; determining respective positions for each of the set of N+1 control points for a rational Bezier curve of Nth order from at least the series of waypoints and the at least one parameter; determining a set of points representing the rational Bezier curve from the set of N+1 control points and the scalar weights; providing the set of points representing the rational Bezier curve to a control system associated with the unmanned vehicle; and executing the maneuver, represented by the set of points representing the rational Bezier curve, at the unmanned vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11, the at least one parameter comprising a maneuver start distance and a maneuver end distance, and determining respective positions for each of a set of N+1 control points comprises determining the positions for each of the a first control point and a second control points to lie on a line segment between a first waypoint and a second waypoint of the series of waypoints, with the first control point at the maneuver start distance from the second waypoint, and to determine the positions of each of an Nth control point and a last control point to lie on a line segment between a penultimate waypoint and a final waypoint of the series of waypoints with the last control point at the maneuver end distance from the second waypoint. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a desired distance between the curve and a given waypoint of the series of waypoints, and determining respective positions for each of a set of N+1 control points comprises determining a position of at least one control point from at least the desired distance between the curve and the given waypoint. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the maneuver has an expected duration and determining the scalar weights comprises determining the scalar weights such that a extremum point of the rational Bezier curve occurs halfway through the expected duration and along a median of a triangle defined by a given waypoint of the series of waypoints, a first control point of the set of N+1 control points, and a final control point of the set of N+1 control points. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a maneuver start distance and a maneuver end distance and determining the scalar weights such that the extremum point of the rational Bezier curve occurs halfway through the expected duration comprises determining a scalar weight corresponding to a penultimate control point of the set of N+1 control points as a function of a scalar weight corresponding to a second control point of the set of N+1 control points and a ratio of the maneuver start distance to the maneuver end distance. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the scalar weights such that the extremum point of the rational Bezier curve occurs halfway through the expected duration comprises determining a set of at least two of the scalar weights directly from the at least one parameter, and determining each of the scalar weights not belonging to the set of at least two scalar weights as one of a default value and a function of the set of at least two of the scalar weights. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter comprises a corridor width for the propagated route and a desired distance between a given waypoint of the series of waypoints and an extremum point of the rational Bezier curve. 18. A method for generating a maneuver on a propagated route for an unmanned air vehicle from a series of three waypoints and at least one parameter, the method comprising: determining respective positions for each of a set of five control points for a quartic rational Bezier curve from at least a series of three waypoints and a plurality of parameters representing constraints on the propagated route of the unmanned air vehicle, each of the series of three waypoints and the plurality of parameters being provided by a mission planner; determining scalar weights for the set of five control points from the plurality of parameters; determining a set of points representing the rational Bezier curve from the set of five control points and the scalar weights; and providing the set of points to a control system to control the unmanned vehicle based on the propagated route. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the maneuver has an expected duration and determining the scalar weights comprises determining the scalar weights such that a extremum point of the rational Bezier curve occurs halfway through the expected duration and along a median of a triangle defined by a given waypoint of the series of waypoints, a first control point of the set of five control points, and a final control point of the set of five control points. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the scalar weights comprise a first scalar weight, w1, a second scalar weight, w2, and a third scalar weight, w3, a value of the third scalar weight being determined from the values of the first scalar weight, the second scalar weight, a maneuver start distance, d20, and a maneuver end distance, d24, such that w \ue89e \ue89e 3 = ( w \ue89e \ue89e 1 + 1 2 ) \ue89e ( d \ue89e \ue89e 2 \ue89e \ue89e 0 d \ue89e \ue89e 24 ) - 1 2 .",
-    "Radio frequency (RF) duplexing devices and methods of operating the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, an RF duplexing device includes a transmission port, a receive port, a first duplexer, and a second duplexer. The first duplexer is coupled to the transmission port and the receive port, and is configured to provide a first phase shift from the transmission port to the receive port. The second duplexer is also coupled to the transmission port and the receive port. However, the second duplexer is configured to provide a second phase shift that is differential to the first phase shift from the transmission port to the receive port. By providing the second phase shift so that the second phase shift is differential to the first phase shift, the RF duplexing device can provide isolation through cancellation without needing to introduce significant insertion losses. 1. A radio frequency (RF) duplexing device comprising: a transmission port; a receive port; a first duplexer coupled to the transmission port and the receive port, and configured to provide a first phase shift from the transmission port to the receive port, wherein the first duplexer includes a non-inverting transformer coupled to the receive port; and a second duplexer coupled to the transmission port and the receive port, and configured to provide a second phase shift that is differential to the first phase shift from the transmission port to the receive port, wherein the second duplexer includes an inverting transformer coupled to the receive port wherein the inverting transformer is configured to provide a polarity inversion such that the second phase shift is differential to the first phase shift. 2. The RF duplexing device of claim 1 wherein the second duplexer is transposed with respect to the first duplexer. 3. The RF duplexing device of claim 1 wherein the non-inverting transformer and the inverting transformer have identical turn ratios 4. The RF duplexing device of claim 1 further comprising a first RF filter having a first frequency response defining a first stopband that blocks an RF receive band and a second RF filter having a second frequency response defining a second stopband that blocks an RF transmission band, wherein: the non-inverting transformer comprises: a first primary winding coupled to the transmission port; and a first secondary winding coupled to the first RF filter; and the inverting transformer comprises: a second primary winding coupled to the transmission port; and a second secondary winding coupled to the second RF filter. 5. The RF duplexing device of claim 1 wherein: the first duplexer further includes a second non-inverting transformer coupled to the receive port; and the second duplexer further includes a third non-inverting transformer coupled to the receive port. 6. The RF duplexing device of claim 1 further comprises an antenna port coupled to the first duplexer. 7. The RF duplexing device of claim 6 further comprises a tuning port coupled to the second duplexer. 8. The RF duplexing device of claim 7 wherein: the first duplexer and the second duplexer are configured to provide a third phase shift from the antenna port to the tuning port in a first signal direction; and the first duplexer and the second duplexer are configured to provide a fourth phase shift from the antenna port to the tuning port in a second signal direction, wherein the fourth phase shift is differential to the third phase shift from the antenna port to the transmission port. 9. The RF duplexing device of claim 8 wherein the third phase shift is substantially equal to the first phase shift and the fourth phase shift is substantially equal to the second phase shift. 10. The RF duplexing device of claim 8 wherein the third phase shift has a quadrature phase-shifting difference with the first phase shift and the fourth phase shift has a quadrature phase-shifting difference with the second phase shift. 11. The RF duplexing device of claim 7 wherein: the first duplexer comprises: a first RF filter coupled between the antenna port and the receive port, wherein the first RF filter has a first frequency response defining a first stopband that blocks an RF transmission band; and a second RF filter coupled between the transmission port and the antenna port, wherein the second RF filter has a second frequency response defining a second stopband that blocks an RF receive band; and the second duplexer comprises: a third RF filter coupled between the tuning port and the receive port, wherein the third RF filter has a third frequency response defining a third stopband that blocks the RF receive band; and a fourth RF filter coupled between the transmission port and the tuning port, wherein the fourth RF filter has a fourth frequency response defining a fourth stopband that blocks the RF transmission band. 12. The RF duplexing device of claim 11 wherein: the non-inverting transformer is coupled between the receive port and the first RF filter; and the inverting transformer is coupled between the receive port and the third RF filter, wherein the inverting transformer is configured to provide a polarity inversion such that the second phase shift is differential to the first phase shift. 13. The RF duplexing device of claim 7 wherein: the transmission port is operable to input an RF transmission signal that operates within an RF transmission band and to input spurious transmission noise emissions outside of the RF transmission band and an RF receive band; the receive port is operable to output an RF receive signal that operates within the RF receive band; the first duplexer is configured to pass the RF transmission signal from the transmission port to the antenna port; and the first duplexer and the second duplexer are operably associated so as to split the spurious transmission noise emissions into a first hybrid noise signal that propagates from the transmission port to the receive port through the first duplexer, a second hybrid noise signal that propagates from the transmission port to the receive port through the second duplexer, and a third hybrid noise signal that propagates from the transmission port to the tuning port through the second duplexer, wherein the first hybrid noise signal is outside both the RF transmission band and the RF receive band, the second hybrid noise signal is outside both the RF transmission band and the RF receive band, and the third hybrid noise signal is within the RF receive band; wherein the first phase shift provided by the first duplexer to the first hybrid noise signal from the transmission port to the receive port and the second phase shift provided by the second duplexer to the second hybrid noise signal from the transmission port to the receive port result in the first hybrid noise signal and the second hybrid noise signal substantially cancelling at the receive port. 14. The RF duplexing device of claim 13 wherein the second duplexer further comprises a tuner coupled to the tuning port, the tuner being configured to filter the third hybrid noise signal. 15. The RF duplexing device of claim 14 further comprising a bidirectional coupler connected between the antenna port and the first duplexer, wherein the bidirectional coupler is coupled to the tuner and is operably associated with the tuner such that an impedance of the tuner is adjustable through the bidirectional coupler. 16. The RF duplexing device of claim 15 wherein the tuner is operably associated to prevent high power transmissions to the tuner. 17. The RF duplexing device of claim 1 wherein the first duplexer and the second duplexer are formed on one or more semiconductor substrates. 18. A method of duplexing a radio frequency (RF) transmission signal and an RF receive signal comprising: inputting the RF transmission signal at a transmission port, wherein the transmission port is coupled to a first duplexer and a second duplexer; outputting the RF receive signal from a receive port, wherein the receive port is coupled to the first duplexer and the second duplexer, wherein the first duplexer includes a non-inverting transformer coupled to the receive port and the second duplexer includes and the second duplexer includes an inverting transformer coupled to the receive port; providing a first phase shift with the non-inverting transformer from the transmission port to the receive port through the first duplexer while the RF transmission signal is being input at the transmission port and while the RF receive signal is being output from the receive port; and providing a second phase shift with the inverting transformer from the transmission port to the receive port through the second duplexer while the RF transmission signal is being input at the transmission port and while the RF receive signal is being output from the receive port, wherein the inverting transformer provides a polarity inventions such that the second phase shift is differential to the first phase shift from the transmission port to the receive port. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the second duplexer is transposed with respect to the first duplexer. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the non-inverting transformer and the inverting transformer have identical turn ratios.",
-    "An intraoral x-ray sensor including a sensor housing and a universal serial bus (USB) data cable. The sensor housing has an opening. The USB data cable includes an outer sheath and a first data line, a second data line, a ground line, a power line, and at least two independent fillers positioned within the outer sheath. In one embodiment, at least two lines selected from the group consisting of the first data line, the second data line, the ground line, and the power line are twisted together to form a single bundle. The opening is configured to receive the data cable. 1. An intraoral x-ray sensor comprising: a sensor housing having an opening; and a universal serial bus (USB) data cable including an outer sheath, and a first data line, a second data line, a ground line, a power line, and at least two independent fillers positioned within the outer sheath, wherein at least two lines selected from the group consisting of the first data line, the second data line, the ground line, and the power line, are twisted together to form a single bundle, wherein the opening is configured to receive the data cable. 2. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the first data line, the second data line, the ground line, the power line, and the independent fillers are symmetrically organized about a centerline of the data cable. 3. The intraoral sensor of claim 2, wherein the first data line abuts the second data line at a center of the cross-section of the data cable. 4. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the independent fillers comprise a plastic, electrically insulating material. 5. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the independent fillers include a first filler, a second filler, a third filler, and a fourth filler, and wherein the first filler abuts the ground line and the first data line, the second filler abuts the ground line and the second data line, the third filler abuts the power line and the first data line, and the fourth filler abuts the power line and the second data line. 6. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the outer sheath further comprises a braided shield, a jacket layer outside of the braided shield and a tape layer inside of the braided shield. 7. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the data cable has a diameter of less than 3.0 millimeters. 8. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein one end of the data cable is coupled to an x-ray sensor. 9. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the cable further comprises a stress relief portion. 10. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a dome and the dome is configured to receive the cable. 11. The intraoral sensor of claim 10, wherein the cable further comprises a stress relief portion. 12. The intraoral sensor of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a dome and the dome is configured to receive the cable, and the cable further comprises a stress relief portion and the stress relief portion is secured to the dome.",
-    "A watch type terminal includes a main body, and a strap connected to the main body. In the watch type terminal, the strap includes one or more modules each having a specific function, and one or more partition straps having the one or more modules respectively received thereat. In the strap, the module and the partition strap are electrically connected to each other. 1. A watch type terminal, comprising: a main body; and a strap coupled to the main body, the strap comprising at least one partition strap shaped to receive a module used for a specific function, wherein the module is electrically connected to a corresponding one of the at least one partition strap when the module, which is detachable from the at least one partition strap, is coupled to the corresponding one of the at least one partition strap. 2. The watch type terminal of claim 1, comprising: a detachable pin formed extending through a side of the at least one partition strap; and an elastic member contacting the pin and configured to attach or detach the module to or from the at least one partition strap by controlling an elastic force applied to the pin. 3. The watch type terminal of claim 2, wherein: the pin comprises a first hook formed at an end portion of the pin; and a second hook is formed at a bottom surface of the module, the second hook latched to the first hook when the module is coupled to the at least one partition strap. 4. The watch type terminal of claim 3, wherein the strap further comprises: a first strap coupled to the main body, the first strap provided with a first flexible circuit board electrically connected to a main circuit board provided to the main body; and a second strap coupled to the first strap, the second strap provided with a second flexible circuit board electrically connected to the first flexible circuit board, wherein the at least one partition strap is provided with a third flexible circuit board electrically connected to the second strap to be electrically connected to the second flexible circuit board, and the at least one partition strap and the second strap are coupled to each other by a pair of internal frames respectively formed at both sides thereof. 5. The watch type terminal of claim 4, wherein the third flexible circuit board comprises: a supporting portion provided at an inside of the pair of internal frames, the supporting portion having a plurality of through-holes formed therein; and a connecting portion extending from the supporting portion, the connecting portion coupled to the second flexible circuit board. 6. The watch type terminal of claim 5, wherein the internal frame comprises: a fixing frame fixed to each partition strap; and a connecting frame coupled to the fixing frame, the connecting frame connecting two or more adjacent partition straps to each other or connecting one of the at least one partition strap and the second strap to each other. 7. The watch type terminal of claim 6, wherein: the fixing frame and the connecting frame are connected by a hinge such that the fixing frame and the connecting frame are individually rotatable; and the hinge is inserted into one of the plurality of through-holes formed in the supporting portion to fix the internal frame to the third flexible circuit board. 8. The watch type terminal of claim 5, wherein the at least one partition strap comprises: a wall portion to which the internal frame and the third flexible circuit board are provided; and a bottom portion formed vertically from the wall portion, the bottom portion having a through-hole formed therein to support the module. 9. The watch type terminal of claim 8, wherein the third flexible circuit board includes: a first contact terminal extending from a lower portion of the supporting portion to be received at the bottom portion; and a second contact terminal disposed at a lower end of the module to contact the first contact terminal such that the module and the at least one partition strap are electrically connected to each other. 10. The watch type terminal of claim 9, wherein the first contact terminal and the second contact terminal are waterproof-coated. 11. The watch type terminal of claim 4, wherein the module comprises: an internal circuit board electrically connected to the third flexible circuit board; and a battery for operating the module. 12. The watch type terminal of claim 11, further comprising a charging terminal for charging the battery, the charging terminal provided at a lower surface of the module. 13. The watch type terminal of claim 12, wherein: the charging terminal is formed to be exposed to one surface of the module; and an O-ring surrounding the charging terminal is provided around the charging terminal. 14. The watch type terminal of claim 1, wherein: the strap is separated at at least one portion, and further comprises, at the separated at least one portion, a first connecting strap provided further outward and a second connecting strap provided at inside of the first connecting strap, the second connecting strap having at least one portion disposed to overlap the first connecting strap; and a size of the overlapping portion of the first and second connecting straps is adjustable such that a length of the strap is changeable. 15. The watch type terminal of claim 14, further comprising: a connecting member having through-holes formed along a first direction of the first and second connecting straps such that at least portions of the first and second connecting straps are inserted into the connecting member; a guide groove formed along the first direction in the first connecting strap; a button portion moving on the guide groove; and an elastic member provided at a lower portion of the button portion to provide an elastic force to the button portion. 16. The watch type terminal of claim 15, wherein the second connecting strap is fixed by a fixing guide formed inside the connecting member. 17. The watch type terminal of claim 15, further comprising one or more rollers formed to contact the first and second connecting straps, the one or more rollers provided inside the connecting member. 18. The watch type terminal of claim 15, wherein the button portion comprises: an upper portion contacting an upper surface of the first connecting strap; a lower portion contacting a lower surface of the first connecting strap; and a middle portion connecting the upper portion and the lower portion to each other, the middle portion moving along the guide groove. 19. The watch type terminal of claim 4, wherein the third flexible circuit board is formed to be electrically connected to the at least one partition strap. 20. The watch type terminal of claim 1, wherein the module comprises at least one of a flash module, a camera module, a heart-rate sensor module, a speaker module, a battery module, a display module, a projector module, a BLUETOOTH headset module, or a smart vehicle key module.",
-    "Disclosed herein are envelope detectors with high input impedance, and related methods and systems. In some embodiments, an envelope detector with high input impedance may include: a swinging stage including first, second, and third transistors, wherein the third transistor and an active transistor are arranged as a differential pair, the first transistor is the active transistor when an input to the envelope detector is positive, and the second transistor is the active transistor when the input to the envelope detector is negative; and a feedback circuit, coupled to the swinging stage, to provide an output signal representative of a rectification of the input. 1. An envelope detector with high input impedance, comprising: a swinging stage including first, second, and third transistors, wherein the third transistor and an active transistor are arranged as a differential pair, the first transistor is the active transistor when an input to the envelope detector is positive, and the second transistor is the active transistor when the input to the envelope detector is negative; and a feedback circuit, coupled to the swinging stage, to provide an output representative of a rectification of the input. 2. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein the feedback circuit comprises a current mirror and a buffer. 3. The envelope detector of claim 2, wherein the buffer comprises an emitter-follower transistor. 4. The envelope detector of claim 2, wherein the buffer is coupled to the third transistor. 5. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third transistors are arranged in a common emitter configuration. 6. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein the input is a differential input, and the envelope detector further comprises: a positive input terminal coupled to the first transistor; and a negative input terminal coupled to the second transistor. 7. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein a collector of the first transistor is directly coupled to a collector of the second transistor. 8. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein the swinging stage includes a core circuit and a cascode circuit. 9. The envelope detector of claim 8, wherein the cascode circuit includes first and second cascode transistors coupled to the first transistor, and third and fourth cascode transistors coupled to the second transistor. 10. The envelope detector of claim 9, wherein the cascode circuit includes a diode-connected transistor coupled between (1) a supply voltage and (2) the first and fourth cascode transistors. 11. The envelope detector of claim 8, wherein the cascode circuit includes a limiting amplifier. 12. The envelope detector of claim 11, wherein: the input is a differential input including positive and negative inputs; the cascode circuit includes first and second cascode transistors coupled to the first transistor, and third and fourth cascode transistors coupled to the second transistor; and the limiting amplifier is to receive the positive and negative inputs, generate amplified positive and negative inputs, provide the amplified positive input to the second and fourth cascode transistors, and provide the amplified negative input to the first and third cascode transistors. 13. The envelope detector of claim 11, wherein the limiting amplifier includes a resistively loaded cascode amplifier. 14. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third transistors are bipolar junction transistors. 15. The envelope detector of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third transistors are complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistors. 16. An envelope detection system, comprising: an envelope detector, coupled to a point along a signal chain, including a swinging stage, wherein the swinging stage includes first, second, and third transistors, the third transistor and an active transistor are arranged as a differential pair, the first transistor is the active transistor when an input to the envelope detector is positive, and the second transistor is the active transistor when the input to the envelope detector is negative; and a variable gain amplifier in the signal chain and arranged before or after the point in the signal chain. 17. The envelope detection system of claim 16, further comprising: a filter in the signal chain. 18. The envelope detection system of claim 16, further comprising: a power detector circuit to receive an output of the envelope detector. 19. A method of detecting an envelope of an input signal, comprising: receiving an input signal at an envelope detector, wherein: when the input signal is positive, a first transistor and a third transistor in the envelope detector act as an active differential pair, and when the input signal is negative, a second transistor and the third transistor in the envelope detector act as an active differential pair; and providing an output signal at an input of the third transistor, wherein the output signal represents a rectification of the input signal. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: determining a power statistic of the output signal.",
-    "Systems and methods for controlling a generator set are disclosed herein. The method includes determining a state of local modes selectable via a local interface proximate to the generator set. The local modes include a local standby mode and a local remote enabled mode. The method also includes determining a state of a plurality of remote modes using a command from a device remote from the location of the generator set in response to determining the remote enabled mode is active. The method includes, in response to determining the local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and one of the remote modes is active, determining whether to activate or stop the generator set based on the active remote mode and disabling the local standby mode from controlling activation of the generator set. 1. A method for controlling a generator set, comprising: determining a state of a plurality of local modes selectable via a local interface proximate to the generator set, wherein the local modes comprise a remote enabled mode in which the generator set is enabled locally to activate or stop in response to receiving one or more commands from a device remote from a location of the generator set and a local standby mode in which the generator set activates or stops in response to detecting one or more conditions; in response to determining the remote enabled mode is active, determining a state of a plurality of remote modes using the one or more commands, wherein the plurality of remote modes are selectable via a user interface on the device remote from the location of the generator set, and wherein the remote modes comprise: a remote start mode in which the generator set is activated remotely; a remote stop mode in which the generator set is stopped remotely; and a remote standby mode in which the generator set is enabled remotely to activate or stop automatically in response to the one or more conditions being detected; in response to determining the local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and the remote start and remote stop modes are inactive, determining whether to activate or stop the generator set in response to detecting the one or more conditions in accordance with the local standby mode; and in response to determining the local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and one of the remote start mode or remote stop mode is active, determining whether to activate or stop the generator set based on the active remote mode and disabling the local standby mode from controlling activation of the generator set. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the local modes further comprise a local start mode in which the generator set is activated locally and a local stop mode in which the generator set is stopped locally. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: enabling selection of the remote modes on the user interface of the device remote from the location of the generator set in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface; and disabling selection of the remote modes on the user interface of the device remote from the location of the generator set in response to selection of the local start mode or the local stop mode from the local interface. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions includes at least one remote condition monitored by a remote device communicably connected to the generator set. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a power outage, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set activates automatically in response to the power outage being detected. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a fuel level of the generator set, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set stops automatically in response to detecting that the fuel level is below a predetermined fuel level. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a demand input generated from a load, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set activates automatically in response to receiving the demand input. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the load comprises at least one of a sump pump, an air conditioner, a refrigerator, or a freezer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a grid use, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set activates automatically in response to the grid use being detected above a predetermined grid use level. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a condition of a battery of the generator set, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set starts automatically in response to detecting that the condition of the battery is below a predetermined battery condition. 11. A system for controlling a generator set, comprising: circuitry configured to: determine a state of a plurality of local modes selectable via a local interface proximate to the generator set, wherein the local modes comprise a remote enabled mode in which the generator set is enabled locally to activate or stop in response to receiving one or more commands from a device remote from a location of the generator set and a local standby mode in which the generator set activates or stops in response to detecting one or more conditions; in response to determining the remote enabled mode is active, determine a state of a plurality of remote modes using the one or more commands, wherein the plurality of remote modes are selectable via a user interface on the device remote from the location of the generator set, and wherein the remote modes comprise: a remote start mode in which the generator set is activated remotely; a remote stop mode in which the generator set is stopped remotely; and a remote standby mode in which the generator set is enabled remotely to activate or stop automatically in response to the one or more conditions being detected; in response to determining the local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and the remote start and remote stop modes are inactive, determine whether to activate or stop the generator set in response to detecting the one or more conditions in accordance with the local standby mode; and in response to determining local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and one of the remote start mode or remote stop mode is active, determine whether to activate or stop the generator set based on the active remote mode and disable the local standby mode from controlling activation of the generator set. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the local modes further comprise a local start mode in which the generator set is activated locally and a local stop mode in which the generator set is stopped locally. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein selection of the remote modes on the user interface of the device remote from the location of the generator set is enabled in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface, and wherein selection of the remote modes on the user interface of the device remote from the location of the generator set is disabled in response to selection of the local start mode or the local stop mode from the local interface. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more conditions includes at least one remote condition monitored by a remote device communicably connected to the generator set. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a power outage, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set activates automatically in response to the power outage being detected. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a fuel level of the generator set, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set stops automatically in response to detecting that the fuel level is below a predetermined fuel level. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a grid use, and wherein, in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set activates automatically in response to the grid use being detected above a predetermined grid use level. 18. A generator set comprising: an engine; a generator operatively connected to the engine; a local interface; a communication interface structured to receive commands from a device remote from the generator set, a controller communicably connected with the engine, the generator, the local interface, and the communication interface, the controller configured to: determine a state of a plurality of local modes selectable via the local interface, wherein the local modes comprise: a local start mode in which the generator set is activated locally; a local stop mode in which the generator set is stopped locally; a local standby mode in which the generator set is enabled locally to activate or stop automatically in response to one or more conditions being detected; and a remote enabled mode in which the generator set is enabled locally to activate or stop in response to receiving one or more commands from a device remote from a location of the generator set; in response to determining the remote enabled mode is active, determine a state of a plurality of remote modes using the one or more commands, wherein the plurality of remote modes are selectable via a user interface on the device remote from the location of the generator set, and wherein the remote modes comprise: a remote start mode in which the generator set is activated remotely; a remote stop mode in which the generator set is stopped remotely; and a remote standby mode in which the generator set is enabled remotely to activate or stop automatically in response to the one or more conditions being detected; in response to determining the local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and the remote start and remote stop modes are inactive, determine whether to activate or stop the generator set in response to detecting the one or more conditions in accordance with the local standby mode; and in response to determining local standby mode is active, the remote enabled mode is active, and one of the remote start mode or remote stop mode is active, determine whether to activate or stop the generator set based on the active remote mode and disable the local standby mode from controlling activation of the generator set. 19. The generator set of claim 18, wherein selection of the remote modes on the user interface of the device remote from the location of the generator set is enabled in response to selection of the remote enabled mode from the local interface, and wherein selection of the remote modes on the user interface of the device remote from the location of the generator set is disabled in response to selection of the local start mode or the local stop mode from the local interface. 20. The generator set of claim 18, wherein the one or more conditions includes at least one remote condition monitored by a remote device communicably connected to the generator set. 21. The generator set of claim 18, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a fuel level of the generator set, and wherein, in response to selection of the local standby mode from the local interface or the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set stops automatically in response to detecting that the fuel level is below a predetermined fuel level. 22. The generator set of claim 18, wherein the one or more conditions comprise a grid use, and wherein, in response to selection of the local automatic mode from the local interface or the remote enabled mode from the local interface and the remote standby mode from the remote interface, the generator set activates automatically in response to the grid use being detected above a predetermined grid use level.",
-    "A power steering system includes a torque modifier module that generates a modified torque command in response to a current sensor fault, a magnitude of the modified torque command changes over a time period. The power steering system also includes a feedforward selection module that applies a dynamic feedforward compensation to a motor current command, thereby generating a motor voltage that is applied to a motor of the power steering system, the dynamic feedforward compensation modifies a frequency response of the power steering system. 1. A power steering system comprising: a torque modifier module that generates a modified torque command in response to a current sensor fault, a magnitude of the modified torque command changes over a time period; and a feedforward selection module that applies a dynamic feedforward compensation to a motor current command, thereby generating a motor voltage that is applied to a motor of the power steering system, the dynamic feedforward compensation modifies a frequency response of the power steering system, the motor current command is based on the modified torque command. 2. The power steering system of claim 1, further comprising a stability compensator selector module that selects a stability compensator of a steering torque control loop of the power steering system when a current sensor fault is detected, the stability compensator selector module generates a compensated torque command sent to the torque modifier module. 3. The power steering system of claim 2, the modified torque command is based at least in part on the compensated torque command. 4. The power steering system of claim 1, the modified torque command is reduced to a magnitude of zero when the current sensor fault is detected, the modified torque command is increased from a magnitude of zero over a time period. 5. The power steering system of claim 4, the modified torque command has a steady state value defined by a scale factor applied to the modified torque command during the time period. 6. The power steering system of claim 2, the dynamic feedforward compensation is based on a transfer function defined by an approximation of a true derivative. 7. The power steering system of claim 6, the approximation of the true derivative is represented by s ~ = s ( \u03c4 \ue89e \ue89e s + 1 ) n . 8. A power steering system comprising: a stability compensator selector module that selects a stability compensator of a steering torque control loop of the power steering system when a current sensor fault is detected, the stability compensator generates a compensated torque command; and a torque modifier module that generates a modified torque command from the compensated torque command in response to a current sensor fault, a magnitude of the modified torque command changes over a time period, a motor voltage that is applied to a motor of the power steering system is based on the modified torque command. 9. The power steering system of claim 8, further comprising a feedforward selection module that applies a dynamic feedforward compensation to a motor current command, thereby generating the motor voltage that is applied to a motor of the power steering system, the dynamic feedforward compensation modifies a frequency response of the power steering system, the motor current command is based on the modified torque command. 10. The power steering system of claim 8, the modified torque command is increased from a magnitude of zero when the current sensor fault is detected. 11. The power steering system of claim 10, the modified torque command has a steady state value defined by a scale factor applied to the modified torque command during a time period. 12. The power steering system of claim 9, the dynamic feedforward compensation is based on a transfer function defined by an approximation of a true derivative. 14. The power steering system of claim 12, the approximation of the true derivative is represented by s ~ = s ( \u03c4 \ue89e \ue89e s + 1 ) n . 15. A method for controlling a power steering system comprising: generating a modified torque command in response to a current sensor fault, a magnitude of the modified torque command changes over a time period; and applying a dynamic feedforward compensation to a motor current command, thereby generating a motor voltage that is applied to a motor of the power steering system, the dynamic feedforward compensation modifies a frequency response of the power steering system, the motor current command is based on the modified torque command. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising selecting a stability compensator of a steering torque control loop of the power steering system when a current sensor fault is detected, the stability compensator selector module generates a compensated torque command. 17. The method of claim 15, the modified torque command is increased from a magnitude of zero when the current sensor fault is detected. 18. The method of claim 17, the modified torque command has a steady state value defined by a scale factor applied to the modified torque command during a time period. 19. The method of claim 15, the dynamic feedforward compensation is based on a transfer function defined by an approximation of a true derivative. 20. The method of claim 19, the approximation of the true derivative is represented by s ~ = s ( \u03c4 \ue89e \ue89e s + 1 ) n .",
-    "A memory device includes a memory cell unit, a bit line unit and a buffering unit. The memory cell unit includes a plurality of memory cell groups. Each memory cell group includes at least one memory cell for storing data therein. The bit line unit includes a plurality of first bit lines each coupled to the at least one memory cell of a respective memory cell group, and a second bit line for transmitting to-be-read data. The buffering unit includes a plurality of two-state buffers. Each two-state buffer has an input terminal coupled to a respective first bit line, and an output terminal coupled to the second bit line. The memory device does not require a sense amplifier, and thus consumes relatively small power. The memory device can operate at a relatively high frequency when properly configured. 1. A memory device comprising: a memory cell unit including a plurality of memory cell groups, each of said memory cell groups including at least one memory cell for storing data therein; a bit line unit including a plurality of first bit lines, each of which is coupled to said at least one memory cell of a respective one of said memory cell groups, and a second bit line for transmitting to-be-read data; and a buffering unit including a plurality of two-state buffers, each of said two-state buffers having an input terminal coupled to a respective one of said first bit lines, and an output terminal coupled to said second bit line, each of said two-state buffers being operable between an output enable state and an output disable state based on a voltage at said input terminal, and outputting a predetermined reference voltage at said output terminal when operating in the output enable state. 2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein each of said two-state buffers is a transistor that has a first terminal for receiving the predetermined reference voltage, a second terminal serving as said output terminal, and a control terminal serving as said input terminal. 3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein each of said two-state buffers is a field effect transistor that has a source terminal, a drain terminal and a gate terminal, one of said source and drain terminals receiving the predetermined reference voltage, the other of said source and drain terminals serving as said output terminal, said gate terminal serving as said input terminal. 4. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a biasing unit that is coupled to said input terminal of each of said two-state buffers for supplying a predetermined bias voltage thereto. 5. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a biasing unit that is coupled to said second bit line for supplying a predetermined bias voltage thereto. 6. The memory device of claim 1, wherein each of said memory cell groups further includes a dummy cell that is coupled to a respective one of said first bit lines for supplying a predetermined bias voltage thereto. 7. The memory device of claim 1, wherein one of said at least one memory cell of each of said memory cell groups outputs the data stored therein to bias a corresponding one of said first bit lines. 8. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of switches, each of said switches being coupled between said input terminal of a respective one of said two-state buffers and a respective one of said first bit lines. 9. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of switches, each of said switches being coupled between said output terminal of a respective one of said two-state buffers and said second bit line. 10. The memory device of claim 1, wherein said bit line unit further includes a third bit line that is coupled to said at least one memory cell of each of said memory cell groups and that transmits to-be-written data. 11. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of switches; wherein said bit line unit further includes a third bit line for transmitting to-be-written data, and a plurality of fourth bit lines, each of which is coupled to said at least one memory cell of a respective one of said memory cell groups; and wherein each of said switches is coupled between said third bit line and a respective one of said fourth bit lines. 12. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of switches; wherein each of said switches is coupled between a respective one of said first bit lines and said second bit line; and wherein said second bit line further transmits to-be-written data. 13-21. (canceled)",
-    "One embodiment provides a method including: monitoring, using a processor, a position of a user; receiving, from an input device, input; determining, based on the monitoring, that the input was provided by a source other than the user; and disregarding, using a processor, the input. Other aspects are described and claimed. 1. A method, comprising: monitoring, using a processor, a position of a user; receiving, from an input device, input; determining, based on the monitoring, that the input was provided by a source other than the user; and disregarding, using a processor, the input. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring the position of a user using an image capture device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises identifying that a third hand provided the user input. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring the position of a user using a proximity sensor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the position of a user is associated with hands of the user. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises comparing at least one characteristic of the user input to at least one characteristic of previous input provided by the user. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one characteristic comprises a position on the input device of the user input. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining that the user input comprises input inconsistent with the position of a user. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving is received from an input device selected from the group consisting of: a keyboard, a mouse, and a touch enabled device. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising requesting verification from the user that the user input should be disregarded. 11. An information handling device, comprising: at least one input device; a processor operatively coupled to the at least one input device; a memory device that stores instructions executable by the processor to: monitor a position of a user; receive, from the at least one input device, user input; determine, based on the monitoring, that the input was provided by a source other than the user; and disregard the input. 12. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the instruction executable by the processor to monitor comprises an instruction to monitor the position of a user using an image capture device. 13. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the instruction executable by the processor to determine comprises an instruction to identify that a third hand provided the user input. 14. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the instruction executable by the processor to monitor comprises an instruction to monitor the position of a user using a proximity sensor. 15. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the position of a user is associated with hands of the user. 16. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the instruction executable by the processor to determine comprises an instruction to compare at least one characteristic of the user input to at least one characteristic of previous input provided by the user. 17. The information handling device of claim 16, wherein the at least one characteristic comprises a position on the input device of the user input. 18. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the instruction executable by the processor to determine comprises an instruction to determine that the user input comprises input inconsistent with the position of a user. 19. The information handling device of claim 11, wherein the input device is selected from the group consisting of: a keyboard, a mouse, and a touch enabled device. 20. A product, comprising: a storage device that stores code executable by a processor, the code being executable by the processor and comprising: code that monitors a position of a user; code that receives, from at least one input device, user input; code that determines, based on the monitoring, that the input was provided by a source other than the user; and code that disregards the input.",
-    "Provided is a printing apparatus having a printing unit with recording elements arranged in a width direction of a print medium. The printing apparatus includes a printer printing a correcting chart to the print medium, a correcting-chart density information obtaining device obtaining density information on the correcting chart printed to the print medium, and a print-medium deformation determining device setting at least two different numbers of the recording elements as moving average widths from the density information on the correcting chart, calculating moving average values of the density information of the recording elements for the moving average widths, calculating a standard deviation using the moving average values for the small and large moving average widths, respectively, and determining that deformation occurs in the print medium when the standard deviation used as a determination value exceeds a threshold. 1. A printing apparatus having a printing unit with plurality of recording elements arranged in a width direction of a print medium, the printing apparatus comprising: a printer printing a correcting chart for correcting recording densities for the recording elements to the print medium; a correcting-chart density information obtaining device obtaining density information on the correcting chart printed to the print medium; and a print-medium deformation determining device, the print-medium deformation determining device setting at least two different numbers of successive recording elements among the recording elements as moving average widths in accordance with the density information on the correcting chart, calculating moving average values of the density information of the recording elements for the moving average widths, calculating a standard deviation using one of the moving average values for a first small moving average width of the moving average widths as actual measurement data and using another one of the moving averages value for a second large moving average width of the moving average widths as an average value of the actual measurement data, and determining that deformation occurs in the print medium when the standard deviation used as a determination value exceeds a threshold. 2. The printing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the print-medium deformation determining device calculates a density average value for the moving average value of the small moving average width, and sets a rate of the standard deviation relative to the density average value as the determination value. 3. The printing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a recording-element density correcting device correcting the recording densities of the recording elements in accordance with the density information of the moving average widths depending on the deformation of the print medium when the print-medium deformation determining device determines that the deformation occurs. 4. The printing apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a recording-element density correcting device correcting the recording densities of the recording elements in accordance with the density information of the moving average widths depending on the deformation of the print medium when the print-medium deformation determining device determines that the deformation occurs. 5. The printing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recording elements are of an inkjet type discharging ink droplets. 6. The printing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the recording elements are of an inkjet type discharging ink droplets. 7. The printing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the recording elements are of an inkjet type discharging ink droplets. 8. The printing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the recording elements are of an inkjet type discharging ink droplets. 9. The printing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 10. The printing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 11. The printing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 12. The printing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 13. The printing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 14. The printing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 15. The printing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 16. The printing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the print medium is long web paper. 17. A detecting method of detecting deformation of a print medium by a printing apparatus having a printing unit with a plurality of recording elements arranged in a width direction of the print medium, the method comprising: a printing step of printing a correcting chart for correcting recording densities of the recording elements individually to the print medium; a density information obtaining step of obtaining density information on the correcting chart printed to the print medium; a moving average-value calculating step of setting at least two different numbers of successive recording elements among the recording elements as moving average widths in accordance with the density information on the correcting chart, and calculating moving average values of the density information of the recording elements for the moving average widths; a standard deviation calculating step of calculating a standard deviation using one of the moving average values for a first small moving average width of the moving average widths as actual measurement data and using another one of the moving average values for a second large moving average width of the moving average widths as an average value of the actual measurement data; and a determining step of determining that the deformation occurs in the print medium when the standard deviation as a determination value exceeds a threshold. 18. The detecting method of detecting the deformation of the print medium according to claim 17, further comprising: prior to the determining step, a density average-value calculating step of calculating a density average value for the moving average value for the small moving average width; and a variation rate calculating step of calculating a variation rate of the standard deviation relative to the density average value, and wherein the rate is used as the determination value in the determining step. 19. The detecting method of detecting the deformation of the print medium according to claim 17, wherein the recording elements are of an inkjet type discharging ink droplets. 20. The detecting method of detecting the deformation of the print medium according to claim 18, wherein the recording elements are of an inkjet type discharging ink droplets.",
-    "Radio frequency (RF) amplification devices are disclosed that include Doherty amplification circuits and methods of operating the same. In one embodiment, a Doherty amplification circuit includes a main carrier RF amplifier, a peaking RF amplifier, and a periodic quadrature coupler. To provide Doherty amplification, the peaking RF amplifier is configured to be deactivated while an RF signal is below a threshold level and is configured to be activated while the RF signal is above the threshold level. The periodic quadrature coupler is configured to combine a first RF split signal from the main carrier RF amplifier and a second RF split signal from the peaking RF amplifier into the RF signal, such that the RF signal is output from an output port while the peaking RF amplifier is activated. The periodic quadrature coupler allows the Doherty amplification circuit to provide broadband amplification in various RF communication bands. 1. A radio frequency (RF) amplification device comprising a Doherty amplification circuit configured to amplify an RF signal, wherein the Doherty amplification circuit comprises: a main carrier RF amplifier; a peaking RF amplifier configured to be deactivated while the RF signal is below a threshold level and configured to be activated while the RF signal is above the threshold level; and a periodic quadrature coupler having an output port configured to output the RF signal after amplification by the Doherty amplification circuit, wherein the periodic quadrature coupler is configured to combine a first RF split signal from the main carrier RF amplifier and a second RF split signal from the peaking RF amplifier into the RF signal such that the RF signal is output from the output port after amplification by the Doherty amplification circuit while the peaking RF amplifier is activated. 2. The RF amplification device of claim 1 wherein the periodic quadrature coupler is a Lange coupler. 3. The RF amplification device of claim 1 wherein the periodic quadrature coupler is configured to define a first passband centered at a fundamental frequency and a second passband centered at a second frequency that is approximately equal to the fundamental frequency multiplied by an integer greater than one (1). 4. The RF amplification device of claim 3 wherein the integer is odd. 5. The RF amplification device of claim 3 wherein the integer is equal to three. 6. The RF amplification device of claim 1 wherein the periodic quadrature coupler is configured to define a set of passbands, wherein each of the passbands is centered approximately at a fundamental frequency multiplied by an integer in a set of integers. 7. The RF amplification device of claim 6 wherein the set of integers consists of a set of multiple odd integers. 8. The RF amplification device of claim 7 wherein: the main carrier RF amplifier is a Class A amplifier; and the peaking RF amplifier is a Class C amplifier. 9. The RF amplification device of claim 1 wherein the Doherty amplification circuit further comprises a second periodic quadrature coupler and wherein: the main carrier RF amplifier is coupled between the periodic quadrature coupler and the second periodic quadrature coupler; and the peaking RF amplifier is coupled between the periodic quadrature coupler and the second periodic quadrature coupler. 10. The RF amplification device of claim 1 wherein the RF amplification device further comprises a control circuit and the Doherty amplification circuit further comprises a tunable impedance load, and wherein: the tunable impedance load is configured to provide a tunable impedance, and wherein the periodic quadrature coupler has an isolation port and the tunable impedance load is coupled to the isolation port of the periodic quadrature coupler; and the control circuit is configured to tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically as a function of RF power to employ Doherty amplification operation. 11. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein the main carrier RF amplifier is configured to be activated while the RF signal is below the threshold level and above the threshold level. 12. The RF amplification device of claim 11 wherein the control circuit is configured to: tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically such that a real impedance of the tunable impedance is approximately equal to a real impedance presented at the output port as the function of the RF power detected in the Doherty amplification circuit while the peaking RF amplifier is deactivated; and tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically such that the real impedance of the tunable impedance is approximately equal to double the real impedance presented at the output port as the function of the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit while the peaking RF amplifier is activated. 13. The RF amplification device of claim 12 wherein the control circuit is further configured to tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically as the function of the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit such that a load impedance presented by the periodic quadrature coupler to the main carrier RF amplifier is approximately equal to a characteristic amplifier impedance of the Doherty amplification circuit when the main carrier RF amplifier and the peaking RF amplifier are both approximately saturated. 14. The RF amplification device of claim 13 wherein the control circuit is further configured to tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically as the function of the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit such that the load impedance presented by the periodic quadrature coupler to the main carrier RF amplifier is approximately equal to double the characteristic amplifier impedance of the Doherty amplification circuit while the peaking RF amplifier is deactivated. 15. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein the Doherty amplification circuit further comprises a second periodic quadrature coupler and wherein: the second periodic quadrature coupler comprises an input port configured to receive the RF signal for the Doherty amplification circuit; the main carrier RF amplifier is coupled between the periodic quadrature coupler and the second periodic quadrature coupler; and the peaking RF amplifier is coupled between the periodic quadrature coupler and the second periodic quadrature coupler. 16. The RF amplification device of claim 10 further comprising a second periodic quadrature coupler wherein: the peaking RF amplifier is configured to be deactivated while the RF signal is below the threshold level and is configured to be activated while the RF signal is above the threshold level; the main carrier RF amplifier is configured to be activated while the RF signal is below the threshold level and above the threshold level; and the second periodic quadrature coupler is operably associated with the periodic quadrature coupler so as to pass the RF signal to the main carrier RF amplifier while the peaking RF amplifier is deactivated and split the RF signal into the first RF split signal and the second RF split signal while the peaking RF amplifier is activated, wherein the second periodic quadrature coupler is configured to pass the first RF split signal to the main carrier RF amplifier and pass the second RF split signal to the peaking RF amplifier while the peaking RF amplifier is activated. 17. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein the control circuit is further configured to: detect the RF power in the Doherty amplification circuit; and tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically to invoke Doherty amplification operation as the function of the RF power detected of the Doherty amplification circuit. 18. The RF amplification device of claim 17 wherein the control circuit is further configured to receive a control input that indicates at least one operational frequency characteristic of the RF signal, and wherein the function of the RF power detected in the Doherty amplification circuit is further the function of the at least one operational frequency characteristic indicated by the control input. 19. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein the control circuit is coupled to the output port and is configured to detect the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit by being configured to receive a feedback signal having a feedback signal level set in accordance with an RF signal level of the RF signal when the RF signal is output from the output port of the periodic quadrature coupler. 20. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein the Doherty amplification circuit further comprises a second periodic quadrature coupler and wherein: the second periodic quadrature coupler comprises an input port configured to receive the RF signal for the Doherty amplification circuit; and the control circuit is coupled to the input port and is configured to detect the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit by being configured to receive a feedback signal having a feedback signal level set in accordance with an RF signal level of the RF signal at the input port of the second periodic quadrature coupler. 21. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein: the peaking RF amplifier is configured to receive a supply voltage such that a supply current is generated by the supply voltage; and the control circuit is coupled to the peaking RF amplifier and is configured to detect the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit by being configured to receive a feedback signal having a feedback signal level set in accordance with a supply current level of the supply current. 22. The RF amplification device of claim 10 wherein the control circuit is further configured to: receive a control input that indicates the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit; store a look-up table; and tune the tunable impedance of the tunable impedance load dynamically as the function of the RF power of the Doherty amplification circuit indicated by the control input by being configured to implement the look-up table to invoke Doherty amplification operation. 23. A method of amplifying a radio frequency (RF) signal comprising: activating a main carrier RF amplifier so that the main carrier RF amplifier amplifies the RF signal while a peaking RF amplifier in a Doherty amplification circuit is deactivated; activating the peaking RF amplifier in response to a signal level of the RF signal reaching a threshold level; splitting the RF signal into a first RF split signal and a second RF split signal while the peaking RF amplifier and the main carrier RF amplifier are activated; and combining the first RF split signal from the main carrier RF amplifier and the second RF split signal from the peaking RF amplifier into the RF signal using a periodic quadrature coupler. 24. The method of claim 23 further comprising outputting the RF signal from an output port of the periodic quadrature coupler. 25. The method of claim 23 wherein splitting the RF signal into the first RF split signal and the second RF split signal comprises splitting the RF signal into the first RF split signal and the second RF split signal using a second periodic quadrature coupler.",
-    "Techniques to provide secure access to a cloud-based service are disclosed. In various embodiments, a request is received from a client app on a device to connect to a security proxy associated with the cloud-based service. A secure tunnel connection between the device and a node with which the security proxy is associated is used to establish the requested connection to the security proxy. Information associated with the secure tunnel is used to determine that the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service from the device and to obtain from an identity provider associated with the cloud-based service a security token to be used by the client app to authenticate to the cloud-based service. 1. A method of providing secure access to a cloud-based service, comprising: receiving a request associated with a client app on a device to connect to a security proxy associated with the cloud-based service; and using a secure tunnel connection between the device and a node with which the security proxy is associated to establish the requested connection to the security proxy; wherein information associated with the secure tunnel is used to determine that the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service from the device and to obtain from an identity provider associated with the cloud-based service a security token to be used by the client app to authenticate to the cloud-based service. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the request is sent by the client app in response to a redirect message received from the cloud-based service. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the redirect message includes a URL or other locator associated with the security proxy. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the security proxy is associated with a security proxy server system and the secure tunnel is established between the device and a tunnel server running on the security proxy server system. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising establishing the secure tunnel, at least in part by receiving from the device a security certificate. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising using information comprising the security certificate to determine one or more of device, app, user, and certificate information. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising using information associated with the security certificate to determine that the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the security proxy is configured to use information associated with the secure tunnel to determine that the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service from the device at least in part by performing a compliance check with respect to the device. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining whether the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service from the device. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoring a compliance posture of the device and blocking access to the cloud-based service based at least in part on an indication that the compliance posture of the device has changed. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the secure proxy comprises an identity provider proxy configured to have a chained identity provider or other trust-based relationship to the identity provider associated with the cloud-based service. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining that the secure tunnel has already been established and establishing the requested connection to the identity provider proxy on behalf of the requesting client app without requiring any further credential to be provided. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the security token comprises a Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) assertion. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the security proxy comprises a delegated identity provider. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the security proxy comprises a service provider proxy. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the service provider proxy is configured to sign the security token as and on behalf of an identity provider proxy associated with the service. 17. A system to provide secure access to a cloud-based service, comprising: a communication interface; and a processor coupled to the communication interface and configured to: receive via the communication interface a request associated with a client app on a device to connect to a security proxy associated with the cloud-based service; and use a secure tunnel connection between the device and a node with which the security proxy is associated to establish the requested connection to the security proxy; wherein information associated with the secure tunnel is used to determine that the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service from the device and to obtain from an identity provider associated with the cloud-based service a security token to be used by the client app to authenticate to the cloud-based service. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the security proxy comprises an identity provider proxy. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the security proxy comprises a service provider proxy. 20. A computer program product to provide secure access to a cloud-based service, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage device and comprising computer instructions for: receiving a request associated with a client app on a device to connect to a security proxy associated with the cloud-based service; and using a secure tunnel connection between the device and a node with which the security proxy is associated to establish the requested connection to the security proxy; wherein information associated with the secure tunnel is used to determine that the requesting client app is authorized to access the cloud-based service from the device and to obtain from an identity provider associated with the cloud-based service a security token to be used by the client app to authenticate to the cloud-based service.",
-    "A detected quadrilateral area is displayed and no group of candidate lines is displayed in a normal state. While a user is selecting a side that the user desires to change, a group of candidate lines corresponding to the selected side is displayed. Then, whether to replace a position of the selected side with a position of a candidate line is determined based on a movement destination position of the selected side. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: an identification unit configured to identify a quadrilateral shape determined to be representing four sides of a document area based on a group of candidate lines detected for each side of the document area in an input image; an area designation unit configured to change the quadrilateral shape identified by the identification unit, based on an instruction from a user; and a skew correction unit configured to perform skew correction on the input image based on the quadrilateral shape as a result of the change by the area designation unit, wherein the area designation unit includes: a first display unit configured to display the quadrilateral shape identified by the identification unit in such a manner as to be overlapped with the input image; a selection unit configured to select a side of the quadrilateral shape displayed by the first display unit, based on an instruction from the user; a second display unit configured to display a group of candidate lines for a side selected by the selection unit; a determination unit configured to determine, when a movement instruction for the side selected by the selection unit is received from the user, whether to replace a position of the selected side with a position of one of the group of candidate lines, based on a distance between the position of the side for which the movement has been instructed and the position of the one of the group of candidate lines; and a replacing unit configured to replace the position of the side selected by the selection unit with the position of the one of the group of candidate lines, in a case where the determination unit determines that the replacement is performed. 2. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second display unit is configured to display the group of candidate lines with a color or a shape different from a color or a shape of the sides of the quadrilateral shape. 3. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further including a translation unit configured to translate, when the determination unit determines not to replace the position of the selected side with the position of the one of the group of candidate lines, the side selected by the selection unit to a movement destination position designated by the user. 4. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the determination unit is configured to determine, when the movement instruction for the side selected by the selection unit is received from the user, whether to replace the position of the selected side with the position of the one of the group of candidate lines, based on a distance between a movement destination position of the side and the position of the one of the group of candidate lines, and a difference between the selected side and the one of the group of candidate lines in a length and an angle. 5. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first display unit is configured to display the quadrilateral shape identified by the identification unit and side handlers for selecting respective sides of the quadrilateral shape in such a manner as to overlap with the input image, and wherein the selection unit is configured to select a side of the quadrilateral shape based on one of the side handlers designated by the user. 6. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first display unit is configured to display the quadrilateral shape identified by the identification unit and vertex handlers for selecting respective vertexes of the quadrilateral shape in such a manner as to overlap with the input image, and wherein the area designation unit further includes an update unit configured to update, when the user issues a movement instruction for one of the vertex handlers, the quadrilateral shape based on a movement destination position of the one of the vertex handlers. 7. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the vertex handlers are each a circular handler that has a center at a position of a corresponding one of the vertexes of the quadrilateral shape and has an inner portion transparently or semi-transparently displayed. 8. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further including a cancel unit configured to cancel displaying of the group of candidate lines displayed by the second display unit when selection of the side selected by the selection unit is canceled. 9. A storage medium configured to store a computer program causing a computer to function as the unit according to claim 1. 10. An information processing method comprising: identifying, by an identification unit of an information processing apparatus, a quadrilateral shape determined to be representing four sides of a document area based on a group of candidate lines detected for each side of the document area in an input image; performing area designation, by an area designation unit of the information processing apparatus, of changing the quadrilateral shape identified by the identification unit, based on an instruction from a user; and performing skew correction on the input image, by a skew correction unit of the information processing apparatus, on the input image based on the quadrilateral shape as a result of the change by the area designation unit, wherein the performing area designation includes: displaying the quadrilateral shape identified by the identification unit in such a manner as to be overlapped with the input image; selecting a side of the quadrilateral shape, displayed in the displaying of the quadrilateral shape, based on an instruction from the user; displaying a group of candidate lines for a side selected in the selecting of the side; determining, when a movement instruction for the side selected in the selecting of the side is received from the user, whether to replace a position of the selected side with a position of one of the group of candidate lines, based on a distance between the position of the side for which the movement has been instructed and the position of the one of the group of candidate lines; and replacing the position of the side selected in the selecting of the side with the position of the one of the group of candidate lines, in a case where it is determined that the replacement is performed in the determining.",
-    "A system for transmitting data corresponding to hazards from a first vehicle to a second vehicle includes a first sensor for detecting first hazard data corresponding to a potential hazard and a second sensor, being of a different type than the first sensor, for detecting second hazard data corresponding to the potential hazard. The system also includes a network access device for receiving and transmitting signals and an electronic control unit (ECU) that is coupled to the first sensor, the second sensor and the network access device. The ECU determines whether the potential hazard exists based on the first and second hazard data. The ECU also determines a category corresponding to the potential hazard. The ECU also instructs the network access device to transmit potential hazard data corresponding to the potential hazard to the second vehicle when the category is a first category. 1. A system for transmitting data corresponding to hazards from a first vehicle to a second vehicle comprising: a first sensor configured to detect first hazard data corresponding to a potential hazard; a second sensor configured to detect second hazard data corresponding to the potential hazard, the second sensor being of a different type than the first sensor; a network access device configured to receive and transmit signals; and an electronic control unit (ECU) coupled to the first sensor, the second sensor and the network access device and configured to: determine whether the potential hazard exists based on the first hazard data and the second hazard data, determine a category corresponding to the potential hazard, and instruct the network access device to transmit potential hazard data corresponding to the potential hazard to the second vehicle that is within a predetermined distance of the first vehicle when the category is a first category. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the ECU is configured to determine whether the potential hazard exists by comparing the first hazard data to the second hazard data and confirming that the potential hazard exists when at least one of: the first hazard data and the second hazard data both indicate that the potential hazard exists, current conditions of an environment of the first vehicle limit capabilities of the first sensor and the second hazard data from the second sensor indicates that the potential hazard exists, or the first sensor has a higher priority than the second sensor and the first hazard data from the first sensor indicates that the potential hazard exists. 3. The system of claim 2 further comprising an environment sensor coupled to the ECU and configured to detect the current conditions of the environment of the first vehicle. 4. The system of claim 2 wherein a priority of the first sensor and a priority of the second sensor are determined based on at least one of a type of the potential hazard, a resolution of each of the first sensor and the second sensor, or a predetermined priority weight assigned to each of the first sensor and the second sensor. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the potential hazard corresponds to a third vehicle traveling towards an intersection and wherein the ECU is further configured to determine whether the potential hazard presents an actual hazard based on at least one of whether the third vehicle has a traditional right of way, whether the third vehicle has a special right of way or whether the third vehicle is likely to breach the traditional right of way. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the ECU is further configured to transmit the potential hazard data to authorities when the category is the first category. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the ECU is further configured to determine that the second vehicle is potentially in danger based on the first hazard data and the second hazard data and to instruct the network access device to transmit the potential hazard data to the second vehicle in response to determining that the second vehicle is potentially in danger. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the potential hazard data includes a request for the second vehicle to transmit location data corresponding to a location of the potential hazard to authorities. 9. A system for transmitting data corresponding to a hazard from a first vehicle to a second vehicle comprising: a camera configured to detect image data corresponding to a third vehicle; a radar device or a LIDAR device configured to detect wave data corresponding to the third vehicle; a network access device configured to receive and transmit signals; and an electronic control unit (ECU) configured to: determine whether the third vehicle presents a potential hazard based on the image data and the wave data, determine a category of the potential hazard based on the image data and the wave data, determine that potential hazard data corresponding to the potential hazard should be transmitted to the second vehicle when the category of the potential hazard is a first category, and instruct the network access device to transmit the potential hazard data to the second vehicle. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the ECU is configured to determine whether the potential hazard exists by comparing the image data to the wave data and confirming that the potential hazard exists when at least one of: the image data and the wave data both indicate that the potential hazard exists, current conditions of an environment of the first vehicle limit capabilities of the camera and the wave data from the radar device or the LIDAR device indicates that the potential hazard exists, or the camera has a higher priority than the radar device or the LIDAR device and the image data from the camera indicates that the potential hazard exists. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein a priority of the camera and a priority of the radar device or the LIDAR device are determined based on at least one of a type of the potential hazard, a resolution of each of the radar device or the LIDAR device and the camera, or a predetermined priority weight assigned to the radar device or the LIDAR device and the camera. 12. The system of claim 9 wherein the potential hazard corresponds to the third vehicle traveling towards an intersection and wherein the ECU is further configured to determine whether the potential hazard exists based on at least one of whether the third vehicle has a traditional right of way, whether the third vehicle has a special right of way or whether the third vehicle is likely to breach the traditional right of way. 13. The system of claim 9 wherein the ECU is further configured to transmit the potential hazard data to at least one of an emergency vehicle or a location associated with emergency personnel when the category is the first category. 14. The system of claim 9 wherein the ECU is further configured to determine that the second vehicle is potentially in danger based on at least one of the image data or the wave data and to instruct the network access device to transmit the potential hazard data to the second vehicle in response to determining that the second vehicle is potentially in danger. 15. The system of claim 1 wherein the ECU is further configured to determine that the second vehicle has requested to receive all potential hazard data corresponding to a second category and to instruct the network access device to transmit the potential hazard data to the second vehicle when the category of the potential hazard is the second category. 16. A method for detecting hazards by a first vehicle and transmitting hazard data to a second vehicle comprising: detecting, by a first sensor, first hazard data; detecting, by a second sensor being of a different type than the first sensor, second hazard data; determining, by an electronic control unit (ECU), that a third vehicle is approaching an intersection; determining, by the ECU, whether the third vehicle is a non-emergency vehicle and appears likely to breach a right of way or whether the third vehicle is an emergency vehicle based on the first hazard data and the second hazard data; determining, by the ECU, that the third vehicle approaching the intersection presents a potential hazard when at least one of the third vehicle is the non-emergency vehicle and appears likely to breach the right of way or the third vehicle is the emergency vehicle; and transmitting, by a network access device, potential hazard data corresponding to the potential hazard to the second vehicle when the second vehicle is within a predetermined distance of the first vehicle. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising determining, by the ECU, a category of the potential hazard and determining, by the ECU, whether to transmit the potential hazard data to authorities based on the category. 18. The method of claim 16 further comprising determining, by the ECU, whether the second vehicle is potentially in danger based on the first hazard data and the second hazard data and wherein transmitting, by the network access device, the potential hazard data to the second vehicle is performed in response to determining that the second vehicle is potentially in danger. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising comparing, by the ECU, the first hazard data to the second hazard data and confirming, by the ECU, that the third vehicle approaching the intersection presents the potential hazard when at least one of: the first hazard data and the second hazard data both indicate that the potential hazard exists, current conditions of an environment of the vehicle limit capabilities of the first sensor and the second hazard data from the second sensor indicates that the potential hazard exists, or the first sensor has a higher priority than the second sensor and the first hazard data from the first sensor indicates that the potential hazard exists. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the third vehicle is the emergency vehicle, the first sensor is a microphone configured to detect audio data and wherein determining that the third vehicle is approaching the intersection includes analyzing, by the ECU, a Doppler Effect of the audio data.",
-    "A magnetic field sensor comprises a sensor bridge having multiple sensor legs. Each sensor leg includes magnetoresistive sense elements, each comprising a pinned layer having a reference magnetization parallel to a plane of the sensor and a sense layer having a sense magnetization. A permanent magnet layer spaced apart from the sense elements magnetically biases the sense magnetization into an out-of-plane direction that is non-perpendicular to the plane of the sensor. The sense magnetization of a portion of the sense elements is oriented in a first direction and the sense magnetization of a different portion of the sense elements is oriented in a second direction differing from the first direction to generate two unique bias field vectors of the sense layers which enables detection of the external magnetic field in a sensing direction that is perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field sensor without inter-axis coupling of sensor response. 1. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge, said sensor bridge including a first sensor leg and a second sensor leg; a first magnetoresistive sense element formed in said first leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said first magnetoresistive sense element having a first pinned layer and a first sense layer; a second magnetoresistive sense element formed in said second leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said second magnetoresistive sense element having a second pinned layer and a second sense layer, said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, wherein each of said first and second pinned layers has a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane, and each of said first and second sense layers has a sense magnetization; and a permanent magnet layer spaced apart from said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements, wherein in the absence of said external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said sense magnetization in an out-of-plane orientation relative to said plane, said sense magnetization of said first sense layer being oriented in a first direction and said sense magnetization of said second sense layer being oriented in second direction that differs from said first direction. 2. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein: said sense magnetization of said first sense layer of said first magnetoresistive sense element is orientable from said first direction toward or away from said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field; and said sense magnetization of said first sense layer of said first magnetoresistive sense element is orientable from said second direction toward or away from said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field. 3. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein in the absence of said external magnetic field, said out-of-plane orientation of said sense magnetization of each of said first and second sense layers is non-perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 4. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein each of said first and second directions of said sense magnetization of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements is tilted below said plane of said magnetic field sensor by an equivalent angular magnitude. 5. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said second direction is coplanar with said first direction in said out-of-plane orientation. 6. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said external magnetic field is perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, and inclusion of said permanent magnet layer enables detection of said external magnetic field in said sensing direction that is also perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 7. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said permanent magnet layer is characterized by a single magnetic orientation. 8. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 wherein said single magnetic orientation is substantially perpendicular to said magnetic field sensor. 9. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 wherein said single magnetic orientation is substantially parallel to said magnetic field sensor. 10. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein: each of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements is characterized by a central axis, said central axis distinguishing a first side of said each of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements from a second side of said each of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements; and said permanent magnet layer comprises a first magnet segment and a second magnet segment, said first magnet segment being positioned closer to said second side of said first magnetoresistive sense element than to said first side of said first magnetoresistive sense element to orient said first sense layer in said first direction, and said second magnet segment being positioned closer to said first side of said second magnetoresistive sense element than to said second side of said second magnetoresistive sense element to orient said second sense layer in said second direction. 11. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said permanent magnet layer is a first permanent magnet layer and said magnetic field sensor further comprises a second permanent magnet layer vertically displaced away from said first permanent magnet layer, wherein said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements are interposed between said first and second permanent magnet layers, and said first and second permanent magnet layers function cooperatively to magnetically bias said sense magnetization of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements in said out-of-plane orientation relative to said plane. 12. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said reference magnetization of each of said first and second pinned layers is oriented in the same direction substantially parallel to said plane. 13. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said sensor bridge further comprises: a third sensor leg having a third magnetoresistive sense element formed therein, said third magnetoresistive sense element having a third pinned layer and a third sense layer; and a fourth sensor leg having a fourth magnetoresistive sense element formed therein, said fourth magnetoresistive sense element having a fourth pinned layer and a fourth sense layer, wherein: said first, second, third, and fourth sensor legs are coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said reference magnetization of each of said first, second, third, and fourth pinned layers of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in the same direction substantially parallel to said plane; and said permanent magnet layer is spaced apart from said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing said sense magnetization of said third sense layer in said first direction and magnetically biasing said sense magnetization of said fourth sense layer in said second direction. 14. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge, said sensor bridge including a first sensor leg and a second sensor leg; a first magnetoresistive sense element formed in said first leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said first magnetoresistive sense element having a first pinned layer and a first sense layer; a second magnetoresistive sense element formed in said second leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said second magnetoresistive sense element having a second pinned layer and a second sense layer, said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, wherein each of said first and second pinned layers has a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane, and each of said first and second sense layers has a sense magnetization; and a permanent magnet layer spaced apart from said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements, wherein in the absence of said external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said sense magnetization in an out-of-plane orientation relative to said plane, said out-of-plane orientation of each of said first and second sense layers is non-perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said sense magnetization of said first sense layer being oriented in a first direction and said sense magnetization of said second sense layer being oriented in second direction that differs from said first direction, and said second direction being coplanar with said first direction. 15. The magnetic field sensor of claim 14 wherein: said sense magnetization of said first sense layer of said first magnetoresistive sense element is orientable from said first direction toward or away from said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field; and said sense magnetization of said first sense layer of said first magnetoresistive sense element is orientable from said second direction toward or away from said plane of said magnetic field sensor in response to said external magnetic field. 16. The magnetic field sensor of claim 14 wherein each of said first and second directions of said sense magnetization of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements is tilted below said plane of said magnetic field sensor by an equivalent angular magnitude. 17. The magnetic field sensor of claim 14 wherein said external magnetic field is perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, and inclusion of said permanent magnet layer enables detection of said external magnetic field in said sensing direction that is also perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor. 18. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge, said sensor bridge including a first sensor leg and a second sensor leg; a first magnetoresistive sense element formed in said first leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said first magnetoresistive sense element having a first pinned layer and a first sense layer; a second magnetoresistive sense element formed in said second leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said second magnetoresistive sense element having a second pinned layer and a second sense layer, said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, wherein each of said first and second pinned layers has a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane, and each of said first and second sense layers has a sense magnetization, said reference magnetization of each of said first and second pinned layers being oriented in the same direction substantially parallel to said plane; and a permanent magnet layer spaced apart from said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements, wherein in the absence of said external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said sense magnetization in an out-of-plane orientation relative to said plane, said out-of-plane orientation of said sense magnetization of each of said first and second sense layers being non-perpendicular to said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said sense magnetization of said first sense layer being oriented in a first direction and said sense magnetization of said second sense layer being oriented in second direction that differs from said first direction. 19. The magnetic field sensor of claim 18 wherein each of said first and second directions of said sense magnetization of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements is tilted below said plane of said magnetic field sensor by an equivalent angular magnitude. 20. The magnetic field sensor of claim 18 wherein said sensor bridge further comprises: a third sensor leg having a third magnetoresistive sense element formed therein, said third magnetoresistive sense element having a third pinned layer and a third sense layer; and a fourth sensor leg having a fourth magnetoresistive sense element formed therein, said fourth magnetoresistive sense element having a fourth pinned layer and a fourth sense layer, wherein: said first, second, third, and fourth sensor legs are coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said reference magnetization of each of said first, second, third, and fourth pinned layers of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in the same direction substantially parallel to said plane; and said permanent magnet layer is spaced apart from said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing said sense magnetization of said third sense layer in said first direction and magnetically biasing said sense magnetization of said fourth sense layer in said second direction.",
-    "A trimmable rudder system for a marine vessel such as a planing power boat, the system including a pair of rudder assemblies, each of which includes a rudder blade movably coupled to the hull by way of a ball-and-socket joint. Each rudder assembly includes a rudder shaft that extends from the rudder blade through the ball-and-socket joint and can be rotated for rotating the rudder blade to steer the power boat. Each rudder shaft may be operably coupled to a pair of actuators configured to control trim and camber positions of the rudder blade so that the pair of rudder blades can collectively achieve a desired hull trim change, including listing control and planing control of the power boat. Steering position, trim position, and camber position of the rudder blades may be simultaneously changed. 1. A method of steering and trimming a power boat comprising: providing a steering system for controlling direction of travel of the power boat and that includes a steering actuator; providing a rudder assembly that is connected to the steering system and includes a rudder blade that extends generally vertically into the water and a rudder shaft that is connected to the steering actuator and has a longitudinal axis and that can rotate about the longitudinal axis to rotate the rudder blade for steering the power boat; and pivoting the rudder shaft to control trim and camber positions of the rudder blade. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the joint is a ball-and-socket joint. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the rudder assemblies includes a trim actuator that can pivot the respective rudder blade in a longitudinal direction with respect to the hull and a camber actuator that can pivot the respective rudder blade in a transverse direction with respect to the hull. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the steering system can operate the trim and camber actuators of the rudder assemblies independent of each other.",
-    "One embodiment provides a method for generating a natural language resource using a parallel corpus, the method including: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: receiving, from a parallel corpus, natural language text in a source language and a corresponding translation of the natural language text in a target language, wherein the natural language text in the source language comprises linguistic annotations; projecting the linguistic annotations from the source language natural language text to the target language natural language text; applying one or more filters to remove at least one projected linguistic annotation from the target language natural language text that results in at least one error; selecting at least one target language natural language text having substantially complete linguistic annotations; training a machine learning model using the selected at least one target language natural language text and annotations; and adding, using the trained machine learning model, linguistic annotations to at least one target language natural language text having incomplete linguistic annotations. Other aspects are described and claimed. 1. A method for generating a natural language resource using a parallel corpus, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: receiving, from a parallel corpus, natural language text in a source language and a corresponding translation of the natural language text in a target language, wherein the natural language text in the source language comprises linguistic annotations; projecting the linguistic annotations from the source language natural language text to the target language natural language text; applying one or more filters to remove at least one projected linguistic annotation from the target language natural language text that results in at least one error; selecting at least one target language natural language text having substantially complete linguistic annotations; training a machine learning model using the selected at least one target language natural language text and annotations; and adding, using the trained machine learning model, linguistic annotations to at least one target language natural language text having incomplete linguistic annotations. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more filters comprise at least one filter for correcting a translation shift error. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation shift error comprises a word of the source language being aligned with a word in the target language having a different meaning. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the translation shift error comprises a word of the source language being aligned with a word in the target language having a different syntactic role. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more filters comprise a reattachment heuristic filter for correcting an argument label being projected onto a word other than the syntactic head of a target verb's argument. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the adding comprises supplementing at least one linguistic annotation for the at least one target natural language text. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the supplementing comprises overwriting at least one linguistic annotation for the at least one target natural language text. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising conducting at least one additional iteration of selecting at least one target language natural language text, training a machine learning model, and adding linguistic annotations. 9. The method of claim 8, comprising generating a natural language resource, based upon the at least one additional iteration, comprising a plurality of target natural language text having annotations. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the linguistic annotations comprises semantic role labels. 11. An apparatus for generating a natural language resource using a parallel corpus, the apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith and executable by the at least one processor, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code that receives, from a parallel corpus, natural language text in a source language and a corresponding translation of the natural language text in a target language, wherein the natural language text in the source language comprises linguistic annotations; computer readable program code that projects the linguistic annotations from the source language natural language text to the target language natural language text; computer readable program code that applies one or more filters to remove at least one projected linguistic annotation from the target language natural language text that results in at least one error; computer readable program code that selects at least one target language natural language text having substantially complete linguistic annotations; computer readable program code that trains a machine learning model using the selected at least one target language natural language text and annotations; and computer readable program code that adds, using the trained machine learning model, linguistic annotations to at least one target language natural language text having incomplete linguistic annotations. 12. A computer program product for generating a natural language resource using a parallel corpus, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code that receives, from a parallel corpus, natural language text in a source language and a corresponding translation of the natural language text in a target language, wherein the natural language text in the source language comprises linguistic annotations; computer readable program code that projects the linguistic annotations from the source language natural language text to the target language natural language text; computer readable program code that applies one or more filters to remove at least one projected linguistic annotation from the target language natural language text that results in at least one error; computer readable program code that selects at least one target language natural language text having substantially complete linguistic annotations; computer readable program code that trains a machine learning model using the selected at least one target language natural language text and annotations; and computer readable program code that adds, using the trained machine learning model, linguistic annotations to at least one target language natural language text having incomplete linguistic annotations. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the one or more filters comprise at least one filter for correcting a translation shift error. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the translation shift error comprises a word of the source language being aligned with a word in the target language having a different meaning. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the translation shift error comprises a word of the source language being aligned with a word in the target language having a different syntactic role. 16. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the one or more filters comprise a reattachment heuristic filter for correcting an argument label being projected onto a word other than the syntactic head of a target verb's argument. 17. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the computer readable program code that adds comprises overwriting at least one linguistic annotation for the at least one target natural language text. 18. The computer program product of claim 12, comprising computer readable program code that conducts at least one additional iteration of selecting at least one target language natural language text, training a machine learning model, and adding linguistic annotations. 19. The computer program product of claim 18, comprising computer readable program code that generates a natural language resource, based upon the at least one additional iteration, comprising a plurality of target natural language text having annotations. 20. A method for generating a natural language resource using a parallel corpus, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: receiving, from a parallel corpus, natural language text in a source language and a corresponding translation of the natural language text in a target language, wherein the natural language text in the source language comprises linguistic annotations; projecting the linguistic annotations from the source language natural language text to the target language natural language text; applying one or more filters to remove at least one projected linguistic annotation from the target language natural language text that results in at least one error, wherein the one or more filters are selected from the group consisting of: a filter for correcting a translation shift error and a reattachment heuristic filter; selecting at least one target language natural language text having substantially complete linguistic annotations; training a machine learning model using the selected at least one target language natural language text and annotations; adding, using the trained machine learning model, linguistic annotations to at least one target language natural language text having incomplete linguistic annotations; conducting at least one additional iteration of selecting at least one target language natural language text, training a machine learning model, and adding linguistic annotations; generating a natural language resource, based upon the at least one additional iteration, comprising a plurality of target natural language text having annotations; and training a natural language annotator using the natural language resource.",
-    "Renewable electricity, such as from solar or wind, powers a topping cycle utilizing combustion energy electricity generation, such that the electricity output of the system exceeds the combined standalone outputs. Renewable carbon, such as from biomass, can also power a similar topping cycle, having the same effect. 1. A method for the conversion of biomass to electricity comprising: supplying biomass to a cogeneration plant, and utilizing waste heat from the plant in a gasifier; wherein the gasifier also receives input from renewable energy sources in the form of electricity and/or carbon, such that the electricity output of the combined plant and gasifier exceeds the combined standalone outputs. 2. A method according to claim 1 in which the renewable energy sources comprise one or more of: solar, wind 3. A method according to claim 1 in which the biomass input to the cogeneration plant also produces a carbon input to the gasifier. 4. A method according to claim 1 in which the carbon input to gasifier comes from externally produced carbon. 5. A method according to claim 1 in which syngas produced from said gasifier is fed to a second cogeneration plant. 6. A claim according to claim 1 in which renewable electricity is used to heat the gasifier. 7. A claim according to claim 6 in which gasifier is heated externally with resistive elements or internally via biochar induction heating or arc electrode heating. 8. A claim according to claim 1 in which the carbon produced by cogeneration plant is transported via direct conduit, conveyor means, or long distance transportation means. 9. A method according to claim 1 in which a plurality of gasifiers are used to receive the waste heat. 10. A method according to claim 1 in which the coefficient of electrical performance is 1.01 or greater. 11. A system for the conversion of biomass to electricity comprising: a cogeneration plant that produces electricity and heat; and a gasifier that receives heat from the cogeneration plant and input from renewable energy sources in the form of electricity and/or carbon; wherein the electricity output from the combined plant and gasifier exceeds the combined standalone electricity outputs. 12. A system according to claim 11 in which the electricity is produced from solar or wind sources. 13. A system according to claim 11 in which the carbon is charcoal. 14. A system according to claim 11 characterized by a coefficient of electrical performance greater than 1.01. 15. A system according to claim 11 using a multiple number of gasifiers.",
-    "An acidic gas separation laminate including: a porous support formed by laminating a porous film and an auxiliary support film; an acidic gas separation facilitated transport film; a permeating gas channel member; a sealing unit which is formed by impregnating the porous film, the auxiliary support film, and the gas channel member with an adhesive in the lamination direction thereof along the peripheral edge at a width of 5 mm or greater such that the permeation rate becomes 60% or greater; and a stress buffer unit which is adjacent to the sealing unit, has a permeation rate of the adhesive of less than 60% at least in the porous film, and is formed by impregnating at least the gas channel member with the adhesive. 1. An acidic gas separation laminate comprising: a composite film formed of a porous support which is formed by laminating a porous film and an auxiliary support film, a carrier which is disposed on the porous film side of the porous support and reacts with acidic gas in raw material gas, and an acidic gas separation facilitated transport film which contains a hydrophilic compound carrying the carrier; a permeating gas channel member which is laminated so as to face the auxiliary support film of the porous support and in which acidic gas has permeated through the composite film flows; a sealing unit which is formed by impregnating the porous film with an adhesive along the peripheral edge of the acidic gas separation laminate at a width of 5 mm or greater such that the impregnation rate becomes 60% or greater and impregnating the auxiliary support film and the gas channel member with the adhesive such that the impregnation rate becomes 60% or greater respectively; and a stress buffer unit which is adjacent to the sealing unit, has an impregnation rate of the adhesive of less than 60% at least in the porous film, and formed by impregnating at least the gas channel member with the adhesive. 2. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, wherein the width of the stress buffer unit is in a range of 0.1% to 50% of the width of the sealing unit. 3. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, wherein the porous film is formed of a fluorine-based resin material. 4. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 3, wherein the porous film is formed of polytetrafluoroethylene. 5. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive is formed of an epoxy resin. 6. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer between the porous film and the acidic gas separation facilitated transport film. 7. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 6, wherein the intermediate layer is a silicone resin layer. 8. An acidic gas separation module comprising: a permeating gas collecting pipe; and the acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, wherein the permeating gas channel member other than where the sealing unit of the acidic gas separation laminate is formed at the end portion is connected to the permeating gas collecting pipe. 9. The acidic gas separation module according to claim 8, which is a spiral type module. 10. The acidic gas separation module according to claim 8, which is a flat film type module.",
-    "A disposable bioreactor system with a focus on improving cell culture technology by introducing a disposable bioreactor bag which operates or functions in conjunction with it unique mechanism of external non-rotating gyrating motion that uses gravity in a natural way to make the fluid flow circumferentially in it. The bioreactor is eminently suitable to won a variety of living cells and has the advantage of tangential flow to avoid clogging of filters. 1. A disposable bioreactor system suitable for culturing a variety of living cells comprising, (i) a disposable pre-sterilized bioreactor container which has a circular shape; (ii) a gyrating platform on top of which the bioreactor container is placed; (iii) means to hold the bioreactor top of the gyrating platform; (iv) means to produce gyratory motion by providing a tilt to the top plate of said gyrating platform with reference to the horizontal plane by at least 1 degree. (v) means to produce gyratory motion by sequentially lowering the periphery of said top plate to the angle of tilt along the periphery in a continuous gyratory motion; (vi) means to adjust the speed of the said gyratory motion; (vii) means to introduce material into the said disposable bag, in the form of inlet ports; (viii) means to remove material from the said disposable bag, in the form of outlet ports; and (ix) ports for sensors. 2. The disposable bag of claim 1 wherein the material of construction is of soft flexible plastic sheets such as medical grade polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene sheets or any other polymeric material such that the inner chamber of the said bioreactor can withstand a pressure of 1 bar. 3. The bioreactor bag of claim 1 is welded in such a way that when inflated, the bag attains the shape of a doughnut or a circular pillow creating an inner chamber in which culture media can be introduced. 4. Ports for sensors according to claim 1 provide the means to introduce sensors to said bioreactor to measure temperature, pH and pO2 thorough specially designed ports. 5. Culture media and inoculums are introduced into the bioreactor of claim 1 through inlet ports, said inlet ports being connected by means of inlet pipes to the source of culture media and inoculums. 6. Gaseous material is introduced into the bioreactor of claim 1 through inlet ports, said inlet ports being connected by means of inlet pipes to the source of gaseous material. 7. The disposable bioreactor bag of claim 1 wherein the material harvesting and gas vents are in the form of outlet ports with the said outlet ports being connected by means of outlet pipes, said outlet ports suitably located to act as the means to collect the contents from the bottom of said bio reacting container either through filters or without filters. 8. The top of the gyrating platform of claim 1 is a circular top plate. 9. Holding means according to claim 1, is a supporting basket. 10. Holding means according to claim 1, said holding means securely holding the bioreactor to the top of the said gyrating platform, are at least two clamps. 11. The disposable bioreactor system of claim 1, in one preferred embodiment, has means to recirculate the drawn contents back into the bag through a reservoir for perfusion cell cultures and also means to maintain the levels of the bag contents. 12. The disposable bioreactor system of claim 1, in one preferred embodiment, has a hood made of clear plastic with temperature control and air circulation in which the said system is placed to maintain the temperature for cell cultures. 13. The disposable bioreactor bag of claim 1 with all the ports and accessories, is pre-sterilized by steam or gamma radiation or ethylene oxide in a double sealed package to ensure sterility. 14. Means to provide gyratory motion to the platform according to claim 1 include provision to tilt the top plate with reference to the horizontal plane in a preferred embodiment in a preferred range of 5 to 30 degrees such that the contents of a bag placed on such a platform move in the direction of the tilt by gravity. 15. Means to provide gyratory motion to the top plate of the platform according to claim 1, includes provision to sequentially lower the periphery continuously through a variable speed electrical motor so that the contents of a bag placed on such platform attain a unidirectional circumferential flow aided by gravity. 16. Means to provide gyratory motion as in claim 1 comprising a main shaft passing through a pivoting spherical bearing and a rotating spherical bearing which is eccentrically rotated by means of a variable speed electric motor and the rotation of the platform prevented by tensioner springs resulting in a non-rotational gyratory motion. 17. The gyrating platform according to claim 1 will have, in one preferred embodiment, a central supporting protrusion or elevation on the top plate in the form of a cylinder or a cone. 18. The central supporting protrusion or elevation according to claim 17 shaped as a cone is designed such that any plain bag having the shape of a plain pillow, when placed on the top plate of said gyrating platform forms an annulus and allows the contents to move in a unidirectional flow due to the gyratory motion. 19. The central supporting protrusion or elevation according to claim 17 shaped as a cylinder is designed such that a bag having the shape of a doughnut, when placed on the top plate of said gyrating platform is located and supported by the protrusion. 20. The disposable bioreactor bag of claim 1, has in one embodiment, a septum partition that divides the inner chamber into one or more parts to accommodate soft or hard, micro or macro carrier beads, pellets or glass or plastic fibres that provide the surface for anchorage dependent cell cultures. 21. The disposable bioreactor bag of claim 20, wherein said septum partition may be made of sieves, meshes or filters to retain the micro or macro carrier beads and also to aid in gas exchange. 22. The disposable bioreactor bag of claim 20, wherein the said septum partition, made up of a filter element is placed such that the flow of the bag contents over the filter result in a tangential motion preventing clogging of the filter. 23. The disposable bioreactor apparatus of claim 20, wherein said macro carrier beads, pellets or glass/plastic fibers are provided for ensuring the availability of a surface for anchorage and growth of certain cells. 24. The anchorage material according to claim 23, could be constituted from any known synthetic polymers either used in isolation or in combination with each other. 25. The anchorage material according to claim 23 could be treated or coated with certain substances such as proteins or ionic charges to improve the plating efficiency of the anchorage dependent cell cultures.",
-    "Food consumed by humans may not have innate antimicrobial activity and for this reason, it requires preservatives to prevent microbial spoilage and to extend food shelf life. Disclosed herein is a method for capture, and slow, and sustained release of food derived preservative and anti-microbials from a matrix with ultrasonically derived micro-droplets. The growth of microbes on food and other perishable or non-perishable items is prevented and food freshness is extended by keeping them within an environment where preservative is slowly released. 1. The food preservation cartridge comprising a housing including a layered matrix comprising a formulation including an absorptive material, a micro-droplet inlet entering the housing, and a micro-droplet outlet, wherein micro-droplets flow from the inlet, through the housing and over the absorptive material, and exit the outlet. 2. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein said formulation includes an active material derived from an edible substance. 3. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein said formulation includes an active material derived from a dried edible substance. 4. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein said formulation includes an active material is derived from an edible substance by drying, an aqueous or non-aqueous solution extraction, organic or non-organic solvent extraction, pH variation based extraction, chromatography separation, crude extraction, refined extraction, or combinations thereof of foods. 5. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein said food acquires but does not exhibit (dormant) a desired property after addition of a select group of \u201cActivator Compounds\u201d including but not limited to cysteine, water or oil. 6. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein said food acquires but does not exhibit (dormant) enhanced desired property after it is evaporated with a slow release mechanism. 7. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein food is formulated to exhibit a desired property such as but not limited to food preserving, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal and insect repellent or other desirable property. 8. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein said formulation exhibits an activity selected from the group consisting of extending freshness, extending shelf life, preventing insect infestation, ameliorating insect infestation, preventing bacterial infection, ameliorating bacterial infection, preventing fungal infestation, ameliorating fungal infestation, preventing viral infection, ameliorating viral infection and combinations thereof, on said edible or non-edible, and perishable or non-perishable substance. The process for providing formulation in an environment using the cartridge of claim 1 to decontaminate or to prevent growth of living organisms and to act as a biocide or pesticide to kill microorganisms of interest including acting as fungicide to prevent the growth of molds and mildew, a disinfectant to prevent the growth and spread of bacteria, an insecticide to control a wide variety of bugs and insects and as a pediculicide or rodenticide to control mice and rats. 10. The process for providing formulation in an environment using the cartridge of claim 1 to protect an edible substance consisting but not limited to fruits, vegetables, grains or their products, meat or its products, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products and combinations thereof. 11. The process for providing formulation in an environment using the cartridge of claim 1 to protect a non-edible substance consisting but not limited to paper, cardboard, paper products, paper derivatives, liquid, plastic, metal, glass, simple to complex chemicals or combinations thereof. 12. A method for preserving a perishable substance using release of anti-microbial compounds that are derived from edible substances. 13. A method for preserving a perishable substance using release of anti-microbial compounds that are derived from non-edible substances. 14. A method for preserving a perishable substance by slowing down the release of compounds with anti-microbial property by a chemical reaction with an absorbent that releases the compounds slowly. 15. A method for preserving a perishable substance by slowing down the release of compounds with anti-microbial property by slow evaporation of the compound in solid or non-solid form.",
-    "Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method for controlling level 0 caches, capable of delivering data to a processor without errors and storing error-free data in the caches even when soft errors occur in the processor and caches. The apparatus includes: a level 0 cache #0 connected to the load/store unit of a first processor; a level 0 cache #1 connected to the load/store unit of a second processor; and a fault detection and recovery unit for reading from and writing to tag memory, data memory, and valid bit memory of the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, performing the write-back and flush of the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 based on information stored therein, and instructing the load/store units of the first and second processors to stall a pipeline and to restart an instruction #n. 1. An apparatus for controlling a level 0 cache, comprising: a level 0 cache #0 that is connected to a load/store unit of a first processor; a level 0 cache #1 that is connected to a load/store unit of a second processor; and a fault detection and recovery unit for reading from and writing to tag memory, data memory, and valid bit memory of the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, controlling the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 to perform a write-back operation and a flush operation, and instructing the load/store unit of the first processor and the load/store unit of the second processor to stall a pipeline and to restart an instruction #n. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fault detection and recovery unit checks a number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 whenever a new address and data are stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, and causes the pipeline to be stalled if the number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 is equal to or greater than N, where N is a predetermined positive integer. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the fault detection and recovery unit prevents a request for reading from and writing to the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 from being received while the pipeline is stalled. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fault detection and recovery unit checks a number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 whenever a new address and data are stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, and continues storing the new address and data if the number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 is less than N, where N is a predetermined positive integer. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fault detection and recovery unit checks whether values in corresponding positions are equal to each other by reading from the data memory, the tag memory, and the valid bit memory of the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, and writes all {address, data} entries in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 to a level 1 cache #0 and a level 1 cache #1 if all the values in the corresponding positions are equal to each other. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fault detection and recovery unit checks whether values in corresponding positions are equal to each other by reading from the data memory, the tag memory, and the valid bit memory of the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, and deletes all {address, data} entries in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 if any of the values in the corresponding positions are not equal to each other. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the fault detection and recovery unit instructs the load/store unit of the first processor and the load/store unit of the second processor to restart the instruction #n after deleting all {address, data} entries in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1. 8. A method for controlling a level 0 cache, comprising: checking, by a fault detection and recovery unit, a number of {address, data} entries stored in a level 0 cache #0 and a level 0 cache #1 whenever a new address and data from a load/store unit of a first processor and a load/store unit of a second processor are stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1; stalling, by the fault detection and recovery unit, a pipeline when the number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 is equal to or greater than N, where N is a predetermined positive integer; reading from, by the fault detection and recovery unit, data memory, tag memory, and valid bit memory of the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1, after stalling the pipeline; and performing, by the fault detection and recovery unit, a write-back operation or a flush operation depending on whether values in corresponding positions are equal to each other based on the read information. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein stalling the pipeline is configured to prevent a request for reading from and writing to the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 from being received. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the write-back operation or the flush operation is configured to write all the {address, data} entries in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 to a level 1 cache #0 and a level 1 cache #1 if all values in corresponding positions are equal to each other based on the read information. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the write-back operation or the flush operation is configured to delete all {address, data} entries in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 if any values in corresponding positions are not equal to each other based on the read information. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising instructing the load/store unit of the first processor and the load/store unit of the second processor to restart an instruction #n after deleting all {address, data} entries in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising continuing to store the new address and data if the number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1 is less than N as a result of checking the number of {address, data} entries stored in the level 0 cache #0 and the level 0 cache #1.",
-    "Compositions and methods for delivering tumor associated antigens and immune modulatory molecules to result in a therapeutic effect are disclosed. The compositions and methods use stably integrating lentiviral delivery systems. The methods are useful for therapeutically and prophylactically treating cancer such as colon cancer. 1. A composition, vector construct or virus comprising: a stably integrating delivery vector; optionally a clinical grade vector, a tumor associated antigen cassette; a lysomal targeting cassette; wherein the lysosomal targeting cassette is operatively linked to the tumor associated antigen cassette; and optionally a detection cassette; and or an immune modulatory cassette. 2. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 1, wherein the delivery vector comprises a retroviral vector, optionally a lentiviral vector, wherein the lentiviral vector comprises one or more of a: 5\u2032-Long terminal repeat (LTR), HIV signal sequence, HIV Psi signal 5\u2032-splice site (SD), delta-GAG element, Rev Responsive Element (RRE), 3\u2032-splice site (SA), Elongation factor (EF) 1-alpha promoter and 3\u2032-Self inactivating LTR (SIN-LTR). 3. (canceled) 4. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 2, wherein the lentiviral vector comprises a central polypurine tract and/or a woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element; optionally wherein the cPPT comprises SEQ ID NO:2 and/or the WPRE comprises SEQ ID NO:3; or, optionally wherein the cPPT comprises at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2 and/or a the WPRE comprises at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the lentiviral vector comprises the nucleotides corresponding to a pHR\u2032 vector backbone. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 1, wherein the tumor associated antigen cassette comprises all or part of a carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide or wherein the tumor associated antigen cassette comprises all or part of a HER-2/neu polynucleotide. 8-10. (canceled) 11. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 1, wherein the lysosomal targeting cassette comprises a LAMP1 lysosomal targeting polynucleotide, wherein the LAMP1 lysosomal targeting polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 or a polynucleotide having at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 which maintains lysosomal targeting activity. 12. (canceled) 13. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 1, further comprising an activator polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide that converts a prodrug to a drug, optionally a modified tmpk polynucleotide and/or a tmpk polynucleotide with at least 80% sequence identity to a modified tmpk polynucleotide described herein. 14. (canceled) 15. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 1, wherein the detection cassette is selected from CD19, truncated CD19, CD20, human CD24, murine HSA, human CD25 (huCD25), a truncated form of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), truncated CD34 or erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) polynucleotides and/or a polynucleotide comprising at least 70% sequence identity to a CD19, truncated CD19, CD20, human CD24, murine HSA, CD25, a truncated form of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), truncated CD34 or erythropoietin receptor (EpoR)polynucleotide. 16. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 1, comprising an immune modulatory cassette, wherein the immune modulatory cassette optionally comprises a polynucleotide selected from the group comprising IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, IL-12 fusion, IL-15, RANKL, CD40L, IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1 polynucleotides and combinations thereof, and/or wherein the immune modulatory cassette encodes a protein that modulates dendritic cells, encodes a protein that modulates T cells, or optionally CD4+T cells. 17-20. (canceled) 21. The composition, vector construct or virus of claim 16, wherein the IL-12 polynucleotide is a mammalian IL-12 polynucleotide, or wherein the IL-12 polynucleotide comprises at least 70% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:16-19. 22-25. (canceled) 26. A cell transduced with the composition, vector construct, or the virus of claim 1, wherein the cell is optionally an antigen presenting cell, a stem cell, immune cell, hematopoietic cell, dendritic cell, or an immature dendritic cell and/or a population of cells comprising the transduced cell. 27. A method of expressing a tumor associated antigen in a mammalian cell comprising contacting the mammalian cell with the composition, vector construct, or virus of claim 1, optionally wherein the mammalian cell is selected from a stem cell, an immune cell, a hematopoietic cell, an antigen presenting cell, a cancer cell and a dendritic cell. 28-32. (canceled) 33. The method of claim 27, further comprising a step of treating the transduced cell with a cell maturing agent, optionally wherein the cell maturing agent is TNF\u03b1. 34. (canceled) 35. The method of claim 27, further comprising a step of isolating the transduced cells, and/or further comprising a step wherein the isolated mammalian cells are transplanted in a mammal. 36. (canceled) 37. A method of treating a subject in need thereof, optionally a subject with cancer or an increased risk of developing cancer, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof the composition, vector construct, or virus of claim 1. 38. A method of treating a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof the tranduced cell or population of claim 26. 39. (canceled) 40. A method of reducing cancer burden in a subject having a CEA or HER-2/neu positive cancer comprising administering to the subject the composition, vector construct, or virus of claim 4, or a transduced cell or population of cells comprising said composition, vector construct or virus. 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the cancer is colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer or breast cancer. 44. The method of claim 38, wherein the transduced cell is a dendritic cell, an immature dendritic cell, or an autologous dendritic cell. 45. (canceled) 46. (canceled) 47. A method of inducing or enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof the composition, vector construct, or virus of claim 1, or a transduced cell or population of cells comprising said composition, vector construct or virus. 48. (canceled) 49. (canceled) 50. The method of claim 38, wherein the transduced cell or population is growth arrested or irradiated prior to administering to the subject. 51-68. (canceled) 69. The method of claim 38, wherein the number of cells administered ranges from 105 cells to 109 cells, optionally about 105 cells, about 106 cells, about 107, cells, about 108 cells, or about 109 cells. 70. (canceled)",
-    "A pneumatic valve assembly for a pole saw with a trigger for switching the pneumatic valve assembly between at least two valve operation modes of the pole saw resulting in a static state of a piston operably coupled to a cutting blade of the pole saw. 1. A pneumatic valve assembly for a pole saw with a trigger for switching the pneumatic valve assembly between at least two valve operation modes of the pole saw resulting in a static state of a piston operably coupled to a cutting blade of the pole saw. 2. A pneumatically powered pole saw, comprising: a pneumatic valve assembly; and a trigger for switching the pneumatic valve assembly between at least two valve operation modes that creates a static state of a piston operably coupled to a cutting blade of the pole saw. 3. A method of operating a pneumatically powered pole saw, comprising: switching a pneumatic valve assembly of the pole saw between at least two valve operation modes; and causing a piston of the pneumatic valve assembly to be placed in a static state when the pneumatic valve assembly of the pole saw is switched between the at least two valve operation modes. 4. The method as in claim 4, wherein the piston is operably coupled to a cutting blade of the pole saw. 5. A pneumatically powered pole saw as described herein. 6. A pneumatic valve assembly for use in a pole saw as described herein.",
-    "A financial transaction system includes a computer readable storage medium and a processor in communication with the computer readable storage medium. The processor is configured to receive a financial transaction request message from a payment device reader, and parse the financial transaction request message. The financial transaction request message includes a cardholder response to an offer to enroll in a loyalty program of a commercial entity. The processor is further configured to store the cardholder response in the computer readable storage medium. 1. A method, comprising: reading, in a payment device reader of a transaction terminal, account information stored in a payment device of a user; presenting, on a user interface device of the transaction terminal, an offer to enroll in a program; receiving, in an input device coupled with the transaction terminal, a response to the offer to enroll in the program; bundling, by the transaction terminal, into an authorization request: the response to the offer to enroll in the program, and transaction information for a payment transaction in a payment account identified by the account information; and transmitting, by the transaction terminal, into a communication network the authorization request for the payment transaction to cause a payment processor receiving the authorization request to transmit enrollment information to the user of the payment account. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the authorization request is configured to cause the payment processor to: retrieve cardholder-specific data from a storage medium accessible, in response to the response, bundled in the authorization request, to the offer to enroll in the program of a commercial entity; transmit the cardholder-specific data to the commercial entity; and receive a message from the commercial entity, the message comprising cardholder-specific loyalty program data. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the authorization request is further configured to cause the payment processor to: transmit, to the transaction terminal via the communication network, an authorization response for the authorization request, the authorization response includes the cardholder-specific loyalty program data. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the cardholder-specific loyalty program data includes a loyalty program rewards membership number. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising: displaying, on a monitor of the transaction terminal, the cardholder-specific loyalty program data received in the transaction terminal via the authorization response. 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising: printing, on a printer coupled with the transaction terminal, the cardholder-specific loyalty program data received in the transaction terminal via the authorization response. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, in the user interface, contact information of the user prior to presenting, on the user interface, the offer to enroll in the program; presenting, in the user interface, personal information of the user for confirmation; receiving, in the user interface, a confirmation of the personal information for enrolling in the program; and providing, in the authorization request, the personal information. 8. A transaction terminal, comprising: a payment device reader configured to read account information stored in a payment device of a user; a user interface device configured to present an offer to enroll in a program; an input device configured to receive a response to the offer to enroll in the program, wherein the transaction terminal is configured to bundle into an authorization request: the response to the offer to enroll in the program, and transaction information for a payment transaction in a payment account identified by the account information; and a communication device configured to transmit into a communication network the authorization request for the payment transaction, the authorization request causing a computer configured on the communication network to receive the authorization request to transmit enrollment information to the user of the payment account. 9. The transaction terminal of claim 8, wherein the authorization request is configured to cause the computer to: retrieve cardholder-specific data from a storage medium accessible, in response to the response, bundled in the authorization request, to the offer to enroll in the program of a commercial entity; transmit the cardholder-specific data to the commercial entity; and receive a message from the commercial entity, the message comprising cardholder-specific loyalty program data. 10. The transaction terminal of claim 9, wherein the authorization request is further configured to cause the computer to: transmit, to the transaction terminal via the communication network, an authorization response for the authorization request, the authorization response includes the cardholder-specific loyalty program data. 11. The transaction terminal of claim 10, wherein the cardholder-specific loyalty program data includes a loyalty program rewards membership number. 12. The transaction terminal of claim 10, wherein the user interface is further configured to display the cardholder-specific loyalty program data received in the transaction terminal via the authorization response. 13. The transaction terminal of claim 10, further comprising: a printer configured to print the cardholder-specific loyalty program data received in the transaction terminal via the authorization response. 14. The transaction terminal of claim 8, wherein the user interface is further configured to receive contact information of the user prior to presenting, on the user interface, the offer to enroll in the program; present personal information of the user for confirmation; receive a confirmation of the personal information for enrolling in the program; and wherein the transaction terminal is configured to provide, in the authorization request, the personal information. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions configured to instruct a transaction terminal to perform a method, the method comprising: reading, by a data reading device of the transaction terminal, account information from a payment device of a user; presenting, in a user interface device of the transaction terminal, an offer to the user to enroll in a program; receiving, in an input device of the transaction terminal from the user, a response to the offer; transmitting, using a communication device of the transaction terminal over a communication network and by a way of being embedded in an authorization request generated by the reader for a payment transaction in a payment account identified by the account information, the response to the offer to enroll in the program; wherein being embedded in the authorization request and received via the input device, the response to the offer to enroll in the program causes a computing device, connected to the communication network to receive the authorization request, to transmit enrollment information to the user of the payment account. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further configured to instruct the transaction terminal to receive a communication from the computing device over the communication network and display on the user interface device the communication related to the offer to enroll in the program. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the response includes user-specific data provided by the user via the input device. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the offer is presented to enroll in the program in response to reading the account information from the payment device of the user. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises: receiving an authorization response for the payment transaction; extracting from the authorization response for the payment transaction user-specific loyalty program data; and presenting via the user interface device to the user the user-specific loyalty program data. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein the user-specific loyalty program data includes a loyalty program rewards membership number.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for extracting hemodynamic information, optionally employing portable electronic devices with optional User Interface (UI) features for system implementation. The systems and methods may be employed for acquiring hemodynamic signals and associated electrophysiological data and/or analyzing the former or both in combination to yield useful physiological indicia or results. Such hardware and software is advantageously used for non-invasively monitoring cardiac health. 1-25. (canceled) 26. A system comprising: a vibration sensor adapted to capture a vibrational signal, and a computer processor, wherein the computer processor is adapted to resolve each of a pulse pressure waveform and an Embedded Frequency corresponding to sound of the heart from the vibrational signal, and wherein the processor is further adapted to, using the Embedded Frequency and the pulse pressure waveform, calculate at least one physiological parameter. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the physiological parameter is selected from at least one of Dicrotic Notch (DN) position of the pulse pressure wave form, Ejection Fraction (EF) and systolic time intervals. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the computer processer is further adapted to calculate Intrinsic Frequency (IF) parameters \u03c91 and \u03c92 on each side of the DN. 29. The system of claim 26, wherein the vibration sensor comprises a light source and a light sensor. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the light sensor is an LED in a smartphone camera. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the vibration sensor further comprising a membrane, the membrane made of a material selected to be at least partially reflective to the light source on an inner surface of the membrane. 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the membrane comprises metal or is metalized on the inner surface. 33. The system of claim 31, wherein the membrane material is selected to reduce light passing from an outer surface of the membrane to the sensor. 34. The system of claim 33, wherein the material substantially eliminates light passing from the outer surface. 35. The system of claim 33, wherein the membrane comprises metal or is metalized on at least one surface. 36. The system of claim 26, further comprising an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, wherein the processor is further adapted for producing an ECG signal. 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the computer processor is further adapted to calculate Ejection Fraction (EF) using the Embedded Frequency, the pressure waveform and the ECG signal. 38. A method comprising: positioning a vibration sensor on a subject's skin at a location peripheral to a the subject's heart, capturing a vibrational signal of skin motion, resolving the vibrational signal into each of a pressure waveform signal and an Embedded Frequency signal corresponding to sound of the heart, and calculating with a computer processor, using the Embedded Frequency signal and the pulse pressure waveform signal, at least one physiological parameter 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising determining a Dichroitic Notch (DN) position within the pressure waveform signal using the Embedded Frequency signal with the computer processor. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising calculating Intrinsic Frequency (IF) parameters \u03c91 and \u03c92 with the computer processor. 41. The method of claim 40, further comprising calculating Ejection Fraction (EF) with the computer processor using \u03c91 and \u03c92. 42. The method of claim 38, further comprising: positioning a plurality of electrocardiogram sensors on the subject, and detecting an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising calculating Ejection Fraction (EF) using the Embedded Frequency signal, the pressure waveform signal and the ECG signal with a computer processor. 44. The method of claim 44, wherein the vibration sensor detects light intensity reflected from a source. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the detected light intensity is reflected off of a membrane. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the light intensity is reflected off a metal or metalized surface of the membrane. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the light intensity is substantially free of background light transmitted through the membrane. 48. The method of claim 38, performed with a handheld device. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the handheld device is a smartphone. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the vibration sensor and a first ECG electrode, both at a face of the handheld device are positioned together, and the method further comprises selecting a second ECG electrode from a finger electrode of the device and a plug-in electrode for the device and contacting the subject's skin at a second location with the selected sensor contact. 51-110. (canceled)",
-    "An implantable medical device (IMD) may include a housing having a proximal end and a distal end and a set of one or more electrodes connected to but spaced apart from the housing. The IMD may further include a controller disposed within the housing, wherein the controller is configured to sense cardiac electrical signals, and deliver electrical stimulation pulses via the first set of one or more electrodes. In some embodiments, a first portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a coronary sinus of a patient's heart and a second portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a right atrium of the patient's heart. 1. An implantable medical device (IMD), the IMD comprising: a housing having a proximal end and a distal end; a first set of one or more electrodes connected to but spaced apart from the housing; and a controller disposed within the housing, wherein the controller is configured to: sense cardiac electrical signals, and deliver electrical stimulation pulses via the first set of one or more electrodes; and wherein a first portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a coronary sinus of a patient's heart and a second portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a right atrium of the patient's heart. 2. The IMD of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a fixation element disposed on the portion of the housing that is configured to be disposed within the coronary sinus. 3. The IMD of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises an eccentric bias element disposed on the portion of the housing that is configured to be disposed within the coronary sinus. 4. The IMD of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a docking hub disposed proximate the proximal end of the housing. 5. The IMD of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises at least a first discrete section and a second discrete section, and wherein the first discrete section is configured to be disposed at least partially within the coronary sinus and the second discrete section is configured to be disposed within the right atrium of the patient's heart. 6. The IMD of claim 5, wherein the first discrete section and the second discrete section are connected by a flexible connector section. 7. The IMD of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the housing has a non-circular cross-section. 8. The IMD of claim 1, wherein the first set of one or more electrodes are disposed on a first extension extending from the housing. 9. The IMD of claim 8, wherein the first extension has a proximal end and a distal end, and wherein the proximal end of the first extension is connected to the housing, and wherein a fixation element is positioned adjacent the distal end. 10. The IMD of claim 8, wherein a docking hub is positioned adjacent the distal end of the first extension. 11. An implantable medical device (IMD), the IMD device comprising: a housing having a proximal end and a distal end; a first set of one or more electrodes connected to but spaced apart from the housing; and a controller disposed within the housing, wherein the controller is configured to: communicate with one or more medical devices spaced from the IMD; sense cardiac electrical signals; and deliver electrical stimulation pulses via the first set of one or more electrodes; and wherein the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a coronary sinus of a patient's heart. 12. The IMD of claim 11, wherein the housing further includes a first portion and a second portion, and wherein the first a portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within the coronary sinus of the patient's heart and a second portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a right atrium of the patient's heart. 13. The IMD of claim 11, wherein the first set of electrodes is configured to be disposed within the right atrium of the patient's heart, and the controller is configured to deliver electrical stimulation to the right atrium of the patient's heart via the first set of electrodes. 14. The IMD of claim 11, wherein the IMD further comprises a second set of one or more electrodes, and wherein the second set of one or more electrodes are configured to be disposed within the coronary sinus. 15. An implantable medical device (IMD), the IMD device comprising: a housing having a rigid first portion and a rigid second portion, wherein the rigid first portion and the rigid second portion are physically connected by a flexible connector; a controller disposed within the housing, wherein the controller is configured to: communicate with one or more medical devices spaced from the IMD; sense cardiac electrical signals; and deliver electrical stimulation pulses via a first set of one or more electrodes; wherein the rigid first portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within the right atrium of the patient's heart, and the rigid second portion of the housing is configured to be disposed at least partly within a coronary sinus of the patient's heart; and a fixation element for holding the rigid second portion of the housing at least partly within the coronary sinus of the patient's heart. 16. The IMD of claim 15, wherein the housing comprises a docking hub disposed on the rigid first portion. 17. The IMD of claim 15, wherein the first set of one or more electrodes are provided on an atrial extension extending from the rigid first portion, wherein the atrial extension includes a fixation element configured to fix the atrial extension to the an atrium wall of the atrium of the patient's heart. 18. The IMD of claim 17, wherein the fixation element comprises one or more of tines, helical coils, and metal talons. 19. The IMD of claim 15, further comprising a second set of one or more electrodes, wherein the second set of one or more electrodes are provided on a ventricle extension extending from the rigid second portion further into the coronary sinus of the patient's heart, wherein the ventricle extension includes a fixation element configured to fix the ventricle extension to a wall of the coronary sinus of the patient's heart. 20. The IMD of claim 19, wherein the controller is further configured to deliver electrical stimulation pulses via the second set of one or more electrodes.",
-    "A digital information editing apparatus includes a receiving unit that receives an output request requesting digital information to be output in accordance with printing block copy information that is stored with block copy attribute information including a size of an image indicated by the printing block copy information being associated with imposition information identifying a layout state of the images indicated by plural pieces of the digital information, an extracting unit that extracts the digital information from the printing block copy information in accordance with the imposition information if the receiving unit has received the output request, and a converting unit that converts a size of an image indicated by the digital information extracted by the extracting unit into the size of the image indicated by the printing block copy information. 1. A digital information editing apparatus comprising: a receiving unit that receives an output request requesting digital information to be output in accordance with printing block copy information that is stored with block copy attribute information including a size of an image indicated by the printing block copy information being associated with imposition information identifying a layout state of images indicated by a plurality of pieces of the digital information; an extracting unit that extracts the digital information from the printing block copy information in accordance with the imposition information if the receiving unit has received the output request; and a converting unit that converts a size of an image indicated by the digital information extracted by the extracting unit into the size of the image indicated by the printing block copy information. 2. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein print instruction information to print the image indicated by the printing block copy information is attached to the stored printing block copy information, and wherein the imposition information that has been used in storing the printing block copy information is attached to the print instruction information. 3. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein print instruction information to print the image indicated by the printing block copy information is attached to the stored printing block copy information comprises, and wherein when the printing block copy information is stored, new imposition information is generated, and attached to the print instruction information. 4. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extracting unit comprises a first determination unit that determines whether copying of the printing block copy information is to be performed by a number of copies equal to a number of images indicated by the digital information based on the imposition information, and wherein if the first determination unit determines that the copying is to be performed and the printing block copy information is copied, images of a number indicated by the digital information smaller than the number of images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are extracted with respect to each image indicated by the copied printing block copy information. 5. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the extracting unit comprises a first determination unit that determines whether copying of the printing block copy information is to be performed by a number of copies equal to a number of images indicated by the digital information based on the imposition information, and wherein if the first determination unit determines that the copying is to be performed and the printing block copy information is copied, images of a number indicated by the digital information smaller than the number of images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are extracted with respect to each image indicated by the copied printing block copy information. 6. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the extracting unit comprises a first determination unit that determines whether copying of the printing block copy information is to be performed by a number of copies equal to a number of images indicated by the digital information based on the imposition information, and wherein if the first determination unit determines that the copying is to be performed and the printing block copy information is copied, images of a number indicated by the digital information smaller than the number of images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are extracted with respect to each image indicated by the copied printing block copy information. 7. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extracting unit comprises a first determination unit that determines whether copying of the printing block copy information is to be performed by a number of copies equal to a number of images indicated by the digital information based on the imposition information, and wherein if the first determination unit determines that the copying is to be performed and the printing block copy information is copied, a piece of the digital information is extracted with respect to each image indicated by the copied printing block copy information. 8. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the extracting unit comprises a first determination unit that determines whether copying of the printing block copy information is to be performed by a number of copies equal to a number of images indicated by the digital information based on the imposition information, and wherein if the first determination unit determines that the copying is to be performed and the printing block copy information is copied, a piece of the digital information is extracted with respect to each image indicated by the copied printing block copy information. 9. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the extracting unit comprises a first determination unit that determines whether copying of the printing block copy information is to be performed by a number of copies equal to a number of images indicated by the digital information based on the imposition information, and wherein if the first determination unit determines that the copying is to be performed and the printing block copy information is copied, a piece of the digital information is extracted with respect to each image indicated by the copied printing block copy information. 10. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 11. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 12. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 13. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 14. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 15. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 16. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 17. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 18. The digital information editing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the extracting unit comprises a second determination unit that determines whether the images are to be rearranged in a page order attached to the digital information in accordance with the imposition information of the printing block copy information, wherein if the second determination unit determines that a rearrangement is to be performed, the images indicated by the copied printing block copy information are rearranged in accordance with the imposition information. 19. A digital information editing method comprising: receiving an output request requesting digital information to be output in accordance with printing block copy information that is stored with block copy attribute information including a size of an image indicated by the printing block copy information being associated with imposition information identifying a layout state of the images indicated by a plurality of pieces of the digital information; extracting the digital information from the printing block copy information in accordance with the imposition information if the output request has been received; and converting a size of an image indicated by the extracted digital information into the size of the image indicated by the printing block copy information. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for editing information, the process comprising: receiving an output request requesting digital information to be output in accordance with printing block copy information that is stored with block copy attribute information including a size of an image indicated by the printing block copy information being associated with imposition information identifying a layout state of the images indicated by a plurality of pieces of the digital information; extracting the digital information from the printing block copy information in accordance with the imposition information if the output request has been received; and converting a size of an image indicated by the extracted digital information into the size of the image indicated by the printing block copy information.",
-    "Method and system for recognising a numeric or alphanumeric sequence of characters in a document, the sequence conforming to predetermined rules and representing user identifiers for identifying users in a communication system include identifying a country of origin of the document, recalling rules relating to the format of the sequence associated with the determined country of origin, searching the document to identify any sequence in the document satisfying the format and returning any such sequence. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: determining a country of origin of a document by selecting, from a plurality of potential countries, a country associated with the document; processing the document, using the determined country of origin, to determine a numeric or alphanumeric sequence of characters in the document to establish a call by: recalling rules relating to the format of said sequence associated with the determined country of origin of the document; and searching the document to identify a sequence in the document satisfying said format of the determined country of origin of the document; converting said sequence into a call format for the determined country of origin of the document by appending to the sequence a country prefix for the determined country of origin; and returning the converted sequence. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the document comprises a web page, and the method further comprises launching a web browser to locate the web page on a world wide network. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising marking the sequence in a displayed version of the web page. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the sequence comprises a phone number or a fax number, and wherein the marking said sequence further comprises associating said phone number or fax number with a button displayed in the document. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the button is selectable by a user to initiate a call using said phone number or fax number. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a rate associated with placing a phone call using said sequence. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the document comprises a web page, and where the determining the country of origin comprises examining a domain of the web page. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the document comprises a web page, and wherein said determining the country of origin comprises examining the language of text on the web page. 9. A method of claim 8, wherein the examining further comprises examining the language of text on the page by detecting an html language code. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the examining further comprises executing a language recognizer component to recognize the language of preselected words in the text on the web page. 11. A computer-implemented method comprising: navigating to a web page using a web browser implemented at a computing device; detecting a phone number in the web page; marking the phone number in the web page; detecting actuation of the marked phone number; converting the phone number into a call format for a determined country of origin of the web page, the determined country of origin determined by examining a plurality of factors associated with the web page; and initiating a communication via a communication network using the converted phone number. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the initiating the communication comprises executing a client installed at the computing device to receive said converted phone number, and initiate the communication via the communication network using the converted phone number. 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the marking comprises associating the phone number with a button. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein the detecting actuation comprises detecting a user selection of the button. 15. A computing device comprising: one or more processors; and one or more computer readable media comprising computer code components that, responsive to execution by the one or more processors, perform operations comprising: determining a country of origin of a document by selecting, from a plurality of potential countries, a country associated with the document; using the determined country of origin to search the document to determine a phone number associated with the determined country of origin of the document; marking the phone number in the document; detecting actuation of the marked phone number; responsive to actuation of the marked phone number, converting the phone number into a call format using the determined country of origin of the document by appending to the phone number a country prefix for the determined country of origin; and initiating a call via the communication network using the converted phone number. 16. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the initiating the call comprises executing a client installed at the computing device to receive said converted phone number, and initiate the call via the communication network using the converted phone number. 17. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the marking comprises associating the phone number with a button. 18. The computing device of claim 17, wherein the detecting actuation comprises detecting a user selection of the button. 19. The computing device of claim 17, wherein the document comprises a web page. 20. The computing device of claim 15, wherein said identifying the country comprises examining a domain of the document or examining the language of text in the document.",
-    "Systems and methods disclosed herein provide for determining changes in the device engagement data as a video advertisement is played on a video application executing in a mobile computing device. A user engagement engine collects device engagement data over multiple intervals of playback of the video advertisement. The device engagement data includes data indicating the spatial orientation of the mobile computing device and data indicating the volume level. The user engagement engine also calculates the differences in the device engagement data from a first interval of playback to a second interval of playback of the video advertisement. The mobile computing device transmits the changes in the device engagement data to an advertising server. The advertising server uses the changes in the device engagement data to determine a cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement. 1. A method for determining user engagement with a video advertisement viewed on a mobile computing device over an electronic network, the method comprising: receiving, over the electronic network from an advertising server, the video advertisement; initiating playback of the video advertisement on a video player executing on the mobile computing device; collecting device engagement data at multiple intervals of playback of the video advertisement; determining a change in the device engagement data from a first interval of playback of the video advertisement to a second interval of playback of the video advertisement; and determining the user engagement of the video advertisement based on the change being greater than a threshold value. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the advertising server, a tracking link for reporting the device engagement data to the advertisement server; and transmitting the change in the device engagement data to a network location specified in the tracking link. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the device engagement data comprises a pitch value of the mobile computing device and a roll value of the mobile computing device, the pitch value and the roll value obtained from application programming interface commands passed to an operating system of the mobile computing device instructing the operating system to retrieve information from an accelerometer of the mobile computing device. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the device engagement data further comprises a volume level of the mobile computing device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein collecting the device engagement data comprises collecting a first set of device engagement data at initial playback of the video advertisement and collecting additional sets of device engagement data at every twenty-five percent playback interval of the video advertisement until the video advertisement either completes playback or until the video advertisement is interrupted. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an increase in the user engagement results in a proportional increase in a cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement and a decrease in the user engagement results in a proportional decrease in the cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the device engagement data is collected as a background process executing on the mobile computing device without interrupting a current foreground process. 8. A method for determining user engagement of a video advertisement transmitted to a mobile computing device over an electronic network, the method comprising: receiving, from a video player executing on a mobile computing device, a request for a video advertisement; transmitting, to a video player executing on a mobile computing device, electronic data comprising a video advertisement; receiving, from the mobile computing device, second electronic data comprising device engagement data for a first interval of playback of the video advertisement and a second interval of playback of the video advertisement; and determining a change in the device engagement data between the first interval of playback to the second interval of playback, wherein a change greater than a threshold value indicates a change in the user engagement of the video advertisement. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the device engagement data comprises a pitch value of the mobile computing device and a roll value of the mobile computing device, the pitch value and the roll value obtained from application programming interface commands passed to an operating system of the mobile computing device instructing the operating system to retrieve information from an accelerometer of the mobile computing device. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the device engagement data further comprises a volume level of the mobile computing device, and wherein the cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement is based on changes in the pitch value, changes in the roll value, and changes in the volume level across multiple intervals of playback of the video advertisement. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining a cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement based on the change in the device engagement data, wherein an increase in the user engagement results in a proportional increase in a cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement and a decrease in the user engagement results in a proportional decrease in the cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement. 12. The method of claim 13, further comprising: in response to change in the device engagement data being greater than a threshold value, transmitting a communication to the mobile computing device instructing the mobile computing device to provide a skip button to bypass the video advertisement. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the device engagement data comprises a first set of device engagement data collected at the first interval of playback and a second set of device engagement data collected at the second interval of playback, and wherein the method further comprises: calculating the change in the device engagement data based on the first set of device engagement data and the second set of device engagement data. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the second electronic signal further comprises the change in the device engagement data between the first interval of playback and the second interval of playback. 15. A system for determining user engagement of a video advertisement, the system comprising: a processor; and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions included in the memory to perform operations comprising: causing, by a mobile computing device or an advertising server, playback of a video advertisement on a video player executing on the mobile computing device; collecting device engagement data at multiple intervals of playback of the video advertisement, the device engagement data comprising pitch values, roll values, and volume levels of the mobile computing device; determining a change in the device engagement data from a first interval of playback of the video advertisement to a second interval of playback of the video advertisement, wherein a change greater than a threshold value indicates a change in the user engagement of the video advertisement. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the pitch value and the roll value are obtained from application programming interface commands passed to an operating system of the mobile computing device instructing the operating system to retrieve information from an accelerometer of the mobile computing device. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the operation of causing playback of the video advertisement comprises: receiving, by the mobile computing device, electronic data comprising the video advertisement and a tracking link for reporting the device engagement data to the advertisement server; and initiating playback of the video advertisement on the video player executing on the mobile computing device, and wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions to perform operations further comprising: transmitting the change in the device engagement data to a network location specified in a tracking link. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein collecting the device engagement data comprises collecting a first set of device engagement data at initial playback of the video advertisement and collecting additional sets of device engagement data at every twenty-five percent playback interval of the video advertisement until the video advertisement either completes playback or until the video advertisement is interrupted. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein an increase in the user engagement results in a proportional increase in a cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement and a decrease in the user engagement results in a proportional decrease in the cost-per-impression value of the video advertisement. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the device engagement data is collected as a background process executing on the mobile computing device without interrupting a current foreground process.",
-    "This disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for bringing an object to life using a projection apparatus. An object may be augmented with a projected image by detecting a landmark associated with the object, determining a modified version of an image to compensate for an orientation of the projection apparatus to the landmark, and implementing a light generated by the projection apparatus to project the modified version of the image on a surface of the object. 1. A projection apparatus comprising: a housing; a light source carried by the housing, the light source configured to generate and project light on a surface of an object; an image sensor carried by the housing, the image sensor configured to generate visual output signals conveying visual information within a field of view of the image sensor; an orientation sensor carried by the housing, the orientation sensor configured to generate orientation output signals conveying orientation information of the housing; one or more processors carried by the housing, the one or more processors configured by machine readable instructions to: detect a landmark within the field of view of the image sensor based on the visual output signals, the landmark being associated with the object; determine a modified version of an image based on the visual output signals and/or the orientation output signals to compensate for an orientation of the housing relative to the landmark; and implement the light generated by the light source to project the modified version of the image on the surface of the object. 2. The projection apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an audio output carried by the housing, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to effectuate operation of the audio output to generate audio based on the image. 3. The projection apparatus of claim 2, wherein the audio generated by the audio output is binaural audio that seems to originate from the object. 4. The projection apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a distance sensor carried by the housing, the distance sensor configured to generate distance output signals conveying distance information relating to a distance between the housing and the object, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to determine the modified version of the image based on the distance output signals. 5. The projection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to select the image based on one or more of the landmark, a user input received through an input device, and/or remotely received information. 6. The projection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to animate the image. 7. The projection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to animate the image based on one or more of the landmark, a user input received through an input device, and/or remotely received information. 8. The projection apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a wireless communication device carried by the housing, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to effectuate transmission of control output signals by the wireless communication device, the control output signals configured to effectuate operation of the object based on the projection of the image. 9. The projection apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a wireless communication device carried by the housing, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to effectuate transmission of control output signals by the wireless communication device, the control output signals configured to effectuate operation of a second object based on the projection of the image. 10. A method for using a projection apparatus, the method comprising: generating visual output signals conveying visual information within a field of view of an image sensor; generating orientation output signals conveying orientation information of a housing, wherein the housing carries a light source configured to generate and project light on a surface of an object; detecting a landmark within the field of view of the image sensor based on the visual output signals, the landmark being associated with the object; determining a modified version of an image based on the visual output signals and/or the orientation output signals to compensate for an orientation of the housing relative to the landmark; and implementing the light generated by the light source to project the modified version of the image on the surface of the object. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising operating an audio output to generate audio based on the image. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the audio generated by the audio output is binaural audio that seems to originate from the object. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising generating distance output signals conveying distance information relating to a distance between the housing and the object, wherein the modified version of the image is further determined based on the distance output signals. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising selecting the image based on one or more of the landmark, a user input received through an input device, and/or remotely received information. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising animating the image. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising animating the image based on one or more of the landmark, a user input received through an input device, and/or remotely received information. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising transmitting control output signals via a wireless communication device, the control output signals configured to effectuate operation of the object based on the projection of the image. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising transmitting control output signals via a wireless communication device, the control output signals configured to effectuate operation of a second object based on the projection of the image. 19. A projection apparatus comprising: a housing; a light source carried by the housing, the light source configured to generate and project light on a surface of an object; an audio output carried by the housing; an image sensor carried by the housing, the image sensor configured to generate visual output signals conveying visual information within a field of view of the image sensor; an orientation sensor carried by the housing, the orientation sensor configured to generate orientation output signals conveying orientation information of the housing; one or more processors carried by the housing, the one or more processors configured by machine readable instructions to: detect a landmark within the field of view of the image sensor based on the visual output signals, the landmark being associated with the object; determine a modified version of an image based on the visual output signals and/or the orientation output signals to compensate for an orientation of the housing relative to the landmark; implement the light generated by the light source to project the modified version of the image on the surface of the object; and effectuate operation of the audio output to generate audio based on the image, wherein the audio generated by the audio output is binaural audio that seems to originate from the object. 20. The projection apparatus of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to animate the image based on one or more of the landmark, a user input received through an input device, and/or remotely received information.",
-    "Some embodiments include a method of providing an electronic device. The method can comprise: providing a first device substrate; providing one or more first active sections over a second side of the first device substrate at a first device portion of the first device substrate; and after providing the first active section(s) over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, folding a first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at a first side of the first device substrate so that a first edge portion remains to at least partially frame the first device portion. The first edge portion can comprise a first edge portion width dimension smaller than a first smallest cross dimension of one or more pixel(s) of one or more semiconductor device(s) of the first active section(s). Other embodiments of related methods and devices are also disclosed. 1) A method of providing an electronic device, the method comprising: providing a first device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first device substrate comprising a first flexible substrate, a first device portion, and a first perimeter portion at least partially framing the first device portion; providing one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, each first active section of the one or more first active sections comprising at least one first semiconductor device, each first semiconductor device of the at least one first semiconductor device comprising at least one first pixel, and each first pixel of the at least one first pixel comprising a first smallest cross dimension; and after providing the one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate so that a first edge portion remains to at least partially frame the first device portion, the first edge portion comprising a first edge portion width dimension smaller than the first smallest cross dimension. 2) The method of claim 1 wherein: the at least one first pixel comprises at least one of a detector pixel or an emitter pixel. 3) The method of claim 1 wherein: folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate so that the first edge portion remains to at least partially frame the first device portion comprises folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate such that at least part of the first perimeter portion forms an angle with the first device portion; and the angle is less than or equal to approximately 90 degrees. 4) The method of claim 1 wherein: the one or more first active sections comprise multiple first active sections spatially separated from each other. 5) The method of claim 1 wherein: providing the one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion comprises: providing one or more semiconductor device layers over the second side of the first device substrate, the semiconductor device layers comprising a first portion and a second portion; and removing part or all of the first portion of the one or more semiconductor device layers from over the second side of the first device substrate and leaving the second portion of the one or more semiconductor device layers remaining over the second side of the first device substrate such that the one or more first active sections comprise the second portion of the one or more semiconductor device layers. 6) The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing one or more wavy metal interconnects over the second side of the first device substrate. 7) The method of claim 1 wherein: the first perimeter portion entirely frames the first device portion; and the first edge portion entirely frames the first device portion after the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate is folded toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate. 8) The method of claim 1 further comprising: after providing the one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, supporting the first device substrate. 9) The method of claim 8 wherein: supporting the first device substrate comprises: providing a support structure; and supporting the first device substrate with the support structure. 10) The method of claim 9 wherein: the support structure comprises a support layer; and folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate so that the first edge portion remains to at least partially frame the first device portion comprises folding the first perimeter portion around the support layer. 11) The method of claim 1 wherein: the first device substrate comprises a rectangular shape. 12) The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing a second device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second device substrate comprising a second flexible substrate, a second device portion, and a second perimeter portion at least partially framing the second device portion; providing one or more second active sections over the second side of the second device substrate at the second device portion, each second active section of the one or more second active sections comprising at least one second semiconductor device, each second semiconductor device of the at least one second semiconductor device comprising at least one second pixel, and each second pixel of the at least one second pixel comprising a second smallest cross dimension; after providing the one or more second active sections over the second side of the second device substrate at the second device portion, folding the second perimeter portion of the second device substrate toward the second device portion at the first side of the second device substrate so that a second edge portion remains to at least partially frame the second device portion, the second edge portion comprising a second edge portion width dimension smaller than the second smallest cross dimension; and after folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate and after folding the second perimeter portion of the second device substrate toward the second device portion at the first side of the second device substrate, arranging the first device substrate adjacent to the second device substrate in an array grid. 13) The method of claim 12 wherein: arranging the first device substrate adjacent to the second device substrate in the array grid comprises coupling the first device substrate to the second device substrate. 14) The method of claim 12 further comprising: providing one or more first wavy metal interconnects over the second side of the first device substrate; providing one or more second wavy metal interconnects over the second side of the second device substrate; and electrically coupling the first wavy metal interconnects to the second wave metal interconnects. 15) The method of claim 12 wherein at least one of: the first edge portion width dimension is approximately equal to the second edge portion width dimension; the second edge portion width dimension is smaller than the first smallest cross dimension; or the first smallest cross dimension is approximately equal to the second smallest cross dimension. 16) The method of claim 12 further comprising: providing a third device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the third device substrate comprising a third flexible substrate, a third device portion, and a third perimeter portion at least partially framing the third device portion; providing one or more third active sections over the second side of the third device substrate at the third device portion, each third active section of the one or more third active sections comprising at least one third semiconductor device, each third semiconductor device of the at least one third semiconductor device comprising at least one third pixel, and each third pixel of the at least one third pixel comprising a third smallest cross dimension; after providing the one or more third active sections over the second side of the third device substrate at the third device portion, folding the third perimeter portion of the third device substrate toward the third device portion at the first side of the third device substrate so that a third edge portion remains to at least partially frame the third device portion, the third edge portion comprising a third edge portion width dimension smaller than the third smallest cross dimension; and after folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate, after folding the second perimeter portion of the second device substrate toward the second device portion at the first side of the second device substrate, and after folding the third perimeter portion of the third device substrate toward the third device portion at the first side of the third device substrate, arranging the third device substrate adjacent to at least one of the first device substrate or the second device substrate in the array grid. 17) A method of providing an electronic device, the method comprising: providing a first device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first device substrate comprising a first flexible substrate, a first device portion, and a first perimeter portion at least partially framing the first device portion; providing one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, each first active section of the one or more first active sections comprising at least one first semiconductor device, each first semiconductor device of the at least one first semiconductor device comprising at least one first pixel, and each first pixel of the at least one first pixel comprising a first smallest cross dimension; and after providing the one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate so that a first edge portion remains to at least partially frame the first device portion, the first edge portion comprising a first edge portion width dimension smaller than the first smallest cross dimension; providing a second device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second device substrate comprising a second flexible substrate, a second device portion, and a second perimeter portion at least partially framing the second device portion; providing one or more second active sections over the second side of the second device substrate at the second device portion, each second active section of the one or more second active sections comprising at least one second semiconductor device, each second semiconductor device of the at least one second semiconductor device comprising at least one second pixel, and each second pixel of the at least one second pixel comprising a second smallest cross dimension; after providing the one or more second active sections over the second side of the second device substrate at the second device portion, folding the second perimeter portion of the second device substrate toward the second device portion at the first side of the second device substrate so that a second edge portion remains to at least partially frame the second device portion, the second edge portion comprising a second edge portion width dimension smaller than the second smallest cross dimension; after folding the first perimeter portion of the first device substrate toward the first device portion at the first side of the first device substrate and after folding the second perimeter portion of the second device substrate toward the second device portion at the first side of the second device substrate, arranging the first device substrate adjacent to the second device substrate in an array grid; after providing the one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, supporting the first device substrate; after providing the one or more second active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, supporting the second device substrate; the first edge portion width dimension is less than or equal to approximately 20 micrometers; and the second edge portion width dimension is less than or equal to approximately 20 micrometers. 18) An electronic device comprising: a first device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first device substrate comprising a first flexible substrate, a first device portion, and a first perimeter portion at least partially framing the first device portion; and one or more first active sections over the second side of the first device substrate at the first device portion, each first active section of the one or more first active sections comprising at least one first semiconductor device, each first semiconductor device of the at least one first semiconductor device comprising at least one first pixel, and each first pixel of the at least one first pixel comprising a first smallest cross dimension; wherein: the first perimeter portion comprises a first edge portion that at least partially frames the first device portion; at least part of the first perimeter portion forms a first angle with the first device portion; the first angle is less than or equal to approximately 90 degrees; and the first edge portion comprises a first edge portion width dimension smaller than the first smallest cross dimension. 19) The electronic device of claim 18 further comprising: a second device substrate comprising a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the second device substrate comprising a second flexible substrate, a second device portion, and a second perimeter portion at least partially framing the second device portion; and one or more second active sections over the second side of the second device substrate at the second device portion, each second active section of the one or more second active sections comprising at least one second semiconductor device, each second semiconductor device of the at least one second semiconductor device comprising at least one second pixel, and each second pixel of the at least one second pixel comprising a second smallest cross dimension; wherein: the second perimeter portion comprises a second edge portion that at least partially frames the second device portion; at least part of the second perimeter portion forms a second angle with the second device portion; the second angle is less than or equal to approximately 90 degrees; the second edge portion comprises a second edge portion width dimension smaller than the second smallest cross dimension; and the first device substrate is arranged adjacent to the second device substrate in an array grid. 20) The electronic device of claim 19 further comprising: a first support structure supporting the first device substrate; and a second support structure supporting the second device substrate.",
-    "In view of the above, a wireless network access device is provided. In an example implementation, the wireless network access device includes a radio interface having a plurality of individually addressable radio paths for providing a connection to corresponding radio modules. Each radio module includes a radio configured to communicate with client devices in a corresponding coverage area. Each radio module is configured to operate independently of the other radio modules. A network interface is included to provide data network access. The wireless network access device includes a processor to manage communication between the client devices that communicate with the radio modules and a data network via the radio interface and the network interface when the wireless local area network device includes at least one connected radio module. 1. A wireless network access device comprising: a radio interface comprising a plurality of individually addressable radio paths for providing a connection to corresponding radio modules; each radio module comprising a radio configured to communicate with client devices in a corresponding coverage area, where each radio module operates independently of the other radio modules; a network interface configured to provide data network access; and a processor configured to manage communication between the client devices that communicate with the radio modules and a data network via the radio interface and the network interface when the wireless local area network device includes at least one connected radio module. 2. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where: when more than one radio module is connected to the radio interface, each radio module is configured to operate in accordance with any one of a variety of wireless communication characteristics. 3. The wireless network access device of claim 2 where the wireless communication characteristics include any combination of the following types of characteristics: different antenna configurations, different antenna types, different component suppliers, different transmit power capabilities, and different radio frequency (\u201cRF\u201d) technologies. 4. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where the radio modules include antennas having an antenna configuration selected from a group consisting of: Single In, Single Out (\u201cSISO\u201d); Multiple In, Multiple Out (\u201cMIMO\u201d); and n\u00d7m MIMO, where n and m indicate a number of receiving and transmitting spatial streams. 5. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where the radio modules include either directionalized or omni-directional antennas or both. 6. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where the radio modules employ an RF technology selected from the group consisting of: WiFi operating under any suitable standard including IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, and IEEE 802.11ad; mobile telecommunications operating under any suitable standard; wireless personal area network communications operating under any suitable standard including Bluetooth\u00ae. 7. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where the plurality of individually addressable radio paths form multiple point-to-point connections between the processor and the radio modules. 8. The wireless network access device of claim 7 where the multiple point-to-point connections include at least one radio interface path between the central processor and a fanout device comprising radio paths to each radio module where the central processor forms individual connections over the radio paths via control of the fanout device. 9. The wireless network access device of claim 7 where the multiple point-to-point connections include: a plurality of radio interface paths between the central processor and a switch; and a single radio interface path between the switch and at least one fanout device each fanout device comprising radio paths to a corresponding set of the radio modules where the central processor forms individual connections over the radio paths via control of the switch to select one of the plurality of radio interface paths between the central processor and the switch, and control of the fanout devices to select the radio path to a desired radio module. 10. The wireless network access device of claim 9 where the plurality of radio interface paths between the central processor and the switch, the single radio interface path between the switch and the at least one fanout device, and the plurality of radio paths between the at least one fanout device and each corresponding radio module each includes at least one lane formed with at least one receiving line and at least one transmitting line. 11. The wireless network access device of claim 10 where the at least one receiving line and the at least one transmitting line each include a differential pair connection. 12. The wireless network access device of claim 8 where the at least one radio interface path between the central processor and a fanout device, and the radio paths to each radio module each includes at least one lane formed with at least one receiving line and at least one transmitting line. 13. The wireless network access device of claim 12 where the at least one receiving line and the at least one transmitting line each include a differential pair connection. 14. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where each individual radio path includes a connector for insertion and removal of a corresponding radio module. 15. The wireless network access device of claim 14 where the connectors are arranged in a substantially circular pattern. 16. The wireless network access device of claim 14 the connectors are provided to permit insertion of from one to a maximum number of radio modules, the wireless network access device being configurable by populating the wireless network access device with a selected number and type of radio modules. 17. The wireless network access device of claim 16 where the wireless network access device is configurable to provide scalable wireless performance by inserting combinations of radio modules according to predetermined performance characteristics. 18. The wireless network access device of claim 17 where the predetermined performance characteristics are based on one or more of the following: number of MIMO antennas; number of MIMO spatial streams; and maximum connection rate. 19. The wireless network access device of claim 2 where the radio interface operates in accordance with the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (\u201cPCIe\u201d) bus standard. 20. The wireless network access device of claim 1 where: the processor, the radio interface, and the network interface reside on a wireless network access controller; and each of the individually addressable radio paths connects to a corresponding connector configured to receive any one of the plurality of radio modules. 21. The wireless network access device of claim 20 where each of the plurality of radio modules includes a radio board connector configured to connect to any of the connectors on the wireless network access controller, and a radio printed circuit board comprising a shape that is the same for the radio printed circuit boards of the plurality of radio modules, the shape of the radio printed circuit board and the configuration of the radio board connectors defining a form factor for radio modules to adhere to for operation with the wireless network access controller. 22. A method for configuring a wireless network access device comprising a wireless network access device controller, a network interface, and a radio interface comprising a plurality of individually addressable radio paths for providing a connection to corresponding radio modules, the method comprising: selecting at least one radio module from among a group of different types of radio modules; inserting the selected radio modules into selected connectors corresponding to the individually addressable radio paths; and managing communications between client devices communicating over wireless connections with the selected radio modules and a data network via the network interface. 23. The method of claim 22 where the step of selecting the at least one radio module includes the step of selecting radio modules according to any of the following characteristics: different antenna configurations, different antenna types, different component suppliers, different transmit power capabilities, and different radio frequency (\u201cRF\u201d) technologies. 24. The method of claim 22 where the step of selecting the at least one radio module includes the step of selecting radio modules according to antennas on the radio modules having an antenna configuration selected from a group consisting of: Single In, Single Out (\u201cSISO\u201d); Multiple In, Multiple Out (\u201cMIMO\u201d); and n\u00d7m MIMO, where n and m indicate a number of receiving and transmitting spatial streams. 25. The method of claim 22 where the step of selecting the at least one radio module includes the step of selecting radio modules that include either directionalized or omni-directional antennas or both. 26. The method of claim 22 where the step of selecting the at least one radio module includes the step of selecting radio modules from radio modules that operate according to a RF technology selected from a group consisting of: WiFi operating under any suitable standard including IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, and IEEE 802.11ad; mobile telecommunications operating under any suitable standard; wireless personal area network communications operating under any suitable standard including Bluetooth\u00ae. 27. The method of claim 22 where the step of selecting the at least one radio module includes selecting the radio modules according to predetermined performance characteristics. 28. The method of claim 27 where the step of selecting the radio modules according to predetermined performance characteristics includes selecting the predetermined performance characteristics based on one or more of the following: number of MIMO antennas; number of MIMO spatial streams; and maximum connection rate. 29. The method of claim 22 where the step of managing communications includes the step of: establishing a communication path along an individually addressable radio path corresponding to a selected radio module. 30. The method of claim 29 where the step of establishing the communication path includes the steps of: controlling a switch to select one of at least one radio interface path between the central processor and the switch; and controlling a fanout device to select one of at least one radio path to a selected radio module.",
-    "According to an embodiment, an information processing apparatus includes a division unit, a redundancy unit, and a communication unit. The division unit is configured to divide a digital data item, into a plurality of division data items. The redundancy unit is configured to generate at least one redundancy data item for data restoration based on the plurality of division data items. The communication unit is configured to transmit to a plurality of external devices two or more of three or more distribution data items, the three or more distribution data items corresponding to the plurality of division data items and the at least one redundancy data item. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: a division unit configured to divide a digital data item into a plurality of division data items; a redundancy unit configured to generate at least one redundancy data item for data restoration based on the plurality of division data items; and a communication unit configured to transmit to a plurality of external devices two or more of three or more distribution data items, the three or more distribution data items corresponding to the plurality of division data items and the at least one redundancy data item. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one redundancy data item includes a first redundancy data item, and the redundancy unit is configured to generate the first redundancy data item by performing a bitwise exclusive OR operation on the plurality of division data items. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one redundancy data item includes a first redundancy data item and a second redundancy data item, and the redundancy unit comprises a first redundancy unit configured to generate the first redundancy data item by performing a bitwise exclusive OR operation on the plurality of division data items, and a second redundancy unit configured to generate, as the second redundancy data item, a cyclic redundancy check code for the plurality of division data items. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a storage unit configured to store at least one of the three or more distribution data items, wherein the two or more distribution data items are other than the at least one distribution data item stored in the storage unit among the three or more distribution data items. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a number of the plurality of division data items is greater than a number of the plurality of external devices. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the communication unit is configured to change transmission destinations of the two or more distribution data items at random. 7. A surveillance camera apparatus comprising: the information processing apparatus according to claim 1; and an imaging unit configured to generate the digital data item by capturing an image. 8. An image reproduction apparatus operating in a system in which a plurality of division data items obtained by dividing an image data item and at least one redundancy data item for data restoration, which is generated based on the plurality of division data items, are distributively stored in a plurality of external devices, the apparatus comprising: a communication unit configured to receive the plurality of division data items and the at least one redundancy data item from the plurality of external devices; a restoration unit configured to restore, if the communication unit fails to receive at least one of the plurality of division data items, the at least one division data item based on the at least one redundancy data item and one or more of the plurality of division data items different from the at least one division data item failed to receive; and a combining unit configured to obtain the image data item by combining the plurality of division data items.",
-    "Compounds and methods in the fields of chemistry and medicine are disclosed. Some of the disclosed embodiments include compounds, compositions and methods of using heterocycle amines. Some of the disclosed embodiments include heterocycle amines useful to treat inflammatory disorders. 1. A compound of Formula (I): or a salt, ester, amide, or prodrug thereof, wherein is a single or double bond; W is selected from CH, CH\u2014CH, O, S, NR6, and CO; Y is N or CR9; Z is N or C, and Z is N if W is CH and Y is CR9; R4 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, CN, NR7R8, CH2OR6, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring, an optionally substituted carbocycle, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, CO2R6, SO3R6, SO2R6 and SO2NR7R8; R5 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl; or R4 and R5 are linked to form an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring; each R6 is independently selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, and an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring, each optionally fused with a substituted aryl or a substituted heteroaryl, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C10 haloalkyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C10 heteroalkyl; each R7 and R8 is independently selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring, each optionally fused with a substituted aryl or a substituted heteroaryl, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C10 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C10 alkynyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C10 heteroalkyl, or R7 and R8 are linked to form an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring; R9 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, CN, NR7R8, CH2OR6, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, CO2R6, SO3R6, and SO2NR7R8; A is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group; each optionally substituted group is either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, heterohaloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, non-aromatic ring, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, \u2550O, \u2550S, amino, and protected derivatives of amino groups. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, CN, NR7R8, CH2OR6, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted non-aromatic ring, an optionally substituted carbocycle, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, CO2R6, SO3R6, SO2R6 and SO2NR7R8 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein if R4 is pyrazolyl, the pyrazolyl is not substituted with aryl or heteroaryl groups. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein if R4 is oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, or imidazoyl, the oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, or imidazoyl radical is not substituted with aryl or heteroaryl groups. 5. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (I-A): or a salt, ester, amide, or prodrug thereof, wherein X is N or CR5\u2032, wherein R5\u2032 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl; R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, CN, NR7R8, CH2OR6, CH2NR7R8, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, CO2R6, CONR7R8, SO3R6, and SO2NR7R8; R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, NR7R8, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl. 6. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (II): or a salt, ester, amide, or prodrug thereof. 7. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (III): or a salt, ester, amide, or prodrug thereof, wherein X is N or CR5\u2032, wherein R5\u2032 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl; R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, CN, NR7R8, CH2OR6, CH2NR7R8, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, CO2R6, CONR7R8, SO3R6, and SO2NR7R8; R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, NR7R8, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein W is S. 9. The compound of claim 7, wherein X is N. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is CR9. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazolyl, cyano, triazolyl, and oxazolyl. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is N. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and C1-C6 alkyl. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-(4-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)ethanone, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methanol, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(isopropoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-((2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(isopropoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(isopropoxymethyl)-pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(isopropoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(isopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(isopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-((6-methyl-4-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-((4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridazin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 1-(4-(2-((5-ethylthiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxyethanone, 1-((2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, 1-((2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone, N2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-N6\u2014((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-N4-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N6-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-N4-(6-chloro benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N6-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, 2-((4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carboxylic acid, N2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N4-(1R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-N6\u2014((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6-triamine, 2-((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (R)-2-((2-((4-(methylamino)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)oxy)ethanol, (S)-2-((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (R)-2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (R)-2-((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)isonicotinamide, N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(piperidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)isonicotinamide, 2-((4-(3-aminopiperidine-1-carbonyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, N2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N4-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)pyridine-2,4-diamine, N2-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N4-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)pyridine-2,4-diamine, (S)-2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-methyl-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((4-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, (S)-2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-(pyridin-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((7-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 6-bromo-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (S)-2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-6-methyl-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((7-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((4-(cyclo pentylamino)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 1-(4-((2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 1-(4-((2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-((5-methyl-4-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 6-(pyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-((2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol, 2-(((2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethanol, 6-bromo-N-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide, 6-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-((4-((2-aminopropyl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 2-((4-((1-aminopropan-2-yl)amino)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, N-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide, N-(4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 4-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)picolinamide, 6-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)acetic acid, 1, 1-dimethyl-3-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)urea, 6-(3-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(3-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)acetamide, N-(4-((methylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 3-(2-((4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)benzonitrile, N-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 3-(piperidin-1-yl)-N-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)propanamide, 6-(benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-5-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-methyl-4-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-2-one, 2-(4-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol, N-methyl-4-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide, methyl 2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)acetate, 2-(methyl(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)amino)ethanol, 1-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol, N-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)amino)ethanol, 7-methyl-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 5-methyl-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-methyl-N-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide, 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(aminomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-methyl-2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)acetamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)acetamide, N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)ethanone, N-((2-((6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide, N-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)-6-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)pyridin-2-yl)-6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(pyridazin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((methylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(pyrazin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(azetidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(2-((4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-5-yl)pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, 1-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)ethanone, 2-hydroxy-N-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)acetamide, 2-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol, 1-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxyethanone, 5-(2-((4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, (2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methanol, N2-(6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-diamine, 6-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-hydroxyethanone, N-(4-((methylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(aminomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 1-(2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)ethanol, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-(2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)propan-2-ol, N-(4-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-1-one, (2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)-3-fluoropyridin-4-yl)methanol, 1-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-one, N-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((methylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(aminomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(morpholinomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(isoindolin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(morpholino methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(aminomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((methylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(azepan-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((3-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(azepan-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(isoindolin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-((2-((6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol, N-(4-(azetidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 1-((2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol, N-(4-(azetidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((3-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(aminomethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-((1S,4R)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-((1S,4R)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(((1S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((3,3-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-((3,3-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-((2-((6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 2-methoxy-1-(4-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 1-(4-((2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxyethanone, 2-methoxy-1-(4-((2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 1-(4-((2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxyethanone, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-(4-(2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxyethanone, 4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)-1-methylpiperazin-2-one, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-((2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol, (R)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (R)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(isopropoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-((3-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-((cyclopentyloxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (S)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-((2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(isopropoxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-isopropoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-isopropoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-isopropoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-(3-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-isopropoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(isopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2,2-dimethyl-1-(4-(2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one, N-(4-(4-(2-isopropoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 6-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (S)-2-methoxy-1-(2-methyl-4-(2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (S)-2-methoxy-1-(2-methyl-4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (S)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(3-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-isopropoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, (R)-2-methoxy-1-(3-methyl-4-(2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (R)\u2014N-(4-(2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 1-(4-(2-((5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-isopropoxyethanone, 2-isopropoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 2-isopropoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (R)-2-methoxy-1-(3-methyl-4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (R)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)-2-methoxy-1-(2-methyl-4-(2-((5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (R)-2-methoxy-1-(2-methyl-4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (R)\u2014N-(4-(3-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(3-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((5-(pyridazin-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridazin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (R)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N4-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-methyl-N2-(5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-2,4-diamine, N-(4-((1S,4S)-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N4-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-methyl-N2-(5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-2,4-diamine, N2-(5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5, 4-b]pyridin-2-yl)-N4-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-methylpyridine-2,4-diamine, (R)\u2014N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)\u2014N-(4-(2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, (S)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 2-((4-morpholinopyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 2-((4-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, (2-((5-bromothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methanone, N-(4-(cyclopentyloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(cyclopentyloxy)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-ethynyl-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-((4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 2-((4-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 2-((4-(4-oxo piperidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-[1,3]dioxolo[4\u2032,5\u2032;4,5]benzo[1,2-d]thiazol-6-amine, 6-isopropyl-N-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 2-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 2-((4-(2-methoxyethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 2-((4-isobutoxypyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-vinylthiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-ethyl-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-ethylpyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 1-(4-(2-((5-ethynylthiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxyethanone, 4-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)morpholin-3-one, 2-((4-ethylpyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)urea, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, methyl (2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)carbamate, 2-((4-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)benzo[d]thiazole-6-carbonitrile, 5-cyclopropyl-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine, N-(4-ethylpyridin-2-yl)-6-(oxazol-5-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine, 3-((5-trifluoromethylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide, 3-((6-nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide, 2-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)phenylamino)-6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazole, (R)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-4-(3-hydroxypropylamino)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine, (R)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-4-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine, (R)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-4-methylamino-6-(pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-((6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-trifluoromethylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-trifluoromethoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-6-methyl-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-hydroxymethylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (R)-2-((6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-methylsulfonylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((quinolin-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (S)-2-((6-cyanoquinolin-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (R)-2-((6-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, (R)-2-((6-morpholinobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-pyrimidinecarboxamide, 5-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)nicotinamide, 2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)aminomethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(morpholinomethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(4-methylpiperazinomethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(3-chloropyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-cyanoacetylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-cyanomethylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-(imidazol-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-hydroxymethylpyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-(3-cyclopentyl-1-oxopropyl)piperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-(1-oxopropyl)piperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-cyclopropylcarbonylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-trifluoro acetylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-ethylsulfonylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-methoxyacetylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(piperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-(pyrazol-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(3-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-(pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-hydroxymethyl-3-fluoropyridine, 2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-hydroxymethylpyridine, 2-((6-bromobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-ethylpyridine, 5-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-3-methylisoxazole, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-5-methyl-4-phenylthiazole, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol, 2-((6-(oxazol-5-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridine, 2-((6-(2-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-ethylpyridine, 2-(3-hydroxymethylphenyl)amino-6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazole, 2-((6-(1, 3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-ethylpyridine, 2-((6-(1, 3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-ethylpyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylthiocarbonyl)pyridine, 2-(3,5-dimethoxymethylphenyl)amino-6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazole, 4-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-pyrimidinecarboxamide, 5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-hydroxymethylpyridin-2-ylamino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-(5-isopropyloxymethylisoxazol-3-ylamino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(3-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylphenyl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-ethyl-2-(3-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylphenyl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-ethyl-2-(4-(1-methoxyacetylpiperidin-4-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-ethyl-2-(4-(pyrrolidon-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(pyridine-4-yl)-2-(4-(3-dimethylamino-3-oxopropyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(1-methylimidazol-5-yl)-2-(4-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(thiazol-5-yl)-2-(4-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-propyl-2-(4-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(2-pyrrolidon-1-ylmethylpyridin-4-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-(4-(1-methyl-2-oxopiperidin-4-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(1-methylimidazol-5-yl)-2-(4-(2-dimethylaminocarbonylethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 5-(pyridine-4-yl)-2-(4-(4-methoxyacetylpiperazin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)amino)oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 2-((6-cyanobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)amino)-4-(1-phenylcarbonylpiperidin-4-yl)pyridine, 6-cyano-2-(4-(4-methoxyacetyl-piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, 6-cyano-2-(4-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, 6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-(4-morpholinopyridin-2-ylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, and 5-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-(4-(piperazin-1-ylmethylpyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine. 15. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (IV): or a salt, ester, amide, or prodrug thereof, wherein: X is N or CR5\u2032, wherein R5\u2032 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl; R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, CN, NR7R8, CH2OR6, CH2NR7R8, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl, CO2R6, CONR7R8, SO3R6, and SO2NR7R8; and R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, OR6, NR7R8, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkynyl, and an optionally substituted C1-C6 heteroalkyl. 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein X is N. 17. The compound of claim 15, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, 2-((4-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carbonitrile, (S)-tert-butyl 3-(2-((6-cyanoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)isonicotinamido)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate, (S)-2-((6-cyanoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)isonicotinamide, 2-((4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carbonitrile, 6-(pyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, 1-(4-((2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, 1-(4-((2-((6-(pyridin-3-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, (2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methanol, N-(4-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, 1-(4-((2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, (2-((6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methanol, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, 2-methoxy-1-(4-(2-((6-(pyridin-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone, N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, 6-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-(4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-amine, and (2-((6-(pyridin-3-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyridin-4-yl)methanol. 18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 19. A method of treating a disorder responsive to inhibition of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-mediated signal transduction comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound of claim 1. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder is an inflammatory disorder. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the inflammatory disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, corneal ulcers, uveitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder is a skin disorder. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the skin disorder is selected from the group consisting of dermatitis, cutaneous eosinophilias, Lichen planus, urticaria, psoriasis, pruritus, angiodermas, chronic skin ulcers, conjunctivitis, vasculitides, and erythemas. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder is a respiratory disorder. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the respiratory disorder is selected from the group consisting of asthma, rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, nasal polyposis, nasal congestion, farmer's lung, fibroid lung and cough. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of diabetes, obesity, allergic disease, cancer, and sepsis.",
-    "Disclosed herein are teeth whitening compositions generally including an oxidizing agent, and an activating agent that has an emission wavelength between about 400 nm and about 570 nm. Methods of employing these compositions to whiten teeth, methods of making these compositions and kits that include some or part of the composition ingredients, are also described. 1. A method for whitening teeth comprising: providing a composition comprising an oxidizing agent and at least one chromophore; applying the composition to at least one tooth; and exposing the composition on the at least one tooth to actinic light. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the teeth are exposed to the actinic light for at least one of about 1-30 seconds, about 3-10 seconds, and about 5-10 seconds. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one chromophore comprises Eosin Y and Fluorescein. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one chromophore comprises Eosin Y and Rose Bengal. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one chromophore comprises at least one of Eosin Y, Fluorescein, Rose Bengal, and any combination thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one chromophore comprises Eosin Y, Fluorescein, and Rose Bengal. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, and a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein when the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide the hydrogen peroxide content may be less than or equal to 6% by weight of the composition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromophore is Eosin Y present in an amount of 0.001% to 1% by weight of the composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromophore is Fluorescein present in an amount of 0.001% to 1% by weight of the composition. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromophore is Rose Bengal present in an amount of 0.001% to 1% by weight of the composition. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromophore is Erythrosin present in an amount of 0.001% to 1% by weight of the composition. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein when the oxidizing agent is carbamide peroxide, the carbamide peroxide content may be less than or equal to 22% by weight of the composition. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the total content of the oxidizing agent is equivalent to a hydrogen peroxide content of about 6% by weight of the composition. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromophore is selected from Eosin Y, Fluorescein, Rose Bengal, Erythrosine, and any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a stabilizing agent, a thickening agent, a hydrophilic gelling agent, a base, or any combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the thickening agent may be at least one of silicon dioxide and fumed silica. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the hydrophilic gelling agent may comprise polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, or a large molecular weight polyol, or any combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the base is potassium hydroxide. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the composition is between 2 and 10.",
-    "A container is provided for storing a product, such as a fat containing liquid product, and includes a body defining a chamber for receiving the product; and a container closure including a sealing portion for sealing the product within the chamber. The container closure includes a member forming a substantially fluid-tight seal between the container closure and the body; a nipple in fluid communication with the chamber that seals the chamber with respect to the ambient atmosphere during storage of the product in the chamber and that can be opened to dispense product from the chamber therethrough; and a needle penetrable and laser resealable portion that is penetrable by the needle for aseptically filling the chamber with the product, and that is thermally resealable by the application of laser radiation thereto to seal the product within the chamber. 1. An apparatus comprising: a container including a body defining a chamber for receiving a product; a container closure including a sealing portion forming a substantially fluid-tight seal between the container closure and the body, and a nipple, wherein the container closure seals the chamber with respect to the ambient atmosphere during storage of the product in the chamber and can be opened to dispense product from the chamber through the nipple; and a penetrable and resealable portion that is penetrable by an injection member for aseptically filling the chamber with the product through the injection member, and a resulting penetration hole is resealable to seal the product within the chamber. 2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the nipple includes a sealing member that is movable between a first position sealing the nipple, and a second position opening the nipple and allowing product in the chamber to be dispensed therethrough. 3. An apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein the sealing member is frangibly connected to the nipple such that in the first position the sealing member is connected to the nipple, and in the second position the sealing member is disconnected from the nipple to form at least one opening in the nipple to allow product to be dispensed therethrough. 4. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the nipple is defined by a first material portion forming an internal surface in fluid communication with the chamber and defining at least most of the surface area of the container closure that can contact any product within the chamber, and the penetrable and resealable portion is defined by a second material portion that at least one of (i) overlies the first material portion and cannot contact any product within the chamber, and (ii) forms a substantially lesser surface area of the container closure that can contact any product within the chamber in comparison to the first material portion. 5. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the product is a fat containing liquid product; the body does not leach more than a predetermined amount of leachables into the fat containing liquid product and does not undesirably alter a taste profile of the fat containing liquid product; the first material portion does not leach more than the predetermined amount of leachables into the fat containing liquid product or undesirably alter a taste profile of the fat containing liquid product, and the predetermined amount of leachables is less than about 100 PPM. 6. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the sealing portion is engageable with the body prior to aseptically filling the chamber with the product and forms a substantially dry hermetic seal between the container closure and body. 7. An apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the container closure further includes a securing portion connectable to the body for securing the container closure to the body. 8. An apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein the securing portion is at least one of threadedly connected to and snap fit to the body. 9. An apparatus as defined in claim 7, wherein the securing portion is relatively rigid in comparison to the nipple and the penetrable and resealable portion, and is interposed therebetween. 10. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, further comprising an injection member contacting member that contacts the injection member during withdrawal from the penetrable and resealable portion to substantially remove product thereon. 11. An apparatus container as defined in claim 10, wherein the injection member contacting member extends about a peripheral portion of the injection member and is in contact therewith. 12. An apparatus as defined in claim 11, wherein the injection member contacting member is located on an underside of the penetrable and resealable portion. 13. An apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein the injection member contacting surface member is defined by at least one of the first and second material portions. 14. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the first material portion is selected from the group including (i) a low mineral oil or mineral oil free thermoplastic; (ii) a low mineral oil or mineral oil free thermoplastic defining a durometer within the range of about 20 Shore A to about 50 Shore A; (iii) a liquid injection moldable silicone; and (iv) a silicone. 15. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the first material portion defines a penetration aperture, the second material portion overlies the penetration aperture, and the penetration aperture constitutes less than about 10% of the surface area of the first material portion exposed to the chamber. 16. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the first material portion is interposed entirely between the second material portion and any product stored within the chamber to thereby prevent contact between the second material portion and product during storage thereof in the container. 17. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the first material portion is co-molded with the second material portion. 18. An apparatus as defined in claim 4, wherein the second material portion is compressed inwardly in at least a penetration region thereof to facilitate resealing a penetration hole formed therethrough. 19. An apparatus as defined in claim 18, wherein the second material portion is approximately dome-shaped. 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. (canceled) 32. (canceled) 33. (canceled) 34. (canceled) 35. A method comprising: filling a container including a container body defining a chamber for receiving the product, a container closure sealing the chamber with respect to the ambient atmosphere forming a sealed, aseptic, empty chamber therein, a first portion that is penetrable by an injection member and is resealable after removal of the injection member therefrom, and a second portion forming a nipple connectible in fluid communication between the chamber and the ambient atmosphere to dispense product from the chamber therethrough; and aseptically storing the product in the sealed chamber; wherein the filling step comprises: inserting the injection member through the penetrable and resealable first portion of the container and aseptically introducing product through the injection member and into the chamber; withdrawing the injection member from the first portion of the container; and resealing a resulting penetration aperture in the first portion of the container and, in turn, sealing the chamber and product contained therein with respect to the ambient atmosphere. 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled)",
-    "A gaming machine comprises a display and a game controller arranged to control images of symbols displayed on the display. The game controller is arranged to play a game wherein at least one random event is caused to be displayed on the display and, if a predefined winning event occurs, a prize is awarded. A plurality of sub-games constitute the game displayed on the display. As an initial display, fewer than a full set of images of each of the sub-games are displayed to show a partial outcome of the game, the fewer than the full set of images being representative of a determination of an expected value for each of the sub-games. 1. A gaming machine comprising an electronic display, a random number generator, and a game controller configured to display a plurality of separate sub-games on the electronic display, and wherein outcomes of a first of the plurality of separate sub-games is determined using the random number generator and outcomes of the other sub-games are determined by the game controller based on said outcomes of said first of the plurality of the separate sub-games, wherein each of the sub-games being a spinning reel game and comprising a respective plurality of paylines, wherein the number of paylines of any one of the sub-games is equal to the number of paylines of any other one of the sub-games, and wherein the game controller is further configured to receive a single wager of a predefined plurality of credits, wherein the predefined plurality of credits comprises an equal number of credits to be wagered on each payline of each sub-game, the game controller being further configured to respond to selection of the predefined plurality of credits and to display a partial game outcome for each sub-game, the game controller being further configured to receive a selection of at least one of the plurality of sub-games to continue playing, and when the number of sub-games selected is less than all of the plurality of sub-games displayed, to transfer the plurality of credits of the single wager to the at least one subgame. 2. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the game controller is further configured to cause only one wager meter and a plurality of win meters to be displayed on the electronic display, wherein the one wager meter is used by the game controller to display a value of the single wager, each of the win meters being associated with one of the separate sub-games and used by the game controller to display a number of credits won as a result of playing the associated one of the separate sub-games. 3. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predefined-plurality of credits comprise a minimum credit amount corresponding to a minimum payline wager amount and at least one other credit amount that is an non-zero multiple of the minimum credit amount. 4. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the game controller is further configured (1) to maintain the visibility of said selected number of sub-games on said electronic display, and (2) to fade the other sub-games into the background on said electronic display. 5. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the game has an associated jackpot bonus feature. 6. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 5, wherein the bonus feature is in the form of a progressive jackpot feature. 7. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 6, wherein the progressive jackpot comprises at least two jackpot levels being a minor jackpot and a major jackpot. 8. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 7, wherein when the bonus feature is triggered, an animation is displayed which indicates to the player which level of jackpot the player will win. 9. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 8, wherein the animation is in the form of a circle having a first segment indicating the major jackpot, and a second segment indicating the minor jackpot, and wherein the size of the first segment is relative to the size of the bet wagered. 10. The gaming machine as claimed in claim 9, wherein the electronic display is further configured to replace the display of the subgames with a display of the circle. 11. A method for use with a gaming machine having a controller, a random number generator, and an electronic display device, the method comprising: displaying, via the controller, a plurality of separate sub-games on the electronic display device, each of the separate sub-games being a spinning reel game of chance comprising a plurality of respective paylines, wherein the number of paylines for any one of the separate sub-games is equal to the number of paylines for any other one of the separate sub-games; determining outcomes of a first subgame of the plurality of separate sub-games using the random number generator; determining outcomes of other of the plurality of separate sub-games based on said outcomes of said first subgame of the plurality of the separate sub-games via the game controller; receiving, via the controller, a single wager of at least one credit to be wagered on each pay line of each separate sub-game; responsive to receiving said at least one credit, displaying a partial game outcome for each sub-game; and receiving a selection of at least one subgame of the plurality of sub-games to continue playing, wherein, when the number of at least one subgame is less than the number of all of the plurality of sub-games, the plurality of credits of the single wager are transferred to the at least one subgame. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, further comprising causing only one wager meter and a plurality of win meters to be displayed on the electronic display device, the one wager meter being used to display a value of the single wager, each of the win meters being associated with one of the separate sub-games and being used to display a number of credits won as a result of playing the associated one of the separate sub-games. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the predefined plurality of credits comprise a minimum credit amount corresponding to a minimum payline wager amount, and at least one other credit amount that is an non-zero multiple of the minimum credit amount. 14. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said emphasizing includes maintaining the visibility of said selected number of sub-games on said electronic display device and fading the other sub-games into the background on said electronic display device. 15. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the game has an associated jackpot bonus feature. 16. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the bonus feature is in the form of a progressive jackpot feature. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the progressive jackpot comprises at least two jackpot levels being a minor jackpot and a major jackpot. 18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein when the bonus feature is triggered, an animation is displayed which indicates to the player which level of jackpot the player will win. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the animation is in the form of a circle having a first segment indicating the major jackpot, and a second segment indicating the minor jackpot, and wherein the size of the first segment is relative to the size of the bet wagered. 20. The method as claimed in claim 19, further comprising replacing the display of the subgames with a display of the circle.",
-    "A magnetic field sensor comprises a sensor bridge having multiple sensor legs. Each sensor leg includes magnetoresistive sense elements, each comprising a pinned layer having a reference magnetization parallel to a plane of the sensor and a sense layer having a sense magnetization that is skewed away from three orthogonal axes. The sense magnetization of a portion of the sense elements is oriented in a first direction and the sense magnetization of a different portion of the sense elements is magnetically biased in a second direction by a permanent magnet layer. The second direction differs from the first direction by an opposing angular magnitude to yield a balanced sensor bridge that produces a zero-offset outcome in the absence of an external magnetic field. 1. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge having a first leg and a second leg; a first magnetoresistive sense element formed in said first leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said first magnetoresistive sense element including a first pinned layer and a first sense layer, said first sense layer having a first sense magnetization oriented in a first <hkl> direction, wherein h, k, and l are Miller indices all of which are non-zero and <hkl> represents a family of directions; a second magnetoresistive sense element formed in said second leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said second magnetoresistive sense element including a second pinned layer and a second sense layer, said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction, wherein each of said first and second pinned layers has a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane and said second sense layer has a second sense magnetization; and a permanent magnet layer positioned proximate said second magnetoresistive sense element, wherein in the absence of said external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said second sense magnetization in a second <hkl> direction relative to said first <hkl> direction, wherein one of said h, k, and l of said second <hkl> direction is a negative value of a corresponding one of said h, k, and l of said first <hkl> direction. 2. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said permanent magnet layer is located away from said first magnetoresistive sense element to substantially prevent said permanent magnet layer from magnetically biasing said first sense magnetization of said first sense layer of said first magnetoresistive sense element. 3. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein: said first <hkl> direction of said first sense magnetization of said first magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; and said second <hkl> direction of said second sense magnetization of said second magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]. 4. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein: said first <hkl> direction of said first sense magnetization of said first magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; and said second <hkl> direction of said second sense magnetization of said second magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]. 5. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein: said first <hkl> direction of said first sense magnetization of said first magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; and said second <hkl> direction of said second sense magnetization of said second magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]. 6. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said reference magnetization of each of said first and second pinned layers is oriented in the same direction substantially parallel said plane. 7. The magnetic field sensor of claim 6 wherein said reference magnetization of said each of said first and second pinned layers is oriented orthogonal to said sensing direction. 8. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said sensor bridge further comprises: a third leg having a third magnetoresistive sense element formed therein, said third magnetoresistive sense element including a third pinned layer and a third sense layer; and a fourth leg having a fourth magnetoresistive sense element formed therein, said fourth magnetoresistive sense element including a fourth pinned layer and a fourth sense layer, wherein: said first, second, third, and fourth legs are coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said reference magnetization of each of said first, second, third, and fourth pinned layers of each of said first and third magnetoresistive sense elements is oriented in the same direction substantially parallel to said plane; said third sense layer of said third magnetoresistive sense element has a third sense magnetization oriented in said first <hkl> direction; and said permanent magnet layer is positioned proximate said fourth magnetoresistive sense element, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing a fourth sense magnetization of said fourth sense layer in said second <hkl> direction. 9. The magnetic field sensor of claim 8 wherein said permanent magnet layer is located away from said third magnetoresistive sense element to substantially prevent said permanent magnet layer from magnetically biasing said sense magnetization of said third sense layer of said third magnetoresistive sense element. 10. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said permanent magnet layer is characterized by a single magnetic orientation. 11. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said permanent magnet layer is a first permanent magnet layer and said magnetic field sensor further comprises a second permanent magnet layer vertically displaced away from said first permanent magnet layer and positioned proximate said second magnetoresistive sense element, wherein said first and second permanent magnet layers function cooperatively to magnetically bias said second sense magnetization of said second magnetoresistive sense element in said second <hkl> direction. 12. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein said sensor bridge is a first sensor bridge, said sensing direction is a first sensing direction, and said magnetic field sensor further comprises: a second sensor bridge having a third leg and a fourth leg; a third magnetoresistive sense element formed in said third leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said third magnetoresistive sense element including a third pinned layer and a third sense layer, said third sense layer having a third sense magnetization oriented in said first <hkl> direction; a fourth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said fourth leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said fourth magnetoresistive sense element including a fourth pinned layer and a fourth sense layer, said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a second sensing direction that is orthogonal to said first sensing direction, wherein each of said third and fourth pinned layers has said reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and said permanent magnet layer is positioned proximate said fourth magnetoresistive sense element, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing a fourth sense magnetization of said fourth sense layer in a third <hkl> direction. 13. The magnetic field sensor of claim 12 further comprising: a third sensor bridge having a fifth leg and a sixth leg; a fifth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said fifth leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said fifth magnetoresistive sense element including a fifth pinned layer and a fifth sense layer, said fifth sense layer having a fifth sense magnetization oriented in said first <hkl> direction; a sixth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said sixth leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said sixth magnetoresistive sense element including a sixth pinned layer and a sixth sense layer, said fifth and sixth magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a third sensing direction that is orthogonal to each of said first and second sensing directions, wherein each of said fifth and sixth pinned layers has said reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and said permanent magnet layer is positioned proximate sixth magnetoresistive sense element, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biasing a sixth sense magnetization of said sixth sense layer in a fourth <hkl> direction. 14. The magnetic field sensor of claim 13 wherein: said first <hkl> direction of said first, third, and fifth sense magnetizations of corresponding ones of said first, third, and fifth magnetoresistive sense elements is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; said second <hkl> direction of said second sense magnetization of said second magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; said fourth <hkl> direction of said fourth sense magnetization of said fourth magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; and said sixth <hkl> direction of said sixth sense magnetization of said sixth magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]. 15. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a sensor bridge having a first leg, a second leg, a third leg, and a fourth leg; a first magnetoresistive sense element formed in said first leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said first magnetoresistive sense element including a first pinned layer and a first sense layer, said first pinned layer having a reference magnetization, and said first sense layer having a first sense magnetization; a second magnetoresistive sense element formed in said second leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said second magnetoresistive sense element including a second pinned layer and a second sense layer, said second pinned layer having said reference magnetization, and said second sense layer having a second sense magnetization; a third magnetoresistive sense element formed in said third leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said third magnetoresistive sense element including a third pinned layer and a third sense layer, said third pinned layer having said reference magnetization, and said third sense layer having a third sense magnetization; a fourth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said fourth leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said fourth magnetoresistive sense element including a fourth pinned layer and a fourth sense layer, said fourth pinned layer having said reference magnetization, and said fourth sense layer having a fourth sense magnetization; and a permanent magnet layer positioned proximate said second and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements and characterized by a single magnetic orientation, wherein: said first, second, third, and fourth legs are coupled as a Wheatstone bridge such that said first and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a first half of said Wheatstone bridge, said second and third magnetoresistive sense elements are coupled in series to form a second half of said Wheatstone bridge, said first half of said Wheatstone bridge is coupled in parallel with said second half of said Wheatstone bridge such that a first junction of said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements forms a first input terminal and a second junction of said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements forms a second input terminal; said first, second, third, and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to an external magnetic field along a sensing direction; said reference magnetization of each of said first, second, third, and fourth pinned layers is oriented substantially parallel to said plane; said first sense magnetization and said third sense magnetization are oriented in a first <hkl> direction, wherein h, k, and l are Miller indices all of which are non-zero and <hkl> represents a family of directions; and in the absence of said external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said second sense magnetization and said fourth sense magnetization in a second <hkl> direction relative to said first <hkl> direction, wherein one of said h, k, and l of said second <hkl> direction is a negative value of a corresponding one of said h, k, and l of said first <hkl> direction. 16. The magnetic field sensor of claim 15 wherein said reference magnetization of each of said first, second, third, and fourth pinned layers is oriented in the same direction substantially parallel said plane and orthogonal to said sensing direction. 17. A magnetic field sensor comprising: a first sensor bridge having a first leg and a second leg; a first magnetoresistive sense element formed in said first leg and located in a plane of said magnetic field sensor, said first magnetoresistive sense element including a first pinned layer and a first sense layer, said first sense layer having a first sense magnetization oriented in a first <hkl> direction, wherein h, k, and l are Miller indices all of which are non-zero and <hkl> represents a family of directions; a second magnetoresistive sense element formed in said second leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said second magnetoresistive sense element including a second pinned layer and a second sense layer, said first and second magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to a first external magnetic field along a first sensing direction, wherein each of said first and second pinned layers has a reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane and said second sense layer has a second sense magnetization a second sensor bridge having a third leg and a fourth leg; a third magnetoresistive sense element formed in said third leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said third magnetoresistive sense element including a third pinned layer and a third sense layer, said third sense layer having a third sense magnetization oriented in said first <hkl> direction; a fourth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said fourth leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said fourth magnetoresistive sense element including a fourth pinned layer and a fourth sense layer, said third and fourth magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to a second external magnetic field along a second sensing direction that is orthogonal to said first sensing direction, wherein each of said third and fourth pinned layers has said reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and a permanent magnet layer positioned proximate said second magnetoresistive sense element and said fourth magnetoresistive sense element, said permanent magnet layer being characterized by a single magnetic orientation, wherein: in the absence of said first external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said second sense magnetization in a second <hkl> direction relative to said first <hkl> direction such that a first one of said h, k, and l of said second <hkl> direction is a negative value of a first corresponding one of said h, k, and l of said first <hkl> direction; and in the absence of said second external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases said fourth sense magnetization in a third <hkl> direction such that a second one of said h, k, and l of said third <hkl> direction is said negative value of a second corresponding one of said h, k, and l of said first <hkl> direction. 18. The magnetic field sensor of claim 17 further comprising: a third sensor bridge having a fifth leg and a sixth leg; a fifth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said fifth leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said fifth magnetoresistive sense element including a fifth pinned layer and a fifth sense layer, said fifth sense layer having a fifth sense magnetization oriented in said first <hkl> direction; a sixth magnetoresistive sense element formed in said sixth leg and located in said plane of said magnetic field sensor, said sixth magnetoresistive sense element including a sixth pinned layer and a sixth sense layer, said fifth and sixth magnetoresistive sense elements being sensitive to a third external magnetic field along a third sensing direction that is orthogonal to each of said first and second sensing directions, wherein each of said fifth and sixth pinned layers has said reference magnetization oriented substantially parallel to said plane; and said permanent magnet layer is positioned proximate sixth magnetoresistive sense element, wherein in the absence of said third external magnetic field, said permanent magnet layer magnetically biases a sixth sense magnetization of said sixth sense layer in a fourth <hkl> direction such that a third one of said h, k, and l of said fourth <hkl> direction is said negative value of a third corresponding one of said h, k, and l of said first <hkl> direction. 19. The magnetic field sensor of claim 18 wherein: said first <hkl> direction of said first, third, and fifth sense magnetizations of corresponding ones of said first, third, and fifth magnetoresistive sense elements is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; said second <hkl> direction of said second sense magnetization of said second magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; said fourth <hkl> direction of said fourth sense magnetization of said fourth magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]; and said sixth <hkl> direction of said sixth sense magnetization of said sixth magnetoresistive sense element is characterized by said Miller indices of [111]. 20. The magnetic field sensor of claim 18 wherein: said reference magnetization of each of said first, second, third, and fourth pinned layers is oriented in a first planar direction substantially parallel said plane; and said reference magnetization of each of said fifth and sixth pinned layers is oriented in a second planar direction perpendicular to said first planar direction and substantially parallel to said plane.",
-    "An anchor fastener includes a head, a generally cylindrical shaft extending from the head, and a base at a distal end of the shaft. The shaft includes a helical thread on an outer surface and a self-drilling tip at its distal end adjacent the base. The base is frangibly connected to the distal end of the shaft by at least one web of frangible material separable from at least one of the base and the shaft under application of a force to the shaft. 1. An anchor fastener comprising: a head, a generally cylindrical shaft extending from the head, and a base at a distal end of the shaft; the shaft including a helical thread on an outer surface and a self-drilling tip at its distal end adjacent the base; the base being frangibly connected to the distal end of the shaft by at least one web of frangible material separable from at least one of the base and the shaft under application of a force to the shaft. 2. The anchor fastener of claim 1, wherein the force is an installation force that causes i) a separation of the at least one web, and ii) installation of the shaft into a mounting surface. 3. The anchor fastener of claim 2, wherein the installation force is a rotational force that causes the self-drilling tip to engage and drill into the mounting surface. 4. The anchor fastener of claim 2, wherein the anchor fastener has a center channel that i) extends through and is generally coaxial with the shaft and the head and ii) is configured to receive a threaded fastener. 5. The anchor fastener of claim 4, wherein the center channel of the shaft has a threaded portion that provides a threaded engagement fit with the threaded fastener. 6. The anchor fastener of claim 5, wherein the center channel of the shaft has a non-threaded portion between the threaded portion and the head. 7. The anchor fastener of claim 4, wherein the center channel of the shaft provides a friction fit engagement with the threaded fastener. 8. The anchor fastener of claim 4, wherein the base includes an engagement portion for engaging an object to be anchored to the mounting surface and for holding the anchor fastener to the object. 9. The anchor fastener of claim 4, wherein: the threaded fastener receives the installation force and advances through the center channel of the shaft during installation of the anchor fastener; and the threaded fastener has a head that stops the advance of the threaded fastener through the center channel upon an engagement with the head of the anchor fastener. 10. The anchor fastener of claim 9, wherein the engagement of the head of the threaded fastener and the head of the anchor fastener causes a transfer of the installation force from the threaded fastener to the anchor fastener. 11. The anchor fastener of claim 9, wherein the head of the anchor fastener has a receptacle at an end of the center channel for receiving a driving device during removal of the anchor fastener. 12. The anchor fastener of claim 11, wherein the head of the threaded fastener has a receptacle for receiving the driving device during installation of the anchor fastener. 13. The anchor fastener of claim 4 in combination with the threaded fastener. 14. A drywall anchor comprising: a head, a generally cylindrical shaft extending from the head, and a base at a distal end of the shaft; the shaft including a self-drilling tip at its distal end for drilling into a drywall location and a helical thread on an outer surface of the shaft for engaging the drywall and holding the shaft in place in the drywall after drilling; the base including an engagement portion for engaging an object to be anchored to the drywall location and holding the anchor to the object, the base being connected to the distal end of the shaft by at least one web of frangible material designed to separate from at least one of the base and the shaft when a force is applied to the shaft for drilling into the drywall location; the head being generally coaxial with the shaft and having a lateral dimension greater than a maximum lateral dimension of the shaft for limiting penetration of the anchor into the drywall during drilling. 15. The drywall anchor of claim 14, wherein: the drywall anchor has a center channel that extends through and is generally coaxial with the shaft and the head and the center channel is configured to receive a threaded fastener. 16. The drywall anchor of claim 15, wherein the center channel has a threaded portion on an interior surface of the center channel that provides a threaded engagement fit with the threaded fastener. 17. The drywall anchor of claim 16, wherein the force applied to the shaft for drilling into the drywall location is transferred from a head of the threaded fastener to the head of the drywall anchor. 18. The drywall anchor of claim 14, wherein the force applied to the shaft for drilling into the drywall location is at least one of a rotational force or a linear force. 19. The drywall anchor of claim 14, wherein: the base is a flat, annular ring that abuts a proximal surface around an anchor hole of the object; the engagement portion has an annular ridge that extends through the anchor hole and engages a distal surface around the anchor hole. 20. The drywall anchor of claim 19, wherein the annular ridge includes one or more slots that provide a snap-fit engagement of the base to the object.",
-    "The present invention is directed to gloves which provide supplemental heating or cooling to a user's circulating arterial blood. 1. A glove comprising a holder having a heating or cooling device, wherein the device is situated such that it is in an abiding heat transfer relation with a wearer's skin thereby allowing effective heat transfer with the wearer's circulating arterial blood. 2. The glove of claim 1, wherein the glove comprises a natural material, a synthetic material, or a combination thereof. 3. The glove of claim 2, wherein the glove is constructed of a pathogen resistant material. 4. The glove of claim 1, wherein the glove is a gauntlet style glove having a cuff which extends up the forearm of the wearer. 5. The glove of claim 4, wherein the holder is situated on the cuff such that it is adjacent the wearer's ulnar artery, radial artery, brachial artery, or a combination thereof. 6. The glove of claim 1, wherein the holder has a cooling device. 7. The glove of claim 6, wherein the cooling device comprises reactants configured to provide an endothermic reaction. 8. The glove of claim 1, wherein the holder has a heating device. 9. The glove of claim 8, wherein the heating device comprises reactants configured to provide an exothermic reaction. 10. The glove of claim 8, wherein the heating device comprises a mechanical heater. 11. A method of regulating blood temperature comprising putting the glove of claim 1 on the hand of a user and activating the heating or cooling device thereby causing heat transfer between the heating or cooling device and circulating arterial blood of the user. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the glove comprises a natural material, a synthetic material, or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the glove is constructed of a pathogen resistant material. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the glove is a gauntlet style glove having a cuff which extends up the forearm of the user. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the holder is situated on the cuff such that it is adjacent the wearer's ulnar artery, radial artery, brachial artery, or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the holder has a cooling device. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cooling device comprises reactants configured to provide an endothermic reaction. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the holder has a heating device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the heating device comprises reactants configured to provide an exothermic reaction. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the heating device comprises a mechanical heater.",
-    "A network device such as a router or switch, in one embodiment, includes a timing analyzer which is capable of providing timing analysis over one or more network circuits. The timing analyzer, in one aspect, receives a data packet traveling across a circuit emulation service (\u201cCES\u201d) circuit such as T1 or E1 circuit. Upon obtaining an arrival timestamp associated with the data packet, the arrival timestamp is stored in a timestamp buffer in accordance with a first-in first-out (\u201cFIFO\u201d) storage sequence. After identifying the oldest arrival timestamp in the timestamp buffer, an offset is generated based on the result of comparison between the arrival timestamp and the oldest timestamp. The timing analyzer can also be configured to generate timing reports on-demand based on generated offset(s). 1. A network system able to adjust timing for packet transmission, comprising: an ingress component coupled to a first circuit emulation service (\u201cCES\u201d) circuit and configured to generate a first timestamp indicating arrival time of a first data packet traveling across the first CES circuit; a timing analyzer coupled to the ingress component and configured to calculate a timing offset in accordance with the first timestamp; and an egress element coupled to the timing analyzer and configured to adjust egress clock rate for outgoing packet streams in response to the timing offset. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the timing analyzer includes a timestamp buffer configured to store a plurality of arrival timestamps based on a first-in first-out (\u201cFIFO\u201d) storage sequence. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the timing analyzer includes a rate calculator coupled to the timestamp buffer and configured to compare an oldest timestamp in the timestamp buffer with a newly arrived timestamp to identify an offset. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the timing analyzer includes a log coupled to an ingress rate manager and configured to record rate lock status when the first offset falls within a predefined range. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the ingress component includes an ingress rate manager configured to generate a timing report in response to the offset. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the ingress component is coupled to a second CES circuit and configured to generate a second timestamp indicating arrival time of a second data packet traveling across the second CES circuit. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second timestamp buffer coupled to the ingress component and configured to store the second timestamp based on a circular storage sequence. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a jitter buffer coupled to the ingress component and configured to queue a plurality of packets according to sequence numbers of packets before the packets are being routed. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a block of adaptive rate control mechanism coupled to the ingress component and configured to generate an outbound rate for sending data streams. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the timing analyzer is configured to generate a warning signal if the timing offset is greater than a range of predefined limits. 11. A method for generating timing offsets associated with a network circuit, comprising: calculating an offset based on a recent timestamp associated with a recently arrived data packet and an oldest timestamp retrieved from a timestamp buffer; obtaining a range of predefined limits in accordance with a carrier of a transmission channel and identifying whether the offset is situated within the range of predefined limits associated with the carrier; and adjusting egress data clock rate slowly overtime for sending data streams if the offset falls within the range of predefined limits. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising sending a warning message when the offset falls outside of the range of predefined limits. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving the recently arrived data packet traveling across a circuit emulation service (\u201cCES\u201d) circuit via a T1 carrier. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving the recently arrived data packet traveling across a circuit emulation service (\u201cCES\u201d) circuit via an E1 carrier. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising generating the recent timestamp at a time when the recently arrived data packet is received at a port of a network device. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising storing the recent timestamp in the timestamp buffer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein storing the recent timestamp includes identifying one storage entry in a circular buffer for storing the recent timestamp. 18. A network device, configured to generate timing offsets associated with a network transmission, comprising: an egress element configured to send data streams based on an adjusted egress rate; a jitter buffer coupled to the egress element and configured to temporarily store packets; and an ingress component coupled to the jitter buffer and coupled to a circuit emulation service (\u201cCES\u201d) circuit for receiving data packets, wherein the ingress component includes, a monitor component configured to monitor incoming packets from a packet switching network (\u201cPSN\u201d); a stamp generator coupled to the monitor component and configured to generate a timestamp each time a packet arrives; an offset calculator coupled to the stamp generator and configured to calculate time difference between the arrival time of the most recent packet and arrival time of oldest packet stored in a timestamp buffer. 19. The network device of claim 18, wherein the ingress component further includes a timing comparator coupled to the offset calculator and configured to provide a deviation or divergence value. 20. The network device of claim 19, wherein the timing comparator compares the offset against a range of acceptable limits.",
-    "Systems and methods for verifying end-to-end data consistency are disclosed herein. The system can include a source hub that can: generate a first message from data received from a user; and generate an initial message identifier. The system can include an intermediate hub that can: receive the first message from the source hub via the communication network; receive the initial message identifier from the source hub via the communication network; transmit an output message; and generate an output message identifier. The system can include a terminal hub that can: receive the output message; receive the output message identifier; calculate a result value from the received output message and the received output message identifier; and provide an alert to a user device when a data loss is identified based on the result value. 1. A system for verifying end-to-end data consistency, the system comprising: a source hub comprising a computing device, wherein the source hub is configured to: generate a first message from data received from a user; and generate an initial message identifier, wherein the initial message identifier identifies content of the first message; an intermediate hub comprising a second computing device connected to the source hub via a communication network, wherein the intermediate hub is configured to: receive the first message from the source hub via the communication network; receive the initial message identifier from the source hub via the communication network; transmit an output message; and generate an output message identifier, wherein the initial message identifier identifies content of the output message; and a terminal hub comprising a third computing device connected to the intermediate hub via the communication network, wherein the terminal hub is configured to: receive the output message; receive the output message identifier; calculate a result value from the received output message and the received output message identifier; and provide an alert to a user device when a data loss is identified based on the result value. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the terminal hub is configured to generate a received message value from the received message. 3. The system of claim 3, wherein the received message value comprises a binary representation of all or portions of the received message. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the received message value is calculated by applying a hash function to the received message. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the result value is calculated via a XOR operation on the received output message identifier and the received message value. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the terminal hub is further configured to alert the source hub to retransmit the first message. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein retransmitting the first message comprises: regenerating the first message; and regenerating the first message identifier. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the terminal hub is further configured to alert the intermediate hub to retransmit the output message, wherein retransmitting the output message comprises regenerating the output message identifier. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the intermediate hub is configured to calculate a check value in response receiving an alert to retransmit the output message. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the check value is calculated by applying a XOR operation to the received first message and the received initial message identifier. 11. A method of identifying missing data via the generation of a result value, the method comprising: receiving a communication at a node comprising a first computing device from a previous node comprising a second computing device via a communications network, wherein the communication comprises data; receiving an existing value from the previous node via the communications network, wherein the existing value comprises an output of a calculation performed by the previous node; calculating at the node with the first computing device a consumed message identifier based on the data of the received communication, wherein the consumed message identifier comprises a plurality of binary values representative of the data of the received communication; calculating a result value at the node with the first computing device, wherein the result value is calculated based on the received existing value and the consumed message identifier; determining at the node with the first computing device a data loss based on the result value; and transmitting an alert identifying the data loss via the communications network. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the result value is calculated by a XOR operation of the existing value and the consumed message identifier. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the data loss is determined when the result value is non-zero. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the received communication comprises a single message. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the received communication comprises a plurality of messages, and wherein a consumed message identifier is calculated for each of the messages in the received communication. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the alert comprises a request for retransmission of the communication from the previous node to the node. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating an output communication, wherein the output communication contains the data of the received communication; generating at the node with the first computing device an output communication identifier based on the data of the output communication, wherein the output communication identifier comprises a plurality of binary values representative of the data of the output communication; and calculating an output value at the node with the first computing device, wherein the output value is calculated based on the received existing value and the consumed message identifier and the output communication identifier. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the output value is calculated by a XOR operation of the existing value and the consumed message identifier and the output communication identifier. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: identifying a next node; sending the output message to the next node; and sending the output value to the next node. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising sending at least one of: (1) the result value; and the output value to a database.",
-    "The invention concerns an electronic module (2) for a contactless smart card or dual contact and contactless smart card comprising at least a first antenna (3a), a second antenna (3b), a third antenna (3c) and a microelectronic chip (1), characterized in that: said microelectronic chip comprises a microprocessor, at least a first contact (P1), a second contact (P2), a third contact (P3), a fourth contact (P4), a first tuning capacitor (C1) connected between the first contact (P1) and the third contact (P3), a second capacitor (C2) connected between the second contact (P2) and the fourth contact (P4), said first and third contacts (P1, P3) being connected to the inputs/outputs of the microprocessor and being configured to transmit to said microprocessor a radio-frequency communication signal exchanged through the antennas, said first antenna (3a) is connected between the first contact (P1) and the third contact (P3) and is configured to be brought into resonance by said first capacitor (C1), said second antenna (3) is connected between the second contact (P2) and the fourth contact (P4) and is configured to be brought into resonance by said second capacitor (C2) in order to capture the energy transmitted by induction by a remote reader, said third antenna (3c) is connected in series with said second antenna (3) between the second contact (P2) and the fourth contact (P4) for transmitting the captured energy to the microelectronic chip (1) and coupled with the first antenna (3a) for transferring to the microelectronic chip (1) through the first antenna (3a) the energy captured by the second antenna (3b). 1. Electronic module for a contactless smart card or dual contact and contactless smart card comprising at least a first antenna, a second antenna, a third antenna and a microelectronic chip, characterized in that: said microelectronic chip comprises a microprocessor, at least a first contact, a second contact, a third contact, a fourth contact, a first tuning capacitor connected between, the first contact and the third contact, a second capacitor connected between the second contact and the fourth contact, said first and third contacts being connected to the inputs/outputs of the microprocessor and being configured to transmit to said microprocessor a radio-frequency communication signal exchanged through the antennas, said first antenna is connected between the first contact and the third contact and is configured to be brought into resonance by said first capacitor, said second antenna is connected between the second contact and the fourth contact and is configured to be brought into resonance by said second capacitor in order to capture the energy transmitted by induction by a remote reader, said third antenna is connected in series with said second antenna between the second contact and the fourth contact for transmitting the captured energy to the microelectronic chip and is coupled with the first antenna for transferring to the microelectronic chip through the first antenna the energy captured by the second antenna. 2. Electronic module according to claim 1, wherein the second capacitor is a variable capacitor. 3. Electronic module according to claim 1, wherein the microelectronic chip comprises a variable resistor connected in series with the second capacitor between the second contact and the fourth contact.",
-    "Systems for nucleotide sequencing comprising producing polymerase reactions that exhibit two kinetically observable steps within an observable phase of the polymerase reaction. Two slow step systems can be produced, for example, by selecting the appropriate polymerase enzyme, polymerase reaction conditions including cofactors, and polymerase reaction substrates including the primed template and nucleotides. 1. A system for single-molecule nucleotide sequencing comprising: a) a reaction mixture having: (i) a polymerase enzyme, (ii) polymerase reaction conditions including cofactors, and (iii) polymerase reaction substrates including a primed template and nucleotides comprising observable labels, such that a reaction comprising incorporation of the nucleotides into a growing nucleic acid occurs, wherein the polymerase enzyme, the polymerase reaction conditions, and the polymerase reaction substrates are selected such that the reaction exhibits two kinetically observable steps, each of which kinetically observable steps proceeds from an intermediate in which a nucleotide or a polyphosphate product is bound to the polymerase enzyme or each of which kinetically observable steps proceeds from an intermediate in which the nucleotide and the polyphosphate product are not bound to the polymerase enzyme; and (b) a detector to detect the observable label to measure the sequential incorporation of nucleotides into the growing nucleic acid thereby obtaining a sequence of the template 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the detector comprises a CCD, ICCD, EMCCD or CMOS detector. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the observable labels comprise optical labels. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the optical labels comprise fluorescent labels. 5. The system of claim 1 further comprising an illumination source. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the two kinetically observable steps are each steps which proceed from an intermediate in which a nucleotide or a polyphosphate product is bound to the polymerase enzyme. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the two kinetically observable steps are each steps which proceed from an intermediate in which the nucleotide and the polyphosphate product are not bound to the polymerase enzyme. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the two kinetically observable steps are selected from a group consisting of enzyme isomerization, nucleotide incorporation, and product release. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the two kinetically observable steps are template translocation and nucleotide binding. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the ratio of the rate constants of the kinetically observable steps is from 2:1 to 1:2. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the rate constant for one of the kinetically observable steps is less than about 100 per second. 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the rate constant for one of the kinetically observable steps is between about 0.1 per second and about 60 per second. 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the rate constant for one of the kinetically observable steps is between about 1 per second and about 20 per second. 14. The system of claim 1 wherein the reaction exhibits more than two kinetically observable steps in an observable phase. 15. The system of claim 1 wherein the polymerase enzyme comprises a modified recombinant \u03a629-type polymerase. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the polymerase enzyme comprises a modified recombinant \u03a629, B103, GA-1, PZA, \u03a615, BS32, M2Y, Nf, G1, Cp-1, PRD1, PZE, SF5, Cp-5, Cp-7, PR4, PR5, PR722, or L-17 polymerase. 17. The system of claim 15 wherein the polymerase enzyme comprises a modified recombinant \u03a629 DNA polymerase having at least one amino acid substitution or combination of substitutions selected from the group consisting of: an amino acid substitution at position 484, an amino acid substitution at position 198, and an amino acid substitution at position 381. 18. The system of claim 15 wherein the polymerase enzyme comprises a modified recombinant \u03a629 DNA polymerase having at least one amino acid substitution or combination of substitutions selected from the group consisting of E375Y, K512Y, T368F, A484E, A484Y, N387L, T372Q, T372L, K478Y, 1370W, F198W, and L381 A. 19. The system of claim 1 wherein the polymerase reaction conditions comprise one or more of metal cofactor concentration, pH, temperature, an enzyme activity modulator, D2O, an organic solvent, and buffer. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the polymerase reaction conditions comprise a mixture of divalent metal ions comprising at least one catalytic metal ion and at least one non-catalytic metal ion. 21. The system of claim 20 wherein the catalytic metal is selected from Mg2+, Mn2+ and mixtures thereof, and the non-catalytic metal is selected from Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Eu2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Eu2+ and mixtures thereof. 22. The system of claim 20 wherein a ratio of catalytic metal to non-catalytic metal in the reaction mixture is from about 10:1 to about 1:10. 23. The system of claim 19 wherein the conditions comprise an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, THE, dioxane, DMA, DMF, and DMSO.",
-    "Methods and composition of induction of pluripotent stem cells are disclosed. For example, in certain aspects methods for generating essentially vector-free induced pluripotent stem cells with cell signaling regulators are described. Furthermore, certain aspects of the invention provide novel compositions comprising induced pluripotent stem cells essentially free of exogenous retroviral vector elements in the presence of a medium comprising signaling inhibitors. In certain aspects, feeder-free episomal reprogramming methods may be provided. 1.-33. (canceled) 34. A composition comprising a population of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells essentially free of exogenous genetic elements and a medium comprising externally added glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitor and at least one other externally added chemical inhibitor selected from the group consisting of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) receptor inhibitor. 35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the medium is chemically defined. 36. The composition of claim 34, further comprising a matrix component. 37. The composition of claim 36, wherein the matrix component comprises Matrigel\u2122. 38. The composition of claim 34, wherein the medium further comprises externally added LIF. 39. The composition of claim 34, wherein the medium further comprises externally added HA-100. 40. The composition of claim 34, wherein the medium further comprises externally added FGF.",
-    "A method of operating a metrology instrument includes generating relative motion between a probe and a sample at a scan frequency using an actuator. The method also includes detecting motion of the actuator using a position sensor that exhibits noise in the detected motion, and controlling the position of the actuator using a feedback loop and a feed forward algorithm. In this embodiment, the controlling step attenuates noise in the actuator position compared to noise exhibited by the position sensor in a bandwidth of about seven times the scan frequency. Scan frequencies up to a third of the first scanner resonance frequency or greater than 300 Hz are possible. 1. A method of operating a metrology instrument, comprising: generating, with an actuator, relative motion between a probe and a sample at a scan frequency greater than \u2153rd the fundamental resonance of the actuator over a selected scan size; controlling the XY position of the actuator using both a feedback loop and a feed forward algorithm, wherein the bandwidth of the feedback loop is different than a bandwidth associated with operation of the feedforward algorithm; and repeating the generating and the controlling steps to zoom to a second scan size smaller than the selected scan size while maintaining XY position error at less than about 1% of the selected scan size.",
-    "A hydraulic pump is configured to mount within an internal receptacle defined by a housing of a hydraulically-powered component of a work vehicle. The pump has a housing defining one or more pump chambers. Each pump chamber communicates with a suction port and an outlet pressure port. Each pump chamber contains a pump assembly having a drive member at a fluid interface between the suction port and the outlet pressure port. The drive member is arranged for co-rotation with at least one power input component extending into the housing through each pump chamber. Rotation of each drive member displaces and pressurizes hydraulic fluid through the pump housing, and, when the pump is mounted within the internal receptacle, through internally ported passages routed through walls of the hydraulically-powered component housing. 1. A hydraulic pump mountable within an internal receptacle defined by a housing of a hydraulically-powered component of a work vehicle, the pump having a housing defining one or more pump chambers, each pump chamber communicating with a suction port and an outlet pressure port and containing a pump assembly, each pump assembly having a drive member arranged for co-rotation with at least one power input component extending into the housing through each of the one or more pump chambers, rotating of the drive member effecting displacement of hydraulic fluid at a fluid interface between the suction port and outlet pressure port; wherein rotation of each drive member drives each pump assembly to displace and pressurize hydraulic fluid through the pump housing, and, when the pump is mounted within the internal receptacle, through internally ported passages routed through walls of the hydraulically-powered component housing. 2. The pump of claim 1, wherein the pump housing defines a plurality of pump chambers arranged in tandem along a reference axis. 3. The pump of claim 2, wherein the pump housing defines at least three pump chambers. 4. The pump of claim 3, wherein the pump assembly in each pump chamber effects a different displacement. 5. The pump of claim 2, wherein each pump chamber has a dedicated set of suction and outlet pressure ports. 6. The pump of claim 5, wherein the suction ports are in communication with a common intake port in the hydraulically-powered component housing. 7. The pump of claim 5, wherein at least one of the suction ports and at least one of the outlet pressure ports are openings in the pump housing that extend in a radial direction with respect to a reference axis along which are aligned the plurality of pump chambers. 8. The pump of claim 7, wherein the at least one radial suction port and the at least one radial outlet pressure port are offset with respect to the reference axis. 9. The pump of claim 8, further including a seal seated against the pump housing between the at least one radial suction port and the at least one radial outlet pressure port with respect to the reference axis. 10. The pump of claim 5, wherein the pump housing includes an end wall intersected by the reference axis and defining at least one of the suction ports and at least one of the outlet pressure ports. 11. The pump of claim 1, wherein the pump housing includes an end wall configured to fit within the internal receptacle of the hydraulically-powered component housing and a mounting flange configured to interface with an exterior surface of the hydraulically-powered component housing. 12. The pump of claim 11, wherein at least one of the end wall and the mounting flange has an opening therein receiving the power input component. 13. The pump of claim 12, wherein the power input component is a drive shaft. 14. The pump of claim 1, wherein each pump assembly is a positive displacement pump assembly selected from the group consisting of an internal gear set, an external gear set, a rotary vane arrangement and an axial piston arrangement. 15. A drivetrain assembly for a work vehicle, comprising: a drivetrain housing containing a drivetrain component and defining an internal receptacle having an open end, the drivetrain housing having one or more walls defining internally ported suction and outlet pressure passages; and a hydraulic pump mounted to the drivetrain housing, at least in part, within the open end of the internal receptacle, the pump having a housing defining one or more pump chambers, each pump chamber communicating with a suction port and an outlet pressure port and containing a positive displacement pump assembly, each pump assembly having a drive member between the suction port and the outlet pressure port, the suction port and the outlet pressure port communicating with associated ones of the suction and outlet pressure passages in the one or more walls of the drivetrain housing; and a drive having a driveshaft extending into the pump housing and engaging each drive gear for co-rotation; wherein rotation of the driveshaft drives each pump assembly to displace and pressurize hydraulic fluid between the suction and outlet pressure passages of the drivetrain housing to supply hydraulic fluid to the drivetrain component. 16. The drivetrain assembly of claim 15, wherein the pump housing defines a plurality of pump chambers arranged in tandem along a reference axis. 17. The drivetrain assembly of claim 15, wherein the pump housing includes an end wall configured to fit within the internal receptacle of the drivetrain housing and a mounting flange configured to interface with an exterior surface of the drivetrain housing. 18. The drivetrain assembly of claim 17, wherein at least one of the end wall and the mounting flange has an opening therein receiving the driveshaft. 19. The drivetrain assembly of claim 13, wherein each pump chamber has a dedicated set of suction and outlet pressure ports. 20. A work vehicle, comprising: a chassis; ground-engaging wheels or tracks supporting the chassis; a drivetrain assembly mounted to the chassis, the drivetrain assembly having: a drivetrain housing containing a drivetrain component and defining an internal receptacle having an open end, the drivetrain housing having one or more walls defining internally ported suction and outlet pressure passages; and a hydraulic pump mounted to the drivetrain housing, at least in part, within the open end of the internal receptacle, the pump having a housing defining one or more pump chambers, each pump chamber communicating with a suction port and an outlet pressure port and containing a positive displacement pump assembly, each pump assembly having a drive member between the suction port and the outlet pressure port, the suction port and the outlet pressure port communicating with associated ones of the suction and outlet pressure passages in the one or more walls of the drivetrain housing; and a drive having a driveshaft extending into the pump housing and engaging each drive member for co-rotation; wherein rotation of the driveshaft drives each pump assembly to displace and pressurize hydraulic fluid between the suction and outlet pressure passages of the drivetrain housing to supply hydraulic fluid to the drivetrain component and drive the ground-engaging wheels or tracks.",
-    "A panel inspection apparatus is provided. The panel inspection apparatus has a support platform, a delivery platform and a panel inspection assembly. The delivery platform is disposed on the support platform, and the delivery platform has a push module for delivering the panel. The panel inspection assembly includes a plurality of light source modules and a plurality of image-taking modules corresponding to the light source modules. The light source modules include a front light source, a first horizontal light source, and a back light source. The image-taking modules include a front light image-taking module, a first horizontal light image-taking module, and a back light image-taking module. The push module delivers the panel across the support platform so that a plurality of light beams emitted from the light source modules can scan the panel to finish the panel inspection process. 1. A panel inspection apparatus for inspecting a panel, comprising: a support platform; a delivery platform, being disposed on the support platform and having a push module; and a panel inspection assembly, having a plurality of light source modules and a plurality of image-taking modules corresponding to the light source modules; wherein the light source modules comprise a front light source, a first horizontal light source, and a back light source, the image-taking modules comprise a front light image-taking module, a horizontal light image-taking module, and a back light image-taking module, and the push module is adapted to push the panel across the support platform so that a plurality of light beams emitted from the light source modules can scan the panel for inspection. 2. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light beams comprise a front light beam, a first horizontal light beam, and a back light beam, and the front light source, the first horizontal light source and the back light source are adapted to emit the front light beam, the first horizontal light beam and the back light beam respectively. 3. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source modules further comprise an oblique light source for emitting an oblique light beam, and the image-taking modules further comprise an oblique light image-taking module disposed corresponding to the oblique light source to receive the oblique light beam reflected by the panel. 4. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the panel has an upper surface, a lower surface, two horizontal side surfaces and two vertical side surfaces. 5. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the support platform has two alignment modules for aligning the panel with respect to the support platform. 6. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the push module has two push devices that abut against two opposite vertical side edges of the panel and cooperate to push the panel at a constant speed. 7. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the push module has two push devices that abut against two opposite side edges of the panel and cooperate to push the panel at a variable speed. 8. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the push module further comprises a plurality of second horizontal light sources for emitting a second horizontal light beam respectively, and when the panel is pushed by the push module, the second horizontal light beams are adapted to irradiate two opposite side edges of the panel. 9. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second horizontal light sources are embedded into the two push devices. 10. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second horizontal light sources are linear light sources. 11. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the delivery platform defines a plurality of working regions, and at least one gap is disposed between any two adjacent ones of the working regions to allow the light beams emitted by the light source modules to pass therethrough. 12. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein a plurality of air-floating devices are disposed on the support platform so that the panel stays in an air-floated state all the time during the inspection process. 13. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 11, wherein the at least one gap comprises a first gap, a second gap and a third gap that allow the light beams emitted by the light source modules to pass therethrough respectively. 14. The panel inspection apparatus of claim 3, wherein the front light source, the back light source and/or the oblique light source of the light source modules are linear light sources. 15. A panel inspection method for inspecting a panel, comprising the following steps of: (a) providing a delivery platform on a support platform; (b) providing the panel to the delivery platform; (c) aligning the panel by using an alignment module; (d) providing a push module and using the push module to push the panel; (e) providing a plurality of light source modules for emitting a plurality of light beams to the panel during the process of using the push module to push the panel; and (f) using a plurality of image-taking modules to take a plurality of images formed by the light beams when being reflected by the panel or a plurality of images formed by the light beams when passing through the panel to finish the inspection process. 16. The panel inspection method of claim 15, wherein the image-taking modules are adapted to take the images formed by the light beams when being reflected by a plurality of surfaces of the panel. 17. The panel inspection method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of surfaces of the panel are an upper surface, a lower surface, two horizontal side surfaces and two vertical side surfaces. 18. The panel inspection method of claim 15, wherein a plurality of air-floating devices are disposed on the support platform so that the panel is pushed by the push module at a constant speed in an air-floated state. 19. The panel inspection method of claim 15, wherein a plurality of air-floating devices are disposed on the support platform so that the panel is pushed by the push module at a variable speed in an air-floated state.",
-    "A multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot, including: an LED module having a plurality of stage output terminals; a plurality of switch units coupled with the stage output terminals to receive a plurality of branch currents and provide a plurality of current sensing signals; a current regulation circuit, having a control end coupled with a variable reference voltage, and a current path for receiving the branch currents; and a control unit, receiving the current sensing signals and a voltage signal at an input terminal of the current path, and controlling the switch units; wherein, the control unit uses every two adjacent signals of the current sensing signals to get a ratio in turn to determine whether to switch off a corresponding switch unit of the switch units after a deferred time, and uses the voltage signal to determine whether to change the deferred time. 1. A multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot, including: an LED module, having an input terminal and a plurality of stage output terminals, the input terminal being used for coupling with a line voltage; a plurality of switch units, coupled with the stage output terminals to receive a plurality of branch currents and provide a plurality of current sensing signals; a current regulation circuit, having a control end coupled with a variable reference voltage, and a current path for receiving the branch currents and generating a voltage signal at an input terminal of the current path; and a control unit, receiving the current sensing signals and the voltage signal, and controlling the switch units; wherein the control unit compares every two adjacent signals of the current sensing signals to get a ratio in turn to determine whether to switch off a corresponding switch unit of the switch units after a deferred time according to a comparison of the ratio with a predetermined ratio, and determines whether to change the deferred time according to a comparison of the voltage signal with a threshold voltage. 2. The multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot as in claim 1, wherein the line voltage is a half-wave rectified voltage or a full-wave rectified voltage or a time varying voltage. 3. The multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot as in claim 1, wherein the current regulation circuit includes a power transistor, a resistor, and an amplifier. 4. The multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot as in claim 1, wherein the variable reference voltage is in phase with the line voltage. 5. The multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot as in claim 1, wherein the variable reference voltage is a multi-stage voltage generated according to the line voltage. 6. A multi-stage LED driving circuit capable of eliminating current undershoot, including: an LED module, including a plurality of sub LED modules connected in series and having an input terminal and a plurality of stage output terminals, the input terminal being used for coupling with a line voltage of a full-wave rectified waveform, a half-wave rectified waveform, or a time varying waveform, and the stage output terminals are provided by output terminals of the sub LED modules; a plurality of switch units, each having a first control end, a first channel, and a current sensing unit, the first channel being coupled with one of the stage output terminals to receive a branch current and direct the branch current to a common node, and the current sensing unit generating a sensing signal analog to the branch current so that the switch units provide a plurality of current sensing signals CS1-CSM, M being a positive integer; a second power switch having a second control end, a second current input end, and a second current output end, the second current input end being coupled with the common node, and the second current output end being coupled to a reference ground via a resistor; an amplifier having a positive input end, a negative input end, and an output end, the positive input end being coupled with a variable reference voltage, which is in phase with the line voltage, the negative input end being coupled with the second current output end of the second power switch, and the output end being coupled with the second control end of the second power switch; and a control unit having a plurality of first analog input end, a second analog input end, and a plurality of control signal output ends, the first analog input ends being for receiving the current sensing signals CS1-CSM, the second analog input end being coupled with the common node to receive a voltage signal, and the control signal output ends being for outputting a plurality of control signals SW1-SWM to drive the first control ends of the switch units respectively; wherein the control unit initially makes each of the control signals SW1-SWM exhibiting an active state to turn on each of the switch units, and then, when two adjacent current sensing signals CSj and CSj+1 of the current sensing signals CS1-CSM are detected to have a ratio CSj/CSj+1 smaller than K, j being a positive integer ranging from 1 to M\u22121, K being a positive real number greater than 1, makes a control signal SWj of the control signals SW1-SWM exhibiting an inactive state after a deferred time to turn off a switch unit of the switch units that provides the current sensing signal CSj, and after making the control signal SWj exhibiting the inactive state, determines whether the voltage signal is lower than a threshold voltage so as to add an adjusting time to the deferred time when the voltage signal is lower than the threshold voltage, and keep the deferred time unchanged when the voltage signal is not lower than the threshold voltage.",
-    "Methods and apparatuses for direct sequence detection can receive an input signal over a communication channel. Next, the input signal can be sampled based on a clock signal to obtain a sampled voltage. A set of reference voltages can be generated based on a main cursor, a set of pre-cursors, and a set of post-cursors associated with the communication channel. Each generated reference voltage in the set of reference voltages can correspond to a particular sequence of symbols. A sequence corresponding to the sampled voltage can be selected based on comparing the sampled voltage with the set of reference voltages. 1. An integrated circuit (IC), comprising: a sample-and-hold circuit to sample an input signal based on a clock signal, and to output a sampled voltage for at least a holding period, wherein the input signal is received over a communication channel; a plurality of adjustable comparators, wherein each adjustable comparator has a respective reference voltage that is adjustable, wherein each adjustable comparator outputs a result signal based on comparing the sampled voltage with the adjustable comparator's reference voltage, wherein reference voltages for the plurality of adjustable comparators are computed based on a main cursor and at least one pre-cursor associated with the communication channel, and wherein each generated reference voltage corresponds to a particular sequence of symbols; and a sequence-selection circuit to select a sequence of symbols based on the result signals outputted by the plurality of adjustable comparators. 2. The IC of claim 1, wherein each symbol in the sequence of symbols is transmitted by a transmitter at successive time instances, and wherein the sequence of symbols is selected based on the sampled voltage that is sampled at a single time instance. 3. The IC of claim 1, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises: a sequence generation circuit to generate a set of 2M possible sequences based on the result signals outputted by the plurality of adjustable comparators; a chain of M multiplexers, where each multiplexer in the chain of M multiplexers selects a progressively smaller subset of possible sequences from the set of 2M possible sequences, and wherein M previous symbols are used as select inputs for the chain of M multiplexers. 4. The IC of claim 1, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises: a probable-sequence-selection circuit to select a plurality of probable sequences; an error checking circuit to output a comparison result based on comparing a symbol in at least one of the plurality of probable sequences with a corresponding symbol that was predicted in a previously detected sequence; and a correct-sequence-selection circuit to select the sequence from the plurality of probable sequences based on the comparison result. 5. The IC of claim 1, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises circuitry to remove intra-symbol interference based on bits of detected symbols in multi-level signaling. 6. The IC of claim 1, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises: a plurality of fine adjustable comparators, wherein each fine adjustable comparator has a respective reference voltage that is adjustable, wherein each fine adjustable comparator outputs a result signal based on comparing the sampled voltage with the fine adjustable comparator's reference voltage, wherein reference voltages for the plurality of fine adjustable comparators are uniformly spread between two reference voltages of the plurality of adjustable comparators that are closest to the sampled voltage; a probability-quantization circuit to output two probability values based on the result signals outputted by the plurality of fine adjustable comparators, wherein the two probability values correspond to two sequences associated with the two reference voltages of the plurality of adjustable comparators that are closest to the sampled voltage; and a selection circuit to select a sequence from a set of sequences based on the two probability values. 7. A receiver in a communication system, the receiver comprising: an input port to receive an input signal over a communication channel; a sample-and-hold circuit to sample the input signal based on a clock signal, and to output a sampled voltage for at least a holding period; a plurality of adjustable comparators, wherein each adjustable comparator has a respective reference voltage that is adjustable, wherein each adjustable comparator outputs a result signal based on comparing the sampled voltage with the adjustable comparator's reference voltage, wherein reference voltages for the plurality of adjustable comparators are computed based on a main cursor and at least one pre-cursor associated with the communication channel, and wherein each generated reference voltage corresponds to a particular sequence of symbols; and a sequence-selection circuit to select a sequence of symbols based on the result signals outputted by the plurality of adjustable comparators. 8. The receiver of claim 7, wherein each symbol in the sequence of symbols is transmitted by a transmitter at successive time instances, and wherein the sequence of symbols is selected based on the sampled voltage that is sampled at a single time instance. 9. The receiver of claim 7, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises: a sequence generation circuit to generate a set of 2M possible sequences based on the result signals outputted by the plurality of adjustable comparators; a chain of M multiplexers, where each multiplexer in the chain of M multiplexers selects a progressively smaller subset of possible sequences from the set of 2M possible sequences, and wherein M previous symbols are used as select inputs for the chain of M multiplexers. 10. The receiver of claim 7, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises: a probable-sequence-selection circuit to select a plurality of probable sequences; an error checking circuit to output a comparison result based on comparing a symbol in at least one of the plurality of probable sequences with a corresponding symbol that was predicted in a previously detected sequence; and a correct-sequence-selection circuit to select the sequence from the plurality of probable sequences based on the comparison result. 11. The receiver of claim 7, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises circuitry to remove intra-symbol interference based on bits of detected symbols in multi-level signaling. 12. The receiver of claim 7, wherein the sequence-selection circuit comprises: a plurality of fine adjustable comparators, wherein each fine adjustable comparator has a respective reference voltage that is adjustable, wherein each fine adjustable comparator outputs a result signal based on comparing the sampled voltage with the fine adjustable comparator's reference voltage, wherein reference voltages for the plurality of fine adjustable comparators are uniformly spread between two reference voltages of the plurality of adjustable comparators that are closest to the sampled voltage; a probability-quantization circuit to output two probability values based on the result signals outputted by the plurality of fine adjustable comparators, wherein the two probability values correspond to two sequences associated with the two reference voltages of the plurality of adjustable comparators that are closest to the sampled voltage; and a selection circuit to select a sequence from a set of sequences based on the two probability values. 13. A method for sequence detection, comprising: receiving an input signal over a communication channel; sampling the input signal based on a clock signal to obtain a sampled voltage; generating a first set of reference voltages based on a main cursor and at least one pre-cursor associated with the communication channel, wherein each generated reference voltage in the first set of reference voltages corresponds to a particular sequence of symbols; and selecting a sequence corresponding to the sampled voltage based on comparing the sampled voltage with the first set of reference voltages. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein each symbol in the sequence of symbols is transmitted by a transmitter at successive time instances, and wherein the sequence of symbols is selected based on the sampled voltage that is sampled at a single time instance. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said selecting the sequence comprises: generating a set of 2M possible sequences based on comparing the sampled voltage with the first set of reference voltages; selecting a progressively smaller subset of possible sequences from the set of 2M possible sequences based on M previously detected symbols. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein said selecting the sequence comprises: selecting a plurality of probable sequences; comparing a symbol in at least one of the plurality of probable sequences with a corresponding symbol that was predicted in a previously detected sequence; and selecting the sequence from the plurality of probable sequences based on a result of said comparing. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein said selecting the sequence comprises removing intra-symbol interference based on bits of detected symbols in multi-level signaling. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein said selecting the sequence comprises: generating a second set of reference voltages that are uniformly spread out between two reference voltages in the first set of reference voltages that are closest to the sampled voltage; computing two probability values based on comparing the second set of reference voltages with the sampled voltage, wherein the two probability values correspond to the two reference voltages in the first set of reference voltages that are closest to the sampled voltage; and selecting a sequence from a set of sequences based on the two probability values.",
-    "A digital medium environment is described to determine textual content that is responsible for causing a viewing spike within a video. Video analytics data associated with a video is queried. The video analytics data identifies a number of previous user viewing s at various locations within the video. A viewing spike within the video is detected using the video analytics data. The viewing spike corresponds to an increase in the number of previous user viewings of the video that begins at a particular location within the video. Then, text of one or more video sources or video referral sources read by users prior to viewing the video from the particular location within the video is analyzed to identify textual content that is at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike. 1. In a digital medium environment to determine textual content that is at least partially responsible for causing a viewing spike within a video, a method implemented by at least one computing device comprising: querying, by the at least one computing device, video analytics data associated with the video, the video analytics data identifying for each of a plurality of locations within the video, a number of users that viewed the video at the location within the video; detecting, by the at least one computing device and based on the video analytics data, a viewing spike within the video, the viewing spike corresponding to an increase in the number of users that viewed the video at a particular location in the video relative to a location in the video that precedes the particular location in the video; analyzing, by the at least one computing device, text of at least one video source or video referral source read by users prior to viewing the video at the particular location within the video to identify textual content that is at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike; and automatically generating, by the at least one computing device, a short scene from the video that includes the particular location in the video corresponding to the viewing spike. 2. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the textual content comprises user comments regarding the video at the video source or the video referral source. 3. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the at least one video source comprises at least one of a web page or an application at which the video is located, and wherein the at least one video referral source comprises at least one of a web page or an application that includes a link to one of the video sources. 4. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the identifying the textual content further comprises identifying textual content that contains a location that correlates to the particular location of the viewing spike. 5. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the identifying the textual content further comprises identifying textual content that contains words or phrases that match corresponding words or phrases of a video transcript associated with the particular location of the viewing spike. 6. The method as described in claim 5, wherein the analyzing further comprises: querying user interaction data corresponding to user interactions with the at least one video source or video referral source; determining, based at least in part on the user interaction data, at least one particular comment read by users at the video source or the video referral source prior to viewing the video from the particular location of the viewing spike; and analyzing the at least one particular comment to determine whether the at least one particular comment is at least partially responsible for causing viewing spike. 7. The method as described in claim 6, wherein the user interaction data comprises scroll tracking data that indicates the at least one particular comment read by users prior to viewing the video from the particular location of the viewing spike. 8. The method as described in claim 6, wherein the user interaction data comprises eye tracking data that indicates the at least one particular comment read by users prior to viewing the video from the particular location of the viewing spike. 9. (canceled) 10. The method as described in claim 1, further comprising extracting relevant tags from the textual content that is at least partially responsible for the viewing spike, and associating the relevant tags with the video to increase the number of viewings of the video. 11. In a digital medium environment to determine a contribution score for multiple instances of textual content that are each at least partially responsible for causing a viewing spike within a video, a method implemented by at least one computing device comprising: detecting, by the at least one computing device, the viewing spike within the video, the viewing spike corresponding to an increase in a number of previous user viewings of the video that begin at a particular location within the video relative to a location in the video that precedes the particular location in the video; analyzing, by the at least one computing device, text of at least one or more video source or video referral source read by users prior to viewing the video from the particular location within the video to identify multiple instances of textual content that are each at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike; for each particular instance of textual content, calculating by the at least one computing device a contribution score indicating the contribution of the particular instance of textual content to the viewing spike; and extracting, by the at least one computing device, relevant tags from the textual content that is at least partially responsible for the viewing spike and associating the extracted tags with searchable data associated with the video to increase a likelihood that the video will appear in search engine results. 12. The method as described in claim 11, wherein the calculating the contribution score for the particular instance of textual content comprises: determining a number of viewings of the video, from the particular location of the viewing spike, that were caused by the particular instance of textual content; determining a total number of viewings of the video from that particular location of the viewing spike; and calculating the contribution score for the particular instance of textual content by dividing the number of viewings that were caused by the particular instance of textual content by the total number of viewings. 13. The method as described in claim 11, further comprising generating a ranked list of the multiple instances of textual content that are at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike, the multiple instance of the textual content ranked based at least in part on the contribution scores. 14. The method as described in claim 11, wherein the contribution score is calculated based at least in part on emotion data that indicates emotional reactions by users after reading the particular instance of textual content. 15. In a digital medium environment to determine user comments that are at least partially responsible for causing a viewing spike within a video, a system implemented at least partially in hardware, the system comprising: a viewing spike module implemented at least partially in hardware to query video analytics data associated with the video, the video analytics data identifying unique user viewings at various locations within the video; an analytics analysis module to detect a viewing spike within the video using the video analytics data, the viewing spike corresponding to an increase in unique user viewings of the video that begin at a particular location within the video relative to a location in the video that precedes the particular location in the video; a text analysis engine to analyze user comments read by users prior to viewing the video from the particular location within the video to identify at least one user comment that is at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike; and a communication module to extract a relevant tag from the identified at least one user comment and associate the extracted relevant tag with searchable data associated with the video to increase a likelihood that the video will appear in search engine results. 16. The system as described in claim 15, further comprising a scoring module configured to calculate a contribution score for the at least one user comment that is at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike, the contribution score indicating the contribution of the user comment to the viewing spike. 17. The system as described in claim 16, wherein the scoring module is configured to calculate the contribution score of each of the at least one user comment by dividing a number of viewings that were caused by a particular instance of textual content by a total number of viewings from the particular location associated with the viewing spike. 18. The system as described in claim 17, wherein the scoring module is further configured to generate a ranked list of the at least one user comment that is at least partially responsible for causing the viewing spike, the at least one user comment ranked based at least in part on the contribution scores. 19. The system as described in claim 15, wherein the text analysis engine is configured to identify the at least one user comment by identifying at least one user comment that contains a location that correlates to the particular location of the viewing spike or that contain words or phrases that match corresponding words or phrases of a video transcript associated with the particular location of the viewing spike. 20. The system as described in claim 15, wherein the video sources comprise web pages or applications at which the video is located, and wherein the video referral sources comprise web pages or applications that include a link to one of the video sources. 21. The method as described in claim 11, further comprising generating, by the at least one computing device, a short scene from the video that includes the particular location within the video corresponding to the viewing spike.",
-    "A method for checking an IP address collision is provided. The method includes: transmitting an ARP (Access Resolution Protocol) request message by setting an IP address of the PLC Ethernet communication module as a destination; receiving an ARP reply message responding to the ARP request message; determining whether an MAC (Media Access Control) address included in the ARP reply message is identical to an MAC address of the PLC Ethernet communication module; and determining that an IP address collision occurs, when the MAC (Media Access Control) address included in the ARP reply message is not identical to the MAC address of the PLC Ethernet communication module. 1. A method for checking an IP address collision of a PLC Ethernet communication module, the method comprising: transmitting an ARP (Access Resolution Protocol) request message by setting an IP address of the PLC Ethernet communication module as a destination; receiving an ARP reply message responding to the ARP request message; determining whether an MAC (Media Access Control) address included in the ARP reply message is identical to an MAC address of the PLC Ethernet communication module; and determining that an IP address collision occurs, when the MAC (Media Access Control) address included in the ARP reply message is not identical to the MAC address of the PLC Ethernet communication module. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of transmitting the ARP request message is performed when a signal requesting for IP address collision check is received or when an interrupt occurs. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the interrupt is generated by a timer configured to generate an interrupt at an interval of a predetermined period. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: stopping communication of the PLC Ethernet communication module and warning of the IP address collision, when the IP address collision is determined to occur, as a result of the step of determining that the IP address collision occurs. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: deleting data included in the ARP reply message stored in an ARP table of the PLC Ethernet communication module, when the IP address collision is determined to occur, as a result of the step of determining that the IP address collision occurs. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: determining whether the communication is interrupted, when the IP address collision is not determined to occur, as a result of the step of determining that the IP address collision occurs; and reopening the communication, when the IP address collision is not determined to be interrupted.",
-    "Systems of redundant in-line network switch appliances are described. In an embodiment, a system includes a primary network switch appliance and a secondary network switch appliance communicatively coupled in-line between nodes on a computer network. A tool, for example for network monitoring, is communicatively coupled to the primary network switch appliance. In use, when the primary network switch appliance is in a first state, a bypass switch of the primary network switch appliance is configured to complete a communication path between the tool and a node on the computer network via a switching fabric of the primary network switch appliance. When the primary network switch appliance is in a second state, the bypass switch is configured to complete a communication path between the tool and the node on the computer network via the secondary network switch appliance, bypassing the switching fabric of the primary network switch appliance. 1. A network switch appliance comprising: a switching fabric; and a bypass switch communicatively coupled to the switching fabric; wherein the network switch appliance has a first state and a second state; and wherein the bypass switch is configured to: when the network switch appliance is in the first state, complete a communication path between a tool and a node on a computer network via the switching fabric; and when the network switch appliance is in the second state, complete a communication path between the tool and the node on the computer network via a second network switch appliance, bypassing the switching fabric; the tool, node, and the second network switch appliance each being external to the network switch appliance. 2. The network switch appliance of claim 1, wherein the network switch appliance is in the first state when operating normally and is the second state when a failure occurs. 3. The network switch appliance of claim 1, wherein the network switch appliance is the first state when powered and is in the second state when unpowered. 4. The network switch appliance of claim 1, further comprising: a first network port configured to be communicatively coupled with the node on the computer network; a second network port and a third network port configured to be communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance; and a tool port configured to be communicatively coupled with the tool. 5. The network switch appliance of claim 4, wherein the bypass switch is configured to: when the network switch appliance is in the first state, pass a packet from the first network port to the switching fabric for forwarding to the tool; and when the network switch appliance is in the second state, pass the packet from the first network port to the second network switch appliance via the second network port, bypassing the switching fabric; wherein the packet originates from the node on the computer network and is received at the network switch appliance via the first network port. 6. The network switch appliance of claim 4, wherein the bypass switch is configured to: when the network switch appliance is in the first state, pass a packet from the switching fabric to the tool via the tool port; and when the network switch appliance is in the second state, pass a packet received from the second network switch appliance via the third network port to the tool via the tool port, bypassing the switching fabric; wherein the packet originates from the node on the computer network and is received at the network switch appliance via the first network port. 7. The network switch appliance of claim 1, wherein the bypass switch includes a relay and is configured to: open the relay when the network switch appliance is in the first state; and close the relay when the network switch appliance is in the second state. 8. The network switch appliance of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver; wherein the bypass switch is communicatively coupled to the switching fabric via the transceiver. 9. The network switch appliance of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to communicate the state of the network switch appliance to the bypass switch. 10. The network switch appliance of claim 1, further comprising: a fourth network port configured to be communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance; and a controller configured to communicate the state of the network switch appliance to the second network switch appliance via the fourth network port. 11. The network switch appliance of claim 1, wherein the network switch appliance is configured to be communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance as part of a system of a plurality of redundant network switch appliances, wherein the network switch appliance is configured to operate as primary with the second network switch appliance as a backup for packet forwarding to the tool. 12. The network switch appliance of claim 11, wherein the network switch appliance is configured to operate as a backup for packet forwarding to a second tool communicatively coupled to the second network switch appliance. 13. The network switch appliance of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to detect a state of the network switch appliance, wherein: the first state is detected if the operation of the network switch appliance satisfies a specified criterion; and the second state is detected if the operation of the network switch appliance does not satisfy the specified criterion. 14. The network switch appliance of claim 1, the tool being an in-line tool. 15. The network switch appliance of claim 1, the tool being a network monitoring tool. 16. A method comprising: detecting, by a network switch appliance, a state of the network switch appliance, the network switch appliance including a bypass switch and a switching fabric communicatively coupled to the bypass switch; and configuring an internal switching configuration of the network switch appliance based on the detected state, including: when a first state of the network switch appliance is detected, configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between a tool and a node on a computer network via the switching fabric; and when a second state of the network switch appliance is detected, configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between the tool and the node on the computer network via a second network switch appliance so as to bypass the switching fabric; the tool, node, and the second network switch appliance being external to the network switch appliance. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: communicating the state of the network switch appliance to the second network switch appliance. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein configuring the bypass switch to complete the communication path between the tool and the node on a computer network via the switching fabric includes configuring the first bypass switch to: receive a packet from a node on the computer network via a first network port of the network switch appliance; pass the packet to the switching fabric for forwarding to the tool; receive the forwarded packet from the switching fabric; and pass the forwarded packet to the tool via a tool port of the network switch appliance. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between the tool and the node on the computer network via a second network switch appliance includes configuring the first bypass switch to: receive a packet from a node on the computer network via a first network port of the network switch appliance; pass the packet to a second network switch appliance via a second network port of the network switch appliance, bypassing the switching fabric; receive the packet returned from the second network switch appliance via a third network port of the network switch appliance; and pass the returned packet to the tool via a tool port of the network switch appliance, bypassing the switching fabric. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the network switch appliance is communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance as part of a system of a plurality of redundant network switch appliances, and wherein the network switch appliance operates as a primary and the second network switch appliance operates as a backup for packet forwarding to the tool. 21. A method comprising: configuring a first network switch appliance based on a detected state of a second network switch appliance, the first network switch appliance including a switching fabric communicatively coupled to a bypass switch; wherein configuring the first network switch appliance includes: when a first state of the second network switch appliance is detected, configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between the second network switch appliance and a node on a computer network, to bypass the switching fabric; and when a second state of the second network switch appliance is detected, configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between the second network switch appliance and a tool via the switching fabric, the tool communicatively coupled to the second network switch appliance the tool, node, and second network switch appliance being external to the first network switch appliance. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: detecting the state of the second network switch appliance based on a signal received from the second network switch appliance. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between the second network switch appliance and a node on a computer network includes configuring the bypass switch to close a relay to: receive a packet from the second network switch appliance via a first network port of the first network switch appliance; and pass the packet to the node on the computer network via a second network port of the first network switch appliance. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein configuring the bypass switch to complete a communication path between the second network switch appliance and the tool via the switching fabric includes: configuring the bypass switch to open a first relay to: receive a packet from the second network switch appliance via a first network port of the first network switch appliance; and pass the packet to the switching fabric; and configuring the bypass switch to open a second relay to: receive the packet from the switching fabric; and pass the packet to the tool via a the second network switch appliance, so as to bypass a switching fabric of the second network switch appliance. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the first network switch appliance is communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance as part of a system of a plurality of redundant network switch appliances, and wherein the second network switch appliance operates as primary and the first network switch appliance operates as a backup for packet forwarding to the tool. 26. A network switch appliance comprising: a switching fabric; a first network port coupled to the switching fabric and configured to be communicatively coupled with a node on a computer network, the node external to the network switch appliance; a second and third network port coupled to the switching fabric and configured to be communicatively coupled with a second network switch appliance, the second network switch appliance external to the network switch appliance; and a tool port coupled to the switching fabric and configured to be communicatively coupled with a tool, the tool external to the network switch appliance; wherein the network switch appliance is in a first state when the network switch appliance is powered and is in a second state when the network switch appliance is unpowered; a bypass switch communicatively coupled to the switching fabric, the bypass switch being configured to: when the network switch appliance is in the first state: open a first relay to pass a packet from the first network port to the switching fabric for forwarding to the tool; and open a second relay to pass the forwarded packet from the switching fabric to the tool via the tool port; and when the network switch appliance is in the second state: close the first relay to pass the packet from the first network port to a second network switch appliance via the second network port, bypassing the switching fabric; and close the second relay to pass the packet returned from the second network switch appliance via the third network port to the tool via the tool port, bypassing the switching fabric wherein the packet originates from the node on the computer network and is received at the network switch appliance via the first network port. 27. The network switch appliance of claim 26, further comprising: a controller configured to communicate the state of the network switch appliance to the bypass switch. 28. The network switch appliance of claim 26, further comprising: a fourth network port configured to be communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance; and a controller configured to communicate the state of the network switch appliance to the second network switch appliance via the fourth network port. 29. The network switch appliance of claim 26, wherein the network switch appliance is configured to be communicatively coupled with the second network switch appliance as part of a system of a plurality of redundant network switch appliances, and wherein the network switch appliance is configured to operate as primary with the second network switch appliance as a backup for packet forwarding to the tool.",
-    "One embodiment provides a method for generating an executable extraction program from a visual representation, the method including: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: obtaining a validated model comprising a plurality of concepts, wherein each of the concepts comprises semantics associated with a visual representation of an object; generating at least one intermediate model object by parsing the validated model, wherein each of the intermediate model objects comprises a concept object; translating the at least one intermediate model object into executable source code; and generating an executable information extraction program from the executable source code. Other aspects are described and claimed. 1. A method for generating an executable extraction program from a visual representation, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: obtaining a validated model comprising a plurality of concepts, wherein each of the concepts comprises semantics associated with a visual representation of an object; generating at least one intermediate model object by parsing the validated model, wherein each of the intermediate model objects comprises a concept object; translating the at least one intermediate model object into executable source code; and generating an executable information extraction program from the executable source code. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the concept object is represented in a data structure. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the generating an executable information extraction program comprises translating a rule contained within the data structure into an information extraction language of the executable information extraction program. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the translating comprises consulting an extractor catalog. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising validating the executable source code. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one intermediate model object comprises a node of a tree-like structure. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the translating comprises translating the node into an executable source code node. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the translating comprises identifying a rule defining the concept object. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the translating comprises generating an executable source code rule corresponding to the identified rule. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the translating comprises applying at least one filter to the executable source code rule. 11. The method of claim 1, comprising providing default values for optional attributes of the concept object. 12. An apparatus for generating an executable extraction program from a visual representation, the apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith and executable by the at least one processor, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code that obtains a validated model comprising a plurality of concepts, wherein each of the concepts comprises semantics associated with a visual representation of an object; computer readable program code that generates at least one intermediate model object by parsing the validated model, wherein each of the intermediate model objects comprises a concept object; computer readable program code that translates the at least one intermediate model object into executable source code; and computer readable program code that generates an executable information extraction program from the executable source code. 13. A computer program product for generating an executable extraction program from a visual representation, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code that obtains a validated model comprising a plurality of concepts, wherein each of the concepts comprises semantics associated with a visual representation of an object; computer readable program code that generates at least one intermediate model object by parsing the validated model, wherein each of the intermediate model objects comprises a concept object; computer readable program code that translates the at least one intermediate model object into executable source code; and computer readable program code that generates an executable information extraction program from the executable source code. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the concept object is represented in a data structure. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the generating an executable information extraction program comprises translating a rule contained within the data structure into an information extraction language of the executable information extraction program. 16. The computer program product of claim 13, comprising validating the executable source code. 17. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the at least one intermediate model object comprises a node of a tree-like structure and wherein the translating comprises translating the node into an executable source code node. 18. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the translating comprises identifying a rule defining the concept object. 19. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein the translating comprises generating an executable source code rule corresponding to the identified rule and wherein the translating comprises applying at least one filter to the executable source code rule. 20. A method for generating an executable extraction program from a visual representation, the method comprising: utilizing at least one processor to execute computer code that performs the steps of: obtaining a validated model comprising a plurality of concepts, wherein each of the concepts comprises semantics associated with a visual representation of an object; generating at least one intermediate model object by parsing the validated model, wherein each of the intermediate model objects comprises a concept object; identifying a rule defining the concept object; generating an executable source code rule corresponding to the identified rule; applying at least one filter to the executable source code rule; creating, based upon the executable source code rule, executable source code representing the concept object, wherein the creating comprises applying at least one optimization rule during the creation of the executable source code; and generating an executable information extraction program from the executable source code.",
-    "The disclosed apparatus, systems and methods relate to a modular LED light, fixture body, junction box and sub assembly. The LED light has a unitary LED light component, a central housing and can be adapted to fit with existing sockets. Further additional twist and lock components are provided, including a twist and lock luminaire body. The LED light can be installed without tools, and can be easily replaced, and prevents the accumulation of water within the light. 1. A unified LED light for installation on an existing socket, comprising: a. a fluidically-sealed light component comprising: i. a cover base comprising a heat sink; ii. at least one LED light; iii. a control unit; and iv. a cover, wherein the LED light and heat sink are disposed between the cover base and the cover; b. a substantially cylindrical central housing comprising: i. a fan; ii. at least one intake port; and iii. at least one drain configured to prevent the accumulation of water within the substantially cylindrical central housing; and c. a substantially cylindrical coupling component comprising: i. a central lumen comprising a socket adaptor; and ii. a threaded base adaptor, wherein substantially cylindrical central housing is disposed between the light component and the substantially cylindrical coupling component. 2. The unified LED light of claim 1, wherein the socket adapter is configured to electrically couple with an existing socket so as be in electronic communication without the use of a dongle. 3. The unified LED light of claim 2, wherein the socket adaptor comprises: a. a contact pin; b. line voltage wires; and c. contact slides, wherein the contact slides are configured to be in electrical communication with the sides of the existing socket. 4. The unified LED light of claim 1, wherein the substantially cylindrical housing comprises a body, the body comprising: a. an external ring; b. an angled internal face; and c. an internal ring, wherein the internal ring is configured to house the fan. 5. The unified LED light of claim 1, further comprising at least one side drain disposed in the substantially cylindrical coupling component configured to facilitate the movement of water from the central lumen. 6. The unified LED light of claim 1, wherein the threaded base adapter comprises threads configured to threadably mate with the threads of an existing socket base. 7. A modular LED light, comprising: a. a fluidically-sealed light component comprising: i. a cover base comprising a heat sink; ii. at least one LED light; iii. a control unit; and iv. a cover, wherein the LED light and heat sink are disposed between the cover base and the cover; b. a substantially cylindrical central housing comprising: i. a fan; ii. at least one intake port; and iii. at least one drain configured to prevent the accumulation of water within the substantially cylindrical central housing; and c. a substantially cylindrical coupling component comprising: i. a central lumen comprising a socket adaptor; ii. a threaded base adaptor; and iii. at least one side drain; and d. a junction box comprising: a. a generally circular housing; b. and internal lumen; and c. an internal coupling region. 8. The modular LED light of claim 7, wherein the junction box is configured to be tool-less. 9. The modular LED light of claim 7, wherein the junction box is configured to twist and lock. 10. The modular LED light of claim 7, wherein the junction box further comprises a sub-assembly. 11. The modular LED light of claim 7, wherein the junction box further comprises a fluidically-sealed captive fastener. 12. The modular LED light of claim 7, wherein the junction box is configured to couple to a traditional luminaire body. 13. The modular LED light of claim 7, wherein the at least one side drain is disposed in the substantially cylindrical coupling component configured to facilitate the movement of water outside of the central lumen. 14. A modular LED light system comprising: a. a fluidically-sealed light component comprising: i. a cover base comprising a heat sink; ii. at least one LED light; iii. a control unit; and iv. a cover, wherein the LED light and heat sink are disposed between the cover base and the cover; b. a substantially cylindrical central housing comprising: i. a fan; ii. at least one intake port; and iii. at least one drain configured to prevent the accumulation of water within the substantially cylindrical central housing; and c. a substantially cylindrical coupling component comprising: i. a central lumen comprising a socket adaptor; ii. a threaded base adaptor; and iii. at least one side drain; and d. a twist and lock luminaire body. 15. The modular LED system of claim 14, further comprising a junction box. 16. The modular LED system of claim 14, further comprising a traditional junction box adapter. 17. The modular LED system of claim 14, wherein the substantially cylindrical coupling component is selectively coupleable to the twist and lock luminaire body. 18. The modular LED system of claim 14, wherein the twist and lock luminaire body comprises a coupling portion and a circular fitting. 19. The modular LED system of claim 14, wherein the at least one side drain is disposed in the substantially cylindrical coupling component configured to facilitate the movement of water outside of the central lumen. 20. The modular LED system of claim 14, wherein the socket adaptor comprises: a. a contact pin; b. line voltage wires; and c. contact slides.",
-    "A liquid ejecting head including a head main unit having L (L is an integer of 2 or more) nozzle rows parallel to one another in a first direction in which, for each nozzle row, in a case in which one side in a second direction that intersects the first direction at a predetermined angle in a range of 0 degrees to 90 degrees is the first side, the nozzle row furthest to the first side among the L nozzle rows does not have a nozzle positioned at a distance M or more further to the first side in the second direction than the nozzle furthest to the first side of a nozzle row neighboring in the second direction. 1. A liquid ejecting head unit comprising: a head fixing substrate; and recording heads fixed to the head fixing substrate and disposed along a second direction, wherein each of the recording heads comprises a holder and head main bodies held in the holder, the head main bodies disposed along the second direction, and each of the head main bodies comprises nozzle rows parallel to each another along in a first direction crossing the second direction in a range of 0 to 90 degrees. 2. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 1, wherein each of the recording heads comprises a cover on which the head main bodies are disposed. 3. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 2, wherein the cover comprises an outer periphery along the first and second directions in a plan view. 4. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 3, wherein the head main body comprises a nozzle plate comprises an outer periphery in a rectangular shape in the plan view. 5. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 4, wherein the head main bodies include first and second head main bodies adjacent to each other, and each of the nozzle rows of the first head main body overlaps with one of the nozzle rows of the second head main body in a third direction perpendicular to the second direction by the same number of nozzles among the nozzle rows. 6. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 5, wherein the recording heads include first and second recording heads adjacent to each other, the first recording head comprises the first head main body, and the second recording head comprises the second head main body. 7. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 6, wherein the second recording head comprises a third head main body adjacent to the second head main body, and each of the nozzle rows of the third head main body overlaps with one of the nozzle rows of the second head main body in the third direction by the same number of nozzles among the nozzle rows. 8. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 1, wherein the head main bodies include first and second head main bodies adjacent to each other, and each of the nozzle rows of the first head main body overlaps with one of the nozzle rows of the second head main body in a third direction perpendicular to the second direction by the same number of nozzles among the nozzle rows. 9. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 8, wherein the recording heads include first and second recording heads adjacent to each other, the first recording head comprises the first head main body, and the second recording head comprises the second head main body. 10. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 9, wherein the second recording head comprises a third head main body adjacent to the second head main body, and each of the nozzle rows of the third head main body overlaps with one of the nozzle rows of the second head main body in the third direction by the same number of nozzles among the nozzle rows. 11. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 1, wherein the head unit is configured to eject multi-color liquid in a same position in the second direction. 12. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 11, wherein an overlapping order of multi-color in a third direction between the nozzle rows in one of the recording heads and an overlapping order of multi-color in the third direction between the nozzle rows between the recording heads are same. 13. The liquid ejecting head unit according to claim 1, wherein each nozzle row includes the same number of nozzles.",
-    "Improved access control systems (100) are provided which control access to resources. Among other things, improved techniques are provided for checking for access control data integrity. These techniques are not limited to access control data or systems. 1. (canceled) 13. A method performed by an electronic device that provides, to one or more users, secure access to a resource, the method comprising: storing, in the electronic device, access control data which define, for each user, when the user is to have access; keeping track of a current time; detecting the user; determining, from the access control data, whether access is to be provided to the detected user at the current time; and causing the access to be provided or not provided based on the determining operation; wherein the device comprises a first memory and a second memory faster than the first memory; wherein storing access control data comprises: storing first access control data in the first memory, wherein the first access control data define, for each user, when the user is to have access; storing second access control data in the second memory, wherein the second access control data is relevant to the current time to define, for each of one or more of the users, whether the user is to have access in one or more time periods comprising the current time; wherein upon detecting the user whose time-related information is in the second memory, the determining operation uses the second access control data in the second memory. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising, as the current time advances towards an end of the one or more time periods, refreshing the second access control data in the second memory from the first access control data to cause the second access control data to define, for each of one or more of the users, whether the user is to have access in one or more time periods comprising a future time. 15. An electronic device for performing the method of claim 13. 16. The electronic device of claim 15 wherein the method further comprises, as the current time advances towards an end of the one or more time periods, refreshing the second access control data in the second memory from the first access control data to cause the second access control data to define, for each of one or more of the users, whether the user is to have access in one or more time periods comprising a future time. 17-35. (canceled) 36. The method of claim 14 wherein said refreshing of the second access control data comprises refreshing part of the second access control data while using another part of the second access control data for the determining operation. 37. The method of claim 13 wherein the second access control data comprises a bit for each user, where the bit corresponds to a time period and the bit's value represents whether or not the user has access during the corresponding time period. 38. The method of claim 38 wherein the determining operation comprises determining the value of the bit corresponding to the detected user and the current time; and the causing operation uses the value of the bit corresponding to the detected user and the current time to cause the access to be provided or not provided. 39. The electronic device of claim 16 wherein in said method, said refreshing of the second access control data comprises refreshing part of the second access control data while using another part of the second access control data for the determining operation. 40. The electronic device of claim 15 wherein in said method, the second access control data comprises a bit for each user, where the bit corresponds to a time period and the bit's value represents whether or not the user has access during the corresponding time period. 41. The electronic device of claim 40 wherein in said method, the determining operation comprises determining the value of the bit corresponding to the detected user and the current time; and the causing operation uses the value of the bit corresponding to the detected user and the current time to cause the access to be provided or not provided. 42. The electronic device of claim 15 wherein the first memory is a non-volatile memory, and the second memory is a volatile memory. 43. The electronic device of claim 15 wherein the first memory is a serial memory, and the second memory is a random access memory. 44. A method performed by an electronic device that provides, to one or more users, secure access to a resource, the method comprising: storing, in the electronic device, access control data which define, for each user, when the user is to have access; keeping track of a current time; detecting the user; determining, from the access control data, whether access is to be provided to the detected user at the current time; and causing the access to be provided or not provided based on the determining operation; wherein storing access control data comprises: storing first access control data in the electronic device, wherein the first access control data define, for each user, when the user is to have access; obtaining second access control data from the first access control data, and storing the second access control data in the electronic device prior to the current time, wherein the second access control data is relevant to the current time to define, for each of one or more of the users, whether the user is to have access in one or more time periods comprising the current time, wherein the second access control data allow faster determination of whether access is to be provided to the detected user at the current time than the first access control data; wherein upon detecting the user whose time-related information is in the second access control data, the determining operation uses the second access control data. 45. The method of claim 44 wherein in said storing of the access control data, the first access control data are stored in a memory of a first type, and the second access control data are stored in a memory of a second type different from the first type. 46. The method of claim 44 wherein in said storing of the access control data, the first access control data are stored in a non-volatile memory, and the second access control data are stored in a volatile memory. 47. The method of claim 44 wherein in said storing of the access control data, the first access control data are stored a serial memory, and the second access control data are stored in a random access memory. 48. The method of claim 44 further comprising, as the current time advances towards an end of the one or more time periods, refreshing the second access control data from the first access control data to cause the second access control data to define, for each of one or more of the users, whether the user is to have access in one or more time periods comprising a future time. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein said refreshing of the second access control data comprises refreshing part of the second access control data while using another part of the second access control data for the determining operation. 50. The method of claim 44 wherein the second access control data comprises a first bit for each user, where the first bit corresponds to a time period and the first bit's value represents whether or not the user has access during the corresponding time period. 51. The method of claim 50 wherein: the one or more users are a plurality of users each of which is a member of one or more access groups; wherein the first access control data define, for each access group, access time during which access is to be provided to the access group; wherein obtaining the second access control data comprises, for at least one time period: obtaining, for each access group, a second bit whose value represents whether or not the access group has access during the time period; for each user, determining the value of the first bit from the second bit of each access group containing the user.",
-    "A system and method for encoding and decoding video data. A predicted residual signal of a target color component is determined as a function of one or more linear parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component. A residual signal of the target color component is determined as a function of a remaining residual signal of the target color component and of the predicted residual signal of the target color component. 1. A method of encoding video data, the method comprising: determining, within an encoder, a predicted residual signal of a target color component of a current block as a function of one or more parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component of the current block; determining, within the encoder, a remaining residual signal for the target color component based on a residual signal of the target color component and the predicted residual signal of the target color component; encoding values of the remaining residual signal of the target color component; and outputting the encoded remaining residual signal values in a video bitstream. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes retrieving default parameter values corresponding to one or more of the linear model parameters. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the linear model includes a set of parameters including a weighting factor and an offset and is defined by a color component type of the source color component, wherein retrieving default parameter values corresponding to one or more of the linear model parameters includes retrieving a first default parameter value when predicting the residual signal of a target color component based on the color component type of a first source color component and retrieving a second default parameter value when predicting the residual signal of a target color component based on the color component type of a second source color component. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the linear model includes a set of parameters including a weighting factor and an offset and is defined by a color component type of the source color component, wherein one color component type is luma and one color component type is chroma, wherein the source color component is one of a luma color component type and a chroma color component type and wherein the target color component is a chroma color component type, wherein retrieving default parameter values corresponding to one or more of the linear model parameters includes: retrieving a first default weighting factor when predicting a residual signal of a chroma color component using a residual signal of a luma color component, and retrieving a second default weighting factor, different from the first default weighting factor, when predicting a residual signal of a chroma color component using a residual signal of a chroma color component. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the second default weighing factor is \u22120.5. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes determining one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 that minimizes E(\u03b1), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting an offset \u03b2 that minimizes E(\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a predefined parameter value based on color component type of the target color component and color component type of the source color component and deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining the linear model parameter to be close to the selected pre-defined parameter value. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving one of the linear model parameters, wherein deriving includes constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value and limiting variation between the derived linear model parameter and linear model parameters of one or more temporal or spatial neighboring blocks. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes: determining if the source color component is a first color component type, and deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value when the source color component is the first color component type. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein deriving one of the linear model parameters includes replacing the pre-defined parameter value with the derived linear model parameter. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein deriving one of the linear model parameters includes replacing the pre-defined parameter value with the derived linear model parameter if a block size is greater than a pre-defined threshold block size. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 + \u03bb \u00b7 ( \u03b1 - \u03b1 default ) 2 where \u03b1default is a default value of \u03b1, where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are the first and second color components, respectively, of a temporal neighboring or collocated reference block of the current block. 18. The method of claim 6, wherein the reference sample values of the reference target color component and the reference sample values of the reference source color component are residual signals corresponding to a first and a second color component, respectively, of a temporal neighboring or collocated reference block of the current block. 19. The method of claim 6, wherein the reference sample values of the reference target color component and the reference sample values of the reference source color component are first and second color components, respectively, of reconstructed spatial neighboring samples. 20. The method of claim 6, wherein the reference sample values of the reference target color component and the reference sample values of the reference source color component include spatial and temporal neighboring sample values corresponding to a first and a second color component, respectively, of the current block. 21. The method of claim 6, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are selected from a plurality of samples including spatial neighboring samples and temporal neighboring samples of the current block, wherein the samples selected are selected as a function of a statistic associated with a current block or a neighboring block. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes determining one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of downsampled or subsampled reference sample values of a reference target color component and downsampled or sub sampled reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are selected from a plurality of samples including spatial neighboring samples and temporal neighboring samples of the current block, wherein downsampling is defined by a downsampling ratio, wherein the downsampling ratio used for temporal neighboring samples is different than the downsampling ratio used for spatial neighboring samples. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are selected from a plurality of samples including spatial neighboring samples and temporal neighboring samples of the current block, wherein subsampling is defined by a subsampling ratio, wherein the subsampling ratio used for temporal neighboring samples is different than the subsampling ratio used for spatial neighboring samples. 25. A device for encoding video data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store the video data; and one or more processors configured to: determine a predicted residual signal of a target color component of a current block as a function of one or more parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component of the current block; determine a remaining residual signal for the target color component based on a residual signal of the target color component and the predicted residual signal of the target color component; encode values of the remaining residual signal of the target color component; and output the encoded remaining residual signal values in a video bitstream. 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine a predicted residual signal are further configured to determine one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 27. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 28. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 that minimizes E(\u03b1), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 29. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting an offset \u03b2 that minimizes E(\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 30. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a predefined parameter value based on color component type of the target color component and on color component type of the source color component and deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining the linear model parameter to be close to the selected pre-defined parameter value. 31. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving one of the linear model parameters, wherein deriving includes constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value and limiting variation between the derived linear model parameter and linear model parameters of one or more temporal or spatial neighboring blocks. 32. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes: determining if the source color component is of a first color component type, and deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value when the source color component is the first color component type. 33. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value. 34. The device of claim 33, wherein deriving one of the linear model parameters includes replacing the pre-defined parameter value with the derived linear model parameter. 35. The device of claim 33, wherein deriving one of the linear model parameters includes replacing the pre-defined parameter value with the derived linear model parameter if a block size is greater than a pre-defined threshold block size. 36. The device of claim 26, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 + \u03bb \u00b7 ( \u03b1 - \u03b1 default ) 2 where \u03b1default is a default value of \u03b1, where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 37. A device for encoding video data, the device comprising: means for determining, within an encoder, a predicted residual signal of a target color component of a current block as a function of one or more parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component of the current block; means for determining, within the encoder, a remaining residual signal for the target color component based on a residual signal of the target color component and the predicted residual signal of the target color component; means for encoding values of the remaining residual signal of the target color component; and means for outputting the encoded remaining residual signal values in a video bitstream. 38. The device of claim 37, wherein the means for determining a predicted residual signal includes means for determining one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein the means for determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: means for determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and means for selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 39. The device of claim 38, wherein the means for selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes means for deriving a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 40. The device of claim 38, wherein the means for selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes means for deriving a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 + \u03bb \u00b7 ( \u03b1 - \u03b1 default ) 2 where \u03b1default is a default value of \u03b1, where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 41. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device for encoding video data to: determine a predicted residual signal of a target color component of a current block as a function of one or more parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component of the current block; determine a remaining residual signal for the target color component based on a residual signal of the target color component and the predicted residual signal of the target color component; encode values of the remaining residual signal of the target color component; and output the encoded remaining residual signal values in a video bitstream. 42. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 41, wherein the instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device for encoding video data to determine a predicted residual signal further include instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to determine one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 43. A method of decoding video data, comprising: determining, as a function of one or more linear parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component, a predicted residual signal of a target color component; and determining a residual signal of the target color component as a function of a decoded remaining residual signal of the target color component and of the predicted residual signal of the target color component. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes receiving a video bitstream and storing data representative of the remaining residual signal of the target color component and of the residual signal of the source color component in memory. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes retrieving default parameter values corresponding to one or more of the linear model parameters. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the linear model includes a set of parameters including a weighting factor and an offset and is defined by a color component type of the source color component, wherein retrieving default parameter values corresponding to one or more of the linear model parameters includes retrieving a first default parameter value when predicting the residual signal of a target color component based on the color component type of a first source color component and retrieving a second default parameter value when predicting the residual signal of a target color component based on the color component type of a second source color component. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the linear model includes a set of parameters including a weighting factor and an offset and is defined by a color component type of the source color component, wherein one color component type is luma and one color component type is chroma, wherein the source color component is one of a luma color component type and a chroma color component type and wherein the target color component is a chroma color component type, wherein retrieving default parameter values corresponding to one or more of the linear model parameters includes: retrieving a first default weighting factor when predicting a residual signal of a chroma color component using a residual signal of a luma color component, and retrieving a second default weighting factor, different from the first default weighting factor, when predicting a residual signal of a chroma color component using a residual signal of a chroma color component. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the second default weighing factor is \u22120.5. 49. The method of claim 45, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes determining one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 that minimizes E(\u03b1), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 52. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting an offset \u03b2 that minimizes E(\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a predefined parameter value based on color component type of the target color component and color component type of the source color component and deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining the linear model parameter to be close to the selected pre-defined parameter value. 54. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving one of the linear model parameters, wherein deriving includes constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value and limiting variation between the derived linear model parameter and linear model parameters of one or more temporal or spatial neighboring blocks. 55. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes: determining if the source color component is a first color component type, and deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value when the source color component is the first color component type. 56. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving one of the linear model parameters by constraining one of the linear model parameters to be close to a pre-defined parameter value. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein deriving one of the linear model parameters includes replacing the pre-defined parameter value with the derived linear model parameter. 58. The method of claim 56, wherein deriving one of the linear model parameters includes replacing the pre-defined parameter value with the derived linear model parameter if a block size is greater than a pre-defined threshold block size. 59. The method of claim 49, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 + \u03bb \u00b7 ( \u03b1 - \u03b1 default ) 2 where \u03b1default is a default value of \u03b1, where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 60. The method of claim 49, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are the first and second color components, respectively, of a temporal neighboring or collocated reference block of the current block. 61. The method of claim 49, wherein the reference sample values of the reference target color component and the reference sample values of the reference source color component are residual signals corresponding to a first and a second color component, respectively, of a temporal neighboring or collocated reference block of the current block. 62. The method of claim 49, wherein the reference sample values of the reference target color component and the reference sample values of the reference source color component are first and second color components, respectively, of reconstructed spatial neighboring samples. 63. The method of claim 49, wherein the reference sample values of the reference target color component and the reference sample values of the reference source color component include spatial and temporal neighboring sample values corresponding to a first and a second color component, respectively, of the current block. 64. The method of claim 49, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are selected from a plurality of samples including spatial neighboring samples and temporal neighboring samples of the current block, wherein the samples selected are selected as a function of a statistic associated with a current block or a neighboring block. 65. The method of claim 43, wherein determining a predicted residual signal includes determining one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of downsampled or subsampled reference sample values of a reference target color component and downsampled or sub sampled reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are selected from a plurality of samples including spatial neighboring samples and temporal neighboring samples of the current block, wherein downsampling is defined by a downsampling ratio, wherein the downsampling ratio used for temporal neighboring samples is different than the downsampling ratio used for spatial neighboring samples. 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the reference target color component and the reference source color component are selected from a plurality of samples including spatial neighboring samples and temporal neighboring samples of the current block, wherein subsampling is defined by a subsampling ratio, wherein the subsampling ratio used for temporal neighboring samples is different than the subsampling ratio used for spatial neighboring samples. 68. A device for decoding video data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store the video data; and one or more processors configured to: determine, as a function of one or more linear parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component, a predicted residual signal of a target color component; and determine a residual signal of the target color component as a function of a decoded remaining residual signal of the target color component and of the predicted residual signal of the target color component. 69. The device of claim 68, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine a predicted residual signal are further configured to determine one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 70. The device of claim 69, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 71. The device of claim 69, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 that minimizes E(\u03b1), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 72. The device of claim 69, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting an offset \u03b2 that minimizes E(\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 73. The device of claim 69, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes deriving a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 + \u03bb \u00b7 ( \u03b1 - \u03b1 default ) 2 where \u03b1default is a default value of \u03b1, where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component. 74. A device for decoding video data, the device comprising: means for determining, as a function of one or more linear parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component, a predicted residual signal of a target color component; and means for determining a residual signal of the target color component as a function of a decoded remaining residual signal of the target color component and of the predicted residual signal of the target color component. 75. The device of claim 74, wherein the means for determining a predicted residual signal includes means for determining one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error. 76. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device for decoding video data to: determine, as a function of one or more linear parameters of a linear model and of a residual signal of a source color component, a predicted residual signal of a target color component; and determine a residual signal of the target color component as a function of a decoded remaining residual signal of the target color component and of the predicted residual signal of the target color component. 77. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 76, wherein the instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to determine a predicted residual signal include instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to determine one or more parameters of the linear model, wherein determining one or more parameters of the linear model includes: determining a prediction error as a function of reference sample values of a reference target color component and reference sample values of a reference source color component; and selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters that minimize the prediction error, wherein selecting values of the one or more linear model parameters includes selecting a weighting factor \u03b1 and an offset \u03b2 that minimize E(\u03b1,\u03b2), where E \ue8a0 ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) = \u2211 i \ue89e ( y i - ( \u03b1 \u00b7 x i + \u03b2 ) ) 2 where yi are reference sample values of the reference target color component and xi are reference sample values of the reference source color component.",
-    "A pipe joint includes clamp members including a pipe joint main body unit having an arc shape, flange portions protruding at both ends in an axial direction of the pipe joint main body unit, fixed flange units at both ends in a diameter direction of the pipe joint main body unit, and fixing units formed in the fixed flange units. When the clamp members are attached at end portions of pipes to be connected, and the fixing unit is inserted into insertion units, the pipe joint connects the pipes. The flange portions are provided along an entire periphery of the pipe joint main body unit, and the flange portion of one of the clamp members and the flange portion of the other of the clamp members have joint surface units that contact each other with inclinations at a same angle with respect to an axial direction of the pipe. 1. A pipe joint comprising a pair of clamp members including a pipe joint main body unit formed in an arc shape, a pair of flange portions provided to protrude at both end portions in an axial direction of the pipe joint main body unit, a pair of fixed flange units formed at both end portions in a diameter direction of the pipe joint main body unit, and a fixing means insertion unit formed in the fixed flange unit, wherein when, at end portions of a pair of pipes to be connected, the pair of clamp members are attached from upper/lower directions, and fixing means is inserted into the fixing means insertion unit and fixed therein, the pipe joint can connect the pair of pipes, wherein the flange portion is provided along an entire periphery of the pipe joint main body unit, and the flange portion of one of the clamp members and the flange portion of the other of the clamp members have joint surface units coming into contact with each other with inclinations at a same angle with respect to an axial direction of the pipe. 2. The pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein, at both side portions in the width direction of the pipe joint main body unit, the joint surface units are provided with inclinations in opposite directions to the axial direction of the pipe. 3. The pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein a distal end portion of the joint surface unit of the flange portion of the one of the clamp members and a distal end portion of the joint surface unit of the flange portion of the other of the clamp members are arranged with displacements in a diameter direction with respect to general surfaces of contact surface of the pair of clamp members. 4. The pipe joint according to claim 1, wherein the fixing means insertion unit of the one of the clamp members and the fixing means insertion unit of the other of the clamp members have contact surface portions along an axial direction of the pipe. 5. The pipe joint according to claim 4, wherein the fixing means insertion unit is arranged with an inclination with respect to the axial direction of the pipe, and in a case where the one of the clamp members and the other of the clamp members are attached to the pipes, the fixing means insertion unit of the one of the clamp members and the fixing means insertion unit of the other of the clamp members form a fixing means insertion unit in which fixing means that can fix the pair of clamp members can be inserted in such an inclined state with respect to the axial direction of the pipe. 6. The pipe joint according to claim 5, wherein the fixing means insertion units are provided in the pair of fixed flange units at both side portions with respect to each other in such a manner that the fixing means insertion units are inclined in opposite direction with respect to the axial direction of the pipe.",
-    "Disclosed are a mobile terminal and a method for controlling the same. The mobile terminal includes: a memory capable of storing video data therein; a touch screen capable of receiving a touch input related to the video data; and a controller capable of reducing a play time or a capacity of the video data based on a preset reference, such that a summary of the video data is generated based on the touch input, wherein the preset reference is established based on a restriction condition of a social network service or an application for sharing the video data. 1. A mobile terminal, comprising: a memory capable of storing video data therein; a touch screen capable of receiving a touch input related to the video data; and a controller capable of reducing a play time or a capacity of the video data based on a preset reference, such that a summary of the video data is generated based on the touch input, wherein the preset reference is established based on a restriction condition of a social network service or an application for sharing the video data. 2. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller extracts intra-coded frames from the video data at preset time intervals, and generates a summary of the video data based on the extracted frames. 3. The mobile terminal of claim 2, wherein the controller analyzes images of the extracted frames, and sets an interest region included in the summary of the video data based on a result of the analysis. 4. The mobile terminal of claim 2, wherein the controller detects information related to a person's face from the images of the extracted frames, and generates the summary of the video data based on the detected information. 5. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein an image related to the video data is output to the touch screen, and wherein the controller executes a function related to play of the video data in response to a first touch input applied to the image, and executes a function related to summarization of the video data in response to a second touch input different from the first touch input. 6. The mobile terminal of claim 5, wherein the preset reference is variable according to a type of the second touch input. 7. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller executes a function to receive a user's input for selecting the video data together with other video data. 8. The mobile terminal of claim 7, wherein the controller generates a single summary using the video data and said other video data. 9. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller generates a plurality of summaries of the video data. 10. The mobile terminal of claim 9, wherein the plurality of summaries are sequentially transmitted to the social network service. 11. The mobile terminal of claim 9, wherein upon reception of the plurality of summaries from the social network service, the plurality of summaries are integrated into a single video. 12. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein upon selection of a social network service for sharing the video data, the controller detects a restriction condition of the selected social network service in order to establish the preset reference. 13. The mobile terminal of claim 12, wherein the controller extracts information from the video data, and determines whether the video data satisfies the restriction condition based on the information. 14. The mobile terminal of claim 13, wherein when the video data does not satisfy the restriction condition, a selection window for a user's selection for summarization of the video data is output to the touch screen. 15. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein when the summary is generated as a play time or a capacity of the video data is reduced based on the preset reference, the generated summary is transmitted to the social network service. 16. The mobile terminal of claim 15, wherein information related to the summary is transmitted to the social network service when the generated summary is transmitted to the social network service. 17. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein information related to the summary is recorded in the video data, or information related to the video data is recorded in the summary. 18. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller recommends an application or a social network service suitable for the summary. 19. The mobile terminal of claim 18, wherein icons for selecting the recommended application or social network service are output to the touch screen, in an overlapped manner with an image of the summary. 20. A mobile terminal, comprising: a memory configured to store therein video data; a touch screen configured to output an image related to the video data, and to receive a play command of the video data by sensing a touch input applied to the image; and a controller configured to generate a summary of the video data, by receiving a summarization command with respect to the video data using the image, and by editing the video data such that a play time or a capacity is reduced.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention include methods and compositions for ameliorating cancer. Some embodiments include methods and compositions for ameliorating pancreatic cancer targeting the CXCR4 receptor and the CXCL12 ligand. 1.-58. (canceled) 59. A method of reducing growth of a tumor cell comprising inhibiting CXCL12. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein inhibiting CXCL12 comprises contacting the tumor cell with a CXCR4 antagonist. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the CXCR4 antagonist is selected from the group consisting of Plerixafor (AMD3100), BKT140, TN14003, CTCE-9908, KRH-2731, TC14012, KRH-3955, and AMD070. 62. The method of claim 60, wherein the CXCR4 antagonist comprises Plerixafor (AMD3100). 63. The method of claim 60, wherein inhibiting CXCL12 comprises reducing the expression of a nucleic acid encoding CXCR4. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein reducing the expression of a nucleic acid encoding CXCR4 comprises contacting the tumor cell with a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of an antisense RNA, siRNA and ribozyme. 65. The method of claim 59, wherein the tumor cell comprises a pancreatic tumor cell. 66. The method of claim 59, wherein the tumor cell is selected from the group consisting of CFPAC-1, AsPc-1, SW1990, Colo-357, MiaPaCa, Panc1, Panc02.37, Panc10.05, BxPC3, Panc02.03, HPAF-II, and CaPan-1. 67. The method of claim 59, wherein the tumor cell comprises a mammalian tumor cell. 68. The method of claim 59, wherein the tumor cell comprises a human tumor cell. 69. A method of enhancing apoptosis in a tumor cell comprising inhibiting CXCL12. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein inhibiting CXCL12 comprises contacting the tumor cell with a CXCR4 antagonist. 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the CXCR4 antagonist is selected from the group consisting of Plerixafor (AMD3100), BKT140, TN14003, CTCE-9908, KRH-2731, TC14012, KRH-3955, and AMD070. 72. The method of claim 70, wherein the CXCR4 antagonist comprises Plerixafor (AMD3100). 73. The method of claim 69, wherein inhibiting CXCL12 comprises reducing the expression of a nucleic acid encoding CXCR4. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein reducing the expression of a nucleic acid encoding CXCR4 comprises contacting the tumor cell with a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of an antisense RNA, siRNA and ribozyme. 75. The method of claim 69, wherein the tumor cell comprises a pancreatic tumor cell. 76. The method of claim 69, wherein the tumor cell is selected from the group consisting of CFPAC-1, AsPc-1, SW1990, Colo-357, MiaPaCa, Panc1, Panc02.37, Panc10.05, BxPC3, Panc02.03, HPAF-II, and CaPan-1. 77. The method of claim 69, wherein the tumor cell comprises a mammalian tumor cell. 78. The method of claim 69, wherein the tumor cell comprises a human tumor cell.",
-    "Various aspects of a system and method for image processing are disclosed herein. The method, implemented in an image-processing device, comprises computation of a plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with a plurality of regions in a plurality of Boolean maps. The plurality of Boolean maps corresponds to a plurality of color channels of an image. The plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with the plurality of regions is compared with a pre-specified threshold value. A first set of regions is identified from the plurality of regions in the plurality of Boolean maps as a set of foreground regions, based on the comparison. 1. A method for image processing, said method comprising: computing, by an image-processing device, a plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with a plurality of regions in a plurality of Boolean maps, wherein said plurality of Boolean maps corresponds to a plurality of color channels of an image; comparing, by said image-processing device, said plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with said plurality of regions with a pre-specified threshold value; and identifying, by said image-processing device, at least a first set of regions of said plurality of regions in said plurality of Boolean maps as a set of foreground regions based on said comparison. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with said plurality of regions is computed based on a ratio of count of pixels of a corresponding region that touches one or more borders of said plurality of Boolean maps, and a square root of total count of pixels of said corresponding region. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said image is a de-correlated image that includes one or more regions corresponding to background or foreground objects, wherein said plurality of regions of said one or more regions touches one or more borders of said image, wherein another plurality of regions of said one or more regions does not touch said one or more borders of said image. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising generating, by said image-processing device, said plurality of Boolean maps for each color channel of said plurality of color channels of said image and each threshold value of a set of threshold values, based on a set of binary values, wherein said set of binary values are determined based on a comparison of pixel intensity with said threshold value at each pixel location of said image. 5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising computing, by said image-processing device, said set of threshold values of each color channel of said plurality of color channels based on a step size, a minimum pixel value, and a maximum pixel value of a corresponding color channel. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said step size is based on a count of bits that represents pixel values of said plurality of color channels. 7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising identifying, by said image-processing device, a second set of regions of said plurality of regions as a set of background regions, based on said comparison, wherein said identified first set of regions are retained and said identified second set of regions are removed from said plurality of Boolean maps to generate a plurality of processed Boolean maps. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein one or more boundary-connectedness values associated with said first set of regions is less than or equal to said pre-specified threshold value, wherein one or more boundary-connectedness values associated with said second set of regions exceed said pre-specified threshold value. 9. The method according to claim 7, further comprising generating, by said image-processing device, a saliency map, wherein said generation of saliency map is based on addition of said plurality of processed Boolean maps and normalization of said added said plurality of processed Boolean maps. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising detecting, by said image-processing device, a region-of-interest that corresponds to a salient region in said generated saliency map. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said detection of said region-of-interest is based on one or more saliency parameters corresponding to said first set of regions identified as a set of foreground regions in said image, wherein said one or more saliency parameters are based on intensity values of said detected salient regions that exceed a threshold saliency value. 12. A system for image processing, said system comprising: one or more circuits in an image-processing device, said one or more circuits being configured to: compute a plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with a plurality of regions in a plurality of Boolean maps, wherein said plurality of Boolean maps corresponds to a plurality of color channels of an image; compare said plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with said plurality of regions with a pre-specified threshold value; and identify at least a first set of regions from said plurality of regions in said plurality of Boolean maps as a set of foreground regions based on said comparison. 13. The system according to claim 12, wherein each of said plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with said plurality of regions is computed based on a ratio of count of pixels of a corresponding region touching one or more borders of said plurality of Boolean maps and a square root of total count of pixels of said corresponding region. 14. The system according to claim 12, wherein said one or more circuits are configured to generate said plurality of Boolean maps for each color channel of said plurality of color channels of said image and each threshold value of a set of threshold values, based on a set of binary values, wherein said set of binary values are determined based on a comparison of pixel intensity with said threshold value at each pixel location of said image. 15. The system according to claim 14, wherein said one or more circuits are configured to compute said set of threshold values of each color channel of said plurality of color channels based on a step size, a minimum pixel value and a maximum pixel value of a corresponding color channel, wherein said step size is based on a count of bits that represent pixel values of said plurality of color channels. 16. The system according to claim 12, wherein said one or more circuits are configured to identify a second set of regions of said plurality of regions as a set of background regions, based on said comparison, wherein said identified first set of regions are retained and said identified second set of regions are removed from said plurality of Boolean maps to generate a plurality of processed Boolean maps. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein one or more boundary-connectedness values associated with said first set of regions is less than or equal to said pre-specified threshold value, wherein one or more boundary-connectedness values associated with said second set of regions exceed said pre-specified threshold value. 18. The system according to claim 17, wherein said one or more circuits are configured to generate a saliency map, wherein said generation of saliency map comprises addition of said plurality of processed Boolean maps and normalization of said added said plurality of processed Boolean maps. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein said one or more circuits are configured to detect a region-of-interest that corresponds to a salient region in said generated saliency map. 20. The system according to claim 19, wherein said detection of said region-of-interest is based on one or more saliency parameters corresponding to said first set of regions identified as a set of foreground regions in said image, wherein said one or more saliency parameters are based on intensity values of said detected salient regions that exceed a threshold intensity value. 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon, a set of computer-executable instructions for causing a computer comprising one or more processors to perform steps comprising: computing, by an image-processing device, a plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with a plurality of regions in a plurality of Boolean maps, wherein said plurality of Boolean maps correspond to a plurality of color channels of an image; comparing, by said image-processing device, said plurality of boundary-connectedness values associated with said plurality of regions with a pre-specified threshold value; and identifying, by said image-processing device, a first set of regions from said plurality of regions in said plurality of Boolean maps as foreground regions based on said comparison.",
-    "Silica composite particles in which a silica particle surface is sequentially surface-treated with a titanium compound in which an organic group is bonded to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom, and a hydrophobizing agent are provided, in which a titanium content in the silica composite particles measured using fluorescence X-ray is from 0.001% by weight to 10% by weight; a titanium content of a surface layer of the silica composite particles satisfies the following Formula (1); an average particle diameter of the silica composite particles is from 30 nm to 500 nm; and a particle size distribution index of the silica composite particles is from 1.1 to 1.5: 0.6<Y/X<1.8 (1) wherein X represents a titanium content in silica composite particles measured using fluorescence X-ray, and Y represents a titanium content of the silica composite particle surface obtained by XPS measurement. 1. Silica composite particles in which a silica particle surface is sequentially surface-treated with a titanium compound in which an organic group is bonded to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom, and a hydrophobizing agent, wherein: the silica composite particles comprise a center portion and a surface layer; a titanium content in the silica composite particles measured using fluorescence X-ray is from 0.001% by weight to 10% by weight; a titanium content of the surface layer of the silica composite particles is larger than a titanium content of the center portion of the silica composite particles and satisfies the following Formula (1): 0.6<Y/X<1.8 (1) wherein in Formula (1), X represents a titanium content (% by weight) in silica composite particles measured using fluorescence X-ray, and Y represents a titanium content (atom %) of the silica composite particle surface layer obtained by XPS measurement; an average particle diameter of the silica composite particles is from 30 nm to 500 nm; and a particle size distribution index of the silica composite particles is from 1.1 to 1.35, the particle size distribution index being a square root of the value obtained by dividing an 84% diameter by a 16% diameter using a cumulative frequency distribution of a circle-equivalent diameter. 2. The silica composite particles according to claim 1, wherein an average degree of circularity of the silica composite particles is from 0.5 to 0.85. 3. The silica composite particles according to claim 1, wherein the organic group is an alkoxy group. 4. The silica composite particles according to claim 3, wherein the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group is 8 or less. 5. The silica composite particles according to claim 1, wherein the titanium compound in which an organic group is bonded to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom is any of tetrabutyl orthotitanate, titanium diisopropoxy bis(acetylacetonate) and titanium isopropoxy bis(ethylacetoacetate). 6. The silica composite particles according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobizing agent is an organosilicon compound having an alkyl group. 7. The silica composite particles according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobizing agent is hexamethyldisilazane. 8. Silica composite particles in which a silica particle surface is sequentially surface-treated with a titanium compound in which an organic group is bonded to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom, and a hydrophobizing agent, wherein: the silica composite particles comprise a center portion and a surface layer; a titanium content in the silica composite particles measured using fluorescence X-ray is from 0.1% by weight to 3% by weight; a titanium content of the surface layer of the silica composite particles is larger than a titanium content of the center portion of the silica composite particles and satisfies the following Formula (1): 0.6<Y/X<1.8 (1) wherein in Formula (1), X represents a titanium content (% by weight) in silica composite particles measured using fluorescence X-ray, and Y represents a titanium content (atom %) of the silica composite particle surface layer obtained by XPS measurement; an average particle diameter of the silica composite particles is from 100 nm to 250 nm; and a particle size distribution index of the silica composite particles is from 1.25 to 1.35, the particle size distribution index being a square root of the value obtained by dividing an 84% diameter by a 16% diameter using a cumulative frequency distribution of a circle-equivalent diameter. 9. The silica composite particles according to claim 8, wherein an average degree of circularity of the silica composite particles is from 0.6 to 0.8. 10. The silica composite particles according to claim 8, wherein the organic group is an alkoxy group. 11. The silica composite particles according to claim 10, wherein the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group is 8 or less. 12. The silica composite particles according to claim 8, wherein the titanium compound in which an organic group is bonded to a titanium atom through an oxygen atom is any of tetrabutyl orthotitanate, titanium diisopropoxy bis(acetylacetonate) and titanium isopropoxy bis(ethylacetoacetate). 13. The silica composite particles according to claim 8, wherein the hydrophobizing agent is an organosilicon compound having an alkyl group. 14. The silica composite particles according to claim 8, wherein the hydrophobizing agent is hexamethyldisilazane. 15. A method of preparing the silica composite particles of claim 1, the method comprising: preparing an alkali catalyst solution in which a first alkali catalyst is contained in a solvent containing alcohol; supplying a tetraalkoxysilane and a second alkali catalyst into the alkali catalyst solution to form silica particles, the second alkali catalyst being the same as or different from the first alkali catalyst; adding a mixed solution of alcohol and the titanium compound, in the alkali catalyst solution in which the silica particles are formed, to perform a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles by the titanium compound; and performing a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles treated by the titanium compound, with the hydrophobizing agent. 16. A method of preparing the silica composite particles of claim 1, the method comprising: preparing an alkali catalyst solution containing a first alkali catalyst at a concentration of from 0.6 mol/L to 0.85 mol/L, in a solvent containing alcohol; supplying, into the alkali catalyst solution, tetraalkoxysilane at a supply amount of from 0.001 mol/(mol\u00b7min) to 0.01 mol/(mol\u00b7min) relative to the alcohol, a second alkali catalyst at a supply amount of from 0.1 mol to 0.4 mol, relative to per 1 mol of a total supply amount of the tetraalkoxysilane per one minute, to form silica particles, wherein the second alkali catalyst is the same as or different from the first alkali catalyst; supplying a mixed solution of alcohol and the titanium compound, in the alkali catalyst solution in which the silica particles are formed, to perform a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles by the titanium compound; and performing a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles treated by the titanium compound, with the hydrophobizing agent. 17. The silica composite particles according to claim 1, wherein the titanium compound is titanium diisopropoxy bis(acetylacetonate) or titanium isopropoxy bis(ethylacetoacetate). 18. The silica composite particles according to claim 8, wherein the titanium compound is titanium diisopropoxy bis(acetylacetonate) or titanium isopropoxy bis(ethylacetoacetate). 19. A method of preparing the silica composite particles of claim 8, the method comprising: preparing an alkali catalyst solution in which a first alkali catalyst is contained in a solvent containing alcohol; supplying a tetraalkoxysilane and a second alkali catalyst into the alkali catalyst solution to form silica particles, the second alkali catalyst being the same as or different from the first alkali catalyst; adding a mixed solution of alcohol and the titanium compound, in the alkali catalyst solution in which the silica particles are formed, to perform a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles by the titanium compound; and performing a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles treated by the titanium compound, with the hydrophobizing agent. 20. A method of preparing the silica composite particles of claim 8, the method comprising: preparing an alkali catalyst solution containing a first alkali catalyst at a concentration of from 0.6 mol/L to 0.85 mol/L, in a solvent containing alcohol; supplying, into the alkali catalyst solution, tetraalkoxysilane at a supply amount of from 0.001 mol/(mol\u00b7min) to 0.01 mol/(mol\u00b7min) relative to the alcohol, a second alkali catalyst at a supply amount of from 0.1 mol to 0.4 mol, relative to per 1 mol of a total supply amount of the tetraalkoxysilane per one minute, to form silica particles, wherein the second alkali catalyst is the same as or different from the first alkali catalyst; supplying a mixed solution of alcohol and the titanium compound, in the alkali catalyst solution in which the silica particles are formed, to perform a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles by the titanium compound; and performing a surface-treatment of the surface of the silica particles treated by the titanium compound, with the hydrophobizing agent.",
-    "Example methods, apparatuses, or articles of manufacture are disclosed herein that may be utilized, in whole or in part, to facilitate or support one or more operations or techniques for automatic or more dynamic handover of one or more positioning parameters from a navigation device, such as a personal navigation device (PND) co-located with a vehicle, for example, to a mobile communication device for use in or with a mobile communication device. 1. A method implemented via an in-vehicle navigation device comprising: providing, by the in-vehicle navigation device, navigation assistance data to a final destination via periodic position fixes; and transmitting, from the in-vehicle navigation device to a mobile device, one or more signals indicative of one or more parameters to enable the mobile device to navigate movement from a sub destination to a final destination, wherein the transmitting the one or more signals is triggered based, at least in part, on a relationship of a state of a vehicle to the sub destination determined in connection with at least one of the periodic position fixes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the periodic position fixes is implemented in connection with a geofence. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the geofence is indicative of an acceptable walking distance from the sub destination to the final destination. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the periodic position fixes is user-configurable. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one of the periodic position fixes is configured via a user selection of the final destination or the sub destination received at a user interface of at least one of the following: the in-vehicle navigation device; the mobile device; or any combination thereof. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting the one or more signals is triggered prior to the vehicle being placed in park. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the relationship of the state of the vehicle to the sub destination is based, at least in part, on at least one of the following meeting a threshold: a set range of the in-vehicle navigation device to the final destination; a set range of the vehicle to one or more of a traffic light and a traffic sign; a reverse direction of travel of the vehicle; a low speed of travel of the vehicle; a stationary state of the vehicle; a non-operational state of an engine of the vehicle; an open position of a driver's door of the vehicle; an open position of a passenger's door of the vehicle; an application of a parking brake of the vehicle; or any combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the threshold is represented via a numerical value defining the relationship of the state of the vehicle to the sub destination. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the relationship of the state of the vehicle to the sub destination comprises a weighted relationship of at least two parameters for the state of the vehicle and at least one parameter for the sub destination. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein at least one of the two parameters for the state of the vehicle comprises: the vehicle's direction; the vehicle's speed; or the vehicle's location. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one parameter for the state of the sub destination comprises: a location of the sub destination; or availability of the sub destination for parking. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the navigating of the movement of the mobile device from the sub destination to the final destination is implemented via a navigation application installed on the mobile device. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters comprise at least one of the following: geographic coordinates of the final destination; geographic coordinates of the sub destination; an estimate of time; ephemeris data; satellite positioning system (SPS) almanac data; a proposed route from the sub destination to the final destination; navigation details; a notification that the PND is within an acceptable walking distance to the final destination; or any combination thereof. 14. An apparatus comprising: a communication interface for an in-vehicle navigation device to communicate with a mobile device; and at least one processor programmed with instructions to: provide, by the in-vehicle navigation device, navigation assistance data to a final destination via periodic position fixes; and transmit, from the in-vehicle navigation device to a mobile device, one or more signals indicative of one or more parameters to enable the mobile device to navigate movement from a sub destination to a final destination, wherein to the transmit the one or more signals is triggered based, at least in part, on a relationship of a state of a vehicle to the sub destination determined in connection with at least one of the periodic position fixes. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the periodic position fixes is implemented in connection with a geofence. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the geofence is indicative of an acceptable walking distance from the sub destination to the final destination. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the periodic position fixes is user-configurable. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one of the periodic position fixes is configured via a user selection of the final destination or the sub destination received at a user interface of at least one of the following: the in-vehicle navigation device; the mobile device; or any combination thereof. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmission of the one or more signals is triggered prior to the vehicle being placed in park. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the relationship of the state of the vehicle to the sub destination is based, at least in part, on at least one of the following meeting a threshold: a set range of the in-vehicle navigation device to the final destination; a set range of the vehicle to one or more of a traffic light and a traffic sign; a reverse direction of travel of the vehicle; a low speed of travel of the vehicle; a stationary state of the vehicle; a non-operational state of an engine of the vehicle; an open position of a driver's door of the vehicle; an open position of a passenger's door of the vehicle; an application of a parking brake of the vehicle; or any combination thereof. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the threshold is represented via a numerical value that defines the relationship of the state of the vehicle to the sub destination. 22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the relationship of the state of the vehicle to the sub destination comprises a weighted relationship of at least two parameters for the state of the vehicle and at least one parameter for the sub destination. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein at least one of the two parameters for the state of the vehicle comprises: the vehicle's direction; the vehicle's speed; or the vehicle's location. 24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one parameter for the state of the sub destination comprises: a location of the sub destination; or availability of the sub destination for parking. 25. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters comprise at least one of the following: geographic coordinates of the final destination; geographic coordinates of the sub destination; an estimate of time; ephemeris data; satellite positioning system (SPS) almanac data; a proposed route from the sub destination to the final destination; navigation details; a notification that the PND is within an acceptable walking distance to the final destination; or any combination thereof. 26. An apparatus comprising: means for providing, by an in-vehicle navigation device, navigation assistance data to a final destination via periodic position fixes; and means for transmitting, from the in-vehicle navigation device to a mobile device, one or more signals indicative of one or more parameters to enable the mobile device to navigate movement from a sub destination to a final destination, wherein the means for transmitting the one or more signals further comprise means for transmitting the signals based, at least in part, on a relationship of a state of a vehicle to the sub destination determined in connection with at least one of the periodic position fixes. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the means for transmitting the one or more signals further comprise means for transmitting the signals prior to the vehicle being placed in park. 28. An article comprising: a non-transitory storage medium having instructions stored thereon executable by a special purpose computing platform to: provide, by an in-vehicle navigation device, navigation assistance data to a final destination via periodic position fixes; and transmit, from the in-vehicle navigation device to a mobile device, one or more signals indicative of one or more parameters to enable the mobile device to navigate movement from a sub destination to a final destination, wherein to the transmit the one or more signals is triggered based, at least in part, on a relationship of a state of a vehicle to the sub destination determined in connection with at least one of the periodic position fixes. 29. The article of claim 28, wherein the transmission of the one or more signals is triggered prior to the vehicle being placed in park.",
-    "A radio access network node (e.g., Base Station Subsystem), a wireless device (e.g., a mobile station), and various methods are described herein for improving the allocation of radio resources in wireless communications. In one embodiment, the radio access network node and wireless device implement a fixed uplink allocation technique. In another embodiment, the radio access network node and wireless device implement a flexible downlink allocation technique. 1. A radio access network (RAN) node configured to interact with a core network (CN) node and a wireless device, the RAN node comprising: a processor; and, a memory that stores processor-executable instructions, wherein the processor interfaces with the memory to execute the processor-executable instructions, whereby the RAN node is operable to: receive, from the CN node, a paging request message associated with the wireless device; transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a page message; receive, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an access request message requesting resources for transmitting a page response message; transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio block(s) on a packet data traffic channel; and an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and receive, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a page response message, wherein the page response message comprises: uplink payload, wherein the uplink payload is received in the pre-allocated radio block(s), and wherein the page response message is repeated according to the UL coverage class. 2. The RAN node of claim 1, wherein the RAN node is further operable to: transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; transmit, to the CN node, a paging response message; receive, from the CN node, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including downlink payload; disassemble the PDU into one or more data blocks; transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a downlink assignment message, wherein the downlink assignment message comprises: an indication of assigned Downlink (DL) resources on the packet data traffic channel; transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of each of the data blocks using the assigned DL resources; and receive, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the data blocks. 3. The RAN node of claim 2, wherein the downlink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of when the wireless device is to start looking for a first data block from the RAN node. 4. The RAN node of claim 2, wherein all repetitions of each of the data blocks are transmitted contiguously to the wireless device, and wherein each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another to the wireless device. 5. The RAN node of claim 1, wherein the RAN node is further operable to: transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; and a Downlink (DL) Temporary Block Flow (TBF) resource assignment message; transmit, to the CN node, a paging response message; receive, from the CN node, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including downlink payload; disassemble the PDU into one or more data blocks; transmit, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of each of the data blocks on the packet data traffic channel using DL resources indicated in the DL TBF resource assignment message; and receive, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the data blocks. 6. The RAN node of claim 5, wherein all repetitions of each of the data blocks are transmitted contiguously to the wireless device, and wherein each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another to the wireless device. 7. A method in a radio access network (RAN) node configured to interact with a core network (CN) node and a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving, from the CN node, a paging request message associated with the wireless device; transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a page message; receiving, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an access request message requesting resources for transmitting a page response message; transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio block(s) on a packet data traffic channel; and an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and receiving, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a page response message, wherein the page response message comprises: uplink payload, wherein the uplink payload is received in the pre-allocated radio block(s), and wherein the page response message is repeated according to the UL coverage class. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; transmitting, to the CN node, a paging response message; receiving, from the CN node, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including downlink payload; disassembling the PDU into one or more data blocks; transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a downlink assignment message, wherein the downlink assignment message comprises: an indication of assigned Downlink (DL) resources on the packet data traffic channel; transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of each of the data blocks using the assigned DL resources; and receiving, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the data blocks. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the downlink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of when the wireless device is to start looking for a first data block from the RAN node. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein all repetitions of each of the data blocks are transmitted contiguously to the wireless device, and wherein each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another to the wireless device. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; and a Downlink (DL) Temporary Block Flow (TBF) resource assignment message; transmitting, to the CN node, a paging response message; receiving, from the CN node, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including downlink payload; disassembling the PDU into one or more data blocks; transmitting, to the wireless device, one or more repetitions of each of the data blocks on the packet data traffic channel using DL resources indicated in the DL TBF resource assignment message; and receiving, from the wireless device, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the data blocks. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein all repetitions of each of the data blocks are transmitted contiguously to the wireless device, and wherein each of the data blocks does not need to be transmitted contiguously with respect to one another to the wireless device. 13. A wireless device configured to interact with a radio access network (RAN) node, the wireless device comprising: a processor; and, a memory that stores processor-executable instructions, wherein the processor interfaces with the memory to execute the processor-executable instructions, whereby the wireless device is operable to: receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a page message; transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an access request message requesting resources for transmitting a page response message; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises at least: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio block(s); and an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a page response message, wherein the page response message comprises: uplink payload, wherein the uplink payload is transmitted in the pre-allocated radio block(s), and wherein the page response message is repeated according to the UL coverage class. 14. The wireless device of claim 13, wherein the wireless device is further operable to: receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a downlink assignment message, wherein the downlink assignment message comprises: an indication of assigned Downlink (DL) resources; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of one or more data blocks using the assigned DL resources; transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the one or more data blocks. 15. The wireless device of claim 14, wherein the downlink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of when the wireless device is to start looking for a first data block from the RAN node. 16. The wireless device of claim 14, wherein all repetitions of each of the one or more data blocks are received contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein each of the one or more data blocks does not need to be received contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 17. The wireless device of claim 13, wherein the wireless device is further operable to: receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; and a Downlink (DL) Temporary Block Flow (TBF) resource assignment message; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of one or more data blocks using DL resources indicated in the DL TBF resource assignment message; transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the one or more data blocks. 18. The wireless device of claim 17, wherein all repetitions of each of the one or more data blocks are received contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein each of the one or more data blocks does not need not to be received contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 19. A method in a wireless device configured to interact with a radio access network (RAN) node, the method comprising: receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a page message; transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an access request message requesting resources for transmitting a page response message; receive, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of an uplink assignment message, wherein the uplink assignment message comprises at least: an indication of a number of pre-allocated radio block(s); and an indication (NTX, UL) of an Uplink (UL) coverage class; and transmit, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a page response message, wherein the page response message comprises: uplink payload, wherein the uplink payload is transmitted in the pre-allocated radio block(s), and wherein the page response message is repeated according to the UL coverage class. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a downlink assignment message, wherein the downlink assignment message comprises: an indication of assigned Downlink (DL) resources; receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of one or more data blocks using the assigned DL resources; transmitting, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the one or more data blocks. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the downlink assignment message further comprises: an indication (NTX, DL) of a Downlink (DL) coverage class; and an indication of when the wireless device is to start looking for a first data block from the RAN node. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein all repetitions of each of the one or more data blocks are received contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein each of the one or more data blocks does not need to be received contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device. 23. The method of claim 19, further comprising: receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a first acknowledgment message, wherein the first acknowledgment message comprises at least: a first bitmap indicating receipt of the page response message; and a Downlink (DL) Temporary Block Flow (TBF) resource assignment message; receiving, from the RAN node, one or more repetitions of one or more data blocks using DL resources indicated in the DL TBF resource assignment message; transmitting, to the RAN node, one or more repetitions of a second acknowledgment message, wherein the second acknowledgment message comprises: a second bitmap indicating receipt of the one or more data blocks. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein all repetitions of each of the one or more data blocks are received contiguously by the wireless device, and wherein each of the one or more data blocks does not need not to be received contiguously with respect to one another by the wireless device.",
-    "The viewing device for the interior of a mouth of a patient includes a penetrating ray emitter adapted to take a view of an inner portion located under an outer surface of an organ arranged in the mouth. There is a pair of augmented-reality glasses having an optical glass through which a user of the pair of glasses can see the interior of the mouth and a viewing camera adapted to take an image of what the user sees through the optical glass. A central unit correlates first images corresponding to those taken by the viewing camera with second images corresponding to those taken by the penetrating-ray emitter. 1. A viewing device for an inside of a patient's mouth, the mouth having an organ, said viewing device comprising: a penetrating ray emitter adapted to take a picture of an inner portion located under an outer surface of an organ arranged in the mouth; a pair of augmented-reality glasses being comprised of an optical glass through which a user of the pair of glasses can see the inside of the mouth, and a viewing camera adapted for taking an image of what the user sees through the optical glass; and a central unit being adapted to correlate first images corresponding to those taken by the viewing camera with second images corresponding to those taken by the penetrating ray emitter. 2. The viewing device according to claim 1, wherein the central unit is adapted to orient the second images depending on the orientation of the pair of augmented-reality glasses. 3. The viewing device according to claim 1, wherein the central unit is adapted to project onto the optical glass the correlation of the first images with the second images. 4. (canceled) 5. The viewing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a medical treatment instrument being comprised of a tool that is adapted to process anatomical components of an organ, which it is into contact with, and a reference mark, which is adapted to be spatially identified during the processing of the anatomical components, wherein the central unit is adapted to know the dimensions of the tool and the distance separating the tool from the reference mark, and to determine the position of the tool in the organ during the treatment. 6. The viewing device according to claim 5, wherein the central unit is adapted to make third images that represent the tool used for the treatment, to correlate them with the second images, and to project the correlation so as to permit viewing the tool in the organ being treated. 7. The viewing device according to claim 5, wherein, since the length of displacement of the tool is equal to the length of displacement of the reference mark, the central unit is adapted to determine the direction and the direction of movement of the tool relative to the anatomical components, which it is into contact with, the direction and the direction of movement of the tool being either equal to the direction and the direction of movement of the reference mark, when the tool is not deformable relative to these anatomical components, or determined by the relief of these anatomical components, when the tool is deformable relative to the latter. 8. The viewing device, according to claim 5, wherein the central unit is adapted to determine the ideal movement of the tool used for performing a treatment. 9. (canceled) 10. The viewing device, according to claim 8, wherein the guidance of the user is carried out by displaying the ideal movement on the optical glass correlated with the second images. 11. The viewing device, according to claim 8, wherein the guidance of the user is carried out by emitting a sound signal depending on the position of the tool being used. 12. The viewing device according to claim 5, wherein the tool being used is identified by an identifier and wherein the central unit is adapted to receive the identifier and to determine the corresponding tool. 13. The viewing device according to claim 12, wherein the central unit comprises a library of identifiers, each identifier corresponding to a tool being part of the viewing device. 14. The viewing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a camera for taking an optical impression adapted to take an optical impression of an outer surface of an organ arranged in the mouth, the central unit being adapted to correlate fourth images corresponding to those taken by the camera for taking an optical impression with the first images. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. The viewing device according to claim 1, wherein the penetrating ray emitter is adapted to transmit digitally to the central unit the images it takes. 18. The viewing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a scanning device adapted to scan the non-digital images emitted by penetrating ray emitter and to transmit the scanned images to the central unit. 19. The viewing device according to claim 1, wherein the central unit is adapted to project onto the optical glass additional information relating to the patient, and wherein the additional information relating to the patient comprise data to be respected for making a dental prosthesis. 20. (canceled) 21. The viewing device according to claim 19, further comprising: at least one peripheral instrument connected to the central unit and adapted to capture additional information relating to the patient. 22. (canceled) 23. The viewing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a microphone adapted to capture control commands from the user and to transmit them to the central unit. 24. The viewing device according to claim 1, wherein the pair of augmented-reality glasses comprises a spatial marking instrument. 25. The viewing device according to claim 1, further comprising: a lighting system adapted to illuminate the organ arranged in the mouth. 26. The viewing device according to claim 25, wherein the illumination system comprises light-emitting diodes the wavelength of which is adapted to permit the identification of diseases. 27-28. (canceled)",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a method for treatment or prevention of diseases have an increased level of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The method comprises administration of a growth hormone (GH) variant having antagonistic activity in combination with an oligonucleotide targeted to growth hormone receptor (GHR) to a subject in need. 1-35. (canceled) 36. A method of reducing the level of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in a subject, the method comprising administering a growth hormone (GH) variant having GH antagonistic activity in combination with an oligonucleotide 8 to 80 nucleobases in length targeted to a nucleic acid encoding growth hormone receptor (GHR) so as to inhibit expression of the GHR, thereby reducing the level of IGF-I in the subject. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the GH variant is a human GH variant in which amino acid Gly120 is deleted or substituted with an amino acid. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the amino acid Gly120 is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Arg, Trp, Pro, Lys and Leu. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the amino acid Gly120 is substituted with Lys. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the human GH variant further comprises the following set of amino acid substitutions: H18D, H21N, R167N, K168A, D171S, K172R, E174S, I179T. 41. The method of claim 36, wherein the nucleic acid encodes human GHR. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the nucleic acid is as shown in SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5. 43. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 12 to 50 nucleobases in length. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 15 to 30 nucleobases in length. 45. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide is a DNA oligonucleotide. 46. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide is a RNA oligonucleotide. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the oligonucleotide is a short interfering RNA (siRNA). 48. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide. 49. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide has at least 70% complementarity with the nucleic acid encoding GHR. 50. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide has at least 80% complementarity with the nucleic acid encoding GHR. 51. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide has at least 90% complementarity with the nucleic acid encoding GHR. 52. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide has at least 95% complementarity with the nucleic acid encoding GHR. 53. The method claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least an 8 consecutive nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, or 81. 54. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide consists of the nucleobase sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, or 81. 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the oligonucleotide consists of the nucleobase sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. 56. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes with a region encoding growth hormone receptor, wherein the region comprises a translation initiation codon, a termination codon, a coding region, a 5\u2032 untranslated region, a 3\u2032 untranslated region, an intron:exon junction or an exon:intron junction. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the region comprises at least an 8 consecutive nucleobase portion of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 84-154. 58. The method of claim 41, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least an 8 consecutive nucleobase portion complementary to a region of SEQ ID NO:4 selected from the group consisting of nucleotides 260-339, 332-351 and 344-423 of SEQ ID NO:4. 59. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide inhibits the expression of GHR and/or growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) by at least 15%. 60. The method of claim 36, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage, sugar moiety, or nucleobase. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least one 2\u2032-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety. 62. The method of claim 60, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. 63. The method of claim 60, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least one 5-methylcytosine. 64. The method of claim 60, wherein the oligonucleotide consists of 20 linked nucleosides, wherein the oligonucleotide consists of a nucleobase of SEQ ID NO:6; and wherein the oligonucleotide consists of a ten deoxynucleotide region flanked on both the 5\u2032 end and the 3\u2032 end of said ten deoxynucleotide region with five 2\u2032-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides, and wherein each internucleoside linkage in the oligonucleotide is a phosphorothioate linkage, and wherein each cytosine in said oligonucleotide is a 5-methylcytosine.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention provide a system and method for delivering stimulation therapy or relief to a patient. The system includes a stimulation electrode pair coupled to a good that can couple to a patient to deliver stimulation controlled through a wired or wireless link. The system includes a controller that can generate and apply a stimulation pulse to the stimulation electrode pair based on the stimulation program and the signal or data. The system includes a sensor coupled to the controller and the good, and a user interface enabling a user to remotely view or exchange information through the link, and to monitor and set or reconfigure the stimulation pulse. In some embodiments, the good includes a brace assembly that can be a brace, a stay, a sleeve, a sling, a garment, a wrap, or a strap. 1. A system for delivering stimulation therapy or relief to a patient comprising: a computer system including at least one processor; a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium in data communication with the at least one processor, the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including at least one stimulation program; at least one stimulation electrode pair coupled to a good, the at least one stimulation electrode pair configured and arranged for coupling to the patient and being controlled through a link; at least one controller including or coupled to the at least one stimulation program and at least one signal or source of data, wherein the at least one controller is configured and arranged to generate and apply at least one stimulation pulse to the at least one electrode pair based at least in part on the at least one stimulation program processed by the at least one processor, and the at least one signal or data; at least one sensor coupled to the at least one controller and the good; at least one user interface configured and arranged to enable a user to remotely view or exchange information through the link, and to monitor and to set or reconfigure the at least one stimulation pulse; and wherein the at least one controller is configured and arranged to (a) apply a sense pulse to the patient's tissue using the at least one sensor, (b) measure at least one electrical parameter from the patient's tissue related to power dissipation of the sense pulse in the tissue, (c) adjustably apply the at least one stimulation pulse to the patient's tissue based at least in part on the measured power dissipation, the at least one stimulation pulse being adjustably controlled by the at least one controller to maintain a constant power output to the patient's tissue based at least in part on the at least one electrical parameter, and (d) repeat steps (a)-(c). 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the link comprises a wired coupling. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the link comprises a wireless coupling, the wireless coupling including at least one of a zero generation wireless signal, a first generation wireless signal, a second generation wireless signal, a third generation wireless signal, a fourth generation wireless signal, a fifth generation wireless signal, a global positioning satellite signal, a 2400-2493.5 MHz frequency band, a Bluetooth\u00ae wireless signal, an RFID electromagnetic radiation, a WiFi wireless signal, a two-way radio RF signal, a UHF or VHF signal, a millimeter wave signal, and a near-field wireless signal. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the good comprises a brace assembly. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises an accelerometer. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one of a motion sensor, a proximity sensor, an optical sensor, a motion sensor, a gyrometer, a magnetometer, a proximity sensor, a position sensor, a global positioning sensor (GPS), an optical sensor, a magnetic sensor, a magnetometer, an inductive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensors, a magnetoresistive sensor, an inductive sensor, an infrared sensor, an inclinometer sensor, a piezoelectric materials or piezoelectric-based sensor, a blood-oxygen sensor, and/or a heart-rate sensor. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one laser or ultrasound based sensor, the at least one laser or ultrasound based sensor configured and arranged for measuring movement of tissues or fluids. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one hydration sensor, the at least one hydration sensor configured and arranged to measure interstitial fluid levels to determine hydration levels. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one force or pressure sensor, the at least one force or pressure sensor configured and arranged for measuring muscle activity or response. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises an electromyography type sensor, the electromyography type sensor configured and arranged to measure muscle recruitment or the level of muscle fatigue. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises the at least one stimulation electrode pair. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is configured and arranged to monitor or measure the position of a portion of the patient. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is configured and arranged to monitor or measure the position of a portion of the good. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is configured and arranged to respond to at least one physiological response or parameter from the patient; and wherein the at least one signal or data is at least partially based on the response of the at least one sensor. 15. The system of claim 4, wherein the brace assembly comprises at least one of a brace, a stay, a sleeve, a band, a sling, a garment, a wrap, and a strap. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one user interface comprises a display rendered on a user's device. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the user's device comprises at least one of a desktop computers, laptop computer, digital tablet, digital assistant, cellular phone, smart phone, smart watch, wearable activity monitor, glasses, camera, pager, and internet appliance. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one controller is configured update the least one user interface with at least one of a status of a portion of the good, a position of a portion of the good, and data from the at least one sensor. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one user interface comprises a display including an option to scan and synchronize the good with the at least one controller. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one user interface comprises a display including an option to scan and synchronize more than one good. 21. The system of claim 16, wherein the at least one user interface comprises a display including an option to activate the link to connect the good with the at least one controller. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the link activation comprises a wireless link between the good and the at least one controller. 23. The system of claim 16, wherein the display is configured and arranged to enable the user to set or reconfigure the at least one stimulation pulse. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller includes rechargeable power storage. 25. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is positioned in a sensor pod, the sensor pod including onboard power. 26. A computer-implemented method of providing stimulation therapy or relief to a patient, comprising: providing a computer system including at least one processor; providing a good, the good including at least one sensor producing at least one signal or data based on or in response to at least one physiological response or parameter from the patient; providing at least one stimulation electrode pair coupled to a good; providing at least one control system, and generating a user interface using the at least one processor; providing a server coupled to the control system and user interface; and through a link, and using the at least one processor, enabling a user to configure the at least one control system to generate and apply at least one stimulation pulse to the at least one electrode pair based at least in part on the at least one stimulation program processed by the at least one processor, and the at least one signal or data, wherein the at least one controller (a) applies a sense pulse to the patient's tissue using the at least one sensor, (b) measures at least one electrical parameter from the patient's tissue related to power dissipation of the sense pulse in the tissue, (c) adjustably applies the at least one stimulation pulse to the patient's tissue based at least in part on the measured power dissipation, the at least one stimulation pulse being adjustably controlled by the at least one controller to maintain a constant power output to the patient's tissue based at least in part on the at least one electrical parameter, and (d) repeat steps (a)-(c).",
-    "Functionally-modified oligonucleotide analogues comprising modified intersubunit linkages and/or modified 3\u2032 and/or 5\u2032-end groups are provided. The disclosed compounds are useful for the treatment of diseases where inhibition of protein expression or correction of aberrant mRNA splice products produces beneficial therapeutic effects. 1. A compound having the structure of Formula (I): or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein: n is an integer from 2-35; G5 is halogen, OH, alkoxy, OSO2(alkyl), OSO2(aryl), or each B is an independently selected base pair moiety; each Y is independently O or NR10; each W is independently S or O; Z5 is -(L11)-(R15), -(L11)-(L15)-(R16), or -(L11)-(L12)-(R17); L11 is selected from: or k) \u2014C(R23)2O\u2014; wherein L13 is selected from: L12 is a linker cleaveable under biological conditions selected from: a) \u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)O\u2014CH2O\u2014; b) \u2014C(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-OC(O)O\u2014CH2O\u2014; c) \u2014C(O)\u2014(CH\u2550CH)\u2014C(O)O\u2014CH2O\u2014; d) \u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-S\u2014S\u2014CH2CH2O\u2014; or e) \u2014C(O)\u2014(C1-C10 alkylene)-S\u2014S\u2014CH2CH2O\u2014; L15 is divalent radical selected from C1-C30 alkylene, C3-C8 cycloalkylene, C6-C30 arylene, \u2014(C6-C30 arylene)-(C1-C30 alkylene)-, \u2014(C1-C30 alkylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C2-C30 alkoxy)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, -(3-18 membered heteroalkylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C3-C8 cycloalkylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C3-C8 cycloalkylene)-(C1-C30 alkylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C1-C30 alkylene) (C3-C8 cycloalkylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C6-C30 arylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C6-C30 arylene)-(C1-C30 alkylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C1-C30 alkylene)-(C6-C30 arylene)-C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C1-C30 alkylene)-O\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C3-C8 cycloalkylene)-O\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C7-C30 arylene)-O\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C6-C30 arylene)-(C1-C30 alkylene)-O\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014(C6-C30 arylene)-(C1-C30 alkylene)-O\u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR21, or \u2014P(\u2550O)(R22)2; R12 is an electron pair, with the provision that if R13 is C1-C30 alkyl, then R12 is an electron pair, an N-oxide, or C1-C6 alkyl; each R10 and R13 is independently selected from hydrogen, a cell-penetrating peptide, a natural or non-natural amino acid, guanidinyl, amidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, C1-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C6-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C1-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR21, \u2014C(\u2550O)NHR21, or \u2014P(\u2550O)(R22)2; R15 is independently selected from a cell-penetrating peptide, a natural or non-natural amino acid, guanidinyl, amidinyl, heterocyclyl, C1-C30 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl; C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, C1-C30 alkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, C6-C30 arylcarbonyl, C7-C30 aralkylcarbonyl, C2-C30 alkyloxycarbonyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, C7-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, C8-C30 aralkyloxycarbonyl, 3-18 membered alkoxyalkylcarbonyl, \u2014SO2R21, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR21, \u2014P(\u2550O)(OH)2 or \u2014P(\u2550O)(R22)2; R16 is a solid support matrix suitable for solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides; R17 is a drug, protein or toxin; each R21 is independently C1-C30 alkyl, or a 3-18 membered alkoxyalkyl group; each R22 is independently an C6-C12 aryloxy; each R23 is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl; or optionally two R23 groups join to form a 3- to 8-membered ring; R24 is a C1-C6 alkylene; Q is independently selected from X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, or X8; each X is independently selected from X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, or X8 with wherein at least two instances of X are selected from X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, or X8; wherein X1 is N(CH3)2; X2 is selected from: a) \u2014O-alkylene-CO2H; b) \u2014O-alkylene-CHN4; c) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-CO2H; d) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-CHN4; e) -L1-CO-alkylene-CO2H; f) -L1-CO-alkylene-CHN4; g) -L1-CO-alkenylene-CO2H; h) -L1-CO-alkenylene-CHN4; i) -L1-CO-arylene-CO2H; j) -L1-CO-arylene-CHN4; k) -L1-CONH-alkylene-CO2H; l) -L1-CONH-alkylene-CHN4; m) -L1-CONH-arylene-CO2H; n) -L1-CONH-arylene-CHN4; o) -L1-SO2-alkylene-CO2H; p) -L1-SO2-alkylene-CHN4; q) -L1-SO2-arylene-CO2H; r) -L1-SO2-arylene-CHN4; s) -L1-alkylene-CO2H; t) -L1-alkylene-CHN4; u) -L1-arylene-CO2H; v) -L1-arylene-CHN4; and w) a protected form of any of the above X2 groups; X3 is selected from: a) -L-alkyl; b) -L1-heterocyclyl; c) \u2014O-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2; d) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2; e) -L1-CNH\u2014NH2; f) -L1-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2; g) -L1-arylene-CNH\u2014NH2; h) -L1-CO-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2; i) -L1-CO-alkenylene-CNH\u2014NH2; j) -L1-CO-arylene-CNH\u2014NH2; k) -L1-CONH-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2; l) -L1-CONH-arylene-CNH\u2014NH2; m) -L1-SO2-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2; n) -L1-SO2-arylene-CNH\u2014NH2; o) \u2014O-alkylene-N(R1)2; p) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)2; q) -L1-N(R1)2; r) -L1-alkylene-N(R1)2; s) -L1-arylene-N(R1)2; t) -L1-CO-alkylene-N(R1)2; u) -L1-CO-alkenylene-N(R1)2; v) -L1-CO-arylene-N(R1)2; w) -L1-CONH-alkylene-N(R1)2; x) -L1-CONH-arylene-N(R1)2; y) -L1-SO2-alkylene-N(R1)2; z) \u2014O-alkylene-N(R2)3; aa) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R2)3; bb) -L1-N(R2)3; cc) -L1-alkylene-N(R2)3; dd) -L1-arylene-N(R2)3; ee) -L1-CO-alkylene-N(R2)3; ff) -L1-CO-alkenylene-N(R2)3; gg) -L1-CO-arylene-N(R2)3; hh) -L1-CONH-alkylene-N(R2)3; ii) -L1-CONH-arylene-N(R2)3; jj) -L1-SO2-alkylene-N(R2)3; kk) \u2014O-alkylene-heterocyclyl; ll) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-heterocyclyl; mm) -L1-alkylene-heterocyclyl; nn) -L1-arylene-heterocyclyl; oo) -L1-CO-alkylene-heterocyclyl; pp) -L1-CO-alkenylene-heterocyclyl; qq) -L1-CO-arylene-heterocyclyl; rr) -L1-CONH-alkylene-heterocyclyl; ss) -L1-CONH-arylene-heterocyclyl; tt) -L1-SO2-alkylene-heterocyclyl; uu) \u2014O-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2; vv) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2; ww) -L-N(O)(R2)2; xx) -L-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2; yy) -L-arylene-N(O)(R2)2; zz) -L1-CO-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2; aaa) -L1-CO-alkenylene-N(O)(R2)23; bbb) -L1-CO-arylene-N(O)(R2)2; ccc) -L1-CONH-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2; ddd) -L1-CONH-arylene-N(O)(R2)2; eee) -L1-SO2-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2; fff) \u2014O-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; ggg) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; hhh) -L1-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; iii) -L-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; jjj) -L-arylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; kkk) -L1-CO-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; lll) -L1-CO-alkenylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; mmm) -L1-CO-arylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; nnn) -L1-CONH-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; ooo) -L1-CONH-arylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; ppp) -L1-SO2-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; qqq) -L1-SO2-arylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2; and rrr) a protected form of any of the above X3 groups; X4 is selected from: a) \u2014O-alkylene-aryl; b) \u2014N(R1)-aryl; c) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-aryl; d) -L1-CO-alkylene-aryl; e) -L1-CO-alkenylene-aryl; f) -L1-CO-arylene-aryl; g) -L1-CONH-alkylene-aryl; h) -L1-CONH-arylene-aryl; i) -L1-SO2-alkylene-aryl; j) -L1-SO2-arylene-aryl; k) -L-alkylene-aryl; l) -L-arylene-aryl; m) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)-aryl; n) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CO-aryl; o) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)SO2-aryl; p) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CH2-aryl; q) -L-aryl; r) -L1-CO-aryl; s) -L1-SO2-aryl; t) -L1-alkylene-P(aryl)3; u) -L1-CO-alkylene-P(aryl)3; v) -L1-SO2-alkylene-P(aryl)3; and w) a protected form of any of the above X4 groups; X5 is selected from: a) \u2014O-alkylene-heteroaryl; b) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-heteroaryl; c) -L1-CO-alkylene-heteroaryl; d) -L1-CO-alkenylene-heteroaryl; e) -L1-CO-arylene-heteroaryl; f) -L1-CONH-alkylene-heteroaryl; g) -L1-CONH-arylene-heteroaryl; h) -L1-SO2-alkylene-heteroaryl; i) -L1-S O2-arylene-heteroaryl; j) -L1-alkylene-heteroaryl; k) -L1-arylene-heteroaryl; l) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)-hereroaryl; m) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CO-hereroaryl; n) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)SO2-hereroaryl; o) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CH2-hereroaryl; p) -L-heteroaryl; and q) a protected form of any of the above X5 groups; X6 is selected from: a) \u2014O-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; b) \u2014O-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; c) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; d) \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; e) \u2014N(R1)-arylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; f) \u2014N(R1)-arylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; g) -L-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; h) -L1-CO-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; i) -L1-CO-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; j) -L1-SO2-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; k) -L1-SO2-alkylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; l) -L1-CO-arylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; m) -L1-CO-arylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; n) -L1-SO2-arylene-(OCH2CH2)mOH; o) -L1-SO2-arylene-(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; p) -L1-CO\u2014(OCH2CH2)mOH; q) -L1-CO\u2014(OCH2CH2)mOCH3; r) \u2014N(R1)-(dibenzo-18-crown-6); s) an aza-crown ether; and t) a protected form of any of the above X6 groups; X7 is selected from: a) -heterocyclyl; b) \u2014N(R1)(R3) c) -L1-hydrogen; d) -L-alkyl; e) -L1-CO-alkyl; f) -L1-CONH-alkyl; g) -L1-CON(alkyl)-alkyl; h) -L1-SO2-alkyl; and i) a protected form of any of the above X7 groups; X8 is selected from: a) -L1-CA; b) -L1-dCA; c) -L1-COCH2(R4) d) -L1-COCH(R4)NHCO2-alkyl; e) \u2014OR5; f) a protected form of any of the above X8 groups; each R1 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, or a cell-penetrating peptide; each R2 is independently C1-C12 alkyl or optionally when two R2 are C1-C12 alkyl, two R2 are joined to form a heterocyclic ring; each R3 is independently C2-C18 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each R4 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, sulfhydrylalkyl, or arylalkyl; each R5 is independently C1-C12 alkyl; each R6 is independently hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl; L1 is selected from: wherein each Q1 and Q2 are each selected from a bond, \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014N(R6)\u2014; each E1 is independently selected from optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; each E2 is independently an optionally substituted nitrogen containing heteroaryl; each L4 and L5 are each independently a bond, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or optionally substituted heteroalkyl; and m, p, q, s, and t are each independently 1-4. 2-9. (canceled) 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z5 is -(L11)-(R15); each Y is independently O, NH, or NR10; each W is O; each R1 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R2 is independently C1-C12 alkyl; and each X is independently selected from X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, or X8. 11-16. (canceled) 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein R13 is an optionally substituted triphenylmethyl group. 18-26. (canceled) 27. The compound of claim 10, wherein G5 is 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein each W is O and each Y is O. 29-48. (canceled) 49. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from: 50. (canceled) 51. (canceled) 52. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from -L1-heterocyclyl, and wherein L1 is selected from: 53. (canceled) 54. (canceled) 55. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from: 56. (canceled) 57. (canceled) 58. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-CNH\u2014NH2, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)2, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R2)3, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-heterocyclyl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(O)(R2)2, and \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-NH\u2014CNH\u2014NH2. 59-92. (canceled) 93. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from \u2014O-alkylene-aryl, \u2014N(R1)-aryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-aryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)-aryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CO-aryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)SO2-aryl, and \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CH2-aryl. 94-127. (canceled) 128. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from \u2014O-alkylene-heteroaryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-heteroaryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)-heteroaryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CO-heteroaryl, \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)SO2-heteroaryl, and \u2014N(R1)-alkylene-N(R1)CH2-heteroaryl. 129-134. (canceled) 135. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is selected from -L-heteroaryl, -L-alkylene-heteroaryl, -L-arylene-heteroaryl, -L1-CO-alkylene-heteroaryl, -L1-CO-alkenylene-heteroaryl, -L1-CO-arylene-heteroaryl, -L1-CONH-alkylene-heteroaryl, -L1-CONH-arylene-heteroaryl, -L1-SO2-alkylene-heteroaryl, -L1-SO2-arylene-heteroaryl. 136-172. (canceled) 173. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is -L1-CO-alkyl. 174. (canceled) 175. (canceled) 176. The compound of claim 28, wherein at least one X is X8. 177-229. (canceled) 230. The compound of claim 28, wherein Z5 is -(L11)-(R15) wherein R15 is selected from \u2014C(\u2550O)OCH2CH2OH, \u2014C(\u2550O)OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH, or \u2014C(\u2550O)OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. 231. (canceled) 232. (canceled) 233. The compound of claim 230, wherein Z5 is 234-291. (canceled)",
-    "A controller adapted to an in-cell touch screen includes a common voltage (VCOM) circuit generating a common voltage at an output node of the VCOM circuit, and a detecting circuit receiving a sensing signal at an input/output node of the detecting circuit. A display-mode switch is closed in a display mode such that a VCOM electrode is set at the common voltage, and a touch-sensing-mode switch is closed in a touch sensing mode such that the sensing signal from the VCOM electrode is received and processed by the detecting circuit. The detecting circuit has full-swing power that contains full-swing power of the VCOM circuit. 1. A controller adapted to an in-cell touch screen, comprising: a common voltage (VCOM) circuit generating a common voltage at an output node of the VCOM circuit; a display-mode switch having a first end connected with the output node of the VCOM circuit, and having a second end connected with a VCOM electrode via an associated connecting line of the in-cell touch screen; a detecting circuit receiving a sensing signal at an input/output node of the detecting circuit; and a touch-sensing-mode switch having a first end connected with the input/output node of the detecting circuit, and having a second end connected with the VCOM electrode via the associated connecting line of the in-cell touch screen; wherein the display-mode switch is closed in a display mode such that the VCOM electrode is set at the common voltage, and the display-mode switch is open in a touch sensing mode; wherein the touch-sensing-mode switch is closed in the touch sensing mode such that the sensing signal from the VCOM electrode is received and processed by the detecting circuit, and the touch-sensing-mode switch is open in the display mode; wherein the detecting circuit has full-swing power that contains full-swing power of the VCOM circuit. 2. The controller of claim 1, wherein the in-cell touch screen is a self-capacitance in-cell touch screen. 3. The controller of claim 1, wherein the display-mode switch and the touch-sensing-mode switch each is consisted of a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor. 4. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a mode selector that controls the display-mode switch and the touch-sensing-mode switch. 5. The controller of claim 1, wherein the VCOM circuit comprises an amplifier at an output stage thereof. 6. The controller of claim 1, wherein the detecting circuit comprises an analog front-end (AFE) at an input stage thereof to interface the VCOM electrode to a latter stage of the detecting circuit. 7. The controller of claim 1, wherein the VCOM circuit has a first power input node receiving a voltage level being equal to or greater than ground, and the detecting circuit has a first power input node receiving a voltage level being substantially the same as the voltage level of the first power input node of the VCOM circuit; and the detecting circuit has a second power input node receiving a negative voltage that has magnitude being equal to or greater than a voltage level of a second power input node of the VCOM circuit. 8. The controller of claim 7, wherein the first power input node of the VCOM circuit receives a positive voltage, and the second power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the negative voltage; and the first power input node of the detecting circuit receives the positive voltage, and the second power input node of the detecting circuit receives the negative voltage. 9. The controller of claim 7, wherein the first power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the negative voltage; and the first power input node of the detecting circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the detecting circuit receives the negative voltage. 10. The controller of claim 7, wherein the first power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the VCOM circuit receives a first negative voltage; and the first power input node of the detecting circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the detecting circuit receives a second negative voltage with magnitude being greater than magnitude of the first negative voltage. 11. An in-cell touch screen, comprising: a common voltage (VCOM) layer including a plurality of VCOM electrodes, the VCOM electrodes acting as sensing points in a touch sensing mode, and the VCOM electrodes being connected to a common voltage in a display mode; a plurality of connecting lines connecting the VCOM electrodes respectively; a VCOM circuit generating the common voltage at an output node of the VCOM circuit; a display-mode switch having a first end connected with the output node of the VCOM circuit, and having a second end connected with the VCOM electrode via an associated connecting line; a detecting circuit receiving a sensing signal at an input/output node of the detecting circuit; and a touch-sensing-mode switch having a first end connected with the input/output node of the detecting circuit, and having a second end connected with the VCOM electrode via the associated connecting line; wherein the display-mode switch is closed in the display mode such that the VCOM electrode is set at the common voltage, and the display-mode switch is open in the touch sensing mode; wherein the touch-sensing-mode switch is closed in the touch sensing mode such that the sensing signal from the VCOM electrode is received and processed by the detecting circuit, and the touch-sensing-mode switch is open in the display mode; wherein the detecting circuit has full-swing power that contains full-swing power of the VCOM circuit. 12. The in-cell touch screen of claim 11, wherein the in-cell touch screen is a self-capacitance in-cell touch screen. 13. The in-cell touch screen of claim 11, wherein the display-mode switch and the touch-sensing-mode switch each is consisted of a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor. 14. The in-cell touch screen of claim 11, further comprising a mode selector that controls the display-mode switch and the touch-sensing-mode switch. 15. The in-cell touch screen of claim 11, wherein the VCOM circuit comprises an amplifier at an output stage thereof. 16. The in-cell touch screen of claim 11, wherein the detecting circuit comprises an analog front-end (AFE) at an input stage thereof to interface the VCOM electrode to a latter stage of the detecting circuit. 17. The in-cell touch screen of claim 11, wherein the VCOM circuit has a first power input node receiving a voltage level being equal to or greater than ground, and the detecting circuit has a first power input node receiving a voltage level being substantially the same as the voltage level of the first power input node of the VCOM circuit; and the detecting circuit has a second power input node receiving a negative voltage that has magnitude being equal to or greater than a voltage level of a second power input node of the VCOM circuit. 18. The in-cell touch screen of claim 17, wherein the first power input node of the VCOM circuit receives a positive voltage, and the second power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the negative voltage; and the first power input node of the detecting circuit receives the positive voltage, and the second power input node of the detecting circuit receives the negative voltage. 19. The in-cell touch screen of claim 17, wherein the first power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the negative voltage; and the first power input node of the detecting circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the detecting circuit receives the negative voltage. 20. The in-cell touch screen of claim 17, wherein the first power input node of the VCOM circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the VCOM circuit receives a first negative voltage; and the first power input node of the detecting circuit receives the ground, and the second power input node of the detecting circuit receives a second negative voltage with magnitude being greater than magnitude of the first negative voltage.",
-    "A system and method are provided for automatically aiming an antenna to communicate with a remote broadband wireless communication device. 1. A method for aiming an antenna to permit communication with a remote broadband wireless communication device, the method comprising: moving the antenna along a path; determining a signal quality value of a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device and received by the antenna at a plurality of different locations along the path, and comparing the signal quality value of a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device to a threshold value; storing the determined signal quality values and the associated antenna coordinates; selecting an optimal antenna position based on the stored signal quality values and the associated antenna coordinates and the threshold value; positioning the antenna at the selected optimal antenna position; and establishing a communication session between the antenna and the remote broadband wireless communication device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoring the signal quality value of the signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device during the communication session. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a trigger event has occurred; moving the antenna along an optimization scan path in an area adjacent the optimal antenna position upon occurrence of the trigger event; determining a signal quality value of a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device and received by the antenna at a plurality of different locations along the optimization scan path; determining whether a new optimal antenna position exists based the signal quality values along the optimization scan path; and positioning the antenna at the new optimal antenna position upon determining that a new optimal antenna position exists. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the trigger event occurs when the signal quality value of the signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device decreases below a threshold value. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a rate of movement along the optimization scan path and a dimension of the optimization scan path adjusted is based upon at least one of how fast the signal quality value is decreasing and how far the antenna is from the remote broadband wireless communication device. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the trigger event is one of a loss of the signal, expiration of a predetermined time period, and actuation of a mechanical switch. 7. The method of claim 3, further comprising repeating the steps recited in claim 1 if a new optimal antenna position is not found along the optimization scan path. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of selecting an optimal antenna position comprises selecting the optimal antenna position based upon the antenna coordinates associated with signal quality values that exceed the threshold value. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of selecting an optimal antenna position further includes selecting antenna coordinates for the optimal antenna position having a central position relative to the antenna coordinates having an associated signal quality value that exceeds the threshold value. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of moving the antenna along the path includes selectively moving the antenna at varying speeds and along varying path dimensions. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of moving the antenna along the path includes moving the antenna at a first speed until the signal from the remote broadband wireless communication device is detected and then moving the antenna at a second, slower speed once the signal has been detected. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the signal quality value is based on at least one of Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), noise floor, signal output power/signal strength, signal modulation scheme/technique, signal phase, jitter, signal delay, signal skew, available time, frequency, and code slots. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a second type of communication device adjacent the antenna; and selectively switching to and from the communication session between the antenna and the remote broadband wireless device and a communication session with the second type of communication device. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the remote broadband wireless communication device is a camera and further comprising selectively transmitting an image signal from the camera and using the steps recited in claim 1 to establish a communication session between the antenna and the camera so that the antenna receives the transmitted image signal from the camera. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the antenna is on a movable vehicle and the remote broadband wireless communication device is at a fixed location. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining step determines a signal quality value of a plurality of signals transmitted by a plurality of different broadband wireless communication devices as the antenna moves along the path and the step of storing the determined signal quality values and the associated antenna coordinates also stores an identifier for the particular broadband wireless communication device which transmitted the signal. 17. A method for aiming an antenna to communicate with a broadband wireless communication device, the method comprising: using a first antenna including a receiver to determine an optimal antenna position by monitoring a signal quality value of a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device and received by the first antenna at a plurality of different locations along a scanning path of the first antenna; positioning a second antenna including a receiver and a transmitter at the optimal antenna position determined by the first antenna; and establishing a communication session between the second antenna and the broadband wireless communication device while the first antenna continues to move along the scanning path independently from the second antenna to continue to monitor the signal quality value of the signal received from the broadband wireless communication device. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of using a first antenna including a receiver to determine an optimal antenna position includes: moving the first antenna along a path; determining a signal quality value of a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device and received by the first antenna at a plurality of different locations along the path; and selecting the optimal antenna position based on the signal quality values and the associated first antenna coordinates determined in the determining step. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising moving the second antenna to the new optimal antenna position if the optimal antenna position has changed as determined by the continuous scanning of the first antenna. 20. A system for aiming an antenna to communicate with a broadband wireless communication device, the system comprising: an antenna; a drive mechanism coupled to the antenna; and a controller coupled to the drive mechanism, the controller being configured to actuate the drive mechanism to move the antenna along a path to search for a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication network device; and software stored in a memory of the controller including a processing sequence for determining a signal quality value of a signal transmitted by the broadband wireless communication device and received by the antenna, storing the determined signal quality values and the associated antenna coordinates, selecting an optimal antenna position based on the stored signal quality values and the associated antenna coordinates, and positioning the antenna at the selected optimal antenna position, and establishing a communication session between the antenna and the remote broadband wireless communication device.",
-    "Apparatuses, methods and storage medium for providing access from outside a multicore processor System on Chip (SoC) are disclosed herein. In embodiments, an SoC may include a memory to store a plurality of embedded values correspondingly associated with a plurality of architecturally identical cores. Each embedded value may indicate a default voltage for a respective one of the plurality of architecturally identical cores. In embodiments, an apparatus may include one or more processors, devices, and/or circuitry to provide access from outside the multicore processor SoC to individually configure voltages of the plurality of architecturally identical cores to values that are different than the values of the default voltages. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a multicore processor SoC (system-on-chip) including: a plurality of architecturally identical cores, wherein a first core of the plurality of architecturally identical cores has a first physical characteristic and a second core of the plurality of architecturally identical cores has a second physical characteristic that is different than the first physical characteristic; and a memory to store a plurality of embedded values correspondingly associated with the plurality of architecturally identical cores, each embedded value to indicate a default voltage for a respective one of the plurality of architecturally identical cores; and a component to provide access from outside the multicore processor SoC to individually set voltages of the plurality of architecturally identical cores to values that are different than the values of the default voltages. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multicore processor SoC further includes: a voltage regulator coupled to the plurality of architecturally identical cores, the voltage regulator to provide the individually set voltages to the plurality of architecturally identical cores. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an external voltage regulator coupled to the multicore processor SoC. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the component includes a plurality of pins each corresponding to a respective core of the plurality of architecturally identical cores. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multicore processor SoC further includes: a power control unit (PCU); and memory having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by the PCU, the PCU to perform operations, to: recognize information of a signal received by the multicore processor SoC via the component; and control a voltage regulator of the multicore processor SoC based on the information of the recognition to cause the voltage regulator to provide a first voltage to a first core of the plurality of architecturally identical cores responsive to the recognition of the information, wherein a magnitude of the first voltage is different than a magnitude of a corresponding one of the default voltages. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the information of the recognition includes at least one of an actual voltage value corresponding to respective one of the cores, an offset from a respective one of the default voltages, or a voltage value and an offset from the base voltage value. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a module to facilitate a user to access the component to individually set voltages of the plurality of architecturally identical cores to values that are different than the values of the default voltages. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the module is to message the interface in response to inputs from the user. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the component includes a control register. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a Basic Input Output System (BIOS) to facilitate a user to access the component to individually set voltages of the plurality of architecturally identical cores to values that are different than the values of the default voltages. 11. A computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by a processing device, cause the processing device to perform operations, to: recognize information of a signal received by a multicore processor SoC (system on chip); wherein a first core of the multicore processor SoC has a first physical characteristic and a second core of the multicore processor SoC has a second physical characteristic that is different than the first physical characteristic; and control a voltage regulator of the multicore processor SoC based on the information of the recognition to cause the voltage regulator to selectively provide a first voltage to a first core of the plurality of cores. 12. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the operations are further to selectively provide a second voltage to a second core of the plurality of cores, said selective providing of the second voltage to the second core to be contemporaneous with the selective providing of the first voltage to the first core. 13. The computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the second voltage is a default voltage corresponding to said second core. 14. The computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein: the information of the recognition includes at least one of an actual voltage value corresponding to respective one of the cores, an offset from a respective one of a default voltage corresponding to the first core, or a base voltage value and an offset from the base voltage value; and the first voltage corresponds to at least one of the actual voltage value, the offset from the respective one of the default voltages, or the offset from the base voltage value. 15. A method, comprising: accessing a plurality of embedded values correspondingly associated with the plurality of cores of a multicore processor, each embedded value indicating a default voltage for a respective one of the plurality of architecturally identical cores; at a first time, providing core voltages to the plurality of cores, the core voltages corresponding to the default voltages; responsive to receiving an override selection, identifying a new core voltage that is different than the provided core voltages; and at a second time that is later than the first time, providing the new core voltage to one of the cores of the plurality of cores. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: at the second time, providing a core voltage of the core voltages to a different one of the cores of the plurality of cores. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: at the second time, providing a different new core voltage to a different one of the cores of the plurality of cores. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the override selection includes an overvolt command. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the override selection includes an undervolt command. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the override selection indicates a voltage range, and wherein the method further comprises: selecting the new core voltage from the voltage range.",
-    "A fastening structure includes a bolt, a nut screwed onto the bolt to fasten a target part, and a washer sandwiched between the target part and the nut. The washer is formed in a disk shape having a hole in which the bolt is inserted. The nut has a main body formed in a hexagonal pillar shape having a hole in which the bolt is inserted and a disk portion extending from an axial end of the main body. Protrusions are circumferentially distributed on a face of the disk portion, the face being on the side opposite the main body. The protrusions bite into a nut-side face of the washer to form meshed portions by screwing together the bolt and the nut. 1. A fastening structure comprising: a bolt; a nut configured to be screwed onto the bolt to fasten a target part; and a washer sandwiched between the target part and the nut, wherein the washer is formed in a disk shape having a hole in which the bolt is inserted, the nut has a main body formed in a hexagonal pillar shape having a hole in which the bolt is inserted, and a disk portion extending from an axial end of the main body, protrusions are circumferentially distributed on a face of the disk portion, the face being on a side opposite the main body, and the protrusions bite into a nut-side face of the washer to form meshed portions by screwing together the bolt and the nut. 2. The fastening structure according to claim 1, wherein the disk portion is formed in a disk shape having a diameter approximately identical to an outer diameter of the washer. 3. The fastening structure according to claim 2, wherein the washer is made of a metal having an electrical potential close to a metal forming the nut. 4. The fastening structure according to claim 3, wherein the nut is made of a stainless steel and the washer is made of a brass. 5. The fastening structure according to claim 1, wherein the washer has a silhouette of a kinked line in a side view and elastically deforms by screwing together the bolt and the nut.",
-    "A fishing reel that includes a reel body, a housing part that defines an opening part, a driving member that includes a pinion that is supported by the reel body and extends through the opening part of the housing part, and a magnetic seal device affixed to the housing part that includes a central opening through which the pinion extends. The magnetic seal device includes first and second magnetic plates that maintain a magnet therebetween and a magnetic fluid that is maintained at a gap between the driving member and at least one of the first and second magnetic plates. 1. A fishing reel comprising: a reel body, a driving member rotatably supported on the reel body, a housing part that at least partially accommodates the driving member extending through an opening thereof, and a magnetic seal device sealing a gap between the driving member and the opening of the housing part, wherein the magnetic seal device includes a magnet, first and second magnetic plates which maintain the magnet, the first magnetic plate is located adjacent the housing part and the second magnetic plate is located on an opposite side of the housing part of the magnet, and a magnetic fluid maintained at a gap between the driving member and at least one of the first magnetic plate and the second magnetic plate, wherein an external diameter of the housing part is larger than the external diameter of the magnetic seal device. 2. The fishing reel in accordance with claim 1 wherein an external diameter of the first magnetic plate is larger than an external diameter of the second magnetic plate. 3. The fishing reel in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a fixing component that fixes the magnetic seal device to the housing part. 4. The fishing reel in accordance with claim 3 wherein a hole is formed in one of the first magnetic plate or the second magnetic plate, and wherein the fixing component is received in the hole. 5. The fishing reel in accordance with claim 4 wherein the fixing component is a screw that includes a screw part and a screw head, wherein the first and second magnetic plates each include a front surface, and wherein a distance from the front surface of the first magnetic plate to the front surface of the second magnetic plate is larger than a height of the screw head. 6. A fishing reel comprising: a reel body; a housing part including an opening part; a driving member including a pinion that is rotatably supported by the reel body and extends through the opening part of the housing part; and a magnetic seal device affixed to the housing part and that seals a gap between the housing and the driving member; wherein the magnetic seal device includes a magnet, first and second magnetic plates securing the magnet therebetween and a magnetic fluid that is maintained at a gap between the driving member and at least one of the first and second magnetic plates. 7. The fishing reel of claim 6 wherein the housing part includes a cover member, and wherein the first magnetic plate is attached to a front surface of the cover member. 8. The fishing reel of claim 7 wherein the cover member has an outer diameter that is larger than an outer diameter of the magnetic seal device. 9. The fishing reel of claim 7 wherein one of the first and second magnetic plates has an outer diameter that is larger than the other of the first and second magnetic plates. 10. The fishing reel of claim 9 wherein the first magnetic plate has an outer diameter that is larger than the second magnetic plate, wherein a first hole is formed in the first magnetic plate, and wherein a fixing component extends through the first hole to attach the first magnetic plate to the cover member. 11. The fishing reel of claim 10 wherein the fixing component is a screw that includes a screw part and a screw head, wherein the first and second magnetic plates each include a front surface, and wherein a distance from the front surface of the first magnetic plate to the front surface of the second magnetic plate is larger than a height of the screw head. 12. The fishing reel of claim 7 further comprising a rotor that includes a cylinder part, a wall part and a boss part, wherein the boss part is at least partially received in the central opening of the magnetic seal device. 13. The fishing reel of claim 12 wherein a magnetic body at least partially surrounds the boss part, and wherein the magnetic fluid is maintained between the magnetic body and at least one of the first and second magnetic plates. 14. The fishing reel of claim 7 wherein the first magnetic plate includes a second hole defined therein, and wherein the cover member includes at least one protrusion extending from a front surface thereof that is received in the second hole. 15. The fishing reel of claim 14 wherein the second hole is open to an exterior diameter of the first magnetic plate. 16. A magnetic seal device for a fishing reel comprising: a ring shaped magnet, a first magnetic plate and a second magnetic plate that maintain the magnet therebetween, wherein the first magnetic plate has an outer diameter that is larger than the second magnetic plate, wherein at least a first hole is formed in the first magnetic plate, and wherein a fixing component extends through the first hole and is adapted to attach the first magnetic plate to a cover member. 17. The magnetic seal device of claim 16 wherein the fixing component is a screw that includes a screw part and a screw head, wherein the first and second magnetic plates each include a front surface, and wherein a distance from the front surface of the first magnetic plate to the front surface of the second magnetic plate is larger than a height of the screw head. 18. The magnetic seal device of claim 17 wherein the first magnetic plate includes a second hole defined therein that is adapted to receive a protrusion. 19. The magnetic seal device of claim 18 wherein the second hole is open to an exterior diameter of the first magnetic plate.",
-    "A method for manufacturing a substrate with a concave-convex structure includes: forming a base material layer on a substrate; forming a base layer having a concave-convex pattern by transferring a concave-convex pattern of a mold to the base material layer; and forming a coating layer by coating the concave-convex pattern of the base layer with a coating material, wherein the coating layer is formed such that a thickness of the coating layer is in a range of 25 to 150% of standard deviation of depth of concavities and convexities of the base layer. The substrate with the concave-convex structure manufactured by this method has good light extraction efficiency and effectively prevents leak current in an organic light emitting diode having this substrate. 1. A method for manufacturing a substrate with a concave-convex structure, comprising: forming a base material layer on a substrate; forming a base layer having a concave-convex pattern by transferring a concave-convex pattern of a mold to the base material layer; and forming a coating layer by coating the concave-convex pattern of the base layer with a coating material, wherein the coating layer is formed such that a thickness of the coating layer is in a range of 25 to 150% of standard deviation of depth of concavities and convexities of the base layer. 2. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein a maintenance ratio of standard deviation of depth of concavities and convexities of the coating layer to the standard deviation of the depth of the concavities and convexities of the base layer is in a range of 50 to 95%. 3. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the coating material is a sol-gel material. 4. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the coating material is a silane coupling agent. 5. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the coating material is a resin. 6. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the coating material contains an ultraviolet absorbent material. 7. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the base material layer is made of a sol-gel material. 8. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the base material layer is made of a same material as the coating material. 9. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the coating layer is in a range of 25 to 100% of the standard deviation of the depth of the concavities and convexities of the base layer. 10. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein a maintenance ratio of standard deviation of depth of concavities and convexities of the coating layer to the standard deviation of the depth of the concavities and convexities of the base layer is in a range of 70 to 95%. 11. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer includes an irregular concave-convex pattern, in which orientations of concavities and convexities have no directionality, on a surface on a side opposite to the substrate. 12. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1, wherein the coating layer includes a concave-convex pattern in which an average pitch of concavities and convexities is in a range of 100 to 1500 nm and standard deviation of depth of the concavities and convexities is in a range of 10 to 100 nm. 13. A substrate with a concave-convex structure obtained by the method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 1. 14. The substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 13, wherein the substrate with the concave-convex structure is a substrate used for manufacturing an organic light emitting diode. 15. An organic light emitting diode, comprising the substrate with the concave-convex structure as defined in claim 13 as a diffraction grating substrate with a concave-convex surface, wherein the organic light emitting diode is formed by successively stacking a first electrode, an organic layer, and a metal electrode on the concave-convex surface of the diffraction grating substrate. 16. The organic light emitting diode according to claim 15, further comprising an optical functional layer on a surface on a side opposite to the concave-convex surface of the diffraction grating substrate. 17. The method for manufacturing the substrate with the concave-convex structure according to claim 8, wherein the base material layer is formed by coating the substrate with a base material; the base material and the coating material are in a form of solution containing the same material respectively; and a concentration of the same material in the solution of the coating material is lower than a concentration of the same material in the solution of the base material.",
-    "A server receives a request from a client device initiated from a user operating the client device. The server determines a user action identifier (ID) based on the request, the user action ID identifying a user physical action that was captured by one or more sensors. One or more image processing commands are determined based on the user action ID in view of a first medical image currently displayed at the client device. An image processing operation is performed based on the first medical image by executing the one or more image processing commands, generating a second medical image. The second medical image is transmitted to the client device to be presented to the user at the client device. 1. A computer-implemented method for medical image processing, the method comprising: receiving, at a server, a request from a client device, wherein the request was initiated from a user operating the client device; determining, by a command processing module hosted by the server, a user action identifier (ID) based on the request, the user action ID identifying a user physical action that was captured by one or more sensors; determining, by the command processing module, one or more image processing commands based on the user action ID in view of a first medical image currently displayed at the client device; performing, by an image processing engine, an image processing operation based on the first medical image by executing the one or more image processing commands, generating a second medical image; and transmitting the second medical image to the client device to be presented to the user at the client device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the image processing operation comprises performing a measurement based on one or more landmarks of the first medical image, and wherein the second medical image represents a result of the measurement based on the first medical image. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors comprise at least one of a microphone, a camera, an infrared sensor, or a motion detector, and wherein the request is initiated by the user via the one or more sensors without physically touching the client device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the request comprises one or more landmarks associated with the first medical image currently displayed at the client device. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the request comprises an image ID identifying the first medical image, wherein the one or more landmarks are determined from the first medical image based on the image ID. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining one or more image processing commands based on the user action ID comprises: performing a lookup operation in an action to command (action/command) mapping data structure based on one or more landmarks of the first image to identify a first set of one or more image processing commands; and determining a second set of one or more image processing commands from the first set based on the user action ID. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the first medical image is associated with a first workflow stage of an image processing workflow, the image processing workflow having a plurality of workflow stages; determining a second workflow stage of the image processing workflow; and determining the one or more image process commands associated with the second workflow stage based on the user action ID. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the user action ID identifies a user action performed by a first body part of the user; and performing a lookup operation in an action to command (action/command) mapping data structure based on a first body part ID identifying the first body part to determine the one or more image process commands. 9. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having instructions stored therein, which when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving a request from a client device, wherein the request was initiated from a user operating the client device; determining a user action identifier (ID) based on the request, the user action ID identifying a user physical action that was captured by one or more sensors; determining one or more image processing commands based on the user action ID in view of a first medical image currently displayed at the client device; performing an image processing operation based on the first medical image by executing the one or more image processing commands, generating a second medical image; and transmitting the second medical image to the client device to be presented to the user at the client device. 10. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the image processing operation comprises performing a measurement based on one or more landmarks of the first medical image, and wherein the second medical image represents a result of the measurement based on the first medical image. 11. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the one or more sensors comprise at least one of a microphone, a camera, an infrared sensor, or a motion detector, and wherein the request is initiated by the user via the one or more sensors without physically touching the client device. 12. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the request comprises one or more landmarks associated with the first medical image currently displayed at the client device. 13. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the request comprises an image ID identifying the first medical image, wherein the one or more landmarks are determined from the first medical image based on the image ID. 14. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein determining one or more image processing commands based on the user action ID comprises: performing a lookup operation in an action to command (action/command) mapping data structure based on one or more landmarks of the first image to identify a first set of one or more image processing commands; and determining a second set of one or more image processing commands from the first set based on the user action ID. 15. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the first medical image is associated with a first workflow stage of an image processing workflow, the image processing workflow having a plurality of workflow stages; determining a second workflow stage of the image processing workflow; and determining the one or more image process commands associated with the second workflow stage based on the user action ID. 16. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that the user action ID identifies a user action performed by a first body part of the user; and performing a lookup operation in an action to command (action/command) mapping data structure based on a first body part ID identifying the first body part to determine the one or more image process commands. 17. A computer-implemented method for medical image processing, the method comprising: displaying a first medical image at a display device of a client device, wherein the first medical image was received from an image processing server over a network; receiving, by a gesture control module hosted by the client device, a signal from one or more sensors; determining, by the gesture control module, a user action of a user based on the signal, the user action representing a physical action of the user; determining, by a command processing module, whether the user action is valid in view of the first medical image; in response to determining that the user action is valid, transmitting a request to the image processing server over the network, the request including a user action identifier (ID) identifying the user action and an optional image ID identifying the first medical image; receiving a second medical image from the image processing server, wherein the second medical image was generated by the image processing server by performing one or more image processing operations that were determined based on the user action ID and the image ID of the first medical image; and displaying the second medical image at the display device of the client device. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the image processing operation comprises performing a measurement based on one or more landmarks of the first medical image, and wherein the second medical image represents a result of the measurement based on the first medical image. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more sensors comprise at least one of a microphone, a camera, an infrared sensor, or a motion detector, and wherein the user action was performed without physically touching the client device. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the request further comprises one or more landmarks associated with the first medical image currently displayed at the client device. 21. The method of claim 17, whether the user action is a valid user action comprises: performing a lookup operation in an action data structure to determine whether the user action is listed in the action data structure; and in response to determining that the user action is not listed in the action data structure, presenting a message to the user indicating that the user action is invalid. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the action data structure contains a list of predetermined actions that have been configured as valid for the first medical image.",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for calculating flow transparency values that improve the visualization of turbulent blood flow with an ultrasound imaging system. In one embodiment, a method comprises calculating transparency values for a plurality of voxels based on a variance value and a velocity value of each voxel and a time corresponding to acquisition of each voxel, and rendering an image with the calculated transparency values applied to the plurality of voxels. In this way, the visualization of turbulent blood flow can be tailored to the dynamics of the blood flow, thereby enabling an improved diagnostic accuracy. 1. A method, comprising: calculating transparency values for a plurality of voxels based on a variance value and a velocity value of each voxel and a time corresponding to acquisition of each voxel; and rendering an image with the calculated transparency values applied to the plurality of voxels. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparency values are calculated based on a transparency transfer function that maps the variance value of a voxel, the velocity value of the voxel, and the time corresponding to the acquisition of the voxel to a transparency value to be applied to the voxel. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving a user adjustment of the transparency transfer function, and wherein the calculation of the transparency values is performed with the user-adjusted transparency transfer function. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the time corresponding to the acquisition of the voxel occurs within a time window selected by a user, wherein the transparency value to be applied to the voxel varies based on a temporal position of the time within the time window. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein transparency values of voxels acquired at times outside the time window are set to a minimum transparency value. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the time window corresponds to a subset of a cardiac cycle, and wherein the transparency value calculation is performed for all data within the subset of the cardiac cycle when ultrasound data is acquired over multiple cardiac cycles. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the rendered image comprises a single ultrasound frame wherein the plurality of voxels is integrated over the time window. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the rendered image comprises a plurality of ultrasound frames to be displayed at a specified frame rate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a transparency value calculated for a particular voxel is further based on variance values, velocity values, and acquisition times of other voxels in the plurality of voxels. 10. A method, comprising: receiving a selection of a time window; calculating velocity values and variance values for a plurality of voxels within a volume of data acquired during the selected time window; calculating a transparency value for each of the plurality of voxels based on the calculated velocity value, the calculated variance value, and an acquisition time of each voxel; and displaying an image rendered with the calculated transparency values applied to the plurality of voxels. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising receiving a spatial selection indicating a physical region within the volume of data, wherein calculating the transparency value for each of the plurality of voxels is further based on a spatial position of each voxel, the spatial position located within the spatial selection. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein calculating the transparency value for each of the plurality of voxels comprises inputting the calculated velocity value, the calculated variance value, and the acquisition time into a transparency transfer function which outputs the transparency value corresponding to the input. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising receiving a user adjustment of the transparency value after displaying the image, rendering a second image with the user adjusted transparency value, and displaying the second image. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the selection of the time window comprises a selection of a start point and an end point within an echocardiogram. 15. An ultrasound imaging system, comprising: a transducer array adapted to transmit a plurality of ultrasound waves and receive a plurality of echoes; a display device configured to display an ultrasound image; and a processor communicatively coupled to the transducer array and the display device, the processor configured with computer-readable instructions in non-transitory memory that when executed cause the processor to: calculate transparency values for a plurality of voxels corresponding to the plurality of echoes based on a variance value, a velocity value, and a spatial position of each voxel in the plurality of voxels; render an image with the calculated transparency values applied to the plurality of voxels; and transmit the image to the display device for display to a user. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein calculating the transparency values for the plurality of voxels comprises inputting the calculated velocity value, the calculated variance value, and the spatial position of each voxel into a transparency transfer function which outputs a transparency value for each voxel based on the corresponding input. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein an acquisition time of each voxel is further input to the transparency transfer function, and wherein the transparency value output for each voxel is further based on the acquisition time. 18. The system of claim 16, further comprising a user interface communicatively coupled to the processor and configured to facilitate input from the user, wherein the processor is further configured with computer-readable instructions in the non-transitory memory that when executed cause the processor to receive user adjustments of the transparency transfer function from the user interface, wherein the user adjustments comprise at least one adjustment of a relationship between the transparency value and the variance value, the velocity value, an acquisition time, and the spatial position. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured with computer-readable instructions in the non-transitory memory that when executed cause the processor to, responsive to receiving a user adjustment of the transparency value after displaying the image, render a second image with the user-adjusted transparency value, and transmit the second image to the display device for display to the user. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the rendered image comprises a single ultrasound frame wherein the plurality of voxels is integrated over time.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to carbon monoxide releasing molecules (\u201cCORMs\u201d), and methods of synthesizing and applying the molecules. More specifically, this disclosure relates to structurally tunable CORMS, compounds containing CORMS (and salts thereof). An exemplary compound includes: 1. A compound, or salt thereof, comprising the formula: wherein: Y is a member selected from the group consisting of O, NH, or S; X is a member selected from the group consisting of O or S; R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 are each a member selected from the group consisting of \u2014H; \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014C5-n aryl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014C1-12 alkyl straight or branched optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; \u2014C1-12 alkenyl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; C1-12 alkynyl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; C1-12 alkyl \u2014C5-n aryl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; C1-12 alkenyl \u2014C5-n aryl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO2R\u2032; \u2014OSO3R\u2032; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; amino acids; aminoglycosides; carbohydrates; heterocycles containing O, N, or S optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2032; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2032; CON(R\u2032)2; \u2014COR\u2032; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2032; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2032; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2032; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2032)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014NR\u2032\u2014CO\u2014R\u2032; \u2014SO3R\u2032; \u2014OSO2R\u2032; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; wherein R\u2032 is a member selected from the group consisting of aryl 5-n C atoms, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl 1-12 C atoms straight or branched; R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; \u2014C5-n aryl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; C1-12 alkyl straight or branched optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; \u2014C1-12 alkenyl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; C1-12 alkynyl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; C1-12 alkyl \u2014C5-n aryl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3-; C1-12 alkenyl \u2014C5-n aryl optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; amino acids; aminoglycosides; carbohydrates; heterocycles containing O, N, or S optionally substituted with \u2014COOH; \u2014CSOH; \u2014COOR\u2033; \u2014CONH2; \u2014CONHR\u2033; \u2014CON(R\u2033)2; \u2014COR\u2033; \u2014F; \u2014Cl; \u2014Br; \u2014I; \u2014CN; \u2014NO2; \u2014OH; \u2014OR\u2033; \u2014SH; \u2014SR\u2033; \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NH2; \u2014NHR\u2033; \u2014NR2\u2032; \u2014NH(R\u2033)2; \u2014NH\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014NR\u2033\u2014CO\u2014R\u2033; \u2014SO3R\u2033; \u2014OSO2R\u2033; \u2014P(aryl)3; P(alkyl)3; PO32\u2212; HPO3\u2212; wherein R\u2033 is aryl 5-n C atoms, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl 1-12 C atoms straight or branched; and where n is from 1 to 15; and R9=\u2014COR\u2033\u2033 where R\u2033\u2033 is aryl 5-n C atoms, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl 1-12 C atoms straight or branched; 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 are the same. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises: 13. A composition, comprising the compound of claim 1. 14. The composition of claim 13, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.",
-    "Disclosed is a method for preparing a hot-melt adhesive composition and a hot-melt adhesive composition prepared thereby. The method comprises: preparing and mixing raw materials, including a butyl rubber, an ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber, a styrene block copolymer, an amorphous poly-alpha-olefin (APAO) and a tackifier resin; and performing vacuum degassing of the mixed raw materials, wherein the styrene block copolymer comprises a styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) rubber. The hot-melt adhesive composition has high resistance in temperature cycles between low and high temperatures so as to maintain its physical properties, and thus has an excellent property of sealing a headlamp for a long period of time until the end of the lifespan of the headlamp. Also, the composition generates no gas in the sealed state of the headlamp, and thus does not create bubbles or voids and does not pose a water tightness problem. 1. A method for preparing a hot-melt adhesive composition, the method comprising: mixing raw materials comprising a butyl rubber, an ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber, a styrene block copolymer, an amorphous poly-alpha-olefin (APAO) and a tackifier resin; and performing vacuum degassing of the mixed raw materials, wherein the styrene block copolymer comprises a styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) rubber. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vacuum degassing is performed using a vacuum pump at a temperature between about 150\u00b0 C. and about 210\u00b0 C. at a vacuum level of about 70-150 mmHg. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the vacuum degassing is performed for about 3-10 hours. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the tackifier resin is one or more selected from the group consisting of aliphatic petroleum resin, rosin ester and terpene resin. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the tackifier resin comprises about 35-65 wt % of the aliphatic petroleum resin, about 15-35 wt % of the rosin ester, and about 15-35 wt % of the terpene resin. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw materials further include a plasticizer containing polyisobutylene, a phenol-based antioxidant, and a UV stabilizer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw materials comprise: about 14.5-14.7 wt % of the butyl rubber; about 14.5-14.7 wt % of the ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber; about 9.6-9.8 wt % of the styrene block copolymer; about 7.7-7.9 wt % of the amorphous poly-alpha-olefin (APAO); about 19.4-19.7 wt % of aliphatic petroleum resin; about 9.6-9.9 wt % of rosin ester; about 9.6-9.9 wt % of terpene resin; about 9.6-9.9 wt % of a plasticizer containing polyisobutylene; about 2-4 wt % of maleic anhydride polypropylene; about 0.5-1 wt % of a phenol-based antioxidant; and about 0.1-0.5 wt % of a UV stabilizer. 8. A hot-melt adhesive composition prepared by the method of claim 1. 9. The hot-melt adhesive composition of claim 8, which is for sealing a car lamp. 10. The hot-melt adhesive composition of claim 9, wherein the car lamp is applied to any one selected from the group consisting of headlights, car indoor lights, door scarfs, and rear lights.",
-    "A track for a wall construction for use in building construction is disclosed. Embodiments can include a track having a plurality of bendable tabs that can be manipulated to grip or release wall studs to prevent lateral or side to side movement of the studs. Embodiments can include tracks which incorporate various geometries capable of receiving fire-retardant material, including but not limited to intumescent material. 1. A track for a fire-rated or non-fire rated wall assembly for a linear wall gap, the track comprising a web, a first flange and a second flange, wherein the web is substantially planar and has a first side edge and a second side edge, the first flange and the second flange extend in the same direction from the first and second side edges, respectively, wherein each of the first and second flanges is substantially planar such that the track defines a substantially U-shaped cross section, each of the first and second flanges has a free end opposite a respective one of the first side edge and second side edge, each of the first and second flanges has a plurality of slits, each of the slits having a first end adjacent to the free ends of the first and second flanges and a second end opposite the first end, the plurality of slits defining a plurality of tabs in which each adjacent pair of the plurality of slits forms a tab therebetween. 2. The track of claim 1, wherein a length of each of the slits is 1 inch, a width of each of the slits is \u215b inch, and the tabs are spaced apart 1-\u00bc inch on center along the length of track. 3. The track of claim 1, wherein the tabs extend one-third of the length of the first and second flanges as measured from the free ends of the first and second flanges. 4. The track of claim 1, wherein, prior to use, the tabs are aligned with the first and second flanges. 5. The track of claim 1, wherein the tabs are bendable from a bent to an unbent configuration and from an unbent to a bent configuration. 6. The track of claim 1 further comprising a first indicator marked on the upper portion of each of the first and second flanges, the first indicator vertically aligned with at least one slit. 7. The track of claim 6, further comprising a second indicator marked on the upper portion of each of the first and second flanges, the second indicator vertically aligned with a second slit having a first end adjacent to the free ends of the first and second flanges and a second end opposite the first end, the second indicator spaced 8 inches apart from the first indicator. 8. The track of claim 1 further comprising an opening at the second end of each of the plurality of slits, the opening having a width twice a width of the associated slit. 9. The track of claim 1 further comprising at least one fire-retardant material strip attached to the track such that the at least one fire-retardant material strip extends lengthwise along a surface of the track. 10. The track of claim 9, wherein the fire-retardant material strip extends along one or both of the first and second side edges of the web of the track. 11. The track of claim 1, wherein corners of a free end of the tabs are rounded. 12. The track of claim 1 further comprising a compressible foam strip adhesively applied lengthwise along the web of the track. 13. A wall assembly for a fire-rated or non-fire rated wall having a linear wall gap, comprising: a footer track; a header track comprising a web, a first flange and a second flange, wherein the web is substantially planar and has a first side edge and a second side edge, the first flange and the second flange extend in the same direction from the first and second side edges, respectively, wherein each of the first and second flanges is substantially planar such that the header track defines a substantially U-shaped cross section, each of the first and second flanges has a free end opposite a respective one of the first side edge and second side edge, each of the first and second flanges has at least one slit, the slit having a first end adjacent to the free ends of the first and second flanges and a second end opposite the first end, the slit forming at least two tabs adjacent the free ends of the first and second flanges, the header track having at least one fire-retardant material strip attached thereto such that the at least one fire-retardant material strip extends lengthwise along a surface of the header track; a plurality of studs extending between the footer track and the header track; and at least a first wall board supported by the plurality of studs; wherein the header track is attached to an overhead structure and the bottom track, wall studs and wall board is movable relative to the header track, and wherein each of the at least two tabs are bent inwardly to capture one of the plurality of studs therebetween. 14. The wall assembly of claim 13, wherein the footer track comprises a web, a first flange and a second flange, wherein the web is substantially planar and has a first side edge and a second side edge, the first flange and the second flange extend in the same direction from the first and second side edges, respectively, wherein each of the first and second flanges is substantially planar such that the footer track defines a substantially U-shaped cross section, each of the first and second flanges has a free end opposite a respective one of the first side edge and second side edge, each of the first and second flanges has at least one slit, the slit having a first end adjacent to the free ends of the first and second flanges and a second end opposite the first end, the slit forming at least two tabs adjacent the free ends of the first and second flanges. 15. The wall assembly of claim 13, wherein, prior to use, the tabs are aligned with the first and second flanges of the header track. 16. The wall assembly of claim 14, wherein the header track has at least one fire-retardant material strip attached thereto such that the at least one fire-retardant material strip extends lengthwise along a surface of the header track. 17. The wall assembly of claim 16, wherein the at least one fire-retardant material strip is an intumescent tape. 18. A method of assembling a fire-rated wall having a linear wall gap, comprising: attaching a footer track to a horizontal floor element; attaching a header track to a horizontal ceiling element, the header track comprising a web, a first flange and a second flange, wherein the web is substantially planar and has a first side edge and a second side edge, the first flange and the second flange extend in the same direction from the first and second side edges, respectively, wherein each of the first and second flanges is substantially planar such that the header track defines a substantially U-shaped cross section, each of the first and second flanges has a free end opposite a respective one of the first side edge and second side edge, each of the first and second flanges has at least one slit, the slit having a first end adjacent to the free ends of the first and second flanges and a second end opposite the first end, the slit forming at least two tabs adjacent the free ends of the first and second flanges, the header track having at least one heat-expandable intumescent strip attached thereto such that the at least one heat-expandable intumescent strip extends lengthwise along a surface of the header track; positioning a plurality of studs between the footer track and the header track; bending at least one of the plurality of tabs towards each of the plurality of studs until the tab contacts and grips the stud; and attaching at least one piece of wallboard to the plurality of studs.",
-    "A system and method for the avoidance of one or more obstacles by an aircraft, and a related computer program product, electronic system and aircraft are disclosed. In one aspect, the method includes a) generating an alert by a warning system on detection of an obstacle and b) if no manual avoidance maneuver is detected for a time period longer than a first determined time and if the alert is maintained during this first time period, automatically activating an automatic avoidance guide mode to determine an obstacle-avoidance guidance rule. The method further including c) if an autopilot device of the aircraft is coupled to the automatic avoidance guide mode, transmitting to the autopilot device the avoidance guidance rule determined in step b) for automatic performing of a maneuver to avoid the obstacle. 1. A method of avoidance of one or more obstacles by an aircraft comprising a warning system capable of generating alerts as a function of the proximity of the obstacle(s), and an electronic avoidance system, the method being implemented by the electronic avoidance system, the method comprising: a) generating an alert by the warning system on detection of an obstacle; b) if no manual avoidance maneuver is detected for a time period longer than a first determined time period effective from issue of the alert by the warning system and if the alert is maintained during this first time period, automatically activating an automatic avoidance guide mode to determine an obstacle-avoidance guidance rule, the determination of the guidance rule comprising the determination of at least one speed and/or heading set-point and the computing of the avoidance guidance rule as a function of the determined set-point(s); and c) if an autopilot device of the aircraft is coupled to the automatic avoidance guide mode, transmitting to the autopilot device the avoidance guidance rule determined in step b) for automatic performing of a maneuver to avoid the obstacle by action on one and/or the other of two primary control members of the aircraft causing the aircraft to reach the set-point(s), the warning system being capable of generating alerts of at least a first and second type, step b) only being implemented in the event that the alert generated by the warning system is an alert of second type. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein if the autopilot device is not coupled to the automatic avoidance guide mode, the method further comprises the display of the avoidance guidance rule determined in step b) on a display device of the aircraft visible to the crew, to provide the crew with assistance to carry out a manual avoidance maneuver by action on one and/or the other of two primary control members of the aircraft causing the aircraft to reach the set-point(s). 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein step b) is only implemented in the event that the alert of second type generated by the warning system is preceded by the generation of an alert of first type by the warning system. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the activation of the automatic avoidance guide mode in step b) can be performed manually by the crew. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the avoidance guidance rule, for at least one of the set-points, comprises a convergence rule whereby a current value must converge towards the corresponding set-point. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the determination of the guidance rule comprises measurement of the current value of the speed of the aircraft on which it is sought to act, and wherein the determination of the set-point comprises the comparison of the current value(s) with one or more corresponding reference values and determination of the set-point(s) as a function of this comparison. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein one of the determined set-points is an air speed or ground speed set-point comprising a longitudinal component perpendicular to a vertical axis, and the determination comprises comparing the current air or ground speed of the aircraft with the best climb rate and selecting the current air or ground speed as air or ground speed set-point if the current air or ground speed is lower than the best climb rate, and if not selecting the best climb rate. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein one of the determined set-points is a vertical speed set-point comprising a vertical component, and the determination comprises comparing the current vertical speed of the aircraft with a reference vertical speed value as a function of the type of alert, and selecting the reference vertical speed as vertical speed set-point if the current vertical speed is lower than the reference vertical speed, and if not selecting the current vertical speed. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the determination comprises verification of the compatibility of the determined vertical speed set-point with a minimum flight path angle that is a function of the aircraft in particular, and the computing of a new vertical speed set-point compatible with the minimum flight path angle if the determined vertical speed set-point is not compatible with this minimum flight path angle. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein one of the determined set-points is a heading set-point, wherein the determination of the guidance rule comprises measurement of the current heading value of the aircraft on which it is sought to act, and wherein the determination of the set-point comprises verification of the compatibility of the current heading value with a heading constraint, and the computing of a new heading set-point compatible with the heading constraint if the current value is not compatible with this heading constraint, otherwise the selecting of the current value as heading set-point. 11. A non-transitory computer program product comprising software instructions which, when executed on a computer, implement a method according to claim 1. 12. An electronic avoidance system of one or more obstacles by an aircraft comprising a warning system capable of generating alerts as a function in particular of the proximity of the one or more obstacles, the electronic avoidance system comprising a memory having stored thereon software configured to cause a processor to determine a guidance rule for avoidance of an obstacle indicated by an alert generated by the warning system, the memory being further configured to cause the processor to determine a guidance rule, to determine at least one speed and/or heading set-point, and to compute the avoidance guidance rule as a function of the determined set-point(s), the electronic avoidance system further comprising an activator configured to: (i) automatically\u2014if no manual avoidance maneuver is detected for a time period longer than a first determined time period effective from issue of the alert by the warning system and if the alert is maintained during this first time period\u2014activate an automatic obstacle-avoidance guide mode for determination of an obstacle-avoidance guidance rule by the determination units; (ii) transmit the computed avoidance guidance rule to the autopilot\u2014if an autopilot device of the aircraft is coupled to the automatic avoidance guide mode\u2014for automatic performing of an avoidance maneuver of the obstacle by action on one and/or the other of two primary control members of the aircraft, to cause the aircraft to reach the set-point(s), the warning system being configured to generate alerts of at least a first and second type, automatic activation only being implemented in the event that the alert generated by the warning system is a second type alert. 13. The system according to claim 12, further comprising a controller configured to control display on a display device of the aircraft visible by the crew which, if the autopilot device is not coupled to the automatic avoidance guide mode, displays on the display device the computed avoidance guidance rule to provide the crew with assistance to carry out a manual avoidance maneuver by action on one and/or the other of two primary control members of the aircraft, to cause the aircraft to reach the set-point(s). 14. An aircraft comprising a warning system capable of generating alerts as a function in particular of the proximity of one or more obstacles, and an electronic system for avoidance by the aircraft of the one or more obstacles, comprising an avoidance system according to claim 12.",
-    "A coupling mechanism which enables a rotating body to follow an undulation of a polishing surface without generating flutter or vibration of the rotating body, and can finely control a load on the rotating body on a polishing surface in a load range which is smaller than the gravity of rotating body is disclosed. The coupling mechanism includes an upper spherical bearing and a lower spherical bearing disposed between a drive shaft and the rotating body. The upper spherical bearing has a first concave contact surface and a second convex contact surface which are in contact with each other, and the lower spherical bearing has a third concave contact surface and a fourth convex contact surface which are in contact with each other. The first concave contact surface and the second convex contact surface are located above the third concave contact surface and the fourth convex contact surface. The first concave contact surface, the second convex contact surface, the third concave contact surface, the fourth convex contact surface are arranged concentrically. 1. A coupling mechanism for tiltably coupling a rotating body to a drive shaft, comprising: an upper spherical bearing and a lower spherical bearing disposed between the drive shaft and the rotating body, wherein the upper spherical bearing includes a first sliding-contact member and a second sliding-contact member which are sandwiched between the drive shaft and the rotating body, the first sliding-contact member has a first concave contact surface, and the second sliding-contact member has a second convex contact surface which is in contact with the first concave contact surface, the lower spherical bearing includes a third sliding-contact member attached to the drive shaft, and a fourth sliding-contact member attached to the rotating body, the third sliding-contact member has a third concave contact surface, and the fourth sliding-contact member has a fourth convex contact surface which is in contact with the third concave contact surface, the first concave contact surface and the second convex contact surface are located above the third concave contact surface and the fourth convex contact surface, and the first concave contact surface, the second convex contact surface, the third concave contact surface, and the fourth convex contact surface are arranged concentrically. 2. The coupling mechanism according to claim 1, wherein each of the first concave contact surface and the second convex contact surface has a shape of a part of an upper half of a spherical surface having a first radius, and each of the third concave contact surface and the fourth convex contact surface has a shape of a part of an upper half of a spherical surface having a second radius which is smaller than the first radius. 3. The coupling mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the upper spherical bearing and the lower spherical bearing have a same rotational center, and the rotational center is located below the first concave contact surface, the second convex contact surface, the third concave contact surface, and the fourth convex contact surface. 4. The coupling mechanism according to claim 3, wherein a distance from a bottom end surface of the rotating body to the rotational center can be changed by selecting radii of curvature of the first concave contact surface, the second convex contact surface, the third concave contact surface, and the fourth convex contact surface. 5. The coupling mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the rotational center is located on a bottom end surface of the rotating body. 6. The coupling mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the rotational center coincides with a center of inertia of a displacement portion which can tilt about the rotational center. 7. The coupling mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the rotational center is located between a bottom end surface of the rotating body and a center of inertia of a displacement portion which can tilt about the rotational center. 8. The coupling mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the rotational center is located below a bottom end surface of the rotating body. 9. The coupling mechanism according to claim 1, wherein one of the first sliding-contact member and the second sliding-contact member has a Young's modulus which is equal to or lower than a Young's modulus of the other, or has a damping coefficient which is higher than a damping coefficient of the other. 10. A coupling mechanism for tiltably coupling a rotating body to a drive shaft, comprising: a damping member disposed between the drive shaft and the rotating body, wherein the damping member is attached to both a lower end of the drive shaft and the rotating body, and the damping member has a Young's modulus which is equal to or lower than a Young's modulus of the drive shaft, or has a damping coefficient which is higher than a damping coefficient of the drive shaft. 11. The coupling mechanism according to claim 10, wherein the damping member has the Young's modulus in a range of 0.1 GPa to 210 GPa, or has the damping coefficient such that a damping ratio is in a range of 0.1 to 0.8. 12. The coupling mechanism according to claim 10, wherein the damping member is a rubber bush. 13. The coupling mechanism according to claim 10, wherein the damping member is a damping ring in an annular shape. 14. A substrate polishing apparatus comprising: a polishing table for supporting a polishing pad; and a polishing head configured to press a substrate against the polishing pad, wherein the polishing head is coupled to a drive shaft through the coupling mechanism according to claim 1. 15. A substrate polishing apparatus comprising: a polishing table for supporting a polishing pad; a polishing head configured to press a substrate against the polishing pad; and a dresser which is pressed against the polishing pad, wherein the dresser is coupled to a drive shaft through the coupling mechanism according to claim 1. 16. The substrate polishing apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising: a pad-height measuring device configured to measure a height of a polishing surface of the polishing pad, wherein the pad-height measuring device includes: a pad-height sensor secured to a dresser arm which rotatably supports the drive shaft; and a sensor target secured to the drive shaft. 17. A method of determining a position of a rotational center of a coupling mechanism which includes an upper spherical bearing and a lower spherical bearing having a same rotational center and tiltably couples a rotating body to a drive shaft, comprising: specifying an equation of motion for a tilting motion of a displacement portion which can tilt about the rotational center when the rotating body is in sliding contact with a polishing pad supported by a rotating polishing table, while rotating the rotating body; specifying a stability condition expression for the tilting motion for preventing flutter or vibration of the rotating body, based on the equation of motion for the tilting motion; calculating a range of a position of the rotational center for preventing the flutter or vibration of the rotating body, based on the stability condition expression for the tilting motion; and determining the position of the rotational center which falls within the calculated range. 18. The method of determining the position of the rotational center according to claim 17, wherein said determining comprises, if a center of inertia of the displacement portion falls within the calculated range, determining the position of the rotational center which coincides with the center of inertia. 19. A program of determining a position of a rotational center of a coupling mechanism which includes an upper spherical bearing and a lower spherical bearing having a same rotational center and tiltably couples a rotating body to a drive shaft, the program causing a computer to perform operations of: calculating a range of the position of the rotational center for preventing flutter or vibration of the rotating body, from a stability condition expression for a tilting motion, which is specified based on an equation of motion for the tilting motion of a displacement portion which can tilt about the rotational center when the rotating body is in sliding contact with a polishing pad supported by a rotating polishing table, while rotating the rotating body; and determining the position of the rotational center which falls within the calculated range. 20. The program of determining the position of the rotational center according to claim 19, wherein causing the computer to perform an operation of said determining comprises causing the computer to perform an operation of, if a center of inertia of the displacement portion falls within the calculated range, determining the position of the rotational center which coincides with the center of inertia. 21. A method of determining a maximum pressing force of a rotating body which is tiltably coupled to a drive shaft through a coupling mechanism which includes an upper spherical bearing and a lower spherical bearing having a same rotational center, comprising: specifying an equation of motion for a translational motion and an equation of motion for a tilting motion of a displacement portion which can tilt about the rotational center when the rotating body is in sliding contact with a polishing pad supported by a rotating polishing table, while rotating the rotating body; specifying a stability condition expression for the translational motion for preventing flutter or vibration of the rotating body, based on the equation of motion for the translational motion; specifying a stability condition expression for the tilting motion for preventing flutter or vibration of the rotating body, based on the equation of motion for the tilting motion; calculating a critical value of a pressing load in the translational motion, based on the stability condition expression for the translational motion; calculating a critical value of a pressing load in the tilting motion, based on the stability condition expression for the tilting motion; comparing the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion with the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion; if the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion is smaller than or equal to the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion, determining that the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion is the maximum pressing load of the rotating body; and if the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion is larger than the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion, determining that the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion is the maximum pressing load of the rotating body. 22. A program of determining a maximum pressing load of a rotating body which is tiltably coupled to a drive shaft through a coupling mechanism which includes an upper spherical bearing and a lower spherical bearing having a same rotational center, the program causing a computer to perform operations of: calculating a critical value of a pressing load in a translational motion, which can prevent flutter or vibration of the rotating body, from a stability condition expression for the translational motion which is specified based on an equation of motion for the translational motion of a displacement portion which can tilt about the rotational center when the rotating body is in sliding contact with a polishing pad supported by a rotating polishing table, while rotating the rotating body; calculating a critical value of a pressing load in a tilting motion, which can prevent flutter or vibration of the rotating body, from a stability condition expression for the tilting motion which is specified based on an equation of motion for the tilting motion of the displacement portion when the rotating body is in sliding contact with the polishing pad supported by the rotating polishing table, while rotating the rotating body; comparing the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion with the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion; if the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion is smaller than or equal to the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion, determining that the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion is the maximum pressing load of the rotating body; and if the critical value of the pressing load in the translational motion is larger than the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion, determining that the critical value of the pressing load in the tilting motion is the maximum pressing load of the rotating body.",
-    "An emulation environment includes a host system and an emulator. The host system configures the emulator to emulate a design under test (DUT) and the emulator emulates the DUT accordingly. During emulation, the emulator traces limited signals of the DUT and stores values of the traced signals. When values of certain signals of the DUT are needed for analysis or verification of the DUT but the signals were not traced by the emulator, the host system simulates one or more sections of the DUT to obtain values of the signals. Signals traced by the emulator are used as inputs to simulate the one or more sections. 1. A computer-implemented process executing on a host system for reducing bandwidth between the host system and an emulator, the process comprising: receiving from the emulator a first signal traced by the emulator based on emulation of a design under test (DUT), the DUT corresponding to a design of an integrated circuit (IC) comprising a plurality of sections; receiving a request for a second signal of the DUT not traced by the emulator; identifying, from the plurality of sections, at least one section of the DUT that when simulated in combination with the first signal will generate the second signal; retrieving at least one of a plurality of section files that describes the at least one identified section to simulate the at least one identified section using, at least in part, the first signal received from the emulator; and generating the second signal. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising: generating based on the simulation a third signal for evaluating a function of the DUT that is not requested. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the first signal is received together with additional signals from the emulator, after completion of the emulation of the DUT. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one identified section is a portion of another section. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one identified section includes a first section and a second section, wherein the first section generates a third signal based on the first signal, and wherein the second section generates the second signal based on the third signal. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein a plurality of signals are received from the emulator, the plurality of signals including the first signal, the process further comprising: selecting the first signal from the plurality of signals for the simulation based on the at least one identified section. 7. The process of claim 1, further comprising: generating the plurality of sections based on a number of signals, or a number of processes executed by the host system to simulate each section. 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions, the instructions when executed by a host system cause the host system to: receive from an emulator a first signal traced by the emulator based on emulation of a design under test (DUT), the DUT corresponding to a design of an integrated circuit (IC) to be tested; receive a request for a second signal, the second signal for evaluating a function of the DUT not traced by the emulator; determine from a plurality of sections of the DUT, a subset of sections of the DUT to simulate to generate the second signal; simulate the subset of sections based on the first signal; and generate the second signal based on the simulation of the subset of sections. 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions further cause the host system to generate based on the simulation a third signal for evaluating a function of the DUT that is not requested. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the first signal is an input of a section included in the subset of sections. 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the first signal is received together with additional signals from the emulator, after completion of the emulation of the DUT. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the section is a portion of another section. 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the subset of sections includes a first section and a second section, wherein the first section generates a third signal based on the first signal, and wherein the second section generates the second signal based on the third signal. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein a plurality of signals are received from the emulator, the plurality of signals including the first signal, and wherein the instructions further cause the host system to: select the first signal from the plurality of signals for the simulation based on the determined subset of sections. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions further cause the host system to: generate the plurality of sections based on a number of signals, or a number of processes executed by the host system to simulate each section. 16. A computer-implemented process that, when invoked upon receipt of a design under test (DUT) to emulate, executes on a host system, the process comprising: receiving from an emulator a first signal traced by the emulator based on emulation of the DUT, the DUT corresponding to a design of an integrated circuit (IC) to be tested; receiving a request for a second signal, the second signal for evaluating a function of the DUT not traced by the emulator; determining from a plurality of sections of the DUT, a subset of sections of the DUT to simulate to generate the second signal; simulating the subset of sections based on the first signal; and generating the second signal based on the simulation of the subset of sections. 17. The process of claim 16, further comprising: generating based on the simulation a third signal for evaluating a function of the DUT that is not requested. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the subset of sections includes a first section and a second section, wherein the first section generates a third signal based on the first signal, and wherein the second section generates the second signal based on the third signal. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein a plurality of signals are received from the emulator, the plurality of signals including the first signal, the process further comprising: selecting the first signal from the plurality of signals for the simulation based on the determined subset of sections. 20. The process of claim 16, further comprising: generating the plurality of sections based on a number of signals, or a number of processes executed by the host system to simulate each section.",
-    "A wafer supporting structure in semiconductor manufacturing, and a device and a method for manufacturing semiconductor are provided. In accordance with some embodiments of the instant disclosure, a wafer supporting structure in semiconductor manufacturing includes a transparent ring and at least two arms. The arms are connected to the transparent ring. 1. A wafer supporting structure in semiconductor manufacturing, comprising: a transparent ring; at least two arms connected to the transparent ring; and a first pin disposed between at least one of the at least two arms and an outer surface of the transparent ring, and connecting the at least one of the at least two arms and the transparent ring. 2. The wafer supporting structure of claim 1, wherein the transparent ring is interposed into the at least two arms which are connected at a central point, and the transparent ring is concentric to the central point. 3. The wafer supporting structure of claim 2, further comprising: a shaft connected to the at least two arms at the central point. 4. The wafer supporting structure of claim 1, wherein the transparent ring has a constant thickness defined by an upper surface and a lower surface of the transparent ring. 5. (canceled) 6. The wafer supporting structure of claim 1, wherein the transparent ring has a width defined by an inner surface and the outer surface of the transparent ring. 7-8. (canceled) 9. The wafer supporting structure of claim 6, further comprising: a shaft connected to the inner surface of the transparent ring. 10. The wafer supporting structure of claim 9, further comprising: a second pin disposed between the shaft and the inner surface of the transparent ring, and connecting the shaft and the transparent ring. 11. A device for manufacturing semiconductor, comprising: a wafer supporting structure comprising: a transparent ring; and at least two arms connected to the transparent ring, wherein at least a portion of at least one of the at least two arms is disposed above the transparent ring; a heating source disposed adjacent to the wafer supporting structure; and a sensor disposed below the transparent ring of the wafer supporting structure and configured to allow a sensing through the transparent ring. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the transparent ring has a constant thickness defined by an upper surface and a lower surface of the transparent ring. 13. The device of claim 11, wherein the transparent ring has a width defined by an inner surface and an outer surface of the transparent ring. 14. The device of claim 11, wherein the sensor is a temperature sensor. 15. The device of claim 11, further comprising a susceptor disposed over the at least two arms and the transparent ring. 16-20. (canceled) 21. The wafer supporting structure of claim 6, wherein a central region of the transparent ring is a hole surrounded by the inner surface of the transparent ring. 22. The wafer supporting structure of claim 1, further comprising a susceptor mounted on the at least two arms and disposed over the transparent ring. 23. The device of claim 11, wherein the transparent ring is a platform having a flat surface. 24. The device of claim 15, wherein the susceptor is horizontal to the transparent ring. 25. (canceled) 26. A wafer supporting structure in semiconductor manufacturing, comprising: a transparent ring; a susceptor disposed over the transparent ring, separated from the transparent ring, and configured to support a wafer; and at least two arms connected to the transparent ring and the susceptor, wherein at least a portion of at least one of the at least two arms is disposed between the transparent ring and the susceptor. 27. The wafer supporting structure of claim 26, further comprising: a shaft disposed below the transparent ring and connected to the transparent ring; and a pin disposed between the shaft and the transparent ring, and connecting the shaft and the transparent ring. 28. The wafer supporting structure of claim 26, wherein at least one of the at least two arms comprises: a first arm having a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is in contact with an upper surface of the transparent ring, and the second portion is connected to a lower surface of the transparent ring. 29. The device of claim 11, further comprising a first pin disposed between at least one of the at least two arms and the transparent ring, and connecting the at least one of the at least two arms and the transparent ring.",
-    "Personal audio systems and methods are disclosed. A personal audio system includes a processor to generate a personal audio stream by processing the digitized ambient audio in accordance with an active processing parameter set, an event detector to detect a trigger event other than manual selection by a user of the personal audio system, and a controller configured to, in response to detection of the trigger event, select a new processing parameter set and instruct the processor to begin generating the personal audio stream by processing the digitized ambient audio in accordance with the new processing parameter set. 1. A personal audio system, comprising: a housing configured to interface with a user's ear; an input subsystem disposed within the housing and comprising a microphone, a preamplifier, and an analog to digital converter coupled to one another, the input subsystem configured to convert ambient sound into digitized ambient audio; a processor to generate a personal audio stream by processing the digitized ambient audio in accordance with an active processing parameter set; an event detector to detect a trigger event other than manual selection by the user from a set of trigger events, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes a location of the personal audio system; a controller configured to, in response to detection of the at least one of the trigger events, receive from a knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system a new processing parameter set associated with the location of the personal audio system and instruct the processor to begin generating the personal audio stream by processing the digitized ambient audio in accordance with the new processing parameter set, wherein the new processing parameter set is learned by the knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system based at least in part from one or more audio snippets and associated metadata uploaded to the knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system by a plurality of other personal audio systems; and an output subsystem disposed within the housing and in communication with the processor, the output subsystem comprising a digital to analog converter, an amplifier and a speaker coupled to one another, the output subsystem configured to convert the digitized ambient audio into processed output sound for the user's ear. 2. The personal audio system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes detecting, within the digitized ambient audio, an audio feature that is associated with the new processing parameter set. 3. The personal audio system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes detecting, within the digitized ambient audio, that an audio feature is not one that is associated with the active processing parameter set. 4. The personal audio system of claim 1 wherein the trigger event is detected in one of audio snippet data and audio snippet metadata based upon the digitized ambient audio. 5. The personal audio system of claim 1, further comprising: a geo-locator to determine a current location of the personal audio system; and wherein at least one of the trigger events is detecting, using the geo-locator, that the personal audio system has moved to the location that is associated with the new processing parameter set. 6. The personal audio system of claim 1, further comprising a parameter memory that stores one or more processing parameter sets including the active parameter set and the new processing parameter set. 7. The personal audio system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to receive, from the knowledgebase, one or more processing parameter sets derived by the knowledgebase from snippets and associated metadata received by the knowledgebase from a plurality of personal audio systems, and store the one or more processing parameter sets received from the knowledgebase in a parameter memory. 8. The personal audio system of claim 1 wherein the processor is disposed within the housing. 9. The personal audio system of claim 1, wherein: the housing is an earbud housing configured to fit, at least partially, within and be supported by the user's ear. 10. A method for processing ambient sound in a personal audio system, comprising: converting ambient sound into digitized ambient audio using an input subsystem disposed within a housing, the housing comprising a microphone, a preamplifier, and an analog to digital converter coupled to one another; generating a personal audio stream by using a processor to process the digitized ambient audio in accordance with an active processing parameter set; detecting, using an event trigger, a trigger event other than manual selection by a user of the personal audio system from a set of trigger events, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes a location of the personal audio system; and in response to detection of the at least one of the trigger events, a controller receiving from a knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system a new processing parameter set associated with the location of the personal audio system and instructing the processor to begin generating the personal audio stream by processing the ambient audio stream in accordance with the new processing parameter set, wherein the new processing parameter set is learned by the knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system based at least in part from one or more audio snippets and associated metadata uploaded to the knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system by a plurality of other personal audio systems; and converting the digitized ambient audio into processed output sound for the user's ear using an output subsystem disposed within the housing and in communication with the processor, the output subsystem comprising a digital to analog converter, an amplifier and a speaker coupled to one another. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes detecting, within the digitized ambient audio, an audio feature that is associated with the new processing parameter set. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes detecting, within the digitized ambient audio, that an audio feature is not one that is associated with the active processing parameter set. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein at least one of the trigger events includes detecting in one of audio snippet data and audio snippet metadata based upon the digitized ambient audio. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: determining a current location of the personal audio system using a geo-locator; and wherein at least one of the trigger events includes detecting, using the geo-locator, that the personal audio system has moved to the location that is associated with the new processing parameter set. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising storing one or more processing parameter sets in a parameter memory, the one or more processing parameter sets including the active parameter set and the new processing parameter set. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising receiving, from the knowledgebase, one or more processing parameter sets derived by the knowledgebase from snippets and associated metadata received by the knowledgebase from a plurality of personal audio systems, and storing the one or more processing parameter sets received from the knowledgebase in the parameter memory. 17. A system, comprising: a knowledgebase; and a personal audio system in communications with the knowledgebase via a network, the personal audio system comprising: a processor to generate a personal audio stream by processing digitized ambient audio in accordance with an active processing parameter set; an event detector to detect a trigger event other than manual selection by a user of the personal audio system from a set of trigger events, wherein at least one of the trigger events includes a location of the personal audio system; and a controller configured to, in response to detection of the at least one of the trigger events, receive from a knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system a new processing parameter set associated with the location of the personal audio system and instruct the processor to begin generating the personal audio stream by processing the digitized ambient audio in accordance with the new processing parameter set, wherein the new processing parameter set is learned by the knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system based at least in part from one or more audio snippets and associated metadata uploaded to the knowledgebase remote from the personal audio system by a plurality of other personal audio systems. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the knowledgebase is configured to transmit the new processing parameter set to the personal audio system when the trigger event is an audio feature detected by the knowledgebase within an ambient profile of the digitized ambient audio. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the knowledgebase is configured to transmit the new processing parameter set to the personal audio system when the trigger event is that an audio feature is no longer detected by the knowledgebase within an ambient profile of the digitized ambient audio. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the knowledgebase is configured to transmit the new processing parameter set to the personal audio system in response to a change in location of the personal audio system.",
-    "A radio frequency blocking pouch for the transport and use of a remote keyless system such as a wireless key fob or key, includes a sealable pouch configured to securely retain a wireless key fob in an inverted position and selectively permit radio transmission by unsealing the container, while permitting the use of additional keys and other small articles which may be bundled with the wireless key fob. 1. A radio frequency (RF) blocking pouch for key fobs comprising: (1) an invertable body with at least one layer of RF shielding material, the body including: an outer surface, an inner surface, a cavity with a bottom portion and a top portion, a mouth with an opening communicating with the cavity, a closure configured to reversibly occlude the mouth, and, an inner collapsible tethering member movable from a nested position at the bottom portion of the cavity at least up to the mouth; (2) an attachment member attached to a distal end of the tethering member; and, (3) a key ring retention member at an end of the pouch opposite the closure. 2. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 wherein the collapsible tethering member is displaceable by gravity when the pouch is in an inverted position. 3. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 further comprising a flap closure. 4. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 further comprising transverse the cavity, an anti-slippage member configured to prevent inadvertent movement when the pouch is inverted. 5. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 wherein the key ring retention member is selected from at least one of the following: rings, d-rings, hook and loop tethers, elastic tethers, cables, clips, carabiners, magnetic catches. 6. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 including a reversibly mateable seal between the outer surface and the closure. 7. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 including closure fasteners selected from at least one of the following: hook and loop fasteners, magnetic catch fasteners, snap fasteners, button fasteners, hook and eye fasteners, elastic banding. 8. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 1 further comprising at least one pocket for the storage of RFID cards. 9. A radio frequency (RF) blocking pouch for key fobs comprising: (1) an invertable substantially rigid body with at least one layer of RF shielding material, the body including, a top side, a bottom side, an outer surface, an inner surface, a cavity with a bottom portion and a top portion, a mouth with an opening communicating with the cavity, a closure at the top side of the container configured to reversibly occlude the mouth, and, a collapsible inner tethering member movable from a nested position at the bottom portion of the cavity up to the mouth; (2) a key fob attachment member attached to a distal portion of the inner tethering member; and, (3) at least one key ring retention member at an end of the pouch opposite the closure. 10. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 9 wherein the collapsible tethering member is movable beyond the mouth of the pouch. 11. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 9 including transverse the body, an anti-slippage member configured to prevent inadvertent movement when the pouch is carried or inverted. 12. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 9 wherein the key ring retention member is selected from at least one of the following: rings, d-rings, hook and loop tethers, elastic tethers, cables, clips, carabiners, magnetic catches. 13. The radio frequency blocking pouch according to claim 9 further comprising at least one pocket for the storage of RFID cards. 14. A method for securing a radio frequency blocking pouch for a wireless key fob comprising the steps of: providing a hand held container configured to securely retain and surround a key fob when the container is inverted, the container further comprising: a body including, a top side, a bottom side, an outer surface, an inner surface, a cavity with a bottom portion and a top portion, a mouth with an opening communicating with the cavity, a closure at the top side of the container configured to reversibly occlude the mouth, and, a collapsible inner tethering member movable from a nested position at the bottom portion of the cavity up to the mouth; attaching a wireless key fob to the inner tethering member; sealing the closure to block radio transmission or reception; and, un-sealing the closure to permit radio transmission or reception. 15. The method according to claim 14 further comprising the step of attaching a key ring to a key ring tether connected to the bottom side of the container. 16. The method according to claim 14 further comprising the step of inverting the container before or after un-sealing the closure.",
-    "In one embodiment, a weld observation device comprises a panel of tinted glass, a frame, a mount, a hinge and a stop bracket. The panel may be elongate in the horizontal direction. The frame may be secured to at least a portion of perimeter of the panel of tinted glass. The upper surface of the mount may be rotatably secured to a bottom edge of the frame via the lunge. The stop bracket may be attached to the frame such that rotation of the hinge in a first direction is arrested by the stop bracket contacting the upper surface of the mount. 1. A device comprising: a panel of tinted glass wherein the panel is elongate in the horizontal direction; and wherein the panel has a perimeter; a frame secured to at least a portion of perimeter of the panel of tinted glass; a first mount having an upper surface, wherein the upper surface of the mount is rotatably secured to a bottom edge of the frame via a first hinge; a first stop bracket attached to the frame such that rotation of the hinge in a first direction is arrested by the stop bracket contacting the upper surface of the mount. 2. The device of claim 1, comprising a pad attached to a front surface of the mount such that rotation of the hinge in a second direction is arrested by the panel of glass contacting a front face of the frame. 3. The device of claim 1, comprising: a second mount secured to the bottom edge of the frame via a second hinge. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the tinted glass is tinted to an ANSI welding shade number of from 3 to 14. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the tinted glass is tinted to an ANSI welding shade number of from 5 to 13. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the tinted glass is tinted to an ANSI welding shade number of from 7 to 11. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the tinted glass is tinted to an ANSI welding shade number of from 8 to 10. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the mount comprises a clamp. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the clamp comprises a lower clamping jaw spaced apart from an upper clamping jaw. 10. A device comprising: a panel of tinted glass wherein the panel is elongate in the horizontal direction; and wherein the panel has a perimeter; a frame secured to at least a portion of perimeter of the panel of tinted glass; a caster attached to a rear face of the frame; a vertical rail, wherein the rail slideably retains the caster; a first mount having a front face, wherein the rail s attached to the front face of the first mount. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the tinted glass is tinted to an ANSI welding shade number of from 3 to 14. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the mount comprises a clamp. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the clamp comprises a lower clamping jaw spaced apart from an upper clamping jaw. 14. A device comprising: a panel of tinted glass wherein the panel is elongate in the horizontal direction; and wherein the panel has a perimeter; a frame secured to at least a portion of perimeter of the panel of tinted glass; a first mount having an upper surface, wherein the upper surface of the mount is rotatably secured to a side edge of the frame via a first pivot arm. 15. The device of claim 10, wherein the tinted glass is tinted to an ANSI welding shade number of from 3 to 14. 16. The device of claim 10, wherein the mount comprises a clamp. 17. The device of claim 12, wherein the clamp comprises a lower clamping jaw spaced apart from an upper clamping jaw.",
-    "The present invention provides a semiconductor device with an improved yield ratio and reduced height and manufacturing cost; and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a semiconductor device including a substrate, a semiconductor element that is flip-chip connected to the substrate, and a molding portion that seals the semiconductor element. The side surfaces of the semiconductor element are enclosed by the molding portion. An upper surface of the semiconductor element is not enclosed by the molding portion. Damage to the side surfaces of the semiconductor element caused by an external impact when the semiconductor device is stored is minimized, because the molding portion protects the side surfaces of the semiconductor element. Accordingly, the yield ratio of the semiconductor device is improved. The height of the semiconductor device can also be reduced since the upper surface of the semiconductor element is not enclosed with the molding portion. 1. (canceled) 2. A method comprising: disposing a semiconductor element on a first surface of a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of solder balls mounted on a second surface of the substrate, the second surface being opposite to the first surface; forming a molding portion to enclose a plurality of side surfaces of the semiconductor element, wherein a first solder ball from the plurality of solder balls is mounted beneath the molding portion, and wherein the first solder ball is mounted on the second surface of the substrate; and coupling the semiconductor element to the first surface of the substrate, wherein the coupling comprises forming an electrical connection between the semiconductor element and a second solder ball from the plurality of solder balls. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: forming a layer of material on an exposed surface of the semiconductor element, wherein the exposed surface is opposite to a surface of the semiconductor element coupled to the first surface of the substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the forming the layer of material comprises forming the layer of material to enclose the exposed surface of the semiconductor element. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the forming the layer of material comprises forming the layer of material on the molding portion. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the forming comprises forming the molding portion to fully enclose the plurality of side surfaces of the semiconductor element. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the forming the electrical connection comprises coupling the semiconductor element to an electrical contact in the substrate. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the forming the electrical connection comprises connecting a conductive trace between an electrical contact in the substrate and at least one of the plurality of solder balls. 9. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; a semiconductor element disposed on a first surface of substrate, wherein the semiconductor element comprises a molding portion to enclose a plurality of side surfaces of the semiconductor element; and a plurality of solder balls mounted on a second surface of the substrate, wherein the second surface is opposite to the first surface, and wherein a solder ball from the plurality of solder balls is mounted, beneath the molding portion, on the second surface of the substrate. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the semiconductor element comprises a layer of material disposed on a surface of the semiconductor element opposite to a surface of the semiconductor element coupled to the first surface of the substrate, wherein the layer of material and the molding portion fully enclose the semiconductor element. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the molding portion fully encloses the plurality of side surfaces of the semiconductor element. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the substrate comprises an electrical contact used to form an electrical connection with the semiconductor device. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the substrate comprises a conductive trace between an electrical contact in the substrate and at least one of the plurality of solder balls. 14. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; a first semiconductor element disposed on a first surface of the substrate, wherein the semiconductor element comprises a molding portion to enclose a plurality of side surfaces of the first semiconductor element; a second semiconductor element disposed on a surface of the first semiconductor element opposite to a surface of the first semiconductor element disposed on the first surface of the substrate; and a plurality of solder balls mounted on a second surface of the substrate, wherein the second surface is opposite to the first surface, and wherein a solder ball from the plurality of solder balls is mounted, beneath the molding portion, on the second surface of the substrate. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 14, further comprising: a layer of material disposed between the first and second semiconductor elements, wherein the layer of material and the molding portion fully enclose the first semiconductor element. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the molding portion fully encloses the plurality of side surfaces of the first semiconductor element. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises an electrical contact used to form an electrical connection with the first semiconductor device. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises a conductive trace between an electrical contact in the substrate and at least one of the plurality of solder balls. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises an electrical contact used to form an electrical connection with the second semiconductor device. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein a material fully encloses the first and second semiconductor device, and wherein the material is disposed above the substrate. 21. The semiconductor device of claim 20, wherein the material comprises an epoxy.",
-    "An organic light emitting display device includes a display panel including a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of emission lines, and a plurality of pixels, a scan driver configured to provide a scan signal to the pixels via the scan lines, a data driver configured to provide a data signal to the pixels via the data lines, an emission driver including a plurality of emission stages for providing an emission signal to the pixels via the emission lines, and a controller configured to control the scan driver, the data driver, and the emission driver, wherein each of the emission stages includes a plurality of sub-stages dependently connected to each other, and wherein one of the sub-stages is configured to output the emission signal to one of the emission lines. 1. An organic light emitting display device comprising: a display panel comprising a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of emission lines, and a plurality of pixels; a scan driver configured to provide a scan signal to the pixels via the scan lines; a data driver configured to provide a data signal to the pixels via the data lines; an emission driver comprising a plurality of emission stages for providing an emission signal to the pixels via the emission lines; and a controller configured to control the scan driver, the data driver, and the emission driver, wherein each of the emission stages comprises a plurality of sub-stages dependently connected to each other, and wherein one of the sub-stages is configured to output the emission signal to one of the emission lines. 2. The organic light emitting display device of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to provide a plurality of scan clock signals for controlling the scan driver to the scan driver, and to provide a plurality of emission clock signals for controlling the emission driver to the emission driver, and wherein a period of the scan clock signals is longer than a period of the emission clock signals. 3. The organic light emitting display device of claim 2, wherein the sub-stages comprise: first and second sub-stages each configured to provide an output signal, which is generated by shifting a corresponding input signal to be synchronized with a first emission clock signal or a second emission clock signal, to a next sub-stage, and wherein one of the first and second sub-stages is configured to output the output signal as the emission signal to one of the emission lines. 4. The organic light emitting display device of claim 3, wherein the second emission clock signal is substantially the same as the first emission clock signal shifted by a half period of the first emission clock signal. 5. The organic light emitting display device of claim 3, wherein each of the emission stages further comprises: an output signal selector configured to select one of the output signal of the first sub-stage and the output signal of the second sub-stage as the emission signal. 6. The organic light emitting display device of claim 3, wherein the first sub-stage is located opposite to the second sub-stage with respect to an emission clock line via which the emission clock signal is configured to be provided. 7. The organic light emitting display device of claim 2, wherein the sub-stages comprise: first to fourth sub-stages configured to provide an output signal, which is generated by shifting an input signal to be synchronized with a first emission clock signal or a second emission clock signal, to a corresponding next sub-stage, and wherein one of the first to fourth sub-stages is configured to output the output signal as the emission signal to one of the emission lines. 8. The organic light emitting display device of claim 2, wherein a period of the emission clock signal is determined by dividing a period of the scan clock signals by a number of the sub-stages in one of the emission stages. 9. The organic light emitting display device of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to provide an emission start signal for driving the emission driver to the emission driver. 10. The organic light emitting display device of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to control a length of an on-period of the emission start signal based on a dimming control value for controlling a dimming level. 11. The organic light emitting display device of claim 10, wherein the length of the on-period of the emission start signal is a multiple of a period of an emission clock signal for controlling the emission driver. 12. The organic light emitting display device of claim 11, wherein a length of the on-period of the emission start signal corresponds to a product of a length of one horizontal period and a number of the scan lines. 13. The organic light emitting display device of claim 10, wherein the dimming control value is configured to be changed based on an external light intensity. 14. The organic light emitting display device of claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to provide a hybrid dimming signal to the data driver based on the dimming control value, and wherein the data driver is configured to select one among a plurality of gamma reference voltage sets based on the hybrid dimming signal to convert image data into the data signal. 15. The organic light emitting display device of claim 1, wherein the emission signal comprises at least one of an on-period and an off-period during one frame period. 16. An emission driver comprising: a plurality of emission stages configured to output an emission signal to a plurality of emission lines, wherein each of the emission stages comprises a plurality of sub-stages dependently connected to each other, and wherein one of the sub-stages is configured to output the emission signal to a corresponding one of the emission lines. 17. The emission driver of claim 16, wherein each of the sub-stages is configured to provide an output signal, which is generated by shifting an input signal to be synchronized with a first emission clock signal or a second emission clock signal, to a next sub-stage, and wherein one of the sub-stages is configured to output the output signal as the emission signal to one of the emission lines. 18. The emission driver of claim 17, wherein the input signal is an emission start signal or an output signal of a previous sub-stage, and wherein a length of an on-period of the emission start signal is configured to be adjusted based on a dimming control value for controlling a dimming level. 19. The emission driver of claim 18, wherein the length of the on-period of the emission start signal is a multiple of a period of the first emission clock signal. 20. The emission driver of claim 17, wherein a length of a period of the first emission clock signal and a length of a period of the second emission clock signal are substantially the same as a length of one horizontal period.",
-    "Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for collecting call data, feeding call data to applications, and providing advanced call features. 1. A method comprising: setting up a call between a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) customer endpoint and an additional endpoint; collecting and warehousing call metadata from the a MVNO customer endpoint and the additional endpoint; separating, using a switch controller within a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) platform, call audio into one or more isolated audio portions; determining that consent is given, from one or more of the MVNO customer endpoint and the additional endpoint, for storing the one or more isolated audio portions; and sending the one or more isolated audio portions to a customer relationship management (CRM) system when consent is given. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, to a third party, access to listen to the call and the ability to inject audio into at least one of the one or more isolated audio portions. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, to a user that is authorized by the MVNO, a link to retrieve the call metadata from the CRM system. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, to the MNVO customer endpoint, a link to retrieve the audio portion for the MVNO customer endpoint. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that consent is withheld, from one or more of the MVNO customer endpoint and the additional endpoint, for storing the one or more isolated audio portions; and disregarding the audio portion for the additional endpoint when consent is withheld. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting, in the switch controller, when the call is torn down, sending, via a text message, a link to the isolated audio portions in the CRM system. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting, in the switch controller, when the call is torn down, sending, via a text message, an interface for annotating the isolated audio portions in the CRM system. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining, using the switch controller, the phone number for the additional endpoint; obtaining, via a caller identification module, a name associated with the phone number; and determining a set of contact details using the phone number and name. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: exposing the contact details to the MVNO customer endpoint 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: exposing the contact details in the CRM system. 11. A system comprising: a processor; a computer-readable medium; and non-transitory computer-readable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to: set up a call between a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) customer endpoint and an additional endpoint; collect and warehousing call metadata from the a MVNO customer endpoint and the additional endpoint; separate, using a switch controller within a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) platform, call audio into one or more isolated audio portions; determine that consent is given, from one or more of the MVNO customer endpoint and the additional endpoint, for storing the one or more isolated audio portions; and send the one or more isolated audio streams to a customer relationship management (CRM) system when consent is given. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to: provide, to a third party, access to listen to the conference call and the ability to inject audio into at least one of the one or more isolated audio portions. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to: determine that consent is withheld, from one or more of the MVNO customer endpoint and the additional endpoint, for storing the one or more isolated audio portions; and disregard the audio portion for the additional endpoint when consent is withheld. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to: detect, in the switch controller, when the call is torn down, send, via a text message, a link to the one or more isolated audio portions in the CRM system. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to: detect, in the switch controller, when the call is torn down, send, via a text message, an interface for annotating the one or more isolated audio portions in the CRM system. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to: obtain, using the switch controller, the phone number for the additional endpoint; obtain, via a caller identification module, a name associated with the phone number; and determine a set of contact details using the phone number and name. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, further cause the system to: expose the contact details to the MVNO customer endpoint. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to: set up a conference call for a moderator; receive a request from a third party to join the conference call; gather contact details for the third party; send a gatekeeper message to the moderator describing the third party; and upon receiving a response to the gatekeeper message, provide the third party access to the conference call. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the gatekeeper message is sent from an SMS server. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the gatekeeper message includes reply options for the moderator to define a set of permissions for the third party after joining the call.",
-    "Disclosed is an apparatus and method for trimming product in a mobile unit. 1. A mobile automated product trimming unit, said mobile automated product trimming unit comprising: a mobile base, said base comprising an attachment for connection to a transportation device; at least one product trimmer connected to said base; a first conveyor connected to said base; a second conveyor connected to said base; an end product collection area located near one of said first conveyor and said second conveyor; a bagging device enabled to remove leaf trimmed from said product and locate said leaf in a specified area; and a chilling unit enabled to provide temperature control to an interior portion of said mobile base. 2. The mobile automated product trimming unit of claim 1, wherein said at least one trimmer is connected to said base by an e-trac system. 3. The mobile automated product trimming unit of claim 1, further comprising an enclosure comprised of at least two walls, at least one door, and a ceiling. 4. The mobile automated product trimming unit of claim 3 further comprising a plurality of cameras, wherein at least one of said plurality of cameras is outside said enclosure and at least one of said plurality of cameras is inside said enclosure. 5. The mobile automated product trimming unit of claim 3, further comprising at least one of a carbon filter, a uv filter and a chilling unit. 6. The mobile automated product trimming unit of claim 1, further comprising a generator enabled to supply power to said trimmer. 7. The mobile automated product trimming unit of claim 1, further comprising a weight scale enabled to weigh trimmed product at said end product collection area. 8. A method of trimming product in a mobile unit, said method comprising: attaching at least one product trimmer to a base of a mobile unit, wherein said mobile unit is enabled to connect to a method of transportation and said mobile unit comprises said base, at least two walls and a ceiling; at a first location; moving product along a conveyor to said trimmer; trimming said product; moving said trimmed product along a conveyor to a collection area; removing trimmings from said product to a bagging area; with a chilling unit, controlling the temperature of an interior portion of said mobile unit; and weighing said trimmed product; and transporting said mobile unit to a second location. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said mobile unit further comprises a plurality of cameras, wherein at least one of said plurality of cameras is outside said enclosure and at least one of said plurality of cameras is inside said enclosure. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said mobile unit further comprises at least one of a carbon filter, a uv filter and a chilling unit. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein said mobile unit further comprises a generator enabled to supply power to said trimmer.",
-    "In an example, a method of coding video data may include selecting, as part of an entropy coding process, a context for a syntax element associated with a current coding unit (CU) based on information relating to CU depth of one or more neighboring CUs relative to the current CU. The syntax element may represent whether the current CU is split into sub-CUs. The method may include entropy coding the syntax element based on the selected context. 1. A method of coding video data, the method comprising: selecting, as part of an entropy coding process, a context for a syntax element associated with a current coding unit (CU) based on information relating to CU depth of one or more neighboring CUs relative to the current CU, wherein the syntax element represents whether the current CU is split into sub-CUs; and entropy coding the syntax element based on the selected context. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the entropy coding process comprises a context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) process, and wherein entropy coding comprises CABAC coding. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein CABAC coding comprises CABAC encoding or CABAC decoding. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more CU depths relating to the one or more neighboring CUs are equal to a CU depth of the current CU. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more CU depths relating to the one or more neighboring CUs are not equal to a CU depth of the current CU. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a CU depth of the current CU is smaller than a minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs; and selecting the context based on a determination that the CU depth of the current CU is smaller than the minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: setting an initial value corresponding to the selected context equal to 255 based on the determination that the CU depth of the current CU is smaller than the minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected context corresponds to a probability value equal to one for the syntax element when the CU depth of the current CU is smaller than the minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the selected context comprises one of a dedicated context or an adaptive context with an initial value that is equal to one. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a CU depth of the current CU is greater than a maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs; and selecting the context based on a determination that the CU depth of the current CU is greater than the maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: setting an initial value corresponding to the selected context equal to zero based on the determination that the CU depth of the current CU is greater than the maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected context corresponds to a probability value equal to zero for the syntax element when the CU depth of the current CU is greater than the maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the selected context comprises one of a dedicated context or an adaptive context with an initial value that is equal to zero. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the syntax element comprises a split_cu_flag syntax element. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein a CTU associated with the current CU has a size larger than 64\u00d764. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: selecting the context from a group of at least four possible contexts. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the group of at least four possible contexts comprises six possible contexts. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the context for the syntax element is based on information relating to CU depth of one or more spatially neighboring CUs relative to the current CU. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the context for the syntax element is based on information relating to CU depth of one or more temporally neighboring CUs relative to the current CU. 20. A device for coding video data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store the video data; and a video coder in communication with the memory, wherein the video coder is configured to: select, as part of an entropy coding process, a context for a syntax element associated with a current coding unit (CU) stored in the memory based on information relating to CU depth of one or more neighboring CUs relative to the current CU, wherein the syntax element represents whether the current CU is split into sub-CUs; and entropy code the syntax element based on the selected context. 21. The device of claim 20, wherein the entropy coding process comprises a context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) process, and wherein the video coder being configured to entropy code comprises the video coder being configured to CABAC code. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the video coder being configured to CABAC code comprises the video coder being configured to CABAC encode or CABAC decode. 23. The device of claim 20, wherein one or more CU depths relating to the one or more neighboring CUs are equal to a CU depth of the current CU. 24. The device of claim 20, wherein one or more CU depths relating to the one or more neighboring CUs are not equal to a CU depth of the current CU. 25. The device of claim 20, wherein the video coder is further configured to: determine whether a CU depth of the current CU is smaller than a minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs; and select the context based on a determination that the CU depth of the current CU is smaller than the minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the video coder is further configured to: set an initial value corresponding to the selected context equal to 255 based on the determination that the CU depth of the current CU is smaller than the minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 27. The device of claim 20, wherein the selected context corresponds to a probability value equal to one for the syntax element when the CU depth of the current CU is smaller than the minimal CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 28. The device of claim 27, wherein the selected context comprises one of a dedicated context or an adaptive context with an initial value that is equal to one. 29. The device of claim 20, wherein the video coder is further configured to: determine whether a CU depth of the current CU is greater than a maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs; and select the context based on a determination that the CU depth of the current CU is greater than the maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 30. The device of claim 29, wherein the video coder is further configured to: set an initial value corresponding to the selected context equal to zero based on the determination that the CU depth of the current CU is greater than the maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 31. The device of claim 20, wherein the selected context corresponds to a probability value equal to zero for the syntax element when the CU depth of the current CU is greater than the maximum CU depth of the one or more neighboring CUs. 32. The device of claim 31, wherein the selected context comprises one of a dedicated context or an adaptive context with an initial value that is equal to zero. 33. The device of claim 20, wherein the syntax element comprises a split_cu_flag syntax element. 34. The device of claim 20, wherein a CTU associated with the current CU has a size larger than 64\u00d764. 35. The device of claim 34, wherein the video coder is further configured to: select the context from a group of at least four possible contexts. 36. The device of claim 35, wherein the group of at least four possible contexts comprises six possible contexts. 37. The device of claim 20, wherein the video coder is configured to select the context for the syntax element based on information relating to CU depth of one or more spatially neighboring CUs relative to the current CU. 38. The device of claim 20, wherein the video coder is configured to select the context for the syntax element based on information relating to CU depth of one or more temporally neighboring CUs relative to the current CU. 39. An apparatus for coding video data, the apparatus comprising: means for selecting, as part of an entropy coding process, a context for a syntax element associated with a current coding unit (CU) based on information relating to CU depth of one or more neighboring CUs relative to the current CU, wherein the syntax element represents whether the current CU is split into sub-CUs; and means for entropy coding the syntax element based on the selected context. 40. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored that, when executed, cause one or more processors to: select, as part of an entropy coding process, a context for a syntax element associated with a current coding unit (CU) based on information relating to CU depth of one or more neighboring CUs relative to the current CU, wherein the syntax element represents whether the current CU is split into sub-CUs; and entropy code the syntax element based on the selected context.",
-    "A battery module is provided including a secondary battery unit having a plurality of secondary batteries spaced from each other, the plurality of secondary batteries each including electrode terminals and a safety vent which are arranged on one side of the secondary battery unit; a compression plate wrapping at least a portion of the secondary battery unit and compressing the secondary battery unit together; and an insulation cover covering the electrode terminals and the safety vent, the insulation cover including a duct connected to the safety vent to guide gases exhausted from the safety vent to a first location, and a vent hole member coupled to the duct at the first location. 1. A battery module comprising: a secondary battery unit including a plurality of secondary batteries, the plurality of secondary batteries each including electrode terminals and a safety vent which are arranged on one side of the secondary battery unit; a compression plate wrapping at least a portion of the secondary battery unit and compressing the secondary battery unit together; and an insulation cover covering the electrode terminals and the safety vent, the insulation cover including a duct connected to the safety vent to guide gases exhausted from the safety vent to a first location, and a vent hole member coupled to the duct at the first location. 2. The battery module of claim 1, further comprising a fixing cover unit positioned between the secondary battery unit and the compression plate and covering the secondary battery unit to fix positions of the plurality of secondary batteries. 3. The battery module of claim 2, wherein the fixing cover unit comprises: a top cover covering at least a portion of the secondary battery unit and including a first barrier separating the plurality of secondary batteries spaced in a first direction from each other; a bottom cover covering at least a portion of the secondary battery unit opposite from the top cover and including a second barrier separating the plurality of secondary batteries spaced in the first direction from each other; and a third barrier coupled between the top cover and the bottom cover and separating the plurality of secondary batteries spaced in a second direction from each other. 4. The battery module of claim 1, further comprising a busbar holder positioned between the secondary battery unit and the insulation cover, coupled to the fixing cover unit, and including busbars electrically connected to the electrode terminals. 5. The battery module of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of gaskets each coupled to a location corresponding to the safety vent while passing through the busbar holder, each of the gaskets including a plurality of gas holes corresponding to the safety vents of the plurality of secondary batteries, the plurality of gaskets connecting the duct and the safety vents of the plurality of secondary batteries arranged in the second direction. 6. The battery module of claim 4, wherein ends of the busbar holder are coupled to ends of the fixing cover unit through bolt engagement, wherein at least one protrusions are formed on top and bottom surfaces of the fixing cover unit, and wherein ring-shaped hooking portions are formed at top and bottom ends of the busbar holder to forcibly couple the protrusions to the hooking portions. 7. The battery module of claim 6, wherein ends of the insulation cover are coupled to ends of the fixing cover unit together with the ends of the busbar holder through bolt engagement. 8. The battery module of claim 4, further comprising a protective circuit unit electrically connected to the secondary battery unit through the busbars. 9. The battery module of claim 1, wherein the compression plate comprises: an upper compression plate compressing the secondary battery unit while covering the top portion of the secondary battery unit; and a lower compression plate combined with the upper compression plate and compressing the secondary battery unit while covering the bottom portion of the secondary battery unit, wherein ends of the upper compression plate are bent stepwise, and ends of the lower compression plate are welded to the ends of the upper compression plate such that the ends of the lower compression plate are on interior sides of the ends of the upper compression plate. 10. The battery module of claim 1, wherein duct comprises a duct groove connected to the safety vent and a duct cover member covering the duct groove and combined with the insulation cover.",
-    "The invention provides a light field illuminating method, device and system. The method includes: determining, based on position and angle of rays emitted from a projector and focal length of a lens, position and angle of projection rays obtained after the emitted rays being transmitted through a lens array; determining, based on position and angle of projection rays and light probe array of sampled scene, brightness value of projection rays; converting, based on brightness transfer function of projector, brightness value of projection rays into pixel value of projection input image, generating projection input image based on pixel value of projected input image; and performing light field illumination on target object with projection input image. A projector and a lens array are adopted to achieve light field illumination, so that pixel-level accurate lighting control can be achieved, and various complicated light field environments can be simulated vividly in practical scenario. 1. A light field illuminating method, comprising: determining, based on a position and an angle of rays emitted from a projector as well as a focal length of a lens, a position and an angle of projection rays obtained after the emitted rays being transmitted through a lens array; determining, based on the position and the angle of the projection rays as well as a light probe array of a sampled scene, a brightness value of the projection rays; converting, based on a brightness transfer function of the projector, the brightness value of the projection rays into a pixel value of a projection input image, generating the projection input image based on the pixel value of the projection input image; and performing light field illumination on a target object with the projection input image. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, before determining, based on the position and the angle of the projection rays as well as the light probe array of the sampled scene, the brightness value of the projection rays, the method further comprises: determining, based on a light probe array of a set projection image, a position of a dot light source, wherein the dot light source is formed after the rays emitted from the projector being refocused through the lens; and correcting, based on the position of the dot light source, the position and the angle of the projection rays; wherein the determining, based on the position and the angle of the projection rays as well as the light probe array of the sampled scene, the brightness value of the projection rays, comprises: determining, based on the corrected position and the corrected angle of the projection rays as well as the light probe array of the sampled scene, the brightness value of the projection rays. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, the correcting, based on the position of the dot light source, the position and the angle of the projection rays, comprises: determining the position and the angle of the projection rays based on [ x l v l ] = [ 1 h 1 0 1 ] \ue8a0 [ 1 0 - 1 f l z f l \u00b7 v p ] \ue8a0 [ 1 h 2 0 1 ] \ue8a0 [ x p v p ] ; wherein, xp indicates the position of the rays emitted from the projector, vp indicates the angle of the rays emitted from the projector, f1 indicates the focal length of the lens, h1 indicates a vertical ray transmission distance from the projector to the lens, h2 indicates a vertical ray transmission distance from the lens to a projection plane; z indicates the position of the dot light source, x1 indicates the position of the projection rays of the projector, and v1 indicates the angle of the projection rays of the projector. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein, there are multiple projectors, and the method further comprises: performing brightness mapping on projection input images and projection light field output of the multiple projectors, and determining that brightness of projection rays output to the illuminating light field are consistent by generating the projection input images of the multiple projectors through the mapping. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: extracting image data of the target object obtained after performing the light field illumination on the target object with the projection input image, and merging the image data and image data of the sampled scene to obtain a lighting rendering result of the target object under the sampled scene. 6. A light field illuminating device, comprising: a determining module, configured to determine, based on a position and an angle of rays emitted from a projector as well as a focal length of lens, a position and an angle of projection rays obtained after the emitted rays being transmitted through a lens array; wherein, the determining module is further configured to determine, based on the position and the angle of the projection rays as well as a light probe array of a sampled scene, a brightness value of the projection rays; a projection input image generating module, configured to convert, based on a brightness transfer function, the brightness value of the projection rays into a pixel value of a projection input image, and generate the projection input image based on the pixel value of the projection input image; and an illuminating module, configured to perform light field illumination on a target object with the projection input image. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein, the determining module is further configured to determine, based on a light probe array of a set projection image, a position of a dot light source, wherein the dot light source is formed after the rays emitted from the projector being refocused through the lens; the device further comprises: a correcting module, configured to correct, based on the position of the dot light source, the position and the angle of the projection rays; the determining module is specifically configured to determine, based on the corrected position and the corrected angle of the projection rays as well as the light probe array of the sampled scene, the brightness value of the projection rays. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein, the determining module is specifically configured to determine the position and the angle of the projection rays based on [ x l v l ] = [ 1 h 1 0 1 ] \ue8a0 [ 1 0 - 1 f l z f l \u00b7 v p ] \ue8a0 [ 1 h 2 0 1 ] \ue8a0 [ x p v p ] ; wherein, xp indicates the position of the rays emitted from the projector, vp indicates the angle of the rays emitted from the projector, f1 indicates the focal length of the lens, h1 indicates a vertical ray transmission distance from the projector to the lens, h2 indicates a vertical ray transmission distance from the lens to a projection plane; z indicates the position of the dot light source, x1 indicates the position of the projection rays of the projector, and v1 indicates the angle of the projection rays of the projector. 9. The device according to claim 6, further comprising: a data extracting module, configured to extract illuminating data obtained after performing the light field illumination on the target object with the projection input image, and a merging module, configured to merge the illuminating data and image data of the sampled scene to obtain a lighting rendering result of the target object under the sampled scene. 10. A light field illuminating system, comprising a projector, a lens array, and a light field illuminating device according to claim 6. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein, the determining module is further configured to determine, based on a light probe array of a set projection image, a position of a dot light source, wherein the dot light source is formed after the rays emitted from the projector being refocused through the lens; the light field illuminating device further comprises: a correcting module, configured to correct, based on the position of the dot light source, the position and the angle of the projection rays; the determining module is specifically configured to determine, based on the corrected position and the corrected angle of the projection rays as well as the light probe array of the sampled scene, the brightness value of the projection rays. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein, the determining module is specifically configured to determine the position and the angle of the projection rays based on [ x l v l ] = [ 1 h 1 0 1 ] \ue8a0 [ 1 0 - 1 f l z f l \u00b7 v p ] \ue8a0 [ 1 h 2 0 1 ] \ue8a0 [ x p v p ] ; wherein, xp indicates the position of the rays emitted from the projector, vp indicates the angle of the rays emitted from the projector, f1 indicates the focal length of the lens, h1 indicates a vertical ray transmission distance from the projector to the lens, h2 indicates a vertical ray transmission distance from the lens to a projection plane; z indicates the position of the dot light source, x1 indicates the position of the projection rays of the projector, and v1 indicates the angle of the projection rays of the projector. 13. The system according to claim 10, wherein the light field illuminating device further comprises: a data extracting module, configured to extract illuminating data obtained after performing the light field illumination on the target object with the projection input image, and a merging module, configured to merge the illuminating data and image data of the sampled scene to obtain a lighting rendering result of the target object under the sampled scene.",
-    "A network element of a communication provider comprises transceiver apparatus arranged to receive a request message from an originating endpoint via a packet-based communication network; and processing apparatus configured to generate, in response to the request message from the originating endpoint, a push notification relating to a communication from the originating endpoint intended for a destination endpoint, the communication to be conducted over the packet-based network. The transceiver apparatus is arranged to send the push notification to the destination endpoint over the packet-based network. The processing apparatus is further configured to generate the push notification with a payload comprising an indication of an image representing an originating user, to be output by the destination endpoint in a user notification notifying a destination user regarding the communication. At least the indication of the image is determined and inserted into the payload of the push notification at the network element. 1. A device configured as a communication provider and comprising: at least one processor; and one or more computer-readable memory storage devices storing one or more processor-executable instructions which, responsive to execution by the at least one processor, enable the device to perform operations comprising: receiving, from an originating endpoint via a packet-based communication network, a request message associated with the originating endpoint requesting to communicate with a destination endpoint over the packet-based communication network; resolving based, at least in part, on accessing a database, an indication of an image associated with the originating endpoint to use in a push notification to the destination endpoint; generating, in response to the request message from the originating endpoint, the push notification to send to the destination endpoint, the push notification configured to: notify the destination endpoint of the originating endpoint requesting to communicate; and enable the destination endpoint to formulate a call acceptance response as a return handshake message based, at least in part, on information in the push notification; inserting, into the push notification, the indication of the image, the indication configured to enable the image to be output by the destination endpoint in a user notification notifying a destination user regarding a communication associated with the originating endpoint; and sending the push notification to the destination endpoint over the packet-based network. 2. The device as recited in claim 1 further configured to perform operations comprising: resolving, from a list of languages, a language to use in the push notification based upon using at least one of: an identify associated with the originating endpoint; or an identify associated with the destination endpoint. 3. The device as recited in claim 2, wherein the resolving the language further comprises: identifying a shared language between the originating endpoint and the destination endpoint; and resolving the language as the shared language. 4. The device as recited in claim 1 further configured to perform operations comprising: checking a permission list to verify whether the originating endpoint has permission to make contact with the destination endpoint; and only sending the push notification to the destination endpoint if the originating endpoint has permission to make contact with the destination endpoint. 5. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein resolving the indication of the image further comprises identifying an avatar associated with a caller profile associated with the originating endpoint. 6. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein generating the push notification further comprises: maintaining, at the device, a list of user resolution information; querying the list of user resolution information to extract information associated with the originating endpoint; and inserting at least some of the extracted information in the push notification. 7. The device as recited in claim 6, wherein the user resolution information comprises at least one of: a username of a caller associated with the originating endpoint; an address associated with the originating endpoint; a display name associated with the caller; or an indication of a language associated with the destination endpoint. 8. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving, from an originating endpoint via a packet-based communication network, a request message associated with the originating endpoint requesting to communicate with a destination endpoint over the packet-based communication network; resolving based, at least in part, on accessing a database, an indication of an image associated with the originating endpoint to use in a push notification to the destination endpoint; generating, in response to the request message from the originating endpoint, the push notification to send to the destination endpoint, the push notification configured to: notify the destination endpoint of the originating endpoint requesting to communicate; and enable the destination endpoint to formulate a call acceptance response as a return handshake message based, at least in part, on information in the push notification; inserting, into the push notification, the indication of the image, the indication configured to enable the image to be output by the destination endpoint in a user notification notifying a destination user regarding a communication associated with the originating endpoint; and sending the push notification to the destination endpoint over the packet-based network. 9. The method as recited in claim 8 further comprising: resolving, from a list of languages, a language to use in the push notification based upon using at least one of: an identify associated with the originating endpoint; or an identify associated with the destination endpoint. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the resolving the language further comprises: identifying a shared language between the originating endpoint and the destination endpoint; and resolving the language as the shared language. 11. The method as recited in claim 8 further comprising: checking a permission list to verify whether the originating endpoint has permission to make contact with the destination endpoint; and only sending the push notification to the destination endpoint if the originating endpoint has permission to make contact with the destination endpoint. 12. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein resolving the indication of the image further comprises identifying an avatar associated with a caller profile associated with the originating endpoint. 13. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein generating the push notification further comprises: maintaining a list of user resolution information; querying the list of user resolution information to extract information associated with the originating endpoint; and inserting at least some of the extracted information in the push notification. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the user resolution information comprises at least one of: a username of a caller associated with the originating endpoint; an address associated with the originating endpoint; a display name associated with the caller; or an indication of a language associated with the destination endpoint. 15. One more computer-readable memory storage devices storing one or more processor-executable instructions which, responsive to execution by at least one processor, enable a device to perform operations comprising: receiving, from an originating endpoint via a packet-based communication network, a request message associated with the originating endpoint requesting to communicate with a destination endpoint over the packet-based communication network; resolving based, at least in part, on accessing a database, an indication of an image associated with the originating endpoint to use in a push notification to the destination endpoint; generating, in response to the request message from the originating endpoint, the push notification to send to the destination endpoint, the push notification configured to: notify the destination endpoint of the originating endpoint requesting to communicate; and enable the destination endpoint to formulate a call acceptance response as a return handshake message based, at least in part, on information in the push notification; inserting, into the push notification, the indication of the image, the indication configured to enable the image to be output by the destination endpoint in a user notification notifying a destination user regarding a communication associated with the originating endpoint; and sending the push notification to the destination endpoint over the packet-based network. 16. The one more computer-readable memory storage devices as recited in claim 15, the operations further comprising: resolving, from a list of languages, a language to use in the push notification based upon using at least one of: an identify associated with the originating endpoint; or an identify associated with the destination endpoint. 17. The one more computer-readable memory storage devices as recited in claim 15, the operations further comprising: checking a permission list to verify whether the originating endpoint has permission to make contact with the destination endpoint; and only sending the push notification to the destination endpoint if the originating endpoint has permission to make contact with the destination endpoint. 18. The one more computer-readable memory storage devices as recited in claim 15, wherein resolving the indication of the image further comprises identifying an avatar associated with a caller profile associated with the originating endpoint. 19. The one more computer-readable memory storage devices as recited in claim 15, wherein generating the push notification further comprises: maintaining, at the device, a list of user resolution information; querying the list of user resolution information to extract information associated with the originating endpoint; and inserting at least some of the extracted information in the push notification. 20. The one more computer-readable memory storage devices as recited in claim 19, wherein the user resolution information comprises at least one of: a username of a caller associated with the originating endpoint; an address associated with the originating endpoint; a display name associated with the caller; or an indication of a language associated with the destination endpoint.",
-    "The present disclosure discloses a method and apparatus for identifying discharge failure of a piezoelectric circuitry. The apparatus comprises a piezoelectric circuitry consisting of charging and discharging circuit with a microcontroller to compute the time required to charge and discharge the piezoelectric element respectively. Based on the first charging time and the second charging time corresponding to the first and second charging-discharging cycle respectively, the difference between the first and the second charging time is determined. The discharge failure in the piezoelectric circuit is identified where the first charging time is greater than the second charging time. 1. An apparatus for identifying failure of a circuit adapted to discharge a piezoelectric element, the apparatus comprising: a piezoelectric circuitry comprising a charging circuit and a discharging circuit adapted to charge and discharge a piezoelectric element respectively, wherein the piezoelectric circuitry further comprises a microcontroller configured to: determine a first charging time and a first discharging time corresponding to a first cycle associated with the charging and the discharging of the piezoelectric element; determine a second charging time and a second discharging time corresponding to a second cycle associated with the charging and the discharging of the piezoelectric element; compare the second charging time with the first charging time; and identify failure in the discharging circuit wherein the failure in the discharging circuit occurs if the difference between the first charging time and the second charging time is greater than a predefined threshold value. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the charging circuit is connected with a transistor wherein the transistor uses a pulse-width modulation waveform to control the charging of the piezoelectric element. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the microcontroller is connected in voltage sampler to compute the time required to charge and discharge the piezoelectric circuit. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the voltage sampler is further connected to a timing system to measure the time required by the piezoelectric circuitry to build its charge from zero. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is embedded in an implantable medical device. 6. A method for identifying failure of a circuit adapted to discharge a piezoelectric element, the method comprising: determining, by a microcontroller, a first charging time and a first discharging time corresponding to a first cycle associated with the charging and the discharging of the piezoelectric element; determining, by the microcontroller, a second charging time and a second discharging time corresponding to a second cycle associated with the charging and the discharging of the piezoelectric element; comparing, by the microcontroller, the second charging time with the first charging time; and identifying, by the microcontroller, failure in the discharging circuit wherein the failure in the discharging circuit occurs if the difference between the first charging time and the second charging time is greater than a predefined threshold value. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the charging circuit is connected with a transistor wherein the transistor uses a pulse-width modulation waveform to control the charging of the piezoelectric element. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the microcontroller is connected in voltage sampler to compute the time required to charge and discharge the piezoelectric circuit. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the voltage sampler is further connected to a timing system to measure the time required by the piezoelectric circuitry to build its charge from zero. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the apparatus is embedded in an implantable medical device.",
-    "A steering apparatus for a vehicle may include: a pinion gear rotated in connection with a steering wheel; a rack housing for housing a rack bar which is rotated while engaged with the pinion gear; and a mounting member coupled to the rack housing, wherein the mounting member may be coupled to a subframe while the shape thereof is changed according to the position or shape of the subframe. 1. A steering apparatus for a vehicle, comprising: a pinion gear rotated in connection with a steering wheel; a rack housing for housing a rack bar which is rotated while engaged with the pinion gear; and a mounting member coupled to the rack housing, wherein the mounting member is coupled to a subframe while the shape thereof is changed according to the position or shape of the subframe. 2. The steering apparatus of claim 1, wherein the mounting member comprises: a mounting part coupled to the rack housing; a sub mounting part interposed between the mounting part and the subframe and rotatably coupled to the mounting part; and a fastening part coupling the mounting part and the sub mounting part to the subframe. 3. The steering apparatus of claim 2, wherein the fastening part comprises: a fastening part body coupled to the subframe through the mounting part and the sub mounting part; and a fastening part head coupled to the fastening part body, having a larger diameter than the fastening part body, and pressurizing the mounting part toward the sub mounting part. 4. The steering apparatus of claim 3, wherein the fastening part body is screwed to the subframe through a screw thread formed on the outer circumferential surface thereof. 5. The steering apparatus of claim 3, wherein the fastening part body and the fastening part head are integrated with each other. 6. The steering apparatus of claim 2, wherein the mounting part protrudes from the rack housing and includes a mounting hole through which the fastening part is passed and a sub mounting seating part formed on the bottom surface thereof and having a shape corresponding to the shape of the sub mounting part, and the sub mounting part is seated on the sub mounting seating part. 7. The steering apparatus of claim 6, wherein the sub mounting seating part is formed in a concave shape so as to be in surface contact with the sub mounting part. 8. The steering apparatus of claim 6, wherein the sub mounting part is interposed between the mounting part and the subframe, and has a sub mounting hole through which the fastening part is passed. 9. The steering apparatus of claim 8, wherein the inner diameter of the sub mounting hole is larger than the diameter of the fastening part. 10. The steering apparatus of claim 8, wherein the inner diameter of the sub mounting hole is larger than the diameter of the mounting hole. 11. The steering apparatus of claim 6, wherein the surface of the sub mounting part, facing the mounting part, is formed in a convex shape and contacted with the sub mounting seating part. 12. The steering apparatus of claim 6, wherein the sub mounting part is formed in a hemispherical shape, and has a convex surface contacted with the sub mounting seating part.",
-    "An automated storage and retrieval system including a storage structure with storage racks having a seating surface configured to support case units where a position of each case unit is non-deterministic for each storage location on the storage racks, each case unit has a predetermined storage position and a controller is configured to determine the predetermined storage position, a picking aisle configured to provide access to the case units within the storage structure, and a seismic disturbance restorative system including seismic disturbance motions sensors disposed on the storage racks, a seismic disturbance control module in communication with the seismic disturbance sensors and configured to identify a seismic disturbance, and an automated case mapper configured to traverse the picking aisle, the automated case mapper being in communication with and initialized by the seismic disturbance control module to identify a seated position of at least one case unit within the storage structure. 1. A warehouse automated storage and retrieval system for transport and storage of cases of wares in a ware case storage room, the automated storage and retrieval system comprising: a storage structure with storage racks, the storage racks having a seating surface configured to support ware case units where a position of each ware case unit is non-deterministic for each storage location on the storage racks; a controller, where each case unit has a predetermined storage position in which the ware case unit is seated on the storage racks and the controller is configured to determine the predetermined storage position; a picking aisle configured to provide access to the ware case units within the storage structure; and a disturbance restorative system including disturbance motion sensors disposed on the storage racks, a disturbance control module in communication with the disturbance motion sensors and configured to identify a disturbance, and wherein the disturbance restorative system is configured so that the disturbance restorative system initializes an automated guided vehicle within the storage structure in response to the disturbance control module to identify a seated position of at least one ware case unit within the storage structure. 2. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the disturbance control module is further configured to compare the identified seated position of the at least one ware case unit, determined with the automated guided vehicle and the predetermined position of the at least one ware case unit, and identify a variance between the identified seated position of the at least one ware case unit and the predetermined position of the at least one ware case unit. 3. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 2, wherein the disturbance control module is further configured to generate a command with information for ware case unit position correction based on a variance type. 4. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the ware case units are positioned in the storage racks in a close packed spacing. 5. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to dynamically allocate each ware case unit into a respective predetermined dynamically allocated storage position. 6. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to effect correction of a position of the at least one ware case unit by dynamically updating the predetermined dynamically allocated storage position of the at least one ware case unit with a respective identified seated position of each ware case unit. 7. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to effect correction of a position of the at least one ware case unit by commanding the automated guided vehicle to pick and reposition the at least one ware case unit at a respective dynamically allocated storage position or move the at least one ware case unit to a respective different dynamically allocated storage position. 8. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 5, wherein the disturbance control module is further configured to compare the identified seated position of the at least one ware case unit, determined with the automated guided vehicle and the predetermined dynamically allocated storage position of the at least one ware case unit, and identify a variance between the identified seated position of the at least one ware case unit and the predetermined dynamically allocated storage position of the at least one ware case unit. 9. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the automated guided vehicle is configured to pick and place ware case units at storage locations within the storage structure. 10. The warehouse automated storage and retrieval system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to effect correction of a position of the at least one ware case unit by providing the location of the at least one ware case unit to an operator of the warehouse automated storage and retrieval system for manual removal or repositioning of the at least one ware case unit. 11. A method for transporting and storing cases of wares in a ware case storage room with a warehouse automated storage and retrieval system, the method comprising: providing a storage structure with storage racks, the storage racks having a seating surface configured to support ware case units where a position of each ware case unit is non-deterministic for each storage location on the storage racks; determining, with a controller, a predetermined storage position of each ware case unit, where each ware case unit has a respective predetermined storage position in which the ware case unit is seated on the storage racks; providing a picking aisle configured to provide access to the ware case units within the storage structure; identifying a disturbance, with a disturbance control module of a disturbance restorative system; providing disturbance motion sensors disposed on the storage racks, where the disturbance control module is in communication with the disturbance motion sensors; and initializing an automated guided vehicle, within the storage structure, with the disturbance restorative system in response to the disturbance control module and identifying a seated position of at least one ware case unit within the storage structure. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising comparing, with the disturbance control module, the identified seated position of the at least one ware case unit, determined with the automated guided vehicle and the predetermined position of the at least one ware case unit, and identifying a variance between the identified seated position and the predetermined position of the at least one ware case unit. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising generating, with the disturbance control module, a command with information for ware case unit position correction based on a variance type. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the ware case units are positioned in the storage racks in a close packed spacing. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising dynamically allocating, with the controller, each ware case unit into a respective predetermined dynamically allocated storage position. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising effecting, with the controller, correction of a position of the at least one ware case unit by dynamically updating the predetermined dynamically allocated storage position of the at least one ware case unit with a respective identified seated position of each ware case unit. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising effecting, with the controller, correction of a position of the at least one ware case unit by commanding the automated guided vehicle to pick and reposition the at least one ware case unit at a respective dynamically allocated storage position or move the at least one ware case unit to a respective different dynamically allocated storage position. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising comparing, with the disturbance control module, the identified seated position of the at least one ware case unit, determined with the automated guided vehicle and the predetermined dynamically allocated storage position of the at least one ware case unit, and identify a variance between the identified seated position and the predetermined dynamically allocated storage position of the at least one ware case unit. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the automated guided vehicle is configured to pick and place ware case units at storage locations within the storage structure. 20. The method of claim 11, further comprising effecting, with the controller, correction of a position of the at least one ware case unit by providing the location of the at least one ware case unit to an operator of the warehouse automated storage and retrieval system for manual removal or repositioning of the at least one ware case unit.",
-    "A two-stroke cycle, turbo-driven, opposed-piston engine with one or more ported cylinders and uniflow scavenging has no supercharger. The engine includes a high pressure EGR loop and a pump in the EGR loop to boost the pressure of the recirculated exhaust products. 1. A uniflow-scavenged, two-stroke cycle, opposed-piston engine comprising: at least one cylinder with piston-controlled exhaust and intake ports; an exhaust channel coupled to at least one exhaust port of the engine; a charge air channel coupled to at least one intake port of the engine; a power-assisted turbocharger with a compressor output coupled to the charge air channel; a turbine input coupled to the exhaust channel; a turbine output coupled to an exhaust output; an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loop having a loop input coupled to the exhaust channel upstream of the turbine input and a loop output coupled to the charge air channel downstream of the compressor output; an electrically-driven pump in the EGR loop to pump exhaust gas through the EGR loop into the charge air channel; an electrically-controlled variable valve in the EGR loop between the loop input and the pump; and a control unit connected to provide control signals for the power-assisted turbocharger, the pump, and the valve, wherein the engine has no supercharger. 2. The uniflow-scavenged, two-stroke cycle, opposed-piston engine of claim 1, in which the EGR loop further includes an EGR cooler in series with the pump. 3. A method of operating the uniflow-scavenged, two-stroke cycle, opposed-piston engine of claim 1, in which charge air is pressurized and then cooled in at least one cooler and provided to an intake port of each of the one or more cylinders, by pumping engine exhaust gas in a high pressure exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loop to an input of the at least one air charge cooler. 4. An engine comprising: at least one cylinder with two pistons oriented opposed to each other, the at least one cylinder having piston-controlled exhaust and intake ports; an exhaust channel coupled to at least one exhaust port of the engine; a charge air channel coupled to at least one intake port of the engine; a power-assisted turbocharger with a compressor output coupled to the charge air channel; a turbine input coupled to the exhaust channel; a turbine output coupled to an exhaust output; an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loop having a loop input coupled to the exhaust channel upstream of the turbine input and a loop output coupled to the charge air channel downstream of the compressor output; an electrically-driven pump in the EGR loop to pump exhaust gas through the EGR loop into the charge air channel; an electrically-controlled variable valve in the EGR loop between the loop input and the pump; and a control unit connected to provide control signals for the power-assisted turbocharger, the pump, and the valve; in which the engine is configured for uniflow scavenging and operating with a two-stroke cycle, and further in which the engine has no supercharger. 5. A method comprising: pressurizing and cooling charge air in at least one cooler; and providing pressurized and cooled charge air to an intake port of each of the at least one cylinder in the engine of claim 4, the providing comprising pumping engine exhaust gas in a high pressure exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loop to an input of the at least one air charge cooler.",
-    "A multi-tool for fiber optic applications is disclosed. In one embodiment, the multi-tool includes a male fiber loopback plug. The multi-tool further includes a fiber coupler having a first end and a second end. The first end of the fiber coupler is able to receive the male fiber loopback plug when the multi-tool is in a closed position. Also, the first end of the fiber coupler is able to receive a loose fiber cable end when the multi-tool is in an open position. The multi-tool also includes an end cap which can be removably coupled to the second end of the fiber coupler. The end cap and the fiber coupler cooperatively provide a protective housing for a fiber cable end when the end cap is removably coupled to the second end of the fiber coupler and the fiber cable end is inserted into the first end of the fiber coupler. Further, the male fiber loopback plug and the fiber coupler collectively make a female fiber loopback plug when the male fiber loopback plug is in a closed position and the end cap is removed from the second end of the fiber coupler. Also, a dust-resistant housing protectively encloses the male fiber loopback plug, the fiber coupler, and the end cap such that the multi-tool is protected from dust intrusion when the male fiber loopback plug is in the closed position and the cap is coupled to the second end of the fiber coupler. 1. A multi-tool for fiber optic applications, said multi-tool comprising: a male fiber loopback plug; a fiber coupler comprising a first end and a second end, said first end of said fiber coupler receiving said male fiber loopback plug when said multi-tool is in a closed position, said first end of said fiber coupler configured to receive at least one loose fiber cable end when said multi-tool is in an open position; an end cap configured to be removably coupled to said second end of said fiber coupler, said end cap and said fiber coupler cooperatively providing a protective housing for said at least one fiber cable end when said end cap is removably coupled to said second end of said fiber coupler and said at least one fiber cable end is inserted into said first end of said fiber coupler, said male fiber loopback plug and said fiber coupler collectively comprising a female fiber loopback plug when said male fiber loopback plug is in said closed position and said end cap is removed from said second end of said fiber coupler; a dust-resistant housing protectively enclosing said male fiber loopback plug, said fiber coupler, and said end cap, such that said multi-tool is protected from dust intrusion when said male fiber loopback plug is in said closed position and said cap is removably coupled to said second end of said fiber coupler. 2. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said dust-resistant housing is crush resistant. 3. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said dust-resistant housing is fluid resistant. 4. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said male fiber loopback plug comprises an SC fiber loopback plug. 5. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said male fiber loopback plug comprises an LC fiber loopback plug. 6. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said dust-resistant housing has a color that signifies that said multi-tool is suited for a particular type of fiber optic application. 7. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said male fiber loopback plug is removably coupleable to said fiber coupler via a press fit mechanism. 8. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said end cap is removably coupleable to said second end of said fiber coupler via a press fit mechanism. 9. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, wherein said end cap further comprises: an insertion feature which is removably insertable into said second end of said fiber coupler when said end cap is removably coupled to said second end of said fiber coupler. 10. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, further comprising: an connector coupled to said dust-resistant housing, said connector configured to enable said multi-tool to be attached to a carrying device 11. The multi-tool for fiber optic applications of claim 1, further comprising: a depressible portion in said dust-resistant housing, said depressible portion disposed proximate where said male fiber loopback plug couples to said first end of said fiber coupler when said multi-tool is in said closed position, said depressible portion configured for being manually depressed; and a latch mechanism coupled to said male fiber loopback plug, said latch mechanism disposed on said male fiber loopback plug such that said latch mechanism resides proximate said depressible portion when said multi-tool is in said closed position, said latch mechanism configured to enable said multi-tool to placed in said open position by manually depressing said depressible portion, activating said latch mechanism, and removing said male fiber loopback tool from said first end of said fiber coupler.",
-    "RFID tags are used for many purpose including tracking. RFID interrogators are used to retrieve information from tags. In many applications, a plurality of RFID interrogators are required. Synchronization between interrogators in the same theatre of operation is critical to ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with each other. In fixed RFID interrogator applications, RFID interrogators can be wired together allowing a channel to synchronize the transmissions of the RFID interrogators. Methods described herein can ensure that synchronization is maintained in the event of the failure of a synchronizing master. Furthermore, additional methods for synchronizing RFID interrogators in wireless applications are described allowing synchronization in the absence of wired connections between interrogators. 1. A radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogation system, comprising: multiple RFID interrogators, wherein each of the multiple RFID interrogators is configured to transmit a plurality of synchronization pulses to surrounding RFID tags, and wherein the multiple RFID interrogators includes a first RFID interrogator, which is configured to: transmit a synchronization pulse to nearby RFID tags; while listening for RFID tag transmissions in response to the synchronization pulse, attempt to detect any interference from another RFID interrogator among the multiple RFID interrogators; and if an interference is detected from a second RFID interrogator among the multiple RFID interrogators, determine if data is expected from a nearby RFID tag, and if no data is expected, synchronize a transmission of the next synchronization pulse with the next synchronization pulse of the second RFID interrogator; otherwise, wait for the expected data from the nearby RFID tag. 2. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein while detecting interference from another RFID interrogator, the first RFID interrogator is further configured to: wait for the second half of the synchronization pulse; if a pulse is detected in the second half of the synchronization pulse, determine if another pulse was detected in the second half of a synchronization pulse transmitted by the first RFID interrogator immediately before the synchronization pulse; and if so, determine that an interference with the second RFID interrogator is detected. 3. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein if no interference is detected, the first RFID interrogator is configured to process any RFID tag transmission received during the second half of the synchronization pulse. 4. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein while synchronizing the transmission of the next synchronization pulse, the first RFID interrogator is configured to delay the transmission of the next synchronization pulse so that the start of the next synchronization pulse of the first RFID interrogator coincides with the start of the next synchronization pulse of the second RFID interrogator. 5. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein while waiting for the expected data from the nearby RFID tag, the first RFID interrogator is configured to wait a random number of synchronization pulse periods. 6. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein the first and the second RFID interrogators are wireless coupled to each other. 7. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein the second RFID interrogator moves into a wireless detection range of the first RFID interrogator. 8. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first RFID interrogator and the second RFID interrogator is a mobile RFID interrogator. 9. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein the first RFID interrogator is a mobile RFID interrogator mounted on a forklift for warehouse tracking. 10. The RFID interrogation system of claim 1, wherein the first RFID interrogator is configured in form of a hand-held scanner for shipment tracking. 11. A method for operating a first radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogator among multiple RFID interrogators while avoiding interferences with other RFID interrogators among the multiple RFID interrogators, comprising: transmitting a synchronization pulse by the first RFID interrogator to surrounding RFID tags; while listening for RFID tag transmissions in response to the synchronization pulse, attempting to detect any interference from another RFID interrogator among the multiple RFID interrogators; if an interference is detected from a second RFID interrogator among the multiple RFID interrogators, determining if data is expected from a nearby RFID tag, and if no data is expected, synchronizing a transmission of the next synchronization pulse of the first RFID interrogator with the next synchronization pulse of the second RFID interrogator; otherwise, waiting for the expected data from the nearby RFID tag. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein detecting interference from another RFID interrogator includes: waiting for the second half of the synchronization pulse; if a pulse is detected in the second half of the synchronization pulse, determining if another pulse was detected in the second half of a synchronization pulse transmitted by the first RFID interrogator immediately before the synchronization pulse; and if so, determining that an interference with the second RFID interrogator is detected. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein if no interference is detected, the method further comprises processing any RFID tag transmission received during the second half of the synchronization pulse. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein synchronizing the transmission of the next synchronization pulse of the first RFID interrogator with the next synchronization pulse of the second RFID interrogator includes delaying the transmission of the next synchronization pulse of the first RFID interrogator so that the start of the next synchronization pulse of the first RFID interrogator coincides with the start of the next synchronization pulse of the second RFID interrogator. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein waiting for the expected data from the nearby RFID tag includes waiting for a random number of synchronization pulse periods. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and the second RFID interrogators are wireless coupled to each other. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the second RFID interrogator moves into a wireless detection range of the first RFID interrogator. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first RFID interrogator and the second RFID interrogator is a mobile RFID interrogator. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the first RFID interrogator is a mobile RFID interrogator mounted on a forklift for warehouse tracking. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the first RFID interrogator is used as a hand-held scanner for shipment tracking.",
-    "Described are techniques for video bridging for conversion of IP network video streams to the USB Video Class (UVC). The conversion of IP video to UVC video can include the use of software-only conversions and hardware assisted conversions, and can be done within purpose-built \u201cconversion\u201d devices or as software only solutions operating within applications or drivers within the operating systems of the \u201cend nodes\u201d. The end-nodes simultaneously see and use multiple USB UVC video sources. The conversion process can also convert the USB UVC video control protocol to IP Video Stream control protocols. 1. A method of facilitating exchange of multimedia information between a camera device and a user device, comprising: receiving multimedia data via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface; transcoding the multimedia data from an IP format to a peripheral bus format; outputting the reformatted multimedia data on a peripheral bus; translating, for a first control message received on the IP interface, the first control message to the peripheral bus format; and converting, for a second control message received on a peripheral bus interface, the second control message into an IP interface format; and transmitting the translated second control message via the IP interface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first control message comprises a device discovery message. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the multimedia data comprises compressed video and wherein the transcoding includes: decompressing the compressed video to produce uncompressed video; and recompressing the uncompressed video in a format compliant with the peripheral bus format. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the format compatible with the peripheral bus format includes motion Joint Pictures Experts Group (MJPEG) format. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the multimedia data received at the IP interface includes video data received from the camera device and related audio data received from a microphone, such and wherein the reformatting includes buffering the audio data for achieving lip synchronization between the audio data and the video data. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the peripheral bus is a universal serial bus (USB), and wherein the peripheral bus format comprises USB video class (USB UVC) protocol. 7. The method of claim 1, further including: outputting the multimedia data on another peripheral bus. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the IP interface format comprises an Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) format. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the translating operation comprises looking up a look-up table (LUT) for translation of the first control message. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the multimedia data includes audio data and wherein the method further includes buffering the audio data for alignment with video data. 11. An apparatus for facilitating exchange of multimedia information between a camera device and a user device, comprising: an internet protocol (IP) interface communicatively coupling the apparatus to the camera device; a module that receives multimedia data via the IP interface in an internet video format and extracts digital compressed video; a module that reformats the extracted digital compressed video into a peripheral bus format; a module that presents video in the peripheral bus format to the user device; a module that, for a first command received from the user device in the peripheral bus format, translates the first command into an internet format; and for a second command received from the IP interface in the internet format, translates the second command into the peripheral bus format; and a module that operates to provide connectivity between the user device and the camera device. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first command comprises a device discovery message. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the multimedia data comprises compressed video and wherein the transcoding includes: decompressing the compressed video to produce an uncompressed video; and recompressing the uncompressed video in a format compatible with the peripheral bus format. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the format compatible with the peripheral bus format includes motion Joint Pictures Experts Group (MJPEG) format. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the multimedia data received at the IP interface includes video data received from the camera device and related audio data received from a microphone and wherein the reformatting includes buffering the audio data for achieving lip synchronization between the audio data and the video data. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the peripheral bus is a universal serial bus (USB) and wherein the peripheral bus format comprises USB video class (USB UVC) protocol. 17. A system, comprising: a camera apparatus coupled to an internet protocol (IP) network; a bridging apparatus having a first connection coupled to the IP network and a second connection with a peripheral bus; and a user device comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the processor executes an operating system that natively supports video communication over the peripheral bus; and wherein the bridging apparatus transcodes video between the IP network and the peripheral bus. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the camera apparatus is controllable using an Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) protocol. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the transcoding operation comprises looking up a look-up table (LUT) for translation a control message. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the multimedia data includes audio data, and wherein the bridging apparatus includes a buffer for temporarily storing the audio data for alignment with video data.",
-    "A steering actuator system to be mounted to the steering wheel and steering column of a vehicle. The steering actuator system includes a flat baseplate with multiple adjustable sliders. These sliders slide along channel guides within the flat baseplate to accommodate steering wheels of varying sizes. The system includes a gear which mounts below the steering wheel, possibly around the steering column of the vehicle. A steering actuator powered by a motor or some other power source is connected to the gear and when activated can actively steer the vehicle. When connected to a guidance system, the vehicle can automatically be guided and steered via the guidance system and the steering actuator system. This provides a convenient way to add automatic steering to any vehicle with a steering wheel. 1. A steering actuator mounting system comprising: a flat base plate having a plurality of branches, each branch containing a channel guide slot; a respective adjustable slider slidably engaged with each of said plurality of channel guide slots; an adjustment screw configured to adjust each said adjustable slider within each said channel guide slot; and each said adjustable slider including a concave receiver face configured to engage a steering wheel rim of a vehicle. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a gear located beneath said steering wheel and around a steering column of said vehicle, said gear connected to said flat base plate via a plurality of screws and spacers; and a steering actuator connected to said gear, said steering actuator configured to automatically turn said steering wheel thereby guiding said vehicle. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprising: a guidance subsystem configured to provide steering instructions to said steering actuator; and said guidance subsystem including an antenna and a receiver for a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). 4. The system of claim 3, wherein said guidance subsystem comprises a portable computing device having a processor, a graphical user interface (GUI), and data storage. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising: a control subsystem configured to engage said steering actuator; said control subsystem configured to electronically communicate with said guidance subsystem; and said control subsystem configured to disengage said steering actuator. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said control subsystem comprises said portable computing device. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein said control subsystem comprises the brake pad of said vehicle. 8. The system of claim 2, further comprising: said flat base plate including a plurality of receiver holes for receiving said plurality of screws and spacers; and said screws and spacers configured to be placed to avoid spokes of said steering wheel. 9. A method of installing a steering actuator mounting system, the method comprising the steps: adjusting a plurality of sliders on a flat base plate such that said sliders are configured to engage a steering wheel rim, each said slider slideably engaging a respective channel guide slot, and each of said sliders including a threaded screw and a hex nut for radial adjustment along said respective channel guide slot; placing said sliders against said steering wheel rim; further adjusting said sliders to facilitate a firm engagement against said steering wheel rim; and tightening said adjustment screws, thereby positioning the flat base plate in proximity of the center of said steering wheel. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein a screw centerline is offset from the steering wheel rim to allow access to each screw head. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein said screws are selected from the list comprising: including Phillips, socket head, torx, hex head, and thumbscrews. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising the steps: connecting a steering actuator to a steering column of said vehicle; placing a gear beneath said steering wheel and connecting said steering actuator to said gear; connecting said gear to said flat base plate via a plurality of screws and spacers; powering said steering actuator with a power source; and steering said vehicle with said steering actuator. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said power source is chosen from the list comprising: a gear; a pulley; an electric motor; a chain and sprocket; a belt and pulley; a cable; and a hydraulic motor. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising the steps: connecting a guidance subsystem to said steering actuator, said guidance subsystem including an antenna and a receiver for a global navigation satellite system (GNSS); and providing steering instructions to said steering actuator with said guidance subsystem. 15. Method of claim 13, wherein said guidance subsystem comprises a portable computing device having a processor, a graphical user interface (GUI), and data storage. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising the steps: connecting a control subsystem to said steering actuator; instructing said steering actuator to engage with said control subsystem; said control subsystem electronically communicating with said guidance subsystem; and disengaging said steering actuator with said control subsystem. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said control subsystem comprises said portable computing device. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said control subsystem comprises the brake pedal of said vehicle. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising the steps: depressing said brake pedal of said vehicle; and disengaging said steering actuator.",
-    "Systems and methods dynamically configure a display (104) of an electronic device (102) to a desired display resolution and/or a magnification factor without noticeable impact on the user viewing experience. According to certain aspects, the distance between a user (100) and the display is measured (1002), and the desired display resolution is determined (1006) based on the distance. If a user is exhibiting (1008, 1010) symptoms of presbyopia, a magnification factor may be determined (1012). A request indicating the desired display resolution and/or magnification factor is transmitted (1016) to a server that supplies images, such as pictures or videos. The image is received (1018) from the server and displayed (1020) on the display. A focus area distance and/or a pupil orientation of the user may also influence the desired display resolution. Bandwidth, processing, and power savings may result through the use of these systems and methods. 1. A method, comprising: determining, in response to identifying a series of movements of an electronic device in a z-axis direction, that a user of the electronic device is having difficulty visually focusing on at least one feature displayed on the electronic device, wherein the series of movements comprises a forwards movement of the electronic device and a backwards movement of the electronic device; responsive to identifying the series of movements, determining a desired magnification factor; and outputting, for transmission to a server, a request indicating the desired magnification factor, wherein the server is capable of supplying at least one of an image and text according to the desired magnification factor. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server, the at least one of the image and text according to the desired magnification factor; and outputting, for display, the received at least one of the image and text. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one feature corresponds to a visual characteristic of the at least one of the image and text. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the series of movements corresponds to a pattern of movements indicating that the user is exhibiting symptoms of presbyopia. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring a distance between the display and the user; comparing the measured distance to a minimum distance threshold; and responsive to determining that the measured distance is less than the minimum distance threshold, determining the desired magnification factor. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the user is having difficulty visually focusing on the at least one feature further comprises recognizing, using a camera of the electronic device, squinting of an eye of the user. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the user is having difficulty visually focusing on at least one feature further comprises: determining whether the user normally wears multifocal glasses; and responsive to determining that the user normally wears multifocal glasses, recognizing, using a camera of the electronic device, whether the multifocal glasses are being worn by the user. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the user is having difficulty visually focusing on the at least one feature further comprises receiving an indication of a level of presbyopia of the user, and wherein the desired magnification factor is determined based at least in part on the level of presbyopia. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server, the image as part of a video at the desired magnification factor; and outputting, for display, the received image when a scene changes in the video. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server, the image at a display resolution that is different from a desired display resolution; modifying the received image based on the desired magnification factor to produce a magnified image; and outputting, for display, the magnified image. 11. An electronic device, comprising: one or more processors; and a memory coupled to the one or more processors and storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic device to: determine, in response to identifying a series of movements of the electronic device in a z-axis direction, that a user of the electronic device is having difficulty visually focusing on at least one feature displayed on the electronic device, wherein the series of movements comprises a forwards movement of the electronic device and a backwards movement of the electronic device, responsive to identifying the series of movements, determine a desired magnification factor, and output, for transmission to a server, a request indicating the desired magnification factor, wherein the server is capable of supplying at least one of an image and text according to the desired magnification factor. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the stored instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the electronic device to: receive, from the server, the at least one of the image and text according to the desired magnification factor; and output, for display, the received at least one of the image and text. 13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the at least one feature corresponds to a visual characteristic of the at least one of the image and text. 14. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the series of movements corresponds to a pattern of movements indicating that the user is exhibiting symptoms of presbyopia. 15. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the electronic device further comprises a distance measurement component configured to measure a distance between a display of the electronic device, and wherein the stored instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the electronic device to: compare the measured distance to a minimum distance threshold; and responsive to determining that the measured distance is less than the minimum distance threshold, determining the desired magnification factor. 16. The electronic device of claim 11, further comprising: a camera configured to capture an image including eyes of the user; and a facial recognition component coupled to the processor and the camera, the facial recognition component configured to recognize a squinting of an eye of the user, based on the captured image including the eyes of the user, wherein determining that a user of the electronic device is having difficulty visually focusing on the at least one feature further comprises recognizing the squinting of the eye of the user. 17. The electronic device of claim 11, further comprising: a camera configured to capture images of the user; a facial recognition component coupled to the processor and the camera, and configured to recognize, from images of the user captured by the camera, whether multifocal glasses are being worn by the user, wherein determining whether the user is having difficulty visually focusing on the at least one feature further comprises determining whether the user normally wears multifocal glasses and, responsive to determining that the user normally wears multifocal glasses, recognizing, by the facial recognition component, whether the multifocal glasses are being worn by the user. 18. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the electronic device further comprises a transceiver configured to receive the image at a display resolution that is different from a desired display resolution, and wherein the stored instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the electronic device to modify the image based on the desired magnification factor to produce a magnified image and output, for display, the magnified image. 19. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein determining whether the user is having difficulty visually focusing on the at least one feature further comprises receiving an indication of a level of presbyopia of the user, and wherein the desired magnification factor is determined based at least in part on the level of presbyopia. 20. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the stored instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the electronic device to: receive the image as part of a video at the desired magnification factor; and output, for display, the received image when a scene changes in the video.",
-    "A system and method for operating one or more light emitting devices is disclosed. In one example, the intensity of light provided by the one or more light emitting devices is adjusted responsive to a temperature of the one or more light emitting device. The light is adjusted via modifying a current supplied to the one or more light emitting devices. 1. A system for operating one or more light emitting devices, comprising: a controller including non-transitory instructions to provide a linearized correction to current supplied to one or more light emitting devices, where the linearized correction is based on an equation of a straight line that represents normalized light output versus lighting device temperature for the one or more light emitting devices. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a driver circuit in electrical communication with the controller. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprising a variable resistor in electrical communication with the driver circuit. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising a current sense resistor electrically coupled to the variable resistor and electrical ground. 5. The system of claim 1, further a voltage regulator electrically coupled to the controller and the one or more light emitting devices. 6. The system of claim 5, where the voltage regulator includes an error amplifier and a pulse width modulator. 7. The system of claim 5, where the voltage regulator includes a buck stage. 8. A method for operating one or more light emitting devices, comprising: providing a current to one or more light emitting devices that corresponds to a desired irradiance; and modifying the desired irradiance via a linear approximation of lighting array irradiance versus lighting array temperature. 9. The method of claim 8, where the linear approximation of lighting array irradiance versus lighting array temperature is expressed as a slope and an offset. 10. The method of claim 8, where the lighting array temperature is a temperature of a light emitting diode junction temperature. 11. The method of claim 8, where the current is provided via a voltage regulator. 12. The method of claim 11, where the current is adjusted via a variable resistor. 13. The method of claim 12, where resistance of the variable resistor is adjusted via a controller. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising updating the desired irradiance in response to a change in temperature of the one or more light emitting devices greater than a threshold. 15. The method of claim 8, further comprising modifying the current in response to modifying the desired irradiance. 16. A system for operating one or more light emitting devices, comprising: a lighting array including one or more light emitting devices; a voltage regulator in electrical communication with the lighting array; and a controller including non-transitory instructions to provide a linearized correction to current supplied to the one or more light emitting devices via the voltage regulator, where the linearized correction is based on an equation of a straight line that represents normalized light output versus lighting device temperature for the one or more light emitting devices. 17. The system of claim 16, further comprising a variable resistor, the variable resistor in electrical communication with the controller. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising a driver circuit in electrical communication with the variable resistor and the controller. 19. The system of claim 16, further comprising additional instructions to measure a temperature of the lighting array. 20. The system of claim 16, further comprising additional instructions to activate the lighting array at a desired irradiance output.",
-    "Systems and methods are disclosed for tracking the lifecycle of an object across processes and for tracking the lifecycle of processes that are processing the object. A first process, P1 can generate an Action object representing work to be performed by another process, PN. The Action object can carry a payload of arbitrary information, an action handler, a handle to a response queue, and a timeout value. A token set can be requested from a kernel of an operating system. A first token in the set can be held by one process at a time. The kernel enforces that rule. The kernel can track the location of the first token. A copy of the Action object is viable for sending a response if it holds the first token. An Action Listener within P1 holds the second token of the set and uses it to validate a response received by P1 from a remote process. The remote process performs the work of the Action object and guarantees a response back to P1, through the kernel, without passing the response back through intervening processes P2 through PN-1. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: generating, by a first process, an object representing an item of work to be performed by a remote process; receiving, by the first process, a token set associated with the first process, the token set comprising a first token and a second token, wherein the first token is held by one process at a time; transferring the object and the first token to the remote process for processing; receiving by the first process, through an operating system kernel, the first token and a message; validating the message utilizing the first token and second token associated with the first process and the object. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the first process, a listener object that is configured to receive the message, wherein the listener object holds the second token of the token set. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the remote process comprises a third process, and the remote process received the first token and a copy of the object from a second, intervening process, and wherein the first token and the message comprising a response to the object are received by the first process, from the remote process, via the kernel, without passing the response through the second, intervening process. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the kernel enforces the requirement that the first token is held by one process at a time, and wherein the association between the process, the first token, and the second token is maintained by the kernel. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: registering the first process with the kernel in association with the token set to receive messages based on the token set; wherein the receiving of the message, by the first process, is in response to one of: the remote process terminating, and the message comprises a message from the kernel that the remote process has terminated, or the remote process transferring the first token back to the first process, and the message comprises a response to the object, returned from the remote process; routing the first token and the message to the object listener of the first process. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the listener object is configured to validate the message received by comparing the received first token with the second token of the token set. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first token comprises a read right and the second token comprises a send right, the read right and send right forming a set generated by a kernel. 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium programmed with instructions that, when executed by a processing system, perform operations, comprising: generating, by a first process, an object representing an item of work to be performed by a remote process; receiving, by the first process, a token set associated with the first process, the token set comprising a first token and a second token, wherein the first token is held by one process at a time; transferring the object and the first token to the remote process for processing; receiving by the first process, through an operating system kernel, the first token and a message; validating the message utilizing the first token and second token associated with the first process and the object. 9. The medium of claim 8, the operations further comprising: generating, by the first process, a listener object that is configured to receive the message, wherein the listener object holds the second token of the token set. 10. The medium of claim 8, wherein the remote process comprises a third process, and the remote process received the first token and a copy of the object from a second, intervening process, and wherein the first token and the message comprising a response to the object are received by the first process, from the remote process, via the kernel, without passing the response through the second, intervening process. 11. The medium of claim 8, wherein the kernel enforces the requirement that the first token is held by one process at a time, and wherein the association between the process, the first token, and the second token is maintained by the kernel. 12. The medium of claim 8, the operations further comprising: registering the first process with the kernel in association with the token set to receive messages based on the token set; wherein receiving a message, by the first process, is in response to one of: the remote process terminating, and the message comprises a message from the kernel that the remote process has terminated, or the remote process transferring the first token back to the first process, and the message comprises a response to the object, returned from the remote process; and routing the first token and the message to the object listener of the first process. 13. The medium of claim 9, wherein the listener object is configured to validate the message received by comparing the received first token with the second token of the token set. 14. The medium of claim 8, wherein the first token comprises a read right and the second token comprises a send right, the read right and send right forming a set generated by a kernel. 15. A system comprising: a processing system coupled to a memory programmed with executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system perform operations, comprising: generating, by a first process, an object representing an item of work to be performed by a remote process; receiving, by the first process, a token set associated with the first process, the token set comprising a first token and a second token, wherein the first token is held by one process at a time; transferring the object and the first token to the remote process for processing; receiving by the first process, through an operating system kernel, the first token and a message; validating the message utilizing the first token and second token associated with the first process and the object. 16. The system of claim 15, the operations further comprising: generating, by the first process, a listener object that is configured to receive the message, wherein the listener object holds the second token of the token set. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the remote process comprises a third process, and the remote process received the first token and a copy of the object from a second, intervening process, and wherein the first token and the message comprising a response to the object are received by the first process, from the remote process, via the kernel, without passing the response through the second, intervening process. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the kernel enforces the requirement that the first token is held by one process at a time, and wherein the association between the process, the first token, and the second token is maintained by the kernel. 19. The system of claim 15, the operations further comprising: registering the first process with the kernel in association with the token set to receive messages based on the token set; wherein receiving a message, by the first process, is in response to one of: the remote process terminating, and the message comprises a message from the kernel that the remote process has terminated, or the remote process transferring the first token back to the first process, and the message comprises a response to the object, returned from the remote process; and routing the first token and the message to the object listener of the first process. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the listener object is configured to validate the message received by comparing the received first token with the second token of the token set. 21. The system of claim 15, wherein the first token comprises a read right and the second token comprises a send right, the read right and send right forming a set generated by a kernel.",
-    "A computing system includes: an inter-device interface configured to receive communication signal for communicating between a device and a further device; a communication circuit, coupled to the inter-device interface, configured to: calculate an initial offset estimate based on the communication signal, dynamically generate a dynamic candidate set based on the initial offset estimate, and determine a level offset for the communication signal for communicating between the device and the further device. 1. A computing system comprising: an inter-device interface configured to receive a communication signal for communicating between a device and a further device; a communication circuit, coupled to the inter-device interface, configured to: calculate an initial offset estimate based on the communication signal, dynamically generate a dynamic candidate set of possible instances of a level offset including a carrier frequency offset, based on the initial offset estimate, and determine the level offset for the communication signal for communicating between the device and the further device based on the dynamic candidate set. 2. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the communication circuit is configured to: calculate a hypothesis evaluation metric based on the communication signal for evaluating the dynamic candidate set; and determine the level offset based on the hypothesis evaluation metric and the dynamic candidate set. 3. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the communication circuit is configured to generate the dynamic candidate set over an interval set including a first interval and a second interval for the communication signal. 4. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal including a synchronization portion for synchronizing the device and the further device; and the communication circuit is configured to calculate the initial offset estimate based on the synchronization portion. 5. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal including a repetitive portion; and the communication circuit is configured to calculate the initial offset estimate based on the repetitive portion. 6. The system as claimed in claim 1 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal including the carrier frequency offset; the communication circuit is configured to: calculate the initial offset estimate for initially estimating the carrier frequency offset, dynamically generate the dynamic candidate set based on the initial offset estimate for hypothesizing the carrier frequency offset, calculate a hypothesis evaluation metric based on the communication signal for evaluating the dynamic candidate set, and determine the level offset including the carrier frequency offset based on the hypothesis evaluation metric and the dynamic candidate set. 7. The system as claimed in claim 6 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal corresponding to an interval set including a first interval and a second interval; the communication circuit is configured to: calculate the initial offset estimate including a first estimate based on the communication signal for the first interval, dynamically generate the dynamic candidate set including a first subgrouping based on the first estimate for the first interval, calculate the initial offset estimate including a second estimate based on the communication signal for the second interval, and dynamically generate the dynamic candidate set including a second subgrouping based on the second estimate for the second interval. 8. The system as claimed in claim 6 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal including primary synchronization, a secondary synchronization, or a combination thereof; the communication circuit is configured to calculate the initial offset estimate based on the primary synchronization, the secondary synchronization, or a combination thereof. 9. The system as claimed in claim 6 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal including a reference portion; the communication circuit is configured to calculate the initial offset estimate based on the reference portion. 10. The system as claimed in claim 6 wherein: the inter-device interface is configured to receive the communication signal for a direct link for communicating directly between user devices including the device and the further device; and the communication circuit is configured to determine the level offset for the direct link. 11. A method of operation of a computing system comprising: receiving a communication signal for communicating between a device and a further device; calculating an initial offset estimate based on the communication signal; dynamically generating a dynamic candidate set of possible instances of a level offset including a carrier frequency offset, with a communication circuit based on the initial offset estimate; and determining the level offset for the communication signal for communicating between the device and the further device based on the dynamic candidate set. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11 further comprising: calculating a hypothesis evaluation metric based on the communication signal for evaluating the dynamic candidate set; and wherein: determining the level offset includes the level offset based on the hypothesis evaluation metric and the dynamic candidate set. 13. The method as claimed in claim 11 wherein generating the dynamic candidate set includes generating the dynamic candidate set over an interval set including a first interval and a second interval for the communication signal. 14. The method as claimed in claim 11 wherein: receiving the communication signal includes receiving the communication signal including a synchronization portion for synchronizing the device and the further device; and calculating the initial offset estimate includes calculating the initial offset estimate based on the synchronization portion. 15. The method as claimed in claim 11 wherein: receiving the communication signal includes receiving the communication signal including a repetitive portion; and calculating the initial offset estimate includes calculating the initial offset estimate based on the repetitive portion. 16. A non-transitory computer readable medium including instructions for a computing system comprising: receiving a communication signal for communicating between a device and a further device; calculating an initial offset estimate based on the communication signal; dynamically generating a dynamic candidate set of possible instances of a level offset including, a carrier frequency offset, based on the initial offset estimate; and determining the level offset for the communication signal for communicating between the device and the further device based on the dynamic candidate set. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium as claimed in claim 16 further comprising: calculating a hypothesis evaluation metric based on the communication signal for evaluating the dynamic candidate set; and; wherein: determining the level offset includes the level offset based on the hypothesis evaluation metric and the dynamic candidate set. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium as claimed in claim 16 wherein generating the dynamic candidate set includes generating the dynamic candidate set over an interval set including a first interval and a second interval for the communication signal. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium as claimed in claim 16 wherein: receiving the communication signal includes receiving the communication signal including a synchronization portion for synchronizing the device and the further device; and calculating the initial offset estimate includes calculating the initial offset estimate based on the synchronization portion. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium as claimed in claim 16 wherein: receiving the communication signal includes receiving the communication signal including a repetitive portion; and calculating the initial offset estimate includes calculating the initial offset estimate based on the repetitive portion.",
-    "System(s) and method(s) for change based testing of JavaScript software applications are disclosed. Reference and current versions of the JavaScript software application are analyzed to identify first and second sets of JavaScript programmed components. Further, a reference set of test cases configured to test the first set of intermediate representations are accepted. Then, the first and second sets of components are transformed into first and second sets of intermediate representations and compared to identify a third set of intermediate representations that is modified when the JavaScript software application is transformed from the reference to the current version. Then, a set of impacted test cases are identified from the reference set of test cases based upon the third set of intermediate representations and change based testing is performed on the current version of the JavaScript software application based on the set of impacted test cases. 1. A system for change based testing of a JavaScript software application, the system comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor s configured to perform the steps of: identifying a first set of components present in a reference version of the JavaScript software application, wherein the first set of components are developed using JavaScript programming language; transforming the first set of components into a first set of intermediate representations; accepting a reference set of test cases, wherein the reference set of test cases are configured to test the first set of intermediate representations; identifying a second set of components present in a current version of the JavaScript software application, wherein the second set of software components are developed using JavaScript programming language; transforming the second set of components into a second set of intermediate representations; identifying a third set of intermediate representations from the first set of intermediate representations based upon a comparison of the first set of intermediate representations with the second set of intermediate representations, wherein the third set of intermediate representations is modified when the JavaScript software application is transformed from the reference version to the current version; identifying a set of impacted test cases from the reference set of test cases based upon the third set of intermediate representations; and performing a change based testing on the current version of the JavaScript software application based on the set of impacted test cases. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the JavaScript software application is developed using a spiral model development process, wherein the current version and the reference version are updated in every development cycle in the spiral model. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the JavaScript software application is analyzed linearly by a parser using a regular java expression to identify the first set of components and the second set of components from the reference version and the current version, respectively. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first set of intermediate representations, the second set of intermediate representations, and the third set of intermediate representations are represented in form of JavaScript DOM constructs. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the third set of intermediate representations is a subset of the first set of intermediate representations that have undergone a code change in the current version. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the reference set of test cases and the first set of intermediate representations are analyzed by a code analysis module to identify a code coverage information associated with each test case from the reference set of test cases. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the code coverage information is used in order to identify the set of impacted test cases. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the reference set of test cases are a set of unit test cases and are generated by a test case generator module in order to test the functionality associated with the first set of intermediate representations. 9. A method for change based testing of a JavaScript software application, the method comprising steps of: identifying, by a processor, a first set of components present in a reference version of the JavaScript software application, wherein the first set of components are developed using JavaScript programming language; transforming, by the processor, the first set of components into a first set of intermediate representations; accepting, by the processor, a reference set of test cases, wherein the reference set of test cases are configured to test the first set of intermediate representations; identifying, by the processor, a second set of components present in a current version of the JavaScript software application, wherein the second set of software components are developed using JavaScript programming language; transforming, by the processor, the second set of components into a second set of intermediate representations; identifying, by the processor, a third set of intermediate representations from the first set of intermediate representations based upon a comparison of the first set of intermediate representations with the second set of intermediate representations, wherein the third set of intermediate representations is modified when the JavaScript software application is transformed from the reference version to the current version; identifying, by the processor, a set of impacted test cases from the reference set of test cases based upon the third set of intermediate representations; and performing, by the processor, a change based testing on the current version of the JavaScript software application based on the set of impacted test cases. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the JavaScript software application is developed using a spiral model development process, wherein the current version and the reference version are updated in every development cycle in the spiral model. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the JavaScript software application is analyzed linearly by a parser using a regular java expression to identify the first set of components and the second set of components from the reference version and the current version, respectively. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first set of intermediate representations, the second set of intermediate representations, and the third set of intermediate representations are represented in form of JavaScript DOM constructs. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the third set of intermediate representations is a subset of the first set of intermediate representations that have undergone a code change in the current version. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the reference set of test cases and the first set of intermediate representations are analyzed by a code analysis module to identify a code coverage information associated with each test case from the reference set of test cases. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the code coverage information is used in order to identify the set of impacted test cases. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the reference set of test cases are a set of unit test cases and are generated by a test case generator module in order to test the functionality associated with the first set of intermediate representations. 17. A computer program product having embodied thereon a computer program for change based testing of a JavaScript software application, the computer program product comprising: a program code for identifying a first set of components present in a reference version of the JavaScript software application, wherein the first set of components are developed using JavaScript programming language; a program code for transforming the first set of components into a first set of intermediate representations; a program code for accepting a reference set of test cases, wherein the reference set of test cases are configured to test the first set of intermediate representations; a program code for identifying a second set of components present in a current version of the JavaScript software application, wherein the second set of software components are developed using JavaScript programming language; a program code for transforming the second set of components into a second set of intermediate representations; a program code for identifying a third set of intermediate representations from the first set of intermediate representations based upon a comparison of the first set of intermediate representations with the second set of intermediate representations, wherein the third set of intermediate representations is modified when the JavaScript software application is transformed from the reference version to the current version; a program code for identifying a set of impacted test cases from the reference set of test cases based upon the third set of intermediate representations; and a program code for performing a change based testing on the current version of the JavaScript software application based on the set of impacted test cases.",
-    "Systems, methods, and apparatus are disclosed for generating power for a vehicle. Apparatus may include a power generator configured to generate power based on one or more aerodynamic forces associated with a vehicle. The power generator may be further configured to be deployed from a first portion of the vehicle. The apparatus may also include a flow control device configured to generate an increase in airflow associated with the power generator. The increase in airflow enables, at least in part, the generation of additional power by the power generator. The flow control device may be further configured to be deployed from a second portion of the vehicle. 1. An apparatus comprising a power generator configured to generate power based on one or more aerodynamic forces associated with a vehicle, the power generator being further configured to be deployed from a first portion of the vehicle; and a flow control device configured to generate an increase in airflow associated with the power generator, the increase in airflow enabling, at least in part, the generation of additional power by the power generator, and the flow control device being further configured to be deployed from a second portion of the vehicle. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power generator is further configured to be deployed in response to a first event, and the flow control device is configured to be deployed in response to a second event, and wherein the second event comprises a speed of the vehicle being less than a first designated threshold value. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the flow control device has an input configured to receive an input airflow, and has an output configured to generate an output airflow, wherein a first speed of the input airflow is less than a second speed of the output airflow. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the power generator comprises: a loop; a plurality of resistive devices coupled to the loop, at least one of the plurality of resistive devices being configured to transfer a force to the loop, the force being generated based on an aerodynamic drag associated with the at least one resistive device; a pulley coupled to the loop and the generator, the pulley being configured to receive the force transferred to the loop, the pulley being further configured to rotate in response to receiving the force from the loop, and the pulley being further configured to transfer the force to the generator; and a generator coupled to the loop and an electrical system, the generator being further configured to deliver power to the electrical system in response to the loop rotating. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the flow control device is a nozzle, and wherein the flow control device is configured to provide the output airflow to at least one of the plurality of resistive devices responsive to being in a deployed position. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein each resistive device of the plurality of resistive devices is a pocket coupled to the loop. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first event comprises the identifying of a power level associated with the vehicle being less than a second designated threshold value. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the flow control device and the power generator are configured to be deployed at different times. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each resistive device of the plurality of resistive devices is a parachute. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power generator is located along a centerline of the vehicle, and wherein the vehicle is an airplane. 11. A method comprising: deploying a power generator in response to identifying a first event, the power generator being deployed from a first portion of a vehicle; deploying a flow control device in response to identifying a second event, the flow control device being deployed from a second portion of the vehicle; and increasing, using the flow control device, an airflow associated with the power generator, the increasing of the airflow enabling the generation of additional power by the power generator. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: generating a first amount of power in response to the deploying of the power generator; and generating a second amount of power in response to the deploying of the flow control device. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second amount of power is greater than the first amount of power. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first event comprises the identifying of power level associated with the vehicle being less than a second designated threshold value, and wherein the second event comprises a speed of the vehicle being less than a first designated threshold value. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein each resistive device of the plurality of resistive devices is a pocket coupled to a loop. 16. A system comprising: a power generator configured to be deployed from a first portion of a vehicle in response to a first event, the power generator comprising: a loop; a plurality of resistive devices coupled to the loop, at least one of the plurality of resistive devices being configured to transfer a force to the loop, the force being generated based on an aerodynamic drag associated with the at least one resistive device; a generator coupled to the loop and an electrical system, and the generator being further configured to deliver power to the electrical system in response to the loop rotating; and a flow control device configured to generate an increase in airflow associated with the power generator, the increase in airflow enabling, at least in part, the generation of additional power by the power generator, and the flow control device being further configured to be deployed from a second portion of the vehicle in response to a second event. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the second event comprises a speed of the vehicle being less than a first designated threshold value, and wherein the flow control device has an input configured to receive an input airflow, and having an output configured to generate an output airflow, wherein a first speed of the input airflow is less than a second speed of the output airflow. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the flow control device is a nozzle, and wherein the flow control device is configured to provide the output airflow to at least one of the plurality of resistive devices responsive to being in a deployed position. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the first event comprises the identifying of a power level associated with the vehicle being less than a second designated threshold value. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the power generator is located along a centerline of the vehicle, and wherein the vehicle is an airplane.",
-    "A breaking apparatus (1) with a housing (3), striker pin (4), moveable mass (2) and shock absorber. The striker pin (4) has a driven end and an impact end and a longitudinal axis extending between the two ends. The striker pin (4) is locatable in the housing (3) such that the impact end protrudes from the housing (3). The moveable mass (2) impacts on the driven end of the striker pin (4) and the shock-absorber is coupled to the striker pin (4) by a retainer (8) interposed between a first (7b) and second (7a) shock-absorbing assemblies located internally within the housing (3) along, or parallel to, the striker pin longitudinal axis. The first shock-absorbing assembly (7b) is positioned between the retainer (4) and movable mass (2) and is formed from a plurality of un-bonded layers including at least two elastic layers (12) interleaved by an inelastic layer (13). 1. A breaking apparatus which includes; a housing with a nose block portion; a striker pin having a driven end and an impact end and a longitudinal axis extending between the driven and impact ends, said striker pin locatable in the housing such that said impact end protrudes from the housing; a moveable mass for impacting on said driven end of the striker pin along an impact axis, substantially co-axial with the striker pin longitudinal axis; a shock absorber including a first and second shock-absorbing assemblies located internally within said housing along, or parallel to, the striker pin longitudinal axis, at least the first shock-absorbing assembly formed from at least two elastic layers interleaved by an inelastic layer; a retainer, said shock-absorber coupled to the striker pin by said retainer, said retainer being interposed between said first and second shock-absorbing assemblies and wherein said first shock-absorbing assembly is positioned between said retainer and said movable mass; guide elements located within said nose block, and wherein the first and second shock absorbing assemblies are contained within said housing, wherein the nose block has inner walls and provides, for the first and second shock absorbing assemblies respectively, a lower and an upper planar boundary perforated by an aperture for the striker pin, each said planar boundary being orientated orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the striker pin, and said guide elements are formed as locating pins, attached to said inelastic layer and extending orthogonally from a planar surface of the inelastic layer to pass through an adjacent elastic layer. 2. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shock absorber is movable parallel to, or co-axial with the striker pin longitudinal axis. 3. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastic layers are laterally moveable relative to said inelastic layers with respect to said striker pin longitudinal axis. 4. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the striker pin is coupled to the retainer by a slidable coupling allowing relative movement between the striker pin and retainer co-axial or parallel with the longitudinal axis of the striker pin. 5. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein said relative movement between the striker pin and retainer results from movement of said slidable coupling within a retaining location, said retaining location being demarcated, with respect to the striker pin driven end, by a proximal travel stop and a distal travel stop. 6. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the retainer is formed as a rigid plate, at least partially surrounding the striker pin, with planar, parallel lower and upper surfaces positioned in adjacent contact with an elastic layer of the first and/or second shock absorbing assemblies respectively. 7. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein engagement of the slidable coupling against the distal and proximal travel stops during operational use respectively transmits force to the first and second shock absorbing assemblies. 8. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein said slidable coupling includes one or more retaining pins at least partially passing through one of either the retainer or the striker pin and at least partially protruding into said retaining location in the form of a longitudinal recess on the other of either the retainer or striker pin. 9. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inelastic layers of the first and/or second shock absorbing assemblies are laterally unconstrained within the nose block aside from centring engagement with the striker pin, wherein a lateral clearance is formed between the lateral peripheries of the inelastic layers and the nose block inner walls. 10. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said guide elements are configured to provide a centring effect on the elastic layers of the shock absorbing assemblies during impacting operations. 11. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said locating pins are located on the inelastic layer at locations corresponding to a null position in the adjacent elastic layer. 12. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said inelastic layer is configured with an inner periphery positioned immediately adjacent the striker pin, with a clearance between an outer inelastic layer periphery and the nose block inner walls. 13. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inelastic layer is configured with an outer periphery positioned immediately adjacent at least a portion of the nose block inner walls and/or nose bolts, with a clearance between an inner inelastic layer periphery and the striker pin. 14. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further including a pair of restraining elements, placed about an inner nose block wall, positioned and dimensioned to obstruct rotation of the inelastic layer, whilst permitting movement parallel to the longitudinal impact axis. 15. A breaking apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second shock-absorbing assembly is also formed from a plurality of layers including at least two elastic layers interleaved by an inelastic layer.",
-    "Engineered peptides that bind with high affinity (low equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd)) to the cell surface receptors of fibronectin (\u03b15\u03b21) or vitronectin (\u03b1v\u03b23 and \u03b1v\u03b25 integrins) are disclosed as useful as imaging tissue. These peptides are based on a molecular scaffold into which a subsequence containing the RGD integrin-binding motif has been inserted. The subsequence (RGD mimic) comprises about 9-13 amino acids, and the RGD contained within the subsequence can be flanked by a variety of amino acids, the sequence of which was determined by sequential rounds of selection (in vitro evolution). The molecular scaffold is preferably based on a knottin, e.g., EETI (Trypsin inhibitor 2 (Trypsin inhibitor II) (EETI-II) [Ecballium elaterium (Jumping cucumber)], AgRP (Agouti-related protein), and Agatoxin IVB, which peptides have a rigidly defined three-dimensional conformation. It is demonstrated that EETI tolerates mutations in other loops and that the present peptides may be used as imaging agents. 1. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: an integrin binding peptide comprising a knottin protein scaffold comprising an engineered integrin binding loop that binds to at least one of \u03b1v\u03b25 integrin, \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin and \u03b15\u03b21 integrin, wherein the integrin binding peptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of a peptide of any one of SEQ ID NO:23 through SEQ ID NO:52; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of a peptide of any one of SEQ ID NO:23 through SEQ ID NO:52. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of a peptide of any one of SEQ ID NO:23 through SEQ ID NO:52. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of the peptide of SEQ ID NO:49. 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of the peptide of SEQ ID NO:50. 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide has a Kd of not more than 100 nM. 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide binds to two or more of \u03b1v\u03b25 integrin, \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin and \u03b15\u03b21 integrin. 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide is conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the integrin binding peptide is conjugated to a half-life extending moiety. 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is suitable for parenteral, oral, topical, or local administration to a subject. 11. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a peptide that binds to at least one of \u03b1v\u03b25 integrin, \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin and \u03b15\u03b21 integrin, the peptide comprising a scaffold portion as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 and a binding loop portion, wherein, in the binding loop portion: X1 is selected from the group consisting of A, V, L, P, F, Y, S, H, D, and N; X2 is selected from the group consisting of G, V, L, P, R, E, and Q; X3 is selected from the group consisting of G, A, and P; X7 is selected from the group consisting of W and N; X8 is selected from the group consisting of A, P, and S; X9 is selected from the group consisting of P and R; X10 is selected from the group consisting of A, V, L, P, S, T, and E; and X11 is selected from the group consisting of G, A, W, S, T, K, and E, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein, in the binding loop portion: X1 is P; X2 is Q or R; X3 is G or P; X7 is W or N; X8 is A or P; X9 is P; X10 is T or L; and X11 is S or T. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein, in the binding loop portion: X1 is P; X2 is Q; X3 is G; X7 is W; X8 is A; X9 is P; X10 is T; and X11 is S. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein, in the binding loop portion: X1 is P; X2 is R; X3 is P; X7 is N; X8 is P; X9 is P; X10 is L; and X11 is T. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the integrin binding peptide has a Kd of not more than 100 nM. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the integrin binding peptide binds to two or more of \u03b1v\u03b25 integrin, \u03b1v\u03b23 integrin and \u03b15\u03b21 integrin. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the integrin binding peptide is conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent or a half-life extending moiety. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the composition is suitable for parenteral, oral, topical, or local administration to a subject. 19. A method, comprising: administering to a subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1. 20. A method, comprising: administering to a subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 11.",
-    "Systems and methods for routing communications to a platform service are provided. A message including payload data is received. The information in the payload data of the message is examined in order to determine the type of message. The message is then relayed to an appropriate platform service based on the type of message. Some embodiments assign numbers to the packets that make up the message. 1. A method for routing communications in a computer network, the method comprising: receiving a selection to provision a master network appliance on a computer network at management console service at a network appliance, identifying that communications can be sent over a backplane at the network appliance to at least one other network appliance, wherein the backplane is a low latency link between the network appliance and the at least one other network appliance that provides a dedicated bandwidth for communications between the network appliance and the at least one other network appliance; identifying an internet protocol address of the at least one other network appliance, wherein the at least one other network appliance is a slave network appliance to the master network appliance; and provisioning configuration data to the slave network appliance by the master network appliance, wherein: the configuration data identifies a topology of the computer network, the topology of the computer network including a first firewall, a first switch, the first firewall communicates with the first switch over a first network communication interface at the first switch, and the switch communicates with the master network appliance over a second communication interface at the first switch and communicates with the slave network appliance over a third network communication interface at the master network appliance. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the low latency link is a fourth network communication interface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration data is stored at the network appliance and at the slave network appliance. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the master network appliance sending updated configuration data to at least the slave network appliance. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the network appliance is the master network appliance. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the network appliance is a second slave network appliance. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the configuration data is sent from the master network appliance to the slave network appliance over the low latency link. 8. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having embodied thereon a program executable by a processor for performing a method for routing communications in a computer network, the method comprising: receiving a selection to provision a master network appliance on a computer network at management console service at a network appliance, identifying that communications can be sent over a backplane at the network appliance to at least one other network appliance, wherein the backplane is a low latency link between the network appliance and the at least one other network appliance that provides a dedicated bandwidth for communications between the network appliance and the at least one other network appliance; identifying an internet protocol address of the at least one other network appliance, wherein the at least one other network appliance is a slave network appliance to the master network appliance; and provisioning configuration data to the slave network appliance by the master network appliance, wherein: the configuration data identifies a topology of the computer network, the topology of the computer network including a first firewall, a first switch, the first firewall communicates with the first switch over a first network communication interface at the first switch, and the switch communicates with the master network appliance over a second communication interface at the first switch and communicates with the slave network appliance over a third network communication interface at the master network appliance. 9. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the low latency link is a fourth network communication interface. 10. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the configuration data is stored at the network appliance and at the slave network appliance. 11. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, the program further executable to send updated configuration data to at least the slave network appliance. 12. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the network appliance is the master network appliance. 13. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the network appliance is a second slave network appliance. 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the configuration data is sent from the master network appliance to the slave network appliance over the low latency link. 15. A system for routing communications in a computer network, the method comprising: a first network appliance that receives a selection to provision a master network appliance on a computer network at management console service at a network appliance, wherein the first network appliance is provisioned as the master network appliance, the master network appliance includes a backplane, and the master network appliance identifies that communications can be sent over the backplane; a second network appliance, wherein the backplane is included in a low latency link for the communications between the master network appliance and the second network appliance, the low latency link providing a dedicated bandwidth for communications between the master network appliance and the second network appliance, wherein: an internet protocol address of the second network appliance is identified, and the second network appliance is a slave network appliance to the master network appliance, configuration data is provisioned to the slave network appliance by the master network appliance, and the configuration data identifies a topology of the computer network, a first firewall; and a first switch, wherein: the topology of the computer network includes the first firewall and the first switch, the first firewall communicates with the first switch over a first network communication interface at the first switch, and the switch communicates with the master network appliance over a second communication interface at the first switch and communicates with the slave network appliance over a third network communication interface at the master network appliance. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the low latency link includes a fourth network communication interface. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the configuration data is stored at the master network appliance and at the slave network appliance. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the master network appliance sends updated configuration data to at least the slave network appliance. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the configuration data is sent from the master network appliance to the slave network appliance over the low latency link. 20. The system of claim 15, further comprising a second slave network appliance that receives the configuration data from the master network appliance.",
-    "A method, an apparatus, and a computer-readable medium for wireless communication are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The apparatus may receive a message from a base station. The message may indicate a first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, and the first dedicated resource may be associated with a scheduled downlink transmission from the base station. The apparatus may determine a second dedicated resource for uplink transmission based on the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission indicated in the message. The second dedicated resource for uplink transmission may be associated with the scheduled downlink transmission. The apparatus may determine whether to transmit an information message, to be used by the base station for transmitting the scheduled downlink transmission, on the second dedicated resource. 1. A method of wireless communication by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a message from a base station, wherein the message indicates a first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, and the first dedicated resource is associated with a scheduled downlink transmission from the base station; determining a second dedicated resource for uplink transmission based on the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission indicated in the message, wherein the second dedicated resource for uplink transmission is associated with the scheduled downlink transmission; and determining whether to transmit an information message, to be used by the base station for transmitting the scheduled downlink transmission, on the second dedicated resource. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining whether to transmit the information message comprises: measuring a channel condition between the UE and the base station before the base station transmits the scheduled downlink transmission associated with the message, wherein the measurement is triggered based on the reception of the message indicating the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission; and refraining from transmitting the information message to the base station if: the UE expects to be able to decode a current modulation and coding scheme (MCS) used by the base station; the UE does not expect to be able to decode the current MCS used by the base station if a transmission power used by the base station is decreased beyond a threshold; and the UE does not expect to decode a greater MCS. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the information message to the base station on the second dedicated resource before the base station transmits the scheduled downlink transmission. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the information message includes a transmit power or a transmit power correction factor, the transmit power or the transmit power correction factor being based on a channel condition between the UE and the base station. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the information message includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index or an MCS index correction factor, the MCS index or the MCS index correction factor being based on a channel condition between the UE and the base station. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the information message includes a channel measurement report that includes a channel quality index (CQI) or a CQI correction factor associated with a known CQI, the CQI or the CQI correction factor being based on a channel condition between the UE and the base station. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the information message includes a reference signal. 8. The method of claim 3, further comprising receiving the scheduled downlink transmission from the base station, wherein the scheduled downlink transmission is received based on the information message transmitted to the base station using the second dedicated resource or is received based on a previously transmitted information message. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the information message is transmitted aperiodically. 10. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE), comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to: receive a message from a base station, wherein the message indicates a first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, and the first dedicated resource is associated with a scheduled downlink transmission from the base station; determine a second dedicated resource for uplink transmission based on the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission indicated in the message, wherein the second dedicated resource for uplink transmission is associated with the scheduled downlink transmission; and determine whether to transmit an information message, to be used by the base station for transmitting the scheduled downlink transmission, on the second dedicated resource. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine whether to transmit the information message by: measuring a channel condition between the UE and the base station before the base station transmits the scheduled downlink transmission associated with the message, wherein the measurement is triggered based on the reception of the message indicating the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission; and refraining from transmitting the information message to the base station if: the UE expects to be able to decode a current modulation and coding scheme (MCS) used by the base station; the UE does not expect to be able to decode the current MCS used by the base station if a transmission power used by the base station is decreased beyond a threshold; and the UE does not expect to decode a greater MCS. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit the information message to the base station on the second dedicated resource before the base station transmits the scheduled downlink transmission. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the information message includes a transmit power or a transmit power correction factor, the transmit power or the transmit power correction factor being based on a channel condition between the UE and the base station. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the information message includes a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index or an MCS index correction factor, the MCS index or the MCS index correction factor being based on a channel condition between the UE and the base station. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the information message includes a channel measurement report that includes a channel quality index (CQI) or a CQI correction factor associated with a known CQI, the CQI or the CQI correction factor being based on a channel condition between the UE and the base station. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the information message includes a reference signal. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive the scheduled downlink transmission from the base station, wherein the scheduled downlink transmission is received based on the information message transmitted to the base station using the second dedicated resource or is received based on a previously transmitted information message. 18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the information message is transmitted aperiodically. 19. A method of wireless communication by a base station, comprising: transmitting a message to a user equipment (UE), wherein the message indicates a first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, and the first dedicated resource is associated with a scheduled downlink transmission to the UE; receiving an information message from the UE on a second dedicated resource for uplink transmission that is based on the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, the information message being used for transmitting the scheduled downlink transmission that was scheduled before the information message was received; and transmitting the scheduled downlink transmission after receiving the information message from the UE, wherein the transmission is based on the received information message. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the information message includes an absolute value or a correction factor, and wherein the absolute value or the correction factor is associated with one of a channel quality index (CQI), a transmission power, or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the transmitting comprises adjusting a transmission power for the scheduled downlink transmission based on the received information message. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the transmitting comprises selecting a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for the scheduled downlink transmission based on the received information message. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the information message is received from the UE aperiodically. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the message indicating the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission is a request for feedback to the UE, wherein the feedback is used to adjust transmission parameters of the scheduled downlink transmission that was scheduled before the request for feedback was transmitted. 25. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to: transmit a message to a user equipment (UE), wherein the message indicates a first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, and the first dedicated resource is associated with a scheduled downlink transmission to the UE; receive an information message from the UE on a second dedicated resource for uplink transmission that is based on the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission, the information message being used for transmitting the scheduled downlink transmission that was scheduled before the information message was received; and transmit the scheduled downlink transmission after receiving the information message from the UE, wherein the transmission is based on the received information message. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the information message includes an absolute value or a correction factor, and wherein the absolute value or the correction factor is associated with one of a channel quality index (CQI), a transmission power, or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index. 27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit by adjusting a transmission power for the scheduled downlink transmission based on the received information message. 28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the at least one processor is configured to transmit by selecting a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for the scheduled downlink transmission based on the received information message. 29. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the information message is received from the UE aperiodically. 30. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the message indicating the first dedicated resource for downlink transmission is a request for feedback to the UE, wherein the feedback is used to adjust transmission parameters of the scheduled downlink transmission that was scheduled before the request for feedback was transmitted.",
-    "The present invention describes a process for preparation of catalyst component comprising contacting magnesium based precursor along with an internal donor based on phenylene dioates with an acyl halides in a solvent to obtain a solid precatalyst component; and contacting the solid precatalyst component with transition metal compound to obtain the catalyst component. The present invention also relates to a process for preparation of a catalyst system from said catalyst component and preparation of a polyolefins having free flowing characteristics with bulk densities (BD) of at least about 0.3 g/cc from the catalyst system. 1. A process for preparation of catalyst component comprising: (i) contacting magnesium based precursor along with an internal donor based on phenylene dioates with an acyl halides in a solvent to obtain a solid precatalyst component; and (ii) contacting the solid precatalyst component with transition metal compound to obtain the catalyst component. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the magnesium based precursor is liquid in nature and is prepared by contacting magnesium source with organohalide and alcohol in presence of a solvent in a single step. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the magnesium based precursor is solid in nature and is prepared by first contacting the magnesium source with organohalide in presence of solvating agent as the first step and then followed by addition of alcohol. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the internal donor based on phenylene dioates having the following structure (A) wherein R1-R6 groups are equal or different from each other and each of R1-R6 are selected from a group comprising of hydrogen, halogen, C1-C20 linear or branched alkyl group optionally linked with cyclic rings, C6-C14 aryl groups, C3-C15 cycloalkyl groups, C1-C20 alkoxy group, a heteroatom, and combinations thereof. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein in the structure (A), at least one of R3-R6 is selected from a group comprising of hydrogen, halogen, C1-C20 linear or branched alkyl group optionally linked with cyclic ring, C6-C14 aryl groups, C3-C15 cycloalkyl groups, C1-C20 alkoxy group, a heteroatom, and combinations thereof and at least one of R1-R2 selected from a group comprising of hydrogen, halogen, C1-C20 linear or branched alkyl group optionally linked with cyclic ring, C3-C15 cycloalkyl groups, a heteroatom, and combinations thereof. 6. The process of claim 1, further comprising the addition of another internal donor selected from a group comprising of phthalates, benzoates, diethers, succinates, malonates, carbonates, silyl esters, amide esters and combinations thereof. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the acyl halides is represented by RCOX where R is H, C1-C20 is linear or branched alkyl group which optionally linked with cyclic rings, C6-C14 aryl groups, C3-C15 cycloalkyl groups, C1-C20 alkoxy group, optionally containing heteroatom and X is selected from halides. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of magnesium to acyl halides is in the range of 1:5 to 1:0.0001. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the solvent is aromatic or aliphatic and polar or non polar in nature and selected from the group comprising of benzene, decane, kerosene, ethyl benzene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, toluene, o-chlorotoluene, xylene, dichloromethane, chloroform, cyclohexane and combination thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the contact time of the step (i) is immediate to 5 h, and heated from temperature 10\u00b0 C. to 200\u00b0 C. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the magnesium based precursor is contacted first with the internal donor followed by the contact of the acyl halides or magnesium based precursor is first contacted with the acyl halides followed by the contact with internal donor or the internal donor is mixed with the acyl halides and then contacted with the magnesium precursor in presence of the solvent. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid precatalyst component can be isolated. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the transition metal compound is selected from compounds represented by M(OR\u2032)pX4-p, where M is a transition metal and is selected from a group comprising of Ti, V, Zr, and Hf, preferably Ti; X is a halogen atom; R\u2032 is a hydrocarbon group and p is an integer having value equal to or less than 4, the transition metal halide is selected from a group comprising of transition metal tetrahalide, alkoxy transition metal trihalide/aryloxy transition metal trihalide, dialkoxy transition metal dihalide, trialkoxy transition metal monohalide, tetraalkoxy transition metal, and mixtures thereof; wherein: (a) the transition metal tetrahalide is selected from a group comprising of titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrabromide and titanium tetraiodide and the likes for V, Zr and Hf; (b) alkoxy transition metal trihalide/aryloxy transition metal trihalide is selected from a group comprising of methoxytitanium trichloride, ethoxytitanium trichloride, butoxytitanium trichloride and phenoxytitanium trichloride and the likes for V, Zr and Hf; (c) dialkoxy transition metal dihalide is diethoxy transition metal dichloride and the likes for V, Zr and Hf; (d) trialkoxy transition metal monohalide is triethoxy transition metal chloride and the likes for V, Zr and Hf; and (e) tetraalkoxy transition metal is selected from a group comprising of tetrabutoxy titanium and tetraethoxy titanium and the likes for V, Zr and Hf. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid precatalyst component is contacted with the transition metal compound at a temperature in the range of \u221250\u00b0 C. to 150\u00b0 C., and heating is instigated at a rate of 0.1 to 10.0\u00b0 C./minute. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the transition metal compound is added in amounts ranging from 1 to 20 moles with respect to one mole of magnesium. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the contact with transition metal compound either neat or in solvent, and wherein the solvent is selected from a group comprising of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon, non chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon, non chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon and combination thereof. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the solvent is comprising from 40 to 60 volume percent and selected from a group comprising of benzene, decane, kerosene, ethyl benzene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, toluene, o-chlorotoluene, xylene, dichloromethane, chloroform, cyclohexane and combination thereof. 18. The process of claim 1, further comprising, repeating the contacting step (ii), one or more times for at least 10 minutes up to 60 minutes, at a temperature from about 25\u00b0 C. to about 150\u00b0 C. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein acyl halides is added prior to each contacting step (ii) and said addition of acyl halides is carried out for immediate to 30 min. 20. A catalyst composition comprising 5.0 wt % to 30 wt % of internal electron donor, 1.0 wt % to 6.0 wt % of transition metal and 15 wt % to 20 wt % of magnesium. 21. A process for preparation of a catalyst system, said process comprising contacting the catalyst composition as obtained by claim 1 with at least one cocatalyst, and at least one external electron donor to obtain the catalyst system. 22. A process of polymerizing and/or copolymerizing olefins to obtain a polyolefins having bulk densities (BD) of at least about 0.3 g/cc, said process comprising the step of contacting an olefin having C2 to C20 carbon atoms under a polymerizing condition with the catalyst system as obtained by claim 21.",
-    "A system and method for allowing hand-held/wireless device devices to (1) provide audio/video conferencing; (2) access AV content through streaming and cloud transfer; and (3) offer hand-held and computer access to cameras and sensors for surveillance using ordinary personal computers as proxy servers is described. In a first aspect, a remote view streaming system which comprises a webcam server which enables streaming video over a network is disclosed. The system includes a portable device. The portable device includes a client application. The portable device is configured to receive the streaming video from the network and display it on a screen. The system includes a proxy server for authenticating a connection between the webcam server and the portable device. In a second aspect, a portable device is disclosed. The portable device comprises a client application; wherein the client application includes authentication information to allow connection to the proxy server and in turn can be connected directly to a webcam server if the webcam server has proper authentication. 1. A remote view streaming system which comprises: at least one webcam server which enables streaming video over a network; a portable device including a client application, the portable device configured to receive the streaming video from the network and display it on a screen; and a proxy server for authenticating a connection between the at least one webcam server and the portable device. 2. The remote view streaming system of claim 1, wherein the at least one webcam server comprises a plurality of webcam servers which are paired to the client application. 3. The remote view streaming system of claim 1, wherein the at least one webcam server registers itself with proxy server, wherein the proxy server stores the at least one webcam server information in a relational database. 4. The remote view streaming system of claim 3, wherein the proxy server acquires one or more keys from the relational database and provides the at least one webcam server's information to the client application to establish the direct connection with the client application. 5. The remote view streaming system of claim 1, wherein the client application receives an active list of webcam servers after the proxy server authenticates the connection. 6. The remote view streaming system of claim 1, wherein the portable device comprises a smartphone and the client application comprises a smartphone client. 7. The remote view streaming system of claim 1, wherein the portable device comprises any of a smartphone, PDA, and tablet computer. 8. A portable device comprising: a client application; wherein the client application includes authentication information to allow connection to a proxy server and in turn can be connected directly to at least one webcam server if the at least one webcam server has proper authentication. 9. The portable device of claim 8, wherein the at least one webcam server comprises a plurality of webcam servers which are paired to the client application. 10. The portable device of claim 8, wherein the at least one webcam server registers itself with proxy server, wherein the proxy server stores the at least one webcam server information in a relational database. 11. The portable device of claim 8, wherein the proxy server acquires one or more keys from the relational database and provides the at least one webcam server's information to the client application to establish the direct connection with the client application. 12. The portable device of claim 8, wherein the client application receives an active list of webcam servers after the proxy server authenticates the connection. 13. A smartphone comprising: a smartphone client application; wherein the smartphone application includes authentication information to allow connection to a proxy server and in turn can be connected directly to at least one webcam server if the at least one webcam server has proper authentication; wherein the proxy server acquires one or more keys from the relational database and provides the at least one webcam server's information to the smartphone client to establish the direct connection with the smartphone client; and wherein the smartphone client receives an active list of webcam servers after the proxy server authenticates the connection. 14. The smartphone of claim 13, wherein the at least one webcam server comprises a plurality of webcam servers which are paired to the smartphone client. 15. The smartphone of claim 13, wherein the at least one webcam server registers itself with proxy server, wherein the proxy server stores the at least one webcam server information in a relational database.",
-    "Cu/mordenite catalysts were found to be highly active for the SCR of NO with NH3 and exhibited high resistance to alkali poisoning. Redox and acidic properties of Cu/mordenite were well preserved after poisoning with potassium unlike that of vanadium catalysts. Fe-mordenite catalysts also revealed much higher alkali resistivity than that of commercial V2O5/WO3\u2014TiO2 (VWT) SCR catalyst which is currently used for NOx abatement in stationary installations. Unique support properties like high surface area and surface acidity, which are not available in the commercial VWT catalyst, seem to be essential requirements for the high alkali resistance. Mordenite-type zeolite based catalysts could therefore be attractive alternatives to conventional SCR catalysts for biomass fired power plant flue gas treatment. 1-11. (canceled) 12. A method for selective removal of nitrogen oxides from gases comprising contacting the gases with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst, wherein the SCR catalyst is vanadia-free and comprises a zeolite support and 3-6 wt % copper or iron, where the removal of nitrogen oxides takes place in the presence of a reducing agent selected from ammonia or an ammonia-like material. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the gas is an exhaust or flue gas comprising alkali or earth alkali metals. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the ammonia-like material is selected from the group consisting of ammonium salt, urea and urea derivative. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the zeolite support has a SiO2:Al2O3 ratio between 5 and 40. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the zeolite support is HMORDENITE. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the reaction temperature is between 320\u00b0 C. to 550\u00b0 C. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the catalyst is placed in a flue gas duct. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the selective removal of nitrogen oxides takes place in the presence of ammonia or urea and at a reaction temperature from 320 to 450\u00b0 C. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the selective removal of nitrogen oxides takes place in the presence of ammonia or urea and at a reaction temperature from 450 to 550\u00b0 C. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the gases result from the burning of biomass, combined biomass-fossil fuel, or emerging from waste incineration units at a temperature from about 320 to about 450\u00b0 C.",
-    "A building rooftop mounting structure including a sacrificial material that allows freedom of movement between itself and the rooftop as well as between itself and the mounting structure. 1. (canceled) 2. A mounting structure comprising: a mounting base configured to hold a ballast weight and to couple a solar panel assembly to a mounting surface, the mounting base having at least one aperture; a sheet assembly for coupling to the mounting base having at least one mounting flange, the mounting flange comprising: at least one support arm extending substantially orthogonally away from the sheet assembly, and a flange ridge on the terminal end of the at least one support arm; and wherein a length of the flange ridge and a height of the at least one support arm are adapted to allow the mounting flange to be inserted through the at least one aperture in specific predetermined orientations; wherein the mounting base is free to move about the sheet assembly as limited by the at least one aperture and the mounting flange; and wherein the flange ridge prevents the mounting base from being removed from the sheet assembly except in the specific predetermined orientations. 3. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the mounting base comprises a ballast tray configured to hold the ballast weight. 4. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the at least one support arm protrudes a predetermined distance vertically from the mounting flange before terminating in the flange ridge such that the mounting base can vertically travel the predetermined distance. 5. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the sheet assembly has a first face and a second face, the second face being opposite the first face and wherein the sheet assembly is smooth or textured on one or both the first and second face. 6. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the mounting base has least one mounting tab extending outward for preventing the ballast weight from interfering with the mounting flange. 7. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the mounting base has at least two mounting tabs, and wherein the at least one aperture is located between the mounting tabs. 8. The mounting structure of claim 2, wherein the mounting base has a cross-sectional profile of one of, a hollow square, T -shaped, V-shaped, L-shaped, and I-shape. 9. A method for mounting a solar energy panel mounting structure to a mounting surface comprising: providing a mounting base configured to hold a ballast weight and to couple a solar panel assembly to a mounting surface, the mounting base having at least one aperture; and coupling a sheet assembly to the mounting base, the sheet assembly having at least one mounting flange, the at least one mounting flange comprising at least one support arm extending substantially orthogonally away from the sheet assembly, and a flange ridge on the terminal end of the at least one support arm, wherein a length of the flange ridge and a height of the at least one support arm are adapted to allow the mounting flange to be inserted through the at least one aperture in specific predetermined orientations; wherein the mounting base is free to move about the sheet assembly as limited by the at least one aperture and the mounting flange; and wherein the flange ridge prevents the mounting base from being removed from the sheet assembly except in the specific predetermined orientations. 10. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, further comprising coupling a solar panel assembly to the mounting base and, mounting the solar panel to the mounting surface. 11. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, wherein the mounting base has at least two apertures, a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and an end tray on both the first and second end, wherein one of the at least two apertures are respectively located in each end tray. 12. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 11, further comprising placing a ballast weight in each end tray. 13. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, wherein the at least one support arm protrudes a predetermined distance vertically from the mounting flange before terminating in the flange ridge such that the mounting base can vertically travel the predetermined distance. 14. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, wherein the sheet assembly has a first face and a second face, the second face being opposite the first face and wherein the sheet assembly is smooth or textured on one or both the first and second face. 15. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, wherein the mounting base has least one mounting tab extending outward for preventing the ballast weight from interfering with the mounting flange. 16. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, wherein the mounting base has at least two mounting tabs, and wherein the at least one aperture is located between the mounting tabs. 17. The method for mounting a solar energy panel to a mounting surface of claim 9, wherein the mounting base has a cross-sectional profile of one of, a hollow square, T-shaped, V-shaped, L-shaped, and I-shape.",
-    "The present invention discloses a terminal assembly with a cable and a connector assembly. The terminal assembly with the cable of the present invention has a terminal assembly including a connecting terminal, a shielding shell and an insulator arranged between the connecting terminal and the shielding shell; and a cable including a shielding layer. One portion of the shielding shell in the terminal assembly and one portion of the shielding layer in the cable form a mutual overlapping region along the radial direction of the cable. In the mutual overlapping region, the shielding layer is electrically connected with the shielding shell. The terminal assembly of the present invention is applicable to automobiles as a high-voltage connector. In its use in an automobile, the terminal assembly is capable of effectively resisting shock and preventing mechanical vibration from causing separation of the connector to affect safe use. 1. A terminal assembly with a cable, comprising: a terminal assembly including a connecting terminal, a shielding shell and an insulator arranged between the connecting terminal and the shielding shell; and a cable including a shielding layer; wherein a portion of the shielding shell of the terminal assembly and a portion of the shielding layer of the cable form a mutual overlapping region along a radial direction of the cable; and wherein, in the mutual overlapping region, the shielding layer is electrically connected with the shielding shell. 2. The terminal assembly with the cable of claim 1, wherein the shielding shell is formed with a second receiving cavity and a second inserting hole, the second receiving cavity communicating with the second inserting hole; wherein the insulator is provided with a sleeve having a third inserting hole; and wherein after the insulator is mounted in the second receiving cavity of the shielding shell, the sleeve on the insulator projects out of the second receiving cavity from the second inserting hole. 3. The terminal assembly with the cable of claim 2, wherein the portion of the shielding shell comprises a shielding connecting part arranged around the second inserting hole. 4. The terminal assembly with the cable of claim 3, wherein the shielding layer having a shielding collar, the shielding connecting part being sleeved on an outer surface of the sleeve, the shielding collar surrounding the shielding connecting part and being sleeved outside the shielding connecting part; and wherein the shielding connecting part is located between the sleeve and the shielding collar, the shielding collar being in contact with the shielding connecting part. 5. The terminal assembly with the cable of claim 3, wherein the shielding connecting part comprises a plurality of elastic arms arranged around the second inserting hole, the plurality of elastic arms being located between the sleeve and the shielding collar. 6. The terminal assembly with the cable of claim 5, further comprising a compress ring, wherein the portion of the shielding layer surrounds the shielding connecting part; and wherein the portion of the shielding layer of the cable is located between the plurality of elastic arms and the compress ring along the radial direction of the cable. 7. The terminal assembly with the cable of claim 1, further comprising a compress ring, wherein the compress ring is sleeved over the overlapping region so that the portion of the shielding shell and the portion of the shielding layer are kept in contact with each other in an overlapping region to realize the electric connection of the shielding shell with the shielding layer. 8. A connector assembly, comprising a connector housing and the terminal assembly with the cable of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the connector housing is formed with a first receiving cavity and a first inserting hole, the first inserting hole being communicated with the first receiving cavity; and wherein the terminal assembly is arranged in the first receiving cavity while the cable is led out of the connector housing via the first inserting hole. 9. The connector assembly of claim 8, further comprising a sealing element sleeved outside the cable and arranged in the first inserting hole of the connector housing or at an end of the connector housing to seal the terminal assembly in the first receiving cavity. 10. The connector assembly of claim 9, further comprising a retaining mechanism for fixing the sealing element at an end of the connector housing or in the first inserting hole. 11. The connector assembly of claim 9, further comprising a sealing ring retainer, wherein one end of the sealing ring retainer is sleeved on an end of the connector housing and is detachably fixed to the connector housing. 12. The connector assembly of claim 11, further comprising a hoop sleeved on the other end of the sealing ring retainer to fix the sealing ring retainer on the cable. 13. The connector assembly of claim 12, wherein the other end of the sealing ring retainer is of a split structure to form a plurality of elastic pieces that are spaced from one another; and wherein the hoop is sleeved on the plurality of elastic pieces and is in tight fit with the plurality of elastic pieces to deform the elastic pieces to produce elastic force. 14. The connector assembly of claim 13, wherein each of the elastic pieces is formed with a length of groove, the grooves on the plurality of elastic pieces being continuously arranged to form a circle of grooves; and wherein the hoop is located in the grooves. 15. The connector assembly of claim 13, wherein a flange is formed at an end of each elastic piece, the flanges projecting from outer walls of the elastic pieces to prevent the hoop from falling off from the elastic pieces.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a disposable cap for an eye imaging apparatus with an optical window and related methods. The disposable cap can comprise an optically transparent window cover, a ridge, a side wall and a locking element. The window cover can comprise a convex back surface to match a concave shape of the optical window. The ridge of the disposable cap can extend distally and radially outward from the window cover and the side wall can extend proximally and radially outwardly from the ridge. The locking element can comprise one or more radially inward projections and one or more radially outward releasing tabs. A disposable packaging shell of the disposable cap also disclosed. Disclosed herein is also a plug-in disposable system comprising the disposable cap and the disposable packaging shell, configured to enable the disposable cap to be attached to and detached from the eye imaging apparatus. 1. A disposable cap for an eye imaging apparatus with an optical window, the disposable cap configured to be in contact with an eye of a patient, the disposable cap having an open end at a proximal end and a covering end at a distal end, the disposable cap comprising: an optically transparent window cover comprising a concave front surface and a convex back surface, the convex back surface configured to match a concave shape of a front surface of the optical window of the eye imaging apparatus; a distal ridge extending distally and radially outward from the window cover, the distal ridge adapted to engage with a corresponding ridge of the eye imaging apparatus to place the window cover against the optical window of the eye imaging apparatus; a side wall extending proximally and radially outwardly from the distal ridge toward the open end, the side wall adapted to engage with a housing of the eye imaging apparatus; and a locking element comprising a radially inward projection, the projection movably supported with respect to the side wall and configured to attach the disposable cap to the eye imaging apparatus. 2. The disposable cap in claim 1, wherein the window cover further comprises a flat, distally facing ring surface extending radially outward from the convex back surface to the distal ridge. 3. The disposable cap in claim 1, wherein the optically transparent window cover, the distal ridge and the side wall are a single integral material. 4. The disposable cap in claim 1, wherein the locking element comprises a plurality of radially inward projections. 5. The disposable cap in claim 1, further comprising a shield extending proximally from the side wall to the locking element. 6. The disposable cap in claim 5, wherein the shield comprises a resilient stretchable material. 7. The disposable cap in claim 5, wherein the window cover, the distal ridge, the side wall and the shield are a single integral material. 8. The disposable cap in claim 5, wherein the shield further comprises a spring style bellow ring, the spring style bellow ring comprising at least one corner. 9. The disposable cap in claim 5, wherein the radially inward projection is movably supported with respect to a side wall of the shield. 10. The disposable cap in claim 5, further comprising a sheath proximally and radially outwardly from the shield, the disposable cap adapted to cover the entire eye imaging apparatus. 11. The disposable cap in claim 10, wherein the sheath comprises a resilient stretchable material. 12. The disposable cap in claim 10, wherein the window cover, the distal ridge, the side wall, the shield and the sheath are a single integral material. 13. The disposable cap in claim 1, further comprising a radially outward releasing tab adapted to detach the disposable cap from the eye imaging apparatus. 14. The disposable cap in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the window cover is between from about 0.01 mm to 3 mm. 15. The disposable cap in claim 1, wherein the window cover comprises a thermal plastic material including Polycarbonate (PC). 16. A disposable packaging shell of a disposable cap for an eye imaging apparatus with an optical window, the disposable cap comprising a window cover with a concave front surface and one or more radially outward releasing tabs, the disposable packaging shell comprising: a sealing lid at a top end, the sealing lid adapted to completely seal the disposable cap from environment before use; a head extending radially outward at a bottom end; and one or more radially inward shell tabs disposed at the top end and open spaces therebetween, the one or more radially inward shell tabs adapted to mate with the one or more radially outward releasing tabs to enable the disposable cap to be attached to and detached from the eye imaging apparatus and to be inserted into and removed from the disposable packaging shell. 17. The disposable packaging shell in claim 16, wherein the one or more radially inward shell tabs have an L-shape comprising a long portion and a short stopper, the long portion perpendicular to an optical axis of the imaging apparatus, the short stopper parallel to the optical axis. 18. The disposable packaging shell in claim 16, wherein the head comprises an indentation at a center portion, the indentation comprising a convex inside surface adapted to match the concave front surface of the window cover of the disposable cap. 19. The disposable packaging shell in claim 16, further comprising a waist having a diameter smaller than a diameter of the head, configured to be held by a user for attaching the disposable cap to and detaching the disposable cap from the eye imaging apparatus. 20. The disposable packaging shell in claim 16, further comprising an identifying element containing unique identification information. 21. The disposable packaging shell in claim 16, wherein the disposable cap is rotational movable with respect to the disposable packaging shell between an open position and a storage position, wherein the one or more radially outward releasing tabs are disposed underneath open spaces in the open position and underneath the one or more radially inward shell tabs in the storage position. 22. A plug-in disposable system for an eye imaging apparatus with an optical window, the plug-in disposable system comprising: a disposable cap configured to be in contact with an eye of a patient, the disposable cap having an open end at a proximal end and a covering end at a distal end, the disposable cap comprising: an optically transparent window cover comprising a concave front surface and a convex back surface; a distal ridge extending distally and radially outward from the window cover; a side wall extending proximally and radially outwardly from the distal ridge toward the open end; a locking element comprising one or more radially inward projections, the one or more projections movably supported with respect to the side wall and configured to attach the disposable cap to the eye imaging apparatus; and one or more radially outward releasing tabs and configured to detach the disposable cap from the eye imaging apparatus; and a disposable packaging shell of the disposable cap, the disposable packaging shell comprising: a sealing lid at a top end; a head extending outward at a bottom end; and one or more radially inward shell tabs disposed at the top end and open spaces therebetween, the one or more radially inward shell tabs adapted to mate with the one or more radially outward releasing tabs to enable the disposable cap to be attached to and detached from the eye imaging apparatus and to be inserted into and removed from the disposable packaging shell. 23. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the disposable cap is rotational movable with respect to the disposable packaging shell between an open position and a storage position, wherein the one or more radially outward releasing tabs are disposed underneath open spaces in the open position and underneath the one or more radially inward shell tabs in the storage position. 24. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the one or more radially inward shell tabs have an L-shape, the one or more radially inward shell tabs comprising a long portion and a short stopper, the long portion perpendicular to an optical axis of the imaging apparatus, the short stopper parallel to the optical axis. 25. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the head comprises an indentation at a center portion, the indentation comprising a convex inside surface adapted to match the concave front surface of the window cover of the disposable cap. 26. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the window cover further comprises a flat, distally facing ring surface extending radially outward from the convex back surface to the distal ridge. 27. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the disposable cap further comprises a shield extending proximally from the side wall to the locking element. 28. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the shield further comprises a spring style bellow ring, the spring style bellow ring comprising at least one corner. 29. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the disposable cap further comprises a sheath proximally and radially outwardly from the shield, the disposable cap adapted to cover the entire eye imaging apparatus. 30. The plug-in disposable system in claim 22, wherein the disposable packaging shell further comprises an identifying element containing unique identification information.",
-    "An inkjet head that is able to circulate ink. The inkjet head includes a diaphragm plate, a first restrictor plate, one or more chamber plates, a second restrictor plate, and an orifice plate. The orifice plate forms a plurality of nozzles. The chamber plates form a plurality of chambers corresponding with the nozzles, and also form a return manifold for receiving ink from the chambers when circulating the ink through the inkjet head. The diaphragm plate forms a diaphragm that seals the chambers. The first restrictor plate controls a flow of ink between the chambers and the return manifold to circulate the ink through the inkjet head. The second restrictor plate controls the flow of ink between a supply manifold and the chambers. 1. An apparatus comprising: an inkjet head that includes a plurality of ink channels for ejecting ink, a supply manifold, and a return manifold; wherein each of the ink channels includes a diaphragm, a first restrictor, a chamber, a second restrictor, and a nozzle; wherein the first restrictor fluidly connects the supply manifold to the chamber; wherein the second restrictor fluidly connects the chamber to the return manifold; a means for selectively vibrating the diaphragm on each of the plurality of ink channels to eject ink from the chamber out of the nozzle during print operations; a means for circulating ink through each of the plurality of ink channels during the print operations by regulating the pressure between the supply manifold and the return manifold to cause ink to flow from the supply manifold through the first restrictor into the chamber, and to cause non-ejected ink to flow from the chamber through the second restrictor into the return manifold. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: to cause ink to flow from the supply manifold through the first restrictor into the chamber, and to cause the non-ejected ink to flow from the chamber through the second restrictor into the return manifold, the pressure at the supply manifold (P_in) is positive; the pressure at the return manifold (P_out) is negative; and P_in+P_out is negative at the nozzle. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a means for circulating ink in a reverse direction through each of the plurality of ink channels during the print operations by regulating the pressure between the supply manifold and the return manifold to cause ink to flow from the return manifold through the second restrictor into the chamber, and to cause the non-ejected ink to flow from the chamber through the first restrictor into the supply manifold. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein: the first restrictor and the second restrictor have the same design. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: the inkjet head further includes: a housing that includes an opening for piezoelectric elements to pass through to contact the diaphragm, and that includes a first groove on a surface facing the diaphragm that encompasses the opening for the piezoelectric elements to form the supply manifold. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein: the housing includes at least one second groove on the surface for the return manifold. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 further comprising: an inlet hole in the first groove of the housing that connects the supply manifold to a first reservoir; and an outlet hole in the at least one second groove of the housing that connects the return manifold to a second reservoir. 8. An inkjet head comprising: a plurality of ink channels for ejecting ink; a cross-section of each ink channel includes: a chamber; a nozzle at a first end of the chamber; a first restrictor at a second end of the chamber that controls a flow of ink from a supply manifold to the chamber; a second restrictor proximate to the nozzle at the first end that controls the flow of ink from the chamber to a return manifold; wherein the first restrictor and the second restrictor have the same design to allow the flow of ink to be reversible. 9. An inkjet head comprising: ink channels each having: a chamber; a first restrictor at a first end of the chamber; and a second restrictor at a second end of the chamber; wherein the first restrictor and the second restrictor have the same design to allow a flow of ink to be reversible through the ink channels. 10. The inkjet head of claim 9 wherein: each of the ink channels includes: a nozzle proximate to the second end of the chamber. 11. The inkjet head of claim 10 wherein: each of the ink channels includes: a mechanism for ejecting ink from the chamber and through the nozzle. 12. The inkjet head of claim 9 wherein: when the flow of ink is in one direction, the first restrictor controls the flow of ink from a supply manifold to the chamber, and the second restrictor controls the flow of ink from the chamber to a return manifold. 13. The inkjet head of claim 12 wherein: when the flow of ink is in a reverse direction, the second restrictor controls the flow of ink from the return manifold to the chamber, and the first restrictor controls the flow of ink from the chamber to the supply manifold.",
-    "A transmission control method by a device belonging to a BSS is provided in a WLAN. The device receives a frame. When a transmission condition including a first condition that a BSS color of the frame indicates a neighbor BSS of the BSS is satisfied, the device attempts a transmission at a time between a detection time of the BSS color and an end time of the frame. 1. A transmission control method by a device belonging to a basic service set (BSS) in a wireless local area network (WLAN), the method comprising: receiving a frame; and when a transmission condition including a first condition that a BSS color of the frame indicates a neighbor BSS of the BSS is satisfied, attempting a transmission at a time between a detection time of the BSS color and an end time of the frame. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission condition further includes a second condition that a signal strength of the frame is higher than a predetermined clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold when the BSS color indicates the neighbor BSS. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising setting a medium to a busy state from a detection time of the frame to the detection time of the BSS color. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the frame includes a field including the BSS color, and wherein attempting the transmission includes performing backoff after the field. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein performing the backoff includes waiting during a contention window without duration of a predetermined interframe space (IFS) period after the field. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein performing the backoff includes setting the contention window as a contention window according to the backoff minus a value corresponding to a time from a detection time of the frame to the detection time of the BSS color, and waiting during the set contention window. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the frame includes a field including the BSS color, wherein receiving the frame includes setting a first primitive to a first state at a detection time of the frame, and wherein attempting the transmission includes switching the first primitive from the first state to a second state after the field when the transmission condition is satisfied. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein receiving the frame further includes setting a second primitive to a first state at the detection time of the frame, and wherein the method further comprises switching the second primitive from the first state to a second state after the field. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein attempting the transmission further includes setting a backoff function to a backoff freeze state when the first primitive is in the first state and the second primitive is in the first state, and performing backoff when the first primitive is in the second state and the second primitive is in the second state, and wherein performing the backoff includes waiting during a contention window according to the backoff without duration of a predetermined IFS period. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein attempting the transmission includes controlling backoff based on a state of a first primitive that is determined based on the transmission condition and a state of a second primitive that is determined based on whether a first field following a legacy signal field is detected in the frame. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein receiving the frame includes setting the first primitive to a first state and the second primitive to a first state at a detection time of the frame, and wherein attempting the transmission includes maintaining the first primitive in the first state when the transmission condition is not satisfied and setting the second primitive to a second state when the first field is detected. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the transmission condition further includes a second condition that signal strength of the frame is higher than a predetermined CCA threshold when the BSS color indicates the neighbor BSS. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein attempting the transmission includes switching the first primitive from the first state to a second state when the transmission condition is satisfied and setting the second primitive to a second state when the first field is detected. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the second primitive is maintained in a predetermined state when the frame is not a WLAN signal. 15. A transmission control method by a device belonging to a basic service set (BSS) in a wireless local area network (WLAN), the method comprising: receiving a frame including a short training field, a long training field, a first signal field, and a second signal field following the first signal field, wherein the short training field, the long training field, and the first signal field support a legacy WLAN, and the second signal field includes a BSS color; setting a medium to a busy state when the short training field is detected in the frame; and switching the medium from the busy state to an idle state when a transmission condition including a first condition that the BSS color detected from the second signal field indicates a neighbor BSS of the BSS is satisfied. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising suspending backoff while the medium is in the busy state. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising waiting during a contention window according to backoff after a predetermined interframe space (IFS) period when the medium is switched to the idle state. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising attempting a transmission after the contention window. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the transmission condition further includes a second condition that a signal strength of the frame is higher than a predetermined clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold when the BSS color indicates the neighbor BSS. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising setting the medium to an idle state in a case that the signal strength of the frame is lower than the predetermined CCA threshold when the BSS color indicates the neighbor BSS.",
-    "An inkjet head that is able to circulate ink. The inkjet head includes a diaphragm plate, a first restrictor plate, one or more chamber plates, a second restrictor plate, and an orifice plate. The orifice plate forms a plurality of nozzles. The chamber plates form a plurality of chambers corresponding with the nozzles, and also form a return manifold for receiving ink from the chambers when circulating the ink through the inkjet head. The diaphragm plate forms a diaphragm that seals the chambers. The first restrictor plate controls a flow of ink between the chambers and the return manifold to circulate the ink through the inkjet head. The second restrictor plate controls the flow of ink between a supply manifold and the chambers. 1. An inkjet head comprising: a stack of plates including: a diaphragm plate; a first restrictor plate; chamber plates; a second restrictor plate; and an orifice plate that includes a plurality of nozzles; wherein the stack of plates forms a supply manifold, a plurality of chambers, and a return manifold; wherein first restrictors in the first restrictor plate fluidly connect the supply manifold to the chambers within the stack; wherein second restrictors in the second restrictor plate fluidly connect the chambers to the return manifold within the stack; wherein the supply manifold and the return manifold are aligned vertically in the stack with at least one of the chamber plates separating the supply manifold and the return manifold. 2. The inkjet head of claim 1 wherein: a first one of the chamber plates includes first openings that form the plurality of chambers; and a second one of the chamber plates includes second openings that form the plurality of chambers, and an elongated opening parallel to the second openings that forms the return manifold; wherein the first one of the chamber plates separates the supply manifold and the return manifold. 3. The inkjet head of claim 1 wherein: a first one of the chambers plates that is bonded to the second restrictor plate is partially etched proximate to the second restrictors. 4. The inkjet head of claim 1 wherein: the first restrictors and the second restrictors have the same design. 5. An inkjet head comprising: a plurality of ink channels each comprising: a first restrictor; a chamber; a second restrictor; and a nozzle; a supply manifold for supplying ink to the ink channels; a return manifold for providing a conduit for ink to travel out of the ink channels; wherein the first restrictors control a flow of ink from the supply manifold to the chambers; wherein second restrictors control the flow of the ink from the chambers to the return manifold; wherein the supply manifold and the return manifold are aligned vertically. 6. The inkjet head of claim 5 wherein: the first restrictors and the second restrictors have the same design. 7. An inkjet head comprising: a plurality of ink channels each comprising: a first restrictor; a chamber; a second restrictor; and a nozzle; wherein the first restrictor and the second restrictor are connected to opposing ends of the chamber, and are disposed within a length of the chamber. 8. The inkjet head of claim 7 wherein: the first restrictor fluidly connects a supply manifold to the chamber. 9. The inkjet head of claim 8 wherein: the second restrictor fluidly connects the chamber to a return manifold. 10. The inkjet head of claim 9 wherein: a vertical position of the supply manifold corresponds with a virtual position of the return manifold. 11. An inkjet head comprising: a stack of plates including: a diaphragm plate; a first restrictor plate forming first restrictors; chamber plates forming chambers; a second restrictor plate forming second restrictors; and an orifice plate that includes a plurality of nozzles; wherein the first restrictors and the second restrictors are connected to opposing ends of the chambers, and are disposed within a length of the chambers. 12. The inkjet head of claim 11 wherein: the first restrictors and the second restrictors have the same design.",
-    "To overcome shortcomings of the conventional thermal receiver, embodiments of the technology disclosed herein are directed towards an improved thermal receiver. More particularly, the various embodiments of the technology disclosed herein relate to thermal receivers without a vacuum insulation, otherwise known as an approximation of a blackbody. Various embodiments of the technology disclosed herein enable greater absorption of sunlight collected by a parabolic solar trough concentrator compared with conventional thermal receivers. 1. A multi-internal reflection vacuumless solar receiver (MIRVSR), comprising: an internal receiver component, comprising: a plurality of fluid tubes; a plurality of internal deflectors disposed on a sunlight receiving side of the plurality of fluid tubes; a set of sidewalls comprising a first sidewall and a second sidewall, an upper edge of each sidewall connected to a peripheral fluid tube of the plurality of fluid tubes; and a selective coating disposed on the sunlight receiving side of the plurality of fluid tubes, the plurality of internal deflectors, and the set of sidewalls; wherein the plurality of fluid tubes and the set of sidewalls define an internal cavity of the MIRVSR having an aperture; and an insulation layer disposed above a non-receiving side of the internal receiver component. 2. The MIRVSR of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fluid tubes, plurality of internal deflectors, and the first and second sidewalls may be manufactured by one of: extrusion; roll forming; welding; brazing; or a combination thereof. 3. The MIRVSR of claim 2, wherein the plurality of fluid tubes and the first and second sidewalls are manufactured as a single component. 4. The MIRVSR of claim 1, wherein each fluid tube of the plurality of fluid tubes comprises one or more of: steel alloy; stainless steel; copper; copper alloys; titanium; aluminum; or a combination thereof. 5. The MIRVSR of claim 1, wherein each fluid tube of the plurality of fluid tubes comprise a copper lining. 6. The MIRVSR of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of fluid tubes include at least one opening configured to form a flow channel within the interior space of the plurality of fluid tubes. 7. The MIRVSR of claim 1, wherein a first set of fluid tubes of the plurality of fluid tubes forms a first flow channel, and a second set of fluid tubes of the plurality of fluid tubes forms a second flow channel. 8. The MIRVSR of claim 1, wherein each fluid tube of the plurality of fluid tubes form a flow channel. 9. The MIRVSR of claim 1, further comprising a set of turbulators disposed within each fluid tube of the plurality of fluid tubes. 10. The MIRVSR of claim 1, further comprising: a first secondary reflector disposed on a first side of the aperture, an upper edge of the first secondary reflector connected to a bottom edge of the first side wall; a second secondary reflector disposed on a second side of the aperture, an upper edge of the second secondary reflector connected a bottom edge of the second side wall; wherein the first secondary reflector and second secondary reflector are configured to direct sunlight into the internal cavity of the MIRVSR through the aperture. 11. The MIRVSR of claim 1, the insulation layer having a first end and a second end, further comprising a wing disposed on each of the first end and the second end of the insulation layer, each wing configured to block airflow across the aperture. 12. The MIRVSR of claim 1, further comprising an apex body disposed centrally below the aperture. 13. The MIRVSR of claim 1, further comprising an air gap between a top surface of the non-receiving side of the internal receiver component and the insulation layer. 14. The MIRVSR of claim 13, further comprising an intermediate surface disposed on a surface of the insulation layer facing the air gap. 15. The MIRVSR of claim 14, wherein the intermediate surface comprises a different material than the insulation layer, the intermediate surface comprising one of: aluminum; steel; stainless steel; plastic; or composite. 16. The MIRVSR of claim 1, further comprising a glass plate extending across the aperture from the bottom edge of the first side wall to the bottom edge of the second wall, wherein the glass plate encloses the interior cavity of the MIRVSR to prevent the free flow of air in and out of the internal cavity while allowing sunlight to enter the internal cavity and impact the sunlight receiving side of the internal receiving component. 17. The MIRVSR of claim 1, further comprising one or more photovoltaic arrays disposed on an outer surface of the insulation layer and configured to absorb direct sunlight. 18. The MIRVSR of claim 17, wherein the one or more photovoltaic arrays comprise one or more flexible photovoltaic cells and disposed along an outer radius of the insulation layer. 19. A MIRVSR, comprising: an internal receiver component, comprising: a plurality of fluid tubes forming a flow channel; a plurality of internal deflectors disposed on a sunlight receiving side of the plurality of fluid tubes; a set of sidewalls, an upper edge of each side wall connected to a peripheral fluid tube of the plurality of fluid tubes; and a selective coating disposed on the sunlight receiving side of the plurality of fluid tubes, the plurality of internal deflectors, and the set of sidewalls; wherein the plurality of fluid tubes and the set of sidewalls define an internal cavity of the MIRVSR having an aperture; an insulation layer disposed above a non-receiving side of the internal receiver component, the insulation layer having a first end and a second end; a first secondary reflector disposed on a first side of the aperture, an upper edge of the first secondary reflector connected to a bottom edge of the first side wall, a second secondary reflector disposed on a second side of the aperture, an upper edge of the second secondary reflector connected a bottom edge of the second side wall, wherein the first secondary reflector and second secondary reflector are configured to direct sunlight into the internal cavity of the MIRVSR through the aperture; a wing disposed on each of the first end and the second end of the insulation layer, each wing configured to block airflow across the aperture; and an apex body disposed centrally in front of the aperture.",
-    "A binary bit-string is encoded in a circular image. The circular image encodes substrings of the bit-string in sectors of the circular image and includes redundant bits, error correcting codes, and metadata pertaining to the encoding scheme. To encode the bit-strings, a circular image is generated that includes a center ring and a first ring. Outward from the first ring, additional rings represent bits in the bit-string according to the width of each ring. The exterior of the image includes an outer boundary ring. The width of the boundary rings is used to define the widths representing the value of each ring. To extract a bit-string from an image, the center of the circular image is identified and a direction is selected to evaluate the image outward, determining the boundaries of each ring. The boundaries are analyzed to determine the width of each ring and the encoded bit values. 1. A method for extracting a bit-string from an image, comprising: capturing an image of an encoded bit-string using a camera-equipped device; grayscaling the captured image; locating the center of the captured image; determining a direction of travel in the image from the center of the captured image; determining a first thickness corresponding to a value of 0 and a second thickness corresponding to a value of 1; detecting rings in the captured image along the direction of travel from the center, and for each ring: measuring the thickness of the ring, and applying clustering techniques to identify it as having the first thickness or the second thickness; and appending to a bit-string a value of 0 if the ring has the first thickness corresponding to the value of 0; or appending to the bit-string a value of 1 if the ring has the second thickness corresponding to the value of 1; and storing the completed bit-string. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying one of the sectors as containing metadata pertaining to data encoded in the image; processing the metadata; and decoding the other angular sectors based on the processed metadata. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of a ring is determined by measuring a distance between a first pixel and a last pixel of a sequence of consecutive pixels of the same color. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the thickness of the ring is compared against the innermost ring and the outermost ring of the image in order to determine whether the value associated with the ring is a 0 or a 1. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: extracting a plurality of candidate bit-strings from the image by sampling at uniformly spaced intervals; if order bits are detected, grouping candidate bit-strings together that have the same order bits; within each grouping, measuring a frequency of each candidate bit-string; selecting for each grouping a candidate bit-string if its frequency is highest, or if its frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold; discarding as spurious the remaining candidate bit-strings; and assembling the bit-strings together based on an order implied by the order bits. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein extraction of spurious bit-strings due to sampling at sector boundaries is minimized by choosing a sampling angle that is less than and relatively prime to the angular width of each of the sectors. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that a completed bit-string includes one or more redundancy bits; and verifying the accuracy of the bit-string based on the one or more redundancy bits. 8. A computer program product for extracting a bit-string from an image, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium containing computer program code for: capturing an image of an encoded bit-string using one of a plurality of camera-equipped devices; grayscaling the captured image; locating the center of the captured image; determining a direction of travel in the image from the center of the captured image; determining a first thickness corresponding to a value of 0 and a second thickness corresponding to a value of 1; detecting rings in the captured image along the direction of travel from the center, and for each ring: measuring the thickness of the ring, and applying clustering techniques to identify it as having the first thickness or the second thickness; and appending to a bit-string a value of 0 if the ring has the first thickness corresponding to the value of 0; or appending to the bit-string a value of 1 if the ring has the second thickness corresponding to the value of 1; and storing the completed bit-string. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, further comprising: identifying one of the sectors as containing metadata pertaining to data encoded in the image; processing the metadata; and decoding the other angular sectors based on the processed metadata. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the thickness of a ring is determined by measuring a distance between a first pixel and a last pixel of a sequence of consecutive pixels of the same color. 11. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein the thickness of the ring is compared against the innermost ring and the outermost ring of the image in order to determine whether the value associated with the ring is a 0 or a 1. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, further comprising: extracting a plurality of candidate bit-strings from the image by sampling at uniformly spaced intervals; if order bits are detected, grouping candidate bit-strings together that have the same order bits; within each grouping, measuring a frequency of each candidate bit-string; selecting for each grouping a candidate bit-string if its frequency is highest, or if its frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold; discarding as spurious the remaining candidate bit-strings; and assembling the bit-strings together based on an order implied by the order bits. 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein extraction of spurious bit-strings due to sampling at sector boundaries is minimized by choosing a sampling angle that is less than and relatively prime to the angular width of each of the sectors. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining that a completed bit-string includes one or more redundancy bits; and verifying the accuracy of the bit-string based on the one or more redundancy bits. 15. A system comprising: A computer processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing computer program instructions executed by the computer processor for: capturing an image of an encoded bit-string using a camera-equipped device; grayscaling the captured image; locating the center of the captured image; determining a direction of travel in the image from the center of the captured image; determining a first thickness corresponding to a value of 0 and a second thickness corresponding to a value of 1; detecting rings in the captured image along the direction of travel from the center, and for each ring: measuring the thickness of the ring, and applying clustering techniques to identify it as having the first thickness or the second thickness; and appending to a bit-string a value of 0 if the ring has the first thickness corresponding to the value of 0; or appending to the bit-string a value of 1 if the ring has the second thickness corresponding to the value of 1; and storing the completed bit-string. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising: identifying one of the sectors as containing metadata pertaining to data encoded in the image; processing the metadata; and decoding the other angular sectors based on the processed metadata. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the thickness of a ring is determined by measuring a distance between a first pixel and a last pixel of a sequence of consecutive pixels of the same color. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the thickness of the ring is compared against the innermost ring and the outermost ring of the image in order to determine whether the value associated with the ring is a 0 or a 1. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising: extracting a plurality of candidate bit-strings from the image by sampling at uniformly spaced intervals; if order bits are detected, grouping candidate bit-strings together that have the same order bits; within each grouping, measuring a frequency of each candidate bit-string; selecting for each grouping a candidate bit-string if its frequency is highest, or if its frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold; discarding as spurious the remaining candidate bit-strings; and assembling the bit-strings together based on an order implied by the order bits. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein extraction of spurious bit-strings due to sampling at sector boundaries is minimized by choosing a sampling angle that is less than and relatively prime to the angular width of each of the sectors.",
-    "A task definition is received. The task definition indicates at least a location from which one or more software image can be obtained and information usable to determine an amount of resources to allocate to one or more software containers for the one or more software image. A set of virtual machine instances in which to launch the one or more software containers is determined, the one or more software image is obtained from the location included in the task definition and is launched as the one or more of software containers within the set of virtual machine instances. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: under the control of one or more computer systems that execute instructions, receiving a task definition, the task definition indicating at least a location from which one or more software images can be obtained and information usable to determine an amount of resources to allocate to one or more software containers for the one or more software images, each software container of the one or more software containers being an isolated user space instance that runs in isolation from other software containers running on a virtual machine instance; determining a set of virtual machine instances in which to launch the one or more software containers; and causing the one or more software images to be obtained from the location indicated by the task definition and launched as the one or more of software containers within the set of virtual machine instances. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the set of virtual machine instances are one or more virtual machine instances that have been registered in association with each other as a cluster. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, via an application program interface, a request to instantiate the task definition, wherein the, wherein the application programming interface is provided by a computing resource service provider. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein causing the one or more software images to be launched further comprises executing a scheduler specified by a customer of a computing resource service provider, the scheduler configured to select virtual machines from the set of virtual machine instances to run the one or more containers. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: determination of set of virtual machine instances in which to launch the one or more software containers is made by a scheduler application; and the scheduler application further determines the set of virtual machine instances by parsing the task definition for tags that indicate an affinity or anti-affinity for certain types of virtual machine instances. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: the set of virtual machine instances are associated with a customer of a computing resource service provider that hosts the system; and the task definition is defined by the customer through an editing interface of a template service provided by the computing resource service provider. 7. A system, comprising: one or more processors; and memory including instructions that, as a result of execution by the one or more processors, cause the system to: receive a task definition, the task definition indicating at least a location from which one or more software images can be obtained and information usable to determine an amount of resources to allocate to one or more software containers for the one or more software images, each software container of the one or more software containers: being an isolated user space instance that runs in isolation from other software containers running on a virtual machine instance; and having a share of resources of the virtual machine instance; determine a set of virtual machine instances in which to launch the one or more software containers; and launch the one or more software images, obtained from the location indicated by the task definition, as the one or more of software containers within the set of virtual machine instances, the one or more of software containers being allocated the share of resources from available virtual machine resources from the set of virtual machine instances in accordance with the amount of resources to allocate. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the set of virtual machine instances are launched into a virtual network of a customer. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the set of virtual machine instances are associated with an auto-scaling group of an auto-scaling service that causes virtual machine instances to be added to or removed from the auto-scaling group depending at least in part on an amount of available resources determined from the information included in the task definition. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein: the one or more software containers are one or more second software containers; and the task definition is received as a result of one or more first software containers encountering an error in execution of at least one software image of the one or more software images. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the instructions that cause the system to determine the set of virtual machine instances, further include instructions that cause the system to determine the set of virtual machine instances further based at least in part according to a load-balancing distribution scheme of a load-balancer service. 12. The system of claim 7, wherein the instructions further include instructions that cause the system to: aggregate metrics about the one or more software containers to form aggregated metrics; and allow customers of a computing resource service provider hosting the system to monitor resource utilization of the one or more containers at least by providing the aggregated metrics a resource monitoring service of the computing resource service provider. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the metrics include one or more of: an amount of memory used by the one or more software containers, a number of times that software containers of the one or more software containers encountered an error in execution of a software image of the one or more software images, or processor usage by the one or more software containers. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon executable instructions that, as a result of being executed by one or more processors of a computer system, cause the computer system to at least: receive a task definition, the task definition indicating at least a location from which one or more software images can be obtained and information usable to determine an amount of resources to allocate to one or more software containers for the one or more software images, each software container of the one or more software containers having a share of resources of a computer system instance; determine a set of computer system instances in which to launch the one or more software containers; and launch the one or more software images, obtained from the location indicated by the task definition, as the one or more of software containers within the set of computer system instances, the one or more of software containers being allocated the share of resources from available resources from the set of computer system instances in accordance with the amount of resources to allocate. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the location from which the one or more software images can be obtained is a location in a data store of a computing resource service provider that hosts the system. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the executable instructions further include executable instructions that cause the computer system to: aggregate metrics about the one or more software containers to form aggregated metrics; and provide the aggregated metrics to a resource monitoring service of a computing resource service provider hosting the computer system. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the metrics include one or more of: an amount of time that the one or more processors spent executing system calls made by the one or more software containers, a number of read and write operations performed by the one or more software containers, or a number of input/output operations queued for the one or more software containers. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein: the set of computer system instances are associated with a customer of a computing resource service provider that hosts the system; and the aggregated metrics meet a predefined condition that causes the resource monitoring service to trigger an alarm that notifies the customer that the predefined condition has been met. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the predefined condition is at least one of: an indication of an occurrence of an error state of a software container running in the set of computer system instances, or that at least one of the aggregated metrics has reached a value relative to a threshold. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the alarm that notifies the customer includes one or more of: a text message sent to a device associated with the customer, an e-mail sent to an e-mail location associated with the customer, or a visual status indicator displayed on a user interface accessible to the customer.",
-    "Disclosed is an improved diffraction structure for 3D display systems. The improved diffraction structure includes an intermediate layer that resides between a waveguide substrate and a top grating surface. The top grating surface comprises a first material that corresponds to a first refractive index value, the underlayer comprises a second material that corresponds to a second refractive index value, and the substrate comprises a third material that corresponds to a third refractive index value. 1. An augmented reality (AR) display system for delivering augmented reality content to a user, comprising: an image-generating source to provide one or more frames of image data; a light modulator to transmit light associated with the one or more frames of image data; a diffractive optical element (DOE) to receive the light associated with the one or more frames of image data and direct the light to the user's eyes, the DOE comprising a diffraction structure having a waveguide substrate corresponding to a waveguide refractive index, a surface grating, and an underlayer disposed between the waveguide substrate and the surface grating, wherein the underlayer corresponds to an underlayer diffractive index that is different from the waveguide refractive index. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein all of the waveguide substrate, the underlayer, and the surface grating correspond to different refractive index values. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the surface grating corresponds to a surface grating refractive index that is higher compared to the underlayer diffractive index, and the underlayer diffractive index is higher value compared to the waveguide refractive index. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the waveguide substrate, the underlayer, and the surface grating correspond to different materials. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein at least two of the waveguide substrate, the underlayer, and the surface grating correspond to a common refractive index value. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the at least two of the waveguide substrate, the underlayer, and the surface grating correspond to the same material. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the surface grating corresponds to a surface grating refractive index that is the same as the waveguide refractive index, and the underlayer diffractive index is different from the waveguide refractive index and the surface grating refractive index. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the surface grating refractive index and the waveguide refractive index are lower compared to the underlayer diffractive index. 9. The system of claim 5, wherein the surface grating corresponds to a surface grating refractive index that is the same as the underlayer diffractive index, and the waveguide diffractive index is different from the underlayer refractive index and the surface grating refractive index. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the surface grating refractive index and the underlayer refractive index are higher compared to the underlayer diffractive index. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the underlayer comprises a non-uniform thickness. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the non-uniform thickness of the underlayer changes from a relatively thin to a relatively thick as distance is increased from a light injection location. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the underlayer comprises a non-uniform underlayer refractive index. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the non-uniform underlayer refractive index of the underlayer changes from being relatively similar to the waveguide refractive index to being increasing different from the waveguide refractive index as distance is increased from a light injection location. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the underlayer comprises both a non-uniform thickness and a non-uniform underlayer refractive index. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a stacked waveguide assembly having a plurality of the diffraction structure that are stacked together. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein a plurality of the image-generating source injects the image data into each of the diffraction structure within the stacked waveguide assembly. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the waveguide substrate, the underlayer, and the surface grating correspond to at least one of polymer material, sapphire, or glass. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the DOE is switchable between an ON state and an OFF state. 20. The system of claim 1, embodied as a head-mountable wearable system. 21. The system of claim 1, where the diffraction structure further comprises a top layer over the surface grating. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the top layer forms an interstitial layer for stacking of the diffraction structure, and the top layer comprises a relatively low index of refraction. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the top layer comprises a relatively high index of refraction.",
-    "A chip package includes a chip, a dielectric bonding layer, a carrier, and a redistribution layer. The chip has a substrate, a conductive pad, and a protection layer. The dielectric bonding layer is located on the protection layer and between the carrier and the protection layer. The carrier, the dielectric bonding layer, and the protection layer have a communicated through hole configured to expose the conductive pad. The redistribution layer includes a connection portion and a passive component portion. The connection portion is located on the conductive pad, the sidewall of the through hole, and a surface of the carrier facing away from the dielectric bonding layer. The passive component portion is located on the surface of the carrier, and an end of the passive component portion is connected to the connection portion that is on the surface of the carrier. 1. A chip package, comprising: a chip having a substrate, a conductive pad, and a protection layer, wherein the protection layer is located on the substrate, and the conductive pad is located in the protection layer; a dielectric bonding layer located on the protection layer; a carrier, wherein the dielectric bonding layer is between the carrier and the protection layer, and the carrier, the dielectric bonding layer, and the protection layer have a communicated through hole, such that the conductive pad is exposed through the through hole; and a redistribution layer, comprising: a connection portion located on the conductive pad, a sidewall of the through hole, and a surface of the carrier facing away from the dielectric bonding layer; and a passive component portion located on the surface of the carrier, wherein an end of the passive component portion is connected to the connection portion that is on the surface of the carrier. 2. The chip package of claim 1, wherein a shape of the passive component portion comprises a U-shape, a flat spiral shape, and a three-dimensional spiral shape. 3. The chip package of claim 1, further comprising: a passivation layer located on the redistribution layer and the surface of the carrier. 4. The chip package of claim 3, wherein the passivation layer has an opening configured to expose the connection portion, and the chip package further comprises: a conductive structure located on the connection portion that is in the opening of the passivation layer, wherein the conductive structure is electrically connected to the conductive pad. 5. The chip package of claim 4, wherein the conductive structure is a solder ball or a conductive protrusion. 6. The chip package of claim 3, having a cavity, wherein the cavity is between the passivation layer and the connection portion that is in the through hole. 7. The chip package of claim 1, wherein the chip further comprises: a magnetic element surrounded by the passive component portion. 8. The chip package of claim 1, wherein the carrier is made of a material comprising aluminum nitride or glass. 9. The chip package of claim 1, wherein the dielectric bonding layer is made of a material comprising polymer or oxide. 10. The chip package of claim 1, wherein the chip has a conductive line that is in the protection layer, and the conductive line is connected to the conductive pad and another adjacent conductive pad. 11. A manufacturing method of a chip package, the manufacturing method comprising: utilizing a dielectric bonding layer to adhere a carrier to a wafer, wherein the wafer has a substrate, a conductive pad, and a protection layer, and the conductive pad is located in the protection layer, and the dielectric bonding layer is between the protection layer and the carrier; etching a surface of the carrier facing away from the dielectric bonding layer, such that the carrier, the dielectric bonding layer, and the protection layer have a communicated through hole, and the conductive pad is exposed through the through hole; forming a redistribution layer on the conductive pad, a sidewall of the through hole, and the surface of the carrier; and patterning the redistribution layer to synchronously form a connection portion and a passive component portion, wherein the connection portion is located on the conductive pad, the sidewall of the through hole, and the surface of the carrier, and the passive component portion is located on the surface of the carrier, and an end of the passive component portion is connected to the connection portion that is on the surface of the carrier. 12. The manufacturing method of claim 11, further comprising: grinding the surface of the carrier for decreasing a thickness of the carrier. 13. The manufacturing method of claim 11, further comprising: forming a passivation layer on the redistribution layer and the surface of the carrier; and patterning the passivation layer to form an opening, such that the connection portion is exposed through the opening. 14. The manufacturing method of claim 13, further comprising: forming a conductive structure on the connection portion that is in the opening of the passivation layer, such that the conductive structure is electrically connected to the conductive pad. 15. The manufacturing method of claim 14, further comprising: cutting the wafer, the dielectric bonding layer, the carrier, and the passivation layer. 16. The manufacturing method of claim 11, further comprising: grinding a surface of the substrate facing away from the protection layer for decreasing a thickness of the substrate.",
-    "A flexible light sheet includes a bottom conductor layer overlying a flexible substrate. An array of vertical light emitting diodes (VLEDs) is printed as an ink over the bottom conductor layer so that bottom electrodes of the VLEDs electrically contact the bottom conductor layer. A top electrode of the VLEDs is formed of a first transparent conductor layer, and a temporary hydrophobic layer is formed over the first transparent conductor layer. A dielectric material is deposited between the VLEDs but is automatically de-wetted off the hydrophobic layer. The hydrophobic layer is then removed, and a second transparent conductor layer is deposited to electrically contact the top electrode of the VLEDs. The VLEDs can be made less than 10 microns in diameter since no top metal bump electrode is used. The VLEDs are illuminated by a voltage differential between the bottom conductor layer and the second transparent conductor layer. 1. An illumination structure comprising: a bottom conductor layer; a plurality of vertical light emitting diodes (VLEDs), each of the VLEDs having a bottom electrode electrically contacting the bottom conductor layer, each of the VLEDs having a flat first transparent conductor layer forming a top electrode, with no opaque metal portions forming the top electrode; and a second transparent conductor layer directly over and contacting the first transparent conductor layer of each of the VLEDs, with no opaque metal layer in-between, such that the plurality of VLEDs are electrically connected in parallel and light passes through the first transparent conductor layer and the second transparent conductor layer when the VLEDs are illuminated by a voltage differential between the second transparent conductor layer and the bottom conductor layer. 2. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first transparent conductor layer comprises one of ITO or sintered silver nanowires. 3. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first transparent conductor layer covers an entire top semiconductor surface of each of the VLEDs. 4. The structure of claim 1 wherein the bottom conductor layer is reflective. 5. The structure of claim 1 wherein the bottom conductor layer is transparent. 6. The structure of claim 1 further comprising a flexible substrate on which the bottom conductor layer is formed. 7. The structure of claim 1 wherein the VLEDs are microscopic VLEDs printed as an ink over the bottom conductor layer. 8. The structure of claim 1 wherein a diameter of each of the VLEDs is 10 microns or less. 9. The structure of claim 1 further comprising a dielectric material between the VLEDs and overlying the bottom conductor layer but not substantially covering the first transparent conductor layer, wherein the second transparent conductor layer overlies the dielectric layer.",
-    "A method is given for providing a visualization of a scene corresponding to game play. The method includes steps of receiving at a visualization server information about a scene corresponding to game play at a client computer, receiving additional information about the scene at the visualization server; and constructing a visualization at the visualization server based on the scene, the constructing based at least in part on the received information and the received additional information. In another embodiment, the visualization may be composed by the user rather than being a scene corresponding to game play. In a further embodiment, a method is given for providing a visualization of a scene corresponding to game play, including: receiving at a visualization server information about a scene corresponding to game play at a client; modifying the scene information; and constructing a visualization at the visualization server based on the modified scene information. 1. A system for creating a visualization based on captured gameplay data, the system comprising: a user device, wherein the user device captures scene data that occurred during gameplay, wherein the captured scene data has a first resolution; and a visualization server, wherein the visualization server includes a processor that executes instructions to: modify the captured scene data in order to generate a visualization, wherein the modifying includes re-staging or re-rendering the captured scene data, supplementing the modified data with additional information associated with the captured scene data, wherein the supplemented data generates a visualization having a second resolution that has a higher resolution than that of the first resolution, and generating instructions for publishing the generated visualization on the user device for the user to view. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the captured scene data includes data about what characters and objects are in the scene, location of the character and objects, pending and completed quests and other status-related details related to the gameplay. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the captured scene data includes a screen shot/pixel data of the game play. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the user device captures scene data based on one or more conditions associated with the gameplay. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the one or more conditions includes a time chosen by the user. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the one or more conditions includes arbitrary times associated with the gameplay. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the additional information is obtained by the visualization server by accessing the user device. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the additional information includes higher resolution data about characters, objects and scenery associated with the gameplay. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the visualization server further executes instructions to receive user input directed at modifying the generated visualization. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein modifying includes adding, removing or re-arranging characters within a scene associated with the generated visualization. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor of the visualization server further executes instructions to publish a plurality of visualizations generated by the visualization server, wherein the plurality of visualizations provide a historical documentation or \u201cwalk-through\u201d of gameplay associated with the user.",
-    "A cookware assembly or set comprising or including at least one cookware vessel of a substantially square peripheral exterior and interior form when viewed in plan, wherein the vessel has an attachment location on at least one of the four sides, the attachment location being a relief in the vessel's rim suitable for handle engagement, and a handle selectively engageable at the or any one of the attachment locations, the handle with both proximal and distal end regions having a pair of jaw elements at the proximal region for facilitating engagement to an attachment location such that a first jaw of the jaw pair locates substantially inside the vessel and a second jaw of the jaw pair locates substantially outside of the vessel, and a lid able to fit on the cookware vessel and to close, or at least substantially close, the cookware vessel. 1. (canceled) 2. A cookware vessel of a substantially square peripheral exterior and interior form that includes at least one handle attachment location defined on the rim of the vessel, the handle attachment location being suitable for selective attachment of a handle, wherein the handle attachment location is recessed from the surrounding rim to restrict movement of an attached handle along the rim of the vessel. 3. A cookware vessel as claimed in claim 2 wherein the cookware vessel is of a form to enable nesting at least in part with a like vessel of a smaller or larger size, if not also partially nestable with one of the same size. 4. A cookware vessel as claimed in claim 2 wherein a plurality of like cookware vessels may sequentially nest, one within the other in order of their size, even with a corresponding lid located on each vessel. 5. A cookware assembly or set comprising two or more cookware vessels of a substantially square peripheral exterior and interior form, and lids corresponding to each cookware vessel, wherein each lidded cookware vessel is sequentially nested, or may sequentially nest, one within the other, or another, in order of their size in an efficient manner. 6. A cookware assembly or set as claimed in claim 5 wherein a handle engageable to either, or any, of the vessels is located in the smaller or smallest vessel. 7. A cookware assembly or set comprising or including: at least one cookware vessel of a substantially square peripheral exterior and interior form when viewed in plan, wherein the vessel has an attachment location on at least one of the four sides, the attachment location being a relief in the vessel's rim suitable for handle engagement, and a handle selectively engageable at the or any one of said attachment locations, the handle with both proximal and distal end regions having a pair of jaw elements at the proximal region for facilitating engagement to an attachment location such that a first jaw of the jaw pair locates substantially inside the vessel and a second jaw of the jaw pair locates substantially outside of the vessel, and a lid able to fit on the cookware vessel and to close, or at least substantially close, the cookware vessel. 8. A cookware assembly or set as claimed in claim 7 wherein the cookware vessel is of a form to enable nesting at least in part with a like vessel of a smaller or larger size, if not also partially nestable with one of the same size. 9. A cookware assembly or set as claimed in claim 7 wherein a plurality of like cookware vessels may sequentially nest, one within the other in order of their size, for efficient stowage, and optionally may nest, one within the other in order of their size, even with a corresponding lid located on each nested vessel. 10. A cookware assembly or set as claimed in claim 7 wherein the second jaw of the jaw pair engages under the relief feature of the rim. 11. A cookware assembly or set as claimed claim 7 wherein the lid includes a relief substantially on its periphery to accommodate the handle when such is engaged at an attachment location. 12. A handle suitable for attachment to a cookware vessel as claimed in claim 2, the handle comprising or including: a pair of jaw elements at a proximal region of the handle, an actuator to adjust the relative position of the pair of jaw elements, wherein the relative position of the jaw elements facilitates attachment of the handle to an attachment location provided as a relief in the rim of a cookware vessel such that a first jaw of the jaw pair locates substantially inside the vessel and a second jaw of the jaw pair locates substantially outside of the vessel. 13. A handle as claimed in claim 12 wherein the position of one or both jaws of the jaw pair may be adjusted between a locked condition where the jaws are closer together than a further apart, unlocked condition. 14. A handle as claimed in claim 13 wherein the actuator is a lever to cause adjustment of the jaws between the locked and unlocked conditions. 15. A handle as claimed in claim 14 wherein the lever can articulate between at least two stable conditions, one of which positions corresponds to the locked condition of the jaw pair, the other corresponding to the unlocked condition of the jaw pair. 16. A handle as claimed in claim 15 wherein the articulation of the lever causes a sliding and/or otherwise guided member as a second jaw element to move relative to a more proximal fixed jaw element. 17. A handle as claimed in claim 12 wherein the jaw pair are shaped such that they are complementary with the attachment location of the cookware vessel to lock the handle to the vessel in a rigid, weight bearing manner. 18. A lid for, or suitable for, a cookware vessel of claim 2, being a vessel of a substantially square or rectangular peripheral exterior and interior form when viewed in plan, save optionally for rounded transitions between the adjacent sides, said lid being an assembly defining a lid body having a relief on its periphery that accords to a centre of a side of such a cookware vessel, a slide or other moveable member carried by the lid body able to close the relief, and a handle feature of the lid carried by the lid body. 19. A lid as claimed in claim 18 wherein the handle is located substantially centrally of the lid body and has a grippable region extending upwardly substantially beyond the lid body, and a hollow region located below the grippable region, wherein the hollow region is dimensioned so that it can receive at least a portion of the grippable region of another like lid placed beneath so as to prevent interference between the lid handle and another lid when a plurality of cookware vessels are sequentially nested with their lids located thereon. 20. A lid as claimed in claim 18 wherein the slideable member can encroach over the relief to such an extent that the lid can substantially seal a vessel to which the lid is associated.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to an optical sensor module, an optical sensing accessory, and an optical sensing device. An optical sensor module comprises a light source, a photodetector, and a substrate. The light source is configured to convert electric power into radiant energy and emit light to an object surface. The photodetector is configured to receive the light from an object surface and convert radiant energy into electrical current or voltage. An optical sensing accessory and an optical sensing device comprise the optical sensor module and other electronic modules to have further applications. 1. An optical sensor module comprising: a substrate; a light source disposed on the substrate; a first encapsulant formed over the light source; a photodetector disposed on the substrate; a second encapsulant formed over the photodetector; and a partition coupled to the substrate and located between the light source and the photodetector, wherein each of the first encapsulant and the second encapsulant comprises a medial surface respectively, and wherein at least one of the medial surfaces has an optical directional component. 2. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the optical directional component is configured as an inclined plane. 3. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein optical directional component is configured as a curvature lens. 4. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the first encapsulant is coated with thin film. 5. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein each medial surface comprises an optical directional component. 6. The optical sensor module of claim 5, wherein the optical directional components have the same configuration. 7. The optical sensor module of claim 5, wherein the optical directional components have different configurations. 8. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the photodetector is substantially annularly arranged around the light source. 9. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the second encapsulant is substantially annularly arranged around the light source. 10. The optical sensor module of claim 1, further comprises a plurality of photodetectors located substantially annularly arranged around the light source. 11. The optical sensor module of claim 10, wherein each of the photodetectors has an encapsulant respectively. 12. The optical sensor module of claim 11, further comprises a microstructure on at least one of the encapsulants. 13. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the optical sensor module further comprises a packaging wall coupled to the substrate and defines an area surrounding the light source, the partition, and the photodetector. 14. The optical sensor module of claim 1, further comprises a cover. 15. The optical sensor module of claim 14, wherein the cover is configured with a curvature lens. 16. The optical sensor module of claim 14, wherein the cover is configured with a microstructure. 17. The optical sensor module of claim 14, wherein the cover is coated with an anti-scratch thin film, an anti-reflective thin film, or a filter thin film. 18. The optical sensor module of claim 1, wherein the optical sensor module further comprises at least one of an analogue front end, a microcontroller, an operational amplifier, or a light source driver. 19. An optical sensing accessory for detecting optical properties comprising: at least one optical sensor module of claim 1; a communication module electrically connected to the optical sensor module; and a housing containing the at least one optical sensor module and the communication module. 20. An optical sensing device for detecting optical properties comprising: at least one optical sensor module of claim 1; a microprocessor electrically connected to the optical sensor module; a memory electrically connected to the optical sensor module and the microprocessor; a power supply electrically connected to the optical sensor module and the memory; and a housing containing the at least one optical sensor module, the memory and the power supply.",
-    "A control scheme and architecture for a wireless electrical energy transmission circuit employs two solid-state switches and a zero voltage switching (ZVS) topology to power an antenna network. The switches drive the antenna network at its resonant frequency and simultaneously energize a separate resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency lower than the antenna circuit. The resonant circuit creates out of phase voltage and current waveforms that enable the switches to operate with (ZVS). 1. A wireless power transmission circuit comprising: a voltage source having first and second output terminals; a first solid-state switch having a pair of first power terminals and a first gate terminal, the pair of first power terminals connected between the first output terminal and a first switch node; a second solid-state switch having a pair of second power terminals and a second gate terminal, the pair of second power terminals connected between the first switch node and the second output terminal; a third solid-state switch having a pair of third power terminals and a third gate terminal, the pair of third power terminals connected between the first output terminal and a second switch node; a fourth solid-state switch having a pair of fourth power terminals and a fourth gate terminal, the pair of fourth power terminals connected between the second switch node and the second output terminal; an antenna network coupled between the first switch node and the second switch node, and configured to transmit electrical energy at a first frequency; and a controller coupled to the first, second, third and fourth gate terminals and configured to operate the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches such that they each operate at a fixed duty cycle and regulate power from the voltage source to the antenna network by changing a phase delay between two or more of the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches. 2. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 wherein in a first portion of a switching cycle the first and second solid-state switches operate complementary and in a second portion of the switching cycle the third and fourth solid-state switches operate complementary. 3. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 2 wherein zero voltage switching is performed in a deadtime located between the first portion of the switching cycle and the second portion of the switching cycle. 4. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 wherein the power from the voltage source is regulated by changing a phase delay between the first and the third solid-state switches. 5. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches operate at a fixed duty cycle of 50 percent. 6. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches are GaN-based devices. 7. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches operate at a switching frequency in a range of 1-20 MHz. 8. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches are configured to operate with a voltage potential in the range of 50-1000 Volts DC. 9. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 1 further comprising a first resonant circuit configured to resonate at a second frequency and is coupled between the first switch node and the antenna network. 10. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 9 further comprising an AC voltage divider circuit coupled to the first resonant circuit and configured to reduce an AC voltage supplied the antenna network. 11. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 10 further comprising an impedance matching circuit coupled to the AC voltage divider circuit and configured to match an impedance of the antenna network. 12. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 9 further comprising a second resonant circuit coupled between the first switch node and the second output terminal; and a third resonant circuit coupled between the second switch node and the second output terminal. 13. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 9 further comprising a second resonant circuit coupled in parallel with the first resonant circuit. 14. A wireless power transmission circuit comprising: a voltage source; a full-bridge coupled to the voltage source and having first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches; an antenna network coupled to the full-bridge rectifier and configured to transmit electrical energy at a first frequency; and a controller coupled to the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches and configured to regulate power from the voltage source to the antenna network by changing a phase delay between two or more of the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches. 15. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 14 wherein in a first portion of a switching cycle the first and second solid-state switches operate complementary and in a second portion of a switching cycle the third and fourth solid-state switches operate complementary. 16. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 15 wherein zero voltage switching is performed in a deadtime located between the first portion of the switching cycle and the second portion of the switching cycle. 17. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 14 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches operate at a fixed duty cycle. 18. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 17 wherein the fixed duty cycle is approximately 50 percent. 19. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 14 wherein the phase delay is changed between the first and the third solid-state switches. 20. The wireless power transmission circuit of claim 14 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches change state with zero voltage switching. 21. A method of operating a wireless power transmission circuit, the method comprising: supplying power to the power transmission circuit with a voltage source; coupling power from the voltage source to the transmission circuit with a full-bridge comprising first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches; regulating power to the power transmission circuit with a controller configured to change the power supplied to the power transmission circuit by changing the phase delay between two or more of the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein in a first portion of a switching cycle the first and second solid-state switches operate complementary and in a second portion of the switching cycle the third and fourth solid-state switches operate complementary. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein zero voltage switching is performed in a deadtime located between the first portion of the switching cycle and the second portion of the switching cycle. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches operate at a fixed duty cycle. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the fixed duty cycle is 50 percent. 26. The method of claim 21 wherein the phase delay is changed between the first and the third solid-state switches. 27. The method of claim 21 wherein the first, second, third and fourth solid-state switches change state with zero voltage switching.",
-    "A user device may be configured to identify a received transport bearer channel, via which a group of content streams are received, the transport bearer channel including a group of logical bearer channels that each correspond to a particular transport layer session, each transport layer session corresponding to a particular one of the content streams; receive a selection of a particular content stream, of the group of content streams; identify a particular logical bearer channel, of the group of bearer channels, that corresponds to the particular content stream; extract a transport layer session from the identified particular logical bearer channel; provide, from a transport layer of the user device and to an application layer of the user device, the particular content stream from the transport layer session; and present the particular content stream. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a user device, a plurality of content streams, the content streams being received via a transport bearer channel, the transport bearer channel including a plurality of logical bearer channels that each correspond to a particular transport layer session, each transport layer session corresponding to a particular one of the content streams; receiving, by the user device, a selection of a particular content stream, of the plurality of content streams; receiving, by the user device, a mapping of content stream identifiers to logical bearer channel identifiers; identifying, by the user device, a content stream identifier associated with the selected particular content stream; identifying, by the user device, a plurality of logical bearer channel identifiers associated with the plurality of logical bearer channels; identifying, by the user device, a particular logical bearer channel, of the plurality of bearer channels, that corresponds to the particular content stream, wherein identifying the particular logical bearer channel includes identifying, based on the mapping, that a bearer channel identifier, associated with the particular logical bearer channel, is associated with the content stream identifier associated with the selected content stream; extracting, by the user device, a transport layer session from the identified particular logical bearer channel; providing, from a transport layer of the user device and to an application layer of the user device, the particular content stream from the transport layer session; and presenting, by the user device, the particular content stream. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of content streams are associated with a plurality of different digital rights management (\u201cDRM\u201d) techniques, wherein the method further comprises: verifying the particular content stream based on a particular DRM technique associated with the particular content stream, and wherein presenting the video stream includes presenting the verified particular content stream. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the transport layer sessions include a plurality of File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (\u201cFLUTE\u201d) sessions. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transport bearer channel includes a Long Term Evolution (\u201cLTE\u201d) Multicast Channel (\u201cMCH\u201d). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the logical bearer channels include a plurality of LTE Multicast Traffic Channels (\u201cMTCHs\u201d). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the logical bearer channels are included in the transport bearer channel in a time-division multiplexed manner. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the transport bearer channel is a single transport bearer channel associated with a broadcast technique. 8. A user device, comprising: a non-transitory memory device storing a set of computer-executable instructions; and a processor configured to execute the set of computer-executable instructions, wherein executing the set of computer-executable instructions causes the processor to: identify a transport bearer channel, via which a plurality of content streams are received, the transport bearer channel including a plurality of logical bearer channels that each correspond to a particular transport layer session, each transport layer session corresponding to a particular one of the content streams; receive a selection of a particular content stream, of the plurality of content streams; receive a mapping of content stream identifiers to logical bearer channel identifiers; identify a content stream identifier associated with the selected particular content stream; identify a plurality of logical bearer channel identifiers associated with the plurality of logical bearer channels; identify a particular logical bearer channel, of the plurality of bearer channels, that corresponds to the particular content stream, wherein identifying the particular logical bearer channel includes identifying, based on the mapping, that a bearer channel identifier, associated with the particular logical bearer channel, is associated with the content stream identifier associated with the selected content stream; extract a transport layer session from the identified particular logical bearer channel; provide, from a transport layer of the user device and to an application layer of the user device, the particular content stream from the transport layer session; and present the particular content stream. 9. The user device of claim 8, wherein the plurality of content streams are associated with a plurality of different digital rights management (\u201cDRM\u201d) techniques, wherein executing the processor-executable instructions further causes the processor to: verify the particular content stream based on a particular DRM technique associated with the particular content stream, and wherein presenting the video stream includes presenting the verified particular content stream. 10. The user device of claim 8, wherein the transport layer sessions include a plurality of File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (\u201cFLUTE\u201d) sessions. 11. The user device of claim 8, wherein the transport bearer channel includes a Long Term Evolution (\u201cLTE\u201d) Multicast Channel (\u201cMCH\u201d). 12. The user device of claim 11, wherein the logical bearer channels include a plurality of LTE Multicast Traffic Channels (\u201cMTCHs\u201d). 13. The user device of claim 8, wherein the logical bearer channels are included in the transport bearer channel in a time-division multiplexed manner. 14. The user device of claim 8, wherein the transport bearer channel is a single transport bearer channel associated with a broadcast technique. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing processor-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more processors of a user device, cause the one or more processors to: identify a transport bearer channel, via which a plurality of content streams are received, the transport bearer channel including a plurality of logical bearer channels that each correspond to a particular transport layer session, each transport layer session corresponding to a particular one of the content streams; receive a selection of a particular content stream, of the plurality of content streams; receive a mapping of content stream identifiers to logical bearer channel identifiers; identify a content stream identifier associated with the selected particular content stream; identify a plurality of logical bearer channel identifiers associated with the plurality of logical bearer channels; identify a particular logical bearer channel, of the plurality of bearer channels, that corresponds to the particular content stream, wherein identifying the particular logical bearer channel includes identifying, based on the mapping, that a bearer channel identifier, associated with the particular logical bearer channel, is associated with the content stream identifier associated with the selected content stream; extract a transport layer session from the identified particular logical bearer channel; provide, from a transport layer of the user device and to an application layer of the user device, the particular content stream from the transport layer session; and present the particular content stream. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the processor-executable instructions further include instructions, which further cause the one or more processors to: receive a mapping of content stream identifiers to logical bearer channel identifiers; identify a content stream identifier associated with the selected particular content stream; and identify a plurality of logical bearer channel identifiers associated with the plurality of logical bearer channels, wherein identifying the particular logical bearer channel includes identifying, based on the mapping, that a bearer channel identifier, associated with the particular logical bearer channel, is associated with the content stream identifier associated with the selected content stream. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the plurality of content streams are associated with a plurality of different digital rights management (\u201cDRM\u201d) techniques, wherein the processor-executable instructions further include instructions, which further cause the one or more processors to: verify the particular content stream based on a particular DRM technique associated with the particular content stream, and wherein presenting the video stream includes presenting the verified particular content stream. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the transport layer sessions include a plurality of File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (\u201cFLUTE\u201d) sessions. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the transport bearer channel includes a Long Term Evolution (\u201cLTE\u201d) Multicast Channel (\u201cMCH\u201d), and wherein the logical bearer channels include a plurality of LTE Multicast Traffic Channels (\u201cMTCHs\u201d). 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the transport bearer channel is a single transport bearer channel associated with a broadcast technique.",
-    "A radio device applies a carrier frequency for transmission of data between the radio device and a base station of a cellular network. Further, the radio device configures a measurement time interval in which the radio device temporarily switches from the transmission of data to receiving at least one broadcast signal conveying system information from the base station. Based on the received at least one broadcast signal, the radio device estimates an offset of the carrier frequency as applied by the radio device to a frequency of a carrier signal as received from the base station. 1. A method of controlling radio transmission in a cellular network, the method comprising: a radio device applying a carrier frequency for transmission of data between the radio device and a base station of the cellular network; the radio device configuring a measurement time interval in which the radio device temporarily switches from said transmission of data to receiving at least one broadcast signal conveying system information from the base station; and based on the received at least one broadcast signal, the radio device estimating an offset of the carrier frequency as applied by the radio device to a frequency of a carrier signal as received from the base station. 2. The method according to claim 1, comprising: the radio device receiving configuration information defining the measurement time interval from the base station. 3. The method according to claim 2, comprising: the radio device requesting the configuration information from the base station. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein configuration information defining the measurement time interval is preconfigured in the radio device. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said transmission of data is performed in a first frequency band and said receiving of the broadcast signal is performed in a second frequency band which is different from the first frequency band. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carrier frequency is changed according to a frequency hopping pattern; and wherein the measurement time interval occurs while an operating frequency band around the carrier frequency utilized in the transmission of data matches a frequency band for transmitting the at least one broadcast signal. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one broadcast signal comprises a Physical Broadcast Channel of the LTE radio technology. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one broadcast signal comprises a Primary Synchronization Signal and/or Secondary Synchronization Signal of the LTE radio technology. 9. A method of controlling radio transmission in a cellular network, the method comprising: a base station of the cellular network determining a carrier signal for transmission of data between at least one radio device and the base station; and the base station configuring a measurement time interval in which the radio device temporarily switches from said transmission of data to receiving at least one broadcast signal conveying system information from the base station, wherein the received at least one broadcast signal is utilized by the radio device for estimating of an offset of a carrier frequency as applied by the radio device to a frequency of the carrier signal as received by the radio device from the base station. 10. The method according to claim 9, comprising: the base station sending configuration information defining the measurement time interval to the at least one radio device. 11. The method according to claim 10, comprising: the base station sending the configuration information in response to a request from the radio device. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein said transmission of data is performed in a first frequency band and said receiving of the broadcast signal is performed in a second frequency band which is different from the first frequency band. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the carrier frequency is changed according to a frequency hopping pattern; and wherein the measurement time interval occurs while an operating frequency band around the carrier frequency utilized in the transmission of data matches a frequency band for transmitting the at least one broadcast signal. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one broadcast signal comprises a Physical Broadcast Channel of the LTE radio technology. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the at least one broadcast signal comprises a Primary Synchronization Signal and/or Secondary Synchronization Signal of the LTE radio technology. 16. A radio device, comprising: a radio interface for connecting to a cellular network; and one or more processors configured to: apply a carrier frequency for transmission of data between the radio device and a base station of the cellular network; configure a measurement time interval in which the radio device temporarily switches from said transmission of data to receiving at least one broadcast signal conveying system information from the base station; and based on the received at least one broadcast signal, estimate an offset of the carrier frequency as applied by the radio device to a frequency of a carrier signal as received from the base station. 17. A base station for a cellular network, the base station comprising: a radio interface to at least one radio device; and one or more processors configured to: determine a carrier signal for transmission of data between the at least one radio device and the base station; and configure a measurement time interval in which the radio device temporarily switches from said transmission of data to receiving at least one broadcast signal conveying system information from the base station, wherein the received at least one broadcast signal is utilized by the radio device for estimating of an offset of the carrier frequency as applied by the radio device to a frequency of the carrier signal as received from the base station.",
-    "A system and device for use in a security area, and more particularly, a rack system and holding device for placing various objects that are processed through a security area are taught. 1. A system comprising: a security scanning device through which objects may be passed, having a proximate end and a distal end, a plurality of trays, and a plurality of tray carts adapted to receive said trays, wherein said plurality of said trays are provided in a first tray cart at said proximate end of said scanning device, and wherein said trays are adapted to be passed through said scanning device at said proximate end, and wherein said trays are received in a second tray cart after passing through said scanning device at said distal end of said scanning device, and wherein said second cart is adapted to be relocated to said proximate end of said scanning device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said scanning device comprises a device selected from the group consisting of a manual inspection station, an x-ray machine, a conveyor belt, and a particulate matter sensor. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein a plurality of said trays comprises nestable trays. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising the step of substituting a third tray cart containing a plurality of trays for said first tray cart. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said tray cart comprises a roughly rectangular base having a bottom surface and a top surface, a plurality of wheels attached to said bottom surface, and a vertical positioning member attached to said top surface. 6. A method comprising positioning a first tray cart containing trays at the proximate end of a scanning device through which objects may be passed, wherein said scanning device comprises a proximate end and a distal end, removing a tray from said first tray cart, passing said tray through said scanning device from said proximate end through to said distal end, providing a second tray cart at said distal end of said scanning device, receiving said tray passed through said scanning device in said second tray cart. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said scanning device comprises a device selected from the group consisting of a manual inspection station, an x-ray machine, a conveyor belt, and a particulate matter sensor. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein a plurality of said trays comprises nestable trays. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said nestable trays further comprise exposed sides capable of displaying advertising. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein one or more of said tray carts is adapted to permit substantial visual inspection of a plurality of trays placed thereon. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein said tray carts are adapted to be rollable. 12. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of repositioning said second tray cart from said distal end to said proximate end. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein a plurality of said trays are adapted to receive an item selected from the group consisting of a laptop computer, a video camera, a camera, a purse, a coat, a pair shoes, and an umbrella. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein a plurality of said trays are adapted to receive an item selected from the group consisting of a cell phone, a pager, a wallet, a set of keys, and a personal digital assistant. 15. The method of claim 6, wherein one or more of said tray carts comprises restraining walls that are substantially transparent. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein one or more of said tray carts comprises a tray platform further comprising a resilient member. 17. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of providing a third tray cart. 18. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of substituting a third tray cart containing a plurality of trays for said first tray cart. 19. An apparatus for use as a tray cart for securing a facility comprising a roughly rectangular base having a bottom surface and a top surface, a plurality of wheels attached to said bottom surface of said base, and a vertical positioning member attached to said top surface of said base, wherein said vertical member comprises at least one approximately C-shaped tubular member having a first end and a second end, wherein said first end and said second end are connected to said base. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said apparatus is adapted to receive two differentially sized stacks of trays. 21. A tray for use in a security scanning system comprising, a base having a first surface and a second surface, four containing walls extending approximately vertically from said base, shock absorbing material on said first surface of said base, and wherein said one or more of said walls displays a tag number. 22. The system of claim 1, wherein said trays are adapted to display advertising on an interior bottom surface of said trays. 23. The method of claim 6, wherein said trays are adapted to display advertising on an interior bottom surface of said trays. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein said plurality of said trays are adapted to display a tag number. 25. The method of claim 6, wherein said plurality of said trays are adapted to display a tag number.",
-    "An endoscopic device with cleaning function includes an image display, an operating handle, an air pressure tube coupler, a snake tube assembly, a liquid-guiding container, a spray switch, and a liquid-guiding tube; and the snake tube assembly is mounted on the operating handle and wired connected with the image display; the operating handle is provided with a signal transmitting terminal, and the snake tube assembly is wired connected with the signal transmitting terminal; the image display is provided with a signal receiving terminal for wireless signal transmission with the signal transmitting terminal. Under the premise of guaranteeing the acquisition of image functions, the images can be acquired by a wired way of snake tube assembly and image display, or by wireless transmission via the signal transmitting terminal and signal receiving terminal of the snake tube assembly, which can facilitate the cleaning and can check and inspect the surface of objects. 1. An endoscopic device with cleaning function comprising an image display, an operating handle, an air pressure tube coupler I, a snake tube assembly, a liquid-guiding container, a spray switch, and a liquid-guiding tube; wherein the image display, the air pressure tube coupler I, the liquid-guiding container are mounted on the operating handle, and the liquid-guiding tube is arranged on the snake tube assembly; one end of the liquid-guiding tube is mounted on the operating handle and separately connected to the liquid-guiding container, the air pressure tube coupler I; the spray switch is mounted on the operating handle to control the connection between the liquid-guiding tube and the liquid-guiding container, the air pressure tube coupler I, and the snake tube assembly is mounted on the operating handle and wired connected with the image display; the operating handle is provided with a signal transmitting terminal, and the snake tube assembly is wired connected with the signal transmitting terminal; the image display is provided with a signal receiving terminal for wireless signal transmission with the signal transmitting terminal. 2. The endoscopic device with cleaning function according to claim 1, wherein the image display is provided with a function button set and signal receiving frequency switch, and the operating handle is provided with a signal transmitting frequency switch. 3. The endoscopic device with cleaning function according to claim 2, wherein the snake tube assembly comprises: a snake tube, data transmission lines, a front camera, an imaging device; the front camera connected with the imaging device are mounted on the end of the snake tube, the data transmission line is arranged in the snake tube and connected between imaging device and image display, between the image display and the signal transmitting terminal; the snake tube end is also provided with LED lamp connected to data transmission line; the operating handle is also provided with LED control button to control the brightness of LED lamp. 4. The endoscopic device with cleaning function according to claim 3, wherein the operating handle comprises: a handle body, an air blow tube, a connector of snake tube body mounted on the handle body, a connector of liquid-guiding tube body, gas valve seat, liquid-guiding container seat used for installing the liquid-guiding container, a suction tube joint, a suction tube, an air pressure tube coupler II, an intake tube, a valve needle, a spring, a seal ring, a pilot valve, and sealing nuts; the end of the snake tube is provided with snake tube fittings, which is connected to the connector of snake tube body; the liquid-guiding tube end is provided with a liquid-guiding tube fittings which is connected to the connector of the liquid-guiding tube body; the suction tube connector is connected to the connector of the liquid-guiding tube body, the suction tube connector is connected to connector of liquid-guiding tube connector, and the suction tube passes through the liquid-guiding container seat to connect the suction tube connector; the intake tube is connected between the air pressure tube coupler I and air pressure tube coupler II, the valve needle is mounted on the gas circuit between the air valve seat and the air pressure tube coupler II; the upper end of the valve needle supports against the spring, and the lower end is sealed by sealing nut, and the middle is coupled with seal ring, pilot valve. 5. The endoscopic device with cleaning function according to claim 4, wherein the liquid-guiding tube is fixed with snake tube assembly by clamps of snake tube. 6. The endoscopic device with cleaning function according to claim 4, wherein the other end of the liquid-guiding tube is mounted a drainage nozzle.",
-    "Provided herein are an optical zoom lens capable of actively zooming in and/or out and an apparatus using the same. The optical zoom lens may include an electro-active polymer layer configured to be deformable in response to an electric signal; a lens structure formed over the electro-active polymer layer; a first electrode formed on an upper surface of the electro-active polymer layer; a second electrode formed on a lower surface of the electro-active polymer layer; and a control circuit unit configured to apply a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode. The optical zoom lens, having a structure of a combination of the polymer lens structure and the electro-active polymer actuator, is able to embody active variation in position of the polymer lens structure body and control therefor using deformation of the electro-active polymer layer by an electric signal. 1. An optical zoom lens comprising: an electro-active polymer layer configured to be deformable in response to an electric signal; a lens structure formed over the electro-active polymer layer; a first electrode formed on an upper surface of the electro-active polymer layer; a second electrode formed on a lower surface of the electro-active polymer layer; and a control circuit unit configured to control application of a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode. 2. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, further comprising: an insulator formed below the second electrode; and a support structure provided on an outer edge of the electro-active polymer layer. 3. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are respectively formed on only portions of the upper and lower surfaces of the electro-active polymer layer. 4. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the electro-active polymer layer includes an electro-active material having reversible deformation response characteristics to an electric signal. 5. The optical zoom lens according to claim 2, wherein the insulator is made of the same kind of material as the electro-active polymer layer or a material having a stiffness lower than the electro-active polymer layer. 6. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the control circuit unit receives a feedback on whether focusing has been succeeded as the electro-active polymer layer is deformed in response to an applied voltage. 7. The optical zoom lens according to claim 6, wherein the control circuit unit changes or maintains a magnitude of the applied voltage using the received feedback information so as to control the focusing. 8. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the lens structure includes a dielectric polymer material. 9. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, further comprising: an upper thin film layer formed over the first electrode at a position spaced apart from the first electrode; and a lower thin film layer formed below the second electrode at a position spaced apart from the second electrode, and wherein at least either the upper thin film layer or the lower thin film layer includes a thin film layer electrode. 10. The optical zoom lens according to claim 9, wherein when the first electrode is applied with a positive (+) voltage and the second electrode is grounded, the upper thin film layer is grounded. 11. The optical zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the lens structure includes a lens region, and a thin film layer formed over the electro-active polymer layer, and the first electrode is formed between the electro-active polymer layer and the thin film layer. 12. An optical apparatus comprising: at least two optical zoom lenses; and a charge coupled device (CCD), wherein each of the at least two optical zoom lenses comprises: an electro-active polymer layer configured to be deformable in response to an electric signal; a lens structure formed over the electro-active polymer layer; a first electrode formed on an upper surface of the electro-active polymer layer; a second electrode formed on a lower surface of the electro-active polymer layer; and a control circuit unit configured to apply a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode. 13. The optical apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the at least two optical zoom lenses further comprises: a first optical zoom lens including a convex-lens-shaped lens structure; and a second optical zoom lens including a concave-lens-shaped lens structure. 14. The optical apparatus according to claim 12, wherein each of the at least two optical zoom lenses further comprises: an upper thin film layer formed over the first electrode at a position spaced apart from the first electrode; and a lower thin film layer formed below the second electrode at a position spaced apart from the second electrode, and wherein at least either the upper thin film layer or the lower thin film layer includes a thin film layer electrode. 15. The optical apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the lens structure includes a lens region, and a thin film layer formed over the electro-active polymer layer, and the first electrode is formed between the electro-active polymer layer and the thin film layer.",
-    "A computerized method and apparatus are established to identify confidential data of common interest among multiple parties without releasing the confidential data. Furthermore, a computerized network provides different parties at different locations with a mechanism to conduct cooperative activities concerning such confidential data of common interest without exposing that confidential data to possible identity theft. 1. A method for determining whether two parties have same confidential data without disclosing the confidential data, comprising: receiving, at a computer system, a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data of a first party; receiving, at the computer system, a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data of a second party; and instructing the first party to contact the second party when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 2. The method of claim 1, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 3. A method for determining whether two parties have same confidential data without disclosing the confidential data, comprising: receiving, at a computer system, a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data of a first party; comparing, at the computer system, the third set of data with a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data of a second party; and indicating the first party and the second party have a common set of confidential data when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 4. The method of claim 3, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 5. A method for determining whether two databases have same confidential data without disclosing the confidential data, comprising: receiving, from a first database, a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data stored in the first database; comparing the third set of data with a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data stored in a second database; and indicating the first set of confidential data corresponds to the second set of confidential data when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 6. The method of claim 5, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon to determine whether two parties have same confidential data without disclosing the confidential data, the program code comprising: program code to receive a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data of a first party; program code to receive a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data of a second party; and program code to instruct the first party to contact the second party when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 8. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 7, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon to determine whether two parties have same confidential data without disclosing the confidential data, the program code comprising: program code to receive a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data of a first party; program code to compare the third set of data with a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data of a second party; and program code to indicate the first party and the second party have a common set of confidential data when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon to determine whether two databases have same confidential data, the program code comprising: program code to receive, from a first database, a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data stored in the first database; program code to compare the third set of data with a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data stored in a second database; and program code to indicate the first set of confidential data corresponds to the second set of confidential data when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 13. A confidential data identification system, comprising: a memory device; and at least one processor coupled to the memory device, the at least one processor configured: to receive a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data of a first party; to receive a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data of a second party; and to instruct the first party to contact the second party when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 14. The confidential data identification system of claim 13, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 15. A confidential data identification system, comprising: a memory device; and at least one processor coupled to the memory device, the at least one processor configured: to receive a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data of a first party; to compare the third set of data with a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data of a second party; and to indicate the first party and the second party have a common set of confidential data when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 16. The confidential data identification system of claim 15, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof. 17. A confidential data identification system, comprising: a memory device; and at least one processor coupled to the memory device, the at least one processor configured: to receive, from a first database, a third set of data transformed from a first set of confidential data stored in the first database; to compare the third set of data with a fourth set of data transformed from a second set of confidential data stored in a second database; and to indicate the first set of confidential data corresponds to the second set of confidential data when the third set of data corresponds to the fourth set of data. 18. The confidential data identification system of claim 17, in which the first set of confidential data and the second set of confidential data are transformed by at least one of selecting a portion of data, encrypting data, or a combination thereof.",
-    "A light for use with an oral anesthesia syringe that is received into a passageway of a barrel of the light. When the syringe is received into a first opening in a proximal end of the barrel's passageway, the needle of the syringe extends through a second opening at the proximal end of the barrel. At least one lamp and preferably a plurality of lamps at the distal end of the barrel illuminate the needle and the interior of a patient's mouth. A battery is included in the light for powering the lamps. The insertion of the syringe into the barrel may a pair of contacts to cause the battery to power the lamps, or the battery may be removed to remove power from the lamps. A disposable integrated syringe and light combination is also described. 1-6. (canceled) 7: An oral anesthesia injection syringe having a body, said body having a proximal end and a distal end, said distal end of said syringe being adapted for receipt of a hypodermic needle thereon, said syringe including an electrical circuit integral therewith, said electrical circuit including: (a) a plurality of lamps proximate said distal end of said body and encircling said hypodermic needle; and (b) a battery received into a compartment of said body for powering said plurality of lamps; with said plurality of lamps, when powered by said battery and when said hypodermic needle is received on said distal end of said syringe, illuminating said hypodermic needle and an injection site of said hypodermic needle. 8: The syringe as recited in claim 7, in which said syringe is pre-sterilized and disposable after use on a single patient.",
-    "A foot support is disposed in a horizontal plane and is positioned on a housing of the lower section of a motorized wheel chair rearwardly of upwardly facing receptors. A control post has a lower end removably received in the receptors and an upper end having an upper cross piece with spaced hand grips. A control assembly is coupled to the upper cross piece. A motor within the housing powers laterally spaced drive wheels. A steerer within the housing directs directional wheels. The control assembly includes a drive wheel controller for varying the speed of the system and a directional wheel controller for varying the direction of the system. 1. A system of adaptable modular utility devices for use with a lower section of a motorized wheel chair of the type having a housing with laterally spaced drive wheels and laterally spaced directional wheels, the housing having upwardly facing receptors, the system comprising: a foot support positioned on the housing rearwardly of the receptors, the foot support being disposed in a horizontal plane; a control post having upper and lower ends, the lower end being removably received in the receptors, the upper end having an upper cross piece with spaced hand grips; and a control assembly coupled to the upper cross piece, a motor within the housing for powering the drive wheels, a steerer within the housing for directing the directional wheels, the control assembly including a drive wheel controller for varying the speed of the system and a directional wheel controller for varying the direction of the system. 2. The system as set forth in claim 1 wherein: the foot support is in a trapezoidal configuration having a wide rear end and a narrow front end, two laterally spaced footer projections (46) extend downwardly from the rear end, the front end is positioned on the top of the housing rearwardly of the receptors, and the foot support has an upper surface with elastomeric foot receiving areas. 3. The system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the lower end is forked with a forked cross piece, the system further including: a stabilizer having an upper end coupled to the control post and a rearward cross piece removably received in the receptors the control post having a pivotable region with a locking pin, the control post having a variable length region with a rotatable locking collar located above the pivotable region. 4. A system of adaptable modular utility devices (10) for supporting a user while standing and for transporting the standing, supported user, the supporting and transporting being done in a safe, convenient and economical manner, the system comprising, in combination: a lower section (12) of a motorized wheel chair (14), the motorized wheel chair being of the type having an upper chair (16) adapted to be removed and set aside, the lower section having a rectilinear housing (18) formed with a closed top (20), an open bottom (22), a front face (24), a rear face (26) and spaced side faces (28), two laterally spaced drive wheels (30) extending laterally from the side faces, two laterally spaced casters (32), caster supports (34) extending rearwardly from the rear face coupling the casters to the housing, two laterally spaced directional wheels (36) extending forwardly from the front face, two laterally spaced forward receptors (38) facing upwardly from the top of the housing adjacent to the front face, two laterally spaced rearward receptors (40) facing upwardly from the top of the housing adjacent to the rear face, two laterally spaced supplemental receptors (42) facing upwardly from the caster supports, the housing being fabricated of a rigid metallic material; a foot support (44) in a trapezoidal configuration having a wide rear end and a narrow front end, two laterally spaced footer projections (46) extending downwardly from the rear end, the front end being positioned on the top of the housing rearwardly of the rearward receptors, the foot support being disposed in a horizontal plane during operation and use, the foot support having an upper surface with elastomeric foot receiving areas (48), the foot support being fabricated of a rigid metallic material; a control post (52) having an upper end (54) and a forward forked lower end (56) with a forked cross piece (58), the forward forked lower end being removably received in the forward receptors, a stabilizer (60) having an upper end coupled to an intermediate extent of the control post, the stabilizer having a rearward cross piece (62) with a rearward forked lower end (64) removably received in the rearward receptors, the upper end of the control post having an upper cross piece (66) with spaced hand grips (68) for the hands of the user, the control post having a pivotable region (70) with a locking pin (72) located above the forward forked lower end, the control post having a variable length region (76) with a rotatable locking collar (74) located above the pivotable region; and a control assembly (80) secured to the upper cross piece between the hand grips, a motor (82) within the housing for driving the wheels, the control assembly including a wheel controller (84) for varying the speed of the system, a steering controller (86) within the housing for directing the directional wheels, the control assembly including a directional controller 88 for varying the direction of the system. 5. The system (100) as set forth in claim 5 and further including a seat (104), the seat having a forward J-shaped finger (106) removably coupled to the stabilizer, the seat having a rearward L-shaped leg (108) removably positioned upon the foot rest. 6. The system (200) as set forth in claim 5 and further including a wire basket (204) in a rectilinear configuration, the wire basket including two rearwardly extending fingers (206), the laterally spaced fingers being rotatably received on the forward cross piece laterally exterior of the forward forked lower end to allow rotation of the wire basket between a lower operative orientation and a raised inoperative orientation. 7. The system as set forth in claim 5 and further including a ladder (300) on wheels for maintenance purposes. 8. The system as set forth in claim 5 and further including an assembly (400) with a winch (404) and a sling (406) and a cable (408) coupling the sling to the winch to assist a user in moving to the housing, the system further including a remote device (412) to activate and inactivate the winch.",
-    "The Back-up Panorama Camera is a unique back up camera with three cameras mounted on a license plate frame and a power hinge to swing the license plate out behind the vehicle. What is new about this invention is that it utilizes the license plate in order to get a better view behind the car. It also uses three cameras in close proximity to each other in order to see absolutely everything behind the car. This will help drivers avoid accidents in busy parking lots and keep pedestrians safe. 1. This invention will make it easier to get out of tight parking spaces in busy areas; it will save lives by providing better sight lines to drivers that are impossible to see therefore preventing collisions with other vehicles or people. 2. It will display three camera angles onto the one screen in a vehicle; it operates on a closed circuit; it is a frame that fits around the license plate and bolts onto the trunk by the power hinge. 3. It can rotate outward at 90 degrees at the touch of a button on the dashboard; it can let the driver see backwards and behind to the left and right of the car; it can replace average backup cameras and save many companies a lot of money while keeping people safe.",
-    "The present invention relates to dining car technology field, it provides a collapsible buffet vehicle comprising a panel and a plurality of support feet, wherein the panel is detachably mounted on the plurality of support feet. A cross-bar is provided between at least a pair of opposite feet, both ends of the cross-bar being rotatably connected with the pair of opposite feet respectively, the cross-bar comprising at least two motion bars, a joint structure being provided between two neighboring motion bars to make these two motion bars foldable towards each other. The buffet vehicle of according to the present invention can be folded and unfolded by rotating the motion bars in the horizontal plane. 1. A collapsible buffet vehicle comprising a panel and a plurality of support feet, wherein the panel is detachably mounted onto the plurality of support feet, a cross-bar is provided between at least one pair of feet opposite to each other, both ends of the cross-bar being rotatably connected with the pair of feet respectively, the cross-bar comprising at least two motion bars, and a joint structure being provided between two neighboring motion bars to make the two motion bars foldable towards each other. 2. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 1, wherein the joint structure comprises a connector, a first joint head and a second joint head, each of the first and second joint head is provided with a hinge part and a connection part, each of the connection parts of the first and second joint head is fixedly connected with one of the motion bars, and both the hinge parts of the first and second joint head are hinged onto the connector. 3. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 2, wherein an open slot is arranged on the connector, the hinge parts of the first and second joint head are embedded into the open slot opposite to each other, and the opening direction of the open slot faces the outside of the buffet vehicle. 4. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 3, wherein the joint structure further comprises two pin shafts, each of a top and a bottom of the open slot has two spaced pin holes, the two pin holes on the top are aligned with the corresponding two pin holes on the bottom in vertical direction respectively, each of the first and second joint head has a pin hole, and each of the first and second joint head is hinged onto the connector by means of one pin shaft. 5. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 2, wherein the buffet vehicle further comprises a locking mechanism comprising a spring and a roll ball, a spring hole for receiving the spring is arranged on the connector, and at least one of the first and second joint head has a roll ball slot corresponding to the spring hole so that the spring presses against the roll ball, the roll ball is embedded into the roll ball slot when the buffet vehicle is unfolded, and the roll ball slips out of the roll ball slot when the buffet vehicle is folded. 6. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 1, wherein the joint structure comprises a first hinge component, a second hinge component and a pin shaft, each of the first and second hinge component is provided with a hinge part and a connection part, both the connection parts of the first and second hinge component are fixedly connected with one of the motion bars respectively, and the hinge parts of the first and second hinge component are hinged with each other via the pin shaft. 7. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 6, wherein the buffet vehicle further comprises a locking mechanism comprising a spring and a roll ball, a spring hole for receiving the spring is arranged on the first hinge component, and a roll ball slot corresponding to the spring hole is arranged on the second hinge component so that the spring presses against the roll ball, the roll ball is embedded into the roll ball slot when the buffet vehicle is unfolded, and the roll ball slips out of the roll ball slot when the buffet vehicle is folded. 8. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 1, wherein the buffet vehicle further comprises a hinge structure, both ends of the cross-bar are rotatably connected with a pair of support feet by means of the hinge structure, the hinge structure comprises a hinge base, a hinge head and a pin shaft, the hinge base is fixed to the support feet, the hinge head has a connection part at one end, and a hinge part with a pin hole at the other end, the connection part is connected with the motion bar and fixed thereto, the pin shaft passes through the pin hole and arranged therein, an open slot is arranged on the hinge base, the hinge part of the hinge head is embedded in the open slot, and the hinge part of the hinge head is hinged onto the hinge base by means of the pin shaft. 9. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 8, wherein the buffet vehicle further comprises a baffle which is fixed onto the support feet, the baffle is disposed close to the outside of the collapsible buffet vehicle relative to the hinge base, and a retaining wall extends from a place corresponding to the open slot to restrict the rotation of the hinge part towards inside of the collapsible buffet vehicle. 10. The collapsible buffet vehicle of claim 1, wherein the buffet vehicle further comprises a movable laminate, a support bar is provided on each of opposite two pairs of support feet respectively, and the movable laminate is detachably disposed on the support bar.",
-    "An approach is provided for increasing transmission throughput rates for a source signal transmitted over a wireless channel, applying faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling rates combined with tight frequency roll-off to the a source signal. A receiver is provided that compensates for ISI effects induced by the FTN rate and tight frequency roll-off, where the complexity of the receiver grows only linearly with the interference memory. The receiver comprises an equalizer configured to compensate for the ISI effects, and a decoder configured to decode the output of the equalizer to determine and regenerate the source signal. The receiver processes the received signal via a plurality of processing iterations. For one processing iteration, the decoder generates a set of a posteriori soft information based on the output of the equalizer, and the equalizer uses the a posteriori soft information as a priori soft information for a subsequent processing iteration. 1. An apparatus comprising: a receiver configured to receive a signal transmitted over a wireless channel via a high-power amplifier of a transponder, wherein the received signal comprises a discrete carrier signal of a respective carrier phase and frequency, and wherein the carrier signal reflects a plurality of source data symbols of a respective source signal with which it was modulated, and wherein the carrier signal includes inter-symbol interference (ISI) effects induced based on a faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling rate and a tight frequency roll-off applied to the respective source signal for transmission over the wireless channel; a sampler circuit configured to sample the carrier signal at the FTN signaling rate to generate a sequence of sampled estimates of the source data symbols of the respective source signal; and a receive processing module configured to process the sequence of sampled source data symbol estimates to determine the original source data symbols of the respective source signal; wherein the receive processing module comprises: an equalizer configured to compensate for the ISI effects induced based on the FTN signaling rate and the tight frequency roll-off applied to the source signal; and a decoder configured to decode an output of the equalizer to determine and regenerate the respective source signal for the carrier signal. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the FTN signaling rate is approximately 6% and the tight frequency roll-off is approximately 5%. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in compensating for the ISI effects induced by the FTN signaling rate and tight frequency roll-off, the equalizer module is configured to use a priori soft information of every code bit for the carrier on which the source signal was transmitted. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the a priori soft information comprises log-likelihood ratios (LLRs). 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: the decoder module is further configured to generate a set of a posteriori log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) based on the output of the equalizer module; and the a priori soft information used by the equalizer module comprises the a posteriori LLRs generated by the decoder module. 6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, in compensating for the ISI effects induced by the FTN signaling rate and tight frequency roll-off, the receiver module is configured to process the received signal via a plurality of processing iterations, and wherein: for a one processing iteration, the decoder module is further configured to generate a set of a posteriori soft information based on the output of the equalizer module; and for a processing iteration subsequent to the one processing iteration, the a priori soft information used by the equalizer module comprises the a posteriori soft information generated by the decoder module for the one processing iteration. 7. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, in compensating for the ISI effects induced by the FTN signaling rate and tight frequency roll-off, the receiver module is configured to process the received signal via a plurality of processing iterations, and wherein the receiver module further comprises: a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) computing module configured to generate, for a one processing iteration, a set of a posteriori log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) based on the output of the equalizer module; and wherein the decoder module is further configured to decode, for the one processing iteration, the a posteriori LLRs generated by the LLR computing module, and to provide the decoded a posteriori LLRs back to the equalizer module; and wherein the a priori soft information used by the equalizer module, for a processing iteration subsequent to the one processing iteration, comprises the decoded a posteriori LLRs provided by the decoder module from the one processing iteration. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising: a deinterleaver module configured to deinterleave the a posteriori LLRs generated by the LLR computing module before being decoded by the decoder module; and an interleaver module configured to interleave the decoded a posteriori LLRs generated by the decoder module prior to being provided back to the equalizer module. 9. A method comprising: receiving, by a communications terminal, a signal transmitted over a wireless channel via a high-power amplifier of a transponder, wherein the received signal comprises a discrete carrier signal of a respective carrier phase and frequency, and wherein the carrier signal reflects a plurality of source data symbols of a respective source signal with which it was modulated, and wherein the carrier signal includes inter-symbol interference (ISI) effects induced based on a faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling rate and a tight frequency roll-off applied to the respective source signal for transmission over the wireless channel; sampling the carrier signal at the FTN signaling rate to generate a sequence of sampled estimates of the source data symbols of the respective source signal; and processing the sequence of sampled source data symbol estimates to determine the original source data symbols of the respective source signal; wherein the processing of the sequence of sampled source data symbol estimates comprises: equalizing the sequence of sampled source data symbol estimates to compensate for the ISI effects induced based on the FTN signaling rate and the tight frequency roll-off applied to the source signal; and decoding an output of the equalizing step to determine and regenerate the respective source signal. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the FTN signaling rate is approximately 6% and the tight frequency roll-off is approximately 5%. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein, in compensating for the ISI effects induced by the FTN signaling rate and tight frequency roll-off, the equalizing of the received signal comprises: utilizing a priori soft information of every code bit for the carrier on which the source signal was transmitted. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the a priori soft information comprises log-likelihood ratios (LLRs). 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the decoding of the output of the equalizing step comprises: generating a set of a posteriori log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) based on the output of the equalizing step, wherein the a priori soft information utilized in the equalizing step comprises the a posteriori LLRs generated by the decoding of the output of the equalizing step. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein, in compensating for the ISI effects induced by the FTN signaling rate and tight frequency roll-off, the processing of the received signal comprises decoding the received signal via a plurality of processing iterations, and wherein: for a one processing iteration, the decoding of the output of the equalizing step comprises generating a set of a posteriori soft information based on the output of the equalizing step; and for a processing iteration subsequent to the one processing iteration, the a priori soft information utilized in the equalizing step comprises the a posteriori soft information generated by the decoding of the output of the equalizing step for the one processing iteration. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein, in compensating for the ISI effects induced by the FTN signaling rate and tight frequency roll-off, the processing of the received signal comprises decoding the received signal via a plurality of processing iterations, and wherein the method further comprises: for a one processing iteration, generating a set of a posteriori log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) based on the output of the equalizing step, and decoding the a posteriori LLRs; and wherein, for a processing iteration subsequent to the one processing iteration, the a priori soft information utilized in the equalizing step comprises the decoded a posteriori LLRs from the one decoding iteration. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising: deinterleaving the a posteriori LLRs before being decoded; and interleaving the decoded a posteriori LLRs prior to being utilized in the equalizing step. 17. The method according to claim 9, wherein the carrier signal reflects the plurality of source data symbols of the respective source signal with which it was modulated wherein the modulation was based on an 8-ary, 1+7APSK signal constellation, including an outer ring with 7 bit positions, in accordance with the following bit labeling and [x, y] bit coordinate positions: Bit Label [x, y] Coordinates 000 [0.0, 0.0] 001 [{square root over ((8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)}, 0.0] 010 [{square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * cos(4.0 * \u03c0/7.0), {square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * sin(4.0 * \u03c0/7.0)] 011 [{square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * cos(2.0 * \u03c0/7.0), {square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * sin(2.0 * \u03c0/7.0)] 100 [{square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * cos(12.0 * \u03c0/7.0), {square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * sin(12.0 * \u03c0/7.0)] 101 [{square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * cos(10.0 * \u03c0/7.0), {square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * sin(10.0 * \u03c0/7.0)] 110 [{square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * cos(6.0 * \u03c0/7.0), {square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * sin(6.0 * \u03c0/7.0)] 111 [{square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * cos(8.0 * \u03c0/7.0), {square root over (8.0 * \u03b5x/7.0)} * sin(8.0 * \u03c0/7.0)] where \u03b5x represents average energy per symbol, and wherein each of the [x, y] bit coordinate positions is rotated by a same rotation factor (from 0 to 359\u00b0, inclusive), and/or each bit label is altered by interchanging the 0's and 1's, and/or a uniform swapping of bit positions is applied within each bit label. 18. The method according to claim 9, wherein the carrier signal reflects the plurality of source data symbols of the respective source signal with which it was modulated wherein the modulation is based on a 16-ary, 6+10APSK signal constellation, including an inner ring with 6 bit positions and an outer ring with 10 bit positions, in accordance with the following bit labeling and [x, y] bit coordinate positions: Bit Label [x, y] Coordinates 0000 [R1* {square root over (\u03b5x)}, 0.0] 0001 [R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/3.0), R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/3.0)] 0010 [R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/3.0), R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/3.0)] 0011 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(13.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(13.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 0100 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(55.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(55.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 0101 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(49.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(49.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 0110 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/30.0)] 0111 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(7.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 1000 [\u2212R1* {square root over (\u03b5x)}, 0.0] 1001 [R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(4.0 * \u03c0/3.0), R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(4.0 * \u03c0/3.0)] 1010 [R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(2.0 * \u03c0/3.0), R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(2.0 * \u03c0/3.0)] 1011 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(19.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(19.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 1100 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(37.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(37.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 1101 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(43.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(43.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 1110 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(31.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(31.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] 1111 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(25.0 * \u03c0/30.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(25.0 * \u03c0/30.0)] where \u03b5x represents average energy per symbol, 6*R12+10*R22=16, and R1 represents the radius of the inner ring and R2 represents the radius of the outer ring, and wherein each of the [x, y] bit coordinate positions is rotated by a same rotation factor (from 0 to 359\u00b0, inclusive), and/or each bit label is altered by interchanging the 0's and 1's, and/or a uniform swapping of bit positions is applied within each bit label. 19. The method according to claim 9, wherein the carrier signal reflects the plurality of source data symbols of the respective source signal with which it was modulated wherein the modulation is based on a 32-ary, 4+12+16APSK signal constellation, including an inner ring with 4 bit positions, a middle ring with 12 bit positions and an outer ring with 16 bit positions, in accordance with the following bit labeling and [x, y] bit coordinate positions: Bit Label [x, y] Coordinates 00000 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 00001 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0)] 00010 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 00011 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0)] 00100 [\u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 00101 [\u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0)] 00110 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 00111 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0)] 01000 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 01001 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 01010 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 01011 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0), R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 01100 [\u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0)] 01101 [\u2212R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 01110 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0), R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0)] 01111 [R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 10000 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 10001 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0)] 10010 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 10011 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0)] 10100 [\u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), \u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 10101 [\u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0), \u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0)] 10110 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), \u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 10111 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0), \u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0)] 11000 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 11001 [\u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 11010 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(3.0 * \u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(5.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 11011 [R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(\u03c0/16.0), \u2212R3 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * cos(7.0 * \u03c0/16.0)] 11100 [\u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0), \u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0)] 11101 [\u2212R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), \u2212R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] 11110 [R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(5.0 * \u03c0/12.0), \u2212R2 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/12.0)] 11111 [R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0), \u2212R1 * {square root over (\u03b5x)} * sin(\u03c0/4.0)] where \u03b5x represents average energy per symbol, 4*R12+12*R22+16*R32=32, and R1 represents the radius of the inner ring, R2 represents the radius of the middle ring and R3 represents the radius of the outer ring, and wherein each of the [x, y] bit coordinate positions is rotated by a same rotation factor (from 0 to 359\u00b0, inclusive), and/or each bit label is altered by interchanging the 0's and 1's, and/or a uniform swapping of bit positions is applied within each bit label.",
-    "The inventive system and method advantageously enable superior preserved storage and selective dispensation of liquids by storing wine (or other liquids) in a pressurized environment to ensure that the stored liquid does not come into contact with air, and then by selectively dispensing a portion of the stored liquid, in accordance with a desired dispensing regime, by utilizing a controlled source of pressure force to apply a sufficient pressure to the pressurized environment to expel the desired volume of the liquid in a pressurized stream directed to a dispensing/pouring interface through a conduit or equivalent delivery system. In at least several novel embodiments thereof, the system and method of the present invention are configured for use with wine-in-bag (\u201cWinB\u201d) products. 1. A system for storing and selectively dispensing at least one portion of a liquid volume, comprising: a hermetically sealed compressible container comprising an interior region of a predetermined volume magnitude substantially filled with the liquid volume disposed therein, and further comprising a hermetically sealed interface component operable to receive a hermetically sealed connection therewith while maintaining the hermetically sealed state of said compressible container; a hollow pressurized container, comprising: a hollow housing portion having a hermetically sealable opening and a pressure sealed housing interface operable to receive a hermetic connection therewith; and a lid portion operable to releaseably connect to said housing portion to form a hermetic seal with said sealable opening, wherein, said sealable opening is sized and configured to receive said sealed compressible container therethrough, and wherein said housing portion is sized and configured to store said sealed compressible container therein, such that when said sealed compressible container is disposed therein and said lid portion is connected to said housing portion, said hollow pressurized container is operable to maintain said compressible container therein in a pressurized environment; a dispensing system, connected to said compressible container hermetically sealed interface component through said pressurized container pressure sealed housing interface in a hermetically sealed manner forming a hermetic seal therewith, said dispensing system being operable to selectively lock and unlock while maintaining said hermetic seal when said dispensing system is locked; a regulated pressure system, connected to said pressurized container, operable to exert and maintain a sufficient pressure level in said pressurized environment that is sufficient to continually compress said compressible container to reduce said predetermined volume magnitude of said internal region to substantially match a magnitude of the liquid volume stored therein and to maintain said internal region volume reduction, and that is further sufficient to cause at least one portion of the liquid volume to be expelled through said compressible container hermetically sealed interface component and through said dispensing system in a form of a liquid pour, when, and for as long as, said dispensing system has been unlocked; and a control system operable to selectively unlock and lock said dispensing system. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said control system operates in accordance with at least one predefined dispensing profile comprising at least one dispensed volume value of said liquid pour, selectable from a plurality of predetermined dispensed volume values. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said liquid volume comprises an alcoholic beverage disposed in said compressible container. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein when said alcoholic beverage comprises a wine, said dispensing system is operable to oxygenate said expelled liquid volume. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said sealed compressible container comprises a plurality of hermetically sealed compressible containers, each comprising a liquid volume therein and each further comprising a corresponding hermetically sealed interface component, wherein said housing portion is sized and configured to store said plural hermetically sealed compressible containers therein, wherein said hermetically pressure sealed housing interface comprises a plurality of hermetically pressure sealed housing interfaces, each connected to a corresponding hermetically sealed interface component of each said plural hermetically sealed compressible container, and wherein said control system is further operable, in response to a signal from said dispensing system, to select one of said plural hermetically sealed compressible containers, and to direct said liquid volume from said selected one of said plural hermetically sealed compressible container to said dispensing system, when said dispensing system is unlocked by said control system. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein at least one of said plural hermetically sealed compressible containers, comprises a first liquid volume that is different from a liquid volume stored in at least one other said plural sealed compressible container. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said first liquid volume comprises at least one of a cleaning solution and a disinfecting solution. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said a lid portion comprises one of: a lockable hinged lid operable to form a hermetic seal with said sealable opening of said housing portion, and a screw-on lid. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said dispensing system comprises a plurality of dispensing systems, and wherein said control system is further operable to select one of said plural dispensing systems, and to connect said selected plural dispensing system to said compressible container hermetically sealed interface component through said pressurized container hermetically pressure sealed housing interface. 10. The system of claim 5, wherein said dispensing system comprises a plurality of dispensing systems, and wherein said control system is further operable to select one of said plural dispensing systems, and to connect said selected plural dispensing system to one of said plural compressible container hermetically sealed interface components through a corresponding one of said plural pressurized container hermetically pressure sealed housing interfaces. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein said sealed compressible container comprises: a gas-permeable outer housing sized and configured for insertion through said sealable opening of said hollow housing portion; and a compressible flexible sealed container disposed within said gas-permeable outer housing, comprising said sealed interface component, wherein said sealed interface component extends through a portion of said as-permeable outer housing. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein said regulated pressure system comprises at least one pressure source, and at least one pressure regulating component. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said regulated pressure system further comprises at least one pressure stabilizing component. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein said at least one pressure source comprises at least one of: a compressor, a tank filled with a pressurized gas, a down-regulated high pressure source, a plurality of cascading pressurized tanks, a manual pump, and an automatic pump. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein said dispensing system is positioned a predetermined distance away from said hollow pressurized container, further comprising a dispensing conduit having a first end and a second end, wherein said dispensing conduit first end is hermetically connected to said compressible container hermetically sealed interface component through said pressurized container hermetically pressure sealed housing interface, and wherein said dispensing conduit second end is connected to said dispensing system. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said dispensing conduit further comprises a selectively operable locking component positioned between said first and said second end thereof, and wherein said selectively operable locking component is operable to block and unblock said dispensing conduit in response to a corresponding lock and unlock signal from said control system. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein said dispensing conduit further comprises at least one check valve positioned between said first and said second ends thereof, each operable to block flow of liquid in a direction of said first end. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein said dispensing system is positioned proximal to said hollow pressurized container. 19. The system of claim 1, further comprising a cooling system proximal to said hollow pressurized container, operable to maintain at least one desirable temperature within said hollow housing portion. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein said dispensing system comprises a conduit having a first end and a second end, wherein said conduit first end is connected to said compressible container sealed interface component through said pressurized container pressure sealed housing interface, and wherein said conduit second end is connected to a dispensing pour component comprising an open internal region sized and configured to receive a beverage glass therein, said dispensing pour component further comprising an upper region and a lower region, and at least one of: at least one nozzle positioned in said upper region and connected to said conduit second end, operable to dispense said liquid pour therethrough when said dispensing system is unlocked; a pour control component operable to select a volume of said liquid pour from at least one predetermined volume value and to cause said first control means to unlock said dispensing system for a sufficient period of time to dispense said selected liquid pour volume value; a pour activation component, positioned in said dispensing pour component open internal region, operable to cause said first control means to unlock said dispensing system for a sufficient period of time to dispense said liquid pour into said beverage glass, when said beverage glass is placed in said dispensing pour component open internal region.",
-    "Photovoltaic mounting systems having sealant injection system are provided herein. Such sealant injection systems provide directional control and containment of sealant flow providing improved sealing of roof penetrations of a mounted roof anchor. Such systems can include an anchor having a base and mechanical fastener and a sealant injection package, which includes a collapsible sealant injection reservoir and is adapted to provide directionally controlled release and containment of sealant upon tightening of the mechanical fastener into the roof surface. Such systems can include a sealant carrier that fits into an underside cavity of the anchor base and isolates the sealant injection package from anchoring load paths. The carrier can also define a flow path and sealant area in an underside recessed portion defining a cavity between the carrier and roof surface to provide a more uniform consistent sealant flow to form a chemical flashing about any roof penetration. 1. A photovoltaic mounting system for mounting on a roof surface, the system comprising: an anchor including a base having a first array facing side and a second, opposite roof-facing side and a through-hole extending between the first and second sides, wherein the second side includes a roof contacting surface extending about a perimeter thereof; a mechanical fastener adapted to penetrate a roof surface and extend through the through-hole while engaging the first side of the base so as to anchor the base when the mechanical fastener is torqued into the roof surface; and a sealant injection package disposed within the base portion and comprising a collapsible sealant reservoir containing a flowable sealant therein, wherein the anchor includes a support surface that is adapted to support the sealant injection package spaced apart from the roof surface when the roof contacting surface contacts the roof surface when mounted thereon and that includes an aperture through which the flowable sealant extrudes when the reservoir is collapsed so as to direct the flowable sealant toward a roof penetration through which the mechanical fastener extends, wherein the anchor defines a cavity between the support surface and the roof surface, when mounted thereon, that surrounds the mechanical fastener so as to direct the extruded flowable sealant about the roof penetration through which the mechanical fastener extends. 2. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 1, wherein the sealant injection package further includes: a compressing plate disposed above the sealant injection package and having a hole aligned with the through-hole of the base for passage of the mechanical fastener so that tightening of the mechanical fastener during mounting compresses the plate against the sealant injection package. 3. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 2, wherein the hole in the compressing plate is smaller than the aperture in the support surface so that flowable sealant is directed through the aperture in the support surface. 4. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 3, wherein the aperture in the support surface is larger than the mechanical fastener by between 10 to 300% and the hole in the compressing plate is larger width-wise than the mechanical fastener by less than 25%. 5. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 2, wherein the compressing plate comprises a plate fittingly receivable in a receptacle in the first side of the base or that is disposed within the cavity of the base portion. 6. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 5, wherein the compressing plate is disposed within the cavity of the base portion and comprises a planar compressing surface disposed above the collapsible sealant reservoir and an upwardly protruding collar surrounding the hole that extends above an opening of the through-hole in the first side of the base for engagement with the mechanical fastener. 7. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 1, wherein the base further includes one or more support coupling features on the first side of the base, each adapted for interfacing with a corresponding coupling feature of a support foot for supporting a photovoltaic module or an associated coupling component. 8. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 7, wherein the one or more support coupling features includes a plurality of coupling features in differing positions along the first side to allow differing configurations of the support foot. 9. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 8, wherein the plurality of support coupling features include at least two rows of support coupling features on opposite sides of the through-hole to allow a range of differing configurations of the support foot. 10. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 1, wherein the collapsible sealant reservoir comprises a packet filled with the flowable sealant that can be punctured by passage of the mechanical fastener therethrough. 11. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 10, wherein the sealant injection package further includes a carrier that defines the support surface on which the collapsible sealant reservoir is supported, the carrier being dimensioned to fit within the cavity of the base with the aperture in the support surface aligned with the through-hole of the base. 12. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 11, wherein the carrier includes one or more retaining features for retaining the carrier within the base. 13. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 11, wherein the sealant injection package further includes a compressible gasket that circumscribes the second side of the base so as to fill any spaces between mating surfaces and contain flowable sealant within the cavity. 14. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 11, wherein the first side of the base includes a recessed shoulder circumscribing the top opening of the through-hole such that a load path applied by a head of the mechanical fastener during tightening extends to the roof surface through the anchor base via the shoulder so as to reduce any loads applied to the carrier. 15. A photovoltaic mounting system for mounting on a roof surface, the system comprising: an anchor including a base defined as a metal shell having a cavity that opens toward an underside of the base and that is circumscribed by a roof contacting surface, wherein the base includes a through-hole; a mechanical fastener adapted to penetrate a roof surface and extend through the through-hole of the base while engaging engage a top surface of the base to anchor the base to the roof when the mechanical fastener is fastened with the roof surface; and a sealant injection package disposed within the cavity of the base, wherein the sealant injection package comprises a: a collapsible sealant reservoir containing a flowable sealant therein, a compressing plate disposed atop the collapsible sealant reservoir, and a carrier having a support surface that supports the collapsible sealant reservoir spaced away from the roof surface and includes an aperture beneath the collapsible reservoir, wherein the carrier further includes a recessed portion on an underside thereof, that defines a cavity into which the flowable sealant is extruded through the aperture when the reservoir is collapsed, wherein the cavity surround the mechanical faster during mounting so as to seal a roof penetration associated with the mechanical fastener. 16. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 15, wherein the base includes one or more pairs of alignment markers viewable by a user during mounting positioned so as to indicated outer bounds of the cavity defined by the recessed cavity of the carrier so as to allow positioning of the base over any secondary roof penetrations adjacent the mechanical fastener. 17. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 15, wherein the base is substantially rectangular in shape and adapted with a main portion and a stepped-up portion along an up-roof side of the rectangular base so that the stepped-up portion engages a first shingle course while the main portion engages an adjacent down-roof shingle course, wherein the base further includes a recessed shoulder portion defined about a top opening of the through-hole so as to be engageable with a head of the mechanical fastener or an associated component, wherein the base further includes an upwardly open groove extending down-roof from the recessed shoulder portion and one or more weep holes or notches in a down-roof side of the rectangular base shell for drainage. 18. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 17, wherein the base includes outwardly curved portions along lateral sides of the main portion so as to contain any excess flowable sealant extruding beyond the cavity defined by the recessed portion. 19. A photovoltaic mounting system for mounting on a roof surface, the system comprising: an anchor including a base having a first array facing side and a second, opposite roof-facing side and a through-hole extending between the first and second sides, wherein the second side includes a roof contacting surface extending about a perimeter thereof; a lag bolt adapted to penetrate a roof surface and extend through the through-hole while engaging the first side of the base so as to anchor the base when the lag bolt is torqued into the roof surface; a sealant injection package disposed within the base portion and comprising a collapsible sealant reservoir containing a flowable sealant therein; and a support surface provided on the anchor or on the sealant injection package that is adapted to support the sealant injection package spaced apart from the roof surface when the roof contacting surface contacts the roof surface when mounted thereon and that includes an aperture through which the flowable sealant extrudes when the reservoir is collapsed so as to direct the flowable sealant toward a roof penetration through which the lag bolt extends, wherein the anchor or the sealant injection package defines a cavity between the support surface and the roof surface, when mounted thereon, that surrounds the lag bolt so as to direct the extruded flowable sealant about the roof penetration through which the lag bolt extends. 20. The photovoltaic mounting system of claim 19, further comprising an underside recessed portion on the anchor or on a carrier of the sealant injection package that defines the cavity between the support surface and the roof surface.",
-    "Kits and methods for treating cancer comprising administration of a gliadin peptide to a patient are disclosed herein. A kit according to the invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising a gliadin peptide and instructions for administering the peptide to a patient. The kit may further comprise a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one chemotherapeutic agent such as a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and instructions for co-administering the compounds. A method of treating cancer according to the invention comprises administering a gliadin peptide to a patient and may further comprise co-administering at least one chemotherapeutic agent such as a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Co-administration of a gliadin peptide and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor to a patient with cancer is effective to decrease or prevent resistance of the cancer to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. 1. A method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a gliadin peptide to a patient with cancer, wherein the gliadin peptide comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising co-administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one chemotherapeutic agent is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the gliadin peptide is an alpha-gliadin peptide selected from the group consisting of alpha-gliadin peptide p31-55, p31-49, and derivatives and fragments thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is gefitinib. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is erlotinib. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein co-administering the gliadin peptide and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor is effective to decrease or prevent resistance of the cancer to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is human. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the patient does not have mutations in the EGFR gene known to increase sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein co-administering the gliadin peptide and at least one chemotherapeutic agent is effective to decrease or prevent resistance of the cancer to the chemotherapeutic agent 12. The method of claim 2, wherein co-administering the gliadin peptide and at least one chemotherapeutic agent is effective to increase the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agent. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is administered first. 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of azacitidine, axathioprine, bevacizumab, bleomycin, capecitabine, carboplatin, chlorabucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxifluridine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, herceptin, idarubicin, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, tafluposide, teniposide, tioguanine, retinoic acid, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, afatinib, axitinib, canertinib, cediranib, erlotinib, gefitinib, grandinin, imatinib, lapatinib, leflunomide, lestaurtinib, neratinib, pazopanib, quizartinib, regorafenib, semaxanib, sorafenib, sunitib, sutent, tivozanib, tocerabib, vandetanib, vatalanib, and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, comprising administering the gliadin peptide via a route selected from the group consisting of oral, intramuscular, intravenous, respiratory/inhalation, and subcutaneous.",
-    "The present disclosure includes methods and systems for transitioning packages objects, such as eggs, from a packer into an infeed system providing a buffer such that the packer may operate independently of the subsequent system, such as an egg marking system. The present disclosure also includes systems and methods of stabilizing packed objects, such as eggs, as they move from the packer to a marking system so as to optimize the marking process while maximizing throughput and includes logic to suspend operation of the delivery conveyor or system in a manner beneficial to maintaining throughput and reliability. 1. An infeed conveyor system for use with an object packer, the infeed conveyor system comprising: a plurality of belts or chains; a conveyor; a cleat positioned on the conveyor; a plurality of guide ramps; wherein a package of objects is drawn into the system by the belts after it is placed on the belts, using the guide ramps to position the package such that when the conveyor is actuated, the cleat comes in contact with the rear of the package and moves the package further into the infeed conveyor system. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the belts, conveyor, and the guide ramps are at varying angles, and the angle of the guide ramps is approximately the average of that of the conveyor and the belts such that the guide ramps position the package at the appropriate height for the conveyor and its associated cleat. 3. The system of claim 3 wherein the belts move at a faster speed than that which the packer supplies the package. 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising: at least one guide rail positioned on each side of the conveyor wherein the guide rails position and straighten the package so that its edges are approximately perpendicular to the axis of conveyor motion and inline with the conveyor. 5. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a sensor positioned such that it can detect when the package is in a particular position that is preferred for the package to come in contact with the cleat on the conveyor; wherein the sensor detects the package and actuates the conveyor. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a static orientor configured to adjust the position of the objects in the package as they pass through the static orienter. 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising: a buffer at the far end of the conveyor wherein packages from the infeed system may be stored. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a supporting member between the belts or chains positioned in front of the conveyor. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising an extended member on the packer or delivery conveyor; an extended member and belt of chain extensions for the purpose of accelerating the product prior to delivery to the subsequent section of product conveyance. 10. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a second cleat positioned on the conveyor that is diametrically opposed to the first cleat positioned on the conveyor. 11. The system of claim 1 further comprising: logic circuitry with at least one sensor in the infeed system to determine periodically whether it is at or near capacity and based upon such determination transmitting a cessation command to the packer such that the packer will pause operation. 12. The system of claim 11 further comprising: logic circuitry in the laser marking system to provide data concerning the status of at least one of the laser marking system and packer to determine periodically whether it is necessary to transmit a cessation command to the packer such that the packer will pause operation. 13. An object stabilizing system for objects packed in an open container, the system comprising: at least one flexible member; wherein the member transcribes a path downward as an open package with at least one object beneath the flexible member moves forward along a conveyor such that the flexible member comes in contact with the object and pulls it backward and slightly upward to a fixed position within the package. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the flexible finger moves at a horizontal speed that is faster than that of the object moving forward. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein after a period of time has passed, the flexible member transcribes a high pitched and vertically tall motion such that it reaches its highest point allowing for the package of objects to move forward without coming into contact with the flexible member. 16. A method for stabilizing objects packed in open containers as they move along a conveyor system, the method comprising: transcribing a predetermined path to intercept the object as it moves forward; making contact with the object; pulling the object back and at a higher angle so that it achieves a static position within the container; releasing the object. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: moving at in a faster horizontal motion than that of the object before coming in contact with the object. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: after pulling the object back but prior to releasing it, moving forward with the object if it begins forward motion; transcribing a high pitched and vertically tall motion to release the object. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the contact with the object is gentle and on the side of the object at a tangential angle. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the object is an egg.",
-    "Input data consisting of sensory inputs received about a user, and a work of expression by a computing device. Detecting a work, and or capturing its content using input devices. Tracking user input as any one of movements, physiological signals or eye direction, or actions within their environment. Producing conceptual profiles as semantic values consisting of a characteristics and meaning of a works content. Aggregating at least one conceptual profile or user inputs and transforming them them into new or modified content for a virtual environment. This modified content may reflect the work, and user actions may be synchronized with the work. Tracking user interactions with an environment modified through input data, may recursively produce content changes to the work, for example changing the words in a book or updating the story, as displayed on a connected electronic book or mobile device used for reading. 1. A system for rendering and displaying a virtual three-dimensional environment, including: means for rendering a three-dimensional virtual environment; means for enabling a user to move within and interact with a virtual environment; means for receiving content and displaying said content within a virtual environment; means for receiving expressive content augmenting said content and making said augmented content available to user of the system.",
-    "An ESD protection semiconductor device includes a substrate, a buried layer buried in the substrate, a first well formed in the substrate, a first doped region formed in the first well, a second doped region formed in the first well and adjacent to the first doped region, a second well formed in the first well, and a third doped region formed in the second well. The buried layer, the first well, the first doped region, and the third doped region include a first conductivity type while the second doped region and the second well include a second conductivity type complementary to the first conductivity type. The second well is spaced apart from the first doped region and the second doped region by the first well. 1. An electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit, comprising: a first voltage line providing a first supply voltage; a second voltage line providing a second supply voltage; a first silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), an anode of the first SCR being electrically connected to the first voltage line and a cathode of the first SCR being electrically connected to the second voltage line; and a second SCR, an anode of the second SCR being electrically connected to the first voltage line and a cathode of the second SCR being electrically connected to the second voltage line. 2. The ESD protection circuit according to claim 1, wherein a gate of the first SCR and a gate of the second SCR are electrically connected to the second voltage line. 3. The ESD protection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first SCR comprises a first pnp type bipolar junction transistor (pnp-BJT) and a first npn-BJT, and the second SCR comprises a second pnp-BJT and a second npn-BJT. 4. The ESD protection circuit according to claim 3, further comprising a first resistor connected between an emitter of the first pnp-BJT and a base of the first pnp-BJT. 5. The ESD protection circuit according to claim 4, wherein the first resistor is electrically connected to the first voltage line. 6. The ESD protection circuit according to claim 3, further comprising a second resistor connected between an emitter of the second pnp-BJT and a base of the second pnp-BJT. 7. The ESD protection circuit according to claim 6, wherein the second resistor is electrically connected to the first voltage line. 8. An electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a buried layer buried in the substrate, the buried layer comprising a first conductivity type; a first well formed in the substrate, the first well comprising the first conductivity type; a first doped region formed in the first well, the first doped region comprising the first conductivity type; a second doped region formed in the first well and adjacent to the first doped region, the second doped region comprising a second conductivity type, and the first conductivity type and the second conductivity type being complementary to each other; a second well formed in the first well, the second well comprising the second conductivity type and being spaced apart from the first doped region and the second doped region by the first well; and a third doped region formed in the second well, the third doped region comprising the first conductivity type. 9. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the first well contacts sidewalls and a bottom of the second well. 10. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the second well is spaced apart from the buried layer by the first well. 11. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the third doped region and the first well comprise a lateral distance defined therebetween and a vertical distance defined therebetween, and the lateral distance is larger than the vertical distance. 12. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the first doped region and the second doped region are electrically connected to a first supply voltage. 13. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 8, further comprising a fourth doped region formed in the second well, and the fourth doped region being spaced apart from the first well and the second doped region by the second well. 14. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein the third doped region and the fourth doped region are electrically connected to a second supply voltage. 15. The ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the third doped region comprises a graded doped region and a heavily doped region. 16. A layout structure of an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection semiconductor device, comprising: a first well comprising a first conductivity type; a ring-shaped first doped region formed in the first well, the ring-shaped first doped region comprising the first conductivity type; at least a second doped region formed in the ring-shaped first doped region, the second doped region comprising a second conductivity type, and the first conductivity type and the second conductivity type being complementary to each other; a second well formed in the first well, the second well comprising the second conductivity type; a third doped region formed in the second well, the third doped region comprising the first conductivity type; and a ring-shaped fourth doped region formed in the second well, the ring-shaped fourth doped region comprising the second conductivity type and surrounding the third doped region. 17. The layout structure of the ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the ring-shaped first doped region surrounds the second well. 18. The layout structure of the ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 16, further comprising a plurality of contact plugs electrically connected to the second doped region, the third doped region, and the ring-shaped fourth doped region. 19. The layout structure of the ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the second doped region comprises a plurality of doped islands or a plurality of doped stripes. 20. The layout structure of the ESD protection semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the second doped region comprises a ring shape.",
-    "A visually controlled end effector is disclosed. The end effector comprises two or more operational members capable of picking up one or more randomly placed items. A crank is capable of actuation by a robot to orient a first one of said two or more operational members to pick up a first one of said one or more randomly placed items. The crank is further capable of actuation by the robot to orient a second one of said two or more operational members to pick up a second one of said one or more randomly placed items. The crank is further capable of orienting the first and second ones of the said two or more operational members for placement of the first and second ones of said randomly placed items into a desired oriented condition. A time savings of three robot transfers is thus made over prior art systems that transferred each individual product one by one. 1. An end effector, comprising: a) two or more operational members configured to pick up one or more randomly placed items, each operational member comprising: i. a suction cup; and ii. a rotary shaft comprising a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end is coupled to the suction cup; b) a rotary shaft support comprising one or more openings disposed therein, wherein the distal end of each rotary shaft of each operational member is inserted through one of the one or more openings; c) one or more driven cranks coupled to the distal end of each rotary shaft; and d) an actuator mechanism coupled to the one or more driven cranks. 2. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the actuator mechanism comprises: a) a crank configured for actuation by a robot; b) a driver shaft coupled to the crank; and c) a floating driver plate coupled to the driver shaft; wherein the crank actuates the floating driver plate to orient a first one of the two or more operational members to pick up a first one of the one or more randomly placed items; wherein the crank further actuates the floating driver plate to orient a second one of the two or more operational members to pick up a second one of the one or more randomly placed items; and wherein the crank further actuates the floating driver plate to orient the first and second ones of the two or more operational members for placement of the first and second ones of the randomly placed items into a desired oriented condition. 3. The end effector of claim 2, further comprising a robot output shaft coupled to the crank, the robot output shaft configured to actuate the crank. 4. The end effector of claim 1, wherein each suction cup is configured to provide a vacuum to pick up and hold one of the one or more randomly placed items. 5. The end effector of claim 4, further comprising one or more vacuum hoses coupled to the rotary shaft support, the one or more vacuum hoses configured to provide a vacuum for each suction cup. 6. The end effector of claim 1, wherein each operational member is configured to orient according to information received from a vision system. 7. The end effector of claim 6, wherein the vision system comprises a scanning camera, a camera controller and a robot controller. 8. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the end effector is capable of picking up the one or more randomly placed item from a moving surface. 9. A robot comprising: a) a vision system; b) a plurality of operational members configured to pick up one or more of a plurality of randomly placed items; c) an end effector coupled to the robot, the end effector comprising a floating driver plate on which the plurality of operational members are indirectly connected, the floating driver plate configured to orient each of the plurality of operational members; and d) a robot controller that receives information from the vision system and actuates the floating driver plate to control orientation of the plurality of operational members to pick up the one or more of the plurality of randomly placed items; wherein the robot controller actuates the floating driver plate to orient a first one of the plurality of operational members to pick up a first one of said plurality of randomly placed items; wherein the robot controller further actuates the floating driver plate to orient a second one of the plurality of operational members to pick up a second one of the plurality of randomly placed items; and wherein the robot controller further actuates the floating driver plate to orient the first and second ones of the plurality of operational members for placement of the first and second ones of the randomly placed items into a desired oriented condition. 10. The robot of claim 9, wherein the vision system comprises: a) a scanning camera; and b) a scanning camera controller capable of causing the scanning camera to scan the plurality of randomly placed items. 11. The robot of claim 9, wherein the end effector further comprises a crank coupled to the floating driver plate, the crank configured for actuation by the robot. 12. The robot of claim 11, wherein the robot further comprises a robot output shaft coupled to the crank, the robot output shaft configured to actuate the crank. 13. The robot of claim 9, wherein each operational member comprises a rotary shaft and a suction cup, each suction cup providing a vacuum to pick up and hold one of the plurality of randomly placed items. 14. The robot of claim 13, wherein the end effector further comprises a rotary shaft support having a plurality of openings through which each rotary shaft of each operational member is inserted. 15. The robot of claim 14, wherein the end effector further comprises one or more vacuum hoses coupled to the rotary shaft support, the one or more vacuum hoses configured to provide a vacuum for each suction cup. 16. The robot of claim 15, wherein the robot controller activates the vacuum in each operational member individually at a moment when each operational member picks up one of the plurality of randomly placed items. 17. The robot of claim 9, wherein the robot is capable of picking up the one or more of a plurality of randomly placed items from a moving surface. 18. The robot of claim 13, wherein each rotary shaft is coupled to a driven crank, and each driven crank is configured for actuation by the driver plate.",
-    "An inductive drawing or feeding device for inductively drawing off or feeding in electrical energy/electricity by electric vehicles is connected to a power grid. The inductive drawing or feeding device includes a measuring device configured to measure at least one physical parameter representing the electrical energy inductively transmitted through the associated drawing or feeding device. The inductive drawing or feeding device also includes an identifier for identifying the owner of the connection of the inductive drawing or feeding device. The inductive drawing of feeding device further includes a comparing device configured to compare the at least one physical parameter measured at a connecting side with at least one physical parameter measured at a drawing off or feeding side. 1. An inductive drawing or feeding device for inductively drawing off or feeding in electrical energy/electricity by electric vehicles, wherein the inductive drawing or feeding device is connected to a power grid, the inductive drawing or feeding device comprising: a measuring device configured to measure at least one physical parameter representing the electrical energy inductively transmitted through the associated drawing or feeding device; an identifier for identifying the owner of the connection of the inductive drawing or feeding device; and a comparing device configured to compare the at least one physical parameter measured at a connecting side with at least one physical parameter measured at a drawing off or feeding side. 2. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the comparing device is configured to initiate an action if the compared at least one physical parameter measured at the connecting side deviates from the at least one physical parameter measured at the drawing off or feeding side such that a predetermined difference threshold level is exceeded. 3. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 2, wherein the comparing device is configured to trigger a disconnection of the drawing or feeding device from the power grid. 4. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 2, wherein the comparing device is configured to trigger a signal that an inductive coupling is not accomplished. 5. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the inductive drawing or feeding device is configured as a conductor loop. 6. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the inductive drawing or feeding device is not provided with a current meter. 7. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the measuring device at the connection side is configured to perform periodic measurements at equal or varying time intervals and/or wherein the measuring device at the connecting side is configured to perform stochastic measurements at predetermined time intervals. 8. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the measuring device at the connecting side is configured to provide the at least one physical parameter measured at the connecting side as an instant value and/or an average value for time intervals of arbitrary constant or variable length. 9. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the identifier is an electronic identifier configured to be detected at the drawing off or feeding side by a device configured to electronically detect the electronic identifier. 10. The inductive drawing or feeding device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one physical parameter measured at the connecting side and the at least one physical parameter measured at the drawing off or feeding side are (i) identical, or (ii) different and wherein the comparing device is configured to convert the measured physical parameters into values that are comparable to one another. 11. A method for monitoring an inductive coupling of an electric vehicle with an inductive drawing or feeding device, the method comprising: inductively coupling the electric vehicle with the inductive drawing or feeding device; measuring, at the inductive drawing or feeding device, at least one physical parameter representing the electrical energy drawn off or fed in by the inductive drawing or feeding device; measuring at a drawing off or feeding side at least one physical parameter representing the electrical energy transmitted between the inductive drawing or feeding device and the electric vehicle; comparing the at least one physical parameter measured at a connection side with the at least one physical parameter measured at the drawing off or feeding side; and signalling that the inductive coupling is not accomplished. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein measuring the at least one physical parameter at the inductive drawing or feeding device, and measuring the at least one physical parameter at the drawing off or feeding side, are performed periodically at equal or varying time intervals and/or by stochastic measurement at predetermined or random time intervals. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein another signalling is performed if the compared measurements deviate from one another such that a predetermined difference threshold value is exceeded. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one physical parameter measured at the connection side and the at least one physical parameter measured at the drawing off or feeding side are (i) identical, or (ii) different and wherein the measured physical parameters are converted into values that are comparable to one another.",
-    "A switching circuit is disclosed. The switching circuit includes a normally-on switching element, a normally-off switching element, a switching unit and a power source. The drain of the normally-off switching element is electrically connected to the source of the normally-on switching element. The source of the normally-off switching element is electrically connected to the gate of the normally-on switching element. The power source and the switching unit are configured to form a serial-connected branch. A first terminal of the serial-connected branch is electrically connected to the drain of the normally-off switching element. A second terminal of the serial-connected branch is electrically connected to the source of the normally-off switching element. 1. A switching circuit, comprising: a normally-on switching element; a normally-off switching element, wherein a drain of the normally-off switching element is electrically connected to a source of the normally-on switching element, and a source of the normally-off switching element is electrically connected to a gate of the normally-on switching element; a switching unit; and a power source, wherein the power source and the switching unit are configured to form a serial-connected branch and a first terminal of the serial-connected branch is electrically connected to the drain of the normally-off switching element, and a second terminal of the serial-connected branch is electrically connected to the source of the normally-off switching element. 2. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein a first terminal of the switching unit is electrically connected to the drain of the normally-off switching element, a second terminal of the switching unit is electrically connected to a first terminal of the power source, and a second terminal of the power source is electrically connected to the source of the normally-off switching element. 3. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein a first terminal of the power source is electrically connected to the drain of the normally-off switching element, a second terminal of the power source is electrically connected to a first terminal of the switching unit, and a second terminal of the switching unit is electrically connected to the source of the normally-off switching element. 4. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the power source is configured to provide a dc level and the dc level satisfies the equation: \u2212VTH_M1\u2266VDD\u2266\u2212VMIN_GATE wherein VDD is the dc level, VTH_M1 is a gate threshold voltage of the normally-on switching element, and VMIN_GATE is a lower limit of the safe operating area for the gate voltage of the normally-on switching element. 5. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein a withstand voltage of the normally-off switching element and the switching unit satisfies the equation: VDD\u2266VBR wherein VDD is the dc level, VBR is the withstand voltage of the normally-off switching element and the switching unit. 6. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the switching unit is a unidirectional conducting element. 7. The switching circuit of claim 6, wherein the switching unit is a diode or a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with the gate and the source connected. 8. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the drain of the normally-on switching element is an input terminal, the source of the normally-off switching element is an output terminal, and the gate of the normally-off switching element is configured to receive a control signal to control the switching circuit to be on or off. 9. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the normally-off switching element and the switching unit are n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, and the source of the switching unit is electrically connected to the drain of the normally-off switching element; the power source is configured to provide a dc level, and the drain of the switching unit is electrically connected to a positive terminal of the power source, and the source of the normally-off switching element is electrically connected to a negative terminal of the power source; and during a turn-off process of the switching circuit, the voltage level of the gate of the normally-off switching element is switched from a high level to a low level at a first time, and the voltage level of the gate of the switching unit is switched from a low level to a high level at a second time after the first time. 10. The switching circuit of claim 9, wherein during a turn-on process of the switching circuit, the voltage level of the gate of the switching unit is switched from the high level to the low level at a third time, and the voltage level of the gate of the normally-off switching element is switched from the low level to the high level at a fourth time after the third time. 11. The switching circuit of claim 10, wherein the time difference between the first time and the second time, and the time difference between the third time and the fourth time are between about 0.01 nanosecond and about 1 microsecond. 12. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the power source is configured to provide a dc level and the switching circuit further comprises: a capacitor electrically connected to the power source in parallel; a control unit electrically connected to the gate of the switching unit and the gate of the normally-off switching element; and a protecting unit electrically connected to the power source, the capacitor and the control unit, wherein the protecting unit is configured to monitor the voltage of the dc level and output a protecting signal when the voltage of the dc level is lower than an undervoltage protection value, wherein the control unit is configured to turn off the normally-off switching element according to the protecting signal. 13. The switching circuit of claim 12, wherein the normally-off switching element is a n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, the switching unit is a n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, and the control unit is configured to output a first control signal and a second control signal to the gate of the normally-off switching element and the gate of the switching unit respectively to control the normally-off switching element and the switching unit to be on or off. 14. The switching circuit of claim 12, wherein the undervoltage protection value satisfies the equation: \u2212VTH_M1\u2266VUV wherein VTH_M1 is the threshold voltage for the gate of the normally-on switching element, and VUV is the undervoltage protection value. 15. The switching circuit of the claim 12, further comprising: an unidirectional conducting element, wherein an anode of the unidirectional conducting element is electrically connected to the protecting unit, and a cathode of the unidirectional conducting element is electrically connected to the capacitor. 16. The switching circuit of claim 12, further comprising: a fourth switching element, wherein a first terminal of the fourth switching element is electrically connected to the protecting unit, a second terminal of the fourth switching element is electrically connected to the capacitor, and a control terminal of the fourth switching element is electrically connected to the control unit, wherein the control unit is configured to turn off the fourth switching element when the protecting unit monitors the voltage value of the dc level is lower than the undervoltage protection value, and the control unit is configured to turn on the fourth switching element when the switching circuit is activated. 17. The switching circuit of claim 12, wherein the normally-off switching element is a n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, and the switching unit is a p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, wherein the control unit is configured to output a control signal to the gate of the normally-off switching element and the gate of the switching unit and the control signal is configured to control the normally-off switching element and the switching unit to be on or off. 18. The switching circuit of claim 17, further comprising: a level shift unit configured to pull the control signal up by a shifting level value to output a second control signal and send the second control signal pulled up to the gate of switching unit. 19. The switching circuit of claim 18, wherein the shifting level value satisfies the equation: VDD\u2212VTH_M2T+VTH_MX\u2266Vshift\u2266VDD+VTH_MX wherein Vshift is the shifting level value, VTH_M2 is the threshold voltage for the gate of the normally-off switching element, VTH_MX is the threshold voltage for the gate of the switching unit, and VDD is the dc level. 20. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the normally-on switching element, the normally-off switching element and the switching unit are implemented on a chip, and an area for the normally-on switching element on the chip is larger than an area for the normally-off switching element on the chip and an area for the switching unit on the chip. 21. The switching circuit of claim 1, wherein the normally-on switching element, the normally-off switching element and the switching unit are implemented on a chip, and at least two of the normally-on switching element, the normally-off switching element and the switching unit are integrated on the chip.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of enhancing aerodynamic performance of an aircraft wing assembly including a fixed section and a foldable section. The foldable section is hinged to the fixed section at a hinge axis. The method includes turning a torque box extending from the foldable section to rotate the foldable section about the hinge axis from a stowed position to a deployed position. 1. A method of enhancing aerodynamic performance of an aircraft wing assembly including a fixed section and a foldable section, the foldable section hinged to the fixed section at a hinge axis, the method comprising turning a torque box extending from the foldable section to rotate the foldable section about the hinge axis from a stowed position to a deployed position. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the torque box is hinged to at least one other torque box extending in an outboard direction from the fixed section, and wherein the hinge axis extends through sides of the torque boxes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising latching the torque box after the foldable section has been rotated to the deployed position. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the torque box extending from the folding section is latched to at least one of the fixed section and the torque box extending from the fixed section. 5. The method of claim 3, when latching the torque box includes using latch pins to engage the torque box extending from the foldable section. 6. The method of claim 3, when latching the torque box includes extending latch pins through a closeout rib of the fixed section to engage the torque box extending from the foldable section. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the aircraft wing assembly is part of an aircraft, and wherein the foldable section is rotated to the deployed position while the aircraft is on a runway prior to takeoff. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the torque box is turned about the hinge axis to rotate the foldable section back to the stowed position after the aircraft has landed. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the foldable section is in the stowed position while the aircraft is moved from a gate area to the runway. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein rotary actuators are used to turn the torque box about the hinge axis. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the foldable section is a raked wing tip. 12. A method of enhancing aerodynamic performance of an aircraft, wherein the aircraft has a wing assembly including a wing tip having a first torque box, and a fixed section having a second torque box extending outward in a spanwise direction, the first and second torque boxes hinged together about a hinge axis, and wherein enhancing the aerodynamic performance includes: turning the first torque box about the hinge axis to fold the wing tip from a stowed position to a deployed position; and latching the first torque box after the wing tip has been folded to the deployed position. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first torque box is latched to the fixed section. 14. The method of claim 12, when latching the first torque box includes using latch pins to engage the first torque box. 15. The method of claim 12, when latching the first torque box includes extending latch pins through a closeout rib of the wing tip to engage the first torque box. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein rotary actuators are used to turn the first torque box about the hinge axis. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the wing tip is folded to the deployed position while the aircraft is on a runway prior to takeoff. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first torque box is turned about the hinge axis to fold the wing tip back to the stowed position after the aircraft has landed. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the wing tip is in the stowed position while the aircraft is moved from a gate area to the runway.",
-    "A positive tone photoresist etching development agent for a photoresist film containing acid liable groups includes 0.5 to 2% by weight of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), 1 to 20% by weight of an additive having at least two polar functional groups and at least one solvent. The additive has a molecular weight higher than 40, the solvent is water or alcohol, and the agent treated photoresist film retains at least 20% of acid liable groups. 1. A positive tone photoresist etching development agent for a photoresist film, wherein the photoresist film is EUV or E-beam resist, has a film thickness less than 100 nm and contains polarity switch groups, the positive tone photoresist etching development agent comprising: 0.5 to 2% by weight of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH); 1 to 20% by weight of an additive having at least two polar functional groups; and at least one solvent; wherein the additive has a molecular weight higher than 40, the solvent is water or alcohol, and the agent treated photoresist film has less film loss in partial exposure area than 2.38% TMAH agent. 2. The etching development agent of claim 1, wherein the additive contain at least one of nitrogen atom. 3. The etching development agent of claim 1, wherein the additive has less basicity than TMAH. 4. The etching development agent of claim 1, wherein the additive is an ethylene diamine. 5. The etching development agent of claim 1, wherein the additive is selected from a group consisting of ethylene diamine, tetra methyl ethylene diamine, tetra ethyl ethylene diamine, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethane-1,1,2-triol, propane-1,2,3-triol, pentane-1,3,5-triol, propane-1,3-diamine, (1S,2S)-4-Cyclohexene-1,2-diamine and a combination thereof. 6. The etching development agent of claim 1, wherein the additive contains a hydroxyl group and a quaternary amide. 7. The etching development agent of claim 6, wherein the additive is selected from a group consisting of [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]Cl, [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]I, [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]Br, [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]CO3 and [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]OH. 8. The etching development agent of claim 1 further comprising a surfactant additive having a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 0.6% by weight, and the surface tension of the development agent is less than 60 dyne/cm. 9. A negative tone photoresist etching development agent for a photoresist film containing acid liable groups (ALG), wherein the photoresist film is EUV or E-beam resist and has a film thickness less than 100 nm, the negative tone photoresist etching development agent comprising: 80 to 99% by weight of organic solvent; and 1 to 20% by weight of at least two polar functional group additive; wherein the additive has a molecular weight higher than 40, and the agent treated photoresist film has less film loss in exposure area than pure organic solvent agent. 10. The etching development agent of claim 9, wherein the additive is selected from a group consisting of ethylene diamine, tetra methyl ethylene diamine, tetra ethyl ethylene diamine, ethylene glycol, 1,3-Diaminopropane, N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraethyl-1,3-propanediamine, and a combination thereof. 11. The etching development agent of claim 9, wherein the organic solvent is n-butyl-acetate, iso-amyl-acetate, methyl 2-methyl pentanoate, methyl 3-methyl pentanoate. 12. An extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) and E-beam photoresist development process, comprising: forming a photoresist film on substrate, the photoresist polymer film containing polarity switch functional group; baking the substrate; exposing the photoresist film; post exposure baking the photoresist film; and developing the photoresist film by an etching development agent, wherein the etching development agent includes: 1 to 20% by weight of at least two polar functional group additive and the additive has a molecular weight higher than 40. 13. The photoresist of claim 12, wherein the etching development agent is a positive tone photoresist etching development agent for a photoresist film, wherein the photoresist film is EUV or E-beam resist, has a film thickness less than 100 nm and contains polarity switch groups, the positive tone photoresist etching development agent comprising: 0.5 to 2% by weight of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH); 1 to 20% by weight of an additive having at least two polar functional groups; and at least one solvent; wherein the additive has a molecular weight higher than 40, the solvent is water or alcohol, and the agent treated photoresist film has less film loss in partial exposure area than 2.38% TMAH agent. 14. The photoresist of claim 12, wherein the etching development agent is a negative tone photoresist etching development agent for a photoresist film containing acid liable groups (ALG), wherein the photoresist film is EUV or E-beam resist and has a film thickness less than 100 nm, the negative tone photoresist etching development agent comprising: 80 to 99% by weight of organic solvent; and 1 to 20% by weight of at least two polar functional group additive; wherein the additive has a molecular weight higher than 40, and the agent treated photoresist film has less film loss in exposure area than pure organic solvent agent. 15. The photoresist of claim 12, wherein the photoresist polymer film contains acid labile group (ALG) polarity switch unit and hydrostyrene (HS) unit. 16. The etching development agent of claim 12, wherein the agent is TMAH base liquid or organic solvent liquid. 17. The etching development agent of claim 16, wherein the TMAH has a concentration ranging from 0.5 to 2%. 18. The etching development agent of claim 16, wherein the organic solvent is n-butyl-acetate, iso-amyl-acetate, methyl 2-methyl pentanoate, methyl 3-methyl pentanoate or the combination thereof. 19. The etching development agent of claim 12, wherein the additive is selected from a group consisting of ethylene diamine, tetra methyl ethylene diamine, tetra ethyl ethylene diamine, 1,3-Diaminopropane, N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-tetraethyl-1,3-propanediamine and a combination thereof.",
-    "A quantum rod film for a backlight unit of a liquid crystal display is disclosed herein. The quantum rod includes a first barrier layer, a sub-wavelength microstructure on the first barrier layer, and a plurality of quantum rods, wherein the sub-wavelength microstructure includes gratings aligned n a parallel direction an alignment microstructure disposed in grooves between the gratings in a direction perpendicular to the gratings, and a reflective layer on upper surfaces of the gratings. A plurality of quantum rods are arranged in the alignment microstructure of the sub-wavelength microstructure, and major axes of the quantum rods are aligned in a direction perpendicular to the gratings. 1. A quantum rod film, comprising: a first barrier layer disposed at a side receiving light incident from a backlight source; a sub-wavelength microstructure disposed on the first barrier layer, wherein the sub-wave length microstructure comprises gratings aligned in a parallel direction, an alignment microstructure disposed in grooves between the gratings in a direction perpendicular to the gratings, and a reflective layer on upper surfaces of the gratings; and a plurality of quantum rods arranged in the alignment microstructure of the sub-wavelength microstructure, wherein major axes of the quantum rods are aligned in a direction perpendicular to the gratings. 2. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein each grating of the sub-wavelength microstructure has a width ranging from 70 nm to 75 nm, a depth ranging from 50 nm to 200 nm and a pitch between each grating ranging from 70 nm to 75 nm. 3. The quantum rod film of claim 1 wherein the alignment microstructure has a width ranging from 5 nm to 20 nm, a depth ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm, and a pitch between each alignment microstructure ranging from 5 nm to 20 nm. 4. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein the quantum rods have a length ranging from 10 nm to 50 nm, and an aspect ratio ranging from 5 to 10. 5. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein the quantum rods comprise quantum rods with same lengths or different lengths. 6. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein a material of the quantum rods is a semiconductor material selected from the group consisting of group III-V, group II-VI, group IV-VI compounds and a combination thereof. 7. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein a material of the first barrier layer is a material selected from the group consisted of polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, cyclo-olefin polymer, polysiloxanes, fluororesin polymer, or metal oxide-containing organic/inorganic composite film. 8. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein the reflective layer of the sub-wavelength microstructure is a metallic layer. 9. The quantum rod film of claim 1, further comprising a second barrier disposed on the sub-wavelength microstructure. 10. The quantum rod film of claim 1, wherein a material of the second barrier is a material selected from the group consisted of polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, cyclo-olefin polymer, polysiloxanes, fluororesin polymer, or metal oxide-containing organic/inorganic composite film.",
-    "Methods for processing a substrate are described herein. Methods can include positioning a substrate with an exposed surface comprising a silicon oxide layer in a processing chamber, biasing the substrate, treating the substrate to roughen a portion of the silicon oxide layer, heating the substrate to a first temperature, exposing the exposed surface of the substrate to ammonium fluoride to form one or more volatile products while maintaining the first temperature, and heating the substrate to a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, to sublimate the volatile products. 1. A method, comprising: positioning a substrate in a processing chamber, the substrate comprising: an exposed surface having one or more features formed in the exposed surface, the features comprising a bottom surface; and an oxide layer formed on the exposed surface; biasing the substrate; exposing the substrate to a plasma to selectively form an activated material on the oxide layer on the exposed surface and the bottom surface of the features; heating the substrate to a first temperature; exposing the substrate to a processing gas comprising ammonium fluoride (NH4F) or NH4F(HF) to form one or more volatile products on the activated material; and heating the substrate to a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, to sublimate the one or more volatile products. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature and the second temperature are within 10\u00b0 C. of one another. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is a temperature of at least 65\u00b0 C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is a temperature of between 70\u00b0 C. and 90\u00b0 C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second temperature is a temperature of greater than 100\u00b0 C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second temperatures are both greater than 100\u00b0 C., and wherein simultaneous etching and sublimation of etch byproducts occurs. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the substrate to a second temperature further comprises exposing the exposed surface of the substrate to a low energy inert plasma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a plasma is formed from the processing gas, and wherein the plasma is formed remotely. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plasma formed from the processing gas is a non-sputtering plasma. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing gas is a gas mixture comprising ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the gas mixture is a 1:1 or higher ratio of ammonia (NH3) to nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the ratio of NH3 to NF3 is 5:1 or higher. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein NH4F is formed in a plasma remote from the processing chamber from a formation gas comprising NH3, NF3, HF, F2, H2, He, Ar or combinations thereof. 14. The method of claim 1 where NH4F is formed in a plasma inside the processing region of the processing chamber from a formation gas comprising NH3, NF3, HF, F2, H2, He, Ar or combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: maintaining the substrate at a first temperature during the exposure to the processing gas; moving the substrate to a second chamber; and sublimating one or more etch byproducts. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposing the substrate to an inert plasma, the heating the substrate to a first temperature, the exposing the substrate to NH4F, NH4F(HF) or combinations thereof, and heating to a second temperature are repeated one or more times. 17. A method comprising: positioning a silicon-containing substrate in a processing chamber, the silicon-containing substrate comprising: an exposed surface; one or more features formed in the exposed surface; and a layer of surface contaminants formed on the exposed surface; heating the substrate to a first temperature; exposing the layer of surface contaminants on the exposed surface of the substrate to ammonium fluoride (NH4F), (NH4F)HF, HF or combinations thereof at the first temperature; biasing the substrate; exposing the substrate to a plasma to selectively form one or more volatile products on the exposed surface and bottom surfaces of the features; exposing the substrate to low pressure at a second temperature, wherein non-reacted NH4F is sublimated from the exposed surface of the substrate; and heating the substrate to a third temperature, which is higher than the first temperature and the second temperature, to sublimate the one or more volatile products. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the exposed surface is exposed to a gas mixture comprising ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and wherein the gas mixture is a 1:1 or higher ratio of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) respectively. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein NH4F is formed in a plasma remote from the processing chamber from a formation gas comprising NH3, NF3, HF, F2, H2, He, Ar, or combinations thereof. 20. A method, comprising: positioning a semiconductor substrate in a processing chamber, the semiconductor substrate comprising: an exposed surface having one or more features formed in the exposed surface; and an oxide layer formed on the exposed surface; biasing the substrate; performing a contaminant removal process, comprising: exposing the substrate to a plasma to selectively form an activated material on the oxide layer on the exposed surface and bottom surfaces of the features; heating the substrate to a first temperature; exposing the surface of the substrate to a processing gas comprising ammonium fluoride (NH4F) or NH4F(HF) to form one or more volatile products on the oxide layer on the exposed surface and bottom surfaces of the features; and heating the substrate to a second temperature, which is higher than the first temperature, to sublimate the one or more volatile products; and repeating the contaminant removal process one or more times.",
-    "Methods and apparatus consistent with the invention provide the ability to organize, index, search, and present time series data based on searches. Time series data are sequences of time stamped records occurring in one or more usually continuous streams, representing some type of activity. In one embodiment, time series data is organized into discrete events with normalized time stamps and the events are indexed by time and keyword. A search is received and relevant event information is retrieved based in whole or in part on the time indexing mechanism, keyword indexing mechanism, or statistical indices calculated at the time of the search. 1. A method, comprising: detecting whether time information is present in an event that includes a portion of raw data; in response to detecting that the time information is present in the event: determining a time zone in the detected time information; comparing the determined time zone to a normalized value; generating an offset indicating the difference between the determined time zone and the normalized value; generating a time stamp based on the detected time information and the offset; and associating the generated time stamp with the event; wherein the method is performed by one or more computing devices. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein associating the generated time stamp further comprises modifying the time information in the event to the generated time stamp. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to detecting that the time information is not present in the event: interpolating a time stamp for the event; and associating the interpolated time stamp with the event. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to detecting that the time information is not present in the event: interpolating a time stamp for the event using at least one event preceding the event and at least one event succeeding the event; and associating the interpolated time stamp with the event. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the event is among a plurality of events organized from received raw data, each event in the plurality of events includes a portion of the received raw data. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events; wherein the event is among the plurality of time stamped events. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events; wherein the event is among the plurality of time stamped events; receiving a search query; executing the search query across the plurality of time stamped events. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events; wherein the event is among the plurality of time stamped events; indexing the plurality of time stamped events; receiving a search query; executing the search query across the plurality of time stamped events. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events; wherein the event is among the plurality of time stamped events; indexing the plurality of time stamped events; receiving a search query; executing the search query across the plurality of indexed time stamped events. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a domain for the event; wherein the detecting whether time information is present in the event further comprises: determining a location of the time information within the event using the identified domain. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the event is among a plurality of events organized from received raw data, each event in the plurality of events includes a portion of the received raw data, wherein the raw data includes machine data. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the event is among a plurality of events organized from received raw data, each event in the plurality of events includes a portion of the received raw data, wherein the raw data includes unstructured data. 13. An apparatus, comprising: an event processor, implemented at least partially in hardware, that detects whether time information is present in an event that includes a portion of raw data; in response to the event processor detecting that the time information is present in the event, the event processor: determines a time zone in the detected time information; compares the determined time zone to a normalized value; generates an offset indicating the difference between the determined time zone and the normalized value; generates a time stamp based on the detected time information and the offset; and associates the generated time stamp with the event. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the event processor further: modifies the time information in the event to the generated time stamp. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the event processor in response to detecting that the time information is not present in the event, further: interpolates a time stamp for the event using at least one event preceding the event and at least one event succeeding the event; and associates the interpolated time stamp with the event. 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the event processor further: transforms received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events; wherein the event is among the plurality of time stamped events; indexes the plurality of time stamped events; receives a search query; executes the search query across the plurality of time stamped events. 17. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, storing one or more sequences of instructions, which when executed by one or more processors cause performance of: detecting whether time information is present in an event that includes a portion of raw data; in response to detecting that the time information is present in the event: determining a time zone in the detected time information; comparing the determined time zone to a normalized value; generating an offset indicating the difference between the determined time zone and the normalized value; generating a time stamp based on the detected time information and the offset; and associating the generated time stamp with the event. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, wherein associating the generated time stamp further comprises modifying the time information in the event to the generated time stamp. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, further comprising: in response to detecting that the time information is not present in the event: interpolating a time stamp for the event using at least one event preceding the event and at least one event succeeding the event; and associating the interpolated time stamp with the event. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events; wherein the event is among the plurality of time stamped events; indexing the plurality of time stamped events; receiving a search query; executing the search query across the plurality of time stamped events.",
-    "Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided for detecting fall events of a person. Fall events are falls that are likely to occur, are occurring, or have occurred. Fall detectors and fall detector systems detect fall events of the person. Data relating to the person are received from sensors and analyzed to perform fall detection. Data relating to the person includes accelerations and forces experience by the person, changes in body position of the person, movements of the person, and body signals and sounds of the person. Neurological tests are administered to determine levels of responsiveness and awareness of the person in response to detections. Warnings are issued, and safety measures are deployed, in response to detections. Data relating to fall events are recorded and logged. Fall event histories based upon the logged data and fall detection algorithm performance are used to improve future fall detection and prediction. 1. A method for detecting a fall, comprising: receiving data from at least one sensor associated with a person; analyzing the received data to detect changes therein; detecting the person is falling or that a fall is imminent based on the analysis of the received data; issuing a warning; administering to the person, in response to the detection, a neurological test requiring the person to manually or orally input a level of responsiveness or awareness; and logging to a memory at least of one a date and time of the fall or one or more results of a test administered to the person. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein administering the neurological test further comprises at least one of: administering an orientation test, administering a motor test, or administering a memory test. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the received data is data detected by at least one of a tri-axial accelerometer, a clinometer, a force transducer, a gyroscope, a body signal sensor, an optical sensor, a motor sensor or a sound sensor, and wherein the received data is at least one of a change in acceleration along at least one axis of the tri-axial accelerometer, change in incline or decline detected by the clinometer, a measure of force detected by the force transducer, a sway or a loss of balance detected by the gyroscope, the clinometer, or the tri-axial accelerometer, a body signal detected by the body signal sensor, a body movement detected by the optical sensor, a muscle state detected by the motor sensor, or a sound associated with the person detected by the sound sensor. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving and analyzing electromyogram (EMG) data to determine the person is falling or that a fall is imminent. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fall detection is further based on EMG data measured from at least one anti-gravitatory muscle where the EMG data deviates above a first threshold indicating abnormally high muscle tone or below a second threshold indicating abnormally decreased muscle tone. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the fall detection is further based on a force of contraction on at least one anti-gravitatory muscle or at least one of its antagonists. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering one or more additional neurological tests, wherein the neurological test is a responsiveness test, wherein the one or more additional neurological tests are at least one of an awareness test or a cognitive level test, and wherein the one or more additional neurological tests are administered in response to the person not failing the responsiveness test. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more additional neurological tests are re-administered to the person based on at least one of motor activity of the person, one or more sounds associated with the person, or a time interval. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising categorizing possible causes of the fall based on a type of fall, a presence or absence of breaking arm movements, a body part that first makes contact with a surface, a body position before the fall, a body position during the fall, a direction of the fall, a body position immediately after the fall, a type of kinetic activity before the fall, an amount of time elapsed since the last kinetic activity of the person, a type and/or a level of kinetic activity, autonomic activity before, during or after the fall, or neurologic activity before, during or after the fall. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the fall detection is further based on a decrease in autonomic signals below a first autonomic baseline or above a second autonomic baseline. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising ranking a severity of the fall based on at least one of a result of the responsiveness test, motion data, a presence of pain or severity pain, a force of impact, a site of impact on the body of the person, or a distance traveled by the body of the person after a first impact; wherein the motion data comprises a duration of time spent falling, a duration of time spent lying down after the fall, or one or more changes in acceleration during the fall. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising automatically reporting at least one of a location of the person or the ranking of the severity of the fall to a remote entity after detecting the fall. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising sensing a force of impact on a part of the body of the person resulting from the fall. 16-19. (canceled) 20. A fall detection system, comprising: at least one sensor associated with a user; a fall detection unit coupled to the at least one sensor, and configured to filter and analyze a measure of force determined by the at least one sensor and determine at least one of the user falling, the user has fallen, or a fall of the user is imminent; a neurological unit coupled to the fall detection unit and configured to administer a neurological test to the user in response to the at least one of the user falling, the user having fallen, or a fall of the user being imminent; a user-input unit coupled to the neurological unit and configured to receive a neurological test input from the user; and a communication unit coupled to the fall detection unit and to the neurological unit, and configured to communicate with at least one of a care-giver station, an emergency medical technology station, or a remote entity. 21. The fall detection system of claim 20, wherein the at least one sensor is at least one of a tri-axial accelerometer or a force transducer. 22. The fall detection system of claim 20, further comprising a logging unit configured to log a date, a time, an amount of time spent in an unresponsive state, an amount of time spent lying on the ground, and/or the measured force associated with a detected fall. 23. The fall detection system of claim 20, wherein the user-input unit comprises: a communication interface configured to solicit the user to reply to the neurological test; and at least one of: a touch sensitive interface configured to receive the neurological test input from the user, or a sound sensitive interface configured to receive the neurological test input from the user. 24. A fall detection system, comprising: at least one of a tri-axial accelerometer, a clinometer, a force transducer, or a gyroscope attached to a user; a fall detection unit coupled to the at least one of the tri-axial accelerometer, the clinometer, the force transducer, or the gyroscope, and configured to filter and analyze motion data or force data received from the at least one of the tri-axial accelerometer, the clinometer, the force transducer, or the gyroscope and determine if the user is falling or that a fall is imminent; a neurological unit coupled to the fall detection unit and configured to administer a responsiveness test to the user; and a user-input unit coupled to the neurological unit and configured a receive a responsiveness test input from the user. 25. The fall detection system of claim 24, further comprising: one or more shock absorbing devices placed on at least one of the head, neck, chest, or one or more knees of the user, wherein the one or more shock absorbing devices are configured to be automatically deployed based on a signal or command from the fall detection unit in response to determining that the user is falling or that a fall is imminent. 26. The fall detection system of claim 25, further comprising a body data signal unit configured to receive electromyogram (EMG) data and transmit the EMG data to the fall detection unit; and wherein the fall detection unit is configured to verify a fall is occurring based on: at least one of the motion data or the force data received from at least one of the tri-axial accelerometer, the clinometer, or the force transducer, and at least one of the EMG data or the motion data received from at least one of the clinometer or the gyroscope.",
-    "Disclosed is an electric hair dryer with an LCD panel. A hair dryer housing is internally provided with a controller unit electrically connected to the LCD panel and a data acquisition system, a power system connected to an input power supply, a heating wire unit and a fan motor unit. The data acquisition system is installed inside the hair dryer housing, and the LCD panel is installed on the surface of the hair dryer housing. The heating wire unit and the fan motor unit are connected to the controller unit independently. A thermometer is installed at the front end inside the hair dryer housing, and a fan speed sensor is connected to the fan motor. The electric hair dryer employs the LCD panel and the data acquisition system to display the real-time data such as the air volume and the temperature, thus meeting multiple demands. 1. An electric hair dryer with a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, comprising, an hair dryer housing, and a heating wire unit and a fan motor unit installed inside the hair dryer housing, characterized in that, the hair dryer housing is also internally provided with a controller unit and a power system; the power system is connected to an input power; the controller unit is electrically connected to a LCD panel which is installed on the surface of the hair dryer housing; the controller unit is in electric connection with a silicon-controlled drive for the fan motor and a silicon-controlled drive for the heating wire, respectively and independently; the silicon-controlled drive for the fan motor and the silicon-controlled drive for the heating wire are respectively connected to the fan motor unit and the heating wire unit through electric connection with a silicon-controlled rectifier for the fan motor and the silicon-controlled rectifier for the heating wire. 2. The electric hair dryer with the LCD panel according to claim 1, characterized in that, a data acquisition system is also provided, comprising a fan speed sensor and a thermometer, both the two in electric connection with the controller unit, wherein the thermometer is installed at the front end in the hair dryer housing, while the fan speed sensor is connected to the fan motor unit. 3. The electric hair dryer with the LCD panel according to claim 1, characterized in that, the controller unit is also electrically connected with the data storage unit. 4. The electric hair dryer with the LCD panel according to claim 1, characterized in that, the power system includes a controller power supply and an operation power supply, wherein, the controller power supply is electrically connected to the controller unit, while the operation power supply is electrically connected to the heating wire unit and the fan motor unit. 5. The electric hair dryer with the LCD panel according to claim 4, characterized in that, the operation power supply and the input power supply are connected by a zero-crossing test unit, and the zero-crossing test unit is connected to the controller unit.",
-    "Embodiments are directed towards a system and method for a cloud-based front end that may abstract and enable access to the underlying cloud-hosted elements and objects that may be part of a multi-tenant application, such as a search application. Search objects may be employed to access indexed objects. An amount of indexed data accessible to a user may be based on an index storage limit selected by the user, such that data that exceeds the index storage limit may continue to be indexed. Also, one or more projects can be elastically scaled for a user to provide resources that may meet the specific needs of each project. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a cloud-based access control server, a request from a first user to access a set of time stamped, searchable events, the set of time stamped, searchable events among a plurality of sets of time stamped, searchable events stored in a plurality of cloud-based data stores, each of the time stamped, searchable events is parsed from raw data collected from one or more data sources, the raw data relate to performance or security aspects of one or more information technology systems; determining, by the cloud-based access control server, a role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events; determining, by the cloud-based access control server, whether the first user has permission to access the set of time stamped, searchable events based on the role determined for the first user; allowing, by the cloud-based access control server, the first user to access the set of time stamped, searchable events to perform operations on the set of time stamped, searchable events when the role indicates that the first user has permission to access the set of time stamped, searchable events; wherein the method is performed by one or more computing devices. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to provide data to be parsed into time stamped, searchable events at a cloud-based data store. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to provide data to be parsed into time stamped, searchable events at a cloud-based data store and grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by the cloud-based data store. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to access cloud-based resources associated with the set of time stamped, searchable events. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by a particular cloud-based data store. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by a particular cloud-based data store, and wherein the search is performed by a cloud-based search application. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the cloud-based access control server, input corresponding to an invitation to provide access to the set of time stamped, searchable events to a second user; wherein the second user inherits the role for the set of time stamped, searchable events from the first user. 8. An apparatus, comprising: a user input receiver, at a cloud-based access control server, implemented at least partially in hardware, that receives a request from a first user to access a set of time stamped, searchable events, the set of time stamped, searchable events among a plurality of sets of time stamped, searchable events stored in a plurality of cloud-based data stores, each of the time stamped, searchable events is parsed from raw data collected from one or more data sources, the raw data relate to performance or security aspects of one or more information technology systems; a role processor, at the cloud-based access control server, implemented at least partially in hardware, that determines a role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events; wherein the role processor determines whether the first user has permission to access the set of time stamped, searchable events based on the role determined for the first user; wherein the role processor allows the first user to access the set of time stamped, searchable events to perform operations on the set of time stamped, searchable events when the role indicates that the first user has permission to access the set of time stamped, searchable events. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to provide data to be parsed into time stamped, searchable events at a cloud-based data store. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to provide data to be parsed into time stamped, searchable events at a cloud-based data store and grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by the cloud-based data store. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to access cloud-based resources associated with the set of time stamped, searchable events. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by a particular cloud-based data store. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by a particular cloud-based data store, and wherein the search is performed by a cloud-based search application. 14. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, storing one or more sequences of instructions, which when executed by one or more processors cause performance of: receiving, by a cloud-based access control server, a request from a first user to access a set of time stamped, searchable events, the set of time stamped, searchable events among a plurality of sets of time stamped, searchable events stored in a plurality of cloud-based data stores, each of the time stamped, searchable events is parsed from raw data collected from one or more data sources, the raw data relate to performance or security aspects of one or more information technology systems; determining, by the cloud-based access control server, a role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events; determining, by the cloud-based access control server, whether the first user has permission to access the set of time stamped, searchable events based on the role determined for the first user; allowing, by the cloud-based access control server, the first user to access the set of time stamped, searchable events to perform operations on the set of time stamped, searchable events when the role indicates that the first user has permission to access the set of time stamped, searchable events. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to provide data to be parsed into time stamped, searchable events at a cloud-based data store. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to provide data to be parsed into time stamped, searchable events at a cloud-based data store and grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by the cloud-based data store. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to access cloud-based resources associated with the set of time stamped, searchable events. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by a particular cloud-based data store. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, wherein the role of the first user for the set of time stamped, searchable events grants the first user permission to search time stamped, searchable events stored by a particular cloud-based data store, and wherein the search is performed by a cloud-based search application. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 14, further comprising: receiving, by the cloud-based access control server, input corresponding to an invitation to provide access to the set of time stamped, searchable events to a second user; wherein the second user inherits the role for the set of time stamped, searchable events from the first user.",
-    "Embodiments are directed are towards the transparent summarization of events. Queries directed towards summarizing and reporting on event records may be received at a search head. Search heads may be associated with one more indexers containing event records. The search head may forward the query to the indexers the can resolve the query for concurrent execution. If a query is a collection query, indexers may generate summarization information based on event records located on the indexers. Event record fields included in the summarization information may be determined based on terms included in the collection query. If a query is a stats query, each indexer may generate a partial result set from previously generated summarization information, returning the partial result sets to the search head. Collection queries may be saved and scheduled to run and periodically update the summarization information. 1. A method, comprising: creating a set of searchable, time stamped event records from raw data stored in at least one data store, wherein each searchable, time stamped event record in the set of searchable, time stamped event records includes a portion of the raw data and is associated with a time stamp derived from the raw data, wherein the raw data reflects activity in an information technology environment; generating a summarization table for the set of searchable, time stamped event records that identifies one or more field values, wherein a field value comprises a value that appears in an associated field in one or more searchable, time stamped event records in the set of searchable, time stamped event records; storing the summarization table; receiving a search query that includes search criteria for evaluating field values for one or more fields; using the search criteria to evaluate the field values for the one or more fields in the summarization table to generate a query result; and causing display of information based on the query result. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: executing an action based on the query result. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on using the search criteria to evaluate field values for one or more fields in the selected summarization table, retrieving event records identified in the summarization table for further processing to generate the query result. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the query result is generated from the summarization table by retrieving event records identified in the summarization table. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing the set of searchable, time stamped event records in an indexed data store. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing the set of searchable, time stamped event records in an indexed data store; wherein the indexed data store comprises a distributed indexed data store. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing the set of searchable, time stamped event records in an indexed data store; wherein the indexed data store is stored in a distributed manner among two or more servers. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a command identifying fields to include in the summarization table for the set of searchable, time stamped event records. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw data includes machine data. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw data includes log data. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the raw data includes unstructured data. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the summarization table includes two or more table portions, and wherein the two or more table portions are stored in a distributed manner. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the summarization table includes two or more table portions, and wherein each of the two or more table portions is stored in a distributed manner proximate to a subset of the event records to which it pertains. 14. An apparatus, comprising: an event creator, implemented at least partially in hardware, that creates a set of searchable, time stamped event records from raw data stored in at least one data store, wherein each searchable, time stamped event record in the set of searchable, time stamped event records includes a portion of the raw data and is associated with a time stamp derived from the raw data, wherein the raw data reflects activity in an information technology environment; a summarization table generator, implemented at least partially in hardware, that generates a summarization table for the set of searchable, time stamped event records that identifies one or more field values, wherein a field value comprises a value that appears in an associated field in one or more searchable, time stamped event records in the set of searchable, time stamped event records; a storage subsystem, implemented at least partially in hardware, that stores the summarization table; a search query receiver, implemented at least partially in hardware, that receives a search query that includes search criteria for evaluating field values for one or more fields; a search query processor, implemented at least partially in hardware, that uses the search criteria to evaluate the field values for the one or more fields in the summarization table to generate a query result; and a display formatter, implemented at least partially in hardware, that causes display of information based on the query result. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: an action execution subsystem, implemented at least partially in hardware, that executes an action based on the query result. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the search processor, based on using the search criteria to evaluate field values for one or more fields in the selected summarization table, retrieves event records identified in the summarization table for further processing to generate the query result. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the query result is generated from the summarization table by retrieving event records identified in the summarization table. 18. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, storing one or more sequences of instructions, which when executed by one or more processors cause performance of: creating a set of searchable, time stamped event records from raw data stored in at least one data store, wherein each searchable, time stamped event record in the set of searchable, time stamped event records includes a portion of the raw data and is associated with a time stamp derived from the raw data, wherein the raw data reflects activity in an information technology environment; generating a summarization table for the set of searchable, time stamped event records that identifies one or more field values, wherein a field value comprises a value that appears in an associated field in one or more searchable, time stamped event records in the set of searchable, time stamped event records; storing the summarization table; receiving a search query that includes search criteria for evaluating field values for one or more fields; using the search criteria to evaluate the field values for the one or more fields in the summarization table to generate a query result; and causing display of information based on the query result. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 18, further comprising: based on using the search criteria to evaluate field values for one or more fields in the selected summarization table, retrieving event records identified in the summarization table for further processing to generate the query result. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 18, wherein the query result is generated from the summarization table by retrieving event records identified in the summarization table.",
-    "A method and system for treating maxillary transverse discrepancies in young orthodontic patients and in skeletally mature patients. The maxillary protraction device comprises a Hyrax provided with an adjustable screw and four bands connected to the Hyrax through connecting wires. Placement of Hyrax on first maxillary molars and second maxillary premolars would create enough space for effective treatment of maxillary hypoplasia. 1. I claim a new method of application of a Hyrax for correction of maxillary hypoplasia in non-growing patients. Placement of a Hyrax on the first maxillary molars and second maxillary premolars and activation of the screw of the hyrax moves the second premolar anteriorly and the first molar posteriorly and creates the space required for effective treatment of maxillary hypoplasia.",
-    "Two or three parallel Fullerene Tube lattice structures, each similar to the carbon nanotube are connected by sharing parallel nodes along the length of the tubes, interlocking the tubes in such a way that bending or displacing one tube perpendicular to its axis induces a torsion in that tube and the adjacent one or two tubes. This arrangement provides a three dimensional Fullerene truss with a maximum cross-sectional area available for enclosed transport tubes relative to the total cross-sectional area with a minimal profile while maximizing the strength, stiffness, load bearing and ability to withstand multidirectional and dynamic stresses within this profile. The two or three Fullerene tubes may be further enclosed and interlinked within a single similar tube composed of a similar lattice where each cell may be one, two or more times the size of the primary tube lattice cells supporting thermal management of the inter-tube environment. 1) A three dimensional Fullerene Go-Tube Truss structure comprising two or three interlocked tube structures optionally enclosed within an outer tube structure where: an inner and outer tube structure consists of hexagonal links mimicking a carbon nanotube where an inner tube structure surrounds and supports continuous tubes used for transportation of medium including capsules or vehicles at high speed and wherein air pressure may be reduced or eliminated. the inner tube structures are joined at nodes or points by 3 pairs of directly opposing elements or members, thereby passing torsion forces from one tube structure to an adjoined tube structure and facilitating the conversion of transverse gravitational loads into torsional or rotational loads. the outer tube structure is composed of hexagonal links one, two or more times in size of inner tube links with slight variations to ensure the links are aligned. 2) The tube structure of claim 1, where an outer tube is covered with and enclosed by panels permitting temperature control of enclosed inner tube structures and supported continuous inner tubes allowing substantial reduction or elimination of expansion joints in enclosed continuous tubes. 3) The tube structure of claim 1, where enclosed continuous inner tubes and enclosing outer tube panels may be transparent or translucent allowing viewing from capsules transported. 4) The tube structure of claim 1, where solar films or panels may be integrated within or upon outer panels to collect power for temperature control, for motive power for capsules transported and for other uses.",
-    "A licensed assisted access network system is provided. The licensed assisted access network system includes a mobile station and a first base station. The mobile station determines a use status of an unlicensed band and generates first available unlicensed channel group information. The mobile station transmits the first available unlicensed channel group information to the first base station. The first base station selects a first unlicensed channel according to the first available unlicensed channel group information. The first base station initializes a communication schedule assessment procedure with the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel. 1. A mobile station for a licensed assisted access (LAA) network system, the LAA network system further comprising a first base station, and the mobile station comprising: a transceiver; and a processor; wherein: the processor determines a use status of an unlicensed band via the transceiver and generates first available unlicensed channel group information; the transceiver transmits the first available unlicensed channel group information to the first base station so that the first base station selects a first unlicensed channel according to the first available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes a communication schedule assessment procedure with the first base station through the first unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 2. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: the processor determines that the communication schedule assessment procedure fails; the processor determines a use status of the unlicensed band via the transceiver according to the determination result that the communication schedule assessment procedure fails, and generates second available unlicensed channel group information; and the transceiver transmits the second available unlicensed channel group information to the first base station so that the first base station selects a second unlicensed channel according to the second available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes the communication schedule assessment procedure with the first base station through the second unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 3. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: after the first base station assesses that the first unlicensed channel is available and determine that the communication schedule assessment procedure succeeds, the processor receives schedule information from the first base station through the first unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 4. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: the transceiver transmits the first available unlicensed channel group information to the first base station through a licensed channel so that the first base station selects the first unlicensed channel according to the first available unlicensed channel group information. 5. The mobile station of claim 4, wherein: after the first base station determines that the communication schedule assessment procedure fails, the processor receives channel measurement request information from the first base station through the licensed channel and via the transceiver; the processor determines a use status of the unlicensed band according to the channel measurement request information and generates second available unlicensed channel group information; the transceiver transmits the second available unlicensed channel group information to the first base station so that the first base station selects a second unlicensed channel according to the second available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes the communication schedule assessment procedure with the first base station through the second unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 6. The mobile station of claim 4, wherein: the processor determines that schedule information of the first base station is not received in the licensed channel during a time period; the processor determines that the communication schedule assessment procedure fails; the processor determines a use status of the unlicensed band via the transceiver and generates second available unlicensed channel group information; the transceiver transmits the second available unlicensed channel group information to the first base station so that the first base station selects a second unlicensed channel according to the second available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes the communication schedule assessment procedure with the first base station through the second unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 7. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: the transceiver receives unlicensed channel schedule information from a second base station through a licensed channel; and the processor determines a use status of the unlicensed band according to the unlicensed channel schedule information and generates the first available unlicensed channel group information. 8. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein: the transceiver receives at least one piece of channel reservation information (CRI) of the unlicensed band; and the processor generates the first available unlicensed channel group information according to the at least one piece of channel reservation information. 9. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein the first available unlicensed channel group information comprises channel reservation information, and: the transceiver continuously transmits the channel reservation information to the first base station through the first unlicensed channel so that the first base station selects a first unlicensed channel according to the first available unlicensed channel group information. 10. The mobile station of claim 9, wherein the channel reservation information is one of a channel reservation signal sequence and a channel reservation message packet, and: the transceiver receives a stop channel reservation notice from the first base station; the processor stops transmitting the channel reservation information via the transceiver to the first base station according to the stop channel reservation notice; and the processor receives schedule information from the first base station through the first unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 11. The mobile station of claim 9, wherein the channel reservation information is one of a channel reservation signal sequence and a channel reservation message packet, and: the transceiver receives schedule information from the first base station through the first unlicensed channel; and the processor stops transmitting the channel reservation information via the transceiver according to the schedule information. 12. The mobile station of claim 1, wherein the first available unlicensed channel group information comprises channel reservation information, and: the transceiver continuously transmits the channel reservation information in the first unlicensed channel; the transceiver transmits the first available unlicensed channel group information to the first bases station through a licensed channel; and the transceiver receives schedule information from the first base station through the first unlicensed channel. 13. A first base station for a licensed assisted access (LAA) network system, the LAA network system further comprising a mobile station, and the first base station comprising: a transceiver; and a processor; wherein: the transceiver receives first available unlicensed channel group information from the mobile station, wherein the first available unlicensed channel group information is generated by the mobile station through determining a use status of an unlicensed band; the processor selects a first unlicensed channel according to the first available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes a communication schedule assessment procedure with the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 14. The first base station of claim 13, wherein: the transceiver receives second available unlicensed channel group information from the mobile station, wherein the second available unlicensed channel group information is generated by the mobile station according to a use status of the unlicensed band after the mobile station determines that the communication schedule assessment procedure fails; the processor selects a second unlicensed channel according to the second available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes the communication schedule assessment procedure with the mobile station through the second unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 15. The first base station of claim 13, wherein: the processor assesses via the transceiver that the first unlicensed channel is available; the processor determines that the communication schedule assessment procedure succeeds; and the transceiver transmits schedule information to the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel. 16. The first base station of claim 13, wherein: the transceiver receives the first available unlicensed channel group information from the mobile station through a licensed channel. 17. The first base station of claim 16, wherein: the processor determines that the communication schedule assessment procedure fails, and transmits channel measurement request information to the mobile station through the licensed channel and via the transceiver so that the mobile station determines a use status of the unlicensed band according to the channel measurement request information and generates second available unlicensed channel group information; the transceiver receives the second available unlicensed channel group information from the mobile station; the processor selects a second unlicensed channel according to the second available unlicensed channel group information; and the processor initializes the communication schedule assessment procedure with the mobile station through the second unlicensed channel and via the transceiver. 18. The first base station of claim 13, wherein the first available unlicensed channel group information comprises channel reservation information, and: the transceiver continuously receives the channel reservation information from the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel. 19. The first base station of claim 18, wherein the channel reservation information is one of a channel reservation signal sequence and a channel reservation message packet, and: the processor detects the channel reservation information in the first unlicensed channel via the transceiver; the processor selects the first unlicensed channel; the processor determines that a signal quality of the channel reservation information of the first unlicensed channel exceeds a threshold; and the transceiver transmits a stop channel reservation notice to the mobile station, and transmits schedule information to the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel so that the mobile station stops transmitting the channel reservation information to the first base station according to the stop channel reservation notice and receives the schedule information. 20. The first base station of claim 18, wherein the channel reservation information is one of a channel reservation signal sequence and a channel reservation message packet, and: the processor detects the channel reservation information in the first unlicensed channel via the transceiver; the processor selects the first unlicensed channel; the processor determines that a signal quality of the channel reservation information of the first unlicensed channel exceeds a threshold; and the transceiver transmits schedule information to the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel so that the mobile station stops transmitting the channel reservation information according to the schedule information. 21. The first base station of claim 16, wherein the first available unlicensed channel group information comprises channel reservation information, and: the processor determines that a signal quality of the channel reservation information of the first unlicensed channel exceeds a threshold according to the first available unlicensed channel group information; and the transceiver transmits schedule information to the mobile station through the first unlicensed channel.",
-    "In one aspect an imaging system includes: an illumination system including an array of light sources; an optical system including one or more lens arrays, each of the lens arrays including an array of lenses, each of the lenses in each of the one or more lens arrays in alignment with a corresponding set of light sources of the array of light sources; an imaging system including an array of image sensors, each of the image sensors in alignment with a corresponding lens or set of lenses of the one or more lens arrays, each of the image sensors configured to acquire image data based on the light received from the corresponding lens or set of lenses; a plate receiver system capable of receiving a multi-well plate including an array of wells, the plate receiver system configured to align each of the wells with a corresponding one of the image sensors; and a controller configured to control the illumination of the light sources and the acquisition of image data by the image sensors, the controller further configured to perform: an image acquisition process including a plurality of scans, each scan associated with a unique pattern of illumination, each of the image sensors configured to generate an image for a respective one of the wells during each scan; and an image reconstruction process during which the controller performs a fourier ptychographic operation to generate a reconstructed image for each of the wells based on the image data captured for the respective well during each of the scans. 1. An imaging system comprising: an illumination system including an array of light sources; an optical system including one or more lens arrays, each of the lens arrays including an array of lenses, each of the lenses in each of the one or more lens arrays in alignment with a corresponding set of light sources of the array of light sources; an imaging system including an array of image sensors, each of the image sensors in alignment with a corresponding lens or set of lenses of the one or more lens arrays, each of the image sensors configured to acquire image data based on the light received from the corresponding lens or set of lenses; a plate receiver system capable of receiving a multi-well plate including an array of wells, the plate receiver system configured to align each of the wells with a corresponding one of the image sensors; and a controller configured to control the illumination of the light sources and the acquisition of image data by the image sensors, the controller further configured to perform: an image acquisition process including a plurality of scans, each scan associated with a unique pattern of illumination, each of the image sensors configured to generate an image for a respective one of the wells during each scan; and an image reconstruction process during which the controller performs a fourier ptychographic operation to generate a reconstructed image for each of the wells based on the image data captured for the respective well during each of the scans. 2. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to cause the illumination system to illuminate the multi-well plate with n sequential unique illumination patterns, each of the scans being associated with a different one of the illumination patterns. 3. The imaging system of claim 2, wherein each well is illuminated by one and only one light source during each scan. 4. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein each of the wells is aligned to receive light from a set of n ones of the light sources. 5. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the controller performs the performs the fourier ptychographic operation to generate the reconstructed image for each of the wells in parallel. 6. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to perform fluorescence imaging. 7. The imaging system of claim 6, further including a filter for filtering excitation light and for passing emitted light. 8. Am imaging method performed by an imaging system, the imaging system including an illumination system including an array of light sources; an optical system including one or more lens arrays, each of the lens arrays including an array of lenses, each of the lenses in each of the one or more lens arrays in alignment with a corresponding set of light sources of the array of light sources; an imaging system including an array of image sensors, each of the image sensors in alignment with a corresponding lens or set of lenses of the one or more lens arrays, each of the image sensors configured to acquire image data based on the light received from the corresponding lens or set of lenses; a plate receiver system capable of receiving a multi-well plate including an array of wells, the plate receiver system configured to align each of the wells with a corresponding one of the image sensors; and a controller configured to control the illumination of the light sources and the acquisition of image data by the image sensors, the method comprising: performing an image acquisition process including a plurality of scans, each scan associated with a unique pattern of illumination, each of the image sensors configured to generate an image for a respective one of the wells during each scan; and performing an image reconstruction process during which the controller performs a fourier ptychographic operation to generate a reconstructed image for each of the wells based on the image data captured for the respective well during each of the scans. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to cause the illumination system to illuminate the multi-well plate with n sequential unique illumination patterns, each of the scans being associated with a different one of the illumination patterns. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each well is illuminated by one and only one light source during each scan. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the wells is aligned to receive light from a set of n ones of the light sources. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the controller performs the performs the fourier ptychographic operation to generate the reconstructed image for each of the wells in parallel. 13. The method of claim 8, further including performing a fluorescence imaging operation. 14. The method of claim 14, wherein the imaging system further includes a filter for filtering excitation light and for passing emitted light.",
-    "This disclosure describes a sink clamp and a method of installing a sink that utilizes a quick bar clamp, a sink hook, and a countertop support bar. The quick bar clamp is comprised of a slide bar, a clamp arm, and a bar clamp. The clamp arm is attached to the countertop support bar. The sink hook is attached to the end of the slide bar. In operation, the sink hook is located on the underside of a sink. The slide bar is slotted through the drain opening. The countertop support bar rests on top of a countertop. When an installer utilizes the bar clamp, the sink is raised to the underside of the countertop. 1. A clamp comprising: (a) a slide bar, having a first and a second end; (b) a bar clamp, having a grip and a drive handle; wherein when a force is applied to the drive handle, the bar clamp moves along the longitudinal axis on the slide bar; (c) a countertop support bar, the countertop support bar is connected to the bar clamp; (d) a sink hook, wherein the sink hook is connected to the slide bar. 2. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein said countertop support bar is connected to said bar clamp by a pivot connection. 3. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein said countertop support bar has at least one slot. 4. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein said countertop support bar has at least one flange. 5. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein said sink hook is connected to the slide bar by a sink hook hinge. 6. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein said sink hook has a U-shape configuration. 7. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein a slide bar support is located at said second end, wherein the slide bar support provides additional strength to said slide bar. 8. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein a guild block is connected to said slide bar near said second end. 9. The device as recited in claim 1, wherein said sink hook and said countertop support bar are made of aluminum. 10. A method of installing a sink, the method comprising: (a) a clamp comprising a slide bar, having a first and a second end; a bar clamp, having a grip and a drive handle; wherein when a force is applied to the drive handle, the bar clamp moves along the longitudinal axis on the slide bar; a countertop support bar\u2014the countertop support bar is connected to the bar clamp; and a sink hook, wherein the sink hook is connected to the slide bar; (b) placing the sink hook and portion of the slide bar through a drain opening; (c) placing the countertop support bar on a countertop; (d) engaging the bar clamp such that the slide bar moves and causes the sink to rise; and (e) attaching the sink to the countertop. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein said countertop support bar is connected to said bar clamp by a pivot connection. 12. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein said countertop support bar has at least one slot. 13. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein said countertop support bar has at least one flange. 14. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein said sink hook is connected to the slide bar by a sink hook hinge. 15. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein said sink hook has a U-shape configuration. 16. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein a slide bar support is located at said second end, wherein the slide bar support provides additional strength to said slide bar. 17. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein a guild block is connected to said slide bar near said second end. 18. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein said sink hook and said countertop support bar are made of aluminum.",
-    "A portable device that allows for instant communication and notification between two parties is provided. Directed primarily at elderly family members and the like that live or travel on their own, such a device includes a communication component for reactive response to requests for status notifications on demand. Thus, such a device permits a remote user to contact the person with a request for instant verification of the person's condition. Failure to respond to such a request leads to automatically sent communications to pre-assigned recipients that attention for the person user may be required, thereby seeking the closest recipient proximally at that specific moment to provide such attention and/or notification to proper authorities that medical or other help is needed. The system also allows the direct user the capability of contacting medical/police/etc. authorities if attention is needed immediately as well. 1. A communication system for utilization with a remote patient, wherein said system comprises a portable device comprising a communication component comprising at least i) a communication module to allow for spoken communications to transfer between said remote patient and an authorized outside party, ii) a status notification request generator with a timer therein, said generator provided to initiate a request for a response from said remote patient regarding his or her current condition status; iii) a response indicator for said remote patient to provide a response to said status notification request generator; iv) an alarm and signal generator to notify said authorized outside party of the failure of said remote patient to respond to said status notification request within a time set by said timer; and v) an override component available to either said at least one authorized outside party or embedded within said system to discontinue said alarm and signal generator upon receipt of a suitable communication from said remote patient subsequent to alarm and signal generator activation. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein said communication component is a portable device selected from the group consisting essentially of a cell phone device, a wristband device, a neck-worn device, and a hand-held computer device. 3. A method of providing status notification system for a remote patient, said method comprising: providing the system of claim 1; activating said status notification request generator to send a request to said remote patient for response thereto, said timer being initiated upon said generator activation; wherein, if said notification status is not timely provided by said remote patient, said system sends a communication of such lack of status notification to at least one authorized outside party; wherein said outside authorized party has remote control to discontinue said notification step upon receipt of a proper communication with said remote patient. 4. A method of providing status notification system for a remote patient, said method comprising: providing the system of claim 2; activating said status notification request generator to send a request to said remote patient for response thereto, said timer being initiated upon said generator activation; wherein, if said notification status is not timely provided by said remote patient, said system sends a communication of such lack of status notification to at least one authorized outside party; wherein said outside authorized party has remote control to discontinue said notification step upon receipt of a proper communication with said remote patient.",
-    "A method for managing an airplane fleet is described. The method includes: (i) developing a gold body database for an airplane model for each non-destructive inspection system implemented to detect defects; (ii) inspecting, over a period of time, a plurality of candidate airplanes of the airplane model, using different types of non-destructive inspection systems and the gold body database associated with each of the different types of non-destructive inspection systems, to identify defects present on the plurality of candidate airplanes; (iii) repairing or monitoring defects detected on the plurality of candidate airplanes; (iv) conducting a trend analysis by analyzing collective defect data obtained from inspecting of plurality of candidate airplanes; and (v) maintaining the airplane fleet, which includes plurality of candidate airplanes, by performing predictive analysis using results of trend analysis. 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. 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A method for repairing airplane defects, comprising: locating a candidate airplane in space within a robotic envelope to arrive at a location of said candidate airplane in space, said candidate airplane being a candidate for inspection by one or more non-destructive inspection systems; comparing said location of said candidate airplane with a reference location of a gold body database airplane to generate an airplane offset, which facilitates alignment of robots associated with each non-destructive inspection system; locating, using said airplane offset, a component or a sub-component of said candidate airplane in space within said robotic envelope; comparing said location of said component or said sub-component with a reference location of a gold body database component or a gold body database sub-component to generate a component offset or a sub-component offset, which further facilitates alignment of robots associated with each non-destructive inspection system; scanning said component or said sub-component located in space according to a scan plan developed for each non-destructive inspection system implemented and developed for said component or said sub-component, and said scan plan being based on said component offset or said sub-component offset; detecting presence of defects in said component or said sub-component; determining whether any of said defects on said component or said sub-component require repair or engineering disposition, if one or more defects are detected on said component or said sub-component; monitoring said one or more defects during a life cycle of at least one item selected from a group consisting of said candidate airplane, said component and said sub-component, if it is determined that said one or more defects do not require repair; repairing said component or said sub-component, if it is determined that one or more defects require repair, and said repairing produces a repaired component or a repaired sub-component; inspecting said component or said sub-component to determine whether repair of said component or said sub-component satisfies a predetermined repair criteria associated with each category of defect detected; re-repairing said component or said sub-component one or more times until said predetermined repair criteria associated with each category of defect detected is satisfied, if said predetermined repair criteria associated with each category of defect detected is not satisfied; and developing a baseline as a historical record for said component or said sub-component for each said non-destructive inspection system, if said predetermined repair criteria associated with each category of defect detected is satisfied. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said baseline includes a defect map for each said non-destructive inspection system, and an image of each said defect on said defect map. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising assigning said baseline to an airplane tail number associated with said candidate airplane. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising discarding a previous baseline of said component or said sub-component before said repairing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said detecting includes generating a defect report, which presents at least one item selected from a group consisting of category of defect, defect location and defect dimension. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said defect location is a location of a defect in (x, y) coordinates of said component or said sub-component. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: aggregating one or more defect locations to form a defect map for said component or said sub-component for each non-destructive inspection system implemented; overlaying said defect maps produced from each non-destructive inspection system implemented for said component or said sub-component to produce an integrated defect map, which is used as historical record for said component or said sub-component. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: developing an integrated defect map for each of said plurality of candidate airplanes to generate a collection of integrated defect maps; and conducting a trend analysis on said collection of said integrated defect maps. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said trend analysis includes at least one analysis selected from a group consisting of tracking categories of defects found in said component or sub-component of said plurality of candidate airplanes through an overlay of images obtained from one or more systems selected from a group consisting of an X-ray system, an N-ray system and a laser ultrasonic inspection system, tracking single site defect location or multi-site defect locations, tracking defect dimension, tracking growth of defect over a period of time, tracking low observable coatings on said plurality of candidate airplanes, and tracking paint deficiencies on said plurality of candidate airplanes. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising taking an image of said defect in said (x, y) coordinates of said component or said sub-component to produce a defect image to facilitate repair or engineering disposition of said component or said sub-component. 11. A system for managing an airplane fleet, said system comprising: means for developing a gold body database for an airplane model for each non-destructive inspection system implemented to detect defects; means for inspecting, over a period of time, a plurality of candidate airplanes of said airplane model, using different types of non-destructive inspection systems and said gold body database associated with each of said different types of non-destructive inspection systems, to identify defects present on said plurality of candidate airplanes; means for repairing or monitoring defects detected on said plurality of candidate airplanes; means for conducting a trend analysis by analyzing collective defect data obtained from said inspecting of said plurality of candidate airplanes; and means for maintaining said airplane fleet, which includes said plurality of candidate airplanes, by performing predictive analysis using results of said trend analysis. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said means for developing a gold body database includes a non-destructive inspection system which includes one or more inspection systems selected from a group consisting of X-ray inspection system, N-ray inspection system and laser ultrasonic inspection system. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein said trend analysis and said predictive analysis is carried out using a computer. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein said repair is carried out using laser ablation. 15. A system for developing a gold body database for a particular non-destructive inspection method, said system comprising: means for locating a reference airplane of a particular model in space within a robotic envelope; means for locating a component or a sub-component in space within said robotic envelope such that during a subsequent inspection of a plurality of candidate airplanes of said particular model for presence of defects, a corresponding component or sub-component in each of said plurality of candidate airplanes is automatically located in space using a robot; and means for teaching a scan plan for said component or said sub-component located in space for each non-destructive inspection system subsequently implemented to detect defects in each of said plurality of candidate airplanes. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said means for locating a reference airplane and said means for locating a component or a sub-component in space include a machine vision system associated with each non-destructive inspection system implemented. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein means for teaching a scan plan includes means for teaching an electromagnetic radiation emitter and a detector, both of which are configured to a yoke to provide rotation about at least one axis of pitch, rotate and yaw motion of said at least one of said electromagnetic radiation emitter and said detector, said yoke includes a first and a second members, said first member supports said electromagnetic radiation emitter and said second member supports said detector such that a distance between said electromagnetic radiation emitter and said detector is adjustable.",
-    "In one possible embodiment, a UAV payload module retraction mechanism is provided including a payload pivotally attached to a housing. A biasing member is mounted to bias the payload out of the housing and a winch is attached to the payload. An elongated flexible drawing member is coupled between the housing and the winch, the elongated drawing flexible member being capable of being drawn by the winch to retract the payload within the housing. 1. A UAV payload module retraction mechanism apparatus comprising: a) a payload module housing; b) a payload pivotally attached to the housing; c) a winch attached to the payload; d) a biasing member mounted to bias the payload out of the housing; and e) an elongated flexible drawing member coupled between the housing and the winch, the elongated flexible drawing member being capable of being drawn by the winch to retract the payload within the housing. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the biasing member comprises a spring. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the payload is pivotally attached to a forward position in the housing 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the payload is pivotally attached to a forward wall of the housing. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload is pivotally attached to the housing via a hinge. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the hinge is located forward of the payload in a stowed position. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the hinge comprises a pivot shaft, and wherein the biasing member comprises a spring disposed about the pivot shaft. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the biasing member urges the payload into a deployed position. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the elongated flexible member is a cable. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the elongated flexible member is a belt. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload comprises a camera assembly comprising a camera. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the winch is mounted above the camera. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the camera assembly further comprises a pan tray pivotally attached to the housing via a hinge, the pan tray comprising the winch and a pan actuator, and wherein the pan actuator is located between the hinge and the winch. 14. A UAV payload module retraction mechanism apparatus comprising: a) a payload module housing comprising an opening in a bottom wall of the housing; b) a payload pivotally attached in a forward position within the housing; c) a biasing member mounted to bias the payload out of the housing; d) a winch mounted to the payload; and e) a flexible cable coupled between the housing and the winch for retracting the payload into and releasing the payload from the housing. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the payload comprises a camera assembly situated to pivot out of the housing through the opening in the bottom wall. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the flexible cable is a belt. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the biasing member urges the payload to a deployed position. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the biasing member comprises a spring. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the payload is pivotally attached to a forward wall of the housing via a hinge. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the hinge comprises a pivot shaft, and wherein the biasing member comprises a spring disposed about the pivot shaft. 21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the payload further comprises a camera assembly having a pan tray mounted therewith, the pan tray being pivotally attached to the housing via a hinge, the pan tray comprising the winch and a pan actuator, and wherein pan actuator is located between the hinge and the winch.",
-    "A pool of unit memories is provided in order to flexibly allocate memory capacity to implement various tables and/or logical memories such as those for implementing an OpenFlow switch. The pool is structured with routing resources for allowing flexible allocation and reallocation of memory capacity to the various tables. The unit memories and logical units in the pool are interconnected by a set of horizontal routing resources and a set of vertical routing resources. 1. A method comprising: configuring a pool of unit memories for implementing a plurality of tables, wherein each table is allocated a unique set of the unit memories, said configuring constrained by a first set of constraints for using routing resources in the pool; receiving packets and computing packet forwarding decisions based on data from the received packets and data stored in each table; and reconfiguring the pool of unit memories in order to re-allocate a unit memory from a first table to a second table while using said tables to compute packet forwarding decisions, said reconfiguring constrained by a second set of constraints for using routing resources in the pool. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pool of unit memories is organized into a plurality of rows, wherein re-allocating a unit memory comprises moving the content of a unit memory at a first row to a unit memory at a second row that is different from the first row. 3. The method of claim 2, where each table is further allocated a logical unit, wherein the logical unit has direct access to unit memories in one of the rows. 4. The method of claim 3, where configuring the pool of unit memories comprises configuring the routing resources of the pool to provide the allocated logical unit of each table unobstructed access to each allocated unit memory of the table. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the routing resource of the pool comprises a first set of routing resources and a second set of routing resources, where the first set of constraints limits the plurality of tables to using the first set of routing resources but not the second set of routing resources. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second set of constraints limits the plurality of tables to using the first set of routing resources and the second set of routing resources. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the pool of unit memories is organized into a plurality of rows and each row is associated with a logical unit, wherein the first set of routing resources comprises a first vertical routing bus for allowing a logical unit to access unit memories at rows above the logical unit. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second set of routing resources comprises a second routing bus for allowing the logical unit to access unit memories at rows below the logical unit. 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a computer program, the computer program comprising sets of instructions for: configuring a pool of unit memories for implementing a plurality of tables, wherein each table is allocated a unique set of the unit memories, said configuring constrained by a first set of constraints for using routing resources in the pool; copying content of a first unit memory to a second unit memory, wherein the first unit memory is allocated to a first table; and reconfiguring the pool of unit memories in order to allocate the second unit memory to the first table and to reallocate the first unit memory to a second table, said reconfiguring constrained by a second set of constraints for using routing resources in the pool. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the routing resource of the pool comprises a first set of routing resources and a second set of routing resources, where the first set of constraints limits the plurality of tables to using the first set of routing resources but not the second set of routing resources. 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein the second set of constraints limits the plurality of tables to using the first set of routing resources and the second set of routing resources. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein the pool of unit memories is organized into a plurality of rows and each row is associated with a logical unit, wherein the first set of routing resources comprises a first vertical routing bus for allowing a logical unit to access unit memories at rows above the logical unit. 13. A system comprising: a plurality of unit memories that are organized into a plurality of rows; a plurality of logical units, each logical unit (LU) allocated a set of the unit memories, each LU aligned with a row of the unit memories; and a routing structure for providing each LU with unobstructed access to its allocated set of unit memories, the routing structure comprising: a first vertical bus and a second vertical bus for providing each LU access to its allocated memories that at a first side of the LU's associated row; and a third bus for providing each LU access to its allocated memories that are at a second side of the LU's associated row. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the routing structure further comprising: for each row of unit memories, a first horizontal bus for connecting unit memories of the row to the LU aligned with the row; and second and third horizontal buses for connecting unit memories of the row to LUs not aligned with the row. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the second horizontal bus is for connecting unit memories of the row to a first LU below the row. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the third horizontal bus is for connecting unit memories of the row to a second LU not on the row. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein each unit memory comprises N\u00d7M bits, wherein N and M are integers larger than 1. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein each LU is for implementing a flow table for network packet forwarding operations. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the system further comprises a controller for configuring the routing structure and the plurality of LUs.",
-    "A centrifugal pendulum vibration control device for an engine includes an input member, a first link member, a first inertia mass body, a second link member, and a second inertia mass body. The input member is rotated by an engine. The first link member is rotatably connected to the input member. The first inertia mass body is supported on the input member via the first link member so as to perform pendulum motion. The second link member is rotatably connected to the first inertia mass body. The second inertia mass body is supported on the first inertia mass body via the second link member so as to perform pendulum motion. The input member and the second inertia mass body are coaxially disposed so as to be relatively rotatable. 1. A centrifugal pendulum vibration control device that is disposed between an engine and a transmission and controls vibrations resulting from rotation fluctuation of the engine, comprising: an input member rotated by the engine; a first inertia mass body supported on the input member via a first link member so as to be capable of pendulum motion; a second inertia mass body supported on the first inertia mass body via a second link member so as to be capable of pendulum motion, wherein the input member and the second inertia mass body are coaxially disposed so as to be relatively rotatable. 2. The centrifugal pendulum vibration control device according to claim 1, wherein the first link member is a disk-shaped member that is rotatably fitted into a first circular through-hole formed in the first inertia mass body and is pivotally supported at a portion offset from its center by a first pin on the input member; and wherein the second link member is a disk-shaped member that is rotatably fitted into a second circular through-hole formed in the first inertia mass body and is pivotally supported at a portion offset from its center by a second pin on the second inertia mass body. 3. A centrifugal pendulum vibration control device for an engine, comprising: an input member rotated by the engine; a first link member rotatably connected to the input member; a first inertia mass body supported on the input member via the first link member so as to perform pendulum motion; a second link member rotatably connected to the first inertia mass body; and a second inertia mass body supported on the first inertia mass body via the second link member so as to perform pendulum motion, the input member and the second inertia mass body being coaxially disposed so as to be relatively rotatable. 4. The centrifugal pendulum vibration control device according to claim 3, the input member comprising a first pin pivotally supporting the first link member, the second inertia mass body comprising a second pin pivotally supporting the second link member, the first inertia mass body having a first circular through-hole provided in the first inertia mass body and a second circular through-hole provided in the first inertia mass body, wherein the first link member is a disk-shaped member that is rotatably fitted into the first circular through-hole and is pivotally supported at a portion offset from its center by the first pin, and wherein the second link member is a disk-shaped member that is rotatably fitted into the second circular through-hole and is pivotally supported at a portion offset from its center by the second pin. 5. The centrifugal pendulum vibration control device according to claim 3, wherein a first swing angle of the pendulum motion of the second inertia mass body is magnified compared with a second swing angle of the pendulum motion of the first inertia mass body. 6. The centrifugal pendulum vibration control device according to claim 3, wherein the centrifugal pendulum vibration control device is disposed between the engine and a transmission.",
-    "A method of processing liquid biological material includes providing a liquid processing system. The liquid processing system includes a trunk, a first arm, a second arm, a driving mechanism, and physiochemical equipment. The first arm includes a first robot hand. The second arm includes a second robot hand. A process is performed on a cell suspension in which periphytic cultured cells are suspended as a liquid biological material. In the process, a culture vessel is held with the first robot hand in a state with an open top of the culture vessel facing upwards. The culture vessel has a culture face where the cultured cells are cultured on a base thereof. A cell scraper is held with the second robot hand. The cell scraper is provided with a blade to scrape the cultured cells from the culture face. 1. A method of processing liquid biological material, the method comprising: providing a liquid processing system comprising: a trunk provided turnable on an axis, set within a predetermined work space; a first arm provided to the trunk and having at least three degrees of freedom or higher degrees of freedom, the first arm including a first robot hand; a second arm provided to the trunk and having at least three degrees of freedom or higher degrees of freedom, the second arm including a second robot hand; a driving mechanism configured to drive each of the trunk, the first arm, and the second arm; and physiochemical equipment situated within the work space and within the range of movement of at least one of the first and the second arm; and performing a process on a cell suspension in which periphytic cultured cells are suspended as a liquid biological material including: holding a culture vessel with the first robot hand in a state with an open top of the culture vessel facing upwards, the culture vessel having a culture face where the cultured cells are cultured on a base thereof; holding a cell scraper with the second robot hand, the cell scraper being provided with a blade to scrape the cultured cells from the culture face; and using the first arm and second arm to: bring the blade into contact with the culture face at one place away from a middle of the culture face, such that a longitudinal direction of the blade faces in a direction intersecting a straight line connecting the middle of the culture face and the one place, move the blade over the culture face from the one place passing through the middle and to an other side, rotate the blade which has moved to the other side, with one point on an exponential line in the longitudinal direction of the blade and on the outer side of one or both ends of the blade in the longitudinal direction thereof as the axis of rotation, until an end of the blade which is at the farthest side from the one point of the both ends of the blade which is the axis of rotation comes to be positioned at the outer edge of the culture face, and in a state with the end of the blade at the farthest side from the one point following the outer edge of the culture face moving the blade relatively to the culture face in a state of the blade in contact with the culture face, wherein the first arm is operated cooperatively with the second arm such that while the blade is being moved over the culture face, the culture vessel is inclined so that the cell suspension in the culture vessel is collected at one part of the culture vessel, and so that the cell suspension including the cultured cells peeled off from the culture face is situated ahead of the direction of motion of the blade as to the culture vessel. 2. A method of processing liquid biological material, the method comprising: providing a liquid processing system comprising: a trunk provided turnable on an axis, set within a predetermined work space; a first arm provided to the trunk and having at least three degrees of freedom or higher degrees of freedom, the first arm including a first robot hand; a second arm provided to the trunk and having at least three degrees of freedom or higher degrees of freedom, the second arm including a second robot hand; a driving mechanism configured to drive each of the trunk, the first arm, and the second arm; and physiochemical equipment situated within the work space and within the range of movement of at least one of the first and the second arm; and performing a process on a cell suspension in which periphytic cultured cells are suspended as a liquid biological material including: holding a culture vessel with the first robot hand in a state with an open top of the culture vessel facing upwards, the culture vessel having a culture face where the cultured cells are cultured on a base thereof; holding a cell scraper with the second robot hand, the cell scraper being provided with a blade to scrape the cultured cells from the culture face; and using the first arm and second arm to: bring the blade into contact with the culture face at one place away from a middle of the culture face, such that a longitudinal direction of the blade faces in a direction intersecting a straight line connecting the middle of the culture face and the one place, move the blade over the culture face from the one place passing through the middle and to an other side, pivot the blade, which has moved to the other side, about a point on a first longitudinal end of the blade until a second longitudinal end of the blade comes to be positioned at an outer edge of the culture face, and move the blade relative to the culture vessel such that the second longitudinal end follows the outer edge of the culture face in a state in which the blade is in contact with the culture face, wherein the first arm is operated cooperatively with the second arm such that while the blade is being moved over the culture face, the culture vessel is inclined so that the cell suspension in the culture vessel is collected at one part of the culture vessel, and so that the cell suspension including the cultured cells peeled off from the culture face is situated ahead of the direction of motion of the blade as to the culture vessel.",
-    "A bidirectional communication method between a master terminal and a slave terminal on a single transmission line includes the master terminal transmitting an initial message, a slave number and a master acknowledgement signal. After acknowledgement of the slave terminal, the master terminal transmits an address of the slave terminal and a master acknowledgement signal. After acknowledgement of the slave terminal, the master terminal transmits data and a master acknowledgement signal. After acknowledgement of the slave terminal, the master terminal transmits a master No-acknowledgement signal. And the slave terminal transmits a slave acknowledgement signal. 1. A bidirectional communication method between a master terminal and a slave terminal on a transmission line, the method comprising: the master terminal transmitting an initial message, a slave number of the slave terminal and a first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the initial message, the slave number and the first master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal being operated under a first mode and transmitting a first slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting an address of the slave terminal and a second master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the address and the second master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a second slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting data and a first master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; and after the slave terminal receives the data and the first master no-acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a third slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; wherein: each of the master acknowledgement signals is changing from a first voltage level to a second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level, and the first master no-acknowledgement signal is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level; a first ratio of a time each of the master acknowledgement signals sustains in the second voltage level to a time each of the master acknowledgement signals sustains in the first voltage level is greater than an upper threshold and a second ratio of a time the first master no-acknowledgement signal sustains in the second voltage level to a time the first master no-acknowledgement signal sustains in the first voltage level is smaller than a lower threshold, or the first ratio is smaller than the lower threshold and the second ratio is greater than the upper threshold; and the upper threshold is greater than or equal to the lower threshold. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the master terminal transmitting the initial message, the slave number of the slave terminal and the first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line further comprises: before the master terminal transmits the first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line, the master terminal transmitting a writing bit through the transmission line. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting the address of the slave terminal and the second master acknowledgement signal is after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal within a first predetermined time, the master terminal transmitting the address of the slave terminal and the second master acknowledgement signal; and after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting the data and the first master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line is after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal within a second predetermined time, the master terminal transmitting the data and the first master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: when the master terminal does not receive the first slave acknowledgement signal within the first predetermined time or does not receive the second slave acknowledgement signal within the second predetermined time, the master terminal executing an interrupt instruction. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: after the slave terminal receives the data and the first master no-acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal changing from being operated in the first mode to being operated in a second mode; and after the master terminal receives the third slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting a function pulse signal through the transmission line; wherein: when the master terminal or the slave terminal transmits a first type bit data through the transmission line, the master terminal or the slave terminal changes a voltage level of the transmission line from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the second voltage level to the first voltage level within a transmission time of the first type bit data, and a ratio of a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the second voltage level to a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the first voltage level is smaller than the lower threshold; and when the master terminal or the slave terminal transmits a second type bit data through the transmission line, the master terminal or the slave terminal changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the second voltage level to the first voltage level within a transmission time of the second type bit data, and a ratio of a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the second voltage level to a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the first voltage level is greater than the upper threshold. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first mode is a read/write mode, the second mode is a clock calibration mode, and the method further comprises: the slave terminal calibrating a clock signal of the slave terminal according to the function pulse signal. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein: the function pulse signal includes a plurality of calibration pulses, and a time each of the calibration pulses sustains in the second voltage level is substantially equal to a time each of the calibration pulses sustains in the first voltage level. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein: the function pulse signal includes a plurality of calibration pulses, and a ratio of a time each of the calibration pulses sustains in the second voltage level to a time each of the calibration pulses sustains in the first voltage level is between the upper threshold and the lower threshold. 9. The method of claim 6, further comprising: after the master terminal transmits the function pulse signal through the transmission line, the master terminal reading clock calibration data stored in the slave terminal through the transmission line to confirm if the clock calibration of the slave terminal is completed. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the second mode is a slave supplementary mode, and the method further comprises: the slave terminal controlling an output unit according to the function pulse signal. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the output unit is a light source of light emitting diodes, and the function pulse signal is a pulse width modulation signal including a plurality of pulses. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a ratio of a time each of the pulses of the pulse width modulation signal sustains in the second voltage level to a time each of the pulses sustains in the first voltage level is greater than the upper threshold or smaller than the lower threshold. 13. The method of claim 5, further comprising: after the master terminal receives the third slave acknowledgement signal and before the master terminal transmits the function pulse signal through the transmission line, the master terminal transmitting a second initial message through the transmission line. 14. The method of claim 5, further comprising: after the master terminal transmits the function pulse signal through the transmission line, the master terminal transmitting a disable data and a second master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; and after the slave terminal receives the disable data and the second master no-acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal changing from being operated under the second mode to being operated under the first mode and transmitting a fourth slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line. 15. The method of claim 5, wherein the upper threshold is 2 and the lower threshold is 0.5. 16. The method of claim 5, wherein the first type bit data is 1 and the second type bit data is 0, or the first type bit data is 0 and the second type bit data is 1. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising: after the master terminal transmits each of the master acknowledge signals through the transmission line, the master terminal transmitting a release signal through the transmission line successively; and after the master terminal transmits the first master no-acknowledge signal through the transmission line, the master terminal transmitting the release signal through the transmission line successively; wherein the release signal is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the slave acknowledgement signals is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level. 19. A bidirectional communication method between a master terminal and a slave terminal on a transmission line, the method comprising: the master terminal transmitting a first initial message, a slave number of the slave terminal, a writing bit, and a first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the first initial message, the slave number, the writing bit and the first master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a first slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting an address of the slave terminal and a first master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the address and the first master no-acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a second slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting a second initial message, the slave number, a reading bit, and a second master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the second initial message, the slave number, the reading bit, and the second master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a third slave acknowledgement signal and data stored in the address; after the master terminal receives the third slave acknowledgement signal and after the master terminal receives the data stored in the address, the master terminal transmitting a second master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; and after the slave terminal receives the second master no-acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a fourth slave acknowledgement signal; wherein: each of the master acknowledgement signals is changing from a first voltage level to a second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level, and each of the master no-acknowledgement signals is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level; a first ratio of a time each of the master acknowledgement signals sustains in the second voltage level to a time each of the master acknowledgement signals sustains in the first voltage level is greater than an upper threshold and a second ratio of a time each of the master no-acknowledgement signals sustains in the second voltage level to a time each of the master no-acknowledgement signals sustains in the first voltage level is smaller than a lower threshold, or the first ratio is smaller than the lower threshold and the second ratio is greater than the upper threshold; and the upper threshold is greater than or equal to the lower threshold. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first initial message is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level, and a time the first initial message sustains in the second voltage level is longer than a transmission time of one bit data. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein after the slave terminal receives the second master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting the third slave acknowledgement signal and the data stored in the address further comprises after the slave terminal transmits the third slave acknowledgement signal and the data stored in the address, the slave terminal transmitting a release signal through the transmission line, wherein the release signal is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein: after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting the address of the slave terminal and the first master no-acknowledgement signal is after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal within a first predetermined time, the master terminal transmitting the address of the slave terminal and the first master no-acknowledgement signal; after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting the second initial message, the slave number, the reading bit and the second master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line is after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal within a second predetermined time, the master terminal transmitting the second initial message, the slave number, the reading bit and the second master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; and after the master terminal receives the third slave acknowledgement signal and after the master terminal receives the data stored in the address, the master terminal transmitting the second master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line is after the master terminal receives the third slave acknowledgement signal within a third predetermined time and after the master terminal receives the data stored in the address, the master terminal transmitting the second master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: when the master terminal does not receive the first slave acknowledgement signal within the first predetermined time, does not receive the second slave acknowledgement signal within the second predetermined time, or does not receive the third slave acknowledgement signal within the third predetermined time, the master terminal executing an interrupt instruction. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the reading bit and the writing bit are complemented to each other. 25. The method of claim 19, wherein: when the master terminal or the slave terminal transmits a first type bit data through the transmission line, the master terminal or the slave terminal changes a voltage level of the transmission line from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the second voltage level to the first voltage level within a transmission time of the first type bit data, and a ratio of a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the second voltage level to a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the first voltage level is smaller than the lower threshold; and when the master terminal or the slave terminal transmits a second type bit data through the transmission line, the master terminal or the slave terminal changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the second voltage level to the first voltage level within a transmission time of the second type bit data, and a ratio of a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the second voltage level to a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the first voltage level is greater than the upper threshold. 26. A bidirectional communication method between a master terminal and a slave terminal on a transmission line, the method comprising: the master terminal transmitting an initial message, a slave number of the slave terminal, and a first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the initial message, the slave number and the first master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a first slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting an address of the slave terminal and a second master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; after the slave terminal receives the address and the second master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a second slave acknowledgement signal and data stored in the address through the transmission line; after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal and after the master terminal receives the data stored in the address, the master terminal transmitting a master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; and after the slave terminal receives the master no-acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting a third slave acknowledgement signal through the transmission line; wherein: each of the master acknowledgement signals is changing from a first voltage level to a second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level, and the master no-acknowledgement signal is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level; a first ratio of a time each of the master acknowledgement signals sustains in the second voltage level to a time each of the master acknowledgement signals sustains in the first voltage level is greater than an upper threshold and a second ratio of a time the master no-acknowledgement signal sustains in the second voltage level to a time the master no-acknowledgement signal sustains in the first voltage level is smaller than a lower threshold, or the first ratio is smaller than the lower threshold and the second ratio is greater than the upper threshold; and the upper threshold is greater than or equal to the lower threshold. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein after the slave terminal receives the address and the second master acknowledgement signal, the slave terminal transmitting the second slave acknowledgement signal and the data stored in the address further comprises after the slave terminal transmitting the second slave acknowledgement signal and the data stored in the address, the slave terminal transmitting a release signal through the transmission line, wherein the release signal is changing from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changing from the second voltage level to the first voltage level. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the master terminal transmitting the initial message, the slave number of the slave terminal and the first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line further comprises: before the master terminal transmits the first master acknowledgement signal through the transmission line, the master terminal transmitting a reading bit through the transmission line. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein: after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal, the master terminal transmitting the address of the slave terminal and the second master acknowledgement signal is after the master terminal receives the first slave acknowledgement signal within a first predetermined time, the master terminal transmitting the address of the slave terminal and the second master acknowledgement signal; and after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal and after the master terminal receives the data stored in the address, the master terminal transmitting the master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line is after the master terminal receives the second slave acknowledgement signal within a second predetermined time and after the master terminal receives the data stored in the address, the master terminal transmitting the master no-acknowledgement signal through the transmission line. 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising: when the master terminal does not receive the first slave acknowledgement signal within the first predetermined time or does not receive the second slave acknowledgement signal within the second predetermined time, the master terminal executing an interrupt instruction. 31. The method of claim 26, wherein: when the master terminal or the slave terminal transmits a first type bit data through the transmission line, the master terminal or the slave terminal changes a voltage level of the transmission line from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the second voltage level to the first voltage level within a transmission time of the first type bit data, and a ratio of a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the second voltage level to a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the first voltage level is smaller than the lower threshold; and when the master terminal or the slave terminal transmits a second type bit data through the transmission line, the master terminal or the slave terminal changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the first voltage level to the second voltage level and then changes the voltage level of the transmission line from the second voltage level to the first voltage level within a transmission time of the second type bit data, and a ratio of a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the second voltage level to a time the voltage level of the transmission line sustains in the first voltage level is greater than the upper threshold.",
-    "Methods and apparatus are provided for controlling communication between a virtualized network and non-virtualized entities using a virtualization gateway. A packet is sent by a virtual machine in the virtualized network to a non-virtualized entity. The packet is routed by the host of the virtual machine to a provider address of the virtualization gateway. The gateway translates the provider address of the gateway to a destination address of the non-virtualized entity and sends the packet to the non-virtualized entity. The non-virtualized entity may be a physical resource, such as a physical server or a storage device. The physical resource may be dedicated to one customer or may be shared among customers. 1. A method for controlling communication between a virtualized network and a non-virtualized entity, comprising: receiving, by a virtualization gateway, a packet sent by a virtual machine in the virtualized network to the non-virtualized entity and routed to a provider address of the gateway by a host of the virtual machine; translating, by the gateway, the provider address of the gateway to a destination address of the non-virtualized entity; and sending, by the gateway, the packet to the non-virtualized entity. 2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a physical resource having a customer address and wherein translating comprising translating the provider address of the gateway to the customer address of the physical resource. 3. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a physical resource having a provider address and wherein translating the provider address of the gateway comprises performing network address translation in the customer address space. 4. A method as defined in claim 3, wherein performing network address translation comprises performing a first network address translation in response to a packet received from a virtual machine in a first virtual network and performing a second network address translation in response to a packet received from a virtual machine in a second virtual network. 5. A method as defined in claim 3, wherein performing network address translation comprises performing network address translation of a first provider address of the virtual machine before live migration and performing network address translation of a second provider address of the virtual machine following live migration. 6. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein translating the provider address of the gateway comprises accessing a virtual network policy containing a mapping policy that maps the provider address of the gateway to the destination address of the non-virtualized entity. 7. A method as defined in claim 6, further comprising receiving, by the gateway, a mapping policy update from a virtual machine manager of the virtualized network. 8. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the gateway, a packet sent by the non-virtualized entity to the virtual machine; translating, by the gateway, a customer address of the virtual machine to a provider address of the virtual machine in the virtualized network; and sending, by the gateway, the packet to the provider address of the virtual machine in the virtualized network. 9. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a Non-IP physical resource. 10. A computer-readable storage device encoded with computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a computing device, perform a method as defined in claim 1. 11. A virtualization gateway for controlling communication between a virtualized network and a non-virtualized entity, comprising: a processing device and a storage device encoded with instructions that, when executed by the processing device, are configured to: receive a packet sent by a virtual machine in the virtualized network to the non-virtualized entity and routed to a provider address of the gateway by a host of the virtual machine; translate the provider address of the gateway to a destination address of the non-virtualized entity; and send the packet to the non-virtualized entity. 12. A virtualization gateway as defined in claim 11, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a physical resource having a customer address and wherein the virtualization gateway is further configured to translate the provider address of the gateway to the customer address of the physical resource. 13. A virtualization gateway as defined in claim 11, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a physical resource having a provider address and wherein the virtualization gateway is configured to perform network address translation in the customer address space. 14. A virtualization gateway as defined in claim 11, further configured to access a virtual network policy containing a mapping policy that maps the provider address of the gateway to the destination address of the non-virtualized entity. 15. A method for controlling communication between a virtualized network and a non-virtualized entity, comprising: receiving, by a host, a packet sent by a virtual machine to the non-virtualized entity at a destination address; translating, by the host, the destination address of the packet to a provider address of a virtualization gateway; and sending, by the host, the packet to the provider address of the virtualization gateway for address translation and sending to the non-virtualized entity. 16. A method as defined in claim 15, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a dedicated physical resource having a customer address. 17. A method as defined in claim 15, wherein the non-virtualized entity comprises a shared physical resource having a provider address. 18. A method as defined in claim 15, wherein translating the destination address of the packet comprises accessing a virtual network policy containing a mapping policy that maps the destination address of the non-virtualized entity to the provider address of the gateway. 19. A method as defined in claim 15, wherein translating the destination address of the packet comprises one of encapsulating the packet with the provider address of the virtualization gateway and rewriting the destination address of the non-virtualized entity as the provider address of the virtualization gateway. 20. A computer-readable storage device encoded with computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a computing device, perform a method as defined in claim 15.",
-    "A computer system that segments a colon for a computed tomography colonography (CTC) is described. During operation, the computer system accesses imaging data having a spatial resolution. Then, the computer system identifies the colon lumen based on probabilities for different tissue classes in the imaging data. Moreover, the computer system segments the colon into subsegments based on an articulated object model that fits a tortuosity of the colon along a centerline of the colon, where the articulated object model includes values of an orthonormal basis set, curvature and torsion along the centerline, and where boundaries between subsegments are based on the curvature and die torsion. For example, a given boundary between a pair of subsegments may corresponds to or may be related to a minimum value of the curvature and a maximum value of the torsion over a length of the colon. 1. A computer-implemented method for segmenting a colon for a computed tomography colonography (CTC) wherein the method comprises: using the computer system, accessing imaging data having a spatial resolution; identifying a colon lumen based on probabilities for different tissue classes in the imaging data and segmenting the colon into subsegments based on an object model that fits a tortuosity of the colon along a centerline of the colon, wherein the object model includes values, along the centerline, of one of: a basis set, curvature and torsion, and a local curvature scale; and wherein boundaries between subsegments are based on one of: the curvature and the torsion; and the local curvature scale. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the tissue classes include: air, liquid and a boundary between air and liquid. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the colon lumen involves identifying a contrast liquid residing in the colon lumen and aggregating the contrast liquid into a volume mask using a digital subtraction bowel cleaning technique. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the segmenting is performed iteratively. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the subsegments include at least portions of a rectum, a sigmoid, a descending colon, a transverse colon, an ascending colon and a cecum. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: receiving navigation information specifying user navigation through the colon; receiving position information specifying a position and an orientation of a head of a user; providing stereoscopic-acuity-scaled images of the subsegments of the colon with a cut plane across the colon at a pre-specified distance from the centerline based on the navigation information and the position information, wherein the pre-specified distance reduces an amount of rotation of a given subsegment needed to display the colon lumen; rotating one or more of the subsegments of the colon to bring into view a clipped area of the colon lumen; and receiving a receiving a bookmark from the user of a region in the colon that includes a potential polyp. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: providing a two-dimensional image of the colon along a normal direction to the bookmark; and receiving cross-sectional measurements of the potential polyp, 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a given boundary between a pair of subsegments corresponds to local extremum values, over a length of the colon, of one of: the curvature and the torsion, and the local curvature scale. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the local extremum values include one of: a minimum value of the curvature and a maximum value of the torsion; and local minimum and local maximum values of the local curvature scale. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the subsegments are longer than a predefined first length and less than a predefined second length. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein there is overlap between the subsegments. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein maximum values, over a length of a given subsegment, of one of the curvature and the torsion, and the local curvature scale are less than predefined values so that the centerline of the given subsegment is approximately linear. 13. A computer-program product for use in conjunction with a computer system, the computer-pro am product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and a computer-program mechanism embedded therein, to facilitate segmenting a colon for a computed tomography colonography (CTC), the computer-program mechanism including: instructions for accessing imaging data having a spatial resolution; instructions for identifying a colon lumen based on probabilities for different tissue classes in the imaging data; and instructions for segmenting the colon into subsegments based on an articulated object model that fits a tortuosity of the colon along a centerline of the colon, wherein the object model includes values, along the centerline, of one of: a basis set, curvature and torsion, and a local curvature scale; and wherein boundaries between subsegments are based on one of: the curvature and the torsion; and the local curvature scale. 14. The computer-program product of claim 13, wherein the tissue classes include: air, liquid and a boundary between air and liquid. 15. The computer-program product of claim 13, wherein the instructions for identifying the colon lumen include instructions for identifying a contrast liquid residing in the colon lumen and aggregating the contrast liquid into a volume mask using a digital subtraction bowel cleaning technique. 16. The computer-program product of claim 13, wherein the segmenting is performed iteratively. 17. The computer-program product of claim 13, wherein the computer-program mechanism further includes instructions for: receiving navigation information specifying user navigation through the colon; receiving position information specifying a position and an orientation of a head of a user; providing stereoscopic-acuity-scaled images of the subsegments of the colon with a cut plane across the colon at a pre-specified distance from the centerline based on the navigation information and the position information, wherein the pre-specified distance reduces an amount of rotation of a given subsegment needed to display the colon lumen; rotating one or more of the subsegments of the colon to bring into view a clipped area of the colon lumen; and; and receiving a bookmark from the user of a region in the colon that includes a potential polyp. 18. The computer-program product of claim 17, wherein the computer-program mechanism further includes instructions for: providing a two-dimensional image of the colon along a normal direction to the bookmark; and receiving cross-sectional measurements of the potential polyp. 19. The computer-program product of claim 13, wherein a given boundary between a pair of subsegments corresponds to local extremum values, over a length of the colon, of one of: the curvature and the torsion, and the local curvature scale; and wherein the local extremum values include one of: a minimum value of the curvature and a maximum value of the torsion; and local minimum and local maximum values of the local curvature scale. 20. A computer system, comprising; a processor; and memory, wherein the memory stores a program module, and wherein, during operation, the program module is executed by the processor to segment, a colon for a computed tomography colonography (CTC), the program module including: instructions for accessing imaging data having a spatial resolution; instructions for identifying a colon lumen based on probabilities for different tissue classes in the imaging data; and instructions for segmenting the colon into subsegments based on an articulated object model that fits a tortuosity of the colon along a centerline of the colon, wherein the object model includes values, along the centerline, of one of: a basis set, curvature and torsion, and a local curvature scale; and wherein boundaries between subsegments are based on one of: the curvature and the torsion; and the local curvature scale.",
-    "A navigation trace calibrating method and a related optical navigation device are utilized to transform a first trace line generated by the optical navigation device into a second trace line suitable for user operation. The navigation trace calibrating method includes establishing a reference coordinate system, reading and analyzing the first trace line, calculating a first offset of the first trace line relative to the reference coordinate system, defining an offset between the first trace line and the second trace line as calibration weight to acquire a second offset of the second trace line relative to the reference coordinate system, and calculating a value of the calibration weight according to the second offset and a length of the first trace line. 1. A navigation trace calibrating method of transforming a first trace line generated by an optical navigation device into a second trace line suitable for user operation, the navigation trace calibrating method comprising: establishing a reference coordinate system; reading and analyzing the first trace line; calculating a first offset of the first trace line relative to the reference coordinate system; defining an offset between the first trace line and the second trace line as calibration weight to acquire a second offset of the second trace line relative to the reference coordinate system; and calculating a value of the calibration weight according to the second offset and a length of the first trace line. 2. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming the first trace line into the second trace line by the calibration weight; and defining the second trace line as a navigation trace of the optical navigation device. 3. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, wherein the optical navigation device utilizes a navigation chip to generate the first trace line, the navigation trace calibrating method further comprises: rotating the navigation chip according to the calibration weight; and setting a trace line generated by the rotated navigation chip as a navigation trace of the optical navigation device. 4. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, further comprising: utilizing an angle sensor to detect a self-rotary angle of the optical navigation device; and adjusting the calibration weight dynamically according to variation of the self-rotary angle. 5. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 4, wherein a step of adjusting the calibration weight dynamically according to the variation of the self-rotary angle is executed by optionally utilizing a linear trace prediction theory to adjust the calibration wright. 6. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, wherein a step of reading and analyzing the first trace line is executed by establishing a calibration circle on the reference coordinate system, and a radius of the calibration circle is equal to the first trace line. 7. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, wherein a step of calculating the first offset of the first trace line relative to the reference coordinate system is executed by acquiring a projection length of the first trace line upon the reference coordinate system, and then calculating the first offset by the projection length and the length of the first trace line. 8. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, wherein a step of calculating the value of the calibration weight according to the second offset and the length of the first trace line comprises: defining a projection length of the second trace line upon the reference coordinate system by the second offset; and utilizing the foresaid projection lengths, the lengths of the first trace line and the second trace line, and triangle side length formula to calculate the value of the calibration weight. 9. The navigation trace calibrating method of claim 1, wherein difference between the first offset and the calibration weight is equal to the second offset. 10. An optical navigation device with navigation trace calibrating function, capable of transforming a first trace line generated by the optical navigation device into a second trace line suitable for user operation, the optical navigation device comprising: a navigation chip adapted to generate the foresaid trace line; and a control unit electrically connected to the navigation chip and adapted to acquire information of the foresaid trace line, the control unit utilizing the navigation chip to establish a reference coordinate system, analyzing the first trace line and calculating a first offset of the first trace line relative to the reference coordinate system, defining calibration weight between the first trace line and the second trace line to acquire a second offset of the second trace line relative to the reference coordinate system, and calculating a value of the calibration weight according to the second offset and a length of the first trace line. 11. The optical navigation device of claim 10, wherein the control unit is integrated with the navigation chip, or is a control chip independent of the navigation chip, or is an operating processor of a computer system independent of the navigation chip. 12. The optical navigation device of claim 10, wherein the control unit transforms the first trace line into the second trace line by the calibration weight, and the second trace line is defined as a navigation trace of the optical navigation device. 13. The optical navigation device of claim 10, further comprising: a rotary mechanism electrically connected to the control unit and adapted to hold the navigation chip, the control unit utilizing the rotary mechanism to rotate the navigation chip via the calibration weight, and setting a trace line generated by the rotated navigation chip as a navigation trace of the optical navigation device. 14. The optical navigation device of claim 13, further comprising: an angle sensor electrically connected to the control unit, the control unit utilizing the angle sensor to detect a self-rotary angle of the optical navigation device, and dynamically adjusting the calibration weight by the rotary mechanism according to variation of the self-rotary angle. 15. The optical navigation device of claim 14, wherein the control unit utilizes a linear trace prediction theory to adjust the calibration wright optionally. 16. The optical navigation device of claim 10, wherein the control unit analyzes the first trace line to establish a calibration circle on the reference coordinate system, and a radius of the calibration circle is equal to the first trace line. 17. The optical navigation device of claim 10, wherein the control unit acquires a projection length of the first trace line upon the reference coordinate system, and then calculates the first offset by the projection length and the length of the first trace line. 18. The optical navigation device of claim 10, wherein the control unit defines a projection length of the second trace line upon the reference coordinate system by the second offset, and utilizes the foresaid projection lengths, the lengths of the first trace line and the second trace line, and triangle side length formula to calculate the value of the calibration weight. 19. The optical navigation device of claim 10, wherein difference between the first offset and the calibration weight is equal to the second offset.",
-    "Power conservation is provided in a network of globally unsynchronized wireless communication devices that use asynchronous channel hopping. Each wireless communication device defines its own channel hopping schedule. The channel hopping schedules include channel hop intervals when the device's receiver is active for receiving transmissions, and sleep intervals when the receiver is in a low power sleep state. Parameters associated with the sleep intervals are defined by each wireless communication device independently of external constraint. 1. A method of limiting power consumption in a network of globally unsynchronized wireless communication devices that use asynchronous channel hopping over multiple channels, comprising: at each wireless communication device, defining for the wireless communication device a channel hopping schedule for receiving transmissions, wherein the channel hopping schedule includes sleep intervals associated with a low power sleep state, wherein said defining includes defining parameters for the sleep intervals independently of external constraint, and wherein said parameters include rate of occurrence of the sleep intervals, respective durations of the sleep intervals, and respective temporal locations of the sleep intervals; broadcasting from each of the wireless communication devices the associated channel hopping schedule; and receiving at each of the wireless communication devices the channel hopping schedules respectively associated with the other wireless communication devices. 2. The method of claim 1, including determining at a first said wireless communication device, from the channel hopping schedule of a second said wireless communication device, whether the second wireless communication device is currently in a sleep state and, if not, sending a transmission from the first wireless communication device to the second wireless communication device in a current channel hop interval of the second wireless communication device, if so, waiting at the first wireless communication device at least until the current sleep state of the second wireless communication device expires, and thereafter sending a transmission from the first wireless communication device to the second wireless communication device in a selected channel hop interval of the second wireless communication device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein at least some of said channel hopping schedules are alternating schedules that alternate successively between sleep intervals and channel hop intervals. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second wireless communication device has said alternating schedule and said transmission extends beyond said current channel hop interval into an adjacent sleep interval of the alternating schedule while a third wireless communication device is waiting to transmit to the second wireless communication device after expiration of the adjacent sleep interval. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the channel hopping schedule of the first wireless communication device consists entirely of a sleep interval. 6. The method of claim 2, including, during said waiting, commencing a clear channel assessment procedure at the first wireless communication device during the current sleep state of the second wireless communication device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said defining parameters for the sleep intervals is performed based on one of an energy constraint of the wireless communication device, an application layer requirement of the wireless communication device, and a traffic profile known to the wireless communication device. 8. The method of claim 7, including, at one or more of the wireless communication devices, dynamically changing the associated channel hopping schedule, and broadcasting the dynamically changed channel hopping schedule from the wireless communication device. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the asynchronous channel hopping is un-slotted channel hopping. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein some of said channel hopping schedules are alternating schedules that alternate successively between sleep intervals and channel hop intervals, and some of said channel hopping schedules consist entirely of a sleep interval. 11. A wireless communication device configured for limiting power consumption in a network of globally unsynchronized wireless communication devices that use asynchronous channel hopping over multiple channels, comprising: a scheduler configured to define for said wireless communication device a channel hopping schedule for receiving transmissions, wherein the channel hopping schedule includes sleep intervals associated with a low power sleep state, wherein said scheduler is further configured to define parameters for the sleep intervals independently of external constraint, and wherein said parameters include rate of occurrence of the sleep intervals, respective durations of the sleep intervals, and respective temporal locations of the sleep intervals; and a transceiver coupled to said scheduler and configured to broadcast said channel hopping schedule from said wireless communication device, and configured to receive other channel hopping schedules respectively associated with and broadcasted by other wireless communication devices in the network; wherein each of said other channel hopping schedules has been defined by the associated other wireless communication device, wherein each of said other channel hopping schedules includes sleep intervals that are provided for low power operation and have parameters defined by the associated other wireless communication device independently of external constraint, and wherein the parameters defined by each of said other wireless communication devices include rate of occurrence of the associated sleep intervals, respective durations of the associated sleep intervals, and respective temporal locations of the associated sleep intervals. 12. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein said scheduler is configured to determine from one of said other channel hopping schedules whether the associated one of said other wireless communication devices is currently in a sleep state and, if not, direct said transceiver to send a transmission to said one other wireless communication device in a current channel hop interval of said one other wireless communication device, if so, wait at least until the current sleep state of said one other wireless communication device expires, and thereafter direct said transceiver to send a transmission to said one other wireless communication device in a selected channel hop interval of said one other wireless communication device. 13. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein at least some of said other channel hopping schedules are alternating schedules that alternate successively between sleep intervals and channel hop intervals. 14. The wireless communication device of claim 13, wherein said one other wireless communication device has said alternating schedule and said transmission extends beyond said current channel hop interval into an adjacent sleep interval of the alternating schedule while a further one of said other wireless communication devices is waiting to transmit to said one other wireless communication device after expiration of the adjacent sleep interval. 15. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein said channel hopping schedule consists entirely of a sleep interval. 16. The wireless communication device of claim 12, wherein said scheduler is configured to direct said transceiver to commence a clear channel assessment procedure during said current sleep state while waiting for said current sleep state to expire. 17. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein said scheduler is configured to define said parameters for the sleep intervals based on one of an energy constraint of the wireless communication device, an application layer requirement of the wireless communication device, and a traffic profile known to the wireless communication device. 18. The wireless communication device of claim 17, wherein said scheduler is configured to dynamically change said channel hopping schedule, and wherein said transceiver is configured to broadcast the dynamically changed channel hopping schedule from said wireless communication device. 19. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein said scheduler and said transceiver are provided on one or more integrated circuits. 20. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein said channel hopping schedule is an alternating schedule that alternates successively between sleep intervals and channel hop intervals, and wherein said transceiver is configured to receive from one of said other wireless communication devices a transmission that extends beyond a current channel hop interval of the alternating schedule into an adjacent sleep interval while a further one of said other wireless communication devices is waiting to transmit to said wireless communication device after expiration of said adjacent sleep interval. 21. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein said scheduler is cooperable with said transceiver to send a transmission to one of said other wireless communication devices in a channel hop interval of said one other wireless communication device selected a priori by said scheduler from the channel hopping schedule associated with said one other wireless communication device. 22. The method of claim 1, including sending a transmission from a first said wireless communication device to a second said wireless communication device in a channel hop interval of the second wireless communication device selected a priori by the first wireless communication device from the channel hopping schedule associated with the second wireless communication device.",
-    "A buffer memory management method, a memory control circuit unit and a memory storage device are provided. The method includes allocating a first zone and a second zone in the buffer memory for temporarily storing a plurality of logical address-physical address mapping tables and performing a restore operation on the first zone. The method also includes receiving a write command, wherein a logical address-physical address table to which a logical address indicated by the write command belongs has been temporarily stored in the first zone. The method further includes copying the logical address-physical address table into the second zone, and updating the logical address-physical address table in the second zone. 1. A buffer memory management method for a buffer memory of a memory storage device having a rewritable non-volatile memory module, the buffer memory management method comprising: allocating a first zone and a second zone in the buffer memory, wherein the first zone and the second zone respectively has a plurality of continuous buffer units, and at least a portion of the buffer units in the first zone and the second zone are stored with a plurality of logical address-physical address tables; performing a restore operation on the buffer units in the first zone to restore the logical address-physical address mapping tables stored in the first zone to the rewritable non-volatile memory module; receiving a first write command from a host system, wherein the first write command instructs writing first data into a first logical address and a first logical address-physical address mapping table to which the first logical address belongs is temporarily stored in a first buffer unit among the buffer units in the first zone; writing the first data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module, copying the first logical address-physical address mapping table of the first zone to a second buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone; and updating the first logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the second buffer unit in the second zone. 2. The buffer memory management method of claim 1, wherein the step of updating the first logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the second buffer unit in the second zone further comprises: marking the second buffer unit as a dirty status and setting the second zone as an update area, wherein the update area is configured to temporarily store a plurality of updated logical address-physical address mapping tables. 3. The buffer memory management method of claim 2, further comprising: restoring the logical address-physical address mapping tables in all the buffer units in the second zone to the rewritable non-volatile memory module if all the buffer units in the second zone are marked as the dirty status. 4. The buffer memory management method of claim 2, further comprising: selecting a first one of the buffer units in the second zone as the second buffer unit and setting a first pointer to point the second buffer unit according to a precedence of the buffer units in the second zone; and setting the first pointer to point another buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone after the first logical address-physical address mapping table is copied to the second buffer unit in the second zone, wherein the another buffer unit is the buffer unit next to the second buffer unit and not marked as the dirty status. 5. The buffer memory management method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving a second write command from the host system, wherein the second write command instructs writing second data into a second logical address, and a second logical address-physical address mapping table to which the second logical address belongs is temporarily stored into a third buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone; and writing the second data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and updating the second logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the third buffer unit in the second zone. 6. The buffer memory management method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving a third write command from the host system, wherein the third write command instructs writing third data into a third logical address, and a third logical address-physical address mapping table to which the third logical address belongs is not yet loaded into the mapping table zone; loading the third logical address-physical address mapping table from the rewritable non-volatile memory module, and the third logical address-physical address mapping table is temporarily stored into a fourth buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone; and writing the third data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and updating the third logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the fourth buffer unit in the second zone. 7. A memory control circuit unit for controlling a rewritable non-volatile memory module, the memory control circuit unit comprising: a host interface configured to couple to a host system; a memory interface configured to couple to the rewritable non-volatile memory module; a buffer memory coupled to the host interface and the memory interface; and a memory management circuit coupled to the host interface, the memory interface, and the buffer memory, and configured to allocate a first zone and a second zone in the buffer memory, wherein each of the first zone and the second zone has a plurality of continuous buffer units and at least a portion of the buffer units in the first zone and the second zone are stored with a plurality of logical address-physical address tables, wherein the memory management circuit is configured to perform a restore operation on the buffer units in the first zone to restore the logical address-physical address mapping tables stored in the first zone to the rewritable non-volatile memory module, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to receive a first write command from the host system, the first write command instructs writing first data into a first logical address, and a first logical address-physical address mapping table to which the first logical address belongs is temporarily stored in a first buffer unit among the buffer units in the first zone, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to write the first data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and copy the first logical address-physical address mapping table of the first zone to a second buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to update the first logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the second buffer unit in the second zone. 8. The memory control circuit unit of claim 7, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to mark the second buffer unit as a dirty status and set the second zone as an update area, wherein the update area is configured to temporarily store a plurality of updated logical address-physical address mapping tables. 9. The memory control circuit unit of claim 8, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to restore the logical address-physical address mapping tables in all the buffer units in the second zone to the rewritable non-volatile memory module if all the buffer units in the second zone are marked as the dirty status. 10. The memory control circuit unit of claim 8, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to select a first one of the buffer units in the second zone as the second buffer unit and set a first pointer to point the second buffer unit according to a precedence of the buffer units in the second zone, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to set the first pointer to point another buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone after copying the first logical address-physical address mapping table of the first zone to the second buffer unit in the second zone, wherein the another buffer unit is the buffer unit next to the second buffer unit and not marked as the dirty status. 11. The memory control circuit unit of claim 8, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to receive a second write command from the host system, the second write command instructs writing second data into a second logical address, and a second logical address-physical address mapping table to which the second logical address belongs is temporarily stored into a third buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone, wherein the memory management circuit is configured to write the second data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and update the second logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the third buffer unit in the second zone. 12. The memory control circuit unit of claim 8, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to receive a third write command from the host system, the third write command instructs writing third data into a third logical address, and a third logical address-physical address mapping table to which the third logical address belongs is not yet loaded into the mapping table zone, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to load the third logical address-physical address mapping table from the rewritable non-volatile memory module, and the third logical address-physical address mapping table is temporarily stored into a fourth buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone, and wherein the memory management circuit is configured to write the third data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and update the third logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the fourth buffer unit in the second zone. 13. A memory storage device, comprising: a connection interface unit configured to couple to a host system; a rewritable non-volatile memory module; and a memory control circuit unit coupled to the connection interface unit and the rewritable nonvolatile memory module and comprising a buffer memory and configured to allocate a first zone and a second zone in the buffer memory, wherein each of the first zone and the second zone has a plurality of continuous buffer units and at least a portion of the buffer units in the first zone and the second zone are stored with a plurality of logical address-physical address tables, wherein the memory control circuit unit is configured to perform a restore operation on the buffer units in the first zone to restore the logical address-physical address mapping tables stored in the first zone to the rewritable non-volatile memory module, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to receive a first write command from the host system, the first write command instructs writing first data into a first logical address, and a first logical address-physical address mapping table to which the first logical address belongs is temporarily stored in a first buffer unit among the buffer units in the first zone, wherein the memory control circuit unit is configured to write the first data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module, and copy the first logical address-physical address mapping table of the first zone to a second buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to update the first logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the second buffer unit in the second zone. 14. The memory storage device of claim 13, wherein the memory control circuit unit is configured to mark the second buffer unit as a dirty status and set the second zone as an update area, wherein the update area is configured to temporarily store a plurality of updated logical address-physical address mapping tables. 15. The memory storage device of claim 14, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to restore the logical address-physical address mapping tables in all the buffer units in the second zone to the rewritable non-volatile memory module if all the buffer units in the second zone are marked as the dirty status. 16. The memory storage device of claim 14, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to select a first one of the buffer units in the second zone as the second buffer unit and set a first pointer to point the second buffer unit according to a precedence of the buffer units in the second zone, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to set the first pointer to point another buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone after copying the first logical address-physical address mapping table of the first zone to the second buffer unit in the second zone, wherein the another buffer unit is the buffer unit next to the second buffer unit and not marked as the dirty status. 17. The memory storage device of claim 14, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to receive a second write command from the host system, the second write command instructs writing second data into a second logical address, and a second logical address-physical address mapping table to which the second logical address belongs is temporarily stored into a third buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone, wherein the memory control circuit unit is configured to write the second data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and update the second logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the third buffer unit in the second zone. 18. The memory storage device of claim 14, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to receive a third write command from the host system, the third write command instructs writing third data into a third logical address, and a third logical address-physical address mapping table to which the third logical address belongs is not yet loaded into the mapping table zone, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to load the third logical address-physical address mapping table from the rewritable non-volatile memory module, and the third logical address-physical address mapping table is temporarily stored into a fourth buffer unit among the buffer units in the second zone, and wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to write the third data into the rewritable non-volatile memory module and update the third logical address-physical address mapping table temporarily stored in the fourth buffer unit in the second zone.",
-    "A wireless transmission having a header and a payload is sent by transmitting a preamble of the header with a first modulation, wherein the preamble carries a coded modulation indicator. The payload and a remainder of the header are transmitted with a modulation associated with the coded modulation indicator. When the transmission is received, the preamble is demodulated in accordance with the first modulation. The coded modulation indicator is then decoded, and the payload and the remainder of the header are demodulated in accordance with the modulation indicated by the decoded modulation indicator. 1. A method of sending wireless transmissions that each have a header and a payload, comprising: transmitting a preamble of the header with a first modulation, wherein the preamble carries a coded modulation indicator; and transmitting the payload and a remainder of the header with a modulation associated with the coded modulation indicator. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the coded modulation indicator is selected from a plurality of coded modulation indicators respectively associated with a plurality of modulations available for transmission. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said plurality of modulations includes said first modulation and a second modulation that is lower than said first modulation. 4. The method of claim 3, including scheduling said wireless transmissions, to occur respectively in a first set of transmission intervals, and further including scheduling, in a second set of transmission intervals disjoint from said first set, respective further wireless transmissions whose headers and payloads are transmitted with a third modulation that is different from said first and second modulations, wherein each said scheduling is performed in accordance with a modulation schedule for wireless transmission reception, and wherein said third modulation is specified by said modulation schedule. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said third modulation is lower than said second modulation. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said first, second and third modulations are respectively FSK, OFDM and DSSS. 7. The method of claim 1, for use in apparatus compliant with IEEE STD 802.15.4g. 8. A method of receiving wireless transmissions that each have a header and a payload, comprising: demodulating a preamble of the header in accordance with a first modulation; decoding a coded modulation indicator carried in the preamble; and demodulating the payload and a remainder of the header in accordance with a modulation indicated by the decoded modulation indicator. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the coded modulation indicator is selected from a plurality of coded modulation indicators respectively associated with a plurality of modulations available for transmission. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said plurality of modulations includes said first modulation and a second modulation that is lower than said first modulation. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said wireless transmissions are scheduled, in accordance with a modulation schedule for wireless transmission reception, to occur respectively in a first set of transmission intervals, and wherein further wireless transmissions are scheduled in accordance with said modulation schedule to occur respectively in a second set of transmission intervals that is disjoint from the first set, and further including demodulating the headers and payloads of the further wireless transmissions in accordance with a third modulation that is different from said first and second modulations and is specified by said modulation schedule. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said third modulation is lower than said second modulation. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second sets of transmission intervals both occur during a periodic time cycle, and including dynamically updating said modulation schedule by adjusting respective sizes of the first and second sets of transmission intervals inversely relative to one another based on a total number of neighboring active wireless communication devices. 14. An apparatus for sending wireless transmissions that each have a header and a payload, comprising: a header generator configured to generate a header which includes a preamble that carries a coded modulation indicator; and a modulator coupled to said header generator and configured to transmit the preamble with a first modulation and to transmit the payload and a remainder of the header with a modulation associated with the coded modulation indicator. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the coded modulation indicator is selected from a plurality of coded modulation indicators respectively associated with a plurality of modulations available for transmission. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said plurality of modulations includes said first modulation and a second modulation that is lower than said first modulation. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, including a scheduler coupled to said modulator and configured for scheduling said wireless transmissions to occur respectively in a first set of transmission intervals, and further configured for scheduling, in a second set of transmission intervals disjoint from said first set, respective further wireless transmissions whose headers and payloads are transmitted with a third modulation that is different from said first and second modulations, wherein each said scheduling is performed in accordance with a modulation schedule for wireless transmission reception, and wherein said third modulation is specified by said modulation schedule. 18. An apparatus for receiving wireless transmissions that each have a header and a payload, comprising: a demodulator configured for demodulating a preamble of the header in accordance with a first modulation; and a decoder coupled to said demodulator and configured for decoding a coded modulation indicator carried in the preamble; wherein said demodulator is further configured for demodulating the payload and a remainder of the header in accordance with a modulation indicated by the decoded modulation indicator. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the coded modulation indicator is selected from a plurality of coded modulation indicators respectively associated with a plurality of modulations available for transmission. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said plurality of modulations includes said first modulation and a second modulation that is lower than said first modulation. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said wireless transmissions are scheduled, in accordance with a modulation schedule for wireless transmission reception, to occur respectively in a first set of transmission intervals, and wherein further wireless transmissions are scheduled in accordance with said modulation schedule to occur respectively in a second set of transmission intervals that is disjoint from the first set, and further including a scheduler coupled to said demodulator for implementing said modulation schedule, said scheduler configured for directing said demodulator to demodulate the headers and payloads of the further wireless transmissions in accordance with a third modulation that is different from said first and second modulations and is specified by said modulation schedule. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first and second sets of transmission intervals both occur during a periodic time cycle, and wherein said scheduler is configured to dynamically update said modulation schedule by adjusting respective sizes of the first and second sets of transmission intervals inversely relative to one another based on a total number of neighboring active wireless communication devices. 23. The apparatus of claim 18, provided as an apparatus compliant with IEEE STD 802.15.4g.",
-    "A method and a user terminal for capturing a video frame are provided. The method includes: receiving a first user operation for capturing a video frame in a video content displayed on the user terminal; generating a first request according to the first user operation, wherein the first request comprises a time stamp and is configured to request an image or a video corresponding to the time stamp from a photographic device generating the video content; sending the first request to the photographic device; and obtaining the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device, wherein a resolution of the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp is higher than a resolution of the video content displayed on the user terminal. 1. A method for capturing a video frame in a user terminal, comprising: receiving a first user operation for capturing a video frame in a video content displayed on the user terminal; generating a first request according to the first user operation, wherein the first request comprises a time stamp and is configured to request an image or a video corresponding to the time stamp from a photographic device generating the video content; sending the first request to the photographic device; and obtaining the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device, wherein a resolution of the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp is higher than a resolution of the video content displayed on the user terminal. 2. The method according to claim 1, before receiving the first user operation, further comprising: establishing a communication connection with the photographic device; selecting a resolution for a video content to be displayed, wherein the selected resolution is lower than a resolution of a source video content photographed by the photographic device; generating a second request, wherein the second request comprises the selected resolution and is configured to request the video content corresponding to the selected resolution from the photographic device; sending the second request to the photographic device; obtaining the video content corresponding to the selected resolution from the photographic device; and displaying the video content. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the resolution for the video content to be displayed is selected based on a second user operation or a communication mode of the user terminal. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device comprises: sending an address to the photographic device, such that the photographic device uploads the image or the video to the address; receiving, from the photographic device, a message indicating that the image or the video is successfully uploaded; and obtaining the image or the video from the address. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device comprises: receiving, from the photographic device, a message indicating that the image or the video is successfully uploaded and an address indicating a position of the image or the video uploaded by the photographic device; and obtaining the image or the video from the address. 6. A user terminal, comprising: a processor; a memory for storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein the processor is configured to: receive a first user operation for capturing a video frame in a video content displayed on the user terminal; generate a first request according to the first user operation, wherein the first request comprises a time stamp and is configured to request an image or a video corresponding to the time stamp from a photographic device generating the video content; send the first request to the photographic device; and obtain the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device, wherein a resolution of the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp is higher than a resolution of the video content displayed on the user terminal. 7. The user terminal according to claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to: establish a communication connection with the photographic device; select a resolution for a video content to be displayed, wherein the selected resolution is lower than a resolution of a source video content photographed by the photographic device; generate a second request, wherein the second request comprises the selected resolution and is configured to request the video content corresponding to the selected resolution from the photographic device; send the second request to the photographic device; obtain the video content corresponding to the selected resolution from the photographic device; and display the video content. 8. The user terminal according to claim 7, wherein the resolution for the video content to be displayed is selected based on a second user operation or a communication mode of the user terminal. 9. The user terminal according to claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to obtain the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device by steps of: sending an address to the photographic device, such that the photographic device uploads the image or the video to the address; receiving, from the photographic device, a message indicating that the image or the video content is successfully uploaded; and obtaining the image or the video from the address. 10. The user terminal according to claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to obtain the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device by steps of: receiving, from the photographic device, a message indicating that the image or the video is successfully uploaded and an address indicating a position of the image or the video uploaded by the photographic device; and obtaining the image or the video from the address. 11. A photographic device, comprising: a processor; a memory for storing instructions executable by the processor; wherein the processor is configured to: receive a first request from a user terminal displaying a video content, wherein the first request comprises a time stamp and is configured to request an image or a video corresponding to the time stamp from the photographic device generating the video content; extract the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp; and provide the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp to the user terminal, wherein a resolution of the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp is higher than a resolution of the video content displayed on the user terminal. 12. The photographic device according to claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to: establish a communication connection with the user terminal; receive a second request from the user terminal, wherein the second request comprises a resolution selected by the user terminal and is configured to request the video content corresponding to the selected resolution from the photographic device, and the selected resolution is lower than a resolution of a source video content photographed by the photographic device; and provide the video content corresponding to the selected resolution to the user terminal. 13. The photographic device according to claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to provide the video content corresponding to the selected resolution to the user terminal by steps of: converting the resolution of the source video content photographed by the photographic device so as to conform to the selected resolution; and providing the video content corresponding to the selected resolution to the user terminal. 14. The photographic device according to claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to provide the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp to the user terminal by steps of: receiving an address from the user terminal; uploading the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp to the address; and sending a message indicating that the image or the video is successfully uploaded to the user terminal. 15. The photographic device according to claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to provide the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp to the user terminal by steps of: uploading the image or the video corresponding to the time stamp to an address indicating a position of the image or the video uploaded by the photographic device; and sending a message indicating that the image or the video is successfully uploaded and the address to the user terminal.",
-    "A constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus used in a voltage converter includes a comparator, a logic circuit, and a controller. The comparator is configured for generating a logic control signal to a logic circuit according to two resultant signals of the controller. The logic circuit is configured for generating a pulse control signal with an on-time pulse width to charge an output capacitor of an output stage circuit of the voltage converter according to the logic control signal. The controller is configured for generating the two resultant signals to the comparator by detecting an inductor current signal from an inductor of the output stage circuit, generating a voltage ramp signal, amplifying and generating an output voltage ripple signal based on a reference voltage. 1. A constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus used in a voltage converter, comprising: a comparator configured for generating a logic control signal to a logic circuit according to two resultant signals of a controller; the logic circuit, coupled to the comparator, configured for generating a pulse control signal with an on-time pulse width to charge an output capacitor of an output stage circuit of the voltage converter according to the logic control signal; and the controller, coupled to the comparator and the logic circuit, configured for generating the two resultant signals to the comparator by detecting an inductor current signal from an inductor of the output stage circuit, generating a voltage ramp signal, amplifying and generating an output voltage ripple signal based on a reference voltage. 2. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises: an error amplifier, having a positive input for receiving the reference voltage and a negative input for receiving an output voltage signal of the voltage converter, to generate the output voltage ripple signal; a high gain compensator, coupled to the negative input and an output of the error amplifier, for compensating the output voltage ripple signal with a high gain. 3. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 2, wherein the high gain compensator comprises: a first resistor connected with a first capacitor in series, the resistor and the first capacitor being connected between the negative input and the output of the error amplifier; a second capacitor, connected with the resistor and the first capacitor in parallel; and a third resistor, having one end coupled to the output voltage signal and having another end coupled to the first resistor and the negative input of the error amplifier. 4. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises: an error amplifier, having a positive input for receiving the reference voltage and a negative input for receiving an output voltage signal of the voltage converter, to generate the output voltage ripple signal; a high gain compensator, coupled to an output of the error amplifier and a ground level, for compensating the output voltage ripple signal with a high gain. 5. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 4, wherein the high gain compensator comprises: a resistor connected with a first capacitor in series, the resistor and the first capacitor being connected between the output of the error amplifier and the ground level; and a second capacitor, connected with the resistor and the first capacitor in parallel. 6. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises: a current sense circuit, configured for detecting the inductor current signal from the inductor of the output stage circuit; and a voltage ramp generator, coupled to the current sense circuit, configured for generating the voltage ramp signal; wherein the controller is arranged for generating an emulated current ramp signal as one of the resultant signals provided for the comparator by summing up the voltage ramp signal and a direct-current level of the detected inductor current signal; and, the controller is arranged for amplifying and generating an output voltage ripple signal as another of the resultant signals provided for the comparator based on the reference voltage. 7. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises: a current sense circuit, configured for detecting the inductor current signal from the inductor of the output stage circuit; and a voltage ramp generator, coupled to the current sense circuit, configured for generating the voltage ramp signal as one of the resultant signals provided for the comparator; wherein the controller is arranged for generating another of the resultant signals provided for the comparator by subtracting a direct-current level of the detected inductor current signal from the amplified output voltage ripple signal. 8. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises a voltage ramp generator, and the voltage ramp generator comprises: a voltage source, configured for providing a direct-current voltage level; a current source, configured for providing a current; a capacitor, connected between the voltage source and the current source in series; a switch, connected with the capacitor in parallel; wherein an output of the voltage ramp generator is disposed between the current source and the capacitor; the controller controls the switch to be short during the on-time pulse width to provide the direct-current voltage level as the voltage ramp signal, and controls the switch to be open during an off-time pulse width to provide a slowly discharged voltage level as the voltage ramp signal. 9. The constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises a current sense circuit, and the current sense circuit comprises: a current sense amplifier, configured for sensing and amplifying the inductor current signal; and a sample/hold unit, coupled to the current sense amplifier, configured for sampling and holding a direct-current level of the inductor current signal. 10. A constant on-time pulse width control-based method used in a voltage converter, comprising: using a comparator to generate a logic control signal according to two resultant signals of a controller; generating a pulse control signal with an on-time pulse width to charge an output capacitor of the voltage converter according to the logic control signal; and using the controller to generate the two resultant signals to the comparator by detecting an inductor current signal from an inductor of the output stage circuit, generating a voltage ramp signal, amplifying and generating an output voltage ripple signal based on a reference voltage.",
-    "An antenna device includes a radiation part and a circuit board. The radiation part includes first to third sidewalls, an extension part and a protrusion part. The second and third sidewalls are connected to the first sidewall and opposite to each other. The extension part extends toward the third sidewall from the second sidewall. The protrusion part extends toward the first sidewall from the extension part. The circuit board includes a ground layer, a feed point, a clearance area, first metal and second metal sheets. The feed point is electrically connected to the radiation part. The clearance area is in a containing space formed by the first to third sidewalls. The first metal sheet is in the clearance area and extends from the ground layer. The second metal sheet is in the clearance area, connected to the first metal sheet and the protrusion part, and parallel to the extension part. 1. An antenna device, comprising: a radiation part, comprising: a first sidewall; a second sidewall, connected to a first end of the first sidewall; a third sidewall, connected to a second end of the first sidewall, wherein the third sidewall is opposite to the second sidewall, and a containing space is formed by the first sidewall, the second sidewall and the third sidewall; a first extension part, extending toward the third sidewall from the second sidewall; and a first protrusion part, extending toward the first sidewall from the first extension part; and a circuit board, disposed parallel to the first sidewall, the circuit board comprising: a ground layer; a feed point, electrically connected to the radiation part; a clearance area, disposed in the containing space; a first metal sheet, disposed in the clearance area and extending from the ground layer; and a second metal sheet, disposed in the clearance area, wherein the second metal sheet is connected to the first metal sheet, parallel to the first extension part and connected to the first protrusion part. 2. The antenna device according to claim 1, further comprising a metal connector, wherein the first protrusion part is connected to the second metal sheet through the metal connector. 3. The antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the second metal sheet extends toward the third sidewall from the first metal sheet and is connected to the first protrusion part at an end thereof. 4. The antenna device according to claim 3, wherein a first current path is formed by the feed point, the first sidewall, the second sidewall, the first extension part, the first protrusion part, the second metal sheet and the first metal sheet in sequence, and a length ratio of the first current path to the second metal sheet is ranged from 4.5 to 5. 5. The antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the second metal sheet extends toward the second sidewall from the first metal sheet and is connected to the first protrusion part at an end thereof. 6. The antenna device according to claim 5, wherein a second current path is formed by the feed point, the first sidewall, the second sidewall, the first extension part, the first protrusion part, the second metal sheet and the first metal sheet in sequence, and a length ratio of the second current path to the second metal sheet is ranged from 4.5 to 5. 7. The antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the radiation part further comprises a second extension part extending toward the second sidewall from the third sidewall. 8. The antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the radiation part further comprises a second protrusion part extending toward the first sidewall from the first extension part and is connected to the first metal sheet. 9. The antenna device according to claim 1, wherein the circuit board further comprises a tunable matching circuit electrically connected to the radiation part via the feed point. 10. A communication device, comprising: a radiation part, comprising: a first sidewall; a second sidewall, perpendicularly connected to the first sidewall; a third sidewall, perpendicularly connected the first sidewall, wherein the third sidewall is opposite to the second sidewall, and a containing space is formed by the first sidewall, the second sidewall and the third sidewall; a first extension part, extending toward the third sidewall from the second sidewall; and a first protrusion part, extending toward the first sidewall from the first extension part; a circuit board, disposed parallel to the first sidewall, the circuit board comprising: a ground layer; a feed point, electrically connected to the radiation part; a clearance area, disposed in the containing space; a first metal sheet, disposed in the clearance area and extending from the ground layer; and a second metal sheet, disposed in the clearance area, wherein the second metal sheet is connected to the first metal sheet, parallel to the first extension part and connected to the first protrusion part; and an earpiece, wherein the radiation part is disposed on a side of the communication device adjacent to the earpiece. 11. The communication device according to claim 10, further comprising a metal connector, wherein the first protrusion part is connected to the second metal sheet through the metal connector. 12. The communication device according to claim 10, wherein the second metal sheet extends toward the third sidewall from the first metal sheet and is connected to the first protrusion part at an end thereof. 13. The communication device according to claim 12, wherein a first current path is formed by the feed point, the first sidewall, the second sidewall, the first extension part, the first protrusion part, the second metal sheet and the first metal sheet in sequence, and a length ratio of the first current path to the second metal sheet is ranged from 4.5 to 5. 14. The communication device according to claim 10, wherein the second metal sheet extends toward the second sidewall from the first metal sheet and is connected to the first protrusion part at an end thereof. 15. The communication device according to claim 14, wherein a second current path is formed by the feed point, the first sidewall, the second sidewall, the first extension part, the first protrusion part, the second metal sheet and the first metal sheet in sequence, and a length ratio of the second current path to the second metal sheet is ranged from 4.5 to 5. 16. The communication device according to claim 10, wherein the radiation part further comprises a second extension part extending toward the second sidewall from the third sidewall. 17. The communication device according to claim 10, wherein the radiation part further comprises a second protrusion part extending toward the first sidewall from the first extension part and is connected to the first metal sheet. 18. The communication device according to claim 10, wherein the circuit board further comprises a tunable matching circuit electrically connected to the radiation part via the feed point. 19. The communication device according to claim 10, further comprising a display device, wherein the first sidewall of the radiation part and the display device are disposed on two opposite sides of the circuit board, a projection of the first sidewall on the circuit board and a projection of the display device on the circuit board do not overlap. 20. The communication device according to claim 10, further comprising a metal back cover, wherein the first sidewall of the radiation part and the metal back cover are both disposed on a side of the circuit board, the metal back cover and the first sidewall are spaced apart for a distance of about 1.5 mm-2 mm.",
-    "Disclosed are a method, system and/or device of continuous barcode tape based inventory location tracking. In one aspect, a method includes analyzing a layout diagram of a distribution center. The method further includes determining that the layout diagram includes a shelf. A number of segments associated with the shelf based on a forecasted allocation of an inventory on the shelf are calculated. A bar code tape having a globally unique identifier (GUID) associated with each segment of the number of shelves is automatically generated using a processor and a memory of a central inventory tracking system. 1. A method comprising: analyzing a layout diagram of a distribution center; determining that the layout diagram includes a shelf; calculating a number of segments associated with the shelf based on a forecasted allocation of an inventory on the shelf; and automatically generating a bar code tape having a globally unique identifier (GUID) associated with each segment of the number of shelves using a processor and a memory of a central inventory tracking system, wherein the bar code tape is a continuous bar code tape where a reader device to read any GUID along with a length of the shelf of the distribution center, wherein the bar code tape is comprised of a series of discrete bar codes placed adjacent to each other, wherein the bar code tape includes a series of infrared dots of a fixed size and placed at a varying distance apart from each other to facilitate faster reads of a barcode through a mobile device, wherein the mobile device is able to more quickly focus and read data of the bar code tape by first identifying the infrared dots of the bar code tape when identifying a location of an item of the inventory, wherein each GUID is unique to each of the number of segments, wherein each GUID is 48 bits in the length, and wherein every barcode of the series of discrete bar codes has a preamble to make it recognizable to the central inventory tracking system. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: determining that the item of the inventory is scanned associated with the GUID during a fulfillment process associated with an ecommerce order using the processor and the memory of the central inventory tracking system; and automatically debiting a financial account of the distribution center when the bar code tape is utilized during the fulfillment process associated with the ecommerce order using the central inventory tracking system. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising uniquely identifying the location of the item in the distribution center whenever any GUID associated with the bar code tape is scanned. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: determining a set of rows associated with the shelf; and automatically generating additional bar code tapes and additional GUIDs associated with each segment of the rows for each one of the set of rows associated with the shelf based on the number of segments determined to be optimal for each row of the set of rows associated with the shelf. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising: calculating the number of segments associated with the shelf based on at least one of a size, a position, an availability, a demand, and a supply of the item to be placed on the shelf. 6. The method of claim 1: wherein the central inventory tracking system is combined with at least one of a LED lights system, a lightless cart system, and a smartphone to manage the inventory with low complexity in real time operations with a set of items having heterogeneous sizes. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: generating a map of where the bar code tape is to be placed on the shelf; automatically printing the bar code tape based on a calculation of the number of segments associated with the shelf; and shipping the map and the bar code tape to the distribution center for placement. 8. The method of claim 1: wherein the central inventory tracking system to automatically validate that a particular item is placed in the location consistent with a plan of the distribution center when a particular GUID associated with the particular item is scanned during an inventory replenishment process. 9. A method comprising: determining that a layout diagram of a distribution center includes a shelf; calculating a number of segments associated with the shelf based on a forecasted allocation of an inventory on the shelf; automatically generating a bar code tape having a globally unique identifier (GUID) associated with each segment of the number of shelves using a processor and a memory of a central inventory tracking system; and validating that a particular item is placed in a location consistent with a plan of the distribution center when a particular GUID associated with the particular item is scanned during an inventory replenishment process, wherein the bar code tape is a continuous bar code tape where a reader device to read any GUID along with a length of the shelf of the distribution center, wherein the bar code tape is comprised of a series of discrete bar codes placed adjacent to each other, wherein the bar code tape includes a series of infrared dots of a fixed size and placed at a varying distance apart from each other to facilitate faster reads of a bar code through a mobile device, wherein the mobile device is able to more quickly focus and read data of the bar code tape by first identifying the infrared dots of the bar code tape when identifying the location of an item of the inventory, wherein each GUID is unique to each of the number of segments, wherein each GUID is 48 bits in the length, and wherein every barcode of the series of discrete bar codes has a preamble to make it recognizable to the central inventory tracking system. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: determining that the item of the inventory is scanned associated with the GUID during a fulfillment process associated with an ecommerce order using the processor and the memory of the central inventory tracking system; and automatically debiting a financial account of the distribution center when the bar code tape is utilized during the fulfillment process associated with the ecommerce order using the central inventory tracking system. 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising: determining a set of rows associated with the shelf; and automatically generating additional bar code tapes and additional GUIDs associated with each segment of the rows for each one of the set of rows associated with the shelf based on the number of segments determined to be optimal for each row of the set of rows associated with the shelf. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: calculating the number of segments associated with the shelf based on at least one of a size, a position, an availability, a demand, and a supply of the item of the inventory to be placed on the shelf. 13. The method of claim 9: wherein the central inventory tracking system is combined with at least one of a LED lights system, a lightless cart system, and a smartphone to manage the inventory with low complexity in real time operations with a set of items having heterogeneous sizes. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising: generating a map of where the bar code tape is to be placed on the shelf; automatically printing the bar code tape based on a calculation of the number of segments associated with the shelf; and shipping the map and the bar code tape to the distribution center for placement. 15. A method of a central inventory tracking system comprising: calculating a number of segments associated with a shelf based on a forecasted allocation of an inventory on the shelf; automatically generating a bar code tape having a globally unique identifier (GUID) associated with each segment of a number of shelves using a processor and a memory of the central inventory tracking system; generating a map of where the bar code tape is to be placed on the shelf; automatically printing the bar code tape based on a calculation of the number of segments associated with the shelf; and shipping the map and the bar code tape to a distribution center for placement, wherein the bar code tape is a continuous bar code tape where a reader device to read any GUID along with a length of the shelf of the distribution center, wherein the bar code tape is comprised of a series of discrete bar codes placed adjacent to each other, wherein the bar code tape includes a series of infrared dots of a fixed size and placed at a varying distance apart from each other to facilitate faster reads of a bar code through a mobile device, wherein the mobile device is able to more quickly focus and read data of the bar code tape by first identifying the infrared dots of the bar code tape when identifying the location of an item of the inventory, wherein each GUID is unique to each of the number of segments, wherein each GUID is 48 bits in the length, and wherein every barcode of the series of discrete bar codes has a preamble to make it recognizable to the central inventory tracking system. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising: determining that the item of the inventory is scanned associated with the GUID during a fulfillment process associated with an ecommerce order using the processor and the memory of the central inventory tracking system; and automatically debiting a financial account of the distribution center when the bar code tape is utilized during the fulfillment process associated with the ecommerce order using the central inventory tracking system. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising uniquely identifying the location of the item in the distribution center whenever any GUID associated with the bar code tape is scanned. 18. The method of claim 1 further comprising: determining a set of rows associated with the shelf; and automatically generating additional bar code tapes and additional GUIDs associated with each segment of the rows for each one of the set of rows associated with the shelf based on the number of segments determined to be optimal for each row of the set of rows associated with the shelf. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising: calculating the number of segments associated with the shelf based on at least one of a size, a position, an availability, a demand, and a supply of the item of the inventory to be placed on the shelf. 20. The method of claim 15: wherein the central inventory tracking system to automatically validate that a particular item is placed in the location consistent with a plan of the distribution center when a particular GUID associated with the particular item is scanned during an inventory replenishment process.",
-    "This invention relates to a rotary flame heater, comprising a burner, a first wind wheel, a second wind wheel and a glass tube set in sequence from bottom to top; one side of the burner is set with an ignition device, the first wind wheel and second wind wheel are annular, a plurality of first air inlet passages are aslant set on a side wall of the first wind wheel, a plurality of second air inlet passages are aslant set a side wall of the second wind wheel, the inclined direction of the plurality of first air inlet passages is the same with that of the second air inlet passages. The advantage of this invention is to make full use of the combustion space, increase the contacting area with the glass tube and increase the calorific value when burns the same gas, which achieves a better heating effect. 1. A rotary flame heater, comprising a burner, a first wind wheel, a second wind wheel and a glass tube which are set in sequence from bottom to top; wherein one side of the burner is set with an ignition device, both of the first wind wheel and the second wind wheel are annular, a plurality of first air inlet passages are aslant set on a side wall of the first wind wheel, a plurality of second air inlet passages are aslant set on a side wall of the second wind wheel, an inclined direction of the plurality of first air inlet passages is the same with an inclined direction of second air inlet passages. 2. The rotary flame heater of claim 1, wherein a height of the ignition device is the same with a height of the plurality of the first air inlet passages, an inner diameter of the first wind wheel is less than the size of the burner, a bottom of the first wind wheel is fit with a top surface of the burner. 3. The rotary flame heater of claim wherein a side wall of the burner is set with an air inlet pipe connected to the burner, the air inlet pipe is set with an air inlet hole. 4. The rotary flame heater of claim 3, wherein a size of the air inlet hole is 8 mm*20 mm. 5. The rotary flame heater of claim 1, wherein the first wind wheel comprises an upper dead plate, a lower dead plate and a plurality of first blades set between the upper dead plate and the lower dead plate, an interval between each two adjacent first blades forms a first air inlet passage; wherein the second wind wheel comprises an upper mounting plate, a lower mounting plate, and a plurality of second blades set between the upper mounting plate and the lower mounting plate, an interval between each two adjacent second blades forms a second air inlet passage. 6. The rotary flame heater of claim 5, wherein the plurality of first blades and the plurality of second blades are both arc-shaped. 7. The rotary flame heater of claim 5, wherein an outward of the upper dead plate is set with a first annular baffle extending to the plurality of first air inlet passages; an outward of the upper mounting plate is set with a second annular baffle extending to the plurality of second air inlet passages. 8. The rotary flame heater of claim 5, wherein a top surface of the upper mounting plate is set with an annular limiting plate projecting from the top surface an outer diameter of the annular limiting plate matches with an inner diameter of the glass tube, an external of the glass tube is set with a protection net. 9. The rotary flame heater of claim 1, further comprising a mounting cap; wherein the mounting cap is set with a through-hole in the center, the burner and the first wind wheel are mounted within the mounting cap, the second wind wheel is mounted on an upper end of the mounting cap, the first wind wheel, the second wind wheel and the through-hole are set co-axially, the mounting cap as set with a plurality of vents connected with external, a bottom of the mounting cap is set with a mounting cavity for mounting a gas source. 10. The rotary flame heater of claim 6, wherein an outward of the upper dead plate is set with a first annular baffle extending to the plurality of first air inlet passages; an outward of the upper mounting plate is set with a second annular baffle extending to the plurality of second air inlet passages.",
-    "A video decoder has a first processing circuit and a second processing circuit. A shared storage device is accessible to the first processing circuit and the second processing circuit. The first processing circuit performs a first decoding operation according to data access of the shared storage device. The second processing circuit performs a second decoding operation according to data access of the shared storage device. The first decoding operation is at least a portion of a first decoding function complying with a first video coding standard, and the second decoding operation is at least a portion of a second decoding function complying with a second video coding standard different from the first video coding standard. 1. A video decoder comprising: a first processing circuit, arranged to perform a first decoding operation according to data access of a shared storage device; and a second processing circuit, arranged to perform a second decoding operation according to data access of the shared storage device; wherein the first decoding operation is at least a portion of a first decoding function complying with a first video coding standard, and the second decoding operation is at least a portion of a second decoding function complying with a second video coding standard different from the first video coding standard. 2. The video decoder of claim 1, wherein the first decoding function and the second decoding function are a same decoding function. 3. The video decoder of claim 2, wherein the same decoding function is a spatial-remapping function. 4. The video decoder of claim 2, wherein the same decoding function is a band-remapping function. 5. The video decoder of claim 1, further comprising: a shared processing circuit, arranged to process a first data to be stored into the shared storage device and further arranged to process a second data to be stored into the shared storage device; wherein at least a portion of the first data stored in the shared storage device is accessed by the first processing circuit, and at least a portion of the second data stored in the shared storage device is accessed by the second processing circuit. 6. The video decoder of claim 1, further comprising: a shared processing circuit, arranged to process a first data retrieved from the shared storage device by the first processing circuit, and further arranged to process a second data retrieved from the shared storage device by the second processing circuit. 7. A video encoder comprising: a first processing circuit, arranged to perform a first encoding operation according to data access of a shared storage device; and a second processing circuit, arranged to perform a second encoding operation according to data access of the shared storage device; wherein the first encoding operation is at least a portion of a first encoding function complying with a first video coding standard, and the second encoding operation is at least a portion of a second encoding function complying with a second video coding standard different from the first video coding standard. 8. The video encoder of claim 7, wherein the first encoding function and the second encoding function are a same encoding function. 9. The video encoder of claim 8, wherein the same encoding function is a spatial-remapping function. 10. The video encoder of claim 8, wherein the same encoding function is a band-remapping function. 11. The video encoder of claim 7, further comprising: a shared processing circuit, arranged to process a first data to be stored into the shared storage device and further arranged to process a second data to be stored into the shared storage device, where at least a portion of the first data stored in the shared storage device is accessed by the first processing circuit, and at least a portion of the second data stored in the shared storage device is accessed by the second processing circuit. 12. The video encoder of claim 7, further comprising: a shared processing circuit, arranged to process a first data retrieved from the shared storage device by the first processing circuit, and further arranged to process a second data retrieved from the shared storage device by the second processing circuit. 13. A shared storage device comprising: at least one storage area, shared by a first operation complying with a first video coding standard and a second operation complying with a second video coding standard different from the first video coding standard; wherein the at least one storage area is accessed by the first operation according to storage addresses configured for the first operation, and is further accessed by the second operation according to storage addresses configured for the second operation. 14. The shared storage device of claim 13, wherein a first storage region in the shared storage device is configured to store data accessed by the first operation, and at least a portion of the first storage region comprises the at least one storage area that is re-configured to act as a second storage region to store data accessed by the second operation. 15. The shared storage device of claim 14, wherein: the first operation is arranged to process a plurality of first pixel data sets, and the first storage region is configured into a plurality of first storage areas arranged to store data accessed by the first operation performed for the first pixel data sets concurrently and respectively; and the second operation is arranged to process a plurality of second pixel data sets, and the second storage region is configured into a plurality of second storage areas arranged to store data accessed by the second operation performed for the second pixel data sets concurrently and respectively. 16. The shared storage device of claim 13, wherein the shared storage device comprises: a plurality of separate storage elements, comprising a first storage element and a second storage element; wherein the at least one storage area is included in at least the second storage element, data accessed by the first operation is stored in at least the first storage element and the second storage element, and data accessed by the second operation is stored in the second storage element but not the first storage element. 17. The shared storage device of claim 16, wherein: the first operation is arranged to process a plurality of first pixel data sets, the first storage element is configured into a plurality of first storage areas, the second storage element is configured into a plurality of second storage areas, one of the first storage areas and one of the second storage areas form one storage region, and the first storage areas and the second storage areas forma plurality of storage regions arranged to store data accessed by the first operation performed for the first pixel data sets concurrently and respectively; and the second operation is arranged to process a plurality of second pixel data sets, and the second storage areas of the second storage element are arranged to store data accessed by the second operation performed for the second pixel data sets concurrently and respectively. 18. The shared storage device of claim 16, wherein a first storage region in the second storage element is configured to store a portion of the data accessed by the first operation, and at least a portion of the first storage region is re-configured to act as a second storage region to store the data accessed by the second operation. 19. The shared storage device of claim 18, wherein the first operation is arranged to process a plurality of first pixel data sets, and the first storage element is configured into a plurality of storage areas arranged to store data accessed by the first operation performed for the first pixel data sets concurrently and respectively. 20. The shared storage device of claim 16, wherein a first storage region in the second storage element is configured to store a portion of the data accessed by the first operation, a second storage region in the second storage element is configured to store the data accessed by the second operation, and the data accessed by the first operation and the data accessed by the second operation co-exist in the shared storage device. 21. The shared storage device of claim 20, wherein the first operation is arranged to process a plurality of first pixel data sets, and the first storage element is configured into a plurality of storage areas arranged to store data accessed by the first operation performed for the first pixel data sets concurrently and respectively. 22. The shared storage device of claim 13, wherein the shared storage device comprises only a single storage element, the at least one storage area is included in the single storage element, a first storage region in the single storage element is configured to store data accessed by the first operation, a second storage region in the single storage element is configured to store data accessed by the second operation, and the data accessed by the first operation and the data accessed by the second operation co-exist in the single storage element. 23. The shared storage device of claim 22, wherein: the first operation is arranged to process a plurality of first pixel data sets, and the first storage region is configured into a plurality of first storage areas arranged to store data accessed by the first operation performed for the first pixel data sets concurrently and respectively; and the second operation is arranged to process a plurality of second pixel data sets, and the second storage region is configured into a plurality of second storage areas arranged to store data accessed by the second operation performed for the second pixel data sets concurrently and respectively. 24. The shared storage device of claim 13, wherein the first operation is at least a portion of a spatial-remapping function complying with the first video coding standard, and the second operation is at least a portion of a spatial-remapping function complying with the second video coding standard. 25. The shared storage device of claim 13, wherein the first operation is at least a portion of a band-remapping function complying with the first video coding standard, and the second operation is at least a portion of a band-remapping function complying with the second video coding standard.",
-    "A method includes automatically charging a capacitor coupled to a battery configured to power a memory through a charge switch that is closed whenever a voltage of the battery exceeds a recovery trip voltage or exceeds a shutdown trip voltage but is less than the recovery trip voltage and opened whenever the voltage of the battery drops below the shutdown trip voltage such that a minimum voltage of the shutdown trip voltage is maintained on the battery, thereby enabling the memory to retain information therein. The method also includes rendering a stored energy of the capacitor available to all circuitry coupled to the battery following the charging thereof through coupling the capacitor in parallel with the battery based on closure of a discharge switch following the charging of the capacitor. 1. A method comprising: automatically charging a capacitor coupled to a battery configured to power a memory through a charge switch that is closed whenever a voltage of the battery one of: exceeds a recovery trip voltage and exceeds a shutdown trip voltage but is less than the recovery trip voltage and opened whenever the voltage of the battery drops below the shutdown trip voltage such that a minimum voltage of the shutdown trip voltage is maintained on the battery, thereby enabling the memory to retain information therein; and rendering a stored energy of the capacitor available to all circuitry coupled to the battery following the charging thereof through coupling the capacitor in parallel with the battery based on closure of a discharge switch following the charging of the capacitor. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising opening and closing the charge switch and the discharge switch through a switch logic configured to have outputs of a high comparator and a low comparator as inputs thereto, the high comparator being configured to perform a comparison of the voltage of the battery and the recovery trip voltage, and the low comparator being configured to perform a comparison of the voltage of the battery and the shutdown trip voltage. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising charging the capacitor through a charging resistor coupled in series between the charge switch and the capacitor. 4. A system comprising: a battery configured to power a memory; a capacitor coupled to the battery through a charge switch and a discharge switch; and a switch logic: to enable automatic charging of the capacitor through closing the charge switch whenever a voltage of the battery one of: exceeds a recovery trip voltage and exceeds a shutdown trip voltage but is less than the recovery trip voltage and opening the charge switch whenever the voltage of the battery drops below the shutdown trip voltage such that a minimum voltage of the shutdown trip voltage is maintained on the battery, thereby enabling the memory to retain information therein, and to render a stored energy of the capacitor available to all circuitry coupled to the battery following the charging thereof through coupling the capacitor in parallel with the battery based on closure of the discharge switch following the charging of the capacitor. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising: a high comparator and a low comparator configured to have outputs thereof as inputs to the switch logic, the high comparator being configured to perform a comparison of the voltage of the battery and the recovery trip voltage, and the low comparator being configured to perform a comparison of the voltage of the battery and the shutdown trip voltage. 6. The system of claim 4, further comprising a charging resistor coupled in series between the charge switch and the capacitor to charge the capacitor.",
-    "A method includes configuring a battery and a voltage regulator configured to regulate an output voltage of the battery to supply power to a memory of an electronic circuit also comprising non-memory circuitry. The method also includes switching the supply of power between the battery and the voltage regulator such that: the memory is powered from the battery when the non-memory circuitry is inactive, the memory is powered from a combination of voltage from the battery and the voltage regulator when the memory is about to communicate with the non-memory circuitry during a transition of the non-memory circuitry into an active state thereof, and the memory and the non-memory circuitry are powered from the voltage regulator during the active state of the non-memory circuitry. Thus, minimal current is drawn from the battery while a state of the memory of the electronic circuit is preserved. 1. A method comprising: configuring a battery and a voltage regulator configured to regulate an output voltage of the battery to supply power to a memory of an electronic circuit also comprising non-memory circuitry; and switching the supply of power between the battery and the voltage regulator such that: the memory is powered from the battery when the non-memory circuitry is inactive, the memory is powered from a combination of voltage from the battery and the voltage regulator when the memory is about to communicate with the non-memory circuitry during a transition of the non-memory circuitry into an active state thereof, and the memory and the non-memory circuitry are powered from the voltage regulator during the active state of the non-memory circuitry, thereby minimizing current drawn from the battery while preserving a state of the memory of the electronic circuit. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: coupling a regulator switch between the voltage regulator and the memory, the regulator switch being configured to be closed during the active state of the non-memory circuitry and opened during inactivity thereof; and coupling a battery switch between the battery and the memory, the battery switch being configured to be closed during the inactivity of the non-memory circuitry and opened during the active state of the non-memory circuitry, wherein both the regulator switch and the battery switch are configured to be closed during the transition of the non-memory circuitry into the active state thereof. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: coupling a switch resistor between the battery and the battery switch to provide an appropriate voltage to the memory when the battery switch is closed. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising powering the memory from the combination of voltage from the battery and the voltage regulator during shutdown. 5. A system comprising: a memory; non-memory circuitry; a battery; and a voltage regulator configured to regulate an output voltage of the battery, wherein the battery and the voltage regulator are configured to supply power to the memory based on switching the supply of power between the battery and the voltage regulator such that: the memory is powered from the battery when the non-memory circuitry is inactive, the memory is powered from a combination of voltage from the battery and the voltage regulator when the memory is about to communicate with the non-memory circuitry during a transition of the non-memory circuitry into an active state thereof, and the memory and the non-memory circuitry are powered from the voltage regulator during the active state of the non-memory circuitry, thereby minimizing current drawn from the battery while preserving a state of the memory. 6. The system of claim 5, further comprising: a regulator switch coupled between the voltage regulator and the memory, the regulator switch being configured to be closed during the active state of the non-memory circuitry and opened during inactivity thereof; and a battery switch coupled between the battery and the memory, the battery switch being configured to be closed during the inactivity of the non-memory circuitry and opened during the active state of the non-memory circuitry, wherein both the regulator switch and the battery switch are configured to be closed during the transition of the non-memory circuitry into the active state thereof. 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising: a switch resistor coupled between the battery and the battery switch to provide an appropriate voltage to the memory when the battery switch is closed. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein the memory is powered from the combination of voltage from the battery and the voltage regulator during shutdown.",
-    "An electrical connector includes an insulative seat, a plurality of terminals fixed to the insulative seat and at least one magnetic element retained in the insulative seat. The insulative seat defines a vertical first mating surface and a mating portion extending forwardly from the first mating surface, the mating portion defines an inclined second mating surface. Each terminal defines a contacting portion disposed in the mating portion and a soldering portion extending outside of the insulative seat. The mating portion defines a shallow recess recessed from the second mating surface, and the contacting portion defines a free end exposed on the shallow recess and locating behind the second mating surface. 1. An electrical connector, comprising: an insulative seat defining a vertical first mating surface and a mating portion extending forwardly from the first mating surface, the mating portion defining an inclined second mating surface; a plurality of terminals fixed to the insulative seat and each defining a contacting portion disposed in the mating portion and a soldering portion extending outside of the insulative seat; and at least one magnetic element retained in the insulative seat; wherein the mating portion defines a shallow recess recessed backwardly from the second mating surface, and the contacting portion defines a free end exposed in the shallow recess and locating behind the second mating surface. 2. The electrical connector as described in claim 1, wherein the shallow recess of the mating portion defines a vertical third mating surface, the insulative seat defines a plurality of the terminal slots running through the third mating surface for receiving the terminals, the rear portion of each terminal slot is semicircular shape to form a semicircular terminal slot, and the soldering portion of the terminal is slat shape to be received in the semicircular terminal slot. 3. The electrical connector as described in claim 1, wherein the insulative seat defines a pair of retaining cavities located on both sides of the mating portion and running through the first mating surface, the magnetic elements are located on both sides of the terminals and closely accommodated in the pair of retaining cavities. 4. The electrical connector as described in claim 3, wherein the first mating surface of the insulative seat is flush with the front surface of the magnetic elements so that the first mating surface of the insulative seat and the front surface of the magnetic elements together form a mating surface of the electrical connector. 5. The electrical connector as described in claim 1, wherein the electrical connector defines a membrane covering the mating surface of the insulative seat in order to prevent the insulative seat and the magnetic elements from damaged when the electrical connector mated. 6. The electrical connector as described in claim 6, wherein the electrical connector is mounted on a shell of a device with an opening, the first mating surface of the electrical connector and the opening of the shell together form a mating cavity for receiving a mating connector. 7. A magnetic connector assembly, comprising: an electrical connector including an insulative seat and a plurality of terminals fixed to the insulative seat, the insulative seat defining a vertical first mating surface and a mating portion extending forwardly from the first mating surface, the mating portion defining an inclined second mating surface and a shallow recess recessed from the second mating surface; a mating connector including an insulative housing and a plurality of scalable terminals fixed in the insulative housing, the insulative housing defining an inclined first engaging surface, each scalable terminal defining a contacting end projecting outside of the first engaging surface of the insulative housing; wherein the contacting portion defines a free end exposed on the shallow recess which locates behind the second mating surface, when the electrical connector is engaging with the mating connector, the second mating surface of the electrical connector is fitly engaging with the first engaging surface of the mating connector, and the scalable terminals of the mating connector are received in the shallow recess and engaging with the terminals of the electrical connector. 8. The magnetic connector assembly as described in claim 7, wherein the shallow recess of the mating portion defines a vertical third mating surface, the insulative seat defines a plurality of the terminal slots running through the third mating surface and each terminal of the electrical connector defines a contacting portion disposed in the corresponding terminal slot and a soldering portion extending outside of the insulative seat. 9. The magnetic connector assembly as described in claim 8, wherein the rear portion of each terminal slot is semicircular shape to form a semicircular terminal slot, and the soldering portion of the terminal is slat shape to be received in the semicircular terminal slot. 10. The magnetic connector assembly as described in claim 7, wherein the insulative seat defines a pair of retaining cavities located on both sides of the mating portion and running through the first mating surface, the electrical connector defines a pair of magnetic elements located on both sides of the terminals and closely accommodated in the pair of retaining cavities. 11. The magnetic connector assembly as described in claim 8, wherein the front surfaces of the magnetic elements are flush with the first mating surface of the insulative seat so that the first mating surface of the insulative seat and the front surface of the magnetic elements together form a mating surface of the electrical connector. 12. The magnetic connector assembly as described in claim 11, wherein the mating connector defines a magnetic element surrounding outer of the insulative housing, the magnetic element defines a pair of protrusions disposed on both sides of the insulative housing and the protrusions have a second engaging surface engaging with the mating surface of the electrical connector. 13. The magnetic connector assembly as described in claim 12, wherein the scalable terminals of the mating connector include a row of signal terminals and a pair of grounding terminals located both sides of signal terminals, the front ends of the grounding terminals are flush with the second engaging surface of the protrusions and the front ends of the grounding terminals are disposed in front of the front ends of the signal terminals. 14. A magnetic connector assembly comprising: a first electrical connector and a second electrical connector adapted to be mated with each other, said first electrical connector including: a first insulative seat defining a first mating surface, a mating portion forwardly extending beyond the first mating surface along the front-to-back direction, a second mating face formed on a front end face of the mating portion; a plurality of first terminal slots arranged in the first insulative seat with one another along a transverse direction perpendicular to the front-to-back direction, each of said first terminal slots extending forwardly through the second mating surface; a plurality of first terminals disposed in the corresponding first terminal slots, respectively, each of said first terminals including a first front contacting portion with a first free end section located behind the second mating surface; a pair of retaining cavities formed within the first insulative housing by two sides of the mating portion in the transverse direction; a pair of first magnetic attraction elements disposed within the corresponding retaining cavities, respectively; a shell located in front of the first electrical connector and defining a receiving cavity in which said mating portion is disposed, the second mating surface being located behind a front face of the shell, the mating portion being intimately contacting the shell in a vertical direction perpendicular to both said front-to-back direction and said transverse direction while being spaced from the shell in the transverse direction to leave two opposite spaces which are located by two sides of the mating portion in the transverse direction and aligned with the corresponding first magnetic attraction elements in the front-to-back direction, respectively; the second electrical connector including: a second insulative housing defining therein a plurality of second terminal slots with one another in the transverse direction, each of said second terminal slots extending along the front-to-back direction; a plurality of second terminals disposed within the corresponding second terminal slots, respectively, each of said second terminals forming a second front contacting portion exposed forwardly beyond a front face of the housing and being retractable along the front-to-back direction; and a pair of second magnetic attraction elements located by two sides of the second front ends of said second terminals in the transverse direction; wherein said pair of second magnetic attraction elements extend into the two spaces in the receiving cavity and intimately contact the corresponding first magnetic attraction elements in the front-to-back direction, respectively. 15. The magnetic connector assembly as claimed in claim 14, wherein the pair of second magnetic attraction elements defines an asymmetrical structure with regard to the transverse direction to comply with the receiving cavity so as to assure only one orientation of said second connector to be coupled with the first connector through said receiving cavity. 16. The magnetic connector assembly as claimed in claim 14, wherein before mating, the second front contacting portions of the second terminals are exposed to an exterior in the vertical direction while are protectively hidden behind the pair of second magnetic attraction elements in the transverse direction. 17. The magnetic connector assembly as claimed in claim 14, wherein the first insulative housing forms a shallow recess inwardly and rearwardly recessed from the second mating surface, and the first free end section is exposed within the shallow recess. 18. The magnetic connector assembly as claimed in claim 14, wherein said second mating surface is oblique, and the front face of the shell is oblique in compliance with said second mating surface. 19. The magnetic connector assembly as claimed in claim 18, wherein said second insulative housing defines an engagement surface which is oblique in compliance with the second mating surface.",
-    "The main benefit is a clean toilet bowl where the bleach tablets kill all the mole and mildew from growing under the rim of your toilet bowl. It will also breakdown lime and calcium buildup to help your toilet flush properly. When the bleach water fills the toilet bowl it keeps the bowl sparkling like new every time you flush the toilet. One tablet should be good for over 2000 flushes or two months maybe 3. 1. Claim as shown and described that the Toilet Tank Tablet Delivery System By inserting the bottom (FIG. 2 in drawings) into overflow tube in toilet tank and putting a Toilet Tank Tablet inside bottom you then put (FIG. 3) shower head on top of FIG. 2. Then attach water supply line to (FIG. 4) and a place on top of FIG. 3. Now when you flush the toilet you will be cutting down on Lime or calcium buildup in the water ports This will also kill mold and mildew that would normally grow under the rim of your toilet bowl By using the bleach tablets each time you flush as the water fills up your toilet bowl it is cleaning it It will increase the life of your toilet as well by keeping the water ports clean for a proper flush",
-    "A smartphone includes: a cover layer; a display module, and comprises a component configured to cause the LCD panel to perform a display function; a pressure electrode which is located under the display module; and a shielding member which is located under the pressure electrode. At least a portion of a touch sensor which senses touch in a capacitive manner is located in the display module. 1. A smartphone comprising: a cover layer; an organic light emitting display module which comprises a polarizer layer, a first glass layer, and a second glass layer, which are disposed in the order listed, and comprises an organic light emitting material between the first glass layer and the second glass layer; a pressure sensor comprising a pressure electrode which is attached under the display module; a shielding member which is spaced apart from the pressure sensor such that a spacer layer is disposed between the shielding member and the pressure sensor; and a plurality of drive electrodes to which a driving signal is applied and a plurality of receiving electrodes outputting a sensing signal used to detect a touch position, wherein a magnitude of a touch pressure is detected based on a capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode and is changed according to a distance between the pressure electrode and the shielding member. 2. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein the plurality of drive electrodes and the plurality of receiving electrodes are located between the polarizer layer and the first glass layer. 3. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure sensor further comprises an insulation layer located between the display module and the pressure electrode. 4. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure electrode contacts and is attached to the bottom of the display module. 5. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 6. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 7. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure sensor further comprises an insulation layer located between the display module and the pressure electrode. 8. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure electrode contacts and is attached to the bottom of the display module. 9. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 10. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 11. The smartphone of claim 3, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 12. The smartphone of claim 3, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 13. The smartphone of claim 4, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 14. The smartphone of claim 4, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 15. The smartphone of claim 7, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 16. The smartphone of claim 7, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 17. The smartphone of claim 8, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 18. The smartphone of claim 8, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 19. The smartphone of claim 5, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 20. The smartphone of claim 9, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels.",
-    "A heat sink structure is provided having fins mechanically altered dynamically to change and optimize the heat sink's performance based on certain environmental conditions. Specifically, the shape of fins of the heat sink structure is dynamically altered in response to environmental conditions that indicate the need for increased thermal performance by spreading the fins through a mechanical device dynamically, or by collapsing the fins to reduce pressure drop across a region when increased thermal performance is not needed. 1. A heat sink, comprising: a base plate having a first face to engage a heat-generating component and a second face; a fin supported on the second face of the base plate, the fin including a first flexible wall and a second flexible wall; the fin including a channel having a first cross-sectional shape defined, at least in part, by the first flexible wall and the second flexible wall; and a mechanism that alters the first cross-sectional shape of the channel to a second cross-sectional shape by reconfiguring the first flexible wall responsive to a change, the mechanism being structurally coupled with the fin wherein: the mechanism includes a threaded device that is coupled with the fin and a drive device to drive the threaded device; the drive device including an electric motor and being coupled with the threaded device; and the change is a temperature change resulting from a component selected from a group consisting of: the heat-generating component, the fin, and the base plate.",
-    "A multi-chip package includes a first die having temperature sensors and a second die. The first die generates temperature deviation information of m (m<n) bits based on temperature information of n bits produced by the temperature sensors. The first die provides the temperature deviation information of m bits rather than the temperature information of n bits to the second die. An internal operation of the second die is controlled using the temperature deviation information output by the first die. 1. A multi-chip package comprising: a first die which has first temperature sensors that sense temperatures at areas at which the first temperature sensors are located and output the sensed temperatures as first temperature information of n bits; and at least one second die packaged with the first die, and wherein the first die is configured to output first temperature deviation information of m bits based on the first temperature information, m is less than n, n is a natural number equal to or greater than 2, and each said at least one second die is operatively connected to the first die to receive the first temperature deviation information output by the first die, and is configured to perform an internal operation and to control the internal operation based on the first temperature deviation information. 2. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the first die and the second die are stacked, and further comprising through silicon vias (TSVs) extending vertically between the first and second dies and by which the second die receives the first temperature deviation information from the first die via. 3. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the first die is configured to calculate a difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature constituting the first temperature information and output the difference as the first temperature deviation information. 4. The multi-chip package of claim 3, wherein the first die is configured to calculate the first temperature deviation information based on the calculated temperature difference and a temperature environment variable representative of a structural characteristic of the multi-chip package. 5. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the first die is configured to select the highest temperature or lowest temperature from among the temperatures constituting the first temperature information, calculate the difference between the selected temperature and a reference temperature, and output the difference as the first temperature deviation information. 6. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the first die comprises a memory cell array. 7. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the second die comprises a memory cell array, and the second die is configured to control at least one of the duration of refresh operations of rows of the memory cells of the array, a DC voltage level of the second die, and an AC timing of the second die based on the first temperature deviation information. 8. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the second die is configured to store a temperature compensation coefficient correlated with a structural characteristic of the packaged first and second dies, and control the internal operation of the second die based on the first temperature compensation information and the temperature compensation coefficient. 9. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the second die comprises at least one second temperature sensor configured to sense a temperature of the second die. 10. The multi-chip package of claim 9, wherein the second die is configured to control the internal operation based on the first temperature deviation information and the temperature sensed by the second temperature sensor. 11. The multi-chip package of claim 1, wherein the second die comprises second temperature sensors that sense temperatures of the second die and output the sensed temperatures as second temperature information, and the second die is configured to calculate second temperature deviation information using the second temperature information. 12-20. (canceled) 21. A multi-chip package comprising: a first die which has a substrate, first temperature sensors arrayed across the substrate and which sense temperatures at areas of the substrate at which they are located and output information of the sensed temperatures, respectively, and a calculator operatively connected to the temperature sensors to receive the information output by the temperature sensors and configured to produce first temperature information based on the information output by the temperature sensors; and a second die packaged with the first die and having an operation controller operatively connected to the calculator of the first die, and circuitry that performs an internal operation that is temperature dependent, the circuitry being operatively connected to the operation controller, and wherein the operation controller is configured to control at least one parameter of the internal operation of the second die on the basis of the first temperature information produced by the first die. 22. The multi-chip package of claim 21, wherein the calculator of the first die is configured to calculate a difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature constituting the first temperature information and output the difference as the first temperature information. 23. The multi-chip package of claim 21, wherein the first die includes a selector operatively connected to the temperature sensors so as to receive the information output by the temperature sensors, the selector is configured to select information representative of the highest temperature or lowest temperature from the information output by the temperature sensors, the selector is operatively connected to the calculator so as to provide the selected information to the calculator, and the calculator is configured to calculate the difference between the temperature represented by the selected information and a reference temperature and output the difference as the first temperature information. 24. The multi-chip package of claim 21, wherein the circuitry of the second die comprises a memory cell array, and said at least one parameter is selected from the group consisting of the duration of refresh operations of rows of the memory cells of the array, a DC voltage level of the second die, and an AC timing of the second die. 25. The multi-chip package of claim 21, wherein the second die is configured to store a temperature compensation coefficient correlated with a structural characteristic of the packaged first and second dies, the second die includes a calculator configured to factor the temperature compensation coefficient into the first temperature information, and the operation controller of the second die is operatively connected to the calculator of the second die so as to control the at least one parameter of the internal operation of the second die based on the first temperature information and the temperature compensation coefficient. 26. The multi-chip package of claim 25, wherein the second die comprises at least one temperature sensor configured to sense a temperature of the second die, and wherein the operation controller of the second die is operatively connected to the at least one temperature sensor of the second die, and is configured to control the at least one parameter of the internal operation of the second die based on the first temperature information and information output by the at least one temperature sensor of the second die wherein the second die is configured to control the internal operation based on the first temperature deviation information and the temperature sensed by the second temperature sensor. 27. The multi-chip package of claim 25, wherein the circuitry of the second die comprises a memory cell array. 28. A multi-chip package comprising: a first die which has a substrate, first temperature sensors arrayed across the substrate and which sense temperatures at areas of the substrate at which they are located and output information of the sensed temperatures, respectively, and a calculator operatively connected to the temperature sensors to receive the information output by the temperature sensors and configured to produce first temperature information based on the information output by the temperature sensors; and a stack of second dies packaged with the first die and electrically connected thereto, each said second die having an operation controller, and circuitry performing an operation that is temperature dependent, the circuitry being operatively connected to the operation controller, and wherein the operation controller is configured to control at least one parameter of the operation performed by the circuitry of the second die on the basis of the first temperature information produced by the first die. 29. The multi-chip package of claim 28, wherein each of the second dies comprises at least one temperature sensor configured to sense a temperature of the second die, and the operation controller of the second die is operatively connected to the at least one temperature sensor of the second die such that the operation controller controls the parameter of the internal operation of the second die based on information output by the at least one temperature sensor of the second die. 30. (canceled)",
-    "A media supply tray includes a Bowden cable attached to side paper guides. Movement of one side guide causes the opposing side guide to move in the opposite direction. When the side guides are moved, a flag attached to the cable moves and can be detected to provide accurate feedback to a printer regarding media size in the tray. 1. A method for sensing sheet size in a tray positioned within a xerography device, comprising: providing said xerographic device with a sensor, said sensor including a series of contacts representing different sheet sizes; providing a tray for receiving sheets therein, said tray having a sheet support surface with front, back and side members enclosing said sheet support surface; providing first and second side guides positioned adjacent said side members; providing a Bowden cable connected to said side guides such that movement of said side guides moves said Bowden cable; and providing a flag connected to said Bowden cable wherein movement of said side guides moves said flag into contact with a specific one of said series of contacts on said sensor and thereby indicate the size of sheets within said tray. 2. The method of claim 1, including providing said flag as a metal member. 3. The method of claim 2, including providing said series of contacts as a metallic members. 4. The method of claim 3, including connecting said Bowden cable to a first rack member. 5. The method of claim 4, including connecting said first rack member to a second rack member through a pinion. 6. The method of claim 5, including connecting said Bowden cable and said flag to a spring. 7. The method of claim 6, including providing said sensor as a contact printed circuit board. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said contact printed circuit board includes a 3-bit Gray code. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said side guides when moved are always centered with respect to a predetermined paper path center line. 10. The method of claim 9, including connecting said second rack member to said second side guide. 11. The method of claim 10, including adapting said first and second side guides to be moved in opposite directions. 12. The method of claim 11, including providing said Bowden cable with a hollow outer cable housing. 13. A media size sensing apparatus, comprising: a sensor, said sensor including a series of contacts representing different sheet sizes; a tray for receiving sheets therein, said tray having a sheet support surface and side members enclosing said sheet support surface; first and second side guides positioned adjacent said side members; a Bowden cable connected to said side guides such that movement of said side guides moves said Bowden cable; and a flag connected to said Bowden cable wherein movement of said side guides moves said flag into contact with a specific one of said series of contacts on said sensor and thereby indicate the size of sheets within said tray. 14. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 13, including a pinion member. 15. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 14, wherein said pinion member is positioned between opposed racks. 16. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 15, wherein said opposed racks are positioned orthogonally with respect to said first and second side guides. 17. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 16, wherein said Bowden cable is connected to only one of said of said opposed racks. 18. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 17, wherein said Bowden cable is connected to only one end of one of said of said opposed racks. 19. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 18, wherein said Bowden cable has another end connected to said flag. 20. The media size sensing apparatus of claim 15, wherein said opposed racks include teeth adjacent said pinion.",
-    "A smartphone includes a cover layer; an LCD panel which is located under the cover layer and includes a liquid crystal layer, and a first glass layer and a second glass layer between which the liquid crystal layer is placed, wherein at least a portion of a touch sensor which senses touch in a capacitive manner is located between the first glass layer and the second glass layer; a backlight unit which is located under the LCD panel; a pressure electrode which is located under the backlight unit; and a shielding member which is located under the pressure electrode. 1. A smartphone comprising: a cover layer; an organic light emitting display module which comprises a polarizer layer, a first glass layer, and a second glass layer, which are disposed in the order listed, and comprises an organic light emitting material between the first glass layer and the second glass layer; a pressure sensor comprising a pressure electrode which is attached under the display module; a reference potential layer which is positioned within the display module; and a plurality of drive electrodes to which a driving signal is applied and a plurality of receiving electrodes outputting a sensing signal used to detect a touch position, wherein a magnitude of a touch pressure is detected based on a capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode and is changed according to a distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer. 2. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein the plurality of drive electrodes and the plurality of receiving electrodes are located between the polarizer layer and the first glass layer. 3. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure sensor further comprises an insulation layer located between the display module and the pressure electrode. 4. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure sensor further comprises an insulation layer located between the display module and the pressure electrode. 5. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure electrode contacts and is attached to the bottom of the display module. 6. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached under the display module, the pressure electrode contacts and is attached to the bottom of the display module. 7. The smartphone of claim 1, further comprising a shielding member which is spaced apart from the pressure sensor such that a spacer layer is disposed between the shielding member and the pressure sensor. 8. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 9. The smartphone of claim 2, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 10. The smartphone of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels. 11. A smartphone comprising: a cover layer; an organic light emitting display module which comprises a polarizer layer, a first glass layer, and a second glass layer, which are disposed in the order listed, and comprises an organic light emitting material between the first glass layer and the second glass layer; a shielding member which is spaced apart from the pressure sensor such that a spacer layer is disposed between the shielding member and the display module; a pressure sensor comprising a pressure electrode which is attached on the shielding member; and a plurality of drive electrodes to which a driving signal is applied and a plurality of receiving electrodes outputting a sensing signal used to detect a touch position, wherein a magnitude of a touch pressure is detected based on a capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode and is changed according to a distance between the pressure electrode and the display module. 12. The smartphone of claim 11, wherein the plurality of drive electrodes and the plurality of receiving electrodes are located between the polarizer layer and the first glass layer. 13. The smartphone of claim 11, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached on the shielding member, the pressure sensor further comprises an insulation layer located between the shielding member and the pressure electrode. 14. The smartphone of claim 12, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached on the shielding member, the pressure sensor further comprises an insulation layer located between the shielding member and the pressure electrode. 15. The smartphone of claim 11, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached on the shielding member, the pressure electrode contacts and is attached on the shielding member. 16. The smartphone of claim 12, wherein, when the pressure sensor is attached on the shielding member, the pressure electrode contacts and is attached on the shielding member. 17. The smartphone of claim 11, wherein a reference potential layer is positioned within the display module, and wherein the capacitance is changed according to a distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer. 18. The smartphone of claim 11, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 19. The smartphone of claim 12, wherein the display module is bent by the touch, and wherein the capacitance which is detected from the pressure electrode changes as the display module bends. 20. The smartphone of claim 11, wherein the pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure electrodes constituting a plurality of channels.",
-    "A semiconductor device addresses to a problem in which a current consumption variation rate increases during BIST execution causing resonance noise generation in a power supply line. The semiconductor device includes a self-diagnosis control circuit, a scan target circuit including a combinational circuit and a scan flip-flop, and an electrically rewritable non-volatile memory. A scan chain is configured by coupling a plurality of the scan flip-flops. In accordance with parameters stored in the non-volatile memory, the self-diagnosis control circuit can change a length of at least one of a scan-in period, a scan-out period and a capture period, and can also change a scan start timing. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a self-diagnosis control circuit; a scan target circuit including a combinational circuit and a scan flip-flop; and an electrically rewritable non-volatile memory, wherein a scan chain is configured by coupling a plurality of the scan flip-flops, and wherein, in accordance with parameters stored in the non-volatile memory, the self-diagnosis control circuit can change a length of at least one of a scan-in period in which test data is inputted to the scan chain, a scan-out period in which a test result is outputted from the scan chain and a capture period in which a test result on the combinational circuit is captured into the scan chain and can also change a scan start timing. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a scan chain control circuit, wherein the scan target circuit includes a selector for switching between outputs of the scan flip-flops, and wherein the scan chain control circuit can change a scan chain configuration by controlling the selector in accordance with parameters stored in the non-volatile memory. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the scan target circuit includes a plurality of concurrently operational scan chains. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the number of scan flip-flops coupled in the scan chain can be changed. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a clock control circuit, wherein the clock control circuit can change a shift clock frequency for the scan chain in accordance with parameters stored in the non-volatile memory. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a clock control circuit, wherein, in accordance with parameters stored in the non-volatile memory, the clock control circuit can change a capture clock low period for capturing a test result on the combinational circuit into the scan chain. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a pattern generation circuit to generate test data; a compression circuit to compress a scan test result; and a comparison result circuit to store a compression result, wherein an expected scan test result value is stored in the non-volatile memory. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the scan target circuit includes a CPU which writes an expected scan test result value stored in the volatile memory to the scan target circuit to cause the scan target circuit to compare a scan test result and the expected scan test result value. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a self-diagnosis non-target circuit including a memory; and a memory self-diagnosis circuit to self-diagnose the memory, wherein the self-diagnosis non-target circuit includes the memory self-diagnosis circuit. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the memory self-diagnosis circuit includes: a memory self-diagnosis control circuit; a memory pattern generation circuit; and a memory self-diagnosis result checking circuit. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the scan flip-flop includes a multiplexer and a flip-flop, the multiplexer switching between an output of the combinational circuit and an output of a scan flip-flop for input to the flip-flop. 12. An electronic device, comprising: a first semiconductor device; a second semiconductor device; a power supply circuit; and a passive element, wherein the first and second semiconductor devices each include a self-diagnosis control circuit, a scan target circuit, and an electrically rewritable non-volatile memory, the scan target circuit including a plurality of scan flip-flops and a selector for switching between outputs of the scan flip-flops, wherein, in each of the first and second semiconductor devices, the scan flip-flops are coupled to configure a scan chain, and wherein the self-diagnosis control circuit controls the selector in accordance with data stored in the non-volatile memory such that the first and second semiconductor devices have a same scan chain configuration and such that the first and second semiconductor devices start scanning at different times. 13. The electronic device according to claim 12, wherein each of the first and second semiconductor devices includes: a supply voltage monitoring A/D conversion circuit; and a communication circuit, wherein the supply voltage monitoring A/D conversion circuit monitors the supply voltage during a scan test, wherein the second semiconductor device transfers supply voltage variation data to the first semiconductor device via the communication circuit, and wherein, when it is determined in the first semiconductor device that a supply voltage variation threshold has been exceeded, the data stored in the non-volatile memory is re-calculated to change the scan chain configuration and the re-calculated data is communicated to the second semiconductor device. 14. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the first semiconductor device re-calculates the data stored in the non-volatile memory based on the current flowing through the passive element. 15. A self-diagnosis method for a semiconductor device including a self-diagnosis control circuit, a scan target circuit and an electrically rewritable non-volatile memory, the method comprising the steps of: (a) after a reset release, having the self-diagnosis control circuit read parameters from the non-volatile memory and set a scan chain configuration for the scan target circuit; (b) after a predetermined amount of time, performing a scan test on the scan target circuit; and (c) after the scan test, comparing an expected value stored in the non-volatile memory and a scan test result. 16. The self-diagnosis method for a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein a number of scan flip-flops is determined based on the set scan chain configuration. 17. The self-diagnosis method for a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the semiconductor device further includes a memory, wherein the scan target circuit further includes a self-diagnosis control circuit for the memory, and wherein the method further includes a step of self-diagnosing the memory after the step (b).",
-    "A traffic control monitoring and abnormality determination system and associated methods are disclosed for receiving and analyzing traffic controller input/output data during a learning phase to determine a model indicative of normal or healthy operation of the traffic controller in regulating traffic flow at an intersection and receiving and evaluating additional traffic controller input/output data against the model during an evaluation phase to determine whether an abnormality exists in operation of the traffic controller. If an abnormality is detected during the evaluation phase, the system may initiate a corrective action to resolve the abnormality such as sending an alarm signal to a traffic controller to cause the traffic controller to alter an operating state to resolve the abnormality. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a computer processor, first traffic controller data from a traffic controller configured to control traffic flow at an intersection, wherein the first traffic controller data is indicative of at least one of a first input to the traffic controller or a first output from the traffic controller; determining, by the computer processor, feature data based at least in part on the first traffic controller data, wherein the feature data corresponds to one or more model features; determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the feature data, a model for the traffic flow at the intersection; receiving, by the computer processor, second traffic controller data from the traffic controller, wherein the second traffic controller data is indicative of at least one of a second input to the traffic controller or a second output from the traffic controller; determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the model and the second traffic controller data, presence of an abnormality in the traffic flow at the intersection; and initiating, by the computer processor, an action to resolve the abnormality. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein initiating the action to resolve the abnormality comprises causing an alarm signal to be transmitted to the traffic controller to cause the traffic controller to adjust at least one of the second input or the second output to resolve the abnormality. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the feature data is a first feature data, and wherein determining presence of the abnormality in the traffic flow at the intersection comprises: determining, by the computer processor, second feature data based at least in part on the second traffic controller data, wherein the second feature data corresponds to the one or more model features; and comparing, by the computer processor, the second feature data to the model to determine the presence of the abnormality. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein comparing the second feature data to the model to determine the presence of the abnormality comprises: determining, by the computer processor, a metric indicative of a deviation between the second feature data and the model; determining, by the computer processor, that the metric meets or exceeds a threshold value; and determining, by the computer processor, that the abnormality is present based at least in part on determining that the metric meets or exceeds the threshold value. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more model features comprise at least one of a time domain statistical feature or a frequency domain statistical feature. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the computer processor, sensor data captured by one or more traffic sensors; and determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the sensor data, an operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein determining the feature data comprises determining, by the computer processor, a respective coefficient to be applied to at least one model feature of the one or more model features based at least in part on the operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the model is a first model, the method further comprising: receiving, by the computer processor, first sensor data captured by one or more traffic sensors; determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the first sensor data, a first operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein the first traffic controller data and the first model correspond to the first operating condition; receiving, by the computer processor, second sensor data captured by the one or more traffic sensors; determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the second sensor data, a second operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, the second operating condition being different from the first operating condition; receiving, by the computer processor, third traffic controller data from the traffic controller, wherein the third traffic controller data corresponds to the second sensor data; determining, by the computer processor, third feature data based at least in part on the third traffic controller data, wherein the third feature data corresponds to the one or more model features; and determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the third feature data, a second model for the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein the second model corresponds to the second operating condition. 8. A system, comprising: at least one memory storing computer-executable instructions; and at least one processor configured to access the at least one memory and execute the computer-executable instructions to: receive first traffic controller data from a traffic controller configured to control traffic flow at an intersection, wherein the first traffic controller data is indicative of at least one of a first input to the traffic controller or a first output from the traffic controller; determine feature data based at least in part on the first traffic controller data, wherein the feature data corresponds to one or more model features; determine, based at least in part on the feature data, a model for the traffic flow at the intersection; receive second traffic controller data from the traffic controller, wherein the second traffic controller data is indicative of at least one of a second input to the traffic controller or a second output from the traffic controller; determine, based at least in part on the model and the second traffic controller data, presence of an abnormality in the traffic flow at the intersection; and initiate an action to resolve the abnormality. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein at least one processor is configured to initiate the action to resolve the abnormality by executing the computer-executable instructions to cause an alarm signal to be transmitted to the traffic controller to cause the traffic controller to adjust at least one of the second input or the second output to resolve the abnormality. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the feature data is a first feature data, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine presence of the abnormality in the traffic flow at the intersection by executing the computer-executable instructions to: determine second feature data based at least in part on the second traffic controller data, wherein the second feature data corresponds to the one or more model features; and compare the second feature data to the model to determine the presence of the abnormality. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one process is configured to compare the second feature data to the model to determine the presence of the abnormality by executing the computer-executable instructions to: determine a metric indicative of a deviation between the second feature data and the model; determine that the metric meets or exceeds a threshold value; and determine that the abnormality is present based at least in part on determining that the metric meets or exceeds the threshold value. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more model features comprise at least one of a time domain statistical feature or a frequency domain statistical feature. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-executable instructions to: receive sensor data captured by one or more traffic sensors; and determine, based at least in part on the sensor data, an operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the feature data by executing the computer-executable instructions to determine a respective coefficient to be applied to at least one model feature of the one or more model features based at least in part on the operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the model is a first model, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the computer-executable instructions to: receive first sensor data captured by one or more traffic sensors; determine, based at least in part on the first sensor data, a first operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein the first traffic controller data and the first model correspond to the first operating condition; receive second sensor data captured by the one or more traffic sensors; determine, based at least in part on the second sensor data, a second operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, the second operating condition being different from the first operating condition; receive third traffic controller data from the traffic controller, wherein the third traffic controller data corresponds to the second sensor data; determine third feature data based at least in part on the third traffic controller data, wherein the third feature data corresponds to the one or more model features; and determine, based at least in part on the third feature data, a second model for the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein the second model corresponds to the second operating condition. 15. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium readable by a processing circuit, the storage medium storing instructions executable by the processing circuit to cause a method to be performed, the method comprising: receiving, by a computer processor, first traffic controller data from a traffic controller configured to control traffic flow at an intersection, wherein the first traffic controller data is indicative of at least one of a first input to the traffic controller or a first output from the traffic controller; determining feature data based at least in part on the first traffic controller data, wherein the feature data corresponds to one or more model features; determining, based at least in part on the feature data, a model for the traffic flow at the intersection; receiving second traffic controller data from the traffic controller, wherein the second traffic controller data is indicative of at least one of a second input to the traffic controller or a second output from the traffic controller; determining, based at least in part on the model and the second traffic controller data, presence of an abnormality in the traffic flow at the intersection; and initiating an action to resolve the abnormality. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein initiating the action to resolve the abnormality comprises causing an alarm signal to be transmitted to the traffic controller to cause the traffic controller to adjust at least one of the second input or the second output to resolve the abnormality. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the feature data is a first feature data, and wherein determining presence of the abnormality in the traffic flow at the intersection comprises: determining, by the computer processor, second feature data based at least in part on the second traffic controller data, wherein the second feature data corresponds to the one or more model features; and comparing, by the computer processor, the second feature data to the model to determine the presence of the abnormality. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein comparing the second feature data to the model to determine the presence of the abnormality comprises: determining, by the computer processor, a metric indicative of a deviation between the second feature data and the model; determining, by the computer processor, that the metric meets or exceeds a threshold value; and determining, by the computer processor, that the abnormality is present based at least in part on determining that the metric meets or exceeds the threshold value. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, the method further comprising: receiving, by the computer processor, sensor data captured by one or more traffic sensors; and determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the sensor data, an operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein determining the feature data comprises determining, by the computer processor, a respective coefficient to be applied to at least one model feature of the one or more model features based at least in part on the operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection. 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the model is a first model, the method further comprising: receiving, by the computer processor, first sensor data captured by one or more traffic sensors; determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the first sensor data, a first operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein the first traffic controller data and the first model correspond to the first operating condition; receiving, by the computer processor, second sensor data captured by the one or more traffic sensors; determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the second sensor data, a second operating condition of the traffic flow at the intersection, the second operating condition being different from the first operating condition; receiving, by the computer processor, third traffic controller data from the traffic controller, wherein the third traffic controller data corresponds to the second sensor data; determining, by the computer processor, third feature data based at least in part on the third traffic controller data, wherein the third feature data corresponds to the one or more model features; and determining, by the computer processor and based at least in part on the third feature data, a second model for the traffic flow at the intersection, wherein the second model corresponds to the second operating condition.",
-    "A haymaking device for displacing mown crop includes a frame having a main beam which extends in a longitudinal direction and defines a longitudinal centre line, and at least a first side arm located on one side of the main beam, wherein the side arm carries at least one crop processing tool, preferably rotatably driven about a rotor centre line. The crop processing tool can be a crop displacing tool, such as a rake. The crop processing tool is mounted on a first pivot arm which, in the region of a first pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected, about a substantially horizontal centre line, to the first side arm for movement between an operative position and a transport position. In the operative position, the first pivot arm connection is located at a larger distance from the main beam than the rotor centre line of the first crop processing tool. 1. A haymaking device for displacing mown crop, comprising: a frame having a main beam extending in a longitudinal direction and defining a longitudinal centre line, and at least a first side arm located on one side of the main beam, wherein the side arm carries at least one crop processing tool wherein at least a first crop processing tool is mounted on a first pivot arm, in the region of a first pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected, about a substantially horizontal centre line, to the first side arm for movement between an operative position and a transport position, wherein in the operative position, the first pivot arm connection is located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the rotor centre line of the first crop processing tool. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first pivot arm extends substantially transversely to the longitudinal centre line. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the pivot arm extends substantially at right angles to the longitudinal centre line. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the crop processing tool is a crop displacing tool comprising a rake. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first pivot arm is mounted on a first satellite frame which, in the region of a first rotational connection, is rotatably connected about a substantially vertical centre line to the first side arm. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first satellite frame is located at a level which differs from that of the side arm. 7. The device according to claim 5, provided with an aligning rod for the first satellite frame, which aligning rod is connected to the main beam to align the first satellite frame with respect to the side arm. 8. The device according to claim 5, wherein a second crop processing tool is mounted on a second pivot arm which, in the region of a second pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected about a substantially horizontal centre line to the first satellite frame for movement between an operative position and a transport position, wherein, in the operative position, the second pivot arm connection is located at a smaller horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the rotor centre line of the second crop processing tool. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the first and second pivot arms are oriented in opposite directions. 10. The device according to claim 8, wherein the second pivot arm is located in front of the first pivot arm, when viewed in the direction of travel. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein the first pivot arm connection is located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the second pivot arm connection. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the first pivot arm connection is mounted on a first satellite arm which extends rearwardly from the first pivot connection, 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the first satellite arm extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line. 14. The device according to claim 11, wherein the second pivot arm connection is mounted on a second satellite arm which extends forwardly from the first pivot connection. 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the second satellite arm extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line. 16. The device according to claim 14, wherein the first satellite arm is located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the second satellite arm. 17. The device according to any one of claims 5, wherein the first satellite frame is mounted at the end of the first side arm. 18. The device according to any one of claims 5, wherein the first satellite frame is provided with a support wheel which is located beside the crop processing tool and at the end of the side arm. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the support wheel is located between the first and second crop processing tools, in the shadow of the second crop processing tool, when viewed in the direction of travel. 20. The device according to claim 19, wherein the support wheel is mounted to the first satellite frame so as to be rotatable about a substantially vertical centre line. 21. The device according to claim 20, wherein the centre line coincides with the centre line of the first rotational connection between the side arm and the satellite frame. 22. The device according to claim 20, further provided with setting mechanism for setting the angle of rotation of the support wheel with respect to the first satellite frame. 23. The device according to claim 18, wherein the device has, in its transport position, as sole support points a hitch for a tractor and the support wheel of the first satellite frame. 24. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first side arm is movable between a transport position, in which it extends substantially along the main beam, at a first angle to the main beam, and an operative position, in which the first side arm extends sidewardly from the main beam, at a second angle, larger than the first angle, wherein the device is further provided with an aligning rod for the first satellite frame, which aligning rod forms a parallelogram mechanism with the first side arm and the first satellite frame or a component which is rigidly connected thereto. 25. The device according to claim 1, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 26. The device according to claim 25, wherein the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 27. A haymaking device for displacing mown crop, comprising: a frame having a main beam extending in a longitudinal direction and defining a longitudinal centre line, and at least a first side arm located on one side of the main beam, wherein the side arm carries at least one crop processing tool wherein at least a first crop processing tool is mounted on a first pivot arm, in the region of a first pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected, about a substantially horizontal centre line, to the first side arm for movement between an operative position and a transport position, wherein, in the operative position, the first crop processing tool is substantially located between the first pivot arm connection and the longitudinal centre line. 28. The device according to claim 27, wherein the first pivot arm extends substantially transversely to the longitudinal centre line. 29. The device according to claim 30, wherein the pivot arm extends substantially at right angles to the longitudinal centre line. 30. The device according to claim 27, wherein the crop processing tool is a crop displacing tool comprising a rake. 31. The device according to claim 27, wherein the first pivot arm is mounted on a first satellite frame which, in the region of a first rotational connection, is rotatably connected about a substantially vertical centre line to the first side arm. 32. The device according to claim 27, wherein the first satellite frame is located at a level which differs from that of the side arm. 33. The device according to claim 31, provided with an aligning rod for the first satellite frame, which aligning rod is connected to the main beam to align the first satellite frame with respect to the side arm. 34. The device according to claim 31, wherein a second crop processing tool is mounted on a second pivot arm which, in the region of a second pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected about a substantially horizontal centre line to the first satellite frame for movement between an operative position and a transport position, wherein, in the operative position, the second pivot arm connection is located at a smaller horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the rotor centre line of the second crop processing tool. 35. The device according to claim 34, wherein the first and second pivot arms are oriented in opposite directions. 36. The device according to claim 34, wherein the second pivot arm is located in front of the first pivot arm, when viewed in the direction of travel. 37. The device according to claim 34, wherein the first pivot arm connection is located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the second pivot arm connection. 38. The device according to claim 37, wherein the first pivot arm connection is mounted on a first satellite arm which extends rearwardly from the first pivot connection, 39. The device according to claim 38, wherein the first satellite arm extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line. 40. The device according to claim 37, wherein the second pivot arm connection is mounted on a second satellite arm which extends forwardly from the first pivot connection. 41. The device according to claim 40, wherein the second satellite arm extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line. 42. The device according to claim 40, wherein the first satellite arm is located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the second satellite arm. 43. The device according to any one of claims 31, wherein the first satellite frame is mounted at the end of the first side arm. 44. The device according to any one of claims 31, wherein the first satellite frame is provided with a support wheel which is located beside the crop processing tool and at the end of the side arm. 45. The device according to claim 44, wherein the support wheel is located between the first and second crop processing tools, in the shadow of the second crop processing tool, when viewed in the direction of travel. 46. The device according to claim 45, wherein the support wheel is mounted to the first satellite frame so as to be rotatable about a substantially vertical centre line. 47. The device according to claim 46, wherein the centre line coincides with the centre line of the first rotational connection between the side arm and the satellite frame. 48. The device according to claim 46, further provided with setting mechanism for setting the angle of rotation of the support wheel with respect to the first satellite frame. 49. The device according to claim 44, wherein the device has, in its transport position, as sole support points a hitch for a tractor and the support wheel of the first satellite frame. 50. The device according to claim 27, wherein the first side arm is movable between a transport position, in which it extends substantially along the main beam, at a first angle to the main beam, and an operative position, in which the first side arm extends sidewardly from the main beam, at a second angle, larger than the first angle, wherein the device is further provided with an aligning rod for the first satellite frame, which aligning rod forms a parallelogram mechanism with the first side arm and the first satellite frame or a component which is rigidly connected thereto. 51. The device according to claim 27, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 52. The device according to claim 51, wherein the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 53. A haymaking device comprising a frame having a main beam extending in a longitudinal direction and defining a longitudinal centre line, and at least a first side arm located on one side of the main beam, wherein the first side arm carries at least a first crop processing tool, wherein the first side arm is movable between a transport position, in which it extends substantially along the main beam, at a first angle to the main beam, and an operative position, in which the first side arm extends sidewardly from the main beam, at a second angle, larger than the first angle, wherein at least a first crop processing tool is mounted on a first pivot arm which, in the region of a first pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected, about a substantially horizontal centre line, to the first side arm for movement between an operative position, in which the crop processing tool can be active, and a transport position, wherein the first pivot arm is mounted on a first satellite frame which, in the region of a rotational connection, is rotatably connected about a substantially vertical centre line to the first side arm, wherein the first satellite frame is mounted at the end of the first side arm and is provided with a support wheel. 54. The device according to claim 53 wherein the crop processing tool is a rake comprising a circular rake having a substantially vertical rotor centre line in operative position. 55. The device according to claim 54, wherein the crop processing tool is a rake. 56. The device according to claim 53, wherein the first satellite frame is located at a level which differs from that of the side arm. 57. The device according to claim 56, wherein the first satellite frame is located at at a higher level than that of the side arm. 58. The device according to claim 53, wherein, in the operative position, the first pivot arm connection is located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the rotor centre line of the first crop processing tool. 59. The device according to claim 57, wherein a second crop processing tool is mounted on a second pivot arm which, in the region of a second pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected about a substantially horizontal centre line to the first satellite frame for movement between an operative position, in which the second crop processing tool can be active, and a transport position, wherein, in the operative position, the second pivot arm connection is located at a smaller horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the rotor centre line of the second crop processing tool. 60. The device according to claim 53, which is provided with an aligning rod for the first satellite frame, which aligning rod forms a parallelogram mechanism with the first side arm and the first satellite frame or a component which is rigidly connected thereto. 61. The device according to claim 53, provided with a second side arm, located at that side of the main beam that is opposite to the first side arm, wherein the second side arm forms an arrangement which substantially corresponds to that of the first side arm with equipment provided thereon, mirrorwise with respect to the longitudinal centre line. 62. The device according to claim 61, wherein both side arms are movable between a transport position, in which they extend substantially along the main beam, at a first angle to the main beam, and an operative position, in which both side arms extend sidewardly from the main beam at a second angle, larger than the first angle, further provided with an operable mechanism for moving both side arms simultaneously between the transport position and the operative position and vice versa. 63. The device according to claim 61, wherein both satellite frames are provided with a support wheel located beside the crop processing tool. 64. The device according to claim 63, wherein each support wheel is mounted to the satellite frame so as to be rotatable about a substantially vertical centre line, which centre line. 65. The device according to claim 64, wherein the substantially vertical centre line coincides with the centre line of the first rotational connection between the side arm and the satellite frame. 66. The device according to claim 65, further provided with setting mechanism for setting the angle of rotation of each support wheel with respect to the satellite frame supported thereby. 67. The device according to claim 66, wherein the setting mechanism further sets the angles of rotation of the support wheels independently of each other with respect to the satellite frame in question. 68. The device according to claim 63, wherein the device, in the transport position, has as sole support points a hitch for a tractor and the support wheels of both satellite frames. 69. The device according to claim 53, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 70. The device according to claim 69, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 71. A haymaking device for displacing mown crop, comprising a primary frame part with a hitch for hitching to a tractor, wherein the frame with the hitch defines a longitudinal centre line of the device, which is parallel to the direction of travel or movement in the operative position, wherein the device further comprises two secondary frame parts, located on both sides of the primary frame part, which are connected to the primary frame part and are each provided with at least two crop processing tools, wherein a first crop processing tool is mounted on a first pivot arm which, in the region of a first pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected about a substantially horizontal centre line to the secondary frame part for movement between an operative position and a transport position, wherein, in the operative position, the first crop processing tool is substantially located between the first pivot arm connection and the longitudinal centre line, and wherein a second crop processing tool is mounted on a second pivot arm which, in the region of a second pivot arm connection, is pivotably connected about a substantially horizontal centre line, to the secondary frame part for movement between an operative position and a transport position, wherein, in the operative position, the second pivot arm connection is located at a smaller horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than the rotor centre line of the second crop processing tool. 72. The device according to claim 71, wherein the crop processing tools are rotatably driven about a rotor centre line. 73. The device according to claim 72, wherein the crop processing tools are rakes. 74. The device according to claim 73, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 75. The device according to claim 74, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 76. A haymaking device for displacing mown crop, comprising a primary frame part with a hitch for hitching to a tractor, wherein the frame with the hitch defines a longitudinal centre line of the device, which longitudinal centre line is parallel to the direction of travel or movement in the operative position, wherein the device further comprises two secondary frame parts, located on both sides of the primary frame part, which are connected to the primary frame part and are each provided with a first and a second crop processing tool, wherein the first and second crop processing tools are connected to the secondary frame by a first and a second pivot arm, respectively, for movement between an operative position and a transport position by a pivoting movement about a substantially horizontal pivot centre line, wherein, in the operative position, the first and second pivot arms extend in substantially opposite directions from the secondary frame part. 77. The device according to claim 76, wherein the crop processing tools are rotatably driven about a rotor centre line. 78. The device according to claim 77, wherein the crop processing tools are rakes. 79. The device according to claim 77, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 80. The device according to claim 79, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 81. A haymaking device comprising a frame having a primary frame part and a front end provided with means for hitching to a tractor, and comprising four crop processing tools, wherein the frame of the haymaking device comprises a longitudinal centre line which is substantially parallel to the direction of travel, wherein two crop processing tools are located on both sides of the longitudinal centre line, in operative position behind each other with the front one of each pair being outwardly staggered with respect to the rear one of said pair, wherein the rear crop processing tools are each mounted on a respective rear, first pivot arm which is mounted, via a first pivot connection, on or near the free end of a first frame arm which extends per se freely rearwardly in a floating manner, substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line and which, during use, is located at an intermediate distance from the longitudinal centre line, when viewed in a direction transverse thereto. 82. The device according to claim 81, wherein the crop processing tools are circular rakes. 83. The device according to claim 81, wherein the front crop processing tools are each mounted on a respective front, second pivot arm which is mounted, via a second pivot connection, on or near the free end of a second frame arm which extends per se freely forwardly in a floating manner, substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line and which, during use, is located at an intermediate distance from the longitudinal centre line, when viewed in a direction transverse thereto. 84. The device according to claim 83, wherein the first and/or second pivot centre lines are substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line. 85. The device according to claim 83, wherein the first pivot centre lines are located at a horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line, which horizontal distance is larger than that for the rear crop processing tools and/or wherein the second pivot centre lines are located at a horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line, which horizontal distance is smaller than that for the front crop processing tools. 86. The device according to claim 83, wherein the first and the second frame arms form part of a secondary frame part which is provided with a support wheel for the frame. 87. The device according to claim 86, wherein the secondary frame part is movable to and from the longitudinal centre line via a parallelogram mechanism active in a horizontal plane. 88. The device according to claim 83, wherein the first frame arm is located at a horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line, which horizontal distance is larger than that for the second frame arm. 89. The device according to claim 85, wherein the primary frame part and the secondary frame parts are interconnected via side arms whose ends are rotatably connected about substantially vertical centre lines to the primary frame part and the secondary frame parts, respectively. 90. The device according to claim 82, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 91. The device according to claim 90, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 92. A haymaking device for displacing mown crop, comprising a primary frame part with a hitch for hitching to a tractor, wherein the frame with the hitch defines a longitudinal centre line of the device, which longitudinal centre line is parallel to the direction of travel or movement in the operative position, wherein the device further comprises two secondary frame parts located on both sides of the primary frame part, connected to the primary frame part and each provided with at least, wherein the secondary frame parts are connected to the primary frame part via a parallelogram mechanism active in a horizontal plane, for movement between an operative position at a distance from the primary frame part and a transport position near the primary frame part whilst maintaining their orientation with respect to the longitudinal centre line. 93. The device according to claim 92, wherein the first crop processing tool is a crop displacing tool. 94. The device according to claim 93, wherein the crop processing tool is a rake. 95. The device according to claim 92, wherein the first crop processing tools are each mounted on a first pivot arm which is mounted on the secondary frame part via a first pivot connection, wherein the first pivot centre lines are located at a horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line, which horizontal distance is smaller than that for the first crop processing tools. 96. The device according to claim 95, wherein each secondary frame part is further provided with second crop processing tools, which are each mounted on a second pivot arm which is mounted on the secondary frame part, behind the first pivot arm, by means of a second pivot connection, wherein the second pivot centre lines are located at a larger horizontal distance from the longitudinal centre line than that for the second crop processing tools. 97. The device according to claim 96, wherein the first and second pivot arms extend on both sides of and from the respective secondary frame part in opposite directions. 98. The device according to claim 92, wherein the primary frame part and the secondary frame parts are interconnected by means of side arms whose ends are rotatably connected about substantially vertical centre lines to the primary frame part and the secondary frame parts, respectively. 99. The device according to claim 92, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable. 100. The device according to claim 99, wherein the horizontal distance between the crop processing tool and the associated pivot arm connection is adjustable by a telescopic design of the associated pivot arm. 101. A haymaking device comprising a frame having a central, primary frame part, the main part comprising a main beam extending in longitudinal direction, and a longitudinal centre line, and two side arms extending sidewardly on both sides of and from the central frame part and each carrying at least one crop processing tool, which crop processing tool is connected to the respective side arm by means of a pivot shaft having a substantially horizontal pivot centre line in order to be pivoted between an operative position and an upwardly pivoted transport position, wherein the device further comprises a hitch for hitching the device to a tractor, and support wheels for supporting the frame in the operative position and the transport position of the device, wherein the support wheels are mounted to the ends of the side arms and are each rotatable about a substantially vertical centre line, and wherein the device further comprises setting mechanisms for setting the position of each support wheel with respect to the longitudinal centre line in at least one oblique position with respect to the longitudinal centre line. 102. The device according to claim 101, wherein the crop processing tool is rotatably driven about a rotor centre line. 103. The device according to claim 102, wherein the crop processing tool is a rake. 104. The device according to claim 101, wherein the side arms are pivotable about a substantially vertical pivot centre line between one or more extended operative positions, in which they extend sidewardly from the central, primary frame part, and an inwardly pivoted transport position, in which they extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line, wherein the mechanisms configured to be operated simultaneously but in opposite sense, so that the support wheels diverge or converge at the same angle with respect to the longitudinal centre line. 105. A haymaking device comprising a frame having a central, primary frame part, the main part comprising a main beam extending in longitudinal direction, and a longitudinal centre line, and two side arms extending sidewardly on both sides of and from the central frame part and each carrying at least one crop processing tool, which crop processing tool is connected to the respective side arm by means of a pivot shaft having a substantially horizontal pivot centre line in order to be pivoted between an operative position and an upwardly pivoted transport position, wherein the device further comprises a hitch for hitching the device to a tractor, and support wheels for supporting the frame in the operative position and the transport position of the device, wherein the support wheels are mounted to the ends of the side arms and are each rotatable about a substantially vertical centre line, wherein the device further comprises an adjusting mechanism for adjusting the support wheels for the side arms into different oblique positions with respect to the longitudinal centre line. 106. The device according to claim 105, wherein the crop processing tool is rotatably driven about a rotor centre line. 107. The device according to claim 106, wherein the crop processing tools is a rake. 108. The device according to claim 107, wherein the side arms are pivotable about a substantially vertical pivot centre line between one or more extended operative positions, in which they extend sidewardly from the central, primary frame part, and an inwardly pivoted transport position, in which they extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre line, wherein the mechanisms configured to be operated simultaneously but in opposite sense, so that the support wheels diverge or converge at the same angle with respect to the longitudinal centre line.",
-    "A computerized method for computing the photo quality of a captured image in a device image acquisition system, comprising on-board combining of a plurality of quality indicators computed from said captured image and its previous image frames quality indicators and a confidence level for at least one of said quality indicators, and using a processor to determine, based on said combining, whether photo quality is acceptable and taking differential action depending on whether quality is or is not acceptable. 1. A method for computing photo quality of a captured image in a digital image acquisition system, comprising an image capture component for capturing in a buffer, a current digital image having pixels, where said method comprising combining of: a plurality of quality indicators computed from at least one of: said captured image pixels, camera module 200 current photographic parameters and inertial measurement hardware components readouts; and combining of at least one time-dependent confidence level Ci(t) computed for at least one quality indicator, where said confidence level is computed via heuristically estimating probability of said quality indicator for said current image and its said parameters; and determining, based on said combining, a total quality indicator for said photo. 2. A method according to claim 1 where one total quality indicator passed a predefined threshold, the captured image is stored in memory. 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein a stream of frames is saved as video and quality indicators are used to quantify quality of said video. 4. A method according to claim 1 where at least one quality indicator is computed based on a hardware component including at least one of an accelerometer, gyro, GPS receiver. 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of said indicators characterizing quality is computed based on analyzing said photo pixels. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of said indicators characterizing quality is computed based on comparing said pixels to previous frame data generated by said image capture component. 7. A method for computing photo quality of a captured image in a digital image acquisition system, comprising an image capture component for capturing in a buffer, a current digital image having pixels, where said method comprising combining of: a plurality of quality indicators computed for said photo; and combining of at least one time-dependent confidence level Ci(t) computed for at least one quality indicator, where said confidence level is based on previous quality indicators made in close succession from stream of frames that came just before said current photo frame, as done is video frames; and determining, based on said combining, a total quality indicator for said photo. 8. A method according to claim 7 where at least one quality indicator is computed based on a hardware component including at least one of an accelerometer, gyro, GPS receiver. 9. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of hardware component is based on a flying drone. 10. A method according to claim 7 wherein at least one of hardware component is based on a flying drone. 11. A method according to claim 7 wherein a stream of frames is saved as video and quality indicators are used to quantify quality of said video. 12. A method according to claim 1 wherein based on at least one of: quality indicators, their time-dependent confidence level Ci(t) or the total quality indicator; where said method will include a command for the capturing device camera/lens module 200 to change at least one of its photographic parameters: exposure time, ISO, focus distance, white balance. 13. A method according to claim 7 wherein based on at least of quality indicators their confidence or the total quality indicator the system will direct the capturing device camera/lens module 200 to change at least one of its photographic parameters: exposure time, ISO, focus distance, white balance. 14. A method for computing photo quality of a captured image in a digital image acquisition system comprising an image capture component for capturing in a buffer, a current digital image having pixels, where said method comprising combining of: a plurality of quality indicators, and determining, based on said combining, a total quality indicator for said photo, where at least one weight of one quality indicator is effected by at least one second quality indicator value. 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein second quality indicator value is based on time-dependent confidence level Ci(t) computed from said probability of second quality indicator value, where probability is computed via use of said second quality indicator values from previous close succession image frames. 16. A method according to claim 14 wherein the system will direct the capturing device camera/lens module 200 to change at least one of its photographic parameters (exposure time, ISO, focus distance etc.) based on at least one of: quality indicators or quality indicators confidence level Ci(t) or total quality indicator. 17. A method according to claim 14 wherein a stream of frames is saved as video and quality indicators are used to quantify quality of said video. 18. A method according to claim 14 where at least one quality indicator is computed based on a hardware component including at least one of an accelerometer, gyro, GPS receiver. 19. A method according to claim 14 wherein at least one of hardware component is based on a flying drone. 20. A method according to claim 14 where one total quality indicator passed a predefined threshold, the captured image is stored in memory.",
-    "A method, apparatus, and system related to relevancy improvement through targeting of information based on data gathered from a networked device associated with a security sandbox of a client device are disclosed. In one embodiment, a system may comprise a networked device, a relevancy-matching server, and a client device. The networked device may be configured to generate a preliminary data and/or a primary data associated with a user and automatically announce a sandbox-reachable service of the networked device to a discovery module. The relevancy-matching server may be configured to match a targeted data with the primary data based on a relevancy factor associated with the user. The client device may be configured to automatically process an identification data of the networked device and/or the sandbox-reachable service of the networked device from the discovery module and to automatically associate with the networked device based on the identification data. 1. A system comprising: a media device associated with a media data; a client device to: constrain an executable environment in a security sandbox, execute a sandboxed application in the executable environment, process an embedded object, generate a preliminary data from the media data; and a relevancy-matching server to: match primary data generated from the preliminary data with targeted data based on a relevancy factor, and search a storage for targeted data; wherein the primary data comprises at least one of a content identification data, and a content identification history. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the client device further to: initiate a content identification (CID) service, generate the preliminary data from the media data using the content identification service. 3. The system of claim 1: wherein the media data comprises at least one of an audio data and a video data; wherein the preliminary data comprises at least one of an audio fingerprint data and a video fingerprint data. 4. The system of claim 1: wherein at least one of the embedded object and the sandboxed application to use exception of at least one access control of the security sandbox through any one of the sandboxed application and the embedded object; and wherein the exception of at least one access control of the security sandbox is comprising of at least one of a cross-site scripting technique, an appended header, a same origin policy exception, and an other mode of using exception of a number of access controls of the security sandbox. 5. The system of claim 1: wherein the relevancy-matching server is to match the targeted data with the primary data in a manner such that the relevancy-matching server is to search the storage for at least one of a matching item and a related item based on a relevancy factor comprising at least one of a category of the primary data, a behavioral history of a user, a category of the sandboxed application, and an other information associated with the user. 6. The system of claim 1: wherein the embedded object comprises at least one of a script, an image, a player, an iframe, and an other external media included in the sandboxed application. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a content identification server communicatively connected to the relevancy-matching server to: process the preliminary data from the client device, and communicate the primary data from the preliminary data to at least one of the relevancy-matching server and the client device. 8. The system of claim 1: wherein the relevancy-matching server is to cause a rendering of the targeted data to a user through the sandboxed application of the client device. 9. The system of claim 1: wherein the client device is determined to be associated with a user based on a unique identifier that is unlikely to change. 10. The system of claim 1: wherein the primary data comprises at least one of a number of descriptive metadata associated with a content identification data, a monitored event, a geolocation, a weather information, a private Internet Protocol (IP) address, and an other data stored in at least one of a volatile memory and a non-volatile memory. 11. A relevancy-matching server communicatively coupled with a client device through a network, comprising: a processor; a memory communicatively coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executed using the processor configured to: match primary data generated using a preliminary data with targeted data, based on a relevancy factor comprising at least one of a category of the primary data, a behavioral history of a user, a category of a sandboxed application, and another information associated with the user; and search a storage for the targeted data; wherein the preliminary data is generated from a media data associated with a media device using at least one of an embedded object of a client device, a sandboxed application of the client device, a capture device of the client device, an intermediary device associated with the client device, another capture device of the intermediary device, and a sandbox-reachable service of the intermediary device; wherein the primary data is any one of a content identification data and a content identification history. 12. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11 wherein: the intermediary device is at least one of a camera and a microphone. 13. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11: wherein the media data comprises at least one of an audio data and a video data; wherein the preliminary data comprises at least one of an audio fingerprint data and a video fingerprint data. 14. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11: wherein at least one of the embedded object and the sandboxed application to use exception of at least one access control of the security sandbox through any one of the sandboxed application and the embedded object; and wherein the exception of at least one access control of the security sandbox is comprising of at least one of a cross-site scripting technique, an appended header, a same origin policy exception, and an other mode of using exception of a number of access controls of the security sandbox. 15. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11: further comprising instructions stored in the memory and executed using the processor configured to: match the targeted data with the primary data in a manner such that the relevancy-matching server is to search the storage for at least one of a matching item and a related item based on a relevancy factor; wherein the client device is associated with the media device. 16. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11: wherein the embedded object comprises at least one of a script, an image, a player, an iframe, and an other external media included in the sandboxed application. 17. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11: wherein a content identification server to: process the preliminary data from the client device, generate the primary data from the preliminary data, and communicate the primary data from the preliminary data to at least one of the relevancy-matching server and the client device. 18. The relevancy-matching server of claim 11: further comprising instructions stored in the memory and executed using the processor configured to cause a rendering of the targeted data to the user through the sandboxed application of the client device. 19. A method of a relevancy-matching server comprising: matching primary data generated from a preliminary data with targeted data, based on a relevancy factor and to search a storage for targeted data using a processor communicatively coupled with a memory; matching the targeted data with the primary data in a manner such that the relevancy-matching server is to search the storage for at least one of a matching item and a related item based on a relevancy factor comprising at least one of a category of the primary data, a behavioral history of a user, a category of the sandboxed application, and an other information associated with the user; wherein the preliminary data is generated from a media data associated with a media device using at least one of an embedded object of a client device, a sandboxed application of the client device, a capture device of the client device, an intermediary device associated with the client device, another capture device of the intermediary device, and a sandbox-reachable service of the intermediary device; wherein the primary data is any one of a content identification data and a content identification history. 20. The method of claim 19: wherein the media data comprises at least one of an audio data and a video data; wherein the preliminary data comprises at least one of an audio fingerprint data and a video fingerprint data; wherein at least one of the embedded object and the sandboxed application to use exception of at least one access control of the security sandbox through any one of the sandboxed application and the embedded object; and wherein the exception of at least one access control of the security sandbox is comprising of at least one of a cross-site scripting technique, an appended header, a same origin policy exception, and an other mode of using exception of a number of access controls of the security sandbox. 21. The method of claim 19: wherein the embedded object comprises at least one of a script, an image, a player, an iframe, and an other external media included in the sandboxed application. 22. The method of claim 19 further comprising: processing the preliminary data from the client device through a content identification server; and communicating the primary data from the preliminary data to at least one of the relevancy-matching server and the client device. 23. The method of claim 19 further comprising: causing a rendering of the targeted data to the user through the sandboxed application of the client device. 24. A system comprising: a media device to generate a media data comprising at least one of an audio data and a video data; a client device to: constrain an executable environment in a security sandbox, process in a sandboxed application an embedded object from the relevancy-matching server, and generate a preliminary data comprising at least one of an audio fingerprint data and a video fingerprint data from the media data; and a relevancy-matching server to: match primary data generated using the preliminary data with targeted data, based on a relevancy factor, and search a storage for targeted data. 25. The system of claim 24: wherein the relevancy factor comprises at least one of a category of the primary data, a behavioral history of a user, a category of the sandboxed application, and an other information associated with the user. 26. The system of claim 24: wherein the embedded object comprises at least one of a script, an image, a player, an iframe, and an other external media included in the sandboxed application. 27. The system of claim 24, further comprising: a content identification server to: process the preliminary data from the client device, generate the primary data from the preliminary data, and communicate the primary data from the preliminary data to at least one of the relevancy-matching server and the client device. 28. The system of claim 24: wherein the relevancy-matching server is to result in a generation of the targeted data. 29. The system of claim 24: wherein the client device is associated with the user based on a unique identifier. 30. The system of claim 24: wherein the primary data further includes at least one of descriptive metadata associated with the content identification data, a monitored event, a geolocation, a weather information, a private Internet Protocol (IP) address, and an other data stored in at least one of a volatile memory and a non-volatile memory.",
-    "A light field display device comprising at least one multiplexed light field display module, the multiplexed light field display module comprising a view image generator, a waveguide, and a set of shutters spatially distributed along the waveguide, the view image generator optically coupled to the waveguide, the waveguide optically coupled to each shutter, the view image generator operable to generate a set of beams of light from one of a set of view images, the waveguide configured to transmit the set of beams along its length via internal reflection, each shutter operable to be switched between a closed state and an open state, the closed state of the shutter configured to prevent the beams from escaping the waveguide, the open state of the shutter configured to allow the beams to escape the waveguide, the module operable to generate, over time, the set of beams from a different one of the set of view images, and to open, over time, a different subset of the set of shutters, thereby to allow the set of beams escaping from the subset to correspond to a different one of the set of view images. 1. A light field display device comprising at least one multiplexed light field display module, the multiplexed light field display module comprising a view image generator, a waveguide, and a set of first shutters spatially distributed along the waveguide, the view image generator optically coupled to the waveguide, the waveguide optically coupled to each first shutter, the view image generator operable to generate a set of beams of light from one of a set of view images, the waveguide configured to transmit the set of beams along its length via internal reflection, each first shutter operable to be switched between a closed state and an open state, the closed state of the first shutter configured to prevent the beams from escaping the waveguide, the open state of the first shutter configured to allow the beams to escape the waveguide, the module operable to generate, over time, the set of beams from a different one of the set of view images, and to open, over time, a different subset of the set of first shutters, thereby to allow the set of beams escaping from the subset to correspond to a different one of the set of view images. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the set of view images constitute a light field frame. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the set of view images constitute a light field video. 4. The device of claim 1, further comprising a set of focus modulators, each focus modulator optically coupled to a subset of the set of first shutters, each focus modulator operable to impart a specified focus to the set of beams escaping the subset. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the waveguide comprises a core at least partially surrounded by a cladding, the core having a larger refractive index than the cladding, thereby to allow the waveguide to transmit the set of beams along its length via total internal reflection. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the first shutter is opened by overcoming total internal reflection. 7. The device of claim 5, wherein the first shutter is opened by activating a grating configured to couple the set of beams out of the waveguide. 8. The device of claim 5, wherein the first shutter comprises a birefringent liquid crystal cell adjacent to the core, and the first shutter is opened by switching the cell to select a refractive index of the cell matching the core refractive index, thereby to overcome total internal reflection. 9. The device of claim 5, wherein the core incorporates a surface relief grating with a refractive index matching the core refractive index, the grating is configured to couple the set of beams out of the waveguide, the first shutter comprises a birefringent liquid crystal cell adjacent to the grating, and the first shutter is opened by switching the cell to select a refractive index of the cell not matching the grating refractive index, thereby to activate the grating. 10. The device of claim 5, wherein the cladding on at least one side is birefringent, the first shutter comprises a polarization rotator, and the first shutter is opened by switching the rotator to rotate a polarization of the set of beams to select a refractive index of the birefringent cladding matching the core refractive index, thereby to overcome total internal reflection. 11. The device of claim 5, wherein the core incorporates a grating configured to weakly couple the set of beams out of the waveguide, thereby to allow the waveguide to act as an exit pupil expander. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the first shutter comprises a polarization rotator sandwiched between two linear polarizers, and the first shutter is opened by switching the rotator to rotate a polarization of the set of beams to match a relative rotation of the two linear polarizers. 13. The device of claim 1, further comprising a set of second shutters spatially distributed along the waveguide, the waveguide optically coupled to each second shutter, each second shutter operable to be switched between a closed state and an open state, the closed state of the second shutter configured to prevent the beams from escaping the waveguide, the open state of the second shutter configured to allow the beams to escape the waveguide when a corresponding one of the set of first shutters is also open. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the set of view images constitute a light field frame. 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the set of view images constitute a light field video. 16. The device of claim 13, further comprising a set of focus modulators, each focus modulator optically coupled to a subset of the set of first shutters, each focus modulator operable to impart a specified focus to the set of beams escaping the subset. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein the waveguide comprises a core at least partially surrounded by a cladding, the core having a larger refractive index than the cladding, thereby to allow the waveguide to transmit the set of beams along its length via total internal reflection. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the first shutter is opened by overcoming total internal reflection. 19. The device of claim 17, wherein the first shutter comprises a birefringent liquid crystal cell adjacent to the core, and the first shutter is opened by switching the cell to select a refractive index of the cell matching the core refractive index, thereby to overcome total internal reflection. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the second shutter comprises a polarization rotator sandwiched between two linear polarizers, and the second shutter is opened by switching the rotator to rotate a polarization of the set of beams to match a relative rotation of the two linear polarizers.",
-    "A system, method and computer program product for educational networking, including a computer server coupled to a communications network and configured to provide educational networking and services to users on client devices coupled to the computer server over the communications network, including automating application generation and processing at educational schools for the users on the client devices; searching and displaying on the client devices professors at the schools, schools to apply to, funding resources for attending the schools, and laboratories at the schools; and creating and displaying on the client devices school application portfolios, modifying school application portfolios, and generating and processing applications to selected schools. 1. A computer implemented system for educational networking, the system comprising: a computer server coupled to a communications network; the computer server configured to provide educational networking and services to users on client devices coupled to the computer server over the communications network; the educational networking and services configured for automating application generation and processing at educational schools for the users on the client devices; the educational networking and services configured for searching and displaying on the client devices professors at the schools, schools to apply to, funding resources for attending the schools, and laboratories at the schools; and the educational networking and services configured for creating and displaying on the client devices school application portfolios, modifying school application portfolios, and generating and processing applications to selected schools. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the educational networking and services configured for searching and displaying on the client devices professors and advisors at selected schools; and the educational networking and services configured for communicating and networking with professors and advisors at selected schools on the client devices, maintaining and displaying on the client devices records regarding potential schools, and determining and displaying on the client devices probabilities of admission of the users at selected schools. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the educational networking and services configured for creating and displaying on the client devices standardized profile pages for the users. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising: the educational networking and services configured for creating and displaying on the client devices standardized resumes based on the standardized profile pages, editing the generated resumes, and tracking revisions in the generated resumes. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the educational networking and services configured for providing social networking services including creating and displaying on the client devices social networks and related services for the users. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the educational networking and services configured for generating, streaming via a global RSS feed and displaying on the client devices academic and educational related news and updates; the educational networking and services configured for determining, processing and displaying on the client devices open businesses and government positions for the users; and the educational networking and services configured for determining, processing and displaying on the client devices projects and taskforces for businesses and government projects to be serviced by the users. 7. A computer implemented method for a system for educational networking, the method comprising: providing by computer server coupled to a communications network educational networking and services to users on client devices coupled to the computer server over the communications network; automating by the server via the educational networking and services application generation and processing at educational schools for the users on the client devices; searching and displaying on the client devices by the server via the educational networking and services professors at the schools, schools to apply to, funding resources for attending the schools, and laboratories at the schools; and displaying on the client devices school application portfolios, modifying school application portfolios, and generating and processing applications to selected schools by the server via the educational networking and services. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: searching and displaying on the client devices by the server via the educational networking and services professors and advisors at selected schools; and communicating and networking with professors and advisors at selected schools on the client devices, maintaining and displaying on the client devices records regarding potential schools, and determining and displaying on the client devices probabilities of admission of the users at selected schools by the server via the educational networking and services. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: creating and displaying on the client devices by the server via the educational networking and services standardized profile pages for the users. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: creating and displaying on the client devices standardized resumes based on the standardized profile pages, editing the generated resumes, and tracking revisions in the generated resumes by the server via the educational networking and services. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: providing social networking services including creating and displaying on the client devices social networks and related services for the users by the server via the educational networking and services. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising: generating, streaming via a global RSS feed and displaying on the client devices academic and educational related news and updates by the server via the educational networking and services; determining, processing and displaying on the client devices open businesses and government positions for the users by the server via the educational networking and services; and determining, processing and displaying on the client devices projects and taskforces for businesses and government projects to be serviced by the users by the server via the educational networking and services. 13. A computer program product for system for educational networking, and including one or more computer readable instructions embedded on a tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium and configured to cause one or more computer processors to perform the steps of: providing by computer server coupled to a communications network educational networking and services to users on client devices coupled to the computer server over the communications network; automating by the server via the educational networking and services application generation and processing at educational schools for the users on the client devices; searching and displaying on the client devices by the server via the educational networking and services professors at the schools, schools to apply to, funding resources for attending the schools, and laboratories at the schools; and displaying on the client devices school application portfolios, modifying school application portfolios, and generating and processing applications to selected schools by the server via the educational networking and services. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising: searching and displaying on the client devices by the server via the educational networking and services professors and advisors at selected schools; and communicating and networking with professors and advisors at selected schools on the client devices, maintaining and displaying on the client devices records regarding potential schools, and determining and displaying on the client devices probabilities of admission of the users at selected schools by the server via the educational networking and services. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising: creating and displaying on the client devices by the server via the educational networking and services standardized profile pages for the users. 16. The computer program product of claim 14, further comprising: creating and displaying on the client devices standardized resumes based on the standardized profile pages, editing the generated resumes, and tracking revisions in the generated resumes by the server via the educational networking and services. 17. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising: providing social networking services including creating and displaying on the client devices social networks and related services for the users by the server via the educational networking and services. 18. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising: generating, streaming via a global RSS feed and displaying on the client devices academic and educational related news and updates by the server via the educational networking and services; determining, processing and displaying on the client devices open businesses and government positions for the users by the server via the educational networking and services; and determining, processing and displaying on the client devices projects and taskforces for businesses and government projects to be serviced by the users by the server via the educational networking and services. 19. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising: providing visa information for students. 20. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising: providing travel information for students.",
-    "In an embodiment, a side door for a vehicle, includes: a structure comprising a shell comprising a shell support beam positioned across a main body portion of the shell, wherein the shell support beam comprises substantially unidirectional fiber strip sections; wherein the shell comprise a inner shell and a outer shell; and wherein the side door has a score of at least 4 points in a side impact test conducted according to European New Car Assessment Protocol (Euro NCAP) Side Impact Testing Protocol Version 5.2 (November 2011), 1. A side door for a vehicle, comprising: a structure comprising a shell comprising a shell support beam positioned across a main body portion of the shell; wherein the shell support beam comprises substantially unidirectional fiber strip sections, wherein the shell comprise a inner shell and a outer shell; and wherein the side door has a score of at least 4 points in a side impact test conducted according to European New Car Assessment Protocol (Euro NCAP) Side Impact Testing Protocol Version 5.2 (November 2011). 2. The side door of claim 1, wherein the unidirectional fiber strip sections comprises greater than or equal to 50 wt. % fibers, based upon the total weight of the fibers in the fiber strip sections, oriented in a direction with an angle of +45\u00b0 to \u221245\u00b0 to a main axis of the fiber strip section. 3. The side door of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises at least two non-intersecting shell support beams positioned across a width of the shell. 4. The side door of claim 1, wherein a window frame portion of the shell comprises substantially unidirectional fiber strips positioned across one or more of an upper, a lower, a rear, and a front portion of the window frame portion. 5. The side door of claim 1, wherein a window frame portion of the shell comprises substantially unidirectional fiber strip positioned across one or more of an upper, a lower, a rear, and a front portion of the window frame portion. 6. The side door of claim 1, wherein the shell support beam is overmolded with fiber-reinforced polymer material. 7. The side door of claim 1, wherein the shell further comprises ribbing positioned in a main body portion. 8. The side door of claim 7, wherein the ribbing is positioned along the rear, bottom, and front periphery of the main body portion. 9. The side door of claim 1, wherein the side door is free of metal structural support elements. 10. The side door of claim 1, wherein the side door has a score of greater than or equal to 6 points in a side impact test as measured according to Euro NCAP Side Impact Testing Protocol Version 5.2 (November 2011). 11. The side door of claim 1, further comprising a hinge integrated to the side door, wherein the hinge breaks during the side impact test that results in a door intrusion of greater than 100 mm. 12. The side door of claim 1, wherein the side door has a score of at least 4 in a pole impact test as measured according to Euro NCAP Pole Impact Testing Protocol Version 5.2 (November 2011). 13. A vehicle, comprising: a structural body; and a side door comprising a shell comprising a shell support beam positioned across a main body portion of the shell, wherein the shell support beam comprises substantially unidirectional fiber strip sections; a door skin over the shell; a window; and a hinge; wherein the side door has a score of at least 4 points in a side impact test conducted according to Euro NCAP Side Impact Testing Protocol Version 5.2 (November 2011). 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the hinge breaks during he side impact test. 15. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the shell comprises at least two non-intersecting shell support beams positioned across a width of the shell. 16. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the side door is free of metal structural support elements.",
-    "A semiconductor device that can measure a minute current. The semiconductor device includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a node, and a capacitor. The first transistor includes an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region. The node is electrically connected to a gate of the second transistor and a first terminal of the capacitor. The node is brought into an electrically floating state by turning off the first transistor after a potential V0 is supplied. Change in a potential VFN of the node over time is expressed by Formula (1). In Formula (1), t is elapsed time after the node is brought into the electrically floating state, \u03c4 is a constant with a unit of time, and \u03b2 is a constant greater than or equal to 0.4 and less than or equal to 0.6. V FN \ue8a0 ( t ) = V 0 \u00d7 \uf74d - ( t \u03c4 ) \u03b2 ( 1 ) 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first transistor; a second transistor; and a capacitor, wherein the first transistor comprises an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region, wherein a gate of the second transistor and a first terminal of the capacitor are electrically connected to a node, wherein the node is supplied with a potential V0 through the first transistor, wherein the node is brought into an electrically floating state by turning off the first transistor after the potential V0 is supplied, and wherein change in a potential V of the node with respect to time is expressed by Formula (1): V FN \ue8a0 ( t ) = V 0 \u00d7 \uf74d - ( t \u03c4 ) \u03b2 , ( 1 ) where t is elapsed time after the node is brought into the electrically floating state, \u03c4 is a constant with a unit of time, and \u03b2 is a constant greater than or equal to 0.4 and less than or equal to 0.6. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a third transistor, wherein one of a source and a drain of the third transistor is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the second transistor. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the \u03c4 follows the Arrhenius equation. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein an off-state current of the first transistor is obtained by measuring the change in the potential VFN over time. 5. A memory device comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 1. 6. The memory device according to claim 5, wherein data is retained for 10 years or longer at 85\u00b0 C. 7. The memory device according to claim 5, wherein data is retained for 100 years or longer at 85\u00b0 C. 8. An electronic device comprising: the memory device according to claim 5; and at least one of a microphone, a speaker, a display portion, and an operation key. 9. A semiconductor device comprising: a plurality of cells arranged in a matrix, each of the cells comprising: a first transistor; a second transistor; and a capacitor, wherein the first transistor comprises an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region, wherein a gate of the second transistor and a first terminal of the capacitor are electrically connected to a node, wherein the node is supplied with a potential V0 through the first transistor, wherein the node is brought into an electrically floating state by turning off the first transistor after the potential V0 is supplied, and wherein change in a potential VFN of the node over time is expressed by Formula (1): V FN \ue8a0 ( t ) = V 0 \u00d7 \uf74d - ( t \u03c4 ) \u03b2 , ( 1 ) where t is elapsed time after the node is brought into the electrically floating state, \u03c4 is a constant with a unit of time, and \u03b2 is a constant greater than or equal to 0.4 and less than or equal to 0.6. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, further comprising: a third transistor, wherein one of a source and a drain of the third transistor is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the second transistor. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the \u03c4 follows the Arrhenius equation. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein an off-state current of the first transistor is obtained by measuring the change in the potential VFN over time. 13. A memory device comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 9. 14. The memory device according to claim 13, wherein data is retained for 10 years or longer at 85\u00b0 C. 15. The memory device according to claim 13, wherein data is retained for 100 years or longer at 85\u00b0 C. 16. An electronic device comprising: the memory device according to claim 13; and at least one of a microphone, a speaker, a display portion, and an operation key.",
-    "A method of making a three-dimensional article includes providing a polymer blend which includes a cycloolefin copolymer and another thermoplastic resin; and printing the polymer blend into the three-dimensional article. The articles exhibits superior performance in connection with at least one of the following properties: dimensional stability; optical transmission; gloss; or barrier properties as compared with a like article made by a like process made from the thermoplastic resin in the blend only. Articles may also be formed with cycloolefin copolymer elastomer which is optionally blended with another thermoplastic. 1. A method of making a three-dimensional article comprising: (a) providing a polymer blend which includes a cycloolefin copolymer and another thermoplastic resin; and (b) printing the polymer blend into the three-dimensional article. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of printing the polymer blend into a three-dimensional article is carried out by a technique selected from FDM, SHS or SLS. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cycloolefin copolymer is a norbornene/ethylene copolymer. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cycloolefin copolymer is an amorphous norbornene/ethylene copolymer. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from ABS and partially crystalline olefin polymers. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin is a partially crystalline linear alkylene polymer. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from polypropylene, polyethylene and polyoctene. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of cycloolefin copolymer:thermoplastic resin in the blend is from 2:98 to 98:2. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of cycloolefin copolymer:thermoplastic resin in the blend is from 2:98 to 20:80. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer blend exhibits superior performance as compared with the thermoplastic resin in the blend in connection with at least one of the following properties: dimensional stability; optical transmission; gloss; or barrier properties. 11. A three-dimensional article formed by the process of claim 1. 12. The three-dimensional article according to claim 11, wherein the article exhibits superior performance in connection with at least one of the following properties: dimensional stability; optical transmission; gloss; or barrier properties as compared with a like article made by a like process made from the thermoplastic resin in the blend only. 13. A method of making a three-dimensional article comprising: (a) providing a polymer composition which includes a cycloolefin copolymer elastomer and optionally another thermoplastic resin; and (b) printing the polymer composition into the three-dimensional article. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of printing the polymer composition into a three-dimensional article is carried out by a technique selected from FDM, SHS or SLS. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the polymer composition includes a thermoplastic resin selected from ABS and partially crystalline olefin polymers. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic resin is a partially crystalline linear alkylene polymer. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, polyoctene and amorphous cyclolefin copolymers. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the weight ratio of cycloolefin copolymer elastomer:thermoplastic resin in the blend is from 2:98 to 98:2. 19. The method according to claim 15, wherein the weight ratio of cycloolefin copolymer elastomer:thermoplastic resin in the blend is from 2:98 to 20:80.",
-    "A developer container includes: a housing chamber 147 which includes an opening 145 and which houses developer; a stirring member 160 which includes a sheet-like stirring portion 160b and a rotary shaft 160a to which the stirring portion 160b is attached; and a first electrode 143 and a second electrode 144 which are used to detect an amount of the developer and which are arranged with an interval therebetween, where in an area X1 between the first electrode 143 and the second electrode 144 in the housing chamber 147 is positioned below the rotary shaft 160a of the stirring member 160, and the sheet-like stirring portion 160b comes into contact with the area X1 due to rotation of the stirring member 160. 1. A developer container comprising: a housing chamber which includes an opening and which houses developer; a stirring member which includes a sheet-like stirring portion and a rotary shaft to which the stirring portion is attached; and a first electrode and a second electrode which are used to detect an amount of the developer and which are arranged with an interval therebetween, wherein an area between the first electrode and the second electrode in the housing chamber is positioned below the rotary shaft of the stirring member, and the sheet-like stirring portion comes into contact with the area due to rotation of the stirring member. 2. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are positioned below the rotary shaft of the stirring member. 3. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein the area is an area including a lowermost position in the housing chamber. 4. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, and the area are arranged in an order of the second electrode, the area, and the first electrode in a rotational direction of the stirring member below a center of the rotary shaft. 5. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are sheet-like conductive members installed along a wall surface of the housing chamber. 6. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein the housing chamber is divided into a first housing area and a second housing area from a side of the opening toward a distal side, a first stirring member is rotatably provided in the first housing area, a second stirring member is rotatably provided in the second housing area, the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged in the first housing area, and the developer container further comprises a third electrode and a fourth electrode which are used to detect an amount of the developer and which are arranged with an interval therebetween in the second housing area. 7. The developer container according to claim 6, wherein the second electrode and the third electrode are a single electrode member arranged so as to straddle the first housing area and the second housing area. 8. The developer container according to claim 6, wherein the first electrode is positioned below a rotary shaft of the first stirring member, and the fourth electrode is positioned below a rotary shaft of the second stirring member. 9. The developer container according to claim 6, wherein the first stirring member comes into contact with a first area between the first electrode and the second electrode in the first housing area due to rotation, and the second stirring member comes into contact with a second area between the third electrode and the fourth electrode in the second housing area due to rotation. 10. The developer container according to claim 6, wherein the first housing area and the second housing area are divided by a convex portion that protrudes upward in a vertical direction on the wall surface forming the housing chamber. 11. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein a lower end of the opening is positioned above the rotary shaft. 12. The developer container according to claim 1, further comprising: a detecting portion for detecting an amount of the developer; and a contact portion which is capable of coming into contact with the rotating stirring member and which is capable of coming into contact so as push off developer on the stirring member such that the developer drops at a faster rate than when the developer drops from the stirring member by its own weight. 13. The developer container according to claim 1, wherein a difference between an initial value that is a value of capacitance between the first electrode and the second electrode immediately after start of use of a new image forming apparatus and a value of the capacitance at a predetermined timing is acquired, a remaining amount of developer in the housing chamber is acquired based on the difference, and the initial value is a value of the capacitance acquired after the developer in the housing chamber is stirred by the stirring member. 14. The developer container according to claim 13, wherein the initial value is a maximum value of the capacitance in a case where the capacitance increases after a temporary decrease. 15. The developer container according to claim 13, wherein the initial value is an average value of maximum values of the capacitance while the stirring member makes one round immediately after the start of use of the new image forming apparatus. 16. The developer container according to claim 13, wherein the initial value is a value of the capacitance after a developer bearing member that bears developer for developing an electrostatic latent image and the stirring member are driven for a predetermined period of time and is a maximum value of the capacitance while the stirring member makes one round. 17. A developing apparatus comprising: the developer container according to claim 1; and a developer bearing member to which developer is supplied via an opening provided on the developer container. 18. A process cartridge that can be detachable from an apparatus main body of an image forming apparatus, comprising: the developer container according to claim 1; and an image bearing member which bears an electrostatic image to be developed by developer. 19. An image forming apparatus which forms an image on a recording material using developer, wherein the developer container according to claim 1 is configured to be detachable from an apparatus main body. 20. An apparatus main body of an image forming apparatus to which a cartridge including a housing chamber that houses developer and a plurality of electrodes used to detect an amount of the developer in the housing chamber is mounted and which forms an image on a recording material, wherein a plurality of types of the cartridges with different numbers of the electrodes are configured to be detachable from the apparatus main body, the apparatus main body comprises a terminal that electrically connects to the electrodes when the cartridge is mounted to the apparatus main body, and a number of the provided terminal is equal to or greater than a largest number among the numbers of the electrodes respectively included in the plurality of types of the cartridges. 21. An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a recording material, comprising: an apparatus main body; a cartridge which includes a housing chamber that houses developer and electrodes used to detect an amount of the developer in the housing chamber and which is configured to be detachable from an apparatus main body; and a terminal which electrically connects the electrodes and the apparatus main body to each other when the cartridge is mounted to the apparatus main body, wherein the apparatus main body is configured such that a plurality of types of the cartridges with different numbers of the electrodes are detachable from the apparatus main body, and a number of the provided terminal is equal to a largest number among the numbers of the electrodes respectively included in the plurality of types of the cartridges. 22. The image forming apparatus according to claim 21, further comprising: an applying portion which applies voltage to a first electrode among the plurality of electrodes via the terminal; a detecting portion which, due to the applying portion applying voltage to the first electrode, detects a voltage value corresponding to capacitance between the first electrode and a second electrode among the plurality of electrodes via the terminal; and an acquiring portion which acquires an amount of the developer in the housing chamber based on the voltage value detected by the detecting portion. 23. The image forming apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the acquiring portion acquires an amount of the developer in the housing chamber using a table including a correspondence relationship between the voltage value detected by the detecting portion and an amount of the developer in the housing chamber. 24. The image forming apparatus according to claim 23, further comprising: a distinguishing portion which distinguishes a type of the cartridge mounted to the apparatus main body; and a storage member which stores a plurality of the tables corresponding to the plurality of types of cartridges, wherein the acquiring portion acquires an amount of developer in the housing chamber using the table corresponding to the type of the cartridge distinguished by the distinguishing portion. 25. The image forming apparatus according to claim 22, wherein a plurality of the second electrodes are provided, and the detecting portion detects a voltage value corresponding to combined capacitance between the first electrode and the plurality of the second electrodes. 26. The image forming apparatus according to claim 22, wherein a plurality of the second electrodes are provided, and the detecting portion detects voltage values respectively corresponding to respective capacitance between the first electrode and the plurality of the second electrodes. 27. The image forming apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the cartridge includes a stirring member rotatably provided inside the housing chamber, and a plurality of the electrodes are provided with intervals therebetween on a bottom surface of the housing chamber. 28. The image forming apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the cartridge includes a first stirring member rotatably provided in a first housing area in the housing chamber and a second stirring member rotatably provided in a second housing area in the housing chamber, and a plurality of the electrodes are respectively arranged with intervals therebetween on a first bottom surface in the first housing area and on a second bottom surface in the second housing area of the housing chamber.",
-    "A method of reprogramming a nonvolatile memory device, comprising setting up bit lines of selected memory cells according to logic values of first and second latches of a page buffer connected to the bit lines, supplying a program pulse to the selected memory cells, performing a program verify operation on the selected memory cells using the first and second latches, and performing a predictive program operation on the selected memory cells according to a result of the program verify operation. In the predictive program operation, bit lines of the selected memory cells are setup according to a logic value of a third latch of the page buffer that corresponds to each of the selected memory cells. 1. A method of reprogramming a nonvolatile memory device, comprising: setting up bit lines of selected memory cells according to logic values of first and second latches of a page buffer connected to the bit lines; supplying a program pulse to the selected memory cells; performing a program verify operation on the selected memory cells using the first and second latches; and performing a predictive program operation on the selected memory cells according to a result of the program verify operation, wherein in the predictive program operation, bit lines of the selected memory cells are setup according to a logic value of a third latch of the page buffer that corresponds to each of the selected memory cells. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein during performing the program verify operation, verify voltages provided to wordlines of the selected memory cells are provided as three different levels. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein during the program verify operation, verify voltages provided to wordlines of the selected memory cells are provided based on multiple groups that are identified by logic values stored in the first and second latches. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predictive program operation is performed after the selected memory cells are determined as verify pass in the program verify operation. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein during the predictive program operation, a verify operation on the selected memory cells is forcibly set to verify pass irrespective of program completion. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the predictive program operation comprises: setting up a bit line of each of the selected memory cells according to a logic value of the third latch; supplying a program pulse to the selected memory cells; and resetting the logic value of the third latch to a program inhibit value. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein in setting up the bit line, a bit line forcing voltage lower than a program inhibit voltage is provided to bit lines of memory cells that are programmed from an erase state to a program state. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising performing a dummy verify operation on the selected memory cells where the resetting is completed. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein in the dummy verify operation, determination is made as verify pass irrespective of whether a program to the memory cells is completed. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising reading two-or-more-page data loaded to first to third latches of the page buffer, from memory cells of a buffer area. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed during a first step of a multi-step reprogram operation used to program at least 3-bit data in the selected memory cells. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the predictive program operation corresponds to a last loop of the multi-step reprogram operation. 13. A nonvolatile memory device comprising: a cell array comprising a buffer area and a main area, wherein data stored in the buffer area is written to the main area by multiple reprogram steps; a row decoder configured to select a wordline of the cell array according to a row address; a page buffer configured to store two-or-more-page data read from the buffer area, wherein the page buffer writes the two-or-more-page data to selected memory cells of the main area based on the reprogram steps; and control logic configured to control the row decoder and the page buffer to perform a verify operation with reference to first-page and second-page data and to program three-or-more-page data with reference to third-page data in a first of the reprogram steps. 14. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 13, wherein the control logic controls the page buffer to setup bit lines of the selected memory cells according to the third-page data where a determination is made as verify pass in the verify operation performed with reference to first-page and second-page data. 15. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 14, wherein the page buffer sets latches storing the third-page data to a program inhibit state irrespective of program completion, after the selected memory cells are programmed according to the third-page data. 16. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 13, wherein the control logic further controls a predictive program operation of the selected memory cells according to a result of the verify operation, wherein in the predictive program operation, bit lines of the selected memory cells are setup according to a logic value of a third latch of the page buffer that corresponds to each of the selected memory cells. 17. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 16, wherein the predictive program operation comprises: setting up a bit line of each of the selected memory cells according to a logic value of the third latch; supplying a program pulse to the selected memory cells; and resetting the logic value of the third latch to a program inhibit value. 18. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 17, wherein in setting up the bit line, a bit line forcing voltage lower than a program inhibit voltage is provided to bit lines of memory cells that are programmed from an erase state to a program state. 19. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 17, wherein a dummy verify operation is performed on the selected memory cells after the resetting is completed. 20. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 19, wherein in the dummy verify operation, a determination is made as verify pass irrespective of whether a program to the memory cells is completed.",
-    "The present invention is directed to a fully self contained, portable apparatus specifically designed for storing, cooling, transporting both upright or on the side, and dispensing a beverage, 1. A portable container comprising: a lower receiver with an internal compartment that has a bottom and substantially circular sidewalls extending from the bottom to a rim at the top of the lower receiver, and a pair of wheels; a removable lid that frictionally engages the lower receiver; a handle that is pivotally attached to the lower receiver by an axel, the handle has a down position and an up position, and a hand slot; locking means for securing the handle to the lower receiver in the down position; and securing means for holding a keg in place in the internal compartment. 2. A portable container according to claim 1 wherein the locking means includes: an extension that protrudes above the rim of the lower receiver with a locking toggle on its distal end that fits through a locking slot in the handle so that the locking toggle can be rotated to lock the handle in the down position. 3. A portable container according to claim 1 wherein the securing means includes: a first substantially circular mating ridge and a second substantially circular mating ridge on the bottom of the internal compartment that are adapted to frictionally mate with a keg to hold it in place; and a first substantially circular mating recess and a second substantially circular mating recess on the bottom side of the lid that are adapted to frictionally mate with a keg to hold it in place. 4. A portable container according to claim 1 wherein the top of the lid has a handle recess extending from the back of the lid adjacent to the handle axel to the front of the lid adjacent to an extension that protrudes above the rim; and, the handle frictionally engages the handle recess when the handle is in the down position. 5. A portable container according to claim 1 wherein the handle is attached to the lower receiver substantially opposite the pair of wheels. 6. A portable container according to claim 1 wherein the lower receiver has an upper band and a lower band, the pair of bands extending around the exterior circumference of the lower receiver; and, a message area extending around the exterior circumference of the lower receiver in between the upper band and the lower band, wherein the surface of the message area is adaptive to receiving a message, theme, or advertisement. 7. A portable container according to claim 1 further comprising: a badge button on the exterior of the lower receiver that is adapted to receive a badge. 8. A portable container according to claim 1 further comprising: a regulator and a supply of CO2 contained in a component recess in the handle; a keg tap located in the lower receiver that is removable attached to a keg; and, a faucet for dispensing a beverage. 9. A portable container according to claim 8 wherein the lid has faucet recess to accommodate the faucet when the handle is in the down position. 10. A portable container according to claim 1 wherein the lower receiver and the lid are insulated to maintain a temperature differential between the temperature of the interior compartment and the external ambient temperature. 11. A portable container comprising: a lower receiver with an internal compartment that has a bottom and substantially circular sidewalls extending from the bottom to a rim at the top of the lower receiver, and a pair of wheels; a removable lid that frictionally engages the lower receiver; a handle that is pivotally attached to the lower receiver by an axel, the handle has a down position and an up position, and a hand slot; and, locking means for securing the handle to the lower receiver in the down position. 12. A portable container according to claim 11 wherein the locking means includes: an extension that protrudes above the rim of the lower receiver with a locking toggle on its distal end that fits through a locking slot in the handle so that the locking toggle can be rotated to lock the handle in the down position. 13. A portable container comprising: a lower receiver with an internal compartment that has a bottom and substantially circular sidewalls extending from the bottom to a rim at the top of the lower receiver, and a pair of wheels; a removable lid that frictionally engages the lower receiver; a handle that is pivotally attached to the lower receiver by an axel, the handle has a down position and an up position, and a hand slot; an extension that protrudes above the rim of the lower receiver with a locking toggle on its distal end that fits through a locking slot in the handle so that the locking toggle can be rotated to lock the handle in the down position; a first substantially circular mating ridge and a second substantially circular mating ridge on the bottom of the internal compartment that are adapted to frictionally mate with a keg to hold it in place; and a first substantially circular mating recess and a second substantially circular mating recess on the bottom side of the lid that are adapted to frictionally mate with a keg to hold it in place.",
-    "Systems and methods for managing interred remains including using a physical location of said remains and a computer database are disclosed. The systems and methods relate to interacting with the interment site of the remains of a person or animal, including virtual gravestones, memorials consisting of audio and/or visual data, and a means for the interaction with such data by survivors. 1. A system for transmitting audio and/or visual data about a deceased subject whom has been interred at a defined location comprising: a.) an electronic database that stores audio and/or visual data about the subject; and b.) a computer device configured to receive the audio and/or visual data from the electronic database when the computer device is positioned at the interment location, such that a first user can listen and/or view said data. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer device is configured to allow the first user to transmit audio and/or visual data into the electronic database. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer device is also configured to also receive audio and/or visual data when the computer device is located remotely from the interred location such that the first user can also listen or view data at a site remote from the interred location. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the user transmitted audio and/or visual data is authorized by the first user to be heard or viewed by a different, second user on a computer device. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the audio and/or visual data stored on the electronic database is authorized to only be unlocked and received by the first user. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the audio and/or visual data stored in the electronic database is authorized to only be unlocked and received on a computer device at or after a certain date and/or time. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the audio and/or visual data is selected from the group consisting of: text, digital images, digital video, voice recordings, music, 3D images, 3D video, words, characters, emojis, art, and holograms. 8. The system of claim 2, wherein the audio and/or visual data transmitted from the first user is selected from the group consisting of: text, digital images, digital video, voice recordings, music, 3D images, 3D video, words, characters, emojis, art, and holograms. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the interred remains are geolocated, by a Global Positioning System (GPS) and the computer device is a GPS enabled device configured to geolocate the interred remains. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the geolocation of the interred remains is stored on the electronic database. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the interred remains comprise a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) device having a unique predetermined RFID and the computer device is configured to recognize said RFID. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer device displays a grave marker on the computer device of the first user. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first user can add audio and/or visual data to the virtual grave marker. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the audio and/or visual data added by the first user is selected from the group consisting of: text, digital images, digital video, voice recordings, music, 3D images, 3D video, words, characters, emojis, art, virtual flowers, virtual wreaths, virtual flags, and holograms. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the audio and/or visual data added by the first user can be heard or viewed by a second, different user. 16. A method for transmitting audio and/or visual data about a deceased subject whom has been interred at a defined location to a first user comprising: a.) storing audio and/or visual data about the subject in an electronic database; b.) receiving the audio and/or visual data from the electronic database through a computer device when the computer device is positioned at the interment location; and c) listening and/or viewing said data by said first user. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the computer device is also configured to receive audio and/or visual data when the computer device is located remotely from the interred location such that the first user can also listen or view data at a site remote from the interred location. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the computer device is configured to allow the first user to transmit audio and/or visual data into the electronic database. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the user transmitted audio and/or visual data transmitted from the first user is authorized by the first user to be heard or viewed by a different, second user on a computer device. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the audio and/or visual data is selected from the group consisting of: text, digital images, digital video, voice recordings, music, 3D images, 3D video, words, characters, emojis, art, and holograms.",
-    "An ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone and a phosphate buffering agent has an advantage that the loss of the geranylgeranylacetone content during long-term storage is very little. This is because of reduced adsorption of geranylgeranylacetone to a wall of an ophthalmic container. The ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone and a phosphate buffering agent also has an advantage that adsorption of geranylgeranylacetone to a contact lens is little. Further, the ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone and a phosphate buffering agent hardly becomes white turbid even when stored at low temperature. 1. An ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone and a phosphate buffering agent. 2. The ophthalmic composition according to claim 1, whose pH is from 6 to 8. 3. The ophthalmic composition according to claim 1, wherein the phosphate buffering agent concentration expressed in terms of a corresponding anhydride is 0.001 to 10% by weight relative to the total amount of the composition. 4. The ophthalmic composition according to any of claim 1, wherein the phosphate buffering agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and an alkali metal phosphate. 5. The ophthalmic composition according to any of claim 1, wherein the geranylgeranylacetone content is 0.00001 to 10% by weight relative to the total amount of the composition. 6. A method for reducing the loss of the geranylgeranylacetone content of an ophthalmic composition, the method comprising the step of adding a phosphate buffering agent to an ophthalmic composition being held by an ophthalmic container and comprising geranylgeranylacetone, thereby reducing the loss of the geranylgeranylacetone content of the ophthalmic composition. 7. A method for reducing white turbidity due to geranylgeranylacetone during storage at low temperature, the method comprising the step of adding a phosphate buffering agent to an ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone, thereby reducing white turbidity due to geranylgeranylacetone during storage at low temperature. 8. A method for reducing adsorption of geranylgeranylacetone to a contact lens, the method comprising the step of adding a phosphate buffering agent to an ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone, thereby reducing adsorption of geranylgeranylacetone to a contact lens. 9. A method for stabilizing geranylgeranylacetone, the method comprising the step of adding a phosphate buffering agent to an ophthalmic composition comprising geranylgeranylacetone, thereby stabilizing geranylgeranylacetone. 10. A method for reducing adsorption of geranylgeranylacetone to a wall of an ophthalmic container, the method comprising the step of adding a phosphate buffering agent to an ophthalmic composition being held by an ophthalmic container and comprising geranylgeranylacetone, thereby reducing adsorption of geranylgeranylacetone to a wall of the ophthalmic container.",
-    "Provided is a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device with improved manufacturing efficiency for the semiconductor device. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes the steps of: (a) forming a circuit at a front surface side of a wafer (semiconductor wafer) having the front surface and a back surface opposite to the front surface; (b) grinding the back surface of the wafer that has a center part (first part) and a peripheral edge part (second part) surrounding a periphery of the center part in such a manner that the center part is thinner than the peripheral edge part; (c) attaching an upper surface (bonding surface) of a holding tape to the front surface of the wafer; and (d) separating the center part from the peripheral edge part by cutting a part of the center part with a blade (rotary blade) while the wafer is held by the first tape. 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a circuit on a first surface of a semiconductor wafer, the semiconductor wafer having the first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; (b) grinding the second surface of the semiconductor wafer such that a first part is to be thinner than a second part surrounding the first part; (c) attaching a bonding surface of a first tape to the first surface of the semiconductor wafer; and (d) separating the first part from the second part by cutting a part of the first part with a rotary blade in contact with the second surface of the first part, while the semiconductor wafer is held by the first tape. 2. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first tape is thicker than the first part after the step (b). 3. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 2, further comprising: (e) after the step (d), removing the second part; (f) attaching a bonding surface of a second tape to the second surface side of the first part of the semiconductor wafer with the first tape attached thereto; and (g) after the step (f), peeling off the first tape from the semiconductor wafer. 4. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the first tape includes a first base material and a first adhesive layer provided at one surface of the first base material and attached to the first surface of the semiconductor wafer, wherein the second tape includes a second base material and a second adhesive layer provided at one surface of the second base material and attached to the second surface of the first part of the semiconductor wafer, and wherein the first adhesive layer is thicker than the second adhesive layer. 5. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the first part of the semiconductor wafer includes a plurality of chip regions and a plurality of dicing regions provided between the chip regions, the method further comprising the step of: after the step (g), cutting the first part along an extending direction of the dicing region with a rotary blade in contact with the first surface side of the first part while the semiconductor wafer is held by the second tape, thereby separating the wafer into the respective chip regions. 6. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the step (c) comprises the steps of: (c1) forming a trench by performing a cutting process at the second surface side of the first part by moving the rotary blade to draw an arc along an outer edge of the first part of the semiconductor wafer while rotating the rotary blade; and (c2) after the step (c1), performing another cutting process along the trench to thereby cut the first part in a thickness direction thereof. 7. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a depth of the trench formed in the step (c1) is deeper than a cutting trench depth in the cutting process performed in the step (c2). 8. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a cutting process width in the step (c1) is substantially the same as that in the step (c2). 9. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the rotary blade and the semiconductor wafer are maintained in contact with each other between the step (c1) and the step (c2). 10. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the step (c), the semiconductor wafer is cut along an outer edge of the first part thereof. 11. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the step (c), the first part is cut to draw an arc along an outer edge of the first part of the semiconductor wafer. 12. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein after the step (b), a thickness of the first part is equal to or less than 100 \u03bcm. 13. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: after the step (b) and before the step (c), forming a metal film to cover the second surface of the first part. 14. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: after the step (d), forming a mark for identifying a direction of the semiconductor wafer, in apart of the first tape. 15. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a circuit on a first surface of a semiconductor wafer, the semiconductor wafer having the first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; (b) grinding the second surface of the semiconductor wafer such that a first part is to be thinner than a second part surrounding the first part; (c) attaching a bonding surface of a first tape to the first surface of the semiconductor wafer, the first tape being attached to a fixing ring and having a first thickness larger than that of the first part after the step (b); (d) separating the first part from the second part by cutting a part of the first part with a rotary blade in contact with the second surface of the first part while the semiconductor wafer is held by the first tape, thereby removing the second part; and (e) after the step (d), forming a mark for identifying a direction of the semiconductor wafer, in apart of the first tape. 16. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising the step of: after the step (e), separating the semiconductor wafer held by the first tape from the fixing ring by cutting a periphery of the first tape.",
-    "Provided is a system capable of further reducing risk such as a contact between a moving body such as a vehicle and a traffic participant present around the moving body. According to an environment recognition system (1) of the present invention, a database (10) stores each of a plurality of reference symbol strings describing the state of an environmental element constituting each of a plurality of scenes assumed to be around the moving body. A first arithmetic processing element (11) detects a scene around the moving body and generates a symbol string describing the state of the environmental element constituting the detected scene. A second arithmetic processing element (12) evaluates similarity between the symbol string and each of the plurality of reference symbol strings stored in the database (10). 1. An environment recognition system comprising: a database which stores each of a plurality of reference symbol strings describing a state of an environmental element constituting each of a plurality of scenes assumed to be around a moving body; a first arithmetic processing element which detects a scene around the moving body and generates a symbol string describing a state of an environmental element constituting the scene; and a second arithmetic processing element which evaluates similarity between the symbol string generated by the first arithmetic processing element and each of the plurality of reference symbol strings stored in the database. 2. The environment recognition system according to claim 1, wherein the second arithmetic processing element selects a reference symbol string having a highest current value of the similarity or a highest cumulative value for latest specified number of times as a current reference symbol string and calculates potential risk of the moving body based on at least some symbols constituting the selected reference symbol string according to a data table stored in the database or a specification rule defined by a function. 3. The environment recognition system according to claim 2, wherein the second arithmetic processing element evaluates the potential risk of the moving body based on a symbol describing at least one of a type, position, and behavior of a traffic participant as the environmental element as the at least some symbols. 4. The environment recognition system according to claim 2, wherein: the first arithmetic processing element extracts a location on a deep side when viewed from the moving body, as a caution needed location, out of objects present in a movable region of the moving body or adjacent thereto in the scene; and the second arithmetic processing element evaluates the potential risk of the moving body based on at least one of positions and a number of caution needed locations extracted by the first arithmetic processing element in addition to the selected reference symbol string. 5. The environment recognition system according to claim 2, further comprising a third arithmetic processing element which generates at least one execution command among notification to an operator of the moving body or a person as the moving body or to traffic participants present around the moving body, acceleration suppression of the moving body, steering control, and changing speed of the moving body, depending on a degree of potential risk to the moving body evaluated by the second arithmetic processing element. 6. The environment recognition system according to claim 1, wherein the second arithmetic processing element evaluates the similarity to the current symbol string generated by the first arithmetic processing element, only with respect to some reference symbol strings whose similarity to a previous symbol string, which has been generated by the first arithmetic processing element, is equal to or higher than a predetermined value or is within a predetermined ranking, among the plurality of reference symbol strings. 7. The environment recognition system according to claim 1, wherein, in a case where a difference in similarity to the symbol string generated by the first arithmetic processing element between a first reference symbol string and a second reference symbol string among the plurality of reference symbol strings is equal to or lower than a threshold value, wherein the first reference symbol string holds a first place in ranking of the similarity and a second reference symbol string holds a second place in the ranking of the similarity, the second arithmetic processing element selects a reference symbol string which has been selected most frequently in a selection history for a latest specified number of times or a reference symbol string selected at a previous time among the first reference symbol string and the second reference symbol string. 8. An environment recognition method comprising: a first arithmetic processing step for detecting a scene around a moving body and then generating a symbol string describing a state of an environmental element constituting the scene; and a second arithmetic processing step for evaluating similarity between the symbol string generated in the first arithmetic processing step and each of a plurality of reference symbol strings describing a state of an environmental element constituting each of a plurality of scenes assumed to be around the moving body stored in a database.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes a generating unit, a print instruction providing unit, and a display. The generating unit generates print data of a sample sheet if a request for outputting the sample sheet is received while print data formed of plural pages is being generated. The print instruction providing unit provides a print instruction for the print data of the sample sheet after providing a print instruction for the print data that has been generated. The display displays, based on the print data of the sample sheet, an attribute of the sample sheet. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a generating unit that generates print data of a sample sheet if a request for outputting the sample sheet is received while print data formed of a plurality of pages is being generated; a print instruction providing unit that provides a print instruction for the print data of the sample sheet after providing a print instruction for the print data that has been generated; and a display that displays, based on the print data of the sample sheet, an attribute of the sample sheet. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the print instruction providing unit provides, for print data of a printed result other than the sample sheet, a new print instruction if a total sheet size in a transport direction of print data for which a print instruction has been provided is equal to or smaller than a predetermined size, and provides, for the print data of the sample sheet, a print instruction regardless of the total sheet size in the transport direction of the print data for which a print instruction has been provided. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the attribute includes at least one of a job ID, job name, output image, page number, ejection destination, and estimated time of ejection of the sample sheet. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the attribute includes at least one of a job ID, job name, output image, page number, ejection destination, and estimated time of ejection of the sample sheet. 5. An image forming system comprising: a receiving unit that receives a print job formed of a plurality of pages; a generating unit that generates print data of a sample sheet if a request for outputting a print result of the sample sheet to an ejection destination different from an ejection destination of the print job is received while print data corresponding to the print job received by the receiving unit is being generated; a print instruction providing unit that provides a print instruction for the print data of the sample sheet after providing a print instruction for the print data corresponding to the print job that has been generated; an image forming unit that forms an image in accordance with the print data corresponding to the print job and the print data corresponding the sample sheet; an ejection unit to which the sample sheet is ejected; and a display that displays, before the sample sheet is ejected to the ejection unit, an attribute of the sample sheet including at least one of a job ID, job name, output image, page number, ejection destination, and estimated time of ejection corresponding to the print data of the sample sheet. 6. An image forming method comprising: generating print data of a sample sheet if a request for outputting the sample sheet is received while print data formed of a plurality of pages is being generated; providing a print instruction for the print data of the sample sheet after providing a print instruction for the print data that has been generated; and displaying, based on the print data of the sample sheet, an attribute of the sample sheet. 7. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for image formation, the process comprising: generating print data of a sample sheet if a request for outputting the sample sheet is received while print data formed of a plurality of pages is being generated; providing a print instruction for the print data of the sample sheet after providing a print instruction for the print data that has been generated; and displaying, based on the print data of the sample sheet, an attribute of the sample sheet.",
-    "A skill-scoring system suitable for use on an automated vehicle includes an accelerometer and a controller. The accelerometer is used to determine an acceleration-value experienced by an operator of a host-vehicle while the operator operates the host-vehicle in a manual-mode along a travel-path. The controller is in communication with the accelerometer. The controller is configured to determine a skill-score based on a comparison of the acceleration-value to an expected-acceleration that the operator would experience when the host-vehicle is operated in an automated-mode along the travel-path. 1. A skill-scoring system suitable for use on an automated vehicle, said system comprising: an accelerometer used to determine an acceleration-value experienced by an operator of a host-vehicle while the operator operates the host-vehicle in a manual-mode along a travel-path; and a controller in communication with the accelerometer, said controller configured to determine a skill-score based on a comparison of the acceleration-value to an expected-acceleration that the operator would experience when the host-vehicle is operated in an automated-mode along the travel-path. 2. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the system includes memory that stores the expected-acceleration, and the expected-acceleration is determined based on prior-accelerations recorded in other-vehicles previously operated in the automated-mode along the travel-path. 3. The system in accordance with claim 2, wherein the expected-acceleration is further determined based on prior-accelerations recorded in other-vehicles when operated in the manual-mode by other-operators during prior travel on the travel-path. 4. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the system includes an object-detection-device used to detect a pedestrian proximate to the host-vehicle, and the skill-score is adjusted based on a pedestrian-courtesy-event where actions by the operator during operation in the manual-mode made way for a pedestrian. 5. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the system includes an object-detection-device used to detect a leading-vehicle forward of the host-vehicle, and the skill-score is adjusted based on a tailgating-event characterized by the host-vehicle following the leading-vehicle at a following-distance less than a safe-distance. 6. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the system includes a speed-limit-detection-means, and the skill-score is adjusted based on a speeding-event characterized by the host-vehicle exceeding a posted-speed-limit. 7. The system in accordance with claim 1, wherein the system includes an object-detection-device used to detect an approaching-vehicle proximate to the host-vehicle, and the skill-score is adjusted based on a collision-avoidance-event where actions by the operator during operation in the manual-mode avoided a collision with the approaching-vehicle.",
-    "A processor determines a predicted quantity of updates to be made to a set of data using a history of updates. The set of data is associated with a category of replication that indicates a first frequency of data replication to be applied to the set of data. The processor determines whether the first predicted quantity of updates meets a first threshold for a frequency of replication of the set of data. The first threshold indicates an allowed number of updates and meeting the first threshold indicates that an adjustment to the frequency of replication of the set of data is to be initiated. The processor responds to a determination that the first threshold has been met by associating the set of data with a category of replication that has a second frequency of data replication to be applied to the set of data. 1. A method for modifying a frequency of replication of a set of data, the method comprising: determining, by a processor, a first predicted quantity of updates that are likely to be made to a set of data based, at least in part, on a history of updates for the set of data, wherein the set of data is associated with a first category of replication that indicates a first frequency of data replication to be applied to the set of data; determining, by the processor, whether the first predicted quantity meets a first threshold for a frequency of replication of the set of data, wherein the first threshold indicates an allowed number of updates for the set of data, and wherein a meeting of the first threshold indicates that an adjustment to the first frequency of replication of the set of data is to be initiated; predicting, by the processor, a degree of latency that will be experienced during replication of the set of data; determining, by the processor, whether the first predicted quantity meets a plurality of thresholds for the frequency of replication of the set of data; responsive to a determination that the first predicted quantity meets the plurality of thresholds, identifying, by the processor, a threshold, included in the plurality of thresholds, that has the highest priority; responsive to a determination that the first threshold has been met, associating, by the processor, the set of data with a second category of replication, wherein the second category of replication indicates a second frequency of data replication to be applied to the set of data, and wherein the association of the set of data with the second category of replication is based, at least in part, on i) the threshold that has the highest priority and ii) the predicted degree of latency meeting a third threshold, wherein the third threshold indicates a degree of latency that is allowed for given mode of data transmission; associating, by the processor, the second category of replication with at least one of i) a type of storage media to be used during the replication of the set of data, ii) a mode of data transmission to be used during the replication of the set of data, and iii) a type of data that represents the set of data during the replication of the set of data, wherein the associating is based, at least in part, on the first predicted quantity meeting a second threshold for the frequency of replication of the set of data, wherein the second threshold being met indicates at least one of i) the type of storage media to be used during the replication of the set of data, ii) the mode of data transmission to be used during the replication of the set of data, and iii) the type of data that represents the set of data during the replication of the set of data; and responsive to a determination that the first threshold has been met, delaying, by the processor, for a predetermined period of time, a determination as to whether a second predicted quantity of updates that are likely to be made to the set of data meets a third threshold for the frequency of replication of the set of data, wherein the delay allows for completion of a normalization process following replication of the set of data.",
-    "An electro-mechanical brake for increasing a braking force is provided. The electro-mechanical brake for increasing the braking force according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the upper pad together with the inner pad and the outer pad, the inner pad may pressurize the inner side surface of the disk by the movement of the moving block by the rotation of the screw, the outer pad may pressurize the outer side surface of the disk, the upper pad may also pressurize the cylindrical surface of the upper end of the disk, and thus the braking force may be increased since the additional braking force can be further generated by pressurizing the cylindrical surface of the upper end of the disk compared with a case of pressurizing the inner side surface and the outer side surface of the disk. 1. An electro-mechanical brake for increasing a braking force, comprising: a carrier coupled to a vehicle frame, and configured to accommodate an upper end portion of a disk rotating together with a wheel of a vehicle, and including a sliding guide formed in both side plates; a column installed to be movable along with the sliding guide, and including a screw rotating according to a driving of a motor inside; a caliper coupled with the carrier, and configured to move by a contact with the column; a moving block to be screwed by the screw, and moving in front and rear directions on the screw according to a rotation of the screw; an inner pad configured to pressurize an inner side surface of the disk by moving to the inner side surface of the disk by the movement of the moving block; an outer pad configured to pressurize an outer side surface of the disk by moving to the outer side surface of the disk by the movement of the moving block; and an upper pad configured to pressurize a cylindrical surface of an upper end of the disk by moving to the upper end of the disk by the movement of the moving block. 2. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises a moving member which is movable in a horizontal direction on a bottom surface of a rear end. 3. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 2, wherein the moving member is arranged in a rail formed in the bottom surface of the rear end of the carrier. 4. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the caliper comprises a first groove portion in which inclined surfaces are formed on both sides on an upper surface of an inner side adjacent to the upper pad. 5. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the column comprises a second groove portion in which inclined surfaces are formed on both sides on a front end adjacent to the inner pad. 6. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the column comprises a contact member moving by the movement of the moving block in a rear end. 7. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 6, wherein the contact member comprises a first arm extending to the moving block. 8. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 6, wherein the contact member includes both inner side surfaces formed to be apart from both side surfaces of the moving member included in the carrier, respectively, and both outer side surfaces formed to be apart from both inner side surfaces of the column, respectively. 9. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the inner pad is arranged in front of the column in a state to be apart from the inner side surface of the disk. 10. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the inner pad comprises a first protruding part, on which an inclined surface to contact with an inclined portion of a second groove portion formed in the column, is formed on a rear end. 11. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the inner pad comprises a second arm extending to the moving block. 12. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 11, wherein the second arm is formed in multi-stage. 13. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the outer pad is arranged in a front end of the carrier in a state to be apart from the outer side surface of the disk. 14. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the upper pad is arranged in a state to be apart from the cylindrical surface of the upper end of the disk. 15. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 1, wherein the upper pad comprises a second protruding part, on which an inclined surface to contact with an inclined surface of a first groove portion formed in the caliper, is formed on an upper end. 16. The electro-mechanical brake of claim 15, wherein the second protruding part is coupled to the moving member included in the carrier through a connection bar.",
-    "The present disclosure is directed to an integrated electrostatic sensor for an engine. The sensor includes an outer housing having a body with a first end and a second end. The first end is configured for securing the sensor to the engine and includes a sensing face. The sensor also includes an electrode configured within the housing adjacent to the sensing face and an amplifier configured with the electrode. The electrode contains a plurality of electrons configured to move as charged particles flow past the sensing face. Thus, the amplifier is configured to detect a particulate level as a function of the electron movement. The electrostatic sensor also includes a circuit board configured within the housing and electrically coupled to the amplifier. As such, the circuit board is configured to send one or more signals to a controller of the engine indicative of the particulate level. 1. An integrated electrostatic sensor for detecting dust or debris in an engine, the sensor comprising: an outer housing comprising a body having a first end and a second end, the first end comprising a sensing face and configured for securing the sensor to the engine; an electrode configured within the outer housing adjacent to the sensing face, wherein the electrode comprises an impedance of greater than about 1 G-Ohm, the electrode comprising a plurality of electrons configured to move as charged particles within the engine flow past the sensing face; an amplifier configured with the electrode, wherein the amplifier comprises a leakage current of from about 1 femtoampere to about 5 femtoampere and an operating temperature range of from about 100 degrees Celsius to about 250 decrees Celsius, the amplifier configured to detect a particulate level of the engine as a function of the electron movement; and a circuit board configured within the outer housing and electrically coupled to the amplifier, the circuit board configured to send one or more signals to a controller of the engine indicative of the particulate level. 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the first end comprises a first threaded outer surface configured for securing the sensor in a mounting location of the engine. 3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the body of the outer housing comprises a predetermined shape configured to fit in an existing location of the engine. 4. The sensor of claim 3, wherein the existing location comprises at least one of a borescope port, a wash water port, a compressor inlet, a booster inlet, or a turbine inlet of the engine. 5. The sensor of claim 3, wherein the predetermined shape of the body of the outer housing comprises a generally cylindrical shape. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a sensor cap configured with the second end of the body of the outer housing so as to retain the electrode and the amplifier within the outer housing. 9. The sensor of claim 8, wherein the second end comprises a second threaded outer surface configured to receive the sensor cap, the sensor cap comprising at least one of an inner threaded surface or an outer threaded surface. 10. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising an electrode housing configured within the outer housing adjacent to the sensing face, the electrode housing configured to house the electrode, the electrode electrically coupled to the circuit board via an insulated wire. 11. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a circuit board housing configured within the outer housing adjacent to the electrode, the circuit board housing configured to house the circuit board therein. 12. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising an insulator configured between the electrode and the outer housing. 13. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the engine comprises at least one of an aircraft engine, an industrial engine, a power generation engine, a land-based engine, or a marine engine. 14. An electrostatic sensor system for an engine, the sensor system comprising: one or more integrated electrostatic sensors for detecting dust or debris in the engine, each of the electrostatic sensors comprising: an outer housing comprising a body having a first end and a second end, the first end comprising a sensing face and configured for securing the sensor to the engine, an electrode configured within the outer housing adjacent to the sensing face, wherein the electrode comprises an impedance of greater than about 1 G-Ohm, the electrode comprising a plurality of electrons configured to move as charged particles within the engine flow past the sensing face, an amplifier configured with the electrode, wherein the amplifier comprises a leakage current of from about 1 femtoampere to about 15 femtoampere and an operating temperature range of from about 100 degrees Celsius to about 250 degrees Celsius, the amplifier configured to detect a particulate level of the engine as a function of the electron movement, and a circuit board configured within the outer housing and electrically coupled to the amplifier; and a controller electrically coupled to the circuit board so as to receive one or more signals therefrom that are indicative of the particulate level. 15. The sensor system of claim 14, wherein the first end comprises a first threaded outer surface configured for securing the sensor in a mounting location of the engine. 16. The sensor system of claim 14, wherein the body of the outer housing comprises a predetermined shape configured to fit in an existing location of the engine, wherein the predetermined shape of the body of the outer housing comprises a generally cylindrical shape, wherein the existing location comprises at least one of a borescope port, a wash water port, a compressor inlet, a booster inlet, or a turbine inlet of the engine. 17. The sensor system of claim 14, further comprising: an electrode housing configured within the outer housing adjacent to the sensor face, the electrode housing configured to house the electrode, the electrode electrically coupled to the circuit board via an insulated wire, and a circuit board housing configured within the outer housing adjacent to the electrode, the circuit board housing configured to house the circuit board therein. 18. (canceled) 19. A method for detecting dust or debris in an engine, the method comprising: providing an integrated electrostatic sensor in one or more locations of the engine, each of the electrostatic sensors including an outer housing with a first end having a sensing face, the first end configured for securing the sensor to the engine, each of the electrostatic sensors also having an internal electrode and amplifier housed within the outer housing, the electrode adjacent to the sensing face and having a plurality of electrons configured to move as charged particles within the engine flow past the sensing face; mounting the sensing face of each sensor in a particulate flow path at the one or more locations; determining, via the amplifier of each sensor, a particulate level of the engine as a function of the electron movement; and generating, via a circuit board configured within the outer housing, one or more signals indicative of the particulate level. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising sending, via circuit board of the each of the electrostatic sensors, the one or more signals to a controller of the engine.",
-    "A decodable indicia reading terminal can comprise a multiple pixel image sensor, an imaging lens configured to focus an image of decodable indicia on the image sensor, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter configured to convert an analog signal read out of the image sensor into a digital signal, a communication interface, and a microprocessor configured to output decoded message data corresponding to the decodable indicia by processing the digital signal. The decodable indicia reading terminal can be configured, responsive to a triggering event, to transmit via the communication interface a decoding result and an indicia readability rating. The triggering event can be provided by a failure to detect decodable indicia, the indicia readability rating being less than a pre-defined threshold, exceeding a pre-defined time period to decode decodable indicia, a user interface action, and a command received via said communication interface. 1. An indicia reader comprising: an image sensor for generating a signal; an imaging lens for focusing light on the image sensor; a communication interface for transmitting data; and a microprocessor communicatively coupled to the image sensor and the communication interface, the microprocessor being configured for: in response to a triggering event, generating a decoding result; in response to the triggering event, determining an indicia readability rating corresponding to the decoding result based on a number of attempts to decode an indicia and a processing time taken to successfully decode the indicia; and in response to the triggering event, transmitting the decoding result and the indicia readability rating via the communication interface. 2. The indicia reader of claim 1, wherein the triggering event comprises a failure to detect indicia, an indicia readability rating of less than a pre-defined threshold, an attempt to decode indicia represented in the signal that exceeds a pre-defined time period, a user interface action, and a command received via the communication interface. 3. The indicia reader of claim 1, wherein the decoding result comprises decoded message data or an error message. 4. The indicia reader of claim 1, comprising: a source for emitting a light beam; and a photo-detector for receiving reflected light and generating a second signal corresponding to the intensity of the reflected light; wherein the microprocessor is communicatively connected to the photo-detector and configured for: in response to a triggering event, generating a decoding result; in response to the triggering event, determining an indicia readability rating corresponding to the decoding result based on a number of attempts to decode an indicia and a processing time taken to successfully decode the indicia; and in response to the triggering event, transmitting the decoding result and the indicia readability rating via the communication interface. 5. The indicia reader of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured for, in response to the triggering event, transmitting a timestamp, an image of an item bearing the indicia, a number of attempts to decode an indicia and/or a processing time taken to decode the indicia. 6. The indicia reader of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured for, in response to the triggering event, transmitting the decoding result and the indicia readability rating via the communication interface to an external server. 7. An indicia reader comprising: an image sensor for generating a first signal; an imaging lens for focusing light on the image sensor; a source for emitting a light beam; a photo-detector for receiving reflected light and generating a second signal corresponding to the intensity of the reflected light; a communication interface for transmitting data; and a microprocessor communicatively coupled to the image sensor, the photo-detector, and the communication interface, the microprocessor being configured for: in response to a triggering event, generating a decoding result; in response to the triggering event, determining an indicia readability rating corresponding to the decoding result based on a number of attempts to decode an indicia and a processing time taken to successfully decode the indicia; and in response to the triggering event, transmitting the decoding result and the indicia readability rating via the communication interface. 8. The indicia reader of claim 7, wherein the triggering event comprises a failure to detect indicia, an indicia readability rating of less than a pre-defined threshold, an attempt to decode indicia represented in the signal that exceeds a pre-defined time period, a user interface action, and a command received via the communication interface. 9. The indicia reader of claim 7, wherein the decoding result comprises decoded message data or an error message. 10. The indicia reader of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured for, in response to the triggering event, transmitting a timestamp, an image of an item bearing the indicia, a number of attempts to decode an indicia and/or a processing time taken to decode the indicia. 11. The indicia reader of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor is configured for, in response to the triggering event, transmitting the decoding result and the indicia readability rating via the communication interface to an external server. 12. A system comprising: a server; and an indicia reader comprising: an image sensor for generating a signal; an imaging lens for focusing light on the image sensor; a communication interface for transmitting data; a microprocessor communicatively coupled to the image sensor and the communication interface, the microprocessor being configured for: in response to a triggering event, generating a decoding result; in response to the triggering event, determining an indicia readability rating corresponding to the decoding result based on a number of attempts to decode an indicia and a processing time taken to successfully decode the indicia; and in response to the triggering event, transmitting the decoding result and the indicia readability rating via the communication interface to the server. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the triggering event comprises a failure to detect indicia, an indicia readability rating of less than a pre-defined threshold, an attempt to decode indicia represented in the signal that exceeds a pre-defined time period, a user interface action, and a command received via the communication interface. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the decoding result comprises decoded message data or an error message. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the server is configured for: diagnosing a tag printer failure responsive to establishing that a plurality of items bearing tags produced by said tag printer cause an error rate exceeding a first pre-defined threshold rate; diagnosing an item-related issue responsive to establishing that a plurality of copies of a same SKU item cause an error rate exceeding a second pre-defined threshold rate; and/or diagnosing an indicia-reader-related issue responsive to establishing that decoding operations performed by the indicia reader has an error rate exceeding a third pre-defined threshold rate. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the server is configured for diagnosing a tag printer failure by averaging a plurality of indicia readability ratings from two or more indicia readers of tags produced by a specific tag printer to obtain the first pre-defined threshold rate. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the server is configured for diagnosing an item-related issue by averaging a plurality of indicia readability ratings from two or more indicia readers of tags attached to a specific SKU item to obtain the second pre-defined threshold rate. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the server is configured for diagnosing an indicia-reader-related issue by averaging a plurality of indicia readability ratings from two or more indicia readers to obtain the third pre-defined threshold rate. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the indicia reader's microprocessor is configured for, in response to the triggering event, transmitting a timestamp, an image of an item bearing the indicia, a number of attempts to decode an indicia and/or a processing time taken to decode the indicia. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein: the indicia reader comprises a hand held housing; the image sensor, the imaging lens, the communication interface, and the microprocessor are disposed within the hand held housing; and the communication interface comprises a wireless communication interface for transmitting data wireless to the server.",
-    "An exemplary method of lubricating a turbomachine interface includes, among other things, securing a carrier relative to a torque frame using a flexure pin, and lubricating an interface of the flexure pin using a lubricant that has moved through a lubricant passage in the carrier and a lubricant passage in the flexure pin. 1. A method of lubricating a turbomachine interface, comprising: securing a carrier relative to a torque frame using a flexure pin; and lubricating an interface of the flexure pin using lubricant that has moved through a lubricant passage in the carrier and a lubricant passage in the flexure pin. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lubricant moves to the lubricant passage in the carrier from a lubricant supply that is outside the carrier. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising limiting movement of the flexure pin using a retainer pin extending from the carrier through an aperture at least partially provided by the flexure pin. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the retainer pin is a bolt. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the aperture and the lubricant passage in the flexure pin are nonintersecting. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising limiting movement of the flexure pin using a retainer pin extending from the carrier through a first pin aperture of the flexure pin and a second pin aperture of the carrier, wherein the lubricant passage in the flexure pin is separate from the first pin aperture. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising indicating a position of the first pin aperture using a clocking feature on an outer surface of the flexure pin. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising metering the flow of lubricant from the lubricant passage in the carrier to the lubricant passage in the flexure pin. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising metering using a metering device that is at least partially received within the flexure pin. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the interface is an interface between the flexure pin and a bushing. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising receiving the bushing within the torque frame. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising receiving the bushing within the carrier. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the lubricant passage within the flexure pin comprises a first portion extending transverse to an axis of rotation of a gear, and a second portion extending parallel to the axis of rotation of the gear. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising supporting multiple circumferentially spaced intermediate gears with the carrier, wherein the torque frame has multiple circumferentially spaced projections secured to the carrier. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the lubricant passage in the carrier extends through a spraybar.",
-    "A domestic appliance, such as a double oven range, incorporates a door having a bottom end portion which, when shifted between closed and opened positions, both pivots and vertically shifts relative to a frame body of the appliance through at least a connecting rod, push rod and pivot arm of a hinge mechanism. Due to a combined pivoting and lifting action of the door, minimal to no clearance is required between the bottom end portion and adjacent structure. 1. A domestic appliance comprising: a frame body; a cavity provided in the frame body; a door mounted for movement relative to the cavity between a closed position wherein the door closes off the cavity, to an opened position, wherein access to the cavity is provided; and a hinge mechanism for supporting the door for movement between the closed and opened positions, said hinge mechanism including: a pivot arm having a first, end portion pivotally attached to the door at a first point of attachment, a second, intermediate portion pivotally attached to the frame body and a third, end portion; a connecting rod having one end portion pivotably attached to the door at a second point of attachment and another end portion mounted for pivotal movement relative to the frame body; and a push rod interconnecting, at least in part, the connecting rod to the third, end portion of the pivot arm, wherein, upon movement of the door from the closed position to the opened position, the door is configured to pivot around each of the first point of attachment and the second point of attachment, and wherein movement of the connecting rod is transferred, at least in part, through the push rod to cause the pivot arm to pivot about the intermediate portion and lift the door relative to the cavity. 2. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, wherein the pivot arm is bent at the intermediate portion. 3. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, wherein the hinge mechanism further includes a balancing spring providing a counter force against a weight of the door upon opening of the door. 4. The domestic appliance according to claim 3, wherein the balance spring is mounted for pivotal movement relative to each of the pivot arm, connecting rod and push rod and is compressed upon opening of the door. 5. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, wherein the hinge mechanism further includes a damping spring configured to retard movement of at least one of the pivot arm, connecting rod and push rod as the door approaches the opened position. 6. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, wherein the cavity is an oven cavity, the domestic appliance includes upper and lower oven cavities, and the door provides access to the upper oven cavity. 7. The domestic appliance according to claim 6, wherein the door includes a bottom end portion which, when the door is in the closed position, is spaced less than 5 mm from a top end portion of a door of the lower oven cavity. 8. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, wherein the door includes a bottom end portion which is arranged vertically higher in the opened position than in the closed position. 9. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, wherein the hinge mechanism further includes a slider mechanism guiding movement of each of the connecting rod and the push rod. 10. The domestic appliance according to claim 9, wherein the slider mechanism includes a pivot pin joining the connecting rod and the push rod, with the pivot pin extending into a fore-to-aft extending slot. 11. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, further comprising: a damping spring configured to dampen movement of at least the connecting rod as the door approaches the opened position. 12. The domestic appliance according to claim 11, further comprising: an actuator provided on the connecting rod, said actuator being adapted to shift the damping spring as the door approaches the opened position. 13. The domestic appliance according to claim 1, further comprising: a cam dyad mounted for pivotal movement, wherein each of the connecting rod and push rod are pivotally attached to the cam dyad. 14. The domestic appliance according to claim 13, further comprising: a damping spring including a cam follower, wherein the cam dyad defines a cam surface engaged by the cam follower, with the damping spring biasing the cam follower into engagement with the cam surface and dampening pivotal movement of the cam dyad. 15. A method of shifting a door between a closed position, wherein the door closes off a cavity of a domestic appliance, to an opened position, wherein access to the cavity is provided, the method comprising: initiating opening of the door to cause the door to pivot about a first pivot axis defined at a first point of attachment between the door and a first end portion of a pivot arm; causing a connecting rod, having one end portion pivotally attached to the door at a second point of attachment, to apply a force to a push rod interposed between the connecting rod and a second end portion of the pivot arm; and causing the push rod to apply a force to the second end portion of the pivot arm such that the pivot arm is forced to pivot relative to the door about an intermediate portion of the pivot arm and lift the door through the first point of attachment. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the pivot arm applies a force to cause the door to pivot around the second point of attachment. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the force applied by the pivot arm is orthogonal to a pivot axis of the door at the second point of attachment. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: providing a counter force, through a compressible balancing spring, against a weight of the door upon opening the door. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: retarding movement of at least one of the pivot arm, connecting rod and push rod as the door approaches the opened position. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the cavity is an oven cavity, the domestic appliance includes upper and lower oven cavities, and the door provides access to the upper oven cavity. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the door includes a bottom end portion and, when the door is in the closed position, the bottom end portion is spaced less than 5 mm from a top end portion of a door of the lower oven cavity. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising: positioning a bottom end portion of the door vertically higher in the opened position than in the closed position. 23. The method of claim 15, further comprising: guiding movement of each of the connecting rod and the push rod through a slider mechanism. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein guiding the movement includes sliding a pivot pin joining the connecting rod and the push rod in a fore-to-aft extending slot. 25. The method of claim 15, further comprising: dampening movement of at least the connecting rod as the door approaches the opened position through a damping spring. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: shifting the damping spring as the door approaches the opened position through an actuator provided on the connecting rod. 27. The method of claim 15, further comprising: pivoting a cam dyad, interposed between the connecting rod and the pivot arm, upon opening of the door. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: engaging a cam follower with a cam surface of the cam dyad, with the damping spring biasing the cam follower into engagement with the cam surface and dampening pivotal movement of the cam dyad.",
-    "A method of monitoring a power transmission system of an aircraft, the aircraft including at least one main rotor driven in rotation by a rotor mast and an auxiliary unit having an auxiliary rotor. Control means control the auxiliary rotor. A power relationship is determined providing a first reduced power parameter of the auxiliary unit as a function of a position (POS) of the control means. A setpoint limit is set for a second power parameter for the rotor mast. A current position (POSACTU) of the control means is determined and a calculated value (Vcal) is also determined at least by applying the current position (POSACTU) to the power relationship. A limit value that is not to be exceeded by a power plant is determined, with the limit value being equal to the sum at least of the setpoint limit plus the calculated value. 1. A method of monitoring a power transmission system of an aircraft, the aircraft including at least one main rotor driven in rotation by the power transmission system, the power transmission system comprising a main gearbox connected to the main rotor by at least one rotor mast, the aircraft including an auxiliary unit with an auxiliary rotor and a mechanical assembly of the power transmission system, the mechanical assembly mechanically connecting the auxiliary rotor to the main gearbox, the aircraft including a power plant comprising at least one engine for driving the main gearbox, the aircraft including control means for controlling the auxiliary rotor, the method comprising the following steps: determining a power relationship providing a first power parameter for the auxiliary unit as a function of a position (POSACTU) of the control means, the first power parameter being a power parameter reduced by at least one reduction variable; setting a setpoint limit (Prot) for a second power parameter for the rotor mast; determining a current position (POSACTU) of the control means; determining an \u201cintermediate\u201d value (Vint) of the first power parameter corresponding to the current position (POSACTU) in application of the power relationship; measuring a \u201ccurrent\u201d value (Vactu) of each reduction variable; correcting the intermediate value (Vint) at least by using each current value (Vactu) in order to obtain a non-reduced value referred to as the \u201ccalculated\u201d value (Vcal); and determining a \u201climit\u201d value (Peng) that is not to be exceeded by a monitoring parameter of the power plant, the limit value (Peng) being equal to the sum of at least the setpoint limit (Prot) plus the calculated value (Vcal). 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the setpoint limit (Prot) is an authorized power limit on the rotor mast. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the limit value is: either equal to the sum of the setpoint limit (Prot) plus the calculated value (Vcal); or else equal to the sum of the setpoint limit (Prot) plus the calculated value (Vcal) plus a predetermined takeoff power (Pext). 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the limit value is a power and the limit value (Peng) is used to obtain for each engine a respective limit torque (Tqlim) that is not to be exceeded. 5. A method according to claim 4, comprising the following steps: measuring a current torque (Tqactu) developed by each engine; and comparing the current torque (Tqactu) of an engine with the associated limit torque (Tqlim). 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least one reduction variable is a variable measured by an air data computer of the aircraft. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein at least one reduction variable is selected from a list comprising at least one of the following parameters: the relative density (\u03c3) of the air; the temperature and the pressure of the outside air; a speed of advance of the aircraft; and a vertical speed of the aircraft. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the calculated value is equal to the intermediate value (Vint) corrected by each current value. 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein in order to determine the calculated value (Vcal), the following steps are performed: determining a current flight stage of the aircraft; determining an assumed power value (Vforf) as a function of the current flight stage; determining a non-reduced calculation value equal to the intermediate value (Vint) corrected by each current value; and if the calculation value is less than the assumed power value (Vforf), the calculated value (Vcal) is equal to the sum of a predetermined accuracy margin (Mrg) plus the calculation value, the calculated value (Vcal) being bounded by the assumed power value (Vforf) in order to be no greater than the assumed power value (Vforf); or if the calculation value is greater than the assumed power value (Vforf), the calculated value (Vcal) is equal to the difference of the calculation value minus the accuracy margin (Mrg), the calculated value being bounded by the assumed power value (Vforf) so as to be no less than the assumed power value (Vforf). 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the assumed power value (Vforf) is equal to a first constant while the aircraft is flying at a speed of advance less than a predetermined speed threshold, and the assumed power value (Vforf) is equal to a second constant while the aircraft is flying at a speed of advance greater than or equal to the predetermined speed threshold. 11. A monitoring device for monitoring a power transmission system of an aircraft, the aircraft including at least one main rotor driven in rotation by the power transmission system, the power transmission system comprising a main gearbox connected to the main rotor by at least one rotor mast, the aircraft including an auxiliary unit with an auxiliary rotor and a mechanical assembly of the power transmission system, the mechanical assembly mechanically connecting the auxiliary rotor to the main gearbox, the aircraft including a power plant comprising at least one engine for driving the main gearbox, the aircraft including control means for controlling the auxiliary rotor, wherein the monitoring device is designed to apply the method according to claim 1, the monitoring device comprising a processor unit having calculation means and a memory, the memory storing instructions together with the power relationship and the setpoint limit, the monitoring device further comprising a measurement system for measuring a current position (POSACTU) of the control means, the processor unit being connected to the measurement system, and the calculation means executing the instructions in order to apply the above method. 12. A device according to claim 11, wherein the monitoring device includes an air data computer connected to the processor unit. 13. A device according to claim 11, wherein the monitoring device includes one torque meter per engine measuring a current torque on a shaft extending between the engine and the main gearbox. 14. A device according to claim 11, wherein the monitoring device includes a display device for displaying a limit that is a function of the limit value. 15. An aircraft including at least one main rotor driven in rotation by a power transmission system, the power transmission system comprising a main gearbox connected to the main rotor by at least one rotor mast, the aircraft including an auxiliary unit with an auxiliary rotor and a mechanical assembly of the power transmission system, the mechanical assembly mechanically connecting the auxiliary rotor to the main gearbox, the aircraft including a power plant comprising at least one engine for driving the main gearbox, the aircraft including control means for controlling the auxiliary rotor, wherein the aircraft includes a monitoring device according to claim 11.",
-    "A collapsible support and shopping walker is based on the same structural principle used with four legged camping chairs. Eight lightweight tubes of equal length pivot in eight corner supports forming four cross braces. This four-sided arrangement or cage can then flex in one direction from being fully collapsed to fully extended. Flexible fabric is attached across four corners to this cage allowing it to open about half-way between the collapsed state and full extension. The suspended flexible fabric can now be used as a seat. Collapsible diagonal supports made of four aluminum members of equal length, hinged at each end, form a \u201cspider\u201d which provides stability and enables easy opening and closing of the cage by moving the spider head up and down like an umbrella. In order to provide a stable chair or walker the spider must be lockable with the seat in the open position. This is arranged by letting the spider over toggle or go over its opening tipping point which stretches the fabric fully and tightens all the joints of the chair. 1. A collapsible support walker comprising: four legs connected together at corner supports by four sets of pivotable cross braces to form a collapsible walker structure; four supports hinged together at a center head and each hingedly attached to a corner support of said walker structure thereby forming an array; where said array can be over toggled past a tipping point to lock said walker structure open against the tension of a flexible seat spanning the walker structure; wherein said array is restricted from collapsing upon being over toggled by attachment to a rod that is in turn attached to a bottom of said seat. 2. The collapsible support walker of claim 1 wherein said flexible seat includes a strap handle for pulling up on said seat when it is desired to collapse the walker. 3. The collapsible support walker of claim 1 wherein collapsible netting is placed around said walker structure to form a collapsible shopping cart. 4. The collapsible support walker of claim 1 wherein one of said legs supports a removable umbrella.",
-    "A pedestrian warning system monitors an attention level of a pedestrian and alerts the pedestrian of traffic areas or detected vehicles. 1. A pedestrian warning device, comprising: a computing device configured to be worn or carried by a pedestrian and to monitor an attention level of the pedestrian; and an alarm configured to warn the pedestrian of a vehicle detected by the computing device, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian only if the attention level is determined to be below a threshold. 2. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the pedestrian warning device includes a camera configured to detect the vehicle. 3. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the pedestrian warning device includes a microphone configured to detect the vehicle 4. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian only if a predicted collision probability is determined to be above a threshold. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in a mode selected in response to the attention level of the pedestrian. 8. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in a mode selected in response to an activity type of the pedestrian. 9. The pedestrian warning device of claim 8, wherein the activity type is selected from the group consisting of typing, talking, taking a picture, taking a video, having a video conference, playing a timed game, playing an untimed game, reading, watching a display, and using a display-based application. 10. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an attention history of the pedestrian. 11. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an eye position of the pedestrian. 12. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an eye position history of the pedestrian. 13. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to a head orientation of the pedestrian. 14. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to a head orientation history of the pedestrian. 15. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to a position of the pedestrian. 16. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to a motion of the pedestrian. 17. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to a position of the computing device. 18. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an orientation of the computing device. 19. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an alarm response history of the pedestrian. 20. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the computing device is a mobile telephone. 21. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the computing device is a wearable device. 22. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, further comprising a GPS configured to identify a location of the pedestrian. 23. The pedestrian warning device of claim 22, wherein the GPS is configured to identify whether the pedestrian is crossing a street at an intersection. 24. The pedestrian warning device of claim 22, wherein the pedestrian warning device is configured to monitor the gaze of the pedestrian, and the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an attempt to cross a street without looking in a direction of oncoming traffic. 25. The pedestrian warning device of claim 22, wherein the pedestrian warning device is configured to monitor the head position of the pedestrian, and the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an attempt to cross a street without looking in a direction of oncoming traffic. 26. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the pedestrian warning device is configured to monitor the gaze of the pedestrian, and the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an attempt to cross a street without looking in a direction of oncoming traffic. 27. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the pedestrian warning device is configured to monitor the head position of the pedestrian, and the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an attempt to cross a street without looking in a direction of oncoming traffic. 28. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, further comprising a sensor configured to monitor a traffic signal. 29. The pedestrian warning device of claim 28, wherein the alarm is configured to warn the pedestrian in response to an attempt to cross a street in contravention of the traffic signal. 30. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is audible. 31. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is visible. 32. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, wherein the alarm is haptic. 33. The pedestrian warning device of claim 1, further comprising a memory. 34. The pedestrian warning device of claim 33, wherein the memory is configured to store a record of the pedestrian's actions. 35. The pedestrian warning device of claim 33, wherein the memory is configured to store a record of vehicle detections. 36. The pedestrian warning device of claim 33, wherein the memory is configured to store a record of alarms issued. 37. A method of warning a pedestrian of a vehicle, comprising: monitoring an attention level of the pedestrian by monitoring an electronic device carried or worn by the pedestrian; detecting a vehicle; and in response to the detected vehicle and the monitored attention level, alerting the pedestrian to the presence of the vehicle if the monitored attention level is below a threshold. 38-49. (canceled) 50. The method of claim 37, wherein monitoring the attention level includes monitoring a device activity of the pedestrian. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein alerting the pedestrian includes selecting an alert mode in response to the device activity of the pedestrian. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the device activity is selected from the group consisting of typing, talking, taking a picture, taking a video, having a video conference, playing a timed game, playing an untimed game, reading, watching a display, and using a display-based application. 53-62. (canceled) 63. A system for monitoring the behavior of a pedestrian, comprising: a computing device configured: to be worn or carried by a pedestrian; to monitor an attention level of the pedestrian; and to detect a vehicle; and a memory configured to store information about the actions of the pedestrian when a vehicle is detected. 64-100. (canceled)",
-    "The present disclosure relates to an environment control device (ECD) and a method. The ECD and method comprise a first communication interface, a second communication interface of the Wi-Fi type, and a processing unit. The processing unit sends a DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface. The processing unit also configures the ECD to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi Access Point if a DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface. The processing unit also configures the ECD to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot if no DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface. 1. An environment control device (ECD), comprising: a first communication interface; a second communication interface of the Wi-Fi type; and a processing unit for: sending a DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface; configuring the ECD to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi Access Point if a DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface; and configuring the ECD to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot if no DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface. 2. The ECD of claim 1, further comprising a USB controller for receiving a USB key implementing the second communication interface. 3. The ECD of claim 2, wherein the USB key comprises configuration data for configuring at least one of the Wi-Fi Access Point and the Wi-Fi hotspot. 4. The ECD of claim 3, wherein the configuration data comprise at least one of a SSID, an encryption standard, and a password. 5. The ECD of claim 1, wherein a computing device associates with one of the operated Wi-Fi Access Point or the operated Wi-Fi hotspot, the processing unit receives configuration data from the computing device via the second communication interface, and the processing unit processes the configuration data to configure the ECD. 6. The ECD of claim 1, wherein the ECD is configured to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi Access Point and a computing device associates with the Wi-Fi Access Point. The ECD of claim 6, wherein the processing unit receives a DHCP-DISCOVER message from the computing device via the second communication interface and forwards the DHCP-DISCOVER message through the first communication interface; and the processing unit receives a DHCP-OFFER message in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface and forwards the DHCP-OFFER message to the computing device through the second communication interface, the DHCP-OFFER message comprising an IP address allocated to the computing device. 8. The ECD of claim 1, wherein the ECD is configured to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot and a computing device associates with the Wi-Fi hotspot. 9. The ECD of claim 8, wherein the processing unit receives a DHCP-DISCOVER message from the computing device via the second communication interface, generates a DHCP-OFFER message in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message, and transmits the DHCP-OFFER message to the computing device through the second communication interface, the DHCP-OFFER message comprising an IP address allocated to the computing device. 10. The ECD of claim 1 consisting of an environment controller, wherein: the processing unit receives an environmental characteristic value from one of a sensor or a relay via the second communication interface, and determines an environmental state based on the environmental characteristic value; and the processing unit generates a command based on the environmental state, and transmits the command to one of a controlled appliance or a relay via the second communication interface. 11. The ECD of claim 1 consisting of a relay, wherein: the processing unit performs at least one of: receiving an environmental characteristic value from a sensor via the second communication interface and transmitting the environmental characteristic value to an environment controller via the first communication interface; and receiving a command from an environment controller via the first communication interface and transmitting the command to a controlled appliance via the second communication interface. 12. A method for configuring an environment control device (ECD) to operate a Wi-Fi communication interface, comprising: sending by a processing unit of the ECD a DHCP-DISCOVER message via a first communication interface of the ECD; configuring the ECD by the processing unit to operate a second communication interface of the ECD of the Wi-Fi type as a Wi-Fi Access Point if a DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface; and configuring the ECD by the processing unit to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot if no DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein configuring the ECD to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi Access Point comprises configuring the second communication interface with an IP address contained in the DHCP-OFFER message. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein configuring the ECD to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot comprises configuring the second communication interface with an IP address determined by the ECD. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising effecting an association of a computing device with one of the operated Wi-Fi Access Point or the operated Wi-Fi hotspot, receiving by the processing unit configuration data from the computing device via the second communication interface, and processing by the processing unit the configuration data to configure the ECD. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the ECD is configured to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi Access Point, and the method further comprises effecting an association of a computing device with the Wi-Fi Access Point. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving by the processing unit a DHCP-DISCOVER message from the computing device via the second communication interface; forwarding by the processing unit the DHCP-DISCOVER message through the first communication interface; receiving by the processing unit a DHCP-OFFER message in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface, the DHCP-OFFER message comprising an IP address allocated to the computing device; and forwarding by the processing unit the DHCP-OFFER message to the computing device through the second communication interface. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the ECD is configured to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot, and the method further comprises effecting an association of a computing device with the Wi-Fi hotspot. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: receiving by the processing unit a DHCP-DISCOVER message from the computing device via the second communication interface; generating by the processing unit a DHCP-OFFER message in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message, the DHCP-OFFER message comprising an IP address allocated to the computing device; and transmitting by the processing unit the DHCP-OFFER message to the computing device through the second communication interface. 20. A computer program product comprising instructions deliverable via an electronically-readable media, such as storage media and communication links, which when executed by a processing unit of an environment control device (ECD) provide for configuring the ECD to operate a Wi-Fi communication interface by: sending by a processing unit of the ECD a DHCP-DISCOVER message via a first communication interface of the ECD; configuring the ECD by the processing unit to operate a second communication interface of the ECD of the Wi-Fi type as a Wi-Fi Access Point if a DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface; and configuring the ECD by the processing unit to operate the second communication interface as a Wi-Fi hotspot if no DHCP-OFFER message is received in response to the DHCP-DISCOVER message via the first communication interface.",
-    "An OFDM system uses a normal mode which has a symbol length T, a guard time TG and a set of N sub-carriers, which are orthogonal over the time T, and one or more fallback modes which have symbol lengths KT and guard times KTG where K is an integer greater than unity. The same set of N sub-carriers is used for the fallback modes as for the normal mode. Since the same set of sub-carriers is used, the overall bandwidth is substantially constant, so alias filtering does not need to be adaptive. The Fourier transform operations are the same as for the normal mode. Thus fallback modes are provided with little hardware cost. In the fallback modes the increased guard time provides better delay spread tolerance and the increased symbol length provides improved signal to noise performance, and thus increased range, at the cost of reduced data rate. 1. (canceled) 2. A transmitter for signal transmission using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) employing a set of orthogonal sub-carriers which are orthogonal over a time T, the transmitter comprising: an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block converting a group of input bits to an OFDM signal expressed by superpositions of said set of sub-carriers; and a prefix and window block selectively performing the cyclic prefixing and windowing on said OFDM signal at least to form a first OFDM symbol and a second OFDM symbol for transmission, wherein the duration of said first OFDM symbol equals a symbol of duration T plus a guard time TG and wherein the duration of said second OFDM symbol equals a symbol of duration KT plus a guard time KTG, where K is a positive integer greater than 1, wherein said first OFDM symbol is transmitted after or before said second OFDM symbol. 3. The transmitter as claimed in claim 2, wherein the prefix and window block provides K copies of a third symbol of duration T in order to form said symbol of duration KT, wherein the third symbol being expressed by superpositions of the same set of sub-carriers used to express said symbol of duration T in said first OFDM symbol. 4. The transmitter as claimed in claim 2 wherein the prefix and window block cyclically prefixes the guard time TG to the symbol of duration T in said first OFDM symbol, and the prefix and window block cyclically prefixes the guard time KTG to the symbol of duration KT in said second OFDM symbol. 5. The transmitter as claimed in claim 2 wherein the prefix and window block applies a gradual roll-off pattern to the amplitude of said OFDM symbols. 6. The transmitter according to claim 2, wherein K=2 for said second OFDM symbol such that the guard time in the second OFDM symbol is twice the length of the guard time in the first OFDM symbol.",
-    "Warning devices for use on construction sites and by police and firemen having luminescent segments to facilitate visibility on low light environments are disclosed herein. 1. A warning device, comprising: an elongated member comprising a synthetic material, said elongated member having three parallel segments running longitudinally the length of the elongated member, said synthetic material selected from a group consisting of thermosets, thermoplastics and synthetic resins, wherein at least one parallel segment is a highly reflective material, wherein at least one segment is further segmented into alternating first and second angled stripes, said first angle stripe is luminescent. 2. The device of claim 1 further comprising a luminescent material added to said synthetic material sufficient to provide luminescence to said elongated member. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said highly reflective material is a coating applied to the elongated member. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein said first angled stripe is a coating having luminescent properties. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein at least two parallel segments are highly reflective material. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein said two highly reflective segments are positioned along an edge respectively having the third segment interposed in between. 7. A warning device, comprising: an elongated member comprised of an elastic material; a luminescent material added to the elastic material sufficient to add luminescence to said elongated member; and an opaque coating applied to portions of said elongated member in a pattern sufficient to provide a warning, said coating having color pigments. 8. The device of claim 1, said elongated member further comprising: three parallel segments running longitudinally allow said elongated member, said segments including a first and third segment along edges of said elongated member and a second segment interposed between said first and third segments. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein said first and third segments are coated in a highly reflective material. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein said second segment includes a series of first and second angled stripes in an alternating pattern. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein said first and third segments are luminescent. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein said first angled stripes are luminescent. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein said second angled stripes are coated with an opaque material. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein said second segment is luminescent. 15. The device of claim 10, wherein said second segment includes a series of first and second angled stripes in an alternating pattern. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein said second angled stripes are coated with an opaque material. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein said luminescent material is selected from a group consisting of: calcium sulfide with strontium sulfide with bismuth as an activator; zinc sulfide with a copper activator; mixture of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide; and strontium aluminate active with europium. 18. A warning device, comprising: an elongated member comprised of an elastic material, said elongated member further comprising three parallel segments running longitudinally allow said elongated member, said segments including a first and third segment along edges of said elongated member and a second segment interposed between said first and third segments; a luminescent material added to the elastic material sufficient to add luminescence to said elongated member; and an opaque coating applied to portions of said elongated member in a pattern sufficient to provide a warning, said coating having color pigments, wherein said first and third segments are coated in a highly reflective material, wherein said second segment includes a series of first and second angled stripes in an alternating pattern, wherein said first angled stripes are luminescent, wherein said second angled stripes are coated with an opaque material. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein said luminescent material is selected from a group consisting of: calcium sulfide with strontium sulfide with bismuth as an activator; zinc sulfide with a copper activator; mixture of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide; and strontium aluminate active with europium.",
-    "The present invention involves the use of nanoporous carbons derived from partially or fully demetalized metal carbides in personal protection equipment for the reversible absorption/adsorption of both broad and specific targeted gases. These materials have been specifically processed to provide enhanced effective loadings against specific harmful volatile organic compounds. 1. A method of private and public protection against specific gas targets comprising the steps of: utilizing a protective filtration media, wherein said protective filtration media comprises an acid-treated carbide derived carbon; removing said specific gas targets from an atmosphere with up to 80% relative humidity; and retaining said specific gas targets with the protective filtration media. 2. The method of protection of claim 1, further comprising modifying said acid-treated carbide derived carbon for specific gas targets. 3. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a surface area greater than 1,500 m2/g. 4. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a surface area greater than 2,200 m2/g. 5. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a pore volume greater than 1 cm3/g. 6. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a pore size of less than 2 nm. 7. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a pore size of more than 2 nm and less than 50 nm. 8. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a pore size of more than 50 nm. 9. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media comprises a pore size distribution of about 0.1. \u212b to about 100 \u212b. 10. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media has a particle size of about 900 \u03bcm to about 300 \u03bcm. 11. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media has metal carbide at least 1% removed. 12. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein, said protective filtration media has metal carbide totally (100%) removed. 13. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein said protective filtration media has an effective loading of about 0.08 g of a target gas per 1 g of a material. 14. The method of protection of claim 2, wherein modifying said carbide derived carbon for specific gas targets further comprises the step of grinding said protective filtration media. 15. The method of protection of claim 2, wherein modifying said carbide derived carbon for specific gas targets further comprises the steps of: grinding and sieving of said carbide derived carbon; flowing halogenated gas; treating said carbide derived carbon with a vacuum annealed treatment; sieving said carbide derived carbon; treating said carbide derived carbon with an acid nitric treatment; and heating said carbide derived carbon. 16. The method of protection of claim 1, further comprising desorbing said specific gas targets from the protective filtration media. 17. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein the protective filtration media is a powder. 18. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein the protective filtration media is a fiber. 19. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein the retaining step comprises absorption. 20. The method of protection of claim 1, wherein the retaining step comprises adsorption.",
-    "A method for analysing blocking activity in a distributed antenna system (5) is disclosed. The method comprises detection (220) of at least one blocker signal (50b) one antenna element (10a-c), logging (240) a plurality of data values associated with the detected blocker signal (50) and storing (250) the recorded plurality of data values in an activity database (80). 1. A method for analysing blocking activity in a distributed antenna system comprising: detection of at least one blocker signal at at least one antenna element in the distributed antenna system; logging a time stamp and a plurality of data values associated with the detected at least one blocker signal; and storing the recorded plurality of data values and the time stamp in an activity database. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of data values comprise at least one of a frequency band, a carrier frequency, a time stamp, a power level and an antenna element designation. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessing the recorded plurality of data values; and performing at least one of statistical analysis or creation of graphic files, being indicative of the blocking activity. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: attenuating the at least one blocker signal in at least one remote unit connected to the at least one antenna element, whilst leaving other signals unattenuated. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the attenuating of the at least one blocker signal is dependent on statistical analysis indicative of the blocking activity. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the logging of a time stamp and a plurality of data values associated with the detected at least one blocker signal is executed in at least one remote unit. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the logging of a time stamp and a plurality of data values associated with the detected at least one blocker signal is executed in at least one expansion hub. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the logging of a time stamp and a plurality of data values associated with the detected at least one blocker signal is executed in at least one central hub. 9. Use of the method of claim 1 for alleviating effects of blocker signals, further comprising attenuating the at least one blocker signal in at least one remote unit connected to the at least one antenna element, whilst leaving other signals unattenuated. 10. The use of claim 7, wherein the attenuating of the at least one blocker signal is dependent on statistical analysis indicative of the blocking activity. 11. A system for analysing blocking activity in a distributed antenna system comprising: a plurality of antenna elements connected to a plurality of remote units; a monitor for monitoring presence of a blocker signal in one or more signals of the plurality of antenna elements; a data logger for logging a plurality of data values associated with the at least one blocker signal; and a data storage device for storing the logged plurality of data values. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of data values comprise at least one of a frequency band, a carrier frequency, a time stamp, a power level and an antenna element designation 13. A network planning system connected to the system of claim 11.",
-    "Systems and methods for detecting a target physiologic event and storing physiologic information associated with the detected physiologic event are disclosed. A system can receive a physiologic signal obtained from a subject, and detect the target physiologic event using a first portion of the received physiologic signal. The system can confirm the target physiologic event using a second portion of the received physiologic signal. If the target physiologic event is confirmed, the system can store physiologic information associated with the confirmed target physiologic event in a memory. 1. A system, comprising: a signal receiver circuit, configured to receive a physiologic signal obtained from a subject; a physiologic event detector circuit, configured to detect a target physiologic event using a first portion of the received physiologic signal; a data storage decision circuit, coupled to the signal receiver circuit and the physiologic event detector circuit, configured to: confirm the target physiologic event using a second portion of the received physiologic signal, the second portion including at least part of the first portion of the received physiologic signal; and generate a data storage trigger signal using the detection and the confirmation of the target physiologic event; and a controller circuit, coupled to the data storage decision circuit, configured to store in a memory in response to the data storage trigger signal, physiologic information associated with the confirmed target physiologic event. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first portion includes a first data window of the received physiologic signal, and the second portion includes a second data window temporally located at a specified location within the first data window. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the second data window is temporally located within a latter half of the first data window. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first portion includes a first data window of the received physiologic signal, and the second portion includes second two or more non-identical data windows each temporally located at a respectively specified location within the first data window. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the data storage decision circuit is configured to produce the confirmation of the physiologic event using one or more partial confirmation indications each generated using respective one of the second two or more data windows of the received physiologic signal. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal receiver circuit is coupled to a sensor configured to sense cardiac electrical or mechanical activity, and the signal receiver circuit is configured to generate a signal indicative of heart rate (HR) or cardiac interval (CI) using the cardiac electrical or mechanical activity. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the physiologic event detector circuit is configured to: classify cardiac intervals within the first portion of the received physiologic signal into one of first two or more beat classes, each of the first two or more beat classes including respective beat count; and detect the target physiologic event in response to the beat counts of the first two or more beat classes meeting a specified criterion. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein: the first two or more beat classes includes two or more of a stable beat class, an unstable beat class, or a random beat class; and the physiologic event detector circuit is configured to detect the target physiologic event in response to a relative quantity among the beat counts of the first two or more beat classes falling within a specified range, the relative quantity including a ratio or a proportion. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the physiologic event detector circuit is configured to compute a beat variability for each of the cardiac intervals within the first portion, and to classify the cardiac intervals within the first portion into one of the stable beat class, the unstable beat class, or the random beat class when the beat variability falls within a specified range. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the data storage decision circuit is configured to: classify cardiac intervals within the second portion of the received physiologic signal into one of second two or more beat classes, each of the second two or more beat classes including a respective beat count; and generate the data storage trigger signal in response to the beat counts of the second two or more beat classes meeting a specified criterion. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the physiologic event detector circuit is configured to detect the target physiologic event including a cardiac arrhythmia or progression of a chronic disease. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the data storage decision circuit is configured to track time elapsed from a previous data storage trigger signal, and to generate the data storage trigger signal further in response to the elapsed time exceeding a specified threshold. 13. A method, comprising: receiving a physiologic signal obtained from a subject; detecting a target physiologic event using a first portion of the received physiologic signal; generating a confirmation indication of the target physiologic event using a second portion of the received physiologic signal, the second portion including at least part of the first portion of the received physiologic signal; generating a data storage trigger signal using the detection and the confirmation of the target physiologic event; and storing in a memory in response to the data storage trigger signal, physiologic information associated with the confirmed target physiologic event. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first portion includes a first data window of the received physiologic signal, and the second portion includes a second data window temporally located at a specified location within the first data window. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein receiving the physiologic signal includes receiving a signal indicative of configured to receive the physiologic signal including a signal indicative of heart rate (HR) or cardiac interval (CI). 16. The method of claim 13, wherein detecting the target physiologic event includes detecting a cardiac arrhythmia or progression of a chronic disease. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein detecting a target physiologic event includes: computing cardiac cycles within the first data window of the received physiologic signal; classifying the cardiac cycles into one of first two or more beat classes, each of the first two or more beat classes including a respective beat count; and detecting the target physiologic event includes detecting the target physiologic event in response to the beat counts of the first two or more beat classes meeting a specified criterion. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first two or more beat classes includes two or more of a stable beat class, an unstable beat class, or a random beat class, and wherein detecting the target physiologic event include computing a relative quantity among the counts of the first two or more beat classes, and detecting the target physiologic event in response to the relative quantity falling within a specified range, the relative quantity including a ratio or a proportion. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein: generating a confirmation indication of the target physiologic event includes: computing cardiac cycles within the second portion of the received physiologic signal; classify the cardiac cycles into one of second two or more beat classes, each of the second two or more beat classes including a respective beat count; and generating the data storage trigger signal includes generating the data storage trigger signal in response to the beat counts of the second two or more beat classes meeting a specified criterion. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the first portion includes a first data window of the received physiologic signal, and the second portion includes second two or more non-identical data windows each temporally located at a respectively specified location within the first data window, and wherein generating the confirmation indication includes: generating one or more partial confirmation indications using respective one of the second two or more data windows of the received physiologic signal; generating the confirmation indicating using a fusion of the one or more partial confirmation indications.",
-    "Example embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and apparatus for visually and audibly indicating the setup and maintenance of a system. 1. A method of setting up a system comprising: instructing a user to insert a correct circuit pack into a correct circuit pack slot of the system; illuminating a light source on a backplane within the system to indicate to the user the correct circuit pack slot to insert the correct circuit pack; determining if the correct circuit pack has been placed into the correct circuit pack slot; and indicating to the user that either the correct circuit pack was placed into the correct circuit pack slot or that the correct circuit pack was not placed into the correct circuit pack slot. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein instructions to insert the correct circuit pack into the correct circuit pack slot of the system are displayed on a display within a chassis of the system. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein instructions to insert the correct circuit pack into the correct circuit pack slot of the system are provided to the user in an audible manner. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein an electronic speaker built into the system is used. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein an audio jack built into the system is used. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the system uses audio and/or visual feedback to indicate to the user that either the correct circuit pack was placed into the correct circuit pack slot or that the correct circuit pack was not placed into the correct circuit pack slot. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a display within a chassis of the system is used to indicate to the user that either the correct circuit pack was placed into the correct circuit pack slot or that the correct circuit pack was not placed into the correct circuit pack slot. 8. A method of setting up a system comprising: instructing a user to install a cable into the system; illuminating a first light source on a first circuit pack to identify a first connector; illuminating a second light source on a second circuit pack to identify a second connector; determining if the cable has been installed correctly; and indicating to the user that the cable was installed correctly, or indicating to the user that the cable was not installed correctly. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: indicating the first circuit pack by illuminating a circuit pack identifying light source on the first circuit pack; and indicating the second circuit pack by illuminating a circuit pack identifying light source on the second circuit pack. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the system provides visual instructions to install the cable using a display within a chassis of the system. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the system provides audio instructions to install the cable using an electronic speaker. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the system provides audio instructions to install the cable using an audio jack. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the system uses audio feedback to indicate to the user that either the cable was installed correctly or that the cable was not installed correctly. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the system uses visual feedback to indicate to the user that either the cable was installed correctly or that the cable was not installed correctly. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein a display within a chassis of the system is used to provide additional information to the user when the cable is not installed correctly. 16. The method of claim 8, further comprising: illuminating the first light source and the second light source with a first color prior to the cable being installed; illuminating the first light source and the second light source with a second color if the cable is installed correctly; and illuminating the first light source and the second light source with a third color if the cable is not installed correctly. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first color is white, and wherein the second color is green, and wherein the third color is red. 18. The method of claim 8, further comprising: blinking the first light source and the second light source prior to the cable being installed correctly; and stopping the blinking once the cable has been installed correctly. 19. A system, comprising a chassis with a backplane with a plurality of electrical connectors and circuit pack slots for pluggable circuit packs, wherein each circuit pack slot contains at least one circuit pack slot identifying light source located on the backplane, wherein the at least one circuit pack slot identifying light source is used to indicate to a user a location within the system to insert a pluggable circuit pack. 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising a display within the chassis, used to provide instructions to the user. 21. The system of claim 19, further comprising: a first circuit pack with a first connector and a first connector identifying light source; a second circuit pack with a second connector and a second connector identifying light source; and a cable to connect the first connector to the second connector, wherein the first connector identifying light source and the second connector identifying light source are used to identify a first location and a second location of where to install the cable. 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising: a first circuit pack identifier light source on the first circuit pack; and a second circuit pack identifier light source on the second circuit pack.",
-    "Technology is described for selectively disconnecting a communal module (e.g., horizontal power and signal distribution network) from conductive traces (e.g., vertical columns) that are coupled to cell elements. In one example, a matrix type integrated circuit includes a two dimensional (2D) array of cell elements, a plurality of conductive traces, a communal module, and a plurality of switches. Each cell element in the 2D array provides a similar function. The plurality of conductive traces is substantially parallel to a first axis of the 2D array. Each conductive trace is coupled to a conductive interconnect of cell elements adjacent to the conductive trace. The communal module is configured to provide distribution of at least one electrical signal to the cell elements in the 2D array via at least two conductive traces that are substantially parallel to the first axis. 1. A matrix type integrated circuit, comprising: a two dimensional (2D) array of cell elements, wherein each cell element provides a similar function; a plurality of conductive traces substantially parallel to a first axis of the 2D array, wherein each conductive trace is coupled to a conductive interconnect of cell elements adjacent to the conductive trace; a communal module configured to provide distribution of at least one electrical signal to the cell elements in the 2D array via at least two conductive traces that are substantially parallel to the first axis; and a plurality of switches, wherein each switch is configured to selectively disconnect the communal module from one of the conductive traces. 2. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the matrix integrated circuit is a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor and each cell element includes a photodiode for a pixel. 3. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the CMOS image sensor is an X-ray image sensor that includes a scintillator layer that coverts radiation into light photons for the photodiodes. 4. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the switch is selected from a group consisting of tri-state logic and an enable buffer. 5. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein a length of each of the at least two of the plurality of conductive traces extends beyond a reticle boundary. 6. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein a length of each of the at least two of the plurality of conductive traces is greater than 50 millimeters (mm). 7. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of conductive traces include at least one power trace, at least one digital signal trace, and at least one analog signal trace coupled to each cell element; the communal module is configured to provide distribution of a power signal to the cell elements in the 2D array via the at least one power trace, and a control signal to the cell elements in the 2D array via the at least one digital signal trace, and a reference signal to the cell elements in the 2D array via the at least one analog signal trace; and the plurality of switches includes at least one power switch, at least one control switch, and at least one reference switch, and the plurality of switches are controlled by an enable signal, and the at least one power switch is coupled to the at least one power trace, the at least one control switch is coupled to the at least one digital signal trace, and the at least one reference switch is coupled to the at least one analog signal trace. 8. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: disable logic to selectively disable the plurality of switches, wherein the disable logic includes a programming port that allows external access to the matrix type integrated circuit for programming the disable logic. 9. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 8, wherein the disable logic is selected from a group consisting of a serial control register, a shift register, an address register, a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), and combinations thereof. 10. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of fault detectors, wherein each fault detector is coupled to at least one of the plurality of conductive traces and is configured to detect a fault condition on the coupled conductive traces and generate a fault status signal when the fault condition occurs. 11. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein each fault detector includes a current sense amplifier, and the fault condition is selected from a group consisting of an excessive supply current on at least one of the conductive traces, a short circuit between at least two of the conductive traces, and combinations thereof. 12. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 10, further comprising: a fault status module coupled to the plurality of the fault detectors, wherein the fault status module is configured to capture the fault status signal for each fault and the fault status module includes a status port that allows external access to the matrix type integrated circuit for reading the captured fault status signals from the plurality of fault detectors, and wherein the fault status module is selected from a group consisting of a serial register, a shift register, a multiplexer, a non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), and combinations thereof. 13. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 12, wherein the fault status module includes a fault detector selector input to read the fault status signal of a specified fault detector from the status port. 14. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 12, further comprising: disable logic configured to selectively disable the plurality of switches, wherein the disable logic includes an internal programming input; and an automatic fault isolator configured to program the disable logic via the internal programming input based on the fault status signal for each fault detector obtained by the fault status module. 15. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the automatic fault isolator includes circuitry selected from a group consisting of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a state machine, a microprocessor, and combinations thereof. 16. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the automatic fault isolator includes a fault detector selector output, a fault status input, and a disable logic program output, and the fault detector selector output is coupled to a fault detector selector input of the fault status module that is configured for selecting a specified fault detector, the fault status input is coupled to the status port of the fault status module that is configured for reading the fault status signal of the specified fault detector, and the disable logic program output is coupled to the internal programming input of the disable logic to selectively disable the plurality of switches based on the fault conditions detected by the plurality of fault detectors. 17. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the automatic fault isolator includes a programming port that allows external access to the matrix type integrated circuit for programming the automatic fault isolator. 18. A method of selectively disabling a plurality of switches coupled to a communal module for a matrix type integrated circuit, the method comprising: providing a two dimensional (2D) array of cell elements that includes: a plurality of conductive traces substantially parallel to a first axis of the 2D array, wherein each conductive trace is coupled to a conductive interconnect of cell elements adjacent to the conductive trace, and wherein each cell element provides a similar function, a communal module configured to provide distribution of electrical signals to the cell elements in the 2D array via at least two conductive traces that are substantially parallel to the first axis, and a plurality of switches, wherein each switch is configured to selectively disconnect the communal module from one of the conductive traces; and selectively disabling at least one of the plurality of switches coupled to the communal module from at least one of the conductive traces. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: detecting a fault condition on at least one of the conductive traces using a plurality of fault detectors, wherein each fault detector is coupled to at least one of the plurality of conductive traces, and the fault condition is selected from a group consisting of an excessive supply current on at least one of the conductive traces, a short circuit between at least two of the conductive traces, and combinations thereof; and generating a fault status signal when the fault condition occurs. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: registering, using a fault status module, a fault status bit for each fault detector generating the fault status signal. 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising: based on the fault status signals from the plurality of fault detectors, automatically programming selected switches to disable the communal module from the conductive traces. 22. At least one non-transitory machine readable storage medium comprising a plurality of instructions adapted to be executed to implement the method of claim 19. 23. A matrix type integrated circuit, comprising: a two dimensional (2D) array of cell elements arranged in vertical columns and horizontal rows, wherein each cell element provides a similar function; a plurality of vertical traces arranged in each column of the 2D array, wherein each vertical trace is coupled to a conductive interconnect of cell elements within each column; a communal module configured to provide distribution of electrical signals to the cell elements in the 2D array via at least two vertical traces for each column; and a plurality of switches, wherein each switch is configured to selectively disconnect the communal module from one of the vertical traces. 24. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 23, wherein the communal module includes a plurality of horizontal traces, wherein each switch is coupled to one of the plurality of horizontal traces. 25. The matrix type integrated circuit of claim 23, further comprising: disable logic to selectively disable the plurality of switches, wherein the disable logic includes a programming port external to a package of the matrix type integrated circuit for programming the disable logic.",
-    "An apparatus includes electrically conductive structures disposed over, or partially in, a dielectric layer. The dielectric layer has a first relative permittivity (\u2208r1). The apparatus also includes a dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer. The dielectric via has a second relative permittivity (\u2208r2) that is less than the first relative permittivity (\u2208r1). The dielectric via is located in a region, or adjacent to the region, where a magnitude of an electric field between the first and second electrically conductive structures is comparatively large. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first electrically conductive structure at first electrical potential; a second electrically conductive structure at a second electrical potential; a dielectric layer disposed between the first electrically conductive structure and the second electrically conductive structure, the dielectric layer having a first relative permittivity (\u2208r1); and a dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer, the dielectric via having a second relative permittivity (\u2208r2) that is less than the first relative permittivity (\u2208r1), the dielectric via being located in a region, or adjacent to the region, where a magnitude of an electric field between the first and second electrically conductive structures is comparatively large. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a first side and a second side, and the first and second electrically conductive structures are on the same one of the first and second sides. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a first side and a second side, and the first and second electrically conductive structures are on opposing sides of the first and second sides. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lateral dimension of the dielectric via is comparatively small in relation to the first and second electrically conductive structures. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dielectric via comprises air. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dielectric via comprises a low-k dielectric material. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dielectric via extends from one side of the dielectric layer through to an opposing side of the dielectric layer, the dielectric via having sidewalls that do not comprise an electrically conductive material. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: at least one additional dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer, the dielectric via having the second relative permittivity (\u2208r2), or a third relative permittivity (\u2208r3) that is less than the first relative permittivity (\u2208r1), wherein the at least one additional dielectric via is located in a region, or adjacent to the region where the magnitude of an electric field between the first and second electrically conductive structures is comparatively large. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive structure comprises an inductor, and the second electrically conductive structure is a shield metallization. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive structure comprises a first inductor, and the second electrically conductive structure comprises a second inductor. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein first electrically conductive structure is a first turn of an inductor, and the second electrically conductive structure is a second turn of the inductor. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive structure is a signal transmission line, and the second electrically conductive layer is a reference ground or at least a part of a reference ground plane. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive structure is a signal transmission line, and the second electrically structure is a shield metallization. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive structure comprises an inductor and the second electrically structure is an electrically conductive via. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive structure comprises a signal transmission line, and the second electrically structure comprises an electrically conductive via. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a plurality of dielectric layers. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein at least one additional dielectric via disposed in one of the dielectric layers, the dielectric via having the second relative permittivity (\u2208r2), or a third relative permittivity (\u22083) that is less than the first relative permittivity (\u2208r1), wherein the at least one additional dielectric via is located where the magnitude of an electric field between the first and second electrically conductive layers is comparatively large. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the dielectric layers are components of an RF module. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the RF module comprises an acoustic filter, or an amplifier, or both. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the acoustic filter comprises bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the BAW resonators comprise thin film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs). 22. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the acoustic filter comprises surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. 23. An apparatus, comprising: a first electrically conductive structure at first electrical potential; a second electrically conductive structure at a second electrical potential; a dielectric layer disposed between the first electrically conductive structure and the second electrically conductive structure; and a dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer, the dielectric via being located in a region, or adjacent to the region, where a magnitude of an electric field between the first and second electrically conductive structures is comparatively large, wherein an relative permittivity of the dielectric layer is macroscopically altered by the dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer relative to a substrate not comprising the dielectric via. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, further comprising at least one additional dielectric via. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the dielectric via has a relative permittivity of that is less than a relative permittivity of the dielectric layer, and the macroscopic relative permittivity of the dielectric layer is less than the substrate not comprising the dielectric via. 26. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the dielectric via has a relative permittivity of that is greater than a relative permittivity of the dielectric layer, and the macroscopic relative permittivity of the dielectric layer is greater than the substrate not comprising the dielectric via. 27. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first electrical conductive structure comprises a transmission line, and the second conductive structure is connected to a reference ground. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the relative permittivity of the dielectric via is less than the relative permittivity of the dielectric layer to achieve a higher characteristic impedance of the transmission line. 29. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the relative permittivity of the dielectric via is greater than the relative permittivity of the dielectric layer to achieve a lower characteristic impedance of the transmission line. 30. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the relative permittivity of the dielectric via is greater than the relative permittivity of the dielectric layer to increase an electrical delay of the transmission line. 31. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the dielectric layer comprises a plurality of dielectric layers. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the dielectric layers are components of an RF module. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the RF module comprises an acoustic filter, or an amplifier, or both. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the acoustic filter comprises bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators. 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the BAW resonators comprise thin film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs). 36. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the acoustic filter comprises surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. 37. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the first electrically conductive structure comprises a inductor and the second electrically conductive structure is connected to a reference ground, the relative permittivity of the dielectric via being less than the relative permittivity of the dielectric layer to achieve a higher self-resonance frequency of the inductor. 38. An apparatus, comprising: a first electrically conductive structure at first electrical potential; a second electrically conductive structure at a second electrical potential; a dielectric layer disposed between the first electrically conductive structure and the second electrically conductive structure, the dielectric layer having a first relative permittivity (\u2208r1); and a dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer, the dielectric via having a second relative permittivity (\u2208r2) that is greater than the first relative permittivity (\u2208r1), the dielectric via being located in a region, or adjacent to the region, wherein an electric field exists between the first and second electrically conductive structures. 39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the dielectric layer has a first side and a second side, and the first and second electrically conductive structures are on the same one of the first and second sides. 40. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the dielectric layer has a first side and a second side, and the first and second electrically conductive structures are on opposing sides of the first and second sides. 41. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the lateral dimension of the dielectric via is comparatively small in relation to the first and second electrically conductive structures. 42. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the dielectric via extends from one side of the dielectric layer through to an opposing side of the dielectric layer, the dielectric via having sidewalls that do not comprise an electrically conductive material. 43. The apparatus of claim 38, further comprising: at least one additional dielectric via disposed in the dielectric layer, the dielectric via having the second relative permittivity (\u2208r2), or a third relative permittivity (\u2208r3) that is greater than the first relative permittivity (\u2208r1), wherein the at least one additional dielectric via is located in a region, or adjacent to the region where the electric field exists between the first and second electrically conductive structures is comparatively large. 44. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the first electrically conductive structure comprises an transmission line or a delay line, and the second electrically conductive structure is a shield metallization.",
-    "A light strip has a flexible enclosure extruded around a pair of conductors. The enclosure contains a lighting assembly with one or more flexible substrates that are each populated with a plurality of light circuits. The substrates are spaced from the pair of conductors. The lighting assembly has a plurality of connecting devices for electrically coupling the lighting assembly to the pair of conductors 1. A light strip comprising: a pair of conductors; a flexible enclosure extruded around said pair of conductors; and a lighting assembly including one or more flexible substrates positioned within said enclosure and populated with a plurality of light circuits, said one or more substrates being spaced from said pair of conductors, said lighting assembly having a plurality of connecting devices for electrically coupling said lighting assembly to said pair of conductors. 2. A light strip according to claim 1 wherein each of said plurality of light circuits include a power restricting device. 3. A light strip according to claim 1 wherein said one or more substrates include a plurality of substrates mounted end to end in said flexible enclosure. 4. A light strip according to claim 3 wherein said plurality of substrates each connect separately to said pair of conductors. 5. A light strip according to claim 4 wherein said plurality of connecting devices comprise: a plurality of separated pairs of leads, each separated pair being electrically connected between said pair of conductors and a corresponding one of said plurality of light circuits. 6. A system according to claim 5 wherein said flexible enclosure is partially extruded around said separated pairs of leads. 7. A light strip according to claim 6 wherein said flexible enclosure is extruded with a longitudinal split that can be opened for installation of said one or more substrates. 8. A light strip according to claim 5 wherein said one or more of said substrates each has a given number of said plurality of light circuits, each of said given number of light circuits having a pair of solder pads separately connected to said pair of conductors. 9. A light strip according to claim 8 wherein said given number of light circuits (a) are arranged end to end, and (b) are adapted to be severed between any adjacent pair of said given number to operate autonomously. 10. A light strip according to claim 1 comprising: a rectifier circuit located outside said flexible enclosure for applying to said lighting assembly a pulsating voltage having a peak voltage in excess of 100 volts. 11. A light strip according to claim 10 wherein said rectifier circuit comprises: a housing; a utility plug; a line connected between said housing and said utility plug; and a cable connecting between said housing and said pair of conductors. 12. A light strip according to claim 10 wherein said rectifier circuit comprises: a housing with cooling fins; and a cable connecting between said housing and said pair of conductors 13. A light strip according to claim 10 wherein said pair of conductors each comprise stranded wire, said rectifier circuit comprising: a connector having a shell and a pair of pointed pins within said shell, said shell being sized to fit over an end of said flexible enclosure, said pair of pins being adapted to be inserted into said pair of conductors. 14. A light strip according to claim 10 wherein said flexible enclosure has a periphery with an asymmetrical cross-section, said rectifier circuit comprising: a connector having a shell and a pair of pins within said shell, said shell being keyed to fit over only one end of said flexible enclosure. 15. A light strip according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of light circuits each comprise: a depletion mode field effect transistor; a serially connected plurality of light emitting diodes coupled to said transistor; and a power input coupled to said transistor and said plurality of light emitting diodes, said power input adapted to receive a time varying voltage, said transistor arranged to conduct over a limited conduction angle. 16. A light strip according to claim 15 comprising: a resistive element; a pair of power input terminals adapted to connect to a power source and supply current to resistive element, said transistor, and said serially connected plurality of light emitting diodes, said transistor being serially connected between said resistive element and said serially connected plurality of light emitting diodes, said transistor having a gate connected to one of said pair of power input terminals. 17. A light strip according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of light circuits each comprise: a plurality of light emitting diodes each having a forward voltage drop exceeding 8 volts. 18. A light strip according to claim 1 wherein each of said one or more substrates comprises: an insulating layer sandwiched between a pair of copper laminations that are etched into separate sections, said pair of copper laminations having a plurality of plated-through holes, a dedicated portion of which are arranged to conduct heat without conducting electrical current. 19. A light strip according to claim 18 wherein a marked portion of said plurality of plated-through holes are arranged to receive a component that signifies a quality of a corresponding one of said one or more substrates. 20. A method for making a light strip having a pair of conductors and one or more flexible substrates populated with a plurality of light circuits, the method comprising the step of: extruding a plastic material around said pair of conductors to form a flexible enclosure sized to encompass said one or more flexible substrates and maintain a spacing between said pair of conductors and said one or more flexible substrates. 21. A method according to claim 20 wherein the step of extruding the plastic material is performed to simultaneously encompass said one or more substrates. 22. A method according to claim 20 wherein the step of extruding the plastic material is performed to leave a longitudinal split, the method including the step of: installing the one or more substrates through the longitudinal split; connecting said pair of conductors to said plurality of light circuits; and sealing the split. 23. A method according to claim 22 employing a spreading tool, the step of installing the one or more substrates including the steps of: initially spreading a portion of the longitudinal split with said spreading tool while a distal end of one of said one or more substrates is inserted past said tool and through said longitudinal split; and proximally moving said spreading tool to spread a moving sector of the longitudinal split to allow progressive insertion of said one or more substrates. 24. A system according to claim according to claim 20 employing a plurality of separated pairs of leads, the method including the step of: electrically connecting each separated pair to said pair of conductors before extruding the plastic material, the step of extruding the plastic material being performed to partially encompass an inner portion of each separated pair of leads.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for executing a real-time computer application, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer application, wherein a description of functions or of the functions of the real-time computer application is contained in an application software, or for executing an application software, which application software contains a description of functions or of the functions of the real-time computer application, in particular of the comprehensive real-time computer application, on a distributed real-time computer system, which real-time computer system comprises a multiplicity of sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units, and wherein the sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units have access to a global time. The application software is divided into a number of real-time software components RTSWCs, in particular into a plurality of real-time software components RTSWCs, wherein, when the real-time computer application or the application software is executed, the RTSWCs can exchange information by means of time-controlled messages, and wherein each RTSWC is allocated a time-triggered virtual machine TTVM, wherein, during a service interval SI, an operating system running on a computing node provides a TTVM realised on this computing node with protected access to the network resources and memory resources of the computing node assigned to this TTVM, and wherein, during the SI, a defined computing power for processing the RTSWCs running in the TTVM is allocated to the TTVM by the operating system of the computing node in such a way that the RTSWCs can provide a result before the end of the SI. 1. A method for realising a real-time computer application, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer application, on a distributed real-time computer system, which real-time computer system comprises a multiplicity of sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units, and wherein the sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units have access to a global time, and wherein a description of functions, in particular of the functions of the real-time computer application, in particular of the comprehensive real-time computer application, is contained in an application software, wherein the application software is divided into a number of real-time software components RTSWC, in particular into a plurality of real-time software components RTSWCs, wherein, when the application software or the real-time computer application is executed, the RTSWCs exchange information by means of time-controlled messages, and wherein each RTSWC is allocated a time-triggered virtual machine TTVM, wherein, during a service interval SI, an operating system running on a computing node provides a TTVM realised on this computing node with protected access to the network resources and memory resources of the computing node assigned to this TTVM, and wherein, during the SI, a defined computing power for processing the RTSWCs running in the TTVM is allocated to the TTVM by the operating system of the computing node in such a way that the RTSWCs can provide a result before the end of the SI. 2. A method for executing a real-time computer application, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer application, wherein a description of functions or of the functions of the real-time computer application is contained in an application software, or for executing an application software, which application software contains a description of functions or of the functions of the real-time computer application, in particular of the comprehensive real-time computer application, on a distributed real-time computer system, which real-time computer system comprises a multiplicity of sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units, and wherein the sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units have access to a global time. wherein the application software is divided into a number of real-time software components RTSWC, in particular into a plurality of real-time software components RTSWCs, wherein, when the real-time computer application or the application software is executed, the RTSWCs can exchange information by means of time-controlled messages, and wherein each RTSWC is allocated a time-triggered virtual machine TTVM, wherein, during a service interval SI, an operating system running on a computing node provides a TTVM realised on this computing node with protected access to the network resources and memory resources of the computing node assigned to this TTVM, and wherein, during the SI, a defined computing power for processing the RTSWCs running in the TTVM is allocated to the TTVM by the operating system of the computing node in such a way that the RTSWCs can provide a result before the end of the SI. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a TTVM, at the start of an SI, provides the input data of an RTSWC in the form of time-controlled state data in the data region of the RTSWC and, at the end of the SI, adopts the output data of the RTSWC in the form of time-controlled state data from the data region of the RTSWC. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a number of TTVMs are realised at the same time on a computing node. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein in a real-time computer system, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer system, a multiplicity of frames having different frame durations are realised. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the frame durations correspond to a power of 2 of the smallest frame duration. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating system of a computing node compares the access rights of a TTVM with the access requirements of the RTSWCs running on the TTVM in order to identify security errors. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a communication system of the real-time computer system or an operating system of a computing node deactivates the running version of an RTSWC at a switchover time scheduled a priori and activates a new version of an RTSWC on another TTVM and supplies this with communication data. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein two of the same, i.e. identical, RTSWCs run on two independent fail-silent TTVMs. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein three of the same, i.e. identical, RTSWCs run on three independent TTVMs, and a receiving TTVM, i.e. a TTVM receiving three copies of a message, masks defective messages by means of majority voting. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more computing nodes each has two or more processors, and wherein an RTSWC is executed on two or more processors of a computing node in parallel, wherein the TTVM preferably divides the RTSWCs among the available processors of the computing node, such that the computing time for the RTSWCs can be reduced. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a time interval between the sending time and the receiving time of a message is selected to be at least long enough that a real-time message can transport from the transmitter to the receiver in this time interval (minimum interval), wherein this time interval is preferably longer than this minimum interval in order to increase the flexibility of the communication system. 13. A computing node for a distributed real-time computer system, which real-time computer system comprises a plurality of sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units, and wherein the sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units have access to a global time, wherein a real-time computer application, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer application, or an application software is executed on the real-time computer system, wherein an application software or the application software contains a description of functions or of the functions of the real-time computer application. wherein one or more TTVMs for executing real-time software components (RTSWCs), into which RTSWCs the application software is divided, is or are realised on the computing node, wherein, when the real-time computer application or the application software is executed, the RTSWCs can exchange information by means of time-controlled messages, and wherein, during a service interval SI, an operating system running on a computing node provides a TTVM realised on this computing node with protected access to the network resources and memory resources of the computing node assigned to this TTVM, and wherein, during the SI, a defined computing power for processing the RTSWCs running in the TTVM is allocated to the TTVM by the operating system of the computing node in such a way that the RTSWCs can provide a result before the end of the SI. 14. A real-time computer system comprising a multiplicity of sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units, wherein the sensors, actuators, computing nodes and distributor units have access to a global time, wherein a real-time computer application, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer application, is executed on the real-time computer system. wherein one, more or all computing nodes is/are designed as computing nodes according to claim 13. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein a TTVM, at the start of an SI, provides the input data of an RTSWC in the form of time-controlled state data in the data region of the RTSWC and, at the end of the SI, adopts the output data of the RTSWC in the form of time-controlled state data from the data region of the RTSWC. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein a number of TTVMs are realised at the same time on a computing node. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein in a real-time computer system, in particular a comprehensive real-time computer system, a multiplicity of frames having different frame durations are realised. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the frame durations correspond to a power of 2 of the smallest frame duration. 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the operating system of a computing node compares the access rights of a TTVM with the access requirements of the RTSWCs running on the TTVM in order to identify security errors. 20. The method of claim 2, wherein a communication system of the real-time computer system or an operating system of a computing node deactivates the running version of an RTSWC at a switchover time scheduled a priori and activates a new version of an RTSWC on another TTVM and supplies this with communication data. 21. The method of claim 2, wherein two of the same, i.e. identical, RTSWCs run on two independent fail-silent TTVMs. 22. The method of claim 2, wherein three of the same, i.e. identical, RTSWCs run on three independent TTVMs, and a receiving TTVM, i.e. a TTVM receiving three copies of a message, masks defective messages by means of majority voting. 23. The method of claim 2, wherein one or more computing nodes each has two or more processors, and wherein an RTSWC is executed on two or more processors of a computing node in parallel, wherein the TTVM preferably divides the RTSWCs among the available processors of the computing node, such that the computing time for the RTSWCs can be reduced. 24. The method of claim 2, wherein a time interval between the sending time and the receiving time of a message is selected to be at least long enough that a real-time message can transport from the transmitter to the receiver in this time interval (minimum interval), wherein this time interval is preferably longer than this minimum interval in order to increase the flexibility of the communication system.",
-    "There are provided a rare-earth permanent magnet and a manufacturing method thereof capable of preventing deterioration of magnet properties. In the method, magnet material is milled into magnet powder. Next, a mixture is prepared by mixing the magnet powder and a binder made of long-chain hydrocarbon and/or of a polymer or a copolymer consisting of monomers having no oxygen atoms. Next, the mixture is formed into a sheet-like shape so as to obtain a green sheet. After that, the green sheet is held for a predetermined length of time at binder decomposition temperature in a non-oxidizing atmosphere so as to remove the binder by causing depolymerization reaction or the like to the binder, which turns into monomer. The green sheet from which the binder has been removed is sintered by raising temperature up to sintering temperature. Thereby a permanent magnet 1 is obtained. 1. A manufacturing method of a rare-earth permanent magnet comprising steps of: milling magnet material into magnet powder; forming a mixture by mixing the magnet powder and any one of three kinds of binders a binder made of a long-chain hydrocarbon or a binder made of a polymer or a copolymer consisting of one or more kinds of monomers selectable from possible monomers expressed with a general formula (1) (R1 and R2 represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group or a vinyl group) or a binder obtained by mixing the long-chain hydrocarbon and either the polymer or the copolymer; obtaining a green sheet by forming the mixture into a sheet-like shape; the mixture is formed by employing hot melt coating in which the mixture is heated to melt, and turns into a fluid state and then is spread; removing the binder by holding the green sheet for a predetermined length of time at binder decomposition temperature in a non-oxidizing atmosphere; and sintering the green sheet from which the binder has been removed by raising temperature up to sintering temperature. 2. The manufacturing method of rare-earth permanent magnet according to claim 1, wherein the binder is any one of: polyisobutylene; polyisoprene; polybutadiene; polystyrene; a styrene-isoprene copolymer; an isobutylene-isoprene copolymer; and a styrene-butadiene copolymer. 3. The manufacturing method of a rare-earth permanent magnet according to claim 1, wherein, from use as the binder, there are excluded: a polymer consisting of a possible monomer of which R1 and R2 in the general formula (1) each represent a hydrogen atom; and a polymer consisting of a possible monomer of which R1 and R2 in the general formula (1) represent a hydrogen atom and a methyl group, respectively. 4. The manufacturing method of a rare-earth permanent magnet according to any of claims 1, wherein, in the step of removing the binder, the green sheet is held for the predetermined length of time at temperature range of 200 degrees Celsius to 900 degrees Celsius in a hydrogen atmosphere or a mixed gas atmosphere of hydrogen and inert gas.",
-    "Bags on a sheet of flexible material are made by doubling back the sheet to form closed bottoms on multiple bags, wherein doubling back the sheet forms front and back panels on the multiple bags, followed by forming side edges on the multiple bags by joining the front and back panels to each other at predetermined locations to form closed seams at the predetermined locations, the closed seams forming the side edges of the multiple bags, and the side edges attaching adjacent multiple bags to each other. 1. Multiple bags on a sheet of flexible material, comprising: a doubled back first side of the sheet forming closed bottoms on multiple bags in a first series of multiple bags, and a doubled back second side of the sheet forming closed bottoms on multiple bags in a second series of multiple bags, wherein the doubled back first side of the sheet forms front and back panels on the multiple bags in the first series, and the doubled back second side of the sheet forms front and back panels on the multiple bags in the second series; the front and back panels being joined to each other at predetermined locations and providing closed seams at the predetermined locations, the closed seams comprising side edges on the multiple bags; and adjacent multiple bags being attached to each other at the side edges. 2. The bags of claim 1, comprising: perforations through the sheet at the predetermined locations for detaching respective multiple bags from the sheet. 3. The bags of claim 1, comprising: first handle openings through the sheet, wherein the multiple bags in the first series include the first handle openings; and second handle openings through the sheet, wherein the multiple bags in the second series include the first handle openings.",
-    "A worldwide unique identifier (WWUID) is newly assigned to a file upon the creation or update of the file and is inherited from a file to a copied file when the file is copied. In a backup apparatus, a file name reception unit receives the file name of a backup target file. A WWUID reception unit receives a WWUID corresponding to the file name. A WWUID search unit searches for the same WWUID in backup management information of a previous day stored in a backup destination. Only if the search is failed, a file operation instruction unit instructs the storing of the backup target file into the backup destination. Then, an Rcnt update instruction unit instructs the updating of the number of references made to the WWUID within the backup destination. A second management information update instruction unit then instructs the updating of backup management information of the current day. 1. A method for file deduplication in a file system by a processor, comprising: receiving one of a new file creation instruction, a file copy instruction, and a file update instruction specifying at least a file directory and a file name; storing or updating inode information for a file upon creation, copying, or update of the file; acquiring identification information which is newly assigned to the file upon creation, copying, or update of the file and is inherited by the file from a different file if the file is a copy of the different file, to thereby make a content of the file identifiable, wherein the identification information includes world wide unique identification (WWUID); storing the identification information and an inode information number in the file directory; storing the file name together and the identification information in an extended directory; determining whether or not first identification information and second identification information match each other, the first identification information being the identification information acquired by the acquisition unit and assigned to a first file, the second identification information being the identification information acquired by the acquisition unit and assigned to a second file; if the first identification information is determined to match the second identification information, preventing the first file and the second file from being stored as duplicate files in the file system; registering, in count information, an increase in the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, when the second identification information becomes associated with the first file, the count information indicating the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, wherein the count information is a reference count number of the WWUID; and registering, in the count information, a decrease in the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, in response to an instruction to delete the first management information. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising deleting the first management information in response to the instruction to delete the first management information, and to also delete the first file if the count information after the registration by the second registration unit indicates that no identification information is associated with the first file. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: acquiring the first identification information assigned to the first file backed up to the file system at a first time point, from first management information for managing each file backed up to the first system at the first time point; and acquiring the second identification information assigned to the second file to be backed up to the file system at a second time point subsequent to the first time point, and if the first identification information and the second identification information match each other, preventing the first and second identification information from being copied to the file system at the second time point and that the second identification information is included in second management information and associated with the first file, the second management information for managing each file backed up at the second time point. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: acquiring the first identification information assigned to the first file stored in a server computer, from first management information for managing each file stored in the server computer, acquiring the second identification information assigned to the second file stored in a client computer, from second management information for managing each file stored in the client computer, and if the first identification information and the second identification information match each other, deleting the second file from the client computer. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: acquiring the first identification information assigned to the first file stored in a server computer, from management information for managing each file stored in the server computer; and acquiring the second identification information from data in an electronic mail received by a client computer, the second identification information being assigned to the second file attached to the electronic mail, and if the first identification and the second identification match each other, preventing the second file from being saved in the client computer. 6. A system for file deduplication in a file system, comprising: a processor, wherein the processor: receives one of a new file creation instruction, a file copy instruction, and a file update instruction specifying at least a file directory and a file name; stores or updating inode information for a file upon creation, copying, or update of the file; acquires identification information which is newly assigned to the file upon creation, copying, or update of the file and is inherited by the file from a different file if the file is a copy of the different file, to thereby make a content of the file identifiable, wherein the identification information includes world wide unique identification (WWUID); stores the identification information and an inode information number in the file directory; stores the file name together and the identification information in an extended directory; determines whether or not first identification information and second identification information match each other, the first identification information being the identification information acquired by the acquisition unit and assigned to a first file, the second identification information being the identification information acquired by the acquisition unit and assigned to a second file; if the first identification information is determined to match the second identification information, prevents the first file and the second file from being stored as duplicate files in the file system; registers, in count information, an increase in the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, when the second identification information becomes associated with the first file, the count information indicating the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, wherein the count information is a reference count number of the WWUID; and registers, in the count information, a decrease in the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, in response to an instruction to delete the first management information. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the processor deletes the first management information in response to the instruction to delete the first management information, and deletes the first file if the count information after the registration by the second registration unit indicates that no identification information is associated with the first file. 8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the processor: acquires the first identification information assigned to the first file backed up to the file system at a first time point, from first management information for managing each file backed up to the first system at the first time point; and acquires the second identification information assigned to the second file to be backed up to the file system at a second time point subsequent to the first time point, and if the first identification information and the second identification information match each other, prevents the first and second identification information from being copied to the file system at the second time point and that the second identification information is included in second management information and associated with the first file, the second management information for managing each file backed up at the second time point. 9. The system according to claim 6, wherein the processor: acquires the first identification information assigned to the first file stored in a server computer, from first management information for managing each file stored in the server computer, acquires the second identification information assigned to the second file stored in a client computer, from second management information for managing each file stored in the client computer, and if the first identification information and the second identification information match each other, deletes the second file from the client computer. 10. The system according to claim 6, wherein the processor: acquires the first identification information assigned to the first file stored in a server computer, from management information for managing each file stored in the server computer; and acquires the second identification information from data in an electronic mail received by a client computer, the second identification information being assigned to the second file attached to the electronic mail, and if the first identification and the second identification match each other, prevents the second file from being saved in the client computer. 11. A computer program product for file deduplication in a file system by a processor, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program code portions stored therein, the computer-readable program code portions comprising: an executable portion that receives one of a new file creation instruction, a file copy instruction, and a file update instruction specifying at least a file directory and a file name; an executable portion that stores or updating inode information for a file upon creation, copying, or update of the file; an executable portion that acquires identification information which is newly assigned to the file upon creation, copying, or update of the file and is inherited by the file from a different file if the file is a copy of the different file, to thereby make a content of the file identifiable, wherein the identification information includes world wide unique identification (WWUID); an executable portion that stores the identification information and an inode information number in the file directory; an executable portion that stores the file name together and the identification information in an extended directory; an executable portion that determines whether or not first identification information and second identification information match each other, the first identification information being the identification information acquired by the acquisition unit and assigned to a first file, the second identification information being the identification information acquired by the acquisition unit and assigned to a second file; an executable portion that, if the first identification information is determined to match the second identification information, prevents the first file and the second file from being stored as duplicate files in the file system; an executable portion that registers, in count information, an increase in the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, when the second identification information becomes associated with the first file, the count information indicating the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, wherein the count information is a reference count number of the WWUID; and an executable portion that registers, in the count information, a decrease in the number of pieces of identification information associated with the first file, in response to an instruction to delete the first management information. 12. The computer program product according to claim 11, further comprising an executable portion that deletes the first management information in response to the instruction to delete the first management information, and deletes the first file if the count information after the registration by the second registration unit indicates that no identification information is associated with the first file. 13. The computer program product according to claim 11, further comprising: an executable portion that acquires the first identification information assigned to the first file backed up to the file system at a first time point, from first management information for managing each file backed up to the first system at the first time point; and an executable portion that acquires the second identification information assigned to the second file to be backed up to the file system at a second time point subsequent to the first time point, and if the first identification information and the second identification information match each other, prevents the first and second identification information from being copied to the file system at the second time point and that the second identification information is included in second management information and associated with the first file, the second management information for managing each file backed up at the second time point. 14. The computer program product according to claim 11, further comprising: an executable portion that acquires the first identification information assigned to the first file stored in a server computer, from first management information for managing each file stored in the server computer, an executable portion that acquires the second identification information assigned to the second file stored in a client computer, from second management information for managing each file stored in the client computer, and if the first identification information and the second identification information match each other, deletes the second file from the client computer. 15. The computer program product according to claim 11, further comprising: an executable portion that acquires the first identification information assigned to the first file stored in a server computer, from management information for managing each file stored in the server computer; and an executable portion that acquires the second identification information from data in an electronic mail received by a client computer, the second identification information being assigned to the second file attached to the electronic mail, and if the first identification and the second identification match each other, prevents the second file from being saved in the client computer.",
-    "A fuel injector for use in an internal combustion engine includes a valve member that is moveable within a bore of an injection nozzle so as to be engageable with a valve seat region to control fuel delivery through one or more nozzle outlets, an injector body housing an actuator that is operable to move the valve member within the bore, and defining an accumulator volume for storing high pressure fuel. The fuel injector includes a damping chamber in fluid communication with the accumulator volume through a fluid passage, the damping chamber serving to reduce pressure wave activity within the accumulator volume. 1. A fuel injector for use in an internal combustion engine, the fuel injector comprising: a valve member that is moveable within a bore of an injection nozzle so as to be engageable with a valve seat region to control fuel delivery through one or more nozzle outlets, an injector body defining an accumulator volume for storing high pressure fuel, and housing an actuator that is operable to move the valve member within the bore, wherein the actuator includes an end portion that is coupled to the valve member by a motion amplifier arrangement, the motion amplifier arrangement including a damping chamber of fixed volume in fluid communication with the accumulator volume through a fluid passage, the damping chamber serving to reduce pressure wave activity within the accumulator volume. 2. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein the amplifier arrangement includes a control piston coupled to the actuator to modify the pressure of fuel within a control chamber defined, in part, by a surface associated with the valve member such that movement of the valve member is coupled to fuel pressure in the control chamber. 3. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein the damping chamber has a volume that is selected so as to provide the damping chamber with a resonant frequency substantially equal to a dominant frequency of the pressure wave activity within the fuel injector. 4. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein the fluid passage connecting the damping chamber to the accumulator volume has a length and a diameter, and wherein at least one of the length and the diameter of the fluid passage is selected so as to provide the damping chamber with a resonant frequency substantially equal to a dominant frequency of the pressure wave activity. 5. The fuel injector of claim 1, wherein the actuator is a piezoelectric actuator.",
-    "The invention provides a composition comprising the following: A) a first polymer selected from the following: i) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer; or ii) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin multi-block interpolymer; B) a second polymer selected from the following: iii) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer; iv) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin/non-conjugated diene interpolymer; or v) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin multi-block interpolymer; and wherein the first polymer has a density from 0.880 to 0.910 g/cc, and the second polymer has a density less than, or equal to, 0.867 g/cc, and wherein the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer is from 0.5 to 9. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A composition comprising the following: A) a first polymer selected from an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin multi-block interpolymer; B) a second polymer selected from the following: iii) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer; iv) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin/non-conjugated diene interpolymer; or v) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin multi-block interpolymer; and wherein the first polymer has a density from 0.880 to 0.910 g/cc, and the second polymer has a density less than, or equal to, 0.867 g/cc, and wherein the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer is from 0.5 to 9. 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) greater than 70\u00b0 C., as determined by DSC. 18. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first polymer has a melting temperature (Tm) less than 130\u00b0 C., as determined by DSC. 19. The composition of claim 16, wherein the first polymer has a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) from 1.2 to 3. 20. The composition of claim 16, wherein the second polymer is v) an olefin block interpolymer. 21. The composition of claim 16, wherein the second polymer has a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) from 1.2 to 3. 22. The composition of claim 16, wherein the second polymer is iii) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer is a homogeneously branched linear ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer, or a homogeneously branched substantially linear ethylene/\u03b1-olefin interpolymer. 24. The composition of claim 16, wherein the second polymer is iv) an ethylene/\u03b1-olefin/non-conjugated diene interpolymer. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the ethylene/\u03b1-olefin/non-conjugated diene interpolymer has a Mooney Viscosity (ML 1+4) at 125\u00b0 C., from 5 to 70. 26. The composition of claim 16, wherein Component A is present in an amount from 40 to 90 weight percent, and Component B is present in an amount from 60 to 10 weight percent, and wherein the weight percentages of Components A and B are each based on the sum weight of Components A and B. 27. The composition of claim 16, further comprising another polymer selected from the following: propylene-ethylene copolymers, EPR, SEBS, SBS, EVA, LDPE, LLDPE, EAA, EEA, EMA, EBA, or EMAA. 28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the other polymer is present in an amount less than 20 weight percent, based on the weight of the composition. 29. The composition of claim 16, wherein the composition further comprises a free radical agent and a foaming agent. 30. A foam formed from the composition of claim 16 any of the previous claims. 31. An article comprising at least one component formed from the composition of claim 1.",
-    "Systems and methods for displaying ground effect ceiling limit values associated with an operation of a mobile platform on a display are provided. The method includes receiving a preference for the display of the ground effect ceiling limit values, and determining a gross weight of the mobile platform. The method includes based on the preference, determining, with a processor, an air temperature associated with the operation of the mobile platform. The method also includes based on the gross weight and the air temperature, determining with the processor, an in ground effect limit value and an out of ground effect limit value. The method includes displaying the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value on the display. 1. A method for displaying ground effect ceiling limit values associated with an operation of a mobile platform on a display, the method comprising: receiving a preference for the display of the ground effect ceiling limit values; determining a gross weight of the mobile platform; based on the preference, determining, with a processor, an air temperature associated with the operation of the mobile platform; based on the gross weight and the air temperature, determining with the processor, an in ground effect limit value and an out of ground effect limit value; and displaying the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value on the display. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the preference further comprises: receiving a preference to display ground effect ceiling limit values for a current position of the mobile platform; and receiving a preference to display ground effect ceiling limit values for a flight plan associated with the mobile platform. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the preference further comprises: receiving the preference from an input device associated with the mobile platform. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein based on the preference to display ground effect ceiling limit values for the current position, the determining the air temperature associated with the operation of the mobile platform further comprises: determining the current position of the mobile platform based on global positioning system data; retrieving weather data associated with the current position; and extracting the air temperature associated with the current position from the weather data. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein based on the preference to display ground effect ceiling limit values for the flight plan, the determining the air temperature associated with the operation of the mobile platform further comprises: determining the flight plan of the mobile platform, the flight plan including a distance and a required navigational performance value; retrieving weather data associated with the flight plan; and extracting air temperatures along the flight plan from the weather data based on the distance and the required navigational performance value. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the extracting air temperatures along the flight plan, further comprises: determining a variation between the air temperatures along the flight plan; and separating the flight plan into one or more legs based on the variation between the air temperatures along the flight plan. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein based on the separating of the flight plan into one or more legs, the method further comprises: along each leg, based on the gross weight and the air temperature, determining, with the processor, the in ground effect limit value and the out of ground effect limit value; and determining for each leg, a lowest in ground effect limit value from the in ground effect limit values determined along the leg and a lowest out of ground effect limit value from the out of ground effect limit values determined along the leg. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: outputting the determined lowest in ground effect limit value and the determined lowest out of ground effect limit value for display on the display based on a position of the mobile platform along the flight plan. 9. A system for displaying ground effect ceiling limit values associated with an operation of a mobile platform on a display, the system comprising: a source of a preference for the display of the ground effect ceiling limit values on the display; a first control module that determines a gross weight of the mobile platform and based on the preference, determines an air temperature associated with the operation of the mobile platform; and a second control module that determines an in ground effect limit value and an out of ground effect limit value based on the gross weight and the air temperature and outputs the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value for display on the display. 10. The system of claim 9, further comprising: an input device, and the source of the preference comprises input received by the input device. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the second control module outputs the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value such that the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value are superimposed onto a primary flight display displayed on the display. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the second control module outputs the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value such that the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value are superimposed onto a vertical situational flight display displayed on the display. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the first control module determines the gross weight of the mobile platform based on fuel data received from a source of fuel information, cargo data associated with a cargo load onboard the mobile platform and a predefined initial weight of the mobile platform. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the determined in ground effect limit value is illustrated with a first bar icon having a first color and the determined out of ground effect limit value is illustrated with a second bar icon having a second color, the first color different from the second color, and the first bar icon and the second bar icon superimposed on an altitude indicator on the primary flight display. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value are superimposed on an altitude indicator on the vertical situational flight display. 16. A method for displaying ground effect ceiling limit values associated with an operation of a rotorcraft on a display, the method comprising: determining a gross weight of the mobile platform based on fuel data received from a source of fuel information and a predefined initial weight of the rotorcraft; determining, with a processor, an air temperature associated with a flight plan of the rotorcraft; based on the gross weight and the air temperature, determining, with the processor, an in ground effect limit altitude value and an out of ground effect limit altitude value; and displaying the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value on the display such that the determined in ground effect limit value and the determined out of ground effect limit value are superimposed on an altitude indicator associated with at least one of a primary flight display and a vertical situational flight display. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising receiving a preference to display ground effect ceiling limit values for the flight plan associated with the rotorcraft from an input device associated with the rotorcraft, and determining the air temperature associated with the flight plan of the rotorcraft based on the preference. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein determining the air temperature associated with the flight plan of the rotorcraft further comprises: determining the flight plan of the rotorcraft, the flight plan including a distance and a required navigational performance value; retrieving weather data associated with the flight plan; and extracting air temperatures along the flight plan from the weather data based on the distance and the required navigational performance value. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the extracting air temperatures along the flight plan, further comprises: determining a variation between the air temperatures along the flight plan; and separating the flight plan into one or more legs based on the variation between the air temperatures along the flight plan. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein based on the separating of the flight plan into one or more legs, the method further comprises: along each leg, based on the gross weight and the air temperature, determining the in ground effect limit value and the out of ground effect limit value; determining for each leg, a lowest in ground effect limit value from the in ground effect limit values determined along the leg and a lowest out of ground effect limit value from the out of ground effect limit values determined along the leg; and superimposing the determined lowest in ground effect limit value and the determined lowest out of ground effect limit value on an altitude indicator associated with the at least one of the primary flight display and the vertical situational flight display based on a position of the rotorcraft along the flight plan.",
-    "The present disclosure provides an apparatus and method for modifying the shape of a hollow structure. The method may comprise steps of providing a hollow structure having a cross-section with first and second diameters defining a first aspect ratio; heating at least a part of the hollow structure to at least its glass transition temperature, forming a malleable hollow structure; maintaining a positive pressure inside the malleable hollow structure to form a pressurized hollow structure; and pressing against a first side and an opposed second side of a heated part of the pressurized hollow structure, forming a hollow tabular structure having first and second opposed generally flat faces and a second aspect ratio greater than the first aspect ratio. 1. A method for modifying the shape of a hollow structure, comprising: providing a hollow structure having a cross-section with first and second diameters defining a first aspect ratio; heating at least a part of the hollow structure to at least its glass transition temperature, forming a malleable hollow structure; maintaining a positive pressure inside the malleable hollow structure to form a pressurized hollow structure; and pressing against a first side and an opposed second side of a heated part of the pressurized hollow structure, forming a hollow tabular structure having first and second opposed generally flat faces and a second aspect ratio greater than the first aspect ratio. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sealing a first end of the hollow structure. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: placing a penetrable seal into a second end of the hollow structure. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: rotating the hollow structure while heating at least part of the hollow structure. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the positive pressure inside the hollow malleable structure is maintained by blowing air into the hollow malleable structure. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the flatness of the first and second opposed generally flat faces does not deviate by more than about 50 microns. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the positive pressure inside the hollow malleable structure is maintained with an internal contact free process. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the hollow tabular structure has an inside surface, wherein the inside surface has a surface roughness (Ra) less than 0.2 nm. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein pressing is carried out with a press comprising a platen, further comprising supporting the hollow tabular structure with an air bearing incorporated in the platen. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein heating is carried out with an electrical heater or a burner. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the malleable hollow structure has viscosity between about 1\u00d7107 Pascal and about 1\u00d71011 Pascal during pressing. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the malleable hollow structure is maintained at about 600\u00b0 C. to about 930\u00b0 C. during pressing. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the platen is preheated before pressing against the malleable hollow structure. 14. An apparatus for manufacturing a hollow tabular structure, comprising: a work holder configured for holding a malleable hollow workpiece; a platen configured for pressing against the malleable hollow workpiece; and a pressurizer exerting a positive pressure inside the malleable hollow workpiece while the malleable hollow workpiece is pressed. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: a rotator designed for rotating the malleable hollow workpiece. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: a cooling device designed for cooling the malleable hollow workpiece. 17. A method for modifying the shape of a hollow structure, comprising: heating at least a part of a hollow structure to at least its glass transition temperature, forming a malleable hollow structure while rotating the malleable hollow structure; maintaining a positive pressure inside the malleable hollow structure while pressing against a first side and an opposed second side of a heated part of the hollow structure; and forming a hollow tabular structure. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a positive pressure is maintained inside the malleable hollow structure by blowing air into the malleable hollow structure. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the hollow tabular structure has an inside surface and outside surface, wherein the outside surface has a deviation of dimensional accuracy less than about 50 microns and the inside surface has surface roughness (Ra) less than 0.2 nm. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the hollow tabular structure has non fully flat structure, wherein the non-fully flat structure comprises a curved surface.",
-    "An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a single-layer type photosensitive layer including phthalocyanine or a derivative thereof and an electron transport material. The electron transport material includes at least one first compound represented by formula (1) or (2) shown below and at least one second compound represented by formula (3), (4), or (5) shown below. A total amount of the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound is no less than 60 parts by mass and no greater than 120 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. An amount of the at least one first compound is no less than 35 parts by mass and no greater than 80 parts by mass. An amount of the at least one second compound is no less than 25 parts by mass and no greater than 40 parts by mass. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer located either directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate, wherein the photosensitive layer is a single-layer type photosensitive layer containing at least a charge generating material, an electron transport material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin, the charge generating material includes phthalocyanine or a derivative thereof, the electron transport material includes at least one first compound represented by formula (1) or (2) shown below and at least one second compound represented by formula (3), (4), or (5) shown below, and a total amount of the at least one first compound and the at least one second compound is no less than 60 parts by mass and no greater than 120 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin, an amount of the at least one first compound is no less than 35 parts by mass and no greater than 80 parts by mass, and an amount of the at least one second compound is no less than 25 parts by mass and no greater than 40 parts by mass, where, in the formula (1), R11, R12, R13, and R14 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, and an optionally substituted aralkyl group, in the formula (2), R21 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group, R22 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or a chemical group represented by formula \u2014O\u2014X in which X represents an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted aralkyl group, R231 to R234 each represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group, and R21, R22, and R231 to R234 are the same as or different from one another, in the formulae (3), (4), and (5), R31, R32, R33, R34, R41, R42, R43, R44, R51, and R52 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group, and R53 represents a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electron transport material includes a plurality of the first compounds or a plurality of the second compounds, or includes a plurality of the first compounds and a plurality of the second compounds. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the charge generating material includes titanyl phthalocyanine. 4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3, wherein the titanyl phthalocyanine exhibits a main peak at a Bragg angle (2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0 C.) of 27.2\u00b0 in a CuK\u03b1 characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum, and in a differential scanning calorimetry spectrum, the titanyl phthalocyanine: does not have a peak in a range from 50\u00b0 C. to 270\u00b0 C. other than a peak resulting from vaporization of absorbed water but has at least one peak in a range from 270\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C.; or does not have a peak in a range from 50\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. other than a peak resulting from vaporization of absorbed water. 5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least one third compound represented by formula (6) or (7) shown below, where, in the formula (6), R61, R62, R63, R64, R65, R66, R67, R68, R69, and R60 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an optionally substituted alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, an optionally substituted alkoxy group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of no less than 6 and no greater than 30, an optionally substituted aralkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 7 and no greater than 30, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 3 and no greater than 12, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group, R6 represents an optionally substituted alkylene group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, and n represents 0 or 1, in the formula (7), R71, R72, and R73 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, an optionally substituted alkoxy group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12 other than an aryloxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of no less than 6 and no greater than 30, and an optionally substituted aryloxy group having a carbon number of no less than 6 and no greater than 30, and n, m, and l each represent, independently of one another, an integer of no less than 0 and no greater than 5. 6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5, wherein an amount of the at least one third compound is no less than 0.1 parts by mass and no greater than 40 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. 7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least one third compound represented by formula (6) or (7) shown below, where, in the formula (6), R61, R62, R63, R64, R65, R66, R67, R68, R69, and R60 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an optionally substituted alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, an optionally substituted alkoxy group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of no less than 6 and no greater than 30, an optionally substituted aralkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 7 and no greater than 30, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 3 and no greater than 12, and an optionally substituted heterocyclic group, R6 represents an optionally substituted alkylene group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, and n represents 0 or 1, in the formula (7), R71, R72, and R73 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12, an optionally substituted alkoxy group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 12 other than an aryloxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of no less than 6 and no greater than 30, and an optionally substituted aryloxy group having a carbon number of no less than 6 and no greater than 30, and n, m, and l each represent, independently of one another, an integer of no less than 0 and no greater than 5. 8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7, wherein an amount of the at least one third compound is no less than 0.1 parts by mass and no greater than 40 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. 9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electron transport material includes the first compound represented by the formula (1), and in the formula (1), R11, R12, R13, and R14 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 8, a cyclohexyl group, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 4, a phenyl group, and a benzyl group. 10. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electron transport material includes the first compound represented by the formula (2), and in the formula (2), R21 represents a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 4, a phenyl group, and a phenyl group having a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 4 as a substituent, R22 represents a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 6, a phenyl group, a phenyl group having a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 4 as a substituent, and a chemical group represented by formula \u2014O\u2014X in which X represents a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 6, a phenyl group, a phenyl group having a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 4 as a substituent, a benzyl group, or a benzyl group having a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 4 as a substituent, and R231 to R234 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 6. 11. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electron transport material includes the second compound represented by the formula (3), and in the formula (3), R31 to R34 each represent, independently of one another, a chemical group selected from the group consisting of a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 8, a phenyl group, and a cyclohexyl group. 12. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electron transport material includes the second compound represented by the formula (4), and in the formula (4), R41 to R44 each represent, independently of one another, a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 8. 13. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electron transport material includes the second compound represented by the formula (5), and in the formula (5), R51 and R52 each represent, independently of one another, a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having a carbon number of no less than 1 and no greater than 6, and R53 represents a halogen atom. 14. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least one of tetrahydrofuran and toluene. 15. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member; a charger; a light exposure section; a development section; and a transfer section, wherein the image bearing member includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. 16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein a process speed of the image bearing member is no less than 120 mm/s. 17. The image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the charger repeats charging of the image bearing member without static elimination. 18. A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1.",
-    "This disclosure relates to a tool, system of tools, or method of utilizing tools to quickly, safely, ergonomically and effectively lift any number of objects including but not limited to manhole covers and car tires. The user is aided by the tool containing any number of picks that may be directionally adjusted, manually or automatically, latches to connect the tool to attachments (such as tripods, power lifting belts, vehicles, and other tools), additional support handle bars located at or about the center of gravity which may be adjusted from one location to another to guide the body into a lifting posture to reduce back strain and accident potential, pre-molded or moldable sections on the tool or its handlebars to aid the user in gripping the tool, a gyroscope and other features for making the jobs of utility workers and service workers safer, more efficient, and easier. 1. An elongated tool including one or more handle bars, a solid rod length no shorter than two feet, attached to a pick no longer than ten inches, wherein the rod and the pick meet at a curved pick angle of from about ten to about one hundred and seventy degrees. 2. The elongated tool of claim 1, wherein the curved pick angle is adjustable by a user within a range of from about ten to about one hundred and seventy degrees, and wherein the curved pick angle may be fixed by inserting a fitted clip into an opening at the point of adjustment once the angle is set. 3. The elongated tool of claim 1 wherein the curved pick angle is adjustable such that a user can set the curved pick angle to a desired angle amount, and then fix the curved pick angle by adjusting a mechanical dial. 4. A method of utilizing a system of lever attachments to handle a heavy object, comprising the steps of using a lever hook to attach a lever to a leverage device, moving a handle bar located on the lever into position at or around a center of gravity, and lifting along the handle bar at the center of gravity to thereby lift the heavy object. 5. A lifting tool, comprising an elongated shaft having a lifting guide with a handle located at or about a center of gravity, and a pick. 6. The tool of claim 5, further comprising extendable sections, and wherein the position of the lifting guide or the handle is adjustable, and wherein the tool is configured to lock the lifting guide or the handle into position at a plurality of locations along the length of said shaft. 7. The tool of claim 5, further comprising a gyroscope. 8. The tool of claim 7, wherein said gyroscope relays a signal to a processor which translates and relays an angle measured by the gyroscope on a display. 9. The tool of claim 5, further comprising molded sections. 10. The tool of claim 5, wherein a hole extends through both said shaft and said pick, and wherein said tool further comprises a removable pin configured to be inserted in said hole to secure the shaft to said pick. 11. The tool of claim 5, wherein the shaft has first and second ends opposite from each other, and wherein said pick is located at said first end of the shaft, and wherein the tool includes a second pick, and wherein the second pick is located at the second end of the shaft. 12. The tool of claim 10, further comprising holes at ends of the shaft, and pins for cooperating with the holes to secure removable picks to said shaft. 13. The tool of claim 5, further comprising removable pins, and holes for receiving the pins, for securing a lifting guide to the shaft. 14. The tool of claim 6, further comprising retractable pins for securing a lifting guide or a handle into one or more positions. 15. The tool of claim 6, further comprising a section of connected tracks with latches for securing a lifting guide in one or more positions at a point furthest from a header track on a plurality of branch tracks. 16. The tool of claim 10, further comprising a dial with holes corresponding to a second hole on said pick for allowing the pick to pivot with the removal of a second pin and be secured at a new angle along the dial with said second pin fastening into the rotated pick at a different hole. 17. The tool of claim 16, further comprising a spring for connecting said second pin to said pick such that, when said second pin is pulled from a hole, said second pin rotates as the pick is rotated and said second pin is received in a new hole along the dial. 18. The tool of claim 17, further comprising a trigger, connected to said second pin by a lever or pulley for raising said second pin from a hole when the trigger is pulled. 19. The tool of claim 17, further comprising a spring for connecting said pin to said shaft such that when said pin is pulled from a hole in the shaft, said pick can be manually removed and replaced by another pick. 20. The tool of claim 19, further comprising a trigger connected to said pin by a lever or pulley for raising said pin from a hole when the trigger is pulled.",
-    "There is provided an image processing apparatus for performing image processing on image data generated based on an image of a recording medium conveyed in a conveyance direction, comprising: a horizontal edge detection unit configured to detect a horizontal edge included in the image data; a slanted edge detection unit configured to detect a slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge included in the image data; a calculation unit configured to calculate coordinates of a distal end of the slanted edge, the other distal end of the slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge; and a coordinate calculating unit configured to calculate coordinates related to an edge of the recording medium based on the horizontal edge and the coordinates of the distal end calculated by the calculation unit. 1. An image processing apparatus for performing image processing on image data generated based on an image of a recording medium conveyed in a conveyance direction, comprising: a horizontal edge detection unit configured to detect a horizontal edge included in the image data; a slanted edge detection unit configured to detect a slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge included in the image data; a calculation unit configured to calculate coordinates of a distal end of the slanted edge, the other distal end of the slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge; and a coordinate calculating unit configured to calculate coordinates related to an edge of the recording medium based on the horizontal edge and the coordinates of the distal end calculated by the calculation unit. 2. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the horizontal edge detection unit includes a first filter configured to detect the horizontal edge from the image data, and the slanted edge detection unit includes a second filter configured to detect the slanted edge from the image data. 3. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second filter includes a plurality of filters for respectively detecting a plurality of types of the slanted edges; the slanted edge detection unit performs the detection a plurality of times by using the respective filters included in the second filter. 4. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first filter and the second filter are respectively filters for performing first derivation. 5. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the horizontal edge detection unit includes a first filter configured to detect the horizontal edge, and the slanted edge detection unit includes: a third filter configured to detect a lateral direction edge including the horizontal edge and the slanted edge from the image data; a fourth filter configured to detect a longitudinal direction edge including a vertical edge and the slanted edge from the image data; and a logical conjunction calculating unit configured to calculate a logical conjunction of the detection result of the lateral direction edge by the third filter and the detection result of the longitudinal direction edge by the fourth filter. 6. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first filter, the third filter and the fourth filter are respectively filters for performing first derivation. 7. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a determination unit configured to determine whether the edge of the recording medium is chipped based on the detection result of the slanted edge. 8. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a correction process is performed on the image data, in which the image of the image data is rotated about the a point indicated by the coordinates calculated by the calculation unit. 9. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the correction process is skew correction. 10. The image processing apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calculation unit further generates a first formula for expressing the horizontal edge in a two-dimensional plane and a second formula for expressing a straight line orthogonal to the horizontal edge including the distal end in the two-dimensional plane, and the coordinate calculating unit finds a point at intersection of the horizontal edge expressed by the first formula and the straight line expressed by the second formula. 11. An image processing method of an image processing apparatus for performing image processing on image data generated based on an image of a recording medium conveyed in a conveyance direction, the method comprising: detecting a horizontal edge included in the image data; detecting a slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge included in the image data; calculating coordinates of a distal end of the slanted edge, the other distal end of the slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge; and calculating coordinates related to an edge of the recording medium based on the horizontal edge and the calculated coordinates of the distal end. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a program for causing a computer to perform a method of image processing on image data generated based on an image of a recording medium conveyed in a conveyance direction, the method comprising: detecting a horizontal edge included in the image data; detecting a slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge included in the image data; calculating coordinates of a distal end of the slanted edge, the other distal end of the slanted edge adjoining the horizontal edge; and calculating coordinates related to an edge of the recording medium based on the horizontal edge and the calculated coordinates of the distal end.",
-    "A processor-implemented method selectively controls a self-driving vehicle's access to a roadway. A vehicle interrogation hardware device receives an autonomous capability signal from an approaching self-driving vehicle. One or more processors compare predefined roadway conditions to current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway. In response to the predefined roadway conditions matching the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway within a predetermined range, the processor(s) determine whether the level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway. In response to determining that the level of autonomous capability of the self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway, an automatic barricade controlling device positions an automatic barricade to provide the approaching self-driving vehicle with access to the access-controlled roadway. 1. A processor-implemented method of selectively controlling a self-driving vehicle's access to a roadway, the processor-implemented method comprising: receiving, by a vehicle interrogation hardware device, an autonomous capability signal from an approaching self-driving vehicle, wherein the approaching self-driving vehicle is approaching an access-controlled roadway, wherein access to the access-controlled roadway is limited to self-driving vehicles that are deemed qualified to travel on the access-controlled roadway, and wherein the autonomous capability signal describes a level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle for maneuvering through predefined roadway conditions; comparing, by one or more processors, the predefined roadway conditions to current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway; in response to the predefined roadway conditions matching the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway within a predetermined range, determining, by one or more processors, whether the level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway; and in response determining that the level of autonomous capability of the self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway, positioning, by an automatic barricade controlling device, an automatic barricade to provide the approaching self-driving vehicle with access to the access-controlled roadway. 2. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the vehicle interrogation hardware device, that another approaching vehicle is operating in manual mode; and in response to determining that said another approaching vehicle is operating in manual mode, positioning, by the automatic barricade controlling device, the automatic barricade to block said another approaching vehicle from accessing the access-controlled roadway. 3. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the access-controlled roadway is a vehicular surface from a group consisting of street, a tunnel, a ferry, a parking spot, and a service bay. 4. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by one or more processors, sensor readings from sensors that monitor the access-controlled roadway, wherein the sensor readings describe a current real-time condition of the access-controlled roadway; and determining, by one or more processors, the current roadway conditions based on the received sensor readings. 5. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the vehicle interrogation hardware device, a description of a physical state of the approaching self-driving vehicle; retrieving, by one or more processors, an accident history of other vehicles that have a same physical state as that of the approaching self-driving vehicle while traveling on the access-controlled roadway; determining, by one or more processors, whether the accident history of the other vehicles traveling on the access-controlled roadway exceeds a predetermined limit; and in response to the one or more processors determining that the accident history of the other vehicles exceeds the predetermine limit while traveling on the access-controlled roadway, positioning, by the automatic barricade controlling device, the automatic barricade to block the approaching self-driving vehicle from accessing the access-controlled roadway. 6. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway comprise a curve radius of a curve in the access-controlled roadway being less than a predefined value. 7. The processor-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway comprise an absence of guardrails on one or more sections of the access-controlled roadway. 8. A computer program product for selectively controlling a self-driving vehicle's access to a roadway, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code readable and executable by a processor to perform a method comprising: receiving an autonomous capability signal from an approaching self-driving vehicle, wherein the approaching self-driving vehicle is approaching an access-controlled roadway, wherein access to the access-controlled roadway is limited to self-driving vehicles that are deemed qualified to travel on the access-controlled roadway, and wherein the autonomous capability signal describes a level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle for maneuvering through predefined roadway conditions; comparing the predefined roadway conditions to current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway; in response to the predefined roadway conditions matching the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway within a predetermined range, determining whether the level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway; and in response to determining that the level of autonomous capability of the self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway, positioning, via an automatic barricade controlling device, an automatic barricade to provide the approaching self-driving vehicle with access to the access-controlled roadway. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: determining that another approaching vehicle is operating in manual mode; and in response to determining that said another approaching vehicle is operating in manual mode, positioning, via the automatic barricade controlling device, the automatic barricade to block said another approaching vehicle from accessing the access-controlled roadway. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the access-controlled roadway is a vehicular surface from a group consisting of a ferry, a parking spot, and a service bay. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: receiving sensor readings from sensors that monitor the access-controlled roadway, wherein the sensor readings describe a current real-time condition of the access-controlled roadway; and determining the current roadway conditions based on the received sensor readings. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: receiving a description of a physical state of the approaching self-driving vehicle; retrieving an accident history of other vehicles that have a same physical state as that of the approaching self-driving vehicle while traveling on the access-controlled roadway; determining whether the accident history of the other vehicles traveling on the access-controlled roadway exceeds a predetermined limit; and in response to determining that the accident history of the other vehicles exceeds the predetermine limit while traveling on the access-controlled roadway, positioning, via the automatic barricade controlling device, the automatic barricade to block the approaching self-driving vehicle from accessing the access-controlled roadway. 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway comprise a curve radius of a curve in the access-controlled roadway being less than a predefined value. 14. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway comprise an absence of guardrails on one or more sections of the access-controlled roadway. 15. A roadway access-controlling station comprising: a supervisory computer; a vehicle interrogation hardware device; and an automatic barricade controlling device, wherein the vehicle interrogation hardware device receives an autonomous capability signal from an approaching self-driving vehicle, wherein the approaching self-driving vehicle is approaching an access-controlled roadway, wherein access to the access-controlled roadway is limited to self-driving vehicles that are deemed qualified to travel on the access-controlled roadway, and wherein the autonomous capability signal describes a level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle for maneuvering through predefined roadway conditions; wherein the supervisory computer compares the predefined roadway conditions to current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway; wherein the supervisory computer, in response to the predefined roadway conditions matching the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway within a predetermined range, determines whether the level of autonomous capability of the approaching self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway; and wherein the automatic barricade controlling device, in response the supervisory computer determining that the level of autonomous capability of the self-driving vehicle is adequate to safely maneuver the approaching self-driving vehicle through the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway, positions an automatic barricade to provide the approaching self-driving vehicle with access to the access-controlled roadway. 16. The roadway access-controlling station of claim 15, wherein: the vehicle interrogation hardware device determines that another approaching vehicle is operating in manual mode; and wherein in response to the vehicle interrogation hardware device determining that said another approaching vehicle is operating in manual mode, the automatic barricade controlling device positions the automatic barricade to block said another approaching vehicle from accessing the access-controlled roadway. 17. The roadway access-controlling station of claim 15, wherein the access-controlled roadway is a vehicular surface from a group consisting of a tunnel, a ferry, and a parking spot. 18. The roadway access-controlling station of claim 15, wherein: the supervisory computer receives sensor readings from sensors that monitor the access-controlled roadway, wherein the sensor readings describe a current real-time condition of the access-controlled roadway; and wherein the supervisory computer determines the current roadway conditions based on the received sensor readings. 19. The roadway access-controlling station of claim 15, wherein the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway comprise a curve radius of a curve in the access-controlled roadway being less than a predefined value. 20. The roadway access-controlling station of claim 15, wherein the current roadway conditions of the access-controlled roadway comprise an absence of guardrails on one or more sections of the access-controlled roadway.",
-    "Provided are a wedge angle adjusting device and method. A device for adjusting a wedge angle of a variable wedge of an electro wedge brake (EWB) includes a movable wedge including an inclined surface and a counter wedge which includes an inclined surface disposed to face the inclined surface of the movable wedge and is disposed to face the movable wedge. The wedge angle adjusting device includes a frictional coefficient estimate unit configured to estimate a frictional coefficient between a pad and a disc of the EWB, a wedge angle command unit configured to calculate a wedge angle command value, based on a estimation of frictional coefficient estimated by the frictional coefficient estimate unit, and a wedge control unit configured to adjust the wedge angle according to the calculated wedge angle command value. 1. A device for adjusting a wedge angle of a variable wedge of an electro wedge brake (EWB) which includes a movable wedge including an inclined surface and a counter wedge which includes an inclined surface disposed to face the inclined surface of the movable wedge and is disposed to face the movable wedge, the device comprising: a frictional coefficient estimate unit configured to estimate a frictional coefficient between a pad and a disc of the EWB; a wedge angle command unit configured to calculate a wedge angle command value, based on a estimation of frictional coefficient estimated by the frictional coefficient estimate unit; and a wedge control unit configured to adjust the wedge angle according to the calculated wedge angle command value. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the frictional coefficient estimate unit estimates the estimation of frictional coefficient \u201c{tilde over (\u03bc)}i\u201d by using Equation below: \u03bc ~ i = tan \ue89e \ue89e \u03b1 i - 1 - F \u03b1 \ue89e \ue89e i F ni where Fai means an actuating force which is applied to the movable wedge at an ith sampling time, Fni means a clamping force which is applied to the pad at the ith sampling time according to movement of the counter wedge, and \u03b1i-1 means a measurement wedge angle which is measured at an i-1st sampling time. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the wedge angle command unit calculates the wedge angle command value \u201c\u03b1command\u201d by using Equation below: \u03b1 command = a \ue89e \ue89e tan \ue8a0 ( \u03bc ~ i + F ai F ni ) where {tilde over (\u03bc)}i means the estimation of frictional coefficient estimated by the frictional coefficient estimate unit, Fai means the actuating force which is applied to the movable wedge 31 at the ith sampling time, and Fni means the clamping force which is applied to the pad at the ith sampling time. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the variable wedge comprises: a movable shaft having a bar shape, the movable shaft being parallel to a bottom of the counter wedge; a linear motion driving parts connected to one side of the movable shaft to linearly move the movable shaft in parallel with the bottom of the counter wedge; a fixed hinge fixed to a certain position of an upper portion of an inclined surface of the counter wedge; and a rotation shaft connected to the fixed hinge at one side of the rotation shaft and connected to the movable shaft at the other side, the rotation shaft having a bar shape. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the movable shaft comprises a projection, and the projection is inserted into a long hole formed in a lower side of the rotation shaft, and the movable shaft is connected to the rotation shaft by the inserted projection. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein in increasing the wedge angle with respect to an initial wedge angle of when the linear motion driving parts is located at a start point, the wedge control unit moves the linear motion driving parts in a direction toward the rotation shaft, and in reducing the wedge angle with respect to the initial wedge angle, the wedge control unit moves the linear motion driving parts in a direction opposite to the rotation shaft. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein in increasing the wedge angle, the wedge control unit subtracts \u0394 \ue89e \ue89e y FIX tan \ue89e \ue89e \u03b1 command from an initial x axis length \u201c\u0394x0\u201d of when the linear motion driving parts is located at a predetermined start point, and in reducing the wedge angle, the wedge control unit subtracts the initial x axis length \u201c\u0394x0\u201d, corresponding to when the linear motion driving parts is located at the predetermined start point, from \u0394 \ue89e \ue89e y FIX tan \ue89e \ue89e \u03b1 command , where \u0394yFIX means a predetermined vertical height between the fixed hinge and the movable shaft, and \u03b1command means the wedge angle command value calculated by the wedge angle command unit. 8. A method of adjusting a wedge angle of an electro wedge brake (EWB) which includes a movable wedge including an inclined surface and a counter wedge which includes an inclined surface disposed to face the inclined surface of the movable wedge and is disposed to face the movable wedge, the method comprising: estimating a frictional coefficient between a pad and a disc of the EWB; calculating a wedge angle command value, based on an estimated estimation of frictional coefficient; and adjusting the wedge angle according to the calculated wedge angle command value. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the estimating comprises estimating the estimation of frictional coefficient \u201c{tilde over (\u03bc)}i\u201d by using Equation below: \u03bc ~ i = tan \ue89e \ue89e \u03b1 i - 1 - F \u03b1 \ue89e \ue89e i F ni where Fai means an actuating force which is applied to the movable wedge at an ith sampling time, Fni means a clamping force which is applied to the pad at the ith sampling time according to movement of the counter wedge, and \u03b1i-1 means a measurement wedge angle which is measured at an i-1st sampling time. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the calculating comprises calculating the wedge angle command value \u201c\u03b1command\u201d by using Equation below: \u03b1 command = a \ue89e \ue89e tan \ue8a0 ( \u03bc ~ i + F ai F ni ) where {tilde over (\u03bc)}i means the estimation of frictional coefficient estimated by the frictional coefficient estimate unit, Fai means the actuating force which is applied to the movable wedge 31 at the ith sampling time, and Fni means the clamping force which is applied to the pad at the ith sampling time. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the EWB comprises a variable wedge including: a movable shaft that has a bar shape and is parallel to a bottom of the counter wedge; a linear motion driving parts that is connected to one side of the movable shaft to linearly move the movable shaft in parallel with the bottom of the counter wedge; a fixed hinge that is fixed to a certain position of an upper portion of an inclined surface of the counter wedge; and a rotation shaft that has a bar shape and is connected to the fixed hinge at one side of the rotation shaft and connected to the movable shaft at the other side, and the adjusting comprises: moving, by the linear motion driving parts, the movable shaft in a direction toward the rotation shaft to increase the wedge angle; and moving, by the linear motion driving parts, the movable shaft in a direction opposite to the rotation shaft to reduce the wedge angle. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the adjusting comprises: in increasing the wedge angle, subtracting \u0394 \ue89e \ue89e y FIX tan \ue89e \ue89e \u03b1 command from an initial x axis length \u201c\u0394x0\u201d of when the linear motion driving parts is located at a predetermined start point, and in reducing the wedge angle, subtracting the initial x axis length \u201c\u0394x0\u201d, corresponding to when the linear motion driving parts is located at the predetermined start point, from \u0394 \ue89e \ue89e y FIX tan \ue89e \ue89e \u03b1 command , where \u0394yFIX means a predetermined vertical height between the fixed hinge and the movable shaft, and \u03b1command means the wedge angle command value calculated by the wedge angle command unit. 13. A variable wedge of an electro wedge brake (EWB), the variable wedge comprises: a movable wedge including an inclined surface; and a counter wedge disposed to face the movable wedge, the counter wedge including an inclined surface disposed to face the inclined surface of the movable wedge, and a wedge angle of the inclined surface of the counter wedge being adjusted. 14. The variable wedge of claim 13, further comprises: a movable shaft having a bar shape, the movable shaft being parallel to a bottom of the counter wedge; a linear motion driving parts connected to one side of the movable shaft to linearly move the movable shaft in parallel with the bottom of the counter wedge; a fixed hinge fixed to a certain position of an upper portion of an inclined surface of the counter wedge; and a rotation shaft connected to the fixed hinge at one side of the rotation shaft and connected to the movable shaft at the other side, the rotation shaft having a bar shape. 15. The variable wedge of claim 14, wherein a long hole is formed in a lower side of the rotation shaft, the movable shaft comprises a projection, and the projection is inserted into the long hole, and the movable shaft is connected to the rotation shaft by the inserted projection. 16. The variable wedge of claim 14, wherein in increasing the wedge angle with respect to an initial wedge angle of when the linear motion driving parts is located at a start point, the linear motion driving parts moves the movable shaft in a direction toward the rotation shaft, and in reducing the wedge angle with respect to the initial wedge angle, the linear motion driving parts moves the movable shaft in a direction opposite to the rotation shaft.",
-    "Whole cell, simultaneous target and drug-target assay using differentially labeled antibodies and flow cytometry. First antibody binds to total target and second antibody binds to the drug binding site of the target, thus drug binding will competitively inhibit the second antibody allowing for a competitive inhibition assay of drug-target binding. The assay allows for whole cell analysis and even analysis of mixed populations of cells, yet provides detailed kinetic assessment of drug activity. 1. A method of measuring circulating free drug present in a biological fluid sample from a patient, comprising: (a) combining a biological fluid sample from a patient who is taking a drug with a target cell, wherein the biological fluid sample contains circulating free drug, and wherein the target cell expresses a target that interacts with the drug to bind to at least a portion of the drug present in the biological fluid sample, (b) mixing the target cell of step (a) with a labeled anti-Free-Site antibody, wherein the anti-Free Site antibody is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes and binds to an epitope on the target when the drug is not bound to the target but is competitively inhibited by binding of the drug to the target; (c) washing away unbound anti-Free-Site antibody from the target cell of step (b); (d) quantifying the amount of anti-Free-Site antibody binding to the target cell of step (c) by flow cytometry; and (e) determining the amount of circulating free drug present in the biological fluid sample. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising fixing the target cell of step (d). 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising reacting the target cell of step (c) with a labeled anti-Total antibody and quantifying the amount of anti-Total antibody bound to the target cell to determine the total amount of target expressed by the target cell. 4. The method claim 1, wherein the anti-Free Site antibody or the anti-Total antibody are conjugated to a dye or fluorescent label. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the anti-Free-Site antibody and the anti-Total antibody are each conjugated to a different dye or fluorescent label. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the target cell of step (a) is a permeabilized target cell. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining the biological fluid sample of step (a) with one or more cell type-specific antibodies. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the anti-Free-Site antibody and the one or more cell type-specific antibodies are each conjugated to a different dye or fluorescent label. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the Anti-Free-Site antibody, the Anti-Total antibody, and the one or more cell type-specific antibodies are each conjugated to a different dye or fluorescent label. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining step comprises comparing the amount of anti-Free-Site antibody bound to the target cell as quantified in step (d) to a standard curve of pre-determined amounts of Anti-Free-Site antibody bound to target cells previously exposed to known amounts of the drug, wherein the standard curve is generated by the method comprising: (i) exposing separate aliquots of unbound target cells to known amounts of the drug; (ii) combining the aliquots of the target cells of (i) with the labeled Anti-Free-Site antibody; (iii) washing away the unbound anti-Free-Site antibody from the aliquots of the target cells of (ii); (iv) fixing the aliquots of the target cells of step (iii); (v) quantifying the amount of Anti-Free-Site antibody binding to the aliquots of the target cells of step (iv); and (vi) preparing the standard curve showing the relationship between the drug concentration and the quantified binding of the anti-Free-Site antibody to the aliquots of target cells of step (v). 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the aliquots of target cells of (i) are exposed to a permeabilization agent prior to step (ii). 12. A method of determining drug binding for a drug administered to a subject, comprising: (a) isolating target-expressing cells from a biological sample obtained from a subject to whom the drug has been administered, wherein the drug interacts with the target expressed by the target-expressing cells; (b) incubating the target-expressing cells with an anti-Total antibody and an anti-Free-Site antibody, wherein the anti-Total antibody and the anti-Free-Site antibody are monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to different epitopes of the same target; (c) detecting the amount of the anti-Total antibody bound to the target-expressing cells of step (b), wherein the anti-Total antibody binds to an epitope on the target regardless of whether the target is also interacting with the drug; (d) detecting the amount of the anti-Free-Site antibody bound to the target-expressing cells of step (b), wherein the anti-Free-Site antibody recognizes and binds to an epitope on the target when the drug is not interacting with the target but is competitively inhibited by the interaction of the drug with the target, wherein the amount of the anti-Total antibody detected in step (c) corresponds to the total amount of target expressed by the target-expressing cells and the amount of the anti-Free-Site antibody detected in step (d) corresponds to the total amount of drug-free target, and wherein the amount of drug-bound target is proportional to the amount of the anti-Total antibody detected in step (c) less the amount of the anti-Free-Site antibody detected in step (d). 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising permeabilizing the target-expressing cells of step (a) prior to step (b). 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising fixing the target-expressing cells of step (b) prior to step (c). 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-Free-Site antibody and the anti-Total antibody are differentially labeled. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-Free-Site antibody and the anti-Total antibody are each conjugated to a different dye or a different fluorescent label. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising combining the isolated target-expressing cells of step (b) with one or more cell type-specific antibodies. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-Total antibody, the anti-Free-Site antibody and the one or more cell type-specific antibodies are differentially labeled. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-Total antibody, the anti-Free-Site antibody and the one or more cell type-specific antibodies are each conjugated to a different dye or a different fluorescent label. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample comprises a biological fluid containing cells.",
-    "A semiconductor device suitable for low-voltage driving. The semiconductor device includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a power supply line, a circuit, and a memory circuit. The first transistor controls electrical continuity between the circuit and the power supply line. The memory circuit stores data for setting a gate potential of the first transistor. The second transistor controls electrical continuity between an output node of the memory circuit and a gate of the first transistor. The second transistor is a transistor with an ultralow off-state current, for example, an oxide semiconductor transistor. In a period for operating the circuit, a first potential is input to the power supply line and the second transistor is turned off. In a period for updating the gate potential of the first transistor, a second potential is input to the power supply line. The second potential is higher than the first potential. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first transistor; a second transistor comprising an oxide semiconductor layer where a channel is formed; a power supply line; a circuit; and a memory circuit, wherein: the first transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between the circuit and the power supply line; the memory circuit is configured to store data for setting a potential of a gate of the first transistor, the second transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between an output node of the memory circuit and the gate of the first transistor, in a period during which the circuit operates, a first potential is input to the power supply line and the second transistor is turned off, and in a period during which the potential of the gate of the first transistor is updated, a second potential higher than the first potential is input to the power supply line and the second transistor is turned on. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the circuit comprises a configuration memory for storing configuration data. 3. An electronic component comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 1; and a lead electrically connected to the semiconductor device. 4. An electronic device comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 1; and at least one of a display device, a touch panel, a microphone, a speaker, an operation key, and a housing. 5. A semiconductor device comprising: a first input node; a first output node; a first transistor; a first circuit comprising a second input node, a second output node, a first retention node, a second retention node, and second to fifth transistors; and a dynamic logic circuit comprising a third input node and a third output node, wherein: a first terminal of the first transistor is electrically connected to the third output node, a second terminal of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first output node, the second input node is electrically connected to the first input node, the second output node is electrically connected to the third input node, the second transistor and the third transistor are electrically connected in series between the second input node and the second output node, a gate of the second transistor is electrically connected to the first retention node, a gate of the third transistor is electrically connected to the second retention node, a first terminal of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the first retention node, a first signal is input to a second terminal of the fourth transistor, a first terminal of the fifth transistor is electrically connected to the second retention node, a second signal is input to a second terminal of the fifth transistor, and the first, fourth, and fifth transistors each comprise an oxide semiconductor layer where a channel is formed. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein: the dynamic logic circuit further comprises a second circuit and a third circuit, the second circuit is configured to precharge the third output node to be high level in a precharge period, and the third circuit is configured to keep the third output node at the high level in the precharge period. 7. A semiconductor device comprising: a power supply line; a power switch comprising a memory circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 5, and a sixth transistor; and a fourth circuit, wherein: the sixth transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between the fourth circuit and the power supply line, the sixth transistor is a p-channel transistor, and a gate of the sixth transistor is electrically connected to the first output node in the memory circuit. 8. A semiconductor device comprising: a power supply line; a power switch comprising a first memory circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 5, and a sixth transistor; and a fourth circuit comprising a second memory circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein: the second memory circuit is configured to store data for setting a configuration of the fourth circuit, the sixth transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between the fourth circuit and the power supply line, the sixth transistor is a p-channel transistor, and a gate of the sixth transistor is electrically connected to the first output node in the first memory circuit. 9. An electronic component comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 5; and a lead electrically connected to the semiconductor device. 10. An electronic device comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 5; and at least one of a display device, a touch panel, a microphone, a speaker, an operation key, and a housing. 11. A semiconductor device comprising: a first input node; a first output node; a first transistor; n first circuits each comprising a second input node, a second output node, a first retention node, a second retention node, and second to fifth transistors; a dynamic logic circuit comprising a third input node and a third output node, n first wirings; a second wiring; a third wiring; and n fourth wirings, wherein: n is an integer larger than one, a first terminal of the first transistor is electrically connected to the third output node, a second terminal of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first output node, in each of the n first circuits, the second transistor and the third transistor are electrically connected in series between the second input node and the second output node, in each of the n first circuits, a gate of the second transistor is electrically connected to the first retention node, in each of the n first circuits, a gate of the third transistor is electrically connected to the second retention node, in each of the n first circuits, a first terminal of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the first retention node, in each of the n first circuits, a first terminal of the fifth transistor is electrically connected to the second retention node, the first input node is electrically connected to the second input node of each of the n first circuits, the third input node is electrically connected to the second output node of each of the n first circuits, the n first wirings are electrically connected to gates of the fourth transistors in the respective n first circuits, the second wiring is electrically connected to a second terminal of the fourth transistor in each of the n first circuits, the third wiring is electrically connected to a gate of the fifth transistor in each of the n first circuits, the n fourth wirings are electrically connected to second terminals of the fifth transistors in the respective n first circuits, and the first, fourth, and fifth transistors each comprise an oxide semiconductor layer where a channel is formed. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein: the dynamic logic circuit further comprises a second circuit and a third circuit, the second circuit is configured to precharge the third output node to be high level in a precharge period, and the third circuit is configured to keep the third output node at the high level in the precharge period. 13. A semiconductor device comprising: a power supply line; a power switch comprising a memory circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 11, and a sixth transistor; and a fourth circuit, wherein: the sixth transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between the fourth circuit and the power supply line, the sixth transistor is a p-channel transistor, and a gate of the sixth transistor is electrically connected to the first output node in the memory circuit. 14. A semiconductor device comprising: a power supply line; a power switch comprising a first memory circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 11, and a sixth transistor; and a fourth circuit comprising a second memory circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein: the second memory circuit is configured to store data for setting a configuration of the fourth circuit, the sixth transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between the fourth circuit and the power supply line, the sixth transistor is a p-channel transistor, and a gate of the sixth transistor is electrically connected to the first output node in the first memory circuit. 15. An electronic component comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 11; and a lead electrically connected to the semiconductor device. 16. An electronic device comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 11; and at least one of a display device, a touch panel, a microphone, a speaker, an operation key, and a housing. 17. A semiconductor device comprising: a first logic block; a second logic block; a first power switch comprising a first p-channel transistor; a second power switch comprising a second p-channel transistor; a plurality of circuits each comprising a first input node, a first output node, a first retention node, a second retention node, and first to fourth transistors; a plurality of memory circuits each comprising a dynamic logic circuit, a fifth transistor, a second input node, and a second output node; and a routing switch comprising a third input node and a third output node, wherein: n circuit of the plurality of circuits are provided in the plurality of memory circuits and other n circuit of the plurality of circuits are provided in the routing switch, where n is an integer larger than one, k memory circuits of the plurality of memory circuits are provided in the first logic block, j memory circuits of the plurality of memory circuits are provided in the second logic block, one of the plurality of memory circuits is provided in the first power switch, and another one of the plurality of memory circuits is provided in the second power switch, where k and j are each an integer larger than zero, in each of the plurality of circuits, the first transistor and the second transistor are electrically connected in series between the first input node and the first output node, in each of the plurality of circuits, a gate of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first retention node, in each of the plurality of circuits, a gate of the second transistor is electrically connected to the second retention node, in each of the plurality of circuits, a first terminal of the third transistor is electrically connected to the first retention node, in each of the plurality of circuits, a first signal is input to a second terminal of the third transistor, in each of the plurality of circuits, a first terminal of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the second retention node, in each of the plurality of circuits, a second signal is input to a second terminal of the fourth transistor, in each of the plurality of circuits, the third transistor and the fourth transistor each comprise an oxide semiconductor layer where a channel is formed, in each of the plurality of memory circuits, the n circuits are electrically connected in parallel between the second input node and an input node of the dynamic logic circuit, in each of the plurality of memory circuits, the fifth transistor is configured to control electrical continuity between an output node of the dynamic logic circuit and the second output node, in each of the plurality of memory circuits, the fifth transistor comprises an oxide semiconductor layer where a channel is formed, n memory circuits in the routing switch are electrically connected in parallel between the third input node and the third output node, the third input node is electrically connected to an output node of the first logic block, the third output node is electrically connected to an input node of the second logic block, a gate of the first p-channel transistor is electrically connected to the second output node of a memory circuit in the first power switch, a gate of the second p-channel transistor is electrically connected to the second output node of a memory circuit in the second power switch, power supply to the first logic block is controlled with the first p-channel transistor, and power supply to the second logic block is controlled with the second p-channel transistor. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein the dynamic logic circuit is configured to precharge the input node of the dynamic logic circuit to be high level in a precharge period, and keep the input node of the dynamic logic circuit at the high level in the precharge period. 19. An electronic component comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 17; and a lead electrically connected to the semiconductor device. 20. An electronic device comprising: the semiconductor device according to claim 17; and at least one of a display device, a touch panel, a microphone, a speaker, an operation key, and a housing.",
-    "An imaging module, an electronic device, and an imaging-module manufacturing method capable of relatively easily adjusting a relative position between an imaging element unit and a lens unit with high accuracy are provided. An imaging module 1 includes an imaging element unit 3, a lens unit 2 which includes a lens group 10, a first image-blur correction driving unit 30x, a second image-blur correction driving unit 30y, a focus driving unit 30z, and a connection portion 41 which is electrically connected to a circuit of the imaging element unit by a conductive joining material, and a flexible wiring portion 12 which includes a wiring group which connects the circuit of the imaging element unit to at least one driving unit among the first image-blur correction driving unit, the second image-blur correction driving unit, and the focus driving unit, and extends between the imaging element unit and the lens unit. 1. An imaging module, comprising: an imaging element unit which has a circuit in which an imaging element and an external connection portion are provided; a lens unit which has a lens group, a first image-blur correction driving unit which moves at least a portion of lenses of the lens group with respect to the imaging element in a first direction in a plane intersecting an optical axis of the lens group, a second image-blur correction driving unit which moves at least a portion of the lenses with respect to the imaging element in a second direction intersecting the first direction, and a focus driving unit which moves at least a portion of the lenses of the lens group with respect to the imaging element in a direction of the optical axis of the lens group, and which is fixed to the imaging element unit; and a flexible wiring portion which has an accommodation region accommodated in the lens unit, and a lead-out region led outside the lens unit, and extends between the imaging element unit and the lens unit, wherein the flexible wiring portion includes a first wiring group which is electrically connected to at least one driving unit of the first image-blur correction driving unit, the second image-blur correction driving unit, or the focus driving unit, and is led from the accommodation region to the lead-out region, and a second wiring group which is electrically connected to a driving unit except for the driving unit which is electrically connected to the first wiring group among the first image-blur correction driving unit, the second image-blur correction driving unit, and the focus driving unit, and wherein the circuit is electrically connected to the second wiring group via a first connection portion of the flexible wiring portion in the accommodation region and is electrically connected to the first wiring group via a second connection portion of the flexible wiring portion in the lead-out region, using a conductive joining material by which the circuit and the flexible wiring portion are joined to each other. 2. The imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the lens unit has a sensor which detects a position of the lens which is moved by the first image-blur correction driving unit, the second image-blur correction driving unit, and the focus driving unit, and the first wiring group or the second wiring group is electrically connected to the sensor. 3. The imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the first direction, the second direction, and the direction of the optical axis are orthogonal to one another. 4. The imaging module according to claim 2, wherein the first direction, the second direction, and the direction of the optical axis are orthogonal to one another. 5. The imaging module according to claim 3, wherein the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to each other, and wherein the first wiring group is electrically connected to two driving units among the first image-blur correction driving unit, the second image-blur correction driving unit, and the focus driving unit. 6. The imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other. 7. The imaging module according to claim 2, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other. 8. The imaging module according to claim 3, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other. 9. The imaging module according to claim 4, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other. 10. The imaging module according to claim 5, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other. 11. The imaging module according to claim 6, wherein the wiring sets extend to be parallel to each other, and are provided on both sides in a state where a center surface, which includes the optical axis of the lens group along a plane and is parallel to an extension direction of the wiring set, is interposed between both sides. 12. The imaging module according to claim 6, wherein the wiring sets extend to be parallel to each other, and are symmetrically provided in the state where the center surface, which includes the optical axis of the lens group along a plane and is parallel to the extension direction of the wiring set, is interposed between the wiring sets. 13. The imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the lens unit includes a housing which accommodates the driving units, and wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is led out from the housing toward the external connection portion. 14. The imaging module according to claim 1, wherein a pixel pitch of the imaging element is 1 \u03bcm or less. 15. An electronic device on which the imaging module according to claim 1 is mounted. 16. A manufacturing method of the imaging-module according to claim 1, comprising: moving any one of the lens unit and the imaging element unit set on a Z axis orthogonal to a measurement chart, and the measurement chart to a plurality of measurement positions; imaging a measurement chart image, which is imaged by the lens unit, using the imaging element, in each of the measurement positions in a state where the driving unit which is connected to the circuit by the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is operated through the external connection portion; calculating an adjustment amount of a relative position between the lens unit and the imaging element unit on the Z axis and an adjustment amount of a relative posture between the lens unit and the imaging element unit around an X axis and a Y axis orthogonal to the Z axis, based on the obtained plurality of images; and adjusting a relative positional posture between the lens unit and the imaging element unit based on the calculated adjustment amounts, fixing the lens unit and the imaging element unit, and connecting the first connection portion to the circuit. 17. A manufacturing method of the imaging-module according to claim 1, comprising: moving any one of the lens unit and the imaging element unit set on a Z axis orthogonal to a measurement chart, and the measurement chart to a plurality of measurement positions; imaging a measurement chart image, which is imaged by the lens unit, using the imaging element, in each of the measurement positions in a state where the driving unit to which the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is connected is operated through the first wiring group; calculating an adjustment amount of a relative position between the lens unit and the imaging element unit on the Z axis and an adjustment amount of a relative posture between the lens unit and the imaging element unit around an X axis and a Y axis orthogonal to the Z axis, based on the obtained plurality of images; and adjusting a relative position posture between the lens unit and the imaging element unit based on the calculated adjustment amounts, fixing the lens unit and the imaging element unit to each other, and connecting the first connection portion to the circuit. 18. The imaging-module manufacturing method according to claim 16, further comprising: setting the lens unit, the imaging element, and the measurement chart in a state where a movement direction of the lens which is moved by any one of the driving units, to which the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is connected, is a vertical direction. 19. The imaging-module manufacturing method according to claim 16, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other, wherein the wiring sets extend to be parallel to each other, and are provided on both sides in a state where a center surface, which includes the optical axis of the lens group along a plane and is parallel to an extension direction of the wiring set, is interposed between both sides, and wherein any one of an X axis direction and a Y axis direction is an in-plane direction of the center surface. 20. The imaging-module manufacturing method according to claim 16, wherein the first wiring group included in the flexible wiring portion is divided into a plurality of wiring sets, and each of the wiring sets is wired so that the plurality of wiring sets are separated from each other, wherein the wiring sets extend to be parallel to each other, and are symmetrically provided in the state where the center surface, which includes the optical axis of the lens group along a plane and is parallel to the extension direction of the wiring set, is interposed between the wiring sets, and wherein any one of an X axis direction and a Y axis direction is an in-plane direction of the center surface.",
-    "A line terminal is for an electrical switching apparatus. The electrical switching apparatus includes a stationary contact and a movable contact structured to move into and out of engagement with the stationary contact in order to close and open the electrical switching apparatus, respectively. The line terminal includes a lip portion structured to be connected to the stationary contact in order to provide an electrical pathway therebetween; an arm portion extending from the lip portion, the arm portion having an engaging portion structured to receive and engage a conductive post member and provide an electrical pathway between the conductive post member and the stationary contact; a neck portion extending from the arm portion; and a tab portion extending from the neck portion and being located internal with respect to the engaging portion. 1. A line terminal for an electrical switching apparatus, said electrical switching apparatus comprising a stationary contact and a movable contact structured to move into and out of engagement with said stationary contact in order to close and open said electrical switching apparatus, respectively, said line terminal comprising: a lip portion structured to be connected to said stationary contact in order to provide an electrical pathway therebetween; an arm portion extending from said lip portion, said arm portion having an engaging portion structured to receive and engage a conductive post member and provide an electrical pathway between said conductive post member and said stationary contact; a neck portion extending from said arm portion; and a tab portion extending from said neck portion and being disposed internal with respect to said engaging portion. 2. The line terminal of claim 1 wherein said line terminal is structured to move between a FIRST position and a SECOND position; and wherein, when said line terminal moves from the FIRST position toward the SECOND position, said neck portion and said tab portion move with respect to said arm portion and said lip portion. 3. The line terminal of claim 2 wherein said line terminal is structured to move between the FIRST and SECOND positions responsive to engagement with said conductive post member. 4. The line terminal of claim 2 wherein said neck portion has a first end and a second, opposing end; wherein the first end extends from said arm portion; wherein the second end extends from said tab portion; and wherein, when said line terminal moves from the FIRST position toward the SECOND position, said neck portion and said tab portion rotate about the first end. 5. The line terminal of claim 4 wherein, when said line terminal moves from the FIRST position toward the second position, said neck portion and said tab portion rotate in a first direction toward said lip portion. 6. The line terminal of claim 1 wherein said line terminal is a bolt-on line terminal. 7. The line terminal of claim 1 wherein said line terminal is conductive. 8. An electrical switching apparatus comprising: a stationary contact; a movable contact structured to move into and out of engagement with said stationary contact in order to close and open said electrical switching apparatus, respectively; and a line terminal comprising: a lip portion connected to said stationary contact in order to provide an electrical pathway therebetween, an arm portion extending from said lip portion, said arm portion having an engaging portion structured to receive and engage a conductive post member and provide an electrical pathway between said conductive post member and said stationary contact, a neck portion extending from said arm portion, and a tab portion extending from said neck portion and being disposed internal with respect to said engaging portion. 9. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 8 wherein said lip portion is connected to said stationary contact at a joint selected from the group consisting of a welded joint and a brazed joint. 10. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 8 wherein said line terminal is structured to move between a FIRST position and a SECOND position; and wherein, when said line terminal moves from the FIRST position toward the SECOND position, said neck portion and said tab portion move with respect to said arm portion and said lip portion. 11. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 10 wherein said line terminal is structured to move between the FIRST and SECOND positions responsive to engagement with said conductive post member. 12. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 10 wherein said neck portion has a first end and a second, opposing end; wherein the first end extends from said arm portion; wherein the second end extends from said tab portion; and wherein, when said line terminal moves from the FIRST position toward the SECOND position, said neck portion and said tab portion rotate about the first end. 13. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 12 wherein, when said line terminal moves from the FIRST position toward the second position, said neck portion and said tab portion rotate in a first direction toward said lip portion. 14. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 8 wherein said line terminal is a bolt-on line terminal. 15. The electrical switching apparatus of claim 8 wherein said line terminal is conductive. 16. A method of indicating whether an electrical switching apparatus has been used in a panelboard having a conductive post member, said electrical switching apparatus comprising a stationary contact, a movable contact structured to move into and out of engagement with the stationary contact in order to close and open the electrical switching apparatus, respectively, and a line terminal, said line terminal comprising a lip portion connected to the stationary contact in order to provide an electrical pathway therebetween, an arm portion extending from the lip portion and having an engaging portion, a neck portion extending from the arm portion, and a tab portion extending from the neck portion and being disposed internal with respect to the engaging portion, the method comprising the steps of: extending said conductive post member through the engaging portion in order to provide an electrical pathway between said conductive post member and said stationary contact; moving said neck portion and said tab portion responsive to the extending step; and viewing said electrical switching apparatus. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said neck portion has a first end and a second, opposing end; wherein the first end extends from said arm portion; wherein the second end extends from said tab portion; and wherein the moving step further comprises: rotating said tab portion and said neck portion about the first end. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the rotating step further comprises: rotating said tab portion and said neck portion in a first direction toward said lip portion. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein said lip portion is connected to said stationary contact at a joint selected from the group consisting of a welded joint and a brazed joint. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein said line terminal is a bolt-on line terminal.",
-    "Composite panel for air cargo containers including a fire resistant, closed cell foam core, a skin attached to at least one surface of the core formed by fire resistant fibers in a matrix resin, wherein the panel will contain an internal fire with temperatures of up to 1500\u00b0 F. for a period of at least 4 hours. 1. Composite panel for containers providing resistance to fire emanating from within the interior of the container and comprising: a foam core made from a fire-resistant, closed cell foam and having a density of between 0.75 lbs/ft3 and 20.0 lbs/ft3 and a substantially uniform thickness of at least 0.1 inch; and a skin attached to each surface of the core, at least one of the skins is a fire resistant skin formed by fire resistant fibers having a melt temperature of least 1200\u00b0 F. with fire resistant a matrix resin spread throughout the fibers, the resin composition being such that it does not melt, support flame, or completely degrade in the presence of temperatures up to 1500\u00b0 F.; wherein the composite panel is of such construction as to be able to block an internal fire with temperatures of up to 1500\u00b0 F. for a period of at least four hours. 2. The composite panel according to claim 1 wherein the core is formed of foams selected from the group consisting of phenolic, carbon, ceramic, polyimides, polysulfides, polyketones, and mineral based pumice. 3. The composite panel according to claim 1 wherein the foam core density is between 1.9 lbs/ft3 and 7.4 lbs/ft3. 4. The composite panel according to claim 1 wherein the foam core has a substantially uniform thickness between 0.25 inch-2.0 inch. 5. The composite panel according to claim 1 wherein the fire resistant skin is formed from fibers selected from the group consisting of fiberglass, basalt, aramid, carbon, ceramic, quartz and blends thereof. 6. The composite panel according to claim 1 wherein the matrix resin is selected from the group consisting of phenolic, polyimide, epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether imide, polyamide imide, and polyetheretherketone. 7. The composite panel according to claim 1 wherein Z-axis fibers extend through the skins and core which become reinforcing columns when impregnated with resin that increase compression and shear strength and prevent delamination. 8. Air cargo container providing resistance to fires emanating from the interior comprising: a plurality of side walls, a rear wall, and a roof connected together so as to form an enclosure, each of the walls and the roof formed of at least one composite panel, each composite panel further comprising: a foam core made from a fire-resistant, closed cell foam and having a density of between 0.75 lbs/ft3 and 20.0 lbs/ft3 and a substantially uniform thickness of at least 0.1 inch; and a skin attached to each surface of the core, at least one of the skins in a fire resistant skin formed by fire-resistant fibers having a melt temperature of at least 1200\u00b0 F. with a fire resistant matrix resin spread throughout the fibers, the resin composition being such that it does not melt, support flame, or completely degrade in the presence of temperatures up to 1500\u00b0 F.; wherein the composite panels are of such construction as to be able to contain an internal fire with temperatures of up to 1500\u00b0 F. for a period of at least four hours. 9. The air cargo container according to claim 8 wherein the foam core is formed of foams selected from the group consisting of phenolic, carbon, ceramic, polyimides, polysulfides, polyketones, and mineral based pumice. 10. The air cargo container according to claim 8 wherein the foam core density is between 1.9 lbs/ft3 and 7.4 lbs/ft3. 11. The air cargo container according to claim 8 wherein the foam core has a substantially uniform thickness between 0.25 inch-2.0 inches. 12. The air cargo container according to claim 8 wherein the fire-resistant skin is formed from fibers selected from the group consisting of fiberglass, basalt, aramid, carbon, ceramic, quartz and blends thereof. 13. The air cargo container according to claim 8 wherein the matrix resin is selected from the group consisting of phenolic, polyimide, epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether imide, polyamide imide, and polyetheretherketone. 14. The air cargo container according to claim 8 further comprising a doorway selectively covered by a door construction selected from the group consisting of: one or more of the composite panels, and a fabric comprising basalt, carbon, or glass fibers. 15. The air cargo container according to claim 8 further comprising a framework including vertical and horizontal frame members so constructed as to define openings for the plurality of walls of the container. 16. The air cargo container according to claim 15 wherein the frame members are made from materials selected from the group consisting of temperature resistant plastics and temperature resistant composites. 17. The air cargo container according to claim 15 wherein at least some of the vertical and horizontal frame members include a fire resistant foam core which blocks a direct path through the frame member for the internal fire to the outside. 18. The air cargo container according to claim 17 wherein at least some of the vertical and horizontal frame members include two slots to support adjacent walls, and at least one channel between and separate from the slots, for housing the fire resistant core of the respective frame member. 19. The air cargo container according to claim 8 wherein Z-axis fibers extend through the skins and core which become reinforcing columns when impregnated with resin that increase compression and shear strength and prevent delamination.",
-    "A wire harness includes a surface treated shielded wire and a counterpart connection portion provided at an end of the surface treated shielded wire. The surface treated shielded wire includes a conductor, an insulative coating provided on an outer side of the conductor, an electrically-conductive surface treatment portion applied on a surface of the insulative coating from one end to the other end, in an extending direction of the conductor, of a predetermined range on the insulative coating, and a metal wire having electrical conductivity. 1. A shielded wire comprising: a conductor; an insulative coating provided on an outer side of the conductor; an electrically-conductive surface treatment portion applied on a surface of the insulative coating from one end to another end, in an extending direction of the conductor, of a predetermined range on the insulative coating, the electrically-conductive surface treatment portion being configured as a shielding layer; and an electrically-conductive member having electrical conductivity and electrically connected to the electrically-conductive surface treatment portion. 2. The shielded wire according to claim 1, wherein the electrically-conductive member is provided at a location corresponding to a bent portion of the shielded wire. 3. The shielded wire according to claim 2, wherein the electrically-conductive member comprises at least one of a wire and a tape having electrical conductivity. 4. The shielded wire according to claim 3, wherein the wire is wound spirally. 5. A wire harness comprising: a shielded wire; and a counterpart connection portion provided at an end of the shielded wire, wherein the shielded wire comprises: a conductor; an insulative coating provided on an outer side of the conductor; an electrically-conductive surface treatment portion applied on a surface of the insulative coating from one end to another end, in an extending direction of the conductor, of a predetermined range on the insulative coating, the electrically-conductive surface treatment portion being configured as a shielding layer; and an electrically-conductive member having electrical conductivity and electrically connected to the electrically-conductive surface treatment portion, and wherein the counterpart connection portion is electrically connected to the electrically-conductive surface treatment portion.",
-    "Disclosed is a LED lighting system, comprising a heat dissipator, a light emitting device, a lamp support and a base. The heat dissipator has a first carrying part, a second carrying part and a first receiving part. The light emitting device has a first fastening structure to fasten the first carrying part. The first carrying part has a locking part to lock the first receiving part. The base has a second fastening structure to fasten the second carrying part. It becomes more convenient to manually disassemble and assemble the elements of the LED lighting system without tools, which actually provides the convenience for the user. 1. A LED lighting system, comprising: a heat dissipator, having a first carrying part, a second carrying part and a first receiving part; a light emitting device, having a first fastening structure to fasten the first carrying part; a lamp support having a locking part to lock the first receiving part; and a base, having a second fastening structure to fasten the second carrying part. 2. The LED lighting system according to claim 1, wherein at least one front-end projection is configured on the first carrying part, at least one first slot corresponding to the front-end projection is configured on the first fastening structure, and the first slot makes the light emitting device fixed in the heat dissipator via the front-end projection. 3. The LED lighting system according to claim 1, wherein at least one back-end projection is configured on the second carrying part, at least one second slot corresponding to the back-end projection is configured on the second fastening structure, and the second slot makes the base fixed in the heat dissipator via the back-end projection. 4. The LED lighting system according to claim 1, wherein at least one locking concave cavity breaks through the first receiving part, the locking part has at least one locking piece and one locking hole corresponding to the locking concave cavity, and the locking piece makes the lamp support locked to the heat dissipator via the locking hole and the locking concave cavity. 5. The LED lighting system according to claim 2, wherein the light emitting device comprises: an LED module, having at least one third slot; a back cover, supporting the LED module; an optical module, configured toward a main light-emitting direction; and a front cover, having a window, wherein the front cover covers the back cover to form a containing space accommodating the LED module and the optical module, and the first slot is configured outside the region where the front cover covers the back cover. 6. The LED lighting system according to claim 5, wherein the LED module has a light emitting element, a convex protrusion is configured on a side of the light emitting element, and a concave cavity corresponding to the convex protrusion is configured on the back cover such that the back cover is fastened on the LED module. 7. The LED lighting system according to claim 5, wherein a plate is configured on a back end of the optical module, and the plate makes the optical module fastened on the LED module via the third slot of the LED module. 8. The LED lighting system according to claim 5, wherein a notch portion and a slit portion are configured within each first slot of the front cover, and the front-end projection of the heat dissipator fastens the front cover onto the heat dissipator via the notch portion and the slit portion. 9. The LED lighting system according to claim 6, wherein the back cover has an opening to accommodate the light emitting element of the LED module such that the air flows convectively through the opening and the heat dissipator. 10. The LED lighting system according to claim 3, wherein the base comprises: a base plate, having the second fastening structure and a base hole; a base connecting part, having a connecting convex protrusion and a connecting hole, the connecting convex protrusion connecting to the base hole; an electric connecting part, connecting to the connecting hole; and a driver, configured to the electric connecting part. 11. The LED lighting system according to claim 10, wherein the back-end projection of the heat dissipator makes the base plate fastened to the heat dissipator via the second slot of the base plate. 12. The LED lighting system according to claim 10, wherein the base connecting part has a plugging member. 13. The LED lighting system according to claim 10, wherein a plurality of threaded holes are configured on the electric connecting part, and a plurality of screw pieces corresponding to the threaded holes are configured on the electric connecting part, to lock the driver to the electric connecting part. 14. The LED lighting system according to claim 4, wherein the lamp support has at least one pad, and the locking piece passes through the pad and locks in the locking concave cavity of the heat dissipator. 15. The LED lighting system according to claim 4, wherein the lamp support has a connecting member at the top of the lamp support to connect to an application side. 16. The LED lighting system according to claim 4, wherein two extending portions vertically extend from two sides of the top of the lamp support respectively, and one end of the extending portion has the locking hole. 17. The LED lighting system according to claim 4, wherein each locking piece has a screwing member and a locking member. 18. The LED lighting system according to claim 4, wherein the lamp support has a clamping piece, and the clamping piece has a round hole and is configured between the lamp support and the heat dissipator by making the locking piece lock into the round hole of the clamping piece. 19. A LED lighting system, comprising: a clamp, comprising: a locking piece; a lamp support, having two extending portions, one end of each extending portion having a locking hole; and a clamping piece, configured at the inner side of one of the ends of the extending portions, having a round hole; a lamp holder, comprising: a heat dissipator, having a tube, two locking concave cavities respectively configured at two sides of the tube, the heat dissipator having a plurality of the front-end projections; and a light emitting device, having a plurality of first slots connected and fastened to the front-end projections, such that the light emitting device is accommodated within the heat dissipator; and a base, configured at the bottom of the lamp holder; wherein the locking pieces lock into the locking holes of the extending portions and pass through the round holes of the clamping piece, and a user manually locks the locking pieces into the two locking concave cavities respectively, such that the clamp supports the lamp holder and the clamping piece controls the rotation angle of the lamp holder. 20. A LED lighting system, comprising: a clamp, comprising: a lamp support, two extending portions vertically extending downward from its two ends respectively, each extending portion having a locking hole; a clamping piece, having a round hole, configured at the inner side of one of the ends of the lamp support, wherein the round hole of the round hole corresponds to the locking hole of the extending portion of the lamp support, and the clamping piece is rotatable around the locking hole of the extending portion; a locking piece, correspondingly passing through the locking hole; and a quick connector, supplying power to the LED lighting system; a lamp holder, comprising: a LED module; a back cover, fastened to the LED module by manually inserting the LED module into the back cover and rotating the LED module; an optical module, connecting to the LED module by manually screwing the optical module into the LED module; a heat dissipator, accommodating the LED module, wherein a tube is configured at one side of the outer ring of the heat dissipator, and two locking concave cavities are respectively configured at two sides of the tube; and a front cover, fastened to the front end of the heat dissipator by manually connecting the front cover to the front end of the heat dissipator and rotating the front cover; a base, comprising: a base plate, fastened to the back end of the heat dissipator by manually rotating the base plate, the base plate having a base hole; a base connecting part, having a connecting convex protrusion and a connecting hole, the connecting convex protrusion connecting to the base hole, the base connecting part accommodating the quick connector; an electric connecting part, connected to the connecting hole; and a driver, configured on the electric connecting part, electrically connected to the base connecting part and the LED module to make the LED module emit light; wherein the clamping piece controls the rotation angle of the lamp holder.",
-    "A light-emitting element includes a light-emitting layer, and an optical function film. The light-emitting layer is configured to include a first plane with a first electrode, a second plane with a second electrode, and a circumferential plane connecting the first and second planes, the second plane being opposing to the first plane, and the light-emitting layer being made of a semiconductor. The optical function film is configured to include a reflection layer being able to reflect light coming from the light-emitting layer, the reflection layer being provided with first and second regions, the first region covering the second plane and the circumferential plane, the second region protruding from the first region to an outside of the light-emitting layer to expose an end plane thereof. 1. A light-emitting-element wafer, comprising: a support substrate; and a plurality of light-emitting elements each configured to include a light-emitting layer configured to include a first plane with a first electrode, a second plane with a second electrode, and a circumferential plane connecting the first and second planes, the second plane being opposing to the first plane, and the light-emitting layer being made of a semiconductor, and an optical function film configured to include a reflection layer being able to reflect light coming from the light-emitting layer, the reflection layer being provided with first and second regions, the first region covering the second plane and the circumferential plane, the second region protruding from the first region to an outside of the light-emitting layer to expose an end plane thereof, and to be arranged on the support substrate, the support substrate being opposing to the second plane with the optical function film being sandwiched therebetween. 2. The light-emitting-element wafer according to claim 1, further comprising: an attachment layer configured to attach the support substrate and the plurality of light-emitting elements. 3. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the optical function film further includes a first insulation layer formed between the light-emitting layer and the reflection layer, and a second insulation layer formed on the reflection layer. 4. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the second region protrudes in a direction parallel to the first plane. 5. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the second region protrudes in a direction parallel to the circumferential plane. 6. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, further comprising: an inorganic insulation film configured to cover the first plane. 7. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the first plane is in a concave-convex structure. 8. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the first plane is formed to be larger than the second plane. 9. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 8, wherein the first region includes first and second reflection planes, the first reflection plane being opposing to the second plane, the second reflection plane being opposing to the circumferential plane, and the second reflection plane forms a first tilt angle with the first plane, and the circumferential plane forms a second tilt angle with the first plane, the first tilt angle being smaller than the second tilt angle. 10. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting layer emits red light. 11. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 10, wherein the semiconductor includes at least any one of an AsP compound semiconductor, an AlGaInP compound semiconductor, and a GaAs compound semiconductor. 12. The light-emitting element wafer according to claim 1, wherein the reflection layer includes a metallic material. 13. An electronic apparatus, comprising: a substrate formed with a driving circuit; and at least one first semiconductor light-emitting element configured to include a light-emitting layer configured to include a first plane with a first electrode connected to the driving circuit, a second plane with a second electrode connected to the driving circuit, and a circumferential plane connecting the first and second planes, the second plane being opposing to the first plane, and the light-emitting layer being made of a semiconductor, and an optical function film configured to include a reflection layer being able to reflect light coming from the light-emitting layer, the reflection layer being provided with first and second regions, the first region covering the second plane and the circumferential plane, the second region protruding from the first region to an outside of the light-emitting layer to expose an end plane thereof, and to be arranged on the substrate, the substrate being opposing to the second plane with the optical function film being sandwiched therebetween. 14. The electronic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first semiconductor light-emitting element and other first semiconductor light-emitting elements emit red light, the electronic apparatus further includes a plurality of second semiconductor light-emitting elements that emit blue right, and a plurality of third semiconductor light-emitting elements that emit green light, and the first, second, and third semiconductor light-emitting elements are arranged on the substrate. 15. The electronic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the optical function film further includes a first insulation layer formed between the light-emitting layer and the reflection layer, and a second insulation layer formed on the reflection layer.",
-    "Novel, non-toxic cobalt-based contrast and imaging agents for use in enhanced medical imaging modalities and processes are described, as well the manufacture of markers containing such contrast agents is described, and uses for such imaging markers and contrast agents in a variety of therapeutic applications and devices. 1. A method of enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a living subject, the method comprising; administering to a subject an effective amount of a contrast agent comprising a compound of formula (I) [Co(Cl)m(NAC)n] (I) wherein m is the integer 1 or 2, and n is the integer 1 or 2 and NAC is N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and wherein the concentration of CoClm in water ranges from about 0.1% wt. % to about 10 wt. %, and the concentration of NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) in water ranges from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, and imaging the patient by MRI, wherein the resulting MRI image is enhanced as compared to an MRI image obtained without said contrast agent. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein administering to the subject an effective amount of the contrast agent comprises administering a compound of formula (II) [Co(Cl)2(NAC)n] (II) wherein n is the integer 1 or 2. 3. A method of imaging a patient by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a contrast agent comprising a compound of formula (I) [Co(Cl)m(NAC)n] (I) wherein m is the integer 1 or 2, and n is the integer 1 or 2 and NAC is N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and wherein the concentration of CoClm in water ranges from about 0.1% wt. % to about 10 wt. %, and the concentration of NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) in water ranges from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, and imaging the patient by MRI. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein administering to the subject an effective amount of the contrast agent comprises administering a compound of formula (II) [Co(Cl)2(NAC)n] (II) wherein n is the integer 1 or 2. 5. A method of treating prostate cancer, comprising: conducting a brachytherapy procedure using an MRI-compatible brachytherapy delivery system to deliver a radioactive source directly at a prostate tumor and a contrast agent comprising a compound of formula (I) [Co(Cl)m(NAC)n] (I) wherein m is the integer 1 or 2, and n is the integer 1 or 2 and NAC is N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and wherein the concentration of CoClm in water ranges from about 0.1% wt. % to about 10 wt. %, and the concentration of NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) in water ranges from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, and wherein the brachytherapy delivery system comprises a needle having the radioactive source and the contrast agent contained therein.",
-    "The glass composites include glass frit, that when sintered produce a phosphor-containing layer, suitable for use in optical applications. The glass composites can include a crystallizing glass frit, such that phosphor crystals precipitate from the frit composite during sintering, or can include a non-crystallizing glass composition, such that phosphor is added to the frit composite before sintering. The sintering temperatures of the glass are relatively low so that fluorescence of the phosphors will not substantially degrade during sintering. The resulting phosphor-containing layer can be used in various optical applications including those for converting blue light into various color temperatures of white light. 1. A method of making a light emitting diode package comprising: sintering a glass frit composite to form a phosphor-containing layer comprising phosphor dispersed in a glass matrix, and positioning the phosphor-containing layer such that light from a light emitting diode is transmitted through the phosphor-containing layer, wherein the glass frit composite includes glass frit formed by firing a mixture comprising: about 20-60 mole % SiO2, about 14-50 mole % ZnO, and about 3-28 mole % B2O3. 2. A method of making a light emitting diode package comprising: sintering a glass frit composite to form a phosphor-containing layer comprising phosphor dispersed in a glass matrix, and positioning the phosphor-containing layer such that light from a light emitting diode is transmitted through the phosphor-containing layer, wherein the glass frit composite includes glass frit formed by firing a mixture comprising: about 20-60 mole % SiO2, about 14-50 mole % ZnO, and about 3-28 mole % B2O3. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture further includes: about 1-21 mole % K2O, about 1-25 mole % Na2O, up to 25 mole % BaO+MgO+CaO+SrO, up to 60 mole % Bi2O3+TeO2+Ta2O5+Nb2O5+P2O5+V2O5, up to 25 mole % La2O3+Lu2O3+Pr2O3+Gd2O3+Tb2O3+Eu2O3, up to 25 mole % TiO2+ZrO2, up to 5 mole % Sb2O3+CeO2+SnO2, up to 20 mole % Li2O+Cs2O+Rb2O, up to 40 mole % Y2O3+Al2O3, and up to 25 mole % F+S+Se. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the mixture includes: about 33-50 mole % SiO2, about 15-20 mole % ZnO, about 16-21 mole % B2O3, about 2-5 mole % K2O, about 3-7 mole % Na2O, up to about 8 mole % Li2O, up to about 20 mole % BaO, up to about 1 mole % Sb2O3, and up to about 19 mole % Al2O3. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass frit composite comprises one or more phosphors. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the glass frit composite contains intentionally added seed material for precipitating phosphor crystals during sintering. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising pre-sintering the glass frit composite. 8. The method of claim 7, where the seed material has an average particle size of 0.3 to 3.0 micron. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein more than one type of phosphor crystals precipitate and one type includes aluminum garnet structure. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass frit composite comprises 0.1-3.0 wt % of dispersed metal oxide nano-powder. 11. The method of claim 11, wherein the metal oxide nano-powder has an average size of about 0.01-5.0 microns. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass frit has a particle size of from 1-30 microns. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein sintering is performed at less than 1050\u00b0 C. 14. A light emitting diode package comprising a phosphor-containing layer through which light from a light emitting diode is transmitted, the phosphor-containing layer comprising a sintered glass frit composite that includes phosphor dispersed in a glass matrix, the glass frit composite including a glass frit, the glass frit comprising, prior to firing: about 20-60 mole % SiO2, about 14-50 mole % ZnO, about 3-28 mole % B2O3, about 1-21 mole % K2O, about 1-25 mole % Na2O, up to 25 mole % BaO+MgO+CaO+SrO, up to 60 mole % Bi2O3+TeO2+Ta2O5+Nb2O5+P2O5+V2O5, up to 25 mole % La2O3+Lu2O3+Pr2O3+Gd2O3+Tb2O3+Eu2O3, up to 25 mole % TiO2+ZrO2, up to 5 mole % Sb2O3+CeO2+SnO2, up to 20 mole % Li2O+Cs2O+Rb2O, up to 40 mole % Y2O3+Al2O3, and up to 25 mole % F+S+Se as anions. 15. The light emitting diode package of claim 13, wherein the glass frit composite includes one or more phosphors. 16. The light emitting diode package of claim 13, wherein the phosphor-containing layer has a transparency of at least 40% at a light wavelength of 550 nm when measured at a thickness of 1 millimeter. 17. The light emitting diode package of claim 13, wherein the phosphor includes at least one phosphor comprising an aluminum garnet structure. 18. The light emitting diode package of claim 13, wherein the glass frit composite comprises 0.1-5.0 wt % of dispersed metal oxide nano-powder. 19. The light emitting diode package of claim 13, wherein the metal oxide nano-powder comprises fumed metal oxide. 20. The light emitting diode package of claim 13, wherein the phosphor-containing layer has a transparency of at least 40% when measured at a thickness of about 1 millimeter.",
-    "A high-speed interface apparatus and method of correcting skew in the apparatus are provided. A high-speed transmitter includes a transmission D-PHY module that generates and transmits a clock signal through a clock channel, generates a deskew synchronous code and test data in response to a deskew request signal, transmits the deskew synchronous code followed by the test data through a data channel, and transmits a normal synchronous code followed by normal data through the data channel in normal mode. 1. A high-speed data transmitter comprising: a transmitter configured to sequentially transmit a deskew synchronous code and test data, and configured to sequentially transmit a normal synchronous code and normal data, wherein the deskew synchronous code has a different pattern than the normal synchronous code, and the normal synchronous code includes 8-bit serial data \u201c00011101\u201d. 2. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 1, wherein the high-speed data transmitter is an application processor. 3. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 1, wherein the high-speed data transmitter is an image sensor. 4. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 3, wherein the test data includes 8-bit serial data \u201c01010101\u201d. 5. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 3, wherein the deskew synchronous code includes 8-bit serial data \u201c11111111\u201d. 6. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 3, wherein the transmitter comprises: a first transmission channel unit configured to transmit the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a first channel; a second transmission channel unit configured to transmit the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a second channel; and a clock generator configured to transmit a clock signal through a clock channel. 7. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 5, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit differential signals as the normal data. 8. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 5, wherein the transmitter further comprises: a third transmission channel unit configured to transmit the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a third channel; and a fourth transmission channel unit configured to transmit the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a fourth channel. 9. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 5, wherein the normal data is image data. 10. The high-speed data transmitter of claim 5, wherein the first channel, the second channel, and the clock channel consists of two lines, respectively. 11. A high-speed data receiver comprising: a receiver configured to sequentially receive a deskew synchronous code and test data, and configured to sequentially receive a normal synchronous code and normal data, wherein the deskew synchronous code has a different pattern than the normal synchronous code, and the synchronous code includes 8-bit serial data \u201c00011101\u201d. 12. The high-speed data receiver of claim 11, wherein the high-speed data receiver is an application processor. 13. The high-speed data receiver of claim 11, wherein the high-speed data receiver is a display serial interface device. 14. The high-speed data receiver of claim 13, wherein the test data includes 8-bit serial data \u201c01010101\u201d. 15. The high-speed data receiver of claim 13, wherein the deskew synchronous code includes 8-bit serial data \u201c11111111\u201d. 16. The high-speed data receiver of claim 13, wherein the receiver comprises: a first reception channel unit configured to receive the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a first channel; a second reception channel unit configured to receive the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a second channel; and a clock receiving unit configured to receive a clock signal through a clock channel. 17. The high-speed data receiver of claim 15, wherein the receiver is configured to receive differential signals as the normal data. 18. The high-speed data receiver of claim 16, wherein the first channel, the second channel, and the clock channel consists of two lines, respectively. 19. The high-speed data receiver of claim 16, wherein the receiver further comprises: a third reception channel unit configured to receive the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a third channel; and a fourth reception channel unit configured to receive the deskew synchronous code and the test data through a fourth channel. 20. The high-speed data receiver of claim 19, wherein the receiver is configured to initiate a deskew calibration operation upon detection of the deskew synchronous code. 21. The high-speed data receiver of claim 20, wherein the receiver is configured to perform the deskew calibration operation during at least one of the vertical blanking periods. 22. An application processor comprising: a transmitter D-PHY module configured to transmit a first deskew synchronous code through a first channel and to transmit a first clock signal through a first clock channel; and a receiver D-PHY module configured to receive a second deskew synchronous code through a second channel and to receive a second clock signal through a second clock channel, wherein the first deskew synchronous code is a sequence of all 1s.",
-    "An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes toner particles including a polyester resin that is a polycondensate of a polycarboxylic acid and a polyol not containing a derivative of bisphenol A, wherein, when a maximum value is present on a lowest molecular weight side in a molecular weight distribution curve obtained by subjecting a component soluble in tetrahydrofuran of the toner particles to a gel permeation chromatography measurement, a weight average molecular weight (Mw (A)) and a number average molecular weight thereof (Mn (A)), each with respect to a low molecular weight region (A) including the maximum value on the lowest molecular weight side, satisfy that a ratio Mw (A)/Mn (A) is 6.0 or less, and a small diameter side number average particle diameter distribution index of the toner particles is from 1.3 to 1.7. 1. An electrostatic charge image developing toner comprising: toner particles containing a polyester resin that is a polycondensate of a polycarboxylic acid and a polyol not containing a derivative of bisphenol A, wherein, when a maximum value is present on a lowest molecular weight side in a molecular weight distribution curve obtained by subjecting a component soluble in tetrahydrofuran in the toner particles to a gel permeation chromatography measurement, a weight average molecular weight (Mw (A)) and a number average molecular weight thereof (Mn (A)), each with respect to a low molecular weight region (A) including the maximum value on the lowest molecular weight side, satisfy that a ratio Mw (A)/Mn (A) is 6.0 or less, a small diameter side number average particle diameter distribution index of the toner particles is from 1.3 to 1.7, the polyol is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,12-dodecanediol, and the polycarboxylic acid includes an aromatic polycarboxylic acid. 2. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the component insoluble in tetrahydrofuran of the toner particles is in an amount of from 3% by weight to 10% by weight with respect to the toner particles. 3. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the volume average particle diameter of the toner particles is from 5 \u03bcm to 14 \u03bcm. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin is from 50\u00b0 C. to 80\u00b0 C. 7. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, further comprising: a release agent having a melting temperature of from 50\u00b0 C. to 110\u00b0 C. 8. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the ratio Mw (A)/Mn (A) is from 2 to 5. 9. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the small diameter side number average particle diameter distribution index is from 1.35 to 1.5. 10. An electrostatic charge image developer comprising: the electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1. 11. A toner cartridge that accommodates the electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1 and is detachable from an image forming apparatus. 12. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the polyol includes ethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,12-dodecanediol, and the polycarboxylic acid includes an aromatic polycarboxylic acid.",
-    "A semantic query over an RDF database is received with RDF database statistics and access methods for evaluating triple patterns in the query. The semantic query is expressed as a parse tree containing triple patterns and logical relationships among the triple patterns. The parse tree and access methods create a data flow graph containing a plurality of triple pattern and access method pair nodes connected by a plurality of edges, and an optimal flow tree through the data flow graph is determined such that costs are minimized and all triple patterns in the semantic query are contained in the optimal flow tree. A structure independent execution tree defining a sequence of evaluation through the optimal flow tree is created and is transformed into a database structure dependent query plan. This is used to create an SQL query that is used to evaluate the semantic query over the RDF database. 1. A method for optimizing semantic web queries, the method comprising: receiving inputs, the inputs comprising: a semantic query over a resource description framework database, the semantic query comprising a plurality of hierarchically nested graph patterns, each graph pattern comprising at least one triple pattern comprising a subject, an object and predicate connecting the subject to the object; statistics describing data in the resource description framework database; and a plurality of access methods comprising alternative methods for evaluating each triple pattern; expressing the semantic query as a query parse tree comprising a plurality of nodes, the nodes comprising triple patterns from the query and logical relationships among the triple patterns; creating a data flow graph, the data flow graph comprising a plurality of triple pattern and access method pair nodes connected by a plurality of edges representing dependencies among execution of the triple patterns; determining an optimal flow tree through the data flow graph, the optimal flow comprising a set of triple pattern and access method pair nodes and edges such that all triple patterns in the semantic query are contained in the optimal flow tree; creating an execution tree independent of a structure of the resource description framework database, the execution tree comprising a sequence of evaluation of triple patterns in the optimal flow tree; transforming the execution tree into a query plan that exploits the structure of the resource description framework database; using the query plan to create a structured query language query; using the structured query language query to evaluate the semantic query over the resource description framework database. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the semantic query comprises a SPARQL query and the query plan comprises a SPARQL query plan. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the statistics comprise a total number of triples in the resource description framework database, average number of triples per subject, average number of triples per object, an identification of at least one of uniform resource identifiers and literals that appear in a greatest number of triples or combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of access methods comprise access a triple patters by subject, access a triple pattern by object, conduct a full scan or combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the logical relationships among triple patterns in the query parse tree comprise at least one of AND, OR, UNION and OPTIONAL. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each edge in the plurality of edges in the data flow graph denotes a first triple pattern producing a variable required in either an object or a subject of a second triple pattern. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein creating the data flow graph further comprises: defining a root node in the data flow graph; selecting an access method from the plurality of access methods; identifying a triple pattern having a constant in at least one of the subject and the object that can be accessed by the selected access method and lacking any required variable, a required variable comprising a variable in the triple pattern that is required to be bound when evaluated by the selected access method by a prior triple pattern evaluation; and connecting a first triple pattern and access method pair to the root node comprising the selected access method and the identified triple pattern. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein creating the data flow graph further comprises: connecting subsequent triple pattern and access method pairs to the first triple pattern and access method pair by identifying a required variable in a subsequent triple pattern that is required to be bound by evaluation of the identified triple pattern when the subsequent triple pattern is evaluated by a subsequent selected access method. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein creating the data flow graph further comprises: calculating a cost of evaluating for a evaluating a given triple pattern by a given access method with respect to the statistics of the resource description framework database; and assigning the calculated cost to edges in the data flow graph associated with triple pattern and access pair nodes comprising the given triple pattern and the given access method. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: each edge in the data flow graph comprises a cost associated with evaluating a given triple pattern by a given access method with respect to the statistics of the resource description framework database for a triple pattern and access pair node associated with that edge; and the step of determining the optimal flow tree further comprises determining and optimal flow tree such that the edges in the optimal flow tree comprise a minimum cumulative cost. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein creating the execution tree further comprises: evaluating contents of each node in the parse tree sequentially starting with a root node in the parse tree for inclusion in the execution tree; and determining whether the contents of a given node are to be added to the execution tree immediately or held for inclusion in the execution tree after contents of other nodes are added to the execution tree. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining whether the contents of a given node are to be added immediately further comprises adding contents of each node at a latest possible point in the execution tree upon determination that variables or operators in contents are required for subsequent stages in the execution tree. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein transforming the execution tree into a query plan further comprises merging triple patterns having at least one of a common subject and common object into a single node in the query plan. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein: the query plan comprises a plurality of nodes; and using the query plan to create the structured query language query comprises creating a structured query language query for each node on the query plan. 15. The method of claim 1, the method further comprises communicating results of the structured query language query evaluation of the semantic query. 16. A computer-readable storage medium containing a computer-readable code that when read by a computer causes the computer to perform a method for optimizing semantic web queries, the method comprising: receiving inputs, the inputs comprising: a semantic query over a resource description framework database, the semantic query comprising a plurality of hierarchically nested graph patterns, each graph pattern comprising at least one triple pattern comprising a subject, an object and predicate connecting the subject to the object; statistics describing data in the resource description framework database; and a plurality of access methods comprising alternative methods for evaluating each triple pattern; expressing the semantic query as a query parse tree comprising a plurality of nodes, the nodes comprising triple patterns from the query and logical relationships among the triple patterns; creating a data flow graph, the data flow graph comprising a plurality of triple pattern and access method pair nodes connected by a plurality of edges representing dependencies among execution of the triple patterns; determining an optimal flow tree through the data flow graph, the optimal flow comprising a set of triple pattern and access method pair nodes and edges such that all triple patterns in the semantic query are contained in the optimal flow tree; creating an execution tree independent of a structure of the resource description framework database, the execution tree comprising a sequence of evaluation of triple patterns in the optimal flow tree; transforming the execution tree into a query plan that exploits the structure of the resource description framework database; using the query plan to create a structured query language query; using the structured query language query to evaluate the semantic query over the resource description framework database. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein creating the data flow graph further comprises: defining a root node in the data flow graph; selecting an access method from the plurality of access methods; identifying a triple pattern having a constant in at least one of the subject and the object that can be accessed by the selected access method and lacking any required variable, a required variable comprising a variable in the triple pattern that is required to be bound when evaluated by the selected access method by a prior triple pattern evaluation; connecting a first triple pattern and access method pair to the root node comprising the selected access method and the identified triple pattern; and connecting subsequent triple pattern and access method pairs to the first triple pattern and access method pair by identifying a required variable in a subsequent triple pattern that is required to be bound by evaluation of the identified triple pattern when the subsequent triple pattern is evaluated by a subsequent selected access method. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein: each edge in the data flow graph comprises a cost associated with evaluating a given triple pattern by a given access method with respect to the statistics of the resource description framework database for a triple pattern and access pair node associated with that edge; and the step of determining the optimal flow tree further comprises determining and optimal flow tree such that the edges in the optimal flow tree comprise a minimum cumulative cost. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein creating the execution tree further comprises: evaluating contents of each node in the parse tree sequentially starting with a root node in thee parse tree for inclusion in the execution tree; and determining whether the contents of a given node are to be added to the execution tree immediately or held for inclusion in the execution tree after contents of other nodes are added to the execution tree; wherein determining whether the contents of a given node are to be added immediately further comprises adding contents of each node at a latest possible point in the execution tree upon determination that variables or operators in contents are required for subsequent stages in the execution tree. 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein: transforming the execution tree into a query plan further comprises merging triple patterns having at least one of a common subject and common object into a single node in the query plan, the query plan comprising a plurality of nodes; and using the query plan to create the structured query language query comprises creating an structured query language query for each node on the query plan.",
-    "There is provided antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof with binding specificity for ICAM-1, for use in the treatment of cancer in patients who have previously been treated for cancer and either not responded to said treatment or have previously responded to said treatment and subsequently relapsed. 1. (canceled) 2. An antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof with binding specificity for ICAM-1, or a variant, fusion or derivative of said antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, or a fusion of a said variant or derivative thereof, with binding specificity for ICAM-1, for use in the treatment of cancer in a patient, wherein the patient has previously been treated for cancer and either not responded to said treatment or has previously responded to said treatment and subsequently relapsed. 3. A method for treating cancer in a patient who has previously been treated for the cancer and not responded or previously responded and subsequently relapsed, the method comprising the step of administering to the patient an effective amount of: an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof with binding specificity for ICAM-1, or a variant, fusion or derivative of said antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, or a fusion of a said variant or derivative thereof, with binding specificity for ICAM-1. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The antibody described in claim 2 wherein the cancer to be treated is the same cancer that the patient has previously been treated for. 7. The antibody described in claim 2 wherein the cancer to be treated is a different cancer then the cancer that the patient has previously been treated for. 8. The method described in claim 3 wherein the cancer to be treated is the same cancer that the patient has previously been treated for. 9. The method described in claim 3 wherein the cancer to be treated is a different cancer then the cancer that the patient has previously been treated for. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the cancer to be treated is a lymphoproliferative disorder. 11. The method of claim 3, wherein the cancer to be treated is multiple myeloma. 12. The antibody of claim 2, wherein ICAM-1 is localized on the surface of a plasma cell. 13. The method of claim 3, wherein the effective amount of the antibody, antigen-binding fragment, variant, fusion or derivative thereof is between about 0.1 \u03bcg to 5 g of the antibody, antigen-binding fragment, variant, fusion or derivative thereof. 14. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a variant, fusion or derivative thereof, comprises or consists of an intact antibody. 15. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a variant, fusion or derivative thereof, comprises or consists of an antigen-binding fragment selected from the group consisting of: an Fv fragment; an Fab fragment; an Fab-like fragment. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the Fv fragment is a single chain Fv fragment or a disulphide-bonded Fv fragment. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the Fab-like fragment is an Fab\u2032 fragment or an F(ab)2 fragment. 18. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody is a recombinant antibody. 19. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 20. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human antibody or humanised antibody. 21. The antibody of claim 2, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises the following amino acid sequences: FSNAWMSWVRQAPG and/or AFIWYDGSNKYYADSVKGR and/or ARYSGWYFDY and/or CTGSSSNIGAGYDVH and/or DNNNRPS and/or CQSYDSSLSAWL. 22. The antibody of claim 2, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises one or more of the amino acid sequences shown in FIG. 15. 23-25. (canceled)",
-    "A method performed by an apparatus for inducing a sound sleep to induce a sound sleep of an object who is sleeping includes: determining a first wake-up time of the object based on schedule information of the object; receiving bio-information of the object; determining a sleep state of the object from the bio-information of the object; changing the first wake-up time to a second wake-up time by taking into account the sleep state of the object; and outputting a wake-up alarm signal at the second wake-up time. 1. A method performed by an apparatus configured to improve a sleep of an object who is sleeping, the method comprising: determining a first wake-up time of the object based on schedule information corresponding to a schedule of the object; receiving bio-information of the object; determining a sleep state of the object from the bio-information; changing the first wake-up time to a second wake-up time based on the sleep state of the object; and outputting a wake-up alarm signal at the second wake-up time. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the schedule information of the object comprises at least one of average wake-up time information, wake-up time information before going to sleep, bedtime information, schedule information before going to sleep, blood alcohol level information before going to sleep, and first schedule information after waking up. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the sleep state of the object comprises determining the sleep state of the object based on at least one of heart rate information, respiration information, movement information, snoring pattern information, eyeball movement information, and body temperature information of the object. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring an actual wake-up time of the object; determining a remaining time from the actual wake-up time of the object to a preset critical time; selecting at least one activity that is to be performed by the object during the remaining time; and providing information about the selected at least one activity to the object. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting that the object wakes up; and providing information about an event that occurs within a preset time after the object wakes up. 6. An apparatus configured to improve a sleep of an object who is sleeping, the apparatus comprising: a communicator configured to receive bio-information of the object that is measured by a sensor; a controller configured to determine a sleep state of the object based on the bio-information, determine a first wake-up time of the object based on schedule information corresponding to a schedule of the object, and change the first wake-up time to a second wake-up time based on the sleep state of the object; and an output device configured to output a wake-up alarm signal at the second wake-up time. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the communicator is further configured to receive infrared image information of the object from an external display device, and the controller is further configured to obtain heart rate information of the object based on the received infrared image information, and determine the sleep state of the object based on the heart rate information. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the controller is further configured to obtain at least one of respiration rate information, respiration cycle information and respiration volume information of the object by using depth value information that is obtained using a depth camera. 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the controller is further configured to detect that the object is sleeping within a preset time after the second wake-up time, and the communicator is further configured to transmit information indicating that the object is sleeping to a device of a designated third party. 10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the output device comprises a first device and a second device, the second device being different from the first device, and the controller is further configured to output a first wake-up alarm signal through the first device at the second wake-up time, and, in response to it being detected that the object is sleeping within a preset time after the second wake-up time, output a second wake-up alarm signal through the second device. 11. An alarm method of an apparatus configured to improve sleep of an object who is sleeping, the alarm method comprising: detecting an alarm event; measuring a sleep depth of the object; determining an alarm condition corresponding to the sleep depth; and outputting an alarm signal related to the alarm event based on the determined alarm condition. 12. The alarm method of claim 11, wherein the detecting the alarm event comprises receiving an alarm message from an external device using near-field communication. 13. The alarm method of claim 11, wherein the determining the alarm condition comprises determining the alarm condition corresponding to the sleep depth based on an urgency of the alarm event. 14. An apparatus configured to improve sleep of an object, the apparatus comprising: a communicator configured to receive information about an alarm event and bio-information of the object that is measured by a sensor; a controller configured to determine a sleep depth of the object based on the bio-information, and determine an alarm condition corresponding to the sleep depth; and an output device configured to output an alarm signal related to the alarm event based on the determined alarm condition. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the controller is further configured to adjust an output cycle of the alarm signal according to the sleep depth. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the controller is further configured to determine an output time of the alarm signal based on the sleep depth, and control the output device to output the alarm signal at the determined output time. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the controller is further configured to adjust an output intensity of the alarm signal based on the sleep depth. 18. An apparatus configured to control ambient noise, the apparatus comprising: a communicator configured to receive bio-information of an object that is measured from a sensor; an audio input device configured to detect a noise signal; a controller configured to determine a sleep state of the object based on the bio-information, and determine a noise pattern having periodic characteristics by analyzing the noise signal; and an audio output device configured to output an anti-phase noise pattern having a phase that is opposite to a phase of the noise pattern. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the audio input device is further configured to detect the noise signal within a predetermined distance from the object. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having embodied thereon a program for executing the method of claim 1.",
-    "Disclosed is a human waste collection device capable of collecting the human waste products into a collection bag for bedridden and incontinent patients, comprising the first female component, comprising a rectangular shaped base, with triangular sides, front and rear sides and hexagonal top, to adhere with the hexagonal shaped second male component, which thereby adhere together to a single united structure. the female component comprises the slit for receiving the guided barrel of the second male component and the adherent material for attachment with the said second male component at hexagonal top; the circular viewing window, built-in occult for blood testing strip and at least one of the plurality of gas release holes to release the toxic gases at the first front side. The male component comprises the adhesive liner at the top and bottom sides to adhere with the human anus and first female component respectively. A human waste collection device is sealable, bio-degradable, portable, simple and convenient to use; and adheres to the human skin while in use, providing a sanitized and hygienic environment. 1. A human waste collection device capable of collecting the human waste products, comprising: a) the first female component, comprising a rectangular shaped base, with triangular sides, front and rear sides and hexagonal top; wherein the said hexagonal top comprises the slit for receiving the guided barrel of the second male component and the adherent material for attachment with the said second male component; wherein the said first front side comprises the circular viewing window, built-in occult for blood testing strip and atleast one of the plurality of gas release holes to release the toxic gases; b) second male component, hexagonal in shape, comprising a guided barrel to meet with the said first female component; wherein the said male component comprising the adhesive liner at the top and bottom sides to adhere with the human anus and the said first female component of the said human waste collection device respectively; wherein the said first female component and the said second male component adhere together to a single united structure. 2. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said device is utilized by the nurses or caregivers to ease the collection of the human waste into a collection bag for bedridden and incontinent patients. 3. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said first female component of the said waste collection device comprising the said circular viewing window to allow the caregiver a clear view of the amount of fecal matter being deposited inside the bag. 4. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said first female component of the said waste collection device comprising the said built-in occult for blood testing strip, utilized for on-spot testing of the presence of blood in the stool. 5. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said first female component of the said waste collection device comprising gas release holes which permits the said device to be periodically opened to permit gases accumulated therein to be expelled, or fecal matter to be removed and the bag to remain on the patient. 6. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said first female component of the said waste collection device comprising the said slit to receive the said guided barrel of the said second male component of the said waste collection device to unite as a single component. 7. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said second male component of the said waste collection device comprises the said guided barrel to retain the faecal waste products and prevents the messing of waste products. 8. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said second male component of the said waste collection device comprises the liner material at the said top side that adheres to the buttock area covering the human anus. 9. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said second male component of the said waste collection device comprises the adherent material at the said bottom side for attachment with the said first female component. 10. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said waste collection device adheres to the human skin while in use, providing a sanitized and hygienic environment. 11. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said waste collection device enable a nurse or physician to easily adhere the said human waste collection device to the human skin and to conveniently and securely attach the adhesive and latex about the upper opening to the skin about the anus, and thereby providing a hygienic bowel care. 12. A human waste collection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said waste collection device is sealable, bio-degradable, portable, simple and convenient to use.",
-    "The efficiency of work for identifying reference points included in photographed images is improved. A survey data processing device includes a data receiving unit 103 that receives data of two still images, an operation information receiving unit 104 that receives a selection of reference points among multiple reference points which are included in both of the two still images and have known location information, an exterior orientation parameter calculating unit 106 that calculates exterior orientation parameters of a camera, a coordinate integrating unit 110 for obtaining an integrated coordinate system for describing both the locations of an unselected reference point and the camera, a back-projected image generating unit 111 for generating a back-projected image by back-projecting the unselected reference point in the integrated coordinate system, and a target position estimating unit 112 that estimates a position of the unselected reference point in a still image. 1. A survey data processing device comprising: a data receiving unit that receives data of a first still image and data of a second still image, the first still image and the second still image being obtained by photographing the same object by a camera at a first timing and at a second timing, which is later than the first timing, respectively, while the camera travels; a selection receiving unit that receives a selection of reference points from among multiple reference points, which are included in both the first still image and the second still image and have known location information; an exterior orientation parameter calculating unit that calculates exterior orientation parameters of the camera at the first timing and exterior orientation parameters of the camera at the second timing, based on the selected reference points; a coordinate integrating unit that integrates a coordinate system of the unselected reference point and a coordinate system of a location of the camera, which is calculated by the exterior orientation parameter calculating unit, so as to obtain an integrated coordinate system for describing the location of the unselected reference point and the location of the camera in the same coordinate system; a back-projected image generating unit that back-projects the unselected reference point in the integrated coordinate system, to the location of the camera at a specific position, thereby obtaining a back-projected image; and an estimating unit that estimates a position of the unselected reference point in a still image that is photographed by the camera at the specific position, based on the position of the unselected reference point in the back-projected image on a screen. 2. The survey data processing device according to claim 1, wherein the survey data processing device performs processing for setting a search area by enlarging an area containing the location of the unselected reference point, which is estimated by the estimating unit, in at least one of the first still image and the second still image. 3. The survey data processing device according to claim 2, wherein a target is arranged at the location of the unselected reference point and is detected from the search area. 4. The survey data processing device according to claim 3, wherein the survey data processing device performs processing for notification of an error in the detection when the detection is not performed normally. 5. The survey data processing device according to claim 4, wherein the survey data processing device performs control of displaying the corresponding search area on the screen when the detection is not performed normally in the search area. 6. The survey data processing device according to claim 2, wherein the survey data processing device performs control of display of multiple search areas on the screen by thumbnail images as reduced images and to perform control of displaying an enlarged image of the corresponding search area on the screen when one of the reduced images is selected. 7. The survey data processing device according to claim 2, further comprising: a judging unit that judges a target as an erroneous target when a difference between known location data of the target detected in the search area and location data of the target, which is calculated from multiple still images by an intersection method, satisfies a predetermined condition. 8. The survey data processing device according to claim 7, further comprising: an error-type judging unit that judges the type of error occurring in the erroneous target. 9. The survey data processing device according to claim 8, wherein the difference is calculated with respect to multiple targets, and a predetermined specific type of error is selected when the variation in the differences of the multiple targets satisfies a predetermined condition. 10. The survey data processing device according to claim 8, wherein a predetermined specific type of error is selected based on change in the difference on a time axis. 11. The survey data processing device according to claim 8, wherein the survey data processing device controls displaying of the type of the error on the screen. 12. A survey data processing method comprising: receiving data of a first still image and a second still image, which are obtained by photographing the same object by a camera at a first timing and a second timing that is later than the first timing, respectively, while travelling; receiving selection of reference points among multiple reference points, which are included in both the first still image and the second still image and have known location information; calculating exterior orientation parameters of the camera at the first timing and exterior orientation parameters of the camera at the second timing based on the selected reference points; integrating a coordinate system of the unselected reference point and a coordinate system of a location of the camera, of which exterior orientation parameters are calculated, so as to obtain an integrated coordinate system for describing the location of the unselected reference point and the location of the camera in the same coordinate system; generating a back-projected image by back-projecting the unselected reference point in the integrated coordinate system, to the location of the camera at a specific location; and estimating a position of the unselected reference point in a still image, which is photographed by the camera at the specific location, based on the position of the unselected reference point in the back-projected image on a screen. 13. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable program codes, the computer-executable program codes comprising program code instructions for; receiving data of a first still image and a second still image, which are obtained by photographing the same object by a camera at a first timing and a second timing that is later than the first timing, while the camera travels; receiving a selection of reference points among multiple reference points, which are photographed in both of the first still image and the second still image and have known location information; calculating exterior orientation parameters of the camera at the first timing and exterior orientation parameters of the camera at the second timing based on the selected reference points; integrating a coordinate system of the unselected reference point and a coordinate system of a location of the camera, of which exterior orientation parameters are calculated, so as to obtain an integrated coordinate system for describing the location of the unselected reference point and the location of the camera in the same coordinate system; generating a back-projected image by back-projecting the unselected reference point in the integrated coordinate system, to the location of the camera at a specific location; and estimating a position of the unselected reference point in a still image, which is photographed by the camera at the specific location, based on the position of the unselected reference point in the back-projected image on a screen.",
-    "A storage element including a storage layer configured to hold information by use of a magnetization state of a magnetic material, with a pinned magnetization layer being provided on one side of the storage layer, with a tunnel insulation layer, and with the direction of magnetization of the storage layer being changed through injection of spin polarized electrons by passing a current in the lamination direction, so as to record information in the storage layer, wherein a spin barrier layer configured to restrain diffusion of the spin polarized electrons is provided on the side, opposite to the pinned magnetization layer, of the storage layer; and the spin barrier layer includes at least one material selected from the group composing of oxides, nitrides, and fluorides. 1. A storage element comprising: a storage layer with a magnetization direction that is changeable using injection of spin polarized electrons by passing a current therethrough; a pinned magnetization layer on one side of said storage layer; a tunnel insulation layer between the storage layer and the pinned magnetization layer; and a spin barrier layer configured to restrain diffusion of said spin polarized electrons that is on another side of said storage layer, wherein, said storage layer comprises Co and Fe and B, and the spin barrier layer contains a nonmagnetic metallic material diffused therein or comprises an insulating material and a nonmagnetic metallic material in mixture. 2. The storage element as set forth in claim 1, wherein said storage layer also includes a nonmagnetic element. 3. The storage element as set forth in claim 1, wherein said tunnel insulation layer includes magnesium oxide. 4. The storage element as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of said tunnel insulation and said spin barrier layer include magnesium oxide. 5. The storage element as set forth in claim 1, wherein the spin barrier layer contains a nonmagnetic metallic material diffused therein proceeding from a side of the spin barrier layer facing away from the storage layer. 6. The storage element as set forth in claim 5, wherein said spin barrier layer includes a material selected from the group including magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and aluminum nitride. 7. The storage element as set forth in claim 5, wherein said non-magnetic metallic element contained in said spin barrier layer is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Zr, Hf, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, V, Cu, Au, Pd, and Pt. 8. The storage element as set forth in claim 5, wherein said non-magnetic metallic element is distributed in a part of said spin barrier layer or throughout said spin barrier layer. 9. The storage element as set forth in claim 5, wherein said spin barrier layer includes a layer including said non-magnetic metallic element and that is on a side of said spin barrier layer facing away from said storage layer. 10. The storage element as set forth in claim 5, wherein said spin barrier layer has an areal resistance of not more than 10 \u03a9\u03bcm2. 11. A storage element comprising: a storage layer with a magnetization direction that is changeable through injection of spin polarized electrons by passing a current therethrough; a pinned magnetization layer on one side of said storage layer, a tunnel insulation layer between said storage layer and said pinned magnetization layer; and a spin barrier layer on another side of the storage layer, the spin barrier layer configured to restrain diffusion of said spin polarized electrons, wherein, said storage layer comprises a first layer with CoFeB, said storage layer also includes a second layer with at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb and Cr, the spin barrier layer contains a nonmagnetic metallic material diffused therein or comprises an insulating material and a nonmagnetic metallic material in mixture, and said tunnel insulation layer includes MgO. 12. The storage element as set forth in claim 11, wherein said storage layer includes a non-magnetic metallic layer that includes Ta or Cu. 13. The storage element as set forth in claim 12, wherein the first and second layers of the storage layer are adjacent to each other. 14. The storage element of claim 1, wherein said storage layer contains CoFeB as a main constituent. 15. The storage element of claim 1, wherein Co and Fe constitute at least 60 atom % of all ferromagnetic material. 16. The storage element of claim 1, wherein said storage layer includes a ferromagnetic layer including CoFeB and a non-magnetic layer including a non-magnetic element. 17. The storage element as set forth in claim 16, wherein the storage layer includes at least one selected from the group consisting of Ru, Os, Re, Ir, Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Bi, Si, B, C, Pd, Pt, Zr, Hf, W and Mo. 18. The storage element of claim 2, wherein said nonmagnetic element is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb and Cr. 19. The storage element of claim 18, wherein the content of said non-magnetic element in said storage layer is in the range of 1 to 20 atom % 20. The storage element of claim previously presented 3, wherein said nonmagnetic element is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb and Cr. 21. A storage element comprising: a storage layer with a magnetization direction that is changeable using injection of spin polarized electrons by passing a current therethrough, the storage layer including a magnetic layer with CoFeB; a pinned magnetization layer at one side of the storage layer; a tunnel insulation layer between the pinned magnetization layer and the storage layer; and a spin barrier layer at another side of said storage layer, the spin barrier layer containing a nonmagnetic metallic material diffused therein or comprising an insulating material and a nonmagnetic metallic material in mixture. 22. The storage element of claim 21, wherein the storage layer also includes another layer with at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Nb and Cr. 23. The storage element of claim 21, wherein the tunnel insulation layer includes MgO. 24. The storage element of claim 23, wherein the tunnel insulation layer includes MgO. 25. The storage element of claim 11, wherein the plane is oriented perpendicular with respect to a stacking direction of spin barrier layer and the storage layer. 26. The storage element of claim 21, wherein the plane is oriented perpendicular with respect to a stacking direction of spin barrier layer and the storage layer.",
-    "A device, such as a constrained device that includes a processing device and memory, schedules user-defined independently executable functions to execute from a single stack common to all user-defined independently executable functions according to availability and priority of the user-defined independently executable functions relative to other user-defined independently executable functions and preempts currently running user-defined independently executable function by placing the particular user-defined independently executable function on a single stack that has register values for the currently running user-defined independently executable function. 1. A computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable hardware storage device, the computer program product for managing constrained computing devices, the computer program product comprising instructions to cause a processor to: schedule user-defined independently executable functions to execute from a single stack common to all user-defined independently executable functions by the processor according to availability and priority of the user-defined independently executable functions relative to other user-defined independently executable functions, with the instructions to schedule further causing the processor to: identify a particular user-defined independently executable function as ready to run, which user-defined independently executable functions is of higher priority than a user-defined independently executable function currently running; preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function by the instructions placing the particular user-defined independently executable function on the single stack that has register values for the currently running user-defined independently executable function, pushing down the state data of the currently running user-defined independently executable function lower in the stack; execute the particular user-defined independently executable function; and pop from the stack those register values of the particular user-defined independently executable function, after execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the schedule instructions invoke preemption and disable interrupts. 5. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein the stack saves register values for all user-defined independently executable functions, interrupt service routines, and operating system routines. 6. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein saved register values for any preempted user-defined independently executable functions, interrupt service routines, and operating system routines are saved on the stack using code generated by a compiler. 7. The computer program product of claim 1 wherein when the particular user-defined independently executable function completes running and returns, all its stack usage is popped and the currently running function resumes running. 8. A method executed in a real-time operating system environment on a constrained device that comprises a processor and memory, the method comprising: scheduling by the processor in the constrained device, user-defined independently executable functions to execute from a stack common to all user-defined independently executable functions according to availability and priority of the user-defined independently executable functions relative to other user-defined independently executable functions; identifying by the processor a particular user-defined independently executable function as ready to run, which user-defined independently executable functions is of higher priority than a user-defined independently executable function currently running; preempting by the processor, the currently running user-defined independently executable function by placing the particular user-defined independently executable function on the stack that has register values for the currently running user-defined independently executable function, pushing down the state data of the currently running user-defined independently executable function lower in the stack; executing by the processor the particular user-defined independently executable function; and pushing up by the processor in the stack those register values of the particular user-defined independently executable function, after execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 8 wherein scheduling by the processor invokes preemption and disables interrupts. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the stack saves register values for all user-defined independently executable functions, interrupt service routines, and operating system routines. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein saved register values for any preempted user-defined independently executable functions, interrupt service routines, and operating system routines are saved on the stack using code generated by a compiler. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein when the particular user-defined independently executable function completes running and returns, all its stack usage is popped and the currently running function resumes running. 15. A constrained device comprises: a processor device, configured to: schedule by the processor user-defined independently executable functions to execute from a stack common to all user-defined independently executable functions according to availability and priority of the user-defined independently executable functions relative to others of the user-defined independently executable functions, with the processor further configured to: identify a particular user-defined independently executable function as ready to run, which user-defined independently executable functions is of higher priority than a user-defined independently executable function currently running; preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function by the instructions placing the particular user-defined independently executable function on the stack that has register values for the currently running user-defined independently executable function, pushing down the state data of the currently running user-defined independently executable function lower in the stack; execute the particular user-defined independently executable function; and pop from the stack those register values of the particular user-defined independently executable function, after execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function. 16. The constrained device of claim 15 further comprising: a sensor element for sensing a physical condition, the sensor element sending data for processing to the processing device, with the processing device applying one or more user-defined independently executable functions to the data; a network interface to interface the device to a network; and a storage device storing a computer program comprising instructions to configure the processor device to schedule the user-defined independently executable functions to execute. 17. The constrained device of claim 15 wherein saved register values for any preempted user-defined independently executable functions, interrupt service routines, and operating system routines are saved on the stack using code generated by a compiler. 18. The constrained device of claim 15 wherein when the particular user-defined independently executable function completes running and returns, all its stack usage is popped and the currently running function resumes running. 19. A computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable hardware storage device, the computer program product for schedule user-defined independently executable functions to execute on constrained computing devices, the computer program product comprising instructions to cause a processor to: schedule user-defined independently executable functions to execute by the processor from a stack that is common to all user-defined independently executable functions according to availability and priority of the user-defined independently executable functions relative to other user-defined independently executable functions, with the instructions to schedule further causing the processor to: identify a particular user-defined independently executable function as ready to run, which user-defined independently executable functions is of higher priority than a user-defined independently executable function currently running; check a stack depth to determine whether a maximum stack depth has not been exceeded; preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function when the stack depth has not been exceeded; disable interrupts during preemption of the currently running user-defined independently executable function to provide an effective atomic sequence; and execute the particular user-defined independently executable function. 20. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein the computer program product comprises instructions to: place the particular user-defined independently executable function on the stack that has state data for the currently running user-defined independently executable function, pushing down the state data of the currently running user-defined independently executable function lower in the stack. 21. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein the computer program product comprises instructions to: pop from the stack state data of the particular user-defined independently executable function, after execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function. 22. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function comprises instructions to: set a timer that corresponds to a time expiration of a current time plus the particular user-defined independently executable function's configured maximum run time plus an overhead time required to perform invocation and return sequences. 23. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function comprises instructions to: maintain a count of pre-empted root functions to determine a count of executing functions; and, when that count exceeds a configured maximum number of root functions, log an error and cease invocation of the particular user-defined independently executable function. 24. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function comprises instructions to: maintain a count of pre-empted root functions to determine a count of executing functions; and, when that count is less than a configured maximum number of root functions, update the number of preemptions to correspond to the maximum number simultaneously pre-empted user-defined independently executable functions. 25. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein the schedule instructions invoke preemption by an interrupt service routine and by instructions to mark the currently running user-defined independently executable function for execution upon return from the interrupt. 26. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein user-defined independently executable functions have a priority state that is configurable. 27. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein user-defined independently executable functions have a state that comprise at least a ready to run state, a pended state and an idle state. 28. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein user-defined independently executable functions have a state that comprise a ready to run state, a ready to run next pass state, a pended state, a running state, a killed state, and an idle state. 29. The computer program product of claim 26 wherein user-defined independently executable functions further have a killed state. 30. The computer program product of claim 19 wherein user-defined independently executable functions comprise an internal state machine, and the computer program product comprises instructions to: awaken the preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function to cause the awakened preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function's internal state machine to determine where the root function exited; and cause a branch to appropriate code to continue execution of the awakened currently running user-defined independently executable function. 31. A constrained device comprises: a processor device, configured to: memory in communication with the processor device, a computer readable hardware storage device, storing computer program instructions for scheduling user-defined independently executable functions to execute on the constrained device, the instructions to cause the processor to: schedule user-defined independently executable functions to execute by the processor from a stack that is common to all user-defined independently executable functions according to availability and priority of the user-defined independently executable functions relative to other user-defined independently executable functions, with the instructions to schedule further causing the processor to: identify a particular user-defined independently executable function as ready to run, which user-defined independently executable functions is of higher priority than a user-defined independently executable function currently running; check a stack depth to determine whether a maximum stack depth has not been exceeded; preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function when the stack depth has not been exceeded; disable interrupts during preemption of the currently running user-defined independently executable function to provide an effective atomic sequence; and execute the particular user-defined independently executable function. 32. The constrained device of claim 31 further comprising: a sensor element for sensing a physical condition, the sensor element sending data for processing to the processing device, with the processing device applying one or more user-defined independently executable functions to the data; and a network interface to interface the device to a network. 33. The constrained device of claim 31 further comprising instructions to: place the particular user-defined independently executable function on the stack that has state data for the currently running user-defined independently executable function, pushing down the state data of the currently running user-defined independently executable function lower in the stack; and pop from the stack state data of the particular user-defined independently executable function, after execution of the particular user-defined independently executable function. 34. The constrained device of claim 31 further comprising instructions to: set a timer that corresponds to a time expiration of a current time plus the particular user-defined independently executable function's configured maximum run time plus an overhead time required to perform invocation and return sequences. 35. The constrained device of claim 31 further comprising instructions to: maintain a count of pre-empted root functions to determine a count of executing functions; and, when that count exceeds a configured maximum number of root functions, log an error and cease invocation of the particular user-defined independently executable function or when that count is less than a configured maximum number of root functions, update the number of preemptions to correspond to the maximum number simultaneously pre-empted user-defined independently executable functions. 36. The constrained device of claim 31 further comprising instructions to: invoke preemption by an interrupt service routine and by instructions to mark the currently running user-defined independently executable function for execution upon return from the interrupt. 37. The constrained device of claim 31 wherein user-defined independently executable functions have a priority state that is configurable and user-defined independently executable functions have a state that comprise at least a ready to run state, a pended state and an idle state. 38. The constrained device of claim 31 wherein user-defined independently executable functions comprise an internal state machine, and the computer program instructions further comprise instructions to: awaken the preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function to cause the awakened preempt the currently running user-defined independently executable function's internal state machine to determine where the root function exited; and cause a branch to appropriate code to continue execution of the awakened currently running user-defined independently executable function.",
-    "A system according to the principles of the present disclosure includes a first reprogramming identification module and a first diagnostic module. The first reprogramming identification module identifies when a first control module of a vehicle is reprogrammed. The first diagnostic module sets a first diagnostic trouble code (DTC) when the first control module is reprogrammed and selectively clears the first DTC when an instruction to clear a second DTC stored in a second control module of the vehicle is received. 1. A system comprising: a first reprogramming identification module that identifies when a first control module of a vehicle is reprogrammed; and a first diagnostic module that: sets a first diagnostic trouble code (DTC) when the first control module is reprogrammed; and selectively clears the first DTC in response to receiving an instruction to clear a second DTC stored in a second control module of the vehicle. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module stores the first DTC in the first control module after the first control module is reprogrammed. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module clears the first DTC when the instruction to clear the second DTC is received and engine operating conditions satisfy predetermined criteria. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module activates a service indicator when the first control module is reprogrammed. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the first diagnostic module deactivates the service indicator when the first DTC is cleared. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module clears the first DTC when an instruction to clear all DTCs stored in the second control module is received. 7. The system of claim 6 further comprising the first control module, wherein the first control module includes the first reprogramming identification module and the first diagnostic module. 8. The system of claim 7 further comprising the second control module, wherein the second control module: clears all DTCs stored in the second control module when the instruction to clear all DTCs stored in the second control module is received; and clears all readiness bits in the second control module when clearing all DTCs stored in the second control module, wherein the readiness bits indicate whether a vehicle diagnostic test has been performed. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the second control module includes: a second reprogramming identification module that identifies when the second control module is reprogrammed; and a second diagnostic module that: sets a third DTC when the second control module is reprogrammed; and selectively clears the third DTC when an instruction to clear DTCs stored in the first control module is received. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module clears the first DTC when an instruction to clear all DTCs stored in any control module of the vehicle is received. 11. A method comprising: identifying when a first control module of a vehicle is reprogrammed; setting a first diagnostic trouble code (DTC) when the first control module is reprogrammed; and selectively clearing the first DTC in response to receiving an instruction to clear a second DTC stored in a second control module of the vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising storing the first DTC in the first control module after the first control module is reprogrammed. 13. The method of claim 11 further comprising clearing the first DTC when the instruction to clear the second DTC is received and engine operating conditions satisfy predetermined criteria. 14. The method of claim 11 further comprising activating a service indicator when the first control module is reprogrammed. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising deactivating the service indicator when the first DTC is cleared. 16. The method of claim 11 further comprising clearing the first DTC when an instruction to clear all DTCs stored in the second control module is received. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising: clearing all DTCs stored in the second control module when the instruction to clear all DTCs stored in the second control module is received; and clearing all readiness bits in the second control module when clearing all DTCs stored in the second control module, wherein the readiness bits indicate whether a vehicle diagnostic test has been performed. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising: identifying when the second control module is reprogrammed; setting a third DTC when the second control module is reprogrammed; and selectively clearing the third DTC when an instruction to clear DTCs stored in the first control module is received. 19. The method of claim 11 further comprising clearing the first DTC when an instruction to clear all DTCs stored in any control module of the vehicle is received. 20. A method comprising: identifying when a first control module of a vehicle is reprogrammed; setting a first diagnostic trouble code (DTC) when the first control module is reprogrammed; and selectively clearing the first DTC in response to receiving an instruction to clear all DTCs stored in any control module of the vehicle. 21. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module sets the first DTC when the first control module is reprogrammed by a device other than the first control module. 22. The system of claim 1 wherein the first diagnostic module sets the first DTC when the first control module is reflashed. 23. The method of claim 11 further comprising setting the first DTC when the first control module is reprogrammed by a device other than the first control module. 24. The method of claim 11 further comprising setting the first DTC when the first control module is reflashed.",
-    "In an image reading apparatus, a display displays a first screen on within at least a portion of a first reading processing, and its period extends from a time point at which a conveying mechanism starts conveying the first one of at least one document placed on a document supporter, to a time point at which the conveying mechanism finishes conveying the last one of the at least one document. The first screen inquires about whether a continuous reading processing is to be executed after the first reading processing. A controller determines whether a signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received, with the first screen being displayed. The display displays a second screen when the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received. The second screen accepts an instruction of execution of the continuous reading processing. 1. An image reading apparatus, comprising: a document supporter configured to support at least one document; an output-document receiving member; a conveying mechanism configured to convey the at least one document one by one from the document supporter along a conveyance path; a reading device provided on the conveyance path and configured to execute a reading processing in which the reading device reads the at least one document conveyed by the conveying mechanism; an output device configured to output reading data created based on the at least one document read by the reading device; a display; a user interface configured to receive a signal based on a user operation; and a controller configured to perform: displaying a first screen on the display during at least a portion of a first reading processing, a period of the first reading processing extending from a time point at which the conveying mechanism starts conveying a first one of the at least one document placed on the document supporter, to a time point at which the conveying mechanism finishes conveying a last one of the at least one document placed on the document supporter, the first screen being configured to inquire about whether a continuous reading processing is to be executed after a completion of the first reading processing; determining, in a first determination processing, whether a signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface in a state in which the first screen is displayed; displaying a second screen when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface, the second screen being configured to accept an instruction of execution of the continuous reading processing that is to be executed after the completion of the first reading processing; and combining reading data created in the first reading processing and reading data created in the continuous reading processing with each other as a group of reading data and controlling the output device to output the group of reading data when the controller determines that the instruction of execution of the continuous reading processing is accepted on the second screen. 2. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to display a third screen on the display when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface, wherein the third screen is different from the second screen and configured to inquire about whether a third reading processing is to be started after the first reading processing, and wherein the controller is configured to control the output device in the third reading processing to output reading data independently of the reading data created in the first reading processing. 3. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to control the output device to output the reading data created in the first reading processing as a group of data when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface. 4. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to determine, in the first determination processing, that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface when a signal indicating inexecution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface in the state in which the first screen is displayed or when neither the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing nor the signal indicating inexecution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface in the state in which the first screen is displayed. 5. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to: determine, in a second determination processing, whether a first period is elapsed from a time point at which the first screen is displayed on the display; and determine in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface, when the first reading processing is completed in the first determination processing in a state in which neither a signal indicating inexecution of the continuous reading processing nor the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface and when the controller determines in the second determination processing that the first period is elapsed from the time point at which the first screen is displayed on the display. 6. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to display the third screen on the display when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface and when the first reading processing is completed. 7. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to display the third screen on the display before the first reading processing is completed, when the controller determines, during the first reading processing, in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface. 8. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to display a fourth screen on the display before displaying the second screen on the display, when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface before the first reading processing is completed, and wherein the fourth screen is configured to provide caution indicating that at least one document to be read after the completion of the first reading processing is not to be placed on the document supporter. 9. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to control the user interface to receive a signal designating a setting value of the continuous reading processing, when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface. 10. The image reading apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to display a fifth screen on the display when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface, and wherein the fifth screen comprises a setting value set in the first reading processing. 11. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to display a sixth screen on the display after the completion of the first reading processing when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is not received by the user interface, and wherein the sixth screen is configured to promote selection of a mode of output of a reading processing to be executed after the completion of the first reading processing. 12. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a mode of output of the third reading processing is identical to a mode of output of the first reading processing, and no selection of the mode of output of the third reading processing is performed between the first reading processing and the third reading processing. 13. A non-transitory storage medium storing a plurality of instructions to be executed by a processor of an image reading apparatus, the image reading apparatus comprising: a document supporter configured to support at least one document; an output-document receiving member; a conveying mechanism configured to convey the at least one document one by one from the document supporter along a conveyance path; a reading device provided on the conveyance path and configured to execute a reading processing in which the reading device reads the at least one document conveyed by the conveying mechanism; an output device configured to output reading data created based on the at least one document read by the reading device; a display; and a user interface configured to receive a signal based on a user operation, the plurality of instructions, when executed by the processor, causing the image reading apparatus to perform: displaying a first screen on the display during at least a portion of a first reading processing, a period of the first reading processing extending from a time point at which the conveying mechanism starts conveying a first one of the at least one document placed on the document supporter, to a time point at which the conveying mechanism finishes conveying a last one of the at least one document placed on the document supporter, the first screen being configured to inquire about whether a continuous reading processing is to be executed after a completion of the first reading processing; determining, in a first determination processing, whether a signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface in a state in which the first screen is displayed; displaying a second screen when the controller determines in the first determination processing that the signal indicating execution of the continuous reading processing is received by the user interface, the second screen being configured to accept an instruction of execution of the continuous reading processing that is to be executed after the completion of the first reading processing; and combining reading data created in the first reading processing and reading data created in the continuous reading processing with each other as a group of reading data and controlling the output device to output the group of reading data when the controller determines that the instruction of execution of the continuous reading processing is accepted on the second screen.",
-    "A focus adjustment device for carrying out focus adjustment by moving a focus lens, comprises a point light source determination section which determines a point-like light source subject based on the image signals, an orientation stability determination section which determines stability of orientation by detecting orientation of the focus adjustment device, a photometry section which outputs photometric values corresponding to subject brightness based on the image signals, and a focus adjustment section which carries out a focus adjustment operation using the image signals, based on a determination result of the point light source determination section, wherein the point light source determination section, in a state where a point-like light source subject is currently determined, when a determination result of the orientation stability determination section indicates unstable and a photometric value output from the photometry section does not indicate low brightness, determines that the subject is not a point-like light source. 1. A focus adjustment device for carrying out focus adjustment by moving a focus lens based on image signals of an image sensor for forming a subject image, comprising: a point light source determination section which determines a point-like light source subject based on the image signals, an orientation stability determination section which determines stability of orientation by detecting orientation of the focus adjustment device, a photometry section which outputs photometric values corresponding to subject brightness based on the image signals, and a focus adjustment section which carries out a focus adjustment operation using the image signals, based on a determination result of the point light source determination section, wherein the point light source determination section, in a state where a point-like light source subject is currently determined, when a determination result of the orientation stability determination section indicates unstable and a photometric value output from the photometry section does not indicate low brightness, determines that the subject is not a point-like light source. 2. The focus adjustment device of claim 1, wherein the photometry section comprises a divided area setting section which sets first divided areas, and second divided areas of larger area than the first divided areas, and a photometric value calculation section which calculates first photometric values based on image signals corresponding to the first divided areas, and second photometric values based on image signals corresponding to the second divided areas, wherein the point light source determination section determines whether or not there is a point light source subject based on the first photometric values and the second photometric values. 3. The focus adjustment device of claim 2, wherein the point light source determination section sets threshold values corresponding to maximum value and minimum value among a plurality of the first photometric values, and determines a point light source subject when the second photometric values indicate lower brightness than the threshold values. 4. The focus adjustment device of claim 2, further comprising a non-point light source determination section for determining a light source that is not a point-like light source based on the image signals, wherein the non-point light source determination section determines that there is not a point-like light source subject when a difference between maximum value and average value among the plurality of first photometric values is larger than a given value. 5. The focus adjustment device of claim 1, having a standby state in which focus detection is carried out with the focus lens stopped, and wherein the point light source determination section, in the standby state, in a case where a state in which output of the photometry section does not indicate low brightness continues for a given time or longer in a state where a point-like light source subject is currently determined, determines that there is not a point-like light source subject. 6. A focus adjustment method, for a focus adjustment device for carrying out focus adjustment by moving a focus lens based on image signals of an image sensor for forming a subject image, comprising: determining a point-like light source subject based on the image signals, determining stability of orientation by detecting orientation of the focus adjustment device, outputting a photometric value corresponding to subject brightness based on the image signals, and carrying out a focus adjustment operation using the image signals, based on a determination result of the point light source determination section, and wherein at the time of the point light source subject determination, in a state where a point-like light source subject is being been determined, when a determination result of the orientation stability determination section indicates unstable and a photometric value output from the photometry section does not indicate low brightness, determining that the subject is not a point-like light source. 7. The focus adjustment method of claim 6, wherein the photometric values are detected first divided areas are set, and second divided areas of larger area than the first divided areas are set, based on the image signals, and as the photometric values, first photometric values are calculated based on image signals corresponding to the first divided areas, and second photometric values are calculated based on image signals corresponding to the second divided areas, wherein determination of the point light source subject is carried out based on the first photometric values and the second photometric values. 8. The focus adjustment method of claim 7, wherein determination of the point light source is made when setting threshold values corresponding to the maximum value and the minimum value among a plurality of the first photometric values, and the second photometric values indicate lower brightness than the threshold values. 9. The focus adjustment method of claim 7, wherein non-point light source determination is carried out to determine a light source that is not a point-like light source based on the image signals, and here, the non-point light source determination determines that there is not a point-like light source subject when a difference between maximum value and average value among the plurality of first photometric values is larger than a given value. 10. The focus adjustment method of claim 6, having a standby state in which focus detection is carried out with the focus lens stopped, and wherein determination of the point light source subject, in the standby state, in a case where a state in which a photometric value corresponding to subject brightness does not indicate low brightness continues for a given time or longer in a state where a point-like light source subject is currently determined, determines that there is not a point-like light source subject. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a computer program for controlling a computing device that includes a focus adjustment device for carrying out focus adjustment by moving a focus lens based on image signals of an image sensor for forming a subject image, the computer program comprising: determining a point-like light source subject based on the image signals, determining stability of orientation by detecting orientation of the focus adjustment device, outputting photometric values corresponding to subject brightness based on the image signals, and carrying out a focus adjustment operation using the image signals, based on a determination result of the point light source determination section, wherein at the time of the point light source subject determination, in a state where a point-like light source subject is currently determined, when a determination result of the orientation stability determination section indicates unstable and a photometric value output from the photometry section does not indicate low brightness, determining that the subject is not a point-like light source.",
-    "A method and apparatus for correcting a distortion of a holographic display. The method includes tracking a location of a viewing window by tracking a location of a pupil of a user and calculating a central location of the viewing window, generating a wavefront aberration by determining an object point and an image point based on a location of a light source and the central location of the viewing window and using ray tracing, and calculating a complex aberration light field using the generated wavefront aberration. Thus, a quality of a holographically reproduced image in a viewing window-based holographic display may be improved. 1. A method of correcting a distortion of a holographic display to be performed by an apparatus for correcting a distortion of a holographic display, the method comprising: tracking a location of a viewing window by calculating a central location of the viewing window based on a location of a pupil of a user; generating a wavefront aberration by determining an object point and an image point based on a location of a light source and the central location of the viewing window, and using ray tracing; and correcting a distortion of a holographic display using the generated wavefront aberration. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a computer-generated hologram (CGH) in which the distortion is corrected using a calculated complex light field; and reproducing a hologram by encoding the CGH based on a spatial light modulator. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tracking of the location of the viewing window comprises: calculating the central location of the viewing window by tracking the location of the pupil using a pupil image of the user obtained from an image sensor. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating of the wavefront aberration comprises: generating the wavefront aberration by determining the central location of the viewing window to be the image point and determining a point source on an optical axis to be the object point. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating of the wavefront aberration comprises: generating the wavefront aberration in an exit pupil using ray tracing of an optical system of the holographic display. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the optical system is a convergent optical system, and the exit pupil is an exit pupil of the convergent optical system, and the generating of the wavefront aberration comprises: generating a wavefront aberration of coordinates of the exit pupil by calculating a first optical path spanning from an image point on an image plane to the exit pupil and a second optical path spanning from a reference spherical wavefront of the exit pupil to the central location of the viewing window. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the generating of the wavefront aberration comprises: generating a wavefront aberration of a convergent optical system of all coordinates of the exit pupil by calculating a difference between the first optical path and the second optical path. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the correcting of the distortion comprises: correcting the distortion of the holographic display by calculating a complex aberration light field by applying an aberration light field in which the wavefront aberration is a negative value. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein, when an object to be displayed is a stereoscopic object, the correcting of the distortion comprises: correcting the distortion of the holographic display by dividing the object into successive object planes and calculating a sum of respective complex aberration light fields. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the generating of the CGH comprises: generating the CGH by calculating a corrected light field value of an object on a spatial light modulator plane, and the reproducing of the hologram comprises: reproducing the hologram for a stereoscopic image to be formed in a space by transforming the light field value of the object on the spatial light modulator plane based on an optical modulation characteristic of the spatial light modulator, and performing optical modulation. 11. An apparatus for correcting a distortion of a holographic display, the apparatus comprising: a viewing window location tracker configured to track a location of a viewing window by calculating a central location of the viewing window based on a location of a pupil of a user; a wavefront aberration generator configured to generate a wavefront aberration by determining an object point and an image point based on a location of a light source and the central location of the viewing window, and using ray tracing; and a complex aberration light field calculator configured to correct a distortion of a holographic display by calculating a complex aberration light field using the generated wavefront aberration. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a computer-generated hologram (CGH) generator configured to generate a CGH in which a distortion is corrected using a calculated complex light field; and a hologram display configured to reproduce a hologram by encoding the CGH based on a spatial light modulator. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the viewing window location tracker is configured to calculate the central location of the viewing window by tracking the location of the pupil using a pupil image of the user obtained from an image sensor. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the wavefront aberration generator is configured to generate the wavefront aberration by determining the central location of the viewing window to be the image point and determining a point source on an optical axis to be the object point. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the wavefront aberration generator is configured to generate a wavefront aberration in an exit pupil using ray tracing of an optical system of the holographic display. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the optical system is a convergent optical system, and the exit pupil is an exit pupil of the convergent optical system, and the wavefront aberration generator is configured to generate a wavefront aberration of coordinates of the exit pupil by calculating a first optical path spanning from an image point on an image plane to the exit pupil and a second optical path spanning from a reference spherical wavefront of the exit pupil to the central location of the viewing window. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the wavefront aberration generator is configured to generate a wavefront aberration of the convergent optical system of all coordinates of the exit pupil by calculating a difference between the first optical path and the second optical path. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the complex aberration light field calculator is configured to calculate a complex aberration light field by applying an aberration light field in which the wavefront aberration is a negative value. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein, when an object to be displayed is a stereoscopic object, the complex aberration light field calculator is configured to calculate the complex aberration light field by dividing the object into successive object planes, calculating a complex aberration light field of each object plane, and calculating a sum of calculated respective complex aberration light fields. 20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the CGH generator is configured to generate the CGH by calculating a corrected light field value of an object on a spatial light modulator plane, and the hologram display is configured to reproduce a hologram for a stereoscopic image to be formed in a space by transforming a light field value of the object on the spatial light modulator plane based on an optical modulation characteristic of the spatial light modulator, and performing optical modulation.",
-    "Shelf brackets to conduct electricity to refrigerator shelves are disclosed. An example shelf bracket includes an end configured to engage a support rail, the end having a first area to conduct electricity from the support rail to the shelf bracket, an arm extending from the end to support the shelf, the arm comprising a second area to conduct electricity from the shelf bracket to the shelf, a non-electrically conductive coating applied to substantially all of the shelf bracket except in the first and second areas, a first electrically conductive material applied to at least a portion of the first area, and a second electrically conductive material applied to at least a portion of the second area, wherein the shelf bracket is formed from a third electrically conductive material, the third electrically conductive material to conduct electricity between the first and second areas. 1. A refrigerator comprising: a compartment; a shelf; a shelf bracket configured to support and conduct electricity to the shelf within the compartment of the refrigerator, the shelf bracket including: a first area configured to engage a support rail and conduct electricity from the support rail to the shelf bracket; a second area configured to conduct electricity from the shelf bracket to the shelf; and a non-electrically conductive coating applied to substantially all of the shelf bracket except in the first and second areas, wherein the shelf bracket is formed from a first electrically conductive material and is configured to conduct electricity between the first and second areas. 2. The refrigerator of claim 1, further comprising: an electrically conductive coating applied to at least a portion of at least one of the first and second areas. 3. The refrigerator of claim 1, further comprising: a second electrically conductive material applied to at least a portion of at least one of the first and second areas. 4. The refrigerator of claim 3, wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises an adhesive, a plastic or a plating. 5. The refrigerator of claim 4, wherein the first electrically conductive material comprises a steel or a combination of nickel and tin. 6. The refrigerator of claim 3, wherein the second electrically conductive material is configured to reduce or prevent corrosion of the shelf bracket. 7. The refrigerator of claim 1, wherein: the first area is part of an end of the shelf bracket; the end is configured to extend into an opening or slot defined in the support rail; and the first area is configured to engage a back side of the support rail. 8. The refrigerator of claim 1, wherein: the first area is part of an end of the shelf bracket; the end is configured to extend into an opening or slot defined in the support rail; and the first area is configured to engage an edge of the opening or slot. 9. A shelf bracket configured to support and conduct electricity to a shelf of a refrigerator, the shelf bracket comprising: a first area configured to engage a support rail and conduct electricity from the support rail to the shelf bracket; a second area configured to conduct electricity from the shelf bracket to the shelf; and a non-electrically conductive coating applied to substantially all of the shelf bracket except in the first and second areas, wherein the shelf bracket is formed from a first electrically conductive material and is configured to conduct electricity between the first and second areas. 10. The shelf bracket of claim 9, further comprising: an electrically conductive coating applied to at least a portion of at least one of the first and second areas. 11. The shelf bracket of claim 9, further comprising: a second electrically conductive material applied to at least a portion of at least one of the first and second areas. 12. The shelf bracket of claim 11, wherein: the second electrically conductive material is applied to at least a portion of the first area; a third electrically conductive material is applied to at least a portion of the second area; and the third electrically conductive material is different from the second electrically conductive material. 13. The shelf bracket of claim 11, wherein the second electrically conductive material comprises an adhesive, a plastic or a plating. 14. The shelf bracket of claim 13, wherein the first electrically conductive material comprises a steel or a combination of nickel and tin. 15. The shelf bracket of claim 11, wherein the second electrically conductive material is configured to reduce or prevent corrosion of the shelf bracket. 16. The shelf bracket of claim 9, wherein the non-electrically conductive coating is configured to reduce or prevent corrosion of the shelf bracket. 17. The shelf bracket of claim 9, wherein the non-electrically conductive coating comprises a plastic or a paint. 18. The shelf bracket of claim 9, wherein: the first area is part of an end of the shelf bracket; the end is configured to extend into an opening or slot defined in the support rail; and the first area is configured to engage a back side of the support rail. 19. The shelf bracket of claim 9, wherein: the first area is part of an end of the shelf bracket; the end is configured to extend into an opening or slot defined in the support rail; and the first area is configured to engage an edge of the opening or slot. 20. The shelf bracket of claim 9, wherein the second area is configured to conduct electricity from the shelf bracket to a lighting unit or a user interface of the shelf.",
-    "A maze construction system for fire and rescue training exercises includes a plurality of panels that are tensionably supported between a ceiling and floor. Each panel includes at least one extendable column that terminates with a pad for contact with a ceiling surface. A flange along at least one vertical edge of the panels permits the panels to align at their edges. The panels are quickly assembled and disassembled, and are easily reconfigured to form new maze paths without requiring additional additional tools. 1. A maze system comprising: (1) a plurality of nestable panels, wherein each panel has a first face and a second face opposite the first face, and, a sub-frame between the first and second faces that includes: a top edge, a bottom edge, a first vertical side and second vertical side, each first and second vertical side having a flanged portion and an un-flanged portion wherein the flanged portions project beyond the first side and second vertical sides and are diagonally disposed on opposite faces of the panel and wherein the flanged portions are configured to overlap un-flanged portions of adjacently nested panels with readily separable and substantially gapless connections between adjacent panels; (2) medially located at the top edge of each panel, a reversibly extendable post with jack screw extension means and an end that includes a pivotable ceiling contacting pad whereby each panel is maintained in position by tensioning the panels against the ceiling of a structure. 2. The maze system according to claim 1 wherein at least 4 panels can be nestably aligned along the flanges. 3. The maze system according to claim 1 further comprising at least one floor contacting pad. 4. A maze system comprising: (1) a plurality of nestable panels, wherein each panel has a first face and a second face opposite the first face, and, a sub-frame between the first and second faces that includes: a top edge, a bottom edge, a first vertical side and second vertical side, each first and second vertical side having a flanged portion and an un-flanged portion wherein the flanged portions project beyond the first side and second vertical sides and are diagonally disposed on opposite faces of the panel and wherein the flanged portions are configured to overlap un-flanged portions of adjacently nested panels with readily separable and substantially gapless connections between adjacent panels; (2) medially located at the top edge of each panel, a reversibly extendable post with ratcheting extension means and an end that includes a pivotable ceiling contacting pad whereby each panel is maintained in position by tensioning the panels against the ceiling of a structure. 5. The maze system according to claim 4 wherein at least 4 panels can be nestably aligned along the flanges. 6. The maze system according to claim 4 further comprising at least one floor contacting pad.",
-    "A method of suppressing dust formation in a particulate mineral material, which particulate mineral material has been dewatered from a suspension of said material, comprising the steps of transferring the suspension of particulate mineral material as a fluid to a deposition area, and in which the suspension is allowed to stand and dewater at the deposition area to form a dewatered particulate mineral material, wherein suppression dust formation of the material is achieved by adding a dust suppressing amount of a polymer to the suspension of the particulate mineral material while it is being transferred as a fluid to the deposition area, wherein the polymer is either a synthetic water-soluble polymer formed from one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers having an intrinsic viscosity of at least 4 dl/g or a water-soluble polymer that is a natural polymer or semi natural polymer. 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. The method according to claim 18 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material is transferred along a conduit and through an outlet to the deposition area. 6. The method according to claim 18 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material that has been transferred to the deposition area rigidifies upon standing. 7. The method according to claim 6 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material upon reaching the deposition area flows over the surface of previously rigidified mineral material, wherein the material is allowed to stand and rigidify to form a stack. 8. The method according to claim 18 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material is transferred by pumping, it through a conduit and the polymer is added subsequently to the pumping stage. 9. The method according to claim 18 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material is transferred by pumping it through a conduit and polymer is added during or prior to the pumping stage. 10. The method according to claim 18 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material is transferred through a conduit having an outlet wherein the polymer is added to the suspension as it exits the outlet. 11. The method according to claim 18 in which the suspension of particulate mineral material is transferred through a conduit having an outlet wherein the polymer is added to the suspension before it exits the outlet. 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method according to claim 18 in which the mineral material is hydrophilic in nature. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. A method of suppressing dust formation in a particulate mineral material from a mineral processing operation, which particulate mineral material has been dewatered from a suspension of said material, comprising the steps of transferring the suspension of particulate mineral material as a fluid to a deposition area, and in which the suspension is allowed to stand and dewater at the deposition area, to form a dewatered particulate mineral material, in which the particulate mineral material is red mud, achieving suppression of dust formation in the material as the surface of the material dries by adding a dust suppressing amount of a polymer to the suspension of the particulate mineral material while it is being transferred as a fluid to the deposition area; and allowing the suspension to form a compact and dry solid mass after transferring to the deposition area, through the combined actions of sedimentation, drainage and evaporative drying, wherein the polymer is a synthetic water-soluble polymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least 4 dl/g which is either i) a homopolymer of acrylamide or ii) a copolymer of acrylamide with sodium acrylate, wherein the polymer is combined with the suspension at a dose of 10 grams to 10,000 grams per tonne of material solids, and wherein the polymer is added in the form of an aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.25 to 5% by weight of synthetic water-soluble polymer.",
-    "A balun transformer includes an input terminal into which an unbalanced signal is input, a converter that includes at least a first signal line connected to the input terminal and that converts the unbalanced signal into a balanced signal, a first output terminal connected to the first signal line, a second output terminal from which the balanced signal is output, the balanced signal being also output from the first output terminal, and a capacitor connected between the input terminal and the second output terminal. 1. A balun transformer comprising: an input terminal into which an unbalanced signal is input; a converter that includes at least a first signal line connected to the input terminal and that converts the unbalanced signal into a balanced signal; a first output terminal connected to the first signal line; a second output terminal from which the balanced signal is output, the balanced signal being also output from the first output terminal; and a capacitor connected between the input terminal and the second output terminal. 2. The balun transformer according to claim 1, wherein the converter further includes a second signal line which is connected to the second output terminal and which is electromagnetically coupled with the first signal line. 3. The balun transformer according to claim 2, further comprising: a multilayer body including a plurality of insulating layers stacked on each other; wherein the first signal line, the second signal line, and the capacitor include conductors disposed on some of the plurality of insulating layers. 4. The balun transformer according to claim 1, wherein the converter further includes a second signal line connected to the second output terminal, a third signal line connected to the second signal line and electromagnetically coupled with the first signal line, and a fourth signal line connected to the input terminal and electromagnetically coupled with the second signal line. 5. The balun transformer according to claim 4, wherein the converter further includes a fifth signal line connected to the input terminal and a sixth signal line electrically connected to the second signal line and electromagnetically coupled with the fifth signal line. 6. The balun transformer according to claim 5, further comprising: a multilayer body including a plurality of insulating layers stacked on each other; wherein the first signal line, the second signal line, the third signal line, the fourth signal line, and the capacitor include conductors disposed on some of the plurality of insulating layers. 7. The balun transformer according to claim 6, wherein the first signal line and the fourth signal line oppose each other with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween so as to be electromagnetically coupled with each other; and the second signal line and the third signal line oppose each other with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween so as to be electromagnetically coupled with each other. 8. The balun transformer according to claim 6, wherein the capacitor includes a first capacitor conductor and a second capacitor conductor; the first signal line and the fourth signal line oppose each other with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween so as to be electromagnetically coupled with each other; the second signal line and the third signal line oppose each other with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween so as to be electromagnetically coupled with each other; the first signal line and the third signal line are disposed on an identical insulating layer; and the second signal line and the fourth signal line are disposed on an identical insulating layer. 9. The balun transformer according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of insulating layers are made of a dielectric material. 10. The balun transformer according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of insulating layers are made of a dielectric material. 11. The balun transformer according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of insulating layers are made of a dielectric material. 12. The balun transformer according to claim 8, wherein the plurality of insulating layers are made of a dielectric material. 13. The balun transformer according to claim 1, further comprising: a multilayer body including a plurality of insulating layers stacked on each other; wherein the first signal line and the capacitor include conductors disposed on some of the plurality of insulating layers; and the capacitor opposes the first signal line with some of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween, and includes the first signal line and a capacitor conductor electrically connected to the second output terminal. 14. The balun transformer according to claim 1, wherein the first signal line includes a coil conductor that produces a 90\u00b0 phase lag for a voltage of a signal passing through the coil conductor. 15. The balun transformer according to claim 2, wherein a 180\u00b0 phase difference exists between a voltage of a signal output from the first signal line and that from the second signal line. 16. The balun transformer according to claim 2, wherein an input signal input into the capacitor passes through the capacitor and joins a signal output from the second signal line. 17. The balun transformer according to claim 1, wherein the capacitor produces a 90\u00b0 phase lead for a voltage of a signal passing through the capacitor. 18. The balun transformer according to claim 2, wherein the first and second signal lines include coil conductors or linear conductors.",
-    "A solid electrolyte fuel cell that includes a fuel electrode contact layer in contact with a fuel electrode layer and an air electrode contact layer in contact with an air electrode layer. The fuel electrode layer includes a first single metal or a first alloy, the fuel electrode contact layer includes a first conductive oxide, the air electrode layer includes a second conductive oxide, and the air electrode contact layer includes a second single metal or a second alloy. 1. A solid electrolyte fuel cell comprising: a cell including an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer; an anode contact layer in contact with the anode layer; and a cathode contact layer in contact with the cathode layer, wherein the anode layer includes one of a first single metal and a first alloy, the anode contact layer includes a first conductive oxide, the cathode layer includes a second conductive oxide, and the cathode contact layer includes one of a second single metal and a second alloy. 2. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the second conductive oxide has a perovskite-type structure containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. 3. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the second single metal or the second alloy contains at least one of silver, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel. 4. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the second single metal or the second alloy contains at least one of silver, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel. 5. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the anode layer includes the first single metal, and the first single metal is nickel. 6. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 5, wherein the anode layer further includes a solid electrolyte material. 7. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the anode layer further includes a solid electrolyte material. 8. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the first conductive oxide is a titanium composite oxide represented by ATiO3 which is doped with one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements excluding niobium, tantalum, and cerium, and wherein A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba. 9. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the second conductive oxide has a perovskite-type structure containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel, the second single metal or the second alloy contains at least one of silver, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel the anode layer includes the first single metal, and the first single metal is nickel, and the first conductive oxide is a titanium composite oxide represented by ATiO3 which is doped with one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements excluding niobium, tantalum, and cerium, and wherein A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba. 10. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 9, wherein the anode layer further includes a solid electrolyte material. 11. A solid electrolyte fuel cell comprising: a plurality of stacked cells, each cell including: an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, a cathode layer, an anode contact layer in contact with the anode layer, and a cathode contact layer in contact with the cathode layer, wherein the plurality of stacked cells are stacked such that the anode layer and cathode layer of adjacent cells oppose each other, and wherein the anode layer includes one of a first single metal and a first alloy, the anode contact layer includes a first conductive oxide, the cathode layer includes a second conductive oxide, and the cathode contact layer includes one of a second single metal and a second alloy; a separation layer disposed between the anode layer and the cathode layer of the adjacent cells, the separation layer including a first connection layer that connects the anode contact layer and the cathode contact layer, and the first connection layer includes the second conductive oxide included in the cathode layer. 12. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the separation layer includes a second connection layer that connects the first connection layer and the anode contact layer, and the second connection layer includes the second single metal or the second alloy included in the cathode contact layer. 13. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the second conductive oxide has a perovskite-type structure containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. 14. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 13, wherein the second single metal or the second alloy contains at least one of silver, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel. 15. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the second single metal or the second alloy contains at least one of silver, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel. 16. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the anode layer includes the first single metal, and the first single metal is nickel. 17. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 16, wherein the anode layer further includes a solid electrolyte material. 18. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the anode layer further includes a solid electrolyte material. 19. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the first conductive oxide is a titanium composite oxide represented by ATiO3 which is doped with one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements excluding niobium, tantalum, and cerium, and wherein A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba. 20. The solid electrolyte fuel cell according to claim 11, wherein the second conductive oxide has a perovskite-type structure containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel, the second single metal or the second alloy contains at least one of silver, palladium, platinum, and stainless steel the anode layer includes the first single metal, and the first single metal is nickel, and the first conductive oxide is a titanium composite oxide represented by ATiO3 which is doped with one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements excluding niobium, tantalum, and cerium, and wherein A represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba.",
-    "A multi-chip semiconductor device includes a plate-shaped first semiconductor chip having a first connection portion in which a first semiconductor chip electrode is formed on a first main surface of the first semiconductor chip or on a first side surface vertical to the first main surface, and a plate-shaped second semiconductor chip having a second connection portion in which a second semiconductor chip electrode is formed on a second side surface vertical to a second main surface of the second semiconductor chip. Each of the first and second connection portions includes at least an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to each of the first and second main surfaces. The first connection portion and the second connection portion are connected to each other such that the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip and the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip are vertical to each other. 1. A multi-chip semiconductor device, comprising: a first semiconductor chip that is plate-shaped and includes a first connection portion in which a first semiconductor chip electrode is formed on a first side surface vertical to a first main surface of the first semiconductor chip; and a second semiconductor chip that is plate-shaped and includes a second connection portion in which a second semiconductor chip electrode is formed on a second side surface vertical to a second main surface of the second semiconductor chip, wherein each of the first connection portion and the second connection portion includes at least an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to each of the first and second main surfaces, and the first connection portion and the second connection portion are connected to each other such that the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip and the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip are vertical to each other. 2. The multi-chip semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first connection portion is formed on the first side surface of the first semiconductor chip and includes an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip and a parallel surface that is parallel to the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip, the second connection portion is formed on the second side surface of the second semiconductor chip and includes an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip and a vertical surface that is vertical to the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip, and the parallel surface and the vertical surface are connected so as to face each other such that the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip and the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip are vertical to each other. 3. The multi-chip semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first connection portion is formed on the first side surface of the first semiconductor chip and includes an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip and a vertical surface that is vertical to the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip, the second connection portion is formed on the second side surface of the second semiconductor chip and includes an inclined surface that is inclined with respect to the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip and a vertical surface that is vertical to the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip, and the inclined surface of the first connection portion and the inclined surface of the second connection portion are connected so as to face each other such that the first main surface of the first semiconductor chip and the second main surface of the second semiconductor chip are vertical to each other. 4. The multi-chip semiconductor device according to claim 2, further comprising a reinforcement member filled in a reinforcement-member filling space enclosed by surfaces other than the parallel surface and the vertical surface that are connected so as to face each other. 5. The multi-chip semiconductor device according to claim 3, further comprising a reinforcement member filled in a reinforcement-member filling space enclosed by surfaces other than the inclined surfaces of the first and second connection portions that are connected so as to face each other.",
-    "Provided is a peeling apparatus configured to suppress damage to a substrate, by forming a peeling start point. The peeling apparatus separates a superimposed substrate made by joining first and second substrates into the first and second substrates, and includes a blade configured to form a notch as a peeling start point between the first and second substrates, and an inspection unit configured to inspect a state of a cutting edge of the blade. The inspection unit includes an imaging unit configured to image the cutting edge of the blade, and an image processing unit configured to process an image of the imaging unit. 1. A peeling apparatus that separates a superimposed substrate, in which a first substrate and a second substrate are glued to each other, into the first substrate and the second substrate, the apparatus comprising: a blade configured to form a notch as a peeling start point between the first substrate and the second substrate; and an inspection unit configured to inspect a state of a cutting edge of the blade, wherein the inspection unit includes an imaging unit configured to image the cutting edge, and an image processing unit configured to process the image of the imaging unit. 2. The peeling apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a position change unit configured to change a notching start position of the cutting edge, based on an inspected result of the inspection unit. 3. The peeling apparatus of claim 1, wherein the imaging unit partially images the cutting edge, and the inspection unit includes an imaging region change unit configured to change an imaging region of the cutting edge. 4. The peeling apparatus of claim 3, wherein the image processing unit prepares a map indicating the state of the cutting edge, by processing a plurality of images of different imaging regions. 5. The peeling apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inspection unit includes a light source unit to irradiate light to the cutting edge, the image includes a dark portion formed when the light is screened by the blade, and a bright portion formed when the light pass outside the blade, and the image processing unit detects a border line between the dark portion and the bright portion. 6. A peeling apparatus that separates a superimposed substrate, in which a first substrate and a second substrate are glued to each other, into the first substrate and the second substrate, the apparatus comprising: a blade configured to form a notch as a peeling start point between the first substrate and the second substrate; an inspection unit configured to inspect a state of a cutting edge of the blade; and a position change unit configured to change a notching start position of the cutting edge, based on an inspected result of the inspection unit. 7. The peeling apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an output unit configured to output an alarm based on the inspected result of the inspection unit. 8. A peeling system comprising: a peeling apparatus configured to separate a superimposed substrate, in which a first substrate and a second substrate are glued to each other, into the first substrate and the second substrate; and a cleaning unit configured to clean the first substrate that has been subjected to stripping, wherein the peeling apparatus claimed in claim 1 is provided as the peeling apparatus. 9. A peeling method of separating a superimposed substrate, in which a first substrate and a second substrate are glued to each other, into the first substrate and the second substrate, the method comprising: a processing step of forming a notch as a peeling start point by inserting a blade between the first substrate and the second substrate, and separating the first substrate and the second substrate from each other from the peeling start point; and an inspection step of inspecting a state of a cutting edge by imaging the cutting edge of the blade using an imaging unit and processing the image obtained by the imaging unit. 10. The peeling method of claim 9, further comprising: a position change step of changing a notching start position of the cutting edge, based on an inspected result of the inspection step. 11. The peeling method of claim 9, wherein the imaging unit partially images the image of the cutting edge, and in the inspection step, imaging is repeatedly performed by the imaging unit while changing an imaging region of the cutting edge. 12. The peeling method of claim 11, wherein, in the inspection step, a map indicating the state of the cutting edge is prepared by processing a plurality of images of different imaging regions. 13. The peeling method of claim 9, wherein, in the inspection step, light is irradiated to the cutting edge, the image includes a dark portion formed when the light is screened by the blade, and a bright portion formed when the light pass outside the blade, and in the inspection step, a border line is detected between the dark portion and the bright portion. 14. A peeling method of separating a superimposed substrate, in which a first substrate and a second substrate are glued to each other, into the first substrate and the second substrate, the method comprising: a processing step of forming a notch as a peeling start point by inserting a blade between the first substrate and the second substrate, and separating the first substrate and the second substrate from each other from the peeling start point; an inspection step of inspecting a state of a cutting edge of the blade; and a position change step of changing a notching start position of the cutting edge, based on an inspected result of the inspection step. 15. The peeling method of claim 9, further comprising: an output step of outputting an alarm based on the inspected result of the inspection step.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes stacked groups each including interlayer insulating patterns and conductive patterns and stacked in at least two tiers, wherein the insulating patterns and the conductive patterns are alternately stacked over a substrate and separated by slits, and a support body including holes and formed between the stacked groups. 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: alternately stacking first material layers and second material layers; forming a first slit passing through the first material layers and the second material layers; forming a third material layer filling the first slit; and forming a support body, fourth material layers and fifth material layers over the first to third material layers, wherein holes are formed through the support body, the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers are alternately stacked over the support body, and a second slit is formed through the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a first channel hole, through which the support body is opened, by etching the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers through an etch process using the support body as an etch stop layer; forming a second channel hole by etching the support body opened through the first channel hole; forming a third channel hole by etching the first material layers and the second material layers through the second channel hole; and forming a channel layer in the first to third channel holes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming of the support body, the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers over the first to third material layers comprises: forming a support body material layer, configured as the support body, over the first to third material layers; forming the holes, through which the third material layer is opened, by etching the support body material layer; filling the holes with hole-filling material layers substantially the same as the third material layer; alternately stacking the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers over the support body material layer and the hole-filling material layers; and forming the second slit, through which the support body material layer and the hole-filling material layers are opened, by etching the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming of the support body, the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers over the first to third material layers comprises: forming the support body material layer, configured as the support body, over the first to third material layers; alternately stacking the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers over the support body material layer; forming the second slit through the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers to open the support body material layer; and forming the holes through the support body material layer, opened through the second slit, to open the third material layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material layers and the fourth material layers include an insulating pattern material, and the second material layers and the fifth material layers include a sacrificial material having a different etch selectivity from the insulating pattern material. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising, after the forming of the support body material layer through which the holes pass and the forming of the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers through which the second slit passes: opening the first slit by removing the third material layer; forming recessed regions by removing the second material layers and the fifth material layers including the sacrificial material; filling each of the recessed regions with a conductive material; and filling the second slit, the holes and the first slit with an insulating material. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the third material layer includes the sacrificial material so that the opening of the first slit and the forming of the recessed regions are performed through the same etch process. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material layers and the fifth material layers include a conductive pattern material, and the first material layers and the fourth material layers include a sacrificial material having a different etch selectivity from the conductive pattern material. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising, after the forming of the support body material layer through which the holes pass and the forming of the fourth material layers and the fifth material layers through which the second slit passes: opening the first slit by removing the third material layer; forming recessed regions by removing the first material layers and the fourth material layers including the sacrificial material; and filling the recessed regions, the second slit, the holes and the first slit with an insulating material. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the third material layer includes the sacrificial material so that the opening of the first slit and the forming of the recessed regions are performed using the same etch process. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material layers and the fourth material layers include an insulating pattern material, the second material layers and the fifth material layers include a conductive pattern material, and the third material layer includes an insulating material. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising filling the holes and the second slit with an insulating material.",
-    "The present disclosure illustrates an eraser wheel assembly structure in which an eraser wheel body is fastened with a shell cover by a fastener, so the eraser wheel body can be driven by the grinding tool to rotate for removing glue. The eraser wheel body is disposed in the shell cover and has a plurality of glue removing blocks. The shell cover has a plurality of positioning studs and configured to respectively insert positioning holes of the eraser wheel body. The shell cover has a blocking wall facing a peripheral edge of the disc-based base and a gap to tolerate a radial extension of the disc-shaped base during operation, so as to prevent the peripheral edge of the disc-shaped base from being escaped from the blocking wall and unable back to its former position because of no gap tolerable for the radial extension of deformed disc-shaped base. 1. An eraser wheel assembly structure, fastened with a driving head of a grinding tool, the eraser wheel assembly structure comprising: a shell cover having a bottom board and a blocking wall annularly formed on a peripheral of the bottom board; an eraser wheel body made from flexible material and configured to be driven by the driving head to rotate for removing glue, the eraser wheel body having a disc-shaped base with a peripheral edge which is continuous and unbroken, wherein the disc-shaped base is attached with the bottom board by a first surface thereof facing the bottom board, and assembled inside the blocking wall, and has a second surface opposite to the first surface, and has a plurality of glue removing blocks which each is long-bar-shaped and curvy, and wherein the eraser wheel body has an axle hole located at a central part thereof and cut therethrough, and a pressing part disposed around the axle hole which has a plurality of positioning holes thereon, and wherein the bottom board has a plurality of positioning studs configured to insert into the positioning holes correspondingly, and the blocking wall is located at the outside of the peripheral edge of the disc-shaped base and faces the peripheral edge radially, and wherein a gap exists between the blocking wall and the peripheral edge to tolerate radial extension of the disc-shaped bas during operation; wherein the plurality of glue removing blocks are located between the pressing part and the peripheral edge and in a spiral arrangement on the second surface, and a pitch between any two glue removing blocks adjacent to each other has a width gradually enlarged from a side thereof near the pressing part to the peripheral edge; a fastener configured to fasten the eraser wheel with the driving head and having a plate with a width larger than that of the axle hole, and having a first connecting part at a side thereof, wherein the driving head has a pivot holder having a second connecting part, and the first connecting part is configured to insert through the axle hole to connect and fasten with the second connecting part; the fastener has a step part located between the plate and the first connecting part and having a diameter ranged between diameters of the plate and the first connecting part, and the step part has a first press surface opposite to the plate, the pivot holder has a second press surface corresponding to the first press surface, and when the first connecting part and the second connecting part are connected and fastened with each other, the two sides of the bottom board are sandwiched between the first press surface and the second press surface and the plate is abutted against the pressing part; wherein the bottom board has a groove formed on the side thereof abutted against the second press surface, and a blocking part formed inside the groove, and a washer with a thick smaller than a depth of the groove is disposed in the groove and constrained by the blocking part, and when the bottom board is sandwiched, the washer is abutted against the second press surface. 2. The eraser wheel assembly structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap has a width ranged from 1 mm to 3 mm. 3. The eraser wheel assembly structure according to claim 1, wherein the first connecting part is an outer thread part and the second connecting part is an inner thread part configured to screw and lock with the first connecting part.",
-    "A graphics processing system performs hidden surface removal and texturing/shading on fragments of primitives. The system includes a primary depth buffer (PDB) for storing depth values of resolved fragments, and a secondary depth buffer (SDB) for storing depth values of unresolved fragments. Incoming fragments are depth tested against depth values from either the PDB or the SDB. When a fragment passes a depth test, its depth value is stored in the PDB if it is a resolved fragment (e.g. if it is opaque or translucent), and its depth value is stored in the SDB if it is an unresolved fragment (e.g. if it is a punch through fragment). This provides more opportunities for subsequent opaque objects to overwrite punch through fragments which passed a depth test, thereby reducing unnecessary processing and time which may be spent on fragments which ultimately will not contribute to the final rendered image. 1. A graphics processing system comprising: a first depth buffer configured to store depth values for resolved fragments for a plurality of sample positions within a rendering space of the graphics processing system; a second depth buffer configured to store depth values for unresolved fragments for the sample positions; and depth testing logic configured to receive primitive data relating to primitives and to perform depth tests on fragments of the primitives using depth values stored in at least one of the depth buffers; wherein the graphics processing system is configured to: (i) store, in the first depth buffer, the depth value of a fragment which passes a depth test if the fragment is a resolved fragment, and (ii) store, in the second depth buffer, the depth value of a fragment which passes a depth test if the fragment is an unresolved fragment. 2. The graphics processing system of claim 1, wherein a fragment is unresolved if one or more of: (i) the depth of the fragment is not resolved, (ii) the presence of the fragment is not resolved, or (iii) the visibility of the fragment is not resolved; and wherein a fragment is resolved if the depth, presence and visibility of the fragment are resolved. 3. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein fragments associated with a punch through object type are unresolved fragments before the presence of the fragments is resolved. 4. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein fragments associated with an opaque object type or a translucent object type are resolved fragments unless the visibility of the fragment is not resolved. 5. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein the depth testing logic is configured to maintain a set of indicators which indicate, for each of the sample positions, which of the depth buffers to use for the depth tests. 6. The graphics processing system of claim 5 wherein each of the indicators is associated with a respective one of the sample positions. 7. The graphics processing system of claim 5 wherein the graphics processing system is configured to initialise the indicators to indicate the first depth buffer. 8. The graphics processing system of claim 5 wherein the depth testing logic is configured to set the indicator for a sample position to indicate the second depth buffer if an unresolved fragment at the sample position passes a depth test. 9. The graphics processing system of claim 5 wherein the depth testing logic is configured to set the indicator for a sample position to indicate the first depth buffer if a resolved fragment at the sample position passes a depth test performed using a depth value stored in the second depth buffer. 10. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein the depth testing logic is configured to discard a fragment which fails a depth test performed using a depth value stored in the first depth buffer. 11. The graphics processing system of claim 1 further configured to resolve the fragments of the second depth buffer if a particular fragment fails a depth test performed using a depth value stored in the second depth buffer, wherein the depth testing logic is configured to: use the depth values of the resolved fragments to update the depth values in the first depth buffer; and perform a second depth test on the particular fragment using the appropriate depth value stored in the first depth buffer after the updating of the depth values in the first depth buffer. 12. The graphics processing system of claim 1 further configured such that, if a particular fragment fails a depth test performed using a depth value stored in the second depth buffer, the depth testing logic is configured to: perform a second depth test on the particular fragment using the appropriate depth value stored in the first depth buffer; wherein the graphics processing system is configured to, if the particular fragment passes the second depth test: (i) resolve the fragments of the second depth buffer, (ii) use the depth values of the resolved fragments to update the depth values in the first depth buffer, and (iii) perform a third depth test on the particular fragment using the appropriate depth value stored in the first depth buffer after the updating of the depth values in the first depth buffer; and wherein the graphics processing system is configured to discard the particular fragment if the particular fragment fails the second depth test. 13. The graphics processing system of claim 11 wherein while the fragments of the second depth buffer are being resolved, the depth testing logic is configured to: clear the depth values from the second depth buffer; and continue depth testing for fragments of primitives relating to received primitive data, wherein if a resolved fragment passes a depth test its depth value is written into the second depth buffer; wherein when the fragments of the second depth buffer have been resolved, the depth testing logic is configured to compare the depth values of the resolved fragments with those in the second depth buffer and to update the first depth buffer with resolved depth values accordingly. 14. The graphics processing system of claim 1 further comprising a set of at least three tag buffers, including: a first one of the tag buffers which is configured to store primitive identifiers for the fragments whose depth values are stored in the first depth buffer; a second one of the tag buffers which is configured to store primitive identifiers for the fragments whose depth values are stored in the second depth buffer; and a third one of the tag buffers which is configured to store primitive identifiers for fragments which are in the process of being flushed. 15. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein multiple tag buffers are configured to store primitive identifiers for multiple layers of opaque punch through fragments, wherein the graphics processing system is configured to control the order in which the multiple tag buffers are flushed such that the front-most opaque punch through fragments are flushed before underlying layers of the opaque punch through fragments. 16. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein the graphics processing system is a deferred rendering system which comprises a fragment processing module for performing one or both of shading and texturing on fragments, wherein the fragment processing module is arranged to act on fragments after the depth testing logic, and wherein the unresolved fragments can be resolved by the fragment processing module. 17. The graphics processing system of claim 1 wherein the graphics processing system is a tile-based graphics system in which the rendering space comprises one or more tiles, and wherein each of the depth buffers is configured to store depth values for sample positions within one tile at a time. 18. A method of processing primitives in a graphics processing system which comprises a first depth buffer configured to store depth values for resolved fragments for a plurality of sample positions within a rendering space of the graphics processing system, and a second depth buffer configured to store depth values for unresolved fragments for the sample positions, the method comprising: receiving primitive data relating to primitives at depth testing logic of the graphics processing system; performing depth tests on fragments of the primitives using depth values stored in at least one of the depth buffers; and storing the depth value of a fragment which passes a depth test in one of the depth buffers wherein, if the fragment is a resolved fragment then the depth value of the fragment is stored in the first depth buffer, and if the fragment is an unresolved fragment then the depth value of the fragment is stored in the second depth buffer. 19. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon processor executable instructions that when executed cause at least one processor to process primitives in a graphics processing system which comprises a first depth buffer configured to store depth values for resolved fragments for a plurality of sample positions within a rendering space of the graphics processing system, and a second depth buffer configured to store depth values for unresolved fragments for the sample positions, the processing of the primitives comprising: receiving primitive data relating to primitives at depth testing logic of the graphics processing system; performing depth tests on fragments of the primitives using depth values stored in at least one of the depth buffers; and storing the depth value of a fragment which passes a depth test in one of the depth buffers wherein, if the fragment is a resolved fragment then the depth value of the fragment is stored in the first depth buffer, and if the fragment is an unresolved fragment then the depth value of the fragment is stored in the second depth buffer. 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon an integrated circuit definition dataset that, when processed in an integrated circuit manufacturing system, configures the system to manufacture a graphics processing system comprising: a first depth buffer configured to store depth values for resolved fragments for a plurality of sample positions within a rendering space of the graphics processing system; a second depth buffer configured to store depth values for unresolved fragments for the sample positions; and depth testing logic configured to receive primitive data relating to primitives and to perform depth tests on fragments of the primitives using depth values stored in at least one of the depth buffers; wherein the graphics processing system is configured to: (i) store, in the first depth buffer, the depth value of a fragment which passes a depth test if the fragment is a resolved fragment, and (ii) store, in the second depth buffer, the depth value of a fragment which passes a depth test if the fragment is an unresolved fragment.",
-    "A whistle includes a housing having a chamber, and having a mouthpiece extended from the housing for engaging with a mouth of a user, the housing includes a partition provided in the chamber for separating the chamber the housing into two compartments, and includes two openings communicating with the compartments of the housing respectively, and includes one or more channels communicating with the compartments and the openings of the housing respectively, and two peas are received and engaged in the compartments of the housing respectively for generating sounds of different pitches and/or tones. The peas include different shapes, or the peas include different diameters. 1. A whistle comprising: a housing including a chamber formed therein, and including a mouthpiece extended from said housing for engaging with a mouth of a user, said housing including a partition provided in said chamber thereof for separating said chamber said housing into two compartments, and including two openings formed therein and communicating with said compartments of said housing respectively, and including at least one channel formed therein and communicating with said compartments and said openings of said housing respectively, and two peas received and engaged in said compartments of said housing respectively. 2. The whistle as claimed in claim 1, wherein said housing includes two swellings provided on an upper portion of said mouthpiece. 3. The whistle as claimed in claim 1, wherein said housing includes two bulges provided on a lower portion of said mouthpiece. 4. The whistle as claimed in claim 1, wherein said peas include different shapes. 5. The whistle as claimed in claim 1, wherein said peas include different diameters.",
-    "The present invention relates to the discovery that mutations in SCN9A are causative of Congenital Indifference to Pain (CIP) in humans. The invention also relates to methods of using compounds small organic compounds to treat pain as well as to predict the effect of analgesic agents in patients, such as those possessing gain of function mutations. 1. A method of treating pain in a patient having a gain of function nucleotide polymorphism in an SCN9A gene, comprising administering to said patient a sodium channel blocking agent that selectively inhibits SCN9A polypeptide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said gain of function polymorphism results in an SCN9A polypeptide having a tryptophan at amino acid 1150. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said sodium channel blocking agent is compound A. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said SCN9A gene without said polymorphism has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said SCN9A polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 6. A method of predicting the analgesic effect of a sodium channel blocking agent that selectively inhibits SCN9A polypeptide in a mammal, comprising: (a) determining in said mammal the presence of a gain of function polymorphism in an SCN9A gene of said mammal, (b) administering to said mammal an effective amount of Compound A, and (c) determining a positive analgesic effect in said mammal due to said administering of step (b), wherein said positive analgesic effect in step (c) indicates a positive analgesic effect by said sodium channel blocking agent. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said gain of function polymorphism results in an SCN9A polypeptide having a tryptophan at amino acid 1150. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said sodium channel blocking agent is an analog of compound A. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein said SCN9A gene without said polymorphism has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein said SCN9A polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein said mammal is a human being.",
-    "An image pickup apparatus including a storage unit configured to store an adjustment value for adjusting a position at which a photographing lens stops during an automatic focusing operation performed with respect to an object; and a control unit, the control unit including a first mode for controlling so that when an image switching request has been received, before a switched image is displayed on a display unit, a thumbnail image corresponding to the switched image is displayed on the display unit; and a second mode for controlling so that when the image switching request has been received, the switched image is displayed on the display unit without displaying the thumbnail image, the control unit being configured to, in an operation state for selecting the adjustment value, control in the second mode so that the switched image is displayed on the display unit without the thumbnail image being displayed. 1. An image pickup apparatus, comprising: a storage unit configured to store an adjustment value for adjusting a position at which a photographing lens stops during an automatic focusing operation performed with respect to an object, the adjustment value being selected by a user; and a control unit, the control unit comprising: a first mode for controlling so that when an image switching request has been received, before a switched image is displayed on a display unit, a thumbnail image corresponding to the switched image is displayed on the display unit; and a second mode for controlling so that when the image switching request has been received, the switched image is displayed on the display unit without displaying the thumbnail image, the control unit being configured to, in an operation state for selecting the adjustment value, control in the second mode so that the switched image is displayed on the display unit without the thumbnail image being displayed. 2. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the operation state for selecting the adjustment value, one image among a plurality of images is selectable by the user. 3. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the storage unit is configured to store the adjustment value corresponding to the selected one image. 4. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that in the second mode, an index number for the switched image is displayed on the display unit. 5. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, even when the switched image is an image photographed by positioning the image pickup apparatus vertically, in the second mode, the switched image is displayed on the display unit without being rotated. 6. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, even when a setting for displaying a grid is set, in the second mode, the switched image without the grid is displayed on the display unit. 7. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, when a setting for displaying an AF frame is set, in the second mode, an AF frame larger than an AF frame used when displaying the switched image in the first mode is displayed on the display unit together with the switched image. 8. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, when an enlargement position and an enlargement rate are designated for the switched image, in the second mode, the switched image is displayed on the display unit by applying the enlargement position and the enlargement rate on the switched image. 9. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, in the second mode, the switched image is displayed on the display unit for a predetermined time. 10. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, when a request to switch the image is received in the second mode, display of an image being displayed on the display unit is stopped and the switched image is displayed on the display unit. 11. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that a warning is displayed on the display unit when the adjustment value is beyond a predetermined range. 12. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that, when the adjustment value is beyond a predetermined range, the switched image having the adjustment value beyond the predetermined range is not displayed on the display unit. 13. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that the adjustment value is calculated for each of a plurality of the images, and only an image having the adjustment value within the predetermined range is displayed on the display unit as the switched image. 14. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to control so that a plurality of the images are photographed by changing a focus position deviation amount to perform bracketing photography.",
-    "A method of producing heat for industrial purposes such as power generation can use at least one, if not two exothermic reactions. First, methane may be produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a reactor. This reaction produces heat. The methane may be burned, or oxidized (which is also an exothermic reaction) to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Oxygen and/or hydrogen may supplement the process as could be produced from the electrolysis of water. Carbon dioxide may be obtained from a variety of sources. 1. A method of heat generation and producing methane comprising the steps of: (a) providing hydrogen and carbon dioxide to a reactor; (b) exothermically reacting the hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the reactor to form methane, water and heat; (c) separating the methane from the water; and (d) at least one of the following steps: (i) using the heat from the reactor for an industrial process selected from the group of generating power in a turbine and heating; (ii) burning the methane for an industrial process selected from the group of generating power in a turbine and heating; and (iii) oxidizing the methane of step (b) in an exothermic reaction to produce at least carbon dioxide and hydrogen, at least one of which is used to repeat step (a) above, and heat, said heat used for an industrial process selected from the group of generating power in a turbine and heating. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) (iii) is performed and the oxidation step further produces carbon monoxide and water, with at least one of the carbon dioxide and hydrogen separated from the carbon monoxide. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein step (d) (iii) is performed and both the carbon dioxide and hydrogen are used to repeat step (a). 4. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) (iii) is performed and both the carbon dioxide and hydrogen are used to repeat step (a). 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising a heat exchanger receiving output of the reactor, said heat exchanger used for an industrial process selected from the group of generating electricity and heating. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide provided for step (a) is: (a) a waste product from one of (i) combustion, and (ii) fermentation; (b) generated from dissolution of water and an acid; (c) generated form an amine process from fossil fuels; and (d) obtained from a natural emission from one of: (i) geysers, (ii) hot springs; and (iii) volcanoes. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen provided for step (a) is generated from the step of electrolysis of water. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of electrolysis performed generates oxygen, and the oxygen is used in step (d) (iii). 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor has a heat exchanger for use with step (d) (i). 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of providing a heater, said heater initially heating the reactor to at least 300 C to begin the exothermic reaction step, and then securing the heater while continuing the exothermic reaction step. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor has a catalyst selected from the group of nickel, ruthenium and alumina, and the exothermic reaction step utilizes the catalyst to assist in performing the reaction. 12. A method of heat generation and producing methane comprising the steps of: (a) oxidizing methane in an exothermic reaction to produce heat and at least carbon dioxide and hydrogen, said heat used for an industrial process selected from the group of generating power in a turbine and heating; (b) providing hydrogen and carbon dioxide (having the at least one from step (a)) to a reactor; (c) exothermically reacting the hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the reactor to form methane, water and heat; (d) separating the methane from the water; and (e) at least one of the following steps: (i) using the heat from the reactor for an industrial process selected from the group of generating electricity and heating; and (ii) burning the methane for an industrial process selected from the group of generating electricity and heating. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein both the hydrogen and the carbon dioxide are provided to the reactor from the oxidizing step. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein when step (a) is performed and the oxidation step further produces carbon monoxide and water, with at least one of the carbon dioxide and hydrogen separated from the carbon monoxide. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein steps (a)-(e) are performed repeatedly in a cycle. 16. The method of claim 12 further comprising a heat exchanger receiving output of the reactor, said heat exchanger used for an industrial process selected from the group of generating electricity and heating. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the carbon dioxide provided for step (a) is: (a) a waste product from one of (i) combustion, and (ii) fermentation; (b) generated from dissolution of water and an acid; (c) generated form an amine process from fossil fuels; and (d) obtained from a natural emission from one of: (i) geysers, (ii) hot springs; and (iii) volcanoes. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein the reactor has a heat exchanger for use with step (d) (i). 19. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing a heater, said heater initially heating the reactor to at least 300 C to begin the exothermic reaction step, and then securing the heater while continuing the exothermic reaction step. 20. The method of claim 12 wherein the reactor has a catalyst selected from the group of nickel, ruthenium and alumina, and the exothermic reaction step utilizes the catalyst to assist in performing the reaction.",
-    "A method of making a bulk exchange spring magnet by providing a magnetically soft material, providing a hard magnetic material, and producing a composite of said magnetically soft material and said hard magnetic material to make the bulk exchange spring magnet. The step of producing a composite of magnetically soft material and hard magnetic material is accomplished by electrophoretic deposition of the magnetically soft material and the hard magnetic material to make the bulk exchange spring magnet. 1. A method of making a bulk exchange spring magnet, comprising the steps of: providing a magnetically soft material, providing a hard magnetic material, and producing a composite of said magnetically soft material and said hard magnetic material to make the bulk exchange spring magnet. 2. The method of making a bulk exchange spring magnet of claim 1 wherein said step of producing a composite of said magnetically soft material and said hard magnetic material to make the exchange spring magnet comprises electrophoretic deposition of said magnetically soft material and said hard magnetic material to make the bulk exchange spring magnet. 3. The method of making a bulk exchange spring magnet of claim 1 wherein said step of providing a hard magnetic material comprises providing a hard magnetic material that contains less than twenty atomic percent rare earths. 4. The method of making a bulk exchange spring magnet of claim 1 wherein said step of producing a composite of said magnetically soft material and said hard magnetic material to make the exchange spring magnet comprises step of producing a composite of first magnetically soft material component and said second hard magnetic material component that are nanometer scale (<10 nm) materials. 5. A method of producing an exchange spring magnet, comprising the steps of: electrophoretic deposition of iron and/or cobalt and a rare earth element containing alloy to produce the exchange spring magnet. 6. The method of producing an exchange spring magnet of claim 5 wherein said step of electrophoretic deposition of a rare earth element comprises electrophoretic deposition of Nd2Fe14B. 7. The method of producing an exchange spring magnet of claim 5 further comprising the step of exploiting shape anisotropy to further enhance the coercivity of said rare earth element. 8. The method of producing an exchange spring magnet of claim 5 further comprising the step of exploiting shape anisotropy to further enhance the coercivity of said iron and said rare earth element. 9. A method of producing exchange spring magnets, comprising the steps of: using electrophoretic deposition of a combination of iron and a rare earth element to produce the exchange spring magnets. 10. The method of producing exchange spring magnets of claim 9 wherein said step of using electrophoretic deposition of a combination of iron and a rare earth element to produce the exchange spring magnets comprises using electrophoretic deposition of a combination of iron and Nd2Fe14B to produce the exchange spring magnets. 11. The method of producing exchange spring magnets of claim 9 further comprising the step of exploiting shape anisotropy to further enhance the coercivity of said rare earth element. 12. The method of producing exchange spring magnets of claim 9 further comprising the step of exploiting shape anisotropy to further enhance the coercivity of said iron and said rare earth element.",
-    "An operation burden in confirming a corresponding relationship between multiple still images and a traveled route is reduced. A survey data processing device includes a storing unit 106 and a UI controlling unit 105. The storing unit 105 stores survey data, in which image data of multiple still images that are photographed from a mobile body while flying is correlated with a flight route of the mobile body. The UI controlling unit 105 displays the flight route and at least one of the multiple still images on a screen. The displayed flight route and the displayed still image are displayed on the same screen at the same time in a condition in which a corresponding relationship between the flight route and the multiple still images is determined, and a moving direction of the mobile body that photographed the displayed still image is indicated in the displayed still image. 1. A survey data processing device comprising: a storing unit configured to store survey data, in which image data of multiple still images that are photographed from a mobile body while flying is correlated with a flight route of the mobile body; and a UI controlling unit configured to display the flight route of the mobile body and at least one of the multiple still images on a screen, wherein the flight route and at least one of the multiple still images are displayed on the same screen at the same time in a condition in which a corresponding relationship between the flight route and the multiple still images is determined, and a moving direction of the mobile body that photographed the displayed still image is indicated in the displayed still image. 2. The survey data processing device according to claim 1, wherein a mark for identifying a location at the time when the still image was photographed is indicated in the displayed flight route. 3. The survey data processing device according to claim 2, wherein a corresponding still image is selected when the mark for identifying the location at the time when the corresponding still image was photographed is selected. 4. A survey data processing method comprising: storing survey data, in which image data of multiple still images that are photographed from a mobile body while flying is correlated with a flight route of the mobile body; and displaying the flight route of the mobile body and at least one of the multiple still images on a screen, wherein the flight route and at least one of the multiple still images are displayed on the same screen at the same time in a condition in which a corresponding relationship between the flight route and the multiple still images is determined, and a moving direction of the mobile body that photographed the displayed still image is indicated in the displayed still image. 5. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable program codes, the computer-executable program codes comprising program code instructions for: storing survey data, in which image data of multiple still images that are photographed from a mobile body while flying is correlated with a flight route of the mobile body; and displaying the flight route of the mobile body and at least one of the multiple still images on a screen, wherein the flight route and at least one of the multiple still images are displayed on the same screen at the same time in a condition in which a corresponding relationship between the flight route and the multiple still images is determined, and a moving direction of the mobile body that photographed the displayed still image is indicated in the displayed still image.",
-    "From inputs received at one or more processors, a background audio signal representing background sound is separated from a primary audio signal. The primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal or an altered version thereof according to a user selection between noise cancellation and ambient sound reproduction. More specifically, when the user selection is for noise cancelation, the primary and background audio signals are output with a first altered version of the background audio signal (for example, having inverted phase so as to destructively interfere with the background audio signal); and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal or a second altered version of the background audio signal (such as a pseudo-acoustic representation of the background sound). One example embodiment is a headset with microphones and speakers for the respective inputs and outputs. 1. A method comprising: from inputs received at one or more processors, separating a background audio signal representing background sound from a primary audio signal; and outputting the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or an altered version thereof according to a user selection between noise cancellation and ambient sound reproduction, wherein: when the user selection is for noise cancelation, the primary audio signal and the background audio signal are output with a first altered version of the background audio; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal or a second altered version of the background audio signal. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to one or more headset speakers of a headset in which the one or more processors is disposed; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the second altered version of the background audio signal that is a pseudo-acoustic representation of the background sound which is equalized to mimic the background sound which is outside the headset. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second altered version of the background audio signal is equalized to re-create quarter-wave-length resonance and to dampen half-wave-length resonance. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first altered version of the background audio signal is created by adding half-wave-length resonance to and subtracting quarter-wave-length resonance from the background audio signal prior to inverting phase. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to a transmitter for transmission to a remote device separate from the at least one processor; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to the transmitter along with binaural information corresponding to directionality of a source of at least the primary audio signal. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary audio signal comprises one of: an audio file stored on a memory; and a mobile phone voice call. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to one or more headset speakers of a headset in which the one or more processors is disposed, wherein: the inputs comprise the primary audio signal and the background audio signal which are received together from one or more headset microphones of the headset; and at least a voice activity detector is used to separate the primary audio signal from the background audio signal. 9. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: from inputs received at the at least one processor, separate a background audio signal representing background sound from a primary audio signal; and output the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or an altered version thereof according to a user selection between noise cancellation and ambient sound reproduction, wherein: when the user selection is for noise cancelation, the primary audio signal and the background audio signal are output with a first altered version of the background audio signal; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal or a second altered version of the background audio signal. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the apparatus comprises a headset further comprising one or more headset speakers and the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to the one or more headset speakers; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the second altered version of the background audio signal that is a pseudo-acoustic representation of the background sound which is equalized to mimic the background sound which is outside the headset. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the second altered version of the background audio signal is equalized to re-create quarter-wave-length resonance and to dampen half-wave-length resonance. 12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the first altered version of the background audio signal is created by adding half-wave-length resonance to and subtracting quarter-wave-length resonance from the background audio signal prior to inverting phase. 13. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to a transmitter for transmission to a remote device separate from the apparatus; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to the transmitter along with binaural information corresponding to directionality of a source of at least the primary audio signal. 15. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the primary audio signal comprises one of: an audio file stored on a memory; and a mobile phone voice call. 16. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein: the apparatus comprises a headset further comprising one or more headset speakers, one or more headset microphones, and a voice activity detector; and the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to the one or more headset speakers, and wherein the inputs comprise the primary audio signal received together with the background audio signal from the one or more headset microphones; and the voice activity detector is utilized to separate the primary audio signal from the background audio signal. 17. A non-transitory computer readable memory comprising computer readable instructions that when executed, implement a computer program for controlling production of an audio signal, the computer program comprising: code for separating a background audio signal representing background sound from a primary audio signal; and code for outputting the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or an altered version thereof according to a user selection between noise cancellation and ambient sound reproduction, wherein: when the user selection is for noise cancelation, the primary audio signal and the background audio signal are output with a first altered version of the background audio signal; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal or a second altered version of the background audio signal. 18. The non-transitory computer readable memory according to claim 17, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to one or more headset speakers of a headset in which the one or more processors is disposed; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the second altered version of the background audio signal that is a pseudo-acoustic representation of the background sound which is equalized to mimic the background sound which is outside the headset. 19. The non-transitory computer readable memory according to claim 17, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to a transmitter for transmission to a remote device separate from the memory; and when the user selection is for ambient sound reproduction, the primary audio signal is output with the background audio signal. 20. The non-transitory computer readable memory according to claim 17, wherein the primary audio signal with the background audio signal or the altered version thereof is output to one or more headset speakers of a headset in which the memory is disposed, and wherein: the primary audio signal and the background audio signal are received together from one or more headset microphones of the headset; and the computer program utilizes at least a voice activity detector to separate the primary audio signal from the background audio signal.",
-    "A method for the formation of flexible surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates with filtering capabilities. The method produces thin flexible substrates that have a nanoparticle ink deposited thereon. The nanoparticle ink may be any suitable nanoparticle ink which includes stabilized nanoparticles such as silver, gold or copper nanoparticles. The substrates and nanoparticle ink undergo a thermal treatment for an amount of time sufficient to remove liquid vehicle and a substantial portion of the stabilizer. The thermal treatment provides a fractal aggregate nanoparticle layer on the substrate suitable for Raman spectroscopy. Such flexible SERS substrates may be used to detect trace amounts of analyte in large volume samples. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate comprising: a flexible substrate having filtering capability including a material selected from glass fibers, cellulose fibers and polyimide fibers, said flexible substrate having a distribution of nanoparticle cluster sizes and interparticle distances and said flexible substrate providing a three dimensional surface having multiple anchoring sites for an analyte molecule; and fractal aggregates of nanoparticles comprising a material which enhances Raman scattering located on a surface of said substrate, wherein said nanoparticles provide an amplification of a Raman scattering signal of from about 1\u00d7103 to about 2.5\u00d71010 relative to a Raman scattering signal of said flexible substrate in the absence of said nanoparticles. 10. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate of claim 9, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a material selected from the group consisting of silver, gold and copper. 11. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate of claim 9, wherein said fractal aggregates of nanoparticles provides an amplification of the Raman scattering signal of from about 6\u00d7106 to about 2.5\u00d71010. 12. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate of claim 9, having a resistivity from about 2.0\u00d710\u22124 to 5.0\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9\u00b7cm. 13. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate of claim 9, which contains less than 5% of residual stabilizer. 14. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate of claim 9, which contains less than 0.5% of residual stabilizer. 15. A method for detecting an analyte in a large volume sample using a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate comprising the steps of: forcing said sample through a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate as claimed in claim 9 in order to trap the analyte on said substrate; exciting the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate to cause it to emit light, detecting a wavelength of light emitted by said surface-enhance Raman spectroscopy substrate, and correlating the detected wavelength of light to an the analyte trapped on said substrate. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein a wavelength of from about 480 nm to about 1000 nm is employed for Raman excitation in said exciting step. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising the steps of: measuring an amount of the sample forced through said surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate, determining an area of a peak of detected light at a wavelength of an analyte of interest, and calculating a concentration of said analyte in the sample based on said measured amount of sample and the area of the peak. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said step of forcing sample through said flexible substrate is accomplished by using a pump. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein said sample is pre-filtered before said forcing step to remove large particles. 20. A method of fabricating the flexible-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate as claimed in claim 9, including steps of: applying a nanoparticle ink to a surface of a flexible substrate having filtering capability for trapping an analyst of interest on said substrate during filtration of a media containing said analyte, wherein the nanoparticle ink comprises a liquid vehicle, a plurality of nanoparticles, and a stabilizer; heating the nanoparticle ink and the substrate to a suitable temperature for a period of time to remove liquid vehicle and at least some of said stabilizer and form fractal aggregates of nanoparticles on the substrate, wherein said heating step is terminated when an amplification of Raman scattering signal of from about 1\u00d7103 to about 2.5\u00d71010 is achieved relative to a Raman scattering signal of said flexible substrate in the absence of said nanoparticles.",
-    "Non-uniformity in a thickness of a silicon oxide film formed on a processing target object can be reduced even when an aspect ratio of an opening of a mask is increased. A silicon oxide film is formed by repeating a sequence including: (a) a first process of forming a reactant precursor on the processing target object by generating plasma of a first gas containing a silicon halide gas within a processing vessel of a plasma processing apparatus; (b) a second process of generating plasma of a rare gas within the processing vessel after the first process; (c) a third process of forming a silicon oxide film by generating plasma of a second gas containing an oxygen gas within the processing vessel after the second process; and (d) a fourth process of generating plasma of a rare gas within the processing vessel after the third process. 1. A method of processing a processing target object having a mask, the method comprising: forming a silicon oxide film by repeating a sequence including: a first process of forming a reactant precursor on the processing target object by generating plasma of a first gas containing a silicon halide gas within a processing vessel of a plasma processing apparatus; a second process of generating plasma of a rare gas within the processing vessel after the first process; a third process of forming a silicon oxide film by generating plasma of a second gas containing an oxygen gas within the processing vessel after the second process; and a fourth process of generating plasma of a rare gas within the processing vessel after the third process. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first process, the second process, the third process and the fourth process are consecutively performed in order, and the plasma of the rare gas is generated throughout the first process, the second process, the third process and the fourth process. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a flow rate of the rare gas supplied into the processing vessel in the fourth process is higher than a flow rate of the rare gas supplied into the processing vessel in the third process. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the flow rate of the rare gas supplied into the processing vessel in the fourth process is five or more times as high as the flow rate of the rare gas supplied into the processing vessel in the third process. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: purging a space within the processing vessel between the first process and the second process; purging the space within the processing vessel between the second process and the third process; purging the space within the processing vessel between the third process and the fourth process; purging the space within the processing vessel between the fourth process and the first process. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first process is performed under a high-pressure and low-power condition where an internal pressure of the processing vessel is equal to or higher than 13.33 Pa and a power of a high frequency power for plasma generation is equal to or lower than 100 W. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a bias power for ion attraction is not applied to a mounting table configured to mount thereon the processing target object in the first process. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the silicon halide gas is a SiCl4 gas. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing target object further includes an etching target layer, an organic film on the etching target layer, and a silicon-containing antireflection film on the organic film, the mask is a resist mask formed on the antireflection film, and the method further comprises: removing, after performing the sequence, a region made of silicon oxide on a surface of the antireflection film by plasma generated within the processing vessel; etching the antireflection film by plasma generated within the processing vessel; and etching the organic film by plasma generated within the processing vessel. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the plasma processing apparatus is configured as a capacitively coupled plasma processing apparatus, and the method further comprises, before performing the sequence, irradiating secondary electrons to the mask by generating plasma within the processing vessel and by applying a negative DC voltage to an upper electrode of the plasma processing apparatus. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing target object further includes an etching target layer and an organic film on the etching target layer, the mask is formed on the organic film, and the method further comprises: etching an antireflection film having thereon a resist mask by plasma generated within the processing vessel to form the mask from the antireflection film; and etching the organic film by plasma generated within the processing vessel, wherein the sequence is performed between the etching of the antireflection film and the etching of the organic film, and the method further comprises removing, after performing the sequence, a region made of silicon oxide on a surface of the organic film by plasma generated within the processing vessel. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plasma processing apparatus is configured as a capacitively coupled plasma processing apparatus, and the method further comprises, before the etching of the antireflection film, irradiating secondary electrons to the resist mask by generating plasma within the processing vessel and applying a negative DC voltage to an upper electrode of the plasma processing apparatus. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: forming a protective film made of silicon oxide on the processing target object after the etching of the antireflection film and before performing the sequence. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the plasma processing apparatus is configured as a capacitively coupled plasma processing apparatus, and in the forming of the protective film made of the silicon oxide, plasma is generated within the processing vessel and a negative DC voltage is applied to an upper electrode, which is made of silicon, of the plasma processing apparatus. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein in the forming of the protective film made of the silicon oxide, plasma of a mixed gas containing the silicon halide gas and the oxygen gas is generated within the processing vessel. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the plasma processing apparatus is configured as a capacitively coupled plasma processing apparatus, and in the forming of the protective film made of the silicon oxide, plasma of a mixed gas containing a hydrogen gas and a rare gas is generated by supplying a high frequency power for plasma generation to an upper electrode, which is made of silicon oxide, of the plasma processing apparatus.",
-    "A vehicle occupant safety system includes a vehicle that may contain an occupant. A detection unit is provided. The detection unit detects the occupant when the vehicle is left unattended. The detection unit detects an interior temperature of the vehicle. The detection unit detects motion thereby facilitating the detection unit to detect the occupant. The detecting unit generates an alarm sequence when the interior temperature of the vehicle moves outside a trigger range of temperature and the detection unit detects the occupant. An alarm unit is coupled to the vehicle and the alarm unit may emit an audible alarm for an extrinsic observer. The alarm unit is in communication with the detection unit. The alarm emits an audible alarm when the detection unit generates the alarm sequence. Thus, the alarm unit notifies the extrinsic observer that the occupant is in danger. 1. A vehicle occupant safety system comprising: a vehicle being configured to contain an occupant; a detection unit being configured to detect the occupant when the vehicle is left unattended, said detection unit being configured to detect an interior temperature of said vehicle, said detection unit being configured to detect motion thereby facilitating said detection unit to detect the occupant, said detecting unit generating an alarm sequence when the interior temperature of said vehicle drops below a minimum trigger temperature and said detection unit detects the occupant, said detection unit generating the alarm sequence when the interior temperature of said vehicle exceeds a maximum trigger temperature and said detection unit detects the occupant, wherein said detection unit comprises a first housing having a top side and a bottom side, said top side being coupled to an inside surface of a roof, and a processor being positioned within said first housing, said processor being electrically coupled to said vehicle; an alarm unit being coupled to said vehicle wherein said alarm unit is configured to emit an audible alarm for an extrinsic observer, said alarm unit being in communication with said detection unit, said alarm emitting an audible alarm when said detection unit generates said alarm sequence wherein said alarm unit is configured to notify the extrinsic observer that the occupant is in danger; a temperature sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said temperature sensor is configured to detect the interior temperature of said vehicle, said temperature sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating a first condition when the interior temperature drops below said minimum trigger temperature and when the interior temperature exceeds said maximum trigger temperature; and a carbon monoxide sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said carbon monoxide sensor is configured to detect a level of carbon monoxide within interior of said vehicle, said carbon monoxide sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating said first condition when said carbon monoxide sensor detects a trigger amount of carbon monoxide within said vehicle. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a motion sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said motion sensor is configured to detect motion within said vehicle, said motion sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating said alarm sequence when said motion sensor detects motion and said processor has generated said first condition. 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a thermal sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said thermal sensor is configured to detect a thermal signature of the occupant, said thermal sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating said alarm sequence when said thermal sensor detects the thermal signature of the occupant and said processor has generated said first condition. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein: said detection unit includes a processor; and said alarm unit comprises: a second housing being coupled to an exterior surface of said vehicle; and a speaker being coupled to said second housing wherein said speaker is configured to emit the audible alarm for the extrinsic observer, said speaker being electrically coupled to said processor such that said speaker emits the audible alarm when said processor generates said alarm sequence. 8. A vehicle occupant safety system comprising: a vehicle having a roof and an exterior surface, said roof having an inside surface, said vehicle being configured to contain a occupant; a detection unit being configured to detect the occupant when the vehicle is left unattended, said detection unit being configured to detect an interior temperature of said vehicle, said detection unit being configured to detect motion thereby facilitating said detection unit to detect the occupant, said detecting unit generating an alarm sequence when the interior temperature of said vehicle drops below a minimum trigger temperature and said detection unit detects the occupant, said detection unit generating the alarm sequence when the interior temperature of said vehicle exceeds a maximum trigger temperature and said detection unit detects the occupant, said detection unit comprising: a first housing having a top side and a bottom side, said top side being coupled to said inside surface of said roof, a processor being positioned within said first housing, said processor being electrically coupled to said vehicle, a temperature sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said temperature sensor is configured to detect the interior temperature of said vehicle, said temperature sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating a first condition when the interior temperature drops below said minimum trigger temperature and when the interior temperature exceeds said maximum trigger temperature, a carbon monoxide sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said carbon monoxide sensor is configured to detect a level of carbon monoxide within interior of said vehicle, said carbon monoxide sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating said first condition when said carbon monoxide sensor detects a trigger amount of carbon monoxide within said vehicle, a motion sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said motion sensor is configured to detect motion within said vehicle, said motion sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating said alarm sequence when said motion sensor detects motion and said processor has generated said first condition, and a thermal sensor being coupled to said first housing wherein said thermal sensor is configured to detect a thermal signature of the occupant, said thermal sensor being electrically coupled to said processor, said processor generating said alarm sequence when said thermal sensor detects the thermal signature of the occupant and said processor has generated said first condition; and an alarm unit being coupled to said vehicle wherein said alarm unit is configured to emit an audible alarm for an extrinsic observer, said alarm unit being in communication with said detection unit, said alarm emitting an audible alarm when said detection unit generates said alarm sequence wherein said alarm unit is configured to notify the extrinsic observer that the occupant is in danger, said alarm unit comprising: a second housing being coupled to said exterior surface of said vehicle, and a speaker being coupled to said second housing wherein said speaker is configured to emit the audible alarm for the extrinsic observer, said speaker being electrically coupled to said processor such that said speaker emits the audible alarm when said processor generates said alarm sequence.",
-    "Herein disclosed is a connection structure including a waterproof sheet disposed in an inner surface of a wire connection section and has an opening section in a position corresponding to a conductor exposed section, in which the waterproof sheet is configured such that a front end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on a front side from a front end of a conductor crimp section and a rear end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on a rear side from a rear end of the cover crimp section. 1. A connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire including: the wire that has a conductor and a cover that covers the conductor; and a crimp terminal of which an electrical connection section that is electrically connected to a counterpart terminal is formed in a front portion and a wire connection section that is crimped onto an end portion of the wire is formed in a rear portion, in which the wire connection section has a conductor crimp section that is crimped onto a conductor exposed section in which a conductor is exposed by removing the cover of the end portion of the wire and a cover crimp section that is crimped onto a part of the cover remained in the end portion of the wire, and the conductor crimp section is formed on the front side and the cover crimp section is formed on the rear side, in which the wire connection section of a state being crimped onto the end portion of the wire covers from a portion on a front side from the front end of the conductor exposed section to a portion on a rear side from a front end of a part of the cover, in which the connection structure further includes a waterproof sheet that is disposed in an inner surface of the wire connection section and has an opening section in a position corresponding to the conductor exposed section, in which the waterproof sheet is configured such that a front end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on the front side from the front end of the conductor crimp section, and in which the wire connection section of a state being crimped onto the end portion of the wire is configured such that the conductor crimp section and the conductor exposed section are electrically connected to each other through the opening section formed in the waterproof sheet, and front and rear portions of a connection portion between the conductor crimp section and the conductor exposed section are closed by the waterproof sheet. 2. The connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire according to claim 1, in which the waterproof sheet is attached to the inner surface of the wire connection section by an adhesive layer provided on a surface of a base sheet. 3. The connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire according to claim 1, in which an adhesive layer is provided in a surface with which the wire comes into contact in the waterproof sheet. 4. A connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire including: the wire that has a conductor and a cover that covers the conductor; and a crimp terminal of which an electrical connection section that is electrically connected to a counterpart terminal is formed in a front portion and a wire connection section that is crimped onto an end portion of the wire is formed in a rear portion, in which the wire connection section has a conductor crimp section that is crimped onto a conductor exposed section in which a conductor is exposed by removing the cover of the end portion of the wire and a cover crimp section that is crimped onto a part of the cover remained in the end portion of the wire, and the conductor crimp section is formed on the front side and the cover crimp section is formed on the rear side, in which the wire connection section of a state being crimped onto the end portion of the wire covers from a portion on a front side from the front end of the conductor exposed section to a portion on a rear side from a front end of a part of the cover, in which the connection structure further includes a waterproof sheet that is disposed in an inner surface of the wire connection section and has an opening section in a position corresponding to the conductor exposed section, in which the waterproof sheet is configured such that a front end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on the front side from the front end of the conductor exposed section, in which a protruded strip is formed in the conductor crimp section along an inner peripheral surface having a U shape; and in which the wire connection section of a state being crimped onto the end portion of the wire is configured such that the protruded strip is positioned between the front end of the waterproof sheet and the front end of the conductor exposed section, the conductor crimp section and the conductor exposed section are electrically connected to each other through the opening section formed in the waterproof sheet, and front and rear portions of a connection portion between the conductor crimp section and the conductor exposed section are closed by the waterproof sheet. 5. The connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire according to claim 4, in which the waterproof sheet is configured such that the front end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on the front side from the front end of the conductor crimp section and the rear end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on the rear side from the rear end of the cover crimp section. 6. The connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire according to claim 4, in which the protruded strip is positioned on a rear end side from the front end of the conductor crimp section. 7. A connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire including: the wire that has a conductor and a cover that covers the conductor; and a crimp terminal of which an electrical connection section that is electrically connected to a counterpart terminal is formed in a front portion and a wire connection section that is crimped onto an end portion of the wire is formed in a rear portion, in which the wire connection section has a conductor crimp section that is crimped onto a conductor exposed section in which a conductor is exposed by removing the cover of the end portion of the wire and a cover crimp section that is crimped onto a part of the cover remained in the end portion of the wire, and the conductor crimp section is formed on the front side and the cover crimp section is formed on the rear side, in which the wire connection section of a state being crimped onto the end portion of the wire covers from a portion on a front side from the front end of the conductor exposed section to a portion on a rear side from a front end of a part of the cover, in which the connection structure further includes a waterproof sheet that is disposed in an inner surface of the wire connection section and has an opening section in a position corresponding to the conductor exposed section, in which the waterproof sheet is configured such that a front end of the waterproof sheet is positioned on the front side from the front end of the conductor exposed section, in which a confirmation window is provided in the wire connection section for visibly confirming the waterproof sheet positioned inside thereof from outside of the wire connection section, and in which the wire connection section of a state being crimped onto the end portion of the wire is configured such that the conductor crimp section and the conductor exposed section are electrically connected to each other through the opening section formed in the waterproof sheet, and front and rear portions of a connection portion between the conductor crimp section and the conductor exposed section are closed by the waterproof sheet. 8. The connection structure of a crimp terminal with respect to a wire according to claim 7, in which the confirmation window is provided in a position corresponding to the rear end of the conductor exposed section in the wire connection section.",
-    "Implementations of the present invention comprise infant feeding pillows having a main portion and a wedge portion. The top surface of the main portion can be configured to support at least the arm of a user and, optionally, at least a portion of the head of an infant. The wedge portion can be coupled to and extend from the first side of the main portion. The width of the wedge portion decrease from a base portion to a tip portion as the distance from the first side of the main body increases. Additionally, a top surface of the wedge portion forms an angle with the top surface of the main portion. The wedge portion is configured to rest in the lap of a user and supports at least a portion of an infant. The main portion can further comprise a first and a second shoulder extending seamlessly from the main body along the longitudinal axis thereof. 1. An infant support pillow, comprising: a main portion having a top surface, a bottom surface, and a first side having a length, wherein the first side extends between the top surface and the bottom surface, wherein the main portion further comprises a longitudinal axis extending from a first end to an opposed second end of the main portion; and a wedge portion having a top surface and a bottom surface, wherein the wedge portion is coupled to and extends away from the first side of the main portion, wherein a width of the wedge portion decreases from a base portion to a tip portion as the distance from the first side of the main body increases, and wherein a bottom surface of the wedge portion extends from the first side of the main portion at a distance measured from the top surface of the main portion that is less than the length of the first side of the main portion. 2. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the infant support pillow further comprises a resilient fill material. 3. The infant support pillow of claim 2, wherein the resilient fill material comprises at least one of cotton, polyester fiber, foam, feathers, beads, wool, viscoelastic material, buckwheat, and beans. 4. The infant support pillow of claim 2, wherein the resilient fill material comprises at least one of a natural material and synthetic material. 5. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the infant support pillow further comprises a cover substantially sized and shaped to conform to the combined main portion and wedge portion. 6. The infant support pillow of claim 1 wherein the wedge portion substantially defines an isosceles triangle in a cross-section that is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the main portion. 7. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the wedge portion substantially defines a right triangle in a cross-section that is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the main portion. 8. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the main portion further comprises at least one of a first shoulder and an opposed second shoulder extending from the main body along the longitudinal axis. 9. The infant support pillow of claim 8, wherein the distance between the first end and the second end of the main portion measures from about 16 inches to about 26 inches. 10. The infant support pillow of claim 9, wherein the main portion has a length of about 22 inches. 11. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the main portion has a width of from about 4 inches to about 12 inches. 12. The infant support pillow of claim 11, wherein the main portion has a width of about 5 inches. 13. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the main portion has a height of from about 6 inches to about 16 inches. 14. The infant support pillow of claim 13, wherein the main portion has a height of about 10 inches. 15. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the wedge portion has a height of from about 4 inches to about 14 inches. 16. The infant support pillow of claim 15, wherein the wedge portion has a height of about 7 inches. 17. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the top surface of the wedge portion has a length of from about 3 inches to about 16 inches. 18. The infant support pillow of claim 17, wherein the top surface of the wedge portion has a length of from about 10 inches to about 11 inches. 19. The infant support pillow of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of the wedge portion has a length of from about 2 inches to about 14 inches. 20. The infant support pillow of claim 19, wherein the bottom surface of the wedge portion has a length of from about 7 inches to about 8 inches.",
-    "A rolling bearing, adapted for mounting on a balancing shaft, the rolling bearing comprising: (a) an outer ring having a cylindrical outer surface and a cylindrical inner surface centered on a central axis, and two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a ring width parallel to the central axis; (b) a cage having pockets distributed around the central axis and two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a cage width parallel to the central axis; and (c) rolling members mounted in the pockets of the cage and disposed in rolling contact with the inner surface of the outer ring. The cage width is superior or equal to the ring width. The rolling bearing can be installed within a mechanical system. 1. A rolling bearing, adapted for mounting on a balancing shaft and comprising: an outer ring having: a cylindrical outer surface and a cylindrical inner surface centered on a central axis, and two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a ring width parallel to the central axis; a cage having pockets distributed around the central axis and two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a cage width parallel to the central axis; and rolling members mounted in the pockets of the cage and disposed in rolling contact with the inner surface of the outer ring, wherein the cage width is one of superior to the ring width or equal to the ring width. 2. The rolling bearing according to claim 1, wherein the cage width is superior to the ring width. 3. The rolling bearing according to claim 1, wherein the cage protrudes axially beyond at least one lateral surface of the outer ring. 4. The rolling bearing according to claim 3, wherein an axial overstepping is defined parallel to the central axis on at least one side of the outer ring, from the lateral surface of the outer ring up to the lateral surface of the cage, the axial overstepping being between 0.2 and 3 millimeters. 5. The rolling bearing according to claim 4, wherein axial oversteppings are defined on both sides of the outer ring. 6. The rolling bearing according to claim 3, wherein an axial overstepping is defined parallel to the central axis on at least one side of the outer ring, from the lateral surface of the outer ring up to the lateral surface of the cage, the axial overstepping being between 0.2 and 0.5 millimeters. 7. The rolling bearing according to claim 1, wherein the cage protrudes axially beyond both lateral surfaces of the outer ring. 8. The rolling bearing according to claim 1, wherein the rolling members are one of: needles extending parallel to the central axis, or rollers extending parallel to the central axis. 9. A mechanical system, comprising: a balancing shaft having an axial part centered on the central axis and at least one radial part extending radially to the central axis; a second member secured to the balancing shaft; a housing located between the radial part and the second member, the housing comprising two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a housing width parallel to the central axis; and a rolling bearing comprising: an outer ring having: a cylindrical outer surface and a cylindrical inner surface centered on a central axis, and two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a ring width parallel to the central axis; a cage having pockets distributed around the central axis and two annular lateral surfaces extending radially to the central axis and defining a cage width parallel to the central axis; and rolling members mounted in the pockets of the cage and disposed in rolling contact with the inner surface of the outer ring, wherein the outer ring is mounted in the housing, wherein the rolling members is disposed in rolling contact with the axial part of the balancing shaft, the radial part and the second member forming an axial guidance feature for the cage disposed therebetween, wherein the cage width is superior to the housing width. 10. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the ring width is equal to the housing width. 11. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the ring width is superior to the housing width. 12. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein an axial clearance is defined parallel to the central axis on at least one side of the cage, from the lateral surface of the cage up to the lateral surface of one of the radial part or of the second member, the axial clearance being one of inferior to 0.5 millimeters or equal to 0.5 millimeters. 13. The mechanical system according to claim 12, wherein axial clearances are defined on both sides of the cage. 14. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein an axial clearance is defined parallel to the central axis on at least one side of the cage, from the lateral surface of the cage up to the lateral surface of one of the radial part or of the second member, the axial clearance being one of inferior to 0.3 millimeters or equal to 0.3 millimeters. 15. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the second member is a gear secured to the balancing shaft. 16. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the second member is another radial part formed integral with the balancing shaft. 17. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the radial part is an unbalanced part, wherein the unbalanced part is formed eccentric relative to the central axis. 18. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the radial part is an unbalanced part, wherein the unbalanced part is formed eccentric relative to the central axis, wherein the unbalanced part is one of a cam or a flying arm. 19. The mechanical system according to claim 9, wherein the mechanical system is a vehicle engine.",
-    "A system includes generation of an encoding for each of a hierarchy of nodes, each of the nodes associated with one or more attributes, and the encoding for each node including a first pointer and a second pointer, and generation of an order tree comprising a hierarchy of entries, where each pointer of the encoding points to a respective one of the entries, wherein the encoding and the order tree indicate a position of each node in the hierarchy of nodes. 1. A computing system comprising: one or more memory storing processor-executable program code; and one or more processor to execute the processor-executable program code in order to cause the computing system to: generate an encoding for each of a hierarchy of nodes, each of the nodes associated with one or more attributes, and the encoding for each node including a first pointer and a second pointer; generate an order tree comprising a hierarchy of entries that is different from the hierarchy of nodes and the encoding, wherein each pointer of the encoding points to a respective one of the entries, and wherein the encoding and the order tree indicate a position of each node in the hierarchy of nodes; and use the order tree to support queries on the hierarchy of the nodes. 2. A computing system according to claim 1, wherein the order tree is a balanced binary tree of entries. 3. A computing system according to claim 2, wherein the encoding comprises an interval encoding, and wherein, for each node, the first pointer indicates a lower interval bound of the node and the second pointer indicates an upper interval bound of the node. 4. A computing system according to claim 1, wherein the encoding comprises an interval encoding, and wherein, for each node, the first pointer indicates a lower interval bound of the node and the second pointer indicates an upper interval bound of the node. 5. A computing system according to claim 1, wherein the processor is to execute the processor-executable program code in order to cause the computing system to: determine an order relation between a first entry of the order tree and a second entry of the order tree based on a structure of the order tree. 6. A computing system according to claim 5, wherein determination of the order relation comprises: determination of a number p1 where each digit of p1 corresponds to a position of each entry on a first path from the first entry to a root entry of the order tree, and a least significant digit of pi corresponds to a position of the first entry; determination of a number p2 where each digit of p2 corresponds to a position of each entry on a second path from the second entry to the root entry of the order tree, and a least significant digit of p2 corresponds to a position of the second entry; and comparison of p1 and p2. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing program code, the program code executable by one or more processor of a computing system to cause the computing system to: generate an encoding for each of a hierarchy of nodes, each of the nodes associated with one or more attributes, and the encoding for each node including a first pointer and a second pointer; generate an order tree comprising a hierarchy of entries that is different from the hierarchy of nodes and the encoding, wherein each pointer of the encoding points to a respective one of the entries, and wherein the encoding and the order tree indicate a position of each node in the hierarchy of nodes; and use the order tree to support queries on the hierarchy of the nodes. 8. A medium according to claim 7, wherein the order tree is a balanced binary tree of entries. 9. A medium according to claim 8, wherein the encoding comprises an interval encoding, and wherein, for each node, the first pointer indicates a lower interval bound of the node and the second pointer indicates an upper interval bound of the node. 10. A medium according to claim 7, wherein the encoding comprises an interval encoding, and wherein, for each node, the first pointer indicates a lower interval bound of the node and the second pointer indicates an upper interval bound of the node. 11. A medium according to claim 7, the program code further executable by a processor of a computing system to cause the computing system to: determine an order relation between a first entry of the order tree and a second entry of the order tree based on a structure of the order tree. 12. A medium according to claim 11, wherein determination of the order relation comprises: determination of a number pi where each digit of p1 corresponds to a position of each entry on a first path from the first entry to a root entry of the order tree, and a least significant digit of pi corresponds to a position of the first entry; determination of a number p2 where each digit of p2 corresponds to a position of each entry on a second path from the second entry to the root entry of the order tree, and a least significant digit of p2 corresponds to a position of the second entry; and comparison of p1 and p2. 13. A computer-implemented method comprising: generating an encoding for each of a hierarchy of nodes, each of the nodes associated with one or more attributes, and the encoding for each node including a first pointer and a second pointer; generating an order tree comprising a hierarchy of entries that is different from the hierarchy of nodes and the encoding, wherein each pointer of the encoding points to a respective one of the entries, and wherein the encoding and the order tree indicate a position of each node in the hierarchy of nodes; and using the order tree to support queries on the hierarchy of the nodes. 14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the order tree is a balanced binary tree of entries. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the encoding comprises an interval encoding, and wherein, for each node, the first pointer indicates a lower interval bound of the node and the second pointer indicates an upper interval bound of the node. 16. A method according to claim 13, wherein the encoding comprises an interval encoding, and wherein, for each node, the first pointer indicates a lower interval bound of the node and the second pointer indicates an upper interval bound of the node. 17. A method according to claim 13, further comprising: determining an order relation between a first entry of the order tree and a second entry of the order tree based on a structure of the order tree. 18. A medium according to claim 17, wherein determining the order relation comprises: determining a number pi where each digit of pi corresponds to a position of each entry on a first path from the first entry to a root entry of the order tree, and a least significant digit of p1 corresponds to a position of the first entry; determining a number p2 where each digit of p2 corresponds to a position of each entry on a second path from the second entry to the root entry of the order tree, and a least significant digit of p2 corresponds to a position of the second entry; and comparing p1 and p2.",
-    "A portable speaker mount is provided. The portable speaker mount includes a base plate having a front surface, a rear surface, an upper edge, a lower edge, a first side edge, and a second side edge. At least one upper flange arm extends from the upper edge of the base plate and curves towards the lower edge. At least one lower flange arm extends from the lower edge of the base plate and curves towards the upper edge. The lower flange arm includes a first clearance portion disposed in between an outer edge of the lower flange arm. The first clearance portion is positioned to align with a control and port region of a speaker. A cylinder shaped space is formed in between the upper flange arm and the at lower flange arm and is sized to snuggly fit the speaker in between. 1. A portable speaker mount comprising: a base plate comprising a front surface, a rear surface, an upper edge, a lower edge, a first side edge, and a second side edge, wherein the base plate comprises an elongated width running from the first side edge to the second side edge; at least one upper flange arm extending from the upper edge and curving towards the lower edge; a lower flange arm extending from the lower edge and extending along the elongated width of the base plate, wherein the at least one lower flange arm curves towards the upper edge, wherein an opening is formed by an inner edge of the at least one lower flange arm forming a clearance portion for a control and port region of a speaker; and a connector operable to secure the base plate to a surface, wherein a cylinder shaped space is formed in between the at least one upper flange arm and the at least one lower flange arm. 2. The portable speaker mount of claim 1, further comprising a first side flange arm extending from the first side edge and curving towards the second side edge, and a second side flange arm extending from the second side edge and curving towards the second side edge. 3. The portable speaker mount of claim 1, wherein the at least one upper flange arm comprises a first upper flange arm and a second upper flange arm extending from opposing sides of the upper edge. 4. The portable speaker mount of claim 3, further comprising a second clearance portion extending from the upper edge towards the lower edge and disposed in between the first upper flange arm and the second upper flange arm, wherein the second clearance portion is positioned to align with a power button of the speaker. 5. The portable speaker mount of claim 1, wherein the connector comprises at least one mount bracket secured to the rear surface of base plate, and a suction cup secured within a mount bracket slot formed through the mount bracket. 6. The portable mount of claim 5, wherein the at least one mount bracket comprises an aperture aligning with an aperture formed through the base plate, wherein a threaded fastener runs through the aligned apertures, thereby securing the at least one mount bracket to the base plate. 7. The portable speaker mount of claim 5, wherein the at least one mount bracket comprises a first mount bracket secured to the rear surface near the first side edge and a second mount bracket secured to the rear surface near the second side edge. 8. The portable speaker mount of claim 1, wherein the connector comprises at least one bolt running through at least one opening formed through the base plate and into the surface. 9. The portable speaker mount of claim 8, wherein the at least one bolt comprises a first bolt running through a first opening formed through the base plate near the first side edge, and a second bolt running through a second opening formed through the base plate near the second side edge. 10. The portable speaker mount of claim 1, further comprising a locking slot formed on the front surface of the base plate running from the first side edge to the second side edge, wherein the locking slot is formed to receive a locking ridge formed on the speaker.",
-    "A tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus and method allowing connection of a variety of tactical gear such as gun stocks, camera supports, sights, rangefinders, grips, and clamps, in field-interchangeable configurations responsive to changes in field conditions, by providing same-sized threaded plug units on all gear and same-sized interchangeable unions for removable connection of various pieces of gear. 1. A tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus for removably connecting a variety of pieces of tactical gear, comprising: (i) a plurality of plug units of the same size, affixed to tactical gear; and (ii) a union having two sockets of the same size as said plug units, said union comprising: (a) an internal-external threaded section having internal threads and an open end, defining a socket sized to accommodate any said plug unit, and having external threads and a closed end having a flat surface, defining a larger plug having a larger diameter; (b) an internal-only threaded section having internal threads and an open end, defining a socket sized to accommodate any said plug unit, having an external body surface not larger than the larger diameter of said internal-external threaded section, and having a closed end having a flat surface extending beyond the external body surface and having a diameter larger than the larger diameter of said internal-external threaded section; and (c) an internally threaded collar having internal threads and a first open end defining a larger socket sized to accommodate the larger plug of said internal-external threaded section, and a second open end having a central opening of the same size as the larger diameter of said internal-external threaded section, and a circumferential solid projection adapted to make contact with the flat surface extending beyond the external body surface of said internal-only threaded section; where, in use, said internally threaded collar pushes said internal-only threaded section nominally downward while at the same time pulling said internal-external threaded section nominally upward, causing the two flat surfaces to be pressed together face to face; and where two pieces of tactical gear affixed one each to said plug units, when connected to the respective socket of said internal-external threaded section and said internal-only threaded section, are removably connected one piece of tactical gear to the other. 2. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where said plug units are added to technical gear during the manufacturing of the technical gear. 3. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where said plug units are added to technical gear by retrofitting. 4. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where components of said union are made of electrically conductive material. 5. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where components of said union are made of electrically non-conductive material. 6. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where the orientation of the socket in said internal-external threaded section in relation to the socket in said internal-only threaded section is essentially a straight line, with the sockets facing essentially 180-degree opposite directions. 7. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where the orientation of the socket in said internal-external threaded section in relation to the socket in said internal-only threaded section is an angle, with the sockets facing directions not in a 180-degree opposite direction. 8. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, said union further comprising said internal-external threaded section and said internal-only threaded section having sockets sized to accommodate different-sized plug units. 9. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an adapter having two plug units on essentially opposite ends. 10. The tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus of claim 1, where size of said plug unit is 1-inch diameter. 11. A tactical-gear interconnection system method for removably connecting a variety of pieces of tactical gear, comprising: (i) providing a tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus, comprising: (a) a plurality of plug units of the same size, affixed to tactical gear; and (b) a union having two sockets of the same size as said plug units, said union comprising: (1) an internal-external threaded section having internal threads and an open end, defining a socket sized to accommodate any said plug unit, and having external threads and a closed end having a flat surface, defining a larger plug having a larger diameter; (2) an internal-only threaded section having internal threads and an open end, defining a socket sized to accommodate any said plug unit, having an external body surface not larger than the larger diameter of said internal-external threaded section, and having a closed end having a flat surface extending beyond the external body surface and having a diameter larger than the larger diameter of said internal-external threaded section; and (3) an internally threaded collar having internal threads and a first open end defining a larger socket sized to accommodate the larger plug of said internal-external threaded section, and a second open end having a central opening of the same size as the larger diameter of said internal-external threaded section, and a circumferential solid projection adapted to make contact with the flat surface extending beyond the external body surface of said internal-only threaded section; where, in use, said internally threaded collar pushes said internal-only threaded section nominally downward while at the same time pulling said internal-external threaded section nominally upward, causing the two flat surfaces to be pressed together face to face; and where two pieces of tactical gear affixed one each to said plug units, when connected to the respective socket of said internal-external threaded section and said internal-only threaded section, are removably connected one piece of tactical gear to the other; and (ii) using said tactical-gear interconnection system apparatus for removably connecting a variety of pieces of tactical gear. 12. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where said plug units are added to technical gear during the manufacturing of the technical gear. 13. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where said plug units are added to technical gear by retrofitting. 14. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where components of said union are made of electrically conductive material. 15. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where components of said union are made of electrically non-conductive material. 16. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where the orientation of the socket in said internal-external threaded section in relation to the socket in said internal-only threaded section is essentially a straight line, with the sockets facing essentially 180-degree opposite directions. 17. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where the orientation of the socket in said internal-external threaded section in relation to the socket in said internal-only threaded section is an angle, with the sockets facing directions not in a 180-degree opposite direction. 18. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, said union further comprising said internal-external threaded section and said internal-only threaded section having sockets sized to accommodate different-sized plug units. 19. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, further comprising an adapter having two plug units on essentially opposite ends. 20. The tactical-gear interconnection system method of claim 11, where size of said plug unit is 1-inch diameter.",
-    "A light emitting system in which a light emission control apparatus wirelessly communicates with at least one controlled light emitting apparatus, the controlled light emitting apparatus comprising a first transmission unit which wirelessly transmits charging state information to the light emission control apparatus, and the light emission control apparatus comprising a receiving unit which receives the charging state information from the controlled light emitting apparatus, an informing unit which informs the image capture apparatus that a charging operation is complete, a second transmission unit which transmits a signal to stop transmitting charging state information, and a third transmission unit which transmits a light emission command to the controlled light emitting apparatus. 1. (canceled) 2. A light emitting system in which a light emission control apparatus that is communicable with an image capture apparatus, and transmits a light emission command to at least one other light emitting apparatus wirelessly communicates with at least one controlled light emitting apparatus that emits light in response to a light emission command from another apparatus, the controlled light emitting apparatus comprising: a first transmission unit which wirelessly transmits predetermined state information about a predetermined state of the controlled light emitting apparatus itself to the light emission control apparatus, and the light emission control apparatus comprising: a receiving unit which receives the predetermined state information from the controlled light emitting apparatus, an informing unit which informs the image capture apparatus that a predetermined operation is complete, a second transmission unit which transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatus, a signal to stop transmitting the predetermined state information, a third transmission unit which transmits a light emission command to the controlled light emitting apparatus in response to an instruction from the image capture apparatus, and a fourth transmission unit which transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatuses, an instruction to transmit predetermined state information, wherein if the receiving unit receives, from at least all controlled light emitting apparatuses that are communicating with the light emission control apparatus, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, the informing unit informs that a predetermined operation is complete, and the second transmission unit transmits a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information, and wherein if a light emitting apparatus is connected as the controlled light emitting apparatus after the first transmission unit transmits the signal, the fourth transmission unit transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatuses, the instruction to transmit the predetermined state information. 3. A light emission control apparatus which is communicable with an image capture apparatus, and wirelessly communicates with at least one controlled light emitting apparatus for emitting light in response to a light emission command, comprising: a receiving unit which receives predetermined state information about a predetermined state of the controlled light emitting apparatus from the controlled light emitting apparatus; a first transmission unit which transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatus, a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information; a second transmission unit which transmits a light emission command to the controlled light emitting apparatus in response to an instruction from the image capture apparatus; and a third transmission unit which transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatuses, an instruction to transmit predetermined state information, wherein if the receiving unit receives, from at least all controlled light emitting apparatuses that are communicating with the light emission control apparatus, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, the first transmission unit transmits a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information, and wherein if a light emitting apparatus is connected as the controlled light emitting apparatus after the first transmission unit transmits the signal, the third transmission unit transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatuses, the instruction to transmit the predetermined state information. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: an informing unit which informs the image capture apparatus that a predetermined operation is complete, wherein if the receiving unit receives, from at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, the informing unit informs that a predetermined operation is complete. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: a light emitting unit, and a determination unit which determines a predetermined state of the light emitting unit, wherein if the receiving unit receives, from at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses, predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, and the determination unit determines that a predetermined operation of the light emitting unit is complete, the informing unit informs that a predetermined operation is complete. 6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein if the image capture apparatus sends an instruction, the second transmission unit transmits the light emission command to the controlled light emitting apparatuses even before receiving, from at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete. 7. The apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: an informing unit which causes the image capture apparatus to display a warning if an instruction is received from the image capture apparatus before receiving, from at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete. 8. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the informing unit informs that the predetermined operation is complete, and enables a capture image instruction in the image capture apparatus. 9. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the light emission control apparatus is attachable to an accessory shoe of the image capture apparatus. 10. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the light emission control apparatus is communicable with another light emission control apparatus, the receiving unit receives predetermined state information of the controlled light emitting apparatus from the controlled light emitting apparatus, and also receives predetermined state information of the controlled light emitting apparatus from the other light emission control apparatus, and if the receiving unit receives, from at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, and also receives, from the other light emission control apparatus, at least predetermined state information indicating that the predetermined operations of all the controlled light emitting apparatuses are complete, the first transmission unit transmits a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein if the receiving unit receives, from at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, and also receives, from the other light emission control apparatus, at least predetermined state information indicating that the predetermined operations of at least all the controlled light emitting apparatuses are complete, the informing unit informs that a predetermined operation is complete. 12. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the predetermined operation is a charging operation. 13. A method of controlling a light emission control apparatus which is connectable with an image capture apparatus, and wirelessly communicates with at least one controlled light emitting apparatus for emitting light in response to a light emission command, the method comprising: a receiving step of receiving predetermined state information about a predetermined state of the controlled light emitting apparatus from the controlled light emitting apparatus; a first transmission step of transmitting, to the controlled light emitting apparatus, a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information; a second transmission step of transmitting a light emission command to the controlled light emitting apparatus in response to an instruction from the image capture apparatus; and a third transmission step of transmitting, to the controlled light emitting apparatus, an instruction to transmit predetermined state information, wherein if at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete is received from at least all controlled light emitting apparatuses in the receiving step, a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information is transmitted in the first transmission step, and wherein if a light emitting apparatus is connected, as the controlled light emitting apparatus, to the light emission control apparatus after the first transmission step, a signal to transmit predetermined state information is transmitted in the third transmission step. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the predetermined operation is a charging operation. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to function as each unit of a light emission control apparatus which is communicable with an image capture apparatus, and wirelessly communicates with at least one controlled light emitting apparatus for emitting light in response to a light emission command, the light emission control apparatus comprising: a receiving unit which receives predetermined state information about a predetermined state of the controlled light emitting apparatus from the controlled light emitting apparatus; a first transmission unit which transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatus, a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information; a second transmission unit which transmits a light emission command to the controlled light emitting apparatus in response to an instruction from the image capture apparatus; and a third transmission unit which transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatuses, an instruction to transmit predetermined state information, wherein if the receiving unit receives, from at least all controlled light emitting apparatuses that are communicating with the light emission control apparatus, at least predetermined state information indicating that a predetermined operation is complete, the first transmission unit transmits a signal to stop transmitting predetermined state information, and wherein if a light emitting apparatus is connected as the controlled light emitting apparatus after the first transmission unit transmits the signal, the third transmission unit transmits, to the controlled light emitting apparatuses, the instruction to transmit the predetermined state information.",
-    "A pressing sensor that includes a piezoelectric polymer film having a top principal surface and a back principal surface opposed to each other, and whose piezoelectric polymer is oriented along the top principal surface and the back principal surface; a first detection electrode disposed opposite the top principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film; and a second detection electrode disposed opposite the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film and opposing the first detection electrode. A first shape of the piezoelectric polymer film as viewed from the top principal surface and a second shape of the piezoelectric polymer film as viewed from the back principal surface differ from each other. 1. A pressing sensor comprising: a piezoelectric polymer film which includes a top principal surface and a back principal surface opposite to each other, and a piezoelectric polymer within the film is oriented along the top principal surface and the back principal surface; a first detection electrode opposing the top principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film; and a second detection electrode opposing the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film and positioned opposite to the first detection electrode, wherein a first shape of the piezoelectric polymer film as viewed from the top principal surface and a second shape of the piezoelectric polymer film as viewed from the back principal surface differ from each other. 2. The pressing sensor according to claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric polymer film includes a deformed portion having one of a cutaway shape, a projection shape and an opening shape exposed on the top principal surface and the back principal surface. 3. The pressing sensor according to claim 2, wherein the top principal surface and the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film each include two long sides which are parallel to each other, and two short sides which are orthogonal to the two long sides, and the deformed portion is an angular portion connecting at least one of the two long sides with at least one of the two short sides. 4. The pressing sensor according to claim 2, wherein the top principal surface and the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film each include four sides which are orthogonal to each other, and the deformed portion is on one side of the four sides and offset from a center of the one side. 5. The pressing sensor according to claim 2, wherein a first shape of the deformed portion as viewed from the top principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film and a second shape of the deformed portion as viewed from the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film differ from each other. 6. The pressing sensor according to claim 2, wherein the piezoelectric polymer film includes four sides which are orthogonal to each other, and a main material of the piezoelectric polymer film is a chiral polymer which is oriented in a direction that intersects each of the four sides. 7. The pressing sensor according to claim 6, wherein the chiral polymer is oriented in a direction of approximately 45\u00b0 with respect to each of the four sides. 8. The pressing sensor according to claim 1, further comprising: a first electrode formation portion opposing the first detection electrode; and a second electrode formation portion opposing the second detection electrode, wherein the first electrode formation portion and the second electrode formation portion sandwich the piezoelectric polymer film therebetween. 9. The pressing sensor according to claim 8, wherein the first electrode formation portion and the second electrode formation portion comprise a single continuous substrate that is bent such that the first electrode formation portion and the second electrode formation portion oppose to each other with the piezoelectric polymer film disposed therebetween. 10. A method for manufacturing a pressing sensor, the method comprising: distinguishing between directions of a top principal surface and a back principal surface of a piezoelectric polymer film based on a planar shape of the piezoelectric polymer film, and adjusting the directions of the top principal surface and the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film to a reference orientation; and disposing a first detection electrode opposite the top principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film, and disposing a second detection electrode opposite the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film, wherein a piezoelectric polymer within the film is oriented along the top principal surface and the back principal surface, and wherein a first shape of the piezoelectric polymer film as viewed from the top principal surface and a second shape of the piezoelectric polymer film as viewed from the back principal surface differ from each other. 11. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 10, forming a deformed portion having one of a cutaway shape, a projection shape and an opening shape exposed on the top principal surface and the back principal surface in the piezoelectric polymer film. 12. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 11, wherein the top principal surface and the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film each include two long sides which are parallel to each other, and two short sides which are orthogonal to the two long sides, and the deformed portion is formed as an angular portion connecting at least one of the two long sides with at least one of the two short sides. 13. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 11, wherein the top principal surface and the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film each include four sides which are orthogonal to each other, and the deformed portion is formed on one side of the four sides and offset from a center of the one side. 14. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 11, wherein a first shape of the deformed portion as viewed from the top principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film and a second shape of the deformed portion as viewed from the back principal surface of the piezoelectric polymer film differ from each other. 15. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 11, wherein the piezoelectric polymer film includes four sides which are orthogonal to each other, and a main material of the piezoelectric polymer film is a chiral polymer which is oriented in a direction that intersects each of the four sides. 16. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 15, wherein the chiral polymer is oriented in a direction of approximately 45\u00b0 with respect to each of the four sides. 17. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 10, further comprising: disposing a first electrode formation portion so as to oppose the first detection electrode; and disposing a second electrode formation portion so as to oppose the second detection electrode such that the first electrode formation portion and the second electrode formation portion sandwich the piezoelectric polymer film therebetween. 18. The method for manufacturing the pressing sensor according to claim 17, wherein the first electrode formation portion and the second electrode formation portion comprise a single continuous substrate, and bending the single continuous substrate such that the first electrode formation portion and the second electrode formation portion oppose to each other with the piezoelectric polymer film disposed therebetween.",
-    "The invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding FGF21 mutant polypeptides, FGF21 mutant polypeptides, pharmaceutical compositions comprising FGF21 mutant polypeptides, and methods for treating metabolic disorders using such nucleic acids, polypeptides, or pharmaceutical compositions. 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a lysine residue at one or more of positions 36, 72, 77, 126 and 175; (b) a cysteine residue at one or more of positions 37, 38, 46, 91, 69, 77, 79, 87, 91, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 126, 175, 170, and 179; (c) an arginine residue at one or more of positions 56, 59, 69, and 122; (d) a glycine residue at position 170; (e) a glycine residue at position 171; and combinations of (a)-(e). 2. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1. 3. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 2. 4. The host cell of claim 3 that is a eukaryotic cell. 5. The host cell of claim 3 that is a prokaryotic cell. 6. A process of producing a polypeptide encoded by the vector of claim 2 comprising culturing a host cell comprising the vector of claim 2 under suitable conditions to express the polypeptide, and optionally isolating the polypeptide. 7. A polypeptide produced by the process of claim 6. 8. The polypeptide of claim 7, further comprising a proline or glycine residue added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. 9. An isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a lysine residue at one or more of positions 36, 72, 77, 126 and 175; (b) a cysteine residue at one or more of positions 37, 38, 46, 91, 69, 77, 79, 87, 91, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 126, 175, 170, and 179; (c) an arginine residue at one or more of positions 56, 59, 69, and 122; (d) a glycine residue at position 170; (e) a glycine residue at position 171; and combinations of (a)-(e), 10. The polypeptide of claim 9, further comprising a proline or glycine residue added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. 11. The isolated polypeptide of claim 9, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to one or more polymers. 12. The isolated polypeptide of claim 11, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to one polymer. 13. The isolated polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the polymer is a water-soluble polymer. 14. The isolated polypeptide of claim 13, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 15. The isolated polypeptide of claim 14, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 16. The isolated polypeptide of claim 11, wherein the polymer is a branched polymer. 17. The isolated polypeptide of claim 9, wherein the polypeptide has a PEG moiety covalently linked to its amino-terminus. 18. The isolated polypeptide of claim 9, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to two polymers. 19. The isolated polypeptide of claim 18, wherein one if the two polymers is a water-soluble polymer. 20. The isolated polypeptide of claim 19, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 21. The isolated polypeptide of claim 20, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 22. The isolated polypeptide of claim 18, wherein one of the polymers is branched. 23. The isolated polypeptide of claim 18, wherein both of the polymers are branched. 24. The isolated polypeptide of claim 9, wherein the polypeptide has a PEG moiety covalently linked to its amino-terminus. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated polypeptide of claim 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent. 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent is a carrier, adjuvant, solubilizer, stabilizer, or anti-oxidant. 27. A method for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a human patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim 26. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity. 30. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a lysine residue at one or more of positions 36, 72, 77, 126 and 175; (b) a cysteine residue at one or more of positions 37, 38, 46, 91, 69, 77, 79, 87, 91, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 126, 175, 170, and 179; (c) an arginine residue at one or more of positions 56, 59, 69, and 122; (d) a glycine residue at position 170; (e) a glycine residue at position 171; and combinations of (a)-(e), and which comprises additions, deletions or further substitutions that make the polypeptide at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, provided that the at least one amino acid substitution of claim 1(a)-(e) is not further modified. 31. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 30. 32. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 31. 33. The host cell of claim 32 that is a eukaryotic cell. 34. The host cell of claim 32 that is a prokaryotic cell. 35. A process of producing a polypeptide encoded by the vector of claim 30 comprising culturing a host cell comprising the vector of claim 30 under suitable conditions to express the polypeptide, and optionally isolating the polypeptide. 36. A polypeptide produced by the process of claim 35. 37. The polypeptide of claim 36, further comprising a proline or glycine residue added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. 38. An isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a lysine residue at one or more of positions 36, 72, 77, 126 and 175; (b) a cysteine residue at one or more of positions 37, 38, 46, 91, 69, 77, 79, 87, 91, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 126, 175, 170, and 179; (c) an arginine residue at one or more of positions 56, 59, 69, and 122; (d) a glycine residue at position 170; (e) a glycine residue at position 171; and combinations of (a)-(e), and which comprises additions, deletions or further substitutions that make the polypeptide at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, provided that the at least one amino acid substitution of claim 1(a)-(e) is not further modified. 39. The polypeptide of claim 38, further comprising a proline or glycine residue added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. 40. The isolated polypeptide of claim 38, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to one polymer. 41. The isolated polypeptide of claim 40, wherein the polymer is a water-soluble polymer. 42. The isolated polypeptide of claim 41, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 43. The isolated polypeptide of claim 42, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 44. The isolated polypeptide of claim 40, wherein the polymer is branched. 45. The isolated polypeptide of claim 38, wherein the polypeptide has a single PEG moiety covalently linked to its amino-terminus. 46. The isolated polypeptide of claim 38, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked to two polymers. 47. The isolated polypeptide of claim 46, wherein one if the two polymers is a water-soluble polymer. 48. The isolated polypeptide of claim 47, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 49. The isolated polypeptide of claim 48, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 50. The isolated polypeptide of claim 46, wherein both of the polymers are water soluble polymers. 51. The isolated polypeptide of claim 50, wherein the water-soluble polymers are independently polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol and combinations thereof. 52. The isolated polypeptide of claim 46, wherein both of the water soluble polymers are PEG. 53. The isolated polypeptide of claim 46, wherein one of the polymers is branched. 54. The isolated polypeptide of claim 46, wherein both of the polymers are branched. 55. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated polypeptide of claim 38 and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent. 56. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 55, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent is a carrier, adjuvant, solubilizer, stabilizer, or anti-oxidant. 57. A method for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a human patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim 56. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes. 59. The method of claim 57, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity. 60. A composition comprising a first polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 optionally having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a lysine residue at one or more of positions 36, 72, 77, 126 and 175; (b) a cysteine residue at one or more of positions 37, 38, 46, 91, 69, 77, 79, 87, 91, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 126, 175, 170, and 179; (c) an arginine residue at one or more of positions 56, 59, 69, and 122; (d) a glycine residue at position 170; (e) a glycine residue at position 171; and combinations of (a)-(e), joined by a linker to a second polypeptide comprising a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 optionally having at least one amino acid substitution that is: (a) a lysine residue at one or more of positions 36, 72, 77, 126 and 175; (b) a cysteine residue at one or more of positions 37, 38, 46, 91, 69, 77, 79, 87, 91, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 126, 175, 170, and 179; (c) an arginine residue at one or more of positions 56, 59, 69, and 122; (d) a glycine residue at position 170; (e) a glycine residue at position 171; and combinations of (a)-(e). 61. The polypeptide of claim 60, wherein the first, second or both polypeptides further comprise a proline or glycine residue added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. 62. The composition of claim 60, wherein the linker is a peptide. 63. The composition of claim 60, wherein the linker is a water insoluble polymer. 64. The composition of claim 63, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 65. The composition of claim 64, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 66. The composition of claim 60, wherein the first, second or both polypeptides are further covalently linked to one polymer, in addition to the linker. 67. The composition of claim 66, wherein the polymer is a water-soluble polymer. 68. The composition of claim 67, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 69. The composition of claim 68, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 70. The composition of claim 63, wherein the polymer is branched. 71. The composition of claim 60, wherein the composition has a single PEG moiety covalently linked to its amino-terminus. 72. The composition of claim 60, wherein the composition is covalently linked to two polymers. 73. The composition of claim 72, wherein one if the two polymers is a water-soluble polymer. 74. The composition of claim 73, wherein the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol. 75. The composition of claim 74, wherein the water-soluble polymer is PEG. 76. The composition of claim 72, wherein both of the polymers are water soluble polymers. 77. The composition of claim 76, wherein the water-soluble polymers are independently polyethylene glycol (PEG), monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol, dextran, cellulose, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, or polyvinyl alcohol and combinations thereof. 78. The composition of claim 77, wherein both of the water soluble polymers are PEG. 79. The isolated polypeptide of claim 72, wherein one of the polymers is branched. 80. The isolated polypeptide of 72 wherein both of the polymers are branched. 81. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of claim 60 and a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent. 82. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 81, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable formulation agent is a carrier, adjuvant, solubilizer, stabilizer, or anti-oxidant. 83. A method for treating a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a human patient in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of claim 81. 84. The method of claim 83 wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes. 85. The method of claim 83, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity.",
-    "An image-forming apparatus includes: a photosensitive drum; a developing cartridge including a developing roller; a developing pressing member for pressing the developing cartridge; a first developing guide; and a second developing guide. The developing cartridge is movable among a detachable position; a contact position at which the developing roller contacts the photosensitive drum; and a separated position at which the developing roller is separated from the photosensitive drum. The developing pressing member presses the developing cartridge to place the developing cartridge at the contact position. The developing pressing member is disabled from pressing the developing cartridge to place the developing cartridge at the separated position lower than the contact position. The first developing guide can guide movement of the developing cartridge between the detachable position and the contact position. The second developing guide can guide movement of the developing cartridge between the contact position and the separated position. 1. An image-forming apparatus comprising: a photosensitive drum; a developing cartridge including a developing roller, the developing cartridge being movable between a detachable position at which the developing cartridge is detachable from the image-forming apparatus and a contact position at which the developing roller is in contact with the photosensitive drum, the developing cartridge being further movable between the contact position and a separated position at which the developing roller is separated from the photosensitive drum, the developing cartridge being positioned higher when at the contact position than at the separated position; a first developing guide configured to guide movement of the developing cartridge between the detachable position and the contact position; a developing pressing member configured to press the developing cartridge in such a direction that the developing roller is pressed toward the photosensitive drum, the developing pressing member pressing the developing cartridge to place the developing cartridge at the contact position, the developing pressing member being disabled from pressing the developing cartridge to place the developing cartridge at the separated position; and a second developing guide configured to guide movement of the developing cartridge between the contact position and the separated position. 2. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the photosensitive drum defines an axis and the developing roller defines an axis, the second developing guide extending in parallel to a direction connecting between the axis of the photosensitive drum and the axis of the developing roller. 3. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first developing guide comprises: a first portion sloping upward from a first end to a second end, the first portion extending in a first direction; a second portion sloping downward from the second end to a third end, the second portion extending in a second direction; and a third portion sloping downward from the third end to a fourth end, the third portion extending in a third direction different from the second direction, the second developing guide extending in the third direction and being connected to the fourth end of the third portion. 4. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the second portion is positioned closer to the photosensitive drum than each of the first portion and the third portion is to the photosensitive drum. 5. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first direction and the second direction form an angle ranging from 70 to 110 degrees therebetween. 6. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the second direction and the third direction form an angle ranging from 70 to 110 degrees therebetween. 7. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an exposure unit configured to expose a surface of the photosensitive drum, wherein the first developing guide and the second developing guide are disposed below the exposure unit. 8. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a main casing formed with a first opening, the developing cartridge being inserted in and removed from the main casing through the first opening; and a first cover movably provided at the main casing, the first cover being movable between a first closed position closing the first opening and a first open position opening the first opening. 9. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising a pressing releasing member configured to move the developing pressing member from a pressing position to a non-pressing position in conjunction with movement of the first cover from the first closed position to the first open position, the developing pressing member at the pressing position pressing the developing cartridge, the developing pressing member at the non-pressing position being disabled from pressing the developing cartridge. 10. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the photosensitive drum is configured to move between an image-forming position at which image formation is allowed and a non-image-forming position at which image formation is disabled, the image-forming apparatus further comprising a drum guide configured to guide movement of the photosensitive drum between the image-forming position and the non-image-forming position. 11. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 10, further comprising a linking member configured to move the photosensitive drum from the image-forming position to the non-image-forming position in conjunction with the movement of the first cover from the first closed position to the first open position. 12. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the linking member is configured to move between an engaging position engaging the photosensitive drum and a non-engaging position disengaged from the photosensitive drum, the linking member at the non-engaging position being positioned outward in the axial direction than the linking member at the engaging position. 13. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein: the first cover is further movable to an intermediate position between the first closed position and the first open position; the pressing releasing member is configured to move the developing pressing member from the pressing position to the non-pressing position in conjunction with movement of the first cover from the first closed position to the intermediate position; and the linking member is configured to move the photosensitive drum from the image-forming position to the non-image-forming position in conjunction with movement of the first cover from the intermediate position to the first open position. 14. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 12, further comprising: a drum cartridge including the photosensitive drum; and a second cover movably provided at the main casing, the main casing being further formed with a second opening, the drum cartridge being inserted in and removed from the main casing through the second opening, the second cover being movable between a second closed position closing the second opening and a second open position opening the second opening. 15. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 14, further comprising an exposure unit configured to expose a surface of the photosensitive drum, wherein the drum guide extends above the exposure unit and is connected to second opening, the photosensitive drum being configured to move from the image-forming position to the non-image-forming position while being guided along the drum guide toward the second opening. 16. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 15, further comprising an urging member configured to urge the linking member toward the non-engaging position from the engaging position. 17. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the second cover comprises a cam configured to allow and restrict urging of the urging member against the linking member, the cam of the second cover at the second open position allowing the urging member to urge the linking member to place the linking member at the non-engaging position, the cam of the second cover at the second closed position restricting the urging member from urging the linking member to place the linking member at the engaging position. 18. The image-forming apparatus as claimed in claim 14, further comprising a locking mechanism configured to move between a locking position locking the second cover at the second closed position and an unlocking position unlocking the second cover from the second closed position, the locking mechanism at the locking position locking the second cover at the second closed position while the first cover is at the first closed position, the locking mechanism moving from the locking position to the unlocking position in conjunction with the movement of the first cover from the first closed position to the first open position.",
-    "This application discloses tools to build a topology library including one or more topologies, each of which includes a description of multiple transistors, their parameters, and associated connectivity, and also includes rules or criteria to be utilized in downstream design flow processes. The tools can analyze a circuit design describing an electronic device to recognize a subset of transistors in the electronic device has a pre-defined circuit topology, and identify layout rules or simulation criteria for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology. The tools can utilize the layout rules to automatically generate a portion of a physical design layout corresponding to the recognized topology in the circuit design. The tools also can compare results from a simulation of the circuit design that correspond to the transistors in the recognized circuit topology to the simulation criteria to determine whether the transistors in the recognized circuit topology meet design specifications. 1. A method comprising: analyzing, by a computing system, a circuit design describing an electronic device to recognize that a subset of transistors in the electronic device has a pre-defined circuit topology; identifying, by the computing system, layout rules for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology; and generating, by the computing system, a physical design layout from the circuit design, wherein the transistors in the recognized circuit topology are automatically placed and routed based, at least in part, on the layout rules for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the circuit design to recognize the subset of transistors further comprises: accessing the pre-defined circuit topology from a topology library; and performing a recursive comparison of transistors described in the circuit design to recognize the subset of the transistors in the electronic device has the pre-defined circuit topology. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein identifying the layout rules for the transistors further comprises ascribing the layout rules or simulation criteria to the transistors in the circuit design recognized as corresponding to the pre-defined circuit topology. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the pre-defined circuit topology in the topology library includes a listing of transistors, their associated parameters, and at least one of connectivity to each other, connectivity to power and ground nets, or connectivity to themselves. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the parameters of at least one of the transistors include at least one of a multiplication factor (M-factor), transistor dimensions, or transistor type. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, by the computing system, simulation criteria for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology; and comparing, by the computing system, results from a simulation of the circuit design that correspond to the transistors in the recognized circuit topology to the simulation criteria to determine whether the transistors in the recognized circuit topology meet design specifications. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the circuit design describes an analog or mixed-signal electronic device at a transistor level of abstraction. 8. A device comprising: a memory device configured to store machine-readable instructions; and a computing system including one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, configured to: analyze a circuit design describing an electronic device to recognize a subset of transistors in the electronic device has a pre-defined circuit topology; identify layout rules for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology; and generate a physical design layout from the circuit design, wherein the transistors in the recognized circuit topology are automatically placed and routed based, at least in part, on the layout rules for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to analyze the circuit design to recognize the subset of transistors by accessing the pre-defined circuit topology from a topology library, and performing a recursive comparison of transistors described in the circuit design to recognize the subset of the transistors in the electronic device has the pre-defined circuit topology. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to identify the layout rules for the transistors by ascribing the layout rules or simulation criteria to the transistors in the circuit design recognized as corresponding to the pre-defined circuit topology. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the pre-defined circuit topology in the topology library includes a listing of transistors, their associated parameters, and at least one of connectivity to each other, connectivity to power and ground nets, or connectivity to themselves. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the parameters of at least one of the transistors include at least one of a multiplication factor (M-factor), transistor dimensions, or transistor type. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more processing devices, in response to executing the machine-readable instructions, are configured to: identify simulation criteria for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology; and compare results from a simulation of the circuit design that correspond to the transistors in the recognized circuit topology to the simulation criteria to determine whether the transistors in the recognized circuit topology meet design specifications. 14. An apparatus comprising at least one computer-readable memory device storing instructions configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations comprising: analyzing a circuit design describing an electronic device to recognize a subset of transistors in the electronic device has a pre-defined circuit topology; identifying layout rules for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology; and generating a physical design layout from the circuit design, wherein the transistors in the recognized circuit topology are automatically placed and routed based, at least in part, on the layout rules for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein analyzing the circuit design to recognize the subset of transistors further comprises: accessing the pre-defined circuit topology from a topology library; and performing a recursive comparison of transistors described in the circuit design to recognize the subset of the transistors in the electronic device has the pre-defined circuit topology. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein identifying the layout rules for the transistors further comprises ascribing the layout rules or simulation criteria to the transistors in the circuit design recognized as corresponding to the pre-defined circuit topology. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the pre-defined circuit topology in the topology library includes a listing of transistors, their associated parameters, and at least one of connectivity to each other, connectivity to power and ground nets, or connectivity to themselves. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the parameters of at least one of the transistors include at least one of a multiplication factor (M-factor), transistor dimensions, or transistor type. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the instructions are configured to cause one or more processing devices to perform operations further comprising: identifying simulation criteria for the transistors in the recognized circuit topology; and comparing results from a simulation of the circuit design that correspond to the transistors in the recognized circuit topology to the simulation criteria to determine whether the transistors in the recognized circuit topology meet design specifications. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the circuit design describes an analog or mixed-signal electronic device at a transistor level of abstraction.",
-    "An electrical connection jumper is of the screw type for terminal blocks of switchboards. The jumper includes conducting body including at least two sub-bodies, each with a shape substantially in the form of an overturned \u201cU\u201d, insulating body including at least two sub-bodies with a substantially parallelepiped shape made of suitable insulating material, connected together longitudinally by a vertical membrane with a reduced thickness in the transverse direction. Insulating body has a plane for coupling with the conducting body. The coupling plane includes, between each sub-body and adjacent sub-body, a pair of arched lugs arranged opposite each other in the transverse direction and extending in the longitudinal direction so that the respective vertical arms are respectively connected to each one of the adjacent sub-bodies. Each arched lug has a tooth extending in the transverse direction towards the inside of the insulating body in empty space between the two sub-bodies. 1. An electrical connection jumper, of a screw type in particular for switchboard terminal blocks, extending in a longitudinal lengthwise direction, transverse widthwise direction and vertical direction perpendicular to preceding directions, and comprising: a conducting body including at least two conducting sub-bodies, each conducting sub-body substantially in the form of an overturned \u201cU\u201d and being connected in the longitudinal direction by means of a tongue, each conducting sub-body having: a respective head lying in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction and transverse direction, each head having a through-hole in the vertical direction; and respective contact plates lying in planes parallel to the longitudinal direction and vertical direction and situated opposite each other in the transverse direction relative to the head; an insulating body including at least two insulating sub-bodies with a substantially parallelepiped shape, made of insulating material and connected together longitudinally by a vertical membrane of reduced thickness in the transverse direction, each insulating sub-body having, passing through it, a respective vertical through-hole; wherein the insulating body has a coupling plane for coupling with the conducting body, the coupling plane includes, between each insulating sub-body and the adjacent insulating sub-body, a pair of arched lugs situated opposite each other in the transverse direction and extending in the longitudinal direction so that the respective vertical arms are respectively connected to each one of the adjacent insulating sub-bodies, each arched lug having a tooth extending in the transverse direction towards the inside of the insulating body in empty space between the two insulating sub-bodies, the arched lug with tooth allowing relative reversible engagement of the insulating body and the conducting body; and at least two screws for performing fixing to a terminal block, each of the at least two screws insertable into the through-hole of a respective sub-body of the insulating sub-bodies. 2. The jumper according to claim 1 wherein the hole in the insulating sub-bodies of the insulating body has a top section, in the vertical direction, with a larger diameter, and a bottom section, coaxial in the same vertical direction, with a smaller diameter. 3. The jumper according to claim 1 wherein the connecting tongue between the at least two conducting sub-bodies has incisions in the form of a V formed in a top surface and a bottom surface of the tongue, situated opposite each other and extending parallel to the transverse direction to form preferential breakage lines of the jumper. 4. The jumper according to claim 1 wherein the tongue includes two edges parallel to the longitudinal direction and having a chamfer incline from a plane of the tongue downwards in the vertical direction. 5. The jumper according to claim 2 wherein the diameter of the top section of the hole in the insulating sub-body corresponds to a diameter of a head of the screw. 6. The jumper according to claim 2 wherein the diameter of the bottom section of the hole in the insulating sub-body corresponds to the internal diameter of a thread of the respective screw. 7. The jumper according to claim 1 wherein the hole has internally: at least two vertical ribs designed for frictional engagement with the head of the screw, three ribs arranged with an angular spacing of 120\u00b0, or four ribs arranged with an angular spacing of 90\u00b0. 8. The jumper according to claim 1 wherein the jumper is formed as a strip of a length in the longitudinal direction. 9. The jumper according to claim 8 wherein the strip has twelve conducting sub-bodies joined together by respective connecting tongues. 10. The jumper according to claim 1 wherein pairs of opposite arched lugs extend from the longitudinal edges, situated on the outside in the transverse direction, of the plane for coupling with the conducting body.",
-    "A handheld diabetes manager has a graphical user interface for displaying status of an external medical device and includes a port configured to receive a test strip and a blood glucose measurement module. The diabetes manager includes a communications module that selectively communicates via a wireless data link with an external medical device to receive status data pertaining to the operation of the external medical device, and a user interface module in data communication with the blood glucose measurement module and the communications module. The graphical user interface includes a status screen that presents data pertaining to a glucose measure determined by the blood glucose measurement module concurrently with the status data received from the external medical device, such that the status data of the external medical device is presented on the status screen only when the communication module is in data communication with the external medical device. 1-21. 22. A handheld diabetes manager having a graphical user interface for displaying a status of one or more external medical devices, comprising: a housing; a port formed in the housing and configured to receive a test strip for blood glucose measurement; a blood glucose measurement module residing in the housing and cooperatively operates with a test strip inserted in the port for blood glucose measurement; a communications module configured to selectively communicate via a wireless data link with an external medical devices to receive status data pertaining to the operation of the external medical device, the external medical device being physically separated from the diabetes manager; a display integrated into the housing; and a user interface module in data communication with the blood glucose measurement module and the communications module, the user interface module programmed to generate a graphical user interface on the display of the handheld diabetes manager, wherein the graphical user interface includes a main menu and a status screen, the main menu having buttons for each of the one or more external medical devices connectable to the handheld diabetes manager, such that a button for a corresponding external medical device is enabled only when the communication module is in data communication with the corresponding external medical device, and the status screen presents data pertaining to a glucose measure determined by the blood glucose measurement module concurrently with the status data received from the one or more external medical devices, wherein the user interface module is implemented by computer readable instructions executed by a processor in the handheld diabetes manager. 23. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 22, wherein the external medical devices is defined as one of an insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitoring device. 24. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 22 wherein the communications module is an RF transceiver. 25. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 22 wherein when the insulin pump is paired and communicating with the diabetes manager and the insulin pump is delivering basal insulin, the status screen displays a basal information bar with a basal icon, basal profile, basal rate value and units. 26. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 22 wherein the status screen displays a blood glucose result from a most recent blood glucose test and time information regarding when the blood glucose test was completed. 27. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 23 wherein when the insulin pump is paired with the diabetes manager and the insulin pump is running, the status screen displays a pump running icon. 28. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 23 wherein when the insulin pump is paired with the diabetes manager and the insulin pump is stopped, the status screen displays a pump stop icon. 29. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 23 wherein when the insulin pump is paired with the diabetes manager and the insulin pump is paused, the status screen displays a pump pause icon. 30. A handheld diabetes manager having a graphical user interface for displaying a status of one or more external medical devices, comprising: a housing; a port formed in the housing and configured to receive a test strip for blood glucose measurement; a blood glucose measurement module residing in the housing and cooperatively operates with a test strip inserted in the port for blood glucose measurement; a communications module configured to selectively communicate via a wireless data link with an external medical devices to receive status data pertaining to the operation of the external medical device, the external medical device being physically separated from the diabetes manager; a display integrated into the housing; and a user interface module in data communication with the blood glucose measurement module and the communications module, the user interface module programmed to generate a graphical user interface on the display of the handheld diabetes manager, wherein the graphical user interface includes a main menu, a bG only status screen and a secondary status screen, the main menu having a button for external medical device, such that the button for the external medical device is enabled only when the communication module is paired with the external medical device, the bG only status screen presents only data pertaining to a blood glucose measurement made by the blood glucose measurement module, and the secondary status screen presents data pertaining to a glucose measure determined by the blood glucose measurement module concurrently with the status data received from the one or more external medical devices, wherein the user interface module is implemented by computer readable instructions executed by a processor in the handheld diabetes manager. 31. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 30 wherein the user interface module navigates the main menu to the bG only status screen when the communications module is not paired with the external medical device and the user interface module navigates the main menu to the secondary status screen when the communication module is paired with the external medical device. 32. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 31, wherein the external medical devices is defined as one of an insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitoring device. 33. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 32 wherein the communications module is an RF transceiver. 34. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 33 wherein when the insulin pump is paired and communicating with the diabetes manager and the insulin pump is delivering basal insulin, the status screen displays a basal information bar with a basal icon, basal profile, basal rate value and units. 35. The handheld diabetes manager of claim 34 wherein the status screen displays a blood glucose result from a most recent blood glucose test and time information regarding when the blood glucose test was completed.",
-    "The present invention provides isolated dimeric Streptococcus-specific phage lysins having two Streptococcus-specific phage lysin monomers covalently linked to each other, and having killing activity against one or more Streptococcus bacteria. Also provided for are pharmaceutical compositions of dimeric lysins and their use in therapeutic treatment or alleviation of infections or bacterial colonizations. The dimeric lysins may also be used to decontaminate porous and non-porous surfaces or devices. 1. An isolated dimeric Streptococcus-specific phage lysin comprising two Streptococcus-specific phage lysin monomers covalently linked to each other, wherein said dimer has killing activity against one or more Streptococcus bacteria. 2. The lysin of claim 1, wherein said lysin monomers are Cpl-1 monomers having at least 90% amino acid sequence identity to unmutated Cpl-1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or are Pal monomers having at least 90% amino acid sequence identity to unmutated Pal (SEQ ID NO: 5). 3. The lysin of claim 1, wherein said lysin monomers are chemically cross-linked to each other. 4. The lysin of claim 2, wherein said lysin monomers are covalently linked to each other by a disulfide bond. 5. The lysin of claim 4, wherein each monomer has a Cys residue that is between 14 and 20 amino acids from the C-terminus. 6. The lysin of claim 5, wherein said lysin monomers do not have a Cys residue in the first 45 residues. 7. The lysin of claim 5, wherein said lysin monomers are selected from mutant Cpl-1 lysins comprising an amino acid sequence set out in FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and mutant Pal lysins comprising an amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO:6. 8. The lysin of claim 1, wherein said lysin monomers comprise a catalytic domain of a first Streptococcus-specific phage lysin and a binding domain of a second Streptococcus-specific phage lysin. 9. The lysin of claim 8, wherein the catalytic domain of a first Streptococcus-specific phage lysin is mutant Cpl-1 (SEQ ID NO:3), mutant Pal SEQ ID NO:6 or another Streptococcal phage lysin. 10. The lysin of claim 8, wherein the binding domain of a second Streptococcus-specific phage lysin is mutant Cpl-1 (SEQ ID NO:3), mutant Pal SEQ ID NO:6 or another Streptococcal phage lysin. 11. The lysin of claim 1 having killing activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. 12. A method of treating a mammal suffering from a disease or condition caused by a streptococcal infection by administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a lysin of claim 1. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said infection is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein said disease or condition is one or more diseases or conditions selected from the group of bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media, and sinusitis. 15. A method for decolonizing streptococcus in a mammal suffering from or at risk of a disease or condition caused by a streptococcal infection by administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a lysin of claim 1. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said infection is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a dimeric lysin of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 18. An anti-microbial composition for sanitizing or decontaminating porous or non-porous surfaces comprising a lysin of claim 1. 19. A method for decontaminating inanimate surfaces suspected of containing infectious bacteria comprising treatment of said surfaces with a bacteriocidally or bacteriostatically effective amount of the composition of claim 17.",
-    "A one piece, planar flatpack gutter trap formed and creased on its top surface in a configuration so as to allow assembly into a gutter system trap. It is capable of folding assembly on a job site with a minimum of hand tools and an object with a sharp linear edge. It has a leaf guard incorporated thereon that is capable of locking the gutter trap in its assembled configuration to prevent the collapse of the leaf trap and to increase the lateral stability of the device. 1. A gutter trap for use with a downspout of a gutter system comprising: a planar substrate; a series of plates formed thereon a face of said planar substrate; a series of linear creases formed on a face of said planar substrate; a lockingly engageable seam formed on at least two of said plates; wherein said plates are defined by the planar area bounded between at least one of said creases; and wherein said plates may be bent at said creases and at least two of said plates matingly engaged to form said gutter trap. 2. The gutter trap of claim 1 wherein the number of said plates in series is seven and the number of said linear creases is six. 3. The gutter trap of claim 2 wherein five of said seven plates are rectangular. 4. The gutter trap of claim 3 wherein said seven plates are contiguous, made of a series of five consecutively adjacent plates having a central plate and a series of two consecutively adjacent plates that extend from said central plate of said series of consecutively adjacent five plates. 5. The gutter trap of claim 4 wherein said plates each have at least one pair of opposite edges, and on each said plate at least one of said six creases extend uninterrupted across said pair of opposite edges of said plate. 6. The gutter trap of claim 5 wherein said series of five consecutively adjacent plates sequentially are: a back inner seam plate, a first side plate, said center plate, a second side plate and a back outer seam plate. 7. The gutter trap of claim 6 wherein said series of two consecutively adjacent plates that extend from said central plate sequentially are a leaf guard plate and a lock plate. 8. The gutter trap of claim 7 wherein said back inner seam plate and said back outer seam plate matingly engage to form said gutter trap, wherein when said seam plates are engaged, said trap forms a conduit having an upper throat and a planar ring edge. 9. The gutter trap of claim 8 wherein said leaf guard plate has a series of orifices formed therethrough and said leaf guard resides at an angle within said upper throat. 10. A gutter trap for use with a downspout of a gutter system comprising: a unitary, planar substrate with a series of plates formed thereon a face of said planar substrate by a series of V shaped linear creases formed between a pair of opposing edges on said face of said planar substrate at the edges of said plates; wherein said series of plates are folded to assemble a conduit with an upper throat and a bottom planar ring edge, said bottom planar ring edge sized for insertion into a commercially sized drain pipe. 11. The gutter trap of claim 10 said trap having a leaf guard plate extending between said center plate and said seam within said throat residing at an angle with respect to said planar ring edge. 12. The gutter trap of claim 11 wherein said series of plates are contiguous, made of a series of five consecutively adjacent plates having a central plate and a series of two consecutively adjacent rectangular plates that extend from said central plate of said series of consecutively adjacent five plates. 13. The gutter trap of claim 12 comprising: a back inner seam plate: a first side plate: a center plate; a second side plate; a back outer seam plate; a leaf guard plate; and a lock plate; wherein said seam plates and said lock plate have a single crease, said side plates and said leaf guard plates have two creases, and said center plate has three creases. 14. The gutter trap of claim 13 wherein said series of said five consecutively adjacent plates is connected to form said conduit by a linear seam of a conjointed first half seam formed on the edge of said back inner seam plate and a second half seam formed on the edge of said back outer seam plate. 15. The gutter trap of claim 14 wherein said first seam half is formed of overlapping substrate that forms a recess into which a tab of said second half seam is insertable to form a lockingly engageable crimpable seal.",
-    "With the progress toward multi-core processors, each core is can not readily ascertain the status of the other dies with respect to an idle or active status. A proposal for utilizing an interface to transmit core status among multiple cores in a multi-die microprocessor is discussed. Consequently, this facilitates thermal management by allowing an optimal setting for setting performance and frequency based on utilizing each core status. 1. A processor comprising: a plurality of cores; and a control logic to increase an operating frequency of at least one of the plurality of cores during an operational mode in which at least one other of the plurality of cores is in an idle state, and maintain the increased operating frequency if the at least one other core exits the idle state for less than a threshold duration. 2. The processor of claim 1, wherein the operating frequency is higher than a guaranteed frequency when the at least one other of the plurality of cores is in the idle state. 3. The processor of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of cores is to use an available power of the at least one other of the plurality of cores to increase the operating frequency. 4. The processor of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of cores is to use a thermal headroom of the at least one other of the plurality of cores to increase the operating frequency. 5. The processor of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of cores is to use an available power and thermal headroom of the at least one other of the plurality of cores to increase the operating frequency. 6. The processor of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of cores is to operate in a turbo mode when the at least one other of the plurality of cores is in the idle state. 7. The processor of claim 6, wherein the control logic comprises a turbo mode logic. 8. The processor of claim 7, wherein the processor comprises a multicore processor. 9. The processor of claim 1, wherein the control logic is to increase the operating frequency of a first core of the plurality of cores when a second core of the plurality of cores is idle, and increase the operating frequency of the first core and a third core of the plurality of cores when at least two cores of the plurality of cores are idle. 10. The processor of claim 1, wherein the control logic is to enable a first core of the plurality of cores to operate in a turbo mode when a second core of the plurality of cores is idle, and enable the first core and a third core of the plurality of cores to operate in the turbo mode when at least two cores of the plurality of cores are idle. 11. The processor of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises more than two cores. 12. The processor of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises: a first die including a first core and a second core; and a second die. 13. The processor of claim 12, wherein the second die comprises a third core and a fourth core. 14. A system comprising: a multicore processor comprising: a plurality of cores; and a control logic to increase an operating frequency of a first core of the plurality of cores when at least one other of the plurality of cores is in an idle state and maintain the increased operating frequency if the at least one other of the plurality of cores is to exit the idle state for less than a threshold duration; and a memory coupled to the multicore processor. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the operating frequency is higher than a guaranteed frequency when the at least one other of the plurality of cores is in the idle state. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one of the plurality of cores is to use an available power of the at least one other of the plurality of cores to increase the operating frequency. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one of the plurality of cores is to use a thermal headroom of the at least one other of the plurality of cores to increase the operating frequency. 18. At least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising instructions that when executed enable a system to: determine an operating frequency for a first core of a multicore processor based at least in part on an operating state of a second core of the multicore processor; and increase the operating frequency for the first core if the second core is in an idle state, including to maintain the increased operating frequency if the second core exits the idle state for less than a threshold duration, and increase the operating frequency of the first and second cores when a plurality of other cores of the multicore processor are in the idle state. 19. The at least one non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the operating frequency is higher than a guaranteed frequency when at least the second core is in the idle state. 20. The at least one non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, further comprising instructions that when executed enable the system to use an available power and thermal headroom of at least the second core to increase the operating frequency for the first core.",
-    "A high-speed transportation system, includes at least one transportation tube having at least one track, at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations, a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube, a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube. The at least one transportation tube is structured and arranged as a net-tension tube. 1. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track; at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube, wherein the at least one transportation tube is structured and arranged as a net-tension tube. 2. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube comprises two tubes in a side-by-side configuration. 3. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube comprises one tube with two discrete capsule passageways. 4. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube comprises one tube with four discrete capsule passageways. 5. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a walkway configured for passengers arranged adjacent the track. 6. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube is formed from uniform thickness steel or a metal-composite material. 7. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of supports spaced along a path of the at least one tube to support the at least one tube at an elevation above ground. 8. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, wherein the at least one tube is self-supporting between adjacent supports. 9. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, further comprising a support structure arranged between adjacent supports, above the supports and beneath the at least one tube, wherein the support structure is self-supporting and supports the at least one tube between the adjacent supports. 10. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein each tube between adjacent supports is configured for handling dynamic forces expected within and outside the tube, and wherein the support structure between the adjacent supports is configured for handling the static forces of the weight of the tube and support structure and for dynamic forces acting within and outside the tube. 11. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises an inner layer and an outer layer, with a middle layer between the inner layer and the outer layer. 12. The high-speed transportation system of claim 11, wherein the inner layer and the outer layer comprise a metal and the middle layer comprises a foam material. 13. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the net-tensioned tube comprises at least one compression member extending between different points on an inner wall of the tube, the compression member creating a restrained load that induces tension in an outer wall of the tube. 14. The high-speed transportation system of claim 13, wherein the at least one compression member comprises two compression members positioned orthogonally relative to each other. 15. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a plurality of tube sections, wherein the tube sections comprise uniform tube configurations along a transportation route between stations. 16. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein uniform tube configurations comprise tubes having approximately the same outer diameter and wall thickness. 17. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a plurality of tube sections, at least some of the tube sections comprising differing tube configurations along a transportation route between stations. 18. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a uniform wall thickness and diameter along a transportation route between stations. 19. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises one or more portions having different wall cross-sectional areas at different positions along a transportation route between stations so as to vary an airflow passage around the capsule within the tube. 20. The high-speed transportation system of claim 19, wherein the different wall cross-sectional areas are created by different wall thicknesses at the different positions. 21. The high-speed transportation system of claim 19, wherein the different wall cross-sectional areas are created by different tube diameters at the different positions. 22. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises one or more portions having different wall thicknesses configured for different expected loads. 23. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track; at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube, wherein the at least one tube comprises an inner layer and an outer layer, and a middle layer positioned between the inner layer and the outer layer. 24. The high-speed transportation system of claim 23, wherein the inner layer is selected and/or configured for exposure to an interior environment of the tube and the outer layer is selected and/or configured exposure to an exterior environment of the tube. 25. The high-speed transportation system of claim 23, wherein the inner layer and the outer layer comprise metals and the middle layer comprises a foam material. 26. The high-speed transportation system of claim 25, wherein the foam material comprises a foamed metal material. 27. The high-speed transportation system of claim 25, wherein the foam material at least one of reduces thermal conductivity, increases stiffness, increases strength, and reduces weight of the tube. 28. The high-speed transportation system of claim 23, wherein the at least one transportation tube is structured and arranged as a net-tension tube. 29. A method of manufacturing a tensioned tube comprising an inner wall and an outer structure, the method comprising: expanding the inner wall through a loading process; attaching the outer structure to the expanded inner wall as the loading process is completed, creating a net compression state in the outer structure and a net tension state in the inner wall. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the loading process comprises applying at least one of internal pressure and heat to the inner wall.",
-    "An above-ground low-temperature tank includes a metal inner tank which stores low-temperature liquefied gas, and an outer tank which includes a concrete outer wall surrounding the inner tank. A hole portion which has a preset depth from a bottom surface of the inner tank is formed on a bottom portion of the inner tank, and a metal pit main body having a cylindrical bottomed accommodating portion is provided in a state where the accommodating portion is accommodated in the hole portion. A reinforcing body which supports at least an outer circumferential edge portion of a bottom surface of the pit main body is provided on the bottom surface side of the pit main body in the hole portion. A cold insulation material is provided below the reinforcing body. 1. An above-ground low-temperature tank, comprising: a metal inner tank which stores low-temperature liquefied gas; and an outer tank which includes a concrete outer wall surrounding the inner tank, wherein a hole portion which has a preset depth from a bottom surface of the inner tank is formed on a bottom portion of the inner tank, and a metal pit main body having a cylindrical bottomed accommodating portion is provided in a state where the accommodating portion is accommodated in the hole portion, a reinforcing body which supports at least an outer circumferential edge portion of a bottom surface of the pit main body is provided on the bottom surface side of the pit main body in the hole portion, and a cold insulation material is provided below the reinforcing body. 2. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 1, wherein compressed glass wool is disposed outside a side peripheral surface of the pit main body in the hole portion. 3. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing body is annularly formed to support the outer circumferential edge portion of the bottom surface of the pit main body, and the cold insulation material is provided inside the annular reinforcing body. 4. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 2, wherein the reinforcing body is annularly formed to support the outer circumferential edge portion of the bottom surface of the pit main body, and the cold insulation material is provided inside the annular reinforcing body. 5. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing body is made of concrete. 6. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 2, wherein the reinforcing body is made of concrete. 7. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 3, wherein the reinforcing body is made of concrete. 8. The above-ground low-temperature tank according to claim 4, wherein the reinforcing body is made of concrete.",
-    "Probe head assemblies with constrained internal motion and probe systems including the probe head assemblies are disclosed herein. The probe head assemblies include a contacting structure, an orientation-regulating structure, and a support frame. The contacting structure includes a plurality of conductive probes configured to physically and electrically contact corresponding contact pads on the DUT. The support frame is configured to support the contacting structure and the orientation-regulating structure. The orientation-regulating structure supports the contacting structure and is configured to permit translational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame along a contacting axis. The orientation-regulating structure further is configured to resist translational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame in any direction that is at least substantially perpendicular to the contacting axis. The orientation-regulating structure may include a compound linear flexure. 1. A probe head assembly configured to contact a device under test (DUT) along a contacting axis, the probe head assembly comprising: a contacting structure including a plurality of conductive probes configured to physically and electrically contact corresponding contact pads on the DUT; a compound linear flexure; and a support frame configured to support the contacting structure and the compound linear flexure, wherein: (i) the compound linear flexure supports the contacting structure and extends at least partially between the contacting structure and the support frame; and (ii) the compound linear flexure is configured to permit translational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame along the contacting axis and to resist translational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame in any direction that is at least substantially perpendicular to the contacting axis. 2. The probe head assembly of claim 1, wherein the probe head assembly further includes a backing plate that supports the contacting structure and extends at least partially between the contacting structure and the compound linear flexure. 3. The probe head assembly of claim 2, wherein the backing plate is an at least substantially rigid backing plate. 4. A probe head assembly configured contact a device under test (DUT) along a contacting axis, the probe head assembly comprising: a contacting structure including a plurality of conductive probes configured to physically and electrically contact corresponding contact pads on the DUT; an orientation-regulating structure; and a support frame configured to support the contacting structure and the orientation-regulating structure, wherein: (i) the orientation-regulating structure supports the contacting structure and extends at least partially between the contacting structure and the support frame; (ii) the orientation-regulating structure is configured to permit translational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame along the contacting axis; (iii) the orientation-regulating structure is configured to resist translational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame in any direction that is at least substantially perpendicular to the contacting axis; and (iv) the orientation-regulating structure is configured to resist rotational motion of the contacting structure relative to the support frame about any axis. 5. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein the probe head assembly further includes an at least substantially rigid backing plate, and further wherein: (i) the support frame further is configured to support the backing plate; and (ii) the backing plate supports the contacting structure and extends at least partially between the contacting structure and the orientation-regulating structure such that the orientation-regulating structure supports the contacting structure via the backing plate. 6. The probe head assembly of claim 5, wherein the backing plate is configured to resist deformation when the probe head assembly contacts the DUT. 7. The probe head assembly of claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of conductive probes includes a corresponding probe tip, and further wherein the backing plate is configured to maintain the probe tip of each conductive probe in the plurality of conductive probes in an at least substantially single contacting plane. 8. The probe head assembly of claim 5, wherein the backing plate is a space transformer, wherein the space transformer includes a plurality of electrical conduits, wherein each of the plurality of electrical conduits is in electrical communication with a corresponding one of the plurality of conductive probes, wherein the space transformer includes a contacting structure-supporting surface and a contacting structure-opposed surface, and further wherein each of the plurality of electrical conduits extends between the contacting structure-supporting surface and the contacting structure-opposed surface. 9. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein the orientation-regulating structure is configured to resist tilting of the contacting structure relative to the support frame when the probe head assembly operatively contacts the DUT. 10. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein the orientation-regulating structure is configured to resist rotation of the contacting structure relative to the support frame when a torque is applied to the contacting structure via contact between the contacting structure and the DUT. 11. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein, prior to contact between the DUT and the contacting structure, the probe head assembly defines an undeflected relative orientation between the contacting structure and the support frame, and further wherein, upon deflection from the undeflected relative orientation to a deflected relative orientation, which is responsive to contact between the contacting structure and the DUT, the orientation-regulating structure exhibits a restoring force on the contacting structure that urges the probe head assembly toward the undeflected relative orientation. 12. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein the orientation-regulating structure permits translational relative motion between the contacting structure and the support frame along a permitted degree of freedom and resists relative motion between the contacting structure and the support frame in all other degrees of freedom. 13. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein the orientation-regulating structure exhibits a stiffness along the contacting axis of at most 10 Newtons/micrometer. 14. The probe head assembly of claim 13, wherein the orientation-regulating structure exhibits a stiffness in all directions that are perpendicular to the contacting axis of at least 20 Newtons/meter. 15. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein a ratio of a minimum stiffness of the orientation-regulating structure in all directions that are perpendicular to the contacting axis to a stiffness of the orientation-regulating structure along the contacting axis is at least 10. 16. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein, upon contact between the contacting structure and the DUT, the orientation-regulating structure is configured to permit the contacting structure to deflect toward the support frame a threshold distance of at least 25 micrometers along the contacting axis. 17. The probe head assembly of claim 4, wherein the orientation-regulating structure includes a compound linear flexure. 18. The probe head assembly of claim 17, wherein the compound linear flexure includes a platform, which is operatively attached to the contacting structure, a support frame-facing plate, which is operatively attached to the support frame, and a plurality of flexure elements that operatively attaches the platform to the support frame-facing plate. 19. A probe system, comprising: the probe head assembly of claim 4; a chuck including a support surface configured to operatively support a substrate that includes the DUT; and a signal generation and analysis assembly configured to at least one of: (i) provide a test signal to the DUT via the probe head assembly; and (ii) receive a resultant signal from the DUT via the probe head assembly. 20. The probe system of claim 19, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of DUTs that is oriented in an array on a surface of the substrate, wherein the contacting structure includes a plurality of spaced-apart contacting regions oriented to contact a corresponding subset of the plurality of DUTs, wherein the probe system includes the substrate, wherein the probe head assembly is contacting the substrate, wherein the probe head assembly is oriented such that fewer than all of the plurality of spaced-apart contacting regions is contacting a corresponding DUT of the plurality of DUTs and also such that a torque is applied to the probe head assembly by the substrate, and further wherein the orientation-regulating structure resists rotation of the contacting structure relative to the support frame due to the torque.",
-    "Methods are disclosed for efficient scheduling of frequency resources (for example, subband and/or PRB locations) and/or identification of Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS) for a UE in a wireless communication system. The UE may comprise, without limitation, a Low Complexity Machine Type Communication (LC-MTC) device. Frequency resource allocations (e.g., subband and/or PRB) are selected from among one or more subsets of available resource allocations (i.e., fewer than the entirety of possible resource allocations) within a frequency space, which allows the resource allocations to be specified with a relatively small number of DCI bits. 1. A method for transmitting a control information message to a receiving device, the method comprising: configuring one or more subsets defining available resource allocations within a frequency space, wherein the available resource allocations are fewer than an entirety of possible resource allocations within the frequency space; specifying one of the available resource allocations, yielding a specified resource allocation; and transmitting a control information message to a receiving device indicating the specified resource allocation. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the available resource allocations define available subband allocations within the frequency space, the method comprising: specifying one of the available subband allocations, yielding a specified subband allocation; and transmitting a control information message to a receiving device indicating the specified subband allocation. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the available subband allocations comprise four or fewer unique subsets of frequency elements within the frequency space, wherein the control information message includes two or fewer bits indicating the specified subband allocation. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the available resource allocations further define available physical resource block (PRB) allocations within a subband, the method comprising: specifying one of the available PRB allocations within the specified subband, yielding a specified PRB allocation; and transmitting a control information message to a receiving device indicating the specified PRB allocation within the specified subband. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a subband corresponds to a single physical resource block (PRB). 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the available PRB allocations comprise two or fewer unique subsets of frequency elements within a specified subband of the frequency space, wherein the control information message includes one bit indicating the specified PRB allocation. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration of one or more subsets defining available resource allocations within a frequency space is different for different number of repetitions used for transmitting a physical channel. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration of one or more subsets defining available resource allocations within a frequency space is signaled to one or more receiving devices using one of: broadcast signaling and UE-specific signaling. 9. A method for transmitting a control information message to a receiving device, the method comprising: configuring one or more Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS) candidates; specifying one of the MCS candidates, yielding a specified MCS; and transmitting a control information message to the receiving device using the specified MCS. 10. Apparatus for transmitting a control information message to a receiving device, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor configured to: configure one or more subsets defining available resource allocations within a frequency space, wherein the available resource allocations are fewer than an entirety of possible resource allocations within the frequency space; specify one of the available resource allocations, yielding a specified resource allocation; and transmit a control information message to a receiving device indicating the specified resource allocation.",
-    "A sensor fault detection circuit includes: a first amplifier circuit that includes a first pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies a first sensor signal input from a first voltage amplifier; a second amplifier circuit that includes a second pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies a second sensor signal input from the second voltage amplifier; and a fault diagnosis unit that detects abnormality of a first voltage signal or a second voltage signal based on the first voltage signal output from the first amplifier circuit and the second voltage signal output from the second amplifier circuit. Characteristics of the first pair of elements are asymmetrical to each other, and characteristics of the second pair of elements are asymmetrical to each other in a same relationship with a relationship of the asymmetry between the characteristics of the first pair of elements. 1. A sensor fault detection circuit comprising: a first amplifier circuit that comprises a first pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies a first sensor signal input from a fault detection target to output a first signal; a second amplifier circuit that comprises a second pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies a second sensor signal which is input from the fault detection target and is different from the first sensor signal to output a second signal; and an abnormality detection unit that detects abnormality of the first signal or the second signal based on the first signal output from the first amplifier circuit and the second signal output from the second amplifier circuit, wherein characteristics of the first pair of elements of the first amplifier circuit are asymmetrical to each other, and characteristics of the second pair of elements of the second amplifier circuit are asymmetrical to each other in a same relationship with a relationship of the asymmetry between the characteristics of the first pair of elements. 2. The sensor fault detection circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal obtained from the fault detection target are different from each other, and the abnormality detection unit detects abnormality of the fault detection target based on the difference between the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal. 3. A relative rotation angle detection device comprising: a first output unit that outputs a signal which corresponds to a relative rotation angle between two rotation shafts which are coaxially disposed; a first amplifier circuit that comprises a first pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies the output signal from the first output unit to output a first signal; a second output unit that outputs a signal which corresponds to the relative rotation angle and which has a characteristic being contradictory to a characteristic of the signal output from the first output unit; a second amplifier circuit that comprises a second pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies the output signal from the second output unit to output a second signal; and an abnormality detection unit that detects abnormality of the first signal or the second signal based on the first signal output from the first amplifier circuit and the second signal output from the second amplifier circuit, wherein characteristics of the first pair of elements of the first amplifier circuit are asymmetrical to each other, and characteristics of the second pair of elements of the second amplifier circuit are asymmetrical to each other in a same relationship with a relationship of the asymmetry between the characteristics of the first pair of elements. 4. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 3, wherein each of the first amplifier circuit and the second amplifier circuit is a push-pull circuit. 5. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 3, wherein when a value, obtained by adding a value of the first signal to a value of the second signal, is a value out of a predetermined range, the abnormality detection unit determines that abnormality of the first signal or the second signal occurs. 6. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 4, wherein when a value, obtained by adding a value of the first signal to a value of the second signal, is a value out of a predetermined range, the abnormality detection unit determines that abnormality of the first signal or the second signal occurs. 7. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 3, wherein each of the first output unit and the second output unit has a hole element configured to output a voltage signal which corresponds to the relative rotation angle between the two rotation shafts, and a voltage amplifier circuit that amplifies the voltage signal output from the hole element. 8. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 4, wherein each of the first output unit and the second output unit has a hole element configured to output a voltage signal which corresponds to the relative rotation angle between the two rotation shafts, and a voltage amplifier circuit that amplifies the voltage signal output from the hole element. 9. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 5, wherein each of the first output unit and the second output unit has a hole element configured to output a voltage signal which corresponds to the relative rotation angle between the two rotation shafts, and a voltage amplifier circuit that amplifies the voltage signal output from the hole element. 10. The relative rotation angle detection device according to claim 6, wherein each of the first output unit and the second output unit has a hole element configured to output a voltage signal which corresponds to the relative rotation angle between the two rotation shafts, and a voltage amplifier circuit that amplifies the voltage signal output from the hole element. 11. A motor-driven power steering apparatus comprising: a first output unit that outputs a signal which corresponds to a relative rotation angle between two rotation shafts which are coaxially disposed; a first amplifier circuit that comprises a first pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies the output signal from the first output unit to output a first signal; a second output unit that outputs a signal which corresponds to the relative rotation angle and which has a characteristic being contradictory to a characteristic of the signal output from the first output unit; a second amplifier circuit that comprises a second pair of elements operating reversely to each other, and amplifies the output signal from the second output unit to output a second signal; and an abnormality detection unit that detects abnormality of the first signal or the second signal based on the first signal output from the first amplifier circuit and the second signal output from the second amplifier circuit, wherein characteristics of the first pair of elements of the first amplifier circuit are asymmetrical to each other, and characteristics of the second pair of elements of the second amplifier circuit are asymmetrical to each other in a same relationship with a relationship of the asymmetry between the characteristics of the first pair of elements.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, computer program product, and system for rebalancing partitioned data based, at least in part, on one or more characteristics of the plurality of database partitions. The computer updating characteristics, wherein the one or more characteristics include one or both of a) an average number of records per partition, and b) an average number of unique limit key values per partition. Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, computer program product, and system for limit key extrapolation in a database. Responsive to a determination that the upper limit key value of the last loaded record is greater than the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition, the computer redefines the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition by an extrapolated upper limit key value based, at least in part, on the range of limit key values. 1. A method for rebalancing partitioned data in a database, the method comprising: a computer initiating a rebalance of a first set of data records included in a plurality of database partitions by unloading the first set of data records, wherein the rebalance of the first set of data records is improved based, at least in part, on one or more characteristics of the plurality of database partitions that are determined during the rebalance of the first set of data records; the computer determining a first grouping, comprising a first sub-set of data records in the first set of data records, with a single limit key value; the computer calculating the average number of records per partition by dividing a total number of data records in the first set of data records by a total number of database partitions in the plurality of database partitions; the computer determining whether a first partition is filled based, at least in part, on a first loaded grouping increasing the number of data records loaded into the first partition, such that the number of data records loaded into the first partition is at least equal to the average number of records per partition; responsive to a determination that the first partition is filled, the computer updating the average number of records per partition, wherein the updated average number of records per partition is determined by dividing a number of data records remaining to be loaded by a number of database partitions remaining to be filled the computer determining a second grouping comprising a sub-set of data records in the first set of data records with a single limit key value; the computer determining a total number of unique limit key values included in the second grouping by: the computer unloading the first set of data records using one or more of: a) an index scan of a unique index of the plurality of database partitions, b) a table space scan, and c) a sort of the first set of data records by ascending limit key value; the computer counting the total number of unique limit key values using one of: a) a counter using an index key during unloading, b) a hashing algorithm during unloading, and c) a counter during re-reading of the first set of data records subsequent to unloading and sorting by ascending limit key values; the computer calculating the average number of unique limit key values per partition by dividing the total number of unique limit key values in the first set of data records by a total number of database partitions in the plurality of database partitions; the computer determining whether a second partition is filled based, at least in part, on a second loaded grouping increasing the number of unique limit key values loaded into the second partition, such that the number of unique limit key values loaded into the second partition is at least equal to the average number of unique limit key values per partition; responsive to a determination that the second partition is filled, the computer updating the average number of unique limit key values per partition, wherein the updated average number of unique limit key values per partition is determined by dividing a number of unique limit key values remaining to be loaded by a number of database partitions remaining to be filled; the computer determining if a first empty partition remains after loading the first set of data records; responsive to determining that a first empty partition remains after loading the first set of data records, the computer performing limit key extrapolation for the first empty partition by: the computer defining at least one database partition of the plurality of database partitions by an upper limit key value based on a limit key value of a last loaded data record; the computer determining a range of limit key values for the plurality of database partitions from limit key definitions in a database; the computer determining if the limit key of the last loaded record is greater than a first upper limit key value of the first empty partition, wherein the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition was previously defined by the upper limit key value of a corresponding partition before a rebalance; responsive to a determination that the upper limit key value of the last loaded record is greater than the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition, the computer redefining the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition by an extrapolated upper limit key value based, at least in part, on the range of limit key values; the computer calculating a remaining range of limit key values by subtracting a greatest limit key value of a reloaded set of data records from a greatest limit key value in the range of limit key values for the plurality of database partitions; the computer calculating an arithmetic average by dividing the remaining range of limit key values by the number of empty partitions, wherein the arithmetic average is based, at least in part, on a limit key column data type, and wherein the limit key column data type is one of: a) a numeric limit key column data type, wherein the arithmetic average is determined by dividing the remaining range of limit key values by the number of empty partitions, b) a date/timestamp limit key column data type, wherein the arithmetic average is determined by converting the remaining range of limit key values from date/timestamp values into a number of days, and then dividing by the number of empty partitions, or c) a character limit key column data type, wherein, the arithmetic average is determined by converting the remaining range of limit key values from character values to floating point values, dividing by the number of empty partitions, and then converting a resulting floating point value to a character value; the computer calculating the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition by adding the calculated arithmetic average to the upper limit key value of the last loaded record; the computer calculating a second upper limit key value of a second empty partition by adding the calculated arithmetic average to the first upper limit key value of the first empty partition; and the computer loading a second set of data records into the plurality of database partitions based, at least in part, on the one or more characteristics of the plurality of database partitions, wherein the one or more characteristics are used to direct the rebalancing of the first set of data records and the second set of data records.",
-    "A semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device includes a substrate of a first conductivity type and an epitaxial structure of the first conductivity type disposed on the substrate. The semiconductor device further includes a well region having a first doping concentration of a second conductivity type disposed in the epitaxial structure and the substrate. The semiconductor device further includes a drain region and a source region respectively formed in the epitaxial structure inside and outside of the well region. The semiconductor device further includes a body region of the first conductivity type disposed under the source region, and a pair of first and second doped regions disposed in the well region between the drain region and the source region. The first and second doped regions extend outside of the well region and toward the body region. 1.-13 (canceled) 14. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate having a first conductivity type; a drain region, a source region, and a well region disposed in the substrate, the well region being disposed between the drain region and the source region and having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type; a body region having the first conductivity type and disposed under the source region; first and second doped regions disposed within the well region, the first doped region having the first conductivity type, and the second doped region being stacked on the first doped region and having the second conductivity type; and third and fourth doped regions disposed to overlap a portion of the body region and a portion of the substrate between the body region and the well region, the third doped region having the first conductivity type, and the fourth doped region being stacked on the first doped region and having the second conductivity type, the third and fourth doped regions being separated from the first and second doped regions. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 14, wherein: the well region is doped with a first doping concentration, the first doped region is doped with a second doping concentration, and the second doped region is doped with a third doping concentration; and each of the second doping concentration and third doping concentration is higher than the first doping concentration. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 14, wherein: the well region is doped with a first doping concentration, the first doped region is doped with a second doping concentration, and the second doped region is doped with a third doping concentration; the second doping concentration is higher than the first doping concentration; and the third doping concentration is lower than the first doping concentration. 17.-31. (canceled) 32. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate of a first conductivity type; an epitaxial structure of the first conductivity type disposed on the substrate; a well region having a first doping concentration of a second conductivity type disposed in the epitaxial structure and the substrate; a drain region and a source region formed in the epitaxial structure respectively inside and outside of the well region; a body region of the first conductivity type disposed under the source region; a pair of first and second doped regions disposed in the well region between the drain region and the source region, the first and second doped regions being of the first and second conductivity type, respectively, and being stacked vertically from bottom to top; and a pair of third and fourth doped regions disposed to overlap a portion of the body region and a portion of the epitaxial structure between the body region and the well region, the third doped region having the first conductivity type and the fourth doped region being stacked on the first doped region and having the second conductivity type, the third and fourth doped regions being separated from the first and second doped regions. 33. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein: the epitaxial structure is composed of a single epitaxial layer; and the pair of first and second doped regions is disposed in the epitaxial layer. 34. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein: the epitaxial structure is composed of a plurality of epitaxial layers; and the pair of first and second doped regions are disposed in the uppermost layer of the epitaxial layers. 35. The semiconductor device according to claim 34, wherein each of the epitaxial layers includes a pair of the first and second doped regions. 36. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, further comprising: an insulating layer disposed above the well region, the insulating layer being connected to the drain region and spaced apart from the source region; a gate insulating layer connected to the insulating layer and extended to cover a portion of the body region; and a gate disposed on the insulating layer and the gate insulating layer, the first and second doped regions being disposed under the insulating layer and the gate insulating layer, and extending outside of a lateral boundary of the insulating layer adjacent to the body region. 37. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein: the first doped region is doped with a second doping concentration and the second doped region is doped with a third doping concentration; and each of the second doping concentration and the third doping concentration is higher than the first doping concentration. 38. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein: the first doped region is doped with a second doping concentration and the second doped region is doped with a third doping concentration; the second doping concentration is higher than the first doping concentration; and the third doping concentration is lower than the first doping concentration. 39. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein the first doping concentration is about 1e11 to 1e13 atoms/cm2. 40. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein the source region is doped with a doping concentration of about 1e14 to 1e16 atoms/cm2. 41. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein the drain region is doped with a doping concentration of about 1e14 to 1e16 atoms/cm2. 42. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein the body region is doped with a doping concentration of about 1e11 to 1e14 atoms/cm2. 43. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein the first conductivity type is p-type and the second conductivity type is n-type. 44. The semiconductor device according to claim 32, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type. 45.-54. (canceled) 55. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a drain region, a source region, and a well region in a substrate of a first conductivity type, the well region being disposed between the drain region and the source region and having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type; forming a body region having the first conductivity type under the source region; implanting first and second implants into the well region to form first and second doped regions, the first doped region having the first conductivity type, the second doped region being stacked on the first doped region and having the second conductivity type; and implanting the first and second implants into the body region and a portion between the well region and the body region to form third and fourth doped regions, the third doped region having the first conductivity type, the fourth doped region being stacked on the third doped region and having the second conductivity type. 56. The method according to claim 55, wherein the first and third doped regions are formed simultaneously. 57. The method according to claim 55, wherein the second and fourth doped regions are formed simultaneously. 58. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: forming an epitaxial structure of a first conductivity type on a substrate of the first conductivity type; forming a well region having a second conductivity type in the epitaxial structure and the semiconductor substrate; forming a drain region and a source region in the epitaxial structure inside and outside of the well region; forming a body region of the first conductivity type under the source region; and implanting first and second implants into the well region and a first portion of the epitaxial structure between the well region and the body region to form first and second doped regions, the first and second doped regions being of the first and second conductivity types, respectively, and being stacked vertically from bottom to top. 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein: forming of the epitaxial structure comprises epitaxially growing a single epitaxial layer on the substrate; and the set of first and second doped regions is formed in the epitaxial layer. 60. The method according to claim 58, wherein: forming of the epitaxial structure comprises epitaxially growing a plurality of epitaxial layers on the substrate; and the set of first and second doped regions is formed in the uppermost layer of the epitaxial layers. 61. The method according to claim 60, further comprising forming a set of the first and second doped regions in each of the epitaxial layers. 62. The method according to claim 61, further comprising implanting the first and second implants into a corresponding first epitaxial layer before growing a second epitaxial layer on the first epitaxial layer. 63. The method according to claim 58, wherein the first and second doped regions are formed to overlap the body region. 64. The method according to claim 58, further comprising: implanting the first and second implants into the body region and a second portion of the epitaxial structure between the well region and the body region to form third and fourth doped regions, the third doped region having the first conductivity type, the fourth doped region being stacked on the third doped region and having the second conductivity type. 65. The method according to claim 64, wherein the first and third doped regions are formed simultaneously. 66. The method according to claim 64, wherein the second and fourth doped regions are formed simultaneously. 67. The method according to claim 58, further comprising: forming an insulating layer above the well region, the insulating layer being connected to the drain region and being spaced apart from the source region; forming a gate insulating layer to connect to the insulating layer and cover a portion of the body region; and forming a gate disposed on the insulating layer and the gate insulating layer, the first and second doped regions being disposed under the insulating layer and the gate insulating layer, and extending outside of a lateral boundary of the insulating layer adjacent to the body region. 68. The method according to claim 58, wherein the first conductivity type is p-type and the second conductivity type is n-type. 69. The method according to claim 58, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type. 70.-73. (canceled)",
-    "Mobile transmitter-receiver (transceiver) unit for receiving and demodulating a video Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) modulated signal. Modulator and transmitter for modulating and transmitting a filtered spread spectrum video baseband signal. Spread spectrum video signal has cross-correlated in-phase and quadrature-phase baseband signals. Receiver for receiving and demodulating a modulated signal into a demodulated location finder baseband signal. Converter for converting a photo camera generated signal into a converted Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) photo camera baseband signal. Combiner for combining demodulated location finder baseband signal with converted CDMA baseband signal. Modulator and transmitter for modulation and transmission of combined signal. Touch screen control and fingerprint authentication of mobile device. 1. A mobile transmitter-receiver (transceiver) comprising: a first receiver and a first demodulator for receiving and demodulating a first video Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) modulated signal into a first demodulated OFDM video baseband signal and providing said first video baseband signal to an interface of a mobile unit; a first transmit filter for filtering a second video signal generated in said mobile unit and for providing a filtered spread spectrum second video baseband signal, said filtered spread spectrum second video baseband signal comprises cross-correlated in-phase and quadrature-phase baseband signals, said first video signal is a distinct signal from said second video signal; a modulator and a transmitter for modulation and transmission of said second video cross-correlated baseband signals; a second receiver and a second demodulator for receiving and demodulating a modulated signal into demodulated location finding baseband signal; a converter for converting a photo camera generated signal into a baseband photo camera signal, said photo camera is in said mobile unit; providing said location finding baseband signal with said baseband photo camera signal to said modulator and transmitter for modulation and transmission of said location finding baseband signal with said baseband photo camera signal in said mobile unit; a touch screen generator for generating a touch screen signal, said touch screen signal is used for control of said mobile unit; and a receiver for receiving a motion generated signal and using said motion generated signal for control of one or more functions of said mobile unit; 2. The transceiver of claim 1, wherein said spread spectrum second video baseband cross-correlated in-phase and quadrature-phase baseband signals comprise Time Constrained (TCS) waveform and cascaded Long Response (LR) filtered signals and further comprising a processor and a baseband transmit filter for processing and filtering an input signal into baseband cross-correlated in-phase and quadrature-phase shaped baseband filtered signals, wherein said cross-correlated shaped in-phase and quadrature-phase baseband signals are signals used in Gaussian Minimum Shift keying (GMSK) systems and further comprising a receiver, demodulator and receive filter for receiving demodulating and filtering a modulated GMSK signal, wherein said demodulator demodulates said modulated GMSK signal with at least one receive filter which is mis-matched with said baseband transmit filter and provides demodulated filtered baseband cross-correlated in-phase and quadrature-phase signals. 3. The transceiver of claim 1, further comprising a processor for processing said touch screen signal into a processed touch screen control signal, wherein said processed touch screen control signal is for remote control of a television (TV) set or of one or more other device. 4. The transceiver of claim 1, further comprising a receiver for receiving a fingerprint generated signal for processing said received fingerprint generated signal into a fingerprint control signal, said control signal is for authentication of authorized use of said mobile unit. 5. The transceiver of claim 1, further comprising a heart rate sensor for detecting and measuring heart rate, said heart rate sensor is in said mobile unit. 6. A method comprising steps of: receiving and demodulating in a mobile unit a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) modulated signal into a first OFDM baseband signal; providing said first OFDM baseband signal to a modulator for modulation of said OFDM baseband signal into a second OFDM modulated signal; providing said second OFDM modulated signal to a transmitter for transmission of said second OFDM modulated signal, said first OFDM modulated signal and said second OFDM modulated signal is in different radio frequency bands; receiving and demodulating a position finding modulated signal into a baseband position finding signal for providing said baseband position finding signal to an interface unit of said mobile unit; generating in said mobile unit a video signal, processing and filtering said video signal into a processed and filtered video Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) signal, said TDMA signal comprises in-phase and quadrature phase cross-correlated Time Constrained (TCS) waveforms and cascaded Long Response (LR) filter filtered signals; providing said processed and filtered video TDMA signal to a quadrature modulator for modulation of said processed and filtered video TDMA signal into a TDMA modulated signal; and receiving a touch screen generated signal for providing from said touch screen generated signal a touch screen control signal, wherein said control signal is used for control of said mobile unit. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising a method for fingerprint authentication of said mobile unit. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processor for processing said touch screen signal into a processed touch screen control signal, wherein said processed touch screen control signal is for remote control of a television (TV) set or of one or more other device. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a heart rate sensor for detecting and measuring heart rate, said heart rate sensor is in said mobile unit and further comprising detecting motion with a motion detector for generating a motion detector control signal, said motion detector control signal is used for control of said mobile unit, said motion detector is in said mobile unit.",
-    "The developer container includes a rotator that is rotated in the container body, a sequence of gears disposed outside the developer container that transmits a torque to the rotator, and a container guiding portion that fits with a main body side guiding portion and guides the developer container in a direction in which the developer container is attached to a mounting portion of an image forming device main body. A first gear included in the sequence of the gears is movable between an operating position where the first gear engages with a second gear and a retracted position where the first gear is retracted. On a surface on which the container guiding portion is disposed, a part of the container guiding portion is disposed within a projected area of the first gear being disposed at the operating position. 1. (canceled) 2. A removable device to be detachably attached to an apparatus main body, the removable device comprising: a container body configured to store developer; a discharge opening configured to discharge the developer inside the container body; an internal shutter configured to open and close the discharge opening; an external shutter configured to open and close the discharge opening, the external shutter being disposed at an outer side with respect to the internal shutter, wherein the internal shutter and the external shutter are configured to be driven separately. 3. The removable device according to claim 2, wherein the internal shutter includes a biasing member configured to bias the internal shutter in a direction to close the discharge opening, and a protrusion that can be contacted by a moving member that is movable inside the apparatus main body, and wherein the internal shutter is configured to open by contacting the moving member with the protrusion so as to pivot the internal shutter. 4. The removable device according to claim 2, wherein the external shutter includes a biasing member configured to bias the external shutter in a direction to close the discharge opening, and a to-be-contacted portion configured to be contacted with a contact portion of the apparatus main body, wherein the discharge opening is configured to open by contacting the contact portion with the to-be-contacted portion. 5. The removable device according to claim 2, wherein, upon attaching the removable device to the apparatus main body, the internal shutter is configured to open, after the external shutter is opened in accordance with attaching operation and the attaching operation is completed, and wherein, upon detaching the removable device from the apparatus main body, the external shutter is configured to close in accordance with detaching operation, after the internal shutter is closed in a state in which the removable device is attached to the apparatus main body. 6. The removable device according to claim 2, wherein the internal shutter includes a developer discharge port configured to discharge a developer, the developer discharge port being disposed on a peripheral wall of the internal shutter, and wherein the internal shutter is configured so that a state can be switched between an open state where the developer discharge port of the internal shutter overlaps the discharge opening and a close state where the peripheral wall of the internal shutter overlaps the discharge opening by pivoting the internal shutter around an axis. 7. The removable device according to 6, wherein, if an opening width of the developer discharge port that is provided in the internal shutter is K1, an opening width of the discharge opening is K2, and an opening width of a supply port that is connectable to the discharge opening is K3, K1<K2<K3 is satisfied. 8. The removable device according to claim 2, further comprising: a conveyor configured to convey the developer inside the container body; an agitator configured to agitate the developer inside the container body; a conveyance drive gear that is attached to the conveyor; an agitating drive gear that is attached to the agitator; and a torque transmission gear that engages with the conveyance drive gear and the agitating drive gear to transmit a rotational torque, wherein the torque transmission gear is movable between an operating position in which the torque transmission gear is engaged with the agitating drive gear to transmit the torque and a retracted position in which the torque transmission gear is retracted from the operating position. 9. The removable device according to claim 8, wherein the torque transmission gear is configured to move to the operating position in accordance with operation of the external shutter to open the discharge opening, and wherein the torque transmission gear is configured to move to the retracted position in accordance with operation of the external shutter to close the discharge opening. 10. The removable device according to claim 2, wherein the container body is configured to store toner particles therein as the developer. 11. The removable device according to claim 10, wherein the container body is configured to store carrier particles therein. 12. An image forming apparatus that includes the removable device according to claim 2.",
-    "A motor current controller operates to: set a reference current value and a decay mode switching time for each PWM cycle based on a positional relationship between a rotor and a stator; switch an H-bridge circuit to the charge mode at the time of start of each PWM cycle; switch the H-bridge circuit to the fast decay mode and store a charge mode time when determined that the motor current is greater than the reference current value; switch the H-bridge circuit to the slow decay mode when the decay mode switching time elapses; compare the charge mode time of the corresponding PWM cycle in a present falling side with the charge mode time of the PWM cycle in a previous falling side; update the decay mode switching time of the PWM cycle previous to the corresponding PWM cycle in a subsequent falling side. 1. A motor current controller comprising: an H-bridge circuit that includes a switching element and is connected to a motor coil provided in a motor; and a control unit that drives the switching element every PWM cycle and designates any operation mode from among a plurality of modes including a charge mode, in which a motor current flowing in the motor coil increases, a fast decay mode, in which the motor current is decreased, and a slow decay mode, in which the motor current is decreased at a speed lower than that in the fast decay mode, for the H-bridge circuit, wherein the control unit is configured to perform a series of process comprising: setting a reference current value and a decay mode switching time for each PWM cycle based on a positional relationship between a rotor and a stator; switching the H-bridge circuit to the charge mode at the time of start of each PWM cycle; determining whether the motor current is greater than the reference current value; switching the H-bridge circuit to the fast decay mode and storing a charge mode time when determined that the motor current is greater than the reference current value; switching the H-bridge circuit to the slow decay mode when the decay mode switching time elapses after a time point at which the H-bridge circuit is switched to the fast decay mode; comparing the charge mode time of the corresponding PWM cycle in a present falling side with the charge mode time of the PWM cycle having the same number as the corresponding PWM cycle in a previous falling side; and updating, based on a result of the comparing of the charge modes, the decay mode switching time of the PWM cycle previous to the corresponding PWM cycle in a subsequent falling side. 2. The motor current controller according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to perform the series of process further comprising: decreasing the decay mode switching time of the PWM cycle previous to the corresponding to the PMW cycle in the subsequent falling side when the charge mode time of the corresponding PWM cycle in the present falling side is longer than the charge mode time of the PWM cycle having the same number as the corresponding PWM cycle in the previous falling side; and increasing the decay mode switching time of the PWM cycle previous to the corresponding to the PMW cycle in the subsequent falling side when the charge mode time of the corresponding PWM cycle in the present falling side is shorter than the charge mode time of the PWM cycle having the same number as the corresponding PWM cycle in the previous falling side. 3. The motor current controller according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to perform the series of process further comprising: synchronizing the PWM cycle with every predetermined phase angle of the motor. 4. The motor current controller according to claim 3, wherein the predetermined phase angle is one of angles including \u03c0/2, \u03c0, and 2\u03c0. 5. A method for controlling motor current of a motor current controller having an H-bridge circuit that includes a switching element and is connected to a motor coil provided in a motor and a control unit that drives the switching element every PWM cycle and designates any operation mode from among a plurality of modes including a charge mode, in which a motor current flowing in the motor coil increases, a fast decay mode, in which the motor current is decreased, and a slow decay mode, in which the motor current is decreased at a speed lower than that in the fast decay mode, for the H-bridge circuit, the method comprising: setting a reference current value and a decay mode switching time for each PWM cycle based on a positional relationship between a rotor and a stator; switching the H-bridge circuit to the charge mode at the time of start of each PWM cycle; determining whether the motor current is greater than the reference current value; switching the H-bridge circuit to the fast decay mode and storing a charge mode time when determined that the motor current is greater than the reference current value; switching the H-bridge circuit to the slow decay mode when the decay mode switching time elapses after a time point at which the H-bridge circuit is switched to the fast decay mode; comparing the charge mode time of the corresponding PWM cycle in a present falling side with the charge mode time of the PWM cycle having the same number as the corresponding PWM cycle in a previous falling side; and updating, based on a result of the comparing of the charge modes, the decay mode switching time of the PWM cycle previous to the corresponding PWM cycle in a subsequent falling side.",
-    "According to an embodiment, a pattern matching device includes unit cells, a circuit, and a measuring unit. Each unit cell includes a first magnetization reversal element used to store input data and including a first magnetic layer in which a direction of magnetization is variable, a second magnetization reversal element used to store template data and including a second magnetic layer in which a direction of magnetization is variable, and a spin-torque oscillator provided therebetween. The circuit applies a current to a selected spin-torque oscillator to acquire a high frequency signal from the selected spin-torque oscillator. The measuring unit measures a degree of matching between the input data and the template data based on the high frequency signal. 1. A pattern matching device comprising: a plurality of unit cells, each of the plurality of unit cells comprising: a first magnetization reversal element used to store input data and including a first magnetic layer in which a direction of magnetization is variable and a first non-magnetic layer; a second magnetization reversal element used to store template data and including a second magnetic layer in which a direction of magnetization is variable and a second non-magnetic layer; and a spin-torque oscillator provided between the first magnetization reversal element and the second magnetization reversal element; a circuit which is connected to the plurality of unit cells and applies a current to a selected spin-torque oscillator to acquire a high frequency signal from the selected spin-torque oscillator, the selected spin-torque oscillator being a spin-torque oscillator selected from a plurality of spin-torque oscillators in the plurality of unit cells; and a measuring unit configured to measure a degree of matching between the input data and the template data based on the high frequency signal. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of unit cells are arranged in a matrix, and each of the plurality of unit cells further comprises: a first electrode wire extending in a first direction and connected to the first magnetization reversal element, the second magnetization reversal element, and the spin-torque oscillator; a second electrode wire extending in a second direction different from the first direction and connected to the first magnetization reversal element; a third electrode wire extending in the second direction and connected to the spin-torque oscillator; and a fourth electrode wire extending in the second direction and connected to the second magnetization reversal element. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer have in-plane magnetic anisotropy in the first direction. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first magnetization reversal element further includes a first top layer comprising a ferromagnetic material, the first non-magnetic layer is provided between the first magnetic layer and the first top layer, the second magnetization reversal element further includes a second top layer comprising a ferromagnetic material, the second non-magnetic layer is provided between the second magnetic layer and the second top layer, and the device further comprises a current generator which is connected to the plurality of unit cells and applies a current to a magnetization reversal element to reverse a magnetization in the magnetization reversal element, the magnetization reversal element being selected from a plurality of first magnetization reversal elements and a plurality of second magnetization reversal elements in the plurality of unit cells. 5. The device according to claim 2, wherein the first non-magnetic layer comprises an insulating material, the second non-magnetic layer comprises an insulating material, the second electrode wire is in contact with a surface of the first magnetization reversal element on the first magnetization reversal layer side, and the fourth electrode wire is in contact with a surface of the second magnetization reversal element on the second magnetization reversal layer side, the device further comprises: a current generator which is connected to the second electrode wire and the fourth electrode wire and applies a current to a magnetization reversal element to reverse a magnetization in the magnetization reversal element, the magnetization reversal element being selected from a plurality of first magnetization reversal elements and a plurality of second magnetization reversal elements in the plurality of unit cells; and a voltage source which generates a voltage allowing a field effect to be exerted on magnetization in the magnetization reversal element. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the second electrode wire and the fourth electrode wire comprise Rh, Pd, Ta, W, Re, Os, or Pt, or an alloy containing at least one of Rh, Pd, Ta, W, Re, Os, and Pt. 7. The device according to claim 3, wherein the first non-magnetic layer comprises an insulating material, the second non-magnetic layer comprises an insulating material, the second electrode wire is in contact with a surface of the first magnetization reversal element on the first magnetization reversal layer side, and the fourth electrode wire is in contact with a surface of the second magnetization reversal element on the second magnetization reversal layer side, the device further comprises: a current generator which is connected to the second electrode wire and the fourth electrode wire and applies a current to a magnetization reversal element to reverse a magnetization in the magnetization reversal element, the magnetization reversal element being selected from a plurality of first magnetization reversal elements and a plurality of second magnetization reversal elements in the plurality of unit cells; and a voltage source which generates a voltage allowing a field effect to be exerted on magnetization in the magnetization reversal element. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein the second electrode wire and the fourth electrode wire comprise Rh, Pd, Ta, W, Re, Os, or Pt, or an alloy containing at least one of Rh, Pd, Ta, W, Re, Os, and Pt.",
-    "A tuner, a display, and a method implement the steps of (a) illuminating a configuration of elements within a first pattern of elements to indicate the target frequency for tuning; (b) illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, second pattern in which the number of illuminated elements corresponds to the number of coarse increments of sharp or flat deviation or total coarse deviation of the sensed waveform fundamental frequency relative to the target frequency; and (c) upon tuning to less than the minimum coarse sharp or flat deviation relative to the target frequency, illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, third pattern in which the number of illuminated windows corresponds to the number of fine increments of deviation or total fine deviation relative to the target frequency. These steps are substantially simultaneously implemented for both sharp and flat deviation to arrive at a final tuning. 1. In a music tuner with a display screen including a pattern of illumination elements that are selectively illuminated by an associated digital processor to indicate a deviation of a fundamental frequency of a sensed waveform relative to a tuning target frequency, the improvement comprising that said display screen has a plurality of patterns of illumination elements, including a first pattern for displaying the target frequency; a second pattern in which a plurality of illumination elements corresponds to a plurality of coarse increments of deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; a third pattern in which a different plurality of illumination elements corresponds to a plurality of fine increments of deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; wherein the third pattern of illumination elements is adjacent to the second pattern of illumination elements. 2. The music tuner of claim 1, wherein the second pattern of illumination elements includes a linear array and the third pattern of illumination elements is an adjacent linear array. 3. The music tuner of claim 2, wherein the second pattern of illumination elements includes two laterally spaced apart, parallel, linear arrays and the third pattern of illumination elements is situated in said space, parallel to the second pattern. 4. The music tuner of claim 3, wherein each linear array has the same number of illumination elements. 5. The music tuner of claim 1, including a fourth pattern in which a plurality of illumination elements corresponds to a plurality of coarse increments of deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; a fifth pattern adjacent to the fourth pattern, in which a different plurality of illumination elements corresponds to a plurality of fine increments of deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; wherein each increment of deviation associated by the processor with successive illumination elements in the second pattern is sharp by at least two cents, each increment of deviation associated by the processor with successive illumination elements in the third pattern is sharp by less than two cents, each increment of deviation associated by the processor with successive illumination elements in the fourth pattern is flat by at least two cents, and each increment of deviation associated by the processor with successive illumination elements in the fifth pattern is flat by less than two cents. 6. The music tuner of claim 1, wherein a. each array of the second pattern and the third pattern has at least five illumination elements responsive to the processor, with the patterns in the aggregate defining at least five parallel rows of five illumination elements each in three parallel columns; b. the coarse pattern of illumination elements has an illuminated configuration corresponding to a minimum coarse deviation from the target frequency and the fine pattern of illumination elements has an illuminated configuration corresponding to a maximum fine deviation from the target frequency; and c. for a total deviation of more than said minimum coarse deviation from the target frequency, the illumination configuration of the second pattern is in one color with none of the third pattern illuminated, whereas for a total deviation of less than said minimum fine deviation from the target frequency none of the illumination elements in the second pattern are illuminated in said one color and the said third pattern has an illumination configuration in a different color. 7. The music tuner of claim 1, wherein a. each array of the second pattern and the third pattern has at least five illumination elements responsive to the processor, with the patterns in the aggregate defining at least five parallel rows of five illumination elements each in three parallel columns; b. the coarse pattern of illumination elements has an illuminated configuration corresponding to a minimum coarse deviation from the target frequency and the fine pattern of illumination elements has an illuminated configuration corresponding to a maximum fine deviation from the target frequency; and c. for a deviation of more than said minimum coarse deviation from the target frequency, the same number of illumination elements in each column of the second pattern are illuminated with none of the third pattern illuminated, whereas for a deviation of less than said minimum coarse deviation from the target frequency none of the illumination elements in the second pattern are illuminated and at least one illumination element in the third pattern is illuminated. 8. A method for tuning a musical instrument by observing changes in a display of relatively coarse and fine indications of tuning accuracy between a sensed waveform produced by the instrument and a target frequency as displayed on a screen having a plurality of patterns of illumination elements, while adjusting a tuning mechanism on the instrument, comprising: a. illuminating a configuration of elements within a first pattern of illumination elements to indicate the target frequency; b. illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, second pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, said configuration corresponding to the number of coarse increments of deviation or total deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; c. upon tuning to less than the minimum coarse deviation relative to the target frequency, illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, third pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, said configuration corresponding to the number of fine increments of deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein illumination of the second pattern is in a first color and illumination of the third pattern is in a second color. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein none of the illumination elements in the second pattern is illuminated with the first color when the deviation is less than the smallest coarse increment of deviation from the target frequency. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein when the deviation is less than the smallest coarse increment of deviation from the target frequency at least one illumination element of the third pattern is illuminated with said second color. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the third pattern is adjacent to the second pattern and at least one illumination element is part of the second pattern and part of the third pattern. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a. the second pattern includes two laterally spaced apart, parallel, linear arrays of elements and the third pattern is a linear array of elements; b. each linear array has the same number of elements; and c. the third pattern is situated in said space, parallel to the second pattern. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second and third arrays are arranged together in a matrix of six rows comprising two outer rows with an inner column between two outer columns; when the deviation is greater than a maximum indicated coarse deviation all of the elements in the outer columns are illuminated with the first color and none of the elements in the inner column are illuminated; when the deviation is less than one coarse deviation increment from the minimum indicated coarse deviation only the outer columns at an end row are illuminated with the first color and none of the elements in the inner column are illuminated; and when the deviation is less than the smallest coarse deviation increment at least some in the inner column are illuminated with the second color and no elements are illuminated in said first color. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein when the deviation is within the smallest fine deviation increment only said end row is illuminated, in only said second color. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein illuminating a configuration of elements within the second pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, corresponds to the number of coarse increments of sharp deviation or total sharp deviation of the sensed vibration frequency relative to the target frequency; upon tuning to less than the minimum coarse deviation relative to the target frequency, illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, third pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, corresponds to the number of fine increments of sharp deviation or total sharp deviation of the sensed vibration frequency relative to the target frequency; and said method further comprises: d. illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, fourth pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, said configuration corresponding to the number of coarse increments of flat deviation or total flat deviation of the sensed vibration frequency relative to the target frequency; e. upon tuning to less than the minimum coarse flat deviation relative to the target frequency, illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, fifth pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, said configuration corresponding to the number of fine increments of flat deviation or total flat deviation of the sensed vibration frequency relative to the target frequency. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein the second and third patterns of illumination elements are adjacent and are illuminated in configurations indicating sharp deviations from the target frequency; illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, fourth pattern of a plurality of illumination elements, said configuration corresponding to the number of coarse increments of flat deviation or total deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; upon tuning to less than the minimum coarse flat deviation relative to the target frequency, illuminating a configuration of elements within a different, fifth pattern of a plurality of illumination elements that is adjacent to the fourth pattern, said configuration corresponding to the number of fine increments of flat deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency. 18. A display screen for a music tuning meter including a display area containing a multiplicity of illumination elements, comprising: a first pattern of illumination elements that displays a target frequency for tuning; a distinct second pattern of illumination elements that displays a variably illuminated subset of illumination elements in a first color; a third pattern of illumination elements, different from the second pattern of illumination elements, that displays a variably illuminated subset of illumination elements in a second color; wherein the third pattern of illumination elements is adjacent to the second pattern of illumination elements. 19. The display screen of claim 18, wherein the first pattern is in a central region of the display screen; the second and third patterns are on one side region of the display screen, adjacent to the central region, for indicating sharp deviation of the sensed waveform relative to a target frequency; a distinct fourth pattern of illumination elements that displays a variably illuminate subset of illumination elements in said first color, is in another side region of the display screen, adjacent to the central region and opposite said one region, for indicating flat deviation of the sensed waveform relative to the target frequency; a fifth pattern of illumination elements in said other side region, different from the fourth pattern of illumination elements, that displays a variably illuminated subset of illumination elements in said second color; wherein the fifth pattern of illumination elements is adjacent to the fourth pattern of illumination elements. 20. The display screen of claim 19, wherein said third pattern of illumination elements is within said second pattern of illumination elements; and said fifth pattern of illumination elements is within said fourth pattern of illumination elements. 21. The display screen of claim 20, wherein the second and third patterns of illumination elements form a rectangular matrix of rows and columns, with the third pattern within the second pattern; and the fourth and fifth patterns of illumination elements form a rectangular matrix of rows and columns, with the fifth pattern within the fourth pattern.",
-    "An update can be multicast to a number of client devices. By multicasting an update, the update can be concurrently distributed to a large number of client devices using a single network transmission. This greatly reduces the amount of time required to update the client devices as well as the amount of bandwidth that is required to transfer the update over the network. As part of this multicasting process, the client device, which may have missed a segment of the multicast, can request the missed segment. The missed segment can then also be multicast to eliminate or minimize the redundant transmission of the missed segment. 1. A method, performed by a multicast server, for multicasting an update to a number of client devices, the method comprising: multicasting, to the client devices, a number of segments of an update, each segment comprising application layer data that is provided to a transport layer API for transmission via the multicast; receiving, from a first client device, a communication that identifies one or more segments of the update that the first client device did not receive; and in response, multicasting, to the client devices, the one or more segments of the update identified in the communication thereby enabling any other client devices to also receive the one or more segments. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the client devices are thin clients. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the multicast server is a thin client. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the update comprises an image of the multicast server. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from a device management tool, a schedule identifying when to initiate the multicast. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the size of each segment is selected by the multicast server based on one or more network conditions. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the update is an image and the segment size corresponds with a size of two blocks of the image. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein multicasting comprises IP multicasting. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: multicasting control information which defines a total size of the update and a segment size. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the control information further defines a transmission rate of the segments. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the control information is multicast one or both of prior to multicasting the segments or while multicasting the segments. 12. One or more computer storage media storing computer executable instructions which when executed by a multicast server implement a method for multicasting an update to a number of client devices, the method comprising: multicasting, to the client devices, control information which defines a total size of an update to be multicast and a segment size for segments of the update, each segment comprising application layer data that is provided to a transport layer API for transmission via the multicast; multicasting, to the client devices, the segments of the update; receiving, from a first client device, a communication that identifies one or more segments of the update that the first client device did not receive; and in response, multicasting, to the client devices, the one or more segments of the update identified in the communication thereby enabling any other client devices to also receive the one or more segments. 13. The computer storage media of claim 12, wherein the segment size corresponds to a size of a number of blocks of the update. 14. The computer storage media of claim 12, wherein each of the segments includes a sequential identifier that identifies a relative position of the segment within the update. 15. The computer storage media of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, from a second client device, a communication that identifies one or more segments of the update that the second client device did not receive; and in response, multicasting, to the client devices, the one or more segments of the update that the second client device did not receive. 16. The computer storage media of claim 15, wherein the one or more segments that the second client device did not receive are different than the one or more segments that the first client device did not receive. 17. The computer storage media of claim 15, wherein the multicast server and the client devices are thin clients. 18. A method for updating thin clients comprising: selecting one thin client from among the thin clients to function as a multicast server; transmitting a schedule to the thin clients, the schedule defining a time when an update will be multicast to the thin clients; at the scheduled time, multicasting, by the multicast server, the update to the thin clients; receiving, by the multicast server and from a first thin client, a communication that identifies one or more segments of the update that the first thin client did not receive during the multicast; and in response, re-multicasting the one or more segments. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein a device management tool selects the thin client to function as the multicast server. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: multicasting control information that identifies a total size and a segment size for the update.",
-    "Provided is a layered-double-hydroxide-(LDH) containing composite material including a porous substrate and a high density LDH-containing functional layer on and/or in the porous substrate. The LDH-containing composite material of the present invention includes the porous substrate and the functional layer formed on and/or in the porous substrate. The functional layer contains a layered double hydroxide represented by the general formula M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2An\u2212x/n.mH2O (where M2+ represents a divalent cation, M3+ represents a trivalent cation, An\u2212 represents an n-valent anion, n represents an integer not less than 1, x represents a value of 0.1 to 0.4, and m represents a value not less than 0) and has water impermeability. 1. A layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material comprising: a porous substrate; and a water impermeable functional layer on and/or in the porous substrate, the functional layer containing a layered double hydroxide represented by general formula M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2An\u2212x/n.mH2O, where M2+ represents a divalent cation, M3+ represents a trivalent cation, An\u2212 represents an n-valent anion, n represents an integer not less than 1, x represents a value of 0.1 to 0.4, and m represents a value not less than 0, wherein the layered double hydroxide is an agglomeration of platy particles, and the platy particles are oriented in such a manner that the tabular faces of the platy particles are substantially perpendicular to or oblique to the surface of the porous substrate. 2. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein in the general formula, M2+ comprises Mg2+, M3+ comprises Al3+, and An\u2212 comprises OH\u2212 and/or CO32\u2212. 3. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the functional layer has a porosity of not more than 20%. 4. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer is formed on the porous substrate. 5. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer has a thickness of not more than 100 \u03bcm. 6. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer has a thickness of not more than 50 \u03bcm. 7. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer has a thickness of not more than 5 \u03bcm. 8. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate is composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of ceramics, metals and polymers. 9. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 8, wherein the porous substrate is composed of a ceramic, and the ceramic is at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, titania, magnesia, spinel, calcia, cordierite, zeolite, mullite, ferrite, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, and silicon nitride. 10. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 8, wherein the porous substrate is composed of a polymer, and the polymer is at least one selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyether sulfone, polypropylene, epoxy resin, and polyphenylene sulfide. 11. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the porous substrate has an average pore diameter of 0.001 to 1.5 \u03bcm. 12. The layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the porous substrate has a porosity of 10 to 60%. 13. A method for producing a layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material, the method comprising: providing a porous substrate; soaking the porous substrate in an aqueous stock solution that contains magnesium ions (Mg2+) and aluminum ions (Al3+) in a total concentration of 0.20 to 0.40 mol/L and urea; and performing hydrothermal treatment of the porous substrate in the aqueous stock solution to form a layered-double-hydroxide-containing functional layer on and/or in the porous substrate, wherein the layered double hydroxide is an agglomeration of platy particles, and the platy particles are oriented in such a manner that the tabular faces of the platy particles are substantially perpendicular to or oblique to the surface of the porous substrate. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the total concentration of the magnesium ions and the aluminum ions ranges from 0.24 to 0.36 mol/L. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the hydrothermal treatment is performed in a sealed container at a temperature of 60 to 150\u00b0 C. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the aqueous stock solution contains dissolved magnesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, and the aqueous stock solution thereby contains nitrate ions in addition to the magnesium ions and the aluminum ions. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein a molar ratio of the urea to the nitrate ions (NO3\u2212) in the aqueous stock solution ranges from 4 to 5. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the porous substrate is composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of ceramics, metals and polymers. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the porous substrate is composed of a ceramic, and the ceramic is at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, titania, magnesia, spinel, calcia, cordierite, zeolite, mullite, ferrite, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, and silicon nitride. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the porous substrate is composed of a polymer, and the polymer is at least one selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyether sulfone, polypropylene, epoxy resin, and polyphenylene sulfide. 21. The method according to claim 13, wherein the porous substrate has an average pore diameter of 0.001 to 1.5 \u03bcm. 22. The method according to claim 13, wherein the surface of the porous substrate has a porosity of 10 to 60%. 23. A battery comprising a separator comprising the layered-double-hydroxide-containing composite material according to claim 1.",
-    "A high-density storage assembly having a casing, an engaging mechanism, and a recording medium machine; the casing has a receiving space, with a plurality of fixing portions disposed on a substrate at a bottom of the casing, the engaging mechanism has at least two supporting portions arranged in a side by side in a transverse width direction, each having a coupling portion and a supporting plate, with the coupling portions connected to the fixing portions of the substrate of the casing, respectively, and extended upward and obliquely to form the supporting plates. A containing space for movably placing and positioning the recording medium machine is formed between an abutting leaf spring and a limit plate which are disposed on a lower surface of the supporting plate of one of two adjacent said supporting portions and an upper surface of the supporting plate of another said supporting portion, respectively. 1. A high-density storage assembly, comprising a casing, an engaging mechanism, and a recording medium machine, characterized in that: the casing has a receiving space, with a plurality of fixing portions disposed on a substrate at a bottom of the casing, wherein the engaging mechanism comprises at least two supporting portions arranged in a side by side in a transverse width direction, each comprising a coupling portion and a supporting plate, with the coupling portions connected to the fixing portions of the substrate of the casing, respectively, and extended upward and obliquely to form the supporting plates, wherein a containing space for movably placing and positioning the recording medium machine is formed between an abutting leaf spring and a limit plate which are disposed on a lower surface of the supporting plate of one of two adjacent said supporting portions and an upper surface of the supporting plate of another said supporting portion, respectively, wherein the abutting leaf spring and the limit plate abut against the recording medium machine, with the abutting leaf spring being a resilient structure. 2. The high-density storage assembly of claim 1, wherein the lower surface of the supporting plate, which the abutting leaf spring is disposed on, extends in a surface direction to form a baffle, wherein the abutting leaf spring is disposed in a direction in which the baffles face the limit plates, and the limit plates are formed by extending the upper surfaces of the supporting plates in a surface direction, with the abutting leaf springs corresponding in position to the limit plates, respectively. 3. The high-density storage assembly of claim 2, wherein a plurality of engaging holes is disposed on each of two sides of the recording medium machine, whereas abutting bumps are disposed at the abutting leaf springs, with limit bumps disposed on the limit plates, wherein the abutting bumps and the limit bumps are engaged with the engaging holes of the recording medium machine, respectively. 4. The high-density storage assembly of claim 2, wherein each said baffle horizontally extends to form a bottom plate. 5. The high-density storage assembly of claim 2, wherein the supporting plates each extend from surfaces thereof downward and obliquely to form a bent pressing leaf spring. 6. The high-density storage assembly of claim 2, wherein the baffles of the engaging mechanism are capable of being separated from, connected to, and positioned at the supporting portions obliquely and from behind, wherein, barring the baffles, the engaging mechanism is made of a rigid material comprising one of zinc-plated steel sheet and hot-dip galvanized steel in coils, wherein the baffles and the abutting leaf springs thereof are made of a resilient material comprising one of plastic, stainless steel, and manganese steel. 7. The high-density storage assembly of claim 2, wherein two bent engaging plates are disposed at the fixing portions of the casing, and the coupling portion of the supporting plate of each said supporting portion comprises a positioning portion, with the positioning portions extending outward from bottom ends of the supporting plates for a distance, and positioning holes corresponding in position to the two bent engaging plates are concavely disposed on an outer edge of the positioning portion. 8. The high-density storage assembly of claim 2, wherein the fixing portions of the casing comprise two locking holes, wherein two ends of the supporting plates each extend downward to form supporting arms and fixing holes each with a horizontal bottom, with the fixing holes corresponding in position to the two locking holes, respectively, screws pass through the fixing holes to get screwedly fixed to the locking holes, respectively. 9. The high-density storage assembly of claim 1, wherein two bent engaging plates and two locking holes are disposed at the fixing portions of the casing, and the coupling portion of the supporting plate of each said supporting portion comprises a positioning portion, with the positioning portions extending outward from bottom ends of the supporting plates for a distance, wherein positioning holes corresponding in position to the two bent engaging plates are concavely disposed on an outer edge of the positioning portion, and two ends of the supporting plates each extend downward to form supporting arms and fixing holes each with a horizontal bottom, with the fixing holes corresponding in position to the two locking holes, respectively, screws pass through the fixing holes to get screwedly fixed to the locking holes, respectively. 10. The high-density storage assembly of claim 9, wherein support plates and a guiding slope extending horizontally upward are formed by stamping the engaging plates upward from the substrate. 11. The high-density storage assembly of claim 1, wherein a height by which the coupling portion extends upward and obliquely to form the supporting plates conforms with a height of the receiving space of the casing. 12. A high-density storage assembly, comprising a casing, an engaging mechanism, and a recording medium machine, characterized in that: the casing has a receiving space, with a fixing portion disposed on a substrate at a bottom of the casing, wherein the engaging mechanism comprises supporting portions arranged in a transverse width direction and each comprising a coupling portion and a supporting plates, with the coupling portions connected to the fixing portion of the substrate of the casing and extended upward and obliquely to form the supporting plates, respectively, wherein an abutting leaf spring and a limit plate are disposed at a bottom and a top of the supporting plates each, wherein a containing space for movably placing and positioning the recording medium machine is formed between the abutting leaf springs and the limit plates, wherein the abutting leaf springs and the limit plates abut against the recording medium machine, with the abutting leaf springs being each a resilient structure. 13. The high-density storage assembly of claim 12, wherein bottoms of upper surfaces of the supporting plates extend in a surface direction to form the abutting leaf springs, wherein the abutting leaf springs correspond in position to the limit plates, respectively, wherein tops of upper surfaces of the supporting plates extend in a surface direction to form the limit plates, with the abutting leaf springs corresponding in position to the limit plates, respectively. 14. The high-density storage assembly of claim 12, wherein a plurality of leaf springs is disposed on each of two sides of the recording medium machine, wherein abutting bumps are disposed at the abutting leaf springs, with limit bumps disposed on the limit plates, wherein the abutting bumps and the limit bumps are engaged with the leaf springs of the recording medium machine, respectively. 15. The high-density storage assembly of claim 12, wherein limit bumps of limit plates are disposed on one of engaging holes of the recording medium machine and correspond in position to the supporting portion, whereas the abutting leaf spring with a baffle capable of resilient deformation and restoration is disposed on another engaging hole of the recording medium machine and corresponds in position to the supporting portion, with the engaging holes fitting around the abutting bumps, respectively. 16. The high-density storage assembly of claim 12, wherein the engaging mechanism is made of a rigid material, such as zinc-plated steel sheet or hot-dip galvanized steel in coils, whereas the abutting leaf springs are made of a resilient material comprising one of plastic, stainless steel and manganese steel.",
-    "The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst that can homogeneously inhibit growth of a plurality of the fine particles at high temperature, and prevent lowering in catalytic activity, as well as a method for producing it. The exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention has fine composite metal particles containing a platinum-group metal and tungsten. Moreover, in the exhaust gas purification catalyst of the present invention, when the fine composite metal particles in the exhaust gas purification catalyst have been analyzed by STEM-EDX, the tungsten content of at least 80% of the fine composite metal particles based on number, is in the range of 10% to 350% of the mean content of tungsten in a plurality of the fine composite metal particles. 1. An exhaust gas purification catalyst comprising fine composite metal particles containing a platinum-group metal and tungsten, wherein when the fine composite metal particles in the exhaust gas purification catalyst have been analyzed by STEM-EDX, the tungsten content of at least 80% of the fine composite metal particles based on number, is in the range of 10% to 350% of the mean content of tungsten in a plurality of the fine composite metal particles. 2. An exhaust gas purification catalyst according to claim 1, further having a powdered support, and the fine composite metal particles being supported on the powdered support. 3. An exhaust gas purification catalyst according to claim 2, wherein the powdered support is a powdered support selected from the group consisting of CeO2\u2014ZrO2, SiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, Al2O3, TiO2 and combinations thereof. 4. A method for producing an exhaust gas purification catalyst, comprising sputtering on a target material containing a platinum-group metal and tungsten. 5. The method according to claim 4, further comprising dropping a plurality of fine composite metal particles into the ionic liquid by sputtering. 6. The method according to claim 4, further comprising supporting the fine composite metal particles on a powdered support. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the target material is a discoid material in which the platinum-group metal and the tungsten are alternately arranged. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof. 9. The method according to claim 5, further comprising supporting the fine composite metal particles on a powdered support. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the target material is a discoid material in which the platinum-group metal and the tungsten are alternately arranged. 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein the target material is a discoid material in which the platinum-group metal and the tungsten are alternately arranged. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the target material is a discoid material in which the platinum-group metal and the tungsten are alternately arranged. 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 7, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof. 16. The method according to claim 10, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof. 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ionic liquids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, pyridinium-based ionic liquids, and combinations thereof.",
-    "A lighting apparatus comprises: a plurality of light source units comprising at least three light source units, wherein the light source units emit lights having different color temperatures from each other and different color coordinates from each other; a sensor sensing each of the light quantities of the R (red) component, G (green) component and B (blue) component of light mixed with lights emitted from a plurality of the light source units; a memory having a standard color coordinate located within an area formed by the color coordinates of the light output from the light source units; and a controller controlling light quantities of the light source units in such a manner as to reduce an error value between the standard color coordinate and a comparative color coordinate. 1. A lighting apparatus comprising: a plurality of light source units comprising at least three light source units, wherein the light source units emit lights having different color temperatures from each other and different color coordinates from each other; a plurality of optical exciters disposed on the light source units, all of which convert light emitted from the light source unit into lights having different color temperatures and different color coordinates; a sensor sensing each of the light quantities of the R (red) component, G (green) component and B (blue) component of light mixed with lights emitted from a plurality of the optical exciters, wherein the sensor outputs an R component signal, a G component signal and a B component signal, each of which respectively corresponds to light quantities of the R component, the G component and the B component; a memory having a standard color coordinate located within an area formed by the color coordinates of the light output from the optical exciters; and a controller receiving the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal, wherein the controller generates a comparative color coordinate, wherein the controller compares the comparative color coordinate with the standard color coordinate and wherein the controller controls light quantities of the light source units in such a manner as to reduce an error value between the standard color coordinate and the comparative color coordinate, and wherein the standard color coordinate or the comparative color coordinate is calculated by tristimulus values of X, Y and Z by using the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal. 2. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the standard color coordinate is coordinates are set according to a black body locus, MacAdam curve or Ansi bin curve. 3. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least two light source units emit white light. 4. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one light source unit emits greenish white light. 5. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light quantities are controlled by supplying alternating current voltage having a controlled duty ratio to the light source units. 6. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein color distribution at respective color temperatures of lights emitted from the optical exciters is within 3-step MacAdam ellipse. 7. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical exciters comprises a first optical exciter, a second optical exciter and a third optical exciter, wherein a first color coordinate of light emitted from the first optical exciter and a second color coordinate of light emitted from the second optical exciter are disposed on a black body locus, and wherein a third color coordinate of light emitted from the third optical exciter is spaced from the black body locus. 8. The lighting apparatus of claim 7, wherein the optical exciters comprises a fourth optical exciter, wherein a fourth color coordinate of light emitted from the fourth optical exciter is spaced from the black body locus, and wherein the black body locus is disposed between the third color coordinate and the fourth color coordinate. 9. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal are digital signals. 10. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of optical exciters comprises a first exciter disposed on the light source units, a second optical exciter and a third optical exciter, wherein the second optical exciter and the third optical exciter are arranged adjacently to the first optical exciter, and wherein the second optical exciter and the third optical exciter are alternately arranged. 11. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of optical exciters comprises a first exciter disposed on the light source units, a second optical exciter disposed on the first exciter and a third optical exciter disposed on the second exciter. 12. A lighting apparatus comprising: a plurality of light source units comprising at least four light source units; a plurality of optical exciters disposed on the light source units and comprising at least three optical exciters, wherein the optical exciters comprises a first optical exciter, a second optical exciter and a third optical exciter, wherein a first color coordinate of light emitted from the first optical exciter and a second color coordinate of light emitted from the second optical exciter are disposed on a black body locus, and wherein a third color coordinate of light emitted from the third optical exciter is spaced from the black body locus; a sensor sensing each of the light quantities of the R (red) component, G (green) component and B (blue) component of light mixed with lights emitted from a plurality of the optical exciters, wherein the sensor outputs an R component signal, a G component signal and a B component signal, each of which respectively corresponds to light quantities of the R component, the G component and the B component; a memory having a standard color coordinate located within an area formed by the color coordinates of the light output from the optical exciters; and a controller receiving the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal, wherein the controller generates a comparative color coordinate, wherein the controller compares the comparative color coordinate with the standard color coordinate and wherein the controller controls light quantities of the light source units in such a manner as to reduce an error value between the standard color coordinate and the comparative color coordinate, and wherein the standard color coordinate or the comparative color coordinate is calculated by tristimulus values of X, Y and Z by using the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal. 13. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the optical exciters comprises a fourth optical exciter, wherein a fourth color coordinate of light emitted from the fourth optical exciter is spaced from the black body locus, and wherein the black body locus is disposed between the third color coordinate and the fourth color coordinate. 14. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the light source units emit lights having different color temperatures from each other and different color coordinates from each other 15. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the light source units emit lights having the same color temperature. 16. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the standard color coordinate is coordinates are set according to a black body locus, MacAdam curve or Ansi bin curve. 17. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein at least two light source units emit white light, and wherein at least one light source unit emits greenish white light. 18. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the light quantities are controlled by supplying alternating current voltage having a controlled duty ratio to the light source units. 19. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein color distribution at respective color temperatures of lights emitted from the light source units is within 3-step MacAdam ellipse. 20. The lighting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the R component signal, the G component signal and the B component signal are digital signals.",
-    "A method for controlling an operation of a converter circuit adapted to regulate power transfer between a first voltage source and a second voltage source includes detecting a first voltage level of the first voltage source and a second voltage level of the second voltage source; calculating a power value based on the detected first voltage level and the detected second voltage level; comparing the calculated power value with a reference power value; and determining switching time of one or more switches in the converter circuit based on a compared result so as to regulate power transfer between the first voltage source and the second voltage source. 1. A method for controlling an operation of a converter circuit adapted to regulate power transfer between a first voltage source and a second voltage source, the method comprising the steps of: detecting a first voltage level of the first voltage source and a second voltage level of the second voltage source; calculating a power value based on the detected first voltage level and the detected second voltage level; comparing the calculated power value with a reference power value; and determining switching time of one or more switches in the converter circuit based on a compared result so as to regulate power transfer between the first voltage source and the second voltage source. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising the step of: generating gating signals to be provided to the one or more switches based on the determined switching time. 3. The method in accordance with claim 2, further comprising the step of: providing the gating signals to the one or more switches so as to control switching on and off thereof. 4. The method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising the step of: controlling the one or more switches to have a substantially identical switching period. 5. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the step of detecting the first voltage level and the second voltage level comprises: sampling the first voltage level; and sampling the second voltage level. 6. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the power value is calculated according to: P * = P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L 2 V L 4 - V Lma \ue89e \ue89e x 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 where P* is the power value to be calculated, Pmax is an upper limit of the power value, VL is the detected second voltage level, VLmax is an upper limit of the second voltage level, and VHmin is a lower limit of the first voltage level. 7. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the converter circuit comprises: a first switching circuit in the form of a bridge circuit, the first switching circuit having a first pair of switches and a second pair of switches connected in parallel with each other; a second switching circuit in the form of a bridge circuit, the second switching circuit having a third pair of switches and a fourth pair of switches connected in parallel with each other; and an inductive component coupling the first switching circuit with the second switching circuit; and wherein the method comprises: controlling the first pair of switches, the second pair of switches, the third pair of switches, the fourth pair of switches so that they all have a substantially identical switching period. 8. The method in accordance with claim 7, wherein the step of determining switching time comprises: determining a first duration from a switch-on time of one of the second pair of switches to a switch-on time of one of the first pair of switches; and determining a second duration between the switch-on time of the one of the first pair of switches and a switch-on time of one of the fourth pair of switches. 9. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein if the calculated power value is smaller than the reference power value, the first duration and the second duration are determined by: T d \ue89e \ue89e 1 = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 [ P com \ue8a0 ( V L 4 - V Lmax 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 ) P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L V H ] T d \ue89e \ue89e 2 = \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 [ V L 2 V L 4 - V Lmax 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 ] - \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 [ P com \ue8a0 ( V L 4 - V Lmax 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 ) P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L V H ] where Td1 is the first duration, Td2 is the second duration, Tp is the switching period, Pmax is an upper limit of the power value, Pcom is the reference power value, VL is the detected second voltage level, VLmax is an upper limit of the second voltage level, VH is the detected first voltage level, and VHmin is a lower limit of the first voltage level. 10. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein if the calculated power value is larger than the reference power value, the first duration and the second duration are determined by: T d \ue89e \ue89e 1 = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 \ue8a0 [ V L V H ] T d \ue89e \ue89e 2 = \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e sin - 1 [ P com \ue89e V Lmax \ue8a0 ( V Hmin 2 - V Lma \ue89e \ue89e x 2 ) P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L 2 ] - \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 \ue8a0 [ V L V H ] where Td1 is the first duration, Td2 is the second duration, Tp is the switching period, Pmax is an upper limit of the power value, Pcom is the reference power value, VL is the detected second voltage level, VLmax is an upper limit of the second voltage level, VH is the detected first voltage level, and VHmin is a lower limit of the first voltage level. 11. The method in accordance with claim 7, comprising one or more of the steps of: switching on and off the first pair of switches complementarily such that each of the first pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switching on and off the second pair of switches complementarily such that each of the second pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switching on and off the third pair of switches complementarily such that each of the third pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switching on and off the fourth pair of switches complementarily such that each of the fourth pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switching on and off one of the third pair of switches and one of the fourth pair of switches synchronously; and switching on and off another one of the third pair of switches and another one of the fourth pair of switches synchronously. 12. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reference power value is predetermined. 13. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the reference power value is dynamically adjustable, and the method further comprises the step of: receiving the reference power value before the step of comparing the calculated power value with the reference power value. 14. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the converter circuit is controlled so as to regulate bi-directional power flow between the first voltage source and the second voltage source. 15. A controller arranged to control an operation of a converter circuit adapted to regulate power transfer between a first voltage source and a second voltage source, the controller being arranged to: detect a first voltage level of the first voltage source and a second voltage level of the second voltage source; calculate a power value based on the detected first voltage level and the detected second voltage level; compare the calculated power value with a reference power value; and determine switching time of one or more switches in the converter circuit based on a compared result so as to regulate power transfer between the first voltage source and the second voltage source. 16. The controller in accordance with claim 15, wherein the converter circuit comprises: a first switching circuit in the form of a bridge circuit, the first switching circuit having a first pair of switches and a second pair of switches connected in parallel with each other; a second switching circuit in the form of a bridge circuit, the second switching circuit having a third pair of switches and a fourth pair of switches connected in parallel with each other; and an inductive component coupling the first switching circuit with the second switching circuit; and wherein the controller is arranged to control the first pair of switches, the second pair of switches, the third pair of switches, and the fourth pair of switches so that they all have a substantially identical switching period. 17. The controller in accordance with claim 16, wherein the controller is arranged to calculate the power value according to: P * - P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L 2 V L 4 - V Lma \ue89e \ue89e x 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 where P* is the power value to be calculated, Pmax is an upper limit of the power value, VL is the detected second voltage level, VLmax is an upper limit of the second voltage level, and VHmin is a lower limit of the first voltage level. 18. The controller in accordance with claim 16, wherein the switching time determined by the controller comprises: a first duration from a switch-on time of one of the second pair of switches to a switch-on time of one of the first pair of switches; and a second duration between the switch-on time of the one of the first pair of switches and a switch-on time of one of the fourth pair of switches. 19. The controller in accordance with claim 18, wherein if the calculated power value is smaller than the reference power value, the controller is arranged to determine the first duration and the second duration by: T d \ue89e \ue89e 1 = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 [ P com \ue8a0 ( V L 4 - V Lmax 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 ) P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L V H ] T d \ue89e \ue89e 2 = \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 [ V L 2 V L 4 - V Lmax 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 ] - \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 [ P com \ue8a0 ( V L 4 - V Lmax 4 + V Lmax 2 \ue89e V Hmin 2 ) P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L V H ] and wherein if the calculated power value is larger than the reference power value, the controller is arranged to determine the first duration and the second duration by: T d \ue89e \ue89e 1 = 1 \u03c0 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 \ue8a0 [ V L V H ] T d \ue89e \ue89e 2 = \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e sin - 1 [ P com \ue89e V Lmax \ue8a0 ( V Hmin 2 - V Lma \ue89e \ue89e x 2 ) P ma \ue89e \ue89e x \u00b7 V L 2 ] - \u03c0 2 \ue89e T p \ue89e cos - 1 \ue8a0 [ V L V H ] where Td1 is the first duration, Td2 is the second duration, Tp is the switching period, Pmax is an upper limit of the power value, Pcom is the reference power value, VL is the detected second voltage level, VLmax is an upper limit of the second voltage level, VH is the detected first voltage level, and VHmin is a lower limit of the first voltage level. 20. The controller in accordance with claim 19, wherein the controller is further arranged to perform one or more of the following: switch on and off the first pair of switches complementarily such that each of the first pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switch on and off the second pair of switches complementarily such that each of the second pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switch on and off the third pair of switches complementarily such that each of the third pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switch on and off the fourth pair of switches complementarily such that each of the fourth pair of switches has a duty cycle of about 50% with a dead time therebetween; switch on and off one of the third pair of switches and one of the fourth pair of switches synchronously; and switch on and off another one of the third pair of switches and another one of the fourth pair of switches synchronously.",
-    "A cartridge, analyzer for use therewith, and system including the cartridge and analyzer. The cartridge is configured to receive a biological fluid to be analyzed and includes a plate defining a main channel, a hemolysis chamber, and an oximetry chamber consecutively interconnected with one another. The analyzer is configured to perform analysis of sample disposed within the main channel, hemolyze sample disposed within the hemolysis chamber, and perform oximetry on sample disposed within the oximetry chamber. The cartridge and analyzer may further include alignment and clamping structures for maintain the cartridge in fixed position and alignment during testing or may further include cooperating features for moving the cartridge relative to the analyzer into a testing position or between various different testing positions. 1. A cartridge configured to receive a blood sample to be analyzed, comprising: a plate defining, on a face surface thereof, a main channel, a hemolysis chamber disposed in fluid communication with the main channel and configured to facilitate hemolysis of sample disposed within the hemolysis chamber, an oximetry chamber configured to facilitate oximetry of sample disposed within the oximetry chamber, and an interconnection channel coupling the hemolysis chamber and oximetry chamber to one another in fluid communication so as to define a sample flow path from the main channel through the hemolysis chamber and the oximetry chamber. 2. The cartridge according to claim 1, further including a plurality of sensors operably positioned adjacent to and aligned with the main channel defined within the plate. 3. The cartridge according to claim 2, wherein the sensors are chemical fluorescence sensors or ion selective electrodes. 4. The cartridge according to claim 1, further including a flexible membrane, at least a portion of the flexible membrane disposed adjacent the hemolysis chamber and configured to transmit ultrasonic energy to sample disposed within the hemolysis chamber. 5. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein a flexible membrane is disposed about and sealed to the face surface of the plate, the flexible membrane formed from an outer film layer and an inner adhesive layer configured to adhere the flexible membrane to the face surface of the plate. 6. The cartridge according to claim 5, wherein the plate defines a protrusion that protrudes into the oximetry chamber. 7. The cartridge according to claim 6, wherein the protrusion is positioned to define an optical path length between an opposed surface of the protrusion of the plate and an opposed surface of the flexible membrane. 8. The cartridge according to claim 1, further including a suction port and wherein another interconnection channel couples the oximetry chamber and the suction port to one another in fluid communication. 9. The cartridge according to claim 8, wherein the cartridge further includes a socket configured to couple to a sample source and wherein the suction port is configured to couple to a pump for aspirating sample from the sample source into the main channel and for initiating the flow of sample along the sample flow path. 10. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the plate further includes a carrier element disposed along each longitudinal side edge thereof, the carrier elements configured to operably engage a carrier assembly to translate the cartridge relative to an analyzer configured to receive the cartridge. 11. The cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the carrier elements are gear racks extending longitudinally along the longitudinal side edges of the plate, each gear rack defining a plurality of teeth. 12. The cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the carrier elements are friction surfaces extending longitudinally along the longitudinal side edges of the plate. 13. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the plate further defines at least one alignment aperture extending therethrough. 14. The cartridge according to claim 1, further including a first jog defined within the plate and positioned between the main channel and the hemolysis chamber in fluid communication therewith, the first jog configured to inhibit the transmission of energy along the sample flow path upstream from the hemolysis chamber. 15. The cartridge according to claim 1, further including a second jog defined within the interconnection channel of the plate and positioned between the hemolysis chamber and the oximetry chamber in fluid communication therewith, the second jog configured to inhibit the transmission of energy along the sample flow path downstream from the hemolysis chamber. 16. A system for testing a sample, comprising: an analyzer including at least one detection apparatus, a hemolyzer, and an oximeter; and a cartridge configured for operable engagement with the analyzer, the cartridge including: a main channel; a plurality of sensors disposed adjacent the main channel, the sensors configured to facilitate detection via the at least one detection apparatus; a hemolysis chamber disposed in fluid communication with the main channel, the hemolyzer configured to hemolyze sample disposed within the hemolysis chamber; and an oximetry chamber disposed in fluid communication with the hemolysis chamber, the oximetry chamber configured to facilitate oximetry of sample disposed within the oximetry chamber via the oximeter, wherein a sample flow path is defined from the main channel through the hemolysis chamber and the oximetry chamber for flow of sample therethrough. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein the at least one detection apparatus includes at least one fluorometer for enabling fluorescence detection of at least one of the sensors. 18. The system according to claim 16, wherein the analyzer further includes a carrier assembly configured to move the cartridge between at least two positions. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the cartridge further includes a gear rack disposed along each longitudinal side edge thereof, and wherein the carrier assembly further includes: a guide configured to slidably receive at least a portion of the cartridge; at least one driven pinion gear disposed adjacent the guide, the at least one driven pinion gear configured to operably engage one of the gear racks of the cartridge such that, upon rotational driving of the at least one driven pinion gear, the cartridge is translated relative to the guide; and a motor coupled to the at least one driven pinion gear for driving the at least one driven pinion gear. 20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the carrier assembly further includes at least one idler pinion gear configured to operably engage one of the gear racks of the cartridge to guide translation of the cartridge relative to the guide. 21. The system according to claim 18, wherein the cartridge further includes a friction surface extending along each longitudinal side edge thereof, and wherein the carrier assembly further includes: a guide configured to slidably receive at least a portion of the cartridge; a driven roller disposed adjacent a side of the guide, the drive roller configured to frictionally engage one of the friction surfaces of the cartridge such that, upon rotational driving of the driven roller, the cartridge is translated relative to the guide; and a motor coupled to the driven roller for driving the driven roller. 22. The system according to claim 21, wherein the carrier assembly further includes an idler roller configured to frictionally engage the other of the frictional surfaces of the cartridge to guide translation of the cartridge relative to the guide. 23. The system according to claim 18, wherein the carrier assembly is configured to automatically feed the cartridge into a testing position within the analyzer. 24. The system according to claim 18, wherein the carrier assembly is configured to translate the cartridge between different testing positions within the analyzer. 25. The system according to claim 16, wherein the hemolyzer includes an ultrasonic probe, the ultrasonic probe configured to contact a portion of the cartridge adjacent the hemolysis chamber to transmit ultrasonic energy to sample disposed within the hemolysis chamber. 26. The system according to claim 16, wherein the oximetry chamber defines an optical path length of between 50 \u03bcm and 110 \u03bcm to facilitate oximetry of sample disposed within the oximetry chamber via the oximeter. 27. The system according to claim 16, wherein the cartridge further includes a suction port and a socket configured to couple to a sample source, and wherein the analyzer further includes a pump configured to couple to the suction port for aspirating sample from the sample source into the cartridge and for initiating the flow of sample along the sample flow path. 28. The system according to claim 16, wherein the analyzer further includes a cartridge-retainer assembly configured to operably retain the cartridge therein. 29. The system according to claim 28, wherein the analyzer further includes a support assembly that supports the at least one detection apparatus, the hemolyzer, and the oximeter. 30. The system according to claim 29, wherein the analyzer further includes a clamp assembly configured to move the support assembly relative to the cartridge-retainer assembly to clamp the cartridge therebetween. 31. The system according to claim 16, wherein the analyzer further includes a heater configured to heat the cartridge to a pre-determined temperature. 32. The system according to claim 16, wherein the cartridge defines at least one alignment aperture and wherein the analyzer includes at least one peg, the at least one peg configured for receipt within the at least one alignment aperture to align the cartridge relative to the analyzer. 33. An analyzer for testing a sample, comprising: a detection block including a plurality of chemical detection apparatus; a hemolyzer; an oximeter; and a cartridge-receiving portion configured to receive and operably position a single-use cartridge relative to the detection block, hemolyzer, and oximeter. 34. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein each chemical detection apparatus includes a fluorometer having an emission assembly and a detection assembly. 35. The analyzer according to claim 34, wherein the emission assemblies of adjacent fluorometers are positioned on opposite sides of the corresponding detection assemblies thereof. 36. The analyzer according to claim 34, wherein the detection assembly of each fluorometer includes an emission fiber, an emission filter, and a detector, and wherein a conical-shaped aperture is defined between the emission filter and the detector of each detection assembly to inhibit rays of light that are non-perpendicular relative to the emission filter from reaching the detector. 37. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein at least one of the chemical detection apparatus includes a voltmeter configured for measuring a voltage from an ion-specific electrode sensor. 38. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein the cartridge-receiving portion includes a carrier assembly having: a guide configured to slidably receive at least a portion of the single-use cartridge; at least one driven pinion gear disposed adjacent the guide, the at least one driven pinion gear configured to operably engage the single-use cartridge such that, upon rotational driving of the at least one driven pinion gear, the single-use cartridge is translated relative to the guide; and a motor coupled to the at least one driven pinion gear for driving the at least one driven pinion gear. 39. The analyzer according to claim 38, wherein the carrier assembly further includes at least one idler pinion gear configured to operably engage the single-use cartridge to guide translation of the single-use cartridge relative to the guide. 40. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein the cartridge-receiving portion includes a carrier assembly having: a guide configured to slidably receive at least a portion of the single-use cartridge; a driven roller disposed adjacent a side of the guide, the drive roller configured to frictionally engage the single-use cartridge such that, upon rotational driving of the driven roller, the single-use cartridge is translated relative to the guide; and a motor coupled to the driven roller for driving the driven roller. 41. The analyzer according to claim 40, wherein the carrier assembly further includes an idler roller configured to frictionally engage the single-use cartridge to guide translation of the single-use cartridge relative to the guide. 42. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein the cartridge-receiving portion is configured to automatically feed the single-use cartridge into a testing position within the analyzer. 43. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein the cartridge-receiving portion is configured to translate the single-use cartridge between different testing positions within the analyzer. 44. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein the hemolyzer includes an ultrasonic probe, the ultrasonic probe configured to contact a portion of the single-use cartridge to transmit ultrasonic energy thereto. 45. The analyzer tem according to claim 33, further including a pump configured to facilitate aspirating sample into the single-use cartridge. 46. The analyzer according to claim 33, further including a support assembly that supports the plurality of chemical detection apparatus, the hemolyzer, and the oximeter. 47. The analyzer according to claim 46, further including a clamp assembly configured to move the support assembly relative to the cartridge-retainer assembly to clamp the single-use cartridge therebetween. 48. The analyzer according to claim 33, further including a heater configured to heat the single-use cartridge to a pre-determined temperature. 49. The analyzer according to claim 33, wherein the analyzer is further configured to facilitate introduction of a sample into the single-use cartridge once the single-use cartridge is received and operably positioned relative to the detection block, hemolyzer, and oximeter.",
-    "There is provided a substrate processing apparatus of performing a process by supplying a processing gas on a substrate while rotating the substrate mounted on a rotary table in a vacuum container, which includes: a container main body used as a part including a bottom portion of the vacuum container; a cover part configured to be detachably installed with respect to the container main body to open and close the container main body, the cover part being used as a part including a ceiling portion of the vacuum container; a pillar installed in one of the cover part and the container main body such that the pillar penetrates through a central portion of the rotary table when the cover part is installed on the container main body, and configured to support the cover part with respect to the container main body when the inside of the vacuum container is vacuum-exhausted. 1. A substrate processing apparatus of performing a process by supplying a processing gas on a substrate while rotating the substrate mounted on a rotary table in a vacuum container, comprising: a container main body used as a part including a bottom portion of the vacuum container; a cover part configured to be detachably installed with respect to the container main body to open and close the container main body, the cover part being used as a part including a ceiling portion of the vacuum container; a pillar installed in one of the cover part and the container main body such that the pillar penetrates through a central portion of the rotary table when the cover part is installed on the container main body, and configured to support the cover part with respect to the container main body when the inside of the vacuum container is vacuum-exhausted. 2. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pillar has a ring-like stepped portion formed to surround a surface at which the pillar is in contact with the other of the cover part and the container main body; wherein, when the cover part is installed on the container main body, a seal member made of an elastic body configured to closely adhere to the other of the cover part and the container main body, is installed in the stepped portion. 3. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pillar includes an exhaust port through which the inside of the vacuum container is exhausted. 4. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: a first processing gas supply part and a second processing gas supply part installed to be spaced apart from each other in a rotation direction of the rotary table and configured to supply a first processing gas and a second processing gas to the substrate, respectively; a separation region formed between a first processing region to which the first processing gas is supplied and a second processing region to which the second processing gas is supplied and configured to separate between atmosphere of the first processing region and atmosphere of the second processing, wherein a separation gas is supplied from a separation gas supply part to the separation region, and wherein the exhaust port includes a first exhaust port and a second exhaust port which are formed independently of one another, the first exhaust port being configured to restrictively exhaust one of the first processing gas and the second processing gas therethrough, and the second exhaust port being configured to restrictively exhaust the other of the first processing gas and the second processing gas therethrough. 5. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pillar is installed in the container main body. 6. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pillar includes a supply channel through which the processing gas is supplied.",
-    "A slide rail assembly includes a rail member, first and second brackets, a blocking member, and an elastic member. The two brackets are mounted to the rail member and are detachably attached to first and second posts of a rack respectively. The blocking member is movably connected to the second bracket, which can remain at a first position with respect to the blocking member thanks to the elastic member. After the first bracket is detached from the first post, the rail member can be displaced, and thus move the blocking member, in a direction so that the second bracket is displaced from the first position to a second position with respect to the blocking member and separated from the second post. 1. A slide rail assembly, to be attached to a first post and a second post of a rack, the slide rail assembly comprising: a rail member; a first bracket detachably attached to the first post of the rack; a second bracket detachably attached to the second post of the rack and being movably mounted to the rail member; a blocking member movably connected to the second bracket; and an elastic member for providing an elastic force and thereby enabling the second bracket to stay at a first position with respect to the blocking member; wherein while the rail member is displaced in a direction following detachment of the first bracket from the first post, the second bracket is displaced in the direction along with the rail member, is displaced from the first position to a second position with respect to the blocking member after the blocking member is pressed against the second post, and is thereby separated from the second post. 2. The slide rail assembly of claim 1, wherein the elastic member is connected between the second bracket and the blocking member. 3. The slide rail assembly of claim 1, wherein the second bracket has a first contact portion, the blocking member has a second contact portion, and the first contact portion of the second bracket is configured to push the second contact portion of the blocking member and thereby separate the blocking member from the second post. 4. The slide rail assembly of claim 3, wherein one of the first contact portion and the second contact portion has a guiding surface for guiding the blocking member to tilt by an angle with respect to the second bracket. 5. The slide rail assembly of claim 1, wherein one of the second bracket and the blocking member has a guiding portion of a predetermined length, the blocking member is movably connected to the second bracket via a connecting member mounted to the guiding portion, and the second bracket is displaceable between the first position and the second position with respect to the blocking member according to the predetermined length via the connecting member mounted to the guiding portion. 6. The slide rail assembly of claim 1, wherein the second bracket includes a side plate movably mounted to the rail member, an end plate generally perpendicularly connected to the side plate, and an attaching member mounted to the end plate and configured for attachment to a mounting hole of the second post. 7. A bracket device, comprising: a bracket; a blocking member movably connected to the bracket, one of the blocking member and the bracket having a guiding portion of a predetermined length; and a connecting member extending through the guiding portion and thereby connecting the bracket and the blocking member so that the bracket is displaceable between a first position and a second position with respect to the blocking member via the connecting member within the predetermined length of the guiding portion. 8. The bracket device of claim 7, further comprising an elastic member for providing an elastic force and thereby enabling the bracket to stay at the first position with respect to the blocking member. 9. The bracket device of claim 7, wherein the bracket has a first contact portion, the blocking member has a second contact portion, and the first contact portion of the bracket is configured to push the second contact portion of the blocking member and thereby tilt the blocking member by an angle with respect to the bracket. 10. The bracket device of claim 7, wherein the bracket includes a side plate, an end plate generally perpendicularly connected to the side plate, and at least one attaching member mounted to the end plate; the blocking member includes the guiding portion and a blocking portion; the blocking member is movably connected to the side plate of the bracket via the connecting member extending through the guiding portion; and the blocking portion corresponds to the end plate.",
-    "In a helicopter cabin that can be fastened to a fuselage structure of a helicopter, encompassing a cabin floor surface, which extends from a front area to a rear area of the helicopter cabin, with front seats and pilot cabin doors arranged in the front area, and the pilot cabin doors along with a front surface and additional walls include part of an outer hull of the helicopter cabin that envelops the cabin floor surface, the comfort is to be enhanced on the ground and during flight. This is accomplished by virtue of the fact that the cabin floor surface of the helicopter cabin exhibits a cutout with a cutout depth directed toward the longitudinal axis in the area of the front seats tapered in the direction of the longitudinal axis. 1. A helicopter cabin that can be fastened to a fuselage structure of a helicopter, encompassing a cabin floor surface, which extends from a front area to a rear area of the helicopter cabin, wherein front seats and pilot cabin doors are arranged in the front area, and the pilot cabin doors along with a front surface and additional walls comprise part of an outer hull of the helicopter cabin that envelops the cabin floor surface, wherein the cabin floor surface of the helicopter cabin exhibits a cutout with a cutout depth directed toward the longitudinal axis in the area of the front seats tapered in the direction of the longitudinal axis. 2. The helicopter cabin according to claim 1, wherein the cutout depth of the cutout projects up to the outer edges of the pilot seats, so that a resultant width in the tapered area is smaller than the width of the cabin floor surface in the front area and/or in the rear area at the widest location. 3. The helicopter cabin according to claim 1, wherein the cutout in the cabin floor surface extends in the direction parallel to the longitudinal axis until into the rear area, and hence into the area of the cargo hold sliding door. 4. The helicopter cabin according to claim 3, wherein the cutout depth measures at least 8 cm. 5. The helicopter cabin according to claim 1, wherein a floor section of the pilot cabin door facing the fuselage structure is transparent and convex in design, so that the cutout in the cabin floor surface is at least partially covered by the floor section with the pilot cabin door closed. 6. The helicopter cabin according to claim 5, wherein the convex, transparent floor section projects at least partially under the cabin floor surface in the closed state of the pilot cabin door. 7. The helicopter cabin according to claim 3, wherein a floor section of the cargo hold sliding door facing the fuselage structure is transparent and convex in design, so that the cutout in the cabin floor surface is covered at least partially by the floor section in the rear area with the cargo hold sliding door closed. 8. The helicopter cabin according to claim 7, wherein the convex, transparent floor section projects at least partially under the cabin floor surface in the closed state of the cargo hold sliding door.",
-    "A solar power generation system includes a storage battery, a solar power generation device that is provided on the side of the storage battery and outputs solar generated power, and a power control device. The power control device includes a variation component extraction unit that extracts a shade variation component from a generated power signal measured by the solar power generation device, a smoothing unit that smoothens the shade variation component obtained by the variation component extraction unit, a system output correction unit that obtains a system output power target value which is a combined output between a discharge output of the storage battery and the solar generated power on the basis of an output signal from the smoothing unit, and a charge/discharge output correction unit that corrects a charge/discharge target value which is a difference between the system output power target value and the generated power signal on the basis of a current time and a state of charge of the storage battery. 1. A solar power generation system comprising: a storage battery; a solar power generation device that is provided on the side of the storage battery and outputs solar generated power; and a power control device, wherein the power control device includes a variation component extraction unit that extracts a shade variation component from a generated power signal measured by the solar power generation device; a smoothing unit that smoothens the shade variation component obtained by the variation component extraction unit; a system output correction unit that obtains a system output power target value which is a combined output between a discharge output of the storage battery and the solar generated power on the basis of an output signal from the smoothing unit; and a charge/discharge output correction unit that corrects a charge/discharge target value which is a difference between the system output power target value and the generated power signal on the basis of a current time and a state of charge of the storage battery. 2. The solar power generation system according to claim 1, wherein the power control device further includes a standard generated power calculation unit that obtains generated power obtained by the solar power generation device in fine weather as standard generated power, and wherein the variation component extraction unit extracts the shade variation component on the basis of the generated power signal and the standard generated power. 3. The solar power generation system according to claim 2, wherein the charge/discharge output correction unit holds a threshold value of the state of charge in a preset nighttime period, and corrects the charge/discharge target value in a case where the current time is the set nighttime period and the state of charge of the storage battery exceeds the threshold value. 4. The solar power generation system according to claim 3, wherein the charge/discharge output correction unit holds information for defining different correspondence relationships between states of charge and deterioration tendencies depending on the type of storage battery, and sets a threshold value of the state of charge on the basis of the correspondence relationships between the states of charge and the deterioration tendencies. 5. The solar power generation system according to claim 3, wherein the system output correction unit calculates a change rate of a system output power target value at the current time on the basis of a current value and a system output power target value at a predetermined time before the current time among the system output power target values obtained in a predetermined cycle, obtains forced termination upper limit power having a change rate which is higher than the calculated change rate, and combines the obtained forced termination upper limit power with a system output power target value up to the current time so as to generate a corrected system output power target value. 6. The solar power generation system according to claim 5, wherein the power control device further includes a terminal provided with an insolation meter measuring an insolation amount and a display unit, wherein the display unit of the terminal includes a first display region that displays generated power output results of the solar power generation device and/or history of the insolation amount; a second display region that displays a system diagram of the solar power generation system; and a third display region that receives inputting of a parameter for defining the standard generated power. 7. A storage battery system comprising: a storage battery that performs charging and discharging with solar generated power output from a solar power generation device; and a power control device, wherein the power control device includes a variation component extraction unit that extracts a shade variation component from a generated power signal measured by the solar power generation device; a smoothing unit that smoothens the shade variation component obtained by the variation component extraction unit; a system output correction unit that obtains a system output power target value which is a combined output between a discharge output of the storage battery and the solar generated power on the basis of an output signal from the smoothing unit; and a charge/discharge output correction unit that corrects a charge/discharge target value which is a difference between the system output power target value and the generated power signal on the basis of a current time and a state of charge of the storage battery. 8. The storage battery system according to claim 7, wherein the power control device further includes a standard generated power calculation unit that obtains generated power obtained by the solar power generation device in fine weather as standard generated power, and wherein the variation component extraction unit extracts the shade variation component on the basis of the generated power signal and the standard generated power. 9. The storage battery system according to claim 8, wherein the charge/discharge output correction unit holds a threshold value of the state of charge in a preset nighttime period, and corrects the charge/discharge target value in a case where the current time is the set nighttime period and the state of charge of the storage battery exceeds the threshold value. 10. The storage battery system according to claim 9, wherein the charge/discharge output correction unit holds information for defining different correspondence relationships between states of charge and deterioration tendencies depending on the type of storage battery, and sets a threshold value of the state of charge on the basis of the correspondence relationships between the states of charge and the deterioration tendencies. 11. The storage battery system according to claim 9, wherein the system output correction unit calculates a change rate of a system output power target value at the current time on the basis of a current value and a system output power target value at a predetermined time before the current time among the system output power target values obtained in a predetermined cycle, obtains forced termination upper limit power having a change rate which is higher than the calculated change rate, and combines the obtained forced termination upper limit power with a system output power target value up to the current time so as to generate a corrected system output power target value. 12. A power control device comprising: a variation component extraction unit that extracts a shade variation component from a generated power signal measured by the solar power generation device; a smoothing unit that smoothens the shade variation component obtained by the variation component extraction unit; a system output correction unit that obtains a system output power target value which is a combined output between a discharge output of the storage battery and the solar generated power on the basis of an output signal from the smoothing unit; and a charge/discharge output correction unit that corrects a charge/discharge target value which is a difference between the system output power target value and the generated power signal on the basis of a current time and a state of charge of the storage battery. 13. The power control device according to claim 12, further comprising: a standard generated power calculation unit that obtains generated power obtained by the solar power generation device in fine weather as standard generated power, wherein the variation component extraction unit extracts the shade variation component on the basis of the generated power signal and the standard generated power. 14. The power control device according to claim 13, wherein the charge/discharge output correction unit holds a threshold value of the state of charge in a preset nighttime period, and corrects the charge/discharge target value in a case where the current time is the set nighttime period and the state of charge of the storage battery exceeds the threshold value. 15. The power control device according to claim 13, wherein the system output correction unit calculates a change rate of a system output power target value at the current time on the basis of a current value and a system output power target value at a predetermined time before the current time among the system output power target values obtained in a predetermined cycle, obtains forced termination upper limit power having a change rate which is higher than the calculated change rate, and combines the obtained forced termination upper limit power with a system output power target value up to the current time so as to generate a corrected system output power target value.",
-    "An on-demand oxy-hydrogen fuel system for an internal combustion engine includes an oxy-hydrogen generator and a microcontroller which activates the the intake manifold. The addition of the oxy-hydrogen provides a very efficient oxy-hydrogen generator when oxy-hydrogen is needed. The oxy-hydrogen is then mixed with blow-by gases from a PCV valve which are recycled through fuel source which can dramatically increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. 1. An on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a fluid reservoir containing electrically conductive de-gassed water; a cap for sealing an opening on the fluid reservoir, wherein the cap has a positive terminal, a negative terminal and a gas outlet in fluid communication with an interior of the fluid reservoir; and a pair of electrode plates attached to the cap and extending into the interior of the fluid reservoir so as to be at least partially submerged in the de-gassed water, one of the pair of electrode plates electrically coupled to the positive terminal and another of the pair of electrode plates electrically coupled to the negative terminal. 2. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 1 wherein the electrode plates comprise non-metallic conductive coatings. 3. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 2, wherein the nonmetallic conductive coating comprises carbon nano-tubes. 4. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 1, wherein the electrode plates comprises a series of metal plates made from a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, cadmium, gold, platinum, and palladium, or from beryllium-copper, beryllium-titanium and/or sodium-tungsten alloys. 5. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 4, wherein the series of metal plates comprise a catalyst in an electrolysis reaction of water. 6. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 1, further comprising a secondary reservoir containing additional de-gassed water, the secondary reservoir fluidly connected to the fluid reservoir. 7. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 1, further comprising a sensor configured to detect a level of the de-gassed water in the fluid reservoir. 8. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 1, wherein a gas outlet on the oxy-hydrogen generator releases oxy-hydrogen produced by electrolysis of the de-gassed water, the gas outlet fluidly coupled to an intake manifold on the engine, and further comprising: a microcontroller operably connected to the oxy-hydrogen generator for selectively activating the oxy-hydrogen generator in response to a demand for oxy-hydrogen. 9. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 8, wherein the gas outlet is fluidly coupled to a pollution control system for recycling blow-by gases from a crankcase on the internal combustion engine to the intake manifold. 10. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 9, wherein the pollution control system comprises a PCV valve in-line with a vent line from the crankcase and a blow-by return line to the intake manifold. 11. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 10, wherein the gas outlet is coupled to the vent line from the crankcase, the blow-by return line to the intake manifold, or the PCV valve. 12. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 10, wherein the microcontroller is operably connected to the PCV valve. 13. An on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a fluid reservoir containing electrically conductive de-gassed water; a cap for sealing an opening on the fluid reservoir, wherein the cap has a positive terminal, a negative terminal and a gas outlet in fluid communication with an interior of the fluid reservoir; a pair of electrode plates attached to the cap and extending into the interior of the fluid reservoir so as to be at least partially submerged in the de-gassed water, one of the pair of electrode plates electrically coupled to the positive terminal and another of the pair of electrode plates electrically coupled to the negative terminal; and positively charged nano-particles of silver and/or platinum suspended within the de-gassed water. 14. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 13, wherein the positively charged nano-particles comprise a catalyst in an electrolysis reaction of the de-gassed water. 15. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 13, further comprising a sensor for detecting quantitative suspension parameters of the positively charged nano-particles within the de-gassed water. 16. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 13 wherein the electrode plates comprise non-metallic conductive coatings. 17. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 16, wherein the nonmetallic conductive coating comprises a carbon nano-tube field. 18. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 13, further comprising a secondary reservoir containing additional de-gassed water, the secondary reservoir fluidly connected to the fluid reservoir. 19. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 13, further comprising a sensor configured to detect a level of the de-gassed water in the fluid reservoir. 20. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 13 wherein a gas outlet on the oxy-hydrogen generator releases oxy-hydrogen produced by electrolysis of the de-gassed water, the gas outlet fluidly coupled to an intake manifold on the engine; and further comprising: a microcontroller operably connected to the oxy-hydrogen generator for selectively activating the oxy-hydrogen generator in response to a demand for oxy-hydrogen. 21. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 14, wherein the gas outlet is fluidly coupled to a pollution control system for recycling blow-by gases from a crankcase on the internal combustion engine to the intake manifold. 22. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 20, wherein the pollution control system comprises a PCV valve in-line with a vent line from the crankcase and a blow-by return line to the intake manifold. 23. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 22, wherein the gas outlet is coupled to the vent line from the crankcase, the blow-by return line to the intake manifold, or the PCV valve. 24. The on-demand oxy-hydrogen generator of claim 22, wherein the microcontroller is operably connected to the PCV valve for regulating a flow rate of blow-by gases through the PCV valve.",
-    "A lighted arrow nock includes: a light emitting part having a light and a battery to allow the light to be moved forward and backward to and from battery to turn on and off the light; a driving circuit part disposed in the light to intermittently supply the power supplied from the battery to a light emitting diode chip of the light to allow the light to blink; an arrow coupling member having a cylindrical structure so that an outer peripheral surface thereof is inserted into the rear end of an arrow, while having the battery inserted into the inner space thereof; and a light operating member adapted to allow the light to be inserted into the lower portion thereof in the state of being inserted into the arrow coupling member and to move up and down. 1. A lighted arrow nock comprising: a light emitting part having a light and a battery in such a manner as to allow the light to be moved forward and backward to and from battery to turn on and off the light; a driving circuit part disposed in the light to intermittently supply the power supplied from the battery to a light emitting diode chip of the light to allow the light to blink; an arrow coupling member having a cylindrical structure so that an outer peripheral surface thereof is inserted into the rear end of an arrow, while having the battery inserted into the inner space thereof; and a light operating member adapted to allow the light to be inserted into the lower portion thereof in the state of being inserted into the arrow coupling member and to move up and down in the state of being inserted into the upper portion of the arrow coupling member to turn on and off the light, wherein the light emitting part comprises: the battery having a generally cylindrical shape; the light coupled to the battery and having the light emitting diode chip adapted to emit light by receiving the power of the battery; and a connector located between the light and the battery and adapted to turn on and off the light by means of the forward and backward movements of the light toward and from the battery, and the driving circuit part is installed on any one of electrode terminals of a lead frame at the interior of the light, and wherein the arrow coupling member comprises: an arrow coupling portion having an insertion portion and a locking projection formed on the outer lower periphery thereof toward the intermediate portion thereof in such a manner as to be insertedly fitted to the rear end portion of the arrow; a battery insertion hole formed inside the arrow coupling portion to insert the battery thereinto; and a light operating member coupling hole formed at the interior thereof above the battery insertion hole to allow the lower periphery of the light operating member to be coupled thereto in such a manner as to be movable up and down. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The lighted arrow nock according to claim 1, wherein the arrow coupling portion further comprises an arrow insertion reinforcement portion formed by incising a wall body of the arrow coupling member in such a manner as to have a higher thickness than the other portion of the wall body of the arrow coupling member. 5. The lighted arrow nock according to claim 1, wherein the light operating member comprises: a light insertion groove formed at the inner peripheral surface of the lower portion thereof to insert the light thereinto in such a manner as to prevent the inserted light from being easily separated therefrom; an arrow coupling member insertion portion formed on the outer peripheral surface thereof in such a manner as to be inserted into the light operating member coupling hole; a guide rail formed on one side of the arrow coupling member insertion portion to guide a direction along which the light operating member is inserted into the light operating member coupling hole; and a position restricting portion formed on the opposite side to the guide rail on the arrow coupling member insertion portion to restrict the movements of on and off positions so as to turn on and off the light in the state wherein the light operating member is inserted into the light operating member coupling hole.",
-    "An endoscopic surgical instrument is revealed herein to comprise a handle, a hollow tube fitted at a front end of the handle and having an oblique opening at a distal end thereof, a repair device fitted inside the hollow tube and having a cutting portion partially exposed to the oblique opening, and an electrocautery device fitted on an end surface of the oblique opening of the hollow tube. 1. An endoscopic surgical instrument, comprising: a handle for controlling and manipulating an arthroscope; a hollow tube, fitted at a front end of the handle and having an oblique opening at a distal end thereof; a repair device, fitted inside the hollow tube and having a cutting portion at an end thereof, wherein the cutting portion is partially exposed to the oblique opening of the hollow tube; and an electrocautery device for cauterizing a wound, fitted at a position X on an outer wall of the hollow tube, corresponding to the direction of the oblique opening of the hollow tube. 2. The endoscopic surgical instrument as claim 1, wherein the electrocautery device is fitted right on an end surface of the hollow tube. 3. The endoscopic surgical instrument as claim 1, further comprises a first button fitted on the handle for controlling and actuating the repair device. 4. The endoscopic surgical instrument as claim 1, further comprises a second button fitted on the handle for controlling and actuating the electrocautery device. 5. The endoscopic surgical instrument as claim 1, further comprises a third button fitted on the handle for simultaneously controlling and actuating the repair device and the electrocautery device.",
-    "The present invention relates to a structure for a license plate. Specifically, the present invention relates to a device for attaching a license plate to a vehicle. In particular, the present invention relates to a license plate frame for a vehicle which both supports the license plate and has a fin extending therefrom to protect the vehicle. 1. A structure for a license plate, comprising: a. a rear section having an upper edge, a lower edge, and side edges bridging the upper and lower edges, wherein the rear section has a first set of holes for securing the license plate to a vehicle therethrough; b. a single fin having a substantially planar face extending upwardly from the upper edge, the fin having a bottom edge co-linearly arranged with at least a portion of the upper edge of the rear section; wherein the fin has a front face, said front face being substantially flat, and wherein the fin is integrally formed with the upper edge of the rear section in a unitary fin-upper edge structure, and wherein none of the lower or side edges have a fin extending therefrom. 2. The structure for a license plate of claim 1, wherein the fin extends upwardly and angled away from the upper edge such that the top of the fin is positioned in a vertical plane located behind the plane defined by the top edge and bottom edge. 3. The structure for a license plate of claim 2, wherein the fin is angled between 0 degrees and 60 degrees relative to the plane defined by the top edge and bottom edge. 4. A structure for a license plate, comprising: a. a rear section having an upper edge, a lower edge, and side edges bridging the upper and lower edges; b. mounting means for mounting the license plate to the structure; and c. a single fin having a substantially planar face extending upwardly from the upper edge, the fin having a bottom edge co-linearly arranged with at least a portion of the upper edge of the rear section; wherein the fin has a front face, said front face being substantially flat, and wherein the fin is integrally formed with the upper edge of the rear section in a unitary fin-upper edge structure, and wherein none of the lower or side edges have a fin extending therefrom. 5. The structure for a license plate of claim 4, wherein the fin extends upwardly and angled away from the upper edge such that the top of the fin is positioned in a vertical plane located behind the plane defined by the top edge and bottom edge. 6. The structure for a license plate of claim 5, wherein the fin is angled between 0 degrees and 60 degrees relative to the plane defined by the top edge and bottom edge. 7. The structure for a license plate of claim 5, wherein the fin is angled between 0 degrees and 60 degrees relative to the plane defined by the top edge and bottom edge.",
-    "A classical way of finding the harmonic map is to minimize the harmonic energy by the time evolution of the solution of a nonlinear heat diffusion equation. To arrive at the desired harmonic map, which is a steady state of this equation, an efficient quasi-implicit Euler method (QIEM) is revealed and its convergence under some simplifications is analyzed. It is difficult to find the stability region of the time steps if the initial map is not close to the steady state solution. A two-phase approach for the quasi-implicit Euler method (QIEM) is disclosed to overcome this drawback. In order to accelerate the convergence, a variant time step scheme and a heuristic method used to determine an initial time step have been developed. Numerical results clearly demonstrate that the present method far computing the spherical conformal and Riemnann mappings achieves high performance. 1. A method for computing spherical conformal and Riemann mappings comprising the steps of: (a) carrying out evolution of computing a conthnnal map f from a genus zero closed surface to a unit sphere as well as from a simply connected surface with a single boundary to a 2D disk by a nonlinear heat diffusion equation; (b) solving the nonlinear heat diffusion equation by a quasi-implicit Euler method (QIEM); (c) analyzing convergence of the QIEM under some simplifications; (d) accelerating the convergence of the QIEM by using a two-phase approach for the quasi-implicit Euler method to estimate an initial time step and an adaptive method to control the time step. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a way to find the conformal map f is by time evolution according to the nonlinear heat diffusion equation in the step (a) df dt = - \u0394 d \ue89e f . ; the time evolution of the conformal map f is according to the nonlinear heat diffusion equation df \ue8a0 ( v ) dt = - ( \u0394 d \ue89e f \ue8a0 ( v ) ) \uf605 = - ( \u0394 d \ue89e f \ue8a0 ( v ) - < \u0394 d \ue89e f \ue8a0 ( v ) , n \ue8a0 ( f \ue8a0 ( v ) ) > n \ue8a0 ( f \ue8a0 ( v ) ) ) . 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Quasi-Implicit Euler Method (QIEM) in the step (b) is iteratively formulated by f ( m + 1 ) - f ( m ) \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e t = \ue89e - ( \u0394 d \ue89e f ( m + 1 ) - \u227a \u0394 d \ue89e f ( m ) , f ( m ) \u227b f ( m + 1 ) ) = \ue89e - ( A - \u227a A \ue89e \ue89e f ( m ) , f ( m ) \u227b ) \ue89e f ( m + 1 ) , wherein an unknown vector f(m+1) of F(f(m+1), f(m) ) is solved by Newton's method vec(fi+1(m+1))=vec(fi(m+1))\u2212J(fi(m+1))\u22121 F(fi(m+1), f(m)) with f0(m+1)=f(m), wherein J(f(m+1)) is the Jacobian matrix of F(f(m+1), f(m)); wherein a new vector f(m+1) is generated in each iteration by solving a linear system [I+\u03b4t(A\u2212Af(m), f(m))]f(m+1)=f(m). 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two-phase approach for the quasi-implicit Euler method in the step (d) includes a phase-I QIEM formulated by \uf603 f ( m + 1 ) - f ( m ) \u03b4 \ue89e \ue89e t = - \u0394 d \ue89e f ( m + 1 ) = - A \ue89e \ue89e f ( m + 1 ) , if f(0) is not close to the steady state solution; i.e., (I+(\u03b4t)A)f(m+1)=f(m) is used to compute f(m+1); and a phase-II QIEM when f(m) is close to the steady state solution, switch to [I+\u03b4t(A\u2212Af(m), f(m))]f(m+1)=f(m). with repetitive strategies (S2.a), (S2.b) and (S2.c) fir computing f(m+1) until difference |\u03b5h(f(m+1))\u2212\u03b5h(f(m))| of energy is less than a given tolerance \u03b53; wherein (S1.a) By definition of A in a ii := \u2211 [ v i , v j ] \u2208 M \ue89e \ue89e k ij , a ij := - k ij , i \u2260 j , , row sums of A are equal to zero which implies that there is a trivial solution f such that (A\u2212Af, f)f=0 and \u03b5h(f)=0; to avoid f(m) convergent to this trivial solution, reset \u03b4t0 to be the current \u03b4t and restart algorithm with the original f(0) and new \u03b4t0 when \u03b5h(f(m)) is less than a given small tolerance \u03b52; (S1.b) If \u03b5h(f(m+1)) does not decrease, then \u03b4t is reduced to be \u03b4t:=max(1, 1/2 \u03b4t) and recompute f(m+1) from the [I+\u03b4t(A\u2212Af(m), f(m))]f(m+1)=f(m); (S1.c) If the difference of the energy is still larger than or equal to the given tolerance \u03b53 when m has been larger than a given maximal iteration number mmax, reset \u03b4t0 to be the current \u03b4t and restart the algorithm with original initial closed surface f(0) and new \u03b4t0.",
-    "A cable connector includes a connection end portion of a flexible board, in which a rectangular reinforcing plate molded of a conductive resin material is fixed to part of an upper surface of a ground plate. The connection end portion of the flexible board is electrically connected to a printed circuit board through the cable connector. 1. A cable connection structure comprising: a connection end portion of a flexible cable, the flexible cable having a group of contact pads formed at least at one ends of a plurality of signal lines configured to transmit a signal and one ends of a plurality of ground lines to be grounded, a ground plate electrically connected to the plurality of ground lines with respect to the contact pads, and a reinforcing plate provided on a surface of the ground plate with respect to the contact pads, the connection end portion which the ground plate and the reinforcing plate are oppositely joined to the group of contact pads; and a plurality of contact terminals each having a contact portion to come into contact with a corresponding one of the contact pads, the contact terminals being configured to electrically connect the connection end portion of the cable to a wiring board. 2. The cable connection structure according to claim 1, wherein the ground plate has a plurality of extension portions formed at a given interval along a direction of arrangement of the contact terminals. 3. The cable connection structure according to claim 2, wherein a ground plate piece to be electrically connected to the corresponding ground line is further formed between the extension portions adjacent to each other. 4. The cable connection structure according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of ground plate pieces to be electrically connected to the ground lines are further formed away from the ground plate and disposed at a given interval along a direction of arrangement of the contact terminals. 5. A cable connector comprising: the cable connection structure according to claim 1; a cable end portion accommodating portion configured to detachably accommodate the connection end portion of the cable; and a cable holding means provided to the cable end portion accommodating portion, and configured to press the connection end portion of the cable against the contact portions of the contact terminals to thus detachably hold the connection end portion on the cable end portion accommodating portion. 6. The cable connector according to claim 5, further comprising: a conductive connection member provided to the cable end portion accommodating portion and configured to come into contact with fixed portions of the plurality of contact terminals electrically connected to ground line conductive layers of the cable to be connected. 7. A cable connector comprising: the cable connection structure according to claim 2; a cable end portion accommodating portion configured to detachably accommodate the connection end portion of the cable; and a cable holding means provided to the cable end portion accommodating portion, and configured to press the connection end portion of the cable against the contact portions of the contact terminals to thus detachably hold the connection end portion on the cable end portion accommodating portion. 8. A cable connector comprising: the cable connection structure according to claim 3; a cable end portion accommodating portion configured to detachably accommodate the connection end portion of the cable; and a cable holding means provided to the cable end portion accommodating portion, and configured to press the connection end portion of the cable against the contact portions of the contact terminals to thus detachably hold the connection end portion on the cable end portion accommodating portion. 9. A cable connector comprising: the cable connection structure according to claim 4; a cable end portion accommodating portion configured to detachably accommodate the connection end portion of the cable; and a cable holding means provided to the cable end portion accommodating portion, and configured to press the connection end portion of the cable against the contact portions of the contact terminals to thus detachably hold the connection end portion on the cable end portion accommodating portion. 10. The cable connector according to claim 7, further comprising: a conductive connection member provided to the cable end portion accommodating portion and configured to come into contact with fixed portions of the plurality of contact terminals electrically connected to ground line conductive layers of the cable to be connected. 11. The cable connection structure according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing plate is made of a conductive resin material.",
-    "A method of forming a decorated midsole element for articles of footwear includes obtaining a decorated film having one or more graphic elements applied to a first surface of the film and placing the decorated film in a mold. A midsole element is obtained and placed in the mold, and pressure is applied to the mold to form a midsole element having a decorated surface. The decorated film may include a layer of polyether-block co-polyamide polymer and the midsole element may be formed of ethylvinylacetate. A midsole assembly and an article of footwear having decorated midsole top layers are also described. 1. A midsole for an article of footwear comprising: a top layer configured for attachment to an upper of the article of footwear, wherein the top layer includes a midsole assembly comprising: an ethylvinylacetate substrate; a graphics member including a polyether-block co-polyamide polymer film with graphics elements applied thereto as ink via printing; wherein the graphics member is compression molded to the ethylvinylacetate substrate; and a midsole support assembly at least partially attached to the decorated film of the top layer. 2. The midsole of claim 1, wherein the graphic elements are printed by silk-screening. 3. The midsole of claim 1, wherein the graphic elements are printed by a digital printing process or by an ink jet printing process. 4. The midsole of claim 1, wherein the graphic member further includes a stratified film, and wherein a surface of the stratified film has been incised so as to expose material underlying the surface. 5. The midsole of claim 1, wherein the graphic member includes a multi-layered laminated film, and wherein a first layer of the laminated film has cutouts that allow a second layer to be viewed. 6. The midsole of claim 1, wherein the midsole support assembly comprises a plurality of midsole support elements, wherein one or more of the midsole support elements are substantially shaped as pedestals. 7. The midsole of claim 1, wherein top surfaces of one or more of the midsole support elements are directly joined to the graphics member of the top layer. 8. The midsole of claim 1, wherein top surfaces of one or more of the midsole support elements are directly joined to a top plate and the top plate is directly joined to the graphics member of the top layer. 9. The midsole of claim 1, wherein a web couples one or more of the midsole support elements to one another. 10. The midsole of claim 9, wherein the web is co-molded with one or more of the support elements. 11. The midsole of claim 1, wherein the midsole support assembly comprises a plurality of midsole support elements, one or more of the midsole support elements substantially shaped as a pedestal, wherein one or more of the midsole support elements are joined to the graphics member. 12. An article of footwear comprising: an upper; and a midsole assembly according to claim 1 attached to the upper. 13. The article of footwear of claim 14, wherein the graphic elements are printed by silk-screening. 14. The article of footwear of claim 12, wherein the graphic elements are printed by a digital printing process or by an ink jet printing process. 15. The article of footwear of claim 12, further comprising: an outsole joined to the lower surface of one or more of the midsole support elements. 16. The article of footwear of claim 12, wherein the graphic member further includes a stratified film, and wherein a surface of the stratified film has been incised so as to expose material underlying the surface. 17. The article of footwear of claim 12, wherein the graphic member includes a multi-layered laminated film, and wherein a first layer of the laminated film has cutouts that allow a second layer to be viewed. 18. The article of footwear of claim 12, wherein the midsole support assembly comprises a plurality of midsole support elements, wherein one or more of the midsole support elements are substantially shaped as pedestals. 19. The article of footwear of claim 12, wherein top surfaces of one or more of the midsole support elements are directly joined to the graphics member of the top layer. 20. The article of footwear of claim 12, wherein the midsole assembly further includes a top plate interposed between the polyether-block co-polyamide polymer film of the decorated top layer and upper surfaces of one or more of the midsole support elements.",
-    "Disposable pull-on diapers of the present disclosure may have optimized waist circumferential length and leg opening length. 1. A disposable pull-on diaper comprising: an absorbent main body comprising a liquid pervious topsheet, a liquid impervious backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed therebetween, wherein the absorbent main body has left and right longitudinally extending side edges, front and back transversely extending end edges, longitudinally opposing front and back waist panels, and a crotch panel between the waist panels, at least one leg elastic material disposed in proximity to each of said side edges and extending generally longitudinally along said side edges; an elastic belt comprising a front belt portion and a back belt portion joined to each other at side seams, each of said front belt portion and back belt portion has transversely extending proximal and distal edges, the distal edge of the elastic belt defines a waist opening, the proximal edge being located closer than the distal edge relative to the crotch panel of the absorbent main body, each of said front belt portion and back belt portion has a central panel; wherein the elastic belt comprises a belt substrate layer and a plurality of waist elastic strands and a plurality of side panel elastic strands each extending in the transverse direction and attached to the belt substrate layer; wherein said waist elastic strands are disposed in proximity to the distal edge and said side panel elastic strands are disposed at least in the left and right side panels, and wherein the elastic belt has a stretched waist circumferential length and a free-state waist circumferential length; wherein, the central panel of the front belt portion is joined to the front waist panel of the absorbent main body, the central panel of the back belt portion is joined to the back waist panel of the absorbent main body, and the proximal edge of the respective left and right side panels of the front belt portion and the back belt portion together with the left and right side edges of the crotch panel of the absorbent main body defines two leg openings, each of the leg opening has a leg opening length which can be calculated according to the following formula: leg opening length=Le+Sf+\u221a{square root over (Sb2+La2)} wherein Le indicates leg elastic length, Sf indicates front side panel elastic length, Sb indicates back side panel elastic length and La indicates the difference in the longitudinal length of the front belt portion and back belt portion; wherein the stretched waist circumferential length is no greater than about 700 mm; and wherein the leg opening length is no greater than about 300 mm; and wherein a longitudinal length of the front belt (LF) is less than a longitudinal length of the back belt (LB). 2. The diaper of claim 1, wherein said leg elastic length is from about 50% to 75% of the leg opening length. 3. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the leg opening length is from about 250 mm to about 280 mm. 4. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the leg opening length is from about 270 mm to about 280 mm. 5. The diaper of claim 4, wherein the ratio of the longitudinal length of each of the side panels of the back belt portion to the longitudinal length of the side panel of the front belt portion is between about 1.1 and about 2.0. 6. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the stretched waist circumferential length to the free-state waist circumferential length is from about 2.5 to about 2.8. 7. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the plurality of side panel elastic strands are disposed only in the left and right side panels of the front and back belt portion. 8. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the waist elastic strands and side panel elastic strands are disposed at a different interval in the longitudinal direction. 9. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the front belt portion is folded over to overlap a wearer-facing surface of the absorbent main body. 10. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the back belt portion is folded over to overlap a wearer-facing surface of the absorbent main body. 11. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the front belt is folded over to overlap a wearer-facing surface of the absorbent assembly. 12. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the stretched waist circumferential length is from about 620 mm to about 700 mm. 13. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the stretched waist circumferential length is from about 640 mm to about 680 mm. 14. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the leg opening length of the diaper includes a leg elastic length which is from about 68% to about 72% of the leg opening length. 15. The diaper of claim 1, wherein the leg opening length is from about 265 mm to 285 mm. 16. A disposable pull-on diaper comprising: an absorbent main body comprising a liquid pervious topsheet, a liquid impervious backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed therebetween, wherein the absorbent main body has left and right longitudinally extending side edges, front and back transversely extending end edges, longitudinally opposing front and back waist panels, and a crotch panel between the waist panels, at least one leg elastic material disposed in proximity to each of said side edges and extending generally longitudinally along said side edges; an elastic belt comprising a front belt portion and a back belt portion joined to each other at side seams, each of said front belt portion and back belt portion has transversely extending proximal and distal edges, the distal edge of the elastic belt defines a waist opening, the proximal edge being located closer than the distal edge relative to the crotch panel of the absorbent main body, each of said front belt portion and back belt portion has a central panel, and left and right side panels contiguous with its central panel; wherein, the elastic belt comprises a belt substrate layer and an apertured film and attached to the belt substrate layer; wherein the apertured film is disposed in proximity to the distal edge and said side panel elastic strands are disposed at least in the left and right side panels, and wherein the elastic belt has a stretched waist circumferential length and a free-state waist circumferential length; wherein the central panel of the front belt portion is joined to the front waist panel of the absorbent main body, the central panel of the back belt portion is joined to the back waist panel of the absorbent main body, and the proximal edge of the respective left and right side panels of the front belt portion and the back belt portion together with the left and right side edges of the crotch panel of the absorbent main body defines two leg openings, each of the leg opening has a leg opening length which can be calculated according to the following formula: leg opening length=Le+Sf+\u221a{square root over (Sb2+La2)} wherein Le indicates leg elastic length, Sf indicates front side panel elastic length, Sb indicates back side panel elastic length and La indicates the difference in the longitudinal length of the front belt portion and back belt portion; wherein the stretched waist circumferential length is no greater than about 700 mm; and wherein the leg opening length is no greater than about 300 mm; and wherein a longitudinal length of the front belt (LF) is less than a longitudinal length of the back belt (LB). 17. The diaper of claim 16, wherein the stretched waist circumferential length is from about 620 mm to about 700 mm. 18. The diaper of claim 16, wherein the stretched waist circumferential length is from about 640 mm to about 680 mm. 19. The diaper of claim 18, wherein the leg opening length of the diaper includes a leg elastic length which is from about 68% to about 72% of the leg opening length. 20. The diaper of claim 16, wherein the leg opening length is from about 265 mm to 285 mm.",
-    "A decanter stopper having a hollow, main cylinder body. A protuberance in the form of a notched H-shaped insert extends from the proximal end of the main cylinder body. Curved side walls are disposed at each opposing end of the H-shaped insert. Two channels are formed in the insert between the curved side walls. 1. A decanter-stopper comprising: a) a hollow, main cylinder body having a predetermined diameter and a proximal end and a distal end and having a protuberance extending from the proximal end thereof, said protuberance comprising an H-shaped insert having a horizontal, longitudinal, joining element with a notch formed therein, and further comprising two curved side walls each having an external surface, said side walls being disposed, respectively, at each of said opposing ends of said H-shaped insert, and said side walls being offset from said hollow, main cylinder body; and b) two channels formed between said curved side walls above and below said horizontal, longitudinal, joining element, respectively. 2. The decanter-stopper in accordance with claim 1, wherein said protuberance is centrally disposed with respect to said hollow, main cylinder body. 3. The decanter-stopper in accordance with claim 2, wherein the distance between the external respective surfaces of said curved side walls is lower is less than said diameter of said main cylinder body. 4. The decanter-stopper in accordance with claim 2, manufactured with flexible material.",
-    "An integrated imaging system is invented for creating an optimal imaging session by importing information in real time from several sources and using that information to automatically and continuously adjust the parameters of the imaging session so as to create the optimal session for the prescribed testing session 1. A system measuring skeletal joint motion in a subject comprising: a) a motion device means adapted and configured to continuously move a joint of the subject, the motion device means comprising: a platform base means, and a motion platform means further comprising a static platform means connected to an upper surface of the platform base means, a movable platform means connected to at least one of the static platform means or an upper surface of the platform base means, wherein the static platform means is adjacent the movable platform means wherein movement of the movable platform means is achieved in operation by a motor in communication with the moveable platform means; b) an imaging device in communication with the motion device means adapted and configured to obtain imaging data; and c) a computing system adapted and configured to analyze the obtained imaging data to generate an instruction and then communicate the instruction to at least one of the motion device means and the imaging device wherein the computing system is configurable to receive information from at least one of the motion device means and the imaging device during an imaging session; analyze the received information during the imaging session; determine whether a target anatomy is within a field of view during the imaging session; evaluate a position of the imaging device, a position of the motion device means, a radiographic imaging technique, and a geometric configuration of a collimator; determine whether a change to one or more of a position of the imaging device, a position of the motion device means, a radiographic imaging technique, and a geometric configuration of a collimator will bring the target anatomy within the field of view; and instruct at least one of the motion device means and imaging device to change an imaging environment automatically and continuously during the imaging session to maintain the target anatomy within a field of view by one or more of changing the position of the imaging device, changing the position of the motion device means, changing the radiographic imaging technique, and changing the geometric configuration of the collimator. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the imaging device is an X-ray tube and image intensifier with dosage control. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the imaging device is a magnetic resonance scanner. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the platform is a laterally moveable platform. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the movable platform means is situated on a support means which lies on the upper surface of the platform base means. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the imaging device is an X-ray tube and image intensifier with dosage control. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the imaging device is a magnetic resonance scanner. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a control arm means for driving movement of the moveable platform means. 9. The system of claim 1 further comprising a processing system. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the motion device means is adapted to communicate motion information to the imaging device during use. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein continuous adjustments are made to an imaging environment. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the instruction changes an aspect of an imaging field. 13. The system of claim 11 wherein the instruction changes a movement of a motion device means. 14. The system of claim 1 wherein a range of motion of the motion device means is based on a selected target motion for a patient. 15. The system of claim 1 wherein a range of motion of the device is based on a gross motion of a patient.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a method that comprises obtaining an image of a network section through which flow occurs; where the flow is selected from a group consisting of fluid, electrons, protons, neutrons and holes; subjecting the image to a low pass filter to increase contrast in portions of the network sections; computing a local mean of visible light intensity at each pixel that is present in the image; calculating a visible light intensity difference between each pixel and the local mean of visible light intensity and producing a differentiated image using this calculation; creating a base image of the differentiated image; where the base image comprises a hand segmented gold standard dataset; removing objects below a minimum threshold size from the base image; and retaining the remaining objects if they approximate the line or spine. 1. A method comprising: obtaining an image of a network section through which flow occurs; where the flow is selected from a group consisting of fluid, electrons, protons, neutrons and holes; minimizing visible light intensity differences in the image; subjecting the image to a low pass filter to reduce the images' high frequency components; computing a local mean of visible light intensity at each pixel that is present in the image; calculating a visible light intensity difference between each pixel and the local mean of visible light intensity and producing a differentiated image using this calculation; performing a wavelet transformation on the differentiated image; creating a base image of the differentiated image; where the base image comprises a hand segmented gold standard dataset; removing objects below a minimum threshold size from the base image; testing remaining objects in the base image for its ability to approximate a line; and retaining the remaining objects if they approximate the line; or alternatively reassembling disconnected objects if they demonstrate a least change in direction to form a repaired image of the network section. 2. The method of claim 1, where minimizing the visible light intensity differences in the image comprises subtracting a portion of light intensity from those portions of the image that have a greater light intensity than other portions. 3. The method of claim 1, where the low pass filter is a Gaussian blur. 4. The method of claim 1, where the low pass filter comprises convolving the image with a Gaussian function. 5. The method of claim 1, where computing a local mean of visible light intensity at each pixel comprises taking a moving average in the shape of a circle of all pixels in a radius of 30 to 100 pixels. 6. The method of claim 1, where performing a wavelet transformation comprises taking a weighted sum of each pixel, where the weight is decided by each pixel distance from a center pixel. 7. The method of claim 1, where the wavelet transformation comprises a Mexican Hat wavelet. 8. The method of claim 1, where the line is straight. 9. The method of claim 1, where the line is curved. 10. A system for performing a constructal analysis, the system comprising a processor and a memory to perform a method comprising: obtaining an image of a network section through which flow occurs; where the flow is selected from a group consisting of fluid, electrons, protons, neutrons and holes; where the network section comprises an apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; minimizing visible light intensity differences in the image; subjecting the image to a low pass filter to reduce the images' high frequency components; computing a local mean of visible light intensity at each pixel that is present in the image; calculating a visible light intensity difference between each pixel and the local mean of visible light intensity and producing a differentiated image using this calculation; performing a wavelet transformation on the differentiated image; creating a base image of the differentiated image; where the base image comprises a hand segmented gold standard dataset; removing objects below a minimum threshold size from the base image; testing remaining objects in the base image for its ability to approximate a line; and retaining the remaining objects if they approximate the line; or alternatively reassembling disconnected objects if they demonstrate a least change in direction to form a repaired image of the network section. 11. The system of claim 10, where the system is used to evaluate images for grading diabetic retinopathy, to evaluate therapeutic responses of anti-angiogenic drugs in choroidal neovascularization, to evaluate optic neuritis along with degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer that is highly associated with multiple sclerosis, to evaluate ocular migraines associated with systemic vascular disease and high blood pressure, to evaluate the condition of blood vessels and/or nerves when affected by hypertension, chronic kidney failure, atherosclerosis, pulmonary diseases such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary embolism, cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, aneurysms, transient ischemic attack, brain diseases, concussions, Alzheimer's disease and/or strokes. 12. The system of claim 10, where the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network is a vascular network of blood vessels in a living being. 13. The system of claim 12, where the vascular network of blood vessels are present in a retina, a heart, a brain, breast, kidney, and/or a lung of a human being. 14. The system of claim 10, where the image is obtained using magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, ultrasound thermography, opto-acoustics, infrared imaging, positron emission tomography, visible light photography and xray imaging. 15. The system of claim 14, where the image is further subjected to at least one of filtering, thresholding, digitization, and image and/or feature recognition. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising deriving at least one quantitative measure from the smoothed network. 17. The system of claim 16, where the at least one quantitative measure is an end to end distance of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; an end to end distance of a portion of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; a radius of gyration of at least one branch or a plurality of branches of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; a persistence length of a branch or a plurality of branches of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; an average length between branches of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; an average branch length of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; an average orientation of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network with respect to another apparent random pathway, pattern, or network; or the tortuosity of a branch or a plurality of branches of the apparent random pathway, pattern, or network.",
-    "An exhaust muffler has downstream and upstream chambers which are defined in a casing. Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine is introduced into an end of a first conduit having a pierced region which is held in fluid communication with the downstream chamber and an end of a second conduit. The other ends of the first and second conduits are open into the upstream chamber. A valve means configured to open/close the first and second conduits is actuated by valve actuating means to switch between a short channel mode discharging the exhaust gas from at least the first conduit through the pierced region, the downstream chamber, and a discharge pipe out of the casing and a long channel mode discharging the exhaust gas from at least the second conduit through the upstream chamber, the pierced region, the downstream chamber, and the discharge pipe out of the casing. 1. An exhaust muffler whose sound silencing characteristics are made variable by causing a change in a flow channel of an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine, comprising: a casing in which an upstream chamber and a downstream chamber are defined with a partition interposed therebetween; a discharge pipe configured to discharge an exhaust gas in said downstream chamber out of said casing; a first conduit having one end into which the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine is introduced and extending through said partition with an other end thereof being open into said upstream chamber, said first conduit having a pierced region including a plurality of fluid communication holes held in fluid communication with said downstream chamber; a second conduit having one end into which the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine is introduced and extending through said partition with an other end thereof being open into said upstream chamber; valve means configured to open and close said first conduit upstream of said pierced region and to open and close said second conduit; and valve actuating means actuating said valve means to switch open and closed states of the first and second conduits to cause a change in the flow channel of the exhaust gas in said casing; wherein said valve actuating means actuates said valve means to switch between a short channel mode discharging the exhaust gas from said internal combustion engine from at least said first conduit through said pierced region, said downstream chamber, and said discharge pipe out of the casing and a long channel mode discharging the exhaust gas from said internal combustion engine from said second conduit through said upstream chamber, said pierced region, said downstream chamber, and said discharge pipe out of the casing. 2. The exhaust muffler according to claim 1, wherein said valve actuating means actuates said valve means to close said second conduit and open said first conduit in the short channel mode. 3. The exhaust muffler according to claim 1, wherein said valve means has a first valve provided in said first conduit upstream of said pierced region and a second valve provided in said second conduit, the first and second valves coupled in an interlinked manner such that when one of the first and second valves is opened, an other of the first and second valves is closed. 4. The exhaust muffler according to claim 3, wherein the first and second conduits are positioned adjacent and parallel to each other, and the first and second valves are mounted on a valve shaft which is angularly movably supported in the first and second conduits. 5. The exhaust muffler according to claim 1, wherein the first and second conduits have respective one ends connected commonly to a single exhaust pipe that guides the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine, and said valve means includes a single valve provided in a junction between the one ends of said first conduit and second conduit and said exhaust pipe. 6. The exhaust muffler according to claim 1, wherein a wall defining said downstream chamber between itself and said partition is provided in said casing, and said pierced region is defined in said first conduit at a position closer to said wall than said partition. 7. The exhaust muffler according to claim 1, wherein said pierced region and said discharge pipe have respective relative positions designed to cause said exhaust gas to flow back two or more times in said casing in said long channel mode. 8. The exhaust muffler according to claim 2, wherein said valve means has a first valve provided in said first conduit upstream of said pierced region and a second valve provided in said second conduit, the first and second valves coupled in an interlinked manner such that when one of the first and second valves is opened, an other of the first and second valves is closed. 9. The exhaust muffler according to claim 2, wherein the first and second conduits have respective one ends connected commonly to a single exhaust pipe that guides the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine, and said valve means includes a single valve provided in a junction between the one ends of said first conduit and second conduit and said exhaust pipe. 10. The exhaust muffler according to claim 2, wherein a wall defining said downstream chamber between itself and said partition is provided in said casing, and said pierced region is defined in said first conduit at a position closer to said wall than said partition. 11. The exhaust muffler according to claim 3, wherein a wall defining said downstream chamber between itself and said partition is provided in said casing, and said pierced region is defined in said first conduit at a position closer to said wall than said partition. 12. The exhaust muffler according to claim 4, wherein a wall defining said downstream chamber between itself and said partition is provided in said casing, and said pierced region is defined in said first conduit at a position closer to said wall than said partition. 13. The exhaust muffler according to claim 5, wherein a wall defining said downstream chamber between itself and said partition is provided in said casing, and said pierced region is defined in said first conduit at a position closer to said wall than said partition. 14. The exhaust muffler according to claim 2, wherein said pierced region and said discharge pipe have respective relative positions designed to cause said exhaust gas to flow back two or more times in said casing in said long channel mode. 15. The exhaust muffler according to claim 3, wherein said pierced region and said discharge pipe have respective relative positions designed to cause said exhaust gas to flow back two or more times in said casing in said long channel mode. 16. The exhaust muffler according to claim 4, wherein said pierced region and said discharge pipe have respective relative positions designed to cause said exhaust gas to flow back two or more times in said casing in said long channel mode. 17. The exhaust muffler according to claim 5, wherein said pierced region and said discharge pipe have respective relative positions designed to cause said exhaust gas to flow back two or more times in said casing in said long channel mode. 18. The exhaust muffler according to claim 6, wherein said pierced region and said discharge pipe have respective relative positions designed to cause said exhaust gas to flow back two or more times in said casing in said long channel mode.",
-    "A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes: supplying a remover to a substrate including a Si-containing film on which a denatured layer is formed in order to remove the denatured layer; supplying a processing gas containing two or more halogen elements to the substrate in order to remove the Si-containing film; and supplying the remover to the substrate after the act of removing the Si-containing film in order to remove a residue of the denatured layer left after the act of removing the Si-containing film. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: supplying a remover to the substrate including a Si-containing film on which a denatured layer is formed in order to remove the denatured layer; supplying a processing gas containing two or more halogen elements to the substrate in order to remove the Si-containing film; and supplying the remover to the substrate after the act of removing the Si-containing film in order to remove a residue of the denatured layer left after the act of removing the Si-containing film. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the denatured layer is a natural silicon oxide film. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the denatured layer is a silicon nitride film. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the remover is an activated rare gas. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the remover is an activated reducing gas. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of removing the denatured layer includes: supplying a mixture of an iodine heptafluoride gas and a hydrogen gas; and activating the mixture. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the halogen elements contained in the processing gas are fluorine and iodine. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing gas is a gas containing one or two or more selected from a group consisting of iodine pentafluoride, iodine heptafluoride, bromine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, xenon difluoride and chlorine trifluoride. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing a denatured-layer prevention that prevents the denatured layer from occurring after one or both of the act of removing the denatured layer and the act of removing the Si-containing film. 10. A substrate processing apparatus comprising: a processing vessel configured to accommodate a substrate including a Si-containing film on which a denatured layer is formed; a remover supplying part configured to supply a remover of the denatured layer to the substrate; a processing gas supplying part configured to supply a processing gas capable of removing the Si-containing film and containing two or more halogen elements to the substrate; and a control unit configured to control the remover supplying part and the processing gas supplying part to perform a process including: supplying the remover through the remover supplying part to the substrate, supplying the processing gas through the processing gas supplying part to the substrate, and supplying the remover through the remover supplying part to the substrate after the act of supplying the processing gas to the substrate, and wherein the control unit is connected to flow rate controllers and on-off valves for control of supply amounts of the remover and the processing gas. 11. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 10, wherein the denatured layer is a natural silicon oxide film. 12. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 10, wherein the denatured layer is a silicon nitride film. 13. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 10, wherein the remover is an activated rare gas. 14. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 10, wherein the remover is an activated reducing gas. 15. The substrate processing apparatus of claim 10, wherein the halogen elements contained in the processing gas are fluorine and iodine. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a program that causes a computer to perform a process of: supplying a remover to the substrate including a Si-containing film on which a denatured layer is formed in order to remove the denatured layer; supplying a processing gas containing two or more halogen elements to the substrate in order to remove the Si-containing film; and supplying the remover to the substrate after the act of removing the Si-containing film in order to remove a residue of the denatured layer left after the act of removing the Si-containing film.",
-    "A glue trap device is provided for trapping for example bugs. The device comprises a plurality of sheets of adhesive material that include an enlarged area with a central opening therethrough. The central opening is adapted to receive a furniture post therethrough while the enlarged area of the device surrounds the post along the floor or other surface. The device includes a stack of removable adhesive sheets for catching for example bed bugs that attempt to reach the bedpost. The sheets surround the furniture post and catch bugs attempting to crawl onto the furniture post to access the furniture. A used sheet can be peeled off to reveal a clean sheet thereunder. 1. A glue trap, comprising: a sheet including a layer of adhesive on an upper surface of the sheet; and a central opening in the sheet adapted to receive a furniture post within the central opening. 2. The glue trap of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of the sheet including the layer of adhesive, the plurality of the sheet arranged in a stack of sheets; and wherein the adhesive comprises a tackiness that is strong enough to hold adjacent sheets in the stack of sheets together and separable by manual force. 3. The glue trap of claim 2, wherein the central opening extends through the stack of sheets. 4. The glue trap of claim 1, further comprising a series of perforations or a slit extending from the central opening to an outer edge of the sheet.",
-    "A control system of an engine is provided. The control system includes an exhaust emission control catalyst provided in an exhaust passage, a deceleration fuel cutoff module for performing a deceleration fuel cutoff when a deceleration fuel cutoff condition is satisfied in an engine decelerating state, a purging unit for performing a purge to supply a purge gas to an intake passage during the deceleration fuel cutoff, an evaporated fuel supply amount estimating module for estimating a supply amount of evaporated fuel to the intake passage when the purge is performed, and a catalyst temperature estimating module for estimating a temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the supply amount of the evaporated fuel. The purging unit controls a supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, based on the exhaust emission control catalyst temperature. 1. A control system of an engine in which a purge gas containing evaporated fuel desorbed from a canister is supplied to an intake passage of the engine, the control system comprising: an exhaust emission control catalyst provided in an exhaust passage of the engine; a deceleration fuel cutoff module for performing a deceleration fuel cutoff to stop a fuel supply from an injector to the engine when a predetermined deceleration fuel cutoff condition is satisfied in a decelerating state of the engine; a purging unit for performing a purge to supply the purge gas to the intake passage of the engine during the deceleration fuel cutoff; an evaporated fuel supply amount estimating module for estimating a supply amount of the evaporated fuel to the intake passage when the purge is performed; and a catalyst temperature estimating module for estimating a temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the estimated supply amount of the evaporated fuel, wherein the purging unit controls a supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, based on the estimated temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst. 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the purging unit reduces the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, as the estimated temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst becomes lower. 3. The control system of claim 1, wherein the purging unit stops the purge when the estimated temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst falls below a predetermined temperature while the purge is performed. 4. The control system of claim 1, further comprising a catalyst temperature increasing amount estimating module for continuously estimating an increasing amount of the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when unburned evaporated fuel accumulated in the exhaust emission control catalyst by the purge is assumed to have entirely combusted at once, wherein while the purge is performed, the purging unit stops the purge once the estimated increasing amount of the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst exceeds a preset value. 5. The control system of claim 1, further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed, wherein the purging unit further controls the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 6. The control system of claim 5, wherein the purging unit does not perform the purge during the deceleration fuel cutoff when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration. 7. The control system of claim 1, further comprising an exhaust gas temperature detecting/estimating module for detecting or estimating a temperature of exhaust gas of the engine when the engine is operated by supplying fuel from the injector to the engine and combusting the fuel, wherein the catalyst temperature estimating module estimates the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the temperature of the exhaust gas detected or estimated immediately before the deceleration fuel cutoff is started, the estimated supply amount of the evaporated fuel, a heat generation amount, and a heat release amount, the heat generation amount produced by combustion, at the exhaust emission control catalyst, of part of the evaporated fuel which has reached the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, the heat release amount produced from the exhaust emission control catalyst to air passing through the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed. 8. The control system of claim 2, wherein the purging unit stops the purge when the estimated temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst falls below a predetermined temperature while the purge is performed. 9. The control system of claim 2, further comprising a catalyst temperature increasing amount estimating module for continuously estimating an increasing amount of the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when unburned evaporated fuel accumulated in the exhaust emission control catalyst by the purge is assumed to have entirely combusted at once, wherein while the purge is performed, the purging unit stops the purge once the estimated increasing amount of the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst exceeds a preset value. 10. The control system of claim 2, further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed, wherein the purging unit further controls the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 11. The control system of claim 2, further comprising an exhaust gas temperature detecting/estimating module for detecting or estimating a temperature of exhaust gas of the engine when the engine is operated by supplying fuel from the injector to the engine and combusting the fuel, wherein the catalyst temperature estimating module estimates the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the temperature of the exhaust gas detected or estimated immediately before the deceleration fuel cutoff is started, the estimated supply amount of the evaporated fuel, a heat generation amount, and a heat release amount, the heat generation amount produced by combustion, at the exhaust emission control catalyst, of part of the evaporated fuel which has reached the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, the heat release amount produced from the exhaust emission control catalyst to air passing through the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed. 12. The control system of claim 8, further comprising a catalyst temperature increasing amount estimating module for continuously estimating an increasing amount of the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when unburned evaporated fuel accumulated in the exhaust emission control catalyst by the purge is assumed to have entirely combusted at once, wherein while the purge is performed, the purging unit stops the purge once the estimated increasing amount of the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst exceeds a preset value. 13. The control system of claim 8, further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed, wherein the purging unit further controls the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 14. The control system of claim 8, further comprising an exhaust gas temperature detecting/estimating module for detecting or estimating a temperature of exhaust gas of the engine when the engine is operated by supplying fuel from the injector to the engine and combusting the fuel, wherein the catalyst temperature estimating module estimates the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the temperature of the exhaust gas detected or estimated immediately before the deceleration fuel cutoff is started, the estimated supply amount of the evaporated fuel, a heat generation amount, and a heat release amount, the heat generation amount produced by combustion, at the exhaust emission control catalyst, of part of the evaporated fuel which has reached the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, the heat release amount produced from the exhaust emission control catalyst to air passing through the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed. 15. The control system of claim 12, further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed, wherein the purging unit further controls the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage when the purge is performed, based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 16. The control system of claim 15, wherein the purging unit does not perform the purge during the deceleration fuel cutoff when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration. 17. The control system of claim 12, further comprising an exhaust gas temperature detecting/estimating module for detecting or estimating a temperature of exhaust gas of the engine when the engine is operated by supplying fuel from the injector to the engine and combusting the fuel, wherein the catalyst temperature estimating module estimates the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the temperature of the exhaust gas detected or estimated immediately before the deceleration fuel cutoff is started, the estimated supply amount of the evaporated fuel, a heat generation amount, and a heat release amount, the heat generation amount produced by combustion, at the exhaust emission control catalyst, of part of the evaporated fuel which has reached the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, the heat release amount produced from the exhaust emission control catalyst to air passing through the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed. 18. The control system of claim 16, further comprising an exhaust gas temperature detecting/estimating module for detecting or estimating a temperature of exhaust gas of the engine when the engine is operated by supplying fuel from the injector to the engine and combusting the fuel, wherein the catalyst temperature estimating module estimates the temperature of the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, based on the temperature of the exhaust gas detected or estimated immediately before the deceleration fuel cutoff is started, the estimated supply amount of the evaporated fuel, a heat generation amount, and a heat release amount, the heat generation amount produced by combustion, at the exhaust emission control catalyst, of part of the evaporated fuel which has reached the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed, the heat release amount produced from the exhaust emission control catalyst to air passing through the exhaust emission control catalyst when the purge is performed. 19. The control system of claim 18, further comprising a turbocharger having a compressor disposed in the intake passage of the engine, wherein the purging unit includes a purge line communicating the canister with a part of the intake passage downstream of the compressor, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage by controlling an operation of the purge valve when the purge is performed. 20. The control system of claim 1, further comprising a turbocharger having a compressor disposed in the intake passage of the engine, wherein the purging unit includes a purge line communicating the canister with a part of the intake passage downstream of the compressor, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling the supply flow rate of the purge gas to the intake passage by controlling an operation of the purge valve when the purge is performed.",
-    "Vertical channel field effect transistors and methods of forming the same include forming one or more vertical channels on a bottom source/drain layer. A seed layer is deposited on horizontal surfaces around the one or more vertical channels. A metal gate is deposited on the seed layer. A top source/drain layer is deposited above the one or more vertical channels and the metal gate. 1. A method for forming a field effect transistor, comprising: forming one or more vertical channels on a bottom source/drain layer; depositing a bottom spacer on the bottom source/drain layer; depositing a work function metal layer on the bottom spacer; depositing a seed layer on horizontal surfaces around the one or more vertical channels after depositing the work function metal; depositing a metal gate on the seed layer; and depositing a top source/drain layer above the one or more vertical channels and the metal gate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the metal gate on the seed layer comprises selectively depositing metal material vertically on the seed layer and on no other surface. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the seed layer is silicon and wherein depositing the metal gate comprises atomic layer deposition of tungsten, nucleated on the seed layer. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing metal gate material from surfaces above a level of the one or more channels. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein removing metal gate material comprises chemical mechanical planarization. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising depositing a dielectric filler to a level above the tungsten gate material to be removed prior to removing tungsten gate material. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a top spacer on the metal gate before deposition of the top source/drain layer. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the seed layer comprises gas cluster ion beam deposition. 11. A method for forming a field effect transistor, comprising: forming one or more vertical channels on a bottom source/drain layer; depositing a bottom spacer directly on the bottom source/drain layer; depositing a work function metal layer directly on the bottom spacer; depositing a silicon seed layer directly on horizontal surfaces of the work function metal around the one or more vertical channels; depositing a tungsten gate directly on the seed layer with atomic layer deposition, nucleated on the seed layer and on no other surface; depositing a top spacer directly on the tungsten gate; and depositing a top source/drain layer directly on the top spacer and the one or more vertical channels. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising removing tungsten gate material from surfaces above a level of the one or more channels. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein removing tungsten gate material comprises chemical mechanical planarization. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising depositing a dielectric filler to a level above the tungsten gate material to be removed prior to removing tungsten gate material. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein depositing the seed layer comprises gas cluster ion beam deposition. 16-20. (canceled)",
-    "A system is described for presenting information relating to lifting and moving a load object with a vehicle. Upon the lifting, a dimensioner determines a size and a shape of the load object, computes a corresponding spatial representation, and generates a corresponding video signal. During the moving, an imager observes a scene in front of the vehicle, relative to its forward motion direction, and generates a video signal corresponding to the observed scene. The imager has at least one element moveable vertically, relative to the lifting. A display renders a real time visual representation of the scene observed in front of the vehicle based on the corresponding video signal and superimposes a representation of the computed spatial representation of the load object. 1. A system, comprising: a dimensioner operable, upon lifting of a load object, for determining a size and a shape of the load object, computing a corresponding spatial representation thereof, and generating a first video signal corresponding to the computed spatial representation; an imager operable, during moving of the load object, for observing a scene disposed before a front of a vehicle, relative to a forward direction of motion, and generating a second video signal corresponding to the observed scene, the imager comprising at least one element moveable vertically in relation to the lifting; and a display operable for rendering a real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle based on the corresponding second video signal and superimposed therewith, a representation of the computed spatial representation of the load object based on the corresponding first video signal. 2. The system as described in claim 1 wherein the vehicle comprises a forklift, the forklift comprising a member operable in relation to the lifting of the load, and wherein the at least one element of the imager moveable vertically in relation to the lifting is positioned on a portion of the member disposed proximate to the front of the vehicle. 3. The system as described in claim 1 wherein the observing the scene comprises capturing a real time three dimensional (3D) image of the scene disposed before the front of the vehicle, and wherein the rendering of the real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle is presented at least in relation to a perspective corresponding to the at least one vertically moveable element. 4. The system as described in claim 1 wherein the spatial representation corresponding to the load object comprises a wireframe computed based on the determined size and shape of the load object. 5. The system as described in claim 1 wherein the dimensioner is operable, further, and prior to the lifting of the load item, for computing a distance between the front of the vehicle and the load item, and wherein the display is operable, further, for rendering a representation corresponding to the computed distance. 6. The system as described in claim 1 wherein the imager comprises a trajectory analyzer operable, upon a detection of one or more avoidable objects positioned over a range within the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle, for computing a trajectory relating to the forward motion of the vehicle in relation to each of the avoidable objects and generating a trajectory signal corresponding to each of the avoidable objects. 7. The system as described in claim 6 wherein, upon the detection of the one or more objects, the rendering of the real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle comprises presenting a visual representation of the one or more avoidable objects and data relating to the computed trajectory. 8. The system as described in claim 7 wherein, upon the computed trajectory comprising an imminent risk of a collision with at least one of the avoidable objects, the trajectory analyzer is operable, further, for performing at least one action related to avoiding the collision. 9. The system as described in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of cameras, the cameras operable in relation to the dimensioner or the imager, and comprising the at least one element moveable vertically in relation to the lifting. 10. The system as described in claim 1 wherein the display is observable to an operator of the vehicle during the lifting and the moving. 11. A method comprising the steps of: determining, upon lifting a load object with a vehicle, a size and a shape of the load object; computing a spatial representation of the load object corresponding to the determined size and shape thereof; generating a first video signal corresponding to the computed spatial representation; observing, during moving the load object with the vehicle and using at least one element moveable vertically in relation to the lifting, a scene disposed before a front of the vehicle, relative to a forward direction of motion; generating a second video signal corresponding to the observed scene; rendering a real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle based on the corresponding second video signal; and rendering the computed spatial representation based on the corresponding first video signal, the rendered computed spatial representation of the load object superimposed in relation to the rendered real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle. 12. The method as described in claim 11 wherein the vehicle comprises a forklift, the forklift comprising a member operable in relation to the lifting of the load, and wherein the at least one element of the imager moveable vertically in relation to the lifting is positioned on a portion of the member disposed proximate to the front of the vehicle. 13. The method as described in claim 11 wherein the observing the scene step comprises capturing a real time three dimensional (3D) image of the scene disposed before the front of the vehicle, and wherein the step of rendering of the real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle is presented at least in relation to a perspective corresponding to the at least one vertically moveable element. 14. The method as described in claim 11 wherein the step of computing the spatial representation corresponding to the load object comprises computing a wireframe representation of the load item based on the determined size and shape thereof. 15. The method as described in claim 11, further comprising the steps of: computing, prior to the lifting of the load item, a distance between the front of the vehicle and the load item; and rendering a representation of data corresponding to the computed distance. 16. The method as described in claim 15 wherein the determining the size and a shape of the load object step, the observing the scene disposed before the front of the vehicle step, and the computing the distance between the front of the vehicle and the load item step, comprise a step of processing image data captured with a plurality of cameras, the cameras comprising the at least one element moveable vertically in relation to the lifting 17. The method as described in claim 11, further comprising the steps of: analyzing the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle; detecting, based on the analysis of the observed scene, a presence of one or more avoidable objects positioned over a range within the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle; computing a trajectory relating to the forward motion of the vehicle in relation to each of the avoidable objects; generating a trajectory signal corresponding to each of the avoidable objects; rendering, further, a visual representation of the one or more avoidable objects and data relating to the computed trajectory; and performing, upon the computed trajectory comprising a data indicative of an imminent risk of a collision with at least one of the avoidable objects, at least one action related to avoiding the collision. 18. The method as described in claim 17 wherein the step of performing the at least one action related to avoiding the collision comprises one or more of: annunciating an alarm related to the avoiding of the collision; initiating an evasive action; or one or more of braking, slowing, or stopping the vehicle. 19. A vehicle, comprising: a structure suspended on a movable frame; a lift member movably coupled to the structure and operable for lifting a load object; a drive coupled to the moveable frame and operable for providing a mechanical force for operating the lift member and for moving the vehicle and the lifted load object; and a system for presenting information relating to the lifting and the moving of the load object and the vehicle, the system comprising: a dimensioner operable, upon the lifting, for determining a size and a shape of the load object, computing a corresponding spatial representation thereof, and generating a first video signal corresponding to the computed spatial representation; an imager operable, during the moving, for observing a scene disposed before a front of the vehicle, relative to a forward direction of motion, and generating a second video signal corresponding to the observed scene, the imager comprising at least one element moveable vertically in relation to the lifting; and a display operable for rendering a real time visual representation of the observed scene disposed before the front of the vehicle based on the corresponding second video signal and superimposed therewith, a representation of the computed spatial representation of the load object based on the corresponding first video signal. 20. The vehicle as described in claim 19 wherein the wherein the vehicle comprises a forklift, and wherein the at least one element of the imager moveable vertically in relation to the lifting is positioned on a portion of the lift member disposed proximate to the front of the vehicle.",
-    "An interbody spacer is disclosed and includes a body portion defining a longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axis includes a distal end portion, a proximal end portion, opposed side surfaces that extend between the distal and proximal end portions, and top and bottom surfaces configured and adapted to engage vertebral bodies. The body portion includes a cavity defined through the top and bottom surfaces that increases in width at a medial position thereof. The cavity is configured to retain biological material therein. A method of performing spinal surgery is also disclosed. 1. An interbody spacer comprising: a body portion defining a longitudinal axis, the body portion including a distal end portion, a proximal end portion, opposed side surfaces that extend between the distal and proximal end portions, and top and bottom surfaces configured and adapted to engage adjacent vertebral bodies, wherein the body portion includes a cavity defined between the top and bottom surfaces, the cavity increasing in width at a medial position thereof and configured to retain biological material therein. 2. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein the cavity includes undercuts defined therein, the undercuts defining convex sidewalls. 3. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein the cavity includes undercuts defined therein, the undercuts defining planar sidewalls. 4. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein one of the top or bottom surfaces includes a plurality of substantially concentrically arranged ridges. 5. The interbody spacer according to claim 4, wherein the plurality of concentrically arranged ridges is a plurality of ring-shaped protrusions that defines a generally saw-tooth pattern in a radial direction. 6. The interbody spacer according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of concentrically arranged ridges includes a cross-hatched pattern defined therein adjacent the opposed side surfaces of the body portion. 7. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein the proximal end portion defines a recess configured and adapted to engage an implant insertion device. 8. The interbody spacer according to claim 7, wherein the proximal end portion has a convex surface adapted to engage an implant insertion device. 9. The interbody spacer according to claim 8, wherein the convex surface of the proximal end portion defines a threaded aperture aligned with the longitudinal axis of the body portion, the threaded aperture adapted to threadably engage an implant insertion device. 10. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein the distal end portion includes a substantially contoured configuration. 11. The interbody spacer according to claim 10, wherein the top and bottom surfaces of the body portion approximate towards one another along the longitudinal axis adjacent the distal end portion. 12. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein the top and bottom surfaces are substantially parallel. 13. The interbody spacer according to claim 1, wherein the top and bottom surfaces approximate towards one another in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis. 14. A method of performing spinal surgery, comprising: preparing an intervertebral space between first and second vertebral bodies; and advancing an interbody spacer into the intervertebral space, the interbody spacer including: a body portion defining a longitudinal axis, the body portion including a distal end portion, a proximal end portion, opposed side surfaces that extend between the distal and proximal end portions, and top and bottom surfaces configured and adapted to engage adjacent vertebral bodies, wherein the body portion includes a cavity defined through the top and bottom surfaces, the cavity increasing in width at a medial position thereof and configured to retain biological material therein. 15. The method according to claim 14, further including packing the cavity with bone in-growth material. 16. The method according to claim 14, further including packing the cavity with drugs. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein advancing the interbody spacer includes the interbody spacer having a cavity that includes undercuts defined therein, the undercuts defining convex sidewalls. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein advancing the interbody spacer includes the interbody spacer having a cavity that includes undercuts defined therein, the undercuts defining planar sidewalls. 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein advancing the interbody spacer includes the interbody spacer having a plurality of substantially concentrically arranged ridges. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein advancing the interbody spacer includes the plurality of substantially concentrically arranged ridges being a plurality of ring-shaped protrusions that define a generally saw-tooth pattern in a radial direction.",
-    "Provided herein is a method of treating weight loss in one or more companion animals or livestock. The method can provide administering a therapeutically effective amount of a capromorelin-containing composition to a companion animal or livestock in need thereof for a period of at least 30 days. Optionally, one or more flavoring agents or flavor-masking agents can be added to the capromorelin-containing composition to enhance or mask the flavoring of the composition for the companion animal or livestock. 1. A method of treating weight loss in a companion animal, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a capromorelin-containing composition to a companion animal in need thereof at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days; wherein the capromorelin-containing composition comprises from about 0.5 milligrams to about 7.5 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the companion animal per day; and wherein the companion animal is chosen from dog, cat, or horse. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered through an oral cavity of the companion animal. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered using at least one of a spray, a pill, a tablet, and a film. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered to the companion animal at least twice per day. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered to the companion animal at least thrice per day. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the capromorelin-containing composition comprises from about 1 milligrams to about 4 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the companion animal per day. 7. The method of claim 7, wherein the capromorelin-containing composition comprises from about 1.5 milligrams to about 3 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the companion animal per day. 8. The method of claim 8, wherein the capromorelin-containing composition comprises about 2 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the companion animal per day. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the companion animal has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective dose of the capromorelin-containing composition is administered in conjunction with a chemotherapeutic regimen. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the capromorelin-containing composition is an emulsified liquid. 12. A method of increasing lean muscle mass, alleviating weight loss, and increasing weight gain in a non-human animal, the method comprising orally administering a therapeutically effective dose of a capromorelin composition to a non-human animal in need thereof at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days, wherein the capromorelin composition comprises one or more flavoring agents or masking agents comprising at least one agent selected from the group consisting of thaumatin, sucralose, neotame, sodium saccharain, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, rebaudioside A, steviol glycoside, licorice, glycyrrhizic acid, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltodextrin, sorbitol, maltitol, isomalt, glycerol, and a vanilla-comprising composition; wherein the capromorelin composition comprises between about 0.5 milligrams and about 7.5 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the non-human animal per day; wherein the therapeutically effective dose of the capromorelin composition causes the animal to consume a greater amount of food; and wherein the non-human animal is chosen from dog, cat, horse, or livestock. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the therapeutically effective dose of the capromorelin composition is administered in conjunction with a chemotherapeutic regimen. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the capromorelin composition further comprises at least one emulsifying agent. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the capromorelin composition is administered using one or more of a syringe, a pill, a tablet, and a film. 16. A method of treating weight loss in a non-human animal comprising the steps of: determining that a non-human animal is experiencing weight loss or possesses one or more risk factors for experiencing weight loss; administering at least one dose of a capromorelin-containing composition to the non-human animal at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days; obtaining a sample comprising a blood, plasma or serum sample from the non-human animal; measuring an amount of at least one marker of drug effect in the sample, the marker comprising at least one of insulin-like growth factor-1, cortisol, growth hormone, and capromorelin; and adjusting the dose of the capromorelin-containing composition in light of the amount of the marker in the sample; wherein the dose of the capromorelin-containing composition comprises between about 0.5 milligrams and about 7.5 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the non-human animal per day. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the dose of the capromorelin-containing composition is increased to increase the amount of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the sample. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the dose of the capromorelin-containing composition is decreased to decrease the amount of cortisol in the sample. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein approximately eight hours after the first administration and the eighth administration of the capromorelin-containing composition the samples are obtained from the non-human animal. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the non-human animal is experiencing weight loss and has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. 21. A method of treating weight loss in at least one of a companion animal and livestock comprising the steps of: determining that a companion animal or livestock is experiencing or possesses one or more risk factors for experiencing weight loss; administering at least one daily dose of a capromorelin-containing composition to the companion animal or livestock at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days; assessing one or more markers of drug effect in the companion animal or livestock that are associated with weight loss, the markers comprising change in weight of the companion animal or livestock, change in food intake of the companion animal or livestock, and change in lean muscle mass in the companion animal or livestock; and adjusting the dose of the capromorelin-containing composition in light of the assessment of the one or more markers. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein assessing the one or more markers occurs at least one time within one week of the first administration of the capromorelin-containing composition. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the capromorelin-containing composition is orally administered. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the companion animal or livestock has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. 25. A method of treating weight loss in a companion animal or livestock comprising: orally administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising capromorelin at least once per day to a companion animal or livestock in need thereof at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days; and determining effectiveness of the pharmaceutical composition by observing one or more markers of drug effect the companion animal or livestock, the markers comprising at least one of bodyweight of the companion animal and food intake of the companion animal or livestock; wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises between about 0.5 milligrams and 7.5 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the companion animal or livestock per day. 26. A method of treating weight loss in a non-human animal comprising: providing a vessel comprising a pharmaceutical composition that includes capromorelin; withdrawing about one dose of the pharmaceutical composition from the vessel; and administering the pharmaceutical composition using the syringe to a non-human animal in need thereof at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days. 27. The method of claim 36, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is orally administered to the non-human animal. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a solution. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an emulsified liquid. 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the non-human animal at least twice per day. 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the non-human animal at least thrice per day. 32. The method of claim 26, wherein the non-human animal has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. 33. A method of the management of weight loss in cats with chronic kidney disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a capromorelin-containing composition to a cat diagnosed chronic kidney disease and in need thereof at least once per day for a period of at least 30 days; wherein the capromorelin-containing composition comprises from about 0.5 milligrams to about 7.5 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the cat per day. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered through an oral cavity of the cat. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered using at least one of a spray, a pill, a tablet, and a film. 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is administered to the cat at least twice per day. 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the capromorelin-containing composition comprises from about 1 milligrams to about 4 milligrams of capromorelin per kilogram of bodyweight of the cat per day. 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the therapeutically effective dose of the capromorelin-containing composition is administered in conjunction with a chemotherapeutic regimen.",
-    "A display method using a display operable to display an image to a viewer is provided. The method includes detecting an initial position and/or orientation of an image view. Foreground portions of an image are rendered according to the detected initial position and/or orientation. Background portions of the image are rendered according to the detected initial position and/or orientation, at an image rendering rate. The following are performed at an image display rate higher than the image rendering rate: (i) detecting a current position and/or orientation of the image view; (ii) re-projecting the background portions of a most recent image according to any differences between the initial position and/or orientation and the current position and/or orientation of the image view; and (iii) combining the foreground portions and the re-projected background portions to generate an image for display. 1. A display method using a display operable to display an image to a viewer, the method comprising: detecting, by a detector device, at least one of an initial position and an initial orientation of an image view; rendering, by an image renderer, foreground portions of an image according to the detected at least one of the initial position and the initial orientation; rendering, by the image renderer, background portions of the image according to the detected at least one of the initial position and the initial orientation, at an image rendering rate; at an image display rate higher than the image rendering rate: (i) detecting, by an output image generator, at least one of a current position and a current orientation of the image view; (ii) re-projecting, by the output image generator, background portions of a most recent image according to any differences between either the initial position and the current position, or between the initial orientation and the current orientation of the image view; and (iii) combining, by the output image generator, the foreground portions and the re-projected background portions to generate an image for display. 2. A method according to claim 1, in which the most recent image comprises a most recent image for display. 3. A method according to claim 1, in which the most recent image comprises a most recently rendered image. 4. A method according to claim 1, in which: the method further comprises providing depth data indicating an image depth of one or more image features; and the re-projecting comprises re-projecting the depth data. 5. A method according to claim 4, in which the step of re-projecting comprises mapping the re-projected depth data to a coordinate system of the most recent image. 6. A method according to claim 5, in which the step of re-projecting comprises associating pixel data derived from the most recent image with the re-projected depth data. 7. A method according to claim 6 in which, for any pixel position at which re-projected depth data does not exist, the depth data and pixel data derived from the most recent image are used. 8. A method according to claim 1, further comprising associating metadata with the generated image, the metadata indicating at least one of the initial position and the initial orientation of the image view. 9. A method according to claim 1, in which the image view is an in-game camera view of a computer game. 10. A method according to claim 9, in which the display comprises a display screen. 11. A method according to claim 1, in which the display is a head-mountable display and at least one of a position and an orientation of the viewer's head is detected as at least one of a position and an orientation of given image view by detecting at least one of a position and an orientation of the head-mountable display. 12. A method according to claim 1, in which rendering the foreground portions comprises rendering the foreground portions of the image at the image rendering rate. 13. A method according to claim 1, in which rendering the foreground portions comprises rendering the foreground portions of the image at the image display rate. 14. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium which stores computer readable instruction thereon that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a display method using a display operable to display an image to a viewer, the method comprising: detecting at least one of an initial position and an initial orientation of an image view; rendering foreground portions of an image according to the detected at least one of the initial position and the initial orientation; rendering background portions of the image according to the detected at least one of the initial position and the initial orientation, at an image rendering rate; at an image display rate higher than the image rendering rate: (i) detecting at least one of a current position and a current orientation of the image view; (ii) re-projecting background portions of a most recent image according to any differences between either the initial position and the current position, or between the initial orientation and the current orientation of the image view; and (iii) combining the foreground portions and the re-projected background portions to generate an image for display. 15. A display system connectable to a display operable to display an image to a viewer, the display system comprising: a detector configured to detect at least one of an initial position and an initial orientation of an image view; an image renderer configured (i) to generate foreground portions of an image according to at least one of the detected initial position and the detected initial orientation; and (ii) to generate background portions of the image at an image rendering rate according to at least one of the detected initial position and the detected initial orientation; an output image generator operable at an image display rate higher than the image rendering rate and configured to: (i) detect at least one of a current position and a current orientation of the image view; (ii) re-project background portions of a most recent image according to any differences between either the initial position and the current position, or between the initial orientation and the current orientation of the image view; and (iii) combine the foreground portions and the re-projected background portions to generate an image for display. 16. A head mountable display comprising a display system according to claim 15 and one or more display devices operatively coupled to the display system.",
-    "A semiconductor device structure is provided. The semiconductor device structure includes a semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor device structure includes a first conductive plug and a second conductive plug over the semiconductor substrate and adjacent to each other. The semiconductor device structure includes a first conductive via structure and a second conductive via structure over the semiconductor substrate and adjacent to each other. A first distance between the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug is less than a second distance between the first conductive via structure and the second conductive via structure. A first height of the first conductive plug is greater than a second height of the first conductive via structure. 1. A semiconductor device structure, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a first conductive plug and a second conductive plug over the semiconductor substrate and adjacent to each other; and a first conductive via structure and a second conductive via structure over the semiconductor substrate and adjacent to each other, wherein a first distance between the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug is less than a second distance between the first conductive via structure and the second conductive via structure, and a first height of the first conductive plug is greater than a second height of the first conductive via structure. 2. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first maximum width of the first conductive plug is greater than a second maximum width of the first conductive via structure. 3. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 2, wherein a third maximum width of the second conductive plug is greater than a fourth maximum width of the second conductive via structure. 4. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a third height of the second conductive plug is greater than a fourth height of the second conductive via structure. 5. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first top surface of the first conductive plug is aligned with a second top surface of the second conductive plug. 6. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a ratio of the first height of the first conductive plug to the second height of the first conductive via structure is equal to or greater than about 2. 7. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a first conductive line connected to the first conductive plug; a second conductive line connected to the second conductive plug; a third conductive line connected to the first conductive via structure; and a fourth conductive line connected to the second conductive via structure, wherein a third distance between the first conductive line and the second conductive line is less than a fourth distance between the third conductive line and the fourth conductive line. 8. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a first top surface of the first conductive via structure is aligned with a second top surface of the first conductive plug. 9. A semiconductor device structure, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a first dielectric layer over the semiconductor substrate; a second dielectric layer over the first dielectric layer; a first conductive plug and a second conductive plug adjacent to each other and passing through the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer; and a first conductive via structure and a second conductive via structure in the second dielectric layer but not in the first dielectric layer, wherein the first conductive via structure and the second conductive via structure are adjacent to each other, and a first distance between the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug is less than a second distance between the first conductive via structure and the second conductive via structure. 10. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: an etch stop layer between the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer, wherein the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug pass through the etch stop layer. 11. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: a transistor comprising a gate electrode, a source region, and a drain region, wherein the gate electrode is over the semiconductor substrate, the source region and the drain region are in the semiconductor substrate and positioned at two opposite sides of the gate electrode, and the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug are over the source region and the drain region respectively. 12. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug are electrically connected to the source region and the drain region respectively. 13. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug have a same height. 14. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein a height of the first conductive plug is greater than a sum of a first thickness of the first dielectric layer and a second thickness of the second dielectric layer. 15. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug are in direct contact with the semiconductor substrate. 16-20. (canceled) 21. A semiconductor device structure, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a first dielectric layer over the semiconductor substrate; a second dielectric layer over the first dielectric layer; a first conductive plug and a second conductive plug adjacent to each other and passing through the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer; a first conductive via structure and a second conductive via structure in the second dielectric layer but not in the first dielectric layer, wherein the first conductive via structure and the second conductive via structure are adjacent to each other, and a first distance between the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug is less than a second distance between the first conductive via structure and the second conductive via structure; and a third conductive via structure in the first dielectric layer and under the first conductive via structure, wherein the third conductive via structure is electrically connected to the first conductive via structure, and a first height of the first conductive plug is greater than a sum of a second height of the first conductive via structure and a third height of the third conductive via structure. 22. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a fourth conductive via structure in the first dielectric layer and under the second conductive via structure, wherein the fourth conductive via structure is electrically connected to the second conductive via structure, and the first height of the first conductive plug is greater than a sum of a fourth height of the second conductive via structure and a fifth height of the fourth conductive via structure. 23. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a conductive line between the first conductive via structure and the third conductive via structure, wherein the conductive line electrically connects the first conductive via structure to the third conductive via structure, and the first height of the first conductive plug is greater than a sum of a fourth height of the conductive line, the second height of the first conductive via structure, and the third height of the third conductive via structure. 24. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a first transistor comprising a first gate electrode, a first source region, and a first drain region, wherein the first gate electrode is over the semiconductor substrate, the first source region and the first drain region are in the semiconductor substrate and positioned at two opposite sides of the first gate electrode, and the first conductive plug and the second conductive plug are on and electrically connected to the first source region and the first drain region respectively. 25. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 24, further comprising: a second transistor comprising a second gate electrode, a second source region, and a second drain region, wherein the second gate electrode is over the semiconductor substrate, the second source region and the second drain region are in the semiconductor substrate and positioned at two opposite sides of the second gate electrode, the first conductive via structure and the third conductive via structure are over and electrically connected to the second source region, and the second conductive via structure is over and electrically connected to the second drain region.",
-    "An integrated circuit device includes a substrate, first and second fin-type active areas which extend in a first direction on the substrate, first and second gate lines on the substrate that extend in a second direction that crosses the first direction, and first and second contact structures. The first and second gate lines intersect the first and second fin-type active areas, respectively. The first contact structure is on the first fin-type active area at a side of the first gate line and contacts the first gate line. The second contact structure is on the second fin-type active area at a side of the second gate line. The first contact structure includes a first lower contact including metal silicide and a first upper contact on the first lower contact. The second contact structure includes a second lower contact including metal silicide and a second upper contact on the second lower contact. 1. An integrated circuit device comprising: a substrate; a first fin-type active area and a second fin-type active area spaced apart from each other on the substrate, the first and second fin-type active areas extending in a first direction; a first gate line and a second gate line on the substrate, the first and second gate lines extending straight in a second direction that crosses the first direction, and the first and second gate lines intersecting the first and second fin-type active areas, respectively; a first contact structure on the first fin-type active area, the first contact structure at a side of the first gate line, the first contact structure contacting the first gate line, the first contact structure including a first upper contact on a first lower contact, the first lower contact including metal silicide; and a second contact structure on the second fin-type active area, the second contact structure at a side of the second gate line, the second contact structure including a second upper contact on a second lower contact, and the second lower contact including metal silicide. 2. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein the first upper contact contacts an upper surface of the first gate line. 3. (canceled) 4. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein the first and second fin-type active areas protrude from the substrate in a direction that is perpendicular to a main surface of the substrate, the first lower contact extends to cover side walls and an upper surface of the first fin-type active area, and the first lower contact extends to cover side walls and an upper surface of the second fin-type active area. 5. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein a width of the first upper contact in the first direction is greater than a width of the second upper contact in the first direction. 6-8. (canceled) 9. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein the first upper contact includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion of the first upper contact contacts the first lower contact, and the second portion of the first upper contact protrudes downwardly from a side of the first portion and contacts the first gate line. 10. (canceled) 11. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein an upper surface of the first lower contact is higher than an upper surface of the first gate line. 12. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein the first contact structure further includes a first lower barrier layer that surrounds side walls and a bottom surface of the first lower contact, and the second contact structure further includes a second lower barrier layer that surrounds side walls and a bottom surface of the second lower contact. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein the first fin-type active area includes a pair of PMOS active areas, the second fin-type active area includes two pairs of NMOS active areas, and each pair of the two pairs of NMOS active areas is arranged at each of both sides of the pair of PMOS active areas. 16-17. (canceled) 18. An integrated circuit device comprising: a substrate; a static random-access memory array on the substrate, the static random-access memory array including a plurality of static random-access memory cells, the static random-access memory array including, a plurality of first fin-type active areas and a plurality of second fin-type active areas on the substrate and extending in a first direction, a first gate line and a second gate line on the substrate and extending in a second direction that crosses the first direction, the first gate line and the second gate line intersecting the plurality of first fin-type active areas and the plurality of second fin-type active areas, respectively, and a first contact structure on one of the plurality of first fin-type active areas at a side of the first gate line and a second contact structure on one of the plurality of second fin-type active areas at a side of the second gate line, the first contact structure including, a first lower contact on the plurality of first fin-type active areas, and a first upper contact on the first lower contact, the first upper contact contacting a portion of the first gate line, and a first lower barrier layer which surrounds side walls of the first lower contact. 19. The integrated circuit device of claim 18, wherein the first lower contact includes metal silicide. 20. The integrated circuit device of claim 18, wherein the second contact structure includes: a second lower contact on the plurality of second fin-type active areas, and a second upper contact on the second lower contact, wherein the second upper contact does not contact the first gate line or the second gate line, and a height of an upper surface of the first lower contact is substantially equal to a height of an upper surface of the second lower contact. 21. The integrated circuit device of claim 18, wherein the second lower contact extends in the second direction, and the second lower contact contacts the plurality of second fin-type active areas. 22. (canceled) 23. The integrated circuit device of claim 18, wherein the static random-access memory array includes a plurality of inverters, each of the inverters includes a pull-up transistor and a pull-down transistor, a plurality of pass transistors connected to output nodes of the plurality of inverters, respectively, the first gate line is shared by the pull-up transistor and the pull-down transistor, and the second gate line is shared by two pass transistors selected from the plurality of pass transistors. 24. The integrated circuit device of claim 18, wherein the static random-access memory array includes a plurality of NMOS transistors and a plurality of PMOS transistors, and the second gate line is shared by two NMOS transistors among the plurality of NMOS transistors. 25. The integrated circuit device of claim 18, wherein the static random-access memory array includes a plurality of NMOS transistors and a plurality of PMOS transistors, and the first gate line is shared by two transistors that have different conductive-type channels, and the two transistors are part of the plurality of NMOS transistors and the plurality of PMOS transistors. 26-29. (canceled) 30. An integrated circuit device comprising: a plurality of fins extending in a first direction, the fins being spaced apart from each other in a second direction that crosses the first direction, the plurality of fins including a first fin and a second fin; a first lower contact extending in the second direction over the first fin and the second fin; a second lower contact on the second fin and spaced apart from the first lower contact, the first and second lower contacts being formed of metal silicide; a first gate line on the first fin and extending in the second direction; a second gate line on the second fin and extending in the second direction, the first and second gate lines being spaced apart from each other, a first upper contact on the first gate line and the first lower contact, the first upper contact extending in the first direction; and a second upper contact on the second lower contact. 31. The integrated circuit device of claim 30, further comprising: a substrate; and a plurality of first and second gate lines on the substrate, wherein the first fin is one of a plurality of first fins formed in the substrate that extend in the first direction, the plurality of first fins includes two first fins that are spaced apart from each other in the second direction, the second fin is one of a plurality of second fins formed in the substrate, the plurality of second fins includes two second fins that are spaced apart from each other in the second direction and on the substrate, the two first fins are disposed between the two second fins, a first one of the first gate lines extends in the second direction over the two first fins and a first one of the two second fins, a second one of the first gate lines extends in the second direction over the two first fins and a second one of the two second fins, a first one of the second gate lines is connected to the first one of the two second fins, and a second one of the second gate lines is connected to the second one of the two second fins. 32. The integrated circuit device of claim 30, further comprising: a gate insulating layer between the first gate line and the first fin, wherein the first gate line includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion is on an upper surface of the first fin, the second portion is adjacent to a sidewall of the first fin, and the gate insulating layer is between the first fin and the first and second portions of the first gate line. 33. The integrated circuit of claim 30, wherein an upper surface of the first lower contact is higher than an upper surface of the first gate line. 34. The integrated circuit device of claim 30, further comprising: a substrate, wherein the first and second fins are formed in the substrate, the first fin includes a channel area of a PMOS transistor, and the second fin includes a channel area of a NMOS transistor.",
-    "The disclosed subject matter relates to an architecture that can leverage femtocell network infrastructure in order to facilitate premises management or monitoring. In particular, the architecture can leverage the local presence of a home nodeB (HNB) located at a premises associated with a subscriber in order to aggregate, process and/or distribute various state information that can be collected at the premises. 1. A device, comprising: a processor; and memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: receiving, from a sensor device, state data indicative of a state of a premises at which the device is situated; via a communication path that traverses first network devices of a communication network that differs from a femtocell network and second network devices of the femtocell network, receiving, from a first network device of the first network devices of the communication network, request data indicative of a request for the state data; and in response to the receiving the request data, transmitting the state data to the first network device via the communication path. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor device is a metering device that determines usage of a resource at the premises. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the state data represents the usage of the resource at the premises. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor device is a thermostat device that determines a state of an ambient condition at the premises. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the state data represents the state of the ambient condition. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor device is a security device that monitors the premises according to a security protocol. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the receiving the request data comprises receiving the request data from the first network device based on a service area identifier that identifies a femtocell device. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the service area identifier comprises a zip code for the premises. 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the service area identifier is defined by the other device. 10. A device, comprising: a processor; and memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: via a communication path that traverses first network devices of a communication network that differs from a femtocell network and second network devices of the femtocell network, receiving, from a different device of the communication network, instruction data indicative of an instruction to modify a state of a premises at which the device is situated; and in response to the receiving the instruction data, transmitting, to a control device that controls the state of the premises, control data indicative of the instruction. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the wherein the operations further comprise: in response to a determination that the state is being updated according to the instruction, transmitting an acknowledgement to the different device by way of the communication path. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the control device is a thermostat device that controls a state of an ambient condition at the premises. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the instruction data is an instruction to change the ambient condition at the premises from a first state to a second state. 14. The device of claim 10, wherein the control device is a security device that controls a state of a security system at the premises. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the instruction data is an instruction to change a state of a locking mechanism of the security system from a first state to a second state. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein the instruction data is an instruction to change a state of arming of the security system from a first state to a second state. 17. The device of claim 10, wherein the control device is an appliance device and the instruction data is an instruction to change a state of the appliance device from a first state to a second state. 18. A machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: receiving, from a sensor device, state data indicative of a state of a premises at which a femtocell device is situated; by way of a communication path that traverses first network devices of a communication network that differs from a femtocell network, second network devices of the femtocell network, and the femtocell device at the premises, receiving, from a device of the communication network, request data indicative of a request for the state data; and in response to the receiving the request data, transmitting the state data to the device by way of the communication path. 19. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the receiving the request data comprises receiving the request data from the device based on a service area identifier that identifies the femtocell device. 20. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the service area identifier is defined by an entity that manages the device.",
-    "A bathtub water capturing assembly includes a mount with a top wall having a front edge, a rear edge, a first end edge and a second end edge. A front wall is attached to and extends downwardly from the front edge. A rear wall is attached to and extends downwardly from the rear edge. A receiving space is defined between the front and rear walls. The receiving space receives the bathtub wall. A housing for catching water is attached to the front wall. The housing has an open top side. 1. A bathtub trough and edge protector assembly configured for positioning on an upper edge of a bathtub wall, said assembly comprising: a mount including a top wall having a front edge, a rear edge, a first end edge and a second end edge, a front wall being attached to and extending downwardly from said front edge, a rear wall being attached to and extending downwardly from said rear edge, a receiving space being defined between said front and rear walls, said receiving space being configured to receive said bathtub wall, wherein each of said front and rear walls are coextensive with said top wall; a housing configured for catching water being attached to said front wall, said housing having an open top side; and a plurality of suction cups being attached to said mount and positioned within said receiving space along each of said front wall, said rear wall, and said top wall, said suction cups being configured to be releasably attached to the bathtub wall. 2. (canceled) 3. The bathtub trough and edge protector assembly according to claim 1, wherein said top wall has a length from said first end edge to said second end edge being between 30.0 inches and 42.0 inches, each of said front and rear walls having a height between 3.0 inches and 7.0 inches. 4. The bathtub trough and edge protector assembly according to claim 1, wherein said mount is comprised of a resiliently compressible material. 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. A bathtub trough and edge protector assembly configured for positioning on an upper edge of a bathtub wall, said assembly comprising: a mount including a top wall having a front edge, a rear edge, a first end edge and a second end edge, a front wall being attached to and extending downwardly from said front edge, a rear wall being attached to and extending downwardly from said rear edge, a receiving space being defined between said front and rear walls, said receiving space being configured to receive said bathtub wall, each of said front and rear walls being coextensive with said top wall, said top wall having a length from said first end edge to said second end edge being between 30.0 inches and 42.0 inches, each of said front and rear walls having a height between 3.0 inches and 7.0 inches, said mount being comprised of a resiliently compressible material; a housing configured for catching water being attached to said front wall, said housing having an open top side; and a plurality of suction cups being attached to said mount and positioned within said receiving space along each of said front wall, said rear wall, and said top wall, said suction cups being configured to be releasably attached to the bathtub wall.",
-    "The present disclosure discloses liquid crystal panel with short response time and display device. The first pixel electrode and the first common electrode of the liquid crystal panel are respectively provided on the two disparate substrates and corresponding to each other. The second pixel electrode and the second common electrode provided on the first substrate and/or the second substrate with an interval, which are projected between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are insulated from the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode. When the liquid crystal is in the rising state, it only applies voltage to the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode. When the liquid crystal is in the falling state, it only applies voltage to the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode. 1: A liquid crystal panel with short response time, comprising: a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal, a first pixel electrode, a first common electrode, a second pixel electrode, and a second common electrode; wherein, the first substrate and the second substrate are parallel to each other, the liquid crystal is encapsulated between the first substrate and the second substrate; wherein, the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode are respectively provided on the two disparate substrates and corresponding to each other; wherein, the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode provided on the first substrate and the second substrate with an interval, which are projected between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are insulated from the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode; wherein, when the liquid crystal is in a rising state, it only applies voltage to the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode without applying voltage to the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode, so that an electric field perpendicular to the first substrate is formed between the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode; when the liquid crystal is in a falling state, it only applies voltage to the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode without applying voltage to the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode, so that an electric field parallel to the first substrate is formed between the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode. 2: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a color filter substrate, and the other is a TFT substrate. 3: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are both provided on the color filter substrate and fixed beneath a black matrix of the color filter substrate. 4: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are provided on the TFT substrate, on the surfaces of both the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode are provided with an insulating layer, so that the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are both insulated from the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode. 5: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are contacted with the color filter substrate, or the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are spaced with the color filter substrate. 6: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein on both the first substrate and the second substrate are provided with the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode, and the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode on the first substrate are corresponding to the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode on the second substrate; on the surfaces of both the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode are provided with an insulating layer, so that the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode are both insulated from the first pixel electrode and the first common electrode. 7: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein there is a gap between the second pixel electrode on the first substrate and the second pixel electrode on the second substrate; there is a gap between the second common electrode on the first substrate and the second common electrode on the second substrate. 8: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein both the second pixel electrode and the second common electrode comprise a protrusion and a conductive layer provided on the surface of the projection. 9: The liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 8, wherein the projection is made of a transparent resin material. 10: A display device, comprising the liquid crystal panel as claimed in claim 1.",
-    "An orthodontic method is disclosed wherein images of the oral cavity are taken in advance by means of computed tomography and the images are analyzed. The orthodontic method includes means for causing bone resorption to the alveolar bone and means for applying an orthodontic force to the tooth without using an orthodontic appliance. The means for applying an orthodontic force to the tooth may be sonic wave vibration applied to the tooth. The means for causing bone resorption to the alveolar bone may be sonic wave vibration applied to the alveolar bone, a laser beam applied to the alveolar bone, or a substance involved in bone resorption being injected into a surface of the alveolar bone. The substance involved in bone resorption may be Th17. 1. An orthodontic method by taking images of the oral cavity in advance by means of computed tomography and analyzing said images, said orthodontic method comprising means for causing bone resorption to the alveolar bone and means for applying an orthodontic force to the tooth without using an orthodontic appliance. 2. An orthodontic method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for applying an orthodontic force to the tooth is sonic wave vibration applied to said tooth. 3. An orthodontic method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for causing bone resorption to the alveolar bone is sonic wave vibration applied to said alveolar bone. 4. An orthodontic method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for causing bone resorption to the alveolar bone is a laser beam applied to said alveolar bone. 5. An orthodontic method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for causing bone resorption to the alveolar bone is a substance involved in bone resorption, said substance being injected into a surface of said alveolar bone. 6. An orthodontic method as claimed in claim 5 wherein said substance involved in bone resorption is Th17. 7. An orthodontic method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said images are taken and analyzed by the following steps: (1) the skull of the patient being fixed at three points and images of the oral cavity being taken by means of computed tomography to analyze, on a basis of the images, the arrangement of the teeth, the form of the teeth, the size of the teeth, the form and size of the jawbone, the condition of the periodontal membrane including the existence of bony adhesions, and the condition of the alveolar bone, (2) the arrangement of the teeth having improved occlusion being three-dimensionally simulated by means of a computer on a basis of the images taken by means of computed tomography, (3) when the patient is in a growth period, the growth of the jawbone being predicted by means of a computer, (4) the data obtained first by means of computed tomography being superimposed on the data obtained by simulating the arrangement of the teeth having improved occlusion by means of computed tomography, (5) the direction and distance of movement of each tooth being three-dimensionally predicted by means of a computer, and (6) the changes of the arrangement and position of the tooth root being analyzed; on a basis of the form of the tooth and the positional change of the center of the tooth root, the locus of movement being analyzed by means of a computer, thereby, the optimum portion for resorption of the alveolar bone being obtained by means of a computer.",
-    "New compound 4-[ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate, method of preparation thereof and use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. 1. 4-[Ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate 2. A method of treating a cardiovascular disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administration of an effective amount of the 4-[Ethyl(dimethyl)ammonio]butanoate according to claim 1. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the cardiovascular disease is ischemic heart disease. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the ischemic heart disease is myocardial infarction.",
-    "A developing device includes: a developer bearer configured to bear developer thereon; a developer conveyance path for conveying developer to be fed to the developer bearer; a developer conveying member configured to convey the developer in the developer conveyance path; a developer discharge port disposed in the developer conveyance path to discharge developer from the developer conveyance path by overflow; and a contact member configured to be brought into contact with the developer conveyed toward the developer discharge port in the developer conveyance path, the developer conveyance path being configured to receive externally-supplied developer therein, the contact member being configured to repeat a sequence of movements including being elastically deformed by being brought into contact with the developer conveying member being driven and thereafter being elastically restored by being brought out of contact with the developer conveying member. 1. A developing device comprising: a developer bearer configured to bear developer thereon; a developer conveyance path for conveying developer to be fed to the developer bearer; a developer conveying member configured to convey the developer in the developer conveyance path; a developer discharge port disposed in the developer conveyance path to discharge developer from the developer conveyance path by overflow; and a contact member configured to be brought into contact with the developer conveyed toward the developer discharge port in the developer conveyance path, the developer conveyance path being configured to receive externally-supplied developer therein, the contact member being configured to repeat a sequence of movements including being elastically deformed by being brought into contact with the developer conveying member being driven and thereafter being elastically restored by being brought out of contact with the developer conveying member. 2. The developing device according to claim 1, wherein the contact member is configured to, while being cantilever-supported, repeat the sequence of movements by bringing a free end side of the contact member into and out of contact with the developer conveying member being driven and to make the movements at a same level as the developer discharge port with at least a portion of the contact member facing the developer discharge port. 3. The developing device according to claim 2, wherein the developer conveying member is a rotatable screw member arranged in an orientation, in which an axis of rotation of the screw member extends in a direction tilted relative to any one of a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, and the contact member is arranged so as to be brought into and out of contact with a screw blade of the screw member in an orientation, in which a surface of a free end of the contact member is tilted relative to an orthogonal plane orthogonal to the rotation axis. 4. The developing device according to claim 3, wherein the free end of the contact member has a slanted shape to reduce variations in duration of contact between the screw blade and the free end among regions on the free end. 5. The developing device according to claim 2, wherein the contact member is made of a sheet material. 6. The developing device according to claim 5, wherein the contact member is made of a polyethylene terephthalate sheet material having a thickness between 0.05 mm, inclusive, and 1 mm, inclusive. 7. The developing device according to claim 5, wherein the contact member is made of any one of an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene sheet material having a thickness between 0.05 mm, inclusive, and 2 mm, inclusive, and a stainless steel sheet material having a thickness between 0.05 mm, inclusive, and 0.2 mm, inclusive. 8. The developing device according to claim 5, wherein the contact member includes at least a base sheet and a contact layer fixed onto a surface of the base sheet so as to be brought into and out of contact with the developer conveying member on the free end side. 9. The developing device according to claim 8, wherein a sheet having a thickness between 0.05 mm, inclusive, and 1 mm, inclusive, is used as the base sheet, and the contact layer is made of an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene sheet material having a thickness between 0.05 mm, inclusive, and 3 mm, inclusive. 10. The developing device according to claim 5, wherein a magnetic-field generating member is fixed to the sheet material. 11. The developing device according to claim 8, wherein the contact member includes any one of a layer made of a magnetic-field generating material, the layer being used as the contact layer and a magnetic-field generating layer interposed between the base sheet and the contact layer. 12. The developing device according to claim 1, wherein the contact member loosens the developer. 13. An image forming apparatus comprising: a latent image bearer; and the developing device according to claim 1, the developing device being configured to develop a latent image on the latent image bearer.",
-    "An apparatus for use with a sink having a basin. The apparatus includes a plurality of interconnected panels for positioning on a top surface of the sink. The plurality of interconnected panels are configured to be positionable in a first position to cover the sink basin and a second position for storage. 1. An apparatus for use with a sink having a basin; comprising: a plurality of interconnected panels for positioning on a top surface of the sink, whereby the plurality of interconnected panels are configured to be positionable in a first position to cover the sink basin and a second position for storage. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of interconnected panels are hingedly connected. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of interconnected panels are slidably connected. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of interconnected panels is made of an anti-microbial plastic. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein each of the plurality of interconnected panels is made of a heat-resistant material. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of interconnected panels is made of a non-pliable plastic. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of interconnected panels is substantially rectangular shaped. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of interconnected panels is substantially square shaped. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of interconnected panels has a raised lip. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a raised lip extending around an outer edge of each of the interconnected panels. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of interconnected panels is imprintable with a design or logo. 12. A portable apparatus for removably covering a top surface of a sink, comprising: a plastic, non-pliable body, said body formed of a plurality of rigid panels; and a plurality of pinned hinges connecting the plurality of panels, whereby the plurality of panels are configurable to expand into an open position for covering the sink and configurable to fold into a closed position for storage. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of pinned hinges are substantially the same size. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the plastic non-pliable body is heat-resistant and coated with an anti-microbial agent. 15. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of rigid panels form a generally planar upper surface in the open position. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein a bottom portion of the plurality of rigid panels are substantially flush with a surface of the sink in the open position. 17. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of rigid panels are substantially parallel in a stackable configuration to one another in the closed position. 18. A foldable bathroom sink cover, comprising: a first inner section and a second inner section, wherein the first and second inner sections are foldably connected to each other via a pinned hinge extending along an inner edge of each of the first and second inner sections; and a first outer section and a second outer section, wherein the first outer section is foldably connected to the first inner section via a second pinned hinge extending along an outer edge of the first inner section and wherein the second outer section is foldably connected to the second inner section via a third pinned hinge extending along an outer edge of the second inner section. 19. The foldable bathroom sink cover according to claim 18, wherein each of the inner and outer sections has a raised lip extending along an outer edge of the respective inner sections. 20. The foldable bathroom sink cover according to claim 18, wherein the first, second and third pinned hinges are substantially the same size.",
-    "A tonneau cover can be foldable between an extended configuration and a folded configuration. In the extended configuration, the primary panel plane of each of the plurality panels can all be substantially coplanar with each other and with a first plane. In the folded configuration, the plurality of panels can all be substantially aligned to form a stack of the plurality of panels, wherein the stack is disposed above the cargo box. The forward panel can be pivotable between a raised configuration corresponding to the folded configuration and a storage configuration. In the storage configuration, the primary plane of the forward panel can be in a second plane that is substantially orthogonal to the first plane to dispose the stack within the cargo box. 1. A tonneau cover system for a cargo box of a truck, the cargo box having a forward end and opposing lateral sides extending from the forward end, the tonneau cover system comprising: a tonneau cover including a plurality of panels hingedly coupled together, the plurality of panels comprising a forward panel mountable adjacent the forward end of the cargo box, each panel having an upper surface; the tonneau cover being foldable between an extended configuration in which the upper surfaces of the plurality panels are in a first plane to overlie the cargo box and a folded configuration in which the plurality of panels are arranged in a stack; wherein the stack is pivotable about an axis adjacent a forward edge of the forward panel between a raised configuration wherein the panels are arranged in the stack overlying the forward panel and the stack extends above the cargo box and a storage configuration in which the stack is received inside the cargo box and the upper surface of the forward panel is substantially orthogonal to the first plane. 2. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, wherein the upper surfaces of each panel of the plurality of panels are parallel in the stack. 3. The tonneau cover system of claim 2 wherein the upper surfaces of each panel of the plurality of panels are substantially orthogonal to the first plane in the storage configuration. 4. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, wherein the panels have a spiral fold configuration in the stack in which the upper surfaces of an adjacent pair of the plurality of panels in the stack are positioned in face-to-face relationship. 5. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, wherein the forward panel has a rear edge opposite the forward edge, the rear edge being hingedly coupled to a remainder of panels and the rear edge being located within the cargo box below the forward edge in the storage configuration. 6. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, further comprising a pair of side rails mountable to the cargo box for supporting the tonneau cover in the extended configuration, and wherein the first plane is positioned at or above the side rails. 7. The tonneau cover system of claim 6, further comprising a latch between at least one of the side rails and the tonneau cover to support the stack in the raised configuration, and the latch being disengageable from the side rail to permit the stack to pivot between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 8. The tonneau cover system of claim 6, further comprising a pair of latches, each latch positioned adjacent opposite sides of the forward panel and coupleable between the forward panel and the side rails, respectively, to retainably couple the forward panel to the side rails in the raised configuration, and the pair of latches being disengageable from the side rails to permit the stack to pivot between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 9. The tonneau cover system of claim 8, further comprising an actuation mechanism connected to the pair of latches to simultaneously actuate the pair of latches. 10. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, wherein the cargo box has depth, and each panel of the plurality of panels have width between forward and rear edges that is less than the depth. 11. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, further comprising a retention member for coupling the plurality of panels together in the stack to retain the plurality of panels in the stack as the stack moves between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 12. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, further comprising a gas assist mechanism coupled to the tonneau cover to facilitate pivoting movement of the stack of the plurality of panels between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 13. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, further comprising a storage holder positionable within the cargo box and sized and shaped to hold the stack in the storage configuration. 14. The tonneau cover system of claim 13, further comprising a latch coupleable between the stack and the storage holder to retainably couple the stack to the storage holder in the storage configuration. 15. The tonneau cover system of claim 13, further comprising a pair of latches, each latch positioned adjacent opposite sides of the stack and coupleable between the stack and the storage holder to retainably couple the stack to the storage holder in the storage configuration, and an actuation mechanism is connected to the latches to simultaneously actuate the latches. 16. The tonneau cover system of claim 13, wherein the storage holder comprises at least a partial box shape that includes a side opening through which the stack passes while moving between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 17. The tonneau cover system of claim 13, wherein the storage holder comprises at least a partial box shape that includes a top opening through which the stack passes while moving between the raised configuration and the storage configuration, and the tonneau cover includes a top panel that is sized and shaped to close the top opening of the storage holder in the storage configuration. 18. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, further comprising a grasping member coupled to the tonneau cover to facilitate pivoting movement of the stack of the plurality of panels between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 19. The tonneau cover system of claim 1, wherein the forward panel is pivotally mountable to the cargo box via a header pivotally coupled to the forward edge of the forward panel. 20. A tonneau cover system for a cargo box of a truck, the cargo box having a forward end and opposing lateral sides extending from the forward end, the tonneau cover system comprising: a tonneau cover including a plurality of panels hingedly coupled together, the plurality of panels comprising a forward panel mountable adjacent the forward end of the cargo box; the tonneau cover being foldable between an extended configuration in which the upper surfaces of the plurality panels are in a first plane to overlie the cargo box and a folded configuration in which the plurality of panels are arranged in a stack; the stack being pivotable about an axis adjacent a forward edge of the forward panel between a raised configuration wherein the panels are arranged in the stack overlying the forward panel and the stack extends above the cargo box and a storage configuration in which the stack is received inside the cargo box and the upper surface of the forward panel is substantially orthogonal to the first plane; a latch engageable to support the stack relative to the truck box in the raised configuration and disengageable to allow the stack to move between the raised configuration and the storage configuration. 21. The tonneau cover system of claim 20, further comprising a pair of side rails mountable to the cargo box for supporting the tonneau cover in the extended configuration, wherein the latch comprises a pair of latches, each of the latches engageable between the tonneau cover and a respective one of the side rails. 22. The tonneau cover system of claim 21, wherein the pair of latches are mounted on the tonneau cover and each latch is positioned to directly engage the respective one of the side rails. 23. The tonneau cover system of claim 20, further comprising a storage holder positionable within the cargo box and sized and shaped to hold the stack in the storage configuration. 24. The tonneau cover system of claim 23, wherein the storage holder comprises at least a partial box shape. 25. The tonneau cover system of claim 20, further comprising a pair of side rails mountable to the cargo box for supporting the tonneau cover in the extended configuration, wherein the latch comprises a pair of latches, each of the latches engageable between the tonneau cover and a respective one of the side rails, and further comprising a storage holder positionable within the cargo box and sized and shaped to hold the stack in the storage configuration.",
-    "A versatile walking cane that has an adjustable length and a jaw-grip. The walking cane includes a trigger that can be actuated to mechanically operate the jaw-grip from an open to a closed position. In the closed position, the jaw-grip is retracted into the interior of the cane and does not obstruct the use of the cane for walking. The cane includes an interface for receiving additional tools and an illumination source. 1. A walking cane comprising: a shaft having an upper end and a lower end; a handle integrated into the shaft proximate to the upper end, the handle including a trigger that can be actuated by applying a force to pull the trigger towards the handle; a slot defined in the side of the shaft and extending from the lower end of the shaft for a particular length towards the upper end to define a slot upper end; and an arm that pivotally attaches within the slot at the slot upper end, the arm being coupled to the trigger in such a manner that when the trigger is in a first position, the arm moves to a first position that is rotated from the side of the shaft and defining an area between the arm and the shaft for receiving an item to be grasped and when the trigger is in a second position, the arm moves to a second position to pinch the item to be grasped between the arm and the shaft and, in the absence of an item to be grasped, the arm is retracted within the slot, the arm extending substantially the entire length of the slot and retracting fully into the slot. 2. The walking cane of claim 1, wherein the shaft is defined by an upper shaft and lower shaft, the upper shaft include an interior and, the interior diameter of the upper shaft is greater than an exterior diameter of the lower shaft such that the upper shaft can be slid over the lower shaft. 3. The walking cane of claim 2, wherein the arm is pivotally attached within the slot at the slot upper end with a pin and, a torsion spring biases the arm into a particular position. 4. The walking cane of claim 3, wherein the torsion spring biases the arm into an open position and, a trigger string is attached at one end to the trigger and at the opposing end to the arm such that actuation of the trigger causes the string to pull the arm into a closed position. 5. The walking cane of claim 3, wherein the torsion spring biases the arm into a closed position and, a trigger string is attached at one end to the trigger and at the opposing end to a lever such that actuation of the trigger causes the lever to force the arm into an open position. 6. The walking cane of claim 3, wherein a first torsion spring biases the arm into an open position and, a first trigger string is attached at one end to the trigger and at the opposing end to the arm such that actuation of the trigger causes the string to pull the arm into a closed position and, wherein a second torsion spring biases the arm into a closed position and, a second trigger string is attached at one end to the trigger and at the opposing end to a lever such that actuation of the trigger causes the lever to force the arm into an open position, and further including a mechanical switch to activate only one of the first torsion spring and second torsion spring and one of the first trigger string and the second trigger string. 7. The walking cane of claim 3, further comprising a slideably attached shoehorn that can be extended to an operational state and retracted to a stored state. 8. The walking cane of claim 3, further comprising a light that illuminates an area in front of the walking cane. 9. The walking cane of claim 3, further comprising a light that illuminates the arm. 10. The walking cane of claim 3, further comprising an interface at the lower end of the shaft, wherein the interface can receive one of a variety of tools. 11. The walking cane of claim 10, wherein the variety of tools includes at least one of a shoehorn, a screwdriver, a magnet and a tip. 12. The walking cane of claim 3, further comprising a lock that can secure the arm into a closed position. 13. The walking cane of claim 3, further comprising a tip on the lower end of the shaft and wherein the tip includes a slot that aligns with the slot of the lower shaft for allowing the arm to enter into the slot. 14. The walking cane of claim 3, wherein the torsion spring biases the arm into a closed position and, a trigger string is attached at one end to the trigger and at the opposing end to a lever such that actuation of the trigger causes the lever to force the arm into an open position and, an adjustment switch to increase or decrease the length of the trigger string to adjust the length of the pivot of the arm. 15. A walking cane comprising: a shaft having an upper end and a lower end; a handle attached proximate to the upper end of the shaft, the handle including a trigger that can be actuated by applying a force to the trigger; the shaft defining a slot for receiving an arm, the slot extending from the lower end of the shaft for a particular length towards the upper end of the shaft to define a slot upper end; the arm being pivotally attached at one end within the interior of the shaft proximate to the slot upper end, the arm being coupled to the trigger in such a manner that when the trigger is actuated, the arm is forced into an open position and the arm enters a retracted position wherein the arm is substantially completely retracted into the interior of the shaft through the slot d when the trigger is released; and a torsion spring attached to the arm to bias the arm to move into the retracted position. 16. The walking cane of claim 15, further comprising a light that illuminates an area in front of the walking cane. 17. The walking cane of claim 15, further comprising a light that illuminates the arm. 18. The walking cane of claim 15, further comprising a first light that illuminates an area in front of the walking cane and a second light that illuminates the arm. 19. The walking cane of claim 15, further comprising an interface proximate to the the lower end of the shaft, wherein the interface can receive one of a variety of tools. 20. The walking cane of claim 15, further comprising a tip positioned over the lower end of the shaft, wherein the tip can be placed on a surface when the walking cane is used for supporting a walking user and, the arm does not obstruct the tip from engaging such surface, the tip defining a tip slot that coincides with the slot defined by the shaft such that the arm can be moved into the retracted position.",
-    "Compositions including a discontinuous oil phase homogeneously dispersed in a continuous water phase, the oil phase containing a sunscreen agent that includes a polymer composition containing a linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether, the linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether including a chemically bound UV-chromophore; and an oil-in water emulsifier component including an anionic oil-in-water emulsifier in an amount such that the composition includes about 0.5 percent by weight to about 3 percent by weight of the anionic oil-in-water emulsifier. 1. A composition, comprising: a continuous water phase, a discontinuous oil phase homogeneously distributed in said water phase, said oil phase comprising a sunscreen agent comprising a polymer composition, said polymer composition comprising a linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether that comprises a chemically bound UV-chromophore; and an oil-in-water emulsifier component comprising an anionic oil-in-water emulsifier in an amount of about 0.5 percent to about 3 percent by weight of said composition. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 5% to about 50% by weight of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition consists essentially of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 4. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 7% to about 40% by weight of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 5. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 10% to about 25% of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is substantially free of a non-polymeric UV-absorbing sunscreen agent. 7. The composition of claim 6 wherein said composition is substantially free of a polymeric sunscreen agent other than said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 8. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 0.6% to about 3.0% by weight of said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier. 9. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 0.6% to about 2.5% by weight of said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier. 10. The composition of claim 7, wherein said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier component comprises potassium cetyl phosphate. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, or acyl-modified versions of sulfates, ether sulfates, monoglyceryl ether sulfates, sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, ether sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, amidosulfosuccinates, carboxylates, amidoethercarboxylates, succinates, sarcosinates, amino acids, taurates, sulfoacetates and phosphates. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier component comprises a phosphate ester. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein said oil-in-water emulsifier component is essentially free of non-ionic emulsifiers having an alcohol-functional group. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein said oil-in-water emulsifier component is essentially free of cationic emulsifiers. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein said oil-in-water emulsifier component consists essentially of said anionic emulsifier. 16. The composition of claim 1 having an SPF of about 20 or greater. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a repeat unit selected from the group consisting of where Y is said chemically bound UV-chromophore. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a backbone having glyceryl repeat units. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is characterized as having the structure: where R is a pendant group, Y represents said chemically bound UV-chromophore, X is a terminal group, and m and n are real numbers between 0 and 1. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein m is 1 and n is 0. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein X and R independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl hydrocarbon chains, and linear siloxanes. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein said UV-chromophore is selected from the group consisting of triazoles, camphors, dibenzoylmethanes, 4-aminobenzoic acid and alkane esters thereof, anthranilic acid and alkane esters thereof, salicylic acid and alkane esters thereof, hydroxycinnamic acid and alkane esters thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxybenzophenones and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxychalcones and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxycoumarins and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, benzalmalonate, benzimidazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, 3-(3-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-5-(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl), 6-octyl-2-(4-(4,6-di([1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate and trioctyl 2,2\u2032,2\u2033-(((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(3-hydroxybenzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tripropanoate. 23. The composition of claim 1, wherein said UV-chromophore is selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole and a triazine. 24. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether has a weight average molecular weight in the range of about 1000 to about 20,000. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition has a polydispersity index of about 1.5 or less. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition comprises about 50% or more of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 27. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition comprises about 95% or more of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 28. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is present in an amount effective to provide said composition with an SPF of about 10 or greater. 29. The composition of claim 1 having a modified TEP value of 0.3 or less.",
-    "A fixing apparatus including: an acquiring portion that acquires a difference value between a detection temperature of a first temperature detecting member and a detection temperature of a second temperature detecting member; and an alarming portion that sends a notification of an abnormality in the apparatus. The alarming portion sends the notification of an abnormality in the apparatus according to an amount of change in the difference value acquired during a fixing process. 1. A fixing apparatus that heats a recording material on which an image is formed while conveying the recording material at a nip portion to fix the image to the recording material, the fixing apparatus comprising: a heating rotating member; a backup member that forms the nip portion together with the heating rotating member; a temperature detecting portion that detects a temperature of the heating rotating member, the temperature detecting portion including a first temperature detecting member that detects a temperature at one end of the heating rotating member in a longitudinal direction of the heating rotating member, and a second temperature detecting member that detects a temperature at the other end of the heating rotating member; an acquiring portion that acquires a difference value between a detection temperature of the first temperature detecting member and a detection temperature of the second temperature detecting member; and an alarming portion that sends a notification of an abnormality in the apparatus, wherein the alarming portion sends the notification of an abnormality in the apparatus according to an amount of change in the difference value acquired during a fixing process. 2. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the amount of change is a difference between two difference values acquired at different timings during one recording material passes the nip portion. 3. The fixing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the alarming portion sends the notification of an abnormality in the apparatus when the difference between the difference values exceeds a threshold. 4. The fixing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the alarming portion sends the notification of an abnormality in the apparatus when the difference between the difference values exceeds a threshold for a predetermined number of times during a plurality of recording materials is continuously subjected to the fixing process. 5. The fixing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the threshold is different depending on a basis weight of the recording material. 6. The fixing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the threshold is different depending on a size of the recording material. 7. The fixing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heating rotating member is a film. 8. The fixing apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a heater contacting an inner surface of the film, the heater forming the nip portion together with the backup member with the film interposed.",
-    "An exercise system comprising: an exercise mat; a plurality of sensors integrated into the exercise mat, each of the sensors configured to sense when a force is applied to a respective portion of the exercise mat; a plurality of displays coupled to the exercise mat and configured to display indications corresponding to desired locations for body parts of a user in accordance with an exercise routine; at least one processor disposed in communication with the plurality of sensors and the plurality of displays; and memory storing at least one exercise routine for use with the exercise mat and instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, configures the exercise system to: display on one or more of the displays indications corresponding to desired locations of a user's body part in accordance with a form of one of the exercise routines stored in memory; sense by one or more of the sensors an application of force to the exercise mat; determine that a location of the sensed application of force is different than a display location of at least one of the indications; and display on one or more of the displays at least one marker identifying a direction from the location of the sensed application of force to the display location of the at least one of the indications. 1. An exercise system comprising: an exercise mat; a plurality of sensors integrated into the exercise mat, each of the sensors configured to sense when a force is applied to a respective portion of the exercise mat; a plurality of displays coupled to the exercise mat and configured to display indications corresponding to desired locations for body parts of a user in accordance with an exercise routine; at least one processor disposed in communication with the plurality of sensors and the plurality of displays; and memory storing at least one exercise routine for use with the exercise mat and instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, configures the exercise system to: display on one or more of the displays indications corresponding to desired locations of a user's body part in accordance with a form of one of the exercise routines stored in memory; sense by one or more of the sensors an application of force to the exercise mat; determine that a location of the sensed application of force is different than a display location of at least one of the indications; and display on one or more of the displays at least one marker identifying a direction from the location of the sensed application of force to the display location of the at least one of the indications. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further configure the exercise system to: sense by one or more of the sensors a change in the location of the application of force to the exercise mat; determine that the changed location corresponds to the display location of at least one of the indications; and display on one or more of the displays an indication of a match between the changed location and the display location of at least one of the indications. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the displays are embedded into a surface of the exercise mat. 4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the exercise mat further includes a mesh, and wherein the displays are secured to the mesh. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the mesh is embedded into a surface of the exercise mat. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein a surface of the exercise mat is covered by a transparent layer, and wherein the displays are disposed between the surface of the exercise mat and the transparent layer. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the markers are in an inactive state when the location of the sensed application of force corresponds to the location of the at least one of the indications. 8. The system according to claim 7, wherein the markers are transparent when in the inactive state. 9. The system according to claim 7, wherein the markers are not displayed on the displays when in the inactive state. 10. The system according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the markers is transitioned to an active state when the location of the sensed application of force is different from the location of the at least one of the indications. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the at least one of the markers is displayed on the displays when in the active state. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the at least one of the markers is highlighted when in the active state. 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of indications include an outline of a body part. 14. The system of claim 1, in which the system comprises a projector, and in which the at least one processor is configured to cause the projector to project a display indicating a positional adjustment of the user. 15. A method comprising: causing, by at least one processor in communication with a plurality of displays coupled to an exercise mat, the display of indications on one or more of the displays, the indications corresponding to desired locations of a user's body part in accordance with a form of an exercise routine stored in memory associated with the at least one processor; sensing an application of force to the exercise mat by one or more sensors integrated into the exercise mat and configured to sense when a force is applied to a respective portion of the exercise mat, the sensors disposed in communication with the at least one processor; determining, by at least one processor, that a location of the sensed application of force is different than a display location of at least one of the indications; and displaying on one or more of the displays at least one marker identifying a direction from the location of the sensed application of force to the display location of the at least one of the indications. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising: sensing by one or more of the sensors a change in the location of the application of force to the exercise mat; determining that the changed location corresponds to the display location of at least one of the indications; and displaying an indication of a match between the changed location and the display location of at least one of the indications on one or more of the displays. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the displays are embedded into a surface of the exercise mat. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the exercise mat further includes a mesh, and wherein the displays are secured to the mesh. 19. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mesh is embedded into a surface of the exercise mat. 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein a surface of the exercise mat is covered by a transparent layer, and wherein the displays are disposed between the surface of the exercise mat and the transparent layer. 21. The method according to claim 15, wherein the markers are in an inactive state when the location of the sensed application of force corresponds to the location of the at least one of the indications. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the markers are transparent when in the inactive state. 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the markers are not displayed on the displays when in the inactive state. 24. The method according to claim 21, wherein at least one of the markers is transitioned to an active state when the location of the sensed application of force is different from the location of the at least one of the indications. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the at least one of the markers is displayed on the displays when in the active state. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the at least one of the markers is highlighted when in the active state. 27. The method according to claim 15, wherein the plurality of indications include an outline of a body part. 28. An exercise system comprising: an exercise mat; a plurality of actuating mechanisms disposed in the exercise mat, each actuating mechanism actuatable to deform at least a portion of the exercise mat corresponding to desired locations for body parts of a user in accordance with an exercise routine; at least one processor disposed in communication with the plurality of sensors and the plurality of actuating mechanisms; and memory storing at least one exercise routine for use with the exercise mat and instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, configures the exercise system to: actuate one or more of the actuating mechanisms to cause a deformation in the exercise mat corresponding to desired locations of a user's body part in accordance with a form of one of the exercise routines stored in memory. 29. The exercise system of claim 28, wherein the deformation is an indentation in a surface of the exercise mat. 30. The exercise system of claim 28, wherein the actuating mechanisms include bladders. 31. The exercise system of claim 30, further comprising: at least one pump in fluid communication with at least one of the bladders, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further configure the system to: activate the at least one pump to supply or withdraw fluid from at least one of the bladders to cause the deformation corresponding to the desired location of the user's body part. 32. The exercise system of claim 28, wherein the actuating mechanisms are actuators. 33. The exercise system of claim 32, wherein the actuators are selected from the group consisting of solenoids, electric motors, hydraulic motors, and pneumatic motors. 34. The exercise system of claim 28, further comprising: a plurality of sensors integrated into the exercise mat, each of the sensors configured to sense when a force is applied to a respective portion of the exercise mat. 35. The exercise system of claim 34, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further configure the system to: sense by one or more of the sensors an application of force to the exercise mat; determine that a location of the sensed application of force is different than a location of the deformation; and actuate one or more of the actuating mechanisms to cause a deformation in the exercise mat identifying a direction from the location of the sensed application of force to the location of the deformation corresponding to the desired location of the user's body part. 36. The exercise system of claim 34, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further configure the system to: sense by one or more of the sensors an application of force to the exercise mat; determine a weight distribution of a user based at least in part on the sensed application of force; and actuate one or more of the actuating mechanisms to cause a deformation in the exercise mat at a location corresponding to a location of the sensed application of force, the deformation applying an additional force to a body part of the user applying the sensed application of force to the exercise mat, the amount of additional force being based at least in part on the determined weight distribution. 37. The exercise system of claim 36, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further configure the system to: sense a change in the application of force to the exercise mat; determine a change to the weight distribution of the user based at least in part on the sensed change in the application of force to the exercise mat; and adjust the amount of additional force applied by the actuating mechanisms by an amount corresponding to the determined change to the weight distribution of the user. 38. The exercise system of claim 36, wherein the additional force is applied periodically. 39. The exercise system of claim 38, wherein rate at which the additional force is applied is based at least in part on a difference between the determined weight distribution of the user and a desired weight distribution of the user in accordance with the form of the exercise routine. 40. The exercise system of claim 39, wherein the rate at which the additional force is applied is increased or decreased as the difference between the determined weight distribution of the user and the desired weight distribution of the user increases or decreases respectively. 41. A method comprising: actuating one or more actuating mechanisms disposed in an exercise mat, the actuation of the one or more actuating mechanisms causing a deformation in the exercise mat corresponding to desired locations of a user's body part in accordance with a form of an exercise routine stored in memory. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the deformation is an indentation in a surface of the exercise mat. 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the actuating mechanisms include bladders. 44. The method of claim 43, further comprising: activating at least one pump to supply or withdraw fluid from at least one of the bladders to cause the deformation corresponding to the desired location of the user's body part. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the actuating mechanisms are actuators. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the actuators are selected from the group consisting of solenoids, electric motors, hydraulic motors, and pneumatic motors. 47. The method of claim 41, further comprising: sensing by one or more sensors integrated into the exercise mat an application of force to the exercise mat, each of the sensors configured to sense when a force is applied to a respective portion of the exercise mat; determining that a location of the sensed application of force is different than the location of the deformation; and actuating one or more of the actuating mechanisms to cause a deformation in the exercise mat identifying a direction from the location of the sensed application of force to the location of the deformation corresponding to the desired location of the user's body part. 48. The method of claim 47, further comprising: sensing by one or more of the sensors an application of force to the exercise mat; determining a weight distribution of a user based at least in part on the sensed application of force; and actuating one or more of the actuating mechanisms to cause a deformation in the exercise mat at a location corresponding to a location of the sensed application of force, the deformation applying an additional force to a body part of the user applying the sensed application of force to the exercise mat, the amount of additional force being based at least in part on the determined weight distribution. 49. The method of claim 48, further comprising: sensing a change in the application of force to the exercise mat; determining a change to the weight distribution of the user based at least in part on the sensed change in the application of force to the exercise mat; and adjusting the amount of additional force applied by the actuating mechanisms by an amount corresponding to the determined change to the weight distribution of the user. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the additional force is applied periodically. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein rate at which the additional force is applied is based at least in part on a difference between the determined weight distribution of the user and a desired weight distribution of the user in accordance with the form of the exercise routine. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the rate at which the additional force is applied is increased or decreased as the difference between the determined weight distribution of the user and the desired weight distribution of the user increases or decreases respectively.",
-    "Compositions including a discontinuous oil phase homogeneously dispersed in a continuous water phase, the oil phase including a sunscreen agent that includes a linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether that comprises a chemically bound UV-chromophore; and an oil-in water emulsifier component including an anionic oil-in-water emulsifier and a nonionic oil-in-water emulsifier having an alcohol functional group, wherein the weight ratio of the anionic oil-in-water emulsifier to the nonionic oil-in-water emulsifier is about 12 or less and wherein the linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is present in an amount effective to provide the composition with an SPF of about 10 or greater. 1. A composition, comprising: a continuous water phase, a discontinuous oil phase homogeneously distributed in said water phase, said oil phase comprising a polymer composition, said polymer composition comprising a sunscreen agent comprising a linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether that comprises a chemically bound UV-chromophore, wherein said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is present in an amount effective to provide said composition with an SPF of about 10 or greater; and an oil-in-water emulsifier component comprising an anionic oil-in-water emulsifier and a nonionic oil-in-water emulsifier having an alcohol functional group, wherein the weight ratio of the anionic oil-in-water emulsifier to the nonionic oil-in-water emulsifier is about 12 or less. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 5% to about 50% by weight of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition consists essentially of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 4. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 7% to about 40% by weight of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 5. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 10% to about 25% of said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is substantially free of a non-polymeric UV-absorbing sunscreen agent. 7. The composition of claim 6 wherein said composition is substantially free of a polymeric sunscreen agent other than said linear, ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 8. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 3% to about 8% by weight of said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier. 9. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 4.5% to about 8% by weight of said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier. 10. The composition of claim 7, wherein said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier component comprises potassium cetyl phosphate. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, or acyl-modified versions of sulfates, ether sulfates, monoglyceryl ether sulfates, sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, ether sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, amidosulfosuccinates, carboxylates, amidoethercarboxylates, succinates, sarcosinates, amino acids, taurates, sulfoacetates and phosphates. 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said anionic oil-in-water emulsifier component comprises a phosphate ester. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein said nonionic oil-in-water emulsifier is a fatty alcohol having from 14 to about 22 carbon atoms. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein said oil-in-water emulsifier component is essentially free of cationic emulsifiers. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio of said anionic emulsifier to said non-ionic emulsifier is about 0.5 to about 12. 16. The composition of claim 1 having an SPF of about 20 or greater. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a repeat unit selected from the group consisting of where Y is said chemically bound UV-chromophore. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a backbone having glyceryl repeat units. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is characterized as having the structure: where R is a pendant group, Y represents said chemically bound UV-chromophore, X is a terminal group, and m and n are real numbers between 0 and 1. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein m is 1 and n is O. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein X and R independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl hydrocarbon chains, and linear siloxanes. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein said UV-chromophore is selected from the group consisting of triazoles, camphors, dibenzoylmethanes, 4-aminobenzoic acid and alkane esters thereof, anthranilic acid and alkane esters thereof, salicylic acid and alkane esters thereof, hydroxycinnamic acid and alkane esters thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxybenzophenones and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxychalcones and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxycoumarins and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, benzalmalonate, benzimidazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, 3-(3-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-5-(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl), 6-octyl-2-(4-(4,6-di([1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate and trioctyl 2,2\u2032,2\u2033-(((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(3-hydroxybenzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tripropanoate. 23. The composition of claim 1, wherein said UV-chromophore is selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole and a triazine. 24. The composition of claim 1, wherein said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether has a weight average molecular weight in the range of about 1000 to about 20,000. 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition has a polydispersity index of about 1.5 or less. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition comprises about 50% or more of said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether. 27. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polymer composition comprises about 95% or more of said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether.",
-    "An optical scanning device includes a light source, an optical element, a light deflector, a first storage portion, a second storage portion, and a correction processing portion. The first storage portion stores, in advance, first information that indicates relationship between positions on the image carrying member and light amounts of the laser beam irradiated on the image carrying member. The second storage portion stores, in advance, second information that indicates relationship between the control signal input to the light source and a light amount of the laser beam irradiated at a predetermined reference position of the image carrying member in the main scanning direction. The correction processing portion corrects the control signal for controlling the laser beam, based on the first information, the second information and information of irradiation positions on the image carrying member in the main scanning direction at which the laser beam is to be irradiated. 1. An optical scanning device comprising: a light source configured to emit a laser beam in response to an input control signal; an optical element disposed between the light source and an image carrying member on which the laser beam is irradiated; a light deflector configured to scan, in a main scanning direction, the laser beam emitted from the light source; a first storage portion configured to store first information in advance, the first information indicating relationship between positions on the image carrying member in the main scanning direction and light amounts of the laser beam irradiated on the image carrying member; a second storage portion configured to store second information in advance, the second information indicating relationship between the control signal input to the light source and a light amount of the laser beam irradiated at a predetermined reference position of the image carrying member in the main scanning direction; and a correction processing portion configured to correct the control signal for controlling the laser beam, based on the first information, the second information and information of irradiation positions on the image carrying member in the main scanning direction at which the laser beam is to be irradiated. 2. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein a center of the image carrying member in the main scanning direction is set as the reference position, and the correction processing portion corrects the control signal so that a light amount of the laser beam that is irradiated at an irradiation position different from the reference position is close to the light amount of the laser beam irradiated at the reference position. 3. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the first information is obtained in advance based on characteristics of the optical element and the light deflector. 4. The optical scanning device according to claim 3, wherein the laser beam emitted from the light source transmits through an air layer and is incident on and transmits through a boundary plane between media having different transmittances, the media being the air layer and the optical element disposed on a scanning path of a scanning by the laser beam, and the first information is determined based on values of a transmittance Tp of a p-polarized light component and a transmittance Ts of an s-polarized light component calculated by using an equation (1) and an equation (2) with regard to the laser beam that is emitted from the light source while maintaining a predetermined light emission amount and is deflected by the light deflector, the p-polarized light component and the s-polarized light component being components of the optical element that is disposed on the scanning path of the laser beam that has been deflected by the light deflector, [ Math . \ue89e 3 ] \ue89e T p = 4 \ue89e \ue89e n 1 \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t ( cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t + n 1 \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i ) 2 , ( 1 ) [ Math . \ue89e 4 ] \ue89e T s = 4 \ue89e \ue89e n 1 \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t ( cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 i + n 1 \ue89e cos \ue89e \ue89e \u03c6 t ) 2 , ( 2 ) wherein \u201c\u03a6i\u201d denotes an incident angle that is an angle between the laser beam that is incident on the boundary plane and a normal line that is perpendicular to the boundary plane, \u201c\u03a6t\u201d denotes a refraction angle that is an angle between the normal line and the laser beam that has transmitted through the boundary plane, a refractive index of the air layer and a medium through which the laser beam transmits before being incident on the boundary plane is set to 1, a refractive index of a medium through which the laser beam transmits through after transmitting through the boundary plane is set to n1, and the irradiation positions respectively correspond to incident angles \u03a6i. 5. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the first information is determined in advance based on detection results of an optical amount detecting portion that is temporarily disposed between the optical element and the image carrying member. 6. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the second information is information that is measured in advance with regard to the light source installed. 7. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the control signal indicates a current value input to the light source, or a value that can be an index of the current value. 8. An image forming apparatus comprising: the optical scanning device according to claim 1; and the image carrying member on which the laser beam emitted from the optical scanning device is irradiated and an electrostatic latent image is formed.",
-    "The present invention relates to a peptide and analogs thereof that selectively inhibit the Nav1.7 sodium channel. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating or preventing a disorder responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels, especially Nav1.7 sodium ion channels. The present invention further provides methods of treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of sodium channels, and particularly Nav1.7 sodium channels, in a mammal suffering from excess activity of said channels, compositions and methods for providing analgesia by administering a peptide of the invention. 1. An isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence Tyr1-Cys2-Gln3-Lys4-Trp5-Met6-Trp7-Thr8-Cys9-Asp10-Ser11-Xaa12-Arg13-Lys14-Cys15-Cys16-Glu17-Gly18-Xaa9-Val20-Cys21-Arg22-Leu23-Trp24-Cys25-Lys26-Lys27-Xaa28-Xaa29-Xaa30-Xaa31 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Xaa28 and Xaa29, is any natural or modified amino acid residue; Xaa12 is an alanine residue or a glutamate residue; Xaa19 is a leucine residue or a methionine residue; Xaa30 is any natural or modified amino acid residue or is absent; and Xaa31 is any natural or modified amino acid residue or is absent, wherein said isolated peptide is not SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29, and wherein said isolated peptide is not ProTx II (SEQ ID NO: 16) or PaTx I (SEQ ID NO: 17). 2. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa31 is absent. 3. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa30 and Xaa31 are absent. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa28 is a lysine residue or an isoleucine residue. 7. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa29 is a leucine residue, an isoleucine residue, an alpha-methylated leucine residue, an N-methylated leucine residue, or a tryptophan residue. 8. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa30 is present and is tryptophan modified with an amino group, a tryptophan residue, a leucine residue, or an isoleucine residue. 9-17. (canceled) 18. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa12 is a glutamate residue, Xaa19 is a methionine residue, Xaa28 is a lysine residue, Xaa29 is a leucine residue, Xaa30 is tryptophan modified with an amino group, and Xaa31 is absent (SEQ ID NO: 2). 19. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa12 is a glutamate residue, Xaa19 is a leucine residue, Xaa28 is a lysine residue, Xaa29 is a leucine residue, Xaa30 is a tryptophan residue, and Xaa31 is absent (SEQ ID NO: 4). 20. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein Xaa12 is a glutamate residue, Xaa19 is a methionine residue, Xaa28 is an isoleucine residue, Xaa29 is an isoleucine residue, Xaa30 is absent, and Xaa31 is absent (SEQ ID NO: 5). 21-30. (canceled) 31. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated peptide is a recombinant peptide. 32. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated peptide is a chemically synthesized peptide. 33. The isolated peptide of claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. 34. (canceled) 35. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated peptide contains three cystine bridges with the connectivity C2 to C16, C9 to C21 and C15 to C25. 36. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated peptide inhibits Nav1.7 ion channel activity. 37. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein said isolated peptide selectively inhibits Nav1.7 ion channel activity relative to Nav1.2 ion channel activity. 38-40. (canceled) 41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated peptide of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 42-43. (canceled) 44. A method of treating pain, said method comprising administering an effective amount of the isolated peptide of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein said pain is neuropathic pain, chronic pain, acute pain, inflammatory pain, or surgical pain. 46-52. (canceled) 53. A polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of Tyr1-Cys2-Gln3-Lys4-Trp5-Met6-Trp7-Thr8-Cys9-Asp10-Ser11-Xaa12-Arg13-Lys14-Cys15-Cys16-Glu17-Gly18-Xaa19-Val20-Cys21-Arg22-Leu23-Trp24-Cys25-Lys26-Lys27-Xaa28-Xaa29-Xaa30-Xaa31 (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein each of Xaa28 and Xaa29, is any natural or modified amino acid residue; Xaa12 is an alanine residue or a glutamate residue; Xaa19 is a leucine residue or a methionine residue; Xaa30 is any natural or modified amino acid residue or is absent; and Xaa31 is any natural or modified amino acid residue or is absent, wherein said isolated peptide is not SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29. 54. (canceled) 55. A host cell comprising a vector, wherein said vector comprises a polynucleotide molecule, and wherein the polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of Tyr1-Cys2-Gln3-Lys4-Trp5-Met6-Trp7-Thr8-Cys9-Asp10-Ser11-Xaa12-Arg13-Lys14-Cys15-Cys16-Glu17-Gly18-Xaa19-Val20-Cys21-Arg22-Leu23-Trp24-Cys25-Lys26-Lys27-Xaa28-Xaa29-Xaa30-Xaa31 (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein each of Xaa28 and Xaa29, is any natural or modified amino acid residue; Xaa2 is an alanine residue or a glutamate residue; Xaa19 is a leucine residue or a methionine residue; Xaa30 is any natural or modified amino acid residue or is absent; and Xaa31 is any natural or modified amino acid residue or is absent, wherein said isolated peptide is not SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29. 56. (canceled)",
-    "Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for generating chromosomal translocations and targeted deletions of specific lengths and at specific locations the genome of cell. 1. A method for creating a targeted deletion of specific length and specific borders in a region of interest in a genomic locus in a host cell, the method comprising introducing first and second nuclease pairs and a donor polynucleotide into the host cell, wherein (i) the first and second nuclease pairs each comprise a left and a right nuclease, each nuclease comprising a DNA-binding domain that recognizes a target sequence in the region of interest of the genomic locus and two catalytic domains, (ii) the first and second nuclease pairs cleave in the region of interest genomic locus; (iii) the left nuclease of each nuclease pair recognizes a target sequence 5\u2032 to the right nuclease; (iv) the first nuclease pair binds to target sequences 3\u2032 to the target sequences bound by the second nuclease pair; (v) the donor polynucleotide comprises the target sequences for the left nuclease of the second nuclease pair and for the right nuclease of the first nuclease pair and regions of homology to the genomic locus and further wherein the donor polynucleotide includes a deletion relative to the target sequence of specific length and specific borders, wherein the deletion extends between the target sequence for the left nuclease of the second nuclease pair and the target sequence for the right nuclease of the first nuclease pair; and (vi) the donor polynucleotide is introduced into the genomic locus such that a targeted deletion of specific length and specific borders is generated in the genomic locus. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the regions of homology are between about 50 and 1500 base pairs in length. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second nuclease pairs cleave the genomic locus at two locations. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein between the regions of homology, the donor polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of a coding sequence, a 2A peptide, an SA site, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), a shRNA molecule, an miRNA molecule, an RNAi and combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a eukaryotic cell. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian or plant cell.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a substrate, a first semiconductor region, a second semiconductor region, an insulating layer, a gate electrode film, a gate insulating film, a first film, a second film, a first contact plug, and a second contact plug. The second film and the first film are arranged in the first direction. The first contact plug extends in the first film along a second direction. The second direction crosses the first direction. The first contact plug electrically connects to the first semiconductor region. The second contact plug extends in the second film along the second direction. The second contact plug electrically connects to the second semiconductor region. At least a part of the gate electrode film dose not overlap the first film in the second direction and dose not overlap the second film in the second direction. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a substrate including a first substrate region, a second substrate region arranged with the first substrate region in a first direction, and an intermediate region disposed between first substrate region and second substrate region; a first semiconductor region provided in the first substrate region, and a second semiconductor region provided in the second substrate region; an insulating layer provided on the intermediate region, on the first semiconductor region, and on the second semiconductor region; a gate electrode film provided between the intermediate region and the insulating layer; a gate insulating film provided between the intermediate region and the gate electrode film; a first film provided in the insulating layer; a second film provided in the insulating layer, at least a portion of the second film overlapping at least a portion of the first film in the first direction; a first contact plug extending in the insulating layer and the first film along a second direction crossing the first direction, the first contact plug being electrically connected to the first semiconductor region; and a second contact plug extending in the insulating layer and the second film along the second direction, the second contact plug being electrically connected to the second semiconductor region, at least a part of the gate electrode film not overlapping the first film in the second direction and not overlapping the second film in the second direction. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the first film overlaps the first semiconductor region in the second direction, and at least a part of the second film overlaps at least a apart of the second semiconductor region in the second direction. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first film and the second film contain a silicon nitride. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein an etching rate of the first film under a first processing condition is lower than an etching rate of the insulating layer under the first processing condition. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein an etching rate of the second film under a first processing condition is lower than an etching rate of the insulating layer under the first processing condition. 6. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a structure provided on the substrate and in a periphery of the insulating layer, the structure including a plurality of electrode films arranged in the second direction; a column extending along the first direction in the structure; and a memory film provided between the column and the structure. 7. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a device isolation film provided between the insulating layer and a part of the substrate, the first semiconductor region being disposed between the device isolation film and the intermediate region, and at least a part of the device isolation film not overlapping the first film in the second direction and not overlapping the second film in the second direction. 8. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a first insulating layer; a second insulating layer provided on the first insulating layer; a first film and a second film being provided between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer, the second film being separated from the first film; a first contact plug having a first side surface, the first side surface being in contact with the first insulating layer, the second insulating layer, and the first film; a second contact plug having a second side surface, the second side surface being in contact with the insulating film, the insulating layer, and the second film; and a transistor including a source and a drain, the first contact plug being electrically connected to one of the source and the drain, the second contact plug being connected to other one of the drain and the source. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the first film and the second film contain a silicon nitride and the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer contain a silicon oxide. 10. The device according to claim 8, wherein an etching rate of the first film under a first processing condition is lower than an etching rate of the second insulating layer under the first processing condition. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein an etching rate of the second film under a first processing condition is lower than an etching rate of the second insulating layer under the first processing condition. 12. The device according to claim 8, wherein a part of the second insulating layer is disposed between the first film and the second film. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein an top surface of the first film, a side surface of the first film, an top surface of the second film, and a side surface of the second film are seamless with the second insulating layer. 14. The device according to claim 12, wherein the second film is discontinuous with the first film. 15. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor memory device comprising: forming a gate insulating film on a third region of a substrate, the third region being provided between a first region of the substrate and a second region of the substrate; forming a gate electrode film on the gate insulating film; forming an insulating film on the gate electrode film; forming a first semiconductor region in the first region and a second semiconductor region in the second region by performing an ion implantation process, the second semiconductor region being separated from the first semiconductor region in a first direction; forming a first insulating layer on the third region, on the first semiconductor region, and on the second semiconductor region; forming a first film and a second film on the first insulating layer, at least a part of the first film overlapping at least a part of the first semiconductor region in a second direction crossing the first direction, and at least a part of a second film overlapping at least a part of the second semiconductor region in the second direction; forming a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, the first film, and the second film; forming a first contact hole and a second contact hole, the first contact hole penetrating the second insulating layer, the first film, and the first insulating layer, the second contact hole penetrating the second insulating layer, the second film, and the first insulating layer; and forming a first contact plug in the first contact hole and a second contact plug in the second contact hole. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the forming the first film and the second film includes forming a third film on the first insulating layer; forming a first resist pattern and a second resist pattern on the third film, at least a part of the first resist pattern overlapping at least a part of the first semiconductor region in the second direction, and at least a part of the second resist pattern overlapping at least a part of the second semiconductor region in the second direction; and etching the third film using the first resist pattern and the second resist pattern as a mask to form the first film and the second film. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the forming the first contact hole and the second contact hole includes a first etching the second insulating layer under a first condition by using the first film and the second film as an etching stopper; and a second etching the first film, the second film, and the first insulating layer under a second condition different from the first condition. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer are formed from a material containing a silicon oxide, and the first film and the second film are formed from a material containing a silicon nitride.",
-    "A method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece comprises steps: forming an electrode layer on a substrate; etching the electrode layer to reduce the area of the electrode layer to be smaller than the area of the substrate, wherein the electrode layer has a test zone and a reading zone neighboring the test zone; forming an insulation member surrounding the test zone and covering the perimeter of the test zone; forming an enzyme layer on the test zone; and forming an insulation layer on the enzyme layer and the periphery of the reading zone and fabricating the insulation layer to have an opening revealing a portion of the enzyme layer. The insulation member fixes the effective reaction area of the tested material and increases measurement accuracy. 1. A method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece, comprising the steps of: S1: forming an electrode layer on a substrate; S2: etching the electrode layer to remove a perimeter of the electrode layer and reduce area of the electrode layer to be smaller than area of the substrate, wherein the electrode layer includes a test zone and a reading zone neighboring the test zone; S3: forming an insulation member surrounding the test zone and covering the perimeter of the test zone; S4: forming an enzyme layer on the test zone; and S5: forming an insulation layer on the enzyme layer and a periphery of the reading zone and fabricating the insulation layer to have an opening revealing a portion of the enzyme layer. 2. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step S 1, the substrate is made of a material selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), cellulose triacetate, polylactic acid, and combinations thereof 3. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 1, wherein the step Si further comprises the steps of: S1A: forming a first electrode layer on the substrate; and S1B: forming a second electrode layer on one side of the first electrode layer, which is far away from the substrate, to stack the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer to form the electrode layer. 4. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 3, wherein in the step S1A, the first electrode layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting titanium, copper, nickel, silver, aluminum, chromium, and combinations thereof, and wherein in the step S1B, the second electrode layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of gold, platinum, iridium, palladium, and combinations thereof, and wherein the second electrode layer has a higher biological sensitivity than the first electrode layer. 5. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 3, wherein in the step S1A, the first electrode layer has a thickness of 20-3000 nm, and wherein in the step S1B, the second electrode layer has a thickness of 10-1000 nm. 6. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step S1, the electrode layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of titanium, copper, nickel, silver, aluminum, chromium, gold, platinum, iridium, palladium, and combinations thereof 7. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step S3, the insulation member is made of a material selected from a group consisting of insulating inks, photoresist compounds, dry-film photoresist compounds, and ultraviolet-curable inks. 8. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step S3, the insulation member is fabricated with a photolithographic etching technology. 9. The method for fabricating an electrochemical sensing test piece according to claim 1, wherein in the step S5, the insulation layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of insulating inks, photoresist compounds, dry-film photoresist compounds, and ultraviolet-curable inks.",
-    "An apparatus and method are provided for controlling debugging of program instructions that include a transaction, where the transaction is executed on processing circuitry and comprises a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data, and where those updates are only committed if the transaction completes without a conflict. In addition to the processing circuitry, the apparatus has control storage for storing at least one watchpoint identifier, and the processing circuitry is then arranged, when detecting a watchpoint match condition with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction within the transaction, to create a pending watchpoint debug event. The processing circuitry is then responsive to execution of the transaction finishing to initiate a watchpoint debug event for the pending watchpoint debug event. However, if instead the transaction is aborted before it finishes (due to a conflict arising), the processing circuitry is arranged to cancel the pending watchpoint debug event. Such an approach prevents a probe effect arising during execution of a transaction due to debugging activity. 1. An apparatus comprising: processing circuitry to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; and control storage to store at least one watchpoint identifier; the processing circuitry being arranged, when detecting a watchpoint match condition with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction within said transaction, to create a pending watchpoint debug event; the processing circuitry being responsive to execution of the transaction finishing to initiate a watchpoint debug event for the pending watchpoint debug event; and the processing circuitry being responsive to a conflict arising during execution of the transaction to cancel the pending watchpoint debug event. 2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the control storage further stores watchpoint configuration data to control watchpoint handling by the processing circuitry, the processing circuitry being arranged, when the watchpoint configuration data has a first value and the watchpoint match condition is detected with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction within said transaction, to create the pending watchpoint debug event; and the processing circuitry being arranged, when the watchpoint configuration data has a second value and the watchpoint match condition is detected with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction within said transaction, to initiate the watchpoint debug event. 3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein said watchpoint configuration data comprises a watchpoint configuration bit which is set to said first value and is cleared to said second value. 4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is arranged, when the watchpoint match condition is detected with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction that is outside said transaction, to initiate the watchpoint debug event. 5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control storage comprises a plurality of control registers, each watchpoint identifier being stored in one or more of the control registers in said plurality. 6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein each watchpoint identifier comprises at least a data address value, and said watchpoint match condition comprises at least a condition that execution of the program instruction causes an access to that data address value. 7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: transaction tracking circuitry to track whether the processing circuitry is executing a program instruction within said transaction or a program instruction outside said transaction. 8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein: the program instructions executed by the processing circuitry include a plurality of nested transactions; and the transaction tracking circuitry maintains at least one counter to track progress through the plurality of nested transactions, so as to enable the processing circuitry to determine when execution of the plurality of nested transactions has finished. 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is arranged to store, in association with the pending watchpoint debug event, syndrome information indicative of where within the transaction the watchpoint match condition was detected, said syndrome information being available for analysis by a debugger handling the watchpoint debug event subsequently initiated when the execution of the transaction finishes. 10. A debug control method comprising: employing processing circuitry to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; storing at least one watchpoint identifier; creating a pending watchpoint debug event on detecting a watchpoint match condition with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction within said transaction; responsive to execution of the transaction finishing, initiating a watchpoint debug event for the pending watchpoint debug event; and responsive to a conflict arising during execution of the transaction, cancelling the pending watchpoint debug event. 11. An apparatus comprising: processing means for executing program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data, and for committing said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; and control means for storing at least one watchpoint identifier; the processing means, when detecting a watchpoint match condition with reference to the at least one watchpoint identifier during execution of a program instruction within said transaction, for creating a pending watchpoint debug event; the processing means, responsive to execution of the transaction finishing, for initiating a watchpoint debug event for the pending watchpoint debug event; and the processing means, responsive to a conflict arising during execution of the transaction, for cancelling the pending watchpoint debug event.",
-    "An image sensor includes charge accumulation region of first conductivity type, floating diffusion of the first conductivity type, stacked semiconductor region having first region of second conductivity type arranged below the charge accumulation region, second region of the second conductivity type arranged above the first region, and third region of the second conductivity type arranged above the second region. The sensor further includes fourth region of the second conductivity type arranged in region between the charge accumulation region and the floating diffusion, below the floating diffusion, and above the stacked semiconductor region, transfer gate for transferring charges of the charge accumulation region to the floating diffusion, and fifth region of the second conductivity type arranged in region below the charge accumulation region and the fourth region, and above the stacked semiconductor region. 1. A solid-state image sensor comprising: a charge accumulation region of a first conductivity type; a floating diffusion of the first conductivity type; a stacked semiconductor region which includes a first semiconductor region of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type arranged below the charge accumulation region, a second semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged above the first semiconductor region, and a third semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged above the second semiconductor region; a fourth semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged in a region between the charge accumulation region and the floating diffusion, below the floating diffusion, and above the stacked semiconductor region; a transfer gate configured to form a channel, in the fourth semiconductor region, for transferring charges of the charge accumulation region to the floating diffusion; and a fifth semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged in a region below the charge accumulation region and the fourth semiconductor region, and above the stacked semiconductor region, wherein letting C1 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the first semiconductor region, C2 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the second semiconductor region, C3 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the third semiconductor region, and C5 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the fifth semiconductor region, C2<C3<C1 and C5<C3 are satisfied. 2. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein letting C4 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the fourth semiconductor region, C5\u2267C4 is further satisfied. 3. The sensor according to claim 2, wherein C3>C4 is further satisfied. 4. The sensor according to claim 2, wherein C4<C1 is further satisfied. 5. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein 3\u00d7C2\u2266C1 is further satisfied. 6. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein 5\u00d7C2\u2266C1 is further satisfied. 7. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein C3/4\u2266C5 is further satisfied. 8. The sensor according to claim 2, wherein C3>C4, C4<C1, 3\u00d7C2\u2266C1, and C3/4\u2266C5 are further satisfied. 9. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising an element isolation portion arranged adjacent to the floating diffusion, wherein the fifth semiconductor region includes a part arranged below the element isolation portion. 10. The sensor according to claim 9, wherein the stacked semiconductor region includes the part arranged below the element isolation portion. 11. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged above the charge accumulation region. 12. The sensor according to claim 1 wherein 1\u00d71016 cm\u22123\u2266C1\u22661\u00d71018 cm\u22123, 1\u00d71015 cm\u22123\u2266C2\u22665\u00d71016 cm\u22123, 2\u00d71015 cm\u22123\u2266C3\u22662\u00d71017 cm\u22123, and 5\u00d71014 cm\u22123\u2266C5\u22662\u00d71017 cm\u22123 are further satisfied. 13. A camera comprising: a solid-state image sensor; and a processor configured to process a signal output from the solid-state image sensor, wherein the solid-state image sensor comprises: a charge accumulation region of a first conductivity type; a floating diffusion of the first conductivity type; a stacked semiconductor region which includes a first semiconductor region of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type arranged below the charge accumulation region, a second semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged above the first semiconductor region, and a third semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged above the second semiconductor region; a fourth semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged in a region between the charge accumulation region and the floating diffusion, below the floating diffusion, and above the stacked semiconductor region; a transfer gate configured to form a channel, in the fourth semiconductor region, for transferring charges of the charge accumulation region to the floating diffusion in the fourth semiconductor region; and a fifth semiconductor region of the second conductivity type arranged in a region below the charge accumulation region and the fourth semiconductor region, and above the stacked semiconductor region, wherein letting C1 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the first semiconductor region, C2 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the second semiconductor region, C3 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the third semiconductor region, and C5 be a peak value of an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the fifth semiconductor region, C2<C3<C1 and C5<C3 are satisfied.",
-    "Provided is a power supply identification apparatus including circuitry including a first input terminal, a second input terminal and an output terminal which outputs a driving voltage to an electric device, and a power supply identification section which (i) determines from which of a first power supply and the second power supply a power is being input based on a relationship between an input timing of a first voltage to the first input terminal and a second voltage to the second input terminal, and (ii) switches the driving voltage output from the output terminal according to the power supply the power is being input from to control an initial ON/OFF state of the electric device. 1. A power supply identification apparatus, comprising: a first power terminal to which a first power supply is connected; a second power terminal to which a second power supply is connected; an output terminal; a voltage switching section having a first input terminal and a second input terminal, the voltage switching section for switching an output voltage of the output terminal into a first voltage representing that the first power supply is connected to the first power terminal or a second voltage representing that the second power supply is connected to the second power terminal according to an input order of signals into the first input terminal and the second input terminal; a first delay section for delaying the voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal by a first delay time so as to output the voltage to the first input terminal; a second delay section for delaying the voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal by a second delay time shorter than the first delay time so as to output the voltage to the second input terminal; and a delay time switching section for switching the second delay time into a third delay time longer than the first delay time based on the power supply to the second power terminal. 2. The power supply identification apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first delay section delays the voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal according to a first time constant so as to output the voltage to the first input terminal, the second delay section delays the voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal according to a second time constant smaller than the first time constant so as to output the voltage to the second input terminal, the delay time switching section switches the second time constant into a third time constant larger than the first time constant based on the power supply to the second power terminal so as to switch the second delay time into a third delay time longer than the first delay time. 3. The power supply identification apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a circuit for outputting a control signal for making a control so that the output voltage of the output terminal is switched from the first voltage into the second voltage to the voltage switching section. 4. The power supply identification apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a voltage dropping section for dropping the voltages supplied from the first power terminal and the second power terminal, wherein the voltage switching section outputs a voltage output from the voltage dropping section instead of the voltage supplied via the second power terminal or the first power terminal. 5. A power supply identification method in a power supply apparatus having a first power terminal to which a first power supply is connected, a second power terminal to which a second power supply is connected, and an output terminal, the method comprising: delaying a voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal by a first delay time so as to output the voltage to a first input terminal; delaying a voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal by a second delay time shorter than the first delay time so as to output the voltage to a second input terminal, switching an output voltage of the output terminal into a first voltage representing that the first power supply is connected to the first power terminal or a second voltage representing that the second power supply is connected to the second power terminal according to an input order of the signals into the first input terminal and the second input terminal; and switching the second delay time into a third delay time longer than the first delay time based on the power supply to the second power terminal. 6. The power supply identification method according to claim 5, wherein at delaying by the first delay time, the voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal is delayed according to a first time constant so as to be output into the first input terminal, at delaying by the second delay time, the voltage supplied via the first power terminal or the second power terminal is delayed according to the second time constant smaller than the first time constant so as to be output into the second input terminal, at switching the second delay time into the third delay time longer, the second time constant is switched into a third time constant larger than the first time constant based on the power supply to the second power terminal, so that the second delay time is switched into a third delay time longer than the first delay time. 7. The power supply identification method according to claim 5, wherein said switching the output voltage of the output terminal includes outputting a control signal for making a control so that the output voltage of the output terminal is switched from the first voltage into the second voltage. 8. The power supply identification method according to claim 5, further comprising: dropping the voltage supplied from the first power terminal and the second power terminal, wherein in said switching the output voltage of the output terminal, the dropped voltage in said dropping is output instead of the voltage supplied via the second power terminal or the first power terminal.",
-    "Aspects of the present invention are directed to a system for next day reconciliation of transportation records. The system having a transportation record storage provider (TRSP) that receives and stores storage medium transportation requests; an outside service provider (OSP) inventory manager that receives and maintains records of transported storage mediums scanned at the OSP; and a reconciliation provider that receives a first list from the TRSP and a second list from the OSP inventory manger, for reconciliation. The reconciliation provider includes receivers for receiving the first and second list; a processing engine that reconciles the first list and the second list; and a reporting unit that reports the results of the reconciliation. The processing engine matches inbound and outbound records of the first list and second list, and processes invalid records; and analyzes and accounts for un-matched records. 1. A computer-implemented method for managing the transportation of physical objects, the method comprising: tracking, by at least one computer, logical movements of a plurality of physical object items based on a first data feed comprising a first set of transport records each identifying a logical location with respect to which a corresponding physical object item should have been shipped or delivered, wherein the first set of transport records comprise at least one of: one or more inbound records identifying physical object item(s) to be received by a specified destination, and one or more outbound records identifying physical object item(s) to be shipped from a specified origin; tracking, by the at least one computer, physical movements of the plurality of physical object items based on a second data feed, wherein the second data feed comprises a second set of transport records each identifying an actual location with respect to which a corresponding physical object item has been shipped or delivered, and wherein the second set of transport records comprise at least one image, taken of at least one transported physical object item, associated with at least one of: one or more inbound records reflecting at least one inbound transport of said at least one physical object item actually received by one or more facilities, and one or more outbound records reflecting at least one outbound transport of said at least one physical object item actually shipped by the one or more facilities; identifying said at least one transported physical object item based on the at least one image; and reconciling, by the at least one computer, the first data feed and the second data feed, to identify any discrepancy between the first set of transport records and the second set of transport records with respect to said at least one physical object, the reconciling further comprising: comparing said one or more inbound records of the first set of transport records with said one or more outbound records of the second set of transport records, and comparing said one or more outbound records of the first set of transport records with said one or more inbound records of the second set of transport records. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical object item(s) are selected from a group consisting of: a magnetic hard disk, an optical disk, a flash memory, a floppy disk, a compact disk, and a magnetic tape. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: processing an invalid break between the first set of transport records and the second set of transport records. 4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising: identifying a first record of the first set and a second record of the first set each corresponding to the transport of a first physical object, and if a source location of the first record is identical to a destination location of the second record, collapsing the first record and the second record into a new third record. 5. The method according to claim 3, further comprising: identifying a first record of the second set and a second record of the second set each corresponding to the transport of a first physical object, and if a source location of the first record is identical to a destination location of the second record, collapsing the first record and the second record into a new third record. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second set of records are created by scanning said at least one physical object item while its physical movements are being tracked. 7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: if the second set comprises an incorrect record, removing the incorrect record, wherein an incorrect record is a record reflecting a physical movement of said at least one physical object item that did not actually occur. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first data feed and the second data feed are reconciled in real-time. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: assigning each record of the first set of transport records and each record of the second set of transport records with either a tracked status or an un-tracked status. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein only the tracked first set of transport records and the tracked second set of transport records are reconciled. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: assigning a record the un-tracked status if the record indicates the corresponding physical object item is transported for disaster recovery purposes. 12. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: reconciling internal transport of physical object items within a facility or among a number of related facilities. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one computer comprises a hand-held wireless device. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one computer comprises a user interface having a touch screen. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one computer is configured to communicate with a hand-held wireless device. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the hand-held wireless device comprises a user interface having a touch screen. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the received at least one image is taken by with hand-held wireless device. 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium for managing the transportation of physical objects, the computer readable medium comprising instructions for causing at least one computer processor to perform the following: tracking, by at least one computer, logical movements of a plurality of physical object items based on a first data feed comprising a first set of transport records each identifying a logical location with respect to which a corresponding physical object item should have been shipped or delivered, wherein the first set of transport records comprise at least one of: one or more inbound records identifying physical object item(s) to be received by a specified destination, and one or more outbound records identifying physical object item(s) to be shipped from a specified origin; tracking, by the at least one computer, physical movements of the plurality of physical object items based on a second data feed, wherein the second data feed comprises a second set of transport records each identifying an actual location with respect to which a corresponding physical object item has been shipped or delivered, and wherein the second set of transport records comprise at least one image, taken of at least one physical object item, associated with at least one of: one or more inbound records reflecting at least one inbound transport of said at least one physical object item actually received by one or more facilities, and one or more outbound records reflecting at least one outbound transport of said at least one physical object item actually shipped by the one or more facilities; identifying said at least one transported physical object item based on the at least one image; and reconciling, by the at least one computer, the first data feed and the second data feed, to identify any discrepancy between the first set of transport records and the second set of transport records with respect to said at least one physical object, the reconciling further comprising: comparing said one or more inbound records of the first set of transport records with said one or more outbound records of the second set of transport records, and comparing said one or more outbound records of the first set of transport records with said one or more inbound records of the second set of transport records. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the instructions are adapted for execution on a hand-held wireless device. 20. An apparatus for managing the transportation of physical objects, the apparatus comprising: at least one mobile computing device including a processor and a physical object, the at least one computer being configured with a mobile application software to: receive a first data feed comprising a first set of transport records each identifying a logical destination to which a corresponding physical object item should have been shipped or delivered, wherein the first set of transport records comprise at least one of: one or more inbound records identifying physical object item(s) to be received by a specified data center, and one or more outbound records identifying physical object item(s) to be shipped from a specified data center; receive a second data feed comprising a second set of transport records each identifying an actual destination to which a corresponding physical object item has been shipped or delivered, and wherein the second set of transport records comprise at least one image, taken of at least one physical object item, associated with at least one of: one or more inbound records reflecting at least one inbound transport of said at least one physical object item actually received by the second provider, and one or more outbound records reflecting at least one outbound transport of said at least one physical object item actually shipped by the second provider; identify said at least one transported physical object item based on the at least one image; and reconcile the first data feed and the second data feed, to identify any discrepancy between the first set of transport records and the second set of transport records, by: matching, or identifying a break between, said one or more inbound records of the first set of transport records and said one or more outbound records of the second set of transport records, and matching, or identifying a break between, said one or more outbound records of the first set of transport records and said one or more inbound records of the second set of transport records. 21. The apparatus according to claim 20, where the at least one mobile computing device comprises a hand-held wireless device. 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, where the hand-held wireless device is a mobile telephone. 23. The apparatus according to claim 21, where the hand-held wireless device is a personal digital assistant (PDA) device. 24. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the hand-held wireless device is configured to capture said at least one image of said at least one physical object item.",
-    "A bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus includes a first tube body, a cap, a compression elastic piece, a second tube body, an anti-extraction element, a spring pin component, and a push joint component. In the bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus, two sectioned tube pieces and a spring pin component and a push joint component that are between the two tube pieces are applied to lock and unlock a relative position relationship between the two tube pieces, so that the defense spray apparatus has composite functions of a rod-piece additional function of a locking configuration of relative positions of the two tube pieces and a press-lever spray irritant gas can of an unlocking configuration of the relative positions of the two tube pieces. 1. A bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus, used to spray contents of an irritant gas can disposed inside the apparatus, after locked telescopic rods are unlocked, a protruding output tube being provided at a top portion of the irritant gas can, a press-ring portion being provided at a periphery of the output tube and being subject to an external force to spray the contents from the output tube, and the defense spray apparatus comprising: a first tube body, having a head-end portion and a tail-end portion away from the head-end portion, a receiving chamber having a relatively large diameter being provided in an intra-tube space of the head-end portion, an opening being provided on an end surface of the receiving chamber and being used to provide a position where the irritant gas can is held in the receiving chamber, a neck-portion structure being provided in the intra-tube space, and a first pinhole connected to the intra-tube space being formed on a surface of the tube body between the neck-portion structure and the tail-end portion; a cap, tightly covering the opening of the receiving chamber, a recessed seat being provided at a center of a surface, facing the receiving chamber, of the cap, a through hole being provided at a center of the recessed seat, the press-ring portion of the irritant gas can corresponding to the recessed seat, and the output tube being aligned with the through hole; a compression elastic piece, disposed and kept between the recessed seat and a can body top portion of the irritant gas can; a second tube body, having a head end and a tail end opposite the head end, a top rod structure being provided on an end surface of the head end, a sheath structure being disposed at the tail end, a hole being provided on an end surface of the sheath structure, a second pinhole corresponding to the first pinhole being provided at a body portion of the second tube body, the second tube body being partially placed in the intra-tube space of the first tube body, and when the second pinhole is aligned with the first pinhole, the body portion of the second tube body to the tail end being exposed from the tail-end portion of the first tube body; an anti-extraction element, having a stopping surface, the stopping surface having an inner diameter, the inner diameter being over a surface of the second tube body, and the stopping surface being in a direction opposite the head-end portion of the first tube body, and facing and being stopped at the neck-portion structure; a spring pin component, placed inside the second tube body, and comprising a shell body, the shell body having a recessed seat and a slot connected to the recessed seat, an insertion pin placed inside the recessed seat, a compression elastic body placed between a bottom surface of the recessed seat and a bottom surface of the insertion pin, the insertion pin being axially aligned with the second pinhole, and a groove being provided at a body portion of the insertion pin; and a push joint component, placed inside the second tube body, and having a fingering element, a hook rod, a pulling rod switch, and a pulling rod switch locking structure, the fingering element having a pivotal hole and a tail hole and a fingering rod that are separately located on two sides of the pivotal hole, the fingering rod being inserted in the groove of the body portion of the insertion pin, the fingering element being pivotally disposed in the slot of the recessed seat by using the pivotal hole, so that the fingering element uses the pivotal hole as an axial center, and inside the recessed seat, the fingering rod drives the insertion pin to swing toward and from the second tube body, the pulling rod switch sequentially having a switch button, a shaft-neck portion, a shaft-tail portion, and a compression spring, the switch button passing through the hole on the end surface of the sheath structure via the shaft-neck portion and being exposed from the sheath structure, a joint being provided on an end surface of the shaft-tail portion, the compression spring being sleeved over the shaft-neck portion, two ends of the compression spring being kept between the shaft-tail portion and an inner side of the end surface of the sheath structure, a hook portion being formed at an end of the hook rod, the hook portion being hooked at the tail hole of the fingering element, a flange portion being formed at the other end, and being locked in the joint, the pulling rod switch locking structure, being disposed between the end surface of the sheath structure and the pulling rod switch, so that after the pulling rod switch is extracted toward an outer side of the end surface of the sheath structure, the pulling rod switch is kept at an extracted position, wherein the switch button is extracted in a direction of the outer side of the end surface of the tail end of the second tube body to enable an external thread and a threaded hole to be engaged with each other and then rotated to enable the insertion pin to be completely extracted from the first pinhole and the second pinhole, so that after a locking state between the first tube body and the second tube body is released, the sheath structure of the second tube body is held and pushed toward the first tube body, and the top rod structure pushes the irritant gas can to press the press-ring portion to spray the contents. 2. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an anti-rotation structure is separately and correspondingly disposed on tube body surfaces of an area, inserted in the intra-tube space of the first tube body, of the second tube body, so as to limit relative axial rotation between the first tube body and the second tube body. 3. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pulling rod switch locking structure comprises the external thread disposed between the shaft-neck portion and the shaft-tail portion and the threaded hole that is formed corresponding to an inner thread, disposed at the hole of the end surface of the sheath structure, of the external thread, and a compression spring is sleeved over the shaft-neck portion disposed between the external thread and the switch button. 4. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pulling rod switch locking structure comprises a fastening ring block disposed between the switch button and the outer side of the end surface of the sheath structure, the fastening ring block has an insertion groove, and the insertion groove is inserted and held in the shaft-neck portion. 5. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a sub-step tube having a relatively small diameter is provided at the tail-end portion of the first tube body, and the first pinhole being provided on a tube body of the sub-step tube. 6. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the neck-portion structure of the first tube body is an inward turning surface of a small inner diameter space whose diameter is less than the diameter of the intra-tube space. 7. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an end plug inserted in the through hole is further comprised on a surface, opposite the receiving chamber, of the cap. 8. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the top rod structure is the end surface of the head end. 9. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a hole is provided on the end surface of the head end of the second tube body, the top rod structure is disposed inside the second tube body and sequentially comprises a convex-type element having a top rod, a compression spring, and a fixing element, the fixing element is fixedly screwed on an inner wall of the second tube body, so that the convex-type element is pushed upward by the compression spring, the top rod protrudes from the hole, and a shortened travel length after the compression spring is pressed is less than a length by which the top rod protrudes from the hole, and in a locking state between the first tube body and the second tube body, the top rod of the convex-type element pushes a can body bottom portion. 10. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an included angle is formed between a central line from the pivotal hole of the fingering element to the tail hole and a central line from the pivotal hole to the fingering rod. 11. The bolted telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an umbrella component, wherein a rod body that comprises the first tube body and the exposed second tube body form a central rod of the umbrella component, the cap forms an umbrella cap of the umbrella component, the sheath structure forms an umbrella handle of the umbrella component, the umbrella component further comprises a notch, a rib, a cloth, multiple tips, a runner, and a runner locking structure for locking or unlocking the runner, the notch is disposed at the head-end portion of the first tube body, the runner is disposed at a periphery of the central rod on a side, facing the sheath structure, of the notch and is axially slideable on a surface of the central rod, the runner locking structure comprises a spiral sheath-lock element sleeved over the runner and is freely rotatable, and an external thread that is disposed on a surface of the first tube body and corresponds to the spiral sheath-lock element, the rib is connected between the notch and the runner, the cloth and the tips are disposed on the rib, the cloth is opened when the runner moves to the surface of the first tube body and is locked at the external thread by using an inner thread disposed on an inner surface of the spiral sheath-lock element, and the cloth is folded when the runner moves to a side, facing the sheath structure, of the external thread.",
-    "The present invention provides devices and systems for use at the point of care. The methods devices of the invention are directed toward automatic detection of analytes in a bodily fluid. The components of the device are modular to allow for flexibility and robustness of use with the disclosed methods for a variety of medical applications. 1-78. (canceled) 79. A method of detecting at least two analytes present in a sample, the method comprising: positioning a cartridge in an instrument, wherein the cartridge comprises: a sample vessel, a plurality of reagent units, a plurality of assay units, and at least one pipette tip; processing the sample to provide processed sample portions in selected assay units of the cartridge; and removing at least one of said selected assay units from the cartridge and transporting said at least one of said selected assay units to a signal detector at a different location in the instrument; wherein the cartridge contains all reagents and supplies for said detection of said at least two analytes. 80. The method of claim 79, wherein said cartridge is positioned in the instrument effective that an automated fluid transfer device of the instrument can engage at least one sample vessel, one of said reagent units, one of said assay units, or at least one pipette tip. 81. The method of claim 79, wherein at least one of said assay units comprises a pipette tip with a capture surface. 82. The method of claim 79, wherein at least one of said assay units comprises a pipette tip with a reaction site. 83. The method of claim 79, wherein the cartridge further comprises a housing for holding said reagent units and said assay units. 84. The method of claim 79, wherein the reagent units comprise instrument-operable containers that encapsulate liquid reagents. 85. The method of claim 79, wherein said reagents include liquid-phase and solid-phase reagents. 86. The method of claim 79 further comprising performing serial dilution on the sample, wherein a second diluted portion is formed from a first diluted portion. 87. The method of claim 79 further comprising using fingerstick blood from a single subject as the sample. 88. The method of claim 79 wherein the cartridge further comprises a housing, wherein a bottom of the housing is configured to collect waste liquids. 89. The method of claim 79 wherein the cartridge is configured to collect waste liquids after use that are transferred through a hole in a housing of the cartridge. 90. The method of claim 80, wherein said processing of the sample comprises transferring sample and diluent to one of the assay units using the fluid transfer device. 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the fluid transfer device is automated to follow a protocol associated with the cartridge to perform serial dilution of the sample. 92. The method of claim 90, wherein the fluid transfer device is automated to follow a protocol associated with a cartridge identifier that is associated with a subject. 93. The method of claim 79, further comprising expelling processed sample from the assay units and storing such expelled processed sample in the cartridge. 94. The method of claim 79, further comprising a touch-off absorber positioned on the cartridge in a plane different from at least some cavity openings on the cartridge. 95. The method of claim 92, further comprising using the fluid transfer device to perform an automated process carried out by a user-defined protocol. 96. The method of claim 92, wherein processing, diluting, removing, and detecting steps all occur within the instrument. 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the instrument is at a point-of-care (POC) location. 98. The method of claim 97, wherein said point-of-care (POC) location is a pharmacy. 99. The method of claim 97 further comprising sending data from the instrument in an encrypted format over a public network to a server comprising a network interface and a processor, wherein the server processes the data and then sends assay results over the public network to a user station display. 100. The method of claim 79, wherein said instrument comprises a translational stage for receiving said cartridge. 101. The method of claim 80, wherein said automated fluid transfer device comprises part of a bench-top instrument. 102. The method of claim 79, wherein said sample has a volume of between about 1 \u03bcL to about 100 \u03bcL. 103. The method of claim 79, further comprising obtaining said sample by lancing a subject to obtain a fingerstick blood sample. 104. The method of claim 80, wherein the automated fluid transfer device comprises a motor in communication with a programmable processor, wherein the motor can move a pipette head of the fluid transfer device based on a protocol from said programmable processor to change a sequence for transporting assay units and reagent units. 105. The method of claim 79, wherein the instrument is configured to automatically receive and process a whole blood sample to yield a plasma portion. 106. The method of claim 79, wherein cartridge identifier information is used to determine automated fluid transfer device movement. 107. The method of claim 79, wherein the cartridge further comprises a beads well. 108. The method of claim 79 wherein the sample vessel, the plurality of reagent units, the plurality of assay units, and the at least one pipette tip are all arranged in the cartridge in a two-dimensional configuration and not together in a single row.",
-    "A polymer composition comprising a linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether that comprises a chemically bound UV-chromophore. 1. A polymer composition comprising a linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether that comprises a chemically bound UV-chromophore. 2. The polymer composition of claim 1 wherein the linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a repeat unit selected from the group consisting of where Y is the chemically bound UV-chromophore. 3. The polymer composition of claim 1 wherein the linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a repeat unit where Y is the chemically bound UV-chromophore. 4. The polymer composition of claim 1 wherein the linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a repeat unit where Y is the chemically bound UV-chromophore. 5. The polymer composition of claim 1, comprising about 50% or more of said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprising the chemically bound UV-chromophore. 6. The polymer composition of claim 1, comprising about 90% or more of said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprising the chemically bound UV-chromophore. 7. The polymer composition of claim 1, comprising about 95% or more of said linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprising the chemically bound UV-chromophore. 8. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether comprises a backbone having glyceryl repeat units. 9. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is characterized as having the structure: where R is a pendant group, Y represents the chemically bound UV-chromophore, X is a terminal group, and m and n are real numbers between 0 and 1. 10. The polymer composition of claim 9, wherein m is 1 and n is 0. 11. The polymer composition of claim 9, wherein X and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl hydrocarbon chains, and linear siloxanes. 12. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether is a reaction product of the ring opening polymerization of a monomer selected from a group consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and a glycidyl ether. 13. The polymer composition of claim 12, wherein the glycidyl ether is selected from the group consisting of n-butyl glycidyl ether and 2-ethylhexylglycidyl ether. 14. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the UV-chromophore is selected from the group consisting of triazoles, camphors, dibenzoylmethanes, 4-aminobenzoic acid and alkane esters thereof, anthranilic acid and alkane esters thereof, salicylic acid and alkane esters thereof, hydroxycinnamic acid and alkane esters thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxybenzophenones and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxychalcones and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, dihydroxy-, dicarboxy-, and hydroxycarboxycoumarins and alkane ester or acid halide derivatives thereof, benzalmalonate, benzimidazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, 3-(3-(2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-2-yl)-5-(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl), 6-octyl-2-(4-(4,6-di([1,1\u2032-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate and trioctyl 2,2\u2032,2\u2033-(((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tris(3-hydroxybenzene-4,1-diyl))tris(oxy)) tripropanoate. 15. The polymer composition of claim 1, wherein the UV-chromophore is selected from the group consisting of a benzotriazole and a triazine. 16. The polymer composition of claim 1 having a polydispersity index of about 1.5 or less. 17. The polymer composition of claim 1 having a polydispersity index of about 1.2 or less. 18. The polymer composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer composition is the reaction product of a polyglycerol ester and a UV-chromophore having a functional group suitable for covalent attachment to said polyglycerol ester. 19. A composition comprising a cosmetically acceptable topical carrier and a polymer composition comprising a linear ultraviolet radiation absorbing polyether that comprises a chemically bound UV-chromophore.",
-    "A method for preconditioning various subsystems of an electrified vehicle according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, scheduling preconditioning of a battery pack, an interior cabin, a transmission and an engine of the electrified vehicle prior to a next expected usage time based at least on a weather forecast. 1. A method for preconditioning various subsystems of an electrified vehicle, comprising: scheduling preconditioning of a battery pack, an interior cabin, a transmission and an engine of the electrified vehicle prior to a next expected usage time based at least on a weather forecast. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein scheduling the preconditioning includes determining the next expected usage time associated with the electrified vehicle. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein determining the next expected usage time includes inferring the next expected usage time based on historical usage information associated with the electrified vehicle. 4. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein determining the next expected usage time includes receiving instructions from a user about a planned usage of the electrified vehicle. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising determining whether the electrified vehicle is on plug prior to scheduling the preconditioning. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising gathering temperature information from the various subsystems prior to scheduling the preconditioning. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising obtaining the weather forecast from a web-based server. 8. The method as recited in claim 7, comprising communicating with the web-based server over a cloud to obtain the weather forecast. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising actuating at least one touch point of the electrified vehicle based at least on the next expected usage time and the weather forecast. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, wherein the at least one touch point includes a steering wheel, a seat, a window, a mirror or a gear shift. 11. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising actuating a conditioning device of each of the battery pack, the engine, the transmission and the interior cabin at a scheduled time after scheduling the preconditioning. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising prioritizing preconditioning of one of the engine, the battery pack, the interior cabin and the transmission over the other of the engine, the battery pack, the interior cabin and the transmission. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising adjusting a temperature of an engine coolant such that the temperature is within a desired operating range at a scheduled time after scheduling the preconditioning. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising adjusting a temperature of a transmission fluid such that the temperature is within a desired operating range at a scheduled time after scheduling the preconditioning. 15. The method as recited in claim 1, comprising adjusting a temperature of the battery pack such that the temperature is within a desired operating range at a scheduled time after scheduling the preconditioning. 16. An electrified vehicle, comprising: a plurality of vehicle subsystems; a plurality of touch points; and a control system configured with instructions for preconditioning said plurality of vehicle subsystems and actuating said plurality of touch points prior to a next expected usage time based at least on a weather forecast. 17. The electrified vehicle as recited in claim 16, wherein said plurality of vehicle subsystems include at least an engine, a battery pack, a transmission and an interior cabin. 18. The electrified vehicle as recited in claim 16, wherein said plurality of touch points include at least a steering wheel, a vehicle seat, a gear shifter, a window defroster, and a side mirror. 19. The electrified vehicle as recited in claim 16, wherein each of said plurality of vehicle subsystems includes a sensor configured to monitor temperatures, said control system configured to monitor said temperatures for scheduling said preconditioning. 20. The electrified vehicle as recited in claim 16, wherein said control system includes a transceiver configured to communicate with a server over a cloud to obtain said weather forecast.",
-    "In an adjustment step, an adjustment purpose toner image is formed on an intermediate transfer belt, and the adjustment purpose toner image is removed from the intermediate transfer belt by a cleaning member contacting the intermediate transfer belt and through an electrostatic cleaning step. This adjustment step is executed in a state where a toner attachment amount on a charging member is switched from a first limit value, which is allowed in the image forming step to a second limit value, which is allowed immediately before executing the adjustment step. This switching is performed by the execution of a toner discharging step, where a power supply changes the state of applying voltage to the charging member from that in the electrostatic cleaning step, so that toner attached to the charging member is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: an image bearing member configured to bear a toner image that is formed by an electrostatic latent image being developed using toner; an intermediate transfer belt configured such that a toner image is transferred from the image bearing member; a cleaning member configured to remove toner from the intermediate transfer belt by contacting the intermediate transfer belt; a charging member configured to charge toner borne on the intermediate transfer belt; and a power supply configured to apply voltage, which is required for the charging member to charge toner, to the charging member, wherein the image forming apparatus can execute: an image forming step in which an image is formed on a recording material by transferring a toner image, which is transferred from the image bearing member to the intermediate transfer belt, to the recording material; an electrostatic cleaning step in which the power supply applies voltage, which has reversed polarity of the polarity used upon charging toner to develop an electrostatic latent image, to the charging member, and the charging member charges the toner borne on the intermediate transfer belt to have the reversed polarity so that the toner is transferred from the intermediate transfer belt to the image bearing member, and the toner is removed from the intermediate transfer belt; a toner discharging step in which the power supply changes a state of applying voltage to the charging member from that in the electrostatic cleaning step, so that the toner attached to the charging member is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt; and an adjustment step in which an adjustment-purpose toner image, which is not transferred to a recording material, is formed on the intermediate transfer belt, and the adjustment-purpose toner image is removed from the intermediate transfer belt by the cleaning member and through the electrostatic cleaning step, wherein the adjustment step is executed in a state where a toner attachment amount of the charging member is switched from a first limit value, which is allowed in the image forming step, to a second limit value, which is allowed immediately before executing the adjustment step, by the execution of the toner discharging step. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second limit value is a value by which the toner attachment amount immediately after the end of the adjustment step becomes the first limit value or less. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second limit value is a value lower than the first limit value. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the toner discharging step is performed by the power supply alternately switching a state of applying voltage to the charging member between a first state and a second state which is different from the first state, and the number of times when the power supply switches the voltage applying state is less in a first toner discharging step, which is executed immediately before the image forming step, than a second toner discharging step, which is executed immediately before the adjustment step. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the adjustment step is executed after executing the image forming step for a plurality of times, and the number of times of switching the voltage applying state in the first toner discharging step is the number of times that allows the toner attachment amount to be maintained so as not to reach the first limit value until the second toner discharging step is executed. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the number of times of switching in the first toner discharging step, which is executed immediately before each of the plurality of times of the image forming step, is the same each time. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the voltage value which the power supply applies to the charging member is different between the first state and the second state. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein one of the first state and the second state is a state of the power supply applying voltage to the charging member (ON), and the other is a state of the power supply not applying voltage to the charging member (OFF). 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the polarity of the voltage which power supply applies to the charging member is different between the first state and the second state. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: a cartridge configured to be detachable from an apparatus main body of the image forming apparatus and including the image bearing member; a developer bearing member configured to bear toner for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the image bearing member; a developer supplying member configured to supply toner to the developer bearing member; and a developer container configured to contain toner which the developer supplying member supplies to the developer bearing member, and further comprising: a detection unit configured to detect that the cartridge is new, wherein the adjustment step, which is initially executed after the detection unit detects that the cartridge is new, is executed in a state where the toner attachment amount is reduced, by the execution of the toner discharging step, to a third limit value or less that is allowed in a state immediately before the execution of the adjustment step which is initially executed. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the third limit value is a value by which the toner attachment amount, immediately after the end of the adjustment step initially executed, becomes the first limit value or less. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the number of times of the power supply switching the voltage applying state is higher in the third toner discharging step which is executed immediately before the adjustment step initially executed, than in the first toner discharging step which is executed immediately before the image forming step. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the number of times of the power supply switching the voltage applying state is higher in the third toner discharging step which is executed immediately before the adjustment step initially executed, than in the second toner discharging step which is executed immediately before the adjustment step which is executed thereafter. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the developer container includes: an opening for feeding the contained toner to the developer supplying member; and a sealing member which seals the opening when the cartridge is new, and which is removed from the opening to open the opening when the new cartridge is installed to the image forming apparatus main body, and the third toner discharging step, which is executed immediately before the adjustment step initially executed, is executed during the sealing member is being removed from the opening. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment-purpose toner image is a toner image for adjusting an image density or for adjusting an image position.",
-    "A dataset is searched using inclusion set criteria to produce an inclusion set and exclusion set criteria to produce an exclusion set. A set of unique content elements is identified from the inclusion set and the exclusion set. Metrics are derived from the inclusion set, exclusion set, and set of unique content elements, such as a measure, for each unique content element, of the absolute value of the difference between the percentage of records in the inclusion set containing the unique content element and the percentage of records in the exclusion set containing the unique content element. The unique content element set may be sorted and displayed in decreasing order of the above-referenced absolute value. The content element set may be filtered. Individual content elements may be excluded from the content set. A predictive model may be generated based on the resulting version of the content element set. 1. A method performed by at least one computer processor, the method comprising: (A) searching a first dataset for elements matching inclusion set criteria to identify an inclusion set, wherein the inclusion set comprises a first subset of the first dataset; (B) searching the first dataset for elements matching exclusion set criteria to identify an exclusion set, wherein the exclusion set comprises a second subset of the first dataset; (C) identifying a set of unique content elements selected from a group consisting of the inclusion set and the exclusion set; (D) sorting the set of unique content elements to produce a sorted set of unique content elements, wherein (D) comprises, for each of the unique content elements E: (D) (1) identifying a percentage IP of records in the inclusion set containing element E; (D) (2) identifying a percentage EP of records in the exclusion set containing element E; (D) (3) identifying an absolute value |IP-EP| of a difference between IP and EP; and (D) (4) sorting the set of unique content elements in accordance with the absolute value |IP-EP| of the unique content elements in the set of unique content elements to produce the sorted set of unique content elements; (E) filtering, from the sorted set of unique content elements, all but the first N elements in the sorted set of unique content elements to produce a filtered set of unique content elements; and (F) producing a predictive model based on a final set of unique content elements produced from the filtered set. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (G) before (E), receiving input representing N from a user. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (H) before (F), excluding at least one content element from the filtered set of unique content elements to produce the final set of unique content elements. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein (H) comprises: (H) (1) providing output to a user representing at least some of the filtered set of unique content elements. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein (H) further comprises: (H) (2) receiving input from a user specifying the at least one content element to exclude from the filtered set of unique content elements. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of unique content elements includes at least one discrete content element. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of unique content elements includes at least one free-form text content element. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of unique content elements includes at least one concept content element. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the set of unique content elements further includes at least one discrete content element. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the set of unique content elements further includes at least one free-form text content element. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the unique content elements is not in the inclusion set. 12. The method of claim 1, where at least one of the unique content elements is not in the exclusion set. 13. The method of claim 12, where at least one of the unique content elements is not in the inclusion set. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (I) applying the predictive model to a second dataset to produce a subset of the second dataset which are predicted by the predictive model to satisfy the inclusion set criteria. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the exclusion set criteria represent the logical complement of the inclusion set criteria. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer program instructions which are executable by at least one computer processor to perform a method, the method comprising: (A) searching a first dataset for elements matching inclusion set criteria to identify an inclusion set, wherein the inclusion set comprises a first subset of the first dataset; (B) searching the first dataset for elements matching exclusion set criteria to identify an exclusion set, wherein the exclusion set comprises a second subset of the first dataset; (C) identifying a set of unique content elements selected from a group consisting of the inclusion set and the exclusion set; (D) sorting the set of unique content elements to produce a sorted set of unique content elements, wherein (D) comprises, for each of the unique content elements E: (D) (1) identifying a percentage IP of records in the inclusion set containing element E; (D) (2) identifying a percentage EP of records in the exclusion set containing element E; (D) (3) identifying an absolute value |IP-EP| of a difference between IP and EP; and (D) (4) sorting the set of unique content elements in accordance with the absolute value |IP-EP| of the unique content elements in the set of unique content elements to produce the sorted set of unique content elements; (E) filtering, from the sorted set of unique content elements, all but the first N elements in the sorted set of unique content elements to produce a filtered set of unique content elements; and (F) producing a predictive model based on a final set of unique content elements produced from the filtered set. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, further comprising: (G) before (E), receiving input representing N from a user. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, further comprising: (H) before (F), excluding at least one content element from the filtered set of unique content elements to produce the final set of unique content elements. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein (H) comprises: (H) (1) providing output to a user representing at least some of the filtered set of unique content elements. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein (H) further comprises: (H) (2) receiving input from a user specifying the at least one content element to exclude from the filtered set of unique content elements. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the set of unique content elements includes at least one discrete content element. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the set of unique content elements includes at least one free-form text content element. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the set of unique content elements includes at least one concept content element. 24. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the set of unique content elements further includes at least one discrete content element. 25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 23, wherein the set of unique content elements further includes at least one free-form text content element. 26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein at least one of the unique content elements is not in the inclusion set. 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, where at least one of the unique content elements is not in the exclusion set. 28. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 27, where at least one of the unique content elements is not in the inclusion set. 29. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, further comprising: (I) applying the predictive model to a second dataset to produce a subset of the second dataset which are predicted by the predictive model to satisfy the inclusion set criteria. 30. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the exclusion set criteria represent the logical complement of the inclusion set criteria. 31. The method of claim 1, wherein (D) (4) comprises sorting the set of unique content elements in descending order. 32. The method of claim 14, wherein (I) comprises: (I) (1) applying the predictive model to the second dataset including one or more content elements not contained within the first dataset to produce a predicted subset of the second dataset; (I) (2) displaying the predicted subset of the second dataset to a user and receiving feedback from the user regarding correctness of the predicted subset; (I) (3) based on the user feedback, identifying additional content elements from the predicted subset to produce a modified set of unique content elements; and (I) (4) generating a modified predictive model based on the modified set of unique content elements. 33. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein (D) (4) comprises sorting the set of unique content elements in descending order. 34. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 29, wherein (I) comprises: (I) (1) applying the predictive model to the second dataset including one or more content elements not contained within the first dataset to produce a predicted subset of the second dataset; (I) (2) displaying the predicted subset of the second dataset to a user and receiving feedback from the user regarding correctness of the predicted subset; (I) (3) based on the user feedback, identifying additional content elements from the predicted subset to produce a modified set of unique content elements; and (I) (4) generating a modified predictive model based on the modified set of unique content elements. 35. A method performed by at least one computer processor, the method comprising: (A) searching a first dataset for elements matching inclusion set criteria to identify an inclusion set, wherein the inclusion set comprises a first subset of the first dataset; (B) searching the first dataset for elements matching exclusion set criteria to identify an exclusion set, wherein the exclusion set comprises a second subset of the first dataset; (C) identifying a set of unique content elements selected from the inclusion set and the exclusion set; (D) sorting the set of unique content elements in accordance with an absolute percentage difference value for each of the unique content elements to produce a sorted set of unique content elements; (E) filtering, from the sorted set of unique content elements, all but the first N elements in the sorted set of unique content elements to produce a filtered set of unique content elements; and (F) producing a predictive model based on the final set of unique content elements. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein (D) comprises calculating the absolute percentage difference value for one of the unique content elements by taking an absolute value of a difference between a first percentage of records in the inclusion set containing said one of the unique content elements and a second percentage of records in the exclusion set containing said one of the unique content elements. 37. The method of claim 35, further comprising: (G) applying the predictive model to a second dataset to produce a subset of the second dataset which are predicted by the predictive model to satisfy the inclusion set criteria. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein (G) comprises: (G) (1) applying the predictive model to the second dataset including one or more content elements not contained within the first dataset to produce a predicted subset of the second dataset; (G) (2) displaying the predicted subset of the second dataset to a user and receiving feedback from the user regarding correctness of the predicted subset; (G) (3) based on the user feedback, identifying additional content elements from the predicted subset to produce a modified set of unique content elements; and (G) (4) generating a modified predictive model based on the modified set of unique content elements. 39. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer program instructions which are executable by at least one computer processor to perform a method, the method comprising: (A) searching a first dataset for elements matching inclusion set criteria to identify an inclusion set, wherein the inclusion set comprises a first subset of the first dataset; (B) searching the first dataset for elements matching exclusion set criteria to identify an exclusion set, wherein the exclusion set comprises a second subset of the first dataset; (C) identifying a set of unique content elements selected from the inclusion set and the exclusion set; (D) sorting the set of unique content elements in accordance with an absolute percentage difference value for each of the unique content elements to produce a sorted set of unique content elements; (E) filtering, from the sorted set of unique content elements, all but the first N elements in the sorted set of unique content elements to produce a filtered set of unique content elements; and (F) producing a predictive model based on the final set of unique content elements. 40. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 39, wherein (D) comprises calculating the absolute percentage difference value for one of the unique content elements by taking an absolute value of a difference between a first percentage of records in the inclusion set containing said one of the unique content elements and a second percentage of records in the exclusion set containing said one of the unique content elements. 41. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 39, further comprising: (G) applying the predictive model to a second dataset to produce a subset of the second dataset which are predicted by the predictive model to satisfy the inclusion set criteria. 42. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 41, wherein (G) comprises: (G) (1) applying the predictive model to the second dataset including one or more content elements not contained within the first dataset to produce a predicted subset of the second dataset; (G) (2) displaying the predicted subset of the second dataset to a user and receiving feedback from the user regarding correctness of the predicted subset; (G) (3) based on the user feedback, identifying additional content elements from the predicted subset to produce a modified set of unique content elements; and (G) (4) generating a modified predictive model based on the modified set of unique content elements.",
-    "An apparatus comprising a plurality of lenses and a frame. The plurality of lenses may be arranged to provide coverage for a spherical field of view of a scene surrounding the apparatus and each have an optical axis directed to provide coverage for a respective area of the spherical field of view. The frame may be configured to hold a first subset of the plurality of lenses and a second subset of the plurality of lenses. At least one of the lenses in the first subset and at least one of the lenses in the second subset are neighboring lenses. An orientation of at least two of the neighboring lenses is configured to reduce parallax effects when the spherical field of view is recorded using the plurality of lenses. The parallax effects are reduced by configuring the optical axes of the neighboring lenses to not intersect. 1. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of lenses (i) arranged to provide coverage for a spherical field of view of a scene surrounding the apparatus and (ii) each having an optical axis directed to provide coverage for a respective area of said spherical field of view; and a frame configured to hold (A) a first subset of said plurality of lenses and (B) a second subset of said plurality of lenses, wherein (i) at least one of said lenses in said first subset and at least one of said lenses in said second subset are neighboring lenses, (ii) an orientation of at least two of said neighboring lenses is configured to reduce parallax effects when said spherical field of view is recorded using said plurality of lenses and (iii) said parallax effects are reduced by configuring said optical axes of said neighboring lenses to not intersect. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said frame is configured as a unibody design. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said frame comprises (i) a first base comprising said first subset of said plurality of lenses and (ii) a second base comprising said second subset of said plurality of lenses. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the parallax effects are reduced by positioning a center of projection of each of said plurality of lenses close to a common location. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein at least one of said lenses in said first subset and one of said lenses in said second subset are tilted to reduce a distance between said centers of projection of said one of said lenses in said first subset and said one of said lenses in said second subset and said common location. 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said center of projection of one of said plurality of lenses represents a focal point of a camera. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus comprises an optical assembly configured to capture raw data for a plurality of video processors. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said lenses in said first subset and said lenses in said second subset are at least one of (a) positioned orthogonally in reference to each other, (b) tilted in vertically opposite directions and (c) displaced in reference to each other. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a distance between a center of projection of one of said lenses in said first subset and a center of projection of one of said lenses in said second subset is less than a distance between centers of projection of two of said lenses in said first subset. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said distance between said center of projection of one of said lenses in said first subset and said center of projection of one of said lenses in said second subset decreases based on an angle of inclination. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein centers of projection for said plurality of lenses are all located in a common horizontal plane. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said spherical field of view is recorded by performing video stitching operations on video signals captured using said plurality of lenses. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said parallax effect causes visual artifacts at overlapping areas of said video signals after performing said video stitching operations. 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein (i) a first lens in said first subset and a second lens in said first subset are aimed in opposite directions along a first axis and (ii) a first lens in said second subset and a second lens in said second subset are aimed in opposite directions along a second axis. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first subset and said second subset each comprise two video cameras. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said respective area covered by one of said lenses in said first subset and said respective area covered by one of said lenses in said second subset has an overlapping area. 17. An apparatus comprising a plurality of lenses arranged to: (A) provide coverage for a spherical field of view of a scene surrounding the apparatus, wherein (i) each of said plurality of lenses has an optical axis directed to provide coverage for a respective area of said spherical field of view and (ii) any two of said plurality of lenses are considered neighboring lenses when said respective areas covered by said neighboring lenses have an overlapping area; and (B) reduce parallax effects associated with said overlapping area when said spherical field of view is recorded using said plurality of lenses, wherein said parallax effects are reduced by configuring said optical axes to not intersect for said neighboring lenses that have a largest size of said overlapping area. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said neighboring lenses that have a largest size of said overlapping area are two of said lenses having a distance less than or equal to any other pair of said lenses. 19. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of lenses arranged to provide coverage for a spherical field of view of a scene surrounding the apparatus; a first base configured to hold (i) a first of said plurality of lenses and (ii) a second of said plurality of lenses; and a second base configured to hold (i) a third of said plurality of lenses and (ii) a fourth of said plurality of lenses, wherein (i) said first and second lenses are positioned horizontally opposite on a first axis, (ii) said third and fourth lenses are positioned horizontally opposite on a second axis (iii) said first axis and said second axis are orthogonal with respect to each other and (iv) an orientation of said first lens, said second lens, said third lens and said fourth lens is configured to reduce parallax effects when said spherical field of view is recorded using said plurality of lenses. 20. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein (i) said horizontally opposite position comprises two of said lenses having an orientation 180 degrees apart when projected to a horizontal plane.",
-    "A nonvolatile semiconductor memory includes an electrically data rewritable or erasable memory cell. The memory cell includes a tunnel insulating film provided on a semiconductor substrate; a floating gate provided on the tunnel insulating film; a first insulating film provided on the floating gate; an interlayer film containing a metal provided on the first insulating film; a second insulating film provided on the interlayer film; a high dielectric constant insulating film provided on the second insulating film; and a gate electrode provided on the high dielectric constant insulating film. 1. A nonvolatile semiconductor storage device comprising an electrically data rewritable or erasable memory cell, wherein the memory cell comprises: a tunnel insulating film provided on a semiconductor substrate; a floating gate provided on the tunnel insulating film; a first insulating film provided on the floating gate; an interlayer film containing a metal provided on the first insulating film; a second insulating film provided on the interlayer film; a high dielectric constant insulating film provided on the second insulating film; and a gate electrode provided on the high dielectric constant insulating film. 2. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the interlayer film is a metal layer containing a metal as a main constituent or a silicide layer formed by silicidation of the metal. 3. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 2, wherein the metal is any of tungsten, ruthenium, iridium, titanium and tantalum. 4. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the metal layer has the shape of a sheet or nano dots. 5. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the floating gate contains silicon as a main constituent. 6. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the floating gate is an amorphous silicon film or a polycrystal silicon film. 7. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the high dielectric constant insulating film contains hafnium as a main constituent. 8. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first insulating film is a silicon nitride film or an aluminum oxide film. 9. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the second insulating film is a silicon nitride film or a silicon oxide film. 10. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device is a NAND flash memory. 11. A method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device comprising an electrically data rewritable or erasable memory cell, the method comprising: forming a tunnel insulating film on a semiconductor substrate; forming a floating gate on the tunnel insulating film; forming a first insulating film on the floating gate and an interlayer film containing a metal on the first insulating film; forming a second insulating film on the interlayer film; forming a high dielectric constant insulating film on the second insulating film; and forming a gate electrode on the high dielectric constant insulating film. 12. A method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device comprising an electrically data rewritable or erasable memory cell, the method comprising: forming a tunnel insulating film on a semiconductor substrate; forming a floating gate on the tunnel insulating film; forming a first insulating film on the floating gate; forming an amorphous silicon layer on the first insulating film; forming a metal layer containing a metal on the amorphous silicon layer; forming a silicide layer by silicidation of the metal layer by an annealing processing and forming a second insulating film on the silicide layer; forming a high dielectric constant insulating film on the second insulating film; and forming a gate electrode on the high dielectric constant insulating film. 13. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 12, wherein the metal is any of tungsten, ruthenium, iridium, titanium and tantalum. 14. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the metal layer has the shape of a sheet or nano dots. 15. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the floating gate contains silicon as a main constituent. 16. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the floating gate is an amorphous silicon film or a polycrystal silicon film. 17. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the high dielectric constant insulating film contains hafnium as a main constituent. 18. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the first insulating film is a silicon nitride film or an aluminum oxide film. 19. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the second insulating film is a silicon nitride film or a silicon oxide film. 20. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 11, wherein the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device is a NAND flash memory.",
-    "The present technology relates to the production and recovery of acetic acid. The recovery processes may include providing a first process stream including acetic acid and greater than 250 ppm of propionic acid; separating at least a portion of the propionic acid from the acetic acid within the first process stream to provide an acetic acid stream including acetic acid and less than 250 ppm of propionic acid and a bottoms stream including propionic acid and acetic acid; reacting the bottoms stream to form a product stream including components of respectively lower boiling points than corresponding components in the bottoms stream; and separating components of the product stream to form an overhead stream including one or more acetates and a bottoms stream including one or more propionates. 1. An acetic acid production process comprising: contacting methanol, carbon monoxide and optionally methyl acetate in the presence of a reaction medium comprising a carbonylation catalyst under carbonylation conditions sufficient to form a carbonylation product comprising acetic acid; and recovering acetic acid from the carbonylation product, wherein the recovering acetic acid comprises: flashing the carbonylation product to form a vapor fraction and a liquid fraction; separating components in the vapor fraction to form a first overhead stream, a first acetic acid stream and a first bottoms stream; drying the acetic acid stream to remove water therefrom, forming a water stream and a second acetic acid stream; separating components in the second acetic acid stream to form an acetic acid product stream and a second bottoms stream; contacting the second bottoms stream with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst under esterification conditions sufficient to form an esterification product stream comprising alkyl acetate and alkyl propionate; and separating at least a portion of the alkyl acetate from the alkyl propionate within the esterification product stream to form a second overhead stream comprising alkyl acetate and a third bottoms stream comprising alkyl propionate. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the second acetic acid stream comprises from 250 ppm to 2000 ppm propionic acid. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the second acetic acid stream comprises 500 ppm or less water. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising recycling one or more streams selected from the liquid fraction, the first bottoms stream, the water stream, the second overhead stream and combinations thereof to the carbonylation reaction. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the acid catalyst is selected from mineral acids, ion exchange resins, acidic zeolites, heteropolyacids and combinations thereof. 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the mineral acids are selected from nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, methane sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid and combinations thereof. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the acid catalyst comprises a heterogeneous ion exchange resin. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the acid catalyst is in liquid phase, soluble solid phase or solid phase. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein from 0.01 wt. % to 5 wt. % acid catalyst (based on the total weight of acetic acid, acid catalyst and propionic acid) contacts the second bottoms stream. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the alcohol contacts the second bottoms stream in a molar equivalent of from 1:1 to 9:1 (based on the total molarity of acetic acid and propionic acid). 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the alcohol comprises methanol. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the second bottoms stream comprises from 2 wt. % to 20 wt. % propionic acid. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein the carbonylation conditions comprise a temperature of from 150\u00b0 C. to 250\u00b0 C. and a pressure of from 200 psig (1380 kPa) to 2000 psig (13800 kPa). 14. The process of claim 1, wherein the esterification conditions comprises a temperature of from 30\u00b0 C. to 80\u00b0 C. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein alcohol contacts the second bottoms stream within a packed bed reactive distillation column. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the third bottoms stream comprises less than 2 wt. % alkyl acetate. 17. An acetic acid separation process comprising: providing a first process stream comprising acetic acid and greater than 250 ppm of propionic acid; separating at least a portion of the propionic acid from the acetic acid within the first process stream to provide an acetic acid product stream comprising acetic acid and less than 250 ppm of propionic acid and a bottoms stream comprising propionic acid and acetic acid; contacting the bottoms stream with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst selected from mineral acids, ion exchange resins, acidic zeolites, heteropolyacids and combinations thereof to form a methanolysis product stream comprising methyl acetate and methyl propionate; and separating at least a portion of the methyl acetate from the methyl propionate within the methanolysis product stream to form an overhead stream comprising methyl acetate and a bottoms stream comprising methyl propionate. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the mineral acids are selected from nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, methane sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid and combinations thereof. 19. An acetic acid separation process comprising: providing a first process stream comprising acetic acid and greater than 250 ppm of propionic acid; separating at least a portion of the propionic acid from the acetic acid within the first process stream to provide an acetic acid stream comprising acetic acid and less than 250 ppm of propionic acid and a bottoms stream comprising propionic acid and acetic acid; reacting the bottoms stream to form a product stream comprising components of respectively lower boiling points than corresponding components in the bottoms stream; and separating components of the product stream to form an overhead stream comprising one or more acetates and a bottoms stream comprising one or more propionates. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein the reacting comprises contacting the bottoms stream with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst acid catalyst selected from mineral acids, ion exchange resins, acidic zeolites, heteropolyacids and combinations thereof at a concentration of 0.01 wt. % to 5 wt. % acid catalyst (based on the total weight of acetic acid, acid catalyst and propionic acid) to form the product stream comprising methyl acetate and methyl propionate.",
-    "A temperature of a vehicle propulsion subsystem is measured. At least two countermeasures are actuated, including actuating a vehicle climate control subsystem and opening at least one vehicle window when the temperature exceeds a first threshold. 1. A system, comprising a computer including a processor and a memory, the memory storing instructions executable by the computer to: measure a temperature of a vehicle propulsion subsystem; and actuate at least two countermeasures including actuating a vehicle climate control subsystem and opening at least one vehicle window when the temperature exceeds a first threshold. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem and opening a vehicle hood. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to actuate opening the vehicle window when one of a precipitation sensor detects that there is substantially no precipitation and an occupant sensor detects that the vehicle is unoccupied. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem and the instructions further include instructions to actuate an electric coolant subsystem to circulate a propulsion coolant when the propulsion subsystem is deactivated. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem and the instructions further include instructions to move the vehicle to a safe stopping zone before deactivating the propulsion system and opening the vehicle hood. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to determine whether the vehicle is occupied and to actuate the climate control system only when the vehicle is not occupied. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem and opening a vehicle hood, and the instructions include instructions to actuate the countermeasures in a predetermined sequence, the sequence being actuating the climate control subsystem, opening the vehicle window, moving to a safe stopping zone and deactivating the propulsion system, and opening the vehicle hood. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to actuate another countermeasure when the temperature exceeds a second threshold. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further include instructions to actuate another countermeasure when the temperature exceeds the first threshold for a predetermined period of time. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the temperature is at least one of a cylinder head temperature and an engine coolant temperature. 11. A method, comprising: measuring a temperature of a propulsion subsystem; and actuating at least two countermeasures including actuating a vehicle climate control subsystem and opening at least one vehicle window when the temperature exceeds a first threshold. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem and opening a vehicle hood. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising actuating the countermeasure of opening the vehicle window when one of a precipitation sensor detects that there is substantially no precipitation and an occupant sensor detects that the vehicle is unoccupied. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem, further comprising actuating an electric coolant subsystem to circulate a propulsion coolant when the propulsion subsystem is deactivated. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem, further comprising moving the vehicle to a safe stopping zone before deactivating the propulsion system and opening the vehicle hood. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining whether the vehicle is occupied and to actuate the climate control system only when the vehicle is not occupied. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the countermeasures further include deactivating the propulsion subsystem and opening a vehicle hood, further comprising actuating the countermeasures in a predetermined sequence, the sequence being actuating the climate control subsystem, opening the vehicle window, moving to a safe stopping zone and deactivating the propulsion system, and opening the vehicle hood. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising actuating another countermeasure when the temperature exceeds a second threshold. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising actuating another countermeasure when the temperature exceeds the first threshold for a predetermined period of time. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the temperature is at least one of a cylinder head temperature and an engine coolant temperature.",
-    "The disclosure shows a control circuit for backlight, a control method and a liquid crystal display device. The control circuit includes a display driving chip used to generate a video frame data enable signal and a first PWM signal; a pulse width modulation control circuit for receiving the video frame data enable signal and the first PWM signal, and modulating a duty ratio of the first PWM signal under the video frame data enable signal control to get a second PWM signal; a backlight driving chip for receiving the second PWM signal, and controlling brightness of the backlight based on the second PWM signal to increase brightness of the backlight during a frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal. Decreasing brightness in liquid crystal display device caused by leakage characteristic of thin film transistor is solved through the disclosure to achieve consistent brightness. 1. A control circuit for backlight, comprising: a display driving chip used to generate a video frame data enable signal and a first PWM signal; a pulse width modulation control circuit for receiving the video frame data enable signal and the first PWM signal, and modulating a duty ratio of the first PWM signal under the video frame data enable signal control to get a second PWM signal; a backlight driving chip for receiving the second PWM signal, and controlling brightness of the backlight based on the second PWM signal to increase brightness of the backlight during a frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal. 2. The control circuit according to claim 1, wherein a duty ratio of the second PWM signal is larger than the duty ratio of the first PWM signal during the frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal. 3. The control circuit according to claim 2, wherein a duty cycle of the second PWM signal is the same as a duty cycle of the first PWM signal during the frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal; wherein, the duration of the frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal is integer times of duty cycle of the first PWM signal or duty cycle of the second PWM signal. 4. The control circuit according to claim 2, wherein the duty ratio of the second PWM signal is the same as the duty ratio of the first PWM signal during a frame data enable period of the video frame data enable signal. 5. The control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the control circuit further comprises a signal generator, and the signal generator is used to generate a video frame signal; wherein, the display driving chip connects to the signal generator for generating the video frame data enable signal and the first PWM signal under the video frame signal control. 6. A liquid crystal display device, wherein the liquid crystal display device comprises the backlight of the control circuit according to claim 1. 7. A controlling method for backlight, wherein the controlling method comprises: receiving a video frame data enable signal and a first PWM signal, and modulating a duty ratio of the first PWM signal under the video frame data enable signal control to obtain a second PWM signal; controlling brightness of the backlight based on the second PWM signal to increase brightness of the backlight during a frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal. 8. The controlling method according to claim 7, wherein steps of modulating the duty ratio of the first PWM signal to obtain the second PWM signal under the video frame data enable signal control is specifically: starting to modulate the duty ratio of the first PWM signal to obtain the second PWM signal in order that a duty ratio of the second PWM signal is larger than the duty ratio of the first PWM signal when the video data enable signal get into the frame data disable period; stopping modulating the operation of the duty ratio of the first PWM signal to make the first PWM signal and the second PWM signal joint when the video data enable signal get into a frame data enable period from the frame data disable period. 9. The controlling method according to claim 7, wherein steps of controlling brightness of the backlight based on the second PWM signal to increase brightness of the backlight located in a frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal is specifically: providing an output current for the backlight based on the duty ratio of the second PWM signal to increase the output current for the backlight during the frame data disable period of the video frame data enable signal. 10. The controlling method according to claim 7, wherein before obtaining the video frame data enable signal and the first PWM signal, the method further comprises steps: receiving the video frame signal; generating the video frame data enable signal and the first PWM signal under the video frame signal control.",
-    "An apparatus and method are provided for controlling debugging of program instructions executed on processing circuitry, where the program instructions include a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data, with the processing circuitry then committing the updates if the transaction completes without a conflict. In addition to the processing circuitry, the apparatus has control storage for storing stepping control data used to control operation of the processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is responsive to the stepping control data having a first value to operate in a single stepping mode, where the processing circuitry initiates a debug event following execution of each instruction. However, if the stepping control data has a second value, the processing circuitry instead is arranged to operate in a step over transaction mode, where the processing circuitry is arranged, when executing the number of program instructions within the transaction, to suppress initiation of the debug event until the transaction has completed. By enabling the processing circuitry to operate in the step over transaction mode, this can avoid probe effects being introduced by debug activity during the execution of the program instructions of a transaction. 1. An apparatus comprising: processing circuitry to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; and control storage to store stepping control data used to control operation of the processing circuitry; the processing circuitry being responsive to the stepping control data having a first value to operate in a single stepping mode, where the processing circuitry initiates a debug event following execution of each instruction; the processing circuitry being responsive to the stepping control data having a second value to operate in a step over transaction mode, where the processing circuitry is arranged, when executing the number of program instructions within the transaction, to suppress initiation of the debug event until the transaction has completed. 2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the stepping control data has said second value, the processing circuitry is arranged, when executing an instruction not in said transaction, to initiate the debug event following execution of that instruction. 3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the stepping control data has said second value, the processing circuitry is arranged to set as pending the debug event when a first instruction in said transaction is executed, and to initiate that debug event when the transaction has completed. 4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stepping control data comprises stepping enable data and configuration data, when the stepping enable data has a value indicating that stepping is enabled, the configuration data indicating whether said stepping control data has said first value or said second value. 5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein said configuration data comprises a configuration bit which is set to indicate that the stepping enable data has said second value, and is cleared to indicate that the stepping enable data has said first value. 6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control storage comprises a plurality of control registers, at least one control register in said plurality being used to store the stepping control data. 7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein said at least one control register is settable to one of said first value, said second value, and a third value indicating that stepping is not enabled. 8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: transaction tracking circuitry to track whether the processing circuitry is executing an instruction within said transaction or an instruction outside said transaction, the processing circuitry referencing said transaction tracking circuitry when operating in said step over transaction mode. 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the program instructions executed by the processing circuitry include a plurality of nested transactions, the processing circuitry being arranged, when in said step over transaction mode, to suppress initiation of the debug event until the plurality of nested transactions have completed. 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: transaction tracking circuitry to track whether the processing circuitry is executing an instruction within said transaction or an instruction outside said transaction, the processing circuitry referencing said transaction tracking circuitry when operating in said step over transaction mode; wherein the transaction tracking circuitry maintains at least one counter to track progress through the plurality of nested transactions, so as to enable the processing circuitry to determine when the plurality of nested transactions have completed, and hence when the debug event is to be initiated. 11. A method of operating an apparatus comprising: employing processing circuitry to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; storing stepping control data used to control operation of the processing circuitry; responsive to the stepping control data having a first value, operating the processing circuitry in a single stepping mode, where the processing circuitry initiates a debug event following execution of each instruction; and responsive to the stepping control data having a second value, operating the processing circuitry in a step over transaction mode, where the processing circuitry is arranged, when executing the number of program instructions within the transaction, to suppress initiation of the debug event until the transaction has completed. 12. A debug control method, comprising: employing processing circuitry to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; causing said processing circuitry to execute an instruction from said program instructions, to store syndrome information in a data storage location at least if the instruction is a first instruction of the transaction, and to initiate a debug event; responsive to said debug event, performing within a debugger the following steps: determining from said syndrome information whether said instruction is the first instruction of said transaction; and on determining that said instruction is the first instruction of said transaction, analysing the transaction to determine at least one exit point from said transaction, issuing breakpoint information for said at least one exit point as control data for said processing circuitry, and triggering the processing circuitry to resume execution of said program instructions starting with said first instruction of said transaction. 13. A debug control method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising: on determining that said instruction is not a first instruction of said transaction, performing using said debugger a debug operation required by the debug event. 14. A debug control method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising: operating the processing circuitry in a single step mode of operation when executing said instruction; and on determining that said instruction is a first instruction of said transaction, causing the single step mode to be exited before the processing circuitry resumes execution of said program instructions starting with said first instruction of said transaction. 15. A debug control method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising: storing control data within control storage accessible to the processing circuitry, the control data indicating whether a single step mode is set to cause the processing circuitry to execute said instruction, and further including said breakpoint information issued by the debugger. 16. A debug control method as claimed in claim 12, wherein: each exit point has an associated program counter value, and the breakpoint information comprises an indication of that associated program counter value. 17. A debug control method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the debugger triggers the processing circuitry to resume execution of said program instructions starting with said first instruction of said transaction by: rewinding a program counter value used to identify a next instruction to be executed by the processing circuitry so that the program counter value identifies as said next instruction the first instruction of said transaction, and then triggering the processing circuitry to resume execution of said program instructions. 18. A debugger apparatus for debugging processing circuitry used to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict, the debugger apparatus comprising: syndrome analysis circuitry, responsive to a debug event initiated by said processing circuitry on executing an instruction from said program instructions and storing in a data storage location syndrome information at least if the instruction is a first instruction of the transaction, to determine from said syndrome information whether said instruction is the first instruction of said transaction; and breakpoint determination circuitry, responsive to the syndrome analysis circuitry determining that said instruction is the first instruction of said transaction, to analyse the transaction to determine at least one exit point from said transaction, to issue breakpoint information for said at least one exit point as control data for said processing circuitry, and to trigger the processing circuitry to resume execution of said program instructions starting with said first instruction of said transaction. 19. An apparatus to be analysed by a debugger, comprising: processing circuitry to execute program instructions including a transaction comprising a number of program instructions that execute to generate updates to state data and to commit said updates if said transaction completes without a conflict; and control storage to store control data used to control operation of the processing circuitry; the processing circuitry being responsive to the control data identifying a single stepping mode, to execute an instruction from said program instructions, to store syndrome information in a data storage location at least if the instruction is a first instruction of the transaction, and to initiate a debug event. 20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 19, wherein the processing circuitry is subsequently responsive to a debugger providing breakpoint information identifying at least one exit point from said transaction and disabling the single stepping mode, to begin executing said program instructions starting with said first instruction of said transaction, such that a breakpoint is triggered when said at least one exit point is encountered during execution of said program instructions.",
-    "The MOBILE DEVICES AND RELATED METHODS FOR FACILITATING CAREER SEARCHES ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB (\u201cPAVE\u2122 apparatuses, methods, systems, programs and interfaces\u201d) transform user input into profile pages, a social networking platform, and provide tools to facilitate career searches and planning on the world wide web. 1. A computing device having one or more processors, memory, a display screen and one or more programs, the device further including at least one accelerometer, at least one antenna and at least one transceiver in operable communication with the antenna, said at least one transceiver being configured to effectuate wireless transmission and reception of communication and/or sensor protocols and being configured to connect to a WiLink WL1283 transceiver chip providing at least two of 802.11n, Bluetooth 3.0 and GPS permitting the one or more processors to determine the computing device's location, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions including: a) instructions for generating and displaying a graphical interface for receiving career input from a user via the at least one processor on a social media platform through an online profile established by the user on the social media platform; b) instructions for analyzing the career input from via the at least one processor by comparing the career input from the prospect with benchmark career data in a database based at least in part on GPS data obtained via the transceiver chip; and c) instructions for generating and displaying a graphical interface for displaying an evaluation via processor that summarizes the career prospects of the prospect. 2. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical user interface to permit the user to request a social media connection to another individual having a profile on the social media platform to permit the user to develop a personal network of connections within the social media platform. 3. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical user interface that permits the user to establish security settings for their online profile. 4. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying content from a web page in profile of the user. 5. The computing device of claim 4 wherein the content is a feed from the user's account on a different social networking platform. 6. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical input interface to permit a user to withhold their identity from other users of the social networking platform. 7. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the evaluation includes at least one future income scenario of the user based at least in part on the career input. 8. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the at least one future income scenario is recorded via a processor to a disclosure file in a database. 9. The computing device of claim 7, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical input interface to permit the user to manipulate an interactive tool that illustrates rates of return of different types of investments to the user via the at least one processor. 10. The computing device of claim 9, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions to permit the interactive tool to include a graphical user interface having a digital slider that can be dragged across a range from a first point to a second point via processor across the graphical user interface, wherein the range relates to the rate of return under the personal equity funding agreement. 11. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical interface to permit a user to generate income projections via processor, the income projections being based on (i) a career choice of the user, (ii) an undergraduate major choice of the user, (iii) a social security number of the user, (iv) an educational institution chosen by the user to attend, (v) a grade point average of the user, (vi) awards received by the user, and (v) a major area of study declared by the user. 12. The computing device of claim 1, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical interface to permit the user to receive at least one legal disclosure via processor from an administrator of the computer program. 13. The computing device of claim 12, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical interface to display a disclosure that describes at least one of: (i) the condition, background or future career prospects of the user, (ii) the risk of loss of any funds invested in the user, (iii) the degree to which the legality of any agreement entered into with the user may or may not be enforceable, (iv) potential tax consequences from investing in a user. 14. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the condition, background and future career prospects of the user are determined via a third party verification service via processor. 15. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the one or more programs further include instructions for generating and displaying a graphical interface to permit a user to view a recommendation delivered to the user via processor for the prospect to (i) learn another language, (ii) change a concentration of study, (iii) engage in further coursework, (iv) engage in a particular internship, (v) change educational institutions, (vi) pursue an additional degree, and (vii) change the geographic location in which the prospect wishes to work or reside.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a lead frame includes providing an electrically conductive layer having a plurality of holes at a top surface. The plurality of holes form a structure of leads and a die pad on the electrically conductive layer. The plurality of holes are filled with a non-conductive material. Next; an electrically conductive foil is attached on the top surface of the electrically conductive layer and the non-conductive epoxy material. The, the electrically conductive foil is etched to create a network of leads, die pad, bus lines, dam bars and tie lines, wherein the bus lines connect the leads to the dam bar, the dam bar is connected to the tie line and the tie line is connected to the die pad. 1. A semiconductor package comprising: an electrically conductive layer having a plurality of holes at a top surface, wherein said plurality of holes are filled with a non-conductive material; an electrically conductive foil on said top surface of said electrically conductive layer and said non-conductive material, wherein said electrically conductive foil creates a network of leads, die pad, bus lines, dam bars and tie lines, wherein said bus lines connect said leads to said dam bar, said dam bar is connected to said tie line and said tie line is connected to said die pad; and a semiconductor die attached to said die pad. 2. The semiconductor package of claim 1 further comprising: a conductor material plating said leads and at least the periphery of said die pad; a plurality of bond wires attached from said die to said leads; an encapsulant covering said die and said plurality of wires; and solder on the bottom of said leads. 3. A semiconductor package comprising: an electrically conductive layer having a plurality of holes at a top surface, wherein said plurality of holes are filled with a non-conductive material; an electrically conductive foil on said top surface of said electrically conductive layer and said non-conductive material, wherein said electrically conductive foil creates a network of leads, die pad, bus lines, dam bars and tie lines, wherein said bus lines connect said leads to said dam bar, said dam bar is connected to said tie line and said tie line is connected to said die pad; and a solder mask attached to selected areas of said electrically conductive foil and said non-conductive material, wherein said solder mask covers at least one inner row of leads, and said solder mask has a plurality of openings that expose at least one outer row of leads and expose portions of said bus lines, that are connected to said inner row of leads, away from said inner row of leads; a conductor material on selected areas of said top surface of said electrically conductive layer; and a semiconductor die attached to portions of said conductor material and said solder mask. 4. The semiconductor package of claim 3 further comprising: a conductor material plating said leads and at least the periphery of said die pad; a plurality of bond wires attached from said die to said leads; an encapsulant covering said die and said plurality of wires; and solder on the bottom of said leads. 5. The semiconductor package of claim 2, wherein said conductor material is at least one of silver, gold, nickel, or copper. 6. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of holes extends from said top surface of said electrically conductive layer to a bottom surface of said electrically conductive layer. 7. The semiconductor package of claim 6, further comprising a conductor material plating said bottom surface of said electrically conductive layer. 8. The semiconductor package of claim 7, wherein said conductor material comprises solder balls. 9. The semiconductor package of claim 7, wherein said conductor material comprises a conductive plating layer and a solder material layer. 10. The semiconductor package of claim 7, wherein bottoms portions of said leads are electrically isolated from each other. 11. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein said electrically conductive foil covers the entire top surface of said non-conductive material, in cross-section, that fills said plurality of the holes. 12. The semiconductor package of claim 4, wherein said conductor material is at least one of silver, gold, nickel, or copper. 13. The semiconductor package of claim 3, wherein each of said plurality of holes extends from said top surface of said electrically conductive layer to a bottom surface of said electrically conductive layer. 14. The semiconductor package of claim 13, further comprising a conductor material plating said bottom surface of said electrically conductive layer. 15. The semiconductor package of claim 14, wherein said conductor material comprises solder balls. 16. The semiconductor package of claim 14, wherein said conductor material comprises a conductive plating layer and a solder material layer. 17. The semiconductor package of claim 14, wherein bottoms portions of said leads are electrically isolated from each other. 18. The semiconductor package of claim 3, wherein said electrically conductive foil covers the entire top surface of said non-conductive material, in cross-section, that fills said plurality of the holes. 19. The semiconductor package of claim 3, wherein said semiconductor die overlaps said solder mask.",
-    "The present invention provides a sheet feeding apparatus capable of feeding sheets at a proper position without a regulating member being bent even if a cassette unit is closed in a state in which a large volume of sheets are stacked. A large-volume feeding deck includes a non-reference-side regulating plate, an external casing plate, and positioning members, which are movable relative to the cassette unit. 1. A sheet feeding apparatus comprising: an apparatus main body; a cassette unit detachable from the apparatus main body, the cassette unit being configured to hold a stack of sheets and including a regulating member that regulates an edge of at least one side of the sheets stacked in the cassette unit and an external member forming an outer surface of the apparatus main body; and a positioning member configured to position the cassette unit relative to the apparatus main body, wherein the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member can be individually moved relative to the cassette unit. 2. The sheet feeding apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an operating lever disposed at the cassette unit, the operating lever being for a user to operate; and a connecting member connecting the operating lever, the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member together, wherein the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member are operatively connected by the connecting member to be positioned at predetermined positions by setting the operating lever to a predetermined sheet size. 3. The sheet feeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member move relative to the cassette unit in a direction in which the cassette unit is inserted into the apparatus main body. 4. The sheet feeding apparatus according to claim 3, wherein an amount of movement of the regulating member is set to twice an amount of movement of the positioning member. 5. The sheet feeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member is rotatable in the cassette unit, the regulating member being so configured as to regulate ends of sheets of different sizes by rotation. 6. The sheet feeding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member includes: a side regulating member configured to regulate a position of the sheet in a width direction by coming into contact with an end in a sheet feeding direction of the sheets stacked in the cassette unit; and a rear-end regulating member configured to regulate a position of the sheet in the sheet feeding direction by coming into contact with a rear end of the sheets in the sheet feeding direction, and wherein the rear-end regulating member and the side regulating member are operatively connected to be positioned at predetermined positions. 7. An image forming apparatus comprising: an apparatus main body including an image forming unit that forms a toner image; a cassette unit detachable from the apparatus main body, the cassette unit being configured to hold a stack of sheets and including a regulating member that regulates an edge of at least one side of the sheets stacked in the cassette unit and an external member forming an outer surface of the apparatus main body; and a positioning member configured to position the cassette unit relative to the apparatus main body, wherein the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member can be individually moved relative to the cassette unit. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising: an operating lever disposed at the cassette unit, the operating lever being for a user to operate; and a connecting member connecting the operating lever, the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member together, wherein the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member are operatively connected by the connecting member to be positioned at predetermined positions by setting the operating lever to a predetermined sheet size. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member, the external member, and the positioning member move relative to the cassette unit in a direction in which the cassette unit is inserted into the apparatus main body. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein an amount of movement of the regulating member is set to twice an amount of movement of the positioning member. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the regulating member is rotatable in the cassette unit, the regulating member being so configured as to regulate ends of sheets of different sizes by rotation. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the regulating member includes: a side regulating member configured to regulate a position of the sheet in a width direction by coming into contact with an end in a sheet feeding direction of the sheets stacked in the cassette unit; and a rear-end regulating member configured to regulate a position of the sheet in the sheet feeding direction by coming into contact with a rear end of the sheets in the sheet feeding direction, and wherein the rear-end regulating member and the side regulating member are operatively connected to be positioned at predetermined positions.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a battery pack for connecting an external load via a switch is produced. The output-limiting resistor is used to limit an output current value. And the output-limiting resistor is configured to implement three different resistance values. The switching module is configured to switch a resistance value of the output-limiting resistor to one of the three different resistance values. The measurement module is configured to measure the output current value and a voltage value of the external load. And the control module is configured to perform control for connecting the external load to the battery pack via the switch (SW0) without the output-limiting resistor. 1. A battery pack for connecting an external load via a switch, the battery pack comprising: an output-limiting resistor arranged between an internal battery of the battery pack and the external load, wherein the output-limiting resistor is used to limit an output current value to be output to the external load, and wherein the output-limiting resistor is configured to implement three different resistance values of a first resistance value, a second resistance value, and a third resistance value; a switching module configured to switch a resistance value of the output-limiting resistor to one of the first resistance value, the second resistance value, and the third resistance value; a measurement module configured to measure the output current value and a voltage value of the external load, for each of the first resistance value, the second resistance value, and the third resistance value; and a control module configured to perform, in accordance with an external load estimated based on the measurement result, control for connecting the external load to the battery pack via the switch (SW0) without the output-limiting resistor. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the first resistance value is larger than the second resistance value, and the second resistance value is larger than the third resistance value, and wherein the switching module performs switching in an order of the first resistance value, the second resistance value, and the third resistance value. 3. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the external load comprises a modeled circuit comprising three parameters of an external battery, an external battery resistor connected in series with the external battery, and a resistance load connected in parallel to the external battery and the external battery resistor, and wherein the number of parameters is equal to the number of resistance values implemented by the output-limiting resistor. 4. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the control module calculates the output current value before the external load is connected to the battery pack via the switch without the output-limiting resistor, and connects the external load to the battery pack if the calculated output current value is smaller than an allowable current value of the battery pack. 5. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the external load comprises at least one of a battery load, a resistance load, and a constant-current load. 6. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the output-limiting resistor comprises at least two parallel-connected fixed resistors or a variable resistor. 7. A control method for a battery pack for connecting an external load via a switch, the control method comprising: switching a resistance value of an output-limiting resistor arranged between an internal battery of the battery pack and the external load to one of the first resistance value, the second resistance value, and the third resistance value, wherein the output-limiting resistor is used to limit an output current value to be output to the external load, and wherein the output-limiting resistor is configured to implement three different resistance values of a first resistance value, a second resistance value, and a third resistance value; measuring the output current value and a voltage value of the external load, for each of the first resistance value, the second resistance value, and the third resistance value; and performing, in accordance with an external load estimated based on the measurement result, control for connecting the external load to the battery pack via the switch without the output-limiting resistor.",
-    "A vehicle frame includes a first frame rail and a second frame rail spaced from each other. A casing is supported by the first frame rail, and elongated in a direction extending away from the second frame rail. The casing is deformable relative to the first frame rail, and houses an electronic component. During a vehicle small offset frontal impact, the casing moves from an initial position to a deflected position, deflecting some of the load of the impact away from backup structures of the vehicle. In the deflected position, the casing may also contact a front portion of a wheel, positioning the front portion of the wheel inboard the frame of the vehicle relative to a rear portion of the wheel, which may minimize the load transferred to the backup structures and/or detach the wheel from the vehicle to minimize the possibility of intrusion into the backup structures. 1. A vehicle frame comprising: a first frame rail and a second frame rail spaced from each other; a casing supported by the first frame rail, the casing being deformable relative to the first frame rail, an electronic component housed in the casing; and the casing elongated in an outboard direction extending from the first frame rail and away from the second frame rail. 2. The vehicle frame of claim 1 wherein the casing is cantilevered from the first frame rail. 3. The vehicle frame of claim 1 wherein the casing is comprised of metal. 4. The vehicle frame of claim 1 wherein the casing is comprised of steel. 5. The vehicle frame of claim 1 wherein the casing is comprised of aluminum. 6. The vehicle frame of claim 1 wherein the electronic component is a powertrain control module. 7. The vehicle frame of claim 1 wherein the electronic component is a positive temperature coefficient heater. 8. The vehicle of claim 1 further comprising a bracket fixed to the casing and fixed to the first frame rail. 9. The vehicle of claim 8 wherein the bracket is comprised of steel. 10. The vehicle of claim 8 wherein the bracket is removably mounted to the first frame rail. 11. The vehicle frame of claim 10 wherein the bracket defines at least one fastener hole. 12. A vehicle comprising: a frame; a wheel coupled to the frame; a bumper beam coupled to the frame; a casing supported by the frame and disposed between the wheel and the bumper beam, the casing being deformable relative to the frame; an electronic component housed in the casing; and the casing elongated in an outboard direction extending away from the frame. 13. The vehicle frame of claim 12 wherein the casing is cantilevered from the first frame rail. 14. The vehicle frame of claim 12 wherein the wheel is disposed in the outboard direction relative to the frame. 15. The vehicle frame of claim 12 wherein the casing is comprised of metal. 16. The vehicle frame of claim 12 wherein the electronic component is a powertrain control module. 17. The vehicle frame of claim 12 wherein the electronic component is a positive temperature coefficient heater. 18. The vehicle of claim 12 further comprising a bracket fixed to the casing and fixed to the frame. 19. The vehicle of claim 18 wherein the bracket is removably mounted to the frame. 20. The vehicle frame of claim 18 wherein the bracket defines at least one fastener hole.",
-    "A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a power supply unit that boosts a single voltage and includes multiple voltage boosting circuits which generate power supply voltages different from each other; a drive circuit that amplifies an original drive signal based on a power supply voltage which is generated by at least one of the multiple voltage boosting circuits and generates a drive signal that is applied; and an ejecting unit that includes a piezoelectric element which becomes displaced in accordance with the drive signal, in which the power supply unit controls the voltage boosting circuit, which generates the power supply voltage that is not used for amplification, to stop voltage boosting. 1. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: a power supply unit that boosts a single voltage and includes multiple voltage boosting circuits which generate power supply voltages different from each other; a drive circuit that amplifies an original drive signal based on a power supply voltage which is generated by at least one of the multiple voltage boosting circuits and generates a drive signal that is applied; and an ejecting unit that includes a piezoelectric element which becomes displaced in accordance with the drive signal, wherein the power supply unit controls the voltage boosting circuit, which generates the power supply voltage that is not used for amplification, to stop voltage boosting. 2. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein voltage boosting magnifications of the multiple voltage boosting circuits are different from each other. 3. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the multiple voltage boosting circuits include a first voltage boosting circuit that generates a first voltage, and a second voltage boosting circuit that generates a second voltage, and wherein the second voltage boosting circuit generates an addition voltage which is obtained by summing a value of the first voltage and a value of the second voltage, and supplies the addition voltage to the drive circuit. 4. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the drive circuit includes a comparison unit that includes a first comparison unit and a second comparison unit, receives an input signal and the drive signal, and outputs a first control signal and a second control signal, and a pair of transistors that is configured by a first transistor which is controlled based on the first control signal and a second transistor which is controlled based on the second control signal, and outputs the drive signal based on a power supply voltage which is generated by at least one of the multiple voltage boosting circuits, wherein the first comparison unit compares a first comparison signal with a second comparison signal and outputs the first control signal, wherein the first comparison signal is a signal that is obtained by offsetting one of the input signal and the drive signal, wherein the second comparison unit compares a third comparison signal with a fourth comparison signal and outputs the second control signal, and wherein the third comparison signal is a signal that is obtained by offsetting one of the input signal and the drive signal. 5. A drive circuit, that drives a capacitive load in accordance with a drive signal, comprising: a power supply unit that boosts a single voltage and includes multiple voltage boosting circuits which generate power supply voltages different from each other, wherein the drive circuit amplifies an original drive signal based on a power supply voltage which is generated by at least one of the multiple voltage boosting circuits and generates a drive signal, and wherein the power supply unit controls the voltage boosting circuit, which generate the power supply voltage that is not used for amplification, to stop voltage boosting. 6. A head unit comprising: piezoelectric elements which displace in accordance with drive signals that is applied; and ejecting units which respectively eject liquid in accordance with displacements of each piezoelectric element, wherein the ejecting unit of the head unit includes a power supply unit that boosts a single voltage and includes multiple voltage boosting circuits which generate power supply voltages different from each other, wherein the head unit amplifies an original drive signal based on a power supply voltage which is generated by at least one of the multiple voltage boosting circuits and generates a drive signal, wherein the power supply unit controls the voltage boosting circuit, which generate the power supply voltage that is not used for amplification, to stop voltage boosting, and wherein the head unit is driven by a drive circuit.",
-    "Systems an methods are provided that disclose providing a positioning service for devices based on light received from one or more light sources. This light based positioning service uses light information transmitted by each light source to determine the position of the device. The positioning information can include three dimension position information in a building that can then be used to deliver services and information to a mobile device. The content delivered to a mobile device can include multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information. The positioning information along with other location or positioning information can be used in providing augmented reality or location aware services. The light sources can be independent beacons that broadcast information in visible light at a rate that is undetectable by the human eye. Content can be retrieved from a server over a communications connection. 1. A mobile device, comprising: an image sensor; a wireless interface configured to communicate through a network over a wireless medium; a processor coupled to the image sensor and the wireless interface; a memory; and software in the memory to be run by the processor, wherein running of the software by the processor configures the mobile device to perform functions, including functions to: operate the image sensor to capture an image of at least two visible light sources in an indoor location including a modulated visible light signal transmitted by one of the at least two visible light sources of an indoor location; using the captured image, demodulate the modulated visible light signal transmitted by the one visible light source; based on the demodulated visible light signals, determine a light source identifier corresponding to the one visible light source; retrieve position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier, the retrieved position information including position coordinates in three dimensions of the one light source corresponding to the light source identifier and of other light sources; and calculate, by applying photogrammetric image processing techniques to the image of the at least two light sources and the position coordinates of the at least two light sources, coordinates for a position of the mobile device relative in the indoor location. 2. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the mobile device when retrieving position information is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: transmit, via the wireless interface, a request to a server requesting position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier; and receive, via the wireless interface, position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier. 3. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprises: indoor location information stored in the memory, the indoor location information including a map of the indoor location, light source identifiers, and position information of light sources within the indoor location, wherein: the mobile device when retrieving position information is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: access the indoor location information stored in the memory; and retrieve position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier. 4. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein: the mobile device, when demodulating the visible light signals is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: apply a threshold to the captured image to isolate regions of brighter pixels in the image, wherein the at least two light sources appear in brighter regions of pixels than other pixels in the captured image; in response to isolating the brighter regions of pixels in the captured image, independently process each of the isolated brighter regions as corresponding to each of the at least two light sources to determine the visible light signal transmitted by the respective light sources. 5. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprising: a display device; a map of the indoor location stored in the memory; and wherein running of the software by the processor configures the mobile device to implement functions, including functions to: retrieve the map of the indoor location in which the mobile device is located; and present, on the display device, the map with an identifying marker corresponding to the calculated coordinates of the position of the mobile device overlaid on the map. 6. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the image sensor is a rolling shutter camera. 7. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the image sensor is a charge-coupled device. 8. A method, comprising: operating an image sensor of the mobile device to capture an image of at least two visible light signals in an outdoor location including a modulated visible light signal transmitted by the at least two visible light source of an indoor location; demodulating the modulated visible light signal transmitted by one of the at least two visible light source using the captured image; determining a light source identifier corresponding to the one of at least two visible light source based on the demodulated visible light signals; retrieving position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier, the retrieved position information including position coordinates in three dimensions of the one light source corresponding to the light source identifier and of other light sources; and calculating, by applying photogrammetric image processing techniques to the image of the at least two light sources and the position coordinates of the three light sources, coordinates for a position of the mobile device relative in the indoor location. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein retrieving position information further comprises: transmitting, via a wireless interface configured to communicate through a network over a wireless medium, a request to a server, the request requesting position information corresponding to each of the determined light source identifier; and receiving, via the wireless interface, position information corresponding to the determined light source identifiers. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprises: accessing indoor location information stored in a memory of the mobile device, wherein the indoor location information includes a map of the indoor location, light source identifiers, and position information of light sources within the indoor location; and retrieving position information from the accessed indoor location information corresponding to the determined light source identifier. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein demodulating the visible light signals further comprises: applying a threshold to the captured image to isolate regions of brighter pixels in the image, wherein the at least two light sources appear in brighter regions of pixels than other pixels in the captured image; in response to isolating the brighter regions of pixels in the captured image, independently processing each of the isolated brighter regions as corresponding to each of the at least two light sources to determine the visible light signal transmitted by the respective light sources. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: retrieving, from a memory of the mobile device, a map of the indoor location in which the mobile device is located; and presenting, on a display device of the mobile device, the map with an identifying marker corresponding to the calculated coordinates of the position of the mobile device overlaid on the map. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the image sensor is a rolling shutter camera. 14. A non-transitory tangible computer readable medium embodying instructions to cause a mobile device to perform functions, including functions to: operate an image sensor of the mobile device to capture an image of at least two visible light signal in an outdoor location including a modulated visible light signal transmitted by one of the at least one visible light source of an indoor location; demodulate the modulated visible light signal transmitted by the one of the at least two visible light source using the captured image; determine a light source identifier corresponding to the one visible light source based on the demodulated visible light signals; retrieve position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier, the retrieved position information including position coordinates in three dimensions of the one light source corresponding to the light source identifier and of other light sources; and calculate, by applying photogrammetric image processing techniques to the image of the at least two light sources and the position coordinates of the at least two light sources, coordinates for a position of the mobile device relative in the indoor location. 15. The non-transitory tangible computer readable medium of claim 14, wherein retrieving position information is further comprises: transmit, via a wireless interface configured to communicate through a network over a wireless medium, a request to a server, the request requesting position information corresponding to each determined light source identifier; and receive, via the wireless interface, position information corresponding to the determined light source identifiers. 16. The non-transitory tangible computer readable medium of claim 14, further comprises: access indoor location information stored in a memory of the mobile device, wherein the indoor location information includes a map of the indoor location, light source identifiers, and position information of light sources within the indoor location; and retrieve position information from the accessed indoor location information corresponding to the determined light source identifier. 17. The non-transitory tangible computer readable medium of claim 14, wherein demodulating the visible light signals further comprises: apply a threshold to the captured image to isolate regions of brighter pixels in the image, wherein the three light sources appear in brighter regions of pixels than other pixels in the captured image; in response to isolating the brighter regions of pixels in the captured image, independently process each of the isolated brighter regions as corresponding to each visible light source to determine the visible light signal transmitted by the respective light sources. 18. The non-transitory tangible computer readable medium of claim 14, further comprising: retrieve, from a memory of the mobile device, a map of the indoor location in which the mobile device is located; and present, on a display device of the mobile device, the map with an identifying marker corresponding to the calculated coordinates of the position of the mobile device overlaid on the map. 19. The non-transitory tangible computer readable medium of claim 14, further comprising: retrieve, from a memory of the mobile device, a map of the indoor location in which the mobile device is located; and present, on a display device of the mobile device, the map with an identifying marker corresponding to the calculated coordinates of the position of the mobile device overlaid on the map. 20. The non-transitory tangible computer readable medium of claim 14, wherein the image sensor is a rolling shutter camera.",
-    "An electronic component includes a multilayer capacitor and an interposer The multilayer capacitor includes an element body and a pair of external electrodes. The interposer includes a substrate, a pair of first electrodes, and is pair of second electrodes. The substrate includes first and second principal faces. The pair of first electrodes are disposed on the first principal face. The pair of second electrodes are disposed on the second principal thee. The element body includes a first portion and a pair of second portions. The first portion is covered by the external electrodes. The pair of second portions are located on both sides or the first portion and separated from the interposer. A width in a second direction of the pair of external electrodes is smaller than a width in the second direction of the element body and larger than a width in the second direction of the second portion. 1. An electronic component comprising: a multilayer capacitor; and an interposer on which the multilayer capacitor is mounted, wherein the multilayer capacitor comprises: a multilayer body of a substantially rectangular parallelepiped shape in which a plurality of dielectric layers and a plurality of internal electrodes are stacked; and a pair of external electrodes disposed on ends in a first direction in the multilayer body and each connected to a corresponding internal electrode of the plurality of internal electrodes, wherein the interposer comprises: a substrate including a first principal face of a planar shape opposed to the multilayer capacitor, a second principal face of a planar shape opposed to the first principal face, first and second side faces of a planar shape opposed to each other in the first direction, and third and fourth side faces of a planar shape opposed to each other in a second direction perpendicular to both the first direction and a direction in which the first and second principal faces are opposed; a pair of first electrodes disposed on the first and second side face sides of the first principal face and each connected to a corresponding external electrode of the pair of external electrodes; a pair of second electrodes disposed on the third and fourth side face sides of the second principal face; and a pair of connection electrodes disposed on the first principal face and each electrically connected, to the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the multilayer body, when viewed from the first direction, includes a first portion covered by the external electrode, and a pair of second portions located on both sides of the first portion and exposed from the external electrode, wherein, the pair of second portions of the multilayer body are separated from the interposer, and wherein a width in the second direction of the pair of external electrodes is smaller than a width in the second direction of the multilayer body and larger than a width in the second direction of the second portion. 2. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the pair of connection electrodes include a pair of first electrode portions disposed on the third and fourth side face sides of the first principal face and extending in the first direction, and wherein a width in the first direction of each of the first electrodes is smaller than a width in the first direction of each of the first electrode portions and larger than a width in the second direction of each of the first electrode portions. 3. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein each of the pair of first electrodes includes two electrode portions separated from each other in the second direction. 4. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein each of the connection electrodes is coupled to the first electrode, and wherein a solder resist is provided on each of the connection electrodes and in the vicinity of the first electrode. 5. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the pair of first electrodes overlap each other when viewed from the first direction, and wherein a distance in the second direction between an end of the first electrode, disposed on the first side face side, on the third, side face side and an end of the first electrode, disposed on the second side face side, on the fourth site face side is equivalent to the width in the second direction of the pair of external electrodes. 6. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein, the pair of external electrodes include a pair of electrode portions disposed on a face opposed to the first principal thee in the multilayer body, and wherein a width in the first direction of the first electrode is larger than a width in the first direction of the pair of electrode portions disposed on the face opposed to the first principal face in the multilayer body. 7. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the pair of external electrodes include a pair of electrode portions disposed on a pair of faces opposed in the first direction in the multilayer body, and wherein the electrode portion disposed on each of the faces opposed in the first direction in the multilayer body is connected to the first electrode with solder. 8. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein each of the third and fourth side faces is provided with a groove continuous from the first principal face to the second principal face in a center in the first direction. 9. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein each of the pair of second electrodes includes two electrode portions separated from each other in the first direction.",
-    "A wireless receiving device includes: a time-domain channel estimation circuit, generating channel information in the time domain according to a part of a received signal; a fast Fourier transform (FFT) circuit, coupled to the time-domain channel estimation circuit, transforming another part of the received signal and the channel information to the frequency domain to generate a plurality of sets of received data; an equalizer, coupled to the FFT circuit, adjusting the received data to generate a plurality of sets of complex equalized data; an adjusting unit, coupled to the equalizer, adjusting the sets of complex equalized data such that the sets of adjusted equalized data is closer to the origin of a complex plane; and a decision circuit, generating a plurality of sets of binary data according to the sets of adjusted equalized data. 1. A wireless receiving device, comprising: a time-domain channel estimation circuit, generating channel information in the time domain according to a part of a received signal; a fast Fourier transform (FFT) circuit, coupled to the time-domain channel estimation circuit, transforming another part of the received signal and the channel information to the frequency domain to generate a plurality of sets of received data; an equalizer, coupled to the FFT circuit, adjusting the received data to generate a plurality of sets of complex equalized data; an adjusting unit, coupled to the equalizer, adjusting the sets of complex equalized data such that the sets of adjusted complex equalized data is closer to an origin of a complex plane; and a decision circuit, coupled to the adjusting unit, generating a plurality of sets of binary data according to the sets of adjusted complex equalized data. 2. The wireless receiving device according to claim 1, wherein the adjusting unit determines whether to adjust the sets of complex equalized data according to a first reference value, and adjusts the sets of complex equalized data when one of an absolute value of a real part and an absolute value of an imaginary part of each of the sets of complex equalized data is greater than the first reference value. 3. The wireless receiving device according to claim 2, wherein the adjusting unit simultaneously adjusts the real parts and the imaginary parts of the sets of complex equalized data according to a second reference value; the sets of complex equalized data before and after adjustment have a same phases. 4. The wireless receiving device according to claim 3, wherein the adjusting unit simultaneously multiplies the real parts and the imaginary parts of the set of complex equalized data by the second reference value, and the second reference value is a positive number between 0 and 1. 5. The wireless receiving device according to claim 3, further comprising: a monitoring unit, coupled to the time-domain channel estimation circuit and the adjusting unit, generating the first reference value and the second reference value according to a modulation mode of the received signal and the channel information. 6. The wireless receiving device according to claim 3, wherein the channel information comprises a channel length and a channel energy. 7. The wireless receiving device according to claim 6, wherein the first reference value is inversely proportional to the channel length. 8. The wireless receiving device according to claim 6, wherein the second reference value is adjusted according to the channel energy. 9. The wireless receiving device according to claim 1, wherein the received signal is a Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) signal in a multi carrier mode. 10. The wireless receiving device according to claim 1, further comprising: an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) circuit, coupled to the decision circuit and the time-domain channel estimation circuit, performing IFFT on the binary data to generate decision feedback information; wherein, the time-domain channel estimation circuit generates the channel information further according to the decision feedback information. 11. A signal processing method for a wireless receiving device, comprising: generating channel information in the time domain according to a part of a received signal; transforming another part of the received signal and the channel information to the frequency domain to generate a plurality of sets of received data; adjusting the received data to generate a plurality of sets of complex equalized data; adjusting the sets of complex equalized data such that the sets of adjusted complex equalized data are closer to an origin of a complex plane; and generating a plurality of sets of binary data according to the sets of adjusted complex equalized data. 12. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 11, wherein the step of adjusting the sets of complex equalized data comprises determining whether to adjust the sets of complex equalized data according to a first reference value, and adjusting the sets of complex equalized data when one of an absolute value of a real part and an absolute value of an imaginary part of each of the sets of complex equalized data is greater than the first reference value. 13. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 12, wherein the step of adjusting the sets of complex equalized data comprises simultaneously adjusting the real parts and the imaginary parts of the sets of complex equalized data according to a second reference value; the sets of complex equalized data before and after adjustment have same phases. 14. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 13, wherein the step of adjusting the sets of complex equalized data comprises simultaneously multiplying the real parts and the imaginary parts of the set of complex equalized data by the second reference value; the second reference value is a positive number between 0 and 1. 15. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 13, further comprising: generating the first reference value and the second reference value according to a modulation mode of the received signal and the channel information. 16. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 13, wherein the channel information comprises a channel length and a channel energy. 17. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the first reference value is inversely proportional to the channel length. 18. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 16, wherein the second reference value is adjusted according to the channel energy. 19. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 11, wherein the received signal is a Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) signal in a multi-carrier mode. 20. The signal processing method for a wireless receiving device according to claim 11, further comprising: performing inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the binary data to generate decision feedback information; wherein, the step of generating the channel information according to the part of the received signal further comprises: generating the channel information according to the decision feedback information.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes first and second select transistors, first and second bit lines, a first switch circuit and a sense amplifier. The first select transistor is electrically connected to the first memory cell. The first bit line is electrically connected to the first select transistor. The second select transistor is electrically connected to the second memory cell. The second bit line is electrically connected to the second select transistor. The first switch circuit is electrically connected between the first bit line and the second bit line. The sense amplifier is electrically connected to the second bit line, and senses data stored in the first and second memory cells. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a first select transistor electrically connected to a first memory cell; a first bit line electrically connected to the first select transistor; a second select transistor electrically connected to a second memory cell; a second bit line electrically connected to the second select transistor; a first switch circuit electrically connected between the first bit line and the second bit line; and a sense amplifier which is electrically connected to the second bit line and which senses data stored in the first memory cell and the second memory cell. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein during power-on, the first switch circuit disconnects the first bit line from the second bit line, and the sense amplifier precharges the second bit line. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the second memory cell stores various memory parameters to be set during power-on. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the first switch circuit includes a transistor. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein during a read operation, the first switch circuit connects the first bit line to the second bit line, and the sense amplifier precharges the first bit line and the second bit line. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising first and second NAND strings including memory cell transistors connected in series by the sources or drains thereof, wherein the first memory cell is a memory cell transistor included in the first NAND string, and the second memory cell is a memory cell transistor included in the second NAND string. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 6, wherein the gates of the memory cell transistors in the first NAND string and the gates of the memory cell transistors in the second NAND string are electrically connected by a word line, respectively. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising: a latch circuit including a first terminal and a second terminal to latch data; a power supply terminal which supplies a reference voltage; a second switch circuit electrically connected between the second bit line and the first terminal; and a third switch circuit electrically connected between the power supply terminal and the second terminal. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein the first, second, and third switch circuits include transistors. 10. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a first select transistor electrically connected to a first memory cell; a first bit line electrically connected to the first select transistor; a second select transistor electrically connected to a second memory cell; a second bit line electrically connected to the second select transistor; a first switch circuit electrically connected between the first bit line and the second bit line; a first sense amplifier which is electrically connected to the second bit line and which senses data stored in the first memory cell and the second memory cell; a first latch circuit including a first terminal and a second terminal to latch the data sensed by the first sense amplifier; a second switch circuit electrically connected between the second bit line and the first terminal; a third select transistor electrically connected to a third memory cell; a third bit line electrically connected to the third select transistor; a fourth select transistor electrically connected to a fourth memory cell; a fourth bit line electrically connected to the fourth select transistor; a third switch circuit electrically connected between the third bit line and the fourth bit line; a second sense amplifier which is electrically connected to the fourth bit line and which senses data stored in the third memory cell and the fourth memory cell; a second latch circuit which latches the data sensed by the second sense amplifier; and a fourth switch circuit electrically connected between the fourth bit line and the second terminal. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein during power-on, the first switch circuit disconnects the first bit line from the second bit line, the second switch circuit connects the second bit line to the first terminal, and the first sense amplifier precharges the second bit line, and the third switch circuit disconnects the third bit line from the fourth bit line, the fourth switch circuit connects the fourth bit line to the second terminal, and the second sense amplifier precharges the fourth bit line. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the second and fourth memory cells store various memory parameters to be set during power-on. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth switch circuits include transistors. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, wherein during a read operation, the first switch circuit connects the first bit line to the second bit line, and the first sense amplifier precharges the first bit line and the second bit line, and the third switch circuit connects the third bit line to the fourth bit line, and the second sense amplifier precharges the third bit line and the fourth bit line. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 10, further comprising first, second, third, and fourth NAND strings including memory cell transistors electrically connected in series by the sources or drains thereof, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth memory cells are the memory cell transistors included in the first, second, third, and fourth NAND strings, respectively.",
-    "A container (10) to dispense a liquid such as sauce. The container (1.0) has a resilient deformable body (11) that may be compressed to dispense the liquid from the interior (55) of the body (11). Mounted on the body (11) is a cap (37) that is movable along a path (axis 13) between a closed position and an open position. In the open position the upper opening (38) is open to allow the liquid to be dispensed. Preferably the path is linear. 1. A container from which a liquid can be dispensed, the container including: a hollow body having an interior to receive the liquid, and a lip surrounding a body opening via which the liquid can leave said interior; a closure assembly attached to the body to close said opening, said assembly including: a member including a base attached to the body adjacent said lip, a passage extending through the member and being in communication with said interior to provide for the dispensing of said liquid from said interior via said passage; a cap having a cap end opening via which the liquid is dispensed, said opening communicating with the said passage, said cap being mounted on the member for movement relative thereto between a first position at which the member closes said cap opening and a second position allowing the flow of liquid from within the passage to exit via said cap opening; and a tamper indicator that, when the closure assembly is attached to the body, provides a visual indication in respect of whether the base has been moved relative to the body thereby providing an indication in respect of whether the interior has been exposed, and a visual indication in respect of whether said cap has been moved from the first position exposing said passage. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein said member is a nozzle member, with the nozzle member including a nozzle extending from the base and through which the passage also extends, with the nozzle cooperating with the cap to open and close the cap end opening. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the base threadably engages the lip to secure the base and therefore closure assembly to the body, and the cap engages the member so as to be restrained to move along a generally linear path between the first and second positions of the cap. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein the tamper indicator includes a tamper indicator portion that extends between the cap and the body and that is ruptured should the closure assembly be moved relative to the body or the cap moved relative to the member. 5. The container according to claim 1, wherein said body has a body base upon which the body rests so that the body extends generally upwardly therefrom, with the closer assembly having a longitudinal axis along which the cap moves between the first and second positions thereof. 6. The container of claim 5, wherein the longitudinal axis is generally perpendicular to the body base. 7. The container of claim 5, wherein the longitudinal axis is inclined to the body base by an acute angle. 8. The container according to claim 1, wherein the tamper indicator includes a first indicator portion indicating whether the base has been moved relative to the body, and a second indicator portion indicating whether the cap has been moved relative to the base. 9. The container of claim 8, wherein the first indicator portion includes bridges or webs that are fractured to indicate tampering, and said indicator includes a handle gripped by a user to remove the indicator. 10. The container of claim 8, wherein the second indicator portion includes webs or bridges that are fractured to indicate tampering, with the indicator including an indicator part attached to the cap with the second indicator portion attaching the indicator part to the handle. 11. The container of claim 1, wherein the closure assembly and body have cooperating surfaces that engage to at least inhibit movement of the closure assembly to remove the closure assembly from the body. 12. The container of claim 11, wherein the cooperating surfaces are provided by a cooperating abutment and pawl. 13. A container to dispense a liquid, the container including: a body having an interior to receive the liquid, a lip surrounding a body opening via which liquid leaves the interior, a peripheral surface to be gripped in a user's palm so that a user can hold the container, and a shoulder extending inwardly from said peripheral surface toward said lip; a closure assembly attached to the body to close said opening, the assembly including a member having a base attached to the body adjacent said lip, a passage extending through the member and communicating with said interior to provide for the dispensing of said liquid via said passage; a cap having an end cap opening and mounted on the member, the cap being movable relative to the member between a first position at which the member closes said cap opening and a second position allowing liquid to flow from said passage to be dispensed via said cap opening, with said cap in said first position being located adjacent said shoulder, while in said second position being spaced from said shoulder; and wherein said cap projects relative to said shoulder, when in its first position, so that a user gripping the body can apply finger pressure via a finger of said palm to said cap to move the cap to the second position, with movement between the first and second positions being along a generally linear path. 14. The container of claim 13, wherein the cap and member have cooperating guide surfaces that restrain the cap to move relative to the base along the generally linear path between the first and second positions thereof. 15. The container of claim 13, wherein the cap has an abutment surface against which the user applies finger pressure to move the cap from the first and second positions. 16. The container of claim 13, wherein the cap has a flange that projects beyond the peripheral surface adjacent said shoulder to provide for a user to apply finger pressure via the flange to the cap to move the cap from the first and second positions. 17. The container of claim 13, wherein said body has a body base upon which the body rests so that the body extends generally upwardly therefrom, with the closer assembly having a longitudinal axis along which the cap moves between the first and second positions thereof. 18. The container of claim 17, wherein the longitudinal axis is generally perpendicular to the body base. 19. The container of claim 17, wherein the longitudinal axis is inclined to the body base by an acute angle. 20. A container to dispense a liquid, the container including: a body having an interior to receive the liquid, a lip surrounding a body opening via which liquid leaves the interior, a peripheral surface to be gripped in a user's palm so that a user can hold the container, and a shoulder extending inwardly from said peripheral surface towards said lip, so that the body opening is surrounded by the shoulder; a closure assembly attached to the body to close said body opening, the assembly including: a member having a base attached to the body adjacent the lip, and a passage extending through the member and communicating with said interior to provide for the dispensing of liquid via said passage; a cap having an end cap opening and mounted on the member, the cap being movable relative to the member between a first position at which the member closes said cap opening and a second position allowing liquid to flow from said passage to be dispensed via said cap opening, with said cap in said first position being located adjacent said shoulder, while in said second position being spaced from said shoulder; and wherein said peripheral surface tapers to said shoulder and includes edge surfaces extending upwardly from said base to said shoulder, a major front surface extending upwardly from said base to said shoulder, and a major rear surface extending upwardly from said base to said shoulder, and said nozzle member has a longitudinal axis inclined to said base by an acute angle. 21. The container of claim 20, wherein the member is a nozzle member with the nozzle member including a nozzle cooperating with the cap opening to open and close the cap opening, with said passage extending through said base and nozzle, with said passage extending generally parallel to said axis. 22. The container of claim 20, wherein, said cap moves along a generally linear path between the first and second positions thereof, with said path being parallel to said axis. 23. The container of claim 20, wherein, said shoulder is inclined to said base with said shoulder generally perpendicular to said axis.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of transmission scheme switch, a UE and a base station. The method of switch includes: a base station receives a paging message, the paging message containing identity of a UE; judges whether the UE uses a connectionless scheme for data transmission; and the base station transmits a radio resource control connection release message to the UE when the UE uses a connectionless scheme for data transmission. With the embodiments of the present disclosure, switch of the UE from a connectionless scheme to a conventional scheme may be realized, so as to perform data transmission. 1. A base station, comprising: a first receiving unit configured to receive a paging message, the paging message containing identity of a UE; a first judging unit configured to judge whether the UE performs data transmission by using a connectionless scheme; and a first transmitting unit configured to transmit a radio resource control connection release message to the UE when the UE performs data transmission by using a connectionless scheme. 2. The base station according to claim 1, wherein the base station further comprises: a second transmitting unit configured to transmit the paging message to the UE. 3. The base station according to claim 1, wherein the paging message further contains indication information indicating that the UE is configured with a connectionless scheme. 4. The base station according to claim 1, wherein the radio resource control connection release message further contains information indicating a cause of connection release of this time. 5. A UE, comprising: a second receiving unit configured to receive a radio resource control connection release message transmitted by a base station; and a first releasing unit configured to release a radio resource control connection according to the radio resource control connection release message, so as to terminate data transmission performed by using a connectionless scheme. 6. The UE according to claim 5, wherein the UE further comprises: a third receiving unit configured to receive a paging message for a downlink service transmitted by the base station; and a first requesting unit configured to trigger a service request according to the paging message, so as to perform data transmission by using a connection scheme. 7. A UE, comprising: a second judging unit configured to judge whether an uplink service is suitable for using a connectionless scheme for data transmission when the uplink service is arrived; and a second releasing unit configured to release a radio resource control connection when the uplink service is not suitable for using a connectionless scheme for data transmission, so as to terminate data transmission performed by using the connectionless scheme. 8. The UE according to claim 7, wherein the UE further comprises: a second requesting unit configured to trigger a service request, so as to perform data transmission for the uplink service by using a connection scheme. 9. The UE according to claim 7, wherein the second judging unit is configured to: compare the uplink service with a pre-obtained traffic flow template; and determine that the uplink service is suitable for using a connectionless scheme for data transmission when the uplink service is in consistence with the traffic flow template. 10. The UE according to claim 7, wherein the second judging unit is configured to: compare an attribute value of the uplink service with a predefined threshold value; and determine according to a result of comparison, whether the uplink service is suitable for using a connectionless scheme for data transmission. 11. The UE according to claim 10, wherein the attribute value of the uplink service comprises one piece of the following information or a combination thereof: information on total amount of data, information on a size of a data packet, information on a size of a burst data stream, information on a data packet interval, or information on an average data packet rate. 12. The UE according to claim 7, wherein the UE further comprises: a third transmitting unit configured to transmit a connection release request to a base station; and a fourth receiving unit configured to receive a radio resource control connection release message transmitted by the base station, and terminate the data transmission performed by using the connectionless scheme. 13. The UE according to claim 12, wherein the connection release request further contains information indicating a cause of connection release of this time. 14. A UE, comprising: a third judging unit configured to judge whether an uplink service is suitable for using a connectionless scheme for data transmission when the uplink service is arrived; and a connection reconfiguring unit configured to perform modification and/or configuration on a radio bearer when the uplink service is not suitable for using a connectionless scheme for data transmission, so as to perform data transmission for the uplink service by using a connection scheme. 15. The UE according to claim 14, wherein the connection reconfiguring unit comprises: a fourth transmitting unit configured to interrupt the data transmission performed by using the connectionless scheme, and transmit an uplink information transmission message to a base station; a fifth receiving unit configured to receive a radio resource control connection reconfiguration message transmitted by the base station; and a bearer modifying unit configured to perform modification and/or configuration on the radio bearer according to the radio resource control connection reconfiguration message, so as to perform data transmission for the uplink service by using a connection scheme. 16. A base station, comprising: a sixth receiving unit configured to receive an uplink information transmission message transmitted by UE; and a fifth transmitting unit configured to transmit an initial UE message to a mobile management entity. 17. The base station according to claim 16, wherein the base station further comprises: a seventh receiving unit configured to receive an initial context setup request message transmitted by the mobile management entity, the initial context setup request message containing information on setup and/or modification of a radio bearer; and a sixth transmitting unit configured to transmit a radio resource control connection reconfiguration message to the UE. 18. A mobile management entity, comprising: an eighth receiving unit configured to receive an initial UE message transmitted by a base station, the initial UE message containing information indicating the UE to use a connectionless scheme; a reestablishing unit configured to reestablish a radio bearer to which the connectionless scheme corresponds; and a seventh transmitting unit configured to transmit an initial context setup request message to the base station, the initial context setup request message containing information on setup and/or modification of the radio bearer. 19. The mobile management entity according to claim 18, wherein the mobile management entity further comprises: a ninth receiving unit configured to receive an initial context setup response message transmitted by the base station; and an eighth transmitting unit configured to transmit a radio bearer modification request message to a serving gateway.",
-    "A method of fabricating a MEMS device. A first spacer is formed above a CMOS substrate containing circuitry. Vias are formed within the first spacer. A first metal is formed above the first spacer and vias and patterned to form a MEMS element. A second spacer is formed above the MEMS element and first spacer. A via is formed within the second spacer. A second metal is formed above the second spacer and the via. A capping layer is formed above the second metal. The second metal is patterned to form a second MEMS element. The device is cleaned using a developer solution while the capping layer protects the second MEMS element. The first and second spacers are removed to release the first and second MEMS elements. 1. A method of fabricating a digital micromirror device, the method comprising: forming a first spacer above a CMOS substrate containing circuitry; forming hinge vias within the first spacer; depositing a first metal above the first spacer and hinge vias and patterning the first metal to form a hinge; forming a second spacer above the hinge and first spacer; forming a mirror via within the second spacer; depositing a second metal above the second spacer and the mirror via; forming a sacrificial dielectric capping layer on a surface of the second metal; patterning the second metal to form a mirror; cleaning the device using a developer solution; and removing the first and second spacer layers to release the hinge and mirror. 2. A method of fabricating a digital micromirror device, the method comprising: forming a first spacer above a CMOS substrate containing circuitry and patterning the first spacer to form openings for the hinge vias; depositing a hinge liner metal above the first spacer and hinge vias to form a hinge via liner; depositing a hinge via plug material above the hinge via liner to form a hinge via plug; removing hinge via liner metal and hinge via plug material from above the first spacer; depositing a hinge metal above the first spacer and hinge vias and patterning the hinge metal to form a hinge; forming a second spacer above the hinge and first spacer and patterning the second spacer to form a mirror via; depositing a mirror metal above the second spacer and mirror; depositing an anti-reflective layer within a central indentation in the mirror via; forming a sacrificial dielectric capping layer on a surface of the mirror metal; depositing, patterning and exposing patterning layers above the capping layer; etching the mirror metal to form a mirror; cleaning the device using a developer solution; removing patterning layers using a descum process; and removing the first and second spacer layers to release the hinge and mirror. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the capping layer is deposited using chemical vapor deposition. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a thickness of the capping layer is 10 to 100 Angstroms. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the capping layer comprises an oxynitride. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the capping layer is deposited using sputtering. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein at least a majority of the capping layer is removed using an ash process. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the capping layer comprises a metal oxide. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein a portion of the capping layer is not removed from the mirror metal surface. 10. A method of fabricating a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device, the method comprising: forming a first spacer above a CMOS substrate containing circuitry; forming vias within the first spacer; depositing a first metal above the first spacer and vias and patterning the first metal to form a first MEMS element; forming a second spacer above the first MEMS element and first spacer; forming a via within the second spacer; depositing a second metal above the second spacer and the via; forming a sacrificial dielectric capping layer on a surface of the second metal; patterning the second metal to form a second MEMS element; cleaning the device using a developer solution; and removing the first and second spacer layers to release the first and second MEMS elements. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the capping layer is deposited using chemical vapor deposition. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the capping layer is deposited using sputtering. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein a thickness of the capping layer is 10 to 100 Angstroms. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the capping layer comprises an oxynitride. 15. (canceled). 16. The method of claim 10, wherein at least a majority of the capping layer is removed using an ash process. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the capping layer comprises a metal oxide. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein a portion of the capping layer is not removed from the second metal surface. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the capping layer is deposited using chemical vapor deposition. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the capping layer is deposited using sputtering. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the capping layer is 10 to 100 Angstroms. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the capping layer comprises an oxynitride. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the capping layer comprises a metal oxide. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a majority of the capping layer is removed using an ash process. 25. The method of claim 8, wherein a portion of the capping layer is not removed from the mirror metal surface.",
-    "A server may receive, from a software development kit (SDK) installed in an application executed by a processor of a mobile device, a first identifier identifying a service associated with a beacon device. The server may receive from the SDK one or more identifiers associated with the physical location of the beacon device. The server may select an alert to transmit to the application of the mobile device comprising an in-application reward for performing an in-application service in view of the first identifier and the one or more identifiers. The server may transmit the alert to the application of the mobile device. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a server from a software development kit (SDK) installed in an application executed by a processor of a mobile device, a first identifier identifying a service associated with a beacon device; receiving, by the server from the SDK, one or more identifiers associated with the physical location of the beacon device; selecting, by the server, an alert to transmit to the application of the mobile device comprising an in-application reward for performing an in-application service in view of the first identifier and the one or more identifiers; and transmitting, by the server, the alert to the application of the mobile device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the server from the application, an indication that the user associated with the mobile device has tapped on the alert; and transmitting, by the server to the application, content to show to the user along with the type and quantity of reward the user associated with the mobile device receives for completing the in-application service. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the server from the application, a registering request to listen for the first identifier transmitted by the beacon device responsive to the user of the selected application receiving permissions to monitor the location of the mobile device in the background and to transmit alerts to the user. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alert is specific to the mobile device entering the range of the beacon device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the alert is specific to the mobile device exiting the range of the beacon device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the alert is specific to a time period set to expire after the mobile device enters or exits the range of the beacon device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: responsive to the user associated with the mobile device completing the in-application service, crediting, by the SDK in the application, the user with a type and quantity of a reward; and transmitting, by the SDK in the application to the server, the type and quantity of a reward to be given to the user in an account of the user. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the server, one or more alerts to transmit to the application when the mobile device enters or exits the range of the beacon device based on the information related to an entity. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the server, one or more alerts to transmit to the application at a specified time after the mobile device has exited the physical location associated with the beacon device. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the server in a graphical user interface from a developer of the application, the name and detail of the selected application for the purpose of monetizing the application. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein monetizing the application comprises at least one of: how much the developer desired to be paid any time an alert is transmitted to the application, the names of one or more awards that are available in the in-application service, or how much the developer wishes to be paid for successful completion of each in-application service. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, by the server, that the application is from the same mobile device. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining that the application shares with the server an identifier for advertisers (IDFA) that identifies the particular mobile device on which the application is installed. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting is based on at least one of cost of an application, volume maximums associated with an application, and which applications a user associated with the mobile device uses most frequently. 15. A system, comprising: a memory; a processor, operatively coupled to the memory, the processor to; receive, from a software development kit (SDK) installed in an application executed by a processor of a mobile device, a first identifier identifying a service associated with a beacon device; receive, from the SDK, one or more identifiers associated with the physical location of the beacon device; select an alert to transmit to the application of the mobile device comprising an in-application reward for performing an in-application service in view of the first identifier and the one or more identifiers; and transmit the alert to the application of the mobile device. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor is further to: receive, from the application, an indication that the user associated with the mobile device has tapped on the alert; and transmit, to the application, content to show to the user along with the type and quantity of reward the user associated with the mobile device receives for completing the in-application service. 17. A method, comprising: receiving, by a software development kit (SDK) installed in an application executed by a processor of a mobile device, a first identifier transmitted by a beacon device, the first identifier identifying a service associated with the beacon device; determining, by the SDK, one or more identifiers associated with the physical location of the beacon device; reporting, by the SDK to a server, the first identifier and the one or more identifiers; receiving, by the SDK from the server, an alert to transmit to the application of the mobile device, the alert comprising a reward for performing an in-application service in view of the first identifier and the one or more identifiers; receiving, by the SDK from the application of the mobile device, an indication that the in-application service was performed; and transmitting the indication by the SDK to the server. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving, by the SDK from the application, an indication that the mobile device is within range of the beacon device. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the alert is specific to the mobile device entering the range of the beacon device. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the alert is specific to the mobile device exiting the range of the beacon device. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the alert is specific to a time period set to expire after the mobile device enters or exits the range of the beacon device. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein: responsive the user completing the in-application service, crediting, by the SDK in the application, the user with a type and quantity of a reward; and transmitting, by the SDK in the application to the server, the type and quantity of a reward to an account of the user. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the alert is based on at least one of the name of an entity associated with the in-application service, a configuration of the in-application service, or what the user associated with the mobile device receives as a reward for completing the in-application service. 24. The method of claim 17, further comprising: responsive to receiving a tap on the alert on the mobile device, opening, by the processor, the application; contacting the server by the SDK with an indication that the user has tapped on the alert; and receiving, by the SDK, content to show the user along with the type and quantity of reward the user receives for completing the in-application service. 25. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the SDK from user of the application, permissions to monitor the location of the mobile device in the background and to transmit alerts to the user. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: responsive to receiving permissions, registering, with a server platform to listen for the first identifier transmitted by the beacon device. 27. The method of claim 17, further comprising: reporting, by the SDK to the server, an indication that the application with the SDK was installed on the mobile device; and reporting, by the SDK to the server, an identifier for advertisers that identifies the particular mobile device on which the application is installed. 28. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving, by the SDK from the application, an indication that the application has awakened in the foreground. 29. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that when executed by a software development kit (SDK) installed in an application executed by the processor of a mobile device, cause the processor to: receive a first identifier transmitted by a beacon device, the first identifier identifying a service associated with the beacon device; determine one or more identifiers associated with the physical location of the beacon device; report to a server, the first identifier and the one or more identifiers; receive, from the server, an alert to transmit to the application of the mobile device, the alert comprising a reward for performing an in-application service in view of the first identifier and the one or more identifiers; receive, from the application of the mobile device, an indication that the in-application service was performed; and transmit the indication by the SDK to the server. 30. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 29, wherein the processor is further to: responsive to receiving a tap on the alert on the mobile device, open the application; contact the server with an indication that the user has tapped on the alert; and receive content to show the user along with the type and quantity of reward the user receives for completing the in-application service.",
-    "A laminated sprocket assembly is provided formed of a plurality of layers that are connected together. Each of the layers is a stamped sheet metal layer having a plurality of spaced apart teeth located around a periphery thereof. The teeth in the plurality of connected layers are aligned. At least one of voids, channels, openings, or recesses are located in or between at least some of the layers for receiving and holding lubricating oil. This reduces noise and wear. 1. A laminated sprocket assembly, comprising: a plurality of layers that are connected together, each of the layers being a stamped sheet metal layer having a plurality of spaced apart teeth located around a periphery thereof, and the teeth in the plurality of connected layers are aligned; and at least one of voids, channels, openings, or recesses being located in or between at least some of the layers for receiving lubricating oil. 2. The laminated sprocket assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the layers includes a shaft opening. 3. The laminated sprocket assembly of claim 2, wherein aligned openings are defined in each of the layers in a position spaced apart from the shaft opening and the teeth. 4. The laminated sprocket assembly of claim 1, wherein recesses are located in at least some of the layers in sides of at least some of the teeth. 5. The laminated sprocket assembly of claim 4, wherein the recesses are formed by a radius, and the layers on either side of the layers with the recesses include teeth having side flanks without the recesses.",
-    "The present invention relates to compounds of general formula I wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined herein which maybe used for the treatment of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, major depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, normal aging, epilepsy, retinal degeneration, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, Parkinson's disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment, chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction (\u201cchemobrain\u201d), Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, hearing loss, tinnitus, spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, and disturbances due to radiation therapy, chronic stress, optic neuropathy or macular degeneration, or abuse of neuro-active drugs, selected from alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine and cocaine. 1. A compound of formula I wherein R1 is phenyl or pyridinyl, which are optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents, selected from halogen, lower alkyl substituted by halogen, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxy substituted by halogen, cyano or S(O)2-lower alkyl, or is morpholinyl, dihydropyranyl or piperidinyl, wherein piperidinyl is optionally substituted by halogen, or is C(O)O-lower alkyl; R2 is hydrogen; R3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl substituted by halogen, \u2014(CH2)n\u2014S(O)2-lower alkyl, \u2014(CH2)n-cycloalkyl or \u2014(CH2)n-lower alkoxy; R4 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; n is 0, 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, a racemic mixture or its corresponding enantiomer and/or optical isomers thereof. 2. The compound of formula I according to claim 1, wherein R1 is phenyl or pyridinyl, which are optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents, selected from halogen, lower alkyl substituted by halogen, lower alkoxy, lower alkoxy substituted by halogen, cyano or S(O)2-lower alkyl. 3. The compound of claim 1 which compounds are: 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3 -carboxamide; 5-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; or, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is morpholinyl, dihydropyranyl or piperidinyl, wherein piperidinyl is optionally substituted by halogen. 5. The compound of claim 1, which compounds are: 5-morpholino-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; methyl 3-carbamoyl-1,7-naphthyridine-5-carboxylate; 5-(3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; or, i 5-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen. 7. The compound of claim 1 which compounds are: 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide 5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-morpholino-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; methyl 3-carbamoyl-1,7-naphthyridine-5-carboxylate; 5-(3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; 5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide; or, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide. 8. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula I as defined in claim 1 which process comprises a) reacting a compound of formula (I-A) with a compound of formula NHR2R3 (2) to afford a compound of formula (I) and, optionally, converting the compounds obtained into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, or c) reacting a compound of formula 3 with a compound of formula (HO)2B\u2014R1\u2032 (4) to afford a compound of formula I and, optionally, converting the compounds obtained into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carrier. 10. A method for the treatment of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, normal aging, epilepsy, retinal degeneration, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, Parkinson's disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment, chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction, Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, hearing loss, tinnitus, spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, radiation therapy, chronic stress, optic neuropathy or macular degeneration, abuse of neuro-active drugs, selected from alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine and cocaine, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1.",
-    "A refrigerator having a freezer compartment and a refrigerator compartment and performs a plurality of individual refrigerating cycles using a plurality of compressors so as to individually cool the freezer compartment and the refrigerator compartment. The refrigerator includes a plurality of compressors, a plurality of condensers, a plurality of expansion valves, and a plurality of evaporators. One of the plurality of condensers is disposed in a machine compartment and the other condenser is disposed outside the machine compartment so that a heat dissipation effect of the machine compartment may be improved and arrangement availability may be increased. Also, the refrigerator includes a plurality of compressors, a dual path condenser, a plurality of expansion valves, and a plurality of evaporators. The dual path condenser may have a plurality of individual condensation paths. 1. A refrigerator comprising: a body; a freezer compartment formed in the body; a refrigerator compartment that is formed in the body and insulated from the freezer compartment; a machine compartment insulated from the freezer compartment and the refrigerator compartment; a freezer compartment compressor disposed in the machine compartment so as to perform a freezer compartment refrigerating cycle in which cold air is supplied to the freezer compartment; a refrigerator compartment compressor disposed in the machine compartment so as to perform a refrigerator compartment refrigerating cycle in which cold air is supplied to the refrigerator compartment; a condenser disposed in the machine compartment so as to condense at least one of a refrigerant compressed by the freezer compartment compressor and to condense a refrigerant compressed by the refrigerator compartment compressor; and a blower fan disposed in the machine compartment so as to forcibly cause air to flow, wherein the freezer compartment compressor is disposed to be adjacent to one sidewall of the machine compartment from a center of an inside of the machine compartment, the refrigerator compartment compressor is disposed to be adjacent to the other sidewall of the machine compartment from the center of the inside of the machine compartment, and the condenser is disposed between the freezer compartment compressor and the refrigerator compartment compressor, and the blower fan allows air to forcibly flow from the refrigerator compartment compressor to the freezer compartment compressor via the condenser.",
-    "An apparatus comprises an implantable cardiac signal sensing circuit configured to provide a sensed depolarization signal from a ventricle and a processor. The processor includes a signal analyzer module and a tachyarrhythmia discrimination module. The signal analyzer module is configured to determine a measure of stability of ventricular (V\u2212V) depolarization intervals using the depolarization signal, and determine a rate of change of the measure of stability. The tachyarrhythmia discrimination module is configured to detect an episode of tachyarrhythmia using the depolarization signal, determine whether the detected tachyarrhythmia is indicative of atrial tachyarrhythmia using the determined rate of change, and provide the determination to a user or process. 1. (canceled) 2. An apparatus comprising: an implantable cardiac signal sensing circuit, configured to provide a sensed depolarization signal from a ventricle; a processor communicatively coupled to the cardiac signal sensing circuit, the processor including: a signal analyzer module configured to measure V\u2212V depolarization intervals; and a tachyarrhythmia discrimination module configured to: detect an episode of tachyarrhythmia using the measured V\u2212V depolarization intervals; detect a sudden presence of long and short V\u2212V depolarization intervals; classify the detected tachyarrhythmia as atrial tachyarrhythmia or ventricular tachyarrhythmia using a detected pattern of long and short V\u2212V depolarization intervals; and provide the tachyarrhythmia classification to a user or process. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, including: a memory communicatively coupled to the processor and configured to a store a signal morphology template; and a far-field sensing channel configured to provide a far-field atrial and ventricular signal using an electrode location that is outside of an atrium or ventricle, and wherein the tachyarrhythmia discrimination module is configured to: upon classifying the detected tachyarrhythmia as atrial tachyarrhythmia, initiate sensing of the far-field signal; and initiate a comparison a morphology of the far-field signal to a stored morphology template by the signal analyzer module; and confirm the classification as atrial tachyarrhythmia using the morphology comparison. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the signal analyzer module is configured to: calculate a measure of similarity between a segment of the far-field signal and the morphology template, wherein the stored morphology template is representative of normal sinus rhythm; calculate a central tendency of the measure of similarity and a variance of the measure of similarity, and wherein the tachyarrhythmia discrimination module is configured to confirm the classification as atrial tachyarrhythmia when the central tendency of the measure of similarity is above a central tendency threshold, the variance of the measure of similarity is within a variance range, and the depolarization rate or interval satisfies a rate or interval detection threshold. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, including: a memory communicatively coupled to the processor; and a communication circuit, communicatively coupled to the processor, configured to communicate information wirelessly with a second separate device, and wherein the tachyarrhythmia discrimination module is configured to: upon classifying the detected tachyarrhythmia as atrial tachyarrhythmia, initiate storage of a segment of the depolarization signal when a duration of the detected arrhythmia exceeds a duration threshold; initiate storage of a histogram of V\u2212V depolarization intervals, wherein the histogram indicates regular and irregular V\u2212V depolarization intervals; and communicate the stored segment and histogram from an implantable medical device to a second device. 6. A method comprising: detecting an episode of tachyarrhythmia using a depolarization signal sensed from a ventricle in an absence of a dedicated atrial chamber sensing circuit; detecting a sudden presence of long and short V\u2212V depolarization intervals using the depolarization signal; classifying the detected tachyarrhythmia as atrial tachyarrhythmia or ventricular tachyarrhythmia using a detected pattern of long and short V\u2212V depolarization intervals; and providing the tachyarrhythmia classification to a user or process. 7. The method of claim 6, including: upon classifying the detected tachyarrhythmia as atrial tachyarrhythmia, sensing a second signal using a far-field sensing channel; and comparing a morphology of the second sensed signal to a morphology template, and wherein classifying the tachyarrhythmia includes confirming the classification as atrial tachyarrhythmia using the morphology comparison. 8. The method of claim 6, including upon classifying the detected tachyarrhythmia as atrial tachyarrhythmia, storing a segment of the depolarization signal when a duration of the detected arrhythmia exceeds a duration threshold; storing a histogram of V\u2212V depolarization intervals, wherein the histogram indicates regular and irregular V\u2212V depolarization intervals; and communicating the stored segment and histogram from an implantable medical device to a second device.",
-    "A light emission control device that is capable of controlling an emission amount of a light emitting unit irrespective of existence of a high-intensity light source. A selecting unit divides each of a non-emission image and a pre-emission image into a predetermined number of block areas, and selects a light-control target area according to a difference between luminance values in the non-emission image and the pre-emission image. A first weighting unit generates first weighting data by allocating a predetermined weight to each the light-control target area. A second weighting unit finds a weighting coefficient for each the light-control target area in the non-emission image, and to generate second weighting data by multiplying the first weighting data by the weighting coefficient. A control unit controls the emission unit according to a main emission amount that makes the light-control target area be proper exposure with reference to the second weighting data. 1. A light emission control device comprising: a selecting unit configured to divide each of a non-emission image obtained by photographing an object without making an emission unit emit light and a pre-emission image obtained by photographing the object with making the emission unit emit light by a predetermined light amount into a predetermined number of block areas, and to select at least one block area that is subjected to light control in the non-emission image as at least one light-control target area according to a difference between a luminance value of a block area in the non-emission image and a luminance value of a corresponding block area in the pre-emission image; a first weighting unit configured to generate first weighting data by allocating a predetermined weight to each the at least one light-control target area; a second weighting unit configured to find a weighting coefficient for each the at least one light-control target area in the non-emission image, and to generate second weighting data by multiplying the first weighting data by the weighting coefficient; and a control unit configured to control the emission unit according to a main emission amount that makes the at least one light-control target area be proper exposure with reference to the second weighting data. 2. The light emission control device according to claim 1, wherein said second weighting unit decreases the weighting coefficient as the luminance value of the block area that is equal to or more than a predetermined luminance value increases. 3. The light emission control device according to claim 2, wherein said second weighting unit minimizes the weighting coefficient at the luminance value at which whiteout occurs. 4. The light emission control device according to claim 2, wherein said second weighting unit decreases the weighting coefficient as extraneous light at time of photographing becomes dark. 5. The light emission control device according to claim 2, further comprising a determination unit configured to determine whether a photographing scene is a backlight scene, wherein said second weighting unit changes a rate of change of the weighting coefficient when said determination unit determines that a photographing scene is a backlight scene. 6. The light emission control device according to claim 5, wherein said determination unit determines that a photographing scene is a backlight scene when the luminance value of the at least one light-control target area is equal to or less than a predetermined first threshold and when the luminance value of background areas that are block areas except the at least one light-control target area is equal to or more than a second threshold that is more than the first threshold. 7. The light emission control device according to claim 6, wherein said second weighting unit increases the rate of change of the weighting coefficient as the difference between the luminance value of the at least one light-control target area and the luminance value of the background areas becomes large. 8. The light emission control device according to claim 1, wherein said control unit finds the main emission amount so that an average of the luminance values of the light-control target areas in the non-emission image that are weighted by the second weighting data approaches the target luminance value, and controls the emission unit according to the main emission amount. 9. An image pickup apparatus comprising: an image pickup unit configured to photograph an object to obtain an image; a light emission control device comprising: a selecting unit configured to divide each of a non-emission image obtained by photographing an object without making an emission unit emit light and a pre-emission image obtained by photographing the object with making the emission unit emit light by a predetermined light amount into a predetermined number of block areas, and to select at least one block area that is subjected to light control in the non-emission image as at least one light-control target area according to a difference between a luminance value of a block area in the non-emission image and a luminance value of a corresponding block area in the pre-emission image; a first weighting unit configured to generate first weighting data by allocating a predetermined weight to each the at least one light-control target area; a second weighting unit configured to find a weighting coefficient for each the at least one light-control target area in the non-emission image, and to generate second weighting data by multiplying the first weighting data by the weighting coefficient; and a control unit configured to find the main emission amount so that an average of the luminance values of the light-control target areas in the non-emission image that are weighted by the second weighting data approaches the target luminance value, and to control the emission unit according to the main emission amount; and a recording unit configured to record an image, which is obtained by photographing the object with said image pickup unit with making the emission unit emit light by the main emission amount, into a storage medium. 10. A light emission control device that controls an emission amount of an emission unit, the light emission control device comprising: a photometry unit configured to obtain photometry values of a plurality of photometry areas; a selection unit configured to select a plurality of target areas used when determining the emission amount of the emission unit from among the plurality of photometry areas; a determination unit configured to determine the emission amount of the emission unit based on a result of a weighting operation using the photometry values of the plurality of target areas obtained by said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light; and a setting unit configured to set up weights used for the weighting operation to the plurality of target areas according to the photometry values of the plurality of target areas obtained by said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light. 11. The light emission control device according to claim 10, wherein said setting unit sets up the weights based on the photometry values obtained with said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light to the target areas of which the photometry values obtained with said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light are more than a threshold. 12. The light emission control device according to claim 10, wherein said setting unit decreases a weight as a photometry value obtained with said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light increases. 13. The light emission control device according to claim 10, wherein said determination unit determines the emission amount based on a result of the weighting operation that computes weighted average of the photometry values of the plurality of target areas that are obtained with said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light and are weighted by the weights set up by said setting unit. 14. The light emission control device according to claim 10, wherein said selection unit selects a target area based on a comparison result of a photometry value obtained with said photometry unit without making the emission unit emit light with a photometry value obtained with said photometry unit with making the emission unit emit light for each of the plurality of photometry areas. 15. A control method for a light emission control device, the control method comprising: a selecting step of dividing each of a non-emission image obtained by photographing an object without making an emission unit emit light and a pre-emission image obtained by photographing the object with making the emission unit emit light by a predetermined light amount into a predetermined number of block areas, and of selecting at least one block area that is subjected to light control in the non-emission image as at least one light-control target area according to a difference between a luminance value of a block area in the non-emission image and a luminance value of a corresponding block area in the pre-emission image; a first weighting step of generating first weighting data by allocating a predetermined weight to each the block area included in the light-control target area; a second weighting step of finding a weighting coefficient for each the block area included in the light-control target area in the non-emission image, and of generating second weighting data by multiplying the first weighting data by the weighting coefficient; and a control step of controlling the emission unit according to a main emission amount that makes the light-control target area be proper exposure with reference to the second weighting data. 16. A control method for a light emission control device that controls an emission amount of an emission unit, the control method comprising: a photometry step of obtaining photometry values of a plurality of photometry areas; a selection step of selecting a plurality of target areas used when determining the emission amount of the emission unit from among the plurality of photometry areas; a determination step of determining the emission amount of the emission unit based on a result of a weighting operation using the photometry values of the plurality of target areas obtained in said photometry step without making the emission unit emit light; and a setting step of setting up weights used for the weighting operation to the plurality of target areas according to the photometry values of the plurality of target areas obtained in said photometry step without making the emission unit emit light. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a control program causing a computer to execute a control method for a light emission control device, the control method comprising: a selecting step of dividing each of a non-emission image obtained by photographing an object without making an emission unit emit light and a pre-emission image obtained by photographing the object with making the emission unit emit light by a predetermined light amount into a predetermined number of block areas, and of selecting at least one block area that is subjected to light control in the non-emission image as at least one light-control target area according to a difference between a luminance value of a block area in the non-emission image and a luminance value of a corresponding block area in the pre-emission image; a first weighting step of generating first weighting data by allocating a predetermined weight to each the block area included in the light-control target area; a second weighting step of finding a weighting coefficient for each the block area included in the light-control target area in the non-emission image, and of generating second weighting data by multiplying the first weighting data by the weighting coefficient; and a control step of controlling the emission unit according to a main emission amount that makes the light-control target area be proper exposure with reference to the second weighting data. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a control program causing a computer to execute a control method for a light emission control device that controls an emission amount of an emission unit, the control method comprising: a photometry step of obtaining photometry values of a plurality of photometry areas; a selection step of selecting a plurality of target areas used when determining the emission amount of the emission unit from among the plurality of photometry areas; a determination step of determining the emission amount of the emission unit based on a result of a weighting operation using the photometry values of the plurality of target areas obtained in said photometry step without making the emission unit emit light; and a setting step of setting up weights used for the weighting operation to the plurality of target areas according to the photometry values of the plurality of target areas obtained in said photometry step without making the emission unit emit light.",
-    "A network system includes a plurality of sub-network planes and global switches. The sub-network planes have a same network topology as each other. Each of the sub-network planes includes edge switches. Each of the edge switches has N ports. Each of the global switches is configured to connect a group of edge switches at a same location in the sub-network planes. In each of the sub-network planes, some of the N ports of each of the edge switches are connected to end nodes, and others of the N ports are connected to other edge switches in the same sub-network plane, other of the N ports are connected to at least one of the global switches. 1. A network system, comprising: a plurality of sub-network planes having a same network topology as each other, the sub-network planes interconnected through one or more global switches, each of the sub-network planes comprises edge switches, each of the edge switches having N ports; and the one or more global switches including a first global switch, the first global switch configured to connect at least one edge switch at a first location in one of the sub-network planes and at least another edge switch at a corresponding first location in another one of the sub-network planes, wherein, in each of the sub-network planes, some of the N ports of each of the edge switches are connected to end nodes, and others of the N ports are connected to other edge switches in a same sub-network plane, and others of the N ports are connected to at least one of the one or more global switches, wherein the network system comprises a plurality of partitions, each partition comprising at least one of the sub-network planes, wherein at least two of the partitions run different jobs in an independent manner. 2. The network system of claim 1, wherein each of the sub-network planes includes a HyperX network topology. 3. The network system of claim 1, wherein a maximum number of the sub-network planes that can be interconnected in the network system is equal to or smaller than a number of ports of each global switch. 4. (canceled) 5. The network system of claim 1, wherein the network system is scaled up by interconnecting a new sub-network plane having a same network topology as each of the sub-network planes, and at least one edge switch of the new sub-network plane is connected to the first global switch of the network system. 6. A network system, comprising: a plurality of HyperX network planes each having an i\u00d7j grid of edge switches, where i\u22672 and j\u22672, the HyperX network planes interconnected through the first through L-th global switches; and first through L-th global switches, where L>2, the first global switch connecting a first edge switch at a first location in one of the HyperX network planes and a second edge switch at a corresponding first location in another one of the HyperX network planes, the first edge switch having a direct link with an edge switch in each of column and row directions with respect to the first edge switch in the one of the HyperX network planes, wherein the network system comprises a plurality of partitions, each partition comprising at least one of the HyperX network planes, wherein at least two of the partitions run different jobs in an independent manner. 7. The network system of claim 6, wherein, in each of the HyperX network planes, some of the N ports of each of the edge switches are connected to end nodes, and others of the N ports are connected to other edge switches in the same HyperX network plane, and others of the N ports are connected to at least one of the first through L-th global switches. 8. The network system of claim 6, wherein the second global switch of the first through L-th global switches connects the first edge switch and the second edge switch. 9. The network system of claim 6, wherein the network system is scaled up by interconnecting a new HyperX network plane having a same network topology as each of the HyperX network planes, wherein an edge switch placed at a corresponding first location in the new HyperX network plane is connected to the first global switch. 10. The network system of claim 6, wherein a maximum number of the HyperX network planes interconnected in the network system is equal to or smaller than a number of ports of each global switch. 11. (canceled) 12. The network of claim 7, wherein the end nodes include compute nodes and input/output I/O nodes, wherein a first HyperX network plane of the HyperX network planes runs in a first partition of the partitions and a second HyperX network plane of the HyperX network planes runs in a second partition of the partitions, and all the edge switches of the first HyperX network plane are connected to the I/O nodes, and all the edge switches of the second HyperX network plane are connected to the compute nodes. 13. A method for building up a network system by interconnecting a plurality of HyperX network planes through a plurality of global switches, comprising: building the plurality of HyperX network planes, each of which includes i\u00d7j grid of edge switches, wherein links between the edge switches in each column direction of the i\u00d7j grid are interconnected in an all-to-all manner, and links between the edge switches in each row direction of the i\u00d7j grid are interconnected in an all-to-all manner; connecting, through a first global switch of the plurality of global switches, at least one edge switch at a first location in one of the HyperX network planes to at least another global switch at a corresponding first location in another one of the HyperX network planes; and comprising partitioning the network system into a plurality of partitions, each partition comprising at least one of the HyperX network planes, wherein at least two of the partitions run different jobs in an independent manner. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising connecting, through a second global switch of the plurality of global switches, the at least one edge switch at the first location in one of the HyperX network planes and the at least another global switch at the corresponding first location in another one of the HyperX network planes. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the global switches has M ports, a number of the HyperX network planes in the network system is M. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the global switches includes M ports, a number of the HyperX network planes in the network system is M/2. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising scaling up a size of the network system by interconnecting a new HyperX network plane having a same network topology as each of the HyperX network planes, wherein an edge switch placed at a corresponding first location in the new HyperX network plane is connected to the first global switch. 18. (canceled)",
-    "The invention relates to a bit holder for an earth working machine, in particular a road milling machine, that comprises a bit receptacle in the region of a working side of a support member and that indirectly or directly carries an insertion projection on an insertion projection side of the support member, the support member comprising two stripping surfaces [first or second stripping surfaces] that form a stripping surface pair and are at an angle to one another. In order to achieve a stable and long-lived configuration with such a bit holder, provision is made according to the present invention that the support member comprises at least one further stripping surface that is at an angle to the two stripping surfaces of the stripping surface pair. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A tool apparatus for an earth working machine, comprising: an insertion projection; and a support member having an insertion projection side and a working side, the insertion projection extending from the insertion projection side, the working side facing away from the insertion projection, the support member including a convex pyramid shaped bearing surface system defined on the insertion projection side, the convex pyramid shaped bearing surface system including at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces. 18. The tool apparatus of claim 17, wherein: the insertion projection extends from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction; and the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces are configured so as to support the support member against tension loading in the insertion projection parallel to the insertion direction, and to support the support member against forward and rearward forces and side to side forces orthogonal to the insertion direction. 19. The tool apparatus of claim 17, wherein: the insertion projection extends from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction; and the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces are configured such that a lateral force in any direction perpendicular to the insertion direction will have at least a component of the lateral force supported by at least one of the bearing surfaces. 20. The tool apparatus of claim 17, wherein: the insertion projection extends from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction; and the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces include; a pair of front bearing surfaces at a non-parallel angle to one another, the front bearing surfaces being at least partially located in front of the insertion projection with reference to a tool advance direction; and at least one rear bearing surface at a non-parallel angle to each of the front bearing surfaces, the at least one rear bearing surface being at least partially located behind the insertion projection with reference to the tool advance direction. 21. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the front bearing surfaces diverge from each other from front to rear with reference to the tool advance direction, and in a direction opposite the insertion direction. 22. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: each of the front bearing surfaces intersects the at least one rear bearing surface. 23. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the insertion projection includes an insertion projection longitudinal center axis parallel to the insertion direction; and each of the front bearing surfaces intersects the at least one rear bearing surface at an intersection behind the insertion projection longitudinal center axis. 24. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the insertion projection includes an insertion projection longitudinal center axis parallel to the insertion direction; the apparatus has an imaginary central plane lying between the front bearing surfaces and containing the insertion projection longitudinal center axis; and the at least one rear bearing surface is symmetrical about the central plane of the apparatus. 25. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the front bearing surfaces enclose an angle in a range of from 100\u00b0 to 140\u00b0 26. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the insertion projection intersects the front bearing surfaces. 27. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the insertion projection includes an insertion projection longitudinal center axis parallel to the insertion direction; the apparatus has an imaginary central plane lying between the front bearing surfaces and containing the insertion projection longitudinal center axis; and the front bearing surfaces are connected to one another at least partially on the insertion projection side by a transition segment, the transition segment having a width transverse to the central plane less than a width of either front bearing surface. 28. The tool apparatus of claim 20, wherein: planes defined by the front bearing surfaces intersect at a longitudinal center bearing axis; and the insertion direction and the longitudinal center bearing axis enclose an angle in a range of from 100\u00b0 to 130\u00b0. 29. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the insertion direction is at an angle of from \u221210\u00b0 to +10\u00b0 with respect to an angle bisector plane of the front bearing surfaces. 30. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the working side of the support member includes a bit receptacle having a longitudinal center receptacle axis; the insertion direction and the longitudinal center receptacle axis define a central plane of the tool apparatus; and the pair of front bearing surfaces are symmetric about the central plane. 31. The tool apparatus of claim 17, wherein: the insertion projection extends from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction; and the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces include; a pair of rear bearing surfaces at a non-parallel angle to one another, the rear bearing surfaces being at least partially located behind the insertion projection with reference to a tool advance direction; and at least one front bearing surface at a non-parallel angle to each of the rear bearing surfaces, the at least one front bearing surface being at least partially located in front of the insertion projection with reference to the tool advance direction. 32. The tool apparatus of claim 17, wherein: the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces comprises four non-parallel bearing surfaces. 33. The tool apparatus of claim 17, wherein the tool apparatus is a tool holder and the working side includes a bit receptacle. 34. A tool apparatus for an earth working machine, comprising: an insertion projection; and a support member having an insertion projection side and a working side, the insertion projection extending from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction, the support member having defined on the insertion projection side a bearing surface system including at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces configured so as to support the support member against tension loading in the insertion projection parallel to the insertion direction, and to support the support member against forward and rearward forces and side to side forces orthogonal to the insertion direction. 35. The tool apparatus of claim 34, wherein: the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces are configured such that a lateral force in any direction orthogonal to the insertion direction will have at least a component of the lateral force supported by at least one of the bearing surfaces. 36. A tool apparatus for an earth working machine, comprising: an insertion projection; and a support member having an insertion projection side and a working side, the insertion projection extending from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction, the support member having defined on the insertion projection side a bearing surface system including at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces configured such that a lateral force in any direction orthogonal to the insertion direction will have at least a component of the lateral force supported by at least one of the bearing surfaces. 37. A tool apparatus for an earth working machine, comprising: an insertion projection; and a support member having an insertion projection side and a working side, the insertion projection extending from the insertion projection side in an insertion direction, the support member having defined on the insertion projection side a bearing surface system including at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces, the at least three non-parallel bearing surfaces including: a pair of front bearing surfaces at a non-parallel angle to one another, the front bearing surfaces joining the insertion projection and extending forward from the insertion projection such that the front bearing surfaces are at least partially located in front of the insertion projection with reference to a tool advance direction, wherein the front bearing surfaces diverge from each other from front to rear with reference to the tool advance direction, and wherein the front bearing surfaces diverge from each other in a direction opposite the insertion direction; and at least one rear bearing surface at a non-parallel angle to each of the front bearing surfaces, the at least one rear bearing surface being at least partially located behind the insertion projection with reference to the tool advance direction. 38. A method of supporting a tool apparatus for a milling drum of an earth working machine, comprising: (a) providing a tool apparatus, including: an insertion projection; and a support member having an insertion projection side and a working side, the insertion projection extending from the insertion projection side, the support member including: a pair of bearing surfaces at an angle to one another; and at least one further bearing surface at an angle to each of the bearing surfaces of the pair of bearing surfaces; (b) inserting the insertion projection into an insertion receptacle of a base part attached to the milling drum; (c) placing a tension load on the insertion projection to hold the tool apparatus in the base part; and (d) supporting the support member during milling operation against all lateral loads orthogonal to the tension load on the insertion projection by engagement of the bearing surfaces with complementary supporting surfaces of the base part, such that the insertion projection is always loaded in tension during the milling operation.",
-    "An attachment structure between an exterior member and a posterior attaching component to be attached to the exterior member includes: the exterior member that has a tube body shape and is included in a wire harness that has one or a plurality of conductive paths, the exterior member covering the conductive path. The exterior member includes a straight tube section that has a straight shape and is an attachment target section of the posterior attaching component. Multiple protrusions are formed on an outer surface of the straight tube section and include a plurality of protrusion groups arranged in rows, each of the plurality of protrusion groups includes the protrusions arranged at predetermined pitches in a tube axial direction, and the multiple protrusions are configured to be inserted into an annular wall of the posterior attaching component. 1. An attachment structure between an exterior member and a posterior attaching component to be attached to the exterior member, the attachment structure comprising: the exterior member that has a tube body shape and is included in a wire harness that has one or a plurality of conductive paths, the exterior member covering the conductive path, wherein the exterior member includes a straight tube section that has a straight shape and is an attachment target section of the posterior attaching component, multiple protrusions, which protrude with a predetermined height, are formed on an outer surface of the straight tube section, the multiple protrusions include a plurality of protrusion groups arranged in rows, each of the plurality of protrusion groups includes the protrusions arranged at predetermined pitches in a tube axial direction, and the multiple protrusions are configured to be inserted into an annular wall of the posterior attaching component. 2. The attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein the protrusions are arranged in a state in which positions thereof are shifted by half of a length of the predetermined pitch in the tube axial direction, in one protrusion group and an adjacent protrusion group adjacent to the one protrusion group of the plurality of protrusion groups. 3. The attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein each of the protrusions has substantially a rectangular shape in a plan view in which a width in a circumferential direction of the outer surface is longer than a width in the tube axial direction. 4. The attachment structure according to claim 1, wherein the posterior attaching component is a clamp that has a tube body attaching section which is attached to the straight tube section and a fixing section which is fixed to a fixing target in wiring of the wire harness, and the annular wall is disposed at an near-end position and/or at an intermediate position of the tube body attaching section in the tube axial direction on an inner surface thereof.",
-    "A method for providing access information for accessing a network device from a first terminal to a second terminal includes obtaining, by a first terminal, access information instructing a second terminal to access the network, the access information including a service set identifier SSID and an access password, selecting a plurality of destination addresses including the access information from a designated multicast address segment, and multicasting a plurality of user datagram protocol (UDP) multicast messages including the plurality of destination addresses to the second terminal. 1. A method for providing access information for accessing a network device from a first terminal to a second terminal, comprising: obtaining, by the first terminal, access information instructing a second terminal to access the network device, the access information comprising a service set identifier (SSID) and a password for the network device; dividing, by the first terminal, the access information into a plurality of data units; selecting, by the first terminal, a plurality of destination addresses comprising the access information from a designated multicast address segment associated with the first terminal, the plurality of data units being included into the plurality of the destination addresses respectively; and multicasting, by the first terminal, a plurality of user datagram protocol (UDP) multicast messages including the plurality of the destination addresses to the second terminal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the access information instructing the second terminal to access the network device comprises: receiving the SSID of the network device which the second terminal is instructed to access; determining whether an access password corresponding to the SSID is stored in the first terminal; and obtaining the SSID and the access password when the access password corresponding to the SSID is stored in the first terminal. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the obtaining the access information instructing the second terminal to access the network device comprises: receiving an access password corresponding to the SSID from a user of the terminal, when the access password corresponding to the SSID is not stored in the first terminal; and obtaining the SSID and the received access password corresponding to the SSID. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the plurality of destination addresses comprising the access information from the designated multicast address segment comprises: encrypting the access information based on a preset encryption algorithm to obtain a transfer ciphertext corresponding to the access information; dividing the transfer ciphertext into a plurality of data units and adding the plurality of data units to the plurality of destination addresses; and selecting the plurality of destination addresses comprising the transfer ciphertext from the designated multicast address segment. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: generating, by the first terminal, an indicating message related to the access information; and transmitting the indicating message to the network device accessed by the first terminal, such that the network device performs the steps of selecting the plurality of destination addresses comprising the access information from the designated multicast address segment based on the indicating message and multicasting the plurality of UDP multicast messages including the plurality of destination addresses to the second terminal. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of destination addresses include a length of the transfer ciphertext. 7. A method for accessing a network device from a terminal, comprising: monitoring, by the terminal, a designated multicast address segment; obtaining, by the terminal, destination addresses of a plurality of UDP multicast messages when the plurality of UDP multicast messages are received for the designated multicast address segment; parsing, by the terminal, the destination addresses of the plurality of UDP multicast messages to obtain access information, the access information comprising an SSID and an access password for the network device; and accessing, by the terminal, the network device based on the SSID and the access password. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the parsing the destination addresses of the plurality of UDP multicast messages to obtain access information comprises: extracting a transfer ciphertext from the destination addresses of the plurality of UDP multicast messages; and decrypting the transfer ciphertext based on a preset decryption algorithm to restore the access information. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the destination addresses includes a portion of the transfer ciphertext. 10. An apparatus for providing access information for accessing a network device to a terminal, comprising: a processor; and a memory for storing instructions executable by the processor, wherein the processor is configured to perform: obtaining the access information instructing the terminal to access the network device, the access information comprising a SSID and an access password for the network device; dividing the access information into a plurality of data units; selecting a plurality of destination addresses comprising the access information from a designated multicast address segment, the plurality of data units being included into the plurality of the destination addresses; and multicasting a plurality of UDP multicast messages including the plurality of the destination addresses to the terminal. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the obtaining access information instructing the terminal to access the network device comprises: receiving the SSID of the network device which the terminal is instructed to access; determining whether an access password corresponding to the SSID is stored in the apparatus; and obtaining the SSID and the access password corresponding to the SSID as the access information instructing the terminal to access the network, when the access password corresponding to the SSID is stored in the apparatus. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the obtaining access information instructing the terminal to access the network further comprises: receiving an access password corresponding to the SSID, when the access password corresponding to the SSID is not stored in the apparatus; and obtaining the SSID and the received access password corresponding to the SSID as the access information instructing the terminal to access the network. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the selecting a plurality of destination addresses comprising the access information from a designated multicast address segment comprises: encrypting the access information based on a preset encryption algorithm to obtain a transfer ciphertext corresponding to the access information; dividing the transfer ciphertext into a plurality of data units and adding the plurality of data units to the plurality of destination addresses; and selecting the plurality of destination addresses comprising the transfer ciphertext from the designated multicast address segment. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to perform: generating an indicating message related to the access information; and transmitting the indicating message to the network device accessed by the apparatus, such that the network device performs the steps of selecting the plurality of destination addresses comprising the access information from the designated multicast address segment based on the indicating message and multicasting the plurality of UDP multicast messages including the plurality of destination addresses to the terminal. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of destination addresses include a data amount of the transfer ciphertext.",
-    "A thin film transistor is provided. The thin film transistor includes a source electrode, a drain electrode, a semiconductor layer, an insulating layer and a gate electrode. The drain electrode is spaced from the source electrode. The semiconductor layer is electrically connected to the source electrode and the drain electrode. The gate electrode is insulated with the source electrode, the drain electrode and the semiconductor layer by the insulating layer. The gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode comprise a plurality of first carbon nanotubes. The semiconductor layer comprises a plurality of second carbon nanotubes. A distribution density of the plurality of first carbon nanotubes is about 20 times as much as that of the plurality of second carbon nanotubes. A number of the plurality of second carbon nanotubes in 1 square micrometers is smaller than or equal to 1. 1. A method of making a thin film transistor, the method comprising: providing an insulating substrate; forming a gate electrode on the insulating substrate, wherein the gate electrode comprises a first carbon nanotube layer with a first film resistor that is smaller than or equal to 10 k\u03a9 per square; applying an insulating layer on the gate electrode; forming a source electrode and a drain electrode on the insulating layer, wherein the source electrode and the drain electrode are spaced from each other, and each of the source electrode and the drain electrode comprises a third carbon nanotube layer, and a film resistor of the third carbon nanotube is smaller than or equal to 10 k\u03a9 per square; forming a semiconductor layer on the insulating layer, wherein the semiconductor layer is in contact with the source electrode and the drain electrode, and the semiconductor layer comprises a second carbon nanotube layer with a second film resistor greater than or equal to 100 k\u03a9 per square; exposing a part of the insulating layer to form a channel by etching a portion of the second carbon nanotube layer that is between the source electrode and the drain electrode, wherein a ratio of a length and a width of the channel is greater than 1. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing the first carbon nanotube layer is same as the providing the third carbon nanotube layer, and the providing the first carbon nanotube layer comprises: depositing a first catalyst layer on a first substrate; locating the first substrate with the first catalyst layer in a reactor; and inputting a carbon source gas, and growing the first carbon nanotube layer via chemical vapor deposition; wherein the depositing the first catalyst layer on the first substrate comprises: mixing ferritin and water with a volume ratio of ferritin and water to obtain a first ferritin solvent, wherein the volume ratio of ferritin and water ranges from about 1:100 to about 1:20; and immersing the first substrate into the first ferritin solvent. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first catalyst layer comprises a plurality of dense catalyst particles, and number of catalyst particles of the first catalyst layer in 1 square micrometers is greater than 800. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the providing the first carbon nanotube layer further comprises pretreating the first substrate before depositing the first catalyst layer on the first substrate, and the pretreating the first substrate comprises: hydrophilic-treating the first substrate by hydrogen peroxide and ammonia water; and treating the first substrate by an organic solvent. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the growing the first carbon nanotube layer comprises: oxidizing a plurality of catalyst particles of the first catalyst layer in air atmosphere; reducing the plurality of catalyst particles in hydrogen or ammonia atmosphere; and inputting the carbon source gas under about 850 degrees centigrade to about 950 degrees for a growing time to grow single-walled carbon nanotubes, wherein the growing time ranges from about 20 minutes to about 2 hours. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the providing the first carbon nanotube layer further comprises transferring the first carbon nanotube layer to the insulating substrate and etching the first carbon nanotube layer to form the gate electrode after growing the first carbon nanotube layer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein transferring the first carbon nanotube layer comprises: coating a organic adhesive layer on the first carbon nanotube layer and solidifying the organic adhesive layer; detaching the first carbon nanotube layer from the first substrate onto the organic adhesive layer via a reactive reagent; placing the first carbon nanotube layer and the organic adhesive layer on the insulating substrate; and removing the organic adhesive layer by an organic solvent. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein etching the first carbon nanotube layer comprises: forming a mask on a surface of the first carbon nanotube layer, wherein the mask is a hydrogen silsesquioxane layer; exposing part of the first carbon nanotube layer by etching the mask to obtain an exposed portion; removing the exposed portion via RIE method; and removing the mask. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the carbon source gas is mixed gas of ethanol, methanol and methane with a carrier gas of hydrogen, a volume ratio of methanol and ethanol is in a range from about 1:1 to 1:5. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a flowing rate of the carrier gas of hydrogen is in a range from about 50 sccm to 200 sccm, and a flowing rate of methane gas is in a range from 50 sccm to 200 sccm. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing the second carbon nanotube layer comprises: depositing a second catalyst layer on a second substrate; locating the second substrate with the second catalyst layer in a reactor; and inputting a carbon source gas, and growing the second carbon nanotube layer in a stepped temperature manner via chemical vapor deposition; wherein the deposition the second catalyst layer on the second substrate comprises: mixing ferritin and water with a volume ratio of ferritin and water to obtain a second ferritin solvent, wherein the volume ratio of ferritin and water ranges from about 1:8000 to about 1:1000; and immersing the second substrate into the second ferritin solvent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the growing the second carbon nanotube layer in the stepped temperature manner comprises: oxidizing a plurality of catalyst particles of the second catalyst layer in air atmosphere; reducing the plurality of catalyst particles in hydrogen or ammonia atmosphere; and inputting the carbon source gas under about 850 degrees centigrade to about 950 degrees for a growing time to grow single-walled carbon nanotubes, wherein the growing time ranges from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a oxidizing time of the oxidizing the plurality of catalyst particles of the second catalyst layer is in a range from 5 minutes to 30 minutes, and a time of reducing the plurality of catalyst particles in hydrogen or ammonia atmosphere is in a range from 5 minutes to 30 minutes. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein a oxidizing temperature of the oxidizing the plurality of catalyst particles of the second catalyst layer is in a range from 650 degrees centigrade to 750 degrees centigrade, and a temperature of reducing the plurality of catalyst particles in hydrogen or ammonia atmosphere is in a range from 750 degrees centigrade to 850 degrees centigrade.",
-    "A remote controller and a method for controlling a screen of the remote controller are provided, in which the remote controller may change the broadcast channel of a display apparatus by using a pointer and a virtual key pad. 1. A remote controller, comprising: a first key configured to cause a pointer to appear on a screen of a display apparatus; a second key configured to cause one divided area to be selected among a plurality of divided areas of the display apparatus; a sensor configured to detect a movement of the remote controller; a communicator connected with the display apparatus; and a controller configured to control the first key, the second key, the sensor and the communicator, wherein the controller transmits a first control information corresponding to pressing of the first key, a second control information corresponding to the movement of the remote controller, and a third control information corresponding to pressing of the second key, to the display apparatus. 2. The remote controller of claim 1, further comprising an optical output interface, wherein the controller transmits one control information among the first, the second, and the third control information to the display apparatus through the optical output interface or through the communicator. 3. The remote controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is capable of transmitting the third control information once or for plural times to the display apparatus, and a number of times of transmitting the third control information corresponds to a digit number of a broadcast channel number of the display apparatus. 4. The remote controller of claim 1, wherein the controller provides at least one of tactile feedback and auditory feedback in response to the pointer's moving across area dividing lines which divide the screen of the display apparatus into the plurality of the divided areas. 5. The remote controller of claim 1, wherein the remote controller provides the first key and the second key as a same physical button. 6. A method for controlling a screen of a display apparatus by using a remote controller, comprising: transmitting, to the display apparatus, a first control information corresponding to selecting of a first key which causes a pointer to appear on the screen of the display apparatus; transmitting, to the display apparatus, a second control information corresponding to a movement of the remote controller which causes the pointer to move; and transmitting, to the display apparatus, a third control information corresponding to selecting one divided area with the pointer among a plurality of divided areas which virtually divide the whole screen of the display apparatus, wherein the plurality of divided areas correspond to numbers displayed on the screen of the display apparatus. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising receiving a fourth control information from the display apparatus, wherein the receiving the fourth control information comprises receiving the fourth control information corresponding to the pointer's passing across the area dividing lines which divide the screen into the plurality of dividing regions. 8. A display apparatus, comprising: a display configured to output a broadcast; a communicator configured to receive a first control information, a second control information and a third control information from a remote controller; and a controller configured to control the display and the communicator, wherein the controller displays a pointer on the display in response to the received first control information, and moves the displayed pointer in response to the received second control information so that one divided area is selected among a plurality of divided areas which virtually divide the display in response to the received third control information. 9. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the controller transmits a fourth control information corresponding to moving of the pointer across area dividing lines which divide the display into the plurality of divided area, to the remote controller through the communicator. 10. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein the controller transmits the fourth control information to the remote controller through the communicator in response to a number of times the pointer moves across the area dividing lines. 11. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein, in response to the third control information, the controller displays a virtual key pad comprising the plurality of divided areas and the area dividing lines, to overlap with the broadcast on the display. 12. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the controller displays a pop-up window comprising a number corresponding to the one selected divided area on the display, and when the divided area is selected for plural times, a number having multiple digits is displayed on the pop-up window. 13. The display apparatus of claim 12, wherein the controller changes into the broadcast channel corresponding to the number displayed on the pop-up window. 14. The display apparatus of claim 13, wherein the controller receives the third control information for a number of times corresponding to a digit number of the number displayed on the pop-up window. 15. The display apparatus of claim 12, wherein the controller provides one feedback among auditory feedback and visual feedback in response to displaying of the broadcast channel. 16. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the display respectively outputs different channels through a plurality of divided screen areas, and the controller displays the pointer on one divided screen area among the plurality of divided screen areas of the display in response to the received first control information, moves the pointer in response to the received second control information, and selects one divided area among a plurality of divided areas which virtually divide the one divided screen area of the display in response to the received third control information. 17. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the display displays a first channel on a main screen and displays a second channel number on a sub and the controller displays the pointer on one of the main screen and the sub screen in response to the received first control information, moves the pointer in response to the received second control information, and in response to the received third control information, selects one divided area among a plurality of divided areas which virtually divide one of the main screen and the sub screen. 18. A television comprising: a display configured to display a broadcast channel and a visual key pad; a communicator configured to receive a first control information, a second control information and a third control information from a remote controller; and a controller configured to control the display to further output a pointer in response to the first control information, to move the pointer on the display in response to the second control information, and to select at least one button of the visual key pad in response to the third control information such that an instruction is generated; wherein the controller further switches the broadcast channel into a specific channel according to the instruction. 19. The television of claim 18, wherein the visual key pad comprises a plurality of buttons displayed on the display, and the plurality of buttons comprise at least ten buttons representing numbers 0-9. 20. The television of claim 19, wherein the selecting at least one button of the visual key pad comprises selecting a series of buttons to generate a channel number of the specific channel, and the controller switches the broadcast channel into the specific channel according to the generated channel number.",
-    "An interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus includes: a first tube body, a cap and a second tube body. The first tube body has a receiving chamber for placing an irritant gas can. The cap covers the receiving chamber. A rod body portion of the second tube body includes an upper tube, a lower tube, and a telescopic-rod packing device connecting the upper tube and the lower tube. Two sectioned tube pieces and a spring pin component and a push joint component between the two tube pieces are applied to lock and unlock a relative position relationship between the two tube pieces, so that the defense spray apparatus has composite functions of a rod-piece additional function of a locking configuration of relative positions of the two tube pieces and a press-lever spray irritant gas can of an unlocking configuration of the relative positions of the two tube pieces. 1. An interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus, used to spray contents of an irritant gas can disposed inside telescopic rods after locking between the telescopic rods is unlocked, a protruding output tube being provided at a top portion of the irritant gas can, a press-ring portion being provided at a periphery of the output tube and being subject to an external force to spray the contents from the output tube, the defense spray apparatus comprising: a first tube body, having a head-end portion and a tail-end portion, a receiving chamber having a relatively large diameter being provided in an intra-tube space of the head-end portion, an opening being provided on an end surface of the receiving chamber and being used for the irritant gas can to be held in the receiving chamber, and an inner edge being provided at an opening on an end surface of the tail-end portion, to form an inwardly-shrinking hole; a cap, tightly covering the opening of the receiving chamber, a recessed seat being provided at a center of a surface, facing the receiving chamber, of the cap, a through hole being provided at a center of the recessed seat, the press-ring portion of the irritant gas can corresponding to the recessed seat, and the output tube being aligned with the through hole; a compression elastic piece, disposed and kept between the recessed seat and a can body top portion of the irritant gas can; and a second tube body, having a rod body portion, the rod body portion comprising an upper tube, a lower tube, and a telescopic-rod packing device connecting the upper tube and the lower tube, the second tube body being inserted from the head-end portion of the first tube body, so that the lower tube is exposed from the tail-end portion of the first tube body, and the upper tube and the telescopic-rod packing device are limited inside the first tube body by using the inner edge of the inwardly-shrinking hole, the telescopic-rod packing device having an upper seat fixedly connected to the upper tube, a lower seat fixedly connected to the lower tube and having a diameter greater than that of the inwardly-shrinking hole, an eccentric shaft having two ends separately fixedly connected to the upper seat and the lower seat, and a packing ring disposed around the eccentric shaft and contacting an inner wall of the first tube body, the packing ring having an eccentric hole corresponding to the eccentric shaft, the eccentric hole having a gap, the eccentric hole being disposed around the eccentric shaft by using the gap, a fingering board that rotates synchronously with rotation of the lower tube being provided on the lower seat of the telescopic-rod packing device, a locking and stopping structure being formed on a rotation path, corresponding to the fingering board, of the packing ring, so that the eccentric shaft and the fingering board rotate synchronously to enable the eccentric packing ring to radially deviate outward, and at the same time to push the locking and stopping structure by using the fingering board, so that the packing ring that deviates to an outer side is locked on the inner wall of the first tube body with a single point, or the lower tube is rotated reversely to enable the fingering board to release a pushing force of pushing the fingering board, to enable the packing ring that deviates to an outer side to move back to an axial center of the first tube body to release the first tube body, a top rod structure being provided at an end, away from the upper seat, of the upper tube, and a sheath structure being fixedly disposed at an end, away from the lower seat, of the lower tube, wherein after the telescopic-rod packing device releases the first tube body, the sheath structure of the second tube body is held and pushed toward the first tube body, so that the top rod structure pushes a can body bottom portion of the irritant gas can, to press the press-ring portion to spray the contents. 2. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an end plug inserted in the through hole is further comprised on a surface, opposite the receiving chamber, of the cap. 3. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the top rod structure is an end surface of an end, away from the upper seat, of the upper tube. 4. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a hole is provided on an end surface of an end, away from the upper seat, of the upper tube, the top rod structure of the upper tube is disposed inside the upper tube and sequentially comprises a convex-type element having a top rod, a compression spring, and a fixing element, the fixing element is fixedly screwed on an inner wall of the upper tube, the convex-type element is pushed by the compression spring to enable the top rod to protrude from the hole, and a shortened travel length after the compression spring is pressed is less than a length by which the top rod protrudes from the hole, and in a locking state between the first tube body and the second tube body, the top rod of the convex-type element pushes the can body bottom portion. 5. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an umbrella component, wherein the umbrella component comprises a central rod, an umbrella cap, an umbrella handle, a notch, a rib, a cloth, multiple tips, a runner, and a lengthened lower spring for fastening or unfastening the runner, the central rod is a rod body the comprises the first tube body and the second tube body, the umbrella cap is the cap disposed at the first tube body, the umbrella handle is the sheath structure disposed at the second tube body, the notch is sleeved over the head-end portion of the first tube body, the lengthened lower spring is disposed at the lower tube of the second tube body, the runner is sleeved between the notch and the lengthened lower spring and is axially slideable on peripheral surfaces of the first tube body and the lower tube of the second tube body, the rib is connected between the notch and the runner, the cloth and the tips are disposed on the rib, the cloth is opened when the runner moves to a side of the notch, when the runner moves to the lengthened lower spring, multiple fastening holes provided around the runner are used for locking to the lengthened lower spring, so as to fold the cloth, and a distance between a press button and a hook plate of the lengthened lower spring is not less than a pushing distance by which the second tube body pushes the first tube body to spray the contents of the irritant gas can. 6. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an umbrella component, wherein the umbrella component comprises a central rod, an umbrella cap, an umbrella handle, a notch, a rib, a cloth, multiple tips, a runner, and an upper spring for fastening or unfastening the runner, the central rod is a rod body that comprises the second tube body and the first tube body and is turned around, the lower tube of the second tube body comprises a segment of an enlarged tube body having a diameter equivalent to that of the first tube body, the umbrella cap is the sheath structure disposed at the second tube body, the umbrella handle is the head-end portion disposed at the first tube body, the notch is sleeved over the sheath structure of the second tube body, the runner is sleeved over the first tube body and is slideable to a periphery of the lower tube of the second tube body and the enlarged tube body, the upper spring is disposed on the enlarged tube body of the lower tube between the notch and the runner, the rib is connected between the notch and the runner, the cloth and the tips are disposed on the rib, when the runner moves to the upper spring, multiple fastening holes provided around the runner are used for locking to the upper spring, so as to open the cloth, and the cloth is folded when the runner moves to the first tube body. 7. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an umbrella component, wherein the umbrella component comprises a central rod, an umbrella cap, an umbrella handle, a notch, a rib, a cloth, multiple tips, a runner, and a runner locking structure for locking or unlocking the runner, the central rod is a rod body that comprises the first tube body and the second tube body, the umbrella cap is the cap disposed at the first tube body, the umbrella handle is the sheath structure disposed at the second tube body, the notch is disposed at the head-end portion of the first tube body, the runner is disposed at a periphery of the first tube body and the lower tube on a side, facing the sheath structure, of the notch and is axially slideable on peripheral surfaces of the first tube body and the lower tube of the second tube body, the runner locking structure comprises a spiral sheath-lock element that enters the central rod, sheathes the runner, and is freely rotatable, an inner thread is disposed on an inner surface of the spiral sheath-lock element, an external thread is disposed on a surface of the first tube body and corresponds to the spiral sheath-lock element, the rib is connected between the notch and the runner, the cloth and the tips are disposed on the rib, the cloth is opened when the runner moves to the surface of the first tube body and is locked at the external thread, and the cloth is folded when the runner moves to a side, facing the sheath structure, of the external thread. 8. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a cane component, wherein the cane component comprises a joint sheath and a cane handle, the joint sheath wraps a surface of a joining area between the first tube body and the lower tube of the second tube body, and the sheath structure of the lower tube is the cane handle. 9. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 8, wherein a pinhole is provided on an end surface, corresponding to the joint sheath, of the lower tube, a positioning insertion pin component is further comprised, the positioning insertion pin component comprises an insertion pin, removably inserted in a radial direction in a tube body of the lower tube, and stopped at the end surface of the joint sheath, a radially protruding spring ball is provided at a tail end of the insertion pin, a pivotal hole is provided at a head end of the insertion pin, a U-type adjustable clamp ring is pivotally disposed in the pivotal hole, and the U-type adjustable clamp ring is used to pull out the insertion pin, or is held on an outer diameter of the joint sheath. 10. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an electrode rod component, wherein the electrode rod component comprises: a battery holder, disposed inside the sheath structure; a battery, placed in the battery holder; a boost circuit, electrically connected to the battery; a pair of electrode needles, disposed on an end surface of the sheath structure, and electrically connected to the boost circuit, multiple electrode plates that correspond to the pair of electrode needles and electrically connected to the pair of electrode needles being disposed on a surface of the sheath structure; a protection lid, covering the end surface of the sheath structure to cover the electrode needles and the corresponding electrode plates; and a circuit switch, disposed in a concave area on a surface of the tube body of the lower tube and not exceeding the surface of the tube body of the lower tube, and electrically connected to the battery, so that the circuit switch is closed to enable the electrode needles and the electrode plates to generate an electric shock. 11. The interlocking telescopic rod-type defense spray apparatus according to claim 10, wherein a groove for receiving the circuit switch is groove hole perpendicular to a central axis direction of the lower tube, the circuit switch comprises a press-down switch button and a button locking structure, the button locking structure is movable along the groove, a fork portion is provided at an end of the button locking structure, and by means of movement of the button locking structure, the fork portion is kept against a push-down path of the press-down switch button or is removed from the push-down path.",
-    "A gas laser apparatus includes an actual laser output acquiring unit that acquires a first actual laser output at a predetermined laser output command after passage of a predetermined time from issuing of a first laser gas pressure command and acquires a second actual laser output at the predetermined laser output command after passage of the predetermined time from issuing of a second laser gas pressure command smaller than the first laser gas pressure command and a determining unit that determines whether the composition ratio of a laser gas in a gas container is normal or not by comparing the first actual laser output with a first reference output and comparing the second actual laser output with a second reference output smaller than the first reference output. 1. A gas laser apparatus comprising: a gas laser oscillator comprising a gas container that contains a laser gas as a laser oscillating medium and a pressure acquiring unit that acquires a pressure value of the laser gas in the gas container; a laser gas source of the laser gas to be contained in the gas container; a laser gas supplying unit that supplies the laser gas of the laser gas source to the gas container; a laser gas releasing unit that releases the laser gas from the gas container; a laser gas pressure controlling unit that controls the laser gas supplying unit and the laser gas releasing unit on a basis of the pressure value acquired by the pressure acquiring unit; a laser gas pressure command outputting unit that, when the gas laser oscillator is started, outputs a first laser gas pressure command which generates a rated laser output and a second laser gas pressure command smaller than the first laser gas pressure command; an actual laser output acquiring unit that acquires a first actual laser output at a predetermined laser output command after passage of a predetermined time from issuing of the first laser gas pressure command and acquires a second actual laser output at the predetermined laser output command after passage of the predetermined time from issuing of the second laser gas pressure command; and a determining unit that determines whether a composition ratio of the laser gas in the gas container is normal or not by comparing the first actual laser output with a first reference output and comparing the second actual laser output with a second reference output smaller than the first reference output. 2. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the first actual laser output is equal to or more than the first reference output, the determining unit determines that the composition ratio of the laser gas is normal. 3. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the first actual laser output is smaller than the first reference output and the second actual laser output is equal to or more than the second reference output, the determining unit determines that the composition ratio of the laser gas is abnormal. 4. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 3, wherein when the determining unit determines that the composition ratio of the laser gas is abnormal, the gas laser oscillator is restarted after the laser gas releasing unit and the laser gas supplying unit perform replacement of the laser gas in the gas container. 5. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 4, wherein when, after restarting of the gas laser oscillator, the determining unit determines that the composition ratio of the laser gas is abnormal, the gas laser oscillator is restarted again after performing an aging operation. 6. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 4, wherein when, after restarting of the gas laser oscillator, the determining unit determines that the composition ratio of the laser gas is abnormal, the gas laser oscillator is restarted again after performing an aging operation and the replacement of the laser gas in the gas container by the laser gas releasing unit and the laser gas supplying unit at least one time. 7. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the first actual laser output is smaller than the first reference output and the second actual laser output is smaller than the second reference output, the determining unit determines that an output of the gas laser oscillator is low. 8. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 7, wherein when the determining unit determines that the output of the gas laser oscillator is low, the gas laser oscillator is restarted after performing an aging operation. 9. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 7, wherein when the determining unit determines that the output of the gas laser oscillator is low, the gas laser oscillator is restarted after performing an aging operation and replacement of the laser gas in the gas container by the laser gas releasing unit and the laser gas supplying unit at least one time. 10. The gas laser apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a warning outputting unit that outputs a warning when, after restarting of the gas laser oscillator, the determining unit determines that the output of the gas laser oscillator is low.",
-    "A method of manufacturing an array substrate of a display is provided. The method includes forming a first bank material layer on a first substrate, wherein a material of the first bank material layer includes hydrophobic element; patterning the first bank material layer to form a first bank having at least one first concave; forming a first electrode on the first bank and in the first concave after the step of patterning the first bank material layer to form the first bank; and forming an color layer on the first electrode. 1. A method of manufacturing an array substrate, comprising: forming a thin film transistor on a first substrate; forming a first bank material layer on the thin film transistor, wherein a material of the first bank material layer comprises a hydrophobic element; patterning the first bank material layer to form a first bank having a first concave and a contact hole, wherein the contact hole is located above a drain of the thin film transistor; forming a first electrode on the first bank and in the first concave after the step of patterning the first bank material layer to form the first bank, wherein a portion of the first electrode is in the contact hole; forming a second bank material layer on the first electrode, in the first contact hole, and in the first concave; and forming a color layer on the first electrode and touching the first bank. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the color layer comprises an organic emission layer, a material of the second bank material layer comprises a hydrophilic element and wherein the method further comprises: patterning the second bank material layer to form a second bank having a second concave; and forming a second electrode on the organic emission layer, wherein the organic emission layer is located in the second concave. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second bank substantially surrounds the color layer. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein a material of the first electrode comprises aluminium Neodymium (AlNd), Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Titanium (Ti), Aluminium (Al), or silver (Ag), and a material of the second electrode comprises Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), Zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO). 5. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: disposing a mask above the first bank material layer located on the driving thin film transistor, wherein the step of patterning the first bank material layer is utilizing the mask to remove a portion of the first bank material layer to form the first concave and the contact hole located above a drain of the thin film transistor; wherein, the thin film transistor comprises a driving thin film transistor. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the mask is a half-tone mask or a grey-tone mask. 7. The method according to claim 5, further comprising: forming a passivation layer on the driving thin film transistor before the step of forming the first bank material layer on the first substrate; and patterning the passivation layer to form an opening to expose the drain of the driving thin film transistor, wherein the opening and the contact hole of the first bank are connected with each other. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the first electrode is electrically connected with the drain of the driving thin film transistor. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein a horizontal distance between an edge of the second concave and that of the first concave is about 3 micrometer to about 5 micrometer. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the second bank is completely within the first concave. 11. The method according to claim 2, wherein the hydrophobic element comprises fluorine. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the color layer comprises a red color filter, a green color filter or a blue color filter. 13-18. (canceled) 19. An array substrate, comprising: a first substrate; a thin film transistor, formed on the first substrate; a first bank, having a first concave, formed on the first substrate, wherein a material of the first bank comprises a hydrophobic element; a first electrode formed on the first bank and in the first concave; a second bank, having a second concave, formed on the first electrode, in the first contact hole, and in the first concave; and a color layer formed on the first electrode and touching the first bank. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first bank is hydrophobic so that the color layer does not overflow during the step of forming the color layer.",
-    "An image data transmission device includes a first generation unit, a distribution unit, a first reception unit, a second generation unit, and a first transmission unit. The first generation unit generates, from first moving image data, second moving image data to be distributed. The distribution unit distributes the second moving image data generated by the first generation unit to an external device. The first reception unit receives an acquisition request for still image data from the external device, with respect to the second moving image data being distributed by the distribution unit. The second generation unit generates still image data from the first moving image data according to the acquisition request. The first transmission unit transmits the still image data generated by the second generation unit to the external device as a response to the acquisition request. 1. An image data transmission device, comprising: a first generation unit configured to generate, from first moving image data, second moving image data to be distributed; a distribution unit configured to distribute the second moving image data generated by the first generation unit to an external device; a first reception unit configured to receive an acquisition request for still image data from the external device, with respect to the second moving image data being distributed by the distribution unit; a second generation unit configured to generate still image data from the first moving image data according to the acquisition request; and a first transmission unit configured to transmit the still image data generated by the second generation unit to the external device as a response to the acquisition request. 2. The image data transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the first reception unit receives the acquisition request including time information that indicates a specific timing, and the second generation unit generates the still image data representing an image of the second moving image data distributed at the timing indicated by the time information, from the first moving image data. 3. The image data transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the first reception unit receives the acquisition request including image quality information that specifies image quality, and the second generation unit generates the still image data with the image quality specified by the image quality information, from the first moving image data. 4. The image data transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the first reception unit receives the acquisition request including image size information that specifies an image size, and the second generation unit generates the still image data of the image size specified by the image size information, from the first moving image data. 5. An image data reception device, comprising: a second reception unit configured to receive, from an external device, second moving image data generated from first moving image data and distributed by the external device; a display controlling unit configured to display the second moving image data received by the second reception unit on a display unit; a receiving unit configured to receive an acquisition instruction of still image data with respect to the second moving image data being displayed on the display unit; a second transmission unit configured to transmit an acquisition request for still image data to the external device, according to the acquisition instruction; and a third reception unit configured to receive still image data generated from the first moving image data from the external device, as a response to the acquisition request. 6. The image data reception device according to claim 5, wherein the second transmission unit transmits the acquisition request including time information that indicates a timing when the acquisition instruction is made, and the third reception unit receives still image data representing an image of the second moving image data being displayed on the display unit when the acquisition instruction is made, from the external device, as a response to the acquisition request. 7. The image data reception device according to claim 5, further comprising: a first specification unit configured to specify image quality of the still image data, wherein the second transmission unit transmits the acquisition request including image quality information that indicates the image quality specified by the first specification unit, and the third reception unit receives still image data with the image quality specified by the first specification unit, from the external device, as a response to the acquisition request. 8. The image data reception device according to claim 5, further comprising: a second specification unit configured to specify an image size of the still image data, wherein the second transmission unit transmits the acquisition request including image size information that indicates the image size specified by the second specification unit, and the third reception unit receives still image data of the image size specified by the second specification unit, from the external device, as a response to the acquisition request. 9. An image data transmission and reception method performed between an image data reception transmission device and an image data reception device, the method comprising: generating, by the image data transmission device, from first moving image data, second moving image data to be distributed; distributing, by the image data transmission device, the generated second moving image data to the image data reception device; receiving, by the image data reception device, the second moving image data from the image data transmission device; displaying, by the image data reception device, the second moving image data on a display unit; receiving, by the image data reception device, an acquisition instruction of still image data with respect to the second moving image data being displayed on the display unit; transmitting, by the image data reception device, an acquisition request for still image data to the image data transmission device, according to the acquisition instruction; receiving, by the image data transmission device, the acquisition request for still image data from the image data reception device, with respect to the second moving image data; generating, by the image data transmission device, still image data from the first moving image data according to the acquisition request; transmitting, by the image data transmission device, the generated still image data to the image data reception device as a response to the acquisition request; and receiving, by the image data reception device, the still image data from the image data transmission device. 10. The image data transmission and reception method according to claim 9, wherein the receiving the acquisition request from the image data reception device includes receiving the acquisition request including time information that indicates a specific timing, and the generating the still image data includes generating the still image data representing an image of the second moving image data distributed at the timing indicated by the time information, from the first moving image data. 11. The image data transmission and reception method according to claim 9, wherein the receiving the acquisition request from the image data reception device includes receiving the acquisition request including image quality information that specifies image quality, and the generating the still image data includes generating the still image data with the image quality specified by the image quality information, from the first moving image data. 12. The image data transmission and reception method according to claim 9, wherein the receiving the acquisition request from the image data reception device includes receiving the acquisition request including image size information that specifies an image size, and the generating the still image data includes generating the still image data of the image size specified by the image size information, from the first moving image data.",
-    "A printed circuit board includes: a substrate; a first electrode formed on the substrate; a protrusion member formed on the first electrode and extending from a central portion of the first electrode towards an outer peripheral portion of the first electrode; and a solder covering the first electrode and the protrusion member and connecting the first electrode to a second electrode of a component mounted on the substrate. 1. A printed circuit board comprising: a substrate; a first electrode formed on the substrate; a protrusion member formed on the first electrode and extending from a central portion of the first electrode towards an outer peripheral portion of the first electrode; and a solder covering the first electrode and the protrusion member and connecting the first electrode to a second electrode of a component mounted on the substrate. 2. The printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein an extension direction of the protrusion member is perpendicular to a direction oriented from a central portion of the component towards an outer peripheral portion of the component. 3. The printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the protrusion member has a width in a shorter direction which is \u2153 or less of a diameter of the first electrode. 4. The printed circuit board according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode is bonded to the solder and the protrusion member is in contact with the solder. 5. A soldering method comprising: forming a protrusion member on a first electrode formed on a first substrate, the protrusion member extending from a central portion of the first electrode towards an outer peripheral portion of the first electrode; applying a solder paste to cover the first electrode and the protrusion member; causing a second electrode formed on a second substrate arranged opposite to the first electrode to come in contact with the solder paste; and soldering the first electrode and the second electrode by performing heating and cooling. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein an extension direction of the protrusion member is perpendicular to a direction oriented from the central portion of the first substrate or the second substrate towards the outer peripheral portion of the first substrate or the second substrate. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the protrusion member has a diameter in a shorter direction which is \u2153 or less of a diameter of the first electrode. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the first electrode is bonded to the solder and the protrusion member is in contact with the solder.",
-    "An optical device that includes a first laser source, a multimode coupler optically connected to the first laser source, a first test port optically connected to the multimode coupler, a second laser source, a singlemode coupler optically connected to the second laser source, a second test port optically connected to the singlemode coupler, a photodetector, and a multimode/singlemode combiner optically connected to the multimode coupler, singlemode coupler and photodetector. 1. An optical device comprising: a first laser source; a multimode coupler optically connected to the first laser source; a first test port optically connected to the multimode coupler; a second laser source; a singlemode coupler optically connected to the second laser source; a second test port optically connected to the singlemode coupler; a photodetector; and a multimode/singlemode combiner optically connected to the multimode coupler, singlemode coupler and photodetector. 2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the first laser source is a multimode fiber coupled laser source; the first test port is a multimode test port; the second laser source is a singlemode fiber coupled laser source; and the second test port is a singlemode test port. 3. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the multimode coupler is optically connected to the first laser source through an optical splice with a radial offset. 4. The optical device of claim 3, wherein: the radial offset is approximately 10 \u03bcm. 5. The optical device of claim 3, wherein: a first fiber that optically connects the first laser source to the optical splice has a length that is the same as a length of a second fiber that optically connects the optical splice to the multimode coupler. 6. The optical device of claim 5, wherein: the length is at least approximately 39 inches. 7. The optical device of claim 1, further comprising: a low back-reflection termination optically connected to the multimode coupler. 8. The optical device of claim 7, wherein: the low back-reflection termination is one of an angled cleave and an angled physical contact ferrule. 9. The optical device of claim 8, wherein: the angle is equal or greater than eight degrees. 10. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the multimode coupler is a 2\u00d72, 50:50 split ratio coupler. 11. The optical device of claim 10, wherein: the multimode coupler is an 850/1300 nm coupler. 12. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the singlemode coupler is a 1\u00d72, 50:50 split ratio coupler. 13. The optical device of claim 12, wherein: the singlemode coupler is a 1270 nm to 1650 nm wideband coupler. 14. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the photodetector is an avalanche photodetector. 15. The optical device of claim 7, wherein: a first fiber that optically connects the multimode coupler to the first test port has a length that is the same as a length of a second fiber that optically connects the multimode coupler to the low back-reflection termination. 16. The optical device of claim 15, wherein: the length is at least approximately 39 inches. 17. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the multimode/singlemode combiner is a 1\u00d72 combiner. 18. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the multimode/singlemode combiner has a loss that is less than 2 dB. 19. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the multimode/singlemode combiner has a loss that is approximately 1 dB or less. 20. The optical device of claim 1, wherein: the optical device is an optical time domain reflectometer. 21. An optical device comprising: a multimode laser source; a 2\u00d72, 50:50 split ratio multimode coupler optically connected to the multimode laser source; a multimode test port optically connected to the multimode coupler; a singlemode laser source; a 1\u00d72, 50:50 split ratio singlemode coupler optically connected to the singlemode laser source; a singlemode test port optically connected to the singlemode coupler; a photodetector; and a multimode/singlemode combiner optically connected to the multimode coupler, singlemode coupler and photodetector. 22. The optical device of claim 21, wherein: the multimode coupler is an 850/1300 nm coupler and the singlemode coupler is a 1270 nm to 1650 nm wideband coupler. 23. The optical device of claim 21, wherein: the multimode coupler is optically connected to the first laser source through an optical splice with a radial offset. 24. The optical device of claim 23, wherein: the radial offset is approximately 10 \u03bcm. 25. The optical device of claim 23, wherein: a first fiber that optically connects the first laser source to the optical splice has a length that is the same as a length of a second fiber that optically connects the optical splice to the multimode coupler. 26. The optical device of claim 25, wherein: the length is at least approximately 39 inches. 27. The optical device of claim 21, further comprising: a low back-reflection termination optically connected to the multimode coupler. 28. The optical device of claim 27, wherein: the low back-reflection termination is one of an angled cleave and an angled physical contact ferrule. 29. The optical device of claim 28, wherein: the angle is equal or greater than eight degrees. 30. The optical device of claim 21, wherein: the optical device is an optical time domain reflectometer.",
-    "An example embodiment of a method and system of validating a user's control over contact information may comprise at least one server computer receiving contact information for a user and determining whether the contact information for the user is valid. If the contact information for the user is determined to be valid, the server computer(s) may store the contact information in a registered contacts database, monitor a plurality of record updates, including a request to register a domain name, in a domain name registration database for the contact information and determine whether the contact information appears in the record updates. If the contact information is determined to appear in the record updates, the server computer(s) may notify the user that the contact information appears in the record updates. In some embodiments, the registration of the domain name may be declined if the information matches. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by at least one server computer communicatively coupled to a network, a request to register a domain name to a prospective registrant, said request comprising a prospective registrant contact information; determining, by said at least one server computer, whether said prospective registrant contact information matches a contact information for a user stored in a registered contacts database, wherein said contact information has been determined to be valid; upon determination that said prospective registrant contact information matches said contact information for said user stored in said registered contacts database then notifying, by said at least one server computer, said user that said prospective registrant contact information matches said contact information for said user stored in said registered contacts database; and upon determination that said prospective registrant contact information does not match said contact information for said user stored in said registered contacts database, then declining, by said at least one server computer, to register said domain name to said prospective registrant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said prospective registrant contact information comprises a name, an address, a phone number, a fax number, an email address, an administrative contact, or a technical contact for said user. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said contact information for a user stored in a registered contacts database comprises a name, an address, a phone number, a fax number, an email address, an administrative contact, or a technical contact for said user. 4. The method of claim 1, including determining whether said contact information for said user is valid by determining whether said user has control over said contact information. 5. The method of claim 1, including determining whether said contact information for said user is valid by determining whether said contact information matches a third party record for said user. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said registered contacts database comprises a WHOIS database. 7. The method of claim 1, including, upon determination that said prospective registrant contact information matches said contact information for said user stored in said registered contacts database, storing said prospective registrant contact information in the registered contacts database. 8. The method of claim 1, including, upon determination that said prospective registrant contact information matches, registering the domain name to the prospective registrant. 9. A system, comprising: a server computer communicatively coupled to a network configured to: receive a contact information for a user; determine whether said contact information for said user is valid; and upon determination that said contact information for said user is valid then performing the steps of: store said contact information in a registered contacts database running on a server computer communicatively coupled to said network; monitor, for said contact information, a plurality of record updates in a domain name registration database communicatively coupled to said network; determine whether said contact information appears in said plurality of record updates; and upon determination that said contact information appears in said plurality of record updates, then notify said user that said contact information appears in said plurality of record updates. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the server computer is configured to: upon determination that said contact information for said user is not valid then not performing the steps of: store said contact information in said registered contacts database running on said server computer communicatively coupled to said network; monitor, for said contact information, said plurality of record updates in said domain name registration database communicatively coupled to said network; determine whether said contact information appears in said plurality of record updates; and upon determination that said contact information appears in said plurality of record updates, then notify said user that said contact information appears in said plurality of record updates. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein said contact information comprises a name, an address, a phone number, a fax number, an email address, an administrative contact, or a technical contact for said user. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein said server computer is configured to determine whether said contact information for said user is valid by determining whether said user has control over said contact information. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein said server computer is configured to determine whether said contact information for said user is valid by determining whether said contact information matches a third party record for said user. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein said domain name registration database comprises a WHOIS database. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein said plurality of record updates comprise a record update caused by a new domain name registration, a domain name transfer, or a record modification. 16. A system, comprising: a registered contacts database running on one or more server computers communicatively coupled to a network, said registered contacts database storing a plurality of contact information for a plurality of users, wherein each of said plurality of contact information has been determined to be valid; and a server computer communicatively coupled to said network configured to: receive a request to register a domain name to a prospective registrant, said request comprising a prospective registrant contact information; determine whether said prospective registrant contact information matches one or more of said plurality of contact information for a plurality of users; upon determination that said prospective registrant contact information matches one or more of said plurality of contact information for a plurality of users then notify said user that said prospective registrant contact information matches one or more of said plurality of contact information for a plurality of users; and upon determination that said prospective registrant contact information does not match one or more of said plurality of contact information for the plurality of users, then decline to register said domain name to said prospective registrant. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said prospective registrant contact information comprises a name, an address, a phone number, a fax number, an email address, an administrative contact, or a technical contact for said user. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein said contact information for a user stored in a registered contacts database comprises a name, an address, a phone number, a fax number, an email address, an administrative contact, or a technical contact for said user.",
-    "An image processing apparatus includes a communicator portion that communicates with a portable terminal apparatus having an address book, a contact data obtaining portion that obtains contacts from the address book, the contacts including contact names and addresses, a registration portion that registers the contacts to a shared address book along with user identification information indicating the log-in user, a display, and a display controller that makes the display show the contacts at least by the contact name, the contacts being registered in the shared address book, that judges whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, and that, if it contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, makes the display show any of the contacts by the contact name, the any contact having the user identification information indicating the log-in user. 1. An image processing apparatus comprising: a communicator portion that communicates with a portable terminal apparatus having an address book; a contact data obtaining portion that obtains contacts from the address book of the portable terminal apparatus upon a user being logged in to the image processing apparatus through the communicator portion from the portable terminal apparatus, the contacts including contact names and addresses; a registration portion that registers the contacts to a shared address book as shared data along with user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses; a display; and a display controller that makes the display show the contacts at least by the contact name for the log-in user making a choice in address settings for transmission, the contacts being registered in the shared address book, that judges whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical e-mail addresses, and that, if it contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, makes the display show any of the contacts by the contact name, the any contact having the user identification information indicating the log-in user. 2. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein if the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses and none of the contacts has the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the display controller makes the display show all the contacts with identical addresses by the contact name. 3. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: upon registering each of the contacts to the shared address book along with the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses, the registration portion judges whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with an address identical with that of the each contact; if it contains a contact with an address identical with that of the each contact, the registration portion gives contact duplication information to both the each contact and the contact with an address identical with that of the each contact; and the display controller judges whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, depending on the presence of absence of the contact duplication information. 4. The image processing apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising an edit portion that allows the log-in user to edit the shared address book, wherein: upon the log-in user editing a contact with the contact duplication information in the shared address book by changing its address, the edit portion judges whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change; if it contains a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change, the edit portion does not remove the contact duplication information from the edited contact, or if it does not contain a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change, the edit portion removes the contact duplication information from the edited contact; and if the shared address book contains more than one contact with an address identical with an old address before the change, the edit portion does not remove the contact duplication information from the more than one contact, or if the shared address book contains one single contact with an address identical with an old address before the change, the edit portion removes the contact duplication information from the one single contact. 5. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein upon registering each of the contacts to the shared address book along with the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses, the registration portion judges whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with a contact name different from that of the each contact but with the user identification information indicating the log-in user and an address identical with that of the each contact; if it contains a contact with a contact name different from that of the each contact but with the user identification Information indicating the log-in user and an address identical with that of the each contact, the registration portion overwrites the different contact name with that of the each contact. 6. A shared address book display control method for an image processing apparatus, the shared address book display control method comprising: communicating with a portable terminal apparatus having an address book; obtaining contacts from the address book of the portable terminal apparatus upon a user being logged in to the image processing apparatus by communicating from the portable terminal apparatus, the contacts including contact names and addresses; registering the contacts to a shared address book as shared data along with user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained from the address book of the portable terminal apparatus, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses; and making a display show the contacts at least by the contact name for the log-in user making a choice in address settings for transmission, the contacts being registered in the shared address book, judging whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, and, if it contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, making the display show any of the contacts by the contact name, the any contact having the user identification information indicating the log-in user. 7. The shared address book display control method according to claim 6, wherein if the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses and none of the contacts has the user identification information indicating the log-in user, all the contacts with identical addresses are listed on the display by the contact name. 8. The shared address book display control method according to claim 6, wherein: upon registration of each of the contacts to the shared address book along with the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses, it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with an address identical with that of the each contact; if it contains a contact with an address identical with that of the each contact, contact duplication information is given to both the each contact and the contact with an address identical with that of the each contact; and it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, depending on the presence of absence of the contact duplication information. 9. The shared address book display control method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of allowing the log-in user to edit the shared address book, wherein: upon the log-in user editing a contact with the contact duplication information in the shared address book by changing its address, it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change; if it contains a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change, the contact duplication information is not removed from the edited contact, or if it does not contain a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change, the contact duplication information is removed from the edited contact; and if the shared address book contains more than one contact with an address identical with an old address before the change, the contact duplication information is not removed from the more than one contact, or if the shared address book contains one single contact with an e-mail address identical with an old e-mail address before the change, the contact duplication information is removed from the one single contact. 10. The shared address book display control method according to claim 6, wherein upon registration of each of the contacts to the shared address book along with the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses, it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with a contact name different from that of the each contact but with the user identification information indicating the log-in user and an address identical with that of the each contact; if it contains a contact with a contact name different from that of the each contact but with the user identification information indicating the log-in user and an address identical with that of the each contact, the different contact name is overwritten with that of the each contact. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a shared address book display control program to make a computer of an image processing apparatus execute: communicating with a portable terminal apparatus; obtaining contacts from the portable terminal apparatus upon a user being logged in to the image processing apparatus by communicating from the portable terminal apparatus, the contacts including contact names and addresses; registering the contacts to a shared address book as shared data along with user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained from the address book of the portable terminal apparatus, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses; and making a display show the contacts at least by the contact name for the log-in user making a choice in address settings for transmission, the contacts being registered in the shared address book, judging whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, and, if it contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, making the display show any of the contacts by the contact name, the any contact having the user identification information indicating the log-in user. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 11, storing the shared address book display control program, wherein if the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses and none of the contacts has the user identification information indicating the log-in user, all the contacts with identical addresses are listed on the display by the contact name. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 11, storing the shared address book display control program, wherein: upon registration of each of the contacts to the shared address book along with the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses, it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with an address identical with that of the each contact; if it contains a contact with an address identical with that of the each contact, contact duplication information is given to both the each contact and the contact with an address identical with that of the each contact; and it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains contacts with different contact names but with identical addresses, depending on the presence of absence of the contact duplication information. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 13, storing the shared address book display control program further to make the computer of the image processing apparatus execute the step of allowing the log-in user to edit the shared address book, wherein: upon the log-in user editing a contact with the contact duplication information in the shared address book by changing its address, it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change; if it contains a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change, the contact duplication information is not removed from the edited contact, or if it does not contain a contact with an address identical with a new address after the change, the contact duplication information is removed from the edited contact; and if the shared address book contains more than one contact with an address identical with an old address before the change, the contact duplication information is not removed from the more than one contact, or if the shared address book contains one single contact with an address identical with an old address before the change, the contact duplication information is removed from the one single contact. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 11, storing the shared address book display control program, wherein upon each of the contacts being registered to the shared address book along with the user identification information indicating the log-in user, the contacts being obtained by the contact data obtaining portion, the contacts including the contact names and the addresses, it is judged whether or not the shared address book contains a contact with a contact name different from that of the each contact but with the user identification information indicating the log-in user and an address identical with that of the each contact; if it contains a contact with a contact name different from that of the each contact but with the user identification information indicating the log-in user and an address identical with that of the each contact, the different contact name is overwritten with that of the each contact.",
-    "Footwear element including a flexible outer sole assembly and a flexible upper, the footwear element extending lengthwise from a rear end to a front end, widthwise between a lateral portion and a medial portion, and height-wise from an outer surface of the outer sole assembly to an upper end, the footwear element having a shoe insertion opening. The footwear element includes spikes projecting from the area of the outer surface of the outer sole assembly. The footwear element includes at least one reinforcement, the reinforcement including a base and a wall, the base extending opposite the outer sole assembly outside of the footwear element, the wall extending from the base to the upper end, also outside of the footwear element. 1. A footwear element comprising: a flexible outer sole assembly; and a flexible upper; the footwear element extending lengthwise from a rear end to a front end, widthwise between a lateral portion and a medial portion, and height-wise from an outer surface of the outer sole assembly to an upper end; the footwear element further comprising: a shoe insertion opening; spikes projecting from an area of an outer surface of the outer sole assembly; at least one reinforcement comprising: a base; and a wall; the base extending opposite the outer sole assembly outside of the footwear element; the wall extending from the base to the upper end outside of the footwear element. 2. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the at least one reinforcement consists of a single reinforcement extending from the rear end to the front end. 3. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the at least one reinforcement comprises a front reinforcement. 4. A footwear element according to claim 1, further comprising: a front crampon comprising: a body; and spikes; the body being arranged between the outer sole assembly and the base of the reinforcement. 5. A footwear element according to claim 4, wherein: the front crampon is removable. 6. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the at least one reinforcement comprises a rear reinforcement. 7. A footwear element according to claim 1, further comprising: a rear crampon comprising: a body; and spikes; the body being arranged between the outer sole assembly and the base of the base of the reinforcement. 8. A footwear element according to claim 7, wherein: the rear crampon is removable. 9. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the reinforcement is irremovably affixed to the sole assembly or to the upper or to both the sole assembly and the upper. 10. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the reinforcement is removably affixed to the sole assembly and/or to the upper. 11. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: in an area of a transverse cross section, the wall of the reinforcement has a height not exceeding 50% of a distance measured between the outer surface of the outer sole assembly and the upper end. 12. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the wall of the reinforcement extends along at least 50% the portion of the contour of the base located at the edge of the outer sole assembly. 13. A footwear element according claim 8, further comprising: a crampon-retaining mechanism configured to retain the crampon to the outer sole assembly; and the crampon-retaining mechanism being configured to enable the crampon to be released. 14. A footwear element according claim 8, further comprising: a crampon-retaining mechanism configured to retain the crampon to the outer sole assembly; and the crampon-retaining mechanism being configured to enable the crampon to be released. 15. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the reinforcement comprises a synthetic material. 16. A footwear element according to claim 1, wherein: the shoe insertion opening has an upper subdivision and at least one lower subdivision; and the lower subdivision is located in a zone extending over 50% of a length of the footwear element from the rear end.",
-    "A waterproof, open-end zipper includes a first zipper tape with a first engagement rail unit, a second zipper tape with a second engagement rail unit, a zipper slider slidable to force the first engagement rail unit and the second engagement rail unit into engagement with each other or separate them from each other, a box located at one end of the first engagement rail unit for receiving one end of the second engagement rail unit, a locating rod fixedly located at the first engagement rail unit, and a locating hole located at the second engagement rail unit for receiving the locating rod after insertion of the second engagement rail unit into the box to prohibit relative displacement between the first and second zipper tapes. 1. A waterproof, open-end zipper, comprising: a first zipper tape comprising a first engagement rail unit longitudinally located at one lateral side thereof; a second zipper tape comprising a second engagement rail unit longitudinally located at one lateral side thereof for engagement with said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape; a zipper slider coupled between said first zipper tape and said second zipper tape and slidable in one of two reverse directions to force said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape into engagement with said second engagement rail unit of said second zipper tape or to separate said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape from said second engagement rail unit of said second zipper tape; a box fixedly located at one end of said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape and adapted for receiving one end of said second engagement rail unit of said second zipper tape; a locating rod fixedly located at said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape near said box; and a locating hole located at said second engagement rail unit of said second zipper tape and adapted for receiving said locating rod after insertion of said second engagement rail unit into said box. 2. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 1, wherein said locating rod is a wire rod extended from said box and closely attached to a back wall of said first zipper tape and inserted through opposing front and back walls of said first engagement rail unit and protruded over the front wall of said first engagement rail unit. 3. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 2, wherein said wire rod of said locating rod has a free end thereof terminating in an angled tip that is inserted through the opposing front and back walls of said first engagement rail unit and protruded over the front wall of said first engagement rail unit. 4. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 2, wherein said wire rod of said locating rod has one end thereof integrally formed with said box and an opposite end thereof terminating in an angled tip that is inserted through the opposing front and back walls of said first engagement rail unit and protruded over the front wall of said first engagement rail unit. 5. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 1, wherein said locating rod has one end thereof bonded to a back wall of said first zipper tape and an opposite end thereof inserted through opposing front and back walls of said first engagement rail unit and terminating in an angled tip that protrudes over the front wall of said first engagement rail unit. 6. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 1, wherein said locating rod has one end thereof fixedly located at said first engagement rail unit and an opposite end thereof terminating in an angled tip outside said first engagement rail unit of said first engagement rail unit. 7. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 2, wherein said first zipper tape comprises a through hole cut through said first engagement rail unit for the passing of said locating rod for enabling said locating rod to protrude over said first engagement rail unit. 8. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 2, wherein said locating hole is a through hole cut through said second engagement rail unit. 9. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 1, wherein said box comprises an inner cavity, two slits respectively located at two opposite lateral sides thereof in communication with said inner cavity; said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape has one end thereof fixedly mounted in said inner cavity of said box; said second engagement rail unit of said second zipper tape has one end thereof detachably insertable into said inner cavity. 10. The waterproof, open-end zipper as claimed in claim 1, wherein said zipper slider comprises a slider block and a pull tab coupled to said slider block, said slider block comprising two sliding slots and an accommodation groove located in one said sliding slot for accommodating said locating rod; said first engagement rail unit of said first zipper tape has one end thereof inserted through one said sliding slot of said slider block and affixed to said box; and said second engagement rail unit of said second zipper tape has one end thereof inserted through the other said sliding slot of said slider block into said box.",
-    "Cockpit display systems and methods are provided for generating cockpit displays including symbology useful in assessing whether enhanced flight visibility requirements are satisfied during approach and landing. In one embodiment, the cockpit display system includes an Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) sensor configured to monitor a region forward of the aircraft for runway reference features, a cockpit display device on which an EFVS image is generated utilizing EFVS sensor data, and a controller coupled to the EFVS sensor and to the display device. The controller determines an enhanced flight visibility requirement for a runway approached by the aircraft, and then visually indicates on the EFVS image whether enhanced flight visibility requirement is currently satisfied by, for example. generating an enhanced flight visibility indicator (EFVI) graphic on the EFVS image visually identifying a ground location beyond which the appearance of a runway reference feature satisfies the enhanced flight visibility requirement. 1. A cockpit display system for deployment onboard an aircraft, the cockpit display system comprising: an Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) sensor configured to monitor a region forward of the aircraft for runway reference features; a cockpit display device on which an EFVS image is generated utilizing data received from the EFVS sensor; and a controller operably coupled to the EFVS sensor and to the cockpit display device, the controller configured to: determine an enhanced flight visibility requirement for a runway approached by the aircraft for landing; and visually indicate on the EFVS image whether enhanced flight visibility requirement is currently satisfied for the runway approach by the aircraft. 2. The cockpit display system of claim 1 wherein, in visually indicating on the EFVs image whether enhanced flight visibility requirement is currently satisfied for the runway approach by the aircraft, the controller is configured to generate an enhanced flight visibility indicator (EFVI) graphic on the EFVS image indicative of the enhanced flight visibility requirement. 3. The cockpit display system of claim 2 wherein the controller is configured to generate the EFVI graphic as a flight visibility marker, which visually identifies a ground location beyond which the appearance of a runway reference feature on the EFVS image satisfies the enhanced flight visibility requirement. 4. The cockpit display system of claim 3 further comprising one or more data sources coupled to the controller and configured to supply thereto data indicative of a current aircraft height above a threshold region of the runway, the controller configured to determine the ground location based at least in part on the enhanced flight visibility requirement and the current aircraft height above the threshold region of the runway. 5. The cockpit display system of claim 3 wherein the controller is configured to generate the flight visibility marker to have a central window through which graphics representative of runway approach lights can be seen when the aircraft is aligned parallel to and approaches the runway for landing. 6. The cockpit displays system of claim 3 wherein the controller is configured to generate the flight visibility marker as one or more arcs included in a larger, non-displayed ring centered on a current position of the aircraft. 7. The cockpit display system of claim 2 further comprising an altimeter indicating the current altitude of the aircraft, the controller coupled to the altimeter and further configured to: establish a decision altitude for the runway approached by the aircraft for landing; and alter the appearance of the EFVI graphic based, at least in part, on a current altitude of the aircraft relative to the established decision altitude. 8. The cockpit display system of claim 2 further comprising an altimeter indicating the current altitude of the aircraft, the controller coupled to the altimeter and further configured to: determine whether any approach lights are detected by the EFVS sensor beyond the EFVI graphic, as considered from the vantage point of the aircraft; establish a decision altitude for the runway approached by the aircraft for landing; and generate a visual warning on the cockpit display device if determining that: (i) the aircraft has descended below or is within a threshold distance of the decision altitude, and (ii) no approach lights are detected by the forward-looking sensor beyond the flight visibility marker. 9. The cockpit display system of claim 1 further comprising a memory coupled to the controller and storing a database, the controller configured to determine the enhanced flight visibility requirement by recalling data from the database specifying the enhanced flight visibility requirement for the runway. 10. The cockpit display system of claim 9 wherein the data comprises a runway visibility requirement value or a status miles value included in an approach chart corresponding to the runway and stored in the database. 11. The cockpit display system of claim 1 further comprising a pilot interface coupled to the controller, the controller configured to determine the enhanced flight visibility requirement from pilot input data received via the pilot interface. 12. The cockpit display system of claim 1 further comprising a datalink coupled to the controller, the controller configured to determine the enhanced flight visibility requirement based, at least in part, on data received from a remote source over the datalink. 13. The cockpit display system of claim 1 wherein the controller is configured to combine the EFVS image with a Synthetic Vision System image to yield a Combined Vision Primary Flight Display generated on the cockpit display device. 14. The cockpit display system of claim 1 wherein the controller is further configured to: determine enhanced flight visibility requirement is currently satisfied for the runway approach by the aircraft based, at least in part, on the enhanced flight visibility requirement and a current position of the aircraft relative to the runway; and generate the one or more graphics on the EFVS image indicative of whether enhanced flight visibility requirement is currently satisfied for the runway approach by the aircraft. 15. The cockpit display system of claim 1 wherein, in generating the one or more graphics on the EFVS image, the controller generates the one or more graphics to comprise a text annunciation indicating whether enhanced flight visibility requirement is currently satisfied for the runway approach by the aircraft. 16. A cockpit display system for deployment onboard an aircraft, the cockpit display system comprising: a forward-looking sensor configured to monitor a region forward of the aircraft for runway approach lights; a cockpit display device on which a three dimensional cockpit display is generated utilizing data received from the forward-looking sensor; and a controller operably coupled to the forward-looking sensor and to the cockpit display device, the controller configured to: determine an enhanced flight visibility requirement for a runway approached by the aircraft for landing; and generate on the three dimensional cockpit display (i) approach light graphics representative of runway approach lights detected by the forward-looking sensor and (ii) a marker visually identifying a ground location beyond which the appearance of an approach light graphic satisfies the enhanced flight visibility requirement. 17. The cockpit display system of claim 16 further comprising one or more data sources coupled to the controller and configured to supply thereto data indicative of a current aircraft height above a threshold region of the runway, the controller configured to determine the ground location based at least in part on the enhanced flight visibility requirement and the current aircraft height above the threshold region of the runway. 18. The cockpit display system of claim 16 wherein the controller is configured to determine the enhanced flight visibility requirement based on one or more of the group consisting of a published enhanced flight visibility requirement stored in memory, pilot input, and data wirelessly received from Air Traffic Control. 19. A method carried-out by a cockpit display system onboard an aircraft, the cockpit display system including a cockpit display device, an Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS) sensor configured to monitor a region forward of the aircraft for runway reference features, and a controller operably coupled to the cockpit display device and to the forward-looking sensor, the method comprising: generating EFVS image on the cockpit display device utilizing data received from the EFVS sensor; at the controller, determining an enhanced flight visibility requirement for a runway approached by the aircraft for landing; and producing an enhanced flight visibility indicator (EFVI) graphic on the EFVS image indicative of the enhanced flight visibility requirement. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein producing comprises producing the EFVI graphic as a marker, which visually identifies a ground location beyond which the appearance of a runway reference feature satisfies the enhanced flight visibility requirement.",
-    "A scaler circuit is provided. The scaler circuit includes a first scaler configured to perform a first horizontal scaling operation after a first vertical scaling operation, a second scaler configured to perform a second horizontal scaling operation after a second vertical scaling operation and a line memory which is shared by the first scaler and the second scaler. Each of the first scaler and the second scaler generates a first image and a second image, respectively, having different resolutions from a single image using the line memory. 1. A scaler circuit comprising: a first scaler configured to perform a first horizontal scaling operation after a first vertical scaling operation; a second scaler configured to perform a second horizontal scaling operation after a second vertical scaling operation; and a line memory which is shared by the first scaler and the second scaler, wherein each of the first scaler and the second scaler generates each of a first image and a second image, respectively, having different resolutions from a single image using the line memory. 2. The scaler circuit of claim 1, further comprising a line memory controller configured to transmit position information on each of pixels included in the single image to the first scaler and the second scaler. 3. The scaler circuit of claim 2, wherein the first scaler is configured to select first pixels related to the first image to be stored in the line memory among the pixels using the position information on each of the pixels, and wherein the second scaler is configured to select second pixels related to the second image to be stored in the line memory among the pixels using the position information on each of the pixels. 4. The scaler circuit of claim 3, wherein the first scaler is configured to determine first read timings for the first pixels stored in the line memory using the position information on each of the pixels, and wherein the second scaler is configured to determine second read timings for the second pixels stored in the line memory using the position information on each of the pixels. 5. The scaler circuit of claim 4, wherein the first scaler is configured to control the line memory controller to store the first pixels in the line memory and to read the first pixels stored in the line memory according to the first read timings, and wherein the second scaler is configured to control the line memory controller to store the second pixels in the line memory and to read the second pixels stored in the line memory according to the second read timings. 6. The scaler circuit of claim 5, wherein the first scaler includes a first vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the first pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a first horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the first vertical scaler to generate the first image, wherein the second scaler includes a second vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the second pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a second horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the second vertical scaler to generate the second image. 7. The scaler circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a first post-scaler configured to scale down the first image generated by the first scaler; and a second post-scaler configured to scale down the second image generated by the second scaler. 8. The scaler circuit of claim 1, further comprising a line memory controller configured to store first pixels related to the first image among the pixels in the line memory and read the first pixels stored in the line memory according to a control of the first scaler, and to store second pixels related to the second image among the pixels in the line memory and read the second pixels stored in the line memory according to a control of the second scaler. 9. The scaler circuit of claim 8, wherein the first scaler includes a first vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the first pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a first horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the first vertical scaler to generate the first image, wherein the second scaler includes a second vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the second pixels transmitted from the linen memory controller; and a second horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the second vertical scaler to generate the second image. 10. The scaler circuit of claim 8, further comprising: a FIFO controller; a line buffer which is accessible by the FIFO controller or the line memory controller; and a selector configured to provide an input image of the FIFO controller or an output image of the FIFO controller as the single image. 11. The scaler circuit of claim 10, wherein, when the first image and the second images are images scaled-up and the single image is the output image of the FIFO controller, each of the first scaler and the second scaler generates the first image and the second image using the line memory, respectively, and when the first image and the second images are scaled-up images and the single image is the input image of the FIFO controller, each of the first scaler and the second scaler generates the first image and the second image, respectively, using the line memory and the line buffer. 12. An application processor comprising: a bus; and a scaler circuit which is connected to the bus, wherein the scaler circuit includes a first scaler configured to perform a first horizontal scaling operation after a first vertical scaling operation, a second scaler configured to performs a second horizontal scaling operation after a second vertical scaling operation, and a line memory which is shared by the first scaler and the second scaler, wherein each of the first scaler and the second scaler generates a first image and a second image, respectively, having different resolutions from a single image, respectively, using the line memory. 13. The application processor of claim 12, further comprising a line memory controller configured to transmit position information on each of pixels included in the single image to the first scaler and the second scaler, wherein the first scaler is configured to select first pixels related to the first image to be stored in the line memory among the pixels using the position information on each of the pixels, and the second scaler is configured to select second pixels related to the second image to be stored in the line memory among the pixels using the position information on each of the pixels. 14. The application processor of claim 13, wherein the first scaler is configured to determine first read timings for the first pixels stored in the line memory using the position information on each of the pixels, wherein the second scaler is configured to determine second read timings for the second pixels stored in the line memory using the position information on each of the pixels, wherein first scaler is configured to control the line memory controller to store the first pixels in the line memory and to read the first pixels stored in the line memory according to the first read timings, and wherein the second scaler is configured to control the line memory controller to store the second pixels in the line memory and to read the second pixels stored in the line memory according to the second read timings. 15. The application processor of claim 14, wherein the first scaler includes a first vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the first pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a first horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the first vertical scaler to generate the first image, the second scaler includes a second vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the second pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a second horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the second vertical scaler to generate the second image. 16. The application processor of claim 12, further comprising a line memory controller configured to store first pixels related to the first image among the pixels in the line memory and read the first pixels stored in the line memory according to a control of the first scaler, and to store second pixels related to the second image among the pixels in the line memory and read the second pixels stored in the line memory according to a control of the second scaler. 17. A mobile computing device comprising: an image sensor; an external memory; and an application processor which is connected to the image sensor and the external memory, wherein the application processor includes a bus; and a scaler circuit which is connected to the bus, wherein the scaler circuit includes a first scaler configured to perform a first horizontal scaling operation after a first vertical scaling operation; a second scaler configured to performs a second horizontal scaling operation after a second vertical scaling operation; and a line memory which is shared by the first scaler and the second scaler, wherein each of the first scaler and the second scaler generates a first image and a second image, respectively, having different resolutions from a single image, respectively, using the line memory. 18. The mobile computing device of claim 17, further comprising a line memory controller configured to transmit position information on each of pixels included in the single image to the first scaler and the second scaler, the first scaler is configured to select first pixels related to the first image to be stored in the line memory among the pixels using the position information on each of the pixels, and the second scaler is configured to select second pixels related to the second image to be stored in the line memory among the pixels using the position information on each of the pixels. 19. The mobile computing device of claim 17, further comprising a line memory controller configured to store first pixels related to the first image among the pixels in the line memory and read the first pixels stored in the line memory according to a control of the first scaler, and to store second pixels related to the second image among the pixels in the line memory and read the second pixels stored in the line memory, according to a control of the second scaler. 20. The mobile computing device of claim 19, wherein the first scaler includes a first vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the first pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a first horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the first vertical scaler to generate the first image, wherein the second scaler includes a second vertical scaler configured to vertically scale the second pixels transmitted from the line memory controller; and a second horizontal scaler configured to horizontally scale pixels output from the second vertical scaler to generate the second image, 21-25. (canceled)",
-    "Systems an methods are provided that disclose providing a positioning service for devices based on light received from one or more light sources. This light based positioning service uses light information transmitted by each light source to determine the position of the device. The positioning information can include three dimension position information in a building that can then be used to deliver services and information to a mobile device. The content delivered to a mobile device can include multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information. The positioning information along with other location or positioning information can be used in providing augmented reality or location aware services. The light sources can be independent beacons that broadcast information in visible light at a rate that is undetectable by the human eye. Content can be retrieved from a server over a communications connection. 1. A mobile device, comprising: an image sensor; a wireless interface configured to communicate through a network over a wireless medium; a processor coupled to the image sensor and the wireless interface; a memory; and software in the memory to be run by the processor, wherein running of the software by the processor configures the mobile device to perform functions, including functions to: operate the image sensor to receive a modulated visible light signal transmitted by a visible light source within an indoor location; demodulate the received modulated visible light signal transmitted by the visible light source; determine by using the demodulated visible light signal, a light source identifier corresponding to the visible light source; determine, by using the light source identifier, a position of the mobile device within the indoor location; and obtain location specific content related to the determined position of the mobile device within the indoor location. 2. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein, when obtaining the location specific content, the mobile device is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: access, via the wireless interface, a datasource containing information about the determined position of the mobile device; and retrieve the location specific content related to the determined position of the mobile device, wherein the retrieved location specific content is multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information related to items near the determined position of the mobile device. 3. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein: when determining a position of the mobile device, the mobile device is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: transmit, via the wireless interface, at least the light source identifiers to a server; in response to the transmitted light source identifiers, receive the position of the mobile device within the indoor location and the location specific content from the server via the wireless interface; store the received position of the mobile device and location specific content in the memory; and when obtaining the location specific content, the mobile device is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: retrieve the position of the mobile device and the location specific content stored in the memory, wherein the retrieved location specific content is multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information. 4. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the obtained location specific content includes content selected based on user preferences, user age, user gender, or user purchasing habits. 5. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the obtained location specific content includes dynamic content that changes on a temporal basis. 6. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the obtained location specific content includes point of purchase information usable by the mobile device to establish and complete a transaction within the indoor location. 7. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprises: indoor location information stored in the memory, the indoor location information including a map of the indoor location, light source identifiers, position information of light sources within the indoor location associated with the light source identifiers, and indoor specific location content; and wherein: the mobile device, when obtaining the location specific content, is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: access the indoor location information stored in the memory; and retrieve content corresponding to the determined light source identifiers from the indoor location content of the accessed indoor location information, as the location specific content. 8. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the mobile device is further configured by the software running on the processor, to: prior to operating the image sensor, receive from a location service other than a visible light based positioning system a location of mobile device outside the indoor location; determine based on a distance parameter that the mobile device is entering the indoor location outfitted with a visible light based positioning system; prior to the mobile device entering the indoor location, retrieve map information of the indoor location; and in response to the determined position of the mobile device being in a particular section of the indoor location, display promotional content from the location specific content on a display device of the mobile device. 9. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprising: a display device; and a map of the indoor location stored in the memory; wherein running of the software by the processor configures the mobile device to implement functions, including functions to: retrieve the map of the indoor location in which the mobile device is located; and present, on the display device, the map with an identifying marker indicating a location on the map at which an item desired by a user is located. 10. The mobile device of claim 9, wherein running of the software by the processor configures the mobile device to implement functions, including functions to present, on the display device, promotional content for the item desired by a user. 11. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the image sensor is a camera. 12. A method, comprising: operating an image sensor of a mobile device to capture an image of at least two visible light signal in an outdoor location; determining, by using the captured image, a light source identifier corresponding to each of the at least two visible light source in the captured image; determining, by using the at least two light source identifiers, a position of the mobile device with reference to the three visible light sources within the indoor location; and obtaining content related to items near the position of the mobile device within the indoor location. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: accessing, via the wireless interface, a datasource containing information about the determined position of the mobile device; and retrieving the content related to the determined position of the mobile device, wherein the obtained content is multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information related to items near the determined position of the mobile device obtained from the retrieved content. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprises: accessing indoor location information stored in a memory of the mobile device, wherein the indoor location information includes a map of the indoor location, light source identifiers, indoor location content and position information of light sources within the indoor location within the indoor location; and retrieving content corresponding to the determined at least two light source identifiers from the accessed indoor location information. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising: prior to operating the image sensor, receiving from a location service other than a visible light based positioning system a mobile device location; determining based on a distance parameter that the mobile device is entering an indoor location outfitted with a visible light based positioning system; prior to the mobile device entering the indoor location, retrieving map information of the indoor location; and in response to the determined position of the mobile device being in a particular section of the indoor location, display on a display of the mobile device, promotional content of the received content. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the content related to items includes: user based content, wherein user based content is based on user preferences, user age, user gender, or user purchasing habits; or dynamic content, that changes on a temporal basis. 17. A system comprising: a database containing one or more categories of information, including maps of indoor locations, light identifiers of light sources installed in an indoor location, content and analytics information; and a server, coupled to the one or more databases, the server comprising: a network interface coupled to network associated with an indoor location, a memory, one or more logic modules stored in the memory, a processor coupled to the network interface, the database, the memory, and the processor when running the logic modules stored in the memory is configured to perform functions, including functions to: obtain a light identifier derived from a modulated visible light signal transmitted by a visible light source within the indoor location; determine a light source identifier corresponding to the one visible light source based on the demodulated visible light signals; retrieve, from the database, position information corresponding to the determined light source identifier, the retrieved position information including position coordinates in three dimensions of the one visible light source in the indoor location; retrieve content, from the database, related to the indoor location; and deliver the position information and the content related to the indoor location. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor when running the logic modules is further configured to perform functions, including functions to: maintain a number of times a mobile device user visits the indoor location; maintain a physical path taken by the mobile device user in the indoor location; maintain a dwell time as the time the mobile device user spent at a particular location within the indoor location, wherein the number of times, the path taken, and dwell time are maintained as analytics information in the one or more databases. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the one or more databases store information related: unique light sources identifiers of light sources installed in the indoor location, map information pertaining to a floor plan of the indoor location, information related to product locations within the indoor location, and multimedia content and/or promotional content of a particular location within the indoor location. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor when running the logic modules is further configured to perform functions, including functions to: allow access to the analytics information by an owner of the indoor location, a facility manager, a staff member via a client device, or a client device with any one of administrator permissions, root permissions and developer permissions. 21. The system of claim 17, wherein the retrieved content includes: user based content, wherein user based content is based on user preferences, user age, user gender, or user purchasing habits; or dynamic content, that changes on a temporal basis. 22. The system of claim 17, further comprising: a lighting fixture installed within the indoor location, the lighting fixture comprising the visible light source; and wherein the server is located within the indoor location.",
-    "The invention relates to a braking device for a driven tool, including a shaft, a fixed brake drum, a drive element, a brake shoe holder joined in a manner fixed against relative rotation to the shaft, wherein at least one brake shoe is pivotably located on the brake shoe holder, and wherein the brake shoe is activated when power or torque is transmitted from the shaft to the drive element. 1. A braking device for a driven tool, including a shaft, a fixed brake drum, a drive element, a brake shoe holder joined in a manner fixed against relative rotation to the shaft, wherein at least one brake shoe is pivotably located on the brake shoe holder, and wherein the brake shoe is activated when power or torque is transmitted from the shaft to the drive element. 2. The braking device of claim 1, wherein at least one brake shoe is located pivotably on the brake shoe holder and a toggle lever, a cam drive, in particular a sliding block guide or a ramp, is located between the drive element and at least one brake shoe. 3. The braking device of claim 2, wherein a stop is embodied on the brake shoe holder, which stop limits the travel of the toggle lever, the cam drive, the sliding block guide or the ramp and serves to transmit torque positively from the drive element to the shaft. 4. The braking device of claim 2 wherein the drive element is supported rotatably on a bearing face of the brake shoe holder. 5. The braking device of claim 1, wherein a spring is located between the brake shoe holder and the at least one brake shoe, and that the spring presses at least one brake shoe in the direction of the brake drum. 6. The braking device of claim 1, wherein the spring is embodied as a compression spring, tension spring, leg spring, spiral spring, leaf spring, or disk spring. 7. The braking device of claim 1, wherein the pivot points of the brake shoes are positioned such that the brake shoes are self-reinforcing. 8. The braking device of claim 1, wherein the brake shoes have flyweights.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for moving a wind turbine component, such as a wind turbine hub, from a transportation position to a wind turbine assembly position. The method comprises the steps of: attaching a handling unit to a structural part of the wind turbine component, operatively connecting the handling unit to a wire of a crane system, lifting the wind turbine component with the crane system to an assembly position of the wind turbine, the handling unit and the wind turbine component being suspended from a wire of the crane system, and rotating the wind turbine component with the handling unit during the lifting of the wind turbine component in order to orientate the wind turbine component for assembly. The invention also relates to a handling unit and a wind turbine hub and use hereof. 1. An assembly for a wind turbine, comprising: a wind turbine hub having a blade bearing; and a handling unit attached to said wind turbine hub at said blade bearing, said handling unit for moving said wind turbine hub from a transportation position to a wind turbine assembly position, said handling unit comprising: at least one connection point located outside said wind turbine hub and configured for connection to a wire of a crane system; at least two attachment points configured for attachment to said wind turbine hub; and an actuator configured for actuating said wind turbine hub around a unit rotational centre in order to perform a rotation of said wind turbine hub from the transportation position to the wind turbine assembly position, said actuator operating to rotate said wind turbine hub while said actuator and said wind turbine hub are suspended with the wire of the crane system, wherein said at least two attachment points are directly attached to said blade bearing without any additional special mounting arrangement being coupled to said blade bearing. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein said at least two attachment points are spaced apart from one another so as to be configured for attachment to said wind turbine hub at two spaced apart locations. 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein said actuator is spaced from said at least two attachment points and is configured to move relative to said at least two attachment points during rotation of said wind turbine hub. 4. The assembly of claim 3, wherein said actuator is configured to remain in a stationary position relative to said at least one connection point during movement relative to said at least two attachment points, thereby actuating rotational movement of said wind turbine hub relative to said at least one connection point. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein said at least two attachment points are directly attached to said blade bearing by bolting said handling unit to the blade bearing with bolt fasteners. 6. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the rotation of the wind turbine hub is restricted to a rotation angle of between 80 and 90 degrees. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein said actuator is spaced from said at least one connection point such that the wire of the crane system is spaced from said actuator during rotation of the wind turbine component.",
-    "Provided is a communication apparatus in which when reception data from a transmission apparatus contains a request for an acknowledgement response, a determination as to whether or not to send an acknowledgement response from the communication apparatus to the transmission apparatus is made, if the acknowledgement response is permitted, an acknowledgement is sent to the transmission apparatus over a network, and when the acknowledgement response is not permitted, reception data containing the acknowledgement response is transferred to the external apparatus. 1. A communication apparatus comprising: a first communication unit that communicates with a transmission source apparatus over a network; a second communication unit that communicates with an external apparatus; a storage unit that stores destination information of the transmission source apparatus; a determination unit that determines whether or not to send an acknowledgement response from the communication apparatus to the transmission source apparatus, based on the destination information, when reception data contains a request for the acknowledgement response; and a response control unit, in which when the acknowledgement response is permitted, the response control unit sends an acknowledgement to the transmission source apparatus by using the first communication unit, and when the acknowledgement response is not permitted, the response control unit transfers the reception data to the external apparatus by using the second communication unit. 2. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the external apparatus is configured to send the acknowledgement response to the transmission source apparatus. 3. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when a reply based on an output of the reception data by the external apparatus is received through the second communication unit, the response control unit sends an acknowledgement to the transmission source apparatus by using the first communication unit. 4. The communication apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: a destination information updating unit that updates the destination information, in response to the reply from the external apparatus. 5. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein destinations, for which an acknowledgement response is permitted or is not permitted, are stored in the destination information. 6. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the destination information contains a communication history performed through the first communication unit. 7. A communication method comprising: determining whether or not to send an acknowledgement response using a first communication unit to a transmission source apparatus, based on destination information stored in a storage unit, when a request for acknowledgement from a transmission source apparatus is contained in reception data received through the first communication unit connected to a network; and sending an acknowledgement to the transmission source apparatus by using the first communication unit, when the acknowledgement response is permitted in the determination, and transferring the reception data to an external apparatus by using a second communication unit, when the acknowledgement response is not permitted in the determination. 8. A communication system comprising a communication apparatus, and an external apparatus capable of outputting reception data, wherein the communication apparatus includes a first communication unit that communicates with a transmission source apparatus over a network; a second communication unit that communicates with an external apparatus; a storage unit that stores destination information of the transmission source apparatus; a determination unit that determines whether or not to send an acknowledgement response from the communication apparatus to the transmission source apparatus, based on the destination information, when reception data contains a request for the acknowledgement response; and a response control unit, in which when the acknowledgement response is permitted, the response control unit sends an acknowledgement to the transmission source apparatus by using the first communication unit, and when the acknowledgement response is not permitted, the response control unit transfers the reception data to the external apparatus by using the second communication unit; and wherein the external apparatus includes a confirmation control unit that outputs the transferred reception data, and sends the acknowledgement response to the transmission source apparatus by using a third communication unit, in response to confirmation of the output reception data by the user.",
-    "A parking area access control system includes a first blocking device (6) with a data communication connection to a central control device (2) for opening by a control device command. An identification element (22), with an unambiguous identification key, is arranged on the first blocking device (16). A mobile communication apparatus (20) is connected to the control device for data communication and is configured to read out the identification key from the identification element. The mobile communication apparatus (20) and the control device (2) interact such that the identification key is transmitted from the communication apparatus to the control device and, the control device or the mobile communication apparatus generates a temporary parking key. The control device (2), as a reaction to a request signal (6) sent from the communication apparatus (20) to the control device, opens the first blocking device which is identified by the identification key. 1. A parking area access control system comprising: a central control device; at least one blocking device connected, for data communication, to the central control device such that the blocking device can be opened by a command of the control device; an identification element arranged on the blocking device; an identification key, the identification element with the identification key unambiguously identifying the blocking device; and at least one mobile communication apparatus connected to the control device for data communication, the at least one mobile communication apparatus being configured for reading out the identification key from the identification element, wherein: the mobile communication apparatus and the control device interact in a manner such that the identification key is read out by the communication apparatus and is transmitted from the communication apparatus to the control device; the control device or the mobile communication apparatus generates a temporary parking key; and the control device, as a reaction to a request signal sent from the communication apparatus to the control device, opens the blocking device which is identified by the identification key. 2. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein an identification of the mobile communication apparatus by the control device is effected exclusively on the basis of the temporary parking key. 3. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one mobile communication apparatus and the control device each comprise a memory and are configured in a manner such that they store the temporary parking key. 4. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the control device or the mobile communication apparatus is configured to generate the temporary parking key from the identification key received from the communication apparatus and from a time stamp. 5. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one second blocking device connected, for data communication, to the central control device such that the second blocking device can be opened by a command of the control device; an identification element arranged on the second blocking device; an identification key, the identification element with the identification key unambiguously identifying the blocking device, wherein the control device is configured to, on receiving the identification key of the second blocking device from the communication apparatus, retrieve the temporary parking key stored in the communication apparatus and open this second blocking device after the verification of a payment procedure for this temporary parking key. 6. A parking area access control system according to claim 5, further comprising at least one payment terminal connected to the control device for data communication, wherein the control device is further configured to open the second blocking device on receiving the request signal and after confirmation of a payment procedure by the payment terminal. 7. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, further comprising at least one payment terminal, said payment terminal being connected to the control device for data communication and comprising an identification element with an identification key unambiguously identifying the payment terminal, wherein the at least one mobile communication apparatus is configured to read out the identification key from the identification element, and the mobile communication apparatus and the control device interact such that the identification key is read out by the communication apparatus and is transmitted from the communication apparatus to the control device, and the control device initiates the thus identified payment terminal into carrying out a payment procedure. 8. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the identification element is a radio emitter configured for the Bluetooth low energy standard, and the communication apparatus comprises a corresponding radio receiver. 9. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one blocking device or the at least one second blocking device is connected to the control device via the internet. 10. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one mobile communication apparatus is connected to the control device via a mobile network and or the internet or both a mobile network and the internet. 11. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one mobile communication apparatus is a mobile telephone or a communication apparatus which is integrated into a vehicle. 12. A parking area access control system according to claim 11, wherein the mobile communication apparatus is a common mobile telephone, into which the functions necessary for the access control system are integrated by a software application. 13. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the data communication between the at least one mobile communication apparatus and the control device is bidirectional. 14. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, wherein the identification element and the at least one mobile communication apparatus are configured for a unidirectional communication between the identification element and the communication apparatus. 15. A parking area access control system according to claim 1, further comprising at least one detector arranged on the at least one blocking device or on a second blocking device or both on the at least one blocking device or on the second blocking device and wherein the detector is connected to the control device for data communication and is configured for a detection of a vehicle which is in front of the blocking device. 16. A method for controlling the access into a parking area, the method comprising the steps of: providing a central control device; providing at least one blocking device, blocking an exit, connected, for data communication, to the central control device such that the blocking device can be opened by a command of the control device; providing an identification element arranged on the blocking device; providing an identification key, the identification element with the identification key unambiguously identifying the blocking device; and providing at least one mobile communication apparatus connected to the control device for data communication, the at least one mobile communication apparatus being configured for reading out the identification key from the identification element; reading out the identification key of the blocking device, by the mobile communication apparatus; transmitting the read-out identification key from the mobile communication apparatus to the central control device; transmitting a request signal for requesting the opening of the blocking device, from the communication apparatus to the central control device; generating a temporary parking key in the control device or the mobile communication apparatus; and opening the first blocking device identified by the identification key, by way of the central control device, as a reaction to the request signal. 17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the mobile communication apparatus transmits the temporary parking key to the control device, for identification at a payment terminal or at a second blocking device blocking an exit. 18. A method according to claim 16, further comprising the steps of: reading out an identification key of a second blocking device blocking an exit, by the mobile communication apparatus; transmitting the read-out identification key from the mobile communication apparatus to a central control device; transmitting a request signal with the temporary parking key for requesting the opening of the second blocking device, from the communication apparatus to the central control device; verifying a payment procedure for the received, temporary parking key, by the control device; and opening the second blocking device which is identified by the identification key, by the central control device given a successful verification. 19. A method according to claim 16, wherein the control device only opens the blocking device when a vehicle which is in front of the blocking device is recognized by a detector at the blocking device. 20. A method according to claim 18, wherein the control device only opens the blocking device or the second blocking device when a vehicle in front of opens the blocking device or the second blocking device is recognized by a detector at the blocking device or the second blocking device.",
-    "A paging scheme for a Solid State Drive (SSD) error correction mechanism that exchanges portions of a parity component, such as a page, between SRAM and less expensive DRAM, which stores the remainder of a context of pages. A parity operation applies an XOR function to corresponding memory positions in the pages of the context. Dedicated error correction (parity) SRAM need only enough memory for portions of memory, typically a cache line of a page, upon which the parity operation (XOR) is operating. The remaining portions in the context are swapped, or paged out, by cache logic such that the entire context is iteratively processed (XORed) by the parity operation. 1. A method, comprising: partitioning a page into a plurality of cache lines, the page based on a memory space designated for error correction; a plurality of pages defining a context; storing corresponding cache lines of the pages of the context in a first memory area, the first memory area responsive to a parity operation for computing a parity value for the corresponding cache lines, a parity value for the context based on the plurality of pages; applying the parity operations to the cache lines stored in the first memory area; and iteratively replacing the cache lines in succession with other cache lines of the plurality of cache lines from a second memory area for applying the parity operation to each of the cache lines until the parity operation has been applied to all cache lines of the pages in the context, the second memory area sufficiently large for storing the entire context wherein iteratively replacing the cache lines and applying the parity operations decouples a required size of the first memory from the size of the page. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying the page, the page defining a subdivision of memory upon which parity operations are applied. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the cache lines correspond to at least first and second pages in the context, further including a cache line for each respective page. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the computed parity value contributes to a corresponding cache line in the parity value, wherein iteratively replacing the cache lines applies the parity operation to corresponding cache lines in successive pages in the context for computing a parity result for the context. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the cache lines stored in the first memory area correspond to a cache line received by monitoring a cache channel for memory accesses; such that each of the stored cache lines include corresponding locations on respective pages for applying the parity operations. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the cache lines represent non-contiguous sectors of the pages including the corresponding cache lines. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising: identifying the cache line from cache channel, the cache line defining a portion of data on the page; and throttling the identified cache lines to evenly distribute the portions corresponding to different pages for aligning a completion time of all pages in the context. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: exchanging the cache lines of the pages from the first memory area with successive cache lines of the pages stored in the second memory; and aggregating the stored cache lines of the parity results to compute a parity result for the context. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying a context of a parity sequence, the context including memory pages aggregated for computing a parity result, the parity context defining a result from which inaccurate values can be recreated from other values in a corresponding position in the context. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the context represents the parity result for a memory die. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the parity operation applies an XOR function to corresponding memory positions in the pages of the context. 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising partitioning a transfer buffer memory area used for data transfer to a host for designating the first memory area as a partition of the transfer buffer memory. 13. A device, comprising: a stripe indicative of areas of memory employed for accumulating a parity result, the stripe indicative of a plurality of pages, each page in the stripe having locations corresponding to the other pages in the stripe; a plurality of cache lines in each page, the page based on a memory space designated for error correction such that the pages in the stripe define a context; a first memory area for storing the corresponding cache lines of the pages, the first memory area responsive to a parity operation for computing a parity value for the corresponding cache lines, a parity value for the context based a plurality of pages in the context; a parity engine for applying the parity operations to the cache lines stored in the first memory area; a second memory area for iteratively replacing the cache lines in succession with other cache lines of the plurality of cache lines from the second memory area for applying the parity operation to each of the cache lines until the parity operation has been applied to all cache lines of the pages in the context, the second memory area sufficiently large for storing the entire context wherein iteratively replacing the cache lines and applying the parity operations decouples a required size of the first memory from the size of the page; and a solid state storage device (SSD), the SSD storing the data populating the context and having an interface to an attached computing device for receiving the stored data. 14. The device of claim 13 wherein each cache line is for storing memory accesses from the attached computing device. 15. A computer program product having instructions encoded on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium that, when executed by a processor, perform a method for paging parity operations in a computer memory, comprising: identifying a stripe indicative of areas of memory employed for accumulating a parity result, the stripe indicative of a plurality of pages, each page in the stripe having locations defined by cache lines and corresponding to the cache lines in other pages in the stripe; storing corresponding cache lines of the pages in the stripe in a first memory for applying a parity operation to compute a parity result for the cache line; alternating the storing and parity computation in succession until the parity computation has been applied to each corresponding location in the stripe, wherein alternating the storing and parity computations decouples a required size of the first memory from the size of the page; and determining an accumulation of the applied parity operations as the parity result of the identified stripe. 16. The computer program product of claim 15 further comprising alternating storing between a first memory and a second memory for alternating storage of the corresponding cache lines. 17. The computer program product of claim 15 further comprising identifying the cache lines from a cache channel indicative of memory accesses from a host, and designating a portion upon receipt of the cache line of memory accesses. 18. The computer program product of claim 15 wherein the stripe is indicative of a context, the context defining a parity result from which inaccurate values can be recreated from other values in a corresponding position in the context. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein the first memory is faster than the second for receiving the results of parity operations corresponding to a subset of a page of memory. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the cache lines define non-contiguous sectors of the pages including the corresponding portions, each cache line defining a portion of data on a page, further comprising throttling the identified cache lines to evenly distribute the portions corresponding to different pages for aligning a completion time of all pages having at least one portion in the first memory.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device comprises the steps of: providing a semiconductor light-emitting stack having a first connecting surface and a first alignment pattern; providing a substrate having a second connecting surface and a second alignment pattern; detecting the position of the first alignment pattern and the position of the second alignment pattern; and moving at least one of the substrate and the semiconductor light-emitting stack to make the first alignment pattern be aligned with the second alignment pattern. 1. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device, comprising the steps of: providing a semiconductor light-emitting stack having a first connecting surface and a first alignment pattern; providing a substrate having a second connecting surface and a second alignment pattern; detecting the position of the first alignment pattern and the position of the second alignment pattern; and moving at least one of the substrate and the semiconductor light-emitting stack to make the first alignment pattern be aligned with the second alignment pattern. 2. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the step of moving at least one of the substrate and the semiconductor light-emitting stacked layer is to make the first alignment pattern be overlapped with and the second alignment pattern. 3. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 1, further comprises a step of bonding the semiconductor light-emitting stack and the substrate together under a temperature over 200\u00b0 C. 4. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 3, wherein a bonding force for bonding the semiconductor light-emitting stack and the substrate together is not over 1164 Kg/cm2. 5. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the step of moving at least one of the substrate and the semiconductor light-emitting stack comprises moving linearly or rotating the substrate and the semiconductor light-emitting stack. 6. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 1, further comprising a step of catching a first image of the first alignment pattern and a second image of the second alignment pattern. 7. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 6, further comprising a step of comparing the first image and the second image. 8. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a first virtual vertical axis passing through the center of the first alignment pattern, a second virtual vertical axis passing through the center of the second alignment pattern, and an offset distance between the first virtual vertical axis and the second virtual vertical axis is smaller than 20 \u03bcm after the first alignment pattern being aligned with the second alignment pattern. 9. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 1, further comprising a step of providing a chamber, and the semiconductor light-emitting stack and the substrate are in the chamber. 10. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 9, further comprising providing an image deriving unit in the chamber for catching a first image of the first alignment pattern and a second image of the second alignment pattern. 11. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 10, further comprising a step of moving the image deriving unit out of the chamber after the first alignment pattern being aligned with the second alignment pattern. 12. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 10, wherein the image deriving unit is in the chamber after the first alignment pattern being aligned with the second alignment pattern. 13. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 9, further comprising a step of heating chamber over 200\u00b0 C. after the first alignment pattern being aligned with the second alignment pattern. 14. A method of manufacturing a light-emitting device according to claim 13, further comprising a step of bonding the semiconductor light-emitting stack and the substrate together by a bonding force not over 1164 Kg/cm2.",
-    "A visible light communication method is provided that includes obtaining a first ID indicating a default interpolation ID previously stored in a receiver. The method also includes obtaining a second ID, by the receiver, through visible light communication with a light source, and generating a third ID, by the receiver, by combining the first ID and the second ID. The method further includes obtaining, by the receiver, information from a server using the third ID, which is a combination of the first ID and the second ID. 1. A visible light communication method, comprising: obtaining a first ID indicating a default interpolation ID previously stored in a receiver; obtaining a second ID, by the receiver, through visible light communication with a light source; generating a third ID, by the receiver, by combining the first ID and the second ID; and obtaining, by the receiver, information from a server using the third ID, which is a combination of the first ID and the second ID. 2. The visible light communication method according to claim 1, wherein, in the obtaining of the first ID, the first ID is obtained when a user attribute is not previously stored in the receiver. 3. A visible light communication apparatus, comprising: a processor; and a memory having thereon a program, the program causes the processor to execute operations including: obtaining a first ID indicating a default interpolation ID previously stored in a receiver; obtaining a second ID, by the receiver, through visible light communication with a light source; generating a third ID, by the receiver, by combining the first ID and the second ID; and obtaining, by the receiver, information from a server using the third ID, which is a combination of the first ID and the second ID. 4. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing an information communication program for performing visible light communication, the visible light communication program causing a computer to execute: obtaining a first ID indicating a default interpolation ID previously stored in a receiver; obtaining a second ID, by the receiver, through visible light communication with a light source; generating a third ID, by the receiver, by combining the first ID and the second ID; and obtaining, by the receiver, information from a server using the third ID, which is a combination of the first ID and the second ID.",
-    "Systems an methods are provided that disclose providing a positioning service for devices based on light received from one or more light sources. This light based positioning service uses light information transmitted by each light source to determine the position of the device. The positioning information can include three dimension position information in a building that can then be used to deliver services and information to a mobile device. The content delivered to a mobile device can include multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information. The positioning information along with other location or positioning information can be used in providing augmented reality or location aware services. The light sources can be independent beacons that broadcast information in visible light at a rate that is undetectable by the human eye. Content can be retrieved from a server over a communications connection. 1. A system, comprising: a database, comprising: indoor location information including identification codes related to lighting devices installed in an indoor location, items in the indoor location, and content related to the indoor location and specific locations in the indoor location, and position information of mobile devices within a distance of the indoor location; and a server, comprising: a network interface; a memory, one or more logic modules stored in the memory, a processor coupled to the network interface, the database, and the memory, wherein when the processor is running the logic modules stored in the memory, the server is configured to perform functions, including functions to: receive, via the network interface, position information corresponding to a location of a mobile device within a light positioning system enabled area of the indoor location, the position information provided by a source alternative to the light-based positioning system; estimate, based on the received position information, a current approximate position of the mobile device within the indoor location; maintain a record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device in the database; receive, from the mobile device via the network interface, light source identifiers corresponding to visible light sources in the indoor location; search the database for light source identifiers matching the received light source identifiers; calculate position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location based on the results of the database search; and based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device, update the record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the alternative positioning information is provided by positioning sources alternative to the light-based positioning system and to a satellite-based positioning system. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the server is further configured by the logic modules running on the processor, to search the database by performing functions of: retrieve the current approximate position information of the mobile device from the database; constrain the database search space to light source identifiers within a specific radius of the current approximate position of the mobile device; and determine that each received light source identifier matches a light source identifier of a lighting device within the constrained database search space. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the server is further configured by the logic modules running on the processor, to calculate the position coordinates of the mobile device by performing functions to: retrieve physical location coordinates of the lighting devices associated with the received light source identifiers; and use the physical location coordinates of the lighting devices during the calculation of the position coordinates of the mobile device. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the server is further configured by the logic modules running on the processor, to calculate the position coordinates of the mobile device by performing functions to: retrieve from the database location specific content data associated with the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device; and based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location, deliver, via the network interface, location specific content related to the indoor location to the mobile device. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the location specific content maintained in the database includes multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information related to items near the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the location specific content includes content based on user preferences, user age, user gender, or user purchasing habits, or dynamic content that changes on a temporal basis. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein the location specific content includes point of purchase information usable by the mobile device to establish and complete a transaction within the indoor location. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein: the database includes web services programming; and the server is further configured by the web services programming running on the processor, to perform functions, including a function to: in response to a request from the mobile device, provide to the mobile device web services corresponding to the indoor location. 10. A method, comprising: receiving, at a server via a network connection, alternative positioning information related to a mobile device, the alternative positioning information comprising information provided by a positioning source other than an indoor location light-based positioning system; based on the received alternative positioning information, estimating a current approximate position of the mobile device relative to a light positioning enabled area; maintaining a record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device in the database; receiving, from the mobile device via the network connection, light source identifiers corresponding to visible light sources in the indoor location; searching the database for light source identifiers matching the received light source identifiers; calculating position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location based on the results of the database search; and based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device, updating the record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the alternative positioning information is provided by positioning sources alternative to the light-based positioning system and to a satellite-based positioning system. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: retrieving the current approximate position information of the mobile device from the database; constraining the database search space to light source identifiers within a specific radius of the current approximate position of the mobile device; and determining that each received light source identifiers matches a light source identifier of a lighting device within the constrained database search space. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: retrieving physical location coordinates of the lighting devices associated with the received light source identifiers; and using the physical location coordinates of the lighting devices during the calculation of the position coordinates of the mobile device. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device, initiating web services programming corresponding to the indoor location and associated with calculated position coordinates; and in response to a request from the mobile device, providing web services to the mobile device. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising: retrieving from the database location specific content data associated with the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device; and based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location, delivering, via the network interface, location specific content associated with the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the delivered location specific content includes multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information related to items near the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the delivered location specific content includes: user based content, wherein user based content is based on user preferences, user age, user gender, or user purchasing habits; or dynamic content, that changes on a temporal basis. 18. A server comprising: a network interface coupled to: a network associated with an indoor location and one or more databases, the one or more databases containing position information of mobile devices, content related to the indoor location, light source identifiers and indoor location position information related to the light source identifiers, a memory, one or more logic modules stored in the memory, a processor coupled to the network interface, the memory, when the processor is running the one or more logic modules stored in the memory, the server is configured to perform functions, including functions to: receive, via the network interface, position information corresponding to a location of a mobile device within a light positioning system enabled area of the indoor location, the position information provided by a source alternative to the light-based positioning system; estimate, based on the received position information, a current approximate position of the mobile device within the indoor location; maintain a record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device in the database; receive, from the mobile device via the network interface, light source identifiers corresponding to visible light sources in the indoor location; search the database for light source identifiers matching the received light source identifiers; calculate position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location based on the results of the database search; and based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device, update the record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device. 19. The server of claim 18, wherein the alternative positioning information is provided by positioning sources alternative to the light-based positioning system and to a satellite-based positioning system. 20. The server of claim 18, wherein the processor when running the logic modules is further configured to calculate the position coordinates of the mobile device by performing functions, including functions to: retrieve the updated estimated current approximate position information of the mobile device from the database; constrain the database search space to light source identifiers within a specific radius of the updated estimated current approximate position of the mobile device; and determine that each received light source identifiers matches a light source identifier of a lighting device within the constrained database search space. 21. The server of claim 18, wherein the processor when running the logic modules is further configured to perform functions, including functions to: obtain from the database location specific content data associated with the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device; and based on the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location, deliver, via the network interface, location specific content related to the indoor location to the mobile device. 22. The server of claim 21, wherein the location specific content maintained in the database includes multimedia, text, audio, and/or pictorial information related to items near the calculated position coordinates of the mobile device within the indoor location. 23. The server of claim 21, wherein the obtained content includes: user based content, wherein user based content is based on user preferences, user age, user gender, or user purchasing habits; or dynamic content, that changes on a temporal basis. 24. The server of claim 18, wherein the processor when running the logic modules is further configured to perform functions, including functions to: retrieve, via the network interface, the updated estimated current approximate position of the mobile device from the record of the estimated current approximate position of the mobile device maintained in the one or more databases; based on the retrieved updated estimated current approximate position, obtain content, via the network interface, related to the updated estimated current approximate position within the indoor location; and deliver to the mobile device the updated estimated current approximate position and the obtained content. 25. A mobile device, comprising: a display device; an image sensor configured to collect an image; a wireless interface configured to communication over a wireless medium; one or more alternative location sources configured to obtain location services via the wireless interface; a processor coupled to the display device, the image sensor, the background sensors and the wireless interface; a memory coupled to the processor; and logic modules stored in the memory to be run by the processor, wherein running of the logic modules by the processor configures the mobile device to perform functions, including functions to: receive from the one or more alternative location sources via the wireless interface a position of the mobile device indicating that the mobile device is in a location equipped with a visible light positioning system; determine that visible light positioning is currently unavailable to the mobile device at the location based on information output by the image sensor; and in response to the determination that visible light positioning is unavailable, update a position of the mobile device based on information provided by the one or more of the alternative location sources. 26. The mobile device of claim 25, wherein running of the logic modules by the processor further configures the device to perform functions, including functions to: after a period of time after the visible light positioning system is determined to be unavailable, sample the image sensor to determine whether the visible light positioning system is available for use by the mobile device; in response to a determination that the visible light position system is available, operate the image sensor to receive a modulated visible light signal transmitted by a visible light source; demodulate the received modulated visible light signal transmitted by the visible light source; obtain, using the demodulated visible light signal, a position information corresponding to a location of the visible light source; and update a mobile device position based on the obtained position information 27. The mobile device of claim 25, wherein the image sensor is a rolling shutter camera. 28. The mobile device of claim 25, wherein running of the logic modules by the processor further configures the device to perform functions, including functions to: in response to operating the rolling shutter camera, obtain an image having alternating dark and white stripes, wherein the alternating dark and white stripes in the image represent the modulated visible light signal. 29. The mobile device of 25, wherein the one or more alternative location sources include a global position system (GPS), a global system for mobile communication (GSM), WiFi, a user input, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a digital compass, a barometer, Bluetooth, or cellular tower identification information. 30. The mobile device of claim 25, further comprising a background sensor including one or more of a user input sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a digital compass, or a barometer. 31. The mobile device of claim 30, wherein the mobile device when updating the position of the mobile device is further configured by the logic modules running on the processor, to: determine one or more of the location sources is unavailable in addition to the visible light positioning system being unavailable; in response to the determination that one or more of the location sources is unavailable in addition to the visible light positioning system, obtain background sensor information recorded in the memory of the mobile device; and update the position of the mobile device based on the background sensor information. 32. A method, comprising the steps of: receiving, from one or more alternative location sources via a wireless interface, a position of a mobile device indicating that the mobile device is in a location equipped with a visible light positioning system; determining that visible light positioning system is currently unavailable to the mobile device at the location based on information output by an image sensor of the mobile device; and in response to the determination that visible light positioning is unavailable, updating a position of the mobile device based on information provided by one or more of the alternative location sources. 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising the steps of: after a period of time after the visible light positioning system is determined to be unavailable, sampling the image sensor to determine whether the visible light positioning system is available for use by the mobile device; in response to a determination that the visible light position system is available, operating the image sensor to receive a modulated visible light signal transmitted by a visible light source; demodulating the received modulated visible light signal transmitted by the visible light source; obtaining, using the demodulated visible light signal, a position information corresponding to a location of the visible light source; and updating a mobile device position based on the obtained position information.",
-    "A system (100) and a method for detecting events in a predetermined space is provided. The system consists of one or more of an imager (101), a range-finder (103) and a sound capturing device (115), as well as a calibration factor and a processer (104). Images (301-304) are taken of a space and corrected based on the appropriate calibration factor that is selected based on the output of the range-finder (115). The images are analyzed and compared to characteristics representative of certain events including falls. If the images match the particular characteristics, the system (100) concludes that an event has occurred and outputs this result. Sounds may be captured (115) and used alone or in connection with an image (301-304) to determine that an event of interest has occurred. An alarm (114) or other output will be generated if the system detects certain predetermined events. 1. A system for detecting events in a predetermined space comprising: an imager, configured for capturing one or more images of a predetermined space and for providing one or more image signals representing said captured one or more images of said predetermined space; a range-finder, disposed proximate said imager, and configured for determining a distance of one or more objects located in said predetermined space from the imager, and for providing at least one distance signal; a processor, coupled to said imager and said range-finder, and responsive to said captured one or more images of said predetermined space received from said imager and said at least one distance signal, and programmed to: calibrate said captured one or more images of said predetermined space based on a predetermined calibration factor; analyze the calibrated captured one or more images of said predetermined space to determine if certain predetermined events have occurred in said predetermined space; generate an output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred; and a transmitting device, coupled to said processor and responsive to said processor generated output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred, for transmitting the output of the processor. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the imager is a camera. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the imager captures an image by capturing one of infrared or thermal energy. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the imager is selected from the group of imagers consisting of a thermopile and a pyroelectric infrared (PIR) element. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the range-finder is selected from the group of range-finders consisting of a radio-frequency (RF) range-finder and an optical range-finder. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the calibration factor is selected from the group of calibration factors consisting of a mathematical equation, a look up table and a matrix. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein said events to be detected are selected from events consisting of activity, fall, sitting down, standing up, multiple people in said predetermined space and a button push. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor generated output is selected from the group of outputs consisting of a wireless connection, a Wi-Fi output, a cellular output, a Bluetooth output, a wired connection output, an Ethernet output, a low-voltage alarm connection, a call to a nurse, a call to a family member, a light and an audible alarm. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said system processor is programmed to analyze the calibrated captured one or more images to determine if the predetermined event is a person getting into or out of bed. 10. A method for detecting events comprising the acts of: capturing at least one image of a predetermined space using an imaging device; determining the distance of one or more objects located in said predetermined space from the imaging device; and providing a processor programmed to: receive said captured at least one image and said determined distance; calibrate the captured and received at least one image based on a predetermined calibration factor; analyze the calibrated image and responsive to said analyzing, determining if certain predetermined events have occurred in said predetermined space; generate an output responsive to said determining that certain predetermined events have occurred; and transmitting the output of the processor to a receiving device. 11. A system for detecting events in a predetermined space comprising: an imager, configured for capturing one or more images of a predetermined space and for providing one or more image signals representing said captured one or more images of said predetermined space; a range-finder, disposed proximate said imager, and configured for determining a distance of one or more objects located in said predetermined space from the imager, and for providing at least one distance signal; a sound capturing device, configured for capturing at least one of a plurality of predetermined sounds in said predetermined space, and responsive to said capturing, for providing a captured sound signal indicative of the detection of at least one of said plurality of predetermined sounds in said predetermined space; a processor, coupled to said imager, said range-finder and said sound capturing device, and responsive to said captured one or more images of said predetermined space received from said imager, said at least one distance signal and said captured sound signal, and programmed to: calibrate said captured one or more images of said predetermined space based on a predetermined calibration factor; analyze the calibrated captured one or more images of said predetermined space to determine if certain predetermined events have occurred in said predetermined space; analyze the captured sound signal; and responsive to said act of analyzing the calibrated captured one or more images of said predetermined space and analyzing the captured sound signal, determining that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred and generating an output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred; and a transmitting device, coupled to said processor and responsive to said processor generated output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred, for transmitting the output of the processor. 12. A system for detecting events in a predetermined space utilizing a sound capturing device, said system comprising: a sound capturing device, configured for capturing at least one of a plurality of predetermined sounds in said predetermined space, and responsive to said capturing, for providing a captured sound signal indicative of the detection of at least one of said plurality of predetermined sounds in said predetermined space; a processor, coupled to said sound capturing device, and responsive to said captured sound signal, and programmed to: analyze the captured sound signal; and responsive to said act of analyzing the captured sound signal, determining that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred and generating an output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred; and a receiving device, coupled to said processor and responsive to said processor generated output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred, for receiving the output of the processor indicative that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred. 13. A method for detecting events utilizing a sound capturing device, method comprising the acts of: capturing at least one of a plurality of predetermined sounds in said predetermined space, and responsive to said capturing, for providing a captured sound signal indicative of the detection of at least one of said plurality of predetermined sounds in said predetermined space; providing a processor, coupled to said sound capturing device, and responsive to said captured sound signal, and programmed to: analyze the captured sound signal; and responsive to said act of analyzing the captured sound signal, determining that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred; and generating an output indicative of the determination that one or more of said certain predetermined events have occurred; and transmitting the output of the processor to a receiving device.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit in which multiple chips including multiple light emitting elements are arranged in a main scanning direction, the image forming unit forming an image on a recording medium, a reading unit that reads the image fixed on the recording medium by a fixing unit, a density specification unit that specifies a density of a region in the image for each of the chips, the region corresponding to each of the chips, a correction amount specification unit that specifies a correction amount of light quantity from the chip based on an approximate value obtained by approximating the density of a region corresponding to a chip arranged in a predetermined range from a chip for which the correction amount of the light quantity is specified, and a correction unit that corrects the light quantity in accordance with the correction amount. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming unit in which a plurality of chips including a plurality of light emitting elements are arranged in a main scanning direction, the image forming unit forming an image on a recording medium by developing an electrostatic latent image formed on an image holder, the electrostatic latent image formed on the image holder by exposing the image holder to light from the light emitting elements; a fixing unit that fixes the image formed on the recording medium; a reading unit that reads the image fixed on the recording medium by the fixing unit; a density specification unit that specifies a density of a region in the image read by the reading unit for each of the chips, the region corresponding to each of the chips; a correction amount specification unit that specifies a correction amount of light quantity of light emitted from the chip based on an approximate value obtained by approximating the density specified by the density specification unit, the density of a region corresponding to a chip arranged in a predetermined range from a chip for which the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity; and a correction unit that corrects the light quantity of the light emitted from the chip in accordance with the correction amount specified by the correction amount specification unit. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity of the light emitted from the chip based on the approximate value, the approximate value being adjusted by using a coefficient; and the image forming apparatus further comprises a change unit that changes the coefficient based on the density currently specified by the density specification unit, and the density previously specified by the density specification unit. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies a target density of the region corresponding to each of the chips based on the approximate value and calculates a difference between the density specified by the density specification unit and the target density to specify the correction amount of the light quantity of the light emitted from the chip, and the change unit changes the coefficient in a case where the difference currently calculated by the correction amount specification unit exceeds a predetermined threshold value. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the change unit changes the coefficient based on a difference between the difference previously calculated by the correction amount specification unit and the difference currently calculated by the correction amount specification unit. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity of the light emitted from one of an odd-numbered chip and an even-numbered chip from one end in the main scanning direction after specifying the correction amount of the light quantity of the light emitted from other of the odd-numbered chip and the even-numbered chip. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity of light emitted from an odd-numbered chip from one end in the main scanning direction. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity of the light emitted from an even-numbered chip from one end in the main scanning direction. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount by using a density of a region that corresponds to a chip adjacent to a chip for which the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount by using the density of a region that corresponds to a chip next but one to a chip for which the correction amount specification unit specifies the correction amount of the light quantity.",
-    "A method of operating a gasoline engine having a first subset of cylinders and a second subset of cylinders includes providing a flow of compressed air from a single-sequential compressor to the engine, selectively deactivating the first subset of cylinders, and igniting gasoline mixed with the compressed air in the second subset of cylinders. The single-sequential compressor includes a dual sided impeller having a first blade arrangement in fluid communication with a first air inlet, and an opposing second blade arrangement in fluid communication with a second air inlet. Additionally, deactivating the first subset of cylinders includes sealing the first subset of cylinders such that the flow of compressed air is provided only to the second subset of cylinders. 1. A method of operating a gasoline engine, wherein the gasoline engine includes a first subset of cylinders and a second subset of cylinders, the method comprising: providing a flow of compressed air from a single-sequential compressor to the engine, wherein the single-sequential compressor includes a dual sided impeller having a first blade arrangement in fluid communication with a first air inlet, and an opposing second blade arrangement in fluid communication with a second air inlet; selectively deactivating the first subset of cylinders, wherein deactivating includes sealing the first subset of cylinders such that the flow of compressed air is provided only to the second subset of cylinders; and igniting gasoline mixed with the compressed air in the second subset of cylinders. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flow of compressed air has a first boost pressure that is provided in response to a first load request; wherein the method further comprises: receiving a second load request that is greater than the first load request; and increasing the boost pressure of the compressed air above the first boost pressure in response to the second load request. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein igniting the gasoline mixed with the compressed air generates exhaust; and further comprising routing the exhaust from each of the second subset of cylinders to a first scroll of a twin-scroll turbine; wherein each of the first subset of cylinders is in fluid communication with a second scroll of the twin-scroll turbine; and wherein the twin-scroll turbine is mechanically coupled to the single-sequential compressor. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the exhaust from each of the second subset of cylinders is routed to the first scroll of the twin-scroll turbine via a first exhaust manifold, and wherein each of the first subset of cylinders is in fluid communication with the second scroll of the twin-scroll turbine via a second exhaust manifold. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a supply of fresh air to each of the first air inlet and the second air inlet; and wherein the first air inlet and the second air inlet channel airflow to opposing sides of the dual-sided impeller. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the flow of compressed air from the single-sequential compressor to the engine includes providing greater than 50% of the compressed air from the first blade arrangement when the first subset of cylinders is selectively deactivated. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein providing the flow of compressed air from the single-sequential compressor to the engine includes providing greater than 50% of the compressed air from the second blade arrangement when the first subset of cylinders is not selectively deactivated.",
-    "A method of leak detection of hermetically sealed cavities semiconductor devices is provided. Scribe streets are formed with access from each packaged device on a first substrate to the edge of the first substrate. The first substrate is attached to a second substrate, forming gaps between the two substrates. A cavity is formed around a packaged device on the first substrate by attaching a bond ring to the first substrate and an optically transparent window above the bonding ring. The cavity is evacuated. A high powered laser beam strikes the top surface of the device on the first substrate within the cavity and creates a vertical surface displacement of the first substrate. The vertical surface displacement is monitored using a separate interrogation laser beam. Leakage of the cavity can be measured by characterizing the resonance decay rate, Q. 1. A method of leak detection of a sealed cavity of a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming scribe streets on a first wafer substrate with access from at least the semiconductor device on the first wafer substrate to an edge of the first wafer substrate; attaching the first wafer substrate to a second wafer substrate such that gaps are formed between the first and second wafer substrates; forming the sealed cavity around the semiconductor device on the first wafer substrate by attaching a bonding ring to the first wafer substrate and an optically transparent window above the bonding ring; forming an attachment to the sealed cavity for evacuation of the sealed cavity; evacuating the sealed cavity; striking a top surface of the first wafer substrate within the sealed cavity with a high power laser beam to create a vertical surface displacement; monitoring the vertical surface displacement using a separate interrogation laser beam; and determining leakage of the sealed cavity, including by characterizing a resonance decay rate of the vertical surface displacement. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor device is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining leakage of the sealed cavity comprises: establishing an excited acoustic mode in the semiconductor device; and measuring the excited acoustic mode for quality factor. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein measuring the excited acoustic mode comprises: measuring the excited acoustic mode to determine internal gas pressure and leak rate. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein determining leakage of the sealed cavity comprises: forming a chamber around the sealed cavity and evacuating the chamber to measure leakage of the sealed cavity under atmosphere. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: singulating the semiconductor device. 7. A method of leak detection of a sealed MEMS cavity, the method comprising: forming scribe streets with access from a device on a first substrate to an edge of the first substrate; attaching the first substrate to a second substrate and forming gaps between the first and second substrates; forming the sealed MEMS cavity surrounding the device on the first substrate by attaching a bonding ring to the first substrate and an optically transparent window above the bonding ring; forming an attachment to the sealed MEMS cavity for evacuation of the sealed MEMS cavity; evacuating the sealed MEMS cavity through the attachment; striking a top surface of the first substrate within the sealed MEMS cavity with a high power laser beam to create a vertical surface displacement; monitoring the vertical surface displacement using a separate interrogation laser beam; and measuring leakage of the sealed MEMS cavity, including by characterizing a resonance decay rate of the vertical surface displacement. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein measuring leakage of the sealed MEMS cavity comprises: establishing an excited acoustic mode in the device; and measuring the excited acoustic mode for quality factor. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein measuring the excited acoustic mode comprises: measuring the excited acoustic mode to determine internal gas pressure and leak rate. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein measuring leakage of the sealed MEMS cavity comprises: forming a chamber around the sealed MEMS cavity and evacuating the chamber to measure leakage of the sealed MEMS cavity under atmosphere. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: singulating the device.",
-    "An image processing method includes capturing an image of the head of a user of a head mountable display device. The position of the head mountable display device is detected in the image captured by a camera. A region of the user's face that is occluded by the head mountable display device is identified. The portion of the captured image corresponding to the head mountable display device is at least partially replaced with a corresponding portion of a 3D facial model, to provide a modified version of the captured image. 1. An image processing method comprising: capturing, by a camera, an image of a head of a user of a head mountable display device; detecting, by a detector device, a position of the head mountable display device in the image captured by the camera; identifying, by a processor device, a region of the user's face that is occluded by the head mountable display device; and the processor device at least partially replacing a region of the captured image corresponding to the head mountable display device with a corresponding portion of a 3D facial model to provide a modified image. 2. The image processing method of claim 1, comprising deriving the 3D facial model from captured images of the user's face. 3. The image processing method of claim 1, in which the 3D facial model is a model of a face other than the user's face. 4. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein the corresponding portion comprises a superposition of a partly transparent image of the head mountable display device and the 3D facial model. 5. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein the 3D facial model comprises a mapping of interactions of facial muscles. 6. The image processing method of claim 1, wherein the 3D facial model includes a representation of portions of a given face other than those portions directly overlaid by the head mountable display in use. 7. The image processing method of claim 1, in which the identifying step comprises detecting an orientation of the head mountable display device and detecting occlusion of the user's face from a detected orientation of the head mountable display device. 8. The image processing method of claim 1, in which the identifying step comprises comparing a captured image of the user's face with a reference image. 9. The image processing method of claim 1, comprising rendering motion of the user's eyes in the modified image. 10. The image processing method of claim 9, comprising detecting the eye motion using one or more cameras mounted on the head mountable display device. 11. The image processing method of claim 9, comprising generating the eye motion by a computer. 12. The image processing method of claim 1, comprising: detecting facial muscle motion; and changing generation of the modified image in accordance with the detected facial muscle motion. 13. The image processing method of claim 12, in which the step of detecting facial muscle motion comprises estimating the facial muscle motion from captured images. 14. The image processing method of claim 12, in which the step of detecting facial muscle motion comprises detecting the facial muscle motion using electromyography. 15. A machine-readable non-transitory storage medium which stores computer readable instructions thereon that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform an image processing method comprising: capturing an image of a head of a user of a head mountable display device; detecting a position of the head mountable display device in the image captured by a camera; identifying a region of the user's face that is occluded by the head mountable display device; and at least partially replacing a region of the captured image corresponding to the head mountable display device with a corresponding portion of a 3D facial model, to provide a modified image. 16. An image processing apparatus operable to process an image, comprising: an image capturing device configured to capture an image of a head of a user of a head mountable display device; a detector configured to detect a position of the head mountable display device in the image captured by the image capturing device; and a processor configured to identify a region of the user's face that is occluded by the head mountable display device, the processor being further configured to replace, at least partially, a portion of the captured image corresponding to the head mountable display device with a corresponding portion of a 3D facial model, to provide a modified image. 17. A communications system comprising: first and second head mountable displays; one or more cameras configured to capture images of the first and second head mountable displays in use; and an image processing apparatus comprising: a detector configured to detect positions of the first and second head mountable displays in the images captured by the one or more cameras; and a processor configured to: replace, at least partially, a portion of a captured image corresponding to the first head mountable display device with a corresponding portion of a 3D facial model, to provide a first modified image for display by the second head mountable display, and replace, at least partially, a portion of a captured image corresponding to the second head mountable display with a corresponding portion of the 3D facial model, to provide a second modified image for display by the first head mountable display.",
-    "A solid-state imaging device includes: a first chip including a pixel array in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion portions converting incident light into an electric signal are disposed; a second chip having an area in a plan view less than an area of the first chip in the plan view and electrically and physically connected to the first chip; and a support portion provided to cover an entire region which is not covered with the second chip in a surface of the first chip connected to the second chip and configured to support the first chip so that flatness of the first chip may be maintained. 1. A solid-state imaging device comprising: a first chip including a pixel array in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion portions converting incident light into an electric signal are disposed; a second chip having an area in a plan view less than an area of the first chip in the plan view, the second chip being physically connected to the first chip; a connection portion disposed between the first chip and the second chip, the connection portion being configured to electrically connect the first chip and the second chip; and a support portion provided to cover an entire region which is not covered with the second chip in a surface of the first chip connected to the second chip, the support portion being configured to support the first chip so that flatness of the first chip may be maintained. 2. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the support portion is formed of a resin or glass. 3. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the support portion is disposed to surround a periphery of the second chip in the plan view of the solid-state imaging device. 4. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the support portion is greater than a thickness of the second chip, and the second chip is covered with the support portion. 5. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the first chip includes an input/output terminal for external connection, and the input/output terminal is provided at a position at which the input/output terminal does not overlap with the second chip in the plan view of the solid-state imaging device. 6. The solid-state imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the first chip includes a test terminal for external connection, and the test terminal is provided at a position at which the test terminal does not overlap with the second chip in the plan view of the solid-state imaging device. 7. An imaging apparatus comprising the solid-state imaging device according to claim 1. 8. A method of manufacturing a solid-state imaging device including: a first chip including a pixel array in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion portions converting incident light into an electric signal are disposed; a second chip having an area in a plan view less than an area of the first chip in the plan view and physically connected to the first chip; and a connection portion disposed between the first chip and the second chip and configured to electrically connect the first chip and the second chip, the method comprising: a second chip connection step of disposing the second chip on the first chip and electrically connecting the first chip and the second chip; a support portion forming step of filling a liquid support portion material on the first chip and solidifying the liquid support portion material to form a support portion; and a thinning step of thinning the first chip. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, in the second chip connection step, a plurality of first chips are formed in a first chip wafer, and the second chip is disposed on each of the plurality of first chips on the first chip wafer. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the support portion forming step is performed subsequently to the second chip connection step, and in the support portion forming step, the support portion material is filled so that the second chip may be covered with the support portion material.",
-    "In a head-mounted display device equipped with a display section, through which an external world can visually be recognized, the head-mounted display device includes a superimposition image display control section adapted to make the display section display a predetermined image so as to be superimposed on the external world to visually be recognized in a see-through manner, an imaging section adapted to capture an image of at least a predetermined range out of the external world visually recognized in a see-through manner, a partial image determination section adapted to determine a partial image of a predetermined range, which corresponds in position to the predetermined image, out of the captured image obtained by the imaging section, and a visibility correction section adapted to correct visibility of the predetermined image displayed by the superimposition image display control section in accordance with color information related to the partial image determined. 1. A head-mounted display device equipped with a display section, through which light from an external world can visually be recognized, the head-mounted display device comprising: a superimposition image display control section adapted to make the display section display a predetermined image so as to be superimposed on the external world to visually be recognized in a see-through manner; an imaging section adapted to capture an image of at least a predetermined range out of the external world visually recognized in a see-through manner; a partial image determination section adapted to determine a partial image of a predetermined range, which corresponds in position to the predetermined image, out of the captured image obtained by the imaging section; and a visibility correction section adapted to correct visibility of the predetermined image displayed by the superimposition image display control section in accordance with color information related to the partial image determined. 2. head-mounted display device according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined range determined as the partial image is at least a part of an area overlapped in position with the predetermined image. 3. The head-mounted display device according to claim 1, wherein the visibility correction section includes a determination section adapted to determine whether or not a color difference between a color related to the partial image and a display color of the predetermined image is smaller than a predetermined value, and the visibility correction section corrects the visibility of the predetermined image in a case in which the determination section determines that the color difference is smaller than the predetermined value. 4. The head-mounted display device according to claim 1, wherein the visibility correction section corrects a display color of the predetermined image as the correction of the visibility of the predetermined image. 5. The head-mounted display device according to claim 4, wherein the visibility correction section performs a change to a color having a complementary relation with the color related to the partial image as the correction of the display color. 6. The head-mounted display device according to claim 4, wherein in a case in which both of the color related to the partial image and the display color of the predetermined image are low saturation colors having a saturation value lower than a predetermined value, the visibility correction section changes the display color to eye-friendly one of a white color and a black color. 7. A method of controlling a head-mounted display device equipped with a display section, through which light from an external world can visually be recognized, the method comprising: displaying a predetermined image on the display section so as to be superimposed on the external world to visually be recognized in a see-through manner; capturing an image of at least a predetermined range out of the external world visually recognized in a see-through manner; determining a partial image of a predetermined range, which corresponds in position to the predetermined image, out of the captured image obtained in the capturing of an image; and correcting visibility of the predetermined image displayed in the displaying of a predetermined image in accordance with color information related to the partial image determined. 8. A computer program adapted to control a head-mounted display device equipped with a display section, through which light from an external world can visually be recognized, to make a computer implement functions of: displaying a predetermined image on the display section so as to be superimposed on the external world to visually be recognized in a see-through manner; capturing an image of at least a predetermined range out of the external world visually recognized in a see-through manner; determining a partial image of a predetermined range, which corresponds in position to the predetermined image, out of the captured image obtained by function of capturing an image; and correcting visibility of the predetermined image displayed by function of displaying of a predetermined image in accordance with color information related to the partial image determined.",
-    "A vaginal rehabilitative device comprising: a vaginal electrical stimulation applicator; and a control module connectable by a wire to said applicator and comprising a user interface for controlling electrical stimuli by said applicator and a display module configured to display data received from said applicator. 1. A method for vaginal rehabilitation, comprising: selecting a desired treatment program using a control module; applying a vaginal electrical stimulation applicator wired to the control module; performing a sensitivity test to define a user sensitivity threshold; running the selected treatment program; and displaying data pertaining to the running of the treatment program on said control module. 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising sensing user body feedback by a sensor installed in said applicator. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising adjusting one or more parameters of the electrical stimulation while running the selected treatment program. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising connecting the control module to a computer, for viewing data stored on said control module. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said treatment program is selected from multiple programs programmed in said control module, wherein the programs are configured for treatment of multiple medical conditions. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said sensitivity test comprises: gradually increasing a stimulation intensity; stopping the gradual increase of the stimulation intensity when the user initially feels the stimulation; and storing, in the control module, a stimulation intensity at which the gradual increase is stopped. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said gradually increasing the stimulation intensity is performed automatically by the control module. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein said gradually increasing the stimulation intensity is performed manually by the user. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising displaying one or more parameters of the selected treatment program parameters on said control module, while running the treatment program.",
-    "These teachings are applicable for use with an individual who faces problems with respect to forming new long term memories. Generally speaking, pursuant to these various embodiments, one automatically captures (101) a record of experiential content to which the individual is exposed during a given episode and then automatically associates (102) that record of experiential content with metadata that characterizes the given episode. This record of experiential content is then automatically used (103) to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode to thereby encourage development of a long term recollection of at least a portion of the given episode. These teachings will accommodate a variety of experiential content modalities including both audio content and visual content. 1. An apparatus for use with an individual who faces long term memory challenges comprising: a memory; an experience capture interface; an end user interface; at least a first processor operably coupled to the memory, the experience capture interface, and the end user interface, and being configured and arranged to: automatically capture a record of experiential content to which the individual is exposed during a given episode and store the record in the memory; automatically associate the record of experiential content with metadata that characterizes the given episode; automatically use the record of experiential content to re-expose the individual, via the end user interface, to at least portions of the given episode to thereby encourage development of a long term recollection of at least a portion of the given episode by: requesting feedback from the individual regarding at least one subject of the given episode while re-exposing the individual to the record of experiential content; assessing accuracy of the feedback as a function, at least in part, of the metadata for the record of experiential content to metricize the accuracy of the feedback; evaluating the individual's memory as a function, at least in part, of the metricized accuracy of the feedback. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the record of experiential content comprises both audio content and visual content. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to automatically associate the record of experiential content with metadata that characterizes the given episode by, at least in part, automatically accessing a calendar for the individual and using information in the calendar as the metadata. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to automatically use the record of experiential content to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode by, at least in part, re-exposing the individual to at least portions of the given episode within a relatively short period of time following a conclusion of the given episode. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode within a relatively short period of time following a conclusion of the given episode by, at least in part, determining an extent of re-exposing the individual to at least portions of the given episode within a relatively short period of time following a conclusion of the given episode. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to automatically use the record of experiential content to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode by, at least in part, re-exposing the individual to at least portions of the given episode shortly prior to the individual being exposed to a subsequent similar episode. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode shortly prior to the individual being exposed to a subsequent similar episode by also re-exposing the individual to at least portions of other previously captured episodes as a function, at least in part, of a determined degree of similarity between the given episode and the other previously captured episodes. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to automatically use the record of experiential content to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode to thereby encourage development of a long term recollection of at least a portion of the given episode by, at least in part, automatically abridging the record of experiential content to re-expose to the individual by, at least in part, reducing a re-exposure to redundant experiential content. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged to automatically use the record of experiential content to re-expose the individual to at least portions of the given episode to thereby encourage development of a long term recollection of at least a portion of the given episode by, at least in part: receiving feedback from the individual with respect to the record of experiential content to which the individual is re-exposed; automatically evaluating the feedback, at least in part, by comparison with the metadata. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the at least a first processor is configured and arranged: automatically effect early termination of re-exposing the individual to at least portions of the given episode when automatically evaluating the feedback indicates insufficient progress with respect to developing the long term recollection. 11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least a part of the apparatus comprises a mobile device. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the mobile device includes at least the at least one processor. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the mobile device further includes at least the experience capture interface. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the mobile device is configured to attach to a personal conveyance mechanism. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the personal conveyance mechanism comprises one of: a wheelchair; a walker; a gurney.",
-    "Semiconductor devices are providing including a first isolation region configured to define a first fin active region protruding from a substrate, first gate patterns on the first fin active region, and a first epitaxial region in the first fin active region between the first gate patterns. Sidewalls of the first epitaxial region have first inflection points so that an upper width of the first epitaxial region is greater than a lower width of the first epitaxial region. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a first isolation region defining a first fin active region protruding from a substrate; first gate patterns on the first fin active region; and a first epitaxial region in the first fin active region between the first gate patterns, wherein sidewalls of the first epitaxial region comprise first inflection points so that an upper width of the first epitaxial region is greater than a lower width of the first epitaxial region. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein lower portions of the sidewalls of the first epitaxial region below the first inflection points are vertically flat. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein a width of the first epitaxial region adjacent to a surface of the first fin active region is a maximum width therein. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the first active region comprises a plurality of fin active regions connected in a bridge shape. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, further comprising an air space between the first fin active region and the isolation region. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a second fin active region protruding from the substrate; second gate patterns on the second fin active region; and a second epitaxial region in the second fin active region between the second gate patterns, wherein the second epitaxial region is wider and deeper than the first epitaxial region. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein sidewalls of the second epitaxial region comprise second inflection points so that an upper width of the second epitaxial region is greater than a lower width of the second epitaxial region. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 6: wherein the first epitaxial region comprises at least one of silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC); and the second epitaxial region comprises silicon-germanium (SiGe). 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein each of the first gate patterns comprises: first interface insulating layers on a surface of the first fin active region; first gate electrodes on the first interface insulating layers; first gate barrier layers surrounding outer sidewalls and bottom surfaces of the first gate electrodes in a U-shape; first gate insulating layers surrounding outer sidewalls and bottom surfaces of the first gate barrier layers in a U-shape; and first spacers on outer sidewalls of the first gate insulating layers. 10. (canceled) 11. A semiconductor device, comprising: an isolation region defining a first fin active region and a second fin active region that protrudes from a substrate; first gate patterns on the first fin active region and second gate patterns on the second fin active region; and a first source/drain region in the first fin active region between the first gate patterns and a second source/drain region in the second fin active region between the second patterns, wherein the second source/drain region comprises sidewalls having inflection points so that an upper width of the second source/drain region is greater than a lower width of the second source/drain region. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, further comprising: first gate spacers on sidewalls of the first gate patterns; and second gate spacers on sidewalls of the second gate patterns, wherein the first gate spacers are thinner than the second spacers. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the first source/drain region comprises sidewalls that are vertically flat and substantially vertically aligned with interfaces between the first gate patterns and the first gate spacers. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the sidewalls of the second source/drain region vertically overlap and align with the second gate spacers. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first source/drain region has sidewalls having inflection points so that an upper width of the first source/drain region is greater than a lower width thereof. 16.-25. (canceled) 26. A semiconductor device, comprising: gate patterns extending in parallel with each other in a first direction; and source/drain regions between the gate patterns, the source/drain regions having upper and lower portions and the lower portion having sidewalls that are vertically flat, wherein the upper and lower portions of the source/drain regions are separated by inflection points so that a width of the upper portion is greater than a width of the lower portion. 27. The semiconductor device of claim 26, further comprising fin active regions extending in parallel with each other in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction so as to intersect the gate patterns, wherein the gate patterns comprise butting gate patterns overlapping both ends of the fin active regions. 28. The semiconductor device of claim 27, further comprising: gate spacers on sidewalls of the gate patterns, wherein the sidewalls of the lower portion of the source/drain regions are substantially vertically aligned with interfaces between the gate patterns and the gate spacers. 29. The semiconductor device of claim 28, further comprising an isolation region defining the fin active regions protruding from a substrate. 30. The semiconductor device of claim 29, wherein the fin active region comprises a plurality of fin active regions connected in a bridge shape. 31. The semiconductor device of claim 30, further comprising an air space between the fin active region and the isolation region.",
-    "A high-speed transportation system, the system including at least one transportation tube having at least one track, at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations, a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube, and at least one tube sealer arranged along the at least one tube and configured to create an airlock in the at least one tube. In embodiments, the tube sealer may include a gate valve and/or an airbag. 1. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track along a transportation path; a plurality of capsules configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube; and at least one tube sealer arranged along the at least one tube and configured to selectively create an airlock in the at least one tube. 2. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube sealer comprises a gate valve having a gate that is moveable into the transportation path to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 3. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve additionally comprises a gate housing configured to accommodate the gate. 4. The high-speed transportation system of claim 3, wherein the gate housing includes reinforcement structures to increase a strength and/or stiffness of the gate housing. 5. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve additionally comprises at least one gate actuator configured to selectively move the gate at least one of into and out of the transportation path. 6. The high-speed transportation system of claim 5, wherein at least one gate actuator comprises at least two gate actuators, wherein one gate actuator is configured to move the gate in a direction perpendicular to a direction of the transportation path, and wherein a second gate actuator is configured to move the gate in a direction parallel to the direction of the transportation path. 7. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve additionally comprises at least one flange configured for attachment to the at least one tube. 8. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve additionally comprises at least one gate guide within which the gate in operable to move into the transportation path to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 9. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve is linearly actuated into an operative position to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 10. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve is rotationally actuated into an operative position to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 11. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve comprises a wedge-shaped gate. 12. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate includes a track-gap support surface that is structured and arranged to reduce a size of a gap in the transportation path when the gate is maintained in a gate storage area. 13. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the gate valve includes a bridging element that is structured and arranged to reduce a size of a gap formed between adjacent tubes. 14. The high-speed transportation system of claim 13, further comprising an actuator configured for moving the bridging element from a recessed position to a position within the gap. 15. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube sealer comprises a hyperbolic paraboloid-shaped sealing element that is positionable in the transportation path to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 16. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube sealer comprises an airbag that is inflatable in the transportation path to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 17. The high-speed transportation system of claim 16, wherein the airbag is attached to the tube. 18. The high-speed transportation system of claim 17, wherein the airbag comprises at least one sealing aid. 19. The high-speed transportation system of claim 16, wherein the airbag is a capsule-based airbag comprising an airbag arranged on each longitudinal end of the capsule. 20. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube is maintained as a low-pressure environment. 21. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein the gate valve is linearly actuated in one direction into an operative position to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 22. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein the gate valve is linearly actuated in two discrete directions into an operative position to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 23. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the gate valve comprises an iris-type aperture. 24. A tube sealer configured for creating an airlock in a tube of a high-speed transportation system comprising at least one transportation tube having at least one track along a transportation path; a plurality of capsules configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube, the tube sealer comprising at least one of: a gate valve having a gate that is moveable into the transportation path to create the airlock in the at least one tube; and an airbag that is inflatable in the transportation path to create the airlock in the at least one tube. 25. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track along a transportation path; a plurality of capsules configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube; and at least one tube sealer arranged along the at least one tube and configured to selectively control pressure between two tube sections.",
-    "Provided is an authentication apparatus that can register the fingerprint data for collation for comparing with the read fingerprint data, easily. A fingerprint reading part reads fingerprint data at the time of the touch operation of the input identification code. A fingerprint data collating part, specifies authentication identification code and authenticates a user by comparing the read fingerprint data and the authentication fingerprint data associated with the authentication identification code and stored in the memory part. Authentication-fingerprint-data registering part, when the authentication fingerprint data correspond with the read fingerprint data are not stored, and when the authentication identification code corresponded with the input identification code is stored, associates the read fingerprint data with the authentication identification code corresponded with the input identification code as authentication fingerprint data and store it in the memory part. 1. An authentication apparatus that authenticates a user by comparing an input identification code inputted by touch operation with an authentication identification code stored in a memory part, comprising: a fingerprint reading part that reads fingerprint data at time of the touch operation of the input identification code; an fingerprint data collating part that specifies the authentication identification code and authenticates the user by comparing fingerprint data read by the fingerprint reading part and authentication fingerprint data being associated with the authentication identification code and being stored in the memory part; and authentication-fingerprint-data registering part that, when the authentication fingerprint data that corresponds with the fingerprint data read by the fingerprint reading part is not stored and the authentication identification code that corresponds with the input identification code is stored, associates the fingerprint data read by the fingerprint reading part with the authentication identification code corresponding with the input identification code as the authentication fingerprint data and stores in the memory part. 2. The authentication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the authentication-fingerprint-data registering part selects finger print data having highest precision from a plurality of fingerprint data read by the fingerprint reading part and stores selected fingerprint data in the memory part as the authentication fingerprint data. 3. The authentication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the authentication-fingerprint-data registering part generates high-precision fingerprint data based on the plurality of fingerprint data read by the fingerprint reading part and stores generated high-precision fingerprint data in the memory part as the authentication fingerprint data. 4. The authentication apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the fingerprint data collating part, when a plurality of authentication identification codes are specified, displays the plurality of authentication identification codes on a display part and accepts selection of the authentication identification code that is to input from displayed plurality of authentication identification codes. 5. An authentication method performed by the authentication apparatus that authenticates a user by comparing an input identification code inputted by touch operation with an authentication identification code stored in the memory part, comprising the steps of: reading fingerprint data at time of the touch operation of the input identification code; specifying an authentication identification code and authenticating the user by comparing read fingerprint data with authentication fingerprint data associated with the authentication identification code and making store in the memory part; and associating, when the authentication fingerprint data the correspond with the read fingerprint data is not stored and the authentication identification code that corresponds with the input identification code is stored, read fingerprint data with the authentication identification code corresponding with the input identification code as the authentication fingerprint data and making store in the memory part.",
-    "A transport vehicle for traveling in a low-pressure environment structure is provided. The transport vehicle may include a deployable decelerator provided on the transport vehicle and configured to deploy from the transport vehicle to decrease a distance between the transport vehicle and the low-pressure environment structure. When the decelerator is deployed the decelerator is configured to increase drag forces opposing a direction of motion of the transport vehicle and decelerate the transport vehicle. 1. A transport vehicle for traveling in a low-pressure environment structure, comprising: a deployable decelerator provided on the transport vehicle and configured to deploy from the transport vehicle to decrease a distance between the transport vehicle and the low-pressure environment structure, wherein when the decelerator is deployed the decelerator is configured to increase drag forces opposing a direction of motion of the transport vehicle and decelerate the transport vehicle. 2. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 1, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises an airbag that is configured to deploy from a frontal area of the transport vehicle outward in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 3. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 1, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises at least one plate that is configured to deploy from a frontal area of the transport vehicle outward in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 4. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 1, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises an airbag and at least one plate that are configured to both deploy from the transport vehicle outward in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 5. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 2, wherein the deployable decelerator further comprises a brace configured to support the outward deployment of the airbag as the drag forces acting on the transport vehicle increase during deceleration. 6. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 1, wherein the deployable decelerator is configured to deploy such that a frontal area of the transport vehicle is increased and substantially fills an entire inner cross sectional area of the low-pressure environment structure. 7. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 1, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises a deployable braking pad that is configured to deploy along an outer peripheral surface of the transport vehicle and configured to couple with a fixed braking pad provided on and extending along the low-pressure environment structure, wherein when the deployable braking pad is actuated, the deployable braking pad is configured to press against the fixed braking pad on the low-pressure environment structure to generate frictional forces to decelerate the transport vehicle. 8. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 7, wherein the deployable braking pad comprises a plurality of braking pads deployable at spaced intervals along the outer peripheral surface of the transport vehicle in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 9. The transport vehicle for traveling in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 7, wherein the deployable braking pad comprises a carbon reinforced carbon material contact surface that contacts a corresponding contact surface of the fixed braking pad on the low-pressure environment structure. 10. A method of decelerating a transport vehicle in a low-pressure environment structure, comprising: monitoring at least one operation parameter collected by at least one sensor in a transportation system; analyzing, via a controller communicating with the at least one sensor, the at least one collected operation parameter; detecting, via the controller, a triggering event based on the at least one collected operation parameter; transmitting, via a signal from the controller, instructions to a transport vehicle deceleration system to decelerate the transport vehicle; and deploying a decelerator from the transport vehicle deceleration system to decelerate the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure when the triggering event is detected. 11. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 10, wherein in the deploying of the decelerator, a distance between the transport vehicle and the low-pressure environment structure is decreased, and the deployed decelerator deploys such that a frontal area of the transport vehicle is increased and substantially fills an entire inner cross sectional area of the low-pressure environment structure. 12. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 10, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises an airbag that deploys from the transport vehicle outwardly in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 13. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 10, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises at least one plate that deploys from the transport vehicle outwardly in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 14. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 10, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises an airbag and at least one plate that both deploy from the transport vehicle outwardly in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 15. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 10, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises a deployable braking pad that deploys along an outer peripheral surface of the transport vehicle and contacting a fixed braking pad provided on and extending along the low-pressure environment structure, wherein when the braking pad is deployed, the braking pad presses against the fixed braking pad on the low-pressure environment structure and generates frictional forces to decelerate the transport vehicle. 16. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 15, wherein the braking pad comprises a plurality of braking pads that deploy at spaced intervals along the outer peripheral surface of the transport vehicle outwardly in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 17. The method of decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 10, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises a closable ambient-air port provided on the low-pressure environment structure that opens and draws in ambient air into the low-pressure environment structure to increase drag forces acting on the transport vehicle and decelerate the transport vehicle. 18. A transport vehicle deceleration system for decelerating a transport vehicle in a low-pressure environment structure, comprising: a deployable decelerator configured to deploy from the transport vehicle to decrease a distance between the transport vehicle and the low-pressure environment structure; and a closable ambient-air port provided on a low-pressure environment structure and configured to draw ambient air into the low-pressure environment structure, wherein when at least one of the deployable decelerator and the ambient-air port are deployed drag forces acting on the transport vehicle are increased to decelerate the transport vehicle. 19. The transport vehicle deceleration system for decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 18, wherein the deployable decelerator comprises at least one of an airbag and at least one plate deployable from the transport vehicle outward in a direction toward the low-pressure environment structure. 20. The transport vehicle deceleration system for decelerating the transport vehicle in the low-pressure environment structure of claim 18, further comprising: a deployable braking pad that is deployable along an outer peripheral surface of the transport vehicle and configured to couple with a fixed braking pad provided on and extending along the low-pressure environment structure, and when the deployable braking pad is actuated, the deployable braking pad is configured to press against the fixed braking pad on the low-pressure environment structure to generate frictional forces to decelerate the transport vehicle.",
-    "A method for the manufacture of ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process by using a spinning mass, comprising the steps: providing a spinning mass formulation; providing a secondary phase; adding the secondary phase to the spinning mass formulation; manufacturing the ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process. 1. A method for the manufacture of ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process by using a spinning mass, comprising the steps: providing a spinning mass formulation; providing a secondary phase; adding the secondary phase to the spinning mass formulation; manufacturing the ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the manufacture of the ceramic hollow fiber membranes is carried out on the basis of an oxide ceramic material: ZrO2 or TiO2. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the manufacture of the ceramic hollow fiber membranes is carried out on the basis of a non-oxide ceramic material: Si3N4, AlN or WC. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of providing a spinning mass formulation, the spinning mass formulation is made of a solvent, a polymer and a ceramic powder; wherein after the step of adding a secondary phase to the spinning mass formulation, the method includes the steps of: injection of the spinning mass formulation into a precipitation bath, wherein the polymer solidifies upon contact with a precipitating agent; and sintering of the solidified polymer. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of providing a secondary phase, the secondary phase is a glass phase. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the glass phase comprises nanoscale illite. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of adding the secondary phase to the spinning mass formulation. The secondary phase is added in an amount of 0.5 to 10% weight % based on the total solid matter. 8. A hollow fiber membrane, wherein the hollow fiber membrane has a second phase. 9. The hollow fiber membrane according to claim 8, wherein the secondary phase is made up of nanoscale illite. 10. The use of hollow fiber membranes according to claim 8 for microfiltration, ultrafiltration and/or gas separation. 11. The use of hollow fiber membranes according to claim 8 for water purification and/or waste water treatment.",
-    "A light emitting device includes a substrate, a plurality of light emitting cells separated from each other and disposed on the substrate, and a plurality of conductive interconnection layers electrically connecting two neighboring light emitting cells. Each light emitting cell includes a light emitting structure including a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an active layer and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, a first electrode, a second electrode, and an etching area. The light emitting structure further includes a first side surface and a second side surface, and if a width between the first side surface and the second side surface is defined as W, the second electrode is disposed in an area between a position separated from the first side surface by 1 5 \ue89e W and a position separated from the first side surface of the light emitting structure by 1 2 \ue89e W . 1. A light emitting device comprising: a substrate; a plurality of light emitting cells separated from each other and provided on the substrate, the plurality of light emitting cells including a first light emitting cell and a second light emitting cell, said second light emitting cell neighboring the first light emitting cell; a plurality of conductive interconnection layers, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers electrically contacts the two neighboring light emitting cells, wherein each of the plurality of light emitting cells includes a light emitting structure including a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an active layer and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, a first electrode on the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, a second electrode on the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, and an etching area, in which the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer is exposed, formed by partially etching the light emitting structure, and an insulating layer along a first side surface of the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell and along a second side surface of the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell, wherein the second electrode includes a first part disposed in a first direction parallel with the first side surface and a second part disposed in a second direction differing from the first direction, wherein a length of the first part of the second electrode is greater than a length of the second part of the second electrode. 2. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first one of the plurality of connective interconnect layers extends from the second electrode and along the first side surface of the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell while on the insulating layer, and the first one of the plurality of conductive interconnect layers extends adjacent to the substrate and then along the second side surface of the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell while on the insulating layer. 3. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell includes the first side surface adjacent to the second electrode and parallel with the second electrode, and the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell includes the second side surface opposite to the first side surface of the first light emitting cell and contacting the etching area. 4. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein when a width between the first side surface and the second side surface is defined as W from a top view, the second electrode is provided in an area between a position separated from the first side surface of the light emitting structure by \u2155 W and a position separated from the first side surface of the light emitting structure by \u00bd W. 5. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first part of the second electrode is disposed in the first direction parallel with the first side surface, and the first one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers is provided in the first direction. 6. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first part of the second electrode is provided in the first direction parallel with the first side surface, and at least one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers is disposed in a second direction differing from the first direction. 7. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein one end of the first one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers overlaps with the second part of the second electrode. 8. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers connects the first electrode of one of the two neighboring light emitting cells and the second electrode of the other one of the two neighboring light emitting cells. 9. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the insulating layer electrically isolates the two neighboring light emitting cells. 10. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the second part of the second electrode deviates from the area between the position separated from the first side surface of the light emitting structure by \u2155 W and the position separated from the first side surface of the light emitting structure by \u00bd W. 11. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the second side surface is disposed at a predetermined angle from the etching area. 12. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the width of a portion of the conductive interconnection layer on the light emitting cell is less than the width of a portion of the conductive interconnection layer disposed between the two neighboring light emitting cells. 13. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode of the second light emitting cell is provided at an edge of the second light emitting cell. 14. The light emitting device according to claim 13, wherein the second electrode of the first light emitting cell adjacent to the second light emitting cell is provided on a line differing from the line on which the first electrode of the second light emitting cell is disposed. 15. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the first electrode of the second light emitting cell contacting the first one of the conductive interconnection layers disposed in the first direction includes a bent part. 16. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of conductive interconnection layers are provided in a first direction and a second direction different to the first direction. 17. A light emitting device comprising: a substrate; a plurality of light emitting cells separated from each other and provided on the substrate, the plurality of light emitting cells including a first light emitting cell and a second light emitting cell, said second light emitting cell neighboring the first light emitting cell; a plurality of conductive interconnection layers, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers electrically contacts the two neighboring light emitting cells, wherein each of the plurality of light emitting cells includes a light emitting structure including a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an active layer and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, a first electrode on the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, a second electrode on the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, and an etching area, in which the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer is exposed, formed by partially etching the light emitting structure, and an insulating layer along a first side surface of the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell and along a second side surface of the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell, wherein the second electrode includes a first part in a first direction parallel with the first side surface and a second part in a second direction differing from the first direction, and wherein a length of the first part of the second electrode is differ from a length of the second part of the second electrode. 18. The light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell includes the first side surface adjacent to the second electrode and parallel with the second electrode, and the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell includes the second side surface opposite to the first side surface and contacting the etching area, and when a width between the first side surface and the second side surface is defined as W from a top view, and wherein the length of the first part of the second electrode is greater than the length of the second part of the second electrode. 19. A light emitting device comprising: a substrate; a plurality of light emitting cells separated from each other and disposed on the substrate, the plurality of light emitting cells including a first light emitting cell and a second light emitting cell, said second light emitting cell neighboring the first light emitting cell; a plurality of conductive interconnection layers, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive interconnection layers electrically contacts two neighboring light emitting cells, wherein each of the plurality of light emitting cells includes a light emitting structure including a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an active layer and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, a first electrode on the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, and a second electrode on the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an insulating layer along a first side surface of the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell and along a second side surface of the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell, wherein when a width between the first side surface and the second side surface is defined as W from a top view, the first electrode of the second light emitting cell is provided at an edge of the second light emitting cell and the second electrode of the first light emitting cell adjacent to the second light emitting cell is provided on a line differing from a line on which the first electrode of the second light emitting cell is provided, and wherein the second electrode includes a first part disposed in a first direction parallel with the first side surface and a second part disposed in a second direction differing from the first direction. 20. The light emitting device according to claim 19, wherein the light emitting structure of the first light emitting cell includes the first side surface adjacent to the second electrode and parallel with the second electrode, and the light emitting structure of the second light emitting cell includes the second side surface opposite to the first side surface and contacting the etching area.",
-    "A subject image is acquired. A virtual model of the subject having a predetermined body thickness distribution is acquired. A composite image of an estimated primary X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a primary X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, and an estimated scattered X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a scattered X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, is generated as an estimated image which is obtained by estimating a radiographic image of the subject obtained by radiography. The body thickness distribution of the virtual model is corrected such that a difference between the estimated image and the subject image is reduced. The corrected body thickness distribution of the virtual model is determined as the body thickness distribution of the subject. 1. A radiographic image analysis device that analyzes a subject image of a subject obtained by radiography to estimate a body thickness distribution of the subject, the device comprising: an image acquisition unit that acquires the subject image; a virtual model acquisition unit that acquires a virtual model of the subject having a predetermined body thickness distribution; an estimated image generation unit that generates a composite image of an estimated primary X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a primary X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, and an estimated scattered X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a scattered X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, as an estimated image which is obtained by estimating a radiographic image of the subject obtained by radiography; a correction unit that corrects the body thickness distribution of the virtual model such that a difference between the estimated image and the subject image is reduced; and a body thickness distribution determination unit that determines the corrected body thickness distribution of the virtual model as the body thickness distribution of the subject. 2. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the virtual model acquisition unit further acquires the virtual model having the corrected body thickness distribution, the estimated image generation unit further generates the estimated image from the virtual model having the corrected body thickness distribution, and the correction unit further corrects the body thickness distribution of the virtual model such that a difference between the generated estimated image and the subject image is reduced. 3. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 2, wherein, when the difference between the estimated image and the subject image is equal to or less than a predetermined threshold value, the body thickness distribution determination unit determines the body thickness distribution of the virtual model as the body thickness distribution of the subject. 4. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the correction unit corrects the body thickness distribution of the virtual model such that the sum of absolute values of pixel values of a difference image between the estimated image and the subject image or the sum of the squares of the pixel values of the difference image is reduced. 5. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the correction unit changes the body thickness distribution of the virtual model for each partial region including one or more pixels in the virtual model, calculates a body thickness of the partial region at which the difference between the estimated image and the subject image is reduced, and corrects the body thickness distribution of the virtual model using the calculated body thickness of each partial region. 6. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined body thickness distribution is created by acquiring a comparative subject image of a comparative subject different from the subject, which is obtained by radiography, and a three-dimensional image of the comparative subject obtained by three-dimensional imaging, and measuring a body thickness of the comparative subject on a straight line corresponding to a radiation path of the comparative subject image at each position of the acquired three-dimensional image. 7. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the virtual model further includes characteristic information indicating at least one of structures included in the virtual model, the arrangement of the structures, and characteristics of the structures with respect to radiation, and the estimated image generation unit selects a parameter for calculating the estimated image according to the structure corresponding to each position of the virtual model, on the basis of the characteristic information, and generates the estimated image. 8. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 7, wherein the estimated image generation unit acquires characteristic information indicating structures included in the subject image, the arrangement of the structures, and characteristics of the structures with respect to radiation as the characteristic information of the virtual model, selects a parameter for calculating the estimated image according to the structure corresponding to each position of the virtual model, on the basis of the characteristic information, and generates the estimated image. 9. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, further comprising: a scattered X-ray information acquisition unit that acquires scattered X-ray information which is obtained by estimating a scattered X-ray of the subject image, using the determined body thickness distribution of the subject; and a scattered X-ray removal unit that performs a process of removing the scattered X-ray of the subject image on the basis of the acquired scattered X-ray information. 10. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the subject image is captured without using a scattered X-ray removal grid. 11. A radiographic image analysis method that is performed in a radiographic image analysis device and analyzes a subject image which is obtained by irradiating a subject with radiation to estimate a body thickness distribution of the subject, the method comprising: an image acquisition step of acquiring the subject image; a virtual model acquisition step of acquiring a virtual model of the subject having a predetermined body thickness distribution; an estimated image generation step of generating a composite image of an estimated primary X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a primary X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, and an estimated scattered X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a scattered X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, as an estimated image which is obtained by estimating a radiographic image of the subject obtained by radiography; a correction step of correcting the body thickness distribution of the virtual model such that a difference between the estimated image and the subject image is reduced; and a body thickness distribution determination step of determining the corrected body thickness distribution of the virtual model as the body thickness distribution of the subject. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a radiographic image analysis program that analyzes a subject image which is obtained by irradiating a subject with radiation to estimate a body thickness distribution of the subject, the program causing a computer to perform: an image acquisition step of acquiring the subject image; a virtual model acquisition step of acquiring a virtual model of the subject having a predetermined body thickness distribution; an estimated image generation step of generating a composite image of an estimated primary X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a primary X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, and an estimated scattered X-ray image, which is obtained by estimating a scattered X-ray image of the virtual model obtained by radiography from the virtual model, as an estimated image which is obtained by estimating a radiographic image of the subject obtained by radiography; a correction step of correcting the body thickness distribution of the virtual model such that a difference between the estimated image and the subject image is reduced; and a body thickness distribution determination step of determining the corrected body thickness distribution of the virtual model as the body thickness distribution of the subject.",
-    "A wearable apparatus may include a sensor configured to identify a characteristic of the wearable apparatus. The wearable apparatus may also include an activity tracker configured to identify an activity of a tracked individual. The wearable apparatus may further include a memory. The wearable apparatus may include a processor operatively coupled to the memory. The processor may be configured to receive portable autonomous decision logic via a network and execute the portable autonomous decision logic. When executing the autonomous decision logic, the processor is configured to receive the characteristic via the sensor, receive the activity via the activity tracker; determine a state of the tracked individual based on at least one of the characteristic or the activity; and generate an output based on the state of the tracked individual. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: receiving a portable autonomous decision logic via a network, wherein the autonomous decision logic includes a set of conditions that, when satisfied, trigger an output; and executing the portable autonomous decision logic, wherein executing the portable autonomous decision logic comprises: receiving a characteristic via a sensor, wherein the characteristic includes at least one of an environment characteristic or a characteristic of a tracked individual; determining a message for the tracked individual; outputting the message to the tracked individual; receiving a response to the message from the tracked individual via a user interface; determining a state of the tracked individual based on the response to the message and the characteristic satisfying a condition of the set of conditions; and generating an output based on the state of the tracked individual. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein generating the output based on the state of the tracked individual further comprises: determining a second message for the tracked individual based on the state of the tracked individual; outputting the second message to the tracked individual via a user interface. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein generating the output based on the state of the tracked individual comprises storing at least one of the state of the tracked individual or the characteristic in a memory. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein generating the output based on the state of the tracked individual comprises outputting at least one of the state of the tracked individual or the characteristic to a server. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 19, the operations further comprising detecting a loss of a connection of a wearable apparatus to the server, wherein the state of the tracked individual is sent to the server in response to determining that the wearable apparatus has regained the connection to the server.",
-    "A paddle ball game system for use with multiple players is provided. The paddle ball game system including a plurality of paddles, a ball, and a pair of containers each including at least one opening that is configured to receive the ball after the ball is hit by a player using at least one of the plurality of paddles. 1. A paddle ball game system for use with multiple players comprising: a plurality of paddles; a ball; and a pair of containers each including at least one opening that is configured to receive the ball after the ball is hit by a player using at least one of the plurality of paddles. 2. The paddle ball game system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of paddles includes at least four paddles. 3. The paddle ball game system according to claim 1, wherein each container of the pair of containers is convertible from an unassembled configuration to an assembled configuration. 4. The paddle ball game system according to claim 3, wherein in the assembled configuration each container of the pair of containers includes a generally frustoconical configuration. 5. The paddle ball game system according to claim 4, wherein each container of the pair of containers includes at least two openings, a first opening that is provided at an apex of each of the containers and a second opening that is provided along a front surface of each of the containers. 6. The paddle ball game system according to claim 1, wherein each paddle of the plurality of paddles includes a hitting surface having a generally circular configuration and a handle having a generally elongated configuration. 7. The paddle ball game system according to claim 1, wherein at least two of the paddles of the plurality of paddles have a first configuration and at least two paddles of the plurality of paddles have a second configuration that is different from the first configuration. 8. The paddle ball game system according to claim 1, wherein the pair of containers are made from plastic. 9. The paddle ball game system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least two openings has a diameter that ranges from about 150 mm to about 210 mm and at least one of the two openings has a diameter that ranges from about 80 mm to about 110 mm. 10. A method for playing a paddle ball game for use with multiple players comprising: providing each player of the multiple players with a paddle; providing a ball that is to be hit by at least one of the players; providing first and second opposing containers that are spaced approximately twenty feet apart from each other, each of the first and second opposing containers including a pair of openings each configured to receive ball after the ball is hit by a player using their paddle; having a player who is standing next to the first container hit the ball with their paddle toward the second container which another player is standing next to, wherein hitting the container scores a first point value, getting the ball into one of the openings scores a second point value, and getting the ball into the other opening scores a third point value; and continuing playing of the game by the players until a predetermined number of points is reached. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein each of the first and second containers is convertible from an unassembled configuration to an assembled configuration. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein in the assembled configuration each of the first and second containers includes a generally frustoconical configuration. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein each paddle includes a hitting surface having a generally circular configuration and a handle having a generally elongated configuration. 14. The method according to claim 10, wherein at least one of the pair of openings has a diameter that ranges from about 150 mm to about 210 mm and at least one of the pair of openings has a diameter that ranges from about 80 mm to about 110 mm. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein the first point value, the second point value, and the third point value are different from each other.",
-    "A copper theft alarm system is disclosed. The alarm system can be deployed on existing grain bins or other electrically powered equipment, allowing persons to receive an automated phone call, text message notification, or other desired notification when the system has sensed that a copper cable is being pulled out of a conduit. The notification can aid in potentially disrupting a thief's activity. 1. An anti-theft system for an electric power cable comprising: a radio transmitter for generating a notification to a predetermined recipient; and a conductive sensing loop having first and second ends, said sensing loop installed in at least one conduit with the power cable; an alarm circuit coupled to said radio transmitter, said alarm circuit comprising: a first circuit for supplying a continuous voltage to said first end of said conductive sensing loop; and a second circuit for detecting said continuous voltage at said second end of said conductive sensing loop and triggering said notification by providing power to said radio transmitter when said continuous voltage is disrupted. 2. The anti-theft system of claim 1, wherein the conductive sensing loop comprises an electrical conductor sized to facilitate breakage of the conductor when the power cable is pulled out of the conduit. 3. The anti-theft system of claim 1, wherein the conductive sensing loop comprises an electrical conductor having a smaller diameter than said electric power cable. 4. (canceled) 5. The anti-theft system of claim 1, wherein the conductive sensing loop comprises a plurality of conductor segments connected in series, said conductor segments forming an electrically continuous path between said first and second ends. 6. The anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein said conductive sensing loop is installed in a plurality of conduits containing power cables. 7. The anti-theft system of claim 1, further comprising: an on-board battery, the battery supplying at least a portion of said continuous voltage. 8. The anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein no external power source is used in providing said continuous voltage. 9. The anti-theft system of claim 1, further comprising a door sensor wired serially within said sensing loop, said door sensor configured to disrupt said continuous voltage when a door of an access panel associated with the power cable is opened. 10. The anti-theft system of claim 9, wherein said door sensor comprises a limit switch. 11. The anti-theft system of claim 9, further comprising a key sensor wired in parallel with the door sensor, the key sensor configured to maintain said continuous voltage when the door is opened using a key. 12. The anti-theft device of claim 1, wherein said radio transmitter is a cellular radio. 13-17. (canceled) 18. A method for detecting an attempted theft of at least one electric power cable, comprising: installing at least a portion of a conductive sensing loop in at least one conduit with the power cable such that the conductive sensing loop will be broken when the power cable is pulled out of the conduit; and connecting a first and second end of the sensing loop to an alarm circuit operatively connected to a radio transmitter, supplying a continuous voltage from the alarm circuit to the first end of the sensing loop; detecting that the continuous voltage is not present at the second end of the sensing loop using the alarm circuit; and triggering a notification, based on said detecting, to a predetermined recipient by providing power to the radio transmitter connected to the alarm circuit. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the conductive sensing loop comprises an electrical conductor sized to facilitate breakage of the conductor when the at least one electric power cable is pulled out of the conduit. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the conductive sensing loop comprises an electrical conductor which has a smaller diameter than said power cable. 22. The method of claim 18, comprising: forming at least one portion of the sensing loop by running two conductors through the conduit with the power cable and connecting first ends of the conductors at a first end of the conduit. 23. The method of claim 18, comprising: connecting a plurality of conductor segments in series to form said conductive sensing loop, said conductor segments forming an electrically continuous path between said first and second ends of the conductive sensing loop. 24. The method of claim 18, comprising: installing said conductive sensing loop in a plurality of conduits containing power cables. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising: installing a door sensor serially within said conductive sensing loop, said door sensor configured to disrupt said continuous voltage when a door of an access panel associated with the power cable is opened. 26. The method of claim 18, further comprising: installing a key sensor in parallel with the door sensor, the key sensor configured to maintain said continuous voltage when the door is opened using a key. 27-30. (canceled) 31. A method for detecting an attempted theft of at least one electric power cable, comprising: installing a conductive sensing loop into a plurality of conduits containing power cables such that the conductive sensing loop will be broken when any one of the power cables is pulled out of the conduit; connecting a first and second end of the sensing loop to an alarm circuit; supplying a continuous voltage from the alarm circuit to the first end of the sensing loop; detecting that the continuous voltage is not present at the second end of the sensing loop; and triggering a notification, based on said detecting, to a predetermined recipient by providing power to a radio transmitter connected to the alarm circuit.",
-    "A metering system for a row unit for individual dispensing of grains comprises metering devices having a chamber for carrying grains, whereby a defined pressure level in the chamber is higher than ambient pressure. At least two metering elements establish a border to the chamber, whereby the metering elements are arranged within the housing so that they can be turned and the metering elements consist of cut-outs arranged along a curved path for picking up grains. At least one grain dispensing area is intended, which is defined by the chamber and the metering elements. The grain dispensing area includes a seed inlet element for transporting separated grains to a seed metering pipe to dispense the separated grains into a furrow, whereby a pressure application device is arranged at the seed inlet element or the seed metering pipe, to produce an air stream for the acceleration of the grains. 1. A metering system for a row unit of an agricultural machine for an individual dispensing of grains such as seeds, fertilizer or the like, comprising at least two metering devices, whereby the at least two metering devices consist of at least one chamber for carrying the grains that are to be dispensed, and whereby there is a defined pressure level in the at least one chamber that is higher that the ambient pressure, at least two metering elements that establish a border to the at least one chamber, whereby the at least two metering elements are arranged in such a way within the housing of the at least two metering devices that they can be turned and that they consist of cut-outs, which are arranged along a curved path at regular intervals for picking up grains, at least one grain dispensing area, which is defined by the at least one chamber and by the at least two metering elements, characterized in that at least one grain dispensing area is arranged at at least one seed inlet element for receiving and transporting the separated grains to a seed metering pipe in order to dispense the separated grains into a seed furrow in the soil which was prepared by means of soil cultivation tools, whereby a pressure application device is arranged for the at least one seed inlet element and/or the seed metering pipe, by means of which an air stream for the active acceleration of the grains can be produced, and whereby the at least one seed dispensing area consists of an air connection to the at least one chamber and/or to a pipe of the air supply of the at least one chamber and/or to the pressure application device and/or the seed metering pipe reaches into the at least one chamber. 2. A metering system according to claim 1, in which the pressure application device is designed in the form of a Venturi nozzle and/or a ring nozzle. 3. A metering system according to claim 1, in which the metering devices work according to the high pressure principle and/or according to the vacuum principle and/or according to the centrifugal principle. 4. A metering system according to claim 1, in which two respective seed inlet elements are intended for at least two chambers, which will be or which are joined by means of a connecting piece to one seed metering pipe, whereby the connecting piece is designed in a Y-shape. 5. A metering system according to claim 1, in which the metering elements are designed or formed in a disc- and/or drum- and/or plate-like manner, whereby the cut-outs are designed in the shape of bore holes and/or elongated holes and/or slots. 6. A metering system according to claim 5, in which the cut-outs are arranged along a curved path on the metering elements and the at least one seed inlet element is arranged at least partially in a tangential way towards the at least one of the curved paths of the at least two metering devices. 7. A metering system according to claim 1, in which the at least two metering devices consist of one common housing and the at least one chamber is divided by a dividing wall. 8. A metering system according to claim 7, in which a guiding element is arranged for the at least two metering devices, wherein the guiding element features a guiding path which is aligned at least partially parallel to the seed metering pipe and by means of which a change of direction of the grains can be accomplished, from a circular direction along a curved path into a basically linear and/or straight direction towards the seed metering pipe. 9. A metering system according to claim 7, in which the at least two metering devices and/or the at least two metering elements can be arranged facing towards each other in a basically mirror image-inverted way and/or in a way in which they are twisted about their respective and/or parallel towards each other with an offset and/or at an angle and/or in a combination thereof. 10. A metering system according to claim 9, in which the at least two metering elements are or can be turned at a different and/or at the same speed. 11. A metering system according to claim 10, in which the movement of the at least one first metering element can be transmitted to the at least one second metering element by means of transmission devices, preferably by means of clutches and/or belts and/or transmissions and/or gear wheels. 12. A metering system according to claim 10, in which the respective speeds of the at least two metering elements are adapted relative to each other in such a way that when the grain dispensing is switched from the at least one metering element to the at least one second metering element, a desired interval between the dispensed grains is maintained. 13. A metering system according to claim 7, in which the cut-outs of the metering elements of the at least two metering devices (are filled with grains until directly before the interrupting element and/or up to the seed dispensing area. 14. A metering system according to claim 7, in which during a switching of the individual grain dispensing from one metering device to another metering device, the metering element of one of the metering devices is rotating at least for a moment in the opposite direction of the other one. 15. A metering system according to claim 7, in which a switching of the individual grain dispensing from one metering device to another metering device is performed on the basis of GPS-data and/or position detecting systems and/or by means of data that is stored on a computer and/or in a manual way. 16. A metering system according to claim 7, in which the at least two chambers and/or the seed reservoir are supplied with different kinds of seeds. 17. A metering system according to claim 1, in which the seed metering pipe consists of a seed inlet which touches and slides on the at least two metering elements and/or in which the distance of the metering elements towards each other is lesser than the diameter and/or the width of the seed metering pipe.",
-    "Provided are a lithium adsorbent prepared using an aerosol deposition method, including (a) synthesizing lithium manganese oxide powder, and (b) coating the lithium manganese oxide powder on a surface of a substrate by the aerosol deposition method, and a method of preparing the same. The lithium adsorbent is characterized in that the lithium manganese oxide powder may be directly coated on various substrates using the aerosol deposition method, thereby greatly reducing a decrease of a lithium recovery rate even after a long time has lapsed. Further, the lithium adsorbent having a large surface area prepared by the preparation method of the present invention is characterized by being easily handled, being selectively reacted with lithium ions, having a larger adsorption area, being physically and chemically stable, and being used reversibly. 1. A method of preparing a lithium adsorption structure having a lithium adsorption layer formed on a surface of a substrate comprising: (a) synthesizing lithium manganese oxide powder satisfying following Chemical Formula 1 or 2; and (b) coating the lithium manganese oxide powder on the surface of the substrate by an aerosol deposition method: LinMn(2\u2212x)O4 [Chemical Formula 1] wherein 1\u2266n<2, and 0<x\u22660.6; Li1+rMn(1\u2212r\u2212y)MyO(2+z) [Chemical Formula 2] wherein 0.01\u2266r\u22660.5, 0\u2266y\u22660.3, and \u22120.2\u2266z\u22660.2; and M is any one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mn, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Ag, Sn, Ge, Si and Al. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lithium manganese oxide is an ion exchange type of Li1.33Mn1.67O4 or Li1.6Mn1.6O4 having a spinel structure. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the lithium manganese oxide powder has an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 100 \u03bcm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein (a) includes primarily milling lithium manganese oxide raw material powder to be mixed, calcining the mixed lithium manganese oxide raw material powder, and secondarily milling the calcined powder. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein (a) includes milling the lithium manganese oxide raw material powder for 4 to 10 hours with a ball of 3 to 15 mm, calcining the milled lithium manganese oxide raw material powder, milling the calcined powder for 10 to 16 hours with a ball of 1 to 5 mm, and further includes heat-treating the milled powder, sequentially. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein (b) includes adding the lithium manganese oxide powder to an aerosol chamber, stably placing the substrate in a deposition chamber, mixing the lithium manganese oxide powder and carrier gas to form an aerosol, and spraying the aerosol on the substrate. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the aerosol is sprayed by accelerating the aerosol to 100 to 500 m/s. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: repeating (b) two or more times. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a copolymer including one or two or more selected from the group consisting of polystyrene-b-polymethyl methacrylate, poly(vinyl triphenylamine), polystyrene-b-poly(phenylene bisimide acrylate), poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-bithiophene], poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], and poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene). 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a lithium manganese oxide powder coating layer formed on the substrate through (b) has a thickness of 1 to 1000 \u03bcm. 11. A lithium adsorption structure prepared by the method of claim 1.",
-    "An optical fiber cable of a mobile fronthaul system based on a radio over fiber (RoF), which includes a control apparatus for monitoring an analog optical link according to an exemplary embodiment, may be monitored. The monitoring control apparatus may include an optical signal monitor to monitor an optical signal passing through an optical fiber cable, and a system controller to control the optical signal based on a result of the monitoring. The optical signal monitor may calculate an average optical power, carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and a size of a nonlinear component from an electrical signal, which has been acquired from the optical signal. Then, the optical signal monitor may control the calculated average optical power, CNR, and nonlinear component. 1. A control apparatus for monitoring an analog optical link, which is included in a mobile fronthaul system based on radio over fiber (RoF), the control apparatus comprising: an optical signal monitor configured to monitor an optical signal passing through an optical fiber cable; and a system controller configured to control the optical signal based on a result of the monitoring. 2. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical signal monitor is configured to convert, to an electrical signal, a part of optical power of uplink and downlink optical signals in the mobile fronthaul system, and calculate an average optical power, a carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and a size of a nonlinear component from the electrical signal. 3. The control apparatus of claim 2, wherein the optical signal monitor is configured to measure a power of the electrical signal acquired through analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and digital signal processing (DSP) to calculate the average optical power. 4. The control apparatus of claim 2, wherein the optical signal monitor is configured to acquire a size and noise size thereof from the electrical signal through an analysis of a frequency domain signal by using a fast Fourier transform (FFT), and calculate the CNR and the nonlinear component based on the acquired size and noise size. 5. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the system controller is configured to check a quality of the optical signal based on an optical power, a CNR, and a size of a nonlinear component, which are calculated by the optical signal monitor, and control the optical signal so that the checked quality meets a preset standard. 6. The control apparatus of claim 5, wherein the system controller is configured to amplify or attenuate the electrical signal to adjust an optical modulation index (OMI) of an output optical signal to control the optical power, and adjust a bias current of a laser included in an electrical-to-optical converter in the mobile fronthaul system to control the CNR and the size of a nonlinear component. 7. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical signal monitor is configured to calculate a performance of a digital signal by using an equation of CNR(dB)=\u221220 log10(EVM/100%), where CNR refers to the CNR of the acquired optical signal, and EVM refers to an error vector magnitude and a performance of a modulated digital signal. 8. A control apparatus for monitoring an analog optical link in a mobile fronthaul system based on a ring network, the control apparatus comprising: two or more optical signal monitors configured to monitor uplink and downlink optical signals in the ring network; and a system controller configured to control a path of the uplink and downlink optical signals based on a result of the monitoring. 9. The control apparatus of claim 8, wherein the optical signal monitor is configured to convert, to an electrical signal, a part of optical power of the uplink and downlink optical signals in the mobile fronthaul system, and calculate an average optical power, a carrier-to-ratio (CNR), and a size of a nonlinear component from the electrical signal. 10. The control apparatus of claim 8, wherein the system controller is configured to in response to the optical signal monitor identifying a failure occurrence in an optical fiber cable among a plurality of optical fiber cables connecting two or more digital units (DUs, perform a path switching to control transmission paths of two or more radio units (RUs) to avoid the optical fiber cable with the failure. 11. A control method of monitoring an analog optical link, which is included in a mobile fronthaul system based on radio over fiber (Rof), the control method comprising: monitoring an optical signal passing through an optical fiber cable; and controlling the optical signal based on a result of the monitoring. 12. The control method of claim 11, wherein the monitoring of the optical signal passing through the optical fiber cable comprises: converting, to an electrical signal, a part of optical power of uplink and downlink optical signals in the mobile fronthaul system; and calculating an average optical power, a carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and a size of a nonlinear component from the electrical signal. 13. The control method of claim 12, wherein the calculating of the average optical power, the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and the size of the nonlinear component from the electrical signal comprises: measuring a power of the electrical signal to calculate the average optical power. 14. The control method of claim 12, wherein the calculating of the average optical power, the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and the size of the nonlinear component from the electrical signal comprises: acquiring a size and noise size thereof from the electrical signal through an analysis of a frequency domain signal by using a fast Fourier transform (FFT); and calculating the CNR and the nonlinear component based on the acquired size and noise size. 15. The control method of claim 11, wherein the controlling of the optical signal based on the result of the monitoring comprises: checking a quality of the optical signal based on an optical power, a CNR, and a size of a nonlinear component, which are calculated by the optical signal monitor, and controlling the optical signal so that the checked quality meets a preset standard. 16. The control method of claim 15, wherein the controlling of the optical signal based on the result of the monitoring comprises: amplifying or attenuating the electrical signal to adjust an optical modulation index (OM) of an output optical signal to control the optical power; and adjusting a bias current of a laser included in an electrical-to-optical converter in the mobile fronthaul system to control the CNR and the size of a nonlinear component. 17. The control method of claim 11, wherein the monitoring of the optical signal passing through the optical fiber cable comprises: calculating a performance of a digital signal by using an equation of CNR(dB)=\u221220 log10(EVM/100%), wherein CNR refers to the CNR of the acquired optical signal, and EVM refers to an error vector magnitude and a performance of a modulated digital signal.",
-    "A resonator element includes a quartz crystal substrate in which a plane including X and Z\u2032 axes is set as a main plane and a direction oriented along Y\u2032 axis is a thickness direction. The quartz crystal substrate includes a first region that includes a side along the X axis and a side along the Z\u2032 axis, a second region that has a thickness thinner than the first region. When Mx is a length of the first region along the X axis, Mz is a length of the first region along the Z\u2032 axis, Z is a length of the quartz crystal substrate along the Z\u2032 axis, and lz is a length of the second region along the Z\u2032 axis interposed between the first region and an outer frame of the quartz crystal substrate, relations of 0.9<Mz/Mx<1.175 and 0.085<lz/Z<0.18 are satisfied. 1. A resonator element comprising: a quartz crystal substrate in which an X axis of an orthogonal coordinate system having the X axis serving as an electric axis, a Y axis serving as a mechanical axis, and a Z axis serving as an optical axis, which are crystallographic axes of quartz crystal, is set as a rotation axis, an axis inclined from the Z axis so that a +Z side is rotated in a \u2212Y direction of the Y axis is set as a Z\u2032 axis, an axis inclined from the Y axis so that a +Y side is rotated in a +Z direction of the Z axis is set as a Y\u2032 axis, a plane including the X and Z\u2032 axes is set as a main plane, and the direction oriented along the Y\u2032 axis is set as a thickness direction, wherein the quartz crystal substrate includes a first region that includes a side formed along the X axis and a side formed along the Z\u2032 axis, and a second region that is located in periphery of the first region and has a thickness thinner than the first region, and wherein when Mx is a length of the first region along the X axis, Mz is a length of the first region along the Z\u2032 axis, Z is a length of the quartz crystal substrate along the Z\u2032 axis, and lz is a length of the second region along the Z\u2032 axis interposed between the first region and an outer frame of the quartz crystal substrate in a plan view, relations of 0.9<Mz/Mx<1.175 and 0.085<lz/Z<0.18 are satisfied. 2. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein a relation of 0.96<Mz/Mx<1.12 is satisfied. 3. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein a relation of 1.0<Mz/Mx<1.07 is satisfied. 4. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein a relation of 0.105<lz/Z<0.16 is satisfied. 5. The resonator element according to claim 2, wherein a relation of 0.105<lz/Z<0.16 is satisfied. 6. The resonator element according to claim 3, wherein a relation of 0.105<lz/Z<0.16 is satisfied. 7. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein the first region includes a first portion, and a second portion that has a thickness thinner than the first portion and is present between the first portion and the second region at least in a vibration direction of the thickness shear vibration in a plan view. 8. The resonator element according to claim 1, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 9. The resonator element according to claim 5, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 10. A resonator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and a package in which the resonator element is accommodated. 11. A resonator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 8; and a package in which the resonator element is accommodated. 12. A resonator device comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and an electronic element. 13. A resonator device comprising: the resonator element according to claim 8; and an electronic element. 14. The resonator device according to claim 12, wherein the electronic element is a thermosensitive element. 15. The resonator device according to claim 13, wherein the electronic element is a thermosensitive element. 16. An oscillator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and an oscillation circuit that is electrically connected to the resonator element. 17. An oscillator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 8; and an oscillation circuit that is electrically connected to the resonator element. 18. An electronic apparatus comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1. 19. A moving object comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1.",
-    "An electrical cell and method for generating electrical power are disclosed for producing electrical energy from a gas such as hydrogen and isotopes thereof. The electrical cell comprises an ionizing material located within an interior volume of a housing for absorbing the gas and separating ions and electrons. An electron collector receives electrons generated by the ionizing material. An insulator material within the housing inhibits electrons from entering into an ion collector while allowing the gas and the ions to pass to the ion collector for generating electrical voltage between the electron collector and the ion collector. 1. An improved energy cell for generating electrical voltage through the ionization of a gas, comprising: a housing having an interior volume; an ionizing material located within said interior volume for absorbing the gas and separating ions and electron from the gas; an electron collector located within said interior volume and proximate to said ionizing material for receiving electrons from said ionizing material; an ion collector located within said interior volume for receiving and collecting ions from said ionizing material; an insulator material located within said interior volume for inhibiting electrons from passing between the ionizing material to the ion collector within the housing; said insulator material enabling the gas and the ions to pass from said ionizing material to said ion collector; and a housing inlet for introducing the gas into said housing for generating electrical voltage between said electron collector and said ion collector. 2. The improved energy cell of claim 1 wherein: the gas consists essentially of hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof; and said ionizing material is a hydrogen/deuterium gas absorbing material which separates the ions and electrons from the gas. 3. The improved energy cell of claim 1 wherein said ionizing material is a palladium material. 4. The improved energy cell of claim 1 wherein: the gas consists essentially of hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof; and said ionizing material is a conductive hydrogen/deuterium gas absorbing material which separates and releases the ions from the ionizing material. 5. The improved energy cell of claim 1 wherein: said insulator material enabling the gas and the ions to pass through said insulator material. 6. The improved energy cell of claim 1 wherein said insulator material enables the gas and the ions to pass around said ionizing material. 7. The improved energy cell of claim 1 wherein said insulator material enables the gas and the ions to permeate throughout said interior volume of said housing. 8. The energy cell of claim 1 further comprising: a first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) electrically connected to said ion collector; said first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) being a non-hydrogen absorbing metal or alloy; and a second electrically conductive terminal (ECT2) electrically connected to said ionizing material. 9. The energy cell of claim 1, further comprising: a first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) electrically connected to said ion collector; said first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) being a non-hydrogen absorbing metal or alloy; a second electrically conductive terminal (ECT2) electrically connected to said ionizing material; and a first and second electrical contact (L1, L2) electrically connecting said first and second electrically conductive terminals (ECT1, ECT2) to an electrical load external said housing. 10. The energy cell of claim 1, further comprising: a first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) electrically connected to said ion collector; said first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) being a non-hydrogen absorbing metal or alloy; a second electrically conductive terminal (ECT2) electrically connected to said ionizing material; a first semiconductor interposed between said electron collector and said first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1); and a second semiconductor interposed between said ionizing material and said second electrically conductive terminal (ECT2). 11. An improved energy cell for generating electrical voltage through the ionization of a gas, the gas consisting essentially of hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof, said energy cell comprising: a housing having a single interior volume; an ionizing material located within said interior volume for absorbing the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof and separating ions and electrons derived from the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof; an electron collector located within said interior volume and proximate to said ionizing material for receiving electrons from said ionizing material; an ion collector located within said interior volume for receiving and collecting the ions from said ionizing material; an insulator material located within said interior volume for inhibiting electrons from passing between the ionizing material to the ion collector within the housing; said insulator material enabling the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof and the ions to pass from said ionizing material to said ion collector; and an inlet connected to said housing for receiving the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof into said interior volume for generating electrical voltage between said electron collector and said ion collector. 12. An energy cell for producing voltage through the ionization of a gas, the gas consisting essentially of hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof, said energy cell comprising: a sealed housing having an interior volume; a palladium ionizing material located within said interior volume for absorbing the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof and separating ions and electrons from the gas; an electron collector located within said interior volume and proximate to said palladium ionizing material for receiving the electrons from said palladium ionizing material; an ion collector located within said interior volume for receiving and collecting the ions from said palladium ionizing material; an insulator material located within said interior volume for inhibiting the electrons from passing between the ionizing material to the ion collector within the housing; said insulator material enabling the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof and the ions to pass from said ionizing material to said ion collector; said insulator material enabling the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof and the ions to pass from said palladium ionizing material to said ion collector; and a housing inlet for introducing the hydrogen gas and isotopes thereof into said sealed housing to generate electrical voltage between said electron collector and said ion collector. 13. A method of generating electrical energy comprising: connecting a first electrically conductive terminal (ECT1) to a first surface of a palladium component; positioning a first surface of an insulator against a second surface of said palladium component into a sealed housing: connecting a second electrically conductive terminal (ECT2) to a second surface of said insulator; and introducing deuterium to said palladium component to generate electrical energy between said first and second electrically conductive terminals (ECT1, ECT2). 14. A process for preparing ionizing material for use in an electrical energy producing cell, comprising the steps of: preparing a mixture comprising a palladium salt and water; heating the mixture to reduce the water content of the mixture; heating the mixture to a temperature sufficient to transform a portion of the palladium salt to metallic palladium; and cooling the mixture. 15. The process of claim 14 including the step of: grinding the cooled mixture; and compressing the mixture into a solid porous tablet.",
-    "Generating a layout of an integrated circuit chip area from a description of an integrated circuit (IC). The description includes a register-transfer-level (RTL) design. The RTL design is partitioned in large blocks for synthesis of large block synthesis (LBS) blocks. The description of the IC further includes a floorplan for the IC, wherein each LBS block to be synthesized is assigned to a respective rectilinear shape in the floorplan and the rectilinear shapes do not overlap each other. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A computer system for generating a layout of an integrated circuit chip area from a description of an integrated circuit (IC), the description comprising a register-transfer-level (RTL) design, wherein the RTL design is partitioned into large blocks for synthesis of large block synthesis (LBS) blocks, the description of the IC further comprising a first floorplan for the IC, wherein LBS blocks to be synthesized are assigned to respective rectilinear shapes in the first floorplan and said rectilinear shapes do not overlap each other, the computer system comprising: a memory; and a processor in communication with the memory, wherein the computer system is configured to perform a method, said method comprising: selecting a pair of the LBS blocks having their cells synthesized and placed according to the RTL design and the first floorplan and routed according to the RTL design, wherein a first border shape comprised in a rectilinear shape assigned to one of the selected LBS blocks and a second border shape comprised in a rectilinear shape assigned to another one of the selected LBS blocks neighbor each other in the first floorplan, wherein a first value of area utilization of the first border shape by therein placed cells of the one of the selected LBS blocks is less than a first target density value and a second value of area utilization of the second border shape by therein placed cells of the other one of the selected LBS blocks is less than a second target density value, and wherein the first and the second border shapes are rectangular shapes; generating a further floorplan in which the rectilinear shapes of the selected LBS blocks overlap each other and their overlap constitutes an overlap shape comprising at least a portion of the first border shape and at least a portion of the second border shape, wherein a cross-over shape comprises the first border shape and the second border shape, wherein in the further floorplan assignment of portions of the rectilinear shapes outside the cross-over shape assigned to the selected LBS blocks in the first floorplan is the same as in the first floorplan and the cross-over shape comprises interleaved rectilinear shapes which are interchangeably assigned in the further floorplan either to the one of the selected LBS blocks or to the other one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the interleaved rectilinear shapes and the overlap shape are generated such that the first value multiplied by a first ratio of a geometric area of the first border shape and an overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the first border shape in the further floorplan is greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value multiplied by a second ratio of the geometric area of the second border shape and the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the second border shape in the further floor plan is greater than or equal to the second target density value, and wherein the overlap shape and the cross-over shape are rectangular shapes; generating layouts of the selected LBS blocks, the generating comprising executing synthesis and placement of their cells according to the RTL design and the further floorplan and routing internal interconnects of each of the selected LBS blocks according to the RTL design; based on a first case in which the first value is less than the first target density value and the second value is greater than or equal to the second target density value, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased; based on a second case in which the second value is less than the first target density value and the first value is greater than or equal to the second target density value, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased; and based on updating the further floorplan, repeating the generation of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks. 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises: based on the first value being greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value being greater than or equal to the second target density value and the layout of the one of the selected LBS blocks not complying with a specification comprised in the description of the IC, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, and based on the updating of the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, repeating the generation of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks; and based on the first value being greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value being greater than or equal to the second target density value and the layout of the other one of the selected LBS blocks not complying with the specification comprised in the description of the IC, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, and based on the updating of the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, repeating the generation of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks. 19. A computer program product for generating a layout of an integrated circuit chip area from a description of an integrated circuit (IC), the description comprising a register-transfer-level (RTL) design, wherein the RTL design is partitioned into large blocks for synthesis of large block synthesis (LBS) blocks, the description of the IC further comprising a first floorplan for the IC, wherein LBS blocks to be synthesized are assigned to respective rectilinear shapes in the first floorplan and said rectilinear shapes do not overlap each other, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method comprising: selecting a pair of the LBS blocks having their cells synthesized and placed according to the RTL design and the first floorplan and routed according to the RTL design, wherein a first border shape comprised in a rectilinear shape assigned to one of the selected LBS blocks and a second border shape comprised in a rectilinear shape assigned to another one of the selected LBS blocks neighbor each other in the first floorplan, wherein a first value of area utilization of the first border shape by therein placed cells of the one of the selected LBS blocks is less than a first target density value and a second value of area utilization of the second border shape by therein placed cells of the other one of the selected LBS blocks is less than a second target density value, and wherein the first and the second border shapes are rectangular shapes; generating a further floorplan in which the rectilinear shapes of the selected LBS blocks overlap each other and their overlap constitutes an overlap shape comprising at least a portion of the first border shape and at least a portion of the second border shape, wherein a cross-over shape comprises the first border shape and the second border shape, wherein in the further floorplan assignment of portions of the rectilinear shapes outside the cross-over shape assigned to the selected LBS blocks in the first floorplan is the same as in the first floorplan and the cross-over shape comprises interleaved rectilinear shapes which are interchangeably assigned in the further floorplan either to the one of the selected LBS blocks or to the other one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the interleaved rectilinear shapes and the overlap shape are generated such that the first value multiplied by a first ratio of a geometric area of the first border shape and an overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the first border shape in the further floorplan is greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value multiplied by a second ratio of the geometric area of the second border shape and the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the second border shape in the further floor plan is greater than or equal to the second target density value, and wherein the overlap shape and the cross-over shape are rectangular shapes; generating layouts of the selected LBS blocks, the generating comprising executing synthesis and placement of their cells according to the RTL design and the further floorplan and routing internal interconnects of each of the selected LBS blocks according to the RTL design; based on a first case in which the first value is less than the first target density value and the second value is greater than or equal to the second target density value, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased; based on a second case in which the second value is less than the first target density value and the first value is greater than or equal to the second target density value, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased; and based on updating the further floorplan, repeating the generation of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the method further comprises: based on the first value being greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value being greater than or equal to the second target density value and the layout of the one of the selected LBS blocks not complying with a specification comprised in the description of the IC, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, and based on the updating of the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, repeating the generation of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks; and based on the first value being greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value being greater than or equal to the second target density value and the layout of the other one of the selected LBS blocks not complying with the specification comprised in the description of the IC, updating the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, and based on the updating of the further floorplan such that the overall geometric area assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks in the cross-over shape is increased, repeating the generation of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks. 21. The computer system of claim 17, wherein based on the first case, the updating of the further floorplan is executed, based on the layout of the one of the selected LBS blocks complying with a specification comprised in the description of the IC, and wherein based on the second case, the updating of the further floorplan is executed, based on the layout of the other one of the selected LBS blocks complying with the specification comprised in the description of the IC. 22. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises: based on both of the selected LBS blocks having layouts which do not comply with a specification comprised in the description of the IC or the first value being less than the first target density value and the second value being less than the second target density value: updating the first floorplan; and repeating execution of the generation of the further floorplan and the generating of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks. 23. The computer system of claim 17, wherein each rectilinear shape comprises a rectilinear looped border shape, an outer perimeter of each rectilinear looped border shape coincides with an outer perimeter of the respective rectilinear shape, the rectilinear looped border shape consists of rectangular border shapes having a same width, wherein a geometrical area of a rectilinear looped border shape is greater than 3% and less than 5% of the geometrical area of the respective rectilinear shape, a rectilinear shape consists of the respective rectilinear looped border shape and a respective rectilinear central shape, wherein the first border shape is a fragment of the respective rectilinear looped border shape having the same width as the respective rectilinear looped border shape, wherein the second border shape is a fragment of the respective rectilinear looped border shape having the same width as the respective rectilinear looped border shape, wherein the first target value is greater than 75% of a third value and less than 85% of the third value, wherein the third value is a value of area utilization of the respective rectilinear central shape by the therein placed cells of the one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the second target density value is greater than 75% of a fourth value and less than 85% of the fourth value, and wherein the fourth value is a value of area utilization of the respective rectilinear central shape by the therein placed cells of the other one of the selected LBS blocks. 24. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the cross-over shape comprises an edge comprised in only one of the rectilinear shapes assigned to one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the interleaved rectilinear shapes are interleaved in a direction parallel to said edge. 25. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the cross-over shape comprises an edge comprised in only one of the rectilinear shapes assigned to one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the interleaved rectilinear shapes are interleaved in a direction perpendicular to said edge. 26. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the method further comprises: based on the layouts of the selected LBS blocks complying with a specification comprised in the description of the IC and the first value being greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value being greater than or equal to the second target density value: routing of external interconnects connecting connection terminals of the one of the selected LBS blocks to connection terminals of the other one of the selected LBS blocks and placing auxiliary cells in one or more rectilinear shapes assigned for the placing of the auxiliary cells, wherein the one or more rectilinear shapes are comprised in the cross-over shape, and wherein some of the external interconnects connect the connection terminals of the one of the selected LBS blocks to the connection terminals of the other one of the selected LBS blocks via the auxiliary cells. 27. The computer system of claim 26, wherein an area of at least one of metallization layers in the IC defined by a projection of the cross-over shape on a plane of the at least one of the metallization layers is split in first rectilinear shapes in which only the internal interconnects of the one of the selected LBS blocks are routed, second rectilinear shapes in which only the internal interconnects of the other one of the selected LBS blocks are routed, and one or more third rectilinear shapes in which only the external interconnects are routed, wherein the overall geometrical area of the first rectilinear shapes differs from the overall geometrical area of the interleaved rectilinear shapes assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks less than 10%, wherein the overall geometrical area of the second rectilinear shape differs from the overall geometrical area of the interleaved rectilinear shapes assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks less than 10%, and wherein the overall geometrical area of the one or more third rectilinear shapes differs from the overall geometrical area of the one or more rectilinear shapes assigned for the placing of the auxiliary cells less than 10%. 28. The computer system of claim 17, wherein according to the RTL design at least 20% of connection terminals of the one of the selected LBS blocks are directly connected by external interconnects to at least 20% of connection terminals of the other one of the selected LBS blocks. 29. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein based on the first case, the updating of the further floorplan is executed, based on the layout of the one of the selected LBS blocks complying with a specification comprised in the description of the IC, and wherein based on the second case, the updating of the further floorplan is executed, based on the layout of the other one of the selected LBS blocks complying with the specification comprised in the description of the IC. 30. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the method further comprises: based on both of the selected LBS blocks having layouts which do not comply with a specification comprised in the description of the IC or the first value being less than the first target density value and the second value being less than the second target density value: updating the first floorplan; and repeating execution of the generation of the further floorplan and the generating of the layouts of the selected LBS blocks. 31. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein each rectilinear shape comprises a rectilinear looped border shape, an outer perimeter of each rectilinear looped border shape coincides with an outer perimeter of the respective rectilinear shape, the rectilinear looped border shape consists of rectangular border shapes having a same width, wherein a geometrical area of a rectilinear looped border shape is greater than 3% and less than 5% of the geometrical area of the respective rectilinear shape, a rectilinear shape consists of the respective rectilinear looped border shape and a respective rectilinear central shape, wherein the first border shape is a fragment of the respective rectilinear looped border shape having the same width as the respective rectilinear looped border shape, wherein the second border shape is a fragment of the respective rectilinear looped border shape having the same width as the respective rectilinear looped border shape, wherein the first target value is greater than 75% of a third value and less than 85% of the third value, wherein the third value is a value of area utilization of the respective rectilinear central shape by the therein placed cells of the one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the second target density value is greater than 75% of a fourth value and less than 85% of the fourth value, and wherein the fourth value is a value of area utilization of the respective rectilinear central shape by the therein placed cells of the other one of the selected LBS blocks. 32. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the cross-over shape comprises an edge comprised in only one of the rectilinear shapes assigned to one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the interleaved rectilinear shapes are interleaved in a direction parallel to said edge. 33. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the cross-over shape comprises an edge comprised in only one of the rectilinear shapes assigned to one of the selected LBS blocks, wherein the interleaved rectilinear shapes are interleaved in a direction perpendicular to said edge. 34. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the method further comprises: based on the layouts of the selected LBS blocks complying with a specification comprised in the description of the IC and the first value being greater than or equal to the first target density value and the second value being greater than or equal to the second target density value: routing of external interconnects connecting connection terminals of the one of the selected LBS blocks to connection terminals of the other one of the selected LBS blocks and placing auxiliary cells in one or more rectilinear shapes assigned for the placing of the auxiliary cells, wherein the one or more rectilinear shapes are comprised in the cross-over shape, and wherein some of the external interconnects connect the connection terminals of the one of the selected LB S blocks to the connection terminals of the other one of the selected LBS blocks via the auxiliary cells. 35. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein an area of at least one of metallization layers in the IC defined by a projection of the cross-over shape on a plane of the at least one of the metallization layers is split in first rectilinear shapes in which only the internal interconnects of the one of the selected LBS blocks are routed, second rectilinear shapes in which only the internal interconnects of the other one of the selected LBS blocks are routed, and one or more third rectilinear shapes in which only the external interconnects are routed, wherein the overall geometrical area of the first rectilinear shapes differs from the overall geometrical area of the interleaved rectilinear shapes assigned to the one of the selected LBS blocks less than 10%, wherein the overall geometrical area of the second rectilinear shape differs from the overall geometrical area of the interleaved rectilinear shapes assigned to the other one of the selected LBS blocks less than 10%, and wherein the overall geometrical area of the one or more third rectilinear shapes differs from the overall geometrical area of the one or more rectilinear shapes assigned for the placing of the auxiliary cells less than 10%. 36. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein according to the RTL design at least 20% of connection terminals of the one of the selected LBS blocks are directly connected by external interconnects to at least 20% of connection terminals of the other one of the selected LBS blocks.",
-    "Provided herein is a method and apparatus for realizing a frequency-spatial filter with variable bandwidth, the method including generating M number of FFT channel blocks having N number of channels by performing an N point FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) processing using M number of array antenna inputs; combining some of the N number of channels of each FFT channel block according to a frequency bandwidth variable parameter value; combining some of spatial response vector channels in a combined channel of each FFT channel block according to a spatial bandwidth variable parameter value; and combining all the channels and outputting the same. 1. A method for realizing a frequency-spatial filter with variable bandwidth, the method comprising: generating M number of FFT channel blocks having N number of channels by performing an N point FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) processing using M number of array antenna inputs; combining some of the N number of channels of each FFT channel block according to a frequency bandwidth variable parameter value; combining some of spatial response vector channels in a combined channel of each FFT channel block according to a spatial bandwidth variable parameter value; and combining all the channels and outputting the same. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the combining some of spatial response vector channels in a combined channel of each FFT channel block according to a spatial bandwidth variable parameter value comprises: setting the spatial bandwidth variable parameter value; and setting a bandwidth by multiplying a window function for expanding or reducing a spatial bandwidth and a response vector of an array antenna based on the spatial bandwidth variable parameter value. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the setting a bandwidth by multiplying a window function for expanding or reducing a spatial bandwidth and a response vector of an array antenna based on the spatial bandwidth variable parameter value involves using an array antenna response of a null point in a beam being formed. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the setting a bandwidth by multiplying a window function for expanding or reducing a spatial bandwidth and a response vector of an array antenna based on the spatial bandwidth variable parameter value involves using an array antenna response and a window function of a maximum point in a beam being formed. 5. The method according to claim 2, further comprising performing a removal of a spatial bandwidth interference using the response vector of the array antenna and the window function. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the setting the spatial bandwidth variable parameter value involves setting the spatial bandwidth variable parameter value with an input of at least one of a central frequency of a broadband signal, distance between array antennas, and incidence direction of the signal. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the combining some of spatial response vector channels in a combined channel of each FFT channel block according to a spatial bandwidth variable parameter value comprises setting a weighted frequency (Fweight) that is realized by math equation 1: F weight = \u2211 L = cen - k cen + k \ue89e [ A L * W coeff ] \u3008 Math \ue89e \ue89e equation \ue89e \ue89e 1 \u3009 AL being an Lth row vector of M*1 of an array antenna response vector, Wcoeff being a window function, and Cen being a spatial central frequency. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the bandwidth is proportionate to a distance between array antennas and frequency. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein a maximum value of k is the same or smaller than an absolute value of a minimum point with reference to a maximum point of a beam being formed by the bandwidth. 10. An apparatus for realizing a frequency-spatial filter with variable bandwidth, the apparatus comprising: a controller configured to generate M number of FFT channel blocks having N number of channels by performing an N point FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) processing using M number of array antenna inputs; to combine some of the N number of channels of each FFT channel block according to a frequency bandwidth variable parameter value; to combine some of spatial response vector channels in a combined channel of each FFT channel block according to a spatial bandwidth variable parameter value; and to combine all the channels and output the same.",
-    "Provided are a method of manufacturing an electrode and a method of manufacturing a capacitor using the electrode. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, provided is a method of manufacturing an electrode including forming stacked graphene films on a first substrate, separating the graphene films from the first substrate, cutting the graphene films to form graphene electrode parts, and transferring the graphene electrode parts to a second substrate, in which the graphene electrode parts cross a top surface of the second substrate. 1. A method of manufacturing an electrode, the method comprising: forming graphene films and binders on a first substrate, which the graphene films and the binders are alternately stacked; separating the graphene films and the binders from the first substrate; cutting the graphene films and the binders to form a graphene electrode part; transferring the graphene electrode part to a second substrate; and removing the binders, wherein the graphene electrode parts cross a top surface of the second substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the graphene films and the binders comprises a spin-coating process. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cutting the graphene films and the binders comprises a wire-cutting process or a laser-cutting process. 4. A method of manufacturing a capacitor, the method comprising: forming a first graphene electrode part on a first substrate; forming a second graphene electrode part on a second substrate; and coupling the first and second graphene electrode parts to each other such that the first and second graphene electrode parts face each other, wherein the first graphene electrode part crosses a top surface of the first substrate, and the second graphene electrode part crosses a top surface of the second substrate, and wherein the forming the graphene electrode parts comprises: forming graphene films and binders on a third substrate, which the graphene films and the binders are alternately stacked; separating the graphene films and the binders from the third substrate; cutting the graphene films and the binders to form graphene patterns; transferring the graphene patterns to the first and second substrates; and removing the binder. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the coupling the first and second graphene electrode parts to each other comprises disposing second graphene patterns between first graphene patterns, respectively, wherein the second graphene patterns are spaced apart from the first graphene patterns and the first substrate and the first graphene patterns are spaced apart from the second substrate. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the coupling the first and second graphene electrode parts together further comprises forming a separation membrane between the first and second graphene electrode parts. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising providing an electrolyte between the first and second substrates.",
-    "A driving force transmission device that transmits a driving force to a rotation body includes a flange member provided in the rotation body, a through shaft that is connected to the flange member to transmit the driving force to the rotation body via the flange member, and an intermediate transmission member that is provided in the through shaft to transmit the driving force to the flange member from the through shaft. 1. A driving force transmission device that transmits a driving force to a rotation body, the device comprising: a flange member provided in the rotation body; a through shaft that is connected to the flange member to transmit the driving force to the rotation body via the flange member; and an intermediate transmission member that is provided in the through shaft to transmit the driving force to the flange member from the through shaft, wherein the flange member includes a coaxial level control hole that controls a coaxial level with the through shaft, a cylindrical portion that extends in an axis direction to control a squareness to the through shaft, a thrush portion that controls movement in the axis direction, and an internal gear having teeth extending in the axis direction, the through shaft includes a parallel pin pressed in a vertical direction of the shaft and a thrust member that controls a thrust direction of the rotation body by contact with the thrust portion, and the intermediate transmission member includes an external gear that engages with the internal gear, a driving force receiving groove that receives the driving force from the parallel pin pressed into the through shaft, and an inner diameter portion having a space relative to an outer circumference portion of the through shaft while being supported to move the through shaft in the axis direction. 2. The driving force transmission device according to claim 1, wherein teeth of the external gear and the teeth of the inner gear have backlash at a pressure angle of 30\u00b0. 3. The driving force transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the driving force receiving groove is a U type groove. 4. The driving force transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the thrust member is a sintered member, and is pressed into the through shaft. 5. The driving force transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the flange member has a cylindrical portion provided in a teeth end portion of the inner gear, and the cylindrical portion has a diameter larger than that of a teeth bottom and a shape that covers an upper portion of the parallel pin. 6. The driving force transmission device according to claim 1, wherein a teeth end portion on an engaging side between the inner gear of the flange member and the outer gear of the intermediate transmission member has a tapered shape, and one of the teeth of the inner gear has a teeth width larger than those of the other teeth. 7. The driving force transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the rotation body is a photoconductor. 8. An image forming apparatus comprising the driving force transmission device according to claim 1.",
-    "A toy projectile and method of making the toy projectile is provided herein. The toy projectile having: an elongated dart body secured to a tip assembly, the tip assembly comprising: a tip insert secured to a forward end of the elongated dart body and a tip secured to the tip insert, wherein the tip comprises a styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS rubber) tip. 1. A toy projectile, comprising: an elongated dart body secured to a tip assembly, the tip assembly comprising: a tip insert secured to a forward end of the elongated dart body and a tip secured to the tip insert, wherein the tip comprises a styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer tip and wherein the tip is insert molded onto the tip insert prior to the assembly being secured to the elongated dart body. 2. The toy projectile as in claim 1, wherein tip insert has a central opening extending therethrough. 3. The toy projectile as in claim 2, wherein tip insert has an outer surface and a plurality of features extending from the outer surface. 4. The toy projectile as in claim 3, wherein tip is insert molded onto the tip insert and portions of the tip extend into the central opening and cover some of the plurality of features extending from the outer surface. 5. The toy projectile as in claim 4, wherein the forward end of the elongated dart body is thermoformed to at least one of the plurality of features extending from the outer surface that is not covered by a portion of the tip. 6. The toy projectile as in claim 5, wherein the elongated dart body has a rearward end opposite the forward end and the rearward end is configured to have a rounded exterior surface. 7. The toy projectile as in claim 6, wherein the elongated dart body has a central opening extending therethrough. 8. The toy projectile as in claim 7, wherein the central opening of the elongated dart body is in fluid communication with a portion of the central opening of the tip insert that is not filled with a portion of the tip. 9. (canceled) 10. The toy projectile as in claim 1, wherein the elongated dart body has a rearward end opposite the forward end and the rearward end is configured to have a rounded exterior surface. 11. (canceled) 12. The toy projectile as in claim 21, wherein tip insert has a central opening extending therethrough. 13. The toy projectile as in claim 21, wherein the elongated dart body is a central opening extending therethrough. 14. (canceled) 15. The toy projectile as in claim 21, wherein the forward end of the elongated dart body is thermoformed into a groove located between least two of the plurality of features extending from the outer surface that are not covered by a portion of the tip. 16. (canceled) 17. The toy projectile as in claim 21, wherein the central opening of the elongated dart body is in fluid communication with a portion of the central opening of the tip insert that is not filled with a portion of the tip. 18-20. (canceled) 21. A toy projectile, comprising: an elongated dart body secured to a tip assembly, the tip assembly comprising: a tip insert secured to a forward end of the elongated dart body and a tip secured to the tip insert, wherein the tip comprises a styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer tip, and wherein the elongated dart body has a rearward end opposite the forward end, the rearward end having a rounded exterior surface.",
-    "Provided is a payment card for multiple accounts. The card comprises a card member; a plurality of programmable chips, at least one of which is releasably attached to the card member; each programmable chip has an associated personal identification number (PIN); and a control chip operable for selecting one of the programmable chips to be active during a transaction. 1. A payment card for multiple accounts, the payment card comprising: a card member; a plurality of programmable chips, at least one of which is releasably attached to the card member; each programmable chip including an associated personal identification number (PIN); and a control chip operable for selecting one of the programmable chips to be active during a transaction. 2. The payment card of claim 1, further comprising a magnetic stripe. 3. The payment card of claim 2, wherein the control chip is configured to communicate with the magnetic stripe; and wherein the control chip is configured to control whether the magnetic stripe is utilized in a transaction. 4. (canceled) 5. The payment card of claim 1, wherein the control chip is configured to provide virtual card capabilities. 6. The payment card of claim 1, further comprising a near field communication module. 7. The payment card of claim 1, further comprising a biometric reader. 8. The payment card of claim 7, wherein the biometric reader is operable to read a fingerprint. 9. The payment card of claim 1, further comprising an indicator for indicating the selected one of the programmable chips. 10. The payment card of claim 1, further comprising a display. 11. The payment card of claim 1, further comprising a power source. 12. A method of manufacturing a payment card for multiple accounts, the method comprising: providing a card member; providing a plurality of programmable chips, at least one of which is releasably attached to the card member; each programmable chip including an associated personal identification number (PIN); and providing a control chip which is operable for selecting one of the programmable chips to be active during a transaction. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing a magnetic stripe on the card member. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the control chip is configured to communicate with the magnetic stripe; and wherein the control chip is configured to control activation and deactivation of the magnetic stripe. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the control chip is configured to provide virtual card capabilities. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing a near field communication module on the card member; and/or providing a biometric reader on the card member. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing an indicator for indicating the selected one of the programmable chips. 20. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing a display on the card member; and/or providing a power source on the card member. 21. (canceled) 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the payment card derives power from a point of sale (POS) device when inserted therein during a transaction. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the POS device provides a menu for facilitating a user selecting one of the programmable chips to be active during the transaction. 24. The method of claim 12, further comprising: associating a near field communication module with the card member; and configuring a mobile device to communicate with the payment card using near field communication; wherein the mobile device is configured to communicate with the control chip; and/or wherein the mobile device is configured to provide software updates to the programmable chips. 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled)",
-    "An image reading device includes contact glass, a frame, a light emitting section, a sensor, and a control section. An original document is placed on the contact glass. The flame surrounds the periphery of the contact glass. The light emitting section emits light toward the contact glass and the frame. The sensor detects a first received light amount resulting from first reflected light that has passed through the contact glass and a second received light amount resulting from second reflected light that has been reflected off the frame. The control section compares temporal variation of the first received light amount with temporal variation of the second received light amount. The control section determines whether or not the temporal variation of the first received light amount indicates presence of the original document on the contact glass using the temporal variation of the second received light amount as a reference. 1. An image reading device comprising: contact glass on which an original document is placed; a frame surrounding a periphery of the contact glass; a light emitting section configured to emit light toward the contact glass and the frame; a mirror; a sensor configured to receive first reflected light that has passed through the contact glass and then reflected off the mirror, and second reflected light that has been reflected off the frame and then reflected off the mirror, and detect a first received light amount resulting from the first reflected light and a second received light amount resulting from the second reflected light; and a control section configured to compare temporal variation of the first received light amount with temporal variation of the second received light amount, wherein the control section determines whether or not the temporal variation of the first received light amount indicates presence of the original document on the contact glass using the temporal variation of the second received light amount as a reference. 2. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein a length of the light emitting section in a main scanning direction is longer than a length of the contact glass in the main scanning direction and shorter than a length of the frame in the main scanning direction. 3. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein upon determining that the temporal variation of the first received light amount is substantially consistent with the temporal variation of the second received light amount, the control section determines that the temporal variation of the first received light amount indicates the presence of the original document. 4. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein upon the sensor detecting the first received light amount that varies in a specific cycle, the control section determines that the temporal variation of the first received light amount does not indicate the presence of the original document. 5. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein upon the sensor detecting the first received light amount that is greater than the second received light amount at the time the light emitting section starts emitting light, the control section determines that the temporal variation of the first received light amount does not indicate the presence of the original document. 6. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting section irradiates the contact glass at a lower surface thereof and the frame at a pair of regions thereof with light at the same time. 7. The image reading device according to claim 1, further comprising: a document cover mounted so as to be openable and closable relative to the contact glass; a first switch configured to detect whether or not the document cover is being closed relative to the contact glass; and a second switch configured to detect whether or not the document cover is closed relative to the contact glass, wherein the control section compares the temporal variation of the first received light amount with the temporal variation of the second received light amount after the first switch has detected that the document cover is being closed and before the second switch detects that the document cover is closed.",
-    "A device includes a substrate, a first structure, a second structure, a third structure and a bumper. The first structure is over the substrate. The second structure is over the substrate, wherein the second structure has a first end coupled to the first structure. The third structure is over the substrate, wherein the third structure is coupled to a second end of the second structure. The bumper is between the substrate and the third structure, wherein the bumper is a multi-layered bumper including a first conductive feature, a dielectric feature and a second conductive feature. The dielectric feature is over the first conductive feature. The second conductive feature is over the dielectric feature and electrically connected to the first conductive feature. 1. A device, comprising: a substrate; a first structure over the substrate; a second structure over the substrate, wherein the second structure has a first end coupled to the first structure; a third structure over the substrate, wherein the third structure is coupled to a second end of the second structure; and a bumper between the substrate and the third structure, wherein the bumper is a multi-layered bumper comprising: a first conductive feature; a dielectric feature over the first conductive feature; and a second conductive feature over the dielectric feature and electrically connected to the first conductive feature. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first conductive feature has a recess, the dielectric feature is disposed on the first conductive feature, a portion of the dielectric feature is in the recess, and the second conductive feature covers a portion of the dielectric feature. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the dielectric feature has a top surface and a slanted sidewall, and the second conductive feature covers the slanted sidewall and a portion of the top surface of the dielectric feature. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the second structure and the third structure are conductive. 5. The device of claim 4, further comprising a connection feature electrically connected to the third structure and the bumper. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the connection feature comprises: a first connection structure over the substrate; a first conductive via electrically connected to the first conductive feature and the first connection structure; a second connection structure over the substrate; a second conductive via electrically connected to the first connection structure and the second connection structure; and a third conductive via electrically connected to the second connection structure and the first structure. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the second connection structure of the connection feature and the first conductive feature of the bumper are formed of a same conductive layer. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein a material of the first conductive feature comprises metal. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein a material of the second conductive feature comprises metal. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the first structure is a stationary structure, the second structure is a resilient structure, the third structure is a proof mass coupled to the resilient structure, and the resilient structure is configured to allow the proof mass to move toward or away from the substrate in a direction. 11. A MEMS device, comprising: a substrate; a stationary structure over the substrate, wherein the stationary structure exposes a portion of the substrate; a proof mass over the substrate; a spring anchoring the proof mass to the stationary structure; and a bumper between the substrate and the proof mass, wherein the bumper and the proof mass are electrically connected to each other. 12. The MEMS device of claim 11, wherein the bumper is a multi-layered bumper comprising: a dielectric feature over the substrate; and a top conductive film covering the dielectric feature. 13. The MEMS device of claim 12, wherein the dielectric feature has a top surface and a sidewall with a taper profile, and the top conductive film covers the sidewall and at least a portion of the top surface of the dielectric feature. 14. The MEMS device of claim 13, wherein the bumper further comprises a bottom conductive feature between the dielectric feature and the substrate. 15. The MEMS device of claim 14, wherein the bottom conductive feature is electrically coupled to the proof mass. 16. The MEMS device of claim 11, further comprising a plate over the substrate, wherein the proof mass and the plate form a capacitor. 17. The MEMS device of claim 11, wherein the bumper is disposed corresponding to an end of the proof mass distal to the spring. 18-20. (canceled) 18. A device comprising: a substrate; a first structure over the substrate; a second structure over the substrate, wherein the second structure has a first end coupled to the first structure; a third structure over the substrate, wherein the third structure is coupled to a second end of the second structure; and a bumper between the substrate and the third structure, wherein the bumper is a multi-layered bumper comprising: a bottom conductive feature over the substrate, wherein the bottom conductive feature has a recess exposing the substrate; a dielectric feature on the bottom conductive feature, wherein a portion of the dielectric feature is in the recess; and a top conductive film at least covering a portion of the dielectric feature, and electrically connected to the bottom conductive feature. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the dielectric feature has a top surface and a slanted sidewall, and the top conductive film covers the slanted sidewall and a portion of the top surface of the dielectric feature. 20. The device of Claim 18, wherein the second structure and the third structure are conductive.",
-    "A data compression apparatus and a data recovery apparatus for a digital baseband transmission system. The data compression apparatus includes compressor A configured to generate a first compression signal through up-down sampling an input signal; and compressor B configured to generate a second compression signal through partial bit sampling whereby at least one least-significant bit is eliminated from the first compression signal. 1. A data compression apparatus comprising: compressor A configured to generate a first compression signal through up-down sampling an input signal; and compressor B configured to generate a second compression signal through partial bit sampling whereby at least one least-significant bit is eliminated from the first compression signal. 2. The data compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein a total compression rate by both compressors A and B are Up-down sampling factor\u00d7(Valid transmission bits (n)/Total transmission bits (m))\u00d7100 (m>n; m and n are integers) 3. The data compression apparatus of claim 1, wherein a data compression rate of compressor A that compresses the input signal by up-sampling and down-sampling is 2/3 or is greater. 4. The data compression apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a converter configured to convert the first compression signal into a binary signal and transmit the binary signal to compressor B. 5. A data recovery apparatus comprising: recovery part A configured to generate a first recovery signal by recovering a compression signal, which is generated from an original signal through partial bit sampling and from which at least one least significant bit is eliminated from the original signal; and recovery part B configured to generate a second recovery signal by down-up sampling the first recovery signal, wherein the second recovery signal is the original input signal. 6. The data recovery apparatus of claim 5, wherein recovery part A generates the first recovery signal by filling in a least-significant-bit sequence that was eliminated during partial bit sampling. 7. The data recovery apparatus of claim 6, wherein recovery part A fills in the least-significant-bit sequence with \u201c0\u201ds and \u201c1\u201ds such that the numbers of \u201c0\u201ds and \u201c1\u201ds are the to same or a difference between the numbers of \u201c0\u201ds and \u201c1\u201ds becomes 1. 8. The data recovery apparatus of claim 5, further comprising: an inverter configured to convert the first recovery signal into an analog signal and transmit the analog signal to recovery part B. 9. A digital baseband transmission system comprising: a transmission apparatus configured to generate a first compression signal by up-down sampling an input signal, generate a second compression signal through partial bit sampling, and transmit the second compression signal; and a receiving apparatus configured to generate a first recovery signal by restoring the second compression signal transmitted from the transmission apparatus and to generate a second recovery signal, which is an original input signal, by down-up sampling the first recovery signal. 10. The digital baseband transmission system of claim 9, wherein the receiving apparatus generates the first recovery signal by filling in a least-significant-bit sequence that was eliminated during partial bit sampling.",
-    "A vertically stacking assembly for retainment of objects for hiding from view or displaying of the objects at incremental heights, providing selectably configurable appearance for discrete stacking components, and which is collapsible for storage or relocation. It supports configuration so as to provide an ornamental appearance of a tree or other shape which preferably tapers to progressively smaller diameter with increasing height. 1. An ornamental assembly that defines a tree shape, the assembly comprising: a post, a plurality of spools each defining a central opening that engages with the post when each spool is attached thereon, wherein the assembly has an assembled arrangement in which each of the plurality of spools are successively engaged with the post and each spool has a bottom-most surface having a major diameter greater than a major diameter of a top-most surface, in order to approximate the tree shape. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the post further includes a flange for elevating a first spool from a ground surface. 3. The assembly of claim 1, further including a support at a proximal end of the post. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the post defines a cross-section of reducing diameter along the length thereof, and an arrangement of the spools have the central opening that approximates the cross-section of reducing diameter of the post. 5. The assembly of claim 1, further including a cap for engaging the distal end of the post, 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the cap defines a triangular shape. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of spools defines a shelf portion above the bottom-most surface of the spool. 8. The assembly of claim 7, further including a cover extending from the at least one of the spools that selectively covers at least a portion of an area exposed by the shelf portion. 9. The assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of spools defines at least one ornamental element for approximating the tree shape. 10. The assembly of claim 9, wherein the element is a branch. 11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein each successive spool within the assembled arrangement is nestably received within a bottom of the prior spaced spool. 12. An assembly that defines a tree shape, the assembly comprising: a post with a lower end and a higher end, a plurality of spools each defining a central opening that engages with the post when each successive spool is successively attached and engaged onto the post, successively meaning in being stacked in order of increasing distance from the lower end, successively engaged with the post, where each spool has a bottom-most surface and a top-most surface, the bottom-most surface having a major diameter greater than a major diameter of a top-most surface, in order to approximate the tree shape, and further wherein the assembly defines a tree shape such that the tree shape provides the ornamental appearance of a tree selected from a list comprising: conifer, leafy, conical, evergreen, deciduous, fruit-bearing-plant, and plant-like-tree. 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the post elevates a first spool a sufficient distance from a ground surface that a substantial space is defined by a ground surface and the bottom-most surface of the first spool, the first spool being one which is engaged with the post at the shortest distance from the lower end of the post, relative to the other spools of the plurality of spools. 14. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the post defines a cross-section of reducing diameter along the length thereof, and the successive arrangement of the spools have correspondingly reducing diameters of their respective central openings. 15. The assembly of claim 14, wherein the correspondingly reducing diameters are of constant diameter with respect to each individual spool, and do not taper with respect to each spool, taken individually. 16. The assembly of claim 12, further including a cap for engaging the higher end of the post, the cap being an ornamental element providing the assembly with the ornamental appearance of a tree by the cap being an ornamental element that itself has the ornamental appearance of a tree. 17. The assembly of claim 12, wherein at least one of the plurality of spools defines a shelf portion above the bottom-most surface of the spool, and wherein an open area is defined by the bottom most diameter of the spool and the bottom most diameter of a successive spool, a successive spool being one which is further in distance from the lower end of the post. 18. The assembly of claim 17, further including a cover extending a distance at least a distance that is sufficiently large to cover from view the open area. 19. The assembly of claim 12, wherein at least one of the plurality of spools defines at least one ornamental element that provides the ornamental appearance of a tree. 20. The assembly of claim 19, wherein the element is a branch. 21. The assembly of claim 19, wherein the element is a cluster of sub-elements, such that the ornamental appearance of the tree has a tree-surface-like outer appearance or texture. 22. The assembly of claim 21, wherein the tree-surface-like outer appearance or texture appears to be a dense cluster of branches. 23. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the bottom-most diameter of each successive spool defines a bottom, and wherein the top-most diameter of each successive spool defines a top, and wherein each spool of the plurality of spools is nestably receivable within the bottom of the prior spaced spool, the prior spaced spool meaning the spool which is of a closer location to the lower end of the post. 24. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the assembly is collapsible by the plurality of spools comprising spools that are reversibly stackable, reversibly stackable meaning that a successive spool fits atop a preceding spool without nestably overlapping, when stacked in increasing distance from the lower end of the post, and that a successive spool fits nestably into the preceding spool, when the preceding spool is stacked atop the successive spool, in the opposite order than in the order which does not nestably overlap the successive and preceding spools. 25. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the assembly further provides the ornamental appearance of a tree by being adapted to receive gifts and objects which are festively storable, festively storable meaning objects adapted to be stored or displayed as decoration or stowed until a gift-giving moment, but not including perishable un-tree-like food items, such as shrimp.",
-    "An Optical Head-Mounted Display (OHMD) for use as external controller for an Implantable Medical Device (IMD) is disclosed which includes an IMD communication accessory with a USB connector coupleable to a USB port on the OHMD. The accessory includes a housing with a communication antenna and telemetry transceiver circuitry to allow for direct communications with the IMD. The housing includes a battery for powering the transceiver circuitry and antenna. A cable may be coupled to the housing to allow the housing to be located proximate to patient's IMD when the communication means used in the IMD is relatively short range (e.g., magnetic induction). The housing may be cableless and comprise a dongle coupleable to a port on the OHMD if the communication means provided in the housing and used in the IMD are longer range (e.g., MICS). 1. A system, comprising: a non-transitory machine-readable medium upon which are stored instructions for a medical device application (MDA) executable by an external device wearable by a patient, wherein the MDA when executed on the external device is configured to: provide a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on the external device to control and/or monitor a medical device of the patient; and a communication accessory, comprising: at least one housing; a battery within the housing; an antenna; transceiver circuitry within the at least one housing, wherein the antenna and transceiver circuitry are powered by the battery; and a connector, wherein the connector is configured for connection to a port on the external device, wherein the antenna is configured to be controlled by the GUI via the connector to wirelessly control and/or monitor the medical device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna is within the at least one housing. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the connector comprises a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the accessory further comprises USB interface circuitry coupled to the connector. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the battery is rechargeable. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises a coil antenna, and wherein the coil antenna wirelessly controls and/or monitors the medical device via magnetic induction and in accordance with a modulation and/or demodulation scheme. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the modulation and/or demodulation scheme comprises Frequency Shift Keying. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the accessory further comprises a cable separating the connector and the housing. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the antenna comprises an RF antenna, and wherein the RF antenna wirelessly controls and/or monitors the medical device via a short-range RF communication standard. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the communication standard comprises MICS. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the MDA when executed is configured to provide on the GUI a stimulation program provided to the medical device by the patient, and wherein the GUI is configured to receive the patient's input to adjust the stimulation program. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the GUI is configured to receive the patient's input via one or more of touching the external device, receiving the patient's voice, or sensing the patient's gestures. 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising the external device, wherein the medical device application is stored in a non-transitory machine-readable medium of the external device. 14. The system of claim 1, further comprising the medical device. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the medical device comprises an implantable pulse generator. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the external device comprises an Optical Head-Mounted Display (OHMD). 17. A system, comprising: an external device wearable by a patient, comprising: a programmable Graphical User Interface (GUI) to allow the patient to control and/or monitor the medical device; and a port; and a communication accessory, comprising: at least one housing; a battery within the housing; an antenna; transceiver circuitry within the at least one housing, wherein the antenna and transceiver circuitry are powered by the battery; and a connector, wherein the connector is configured for connection to the port on the external device, wherein the antenna is configured to be controlled by the GUI via the connector to wirelessly control and/or monitor the medical device. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the antenna is within the at least one housing. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the connector comprises a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector and the port comprises a USB port. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the antenna comprises a coil antenna, and wherein the coil antenna wirelessly controls and/or monitors the medical device via magnetic induction and in accordance with a modulation and/or demodulation scheme. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the accessory further comprises a cable separating the connector and the housing. 22. The system of claim 17, wherein the antenna comprises an RF antenna, and wherein the RF antenna wirelessly controls and/or monitors the medical device via a short-range RF communication standard. 23. The system of claim 17, wherein the external device further comprises a display portion for rendering the GUI in a manner viewable by the patient. 24. The system of claim 17, wherein the display portion is proximate to an eye of the patient. 25. The system of claim 17, wherein the GUI is configured to receive the patient's input via one or more of touching the external device, receiving the patient's voice, or sensing the patient's gestures. 26. The system of claim 17, wherein the external device further comprises a touch pad, and wherein the GUI is configured to receive the patient's touch at the touch pad. 27. The system of claim 17, wherein the external device comprises an Optical Head-Mounted Display (OHMD).",
-    "This disclosure relates to various embodiments of rotary actuation devices that may be utilized in a variety of applications. In one embodiment, a rotary actuation device is configured to transition between a first position and a second position in response to each of a manual adjustment, an activation of an electrical actuator, and a force generated by a deck device. The rotary actuation device may be at least one deck device configured to exert a force in response to a condition. The force may cause the rotary actuation device to transition between the first position and the second position. The rotary actuation device may further include an electrical actuator configured to generate a motion upon activation. A rotary latch mechanism coupled to the electrical actuator and may cause the rotary actuation device to transition from the first position to the second position. 1. A rotary actuation device configured to transition between a first position and a second position in response to each of a manual adjustment, an activation of an electrical actuator, and an action of a deck device, the rotary actuation device comprising: a manual actuator configured to permit a manual transition of the rotary actuation device between the first position and the second position; an electrical actuator configured to generate a motion upon electrical activation; a rotary latch mechanism configured to translate the motion of the electrical actuator to cause the rotary actuation device to transition from the first position to the second position, the rotary latch mechanism comprising: a rocker; a rocker housing coupled to the rocker, the rocker housing comprising: a rocker pin configured to couple to the rocker and to permit the rocker to pivot with respect to the rocker pin in a direction; a biasing mechanism configured to exert a restoring force on the rocker in response to the rocker pivoting in the direction, the biasing mechanism exerting the restoring force opposite to the direction; a rotary plate supported by the rocker and configured to limit a range of rotation of the manual actuator between the first position and the second position by interaction with the biasing mechanism; wherein the motion causes the rocker to pivot and to displace the biasing mechanism, and the motion further causes the rotary plate to rotate beyond the range of rotation of the manual actuator. 2. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, further comprising: a rotary shaft coupled to the manual actuator, the rotary latch mechanism, and at least one deck device. 3. The rotary actuation device of claim 2, wherein the at least one deck device is configured to cause the rotary actuation device to transition between the first position and the second position in response to a condition. 4. The rotary actuation device of claim 3, where in the at least one deck device comprises an overcurrent protection device, and the condition comprises an overcurrent event. 5. The rotary actuation device of claim 3, wherein the first position corresponds to a closed position of the at least one deck device and wherein the second position corresponds to an open position of the at least one deck device. 6. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, wherein the electrical actuator comprises a linear actuator. 7. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, wherein the rotary plate comprises a rotary plate aperture configured to receive a rotary plate pin coupled to the rocker. 8. The rotary actuation device of claim 7, wherein the rotary plate aperture comprises a substantially \u201cV\u201d shaped configuration. 9. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, wherein the rocker comprises a rocker aperture and the rotary shaft passes through the rocker aperture. 10. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, wherein the rotary latch mechanism is further configured to cause the rotary actuation device to transition from the second position to the first position in response to the motion of the electrical actuator. 11. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, further comprising a stabilizing rod in contact with the rocker; wherein in the rocker is comprises a first sloped section and a second sloped section, the first sloped section and the second sloped section defining a valley at a midline of the rocker, and the stabilizing rod is configured to be received within the valley. 12. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, wherein the biasing mechanism further comprises: a first channel configured to receive a first pin a second channel configured to receive a second pin; a spring connecting the first pin and the second pin, and wherein the biasing force is created by the spring configured and the default position comprises an orientation of the rocker that is substantially perpendicular to the first channel and the second channel. 13. A rotary actuation device configured to transition between a first position and a second position in response to each of a manual adjustment, an activation of an electrical actuator, and an action of a deck device, the rotary actuation device comprising: a rotary shaft; at least one deck device in contact with the rotary shaft and configured to exert a force on the rotary shaft in response to a condition and the force causes the rotary actuation device to transition between the first position and the second position; a manual actuator configured to permit a user to manually transition the rotary actuation device between the first position and the second position; an electrical actuator configured to generate a motion upon activation; a rotary latch mechanism configured to couple to the electrical actuator and the rotary shaft and configured to translate the motion of the electrical actuator to rotate the rotary shaft and to cause the rotary actuation device to transition from the first position to the second position. 14. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, wherein the electrical actuator comprises a linear actuator. 15. The rotary actuation device of claim 14, wherein the electrical actuator comprises a linear actuator and an actuation shaft coupled to the rotary latch mechanism, such that the motion comprises a linear motion of at least a portion of the rotary latch mechanism. 16. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, where in the at least one deck device comprises an overcurrent protection device, and the condition comprises an overcurrent event. 17. The rotary actuation device of claim 1, where in the rotary latch mechanism comprises: a rotary plate in contact with the rotary shaft, the rotary plate configured to limit the rotation of the manual actuator between the first position and the second position. 18. The rotary actuation device of claim 17, further comprising: a first pin disposed within a first channel; a second pin disposed within a second channel; wherein the rotary plate is configured to contact the first pin in the first position and configured to contact the second pin in the second position. 19. The rotary actuation device of claim 17, wherein the rotary latch mechanism further comprises: a rocker configured to support the rotary plate on a rotary plate pin, the rocker being disposed between the first pin and the second pin; a spring connecting the first pin and the second pin, the spring configured to exert a biasing force on the rocker to restore the rocker to an orientation that is substantially perpendicular to the first channel and the second channel. 20. The rotary actuation device of claim 19, further comprising a rocker housing comprising rocker pin configured to couple to the rocker and to permit the rocker to pivot with respect to the rocker pin, wherein the rocker housing further comprises the first channel and the second channel. 21. The rotary actuation device of claim 19, wherein the rotary plate further comprises a rotary plate aperture configured to receive the rotary plate pin.",
-    "A microstructure manufacturing method includes forming a first insulating film on an Si substrate, exposing an Si surface by removing a part of the first insulating film, forming a recessed portion by etching the Si substrate from the exposed Si surface, forming a second insulating film on a sidewall and a bottom of the recessed portion, forming an Si exposed surface by removing at least a part of the second insulating film formed on the bottom of the recessed portion, and filling the recessed portion with a metal from the Si exposed surface by electrolytic plating. 1. An X-ray absorption grating comprising: an Si substrate formed a recessed portion; and a metal filled in the recessed portion via an insulating film, wherein the insulating film is not formed on at least a part of a bottom of the recessed portion, and wherein the metal is in contact with an Si surface of the Si substrate at least on the part. 2. An X-ray absorption grating comprising: an Si substrate formed a recessed portion; and a metal filled in the recessed portion via an insulating film, wherein the insulating film is not formed on at least a part of a bottom of the recessed portion, and wherein a metal film is disposed between an Si surface of the Si substrate and the metal at least on the part. 3. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, the metal film includes a metal having a greater ionization tendency than the ionization tendency of the metal. 4. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein the metal film is conductive to the Si substrate, and wherein the metal film includes a metal different from the metal filled in each of the plurality of recessed portions. 5. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein a length of a region sandwiched by the metal is 0.5 \u03bcm to 80 \u03bcm. 6. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 1, wherein an aspect ratio of the metal is 5 to 100. 7. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein an aspect ratio of the metal is 5 to 100. 8. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, is disposed in the metal. 9. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, is disposed in the metal. 10. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 1, wherein an outer periphery of the metal is a circle. 11. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein an outer periphery of the metal is a circle. 12. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 1, wherein an outer periphery of the metal is a circle, and wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, is disposed in the circle. 13. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein an outer periphery of the metal is a circle, and wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, is disposed in the circle. 14. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 1, wherein an outer periphery of the metal is a circle, and wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, being aligned at constant intervals in a first direction is aligned at constant intervals in a second direction intersecting the first direction, in the circle. 15. The X-ray absorption grating according to claim 2, wherein an outer periphery of the metal is a circle, and wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, being aligned at constant intervals in a first direction is aligned at constant intervals in a second direction intersecting the first direction, in the circle. 16. An X-ray Talbot interferometer comprising: a diffraction grating for diffracting X-ray emitted from an X-ray source; an absorption grating for absorbing a part of the X-ray diffracted by the diffraction grating, the absorption grating comprising, an Si substrate with a plurality of recessed portions formed thereon, and a metal filled in each of the plurality of recessed portions via an insulating film, the insulating film being not disposed on at least a part of a bottom of the recessed portion, the metal being in contact with an Si surface of the Si substrate on the at least part; and a detector for detecting the X-ray which has passed through the absorption grating. 17. An X-ray Talbot interferometer comprising: a diffraction grating for diffracting X-ray emitted from an X-ray source; an absorption grating for absorbing a part of the X-ray diffracted by the diffraction grating, the absorption grating comprising, an Si substrate with a plurality of recessed portions formed thereon, a metal filled in each of the plurality of recessed portions via an insulating film, the insulating film being not disposed on at least apart of a bottom of the recessed portion, and a metal film disposed between an Si surface of the Si substrate and the metal on the at least part; and a detector for detecting the X-ray which has passed through the absorption grating. 18. The X-ray Talbot interferometer according to claim 16, wherein an outer periphery of the metal of the absorption grating is a circle, and wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, is disposed in the circle. 19. The X-ray Talbot interferometer according to claim 17, wherein an outer periphery of the metal of the absorption grating is a circle, and wherein a plurality of salients, which is a part of the Si substrate, is disposed in the circle.",
-    "A heating device includes a plurality of chip resistors, a conductor pattern, and a substrate. The plurality of chip resistors generate heat upon receiving power from a power source. The conductor pattern is arranged so as to serially connect the plurality of chip resistors. The conductor pattern is formed on the substrate. The conductor pattern connecting the chip resistors is wider in a forward path from the power source than in a backward path. The majority of the heat generated by the chip resistor is transmitted from the chip resistor to the conductor pattern, and the transmitted heat is radiated from the conductor pattern. Thus, not only the heat from the surface of the chip resistor but also the heat from the conductor pattern serves as heat source. 1. A heating device comprising: a plurality of heat generators that generate heat upon receiving power from a power source; and a substrate including a conductor pattern arranged so as to serially connect the plurality of heat generators to thereby supply the power from the power source to each of the heat generators, wherein the conductor pattern is wider in a forward path from the power source than in a backward path. 2. The heating device according to claim 1, wherein the wider portion of the conductor pattern constituting the forward path is divided into a plurality of blocks each constituting a conductor element, and the plurality of divided conductor elements are aligned at equal intervals with a constant spacing between each other, and the conductor elements adjacent to each other are connected in series via the heat generator. 3. The heating device according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of heat generators are aligned at equal intervals. 4. The heating device according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of conductor elements constituting the forward path are aligned in two rows on the substrate, the two rows being aligned in a width direction of the substrate and the conductor elements aligned in the width direction being connected to each other via the heat generator, and the plurality of conductor elements arranged in two rows form a single conductor pattern constituting the forward path. 5. The heating device according to claim 4, wherein a larger number of the heat generators are provided at an end portion of the substrate in a longitudinal direction of the substrate, than in a central portion of the substrate in the longitudinal direction. 6. The heating device according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the conductor pattern constituting the forward path is formed in a maximal size within restriction imposed by a layout and circuit characteristics. 7. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming unit that forms a toner image on a surface of a photosensitive body, and transfers the toner image onto a recording medium; and the heating device according to claim 1 located in a vicinity of the photosensitive body. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a control unit that controls power supply from the power source, wherein the control unit causes the power source to supply power to the plurality of heat generators, in a standby mode during which an image forming operation is not performed by the image forming unit.",
-    "A semiconductor device structure is provided. The semiconductor device structure includes a substrate. The semiconductor device structure includes a first conductive structure over the substrate. The semiconductor device structure includes a first dielectric layer over the substrate. The first dielectric layer has a first opening exposing the first conductive structure. The semiconductor device structure includes a cover layer covering a first inner wall of the first opening. The cover layer has a second opening exposing the first conductive structure. The cover layer includes a metal oxide. The semiconductor device structure includes a second conductive structure filled in the first opening and surrounded by the cover layer. The second conductive structure is electrically connected to the first conductive structure. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: forming a first conductive structure over a substrate; forming a dielectric layer over the substrate, wherein the dielectric layer has an first opening exposing the first conductive structure; performing a deposition process to form a deposition layer over the first conductive structure and the dielectric layer, wherein the deposition layer has a first portion and a second portion, the first portion is over the first conductive structure, the second portion is over a first inner wall of the first opening, and the first portion and the second portion are made of different materials; removing the first portion; and filling a second conductive structure into the first opening, wherein the second conductive structure is surrounded by the second portion, and the second conductive structure is electrically connected to the first conductive structure. 17. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the first portion is made of a metal oxynitride, and the second portion is made of a metal oxide. 18. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 17, wherein the first portion and the second portion comprise a same metal element. 19. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the first portion is in direct contact with the second portion. 20. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the removal of the first portion comprises: performing a wet etching process on the first portion. 21. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein before the removal of the first portion, the deposition layer conformally and continuously covers the first conductive structure and the dielectric layer. 22. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the first portion is in direct contact with the first conductive structure. 23. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: before the formation of the dielectric layer, forming an etching stop layer over the substrate, wherein the dielectric layer is formed over the etching stop layer, the etching stop layer has a second opening under the first opening and exposing the first conductive structure, the deposition layer covers a second inner wall of the second opening, the deposition layer does not cover a lower portion of the second inner wall after the removal of the first portion, and the second conductive structure is further filled into the second opening and in direct contact with the etching stop layer. 24. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: forming a first conductive structure over a substrate; forming a first dielectric layer over the substrate, wherein the first dielectric layer has an first opening exposing the first conductive structure; performing a deposition process to form a deposition layer over the first conductive structure and the first dielectric layer, wherein the deposition layer has a first portion and a second portion, the first portion is over the first conductive structure, the second portion is over a first inner wall of the first opening, and the first portion and the second portion are made of different materials; removing the first portion to form a gap between the second portion and the first conductive structure; and filling a second conductive structure into the first opening and the gap, wherein an upper portion of the second conductive structure is surrounded by the second portion, the second portion does not surround a lower portion of the second conductive structure in the gap, and the second conductive structure is in direct contact with the first conductive structure. 25. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 24, wherein the first portion is made of a metal oxynitride, the second portion is made of a metal oxide, and the first portion and the second portion comprise a same metal element. 26. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 24, further comprising: forming a second dielectric layer over the substrate, wherein the first conductive structure is formed in the second dielectric layer; and forming an etching stop layer over the second dielectric layer and the first conductive structure, wherein the etching stop layer has a second opening connected to the first opening and exposing the first conductive structure, the deposition layer further covers a second inner wall of the second opening, and the second conductive structure is further filled in the second opening. 27. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 26, wherein the gap is in the second opening. 28. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 26, wherein the gap has a height less than a thickness of the etching stop layer. 29. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 24, wherein the first dielectric layer further has a trench over and connected to the first opening, and the deposition layer continuously covers a second inner wall and a bottom surface of the trench and the first inner wall of the first opening. 30. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 24, wherein the deposition layer is in direct contact with the first dielectric layer and is not in direct contact with the first conductive structure. 31. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: forming a first conductive structure over a substrate; forming a dielectric layer over the substrate, wherein the dielectric layer has an first opening exposing the first conductive structure; forming a first deposition layer over the first conductive structure and the dielectric layer, wherein the first deposition layer has a first portion and a second portion, the first portion is over the first conductive structure, the second portion is over a first inner wall of the first opening, and the first portion and the second portion are made of different materials; removing the first portion; and forming a second conductive structure in the first opening, wherein the second conductive structure is surrounded by the second portion, a lower portion of the second conductive structure is between the second portion and the first conductive structure, and the second conductive structure is electrically connected to the first conductive structure. 32. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 31, further comprising: forming a second dielectric layer over the first dielectric layer and having a trench over the first opening; forming a second deposition layer over a second inner wall and a bottom surface of the trench, a first top surface of the second conductive structure, and a second top surface of the second portion, wherein the second deposition layer has a third portion and a fourth portion, the third portion is over the second conductive structure, the fourth portion is over the second inner wall, the bottom surface, and the second top surface, and the third portion and the fourth portion are made of different materials; removing the third portion; and filling a third conductive structure into the trench, wherein the third conductive structure is surrounded by the fourth portion and in direct contact with the second conductive structure. 33. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 32, wherein the fourth portion is in direct contact with the second portion, and there is an interface between the fourth portion and the second portion. 34. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 32, wherein the third portion is made of a metal oxynitride, the fourth portion is made of a metal oxide, and the third portion and the fourth portion comprise a same metal element. 35. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 32, wherein the formation of the second conductive structure comprises: depositing a conductive layer over the dielectric layer and the second portion to fill the first opening; and removing the conductive layer and the second portion outside of the first opening.",
-    "An adjustable sweep door assembly includes a panel. A groove, positioned in a bottom of the panel, extends from proximate to a first side to proximate to a second side of the panel. Each of a plurality of openings is positioned through the panel and extends to the groove. The assembly comprises a plate that is rigid. Each of a plurality of biasers is coupled to the panel proximate to an associated opening. Each biaser also is coupled to a top face of the plate. A seal is coupled to a bottom face of the plate and extends from a first end to a second end of the plate. The seal is configured to sealably engage a threshold of a door opening. Each biaser is accessible through the associated opening, such that the seal is adjustably positionable relative to the bottom of the panel. 1. An adjustable sweep equipped door assembly comprising: a panel; a groove positioned in a bottom of said panel, said groove extending from proximate to a first side of said panel to proximate to a second side of said panel; a plurality of openings, each said opening being positioned through said panel and extending to said groove; a plate, said plate being shaped complementary to a shape of said groove wherein said plate is positionable within said groove, said plate having a top face and a bottom face, said plate being rigid; a plurality of biasers, each said biaser being coupled to said panel proximate to an associated said opening, each said biaser being coupled to said top face of said plate; a seal, said seal being coupled to said bottom face of said plate, said seal extending from a first end of said plate to a second end of said plate, such that said seal is configured to sealably engage a threshold of a door opening; wherein each said biaser is accessible through an associated said opening such that said seal is adjustably positionable relative to said bottom of said panel; a channel, said channel extending upwardly from said groove between an interior face and an exterior face of said panel; and each said biaser comprising: a rack gear, said rack gear being coupled to said top face of said plate, said rack gear extending upwardly from said plate into said channel, a pinion gear, said pinion gear being rotationally coupled to said panel within said channel and proximate to an associated said opening, said pinion gear being operationally coupled to said rack gear, a screw slot, said screw slot being positioned in said pinion gear, such that said screw slot is accessible through said associated said opening, and wherein said pinion gear is configured to be turned by a screw driver inserted through said associated said opening, such that said pinion gear is positioned to motivate said rack gear upwardly upon clockwise rotation of said pinion gear and downwardly upon counter-clockwise rotation of said pinion gear, such that said plate adjustably positionable relative to said bottom of said panel. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The assembly of claim 1, further including said groove being positioned substantially equally distant from said interior face and said exterior face of said panel. 5. The assembly of claim 1, further including said plurality of openings being positioned through said interior face of said panel. 6. The assembly of claim 5, further comprising: said plurality of openings comprising four openings; and said plurality of biaser comprising four biasers. 7. The assembly of claim 6, further including each of two of said biasers being positioned respectively proximate to said first side and said second side of said panel and another two of said biasers being evenly spaced between said two of said biasers positioned proximate to said first side and said second side. 8. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising: said plurality of openings comprising two openings positioned respectively on said first side and said second side of said panel; and said plurality of biasers comprising two biasers. 9. (canceled) 10. The assembly of claim 1, further including said rack gear being positioned substantially equally distant from said interior face and said exterior face of said panel. 11. The assembly of claim 1, further including said screw slot comprising a linear screw slot wherein said screw slot is configured for engagement by a flat blade screwdriver. 12. The assembly of claim 1, further including said plate comprising aluminum. 13. The assembly of claim 1, further including said seal being deformable. 14. The assembly of claim 13, further including said seal comprising vinyl. 15. The assembly of claim 13, further including said seal comprising reinforced rubber. 16. An adjustable sweep equipped door assembly comprising: a panel; a groove positioned in a bottom of said panel, said groove extending from proximate to a first side of said panel to proximate to a second side of said panel, said groove being positioned substantially equally distant from an interior face and an exterior face of said panel; a plurality of openings, each said opening being positioned through said panel and extending to said groove, said plurality of openings being positioned through said interior face of said panel, said plurality of openings comprising four openings positioned in said interior face of said panel, said plurality of openings comprising two openings positioned singly on said first side and said second side of said panel; a plate, said plate being shaped complementary to a shape of said groove wherein said plate is positionable within said groove, said plate having a top face and a bottom face, said plate being rigid, said plate comprising aluminum; a plurality of biasers, each said biaser being coupled to said panel proximate to an associated said opening, each said biaser being coupled to said top face of said plate, said plurality of biaser comprising four biasers, each of two of said biasers being positioned respectively proximate to said first side and said second side of said panel and another two of said biasers being evenly spaced between said first side and two of said biasers positioned respectively proximate to said first side and said second side; a channel, said channel extending upwardly from said groove between said interior face and said exterior face of said panel; each said biaser comprising: a rack gear, said rack gear being coupled to said top face of said plate, said rack gear extending upwardly from said plate into said channel, said rack gear being positioned substantially equally distant from said interior face and said exterior face of said panel, a pinion gear, said pinion gear being rotationally coupled to said panel within said channel and proximate to an associated said opening, said pinion gear being operationally coupled to said rack gear, a screw slot, said screw slot being positioned in said pinion gear, such that said screw slot is accessible through said associated said opening, said screw slot comprising a linear screw slot wherein said screw slot is configured for engagement by a flat blade screwdriver, and wherein said pinion gear is configured to be turned by a screw driver inserted through said associated said opening, such that said pinion gear is positioned to motivate said rack gear upwardly upon clockwise rotation of said pinion gear and downwardly upon counter-clockwise rotation of said pinion gear, such that said plate adjustably positionable relative to said bottom of said panel; a seal, said seal being coupled to said bottom face of said plate, said seal extending from a first end of said plate to a second end of said plate, such that said seal is configured to sealably engage a threshold of a door opening, said seal being deformable, said seal comprising vinyl, said seal comprising reinforced rubber; and wherein each said biaser is accessible through an associated said opening such that said seal is adjustably positionable relative to said bottom of said panel.",
-    "A high-speed transportation system, the system including at least one transportation tube having at least one track, at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations, a propulsion system for the at least one capsule; and a levitation system for levitating the capsule in the tube. 1. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track; a plurality of capsules configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube; and at least one capsule speed controller, operable to receive respective capsule speed and/or position data of capsules in one transportation tube, to control speeds of capsules within the tube. 2. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the propulsion system comprises at least one linear motor. 3. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein each of the linear motors comprises at least one rotor arranged on each capsule, each rotor adapted to cooperate with at least one stator arranged in an interior of the tube. 4. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein each capsule comprises a compressor at a front end thereof, the compressor being positioned to ingest incoming air through the capsule to reduce an airflow that passes around the capsule. 5. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein each capsule additionally comprises: a motor for driving the compressor; a turbine adapted to be driven by a compressed air flow from the ingested incoming air; and a battery operable to store power derived from the turbine. 6. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein each capsule comprises at least one payload area for accommodating a payload. 7. The high-speed transportation system of claim 6, wherein at least one payload area is configured for accommodating humans. 8. The high-speed transportation system of claim 6, wherein at least one payload area is configured for accommodating non-human cargo. 9. The high-speed transportation system of claim 6, wherein the at least one payload area comprises at least two payload areas, at least one of the payload areas being configured for accommodating non-human cargo, and at least one payload area being configured for accommodating human passengers. 10. (canceled) 11. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of solar panels on an exterior of the at least one transportation tube. 12. The high-speed transportation system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of solar panels are configured to provide a power source for at least one of the propulsion system, the levitation system, or the capsule speed controller. 13. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube is maintained as a low-pressure environment. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein at least some of the capsules are operable to communicate with one another so as to provide respective capsule speed and/or position data to other capsules. 17. The high-speed transportation system of claim 16, wherein each capsule further comprises a capsule speed controller which is operable to receive respective capsule speed and/or position data to control speed of the capsule with which the capsule speed controller is associated. 18. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein at least one capsule is operable to communicate with the at least one tube so as to provide respective capsule speed and/or position data to other capsules. 19. (canceled) 20. The high-speed transportation system of claim 16, wherein the controller is operable to at least partially shut down the transportation system if at least one of the capsules does not properly communicate speed or position data to other capsules or with the tube. 21. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein each capsule comprises one or more onboard emergency power systems configured to provide auxiliary propulsion to the capsule. 22. (canceled) 23. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein at least one capsule is configured for transporting human passengers and at least one capsule is configured for transporting non-human cargo, and the at least one tube comprises at least one tube for transporting the at least one capsule configured for transporting human passengers, and at least one tube for transporting the at least one capsule configured for transporting non-human cargo. 24. (canceled) 25. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a plurality of tube sections, wherein the tube sections comprise uniform tube configurations along a transportation route between stations. 26. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a plurality of tube sections, wherein at least some of the tube sections comprise differing tube configurations along a transportation route between stations. 27. (canceled) 28. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein each linear motor comprises at least one rotor arranged on the capsule, the rotor adapted to cooperate with at least one moveable stator arranged on a stator track within an interior of the tube, the moveable stator being operable to move along the stator track as the capsule passes to increase an effective range of the moveable stator. 29. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising an active track alignment system comprising: at least one sensor operable to detect a misalignment of the at least one track, a processor configured to determine a track adjustment based on the detected misalignment; and a track actuator adapted to move the at least one track into proper alignment. 30.-36. (canceled) 37. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the magnetic levitation system comprises at least one passive magnet. 38. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the magnetic levitation system comprises at least one electromagnet. 39.-42. (canceled) 43. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises translucent or transparent regions and the capsule comprises translucent or transparent windows. 44. (canceled) 45. (canceled) 46. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track; at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; and a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube, wherein the at least one tube comprises one or more portions having different wall cross-sectional areas at different positions along a transportation route between stations so as to vary an airflow passage around the capsule within the tube. 47. (canceled) 48. (canceled) 49. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track; at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube; and at least one switching station arranged in a transportation path along the at least one tube, the transportation path having one upstream transportation path and one downstream transportation path, and at least one additional upstream or downstream transportation path. 50. (canceled) 51. (canceled) 52. The high-speed transportation system of claim 49, wherein the at least one switching station comprises a moveable skid having two diverging track portions thereon, the skid being moveable to align one of the diverging track portions with an upstream track portion and a downstream track portion. 53. The high-speed transportation system of claim 49, wherein the at least one switching station comprises a moveable door operable to selectively rotate to connect an upstream track portion with a selected downstream track portions. 54. The high-speed transportation system of claim 49, wherein the at least one switching station comprises actuatable side tracks which are adapted to be selectively removed from a path of an oncoming capsule, such that as the capsule approaches the switching station, only one of the actuatable side tracks engages a corresponding side air bearing of the capsule, in order to direct the capsule from an upstream track portion to one downstream track portion.",
-    "A turbine module according to an example of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a fan drive rotor having a plurality of blade rows each including a number of blades. A majority of the blade rows are capable of rotating at a rotational speed, so that when measuring the rotational speed in revolutions per minute: (number of blades\u00d7the rotational speed)/60\u2267about 5500 Hz. 1. A gas turbine engine comprising: a fan and a turbine having a fan drive rotor, there also being a second turbine rotor; a gear reduction effecting a reduction in a speed of said fan relative to an input speed from said fan drive rotor; said fan drive rotor having a number of turbine blades in a majority of a plurality of blade rows of said fan drive rotor, and said turbine blades configured to operate at least some of the time at a rotational speed, and said number of turbine blades in said majority of said blade rows and said rotational speed being such that the following formula holds true for each row of said majority of said blade rows of the fan drive turbine: (number of blades\u00d7speed)/60\u2267about 5500 Hz; and said rotational speed being in revolutions per minute. 2. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the formula results in a number greater than or equal to about 6000 Hz. 3. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 2, wherein said gas turbine engine is rated to produce 15,000 pounds of thrust or more. 4. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the formula holds true for all of said blade rows of the fan drive rotor. 5. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the formula does not hold true for all of said blade rows of the fan drive rotor. 6. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the formula results in a number less than or equal to about 7000 Hz, said rotational speed being an approach speed. 7. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the formula results in a number less than or equal to about 10000 Hz, said rotational speed being a takeoff speed. 8. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said turbine section having a higher pressure turbine rotor and a lower pressure turbine rotor, with said fan drive rotor being said lower pressure turbine rotor and said second turbine rotor is said higher pressure turbine rotor. 9. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein there is a third turbine rotor, with said fan drive turbine being a most downstream of said three turbine rotors. 10. A method of designing a gas turbine engine comprising the steps of: including a gear reduction between a fan drive turbine rotor and a fan, and selecting a number of blades in a majority of blade rows of the fan drive turbine rotor, in combination with a rotational speed of the fan drive turbine rotor, such that the following formula holds true for each row of said majority of blade rows of the fan drive turbine rotor: (number of blades\u00d7speed)/60\u2267about 5500 Hz; said rotational speed being in revolutions per minute; and including a second turbine rotor. 11. The method of designing a gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 10, wherein the formula results in a number greater than or equal to about 6000. 12. The method of designing a gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 11, wherein said gas turbine engine is rated to produce 15,000 pounds of thrust or more. 13. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the formula holds true for all of the blade rows of the fan drive turbine. 14. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the formula does not hold true for all of the blade rows of the fan drive turbine. 15. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the formula results in a number less than or equal to about 7000 Hz, and said rotational speed is an approach speed. 16. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the formula results in a number less than or equal to about 10000 Hz, and said rotational speed is a takeoff speed. 17. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein a turbine section including a higher pressure turbine rotor and a lower pressure turbine rotor, and said fan drive turbine rotor being said lower pressure turbine rotor. 18. A turbine module comprising: a fan drive rotor having a plurality of blade rows each including a number of blades, a majority of the blade rows being capable of rotating at a rotational speed, so that when measuring said rotational speed in revolutions per minute: (number of blades\u00d7said rotational speed)/60\u2267about 5500 Hz. 19. The turbine module as set forth in claim 18, wherein the formula results in a number greater than or equal to about 6000. 20. The turbine module as set forth in claim 18, wherein the formula does not hold true for all of the blade rows of the fan drive rotor. 21. The turbine module as set forth in claim 18, wherein the formula holds true for all of the blade rows of the fan drive rotor. 22. The turbine module as set forth in claim 21, wherein a pressure ratio across said fan drive rotor is greater than about 5:1. 23. The turbine module as set forth in claim 21, wherein the formula results in a number less than or equal to about 7000 Hz, and the rotational speed is an approach speed. 24. The turbine module as set forth in claim 21, wherein the formula results in a number less than or equal to about 10000 Hz, and the rotational speed is a takeoff speed. 25. The turbine module as set forth in claim 18, wherein there being a higher pressure turbine rotor and a lower pressure turbine rotor, and said fan drive rotor being said lower pressure turbine rotor.",
-    "Disclosed are systems and methods for developing diagnostic tests (e.g., detection, screening, monitoring, and prognostic tests) based on biomarker information from legacy clinical sample sets, for which only small sample volumes (e.g., about 0.05 to about 1.0 mL or less per sample) are typically available. For example, biomarkers (e.g., about 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, or more) may be detected in the clinical samples through the use of single molecule detection and each biomarker may be detected in an assay that includes about 1 \u03bcL. or less of a legacy clinical sample. 1. A single detection means of evaluating the health state of a human subject, comprising obtaining a measurement of a least one clinical biomarker from at least one live clinical sample isolated from said human subject, and inputting said measurement(s) into a model that calculates an output value correlated to said health state, the improvement comprising using as said model an algorithm that was developed by measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprising said clinical biomarker(s) from at least one legacy clinical sample set annotated for said health state, said measurement comprising use of legacy clinical samples having a sample volume of 1 ml or less, and analyzing said measurement of multiple biomarkers for an association with said health state. 2. The means of claim 1, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises measuring at least two biomarkers from said sample volume. 3. The means of claim 2, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises measuring at least 10 biomarkers from a sample volume less than about 0.5 milliliters. 4. The means of claim 2, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises measuring at least 20 biomarkers from said sample volume. 5. The means of claim 2, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises measuring at least 100 biomarkers from said sample volume. 6. The means of claim 2, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises measuring at least 200 biomarkers from said sample volume. 7. The means of claim 2, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises measuring at least 300 biomarkers from said sample volume. 8. The means of claim 1, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers comprises, for each biomarker, measuring said biomarker in an assay of said legacy clinical sample, wherein said assay used about 1 microliter (4) or less of said sample volume for each biomarker. 9. The means of claim 8, wherein at least 10 development biomarkers are measured per legacy clinical sample. 10. The means of claim 8, wherein said measurement of multiple development biomarkers uses single molecule detection to measure said multiple development biomarkers in said legacy clinical sample. 11. The means of claim 10, wherein said measurement of biomarkers in the legacy clinical sample by single molecule detection consists of dynamic quantitation. 12. The means of claim 1, wherein said health state is the presence or absence of a disease. 13. The means of claim 1, wherein said health state is the pre-disease or pre-disease condition. 14. The means of claim 1, wherein said health state is the risk of developing a disease. 15. The mans of claim 12, wherein said absence of a disease is further defined to be a normal state or pre-disease state. 16. The means of claim 1, wherein said biomarkers comprise traditional laboratory risk factors. 17. The means of claim 1, wherein said live clinical sample isolated from said human subject is whole blood, serum, plasma, blood cells, endothelial, cells, tissue biopsies, lymphatic fluid, ascites fluid, interstitial fluid, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, sputum, sweat, or urine. 18. The means of claim 17, wherein said live clinical sample is plasma or serum. 19. The means of claim 17, wherein said sample is from a human subject undergoing one or more treatment regimens. 20. The means of claim 19, wherein said treatment regimens are selected from a group consisting of therapeutics, prophylactics, exercise regimens, dietary supplementation, weight loss, surgical intervention, device implantation and exercise regimens.",
-    "A Shipboard Auditory Sensor (SAS) for detection and classification of acoustic signaling at sea is capable of detecting whistles blasts from other vessels in accordance with Rules 34 and 35 of COLREGS to support autonomous operations in a maritime environment. 1. A shipboard auditory sensor system for processing audio signals from one or more surface maritime vessels in a vicinity of the ship to support autonomous navigation of the ship, the shipboard auditory sensor comprising: an auditory sensor assembly located topside on the ship such that the auditory sensor assembly has a clear line of sight to surface maritime vessels on any bearing, the auditory sensor assembly including: multiple microphone assemblies; a power filter; and a data acquisition board, wherein the auditory sensor assembly receives audio signals from one or more surface maritime vessels in a vicinity of the ship, the received audio signals being in a first auditory range specified by one or more regulations and being indicative of a status of the one or more surface maritime vessels, further wherein the auditory sensor assembly formats the audio signals into audio data packets to support autonomous navigation of the ship. 2. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple microphone assemblies comprises: a microphone operating within the first specified auditory range and a preamplifier circuit. 3. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 1, wherein the data acquisition board comprises: at least one channel module for each of the multiple microphone assemblies, a programmable gate array, an analog-to-digital converter and an Ethernet interface. 4. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 1, further comprising: a processing server on the ship for receiving the audio data packets from the auditory sensor assembly, the processing server being programmed to run the received audio data packets through multiple algorithms to support autonomous navigation of the ship. 5. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 4, wherein the multiple algorithms include: a sound detection algorithm and a marine vessel status algorithm. 6. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 5, wherein the marine vessel status algorithm includes COLREGS audio classifications in accordance with COLREGS rules 34 and 35. 7. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 6, wherein the multiple algorithms further include: an operating environment algorithm for determining if the ship is in international waters or inland waters. 8. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 1, wherein the first specified audio range is 70 to 700 Hz. 9. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 1, wherein the auditory sensor assembly further includes a gunshot detection microphone operating in a second specified auditory range. 10. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 9, wherein the data acquisition board further comprises: at least one channel module for each of the multiple microphone assemblies, at least one channel module for the gunshot detection microphone, a programmable gate array, and analog-to-digital converter and an Ethernet interface. 11. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 10, wherein the second specific auditory range is greater than 0 and up to 9 KHz. 12. A shipboard auditory sensor system for processing audio signals from one or more surface maritime vessels in a vicinity of the ship to support autonomous navigation of the ship, the shipboard auditory sensor comprising: an auditory sensor assembly including a microphone sensor array for sensing audio signals from one or more surface maritime vessels in a vicinity of the ship, the received audio signals being in one of a first specified auditory range and being indicative of a status of the one or more surface maritime vessels, wherein the auditory sensor assembly formats the audio signals into audio data packets to support autonomous navigation of the ship; and a processing server on the ship for receiving the audio data packets from the auditory sensor assembly, the processing server being programmed to run the received audio data packets through multiple algorithms to support autonomous navigation of the ship. 13. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 12, wherein the auditory sensor assembly further includes a gunshot audio sensor for detecting gun shots in the vicinity of the ship, the detected gun shots being in a second specific auditory range and the auditory sensor assembly formats the gun shot audio into audio data packets to support autonomous navigation of the ship. 14. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 12, wherein the multiple algorithms include: a sound detection algorithm and a marine vessel status algorithm. 15. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 14, wherein the marine vessel status algorithm includes COLREGS audio classifications in accordance with COLREGS rules 34 and 35. 16. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 15, wherein the multiple algorithms further include: an operating environment algorithm for determining if the ship is in international waters or inland waters. 17. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 12, wherein the first specified audio range is 70 to 700 Hz. 18. The shipboard auditory sensor system of claim 13, wherein the second specific auditory range is greater than 0 and up to 9 KHz.",
-    "A computer security architecture applies selected rules from among a set of rules defining one or more security policies to a given set of security context parameters to produce security verdicts, each representing whether a certain action requested by a subject entity is permissible. Each security policy is associated with a corresponding communication interface. A plurality of gateway engines are each associated with at least one of the subject entities and dedicated to interfacing with the security server. Each of the gateway engines carries out monitoring of requested actions by the associated subject entity and, for each requested action, identifies a security context. A security policy is determined for the requested action based on a corresponding security context, and a security verdict is obtained via a communication interface corresponding to the applicable security policy. 1. A system for providing a computer security architecture, the system comprising: computing hardware, including at least one processor, a data store, and input/output facilities interfaced with the at least one processor, the data store containing an operating system and a plurality of subject entities executable by the at least one processor; the data store further containing a security subsystem executable by the at least one processor, that, when executed, causes the computing hardware to implement: a security server engine configured to apply selected rules, from among a set of rules defining one or more security policies, to a given set of security context parameters, to produce a security verdict representing whether a certain action requested by a subject entity is permissible, wherein each of the one or more security policies is associated with a corresponding communication interface; and a plurality of gateway engines, each gateway engine being associated with at least one of the subject entities and dedicated to interfacing with the security server, each of the gateway engines being configured to: monitor requested actions by the associated at least subject entity and, for each requested action detected, identify a security context, determine an applicable security policy for the requested action based on a corresponding identified security context, and request a security verdict corresponding to the applicable security policy from the security server engine via a communication interface, wherein the request for the security verdict includes at least one security context parameter transmitted to the security server engine, the at least one security context parameter related to the requested actions, the security context, or the applicable security policy for the requested action, and wherein the gateway engine is unable to produce a security verdict; and a security enforcement engine configured to either permit or deny each of the requested actions according to the security verdict. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of subject entities is associated with exactly one gateway engine. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein security context for each requested action includes at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: a time of occurrence of the requested action, an identifier of a user initiating the requested action, a command called by the requested action, or any combination thereof. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein each communication interface of the security server engine is an application programming interface accessible only to the plurality of gateway engines. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each requested action includes an application programming interface call. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein each requested action includes an interprocess communication. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of subject entities includes at least one process as a subject entity. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of subject entities includes at least one application program as a subject entity. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of subject entities includes at least one computing device as a subject entity. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the security server engine is implemented by execution of a microkernel. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the gateway engines includes an evaluation engine that is independent of any of the security policies. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the gateway engines includes a configuration that is specific to the corresponding subject entity and defines a plurality of action requests that the corresponding subject entity is able to take, along with corresponding policies implicated by those action requests. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the gateway engines includes a security verdict cache configured to store previously-rendered security verdicts corresponding to that gateway engine. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more security policies includes parameters for a mandate access security model. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more security policies includes parameters for a Bell-LaPadula security model. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the gateway engines is autonomously generated by the security subsystem. 17. A method for executing a computer security architecture on a computer system that includes at least one processor, a data store, and input/output facilities interfaced with the at least one processor, the data store containing an operating system and a plurality of subject entities executable by the at least one processor, the method being automatically executed by the computer system, and comprising: executing a security server, including: applying selected rules from among a set of rules defining one or more security policies to a given set of security context parameters, to produce security verdicts, each security verdict representing whether a certain action requested by a subject entity is permissible, wherein each of the one or more security policies is associated with a corresponding communication interface; and executing a plurality of gateway engines, each gateway engine being associated with at least one of the subject entities and dedicated to interfacing with the security server, and each of the gateway engines carrying out: monitoring of requested actions by the associated at least subject entity and, for each requested action detected, identifying a security context; determining an applicable security policy for the requested action based on a corresponding identified security context, and obtaining a security verdict from among the produced security verdicts corresponding to the applicable security policy via a communication interface, wherein the request for the security verdict includes at least one security context parameter transmitted to the security server engine, the at least one security context parameter related to the requested actions, the security context, or the applicable security policy for the requested action, and wherein the gateway engine is unable to produce a security verdict; and executing a security enforcement decision to either permit or deny each of the requested actions according to the security verdict. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of subject entities is associated with exactly one gateway engine. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the security context for each requested action includes at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: a time of occurrence of the requested action, an identifier of a user initiating the requested action, a command called by the requested action, or any combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein executing each of the gateway engines includes executing an evaluation engine that is independent of any of the security policies. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein executing each of the gateway engines includes providing a configuration that is specific to the corresponding subject entity and defines a plurality of action requests that the corresponding subject entity is able to take, along with corresponding policies implicated by those action requests. 22. (canceled) 23. A system for executing a computer security architecture on a computer system that includes at least one processor, a data store, and input/output facilities interfaced with the at least one processor, the data store containing an operating system and a plurality of subject entities executable by the at least one processor, the system comprising: means for applying selected rules from among a set of rules defining one or more security policies to a given set of security context parameters, to produce security verdicts, each security verdict representing whether a certain action requested by a subject entity is permissible, wherein each of the one or more security policies is associated with a corresponding communication interface; and means for monitoring requested actions by at least subject entity and, for each requested action detected, identifying a security context; means for determining an applicable security policy for the requested action based on a corresponding identified security context, and obtaining a security verdict from among the produced security verdicts corresponding to the applicable security policy via a communication interface, wherein the certain action request includes at least one security context parameter transmitted to the means for applying selected rules, the at least one security context parameter related to the requested action, the security context, or the applicable security policy for the requested action, and wherein the the means for monitoring requested actions is unable to produce a security verdict; and means for either permitting or denying each of the requested actions according to the security verdict.",
-    "Various interposers and methods of manufacturing related thereto are disclosed. In one aspect, an apparatus is provided that includes an interposer that has a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The first side has a first reticle field and a second reticle field larger than the first reticle field. Plural conductor pads are positioned on the first side in the first reticle field. Plural dummy conductor pads are positioned on the first side in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 1. An apparatus, comprising: an interposer having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first side having a first reticle field and a second reticle field larger than the first reticle field; plural conductor pads on the first side in the first reticle field; and plural dummy conductor pads on the first side in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a passivation structure on the first side, the dummy conductor pads being positioned on the passivation structure. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plural conductor pads project through the passivation structure. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising a first semiconductor chip positioned on the first side and connected to at least one of the dummy conductor pads. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first semiconductor chip is connected to at least one of the plural conductor pads. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second side includes the second reticle field and plural conductor pads positioned in the second reticle field outside the first reticle field. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the second side includes at least one metal trace having at least a portion positioned in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising an electronic device, the interposer being mounted in the electronic device. 9. A semiconductor wafer, comprising: plural interposers; and each of the interposers having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first side having a first reticle field and a second reticle field larger than the first reticle field, plural conductor pads on the first side in the first reticle field and plural dummy conductor pads on the first side in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 10. The semiconductor wafer of claim 9, wherein each first side includes a passivation structure, the dummy conductor pads being positioned on the passivation structure. 11. The semiconductor wafer of claim 10, wherein the plural conductor pads project through the passivation structure. 12. The semiconductor wafer of claim 9, comprising a first semiconductor chip positioned on each of the first sides and connected to at least one of the dummy conductor pads. 13. The semiconductor wafer of claim 12, wherein each of the first semiconductor chips is connected to at least one of the plural conductor pads. 14. The semiconductor wafer of claim 9, wherein each of the second sides includes the second reticle field and plural conductor pads positioned in the second reticle field outside the first reticle field. 15. The semiconductor wafer of claim 14, wherein each of the second side includes at least one metal trace having at least a portion positioned in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 16. A method of manufacturing, comprising: fabricating plural conductor pads on a first side of an interposer, the interposer having a second side opposite the first side, the first side having a first reticle field and a second reticle field larger than the first reticle field, the plural conductor pads being positioned in the first reticle field; and fabricating plural dummy conductor pads on the first side in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the interposer includes a passivation structure on the first side, the dummy conductor pads being positioned on the passivation structure. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the plural conductor pads project through the passivation structure. 19. The method of claim 16, comprising mounting a first semiconductor chip on the first side and connecting the first semiconductor chip to at least one of the dummy conductor pads. 20. The method of claim 19, comprising connecting the first semiconductor chip to at least one of the plural conductor pads. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the second side includes the second reticle field, the method including fabricating plural conductor pads on the second side in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field. 22. The method of claim 21, comprising fabricating at least one metal trace on the second side that has at least a portion positioned in the second reticle field and outside the first reticle field.",
-    "When monitoring a logistics line and outputting a video image on a display, a privacy-protected video image processor uses an image of a first specific region corresponding to an area of the logistics line as it is among an original image captured by a capture, and performs mask processing on a person detected in an image of a region other than the first specific region. 1. An article delivery system comprising a camera and at least one display, wherein the camera includes a capture that captures an image of an area, and an image processor that detects a person included in the image of the area captured by the capture, and wherein, in a case where the area is a first area relating to article delivery, the image processor extracts an image of a first specific region corresponding to a first range set in the first area from the image of the first area captured by the capture, performs processing treatment on the person detected by the image processor in the image of the region other than the first specific region of the images of the first area, and outputs a composite image to the display, in which the image of a region other than the first specific region in which the processing treatment is performed on the person and the extracted image of the first specific region are composed. 2. The article delivery system of claim 1, wherein, in a case where the area is different from the first area and is a second area relating to the article delivery, the image processor extracts and performs processing treatment on an image of a second specific region corresponding to a second range set in the second area from the image of the second area captured by the capture, and outputs a composite image to the display, in which the image of the second specific region in which the processing treatment is performed and the image of the region other than the second specific region are composed. 3. The article delivery system of claim 2, wherein, in a case where the area includes the first area and the second area, the image processor performs the processing treatment on the person detected by the image processor in the image of the region except the first specific region and the second specific region, and outputs a composite image to the display, in which the image of the region except the first specific region and the second specific region in which the processing treatment is performed on the person, the image of the second specific region in which the processing treatment is performed and the image of the first specific region captured by the capture are composed. 4. The article delivery system of claim 1 further comprising: a storage device that stores an image output from the camera. 5. An article display method in an article delivery system including a camera and at least one display, wherein the camera includes a capture that captures an image of an area, and an image processor that detects a person included in the image of the area captured by the capture, and wherein, in a case where the area is a first area relating to article delivery, the image processor extracts an image of a first specific region corresponding to a first range set in the first area from the image of the first area captured by the capture, performs processing treatment on the person detected by the image processor in the image of the region other than the first specific region of the image of the first area, and outputs a composite image to the display, in which the image of a region other than the first specific region in which the processing treatment is performed on the person and the extracted image of the first specific region are composed. 6. A camera device used in an article delivery system including a display, wherein the camera includes a capture that captures an image of an area, and an image processor that detects a person included in the image of the area captured by the capture, and wherein, in a case where the area is a first area relating to an article delivery, the image processor extracts an image of a first specific region corresponding to a first range set in the first area from the image of the first area captured by the capture, performs processing treatment on the person detected by the image processor in the image of the region other than the first specific region of the image of the first area, and outputs a composite image to the display, in which the image of a region other than the first specific region in which the processing treatment is performed on the person and the extracted image of the first specific region are composed.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a magnetic memory device includes a first memory unit including a first memory array and a first drive unit, a second memory unit including a second memory array and a second drive unit, and a controller. The first memory array includes a first magnetic shift register unit. The second memory array includes a second magnetic shift register unit. The controller subdivides input data into a plurality of one-dimensional bit input arrays. The one-dimensional bit input arrays include a first array and a second array. The controller stores the first array in the first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, and stores the second array in the second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis. 1. A magnetic memory device, comprising: a first memory unit including a first memory array and a first drive unit; a second memory unit including a second memory array and a second drive unit; and a controller, the first memory array including a first magnetic shift register unit, the second memory array including a second magnetic shift register unit, the controller subdividing input data into a plurality of one-dimensional bit input arrays, the one-dimensional bit input arrays including a first array and a second array, the controller storing the first array in the first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, and storing the second array in the second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein each of the one-dimensional bit input arrays has a same size. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the controller outputs data including a portion obtained by arranging the first array stored in the first magnetic shift register unit and the second array stored in the second magnetic shift register unit. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the one-dimensional bit input arrays further includes a third array and a fourth array, the controller stores the first array in one portion of the first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, the controller stores the second array in one portion of the second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, the controller stores the third array in one other portion of the first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, and the controller stores the fourth array in one other portion of the second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis. 5. The device according to claim 4, wherein the controller outputs data including a portion obtained by arranging the first array stored in the one portion of the first magnetic shift register unit, the second array stored in the one portion of the second magnetic shift register unit, the third array stored in the one other portion of the first magnetic shift register unit, and the fourth array stored in the one other portion of the second magnetic shift register unit. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first magnetic shift register unit includes: a first transistor including a first terminal, a second terminal, and a first gate; a second transistor including a third terminal, a fourth terminal, and a second gate; a magnetic wire including a plurality of magnetic domains, a first end portion of the magnetic wire being connected to the first terminal; a magnetic layer electrically connected to the third terminal; and an intermediate layer provided between the magnetic wire and the magnetic layer, and the first drive unit includes: a shift driver electrically connected to the second terminal; a shift selector electrically connected to the first gate; a read/write driver electrically connected to the fourth terminal; a read/write selector electrically connected to the second gate; and a magnetic wire driver connected to a first other end portion of the magnetic wire. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein the intermediate layer is provided between the first end portion and the magnetic layer. 8. The device according to claim 6, wherein at least one portion of the magnetic wire extends in a first direction, a magnetization of the magnetic domain included in the at least one portion of the magnetic wire is in a first magnetization direction in a first state, the first magnetization direction intersecting the first direction, and the magnetization of the magnetic domain included in the at least one portion of the magnetic wire is in a second magnetization direction in a second state, the second magnetization direction intersecting the first direction and being reverse of the first magnetization direction. 9. The device according to claim 6, wherein the at least one portion of the magnetic wire extends in a first direction having a first axis as an axis, a magnetization of the magnetic domain included in the at least one portion of the magnetic wire is in a first magnetization direction in a first state, the magnetization of the magnetic domain included in the at least one portion of the magnetic wire is in a second magnetization direction in a second state, the first magnetization direction intersects the first direction, the first magnetization direction is a direction from the first axis toward a position separated from the first axis, the second magnetization direction intersects the first direction, and the second magnetization direction is a direction toward the first axis from a position separated from the first axis. 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first memory array includes a plurality of magnetic shift register units, the first drive unit includes a first preamplifier connected to the magnetic shift register units included in the first memory array, the second memory array includes a plurality of magnetic shift register units, and the second drive unit includes a second preamplifier connected to the magnetic shift register units included in the second memory array. 11. A magnetic storage method, comprising: subdividing input data into a plurality of one-dimensional bit input arrays including a first array and a second array; and storing the first array in a first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, and storing the second array in a second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis, the first magnetic shift register unit being included in a first memory array, the second magnetic shift register unit being included in a second memory array, the first memory array being included in a first memory unit, the first memory unit including a first drive unit, the second memory array being included in a second memory unit, the second memory unit including a second drive unit. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein each of the one-dimensional bit input arrays has a same size. 13. The method according to claim 11, including outputting data including a portion obtained by arranging the first array stored in the first magnetic shift register unit and the second array stored in the second magnetic shift register unit. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the one-dimensional bit input arrays further include a third array and a fourth array, the method includes: storing the first array in one portion of the first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis; storing the second array in one portion of the second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis; storing the third array in one other portion of the first magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis; and storing the fourth array in one other portion of the second magnetic shift register unit on a last in, first out basis. 15. The method according to claim 13, including outputting data including a portion obtained by arranging the first array stored in the one portion of the first magnetic shift register unit, the second array stored in the one portion of the second magnetic shift register unit, the third array stored in the one other portion of the first magnetic shift register unit, and the fourth array stored in the one other portion of the second magnetic shift register unit.",
-    "An optical device with a light source and a detector is provided. A digital micromirror device positioned between the detector and the light source may deflect light beams projected from the light source. An aperture in front of the detector may block an incoming light beam from the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector outside of a passable incident range and including an aperture opening configured to pass the incoming light beam to the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector within a passable incident range. The digital micromirror device may rotate between a first position causing the light beam to pass through the aperture opening and a second position causing the light beam to be blocked by the aperture. The optical device may be configured to operate as a shutter, chopper, modulator and/or deflector. 1. An optical device comprising: a light source configured to project a light beam; a detector configured to detect an incident light beam projected from the light source; a digital micromirror device disposed at a position between the detector and the light source, such that it is configurable to deflect the light beam projected from the light source as it travels towards the detector; and an aperture disposed in front of the detector and configured to block an incoming light beam from reaching the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector outside of a passable incident range and including an aperture opening configured to pass the incoming light beam to the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector within a passable incident range, wherein the digital micromirror device is configured to rotate between a first position and a second position, the first position configured to cause the light beam to pass through the aperture opening to the detector, and the second position configured to cause the light beam to be blocked by the aperture. 2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the digital micromirror device includes an optical shutter to deflect the incoming light beam to the detector via the aperture at a repetition rate between 0.1 hertz and 32 kilohertz. 3. The optical device of claim 2, wherein the optical shutter is configured to reject ambient light. 4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the light source includes a laser beam directed into a flame and a lens configured to collect scattered light from the laser beam passing through the flame and to direct the scattered light to the detector. 5. The optical device of claim 4, further comprising a mirror disposed between the digital micromirror device and the detector, the mirror being configured to deflect the scattered light collected by the lens toward the detector. 6. The optical device of claim 4, wherein, when the digital micromirror device is positioned in the second position, luminosity from the flame is blocked from entering the detector. 7. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the light beam operates at a repetition rate between 0.1 Hz and 32 kilohertz. 8. The optical device of claim 1, further comprising a camera body housing each of the detector, the light source, the digital micromirror device and the aperture, and wherein the optical device is configured for imaging. 9. The optical device of claim 1, further comprising a laser beam safety system configured to selectively block the light source from the digital micromirror device. 10. An optical device system comprising: a plurality of optical devices including at least a first optical device and a second optical device, the plurality of optical devices connected in a series configuration, and each comprise: a light source configured to project a light beam; a detector configured to detect an incident light beam projected from the light source; a digital micromirror device disposed at a position between the detector and the light source, such that it is configurable to deflect the light beam projected from the light source as it travels towards the detector; and an aperture disposed in front of the detector and configured to block an incoming light beam from reaching the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector outside of a passable incident range and including an aperture opening configured to pass the incoming light beam to the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector within a passable incident range, wherein the digital micromirror device is configured rotate between a first position and a second position, the first position configured to cause the light beam to pass through the aperture opening to the detector, and the second position configured to cause the light beam to be blocked by the aperture. 11. An optical device comprising: a detection system including a light beam receiving portion configured to detect a light beam; a digital micromirror device configured to deflect a light beam toward the detection system; and an aperture disposed proximate to the light beam receiving portion, the aperture including an aperture opening configured to allow passage of the light beam deflected from the digital micromirror device to the detection system and an aperture segment configured to block passage of the light beam deflected from the digital micromirror device from the detection system, wherein the digital micromirror device is configured adjust between at least a first position and a second position, the first position configured to cause the light beam to pass through the aperture opening to the detection system, and the second position configured to cause the light beam to strike the aperture segment. 12. The optical device of claim 11, wherein the digital micromirror device is configured temporally or spatially modulate the light beam. 13. The optical device of claim 12, wherein the digital micromirror device is configured to control a temporal or spatial mode of the light beam. 14. The optical device of claim 12, wherein a temporal or spatial modulation of the digital micromirror device corresponds to encoded information. 15. The optical device of claim 14, wherein the encoded information represents at least one of an image, an audio, a video, or an archival for data transmission and/or data storage. 16. The optical device of claim 11, further comprising a sample comprising at least one composition of matter, wherein the light beam passes through the sample before being passed to the detection system. 17. The optical device of claim 16, wherein detection system include a lock-in electronics system to detect an oscillating signal passing through the sample. 18. The optical device of claim 16, wherein the light beam comprises a continuous wave beam, and wherein the digital micromirror device is configured to oscillate such that the continuous wave beam is chopped into a series of low-energy laser pulses. 19. The optical device of claim 18, further comprising at least one amplifier stage for amplifying the low-energy laser pulses. 20. The optical device of claim 18, wherein the digital micromirror device is configured to reduce amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in a laser.",
-    "A wireless device access system employs short-range wireless communication to require the proximity of a user device to a restricted area prior to communicating an unlock request. The access system authenticates the unlock request and the proximity of the user to the restricted area prior to transmitting an unlock command to an access governor. Additionally, the wireless device may require the proximity of a user token prior to operation and/or the access system may include an override within the restricted area blocking any unlock command. 1. An access system allowing a user to access a restricted area using a wireless user device, the access system comprising: a database storing access permissions identifying at least one wireless user device authorized to access said restricted area and one access node authorized to permit access to said restricted area; an access governor including a locking device securing a restricted area, said locking device having a short-range wireless receiver suitable for receiving unlock commands and responding by allowing a user access to said restricted area; an access node, separate from said locking device, positioned near said restricted area and having a short-range wireless radio for connecting to the wireless user device; a server operable to receive an unlock request associated with a wireless user device and a structure from said access node and transmit an authorized request to said access node upon authorizing said unlock request using said database, wherein said unlock request is authorized only if received from an access node authorized to permit access to said restricted area and originated from a wireless user device authorized to access said restricted area, and a pressure sensitive mat communicatively connected to the access node, wherein said pressure sensitive mat is configured to sense the presence of the user on the pressure sensitive mat and determine if the user is an authorized user based on input from the access node and server. 2. The access system according to claim 1, wherein said access node, comprises: a first short-range wireless radio using a wireless networking standard for receiving a wireless access request directly from a wireless user device; and a second short-range wireless radio using a wireless networking standard to transmit an unlock command directly to said locking device to permit access to said restricted area in response to receiving an authorized request. 3. The access system according to claim 1, wherein said wireless user device is a mobile telephone. 4. The access system according to claim 3, wherein said restricted area is an airline gate. 5. The access system according to claim 3 further comprising a secondary authenticator. 6. The access system according to claim 3, wherein said restricted area is a public transit terminal. 7. The access system according to claim 3, wherein said restricted area is a vehicle. 8. The access system according to claim 3, wherein said access governor is turnstile. 9. The access system according to claim 3, wherein said access node is configured to trigger a fee to an electronic wallet that is linked to user when said server requires a fee to enter or exit said restricted area. 10. The access system according to claim 2, wherein said first short-range wireless radio uses first wireless networking standard for receiving a wireless access request directly from a wireless user device; and said second short-range wireless radio uses a second wireless networking standard which is different than said first wireless networking standard. 11. An access system allowing a user to access a restricted area using a wireless user device, the access system comprising: a database storing access permissions identifying at least one wireless user device authorized to access said restricted area and one access node authorized to permit access to said restricted area; an access governor securing the accessibility of a restricted area; an indicator configured to provide a notification to said access governor, said indicator having a short-range wireless receiver suitable for receiving access commands and responding by notifying said access governor whether to allow a user access to said restricted area; an access node, separate from said indicator, positioned near said structure and having a short-range wireless radio for connecting to the wireless user device; a server operable to receive an unlock request associated with a wireless user device and a restricted area from said access node and transmit an authorized request to said access node upon authorizing said access request using said database, wherein said access request is authorized only if received from an access node authorized to permit access to said restricted area and originated from a wireless user device authorized to access said restricted area; and a pressure sensitive mat communicatively connected to the access node, wherein said pressure sensitive mat is configured to sense the presence of the user on the pressure sensitive mat and determine if the user is an authorized user based on input from the access node and server. 12. The access system according to claim 11, wherein said access node, comprises: a first short-range wireless radio using a wireless networking standard for receiving a wireless access request directly from a wireless user device; and a second short-range wireless radio using a wireless networking standard to transmit an unlock command directly to said locking device to permit access to said restricted area in response to receiving an authorized request. 13. The access system according to claim 11, wherein said access governor is an authorized airline personnel. 14. The access system according to claim 11, wherein said restricted area is an airline gate. 15. The access system according to claim 11 further comprising a secondary authenticator. 16. The access system according to claim 11, wherein said restricted area is a public transit terminal. 17. The access system according to claim 11, wherein said indicator has a short range wireless transmitter suitable for sending access notifications to another wireless device indicating the accessibility of user to said restricted area. 18. The access system according to claim 11, wherein said access node is configured to trigger a fee to an electronic wallet that is linked to user when said server requires a fee to enter or exit said restricted area. 19. The access system according to claim 12, wherein said first short-range wireless radio uses first wireless networking standard for receiving a wireless access request directly from a wireless user device; and said second short-range wireless radio uses a second wireless networking standard which is different than said first wireless networking standard. 20. The access system according to claim 1, wherein said access node and pressure sensitive mat are configured to track the location of the user, wherein said access node and pressure sensitive mat trigger a debit of an e-wallet associated with the user when the user reaches a pre-determined point on the pressure sensitive mat. 21. A method for providing point-of-sale order, payment and delivery between a user and a merchant in an interactive network including a server and a wireless device, an access node and a pressure sensitive mat comprising: transmitting an order from the wireless device to the server; receiving the order from the wireless device; transmitting a payment request to the wireless device; placing said order in an order queue; detecting the location of said user within proximity to a delivery point via the access node and the pressure sensitive mat; moving said order within the order queue relative to the proximity of the customer to the delivery point as detected by the access node and the pressure sensitive mat; and delivering said order to the user at the delivery point.",
-    "A display control apparatus includes a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit, a mode switching unit which selects one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes, and a control unit which performs control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion in the first operation mode, and the on state is changed to the off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance, from the eye contacting portion in the second operation mode. 1. A display control apparatus comprising: a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit; an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect a distance to an object approaching the eye contacting portion; a mode switching unit configured to select one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes; and a control unit configured to perform control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion in the first operation mode, and the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance, from the eye contacting portion in the second operation mode. 2. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to perform control such that time measurement is started in the on state of the internal display unit when the eye approaching detection unit detects that an object moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than the first distance from the eye contacting portion, and the internal display unit is turned off when a measured time exceeds a first time in the first operation mode, and time measurement is started in the on state of the internal display unit when the eye approaching detection unit detects that an object moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than the second distance from the eye contacting portion, and the internal display unit is turned off when a measured time exceeds a second time which is longer than the first time in the second operation mode. 3. The display control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to perform control such that the off state of the internal display unit is changed to the on state when the eye approaching detection unit detects the object approached the eye contacting portion within a predetermined distance irrespective of the first and second operation modes. 4. The display control apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the predetermined distance corresponds to the first distance. 5. A display control apparatus comprising: a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit; an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect approach of an object to the eye contacting portion; a mode switching unit configured to select one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes; and a control unit configured to perform control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when a first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more in the first operation mode, and the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when a second time which is longer than the first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more in the second operation mode. 6. The display control apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the control unit is configured to perform control such that the off state of the internal display unit is changed to the on state when the eye approaching detection unit detects approach of the object to the eye contacting portion irrespective of the first and second operation modes. 7. The display control apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the first operation mode is a reproducing mode for reproducing an image. 8. The display control apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second operation mode is a recording mode for recording a captured moving image. 9. A display control apparatus comprising: a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit; an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect a distance to an object approaching the eye contacting portion; a remaining amount detection unit configured to detect a battery remaining amount; and a control unit configured to perform control such that in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is smaller than a predetermined value, an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when the eye approaching detection unit detects that an object moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion, and in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when the eye approaching detection unit detects that the object moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance, from the eye contacting portion. 10. The display control apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the control unit is configured to perform control such that in the case where the battery remaining amount is smaller than the predetermined value, time measurement is started in the on state of the internal display unit when the eye approaching detection unit detects that an object moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than the first distance from the eye contacting portion, and the internal display unit is turned off when a measured time exceeds a first time, and in the case where the battery remaining amount is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, time measurement is started in the on state of the internal display unit when the eye approaching detection unit detects that an object moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than the second distance from the eye contacting portion, and the internal display unit is turned off when a measured time exceeds a second time which is longer than the first time. 11. The display control apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the control unit is configured to perform control such that the off state of the internal display unit is changed to the on state when the eye approaching detection unit detects that the object which has approached the eye contacting portion approaches the eye contacting portion within a predetermined distance irrespective of a result of a determination whether the battery remaining amount is equal to or larger than the predetermined value. 12. The display control apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the predetermined distance corresponds to the first distance. 13. A display control apparatus comprising: a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit; an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect approach of an object to the eye contacting portion; a remaining amount detection unit configured to detect a battery remaining amount; and a control unit configured to perform control such that in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is smaller than a predetermined value, an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when a first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more, and in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when a second time which is longer than the first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more. 14. The display control apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the control unit performs control such that the off state of the internal display unit is changed to the on state when the eye approaching detection unit detects approach of the object to the eye contacting portion irrespective of a result of a determination as to whether the battery remaining amount is equal to or larger than the predetermined value. 15. The display control apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: an imaging unit, wherein the internal display unit is capable of displaying an image captured by the imaging unit. 16. A method for controlling a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect a distance to an object approaching the eye contacting portion, and a mode switching unit configured to select one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes, the method comprising: performing control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion in the first operation mode; and performing control such that the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of the object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance, from the eye contacting portion in the second operation mode. 17. A method for controlling a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect approach of an object to the eye contacting portion, and a mode switching unit configured to select one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes, the method comprising: performing control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when a first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more in the first operation mode; and performing control such that the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when a second time which is longer than the first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more in the second operation mode. 18. A method for controlling a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect a distance to an object approaching the eye contacting portion, and a remaining amount detection unit configured to detect a battery remaining amount, the method comprising: performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is smaller than a predetermined value, an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion; and performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance from the eye contacting portion. 19. A method for controlling a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect approach of an object to the eye contacting portion, and a remaining amount detection unit configured to detect a battery remaining amount, the method comprising: performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is smaller than a predetermined value, an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when a first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more; and performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when a second time which is longer than the first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more. 20. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing a program that causes a computer of a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect a distance to an object approaching the eye contacting portion, and a mode switching unit configured to select one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes to execute: performing control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion in the first operation mode; and performing control such that the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance, from the eye contacting portion in the second operation mode. 21. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing a program that causes a computer of a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect approach of an object to the eye contacting portion, and a mode switching unit configured to select one of a plurality of operation modes including first and second operation modes to execute: performing control such that an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when a first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more in the first operation mode; and performing control such that the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when a second time which is longer than the first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more in the second operation mode. 22. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing a program that causes a computer of a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect a distance to an object approaching the eye contacting portion, and a remaining amount detection unit configured to detect a battery remaining amount to execute: performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is smaller than a predetermined value, an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a first distance from the eye contacting portion; and performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state based on detection, by the eye approaching detection unit, of an object which moves away from the eye contacting portion to a position at or further than a second distance, which is larger than the first distance, from the eye contacting portion. 23. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium storing a program that causes a computer of a display control apparatus including a viewfinder including an eye contacting portion and an internal display unit, an eye approaching detection unit configured to detect approach of an object to the eye contacting portion, and a remaining amount detection unit configured to detect a battery remaining amount to execute: performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is smaller than a predetermined value, an on state of the internal display unit is changed to an off state when a first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more; and performing control such that, in a case where the battery remaining amount detected by the remaining amount detection unit is equal to or larger than the predetermined value, the on state of the internal display unit is changed to the off state when a second time which is longer than the first time has elapsed after the eye approaching detection unit does not detect the object in the vicinity of the eye contacting portion any more.",
-    "An axial compressor includes a housing and a plurality of stages arranged within the housing and along an airflow direction, each stage of the plurality of stages including a first blade assembly and a second blade assembly, wherein the first blade assembly is a rotor, each rotor being drivable independently from the rotors in the other first blade assemblies. 1. An axial compressor comprising: a housing; a plurality of stages arranged within the housing and along an airflow direction, each stage of the plurality of stages comprising a first blade assembly and a second blade assembly, wherein the first blade assembly is a rotor, each rotor in each first blade assembly being drivable independently from the rotors in the other first blade assemblies. 2. The axial compressor according to claim 1, further comprising an electric motor attached to each rotor. 3. The axial compressor according to claim 2, further comprising a central shaft about which the rotors rotate, wherein each electric motor is mounted to the central shaft. 4. The axial compressor according to claim 2, wherein each electric motor is mounted to an inside of the housing. 5. The axial compressor according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor configured to detect an airflow condition, wherein each rotor is independently drivable in accordance with the detected airflow condition. 6. The axial compressor according to claim 1, wherein the second blade assembly is a counter-rotating rotor configured to rotate in an opposite rotational direction of the rotors, each counter-rotating rotor being drivable independently from the other counter-rotating rotor and rotors. 7. The axial compressor according to claim 6, further comprising an electric motor attached to each rotor and counter-rotating rotor. 8. The axial compressor according to claim 7, further comprising a central shaft about which the rotors and counter-rotating rotors rotate, wherein each electric motor is mounted to the central shaft. 9. The axial compressor according to claim 7, wherein each electric motor is mounted to an inside of the housing. 10. The axial compressor according to claim 7, further comprising a sensor configured to detect an airflow condition, wherein each rotor and counter-rotating rotor is independently drivable in accordance with the detected airflow condition. 11. The axial compressor according to claim 1, further comprising a vehicle, the front end to which the compressor is mounted. 12. The axial compressor according to claim 11, further comprising a tube through which the vehicle is configured to travel. 13. An axial compressor comprising: a housing; a plurality of stages arranged within the housing and along an airflow direction, each stage of the plurality of stages comprising a rotor and a counter-rotating rotor, each counter-rotating rotor being driveable independently from the counter-rotating rotors in the other stages. 14. The axial compressor according to claim 13, further comprising a vehicle, the front end to which the compressor is mounted. 15. The axial compressor according to claim 14, further comprising a tube through which the vehicle is configured to travel. 16. A method for operating an axial compressor having a plurality of stages arranged within a compressor housing and along an airflow direction, each stage of the plurality of stages having a first blade assembly and a second blade assembly, the method comprising: detecting, via a sensor, an airflow condition of the axial compressor; and driving, via an electric motor, at least one of the first blade assemblies and second blade assemblies independently, in accordance with the detected airflow condition. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the compressor is mounted to a front end of a vehicle. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising operating the vehicle to travel within a tube. 19. An axial compressor system comprising: a central axial compressor; and a first plurality of axial compressors arranged about a longitudinal axis of the central axial compressor. 20. The axial compressor according to claim 19, wherein the first plurality of axial compressors are arranged downstream of the central axial compressor. 21. The axial compressor according to claim 19, further comprising a second plurality of axial compressors arranged about the first plurality of axial compressors. 22. The axial compressor according to claim 19, wherein the second plurality of axial compressors are arranged downstream of the first plurality of axial compressors. 23. The axial compressor according to claim 19, wherein the second plurality of axial compressors are staggered in the circumferential direction with respect to the first plurality of axial compressors. 24. The axial compressor according to claim 17, wherein each axial compressor of the first plurality of axial compressors and central axial compressor are drivable independently from the other axial compressors. 25. The axial compressor according to claim 19, further comprising a vehicle, the front end to which the compressor is mounted. 26. The axial compressor according to claim 25, further comprising a tube through which the vehicle is configured to travel. 27-28. (canceled)",
-    "A balanced valve trim, a regulator valve with a balanced valve trim, and methods for modifying a regulator valve with a balanced valve trim assembly to accommodate different volume flow rates through the regulator valve are disclosed. 1. A regulator valve, comprising: a valve body defining a fluid flow passage having a valve throat disposed between an inlet and an outlet; an actuator operatively coupled to the valve body; and a balanced valve trim comprising: a seat ring coupled to the valve body, the seat ring defining a flow through orifice having a first cross-sectional area; and a flow control member, the flow control member including a sleeve operatively connected to the actuator so as to move a valve disk assembly toward and away from the seat ring so as to control flow of fluid through the fluid flow passage, the sleeve having an interior space disposed between a first end of the sleeve and a second end of the sleeve, the valve disk assembly disposed at the second end of the sleeve, an inner annular shoulder disposed toward the first end of the sleeve and spaced apart from the valve disk assembly to at least partially define the interior space, and a through bore extending through the inner annular shoulder, wherein the valve disk assembly includes a passageway to provide fluid communication between the fluid flow passage and the interior space; and a plunger slidingly disposed within the through bore and fixed relative to the valve body. 2. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein a second cross-sectional area of the through bore matches with the first cross-sectional area of the flow through orifice of the seat ring. 3. The regulator valve of claim 2, wherein the second cross-sectional area is the same as the first cross-sectional area. 4. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein the inner annular shoulder defines a first effective pressure area, and the valve disk assembly defines a second effective pressure area opposing the first effective pressure area. 5. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein pressure from fluid inside the interior space forms a first effective force at the first end of the sleeve and a second effective force at the second end of the sleeve, wherein the first effective force counteracts the second effective force. 6. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein the inner annular shoulder has at least one of a rectangular, rounded, or tapered shape projecting inwardly from an inner wall of the sleeve. 7. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein the plunger is coupled to a housing of the actuator. 8. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein the plunger forms a seal with an inner surface of the through bore. 9. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a diaphragm assembly that is responsive to pressure changes, and the flow control member is coupled to the diaphragm assembly. 10. The regulator valve of claim 1, wherein the sleeve has a substantially cylindrical shape extending between the first end and the second end. 11. A balanced valve trim for a regulator valve, comprising: a seat defining a flow through orifice for fluid flowing through a valve body; and a flow control member for controlling flow of the fluid through the flow through orifice, the flow control member including: a sleeve to be operatively connected to an actuator so as to move toward and away from the seat, the sleeve having an interior space extending along the sleeve between a first end and a second end; and a valve disk assembly disposed at the second end and arranged to engage the seat, wherein the valve disk assembly includes a passageway to provide fluid communication with the interior space; wherein a first effective pressure area is defined at the first end of the interior space, and a second effective pressure area is defined at the second end of the interior space, and the second effective pressure area opposes the first effective pressure area. 12. The balanced valve trim of claim 11, wherein the sleeve comprises an inner annular shoulder disposed near the first end and spaced apart from the second end to at least partially define the interior space, and a through bore extending through the inner annular shoulder, the inner annular shoulder at least partly defining the first effective pressure area; and a plunger to be slidingly disposed within the through bore and to be fixed relative to the valve body. 13. The balanced valve trim of claim 12, wherein the plunger forms a fluid tight seal with an inner surface of the through bore. 14. The regulator valve of claim 12, wherein the inner annular shoulder has at least one of a rectangular, rounded, or tapered shape projecting inwardly from an inner wall of the sleeve. 15. The balanced valve trim of claim 10, wherein pressure from fluid inside the interior space forms a first effective force against the first effective pressure area and a second effective force against the second effective pressure area, wherein the first effective force counteracts the second effective force. 16. A method of modifying a pressure regulator valve having an existing balanced valve trim with a sliding valve stem in the form of a sleeve, the method comprising: removing the existing valve trim; and replacing the removed existing valve trim with the balanced valve trim of claim 11.",
-    "A subject image is acquired. Model information, in which a model image captured by irradiating each of a plurality of models different from the subject with radiation is associated with a body thickness distribution of the model in the model image is acquired for each of the plurality of models. Characteristic information indicating characteristics of the subject image is acquired. Characteristic information indicating the characteristics of each of the plurality of model images is acquired, on the basis of the plurality of model information items. The model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image is specified. The body thickness distribution associated with the specified model image is determined as the body thickness distribution of the subject image. 1. A radiographic image analysis device that analyzes a subject image captured by irradiating a subject with radiation to estimate a body thickness distribution of the subject, the device comprising: an image acquisition unit that acquires the subject image; a model information acquisition unit that acquires model information, in which a model image captured by irradiating each of a plurality of models different from the subject with radiation is associated with a body thickness distribution of the model in the model image, for each of the plurality of models; and a body thickness distribution determination unit that acquires characteristic information indicating characteristics of the subject image, acquires characteristic information indicating the characteristics of each of the plurality of model images, on the basis of the plurality of model information items, specifies the model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image, and determines the body thickness distribution associated with the specified model image as the body thickness distribution of the subject image. 2. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the characteristic information is imaging target information indicating physical characteristics of an imaging target. 3. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, further comprising: a position alignment unit that aligns the subject image and the model image such that the corresponding positions of the subject image and the model image are aligned with each other, wherein the body thickness distribution determination unit acquires the characteristic information from the subject image and the model image which are aligned with each other and specifies the model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image. 4. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the image acquisition unit further acquires grid information including information indicating whether a scattered X-ray removal grid is used to capture the subject image and the type of scattered X-ray removal grid when the scattered X-ray removal grid is used to capture the subject image, the model information acquisition unit further acquires the grid information of the model image, and the body thickness distribution determination unit acquires the characteristic information from the subject image and the model image included in the model information having grid information identical to the grid information of the subject image and specifies the model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image. 5. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the subject image is captured without using the scattered X-ray removal grid. 6. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 5, wherein the model image is captured without using the scattered X-ray removal grid. 7. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the body thickness distribution of the model image is created by acquiring a three-dimensional image of the model obtained by three-dimensional imaging and measuring a body thickness on a straight line corresponding to a radiation path of the model image at each position of the acquired three-dimensional image. 8. The radiographic image analysis device according to claim 1, wherein the image acquisition unit further acquires part information indicating an imaging target part of the subject image, the model information acquisition unit further acquires the part information of the model image, and the body thickness distribution determination unit acquires the characteristic information from the subject image and the model image included in the model information having part information identical to the part information of the subject image and specifies the model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image. 9. A radiographic image analysis method that is performed in a radiographic image analysis device and analyzes a subject image captured by irradiating a subject with radiation to estimate a body thickness distribution of the subject, comprising: an image acquisition step of acquiring the subject image; a model information acquisition step of acquiring model information, in which a model image captured by irradiating each of a plurality of models different from the subject with radiation is associated with a body thickness distribution of the model in the model image, for each of the plurality of models; and a body thickness distribution determination step of acquiring characteristic information indicating characteristics of the subject image, acquiring characteristic information indicating the characteristics of each of the plurality of model images, on the basis of the plurality of model information items, specifying the model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image, and determining the body thickness distribution associated with the specified model image as the body thickness distribution of the subject image. 10. A non-transitory computer readable recording medium having recorded therein a radiographic image analysis program that analyzes a subject image captured by irradiating a subject with radiation to estimate a body thickness distribution of the subject and causes a computer to perform: an image acquisition step of acquiring the subject image; a model information acquisition step of acquiring model information, in which a model image captured by irradiating each of a plurality of models different from the subject with radiation is associated with a body thickness distribution of the model in the model image, for each of the plurality of models; and a body thickness distribution determination step of acquiring characteristic information indicating characteristics of the subject image, acquiring characteristic information indicating the characteristics of each of the plurality of model images, on the basis of the plurality of model information items, specifying the model image having characteristic information similar to the characteristic information of the subject image, and determining the body thickness distribution associated with the specified model image as the body thickness distribution of the subject image.",
-    "The present invention describes an earwax removal device having varying structures to provide different earwax removal capabilities. In all designs, the overall contour of the earwax-extracting member resembles the dimensions of the external auditory canal and is flexible enough to conform to it during insertion. Each engages and collects wax using the pressure of insertion and rotation effects. Embodiments include a club-like member having multiple protrusions and extractions to collect wax along its sides, and an opening in the tip that leads to a channel to collect wax; a flexible spiral member to compress when the device is inserted in an ear and thereby extract wax as it expands when the device is removed; a screw-like structure to laterally move wax and grind as it rotates; a multi-channel structure to cut and collect wax simultaneously; and a shovel-like structure to effectively shear and scrape wax from an ear canal. 1. An earwax removal device comprising: a shaft having a longitudinal axis; an earwax-extracting member comprising a central rod having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to an end of the shaft, the central rod extending in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft; and a helical ridge member characterized as having a spiraling outer edge extending about the central rod; wherein the spiraling outer edge has a notch traversing a surface the spiraling outer edge, thereby separating the spiraling outer edge of the helical ridge member into a discontinuous upper helical ridge member region and a lower helical ridge member region; wherein the notch traversing the surface of the spiraling outer edge is adapted to engage and direct wax toward the second end of the rod when the earwax removal device is rotated. 2. The earwax removal device of claim 1, the helical ridge member having widths perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft, wherein widths of the helical ridge member at two different distances from the end of the shaft to which the flexible body is connected are different from each other. 3. The earwax removal device of claim 1, wherein an opening is formed in the first end of the central rod, a hole is formed in the central rod, and a tunnel is formed inside the central rod such that the opening of the central rod and the hole of the central rod are connected to the tunnel. 4. The earwax removal device of claim 1, wherein the notch is a plurality of notches traversing the surface of the spiraling outer edge of the helical ridge member. 5. The earwax removal device of claim 4, wherein the plurality notches are substantially in vertical alignment to each other along the longitudinal axis of the shaft. 6. The earwax removal device of claim 1 wherein the first end of the earwax-extracting is characterized as having a conical shape, thereby substantially conforming to a shape of an eardrum, thereby decreasing a chance of eardrum injury. 7. The earwax removal device of claim 1, wherein the earwax-extracting member is made from a flexible material whereby the earwax-extracting member is capable of compressing and expanding along the longitudinal axis of the shaft to dislodge engaged wax. 8. The earwax removal device of claim 1, wherein the shaft is characterized as having a region of diameter greater than a diameter of the earwax extracting member, thereby limiting passage of the earwax extraction member at a narrowing of an ear canal at a bony-cartilaginous junction. 9. The earwax removal device of claim 1, wherein the earwax extraction member is more flexible than the shaft, thereby allowing the earwax extraction member to twist at a different angle than the shaft. 10. The earwax removal device of claim 9, wherein the central rod of the earwax-extracting member is flexible and narrower than the shaft of the earwax removal device, thereby allowing the earwax removal device to bend at a juncture between the earwax-extracting member and the shaft, thereby allowing the earwax removal device to conform to a shape of an ear canal. 11. The earwax removal device of claim 1, wherein the notch is angularly offset from the longitudinal axis of the shaft, thereby forming an angular grinding edge of the spiraling outer edge to engage and scrape wax from an ear canal. 12. An earwax removal device comprising: a shaft having a longitudinal axis; an earwax-extracting member comprising a central rod having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to an end of the shaft, the central rod extending in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft; and a helical ridge member characterized as having a spiraling outer edge extending about the central rod; wherein the spiraling outer edge has a notch traversing a surface the spiraling outer edge, thereby separating the spiraling outer edge of the helical ridge member into a discontinuous upper helical ridge member region and a lower helical ridge member region; wherein the notch traversing the spiraling outer edge is adapted to engage and direct wax toward the second end of the rod when the earwax removal device is rotated; wherein the earwax-extracting member is made from a flexible material whereby the earwax-extracting member is capable of compressing and expanding along the longitudinal axis of the shaft to dislodge to dislodge engaged wax; wherein the shaft is characterized as having a region of diameter greater than a diameter of the earwax extracting member, thereby limiting passage of the earwax extraction member at a narrowing of an ear canal at a bony-cartilaginous junction; wherein the earwax extraction member is more flexible than the shaft, thereby allowing the earwax extraction member to twist at a different angle than the shaft; wherein the central rod of the earwax-extracting member is flexible and narrower than the shaft of the earwax removal device, thereby allowing the earwax removal device to bend at a juncture between the earwax-extracting member and the shaft, thereby allowing the earwax removal device to conform to a shape of an ear canal; and, wherein the notch is angularly offset from the longitudinal axis of the shaft, thereby forming an angular grinding edge of the spiraling outer edge to engage and scrape wax from an ear canal.",
-    "Crypto-glasses include systems that implement a method of authentication of users by blinking, the crypto-glasses including a frame configured so as to be worn by a user, a processor, a display device communicating with the processor so as to dynamically display data, and a communication unit, as executed by the processor, to execute the method of authentication by transmitting data to the display device for performing the authentication of the user to interact with the display device. The communication unit is configured to display in an optical unit of the crypto-glasses a key map which correlates data input into the display device with keys of the display device, the key map indicating data different from that of the keys of the display device 1. Crypto-glasses including systems that implement a method of authentication of users by blinking, the crypto-glasses comprising: a frame configured so as to be worn by a user; a processor; a display device communicating with the processor so as to dynamically display data; and a communication unit, as executed by the processor, to execute the method of authentication by transmitting data to the display device for performing the authentication of the user to interact with the display device, wherein the communication unit is configured to display in an optical unit of the crypto-glasses a key map which correlates data input into the display device with keys of the display device, the key map indicating data different from that of the keys of the display device. 2. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, wherein the key map is generated by the display device to be authenticated and to transmit the crypto-glasses. 3. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, further comprising a lens connected to the frame, wherein the display device comprises a projector configured so as to project an image on the lens of the crypto-glasses. 4. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, wherein a new key map is generated after a predetermined event. 5. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, wherein a new key map is generated after every key press. 6. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, further comprising a biometric information input unit configured so as to authenticate biometric information of the user. 7. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, wherein the communication unit is configured so as to pair with the display device performing the authentication until a certain predetermined event occurs. 8. The crypto-glasses according to claim 1, further comprising an auditory device configured so as to provide feedback information relating to the key map to the user. 9. A method of authentication of a user based on blinking of at least one eye of the user, the method comprising: detecting, by crypto-glasses, the blinking of the eye of the user; determining a blinking pattern; mapping the blinking pattern to characters or entries in a database; processing the blinking pattern as a credential; applying an encrypted communication channel between the crypto-glasses and a display device for performing the authentication of the user to interact with the display device; and displaying in an optical unit of the crypto-glasses a key map which correlates data input into the display device with keys of the display device, the key map indicating data different from that of the keys of the display device. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: transmitting the key map from the display device to the optical unit; selecting a key; and entering into the display device the data correlated by the key map to the selected key. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the display device further includes a display screen, and wherein the display screen displays the keys of the display device. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the keys displayed on the display device are blank. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the keys displayed on the display device are encrypted. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the keys displayed on the display device form a keyboard, and wherein the keys are scrambled from a predetermined position on the keyboard. 15. Crypto-glasses including systems that implement a method of authentication of users by blinking, the crypto-glasses comprising: a frame configured so as to be worn by a user; a processor; a camera disposed so as to record a gesture of the user; and a communication unit, as executed by the processor, to execute the method of authentication by transmitting data to a display device for performing the authentication of the user to interact with the display device, wherein the communication unit is configured to display in an optical unit of the crypto-glasses a key map which correlates data input into the display device with keys of the display device, the key map indicating data different from data of the keys of the display device. 16. The crypto-glasses according to claim 15, wherein the gesture comprises the blinking performed by the user. 17. The crypto-glasses according to claim 15, wherein the display device is configured to communicate with the processor so as to dynamically display information. 18. The crypto-glasses according to claim 15, wherein the data includes a blinking key, the blinking key correlating a blinking pattern to one of characters to be entered into the display device performing the authentication. 19. The crypto-glasses according to claim 15, further comprising an auditory device configured so as to communicate the data entered into the display device performing the authentication to the user. 20. The crypto-glasses according to claim 15, further comprising a biometric information input unit configured so as to authenticate biometric information of the user.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention are to compounds, methods, and compositions for use in the treatment of viral infections. More specifically embodiments of the invention are 2\u2032,4\u2032-substituted nucleoside compounds useful for the treatment of viral infections, such as HIV, HCV, and HBV infections. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A compound selected from 10-11. (canceled)",
-    "A method of executing a computer application in the context of a computer model comprising the steps of retrieving computer model data from a model server, retrieving application information from an application server, and executing said application information in the context of the model in an execution environment. 1. A method of executing a computer application in the context of a computer model comprising the steps of: retrieving computer model data from a model server, retrieving application information from an application server, and executing said application information in the context of the model in an execution environment. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying economic value to transactions occurring within the executed application, the method further comprising the steps of: retrieving transaction information from the model server, retrieving transaction information from the application server, retrieving execution information from the execution environment, retrieving economic information from an economy server, apportioning economic value to a transaction, and updating the execution environment with said economic value. 3. The method of claim 1 or 2 where the computer model is a model of the physical world, and the model server is a world server. 4. The method of any preceding claim where: computer model data is modified from within an application executed in the context of the model in the execution environment, and the modified data is populatable onto said model server. 5. The method of any preceding claim in which a plurality of applications are executed in respective execution environments in the context of the computer model. 6. The method of claim 5 when dependent on claim 4 wherein the modified computer model data is retrievable only in the context of the application execution in which it was modified. 7. The method of claim 5 when dependent on claim 4 wherein the modified computer model data is retrievable in the context of a plurality of applications executed in the context of the world model. 8. The method of any of claims 4 to 7 where the modified computer model data may be voted on by users of the application. 9. The method of any of claims 1 to 3 where the computer model data is lockable to prevent modification from within application execution. 10. The method of any preceding claim where the computer model data retrieved from the model server is scaled according to resources available in the execution environment. 11. The method of any preceding claim where the computer model data retrieved from the model server is selected according to a unique selection from each user execution environment. 12. The method of any preceding claim where a plurality of versions of the computer model are stored. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein respective versions correspond to respective applications. 14. A method as in claim 12 wherein respective versions correspond to versions of the model at different time instants. 15. A method as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising caching a version of the model at a cache location intermediate the model server and the execution environment. 16. A method as claimed in claim 15 further comprising flagging any modification to the version at the cache for selective upload to the execution environment. 17. A method as claimed in any preceding claim in which one or each of the model, execution and application server comprise any one or more of a hardware, software, localised or distributed server instance. 18. An apparatus providing a computer application execution environment arranged to: retrieve computer model data from a world server, retrieve application information from an application server, and execute said application information in the context of the world model in the execution environment. 19. An apparatus comprising: a computer model server storing a computer model, further being arranged to store a plurality of versions of said model. 20. A computer program comprising one or more sequences of instructions for implementing the steps of any of claims 1 to 17. 21. A computer readable medium containing the computer program of claim 20. 22. A method of enhancing a model of the physical world comprising collecting real world data from a plurality of sources, and transforming and loading said data onto a model world server to enhance the model of the physical world with said data. 23. The method of claim 22 where the collected data is real-time data. 24. The method of claim 22 or 23 where the data is accessed by a client of the model world server. 25. The method of claim 24 where the model world server initiates a community alert to at least one client of the server. 26. The method of claim 25 where the community alert is based on the location of the client within the model world. 27. The method of claim 26 where the community alert is further based on a distribution list. 28. The method of claim 25 where the community alert is based on the location of the client within the real world. 29. The method of claim 28 where the community alert comprises information relating to the corresponding position in the model world. 30. A computer program comprising one or more sequences of instructions for implementing the steps of any of claims 22 to 29. 31. A computer readable medium containing the computer program of claim 30. 32. An apparatus for enhancing a model of the physical world arranged to store said model, receive real world data from a plurality of sources and load said data to enhance said model. 33. A method of creating a model component in a computer model of the physical world, the method comprising displaying a plurality of component features each feature having a parameter expressible by a parameter descriptor, receiving a user selection of displayed, component features, and providing the corresponding parameter descriptor to a model component creation environment. 34. The method of claim 33 further comprising storing the parametric description in a component creation environment. 35. The method of claim 33 or 34 where said component feature comprises a visual parameter. 36. The method of claim 33 or 34 where said component feature comprises a collision parameter. 37. The method of claim 33 or 34 where said component feature comprises a parameter for a physics engine or a noise map. 38. The method of any of claims 33 to 37 further comprising deriving said parameters from a graphical representation of the model component. 39. The method of claim 33 further rendering parameters in real-time for display comprising scaling the rendering according to the resources of the component creation environment. 40. The method of claim 39 further comprising projecting the component into the terrain of the computer model. 41. The method of claim 40 further comprising stitching the projected component onto the terrain of the computer model and displaying the stitched component. 42. A method of rending in a user execution environment a computerised model world having components placed therein, comprising rendering said components according to one of the resources of the user execution environment and the available resolution of the components. 43. A computer program comprising one or more sequences of instructions for implementing the steps of any of claims 33 to 42. 44. A computer readable medium containing the computer program of claim 43. 45. A method of processing a three-dimensional image of a computer generated environment comprising a background terrain and an environment component to be melded into the terrain comprising identifying a component outline, creating a component receiving gap having a periphery corresponding to the outline with a boundary region at least partially therearound, and melding the component into the gap by generating melded terrain in the boundary region. 46. A method as claimed in claim 45 in which the component comprises one of a road or building representation. 47. A method as claimed in claim 45 or 46 in which the terrain comprises a plurality of terrain tiles, and processing is only applied to tiles in which the component receiving gap is created. 48. A method of processing a three-dimensional image of a computer generated environment comprising a background terrain and an environment component to be inserted into the terrain comprising identifying a component outline, creating a component receiving gap having a periphery corresponding to the outline, inserting the component into the gap in which the terrain comprises a plurality of terrain tiles, wherein processing is only applied to tiles in which the component receiving gap is created. 49. A computer program comprising one or more sequences of instructions for implementing the steps of any of claims 45 to 48. 50. A computer readable medium containing the computer program of claim 49. 51. A method of creating a computer model of the physical world having world components comprising: rendering a component template available to a plurality of remote users, and populating the template with data from at least one remote user. 52. The method of claim 51 where said template comprises at least one of cartographic, topographic or geographic information. 53. The method as in claim 51 or 52 further comprising displaying a component corresponding to the populated template to a plurality of users in a community and incorporating the component into the model dependent on a community vote. 54. The method as in claim 51 or 52 further comprising displaying for selection a component corresponding to the populated template to a plurality of users in a community and calculating a component rating dependent on the number of users who select said component. 55. The method as in any of claims 51 to 54 further comprising rewarding the users based on their population activity. 56. The method as in claim 55 where said rewards contribute to a status in at least one application executed in the context of the model world. 57. The method as in any of claims 51 to 56 wherein a plurality of applications are executed in parallel in the context of the model world. 58. The method of claim 56 or 57 where said application is a game. 59. The method of claim 57 or 58 where the populated component template is displayed to a plurality of users of the same application as the application from which the user data was provided. 60. The method of claim 58 where the populated component template is displayed to a plurality of users of a plurality of applications executed in the context of the model world. 61. A method of creating a computer model of the physical world having world components comprising displaying a candidate component to a user community and incorporating the component into the world dependent on a community vote. 62. A method of creating a computer model of the physical world having world components comprising displaying a candidate component to a user community and calculating a component rating dependent on the number of users who choose said component. 63. The method as in claim 53 or 61 where said community vote is derived from individual voting ratings from each of a plurality of users. 64. The method as in claim 61 were the voting rating comprises a value attributed by the user between and including full approval and full non-approval. 65. The method of any of claims 51 to 64 where the components comprise at least one of an architectural or geographical feature, for example a building, a road, as tree, a water feature, street furniture or a fence. 66. A method of creating a computer model of the physical world having world components comprising: rendering a component template available to a plurality of remote users wherein a plurality of games are executed in parallel in the context of the model world. 67. A computer program comprising one or more sequences of instructions for implementing the steps of any of claims 51 to 66. 68. A computer readable medium containing the computer program of claim 67. 69. An apparatus comprising a remote user client server arranged to allow creation of a component for a computer model of the physical world, the apparatus being arranged to: display a component template received from a remote server to a user, collect data from the user, and transmit the collected data to a remote server for population of the template. 70. An apparatus comprising a server arranged to store a computer model of the physical world having world components, the apparatus being arranged to: render a component template available to a plurality of remote users, receive data from at least one remote user server, populate the template with data from at least one remote user, and incorporate a component according to the populated template into the model. 71. An apparatus comprising a server arranged to store a computer model of the physical world having world components, the apparatus being arranged to: render a component template available to a plurality of remote users, receive data from at least one remote user server, populate the template with data from at least one remote user, and calculate a component rating with data from at least one remote user. 72. A method and apparatus for creating an improved computer model of the physical world substantially as herein described with reference to and as illustrated in any combination of the accompanying drawings.",
-    "A method of treating natural gas to remove contaminants is described. An input natural gas is mixed with water causing formation of CO2 hydrates and CH4 hydrates. A natural gas having a reduced CO2 concentration, and a water-hydrate mixture comprising the CO2 hydrates and CH4 hydrates, is output. The water-hydrate mixture is exposed to CO2 gas forming a CO2\u2014CH4 gas mixture and a residual hydrate mixture. The CO2\u2014CH4 gas mixture is recycled to remove CH4. The residual hydrate mixture is treated to produce H2O which can be recycled for use in forming the water-hydrate mixture, and gaseous CO2 for use in use in stripping CH4 from the CH4 hydrates of the water-hydrate mixture. 1. A method of purifying a natural gas, comprising: combining an input natural gas and water in a first processing unit to form a natural gas-water mixture under conditions which cause formation of CO2 hydrates and CH4 hydrates; removing from the first processing unit an output natural gas having a reduced CO2 concentration; removing from the first processing unit a water-hydrate mixture comprising the CO2 hydrates and CH4 hydrates; exposing the water-hydrate mixture comprising CO2 hydrates and CH4 hydrates to an input CO2 gas in a second processing unit causing displacement of CH4 from the CH4 hydrates and forming a CO2\u2014CH4 gas mixture and a residual hydrate mixture; recycling the CO2\u2014CH4 gas mixture from the second processing unit to the first processing unit where the CO2\u2014CH4 gas mixture is combined with the natural gas-water mixture; and transferring the residual hydrate mixture from the second processing unit to a heater-separator unit producing H2O and gaseous CO2, wherein at least a portion of the H2O is liquefied H2O which is recycled to the first processing unit for use in forming the water-hydrate mixture comprising CO2 hydrates and CH4 hydrates, and at least a portion of the gaseous CO2 is recycled to the second processing unit for use in displacing CH4 from the CH4 hydrates of the water-hydrate mixture forming CH4 gas. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the output natural gas comprises <2% CO2. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating H2S and N2 from the natural gas-water mixture. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating ethane and heavier alkanes from the natural gas-water mixture. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first processing unit and the second processing unit are in separate columns. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first processing unit and the second processing unit are in a single column.",
-    "A system for securing headphone transducers is provided. In one aspect of the present invention, the system comprises a first transducer device having a first mechanical housing, which has an outer surface and an inner surface. A first coupling device is affixed to the outer surface of the first mechanical housing of the first transducer device. A second transducer device has a second mechanical housing, which has an outer surface and an inner surface. A second coupling device is affixed to the outer surface of the second mechanical housing of the second transducer device. The first coupling device is coupled to the second coupling device when in close proximity to each other, such that the inner surfaces of the first and second mechanical devices are opposed to each other 1. A system for securing headphone transducers, comprising: a first transducer having a mechanical housing; a first coupling device that is permanently or removably affixed to the mechanical housing of the first transducer; and a first coupling base disposed at a first surface of a portable device, a second transducer having a mechanical housing; a second coupling device that is permanently or removably affixed to the mechanical housing of the second transducer; and a second coupling base disposed at a second surface of the portable device; wherein the first headphone transducer is secured to the first coupling base when the first coupling device is engaged with the first coupling base; wherein the second headphone transducer is secured to the second coupling base when the second coupling device is engaged with the second coupling base; wherein each of the first and second coupling devices comprise a magnet; and wherein each of the first and second coupling bases comprise a magnet. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first coupling base is permanently affixed to the device or removably affixed to the portable device; and wherein the second coupling base is permanently affixed to the device or removably affixed to the device. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first coupling base is incorporated into a structure of the portable device; and wherein the second coupling base is incorporated into the structure of the portable device. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein a surface of the first coupling device and a surface of said first coupling base are complementary; and wherein a surface of said second coupling device and a surface of the second coupling base are complementary. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the first coupling device is disposed within the mechanical housing of the first transducer; and the second coupling device is disposed within the mechanical housing of the second transducer. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the first coupling device is completely enclosed in the mechanical housing of the first transducer by molding; and wherein the second coupling device is completely enclosed in the mechanical housing of the second transducer by molding. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the first coupling base is disposed within the portable device; and wherein the second coupling base is disposed within the portable device. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein a portion of an exterior surface of the mechanical housing of the first transducer and the first surface of the portable device have different and complementary shapes that fit together when the first coupling device and the first coupling base are engaged; and wherein a portion of an exterior surface of the mechanical housing of the second transducer and the second surface of the portable device have different and complementary shapes that fit together when the second coupling device and the second coupling base are engaged. 9. A system for securing headphone transducers, the system comprising: a first headphone transducer having a first mechanical housing; a first coupling device disposed at a first surface of the first mechanical housing; a second headphone transducer having a second mechanical housing; and a second coupling device disposed at a second surface of the second mechanical housing; wherein the first headphone transducer is secured to the second headphone transducer when the first coupling device is engaged with the second coupling device; and wherein each of the first and second coupling devices comprise a magnet. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first coupling device is permanently affixed to the first mechanical housing or removably affixed to the first mechanical housing; and wherein the second coupling device is permanently affixed to the second mechanical housing or removably affixed to the second mechanical housing. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the first coupling device is incorporated into a structure of the first mechanical housing; and wherein the second coupling device is incorporated into a structure of the second mechanical housing. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the first coupling device is enclosed in the first mechanical housing of the first headphone transducer by molding; and wherein the second coupling device is enclosed in the second mechanical housing of the second headphone transducer by molding. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the first surface of the first mechanical housing and the second surface of the second mechanical housing are complementary. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the first coupling device is completely enclosed by the first mechanical housing; and the second coupling device is completely enclosed by the second mechanical housing. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein a portion of an exterior surface of the first mechanical housing and a portion of an exterior surface of the second mechanical housing are different and complementary shapes that join when the first coupling device and the second coupling device are engaged. 16. A device, comprising: a first transducer disposed in a first mechanical housing; a first coupling device disposed at a first surface of the first mechanical housing; a first coupling base; a second transducer disposed in a second mechanical housing; a second coupling device disposed at a second surface of the second mechanical housing; and a second coupling base, wherein the first transducer is secured to the first coupling base when the first coupling device is engaged with the first coupling base; wherein the second transducer is secured to the second coupling base when the second coupling device is engaged with the second coupling base; and wherein each of the first and second coupling devices comprise a magnet; and wherein each of the first and second coupling bases comprise a magnet. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the first coupling device is one of permanently affixed to the first mechanical housing or removably affixed to the first mechanical housing; and wherein the second coupling base is one of permanently affixed to the second mechanical housing or removably affixed to the second mechanical housing. 18. The device of claim 16, wherein the first coupling device is incorporated into a structure of the first mechanical housing; and wherein the second coupling device is incorporated into a structure of the second mechanical housing. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein the first coupling device is enclosed in the first mechanical housing by molding; and wherein the second coupling device is enclosed in the second mechanical housing by molding. 20. The device of claim 16, wherein a portion of an exterior surface of the first coupling device and the first surface have different and complementary shapes that fit together when the first coupling device and the first coupling base are engaged; and wherein a portion of an exterior surface of the second coupling device and the second surface have different and complementary shapes that fit together when the second coupling device and the second coupling base are engaged.",
-    "Method for determining the magnitude and phase of a signal received by the active antenna (3). From the group of method steps: ST1: only transmission (S1) of the transmission signal by the at least one transmitting antenna (6) and capture (S1_1) of a power value of the transmission signal received by the active antenna (3); ST2: only transmission (S2) of the transmission signal by the reference antenna (2) and capture (S2_1) of a power value of the transmission signal received by the active antenna (3); ST3: simultaneous transmission (S3) of the transmission signal by means of the at least one transmitting antenna (6) and the reference antenna (2) while generating superimposed transmission signals and capture (S3_1) of a power value of the superimposed transmission signals received by the active antenna (3); a sequence of at least three method steps (ST1, ST2, ST3) is carried out in any order and in any combination, with at least one method step (ST1, ST2, ST3) being carried out multiple times, wherein the sequence of the at least three method steps (ST1, ST2, ST3) always comprises the method step ST3 at least once. 1. A method for determining the power values of a signal received by the active antenna in order to determine magnitude and the phase, comprising: using at least one transmitting antenna and a reference antenna, wherein the reference antenna is disposed at a predetermined position and a predetermined spacing relative to the active antenna; using a signal generator to produce a transmission signal, wherein the signal generator is connected to the at least one transmitting antenna and to the reference antenna; and performing the following sequence in any order and in any combination, including performing at least one of the following multiple times: ST1: only transmission of the transmission signal by the at least one transmitting antenna and capture of a first power value of the transmission signal received by the active antenna; ST2: only transmission of the transmission signal by the reference antenna and capture of a second power value of the transmission signal received by the active antenna; ST3: simultaneous transmission of the transmission signal by the at least one transmitting antenna and the reference antenna while generating superimposed transmission signals and capture of a third power value of the superimposed transmission signals received by the active antenna; wherein performing the sequence always comprises performing ST3 at least once. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, capture of the at least first, second and third power values and determining the magnitude and phase, comprises performing at least one of the following three sequences a) or b) or c) with the same orientation and position of the active antenna and reference antenna in relation to the at least one transmitting antenna: a): carrying out ST1 or ST2; carrying out ST3; repeating ST3 until overall at least three power values are captured; or b): carrying out ST1; carrying out ST2; carrying out ST3; or c): carrying out ST3; repeating ST3 until overall at least three power values are captured. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the sequences a) or b) or c) comprise: a): using a phase controller and/or an amplitude controller which is connected between the signal generator and the at least one transmitting antenna and/or between the signal generator and the reference antenna; carrying out ST1 or ST2; carrying out ST3; carrying out of a phase change between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or carrying out an amplitude change of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna: repeating the previous ST3 and the phase change and/or amplitude change until at least one power value in each case is captured for at least two different phase values between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or for at least two different amplitude values of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna; calculating the phase difference on the active antenna between the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal which was transmitted by the reference antenna with reference to the first, second and third power values, as well determining magnitude of the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and received by the active antenna, by: i) the measured result, that is to say the power value from ST1 if this has been carried out and the at least one transmitting antenna alone has transmitted the transmission signal; or ii) the first, second and third power values, if ST2 has been carried out and the reference antenna alone has transmitted the transmission signal; or b): carrying out ST1; carrying out ST2; carrying out ST3; calculating the phase difference on the active antenna between the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal which was transmitted by the reference antenna with reference to the at least first, second and third power values, and determining the magnitude of the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and received by the active antenna with the power value from ST1 as only the at least one transmitting antenna has transmitted the transmission signal, or c): using a phase controller and/or an amplitude controller which is connected between the signal generator and the at least one transmitting antenna and/or between the signal generator and the reference antenna; and/or carrying out of an amplitude change of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna; carrying out ST3; carrying out a phase change between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or carrying out of an amplitude change of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna: repeating the previous ST3 and phase change and/or amplitude change until at least one power value in each case is captured for at least three different phase values between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or for at least three different amplitude values of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna; calculating the phase difference on the active antenna between the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal which was transmitted by the reference antenna, as well as calculation of the magnitude of the transmission signal which is transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and received by the active antenna, with reference to the at least three power values. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein repeating the previous ST3 and the phase change and/or amplitude change is performed successively as often as required until at least one power value in each case is captured for at least three or at least four different phase values between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or for at least three or at least four different amplitude values of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein when the phase change is carried out multiple times for successive phase changes of 0, \u0394\u00b0, 2\u00b7\u0394\u00b0 and 3\u00b7\u0394\u00b0, wherein \u0394\u00b0 is in the range between 80 and 100 and can correspond to 90\u00b0, are applied between the transmission signal of the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna. 6. The method according to claim 3, including spacing apart the individual phase values which the phase controller sets for a solid angle (\u03b8, \u03c6) one after the other, from one another by \u03b1\u00b0, wherein \u03b1\u00b0 = 360 \ue89e \u00b0 number \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e phase \ue89e \ue89e values . 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein: rotating and/or adjusting the active antenna and reference antenna, consists of one unit, relative to the at least one transmitting antenna, so that different reception directions can be measured; and the method further comprises performing ST1 and/or ST2 and/or ST3 or carrying out the sequences a) or b) or c). 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein within the rotating and/or adjusting the unit comprising the active antenna and the reference antenna is rotated and/or adjusted jointly with respect to its azimuth angle (\u03c6) and/or its angle of elevation (\u03b8) relative to the at least one transmitting antenna. 9. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: repeating the steps of rotation and carrying out as often as required until the magnitudes and the phases for the required solid angles (\u03b8, \u03c6) or for all solid angles (\u03b8, \u03c6) are determined. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: using an amplitude controller which is connected between the signal generator and the at least one transmitting antenna and/or between the signal generator and the reference antenna; setting the amplitude of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or the transmission signal on the reference antenna in such a way that the power level of a transmission signal is less than 20 times as high as the power of the other transmission signal at the location of the active antenna. 11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: arranging the reference antenna on the active antenna in such a way that the spacing between the reference antenna and the active antenna is less than 100 cm. 12. Method according to claim 1 including using the at least one transmitting antenna and/or the reference antenna to transmit a modulated or unmodulated transmission signal. 13. A measuring device for determining power values of a signal received by an active antenna for calculation of magnitude and phase, comprising: at least one transmitting antenna and a reference antenna, wherein the reference antenna is disposed at a predetermined position and a predetermined spacing relative to the active antenna; a signal generator configured to produce a transmission signal, wherein the signal generator is connected to the at least one transmitting antenna and to the reference antenna; a controller which, with the same orientation and position of the active antenna and the reference antenna in relation to the at least one transmitting antenna, is designed and connected to the active antenna and the signal generator and further configured to control the at least one transmitting antenna, reference antenna, and signal generator to: ST1: only transmit the transmission signal by the at least one transmitting antenna and capture a power value of the transmission signal received by the active antenna; ST2: only transmit the transmission signal by the reference antenna and capture a power value of the transmission signal received by the active antenna; ST3: simultaneously transmit the transmission signal by the at least one transmitting antenna and the reference antenna while generating superimposed transmission signals and capture of a power value of the superimposed transmission signals received by the active antenna; wherein the controller is configured to perform the above sequence in any order and in any combination, including performing at least one of ST1, ST2 and ST3 multiple times, wherein the controller always performs ST3 at least once for each sequence. 14. The measuring device according to claim 13, wherein the controller is also designed and configured in such a way that: for capture of the at least three power values and thus for determination of the magnitude and phase, at least one of the following three sequences a) or b) or c) with the same orientation and position of the active antenna and reference antenna in relation to the at least one transmitting antenna is carried out: a): carrying out ST1 or ST2; carrying out ST3; repeating ST3 until overall at least three power values are captured; or: b) carrying out ST1; carrying out ST2; carrying out ST3; or: c) carrying out ST3; repeating ST3 until overall at least three power values are captured. 15. The measuring device according to claim 14, wherein: a): the measuring device has a phase controller and/or an amplitude controller which is connected between the signal generator and the at least one transmitting antenna and/or between the signal generator and the reference antenna and is controllable by the controller; the controller is designed and configured to: carry out ST1 or ST2; carry out ST3; carry out a phase change between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or carry out an amplitude change of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna; repeating the previous ST3 and the phase change and/or amplitude change until at least one power value in each case is captured for at least two different phase values between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or for at least two different amplitude values of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna; calculate the phase difference on the active antenna between the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal which was transmitted by the reference antenna with reference to the at least three power values, as well as determine the magnitude of the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and received by the active antenna, by: i) the measured result, that is to say the power value from ST1 if this has been carried out and the at least one transmitting antenna alone has transmitted the transmission signal; or ii) the at least three power values, if ST2 has been carried out and the reference antenna alone has transmitted the transmission signal; or b): the controller is designed and configured to: carrying out ST1; carrying out ST2; carrying out ST3; calculate the phase difference on the active antenna between the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal which was transmitted by the reference antenna with reference to the at least three power values, and determine the magnitude of the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and received by the active antenna with the power value from the ST1 as only the at least one transmitting antenna has transmitted the transmission signal, or c): the measuring device has a phase controller and/or an amplitude controller which is connected between the signal generator and the at least one transmitting antenna and/or between the signal generator and the reference antenna and is controllable by the controller; that the controller is designed and configured to: carrying out of method step ST3; carrying out a phase change between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or carry out an amplitude change of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna: repeating the previous ST3 and the phase change and/or amplitude change until at least one power value in each case is captured for at least three different phase values between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or for at least three different amplitude values of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna; calculate the phase difference on the active antenna between the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal which was transmitted by the reference antenna, as well as calculate the magnitude of the transmission signal which was transmitted by the at least one transmitting antenna and received by the active antenna, with reference to the at least three power values. 16. The measuring device according to claim 15, wherein the phase controller is designed and is controllable by the first-mentioned controller in such a way that the power values are captured for at least three or at least four different phase values between the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna and/or for at least three or at least four different amplitude values of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna. 17. The measuring device according to claim 15, wherein the controller is designed and configured in such a way as to control the phase controller in such a way that it can set four successive phase changes of 0\u2032, \u0394\u00b0, 2\u00b7\u0394\u00b0 and 3\u00b7\u0394, wherein \u0394\u00b0 is in the range between 80\u00b0 and 100\u00b0, between the transmission signal of the at least one transmitting antenna and the transmission signal on the reference antenna. 18. The measuring device according to claim 15, wherein the individual phase values which the phase controller sets for a solid angle (\u03b8, \u03c6) are spaced apart from one another by \u03b1\u00b0, wherein \u03b1\u00b0 = 360 \ue89e \u00b0 number \ue89e \ue89e of \ue89e \ue89e phase \ue89e \ue89e values . 19. Measuring device according to claim 13, wherein the controller is designed in such a way that the active antenna and reference antenna can be jointly rotated and/or adjusted relative to the at least one transmitting antenna, so that different reception directions, that is to say solid angles (\u03b8, \u03c6) can be measured. 20. The measuring arrangement according to claim 19, wherein the combination comprising the active antenna and the reference antenna is rotatable and/or adjustable jointly with respect to its azimuth angle (\u03c6) and/or its angle of elevation (\u03b8) relative to the at least one transmitting antenna. 21. Measuring device according to claim 13, further comprising an amplitude controller which is connected between the signal generator and the at least one transmitting antenna and/or between the signal generator and the reference antenna and the controller is designed and configured in such a way as to control the amplitude controller in such a way that the amplitude of the transmission signal on the at least one transmitting antenna and/or of the transmission signal on the reference antenna can be set in such a way that the power level of a transmission signal at the location of the active antenna is less than 20 times as high as the power of the other transmission signal. 22. The measuring device according to claim 13, wherein the spacing between the reference antenna and the active antenna is less than 100 cm. 23. The measuring device according to claim 13, further comprising an interface device is connected the spacing between the controller and the active antenna. 24. The measuring device according to claim 13, wherein the at least one transmitting antenna and/or the reference antenna is configured to transmit a modulated or unmodulated transmission signal.",
-    "A resonator element includes a first region which includes a first portion and a second portion having a thickness thinner than the first portion. In a plan view, the second portion includes an outer frame in two edges present in opposite regions to regions facing the first portion, and a contour of the outer frame is bent more gently than a contour of an edge of the first portion. When R is a length of the outer frame along the X axis, \u03bb is a wavelength of flexural vibration of the quartz crystal substrate, and R/(\u03bb/2)=k, a relation of \u201c0.1<k<1.4\u201d is satisfied. 1. A resonator element comprising: a quartz crystal substrate in which an X axis of an orthogonal coordinate system having the X axis serving as an electric axis, a Y axis serving as a mechanical axis, and a Z axis serving as an optical axis, which are crystallographic axes of quartz crystal, is set as a rotation axis, an axis inclined from the Z axis so that a +Z side is rotated in a \u2212Y direction of the Y axis is set as a Z\u2032 axis, an axis inclined from the Y axis so that a +Y side is rotated in a +Z direction of the Z axis is set as a Y\u2032 axis, a plane including the X and Z\u2032 axes is set as a main plane, and the direction oriented along the Y\u2032 axis is set as a thickness direction, wherein the quartz crystal substrate includes a first region which includes a first portion and a second portion having a thickness thinner than the first portion and in which thickness shear vibration is generated, and a second region which has a thickness thinner than the first region, wherein in a plan view, the second portion includes an outer frame in two edges present in opposite regions to regions facing the first portion, and a contour of the outer frame is bent more gently than a contour of an edge of the first portion, and wherein when R is a length of the outer frame along the X axis, \u03bb is a wavelength of flexural vibration of the quartz crystal substrate, and R/(\u03bb/2)=k, a relation of \u201c0.1<k<1.4\u201d is satisfied. 2. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein a relation of 0.3\u2266k\u22661.1 is satisfied. 3. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein a relation of 0.5\u2266k\u22661.05 is satisfied. 4. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein in the plan view, the contour of the outer frame is one of a curved line, a straight line, and a line formed by connecting a plurality of straight lines. 5. The resonator element according to claim 2, wherein in the plan view, the contour of the outer frame is one of a curved line, a straight line, and a line formed by connecting a plurality of straight lines. 6. The resonator element according to claim 3, wherein in the plan view, the contour of the outer frame is one of a curved line, a straight line, and a line formed by connecting a plurality of straight lines. 7. The resonator element according to claim 1, p1 wherein in the plan view, the contour of the edge of the first portion is two straight lines meeting at right angles. 8. The resonator element according to claim 1, wherein the first region includes a projection portion projecting from the second region in a +Y\u2032 direction of the Y\u2032 axis, wherein a side surface of the projection portion intersecting the Z\u2032 axis is an inclined surface or a vertical surface to a surface including the X axis and the Z\u2032 axis, and wherein when Sz is a length of the side surface along the Z\u2032 axis and Mz is a length of the first region along the Z\u2032 axis in the plan view, a relation of \u201c0\u2266Sz/Mz\u22660.05 is satisfied. 9. The resonator element according to claim 4, wherein the first region includes a projection portion projecting from the second region in a +Y\u2032 direction of the Y\u2032 axis, wherein a side surface of the projection portion intersecting the Z\u2032 axis is an inclined surface or a vertical surface to a surface including the X axis and the Z\u2032 axis, and wherein when Sz is a length of the side surface along the Z\u2032 axis and Mz is a length of the first region along the Z\u2032 axis in the plan view, a relation of \u201c0\u2266Sz/Mz\u22660.05\u201d is satisfied. 10. The resonator element according to claim 1, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 11. The resonator element according to claim 4, further comprising: excitation electrodes that are formed in the first and second regions. 12. A resonator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and a package in which the resonator element is accommodated. 13. A resonator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 4; and a package in which the resonator element is accommodated. 14. A resonator device comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and an electronic element. 15. A resonator device comprising: the resonator element according to claim 10; and an electronic element. 16. The resonator device according to claim 14, wherein the electronic element is a thermosensitive element. 17. An oscillator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1; and an oscillation circuit that is electrically connected to the resonator element. 18. An oscillator comprising: the resonator element according to claim 10; and an oscillation circuit that is electrically connected to the resonator element. 19. An electronic apparatus comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1. 20. A moving object comprising: the resonator element according to claim 1.",
-    "The present disclosure is directed to systems, apparatuses, and methods for wirelessly delivering multi-channel audio over a packet based network with tight synchronization, high fidelity, and/or low delay as described above. The systems can include a source device that provides multi-channel audio to a distributor device, which wirelessly distributes the multi-channel audio over the packet based network to audio rendering devices, referred to as \u201csink\u201d devices. The distributor device and the sink devices each include a playback clock that is used to read audio samples of the multi-channel audio from a local memory and drive a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) coupled to a speaker to render the audio samples. 1. A distributor device comprising: a buffer configured to store audio samples received from a source device; a network clock generator configured to provide a network timer based on a network clock synchronized with network clocks at sink devices; a playback clock configured to provide a playback timer based on a playback clock used to playback, at the distributor device, a first portion of audio samples retrieved from the buffer; a playback clock tuner configured to tune the playback clock based on an amount of data stored in the buffer; and an application level processor configured to place a sample of the playback timer, a sample of the network timer associated with the sample of the playback timer, and a second portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer into a packet for transmission to the sink devices. 2. The distributor device of claim 1, wherein the application-level processor is further configured to shuffle the audio samples retrieved from the buffer such that temporally contiguous audio samples in the audio samples retrieved from the buffer are placed into different packets for transmission to the sink, devices. 3. The distributor device of claim 1, wherein the application-level processor is further configured to shuffle the audio samples retrieved from the buffer such that the second portion of audio samples includes only non-temporally contiguous audio samples for an audio channel. 4. The distributor device of claim 3, wherein the non-temporally contiguous audio samples for the audio channel are spaced apart in time by two or more sample periods, wherein each of the sample periods corresponds to an inverse of a sample rate associated with the audio samples for the audio channel. 5. The distributor device of claim 3, wherein the non-temporally contiguous audio samples for the audio channel are equally spaced apart in time by two or more sample periods, wherein each of the two or more sample periods corresponds to an inverse of a sample rate associated with the audio samples for the audio channel. 6. The distributor device of claim 1, wherein the network clock is synchronized with the network clocks at the sink devices in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1AS standard. 7. The distributor device of claim 1, further comprising: a source transceiver configured to receive the audio samples stored in the buffer from the source device, wherein the source transceiver is a Bluetooth transceiver or an High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) transceiver. 8. The distributor device of claim 1, further comprising: a distribution transceiver configured to transmit the packet to the sink devices, wherein the distribution transceiver is a Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 wireless local area network transceiver. 9. The distributor device of claim 1, further comprising: a distribution transceiver configured to transmit the packet to the sink devices using a multicast transmission scheme where one of the sink devices among the sink devices is designated to acknowledge receipt of the packet. 10. The distributor device of claim 9, wherein the distribution transceiver is further configured to identify the one of the sink devices among the sink devices based on a characteristic associated with delivering audio from the distributor device to the sink devices. 11. The distributor device of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer corresponds to one audio channel and the second portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer corresponds to multiple audio channels. 12. A distributor device comprising: a buffer configured to store audio samples received from a source device; a playback clock configured to provide a playback timer based on a playback clock used to playback, at the distributor device, a first portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer; a playback clock tuner configured to tune the playback clock based on an amount of data stored in the buffer; and an application level processor configured to shuffle the audio samples retrieved from the buffer such that a second portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer includes only non-temporally contiguous audio samples for an audio channel, wherein the second portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer are placed into a packet for transmission to sink devices. 13. The distributor device of claim 12, wherein the non-temporally contiguous audio samples for the audio channel are spaced apart in time by two or more sample periods, wherein each of the two or more sample periods corresponds to an inverse of a sample rate associated with the audio samples for the audio channel. 14. A method comprising: storing audio samples received from a source device in a buffer; providing a network timer based on a network clock synchronized with network clocks at sink devices; providing a playback timer based on a playback clock used to playback a first portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer; tuning the playback clock based on an amount of data stored in the buffer; and placing a sample of the playback timer, a sample of the network timer associated with the sample of the playback timer, and a second portion of the audio samples retrieved from the buffer into a packet for transmission to the sink devices. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: shuffling the audio samples retrieved from the buffer such that temporally contiguous audio samples in the audio samples retrieved from the buffer are placed into different packets for transmission to the sink devices. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: shuffling the audio samples retrieved from the buffer such that the second portion of audio samples includes only non-temporally contiguous audio samples for an audio channel. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the non-temporally contiguous audio samples for the audio channel are spaced apart in time by two or more sample periods, wherein each of the two or more sample periods corresponds to an inverse of a sample rate associated with the audio samples for the audio channel. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the non-temporally contiguous audio samples for the audio channel are equally spaced apart in time by two or more sample periods, wherein each of the two or more sample periods corresponds to an inverse of a sample rate associated with the audio samples for the audio channel. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the network clock is synchronized with the network clocks at the sink devices in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1AS standard. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transmitting the packet to the sink devices using a multicast transmission scheme where one of the sink devices among the sink devices is designated to acknowledge receipt of the packet.",
-    "A high-speed transportation system including at least one transportation tube having at least one track, at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube along a travel path between stations, a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube, and a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube. At least a portion of the travel path is arranged over or in a body of water. 1. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation tube having at least one track; at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one tube along a travel path between stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the tube; and a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the tube, wherein at least a portion of the travel path is arranged over or in a body of water. 2. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of supports spaced along a path of the at least one tube and structured and arranged to support the at least one tube at an above-ground elevation. 3. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising dampening systems arranged on the plurality of supports and attached to the at least one tube. 4. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube is at least partially arranged within the body of water. 5. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one transportation tube is arranged completely within a body of water. 6. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the at least one transportation tube is arranged at a predetermined depth within a body of water. 7. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the system additional comprises a plurality of buoys attached to the at least one tube, and configured to maintain the at least one tube at a predetermined depth and/or orientation. 8. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, wherein each buoy comprises a floating element having buoyancy, and a connector for releasably engaging the floating element and a portion of an outer surface of the at least one tube. 9. The high-speed transportation system of claim 8, further comprising a cross support member arranged between the connectors of the buoys. 10. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the at least one tube has a buoyancy which serves to help maintain the at least one tube at a predetermined depth and/or orientation. 11. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the at least one tube comprises multiple tube sections, wherein at least one of the tube sections has a different buoyancy characteristic than another one of the tube sections. 12. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, further comprising a support structure arranged on or above the surface of the body of water, and in electromechanical communication with the at least one tube. 13. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the support structure provides secondary floatation support for the at least one tube. 14. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the support structure is operable to communicate data between the tube and at least one centralized command system of the transportation system. 15. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the support structure provides air exchange between the at least one tube and the ambient atmosphere. 16. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the support structure includes an escape path connecting the tube to the surface of the body of water for passengers in the high-speed transportation system. 17. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the support structure comprises a dock for supporting or mooring at least one alternative transportation vehicle. 18. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the system additionally comprises at least one active stabilizer comprising one or more motors for maintaining the at least one tube at the predetermined depth and/or orientation. 19. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the system additionally comprises at least one passive stabilizer configured to maintain the at least one tube at a predetermined depth and/or orientation. 20. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the system additionally comprises at least one ballast for maintaining the at least one tube at a predetermined depth and/or orientation. 21. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one tube comprises a plurality of tube sections connected by joints arranged between tube sections. 22. The high-speed transportation system of claim 21, wherein the joints are movable to permit an angular movement of one tube section relative to an adjacent tube section within a predetermined range. 23. The high-speed transportation system of claim 22, wherein when one of the joints undergoes an angular movement to an end of the predetermined range such that adjacent tube sections are angularly positioned, the joint temporarily locks the adjacent tube sections in such angular positions. 24. The high-speed transportation system of claim 23, whereupon a cessation of the temporary locking in the angular positions, the joint is operable to slow a restoring of an alignment between the adjacent tube sections. 25. The high-speed transportation system of claim 21, further comprising one or more buoys connected to the joints to maintain the at least one tube at a depth and/or orientation in a body of water. 26. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, further comprising one or more sensors operable to detect turbulent conditions in the body of water, and a controller operable to slow movement of the capsule through at least one tube if the detected turbulent conditions are beyond safe operating conditions. 27. The high-speed transportation system of claim 26, wherein the controller suspends movement of the capsule through the at least one tube.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate; and a temperature sense diode fixed on the semiconductor substrate. The temperature sense diode includes: an anode electrode; a p-type semiconductor layer being in contact with the anode electrode; an n-type semiconductor layer being in contact with the p-type semiconductor layer; and a cathode electrode being in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer; and the anode electrode. The p-type semiconductor layer, the n-type semiconductor layer, and the cathode electrode are stacked along a thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate. An electric resistivity of the anode electrode or the cathode electrode whichever is located closer to the semiconductor substrate is lower than an electric resistivity of the n-type semiconductor layer and an electric resistivity of the p-type semiconductor layer. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; and a temperature sense diode fixed on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the temperature sense diode comprises: an anode electrode; a p-type semiconductor layer being in contact with the anode electrode; an n-type semiconductor layer being in contact with the p-type semiconductor layer; and a cathode electrode being in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer; and the anode electrode, the p-type semiconductor layer, the n-type semiconductor layer, and the cathode electrode are stacked along a thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate, and an electric resistivity of the anode electrode or the cathode electrode whichever is located closer to the semiconductor substrate is lower than an electric resistivity of the n-type semiconductor layer and an electric resistivity of the p-type semiconductor layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a heatsink connected to the semiconductor substrate at positions located on both sides of the temperature sense diode. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises a switching element, the semiconductor device further comprises: a power source configured to supply a reference current to the temperature sense diode in a forward direction, and a controller circuit configured to, when a forward voltage drop of the temperature sense diode during flow of the reference current through the temperature sense diode is lower than a threshold value, control a current flowing through the switching element to be smaller than the current flowing through the switching element when the forward voltage drop is equal to or higher than the threshold value. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the cathode electrode is configured of an n-type semiconductor having a density of n-type impurities ten or more times higher than a density of n-type impurities in the n-type semiconductor layer, the cathode electrode includes a stacked portion and an extension portion, the stacked portion being a portion on which the n-type semiconductor layer, the p-type semiconductor layer and the anode electrode are stacked, and the extension portion being a portion extending outward from the stacked portion, and the semiconductor device further comprises a wiring layer located on the extension portion.",
-    "A beverage identification system includes a beverage identification marker and a wearable identifier paired to the beverage identification marker. The beverage identification marker and wearable identifier each include a same or similar visual marking, such as a pattern, a color, a shape, a size, a texture, a material, or a combination thereof. 1. A beverage identification system, comprising: a beverage identification marker; and a wearable identifier paired to the beverage identification marker. 2. The beverage identification system of claim 1, wherein the wearable identifier includes a visual marking that is the same or similar to a visual marking included on the beverage identification marker. 3. The beverage identification system of claim 2, wherein the visual marking is at least one of a pattern, a color, a shape, a size, a material, and a texture. 4. The beverage identification system of claim 2, wherein the visual marking is at least two of a pattern, a color, a shape, a size, a material, and a texture. 5. The beverage identification system of claim 1, wherein the beverage identification marker is an elastic band sized to securely attach to a beverage container. 6. The beverage identification system of claim 5, wherein the beverage container is a wine glass. 7. The beverage identification system of claim 5, wherein the beverage container is a cylindrical drinking glass. 8. The beverage identification system of claim 1, wherein the wearable identifier is a bracelet. 9. The beverage identification system of claim 1, wherein the wearable identifier is a clip. 10. A beverage identification system, comprising: at least two pairs of identifiers, each pair of identifiers including a beverage identification marker and a wearable identifier, and each pair having a distinguishable appearance from each other pair of identifiers. 11. The beverage identification system of claim 10, wherein the beverage identification marker of a pair includes a visual marking that is the same or similar to a visual marking included on the wearable identifier of the pair, and wherein each pair includes a different visual marking from each other pair of identifiers. 12. The beverage identification system of claim 11, wherein the visual marking is at least one of a pattern, a color, a shape, a size, a material, and a texture. 13. The beverage identification system of claim 10, wherein the beverage identification marker is a band sized to securely attach to a beverage container. 14. The beverage identification system of claim 10, wherein the wearable identifier is a bracelet. 15. The beverage identification system of claim 10, wherein the wearable identifier is a clip. 16. A method of identifying a beverage, comprising: placing a beverage identification marker on the beverage; and wearing an identifier paired to the beverage identification marker. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein wearing an identifier includes placing the identifier about a wrist. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein wearing an identifier includes clipping the identifier to an article of clothing. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein placing the identification marker includes securely attaching it to a beverage container. 20. A kit, comprising: a package; and at least two pairs of identifiers in the package, each pair of identifiers including a beverage identification marker and a wearable identifier, and each pair having a distinguishable appearance from each other pair of identifiers.",
-    "A lithography method is provided in accordance with some embodiments. The lithography method includes providing a substrate, forming a crosslinked layer over the substrate, wherein the crosslinked layer is in contact with the substrate, forming a patterned layer over the crosslinked layer, forming a pattern in the crosslinked layer and further in the substrate by using the patterned layer as a mask, treating the crosslinked layer by using a radiation source to transition the crosslinked layer to a de-crosslinked layer with a reduced molecular weight, and removing the de-crosslinked layer by using a solution that is not subject to cause damage on the substrate. 1. A method comprising: forming a crosslinked layer over a substrate; patterning the crosslinked layer such that crosslink layer defines an opening that exposes a portion of the substrate; after patterning the crosslinked layer, treating the patterned crosslinked layer by using a radiation source to form a de-crosslinked layer with a molecular weight that is less than that of the crosslinked layer; and removing the de-crosslinked layer by using a solution. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a patterned layer over the crosslinked layer, and wherein patterning the crosslinked layer includes using the patterned layer as a mask. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked layer includes at least two polymer backbones that are connected via at least one of a cross-linker and a photo-cleavable cross-linker. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the at least two polymer backbones includes a photo-cleavable functional group that is configured to break the associated polymer backbone in response to the radiation source. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the crosslinked layer further includes a photo-cleavable functional group that connects a side chain of one of the polymer backbones to the cross-linker, and wherein the photo-cleavable functional group is configured to break the connection between the side chain of one of the polymer backbones and the cross-linker in response to the radiation source. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the photo-cleavable cross-linker is configured to break the connection between the at least two polymer backbones. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes at least one of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethanol, propanol, butanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, gamabutylactone, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), or a combination thereof. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution includes at least one of hydrogen chloride (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen fluoride (HF), phosphoric acid, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3), poly alkyoxide, fluoroalkyl salt, ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dimercaprol, or a combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution is applied to the de-crosslinked layer at temperature ranging between about room temperature to about 150\u00b0 C. and pressure ranging between about 0.9 atm to about 10 atm. 10. A method comprising: forming a crosslinked layer over a substrate; forming a patterned layer over the crosslinked layer; patterning the crosslinked layer and the substrate by using the patterned layer as a mask; after patterning the crosslinked layer and the substrate by using the patterned layer as the mask, treating the crosslinked layer by using a radiation source to form a de-crosslinked layer; and removing the de-crosslinked layer by using a solution. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the crosslinked layer includes at least two polymer backbones that are connected via at least one of a cross-linker and a photo-cleavable cross-linker. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the at least two polymer backbones includes a photo-cleavable functional group that is configured to break the associated polymer backbone in response to the radiation source. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the crosslinked layer further includes a photo-cleavable functional group that connects a side chain of one of the polymer backbones to the cross-linker, and wherein the photo-cleavable functional group is configured to break the connection between the side chain of one of the polymer backbones and the cross-linker in response to the radiation source. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the photo-cleavable cross-linker is configured to break the connection between the least two polymer backbones. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution includes at least one of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethanol, propanol, butanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, gamabutylactone, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution includes at least one of hydrogen chloride (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen fluoride (HF), phosphoric acid, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3), poly alkyoxide, fluoroalkyl salt, ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dimercaprol, or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution is applied to the de-crosslinked layer at temperature ranging between about room temperature to about 150\u00b0 C. and pressure ranging between about 0.9 atm to about 10 atm. 18. A method comprising: providing a substrate; forming a crosslinked layer over the substrate, wherein the crosslinked layer is in contact with the substrate; forming a patterned layer over the crosslinked layer; forming a pattern in the crosslinked layer and further in the substrate by using the patterned layer as a mask; after forming the pattern in the crosslinked layer and further in the substrate by using the patterned layer as the mask, treating the crosslinked layer by using a radiation source to transition the crosslinked layer to a de-crosslinked layer with a reduced molecular weight; and removing the de-crosslinked layer by using a solution. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution includes at least one of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethanol, propanol, butanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, gamabutylactone, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), or a combination thereof. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution includes at least one of hydrogen chloride (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen fluoride (HF), phosphoric acid, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3), poly alkyoxide, fluoroalkyl salt, ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dimercaprol, or a combination thereof.",
-    "A pH sensitive carrier which includes at least one pH sensitive compound selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, C27 bile acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid and salts thereof, and at least one amphipathic substance selected from the group consisting of a phosphatidylcholine having 10 to 12 carbon atoms, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a sorbitan fatty acid ester having 16 to 18 carbon atoms, glycerol monooleate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol dioleate, polyoxyethylene castor oil and \u03b1-tocopherol, and which is capable of developing a membrane disruptive function promoting effect. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method for treating tumor or inflammation in a patient in need thereof which comprises: administering a pH sensitive drug which comprises a pH sensitive carrier and a physiologically active substance supported in the pH sensitive carrier to induce the pH sensitive carrier to develop a membrane disruptive function and to deliver the physiologically active substance to the site. 12. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein said pH sensitive carrier includes at least one pH sensitive compound selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, C27 bile acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid and salts thereof, and at least one amphipathic substance selected from the group consisting of a phosphatidylcholine having 10 to 12 carbon atoms, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a sorbitan fatty acid ester having 16 to 18 carbon atoms, glycerol monooleate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol dioleate, polyoxyethylene castor oil and \u03b1-tocopherol, and is capable of developing a membrane disruptive function promoting effect. 13. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the pH sensitive compound is present in an amount of not less than 10 moles per 100 moles of the amphipathic substance. 14. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the pH sensitive compound and the amphipathic substance form micellar particles. 15. The method as defined in claim 14, wherein the particle size is 10 to 200 nm. 16. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein when a leakage of the pH sensitive compound alone in a leaching test is taken as La, a leakage of the amphipathic substance alone taken as Lb, a leakage of the pH sensitive carrier taken as Lc, leakages at a pH of 7.4, respectively, taken as Lc7.4, La7.4 and Lb7.4, and leakages at a pH of 5.0 or 4.5, respectively, taken as Lcx, Lax and Lbx, \u0394 represented by the following formula (1) is not smaller than 5 and \u0394\u2032 represented by the following formula (2) is not smaller than 5. \u0394=(Lcx\u2212Lc7.4)\u2212(Lax\u2212La7.4) Equation (1) \u0394\u2032=Lcx\u2212(Lax+Lbx) Equation (2). 17. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the physiologically active substance is made of a protein or peptide. 18. A method for treating tumor or inflammation in a patient in need thereof which comprises: administering a pH sensitive drug composition which comprises a pH sensitive carrier and a physiologically active substance to induce the pH sensitive carrier to develop a membrane disruptive function and to deliver the physiologically active substance to the site. 19. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein said pH sensitive carrier includes at least one pH sensitive compound selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, C27 bile acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid and salts thereof, and at least one amphipathic substance selected from the group consisting of a phosphatidylcholine having 10 to 12 carbon atoms, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a sorbitan fatty acid ester having 16 to 18 carbon atoms, glycerol monooleate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol dioleate, polyoxyethylene castor oil and \u03b1-tocopherol, and is capable of developing a membrane disruptive function promoting effect. 20. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the pH sensitive compound is present in an amount of not less than 10 moles per 100 moles of the amphipathic substance. 21. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the pH sensitive compound and the amphipathic substance form micellar particles. 22. The method as defined in claim 21, wherein the particle size is 10 to 200 nm. 23. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein when a leakage of the pH sensitive compound alone in a leaching test is taken as La, a leakage of the amphipathic substance alone taken as Lb, a leakage of the pH sensitive carrier taken as Lc, leakages at a pH of 7.4, respectively, taken as Lc7.4, La7.4 and Lb7.4, and leakages at a pH of 5.0 or 4.5, respectively, taken as Lcx, Lax and Lbx, \u0394 represented by the following formula (1) is not smaller than 5 and \u0394\u2032 represented by the following formula (2) is not smaller than 5. \u0394=(Lcx\u2212Lc7.4)\u2212(Lax\u2212La7.4) Equation (1) \u0394\u2032=Lcx\u2212(Lax+Lbx) Equation (2) 24. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the physiologically active substance is made of a protein or peptide. 25. A method for delivering a physiologically active substance to a cellular cytosol which comprises: taking up a pH sensitive drug which comprises a pH sensitive carrier and the physiologically active substance supported in the pH sensitive carrier in a cell via endocytosis thereby forming an endosome containing the pH sensitive drug to induce the pH sensitive carrier to develop a membrane disruptive function and to directly deliver the physiologically active substance to the cellular cytosol. 26. The method as defined in claim 25, wherein said pH sensitive carrier includes at least one pH sensitive compound selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, C27 bile acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid and salts thereof, and at least one amphipathic substance selected from the group consisting of a phosphatidylcholine having 10 to 12 carbon atoms, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a sorbitan fatty acid ester having 16 to 18 carbon atoms, glycerol monooleate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol dioleate, polyoxyethylene castor oil and \u03b1-tocopherol, and is capable of developing a membrane disruptive function promoting effect. 27. The method as defined in claim 25, wherein the pH sensitive compound is present in an amount of not less than 10 moles per 100 moles of the amphipathic substance. 28. The method as defined in claim 25, wherein the pH sensitive compound and the amphipathic substance form micellar particles. 29. The method as defined in claim 28, wherein the particle size is 10 to 200 nm. 30. The method as defined in claim 25, wherein when a leakage of the pH sensitive compound alone in a leaching test is taken as La, a leakage of the amphipathic substance alone taken as Lb, a leakage of the pH sensitive carrier taken as Lc, leakages at a pH of 7.4, respectively, taken as Lc7.4, La7.4 and Lb7.4, and leakages at a pH of 5.0 or 4.5, respectively, taken as Lcx, Lax and Lbx, \u0394 represented by the following formula (1) is not smaller than 5 and \u0394\u2032 represented by the following formula (2) is not smaller than 5. \u0394=(Lcx\u2212Lc7.4)\u2212(Lax\u2212La7.4) Equation (1) \u0394\u2032=Lcx\u2212(Lax+Lbx) Equation (2) 31. The method as defined in claim 25, wherein the physiologically active substance is made of a protein or peptide. 32. A method for delivering a physiologically active substance to a cellular cytosol which comprises: taking up the pH sensitive drug composition which comprises a pH sensitive carrier and a physiologically active substance in a cell by endocytosis of the pH sensitive carrier by the cell thereby forming endosomes independently containing the pH sensitive carrier and the physiologically active substance to induce the pH sensitive carrier to develop a membrane disruptive function and to directly deliver the physiologically active substance to the cellular cytosol. 33. The method as defined in claim 32, wherein said pH sensitive carrier includes at least one pH sensitive compound selected from the group consisting of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, C27 bile acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid and salts thereof, and at least one amphipathic substance selected from the group consisting of a phosphatidylcholine having 10 to 12 carbon atoms, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monofatty acid ester having 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a sorbitan fatty acid ester having 16 to 18 carbon atoms, glycerol monooleate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol dioleate, polyoxyethylene castor oil and \u03b1-tocopherol, and is capable of developing a membrane disruptive function promoting effect. 34. The method as defined in claim 32, wherein the pH sensitive compound is present in an amount of not less than 10 moles per 100 moles of the amphipathic substance. 35. The method as defined in claim 32, wherein the pH sensitive compound and the amphipathic substance form micellar particles. 36. The method as defined in claim 35, wherein the particle size is 10 to 200 nm. 37. The method as defined in claim 32, wherein when a leakage of the pH sensitive compound alone in a leaching test is taken as La, a leakage of the amphipathic substance alone taken as Lb, a leakage of the pH sensitive carrier taken as Lc, leakages at a pH of 7.4, respectively, taken as Lc7.4, La7.4 and Lb7.4, and leakages at a pH of 5.0 or 4.5, respectively, taken as Lcx, Lax and Lbx, \u0394 represented by the following formula (1) is not smaller than 5 and \u0394\u2032 represented by the following formula (2) is not smaller than 5. \u0394=(Lcx\u2212Lc7.4)\u2212(Lax\u2212La7.4) Equation (1) \u0394\u2032=Lcx\u2212(Lax+Lbx) Equation (2) 38. The method as defined in claim 32, wherein the physiologically active substance is made of a protein or peptide.",
-    "A cylindrical container for holding snack foods and other items that can be transformed into a serving bowl is provided. A container system comprising a cylindrical container and flexible panels that can be assembled into a serving bowl is also provided. 1. A container for holding a product, the container comprising: a cylindrical sidewall having a top rim and a bottom rim, the sidewall defining a longitudinal central axis; a plastic overcap removably secured to the top rim; an end cap secured to the bottom rim; the cylindrical sidewall comprising a plurality of longitudinally extending sidewall panels, each sidewall panel connected to adjacent sidewall panels by frangible lines, each sidewall panel having an inner facing surface, each sidewall panel extending from the top rim to a circumferential hinge line, the sidewall, overcap and end cap defining an interior for holding the product; and a flexible inner sleeve disposed in the interior between the product and the sidewall, the inner sleeve being adhered to the inner surface of each sidewall panel; wherein the sidewall panels are rotatable about the hinge line between a first position in which the sidewall panels are vertically upright to form the cylindrical sidewall and a second position in which the sidewall panels are splayed outwardly away from the central axis and in which the inner sleeve forms a truncated cone shaped structure large enough to hold the product of one or more containers. 2. The container of claim 1 wherein, in the first position: the inner sleeve is folded over upon itself to form a substantially cylindrical structure. 3. The container of claim 2 wherein: the inner sleeve comprises a plurality of substantially rectangular inner sleeve panels extending between a curved top edge and a curved bottom edge and between vertical side fold lines, the inner sleeve panels being connected by the vertical inner sleeve fold lines to first and second substantially triangular gusset panels. 4. The container of claim 3 wherein, in the first position: each first gusset panel extends from the sheet bottom edge to the sheet top edge, and each second gusset panels extends from the sheet bottom edge to the sheet top edge, and each second gusset panel is foldably attached to a first gusset panel along a gusset fold line. 5. The container of claim 4 wherein: the inner sleeve panels are of similar dimensions to the sidewall panels and are affixed to the inner facing surfaces of the sidewall panels so that the vertical fold lines in the inner sleeve substantially coincide with the frangible lines in the sidewall. 6. The container of claim 5 wherein: the gusset panels extend in accordion fashion between the sidewall panels. 7. In combination, a container and flexible bowl panels for holding and serving a product, the container comprising: a cylindrical sidewall having a top rim and a bottom rim; a plastic overcap removably secured to the top rim; an end cap secured to the bottom rim; the cylindrical sidewall, overcap and end cap defining an interior for holding the product; the bowl panels configured to lock together to form a bowl shaped serving container. 8. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 7, wherein: the bowl panels lock together in tab in slot fashion. 9. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 8, wherein: each bowl panel has an inner surface suitable for contacting food. 10. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 8, wherein: the bowl panels lock together to form a truncated cone shape having a circular bottom rim configured to mate with the overcap to form the bowl shaped serving container. 11. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 10, wherein: the bowl panels are configured to fit closely with outside contours of one or more containers. 12. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 10, wherein: the bowl panels are disposed inside the container. 13. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 7, wherein: each bowl panel comprises a plurality of bottom tabs rotatably connected to a bottom edge and configured to interlock to form a bottom of the bowl. 14. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 7, wherein: each bowl panel is formed from a flat blank comprising a main panel having a top edge, a bottom edge and side edges extending from the top edge and converging toward each other until they terminate at the bottom edge, a plurality of locking tabs extending laterally outwardly from one side edge, slots located near the other side edge and configured to receive the locking tabs of a second bowl panel, and a plurality of bottom tabs rotatably connected to a bottom edge and configured to interlock to form a bottom of the bowl. 15. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 13, wherein: the bowl panels are configured to fit closely with outside contours of one or more containers. 16. The combination container and flexible bowl panels of claim 13, wherein: the bowl panels are disposed inside the container. 17. A container for holding a product, the container comprising: a pleated container body having a bottom wall and a cylindrical sidewall, the sidewall having a top rim and defining a longitudinal central axis; a plastic overcap removably secured to the top rim, the pleated container body and overcap defining an interior for holding the product; and a label encircling the sidewall; wherein the pleated container body is configured to splay outwardly after the label has been removed, away from the central axis, to form a frustoconical shaped structure large enough to hold the product of one or more containers.",
-    "A method of treating a glioma is disclosed. The method includes administering to a patient in need thereof a composition that includes a chemotherapy agent and artificial cerebrospinal fluid via convection enhanced delivery. 1. A method of treating a glioma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a composition comprising a chemotherapy agent and artificial cerebrospinal fluid via convection enhanced delivery. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemotherapy agent is delivered to white matter via convection enhanced delivery. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the white matter is within 30 mm of a glioma or of a site from which a glioma has been resected. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemotherapy agent is administered at a concentration of from 0.01 mg/ml to 0.30 mg/ml. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemotherapy agent is administered for a period of 4 to 24 hours. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemotherapy agent is administered on at least two consecutive days. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemotherapy agent is administered at a flow rate of at least 6 \u03bcl/min. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising resecting part or all of a glioma. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising implanting a distal end of two or more catheters in white matter within 5 to 30 mm of a glioma or of a site from which a glioma has been resected.",
-    "According to one embodiment, there is provided a 3-phase 2-pole 2-layer armature winding, housed in 72 slots provided in a laminated iron core, a winding of each phase including six parallel circuits separated into two phase belts. Upper coil pieces of first and fourth parallel circuits are placed at 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 12th positions, and lower coil pieces of the first and fourth parallel circuits are placed at 1st, 6th, 9th, and 10th positions, upper and lower coil pieces of second and fifth parallel circuits are placed at 2nd, 5th, 8th, and 11th positions, and upper coil pieces of third and six parallel circuits are placed at 1st, 8th, 9th, and 10th positions, and lower coil pieces of the third and six parallel circuits are placed at 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 12th positions, from the center of a pole. 1. A 3-phase 2-pole 2-layer armature winding of a rotating electrical machine, housed in 72 slots provided in a laminated iron core, the winding for each phase comprising: six parallel circuits separated into two phase belts comprising first and second phase belts, each parallel circuit comprising two coil pieces, an upper coil piece and a lower coil piece connected in series with each other at a connection side coil end and at a non-connection side coil end; and the parallel circuits being connected such that upper and lower coil pieces of first and fourth parallel circuits are placed at 2nd, 5th, 8th and 12th positions from the center of a pole; upper and lower coil pieces of second and fifth parallel circuits are placed at 3rd, 4th, 7th and 11th positions from the center of a pole; and upper and lower coil pieces of third and six parallel circuits are placed at 1st, 6th, 9th and 10th positions from the center of a pole, when relative positions of the upper and lower coil pieces in one phase belt are indicated by positions counted sequentially from the center of a pole. 2. The armature winding of the rotating electrical machine according to claim 1, wherein a winding pitch is in a range of 25/36 to 31/36. 3. The armature winding of the rotating electrical machine according to claim 1, wherein the parallel circuits of the upper and lower coil pieces of the first phase belt are numbered 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 1 sequentially from the center of a pole; and the parallel circuits of the upper and lower coil pieces of the second phase belt are numbered 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4 sequentially from the center of a pole.",
-    "Where data are shared by multiple computer processing threads, modifying the data by determining whether modifying data associated with a first computer processing thread violates a constraint associated with the data, and responsive to determining that modifying the data associated with the computer processing thread violates the constraint associated with the data, using the data associated with the first computer processing thread to modify the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads that includes the first computer processing thread, where the constraint associated with the data associated with the first computer processing thread represents a portion of a tolerance value that is associated with the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads and that is divided among multiple constraints, where each of the constraints is associated with a different one of the multiple computer processing threads. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A computer-implemented method, comprising: determining whether modifying data associated with a first computer processing thread violates a constraint associated with the data; and using, responsive to a determination that the modifying the data violates the constraint associated with the data, the data to modify data shared by multiple computer processing threads that includes the first computer processing thread, wherein the constraint represents a portion of a tolerance value that is a) associated with the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads and b) divided among a plurality of constraints and each of the plurality of constraints is associated with a different one of the multiple computer processing threads. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: configuring a set of computer software instructions to perform the determining and the using. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: causing each of the multiple computer processing threads to execute a different instance of the computer software instructions. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads is a single numeric value. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads is a set of multiple elements. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein each of the multiple computer processing threads has an associated own thread-local data for storing modifications intended for the data shared by the multiple computer processing thread. 27. A computer hardware system, comprising: at least one hardware processor configured to initiate the following executable operations: determining whether modifying data associated with a first computer processing thread violates a constraint associated with the data; and using, responsive to a determination that the modifying the data violates the constraint associated with the data, the data to modify data shared by multiple computer processing threads that includes the first computer processing thread, wherein the constraint represents a portion of a tolerance value that is a) associated with the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads and b) divided among a plurality of constraints and each of the plurality of constraints is associated with a different one of the multiple computer processing threads. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one hardware processor is further configured to initiate the following executable operation: configuring a set of computer software instructions to perform the determining and the using. 29. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one hardware processor is further configured to initiate the following executable operation: causing each of the multiple computer processing threads to execute a different instance of the computer software instructions. 30. The system of claim 27, wherein the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads is a single numeric value. 31. The system of claim 27, wherein the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads is a set of multiple elements. 32. The system of claim 27, wherein each of the multiple computer processing threads has an associated own thread-local data for storing modifications intended for the data shared by the multiple computer processing thread. 33. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one hardware processor is further configured to initiate the following executable operation: modifying the data associated with the first computer processing thread with a modification intended for the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads upon a determination that the modification does not violate the constraint. 34. A computer program product, comprising: a computer readable storage medium having stored therein computer-readable program code for testing a computer software application the computer-readable program code, when executed by a computer hardware system, causes the computer hardware system to perform: determining whether modifying data associated with a first computer processing thread violates a constraint associated with the data; and using, responsive to a determination that the modifying the data violates the constraint associated with the data, the data to modify data shared by multiple computer processing threads that includes the first computer processing thread, wherein the constraint represents a portion of a tolerance value that is a) associated with the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads and b) divided among a plurality of constraints and each of the plurality of constraints is associated with a different one of the multiple computer processing threads. 35. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein the computer-readable program code further causes the computer hardware system to perform: configuring a set of computer software instructions to perform the determining and the using. 36. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein the at least one hardware processor is further configured to initiate the following executable operation: causing each of the multiple computer processing threads to execute a different instance of the computer software instructions. 37. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads is a single numeric value. 38. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads is a set of multiple elements. 39. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein each of the multiple computer processing threads has an associated own thread-local data for storing modifications intended for the data shared by the multiple computer processing thread. 40. The computer program product of claim 34, wherein the computer-readable program code further causes the computer hardware system to perform: modifying the data associated with the first computer processing thread with a modification intended for the data shared by the multiple computer processing threads upon a determination that the modification does not violate the constraint.",
-    "A solid chemical delivery system for delivering chemicals to an underground formation. The solid chemical is formed by dehydrating amorphous silica to form anhydrous silica. High pour point well chemicals are heated to reduce viscosity then introduced to the silica and form a tablet or pelletized chemical. The pelletized chemical is coated to further time-release the introduction of the chemical. The pelletized solid chemical may be delivered to the underground formation through the well bore with a proppant and fracturing fluid. 1. A method for delivering a well treatment chemical into a wellbore comprising: providing a precipitated amorphous silica matrix; heating a high pour point well treatment chemical to reduce its viscosity; mixing the high pour point well treatment chemical with the precipitated amorphous silica matrix; cooling the high pour point well treatment chemical within the precipitated amorphous silica matrix to form a first solid treatment device; and providing the first solid treatment device to an underground formation. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the high pour point well treatment chemical comprises at least one of the following selected from: emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, non-emulsifiers, wetting agents, sludge preventives, retarders, suspension agents, anti-swelling agents, or stimulation additives. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing a second precipitated amorphous silica matrix; mixing a second well treatment chemical with the precipitated amorphous silica to form a second solid treatment device; and providing the second solid treatment device with the first solid treatment device to the underground formation; wherein the high pour point well treatment chemical and the second well treatment chemical do not interact when contained in the first solid treatment device and second solid treatment device. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the high pour point well treatment chemical and second well treatment chemical are reactive with one another. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising coating the first solid treatment device. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the coating is polyvinylidene chloride. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the coating is an acrylic resin. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface area of the precipitated amorphous silica matrix is in excess of 80 square meters per gram. 9. The method of claim 2 wherein the high pour point well treatment chemical is an acid and the second well treatment chemical is a base. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first solid treatment device is a dimpled spheroid. 11. A method for delivering a chemical agent in a solid form, the method comprising: heating the chemical agent to reduce its pour point; mixing the chemical agent with an amorphous precipitated silica carrier to form a solid composite; and depositing the solid composite into the wellbore; wherein the liquid chemical agent is released from the solid composite in a metered manner in the wellbore. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the chemical agent comprises at least one of the following selected from: scale inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, paraffin products, H2S scavengers, or foamers. 13. The method of claim 11 further comprising: providing a second solid composite formed of an amorphous precipitated silica carrier and a second liquid chemical agent; and depositing the second solid composite into the wellbore. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the first liquid chemical agent is an acid and the second liquid chemical agent is a base. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein one of the solid composite and the second solid composite is coated with a degradable coating. 16. The method of claim 11 further comprising coating the solid composite with acrylic resin. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein the surface area of the amorphous precipitated silica is in excess of 80 square meters per gram. 18. The method of claim 11 wherein the melting point of the chemical agent exceeds the highest temperature of the wellbore. 19. The method of claim 11 further comprising mixing the solid composite with a guar powder.",
-    "Various technologies described herein pertain to transferring geospatial tiles for Wi-Fi networks. A geospatial tile specifies a geographic region and includes data pertaining to a plurality of Wi-Fi networks having respective geographic coverage areas within the geographic region. A mobile device can receive an indicator that corresponds to a geospatial tile for retrieval by the mobile device. Further, the mobile device can request the geospatial tile from a tile management system based upon the indicator. Upon receiving the geospatial tile from the tile management system, the mobile device stores the geospatial tile in a tile cache. Further, the mobile device can automatically connect to a particular Wi-Fi network from the plurality of Wi-Fi networks utilizing data for the particular Wi-Fi network included in the geospatial tile when the mobile device is positioned within a geographic coverage area of the particular Wi-Fi network. 1. A tile management system, comprising: a data repository that retains a geospatial tile, wherein: the geospatial tile specifies a geographic region; and the geospatial tile comprises data pertaining to a plurality of Wi-Fi networks having respective geographic coverage areas within the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile; at least one processor; and memory that comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform acts including: receiving a request for delivery of the geospatial tile to a mobile device, the request being received when the mobile device is positioned outside of the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile; and sending the geospatial tile to the mobile device when the mobile device is positioned outside of the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile. 2. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the request for delivery of the geospatial tile to the mobile device is received from the mobile device. 3. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the request for delivery of the geospatial tile to the mobile device is received from a disparate mobile device. 4. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the request for delivery of the geospatial tile to the mobile device is received from a third party service. 5. The tile management system of claim 4, wherein the request for delivery of the geospatial tile to the mobile device is sent to the tile management system by the third party service responsive to acceptance of an event through the third party service. 6. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the request for delivery of the geospatial tile to the mobile device is generated by a device temporally coupled to the mobile device. 7. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein, for each of the plurality of Wi-Fi networks, the data comprises: a service set identifier (SSID) for a Wi-Fi network; a basic service set identification (BSSID) for the Wi-Fi network; and configuration information for automatically connecting to the Wi-Fi network. 8. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein, for each of the plurality of Wi-Fi networks, the data comprises: connection quality data describing transmission and reception over a Wi-Fi network. 9. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the geospatial tile sent to the mobile device comprises an indicator specifying whether the geospatial tile is partial. 10. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of Wi-Fi networks comprises at least one open, curated network, at least one captive portal network, and at least one shared Wi-Fi network. 11. The tile management system of claim 10, wherein the data for the captive portal network comprises a sequenced set of instructions for connecting to the captive portal network. 12. The tile management system of claim 1, wherein the geospatial tile specifies a date and time value at which the geospatial tile expires. 13. The tile management system of claim 1, the memory further comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform acts including: responsive to receiving the request for delivery of the geospatial tile to the mobile device, inferring a future geographic location of the mobile device; and retrieving the geospatial tile from the data repository based on the future geographic location of the mobile device, wherein the geospatial tile is sent to the mobile device. 14. A mobile device, comprising: a tile cache; at least one processor; and memory that comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform acts including: receiving a geospatial tile when the mobile device is positioned at a geographic location that is outside of a geographic region specified in the geospatial tile, wherein the geospatial tile comprises data pertaining to a plurality of Wi-Fi networks having respective geographic coverage areas within the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile; storing the geospatial tile in the tile cache of the mobile device; and automatically connecting the mobile device to a particular Wi-Fi network from the plurality of Wi-Fi networks utilizing the data for the particular Wi-Fi network included in the geospatial tile stored in the tile cache when the mobile device is positioned within a geographic coverage area of the particular Wi-Fi network. 15. The mobile device of claim 14, wherein, for each of the plurality of Wi-Fi networks, the data comprises: a service set identifier (SSID) for a Wi-Fi network; a basic service set identification (BSSID) for the Wi-Fi network; and configuration information for automatically connecting to the Wi-Fi network. 16. The mobile device of claim 14, the memory further comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform acts including: receiving an indicator that corresponds to the geospatial tile for retrieval by the mobile device; and requesting the geospatial tile based upon the indicator. 17. The mobile device of claim 14, wherein a device temporally coupled to the mobile device generates a request for the geospatial tile, and wherein the geospatial tile is received responsive to the request. 18. The mobile device of claim 14, the memory further comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform acts including: receiving a calendar item that comprises the geospatial tile when the mobile device is positioned at the geographic location that is outside of the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile. 19. The mobile device of claim 14, the memory further comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform acts including: receiving an input that identifies a desired geographic location via a voice-controlled digital assistant of the mobile device, wherein the desired geographic location differs from the geographic location at which the mobile device is positioned; and requesting the geospatial tile based upon the desired geographic location. 20. A method, comprising: receiving, from a mobile device, a request for delivery of a geospatial tile to the mobile device, the request being received when the mobile device is positioned outside of a geographic region specified in the geospatial tile, the geospatial tile comprises data pertaining to a plurality of Wi-Fi networks having respective geographic coverage areas within the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile; retrieving the geospatial tile from a data repository based on the request; and transmitting the geospatial tile to the mobile device when the mobile device is positioned outside of the geographic region specified in the geospatial tile.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for assessing heart failure in vitro comprising the steps of measuring in a sample the concentration of the marker CRYAB, of optionally measuring in the sample the concentration of one or more other marker(s) of heart failure selected from the group consisting of a natriuretic peptide marker, a cardiac troponin marker, and a marker of inflammation, and of assessing heart failure by comparing the concentration determined in for CRYAB and the concentration(s) determined for the optionally one or more other marker to the concentration of this marker or these markers as established in a reference population. Also disclosed are the use of CRYAB as a marker protein in the assessment of heart failure, a marker combination comprising CRYAB and a kit for measuring CRYAB. 1. A method for assessing heart failure in an individual comprising the steps of a) measuring in a sample obtained from the individual the concentration of the marker CRYAB, b) optionally measuring in the sample the concentration of one or more other marker(s) of heart failure, and c) assessing heart failure by comparing the concentration determined in step (a) and optionally the concentration(s) determined in step (b) to the concentration of this marker or these markers as established in a control sample. 2. The method according to claim 1, further characterized in that said sample is selected from the group consisting of serum, plasma, and whole blood. 3. The method according to claim 1, further characterized in that said one or more other marker is selected from the group consisting of a natriuretic peptide marker, a cardiac troponin marker, and a marker of inflammation. 4. The method according to claim 3, further characterized in that said one or more other marker is NT-proBNP. 5. The method according to claim 3, further characterized in that said one or more other marker is troponin T. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the marker CRYAB is measured in a sample obtained from an individual at risk for heart failure. 7. A kit for performing the method according to claim 1 comprising one or more reagents for specifically measuring CRYAB and the optionally one or more other marker of heart failure.",
-    "An upper end portion 24A of a sunroof drain hose 24 that guides water in a water discharge groove section 22 in a vehicle downward direction is in communication with the water discharge groove section 22 formed on a vehicle cabin side of a sunroof opening portion 14. A grommet 30 is connected to a lower end of the sunroof drain hose 24. The grommet 30 includes a main body member 32, a cap member 40, and a cover member 50. The cap member 40 is capable of opening and closing, and is disposed at a discharge outlet 32B that is an outlet of a flow path 32A formed inside a main body member 32. 1. A vehicle water discharge structure comprising: a water discharge groove section provided at a vehicle cabin inner side of a vehicle sunroof opening portion; a water discharge path member that is in communication with the water discharge groove section, and that guides water in the water discharge groove section in a vehicle downward direction; and a cap member that is installed at a water discharge section through which water is discharged through the water discharge path member, and that is capable of moving to an open position that opens a discharge outlet of the discharge section and a blocking position that blocks the discharge outlet. 2. The vehicle water discharge structure of claim 1, wherein the cap member is ordinarily disposed in the open position, and is disposed in the blocking position when an inside of the vehicle cabin is at lower pressure than a vehicle outside. 3. The vehicle water discharge structure of claim 1, wherein: the discharge outlet of the discharge section is disposed inclined toward a vehicle lower side; and the cap member hangs down from an upper edge of the discharge outlet of the discharge section, and can move between the blocking position and the open position by swinging about the upper edge of the discharge outlet. 4. The vehicle water discharge structure of any one claim 1, further comprising a cover member that covers the cap member, and that is open at a vehicle lower side.",
-    "Disclosed is a semiconductor device that suppresses stress-induced resistance value changes. The semiconductor device includes a resistance correction circuit. The resistance correction circuit includes a first resistor whose stress-resistance value relationship is a first relationship, a second resistor whose stress-resistance value relationship is a second relationship, and a correction section that controls the resistance value of a correction target resistor. The correction section detects the difference between the resistance value of the first resistor and the resistance value of the second resistor and corrects, in accordance with the result of detection, the resistance value of the correction target resistor. 1-11. (canceled) 12. A microcomputer comprising: an oscillator circuit generating a clock signal; and CPU operating based on the clock signal, wherein the oscillator circuit comprises a resistance correction circuit including: a first resistor whose stress-resistance value relationship is a first relationship; a second resistor whose stress-resistance value relationship is a second relationship; a correction target resistor; and a correction section that controls the resistance value of the correction target resistor, wherein the correction section detects the difference between the resistance value of the first resistor and the resistance value of the second resistor and corrects, in accordance with the result of detection, the resistance value of the correction target resistor, and value of the correction target resistor, and wherein the clock signal has a frequency corresponding to the resistance value of the correction target resistor. 13. The microcomputer according to claim 12, wherein the circuit blocks includes a memory. 14. The microcomputer according to claim 13, wherein the first relationship and the second relationship differ from each other, and the stress-resistance value relationship of the correction target resistor is equal to the first relationship. 15. The microcomputer according to claim 13, wherein the correction target resistor is set so that the resistance value thereof is equal to a target value when the correction target resistor is subjected to a reference stress, and wherein the first resistor is set so that the resistance value thereof is equal to the resistance value of the second resistor when the first resistor is subjected to the reference stress. 16. The microcomputer according to claim 13, wherein the correction section includes: a comparator circuit that compares the resistance value of the first resistor with the resistance value of the second resistor; and a correction circuit that corrects, in accordance with the result of comparison by the comparator circuit, the resistance value of the first resistor until the resistance value thereof agrees with the resistance value of the second resistor, and wherein the correction circuit corrects the resistance value of the correction target resistor by an amount corresponding to a correction amount X1 for the resistance value of the first resistor. 17. The microcomputer according to claim 16, further comprising: a third resistor whose stress-resistance value relationship is the second relationship; and a fourth resistor whose stress-resistance value relationship is the first second relationship, wherein the first resistor is coupled at one end to a first power supply and at the other end to a first node, wherein the second resistor is coupled at one end to the first node and at the other end to a second power supply, wherein the third resistor is coupled at one end to the first power supply and at the other end to a second node, wherein the fourth resistor is coupled at one end to the second node and at the other end to the second power supply, wherein the comparator circuit compares the resistance value of the first resistor with the resistance value of the second resistor by comparing the potential of the first node with the potential of the second node, and wherein the correction circuit corrects the resistance value of the first resistor until the resistance value thereof agrees with the resistance value of the second resistor by changing the resistance value of the first resistor until the first node and the second node have the same potential. 18. The microcomputer according to claim 13, wherein the first resistor and the second resistor are positioned so as to be subjected to the same stress as the correction target resistor. 19. The microcomputer according to claim 18, wherein the correction target resistor includes a plurality of series-coupled resistive elements, wherein the first resistor includes a plurality of series-coupled resistive elements, wherein the second resistor includes a plurality of series-coupled resistive elements, wherein each of the resistive elements included in the correction target resistor is a resistive element of a first type, wherein each of the resistive elements included in the first resistor is a resistive element of the first type, wherein each of the resistive elements included in the second resistor is a resistive element of a second type, and wherein the first resistive elements and the second resistive elements are disposed in common-centroid layout. 20. The microcomputer according to claim 19, wherein the first resistive elements and the second resistive elements are disposed so as to alternate with each other not only in a first direction but also in a second direction, the second direction being orthogonal to the first direction. 21. The microcomputer according to claim 19, wherein the first resistive elements include a plurality of first resistor groups, wherein the second resistive elements include a plurality of second resistor groups, wherein the first resistor groups include two of the resistive elements of the first type aligned in a first direction, wherein the second resistor groups include two of the resistive elements of the second type aligned in the first direction, and wherein the first resistor groups and the second resistor groups are disposed so as to alternate with each other not only in the first direction but also in a second direction.",
-    "A coupling facility is coupled to one or more other coupling facilities via one or more peer links. The coupling of the facilities enables various functions to be supported, including the duplexing of structures of the coupling facilities. Duplexing is performed on a structure basis, and thus, a coupling facility may include duplexed structures, as well as non-duplexed or simplexed structures. 1. A computer system for managing duplexing of coupling facility structures, said computer system comprising: a memory; and a processor in communication with the memory, wherein the computer system is configured to perform a method, said method comprising: initiating activation of duplexing of a coupling facility structure, wherein an instance of the coupling facility structure is located within one coupling facility and wherein the coupling facility structure is a coupling facility cache structure or a coupling facility list structure; determining whether another coupling facility in which another instance of the coupling facility structure is to reside is connected to the one coupling facility; and activating duplexing, based on the determining indicating that the other coupling facility is connected to the one coupling facility. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein said activating comprises setting in at least one data structure a duplexing indicator associated with the coupling facility structure, the duplexing indicator to indicate duplexing is activated. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the instance of the coupling facility structure and the other instance of the coupling facility structure are concurrently updated to provide high availability of the coupling facility structure. 4. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises deactivating duplexing of the coupling facility structure, wherein the deactivating duplexing comprises resetting within at least one data structure a duplexing indicator associated with the coupling facility structure. 5. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the resetting causes a duplexed command issued after duplexing is deactivated to be suspended. 6. The computer system of claim 1, wherein a plurality of instances of the coupling facility structure are updated by a command split into a plurality of commands, each of the plurality of commands updating a respective instance of the plurality of instances in parallel. 7. The computer system of claim 6, wherein command processing for the duplexed structure is synchronized, in which the plurality of commands of the split command complete successfully or the plurality of commands are backed out, if at least one of the commands is unsuccessful. 8. The computer system of claim 1, wherein said coupling facility is a shareable facility having storage and processing capabilities.",
-    "Provided is a color changeable device which includes a first substrate and a second substrate that are spaced apart from each other, a first transparent electrode disposed on the first substrate, a second transparent electrode disposed on the second substrate, an electrochromic layer disposed between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode, an organic layer disposed between the first transparent electrode and the electrochromic layer. The organic layer may include a hole injection layer or an electron injection layer. The organic layer may further include a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. 1. A color changeable device comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate spaced apart from the first substrate; a first transparent electrode on the first substrate; a second transparent electrode on the second substrate; an electrochromic layer between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode; and an organic layer between the first transparent electrode and the electrochromic layer, wherein the organic layer comprises a hole injection layer or an electron injection layer. 2. The color changeable device of claim 1, wherein the hole injection layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,4\u2032-(N-(4-sec-butylphenyl)diphenylamine)] (TFB), 4,4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl (\u03b1-NPD), or N,N\u2032-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N\u2032-diphenyl(1,1\u2032-biphenyl)-4,4\u2032-diamine (TPD). 3. The color changeable device of claim 2, wherein the organic layer further comprises a hole transport layer. 4. The color changeable device of claim 3, wherein the hole transport layer comprises 4,4\u2032,4\u2033-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino] triphenylamine (2-TNATA), 4,4\u2032,4\u2033-tris(2-methylphenyl-phenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), tris(1-phenylisoquinoline)iridium(III) (Ir(piq)3), bis[2-(1-isoquinolinyl-N)phenyl-C](2,4-pentanedionato-O2,O4)iridium(III) (Ir(piq)2(acac)), or 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl naphthacene (rubrene). 5. The color changeable device of claim 3, wherein the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer are mixed to form a single layer. 6. The color changeable device of claim 1, wherein the electron injection layer comprises polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) or ZnO. 7. The color changeable device of claim 6, wherein the organic layer further comprises an electron transport layer. 8. The color changeable device of claim 7, wherein the electron transport layer comprises tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), 2,2,2\u2033-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBi), 2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT), 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD), (3-(s)-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methyl]-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (BMD), Ir(piq)3, Ir(piq)2(acac), or rubrene. 9. The color changeable device of claim 7, wherein the electron injection layer and the electron transport layer are mixed to form a single layer. 10. The color changeable device of claim 1, wherein the electrochromic layer comprises WO3 or PEDOT:PSS. 11. The color changeable device of claim 1, wherein the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode comprise aluminum (Al), TiN, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), or graphene. 12. The color changeable device of claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are flexible material substrates. 13. The color changeable device of claim 12, wherein the flexible material substrate comprises polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).",
-    "The present invention provides a multi-projection system using an interior surface as a projection surface, the system including a screen installed in a single theater, a plurality of interior surfaces arranged around the screen, and two or more projection devices for projecting synchronized images on the screen and the interior surfaces. 1. A multi-projection system comprising: a screen installed in a single theater; a plurality of interior surfaces arranged around the screen; and two or more projection devices for projecting synchronized images on the screen and the interior surfaces. 2. The multi-projection system of claim 1, wherein the interior surface is a wall surface, a floor surface, or a ceiling surface. 3. The multi-projection system of claim 1, wherein the interior surface comprises a coating layer for improving optical properties. 4. The multi-projection system of claim 3, wherein the coating layer improves polarization properties, scattering properties, or reflectance properties of the interior surface. 5. The multi-projection system of claim 3, wherein the coating layer is formed by applying a paint for improving optical properties on the interior surface. 6. The multi-projection system of claim 5, wherein the paint comprises: optical particles for improving optical properties; and a fluid serving as a carrier for the optical particles. 7. The multi-projection system of claim 6, wherein the optical particles are formed by cutting or pulverizing an optical substrate including a metal layer or a dielectric layer. 8. The multi-projection system of claim 3, wherein the interior surface comprises a sound insulating member layer, and the coating layer is formed on the sound insulating member layer. 9. (canceled) 10. The multi-projection system of claim 3, wherein the coating layer comprises a color area displayed in gradation around the boundary between the screen and the interior surface. 11. The multi-projection system of claim 1, further comprising a management device for controlling the operation of the two or more projection devices. 12. The multi-projection system of claim 11, wherein the management device corrects the images projected by the two or more projection devices and then transmits the corrected images to the two or more projection devices. 13. The multi-projection system of claim 12, wherein the management device corrects the images projected by the two or more projection devices so as to offset relative differences in properties between the screen and the interior surfaces.",
-    "A system, comprising a dual voltage supply configured to receive a logic state input voltage and configured to output an output voltage, wherein the dual voltage supply is configured to output a nominal voltage at a high state of the logic state input voltage and the dual voltage supply is configured to output a high voltage at a low state of the logic state input voltage, a pre-charge capacitor is configured to receive the output voltage of the dual voltage supply and an output buffer has an output buffer power input is coupled to the pre-charge capacitor and configured to receive the output voltage of the dual voltage supply, an output buffer signal input is configured to receive the logic state input voltage and an output buffer output is configured to output a digital output signal. 1. A system, comprising: a dual voltage supply configured to receive a logic state input voltage and configured to output an output voltage, wherein the dual voltage supply is configured to output a nominal voltage at a high state of the logic state input voltage and the dual voltage supply is configured to output a high voltage at a low state of the logic state input voltage; a pre-charge capacitor configured to receive the output voltage of the dual voltage supply; and an output buffer has an output buffer power input coupled to the pre-charge capacitor and configured to receive the output voltage of the dual voltage supply, an output buffer signal input configured to receive the logic state input voltage and an output buffer output configured to output a digital output signal. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the output buffer is a tristate buffer configured to also receive a tristate control signal. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the dual voltage supply comprises: an inverter has an inverter input configured to receive the logic state input voltage; a nominal switch has a nominal switch actuator coupled the inverter input, a nominal switch first pole is configured to receive the nominal voltage; a high switch has a high switch actuator coupled to an inverter output of the inverter, a high switch first pole is configured to receive the high voltage, a high switch second pole is coupled to a nominal switch second pole; and wherein the output buffer has the output buffer power input coupled to the high switch second pole. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the nominal switch comprises a transistor. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the high switch comprises a transistor. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the dual voltage supply comprises: an input buffer configured to receive the logic state input voltage; a nominal transistor has a nominal transistor gate coupled to an output of the input buffer, a nominal transistor drain configured to receive the nominal voltage; an inverter has an inverter input coupled to the output of the input buffer; a high transistor has a high transistor gate coupled to an inverter output of the inverter, a high transistor drain configured to receive the high voltage, a high transistor source coupled to a nominal transistor source of the nominal transistor; and wherein the output buffer has the output buffer power input coupled to the nominal transistor drain of the nominal transistor. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the nominal transistor is n-type. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the nominal transistor is p-type. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the high transistor is n-type. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the high transistor is p-type. 11. A system comprising: at least three voltage dividing resistors coupled in series; a voltage divider switch coupled across at least one of the at least three voltage dividing resistors, said voltage divider switch configured to receive a logic state input voltage; a differential amplifier has a first differential amplifier input coupled to at least one of the at least three voltage dividing resistor and a second differential amplifier input configured to receive a reference voltage; a power gating transistor has a power gating gate coupled to a differential amplifier output of the differential amplifier, a power gating drain configured to be coupled to a power source and a power gating source coupled to one of the at least three voltage dividing resistors; a pre-charge capacitor coupled to the power gating source of the power gating transistor; and an output buffer configured to receive power from the source of the power gating transistor and the pre-charge capacitor, an output buffer signal input configured to receive the logic state input voltage and an output buffer signal output configured to output a digital output signal. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the output buffer is a tristate buffer configured to also receive a tristate control signal. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least three voltage dividing resistors comprise resistor networks having selectable resistors. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the power gating transistor is n-type. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the power gating transistor is p-type. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the voltage divider switch comprises a transistor. 17. A system comprising: at least one third resistor; a power gating transistor has a power gating drain configured to be coupled to a power source and a power gating source coupled to the at least one third resistor; a pull up transistor has a pull up gate configured to receive a logic state input voltage, a pull up source coupled to a first end of the at least one third resistor; a differential amplifier has a first input coupled to a reference voltage and a differential amplifier output coupled to a power gating gate of the power gating transistor; and an output buffer has an input buffer power input configured to receive the output voltage, an output buffer signal input configured to receive the logic state input voltage and an output buffer signal output configured to output a digital output signal. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one third resistor comprises a third resistor network having a plurality of series coupled third resistors and a plurality of third switches coupled in parallel with the third resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of third resistors. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one third resistor comprises a third resistor network having a plurality of parallel coupled third resistors and a plurality of third switches coupled in series with the third resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of third resistors. 20. The system of claim 17 wherein the output buffer is a tristate buffer has a second output buffer signal input configured to receive a tristate control signal. 21. The system of claim 17, further comprising a pre-charge capacitor coupled to the power gating source of the power gating transistor. 22. The system of claim 17 further comprising: at least one first resistor; at least one second resistor in series connection to the at least one first resistor and the at least one second resistor in series connection to the at least one third resistor; a pull up drain of the pull up transistor coupled to a junction of the at least one second resistor and the at least one third resistor; a second input of the differential amplifier coupled to a juncture of the at least one first resistor and the at least one second resistor; and a pre-charge capacitor configured to receive the output voltage and coupled to the output buffer power input. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one third resistor comprises a third resistor network having a plurality of series coupled third resistors and a plurality of third switches coupled in parallel across the third resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of third resistors. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one third resistor comprises a third resistor network having a plurality of parallel coupled third resistors and a plurality of third switches coupled in series to the third resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of third resistors. 25. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one first resistor comprises a first resistor network having a plurality of series coupled first resistors and a plurality of first switches coupled in parallel across the first resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of first resistors. 26. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one first resistor comprises a first resistor network having a plurality of parallel coupled first resistors and a plurality of first switches coupled in series to the first resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of first resistors. 27. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one second resistor comprises a second resistor network having a plurality of series coupled second resistors and a plurality of second switches coupled in parallel across the second resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of second resistors. 28. The system of claim 22, wherein the at least one second resistor comprises a second resistor network having a plurality of parallel coupled second resistors and a plurality of second switches coupled in series to the second resistors selecting designated ones of the plurality of second resistors. 29. A method comprising: a) establishing a digital output buffer having a buffer input, a buffer output and a buffer power connection; b) pre-charging a pre-charge capacitor coupled to the buffer power connection to one of a high state upon receiving a low logic state input voltage at the buffer input and a nominal state upon receiving a high logic state input voltage at the buffer input; and c) utilizing the charge stored on the pre-charge capacitor to drive the buffer output. 30. A method comprising: a) establishing a digital output buffer having a buffer input, a buffer output and a buffer power connection; b) selecting two resistor division ratios to set a sense signal; c) pre-charging a pre-charge capacitor coupled to the buffer power connection based on the sense signal; and d) utilizing the charge stored on the pre-charge capacitor to drive the buffer output.",
-    "A NEMS device structure and a method for forming the same are provided. The NEMS device structure includes a substrate and an interconnect structure formed over the substrate. The NEMS device structure includes a dielectric layer formed over the interconnect structure and a beam structure formed in and over the dielectric layer. The beam structure includes a fixed portion and a moveable portion, the fixed portion is extended vertically, and the movable portion is extended horizontally. The NEMS device structure includes a cap structure formed over the dielectric layer and the beam structure and a cavity formed between the beam structure and the cap structure. 1. A nano-electromechanical system (NEMS) device structure, comprising: an interconnect structure formed over a substrate, wherein the interconnect structure comprises a first conductive layer formed in a first dielectric layer, the first conductive layer comprises a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion between the first portion and the second portion; a second dielectric layer formed over the interconnect structure; a first supporting electrode formed in and extended above the second dielectric layer, wherein the first supporting electrode is electrically connected to the first portion of the first conductive layer; a second supporting electrode formed in and extended above the second dielectric layer, wherein the second supporting electrode is electrically connected to the second portion of the first conductive layer; and a beam structure formed over the first supporting electrode and the second supporting electrode, wherein a first cavity is constructed by the first supporting electrode, the beam structure and the second supporting electrode. 2. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a sensing electrode formed over the third portion of the first conductive layer, wherein the sensing electrode is electrically connected to the third portion of the first conductive layer. 3. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the beam structure comprises a first end and a second end, the first end is electrically connected to the first supporting electrode, and the second end is electrically connected to the second supporting electrode. 4. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a thin film layer covering the beam structure, the first supporting electrode and the second supporting electrode. 5. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the thin film layer is made of cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), or titanium oxide (TiO2) or titanium nitride (TiN) a combination thereof. 6. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a transistor formed below the interconnect structure. 7. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a cap structure formed over the beam structure, wherein a second cavity is formed between the cap structure and the beam structure. 8. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein the cap structure comprises a plurality of release holes. 9. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 8, further comprising: a plurality of air gap formed in the release holes. 10-20. (canceled) 21. A nano-electromechanical system (NEMS) device structure, comprising: a transistor formed on a substrate; a first conductive layer formed over the transistor, wherein the first conductive layer comprises a first portion and a second portion; a dielectric layer formed over the first conductive layer; a first supporting electrode formed in and extended above the dielectric layer, wherein the first supporting electrode is electrically connected to the first portion of the first conductive layer; a second supporting electrode formed in and extended above the dielectric layer, wherein the second supporting electrode is electrically connected to the second portion of the first conductive layer; a beam structure formed over the first supporting electrode and the second supporting electrode, wherein a first cavity is constructed by the first supporting electrode, the beam structure and the second supporting electrode; and a thin film formed on the first supporting electrode, the second supporting electrode and the beam electrode. 22. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 21, wherein the thin film is made of cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), or titanium oxide (TiO2) or titanium nitride (TiN) a combination thereof. 23. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a cap structure formed over the beam structure, wherein the cap structure comprises a plurality of release holes, and a second cavity is formed between the cap structure and the beam structure, and the second cavity surrounds the first cavity. 24. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 23, further comprising: a first passivation layer formed in a portion of the release holes; and a second passivation layer formed on the first passivation layer. 25. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first conductive layer further comprises a third portion between the first portion and the second portion, and the third portion is below the first cavity. 26. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 25, further comprising: a sensing electrode formed on the third portion of the first conductive layer, wherein the sensing electrode is electrically connected to the third portion of the first conductive layer. 27. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 26, wherein the thin film covers a top surface of the sensing electrode. 28. A nano-electromechanical system (NEMS) device structure, comprising: a transistor formed on a substrate; a dielectric layer formed over the transistor; a first supporting electrode formed in and extended above the dielectric layer; a second supporting electrode formed in and extended above the dielectric layer; a beam structure connecting the first supporting electrode and the second supporting electrode, wherein a first cavity is constructed by the first supporting electrode, the beam structure and the second supporting electrode; and a cap structure formed over the beam structure, wherein a second cavity is formed between the cap structure and the beam structure and the second cavity surrounds the first cavity. 29. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a thin film formed on the first supporting electrode, the second supporting electrode and the beam electrode. 30. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 21, wherein the cap structure comprises a plurality of release holes, and an air gap is formed in the release holes. 31. The NEMS device structure as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a first passivation layer formed in the release holes, and the air gap is below the first passivation layer.",
-    "The IHC ion source comprises an ion source chamber having a cathode and a repeller on opposite ends. The repeller is made of two discrete parts, each comprising a different material. The repeller includes a repeller head, which may be a disc shaped component, and a stem to support the head. The repeller head is made from a conductive material having a higher thermal conductivity than the stem. In this way, the temperature of the repeller head is maintained at a higher temperature than would otherwise be possible. The higher temperature limits the build-up of material on the repeller head, which improves the performance of the IHC ion source. In certain embodiments, the repeller head and the stem are connected using a press fit. Differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the repeller head and the stem may cause the press fit to become tighter at higher temperatures. 1. An indirectly heated cathode ion source, comprising: an ion source chamber into which a gas is introduced; a cathode disposed on one end of the ion source chamber; and a repeller disposed at an opposite end of the ion source chamber, the repeller comprising a repeller head disposed within the ion source chamber and a stem that supports the repeller head and exits the ion source chamber through an opening; wherein the repeller head is made of a first material and the stem is made from a second material, different than the first material, and wherein the first material has a first thermal conductivity and the second material has a second thermal conductivity and the second thermal conductivity is less than half of the first thermal conductivity. 2-3. (canceled) 4. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the second thermal conductivity is less than a third of the first thermal conductivity. 5. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the repeller head and the stem are connected using a press fit. 6. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 5, wherein the repeller head and the stem are connected using an interference fit. 7. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 5, wherein the repeller head comprises a cavity disposed on a back surface, and wherein the stem is inserted into the cavity. 8. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 7, wherein the first material has a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the second material has a second coefficient of thermal expansion and the second coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. 9. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 5, wherein the repeller head comprises a post disposed on a back surface, and wherein a cavity is disposed at an end of the stem, and the post is inserted into the cavity. 10. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 9, wherein the first material has a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the second material has a second coefficient of thermal expansion and the first coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than the second coefficient of thermal expansion. 11. A repeller for use within an ion source chamber, comprising: a repeller head disposed within the ion source chamber; and a stem, having a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the repeller head, that supports the repeller head and exits the ion source chamber through an opening; wherein the repeller head is made of a first material and the stem is made from a second material, different than the first material, wherein the first material has a higher thermal conductivity than the second material. 12. The repeller of claim 11, wherein a thermal conductivity of the second material is less than half of a thermal conductivity of the first material. 13. The repeller of claim 12, wherein the thermal conductivity of the second material is less than a third of the thermal conductivity of the first material. 14. The repeller of claim 11, wherein the repeller head comprises tungsten. 15. The repeller of claim 11, wherein the stem is in electrical communication with a repeller power supply to supply a voltage to the repeller head. 16. A repeller for use within an ion source chamber, comprising: a disc-shaped repeller head disposed within the ion source chamber and biased at a voltage; and a stem attached to a back surface of the disc-shaped repeller head and exiting the ion source chamber through an opening; wherein the disc-shaped repeller head and the stem are both electrically conductive and made from materials having a melting point greater than 1000\u00b0 C., and wherein a thermal conductivity of the disc-shaped repeller head is at least twice as great as a thermal conductivity of the stem. 17. The repeller of claim 16, wherein the disc-shaped repeller head is made of tungsten. 18. The repeller of claim 17, wherein the stem is made from a material selected from the group consisting of tantalum, titanium, rhenium, hafnium, stainless steel, KOVAR\u00ae and INVAR\u00ae. 19. The repeller of claim 11, wherein the repeller head comprises a cavity disposed on a back surface, and wherein the stem is inserted into the cavity. 20. The repeller of claim 19, wherein the first material has a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the second material has a second coefficient of thermal expansion and the second coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. 21. The repeller of claim 11, wherein the repeller head comprises a post disposed on a back surface, and wherein a cavity is disposed at an end of the stem, and the post is inserted into the cavity. 22. The repeller of claim 21, wherein the first material has a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the second material has a second coefficient of thermal expansion and the first coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than the second coefficient of thermal expansion. 23. The repeller of claim 11, wherein the stem is made from a material selected from the group consisting of tantalum, titanium, rhenium, hafnium, stainless steel, KOVAR\u00ae and INVAR\u00ae.",
-    "A display panel includes pixels connected to each of gate lines and data lines. Each of the pixels includes a first transistor connected between a corresponding data line among the data lines and a first node and configured to deliver a data signal of the corresponding data line to the first node in response to an input signal received through a corresponding gate line among the gate lines, a reflective element circuit connected to the first node, and configured to implement the reflective mode in response to a signal of the first node when a first mode selection signal indicates a reflective mode, an emissive element circuit connected to a second node, and configured to implement the emissive mode in response to the signal of the first node when the mode selection mode indicates an emissive mode. 1. A display panel comprising pixels connected to gate lines and data lines, wherein each of the pixels comprises: a first transistor connected between a corresponding data line among the data lines and a first node, and configured to deliver a data signal of the corresponding data line to the first node in response to an input signal received through a corresponding gate line among the gate lines; a reflective element circuit connected to the first node, and configured to implement a reflective mode in response to the delivered data signal of the first node when a first mode selection signal indicates the reflective mode; an emissive element circuit connected to a second node, and configured to implement an emissive mode in response to the delivered data signal of the first node when a second mode selection signal indicates the emissive mode; and a capacitor, one end of the capacitor being connected to the first node and an other end of the capacitor being applied with a control signal, and wherein the reflective element circuit comprises: a second transistor connected between the first node and the second node, and configured to operate in response to the first mode selection signal; and a reflective element, one end of the reflective element being connected to the second node and an other end of the reflective element being supplied with the control signal. 2. The display panel of claim 1, wherein when the first transistor is turned on, the capacitor is charged by a voltage difference between the delivered data signal of the first node and the control signal, and wherein the capacitor maintains the delivered data signal of the first node when the first transistor is turned off. 3. The display panel of claim 1, wherein the emissive element circuit comprises: a third transistor connected to the first node, one end of the third transistor being configured to receive a power voltage, the power voltage being delivered from one end of the third transistor to an other end of the third transistor in response to the delivered data signal of the first node; a fourth transistor connected to the second node, and configured to apply the control signal to the second node in response to the second mode selection signal; and a fifth transistor connected to the other end of the third transistor, and configured to connect the other end of the third transistor to an emissive element in response to the second mode selection signal. 4. The display panel of claim 1, wherein the emissive element circuit comprises: a third transistor configured to receive a power voltage, the power voltage being delivered from one end of the third transistor to an other end of the third transistor in response to the second mode selection signal; a fourth transistor connected to the second node and configured to apply the control signal to the second mode in response to the second mode selection signal; and a fifth transistor connected to the other end of the third transistor and configured to connect the other end of the third transistor to an emissive element in response to the delivered data signal of the first node. 5. A display panel comprising pixels connected to gate lines and data lines, wherein each of the pixels comprises: a first transistor connected between a corresponding data line among the data lines and a first node and configured to deliver a data signal of the corresponding data line to the first node in response to an input signal received through a corresponding gate line among the gate lines; a reflective element circuit connected to the first node, and configured to implement a reflective mode in response to the delivered data signal of the first node when a first mode selection signal indicates the reflective mode; an emissive element circuit connected to a second node, and configured to implement an emissive mode in response to the delivered data signal of the first node when a second mode selection signal indicates the emissive mode; and a capacitor, one end of the capacitor being supplied with a power voltage and an other end of the capacitor being connected to the first node, and wherein the reflective element circuit comprises: a second transistor connected between the first node and the second node, and configured to operate in response to the first mode selection signal; and a reflective element one end of the reflective element being connected to the second node and an other end of the reflective element being supplied with a common voltage. 6. The display panel of claim 5, wherein the emissive element circuit comprises: a third transistor configured to receive a power voltage, the power voltage being delivered from one end of the third transistor to an other end of the third transistor in response to the second mode selection signal; a fourth transistor configured to apply the power voltage to the second node in response to the second mode selection signal; and a fifth transistor connected to the other end of the third transistor and configured to connect the other end of the third transistor to an emissive element in response to the delivered data signal of the first node. 7. The display panel of claim 5, wherein when the first transistor is turned on, the capacitor is charged by a voltage difference between the power voltage and the delivered data signal of the first node, and wherein the capacitor maintains the delivered data signal of the first node when the first transistor is turned off. 8. The display panel of claim 5, wherein a phase of the second mode selection signal is opposite to a phase of the first mode selection signal. 9. A display device comprising: a display panel comprising pixels connected to gate lines and data lines; a gate driving circuit connected to the display panel and the gate lines and configured to provide a gate signal to the pixels; and a data driving circuit connected to the display panel and the data lines and configured to provide a data signal to the pixels, wherein each of the pixels comprises: a first transistor connected between a corresponding data line among the data lines and a first node, and configured to deliver a data signal of the corresponding data line to the first node in response to an input signal received through a corresponding gate line among the gate lines; a reflective element circuit connected to the first node, and configured to implement a reflective mode in response to the delivered data signal of the first node when a mode selection signal indicates the reflective mode; an emissive element circuit connected to a second node, and configured to implement an emissive mode in response to the delivered data signal of the first node when the mode selection mode indicates the emissive mode; and a capacitor, one end of the capacitor being connected to the first node and an other end of the capacitor being applied with a control signal, and wherein the reflective element circuit comprises: a second transistor connected between the first node and the second node, and configured to operate in response to the first mode selection signal; and a reflective element, one end of the reflective element being connected to the second node and an other end of the reflective element being supplied with the control signal.",
-    "A readily-strippable cable is herein described having at least two wires encapsulated by a continuous electrically insulating layer, the insulating layer having at least one relatively weak portion that extends along the length of the cable and is substantially uniform in position and strength along the length of the cable; and wherein the weak portion is configured to allow the insulating layer to split along the relatively weak portion and down the length of the cable upon separation of the encapsulated wires by application of force against the relatively weaker portion of insulating layer in a direction substantially perpendicular to the length of the cable, thereby exposing the wires without the use of a secondary operation. 1. A readily-strippable cable comprising: at least two wires, wherein each wire comprises an electrically conductive portion; a continuous electrically insulating layer encapsulating said at least two wires, forming a cable, said insulating layer further comprising at least one relatively weak portion extending along its length that is substantially uniform in position and strength along the length of said cable; and wherein said relatively weak portion is configured to allow the cable insulating layer to split down the length of said cable upon the application of a tearing force thereto, thereby exposing said at least two wires contained therein. 2. The cable of claim 1 wherein said relatively weak portion is a knit line created during extrusion of said cable. 3. The cable of claim 1 wherein said relatively weak portion comprises a series of perforations. 4. The cable of claim 3 wherein said series of perforations only partially penetrate said cable insulating layer, thereby retaining the environmental protection function of the cable insulating layer. 5. The cable of claim 1 wherein said relatively weak portion comprises a different material than that of the remainder of the insulating layer. 6. The cable of claim 1 wherein said insulating layer is made of a foamed polymer. 7. The cable of claim 1 wherein at least one of said encapsulated wires further comprises its own insulating layer encapsulating said electrically conductive portion of said at least one wire. 8. The cable of claim 7 wherein said insulating layer of said at least one wire further comprises at least one relatively weak portion that extends along the length of said wire insulating layer that is substantially uniform in position and strength along the length of said wire insulating layer. 9. The cable of claim 8 wherein said relatively weak portion is a knit line created during extrusion of said wire. 10. The cable of claim 8 wherein said relatively weak portion comprises a series of perforations. 11. The cable of claim 10 wherein said series of perforations only partially penetrate said cable insulating layer, thereby retaining the environmental protection function of the cable insulating layer. 12. The cable of claim 8 wherein said relatively weak portion comprises a different material than that of the remainder of the insulating layer. 13. A readily-strippable wire comprising: an electrically conductive element; an electrically insulating layer encapsulating said electrically conductive element and further comprising at least one relatively weak portion extending along its length that is substantially uniform in position and strength along the length of said wire wherein said relatively weak portion is configured to allow said electrically insulating layer to split down the thereto, thereby exposing said electrically conductive element contained therein. 14. A method of manufacturing a readily-strippable cable comprising: configuring an extrusion die to separate at least one polymer flow into at least two separate polymer flows; introducing at least two wires to be made into a readily-strippable cable into said extrusion die for coating with said polymer; operating said extruder; pulling said wires through said extrusion die, wherein they are coated by said polymer flow, forming an outer cable jacket; and configuring said process to create a weak area in a substantially uniform position on the cross-section of the outer cable jacket and extending along substantially its entire length, wherein said cable outer jacket may be split along said weak area by the application of a tearing force into said outer cable jacket, thereby exposing said wires. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein configuring said process to create a weak area in a substantially uniform position on the cross-section of the outer cable jacket and extending along substantially its entire length comprises adjusting processing parameters and tooling configuration to cause said polymer flows, during extrusion, to meet when they are relatively cold and under relatively low pressure, resulting in the formation of a knit line, which defines said weak area. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said extrusion die is configured to produce an asymmetric polymer flow therethrough, creating an excess of internal pressure on one side of the cable which promotes knit line formation on the opposite side, where there the pressure is lower. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the extrusion process is a co-extrusion process utilizing at least two polymers, wherein said at least two polymers comprise polymers having different tear strengths, wherein process is configured such that the polymer or polymers occupy specific areas of the cross section of the finished cable outer jacket, the weaker polymer or polymers comprising a relatively smaller proportion of the overall jacket. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the extrusion process is a co-extrusion process utilizing at least two polymers, wherein said at least two polymers comprise polymers that, in their melt state, bond only weakly to one another, wherein the process is configured such that the polymer or polymers occupy specific areas of the cross section of the finished cable outer jacket, with one polymer or blend of polymers comprising a relatively smaller proportion of the overall jacket. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein said extrusion die comprises a protrusion into said polymer flow configured to create a groove or notch in the jacket, thereby creating a pre-weakened area along the length of the cable. 20. The method of claim 14 wherein configuring said process to create a weak area in a substantially uniform position on the cross-section of the outer cable jacket and extending along substantially its entire length comprises perforating the outer cable jacket at regular intervals along its length.",
-    "A rotation angle detection apparatus includes three or more sensing portions and a controller. Each sensing portion includes a main circuit unit which is a full-bridge circuit and a subsidiary circuit unit which is a full-bridge circuit. An angle calculator of the controller calculates a rotation angle on the basis of a main signal corresponding to a main positive signal and a main negative signal outputted from at least one main circuit unit and a subsidiary signal corresponding to a subsidiary positive signal and a subsidiary negative signal outputted from at least one subsidiary circuit unit. An abnormality monitoring unit compares main signals and also compares subsidiary signals outputted from different sensing portions and monitors an abnormality occurrence according to a comparison result. A rotation angle can be thus detected with high accuracy. 1. A rotation angle detection apparatus comprising: three or more sensing portions; and a controller , wherein each of the three or more sensing portions includes a main circuit unit and a subsidiary circuit unit, the main circuit unit is provided by a full bridge circuit and outputs a main positive signal and a main negative signal as output signals, the main positive signal corresponds to a rotating magnetic field which changes corresponding to a rotation of a detection target, and the main negative signal has an inverted polarity relative to a polarity of the main positive signal, the subsidiary circuit unit is provided by a full bridge circuit and outputs a subsidiary positive signal and a subsidiary negative signal as output signals, the subsidiary positive signal corresponds to the rotating magnetic field which changes corresponding to the rotation of the detection target, the subsidiary positive signal has a different phase from the main positive signal, and the subsidiary negative signal has an inverted polarity relative to a polarity of the subsidiary positive signal, the controller includes an angle calculator and an abnormality monitoring unit, the angle calculator calculates a rotation angle of the detection target based on a main signal and a subsidiary signal, the main signal corresponds to at least one of the main positive signal or the main negative signal outputted from the main circuit unit, and the subsidiary signal corresponds to at least one of the subsidiary positive signal or the subsidiary negative signal outputted from the subsidiary circuit unit, and the abnormality monitoring unit monitors an abnormality occurrence by comparing the corresponding output signals outputted from the three or more sensing portions. 2. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the three or more sensing portions is disposed at a position which cancels a detection error caused by a positional displacement from a rotation center, and the rotation center is a center of the rotating magnetic field of the detection target. 3. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein two of the three or more sensing portions are disposed point-symmetrically with respect to the rotation center. 4. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein a combination of the two of the three or more sensing portions disposed point-symmetrically with respect to the rotation center configures a symmetric sensing portion set, when the output signals from the symmetric sensing portion set are normal, the angle calculator calculates the rotation angle by using the normal output signals from the symmetric sensing portion set, and the abnormality monitoring unit monitors the abnormality occurrence according to a comparison result of the output signals from the two of the three or more sensing portions disposed point-symmetrically with respect to the rotation center. 5. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein one of the three or more sensing portions is disposed on a center line of the rotating magnetic field of the detection target. 6. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the one of the three or more sensing portions disposed on the center line of the rotating magnetic field of the detection target is provided as a center sensing portion, the abnormality monitoring unit monitors the abnormality occurrence according to a comparison result of the output signals from the center sensing portion with the output signals from the remaining sensing portions other than the center sensing portion, when the output signals from the center sensing portion are normal, the angle calculator calculates the rotation angle using the output signals from the center sensing portion, and, when the output signals from the center sensing portion are abnormal and the output signals from the symmetric sensing portion set, which is the combination of the two of the three or more sensing portions disposed point-symmetrically with respect to the rotation center, are normal, the angle calculator calculates the rotation angle using the output signals from the symmetric sensing portion set. 7. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the three or more sensing portions are provided with respective feed portions, and each of the three or more sensing portions is supplied with power from the corresponding feed portion. 8. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a sealing portion sealing the three or more sensing portions; and a terminal portion protruding from the sealing portion, wherein the terminal portion includes a plurality of signal output terminals, a plurality of feed terminals, and a plurality of ground terminals, the plurality of signal output terminals output the output signals from each of the main circuit units or from each of the subsidiary circuit units, the plurality of feed terminals feed power to the three or more sensing portions, respectively, and the plurality of ground terminals connect the three or more sensing portions to a ground. 9. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein one of the plurality of remaining terminals except the plurality of signal output terminals is disposed between adjacent two of the plurality of signal output terminals. 10. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein one of the plurality of remaining terminals except the plurality of feed terminals is disposed between every two of the plurality of feed terminals, and one of the plurality of remaining terminals except the plurality of ground terminals is disposed between every two of the plurality of ground terminals. 11. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the main positive signal is a positive sine signal, the main negative signal is a negative sine signal, the subsidiary positive signal is a positive cosine signal which is out of phase from the positive sine signal by 90 degrees, and the subsidiary negative signal is a negative cosine signal. 12. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller includes an analogue to digital conversion circuit that performs an analog to digital conversion to each of the main signals and the subsidiary signals. 13. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the analogue to digital conversion circuit includes a plurality of analogue to digital converters, and each of the analogue to digital converters performs an analog to digital conversion to at least one of the main signals and at least one of the subsidiary signals. 14. The rotation angle detection apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the three or more sensing portions include a first sensing portion, a second sensing portion, and a third sensing portion, the plurality of analogue to digital converters include a first analogue to digital converter and a second analogue to digital converter, the first analogue to digital converter and the second analogue to digital converter obtain signals and output signals at synchronized times, the first analogue to digital converter performs an analog to digital conversion to one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the first sensing portion, and further performs an analog to digital conversion to the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the second sensing portion, the second analogue to digital converter performs an analog to digital conversion to the remaining one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the first sensing portion, and further performs an analog to digital conversion to the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the third sensing portion, the first analogue to digital converter performs the analog to digital conversion in order of one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the second sensing portion, the one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the first sensing portion, and the remaining one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the second sensing portion, the second analogue to digital converter performs the analog to digital conversion in order of one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the third sensing portion, the remaining one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the first sensing portion, and the remaining one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the third sensing portion, and, in the analog to digital conversion performed by second analogue to digital converter, the one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the third sensing portion and converted at first has a different type from the one of the main signal and the subsidiary signal outputted from the second sensing portion and converted at first in the analog to digital conversion performed by the first analogue to digital converter.",
-    "A battery abnormality indication apparatus includes a measurement sensor that measures a state of a battery; an electronic control unit that determines, based on the state of the battery acquired from the measurement sensor, whether the battery has abnormality; and an indicator that indicates abnormality of the battery when the electronic control unit determines that the battery has abnormality. When the electronic control unit determines that a used amount of the battery is less than a predetermined amount, the indicator indicates a first abnormality indication showing a fault of the battery, and, when the electronic control unit determines that the used amount of the battery is greater than or equal to the predetermined amount, the indicator indicates a second abnormality indication showing degradation of the battery. 1. A battery abnormality indication apparatus comprising: a measurement sensor that measures a state of a battery; an electronic control unit that determines, based on the state of the battery acquired from the measurement sensor, whether the battery has an abnormality; and an indicator that indicates abnormality of the battery when the electronic control unit determines that the battery has abnormality, wherein when the electronic control unit determines that a used amount of the battery is less than a predetermined amount, the indicator indicates a first abnormality indication showing a fault of the battery, and, when the electronic control unit determines that the used amount of the battery is greater than or equal to the predetermined amount, the indicator indicates a second abnormality indication showing degradation of the battery. 2. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the indicator indicates the second abnormality indication when the electronic control unit determines that the used amount is greater than or equal to the predetermined amount and a degradation degree of the battery is greater than a reference value. 3. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the electronic control unit determines that the degradation degree of the battery is greater than the reference value when the electronic control unit estimates that a voltage value of the battery, at a time when the battery is charged to have a charged ratio greater than or equal to a predetermined value, is less than a reference voltage value. 4. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the indicator indicates the second abnormality indication when the electronic control unit determines that the used amount is greater than or equal to the predetermined amount and estimates that the voltage value of the battery, at a time when the battery is charged to have the charged ratio greater than or equal to the predetermined value, is less than the reference voltage value. 5. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the indicator indicates the first abnormality indication when the electronic control unit determines that a variation in an internal resistance of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold and determines that the used amount of the battery is less than or equal to the predetermined amount. 6. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the indicator indicates the first abnormality indication when the electronic control unit determines that a variation in an internal resistance of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold and determines that the used amount of the battery is less than or equal to the predetermined amount. 7. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the indicator indicates the first abnormality indication when the electronic control unit determines that a variation in an internal resistance of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold and determines that the used amount of the battery is less than or equal to the predetermined amount. 8. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the indicator indicates the first abnormality indication when the electronic control unit determines that a variation in an internal resistance of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold and determines that the used amount of the battery is less than or equal to the predetermined amount. 9. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 10. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 11. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 12. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 13. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 14. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 15. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 16. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the used amount is an accumulated value of a charged and discharged amount of the battery or the number of start times of an engine started by power supplied by the battery. 17. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein when idling stop of an engine is inhibited due to a decrease in a capability of the battery that starts the engine, the electronic control unit determines that the battery has abnormality. 18. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein when idling stop of an engine is inhibited due to a decrease in a capability of the battery that starts the engine, the electronic control unit determines that the battery has abnormality. 19. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein when idling stop of an engine is inhibited due to a decrease in a capability of the battery that starts the engine, the electronic control unit determines that the battery has abnormality. 20. The battery abnormality indication apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein when idling stop of an engine is inhibited due to a decrease in a capability of the battery that starts the engine, the electronic control unit determines that the battery has abnormality.",
-    "A GNSS/INS navigation system includes an INS filter that uses relative yaw values as an observable for attitude updates. The system calculates the relative yaw values based on carrier phase measurements, e.g., phase windup measurements, of GNSS signals received at a system GNSS antenna. The use of the relative yaw values as an observable in the INS filter allows the system to improve estimates of associated biases, and also to continue to estimate the associated biases in low dynamic environments. 1. An inertial navigation system (INS)/global navigation satellite system (/GNSS) navigation system comprising a GNSS subsystem including a GNSS receiver and a GNSS antenna, an INS subsystem including an inertial measurement unit and an INS filter, and a relative yaw subsystem configured to calculate relative yaw values based on phase windup measurements of GNSS satellite signals received by the GNSS antenna, the relative yaw subsystem providing the relative yaw values to the INS subsystem. the INS subsystem operating the INS filter to determine an updated attitude based on using inertial measurements of the inertial measurement unit and the relative yaw values as an observable of the updated attitude. 2. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 1, wherein the INS subsystem uses the relative yaw values to aid in estimating biases associated with the inertial measurement. 3. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 2, wherein the inertial measurement unit includes gyroscopes and the relative yaw values are utilized to estimate gyroscope biases. 4. The INS/GNSS navigation system of 1, wherein the INS/GNSS navigation system time tags inertial measurements and the relative yaw values, and the INS subsystem utilizes position and orientation related information associated with corresponding time tags. 5. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 4, wherein the time tags are GNSS time. 6. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 1 wherein the INS filter is a Kalman filter and the Kalman filter utilizes update measurements associated with orientation information and the corresponding relative yaw values. 7. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 1 wherein the navigation system provides navigation information to a vehicle steering device. 8. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 1 wherein the navigation system operates in a steady state navigation mode with or without a GNSS position determined by the GNSS subsystem when the calculated relative yaw values are available. 9. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 1 wherein the INS subsystem utilizes attitude updates determined from the relative yaw values to provide an observation of an attitude error state of the INS subsystem. 10. The INS/GNSS navigation system of claim 1 wherein the INS subsystem utilizes attitude updates determined using the relative yaw values over multiple measurement cycles to reduce an associated variance. 11. An inertial navigation system (INS) subsystem of an INS/global navigation satellite system (GNSS) navigation system, the INS comprising: a relative yaw subsystem configured to calculate relative yaw values based on phase windup measurements of GNSS signals received at an antenna of the INS/GNSS navigation system; an inertial measurement unit (IMU) configured to read data associated with acceleration and orientation of the INS/GNSS navigation system, wherein the data is utilized to produce measurements that include at least an attitude of the INS/GNSS navigation system; and an INS filter configured to update the attitude of the INS/GNSS navigation system using the relative yaw values as observables. 12. The INS subsystem of claim 11, wherein the INS subsystem is configured to receive GNSS position, covariance information, and GNSS observables from a GNSS subsystem of the INS/GNSS navigation system. 13. The INS subsystem of claim 12, wherein the INS filter is further configured to utilize the measurements, relative yaw values, the GNSS position, the covariance information, and the GNSS observables to determine INS-based position, velocity, and attitude. 14. The INS subsystem of claim 11, wherein the INS subsystem uses the relative yaw values to aid in estimating biases associated with the measurements produced by the IMU. 15. The INS subsystem of claim 14, wherein the IMU is further configured to estimate gyroscope biases, associated with one or more gyroscopes of the IMU, utilizing the relative yaw values. 16. The INS subsystem of claim 11, wherein the measurements and the relative yaw values are time tagged, and wherein the INS subsystem is configured to utilize position and orientation information associated with corresponding time tags. 17. A method, comprising: calculating, by a relative yaw subsystem of an inertial navigation system (INS) subsystem of an INS/global navigation satellite system (GNSS) navigation system, relative yaw values based on phase windup measurements of GNSS signals received at an antenna of the INS/GNSS navigation system; reading, by an inertial measurement unit (IMU), data associated with acceleration and orientation of the INS/GNSS navigation system, wherein the data is utilized to produce measurements that include at least an attitude of the INS/GNSS navigation system; and updating, by an INS filter, the attitude of the INS/GNSS navigation system using the relative yaw values as observables. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising receiving, by the INS subsystem, GNSS position, covariance information, and GNSS observables from a GNSS subsystem of the INS/GNSS navigation system. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising utilizing, by the INS filter, the measurements, the relative yaw values, the GNSS position, the covariance information, and the GNSS observables to determine INS-based position, velocity, and attitude. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising utilizing the relative yaw values to aid in estimating biases associated with the measurements produced by the IMU.",
-    "The disclosed subject matter provides thin films including a metal silicide and methods for forming such films. The disclosed subject matter can provide techniques for tailoring the electronic structure of metal thin films to produce desirable properties. In example embodiments, the metal silicide can comprise a platinum silicide, such as for example, PtSi, Pt2Si, or Pt3Si. For example, the disclosed subject matter provides methods which include identifying a desired phase of a metal silicide, providing a substrate, depositing at least two film layers on the substrate which include a first layer including amorphous silicon and a second layer including metal contacting the first layer, and annealing the two film layers to form a metal silicide. Methods can be at least one of a source-limited method and a kinetically-limited method. The film layers can be deposited on the substrate using techniques known in the art including, for example, sputter depositing. 1. A method for forming a thin film comprising a metal silicide, comprising: providing a substrate; depositing at least two film layers on the substrate, the at least two film layers comprising a first layer comprising amorphous silicon and a second layer comprising metal contacting the first layer; and annealing the at least two film layers to form a metal silicide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises silicon. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a diffusion barrier between the substrate and the at least two film layers. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the diffusion barrier comprises at least one of aluminum nitride and silicon nitride. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing comprises first depositing the first layer and subsequently depositing the second layer on top of the first layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing comprises sputter depositing. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises platinum. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises at least one of titanium, nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, and chromium. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal silicide comprises platinum silicide. 10. The method of claim 10, wherein the platinum silicide comprises Pt3Si. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the platinum silicide is selected from a group consisting of at least about 40% Pt3Si, at least about 45% Pt3Si, at least about 50% Pt3Si, at least about 55% Pt3Si, at least about 60% Pt3Si, at least about 65% Pt3Si, at least about 70% Pt3Si, at least about 74% Pt3Si, at least about 75% Pt3Si, at least about 80% Pt3Si, at least about 85% Pt3Si, and at least about 88% Pt3Si. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising using at least one of a source-limited method and a kinetically-limited method to tune a selected phase of the metal silicide. 13. A source-limited method for forming a thin film comprising a metal silicide, comprising: identifying a desired phase of a metal silicide; determining a ratio of an amount of a metal to an amount of amorphous silicon based on the desired phase of the metal silicide; providing a substrate; depositing at least two film layers on the substrate, the at least two film layers comprising a first layer comprising amorphous silicon and a second layer comprising metal contacting the first layer, the at least two film layers comprising the amorphous silicon and the metal in amounts based on the determined ratio; and annealing the at least two film layers to form the desired phase of the metal silicide. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the determining comprises experimentally determining the ratio. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the determining comprises calculating the ratio. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises a wafer. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising depositing a diffusion barrier between the substrate and the at least two film layers. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the metal comprises platinum. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the metal comprises at least one of titanium, nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, and chromium. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the metal silicide comprises platinum silicide. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the desired phase of the platinum silicide comprises Pt3Si. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the platinum silicide is selected from a group consisting of at least about 40% Pt3Si, at least about 45% Pt3Si, at least about 50% Pt3Si, at least about 55% Pt3Si, at least about 60% Pt3Si, at least about 65% Pt3Si, at least about 70% Pt3Si, and at least about 74% Pt3Si. 23. A kinetically-limited method for forming a thin film comprising a metal silicide, comprising: identifying a desired phase of a metal silicide; determining a time-temperature regime based on the desired phase; providing a substrate; depositing at least two film layers on the substrate, the at least two film layers comprising a first layer comprising amorphous silicon and a second layer comprising metal contacting the first layer; and annealing the at least two film layers using the determined time-temperature regime to form the desired phase of the metal silicide. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the determining comprises experimentally determining the time-temperature regime. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the substrate comprises a wafer. 26. The method of claim 23, further comprising depositing a diffusion barrier between the substrate and the at least two film layers. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the metal comprises platinum. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the metal comprises at least one of titanium, nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, and chromium. 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the metal silicide comprises platinum silicide. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the desired phase of the platinum silicide comprises Pt3Si. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the platinum silicide is selected from a group consisting of at least about 40% Pt3Si, at least about 45% Pt3Si, at least about 50% Pt3Si, at least about 55% Pt3Si, at least about 60% Pt3Si, at least about 65% Pt3Si, at least about 70% Pt3Si, at least about 75% Pt3Si, at least about 80% Pt3Si, at least about 85% Pt3Si, and at least about 88% Pt3Si. 32. A thin film comprising a metal silicide formed by a process comprising: providing a substrate; depositing at least two film layers on the substrate, the at least two film layers comprising a first layer comprising amorphous silicon and a second layer comprising metal contacting the first layer; and annealing the at least two film layers to form a metal silicide. 33. A thin film comprising a metal silicide formed by a process comprising: identifying a desired phase of a metal silicide; determining a ratio of an amount of a metal to an amount of amorphous silicon based on the desired phase of the metal silicide; providing a substrate; depositing at least two film layers on the substrate, the at least two film layers comprising a first layer comprising amorphous silicon and a second layer comprising metal contacting the first layer, the at least two film layers comprising the amorphous silicon and the metal in amounts based on the determined ratio; and annealing the at least two film layers to form the desired phase of the metal silicide. 34. A thin film comprising a metal silicide formed by a process comprising: identifying a desired phase of a metal silicide; determining a time-temperature regime based on the desired phase; providing a substrate; depositing at least two film layers on the substrate, the at least two film layers comprising a first layer comprising amorphous silicon and a second layer comprising metal contacting the first layer; and annealing the at least two film layers using the determined time-temperature regime to form the desired phase of the metal silicide. 35. A thin film comprising Pt3Si. 36. The thin film of claim 36, wherein the thin film is selected from a group consisting of at least 40% Pt3Si, at least 45% Pt3Si, at least 50% Pt3Si, at least 55% Pt3Si, at least 60% Pt3Si, at least 65% Pt3Si, at least 70% Pt3Si, at least 74% Pt3Si, at least about 75% Pt3Si, at least about 80% Pt3Si, at least about 85% Pt3Si, and at least about 88% Pt3Si. 37. A nanoelectromechanical switch comprising the thin film of any of claims 33 through 36. 38. A jet engine comprising the thin film of any of claims 33 through 36. 39. A device comprising the thin film of any of claims 33 through 36, the device selected from a group consisting of a plasmonic device, a lithium-ion battery, a field emitter, and an atomic force microscopy probe. 40. A method for forming a thin film comprising a metal silicide, comprising: providing a first layer of amorphous silicon and a second layer of metal; and diffusing the amorphous silicon into the metal. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the diffusing comprises annealing the first layer of amorphous silicon and the second layer of metal to diffuse the amorphous silicon into the metal.",
-    "An off-host authentication system includes a network. An off-host processing system is coupled to the network and sends an encrypted authentication item through the network in response to validating a user. An authentication information handling system (IHS) is coupled to the network and receives the encrypted authentication item from the off-host processing system through the network, decrypts the encrypted authentication item to produce a decrypted authentication item, validates the decrypted authentication item, and sends an approval message through the network. A directory system is coupled to the network and receives the approval message through the network and, in response, sends a user approval through the network. A host processing system, which is located in a user IHS that includes the off-host processing system and which is coupled to the network, logs a user into the user IHS in response to receiving the user approval through the network. 1. An off-host authentication system, comprising: a network; an off-host processing system that is coupled to the network and that is configured to send an encrypted authentication item through the network in response to validating a user; an authentication information handling system (IHS) that is coupled to the network and that is configured to receive the encrypted authentication item from the off-host processing system through the network, decrypt the encrypted authentication item to produce a decrypted authentication item, validate the decrypted authentication item, and send an approval message through the network; a host processing system that is located in a user IHS that includes the off-host processing system, wherein the host processing system is coupled to the network and configured to receive the approval message directly from the authentication IHS through the network and, in response, forward the approval message through the network; and a directory system that is coupled to the network and that is configured to receive the approval message through the network from the host processing system and, in response, send a user approval through the network to the host processing system that causes the host processing system to log a user into the user IHS; wherein at least one of the off-host processing system, the authentication IHS, the directory system, and the host processing system utilizes a hardware processor. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the directory system is configured to verify the approval message and, in response, send the user approval through the network to the host processing system. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the approval message includes an asymmetric key pair protected message. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the directory system is configured to decrypt the asymmetric key pair protected message to retrieve an access request token, verify the access request token and, in response, create and send the user approval through the network to the host processing system. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a network controller system that couples the off-host processing system to the network, wherein the network controller system is configured to forward the encrypted authentication item to the authentication IHS through the network. 6. The system of claim 5, further comprising: an embedded controller system that couples the off-host processing system to the network controller, wherein the embedded controller system is configured to forward the encrypted authentication item from the off-host processing system to the network controller. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the encrypted authentication item includes an authentication item that is encrypted by the off-host processing system with a user IHS private key and an authentication IHS public key, and wherein the authentication IHS is configured to decrypt the encrypted authentication item with an authentication IHS private key and a user IHS public key. 8. A user information handling system (IHS), comprising: a user IHS chassis; a first network controller that is housed in the user IHS chassis; an off-host processing system that is housed in the user IHS chassis and that is coupled to the first network controller, wherein the off-host processing system is configured to provide an encrypted authentication item to an authentication IHS over a network through the first network controller in response to validating a user, and wherein the encrypted authentication item is configured to cause the authentication IHS to send an approval message through the network; a second network controller that is housed in the user IHS chassis; a host processing system that is housed in the user IHS chassis and that is coupled to the second network controller, wherein the host processing system is configured to: receive the approval message directly from the authentication IHS through the network and, in response, forward the approval message through the network to a directory system; receive a user approval through the network from the directory system that is sent in response to the directory system receiving the approval message; and log a user into an operating system in response to receiving the user approval from the directory system; where at least one of the off-host processing system and the host processing system utilizes a hardware processor. 9. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the user approval is sent through the network from the directory system in response to the directory system verifying the approval message. 10. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the approval message includes an asymmetric key pair protected message. 11. The IHS of claim 10, wherein the user approval is sent through the network from the directory system in response to the directory system decrypting the asymmetric key pair protected message to retrieve an access request token, verifying the access request token and, in response, creating the user approval. 12. The IHS of claim 8, further comprising: an embedded controller system that couples the off-host processing system to the first network controller, wherein the embedded controller system is configured to forward the encrypted authentication item from the off-host processing system to the first network controller. 13. The IHS of claim 8, further comprising: wherein the encrypted authentication item includes an authentication item that is encrypted by the off-host processing system with a user IHS private key and an authentication IHS public key, and wherein the authentication IHS is configured to decrypt the encrypted authentication item with an authentication IHS private key and a user IHS public key. 14. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the encrypted authentication item includes user IHS information. 15. A method for providing off-host authentication, comprising: sending, by an off-host processing system, an encrypted authentication item through a network in response to validating a user; receiving, by an authentication IHS, the encrypted authentication item from the off-host processing system through the network and, in response, decrypting the encrypted authentication item to produce a decrypted authentication item, validating the decrypted authentication item, and sending an approval message through the network; receiving, by a host processing system, the approval message directly from the authentication IHS through the network and, in response, forwarding the approval message through the network; and receiving, by a directory system, the approval message from the host processing system through the network and, in response, sending a user approval through the network to the host processing system that causes the host processing system to log a user into the user IHS; wherein at least one of the off-host processing system, the authentication IHS, the directory system, and the host processing system utilizes a hardware processor. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: verifying, by the directory system, the approval message and, in response, send the user approval to the host processing system through the network. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the approval message includes an asymmetric key pair protected message. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: decrypting, by the directory system, the asymmetric key pair protected message to retrieve an access request token; and verifying, by the directory system, the access request token and, in response, creating and sending the user approval to the host processing system through the network. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forwarding, by an embedded controller, the encrypted authentication item from the off-host processing system to a network controller; and forwarding, by the network controller, the encrypted authentication item to the authentication IHS through the network. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: encrypting, by the off-host processing system, an authentication item with a user IHS private key and an authentication IHS public key to produce the encrypted authentication item; and decrypting, by the authentication IHS, the encrypted authentication item with an authentication IHS private key and a user IHS public key.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated 58211811 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 58211811, to the plants of soybean cultivar 58211811, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar 58211811, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar 58211811. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 58211811. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 58211811, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar 58211811 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar 58211811, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-122882. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 58211811 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar 58211811 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-122882. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 58211811 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar 58211811 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-122882; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar 58211811 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar 58211811, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar 58211811 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-122882, wherein said soybean plant comprising the single locus conversion otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 58211811 when grown under the same environmental conditions. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar 58211811. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar 58211811, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. A mutagenized soybean plant produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the mutagenized soybean plant comprises a mutation in the genome and otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 58211811. 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "A system and a method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition is disclosed. The method conducts multi-modal recognition on an input video to extract multiple components and their respective appearance time in the video. Next, the multiple components are categorized and recognized respectively via different algorithms. Next, when the recognition confidence of any component is insufficient, a cross-validation with other components is performed to increase the recognition confidence and improve the fault tolerance of the components. Furthermore, when the recognition confidence of an individual component is insufficient, the recognition continues and tracks the component, spatially and temporally when it applies, until frames of high recognition confidence in the continuous time period is reached. Finally, multi-modal fusion is performed to summarize and resolve any recognition discrepancies between the multiple components, and to generate indices for every time frame for the ease of future text-based queries. 1. A method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition, comprising: a) inputting a video; b) analyzing the video to extract a plurality of components and their appearance time of the video; c) categorizing the plurality of components respectively into a plurality of categories; d) recognizing and labeling each categorized component respectively via different algorithms, wherein each algorithm respectively matches with one of the plurality of categories; e) performing a cross-validation on the plurality of components to increase recognition confidence and to improve fault tolerance of each component; and f) generating an index for text-based queries of the video according to each recognized and labeled component, wherein the index comprises the category, the label and the appearance time of each component of the video. 2. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises following steps: g) after step c, determining if a specific component of low recognition confidence exists; and h) executing the step e when the specific component exists. 3. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 2, wherein the step e is to perform the cross-validation on the specific component with other components appearing at the same time, or to perform the cross-validation on the same specific component by continuing and tracking the specific component spatially and temporally when it applies in the video until a frame comprising the specific component of high confidence is reached. 4. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises a step i: generating a meaningful video description for the video according to each recognized and labeled component and tagging the video with the meaningful video description. 5. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 4, wherein the method further comprises following steps: j) after step f, segmenting the video into a plurality of video segments according to scene changes, video shot boundaries or time periods of the video; and k) generating multiple meaningful video descriptions for each video segment respectively according to each recognized and labeled component that appeared in each video segment and tagging each video segment respectively with each meaningful video description. 6. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 5, wherein, in the step i and the step k, the meaningful video description is generated via processing each component with a Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithm. 7. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 5, wherein the index and the meaningful video description ignore one or multiple components of recognition confidence lower than a standard value. 8. The method for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 1, wherein the plurality of categories is consisted of face, image, text, audio, motion, object and scene. 9. A system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition, comprising: a video input subsystem for receiving an inputted video; a component capturing and categorizing subsystem connecting to the video input subsystem for analyzing the video and extracting a plurality of components and their appearance time of the video, and respectively categorizing the extracted components into a plurality of categories; a plurality of component recognition subsystems connecting to the component capturing and categorizing subsystem, each component recognition subsystem respectively matching with one of the plurality of categories, and recognizing and labeling each component in same category via corresponding algorithm, and the plurality of component recognition subsystems conducting a cross-validation with the plurality of components to increase recognition confidence and fault tolerance of each component; and an index generating subsystem connecting to the plurality of component recognition subsystems, generating an index for text-based queries of the video according to each recognized and labeled component, wherein the index comprises the category, the label and the appearance time of each component of the video. 10. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 9, wherein if a specific component of low recognition confidence exists, the plurality of component recognition subsystems perform the cross-validation on the specific component with other components that appeared at the same time, or perform the cross-validation on the same specific component by continuing and tracking the specific component spatially and temporally when it applies in the video until a frame comprising the specific component of high recognition confidence is reached. 11. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 9, wherein the system further comprises a category database connecting to the component capturing and categorizing subsystem, the category database stores multiple characteristics respectively according to each of the plurality of categories, the component capturing and categorizing subsystem compares each individual component with the characteristics of the category database for determining each component's category. 12. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 9, wherein the system further comprises a plurality of component databases respectively connecting to one of the plurality of component recognition subsystems, each component database belongs to the same category as the connected component recognition subsystem, and stores the component data of its category. 13. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 9, wherein the system further comprises: a corpus storing a plurality of syntax rules; and a video description system connecting to the plurality of component recognition subsystems and the corpus for generating a meaningful video description for the video according to each recognized and labeled component and the plurality of syntax rules and tagging the video with the meaningful video description. 14. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 13, wherein the video description system segments the video into multiple video segments based on scene changes, video shot boundaries or time periods of the video, and generates the meaningful video description for each video segment respectively according to each component appeared in each video segment. 15. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 13, wherein the video description system is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) system. 16. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 15, wherein the system further comprises a main database connecting to the video input subsystem, the index generating subsystem and the video description system for storing the video, the index and the meaningful video description. 17. The system for multi-modal fusion based fault tolerant video content recognition of claim 9, wherein the plurality of categories is consisted of face, image, text, audio, motion, object and scene.",
-    "The device includes a beam source for generating an electron beam, a beam guiding tube passed through an objective lens, an objective lens for generating a magnetic field in the vicinity of the specimen to focus the particles of the particle beam on the specimen, a control electrode having a potential for providing a retarding field to the particle beam near the specimen to reduce the energy of the particle beam when the beam collides with the specimen, a deflection system including a plurality of deflection units situated along the optical axis for deflecting the particle beam to allow scanning on the specimen with large area, at least one of the deflection units located in the retarding field of the beam, the remainder of the deflection units located within the central bore of the objective lens, and a detection unit to capture secondary electron (SE) and backscattered electrons (BSE). 1. An objective system for focusing a charged particle beam, comprising: an objective lens for focusing the beam onto a specimen; a beam guiding tube through the objective for the beam; a deflection device arranged in the objective for deflecting the beam to a first distance; and a scanning deflection unit for deflecting the beam to a second distance less than the first distance. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens comprises a magnetic lens and an electrostatic lens, the beam guiding tube is an electrode for controlling the kinetic energy of the beam, and the deflection device comprises a first magnetic deflector for deflecting the beam and a second magnetic deflector for swinging the compound field of objective lens. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the electrostatic lens comprises a lower end of the beam guiding tube, a control electrode disposed below the beam guiding tube, and a stage. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the scanning deflection unit arranged in the objective lens comprises a third magnetic deflector and a forth magnetic deflector which are spaced apart from a yoke by a ferrite tube. 5. The system according to claim 3, wherein the scanning deflection unit arranged below the beam guiding tube comprises a fifth magnetic deflector. 6. The system according to claim 2, wherein the electrostatic lens comprises a lower end of the beam guiding tube, the scanning deflection unit disposed below the beam guiding tube, and a stage. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the scanning deflection unit adjusts a beam incidence angle from a tilt incidence angle to a normal incidence angle for the edge aberration. 8. A charged particle beam device, comprising: a beam source for generating a primary beam; a beam guiding tubular electrode for accelerating the primary beam; a condenser lens for condensing the primary beam; an immersion magnetic objective lens to focus the primary beam onto a specimen; a first deflection unit disposed in the objective lens for large field of view scanning; a second deflection unit disposed in the objective lens for small field of view scanning; a retarding electrode disposed below the beam guiding tube for decelerating the beam; and at least one detection unit disposed above the lens to detect secondary and/or back-scattered particles emanated from the specimen. 9. The device according to claim 8, further comprising a plurality of apertures for limiting the primary beam. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the beam guiding tube extends from an anode of the beam source downward a lower pole piece of the objective lens. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein the first deflection unit comprises a first magnetic deflector accommodated in an upper portion of the objective lens for pre-deflecting the primary beam and a second magnetic deflector accommodated in the objective lens for swinging the objective lens. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the second deflection unit has a third magnetic deflector and a fourth magnetic deflector which are arranged between the first magnetic deflector and the second magnetic deflector and spaced apart from the immersion magnetic objective lens by a ferrite tube. 13. The device according to claim 9, wherein the retarding electrode adjusts a beam incidence angle from a tilt incidence angle to a normal incidence angle for the edge aberration. 14. A method for directing a charged particle beam to a substrate, comprising the steps of: generating a guiding field along a beam path to direct the beam to the substrate; generating a first deflection field within the guiding field to direct the beam in a predetermined direction; generating a second deflection field downstream of the first deflection field for deflecting the deflected beam for small field of view scanning; and generating a third deflection field within the guiding field to produce a swing objective lens for a large field of view scanning. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the swing objective lens comprises a magnetic lens and an electrostatic lens, the guiding field is provided by a beam guiding tubular electrode, the first deflection field is provided by a first magnetic deflector unit, the second deflection field is provided by a second magnetic deflector unit, and the third deflection field is provided by a third magnetic deflector unit. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the electrostatic lens comprises the tubular electrode, a control electrode disposed below the tubular electrode, and a stage for supporting the substrate. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the second magnetic deflector unit is accommodated in a yoke of the objective lens, the second magnetic deflector unit being spaced apart from the magnetic objective lens by a ferrite tube. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the second magnetic deflector unit is arranged below the tubular electrode, and includes a ferrite tube near to the second magnetic deflector unit. 19. The method according to claim 15, wherein the electrostatic lens comprises the tubular electrode, the second magnetic deflector unit disposed below the tubular electrode, and a stage for supporting the substrate 20. An objective lens system, comprising: an objective lens including a yoke encompassing a coil, said yoke including a first pole piece and a second pole piece such that a magnetic field is leaked out from said first pole piece and second pole piece to focus a charged particle beam when said coil is excited; a first deflector unit, between said first pole piece and said second pole piece, for deflecting said charged particle beam to a first distance; a second deflector unit for deflecting said charged particle beam to a second distance smaller than said first distance; an electrostatic lens inside said objective and above said first deflector unit; and a ferrite for covering said second deflector unit from said magnetic field. 21. The objective lens system according to claim 20, further comprising a third deflector unit above said electrostatic lens for deflecting said charged particle beam. 22. The objective lens system according to claim 20, wherein said second deflector unit is above said first deflector unit. 23. The objective lens system according to claim 20, wherein said second deflector unit is below said first and second pole pieces. 24. The objective lens system according to claim 20, wherein the first and second pole pieces configure an opening facing to said charged particle beam. 25. The objective lens system according to claim 20, wherein the first and second pole pieces configure an opening facing to a sample to be scanned by said charged particle beam. 26. An objective lens system, comprising: an objective lens including a yoke encompassing a coil, said yoke including a first pole piece and a second pole piece such that a magnetic field is leaked out from said first pole piece and second pole piece to focus a charged particle beam when said coil is excited; a first deflector unit, between said first pole piece and said second pole piece, for deflecting said charged particle beam to a first distance; a second deflector unit, below said objective lens, for deflecting said charged particle beam to a second distance smaller than said first distance; and an electrostatic lens inside said objective lens. 27. The objective lens system according to claim 26, wherein said second deflector unit is an electrostatic electrode unit.",
-    "An implantable electrode array assembly configured to stimulate tissue of a recipient, including an elongate member configured to be inserted into a recipient, wherein at least a portion of the elongate member includes a bio-active substance. 1. A stimulating medical device, comprising: an implantable electrode array assembly implantable proximate to nerve cells of a recipient having at least one substance egress and a plurality of electrodes; stimulator unit configured to generate electrical stimulation signals for application to a first population of the nerve cells via one or more of the plurality of electrodes; a bioactive substance source configured to provide a bioactive substance to the at least one substance egress for application to a second population of the nerve cells; and a substance delivery mechanism configured to control one or more of the bioactive substance source and the at least one substance egress to cause selective application of the bioactive substance to the second population of nerve cells. 2. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the substance delivery mechanism is configured to cause application of the bioactive substance to the second population of nerve cells in order elicit a change in the transmembrane potential of the second population of nerve cells. 3. The stimulating medical device of claim 2, wherein the substance delivery mechanism is configured to cause application of the bioactive substance to the second population of nerve cells in order reduce the resting potential of the nerve cells. 4. The stimulating medical device of claim 2, wherein the substance delivery mechanism is configured to apply the bioactive substance to the second population of nerve cells in order to facilitate restoration of a stochastic response of the second population of nerve cells. 5. The stimulating medical device of claim 4, wherein the substance delivery mechanism is configured to cause application of the bioactive substance to the second population of nerve cells to facilitate perception by the recipient of the received sound signal. 6. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the bioactive substance is selected from the group consisting of a pharmaceutical agent, an anti-inflammatory substance, an antibiotic, a steroid, a substance that reduces a resisting neuron potential of neurons within the cochlea, a substance that promotes healing, a substance that prevents bleeding and/or prevents excessive bleeding, a substance that prevents the growth of tissue and a substance that promotes more efficient neural stimulation. 7. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the device further comprises: a sound input component configured to receive a sound signal; and a sound processor configured to generate data signals based on the received sound signal 8. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the bioactive substance source comprises a reservoir configured to be implanted in the recipient. 9. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the bioactive substance source comprises a reservoir positioned in the implantable electrode array assembly fluidically coupled to the at least one substance egress. 10. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the substance delivery mechanism comprises a pump. 11. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the substance delivery mechanism comprises a valve. 12. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, further comprising: a reservoir configured to store the bioactive substance; a lumen in the implantable electrode array assembly configured to receive an amount of the bioactive substance from the reservoir; at least one unidirectional valve configured to control flow of the bioactive substance from the substance egress. 13. The stimulating medical device of claim 1, wherein the substance delivery mechanism is configured to control the flow rate of the bioactive substance through the at least substance egress. 14. A method for stimulating the cochlear of a recipient with a cochlear implant comprising an implantable electrode array assembly in a cochlea of a recipient having at least one substance egress and a plurality of electrodes, the method comprising: generating electrical stimulation signals; applying the electrical stimulation signals to a first population of cochlea nerve cells via one or more of the plurality of electrodes; and applying a bioactive substance to a second population of cochlea nerve cells via the at least one substance egress. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the cochlear implant comprises a bioactive substance source fluidically coupled to the at least one substance egress, and wherein applying the bioactive substance to the second population of cochlea nerve cells comprises: controlling the release of the bioactive substance from the bioactive substance source. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the bioactive substance to the second population of cochlea nerve cells comprises: controlling the release of bioactive substance from the at least one substance egress. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein applying a bioactive substance to a second population of cochlea nerve cells comprises: applying the bioactive substance in order to reduce the resting potential of the second population of nerve cells. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the bioactive substance to the second population of cochlea nerve cells comprises: applying the bioactive substance in order to elicit a change in the transmembrane potential of the second population of nerve cells. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the bioactive substance to the second population of cochlea nerve cells comprises: applying the bioactive substance in order to facilitate restoration of a stochastic response of the second population of nerve cells. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the cochlear implant further comprises a sound input component configured to receive a sound signal and a sound processor configured to generate data signals based on the received sound signal, the method further comprising: applying the bioactive substance to the second population of nerve cells to facilitate perception by the recipient of the received sound signal.",
-    "The present invention relates to a camera module including an auto focusing module vertically moving a lens, a handshake compensation module wrapping the auto focusing module, and tilting the auto focusing module to compensate handshake, a circuit board electrically connected to the handshake compensation module, a bottom case supporting the circuit board and coupled to the auto focusing module, a main circuit board fixed to bottom case and electrically connected to an image sensor module and the circuit board, and a spring unit arranged at a periphery of the main circuit board and having a symmetrical opening having thereinside a gap spaced apart at a predetermined distance. 1. A camera module, the camera module comprising: an auto focusing module including a first housing, a bobbin disposed at an inner side of the first housing, a first driving unit disposed at the bobbin, a second driving unit disposed at the first housing and facing the first driving unit; a third driving unit facing the second driving unit; a first circuit board including a body member supporting the auto focusing module and an spring member coupled with the body member; and an image sensor mounted on an upper surface of the body member, wherein the body member and the auto focusing module are tiltably supported by the spring member. 2. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the body member is formed as a Rigid Printed Circuit Board (RPCB), and the spring member is formed as a Flexible Printed Circuit Board (FPCB). 3. The camera module of claim 2, wherein the RPCB and the FPCB are integrally formed as a Rigid Flexible Printed Circuit Board (RFPCB). 4. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the first driving unit includes a first coil unit, the second driving unit includes a magnet unit, and the third driving unit includes a second coil unit. 5. The camera module of claim 4, wherein the magnet unit includes an auto focusing magnet facing the first coil unit and a handshake compensation magnet facing the second coil unit. 6. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the spring member includes a first spring unit coupled with the body member, a second spring unit spaced from the first spring unit, and a third spring unit connecting a portion of the first spring unit and a portion of the second spring unit, and wherein the third spring unit includes a first portion disposed at one side of the body member and a second portion disposed at opposite side of the body member. 7. The camera module of claim 6, wherein a thickness of the first spring unit is smaller than that of the second spring unit. 8. The camera module of claim 6, wherein the first circuit board further includes an opening disposed between the first spring unit and the second spring unit, and wherein the opening is extended along a periphery of the body member from the first portion to the second portion. 9. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the opening is formed along three successive surfaces of the body member in a slit shape. 10. The camera module of claim 1, further comprising: a second housing disposed at an outer side of the first housing, and wherein the third driving unit is disposed at the second housing. 11. The camera module of claim 10, further comprising: a first elastic member coupled to the bobbin and the first housing, and a second elastic member coupled to the first housing and the second housing. 12. The camera module of claim 1, further comprising: a bottom case coupled to a bottom surface of the auto focusing module and the upper surface of the body member, and a second circuit board disposed at the bottom case and electrically connected to the first driving unit and the third driving unit.",
-    "A brake carrier for an air-actuated disc brake. The brake carrier may have first and second carrier portions that may include a mounting arrangement and a recess. The recess may define a circumferential abutment surface for restraining motion of a brake pad in a circumferential direction and a radial abutment surface for restraining motion of the brake pad in a radially inward direction. 1. A brake carrier for an air-actuated disc brake, the brake carrier comprising: a first carrier portion and a second carrier portion, the first and second carrier portions each including: a mounting arrangement for mounting to an axle or a steering component; and a recess defining a circumferential abutment surface for restraining motion of a brake pad in a circumferential direction and the recess further defining a radial abutment surface for restraining motion of the brake pad in a radially inward direction, wherein the first and second carrier portions are separate components not physically connected to each other. 2. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein a main body of each of the first and second carrier portions is generally planar and the mounting arrangement and recess are formed in the main body. 3. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein the recess terminates adjacent the radial abutment surface. 4. The brake carrier of claim 2 further comprising a support wing arranged to extend in an outboard direction from the main body and arranged to circumferentially support a caliper with respect to the brake carrier. 5. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein the mounting arrangement further comprises a bore for receiving a complimentary fastener. 6. The brake carrier of claim 5 wherein the bore is arranged in an inboard-outboard direction or wherein the bore is arranged in a chordal direction. 7. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein the first and second carrier portions each have a guide sleeve for slidably mounting a brake caliper thereon. 8. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein the first and second carrier portions do not have any abutment surfaces to support a further brake pad to be mounted at an outboard location. 9. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein the first carrier portion has mirror symmetry with the second carrier portion. 10. The brake carrier of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first carrier portion and the second carrier portion is a forged metal component. 11. A disc brake comprising: a brake carrier that has a first carrier portion and a second carrier portion, the first and second carrier portions each including: a mounting arrangement for mounting to an axle or a steering component; and a recess defining a circumferential abutment surface for restraining motion of a brake pad in a circumferential direction and the recess further defining a radial abutment surface for restraining motion of the brake pad in a radially inward direction, wherein the first and second carrier portions are separate components not physically connected to each other; and a brake caliper mounted on the carrier. 12. The disc brake of claim 11 further comprising an outboard brake pad mounted to and restrained from movement by engagement only with the brake caliper. 13. The disc brake of claim 11 wherein the brake caliper has a complementary formation to be guided on a wing of the brake carrier, the wing being arranged to extend in an outboard direction from a main body of at least one of the first and second carrier portions. 14. A method of manufacturing a brake carrier comprising: forging a carrier portion that includes: a mounting arrangement for mounting to an axle or a steering component; and a recess defining a circumferential abutment surface for restraining motion of a brake pad in a circumferential direction and the recess further defining a radial abutment surface for restraining motion of the brake pad in a radially inward direction. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising machining the circumferential and radial abutment surfaces.",
-    "An interbody spacer is provided including a body portion defining a longitudinal axis. The body portion includes a distal end portion, a proximal end portion, opposed side surfaces that extend between the distal and proximal end portions, and top and bottom surfaces configured and adapted to engage vertebral bodies. The interbody spacer includes first orifices defined through the top surface. The first orifices include orifices having first and second cross-sectional configurations and the first orifices are arranged in rows extending along the longitudinal axis. 1. An interbody spacer comprising: a body portion defining a longitudinal axis, the body portion including a distal end portion, a proximal end portion, opposed side surfaces that extend between the distal and proximal end portions, and top and bottom surfaces configured and adapted to engage vertebral bodies; and first orifices defined through the top surface, the first orifices including orifices having first and second cross-sectional configurations, wherein the first orifices are arranged in rows extending along the longitudinal axis. 2. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein the second cross-sectional configuration is larger than the first cross-sectional configuration. 3. The interbody spacer of claim 2, wherein the first orifices are arranged in each row of the longitudinal rows in an alternating pattern of orifices having first and second cross-sectional configurations. 4. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein the first orifices include orifices with a third cross-sectional configuration, wherein the third cross-sectional configuration is larger than the second cross-sectional configuration. 5. The interbody spacer of claim 4, wherein the first orifices are arranged in each row of the longitudinal rows in a pattern, such that the cross-sectional configuration of each orifice of the first orifices increases from the first cross-sectional configuration to the third cross-sectional configuration. 6. The interbody spacer of claim 4, wherein the first orifices are arranged in a random pattern. 7. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein each orifice of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration selected from the group consisting of arcuate, more than four sides, quadrilateral, triangle, and sinusoidal. 8. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein each orifice of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration selected from the group consisting of oval, kidney, elliptical, circular, teardrop, semicircle, and ovoid. 9. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein each orifice of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration selected from the group consisting of squircle, square, rhombus, trapezoid, and rectangle. 10. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein each orifice of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration selected from the group consisting of hexagon, octagon, heptagon, and pentagon. 11. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein each orifice of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration selected from the group consisting of isosceles, equilateral, scalene, arrowhead with arcuate base, and right. 12. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein each orifice of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration selected from the group consisting of greek cross and clover. 13. The interbody spacer of claim 1, further including second orifices defined through the bottom surface. 14. The interbody spacer of claim 13, wherein one of the first orifices includes a cross-sectional configuration different than that of one of the second orifices. 15. The interbody spacer of claim 13, wherein one of the first orifices is offset from one of the second orifices. 16. The interbody spacer of claim 13, wherein a respective orifice of the first and second orifices are in open communication, thereby defining a respective channel through the body portion, each channel including a cross-sectional configuration that varies in a direction from the top surface to the bottom surface. 17. The interbody spacer of claim 16, wherein each channel includes a sinusoidal cross-sectional configuration. 18. The interbody spacer of claim 16, wherein each channel includes a cross-sectional configuration including spherical, cylindrical, frusto conical, ellipsoidal, hyperboloid, or any combination thereof. 19. The interbody spacer of claim 16, wherein each channel includes a cross-sectional configuration including helical grooves disposed on an inner wall surface thereof. 20. The interbody spacer of claim 1, wherein a respective orifice of the first orifices is in open communication with an orifice defined through one of the opposed side surfaces, thereby defining a respective channel through the body portion.",
-    "According to an embodiment, a semiconductor memory device comprises: a semiconductor substrate; a memory cell array configured having a plurality of memory units, each of the memory units including a plurality of memory cells connected in series, the plurality of memory cells being stacked, the plurality of memory units involving a first memory unit and a second memory unit; and a plurality of bit lines connected to ends of each of the memory units in the memory cell array. The first memory unit and the second memory unit are arranged in a staggered manner by the first memory unit being displaced in a row direction with respect to the second memory unit by an amount less than an arrangement pitch in a row direction of the first memory unit or the second memory unit. 1. (canceled) 2. A semiconductor memory device, comprising: first, second and third bit lines extending in a first direction, the second bit line being adjacent to the first bit line and the third bit line; a first memory unit including a first select transistor, the first memory unit being electrically connected to the first bit line; a second memory unit including a second select transistor, the second memory unit being adjacent to the first memory unit in a second direction crossing the first direction, the second memory unit being electrically connected to the second bit line; a third memory unit including a third select transistor, the third memory unit being adjacent to the first memory unit in a third direction crossing the first direction and the second direction, the third memory unit being electrically connected to the third bit line; and a first conductive layer connected to a gate of the first select transistor, a gate of the second select transistor and a gate of the third select transistor. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first conductive layer extends in the third direction. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, further comprising a fourth memory unit including a fourth select transistor, the fourth memory unit being electrically connected to the first bit line; a fifth memory unit including a fifth select transistor, the fifth memory unit being adjacent to the fourth memory unit in the second direction, the fifth memory unit being electrically connected to the second bit line; a sixth memory unit including a sixth select transistor, the sixth memory unit being adjacent to the fifth memory unit in the third direction, the sixth memory unit being electrically connected to the third bit line; and a second conductive layer connected to a gate of the fourth select transistor, a gate of the fifth select transistor and a gate of the sixth select transistor. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 4, wherein the first and second conductive layers extend in the third direction. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first direction is substantially perpendicular to the third direction. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, further comprising: a selecting circuit electrically connected to the first and second bit lines. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein a first pitch is larger than a second pitch, the first pitch being a distance between the first memory unit and the second memory unit, the second pitch being a distance between the first bit line and the second bit line. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first memory unit comprises a U-shaped semiconductor body including two semiconductor pillars and a first portion, one end of the first portion being connected to one of the semiconductor pillars, the other end of the first portion being connected to another one of the semiconductor pillars. 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, further comprising: a substrate; and a sense amplifier circuit provided between the first memory unit and the substrate. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 2, wherein the first memory unit further includes a first memory transistor; the second memory unit further includes a second memory transistor; the third memory unit further includes a third memory transistor; and a gate of the first memory transistor, a gate of the second memory transistor and a gate of the third memory transistor are connected to a third conductive layer, the third conductive layer extending in the third direction.",
-    "A high-speed transportation system includes at least one transportation structure having at least one track, at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one structure between a plurality of stations, a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the structure, and a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the structure. At least one track is positioned to provide balancing force vectors to achieve stability for the capsule. 1. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one transportation structure having at least one track; at least one capsule configured for travel through the at least one structure between a plurality of stations; a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the structure; and a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the structure, wherein the at least one track is positioned to provide balancing force vectors to achieve stability for the capsule. 2. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one track is positioned to provide balancing horizontal force vectors to achieve horizontal stability for the capsule. 3. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one track is positioned to provide balancing vertical force vectors to achieve vertical stability for the capsule. 4. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the levitation system comprises at least one fluid bearing arranged on the capsule and interacting with the at least one track arranged in the structure. 5. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein each fluid bearing comprises an air bearing. 6. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein each fluid bearing comprises a liquid bearing. 7. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the levitation system comprises a magnetic levitation system. 8. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, wherein the magnetic levitation system comprises at least one Halbach array. 9. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, wherein the magnetic levitation system comprises at least one electromagnet. 10. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, wherein the magnetic levitation system comprises at least one permanent magnet. 11. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one capsule additionally comprises wheels for at least intermittently supporting the capsule on the at least one track. 12. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the capsule comprises at least one air bearing arranged to interact with the at least one track. 13. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the at least one air bearing has a \u201cU\u201d-shaped profile. 14. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the at least one air bearing has a \u201cV\u201d-shaped profile. 15. The high-speed transportation system of claim 12, wherein the at least one air bearing comprises a pair of fins extending from the capsule. 16. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one track is arranged in the structure beneath the capsule, such that the at least one track supports a weight of the capsule. 17. (canceled) 18. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising at least one switching station arranged in a transportation path along the at least one structure, the transportation path having one upstream transportation path and one downstream transportation path, and at least one additional upstream or downstream transportation path. 19. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the transportation path includes the one upstream path and a plurality of divergent downstream paths. 20. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the transportation path includes the one downstream path and a plurality of divergent upstream paths. 21. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the at least one switching station comprises a moveable skid having two diverging track portions thereon, the skid being moveable to align one of the diverging track portions with an upstream track portion and a downstream track portion. 22. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the at least one switching station comprises a moveable door operable to selectively rotate to connect an upstream track portion with a selected downstream track portions. 23. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the at least one switching station comprises actuatable side tracks which are adapted to be selectively removed from a path of an oncoming capsule, such that as the capsule approaches the switching station, only one of the actuatable side tracks engages a corresponding side air bearing of the capsule, in order to direct the capsule from an upstream track portion to one downstream track portion. 24. The high-speed transportation system of claim 4, wherein the fluid bearings are configured to inject a fluid between the track and the fluid bearings so as to support the capsule. 25. The high-speed transportation system of claim 24, wherein each fluid bearing is operable to recycle the fluid within the fluid bearing and/or to recycle fluid from an upstream bearing. 26. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the capsule comprises a plurality of support bearings along an exterior surface of the capsule. 27. The high-speed transportation system of claim 26, wherein at least some of the plurality of support bearings comprise an independent suspension configured to adjust relative height of respective support bearings above the track to compensate for any protuberances on the track. 28. The high-speed transportation system of claim 26, further comprising a feed forward signal generator operable to transmit operating conditions for one of the plurality of support bearings to a rearward support bearing to assist in controlling for the rearward support bearing. 29. The high-speed transportation system of claim 28, wherein the signal generator provides data regarding control of at least one of a bearing angle and a bearing fluid flow rate. 30.-37. (canceled) 38. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising an active track alignment system comprising: at least one sensor operable to detect a misalignment of the at least one track; a processor configured to determine a track adjustment based on the detected misalignment; and a track actuator to make the track adjustment to move the at least one track into proper alignment. 39. (canceled) 40. The high-speed transportation system of claim 7, wherein the magnetic levitation system comprises at least one superconducting magnet.",
-    "An ultraviolet index measuring method and apparatus includes preparing a first photosensor having spectral response only in a first section of a wavelength between 250 nm and 298 nm, a second photosensor having spectral response only in a second section of a wavelength between 298 nm and 328 nm, and a third photosensor having spectral response only in a third section of a wavelength between 328 nm and 400 nm. An output signal of the first photosensor, an output signal of the second photosensor, and an output signal of the third photosensor are calibrated using spectral irradiance of reference solar light. First photocurrent of the first photosensor, second photocurrent of the second photosensor, and third photocurrent of the third photosensor are measured under a measurement environment. An ultraviolet index is calculated using the first photocurrent, the second photocurrent, and the third photocurrent under the measurement environment. 1. An ultraviolet index measuring method comprising: preparing a first photosensor having spectral response only in a first section of a wavelength between 250 nm and 298 nm, a second photosensor having spectral response only a second section of a wavelength between 298 nm and 328 nm, and a third photosensor having spectral response only a third section of a wavelength between 328 nm and 400 nm; calibrating an output signal of the first photosensor, an output signal of the second photosensor, and an output signal of the third photosensor using spectral irradiance of reference solar light; measuring first photocurrent of the first photosensor, second photocurrent of the second photosensor, and third photocurrent of the third photosensor under a measurement environment; and calculating an ultraviolet index using the first photocurrent, the second photocurrent, and the third photocurrent under the measurement environment. 2. The ultraviolet index measuring method of claim 1, wherein calibrating the output signal of the first photosensor, the output signal of the second photosensor, and the output signal of the third photosensor using the spectral irradiance of the reference solar light comprises: measuring the spectral irradiance of the reference solar light; integrating a McKinlay-Diffey erythemal action spectrum curve and the spectral irradiance of the solar light in the first section to calculate a first contributory portion for calibration of the ultraviolet index; integrating the McKinlay-Diffey erythemal action spectrum curve and the spectral irradiance of the solar light in the second section to calculate a second contributory portion for calibration of the ultraviolet index; integrating the McKinlay-Diffey erythemal action spectrum curve and the spectral irradiance of the solar light in the third section to calculate a third contributory portion for calibration of the ultraviolet index; measuring first photocurrent for calibration of the first photosensor at the spectral irradiance of the reference solar light; measuring second photocurrent for calibration of the second photosensor at the spectral irradiance of the reference solar light; measuring third photocurrent for calibration of the third photosensor at the spectral irradiance of the reference solar light; calculating a first gain by dividing the first contributory portion for calibration by the first photocurrent for calibration; calculating a second gain by dividing the second contributory portion for calibration by the second photocurrent for calibration; and calculating a third gain by dividing the third contributory portion for calibration by the third photocurrent for calibration. 3. The ultraviolet index measuring method of claim 2, wherein calculating the ultraviolet index using the first photocurrent, the second photocurrent, and the third photocurrent under the measurement environment comprises: calculating a first calibration signal by multiplying the first photocurrent by the first gain; calculating a second calibration signal by multiplying the second photocurrent by the second gain; calculating a third calibration signal by multiplying the third photocurrent by the third gain; and obtaining an infrared index by summing the first calibration signal, the second calibration signal, and the third calibration signal. 4. The ultraviolet index measuring method of claim 1, wherein the first to third photosensors are different ultraviolet light emitting diode. 5. An ultraviolet index measuring apparatus comprising: a first photosensor having spectral response only in a first section of 250 nm to 298 nm; a second photosensor having spectral response only in a second section of 298 nm to 328 nm; a third photosensor having spectral response only in a third section of 328 nm to 400 nm; and a processor adapted to receive output signals of the first to third photosensor under solar light to calculate an ultraviolet index. 6. The ultraviolet index measuring apparatus of claim 5, wherein each of the first to the third photosensors is an ultraviolet light emitting diode, a center wavelength of light emitting spectrum of the first photosensor is 250 nm to 298 nm, a center wavelength of light emitting spectrum of the second photosensor is 250 nm to 298 nm is 298 nm to 328 nm, and a center wavelength of light emitting spectrum of the third photosensor is 328 nm to 400 nm. 7. The ultraviolet index measuring apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processor comprises: an amplifier circuit adapted to amplify output signals of the first photosensor, the second photosensor, and the third photosensor and adjust gains of the first photosensor, the second photosensor, and the third photosensor; an AD converter adapted to convert an output signal of the amplifier circuit into a digital signal; and an operation part adapted to sum output signals of the AD converter to calculate an ultraviolet index. 8. The ultraviolet index measuring apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processor comprises: an amplifier circuit adapted to amplify output signals of the first photosensor, the second photosensor, and the third photosensor; an AD converter adapted to convert an output signal of the amplifier circuit into a digital signal; a calibration part adapted to process an output signal of the AD converter to adjust the intensity of the processed output signal; and an operation part adapted to sum calibrated signals of the first photosensor to the third photosensor to calculate an ultraviolet index. 9. The ultraviolet index measuring apparatus of claim 5, further comprising: a diffuser disposed in front of the first to third photosensors. 10. An ultraviolet index measuring apparatus comprising: a photosensor having spectral response in at least one of a first section of 250 nm to 298 nm, a second section of 298 nm to 328 nm, and a third section of 328 nm to 400 nm; and a processor adapted to receive an output signal of the photosensor under solar light to calculate an ultraviolet index, wherein the photosensor is an ultraviolet light emitting diode functioning as a light receiving device. 11. The ultraviolet index measuring apparatus of claim 10, wherein the photosensor is an aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)-based ultraviolet light emitting diode. 12. A mobile communication terminal including an ultraviolet index measuring apparatus, wherein the ultraviolet index measuring apparatus comprises: a photosensor having spectral response in at least one of a first section of 250 nm to 298 nm, a second section of 298 nm to 328 nm, and a third section of 328 nm to 400 nm; and a processor adapted to receive an output signal of the photosensor under solar light to calculate an ultraviolet index, wherein the photosensor is an ultraviolet light emitting diode functioning as a light receiving device.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for capturing or generating images using multiple optical chains operating in parallel are described. Pixel values captured by individual optical chains corresponding to the same scene area are combined to provide an image with at least some of the benefits which would have been provided by capturing an image of the scene using a larger lens than that of the individual lenses of the optical chain modules. By using multiple optical chains in parallel at least some benefits normally obtained from using a large lens can be obtained without the need for a large lens. Furthermore in at least some embodiments, a wide dynamic range can be supported through the use of multiple sensors with the overall supported dynamic range being potentially larger than that of the individual sensors. Some lens and/or optical chain configurations are designed for use in small handheld devices, e.g., cell phones. 1. A portable camera apparatus, comprising: a plurality of at least three optical chain modules, each optical chain module in said plurality including a lens, an image deflection element, and a sensor, said image deflection element changing the direction of optical rays passing along an optical axis of said lens by substantially 90 degrees to direct said optical rays passing along said optical axis onto the sensor of the optical chain in which said deflection element and said lens are located. 2. The portable camera apparatus of claim 1, wherein each optical chain module includes multiple lenses. 3. The portable camera apparatus of claim 2, wherein at least one of said multiple lenses in each optical chain is positioned between said image deflection element and said sensor. 4. The portable camera apparatus of claim 1 wherein the image deflection element of at least one optical chain module includes at least one mirror positioned at 45 degree to said optical axis of said lens of said at least one optical chain module. 5. The portable camera apparatus of claim 1 wherein the image deflection element of at least one optical chain module includes at least one prism. 6. The portable camera apparatus of claim 3, wherein the optical axes of lenses said optical chain modules are parallel to each other but at least two mirrors corresponding to different optical chains are not parallel. 7. The portable camera apparatus of claim 6, wherein at least some of said sensors are located on the surface of a cylinder. 8. The portable camera apparatus of claim 6, wherein the light rays of at least two different optical chains cross prior to reaching the sensor to which the rays of said at least two different optical chain modules correspond.",
-    "The invention relates to the sorghum variety designated GSV616359. Provided by the invention are the seeds, plants and derivatives of the sorghum variety GSV616359. Also provided by the invention are tissue cultures of the sorghum variety GSV616359 and the plants regenerated therefrom. Still further provided by the invention are methods for producing sorghum plants by crossing the sorghum variety GSV616359 with itself or another sorghum variety and plants produced by such methods. 1. A seed of sorghum variety GSV616359, a representative sample of seed of said sorghum variety GSV616359 has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 2. A sorghum plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing the seed of claim 1. 3. The plant part of claim 2, further defined as pollen, an ovule or a cell. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim 2. 5. The tissue culture of claim 4, wherein the regenerable cells are produced from a plant part selected from the group consisting of embryos, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, and stalks. 6. A sorghum plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 5, wherein the plant comprises all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of sorghum variety GSV616359. 7. A method of producing a sorghum seed, the method comprising crossing two sorghum plants and harvesting the resultant sorghum seed, wherein at least one of the sorghum plants is the sorghum plant of claim 2. 8. A sorghum seed produced by the method of claim 7. 9. A sorghum plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing the seed of claim 8. 10. A method of producing a sorghum plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into a plant of sorghum variety GSV616359, wherein a representative sample of seed of sorghum variety GSV616359 has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, male fertility, herbicide tolerance or resistance, insect tolerance or resistance, disease tolerance or resistance, fungal tolerance or resistance, waxy starch, enhanced nutritional quality, modified phytic acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the tolerance conferred is to an herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy propionic acid, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, bromoxynil, quizalofop, nicosulfuron, acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-inhibiting herbicides. 13. A plant produced by the method of claim 10 or a selfed progeny thereof. 14. A method of plant breeding, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of sorghum variety GSV616359 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said sorghum variety GSV616359 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of sorghum variety GSV616359 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, male fertility, herbicide tolerance or resistance, insect tolerance or resistance, disease tolerance or resistance, fungal tolerance or resistance, waxy starch, enhanced nutritional quality, modified phytic acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the trait is tolerance to an herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy propionic acid, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, bromoxynil, quizalofop, nicosulfuron, acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-inhibiting herbicides. 17. A plant of sorghum variety GSV616359 further comprising a single locus conversion, wherein said plant otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum variety GSV616359 when grown under the same environmental conditions, and wherein representative seed of said sorghum variety GSV616359 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 18. A method of producing an inbred plant derived from sorghum variety GSV616359, said method comprising the steps of: (a) crossing a plant of sorghum variety GSV616359 with a second sorghum plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid sorghum seed, representative seed of said sorghum variety GSV616359 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______; (b) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid sorghum seed with itself or a different sorghum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (c) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (b), wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred sorghum plant derived from sorghum variety GSV616359. 19. A method of producing a plant product, the method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 2, or a part thereof, and producing said plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the plant product is selected from the group consisting of starch, syrup, and protein.",
-    "A photographing apparatus, a method of operating the photographing apparatus, and a wireless communication terminal including the photographing apparatus are provided. The photographing apparatus includes a first incident unit to which a first light is incident, a second incident unit to which a second light different from the first light is incident, an image sensor to which the first light and the second light are incident, a first light path changing unit configured to change a path of the first light from the first incident unit to the image sensor, and a second light path changing unit configured to change a path of the second light from the second incident unit to the image sensor. 1. A photographing apparatus comprising: a first incident unit to which a first light is incident; a second incident unit to which a second light different from the first light is incident; an image sensor to which the first light and the second light are incident; a first light path changing unit configured to change a path of the first light from the first incident unit to the image sensor; and a second light path changing unit configured to change a path of the second light from the second incident unit to the image sensor. 2. The photographing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first light or the second light that is incident through the first incident unit or the second incident unit is selectively incident to the image sensor according to a photographing mode of the photographing apparatus. 3. The photographing apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first incident unit and the second incident unit are positioned according to a predetermined gap in a light axis direction of the first light and the second light that are incident to the image sensor. 4. The photographing apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: a driving motor configured to move the second light path changing unit, wherein the second incident unit and the second light path changing unit are arranged to face each other by moving the second light path changing unit according to a photographing mode of the photographing apparatus. 5. The photographing apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: a sensor unit configured to detect a location of the second light path changing unit; and a control unit configured to generate a driving signal transferred to the driving motor according to the location of the second light path changing unit detected by the sensor unit. 6. The photographing apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: a first blocking member, when the second incident unit is used according to the photographing mode of the photographing apparatus, configured to block the first light incident to the first incident unit from being incident to the image sensor; and a second blocking member, when the first incident unit is used according to the photographing mode of the photographing apparatus, configured to block the second light incident to the second incident unit from being incident to the image sensor. 7. The photographing apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first blocking member is fixed to the second light path changing unit, and, when the second incident unit is used, is positioned between the first incident unit and the second light path changing unit, wherein the second blocking member is fixed to the second light path changing unit, and wherein, when the first incident unit is used, the second blocking member is positioned between the second incident unit and the image sensor. 8. The photographing apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second blocking member is a shutter film comprising one opening unit, wherein, when the second incident unit is used, the opening unit is arranged to face the second incident unit so that blocking by the second blocking member with respect to the second incident unit is released, and wherein, when the first incident unit is used, the opening unit is not arranged to face the second incident unit so that the second blocking member blocks the second incident unit. 9. The photographing apparatus of claim 8, wherein the shutter film is bendable. 10. The photographing apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first incident unit and the second incident unit face each other. 11. The photographing apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a driving motor configured to move the first light path changing unit and the second light path changing unit, wherein the first incident unit and the first light path changing unit are arranged to face each other or the second incident unit and the second light path changing unit are arranged to face each other by moving the first light path changing unit and the second light path changing unit according to the photographing mode of the photographing apparatus. 12. The photographing apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a sensor unit configured to detect locations of the first light path changing unit and the second light path changing unit; and a control unit configured to generate a driving signal that is to be transferred to the driving motor according to a signal indicating the locations of the first light path changing unit and the second light path changing unit sensed by the sensor unit. 13. The photographing apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a first blocking member, when the second incident unit is used according to the photographing mode of the photographing apparatus, configured to block the first light incident to the first incident unit from being incident to the image sensor; and a second blocking member, when the first incident unit is used according to the photographing mode of the photographing apparatus, configured to block the second light incident to the second incident unit from being incident to the image sensor. 14. The photographing apparatus of claim 13, wherein the first blocking member is fixed to the second light path changing unit, and, when the second incident unit is used, is positioned between the first incident unit and the second light path changing unit, wherein the second blocking member is fixed to the first light path changing unit, and wherein, when the first incident unit is used, the second blocking member is positioned between the second incident unit and the first light path changing unit. 15. The photographing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first light path changing unit and the second light path changing unit comprise prisms or mirrors. 16. The photographing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a voice coil motor (VCM) module between the image sensor and the first incident unit and the second incident unit. 17. A wireless communication terminal comprising the photographing apparatus of claim 1. 18. The wireless communication terminal of claim 17, wherein one of a first incident unit and a second incident unit is positioned in a front surface of the wireless communication terminal and the other one is positioned in a rear surface of the wireless communication terminal. 19. A method of operating a photographing apparatus, the method comprising: receiving an input signal with respect to an operating mode of the photographing apparatus; determining a moving degree of a light path changing unit according to the operating mode of the photographing apparatus; moving the light path changing unit; and performing photographing according to the operating mode of the photographing apparatus by using the input signal. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: detecting a location of the light path changing unit by using a sensor unit, wherein the determining of the moving degree of the light path changing unit comprises: determining the moving degree of the light path changing unit according to the operating mode of the photographing apparatus and the location of the light path changing unit detected by the sensor unit.",
-    "A system for alternating lighting-emitting of PCI-E strip is provided, including a plurality of PCI-E strip s and an application program. Each PCI-E strip includes a processing unit and a lighting-emitting unit. The processing unit is able to trigger the lighting-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode. The lighting-emitting units define a lighting-emitting module. The application program is installed in a mobile electronic device. The application program sends a signal to the processing units of the PCI-E strip s via the mobile electronic device to make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and make the light-emitting module emit light in a preset mode. 1. A system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip, including: a plurality of PCI-E strips, each PCI-E strip including a processing unit and a light-emitting unit, the processing unit being able to trigger the light-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode, the light-emitting units defining a light-emitting module; an application program, for being installed in a mobile electronic device, the application program sending a signal via the mobile electronic device to the processing units of the PCI-E strips so as to match with and identify the PCI-E strips, to make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and to make the light-emitting module to emit light in a preset mode; wherein the processing unit of each said PCI-E strip is able to control a frequency, a color, a delay time and a flashing mode of light emitted from the light-emitting unit. 2. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 1, wherein the light-emitting units are neighboring to each other. 3. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 1, wherein each said light-emitting unit includes at least one light-emitting diode. 4. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 3, wherein each said light-emitting unit further includes at least one light-guiding member, and the light-guiding member is located neighboring to the light-emitting diode and partially exposed so as to allow light from the light-emitting diode to transmit from the light-guiding member. 5. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 3, wherein each said light-emitting unit includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes, the light-emitting diodes have different colors in emitting light. 6. (canceled) 7. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 1, wherein after each said processing unit receives the signal from the mobile electronic device, the processing unit makes the light-emitting unit emit light in the preset mode circularly. 8. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 1, wherein the processing unit contacts with the mobile electronic device through Bluetooth communication. 9. The system for alternating light-emitting of PCI-E strip of claim 1, wherein the processing unit contacts with the mobile electronic device through infrared communication.",
-    "An apparatus for estimating channel spacing, an apparatus for monitoring wavelength and a receiver where the apparatus for estimating channel spacing includes: a measuring unit configured to measure a spectrum gap width according to spectrum information of a received signal; and a determining unit configured to determine channel spacing by using the spectrum gap width according to a predefined corresponding relationship between channel spacing and spectrum gap width. And in this application, the measuring unit may determine reference power according to a predefined reference power level, and take a frequency difference between two frequency points in a left or right gap of a central channel in the spectrum information of the received signal corresponding to the reference power as the spectrum gap width. With this application, accuracy of wavelength monitoring may be improved. 1. An apparatus for estimating channel spacing in a multicarrier optical communication system, comprising: a measuring unit configured to measure a spectrum gap width according to spectrum information of a received signal; and a determining unit configured to determine channel spacing by using the spectrum gap width according to a predefined corresponding relationship between the channel spacing and the spectrum gap width. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the measuring unit comprises: an acquiring module configured to acquire the received signal; an extracting module configured to extract the spectrum information from the received signal acquired by the acquiring module; and a measuring module configured to determine a reference power according to a predefined reference power level, and set a frequency difference between two frequency points in one of a left and right gap of a central channel in the spectrum information of the received signal corresponding to the reference power as the spectrum gap width. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the extracting module comprises: a serial-to-parallel converting module configured to divide the received signal into a predefined number of sections; a Fourier transform module configured to perform Fourier transform on each section of the received signal to obtain an initial spectrum of each section of the received signal; and a calculating module configured to calculate a modular square of the initial spectrum of each section of the received signal to obtain a power spectrum of each section of the received signal, and one of an average and a weighted average power spectra of all sections of received signals to obtain an averaged power spectrum of all sections of the received signals as the spectrum information. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the extracting module further includes: a time-domain windowing module configured to perform window function convolution on the initial spectrum of each section of the received signal. 5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the measuring unit further comprises: a spectrum recovery module configured to perform spectrum recovery on an input signal, and take use a spectrum recovered signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the spectrum recovery module performs spectrum recovery on the input signal by multiplying an amplitude of each frequency point in an input signal spectrum of the input signal by a correction coefficient. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the correction coefficient is a reciprocal of a response amplitude of a receiver at each frequency point. 8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the measuring unit further comprises: a noise eliminating module configured to determine a noise floor power of the input signal, and subtract the noise floor power at each frequency point from an input signal to obtain a noise eliminated signal and set the noise eliminated signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a joint processing unit configured to receive reference information transmitted by a neighboring receiver, and adjust the spectrum gap width according to the reference information. 10. A method for estimating channel spacing, including: measuring a spectrum gap width according to spectrum information of a received signal; and determining channel spacing by using the spectrum gap width according to a predefined corresponding relationship between channel spacing and the spectrum gap width. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the measuring the spectrum gap width according to the spectrum information of the received signal includes: acquiring the received signal; extracting the spectrum information from the received signal; and determining reference power according to a predefined reference power level, and setting a frequency difference between two frequency points in one of a left and right gap of a central channel in the spectrum information corresponding to the reference power level as the spectrum gap width. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the extracting spectrum information from the acquired received signal includes: dividing the received signal into a predefined number of sections; performing Fourier transform on each section of the received signal to obtain an initial spectrum of each section of the received signal; and calculating a modular square of the initial spectrum of each section of the received signal, to obtain a power spectrum of each section of the received signal, and one of averaging and weighted averaging power spectra of all sections of received signals to obtain an averaged power spectrum of all the sections of the received signals as the spectrum information. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein after dividing the received signal into the predefined number of sections, the method further includes: performing window function convolution on the initial spectrum of each section of the received signals. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the measuring the spectrum gap width according to the spectrum information of the received signal further includes: performing spectrum recovery on an input signal, and a using spectrum recovered signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the spectrum recovery is performed on the input signal by multiplying an amplitude of each frequency point in an input signal spectrum of the input signal by a correction coefficient. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the correction coefficient is a reciprocal of a response amplitude of a receiver at each frequency point. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the measuring the spectrum gap width according to the spectrum information of the received signal further includes: determining a noise floor power of the input signal, and subtracting the noise floor power at each frequency point of the input signal to obtain a noise eliminated signal and setting the noise eliminated signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 18. The method according to claim 10, wherein the method further includes: receiving reference information transmitted by a neighboring receiver, and adjusting the spectrum gap width according to the reference information. 19. A coherent optical receiver, comprising an apparatus for estimating channel spacing, configured to measure a spectrum gap width according to spectrum information of a received signal, and determine channel spacing by using the spectrum gap width according to a predefined corresponding relationship between the channel spacing and the spectrum gap width.",
-    "The invention in suitable embodiments is directed to purified clathrin protein therapeutics. In one aspect, one or more purified clathrin protein therapeutic, formed in whole or in part from isolated, synthetic and or recombinant amino acid residues comprising in whole or in part one or more clathrin heavy chain protein and isoforms thereof, forms one or more type of therapeutic agent for treating a psychiatric and/or neuropsychiatric disease, condition, or disorder, in vivo or in vitro. 1. A pharmaceutical composition with a molecular mass of at least about 170 kilodaltons comprising a plurality of manmade purified self-assembling purified clathrin protein molecules. 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is further capable of comprising a clathrin heavy chain protein. 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the clathrin heavy chain protein comprises an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) between 1 and 1675 amino acids, inclusive, or an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) between 1 and 1640 amino acids, inclusive. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the clathrin heavy chain protein is further capable of comprising an isoform of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, comprising multiple purified clathrin heavy chain proteins. 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, further comprising a clathrin light chain protein disposed adjacent to the clathrin heavy chain. 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more adaptor protein disposed adjacent to the clathrin protein. 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a masking moiety. 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the clathrin protein comprises self-assembling synthetic, recombinant, biologically modified, biologically active, modified, purified, genetically modified, hybridized or chiral protein molecules, or a combination thereof. 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the clathrin protein is stable in serum. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the clathrin protein is non-immunogenic or non-toxic, or a combination thereof. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the clathrin protein is further capable of targeting a disease, condition, or disorder. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is psychiatric or neuropsychiatric, or a combination thereof. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the clathrin protein is further capable of comprising a compound protein. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the clathrin protein is further capable of non-invasively crossing a biological barrier. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the biological barrier is an anal, blood brain, blood-cerebrospinal, blood vessel, capillary, cell, cell membrane, circumventricular, epithelial, extracellular, fenestrated capillary, fenestrated vessel, intracellular, intramuscular, lipid, lymphatic, nasal, nasal cavity, nasal mucosa, ocular, olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerve, oral, membrane protein, organelle, paracellular, perineural space, plasma membrane, skin, subarachnoid, subcutaneous, tight junction, trigeminal nerve, vomeronasal, or a vesicle barrier. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for any suitable route and means of administration. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as an adhesive, aerosols, a biologic, a capsule, a chemical compound, eye drops, gels, an injectable, liquids, oils, ointments, a prosthetic, salves, soft galantine capsules, a stent, a controlled release, subcutaneous, surgical, syrups, a tablet, a topical, a vapor, or a water soluble composition. 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a therapeutic agent. 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein the therapeutic agent is a psychotropic drug. 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein the therapeutic agent is a neuropsychiatric drug. 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is further capable of comprising a clathrin triskelion. 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is further capable of comprising a clathrin cage. 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is further capable of comprising a clathrin coated vesicle. 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is further capable of comprising a ligand and/or adjunct. 26. A method of treating a disease, condition, or disorder comprising: administering to a subject in need thereof a protein or composition according to claim 1, wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is psychiatric or neuropsychiatric, or a combination thereof.",
-    "A data storage device according to an exemplary embodiment includes: a non-volatile memory which includes a first region configured to store vendor data and a second region configured to store user data; and a memory controller configured to receive a first command from a host, determine whether there is a first ID of a program, which is allowed to access the first region, in the first command, and decide whether to enter a vendor mode for accessing the first region according to a result of the determination. 1. A data storage device comprising: a non-volatile memory which comprises a first region configured to store vendor data and a second region configured to store user data; and a memory controller configured to receive a first command from a host, determine whether there is a first identification (ID) of a program, which is allowed to access the first region, in the first command, and decide whether to enter a vendor mode for accessing the first region according to a result of the determination. 2. The data storage device of claim 1, wherein the first command comprises a vendor mode indicating command and a vendor mode entry command, and the first ID is included in one of the vendor mode indicating command and the vendor mode entry command. 3. The data storage device of claim 1, wherein the memory controller is further configured to receive a second command from the host, determine whether there is the first ID of the program in the second command, and decide whether to allow access of the program to the first region according to a result of the determination. 4. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein the second command includes a sector count command comprising information about a number of sectors to be written and a write command, and the first ID is included in one of the sector count command and the write command. 5. The data storage device of claim 4, wherein the vendor data comprises data required for at least one of updating a patch file stored in the data storage device, updating firmware stored in the data storage device, and failure analysis of the data storage device. 6. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein the memory controller is further configured to write first data generated by the program in the first region in response to determining that there is the first ID of the program in the second command, and, wherein the memory controller is configured to write the first data in the second region in response to determining that there is not the first ID of the program in the second command. 7. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein the second command comprises a sector count command comprising information about a number of sectors to read and a read command, and the first ID is included in one of the sector count command and the read command. 8. The data storage device of claim 7, wherein the vendor data comprises data required for at least one of updating a patch file stored in the data storage device, updating firmware stored in the data storage device, and a failure analysis of the data storage device. 9. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein the memory controller is further configured to read the vendor data stored in the first region according to a read command generated by the program, and transmit the read vendor data to the host in response to determining that there is the first ID of the program in the second command, and wherein the memory controller is further configured to transmit the user data stored in the second region to the host according to the read command in response to determining that there is not the first ID of the program in the second command. 10. The data storage device of claim 1, wherein the program is a program related to at least one of a firmware update of the data storage device, a patch file update of the data storage device, and a failure analysis of the data storage device. 11. The data storage device of claim 1, wherein the memory controller is further configured to receive a second command from the host, determine whether there is the first ID of the program which is allowed to access the first region in the second command, and decide whether to exit the vendor mode according to a result of the determination. 12. The data storage device of claim 11, wherein the first command comprises a vendor mode indicating command and a vendor mode exit command, and the first ID is included in one of the vendor mode indicating command and the vendor mode exit command. 13. The data storage device of claim 1, wherein the data storage device further comprises a memory configured to store a second ID, and the memory controller is configured to decide whether to enter the vendor mode in response to determining that the first ID accords with the second ID stored in the memory. 14. A data storage device comprising: a memory comprising a first region configured to store vendor data and a second region configured to store user data; and a memory controller configured to receive a command generated from a process or program performed by a host connected to the data storage device, determine an attribute of the command, and selectively allow an access of the command to the first region or the second region depending on a result of the determination of the attribute of the command. 15. The data storage device of claim 14, wherein the command is one of a read command for reading data stored in the first region or the second region or a write command for writing data to the first region or the second region. 16. The data storage device of claim 14, wherein the attribute of the command comprises an identification (ID) of the process or program. 17. The data storage device of claim 14, wherein, in order to determine the attribute of the command, the memory controller is configured to compare the attribute with information about the process or program prestored in the memory controller. 18. The data storage device of claim 14, wherein, in response to determining that the attribute of the command indicates that the process or program is not allowed to access the first region for accessing the vendor data, the memory controller is configured not to allow the command to access the first region. 19. A data processing system comprising: a host; and a data storage device which is connected to the host, wherein the data storage device includes: a non-volatile memory device which comprises a first region configured to store vendor data and a second region configured to store user data; and a memory controller configured to receive a first command from the host, determine whether there is a first identification (ID) of a program, which is allowed to access the first region in the first command, and decide whether to enter a vendor mode for accessing the first region according to a result of the determination. 20. The data processing system of claim 14, wherein the first command comprises a vendor mode indicating command and a vendor mode entry command, and the first ID is included in one of the vendor mode indicating command and the vendor mode entry command.",
-    "A circuit includes a first data line, a second data line, a reference node, and a memory cell. The memory cell includes a data node, a first transistor, a second transistor, and a third transistor. The first transistor and the second transistor are connected in series between the first data line and the reference node. The first transistor is configured to be turned off when the gate of the first transistor has a voltage level corresponding to the first logical value. The third transistor is between the data node and the second data line. The third transistor is configured to be turned off when a gate of the third transistor has a voltage level corresponding to a second logical value different from the first logical value. 1. A circuit, comprising: a first data line; a second data line; a reference node configured to have a reference voltage level corresponding to a first logical value; and a memory cell, comprising: a data node; a first transistor and a second transistor connected in series between the first data line and the reference node, a gate of the first transistor being coupled to the data node, and the first transistor being configured to be turned off when the gate of the first transistor has a voltage level corresponding to the first logical value; and a third transistor between the data node and the second data line, the third transistor being configured to be turned off when a gate of the third transistor has a voltage level corresponding to a second logical value different from the first logical value. 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first transistor is an N-type transistor, and the third transistor is a P-type transistor. 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the second transistor is an N-type transistor. 4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first transistor is a P-type transistor, and the third transistor is an N-type transistor. 5. The circuit of claim 4, wherein the second transistor is a P-type transistor. 6. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second transistor is configured to be turned off when a gate of the second transistor has a voltage level corresponding to the first logical value. 7. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a first word line coupled to a gate of the second transistor; and a second word line coupled to the gate of the third transistor. 8. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a third data line; wherein the memory cell further comprises: another data node; a fourth transistor between the third data line and the reference node, a gate of the fourth transistor being coupled to the gate of the third transistor, and the fourth transistor is configured to be turned off when the gate of the fourth transistor has a voltage level corresponding to the second logical value. 9. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a third data line; wherein the memory cell further comprises: another data node; a fourth transistor and a fifth transistor connected in series between the third data line and the reference node, a gate of the fourth transistor being coupled to the another data node, and the first transistor being configured to be turned off when the gate of the fourth transistor has a voltage level corresponding to the first logical value. 10. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the memory cell is a static random access memory (SRAM) cell. 11. A circuit, comprising: a first data line; a second data line; a reference node configured to have a reference voltage level; and a memory cell, comprising: a data node; a first transistor of a first type and a second transistor connected in series between the first data line and the reference node, a gate terminal of the first transistor being coupled to the data node; and a third transistor of a second type between the data node and the second data line. 12. The circuit of claim 11, further comprising: a first word line, a gate terminal of the third transistor being coupled to the first word line; and a second word line, a gate terminal of the second transistor being coupled to the second word line. 13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the third transistor is configured to be turned off if the first word line has a voltage level corresponding to a first logical value; and the second transistor is configured to be turned off if the second word line has a voltage level corresponding to a second logical value different from the first logical value. 14. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the second data line is configured to be precharged to a predetermined voltage level. 15. A circuit, comprising: a first data line; a second data line; a reference node configured to have a reference voltage level; a first data node; a first transistor of a first type, a gate terminal of the first transistor being coupled with the first data node, a source terminal of the first transistor being coupled with the reference node; a first pass gate coupled between the first data line and a drain terminal of the first transistor; and a second pass gate of a second type, the second pass gate being coupled between the first data node and the second data line. 16. The circuit of claim 15, further comprising: a third data line; a second data node; and a third pass gate coupled between the third data line and the second data node. 17. The circuit of claim 15, further comprising: a third data line; a fourth data line; a second data node; a second transistor of the first type, a gate terminal of the second transistor being coupled with the second data node, a source terminal of the second transistor being coupled with the reference node; a third pass gate coupled between the third data line and a drain terminal of the second transistor; and a fourth pass gate of the second type being coupled between the second data node and the fourth data line. 18. The circuit of claim 17, further comprising: a first word line, a gate terminal of the second pass gate and a gate terminal of the fourth pass gate being coupled to the first word line; a second word line, a gate terminal of the first pass gate being coupled to the second word line; and a third word line, a gate terminal of the third pass gate being coupled to the third word line. 19. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the second data line is configured to be precharged to a predetermined voltage level. 20. The circuit of claim 15, further comprising: a first word line, a gate terminal of the second pass gate being coupled to the first word line; and a second word line, a gate terminal of the first pass gate being coupled to the second word line.",
-    "A method and apparatus for decoding a video signal are disclosed. A method for decoding a video signal includes obtaining block type information of a current block, confirming a prediction mode of the current block based on the block type information, obtaining, if the prediction mode of the current block is an intra prediction mode according to the prediction mode, at least one correlation parameter information using at least one neighboring pixel of the current block, obtaining an intra prediction value of the current block using the correlation parameter information, and reconstructing the current block using the intra prediction value of the current block. 1. (canceled) 2. A method for decoding a video signal by a decoding apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining, by the decoding apparatus, intra prediction mode information of a current block from the video signal; and decoding, by the decoding apparatus, the current block based on the obtained intra prediction mode information, wherein, when the intra prediction mode information indicates a vertical prediction mode, the decoding comprises: obtaining, by the decoding apparatus, correlation parameter information from a difference between a value of a top-left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block and a value of at least one left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block, and obtaining, by the decoding apparatus, a prediction value of a pixel in the current block using a value of a top neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block and the correlation parameter information, the pixel in the current block having a same x-coordinate as the top neighboring pixel. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the prediction value of the pixel in the current block is obtained from adding a value of the correlation parameter information to the value of the top neighboring pixel. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the decoding further comprises: obtaining, by the decoding apparatus, residual information of the current block, and reconstructing, by the decoding apparatus, the pixel in the current block using the residual information and the prediction value of the pixel in the current block. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one left neighboring pixel has a same y-coordinate as the pixel in the current block. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one left neighboring pixel corresponds to a left neighboring pixel adjacent to a left-bottom corner pixel of the current block. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the correlation parameter information is obtained by the following equation: a = L - M 4 , where a denotes the correlation parameter information, L denotes a value of the left neighboring pixel adjacent to the left-bottom corner pixel of the current block, and M denotes the value of the top-left neighboring pixel of the current block. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the correlation parameter information is obtained by the following equation: a = \u2211 x i \ue89e y i - y 0 \ue89e \u2211 \ue89e x i \u2211 x i 2 , where a denotes the correlation parameter information, xi denotes a vertical position of the pixel in the current block, yi denotes a value of an i-th pixel from top of the at least one left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block, and y0 denotes the value of the top-left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the current block is one of a 16\u00d716 block, an 8\u00d78 block, or a 4\u00d74 block. 10. An apparatus configured to decode a video signal, the apparatus comprising: a decoding apparatus configured to: obtain intra prediction mode information of a current block from the video signal; and decode the current block based on the obtained intra prediction mode information, wherein, when the intra prediction mode information indicates a vertical prediction mode, the decoding comprises: obtaining correlation parameter information from a difference between a value of a top-left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block and a value of at least one left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block, and obtaining a prediction value of a pixel in the current block using a value of a top neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block and the correlation parameter information, the pixel in the current block having a same x-coordinate as the top neighboring pixel. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the prediction value of the pixel in the current block is obtained from adding a value of the correlation parameter information to the value of the top neighboring pixel. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the decoding further comprises: obtaining, by the decoding apparatus, residual information of the current block, and reconstructing, by the decoding apparatus, the pixel in the current block using the residual information and the prediction value of the pixel in the current block. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the at least one left neighboring pixel has a same y-coordinate as the pixel in the current block. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the at least one left neighboring pixel corresponds to a left neighboring pixel adjacent to a left-bottom corner pixel of the current block. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the correlation parameter information is obtained by the following equation: a = L - M 4 , where a denotes the correlation parameter information, L denotes a value of the left neighboring pixel adjacent to the left-bottom corner pixel of the current block, and M denotes the value of the top-left neighboring pixel of the current block. 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the correlation parameter information is obtained by the following equation: a = \u2211 x i \ue89e y i - y 0 \ue89e \u2211 \ue89e x i \u2211 x i 2 , where a denotes the correlation parameter information, xi denotes a vertical position of the pixel in the current block, yi denotes a value of an i-th pixel from top of the at least one left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block, and y0 denotes the value of the top-left neighboring pixel adjacent to the current block. 17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the current block is one of a 16\u00d716 block, an 8\u00d78 block, or a 4\u00d74 block.",
-    "In various representative aspects, an assembly for securing array skirts and solar panel modules in an array on a roof by utilizing rotatable locking mechanisms that both secure the solar panel modules to mounting plates and splices as well as providing a grounding path between the solar panel modules and the entire array. A method of installation of the assembly is also provided. 1. A mounting assembly for installing a solar panel array to a roof comprising: a. a mounting plate for receiving a solar panel module; b. an elongated securing apparatus for affixing the solar panel module to the mounting plate; c. the mounting plate further comprising i. a first section; and ii. a second section further comprising an end and such that the first and second sections are opposite each other; d. the elongated securing apparatus further comprising: i. a wedge; ii. a raised portion for penetrating a layer on the solar panel module and; iii. the elongated securing apparatus is rotatably coupled to the first section of the mounting plate. 2. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the end of the mounting plate is a lip for receiving an edge of the solar panel module; 3. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the elongated securing apparatus further comprises: a. a first and second portion such that: i. the first portion further comprises a wedge; and ii. the second portion further comprises the raised portion. 4. The mounting assembly of claim 3 wherein the first end of the elongated securing apparatus is rotatably coupled to the first section of the mounting plate and further comprises a wedge. 5. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the elongated securing apparatus can be rotated from an open position to a locked position wherein the elongated securing apparatus is substantially perpendicular to the end of the mounting plate. 6. The mounting assembly of claim 5 such that the wedge of the elongated securing apparatus secures the solar panel module to the mounting plate by pushing the solar panel module into the end of the mounting plate as the elongated securing apparatus is rotated from the open to the locked position. 7. The mounting assembly of claim 5 such that the raised portion penetrates the oxidation layer of the solar panel module as the elongated securing apparatus is rotated from the open to the locked position. 8. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the mounting plate is rotatably coupled to a pivot base. 9. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the mounting plate is a splice for securing a plurality of adjacent solar panel modules by utilizing a plurality of elongated securing apparatuses. 10. A method of securing and grounding a solar panel module to a mounting plate comprising the steps of: a. lowering a portion of a solar panel module between a first and second section of a mounting plate wherein the second section of the mounting plate further comprises an elongated securing apparatus that is coupled to the first section of the mounting plate, the elongated securing apparatus further comprises a raised portion, and the second section of the mounting plate further comprises an end; and b. moving the elongated securing apparatus from an open to a locked position such that: i. the elongated securing apparatus laterally moves the solar panel module the mounting plate is secured to the end of the mounting plate; and ii. the raised portion penetrates the solar panel module and creates a grounding path between the solar panel module and the mounting plate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the end of the mounting plate is a lip; 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the elongated securing apparatus further comprises: a. a first and second portion such that: i. the first portion further comprises a wedge; and ii. the second portion further comprises the raised portion. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the first end of the elongated securing apparatus is rotatably coupled to the first section of the mounting plate and further comprises a wedge. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of moving the elongated securing apparatus is accomplished by rotating the apparatus from an open position to a locked position such that the elongated securing apparatus is substantially perpendicular to the end of the mounting plate in the locked position. 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of rotating the elongated securing apparatus so that the wedge secures the solar panel module to the mounting plate by pushing the solar panel module into the end of the mounting plate as the elongated securing apparatus is rotated from the open to the locked position. 16. The method of claim 10 further comprising the step of having the raised portion of the elongated securing apparatus penetrates the oxidation layer of the solar panel module as the elongated securing apparatus is rotated from the open to the locked position. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein the mounting plate is a splice for securing a plurality of adjacent solar panel modules by utilizing a plurality of elongated securing apparatuses. 18. The method of claim 10 further comprising the step of coupling the mounting plate to a pivot base. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of coupling the pivot base to a flashing. 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of coupling the flashing to a roof.",
-    "The stripper is a flange member supported on the upright backboard of a crop harvesting header to span a gap between the backboard and a cross auger. The cross auger is supported above a draper on the header to assist in guiding the cut crop being conveyed by the draper to a central rear discharge of the header. The stripper flange member extends forwardly towards the cross auger at an upward inclination so as to be oriented at an angle of greater than 90 relative to a portion of the backboard of the header immediately below the stripper flange member. The stripper flange member is thus better oriented to guide cut crop which rises up the backboard to be deflected forwardly into the cross auger, instead of acting as a stop to accumulate cut crop thereon when the flange member is oriented perpendicularly to the backboard. 1. A stripper assembly for a crop harvesting header of a harvester, the crop harvesting header comprising: a main frame structure extending in a lateral direction between two ends of the header across a width of the header for movement in a direction generally at right angles to the width across ground including crop to be harvested; a mounting assembly for carrying the main frame structure on the harvester; a crop receiving table carried on the main frame structure across the width of the header; a cutter bar across a front of the table carrying a cutter knife operable for cutting the crop as the header is moved forwardly across the ground for depositing the crop onto the table; a backboard extending upwardly from a rear of the table across the width of the header and including a rear discharge opening therein for discharging the crop from a central discharge location at the rear of the table; a first side draper for conveying cut crop along the receiving table from a first end of the header to the central discharge location; a second side draper for conveying cut crop along the receiving table from a second end of the header to the central discharge location; a cross auger assembly rotatably carried on the main frame structure to extend in the lateral direction above the rear of the table, forwardly of the backboard and spaced above the first and second side drapers, the cross auger assembly including auger flighting oriented for guiding cut crop from both ends of the header towards the central discharge location as the cross auger assembly is rotated about an auger axis; the stripper assembly comprising: a first stripper section carried on the backboard to extend in the lateral direction between the first end of the header and the central discharge location in which the first stripper section protrudes forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination to a forward edge of the first stripper section which is in proximity to the auger flighting; and a second stripper section carried on the backboard to extend in the lateral direction between the second end of the header and the central discharge location in which the second stripper section protrudes forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination to a forward edge of the second stripper section which is in proximity to the auger flighting; wherein the first and second stripper sections are oriented at upward inclination of greater than 90 degrees relative to a portion of the backboard immediately below the stripper sections. 2. The stripper assembly according to claim 1 wherein the first and second stripper sections protrude forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination of 100 to 130 degrees relative to said portion of the backboard immediately below the stripper sections. 3. The stripper assembly according to claim 1 wherein the forward edge of the first and second stripper sections are greater in elevation than a lowermost edge of the auger flighting. 4. The stripper assembly according to claim 1 wherein the first and second stripper sections are mounted on the backboard so as to be adjustable in height relative to the cross auger assembly. 5. The stripper assembly according to claim 1 wherein the first and second stripper sections are laterally spaced apart from one another at opposing sides of the discharge opening. 6. A cross auger kit for a crop harvesting header of a harvester, the crop harvesting header comprising: a main frame structure extending in a lateral direction between two ends of the header across a width of the header for movement in a direction generally at right angles to the width across ground including crop to be harvested; a mounting assembly for carrying the main frame structure on the harvester; a crop receiving table carried on the main frame structure across the width of the header; a cutter bar across a front of the table carrying a cutter knife operable for cutting the crop as the header is moved forwardly across the ground for depositing the crop onto the table; a backboard extending upwardly from a rear of the table across the width of the header and including a rear discharge opening therein for discharging the crop from a central discharge location at the rear of the table; a first side draper for conveying cut crop along the receiving table from a first end of the header to the central discharge location; and a second side draper for conveying cut crop along the receiving table from a second end of the header to the central discharge location; the cross auger kit comprising: a cross auger assembly adapted to be rotatably carried on the main frame structure to extend in the lateral direction above the rear of the table, forwardly of the backboard and spaced above the first and second side drapers, the cross auger assembly including auger flighting oriented for guiding cut crop from both ends of the header towards the central discharge location as the cross auger assembly is rotated about an auger axis; and a first stripper section adapted to be carried on the backboard to extend in the lateral direction between the first end of the header and the central discharge location in which the first stripper section protrudes forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination to a forward edge of the first stripper section which is in proximity to the auger flighting; and a second stripper section adapted to be carried on the backboard to extend in the lateral direction between the second end of the header and the central discharge location in which the second stripper section protrudes forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination to a forward edge of the second stripper section which is in proximity to the auger flighting; wherein the first and second stripper sections are adapted to be oriented at upward inclination of greater than 90 degrees relative to a portion of the backboard immediately below the stripper sections. 7. The cross auger kit according to claim 6 wherein the first and second stripper sections are arranged to protrude forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination of 100 to 130 degrees relative to said portion of the backboard immediately below the stripper sections. 8. The cross auger kit according to claim 6 wherein the first and second stripper sections are arranged to be mounted such that the forward edge of the first and second stripper sections are greater in elevation than a lowermost edge of the auger flighting. 9. The cross auger kit according to claim 6 wherein the first and second stripper sections are arranged to be mounted on the backboard so as to be adjustable in height relative to the cross auger assembly. 10. The cross auger kit according to claim 6 wherein the first and second stripper sections are arranged to be mounted on the backboard so as to be laterally spaced apart from one another at opposing sides of the discharge opening. 11. A crop harvester comprising: a harvester frame supported for rolling movement in a forward working direction across ground including crop to be harvested; a crop harvesting header comprising: a main frame structure extending in a lateral direction between two ends of the header across a width of the header for movement in the forward working direction generally at right angles to the width; a mounting assembly for carrying the main frame structure on the harvester frame; a crop receiving table carried on the main frame structure across the width of the header; a cutter bar across a front of the table carrying a cutter knife operable for cutting the crop as the header is moved forwardly across the ground for depositing the crop onto the table; a backboard extending upwardly from a rear of the table across the width of the header and including a rear discharge opening therein for discharging the crop from a central discharge location on the table into a feed opening of the combine harvester; a first side draper for conveying cut crop along the receiving table from a first end of the header to the central discharge location; a second side draper for conveying cut crop along the receiving table from a second end of the header to the central discharge location; a cross auger assembly rotatably carried on the main frame structure to extend in the lateral direction above the rear of the table, forwardly of the backboard and spaced above the first and second side drapers, the cross auger assembly including auger flighting oriented for guiding cut crop from both ends of the header towards the central discharge location as the cross auger assembly is rotated about an auger axis; a first stripper section carried on the backboard to extend in the lateral direction between the first end of the header and the central discharge location in which the first stripper section protrudes forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination to a forward edge of the first stripper section which is in proximity to the auger flighting; and a second stripper section carried on the backboard to extend in the lateral direction between the second end of the header and the central discharge location in which the second stripper section protrudes forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination to a forward edge of the second stripper section which is in proximity to the auger flighting; wherein the first and second stripper sections are oriented at upward inclination of greater than 90 degrees relative to a portion of the backboard immediately below the stripper sections. 12. The crop harvester according to claim 11 wherein the first and second stripper sections protrude forwardly from the backboard at an upward inclination of 100 to 130 degrees relative to said portion of the backboard immediately below the stripper sections. 13. The crop harvester according to claim 11 wherein the forward edge of the first and second stripper sections is greater in elevation than a lowermost edge of the auger flighting. 14. The crop harvester according to claim 11 wherein the first and second stripper sections are mounted on the backboard so as to be adjustable in height relative to the cross auger assembly. 15. The crop harvester according to claim 11 wherein the first and second stripper sections are laterally spaced apart from one another at opposing sides of the discharge opening.",
-    "An ITO film having a band gap in a range of 4.0 eV to 4.5 eV. 1. (canceled) 2. An ITO powder used in manufacture of an ITO film having: a band gap in a range of 4.0 eV to 4.5 eV; and an L*a*b* color tone in which L* is from 99.5 to 99.7, a* is from \u22120.35 to \u22120.17, and b* is from \u22120.24 to \u22120.06, the ITO powder comprising a perse color tone L*a*b* in which L* is 30 or less, a* is less than 0, and b* is less than 0. 3-12. (canceled) 13. The ITO powder according to claim 2, wherein a BET specific surface area of the ITO powder is 20 to 100 m2/g. 14. The ITO powder according to claim 2, wherein a crystal particle size of the ITO powder determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) is 5 to 30 nm.",
-    "The invention relates to the sorghum variety designated GSV674558. Provided by the invention are the seeds, plants and derivatives of the sorghum variety GSV674558. Also provided by the invention are tissue cultures of the sorghum variety GSV674558 and the plants regenerated therefrom. Still further provided by the invention are methods for producing sorghum plants by crossing the sorghum variety GSV674558 with itself or another sorghum variety and plants produced by such methods. 1. A seed of sorghum variety GSV674558, a representative sample of seed of said sorghum variety GSV674558 has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 2. A sorghum plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing the seed of claim 1. 3. The plant part of claim 2, further defined as pollen, an ovule or a cell. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim 2. 5. The tissue culture of claim 4, wherein the regenerable cells are produced from a plant part selected from the group consisting of embryos, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, and stalks. 6. A sorghum plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 5, wherein the plant comprises all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of sorghum variety GSV674558. 7. A method of producing a sorghum seed, the method comprising crossing two sorghum plants and harvesting the resultant sorghum seed, wherein at least one of the sorghum plants is the sorghum plant of claim 2. 8. A sorghum seed produced by the method of claim 7. 9. A sorghum plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing the seed of claim 8. 10. A method of producing a sorghum plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into a plant of sorghum variety GSV674558, wherein a representative sample of seed of sorghum variety GSV674558 has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, male fertility, herbicide tolerance or resistance, insect tolerance or resistance, disease tolerance or resistance, fungal tolerance or resistance, waxy starch, enhanced nutritional quality, modified phytic acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the tolerance conferred is to an herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy propionic acid, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, bromoxynil, quizalofop, nicosulfuron, acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-inhibiting herbicides. 13. A plant produced by the method of claim 10 or a selfed progeny thereof. 14. A method of plant breeding, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of sorghum variety GSV674558 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said sorghum variety GSV674558 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of sorghum variety GSV674558 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, male fertility, herbicide tolerance or resistance, insect tolerance or resistance, disease tolerance or resistance, fungal tolerance or resistance, waxy starch, enhanced nutritional quality, modified phytic acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism and modified protein metabolism. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the trait is tolerance to an herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy propionic acid, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, bromoxynil, quizalofop, nicosulfuron, acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-inhibiting herbicides. 17. A plant of sorghum variety GSV674558 further comprising a single locus conversion, wherein said plant otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum variety GSV674558 when grown under the same environmental conditions, and wherein representative seed of said sorghum variety GSV674558 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______. 18. A method of producing an inbred plant derived from sorghum variety GSV674558, said method comprising the steps of: (a) crossing a plant of sorghum variety GSV674558 with a second sorghum plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid sorghum seed, representative seed of said sorghum variety GSV674558 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. ______; (b) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid sorghum seed with itself or a different sorghum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (c) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (b), wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred sorghum plant derived from sorghum variety GSV674558. 19. A method of producing a plant product, the method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 2, or a part thereof, and producing said plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the plant product is selected from the group consisting of starch, syrup, and protein.",
-    "An optically active (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid compound defined by the following formula (F): wherein R1 represents CO2R, CO2M, or CONH2, wherein R represents an allyl group or a benzyl group, and M represents a hydrogen atom, an inorganic cation, or an organic cation; and R2 represents a benzyl group or an allyl group. 1. An optically active (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid compound defined by the following formula (F): wherein R1 represents CO2R, CO2M, or CONH2, wherein R represents an allyl group or a benzyl group, and M represents a hydrogen atom, an inorganic cation, or an organic cation; and R2 represents a benzyl group or an allyl group. 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein M is the inorganic cation which is sodium, potassium, lithium, or calcium. 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein M is the organic cation which is an ammonium salt formed from an amine selected from the group consisting of trimethylamine, triethylamine, cyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine; or a quaternary ammonium salt selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium and triethylbenzylammonium. 4. A process for preparing the compound defined by the formula (F) according to claim 1, which comprises subjecting a compound represented by formula (E) below to an intramolecular urea formation, and then subjecting the resultant compound represented by formula (F1) below to at least one of the steps (a) to (g) below: wherein Bn represents a benzyl group, and tBu represents a tert-butyl group; wherein Bn represents a benzyl group, and tBu represents a tert-butyl group; step (a) for cleaving the ester group of the formula (F1), step (b) for converting the compound of the formula (F1) to a form of a salt of an inorganic cation or an organic cation, step (c) for treating the compound of the formula (F1) with an acid to convert the compound of the formula (F1) to a free acid, step (d) for performing a carbamoylation for the carboxylic acid group of the formula (F 1), step (e) for converting the carboxylic acid group of the formula (F1) to an ester, step (f) for removing the benzyl group of the benzyloxy group at the 6-position,of the formula (F1) and step (g) for converting the group at the 6-position to an allyloxy. 5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is: (2S,5R)-6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid cyclohexylamine salt. 6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid. 7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide. 8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-allyl 6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. 9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-benzyl 6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. 10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-tert-butyl 6-(allyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. 11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-6-(allyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid cyclohexylamine salt. 12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-6-(allyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid. 13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-benzyl 6-(allyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. 14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-allyl 6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. 15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-6-(benzyloxy)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid cyclohexylammonium salt. 16. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S,5R)-tert-butyl 5-(benzyloxyamino)piperidine-2-carboxylate.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a magnetic recording medium with high magnetic recording characteristics and improved corrosion resistance is obtained. The magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, an orientation control layer provided on the substrate and made from a Ni alloy or an Ag alloy, a nonmagnetic seed layer provided to be in contact with the orientation control layer, a perpendicular magnetic recording layer containing Fe or Co and Pt as main components. The nonmagnetic seed layer is formed of Ag particles, Ge grain boundaries and a compound X, and the compound X is selected from an oxide, nitride or carbide of aluminum, titanium, chromium, silicon and tantalum and also distributed in both the Ag particles and Ge grain boundaries. 1. A magnetic recording medium comprising: a substrate; an orientation control layer provided on the substrate and made from a nickel alloy or a silver alloy; a nonmagnetic seed layer provided to be in contact with the orientation control layer; a perpendicular magnetic recording layer containing iron or cobalt and platinum as main components, the nonmagnetic seed layer being formed of silver particles, germanium grain boundaries and a compound X, and the compound X being selected from the group consisting of an oxide, nitride or carbide of aluminum, titanium, chromium, silicon and tantalum and also distributed in both the Ag particles and Ge grain boundaries. 2. The magnetic recording medium of claim 1, wherein the compound X has a spherical structure with an average particle diameter of 1 to 5 nm. 3. The magnetic recording medium of claim 1, wherein the compound X is selected from the group consisting of an oxide of aluminum, titanium, chromium, silicon and tantalum. 4. The magnetic recording medium of claim 1, wherein an amount of compound X added is 2 mol % to 15 mol %. 5. A magnetic recording and reproduction device comprising: a substrate; an orientation control layer provided on the substrate and made from a nickel alloy or a silver alloy; a nonmagnetic seed layer provided to be in contact with the orientation control layer; a magnetic recording medium comprising a perpendicular magnetic recording layer containing iron or cobalt and platinum as main components; and a magnetic recording head, wherein the nonmagnetic seed layer is formed of silver particles, germanium grain boundaries and a compound X, and the compound X is selected from the group consisting of an oxide, nitride or carbide of aluminum, titanium, chromium, silicon and tantalum and is distributed in both the Ag particles and Ge grain boundaries. 6. The magnetic recording and reproduction device of claim 5, wherein the compound X has a spherical structure which has an average particle diameter of 1 to 5 nm. 7. The magnetic recording and reproduction device of claim 5, wherein the compound X is selected from the group consisting of an oxide of aluminum, titanium, chromium, silicon and tantalum. 8. The magnetic recording and reproduction device of claim 5, wherein an amount of the compound X added is 2 mol % to 15 mol %.",
-    "Set forth herein are pellets, thin films, and monoliths of lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes having engineered surfaces. These engineered surfaces have a list of advantageous properties including, but not limited to, low surface area resistance, high Li+ ion conductivity, low tendency for lithium dendrites to form within or thereupon when the electrolytes are used in an electrochemical cell. Other advantages include voltage stability and long cycle life when used in electrochemical cells as a separator or a membrane between the positive and negative electrodes. Also set forth herein are methods of making these electrolytes including, but not limited to, methods of annealing these electrolytes under controlled atmosphere conditions. Set forth herein, additionally, are methods of using these electrolytes in electrochemical cells and devices. The instant disclosure further includes electrochemical cells which incorporate the lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes set forth herein. 1. A thin electrolyte separator, having top and bottom surfaces and a thickness therebetween, wherein the top or bottom surface length or width is greater than the thickness by a factor of ten (10) or more, and the thickness is from about 10 nm to about 100 \u03bcm; wherein the electrolyte bulk is characterized by the chemical formula LixLa3Zr2O12 y(Al2O3), wherein 3\u2266x\u22668 and 0\u2266y\u22661; wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having a layer thereupon, greater than 1 nm and less than 1 \u03bcm, comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 2. A thin electrolyte separator, having top and bottom surfaces and a thickness therebetween, wherein the top or bottom surface length or width is greater than the thickness by a factor of ten (10) or more, and the thickness is from about 10 nm to about 100 \u03bcm; wherein the electrolyte bulk is characterized by the chemical formula LixLa3Zr2O12 y(Al2O3), wherein 3\u2266x\u22668 and 0\u2266y\u22661; wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having substantially no layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 3. The electrolyte separator of claim 1 or 2, wherein the top or bottom surface length or width is from about 100 \u03bcm to 100 cm. 4. The electrolyte separator of claim 1 or 2, wherein x is 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 8. 5. The electrolyte separator of claim 1 or 2, wherein the electrolyte bulk is characterized by the chemical formula Li3La3Zr2Oh0.2(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.25 (Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.3(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.65(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.7(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.75(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.9 (Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.2(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.25(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.3 (Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.7(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.75(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.9(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), Li5La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.2(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.25(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.3(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li3La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.7(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.75(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.9(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), Li6La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.2(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.25(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.3(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.65(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.7(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.75(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.9(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), or Li7La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.3 (Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.65(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.7(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.75(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.9(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), Li7La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.2(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.25(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.3 (Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.65(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.9(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), or Li8La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.3(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.35(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.4(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.45(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.5(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.55(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.6(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.65(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.8(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.85(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.9(Al2O3), Li8La3Zr2Oh0.95(Al2O3), or Li8La3Zr2Oh(Al2O3); wherein subscript h is a rational number from 0 to 15 and is selected to maintain charge neutrality. 6. The electrolyte separator of any one of claim 1-5, wherein the electrolyte bulk is characterized by a chemical formula different from the top or bottom surface of the electrolyte separator. 7. The electrolyte separator of any one of claim 1-6, wherein the electrolyte bulk is characterized by the chemical formula Lix1La3Zr2O12 y(Al2O3), wherein 3\u2266x1\u22668 and 0\u2266y\u22661; wherein the top or bottom surface or both is/are characterized by the chemical formula Lix2La3Zr2O12 y(Al2O3), wherein 3\u2266x1\u22668 and 0\u2266y\u22661; wherein x2 is less than x1. 8. The electrolyte separator of any one of claim 1 and 3-7, wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having less than a 0.5 \u03bcm thick layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 9. The electrolyte separator of claim 8, wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having less than a 0.35 \u03bcm thick layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 10. The electrolyte separator of claim 9, wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having less than a 0.25 \u03bcm thick layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 11. The electrolyte separator of claim 10, wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having less than a 0.15 \u03bcm thick layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 12. The electrolyte separator of claim 11, wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having less than a 0.1 \u03bcm thick layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 13. The electrolyte separator of claim 12, wherein either the top or bottom surface is characterized as having less than a 0.05 \u03bcm thick layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 14. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-12, wherein both the top and bottom surfaces are characterized as having a similar thickness layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 15. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 2-12, wherein both the top and bottom surfaces are characterized as having no detectable presence of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, or a combination thereof as detected by XPS or FT-IR. 16. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-15, wherein both the top and bottom surfaces are characterized as having no secondary phases present on the top or bottom surface, wherein secondary phases are selected from LiAlO2, Li2ZrO3, LaAlO3, Li5AlO4, Li6Zr2O7, La2(LixAl1\u2212x)O4, wherein x is from 0 to 1, or combinations thereof. 17. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-16, wherein both the top and bottom surfaces are characterized as having the same thickness layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 18. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-17, having a Li-metal interface area specific resistance between 0 and 15 \u03a9cm2 at 60\u00b0 C. 19. The electrolyte separator of claim 18, wherein the Li-metal interface area specific resistance is less than 2 \u03a9cm2 at 60\u00b0 C. 20. The electrolyte separator of claim 1 or 2, wherein the Li-metal interface area specific resistance is less than 2 \u03a9cm2 at 25\u00b0 C. 21. The electrolyte separator of claim 1 or 2, wherein the Li-metal interface area specific resistance is less than 20 \u03a9cm2 at \u221225\u00b0 C. 22. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the separator is a pellet, a film, free-standing film, or a monolith. 23. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the lithium carbonate is characterized by Lix(CO3)y and x is from 0 to 2, and y is from 0 to 1. 24. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the lithium hydroxide is characterized by Lix(OH)y and x and y are each, independently, from 0 to 1. 25. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the lithium oxide is characterized by LixOy and x and y are each, independently, from 0 to 2. 26. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the electrolyte separator is characterized by an EPR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 4. 27. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the top or bottom surface is characterized by an FT-IR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 9 28. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the top or bottom surface is characterized by a Raman spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 10. 29. An electrolyte separator, characterized by the chemical formula LixLa3Zr2O12+yAl2O3, wherein 3\u2266x\u22668 and 0\u2266y\u22661 and having a top or bottom surface that has less than 5 atomic % of an amorphous material comprising carbon and oxygen. 30. The electrolyte separator of claim 1 or 2, wherein the top or bottom surface is in direct contact with Li-metal. 31. The separator any one of claims 1-30, having a top or bottom surface that has a carbon concentration at the surface of less than 5 atomic %. 32. The separator any one of claims 1-30, having a top or bottom surface that has a hydrogen concentration at the surface of less than 5 atomic %. 33. The separator any one of claim 31, wherein the atomic % of carbon is measured by XPS. 34. The separator any one of claim 32, wherein the atomic % of hydrogen is measured by SIMS. 35. The electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-34 having an Oxygen (O) vacancy concentration characterized by an EPR signal spin density of 1\u00d710\u221218/cm3 to 1\u00d710\u221220/cm3. 36. The electrolyte separator of claim 35, having a spin density equal to about 1\u00d710\u221219/cm3. 37. An electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrode, wherein the electrolyte comprises the electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-36. 38. A method of surface treating an electrolyte separator, comprising providing chemical precursors to the electrolyte; calcining the chemical precursors to form a calcined electrolyte; providing a slurry comprising the calcined electrolyte; casting a film from the slurry; sintering the film to form a sintered electrolyte separator; and surface treating the sintered electrolyte separator; wherein surface treating comprises laser ablating, polishing, polishing in dry room atmosphere, annealing in a reducing atmosphere, etching, acid washing, plasma abating, and ozone treating. 39. A method of annealing an electrolyte separator, comprising providing chemical precursors to the electrolyte separator; calcining the chemical precursors in an oxidizing atmosphere to form a calcined electrolyte; providing a slurry comprising the calcined electrolyte; casting a film from the slurry; sintering the film in a reducing or inert atmosphere to form a sintered electrolyte separator; and annealing the sintered electrolyte separator in a reducing or inert atmosphere. 40. The method of claim 38 or 39, further comprising milling or mixing the chemical precursors before the calcining step. 41. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the oxidizing atmosphere is Air. 42. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the sintering step becomes the annealing step by controlling or changing the reducing or inert atmosphere. 43. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the sintering step becomes the annealing step by changing temperature of the sintered electrolyte separator. 44. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the chemical precursors are garnet chemical precursors. 45. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. 46. The method of claim 39, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 500\u00b0 C. to 800\u00b0 C. 47. The method of claim 39, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 600\u00b0 C. to 700\u00b0 C. 48. The method of claim 38, further comprising laser ablation in a(n) Ar, N2, He, O2 atmosphere. 49. The method of claim 39, further comprising plasma ablation in Ar, N2, H2, He and O2 environment 50. The method of any one of claim 38-44, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. in an inert atmosphere selected from He, Ne, Ar, Xe, or N2. 51. The method of any one of claim 38-44, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. in an inert atmosphere selected from He:H2, Ne:H2, Ar:H2, Xe:H2, or N2:H2. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the ratio of the two gases is 100:0 to 50:50 v/v. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the ratio of Ar:H2 is 100:0 to 50:50 v/v. 54. The method of any one of claim 38-53, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. in an Argon:H2 atmosphere until the top or bottom surface of the electrolyte does not have a layer thereupon comprising a lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, a hydrate thereof, an oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. 55. The method of any one of claim 38-54, further comprising cooling the electrolyte at least 10\u00b0 C./min, in an Air atmosphere to room temperature after the calcining step. 56. The method of any one of claim 38-54, further comprising depositing Li metal onto the polished surface within 2 days of the annealing step. 57. A method of cycling lithium through a solid state lithium ion conducting ceramic, comprising providing an electrolyte separator according to any one of claims 1-36 in contact with a lithium metal anode; applying a pressure of at least 300 pounds per square inch (PSI) to the electrolyte separator and anode; and cycling at least 10 \u03bcm of lithium metal at a current of at least 1 mA/cm2 or greater. 58. A method of cycling lithium through a solid state lithium ion conducting ceramic, comprising providing an electrolyte separator according to any one of claims 1-36 in contact with a lithium metal anode; applying a pressure of at least 20 PSI to the electrolyte separator and anode; and cycling at least 20 \u03bcm of lithium metal at a current of at least 2 mA/cm2 or greater. 59. An electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-37, wherein the electrochemical cell further includes a gel electrolyte. 60. An electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte separator of any one of claims 1-37, wherein the electrochemical cell further includes a gel electrolyte between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte separator. 61. The electrochemical cell of any one of claims 59-60 wherein the gel comprises a solvent, a lithium salt, and a polymer. 62. The electrochemical cell of claim 61, wherein the solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, methylene carbonate, or a combination thereof. 63. The electrochemical cell of claim 61, wherein the lithium salt is LiPF6, LiBOB, or LFTSi. 64. The electrochemical cell of claim 61, wherein the polymer is PVDF-HFP. 65. The method of claim 39, wherein the inert atmosphere is a vacuum. 66. The method of claim 58, comprising applying a pressure of at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315, or 320 PSI to the electrolyte separator and anode. 67. The method of claim 58, comprising applying a pressure of at least 320 PSI to the electrolyte separator and anode. 68. A method of annealing an electrolyte separator, comprising providing a sintered electrolyte separator; and annealing the sintered electrolyte separator in a reducing or inert atmosphere. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 500\u00b0 C. to 800\u00b0 C. 71. The method of claim 69, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 600\u00b0 C. to 700\u00b0 C. 72. The method of any one of claim 68-71, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. in an inert atmosphere selected from He, Ne, Ar, Xe, or N2. 73. The method of any one of claim 68-72, wherein the annealing comprises heating the sintered electrolyte from 200\u00b0 C. to 1000\u00b0 C. in an inert atmosphere selected from He:H2, Ne:H2, Ar:H2, Xe:H2, or N2:H2. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the ratio of the two gases is 100:0 to 50:50 v/v. 75. The method of claim 73 or 74, wherein the ratio of Ar:H2 is 100:0 to 50:50 v/v. 76. The electrolyte separator of claim 5, wherein subscript h is 12.",
-    "Provided is a complex display device Including a first substrate and an opposed second substrate, a first electrode, an electrochromic layer, a common electrode, an emission part and a second electrode, laminated between the first substrate and the second substrate one by one, and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the electrochromic layer, or between the electrochromic layer and the common electrode. The organic layer of the complex display device may include at least one of a hole injection material, a hole transport material and a mixture thereof, or at least one of an electron injection material, an electron transport material or a mixture thereof. 1. A complex display device, comprising: a first substrate and an opposed second substrate; a first electrode, an electrochromic layer, a common electrode, an emission part and a second electrode, laminated between the first substrate and the second substrate one by one; and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the electrochromic layer, or between the electrochromic layer and the common electrode. 2. The complex display device of claim 1, wherein the organic layer comprises at least one of a hole injection material, a hole transport material, or a mixture thereof, or at least one of an electron injection material, an electron transport material, or a mixture thereof. 3. The complex display device of claim 2, wherein the electron injection material comprises PEIE or ZnO. 4. The complex display device of claim 2, wherein the electron transport material comprises Alq3, TPBi, BBOT, PBD, BMD, Ir(piq)3, Ir(piq)2(acac), or rubrene. 5. The complex display device of claim 2, wherein the hole injection material comprises PEDOT:PSS, PVK, \u03b1-NPD, or TPD. 6. The complex display device of claim 2, wherein the hole transport material comprises 2-TNATA, m-MTDATA, Ir(piq)3, Ir(piq)2(acac), or rubrene. 7. The complex display device of claim 1, further comprising a driving part disposed at least one position between the first substrate and the first electrode, or between the second electrode and the second substrate. 8. The complex display device of claim 7, wherein the driving part is disposed between the first substrate and the first electrode, and images produced at the electrochromic layer or the emission part are displayed via the second substrate. 9. The complex display device of claim 8, further comprising: a first contact electrically connecting the common electrode and the driving part; and a second contact electrically connecting the second electrode and the driving part. 10. The complex display device of claim 7, wherein the driving part is disposed between the second substrate and the second electrode, and images produced at the electrochromic layer or the emission part are displayed via the first substrate. 11. The complex display device of claim 10, further comprising: a first contact electrically connecting the common electrode and the driving part; and a second contact electrically connecting the first electrode and the driving part. 12. The complex display device of claim 1, wherein the emission part comprises an organic emission layer. 13. A complex display device, comprising: a first substrate; a first electrode and a second electrode separately disposed in parallel to each other on the first substrate; an electrochromic layer on the first electrode; an emission part on the second electrode; a common electrode disposed on the emission part, the common electrode being extended on the electrochromic layer; a second substrate on the common electrode; and an organic layer disposed at least one position between the first electrode and the electrochromic layer, or between the electrochromic layer and the common electrode. 14. The complex display device of claim 13, wherein the organic layer comprises at least one of a hole injection material, a hole transport material, or a mixture thereof, or at least one of an electron injection material, an electron transport material, or a mixture thereof. 15. The complex display device of claim 14, wherein the electron injection material comprises PEIE or ZnO. 16. The complex display device of claim 14, wherein the electron transport material comprises Alq3, TPBi, BBOT, PBD, BMD, Ir(piq)3, Ir(piq)2(acac), or rubrene. 17. The complex display device of claim 14, wherein the hole injection material comprises PEDOT:PSS, PVK, \u03b1-NPD, or TPD. 18. The complex display device of claim 14, wherein the hole transport material comprises 2-TNATA, m-MTDATA, Ir(piq)3, Ir(piq)2(acac), or rubrene. 19. The complex display device of claim 13, further comprising a driving part disposed between the first substrate and the first electrode. 20. The complex display device of claim 13, wherein the emission part comprises an organic emission layer.",
-    "Disclosed here are methods, systems, paradigms and structures for optimizing intermediate representation (IR) of a script code for fast path execution. A fast path is typically a path that handles most commonly occurring tasks more efficiently than less commonly occurring ones which are handled by slow paths. The less commonly occurring tasks may include uncommon cases, error handling, and other anomalies. The IR includes checkpoints which evaluate to two possible values resulting in either a fast path or slow path execution. The IR is optimized for fast path execution by regenerating a checkpoint as a labeled checkpoint. The code in the portion of the IR following the checkpoint is optimized assuming the checkpoint evaluates to a value resulting in fast path. The code for handling situations where the checkpoint evaluates to a value resulting in slow path is transferred to a portion of the IR identified by the label. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: generating, by a computer, an intermediate representation of a script code from the script code, the script code expressed in a computer programming language; identifying, by the computer, a checkpoint in the intermediate representation, the checkpoint being a condition that evaluates to at least a first value of multiple values or a second value of the multiple values; and regenerating, by the computer, the intermediate representation to generate a revised intermediate representation, wherein in the revised intermediate representation the checkpoint is regenerated as a labeled checkpoint by adding a label to the checkpoint, the label referencing a first portion of the intermediate representation to which execution of the script code is to be transferred when the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the second value, wherein the first portion is separate from a main path of execution of the script code, and wherein in the revised intermediate representation, code following the labeled checkpoint includes a second portion of the intermediate representation that is to be executed when the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the first value, the second portion being in the main path of the execution of the script code. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: converting, at the computer, the revised intermediate representation to executable code in response to a request to execute the script code. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising: executing, at the computer, the script code using the executable code in response to the request. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the checkpoint includes intermediate representation for decrementing a reference count of an object when a pointer referring to the object is removed. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the intermediate representation for decrementing the reference count includes a condition to determine whether the reference count of the object is zero. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein regenerating the intermediate representation includes generating the label identifying the first portion of the intermediate representation to which the execution of the script code is to be transferred when the reference count of the object is determined as zero. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein regenerating the intermediate representation includes: copying a set of the intermediate representation that is to be executed when the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the second value to the first portion, and deleting the set of the intermediate representation from the main path of execution, the set of intermediate representation in the first portion excluding intermediate representation that is to be executed when the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the first value. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the intermediate representation includes an additional checkpoint, the additional checkpoint including a condition to determine whether a data type of a programming construct is of a particular data type. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein regenerating the intermediate representation includes regenerating the condition to include a specified label, the specified label identifying the first portion of the intermediate representation to which the execution of the script code is to be transferred when the data type of the programming construct is not of the particular data type. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the main path includes a path of execution of the script code whose frequency exceeds a predefined threshold. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second value of the checkpoint causes the script code to execute in a slow path. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the slow path includes a path of execution of the script code whose frequency is below a predefined threshold. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the first value more frequently than to the second value. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the first value when no errors are detected in the intermediate representation associated with the checkpoint. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the labeled checkpoint evaluates to the second value when an error is detected in the intermediate representation associated with the checkpoint. 16. A computer-readable storage medium storing computer-readable instructions, comprising: instructions for generating, by a computer, an intermediate representation of a script code from the script code, the intermediate representation including a function for adjusting a reference count of an object when a pointer referring to the object is added or removed, the script code expressed in a computer programming language; instructions for determining, by the computer, whether the function includes a reference count condition that evaluates to one of multiple values; instructions for regenerating, by the computer, the intermediate representation to generate a revised intermediate representation, wherein generation of code following the function in the revised intermediate representation is dependent on a value of the reference count condition, wherein in the revised intermediate representation, the function is regenerated as a labeled function by adding a label to the function, the label indicating a first portion of the intermediate representation to which execution of the script code is to be transferred when the reference count condition evaluates to a specified value of the multiple values, wherein the first portion is separate from a main path of execution of the script code, and wherein in the revised intermediate representation, code following the labeled function includes a second portion of the intermediate representation that is to be executed when the reference count condition does not evaluate to the specified value, the second portion being in the main path of execution. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the specified value is (a) a non-zero value if a number of pointers pointing to the object is greater than zero or (b) zero if there are no pointers pointing to the object. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the reference count condition evaluates to the non-zero value more frequently than to zero. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions for regenerating the intermediate representation include: instructions for including code that is to be executed when the specified value is zero in the first portion, and instructions for including code that is to be executed when the specified value is a non-zero value in the second portion. 20. A system comprising: a processor; an intermediate representation generation module working in cooperation with the processor to generate an intermediate representation of a script code from the script code, the script code expressed in a computer programming language; an intermediate representation analysis module working in cooperation with the processor to identify a checkpoint in the intermediate representation, the checkpoint being a condition that evaluates to one of multiple values; and an intermediate representation optimization module that works in cooperation with the processor to: regenerate the intermediate representation to generate a revised intermediate representation, wherein in the revised intermediate representation the checkpoint is regenerated as a labeled checkpoint by adding a label to the checkpoint, the label referencing a first portion of the intermediate representation to which execution of the script code is to be transferred when the labeled checkpoint evaluates to a specified value, wherein the first portion is separate from a main path of execution of the script code, and wherein in the revised intermediate representation, code following the labeled checkpoint includes a second portion of the intermediate representation that is to be executed when the labeled checkpoint does not evaluate to the specified value, the second portion being in the main path of the execution.",
-    "Methods and various structures provide for loopback tuning, testing, and calibrating of a transceiver, including: supplying RF drive to both a transmitter and a receiver of the transceiver from one oscillator; applying a modulation waveform to a transceiver block of the transceiver to produce an amplitude-modulated signal; converting a sideband of the amplitude-modulated signal to a baseband signal having a frequency suitable for processing by a receiver digital block, where processing the baseband signal produces a digital output; and performing tuning, testing, and calibrating of the transceiver block, based at least in part on the digital output. 1. A method for loopback tuning, testing, and calibrating (TTC) of a transceiver, comprising: supplying RF drive to both a transmitter and a receiver of the transceiver from one oscillator; applying a modulation waveform to a transceiver block of the transceiver to produce an amplitude-modulated signal; converting a sideband of the amplitude-modulated signal to a baseband signal having a frequency suitable for processing by a receiver digital block, where processing the baseband signal produces a digital output; and performing at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating of the transceiver block, based at least in part on the digital output. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: prior to supplying RF drive: a TTC controller setting the transceiver into a TTC mode; and prior to applying the modulation waveform: the TTC controller controlling a controller to supply the modulation waveform. 3. The method of claim 2, where setting the transceiver into the TTC mode comprises: placing an antenna switch of the transceiver in loopback mode by coupling a signal at a transmitter (TX) port of the antenna switch to a receiver (RX) port of the antenna switch; and controlling the one oscillator to drive both a receiver mixer and a transmit buffer of the transceiver; and where the TTC controller controlling a controller to supply a modulation waveform comprises: controlling an OOK control block to supply the modulation waveform to the transmit buffer to produce a modulation sideband at a desired center frequency of a transmit filter. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: the TTC controller adjusting a center frequency of a transmit filter; and re-evaluating the adjusted baseband signal. 5. The method of claim 1, where applying the modulation waveform to a transceiver block comprises applying the modulation waveform to an enable input of the transceiver block. 6. The method of claim 1, where the modulation waveform is a series of pulses. 7. The method of claim 1, where the modulation waveform is a substantially square wave. 8. The method of claim 1, where the modulation waveform is a substantially sinusoidal wave. 9. The method of claim 1, where performing the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises adjusting a center frequency of a filter. 10. The method of claim 1, where performing the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises adjusting a bandwidth of a filter. 11. The method of claim 1, where the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises adjusting a gain of the transceiver block. 12. The method of claim 11, where the adjusting the gain of the transceiver block comprises adjusting at least one of a voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the transceiver block. 13. The method of claim 11, where adjusting the gain of the transceiver block is performed for a target output level. 14. The method of claim 1, where the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises adjusting a capacitor value for a maximum output level of the transceiver block. 15. The method of claim 1, where the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises determining that gain values of a switchable-gain block differ by predetermined amounts. 16. The method of claim 1, where the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises determining that the transceiver meets predetermined specifications. 17. The method of claim 1, where the at least one of tuning, testing, and calibrating comprises identifying a fault in at least one of the design and manufacture of the transceiver. 18. The method of claim 1, where the one oscillator is a voltage controlled oscillator. 19. The method of claim 1, where the transmitter of the transceiver is frequency modulated.",
-    "It is an object of the present invention to connect a wiring, an electrode, or the like formed with two incompatible films (an ITO film and an aluminum film) without increasing the cross-sectional area of the wiring and to achieve lower power consumption even when the screen size becomes larger. The present invention provides a two-layer structure including an upper layer and a lower layer having a larger width than the upper layer. A first conductive layer is formed with Ti or Mo, and a second conductive layer is formed with aluminum (pure aluminum) having low electric resistance over the first conductive layer. A part of the lower layer projected from the end section of the upper layer is bonded with ITO. 1. (canceled) 2. A semiconductor device comprising: a gate electrode over a substrate; a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode; a semiconductor layer over the gate insulating layer; a first conductive layer comprising titanium, the first conductive layer being in contact with the semiconductor layer; a second conductive layer on the first conductive layer; a third conductive layer comprising an ITO over the second conductive layer, the third conductive layer being in contact with an end portion and part of a top surface of the second conductive layer; and an insulating layer over the second conductive layer, wherein the third conductive layer is in contact with the first conductive layer, wherein a first width of the first conductive layer is larger than a second width of a top portion of the second conductive layer, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a low-resistant metal, wherein the semiconductor layer comprises an amorphous silicon, wherein an extending portion of the third conductive layer is a pixel electrode, and wherein the pixel electrode is provided over the insulating layer. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the gate electrode comprises tantalum nitride and tungsten. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the low-resistant metal comprises aluminum. 5. A semiconductor device comprising: a gate electrode over a substrate; a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode; a semiconductor layer over the gate insulating layer; a source electrode and a drain electrode, over the semiconductor layer; wherein one of the source electrode and the drain electrode is electrically connected to the semiconductor layer, and has a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer; a third conductive layer comprising an ITO over the second conductive layer, the third conductive layer being in contact with an end portion and part of a top surface of the second conductive layer, an insulating layer over the source electrode and the drain electrode; wherein the second conductive layer is provided on the first conductive layer, wherein the third conductive layer is in contact with the first conductive layer, wherein a first width of the first conductive layer is larger than a second width of a top portion of the second conductive layer, wherein the first conductive layer comprises titanium, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a low-resistant metal, wherein the semiconductor layer comprises an amorphous silicon, wherein an extending portion of the third conductive layer is a pixel electrode, wherein the pixel electrode is provided over the insulating layer, wherein an orientation film is provided over the pixel electrode, and wherein a liquid crystal layer is provided over the orientation film. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the gate electrode comprises tantalum nitride and tungsten. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the low-resistant metal comprises aluminum.",
-    "Systems and methods are described to identify in the images text, people, landmarks, objects, or any combination thereof and to store and search for images based on extracted data. A portable computing device, such as a wireless phone or tablet computer, may capture an image, determine context data associated with the image, and send the image and context data to an analyzer. The analyzer may extract data from the image and send the extracted data to the portable computing device. For example, the analyzer may determine if the image includes alphanumeric characters and perform character recognition (e.g., using optical character recognition (OCR) or similar technology). A format of the characters that are recognized in the image may be analyzed to determine additional information, such as whether the characters are a phone number, a uniform resource locator (URL), a name of a person, a name of a location, or the like. The analyzer may determine if the image includes a person, a landmark, an object, etc. by comparing at least a portion of the image with other images. The analyzer may send the extracted data to the portable computing device for storage. The portable computing device may associate the context data and the extracted data with a downsampled (e.g., thumbnail) version of the image to enable a user to query the context data and extracted data. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving an image; determining context data associated with the image; storing the image and the context data in a local database; sending the image and the context data to an image analyzer; receiving, from the image analyzer, extracted data associated with the image, the extracted data comprising a type of a recognized subject matter included in the image, a tag associated with a recognized subject matter, and an action associated with the recognized subject matter in the image; and associating and storing the extracted data with the image in the local database. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: capturing the image using a computing device, and wherein the context data is determined using at least one of the following components on the computing device: a clock, a GPS device, a Bluetooth positioning device. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a thumbnail of the image by downsampling the image, wherein the thumbnail is sized based at least on part on the available storage of the local database; and storing the thumbnail of the image in the local database. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving user verification of the extracted data associated with the image; and sending the user verification to the image analyzer. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the action associated with the recognized subject matter is one of: initiating a call to a phone number; creating an electronic communication to a person; navigating a web browser to a website; or displaying a location on a map. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the extracted data comprises a position of the recognized subject matter, the position comprising an area on the image that the recognized subject matter approximately occupies. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, further comprising: displaying the image with at least a part of the extracted data, wherein the tag of the recognized subject matter is displayed when a user pointer is moved in proximity to the position of the recognized subject matter, the tag including textual data associated with a recognized subject matter. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, further comprising: displaying the image with at least a part of the extracted data, wherein the action associated with the recognized subject matter is performed in response to receiving a user selection within the position associated with the recognized subject matter. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving user input to modify at least a part of the extracted data; and sending the extracted data to the image analyzer. 10. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that are executable by one or more processors to perform operations comprising: receiving an image; determining context data associated with the image; storing the image and the context data in a local database; sending the image and the context data to an image analyzer service, wherein the image analyzer service determines extracted data based on the image and the context data; receiving from the image analyzer service extracted data associated with the image, the extracted data comprising a type of a recognized subject matter included in the image, a tag associated with the recognized subject matter, and an action associated with the recognized subject matter; and associating and storing the extracted data with the image in the local database. 11. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10, wherein the image analyzer service determines extracted data based on information from other data sources, including one or more of a social media database, a company directory, a map database, a website, an image library, or a news feed. 12. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10, wherein the image analyzer service determines that the image includes a URL by matching text recognized in the image against a regular expression. 13. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10, wherein the image analyzer service stores images from users in user-specific databases. 14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 10, wherein the image analyzer service maintains accounts associated with users including user preference data and user history data, and determines extracted data based on at least one of the user preference data or the user history data. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 14, wherein the image analyzer service determines extracted data for a first image associated with a first user based on a second image associated with a second user or extracted data associated with the second image. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 12, wherein the image analyzer service validates the URL and obtains a risk rating for the URL. 17. A computer device, comprising: one or more processors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to: capturing an image; determining context data associated with the image; storing the image and the context data in a local database; sending the image and the context data to an image analyzer, wherein the image analyzer determines extracted data based on the image and the context data; receiving from the image analyzer extracted data associated with the image, the extracted data comprising a type of recognized subject matter included in the image, a tag associated with the recognized subject matter, and an action associated with the recognized subject matter; and associating and storing the extracted data with the image in the local database. 18. The computer device of claim 17, the one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing further instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to: receiving a query directed to the local database; determine parameters from the query, the parameters comprising one or more of a search context data or a search tag; determine results based on the parameters; rank and display the results according to a rank criteria. 19. The computer device of claim 18, wherein the rank criteria is based on a relevance score based on the query parameters and context data or tags associated with images in the results. 20. The computer device of claim 18, wherein the rank criteria is based on user preference data.",
-    "A system for pumping liquid media from a bore. The system includes a riser pipe, which extends at least approximately in a longitudinal direction of the bore, and a pump unit, which is accommodated in the riser pipe and which has a stator and a rotor. The system also includes a drive train connected to the rotor for eccentrically moving the rotor. The system also includes an adapter unit, which is connected to the stator and which holds the stator substantially stationary in the riser pipe by clamping contact with the riser pipe. The invention further relates to a method for installing a pump unit designed as a progressive cavity pump in a bore. 1. A system for pumping liquid media from a bore, comprising a riser pipe, which extends at least approximately in a longitudinal direction of the bore, a pump unit accommodated in the riser pipe with a stator, a rotor and a drive train connected to the rotor for eccentrically moving the rotor and an adapter unit, which is connected to the stator and which holds the stator substantially stationary in the riser pipe by clamping contact with the riser pipe. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the adapter unit comprises a partial region with an increased cross-sectional diameter (D15) and at least one spring element, which is brought into clamping contact with the riser pipe and/or with a locating sleeve disposed in the riser pipe. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the adapter unit is constituted as a hollow body and the drive train of the pump unit extends completely through the adapter unit. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein at least some parts of the adapter unit are coupled with free end of the stator. 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the adapter unit sits on the respective free end of the stator and wherein the partial region with the increased cross-sectional diameter (D15) and the at least one spring element is brought into clamping contact with the riser pipe and/or with a locating sleeve disposed in the riser pipe. 6. The system according to claim 5, wherein the respective free end of the stator on which the adapter unit sits tapers at least in sections in the direction away from the stator. 7. The system according claim 1, wherein the adapter unit comprises a perforation extending in a longitudinal direction of the adapter unit, said perforation being aligned with the stator in the pumping direction of the liquid medium. 8. The system according to claim 2, wherein the outer lateral surface of the adapter unit is constituted by an elastomer at least in sections and preferably all around the circumference, in particular wherein a seal is constituted by the outer lateral surface of the adapter unit constituted by an elastomer preferably all around the circumference and its contact with the locating sleeve. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the outer lateral surface constituted by an elastomer at least in sections and preferably all around the circumference comprises groove-shaped profiling. 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein the adapter unit is constituted in two parts, which second part of the adapter unit sits on the stator and which first part comprises a plurality of spring elements, in particular a plurality of elastic and/or spring-loaded tongues pointing in the direction of the second part, wherein the second part engages with its free end region lying opposite the stator in an internal space of the first part formed by the spring elements and is anchored in the latter and wherein the first part is brought into clamping contact the spring elements with the riser pipe or with a locating sleeve of the riser pipe. 11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the second part comprises a locating region for the free end of the stator, wherein the locating region is constituted corresponding to the shape of the free end of the stator. 12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the first part and the second part each comprise a perforation and the perforation of the first part and the perforation of the second part are aligned with one another. 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the adapter unit provides an axial guide for the drive train of the pump unit. 14. A method for installing a pump unit designed as a progressive cavity pump in a bore, comprising the following steps: uninstalling a pump device in an operative connection with the bore and removal of the pump device from the bore, a riser pipe remaining in the bore, fastening of an adapter unit or parts of an adapter unit to the free end of a pump unit designed as a progressive cavity pump, introduction of the pump unit with the adapter unit disposed thereon into the riser pipe, wherein the adapter unit is brought into contact in a clamping manner with a locating sleeve of the riser pipe, so that the pump unit is held substantially stationary in the riser pipe by the adapter unit. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the employed adapter unit is constituted in two parts, which second part of the adapter unit sits on the stator and which first part comprises a plurality of spring elements, wherein the first part of the adapter unit is introduced into the riser pipe; wherein the second part of the adapter unit is disposed on and fastened to a free end of a stator of a pump unit; wherein the pump unit with the second part of the adapter unit is introduced into the riser pipe; wherein the second part of the adapter unit anchored with the first part of the adapter unit and wherein the first part is brought by the spring elements into a clamping contact with the riser pipe or with a locating sleeve of the riser pipe. 16. The system according to claim 2, wherein the adapter unit is constituted as a hollow body and the drive train of the pump unit extends completely through the adapter unit. 17. The system according to claim 11, wherein the first part and the second part each comprise a perforation and the perforation of the first part and the perforation of the second part are aligned with one another.",
-    "An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a first substrate including a display area and a peripheral area; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the first substrate and including one or more openings; and a sealing member interconnecting the first substrate and the second substrate to each other and interposed between the first and second substrates. The one or more openings are disposed between a first conductive layer disposed on the display area and a second conductive layer disposed on the peripheral area. The one or more openings are at least partially or entirely filled with the sealing member. 1. An organic light-emitting display apparatus comprising: a first substrate comprising a display area and a peripheral area; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the first substrate and comprising one or more openings; and a sealing member interconnecting the first substrate and the second substrate to each other and interposed the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the one or more openings are disposed between a first conductive layer disposed on the display area and a second conductive layer disposed on the peripheral area, and the one or more openings are at least partly or entirely filled with the sealing member. 2. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer is a power line disposed on the display area. 3. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing member contacts the first conductive layer. 4. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer is disposed at a different layer level than the second conductive layer. 5. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer is disposed above the insulating layer, and the second conductive layer is disposed under the insulating layer. 6. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are formed of different materials from each other. 7. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer comprises metal. 8. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings extend along a lengthwise direction of the sealing member when viewed in a viewing direction perpendicular to a major surface of the first substrate. 9. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings comprise first and second openings separate in a lengthwise direction of the sealing member when viewed in a viewing direction perpendicular to a major surface of the first substrate. 10. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 9, wherein a distance between the first and second openings is less than a maximum width of each of the first and second openings. 11. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings are formed in one of a polygonal shape, a circular shape, and an oval shape. 12. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a transistor formed on the display area, wherein the first conductive layer comprises a material that is the same as a material forming at least one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor. 13. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 12, wherein the second conductive layer comprises a material that is the same as a material forming a gate electrode of the transistor. 14. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein a material that is the same as a material forming the first conductive layer is disposed in at least one of the one or more openings. 15. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing member has a first width measured at its lower surface facing the first substrate and a second width measured at its upper surface facing the second substrate, the first width being different from the second width. 16. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first width is less than the second width. 17. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the insulating layer comprises a material that is the same as a material forming an interlayer insulating layer formed on the display area. 18. An organic light-emitting display apparatus comprising: a first substrate comprising a display area and a peripheral area; a second substrate opposing the first substrate; an insulating layer disposed on the first substrate and comprising one or more openings; and a sealing member interconnecting the first substrate and the second substrate to each other and interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein at least one of the one or more openings is formed in a first conductive layer disposed on the display area, and the one or more openings are filled with the sealing member. 19. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first conductive layer is a power line of the display area. 20. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 18, further comprising a second conductive layer disposed on the peripheral area, wherein the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer overlap each other.",
-    "A prosthetic heart valve provided herein can include at least one leaflet having a body portion and two opposite sleeve portions. The body portion can be defined by at a least two side edges adjacent each sleeve portion. The at least one leaflet can define at least one notch between at least one of the two side edges and the adjacent sleeve portion, or at least one aperture positioned adjacent at least one side edge and an adjacent sleeve portion. 1. A prosthetic heart valve comprising at least one leaflet having a body portion and two opposite sleeve portions, the body portion being defined by at least two side edges adjacent each sleeve portion, the at least one leaflet defining at least one notch between at least one of the two side edges and the adjacent sleeve portion. 2. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the prosthetic heart valve comprises three leaflets each defining at least one notch between at least one side edge and an adjacent sleeve portion. 3. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the at least one leaflet defines a notch between each of the two side edges and each adjacent sleeve portion. 4. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the at least one leaflet is secured to at least a second leaflet along at least one side edge. 5. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 4, wherein the at least one leaflet is secured to the at least second leaflet by a running stitch. 6. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 5, wherein the running stitch is a square stitch. 7. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, further comprising an expandable member and at least two anchor elements securing each of the sleeve portions to the expandable member. 8. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 7, wherein the prosthetic heart valve comprises 3 leaflets and three anchor elements, each leaflet being secured to each of the other leaflets along the side edges of each leaflet. 9. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 8, further comprising a plurality of support elements each supporting sleeve portions each leaflet along a line approximately aligned with secured portions of the side edges of each leaflet. 10. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 9, wherein each leaflet is defined by at least two notches, wherein each notch is aligned with the secured portions of the side edges of each leaflet and a supported portion of the sleeve portions. 11. A prosthetic heart valve comprising at least one leaflet having a body portion and at least two opposite sleeve portions, the body portion being defined by at least two side edges adjacent each sleeve portion, the leaflet defining two apertures, each aperture being positioned adjacent the side edges and an adjacent sleeve portion, each aperture being adapted to secure one leaflet to an adjacent leaflet. 12. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, wherein the prosthetic heart valve comprises three leaflets each defining at least one apertures, each aperture being positioned adjacent the side edges and adjacent sleeve portions. 13. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, wherein the at least one leaflet defines an aperture adjacent each of the two side edges and each adjacent sleeve portion. 14. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, wherein the apertures can be generally circular in shape. 15. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 14, wherein each of the apertures has a diameter between 0.5 mm and 4.0 mm. 16. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, wherein the at least one leaflet comprises bovine or porcine pericardium tissue. 17. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, wherein the at least one leaflet comprises a synthetic material. 18. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, wherein each of the apertures is shaped and sized to accommodate attachment of at least one post leg compression element. 19. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 11, further comprising at least three anchoring elements securing sleeve portions of each leaflet to the expandable member, each sleeve portion being supported along a portion aligned with secured side edge portions of each leaflet. 20. A prosthetic heart valve comprising: an expandable tubular member; three leaflets, each leaflet having a body portion and two opposite sleeve portions, the body portion of each leaflet being defined by two side edges adjacent each sleeve portion, each leaflet defining two notches, each notch being positioned between a side wall and an adjacent sleeve portion, each leaflet being secured to the other two leaflets along the side edges, each notch being aligned with secured sidewall portions of each leaflet; at least three anchoring elements securing sleeve portions of each leaflet to the expandable member, each sleeve portion being supported along a portion aligned with secured sidewall portions of each leaflet; and a tubular seal secured to a bottom edge of each leaflet and along an outer portion of the expandable tubular member.",
-    "Disclosed herein are systems and methods for virtually integrated care delivery. In one implementation, a provider controller is disposed in a virtual care command center and has a provider care delivery interface. Patient controllers and provider user devices are in communication with the provider controller over a network and are each associated with a patient room and have a patient care delivery interface. The provider controller obtains real-time video from the patient controllers for presentation using the provider care delivery interface. The real-time video is captured using the patient care delivery interfaces and provides real-time surveillance of the patient rooms in the virtual care command center. A communication manager device is deployed in the network and configured to route communications among the controllers and user devices and routes a round coordination communication from the provider controller to a subset of the provider user devices associated with providers for a patient. 1. A system for virtually integrated health care delivery, the system comprising: a provider controller disposed in a virtual care command center, the provider controller having a provider care delivery interface; a plurality of patient controllers in communication with the provider controller over a network, each of the plurality of patient controllers associated with a patient room and having a patient care delivery interface, the provider controller obtaining real-time video from each of the patient controllers over the network for presentation using the provider care delivery interface, the real-time video captured using the patient care delivery interfaces and providing real-time surveillance of the patient rooms in the virtual care command center; a plurality of provider user devices in communication with the provider controller over the network; and at least one communication manager device deployed in the network, the at least one communication manager device configured to route communications among the provider controller, the plurality of patient controllers, and the plurality of provider user devices, the at least one communication manager device routing a round coordination communication from the provider controller to a subset of the plurality of provider user devices, the subset of the plurality of provider user devices associated with providers for a patient. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a contact center in communication with the at least one communication manager device and configured to receive a communication from one or more of the plurality of patient controllers to the provider controller and maintain the communication in a queue for acceptance by the provider controller. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the communication is maintained in the queue according to an assigned priority. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the provider initiated communications and patient initiated communications from the provider controller are distinguished within the call queue. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication manager device routes the communications among the provider controller, the plurality of patient controllers, and the plurality of provider user devices using Session Initiation Protocol. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the provider care delivery interface includes at least one of: one or more cameras, one or more microphones, one or more speakers, or one or more displays. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the patient care delivery interfaces includes at least one of: one or more cameras, one or more microphones, one or more speakers, or one or more displays. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more displays includes a touch-screen display. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the one or more cameras includes a night-vision camera and a day camera. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising: one or more databases in communication with the provider controller over the network, the one or more databases storing patient data. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the patient data includes patient admission information captured using the patient care delivery interfaces and the provider care delivery interface. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the patient data includes patient discharge information communicated from the virtual command center to one of the patient rooms using the provider care delivery interface and a respective patient care delivery interface. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the provider controller is configured to send shared medical content to one of the patient controllers for presentation using a respective patient care delivery interface. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the communications among the provider controller, the plurality of patient controllers, and the plurality of provider user devices are at least one of: video communications, multimedia communications, text communications, or content communications. 15. A method for virtually integrated health care delivery, the system comprising: receiving a care delivery communication from a provider controller disposed in a virtual command center, the care delivery communication initiated through a selection of a patient room from a directory of patient rooms using the provider controller; routing the care delivery communication over a network to a patient controller associated with the patient room using at least one communication manager device; delivering the care delivery communication to the patient controller as an audio exclusive connection between the patient controller and the provider controller, the audio exclusive connection including a request for a care visit session; and upon acceptance of the request for the care visit session, delivering a video connection between the patient controller and the provider controller to initiate the care visit session. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the care visit session includes obtaining patient admission information. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the care visit session includes providing patient discharge information. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the care visit session includes sharing patient medical data.",
-    "Provided herein is a display panel where a plurality of data lines intersect a plurality of gate lines, thereby each forming a unit pixel area; a first data driving unit connected to one side of the plurality of data lines; a second data driving unit connected to another side of the plurality of data lines; a first gate driving unit connected to one side of the plurality of gate lines; and a second gate driving unit connected to another side of the plurality of gate lines, wherein the display panel is driven by one of a first driving channel that includes the first data driving unit and first gate driving unit, and a second driving channel that includes the second data driving unit and second gate driving unit. 1. A display device having safety functions, the device comprising: a display panel where a plurality of data lines intersect a plurality of gate lines, thereby each forming a pixel unit area; a first data driving unit connected to one side of the plurality of data lines; a second data driving unit connected to another side of the plurality of data lines; and a first gate driving unit connected to one side of the plurality of gate lines, wherein the display panel is driven by one of driving channels which comprise a first driving channel that comprises the first data driving unit and first gate driving unit and a second driving channel that comprises the second data driving unit and first gate driving unit. 2. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising a second gate driving unit connected to another side of the plurality of gate lines, and the first driving channel and second driving channel further comprise the second gate driving unit. 3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the display panel is driven by one of the first driving channel and second driving channel to which power and signals are being input from outside. 4. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the display panel is driven by one of the first driving channel and second driving channel to which power and signals are being input from outside. 5. The display device according to claim 3, further comprising a channel switch configured to supply the power and signals being input from outside to the first driving channel or second driving channel selectively. 6. The display device according to claim 4, further comprising a channel switch configured to supply the power and signals being input from outside to the first driving channel or second driving channel selectively. 7. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the first driving channel and second driving channel are being supplied with power and signals from outside, and the data driving unit included in the one of the driving channels output data signals to the plurality of data lines, and the data driving unit included in the other of the driving channels is in a high impedance state. 8. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the first driving channel and second driving channel are being supplied with power and signals from outside, and the data driving unit included in the one of the driving channels output data signals to the plurality of data lines, and the data driving unit included in the other of the driving channels is in a high impedance state. 9. The display device according to claim 7, wherein each of the first driving channel and second driving channel further comprises a signal control unit configured to provide control signals to the data driving unit and gate driving unit included in each driving channel, a first storage unit configured to store normal state signal information, and a second storage unit configured to store high impedance state signal information, and the signal control unit in the one of the driving channels provides normal control signals with reference to the first storage unit, and the signal control unit in the other of the driving channels provides a high impedance control signal with reference to the second storage unit. 10. The display device according to claim 8, wherein each of the first driving channel and second driving channel further comprises a signal control unit configured to provide control signals to the data driving unit and gate driving unit included in each driving channel, a first storage unit configured to store normal state signal information, and a second storage unit configured to store high impedance state signal information, and the signal control unit in the one of the driving channels provides normal control signals with reference to the first storage unit, and the signal control unit in the other of the driving channels provides a high impedance control signal with reference to the second storage unit. 11. A display device having safety functions, the device comprising: a display panel where a plurality of data lines intersect a plurality of gate lines, thereby each forming a unit pixel area; a first data driving unit connected to one side of the plurality of data lines; a second data driving unit connected to another side of the plurality of data lines; a first gate driving unit connected to one side of the plurality of gate lines; and a second gate driving unit connected to another side of the plurality of gate lines, wherein the display panel is driven by one of driving channels which comprises a first driving channel that comprises the first data driving unit and first gate driving unit and a second driving channel that comprises the second data driving unit and second gate driving unit. 12. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the display panel is driven by one of the first driving channel and second driving channel to which power and signals are being input from outside. 13. The display device according to claim 12, further comprising a channel switch configured to supply the power and signals being input from outside to the first driving channel or second driving channel selectively. 14. The display device according to claim 11, wherein the first driving channel and second driving channel are being supplied with power and signals from outside, and the data driving unit and gate driving unit included in the one of the driving channels output data signals and gate signals to the plurality of data lines and to the plurality of gate lines, respectively, and the data driving unit and gate driving unit included in the other of the driving channels are in a high impedance state. 15. The display device according to claim 7, wherein each of the first driving channel and second driving channel further comprises a signal control unit configured to provide control signals to the data driving unit and gate driving unit included in each driving channel, a first storage unit configured to store normal state signal information, and a second storage unit configured to store high impedance state signal information, and the signal control unit in the one of the driving channels provides normal control signals with reference to the first storage unit, and the signal control unit in the other of the driving channels provides a high impedance control signal with reference to the second storage unit. 16. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the display panel is driven by one of the first driving channel and second driving channel to which power and signals are being input from outside. 17. The display device according to claim 16, further comprising a channel switch configured to supply the power and signals being input from outside to the first driving channel or second driving channel selectively.",
-    "Pipe machining apparatuses are provided. In some aspects, a pipe machining apparatus may include a hinge to allow two sections of the pipe machining apparatus to move relative to one another. In another aspect, a support member may be provided to support a pipe machining apparatus on a surface. In a further aspect, a support member may be provided that allows lifting of a pipe machining apparatus in either a horizontal position or a vertical position. 1. A support member for a pipe machining apparatus, the support member comprising: a coupling member adapted to engage and couple the support member to the pipe machining apparatus; a body coupled to and extending from the coupling member; and a pad coupled to the body and adapted to engage a surface upon which to support the pipe machining apparatus. 2. The support member of claim 1, wherein the coupling member includes a resilient member adapted to engage the pipe machining apparatus. 3. The support member of claim 2, wherein a recess is defined in an exterior surface of the coupling member and the recess encircles an entire circumference of the coupling member, and wherein the resilient member is an O-ring and the O-ring is at least partially positioned in the recess. 4. The support member of claim 1, further comprising an adjustable member adapted to adjust a length of the support member. 5. The support member of claim 4, wherein the adjustable member is coupled between the pad and the body. 6. The support member of claim 5, wherein the body includes threads and the adjustable member includes threads that are complementary and threadably coupled to the threads of the body, wherein the adjustable member is rotatable relative to the body to thread the adjustable member toward or away from the body to adjust a length of the support member. 7. The support member of claim 1, wherein the body defines a cavity therein and the coupling member defines an aperture there through in fluid communication with the cavity. 8. A pipe machining apparatus comprising: a frame adapted to be coupled to and fixed relative to a pipe; a tool carrier coupled to and moveable relative to the frame and the pipe; and a support member coupled to the frame, the support member including a first flange defining a first aperture therein and a second flange defining a second aperture therein, wherein the support member is adapted to be coupled to a lifting mechanism to lift the pipe machining apparatus. 9. The pipe machining apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first flange is substantially parallel to a front surface of the tool carrier and wherein the second flange is substantially perpendicular to the first flange. 10. The pipe machining apparatus of claim 8, wherein the support member is a first support member, the pipe machining apparatus further comprising a second support member coupled to the frame, the second support member including a first flange defining a first aperture therein and a second flange defining a second aperture therein, wherein the first and second support members are adapted to be simultaneously coupled to a lifting mechanism to lift the pipe machining apparatus. 11. The pipe machining apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first and second support members facilitate lifting of the pipe machining apparatus in both a generally vertical position and in a generally horizontal position. 12. The pipe machining apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a first section including a first portion of the frame and a first portion of the tool carrier; and a second section including a second portion of the frame and a second portion of the tool carrier, wherein the first section and the second section are adapted to be coupled together around at least a portion of a pipe. 13. The pipe machining apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first and second support members are coupled to the first section. 14. The pipe machining apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first support member is coupled to the first section and the second support member is coupled to the second section.",
-    "A locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush includes a locking plate and a brush head. An end portion of the locking plate includes elastic locking hooks, and the elastic locking hooks are arranged on the supporting platform. The brush head is replaceably installed on the supporting platform, and the brush head includes a brush head base and brush bristles. The brush head base includes a substrate and a surrounding plate extended from an edge of the substrate toward one side thereof, and the surrounding plate includes a locking slot for the elastic locking hook to lock thereon. The brush bristles are disposed on the substrate and extended away from the surrounding plate. Accordingly, the release of the locking and retrieval for disengagement of the brush head base are facilitated and the brush head base is firmly installed on the supporting platform. 1. A locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush, the toothbrush having a supporting platform, the locking structure comprising: a locking plate having an end portion with at least one elastic locking hook formed thereon, the elastic locking hook arranged on the supporting platform; and a brush head replaceably installed on the supporting platform, the brush head comprising: a brush head base comprising a substrate and a surrounding plate extended from an edge of the substrate toward one side thereof, a locking slot formed on the surrounding plate and provided for the elastic locking hook to lock thereon; and a plurality of brush bristles disposed on the substrate and extended toward a direction away from the surrounding plate. 2. The locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 1, further comprising a base plate, the substrate and the surrounding plate circumference together to form an opening slot, wherein the base plate is secured onto the supporting platform and received inside the opening slot. 3. The locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 2, wherein the end surface of the base plate includes a longitudinal through slot and a lateral through slot connected to the longitudinal slot, and a triangular block is formed to protrude outward from a central section of the longitudinal through slot, and an oblique push surface is respectively formed along two sides of the triangular block toward a location of the lateral through slot. 4. The locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 3, wherein elastic locking hook comprises a longitudinal section, a lateral section extended from the longitudinal section toward an outer side and an oblique section obliquely extended from the lateral side toward an inner side; the longitudinal section is received inside the longitudinal through slot, the lateral section is received inside the lateral through slot, and the oblique section is formed between the triangular block and the oblique push surface. 5. The locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 4, wherein a connecting area between the lateral section and the oblique section is formed of an angular hook, and the angular hook is exposed out to an external of the lateral through slot in order to lock onto the locking slot. 6. The locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 5, wherein four corner areas of the base plate include a securement column protruded therefrom respectively, and the base plate uses each one of the securement columns to attach onto the supporting platform. 7. The locking structure for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 1, wherein a quantity of the elastic locking hook is two; an end portion of the locking plate includes an arrow-shape opening slot, and two sides of the opening slot are formed of the elastic locking hooks thereon respectively. 8. A brush head for a replaceable toothbrush, comprising: a brush head base comprising a substrate and a surrounding plate extended from an edge of the substrate toward one side thereof, the surrounding plate having a locking slot formed thereon; and a plurality of brush bristles disposed on the substrate and extended toward a direction away from the surrounding plate. 9. The brush head for a replaceable toothbrush according to claim 8, wherein the substrate and the surrounding plate circumference are together to form an opening slot.",
-    "The present invention provides therapeutic mammalian cells which synthesize and express SS hemoglobin and a tumoricidal transgene. They are produced by transduction of SS erythroid progenitors/erythroblasts using viral vectors comprising a tumoricidal transgene operatively linked to the coding region of SS \u03b2-globin promoter/enhancer. Such transduced SS erythroid cells differentiate into mature SSRBCs that exhibit sustained synthesis and expression of SS hemoglobin, a tumoricidal protein(s). Both mature and progenitor SS-cells carrying tumoricidal transgene(s) are capable of selectively localizing in tumor microenvironment, occluding tumor microvessels and inducing a tumoricidal response. 1. A method of treating a mammal having a tumor comprising: a) introducing a recombinant lentiviral vector encoding one or a plurality of tumoricidal proteins operably linked to: i) an erythroid specific \u03b2-globin promoter/enhancer, ii) a \u03b2-globin intron, iii) a poly A sequence, and iv) a \u03b2-globin locus control region comprising at least one erythroid specific \u03b2-globin DNase I hypersensitive site into erythroid progenitor cells or nucleated erythroid precursor cells containing genomes for at least one hemoglobin S allele; b) administering intravenously by infusion or injection the cells obtained in step a) into a mammal having a tumor such that a tumoricidal response occurs in the mammal. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein genomes encoding said one or a plurality of tumoricidal proteins and at least one hemoglobin S allele are introduced into said erythroid progenitor cells, said nucleated erythroid precursor cells or erythrocytes by differentiation in vitro from hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells containing genomes encoding said tumoricidal proteins and at least one said hemoglobin S allele and are administered intravenously by infusion or injection such that a tumoricidal response occurs in the mammal. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells containing genomes encoding said tumoricidal proteins and at least one said hemoglobin S allele are administered intravenously by infusion or injection and differentiate in vivo into said erythroid progenitor cells, said nucleated erythroid precursor cells or said erythrocytes containing genomes encoding said tumoricidal protein and at least one hemoglobin S allele such that a tumoricidal response occurs in the mammal. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said tumoricidal protein is a toxin. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said hemoglobin S is selected from the group consisting of hemoglobin SS, hemoglobin SA, hemoglobin SC, hemoglobin SD, hemoglobin SE, hemoglobin S plus Antilles hemoglobin and hemoglobin S beta plus thalassemia hemoglobin. 6. The method according to claim 4 wherein said toxin is a granzyme or perforin.",
-    "A high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus for actuation of a turbofan engine component includes a pivot member having a head portion and a stem, and an actuator moveable between a first and second position. An actuator first end defines a receiving portion into which the stem is removably secured. An actuator second end defines a coupling member pivotally connected to a turbofan engine structural member and moveable between a first and second position corresponding to the actuator first and second positions. A spherical plain bearing pivotally connects the pivot member head to the turbofan engine component and includes an inner member, an outer member swaged around the inner member and disposed between the inner member and the head of the pivot member, and a liner disposed between the inner and outer members. The outer member defines a range of motion in relation to the inner member up to 90\u00b0. 1. A high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus for actuation of a turbofan engine component, the linkage apparatus comprising: a pivot member having a head portion and a stem extending therefrom; an actuator moveable between at least a first position and a second position and having a first end and a second end, the actuator first end defining a receiving portion into which the stem is removably secured, the actuator second end defining a coupling member, the coupling member pivotally connected to a turbofan engine structural member and moveable between at least a first position and a second position respectively corresponding to the actuator first and second positions; at least one spherical plain bearing secured within the head portion of the pivot member and pivotally connected to the turbofan engine component, the spherical plain bearing comprising, an inner member having an outer engagement surface and a first bore extending at least partway therethrough, an outer member swaged around the inner member, the outer member disposed between the inner member and the head portion of the pivot member, the outer member having an inner engagement surface contoured to a shape complementary to the outer engagement surface of the inner member, a liner disposed between the inner engagement surface of the outer member and the outer engagement surface of the inner member, and a first shaft extending into the first bore and at least one corresponding aperture in the turbofan engine component; the spherical plain bearing outer member having a range of motion in relation to the spherical plain bearing inner member in the range of up to 90\u00b0; and a second shaft extending into a second bore defined in the coupling member and at least one corresponding aperture in the turbofan engine structural member. 2. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the outer member is swaged around the inner member by swaging the spherical plain bearing into the head portion of the pivot member. 3. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a first pivot member having a first head portion and a first stem extending therefrom and removably secured within a first receiving portion defined in the actuator first end; a second pivot member having a second head portion and a second stem extending therefrom and removably secured within a second receiving portion defined in the coupling member of the actuator second end; a first spherical plain bearing secured within the first head portion of the first pivot member and pivotally connected to the turbofan engine component; and a second spherical plain bearing secured within the second head portion of the second pivot member and pivotally connected to the turbofan engine structural member. 4. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a turbofan engine component linkage assembly moveable between at least a first position and a second position corresponding to the actuator first and second positions; wherein the at least one spherical plain bearing is pivotally connected to the turbofan engine component linkage assembly by the first shaft extending into the first bore of the inner member and a first aperture defined in the turbofan engine component linkage assembly; and wherein the turbofan engine component linkage assembly is pivotally connected to the turbofan engine component by a third shaft extending into a second aperture defined in the turbofan engine component linkage assembly the at least one corresponding aperture in the turbofan engine component. 5. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a turbofan engine structural member linkage assembly moveable between at least a first position and a second position corresponding to the actuator first and second positions; wherein the coupling member is pivotally connected to the turbofan engine structural member linkage assembly by the second shaft extending into the second bore defined in the coupling member and a first aperture defined in the turbofan engine structural member; and wherein the turbofan engine structural member linkage assembly is pivotally connected to the turbofan structural member by a third shaft extending into a second aperture defined in the turbofan engine component linkage assembly the at least one corresponding aperture in the turbofan engine component. 6. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the turbofan engine component defines a variable-stator-vane linkage assembly and the actuator first and second positions each define one of a substantially open air flow condition and a partially closed air flow condition. 7. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 5 wherein the turbofan engine structural member defines a variable-stator-vane actuator ring. 8. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the turbofan engine component defines a variable bypass valve door assembly and the actuator first and second positions each define one of a partially open air flow condition and a closed air flow condition. 9. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 8 wherein the turbofan engine structural member defines an actuator ring. 10. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 8 wherein the turbofan engine structural member defines a valve door assembly linkage bracket pivotally connected to an actuator ring. 11. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the turbofan engine component defines one of an oil cooler, an air cooler, and an integrated oil/air cooler. 12. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the turbofan engine component defines a variable exhaust nozzle plate. 13. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 3 wherein: the turbofan engine component is a variable exhaust nozzle plate; the turbofan engine structural member is a variable exhaust nozzle; the actuator first end is coupled to the variable exhaust nozzle plate; and the actuator second end is coupled to the variable exhaust nozzle. 14. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of actuators wherein the spherical plain bearing of each actuator engages the turbofan engine component. 15. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spherical plain bearing is operable within an operating temperature range of about 260\u00b0 C. (500\u00b0 F.) to about 315\u00b0 C. (600\u00b0 F.). 16. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 9 wherein the liner has an operating temperature range of about 260\u00b0 C. (500\u00b0 F.) to about 315\u00b0 C. (600\u00b0 F.). 17. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spherical plain bearing liner comprises polytetrafluoroethylene and a polyimide resin reinforced with aramid fibers. 18. The high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus of claim 1 wherein the actuator is operable between a retracted configuration and an extended configuration corresponding to the first position and the second position of the actuator. 19. A high-cycle, short range-of-motion linkage apparatus for actuation of a turbofan engine component linkage assembly, the linkage apparatus comprising: a pivot member having a head portion and a stem extending therefrom; an actuator moveable between at least a first position and a second position and having a first end and a second end, the actuator first end defining a receiving portion into which the stem is removably secured, the actuator second end defining a coupling member moveable between at least a first position and a second position respectively corresponding to the actuator first and second positions; a spherical plain bearing secured within the head portion of the pivot member and operable within an operating temperature range of about 260\u00b0 C. (500\u00b0 F.) to about 315\u00b0 C. (600\u00b0 F.), the spherical plain bearing comprising, an inner member having an outer engagement surface and a first bore extending at least partway therethrough, an outer member swaged around the inner member, the outer member disposed between the inner member and the head portion of the pivot member, the outer member having an inner engagement surface contoured to a shape complementary to the outer engagement surface of the inner member, a liner comprising polytetrafluoroethylene and a polyimide resin reinforced with aramid fibers having an operating temperature range of about 260\u00b0 C. (500\u00b0 F.) to about 315\u00b0 C. (600\u00b0 F.) and disposed between the inner engagement surface of the outer member and the outer engagement surface of the inner member, and the spherical plain bearing outer member having a range of motion in relation to the spherical plain bearing inner member in the range of up to 90\u00b0; and a first shaft extending into the first bore and at least one corresponding aperture in the turbofan engine component linkage assembly and pivotally connecting the actuator first end to the turbofan engine component linkage assembly; and a second shaft extending into a second bore defined in the coupling member and at least one corresponding aperture in a turbofan engine structural member linkage assembly and pivotally connecting the coupling member to the turbofan engine structural member linkage assembly.",
-    "A method for making an equiaxed investment casting. The method utilizes an ultrasonic generator to send an ultrasonic pulse into molten metal in an investment casting mold. The investment casting mold is positioned within a working zone of furnace having low output induction coils for generating a convection current in molten metal. The ultrasonic pulse separates dendrites growing from the face of the mold inward into the molten metal. Instead, equiaxed grains can nucleate within the molten metal. In addition, the ultrasonic pulse and the low output induction coils circulate the molten metal as solute is rejected from solidifying equiaxed grains. The mixing reduces the effects of segregation in the solidifying alloy and assists in nucleating equiaxed grains. 1. A method for fabricating an equiaxed casting, comprising the steps of: providing an investment casting mold having a mold cavity; providing a furnace having a working zone that receives the investment casting mold, means for generating a convention current; a refractory divider surrounding the working zone; insulation surrounding the working zone; a first heating element positioned inside the working zone and positioned between the refractory divider and the mold cavity; and an ultrasonic source for delivering an ultrasonic pulse into the mold cavity when provided with molten metal and positioned in contact with the bottom of the mold; placing the investment casting mold into the working zone; providing molten metal to the investment casting mold; as the molten metal begins to solidify in the mold cavity, applying an ultrasonic pulse to the investment casting mold, the pulse having sufficient amplitude to disrupt a formation of dendrites growing within the investment casting mold, the pulse further mixing the molten alloy; continuing to apply the ultrasonic pulse to the investment casting mold to disrupt the formation of dendrites, mix the molten alloy and promote the formation of equiaxed grains as the molten metal solidifies. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the means for generating a convection current includes a low output induction coil. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the means for generating a convention current further includes the ultrasonic source. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic pulse is generated in a frequency range from 15 kHz-25 MHz. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten metal is initially provided into a melting zone in the furnace in an unmelted state, and the metal is melted by a second heating element surrounding the melting zone. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the molten metal is provided to the melting zone from a separate source in a molten state. 7. An investment casting made by the process of claim 1. 8. A method for fabricating an equiaxed casting, comprising: introducing molten metal into a casting unit, wherein the casting unit includes: an investment casting mold having a mold cavity; a furnace having: a first zone that receives the investment casting mold; induction coils; a refractory divider surrounding and defining the first zone; and a first heating element positioned within the first zone between the investment casting mold and the refractory divider, the first heating element being separated from the low output induction coils by the refractory divider; insulation surrounding the furnace; and an ultrasonic source; disposing the investment casting mold into the first zone; disposing the molten metal into the mold cavity of the investment casting mold; generating a convection current in the molten metal in the mold using the induction coils; and applying an ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic source to the investment casting mold; and forming equiaxed grains as the molten metal solidifies. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein generating the convection current in the molten metal in the mold using the induction coils includes using low output induction coils. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein generating the convection current in the molten metal in the mold further includes the ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic source. 11. The method of claim 8, further including maintaining an atmosphere in the first zone. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein maintaining the atmosphere in the first zone includes maintaining the atmosphere selected the group consisting of a non-reactive atmosphere and a vacuum. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the ultrasonic pulse is generated in a frequency range from 15 kHz-25 MHz. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the molten metal is initially provided into a melting zone in the furnace in an unmelted state, and the metal is melted by a second heating element surrounding the melting zone. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein applying the ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic source to the investment casting mold includes applying the ultrasonic pulse as the molten metal begins to solidify in the mold cavity. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein applying the ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic source to the investment casting mold includes continuing to apply the ultrasonic pulse to the investment casting mold as the molten metal solidifies. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein applying the ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic source to the investment casting mold disrupts formation of dendrites growing within the investment casting mold. 18. A method for fabricating an equiaxed casting, comprising: introducing molten metal into a casting unit, wherein the casting unit includes: an investment casting mold having a mold cavity; a furnace having: a first zone that receives the investment casting mold; low output induction coils; a refractory divider surrounding and defining the first zone; and a first heating element positioned within the first zone between the investment casting mold and the refractory divider, the first heating element being separated from the low output induction coils by the refractory divider; insulation surrounding the furnace; and an ultrasonic source; disposing the investment casting mold into the first zone; disposing the molten metal into the mold cavity of the investment casting mold; generating a convection current in the molten metal in the mold using the low output induction coils; applying an ultrasonic pulse from the ultrasonic source to the investment casting mold as the molten metal begins to solidify in the mold cavity, disrupting formation of dendrites growing within the investment casting mold; continuing to apply the ultrasonic pulse to the investment casting mold as the molten metal solidifies, disrupting formation of the dendrites growing within the investment casting mold; and forming equiaxed grains as the molten metal solidifies. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the ultrasonic pulse is generated in a frequency range from 15 kHz-25 MHz. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the molten metal is initially provided into a melting zone in the furnace in an unmelted state, and the metal is melted by a second heating element surrounding the melting zone.",
-    "Provided is a system for detecting an object from a depth image. The system includes a communication module, a memory, and a processor. By executing the object detection program, the processor extracts a first object area and a second object area from the depth image, based on a predetermined floor plane and an outer plane which is set with respect to the predetermined floor plane. The processor extracts a target area including pixels of the second object area which are spaced apart from the first object area by a predetermined interval. The processor samples a pixel, which is not included in the target area, to extract a floor area from the second object area, calculates a boundary value of an object and a floor, based on the floor area and the target area, and extracts a foreground pixel from the target area, based on the calculated boundary value. 1. A system for detecting an object from a depth image, the system comprising: a communication module; a memory configured to store an object detection program; and a processor configured to execute the object detection program, wherein by executing the object detection program, the processor extracts a first object area and a second object area from the depth image, based on a predetermined floor plane and an outer plane which is set with respect to the predetermined floor plane, the processor extracts a target area including pixels of the second object area which are spaced apart from the first object area by a predetermined interval, the processor samples a pixel, which is not included in the target area, to extract a floor area from the second object area, calculates a boundary value of an object and a floor, based on the floor area and the target area, and extracts a foreground pixel from the target area, based on the calculated boundary value, and the second object area comprises the object and the floor and is disposed under the first object area. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the floor plane comprises an upper floor plane and a lower floor plane which are set above and under the floor plane in parallel to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined interval, and the processor extracts the first object area, based on the upper floor plane and the outer plane. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the processor extracts the second object area, based on the outer plane, the upper floor plane, and the lower floor plane. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor segments the target area into a plurality of block areas, and the processor samples a pixel, which is included in the second object area but is not included in the target area, with respect to one of the segmented block areas to extract a floor area from the second object area. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processor removes pixels, corresponding to a direction opposite to a direction of the first object area, from among pixels included in each of the block areas, calculates distances between a plane extracted from the floor area and pixels having the same direction as the direction of the first object area, and calculates a boundary value between the object and the floor, based on a distribution of the calculated distances. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the foreground pixel is extracted from among pixels having the calculated boundary value or more in the plurality of block areas. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the communication module receives the depth image in units of one frame from the depth camera. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the floor plane is set with respect to four pixels, and the outer plane is set as a plane contacting two pixels, which are successively disposed, among the four pixels in planes vertical to the floor plane. 9. An object detection method performed by an object detection system, the object detection method comprising: receiving a depth image from a depth camera; extracting a first object area from the depth image, based on a predetermined floor plane and an outer plane which is set with respect to the predetermined floor plane; extracting a second object area from the depth image, based on the predetermined floor plane and the outer plane; extracting a target area including pixels of the second object area which are spaced apart from the first object area by a predetermined interval; sampling a pixel, which is not included in the target area, to extract a floor area from the second object area; calculating a boundary value of an object and a floor, based on the floor area and the target area; and extracting a foreground pixel from the target area, based on the calculated boundary value, wherein the second object area comprises the object and the floor and is disposed under the first object area. 10. The object detection method of claim 9, wherein the floor plane comprises an upper floor plane and a lower floor plane which are set above and under the floor plane in parallel to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined interval, the extracting of the first object area comprises extracting the first object area, based on the upper floor plane and the outer plane, and the extracting of the second object area comprises extracting the second object area, based on the outer plane, the upper floor plane, and the lower floor plane. 11. The object detection method of claim 9, wherein the extracting of the floor area comprises: segmenting the target area into a plurality of block areas; and sampling a pixel, which is included in the second object area but is not included in the target area, with respect to one of the segmented block areas to extract a floor area from the second object area. 12. The object detection method of claim 11, wherein the calculating of the boundary value comprises: removing pixels, corresponding to a direction opposite to a direction of the first object area, from among pixels included in each of the block areas; extracting a plane corresponding to the floor area; calculating distances between the plane extracted from the floor area and pixels having the same direction as the direction of the first object area; and calculating the boundary value between the object and the floor, based on a distribution of the calculated distances, and the extracting of the foreground comprises extracting the foreground pixel from among pixels having the calculated boundary value or more in the plurality of block areas. 13. The object detection method of claim 9, wherein the extracting of the floor area, the calculating of the boundary value, and the extracting of the foreground pixel are performed for each of the block areas.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a high-frequency semiconductor amplifier includes an input terminal, an input matching circuit, a high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element, an output matching circuit and an output terminal. The input terminal is inputted with a fundamental signal. The fundamental signal has a first frequency band and a first center frequency in the first frequency band. The input matching circuit includes an input end and an output end. The input end of the input matching circuit is connected to the input terminal. The high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element includes an input end and an output end. The input end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element is connected to the output end of the input matching circuit. The high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element is configured to amplify the fundamental signal. 1. A high-frequency semiconductor amplifier comprising: an input terminal inputted with a fundamental signal having a first frequency band and a first center frequency in the first frequency band; an input matching circuit including an input end and an output end, the input end of the input matching circuit being connected to the input terminal; a high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element including an input end and an output end, the input end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element being connected to the output end of the input matching circuit, and the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element being configured to amplify the fundamental signal; an output matching circuit including an input end and an output end, the input end of the output matching circuit being connected to the output end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element; and an output terminal connected to the output end of the output matching circuit, the output matching circuit including: a first transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the first transmission line being connected to the output end of the output matching circuit, the first transmission line having an electrical length of 72 degrees or more and 108 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the first transmission line being lower than load impedance of an external load connected in parallel to the output terminal; a second transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the second transmission line being connected to the input end of the first transmission line, the second transmission line having an electrical length of 18 degrees or more and 27 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the second transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line; a third transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the third transmission line being connected to the input end of the second transmission line, the third transmission line having an electrical length of 18 degrees or more and 27 degrees or less at the first center frequency, characteristic impedance of the third transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line and higher than resistance of a desired load impedance provided to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element for fundamental frequency; a fourth transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the fourth transmission line being connected to the input end of the third transmission line, the fourth transmission line having an electrical length of 5 degrees or more and 10 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the fourth transmission line being equal to the resistance of the desired load impedance provided to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element for fundamental frequency; and a wire part including an input end and an output end, the output end of the wire part being connected to the input end of the fourth transmission line, and the input end of the wire part being connected to the input end of the output matching circuit. 2. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the load impedance of the external load is 50\u03a9. 3. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of the second transmission line is higher than relative permittivity of the first transmission line, and the relative permittivity of the second transmission line is higher than relative permittivity of the third transmission line. 4. The amplifier according to claim 2, wherein relative permittivity of the fourth transmission line is higher than the relative permittivity of the first transmission line, and the relative permittivity of the fourth transmission line is higher than the relative permittivity of the third transmission line. 5. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein line length along a first direction of the first transmission line is longer than line length along the first direction of the second transmission line, the line length along the first direction of the first transmission line is longer than line length along the first direction of the third transmission line, and the line length along the first direction of the first transmission line is longer than line length along the first direction of the fourth transmission line. 6. The amplifier according to claim 5, wherein the line length along the first direction of the third transmission line is longer than the line length along the first direction of the second transmission line, and the line length along the first direction of the third transmission line is longer than the line length along the first direction of the fourth transmission line. 7. The amplifier according to claim 5, wherein line width along a second direction crossing the first direction of the fourth transmission line is larger than line width along the second direction of the first transmission line, the line width along the second direction of the fourth transmission line is larger than line width along the second direction of the second transmission line, and the line width along the second direction of the fourth transmission line is larger than line width along the second direction of the third transmission line. 8. The amplifier according to claim 7, wherein the line width along the second direction of the second transmission line is larger than the line width along the second direction of the first transmission line, and the line width along the second direction of the second transmission line is larger than the line width along the second direction of the third transmission line. 9. The amplifier according to claim 7, wherein thickness along a third direction crossing the first direction and crossing the second direction of the third transmission line is thicker than thickness along the third direction of the first transmission line, the thickness along the third direction of the third transmission line is thicker than thickness along the third direction of the second transmission line, and the thickness along the third direction of the third transmission line is thicker than thickness along the third direction of the fourth transmission line. 10. The amplifier according to claim 9, wherein the thickness along the third direction of the first transmission line is thicker than the thickness along the third direction of the second transmission line, and the thickness along the third direction of the first transmission line is thicker than the thickness along the third direction of the fourth transmission line.",
-    "A disc brake and a brake pad assembly. The brake pad assembly may have a brake pad and a retainer clip. The brake pad may have a volume of friction material that may include a friction face, a support face, first and second circumferential end faces. The retainer clip may be arranged to engage a bearing surface of the brake pad. 1. A brake pad assembly for a heavy vehicle disc brake, the brake pad assembly comprising: a retainer clip; and a brake pad that includes: a volume of friction material; a friction face of the friction material configured to contact a brake rotor in use; a support face opposing the friction face, a distance between the friction face and the support face defining a first depth; and first and second circumferential end faces arranged to extend from the friction face towards the support face, wherein a bearing surface is provided in the brake pad spaced from the support face at a second depth that is less than the first depth and being generally coplanar therewith, the retainer clip being arranged to engage the bearing surface and further being engageable in a complementary formation associated with a complementary support of the disc brake so as to hold the brake pad against the support face. 2. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the bearing surface is formed from friction material. 3. The brake pad assembly of claim 2 wherein the friction material forming the bearing surface is strengthened. 4. The brake pad assembly of claim 3 wherein the friction material proximate the bearing surface is also strengthened. 5. The brake pad assembly of claim 2 wherein the entire brake pad is formed from friction material. 6. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the bearing surface extends more than half a height of at least one of the first and second circumferential end faces. 7. The brake pad assembly of claim 6 wherein the bearing surface extends substantially a whole height of at least one of the first and second circumferential end faces. 8. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the second depth is less than or equal to 30% of the first depth. 9. The brake pad assembly of claim 8 wherein the second depth is less than or equal to 25% of the first depth. 10. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the support face is non-planar. 11. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the retainer clip comprises a first prong to engage the bearing surface. 12. The brake pad assembly of claim 11 wherein the retainer clip further comprises a second prong to be engageable with the complementary support. 13. The brake pad assembly according to claim 12, wherein the prongs have a substantially parallel spaced relationship when fitted to the brake pad and the complementary support. 14. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the retainer clip further comprises a leaf spring portion to bias the brake pad in a radially inward direction within a caliper in use. 15. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the retainer clip is formed with a second clip positioned so as to engage a second bearing surface remote from the bearing surface. 16. The brake pad assembly of claim 1 wherein the bearing surface is a tongue extending from one of the first and second circumferential end faces. 17. A disc brake comprising: a brake pad assembly that has a retainer clip and a brake pad, the brake pad including: a volume of friction material; a friction face of the friction material configured to contact a brake rotor in use; a support face opposing the friction face, a distance between the friction face and the support face defining a first depth; and first and second circumferential end faces arranged to extend from the friction face towards the support face, wherein a bearing surface is provided in the brake pad spaced from the support face at a second depth that is less than the first depth and being generally coplanar therewith, the retainer clip being arranged to engage the bearing surface and further being engageable in a complementary formation associated with a complementary support of the disc brake so as to hold the brake pad against the support face. 18. The disc brake of claim 17 comprising a caliper having a bridge portion arranged to extend over a brake rotor, wherein the complementary support is on the bridge portion. 19. The disc brake of claim 17 wherein the support is a spreader plate arranged to transmit force from an actuating mechanism of the disc brake to the friction material.",
-    "The present disclosure describes an automated blend in-cup apparatus and the related method of operation. The disclosure relates generally to the field of mixing consumable material. More specifically, the disclosure relates to a mixer that is automatically operable to lower a mixing blade into a cup or vessel that contains material to be blended/mixed. A carriage reciprocates on a frame. A pulley system is also located on the frame and a power cord is routed through the pulley system. A moveable pulley in the pulley system moves in the opposite direction of the reciprocating carriage. The apparatus further comprises a well with an inlet manifold and a drain and a fixed but removable cup-receiving holder. Overall, the apparatus is effective, fast, easy to operate, safe, and clean. 1. An automated mix in-cup apparatus for mixing consumable material, the apparatus comprising: a frame supporting a reciprocating carriage, the carriage supporting a mixing motor and a splash shield above a cup-receiving position, the splash shield comprising at least one sidewall and a closed lid and an open bottom end, the frame further comprising a well beneath the cup-receiving position, the well comprising a floor, a sidewall, an inlet manifold comprising at least one nozzle, and a drain; a cup-receiving holder positioned at the cup-receiving position, the cup-receiving holder selectively removable from the frame; a rotatable mixing blade extending from the mixing motor for mixing a consumable material, the motor operable to rotate the mixing blade; a power cord attached to the carriage at a first end and attached to the frame at a second end; and a pulley system, the power cord routed through the pulley system, the pulley system comprising at least one stationary pulley and at least one moveable pulley, the moveable pulley traversing the frame in an opposite direction of the reciprocating carriage. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the movement of the splash shield is selectively independent of the movement of the mixing blade. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a connection of the splash shield sidewall to the closed lid forms a conical portion, the conical portion effective to selectively seal the cup. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 further wherein a movement of the mixing blade is automatically effected to enter and exit a cup selectively placed at the cup-receiving position and the movement of the splash shield automatically effected to contact the frame, the contact between the splash shield and frame defining an enclosed space, the enclosed space comprising the cup-receiving position. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the carriage is positioned between three operational positions, the operational positions comprising a home position, a mixing position and a cleaning position. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, the apparatus further comprising a motor to drive the rotation of a lead screw, the lead screw passing through the carriage, the lead screw translating the rotational movement into a linear movement of the carriage. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the carriage comprises a carriage magnetic portion, the apparatus comprising a sensor operable to detect the magnetic portion of the carriage, the apparatus operable to determine the location of the carriage via the detection of the carriage magnetic portion by the second sensor.",
-    "A data storage apparatus comprising a plurality of data storage devices configured to store data blocks, and one or more protection devices configured to store protection blocks, wherein the data devices and the protection devices are associated by a plurality of stripes, wherein each stripe comprises a memory block on each data device or protection device, and wherein each protection block in a protection device comprises a value for reconstructing storage blocks in the same stripe, and a controller configured to select a data device, store data blocks sequentially to the memory blocks in the selected data devices, store protection blocks in the protection devices for each updated stripe, read data blocks from a selected data device, and reconstruct damaged storage devices. It operates a cold storage system with less power consumption, low component wear, and flexible in capacity expansion. 1. A data storage apparatus comprising: a striped redundant storage array comprising: a plurality of data devices configured to store data blocks in a plurality of memory blocks on the data devices; and one or more protection devices configured to store protection blocks in a plurality of memory blocks on protection devices, wherein the data devices and the protection devices are associated by a plurality of stripes, wherein each stripe comprises a single memory block on each data device and a single memory block on each protection device, and wherein each protection block in a corresponding protection device comprises a value for reconstructing damaged blocks within the same stripe; and a controller coupled to the striped redundant storage array, the controller configured to: select a data device for data read or write access; store a set of data blocks sequentially in memory blocks in the selected data device over a plurality of stripes; and generate a set of protection blocks based on the values of the data blocks for each updated stripe; store the generated protection blocks to the corresponding memory blocks of the stripe in the protection devices; read data blocks sequentially from the selected data device; reconstruct data blocks for one or more damaged data devices and store the data blocks on the replacement storage devices. 2. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein storing a set of data blocks sequentially to memory blocks in the selected data devices comprises activating the selected data device without activating any of the other storage devices. 3. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to read data blocks sequentially from the selected data device without activating any of the other storage devices as part of a single data reading access. 4. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein storing a set of data blocks sequentially to memory blocks in the selected data device comprises writing to a plurality of data blocks in a single data device, and storing a plurality of protection blocks in the protection devices for each updated stripe. 5. The data storage apparatus of claim 4, wherein storing the set of protection blocks in the protection devices with all storage devices activated comprises: reading data blocks across the data devices for each stripe corresponding to a stored data block; generating protection blocks based on the values of the obtained data blocks; and storing the protection blocks to the memory blocks in the protection devices according to the stripe. 6. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein storing the set of protection blocks in the protection devices comprises storing a protection block in the protection device after each data block is stored. Only one protection device is required for a redundant storage array if a parity checksum based data protection technology is configured. Only the selected data device and the protection device need to be activated while all other data devices remain inactive. 7. The data storage apparatus of claim 6, wherein storing the protection blocks further comprises: generating a new parity protection block for each updated stripe by applying the bit difference between the current data block to be stored and the original data block in the data device to the original protection block in the protection device; and storing the new protection block over the memory block in the protection device. 8. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein the striped redundant storage array is configured to protect against a single storage device failure, and wherein the one or more protection devices comprises at least a single protection device. 9. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein the striped redundant storage array is configured to protect against two simultaneous storage device failures, and wherein the one or more protection devices comprises at least two protection devices. 10. The data storage apparatus of claim 1, wherein the generated protection block comprises Reed-Solomon codes, or other data protection technologies. 11. A method of data storage comprising: writing, based on instructions from a controller, data blocks sequentially to a plurality of memory blocks in a selected data device, wherein the selected data device is part of a striped redundant storage array comprising a plurality of data devices and one or more protection devices, wherein the data devices and the protection devices are associated by a plurality of stripes, and wherein each stripe comprises a single memory block on each storage device; generating a set of protection blocks, wherein each protection block value is generated based on values of all data blocks in each updated stripe; and storing a protection block to a memory block in each protection device for each stripe updated when writing data blocks, wherein each protection block comprises a value for reconstructing damaged storage blocks in the same stripe read data blocks sequentially from the selected data device; and reconstruct data blocks for one or more damaged data devices and store the data blocks in the replacement storage devices. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein writing the data blocks sequentially to memory blocks in the single selected data device comprises activating the selected data device without activating any other of the plurality of data devices. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising reading the data blocks sequentially from the single selected data device without activating any other storage devices as part of a single data reading access. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein writing the data blocks sequentially in the single selected data device comprises writing the data blocks to a plurality of memory blocks in the data device before storing the protection blocks in the protection devices. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein storing the protection blocks in the protection devices for each updated stripe comprises storing protection blocks after a data block is stored in the selected data device. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein storing the protection blocks in the protection devices comprises storing r protection blocks across r protection devices where r, any integer greater than zero, is the number of configured protection devices of each redundant storage array. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising a computer program product for use by a controller coupled to an array of data storage devices and one or more protection devices, the computer program product comprising computer executable instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable medium such that when executed by a processor cause the controller to: write data blocks sequentially to a plurality of memory blocks in a single selected data device in the array, wherein the data devices and the protection devices are associated by a plurality of stripes, and wherein each stripe comprises a single memory block on each data device and each protection device; generate a set of protection blocks, wherein each protection block value is based on values of the data blocks in the corresponding stripe; and store a protection block to a memory block in each protection device for each stripe updated when writing data blocks, wherein each protection block comprises a value for reconstructing damaged storage blocks in the same stripe. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein writing the data blocks to the sequential memory blocks in a single selected data device comprises activating the single selected data device without activating any of the other storage devices in the array. 19. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the instructions further cause the controller to read data blocks from a single selected data device without activating any other storage devices in the array as part of a single data access. 20. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein storing the protection block for each updated stripe comprises storing a protection block in each protection device after each data block is written in the same stripe.",
-    "A method for localizing a vehicle using vehicle-to-X communications is disclosed which provides improved position data. Signals from at least one object arranged outside a vehicle are received using a receiving unit arranged in the vehicle. A signal strength of the received signals is respectively measured and first position data of the vehicle is obtained by utilizing a determined position of using object. Second position data is determined based on the first position data. The signal strength or a change in the received signal strength is incorporated into the determination of the second position data. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A method for localizing a vehicle using vehicle-to-X communications comprising: receiving signals from at least one object arranged outside a vehicle using a receiving unit located in the vehicle; measuring a received signal strength of the signals; obtaining first position data of the vehicle by utilizing a determined position of the at least one object; determining second position data based on the first position data and a function of the received signal strength; and determining a difference between an absolute position of at least one stationary object and a position of the vehicle utilizing second position data. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the second position data is determined based on the first position data and a change in the received signal strength. 17. The method according to claim 15, further comprising analyzing a time history of the received signal strengths as a plausibility check on the first position data of the vehicle. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein discarding the first position data based on an inconsistency determined during the plausibility check. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein correcting the first position data based on an inconsistency determined during the plausibility check. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the correction is carried out based on the analyzed time history of the received signal strengths. 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the plausibility check further comprised computing a time difference between points in time assigned to successive sets of the first position data and/or a current speed of the vehicle. 22. The method according to claim 15, wherein the at least one object arranged outside the vehicle is a stationary object that forms part of the infrastructure. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the at least one object comprises one of a Road Side Unit or a stationary vehicle. 24. The method according to claim 15, further comprising computing a distance estimation based on the received signal strengths of the signals 25. The method according to claim 15, further comprise determining a relative distance between the at least one object and the vehicle using a propagation model of the signals. 26. The method according to claim 15, wherein the received signals of the at least one object arranged outside the vehicle comprises one of radio waves or radar waves or data signals and the received signals include a time stamp and serve to transmit position data of the object. 27. The method according to claim 26, further comprising computing a difference between a GPS position of the object from the position data and the GPS position of the vehicle to determine the first position data of the vehicle. 28. The method according to claim 15, wherein further comprising determining the position of the vehicle using trilateration using the signals of the at least one object arranged outside the vehicle. 29. The method according to claim 15, wherein further comprising determining the position of the vehicle using triangulation using the signals of the at least one object arranged outside the vehicle. 30. The method according to claim 15 for detecting an own position of the vehicle is detected with the method and/or wherein the second position data is transmitted to another vehicle or to an infrastructure component in the form of determined position data of the vehicle. 31. The method according to claim 15 further comprising transmitting the second position data to at least one of another vehicle or an infrastructure component in the form of determined position data of the vehicle. 32. The method according to claim 15 further comprising repeatedly carrying out at least one of obtaining the first position data and determining the second position data based on the first position data wherein the vehicle position is tracked. 33. The method according to claim 15 further comprising tracking the vehicle position. 34. A system for localizing a vehicle using vehicle-to-X communications, comprising: a receiving unit arranged in a vehicle to be localized and configured to receive signals originating from at least one object arranged outside the vehicle, wherein position data is transmitted with the signals; and an evaluation unit configured to obtain first position data of the vehicle by utilizing a determined position of the at least one object, and generate second position data based on the first position data and a function of the received signal strength.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for preventing damage to a vehicle interior due to precipitation. The systems can include a location module, window control module, and rain sensor all communicatively linked to a processor. In the event a vehicle's windows are determined to be down, the processor can determine the likelihood of precipitation in the area of the vehicle's location. If precipitation is likely, the processor causes the rain sensor to be powered. If the rain sensor indicates the presence of precipitation, the processor directs the window control module to close the vehicle's windows. 1. A method of protecting the interior of a vehicle comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting vehicle location data to a weather prediction module; receiving a precipitation likelihood within a predetermined radius of the vehicle location; powering on a precipitation sensor on the vehicle; receiving a precipitation signal from the precipitation sensor; and transmitting a close signal to a window control module. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the likelihood of precipitation received is for a predetermined time period. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the precipitation sensor is powered for the predetermined time period. 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of prior to transmitting the vehicle location data, receiving a signal from the window control module that at least one vehicle window is not completely closed. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of prior to powering the precipitation sensor, powering a microphone located on the vehicle. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the step of receiving from the microphone a signal that matches a sound profile for precipitation hitting the vehicle. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the weather prediction module is located at a third-party web site. 8. A method of protecting the interior of a vehicle comprising the steps of: receiving and transmitting vehicle location data to a weather prediction module; receiving a precipitation likelihood within a predetermined radius of the vehicle location; powering on a microphone located on the vehicle; receiving a signal from the microphone that matches a sound profile for precipitation hitting the vehicle; and transmitting a close signal to a window control module. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the likelihood of precipitation received is for a predetermined time period. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the microphone is powered for the predetermined time period. 11. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of prior to transmitting the vehicle location data, receiving a signal from the window control module that at least one vehicle window is not completely closed. 12. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of prior to powering the microphone, powering a precipitation sensor located on the vehicle. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of receiving a signal from the precipitation sensor that precipitation is occurring at the vehicle location. 14. A system for protecting the interior of a vehicle from precipitation comprising: a location module located on the vehicle; a window control module configured to open or close one or more windows of the vehicle and to transmit information regarding the positional status of the vehicle windows; a precipitation sensor located on the vehicle; and a processor configured to: receive and transmit vehicle location data to a weather prediction module, receive a precipitation likelihood within a predetermined radius of the vehicle location, power on the rain sensor, receive a precipitation signal from the precipitation sensor, and transmit a close signal to a window control module. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the location module is a GPS system. 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the precipitation sensor is a microphone. 17. The system of claim 14 wherein the system only operates upon a determination by the window control module that at least one vehicle window is not completely closed.",
-    "Creative multi-act games for the younger generation of casino players accustomed to creative simulation games such as \u201cThe Sims\u00ae\u201d and familiar TV characters such as the cast of \u201cFriends\u201d. Stories unfold through acts that have been staged by the player by selecting and placing acting objects. A palette of betting opportunities may be provided in each act in accordance with the staged act to allow the player(s) to place bets. A typical storyboard may include three acts: (a) a construction act, (b) a testing act and (c) a destruction or resolution act. The unfolding of acts may be non-linear and several players may participate simultaneously, sharing the opportunity to affect a storyboard's direction through decision-making. 1. A gaming system comprising: at least one input device; at least one display device; at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to operate with the at least one input device and the at least one display device to: (a) receive at least one wager, (b) determine a plurality of directional symbols, each directional symbol having at least one of a plurality of different input directions and at least one of a plurality of different output directions, wherein at least one of the input directions is compatible with at least one of the output directions and at least one of the input directions is incompatible with at least one of the output directions, (c) display each of the determined directional symbols, and (d) for each of at least one starting position: (i) determine a quantity of any adjacent compatible directional symbols in any sets of symbols associated with the starting position, the determination of the quantity being based, at least in part, on if at least one input direction of at least one of the displayed directional symbols is compatible with at least one output direction of at least another one of the displayed directional symbols, and (ii) if a designated quantity of any adjacent compatible directional symbols is determined: (A) determine an award associated with the designated quantity, and (B) display the determined award associated with the designated quantity. 2. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein a determination of if at least two adjacent directional symbols are compatible is based on whether the output direction of a first directional symbol generated at a first symbol display position is compatible with the input direction of a second directional symbol generated at a second symbol display position, the second symbol display position being adjacent to the first symbol display position and indicated by the output direction of the first directional symbol. 3. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the directional symbols has at least one of: a plurality of the different input directions and a plurality of the different output directions. 4. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the directional symbols is associated with a modifier. 5. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to randomly determine a plurality of the directional symbols at a plurality of symbol display positions. 6. The gaming system of claim 1, which includes a housing, and a plurality of input devices supported by the housing, said plurality of input devices including: (i) an acceptor, and (ii) a cashout device, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to operate with the plurality of input devices to: if a physical item is received via the acceptor, establish a credit balance based, at least in part, on a monetary value associated with the received physical item, and if a cashout input is received via the cashout device, cause an initiation of any payout associated with the credit balance. 7. A gaming system comprising: at least one input device; at least one display device; at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to operate with the at least one input device and the at least one display device to: (a) receive at least one wager, (b) determine a plurality of directional symbols, each directional symbol having at least one of a plurality of different input directions and at least one of a plurality of different output directions, wherein at least one of the input directions is compatible with at least one of the output directions and at least one of the input directions is incompatible with at least one of the output directions, (c) display each of the determined directional symbols, and (d) for each of at least one starting position: (i) determine if a set of at least two compatible directional symbols is formed, the determination based on if at least one input direction of at least one of the displayed directional symbols is compatible with at least one output direction of at least another one of the displayed directional symbols, and (ii) if the set of at least two compatible directional symbols is formed: (A) determine an award associated with the formed set of at least two compatible directional symbols, the award based, at least in part, on a quantity of compatible directional symbols of the formed set, and (B) display the determined award. 8. The gaming system of claim 7, wherein at least one determination of if any sets of at least two compatible directional symbols are formed is based on whether the output direction of a first directional symbol generated at a first symbol display position is compatible with the input direction of a second directional symbol generated at a second symbol display position, the second symbol display position being adjacent to the first symbol display position and indicated by the output direction of the first directional symbol. 9. The gaming system of claim 7, wherein at least one of the directional symbols has at least one of: a plurality of the different input directions and a plurality of the different output directions. 10. The gaming system of claim 7, wherein at least one of the directional symbols is associated with a modifier. 11. The gaming system of claim 7, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to randomly determine a plurality of the directional symbols at a plurality of symbol display positions. 12. The gaming system of claim 7, which includes a housing, and a plurality of input devices supported by the housing, said plurality of input devices including: (i) an acceptor, and (ii) a cashout device, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to operate with the plurality of input devices to: if a physical item is received via the acceptor, establish a credit balance based, at least in part, on a monetary value associated with the received physical item, and if a cashout input is received via the cashout device, cause an initiation of any payout associated with the credit balance. 13. A gaming system server comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: (a) receive data associated with a placement of at least one wager, (b) determine a plurality of directional symbols, each directional symbol having at least one of a plurality of different input directions and at least one of a plurality of different output directions, wherein at least one of the input directions is compatible with at least one of the output directions and at least one of the input directions is incompatible with at least one of the output directions, (c) cause at least one display device to display each of the determined directional symbols, and (d) for each of at least one starting position: (i) determine a quantity of any adjacent compatible directional symbols in any sets of symbols associated with the starting position, the determination of the quantity being based, at least in part, on if at least one input direction of at least one of the displayed directional symbols is compatible with at least one output direction of at least another one of the displayed directional symbols, and (ii) if a designated quantity of any adjacent compatible directional symbols is determined: (A) determine an award associated with the designated quantity, and (B) cause the at least one display device to display the determined award associated with the designated quantity. 14. The gaming system server of claim 13, wherein a determination of if at least two adjacent directional symbols are compatible is based on whether the output direction of a first directional symbol generated at a first symbol display position is compatible with the input direction of a second directional symbol generated at a second symbol display position, the second symbol display position being adjacent to the first symbol display position and indicated by the output direction of the first directional symbol. 15. The gaming system server of claim 13, wherein at least one of the directional symbols has at least one of: a plurality of the different input directions and a plurality of the different output directions. 16. The gaming system server of claim 13, wherein at least one of the directional symbols is associated with a modifier. 17. The gaming system server of claim 13, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to randomly determine a plurality of the directional symbols at a plurality of symbol display positions. 18. The gaming system server of claim 13, wherein any determined award causes an increase of a credit balance which is increasable via an acceptor of a physical item associated with a monetary value, and decreasable via a cashout device. 19. A gaming system server comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions, which when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: (a) receive data associated with a placement of at least one wager, (b) determine a plurality of directional symbols, each directional symbol having at least one of a plurality of different input directions and at least one of a plurality of different output directions, wherein at least one of the input directions is compatible with at least one of the output directions and at least one of the input directions is incompatible with at least one of the output directions, (c) cause at least one display device to display each of the determined directional symbols, and (d) for each of at least one starting position: (i) determine if a set of at least two compatible directional symbols is formed, the determination based on if at least one input direction of at least one of the displayed directional symbols is compatible with at least one output direction of at least another one of the displayed directional symbols, and (ii) if the set of at least two compatible directional symbols is formed: (A) determine an award associated with the formed set of at least two compatible directional symbols, the award based, at least in part, on a quantity of compatible directional symbols of the formed set, and (B) cause the at least one display device to display the determined award. 20. The gaming system server of claim 19, wherein at least one determination of if any sets of at least two compatible directional symbols are formed is based on whether the output direction of a first directional symbol generated at a first symbol display position is compatible with the input direction of a second directional symbol generated at a second symbol display position, the second symbol display position being adjacent to the first symbol display position and indicated by the output direction of the first directional symbol. 21. The gaming system server of claim 19, wherein at least one of the directional symbols has at least one of: a plurality of the different input directions and a plurality of the different output directions. 22. The gaming system server of claim 19, wherein at least one of the directional symbols is associated with a modifier. 23. The gaming system server of claim 19, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to randomly determine a plurality of the directional symbols at a plurality of symbol display positions. 24. The gaming system server of claim 19, wherein any determined award causes an increase of a credit balance which is increasable via an acceptor of a physical item associated with a monetary value, and decreasable via a cashout device.",
-    "Provided is a structure for a display apparatus. The structure for a display apparatus includes: a chassis having a plate shape and provided with a plurality of through holes; a reflection layer formed on one surface of the chassis: and at least one moisture barrier layer formed on the other surface of the chassis. 1. A structure for a display apparatus, comprising: a chassis having a plate shape and provided with a plurality of through holes; a reflection layer formed on one surface of the chassis: and at least one moisture barrier layer formed on the other surface of the chassis. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of through holes are formed at a uniform interval from each other. 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of through holes are formed in a region adjacent to an edge of the chassis. 4. The structure of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of through holes are formed at a central portion of the chassis. 5. The structure of claim 1, wherein: the moisture barrier layer is configured of a plurality of moisture barrier films, and the plurality of moisture barrier films are formed to have a size larger than that of the through holes and cover each of the through holes. 6. The structure of claim 1, wherein: the chassis is made of a metal material. 7. The structure of claim 1, wherein: the moisture barrier layer is coated with a liquid getter. 8. The structure of claim 7, wherein: the liquid getter includes a calcium oxide (CaO)-based material. 9. A display apparatus including a structure for a display apparatus, the structure comprising: a chassis having a plate shape and provided with a plurality of through holes; a reflection layer formed on one surface of the chassis: and at least one moisture barrier layer formed on the other surface of the chassis. 10. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the plurality of through holes are formed at a uniform interval from each other. 11. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the plurality of through holes are formed in a region adjacent to an edge of the chassis. 12. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the plurality of through holes are formed at a central portion of the chassis. 13. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the moisture barrier layer is configured of a plurality of moisture barrier films, and the plurality of moisture barrier films are formed to have a size larger than that of the through holes and cover each of the through holes. 14. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the chassis is made of a metal material. 15. The display apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the moisture barrier layer is coated with a liquid getter. 16. The display apparatus of claim 15, wherein: the liquid getter includes a calcium oxide (CaO)-based material.",
-    "A disc brake for heavy vehicles. The disc brake may include first and second brake pads, a caliper, and at least one support. The caliper may have a radial opening and a pad strap. The support may support a rear face of at least one of the brake pads and may have a guide formation that may be configured to engage the pad strap and restrict rotation of the brake pad about a radial axis. 1. A disc brake for heavy vehicles, the disc brake comprising: first and second brake pads arranged to face a brake rotor; a caliper for applying a clamp load to the first and second brake pads to retard rotation of the brake rotor, the caliper further comprising: a radial opening dimensioned for fitting and removal of the first and second brake pads therethrough; and a pad strap arranged to extend over the radial opening and releasably restrain the first and second brake pads at least radially outwardly with respect to the caliper; wherein the disc brake further comprises at least one support for supporting a rear face of at least one of the first and second brake pads, the support being provided with a guide formation configured to engage with the pad strap and thereby restrict rotation of at least one of the first and second brake pads about a radial axis. 2. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the guide formation further permits sliding of at least one of the first and second brake pads with respect to the pad strap. 3. The disc brake of claim 2 wherein the guide formation comprises at least one guide surface arranged to slide with respect to the pad strap and restrain rotation. 4. The disc brake of claim 3 wherein the guide formation comprises two opposing guide surfaces arranged to restrain rotation. 5. The disc brake of claim 4 wherein the guide formation comprises circumferentially inward facing surfaces arranged to be guided on circumferentially outward facing surfaces of the pad strap. 6. The disc brake of claim 3 wherein the at least one guide surface extends outboard of the at least one support. 7. The disc brake of claim 3 wherein the at least one guide surface extends inboard of the at least one support. 8. The disc brake of claim 3 wherein the at least one guide surface is at least twice as deep in an inboard-outboard direction as the at least one support. 9. The disc brake of claim 8 wherein the at least one guide surface is at least three times as deep in an inboard-outboard direction as the at least one support. 10. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the at least one support is a spreader plate positioned in a face-contacting relationship with at least one of the first and second brake pads and arranged to distribute force from an actuation mechanism of the disc brake to at least one of the first and second brake pads. 11. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first and second brake pads includes a backplate non-removably connected to friction material, the at least one support being the backplate. 12. The disc brake of claim 1 further comprising a pad spring to resiliently bias the at least one support radially inwardly away from the pad strap. 13. The disc brake of claim 12 wherein the pad spring comprises an offset portion extending outboard of the at least one support. 14. The disc brake of claim 12 wherein the pad spring further comprises a formation to hold at least one of the first and second brake pads to the at least one support. 15. A support for a brake pad, the support comprising: a guide for engagement with a pad strap of a heavy vehicle brake so as to restrict rotation of the brake pad about a radial axis in use. 16. The support of claim 15 wherein the support is a spreader plate releasably connected to the brake pad or the support is a backplate non-removably connected to friction material.",
-    "An image pickup apparatus is characterized in that it includes an imaging element having imaging pixels and focus detecting pixels, a determining unit determining an amount of noise superimposed on an image obtained by driving the imaging element, and a pixel interpolation unit executing the interpolation processing from among a plurality of interpolation processing with different processing contents in accordance with a determination result of the amount of noise determined by the determining unit, with respect to the image, to generate interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels. 1. An image pickup apparatus, comprising: an imaging element having imaging pixels and focus detecting pixels, wherein a part of each focus detecting pixel is shielded from light; and a determining unit determining an amount of noise superimposed on an image signal obtained from the imaging element; a pixel interpolation unit selecting and executing an interpolation processing corresponding to a determination result of the determining unit from among a plurality of interpolation processings with different processing contents to generate interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels, the plurality of interpolation processings each performing interpolation and using pixel values of the focus detecting pixels and the imaging pixels positioned in a neighborhood of the focus detecting pixels. 2. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the determining unit determines the amount of noise superimposed on the image signal by using a photographic sensitivity at a time of performing photographing and a charge storage time in the imaging element. 3. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a temperature detection unit detecting a temperature of one of the imaging element and a control board provided in the image pickup apparatus, wherein the determining unit determines the amount of noise superimposed on the image signal by using the temperature of one of the imaging element and the control board, in addition to the photographic sensitivity at the time of performing photographing and the charge storage time in the imaging element. 4. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pixel interpolation unit executes the interpolation processing using pixel values of the imaging pixels positioned in the neighborhood of the focus detecting pixels, to generate the interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels, when the determining unit determines that the amount of noise superimposed on the image signal is large. 5. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pixel interpolation unit executes the interpolation processing using pixel values of the focus detecting pixels and the imaging pixels positioned in the neighborhood of the focus detecting pixels, to generate the interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels, when the determining unit determines that the amount of noise superimposed on the image signal is small. 6. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a shutter moving between an open position in which a subject light is irradiated to the imaging element and a light-shielding position in which the subject light is shielded, wherein the image signal is formed of a first image signal obtained when the shutter is held at the open position by a charge storage time, and a second image signal obtained when the shutter is held at the light-shielding position by the charge storage time; and the image interpolation unit executes the interpolation processing based on an estimation result of the amount of noise with respect to the first image signal and the second image signal. 7. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising an image processing unit that subtracts each pixel value of the second image signal from each pixel value of the first image signal after performing the interpolation processing on the images by the pixel interpolation unit. 8. An image processing apparatus, comprising: an image capturing unit that captures an image and generates an image signal by using an imaging element having imaging pixels and focus detecting pixels, wherein a part of each focus detecting pixel is shielded from light; a determining unit that determines an amount of noise superimposed on the image signal; and a pixel interpolation unit that selects and executes an interpolation processing corresponding to a determination result of the determining unit from among a plurality of interpolation processings with different processing contents to generate interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels, the plurality of interpolation processings each performing interpolation and using pixel values of the focus detecting pixels and the imaging pixels positioned in a neighborhood of the focus detecting pixels. 9. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing an image processing program causing a computer to execute: an image capturing process of capturing an image and generating an image by using an imaging element having imaging pixels and focus detecting pixels, wherein a part of each focus detecting pixel is shielded from light; a determining process of determining an amount of noise superimposed on the image signal; and a pixel interpolation process of selecting and executing an interpolation processing corresponding to a determination result of the determining process from among a plurality of interpolation processings with different processing contents to generate interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels, the plurality of interpolation processings each performing interpolation and using pixel values of the focus detecting pixels and the imaging pixels positioned in a neighborhood of the focus detecting pixels. 10. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pixel interpolation unit smooths each pixel value of the imaging pixels positioned in the neighborhood of the focus detecting pixels and then executes the interpolation processing using pixel values of the focus detecting pixels and the smoothed pixel values of the imaging pixels, to generate the interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels, when the determining unit determines that the amount of noise superimposed on the image signal is small and the detecting unit detects the signal showing high brightness. 11. The image pickup apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a detecting unit detecting a signal showing high brightness from the image signal obtained from the imaging element, wherein the pixel interpolation unit selects and executes an interpolation processing corresponding to the determination result of the determining unit and a detecting result of the detecting unit from among the plurality of interpolation processings, with respect to the image signal, to generate the interpolation pixel values with respect to the focus detecting pixels.",
-    "A method for operating a motor vehicle having at least a first axle and at least a second axle, wherein the motor vehicle has a chassis that can be adjusted by the user, and which is operable at least in a first mode and at least in a second mode, which is more comfortable than the first mode. When the user activates the more comfortable second mode, a loading state of the motor vehicle is checked. The chassis is not shifted from the first mode into the second mode for at least axle, or is changed from the second mode into the first mode of the chassis if a limit load is exceeded. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method for operating a motor vehicle having a chassis including a first axle and a second axle, wherein the chassis can be adjusted by the user to operate in a first mode and a second that is more comfortable than the first mode, the method comprising: operating the chassis in the first mode; selecting the second mode; detecting a loading state of the motor vehicle; and shifting the chassis from the first mode into the second mode only when the loading state is below a limit load. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the first mode and the second mode have different shock absorber characteristic curves. 18. The method according to claims 16, wherein the loading state of the motor vehicle is detected using a longitudinally dynamic vehicle model. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the loading state of the motor or vehicle is detected using an automatic headlight range adjustment system on the vehicle. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the second mode is activated for at least one of the first axle and the second axle on the chassis. 21. A computer software product comprising a computing unit and a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having a set of commands stored thereon, wherein the set of commands when executed by the computing unit executed the method according to claims 16. 22. A chassis arrangement for a motor vehicle comprising a first axle having a first adjustable chassis component operable at a first mode and a second mode that is more comfortable than the first mode; a second axle having a second adjustable chassis component opera east in the first mode and the second mode that is more comfortable than the first mode; a load sensor configured to detecting a loading state of the first and second axles; a chassis mode selector switch operable to switch between the first mode and the second mode; and a controller connected to the chassis mode selector switch, the load sensor, the first adjustable chassis component and the second adjustable chassis component, wherein the controller is configured to prevent an activation of the second mode of at least the second adjustable chassis component when a load greater than a limit load is detected by the load sensor. 23. The chassis arrangement according to claim 22, wherein the load sensor includes an acceleration sensor. 24. The chassis arrangement according to claim 22, wherein the load sensor comprises a component of an automatic headlight range adjustment system. 25. The chassis arrangement according to claim 22, wherein the first adjustable chassis component and the second adjustable chassis component comprises shock absorbers. 26. The chassis arrangement according to claim 25, wherein the shock absorbers are each switchable between at least two damping characteristic curves. 27. The chassis arrangement according to claim 25, wherein the shock absorbers comprise electrically adjustable shock absorbers. 28. The chassis arrangement according to claim 25, wherein the shock absorbers comprise passive shock absorbers. 29. The chassis arrangement according to any one of claim 22, wherein the controller comprises an inhibitor circuit to prevent activation of the second mode. 30. A motor vehicle having a chassis arrangement according to claim 22.",
-    "A touch panel includes a substrate, a first signal line, and a second signal line. The first signal line extends on the substrate in a first direction and includes a first height from the substrate. The second signal line extends on the substrate in a second direction crossing the first direction and includes a second height from the substrate. The second signal line is disposed in the same layer as the first signal line. The second height is greater than the first height. 1. A touch panel, comprising: a substrate; a first signal line extending on the substrate in a first direction, the first signal line comprising a first height from the substrate; and a second signal line extending on the substrate in a second direction crossing the first direction, the second signal line comprising a second height from the substrate, wherein the second signal line is disposed in the same layer as the first signal line, and wherein the second height is greater than the first height. 2. The touch panel of claim 1, wherein: the first height is a distance from an upper surface of the substrate to an upper surface of the first signal line; and the second height is a distance from the upper surface of the substrate to an upper surface of the second signal line. 3. The touch panel of claim 1, further comprising: a first insulating layer covering the first signal line, wherein the second signal line is disposed in an opening formed in the first insulating layer. 4. The touch panel of claim 3, wherein the upper surface of the second signal line is coplanar with an upper surface of the first insulating layer. 5. The touch panel of claim 4, wherein the upper surface of the second signal line and the upper surface of the first insulating layer are polished surfaces. 6. The touch panel of claim 4, further comprising: a second insulating layer covering the second signal line and the first insulating layer. 7. The touch panel of claim 3, wherein: the first signal line comprises: first sensing electrodes spaced apart from each other in the first direction; and a first connecting portion connecting the first sensing electrodes together; the second signal line comprises: second sensing electrodes spaced apart from each other in the second direction; and a second connecting portion connecting the second sensing electrodes together; the second connecting portion crosses the first connecting portion; and the second connecting portion is insulated from the first connecting portion. 8. The touch panel of claim 7, wherein the first sensing electrodes and the second sensing electrodes comprise mesh patterns. 9. The touch panel of claim 7, wherein the opening of the first insulating layer comprises: a first sub-opening comprising the second sensing electrode disposed therein; and a second sub-opening extending from the first sub-opening, the second sub-opening comprising the second connecting portion disposed therein. 10. The touch panel of claim 9, wherein: the second sub-opening crosses the first connecting portion; and the second sub-opening is spaced apart from the first connecting portion. 11. The touch panel of claim 10, wherein a thickness of the second connecting portion is thinner than a thickness of the second sensing electrode. 12. The touch panel of claim 9, wherein the first sub-opening extends deeper into the surface of the first insulating layer than the second sub-opening. 13. The touch panel of claim 7, wherein: the first sensing electrode and the first connecting portion are integrally formed; and the second sensing electrode and the second connecting portion are integrally formed. 14. The touch panel of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a flexible substrate. 15. A method of manufacturing a touch panel, the method comprising: forming a first signal line on a substrate, the first signal line extending in a first direction; forming a first insulating layer on the substrate, the first insulating layer covering the first signal line and comprising an opening extending in a second direction crossing the first direction; and forming a second signal line in the opening, the second signal line extending in the second direction, wherein a first height of the first signal line from the substrate is smaller than a second height of the second signal line from the substrate. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: polishing a surface of the second signal line and a surface of the first insulating layer. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: forming a second insulating layer on the substrate, the second insulating layer covering the first insulating layer.",
-    "The present disclosure generally relates to a nano-particle matrix in a 3D NVM RRAM device. The RRAM device utilizes a material that may be deposited into high aspect ratio channels, has good cycle ability, short erase and write times, and write/erase voltages that are compatible with CMOS. The RRAM material is disposed between two electrodes of the device and includes conductive nano-particles that are distributed within an insulating matrix. The particles are distributed below the percolation threshold. 1. A non-volatile memory device, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a first memory material disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first memory material comprises an insulating material having a plurality of metallic nano-particles distributed within the insulating material, wherein the nano-particles are distributed below the percolation threshold, and wherein the metallic nano-particles are selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof. 2. The non-volatile memory device of claim 1, wherein the insulating material is selected from the group consisting SiOx, SiNx, AlOx, AlNx, TiNx, TiOx, TaOx, TaNx, WOx, WNx, ZrOx, and HfOx, complex oxides, complex nitrides, and complex oxynitrides. 3. The non-volatile memory device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is substantially perpendicular to the second electrode. 4. The non-volatile memory device of claim 1, further comprising: a third electrode extending substantially parallel to the first electrode; a fourth electrode extending substantially parallel to the second electrode; a second memory material disposed between the first electrode and the fourth electrode; and a third memory material disposed between the third electrode and the second electrode. 5. The non-volatile memory device of claim 4, wherein the second memory material and the third memory material each comprise an insulating material having a plurality of metallic nano-particles distributed within the insulating material, wherein the nano-particles are distributed below the percolation threshold, and wherein the metallic nano-particles are selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof. 6. The non-volatile memory device of claim 1, further comprising a first nucleation layer disposed between the first electrode and the first memory material. 7. The non-volatile memory device of claim 6, wherein the nucleation layer comprises: the same material as the nano-particle material; or a different material than the nano-particle material; or a material having a lower surface energy than the nano-particle material; or the nucleation layer has a surface topography having a surface roughness which is larger on a surface perpendicular to an interface with the first electrode than a surface in contact with the first electrode; or the nucleation layer has a high density of defects in the surface facing the matrix. 8. The non-volatile memory device if claim 1, further comprising a second nucleation layer disposed between the second electrode and the first memory material. 9. The non-volatile memory device of claim 1, wherein the first memory material comprises nano-particles having a composition or properties on the surface of the nano-particles which differ from the composition or properties in the interior of the nano-particles. 10. The non-volatile memory device of claim 9, wherein the nano-particles further comprise a material selected from the group consisting of elements, carbon, silicon, germanium, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof. 11. A non-volatile memory device, comprising: a substrate; a first insulating layer disposed over the substrate; a first electrode layer disposed on the first insulating layer; a second insulating layer disposed on the first electrode layer; a second electrode layer disposed on the second insulating layer; a third insulating layer disposed on the second electrode layer, wherein a via or a trench is formed through the third insulating layer, the second electrode layer, the second insulating layer, the first electrode layer and the first insulating layer to expose a portion of the substrate; a memory material layer disposed within the via or trench, wherein the memory material comprises an insulating material having a plurality of metallic nano-particles distributed within the insulating material, wherein a substantial number of the nano-particles are distributed below the percolation threshold, and wherein the metallic nano-particles are selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof; and at least one upper electrode disposed on the memory material layer. 12. The non-volatile memory device of claim 11, wherein the insulating material is selected from the group consisting of SiOx, SiNx, AlOx, AlNx, TiNx, TiOx, TaOx, TaNx, WOx, WNx, ZrOx, and HfOx, complex oxides, complex nitrides, and complex oxynitrides. 13. The non-volatile memory device of claim 11, wherein the first electrode is substantially perpendicular to the second electrode. 14. The non-volatile memory device of claim 11, wherein the memory material layer is disposed within a trench. 15. The non-volatile memory device of claim 14, wherein the at least one upper electrode comprises a plurality of upper electrodes. 16. The non-volatile memory device of claim 11, wherein the first memory material comprises a dopant dispersed therein. 17. The non-volatile memory device of claim 16, wherein the nano-particles further comprise a material selected from the group consisting of metallic elements, carbon, silicon, germanium, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof. 18. A method of manufacturing a non-volatile memory device, comprising: depositing a memory material over a first electrode, wherein the first memory material comprises an insulating material having a plurality of metallic nano-particles distributed within the insulating material, wherein the nano-particles are distributed below a percolation threshold, and wherein the metallic nano-particles are selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof; and wherein the depositing comprises atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition; and forming a second electrode over the memory material. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the memory material further comprises a non-metallic element. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the insulating material is selected from the group consisting of SiOx, SiNx, AlOx, AlNx, TiNx, TiOx, TaOx, TaNx, WOx, WNx, ZrOx, and HfOx, complex oxides, complex nitrides, and complex oxynitrides. 21. A 3D non-volatile memory device, comprising: a plurality of conductive layers alternating with a plurality of insulating layers, wherein the plurality of conductive layers and plurality of insulating layers are disposed over a substrate, wherein a via or trench is formed through the plurality of conductive layers and plurality of insulating layers to expose the substrate; a memory material disposed within the via or trench along the plurality of conductive layers and the plurality of insulating layers, wherein the memory material comprises an insulating material having a plurality of metallic nano-particles distributed within the insulating material, wherein the nano-particles are distributed below a percolation threshold, and wherein the metallic nano-particles are selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, gold, silver, aluminum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, tin, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, vanadium, and alloys thereof; and a plurality of electrodes disposed on the memory material. 22. The 3D non-volatile memory device of claim 21, wherein the insulating material is selected from the group consisting of SiOx, SiNx, AlOx, AlNx, TiNx, TiOx, TaOx, TaNx, WOx, WNx, ZrOx, and HfOx, complex oxides, complex nitrides, and complex oxynitrides. 23. The 3D non-volatile memory device of claim 21, further comprising a first nucleation layer disposed between the plurality of conductive layers and the memory material. 24. The 3D non-volatile memory device of claim 23, wherein the nucleation layer comprises the same material as the nano-particle material or a different material than the nano-particle material or a material having a lower surface energy than the nano-particle material or the nucleation layers may have a surface topography having a surface roughness which is larger on the side facing layer 106 than the opposite sides facing materials 102 or 104 or may have a high density of defects in their surface. 25. The 3D non-volatile memory device if claim 23, further comprising a second nucleation layer disposed between the plurality of second electrodes and the memory material. 26. The 3D non-volatile memory device of claim 23, wherein the memory material comprises nano-particles having a composition or properties on the surface of the nano-particles which differ from the composition or properties in the interior of the nano-particles.",
-    "A system for managing holdover. The system may include a local oscillator device. The system may include a phase locked loop (PLL) device coupled to the local oscillator device and a reference clock source. The PLL device may obtain a reference clock signal from the reference clock source to produce an extracted clock signal. The system may include a drift monitoring device coupled to the local oscillator device and the PLL device. The drift monitoring device may determine an amount of oscillator drift within the local oscillator device using the extracted clock signal and an oscillator signal from the local oscillator device. The system may include a drift compensation device coupled to the drift monitoring device and the PLL device. The drift compensation device may transmit a drift compensation signal to the PLL device based on the amount of oscillator drift. 1. A system for managing holdover, comprising: a local oscillator device; a phase locked loop (PLL) device coupled to the local oscillator device and a first reference clock source, wherein the PLL device is configured to obtain a first reference clock signal from the first reference clock source to produce an extracted clock signal; a drift monitoring device coupled to the local oscillator device and the PLL device, wherein the drift monitoring device is configured to determine an amount of oscillator drift within the local oscillator device using the extracted clock signal and an oscillator signal from the local oscillator device; and a drift compensation device coupled to the drift monitoring device and the PLL device, wherein the drift compensation device is configured to transmit a drift compensation signal to the PLL device based on the amount of oscillator drift. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a holdover monitoring device coupled to the drift monitoring device, wherein the holdover monitoring device is configured to transmit, to a computer device, a holdover alarm signal indicating the extracted clock signal is outside a desired timing specification. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the holdover monitoring device is configured to trigger the holdover alarm signal when a holdover alarm threshold expires, and wherein the holdover alarm threshold corresponds to an amount of time before the extracted clock signal is outside the desired timing specification for the extracted clock signal. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising: an error detector coupled to the PLL device and a second reference clock source, wherein the error detector is configured to generate, using a second reference clock signal from the second reference clock source, a frequency error signal for the PLL device. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising: a reference clock noise detector coupled to the second reference clock source and the drift monitoring device, wherein the reference clock noise detector is configured to determine an amount of noise in the second reference clock signal, and wherein the drift monitoring device is further configured to adjust, using the amount of noise, the amount of oscillator drift. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the first reference clock source is located on a master clock reference on a network, wherein the first reference clock source is configured to transmit the first reference clock signal to the PLL device over a connection between the master clock reference and the PLL device over the network, and wherein the drift compensation device is further configured to transmit the drift compensation signal to the PLL device after the connection is terminated. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the amount of oscillator drift corresponds to a shifting of an operating frequency of the local oscillator device resulting from temperature effects to the local oscillator device. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the local oscillator device is an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO). 9. A method for managing holdover, comprising: obtaining an oscillator signal from a local oscillator device; obtaining a first extracted clock signal from a phase locked loop (PLL) device; determining, using the oscillator signal and the first extracted clock signal, an amount of oscillator drift for the local oscillator device; detecting that a connection is terminated over a network between the PLL device and a master clock reference; determining, in response to detecting that the connection is terminated and using the amount of oscillator drift, a drift compensation signal; transmitting the drift compensation signal to the PLL device; and generating, from the PLL device and using the drift compensation signal, a second extracted clock signal, wherein the drift compensation signal compensates the second extracted clock signal for the amount of oscillator drift. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: obtaining, at an error detector, a reference clock signal and the first extracted clock signal to generate a frequency error signal for the PLL device, wherein the frequency error signal compensates for frequency error in the first extracted clock signal; determining an amount of noise in the reference clock signal; and adjusting, using the amount of noise, a period in time when the amount of oscillator drift is measured for producing the drift compensation signal. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: obtaining, at the PLL device, a first reference clock signal from the master clock reference; obtaining, at an error detector, a second reference clock signal from the master clock reference; and generating, at the error detector, a frequency error signal for the PLL device, wherein the frequency error signal compensates for frequency error in the first extracted clock signal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first reference clock signal is from a global positioning system (GPS) source on the master clock reference, and wherein the second reference clock signal is from synchronous ethernet (SyncE) implemented by the master clock reference over the network. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the amount of the oscillator drift corresponds to a shifting of an operating frequency of the local oscillator device resulting from temperature effects to the local oscillator device. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the local oscillator device is an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO). 15. A method for managing holdover, comprising: obtaining an oscillator signal from a local oscillator device; obtaining a first extracted clock signal from a phase locked loop (PLL) device; determining, using the oscillator signal and the first extracted clock signal, an amount of oscillator drift for the local oscillator device; determining, using the amount of oscillator drift, an amount of holdover time for the PLL device; determining, based on the amount of holdover time, a holdover alarm threshold; and transmitting, to a computing device and in response to the local oscillator device reaching the holdover alarm threshold, a holdover alarm signal. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: transmitting, using the computing device, the holdover alarm signal to a software-defined network (SDN) controller on a network comprising a plurality of network elements, wherein the PLL device and the computing device are located in a network element among the plurality of network elements, and wherein the SDN controller monitors, using the holdover alarm signal, the amount of holdover time for the network element. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: obtaining, at an error detector, a reference clock signal and the first extracted clock signal to generate a frequency error signal for the PLL device, wherein the frequency error signal compensates for frequency error in the first extracted clock signal; determining an amount of noise in the reference clock signal; and adjusting, using the amount of noise, a period in time when the amount of oscillator drift is measured for producing the drift compensation signal. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: obtaining, at the PLL device, a first reference clock signal from the master clock reference; obtaining, at an error detector, a second reference clock signal from the master clock reference; and generating, at the error detector, a frequency error signal for the PLL device, wherein the frequency error signal compensates for frequency error in the first extracted clock signal. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the amount of holdover time corresponds to an amount of time that the extracted clock signal is within a desired timing specification, and wherein the holdover alarm signal indicates when the extracted clock signal is outside the desired timing specification. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the oscillator drift corresponds to a shifting of an operating frequency of the local oscillator device resulting from temperature effects to the local oscillator device.",
-    "Various methods provide for trimming the gain in a dual-port phase-locked loop (PLL) of a radio transceiver. Use is made of the radio's demodulator to perform modulation accuracy measurements, thereby reducing the cost and complexity of external test equipment. 1. A method for trimming analog gain of a transceiver of a radio, comprising: modulating a signal generated by a phase-locked loop of the transceiver to generate a modulated signal; generating by the transceiver a modulated intermediate frequency signal from an RF signal and the modulated signal; processing the modulated intermediate frequency signal by a demodulator of the transceiver to determine modulation accuracy of the modulated intermediate frequency signal; and monitoring the determined modulation accuracy of the modulated intermediate frequency signal and responsive to the determined modulation accuracy falling outside an acceptable range of modulation accuracy, adjusting the analog gain value of the transceiver to bring the modulation accuracy of the modulated intermediate frequency signal within the acceptable range of modulation accuracy. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising modulating the signal generated by the phase-locked loop in accordance with a test data pattern. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving the test data pattern at a dual-port FM modulator of the transceiver. 4. The method of claim 3, where the test data pattern received by the dual-port FM modulator is generated by a test generation function of a processor of the transceiver. 5. The method of claim 2, where the test data pattern is automatically generated by a processor of the transceiver. 6. The method of claim 5, where the test data pattern is automatically generated by an automatic data generation function of the dual-port FM modulator of the transceiver. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: responsive to the dual-port FM modulator receiving a data configure signal to select the test data pattern automatically generated by the automatic data generation function and to not select a data pattern provided to the dual-port FM modulator, the automatic data generation function providing to a pulse shape filter of the dual-port FM modulator the automatically generated test data pattern; the pulse shape filter shaping the received automatically generated test data pattern; and providing the pulse-shaped automatically generated test data pattern to the phase-locked loop. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: a formatting function of the dual-port FM modulator receiving and formatting the pulse-shaped automatically generated test data pattern to generate a formatted, pulse-shaped automatically generated test data pattern; and providing the formatted, pulse-shaped automatically generated test data pattern to the phase-locked loop. 9. The method of claim 2, where the test data pattern is an alternating one-zero pattern and the method further comprising: providing the alternating one-zero test data pattern to the phase-locked loop at a frequency sufficient to fall outside a bandwidth of the phase-locked loop; modulating the signal generated by the phase-locked loop; generating the modulated intermediate frequency signal from the RF and the modulated signal; processing the modulated intermediate frequency signal by the demodulator to determine peak deviation of the modulated intermediate frequency signal; and adjusting a voltage-controlled oscillator modulation gain of the phase-locked loop in accordance with an analog port trim signal generated by the processor of the transceiver, the analog port trim signal generated responsive to the determined peak deviation of the modulated intermediate frequency signal and sufficient to adjust the peak deviation of the modulated intermediate frequency signal to within an acceptable range of peak deviation. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising mixing by a mixer of the transceiver the modulated signal and the RF signal to generate the modulated IF signal. 11. The method of claim 1, where the RF signal is derived from an un-modulated carrier received by the transceiver. 12. The method of claim 1, where processing the modulated intermediate frequency signal by a demodulator of the transceiver to determine modulation accuracy comprises determining peak frequency deviation of the modulated intermediate frequency signal. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving at a RF input of the transceiver an un-modulated carrier and producing from the un-modulated carrier the RF signal; mixing the RF signal and the modulated signal to produce a modulated analog signal; and processing modulated analog signal to generate the modulated intermediate frequency signal. 14. The method of claim 13, where a mixer of the transceiver performs mixing the RF signal and the modulated signal to produce the modulated analog signal. 15. The method of claim 13, where processing the modulated analog signal further comprises: amplifying and filtering the modulated analog signal to generate an amplified, filtered analog signal; and converting the amplified, filtered analog signal from analog to digital to generate the modulated intermediate frequency signal. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: saving the adjusted analog gain value of the transceiver.",
-    "An optical network unit (ONU) comprising a media access controller (MAC) configured to support biasing a laser transmitter to compensate for temperature related wavelength drift receiving a transmission timing instruction from an optical network control node, obtaining transmission power information for the laser transmitter, estimating a burst mode time period for the laser transmitter according to the transmission timing instruction, and calculating a laser phase fine tuning compensation value for the laser transmitter according to the burst mode time period and the transmission power information, and forwarding the laser phase fine tuning compensation value toward a bias controller to support biasing a phase of the laser transmitter. 1. A method implemented in a passive optical network (PON) comprising: transmitting an optical signal in the PON via a laser transmitter utilizing time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM); and dynamically compensating for a red-shift in a wavelength of the optical signal associated with an increase in temperature of the laser transmitter associated with a duration of an optical signal burst, wherein compensation is performed by introducing a blue-shift wavelength bias to the laser transmitter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein compensating for the red-shift in the wavelength comprises: obtaining optical transmission power information based on real-time measurement of photo-current across a photodiode of the laser transmitter; estimating a burst mode time period according to received timeslot instructions; and calculating an injection current for use as the blue-shift wavelength bias to compensate for the wavelength red-shift based on the estimated burst mode time period and the optical transmission power information. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein calculating the injection current for use as the blue-shift wavelength bias is performed by a media access controller (MAC). 4. The method of claim 3, wherein compensating for the red-shift in the wavelength of the optical signal further comprises: receiving an electrical data signal associated with the optical signal, the electrical data signal comprising a data signal current; combining the electrical data signal current with the injection current to dynamically bias the laser transmitter to compensate for the red-shift wavelength; converting the combined current into the optical signal via the laser transmitter; and transmitting the optical signal via the laser transmitter. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein obtaining the optical transmission power information comprises: receiving a real-time measurement of laser optical power monitor photodiode current represented as a digital value; and calculating the optical transmission power information from the real-time measurement. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the laser transmitter comprises a Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the laser transmitter comprises a phase section. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the red-shift wavelength is proportional to an optical signal burst duration. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the calculated injection current varies proportionally to a transmission burst length. 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the blue-shift wavelength bias approximately cancels the red-shift such that output of the laser transmitter is within 0.1 nanometers (nm) of a preferred output value. 11. An optical component comprising: a laser transmitter configured to transmit an optical signal in a passive optical network (PON) utilizing time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM); and a media access controller (MAC) coupled to the laser transmitter, wherein the MAC is configured to dynamically compensate for a red-shift in a wavelength of the optical signal associated with an increase in temperature of the laser transmitter associated with a duration of an optical signal burst, and wherein the MAC compensates for the red-shift by introducing a blue-shift wavelength bias to the laser transmitter. 12. The optical component of claim 11, wherein compensating for the red-shift wavelength comprises: obtaining optical transmission power information based on real-time measurement of photo-current across a photodiode of the laser transmitter; estimating a burst mode time period according to received timeslot instructions; and calculating an injection current for use as the blue-shift wavelength bias to compensate for the wavelength red-shift based on the estimated burst mode time period and the optical transmission power information. 13. The optical component of claim 12, further comprising a receiver configured to receive an electrical data signal associated with the optical signal, the electrical data signal comprising a current, wherein compensating for the red-shift in the wavelength of the optical signal comprises: employing a bias controller to combine the electrical data signal current with the injection current to dynamically bias a section of the laser transmitter to compensate for the red-shift wavelength; employing the laser transmitter section to convert the combined current into the optical signal; and transmitting the optical signal via the laser transmitter. 14. The optical component of claim 13, wherein obtaining the optical transmission power information comprises: receiving a real-time measurement of laser optical power monitor photodiode current represented as a digital value; and calculating the optical transmission power information from the real-time measurement. 15. The optical component claim 13, wherein the section of the laser transmitter is a phase section. 16. The optical component claim 13, wherein the section of the laser transmitter is a Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). 17. The optical component claim 13, wherein the calculated injection current varies proportionally to a transmission burst length. 18. The optical component claim 13, wherein the blue-shift wavelength bias approximately cancels the red-shift such that output of the laser transmitter is within 0.1 nanometers (nm) of a preferred output value. 19. The optical component claim 13, wherein the optical component is an optical network unit (ONU) configured to couple to a time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON). 20. The optical component claim 13, wherein the optical component is an optical network terminal (ONT) configured to couple to a time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON).",
-    "Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods for multi-player gaming. Some embodiments relate to systems having an improved communications infrastructure and improved handheld game controllers, while other embodiments relate to improvements in handling large numbers of players in the multi-player game when played in a game arena with a single large display screen showing the multi-player game images. In one particular embodiment, a system is provided that has a game server controlling a display system to display the multi-player game on the large screen and a plurality of game controllers. Each game controller has a secondary display means for providing a secondary game display and input means for receiving player input. The system further comprises communication means for enabling communication between the game server and each of the plurality of game controllers. The plurality of game controllers are located in proximity to the large display screen such that it is visible to game players manipulating the game controllers while playing the multi-player game. 1. A multi-player game system comprising: a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate a multi-player game, the game server further configured to provide display signals for displaying the multi-player game; a display system having primary display means, the display system being configured to provide a primary game display of the multi-player game on the primary display means in response to the display signals; and a communication controller for enabling communication between the game server and a plurality of handheld game controllers located in proximity to the primary display means such that the primary display means is visible to game players manipulating respective handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller comprising secondary display means and input means comprising a touch-sensitive layer overlaid on the secondary display means to form a touch-screen; wherein each handheld game controller has downloaded thereon a game software module prior to initiation of the multi-player game, wherein the game software module enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means, the secondary game display including a first area corresponding to a first function; and a first portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the first area to become active to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player, and wherein the secondary game display enabled by the game software module is complementary to the primary game display. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to process a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function, and a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the second area to become active. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first portion of the touch-sensitive layer to become inactive on the corresponding handheld game controller. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first area to correspond to a second function on the corresponding handheld game controller. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the game server is configured to receive at least one packet corresponding to the first function from a first one of the handheld game controllers, the at least one packet generated by the first handheld game controller according to the game software module in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the game server is configured to transmit game data to a second one of the handheld game controllers in response to receiving the at least one packet, the game data being processable by the second handheld game controller using the game software module to: provide the secondary game display at the second handheld game controller, the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function; and activate a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer of the input means at the second handheld game controller overlying the second area to enable participation in the multi-player game by a second corresponding game player of the second handheld game controller. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module is downloaded to the corresponding handheld game controller from a remote server. 11. A multi-player game system comprising: a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate a multi-player game, the game server further configured to provide display signals for displaying the multi-player game; a display system having primary display means, the display system being configured to provide a primary game display of the multi-player game on the primary display means in response to the display signals; a plurality of handheld game controllers located in proximity to the primary display means such that the primary display means is visible to game players manipulating respective handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller comprising secondary display means and input means comprising a touch-sensitive layer overlaid on the secondary display means to form a touch-screen; and a communication controller for enabling communication between the game server and each handheld game controllers; wherein each handheld game controller has downloaded thereon a game software module prior to initiation of the multi-player game, wherein the game software module enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means, the secondary game display including a first area corresponding to a first function; and a first portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the first area to become active to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player, and wherein the secondary game display enabled by the game software module is complementary to the primary game display. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to process a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the game software module, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function, and a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the second area to become active. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first portion of the touch-sensitive layer to become inactive on the corresponding handheld game controller. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first area to correspond to a second function on the corresponding handheld game controller. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the game server is configured to receive at least one packet corresponding to the first function from a first one of the handheld game controllers, the at least one packet generated by the first handheld game controller according to the game software module in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the game server is configured to transmit game data to a second one of the handheld game controllers in response to receiving the at least one packet, the game data being processable by the second handheld game controller using the game software module to: provide the secondary game display at the second handheld game controller with a second area corresponding to a second function; and activate a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer of the input means at the second handheld game controller overlying the second area to enable participation in the multi-player game by a second game player of the second handheld game controller. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the game software module is downloaded to the corresponding handheld game controller from a remote server. 21. A method of facilitating a multi-player game, the method comprising: downloading a game software module to a plurality of handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller comprising secondary display means and input means comprising a touch-sensitive layer overlaid on the secondary display means to form a touch-screen; providing a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate the multi-player game; and providing, by the game server, display signals for displaying a primary game display of the multi-player game on a primary display means; wherein the game software module enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means, the secondary game display including a first area corresponding to a first function; and a first portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the first area to become active to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player, and wherein the secondary game display enabled by the game software module is complementary to the primary game display. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to process a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion to enable the first function. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the game software module, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function, and a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the second area to become active. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first portion of the touch-sensitive layer to become inactive on the corresponding handheld game controller. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, provide the secondary game display with the first area corresponding to a second function. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein: the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the selection of the first function, generate at least one packet corresponding to the first function; and the game server receives the at least one packet. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: transmitting, by the game server game data to a second one of the handheld game controllers in response to receiving the at least one packet; and wherein the game software module enables the second handheld game control to process the game data to provide the secondary game display at the second handheld game controller with a second area corresponding to a second function, and to activate a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer of the input means at the second handheld game controller overlying the second area to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player of the second handheld game controller. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the game software module is downloaded to the corresponding handheld game controller from a remote server.",
-    "A phase locked loop circuit (30, 100, 110) includes a controllable oscillator (42) for generating an output signal of desired frequency responsive to a control signal, a first phase detection circuit (32, 102, 112) for generating an output indicative of phase differential responsive to the output signal and a first edge of a reference signal and a second phase detection circuit (34, 104, 114) for generating an output indicative of phase differential responsive to the output signal and a second edge of a reference signal. The control signal to the controllable oscillator (42) is driven by the outputs of the first and second phase detections circuits. 1. A radio frequency circuit comprising: a digitally controlled oscillator having a digital control input and an clock signal output; frequency divider circuitry having an input connected to the clock signal output, a first divided clock output, a second divided clock output, and a third divided clock output; a latch having a latch input, a clock input coupled to the first divided clock signal output, and an output coupled to the digital control input; state machine circuitry having a modulation input, a timing update input, and a state output, the state output being coupled to the latch input; modulation circuitry having an input coupled to the second divided clock output and an output coupled to the modulation input; and timing update circuitry having an input coupled to the clock signal output, the third divided clock output, and an output coupled to the timing update input. 2. The radio frequency circuit of claim 1 in which the frequency divider circuitry includes: first divider circuitry having an input coupled with the clock signal output and having the first divided clock output; second divider circuitry having an input coupled with the first divided clock output and having the second divided clock output; and third divider circuitry having an input coupled with the second divided clock output and having the third divided clock output. 3. The radio frequency circuit of claim 1 in which the second divided clock output is coupled to a digital baseband lead. 4. The radio frequency circuit of claim 1 in which the modulation circuitry includes a symbol input receiving symbols for transmission and a symbol output, and including a digital to analog converter having a digital input coupled to the symbol output and an analog output, and a power amplifier having a clock input coupled to the clock signal output, an analog input coupled to the analog output, and a transmission output. 5. The radio frequency circuit of claim 1 in which the timing update circuitry includes a phase detection circuit having a reference input coupled to a reference frequency lead, a clock input coupled to the clock signal output, and an output coupled to the timing update input. 6. The radio frequency circuit of claim 1 in which the timing update circuitry includes: a phase detection circuit having a reference input coupled to a reference frequency lead, a clock input coupled to the clock signal output, and an output, and a latch having an input coupled to the output of the phase detection circuit, a clock input coupled to the third divided clock output, and an output coupled to the timing update input.",
-    "A power supply system and method for a vehicle movable within a structure is provided. The power supply system includes at least one energy source arranged at a fixed location within the structure to transmit energy within the structure, and a receiver, arranged on the vehicle to receive the energy transmitted from the energy source, being configured to convert the energy to electrical power and/or thrust. 1. A power supply system for a vehicle movable within a structure, comprising: at least one energy source arranged at a fixed location within the structure to transmit energy within the structure; and a receiver, arranged on the vehicle to receive the energy transmitted from the energy source, being configured to convert the energy to at least one of electrical power and thrust. 2. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein an interior of the structure is structured to act as a waveguide. 3. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the energy source is a microwave source. 4. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the receiver comprises a heat exchanger. 5. The power supply system according to claim 4, wherein the heat exchanger comprises an absorber configured to absorb the received energy to generate heat. 6. The power supply system according to claim 5, wherein the absorber comprises a plurality of air channels and the receiver further comprises a compressor configured for supplying pressurized air into the air channels and a turbine for receiving heated pressurized air from the absorber, which imparts rotational energy to the turbine. 7. The power supply system according to claim 6, wherein the turbine is configured to at least one of rotate the compressor and generate electricity. 8. The power supply system according to claim 6, wherein at least some of the heated pressurized air escapes from the turbine to impart thrust to the vehicle. 9. The power supply system according to claim 6, wherein the compressor is structured to receive air from outside of the vehicle. 10. The power supply system according to claim 6, further comprising a bypass fan for supplying air into the compressor. 11. The power supply system according to claim 6, further comprising a fluid supply coupled to supply a fluid to the absorber. 12. The power supply system according to claim 11, wherein the fluid in the fluid supply is one of nitrogen or air. 13. The power supply system according to claim 5, further comprising a ramjet engine having inlet and outlet nozzles configured as converging type, diverging type or any converging-diverging combination of nozzles, wherein the absorber is positioned between the inlet and exit nozzles. 14. The power supply system according to claim 5, further comprising microwave lenses and an internal waveguide to receive and guide the energy transmitted from the energy source from an end of the vehicle to the absorber. 15. The power supply system according to claim 5, wherein the vehicle comprises a dielectric shell located on at least one end of the vehicle, the dielectric shell being structured to be invisible to the energy transmitted from the energy source. 16. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the receiver comprises a plurality of rectennae configured to receive the energy transmitted from the energy source and to convert the received energy into electrical power. 17. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the structure comprises a tubular structure maintained at a near vacuum pressure and a track over or on which the vehicle moves. 18. The power supply system according to claim 17, wherein the at least one energy source comprises a plurality of energy sources arranged along a length of the tubular structure. 19. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the tubular structure comprises at least one section having a reduced diameter, whereby, as the vehicle moves into the at least one reduced diameter section, a plug of air is created in front of the vehicle to impede forward motion of the vehicle. 20. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the vehicle comprises at least one section having an increasable exterior height, whereby, as the exterior height of the at least one section is increased, a plug of air is created in front of the vehicle to impede forward motion of the vehicle. 21. The power supply system according to claim 6, further comprising a fluid supply structured and arranged to selectively supply a fluid under pressure into the air channels. 22. The power supply according to claim 1, wherein the movable vehicle is a capsule or pod. 23. A method of supplying power to a vehicle movable within a structure, the method comprising: transmitting energy within the structure from a location fixed within the structure; receiving the transmitted energy in the movable vehicle; and converting the received energy into at least one of electrical power and thrust. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein an interior of the structure includes a waveguide. 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the energy transmitted within the structure is microwave energy. 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the received energy is converted into heat by an absorber. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the absorber comprises a plurality of air channels and the method further comprises pressurizing air from outside of the vehicle; supplying the pressurized air into the air channels; and transmitting the heated pressurized air to impart rotational energy to a turbine. 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the turbine rotates the compressor and/or generates electricity. 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein at least some of the heated pressurized air escapes from the turbine to impart thrust to the vehicle. 30. The method according to claim 27, wherein the air from outside of the vehicle that is pressurized is forced into the receiver by a bypass fan. 31.-42. (canceled)",
-    "An arrangement for a touch sensitive apparatus comprises a light transmissive panel having a front surface and an opposite rear surface defining an optical media for transmitting light signals via total internal reflection. A shield layer is arranged at the rear surface of the light transmissive panel and is substantially non-transparent to visible light from the front surface. A refractive layer is arranged between the light transmissive panel and the shield layer and allows a light signal to propagate by total internal reflection within the light transmissive panel. At least one aperture is arranged through the shield layer and the refractive layer and is configured to allow a light signal to pass through the aperture. The shield layer, the refractive layer, and the aperture are arranged at the periphery of the light transmissive panel. 1. An arrangement for a touch sensitive apparatus, comprising a light transmissive panel having a front surface and an opposite rear surface defining an optical media for transmitting light signals via total internal reflection; a shield layer arranged at the rear surface of the light transmissive panel and being substantially non-transparent to visible light from the front surface; a refractive layer arranged between the light transmissive panel and the shield layer and that allows an light signal to propagate by total internal reflection within the light transmissive panel; and at least one aperture arranged through the shield layer and the refractive layer and being configured to allow a light signal to pass through the aperture; wherein the shield layer, the refractive layer, and the aperture are arranged at the periphery of the light transmissive panel. 2. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the arrangement comprises at least one electric component arranged at the shield layer, such as printed on the shield layer. 3. The arrangement of claim 2, wherein the aperture is arranged closer to the periphery of the light transmissive panel than the printed electric component. 4. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the at least one aperture is arranged at the edge of the light transmissive panel. 5. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the light transmissive panel has a first refractive index and the refractive layer has a second refractive index, which is lower than the first refractive index. 6. The arrangement of claim 5, wherein the second refractive index is in the range of 1.15 to 1.45, preferably in the range of 1.20 to 1.40. 7. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the refractive layer comprises an amorphous fluoropolymer. 8. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the refractive layer has a layer thickness larger than 3 \u03bcm. 9. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the aperture comprises an IR transparent substance, such as an IR transparent ink. 10. The arrangement of claim 1, wherein the shield layer comprises a substantially opaque light absorbing substance, optionally substantially having the same color as a color of the aperture. 11. A film for a touch panel of a touch sensing apparatus, comprising: a refractive layer having a front surface and an opposing rear surface having a first refractive index; a shield layer arranged at the rear surface of refractive layer and being substantially non-transparent to visible light from the front surface of the refractive layer; and at least one aperture arranged through the shield layer and the refractive layer and being configured to allow light to pass through the aperture. 12. The film of claim 11, comprising at least one electric component printed on the shield layer. 13. A method for mounting a shield layer for shielding electric components of a touch sensing system, comprising providing a light transmissive panel having a front surface and an opposite rear surface defining an optical media for transmitting light signals via total internal reflection; arranging a refractive layer on the rear surface of the light transmissive panel, which allows a light signal to propagate by total internal reflection within the light transmissive panel; and arranging a shield layer on the rear surface of the refractive layer, which is substantially non-transparent to visible light from the front surface; providing at least one aperture through the shield layer and the refractive layer, which is configured to allow light to pass through the aperture; wherein the shield layer, the refractive layer, and the aperture are arranged at the periphery of the light transmissive panel. 14. The method of claim 13, comprising arranging a component on the shield layer, such as printing the component on the shield layer. 15. A touch sensitive apparatus for a touch sensing system operating using light signals, comprising the arrangement according to claim 1 and components arranged at a rear surface of the light transmissive panel and on the shield layer of the arrangement to be invisible from the front surface the light transmissive panel.",
-    "A prosthetic heart valve includes a plurality of leaflets and an expandable member including one or more braided wires with a first set of wire segments extended helically in a first direction and a second set of wire segments extended helically in a second direction such that each wire segment of the first set intersects a plurality of wire segments from the second set at a plurality of intersection points. The one or more braided wires can have crowns where the wire segments of the first set connect to wire segments of the second set. The heart valve can include a tubular seal secured to the plurality of leaflets and to the expandable member by a plurality of sutures. The sutures can include cross stitches formed around both a wire segment of the first set and a wire segment of the second set at one of the intersection points. 1. A prosthetic heart valve comprising: an expandable member comprising one or more braided wires, the one or more braided wires comprising a first set of wire segments extended helically in a first direction and a second set of wire segments extended helically in a second direction such that each wire segment of the first set intersects a plurality of wire segments from the second set at a plurality of intersection points, wherein the one or more braided wires have crowns where the wire segments of the first set connect to wire segments of the second set; a plurality of leaflets being secured within the expandable member; and a tubular seal comprising an elastomeric material, the tubular seal having an inflow edge being secured to bottom inflow edges of the plurality of leaflets and to the expandable member by a plurality of sutures, characterized by the sutures comprising cross stitches formed around both a wire segment of the first set and a wire segment of the second set at one of the intersection points. 2. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein each cross stitch is an independently tied off stitch unconnected to other cross stitches. 3. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein each cross stitch is attached at an intersection point immediately adjacent a crown at an inflow side of the expandable member. 4. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the plurality of leaflets are secured together along side edges thereof. 5. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 4, wherein the plurality of leaflets each comprise two sleeve portions, wherein the sleeve portions are secured to the expandable member by a plurality of anchor elements. 6. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the tubular seal comprises a plurality of non-elastic fibers retained within a matrix of the elastomeric material, the non-elastic fibers being arranged to allow the tubular seal to stretch in an axial or a radial direction. 7. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 6, wherein the non-elastic fibers are part of a fabric. 8. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 7, wherein the fabric has a thickness ranging from about 40 to about 80 microns. 9. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 7, wherein the fabric is a woven fabric. 10. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 9, wherein the woven fabric comprises fibers in a warp direction and fibers in a waft direction, wherein the fibers in both the warp direction and the waft direction are angled with respect to a central axis of the tubular seal. 11. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 10, wherein the fibers in both the warp direction and the waft direct are angled at an angle between 5 degrees and 70 degrees with respect to the central axis of the tubular seal. 12. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 7, wherein the fibers are made of polyester. 13. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 6, wherein the non-elastic fibers are uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix. 14. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 1, wherein the tubular seal has a substantially uniform thickness. 15. A prosthetic heart valve comprising: an expandable member comprising one or more braided wires, the one or more braided wires comprising a first set of wire segments and a second set of wire segments such that each wire segment of the first set intersects a plurality of wire segments from the second set at a plurality of intersection points; a plurality of leaflets being secured within the expandable member; and a tubular seal comprising an elastomeric material, the tubular seal having an inflow edge being secured to bottom inflow edges of the plurality of leaflets and to the expandable member by a plurality of sutures, wherein the sutures comprise cross stitches formed around both a wire segment of the first set and a wire segment of the second set at one of the intersection points; wherein the tubular seal comprises an outflow end region and an inflow end region, the inflow end region being a portion of the tubular seal comprising a fabric within a matrix of an elastomeric matrix, wherein the fabric has a non-linear edge defining an interface between the inflow end region and the outflow end region. 16. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 15, wherein the non-linear edge of the fabric has a sinusoidal or scalloped shape. 17. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 15, wherein the plurality of leaflets are secured to the tubular seal by a continuous circumferential running stitch. 18. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 15, wherein the first set of wire segments extends helically in a first direction and a second set of wire segments extends helically in a second direction. 19. The prosthetic heart valve of claim 18, wherein the one or more braided wires have crowns where the wire segments of the first set connect to wire segments of the second set. 20. A method of making a tubular seal of a prosthetic heart valve, the method comprising: forming a tubular seal that includes a fabric within a matrix by dipping a mandrel with a first coating composition comprising at least one elastomeric polymer; drying the first coating composition; positioning the fabric on the mandrel; applying a second coating composition on the mandrel, the second coating composition being different than the first coating composition; and removing the tubular seal from the mandrel.",
-    "A disc brake having a caliper, a housing bore, a guide insert, and a piston. The housing bore extends inboard from an outboard face of a housing portion of the caliper. The guide insert may have an inner guide bore and may be mounted within the housing bore. The piston may be slideable within the inner guide bore relative to the guide insert so as to urge a brake pad towards a rotor. 1. A disc brake comprising: a caliper having a bridge portion arranged to extend over a rotor and a housing portion disposed inboard of the bridge portion and the rotor; a housing bore extending inboard from an outboard face of the housing portion; a separate guide insert having an inner guide bore and being mounted within the housing bore such that an inner surface of the housing bore limits transverse movement of the guide insert; and a piston slideable within the inner guide bore relative to the guide insert so as to urge a brake pad towards the rotor and apply the disc brake, wherein the inner guide bore is dimensioned relative to the piston to restrain movement of the piston transverse to a longitudinal axis of the piston. 2. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the housing bore is substantially cylindrical. 3. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the guide insert is substantially cylindrical. 4. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the guide insert has a radially extending external lip configured to engage the outboard face adjacent to the housing bore to limit axial movement of the guide insert inboard. 5. The disc brake of claim 1 further comprising a retaining insert configured to engage the guide insert to retain the guide insert within the housing bore in at least one axial direction. 6. The disc brake of claim 5 wherein the retaining insert is disposed adjacent to an outboard opening of the housing bore and projects from the outboard face of the housing portion, wherein at least a portion of the retaining insert is deformable over the guide insert to retain the guide insert within the housing bore. 7. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the guide insert is retained within the housing bore by using a removable fastener to mount the guide insert within the housing bore. 8. The disc brake of claim 7 wherein the guide insert has a first circumferential recess in an external surface, the inner surface of the housing bore has a corresponding second circumferential recess, and the removable fastener is a circlip, snap ring or canted clip that engages the first and second circumferential recesses. 9. The disc brake of claim 1 further comprising a sealing element mounted proximate an outboard opening of the housing bore. 10. The disc brake of claim 1 further comprising an operating shaft mounted in the housing portion inboard of the piston, the operating shaft being dimensioned so as to fit through the housing bore. 11. The disc brake of claim 1 wherein the disc brake is a single piston disc brake. 12. A method of assembling a disc brake, the method comprising: manufacturing a caliper having a bridge portion for extending over a rotor and a housing portion inboard of the bridge portion and rotor, wherein the caliper has a housing bore extending inboard from an outboard face of the housing portion; providing a guide insert having an inner guide bore; inserting a piston within the inner guide bore, the piston being slidable within the inner guide bore relative to the guide insert so as to urge a brake pad towards the rotor and apply the disc brake; mounting the guide insert and the piston within the housing bore such that an inner surface of the housing bore limits transverse movement of the guide insert in a desired final position; and securing the guide insert in the desired final position. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising providing a deformable retaining insert on the caliper adjacent an opening of the housing bore so that the retaining insert projects from the outboard face, and deforming the retaining insert to retain the guide insert. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the retaining insert is metallic and mounting the retaining insert to the caliper comprises casting the caliper around the retaining insert. 15. A method of reassembling a disc brake that has a deformed retaining insert, the method comprising: removing a deformed portion of the deformed retaining insert that a guide insert is no longer retained in a housing bore of a caliper ; removing the guide insert from the caliper; inserting a snap ring, circlip and/or canted clip in a circumferential recess of the guide insert or a different guide insert; and mounting the guide insert within the caliper.",
-    "A nozzle arrangement has nozzle arrays arranged in a first direction. Liquid passages are interconnected via a communication path and arranged in the first direction. Nozzles in each one of the nozzle arrays are connected to a corresponding one of the liquid passages. Each of the liquid passages has a first end connected to a supply port and a second end connected to the communication path, in a second direction. The controller controls a flushing operation ejecting liquid from the nozzles as waste liquid. The controller controls the head portion to perform a selective flushing operation. The selective flushing operation is an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles corresponding to a part, being at least one of the liquid passages, of a set of liquid passages while stopping ejection of the liquid from the nozzles corresponding to a remaining part of the set of liquid passages. 1. A print device comprising: a head portion including a nozzle arrangement, the nozzle arrangement having nozzle arrays arranged in a first direction, each of the nozzle arrays having nozzles arranged in a second direction crossing the first direction, each of the nozzles being provided to eject liquid; a set of liquid passages provided to supply the liquid to the nozzle arrangement, the set of liquid passages having liquid passages arranged in the first direction and interconnected via a communication path, the nozzles in each one of the nozzle arrays being connected to a corresponding one of the liquid passages, each of the liquid passages extending in the second direction and having a first end and a second end in the second direction, the first end being connected to a supply port provided to supply the liquid to the liquid passage, and the second end being an end opposite to the first end and connected to the communication path; a controller configured to control a flushing operation of the head portion, the flushing operation being an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles as waste liquid, and the waste liquid not being used for printing; and the controller being configured to control the head portion to perform a selective flushing operation, the selective flushing operation being an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles corresponding to a part, being at least one of the liquid passages, of the set of liquid passages while stopping ejection of the liquid from the nozzles corresponding to a remaining part of the set of liquid passages. 2. The print device according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion to perform the selective flushing operation, the selective flushing operation being an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles included in a region in the nozzle arrangement while stopping ejection of the liquid from the nozzles out of the region, the region being located on the second end side, in the second direction, of the liquid passage. 3. The print device according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion to eject the liquid from a closest nozzle to the second end in the nozzle array when performing the selective flushing operation. 4. The print device according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion so as not to eject the liquid from the nozzles included in the nozzle array arranged on an end, in the first direction, of the nozzle arrays when performing the selective flushing operation. 5. The print device according to claim 2, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion to: perform a first selective flushing operation as the selective flushing operation, the first selective flushing operation being an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles included in a first region in the nozzle arrangement while stopping ejection of the liquid from the nozzles out of the first region, the first region corresponding to a first part, being at least one of the liquid passages, of the set of liquid passages and being located on the second end side, in the second direction, of the liquid passage; and perform a second selective flushing operation as the selective flushing operation, the second selective flushing operation being an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles included in a second region in the nozzle arrangement while stopping ejection of the liquid from the nozzles out of the second region, the second region corresponding to a second part, being at least one of the liquid passages, of the set of liquid passages and being located on the second end side, in the second direction, of the liquid passage, the second part having the nozzle array different from the first part. 6. The print device according to claim 5, wherein each of the first part and the second part includes a plurality of the nozzle arrays. 7. The print device according to claim 5, wherein the first part does not include the nozzle array included in the second part. 8. The print device according to claim 5, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion to: perform an overall flushing operation as the flushing operation, the overall flushing operation being an operation of ejecting the liquid from the nozzles included in the first region, the second region and a third region, the third region being a region on the first end side of the nozzle arrays, with respect to the first region and the second region. 9. The print device according to claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion to: perform the overall flushing operation after performing the first selective flushing operation, and perform the second selective flushing operation after performing the overall flushing operation. 10. The print device according to claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to control the head portion to: perform the second selective flushing operation after performing the first selective flushing operation, and perform the overall flushing operation after performing the second selective flushing operation. 11. The print device according to claim 5, further comprising: a first head unit having the head portion mounted thereon, the head portion ejecting a first liquid, as the liquid, onto the print medium; and a second head unit having the head portion mounted thereon, the head portion ejecting a second liquid, as the liquid, onto the print medium, a pigment contained in the second liquid being less likely to sediment compared to a pigment contained in the first liquid, wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the head portion such that the first selective flushing operation and the second selective flushing operation are performed in the head portion of the first head unit. 12. The print device according to claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to control the first and second head units to: perform a flushing operation different from the selective flushing operation in the head portion of the second head unit when the selective flushing operation is performed in the head portion of the first head unit. 13. The print device according to claim 11, further comprising: a cap, wherein the cap is provided to be selectively settable to a cover state and a release state, the cover state being a state in which the nozzles of the head portion in the first head unit and the nozzles of the head portion in the second head unit are covered, and the release state being a state in which the nozzles are not covered, and the controller is configured to control operation of the head portion and the cap to: set the cap to one of the cover state and the release state; and perform the first selective flushing operation and the second selective flushing operation for the nozzles of the head portion in the first head unit and also perform the flushing operation different from the first selective flushing operation and the second selective flushing operation for the nozzles of the head portion in the second head unit, when the cap is set to the release state. 14. The print device according to claim 13, wherein the print device is capable of performing purging to eject the liquid from the nozzles by applying a pressure to an inner portion of the cap in the cover state; and wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the head portion and the cap to perform the first selective flushing operation and the second selective flushing operation before and after performing the purging. 15. The print device according to claim 5, wherein the second region is arranged adjacent to the first region in the first direction.",
-    "Systems and methods for processing and/or presenting data are disclosed. In an aspect, one method can comprise receiving a request for information and detecting a type of data representing the information requested. The data can be processed via a type-dependent agent and the processed data can be provided via an agnostic data engine. 1. A method comprising: receiving a request for information; detecting a type of data representing the information requested; processing the data via a type-dependent agent; and providing the processed data via an agnostic data engine.",
-    "An acidic gas separation laminate includes a composite film formed of a porous support which is formed by laminating a porous film and an auxiliary support film and an acidic gas separation facilitated transport film which is disposed on the porous film side of the porous support; a permeating gas channel member which is laminated so as to face the auxiliary support film of the porous support and in which acidic gas permeated and passed through the acidic gas separation facilitated transport film flows; and a film protection unit in which an adhesive becomes impregnated into the porous film at an impregnation rate of 10% or greater in the lamination direction of the porous support and the impregnation rate of the adhesive in the auxiliary support film is smaller than the impregnation rate of the adhesive in the porous film. 1. An acidic gas separation laminate comprising: a composite film formed of a porous support which is formed by laminating a porous film and an auxiliary support film, a carrier which is disposed on the porous film side of the porous support and reacts with acidic gas in raw material gas, and an acidic gas separation facilitated transport film which contains a hydrophilic compound carrying the carrier; a permeating gas channel member which is laminated so as to face the auxiliary support film of the porous support and in which acidic gas permeated and passed through the composite film flows; and a film protection unit in which an adhesive becomes impregnated into the porous film at an impregnation rate of 10% or greater in a lamination direction of the porous support and the impregnation rate of the adhesive in the auxiliary support film is smaller than the impregnation rate of the adhesive in the porous film. 2. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, further comprising: a sealing unit which is formed by impregnating the porous film with the adhesive along the peripheral edge of the laminate at an impregnation rate of 60% or greater and impregnating the auxiliary support film and the gas channel member with the adhesive such that the respective impregnation rates become greater than or equal to the impregnation rate of the adhesive in the porous film, wherein the film protection unit is formed in a state of being adjacent to the sealing unit. 3. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, further comprising: a supply gas channel member which is disposed between the acidic gas separation facilitated transport films of the composite film that is obtained by inwardly folding the acidic gas separation facilitated transport film into two in the length direction, wherein the film protection unit is formed on a portion overlapping the acidic gas separation facilitated transport film portion with which an end portion of the supply gas channel member is brought into contact. 4. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, wherein the porous film is formed of a fluorine-based resin material. 5. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 4, wherein the porous film is formed of polytetrafluoroethylene. 6. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive is formed of an epoxy resin. 7. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1, further comprising an intermediate layer between the porous film and the acidic gas separation facilitated transport film. 8. The acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 7, wherein the intermediate layer is a silicone resin layer. 9. An acidic gas separation module comprising: a permeating gas collecting pipe; and the acidic gas separation laminate according to claim 1. 10. The acidic gas separation module according to claim 9, which is a spiral type module. 11. The acidic gas separation module according to claim 9, which is a flat film type module.",
-    "A feeding device for feeding an optical fiber from a coil and for recoiling unused fiber for use in an apparatus for measuring the temperature of a melt is provided. The feeding device includes a support for a coil, a feeding mechanism for decoiling the optical fiber from the coil and recoiling the optical fiber, at least one motor for driving the feeding mechanism, and a load for the optical fiber which avoids a spring back effect of the optical fiber from the coil. Blockage is avoided when decoiling and recoiling the optical fiber from the coil. 1.-15. (canceled) 16. A feeding device for feeding an optical fiber (10), preferably a metal coated optical fiber (10), from a coil (20) and for recoiling unused fiber (10) for use in an apparatus (100) for measuring the temperature of a melt (52), the feeding device comprising: a support for a coil; a feeding mechanism for decoiling an optical fiber from the coil and for recoiling the optical fiber; at least one motor for driving the feeding mechanism; and a load for the optical fiber which can avoid a spring back effect of the optical fiber from the coil. 17. The feeding device according to claim 16, wherein the load is a guide for the optical fiber (10) in the form of a flexible tube (23). 18. The feeding device according to claim 17, wherein the flexible tube (23) is formed from metal. 19. The feeding device according to claim 17, wherein the flexible tube (23) comprises a non-fixed end (26). 20. The feeding device according to claim 19, wherein the non-fixed end (26) of the flexible tube ends below an axis (22) for the coil (20). 21. The feeding device according to claim 17, wherein an inner diameter of the flexible tube (23) is more than 10 mm, preferably more than 30 mm, and/or wherein a length of the flexible tube (23) is more than 100 mm, preferably more than 200 mm. 22. The feeding device according to claim 21, wherein the inner diameter of the flexible tube (23) is at least five times larger, preferably at least ten times larger, than an outer diameter of the optical fiber (10). 23. The feeding device according to claim 16, wherein the device comprises a housing (24) which covers the support (21) for the coil (20) and the load (23) for the optical fiber (10). 24. The feeding device according to claim 23, wherein the housing (24) is a cabinet preferably comprising: a first accessible compartment (27) for the support (21) for the coil and the load (23); and a second compartment (28) for electrical equipment of the feeding device. 25. The feeding device according to claim 24, wherein the second compartment (28) comprising electrical equipment of the feeding device is configured to be closed by a lock of a door. 26. The feeding device according to claim 25, wherein the cabinet (24), preferably only the first compartment (27) for the support (21) for the coil and the load (23), is air-conditioned. 27. The feeding device according to claim 16, further comprising means for converting light transmitted by the optical fiber (10) into a temperature. 28. The feeding device according claim 16, further comprising a motor drive for the coil (20). 29. A robotic immersion device for measuring the temperature in a metallurgical vessel, the robotic immersion device comprising a feeding device according to claim 16. 30. A robotic immersion device according to claim 29, further comprising a disposable guiding tube having an immersion end and a second end opposite to the immersion end, wherein the optical fiber (10) can be partially arranged in the disposable guiding tube, wherein an inner diameter of the disposable guiding tube is bigger than an outer diameter of the optical fiber (10), wherein an elastic plug is arranged at the second end of or within the disposable guiding tube, and wherein the optical fiber is fed through the elastic plug and the elastic plug reduces a gap between the optical fiber and the disposable guiding tube.",
-    "A dispenser includes a base holding a cartridge that includes a volatile material reservoir. The base includes a plurality of ribs that support a peripheral flange of the cartridge. The plurality of ribs support a portion of the peripheral flange having a permeable membrane disposed thereon. A first removable cover is attached to the base and has at least one aperture and a first regulating plate. The first cover may be removed and replaced by at least a second cover that has at least one aperture and a second, different regulating plate. 1. A dispenser, comprising: a base holding a cartridge having a volatile material reservoir, the base including a plurality of ribs to support a peripheral flange of the cartridge, wherein the plurality of ribs support a portion of the peripheral flange having a permeable membrane disposed thereon; and a first removable cover attached to the base having at least one aperture and a first regulating plate, wherein the first cover may be removed and replaced by at least a second cover having at least one aperture and a second, different regulating plate. 2. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the reservoir contains a volatile material and is covered by the permeable membrane. 3. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the second cover includes a sliding regulating plate for alternatively covering or exposing the at least one aperture thereof. 4. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the second cover includes a rotatable regulating plate for alternatively covering or exposing the at least one aperture thereof. 5. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the first regulating plate of the first removable cover includes at least one window, and wherein the second regulating plate includes at least one of a differently sized and shaped window. 6. The dispenser of claim 5, wherein the second regulating plate includes at least one of a sliding regulating plate and a rotatable regulating plate. 7. The dispenser of claim 1, wherein the first and second covers may be removed and replaced by at least a third cover having at least one aperture and a third, different regulating plate. 8. A dispenser, comprising: a base holding a cartridge including a flange having a permeable membrane disposed thereon, the base including a plurality of ribs protruding therefrom, wherein the plurality of ribs are positioned between the base and a portion of the flange having the permeable membrane disposed thereon; and a cover attached to the base having at least one aperture and a regulating plate, wherein the regulating plate includes an adjustment tab extending through the cover. 9. The dispenser of claim 8, wherein the cartridge includes a reservoir that contains a volatile material and is covered by the permeable membrane. 10. The dispenser of claim 8, wherein a dispensing rate of the dispenser is controlled by adjusting the adjustment tab of the regulating plate. 11. The dispenser of claim 8, wherein the regulating plate is rotatingly attached to the cover and an axis of rotation of the regulating plate is located centrally to the cover. 12. The dispenser of claim 8, wherein the regulating plate includes at least two windows that are of a different size and shape than the at least one aperture of the cover. 13. The dispenser of claim 12, wherein rotation of the regulating plate by moving the adjustment tab changes an alignment of the windows of the regulating plate and the at least one aperture of the cover. 14. The dispenser of claim 8, wherein a bottom surface of a reservoir of the cartridge is in engagement with a domed portion of the base that exerts a force thereupon to deflect the bottom surface inwardly. 15. The dispenser of claim 8, wherein a bottom surface of a reservoir of the cartridge includes a dome shaped recess that is complementary to a domed portion extending from the base.",
-    "Methods and systems for normalizing a read-write cache allocation pool for virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) workloads are disclosed. The method includes determining a cache allocation policy; determining a range of expected input/output (I/O) levels of a storage system; determining a current I/O level of the storage system; determining a target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy, the range of expected I/O levels, and the current I/O level, the target cache allocation including a first memory region allocated to read cache operations and a second memory region allocated to write cache operations; and reallocating cache memory based on the target cache allocation. 1. A method for normalizing a read-write cache allocation pool for VDI workloads, comprising: determining a cache allocation policy; determining a range of expected input/output (I/O) levels of a storage system; determining a current I/O level of the storage system; determining a target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy, the range of expected I/O levels, and the current I/O level, the target cache allocation including a first memory region allocated to read cache operations and a second memory region allocated to write cache operations; and reallocating cache memory based on the target cache allocation. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining historical usage data, wherein the target cache allocation is further based on the historical usage data. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising updating the historical usage data based on the current I/O level. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining expected workload characteristics, wherein the target cache allocation is further based on the expected workload characteristics. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a threshold transition time; estimating an estimated transition time; and comparing the estimated transition time to the threshold transition time; wherein determining the target cache allocation comprises preventing a change to the cache allocation based on a determination that the estimated transition time is greater than the threshold transition time. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the target cache allocation comprises: comparing the current I/O level to the range of expected I/O levels; determining the target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy based on a determination that the current I/O level falls within the range of expected I/O levels; and determining the target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy and the current I/O level based on a determination that the current I/O level does not fall within the range of expected I/O levels. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein reallocating cache memory comprises: flushing a portion of the second memory region; setting an atomic switch; adjusting the size of the second memory region; and unsetting the atomic switch. 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium, comprising computer readable instructions which, when executed, cause a processor to: determine a cache allocation policy; determine a range of expected input/output (I/O) levels of a storage system; determine a current I/O level of the storage system; determine a target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy, the range of expected I/O levels, and the current I/O level, the target cache allocation including a first memory region allocated to read cache operations and a second memory region allocated to write cache operations; and reallocate cache memory based on the target cache allocation. 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to determine historical usage data, wherein the target cache allocation is further based on the historical usage data. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to update the historical usage data based on the current I/O level. 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to determine expected workload characteristics, wherein the target cache allocation is further based on the expected workload characteristics. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to: determine a threshold transition time; estimate an estimated transition time; and compare the estimated transition time to the threshold transition time; wherein determining the target cache allocation comprises preventing a change to the cache allocation based on a determination that the estimated transition time is greater than the threshold transition time. 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein determining the target cache allocation comprises: comparing the current I/O level to the range of expected I/O levels; determining the target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy based on a determination that the current I/O level falls within the range of expected I/O levels; and determining the target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy and the current I/O level based on a determination that the current I/O level does not fall within the range of expected I/O levels. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein reallocating cache memory comprises: flushing a portion of the second memory region; setting an atomic switch; adjusting the size of the second memory region; and unsetting the atomic switch. 15. An information handling system, comprising: at least one processor; a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; and a cache manager including computer readable instructions in the memory, the instructions, when executed, for causing the processor to: determine a cache allocation policy; determine a range of expected input/output (I/O) levels of a storage system; determine a current I/O level of the storage system; determine a target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy, the range of expected I/O levels, and the current I/O level, the target cache allocation including a first memory region allocated to read cache operations and a second memory region allocated to write cache operations; and reallocate cache memory based on the target cache allocation. 16. The information handling system of claim 15, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to determine historical usage data, wherein the target cache allocation is further based on the historical usage data. 17. The information handling system of claim 15, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to update the historical usage data based on the current I/O level. 18. The information handling system of claim 15, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to determine expected workload characteristics, wherein the target cache allocation is further based on the expected workload characteristics. 19. The information handling system of claim 15, the instructions, when executed, further causing the processor to: determine a threshold transition time; estimate an estimated transition time; and compare the estimated transition time to the threshold transition time; wherein determining the target cache allocation comprises preventing a change to the cache allocation based on a determination that the estimated transition time is greater than the threshold transition time. 20. The information handling system of claim 15, wherein determining the target cache allocation comprises: comparing the current I/O level to the range of expected I/O levels; determining the target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy based on a determination that the current I/O level falls within the range of expected I/O levels; and determining the target cache allocation based on the cache allocation policy and the current I/O level based on a determination that the current I/O level does not fall within the range of expected I/O levels.",
-    "A camera module includes a coil member, a magnet member, and a sensor member. The coil member is positioned on a first surface of a fixed unit. The magnet member is positioned on a movable unit and facing the coil member. The sensor member is positioned on a second surface of the fixed unit and configured to sense a position of the movable unit. 1. A camera module, comprising: a coil member positioned on a first surface of a fixed unit; a magnet member positioned on a movable unit and facing the coil member; and a sensor member positioned on a second surface of the fixed unit and configured to sense a position of the movable unit. 2. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the first and second surfaces are orthogonal to each other. 3. The camera module of claim 1, wherein a fitting window into which the sensor member is fitted is formed on the second surface of the fixed unit. 4. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the sensor member comprises terminals extended in one direction. 5. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the sensor member comprises a protrusion part coupled to the fixed unit. 6. The camera module of claim 1, further comprising: a magnetic body positioned on the movable unit configured to face the sensor member. 7. The camera module of claim 1, further comprising: an image sensor unit configured to convert an optical signal incident through lenses of the movable unit into an electrical signal. 8. A camera module, comprising: a fixed unit comprising a coupling window formed on a first side surface thereof and comprising a fitting window formed on a second side surface thereof, wherein the fixed unit comprises a space in which a movable unit is accommodated; an actuator unit configured to move the movable unit in an optical axis direction; a substrate unit positioned in the coupling window and comprising a coil member of the actuator unit positioned thereon; and a sensor member positioned in the fitting window and configured to sense a movement position of the movable unit. 9. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the first and second side surfaces are orthogonal to each other in the fixed units. 10. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the first and second side surfaces are adjacent to each other in the fixed unit. 11. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the first and second side surfaces are opposite to each other in the fixed unit. 12. The camera module of claim 8, further comprising: a magnetic body positioned on the movable unit and configured to generate a magnetic force line sensed by the sensor member. 13. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the sensor member comprises: a sensor body, terminals extended from the sensor body, and a fitting protrusion extended from the sensor body in a direction perpendicular to the terminals. 14. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the sensor member is positioned at a same height as that of a magnet member of the actuator unit. 15. The camera module of claim 8, further comprising: an image sensor unit connected to the sensor member. 16. A camera module, comprising: a substrate unit comprising a body part comprising a coil member and connection pads, a cover part, and a separation groove positioned between the body part and the cover part, wherein the cover part is configured to insulate the coil member and configured to fold on the body part in relation to the separation groove and cover a portion of the body part; and a magnet member disposed on a movable unit and configured to face the coil member, wherein a position of the movable unit is aligned by the coil member and the magnet member. 17. The camera module of claim 16, wherein the position of the movable unit in an X axis direction, perpendicular to an optical axis, is aligned by the coil member and the magnet member. 18. The camera module of claim 17, further comprising: a fixed unit configured to accommodate the movable unit therein, and comprising a coupling window formed on one side surface of the fixed unit and configured to receive the magnet member and to enable the magnet member to face the coil member, and a sensor member, wherein the position of the movable unit in a Y axis direction, perpendicular to the optical axis and the X axis direction, is aligned. 19. The camera module of claim 16, wherein the coil member is positioned on a first surface of the substrate unit, and a printed circuit and connection pads are formed on a second surface of the substrate unit. 20. The camera module of claim 19, wherein the substrate unit comprises a resin layer, a metal layer, and a protecting layer, wherein the resin layer forms a core of the substrate unit, the metal layer is formed on a surface of the resin layer to form the connection pads, and the protecting layer is formed on the second surface of the substrate unit, and covers the metal layer to prevent most of the metal layer from being exposed.",
-    "A starting read threshold is received. A first offset and a second offset is determined. A first read is performed at the starting read threshold offset by the first offset to obtain a first hard read value and a second read is performed at the starting read threshold offset by the second offset to obtain a second hard read value. A soft read value is generated based at least in part on the first hard read value and the second hard read value. 1.-7. (canceled) 8. A system for generating a soft read value, comprising: a storage read interface configured to read at a read threshold; and a soft information generator configured to: obtain an old bin associated with a cell; map the old bin to a new bin; and assign, to the cell, a soft read value corresponding to the new bin. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the system includes a semiconductor device, including one or more of the following: an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). 10. The system of claim 8 further comprising solid state storage, wherein the storage read interface is configured to read the solid state storage. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the soft information generator is configured to map by: determining if the read threshold falls in a given bin; and in the event the read threshold falls in the given bin, dividing the given bin in half at the read threshold. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the soft information generator is further configured to map by: in the event the read threshold does not fall in the given bin, mapping the given bin to a new bin that preserves the left bin boundary and the right bin boundary of the given bin. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the storage read interface is configured to read a single level cell (SLC) storage. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the storage read interface is configured to read a multi-level cell (MLC) storage. 15. The system of claim 14 further comprising a read threshold generator configured to generate a left most significant bit (MSB) read threshold and a right MSB read threshold, wherein the read threshold generator is configured to: during a first read period, hold the left MSB read threshold fixed and permit the right MSB read threshold to vary; and during a second read period, permit the left MSB read threshold to vary and hold the right MSB read threshold fixed. 16. The system of claim 14 further comprising a read threshold generator configured to generate a left most significant bit (MSB) read threshold and a right MSB read threshold, wherein the read threshold generator is configured to let the left MSB read threshold and the right MSB read threshold simultaneously vary. 17. (canceled) 18. A method for generating a soft read value, comprising: using a storage read interface to read at a read threshold; obtaining an old bin associated with a cell; using a soft information generator to map the old bin to a new bin; and using the soft information generator to assign, to the cell, a soft read value corresponding to the new bin.",
-    "A toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head includes a handle portion, a handle front section connected to the handle portion and having a supporting platform, a front-push mechanism including a pulling arm pivotally attached to the handle portion and push and locking plates stacked together penetrating the handle front section, the pulling arm driving the push and locking plates to move; a brush head replaceably installed on the supporting platform, the locking plate locked onto the brush head and handle front section; the pulling arm is pulled and rotated to move the locking and push plates toward the brush head and to release the locking plate, handle front section and brush head from locking while the push plate pushing the brush head away from the supporting platform. Therefore, the release of locking and disengagement of the brush head are achieved simultaneously to facilitate operations of the toothbrush. 1. A toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head, comprising: a handle portion; a handle front section connected to the handle portion, the handle front section having a supporting platform; a front-push mechanism comprising a pulling arm pivotally attached to the handle portion as well as a push plate and a locking plate stacked onto each other and penetrating through the handle front section; the pulling arm used for driving the push plate and the locking plate to move forward and backward; and a brush head replaceably installed on the supporting platform, one end of the locking plate locked onto the brush head and the handle portion front section; wherein the pulling arm is pulled and rotated to allow the locking plate and the push plate to move in a direction toward the brush head and to allow the locking plate, the handle front section and the brush head to be released from locking while allowing push plate to push the brush head to move in a direction away from the supporting platform for withdrawal. 2. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 1, wherein the handle portion includes a receiving slot; the receiving slot includes a pivotal attachment hole and a locking slot formed therein; the pulling arm is installed corresponding to the receiving slot; the pulling arm includes a pivotal axle and a locking hook extended therefrom; the pivotal axle is attached to the pivotal attachment hole correspondingly, and the locking hook is locked onto the locking slot correspondingly. 3. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 2, wherein the handle portion includes an accommodating chamber connected to the receiving slot; an inner wall of the accommodating chamber includes a plurality of lower locking strips formed thereon and arranged spaced apart from each other; the handle front section includes a plurality of lower locking grooves; each one of the lower locking strips is locked and secured onto each one of the lower locking grooves. 4. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 3, wherein the handle front section includes a plurality of upper locking grooves; an inner wall of the accommodating chamber forms a plurality of upper locking strips spaced apart from each other; each one of the upper locking strips is locked and secured onto each one of the upper locking grooves. 5. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 1, wherein the front-push mechanism further comprises a driven member; the driven member is clamped onto one end of the push plate and the locking plate; the pulling arm includes a semi-circular gear; the driven member includes a gear rack engaged to move with the semi-circular gear. 6. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 5, wherein the pulling arm includes a protruding hook formed thereon; the driven member includes an indented groove provided for the protruding hook to lock and secure thereon. 7. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 1, wherein the handle portion includes a through hole; the locking plate and the push plate penetrates through the through hole to reach the supporting platform. 8. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 7, wherein the supporting platform comprises a lower base board and an upper base board correspondingly covered onto the lower base board; the upper base board includes a longitudinal through slot and a lateral through slot connected to the longitudinal through slot; an end portion of the locking plate includes a pair of elastic hooks formed thereon; a front section of the push plate and each one of the elastic hooks are received inside the longitudinal through slot and the lateral through slot. 9. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 8, wherein an internal of longitudinal through slot includes a triangular block protruded therefrom; a slanted push surface is formed along two sides of the triangular block to reach the lateral through slot respectively; each one of the elastic hooks is formed between the triangular block and each one of the slanted push surface. 10. The toothbrush with a front-push replaceable brush head according to claim 9, wherein the brush head includes a brush head base; the brush head base includes a pair of locking slots, and a hooking end of each one of the elastic hooks exposes out of the lateral through slot to lock onto each one of the locking slots.",
-    "The liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate provided with a terminal portion, a switching transistor, a driver circuit portion, and a pixel circuit portion including a pixel transistor and a plurality of pixels, a second substrate provided with a common electrode electrically connected to the terminal portion through the switching transistor, and liquid crystal between a pixel electrode and the common electrode. In a period during which a still image is switched to a moving image, the following steps are sequentially performed: a first step of supplying the common potential to the common electrode; a second step of supplying a power supply voltage to the driver circuit portion; a third step of supplying a clock signal to the driver circuit portion; and a fourth step of supplying a start pulse signal to the driver circuit portion. 1. (canceled) 2. A driving method of a display device, the display device comprising: a display panel comprising a pixel circuit portion and a gate line driver circuit, the pixel circuit portion comprising a pixel electrode and a transistor electrically connected to the pixel electrode, wherein the transistor comprises an oxide semiconductor layer including a channel formation region, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises indium and zinc; the driving method comprising: displaying a moving image in a first period at a first refresh rate; and displaying a still image in a second period at a second refresh rate which is smaller than the first refresh rate, wherein supply of a start pulse signal to the gate line driver circuit is stopped in a period during which the moving image is switched to the still image, and wherein an off current per micrometer in a channel width of the transistor is less than or equal to 1\u00d710\u221217 A/\u03bcm. 3. The driving method according to claim 2, wherein the display device is an electronic paper. 4. The driving method according to claim 2, wherein the off current is at a room temperature. 5. The driving method according to claim 2, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal display device. 6. The driving method according to claim 2, wherein the display panel is a reflective type liquid crystal display device. 7. A driving method of a display device, the display device comprising: a display panel comprising a pixel circuit portion and a gate line driver circuit, the driving method comprising: displaying a moving image in a first period at a first refresh rate; and displaying a still image in a second period at a second refresh rate which is smaller than the first refresh rate, wherein supply of a start pulse signal to the gate line driver circuit is stopped in a period during which the moving image is switched to the still image, wherein the pixel circuit portion comprises a pixel electrode and a first transistor electrically connected to the pixel electrode, the first transistor comprising a first oxide semiconductor layer including a channel formation region over a substrate, wherein the gate line driver circuit comprises a second transistor, the second transistor comprising a second oxide semiconductor layer including a channel formation region over the substrate, and wherein an off current per micrometer in a channel width of the first transistor is less than or equal to 1\u00d710\u221217 A/\u03bcm. 8. The driving method according to claim 7, wherein the display device is an electronic paper. 9. The driving method according to claim 7, wherein the off current is at a room temperature. 10. The driving method according to claim 7, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal display device. 11. The driving method according to claim 7, wherein the display panel is a reflective type liquid crystal display device. 12. A driving method of a display device, the display device comprising: a display panel comprising a pixel circuit portion and a gate line driver circuit, the driving method comprising: displaying a moving image in a first period at a first refresh rate; and displaying a still image in a second period at a second refresh rate which is smaller than the first refresh rate, wherein supply of a start pulse signal to the gate line driver circuit is stopped in a period during which the moving image is switched to the still image, wherein the pixel circuit portion comprises a pixel electrode and a first transistor electrically connected to the pixel electrode, the first transistor comprising a first oxide semiconductor layer including a channel formation region over a first gate electrode layer, wherein the gate line driver circuit comprises a second transistor, the second transistor comprising a second gate electrode layer, a second oxide semiconductor layer including a channel formation region over the second gate electrode layer, and a conductive layer overlapping with the second oxide semiconductor layer, wherein the conductive layer is at a same potential as the second gate electrode layer, wherein the conductive layer is on a same surface as the pixel electrode, and wherein an off current per micrometer in a channel width of the first transistor is less than or equal to 1\u00d710\u221217 A/\u03bcm. 13. The driving method according to claim 12, wherein the display device is an electronic paper. 14. The driving method according to claim 12, wherein the off current is at a room temperature. 15. The driving method according to claim 12, wherein the display panel is a liquid crystal display device. 16. The driving method according to claim 12, wherein the display panel is a reflective type liquid crystal display device. 17. The driving method according to claim 12, wherein the first gate electrode layer is on a same surface as the second gate electrode layer.",
-    "In a lighting device of a display device, a plurality of light emitting elements are mounted on a surface of a light source substrate, and the light source substrate is supported by a light source support member by means of a positioning (fixing) structure such as a metal screw. The plurality of light emitting elements are divided into a plurality of blocks, and the emission light amount can be controlled with respect to each of the blocks. Although the head of the screw is exposed on the surface of the light source substrate, the screw is located between adjacent ones of the blocks. Therefore, even though the illuminating light intensity becomes partially discontinuous owing to the presence of the screw, degradation of display quality originating from such discontinuity can be suppressed. 1. A display device, comprising: a lighting device; and a display panel that faces to the lighting device, wherein the lighting device includes: a first light source substrate that includes a first surface on which a first light emitting element mounted; a second light source substrate includes a second surface on which a second light emitting element mounted; a first light source support member that hold the first light source substrate; a light guide element that faces to the first surface and the second surface; and a light source driver which controls the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element, wherein the first light emitting element emits a first light and the second light emitting element emits a second light, the light source driver controls each of an amount of light to be emitted from the first light emitting element and an amount of light to be emitted from the second light emitting element individually in conjunction with an image to be displayed, a first positioning structure is located between the first light emitting element and a first side of the first light source substrate, the first side is closest to the second light source substrate among all of a plurality of sides of the first light source substrate, and the first positioning structure fixes the first light source substrate to the first light source support member. 2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the first positioning structure exposed on the first surface of the first light source substrate. 3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the first positioning structure fixes the first light source substrate to the first light source support member from the first surface of the first light source substrate. 4. The display device according to claim 1, the lighting device includes a second light source support member that hold the second light source substrate, wherein a second positioning structure is located between the second light emitting element and a second side of the second light source substrate, the second side is closest to the first light source substrate among all of a plurality of sides of the second light source substrate, and the second positioning structure fixes the second light source substrate to the second light source support member. 4. display device according to claim 4, wherein at least a part of the second positioning structure exposed on the second surface of the second light source substrate. 5. The display device according to claim 4, wherein the second positioning structure fixes the second light source substrate to the second light source support member from the second surface of the second light source substrate.",
-    "An image processing method and an electronic device supporting the same are disclosed. An electronic device is provided to collect a plurality of images. The electronic device may collect the images by taking pictures/videos with a camera or by receiving the images from an external device. The electronic device also includes a processor able to determine an activity type during at least a portion of time when the images were taken by the camera or an activity type of the device that originally generated the images received from the external device. The processor may be able to select at least some of the collected images based on the activity type to generate a highlight content. 1. An electronic device comprising: memory configured to store a plurality of images; and a processor configured to be functionally connected with the memory, wherein the processor is configured to determine an activity type associated with a source of the plurality of images during at least a portion of a time when the plurality of images was collected by the source, wherein the source is one of the electronic device and an external electronic device, wherein the processor is configured to use an image processing scheme that corresponds to the activity type in determining as highlight images one or more of the plurality of images, and wherein the processor is configured to generate a highlight content from the highlight images. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine the activity type associated with the source, using at least one of a difference analysis of the plurality of images and a difference change analysis of one or more objects in the plurality of images. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to use sensor information from the source to determine the activity type. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine the activity type using at least a part of context information of the source, wherein the context information of the source is retrieved from the memory of the electronic device if the source is the electronic device, and is received from the external electronic device if the source is the external electronic device. 5. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the context information of the source comprises alarm time information, business schedule information, rest schedule information, walking schedule information, meeting schedule information, closing schedule information, attendance schedule information and conference schedule information. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein, for the image processing scheme, usage of at least one of a quality filter (QF), a duplicate filter (DF), and a classification filter (CF) is dependent upon the activity type, and wherein parameters for the QF, DF, and CF also depend upon the activity type. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to generate the highlight content by applying the image processing scheme in a same way for the plurality of images collected by the source during a specified time interval or collected by the source at a specified location. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the external electronic device is a wearable electronic device. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to output at least one of information about the activity type, the image processing scheme, and display information associated with the highlight content. 10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to change at least one of the information about the determined activity type and the image processing scheme in response to a user input and control re-generation of the highlight content in response to the change. 11. An image processing method by an electronic device, the method comprising: storing a plurality of images in memory of the electronic device; determining an activity type associated with a source of the plurality of images during at least a portion of the time when the plurality of images was collected by the source, wherein the source is one of the electronic device and an external electronic device; determining an image processing scheme having a filtering condition that depends on the activity type; applying the determined image processing scheme to the plurality of images in selecting at least one of the plurality of images as highlight images; and generating highlight content from the highlight images. 12. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein determining the activity type associated with the source comprises using at least one of a difference analysis of the plurality of images and a difference change analysis of one or more objects in the plurality of images. 13. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein determining the activity type comprises using sensor information from the source. 14. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein determining the activity type comprises using at least a part of context information of the source, wherein the context information of the source is retrieved from memory of the electronic device if the source is the electronic device, and is received from the external electronic device if the source is the external electronic device. 15. The image processing method of claim 14, wherein the context information of the source comprises alarm time information, business schedule information, rest schedule information, walking schedule information, meeting schedule information, closing schedule information, attendance schedule information and conference schedule information. 16. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the filtering condition of the image processing scheme comprises usage of at least one of a quality filter (QF), a duplicate filter (DF), and a classification filter (CF) with parameters for the QF, DF, and CF, wherein the usage of any of the QF, DF, and CF depends on the activity type, and the parameters for the QF, DF, and CF also depend on the activity type. 17. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the highlight content is generated by applying the image processing scheme in a same way for the plurality of images collected by the source during a specified time interval or collected by the source at a specified location. 18. The image processing method of claim 11, wherein the external electronic device is a wearable electronic device. 19. The image processing method of claim 11, further comprising displaying at least one of information about the activity type, the determined image processing scheme, and display information associated with the highlight content. 20. The image processing method of claim 19, further comprising changing at least one of the information about the determined activity type and the image processing scheme in response to a user input and re-generating the highlight content in response to the changing.",
-    "In one embodiment, an image forming apparatus has an image carrier, a transfer unit, and a spacer. The image carrier has a toner image carrying surface. The transfer unit transfers a toner image from the toner image carrying surface to a recording medium. The transfer unit includes a transfer roller which forms a nip with the image carrying surface and a contact roller provided coaxially with the transfer roller. The spacer is detachably provided on the transfer unit to separate the image carrier and the transfer unit. The transfer roller forms the nip with the toner image carrying surface when the spacer is detached from the transfer unit. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image carrier having a toner image carrying surface; a transfer unit configured to transfer a toner image from the toner image carrying surface to a recording medium, the transfer unit including a transfer roller which forms a nip with the image carrying surface and a contact roller provided coaxially with the transfer roller; and a spacer detachably provided on the transfer unit to separate the image carrier and the transfer unit, wherein the transfer roller forms the nip with the toner image carrying surface when the spacer is detached from the transfer unit. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the spacer is detachably attached to the contact roller. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the contact roller performs positioning of the transfer roller for the image carrier when the spacer is detached from the contact roller. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the contact roller is attached at the both ends of a rotary shaft of the transfer roller. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the contact roller forms a gap of about the thickness of one of the recording medium between the toner image carrying surface of the image carrier and the outer circumferential surface of the transfer roller when the spacer is detached from the contact roller. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the contact roller has an outer diameter slightly larger than an outer diameter of the transfer roller. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transfer roller forms the nip with the toner image carrying surface within an image forming region of the toner image carrying surface where the toner image is formed when the spacer is detached from the transfer unit. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the contact roller contacts the toner image carrying surface outside of the toner image forming region of the toner image carrying surface when the spacer is detached from the transfer unit. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the spacer is detachably attached to the contact roller, and is interposed between the image carrier and the contact roller. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a rotary shaft of the image carrier and a rotary shaft of the transfer roller are supported movably in directions to separate from each other. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the image carrier and the transfer roller are supported by the rotary shafts movably in directions orthogonal to axial directions, respectively. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the spacer has a fitting claw for being attached to the contact roller. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the spacer has a rotation prevention piece to prevent rotation of the contact roller in a circumferential direction.",
-    "Blocking artifacts at a block boundary between a block and a neighboring block in a video frame are reduced by calculating an offset based on pixel values of pixels in a line of pixels in the block and based on pixel values of pixels in a corresponding line of pixels in the neighboring block. The offset is added to the pixel value of the pixel closest to the block boundary in the line of pixels and is subtracted from the pixel value of the pixel closest to the block boundary in the corresponding line of pixels. The resulting deblocking filter has good low-pass characteristics and is efficient for reducing blocking artifact. 1. A deblocking filter unit for reducing blocking artifacts at a block boundary between a first block of multiple pixels and a neighboring block of multiple pixels in a video frame, comprising: a first offset calculator configured to calculate a first offset to be equal to (9\u00d7(q0\u2212p0)\u22123\u00d7(q1\u2212p1)+8)>>4, wherein >> denotes a right shift operation, p0 denotes a pixel value of a pixel closest to said block boundary in a line of pixels in said first block, wherein said line of pixels is perpendicular to said block boundary, p1 denotes a pixel value of a pixel next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels, q0 denotes a pixel value of a pixel closest to said block boundary in a corresponding line of pixels in said neighboring block, wherein said corresponding line of pixels is perpendicular to said block boundary, and q1 denotes a pixel value of a pixel next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels; a first clipping unit configured to clip said first offset within an interval of and by setting said first offset to be equal to if said first offset is smaller than and by setting said first offset to be equal to if said first offset is larger than, wherein is a threshold value that is dependent on a quantization parameter value assigned to said first block, and a pixel value modifier configured to modify said pixel value p0 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels by adding said first offset to said pixel value p0 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to form a modified pixel value p0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels and to modify said pixel value q0 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels by subtracting said first offset from said pixel value q0 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to form a modified pixel value q0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels. 2. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 1, further comprising a second clipping unit configured to clip said modified pixel value p0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to be within an interval of zero and a defined maximum value by setting said modified pixel value p0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to be equal to zero if said modified pixel value p0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels is smaller than zero and by setting said modified pixel value p0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to be equal to said defined maximum value if said modified pixel value p0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels is larger than said defined maximum value and to clip said modified pixel value q0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to be within an interval of zero and said defined maximum value by setting said modified pixel value q0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to be equal to zero if said modified pixel value q0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels is smaller than zero and by setting said modified pixel value q0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to be equal to said defined maximum if said modified pixel value q0\u2032 of said pixel closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels is larger than said defined maximum value. 3. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 1, further comprising: a second offset calculator configured to calculate a second offset to be based on (p2+p0\u22122\u00d7p1+2\u00d7\u0394)/4, wherein p2 denotes a pixel value of a pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels and \u0394 denotes said first offset; and a third offset calculator configured to calculate a third offset to be based on (q2+q0\u22122\u00d7q1\u22122\u00d7\u0394)/4, wherein q2 denotes a pixel value of a pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels, wherein said pixel value modifier is configured to modify said pixel value p2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels by adding said fourth offset to said pixel value p2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to form a modified pixel value p2\u2032 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels and to modify said pixel value q2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels by adding said fifth offset to said pixel value q2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to form a modified pixel value q2\u2032 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels. 4. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 3, wherein said second offset calculator is configured to calculate said second offset to be equal to (((p2+p0+1)>>1)\u2212p1+\u0394)>>1, wherein >> denotes a right shift operation; and said third offset calculator is configured to calculate said third offset to be equal to (((q2+q0+1)>>1)\u2212q1\u2212\u0394)>>1. 5. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 3, further comprising a third clipping unit configured to clip said second offset to be within an interval of \u2212tC2 and tC2 by setting said second offset to be equal to \u2212tC2 if said second offset is smaller than \u2212tC2 and by setting said second offset to be equal to tC2 if said second offset is larger than tC2, wherein tC2 is a threshold value that is dependent on a quantization parameter value assigned to said first block, and to clip said third offset within an interval of \u2212tC2 and tC2 by setting said third offset to be equal to \u2212tC2 if said third offset is smaller than \u2212tC2 and by setting said third offset to be equal to tC2 if said third offset is larger than tC2. 6. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 3, further comprising a second clipping unit configured to clip said modified pixel value p1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to be within an interval of zero and a defined maximum value by setting said modified pixel value p1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to be equal to zero if said modified pixel value p1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels is smaller than zero and by setting said modified pixel value p1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to be equal to said defined maximum value if said modified pixel value p1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels is larger than said defined maximum value, and to clip said modified pixel value q1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to be within an interval of zero and said defined maximum value by setting said modified pixel value q1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to be equal to zero if said modified pixel value q1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels is smaller than zero and by setting said modified pixel value q1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to be equal to said defined maximum if said modified pixel value q1\u2032 of said pixel next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels is larger than said defined maximum value. 7. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 3, further comprising: a fourth offset calculator configured to calculate a fourth offset to be based on (p3+p1\u22122\u00d7p2+2\u00d7\u0394p1)/4, wherein p3 denotes a pixel value of a pixel third next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels and \u0394p1 denotes said second offset; and a fifth offset calculator configured to calculate a fifth offset to be based on (q3+q1\u22122\u00d7q2+2\u00d7\u0394q1)/4, wherein q3 denotes a pixel value of a pixel third closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels and denotes said third offset, wherein said pixel value modifier is configured to modify said pixel value p2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels by adding said fourth offset to said pixel value p2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels to form a modified pixel value p2\u2032 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said line of pixels, and to modify said pixel value q2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels by adding said fifth offset to said pixel value q2 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels to form a modified pixel value q2\u2032 of said pixel second next closest to said block boundary in said corresponding line of pixels. 8. The deblocking filter unit according to claim 7, wherein said fourth offset calculator is configured to calculate calculating said fourth offset to be equal to (((p3+p1+1)>>1)\u2212p2+\u0394p1)>>1, wherein >> denotes a right shift operation; and said fifth offset calculator is configured to calculate said fifth offset to be equal to (((q3+q1+1)>>1)\u2212q2+\u0394q1)>>1. 9. An encoder comprising a deblocking filter unit according to claim 1. 10. A user equipment comprising: a memory configured to store encoded video frames; an encoder according to claim 9 configured to decode said encoded video frames into decoded video frames; and a media player configured to render said decoded video frames into video data displayable on a display.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods for multi-player gaming. Some embodiments relate to systems having an improved communications infrastructure and improved handheld game controllers, while other embodiments relate to improvements in handling large numbers of players in the multi-player game when played in a game arena with a single large display screen showing the multi-player game images. In one particular embodiment, a system is provided that has a game server controlling a display system to display the multi-player game on the large screen and a plurality of game controllers. Each game controller has a secondary display means for providing a secondary game display and input means for receiving player input. The system further comprises communication mans for enabling communication between the game server and each of the plurality of game controllers. The plurality of game controllers are located in proximity to the large display screen such that it is visible to game players manipulating the game controllers while playing the multi-player game. 1. A multi-player game system comprising: a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate a multi-player game, the game server further configured to provide display signals for displaying the multi-player game; a display system having primary display means, the display system being configured to provide a primary game display of the multi-player game on the primary display means in response to the display signals; and a communication controller for enabling communication between the game server and a plurality of handheld game controllers located in proximity to the primary display means such that the primary display means is visible to game players manipulating respective handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller comprising secondary display means and input means comprising a touch-sensitive layer overlaid on the secondary display means to form a touch-screen; wherein the game server is configured to download a game software module to each handheld game controller prior to initiation of the multi-player game, wherein each game software module enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means, the secondary game display including a first area corresponding to a first function; and a first portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the first area to become active to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player, and wherein the secondary game display enabled by the game software module is complementary to the primary game display. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to process a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function, and a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the second area to become active. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first portion of the touch-sensitive layer to become inactive on the corresponding handheld game controller. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first area to correspond to a second function on the corresponding handheld game controller. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the game server is configured to receive at least one packet corresponding to the first function from a first one of the handheld game controllers, the at least one packet generated by the first handheld game controller according to the game software module in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the game server is configured to transmit game data to a second one of the handheld game controllers in response to receiving the at least one packet, the game data being processable by the second handheld game controller using the game software module to: provide the secondary game display at the second handheld game controller including a second area corresponding to a second function; and activate a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer of the input means at the second handheld game controller overlying the second area to enable participation in the multi-player game by a second corresponding game player of the second handheld game controller. 10. A multi-player game system comprising: a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate a multi-player game, the game server further configured to provide display signals for displaying the multi-player game; a display system having primary display means, the display system being configured to provide a primary game display of the multi-player game on the primary display means in response to the display signals; a plurality of handheld game controllers located in proximity to the primary display means such that the primary display means is visible to game players manipulating respective handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller comprising secondary display means and input means comprising a touch-sensitive layer overlaid on the secondary display means to form a touch-screen; and a communication controller for enabling communication between the game server and each handheld game controllers; wherein the game server is configured to download a game software module to each handheld game controller prior to initiation of the multi-player game, wherein each game software module enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means, the secondary game display including a first area corresponding to a first function; and a first portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the first area to become active to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player, and wherein the secondary game display enabled by the game software module is complementary to the primary game display. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to process a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the game software module, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function, and a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the second area to become active. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first portion of the touch-sensitive layer to become inactive on the corresponding handheld game controller. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first area to correspond to a second function on the corresponding handheld game controller. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the game server is configured to receive at least one packet corresponding to the first function from a first one of the handheld game controllers, the at least one packet generated by the first handheld game controller according to the game software module in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the game server is configured to transmit game data to a second one of the handheld game controllers in response to receiving the at least one packet, the game data being processable by the second handheld game controller using the game software module to: provide the secondary game display at the second handheld game controller with a second area corresponding to a second function; and activate a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer of the input means at the second handheld game controller overlying the second area to enable participation in the multi-player game by a second game player of the second handheld game controller. 19. A method of facilitating a multi-player game, the method comprising: providing a game server configured to run a game software to facilitate the multi-player game; providing, by the game server, display signals for displaying a primary game display of the multi-player game on a primary display means; and downloading, from the game server, a game software module to a plurality of handheld game controllers, each handheld game controller comprising secondary display means and input means comprising a touch-sensitive layer overlaid on the secondary display means to form a touch-screen; wherein each game software module enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide a secondary game display on the secondary display means, the secondary game display including a first area corresponding to a first function; and a first portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the first area to become active to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player, and wherein the secondary game display enabled by the game software module is complementary to the primary game display. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to process a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion to enable the first function. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the game software module, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, enables: the corresponding handheld game controller to provide the secondary game display including a second area corresponding to a second function, and a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer overlying the second area to become active. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the game software module enables, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, the first portion of the touch-sensitive layer to become inactive on the corresponding handheld game controller. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to a player input selecting the first function by touching the first portion, provide the secondary game display with the first area corresponding to a second function. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the player input, change the first area of the secondary game display. 26. The method of claim 19, wherein: the game software module enables the corresponding handheld game controller to, in response to the selection of the first function, generate at least one packet corresponding to the first function; and the game server receives the at least one packet. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising: transmitting, by the game server, game data to a second one of the handheld game controllers in response to receiving the at least one packet; and wherein the game software module enables the second handheld game control to process the game data to provide the secondary game display at the second handheld game controller with a second area corresponding to a second function, and to activate a second portion of the touch-sensitive layer of the input means at the second handheld game controller overlying the second area to enable participation in the multi-player game by the corresponding game player of the second handheld game controller.",
-    "A system for alternating lighting-emitting of solid state disc (SSD) is provided, including a plurality of SSDs and an application program. Each SSD includes a processing unit and a lighting-emitting unit. The processing unit is able to trigger the lighting-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode. The lighting-emitting units define a lighting-emitting module. The application program is installed in a mobile electronic device. The application program sends a signal to the processing units of the SSDs via the mobile electronic device to match with and identify the SSDs, and the application program can make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and make the light-emitting module emit light in a preset mode. 1. A system for alternating light-emitting of solid state disc (SSD), including: a plurality of SSDs (solid state discs), each SSD including a processing unit and a light-emitting unit, the processing unit being able to trigger the light-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode, the light-emitting units defining a light-emitting module; an application program, for being installed in a mobile electronic device, the application program sending a signal via the mobile electronic device to the processing units of the SSDs so as to match with and identify the SSDs, to make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and to make the light-emitting module to emit light in a preset mode; wherein the processing unit of each said SSD is able to control a frequency, a color, a delay time and a flashing mode of light emitted from the light-emitting unit. 2. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 1, wherein the light-emitting units are neighboring to each other. 3. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 1, wherein each said light-emitting unit includes at least one light-emitting diode. 4. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 3, wherein each said light-emitting unit further includes at least one light-guiding member, and the light-guiding member is located neighboring to the light-emitting diode and partially exposed so as to allow light from the light-emitting diode to transmit from the light-guiding member. 5. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 3, wherein each said light-emitting unit includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes, the light-emitting diodes have different colors in emitting light. 6. (canceled) 7. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 1, wherein after each said processing unit receives the signal from the mobile electronic device, the processing unit makes the light-emitting unit emit light in the preset mode circularly. 8. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 1, wherein the processing unit contacts with the mobile electronic device through Bluetooth communication. 9. The system for alternating light-emitting of SSD of claim 1, wherein the processing unit contacts with the mobile electronic device through infrared communication.",
-    "A high-speed transportation system, the system having at least one enclosed volume that is configured to be maintained as a low-pressure environment, at least one track along a transportation path within the at least enclosed volume; and a plurality of capsules configured for travel through the at least one enclosed volume between stations. The at least one enclosed volume is at least partially defined by at least one flexible material structured and arranged to withstand a tensile load. 1. A high-speed transportation system, the system comprising: at least one enclosed volume that is configured to be maintained as a low-pressure environment; at least one track along a transportation path within the at least enclosed volume; and a plurality of capsules configured for travel through the at least one enclosed volume between stations, wherein the at least one enclosed volume is at least partially defined by at least one flexible material structured and arranged to withstand a tensile load. 2. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising at least one support structure configured to support the flexible material and structured and arranged to withstand a compressive load. 3. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the system additionally comprises at least one track support platform. 4. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one flexible material together with the at least one track support platform defines the at least one enclosed volume. 5. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the flexible material defines the at least one enclosed volume. 6. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the at least one support structure comprises at least one vertical support. 7. The high-speed transportation system of claim 6, wherein the at least one flexible material together with the at least one vertical support defines the at least one enclosed volume. 8. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the at least one support structure comprises a plurality of support structures spaced along the transportation path. 9. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the at least one support structure comprises at least one angled support. 10. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein the at least one angled support is attached to a track support platform. 11. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein the at least one angled support is attached to at least one vertical support. 12. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein the at least one angled support extends in a downwardly direction. 13. The high-speed transportation system of claim 9, wherein the at least one angled support extends in an upwardly direction. 14. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the at least one support structure comprises an arch structure. 15. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, further comprising a second flexible material structured and arranged to define a second enclosed volume that encloses the first enclosed volume, and which is configured to be maintained at a pressure higher than a pressure outside of the second enclosed volume. 16. The high-speed transportation system of claim 15, wherein the second enclosed volume is arranged in an underwater environment. 17. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising at least one guideway or walkway arranged within the at least one enclosed volume. 18. The high-speed transportation system of claim 2, wherein the at least one support structure comprises a plurality of support rings, and the system additionally comprises a plurality of support wires connected between two of the plurality of support rings, wherein the at least one flexible material is at least supported by the plurality of support wires. 19. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the plurality of support wires between adjacent support rings are configured with a 90\u00b0 clocking. 20. The high-speed transportation system of claim 18, wherein the support wires comprise at least one of: steel, fibers, polymer materials, webbing, and filaments. 21. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the tensile load is due at least in part to a pressure differential between the low-pressure environment of the enclosed volume, and an ambient pressure outside the enclosed volume. 22. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one flexible material comprises at least one of: a plastic membrane; a plastic membrane having embedded filaments; a layer of metal; a translucent material; and a transparent material. 23. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, wherein the at least one flexible material is impermeable to air. 24. The high-speed transportation system of claim 1, further comprising: a propulsion system adapted to propel the at least one capsule through the enclosed volume; and a levitation system adapted to levitate the capsule within the enclosed volume. 25. A structure, comprising: at least one flexible material structured and arranged to withstand a tensile load; at least one support structure configured to support the flexible material and structured and arranged to withstand a compressive load; and at least one enclosed volume at least partially defined by the at least one flexible material, the enclosed at least one volume being configured to be maintained as a low-pressure environment for a high-speed transportation system. 26. The structure of claim 25, further comprising at least one track along a transportation path within the at least enclosed volume, wherein the at least one track is configured for supporting a capsule configured for travel through the at least enclosed volume.",
-    "A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element for emitting primary light, and a wavelength conversion unit for absorbing part of the primary light and emitting secondary light having a wavelength longer than that of the primary light, wherein the wavelength conversion unit includes plural kinds of phosphors having light absorption characteristics different from each other, and then at least one kind of phosphor among the plural kinds of phosphors has an absorption characteristic that can absorb the secondary light emitted from at least another kind of phosphor among the plural kinds of phosphors. 1. (canceled) 2. A light-emitting device, comprising: a light-emitting element for emitting primary light; and a wavelength conversion unit for absorbing part of the primary light and emitting secondary light having a wavelength longer than that of the primary light, wherein said light-emitting element is formed of a gallium nitride-based semiconductor, said wavelength conversion unit that plural kinds of phosphors different in light absorption characteristic from each other are kneaded into a transparent binder resin, said primary light that said light-emitting element emits has a peak wavelength in the range from 400 nm to 500 nm, said secondary light that at least one kind of phosphors among the plural kinds of phosphors emits has a peak wavelength in the range from 500 nm to 550 nm, said secondary light that at least one other kind of phosphors among the plural kinds of phosphors emits has a peak wavelength in the range from 600 nm to 650 nm, said plural kinds of phosphors have different median values of particle sizes each other. 3. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein said binder resin is silicone-based resin. 4. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein said binder resin is epoxy-based resin. 5. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein a particular kind of phosphor having a greater median value of particle size among the plural kinds of phosphors has a greater concentration near the light-emitting element. 6. A liquid crystal display having said light-emitting device of claim 2 as a backlight light source.",
-    "A joint in a system for conducting a fluid has a first duct and a second duct that is coupled together via fasteners. Typically, the fasteners are placed into tabs that are affixed to the ducts and shafts of the fasteners run in the same direction as the duct. When the ducts are plastic and the fasteners are metal, the plastic can creep more than the metal such that the joint fails to seal properly after a period of time. To avoid such a situation, a joint that has fasteners installed at an angle with respect to the ducts is disclosed. The tabs are also angled with respect to the ducts: tabs that form an obtuse angle with one of the ducts mate with tabs on the other duct that form a complementary acute angle. In one embodiment, shafts of pairs of fasteners are roughly perpendicular. 1. An intake system for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electronic throttle body (ETB) that is coupled to an intake manifold via at least one fastener, wherein the: the ETB has a duct with at least one coupling element extending outwardly therefrom; a through hole is defined in the coupling element of the ETB to accommodate each fastener; the intake manifold has a duct with at least one coupling element extending outwardly therefrom; the fastener passes through the through hole in the ETB and engages with threads defined in the coupling element of the intake manifold; a central axis of one of the fasteners forms an angle with a centerline of the ETB of 15 to 135 degrees; and the tabs associated with the ETB extend from the duct of the ETB such that an outer face of the tabs forms an obtuse angle with respect to the duct of the ETB proximate the tabs. 2. The intake system of claim 1 wherein: the at least one coupling element extending from the duct of the ETB comprises a plurality of tabs arranged around the periphery of the duct of the ETB; the at least one coupling element extending from the duct of the intake manifold comprises a plurality of tabs that align with the tabs of the ETB when assembled; and a fastener is provided through each tab around the periphery of the duct of the ETB. 3. (canceled) 4. The intake system of claim 1 wherein: the at least one coupling element extending from the duct of the ETB comprises a flange that encircles the duct and forms a surface of a conical frustum; the at least one coupling element extending from the duct of the intake manifold comprises a flange that encircles the duct and forms a conical frustum; and an outer surface of the flange associated with the intake manifold mates with the flange associated with the ETB. 5. A joint adapted for conducting a fluid, comprising: first and second ducts each having a plurality of tabs extending outwardly from its associated duct, a face of the tabs forming an obtuse angle with respect to its associated duct; through holes defined in the plurality of tabs associated with the first duct; and threaded fasteners inserted into at least two of the through holes and threaded into tabs associated with the second duct. 6. The joint of claim 5 wherein the angle between the shaft of the threaded fastener and the surface of the first duct is in the range of 15 to 135 degrees. 7. The joint of claim 5 wherein shafts of two of the fasteners that are located in tabs that are across the duct from each other are roughly perpendicular. 8. The joint of claim 5 wherein the tabs of the first duct are part of a first flange and the tabs of the second duct are part of a second flange. 9. The joint of claim 8 wherein the first flange forms a surface of a conical frustum and the second flange forms a solid conical frustum. 10. The joint of claim 5 wherein the first duct and the second duct are comprised of plastic and the fasteners are comprised of metal. 11. The joint of claim 5 wherein the first duct is comprised of metal, the second duct is comprised of plastic, and the fasteners are comprised of metal. 12. The joint of claim 5 wherein a circular groove is defined in one of the first and second ducts; a circular gasket is placed in the circular groove; and the gasket is crushed when the fasteners are tightened so as to pull the first duct against the second duct. 13. The joint of claim 5 wherein one of the first and second ducts is part of an electronic throttle body and the other of the ducts is part of an intake manifold. 14. A method of fabrication to form a fluid-conducting joint, comprising: fabricating a first duct having tabs extending outwardly and through holes defined in the tabs, the first duct having a predetermined inner diameter; fabricating a second plastic duct having tabs extending outwardly, the inner diameter of the second duct being the predetermined inner diameter; slipping metallic, threaded fasteners though the holes; and engaging threads of the fasteners with the tabs of the second duct wherein shafts of the fasteners form an acute angle with the first duct. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein one of the first and second ducts has a circular groove defined in a surface of the duct that faces the other of the ducts when assembled, the method further comprising: installing a circular gasket into the circular groove prior to engaging the threads of the fasteners with the tabs associated with the second duct. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein one of the first and second ducts is a portion of an electronic throttle body and the other of the ducts is a portion of an intake manifold. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein centerlines of shafts of a pair of the fasteners are substantially perpendicular. 18. The joint of claim 5 wherein the first duct and the second duct have substantially the same inner diameter proximate a coupling of the first and second ducts.",
-    "One aspect of the present invention includes a reciprocal quantum logic (RQL) readout system. The system includes an input stage on which a read pulse is provided and an output stage configured to propagate an output pulse. The system also includes an RQL comparator comprising a first Josephson junction and a second Josephson junction that are coupled to a qubit. A bias current switches between a first Josephson junction in a first quantum state of the qubit and a second Josephson junction in a second quantum state of the qubit. The first Josephson junction triggers to provide the output pulse on the output stage in the first quantum state in response to the read pulse and the second Josephson junction triggers to provide no output pulse on the output stage in the second quantum state in response to the read pulse. 1. A readout system configured to read a quantum state of a qubit, the readout system comprising: an input stage on which a read pulse is provided; an output stage; and a comparator circuit coupled to the qubit and configured to provide an output pulse on the output stage in response to the read pulse to indicate a first quantum state of the qubit, and to not provide the output pulse on the output stage in response to the read pulse to indicate a second quantum state of the qubit. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the comparator circuit is configured to provide output pulse on the output stage in response to the read pulse to indicate the first quantum state of the qubit and to not provide the output pulse on the output stage in response to the read pulse to indicate the second quantum state of the qubit based on a bias current provided to the comparator circuit having a characteristic that corresponds to one of the first and second quantum states of the qubit. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the characteristic of the bias current is current direction, such that the bias current has a first current direction based on the first quantum state of the qubit and has a second current direction opposite the first current direction based on the second quantum state of the qubit. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the comparator circuit comprises a first Josephson junction and a second Josephson junction that are coupled to the output stage, such that the read pulse triggers the first Josephson junction to provide the output pulse on the output stage in response to the bias current based on the first quantum state of the qubit, and such that the read pulse triggers the second Josephson junction to provide no output pulse on the output stage in response to the bias current based on the second quantum state of the qubit. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising an RQL clock configured to generate an RQL clock signal configured to propagate the read pulse through the input stage, to activate the comparator circuit in response to the read pulse, and to propagate the output pulse through the output stage in response to indication of the first quantum state of the qubit. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the RQL clock signal is provided to the input stage, the output stage, and the comparator circuit in a symmetrical manner, and wherein the qubit is substantially isolated from the RQL clock signal via at least one inductive coupling. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the qubit is inductively coupled to the comparator circuit to generate a bias current that flows through each of a first Josephson junction associated with the comparator circuit and a second Josephson junction associated with the comparator circuit in a first direction in the first quantum state and in a second direction in the second quantum state, the bias current being provided to change a relative threshold associated with each of the first and second Josephson junctions with respect to the read pulse. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the bias current through the first Josephson junction in the first direction is added to the read pulse to trigger the first Josephson junction to generate the output pulse and the bias current through the second Josephson junction in the first direction is subtracted from the read pulse to prevent the second Josephson junction from triggering, and wherein the bias current through the first Josephson junction in the second direction is subtracted from the read pulse to prevent triggering of the first Josephson junction and the bias current through the second Josephson junction in the second direction is added to the read pulse to trigger the second Josephson junction. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the comparator circuit further comprises a third Josephson junction and a fourth Josephson junction, wherein the first and second Josephson junctions are coupled to the output stage and wherein the third and fourth Josephson junctions are coupled to the input stage to substantially balance the comparator circuit, and wherein the qubit is inductively coupled to the input stage and to the output stage to generate the bias current through the first, second, third, and fourth Josephson junctions in a first direction in the first quantum state and in a second direction in the second quantum state. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the comparator circuit comprises a shunt resistor that symmetrically interconnects an RQL clock signal and the comparator circuit, such that the shunt resistor is symmetrically arranged with respect to the qubit. 11. A method for reading a quantum state of a phase qubit, the method comprising: providing a bias current in a first direction in response to a first quantum state of the phase qubit and in a second direction in response to a second quantum state of the phase qubit; applying a read pulse on an input stage; providing an output pulse from a comparator circuit to an output stage in response to the read pulse based on the bias current being provided in the first direction; and not providing the output pulse from the comparator circuit to the output stage in response to the read pulse based on the bias current being provided in the second direction. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein providing the bias current comprises providing the bias current through each of a first Josephson junction and a second Josephson junction in first respective directions in a first quantum state of the phase qubit and in second respective directions in a second quantum state of the phase qubit, wherein determining that the phase qubit is in the first quantum state comprises determining that the phase qubit is in the first quantum state in response to the first Josephson junction triggering based on the bias current being provided in the first direction through the first Josephson junction, and wherein determining that the phase qubit is in the second quantum state comprises determining that the phase qubit is in the second quantum state in response to the second Josephson junction triggering based on the bias current being provided in the second direction through the second Josephson junction. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein providing the bias current comprises: providing the bias current in the first direction to decrease a threshold of the first Josephson junction relative to the second Josephson junction; and providing the bias current in the second direction to decrease a threshold of the second Josephson junction relative to the first Josephson junction. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: providing an RQL clock signal to the input stage to facilitate triggering of at least one input Josephson junction to propagate the read pulse; providing the RQL clock signal to the output stage to facilitate triggering of at least one output Josephson junction to propagate the output pulse in response to the read pulse in the first quantum state of the phase qubit; and providing the RQL clock signal to the RQL comparator to facilitate triggering of at least one Josephson junction in response to the read pulse to provide or to not provide the output pulse based on the respective one of the first and second quantum states of the phase qubit. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein providing the bias current comprises providing the bias current based on an inductive coupling of the phase qubit to the comparator circuit. 16. A reciprocal quantum logic (RQL) readout system configured to read a quantum state of a qubit, the RQL readout system comprising: an input stage on which a read pulse is provided in response to an RQL clock signal; an output stage configured to propagate an output pulse in response to the RQL clock signal; and an RQL comparator coupled to the qubit and configured to provide an output pulse on the output stage based on triggering a first Josephson junction in response to the read pulse and the RQL clock signal to indicate a first quantum state of the qubit, and to not provide the output pulse on the output stage based on triggering a second Josephson junction in response to the read pulse and the RQL clock signal to indicate a second quantum state of the qubit. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the qubit inductively generates a bias current through the first and second Josephson junctions in a first direction in the first quantum state and in a second direction in the second quantum state, the bias current being provided to change the relative threshold associated with each of the first and second Josephson junctions. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the bias current through the first Josephson junction in the first direction is added to the read pulse to trigger the first Josephson junction to generate the output pulse and the bias current through the second Josephson junction in the first direction is subtracted from the read pulse to prevent the second Josephson junction from triggering, and wherein the bias current through the first Josephson junction in the second direction is subtracted from the read pulse to prevent triggering of the first Josephson junction and the bias current through the second Josephson junction in the second direction is added to the read pulse to trigger the second Josephson junction. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the RQL comparator further comprises a third Josephson junction and a fourth Josephson junction, wherein the first and second Josephson junctions are coupled to the output stage and wherein the third and fourth Josephson junctions are coupled to the input stage. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the RQL clock signal is provided symmetrically with respect to the qubit, wherein the read pulse is substantially synchronized with the first cycle of the RQL clock signal.",
-    "A first module divides a string into a number of blocks. A second module associates the blocks with monoid elements in a list of first monoid elements to produce second monoid elements. A third module applies a first function to an initial monoid element and a first of the second monoid elements producing a first calculated monoid element and evaluates an action of the initial monoid element on the first function producing a second function. A fourth module applies the second function to the first calculated monoid element and to a second of the second monoid elements producing a second calculated monoid element and evaluates the action of the first calculated monoid element on the first function producing a third function. Further modules iteratively, corresponding to the number of blocks, apply the produced function to calculated monoid elements and the second monoid elements to produce a hash of the string 1. A device effective to generate a hash of a string, the device comprising: a memory, wherein the memory is effective to include a first function, a first list of first monoid elements, and an initial monoid element; a first module effective to receive the string and divide the string into a sequence of blocks; a second module in communication with the first module and the memory, the second module effective to associate blocks in the sequence of blocks with respective monoid elements in the first list of first monoid elements to produce a second list of second monoid elements; a third module in communication with the second module and with the memory, the third module effective to receive a first one of the second monoid elements, receive the initial monoid element, receive the first function, apply the first function to the initial monoid element and the first one of the second monoid elements to produce a first calculated monoid element, and evaluate an action of the initial monoid element on the first function to produce a second function; a fourth module in communication with the second module and the third module, the fourth module effective to receive a second one of the second monoid elements, receive the first calculated monoid element, receive the second function, and apply the second function to the first calculated monoid element and to the second one of the second monoid elements to produce a second calculated monoid element.",
-    "A dynamic linear motor is controlled by determining a relative proximity of a moving rotor of the linear motor to a fixed stator segment of the linear motor using a current location of the moving rotor. A current driving characteristic of the linear motor at the current location of the moving rotor is determined. Settings for the fixed stator segment when the moving rotor reaches the fixed stator segment are identified based on the current driving characteristic. The fixed stator segment is driven based on the settings when the moving rotor reaches the fixed stator segment. 1. A method for controlling a dynamic linear motor, comprising: determining a relative proximity of a moving rotor of the linear motor to a fixed stator segment of the linear motor using a current location of the moving rotor; determining a current driving characteristic of the linear motor at the current location of the moving rotor; identifying, based on the current driving characteristic of the linear motor, settings for the fixed stator segment when the moving rotor reaches the fixed stator segment, wherein the fixed stator segment is driven based on the settings when the moving rotor reaches the fixed stator segment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the current location of the moving rotor is known from a predetermined location of another fixed stator segment of the linear motor at the current location of the moving rotor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the settings for the fixed stator segment include a starting phase and frequency for driving a coil segment when the moving rotor reaches the fixed stator segment. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the current driving characteristic of the linear motor comprises a current phase and frequency of another fixed stator segment at the current location of the moving rotor. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the current phase and frequency are of a variable frequency drive being used to drive the said another fixed stator segment at the current location of the moving rotor. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein different variable frequency drives are used to drive the fixed stator segment and the other fixed stator segment, and wherein the current phase and frequency of the variable frequency drive used to drive the other fixed stator segment at the current location are used to coordinate settings of another variable frequency drive used to drive the fixed stator segment. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: instructing a variable frequency drive to drive the fixed stator segment based on the settings when the rotor reaches the fixed stator segment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a controller determines the relative proximity and the current characteristic, and identifies the settings, and wherein the controller further coordinates driving of multiple variable frequency drives distributed along a transportation system that includes the fixed stator system. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the relative proximity is determined using a location identified by a fixed sensor. 10. A transportation system, comprising: a tube through which pods move using force generated electromagnetically; a plurality of fixed stator segments installed along the tube; a drive that coordinates power supply to the fixed stator segments so that fixed stator segments are powered as a pod approaches based on identification of a relative proximity between the pod and the fixed stator segments, and so that power to the fixed stator segments is terminated after the pod passes the fixed stator segments. 11. The transportation system of claim 10, wherein the interior of the tube is substantially vacuumed, and wherein the pods are guided through the tube using at least one rail that extends through a part of the tube. 12. The transportation system of claim 10, wherein the fixed stator segments are components of a linear motor that also includes a magnet that serves as a rotor and is carried by a pod. 13. The transportation system of claim 10, further comprising: a variable frequency drive that coordinates characteristics of the fixed stator segments to match phase and frequency, wherein the fixed stator segments are driven by the variable frequency drive. 14. The transportation system of claim 10, wherein power is supplied to fixed stator segments from power sources that are dynamically controlled based on positions of the pod as the pod moves through the fixed tube. 15. The transportation system of claim 13, further comprising: a three-phase thyristor alternating current switch that connects power supply to the fixed stator segments. 16. The transportation system of claim 15, further comprising: a computer processor that sends enable and disable signals to the three-phase thyristor to selectively enable the thyristor to supply power to the fixed stator segments. 17. The transportation system of claim 16, further comprising: sensors that detect the position of a pod that carries the moving rotor; wherein the computer processor determines the relative proximity of the moving rotor to the fixed stator segments using information received from the sensors. 18. The transportation system of claim 17, wherein the computer determines a current driving characteristic of the linear motor at the current location of the moving rotor and identifies, based on the current driving characteristic of the linear motor, settings for a fixed stator segment when the moving rotor reaches the fixed stator segment.",
-    "A hammock enclosure designed for preferably one or two hammocks can be used in a variety of settings and locales due to a number of features of the enclosure. The hammock enclosure has sides made of a high quality netting to prevent insects from entering the enclosure. Additionally, an adjustable, water proof rain fly is positioned above the enclosure and the bottom of the enclosure also comprises a water proof material. The hammock enclosure is affixed, preferably to two trees, and the hammocks then hung inside. The lines for the hammocks pass through openings which may be cinched close to again prevent water, insects, and the like from entering the enclosure. Alternatively, the hammock enclosure may be secured to the ground via loops, an upper loop(s), and a securement mechanism. This enables the hammock enclosure to be utilized as a traditional ground shelter. 1. A camping enclosure comprising: an enclosure body having a front side, a back side, a first end and a second end, wherein the enclosure body has a resealable door, and wherein the enclosure body comprises a mesh netting; a first water proof barrier positioned above and coupled to the enclosure body; and a second water proof barrier positioned at a bottom of and coupled to the enclosure body, wherein the second water proof barrier is rectangular in shape and has lower loops positioned and coupled thereto at each vertex of the second water proof barrier. 2. The camping enclosure of claim 1 further comprising at least one securement mechanism for securing the camping enclosure to a position on the ground. 3. The camping enclosure of claim 2 wherein the securement mechanism is coupled to any upper loops, any of the lower loops, or any combination thereof. 4. The camping enclosure of claim 1 further comprising a ridgeline, wherein the ridgeline extends from at least a first support to a second support and holds the enclosure body in an elevated position. 5. The camping enclosure of claim 4 wherein the enclosure body has at least two ports with one port being on each of the first end and the second end of the enclosure body. 6. The camping enclosure of claim 5 wherein at least one hammock is positioned and suspended within the enclosure body. 7. The camping enclosure of claim 6 wherein there are two hammocks positioned and suspended in the hammock enclosure at differing heights. 8. A hammock enclosure for one or two hammocks comprising: an enclosure body having a front side, a back side, a first end and a second end, the enclosure body being sized to envelop the at least two hammocks, wherein the enclosure body has a resealable door, and wherein there is at least one port on each of the first end and the second end of the enclosure body; a first water proof barrier positioned above and coupled to the enclosure body; a second water proof barrier positioned at a bottom of the enclosure body; and a ridgeline, wherein the ridgeline extends from at least a first support to a second support and holds the enclosure body in an elevated position. 9. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 further comprising at least one loop coupled to each of the vertices of the second water proof barrier. 10. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 wherein the at least one port has a closure mechanism that changes a width of an opening of the at least one port. 11. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 wherein at least the front side and the back side comprise a mesh netting. 12. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 further comprising at least one pocket coupled to the hammock enclosure. 13. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 further comprising a length of material for securing the hammock enclosure to at least two secondary objects. 14. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 wherein a position of the first waterproof barrier is adjustable. 15. The hammock enclosure of claim 8 further comprising at least one upper loop. 16. A hammock enclosure for one or two hammocks comprising: an enclosure body having a front side, a back side, a first end and a second end defining an interior, the enclosure body being sized to envelop the one or two hammocks, wherein the enclosure body has a length of a teeth and groove fastener thereby providing access to the interior of the enclosure body, and wherein there are at least two resizable ports on each of the first end and the second end of the enclosure body; a first water proof barrier positioned above and coupled to the enclosure body, wherein a position the first water proof barrier is adjustable; a second water proof barrier positioned at a bottom of the enclosure body; and a ridgeline, wherein the ridgeline is a length of material that extends from a first support to a second support and holds the enclosure body in an elevated position relative to the ground level. 17. The hammock enclosure of claim 16 wherein the at least two hammocks are positioned at differing heights in the hammock enclosure. 18. The hammock enclosure of claim 16 wherein the first water proof barrier has a length of material extending from each of the vertices. 19. The hammock enclosure of claim 18 wherein the length of material is capable of being coupled to a securement point. 20. The hammock enclosure of claim 16 wherein the front side and the back side comprise a netting having at least 2000 holes per square inch. 21. A method of securing at least two hammocks in a hammock enclosure, the method comprising: affixing both ends of a ridgeline of the hammock enclosure to at least one secondary object; inserting lines for a first hammock through first holes located in a first end and a second end of the hammock enclosure; affixing a first line and a second line of the first hammock to the at least one secondary object; inserting lines for a second hammock through second holes located in the first end and the second end of the hammock enclosure; affixing a first line and a second line of the second hammock to the at least one secondary object; and cinching the first holes and the second holes around the lines of the first hammock and the second hammock. 22. The method of claim 21 further comprising the step of adjusting the height of the hammock enclosure so that the top of the hammock enclosure is about 1.5 m (5 feet) to about 2 m (6.5 feet) above ground level. 23. The method of claim 21 further comprising the steps of adjusting a first water proof barrier respective to the hammock enclosure, wherein the first water proof barrier has lines for attachment; and affixing the lines for attachment to a secondary object thereby securing the position of the first waterproof barrier. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the lines for the first and second hammock are inserted through the first holes and the second holes from the inside of the enclosure. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the first hammock and the second hammock have about 30\u00b0 of slack respective to the ridgeline once affixed and secured.",
-    "A cushion assembly has a main body comprising a plurality of walls defining an interior cavity that is substantially polygonal in cross-section. At least one of the walls comprises an area of padding. A first opening to the cavity is located at a first end of the main body. A blanket is housed within the cavity and is removable from the main body. The cavity is adapted to house a vehicle armrest when the blanket is removed therefrom such that at least an upper surface of the armrest is at least partly covered by a wall having an area of padding. 1. A cushion assembly having: a main body comprising a plurality of walls defining an interior cavity that is substantially polygonal in cross-section; at least one of the walls comprising an area of padding; a first opening to the cavity located at a first end of the main body; a blanket housed within the cavity and removable from the main body; wherein: the cavity is adapted to house a vehicle armrest when the blanket is removed therefrom such that at least an upper surface of the armrest is at least partly covered by a wall having an area of padding. 2. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body comprises padding on at least two adjacent walls. 3. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body comprises padding on at least three adjacent walls. 4. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body has four walls defining a cavity that is substantially rectangular in cross-section. 5. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body is substantially rectangular in cross-section and comprises padding on all four walls. 6. The cushion assembly of claim 5 wherein one of the walls comprises padding of a greater maximum thickness than each of the other three walls. 7. The cushion assembly of claim 5 wherein a first pair walls each comprise padding of a greater maximum thickness than a second pair of walls. 8. The cushion assembly of claim 7 wherein the first pair of walls are adjacent each other. 9. The cushion assembly of claim 7 wherein the first pair of walls are opposing. 10. The cushion assembly of any of claim 5 wherein one pair of opposing walls are greater in width than the other pair of opposing walls such that the cavity is oblong in cross section. 11. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the walls of the main body are hingedly attached to each other. 12. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the cavity is of a size that the blanket is substantially snugly housed within the cavity. 13. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body comprises a second opening to the cavity at a second end. 14. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein cavity comprises a pocket adapted to house an armrest. 15. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body comprises an opening that extends between first and second ends and at least one fastening to releasably hold the outer wall in a configuration that defines a cavity. 16. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body comprises at least one section of elastic material so as to allow the size of the cavity to resiliently expand. 17. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body is substantially rectangular in cross-section having two pairs of opposing walls and wherein: a first pair of opposing walls each comprise padding; a second pair of opposing walls each comprise at least one section of elastic material. 18. The cushion assembly of claim 17 wherein the second pair of opposing walls are each formed of an elastic material. 19. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the main body is in the form of a plush toy. 20. The cushion assembly of claim 1 wherein the assembly comprises at least one strap that is releasably securable over an opening. 21. A method of padding a vehicle armrest comprising the steps of: providing a cushion assembly formed in accordance with claim 1; removing the blanket from the cavity; and housing a vehicle armrest in the cavity by inserting the armrest into an opening.",
-    "An applicator for insertion and lubrication of a body lumen is disclosed having an elongate, hollow, cylindrical outer sheath including a receiving cup at a distal end for receiving a lubrication capsule; and a plunger slidingly received within the elongate, hollow cylindrical outer sheath, the plunger including a piercing element at a distal end adapted to extend into the receiving cup. A liquid-filled soft gel capsule is placed in the receiving cup, and the piercing element is used to puncture the capsule located in the receiving cup prior to insertion of the applicator into the body lumen, and wherein the plunger can be depressed once the applicator is inserted into the body lumen to eject the pierced capsule into the body lumen. 1-5. (canceled) 6. A device for piercing a capsule comprising: a spherical base; a cylindrical body having a longitudinal axis, the cylindrical body rigidly connected to the spherical base and having a radius that is smaller than a radius of the spherical base, the cylindrical body having a substantially solid interior with an ellipsoidal opening along an upper surface extending to an upper rim; and an elongate piercing member aligned along the longitudinal axis and having a first portion rigidly embedded in the substantially solid interior of the cylindrical body and a second portion extending along the longitudinal axis into the ellipsoidal opening to a position approximately half way between the minima of the ellipsoidal opening and the upper rim; wherein the spherical base, cylindrical body, and elongate piercing member form a rigid system with no relative movement therebetween.",
-    "A method is provided in one example embodiment and may include monitoring, by a radio access network (RAN) orchestration function, impairments between a plurality of candidate locations interconnected by a transport network, wherein one or more network elements capable of performing one or more operations associated with a RAN are located at the plurality of candidate locations; determining a decomposition of one or more operations associated with the RAN into a plurality of sets of virtualized network functions (VNFs) to execute the operations; determining a distribution of the plurality of sets of VNFs among the one or more network elements associated with the RAN for one or more optimal locations of the plurality of candidate locations based, at least in part, on the monitored impairments; and instantiating the plurality of sets of VNFs at each of the one or more optimal locations. 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a radio access network (RAN) orchestration function, a characterization of impairments between a plurality of locations interconnected by a transport network, wherein the plurality of locations includes a location associated with at least one radio frequency (RF) termination point and a plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a radio access network (RAN); determining, based at least in part on the characterization of impairments between the plurality of locations interconnected by the transport network, a decomposition of one or more operations associated with the RAN into a first set of virtualized network functions (VNFs) associated with first operations to be executed for one or more RAN controllers and a second set of VNFs associated with operations to be executed for the at least one RF termination point; instantiating the first set of VNFs at one or more particular locations of the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN interconnected by the transport network; and instantiating the second set of VNFs at the location of the at least one RF termination point. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: configuring a plurality of orchestration policies for the RAN orchestration function, wherein each orchestration policy identifies a particular decomposition of one or more operations associated with the RAN into a particular first set of VNFs and a particular second set of VNFs for different impairments that can exist between the plurality of locations interconnected by the transport network. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the decomposition further includes comparing the received characterization of impairments to the configured orchestration policies to determine the decomposition into the first set of VNFs and the second set of VNFs. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, from the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN, the one or more particular locations at which to instantiate the first set VNFs for each of the one or more RAN controllers based, at least in part, on the characterization of impairments. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein identifying the one or more particular locations at which to instantiate the first set of VNFs for each of the one or more RAN controllers further includes determining network element capabilities at the plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a RAN. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: configuring a plurality of orchestration policies for the RAN orchestration function, wherein each orchestration policy indicates network element capabilities of each of the network elements of the RAN for executing one or more operations for associated with the RAN. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a change in user equipment demand (UE) by the RAN orchestration function at one or more of: the location associated with at least one radio frequency (RF) termination point; and the plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a radio access network (RAN). 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a change in UE demand can include at least one of: a change in location of one or more UE among one or more RF termination points within the RAN; a change in UE density among one or more RF termination points within the RAN; service type demand for one or more UE within the RAN; and priority of access for one or more UE among one or more RF termination points within the RAN. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein, based, at least in part, on determining a change in UE demand, the RAN orchestration function performs one or more of: providing admission control to one or more RF termination points; updating an allowable number of calls that can be supported by one or more RF termination points; updating an allowable number of radio access bearer types that can be accepted by one or more RF termination points; determining another decomposition of the one or more operations associated with the RAN into another first set of VNFs and another second set of VNFs; determining a distribution of a another first set of VNFs among the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN; bringing one or more RF termination points online; and pushing one or more RF termination points offline. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of VNFs or the set of VNFs includes at least one of: a virtualized Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) function; a virtualized Radio Link Control (RLC) function; a virtualized Media Access Control (MAC) function; a virtualized Radio Resource Control (RRC) function; and a virtualized physical layer (PHY) function. 11. One or more non-transitory tangible media encoding logic that includes instructions for execution that when executed by a processor, is operable to perform operations comprising: receiving, by a radio access network (RAN) orchestration function, a characterization of impairments between a plurality of locations interconnected by a transport network, wherein the plurality of locations includes a location associated with at least one radio frequency (RF) termination point and a plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a radio access network (RAN); determining, based at least in part on the characterization of impairments between the plurality of locations interconnected by the transport network, a decomposition of one or more operations associated with the RAN into a first set of virtualized network functions (VNFs) associated with first operations to be executed for one or more RAN controllers and a second set of VNFs associated with operations to be executed for the at least one RF termination point; instantiating the first set of VNFs at one or more particular locations of the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN interconnected by the transport network; and instantiating the second set of VNFs at the location of the at least one RF termination point. 12. The media of claim 11, the operations further comprising: configuring a plurality of orchestration policies for the RAN orchestration function, wherein each orchestration policy identifies a particular decomposition of one or more operations associated with the RAN into a particular first set of VNFs and a particular second set of VNFs for different impairments that can exist between the plurality of locations interconnected by the transport network. 13. The media of claim 12, wherein determining the decomposition further includes comparing the received characterization of impairments to the configured orchestration policies to determine the decomposition into the first set of VNFs and the second set of VNFs. 14. The media of claim 11, the operations further comprising: identifying, from the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN, the one or more particular locations at which to instantiate the first set VNFs for each of the one or more RAN controllers based, at least in part, on the characterization of impairments. 15. The media of claim 14, wherein identifying the one or more particular locations at which to instantiate the first set of VNFs for each of the one or more RAN controllers further includes determining network element capabilities at the plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a RAN. 16. The media of claim 15, the operations further comprising: configuring a plurality of orchestration policies for the RAN orchestration function, wherein each orchestration policy indicates network element capabilities of each of the network elements of the RAN for executing one or more operations for associated with the RAN. 17. The media of claim 11, the operations further comprising: determining a change in user equipment demand (UE) by the RAN orchestration function at one or more of: the location associated with at least one radio frequency (RF) termination point; and the plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a radio access network (RAN). 18. A system comprising: a Radio Access Network (RAN) orchestration system comprising: at least one memory element; at least one processor; and a RAN orchestration function adapted when executed by the at least one processor to: receive a characterization of impairments between a plurality of locations interconnected by a transport network, wherein the plurality of locations includes a location associated with at least one radio frequency (RF) termination point and a plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a radio access network (RAN); determine, based at least in part on the characterization of impairments between the plurality of locations interconnected by the transport network, a decomposition of one or more operations associated with the RAN into a first set of virtualized network functions (VNFs) associated with first operations to be executed for one or more RAN controllers and a second set of VNFs associated with operations to be executed for the at least one RF termination point; instantiate the first set of VNFs at one or more particular locations of the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN interconnected by the transport network; and instantiate the second set of VNFs at the location of the at least one RF termination point. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the RAN orchestration function is further adapted when executed by the at least one processor to: identify, from the plurality of other locations associated with the network elements of the RAN, the one or more particular locations at which to instantiate the first set VNFs for each of the one or more RAN controllers based, at least in part, on the characterization of impairments. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein identifying the one or more particular locations at which to instantiate the first set of VNFs for each of the one or more RAN controllers further includes determining network element capabilities at the plurality of other locations associated with network elements of a RAN.",
-    "An acoustic wave device includes: a substrate; an acoustic wave element that is formed on the substrate; a first wiring that is formed on the substrate and electrically connected to the acoustic wave element; a second wiring that is formed above the substrate via an air gap, and includes an edge fixed to the first wiring; a fixer that is formed on an edge of the first wiring, projects upwardly, and is fixed to the second wiring; and a projection that contacts the fixer, projects upwardly, and is formed on the edge of the first wiring and on an outside of the second wiring in a direction intersecting an extension direction of the second wiring. 1. An acoustic wave device comprising: a substrate; an acoustic wave element that is formed on the substrate; a first wiring that is formed on the substrate and electrically connected to the acoustic wave element; a second wiring that is formed above the substrate via an air gap, and includes an edge fixed to the first wiring; a fixer that is formed on an edge of the first wiring, projects upwardly, and is fixed to the second wiring; and a projection that contacts the fixer, projects upwardly, and is formed on the edge of the first wiring and on an outside of the second wiring in a direction intersecting an extension direction of the second wiring. 2. The acoustic wave device as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the first wiring and the second wiring includes a seed layer and a plating layer formed on the seed layer, and the seed layer extends upwardly along a side surface of the projection. 3. The acoustic wave device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the projection is formed on a part of an edge of the first wiring and is not formed on a remain of the edge of the first wiring. 4. The acoustic wave device as claimed in claim 3, wherein each of the first wiring and the second wiring includes a seed layer and a plating layer formed on the seed layer, the seed layer extends upwardly along a side surface of the projection, and the seed layer does not extend upwardly in a side surface of the edge of the first wiring on which the projection is not formed. 5. The acoustic wave device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a third wiring formed on the substrate; wherein the second wiring is formed above the third wiring via an air gap. 6. The acoustic wave device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the first wiring includes a metal film formed on the substrate, a seed layer formed on the metal film, and a plating layer formed on the seed layer, the second wiring includes the seed layer and the plating layer without including the metal film, and the third layer includes the metal film without including the seed layer and the plating layer. 7. A method for manufacturing an acoustic wave device, comprising: forming a metal film on a first region of a substrate for an acoustic wave element to be formed and a second region of the substrate for a first wiring to be formed, the first wiring being electrically connected to the acoustic wave element; forming, on the substrate, a first mask layer in which a first opening is located on the metal film in the second region and is not located on a third region for a second wiring to be formed; forming a seed layer so as to contact the metal film in the first opening and cover the first mask layer; forming a second mask layer in which a second opening is located on the second region and the third region on the seed layer so that a part of the seed layer is exposed to the second opening, the part of the seed layer being located on both sides of the third region in an extension direction of the second wiring and being formed on a side surface of the first mask layer; forming a plating layer on the seed layer in the second opening by supplying a current from the seed layer; and lifting off the seed layer in the outside of the first opening by removing the first mask layer and the second mask layer. 8. The method for manufacturing the acoustic wave device, as claimed in claim 7, wherein the forming the second mask layer includes forming the second mask so that another part of the seed layer formed on the side surface of the first mask layer is not exposed to the second opening.",
-    "A control apparatus for a vehicle includes a controller configured to (i) calculate, based on a distance and a relative speed between a host vehicle and a forward obstacle, a collision prediction time of a collision between the forward obstacle and the host vehicle; (ii) execute a predetermined control when the collision prediction time is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the predetermined control reducing a probability of the collision between the forward obstacle and the host vehicle, and (iii) decrease the predetermined threshold, when an accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed under a situation where the forward obstacle exists, depending on a first distance between the host vehicle and the forward obstacle at a time at which the accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed. 1. A control apparatus for a vehicle, the control apparatus comprising a controller configured to: (i) calculate, based on a distance and a relative speed between a host vehicle and a forward obstacle, a collision prediction time of a collision between the forward obstacle and the host vehicle; (ii) execute a predetermined control when the collision prediction time is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the predetermined control reducing a probability of the collision between the forward obstacle and the host vehicle, and (iii) decrease the predetermined threshold, when an accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed under a situation where the forward obstacle exists, depending on a first distance between the host vehicle and the forward obstacle at a time at which the accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed. 2. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller decreases the predetermined threshold if the first distance is less than or equal to a first predetermined distance. 3. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller decreases the predetermined threshold if the first distance is within a range between a second predetermined distance, which is greater than 0, and a first predetermined distance that is greater than the second predetermined distance. 4. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller decreases the predetermined threshold if an arrival time, determined by dividing the first distance by the speed of the host vehicle at the time at which the accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed, is less than or equal to a first predetermined time. 5. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller decreases the predetermined threshold if an arrival time, determined by dividing the first distance by the speed of the host vehicle at the time at which the accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed, is within a range between a second predetermined time, which is greater than 0, and a first predetermined time, which is greater than the second predetermined time. 6. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller decreases the predetermined threshold if a first collision prediction time, determined by dividing the first distance by the relative speed between the forward obstacle and the host vehicle at the time at which the accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed, is within a range between a second predetermined collision prediction time, which is greater than a maximum value of the predetermined threshold, and a first predetermined collision prediction time. 7. The control apparatus of claim 2, wherein the controller increases the predetermined threshold, under a situation other than a situation where the controller decreases the predetermined threshold, such that the predetermined threshold associated with performance of the accelerator pedal releasing operation is greater than that associated with the accelerator pedal releasing operation being not performed. 8. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller detects occurrence of the accelerator pedal releasing operation upon an accelerator position transitioning from being greater than a predetermined ON threshold to being smaller than a predetermined OFF threshold that is smaller than the predetermined ON threshold. 9. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined control includes sounding of an alarm. 10. The control apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predetermined control includes actuating brakes of the vehicle. 11. A controller for a vehicle, the controller performing, upon there being a probability of a collision between a forward obstacle and a host vehicle, a predetermined control that reduces the probability of the collision, wherein the controller delays a timing of executing the predetermined control such that the timing is delayed under a situation in which an accelerator pedal releasing operation is performed while a parameter is within a range compared to when the parameter is not within the range, the range having an upper limit value thereof, the parameter being (1) a distance between the host vehicle and a current position of the forward obstacle; (2) a first time corresponding to the distance between the host vehicle and the forward obstacle divided by a current host vehicle speed; or (3) a second time corresponding to the distance between the host vehicle and the forward obstacle divided by a current relative speed between the host vehicle and the forward obstacle. 12. The controller of claim 11, wherein the predetermined control includes sounding of an alarm. 13. The controller of claim 11, wherein the predetermined control includes actuating brakes of the vehicle.",
-    "The present invention provides a method for regulating aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) comprises administering all-trans retinoic acid to a subject. Further, the present invention also provides a method for treating solid malignancy comprises administering all-trans retinoic acid to a subject, providing a new choice in current cancer treatment. 1. A method for regulating aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) comprises administering an effective dose of all-trans retinoic acid to a subject. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the all-trans retinoic acid further regulates FoxM1 expression through regulating ALDH1. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the all-trans retinoic acid further regulates Notch1 expression through regulating ALDH1. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subject is a mammal. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the mammal is a human body. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the effective dose is at least 0.00405 mg/kg. 7. A method for treating solid malignancy comprises administering an effective dose of all-trans retinoic acid to a subject; wherein the solid malignancy is ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer or primary peritoneal cancer. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the subject is a mammal. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the mammal is a human body. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the effective dose is at least 0.00405 mg/kg. 11. (canceled) 12. The method as claimed in claims 7, wherein the all-trans retinoic acid inhibits the growth of cancer cell having sternness and tumourigenic ability. 13. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the all-trans retinoic acid inhibits the growth of cancer cell by regulating ALDH1 expression. 14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the all-trans retinoic acid inhibits the growth of cancer cell by downregulating ALDH1 expression.",
-    "The present disclosure provides DNA-guided CRISPR systems; polynucleotides comprising DNA, RNA and mixtures thereof for use with CRISPR systems; and methods of use involving such polynucleotides and DNA-guided CRISPR systems. 1. A single polynucleotide comprising: a targeting region comprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); an activating region adjacent to said targeting region comprising ribonucleic acid (RNA); wherein said single polynucleotide is for use with a Class 2 CRISPR system. 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the activating region comprises DNA. 3. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. 4. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA and the activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. 5. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said activating region is downstream of said targeting region. 6. The polynucleotide of claim 5, wherein said activating region comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus, and a hairpin. 7. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said activating region is upstream of said targeting region. 8. The polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein said activating region comprises a stem loop structure. 9. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said activating region interacts with a Cas9 protein. 10. The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said activating region interacts with a Cpf1 protein. 11. A Class 2 CRISPR system comprising: a single polynucleotide comprising a targeting region comprising deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and configured to hybridize with a target sequence in a nucleic acid; an activating region adjacent to said targeting region comprising a ribonucleic acid (RNA); and a site-directed polypeptide. 12. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, wherein said activating region is downstream of said targeting region and wherein said site-directed polypeptide comprises Cas9. 13. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 12, wherein said activating region comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of a lower stem, a bulge, an upper stem, a nexus, and a hairpin. 14. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, wherein said activating region is upstream of said targeting region and wherein said site-directed polypeptide comprises Cpf1. 15. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 14, wherein said activating region comprises a stem loop structure. 16. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, wherein said site-directed polypeptide interacts with said activating region. 17. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, wherein said targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. 18. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, wherein said activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. 19. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, wherein said targeting region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA and said activating region comprises a mixture of DNA and RNA. 20. The Class 2 CRISPR system of claim 11, further comprising a donor polynucleotide.",
-    "Disclosed is a transmission scheme for transmitting a first modulated signal and a second modulated signal in the same frequency at the same time. According to the transmission scheme, a precoding weight multiplying unit multiplies a precoding weight by a baseband signal after a first mapping and a baseband signal after a second mapping and outputs the first modulated signal and the second modulated signal. In the precoding weight multiplying unit, precoding weights are regularly hopped. 1. A transmission method comprising: selecting one matrix from among N matrices F[i], wherein N is equal to an integer 9 and i is equal to an integer no less than 0 and no more than 8, by hopping between the N matrices over each of a plurality of slots, the N matrices F[i] defining a precoding process that is performed on a plurality of modulated signals; and generating a first transmission signal z1 and a second transmission signal z2 for each of the plurality of slots by performing a precoding process, which corresponds to the matrix selected from among the N matrices F[i], on a first modulated signal s1 generated from a first set of bits and a second modulated signal s2 generated from a second set of bits; and transmitting the first transmission signal z1 and the second transmission signal z2 from a first antenna and a second antenna, respectively, the first transmission signal z1 and the second transmission signal z2 satisfying (z1, z2)T=F[i] (s1, s2)T, and the N matrices F[i] being expressed by the following equations: F \ue8a0 [ i = 0 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \uf74d j\u03c0 ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 1 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 2 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 3 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 4 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 5 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 6 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 7 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , and F \ue8a0 [ i = 8 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , wherein \u03b1 is a positive real number, and each of the N matrices F[i] is selected at least once in a predetermined number of slots. 2. A transmission apparatus comprising: a weighting information generating unit selecting one matrix from among N matrices F[i], wherein N is equal to an integer 9 and i is equal to an integer no less than 0 and no more than 8, by hopping between the N matrices over each of a plurality of slots, the N matrices F[i] defining a precoding process that is performed on a plurality of modulated signals; a weighting unit generating a first transmission signal z1 and a second transmission signal z2 for each of the plurality of slots by performing a precoding process, which corresponds to the matrix selected from among the N matrices F[i], on a first modulated signal s1 and a second modulated signal generated from a second set of bits; and a transmission unit transmitting the first transmission signal z1 and the second transmission signal z2 from a first antenna and a second antenna, respectively, the first transmission signal z1 and the second transmission signal z2 satisfying (z1, z2)T=F[i] (s1, s2)T, and the N matrices F[i] being expressed by the following equations: F \ue8a0 [ i = 0 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \uf74d j\u03c0 ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 1 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 2 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 3 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 4 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 5 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 6 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 7 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , and F \ue8a0 [ i = 8 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , wherein \u03b1 is a positive real number, and each of the N matrices F[i] is selected at least once in a predetermined number of slots. 3. A reception method comprising: acquiring a reception signal obtained by receiving a first transmission signal and a second transmission signal respectively transmitted from a first antenna and a second antenna in the same frequency at the same time, the first transmission signal and the second transmission signal being generated through predetermined generation processing; and generating reception data by performing demodulation processing on the acquired reception signal, the predetermined generation processing involving: selecting one matrix from among N matrices F[i], wherein N is equal to an integer 9 and i is equal to an integer no less than 0 and no more than 8, by hopping between the N matrices over each of a plurality of slots, the N matrices F[i] defining a precoding process that is performed on a plurality of modulated signals; and generating a first transmission signal z1 and a second transmission signal z2 for each of the plurality of slots by performing a precoding process, which corresponds to the matrix selected from among the N matrices F[i], on a first modulated signal s1 generated from a first set of bits and a second modulated signal s2 generated from a second set of bits, the first transmission signal z1 and the second transmission signal z2 satisfying (z1, z2)T=F[i] (s1, s2)T, and the N matrices F[i] being expressed by the following equations: F \ue8a0 [ i = 0 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \uf74d j\u03c0 ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 1 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 2 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 3 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 4 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 5 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 6 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 7 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , and F \ue8a0 [ i = 8 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , wherein \u03b1 is a positive real number, and each of the N matrices F[i] is selected at least once in a predetermined number of slots. 4. A reception apparatus comprising: an acquiring unit acquiring a reception signal, the reception signal being obtained by receiving a first transmission signal and a second transmission signal respectively transmitted from a first antenna and a second antenna in the same frequency at the same time, the first transmission signal and the second transmission signal being generated through predetermined generation processing; a generating unit generating the reception data by performing demodulation processing on the acquired reception signal, the predetermined generation processing involving: selecting one matrix from among N matrices F[i], wherein N is equal to an integer 9 and i is equal to an integer no less than 0 and no more than 8, by hopping between the N matrices over each of a plurality of slots, the N matrices F[i] defining a precoding process that is performed on a plurality of modulated signals; and generating a first transmission signal z1 and a second transmission signal z2 for each of the plurality of slots by performing a precoding process, which corresponds to the matrix selected from among the N matrices F[i], on a first modulated signal s1 generated from a first set of bits and a second modulated signal s2 generated from a second set of bits, the first transmission signal z1 and the second transmission signal z2 satisfying (z1, z2)T=F[i] (s1, s2)T, and the N matrices F[i] being expressed by the following equations: F \ue8a0 [ i = 0 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \uf74d j\u03c0 ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 1 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 2 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 2 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 4 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 3 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 6 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 4 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 8 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 5 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 10 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 6 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 12 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , \ue89e F \ue8a0 [ i = 7 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 14 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , and F \ue8a0 [ i = 8 ] = 1 \u03b1 2 + 1 \ue89e ( \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j0 \u03b1 \u00d7 \uf74d j \ue89e 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 \uf74d j \ue8a0 ( 16 9 \ue89e \u03c0 + \u03c0 ) ) , wherein \u03b1 is a positive real number, and each of the N matrices F[i] is selected at least once in a predetermined number of slots.",
-    "Method and apparatus for using at least a portion of a one-time password as a dynamic card verification value (CVV) are disclosed. A credit/debit card is able to generate a dynamic card verification value (CVV). Such a card may also include an indication that the dynamic CVV is to be used as a security code for purchasing or other transactions. A card-based financial transaction can be authorized in accordance with the use of a dynamic CVV by receiving a transaction authorization request for a specific credit/debit card, wherein the transaction authorization request includes a dynamic CVV. The dynamic CVV can be compared to at least a portion of a one-time password generated for the specific credit/debit card, and a transaction authorization can be sent to the merchant or vendor when the dynamic CVV matches all or a portion of the one-time password. 1. An apparatus for authorizing a transaction, wherein the transaction involves a credit/debit card, wherein the credit/debit card comprises: a visual display; a speaker; one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card configured to receive as an input a challenge response, wherein the one or more input devices comprise two or more of buttons corresponding to a plurality of alpha-numeric characters; a processor in communication with the one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card, wherein the processor is configured to: generate a challenge; present, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the challenge; receive, via the plurality of buttons on the credit/debit card, a challenge response comprising alpha-numeric characters; and determine whether or not the challenge response received into the credit/debit card is successful; and a one-time password generator automatically generating a one-time password or value based at least partially on receiving the challenge response into the credit/debit card and determining that the challenge response is successful, wherein the apparatus comprises: means for receiving a transaction authorization request associated with the transaction involving the credit/debit card, wherein the transaction authorization request comprises a prompt for a card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; means for presenting, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the one-time password, wherein a portion of the one-time password comprises a dynamic card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; means for comparing the dynamic CVV generated by the credit/debit card to at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password for the credit/debit card; and means for sending a transaction authorization involving the credit/debit card if the dynamic CVV generated by the credit/debit card matches the at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password for the credit/debit card. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for sending a transaction denial when the dynamic CVV does not match the at least a portion of the one-time password. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least a portion of the one-time password comprises three digits of a six-digit one-time password. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: means for separating the dynamic CVV from credit/debit card data; means for validating the credit/debit card data; and means for merging the dynamic CVV with the credit/debit card data to produce the transaction authorization. 5. The apparatus of claim 3 further comprises a united authentication server wherein the means for comparing of the dynamic CVV to the three digits of the six-digit one-time password is accomplished using a united authentication server. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the dynamic CVV is based at least partially on the challenge response input by the user into the credit/debit card. 7. A system for authorizing a transaction, wherein the transaction involves a credit/debit card, wherein the credit/debit card comprises: a visual display; a speaker; one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit configured to receive as an input a challenge response, wherein the one or more input devices comprise two or more-buttons corresponding to a plurality of alpha-numeric characters; a processor in communication with the one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card, wherein the processor is configured to: generate a challenge; present, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the challenge; receive, via the plurality of buttons on the credit/debit card, a challenge response comprising alpha-numeric characters; and determine whether or not the challenge response received into the credit/debit card is successful; and a one-time password generator automatically generating a one-time password or value based at least partially on receiving the challenge response into the credit/debit card and determining that the challenge response is successful, wherein the system comprises: a card approval server configured to receive a transaction authorization request associated with a transaction involving the credit/debit card, wherein the transaction authorization request comprises a prompt for a card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card to present the one-time password, wherein a portion of the one-time password comprises a dynamic card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; an intermediate server configured to identify the dynamic CVV from a static CVV and to separate the dynamic CVV from credit/debit card data; a database interconnected with the card approval server and the intermediate server and configured to validate the credit/debit card data; and an authentication server interconnected with the intermediate server and configured to compare the dynamic CVV with at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password to authenticate the dynamic CVV. 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the database further comprises: a credit card database; and a debit card database. 9. The system of claim 7 wherein the intermediate server is disposed within a middleware layer. 10. The system of claim 7 wherein the at least a portion of the one-time password comprises three digits of a six-digit one-time password. 11. The system of claim 10 further comprising a united authentication server wherein the comparing of the dynamic CVV to the three digits of the six-digit one-time password is accomplished. 12. The system of claim 7 wherein the dynamic CVV is based at least partially on the challenge response input by the user into the credit/debit card.",
-    "Apparatuses, computer readable media, and methods establishing and maintaining trust between security devices for distributing media content are provided. Two security devices bind to establish an initial trust so that security information can be exchanged. Subsequently, trust is refreshed to verify the source of a message is valid. In an embodiment, the security devices may comprise a security processor and a system on a chip (SoC) in a downloadable conditional access system. Trust may be refreshed by a security device inserting authentication information in a message to another security device, where authentication information may assume different forms, including a digital signature (asymmetric key) or a hash message authentication code (HMAC). Trust may also be refreshed by extracting header information from the message, determining state information from at least one parameter contained in the header information, and acting on message content only when the state information is valid. 1. A method comprising: refreshing an initial trust between a first computing device and a second computing device to maintain trust between the first computing device and the second computing device by the first computing device performing at least the following: receiving, from a trusted authority, an encrypted device-specific non-repeating authenticator associated with the second computing device, wherein the encrypted device-specific non-repeating authenticator is encrypted for decryption by the second computing device; signing a first message with a first key, the first message comprising the encrypted device-specific non-repeating authenticator, a first header parameter comprising a first order sequence rule for the first message and for subsequent messages between the first computing device and the second computing device, and a second header parameter comprising a message order sequence rule for the first message and for the subsequent messages between the first computing device and the second computing device; sending the first message to the second computing device via a secure communication channel between the first computing device and the second computing device; and validating a second message from the second computing device based on the first order sequence rule, the message order sequence rule, and a second key.",
-    "A switch includes a casing having a bore, a piston assembly having a first end and an exposed end, a plurality of flanges formed at the first end; an insulating sleeve enclosing the first end, a contact assembly disposed in the casing bore; a pin disposed in the bore; a predetermined quantity of lubricant deposited in the bore; and a spring urging the pin into engagement with the piston assembly. The insulating sleeve and the plurality of flanges are at least partially disposed in the casing bore. The pin has: (i) a first position wherein the pin electrically contacts the piston assembly and is electrically isolated from the contact assembly; and (ii) a second position wherein the pin is electrically isolated from the piston assembly and electrically engages the contact assembly. The predetermined quantity of lubricant may be approximately 0.3 grams. 1. A switch for selectively firing a perforating gun train that includes at least a first perforating gun and a second perforating gun, comprising: a casing having a bore; a piston assembly having a first end and an exposed end, a plurality of flanges formed at the first end, a plurality of grooves formed at the exposed end, an insulating sleeve enclosing the plurality of flanges and electrically isolating the piston assembly from the casing, wherein the insulating sleeve and the plurality of flanges are at least partially disposed in the casing bore; a contact assembly disposed in the casing bore; a pin disposed in the bore, the pin being slidable between a first position and a second position, wherein the pin electrically contacts the piston assembly and is electrically isolated from the contact assembly in the first position, and the pin is electrically isolated from the piston assembly and electrically engages the contact assembly in the second position; a predetermined quantity of lubricant deposited in the bore; and a spring urging the pin into engagement with the piston assembly when the pin is in the first position. 2. The switch of claim 1, wherein the predetermined quantity of lubricant is approximately 0.3 grams. 3. The switch of claim 1, wherein the lubricant is deposited in the bore and proximately at the region wherein the piston assembly and the contact assembly face one another. 4. The switch of claim 1, wherein the piston assembly includes a piston body and wherein each flange of the plurality of flange is circumferential projection that has surfaces oriented transverse to a circumferential surface of the piston body. 5. The switch of claim 1, wherein the spring surrounds a tapered portion of the pin. 6. The switch of claim 5, wherein the pin moves from the first position to the second position in response to a pressure applied by the lubricant, and wherein the pressure of the lubricant overcomes a spring force of the spring and locks the spring with the contact assembly when the spring is in the second position. 7. The switch of claim 6, wherein the contact assembly includes a bore in which the spring is received. 8. The switch of claim 1, wherein: the lubricant is deposited in the bore and proximately at the region wherein the piston assembly and the contact assembly face one another; the piston assembly includes a piston body and wherein each flange of the plurality of flange is circumferential projection that has surfaces oriented transverse to a circumferential surface of the piston body; the spring surrounds a tapered portion of the pin; the pin moves from the first position to the second position in response to a pressure applied by the lubricant; the pressure of the lubricant overcomes a spring force of the spring and locks the spring with the contact assembly when the spring is in the second position; and the contact assembly includes a bore in which the spring is received. 9. A method for selectively firing a perforating gun train, comprising: forming the perforating gun train to include includes at least a first perforating gun and a second perforating gun, forming an electrical connection between the perforating gun train and a surface location using at least one switch, wherein the switch includes: a casing having a bore; a piston assembly having a first end and an exposed end, a plurality of flanges formed at the first end, a plurality of grooves formed at the exposed end, an insulating sleeve enclosing the plurality of flanges and electrically isolating the piston assembly from the casing, wherein the insulating sleeve and the plurality of flanges are at least partially disposed in the casing bore; a contact assembly disposed in the casing bore; a pin disposed in the bore, the pin being slidable between a first position and a second position, wherein the pin electrically contacts the piston assembly and is electrically isolated from the contact assembly in the first position, and the pin is electrically isolated from the piston assembly and electrically engages the contact assembly in the second position; a predetermined quantity of lubricant deposited in the bore; and a spring urging the pin into engagement with the piston assembly when the pin is in the first position; conveying the perforating gun train into a wellbore with the pin in the first position; firing the first perforating gun, the firing causing the pin to move to the second position; and firing the second gun.",
-    "A plasma processing apparatus includes: an evacuable processing chamber including a dielectric window; a substrate supporting unit, provided in the processing chamber, for mounting thereon a target substrate; a processing gas supply unit for supplying a desired processing gas to the processing chamber to perform a plasma process on the target substrate; a first RF antenna, provided on the dielectric window, for generating a plasma by an inductive coupling in the processing chamber; and a first RF power supply unit for supplying an RF power to the first RF antenna. The first RF antenna includes a primary coil provided on or above the dielectric window and electrically connected to the first RF power supply unit; and a secondary coil provided such that the coils are coupled with each other by an electromagnetic induction therebetween while being arranged closer to a bottom surface of the dielectric window than the primary coil. 1. A plasma processing apparatus comprising: a processing chamber including a dielectric window; a substrate supporting unit, provided in the processing chamber, for mounting thereon a target substrate to be processed; a processing gas supply unit for supplying a desired processing gas to the processing chamber to perform a desired plasma process on the target substrate; a first RF antenna, provided on the dielectric window, for generating a plasma from the processing gas by an inductive coupling in the processing chamber; and a first RF power supply unit for supplying an RF power to the first RF antenna, the RF power having an appropriate frequency for RF discharge of the processing gas, wherein the first RF antenna includes: a primary coil provided on or above the dielectric window and electrically connected to the first RF power supply unit through an RF power supply line; and a secondary coil coupled with the primary coil by an electromagnetic induction therebetween without being connected to any RF power supply unit, the secondary coil being arranged closer to a bottom surface of the dielectric window than the primary coil, and wherein the secondary coil is formed as a plurality of disjointed coils, the coils of the secondary coil have diameters different from each other, and a capacitor is provided in a loop of at least one of the coils of the secondary coil. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the coils of the secondary coil are concentrically arranged. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the capacitor is a variable capacitor, and a capacitance of the capacitor is adjusted to control a radial distribution of a plasma density on the target substrate. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the primary coil is formed as a multi-wound concentric coil, and a plurality of wound portions of the primary coil is disposed, respectively, opposite to the coils of the secondary coil. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the capacitor is a variable capacitor, and a capacitance of the capacitor is adjusted to control a radial distribution of a plasma density on the target substrate. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the capacitor is a variable capacitor, and a capacitance of the capacitor is adjusted to control a radial distribution of a plasma density on the target substrate.",
-    "The present disclosure provides for a sleep apparatus with a base having an asymmetric design, featuring an integrated sleeve such that a pad may be inserted into the sleeve. The sleep apparatus may also have a net that provides for an enclosure. The asymmetric design of the base and the pad that fits into the integrated sleeve provide for a substantially flat surface for a user to lie on while using this sleep apparatus. This substantially flat surface creates a more-uniform pressure against a user's body allowing for the sleep apparatus to be comfortably resided-in for longer periods of time when compared with a traditional hammock. The net of the present invention creates a means for suspending the insect net above a user. The sleep apparatus may be optionally equipped with a storage pouch. 1. A sleeping apparatus, comprising: a middle panel, having a first side and a second side; a first panel, being substantially triangular in shape, wherein said first panel is attached to said first side; a second panel, being substantially triangular in shape longitudinal panel, wherein said second panel is attached to said second side; a first receiving portion, attached to said first panel, wherein said first receiving portion is capable of receiving a cord; a second receiving portion, attached to said second panel, wherein said first receiving portion is capable of receiving a cord; and an optionally equipped integrated sleeve, wherein said integrated sleeve is integrated with said middle panel. 2. The sleeping apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a net enclosure. 3. The sleeping apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a plurality of gear loops. 4. The sleeping apparatus of claim 2, wherein the net has over 2000 holes per square inch. 5. The sleeping apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a pouch sized to receive the sleep apparatus when not in use, wherein the pouch is attached to the seam between the net and the middle panel. 6. The sleeping apparatus of claim 2, wherein the suspension mechanism is a cord measuring about 100 inches in length. 7. The sleeping apparatus of claim 1, wherein one end of the integrated sleeve contains a triangular opening. 8. The sleep apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first panel, second panel, and middle panel are comprised of rip stop nylon. 9. The sleep apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a pad, wherein said pad is shaped to be insertable into said integrated sleeve. 10. The sleep apparatus of claim 8, wherein the pad is inflatable. 11. The sleep apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first panel and second panel are each equipped with at least one storage pocket. 12. The sleep apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of gear loops. 13. The sleep apparatus of claim 11, wherein said plurality of gear loops are situated to provide for a mechanism to hang items within the sleep apparatus. 14. A sleeping apparatus, comprising: a hammock portion, comprising: a pair of support cords each having a first and second end; a suspension cord having a first and second end; a middle panel that is substantially rectangular in shape, wherein said middle panel is equipped with an integrated sleeve adapted to receive a support pad; a first longitudinal panel that is substantially triangular in shape, wherein the first longitudinal panel shares at least one common edge with the middle panel; a second longitudinal panel that is substantially triangular in shape, wherein the second longitudinal panel shares at least one common edge with the middle panel; a first lateral panel that is substantially triangular in shape, wherein the first lateral panel shares at least one common edge with the middle panel; wherein the shared common edge is reinforced with webbing; a second lateral panel that is substantially triangular in shape, wherein the second lateral panel shares at least one common edge with the middle panel; wherein the shared common edge is reinforced with webbing; a first support panel that is substantially triangular in shape, wherein the first support panel shares at least one common edge with the first longitudinal panel and at least one common edge with the first lateral panel; wherein the shared common edge is reinforced with webbing; a second support panel that is substantially triangular in shape, wherein the second support panel shares at least one common edge with the second longitudinal panel and at least one common edge with the second lateral panel; wherein the shared common edge is reinforced with webbing; a first and second receiving portions, wherein said first receiving portion is attached to at least one edge of the first support panel and is capable of receiving a means for suspending the sleep apparatus, wherein said second receiving portion is attached to at least one edge of the support second panel and is capable of receiving a means for suspending the sleep apparatus. 15. The sleeping apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: a net portion, comprising: a fabric lattice, at least one gear loop, wherein said net is stitched to the first and second support panels, said net being gathered at one end proximate to an edge of the first support panel and secured with one gathering loop to create a seal at said gathering, said net being gathered at another end with the open end of the left panel and secured with another gathering loop, such that a seal is effectively created at said gathering; said suspension cord is brought through the at least one gear loops such that the net is suspended above a user, wherein one support cord has one end affixed to the gathering of the net and the first support panel; and wherein one support cord has one end affixed to the gathering of the net and the second support panel. 16. A sleep apparatus, comprising: a base; a net section, wherein said net section is comprised of a mesh having at least 2100 holes per square inch; a suspension mechanism; and a net suspension mechanism. 17. The sleep apparatus of claim 15, wherein said base is configured to receive a pad. 18. The sleep apparatus of claim 15, further comprising internal pockets. 19. The sleep apparatus of claim 15, wherein said base comprises: a middle panel; a first support panel; a second support panel; a first longitudinal panel; a second longitudinal panel; a first lateral panel, and a second lateral panel. 20. The sleep apparatus of claim 18, wherein said middle panel is capable of receiving a pad. 21. The sleep apparatus of claim 18, further comprising an attached storage pouch. 22. The sleep apparatus of claim 15, wherein said base comprises a plurality of polygonal panels.",
-    "Method and apparatus for using at least a portion of a one-time password as a dynamic card verification value (CVV) are disclosed. A credit/debit card is able to generate a dynamic card verification value (CVV). Such a card may also include an indication that the dynamic CVV is to be used as a security code for purchasing or other transactions. A card-based financial transaction can be authorized in accordance with the use of a dynamic CVV by receiving a transaction authorization request for a specific credit/debit card, wherein the transaction authorization request includes a dynamic CVV. The dynamic CVV can be compared to at least a portion of a one-time password generated for the specific credit/debit card, and a transaction authorization can be sent to the merchant or vendor when the dynamic CVV matches all or a portion of the one-time password. 1. A computer program product located on a non-transitory medium, which is readable by one or more computing devices, wherein the computer program code is used for authorizing a transaction, where the transaction involves a credit/debit card, wherein the credit/debit card comprises: a visual display; a speaker; one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card configured to receive as an input a challenge response, wherein the one or more input devices comprise two or more buttons corresponding to a plurality of alpha-numeric characters; a processor in communication with the one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card, wherein the processor is configured to: generate a challenge; present, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the challenge; receive, via the plurality of buttons on the credit/debit card, a challenge response comprising alpha-numeric characters; and determine whether or not the challenge response received into the credit/debit card is successful; and a one-time password generator automatically generating a one-time password or value based at least partially on receiving the challenge response into the credit/debit card and determining that the challenge response is successful, wherein the computer program product comprises instructions for operation by one or more computing devices to cause said one or more computing devices to: receive a transaction authorization request associated with the transaction involving the credit/debit card, wherein the transaction authorization request comprises a prompt for a card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; present, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the one-time password, wherein a portion of the one-time password comprises a dynamic card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; receive the dynamic CVV; comparing the dynamic CVV generated by the credit/debit card to at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password for the credit/debit card; and authorize the transaction involving the credit/debit card if the dynamic CVV generated by the credit/debit card matches at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password for the credit/debit card. 2. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising instructions for operation by one or more computing devices to cause said one or more computing devices to send a transaction denial when the dynamic CVV does not match the at least a portion of the one-time password. 3. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the at least a portion of the one-time password comprises three digits of a six-digit one-time password. 4. The computer program product of claim 1 further comprising instructions for operation by one or more computing devices to cause said one or more computing devices to: separate the dynamic CVV from credit/debit card data; validate the credit/debit card data; and merge the dynamic CVV with the credit/debit card data to produce the transaction authorization. 5. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the dynamic CVV is based at least partially on the challenge response input by the user into the credit/debit card. 6. A method for authorizing a transaction, wherein the transaction involves a credit/debit card, wherein the credit/debit card comprises: a visual display; a speaker; one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card configured to receive as an input a challenge response, wherein the one or more input devices comprise two or more buttons corresponding to a plurality of alpha-numeric characters; a processor in communication with the one or more input devices positioned on the credit/debit card, wherein the processor is configured to: generate a challenge; present, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the challenge; receive, via the plurality of buttons on the credit/debit card, a challenge response comprising alpha-numeric characters; and determine whether or not the challenge response received into the credit/debit card is successful; and a one-time password generator automatically generating a one-time password or value based at least partially on receiving the challenge response into the credit/debit card and determining that the challenge response is successful, wherein the method comprises: receiving a transaction authorization request associated with the transaction involving the credit/debit card, wherein the transaction authorization request comprises a prompt for a card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; presenting, via the visual display and the speaker of the credit/debit card, the one-time password, wherein a portion of the one-time password comprises a dynamic card verification value (CVV) for authenticating the transaction; receiving the dynamic CVV; comparing the dynamic CVV generated by the credit/debit card to at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password for the credit/debit card; and authorizing the transaction involving the credit/debit card if the dynamic CVV generated by the credit/debit card matches at least a portion of an externally generated one-time password for the credit/debit card. 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising sending a transaction denial when the dynamic CVV does not match the at least a portion of the one-time password. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the at least a portion of the one-time password comprises three digits of a six-digit one-time password. 9. The method of claim 6 further comprising: separating the dynamic CVV from credit/debit card data; validating the credit/debit card data; and merging the dynamic CVV with the credit/debit card data to produce the transaction authorization. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the comparing of the dynamic CVV to the three digits of the six-digit one-time password is accomplished using a united authentication server. 11. The method of claim 6 wherein the dynamic CVV is based at least partially on the challenge response input by the user into the credit/debit card.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment, a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device includes forming a first film on an inner wall of a hole in a stack on a substrate, forming a polycrystalline silicon film on the first film, and conducting a thermal annealing treatment in an atmosphere of ozone or oxygen radical to reduce defects in an interface between the first film and the polycrystalline silicon film. In the stack second films and third films are repeatedly stacked on the substrate in this order more than once. 1. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device comprising: forming a first film on an inner wall of a hole in a stack in which second films and third films are repeatedly stacked on a substrate in this order more than once; forming a polycrystalline silicon film on the first film; conducting a thermal annealing treatment in an atmosphere of ozone or oxygen radical to reduce defects in an interface between the first film and the polycrystalline silicon film. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermal annealing treatment is conducted at a temperature of 250\u00b0 C. or more and 800\u00b0 C. or less. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polycrystalline silicon film is formed after the formation of an amorphous silicon film on the first film by subjecting the amorphous silicon film to a thermal annealing treatment at a temperature higher than the temperature of the former thermal annealing treatment before the former thermal annealing treatment is conducted. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the stack is subjected to the thermal annealing treatment to form the polycrystalline silicon film without exposure to an open air atmosphere and without temperature decrease to the room temperature after the amorphous silicon film is formed. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a fourth film between the inner wall of the hole and the first film, wherein the semiconductor device comprises a memory in the hole, the polycrystalline silicon film corresponds to a channel of the memory, the first film corresponds to a tunnel insulating film of the memory, and the fourth films corresponds to a charge storage film of the memory. 6. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device comprising: forming a first film on the inner wall of a hole provided in a stack in which second films and third films are repeatedly stacked on a substrate in this order more than once; forming an amorphous silicon film on the first film; subjecting the amorphous silicon film to a thermal annealing treatment to form a polycrystalline silicon film; and subjecting the polycrystalline silicon film to a thermal annealing treatment in an atmosphere of ozone or oxygen radical at a temperature less than or equal to the temperature of the former thermal annealing treatment after the former thermal annealing treatment. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the stack is subjected to the thermal annealing treatment to form the polycrystalline silicon film without exposure to an open air atmosphere and without temperature decrease to the room temperature after the amorphous silicon film is formed. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising forming a fourth film between the inner wall of the hole and the first film, wherein the semiconductor device comprises a memory in the hole, the polycrystalline silicon film corresponds to a channel of the memory, the first film corresponds to a tunnel insulating film of the memory, and the fourth film corresponds to a charge storage film of the memory. 9. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device comprising: forming a first film and a polycrystalline silicon film on the first film on the inner wall of a hole provided in a stack in which second films and third films are repeatedly stacked on a substrate in this order more than once; and subjecting the polycrystalline silicon film to a microwave annealing treatment in an oxygen atmosphere. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming a fourth film between the inner wall of the hole and the first film, wherein the semiconductor device comprises a memory in the hole, the polycrystalline silicon film corresponds to a channel of the memory, the first film corresponds to a tunnel insulating film of the memory, and the fourth film corresponds to a charge storage film of the memory.",
-    "A perforation test target is provided. The perforation test target includes a metal plate and a core sample adhered to the metal plate at one end. The perforation test target further including a first sleeve adhered to the core sample, where a flow impedance of each of a plurality of portions of the first sleeve is based on a predetermined impedance map. 1. A perforation test target, comprising: a metal plate; a core sample adhered to the metal plate at one end; and a first sleeve adhered to the core sample, wherein the first sleeve is configured to transform a constant surface fluid pressure incident on an outside of the first sleeve to a non-constant fluid pressure distribution on a surface of the core sample when fluid is flowing. 2. The perforation test target of claim 1, further comprising a cap portion engaging an end of the core sample opposite the metal plate, wherein a flow impedance of the cap portion varies from a center of the cap portion to an edge of the cap portion. 3. The perforation test target of claim 1, wherein an impedance of the first sleeve varies only in the axial direction. 4. The perforation test target of claim 1, wherein the first sleeve comprises a sheet rolled about the core sample. 5. The perforation test target of claim 4, wherein a ratio of a major radius of the core sample to a minor radius of the core sample is between about 1.1 and about 2. 6. The perforation test target of claim 4, wherein a flow impedance of the first sleeve varies only in an axial direction.",
-    "In various representative aspects, an assembly for securing array skirts and solar panel modules in an array on a roof by utilizing semi-rigid and resilient spring tabs as locking mechanisms that both secure the solar panel modules to mounting plates and splices as well as provide a grounding path between the solar panel modules and the entire array. A method of installation of the assembly is also provided. 1. A mounting assembly for installing a solar panel array to a roof comprising: a. a mounting plate for receiving a solar panel module; b. a tab for affixing the solar panel module to the mounting plate; c. the mounting plate further comprising i. a first section; and ii. a second section further comprising an end and such that the first and second sections are opposite each other; d. the tab further comprising: i. a first and a second side; ii. a raised portion on the first side for penetrating a layer on the solar panel module; and iii. the second side of the tab is coupled to the first section of the mounting plate. 2. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the end of the mounting plate is a lip for receiving an edge of the solar panel module; 3. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the tab is comprised of a resilient material that allows it to deflect upward or downward along an axis when a force is exerted on the first side of the tab. 4. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the first end of the raised portion of the tab is along the perimeter of the tab. 5. The mounting assembly of claim 3 such that once the first side of the tab is deflected by a solar panel module, the first side of the tab can return to its original position and laterally move the solar panel module along the mounting plate into a locked position. 6. The mounting assembly of claim 5 such that the raised portion of the tab penetrates the outer layer of the solar panel module when the tab is in the locked position. 7. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the mounting plate is rotatably coupled to a pivot base. 8. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the first section of the mounting plate further comprises an elevated base. 9. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the mounting plate is a splice for securing a plurality of adjacent solar panel modules by utilizing a plurality of tabs wherein the second sides of the tabs are coupled to the first section of the mounting plate. 10. The mounting assembly of claim 1 wherein the tab is further comprised of an electrically conducting material. 11. A method of securing and grounding a solar panel module to a mounting plate comprising the steps of: a. lowering a side portion of a solar panel module against a first side of a tab such that a second side of the tab is coupled to a first section of a mounting plate, the tab further comprises a raised portion, and the second section of the mounting plate further comprises an end; b. deflecting the first side of the tab from a horizontal position to a bent position; c. rotating an end of the solar panel module downward so that the end of the solar panel module is inserted into the end of the mounting plate; and d. releasing the first side of the tab so that the first side of the tab deflects back from a bent position to a substantially horizontal position such that the first side of the tab exerts an outward force that laterally moves the end of the solar panel into a locked position. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the end of the mounting plate is a lip; 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the second end of the tab is secured to the first section of the mounting plate. 14. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of having the raised portion of the tab penetrate an outer layer of the solar panel module when the tab is in the locked position. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the mounting plate is a splice for securing a plurality of adjacent solar panel modules by utilizing a plurality of tabs wherein the second sides of the tabs are coupled to the first section of the mounting plate. 16. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of coupling the mounting plate to a pivot base. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of coupling the pivot base to a flashing. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising the step of coupling the flashing to a roof.",
-    "A boring apparatus includes an upper member and a bit body configured to rotate relative to a pilot bit. A first end of the upper member is connected to a workstring. An inner cavity of the upper member includes a first radial cam surface. A first end of the bit body is connected to a second end of the upper member such that the bit body rotates with the upper member. A second end of the bit body includes a working face. The pilot bit includes a first end disposed within the inner cavity of the upper member, and includes a second radial cam surface configured to cooperate with the first radial cam surface to deliver a hammering force. The pilot bit extends through a central bore of the bit body, and includes an engaging surface on its second end configured to engage a formation surrounding the wellbore. 1. An apparatus for boring a wellbore, the wellbore containing a workstring concentrically positioned therein, the apparatus comprising: an upper member having a first end, an inner cavity, and a second end, wherein the first end is connected to the workstring, the workstring configured to deliver a rotational force to the upper member, wherein the inner cavity contains a profile having a first radial cam surface; a bit body having a first end, a second end, and a central bore extending from the first end to the second end, the first end of the bit body operatively connected to the second end of the upper member, wherein the bit body is configured to rotate with a rotation of the upper member, wherein the second end of the bit body includes a working face containing a cutting member; a pilot bit rotatively connected within the inner cavity of the upper member and extending through the central bore of the bit body beyond the working face of the bit body, wherein the pilot bit includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end includes a second radial cam surface operatively configured to cooperate with the first radial cam surface to deliver a hammering force, and wherein the second end of the pilot bit includes an engaging surface configured to engage a formation surrounding the wellbore; wherein the upper member and the bit body rotate relative to the pilot bit. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first radial cam surface and the second radial cam surface each comprises an inclined portion and an upstanding portion. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the engaging surface of the pilot bit comprises an eccentric conical surface or a chiseled surface. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a retainer operatively associated with the pilot bit for retaining the pilot bit within the inner cavity. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising one or more rolling elements disposed between and in contact with the first radial cam surface and the second radial cam surface. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein each of the rolling elements includes a spherical outer surface. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, comprising two rolling elements in contact with one another, and wherein a diameter of each of the rolling elements is approximately equal to one-half of an inner diameter of the inner cavity. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, comprising three or more rolling elements, wherein each of the rolling elements is in contact with two adjacent rolling elements. 9. The apparatus of claim 5, comprising two or more rolling elements and a guide member, the guide member disposed between the first and second radial cam surfaces for retaining the rolling elements in a fixed position relative to one another. 10. An apparatus for boring a wellbore, the wellbore containing a workstring concentrically positioned therein, the apparatus comprising: an upper member having a first end, an inner cavity, and a second end, wherein the first end is connected to the workstring, the workstring configured to deliver a rotational force to the upper member, wherein the inner cavity contains a profile having a hammer; a bit body having a first end, a second end, and a central bore extending from the first end to the second end, the first end of the bit body operatively connected to the second end of the upper member, wherein the bit body is configured to rotate with a rotation of the upper member, wherein the second end of the bit body includes a working face containing a plurality of cutting member; a protuberance rotatively connected within the inner cavity of the upper member and extending through the central bore of the bit body beyond the working face of the bit body, wherein the protuberance includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end includes an anvil and the second end includes an engaging surface configured to engage a formation surrounding the wellbore; wherein the hammer of the upper member is operatively configured to deliver a hammering force to the anvil of the protuberance, and wherein the upper member and the bit body rotate relative to the pilot bit. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the hammer and the anvil each comprises an inclined portion and an upstanding portion. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the engaging surface of the protuberance comprises an eccentric conical surface or a chiseled surface. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the profile of the inner cavity of the upper member further includes a first radial cam surface, and wherein the first end of the protuberance further includes a second radial cam surface configured to cooperate with the first radial cam surface. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising one or more rolling elements disposed between and in contact with the hammer and the anvil. 15. A method of boring a wellbore comprising the steps of: a) providing a boring apparatus comprising: an upper member having a first end, an inner cavity, and a second end, wherein the first end is connected to a workstring, which is configured to deliver a rotational force to the upper member, wherein the inner cavity contains a profile having a first radial cam surface; a bit body having a first end, a second end, and a central bore extending from the first end to the second end, the first end of the bit body operatively connected to the second end of the upper member, wherein the bit body is configured to rotate with a rotation of the upper member, wherein the second end of the bit body includes a working face containing a cutting member; and a pilot bit rotatively connected within the inner cavity of the upper member and extending through the central bore of the bit body beyond the working face of the bit body, wherein the pilot bit includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end includes a second radial cam surface, and wherein the second end of the pilot bit includes an engaging surface configured to engage a formation surrounding the wellbore, wherein the upper member and the bit body rotate relative to the pilot bit; b) lowering the boring apparatus into the wellbore; c) contacting the cutting member of the working face with a reservoir interface; d) rotating the upper member and the bit body relative to the pilot bit; e) engaging the engaging surface of the pilot bit with the reservoir interface in the wellbore; f) impacting the second radial cam surface with the first radial cam surface so that a hammering force is delivered to the cutting members and the engaging surface while boring the wellbore with the boring apparatus. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the workstring contains a mud motor for delivering the rotational force to the upper member. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the workstring is a tubular drill string or a coiled tubing string. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the engaging surface of the pilot bit is an eccentric conical surface or a chiseled surface. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein in step (d) the pilot bit is rotated due to frictional forces associated with the rotation of the bit body and the upper member, wherein a rotation rate of the pilot bit is not equal to a rotation rate of the bit body. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the boring apparatus further comprises one or more rolling elements disposed between and in contact with the first radial cam surface and the second radial cam surface, and wherein step (f) further includes impacting the second radial cam surface with the first radial cam surface through the rolling elements.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a high-frequency semiconductor amplifier includes an input terminal, an input matching circuit, a high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element, an output matching circuit and an output terminal. The input terminal is inputted with a fundamental signal. The fundamental signal has a first frequency band and a first center frequency in the first frequency band. The input matching circuit includes an input end and an output end. The input end of the input matching circuit is connected to the input terminal. The high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element includes an input end and an output end. The input end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element is connected to the output end of the input matching circuit. The high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element is configured to amplify the fundamental signal. 1. A high-frequency semiconductor amplifier comprising: an input terminal inputted with a fundamental signal having a first frequency band and a first center frequency in the first frequency band; an input matching circuit including an input end and an output end, the input end of the input matching circuit being connected to the input terminal; a high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element including an input end and an output end, the input end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element being connected to the output end of the input matching circuit, and the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element being configured to amplify the fundamental signal; an output matching circuit including an input end and an output end, the input end of the output matching circuit being connected to the output end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element; and an output terminal connected to the output end of the output matching circuit, the output matching circuit including: a first transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the first transmission line being connected to the output end of the output matching circuit, the first transmission line having an electrical length of 72 degrees or more and 108 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the first transmission line being lower than 50 \u03a9, which is load impedance of an external load connected in parallel to the output terminal; a second transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the second transmission line being connected to the input end of the first transmission line, the second transmission line having an electrical length of 18 degrees or more and 27 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the second transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line; a third transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the third transmission line being connected to the input end of the second transmission line, the third transmission line having an electrical length of 18 degrees or more and 27 degrees or less at the first center frequency, characteristic impedance of the third transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line and higher than resistance of a desired load impedance provided to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element for fundamental frequency, and the line width along a second direction of the third transmission line being 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of line width along the second direction of the second transmission line; a fourth transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the fourth transmission line being connected to the input end of the third transmission line, the fourth transmission line having an electrical length of 5 degrees or more and 10 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the fourth transmission line being equal to the resistance of the desired load impedance provided to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element for fundamental frequency; and a wire part including an input end and an output end, the output end of the wire part being connected to the input end of the fourth transmission line, and the input end of the wire part being connected to the input end of the output matching circuit. 2. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the second transmission line is 1.6 times or more and 2.4 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fourth transmission line. 3. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the third transmission line is 0.08 times or more and 0.12 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fourth transmission line. 4. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the characteristic impedance of the second transmission line is higher than the characteristic impedance of the fourth transmission line. 5. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the line width along the second direction of the third transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of line width along the second direction of the fourth transmission line. 6. The amplifier according to claim 2, wherein substrate thickness along a third direction crossing the second direction of the second transmission line is 1.3 times or more and 1.9 times or less of substrate thickness along the third direction of the fourth transmission line. 7. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the second transmission line is 1.6 times or more and 2.4 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fourth transmission line, and relative permittivity of a substrate of the third transmission line is 0.08 times or more and 0.12 times or less of the relative permittivity of the substrate of the fourth transmission line. 8. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of the fourth transmission line is higher than relative permittivity of the first transmission line. 9. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the line width along the second direction of the second transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of line width along the second direction of the fourth transmission line. 10. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the characteristic impedance of the third transmission line is higher than the characteristic impedance of the second transmission line.",
-    "An organic photoelectric device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, and an active layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the active layer including an n-type semiconductor compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a p-type semiconductor compound having selective light absorption in a green wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. 1. An organic photoelectric device comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other and an active layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the active layer including an n-type semiconductor compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a p-type semiconductor compound having selective light absorption in a green wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm: wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, each of R1 and R2 are independently one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted 4-membered to 6-membered heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C6 cycloalkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted 3-membered to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group, and each of Cy1 and Cy2 are independently selected from Chemical Formulae 2-1 to 2-5: wherein, in Chemical Formula 2-1, R11 is one of hydrogen, a cyano group (CN), a carboxyl group (\u2014COOH), an ester group (\u2014COOR, wherein R is a C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl group), a phenyl group, and a phenyl group substituted with a C1 to C6 alkyl group, wherein, in Chemical Formula 2-2, Y is one of O, S, and NR (wherein R is one of hydrogen, a cyano group (CN), and a C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl group), and wherein, in Chemical Formula 2-5, R12 is one of hydrogen, a cyano group (CN), a carboxyl group (\u2014COOH), and an ester group (\u2014COOR, wherein R is a C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl group), and m is an integer of 0 to 1. 2. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein in Chemical Formula 1, Cy1 and Cy2 are the same or different. 3. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein the n-type semiconductor compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 has 6 to 10 rings. 4. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein each of the R1 and R2 are independently one of a C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl group substituted with an electron withdrawing group, a phenyl group substituted with an electron withdrawing group, a 4-membered to 6-membered heteroaryl group substituted with an electron withdrawing group, a C3 to C6 cycloalkyl group substituted with an electron withdrawing group, and a 3-membered to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group substituted with an electron withdrawing group. 5. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein the p-type semiconductor compound is a compound represented by Chemical Formula 3: wherein, in Chemical Formula 3, R21 to R23 are independently one of hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C30 heteroaryl group, a halide group, a halogen-containing group, and a combination thereof, each of a, b, and c are independently an integer ranging from 1 to 3, and X is one of a halide group and \u2014Si(Ra)(Rb)(Rc), wherein each of the Ra, Rb, and Rc are independently one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C30 heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C30 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amine group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylamine group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, and a combination thereof. 6. The organic photoelectric device of claim 5, wherein in Chemical Formula 3, R21 to R23 are an electron donating functional group including one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted C3 to C30 heteroaryl group. 7. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein the p-type semiconductor compound is a compound represented by Chemical Formula 4: wherein, in Chemical Formula 4, Z is one of Se, Te, S(\u2550O), S(\u2550O)2, and SiRaRb (wherein Ra and Rb are one of hydrogen and a C1 to C10 alkyl group), each of Ar1 and Ar2 are independently one of a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group and a substituted or unsubstituted C4 to C30 heteroaryl group, each of R31 to R36 are independently one of hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C4 to C30 heteroaryl group, a halide and a cyano group (CN), m is an integer ranging from 0 to 4, and n is 0 or 1. 8. The organic photoelectric device of claim 7, wherein the compound represented by Chemical Formula 4 has 5 to 7 aromatic rings. 9. The organic photoelectric device of claim 7, wherein the Ar1 and Ar2 are a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group. 10. The organic photoelectric device of claim 7, wherein at least one of the Ar1 and Ar2 is one of a naphthyl group and an anthracenyl group. 11. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein the active layer has a maximum absorption wavelength (\u03bbmax) of about 500 nm to about 600 nm. 12. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein the active layer shows a light absorption curve having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 50 nm to about 140 nm. 13. The organic photoelectric device of claim 1, wherein the active layer comprises an intrinsic layer including the n-type semiconductor compound and the p-type semiconductor compound. 14. The organic photoelectric device of claim 13, wherein the active layer further comprises at least one of a p-type layer on one side of the intrinsic layer and an n-type layer on the other side of the intrinsic layer. 15. An image sensor comprising the organic photoelectric device of claim 1. 16. The image sensor of claim 15, further comprising: a semiconductor substrate integrated with a plurality of first photo-sensing devices configured to sense light in a blue wavelength region and a plurality of second photo-sensing devices configured to sense light in a red wavelength region, wherein the organic photoelectric device is on the semiconductor substrate and selectively absorbs light in a green wavelength region. 17. The image sensor of claim 16, wherein the plurality of first photo-sensing devices and the plurality of second photo-sensing devices are stacked in a vertical direction on the semiconductor substrate. 18. The image sensor of claim 16, further comprising: a color filter layer between the semiconductor substrate and the organic photoelectric device, the color filter layer including a blue filter configured to selectively absorb light in a blue wavelength region and a red filter configured to selectively absorb light in a red wavelength region. 19. The image sensor of claim 15, wherein the organic photoelectric device is a green photoelectric device, and the green photoelectric device, a blue photoelectric device configured to selectively absorb light in a blue wavelength region, and a red photoelectric device configured to selectively absorb light in a red wavelength region are stacked. 20. An electronic device comprising the image sensor of claim 15.",
-    "Disclosed are a gas to liquids (GTL)\u2014floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) system that can be used in offshore oil-gas fields or stranded gas fields and a method for producing synthetic fuel using the same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a GTL-FPSO system capable of producing liquid synthetic fuel from gas extracted from stranded gas fields or associated gas extracted from oil-gas fields, including a reforming reactor and a liquid hydrocarbon producer, and a method for producing the same. 1. A gas to liquids (GTL)-floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) system for offshore oil-gas fields, comprising: an FPSO facility comprising a glassy oil separator and an oil/gas separation unit; a reforming reactor; a liquid hydrocarbon producer; an upgrading reactor; a subsea carbon dioxide storage; and an internal power generator; wherein a hydrogen separator and a carbon dioxide separation unit are provided between the reforming reactor and the liquid hydrocarbon producer and a water separator is provided between the liquid hydrocarbon producer and the upgrading reactor, such that separated water and carbon dioxide, and water (steam) produced by the internal power generator are recycled to the reforming reactor and surplus carbon dioxide is stored in the subsea carbon dioxide storage, wherein the internal power generator includes a gas turbine or a steam turbine that provides electrical power, wherein liquid hydrocarbons that are upgraded by the upgrading reactor are transferred to a product separator, and compounds with 1 to 4 carbon atoms coming from the product separator are used to operate a gas turbine or a steam turbine or are transferred to a recycle compressor that recycles the compounds to a prereformer or the reforming reactor, or the compounds are transferred to a boiler to produce electric power. 2. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore oil-gas fields according to claim 1, wherein the reforming reactor is one or more reactor(s) selected from a steam reforming reactor, a partial oxidation reactor, an autothermal reforming reactor, a carbon dioxide reforming reactor, a steam carbon dioxide reforming reactor and a tri-reforming reactor, the reactor(s) being made compact as a fixed bed. 3. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore oil-gas fields according to claim 1, wherein the liquid hydrocarbon producer is one or more reactor(s) selected from a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, a dimethyl ether reactor and a methanol reactor. 4. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore oil-gas fields according to claim 1, which further comprises: an apparatus for circulating water, oil, or molten salts from the liquid hydrocarbon producer to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer; or an apparatus for desalinating seawater to be used as cooling water to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer. 5. A gas to liquids (GTL)-floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) system for offshore stranded gas fields, comprising: an FPSO facility; a reforming reactor; a liquid hydrocarbon producer; an upgrading reactor; a subsea carbon dioxide storage; and an internal power generator; wherein a hydrogen separator and a carbon dioxide separation unit are provided between the reforming reactor and the liquid hydrocarbon producer and a water separator is provided between the liquid hydrocarbon producer and the upgrading reactor, such that separated water and carbon dioxide, and water (steam) produced by the internal power generator are recycled to the reforming reactor and surplus carbon dioxide is stored in the subsea carbon dioxide storage, wherein the internal power generator includes a gas turbine or a steam turbine that provides electrical power, wherein liquid hydrocarbons that are upgraded by the upgrading reactor are transferred to a product separator, and compounds with 1 to 4 carbon atoms coming from the product separator are used to operate a gas turbine or a steam turbine or are transferred to a recycle compressor that recycles the compounds to a prereformer or the reforming reactor, or the compounds are transferred to a boiler to produce electric power. 6. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore stranded gas fields according to claim 5, wherein the reforming reactor is one or more reactor(s) selected from a steam reforming reactor, a partial oxidation reactor, an autothermal reforming reactor, a carbon dioxide reforming reactor, a steam carbon dioxide reforming reactor and a tri-reforming reactor, the reactor(s) being made compact as a fixed bed. 7. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore stranded gas fields according to claim 5, wherein the liquid hydrocarbon producer is one or more reactor(s) selected from a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, a dimethyl ether reactor and a methanol reactor. 8. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore oil-gas fields according to claim 1, wherein the liquid hydrocarbon producer is one or more reactor(s) selected from a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, a dimethyl ether reactor and a methanol reactor. 9. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore stranded gas fields according to claim 5, which further comprises: an apparatus for circulating water, oil, or molten salts from the liquid hydrocarbon producer to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer; or an apparatus for desalinating seawater to be used as cooling water to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer. 10. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore oil-gas fields according to claim 1, which further comprises: an apparatus for circulating water, oil, or molten salts from the liquid hydrocarbon producer to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer; or an apparatus for desalinating seawater to be used as cooling water to remove heat produced from the liquid hydrocarbon producer.",
-    "A game device controls a first virtual camera and a second virtual camera so that the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera are situated within an object space to be point-symmetrical, line-symmetrical, or plane-symmetrical with respect to a reference point, a reference line, or a reference plane that is defined by a first position linked to a first character and a second position linked to a second character. The game device determines whether to display the object space photographed by the first virtual camera or the object space photographed by the second virtual camera as a game image based on a selection instruction issued by a player. 1. Game devices including a first game device and a second game device that exchange operation information about a first character that is controlled based on an operation performed by a first player and operation information about a second character that is controlled based on an operation performed by a second player in a game system that implements a game in which the first character and the second character battle each other within an object space, each of the game devices comprising: a character control section that controls the first character and the second character within the object space based on the operation information about the first character and the operation information about the second character; a virtual camera control section that controls a first virtual camera and a second virtual camera that respectively photograph at least one of the first character and the second character based on a position of at least one of the first character and the second character; a display control section that displays the object space photographed by one of the first and second virtual cameras as a game image; and a position selection section that determines whether to set a basic position of one of the first and second characters within the game image to a right side or a left side with respect to a basic position of the other of the first and second characters based on a selection instruction issued by one of the first and second players to one of the first and second game devices, the virtual camera control section controlling the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera so that the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera are situated to be point-symmetrical, line-symmetrical, or plane-symmetrical with respect to a reference point, a reference line, or a reference plane that is defined by a first position within the object space that is linked to the first character and a second position within the object space that is linked to the second character, and determining whether to display the object space photographed by the first virtual camera or the object space photographed by the second virtual camera as the game image based on the basic position of one of the first and second characters determined by the position selection section. 2. The game device as defined in claim 1, wherein the virtual camera control section controls the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera so that the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera are situated to be point-symmetrical, line-symmetrical, or plane-symmetrical with respect to the reference point, the reference line, or the reference plane depending on a state of a battle between the first character and the second character. 3. The game device as defined in claim 1, wherein the operation information about the first character and the operation information about the second character that are exchanged between the first game device and the second game device include information about the selection instruction received by each of the first game device and the second game device, and the character control section performs a process that converts movement instruction information included in the operation information about the first character and the operation information about the second character into movement instruction information that corresponds to a world coordinate system of the object space based on the selection instruction received by each of the first game device and the second game device. 4. A game system that implements a game in which a first character and a second character battle each other, the first character being controlled based on an operation performed by a first player, and the second character being controlled based on an operation performed by a second player, the game system comprising: a character control section that controls the first character and the second character within an object space based on operation information about the first character and operation information about the second character; a virtual camera control section that controls a first virtual camera and a second virtual camera that respectively photograph at least one of the first character and the second character based on a position of at least one of the first character and the second character; a display control section that displays the object space photographed by one of the first and second virtual cameras as a game image; and a position selection section that determines whether to set a basic position of one of the first and second characters within the game image to a right side or a left side with respect to a basic position of the other of the first and second characters based on a selection instruction issued by one of the first and second players, the virtual camera control section controlling the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera so that the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera are situated to be point-symmetrical, line-symmetrical, or plane-symmetrical with respect to a reference point, a reference line, or a reference plane that is defined by a first position within the object space that is linked to the first character and a second position within the object space that is linked to the second character, and determining whether to display the object space photographed by the first virtual camera or the object space photographed by the second virtual camera as the game image based on the basic position of one of the first and second characters determined by the position selection section. 5. A computer-readable non-transitory information storage medium that stores a program that causes a computer to function as game devices including a first game device and a second game device that exchange operation information about a first character that is controlled based on an operation performed by a first player and operation information about a second character that is controlled based on an operation performed by a second player in a game system that implements a game in which the first character and the second character battle each other within an object space, the program causing the computer to further function as: a character control section that controls the first character and the second character within the object space based on the operation information about the first character and the operation information about the second character; a virtual camera control section that controls a first virtual camera and a second virtual camera that respectively photograph at least one of the first character and the second character based on a position of at least one of the first character and the second character; a display control section that displays the object space photographed by one of the first and second virtual cameras as a game image; and a position selection section that determines whether to set a basic position of one of the first and second characters within the game image to a right side or a left side with respect to a basic position of the other of the first and second characters based on a selection instruction issued by one of the first and second players to one of the first and second game devices, the virtual camera control section controlling the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera so that the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera are situated to be point-symmetrical, line-symmetrical, or plane-symmetrical with respect to a reference point, a reference line, or a reference plane that is defined by a first position within the object space that is linked to the first character and a second position within the object space that is linked to the second character, and determining whether to display the object space photographed by the first virtual camera or the object space photographed by the second virtual camera as the game image based on the basic position of one of the first and second characters determined by the position selection section. 6. A computer-readable non-transitory information storage medium that stores a program that causes a computer to function as a game system that implements a game in which a first character and a second character battle each other, the first character being controlled based on an operation performed by a first player, and the second character being controlled based on an operation performed by a second player, the program causing the computer to further function as: a character control section that controls the first character and the second character within an object space based on operation information about the first character and operation information about the second character; a virtual camera control section that controls a first virtual camera and a second virtual camera that respectively photograph at least one of the first character and the second character based on a position of at least one of the first character and the second character; a display control section that displays the object space photographed by one of the first and second virtual camera as a game image; and a position selection section that determines whether to set a basic position of one of the first and second characters within the game image to a right side or a left side with respect to a basic position of the other of the first and second characters based on a selection instruction issued by one of the first and second players, the virtual camera control section controlling the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera so that the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera are situated to be point-symmetrical, line-symmetrical, or plane-symmetrical with respect to a reference point, a reference line, or a reference plane that is defined by a first position within the object space that is linked to the first character and a second position within the object space that is linked to the second character, and determining whether to display the object space photographed by the first virtual camera or the object space photographed by the second virtual camera as the game image based on the basic position of one of the first and second characters determined by the position selection section. 7. The game device as defined in claim 1, wherein the virtual camera control section places the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera to be symmetrical with respect to the reference point or the reference line defined by two-dimensional XY coordinates in an XYZ world coordinate system of the object space. 8. The game device as defined in claim 1, wherein, when the reference plane is a plane that includes the reference line and is orthogonal to an XY plane in an XYZ world coordinate system of the object space, the virtual camera control section places the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera to be symmetrical with respect to the reference plane. 9. The game device as defined in claim 2, wherein the virtual camera control section places the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera to be point-symmetrical with respect to the reference point, the reference line, or the reference plane when the first player and the second player respectively cause the first character and the second character to make an attack-defense motion, and places the first virtual camera and the second virtual camera to be line-symmetrical with respect to the reference point, the reference line, or the reference plane when an attack has succeeded.",
-    "A displacement detection apparatus capable of stably and accurately detecting the amount of displacement. The length of a polarization maintaining fiber for transmitting the light from a light source to a displacement detector is set not to be equal to a length obtained by dividing, by the wavelength of the light source, a product of an even integral multiple of a length, which is obtained by multiplying twice the length of a resonator by the refractive index of the resonator, and a beat length obtained by a difference between the propagation constants of two polarization modes. Alternatively, the length of the polarization maintaining fiber is set to be larger than a length, which is obtained by dividing, by the wavelength of the light source, a product of a coherence length and a beat length obtained from a difference between the propagation constants of two polarization modes. 1. A displacement detection apparatus, comprising: a low-coherence laser light source that emits light and has a plurality of oscillation spectra associated with a length of a resonator; a lens for condensing the light from the laser light source; a polarization maintaining fiber for transmitting the light condensed by the lens, a length of the polarization maintaining fiber being selected so as not to be equal to a length obtained by dividing, by a wavelength of the light source, a product of an integral multiple of a length, which is obtained by multiplying twice the length of the resonator by a refractive index of the resonator, and a beat length obtained from a difference between propagation constants of two polarization modes; and a displacement detector that divides a beam transmitted by the polarization maintaining fiber into two beams and converts the respective beams to an interference signal by causing the respective beams to interfere with each other, in order to set a variation of a phase applied to each of the divided beams to an amount of displacement. 2. The displacement detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the polarization maintaining fiber is formed by fitting a plurality of polarization maintaining fibers to each other with detachable connectors, and wherein a situation is avoided where when there is a plurality of fitting portions, as a connection order of the polarization maintaining fibers, a total length of the polarization maintaining fibers including a last polarization maintaining fiber and all combinations of the other polarization maintaining fibers excluding the last one becomes equal to a length obtained by dividing, by the wavelength of the light source, a product of an integral multiple of a length, which is obtained by multiplying twice the length of the resonator by the refractive index of the resonator, and a beat length obtained from a difference between propagation constants of X and Y polarization modes of the polarization maintaining fiber. 3. A displacement detection apparatus comprising: a low-coherence light source that emits light and has a coherence length; a lens for condensing the light from the light source; a polarization maintaining fiber for transmitting the light condensed by the lens, the polarization maintaining fiber being manufactured with a length longer than a length, which is obtained by dividing, by a wavelength of the light source, a product of the coherence length and a beat length obtained from a difference between propagation constants of two polarization modes; and a displacement detector that divides a beam transmitted by the polarization maintaining fiber into two beams and converts the respective beams to an interference signal by causing the respective beams to interfere with each other, in order to set a variation of a phase applied to each of the divided beams to an amount of displacement. 4. The displacement detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein wherein the polarization maintaining fiber is formed by fitting a plurality of polarization maintaining fibers to each other with detachable connectors, and wherein a length of each of the polarization maintaining fibers is set to 2m\u00d7L (m is an integer of 0 or more, L is a length of the shortest polarization maintaining fiber) and the length of each of the polarization maintaining fibers does not have the same combination of m and L.",
-    "A system including a control panel of a security system, a memory of the security system having a reference frequency hopping pattern and a reference frequency offset saved therein, a plurality of wireless threat sensors that communicate with the control panel using the reference frequency hopping pattern and a fixed frequency offset for each frequency and each hop of the reference frequency hop pattern where the fixed frequency offset is an integer multiple of the reference frequency offset, a processor of the security system that detects any nearby security systems that use the reference frequency hopping sequence and that determines the integer multiple of the reference frequency offset used by each of the nearby security systems and a processor that sets the fixed frequency offset used by the plurality of sensors at a selected integer multiple of the reference frequency offset that is not used by any nearby security system. 1. An apparatus comprising: a control panel of a security system that detects threats within a secured geographic area; a memory of the security system having a reference frequency hopping pattern and a reference frequency offset saved therein; a plurality of threat sensors of the security system located within the secured geographic area that communicate with the control panel using a modified frequency hopping pattern; and a processor of the security system that detects any nearby security systems that use any integer multiple variant of the reference frequency hopping pattern and that determines respective integer multiples of the reference frequency offset used by each of the nearby security systems, wherein the processor of the security system determines a subsequent integer multiple different than the respective integer multiples, and wherein the processor of the security system sets the modified frequency hopping pattern by adding a product of the reference frequency offset and the subsequent integer multiple to each frequency of the reference frequency hopping pattern. 2. The apparatus as in claim 1 further comprising a processor of the control panel that transmits a beacon that synchronizes each of the plurality of threat sensors with the control panel. 3. The apparatus as in claim 1 further comprising a processor of a first threat sensor of the plurality of threat sensors that transmits a beacon that synchronizes each of the plurality of threat sensors with the first threat sensor. 4. The apparatus as in claim 3 further comprising processor of the control panel that incorporates an identifier of the reference frequency hopping pattern and the subsequent integer multiple into the beacon. 5. The apparatus as in claim 2 further comprising a timing file saved within the memory that defines a repeating superframe, wherein the beacon synchronizes each of the plurality of threat sensors to a reference location within the superframe. 6. The apparatus as in claim 5 wherein the control panel and the plurality of threat sensors further comprise a time division multiple access communication system. 7. The apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the processor of the security system determines the subsequent integer multiple to be zero when no nearby security systems are found that are using any integer multiple variant of the reference frequency hopping pattern. 8. The apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the processor of the security system determines a highest relative integer value of the respective integer multiples. 9. The apparatus as in claim 8 wherein the processor of the security system determines the subsequent integer multiple by adding a value of one to the highest relative integer value. 10. The apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the reference frequency offset includes a channel spacing. 11. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of security systems, wherein each of the plurality of security systems detects threats within a respective secured geographic area; a respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems, wherein the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems is located within the respective secured geographic area; a respective memory of the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems, wherein the respective memory of the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems includes an identical reference frequency hopping pattern and an identical reference frequency offset saved therein; a respective plurality of sensors of the respective secured geographic area of each of the plurality of security systems that detect the threats and that communicate with the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems using a respective modified frequency hopping pattern; and a respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems that detects any nearby security system of the plurality of security systems that uses an integer multiple variant of the identical reference frequency hopping pattern, determines respective integer multiples of the identical reference frequency offset used by each of the nearby security systems, determines a respective subsequent integer multiple different than the respective integer multiples, and sets the respective modified frequency hopping pattern by adding a product of the identical reference frequency offset and the respective subsequent integer multiple to each frequency of the identical reference frequency hopping pattern. 12. The apparatus as in claim 11 further comprising a processor of the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems that listens for a beacon transmitted by a master security system of the plurality of security systems and that synchronizes each of the plurality of security systems to the master security system. 13. The apparatus as in claim 11 further comprising a processor of the respective control panel of one of the plurality of security systems transmitting a beacon that synchronizes each of the respective plurality of sensors with the respective control panel of the one of the plurality of security systems. 14. The apparatus as in claim 13 wherein the processor of the respective control panel of the one of the plurality of security systems incorporates an identifier of the identical reference frequency hopping pattern and the respective subsequent integer multiple into the beacon. 15. The apparatus as in claim 11 further comprising a respective processor of a first sensor of the respective plurality of sensors transmitting a beacon that synchronizes each of the respective plurality of sensors with the respective first sensor. 16. The apparatus as in claim 15 wherein each of the respective plurality of sensors includes a respective mesh network. 17. The apparatus as in claim 16 wherein the respective mesh network of each of the respective plurality of sensors includes a repeating superframe, and wherein the beacon synchronizes each the respective mesh network of each of the respective plurality of sensors to a reference location within the superframe. 18. The apparatus as in claim 11 wherein the respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems determines the respective subsequent integer multiple to be zero when no nearby security systems are found using any integer multiple variant of the identical reference frequency hopping pattern. 19. The apparatus as in claim 11 wherein the respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems determines a highest relative integer value of the respective integer multiples. 20. The apparatus as in claim 19 wherein the respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems determines the respective subsequent integer multiple by adding a value of one to the highest relative integer value. 21. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of security systems, wherein each of the plurality of security systems detects threats within a respective secured geographic area; a respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems, wherein the respective control panel is located within the respective secured geographic area; a respective memory of the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems having an identical reference frequency hopping pattern and an identical reference frequency offset saved therein; a respective mesh network of wireless sensors of the respective secured geographic area of each of the plurality of security systems, wherein the wireless sensors detect threats and communicate with the respective control panel of each of the plurality of security systems through the respective mesh network using a respective modified frequency hopping pattern; a respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems that detects any nearby security system of the plurality of security systems and determines respective integer multiples of the identical reference frequency offset used by each of the nearby security systems, wherein the respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems determines a respective subsequent integer multiple different than the respective integer multiples, and wherein the respective processor of each of the plurality of security systems sets the respective modified frequency hopping pattern by adding a product of the identical reference frequency offset and the respective subsequent integer multiple to each frequency of the identical reference frequency hopping pattern.",
-    "A transistor and a fabrication method thereof. A transistor includes a channel region including linkers, formed on a substrate, and a metallic nanoparticle grown from metal ions bonded to the linkers, a source region disposed at one end of the channel region, a drain region disposed at the other end of the channel region opposite of the source region, and a gate coupled to the channel region and serving to control migration of at least one charges in the channel region. 1. A transistor comprising: a channel region comprising linkers formed on a substrate, and a metallic nanoparticle grown from metal ions bonded to the linkers; a source region disposed at one end of the channel region; a drain region disposed at the other end of the channel region opposite of the source region; and a gate coupled to the channel region to control migration of at least one charges in the channel region. 2. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the linkers are organic monomolecules bonded to a surface of the substrate by self-assembly. 3. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region further comprises at least one of a dielectric organic material and an inorganic oxide, which is bonded to or coated on the metallic nanoparticle. 4. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region further comprises an organic surfactant bonded to the metal ions or the nanoparticle. 5. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region further comprises: an organic surfactant bonded to the metal ions or the nanoparticle and at least one of a dielectric organic material and an inorganic oxide, which is bonded to or coated on the metallic nanoparticle. 6. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region further comprises a plurality of different organic surfactants, which are bonded to the metal ions or the nanoparticle. 7. The transistor of claim 6, wherein the plurality of organic surfactants includes a first organic material and a second organic material, wherein the first organic material is a nitrogen- or sulfur-containing organic material, and wherein the second organic material is a phase-transfer catalyst-based organic material. 8. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region further comprises: a plurality of different kinds of organic surfactants bonded to the metal ions or the nanoparticle; and at least one of a dielectric organic material and an inorganic oxide, which is bonded to or coated on the metallic nanoparticle. 9. The transistor of claim 4, wherein the metallic nanoparticle has an average particle radius of about 0.5 nm to 1 nm, and a standard deviation of the particle radius is \u00b120% or less. 10. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the substrate has a surface layer capable of bonding with the linkers. 11. The transistor of claim 10, wherein the surface layer is one or more selected from the group including metals, metal oxides, semiconductors and semiconductor oxides. 12. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a flexible substrate, and the flexible substrate comprises a surface layer having a hydroxyl (\u2014OH) functional group. 13. The transistor of claim 12, wherein the flexible substrate comprises one or a mixture of two or more selected from the group including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyimide (PI), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), triacetyl cellulose (TAC), polyethersulfone (PES), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). 14. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region has a surface roughness of about 0.1 nm RMS to 4.0 nm RMS. 15. The transistor of claim 1, wherein, the channel region has a plurality of metallic nanoparticles, a density of the metallic nanoparticles in the channel region is about 0.2\u00d71014 to 2.0\u00d71014/cm2. 16. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the linkers are organic monomolecules, and the channel region further comprises a linker layer composed of a self-assembled monomolecular layer formed by a plurality of the organic monomolecules bonded to the substrate. 17. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region further comprises a silane compound layer, formed on the substrate, with the silane compound layer having at least two functional groups where each functional group is selected from among an amine group, a carboxyl group and a thiol group. 18. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the linkers comprises a functional group selected from among an amine group (\u2014NH2), a carboxyl group (\u2014COOH) and a thiol group (\u2014SH). 19. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the metallic nanoparticle is selected from the group including a metal nanoparticle, a metal oxide nanoparticle, a metal nitride nanoparticle, a metal carbide nanoparticle, and an intermetallic compound nanoparticle. 20. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region has a plurality of metallic nanoparticles, the metallic nanoparticles are arranged separately from one another and form a single layer. 21. The transistor of claim 1, wherein the channel region has a plurality of metallic nanoparticles, the metallic nanoparticles are selectively distributed. 22. The transistor of claim 1, further comprising: a gate dielectric layer interposed between the channel region and the gate. 23-38. (canceled) 39. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; linkers formed over the substrate; a metallic nanoparticle grown from metal ions bonded to the linkers; and a structure suitable for controlling migration of a single electron through the metallic nanoparticle. 40. The semiconductor device of claim 39, wherein, the structure is a gate coupled to a channel region. 41-44. (canceled)",
-    "A base station includes a transmitter configured to transmit a downlink control information to a user equipment, the downlink control information being generated based on one of a first uplink allocation information and a second uplink allocation information, and a receiver configured to receive a first reference signal in a case where the transmitted downlink control information is generated based on the first uplink allocation information, and a second reference signal in a case where the transmitted downlink control information is generated based on the second uplink allocation information. 1. A base station comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit a downlink control information to a user equipment, the downlink control information being generated based on one of (1) a first uplink allocation information indicating a first frequency block corresponding to a first plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and (2) a second uplink allocation information indicating a second frequency block corresponding to a second plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and a third frequency block corresponding to a third plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency, at least a subcarrier which is not indicated by the second uplink allocation information being located between the second frequency block and the third frequency block; and a receiver configured to receive (1) a first reference signal including a first reference signal sequence having a first sequence length corresponding to a first bandwidth of the first frequency block, in a case where the transmitted downlink control information is generated based on the first uplink allocation information, and (2) a second reference signal including a second reference signal sequence having a second sequence length corresponding to a second bandwidth which is a summation of a third bandwidth of the second frequency block and a fourth bandwidth of the third frequency block, in a case where the transmitted downlink control information is generated based on the second uplink allocation information. 2. The base station according to claim 1, wherein the first uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource block of the first frequency block and an information of a length corresponding to the first plurality of subcarriers. 3. The base station according to claim 1, wherein the second uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource of the second frequency block and an information of a starting resource of the third frequency block. 4. A user equipment comprising: a receiver configured to receive a downlink control information from a base station, the downlink control information being generated based on one of (1) a first uplink allocation information indicating a first frequency block corresponding to a first plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and (2) a second uplink allocation information indicating a second frequency block corresponding to a second plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and a third frequency block corresponding to a third plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency, at least a subcarrier which is not indicated by the second uplink allocation information being located between the second frequency block and the third frequency block; and a transmitter configured to transmit (1) a first reference signal including a first reference signal sequence having a first sequence length corresponding to a first bandwidth of the first frequency block, in a case where the received downlink control information is generated based on the first uplink allocation information, and (2) a second reference signal including a second reference signal sequence having a second sequence length corresponding to a second bandwidth which is a summation of a third bandwidth of the second frequency block and a fourth bandwidth of the third frequency block, in a case where the received downlink control information is generated based on the second uplink allocation information. 5. The user equipment according to claim 4, wherein the first uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource block of the first frequency block and an information of a length corresponding to the first plurality of subcarriers. 6. The user equipment according to claim 4, wherein the second uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource of the second frequency block and an information of a starting resource of the third frequency block. 7. A communication method by a base station, comprising: transmitting, by the base station, a downlink control information to a user equipment, the downlink control information being generated based on one of (1) a first uplink allocation information indicating a first frequency block corresponding to a first plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and (2) a second uplink allocation information indicating a second frequency block corresponding to a second plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and a third frequency block corresponding to a third plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency, at least a subcarrier which is not indicated by the second uplink allocation information being located between the second frequency block and the third frequency block; and receiving, by the base station, (1) a first reference signal including a first reference signal sequence having a first sequence length corresponding to a first bandwidth of the first frequency block, in a case where the transmitted downlink control information is generated based on the first uplink allocation information, and (2) a second reference signal including a second reference signal sequence having a second sequence length corresponding to a second bandwidth which is a summation of a third bandwidth of the second frequency block and a fourth bandwidth of the third frequency block, in a case where the transmitted downlink control information is generated based on the second uplink allocation information. 8. The communication method according to claim 7, wherein the first uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource block of the first frequency block and an information of a length corresponding to the first plurality of subcarriers. 9. The communication method according to claim 7, wherein the second uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource of the second frequency block and an information of a starting resource of the third frequency block. 10. A communication method by a user equipment comprising: receiving, by the user equipment, a downlink control information from a base station, the downlink control information being generated based on one of (1) a first uplink allocation information indicating a first frequency block corresponding to a first plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and (2) a second uplink allocation information indicating a second frequency block corresponding to a second plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency and a third frequency block corresponding to a third plurality of subcarriers which are contiguous in frequency, at least a subcarrier which is not indicated by the second uplink allocation information being located between the second frequency block and the third frequency block; and transmitting, by the user equipment (1) a first reference signal including a first reference signal sequence having a first sequence length corresponding to a first bandwidth of the first frequency block, in a case where the received downlink control information is generated based on the first uplink allocation information, and (2) a second reference signal including a second reference signal sequence having a second sequence length corresponding to a second bandwidth which is a summation of a third bandwidth of the second frequency block and a fourth bandwidth of the third frequency block, in a case where the received downlink control information is generated based on the second uplink allocation information. 11. The communication method according to claim 10, wherein, the first uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource block of the first frequency block and an information of a length corresponding to the first plurality of subcarriers. 12. The communication method according to claim 10, wherein the second uplink information is generated with an information of a starting resource of the second frequency block and an information of a starting resource of the third frequency block.",
-    "Light emitting devices comprise a substrate having a surface and a side surface; a semiconductor structure on the surface of the substrate, the semiconductor structure having a first surface, a second surface and a side surface, wherein the second surface is opposite the first surface, wherein the first surface, relative to the second surface, is proximate to the substrate, and wherein the semiconductor structure comprises a first-type layer, a light emitting layer and a second-type layer; a first and a second electrodes; and a wavelength converting element arranged on the side surface of the semiconductor structure, wherein the wavelength converting element has an open space, and wherein the open space is a portion not covered by the wavelength converting element. 1-23. (canceled) 24. A vertical light emitting diode structure, comprising: a metal substrate; a p-electrode on the metal substrate; a p-GaN layer on the p-electrode; an active layer emitting light and on the p-GaN layer; an n-GaN layer on the active layer; and a phosphor layer and an n-electrode on the n-GaN layer, wherein the phosphor layer is parallel to the n-GaN layer, and wherein the phosphor layer is a chip level phosphor layer. 25. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the metal substrate is deposited using at least one of electroplating, electro-less plating, CVD, and sputtering. 26. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the metal substrate comprises a material selected from a group consisting of Cu, W, and alloys thereof. 27. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, further comprising a reflector between the p-electrode and the p-GaN layer. 28. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the phosphor layer is an integral element of the chip, and not part of a package. 29. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the phosphor layer is a wafer-level phosphor layer. 30. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the phosphor layer is a die-level phosphor layer. 31. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the phosphor layer is patterned. 32. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the phosphor layer comprises various materials that emit light of different colors. 33. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, further comprising an n-electrode pad to bond a wire on the n-electrode coupled to the n-GaN layer through the phosphor layer. 34. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 33, wherein the phosphor layer contacts the n-electrode pad. 35. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 33, wherein the phosphor layer is substantially smooth and planar. 36. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 24, wherein the thickness of the phosphor layer is substantially uniform. 37. A vertical light emitting diode structure, comprising: a metal substrate; a p-electrode on the metal substrate; a GaN based semiconductor structure comprising a p-GaN layer on the p-electrode, an active layer on the p-GaN layer, and an n-GaN layer on the active layer; a passivation layer and an n-electrode on the n-GaN layer; and a phosphor layer on the passivation layer and the n-electrode, wherein the phosphor layer has a uniform thickness and is parallel to the metal substrate, wherein the phosphor layer comprises different phosphor materials that emit light of different colors, and wherein the phosphor layer is thicker than the GaN based semiconductor structure. 38. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 37, wherein the phosphor layer is patterned to bond a wire. 39. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 37, wherein the phosphor layer is thicker than the passivation layer. 40. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 37, wherein the metal substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Cu, W, and alloys thereof. 41. A vertical light emitting diode structure, comprising: a conductive substrate; a p-electrode on the conductive substrate; a GaN based semiconductor structure comprising a p-GaN layer on the p-electrode, an active layer on the p-GaN layer, and an n-GaN layer on the active layer; a passivation layer and an n-electrode on the n-GaN layer; and a phosphor layer on the passivation layer and the n-electrode, wherein the phosphor layer has a uniform thickness and is parallel to the conductive substrate, wherein the phosphor layer comprises different phosphor materials that emit light of different colors, and wherein the phosphor layer is thicker than the GaN based semiconductor structure. 42. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 41, wherein the phosphor layer is patterned to bond a wire. 43. The vertical light emitting diode structure of claim 41, wherein the phosphor layer is thicker than the passivation layer.",
-    "A radiation imaging control apparatus, which is communicable with a radiation imaging apparatus including a radiation sensor and capable of acquiring an X-ray moving image, includes a first communication unit configured to communicate with the radiation imaging apparatus via Ethernet communication, a second communication unit configured to communicate with the radiation imaging apparatus via at least a pair of bidirectional serial optical communication lines, a first control unit configured to cause the first communication unit to transmit a first signal for setting at least one parameter to the radiation imaging apparatus, a second control unit configured to cause the second communication unit to output data of the X-ray moving image received from the radiation imaging apparatus to an image processing unit, and transmit a second signal for some settings to the radiation imaging apparatus. 1. A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: a radiation imaging unit configured to perform imaging of an object using radiation; a command communication control unit configured to perform command communication regarding the imaging with the radiation imaging unit; and an emergency imaging shift unit configured to shift a state of the radiation imaging unit to a state for performing emergency imaging via communication different from the command communication by the command communication control unit. 2. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, when the emergency imaging shift unit shifts the state of the radiation imaging unit to the state for performing the emergency imaging, the radiation imaging unit automatically sets a preset parameter of an imaging mode as a parameter of an emergency imaging mode, and performs an imaging operation based on the parameter of the emergency imaging mode. 3. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the radiation imaging unit includes a recording unit configured to record a parameter of an imaging mode used in immediately preceding imaging, and automatically sets the parameter of the imaging mode recorded in the recording unit as the parameter of the emergency imaging mode. 4. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the radiation imaging unit performs an imaging operation according to an externally received imaging synchronization signal, and performs the imaging operation based on a synchronization signal regarding an internal cycle, which is preset for the emergency imaging, in a case where the imaging synchronization signal is not received within a preset set time when the emergency imaging shift unit shifts the state of the radiation imaging unit to the state for performing the emergency imaging. 5. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the emergency imaging shift unit is provided so as to be operable from the radiation imaging unit. 6. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an image communication control unit configured to control transmission of radiation image data acquired by the imaging, wherein the emergency imaging shift unit transmits a signal for shifting the state of the radiation imaging unit to the state for performing the emergency imaging to the radiation imaging unit according to control by the image communication control unit. 7. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an image communication control unit configured to control transmission of radiation image data acquired by the imaging; and an imaging communication control unit configured to control an exchange of a synchronization signal for synchronizing the radiation imaging unit with a radiation generation apparatus, wherein, in a first mode, the imaging communication control unit controls the imaging by controlling the exchange of the synchronization signal, and in a second mode, the emergency imaging shift unit transmits a signal for shifting the state of the radiation imaging unit to the state for performing the emergency imaging to the radiation imaging unit according to control by the image communication control unit. 8. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in a first mode, the radiation imaging unit performs the imaging based on an externally received synchronization signal, and in a second mode, the radiation imaging unit performs the imaging based on a synchronization signal regarding an internal cycle according to reception of an externally received signal for shifting the state of the radiation imaging unit to the state for performing the emergency imaging. 9. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication control unit configured to control transmission of radiation image data acquired by the imaging, and control an exchange of a synchronization signal for synchronizing the radiation imaging unit with a radiation generation apparatus. 10. The radiation imaging apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the communication control unit controls an exchange of a serial signal or a parallel signal. 11. A method for controlling radiation imaging performed by a radiation imaging unit configured to perform imaging of an object using radiation, the method comprising: performing command communication regarding the imaging with the radiation imaging unit using a first communication unit; and shifting a state of the radiation imaging unit to a state for performing emergency imaging using a second communication unit different from the first communication unit. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a computer program including instructions to be executed by a computer to perform the method of claim 11.",
-    "A coaxial cable-connector assembly includes a coaxial cable and a right angle coaxial connector. The cable comprises: an inner conductor having a termination end; a first dielectric layer; and an outer conductor having a termination end. The connector comprises: an inner contact comprising a post configured to mate with the inner conductor body of a mating cable jack, the inner contact further including a receptacle that receives the termination end of the inner conductor such that the post is generally perpendicular to the inner conductor; and an outer conductor body configured to mate with the outer conductor body of the mating jack, the outer conductor body being connected with the termination end of the outer conductor. A second dielectric layer is interposed between the inner contact of the connector and the inner conductor of the coaxial cable that creates a capacitive element between the inner contact and the inner conductor. 1. A coaxial cable-connector assembly, comprising: (a) a coaxial cable comprising: an inner conductor having a termination end; a first dielectric layer that overlies the inner conductor; and an outer conductor that overlies the first dielectric layer having a termination end; and (b) a right angle coaxial connector comprising: an inner contact comprising a post configured to mate with the inner conductor body of a mating coaxial cable jack, the inner contact further including a receptacle that receives the termination end of the inner conductor such that the post is generally perpendicular to the inner conductor; an outer conductor body configured to mate with the outer conductor body of the mating coaxial cable jack, the outer conductor body being connected with the termination end of the outer conductor; wherein a second dielectric layer is interposed between the inner contact of the connector and the inner conductor of the coaxial cable, the second dielectric layer creating a capacitive element between the inner contact and the inner conductor. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the outer conductor body is a monolithic component. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer is applied to the receptacle of the inner contact. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer is applied to the inner conductor. 5. The assembly of claim 4, wherein the inner conductor includes an inner conductor post at one end, and wherein the second dielectric layer is applied to the inner conductor post. 6. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the inner contact includes a mitered surface adjacent a vertex between the inner conductor and the inner contact. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein a second capacitive element is interposed between the outer conductor and the connector body. 8. A right angle coaxial connector comprising: an inner contact comprising a post configured to mate with the inner conductor body of a mating coaxial cable jack, the inner contact further including a receptacle that is configured to receive the termination end of an inner conductor of a coaxial cable such that the post is generally perpendicular to the inner conductor; an outer conductor body configured to mate with the outer conductor body of the mating coaxial cable jack, the outer conductor body being connected with the termination end of the outer conductor; wherein a dielectric layer is applied to the receptacle of the inner contact. 9. The connector of claim 8, wherein the outer conductor body is a monolithic component. 10. The connector of claim 8, wherein the inner contact includes a mitered surface adjacent a vertex between the inner conductor and the inner contact. 11. A coaxial cable-connector assembly, comprising: (a) a coaxial cable comprising: an inner conductor having a termination end; a first dielectric layer that overlies the inner conductor; and an outer conductor that overlies the first dielectric layer having a termination end; and (b) a right angle coaxial connector comprising: an inner contact comprising a post configured to mate with the inner conductor body of a mating coaxial cable jack, the inner contact further including a receptacle that receives the termination end of the inner conductor such that the post is generally perpendicular to the inner conductor; an outer conductor body configured to mate with the Outer conductor body of the mating coaxial cable jack, the outer conductor body being connected with the termination end of the outer conductor; wherein a second dielectric layer is interposed between the inner contact of the connector and the inner conductor of the coaxial cable, the second dielectric layer creating a capacitive element between the inner contact and the inner conductor; and wherein the outer conductor body is a monolithic component with a sleeve configured to receive the coaxial cable. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the second dielectric layer is applied to the receptacle of the inner contact. 13. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the second dielectric layer is applied to the inner conductor. 14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the inner conductor includes an inner conductor post at one end, and wherein the second dielectric layer is applied to the inner conductor post. 15. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the inner contact includes a mitered surface adjacent a vertex between the inner conductor and the inner contact. 16. The assembly of claim 11, wherein a second capacitive element is interposed between the outer conductor and the connector body.",
-    "A digital broadcasting system and method of processing data are disclosed. Herein, a method of processing data in a transmitting system includes creating a data group including a plurality of mobile service data packets, re-adjusting a relative position of at least one main service data packet of a main service data section, the main service data section including a plurality of main service data packets, and multiplexing the mobile service data of the data group and the main service data of the main service data section in burst units. Herein, a position of an audio data packet among the main service data packets of the main service data section may be re-adjusted. Also, a position of an audio data packet included in the main service data section may be re-adjusted based upon a multiplexing position of the main service data section. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A method of processing a broadcast signal in a broadcast transmitter, the method comprising: identifying a null data packet included in input data that include the null data packet and a first broadcast data packet; deleting the identified null data packet in the input data; randomizing first broadcast data of the first broadcast data packet in the input data in which the null data packet is deleted; encoding the randomized first broadcast data at a first code rate; encoding signaling information for signaling the first broadcast data at a second code rate; first interleaving the encoded first broadcast data; second interleaving the first-interleaved first broadcast data; and transmitting the broadcast signal including the second-interleaved first broadcast data and the encoded signaling information, wherein the broadcast signal further includes second broadcast data multiplexed with the first broadcast data and wherein the first broadcast data and the second broadcast data have a different robustness level. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the signaling information includes multiplexing information of the first broadcast data and the second broadcast data. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: performing at least one of error correction encoding and error detection encoding on the randomized first broadcast data. 12. A broadcast transmitter for processing a broadcast signal, the broadcast transmitter comprising: an input processor to identify a null data packet included in input data that include the null data packet and a first broadcast data packet, and delete the identified null data packet in the input data; a randomizer to randomize first broadcast data of the first broadcast data packet in the input data in which the null data packet is deleted; a first encoder to encode the randomized first broadcast data at a first code rate and encode signaling information for signaling the first broadcast data at a second code rate; a first interleaver to first interleave the encoded first broadcast data; a second interleaver to second interleave the first-interleaved first broadcast data; and a transmitting unit to transmit the broadcast signal including the second-interleaved first broadcast data and the encoded signaling information, wherein the broadcast signal further includes second broadcast data multiplexed with the first broadcast data and wherein the first broadcast data and the second broadcast data have a different robustness level. 13. The broadcast transmitter of claim 12, wherein the signaling information includes multiplexing information of the first broadcast data and the second broadcast data. 14. The broadcast transmitter of claim 12, further comprising: a second encoder to perform at least one of error correction encoding and error detection encoding on the randomized first broadcast data.",
-    "A mobile calorimeter includes a container comprising one or more walls defining a cavity. The container is adapted to hold a concrete mixture within the cavity. The mobile calorimeter also includes one or more heat flow sensors adapted to detect a heat flow generated by the concrete mixture. The heat flow sensors may include a thermoelectric device, a Peltier plate, or a macro fiber composite (MFC) sensor. The one or more heat flow sensors may be attached to the one or more walls, or may be embedded within the one or more walls. Data relating to a heat flow is obtained by the heat flow sensors, and is used to generate a prediction of a characteristic or performance of the concrete mixture. 1. A mobile calorimeter system comprising: a container comprising one or more walls defining a cavity, the container adapted to hold a concrete mixture within the cavity; and one or more heat flow sensors adapted to generate data relating to a heat flow generated by the concrete mixture. 2. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, further comprising a second container adapted to hold concrete and to fit inside the container. 3. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat flow sensors include one of a thermoelectric device, a Peltier plate, and a macro fiber composite (MFC) sensor. 4. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat flow sensors are attached to the one or more walls. 5. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat flow sensors are embedded within the one or more walls. 6. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, wherein the container has one of a cylindrical shape, a cubical shape, and a rectangular shape. 7. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, further comprising a radio frequency identification tag. 8. The mobile calorimeter system of claim 1, further comprising one of a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, and a GPS-based location sensor. 9. A concrete testing system comprising: the mobile calorimeter system of claim 1; a network; and a processor communicatively coupled to the mobile calorimeter via the network, the processor being adapted to: receive, via the network, the data from the one or more heat flow sensors data; and generate a prediction of a characteristic of the concrete mixture, based on the data. 10. A method of controlling quality of one or more batches of a concrete mixture, the method comprising: for each of a plurality of batches of concrete produced in a closed-loop production system: pouring a portion of the respective batch of concrete into a mobile calorimeter that comprises a heat flow sensor and a radio-frequency identification device (RFID); receiving from the RFID an identifier associated with the respective mobile calorimeter; receiving from the heat flow sensor a signal indicating that the mobile calorimeter is full of concrete; receiving from the heat flow sensor one or more measurements of heat flow; determining data defining an expected setting behavior and an expected strength of the respective batch of concrete based on the one or more measurements of heat flow; and storing the one or more measurements of heat flow and the data in association with the identifier. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the heat flow sensor includes one of a thermoelectric device, a Peltier plate, and a macro fiber composite (MFC) sensor. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the mobile calorimeter comprises a container having one of a cylindrical shape, a cubical shape, and a rectangular shape. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the mobile calorimeter comprises one or more walls; wherein the heat flow sensor is disposed on the one or more walls. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the mobile calorimeter further comprises one of a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, a location sensor. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the mobile calorimeter comprises a location sensor, the method further comprising: receiving location data from the location sensor; and determining a location of the mobile calorimeter based on the location data. 16. A method of testing a performance of a batch of concrete, the method comprising: using a heat flow sensor to obtain a measure of heat flow generated by a quantity of concrete, the quantity of concrete being obtained from a batch of concrete; and determining a measure of an expected performance of the batch of concrete, based on the measure of heat flow. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: pouring the quantity of concrete into a mobile calorimeter that comprises the heat flow sensor. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the mobile calorimeter further comprises a radio-frequency identification device (RFID); the method further comprising: receiving from the RFID an identifier associated with the mobile calorimeter. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: receiving, by a processor, from the heat flow sensor, the measure of heat flow; determining data defining an expected setting behavior and an expected strength of the batch of concrete based on the measure of heat flow. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: storing the identifier and the measure of heat flow.",
-    "A ramrod for a muzzleloader is provided. The ramrod includes a shaft having a knob releasably coupled to one end thereof, the knob having a rounded end and a tapered end that oppose one another. The knob may have a central bore therein, and the shaft may be inserted into the central bore. The tapered end of the knob is configured with respect to the shaft to allow any object that contacts the shaft and slides along the shaft to also slide along and eventually off of the tapered end of the knob without snagging or catching the knob. The rounded end of the knob is positioned at a distal end of the shaft and is configured with respect to the shaft to allow a user of the ramrod to place his/her palm against the rounded end while operating the ramrod to load a muzzleloader. 1. A ramrod for a muzzleloader, the ramrod comprising: a shaft having a distal end and a cleaning jag coupled to the distal end of the shaft; and a knob having a first end, a second end that opposes the first end, and a side portion defined between the first and second ends, the first end of the knob comprising an internal bore that is releasably coupled over and to the cleaning jag on the distal end of the shaft, the first end, the second end, and the side portion being fixedly positioned with respect to the shaft once the knob is coupled to the shaft, the knob defining an indentation surface in the side portion, and wherein the indentation surface is arc-shaped and is oriented axially along the length of the knob, and the arc shaped indention surface comprises a longitudinal axis that is substantially parallel with and axis of the shaft when stored and when in use; wherein the shaft releasably couples to the muzzleloader and, with the shaft coupled to the muzzleloader, the indentation surface of the knob functionally engages a barrel of the muzzleloader with a majority of the indentation surface physically contacting the barrel. 2. The ramrod of claim 1, wherein the indentation surface is runs along the entire length of the knob. 3. The ramrod of claim 1, wherein the indentation surface is has an arc-radius equal to or larger than an arc-radius of the barrel. 4. The ramrod of claim 1, wherein under the condition that the indentation surface functionally engages the barrel, the ramrod and the knob are precluded from moving with respect to the barrel. 5. The ramrod of claim 1, wherein the first end defines a tapered surface and the second end defines a rounded surface. 6. The ramrod of claim 5, wherein the tapered surface tapers away from the rounded surface. 7. The ramrod of claim 1, wherein the shaft is hollow. 8. A muzzleloader comprising: a barrel; and a ramrod releasably coupled to the muzzleloader, the ramrod comprising: a shaft having a distal end and a cleaning jag coupled to the distal end of the shaft; and a knob having a first end, a second end that opposes the first end, and a side portion defined between the first and second ends, the first end of the knob comprising an internal bore that is releasably coupled over and to the cleaning jag on the distal end of the shaft, the first end, the second end, and the side portion being fixedly positioned with respect to the shaft once the knob is coupled to the shaft, the knob defining an indentation surface in the side portion, and wherein the indentation surface is arc-shaped and is oriented axially along the length of the knob, and the arc shaped indention surface comprises a longitudinal axis that is substantially parallel with and axis of the shaft when stored and when in use; wherein the shaft is releasably couples to the muzzleloader and, with the shaft coupled to the muzzleloader, the indentation surface of the knob functionally engages the barrel of the muzzleloader with a majority of the indentation surface physically contacting the barrel. 9. The muzzleloader of claim 8, wherein the indentation surface is runs along the entire length of the knob. 10. The muzzleloader of claim 8, wherein the indentation surface is has an arc-radius equal to or larger than an arc-radius of the barrel. 11. The muzzleloader of claim 8, wherein under the condition that the indentation surface functionally engages the barrel, the ramrod and the knob are precluded from moving with respect to the barrel. 12. The muzzleloader of claim 8, wherein the first end defines a tapered surface and the second end defines a rounded surface. 13. The muzzleloader of claim 12, wherein the tapered surface tapers away from the rounded surface. 14. The muzzleloader of claim 8, wherein the shaft is hollow. 15. A ramrod for a muzzleloader, the ramrod comprising: a shaft having a distal end and a cleaning jag coupled to the distal end of the shaft; a knob having a first end, a second end that opposes the first end, and a side portion defined between the first and second ends, the first end of the knob comprising a threaded internal bore that threadingly couples over and to the cleaning jag on the distal end of the shaft; and an arc-shaped indentation being positioned in the side portion of the knob, wherein the shaft releasably couples to the muzzleloader and, with the shaft coupled to the muzzleloader, the indentation of the knob functionally engages a barrel of the muzzleloader with a majority of the arc-shaped indentation being in direct physical contact with the barrel, and the arc-shaped indention comprises a longitudinal axis that is substantially parallel with an axis of the shaft when stored and when in use.",
-    "A bird deterrent has a base and at least one branched spike extending from the base. The branching can occur anywhere along the spike, and a single branch point can give rise to multiple branches. Spikes can have multiple branches. The various branches can be of any suitable length(s), and can be oriented in any suitable direction(s). 1. A bird deterrent, comprising: a base having a glue channel extending along a bottom surface of the base and sized and dimensioned to allow the base to mounted substantially flush with a flat surface; a first branched spike extending from the base, wherein the first branched spike comprises first and second portions that extend in different directions with respect to the base; and wherein the base and the plurality of spikes comprise a continuous common plastic material. 2. The bird deterrent of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the first branched spike is orthogonal to a bottom of the base. 3. The bird deterrent of claim 1, further comprising a second spike that is non-branched and non-orthogonal to a bottom of the base. 4. The bird deterrent of claim 1, wherein the plastic material comprises polycarbonate. 5. The bird deterrent of claim 1, wherein the glue channel terminates at an open longitudinal end of the base. 6. The bird deterrent of claim 1, wherein the base has a plurality of break points. 7. The bird deterrent of claim 1, wherein the base comprises a semi-circular vertical cross-section. 8. The bird deterrent of claim 1, further comprising a second spike that extends orthogonally from an upper surface of the base. 9. The bird deterrent of claim 1, further comprising a set of spikes that collectively form a fan-shaped configuration. 10. The bird deterrent of claim 9, wherein the fan-shaped configuration comprises five spikes extending from the base. 11. A bird deterrent, comprising: a plastic base having a glue channel extending along a bottom surface of the base; a plurality of plastic, cylindrical spikes that collectively form a fan-shaped configuration, wherein the fan-shaped configuration comprises at least three spikes each extending in a different direction from the base with respect to the other spikes; and wherein the base and the plurality of spikes comprise a continuous common plastic material. 12. The deterrent of claim 11, wherein the base and plurality of spikes comprise a pressure-injected polycarbonate. 13. The deterrent of claim 11, wherein at least one of the plurality of spikes comprises a branched spike. 14. The deterrent of claim 13, wherein the branched spikes comprises a first branch extending in one direction and a second branch extending in a different direction. 15. The deterrent of claim 13, wherein the first branch is orthogonal to a bottom of the base. 16. The deterrent of claim 11, wherein the fan-shaped configuration comprises five spikes, each extending in a different direction from the base with respect to the other spikes. 17. The deterrent of claim 11, wherein the plastic material comprises polycarbonate. 18. The deterrent of claim 11, wherein the base has a plurality of break points. 19. A method of manufacturing a bird deterrent, comprising: injection molding a base having a plurality of spikes extending from the base in at least three different directions; and wherein the plurality of spikes collectively form a fan-shaped configuration comprising at least three spikes each extending in a different direction from the base with respect to the other spikes. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein at least one of the plurality of spikes comprises a branched spike.",
-    "A method and apparatus for replacing a tendon flex bearing on a tension leg platform includes installing a tendon tensioning tool on the Length Adjustment Joint (LAJ) of a tendon and providing a supplemental buoyancy module on the tendon. The tendon tensioning tool is used to disengage the slips from the top tendon connector. The buoyancy of the supplemental buoyancy module may then be adjusted to support the tendon whereupon the tendon tensioning tool may be disengaged permitting removal and replacement of the tendon flex bearing. Following installation of the new (or refurbished) flex bearing, the steps of the procedure may be reversed to return the tendon to its normal operating state. In certain embodiments, top clamp actuation means is provided in the tendon tensioning tool for removing slips from the top clamp. 1. A method for replacing a tendon flex bearing on a tension leg platform (TLP) having a tendon with a length adjustment joint (LAJ) secured to a tendon porch on the TLP by means of a top clamp having releasable slips comprising: installing a tendon tensioning tool on the LAJ; attaching a supplemental buoyancy module to the tendon; applying tension to the tendon with the tendon tensioning tool sufficient to release the slips from the top clamp; adjusting the buoyancy of the supplemental buoyancy module; releasing tension applied to the tendon with the tendon tensioning tool; and, removing the tendon flex bearing. 2. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the tendon tensioning tool is installed on the LAJ above the top clamp. 3. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the supplemental buoyancy module is attached to the tendon below the tendon porch. 4. The method recited in claim 1 wherein adjusting the buoyancy of the supplemental buoyancy module comprises increasing the buoyancy of the supplemental buoyancy module sufficiently to support the tendon substantially vertically in the sea. 5. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising installing a spacer between the tendon and the tendon porch. 6. The method recited in claim 5 wherein the spacer is an annular spacer. 7. The method recited in claim 1 wherein installing a tendon tensioning tool on the LAJ comprises installing a messenger line on the LAJ. 8. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the tendon tensioning tool comprises an actuation tool configured to disengage the slips from the length adjustment joint. 9. The method recited in claim 1 wherein the tendon tensioning tool comprises at least one hydraulic cylinder. 10. The method recited in claim 9 wherein the tension applied to the tendon by the tendon tensioning tool is monitored by measuring the pressure within the at least one hydraulic cylinder. 11. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising: adjusting the buoyancy of the TLP to reduce the tension in the tendon. 12. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising: reducing the tendon tension by slacking off the tendon tensioning tool until the in-water weight of the tendon is borne by the supplemental buoyancy module. 13. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising: reinstalling the tendon tensioning tool after replacement of the flex bearing; and, applying tension to the tendon by reacting the tendon tensioning tool against the top clamp. 14. The method recited in claim 13 further comprising: decreasing the buoyancy of the supplemental buoyancy module. 15. The method recited in claim 14 further comprising: adjusting the tendon tension using the tendon tensioning tool to substantially equal the tension in an adjacent tendon. 16. The method recited in claim 15 further comprising: removing the supplemental buoyancy module; reapplying tension to the tendon using the tendon tensioning tool; and, adjusting the top clamp. 17. The method recited in claim 15 further comprising: removing the supplement buoyancy module; and, removing the tendon tensioning tool. 18. The method recited in claim 17 wherein removing the tendon tensioning tool comprises guiding the tendon tensioning tool with a messenger line attached to the tendon.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a high-frequency semiconductor amplifier includes an input terminal, an input matching circuit, a high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element, an output matching circuit and an output terminal. The input terminal is inputted with a fundamental signal. The fundamental signal has a first frequency band and a first center frequency in the first frequency band. The input matching circuit includes an input end and an output end. The input end of the input matching circuit is connected to the input terminal. The high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element includes an input end and an output end. The input end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element is connected to the output end of the input matching circuit. The high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element is configured to amplify the fundamental signal. 1. A high-frequency semiconductor amplifier comprising: an input terminal inputted with a fundamental signal having a first frequency band and a first center frequency in the first frequency band; an input matching circuit including an input end and an output end, the input end of the input matching circuit being connected to the input terminal; a high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element including an input end and an output end, the input end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element being connected to the output end of the input matching circuit, and the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element being configured to amplify the fundamental signal; an output matching circuit including an input end and an output end, the input end of the output matching circuit being connected to the output end of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element; and an output terminal connected to the output end of the output matching circuit, the output matching circuit including: a first transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the first transmission line being connected to the output end of the output matching circuit, the first transmission line having an electrical length of 72 degrees or more and 108 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the first transmission line being lower than 50\u03a9, which is load impedance of an external load connected in parallel to the output terminal; a second transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the second transmission line being connected to the input end of the first transmission line, the second transmission line having an electrical length of 72 degrees or more and 108 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the second transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line; a third transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the third transmission line being connected to the input end of the second transmission line, the third transmission line having an electrical length of 24 degrees or more and 36 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the third transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the second transmission line; a fourth transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the fourth transmission line being connected to the input end of the third transmission line, the fourth transmission line having an electrical length of 12 degrees or more and 18 degrees or less at the first center frequency, characteristic impedance of the fourth transmission line being lower than the characteristic impedance of the first transmission line, the characteristic impedance of the fourth transmission line being higher than resistance of a desired load impedance provided to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element at the fundamental frequency, and line width along a second direction of the fourth transmission line being 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of line width along the second direction of the third transmission line; a fifth transmission line including an input end and an output end, the output end of the fifth transmission line being connected to the input end of the fourth transmission line, the fifth transmission line having an electrical length of 12 degrees or more and 18 degrees or less at the first center frequency, and characteristic impedance of the fifth transmission line being equal to the resistance of the desired load impedance provided to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifying element at the fundamental frequency; and a wire part including an input end and an output end, the output end of the wire part being connected to the input end of the fifth transmission line, and the input end of the wire part being connected to the input end of the output matching circuit. 2. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the third transmission line is 1.6 times or more and 2.4 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fifth transmission line. 3. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the fourth transmission line is 0.08 times or more and 0.12 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fifth transmission line. 4. The amplifier according to claim 2, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the fourth transmission line is 0.08 times or more and 0.12 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fifth transmission line. 5. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the characteristic impedance of the third transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of the characteristic impedance of the fifth transmission line. 6. The amplifier according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic impedance of the third transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of the characteristic impedance of the fifth transmission line. 7. The amplifier according to claim 3, wherein the characteristic impedance of the third transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of the characteristic impedance of the fifth transmission line. 8. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the line width along the second direction of the fourth transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of line width along the second direction of the fifth transmission line. 9. The amplifier according to claim 2, wherein substrate thickness along a third direction crossing the second direction of the fourth transmission line is 1.6 times or more and 2.4 times or less of substrate thickness along the third direction of the second transmission line. 10. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of a substrate of the fourth transmission line is equal to relative permittivity of a substrate of the second transmission line, and the relative permittivity of the substrate of the second transmission line is 0.08 times or more and 0.12 times or less of relative permittivity of a substrate of the fifth transmission line. 11. The amplifier according to claim 2, wherein substrate thickness along a third direction crossing the second direction of the third transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of substrate thickness along the third direction of the fourth transmission line. 12. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein relative permittivity of the fifth transmission line is higher than relative permittivity of the fourth transmission line. 13. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the line width along the second direction of the third transmission line is 0.8 times or more and 1.2 times or less of line width along the second direction of the fifth transmission line. 14. The amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the characteristic impedance of the fourth transmission line is higher than the characteristic impedance of the third transmission line.",
-    "A system and a method for enabling a fingerprint registration on a mobile device are provided. The mobile device includes a fingerprint registration unit configured to receive at least one first image of a fingerprint input in a first orientation, receive at least one second image of the fingerprint input in a second orientation, and generate a fingerprint image by stitching the at least one first image with the at least one second image such that the first orientation and the second orientation are substantially perpendicular to each other. 1. A method for enabling a fingerprint registration on a mobile device, the method comprising: receiving at least one first image of a fingerprint input in a first orientation; receiving at least one second image of the fingerprint input in a second orientation; and generating a fingerprint image by stitching the at least one first image with the at least one second image, wherein the first orientation and the second orientation are substantially perpendicular to each other. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a visual indication for rotating the mobile device based on an input from an orientation sensor in the mobile device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: estimating a finger coverage dynamically from the fingerprint image generated; and displaying a visual indication of the estimated finger coverage. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a fingerprint class from the received at least one first image for matching the fingerprint hierarchically. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fingerprint class is at least one of left loop, whorl, and right loop. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one first image and the at least one second image correspond to partial horizontal finger scans and partial vertical finger scans, respectively. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying a visual guidance for placing one or more portions of the finger in one or more orientations; receiving, by a fingerprint sensor, an input of one or more portions of the finger in one or more orientations; and authenticating the received one or more portions of the finger in the one or more orientations by comparing with the one or more portions of a registered fingerprint in the one or more orientations and validating it against the visual guidance. 8. A mobile device for enabling a fingerprint registration, the mobile device comprising: a fingerprint registration unit configured to: receive at least one first image of a fingerprint input in a first orientation; receive at least one second image of the fingerprint input in a second orientation; and generate a fingerprint image by stitching the at least one first image with the at least one second image, wherein the first orientation and the second orientation are substantially perpendicular to each other. 9. The mobile device of claim 8, wherein the mobile device further comprises a display unit, and wherein the display unit is configured to display a visual indication for rotating at least one of finger or the mobile device. 10. The mobile device of claim 8, further comprising: a pattern generation unit; and a display unit, wherein the pattern generation unit is configured to estimate a finger coverage dynamically from the generated fingerprint image, and wherein the display unit is configured to display a visual indication of the estimated finger coverage. 11. The mobile device of claim 8, further comprising: a pattern generation unit; and a storage unit, wherein the pattern generation unit is configured to determine a fingerprint class from a captured at least one first image for matching the fingerprint hierarchically, and wherein the storage unit is configured to store the fingerprint class along with fingerprint features extracted for a registered fingerprint. 12. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the fingerprint class comprises at least one of left loop, whorl, and right loop. 13. The mobile device of claim 8, wherein the at least one first image and the at least one second image correspond to partial horizontal finger scans and partial vertical finger scans, respectively. 14. The mobile device of claim 8, further comprising: a display unit; and a fingerprint authentication unit, wherein the display unit is configured to display a visual guidance for placing one or more portions of the finger in one or more orientations, and wherein the fingerprint authentication unit is configured to: receive input of one or more portions of the finger in one or more orientations, and authenticate the received one or more portions of the finger in the one or more orientations by comparing with the one or more portions of the registered fingerprint in the one or more orientations and validating it against the visual guidance provided.",
-    "Methods and devices to quickly and accurately locate the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) while performing a sphenopalatine ganglion block procedure that introduces a medication to the SPG. The methods and devices also prevent the medication applied to the SPG from flowing down a patient's throat during the procedure. 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A method for delivering a medication to a sphenopalatine ganglion of a patient, the method comprising the steps of: (a) inserting a portion of a device into a nasal cavity of a patient through a nostril, the device comprising: a handle comprising a proximal end and a distal end; an inflation device at least partially and integrally disposed within the handle; a flexible tubular member extending from the distal end of the handle, the flexible tubular member comprising an inflation lumen coupled to the inflation device and extending through at least a portion of the flexible tubular member, and a second lumen extending through at least another portion of the flexible tubular member to a medication port; an expandable member attached to the flexible tubular member, wherein the inflation lumen is coupled to an inflation port disposed within the expandable member, wherein the medication port is disposed proximally of the expandable member; an illumination device disposed distally of the expandable member; and a non-inflatable stabilizer slidably coupled to the flexible tubular member, wherein the non-inflatable stabilizer is disposed between the handle and the expandable member; (b) viewing light emitted from the illumination device through a portion of the patient's palate; (c) expanding, using the inflation device, the expandable member adjacent to the patient's choana; (d) sliding the non-inflatable stabilizer toward the patient's nose; (e) introducing an amount of medication into the nasal cavity through the medication port, such that the medication rises to a level within the nasal cavity and contacts at least a portion of mucosa overlaying a sphenopalatine ganglion of the patient for a period of at least 5 minutes; and (f) removing the device from the nasal cavity. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of sliding the non-inflatable stabilizer away from the patient's nose. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of inserting the device into a second portion of the nasal cavity of the patient through a second nostril and performing steps (b) through (f). 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of sliding the non-inflatable stabilizer away from the patient's nose. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the non-inflatable stabilizer comprises a lumen capable of having a first configuration and a second configuration. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the non-inflatable stabilizer is capable of sliding along the flexible tubular member when the lumen is in the first configuration and the non-inflatable stabilizer is less capable of sliding along the flexible tubular member when the lumen is in the second configuration. 23. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of collapsing the expandable member. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of sliding the non-inflatable stabilizer away from the patient's nose. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising the step of inserting the device into a second portion of the nasal cavity of the patient through a second nostril and performing steps (b) through (f). 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of sliding the non-inflatable stabilizer away from the patient's nose. 27. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of removing at least a portion of the medication through the medication port in the flexible tubular member. 28. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of inserting the device into a second portion of the nasal cavity of the patient through a second nostril and performing steps (b) through (f). 29. The method of claim 17, wherein the level of medication is maintained for 10 minutes to 30 minutes. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the level of medication is maintained for 15 minutes to 25 minutes. 31. The method of claim 17, wherein the level of medication is maintained for at least 10 minutes. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the level of medication is maintained for at least 15 minutes. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the level of medication is maintained for at least 20 minutes. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the level of medication is maintained for at least 25 minutes. 35. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of inserting the device into the nasal cavity comprises introducing the device into a channel below an inferior turbinate and above a hard palate. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the step of expanding the expandable member adjacent to the patient's choana comprises placing the expandable member in the patient's nasopharynx.",
-    "This invention discloses a method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives and the application thereof. The mentioned method comprises mixing ascorbic acid derivative with a non-water-in-oil composition, and the composition comprises buffer, phosphonic acid derivative and at least one alcohol. The yellowish and degradation of ascorbic acid derivative can be efficiently decreased by the mentioned method. Moreover, the mentioned method can be used in topical composition, such as toner, serum, lotion, cream. 1. A method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives, wherein a general formula of the ascorbic acid derivative is as the following, comprising: mixing the ascorbic acid derivatives with a composition, wherein said composition comprises: a buffer, wherein the buffer is employed to adjust pH value of the composition between 3.5 and 5.5; and a stabilizing agent consisted of phosphonic acid derivative; and alcohol, wherein said alcohol is selected from one or the combination of the group consisting of the following: ethanol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), wherein said stabilizing agent does not include dimethiconecopolyol and alkyldimethiconecopolyol; wherein R is selected from one of the group consisting of the following: C1-C20 alkyl group. 2. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein said buffer is selected from one of the group consisting of the following: citric acid/sodium citrate, citric acid/sodium phosphate, and acetic acid/sodium acetate. 3. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein said phosphonic acid derivative is selected from one of the group consisting of the following: N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032-ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) hydrate (EDTMP), hexaMethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic Acid) (HMDTMPA), Diethylene Triamine Penta(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) (DTPMPA) and the salts thereof. 4. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein said composition is an oil-in-water composition. 5. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein said composition is a water-loving composition. 6. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of the ascorbic acid derivative is from 0.01 to 10% of the total weight of the composition, wherein the quantity of the buffer is not more than 6.45% of the total weight of the composition. 7. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of the ascorbic acid derivative is from 0.1 to 4.0% of the total weight of the composition, wherein the quantity of the buffer is not more than 6.45% of the total weight of the composition. 8. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of the phosphonic acid derivative is from 0.01 to 1.0% of the total weight of the composition. 9. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of the phosphonic acid derivative is from 0.1 to 0.5% of the total weight of the composition. 10. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of the alcohol is not more than 20% of the total weight of the composition. 11. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the quantity of the alcohol is not more than 10% of the total weight of the composition. 12. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein the pH value of the composition is between 3.8 and 4.5. 13. The method for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 1, wherein said ascorbic acid derivative is 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid with the structure as following, 14. An oil-in-water composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives, wherein a general formula of the ascorbic acid derivative is as the following, comprising: a buffer, wherein the buffer is employed to adjust pH value of the composition between 3.5 and 5.5; a stabilizing agent consisted of phosphonic acid derivative; and alcohol, wherein said alcohol is selected from one or the combination of the group consisting of the following: ethanol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, ethoxydiglycol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG); wherein R is selected from one of the group consisting of the following: C1-C20 alkyl group. 15. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein said buffer is selected from one of the group consisting of the following: citric acid/sodium citrate, citric acid/sodium phosphate and acetic acid/sodium acetate. 16. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein the quantity of the ascorbic acid derivative is from 0.01 to 10% of the total weight of the composition, wherein the quantity of the buffer is not more than 6.45% of the total weight of the composition. 17. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein the quantity of the phosphonic acid derivative is from 0.01 to 1.0% of the total weight of the composition. 18. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein the quantity of the phosphonic acid derivative is from 0.1 to 0.5% of the total weight of the composition. 19. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein the quantity of the alcohol is not more than 20% of the total weight of the composition. 20. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein the quantity of the alcohol is not more than 10% of the total weight of the composition. 21. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein the pH value of the composition is between 3.8 and 4.5. 22. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, further comprising water. 23. The composition for stabilizing ascorbic acid derivatives according to claim 14, wherein said ascorbic acid derivative is 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid with the structure as following,",
-    "Methods and systems and mobile device interfaces for creating, joining, organizing and managing via mobile devices affinity groups in a cloud computing environment for social and business purposes. 1. A social application for use with wireless mobile devices having gesture sensitive displays for generating user interactive screens, the social application generating a device-user interface comprising: (a) a first screen for: (1) creating an affinity group by specifying its members from among one or more users of said mobile devices; (2) composing an initial communication to the newly created affinity group; and (3) assigning a tracked object identifier to the newly created affinity group; (b) a second screen for displaying tracked object identifiers of existing affinity groups; (c) a third screen, accessible by gesture interaction with a selected tracked object identifier on the second screen, for displaying the affinity group communications associated with the selected tracked object identifier; (d) a fourth screen, accessible by gesture interaction with the third screen, for composing a communication to the affinity group associated with the selected tracked object identifier; (e) a fifth screen, accessible from one or more screens by gesture interaction with a predetermined portion of a screen, for composing and editing a profile; (f) a sixth screen for displaying a profile identifier for at least one member of an affinity group associated with a tracked object identifier; and (g) a seventh screen, accessible from the sixth screen by gesture interaction with a selected profile identifier, for displaying the selected profile. 2. The social application of claim 1 in which an assigned tracked object identifier for an affinity group is maintained independently of one or more members later being added to, and one or more members later leaving, the affinity group whereby the affinity group continues independently of changes in its members. 3. The social application of claim 1 in which the social application assigns a unique tracked object identifier to an affinity group in the absence of the user assigning said identifier on the first screen. 4. The social application of claim 1 in which the second screen shows in association with each tracked object identifier at least part of the most recently received communication for its associated affinity group. 5. The social application of claim 4 in which received communications associated with any tracked object identifier on the second screen may be removed from the second screen by a user gesture without removing the communication from the third screen. 6. The social application of claim 4 and further including an eighth screen for listing tracked object identifiers without associated messages and in which affinity group communications associated with a tracked object identifier are displayed in response to gesture interaction with a selected tracked object identifier on the eighth screen. 7. The social application of claim 1 in which the third screen identifies the member making the communication and the date the communication was made and does not identify other affinity group members and in which the other affinity group members are identified on said sixth screen and their personal profiles individually accessible for viewing on the seventh screen by gesture interaction with the sixth screen. 8. The social application of claim 1 including a ninth screen for entering posts about an affinity group and in which navigation between the third, sixth and ninth screens is accomplished by a single gesture. 9. The social application of claim 1 in which the sixth screen displays profile identifiers for all members of the affinity group and in which a user may remove a selected tracked object identifier from the second screen and leave its associated affinity group by a gesture interaction with the selected tracked object identifier.",
-    "The present invention provides an imaging module capable of performing positioning of an imaging element unit, and a lens unit at a low cost and with high precision and an electronic device including the imaging module. An imaging module 100 includes a lens unit 10 including VCMs 16A, 16C, and 16E which move a lens group 12 in an x direction, a y direction, and a z direction, respectively, terminals 14A and 14B which are connected to the VCM 16A, terminals 14C and 14D which are connected to the VCM 16C, and terminals 14E and 14F which are connected to the VCM 16E, and an imaging element unit 20 including terminals 24A to 24F which are connected to the terminals 14A to 14F. Exposed areas of the terminals 14A and 14B are larger than exposed areas of the terminals 14C to 14F. 1. A manufacturing method of an imaging module including a lens unit which includes a lens group, and an imaging element unit which is fixed to the lens unit and includes an imaging element which captures a subject through the lens group, wherein the lens unit includes a first lens driving unit which moves at least a portion of lenses of the lens group in a first direction along an optical axis of the lens group, a second lens driving unit and a third lens driving unit which move at least a portion of the lenses of the lens group in a second direction and a third direction orthogonal to the optical axis of the lens group, respectively, a connection portion group which includes a plurality of first connection portions which electrically connect the first lens driving unit and the imaging element unit, a plurality of second connection portions which electrically connect the second lens driving unit and the imaging element unit, and a plurality of third connection portions which electrically connect the third lens driving unit and the imaging element unit, and a housing in which at least the first lens driving unit, the second lens driving unit, the third lens driving unit, and a portion of the connection portion group is accommodated, wherein the imaging element unit includes a fourth connection portion which electrically connects the imaging element unit and each connection portion included in the connection portion group of the lens unit, wherein each connection portion included in the connection portion group includes an exposed surface, which is exposed outside the housing, in a portion of the connection portion, wherein the connection portion group includes a connection portion in which the exposed surface has a first area, and a connection portion in which the exposed surface has a second area which is larger than the first area, and wherein among the plurality of first connection portions, the plurality of second connection portions, and the plurality of third connection portions, any one of the exposed surfaces of at least the plurality of second connection portions and the plurality of third connection portions has the second area, the manufacturing method comprising: an adjustment process of allowing electricity to flow to the connection portion having the second area in a probing manner so as to drive the lens driving unit, and adjusting positions of the lens unit and the imaging element unit; and a process of fixing the lens unit and the imaging element unit after the adjustment process. 2. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the exposed surface of each connection portion of the plurality of first connection portions has the first area, and wherein at least one exposed surface of the plurality of second connection portions and the plurality of third connection portions has the second area. 3. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 2, wherein the second direction and the third direction are orthogonal to each other, and wherein the exposed surface of at least one connection portion of the plurality of second connection portions has the second area, and the exposed surface of each connection portion of the plurality of third connection portions has the first area. 4. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein each of the exposed surface of each connection portion of the plurality of first connection portions, the exposed surface of each connection portion of the plurality of second connection portions, and the exposed surface of each connection portion of the plurality of third connection portions has the second area. 5. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length of the connection portion in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, and wherein the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area and the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 6. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 2, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length of the connection portion in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, and wherein the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area and the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 7. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 3, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length of the connection portion in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, and wherein the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area and the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 8. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 4, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length of the connection portion in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, and wherein the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area and the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 9. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, wherein the connection portion group includes a plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and wherein a portion of the plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and remaining connection portions except for the portion of the plurality of connection portions are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 10. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 2, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, wherein the connection portion group includes a plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and wherein a portion of the plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and remaining connection portions except for the portion of the plurality of connection portions are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 11. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 3, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, wherein the connection portion group includes a plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and wherein a portion of the plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and remaining connection portions except for the portion of the plurality of connection portions are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 12. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 4, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along a side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, wherein a length of the connection portion in an arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length in the arrangement direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area, wherein the connection portion group includes a plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and wherein a portion of the plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and remaining connection portions except for the portion of the plurality of connection portions are arranged in directions along sides different from each other of the imaging element in the plan view. 13. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 9, wherein a connection portion, in which the exposed surface has the first area, is disposed in at least one location between the plurality of connection portions which are arranged in the arrangement direction and in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas. 14. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the connection portion group includes a plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and wherein a connection portion, in which the exposed surface has the first area, is disposed in at least one location between the plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas. 15. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 2, wherein the connection portion group includes a plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas, and wherein a connection portion, in which the exposed surface has the first area, is disposed in at least one location between the plurality of connection portions in which the exposed surfaces have the second areas. 16. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein the connection portions included in the connection portion group are arranged in a direction along the side of the imaging element in a plan view when viewed from the subject side, and wherein a length of the connection portion in a direction orthogonal to the arrangement direction of the connection portions included in the connection portion group on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the second area is longer than a length of the connection portion in the orthogonal direction on the exposed surface of the connection portion in which the exposed surface has the first area. 17. The manufacturing method of the imaging module according to claim 1, wherein a pixel pitch of the imaging element is 1.0 \u03bcm or less. 18. The manufacturing method of an image module according to claim 1, wherein in the adjustment process, the positions of the lens unit and the imaging element unit are adjusted in a state where the second direction and the third direction are set to the gravity direction. 19. An imaging module which is manufactured by the manufacturing method of an image module according to claim 1, comprising: a lens unit which includes a lens group; and an imaging element unit which is fixed to the lens unit and includes an imaging element which captures a subject through the lens group, wherein the lens unit includes a first lens driving unit which moves at least a portion of lenses of the lens group in a first direction along an optical axis of the lens group, a second lens driving unit and a third lens driving unit which move at least a portion of the lenses of the lens group in a second direction and a third direction orthogonal to the optical axis of the lens group, respectively, a connection portion group which includes a plurality of first connection portions which electrically connect the first lens driving unit and the imaging element unit, a plurality of second connection portions which electrically connect the second lens driving unit and the imaging element unit, and a plurality of third connection portions which electrically connect the third lens driving unit and the imaging element unit, and a housing in which at least a portion of the first lens driving unit, the second lens driving unit, the third lens driving unit, and the connection portion group is accommodated, wherein the imaging element unit includes a fourth connection portion which electrically connects the imaging element unit and each connection portion included in the connection portion group of the lens unit, wherein each connection portion included in the connection portion group includes an exposed surface, which is exposed outside the housing, in a portion of the connection portion, wherein the connection portion group includes a connection portion in which the exposed surface has a first area, and a connection portion in which the exposed surface has a second area which is larger than the first area and which is an area to allow electricity to flow in a probing manner when the imaging module is manufactured, and wherein among the plurality of first connection portions, the plurality of second connection portions, and the plurality of third connection portions, any one of the exposed surfaces of at least the plurality of second connection portions and the plurality of third connection portions has the second area. 20. An electronic device, comprising the imaging module according to claim 19.",
-    "A system for alternating lighting-emitting of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is provided, including a plurality of DRAMs and an application program. Each DRAM includes a processing unit and a lighting-emitting unit. The processing unit is able to trigger the lighting-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode. The lighting-emitting units define a lighting-emitting module. The application program is installed in a mobile electronic device. The application program sends a signal to the processing units of the DRAMs via the mobile electronic device to match with and identify the DRAMs, and the application program can make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and make the light-emitting module emit light in a preset mode. 1. A system for alternating light-emitting of dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including: a plurality of DRAMs, each DRAM including a processing unit and a light-emitting unit, the processing unit being able to trigger the light-emitting unit to emit light in a preset mode, the light-emitting units defining a light-emitting module; and a mobile electronic device, an application program being installed in the mobile electronic device, the application program sending a signal via the mobile electronic device to the processing units of the DRAMs so as to match with and identify the DRAMs, to make each said processing unit control the light-emitting unit to emit light and to make the light-emitting module to emit light in a preset mode; wherein the processing unit of each said DRAM is able to control a frequency, a color, a delay time and a flashing mode of light emitted from the light-emitting unit. 2. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 1, wherein the light-emitting units are neighboring to each other. 3. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 1, wherein each said light-emitting unit includes at least one light-emitting diode. 4. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 3, wherein each said light-emitting unit further includes at least one light-guiding member, and the light-guiding member is located neighboring to the light-emitting diode and partially exposed so as to allow light from the light-emitting diode to transmit from the light-guiding member. 5. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 3, wherein each said light-emitting unit includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes, the light-emitting diodes have different colors in emitting light. 6. (canceled) 7. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 1, wherein after each said processing unit receives the signal from the mobile electronic device, the processing unit makes the light-emitting unit emit light in the preset mode repeatedly. 8. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 1, wherein the processing unit contacts with the mobile electronic device through Bluetooth communication. 9. The system for alternating light-emitting of DRAM of claim 1, wherein the processing unit contacts with the mobile electronic device through infrared communication.",
-    "A system and method for identifying specific locations where to attach or detach e-mail attachments based on e-mail storage locations is disclosed. The method allows to search in a mail-attachment connection table all the attachment locations that are in relation to the e-mail where the attachment is to be attached to or to be detached from and to present to a user all attachment locations that have a relevance for the attach/detach operation. 1. A method of managing electronic mail file attachments, comprising: maintaining a mail-attachment connection table identifying a plurality of mail storage locations for storing electronic mails; and for each of the plurality of mail storage locations, identifying a plurality of attachment storage locations for storing attachments to the electronic mails stored in the each mail storage location; receiving a request from a user to attach or detach a specified file attachment from a specified electronic mail; storing the specified electronic mail in one of said mail storage locations; using said one of the mail storage locations to identify a location to store said specified file attachment, including associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in the one of the mail storage locations; storing the specified file attachment in the associated attachment storage location; and incrementing a count of a number of times said one of the attachment storage locations is associated with said one of the mail storage locations. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the maintaining a mail-attachment connection table includes keeping counts in the mail-attachment connection table of numbers of times the attachment storage locations are associated with the mail storage locations. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the keeping counts in the mail-attachment connection table includes keeping a count in the mail-attachment connection table of the number of times each mail storage location is associated with each of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in said each mail storage location. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations includes associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations based on the counts of the number of times each of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in said each mail storage location, is associated with said each mail storage location. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations includes the user associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in the one of the mail storage locations. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mail storage locations include a group of directories, and the attachment storage locations include a group of folders. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the mail-attachment connection table identifies for each of said directories, one or more of the folders for storing the attachments to the electronic mails stored in said each directory. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the mail-attachment connection table includes a multitude of cells, each of the cells being associated with a respective one of the folders and a respective one of the directories. 9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising maintaining in each of the cells a count of the number of the attachments, to electronic mails stored in the directory associated with said each cell, that are stored in the folder associated with said each cell. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein: the storing the specified file attachment includes storing the specified file attachment in one of the folders associated with one of the directories; and the incrementing a count includes incrementing the count, in the cell of the mail-attachment connection table associated with said one of the folders and said one of the directories associated with said one of the folders, of the number of attachments, to electronic mails stored in said one of the directories, that are stored in said one of the folders associated with said one of the directories. 11. A system for managing electronic mail file attachments, comprising: one or more processing units configured for: maintaining a mail-attachment connection table identifying a plurality of mail storage locations for storing electronic mails; and for each of the plurality of mail storage locations, identifying a plurality of attachment storage locations for storing attachments to the electronic mails stored in the each mail storage location; receiving a request from a user to attach or detach a specified file attachment from a specified electronic mail; storing the specified electronic mail in one of said mail storage locations; using said one of the mail storage locations to identify a location to store said specified file attachment, including associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in the one of the mail storage locations; storing the specified file attachment in the associated attachment storage location; and incrementing a count of a number of times said one of the attachment storage locations is associated with said one of the mail storage locations. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the maintaining a mail-attachment connection table includes keeping counts in the mail-attachment connection table of numbers of times the attachment storage locations are associated with the mail storage locations. 13. The system according to claim 12, wherein the keeping counts in the mail-attachment connection table includes keeping a count in the mail-attachment connection table of the number of times each mail storage location is associated with each of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in said each mail storage location. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations includes associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations based on the counts of the number of times each of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in said each mail storage location, is associated with said each mail storage location. 15. The system according to claim 12, wherein the associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations includes the user associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in the one of the mail storage locations. 16. A computer readable storage medium, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by a computer to perform a method for managing electronic mail file attachments, said method comprising: maintaining a mail-attachment connection table identifying a plurality of mail storage locations for storing electronic mails; and for each of the plurality of mail storage locations, identifying a plurality of attachment storage locations for storing attachments to the electronic mails stored in the each mail storage location; receiving a request from a user to attach or detach a specified file attachment from a specified electronic mail; storing the specified electronic mail in one of said mail storage locations; using said one of the mail storage locations to identify a location to store said specified file attachment, including associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in the one of the mail storage locations; storing the specified file attachment in the associated attachment storage location; and incrementing a count of a number of times said one of the attachment storage locations is associated with said one of the mail storage locations. 17. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the maintaining a mail-attachment connection table includes keeping counts in the mail-attachment connection table of numbers of times the attachment storage locations are associated with the mail storage locations. 18. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the keeping counts in the mail-attachment connection table includes keeping a count in the mail-attachment connection table of the number of times each mail storage location is associated with each of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in said each mail storage location. 19. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations includes associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations based on the counts of the number of times each of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in said each mail storage location, is associated with said each mail storage location. 20. The computer readable storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations includes the user associating said one of the mail storage locations with one of the attachment storage locations identified in the table for storing attachments to electronic mails stored in the one of the mail storage locations.",
-    "A filtering module includes a first inductor and a first capacitor. The first inductor has a first inductance varied by varying the current into the first inductor. The first capacitor is electrically connected to the first inductor. The filtering bandwidth of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module. 1. A filtering module comprising: a first inductor having a first inductance varied by varying a current into the first inductor; and a first capacitor electrically connected to the first inductor, wherein a filtering bandwidth of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module. 2. The filtering module of claim 1, wherein a center frequency of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module. 3. The filtering module of claim 1, further comprising: a second inductor arranged between the first inductor and the first capacitor and electrically connected to the first capacitor and the first inductor, wherein the second inductor is electrically connected to the first capacitor in parallel; and a second capacitor electrically connected to the first inductor, wherein the filtering bandwidth of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module, and the second inductor is configured to filter noises existing in the current passed through the first inductor. 4. The filtering module of claim 3, wherein the second inductor has a second inductance varied by varying the current into the second inductor, and a variance of the second inductance causes by the current into the second inductor is the same as a variance of the first inductance causes by the current into the first inductor. 5. The filtering module of claim 4, wherein the first inductance and the second inductance decrease with increasing current, and the filtering bandwidth of the filtering module reduces with decreasing first inductance and second inductance. 6. The filtering module of claim 5, wherein a center frequency of the filtering module reduces with increasing current. 7. The filtering module of claim 3, wherein the second inductor has a second inductance varied by varying the current into the second inductance, and a variance of the second inductance causes by the current into the second inductor is different from a variance of the first inductance causes by the current into the first inductor. 8. A power supply device having an output terminal comprising: a power conversion module; and a filtering module electrically connected to the power conversion module, the filtering module comprising: a first inductor having a first inductance varied by varying a current into the first inductor; and a first capacitor electrically connected to the first inductor, wherein a filtering bandwidth of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module. 9. The power supply device of claim 8, wherein the filtering module is arranged between the input terminal and the power conversion module and is configured to filter electromagnetic interference. 10. The power supply device of claim 8, wherein a center frequency of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module. 11. The power supply device of claim 8, wherein the filtering module further comprising: a second inductor arranged between the first inductor and the first capacitor and electrically connected to the first capacitor and the first inductor, and the second inductor is electrically connected to the first capacitor in parallel; and a second capacitor electrically connected to the first inductor, wherein the filtering bandwidth of the filtering module is varied by varying the current into the filtering module, and the second inductor is configured to filter noises existing in a filtered current passed through the first inductor. 12. The power supply device of claim 11, wherein the second inductor has a second inductance varied by varying the current entered the second inductor, and a variance of the second inductance causes by the current into the second inductor is the same as a variance of the first inductance causes by the current into the first inductor. 13. The power supply device of claim 12, wherein the first inductance and the second inductance decrease with increasing current, and the filtering bandwidth of the filtering module reduces with decreasing first inductance and second inductance. 14. The power supply device of claim 13, wherein a center frequency of the filtering module decreases with increasing current. 15. The power supply device of claim 11, wherein the second inductor has a second inductance varied by varying the current into the second inductance, and a variance of the second inductance causes by the current into the second inductor is different from a variance of the first inductance causes by the current into the first inductor.",
-    "A coating applicator vehicle is configured to selectively discharge a flow of liquid emulsion and aggregate onto a roadway. The vehicle includes a rolling chassis and a powered spraying assembly supported by the chassis. The spraying assembly includes a strainer enclosure and a strainer basket that cooperatively define a manifold axis along which the strainer basket is manually slidable into and out of a passage of the enclosure. 1. A coating applicator vehicle configured to selectively discharge a flow of pavement coating material onto a roadway, where the material includes a liquid emulsion and aggregate, said coating applicator vehicle comprising: a rolling chassis presenting a perimeter margin, with the margin located adjacent the roadway when the rolling chassis is advanced on the roadway along a forward direction; and a powered spraying assembly supported by the rolling chassis and extending transversely to the forward direction to selectively discharge coating material along a lateral direction, said spraying assembly including a strainer enclosure and a strainer basket, said strainer enclosure presenting a passage that removably receives the strainer basket and an enclosure opening that permits insertion and removal of the strainer basket relative to the passage, said strainer basket including a mesh wall that presents a basket chamber and permits at least some of the coating material to flow therethrough, with the strainer basket being configured to strain the flow of coating material by receiving the flow of coating material in the basket chamber, said strainer enclosure and said strainer basket cooperatively defining a manifold axis along which the strainer basket is manually slidable into and out of the chamber, said manifold axis being angled upwardly from the lateral direction at an acute angle, with any coating material collected in the basket chamber being removable from the strainer enclosure with the strainer basket. 2. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said strainer enclosure presenting an upper margin that defines the enclosure opening and a lower margin, said upper margin being positioned outboard of the lower margin so that the strainer basket slides in an outboard direction when being removed from the strainer enclosure. 3. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 2, said strainer basket presenting an open top through which the flow of coating material passes into the basket chamber, said strainer basket positioned in the strainer enclosure so that the open top is located adjacent to the upper margin 4. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 2, said basket chamber of the strainer basket defining a volume that ranges from about one gallon to about five gallons. 5. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said spraying assembly including a coating strainer assembly with a fluid manifold and a plurality of strainer baskets including the first-mentioned strainer basket, said fluid manifold comprising the strainer enclosure and presenting an inlet, an outlet, and a plurality of manifold passages fluidly connected in parallel with one another, with each manifold passage being fluidly connected to the inlet and the outlet, each of said strainer baskets being removably received in a corresponding one of the manifold passages. 6. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 5, said strainer baskets being shiftable independently of the other strainer baskets. 7. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 5, said fluid manifold and each of said strainer baskets cooperatively defining a corresponding manifold axis along which the respective strainer basket is manually slidable into and out of the chamber, each of said manifold axes being angled upwardly from the lateral direction at an acute angle, with any coating material collected in the basket chambers of the strainer baskets being removable from the strainer enclosure with the strainer baskets. 8. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said spraying assembly including a positive displacement pump, said pump fluidly communicating with the strainer enclosure to move the flow of coating material through the strainer enclosure. 9. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8; and a tank configured to carry pavement coating material, said positive displacement pump operable to move the flow of coating material from the tank toward the roadway. 10. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8, said strainer enclosure and said strainer basket cooperatively providing a strainer assembly, said strainer assembly being located downstream of the pump so that the pump discharges coating material into strainer enclosure and pressurizes the passage above the ambient pressure. 11. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 10; and another strainer assembly including another strainer enclosure and another strainer basket, said another strainer assembly being located upstream of the pump so that the pump draws coating material from the another strainer enclosure. 12. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8, said strainer enclosure and said strainer basket cooperatively providing a strainer assembly, said strainer assembly being located upstream of the pump so that the pump draws coating material from the strainer enclosure. 13. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8, said positive displacement pump comprising a progressive cavity pump. 14. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said mesh wall presenting a plurality of mesh openings that each define a maximum opening size dimension, with the maximum opening size dimension ranging from about \u215b inch to about \u215c inch. 15. A method of operating a coating applicator vehicle that discharges a flowable pavement coating material onto a roadway, where the material includes a liquid emulsion and aggregate, said method comprising the steps of: (a) while using the vehicle to discharge coating material, straining a supply of coating material to remove at least some material particles from the supply; step (a) including the step of collecting the at least some material particles in a container supported by the vehicle; and (b) disposing of the collected material particles by having an operator stand alongside the vehicle and manually remove the container and collected material particles from the vehicle. 16. The method as claimed in claim 15; and (c) spraying the strained coating material onto the roadway. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16, step (a) being performed during step (c). 18. The method as claimed in claim 15, step (b) being performed by lifting the container and collected material particles out of an enclosure. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, said lifting step being performed by sliding the container out of the enclosure in a removal direction angled upwardly from a lateral direction at an acute angle.",
-    "A coreless substrate of a printed circuit board is provided. The coreless substrate includes a first outer metal layer; a first primer layer formed on the first outer metal layer; a first layer of functional prepreg material formed on the first primer layer; a second primer layer formed over the first layer of functional prepreg material; and a second outer metal layer formed on the second primer layer. The first outer metal layer corresponds to a first outer most surface of the printed circuit board, and the second outer metal layer corresponds to a second outer most surface of the printed circuit board. 1. A coreless substrate of a printed circuit board, the coreless substrate comprising: a first outer metal layer corresponding to a first outer most surface of the coreless printed circuit board, post detach process; a first primer layer formed on the first outer metal layer; a first layer of functional prepreg material formed on the first primer layer; a second primer layer formed over the first layer of functional prepreg material; and a second outer metal layer formed on the second primer layer, the second outer metal layer corresponding to a second outer most surface of the printed circuit board. 2. The coreless substrate of claim 1, wherein the first and second outer most surfaces of the printed circuit board are symmetric. 3. The coreless substrate of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second outer metal layers comprises copper foil. 4. The coreless substrate of claim 3, wherein each of the first and second outer metal layers has a thickness in a range of approximately 5 \u03bcm to approximately 20 \u03bcm. 5. The coreless substrate of claim 3, wherein each of the first and second primer layers comprises epoxy resin. 6. The coreless substrate of claim 1, wherein a surface of the first outer metal layer contacting the first primer layer is smoother than an opposite surface of the first outer metal layer. 7. The coreless substrate of claim 1, further comprising: an intermediate primer layer formed on the first layer of functional prepreg material; a patterned metal layer formed on the intermediate primer layer; and a second layer of functional prepreg material formed on the patterned metal layer, wherein the second primer layer is formed over the first and second layers of functional prepreg material. 8. The coreless substrate of claim 7, where each of the first layer of functional prepreg material and the second layer of functional prepreg material provides structural support and electrical isolation. 9. A coreless substrate of a laminated printed circuit board, the coreless substrate comprising: a first outer metal layer providing a first outer most surface of the printed circuit board; a first primer layer disposed adjacent to the first outer metal layer; a first layer of functional prepreg material disposed adjacent to the first primer layer; a second outer metal layer providing a second outer most surface of the printed circuit board, opposite the first outer most surface; a second primer layer disposed adjacent to the second outer metal layer; a second layer of functional prepreg material disposed adjacent to the second primer layer; and at least one buried patterned metal layer and a corresponding at least one buried intermediate primer layer positioned between the first and second layers of the functional prepreg material. 10. The coreless substrate of claim 9, wherein each of the first and second outer metal layers and the at least one buried patterned metal layer comprises copper. 11. The coreless substrate of claim 10, wherein each of the first and second outer metal layers has a thickness in a range of approximately 5 \u03bcm to approximately 20 \u03bcm. 12. The coreless substrate of claim 10, wherein each of the first and second primer layers and the at least one buried intermediate primer layer comprises epoxy resin. 13. The coreless substrate of claim 9, wherein a surface of the first outer metal layer contacting the first primer layer is smoother than an opposite surface of the first outer metal layer. 14. The coreless substrate of claim 9, where each of the first layer of functional prepreg material and the second layer of functional prepreg material provides structural support and electrical isolation. 15. A method of fabricating a coreless substrate, the method comprising: providing an organic carrier layer; applying a layer of non-functional prepreg material to the organic carrier layer; applying a stack of a first carrier metal layer, a first release layer, a first metal layer, and a first primer layer to the layer of non-functional prepreg material; applying a first layer of functional prepreg material to the first primer layer; applying an inverted stack of a second carrier metal layer, a second release layer, a second metal layer and a second primer layer to the first layer of functional prepreg material; removing the second carrier metal layer and the release layer from the inverted stack; removing the second metal layer to expose the second primer layer; applying a metal layer to the exposed second primer layer, and patterning the metal layer to form a first patterned metal layer; applying a second layer of functional prepreg material over the first patterned metal layer; applying a third primer layer over the second layer of functional prepreg material; applying a third metal layer on the third primer layer; and removing the organic carrier layer, the layer of non-functional prepreg material, the first carrier layer and the first release layer from the first metal layer, resulting in the first metal layer and the third metal layer being outer most surfaces of the coreless substrate, respectively. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the organic carrier layer comprises copper clad laminate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the non-functional prepreg material comprises a dielectric material. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein removing the second carrier metal layer and the release layer from the inverted stack comprises a decarrier or depanel process. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein removing the second metal layer to expose the second primer layer comprises a chemical etching process.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a method and system for exchanging application data between a console device and one or more remote devices over WLAN network. In an embodiment, the console device places the application data in at least one of a probe request frame and a probe response frame. The console device further performs a data processing event on at least one of the probe request frame and the probe response frame, wherein the data processing event includes receiving the probe request frame from the one or more remote devices and transmitting the probe response frame to the one or more remote devices. Furthermore, the console device forwards the application data to an application installed in the console device, upon receipt of the probe request frame from the one or more remote devices. 1. A method for exchanging application data between a console device and one or more remote devices, over an air interface, the method comprising: placing, by the console device, the application data in at least one of a probe request frame and a probe response frame; performing, by the console device, a data processing event on at least one of the probe request frame and the probe response frame, wherein the data processing event includes receiving the probe request frame from the one or more remote devices and transmitting the probe response frame to the one or more remote devices; and forwarding, by the console device, the application data to an application installed in the console device, upon receipt of the probe request frame from the one or more remote devices. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises establishing a communication session between the console device and the one or more remote devices using the probe request frame and the probe response frame. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the application data is exchanged between the console device and the one or more remote devices within a predetermined time period in the established communication session. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the application data exchanged between the console device and the one or more remote devices is placed within a Service Set Identifier (SSID) field of the probe request frame and the probe response frame. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more additional information related to the application data are placed within a data header field in the SSID field of the probe request frame and the probe response frame. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the one or more additional information related to the application data may include but not limited to, a unique session identification number, sequence number of the transmitted application data, fragment number and the number of fragments of application data pending to be transmitted. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises fragmenting the application data into one or more smaller fragments before placing the application data in the SSID field when size of the application data exceeds a predetermined data size. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the application data is placed within a vendor specific field in the probe response frame and the probe request frame when the size of the application data is more than a predetermined data size. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises exchanging a unique identifier between the console device and the one or more remote devices for authenticating the one or more remote devices and the console device respectively using the probe request frame and the probe response frame. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the console device and the one or more remote devices are authenticated using the Probe request and Probe response frame upon detecting the console device within proximity of the one or more remote devices. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the console device transmits the probe response frame to the one or more remote devices for enabling the one or more remote devices to forward the application data to an application installed in each of the one or more remote devices. 12. A console device for transmitting the application data to one or more remote devices, over an air interface, the console device comprising: a processor; and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the memory stores processor-executable instructions, which, on execution, causes the processor to: place the application data in at least one of a probe request frame and a probe response frame; performing a data processing event on at least one of the probe request frame and the probe response frame, wherein the data processing event includes receiving the probe request frame from the one or more remote devices and transmitting the probe response frame to the one or more remote devices; and forwarding the application data to an application installed in the console device, upon receipt of the probe request frame from the one or more remote devices. 13. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the probe request frame and the probe response frame are used to establish a communication session between the console device and the one or more remote devices. 14. The console device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the console device and the one or more remote devices exchange the application data within a predetermined time period in the established communication session. 15. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein a Service Set Identifier (SSID) field in the probe request frame and the probe response frame is used to place the application data exchanged between the console device and the one or more remote devices. 16. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein a data header field in the SSID field of the probe request frame and the probe response frame is used to place one or more additional information related to the application data. 17. The console device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the one or more additional information related to the application data may include but not limited to, a unique session identification number, sequence number of the transmitted application data, fragment number and the number of fragments of application data pending to be transmitted. 18. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the application data is fragmented the into one or more smaller fragments before placing the application data in the SSID field when size of the application data exceeds a predetermined data size 19. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein a vendor specific field in the probe request frame and the probe response frame is used to place the application data when the size of the application data is more than a predetermined data size 20. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the probe request frame and the probe response frame are further used exchange a unique identifier between the console device and the one or more remote devices for authenticating the one or more remote devices and the console device respectively. 21. The console device as claimed in claim 20, wherein the console device and the one or more remote devices are authenticated using the Probe request and Probe response frames upon detecting the console device within proximity of the one or more remote devices. 22. The console device as claimed in claim 12, wherein the console device transmits the probe response frame to the one or more remote devices for enabling the one or more remote devices to forward the application data to an application installed in each of the one or more remote devices.",
-    "A pointing device includes accelerometers and rotational sensors that are coupled to a processor. The processor samples the accelerometers and rotational sensors to detect gravity and pointing device motion and uses algebraic algorithms to calculate roll compensated cursor control signals. The processor transmits the cursor control signals to a receiver that is coupled to an electronic device that moves the cursor on the visual display. 1-35. (canceled) 36. A pointing device for controlling movement of a cursor on an electronic display comprising: a first rotational sensor providing a first rotational velocity signal RX for rotational movement about a first axis; a second rotational sensor providing a second rotational velocity signal RZ for rotational movement about a second axis; a first accelerometer providing a first acceleration signal AX in response to a acceleration in a first direction along the first axis; a second accelerometer providing a second acceleration signal AZ in response to a acceleration in a second direction along the second axis; a third accelerometer providing a third acceleration signal AY in response to a acceleration in a third direction along a third axis, and a processing unit that calculates a first cursor movement signal compensated for roll angle and a second cursor movement signal compensated for pitch angle from RX, RZ, AX, AY and AZ. 37. The pointing device of claim 36 wherein the processing unit does not use any trigonometric computation in the calculation. 38. The pointing device of claim 36 wherein the processing unit calculates a vector sum AXZ of AX and AZ, and calculates cursor movement signals compensated for roll angle)(comp and Ycomp with the equations: Xcomp=[Az*RX+Ax*RZ]/AXZ; and Ycomp=[AX*RX\u2212AZ*Rz]/AXZ 39. The pointing device of claim 36 wherein the processing unit calculates roll compensated cursor movement signals Xcomp and Ycomp , and signal Xcomp is further compensated for pitch angle of the device as Xcomp corrected. 40. The pointing device of claim 39 wherein the processing unit calculates Xcomp corrected, the further compensation of roll compensated cursor movement signal Xcomp, for pitch angle of the device with the equation Xcomp corrected=Xcomp/cos(Pitch), where Pitch is the pitch angle of the device. 41. The pointing device of claim 39 wherein the processing unit calculates a vector sum AXZ of AX and AZ, a vector sum AXYZ of AX, AY and AZ, and wherein Xcomp corrected, the further compensation of roll compensated cursor movement signal Xcomp for pitch angle of the device, is calculated with the equation Xcomp corrected=Xcomp*[AXYZ/AX]. 42. The pointing device of claim 39 wherein the processing unit calculates a vector sum AXZ of AX and AZ, a vector sum AXYZ of AX, AY and AZ, and roll and pitch compensated cursor movement signal Xcomp corrected and roll compensated cursor movement signal Ycomp with the equations: Xcomp corrected=[Az*RX+Ax*RZ]/AXZ*[AXYZ/AXZ]; and Ycomp=[AX*RX\u2212AZ*RZ]/AXZ.",
-    "An apparatus is provided for dispensing cosmetic material. The apparatus includes a dispensing assembly configured to receive at least one cartridge that contains a cosmetic material and to dispense a specified amount of the cosmetic material from the cartridge into a receiving area; a memory configured to receive and store dispensing information which includes the specified amount of the cosmetic material to be dispensed for each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly to achieve a specified single use of a cosmetic application; and circuitry configured to obtain the dispensing information from the memory and to control the dispensing assembly to dispense the cosmetic material from each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly into the receiving area according to the one or more specified amounts included in the dispensing information. 1. (canceled) 2. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the dispensing assembly is configured to receive a plurality of cartridges that contain different cosmetic material and to simultaneously dispense a specified amount of the respective cosmetic material from each of the cartridges into the receiving area to be mixed together. 3-4. (canceled) 5. An apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material, comprising: a dispensing assembly configured to receive at least one cartridge that contains a cosmetic material and to dispense a specified amount of the cosmetic material from the cartridge into a receiving area; a memory configured to receive and store dispensing information which includes the specified amount of the cosmetic material to be dispensed for each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly to achieve a specified single use of a cosmetic application; and circuitry configured to obtain the dispensing information from the memory and to control the dispensing assembly to dispense the cosmetic material from each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly into the receiving area according to the one or more specified amounts included in the dispensing information, wherein the receiving area is configured to be part of a detachable portion of the apparatus, the detachable portion is configured to be an enclosed container that holds the dispensed cosmetic material, and the apparatus further comprises: a manifold, having a plurality of manifold through holes, the manifold connected to and disposed on a nozzle of the cartridge, the receiving area being connected to and disposed above the manifold, wherein the circuitry controls the dispensing assembly to dispense a quantity of cosmetic material from the nozzle of the cartridge through one manifold through hole of the manifold, and into the receiving area. 3-5. (canceled) 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the enclosed container includes: a top lid; a base, having a plurality of base through holes; and a bottom lid, having a plurality of bottom lid through holes, wherein the top lid is connected to a first side of the base, the bottom lid is connected to a second side of the base, the bottom lid is connected to the manifold, the plurality of manifold through holes are aligned with and connected to the plurality of bottom lid through holes, the plurality of base through holes aligned with and connected to the plurality of base through holes. 7. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 6, the enclosed container further comprising: a plurality of mounting magnets, disposed between the base and the bottom lid, wherein the plurality of mounting magnets magnetically secure the enclosed container to the manifold. 8. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 6, the enclosed container further comprising: a plurality of lid magnets, disposed between the base and the bottom lid, wherein the plurality of lid magnets magnetically secure the top lid to the base and the bottom lid. 9. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 6, the enclosed container further comprising: a plurality of hinge magnets, wherein half of the plurality of hinge magnets are disposed between the base and the bottom lid, half of the plurality of hinge magnets are disposed within the top lid, the plurality of hinge magnets disposed within the top lid having opposite magnetic polarity of the corresponding plurality of hinge magnets disposed between the base and the bottom lid, the top lid magnetically hinged and disposed about the base and the bottom lid in at least one position. 10. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 6, wherein: the top lid is only magnetically connected to the base and the bottom lid, and the top lid is fully removable from the base and the bottom lid. 11. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 6, wherein: the enclosed container may be connected to the manifold in at least one position such that the plurality of manifold through holes aligns with the plurality of bottom lid through holes and the plurality of base through holes, allowing cosmetic material to be dispensed from the cartridge into to the compact. 12. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 6, wherein: each bottom lid through hole has a duckbill valve, allowing cosmetic material to be dispensed from the cartridge through the duckbill valve into the enclosed container, and preventing cosmetic material from flowing out of the enclosed container. 13. An apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material, comprising: a dispensing assembly configured to receive at least one cartridge that contains a cosmetic material and to dispense a specified amount of the cosmetic material from the cartridge into a receiving area; a memory configured to receive and store dispensing information which includes the specified amount of the cosmetic material to be dispensed for each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly to achieve a specified single use of a cosmetic application; and circuitry configured to obtain the dispensing information from the memory and to control the dispensing assembly to dispense the cosmetic material from each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly into the receiving area according to the one or more specified amounts included in the dispensing information, the dispensing assembly, further comprising: a cartridge gear, connected to a first end of the cartridge; a motor gear, rotatably connected to the cartridge gear; a motor, connected to the motor gear wherein rotation of the motor drives rotation of the motor gear, the cartridge gear, and the first end of the cartridge; and an optical encoder, disposed adjacent to at least one of the set consisting of the cartridge gear and the motor gear; wherein the circuitry dispenses a quantity of cosmetic material from cartridge and into the receiving area, by detecting the position of at least one of the set consisting of the cartridge gear and the motor gear with the optical encoder, and controlling the direction and magnitude of rotation of the motor to rotate the first end of the cartridge. 14. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 13, wherein: the cartridge gear further comprises: a plurality of cartridge gear slots, wherein, the optical encoder detects the position of the cartridge gear by detecting the cartridge gear slots during rotation of the cartridge gear. 15. The apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material according to claim 14, wherein the circuitry stores information of a quantity of cosmetic material remaining in a cartridge based on the total number of cartridge gear slots detected to rotate since the cartridge was inserted into the dispensing assembly. 16. A method, implemented by an apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material, the apparatus including a dispensing assembly configured to receive at least one cartridge that contains a cosmetic material and to dispense a specified amount of the cosmetic material from the cartridge into a receiving area, the method comprising: receiving and storing, at a memory, dispensing information which includes the specified amount of the cosmetic material to be dispensed for each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly to achieve a specified single use of a cosmetic application; and obtaining, by circuitry of the apparatus, the dispensing information from the memory and controlling the dispensing assembly to dispense the cosmetic material from each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly into the receiving area according to the one or more specified amounts included in the dispensing information, wherein the receiving area is configured to be part of a detachable portion of the apparatus, the detachable portion is configured to be an enclosed container that holds the dispensed cosmetic material, and the apparatus further includes: a manifold, having a plurality of manifold through holes, the manifold connected to and disposed on a nozzle of the cartridge, the receiving area being connected to and disposed above the manifold, wherein the method further comprises controlling, by the circuitry of the apparatus, the dispensing assembly to dispense a quantity of cosmetic material from the nozzle of the cartridge through one manifold through hole of the manifold, and into the receiving area. 17. An apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material, comprising: a dispensing means for receiving at least one cartridge that contains a cosmetic material and to dispense a specified amount of the cosmetic material from the cartridge into a receiving area; storage means for receiving and storing dispensing information which includes the specified amount of the cosmetic material to be dispensed for each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly to achieve a specified single use of a cosmetic application; and controlling means for obtaining the dispensing information from the storage means and for controlling the dispensing means to dispense the cosmetic material from each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly into the receiving area according to the one or more specified amounts included in the dispensing information, and controlling the dispensing means to dispense the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials from the plurality of cartridges, wherein the receiving area is configured to be part of a detachable portion of the apparatus, the detachable portion is configured to be an enclosed container that holds the dispensed cosmetic material, and the apparatus further comprises: a manifold, having a plurality of manifold through holes, the manifold connected to and disposed on a nozzle of the cartridge, the receiving area being connected to and disposed above the manifold, wherein the controlling means controls the dispensing assembly to dispense a quantity of cosmetic material from the nozzle of the cartridge through one manifold through hole of the manifold, and into the receiving area. 18. A method, implemented by an apparatus for dispensing cosmetic material, the apparatus including a dispensing assembly configured to receive at least one cartridge that contains a cosmetic material and to dispense a specified amount of the cosmetic material from the cartridge into a receiving area, the method comprising: receiving and storing, at a memory, dispensing information which includes the specified amount of the cosmetic material to be dispensed for each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly to achieve a specified single use of a cosmetic application; and obtaining, by circuitry of the apparatus, the dispensing information from the memory and controlling the dispensing assembly to dispense the cosmetic material from each cartridge disposed in the dispensing assembly into the receiving area according to the one or more specified amounts included in the dispensing information, wherein the dispensing assembly further includes: a cartridge gear, connected to a first end of the cartridge; a motor gear, rotatably connected to the cartridge gear; a motor, connected to the motor gear, wherein rotation of the motor drives rotation of the motor gear, the cartridge gear, and the first end of the cartridge; and an optical encoder, disposed adjacent to at least one of the set consisting of the cartridge gear and the motor gear; and wherein the method further comprises dispensing a quantity of cosmetic material from cartridge and into the receiving area, by detecting the position of at least one of the set consisting of the cartridge gear and the motor gear with the optical encoder, and controlling the direction and magnitude of rotation of the motor to rotate the first end of the cartridge.",
-    "Technologies and implementations for determining the location of a device in an indoor environment are generally disclosed. 1-21. (canceled) 22. A method performed by a mobile device, comprising: receiving a wide-band transmission transmitted from at least one base station of three or more base stations, wherein the wide-band transmission includes distributed traffic symbol portions and pilot symbol portions; determining a first path portion of the wide-band transmission based at least in part on the pilot symbol portions, wherein the first path portion of the wide-band transmission is associated with a first time delay and a second path portion of the wide-band transmission is associated with a second time delay; determining a distance between the mobile device and the at least one base station based at least in part on the first time delay; and determining a location of the mobile device based at least in part on the determined distance; wherein the wide-band transmission has a power-delay profile at the mobile device; and wherein determining the first path portion includes evaluating a first part of the power-delay profile that is earlier than a second part of the power-delay profile that relates to the second path portion. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: determining, via the mobile device, the second path portion of the wide-band transmission; wherein evaluating the first part of the power-delay profile includes sampling only up to and including the second part of the power-delay profile. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein determining a location of the mobile device is further based at least in part on position data that includes predetermined position information associated with the individual base stations that is transmitted at predetermined times. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the wide-band transmission comprises from about 29 sinusoidal sub-carriers to about 215 sinusoidal sub-carriers. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein determining the first path portion is based at least in part on a Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein determining the first path portion is based at least in part on an algorithm capable of super-resolvability. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein determining the location of the mobile device is further based on a triangulation technique. 29. A handset apparatus, comprising: an antenna; a processor operably coupled to the antenna; a machine-readable non-transitory medium; and a housing for the antenna, processor, and machine-readable medium; wherein the machine-readable non-transitory medium has stored thereon machine-readable instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: receive, via the antenna, a wide-band transmission transmitted from at least one base station of three or more base stations, wherein the wide-band transmission includes distributed traffic symbol portions and pilot symbol portions; determine a first path portion of the wide-band transmission based at least in part on the pilot symbol portions, wherein the first path portion of the wide-band transmission is associated with a first time delay and a second path portion of the wide-band transmission is associated with a second time delay; determine a distance between the mobile device and the at least one base station based at least in part on the first time delay; and determine a location of the mobile device based at least in part on the determined distance; wherein the wide-band transmission has a power-delay profile at the mobile device; and wherein determining the first path portion includes evaluating a first part of the power-delay profile that is earlier than a second part of the power-delay profile that relates to the second path portion. 30. The handset apparatus of claim 29, further comprising: a first analog-to-digital converter operably coupled to the antenna and the processor; and a second analog-to-digital converter operably coupled to the antenna and the processor, wherein the second analog-to-digital converter has an operating speed greater than the first analog-to-digital converter; wherein the machine-readable non-transitory medium has stored thereon machine-readable instructions which, when executed by the processor, further cause the processor to switch between the first and second analog-to-digital converters so as to process the distributed traffic symbol portions and pilot symbol portions of the wide-band transmission via the first analog-to-digital converter, and so as to process intermittent punctured pilot symbol portions of the wide-band transmission via the second analog-to-digital converter. 31. The handset apparatus of claim 29, wherein the machine-readable non-transitory medium has stored thereon machine-readable instructions which, when executed by the processor, further cause the processor to determine the second path portion of the wide-band transmission; wherein evaluating the first part of the power-delay profile includes sampling only up to and including the second part of the power-delay profile. 32. The handset apparatus of claim 29, wherein determining a location of the mobile device is further based at least in part on position data that includes predetermined position information associated with the individual base stations that is transmitted at predetermined times. 33. The handset apparatus of claim 29, wherein the wide-band transmission comprises from about 29 sinusoidal sub-carriers to about 215 sinusoidal sub-carriers. 34. The handset apparatus of claim 29, wherein determining the first path portion is based at least in part on a Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. 35. The handset apparatus of claim 29, wherein determining the first path portion is based at least in part on an algorithm capable of super-resolvability. 36. The handset apparatus of claim 29, wherein determining the location of the mobile device is further based on a triangulation technique. 37. The handset apparatus of claim 29, further comprising: an analog-to-digital converter operably coupled to the antenna and the processor; wherein the machine-readable non-transitory medium has stored thereon machine-readable instructions which, when executed by the processor, further cause the processor to process the distributed traffic symbol portions of the wide-band transmission, the pilot symbol portions of the wide-band transmission, and intermittent punctured pilot symbol portions of the wide-band transmission via the analog-to-digital converter; and wherein the operating rate of the analog-to-digital converter is a variable operating rate that is faster during the processing of the intermittent punctured pilot symbol portions of the wide-band transmission and slower during the processing of the distributed traffic symbol portions and/or distributed pilot symbol portions of the wide-band transmission. 38. A method performed by a mobile device, comprising: receiving a wide-band transmission transmitted from at least one base station of three or more base stations, wherein the wide-band transmission includes distributed traffic symbol portions and pilot symbol portions; and determining a first path portion of the wide-band transmission based at least in part on the pilot symbol portions, wherein the first path portion of the wide-band transmission is associated with a first time delay and a second path portion of the wide-band transmission is associated with a second time delay; wherein the wide-band transmission has a power-delay profile at the mobile device; and wherein determining the first path portion includes evaluating a first part of the power-delay profile that is earlier than a second part of the power-delay profile that relates to the second path portion. 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising: determining a location of the mobile device based at least in part on the first time delay and a triangulation technique. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising: determining, via the mobile device, the second path portion of the wide-band transmission; wherein evaluating the first part of the power-delay profile includes sampling only up to and including the second part of the power-delay profile. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein determining the first path portion is based at least in part on an algorithm capable of super-resolvability.",
-    "A system is provided for selecting and dispensing a cosmetic material. The system includes a dispensing apparatus configured to hold a plurality of cartridges each having a different cosmetic material and to dispense at least one cosmetic material from at least one of the cartridges; a user interface configured to receive a selection of a color from a user; and circuitry configured to receive the selection of the color received at the user interface, determine an amount of each of one or more cosmetic materials to form the selected color, transmit the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials to the dispensing apparatus, and control the dispensing apparatus to dispense the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials from the plurality of cartridges. 1. A system for selecting and dispensing a cosmetic material, comprising: a dispensing apparatus configured to hold a plurality of cartridges each having a different cosmetic material and to dispense at least one cosmetic material from at least one of the cartridges; a user interface configured to receive a selection of a color from a user; and circuitry configured to receive the selection of the color received at the user interface, determine an amount of each of one or more cosmetic materials to form the selected color, transmit the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials to the dispensing apparatus, and control the dispensing apparatus to dispense the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials from the plurality of cartridges. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the color is selected based on receiving a user selection of a displayed color, from a predetermined plurality of colors, at the user interface. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined plurality of colors is generated based on an analysis of the user's physical features. 4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the circuitry is configured to receive information of the plurality of cartridges currently being stored in the dispensing apparatus, and wherein the circuitry is configured to control the user interface to display a plurality of predetermined colors which can be formed based on the received information. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the circuitry is configured to display an indication on the user interface when the dispensing apparatus does not include the correct plurality of cartridges required to form the selected color. 6. The system according to claim 5, wherein the circuitry is configured to compare the information regarding the current cosmetic materials contained in the plurality of cartridges contained in the dispensing apparatus to one or more cosmetic materials required to form the selected color, and to output information regarding any of the current plurality of cartridges contained in the dispensing apparatus which need to be removed from the dispensing apparatus, and any of the one or more cosmetic compositions required to be dispensed into the output container which need to be inserted into the apparatus. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the color is selected based on the user interface receiving an inputted color, and the circuitry comparing the inputted color to a plurality of predetermined colors to determine one of the plurality of predetermined colors which corresponds to the inputted color. 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the user interface is implemented by a portable wireless device that communicates wirelessly with the apparatus. 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the circuitry receives information regarding a quantity of color material remaining in each of the plurality of cartridges. 10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the circuitry receives an input at the user interface of dose amount of the selected color to be dispensed, and wherein the circuitry is configured to output an indication at the user interface when there is an insufficient quantity of color material remaining in any one of the plurality of cartridges to dispense the inputted dose amount. 11. A method, implemented by a system for selecting and dispensing a cosmetic material, the system including a dispensing apparatus configured to hold a plurality of cartridges each having a different cosmetic material and to dispense at least one cosmetic material from at least one of the cartridges, the method comprising: receiving, at a user interface, a selection of a color from a user; determining an amount of each of one or more cosmetic materials to form the selected color, transmitting the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials to the dispensing apparatus, and controlling the dispensing apparatus to dispense the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials from the plurality of cartridges. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the color is selected based on receiving a user selection of a displayed color, from a predetermined plurality of colors, at the user interface. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the predetermined plurality of colors is generated based on an analysis of the user's physical features. 14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising receiving information of the plurality of cartridges currently being stored in the dispensing apparatus, and controlling the user interface to display a plurality of predetermined colors which can be formed based on the received information. 15. The method according to claim 11, further comprising receiving information of the plurality of cartridges currently being stored in the dispensing apparatus and displaying an indication on the user interface when the dispensing apparatus does not include the correct plurality of cartridges required to form the selected color. 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising comparing the information regarding the current cosmetic materials of the plurality of cartridges stored in the dispensing apparatus to one or more cosmetic materials required to form the selected color, and outputting information regarding any of the current plurality of cartridges contained in the dispensing apparatus which need to be removed from the dispensing apparatus, and any of the one or more cosmetic compositions required to be dispensed into the output container which need to be inserted into the apparatus. 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the color is selected based receiving an inputted color from the user, and comparing the inputted color to a plurality of predetermined colors to determine one of the plurality of predetermined colors which corresponds to the inputted color. 18. The method according to claim 11, further comprising receiving information regarding a quantity of color material remaining in each of the plurality of cartridges. 19. The method according to claim 9, further comprising receiving an input at the user interface of dose amount of the selected color to be dispensed, and outputting an indication at the user interface when there is an insufficient quantity of color material remaining in any one of the plurality of cartridges to dispense the inputted dose amount. 20. A system for selecting and dispensing a cosmetic material, comprising: dispensing means for holding a plurality of cartridges each having a different cosmetic material and for dispensing at least one cosmetic material from at least one of the cartridges; a user interface means for receiving a selection of a color from a user; and controlling means for receiving the selection of the color received at the user interface means, determining an amount of each of one or more cosmetic materials to form the selected color, transmitting the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials to the dispensing means, and controlling the dispensing means to dispense the determined amount of each of the one or more cosmetic materials from the plurality of cartridges.",
-    "An information output control apparatus includes a code reader, a POS terminal configured to receive codes read by the code reader, a first printer having a first code associated therewith, and a second printer having a second code associated therewith. When the code reader reads the first code, the POS terminal transmits printing information to the first printer, the printing information including information about products selected for purchase, and when the code reader reads the second code, the POS terminal transmits the printing information to the second printer. 1. A point-of-sale system comprising: a code reader; a POS terminal configured to receive codes read by the code reader; a first printer having a first code associated therewith; and a second printer having a second code associated therewith, wherein when the code reader reads the first code, the POS terminal transmits printing information to the first printer, the printing information including information about products selected for purchase, and when the code reader reads the second code, the POS terminal transmits the printing information to the second printer. 2. The point-of-sale system according to claim 1, wherein each of the products selected for purchase has an associated product code that is read using the code reader. 3. The point-of-sale system according to claim 1, wherein the POS terminal has a third code associated therewith, and the POS terminal becomes associated with the code reader when the code reader reads the third code. 4. The point-of-sale system according to claim 1, wherein the association of the POS terminal to the code reader is static and cannot be changed. 5. The point-of-sale system according to claim 1, wherein the POS terminal maintains a table that associates a first device identifier with the first code and a second device identifier with the second code, and the POS terminal identifies the first printer using the first device identifier and the second printer using the second device identifier. 6. The point-of-sale system according to claim 1, wherein the POS terminal maintains in a table product information for a number of different products, each product information including a product name and price, and being associated with a product code. 7. The point-of-sale system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second printers are each a receipt issuing printer. 8. An information output control apparatus comprising: first and second code readers; a POS terminal configured to receive codes read by one of the first and second code readers associated therewith; a first printer having a first code associated therewith; and a second printer having a second code associated therewith, wherein when the code reader associated with the POS terminal reads the first code, the POS terminal transmits printing information to the first printer, the printing information including information about products selected for purchase, and when the code reader associated with the POS terminal reads the second code, the POS terminal transmits the printing information to the second printer. 9. The information output control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein each of the products selected for purchase has an associated product code that is read using the code reader. 10. The information output control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the POS terminal has a third code associated therewith, and the POS terminal becomes associated with the first code reader when the first code reader reads the third code, and with the second code reader when the second code reader reads the third code. 11. The information output control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the association of the POS terminal to one of the first and second code readers is static and cannot be changed. 12. The information output control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the POS terminal maintains a table that associates a first device identifier with the first code and a second device identifier with the second code, and the POS terminal identifies the first printer using the first device identifier and the second printer using the second device identifier. 13. The information output control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the POS terminal maintains in a table product information for a number of different products, each product information including a product name and price, and being associated with a product code. 14. The information output control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first and second printers are each a receipt issuing printer. 15. A point-of-sale system comprising: a code reader; a POS terminal configured to receive codes read by the code reader; a first printer having a first code associated therewith; and a second printer having a second code associated therewith, wherein when the code reader reads the first code, the POS terminal transmits printing information to the first printer, the printing information including information about products selected for purchase, and when the code reader reads the second code, the POS terminal transmits the printing information to the second printer. 16. The point-of-sale system according to claim 15, wherein each of the products selected for purchase has an associated product code that is read using the code reader. 17. The point-of-sale system according to claim 15, wherein the POS terminal has a third code associated therewith, and the POS terminal becomes associated with the code reader when the code reader reads the third code. 18. The point-of-sale system according to claim 15, wherein the association of the POS terminal to the code reader is static and cannot be changed. 19. The point-of-sale system according to claim 15, wherein the POS terminal maintains a table that associates a first device identifier with the first code and a second device identifier with the second code, and the POS terminal identifies the first printer using the first device identifier and the second printer using the second device identifier. 20. The point-of-sale system according to claim 15, wherein the POS terminal maintains in a table product information for a number of different products, each product information including a product name and price, and being associated with a product code.",
-    "An ink manifold for use with a heater chip in an inkjet printhead, including a first planar surface and a second opposite planar surface, a plurality of ink channels located on the first planar surface of the ink manifold for supplying ink to the heater chip, and a plurality of ink ports located on the second opposite planar surface of the ink manifold, each of the plurality of ink ports being in liquid communication with a respective one of the plurality of ink channels, each of the plurality of ink channels having a bottom wall defined by bottom wall portions that rise from each ink port within the ink channel to a maximum height at an angle of at least 12 degrees. 1-15. (canceled) 16. An ink manifold for use with a heater chip in an inkjet printhead, comprising: a first planar surface and a second opposite planar surface; a plurality of ink channels located on the first planar surface of the ink manifold for supplying ink to the heater chip; and a plurality of ink ports located on the second opposite planar surface of the ink manifold, each of the plurality of ink ports being in liquid communication with a respective one of the plurality of ink channels and each of the plurality of ink ports having a longitudinal axis; each of the plurality of ink channels having a bottom wall defined by pairs of bottom wall portions extending symmetrically with respect to a longitudinal axis of a respective one of the plurality of ink ports. 17. The ink manifold of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of ink ports is in liquid communication with a respective one of the plurality of ink channels at a bottom portion of the ink port. 18. The ink manifold of claim 16, wherein the plurality of ink ports each comprise vertically extending side walls and the pairs of bottom wall portions within each ink channel extend at an acute angle with respect to the first planar surface of the ink manifold. 19. The ink manifold of claim 18, wherein the pairs of bottom wall portions within each ink channel extend at an obtuse angle with respect to the vertically extending side walls of a respective one of the plurality of ink ports. 20. The ink manifold of claim 16, wherein the plurality of ink ports each comprise a first opening located at the second planar surface and a second opening located at a bottom wall of a respective one of the plurality of ink channels, and the first and second openings have equal sizes. 21. The ink manifold of claim 16, wherein each ink channel comprises vertically extending side walls, each bottom wall portion within the ink channel rises from each ink port to a maximum height, and the maximum height is greater than the height of the vertically extending side walls. 22. The ink manifold of claim 16, wherein the plurality of ink channels each extend to a first depth as measured from the first planar surface and the plurality of ink ports each extend to a second depth as measured from the second planar surface, and the second depth is greater than the first depth. 23. The ink manifold of claim 16, wherein the plurality of ink ports comprise groups of ink ports in liquid communication with a respective one of the plurality of ink channels, and the ink ports within each group are spaced in regular intervals. 24. The ink manifold of claim 23, wherein the ink ports within each group are arranged in a straight line. 25. The ink manifold of claim 24, wherein each group of ink ports is spaced a same distance from an immediately adjacent group of ink ports. 26. The ink manifold of claim 24, wherein the ink ports within each group are offset from the ink ports within an immediately adjacent group by a first distance, and a width of each ink port is equal to the first distance.",
-    "Provided are a method and an apparatus for processing a transmission signal, which reduce a peak value to an appropriate magnitude by appropriately distorting a final transmission signal through implementation into simple hardware having a small memory and a small operation amount to effectively reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) by effectively processing a signal for wireless communication in real time. 1. A method for processing a transmission signal in a time region in a transmitter for transmitting a signal for wireless communication, the method comprising: detecting a position of a signal peak that exceeds a predetermined power threshold value and a corresponding power value with respect to a transmission target input signal; calculating a weight vector by using a power value p of the detected signal peak and the power threshold value t; and multiplexing the input signal by respective corresponding values of the weight vector around the position of the signal peak and outputting the input signal multiplied by the corresponding values. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: repeating the detection of the position of the signal peak and the corresponding power value, the calculation of the weight vector, and the multiplication process with respect to subsequent signals after the input signal and the weight vector are multiplied by each other. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight vector has a value for decreasing power at the position of the signal peak to the power threshold value t and a bilateral symmetric value between 0 and 1 around the position of the signal peak. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight vector w includes the following equation, w \ue8a0 [ i ] = 1 - ( 1 - t / p ) \ue89e ( 1 - cos \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e i L - 1 ) ) * 0.5 , \ue89e i = 0 , 1 , \u2026 \ue89e , L - 1 where, L represents the length of the weight vector. 5. A transmitter for wireless communication, comprising: a peak discovering unit detecting a position of a signal peak that exceeds a predetermined power threshold value and a corresponding power value with respect to a transmission target input signal; a weight calculating unit calculating a weight vector by using a power value p of the detected signal peak and the power threshold value t; and a multiplication unit multiplexing the input signal by respective corresponding values of the weight vector around the position of the signal peak and outputting the input signal multiplied by the corresponding values. 6. The transmitter of claim 5, wherein the detection of the position of the signal peak and the corresponding power value in the peak discovering unit, the calculation of the weight vector in the weight calculating unit, and the multiplication in the multiplication unit are repeatedly performed with respect to subsequent signals after the input signal and the weight vector are multiplied by each other. 7. The transmitter of claim 5, wherein the weight vector has a value for decreasing power at the position of the signal peak to the power threshold value t and a bilateral symmetric value between 0 and 1 around the position of the signal peak. 8. The transmitter of claim 5, wherein the weight vector w includes the following equation, w \ue8a0 [ i ] = 1 - ( 1 - t / p ) \ue89e ( 1 - cos \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e i L - 1 ) ) * 0.5 , \ue89e i = 0 , 1 , \u2026 \ue89e , L - 1 where, L represents the length of the weight vector.",
-    "A coating applicator vehicle is configured to selectively discharge a flow of liquid emulsion and aggregate onto a roadway. The vehicle includes a rolling chassis and a powered spraying assembly supported by the chassis. The spraying assembly includes a spray bar assembly including a shiftable spray boom and a plurality of spray nozzles. 1. A coating applicator vehicle configured to selectively discharge a flowable pavement coating material onto a roadway, said coating applicator vehicle comprising: a rolling chassis operable to be advanced in a forward direction along the roadway; and a spray bar assembly supported by the rolling chassis and extending transversely to the forward direction to selectively discharge coating material along a lateral direction, said spray bar assembly including a shiftable spray boom, spray nozzles, and a frame mounted relative to the chassis, said spray boom presenting an elongated chamber to receive and carry the coating material laterally, said spray nozzles fluidly communicating with the chamber to receive a flow of the coating material from the spray boom and discharge the coating material, said spray boom being shiftably supported by the frame to move laterally relative to the rolling chassis. 2. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said frame including slider brackets shiftably mounted relative to rolling chassis, said frame further including a slider housing attached to the spray boom, said slider housing being slidably attached relative to the slider brackets to permit lateral sliding movement of the spray boom relative to the slider housing. 3. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1; and a lateral shift motor mounted on the frame and attached relative to the spray boom to move the spray boom laterally relative to the rolling chassis. 4. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 3, said lateral shift motor comprising a hydraulic cylinder. 5. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said shiftable spray boom including a plurality of boom sections that present respective elongated chambers to receive and carry the coating material laterally, with the chambers including the first-mentioned chamber. 6. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 5, said spray nozzles supported outside of the chambers, each of said boom sections supporting and operable to fluidly communicate with at least one of the spray nozzles. 7. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 6, said boom sections being shiftably attached to one another, with the boom sections extending along a common lateral direction. 8. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 7, said boom sections being slidably attached to one another and slidable relative to each other along the common lateral direction. 9. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8, said boom sections including a central boom section that presents opposite lateral ends and opposite extendable boom sections slidably attached relative to the central boom section, said boom sections shiftable between a retracted position, where the extendable boom sections overlap at least partly with the central boom section to cooperatively define a minimum boom width dimension, and a deployed position where the extendable boom sections are shifted in opposite outboard directions to project laterally outboard from the lateral ends and to cooperatively define a boom width dimension greater than the minimum boom width dimension. 10. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 9, said extendable boom sections located forwardly of the central boom section, said spray nozzles in fluid communication with the extendable boom sections located forwardly of the extendable boom sections, said spray nozzles in fluid communication with the central boom section located rearwardly of the central boom section. 11. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said frame supporting the spray boom relative to the rolling chassis and permitting the spray boom to shift vertically relative to the rolling chassis. 12. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 11, said spray bar assembly including a spray bar link that shiftably interconnects the rolling chassis and the frame and permits the frame to move vertically relative to the rolling chassis. 13. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 12, said spray bar assembly including a plurality of spray bar links that are generally parallel to one another and cooperate with the frame and the rolling chassis to form a four-bar linkage that permits the frame to move vertically relative to the rolling chassis. 14. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 12, said spray bar assembly including a vertical shift motor mounted to the rolling chassis and attached relative to the frame, said vertical shift motor being operable to shift the frame and the spray boom vertically relative to the rolling chassis. 15. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 14, said vertical shift motor comprising a hydraulic cylinder. 16. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 1, said spray bar assembly including the spray nozzles and a valve supported by the spray boom, said valve being located between and selectively fluidly interconnecting the chamber and at least one of the spray nozzles to control the flow of coating material through the at least one spray nozzle. 17. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 16, said spray bar assembly including a plurality of valves spaced along the length of and supported by the spray boom, with the valves including the first-mentioned valve, each of said valves selectively fluidly interconnecting the chamber and a corresponding one of the spray nozzles to control the flow of coating material through the one spray nozzle. 18. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 17, each of said valves being located outside the chamber, said spray bar assembly including a valve motor supported by the boom and drivingly connected relative to the valves to selectively open and/or close the valves. 19. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 18, said spray bar assembly including a valve linkage that drivingly connects the motor to a plurality of the valves to simultaneously shift the plurality of valves. 20. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 18, said valve motor comprising a hydraulic cylinder. 21. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 17, each of said valves comprising a ball valve. 22. A spray bar assembly operable to be mounted on and advanced in a forward direction with a vehicle to discharge flowable pavement coating material onto a roadway, where the material includes a liquid emulsion and aggregate, said spray bar assembly comprising: a shiftable spray boom presenting an elongated chamber to receive and carry the coating material laterally; and a plurality of spray nozzles fluidly communicating with the chamber to receive a flow of coating material from the spray boom and to discharge the flow of coating material, said spray nozzles being mounted relative to the spray boom and spaced along a lateral line that extends along the length of the spray boom, with each pair of adjacent spray nozzles being separated by a spacing dimension, each of said spray nozzles discharging the coating material in a generally planar fan pattern that impinges the roadway along a laterally extending spray line, said line defining a maximum fan width dimension greater than the spacing dimension, said spray nozzles being positioned so that the spray line associated with each spray nozzle extends at an acute angle relative to the lateral direction, with the fan patterns of adjacent spray nozzles overlapping one another without intersecting. 23. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 22, said spray nozzles being positioned so that the spray lines are generally parallel to one another. 24. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 23, said lateral line of spray nozzles being generally perpendicular to the forward direction. 25. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 23, said spray line defining a maximum fan width dimension that ranges from about two feet to about four feet. 26. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 22; and a valve supported by the spray boom, said valve being located between and selectively fluidly interconnecting the chamber and at least one of the spray nozzles to control the flow of coating material through the at least one spray nozzle. 27. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 26; and a plurality of valves spaced along the length of and supported by the spray boom, with the valves including the first-mentioned valve, each of said valves selectively fluidly interconnecting the chamber and a corresponding one of the spray nozzles to control the flow of coating material through the one spray nozzle. 28. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 27, each of said valves being located outside the chamber; and a valve motor supported by the boom and drivingly connected relative to the valves to selectively open and/or close the valves. 29. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 28; and a valve linkage that drivingly connects the motor to each of the valves to simultaneously shift the valves. 30. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 28, said valve motor comprising a hydraulic cylinder. 31. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 27, each of said valves comprising a ball valve. 32. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 22, said shiftable spray boom including a plurality of boom sections that present respective elongated chambers to receive and carry the coating material laterally, with the chambers including the first-mentioned chamber. 33. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 32, said spray nozzles supported outside of the chambers, with the spray nozzles including the first-mentioned spray nozzle, each of said boom sections supporting and operable to fluidly communicate with a corresponding series of the spray nozzles. 34. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 33, said boom sections being shiftably attached to one another, with the boom sections extending along a common lateral direction. 35. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 34, said boom sections being slidably attached to one another and slidable relative to each other along the common lateral direction. 36. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 35, said boom sections including a central boom section that presents opposite lateral ends and opposite extendable boom sections slidably attached relative to the central boom section, said boom sections shiftable between a retracted position, where the extendable boom sections overlap at least partly with the central boom section to cooperatively define a minimum boom width dimension, and a deployed position where the extendable boom sections are shifted in opposite outboard directions to project laterally outboard from the lateral ends and to cooperatively define a boom width dimension greater than the minimum boom width dimension. 37. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 36, said extendable boom sections located forwardly of the central boom section, said spray nozzles in fluid communication with the extendable boom sections located forwardly of the extendable boom sections, said spray nozzles in fluid communication with the central boom section located rearwardly of the central boom section. 38. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 33; and a plurality of valves spaced along the length of and supported by the spray boom, with the valves including the first-mentioned valve, each of said valves selectively fluidly interconnecting a corresponding one of the chambers and a corresponding one of the spray nozzles to control a respective flow of coating material therebetween. 39. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 38, each of said boom sections supporting and operable to fluidly communicate with a corresponding series of the valves. 40. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 39; and valve motors, each of said valve motors supported by a corresponding one of the boom sections and drivingly connected relative to valves associated the corresponding boom section to selectively open and/or close the associated valves, each of said valve motors configured to shift the associated valves independently of the other valves. 41. The spray bar assembly as claimed in claim 40; and valve linkages, each of said valve linkages supported by a corresponding one of the boom sections and drivingly connecting the corresponding valve motor to each of the associated valves to simultaneously shift the associated valves.",
-    "A logical location of a user may be inferred using semantics of the user's computing device(s). The logical locations may correspond to venues visited by the user, such as frequently visited venues, referred to as hubs. Logical hubs, representing logical locations, may be tagged to the computing device by classifying the device as being associated with a logical hub. Classification may be based on signals or features of the device, such as device usage or device characteristics. The device may be monitored to detect user activity. Based on analysis of the user activity and associated logical hub, the user's logical location may be inferred. A computer user-experience may be personalized to the user based on the user's inferred logical location or logical hub(s) associated with the device. In some cases, geographical location information is not used to determine the logical hubs or infer a user's logical location. 1. A computerized system comprising: one or more sensors configured to provide sensor data; a user device monitor configured to identify and monitor a user device and user activity associated with the user device; a device features identifier configured to identify features of a user device; one or more processors; and one or more computer storage media storing computer-useable instructions that, when used by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining, using the user device monitor, a first user device associated with a user; determining, using the device features identifier, a first set of device features for the first user device, the first set of device features characterizing aspects of the first user device and determined based at least in part on the sensor data; based on the first set of features, classifying the first user device as being associated with at least a first logical hub; monitoring the first user device, using the user device monitor, to detect user activity associated with the first user device; and based on the detected user activity, determining a logical location of the user. 2. The computerized system of claim 1, wherein the sensor data comprises one or more of biometric data, motion data, time-related data, network-related data, and usage-related data. 3. The computerized system of claim 1, wherein the sensor data does not include geographical location information. 4. The computerized system of claim 1, wherein the first set of features for the first user device comprise one or more of time-related features, device characteristics, usage-related features, and complementary features, and wherein the at least a first logical hub comprises one or more of a home, office, gym, and school logical hub. 5. The computerized system of claim 1, wherein the logical location of the user is further determined based on an analysis of the detected user activity and the first logical hub. 6. The computerized system of claim 5 further comprising causing a modified user experience to be provided based on the determined logical location. 7. The computerized system of claim 6 wherein the modified user experience comprises presenting, on the first user device, a content item that is related to the determined logical location of the user. 8. The computerized system of claim 6 wherein the modified user experience comprises not presenting, on the first user device, a content item that is not related to the logical location of the user. 9. The computerized system of claim 1, further comprising: determining, using the user device monitor, a second user device associated with a user; determining, using the device features identifier, a second set of device features for the second user device, the second device features characterizing aspects of the second user device and determined based at least in part on the sensor data that does not include geographical location information of the second user device; and based on the second set of features, classifying the second user device as being associated with at least a second logical hub. 10. The computerized system of claim 9, wherein the first and second logical hubs are the same logical hub. 11. The computerized system of claim 10, wherein the first user device associated with the first logical hub and the second user device associated with the second logical hub are located at geographically distinct locations. 12. A computerized system comprising: one or more sensors configured to provide sensor data; a device features identifier configured to determine device features of a user device; one or more processors; and one or more computer storage media storing computer-useable instructions that, when used by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: receiving an indication of a user device, the user device comprising a computing device associated with a user; determining, using the device features identifier, a set of device features characterizing aspects of the user device, the set of device features determined based at least in part on the sensor data; and based on the set of device features, determining a logical hub associated with the user device. 13. The computerized system of claim 12, wherein the sensor data does not include geographical location information of user device. 14. The computerized system of claim 12, further comprising determining content for presentation via the user device based on the determined logical hub associated with the user device. 15. The computerized system of claim 12, further comprising: monitoring the sensor data to determine user activity associated with the user device; and based on an analysis of the user activity and the determined logical hub, inferring a logical location of the user. 16. A computerized method for providing a personalized user experience on a user device, the method comprising: receiving an indication of a first user device, the first user device associated with a user and comprising a computing device having one or more sensors configured to provide sensor data regarding the first user device; determining a set of features characterizing aspects of the first user device, the set of features determined based at least in part on the sensor data; based on the set of features, determining a logical hub associated with the first user device; and determining content for presentation via the first user device, the content determined based on the logical hub associated with the first user device. 17. The computerized method of claim 16, wherein the sensor data does not include geographical location information of first user device, and wherein the set of features includes usage pattern features determined from a pattern of user interactions with the first user device. 18. The computerized method of claim 16, wherein the associated logical hub is determined using a statistical trained classifier. 19. The computerized method of claim 16, wherein the determined set of features include user-device features characterizing at least a second user device, the second user device associated with the same user as the first user device. 20. The computerized method of claim 16, further comprising: monitoring the sensor data to determine user activity associated with the user device; and based on an analysis of the user activity and the determined logical hub, inferring a logical location of the user.",
-    "Example wireless power transfer systems and methods are described. In one implementation, a rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to an electronic lock module. An electronic control module that is physically separate from the electronic lock module generates a wireless charging link between the electronic control module and the electronic lock module. The electronic control module transmits a charging signal to the electronic lock module via the wireless charging link, and the electronic lock module uses this charging signal to charge the rechargeable battery. The transmission frequency of the charging signal can be varied over a predetermined frequency range by a numerically controlled oscillator. 1. An apparatus comprising: an electronic lock module; a rechargeable battery electrically coupled to the electronic lock module; an electronic control module configured to generate a wireless charging link between the electronic control module and the electronic lock module, wherein the electronic control module transmits a charging signal to the electronic lock module via the wireless charging link, and wherein the electronic lock module uses the charging signal to charge the rechargeable battery; and a numerically controlled oscillator configured to vary the transmission frequency of the charging signal over a predetermined transmission frequency range. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the numerically controlled oscillator varies the transmission frequency of the charging signal to determine the transmission frequency at which maximum power transfer occurs across the wireless charging link. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the electronic control module transmits the charging signal at the transmission frequency at which maximum power transfer occurs across the wireless charging link. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the electronic lock module generates a wireless communications link between the electronic lock module and the electronic control module. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the electronic control module determines the transmission frequency at which maximum power transfer occurs across the wireless charging link based on a feedback signal transmitted from the electronic lock module to the electronic control module via the wireless communications link, wherein the feedback signal is a measure of the power of the charging signal received by the electronic lock module over the wireless charging link. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the numerically controlled oscillator is contained within the electronic control module. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the numerically controlled oscillator is coupled to the electronic control module. 8. An apparatus comprising: an electronic lock module; a rechargeable battery electrically coupled to the electronic lock module; an electronic control module configured to generate a wireless charging link between the electronic control module and the electronic lock module, wherein the electronic control module transmits a charging signal to the electronic lock module via the wireless charging link, and wherein the electronic lock module uses the charging signal to charge the rechargeable battery; a memory unit electrically coupled to the electronic lock module and configured to store authentication data for designated users; a bidirectional wireless communication link between the electronic control module and the electronic lock module; and a lock associated with a door that can be locked or unlocked by the electronic lock module. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the authentication data stored in the memory unit is used to provide authentication for designated users in the event that either one or both of the wireless charging link and the bidirectional wireless communication link fail. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the wireless charging link is an inductively coupled wireless charging link. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the inductively coupled wireless charging link is generated by a transmitter and a receiver that are inductively coupled. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the transmitter and receiver are separated by a distance of 2 inches or less. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electronic lock module is mounted within the door. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electronic control module is associated with a door frame corresponding to the door. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electronic lock module is mounted within a cylindrical cavity in the door. 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the door is comprised of a material that includes at least one of steel, aluminum, and wood. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electronic lock module is mounted within the door lock or within the housing covering the door lock. 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the transmitter and receiver are tuned to approximately the same frequency. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the transmitter and the receiver are offset in frequency, wherein the frequency offset is less than or equal to 30 percent. 20. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the electronic lock module monitors the signal power received from the electronic control module via the wireless charging link. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the signal power is used to determine whether the door is open or closed. 22. A method comprising: generating a charging signal used to wirelessly charge a rechargeable battery; varying, using a numerically controlled oscillator, a transmission frequency of the charging signal; generating a feedback signal based on the power of the received charging signal; transmitting, over a wireless communications link, the feedback signal; receiving the feedback signal transmitted over the wireless communications link; determining, using one or more received feedback signals, the transmission frequency of the charging signal at which the received power of the charging signal is maximum; and transmitting the charging signal at the transmission frequency at which the received power of the charging signal is maximum.",
-    "The present application relates to a method for controlling a disinfection status of a heater and/or cooler for human body temperature control during extracorporeal circulation. The temperature control is conducted by use of a heat exchanger and a temperature control liquid circulating through the heat exchanger and the heater and/or cooler. The inventive method comprises using a long term disinfectant in the temperature control liquid, measuring and preferably recording the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid and deducing a disinfectant status of the temperature control liquid from the measured concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 1. A method for controlling a disinfection status of a temperature control device for human body temperature control during extracorporeal circulation, wherein temperature control is achieved by use of the temperature control device that circulates a temperature control liquid through a heat exchanger, the method comprising: measuring a concentration of a disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring a concentration comprises measuring the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid via a disinfectant sensor. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the disinfectant sensor is situated in the temperature control device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring a concentration comprises measuring the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid during extracorporeal circulation. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising: determining a disinfection status of the temperature control liquid from the measured concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 6. The method of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a rate of reduction of the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the disinfectant comprises at least one of hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and citric acid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature control liquid includes water. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising: determining that the temperature control liquid is sufficiently disinfected, if the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid is at least a first concentration. 10. The method of claim 1, comprising: determining that the temperature control liquid is insufficiently disinfected, if the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid is below a first concentration and above a second concentration. 11. The method of claim 10, comprising: adding disinfectant to the temperature control liquid to increase the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid to at least the first concentration. 12. The method of claim 10, comprising: determining that the temperature control liquid is insufficiently disinfected if the measured concentration of disinfectant in the temperature control liquid is less than or equal to the second concentration. 13. The method of claim 12, comprising: changing the temperature control liquid and disinfecting the temperature control device with disinfectant having a third concentration that is greater than the first concentration. 14. A method for controlling a disinfection status of a temperature control device for human body temperature control during extracorporeal circulation, wherein temperature control is achieved by use of the temperature control device that circulates a temperature control liquid through a heat exchanger, the method comprising: monitoring a rate of reduction of a concentration of a disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising: measuring the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid during extracorporeal circulation. 16. The method of claim 14, comprising: determining a disinfection status of the temperature control liquid from the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 17. A system including a temperature control device for human body temperature control during extracorporeal circulation, which can be connected to a heat exchanger and is configured for heating and/or cooling a temperature control liquid to be circulated through the heat exchanger for achieving the human body temperature control, the system comprising: a first display connected to the temperature control device and configured for indicating whether a concentration of a disinfectant in the temperature control liquid is one of at least a first concentration, between the first concentration and a second concentration that is less than the first concentration, and less than or equal to the second concentration. 18. The system of claim 17, configured for indicating whether the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid is one of at a satisfactory level, to be increased, and such that the temperature control liquid is to be exchanged. 19. The system of claim 17, comprising: a disinfectant sensor configured for measuring the concentration of the disinfectant in the temperature control liquid. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the disinfectant sensor is situated in the temperature control device.",
-    "Methods for LTE-WLAN interworking control and management are proposed. In one novel aspect, a mobile termination (MT) can use an AT command to report radio access network (RAN) assistance parameters of the current serving cell. A terminal equipment (TE) can use the AT command to query the specific RAN assistance parameters and the threshold value provided by the network for making LTE-WLAN interworking decisions. If reporting is enabled by TE, then an unsolicited result code (URC) is sent from MT to TE whenever changes in the current RAN assistance parameters occur. 1. A method, comprising: transmitting an ATtention (AT) command by a terminal equipment (TE) in a mobile communication network supporting multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), wherein the AT command is related to a list of Radio Access Network (RAN) assistance parameters; receiving the list of RAN assistance parameters from a mobile termination (MT) in response to the AT command, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters comprises at least reference signal received power (RSRP) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) thresholds for traffic steering between a first RAT and a second RAT; and performing RAT selection and steering data traffic based on the list of RAN assistance parameters. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving the list of RAN assistance parameters. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters further comprises WLAN channel utilization thresholds, backhaul available downlink bandwidth thresholds, backhaul available uplink bandwidth thresholds, and beacon RSSI thresholds for traffic steering between the first RAT and the second RAT. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters are provided in a predefined order in a mapping table. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving the list of RAN assistance parameters and a list of current RAN values. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the AT command is a set command for enabling or disabling a reporting of the list of RAN assistance parameters. 7. A terminal equipment (TE), comprising: a transmitter that transmits an ATtention (AT) command in a mobile communication network supporting multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), wherein the AT command is related to a list of Radio Access Network (RAN) assistance parameters; a receiver that receives the list of RAN assistance parameters from a mobile termination (MT) in response to the AT command, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters comprises at least reference signal received power (RSRP) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) thresholds for traffic steering between a first RAT and a second RAT; and a RAT selector that performing RAT selection and steering data traffic based on the list of RAN assistance parameters. 8. The TE of claim 7, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving the list of RAN assistance parameters. 9. The TE of claim 8, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters further comprises WLAN channel utilization thresholds, backhaul available downlink bandwidth thresholds, backhaul available uplink bandwidth thresholds, and beacon RSSI thresholds for traffic steering between the first RAT and the second RAT. 10. The TE of claim 8, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters are provided in a predefined order in a mapping table. 11. The TE of claim 7, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving the list of RAN assistance parameters and a list of current RAN values. 12. The TE of claim 7, wherein the AT command is a set command for enabling or disabling a reporting of the list of RAN assistance parameters. 13. A method comprising: receiving an ATtention (AT) command by a mobile termination (MT) from a terminal equipment (TE) in a mobile communication network supporting multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), wherein the AT command is related to a list of Radio Access Network (RAN) assistance parameters; obtaining the list of RAN assistance parameters by the MT; and transmitting the list of RAN assistance parameters from the MT to the TE, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters comprises at least reference signal received power (RSRP) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) thresholds for the TE to steer data traffic between a first RAT and a second RAT. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters further comprises WLAN channel utilization thresholds, backhaul available downlink bandwidth thresholds, backhaul available uplink bandwidth thresholds, and beacon RSSI thresholds for traffic steering between the first RAT and the second RAT. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters are provided in a predefined order in a mapping table. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein each RAN assistance parameter is indicated by a string type or an integer type. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving the list of RAN assistance parameters and a list of current RAN values. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the AT command is a set command for enabling or disabling RAN assistance information reporting. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the MT transmits the RAN assistance information to the TE via an Unsolicited Result Code (URC) if the RAN assistance information has changed and if the reporting is enabled. 20. A mobile termination (MT), comprising: a receiver that receives an ATtention (AT) command from a terminal equipment (TE) in a mobile communication network supporting multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs), wherein the AT command is related to a list of Radio Access Network (RAN) assistance parameters, wherein the MT also obtains the list of RAN assistance parameters; and a transmitter that transmits the list of RAN assistance parameters from the MT to the TE, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters comprises at least reference signal received power (RSRP) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) thresholds for the TE to steer data traffic between a first RAT and a second RAT. 21. The MT of claim 20, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters further comprises WLAN channel utilization thresholds, backhaul available downlink bandwidth thresholds, backhaul available uplink bandwidth thresholds, and beacon RSSI thresholds for traffic steering between the first RAT and the second RAT. 22. The MT of claim 20, wherein the list of RAN assistance parameters are provided in a predefined order in a mapping table. 23. The MT of claim 20, wherein each RAN assistance parameter is indicated by a string type or an integer type. 24. The MT of claim 20, wherein the AT command is a read command for retrieving the list of RAN assistance parameters and a list of current RAN values. 25. The MT of claim 20, wherein the AT command is a set command for enabling or disabling RAN assistance information reporting. 26. The MT of claim 25, wherein the MT transmits the RAN assistance information to the TE via an Unsolicited Result Code (URC) if the RAN assistance information has changed and if the reporting is enabled.",
-    "An object carrying system for transporting objects more efficiently through redistribution of weight. The object carrying system generally includes a handle portion, a fulcrum portion, and a receiver portion. The handle portion is adapted to be grasped by one hand of a user while an object may be retained within the receiver portion. The fulcrum portion, which is positioned between the handle and receiver portions, comprises an upwardly-curved configuration which is adapted to rest on the shoulder of the user when carrying the object. By positioning the object in the receiver portion, positioning the fulcrum portion over the shoulder, and pulling downwardly on the handle portion, the weight of the object may be effectively distributed from the arms of the user to the shoulder, thus greatly reducing discomfort when carrying an object with the present invention. 1. An object carrying device, comprising: a handle portion; a fulcrum portion connected to the handle portion, wherein the fulcrum portion comprises a curved configuration; and a receiver portion for removably receiving an object, wherein the receiver portion is connected to the fulcrum portion. 2. The object carrying device of claim 1, wherein the handle portion, the fulcrum portion, and the receiver portion are integrally formed of a unitary structure. 3. The object carrying device of claim 1, wherein the fulcrum portion extends upwardly from the handle portion and the receiver portion. 4. The object carrying device of claim 3, wherein the fulcrum portion is adapted to rest on a user's shoulder. 5. The object carrying device of claim 1, wherein the receiver portion comprises a projection. 6. The object carrying device of claim 5, wherein the projection extends toward the handle portion. 7. The object carrying device of claim 5, wherein the projection defines a slot. 8. The object carrying device of claim 7, wherein the object is removably secured within the slot. 9. The object carrying device of claim 7, wherein the projection comprises an inner end oriented at a first angle. 10. The object carrying device of claim 9, wherein an outer curve of the fulcrum portion is oriented at a second angle, wherein the first angle is equal to the second angle. 11. An object carrying device, comprising: a handle portion adapted to be gripped by a user; a fulcrum portion connected to the second end of the handle portion, wherein the fulcrum portion comprises an upwardly-curved configuration; and a receiver portion, wherein the receiver portion includes a slot for removably receiving an object, wherein the receiver portion is connected to the fulcrum portion. 12. The object carrying device of claim 11, wherein the handle portion, the fulcrum portion, and the receiver portion are integrally formed of a unitary structure. 13. The object carrying device of claim 11, further comprising a removable handle cover. 14. The object carrying device of claim 11, wherein the handle portion comprises an ergonomic configuration. 15. The object carrying device of claim 11, further comprising a longitudinal axis extending through the handle portion, wherein the receiver portion is not aligned with the longitudinal axis extending through the handle portion. 16. The object carrying device of claim 11, wherein the receiver portion comprises a projection. 17. The object carrying device of claim 16, wherein the projection extends toward the handle portion. 18. The object carrying device of claim 17, wherein the slot is defined by the projection. 19. The object carrying device of claim 17, wherein the projection comprises an inner end and an outer end, wherein the inner end of the projection terminates near the fulcrum portion. 20. An object carrying device, comprising: a handle portion adapted to be gripped by a user; a cover removably secured over the handle portion; a fulcrum portion connected to the second end of the handle portion, wherein the fulcrum portion comprises an upwardly-curved configuration; and a receiver portion comprising a projection, wherein the projection defines a slot for removably receiving an object, wherein the receiver portion is connected to the fulcrum portion, wherein the projection terminates near the fulcrum portion.",
-    "A gastrointestinal device for implanting within a pylorus, a duodenal bulb, and a duodenum of a patient's gastrointestinal tract includes an expandable structure includes a proximal portion having a plurality of spring arms and a distal portion having a plurality of spring arms, the proximal and distal portions coupled by a rigid central cylinder having a diameter capable of fitting within the pylorus and having a length greater than a width of the pylorus. A membrane is coupled to and covering at least a portion of one of the proximal portion and the distal portion of the expandable structure. An intestinal bypass sleeve is coupled to at least one of the proximal and distal portions of the expandable structure and having a length sufficient to extend at least partially into the duodenum. In the expanded configuration, the proximal portion has a diameter larger than a maximum opening diameter of the pylorus and further wherein, in the expanded configuration, the distal portion has a diameter larger than a maximum opening diameter of the pylorus. 1. A gastrointestinal device for implanting within a pylorus, a duodenal bulb, and a duodenum of a patient's gastrointestinal tract, the device having a central axis and configured to have an expanded configuration and a contracted configuration, the device comprising: a proximal expandable structure including an inner proximal portion near the central axis and an outer proximal portion extending radially outward from the central axis and configured for engaging a first wall of the pylorus at a first location adjacent the pyloric antrum, the outer proximal portion extending distally such that, upon implantation, in the expanded configuration, the inner proximal portion is configured to minimize a compressive force exerted to the pylorus; a distal expandable structure including an inner distal portion near the central axis and an outer distal portion extending radially outward from the central axis and configured for engaging a second wall of the pylorus at a second location adjacent the duodenal bulb, the outer distal portion extending proximally such that, upon implantation, in the expanded configuration, the inner distal portion is configured to minimize a compressive force exerted to the pylorus; and a central cylinder portion coupling the proximal expandable structure and the distal expandable structure and having a diameter that is equal to or larger than a maximum diameter of the pylorus such that the central cylinder portion does not restrict flow through the pylorus; wherein in the expanded configuration, the proximal expandable structure and distal expandable structure each have a diameter larger than a maximum opening diameter of the pylorus. 2. The gastrointestinal device of claim 1, wherein the proximal expandable structure comprises a compression spring. 3. The gastrointestinal device of claim 2, wherein the compression spring comprises a toroidal-shaped coil. 4. The gastrointestinal device of claim 2, wherein the compression spring comprises a shape that consists of a round shape, a rectangular shape, a square shape or an elliptical shape. 5. The gastrointestinal device of claim 2, wherein the compression spring is configured to have a compressed shape and an expanded shape. 6. The gastrointestinal device of claim 2, wherein the compression spring is formed from a shape memory alloy. 7. The gastrointestinal device of claim 1, wherein the central cylinder portion fits within the pylorus and has a through lumen that allows chyme to flow from a patient's stomach to the duodenum. 8. The gastrointestinal device of claim 1, wherein the central cylinder portion is rigid enough to hold the pylorus open. 9. The gastrointestinal device of claim 1, wherein the central cylinder portion is compliant enough to allow opening and closure of the through lumen within the pylorus. 10. A gastrointestinal device for implanting within a pylorus, a duodenal bulb, and a duodenum of a patient's gastrointestinal tract and configured to have an expanded configuration and a contracted configuration, the device comprising: a proximal portion including a proximal facing opening extending radially outward forming a radially outward circumference and a radially inward circumference, the radially outward circumference located distally from the radially inward circumference such that the outer radial circumference contacts a wall of a pylorus and wherein upon implantation and in the expanded configuration a gap is defined between the inner radial circumference and a first wall of the pylorus; a distal portion including a distal facing opening extending radially outward forming a radially outward circumference and a radially inward circumference, the radially outward circumference located proximally from the radially inward circumference such that the outer radial circumference contacts a wall of a pylorus; and a central portion having a diameter and a length and located between the proximal portion and the distal portion and connected to the proximal portion inner radial circumference and the distal portion inner radical circumference. 11. The gastrointestinal device of claim 10, wherein the proximal portion and distal portion are configured to have an expanded configuration and a contracted configuration. 12. The gastrointestinal device of claim 10, wherein the distal portion comprises a compression spring. 13. The gastrointestinal device of claim 12, wherein the compression spring comprises a toroidal-shaped coil. 14. The gastrointestinal device of claim 12, wherein the compression spring comprises a shape that consists of a round shape, a rectangular shape, a square shape or an elliptical shape. 15. The gastrointestinal device of claim 10, wherein the central portion has a through lumen that allows chyme to flow from a patient's stomach to the duodenum. 16. The gastrointestinal device of claim 15, wherein the central portion is rigid enough to hold the pylorus open. 17. The gastrointestinal device of claim 15, wherein the central portion is compliant enough to allow opening and closing of the pylorus. 18. The gastrointestinal device of claim 12, wherein the compression spring is configured to have a contracted configuration and an expanded configuration. 19. The gastrointestinal device of claim 12, wherein the compression spring comprises a shape memory alloy.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention are directed to a stackable interlocking tray system. The stackable interlocking tray system may include a support assembly having a plurality of struts, a lower tray assembly including trays that are operatively coupled to the support assembly and configured to receive a second end of a plurality of the struts, and an upper tray assembly including trays that are operatively coupled to the support assembly and configured to receive a first end of a plurality of the struts. Each tray may define sidewalls that are configured to engage complementary side walls of adjacent trays. 1. A stackable interlocking tray system, the system comprising: a support assembly comprising a plurality of struts, wherein each of the plurality of struts define a first end and a second end; an upper tray assembly comprising one or more first trays operatively coupled to the support assembly, each of the one or more first trays having a bottom surface comprising a plurality of lower attachment locations configured to be coupled with the first end of one of the plurality of struts; and a lower tray assembly comprising one or more second trays operatively coupled to the support assembly, each of the one or more second trays having a top surface comprising a plurality of upper attachment locations configured to be coupled with the second end of one of the plurality of struts; wherein each of the one or more first trays comprises a plurality of sidewalls configured to be coupled with a complementary sidewall of an adjacent one of the first trays; wherein each of the one or more second trays comprises a plurality of sidewalls configured to be coupled with a complementary sidewall of an adjacent one of the second trays. 2. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 1, wherein each of the first trays comprises a first sidewall, a second sidewall, a third sidewall, and a fourth sidewall, the first sidewall being configured to be coupled with the second sidewall of a first adjacent one of the first trays, the second sidewall being configured to be coupled with the first sidewall of a second adjacent one of the first trays, the third sidewall being configured to be coupled with the fourth sidewall of a third adjacent one of the first trays, the fourth sidewall being configured to be coupled with the third sidewall of a fourth adjacent one of the first trays. 3. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 1, wherein each of the second trays comprises a first sidewall, a second sidewall, a third sidewall, and a fourth sidewall, the first sidewall being configured to be coupled with the second sidewall of a first adjacent one of the second trays, the second sidewall being configured to be coupled with the first sidewall of a second adjacent one of the second trays, the third sidewall being configured to be coupled with the fourth sidewall of a third adjacent one of the second trays, the fourth sidewall being configured to be coupled with the third sidewall of a fourth adjacent one of the second trays. 4. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 3, wherein: the first sidewall comprises a first hooking mechanism configured to be coupled with the second sidewall of the first adjacent one of the second trays; and the second sidewall comprises a second hooking mechanism configured to be coupled with the first sidewall of the second adjacent one of the second trays. 5. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 3, wherein: the third sidewall comprises a third hooking mechanism configured to be coupled with the fourth sidewall of the third adjacent one of the second trays; and the fourth sidewall is configured to be coupled with the third hooking mechanism of the third sidewall of the fourth adjacent one of the second trays. 6. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 1, wherein each of the lower attachment locations comprises a female receptacle configured for receiving the first end of one of the plurality of struts. 7. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 6, wherein the female receptacle of each of the lower attachment locations defines a recess configured for receiving the first end of one of the plurality of struts. 8. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 1, wherein each of the upper attachment locations comprises a female receptacle configured for receiving the second end of one of the plurality of struts. 9. The stackable interlocking tray system of claim 8, wherein: the second end of each of the plurality of struts comprises a plurality of protrusions; and the female receptacle of each of the upper attachment locations defines a plurality of slots, each slot being configured to receive one of the protrusions of the second end of one of the plurality of struts. 10. A stackable interlocking tray, the tray comprising: a bottom surface, the bottom surface defining a plurality of lower attachment locations, each lower attachment location being configured to be coupled with a first end of a strut; a top surface, the top surface defining a plurality of upper attachment locations, each upper attachment location being configured to be coupled with a second end of a strut; a first sidewall, the first sidewall being configured to be coupled with a second sidewall of a first adjacent tray; a second sidewall, the second sidewall being configured to be coupled with a first sidewall of a second adjacent tray; a third sidewall, the third sidewall being configured to be coupled with a fourth sidewall of a third adjacent tray; and a fourth sidewall, the fourth sidewall being configured to be coupled with a third sidewall of a fourth adjacent tray. 11. The stackable interlocking tray of claim 10, wherein: the first sidewall comprises a first hooking mechanism configured to be coupled with the second sidewall of the first adjacent tray, the first sidewall being configured to be coupled with a second hooking mechanism of the second sidewall of the first adjacent tray; and the second sidewall comprises a second hooking mechanism configured to be coupled with the first sidewall of the second adjacent tray, the second sidewall being configured to be coupled with a first hooking mechanism of the first sidewall of the second adjacent tray. 12. The stackable interlocking tray of claim 10, wherein: the third sidewall comprises a third hooking mechanism configured to be coupled with the fourth sidewall of the third adjacent tray; and the fourth sidewall is configured to be coupled with a third hooking mechanism of the third sidewall of the fourth adjacent tray. 13. The stackable interlocking tray of claim 10, wherein each of the lower attachment locations comprises a female receptacle configured for receiving a first end of a strut. 14. The stackable interlocking tray of claim 13, wherein the female receptacle of each of the lower attachment locations defines a recess configured for receiving a first end of a strut. 15. The stackable interlocking tray of claim 10, wherein each of the upper attachment locations comprises a female receptacle configured for receiving a second end of a strut. 16. The stackable interlocking tray of claim 16, wherein the female receptacle of each of the upper attachment locations defines a plurality of slots, each slot being configured to receive a protrusion defined by a second end of a strut.",
-    "An electronic apparatus includes a display device; a touch panel of an electrostatic capacitive type on a screen of the display device; and a guide cover capable of being attached to the touch panel and detached from the touch panel. The guide cover includes a non-conductive substrate member having a thickness that a touch is not detected by the touch panel on the basis of variation of electrostatic capacity due to the touch; a protrusion part on a top surface of the substrate member; and a conductive member inside of the substrate member corresponding to the protrusion part on the top surface. 1. An electronic apparatus, comprising: a display device; a touch panel of an electrostatic capacitive type on a screen of the display device; and a guide cover capable of being attached to the touch panel and detached from the touch panel; wherein the guide cover comprises: a non-conductive substrate member having a thickness that a touch is not detected by the touch panel on the basis of variation of electrostatic capacity due to the touch; a protrusion part on a top surface of the substrate member; and a conductive member inside of the substrate member corresponding to the protrusion part on the top surface. 2. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the guide cover further comprises: a recess part on a bottom surface of the substrate member corresponding to the protrusion part on the top surface; and an elastic supporting part having a ring and taper shape around the recess part. 3. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the guide cover has a width or a depth as same as a width or a depth of the display device and the touch panel. 4. The electronic apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a controller that displays a soft key on the display device; wherein the controller displays the soft key at a position where the protrusion part is arranged when the guide cover is attached to the touch panel. 5. A guide cover capable of being attached to a touch panel and detached from the touch panel on a screen of a display device, comprising: a non-conductive substrate member having a thickness that a touch is not detected by the touch panel on the basis of variation of electrostatic capacity due to the touch; a protrusion part on a top surface of the substrate member; and a conductive member inside of the substrate member corresponding to the protrusion part on the top surface. 6. The guide cover according to claim 5, further comprising: a recess part on a bottom surface of the substrate member corresponding to the protrusion part on the top surface; and an elastic supporting part having a ring and taper shape around the recess part.",
-    "An electromagnet device is configured to generate a magnetic attractive force between a stationary core and a movable core when electricity is applied to a coil, so that the movable core is moved in a direction for coming into contact with the stationary core, and a movable shaft is moved in a direction in which a first end face of the movable shaft separates from a movable terminal. After the movable contact comes in contact with the fixed contact, the movable core moves further in a direction for coming into contact with the stationary core. A yoke made of a magnetic body is disposed between the movable terminal and the first end of the movable shaft. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A contact device, comprising: a movable core; a pair of movable contacts; a pair of fixed contacts; a stationary core; a movable terminal having a first surface on which the pair of movable contacts is provided and a second surface opposite to the first surface; a movable shaft having a first face facing the first face of the movable terminal and configured to move in an axis direction along with a movement of the movable core; and yokes comprising at least a first yoke and a second yoke, the first yoke being disposed on a side of the first surface of the movable terminal, and the second yoke being disposed on a side of the second surface of the movable terminal, wherein: the contact device is configured so that the movable core, after the pair of movable contacts individually comes in contact with the pair of fixed contacts by moving the movable core in a direction for coming into contact with the stationary core, moves further in the direction for coming into contact with the stationary core, the first yoke overlaps with the second yoke in the axis direction, and the first yoke is disposed between the pair of fixed contacts and is fixed to a member that is not caused to be moved by the movement of the movable core. 14. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein: the movable terminal is located at a first side relative to the fixed contact so that the movable contact contacts and separates from the fixed contact, the movable shaft has a first end and a second end, the second end of the movable shaft extends in a second side relative to the fixed contact, and the contact device further comprises: an electromagnet device that includes the movable core located at the second side relative to the movable shaft, and the stationary core located at the second side relative to the movable core, the electromagnet device being configured to move the movable shaft in a direction in which the first end of the movable shaft separates from the movable terminal by generating a magnetic attractive force between the stationary core and the movable core to move the movable core in the direction for coming into contact with the stationary core; and a pressing spring that biases the movable terminal in a direction in which the movable contact comes into contact with the fixed contact. 15. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein the member that is not caused to be moved by the movement of the movable core is a pair of fixed holders at which the pair of fixed contacts is individually provided. 16. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein the second yoke is provided at the movable terminal. 17. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein the first yoke includes two or more first yokes. 18. The contact device according to claim 17, wherein two of the first yokes are disposed on the side of the first surface of the movable terminal so that the two first yokes are lined substantially along a side by side arrangement of the pair of fixed contacts. 19. The contact device according to claim 18, wherein the two first yokes are arranged so that the movable shaft is positioned therebetween. 20. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein each of the pair of fixed contacts is connected to a corresponding conduction plate that extends in the same direction as the moving direction of the movable terminal. 21. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein each of the pair of fixed contacts is connected to a corresponding conduction plate that is extended in a direction that is perpendicular to the moving direction of the movable terminal. 22. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein: the pair of fixed contacts is provided at a pair of fixed holders individually, each of the pair of fixed holders extends in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the movable terminal, and a conduction plate having a substantially L-shape extends from an end portion of each of the pair of fixed holders. 23. The contact device according to claim 13, further comprising a pair of permanent magnets that is respectively arranged on extended lines extending from both ends of a line segment that connects the pair of the fixed contacts. 24. The contact device according to claim 23, wherein: one of the pair of permanent magnets, one of the pair of fixed contacts, the first yoke; another of the pair of fixed contacts, another of the pair of permanent magnets are arranged in this order, substantially along a direction of side by side arrangement of the pair of fixed contacts. 25. The contact device according to claim 23, wherein: the first yoke includes two or more first yokes, and in a plane defined by the movable shaft and the pair of fixed contacts, one of the pair of permanent magnets, one of the pair of fixed contacts, at least one of the two or more first yokes, the movable axis, at least one of the two or more first yokes, another of the pair of fixed contacts, and another of the pair of permanent magnets are arranged in this order, substantially along a direction of side by side arrangement of the pair of fixed contacts. 26. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein: the pair of fixed contacts is arranged side by side, and a pair of permanent magnets that is arranged opposite to each other with the pair of fixed contacts sandwiching therebetween is disposed along the direction of side by side arrangement of the fixed contacts. 27. The contact device according to claim 23, wherein same poles of the pair of permanent magnets opposes each other. 28. The contact device according to claim 23, wherein different poles of the pair of permanent magnets opposes each other. 29. The contact device according to claim 23, further comprising a third yoke made of a magnetic body that magnetically connects the pair of permanent magnets. 30. The contact device according to claim 13, wherein the pair of fixed contacts is to be provided in a DC current path.",
-    "A coating applicator vehicle is configured to selectively discharge a flow of liquid emulsion and aggregate onto a roadway. The vehicle includes a rolling chassis and a powered spraying assembly supported by the chassis. The spraying assembly includes a pump and a spray bar assembly. The vehicle also includes a control system with a speed sensor and a computer. The computer is operably connected to the pump to control a volumetric flow rate of coating material provided by the pump as a function of the sensed ground speed to apply coating material at a predetermined application rate. 1. A method of using a coating applicator vehicle to apply a flow of pavement coating material onto a roadway at a predetermined application rate, where the material includes a liquid emulsion and aggregate, said method comprising the steps of: (a) setting the predetermined application rate; (b) as the vehicle is being advanced, determining the ground speed of the vehicle; and (c) as the vehicle is being advanced, operating a pump to discharge the flow of pavement coating material onto the roadway through a series of spray nozzles, step (c) including the step of maintaining the predetermined application rate by adjusting the volumetric flow rate of the pump in response to a change in the determined ground speed. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, said spray nozzles cooperatively defining a spray application pattern along which the roadway is wetted with coating material, with the pattern presenting a width dimension measured transverse to the forward direction; and (d) adjusting a spray boom of the vehicle to change the width dimension. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, step (c) including the step of adjusting the volumetric flow rate of the pump in response to the change in the width dimension. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, said shiftable spray boom including a plurality of boom sections slidably attached to one another, each of said boom sections supporting and operable to fluidly communicate with a corresponding series of the spray nozzles, step (d) including the step of sliding the boom sections relative to each other along a common lateral direction. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, step (b) including the step of sensing the ground speed of the vehicle using a radar device. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1; and (d) calibrating the pump by associating a range of volumetric flow rates with a corresponding range of pump rotational speeds. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, step (d) including the step of calibrating the pump without discharging pavement coating material from the spray nozzles. 8. A coating applicator vehicle configured to selectively discharge a flow of pavement coating material onto a roadway at a predetermined application rate, where the material includes a liquid emulsion and aggregate, said coating applicator vehicle comprising: a rolling chassis operable to be advanced in a forward direction along the roadway; a powered spraying assembly supported by the rolling chassis and extending transversely to the forward direction to selectively discharge coating material along a lateral direction, said spraying assembly including a pump and a spray bar assembly, said spray bar assembly including a plurality of spray nozzles that selectively fluidly communicate with the pump to receive a flow of coating material from the spray boom and to discharge the flow of coating material, said spray nozzles cooperatively defining a spray application pattern along which the roadway is wetted with coating material, with the pattern presenting a width dimension measured transverse to the forward direction; and a control system including a speed sensor and a computer operably connected to the speed sensor to sense a ground speed of the vehicle, said computer operably connected to the pump to control a volumetric flow rate of coating material provided by the pump as a function of the sensed ground speed to apply coating material at the predetermined application rate. 9. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8, said spray bar assembly including a shiftable spray boom and a frame mounted relative to the chassis, said spray boom presenting an elongated chamber to receive and carry the coating material laterally, said spray nozzles supported by the spray boom and fluidly communicating with the chamber to receive a flow of the coating material from the spray boom and to discharge the coating material, said spray boom slidably supported by the frame and slidable relative to the frame in the lateral direction to shift the spray boom laterally relative to the rolling chassis, said control system including a position sensor to determine the lateral position of the spray boom relative to the rolling chassis. 10. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 8, said pump comprising a positive displacement pump. 11. The coating applicator vehicle as claimed in claim 10, said pump comprising a progressive cavity pump.",
-    "Financial transaction card data can be entered by providing a picture of the card to a server programmed with a text recognition algorithm. The server can perform text recognition on the image at the same time that a consumer enters additional required data, such as a zip code. The server can perform as much text recognition processing as possible in the time the consumer is entering the additional data. Once the additional data is received, a signal can be provided to the server indicating that the user is now waiting for results of the text recognition process, meaning the server should provide them as quickly as possible. Once text recognition results are received, a consumer can make a selection to identify a character which the text recognition algorithm did not sufficiently identify. Based on known account number constraints, the user selection can cause multiple characters to be identified. 1. A method, performed on a mobile computing device, for reducing a number of user corrections entered to obtain a correct account number for a financial transaction card, the method comprising: obtaining, at the mobile computing device, multiple versions of text recognition results, wherein each version of the text recognition results is associated with a total confidence score; identifying, as a best guess, a version of the text recognition results that is associated with a highest total confidence score; selecting, based on individual confidence scores of characters of the best guess, characters to verify from the best guess; receiving a user selection, as a selected character, for one of the characters to verify; and updating the multiple versions of the text recognition results by performing one or more of: eliminating, from the multiple versions of text recognition results, one or more of the multiple versions of text recognition results that do not match the selected character; eliminating, from the multiple versions of text recognition results, one or more of the multiple versions of text recognition results that do not satisfy the Luhn algorithm; eliminating, from the multiple versions of text recognition results, one or more of the multiple versions of text recognition results that do not match any of multiple known issuer identification numbers; updating the total confidence score for the multiple versions of text recognition results; or any combination thereof; and identifying a new best guess from the remaining versions of the text recognition results, wherein the new best guess comprises at least a first difference from the best guess that is a change of a first character in the best guess to the selected character, and a second difference from the best guess that is a change of a second character in the best guess other than to the selected character. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: verifying that the new best guess includes the correct account number by: sending a proposed account number associated with the new best guess to a financial institution; and receiving, from the financial institution, a confirmation that the proposed account number associated with the new best guess indicates valid account data. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising: sending the verified correct number associated with the new best guess to a server, wherein the server is configured to link the financial transaction card to a service provided by a payment service system by storing the verified correct account number associated with the new best guess, in a database, with an association to a user and the service provided by the payment service system. 4. The method of claim 2 further comprising: sending the verified correct account number associated with the new best guess to a server, wherein the server is configured to perform a transaction using the verified correct account number associated with the new best guess. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the total confidence score for each selected version of the multiple versions of text recognition results is based on a combination of individual confidence scores assigned to recognized characters of that selected version. 6. A method for reducing a number of user corrections entered to obtain a correct character set for a printed or embossed card, comprising: selecting a best guess from multiple versions of text recognition results, the best guess indicating at least a portion of the printed or embossed card that includes one or more characters; displaying a visual representation of the best guess; receiving a correction character corresponding to a character displayed in the visual representation, the correction character indicating a difference between the best guess and the correct character set; identifying a new best guess by eliminating possible character sets that do not match the correction character; and updating the visual representation with the new best guess. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein selecting the best guess comprises selecting a version of the text recognition results that is associated with a highest total confidence score; and wherein identifying the new best guess comprises selecting a version of the text recognition results with an updated highest total confidence score. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the updated highest total confidence score is based on a combination of individual confidence scores assigned to recognized characters of the new best guess. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein updating the visual representation with the new best guess comprises showing at least: a first difference indicating the correction character, and a second difference indicating a difference between the best guess and the correct character set other than the correction character. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the method is performed on a mobile computing device with a display; wherein displaying the visual representation of the best guess comprises displaying the visual representation on the display of the mobile computing device with one or more input areas, each input area indicating a character of the best guess which is a candidate for receiving the correction character; and wherein the correction character is received through a user selection to one of the input areas. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein: the characters of the best guess which are candidates for receiving the correction character are selected based on the candidates for receiving the correction character having individual confidence scores below a defined threshold value. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the input areas for a particular character position is configured to include options for the correction character comprising less than ten different number characters; and wherein the options for the correction character are selected based on a union of the characters in the particular character position from two or more of the multiple versions of text recognition results. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein at least one of the input areas is for a particular character position to receive the correction character; and wherein the particular character position is selected based on a computation that receiving a correction character for the particular character position is most likely to narrow possibilities for character positions other than the particular character position. 14. The method of claim 6 wherein the second difference is based on the elimination of the one or more versions of text recognition results that: do not satisfy the Luhn algorithm, do not match any of multiple known issuer identification numbers, or both. 15. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform operations for reducing a number of user corrections entered to obtain a correct character set, the operations comprising: selecting a best guess from multiple versions of text recognition results; displaying a first visual representation of the best guess; receiving a correction character corresponding to a character displayed in the first visual representation, the correction character indicating a difference between the best guess and the correct character set; identifying, based on the correction character, a new best guess from the multiple versions of text recognition results; and updating the first visual representation to show a second visual representation with the new best guess. 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15 wherein: identifying a new best guess is accomplished by: eliminating any of the multiple versions that do not match the correction character; eliminating any of the multiple versions that, based on the correction character, either do not satisfy the Luhn algorithm or do not match any of multiple known issuer identification numbers; or any combination thereof. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein selecting the best guess comprises selecting a version of the text recognition results that is associated with a highest total confidence score; and wherein identifying the new best guess comprises selecting a version of the text recognition results with an updated highest total confidence score. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the operations are performed on a mobile computing device with a display; wherein displaying the first visual representation of the best guess comprises displaying a textual representation on the display of the mobile computing device with one or more input areas, each input area indicating a character of the best guess which is a candidate for receiving the correction character; and wherein the correction character is received through a user input to one of the input areas. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein at least one of the input areas for a particular character position is configured to include options for the correction character comprising less than ten different number characters; and wherein the options for the correction character are selected based on a union of the characters in the particular character position from two or more of the multiple versions of text recognition results. 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15 wherein the character set corresponds to an account number; and wherein the operations further comprise: verifying the account number by: sending characters from new best guess to a financial institution; and receiving, from the financial institution, a confirmation that the new best guess indicates valid account data. 21. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15 wherein the operations further comprise: sending the correct character set to a server, wherein the server is configured to link a financial transaction card associated with the correct character set to a service provided by a payment service system, wherein the linking is performed by storing the correct character set, in a database, with an association to a user and the service provided by the payment service system. 22. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15 wherein each of the multiple versions of text recognition results further comprise one or more of: recognized characters of an account holder name; recognized characters of a cvv; recognized characters of an expiration date; or any combination thereof. 23. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15 wherein the updated visual representation includes at least: a first difference, from the first visual representation, indicating the correction character, and a second difference, from the first visual representation, indicating a difference between the best guess and the correct character set other than the correction character. 24. A system for reducing a number of user corrections entered to obtain a correct account number comprising: a memory; one or more processors; an input configured to receive a correction character indicating a difference between a best guess text recognition result and the correct account number; and a best guess updater configured to select a new best guess based on the correction character; wherein the new best guess includes at least: a first difference from the best guess that is the correction character, and a second difference from the best guess, other than the first difference, indicating a difference between the best guess and the correct account number. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the best guess is identified by selecting a text recognition result version that is associated with a highest total confidence score; and wherein the new best guess is identified by selecting a text recognition result version with an updated highest total confidence score. 26. The system of claim 24, wherein the system is integrated in a mobile computing device; wherein the system further comprises a transceiver configured to receive, from a server, multiple versions of text recognition results, wherein the best guess and new best guess are selected from multiple versions of text recognition results received through the transceiver; wherein the system further comprises a display configured to display a representation of the best guess with one or more input areas indicating characters of the best guess which are candidates for receiving the correction character; and wherein the correction character is received through a user selection to one of the input areas by actuating the input.",
-    "A container for particulate materials that is adapted to be mounted on a trailer for transport on a roadway includes a plurality of hoppers, a shell that is disposed over the plurality of hoppers, and an internal U-shaped divider plate between each pair of adjacent hoppers. 1. A container for particulate materials that is adapted to be mounted on a trailer for transport on a roadway, said container having a long axis and further comprising: (a) a plurality of hoppers comprising at least one pair of adjacent hoppers which are spaced along the long axis of the container; (b) a shell that is disposed over the plurality of hoppers; (c) an internal U-shaped divider plate between each pair of adjacent hoppers, wherein each U-shaped divider plate comprises a pair of arms, each of which has an upper end, and the upper ends of the pair of arms of each U-shaped divider plate are not joined together. 2. The container of claim 1 wherein the container has a height to width ratio within the range of 1.2/1 to 1.4/1. 3. The container of claim 1 wherein each U-shaped divider plate has a height to width ratio that is within the range of about 0.50/1 to about 0.65/1. 4. The container of claim 1 wherein each U-shaped divider plate has a height to width ratio of about 0.58/1. 5. The container of claim 1: (a) wherein the upper end of each arm of each U-shaped divider plate includes an indention; (b) which includes a pair of support plates that are associated with each U-shaped divider plate, with each such support plate being attached to the indention in one of the upper ends of an arm of the U-shaped divider and to the inner surface of the shell. 6. The container of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises: (a) an upper portion comprising an arc of constant radius; (b) a pair of intermediate portions, each comprising an arc having a radius that is greater in length than the radius of the arc of the upper portion; (c) a pair of lower portions, each comprising an arc having a radius that is less in length than the radius of the arc of the upper portion. 7. The container of claim 6, wherein: (a) the upper portion comprises an arc having a radius from an upper origin; (b) each of the intermediate portions comprises an arc having a radius from an intermediate origin; (c) each of the lower portions comprises an arc having a radius from a common lower origin; (d) the intermediate origins are located on opposite sides of a line passing through the upper origin and the common lower origin by a distance that is within the range of about 0.40 to about 0.46 times the length of the radius of the upper portion. 8. The container of claim 6, wherein: (a) the upper portion of the shell comprises an arc through an angular range of about 160\u00b0 to about 180\u00b0; (b) the intermediate portions of the shell each comprise an arc through an angular range of about 30\u00b0 to about 35\u00b0; (c) the lower portions of the shell each comprise an arc through an angular range of about 15\u00b0 to about 20\u00b0. 9. The container of claim 6, wherein: (a) the upper portion of the shell comprises an arc through an angular range of about 170\u00b0; (b) the intermediate portions of the shell each comprise an arc through an angular range of about 33\u00b0; (c) the lower portions of the shell each comprise an arc through an angular range of about 18\u00b0. 10. The container of claim 6, wherein each of the intermediate portions comprises an arc having a radius from an intermediate origin with a length that is within the range of about 1.2 to about 1.25 times the length of the radius of the upper portion. 11. The container of claim 10, wherein each of the intermediate origins is located a distance from the top of the shell that is within the range of about 1.05 to about 1.15 times the length of the radius of the upper portion. 12. The container of claim 6, wherein each of the lower portions comprises an arc having a radius from a lower origin having a length that is within the range of about 0.85 to about 0.95 times the length of the radius of the upper portion. 13. The container of claim 12, wherein each of the lower origins is located a distance from the top of the shell that is within the range of about 1.25 to about 1.35 times the length of the radius of the upper portion. 14. The container of claim 1 which includes a generally triangular shell insert located outside the shell and adjacent to each U-shaped divider plate. 15. The container of claim 14 which includes an elongated reinforcement plate between each hopper and the shell, and each such elongated reinforcement plate lays flat against the inner surface of the shell. 16. The container of claim 1: (a) wherein the shell has a front end and a rear end; (b) which includes a front end cone that is attached to the front end of the shell and a rear end cone that is attached to the rear end of the shell. 17. The container of claim 16: (a) wherein the front end of the shell has an inside surface; (b) wherein the rear end of the shell has an inside surface; (b) wherein the front end cone has an inside surface that is adjacent to the inside surface of the front end of the shell; (c) wherein the rear end cone has an inside surface that is adjacent to the inside surface of the rear end of the shell; (d) which includes a front reinforcement plate that is attached to the inside surface of the front end of the shell and to the adjacent inside surface of the front end cone and a rear reinforcement plate that is attached to the inside surface of the rear end of the shell and to the adjacent inside surface of the rear end cone, wherein each reinforcement plate lays flat against the inside surface of the shell or the inside surface of the end cone with which it is associated and provides for a generally smooth geometric transition between the adjacent inside surfaces. 18. The container of claim 16 wherein each end cone includes an end plate and a reinforcement plate that is located inside the end cone and adjacent to the end plate with which it is associated.",
-    "A flexible display device may include a display module unit configured to project an image, a frame, and a connecting unit. The frame supports the display module unit. The connecting unit is coupled to the display module unit and the frame, and is adjustable so as to allow an amount of curvature of the display module unit to be adjusted. 1. A flexible display device comprising: a display module unit configured to project an image; a frame supporting the display module unit; and a connecting unit coupled to the display module unit and the frame, the connecting unit being adjustable so as to allow an amount of curvature of the display module unit to be adjusted. 2. The flexible display device of claim 1, wherein: a rear side of the display module unit is coupled to the frame. 3. The flexible display device of claim 2, wherein: the rear side of the display module unit is coupled to the frame by an adhesive, at least one screw, or at least one bolt and at least one nut. 4. The flexible display device of claim 1, wherein the display module unit includes: a flexible display panel; and a chassis base which is disposed below the flexible display panel, wherein the chassis base includes a flexible plate. 5. The flexible display device of claim 1, wherein: the connecting unit includes a tie rod or a variable tie rod. 6. The flexible display device of claim 5, wherein the variable tie rod includes: a fixing portion; a first variable portion which is movable within the fixing portion; and a second variable portion which is movable within the fixing portion, wherein the first variable portion is coupled to the frame, and the second variable portion is coupled to the display module unit. 7. The flexible display device of claim 1, wherein: a rear side of the display module unit includes a detachable unit to which the connecting unit can be removably attached. 8. The flexible display device of claim 1, wherein the frame includes: a left frame connected to the connecting unit and positioned proximate to a left side of the frame; and a right frame connected to the connecting unit and positioned proximate to a right side of the frame. 9. The flexible display device of claim 8, wherein the connecting unit includes: a first coupling unit coupled to an upper hole of the left frame; a second coupling unit coupled to a lower hole of the left frame; a third coupling unit coupled to an upper hole of the right frame; and a fourth coupling unit coupled to a lower hole of the right frame. 10. The flexible display device of claim 9, wherein the display module unit includes: a first detachable unit configured to be removably attachable to the first coupling unit and positioned proximate to an upper right side of the display module unit; a second detachable unit configured to be removably attachable to the second coupling unit and positioned proximate to a lower right side of the display module unit; a third detachable unit configured to be removably attachable to the third coupling unit and positioned proximate to an upper left side of the display module unit; and a fourth detachable unit configured to be removably attachable to the fourth coupling unit and positioned proximate to a lower left side of the display module unit. 11. The flexible display device of claim 1, wherein the display module unit includes: a flexible display panel; a chassis base disposed below the flexible display panel; and a circuit unit configured to drive the flexible display device and disposed between the flexible display panel and the chassis base, wherein the chassis base includes chassis base parts which are arranged on a surface of the chassis base along a horizontal direction and connected to each other, and the circuit unit includes circuit parts which are arranged on the surface of the chassis base along the horizontal direction and connected to each other. 12. The flexible display device of claim 11, wherein the display module unit further includes: a rear cabinet disposed below the chassis base, wherein the rear cabinet includes rear cabinet parts which are arranged on the surface of the chassis base along the horizontal direction and connected to each other.",
-    "A semiconductor device including a logic transistor, a non-volatile memory (NVM) cell and a contact etching stop layer (CESL) is shown. The CESL includes a first silicon nitride layer on the logic transistor but not on the NVM cell, a silicon oxide layer on the first silicon nitride layer and on the NVM cell, and a second silicon nitride layer disposed on the silicon oxide layer over the logic transistor and disposed on the silicon oxide layer on the NVM cell. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a logic transistor; a non-volatile memory (NVM) cell; and a contact etching stop layer (CESL), comprising: a first silicon nitride layer on the logic transistor but not on the NVM cell; a silicon oxide layer on the first silicon nitride layer and on the NVM cell; and a second silicon nitride layer disposed on the silicon oxide layer over the logic transistor and disposed on the silicon oxide layer on the NVM cell. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the NVM cell comprises a single-poly non-volatile memory (SPNVM) cell. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the NVM cell comprises a memory cell comprising a charge trapping layer. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the charge trapping layer comprises a silicon nitride film. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the memory cell comprising the charge trapping layer comprises a silicon/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon (SONOS) cell. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the NVM cell comprises a memory cell having a stack of a floating gate and a control gate. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a self-aligned silicide (salicide) layer formed on the logic transistor and the NVM cell, wherein the first silicon nitride layer is also on the salicide layer formed on the logic transistor, and the silicon oxide layer is also on the salicide layer formed on the NVM cell. 8. A semiconductor device, comprising: a logic transistor; and a contact etching stop layer (CESL), comprising: a first silicon nitride layer on the logic transistor; a silicon oxide layer on the first silicon nitride layer; and a second silicon nitride layer on the silicon oxide layer. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 8, further comprising a self-aligned silicide (salicide) layer formed on the logic transistor, wherein the first silicon nitride layer is also on the salicide layer. 10. A method for fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: providing a substrate having a logic transistor and a non-volatile memory (NVM) cell thereon; and forming a contact etching stop layer (CESL), comprising: forming a first silicon nitride layer on the logic transistor but not on the NVM cell; forming a silicon oxide layer on the first silicon nitride layer and on the NVM cell; and forming a second silicon nitride layer on the silicon oxide layer over the logic transistor, and also on the silicon oxide layer on the NVM cell. 11. The method device of claim 10, wherein the NVM cell comprises a single-poly non-volatile memory (SPNVM) cell. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the NVM cell comprises a memory cell comprising a charge trapping layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the charge trapping layer comprises a silicon nitride film. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the memory cell comprising the charge trapping layer comprises a silicon/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon (SONOS) cell. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the NVM cell comprises a memory cell having a stack of a floating gate and a control gate. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein a self-aligned silicide (salicide) layer has been formed on the logic transistor and the NVM cell on the provided substrate, p1 the first silicon nitride layer is also formed on the salicide layer formed on the logic transistor, and the silicon oxide layer is also formed on the salicide layer formed on the NVM cell.",
-    "Techniques are provided for facial recognition using decoy-based matching of facial image features. An example method may include comparing extracted facial features of an input image, provided for recognition, to facial features of each of one or more images in a gallery of known faces, to select a closest gallery image. The method may also include calculating a first distance between the input image and the selected gallery image. The method may further include comparing the facial features of the input image to facial features of each of one or more images in a set of decoy faces, to select a closest decoy image and calculating a second distance between the input image and the selected decoy image. The method may further include recognizing a match between the input image and the selected gallery image based on a comparison of the first distance and the second distance. 1. A processor-implemented method for facial recognition, the method comprising: comparing, by a processor, extracted facial features of an input image, provided for recognition, to facial features of each of one or more images in a gallery of known faces, to select a closest gallery image; calculating, by the processor, a first distance between the input image and the selected gallery image; comparing, by the processor, the facial features of the input image to facial features of each of one or more images in a set of decoy faces, to select a closest decoy image; calculating, by the processor, a second distance between the input image and the selected decoy image; and recognizing, by the processor, a match between the input image and the selected gallery image based on a comparison of the first distance and the second distance. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting of the closest gallery image further comprises searching for a minimum distance between facial features of the input image and facial features of each of the one or more gallery images; and the selecting of the closest decoy image further comprises searching for a minimum distance between facial features of the input image and facial features of each of the one or more decoy images. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the recognizing further comprises rejecting the match if the second distance is less than the first distance. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the recognizing further comprises accepting the match if the first distance is less than a first selected threshold value. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the recognizing further comprises accepting the match if a ratio of the first distance to the second distance is less than a second selected threshold value, even if the first distance is greater than the first selected threshold value. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the set of decoy faces by: collecting decoy facial images; clustering the decoy facial images into groups of similar faces based on distances between facial features associated with the decoy faces; selecting a representative face from each the groups; and compiling the representative faces into the set of decoy faces. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the facial features of the input image are extracted based on at least one of Local Binary Pattern Classification (LBP), Modified Census Transformation (MCT), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Shift Invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT), Speeded Up Robust Feature Detection (SURF) or a Learning-Based Descriptor. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the calculations of the first distance and the second distance are based on at least one of Euclidean Distance, Manhattan Distance, Squared Euclidean Distance, Angel-Based Distance, Correlation Coefficient-Based Distance, Mahalanobis Distance or Chi-Squared Distance. 9. A system for facial recognition, the system comprising: a feature extraction circuit to extract facial features of an input image provided for recognition; a gallery ranking circuit to compare the extracted facial features of the input image to facial features of each of one or more images in a gallery of known faces, to select a closest gallery image; and to calculate a first distance between the input image and the selected gallery image; a decoy ranking circuit to compare the extracted facial features of the input image to facial features of each of one or more images in a set of decoy faces, to select a closest decoy image; and to calculate a second distance between the input image and the selected decoy image; and a verification circuit to verify a match between the input image and the selected gallery image based on a comparison of the first distance and the second distance. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the gallery ranking circuit is further to select the closest gallery image based on a search for a minimum distance between facial features of the input image and facial features of each of the one or more gallery images; and the decoy ranking circuit is further to select the closest decoy image based on a search for a minimum distance between facial features of the input image and facial features of each of the one or more decoy images. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the verification circuit is further to reject the match if second distance is less than the first distance. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the verification circuit is further to verify the match if the first distance is less than a first selected threshold value. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the verification circuit is further to verify the match if a ratio of the first distance to the second distance is less than a second selected threshold value, even if the first distance is greater than the first selected threshold value. 14. The system of claim 9, further comprising a decoy set generation module to: collect decoy facial images; cluster the decoy facial images into groups of similar faces based on distances between facial features associated with the decoy faces; select a representative face from each the groups; and compile the representative faces into the set of decoy faces. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the feature extraction circuit is further to extract facial features of the input image based on at least one of Local Binary Pattern Classification (LBP), Modified Census Transformation (MCT), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Shift Invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT), Speeded Up Robust Feature Detection (SURF) or a Learning-Based Descriptor. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the calculations of the first distance and the second distance are based on at least one of Euclidean Distance, Manhattan Distance, Squared Euclidean Distance, Angel-Based Distance, Correlation Coefficient-Based Distance, Mahalanobis Distance or Chi-Squared Distance. 17. At least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, result in the following operations for facial recognition, the operations comprising: comparing extracted facial features of an input image, provided for recognition, to facial features of each of one or more images in a gallery of known faces, to select a closest gallery image; calculating a first distance between the input image and the selected gallery image; comparing the facial features of the input image to facial features of each of one or more images in a set of decoy faces, to select a closest decoy image; calculating a second distance between the input image and the selected decoy image; and recognizing a match between the input image and the selected gallery image based on a comparison of the first distance and the second distance. 18. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the selecting of the closest gallery image further comprises searching for a minimum distance between facial features of the input image and facial features of each of the one or more gallery images; and the selecting of the closest decoy image further comprises searching for a minimum distance between facial features of the input image and facial features of each of the one or more decoy images. 19. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the recognizing further comprises rejecting the match if the second distance is less than the first distance. 20. The computer readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the recognizing further comprises accepting the match if the first distance is less than a first selected threshold value. 21. The computer readable storage medium of claim 20, wherein the recognizing further comprises accepting the match if a ratio of the first distance to the second distance is less than a second selected threshold value, even if the first distance is greater than the first selected threshold value. 22. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, further comprising generating the set of decoy faces by: collecting decoy facial images; clustering the decoy facial images into groups of similar faces based on distances between facial features associated with the decoy faces; selecting a representative face from each the groups; and compiling the representative faces into the set of decoy faces. 23. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the facial features of the input image are extracted based on at least one of Local Binary Pattern Classification (LBP), Modified Census Transformation (MCT), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Shift Invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT), Speeded Up Robust Feature Detection (SURF) or a Learning-Based Descriptor. 24. The computer readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the calculations of the first distance and the second distance are based on at least one of Euclidean Distance, Manhattan Distance, Squared Euclidean Distance, Angel-Based Distance, Correlation Coefficient-Based Distance, Mahalanobis Distance or Chi-Squared Distance.",
-    "A light source apparatus according to the present disclosure includes: a first light source unit which emits a blue light in a first direction; a second light source unit which emits a blue light in a second direction which intersects with the first direction; a split/combining optical element which splits the blue lights emitted from the first light source unit and the second light source unit, into a first optical path and a second optical path; a light emitting body which is provided on the first optical path and emits an emission light in response to an excitation light; and a combining optical element which combines the first optical path and the second optical path into one optical path. 1. A light source apparatus comprising: a first light source unit which emits a blue light in a first direction; a second light source unit which emits a blue light in a second direction which intersects with the first direction; a split/combining optical element which splits the blue lights emitted from the first light source unit and the second light source unit, into a first optical path and a second optical path; a light emitting body which is provided on the first optical path and emits an emission light in response to an excitation light; and a combining optical element which combines the first optical path and the second optical path into one optical path. 2. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first light source unit and the second light source unit each include a plurality of light source blocks in which a plurality of light emitting elements is arranged; and the blue light emitted from at least one of the plurality of light source blocks included in the first light source unit and the second light source unit is split into the second optical path. 3. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the blue lights split into the first optical path and the second optical path have different wavelengths. 4. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the split/combining optical element splits the blue light emitted from the first light source unit, into the first optical path and the second optical path, and combines the blue light emitted from the first light source unit and split into the first optical path, and the blue light emitted from the second light source unit. 5. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the combining optical element combines the emission light of the first optical path and the blue light of the second optical path into one optical path. 6. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the split/combining optical element is an optical mirror in which a reflection area and a transmissive area are selectively formed to meet positions of a plurality of emission light fluxes from the first light source unit and the second light source unit, and is disposed so as to incline toward an emission direction of the blue lights emitted from the first light source unit and the second light source unit. 7. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the split/combining optical element is an optical mirror in which a polarization mirror area and a transmissive area are selectively formed to meet positions of a plurality of emission light fluxes from the first light source unit and the second light source unit, and is disposed so as to incline toward an emission direction of the blue lights emitted from the first light source unit and the second light source unit. 8. A projection display apparatus comprising the light source apparatus according to claim 1.",
-    "Systems, methods, and computer programs are disclosed for scheduling memory transactions. An embodiment of a method comprises determining future memory state data of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) for a predetermined number of future clock cycles. The DRAM is electrically coupled to a system on chip (SoC). Based on the future memory state data, one of a plurality of pending memory transactions is selected that speculatively optimizes DRAM efficiency. The selected memory transaction is sent to a shared cache controller. If the selected memory transaction results in a cache miss, the selected memory transaction is sent to a DRAM controller. 1. A method for scheduling transactions for a memory system, the method comprising: determining future memory state data of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) for a predetermined number of future clock cycles, the DRAM electrically coupled to a system on chip (SoC); based on the future memory state data, selecting one of a plurality of pending memory transactions that speculatively optimizes DRAM efficiency; sending the selected memory transaction to a shared cache controller; and if the selected memory transaction results in a cache miss, sending the selected memory transaction to a DRAM controller. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected pending memory transaction is determined based on the future memory state data and priority level data corresponding to the plurality of pending memory transactions. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectively optimizing DRAM efficiency comprises reducing a number of DRAM clock cycles. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the future memory state data comprises a bank state for each of a plurality of banks comprising the DRAM. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the bank state comprises a free state or a busy state. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the future memory state further comprises: a DRAM data bus state; and a DRAM command address bus state. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of future clock cycles corresponds to a latency of the shared cache controller. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: if the selected memory transaction results in a cache hit, updating the future memory state data to reflect that the selected memory transaction did not reach the DRAM controller. 9. A system for scheduling memory transactions comprising: means for determining future memory state data of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) for a predetermined number of future clock cycles, the DRAM electrically coupled to a system on chip (SoC); means for selecting one of a plurality of pending memory transactions that speculatively optimizes DRAM efficiency based on the future memory state data; means for sending the selected memory transaction to a shared cache controller; and means for sending the selected memory transaction to a DRAM controller if the selected memory transaction results in a cache miss. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the means for selecting the one of the plurality of pending memory transactions that speculatively optimizes DRAM efficiency comprises: means for reducing a number of DRAM clock cycles. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the future memory state data comprises a bank state for each of a plurality of banks comprising the DRAM. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the bank state comprises a free state or a busy state. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the future memory state further comprises: a DRAM data bus state; and a DRAM command address bus state. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the predetermined number of future clock cycles corresponds to a latency of the shared cache controller. 15. The system of claim 9, further comprising: means for updating the future memory state data, if the selected memory transaction results in a cache hit, to reflect that the selected memory transaction did not reach the DRAM controller. 16. A system for scheduling memory transactions comprising: a volatile memory device; a system on chip (SoC) electrically coupled to the volatile memory, the SoC comprising a shared cached, a cache controller, and a transaction scheduler for scheduling pending memory transactions received from a plurality of memory clients, the transaction scheduler configured to: determine future state data of the volatile memory for a predetermined number of future clock cycles; based on the future state data, select one of the plurality of pending memory transactions that speculatively optimizes an efficiency of the volatile memory; send the selected memory transaction to the shared cache controller; and send the selected memory transaction to the volatile memory if the selected memory transaction results in a cache miss. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the volatile memory comprises a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) comprising a plurality of banks. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the future state data comprises a bank state for each of the plurality of banks. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the bank state comprises a free state or a busy state. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the future state data further comprises: a DRAM data bus state; and a DRAM command address bus state. 21. The system of claim 16, wherein the predetermined number of future clock cycles corresponds to a latency of the shared cache controller. 22. The system of claim 16, wherein the transaction scheduler is further configured to update the future state data of the volatile memory to reflect that the selected memory transaction did not reach the volatile memory. 23. The system of claim 16, incorporated in a portable communication device. 24. A computer program embodied in a memory and executable by a processor for scheduling memory transactions, the computer program comprising logic configured to: determine future memory state data of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) for a predetermined number of future clock cycles, the DRAM electrically coupled to a system on chip (SoC); based on the future memory state data, select one of a plurality of pending memory transactions that speculatively optimizes DRAM efficiency; send the selected memory transaction to a shared cache controller; and if the selected memory transaction results in a cache miss, send the selected memory transaction to a DRAM controller. 25. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the selectively optimizing DRAM efficiency comprises reducing a number of DRAM clock cycles. 26. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the future memory state data comprises a bank state for each of a plurality of banks comprising the DRAM. 27. The computer program of claim 26, wherein the bank state comprises a free state or a busy state. 28. The computer program of claim 26, wherein the future memory state further comprises: a DRAM data bus state; and a DRAM command address bus state. 29. The computer program of claim 24, wherein the predetermined number of future clock cycles corresponds to a latency of the shared cache controller. 30. The computer program of claim 24, further comprising logic configured to: if the selected memory transaction results in a cache hit, update the future memory state data to reflect that the selected memory transaction did not reach the DRAM controller.",
-    "Modular landscape devices, systems, and associated methods are provided. In one aspect, for example, a modular landscape device can include a plurality of molded structures formed from an aggregate material, where each molded structure has a display surface and a buried surface. The device also includes at least one tether connecting the plurality of molded structures together to form the modular landscape device. In one aspect, each of the plurality of molded structures are not in contact with another of the plurality of molded structures. 1. A modular landscape device, comprising: a plurality of molded structures formed from a cement material, each molded structure molded into a desired shape having a display surface and a buried surface; and at least one tether connecting the plurality of molded structures together to form the modular landscape device. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of molded structures are not in contact with another of the plurality of molded structures. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the display surface has a fa\u00e7ade resembling a paving structure. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the fa\u00e7ade resembles a brick paving structure. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the fa\u00e7ade resembles a rock paving structure. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the tether is self-supporting. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the tether is not self-supporting. 8. The device of claim 1, further comprising a landscaping filler distributed between the plurality of molded structures. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the molded structures consist of cement and coloring agent. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the molded structures further include decorative coloring on the display surface. 11. A method of assembling a landscaping pathway, comprising: arranging at least one modular landscape device on a landscaping substrate, the modular landscape device including: a plurality of molded structures formed from a cement material and having a gap there between, each molded structure having a display side and a buried side; and at least one tether connecting the plurality of molded structures together to form the modular landscape device; and disposing a landscaping filler in the gap between the plurality of molded structures to cover the at least one tether while leaving at least a majority of the display side exposed, thus forming a landscaping pathway. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the gap is maintained by the at least one tether. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising cutting at least one tether to release at least one molded structure from the modular landscape device to alter a shape of the modular landscape device. 14. A landscaping pathway structure, comprising a plurality of modular landscape devices arranged as in claim 11. 15. The structure of claim 14, wherein the plurality of modular landscape devices are positioned on a substantially horizontal landscaping substrate. 16. The structure of claim 14, wherein the plurality of modular landscape devices are positioned on an inclined landscaping substrate. 17. The structure of claim 14, wherein the plurality of modular landscape devices are positioned on a curved landscaping substrate.",
-    "Disclosed is a transmission power managing method of a heterogeneous network system, including: determining, when a first terminal communicates with a second terminal by using a first D2D transmission power value through a first communication network, whether a first cellular transmission power value of a third terminal satisfying a quality condition of the third terminal which communicates with a base station through a second communication network exists; determining, when the first cellular transmission power value exists and the third terminal communicates with the base station by using the first cellular transmission power value, whether a second D2D transmission power value of the first terminal satisfying a quality condition of the second terminal exists; and updating, by the first terminal, the first D2D transmission power value to the second D2D transmission power value when the second D2D transmission power value exists. 1. A transmission power managing method of a heterogeneous network system, the method comprising: determining, when a first terminal communicates with a second terminal by using a first D2D transmission power value through a first communication network, whether a first cellular transmission power value of a third terminal satisfying a quality condition of the third terminal which communicates with a base station through a second communication network exists; determining, when the first cellular transmission power value exists and the third terminal communicates with the base station by using the first cellular transmission power value, whether a second D2D transmission power value of the first terminal satisfying a quality condition of the second terminal exists; and updating, by the first terminal, the first D2D transmission power value to the second D2D transmission power value when the second D2D transmission power value exists. 2. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, wherein the determining, when the first terminal communicates with the second terminal by using the first D2D transmission power value through the first communication network, whether the first cellular transmission power value of the third terminal satisfying the quality condition of the third terminal which communicates with the base station through the second communication network exists and the determining, when the first cellular transmission power value exists and the third terminal communicates with the base station by using the first cellular transmission power value, whether the second D2D transmission power value of the first terminal satisfying the quality condition of the second terminal exists are iteratively performed. 3. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, wherein the first communication network is a communication network for D2D communication and the second communication network is a cellular communication network. 4. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, wherein the first terminal transmits advertisement information to the second terminal. 5. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, further comprising: stopping communication between the first terminal and the second terminal when the first cellular transmission power value of the third terminal satisfying the quality condition of the third terminal does not exist. 6. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, wherein in the determining, when the first terminal communicates with the second terminal by using the first D2D transmission power value through the first communication network, whether the first cellular transmission power value of the third terminal satisfying the quality condition of the third terminal which communicates with the base station through the second communication network exists, the first terminal communicates with the second terminal by using a minimum power value. 7. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, wherein the quality condition of the third terminal is defined by [Equation 1] given below. \u03b3 m C = p m \ue89e g bm p d \ue89e g db + \u2211 m = 1 , i \u2260 m M \ue89e p m \ue89e g bm + v \u2265 \u03b3 m Creq \ue89e \ue89e 0 < p m \u2264 p m max [ Equation \ue89e \ue89e 1 ] (Herein, \u03b3mCreq represents a minimum required quality (SINR) of an m-th (m is a natural number)third terminal, pm represents transmission power of the m-th third terminal, gbm represents a link gain between the m-th third terminal and a b-th (b is the natural number) base station, pd represents a transmission power of a d-th (d is the natural number) first terminal, gdb represents a link gain between the d-th first terminal and the b-th base station, M represents the number of third terminals, Pmmax represents maximum transmission power of the m-th third terminal, and \u03bd represents thermal noise.) 8. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, wherein the quality condition of the second terminal is defined by [Equation 2] given below. \u03b3 n D = p d \ue89e g dn \u2211 m = 1 M \ue89e p m \ue89e g mn + v \u2265 \u03b3 n Dreq \ue89e \ue89e p d min \u2264 p d \u2264 p d max [ Equation \ue89e \ue89e 2 ] (Herein, \u03b3nDreq represents a minimum required quality (SINR) of an n-th (n is the natural number) second terminal, pd represents transmission power of a d-th (d is the natural number) first terminal, gdn represents a link gain between the d-th first terminal and an n-th (n is the natural number) second terminal, pm represents transmission power of an m-th (m is the natural number) third terminal, gmn represents a link gain between the m-th third terminal and the n-th second terminal, Pdmin represents minimum transmission power of the d-th first terminal, Pdmax represents maximum transmission power of the d-th first terminal, M represents the number of third terminals, and \u03bd represents the thermal noise.) 9. The transmission power managing method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a second cellular transmission power value of the third terminal, which satisfies a quality condition of the third terminal exists when the first terminal communicates with the second terminal by using the second D2D transmission power value; and communicating, by the first terminal, with the second terminal by using the second D2D transmission power value when the second cellular transmission power value exists. 10. The transmission power managing method of claim 9, further comprising: stopping, by the first terminal, communication with the second terminal when a second cellular transmission power value of the third terminal satisfying the quality condition of the third terminal does not exist.",
-    "A light source apparatus and a projection display apparatus according to the present disclosure include: a laser light source; and a multiplexing reflection mirror having a first surface on which a partial reflection coating having a predetermined reflectance is formed, and a second surface on which a total reflection coating is formed, the first surface and the second surface being opposite to each other and formed in a parallel flat shape. The multiplexing reflection mirror is disposed so as to incline toward an optical path of an emission light from the laser light source such that the emission light is incident from first surface. 1. A light source apparatus comprising: a laser light source; and a multiplexing reflection mirror having a first surface on which a partial reflection coating having a predetermined reflectance is formed, and a second surface on which a total reflection coating is formed, the first surface and the second surface being opposite to each other and formed in a parallel flat shape, wherein the multiplexing reflection mirror is disposed so as to incline toward an optical path of an emission light from the laser light source such that the emission light is incident from the first surface. 2. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a diffusing element which diffuses the emission light from the laser light source. 3. The light source apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined reflectance falls within a range from 25% to 50%. 4. The light source apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the multiplexing reflection mirror is disposed on an optical path, immediately before the diffusing element, of the emission light from the laser light source. 5. A projection display apparatus comprising the light source apparatus according to claim 1.",
-    "A coil assembly includes a bobbin and a coil wound around the bobbin. The bobbin includes a terminal configured to hold a winding start part or a winding finish part of the coil. The terminal includes a first holding part configured to hold a first part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, and a second holding part configured to hold a second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, the second part being apart from the first part. 1. A coil assembly comprising: a bobbin; and a coil wound around the bobbin; wherein: the bobbin comprises a terminal configured to hold a winding start part or a winding finish part of the coil, the terminal comprises: a first holding part configured to hold a first part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, and a second holding part configured to hold a second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, the second holding part being apart from the first holding part. 2. The coil assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first holding part comprises a pair of first projecting strip members projected from the bobbin, said pair of first projecting strip members each having a first clipping surface configured to clip the first part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, and wherein the second holding part comprises a pair of second projecting strip members projected from the bobbin, said pair of second projecting strip members each having a second clipping surface configured to clip the second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part. 3. The coil assembly according to claim 1, wherein the terminal further comprises a first wall and a second wall provided on the bobbin, said first and second walls being opposed to each other, wherein: one of the pair of first projecting strip members is formed inside the first wall, while the other one of the pair of first projecting strip members is formed inside the second wall, and one of the pair of second projecting strip members is formed inside the first wall, while the other one of the pair of second projecting strip members is formed inside the second wall. 4. The coil assembly according to claim 1, wherein the terminal further comprises a support part configured to support an intermediate part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, said intermediate part being formed between the first part and the second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part. 5. The coil assembly according to claim 4, wherein the support part is provided between the first holding part and the second holding part. 6. The coil assembly according to claim 1, wherein the terminal further comprises a stopper configured to prevent the winding start part or the winding finish part from being released from the first holding part or the second holding part. 7. The coil assembly according to claim 6, wherein the stopper is provided at least on one of the first holding part and the second holding part. 8. The coil assembly according to claim 6, wherein the stopper is displaceable between a first position at which the stopper does not prevent the winding start part or the winding finish part from being inserted into the first holding part or the second holding part, and a second position at which the stopper prevents the winding start part or the winding finish part from being released from the first holding part or the second holding part. 9. The coil assembly according to claim 8, further comprising an attachment configured to connect to an intermediate part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, said intermediate part being formed between the first and second parts of the winding start part or the winding finish part. 10. The coil assembly according to claim 9, wherein the attachment comprises a plate spring. 11. The coil assembly according to claim 10, wherein the intermediate part and the plate spring are connected by soldering or welding. 12. A method for manufacturing a coil assembly, the method comprising the steps of: holding a first part of a winding start part or a winding finish part of a coil to a first holding part of a terminal of a bobbin, and holding a second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part to a second holding part of the terminal, the second holding part being apart from the first holding part. 13. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein the step of holding the first part comprises clipping the first part of the winding start part or the winding finish part between first clipping surfaces, said first clipping surfaces being formed on a pair of first projecting strip members which are projected from the bobbin, and wherein the step of holding the second part comprises clipping the second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part between second clipping surfaces, said second clipping surfaces being formed on a pair of second projecting strip members which are projected from the bobbin. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the pair of first projecting strip members being provided inside a first wall and a second wall, wherein said first and second walls are provided on the bobbin and are opposed to each other, and wherein the pair of second projecting strip members being provided inside said first and second walls. 15. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising a step of supporting an intermediate part of the winding start part or the winding finish part on a support part, said support part being provided between the first holding part and the second holding part, the intermediate part being formed between the first part and the second part of the winding start part or the winding finish part. 16. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising a step of preventing the winding start part or the winding finish part from being released from the first holding part or the second holding part using a stopper, said stopper being provided at least on one of the first and second holding parts. 17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein the preventing step comprises a step of displacing the stopper from a first position at which the stopper does not prevent the winding start part or the winding finish part from being inserted into the first holding part or the second holding part, to a second position at which the stopper prevents the winding start part or the winding finish part from being released from the first holding part or the second holding part. 18. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising a step of connecting an attachment to an intermediate part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, said intermediate part being formed between the first and second parts of the winding start part or the winding finish part. 19. The method as recited in claim 12 further comprising a step of connecting a plate spring to an intermediate part of the winding start part or the winding finish part, said intermediate part being formed between the first part and second parts of the winding start part or the winding finish part. 20. The method as recited in claim 19, wherein the step of connecting the plate spring to the intermediate part comprises soldering or welding the plate spring to said intermediate part.",
-    "A heating device includes a heating device chamber, a heating element for heating air in the heating device chamber, and a condensing counter-flow heat exchanger including a first flow path that receives outgoing air from the heating device chamber and a second flow path for providing incoming air to the heating device chamber. The first flow path and the second flow path are configured in a counter-flow heat exchange relationship such that the outgoing air flows in a direction opposite the incoming air and the latent heat of evaporated water in the outgoing air is transferred to the incoming air thereby condensing liquid water from the outgoing air. 1. A method of operating a heating device, comprising: heating air in a heating device chamber; exhausting outgoing air from the heating device chamber via a first flow path through which the outgoing air flows in a first direction; supplying incoming air to the heating device chamber via a second flow path through which the incoming air flows in a second direction opposite to the first direction; and transferring the latent heat of evaporated water in the outgoing air in the first flow path to the incoming air in the second flow path thereby condensing liquid water from the outgoing air. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air before the incoming air enters the heating device chamber. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air upstream of the second flow path. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air downstream of the second flow path. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air in the second flow path. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the amount of heat transferred to the incoming air. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the temperature of the air in the heating device chamber. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the humidity of the air in the heating device chamber. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: fluidly connecting the first flow path to the second flow path via a recirculation flow path. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: recirculating at least a first portion of the outgoing air from the second flow path to the first flow path via the recirculation flow path for use as at least a portion of the incoming air. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: exhausting at least a second portion of the outgoing air from the heating device. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: varying the first portion of the outgoing air and the second portion of the outgoing air. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: varying the first portion of the outgoing air and the second portion of the outgoing air to control an exit state of the second portion of the outgoing air. 14. A method, comprising: heating air in a heating chamber; and transferring latent heat from outgoing air exiting the heating chamber to incoming air entering the heating chamber using a condensing counter-flow heat exchanger so that liquid water condenses from the outgoing air. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air before the incoming air enters the heating device chamber. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air upstream of the second flow path. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air downstream of the second flow path. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air in the second flow path. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the amount of heat transferred to the incoming air. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the temperature of the air in the heating device chamber. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the humidity of the air in the heating device chamber. 22. The method of claim 14, further comprising: fluidly connecting the first flow path to the second flow path via a recirculation flow path. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: recirculating at least a first portion of the outgoing air from the second flow path to the first flow path via the recirculation flow path for use as at least a portion of the incoming air. 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising: exhausting at least a second portion of the outgoing air from the heating device. 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising: varying the first portion of the outgoing air and the second portion of the outgoing air. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: varying the first portion of the outgoing air and the second portion of the outgoing air to control an exit state of the second portion of the outgoing air. 27. A method of operating a heating device, comprising: exhausting outgoing air from a heating device chamber via a first flow path through which the outgoing air flows; supplying incoming air to the heating device chamber via a second flow path through which the incoming air flows; and transferring the latent heat of evaporated water in the outgoing air in the first flow path to the incoming air in the second flow path thereby condensing liquid water from the outgoing air. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air before the incoming air enters the heating device chamber. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air upstream of the second flow path. 30. The method of claim 28, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air downstream of the second flow path. 31. The method of claim 28, further comprising: pre-heating the incoming air in the second flow path. 32. The method of claim 27, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the amount of heat transferred to the incoming air. 33. The method of claim 27, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the temperature of the air in the heating device chamber. 34. The method of claim 27, further comprising: controlling the flow of outgoing air to control the humidity of the air in the heating device chamber. 35. The method of claim 27, further comprising: fluidly connecting the first flow path to the second flow path via a recirculation flow path.",
-    "An embodiment of the invention provides a chip package which includes: a semiconductor substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a first recess extending from the first surface towards the second surface; a second recess extending from a bottom of the first recess towards the second surface, wherein a sidewall and the bottom of the first recess and a second sidewall and a second bottom of the second recess together form an exterior side surface of the semiconductor substrate; a wire layer disposed over the first surface and extending into the first recess and/or the second recess; an insulating layer positioned between the wire layer and the semiconductor substrate; and a metal light shielding layer disposed over the first surface and having at least one hole, wherein a shape of the at least one hole is a quadrangle. 1. A method for forming a chip package, comprising: providing at least one semiconductor substrate having a first surface and a second surface; removing a portion of the semiconductor substrate from the first surface to form a first recess and a second recess, wherein the first recess extends towards the second surface, and the second recess extends from a bottom of the first recess towards the second surface; forming an insulating layer over the first surface, wherein the insulating layer extends into the first recess and the second recess; forming a wire layer over the insulating layer, wherein the wire layer extends into the first recess and/or the second recess; forming a metal light shielding layer over the insulating layer, wherein the metal light shielding layer has at least one hole, and a shape of the at least one hole is a quadrangle; and performing a dicing process along at least one predetermined scribe line of the semiconductor substrate to form at least one chip package, wherein a sidewall and the bottom of the first recess and a second sidewall and a second bottom of the recess together form an exterior side surface of the semiconductor substrate after the dicing process. 2. The method for forming a chip package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal shielding layer and the wire layer are formed simultaneously. 3. The method for forming a chip package as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of forming the metal light shielding layer and the wire layer comprises: forming a metal layer over the insulating layer; and patterning the metal layer to form the metal light shielding layer and the wire layer. 4. The method for forming a chip package as claimed in claim 3, wherein the step of providing at least one semiconductor substrate comprises providing a plurality of semiconductor substrates, and the step of patterning the metal layer to form the metal light shielding layer and the wire layer comprises: providing a container; disposing an etching liquid into the container; and disposing the semiconductor substrate into the etching liquid to etch and remove a portion of the metal layer to form the metal light shielding layer and the wire layer. 5. The method for forming a chip package as claimed in claim 4, wherein the metal light shielding layer, the at least one hole of the metal light shielding layer, and the wire layer are formed simultaneously.",
-    "A method and system for performing biomechanical diagnosis of eye disease may include a Brillouin light source to generate a Brillouin sample beam, and a second harmonic generation (SHG) light source to generate an SHG sample beam. Both the Brillouin sample beam and the SHG sample beam may be coincidentally directed to a biological tissue sample in a confocal manner to a focus position. Brillouin scattering resulting from the Brillouin sample beam may be detected to determine an elastomechanical property and a viscoelastic property of the sample. SHG scattering resulting from the SHG sample beam may be detected to determine an indication of a morphological structure of the sample. The sample may be an in vivo human cornea. 1. A method for performing biomechanical diagnosis of eye disease, comprising: generating a first sample beam and a second sample beam sharing an optical start point; propagating the first sample beam and the second sample beam to a biological tissue sample in a confocal manner to a focus position at the biological tissue sample; detecting, using a Brillouin scattering detector, a first signal beam comprising first photons backscattered by the first sample beam from the focus position; and detecting detecting, using a second harmonic generation (SHG) detector, a second signal beam comprising second photons backscattered by the second sample beam from the focus position. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein propagating the first sample beam and the second sample beam to the sample in the confocal manner includes propagating the first sample beam and the second sample beam along a common optical path. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first sample beam is generated using a narrow band continuous wave laser; the second sample beam is generated using a femtosecond-fiber laser; the Brillouin scattering detector includes a spectrometer; and the SHG detector includes a photocathode sensitive to the second signal beam. 4. The method of claims 1, wherein the first signal beam includes Rayleigh scattered photons and Brillouin scattered photons from the focus position, and the second signal beam includes photons at a half-wavelength of a wavelength of the second sample beam. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological tissue sample is in vivo biological tissue comprising a portion of a human eye. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, from the first signal beam, an elastomechanical property of the biological tissue sample at the focus position; determining, from the first signal beam, a viscoelastic property of the biological tissue sample at the focus position; and determining, from the second signal beam, an indication of a morphological structure of the biological tissue sample at the focus position. 7. The method of claims 1, wherein propagating the first sample beam and the second sample beam to the sample in the confocal manner includes: varying an axial position of the focus position within the biological tissue sample along a first axis parallel to the first sample beam and the second sample beam. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein propagating the first sample beam and the second sample beam to the sample in the confocal manner includes: varying a lateral position of the focus position within the biological tissue sample along at least one of a second axis and a third axis that are perpendicular to the first axis. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein propagating the first sample beam and the second sample beam to the sample in the confocal manner includes: scanning the biological tissue sample to generate image data using the second signal beam, wherein both the first sample beam and the second sample beam are directed to different common positions at the biological tissue sample, wherein the scanning comprises varying at least one of the axial position of the focus position and the lateral position of the focus position. 10. An optical instrument for performing biomechanical diagnosis of eye disease, comprising: a first light source to generate a first sample beam; a second light source to generate a second sample beam; a first partial mirror to superimpose the first sample beam and the second sample beam to generate a combined sample beam; a Brillouin scattering detector including a spectrometer to receive a first signal beam comprising first photons backscattered by the first sample beam from a focus position at a biological tissue sample; and a second harmonic generation (SHG) detector including a photocathode sensitive to a second signal beam comprising second photons backscattered by the second sample beam from the focus position. 11. The optical instrument of claim 10, further comprising a second partial mirror to: propagate the combined sample beam to the focus position in a confocal manner; and propagate a combined signal beam comprising the first signal beam and the second signal beam from the focus position in a confocal manner. 12. The optical instrument of claim 10, further comprising: a focusing element to vary an axial position of the focus position at the biological tissue sample in a confocal manner along a first axis parallel to the combined sample beam. 13. The optical instrument of claim 12, further comprising: a scanning element to vary a lateral position of the focus position at the biological tissue sample in a confocal manner along at least one of a second axis and a third axis that are perpendicular to the first axis. 14. The optical instrument of claim 13, wherein at least one of the focusing element and the scanning element are to: scan the biological tissue sample to generate image data using the second signal beam, wherein both the first sample beam and the second sample beam are directed to different common positions at the biological tissue sample, including varying at least one of the axial position of the focus position and the lateral position of the focus position. 15. The optical instrument of claim 10, wherein: the first light source comprises a narrow band continuous wave laser; the second light source comprises a femtosecond-fiber laser; the Brillouin scattering detector includes a spectrometer; and the SHG detector includes a photocathode sensitive to the second signal beam. 16. The optical instrument of claim 10, wherein the first signal beam includes Rayleigh scattered photons and Brillouin scattered photons from the focus position, and the second signal beam includes photons at a half-wavelength of a wavelength of the second sample beam. 17. The optical instrument of claim 10, wherein the biological tissue sample is in vivo biological tissue comprising a portion of a human eye. 18. The optical instrument of claim 10, wherein: the Brillouin scattering detector is to: determine, from the first signal beam, an elastomechanical property of the biological tissue at the focus position; and determine, from the first signal beam, a viscoelastic property of the biological tissue at the focus position; and the SHG detector is to determine, from the second signal beam, an indication of a morphological structure of the biological tissue sample at the focus position.",
-    "In various example embodiments, a system and method for simulating touch in a virtual environment is disclosed. In one example embodiment, a method includes receiving an indicator of a touch in a virtual environment, the indicator including a physical touch location and a texture of the touch, generating one or more commands that simulate the texture of the touch at the physical touch location by stimulating one or more micro-touch simulators in an array of micro-touch simulators according to the texture of the touch at the physical touch location, and executing the one or more commands at the physical touch interface to simulate the touch at the physical touch location for the user. 1. A system comprising: an array of micro-touch simulators configured in an article of apparel, respective micro-touch simulators being movable to contact the skin of a user that is wearing the article; a virtual module to receive an indicator of a virtual touch in a virtual environment, the indicator indicating a physical touch location on the article of apparel and a texture of the physical touch; a command module to generate a command that simulates the texture of the physical touch at the physical touch location by applying respective electric fields to a plurality of micro-touch simulators causing a plurality of the micro-touch simulators to touch the user according to the texture; an execution module to execute the command causing the plurality of micro-touch simulators to touch the user according to the texture. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the indicator further includes a force of the touch, the command to stimulate the micro-touch simulators according to the force. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the micro-touch simulators comprise charged micro-spheres, the array further comprising insulators between the micro-spheres allowing the system to effectuate each micro-sphere independently. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the location indicates a part of the body of the user and the physical touch location comprises two touches at different sides of the part of the body of the user to simulate a pinching experience at the physical touch location. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the touch moves from the physical touch location to another location, the one or more commands to stimulate a sequence of portions of the array of micro-touch simulators to simulate the dynamic touch via the physical touch interface. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise interrupting execution of the one or more commands in response to the system determining that a user movement disengaged the touch in the virtual environment. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the touch comprises the user donning an article of clothing, the one or more commands simulating a texture of the clothing, the location of the touch comprising one or more locations where the article of clothing touches the user in the virtual environment. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the touch comprises the user touching a virtual item representing a physical item that is available for purchase. 9. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving an indicator of a touch in a virtual environment, the indicator including a physical touch location and a texture of the touch; generating one or more commands that simulate the texture of the touch at the physical touch location by stimulating one or more micro-touch simulators in an array of micro-touch simulators according to the texture of the touch at the physical touch location, the micro-touch simulators operating as part of a physical touch interface for a user of the virtual environment; executing the one or more commands at the physical touch interface to simulate the touch at the physical touch location for the user. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the indicator further includes a magnitude of the touch, the one or more commands to simulate the touch magnitude. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the micro-touch simulators are magnetic cylinders, the one or more commands simulating the virtual texture of the touch by applying a magnetic field to the respective magnetic cylinders causing the magnetic cylinders to touch the user. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the physical touch interface for the user comprises a body suit that includes the micro-touch simulators. 13. The method of claim 9, further the array further comprises insulators between the micro-touch simulators allowing independent activation of each of the micro-touch simulators. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the physical location indicates a part of the body of the user and the physical touch location includes an area of the array of micro-touch simulators that is around the part of the body of the user to simulate a grabbing experience at the physical touch location. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the touch comprises a dynamic touch, the one or more commands to stimulate a sequence of portions of the array of micro-touch simulators to simulate the dynamic touch via the physical touch interface. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising interrupting execution of the one or more commands in response to a user movement that disengages the touch in the virtual environment. 17. A machine-readable medium having no transitory signals and storing executable instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor of a machine, cause the machine to perform operations comprising: receiving an indicator of a touch in a virtual environment, the indicator including a physical touch location and a texture of the touch; generating one or more commands that simulate the texture of the touch at the physical touch location by stimulating one or more micro-touch simulators in an array of micro-touch simulators at the physical touch location, the micro-touch simulators operating as part of a physical touch interface for a user of the virtual environment; executing the one or more commands at the physical touch interface to simulate the touch at the physical touch location for the user. 18. The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the physical touch location comprises an area in the array of micro-touch simulators; and the method further comprises varying respective magnetic field magnitudes for the micro-touch simulators located within the area according to a force of the physical touch. 19. The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the touch comprises a dynamic touch, the one or more commands to stimulate a sequence of portions of the array of micro-touch simulators to simulate the dynamic touch via the physical touch interface. 20. The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the micro-touch simulators are charged microspheres, the one or more commands simulating the virtual texture of the touch by applying respective electric fields to the respective charged microspheres causing the microspheres to touch the user.",
-    "A rack assembly has two support frames and at least one shelf that are secured to the support frames by connecting assemblies. Each connecting assembly comprises a well secured to a medial surface of each vertical tube of the support frame, and a hook that extends from each end of each shelf, with each hook having an opening extending therethrough. The connecting assembly also includes a connector that is seated inside each well, each connector having a top plate that has an elongated opening, the connector also having a body that is sized and configured to fit inside a well, the body defining two wings with a space between the wings, and wherein each wing has a bump positioned in the center of the inner surface of each wing that faces the space. Each hook is inserted through the elongated opening of a corresponding connector with the bump on each wing fitted inside the opening of the hook to retain the hook inside the body of the connector. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A rack assembly, comprising two support frames, each support frame comprising two identical vertical tubes and at least one horizontal tube for connecting the two vertical tubes, and at least one shelf positioned between the two support frames and coupled to the support frames by at least one connecting assembly, wherein each connecting assembly comprises: a well secured to a medial surface of each vertical tube; a hook that extends from each end of each shelf; and a connector that is seated inside each well, each connector having a top plate that has an elongated opening, the connector also having a body that is sized and configured to fit inside a well; and wherein each hook is inserted through the elongated opening of a corresponding connector. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the hook includes a first coupling mechanism, and the body includes a second coupling mechanism, with the first coupling mechanism engaging the second coupling mechanism when the hook is inserted through the elongated opening of a corresponding connector. 10. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the body defines two wings with a space between the wings, with the hook seated inside the space. 11. The assembly of claim 10, wherein each wing has a bump positioned in the center of the inner surface of each wing that faces the space. 12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein each hook has an opening, and the bump on each wing is fitted inside the opening of the hook when the hook is inserted through the elongated opening of a corresponding connector. 13. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the body extends below the top plate in a recessed manner such that a flange is defined between the walls of the body and outer edges of the top plate. 14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the top plate is sized and configured so that the flange sits on the top of top edges of the well. 15. The assembly of claim 10, wherein the space is a V-shaped space. 16. The assembly of claim 12, wherein each wing has a U-shaped flap cut therefrom, and the bump is positioned in the center of the inner surface of each flap that faces the V-shaped space. 17. The assembly of claim 10, wherein a lip extends along the bottom edge of each wing, with each wing resiliently biased against an inner wall of the well.",
-    "Disclosed herein are systems and methods involving the use of magnetic resonance imaging and optogenetic neural stimulation. Aspects of the disclosure include modifying a target neural cell population in a first region of a brain to express light-responsive molecules. Using a light pulse, the light-responsive molecules in the target neural cell population are stimulated. Multiple regions of the brain are scanned via magnetic resonance imaging. The scans allow for observation of a neural reaction in response to the stimulation in at least one of the multiple regions of the brain. 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A method comprising: modifying a target neural cell population in a first region of a brain to express a light-responsive opsin polypeptide; stimulating, using a light pulse, a second region of the brain; scanning multiple regions of the brain via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe a neural reaction in response to the stimulation in the second region of the brain; and determining whether neural projections in the second region of the brain are connected to at least some of the modified target cell population in the first region of the brain. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining whether neural projections in the first region of the brain are connected to neural cells in the second region of the brain. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the stimulating is performed at a first light pulse rate and a second light pulse rate. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the results of the first stimulation and the second stimulation are combined, and the method comprises providing a functional map of the brain including at least the results of the first stimulation and the second stimulation. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the first region of the brain is in the motor cortex. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the second region of the brain is in the thalamus. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the observed neural reactions are used to determine a treatment plan for a disease affecting at least one of the first or second regions of the brain. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: introducing a drug into the brain, and repeating the steps of stimulating the second region of the brain, and scanning multiple regions of the brain; and determining the effectiveness of the drug based on a comparison of the observed neural reactions in the scan before the introduction of the drug and the observed neural reactions in the scan after the introduction of the drug. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein said fMRI depicts a blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal response, and wherein the method further comprises inferring a relationship between the BOLD response and the neural cell stimulation. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the light-responsive opsin polypeptide is a channelrhodopsin. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the light-responsive opsin polypeptide is a ChR2 or a VChR1 channelrhodopsin. 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the light-responsive opsin polypeptide is an NpHR ion pump. 23. The method of claim 11, wherein the light-responsive opsin polypeptide is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is operably linked to a neuron-specific promoter. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the neuron-specific promoter is a CaMKII\u03b1 promoter.",
-    "Mixed mode imaging is implemented using a single-chip image capture sensor with a color filter array. The single-chip image capture sensor captures a frame including a first set of pixel data and a second set of pixel data. The first set of pixel data includes a first combined scene, and the second set of pixel data includes a second combined scene. The first combined scene is a first weighted combination of a fluorescence scene component and a visible scene component due to the leakage of a color filter array. The second combined scene includes a second weighted combination of the fluorescence scene component and the visible scene component. Two display scene components are extracted from the captured pixel data in the frame and presented on a display unit. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A surgical system comprising a display image controller connected to a display unit; the display image controller comprising a demosaic module, a scene component generator connected to the demosaic module, and a display color component generator connected to the scene component generator; the demosaic module having a first input, a second input, a first output and a second output, the first input configured to receive a first set of pixel data, and the second input configured to receive a second set of pixel data, the first set of pixel data and the second set of pixel data being based on a frame of pixel data captured by a single-chip image capture sensor with a color filter array, the first set of pixel data being a first combined scene including a fluorescence scene component, and the second set of pixel data comprises a second combined scene being a combination of a visible color component scene and the fluorescence scene component; the first output configured to output a third set of pixel data of the first combined scene; the second output configured to output a fourth set of pixel data of the second combined scene; a scene component generator having a first input, a second input, a first output and a second output; the first input of the scene component generator being connected to the first output of the demosaic module to receive the third set of pixel data of the first combined scene; the second input of the scene component generator being connected to the second output of the demosaic module to receive a fourth set of pixel data of the second combined scene; the first output being configure to output a display visible scene component extracted using the third set of pixel data of the first combined scene and the fourth set of pixel data of the second combined scene; the second output being configured to output a display fluorescence scene component extracted using the third set of pixel data of the first combined scene and the fourth set of pixel data of the second combined scene; the display color component generator having a first input, a second input, and a plurality of outputs; the first input of the display color component generator scene component generator being connected to the first output of the scene component generator to receive the display visible scene component; the second input of the display color component generator scene component generator being connected to the second output of the scene component generator to receive the display fluorescence scene component; each of the plurality of outputs of the display color component generator being configured to output a different weighted combination of the display fluorescence scene component and the display visible scene component; and the display unit having a plurality of inputs, each of the plurality of inputs being connected to a different one of the plurality of outputs of the display color component generator to receive the weighted combination of the display fluorescence scene component and the display visible scene component from the one of the plurality of outputs of the display component generator, the display unit being configured to generate from the received weighted combinations a displayed scene including a highlighted scene component and a reduced color scene component, wherein the highlighted scene component represents the fluorescence scene component. 18. The surgical system of claim 17, wherein the display visible scene component comprises a linear weighted combination of a first plurality of image pixel data obtained from the third set of pixel data and a second plurality of image pixel data obtained from the fourth set of pixel data. 19. The surgical system of claim 17, wherein the display fluorescence scene component comprises a linear weighted combination of a first plurality of image pixel data obtained from the third set pixel data and a second plurality of image pixel data obtained from the fourth set of pixel data. 20. The surgical system of claim 17, further comprising: an illuminator configured to provide at least two illumination components: wherein one of the illumination components is a fluorescence excitation illumination component; wherein other illumination components include less than all visible color components of white light; and wherein the at least two illumination components are provided at the same time. 21. The surgical system of claim 17, wherein the visible color component scene is captured as green color pixels in the single-chip image capture sensor. 22. The surgical system of claim 17, further comprising an image capture unit including the single-chip image capture sensor with the color filter array, 23. The surgical system of claim 22, wherein the color filter array is a Bayer pattern color filter array.",
-    "A semiconductor device and a fabrication method thereof are provided. The semiconductor device includes a P type well region and an N type well region formed in a substrate, a gate insulating layer having a non-uniform thickness and formed on the P type well region and the N type well region, a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating layer, a P type well pick-up region formed in the P type well region, and a field relief oxide layer formed in the N type well region between the gate electrode and the drain region. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a P type well region and an N type well region formed in a substrate; a gate insulating layer having a non-uniform thickness and formed on the P type well region and the N type well region; a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating layer; a P type well pick-up region formed in the P type well region; and a field relief oxide layer formed in the N type well region between the gate electrode and the drain region. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate insulating layer on the P type well region has areas of two or more different thicknesses. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the gate insulating layer on the N type well region has a uniform thickness. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate insulating layer on the N type well region has areas of two or more different thicknesses. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the gate insulating layer on the P type well region has a uniform thickness. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a portion of the gate insulating layer on the N type well region has a first thickness and a portion of the gate insulating layer on the P type well region has a second thickness smaller than the first thickness. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein an interface between the portion of the gate insulating layer having the first thickness and the portion of the gate insulating layer having the second thickness is disposed on the P type well. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein an interface between the portion of the gate insulating layer having the first thickness and the portion of the gate insulating layer having the second thickness is disposed on the N type well. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a source region formed in the P type well region; and a drain region formed in the N type well region. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 6, further comprising a PN junction region at an interface between the P type well region and the N type well region. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein an interface between the portion of the gate insulating layer having the first thickness and the portion of the gate insulating layer having the second thickness is disposed on the PN junction. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a low concentration N type doping region in the P type well region. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the field relief oxide layer overlaps one of spacers formed on sidewalls of the gate electrode and the gate electrode. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate insulating layer includes: a first gate insulating layer formed on one portion of the P type well region and the N type well region; and a second gate insulating layer formed on the other portion of the P type well region and having a smaller thickness than the first gate insulating layer. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the P type well region and the N type well region include a retrograde well. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate insulating layer includes a silicon oxynitride layer. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor device includes a lateral double diffused metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (LDMOS).",
-    "A network of nodes transports a plurality of flows from central nodes to a plurality of display sessions executing processes that operate under the control of one or more central operating systems. A plurality of isolated virtual nodes comprises 1) a plurality of virtual graphics nodes that concurrently process graphics flows used in the plurality of display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes and 2) a plurality of virtual switches that switch the concurrently processed graphic flows from the virtual graphics nodes to the plurality of remote zero client nodes. Two or more graphic flows are used simultaneously in two or more display sessions at a single remote zero client node that executes a separating operating system for separating the two or more display sessions from each other based on a a separation policy for the two or more graphics flows. 1. A network of nodes configured to transport a plurality of flows from one or more central nodes to a plurality of display sessions executed in a plurality of remote zero client nodes, comprising: a plurality of central processing units in the one or more central nodes configured to execute a plurality of processes that operate under the control of one or more central operating systems; and a plurality of virtual nodes in the one or more central nodes that are isolated from each other by hardware simulation, said plurality of virtual nodes comprising 1) a plurality of virtual graphics nodes configured to concurrently process graphics flows used in the plurality of display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes and 2) a plurality of virtual switches that switch the concurrently processed graphic flows from the plurality of virtual graphics nodes to the plurality of remote zero client nodes, wherein a virtual node is isolated by isolating a virtual graphic node and virtual switch in a corresponding virtual node from another virtual graphic node and virtual switch in another corresponding virtual node; and a plurality of sender and receiver nodes configured to transport two or more graphic flows over the network that are used simultaneously in two or more display sessions at a single remote zero client node, which executes a separating operating system for separating the two or more display sessions from each other based on a separation configuration that implements a separation policy for the two or more graphics flows. 2. The network of claim 1, wherein a virtual node hosts a desktop operating system allowing the single remote zero client device to access an application. 3. The network of claim 1, wherein the plurality of virtual nodes further comprise a plurality of virtual audio nodes configured to concurrently process audio flows used in the plurality of display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes. 4. The network of claim 1, wherein the plurality of virtual nodes further comprising a plurality virtual network interface cards coupled to the plurality of virtual switches. 5. The network of claim 1, wherein the two or more graphic flows are displayed according to a remote desktop protocol comprising at least one of RemoteFX, PCoIP or HDX. 6. The network of claim 1, further comprising a virtual infrastructure client configured to interface with the single remote zero client node. 7. The network of claim 1, wherein each virtual graphics node executes a virtual graphics application to generate a graphic flow, said virtual graphics application comprising at least one of Silverlight, Flash, Windows Aero. 8. The network of claim 1, wherein each virtual graphics node executes a virtual graphics application to generate a graphic flow, said virtual graphics application comprising an interactive application. 9. The network of claim 1, wherein the one or more central operating systems comprise a plurality of separating operating systems, each controlling one of the plurality of virtual nodes. 10. The network of claim 1, wherein network comprises an overlay network of overlay processes executing on overlay nodes connected to each other by links in a computer network that is built on top of an underlying network of nodes. 11. A system that transports a plurality of flows, comprising one or more central nodes having a plurality of central processing units configured to execute a plurality of processes that operate under the control of one or more central operating systems; and a plurality of virtual nodes in the one or more central nodes, wherein each virtual node is configured to execute processes that isolate said plurality of virtual nodes from each other based on hardware simulation of 1) a plurality of virtual graphics nodes that concurrently process graphics flows used in a plurality of the display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes and 2) a plurality of virtual switches that switch packets associated with the concurrently processed graphic flows; and a plurality of sender and receiver nodes configured to transport two or more graphic flows that are used simultaneously in two or more display sessions at a single remote zero client node; and a plurality of zero client nodes that are remote to the one or more central nodes, wherein each zero client node executes a separating operating system for separating the two or more display sessions from each other based on a separation configuration that implements a separation policy for the two or more graphics flows. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of virtual nodes further comprise a plurality of virtual audio nodes configured to concurrently process audio flows used in the plurality of display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the two or more graphic flows comprise video flows delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions at the single remote zero client node along with an audio flow delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the two or more graphic flows comprise graphical user interfaces delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions at the single remote zero client node. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the two or more graphic flows comprise video flows delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions at the single remote zero client node. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the one or more central nodes and the single remote zero client node comprise overlay nodes. 17. A method for transporting a plurality of flows comprising the steps of: executing a plurality of processes that operate under the control of one or more central operating systems in one or more central nodes; and executing a plurality of virtual nodes in the one or more central nodes, wherein each virtual node is configured to execute processes that isolate said plurality of virtual nodes from each other based on hardware simulation of 1) a plurality of virtual graphics nodes that concurrently process graphics flows used in a plurality of the display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes and 2) a plurality of virtual switches that switch packets associated with the concurrently processed graphic flows; and transporting two or more graphic flows that are used simultaneously in two or more display sessions at a plurality of zero client nodes that are remote to the one or more central nodes, wherein each zero client node executes a separating operating system for separating the two or more display sessions from each other based on a separation configuration that implements a separation policy for the two or more graphics flows. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the step of executing a plurality of virtual audio nodes configured to concurrently process audio flows used in the plurality of display sessions at the plurality of remote zero client nodes. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the two or more graphic flows comprise video flows delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions at the single remote zero client node along with an audio flow delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the two or more graphic flows comprise graphical user interfaces delivered to each one of the two or more display sessions at the single remote zero client node.",
-    "An apparatus for presenting a number of packs for flow wrapping; where each pack has a lower region, an upper region and an edge region; said edge region being provided between said lower and upper regions; said apparatus displacing a number of packs from a first location where the packs are self-standing on their lower region to a second location where the packs are on edge to form a substantially horizontal stack; wherein said apparatus comprises a first conveyor and a second conveyor; both of said conveyors having a number of individually displaceable hands; wherein the hands of said first conveyor displace packs from a first location where the packs are self-standing on their lower region to a second location where the packs are on edge; and at least one of said hands of said second conveyor cooperates with at least one of said hands of said first conveyor to hold packs on their edge to form a substantially horizontal stack; and a pair of individually displaceable hands of said second conveyor being configured to hold at the forward and rearward most portions of said formed substantially horizontal stack and displace said stack towards a flow wrapping station. 1. An apparatus for presenting a number of packs for flow wrapping, where each pack has a lower region, an upper region and an edge region, said edge region being provided between said lower and upper regions, said apparatus displacing a number of packs from a first location where the packs are self-standing on their lower region to a second location where the packs are on edge to form a substantially horizontal stack; said apparatus comprising: a first conveyor and a second conveyor, both of said conveyors having a number of individually displaceable hands; wherein the hands of said first conveyor displace packs from a first location where the packs are self-standing on their lower region to a second location where the packs are on edge, and at least one of said hands of said second conveyor cooperates with at least one of said hands of said first conveyor to hold packs on their edge to form a substantially horizontal stack; and a pair of individually displaceable hands of said second conveyor being configured to hold at the forward and rearward most portions of said formed substantially horizontal stack and displace said stack towards a flow wrapping station. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first and second conveyors are endless conveyors. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the packs are displaced along a pathway, said first conveyor being provided on a first side of the pathway and said second conveyor being provided on a second side of the pathway. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the packs are displaced along a pathway, said first conveyor being located underneath said pathway and said second conveyor being located above said pathway. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said first conveyor is provided immediately before said second conveyor. 6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said second conveyor is provided above a further conveyor, the substantially horizontal stack being carried on said further conveyor prior to entry into a flow wrapper. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first conveyor comprises individually displaceable hands which are L-shaped. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said L-shaped hands incorporate an upper portion and a lower portion, the upper portion being in a substantially upright position when employed for holding a substantially horizontal stack of packs, said lower portion extending substantially perpendicular to said upper portion, said upper and lower portion collaborating for holding the substantially horizontal stack at least at the rear of the stack. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said upper portion incorporates at least two finger portions separated by a gap. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the individually displaceable hands of said second conveyor incorporate one or more fingers which are shaped and configured to pass, in use, through the gap between the fingers of the hands of said first conveyor. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising means for varying the distance between hands dependent upon a predetermined number or the property of packs in a stack. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising means for displacing said hands only when a predetermined number of packs have been stacked. 13. A method of presenting a number of packs for flow wrapping, where each pack has a lower region, an upper region and an edge region, said edge region being provided between said lower and upper regions, the method comprising the steps of: providing a first conveyor and a second conveyor, both of which having a number of individually displaceable hands; displacing the hands of a first conveyor from a first location where the packs are self-standing on their lower region to a second location where the packs are on edge; holding packs on their edge by cooperation of at least one hand of said first conveyor with at least one hand of said second conveyor to form a substantially horizontal stack; displacing a pair of hands of said second conveyor to hold said formed substantially horizontal stack at the forward and rearward most portions of said substantially horizontal stack; and presenting said substantially horizontal stack to a flow wrapping station. 14. The method according to claim 13, comprising the step of displacing said packs along a pathway with said first conveyor being provided on a first side of the pathway and said second conveyor being provided on a second side of the pathway. 15. The method according to claim 13, comprising the step of displacing said packs along a pathway with said first conveyor being located underneath said pathway and said second conveyor being located above said pathway. 16. The method according to claim 15, comprising the further step of providing said second conveyor above a further conveyor on which the substantially horizontal stack is carried prior to entry into a flow wrapper. 17. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the steps of providing individually displaceable hands which are L-shaped. 18. The method according to claim 17, comprising the step of providing L-shaped hands with an upper portion and a lower portion, the upper portion being in a substantially upright position when employed for holding a substantially horizontal stack of packs, said lower portion extending substantially perpendicular to said upper portion, said upper and lower portion collaborating for holding the substantially horizontal stack at least at the rear of the stack. 19. The method according to claim 18, comprising the step of providing said upper portion of said L-shaped hands with at least two finger portions separated by a gap. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising the step of providing the individually displaceable hands of said second conveyor with one or more fingers which are shaped and configured to pass, in use, through the gap between the fingers of the hands of said first conveyor. 21. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step of varying the distance between hands dependent upon a predetermined number of packs in a stack. 22. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step of displacing said hands only when a predetermined number of packs have been stacked.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a roll of adhesive labels. The method includes the step of providing a plurality of adhesive labels fixed to a backing sheet. A predetermined number of labels are removed from the backing sheet to thereby form a leading edge of the sheet that only includes the backing sheet and no labels. The leading edge includes no labels to thereby facilitate mounting the sheet of carrier material on a printing or applicator machine. 1. A roll of adhesive labels packaged for shipping to an end user, wherein the roll includes a plurality of labels positioned on a rolled sheet of carrier material and wherein the leading edge of the sheet of carrier material includes a portion of sufficient size to hold a plurality of labels, wherein the portion includes no labels to thereby facilitate mounting the sheet of carrier material on a printing or applicator machine. 2. The roll of claim 1, wherein the carrier material is positioned so that the labels face inwardly toward a center of the roll. 3. The roll of claim 1, wherein the carrier material is positioned so that the labels face outwardly away from a center of the roll. 4. A method of manufacturing a roll of adhesive labels comprising the steps of: providing a plurality of adhesive labels fixed to a backing sheet; removing a predetermined number of labels from the backing sheet to thereby form a leading edge of the sheet that only includes the backing sheet and no labels. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the removing step includes using a vacuum device that creates a low pressure region on the opposite side of the label from the backing sheet to thereby separate the label from the backing sheet. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of removing labels is controlled by monitoring the position of the backing sheet so that the length of the leading edge can determined. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising the steps of: providing a sheet of label material mounted on the backing sheet; and cutting the label material into individual labels. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the portion of the label material not forming the individual labels is removed from the backing sheet in order to provide the plurality of labels fixed to the backing sheet. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the removing step includes using a drum wherein the interior of the drum is at a partial vacuum and the drum includes opening to thereby create a suction force used to remove the labels from the backing sheet in order to form the leading edge of the sheet. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the removing step includes an accumulator positioned to collect the removed labels from the drum. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the drum rotates so that the adhesive side of the label contacts the accumulator and the label is thereby transferred sequentially from the backing sheet to the drum to the accumulator.",
-    "An adjuster track assembly for a vehicle seat includes an upper rail configured to be fastened to the vehicle seat and displaceable in a longitudinal direction, a stationary lower rail, a linear guide provided in the longitudinal direction between the upper rail and the lower rail which includes a bearing element for longitudinal guidance and support of the upper rail. The bearing element includes bearing cages with rollers accommodated within roller pockets having retention areas for guiding said rollers both in the longitudinal direction and the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, and absorption areas for receiving or eliminating wear debris or abrasions. 1. An adjuster track assembly for a vehicle seat, the adjuster track comprising: an upper rail that is configured to be fastened to the vehicle seat and is displaceable in a longitudinal direction; a stationary lower rail; a linear guide provided in the longitudinal direction between the upper rail and the lower rail, the linear guide including a bearing element for longitudinal guidance and support of the upper rail; said bearing element comprising a bearing cage with roller pockets and rollers accommodated therein; said roller pockets having retention areas for guiding said rollers both in the longitudinal direction and in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, and absorption areas for receiving or eliminating wear debris or abrasions, wherein said absorption areas comprise recesses at at least one front face of said rollers perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The adjuster track assembly of claim 1, wherein said recesses are semi-circular in a cross-car direction with an open side facing toward the lower rail. 5. An adjuster track assembly for a vehicle seat comprising: an upper rail that is configured to be fastened to the vehicle seat and is displaceable in a longitudinal direction; a stationary lower rail; a linear guide provided in the longitudinal direction between the upper rail and the lower rail, the linear guide including a bearing element for longitudinal guidance and support of the upper rail; said bearing element comprising a bearing cage with roller pockets and rollers accommodated therein; said roller pockets having retention areas for guiding said rollers both in the longitudinal direction and in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, and absorption areas for receiving or eliminating wear debris or abrasions, wherein said absorption areas comprise cavities adjacent the lower roller portions facing toward the lower rail. 6. An adjuster track assembly for a vehicle seat comprising: an upper rail that is configured to be fastened to the vehicle seat and is displaceable in a longitudinal direction; a stationary lower rail; a linear guide provided in the longitudinal direction between the upper rail and the lower rail, the linear guide including a bearing element for longitudinal guidance and support of the upper rail; said bearing element comprising a bearing cage with roller pockets and rollers accommodated therein; said roller pockets having retention areas for guiding said rollers both in the longitudinal direction and in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, and absorption areas for receiving or eliminating wear debris or abrasions, wherein said bearing cage has an L-shaped cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction with a carrier leg comprising a plurality of recesses in longitudinal direction, several of said recesses being adapted to receive said rollers, and a guidance leg for guiding said upper rail in said lower rail. 7. The adjuster track assembly of claim 1, wherein said bearing cage comprises plastic material. 8. The adjuster track assembly of claim 1, wherein said bearing cage comprises aluminium or an aluminium alloy. 9. The adjuster track assembly of claim 1, wherein said recesses are semi-circular in a cross-car direction with an open side facing toward the lower rail.",
-    "In one aspect, the present disclosure involves a re-aeration device and re-aeration method for constructed wetland. In one aspect, the re-aeration device comprises a re-aeration pipe and a windmill. The re-aeration pipe has a tubular structure with openings at both ends; one end inserts into the wetland substrate, and the other end connects with the windmill for receiving and accelerating air flow. The re-aeration pipe may also contain several telescoped or parallel arranged pipes with openings at both ends as well as with different pipe diameters and lengths, which connect with the windmill to form the re-aeration device. The present disclosure also provides a method of re-aeration for constructed wetlands by using the above-mentioned device. The re-aeration device provided herein has features of being simple in structure, environment friendly, and low-cost. In one aspect, the re-aeration method is characterized as simple, practicable, energy-efficient, environment friendly, low-cost, widely applicable, and having good effect and high performance on re-aeration. 1. A re-aeration device for a wetland, comprising a re-aeration pipe and a windmill, wherein: said re-aeration pipe comprises a tubular structure comprising an opening at both ends, one end being an inserting end for inserting into a substrate of the wetland and transporting air through the re-aeration pipe to the substrate, and the other end being a free end for receiving the air; and said windmill comprises a plurality of fan blades configured to rotate and change air flow direction. 2. The re-aeration device of claim 1, further comprising an interactional link component between the free end and the windmill for fixing the windmill on the free end of the re-aeration pipe, wherein the link component facilitates the windmill to draw air into the re-aeration pipe. 3. The re-aeration device of claim 2, wherein the free end receives air from the atmosphere. 4. The re-aeration device of claim 3, wherein the windmill is driven by natural wind. 5. The re-aeration device of claim 2, wherein the link component comprises a holder welded onto the free end of the re-aeration pipes and a vertical shaft connecting the windmill with the holder. 6. The re-aeration device of claim 1, wherein the re-aeration pipe comprises one or more inner pipes. 7. The re-aeration device of claim 6, wherein one end of each inner pipe is a free end, and the other end of the inner pipe is an inserting end. 8. The re-aeration device of claim 6, wherein the outermost re-aeration pipe and the one or more inner pipes have different lengths for inserting into the substrate at different depths, such that air entering each pipe is transported to different depths of the wetland substrate. 9. The re-aeration device of claim 6, wherein the one or more inner pipes are arranged in parallel. 10. The re-aeration device of claim 6, wherein the outermost re-aeration pipe and the one or more inner pipes are coaxially telescoped and space is provided between the adjacently telescoped pipes for air flow. 11. The re-aeration device of claim 10, wherein the lengths of the inner pipes increase successively from the outermost inner pipe to the innermost inner pipe. 12. The re-aeration device of claim 10, wherein the re-aeration pipe is manufactured by an unibody process. 13. The re-aeration device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a plurality of windmills. 14. The re-aeration device of claim 5, wherein the re-aeration pipe comprises one or more inner pipes, one end of each inner pipe is a free end, and the other end of each inner pipe is an inserting end. 15. The re-aeration device of claim 14, wherein the outermost re-aeration pipe and the one or more inner pipes have different lengths for inserting into the substrate at different depths, such that air entering each pipe is transported to different depths of the wetland substrate. 16. The re-aeration device of claim 14, wherein the one or more inner pipes are arranged in parallel, or the outermost re-aeration pipe and the one or more inner pipes are coaxially telescoped and space is provided between the adjacently telescoped pipes for air flow. 17. The re-aeration device of claim 16, wherein the lengths of the inner pipes increase successively from the outermost inner pipe to the innermost inner pipe. 18. The re-aeration device of claim 16, wherein the re-aeration pipe is manufactured by an unibody process. 19. The re-aeration device of claim 5, wherein the device comprises a plurality of windmills. 20. A re-aeration method for a constructed wetland, comprising inserting the inserting end of the re-aeration pipe of the re-aeration device of claim 1 into the substrate of a wetland.",
-    "An image processing apparatus, a method, and a program for allowing cells to be quantitatively observed. A computer obtains a cell membrane image obtained by performing fluorescent observation on a cell membrane of a cell serving as a sample and a tricellular tight junction (tTJ) image obtained by performing fluorescent observation on a protein localized in a tTJ of the cell. The computer derives the size of area of a region of the cell by identifying the region of each cell from the cell membrane image, derives the size of area of the region of the protein localized in the cell from the tTJ image, and dividing the obtained size of area of the region of the protein by the size of area of the region of the cell, thus calculating an index of adhesion strength of the cells. The invention can be applied to an observation system. 1. An image processing apparatus comprising: a processor programmed to calculate an index representing a feature of cells of an observation target on a basis of quantitative information related to a region of a protein.",
-    "An improved spring probe for a connector assembly includes an elongated electrically conductive contact and an elongated helical compression spring disposed about and attached to the contact. The compression spring includes a stabilization section configured to stabilize the spring probe in a cavity of a test socket body during assembly of the test socket body. The spring stabilization section includes integrated opposed stabilization coils to vertically stabilize the spring probe in the cavity. An insulated spacer is disposed on the conductive contact and has an annular surface configured to contact a wall of the cavity to stabilize and isolate the contact within the cavity to provide a controlled impedance coaxial probe. 1. An electrical spring probe for a connector assembly comprising: a first elongated electrically conductive contact having a beam and having a head configured to contact an integrated circuit package; a second elongated electrically conductive contact having a beam and a tip configured to contact an electrical conductor; a compression spring having opposing first and second spring ends and a middle section intermediate the first and second spring ends, wherein the spring includes: a first coiled section adjacent the first spring end and disposed about and in contact with the first contact beam; and a stabilization section configured to stabilize the spring probe in a cavity in a test socket body during assembly of the test socket body; and a second coiled section adjacent the second spring end and disposed about and in contact with the second contact beam; and an insulated spacer disposed on the first conductive contact and having an annular surface configured to contact a wall of the cavity in the test socket body when the spring probe is positioned within the cavity. 2. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the insulated spacer is disposed on the first conductive contact intermediate the head and the first spring end. 3. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 further comprising a second insulated spacer disposed on the second conductive contact and having an annular surface configured to contact the cavity wall when the spring probe is positioned within the cavity. 4. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the first conductive contact beam includes an annular groove and the first coiled section includes one or more coils that fit in the annular groove. 5. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the first conductive contact includes a shoulder intermediate the head and the beam, wherein the shoulder restricts movement of the insulated spacer toward the head. 6. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the stabilization section includes at least one stabilization coil having a diameter larger than a diameter of the spring middle section. 7. The electrical spring probe of claim 6 wherein the stabilization coil is configured to closely fit within the cavity when the spring probe is positioned within the cavity. 8. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the first coiled section is fixed to the first conductive contact, and the insulated spacer is held in place on the first conductive contact by the first coiled section and the head. 9. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the first coiled section includes one or more coils having a coil diameter that is smaller than a coil diameter of an intermediate coiled section of the spring between the first coiled section and the second coiled section. 10. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the second coiled section includes one or more coils having a coil diameter that is smaller than a coil diameter of an intermediate coiled section of the spring between the first coiled section and the second coiled section. 11. An electrical spring probe for a connector assembly comprising: an elongated electrically conductive contact having a beam and having a head for contacting an integrated circuit package; a compression spring having opposing first and second spring ends, wherein the spring comprises: a first coiled section adjacent the first spring end and disposed about and in contact with the contact beam; and a second coiled section adjacent the second spring end; and a stabilization section configured to stabilize the spring probe in a cavity in a test socket body during assembly of the test socket body; and an insulated spacer fixed on the conductive contact and having an annular surface configured to contact a wall of the cavity when the spring probe is positioned within the cavity. 12. The electrical spring probe of claim 11 wherein the insulated spacer is fixed on the conductive contact intermediate the head and the first spring end. 13. The electrical spring probe of claim 11 wherein the conductive contact beam includes an annular groove and the first coiled section includes one or more coils that fit in the annular groove. 14. The electrical spring probe of claim 11 wherein the conductive contact includes a shoulder intermediate the head and the beam, and wherein the shoulder restricts movement of the insulated spacer toward the head. 15. The electrical spring probe of claim 1 wherein the first coiled section is fixed to the conductive contact, and the insulated spacer is held in place on the conductive contact by the first coiled section and the head. 16. The electrical spring probe of claim 11 wherein the first coiled section includes one or more coils having a coil diameter that is smaller than the coil diameter of an intermediate coiled section of the spring between the first coiled section and the second coiled section. 17. The electrical spring probe of claim 11 wherein the second coiled section includes one or more coils having a smaller coil diameter than the coil diameter of an intermediate coiled section of the spring between the first coiled section and the second coiled section. 18. The electrical spring probe of claim 11 wherein the stabilization section includes at least one stabilization coil having a diameter larger than a diameter of the first coiled section and larger than a diameter of the second coiled section 19. An electrical spring probe for a connector assembly comprising: an elongated electrically conductive contact having a beam and having a head for contacting an integrated circuit package; a compression spring having opposing first and second spring ends and a main spring axis, wherein the spring comprises: a first coiled section adjacent the first spring end and fixed to the conductive contact; a second coiled section adjacent the second spring end and fixed to a second conductive contact, and a stabilization section intermediate the first and second coiled sections and configured to stabilize the spring probe vertically in a coaxial cavity of a test socket during assembly of the test socket. 20. The electrical spring probe of claim 19 wherein the stabilization section includes at least one stabilization coil disposed on an axis generally parallel to and offset from the main spring axis, wherein the stabilization coil outer diameter is smaller than a diameter of the coaxial cavity diameter and larger than outer diameters of the first coiled section and second coiled section. 21. The electrical spring probe of claim 19 wherein the stabilization section includes two vertically opposed stabilization coils, each of which has an outside diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the coaxial cavity diameter and larger than outer diameters of the first coiled section and second coiled section.",
-    "An apparatus for providing object information based on an image sequence including a plurality of images is provided. The apparatus includes an object detector for conducting object detection on three or more images of the plurality of images of the image sequence to obtain the object information, wherein each image of the image sequence on which object detection is conducted, is an object-detected image of the image sequence, and wherein each image of the image sequence on which object detection is not conducted, is not an object-detected image of the image sequence. Moreover, the apparatus includes an object tracker for conducting object tracking on one or more images of the image sequence to obtain the object information. 1. An apparatus for providing object information based on an image sequence comprising a plurality of images, wherein the apparatus comprises: an object detector for conducting object detection on three or more images of the plurality of images of the image sequence to acquire a result of the object detection as the object information, wherein each image of the image sequence on which object detection is conducted, is an object-detected image of the image sequence, and wherein each image of the image sequence on which object detection is not conducted, is not an object-detected image of the image sequence, and an object tracker for conducting object tracking on one or more images of the image sequence to acquire a result of the object tracking as the object information, wherein the object detector is adapted to conduct object detection and the object tracker is adapted to conduct object tracking such that an object detection distance is different for at least two pairs of two object-detected images of the image sequence, wherein the object detection distance is defined for each pair of two object-detected images of the image sequence, for which at least one image exists between said two object-detected images within the image sequence, and for which no object-detected image exists between said two object-detected images within the image sequence, as the number of images between said two object-detected images within the image sequence, which are not object-detected images, wherein the apparatus furthermore comprises a receiving interface, a detection queue, a tracking queue and a queue controller, wherein the receiving interface is configured to receive the plurality of images of the image sequence, and wherein the receiving interface is configured to store at least some of the images of the image sequence within the detection queue, wherein the queue controller is configured to move one or more images, being stored in the detection queue, from the detection queue to the tracking queue depending on whether object detection on one of the images of the image sequence conducted by the object detector is completed, and wherein the object tracker is configured to conduct object tracking on one of the images being stored in the tracking queue, depending on whether images are stored in the tracking queue. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object detector is configured to conduct object detection on a first one of the plurality of images of the image sequence, and wherein the object detector is configured to start conducting object detection on a second one of the images of the image sequence depending on when the conducting of the object detection on the first one of the plurality of images is completed. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object detector is configured to conduct object detection on one of the plurality of images of the image sequence in parallel to the object tracker conducting object tracking on another one of the plurality of images of the image sequence. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the object detector is configured to employ at least two processes or at least two threads to conduct object detection on said one of the plurality of images of the image sequence in parallel. 5. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the object tracker is configured to employ at least two processes or at least two threads to conduct object tracking on said another one of the plurality of images of the image sequence in parallel. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object detector is configured to select as a selected image, when two or more images of the image sequence are stored in the image queue, an image of the two or more images of the image sequence being stored in the image queue, which has most recently been received by the receiving interface among all images of the two or more images of the image sequence being stored in the image queue, and wherein the object detector is configured to conduct object detection on the selected image. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the receiving interface is configured to not store an image of the image sequence received by the receiving interface within the image queue, when the number of images that are stored in the image queue is equal to a maximum number. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object detector is configured to acquire a detection result by conducting object detection on one of the plurality of images of the image sequence, wherein the object tracker is configured to receive the detection result, wherein the object tracker is configured to retrieve at least one of the images of the image sequence from the image queue when the object tracker has received the detection result, and wherein the object tracker is configured to conduct object tracking on said at least one of the images retrieved from the image queue based on the detection result. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the queue controller is configured to move all images being stored in the detection queue from the detection queue to the tracking queue, depending on whether the object detection on said one of the images of the image sequence conducted by the object detector is completed. 10. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the queue controller is configured to move all but one image being stored in the detection queue from the detection queue to the tracking queue, depending on whether the object detection on said one of the images of the image sequence conducted by the object detector is completed, wherein said one image being stored in the detection queue which is not moved from the detection queue to the tracking queue is that image which is last received by the receiving interface among all images being stored in the detection queue. 11. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object detector is configured to conduct object detection without skipping any portion of an image on which object detection is conducted. 12. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object detector is configured to conduct object detection on the plurality of images of the image sequence by conducting face detection, and wherein the object tracker is configured to conduct object tracking on the one or more images of the image sequence by conducting face tracking. 13. A method for providing object information based on an image sequence comprising a plurality of images, wherein the method comprises: conducting object detection on three or more images of the plurality of images of the image sequence to acquire a result of the object detection as the object information, wherein each image of the image sequence on which object detection is conducted, is an object-detected image of the image sequence, and wherein each image of the image sequence on which object detection is not conducted, is not an object-detected image of the image sequence, and conducting object tracking on one or more images of the image sequence to acquire a result of the object tracking as the object information, wherein object detection and object tracking is conducted such that an object detection distance is different for at least two pairs of two object-detected images of the image sequence, wherein the object detection distance is defined for each pair of two object-detected images of the image sequence, for which at least one image exists between said two object-detected images within the image sequence, and for which no object-detected image exists between said two object-detected images within the image sequence, as the number of images between said two object-detected images within the image sequence, which are not object-detected images, wherein the method further comprises: receiving the plurality of images of the image sequence, storing at least some of the images of the image sequence within a detection queue, moving one or more images, being stored in the detection queue, from the detection queue to a tracking queue depending on whether object detection on one of the images of the image sequence conducted by the object detector is completed, and conducting object tracking on one of the images being stored in the tracking queue, depending on whether images are stored in the tracking queue. 14. Non-transitory digital storage medium having computer-readable code stored thereon to perform the method of claim 13 when being executed on a computer or signal processor.",
-    "Embodiments of shielding apparatuses are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a shielding apparatus may include first and second conductive regions and a plurality of vias disposed between the first and second conductive regions. The first and second conductive regions and the plurality of vias may surround an integrated circuit (IC) component and individual vias of the plurality of vias are spaced relative to one another to shield incoming or outgoing electromagnetic interference (EMI). Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed. 1. A method of shielding an integrated circuit (IC) component, comprising: forming a conductive region; forming a plurality of vias; forming an IC component in a volume surrounded by the plurality of vias, wherein individual vias of the plurality of vias are spaced relative to one another to shield incoming or outgoing electromagnetic interference (EMI); and forming another conductive region such that the IC component and the plurality of vias are disposed between the conductive regions. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the plurality of vias comprises forming the plurality of vias in two or more via layers separated by one or more metal layers. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a through silicon connection (TSC) extending through the conductive region to couple with the IC component. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of vias comprises an outer ring of vias and an inner ring of vias. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of vias are arranged in a ring. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the conductive region includes forming the conductive region in a metal stack formed on an active side of an IC die. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the conductive region includes forming the conductive region in a semiconductor portion of the IC die. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the conductive region includes forming the conductive region in a redistribution layer between two IC dies. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the conductive region includes forming the conductive region in a metal stack formed on an inactive side of an IC die. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the vias of the plurality of vias extend from the conductive region.",
-    "An antenna module is disclosed. The antenna module is applied to a mobile communication device and includes a first radiating element and a second radiating element. The first radiating element is disposed on a base board inside the mobile communication device, and one point of the first radiating element is a feed point of the antenna module. The second radiating element is disposed on the base board and is grounded by connecting to a P-sensor inside the mobile communication device. There is a gap between one part of the second radiating element and the first radiating element. 1. An antenna module applied to a mobile communication device, wherein the mobile communication device comprises a case, a base plate and a proximity sensor, and the base plate and the proximity sensor are disposed inside the case, the antenna module comprising: a first radiating element, disposed on the base plate and comprising a feed point; and a second radiating element, disposed on the base plate and grounded by electrically connecting to the proximity sensor; a part of the second radiating element and the first radiating element are separated by a distance which is less than a specific distance, such that the first radiating element excites the second radiating element via capacitive coupling and the proximity sensor senses an induction signal when a conductive object approaches the second radiating element. 2. The antenna module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second radiating element comprises a first radiating portion and a second radiating portion; the first radiating portion is disposed on the base plate, wherein the first radiating portion and the first radiating element are separated by the distance which is less than the specific distance; the second radiating portion is formed by outwardly extending and binding a side of the first radiating portion at least once, and the second radiating portion of the second radiating element is a part of the case. 3. The antenna module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mobile communication device further comprises a capacitor and a switch element; one end of the capacitor is electrically connected to the second radiating element, and another end of the capacitor is electrically connected to the switch element; one end of the switch element is grounded and the switch element is used for controlling whether the capacitor is grounded or not grounded. 4. The antenna module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mobile communication device further comprises an inductance; one end of the inductance is connected to the second radiating element, and another end of the inductance is connected to the proximity sensor. 5. The antenna module as claimed in claim 3, wherein the mobile communication device further comprises an inductance; one end of the inductance is connected to the second radiating element, and another end of the inductance is connected to the proximity sensor. 6. The antenna module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mobile communication device further comprises a communication system; the communication system is grounded and is electrically connected to the proximity sensor and the feed point; the communication system is used for reducing the radiation power of the mobile communication device when the proximity sensor senses the induction signal. 7. A mobile communication device, comprising: a case; a base plate, disposed inside the case; a proximity sensor, disposed inside the case; and an antenna module, comprising: a first radiating element, disposed on the base plate and comprises a feed point; and a second radiating element, disposed on the base plate and grounded by electrically connecting to the proximity sensor; a part of the second radiating element and the first radiating element are separated b a distance which is less than a specific distance such that the first radiating element excites the second radiating element via capacitive coupling and the proximity sensor senses an induction signal when a conductive object approaches the second radiating element. 8. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the second radiating element comprises a first radiating portion and a second radiating portion; the first radiating portion is disposed on the base plate, herein the first radiating portion and the first radiating element are separated by the distance which is less than the specific distance; the second radiating portion is formed by outwardly extending and binding a side of the first radiating portion at least once, and the second radiating portion of the second radiating element is a part of the case. 9. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a capacitor and a switch element; one end of the capacitor is electrically connected to the second radiating element, and another end of the capacitor is electrically connected to the switch element; one end of the switch element is grounded and the switch element is used for controlling whether the capacitor is grounded or not grounded. 10. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 7, further comprising an inductance; one end of the inductance is connected to the second radiating element, and another end of the inductance is connected to the proximity sensor. 11. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 9, further comprising an inductance; one end of the inductance is connected to the second radiating element, and another end of the inductance is connected to the proximity sensor. 12. The mobile communication device as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a communication system; the communication system is grounded and electrically connected to the proximity sensor and the feed point; the communication system is used for reducing the radiation power of the mobile communication device when the proximity sensor senses the induction signal.",
-    "A radiation delivery system includes a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) that includes a housing, a plurality of leaves disposed within the housing, and an image sensor disposed within the housing at a position that is offset from a beam axis. The plurality of leaves are movable to define an aperture for the MLC, and the image sensor is directed toward the plurality of leaves. The image sensor is to generate an oblique-view image of the aperture. The radiation delivery system additionally includes a processing device to receive the oblique-view image, transform the oblique-view image into a top-view image having a reference coordinate space, and determine whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to a specified aperture based on the top-view image. 1. A radiation delivery system comprising: a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) comprising: a housing; a plurality of leaves disposed within the housing, wherein the plurality of leaves are movable to define an aperture for the MLC; and an image sensor disposed within the housing at a position that is offset from a beam axis, wherein the image sensor is directed toward the plurality of leaves, the image sensor to generate an oblique-view image of the aperture; and a processing device to: receive the oblique-view image; transform the oblique-view image into a top-view image having a reference coordinate space; and determine whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to a specified aperture based on the top-view image. 2. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of leaves follow parallel linear trajectories, and wherein changes in position of each of the plurality of leaves are shown as changes in position on a single axis of the reference coordinate space in the top-view image. 3. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, wherein the oblique-view image to be generated by the image sensor is a distorted oblique-view image comprising optical lens distortion, and wherein the processing device is further to: perform an additional transformation to remove the optical lens distortion from the distorted oblique-view image prior to transformation of the oblique-view image into the top-view image. 4. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, wherein to transform the oblique-view image the processing device is to apply a geometric transformation to the oblique-view image. 5. The radiation delivery system of claim 4, wherein the processing device is to generate a transformation matrix that represents the geometric transformation, wherein to generate the transformation matrix the processing device is to: cause the plurality of leaves to define a predefined calibration aperture that corresponds to a known aperture shown in a template image; cause the image sensor to generate an additional oblique-view image of the calibration aperture; perform image processing on the additional oblique-view image of the calibration aperture to find first keypoints; perform image processing on the template image to find second keypoints; perform feature matching to match members of the first keypoints to corresponding members of the second keypoints; and determine transformations to align the first keypoints with the second keypoints. 6. The radiation delivery system of claim 5, wherein for the known aperture the plurality of leaves are in non-uniform positions and cause a plurality of keypoints. 7. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of leaves comprises a first bank of leaves disposed at a first side of the beam axis and a second bank of leaves disposed at a second side of the beam axis that is opposite to the first side of the beam axis. 8. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, wherein to determine whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to a specified aperture based on the top-view image the processing device is to: determine leaf positions of the plurality of leaves from the top-view image; compare the leaf positions from the top-view image to additional leaf positions associated with the specified aperture to determine a variation between the leaf positions and the additional leaf positions; determine that the variation is less than a threshold value; and determine that there is a match between the leaf positions and the additional leaf positions. 9. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, wherein the oblique-view image comprises a keystone effect, and wherein the top-view image emulates a view of the plurality of leaves that would be generated if the image sensor was oriented parallel to the beam axis and positioned approximately on the beam axis. 10. The radiation delivery system of claim 1, further comprising: an imaging device that comprises the image sensor and a sensor control board, wherein the sensor control board is separated from the image sensor and is positioned away from the beam axis. 11. A method comprising: generating an oblique-view image of an aperture for a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) by an image sensor disposed within the MLC, wherein the image sensor is offset from a beam axis of the MLC, and wherein the aperture comprises a leaf position for each of a plurality of leaves of the MLC; transforming the oblique-view image into a top-view image having a reference coordinate space; and determine whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to a specified aperture based on the top-view image. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of leaves follows parallel linear trajectories, and wherein changes in position of each of the plurality of leaves are shown as changes in position on a single axis of the reference coordinate space in the top-view image. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the oblique-view image is a distorted oblique-view image comprising optical lens distortion, the method further comprising: performing an additional transformation to remove the optical lens distortion from the distorted oblique-view image prior to transforming the oblique-view image into the top-view image. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the transforming comprises applying a geometric transformation to the distorted oblique-view image. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising generating a transformation matrix that represents the geometric transformation by: causing the MLC to have a predefined calibration aperture that corresponds to a known aperture shown in a template image; generating an additional oblique-view image of the calibration aperture; performing image processing on the additional oblique-view image to find first keypoints; performing image processing on the template image to find second keypoints; performing feature matching to match members of the first keypoints to corresponding members of the second keypoints; and determining transformations to align the first keypoints with the second keypoints. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein for the known aperture the plurality of leaves are in non-uniform positions and cause a plurality of keypoints. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: periodically generating the transformation matrix to confirm calibration of the MLC. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the oblique-view image comprises a keystone effect, and wherein the top-view image emulates a view of the plurality of leaves that would be generated if the image sensor was oriented orthogonal to the beam axis and its center was positioned approximately on the beam axis. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein determining whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to a specified aperture based on the top-view image comprises: determining leaf positions of the plurality of leaves from the top-view image; comparing the leaf positions from the top-view image to additional leaf positions associated with the specified aperture to determine a variation between the leaf positions and the additional leaf positions; determining that the variation is less than a threshold value; and determining that there is a match between the leaf positions and the additional leaf positions. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein determining whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to the specified aperture comprises: comparing the aperture to a planned aperture specified in a treatment plan. 21. The method of claim 11, wherein determining whether the aperture for the MLC corresponds to the specified aperture comprises: comparing the aperture to an additional aperture determined by an additional aperture verification system.",
-    "A method, system and apparatus for carrying a user including a board for supporting the user, a ground-contacting member coupled with the board, a motorized drive assembly coupled with the ground-contacting member and one or more sensors coupled with the drive assembly. In operation, the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member based on one or more distances of the board from a surface below the board as detected by the sensors. As a result, the system is able to maintain a desired velocity when ascending, descending or traversing uneven ground without the need for excessive and sometimes impossible tilting of the board. 1. A vehicle for carrying a user comprising: a board having a plurality of detached sections coupled together by one or more hinges such that the sections are able to pivot about the hinges; a single ground-contacting member coupled with the board; and a motorized drive assembly coupled with the ground-contacting member, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the ground-contacting member rotates about a hollow axle having an exposed channel that extends though the hollow axle. 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the ground-contacting member rotates about an axle and axle acts as a pin of the hinges such that the sections pivot about the axle. 4. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the board has one or more additional hinges that with the one or more hinges rotatably couple together three of the sections of the board. 5. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the board comprises one or more handles that are each defined by one of the group consisting of a hole that extends through the board or a channel that extends only partially into the bottom of the board. 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein two or more of the sections of the board house at least one electronic component of the drive assembly and the board further comprises one or more interfaces that electrically couple together two or more of the electronic components from different ones of the two or more of the sections when the board is in an unfolded position. 7. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising one or more sensors coupled with the drive assembly, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member based on one or more distances of the board from a surface below the board as detected by the sensors. 8. The vehicle of claim 7, wherein the board is elongated along a dimension in a fore-aft plane that aligns with the forward and reverse directions of travel of the vehicle. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein one or more fore sensors of the sensors are positioned at the fore end of the elongated dimension of the board and one or more aft sensors of the sensors are positioned at the aft end of the elongated dimension of the board. 10. The vehicle of claim 7, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member based on the one or more distances by using the distances to calculate a pitch of the board with respect to the surface and applying a force to the ground-contacting member in order to achieve a predefined velocity of the ground-contacting member that corresponds to the pitch. 11. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein the pitch is calculated by determining a difference between the one or more distances and an average of two or more of the distances such that the drive assembly adjusts for unevenness in the surface. 12. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the board as balanced by the ground-contacting member is unstable with respect to tipping along the fore-aft plane when the motorized drive assembly is not in operation, and the motorized drive assembly is configured to automatically balance the board with respect to tipping along the fore-aft plane when the motorized drive assembly is in operation. 13. A method of operating a vehicle having an elongated board, the method comprising: providing a vehicle comprising: a board having a plurality of detached sections coupled together by one or more hinges such that the sections are able to pivot about the hinges; a single ground-contacting member coupled with the board; and a motorized drive assembly coupled with the ground-contacting member, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member; moving the board between an unfolded position into a folded position by pivoting the sections about the hinges, wherein ends of two of the sections that are on opposite sides of the board in the unfolded position are closer together in the folded position. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the ground-contacting member rotates about a hollow axle having an exposed channel that extends though the hollow axle. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the ground-contacting member rotates about an axle and axle acts as a pin of the hinges such that the sections pivot about the axle. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the board has one or more additional hinges that with the one or more hinges rotatably couple together three of the sections of the board. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the board comprises one or more handles that are each defined by one of the group consisting of a hole that extends through the board or a channel that extends only partially into the bottom of the board. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein two or more of the sections of the board house at least one electronic component of the drive assembly and the board further comprises one or more interfaces that electrically couple together two or more of the electronic components from different ones of the two or more of the sections when the board is in an unfolded position. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the vehicle further comprises one or more sensors coupled with the drive assembly, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member based on one or more distances of the board from a surface below the board as detected by the sensors. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the board is elongated along a dimension in a fore-aft plane that aligns with the forward and reverse directions of travel of the vehicle. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein one or more fore sensors of the sensors are positioned at the fore end of the elongated dimension of the board and one or more aft sensors of the sensors are positioned at the aft end of the elongated dimension of the board. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member based on the one or more distances by using the distances to calculate a pitch of the board with respect to the surface and applying a force to the ground-contacting member in order to achieve a predefined velocity of the ground-contacting member that corresponds to the pitch. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the pitch is calculated by determining a difference between the one or more distances and an average of two or more of the distances such that the drive assembly adjusts for unevenness in the surface. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the board as balanced by the ground-contacting member is unstable with respect to tipping along the fore-aft plane when the motorized drive assembly is not in operation, and the motorized drive assembly is configured to automatically balance the board with respect to tipping along the fore-aft plane when the motorized drive assembly is in operation. 25. A motorized skateboard-like vehicle for carrying a user, the vehicle comprising: a board having a plurality of detached sections coupled together by one or more hinges such that the sections are able to pivot about the hinges, wherein the board comprises one or more handles that are each defined by one of the group consisting of a hole that extends through the board and further wherein two or more of the sections of the board house at least one electronic component of the drive assembly and the board further comprises one or more interfaces that electrically couple together two or more of the electronic components from different ones of the two or more of the sections when the board is in an unfolded position; a single ground-contacting member coupled with the board; and a motorized drive assembly coupled with the ground-contacting member, wherein the drive assembly adjusts the velocity of the ground-contacting member, wherein the ground-contacting member rotates about a hollow axle having an exposed channel that extends though the hollow axle.",
-    "A method includes determining a first estimate of leaf positions for a plurality of leaves of a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) in a reference coordinate space based on an image generated by an image-based aperture verification system, wherein the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves define an aperture for the MLC. The method further includes determining a second estimate of the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves in the reference coordinate space based on data from an additional source. The method further includes verifying the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves based on comparing the first estimate to the second estimate, wherein the leaf positions are verified if the first estimate deviates from the second estimate by less than a threshold value. 1. A method comprising: determining a first estimate of leaf positions for a plurality of leaves of a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) in a reference coordinate space based on an image generated by an image-based aperture verification system, wherein the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves define an aperture for the MLC; determining a second estimate of the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves in the reference coordinate space based on data from an additional source; and verifying, by a processing device, the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves based on comparing the first estimate to the second estimate, wherein the leaf positions are verified if the first estimate deviates from the second estimate by less than a threshold value. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional source comprises an additional aperture verification system, the method further comprising: generating a pictorial representation of the second estimate; displaying the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system; and displaying an overlay of the pictorial representation over the image. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining that the first estimate deviates from the second estimate by less than the threshold value for a first leaf of the plurality of leaves; and providing a first visual indication overlaid on the image for the first leaf. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: determining that the first estimate deviates from the second estimate by at least the threshold value for a second leaf of the plurality of leaves; and providing a second visual indication overlaid on the image for the second leaf. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining a first sequence of updates to the first estimate of the leaf positions based on a sequence of images generated by the image-based aperture verification system; determining a second sequence of updates to the second estimate of the leaf positions based on a sequence of data from the additional aperture verification system; synchronizing the first sequence of updates and the second sequence of updates in time; generating a sequence of updated pictorial representations for the second sequence of updates; and displaying a video representation of the aperture showing the sequence of images and the sequence of updated pictorial representations. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the additional source comprises an additional aperture verification system; the image-based aperture verification system comprises an image sensor offset from a beam axis of the MLC, wherein the image sensor is directed toward the plurality of leaves and generates an oblique-view image of the aperture, wherein determining the first estimate comprises transforming the oblique-view image into a top-view image having the reference coordinate space; and the additional aperture verification system comprises a distinct displacement gauge for each leaf of the plurality of leaves, wherein the data from the additional aperture verification comprises a plurality of leaf displacement measurements, and wherein determining the second estimate comprises transforming the plurality of leaf displacement measurements into the reference coordinate space. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second estimate comprises planned leaf positions of a treatment plan, the method further comprising: displaying the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system; mapping the planned leaf positions of the treatment plan to the reference coordinate space; generating a pictorial representation of the planned leaf positions; and displaying an overlay of the pictorial representation over the image. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system; generating a pictorial representation of the first estimate of the leaf positions; and displaying an overlay of the pictorial representation over the image. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system; generating a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) of a target, the DRR having the reference coordinate space and an orientation corresponding to the image; and displaying an overlay of the DRR over the image. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein leading edges of the plurality of leaves are not shown in the image, the method further comprising: computing positions of the leading edges based on visible portions of the plurality of leaves in the image and known offsets between the leading edges and the visible portions. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the first estimate, the determining of the second estimate, and the verifying are performed before a radiation delivery apparatus delivers a radiation beam. 12. An apparatus comprising: a memory; and a processing device coupled to the memory, the processing device to: determine a first estimate of leaf positions for a plurality of leaves of a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) in a reference coordinate space based on an image generated by an image-based aperture verification system, wherein the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves define an aperture for the MLC; determine a second estimate of the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves in the reference coordinate space based on data from an additional source; and verify the leaf positions for the plurality of leaves based on comparing the first estimate to the second estimate, wherein the leaf positions are verified if the first estimate deviates from the second estimate by less than a threshold value. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the additional source comprises an additional aperture verification system, the apparatus further comprising: a display operatively coupled with the processing device, wherein the processing device is further to: generate a pictorial representation of the second estimate; output the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system on the display; and output an overlay of the pictorial representation over the image on the display. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processing device is further to: determine that the first estimate deviates from the second estimate by less than the threshold value for a first leaf of the plurality of leaves; and provide a first visual indication overlaid on the image for the first leaf. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processing device is further to: determine a first sequence of updates to the first estimate of the leaf positions based on a sequence of images generated by the image-based aperture verification system; determine a second sequence of updates to the second estimate of the leaf positions based on a sequence of data from the additional aperture verification system; synchronize the first sequence of updates and the second sequence of updates in time; generate a sequence of updated pictorial representations for the second sequence of updates; and output a video representation of the aperture showing the sequence of images and the sequence of updated pictorial representations on the display. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the additional source comprises an additional aperture verification system, the apparatus further comprising: the image-based aperture verification system, comprising an image sensor offset from a beam axis of the MLC, wherein the image sensor is directed toward the plurality of leaves and is to generate an oblique-view image of the aperture; and the additional aperture verification system, comprising a distinct displacement gauge for each leaf of the plurality of leaves, wherein the data from the additional aperture verification comprises a plurality of leaf displacement measurements; wherein the processing device is further to: map the first estimate to the reference coordinate space by transforming the oblique-view image into a top-view image having the reference coordinate space; and map the second estimate to the reference coordinate space by transforming the plurality of leaf displacement measurements into the reference coordinate space. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the second estimate comprises planned leaf positions of a treatment plan, and wherein the processing device is further to: output the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system on the display; map the planned leaf positions of the treatment plan to the reference coordinate space; generate a pictorial representation of the planned leaf positions; and output an overlay of the pictorial representation over the image on the display. 18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processing device is further to: output the image generated by the image-based aperture verification system on the display; generate a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) of a target, the DRR having the reference coordinate space and an orientation corresponding to the image; and output an overlay of the DRR over the image on the display. 19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein leading edges of the plurality of leaves are not shown in the image, the processing device further to: compute positions of the leading edges based on visible portions of the plurality of leaves in the image and known offsets between the leading edges and the visible portions. 20. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a linear accelerator; and the MLC coupled to the linear accelerator, the MLC comprising the image-based aperture verification system and the additional aperture verification system.",
-    "A method of an apparatus controls transmit power of uplink channels in a wireless communication system. The method includes configuring, for a UE, a primary serving cell on which a first uplink control channel is transmitted from the UE, configuring, for the UE, a secondary serving cell on which a second uplink control channel is transmitted from the UE, configuring a first TPC command and a second TPC command in a single TPC command group, the first TPC command being associated with transmit power of the uplink control information of the primary serving cell, the second TPC command being associated with transmit power of the uplink control information of the secondary serving cell, scrambling downlink control information based on an identifier associated with a TPC, the downlink control information comprising the single TPC command group; transmitting, to the UE, a downlink control channel comprising the scrambled downlink control information. 1. A method of controlling transmit power of uplink channels in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: configuring, for a user equipment (UE), a primary serving cell on which a first uplink control channel is transmitted from the UE, the first uplink control channel comprising uplink control information of the primary serving cell; configuring, for the UE, a secondary serving cell on which a second uplink control channel is transmitted from the UE, the second uplink control channel comprising uplink control information of the secondary serving cell; configuring a first Transmit Power Control (TPC) command and a second TPC command in a single TPC command group, the first TPC command being associated with transmit power of the uplink control information of the primary serving cell, the second TPC command being associated with transmit power of the uplink control information of the secondary serving cell; scrambling downlink control information based on an identifier associated with a TPC, the downlink control information comprising the single TPC command group; transmitting, to the UE, a downlink control channel comprising the scrambled downlink control information. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: establishing a connection with the UE through the primary serving cell; and receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message through the primary serving cell. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein configuring of the first TPC command and the second TPC command in the single TPC command group comprises: assigning an index for the first TPC command and an index for the second TPC command, wherein the index for the first TPC command associated with the primary serving cell configured for the UE is different from the index for the second TPC command associated with the secondary serving cell configured for the UE. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: transmitting, through a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, a TPC-Physical Downlink Control Channel(PDCCH)-Config message to assign, for the UE, the index for the first TPC command and the index for the second TPC command, wherein the downlink control channel is a PDCCH associated with the TPC-PDCCH-Config message. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the index for the first TPC command has different bit sizes, according to downlink control information format 3 or downlink control information format 3A, and wherein the index for the second TPC command has different bit sizes, according to downlink control information format 3 or downlink control information format 3A. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the single TPC command group comprises a third TPC command for controlling transmit power of an uplink channel of another UE. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: mapping the downlink control channel to a common search space of the primary serving cell for the transmission of the downlink control channel. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein: a first piece of downlink control information comprising the single TPC command group is scrambled using a TPC Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI); and a second piece of downlink control information different from the first piece of downlink control information is scrambled using another RNTI. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first TPC command is associated with transmit power of the first uplink control channel, the first uplink control channel further comprising uplink control information of at least one secondary serving cell grouped, together with the primary serving cell, in a first serving cell group. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second TPC command is associated with transmit power of the second uplink control channel, the second uplink control channel further comprising uplink control information of at least one secondary serving cell grouped, together with the secondary serving cell, in a second serving cell group. 11. A system for a user equipment (UE) to receive a transmit power control (TPC) command in a wireless communication system supporting Carrier Aggregation (CA), the system comprising: a radio frequency (RF) module to establish a connection with a base station through a primary serving cell (PCell), and to receive a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, the RRC message comprising a first Transmit Power Control (TPC) index associated with a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission on the PCell and a second TPC index associated with a PUCCH transmission on a secondary serving cell (SCell), the SCell together with the PCell being configured as serving cells for the UE; and a processor configured to detect a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) by monitoring a common search space of the PCell, wherein a Downlink Control Information (DCI) format of the PDCCH comprises a first TPC command for controlling transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the PCell and a second TPC command for controlling transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the SCell, wherein the processor is configured to identify the first TPC command and the second TPC command from the DCI format based on the first TPC index and the second TPC index, respectively, to control transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the PCell based on a value of the first TPC command, and to control transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the SCell based on a value of the second TPC command. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the RF module configures a CA for the UE using the PCell and a plurality of SCells, and wherein the processor determines the PUCCH transmission on the SCell selected from among the plurality of SCells. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the RRC message is received through the PCell. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the DCI format corresponds to DCI format 3, and each of the first TPC index and the second TPC index corresponds to different 2-bit data of the DCI format 3. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the DCI format corresponds to DCI format 3A, and each of the first TPC index and the second TPC index corresponds to different 1-bit data of the DCI format 3A. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the DCI format comprises a third TPC command for controlling transmit power of the PUCCH transmission of another UE. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor identifies the first TPC command, the second TPC command, and the third TPC command from the PDCCH scrambled with one TPC PUCCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the RRC message further comprises information of the TPC PUCCH RNTI. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor determines first uplink control information (UCI) to be included in the PUCCH transmission on the PCell, and second UCI to be included in the PUCCH transmission on the SCell. 20. A method of transmitting a transmit power control (TPC) command in a wireless communication system supporting Carrier Aggregation (CA), the method comprising: establishing, by a base station, a connection with a user equipment (UE) through a primary serving cell (PCell); transmitting, to the UE, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, the RRC message comprising a first Transmit Power Control (TPC) index associated with a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmission on the PCell and a second TPC index associated with a PUCCH transmission on a secondary serving cell (SCell), the SCell together with the PCell being configured as serving cells for the UE; transmitting a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) by mapping the PDCCH to a common search space of the PCell, wherein a Downlink Control Information (DCI) format of the PDCCH comprises a first TPC command for controlling transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the PCell and a second TPC command for controlling transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the SCell,; and determining a value of the first TPC command to control transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the PCell and determining a value of the second TPC command to control transmit power of the PUCCH transmission on the SCell, the value of the first TPC command being mapped in the DCI format based on the first TPC index and the value of the second TPC command being mapped in the DCI format based on the second TPC index.",
-    "A chip package includes a chip, a dam layer, a permanent adhesive layer, a support, a buffer layer, a redistribution layer, a passivation layer, and a conducting structure. A conducting pad and a sensing device of the chip are located on a first surface of a substrate of the chip, and the conducting pad protrudes from the side surface of the substrate. The dam layer surrounds the sensing device. The permanent adhesive layer is between the support and the substrate. The support and the permanent adhesive layer have a trench to expose the conducting pad. The buffer layer is located on the support. The redistribution layer is located on the buffer layer and on the support, the permanent adhesive layer, and the conducting pad facing the trench. The passivation layer covers the redistribution layer, the buffer layer, and the conducting pad. 1. A chip package, comprising: a chip having a substrate, a conducting pad, and a sensing device, wherein the substrate has a side surface, a first surface, and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and the side surface is connected to the first and second surfaces, and the conducting pad and the sensing device are located on the first surface, and the conducting pad protrudes from the side surface; a dam layer located on the first surface and surrounding the sensing device; a permanent adhesive layer covering the second surface, the side surface, and the conducting pad that protrudes the side surface; a support, wherein the permanent adhesive layer is between the support and the substrate, and the support and the permanent adhesive layer have a trench, such that the conducting pad protruding the side surface is exposed through the trench; a buffer layer located on the support; a redistribution layer located on the buffer layer and on the support, the permanent adhesive layer, and the conducting pad that face the trench; a passivation layer covering the redistribution layer, the buffer layer, and the conducting pad that is exposed through the trench, wherein the passivation layer has an opening to expose the redistribution layer; and a conducting structure located on the redistribution layer that is in the opening of the passivation layer. 2. The chip package of claim 1, further comprising: a printed circuit board electrically connected to the conducting structure. 3. The chip package of claim 2, further comprising: an isolation element located on the printed circuit board and surrounding the passivation layer and the dam layer. 4. The chip package of claim 3, further comprising: a first dielectric layer located on the isolation element and the chip. 5. The chip package of claim 4, wherein the first dielectric layer is made of a material comprising titanium oxide or strontium titanate. 6. The chip package of claim 4, further comprising: a second dielectric layer located on the first dielectric layer. 7. The chip package of claim 6, wherein hardness of the second dielectric layer is greater than hardness of the first dielectric layer. 8. The chip package of claim 2, further comprising: a carrier located on the dam layer and covering the sensing device. 9. The chip package of claim 8, further comprising: a temporary adhesive layer between the carrier and the dam layer. 10. The chip package of claim 1, wherein the support is made of a material comprising glass. 11. A manufacturing method of a chip package, comprising: forming a dam layer on a conducting pad of a wafer, wherein the dam layer surrounds a sensing device of the wafer; utilizing a temporary adhesive layer for bonding a carrier to the dam layer; etching a substrate of the wafer, such that the conducting pad protrudes from a side surface of the substrate; utilizing a permanent adhesive layer for bonding a support to the wafer, such that the permanent adhesive layer is between the support and the substrate; forming a buffer layer on the support; forming a trench in the buffer layer, the support, and the permanent adhesive layer, thereby exposing the conducting pad that protrudes from the side surface of the substrate; forming a redistribution layer on the buffer layer and on the support, the permanent adhesive layer, and the conducting pad that face the trench; forming a passivation layer for covering the redistribution layer, the buffer layer, and the conducting pad that is exposed through the trench, wherein the passivation layer has an opening; and forming a conducting structure on the redistribution layer that is in the opening of the passivation layer. 12. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 11, further comprising: cutting the carrier and the dam layer along the trench. 13. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 12, further comprising: electrically connecting a printed circuit board to the conducting structure. 14. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 13, further comprising: eliminating adhesion of the temporary adhesive layer; and removing the carrier from the dam layer. 15. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 14, wherein eliminating the adhesion of the temporary adhesive layer comprises: utilizing ultraviolet light for irradiating the temporary adhesive layer or immersing the temporary adhesive layer in a chemical liquid. 16. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 14, further comprising: forming an isolation element on the printed circuit board, wherein the isolation element surrounds the passivation layer and the dam layer. 17. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 16, wherein the isolation element is formed by molding. 18. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 16, further comprising: forming a first dielectric layer on the isolation element and the chip. 19. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 18, wherein the first dielectric layer is formed by coating, deposition, or printing. 20. The manufacturing method of the chip package of claim 18, further comprising: forming a second dielectric layer on the first dielectric layer, wherein hardness of the second dielectric layer is greater than hardness of the first dielectric layer.",
-    "A printed circuit board, a semiconductor package and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The printed circuit board includes a circuit layer including a buried pad embedded on an upper surface of an insulating layer, and a groove part disposed in the buried pad. 1. A printed circuit board comprising: a circuit layer comprising a buried pad embedded on an upper surface of an insulating layer; and a groove part disposed in the buried pad. 2. The printed circuit board of claim 1, further comprising a surface treatment layer disposed on a lower surface of the groove part. 3. The printed circuit board of claim 1, further comprising a bumping material disposed in the groove part. 4. The printed circuit board of claim 3, wherein the bumping material comprises solder paste. 5. The printed circuit board of claim 3, wherein the bumping material comprises a solder ball. 6. The printed circuit board of claim 3, wherein the bumping material has a protrusion part that protrudes toward an upper part of the buried pad. 7. The printed circuit board of claim 3, wherein the bumping material has a recession part that recessed toward a bottom of the buried pad. 8. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein the circuit layer comprises a buried pattern embedded in the upper surface of the insulating layer. 9. The printed circuit board of claim 1, wherein the circuit layer comprises a pad disposed on a lower surface of the insulating layer. 10. The printed circuit board of claim 1, further comprising a first solder resist layer formed on the upper surface of the insulating layer, except at an area where an element mounting part is disposed. 11. The printed circuit board of claim 9, further comprising a second solder resist layer disposed on the lower surface of the insulating layer, the second solder resist layer comprising an opening to expose the pad. 12. A semiconductor package comprising a circuit layer comprising a printed circuit board comprising a circuit layer comprising a buried pad embedded in an upper surface of an insulating layer and a groove part formed on the buried pad; and an element mounted on the printed circuit board with a pillar bump disposed in the groove part of the printed circuit board. 13. The semiconductor package of claim 12, wherein the element is mounted on the printed circuit board using a bumping material disposed in the groove part. 14. A method of manufacturing a printed circuit board comprising: forming a metal pattern for a groove part on a carrier member; forming a first circuit layer comprising a buried pad that surrounds the metal pattern on the carrier member; forming an insulating layer on the carrier member to cover the first circuit layer; forming a second circuit layer comprising a pad on the insulating layer; removing the carrier member from a laminate on which the second circuit layer is formed; and forming a groove part on the buried pad by removing the metal pattern. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising forming a surface treatment layer on the metal pattern after forming a metal pattern. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising disposing a bumping material in the groove part after the forming of the groove part. 17. A method of manufacturing a printed circuit board comprising: forming a bumping material on a carrier member; forming a first circuit layer comprising a buried pad that surrounds the bumping material on the carrier member; forming an insulating layer on the carrier member to cover the first circuit layer; forming a second circuit layer comprising a pad on the insulating layer; and removing the carrier member from the first circuit layer and the insulating layer. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: inserting a pillar bump of an element into a groove part comprising the bumping material to bond the element to the buried pad.",
-    "A laser microscope apparatus including: a scanning unit that scans laser light on a sample; an objective lens that collects observation light from the sample; a photo-detection unit that has a light-receiving surface formed of an array of a plurality of detecting elements capable of detecting a single photon, that receives the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface, and that outputs intensity signals having intensities corresponding to the amounts of the received observation light; an image generating unit that generates an image on the basis of the intensities of the intensity signals and scanning positions of the laser light; a processor for notifying a user when the intensity signals used to generate the image include intensity signals having intensities equal to or larger than a predetermined threshold that is set according to the beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface. 1. A laser microscope apparatus comprising: a scanning unit that scans laser light on a sample; an objective lens that collects observation light produced in the sample when irradiated with the laser light; a photo-detection unit that has a light-receiving surface formed by arraying a plurality of detecting elements capable of detecting a single photon on a planar surface, that receives the observation light collected by the objective lens and incident on the light-receiving surface, and that outputs intensity signals having intensities corresponding to the amounts of the received observation light; an image generating unit that generates an image of the sample on the basis of the intensities of the intensity signals output from the photo-detection unit and scanning positions of the laser light scanned by the scanning unit; and a processor for notifying, when the intensity signals used to generate the image in the image generating unit include intensity signals having intensities equal to or larger than a predetermined threshold, a user of the existence of the intensity signals having intensities equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold, wherein the predetermined threshold is set according to a beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface. 2. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is set on the basis of an exit numerical aperture of the objective lens. 3. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a pinhole member that is provided between the objective lens and the photo-detection unit and that has a pinhole located at a position optically conjugate with a focal point of the objective lens, wherein the predetermined threshold is set on the basis of an aperture size of the pinhole. 4. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a diffraction grating that is provided between the objective lens and the photo-detection unit and that separates the observation light collected by the objective lens by wavelength to generate spectral sequences; and a slit member having a slit that has a width dimension in the direction in which the spectral sequences generated by the diffraction grating are arrayed and that allows only part of the spectral sequences to pass therethrough, wherein the predetermined threshold is set on the basis of the width dimension of the slit. 5. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a condition setting unit that sets an observation condition for the sample; and a threshold setting unit that stores a table in which the observation condition for the sample is associated with the predetermined threshold and that sets the predetermined threshold to be used by the processor on the basis of the observation condition set by the condition setting unit and the table. 6. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a condition setting unit that sets an observation condition for the sample; and a threshold setting unit that stores a function in which the observation condition for the sample is associated with the predetermined threshold and that calculates the predetermined threshold from the function on the basis of the observation condition set by the condition setting unit. 7. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an amplifying unit that is provided between the photo-detection unit and the image generating unit and that amplifies the intensity signals output from the photo-detection unit, wherein the predetermined threshold is set according to an amplification factor for the intensity signals, the amplification factor being used in the amplifying unit. 8. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is set according to the maximum value in a range within which the intensities of the intensity signals output from the photo-detection unit can fall, the maximum value being determined on the basis of the beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface. 9. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the predetermined threshold is set according to a scanning speed of the laser light scanned by the scanning unit. 10. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a notification unit that outputs at least one of a warning indication, a warning light, and a warning sound, wherein the processor is configured to cause the notification unit to output at least one of the warning indication, the warning light, and the warning sound. 11. A laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to highlight picture elements at which the intensities of the intensity signals are equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold, against the other picture elements in the image generated by the image generating unit. 12. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to change a gradation of the image generated by the image generating unit such that the intensities of the intensity signals that are equal to the predetermined threshold correspond to the maximum value in a range of gradation values that each picture element of the image can have. 13. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising an amplifying unit that is provided between the photo-detection unit and the image generating unit and that amplifies the intensity signals, wherein the processor is configure to adjust an amplification factor for the intensity signals, the amplification factor being used in the amplifying unit, such that the intensities of the intensity signals that are equal to the predetermined threshold correspond to the maximum value in a range of gradation values that each picture element of the image can have. 14. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an incident-light-amount reducing unit that reduces the amount of the observation light incident on the photo-detection unit; and an incident-light-amount reduction permitting unit that permits operation of the incident-light-amount reducing unit when the intensities of the intensity signals are equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold. 15. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the incident-light-amount reducing unit attenuates the laser light to be radiated onto the sample. 16. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the incident-light-amount reducing unit is provided with a neutral density filter that is provided so as to be removably inserted in a light path between the objective lens and the photo-detection unit or that is provided in the light path so as to be able to change the reduced amount of the observation light. 17. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the incident-light-amount reducing unit is provided with a partially-reflecting mirror that is provided so as to be removably inserted in a light path between the objective lens and the photo-detection unit, that allows only part of the observation light to pass therethrough, and that reflects the other part thereof. 18. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising a beam damper that absorbs the observation light reflected by the partially-reflecting mirror. 19. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising a sub photo-detection unit that detects the observation light reflected by the partially-reflecting mirror, wherein the photo-detection unit and the sub photo-detection unit detect the observation light at the same time; and the image generating unit generates the image on the basis of signals obtained by averaging intensity signals output from the photo-detection unit and intensity signals output from the sub photo-detection unit. 20. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photo-detection unit has a multiplication function for multiplying the observation light incident on the detecting elements; and the laser microscope apparatus further comprises a multiplication-factor reduction permitting unit that permits reduction of a multiplication factor for the observation light, the multiplication factor being used in the photo-detection unit, when the intensity signals having intensities equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold are included. 2. The laser microscope apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the photo-detection unit is operated alternatively in a linear mode in which the photo-detection unit is driven with a voltage lower than a predetermined breakdown voltage being supplied or in a Geiger mode in which the photo-detection unit is driven with a voltage equal to or higher than the predetermined breakdown voltage being supplied and in which the observation light incident on the detecting elements is amplified by a multiplication factor higher than that in the linear mode; and the multiplication-factor reduction permitting unit permits switching from the Geiger mode to the linear mode when the intensity signals having intensities equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold are included. 22. A laser microscope apparatus comprising: a scanner that scans laser light on a sample; an objective lens that collects observation light produced in the sample when irradiated with the laser light; a photodetector that has a light-receiving surface formed by arraying a plurality of detecting elements capable of detecting a single photon on a planar surface, that receives the observation light collected by the objective lens and incident on the light-receiving surface, and that outputs intensity signals having intensities corresponding to the amounts of the received observation light; a controller that controls the scanner and that processes the intensity signals output from the photodetector; and an alarm that outputs an alarm in response to an abnormal-state signal, wherein the controller is configured to perform: generating an image of the sample on the basis of the intensities of the intensity signals output from the photodetector and scanning positions of the laser light scanned by the scanner; setting a predetermined threshold for the intensities of the intensity signals used to generate the image according to a beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface; comparing the intensity of each picture element of the image with the threshold; and outputting the abnormal-state signal to the alarm only in a case in which a number of the picture elements that have intensities equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold is equal to more than a predetermined number. 23. A laser microscope apparatus comprising: a scanner that scans laser light on a sample; an objective lens that collects observation light produced in the sample when irradiated with the laser light; a photodetector that has a light-receiving surface formed by arraying a plurality of detecting elements capable of detecting a single photon on a planar surface, that receives the observation light collected by the objective lens and incident on the light-receiving surface, and that outputs intensity signals having intensities corresponding to the amounts of the received observation light; and a controller that controls the scanner and that processes the intensity signals output from the photodetector, wherein the controller is configured to perform: generating an image of the sample on the basis of the intensities of the intensity signals output from the photodetector and scanning positions of the laser light scanned by the scanner; setting a predetermined threshold for the intensities of the intensity signals used to generate the image according to a beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface; comparing the intensity of each picture element of the image with the threshold; and highlighting the picture elements at which the intensities of the intensity signals are equal to or larger than the predetermined threshold in the image. 24. A laser microscope apparatus comprising: a scanner that scans laser light on a sample; an objective lens that collects observation light produced in the sample when irradiated with the laser light; a photodetector that has a light-receiving surface formed by arraying a plurality of detecting elements capable of detecting a single photon on a planar surface, that receives the observation light collected by the objective lens and incident on the light-receiving surface, and that outputs intensity signals having intensities corresponding to the amounts of the received observation light; and a controller that controls the scanner and that processes the intensity signals output from the photodetector, wherein the controller is configured to perform: generating an image of the sample on the basis of the intensities of the intensity signals output from the photodetector and scanning positions of the laser light scanned by the scanner; and setting a predetermined threshold for the intensities of the intensity signals used to generate the image according to a beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface, wherein the generating includes converting the intensities of the intensity signals to the gradation values of picture elements of the image such that the intensities of the intensity signal substantially equal to the predetermined threshold correspond to a maximum value of gradation values. 25. A laser microscope apparatus comprising: a scanner that scans laser light on a sample; an objective lens that collects observation light produced in the sample when irradiated with the laser light; a photodetector that has a light-receiving surface formed by arraying a plurality of detecting elements capable of detecting a single photon on a planar surface, that receives the observation light collected by the objective lens and incident on the light-receiving surface, and that outputs intensity signals having intensities corresponding to the amounts of the received observation light; and a controller that controls the scanner and that processes the intensity signals output from the photodetector, wherein the controller is configured to perform: generating an image of the sample on the basis of the intensities of the intensity signals output from the photodetector and scanning positions of the laser light scanned by the scanner; and setting a predetermined threshold for the intensities of the intensity signals used to generate the image according to a beam diameter of the observation light incident on the light-receiving surface, wherein the generating includes adjusting a gain for the intensity signals output from the photodetector such that the intensities of the intensity signals correspond to a maximum value of gradation values of the image becomes substantially equal to the predetermined threshold.",
-    "A method for router configuration includes at a remote router management platform, registering a first router, associated with a first router identifier, to a user account; at the first router, establishing an internet connection; at a first user electronic device, transmitting a first router configuration to the remote router management platform; and at the first router, receiving the first router configuration from the remote router management platform via the internet connection. 1. A method for router configuration comprising: at a remote router management platform, registering a first router, associated with a first router identifier, to a user account; at the first router, establishing an internet connection; at a first user electronic device, transmitting a first router configuration to the remote router management platform; wherein the first router configuration is associated with the first router identifier and the user account at the remote router management platform; and at the first router, receiving the first router configuration from the remote router management platform via the internet connection. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising at the first user electronic device, transmitting initial configuration data to the first router over a direct wireless connection. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein transmitting initial configuration data at the first user electronic device comprises identifying the first router using the first router identifier and connecting to the first router automatically. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the direct wireless connection is a Bluetooth connection. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein establishing the internet connection comprises connecting to the first user electronic device over a direct wireless connection and establishing the internet connection over a cellular internet connection of the first user electronic device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein establishing the internet connection comprises connecting to a hidden restricted open network broadcast by another router. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein establishing the internet connection comprises connecting to the internet via an Ethernet port of a set of Ethernet ports of the first router. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein connecting to the internet via the Ethernet port of the set of Ethernet ports comprises identifying the Ethernet port as a WAN port by transmitting an ICMP Address Mask Request on the Ethernet port and receiving a response to the ICMP Address Mask Request on the Ethernet port. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the first router configuration comprises at the first router, polling the remote router management platform for configuration updates and downloading the first router configuration in response to an identified configuration update. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the first router configuration comprises at the first router, receiving the first router configuration as part of a push update from the remote router management platform. 10. method of claim 10, further comprising at the first router, transmitting a heartbeat signal containing the router identifier to the remote router management platform. 12. The method of Claim ii, wherein the remote router management platform directs the push update to the first router using a source address of the heartbeat signal. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising at a second router, connecting to wireless network broadcast by the first router; and receiving a second router configuration from the first router. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: at a remote router management platform, registering a second router, associated with a second router identifier, to a user account; at the second router, connecting to a wireless network broadcast by the first router; at the first user electronic device, transmitting a second router configuration to the remote router management platform; wherein the second router configuration is associated with the second router identifier and the user account at the remote router management platform; and at the second router, receiving the second router configuration from the remote router management platform via the hidden restricted open network. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless network broadcast by the first router is a hidden restricted open wireless network. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein connecting to the wireless network broadcast by the first router comprises connecting to the wireless network only after verification that a MAC address of the second router has an allowed MAC address prefix. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the second router configuration configures the second router to serve as a wireless repeater for the first router. 18. A method for router configuration comprising: at a remote router management platform, registering a first router, associated with a first router identifier, to a user account; at the first router, connecting to an open wireless network of a second router; at the first router, establishing an internet connection via the open wireless network; at the first router, transmitting the first router identifier to the remote router management platform via the internet connection; and at the first router, in response to transmission of the first router identifier, receiving a first router configuration from the remote router management platform via the internet connection. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the open wireless network is a hidden restricted open wireless network. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the open wireless network allows internet communication only with the remote router management platform.",
-    "A vehicle (20) consisting of a frame (22) with a pair of paddles (72) extending longitudinally and rotatably supported by the frame (22) in pendulum fashion for swinging movement between an extended position engaging the surface and a retracted position moved vertically out of engagement with the surface. A pair of foot platforms (74) are operatively connected to the paddles (72). A pair of depressors (84) interconnects the foot platforms (74) and the paddles (72) to rotate the paddles (72) between the extended position and the retracted position. The paddles (72) include a propulsion bar (86) and an oar (88) connected by a lost-motion connection to slide relative to one another between the extended position and the retracted position. The oars (88) have a fin-shape to propel the vehicle (20) over water and include a striker (90) to propel the vehicle (20) over land. The vehicle (20) allows movement over a surface of water and land using an elliptical motion similar to the natural motion of walking. 1. A vehicle (20) powered by the feet of a human for movement over a surface of water and land, said vehicle (20) comprising; a frame (22) for movement along a body axis extending horizontally, at least one transport member (44) connected to said frame (22) for moving said vehicle (20) over the surface, a pair of paddles (72) rotatably supported by said frame (22) for rotation about a transverse axis extending horizontally and perpendicular to said body axis to engage and propel said vehicle (20) over the surface, a pair of foot platforms (74) operatively connected to said paddles (72) for rotating said paddles (72) relative to said frame (22) about said transverse axis, and characterized by, said paddles (72) extending longitudinally and rotatably supported by said frame (22) in pendulum fashion for swinging movement between an extended position engaging the surface and a retracted position moved vertically out of engagement with the surface, a pair of depressors (84) interconnecting said foot platforms (74) and said paddles (72) for rotating said paddles (72) between said extended position and said retracted position by lowering said paddles (72) downwardly and into engagement with the surface and raising said paddles (72) upwardly and out of engagement with the surface. 2. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 1 wherein each of said paddles (72) include a propulsion bar (86) and an oar (88) connected by a lost-motion connection with said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) supported by said frame (22) allowing said oar (88) of said paddles (72) to slide relative to said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) between said extended position and said retracted position. 3. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 2 wherein said oar (88) of said paddles (72) has a fin-shape to propel said vehicle (20) over water. 4. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 2 wherein said oar (88) of said paddles (72) includes a striker (90) having a rounded-shape extending from said oar (88) of said paddles (72) to propel said vehicle (20) over land. 5. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 2 further including a pair of rear cords (92) made of elastomeric material attached to said depressors (84) adjacent said oar (88) of said paddles (72) and extending to said frame (22) tightening to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position. 6. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 2 wherein said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) presents a slot (94) extending along said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72), said depressors (84) extending through said slot (94) of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) to said oar (88) of said paddles (72), a spring (96) disposed in said slot (94) of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and extending from said frame (22) to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) compressing to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position. 7. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 2 further including a pair of rear cords (92) made of elastomeric material attached to said depressors (84) adjacent said oar (88) of said paddles (72) and extending to said frame (22) tightening to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position, a spring (96) disposed in said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and extending from said frame (22) to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) compressing to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position. 8. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 1 wherein said frame (22) includes a pair of sides (24) having a tubular shape spaced from one another with each of said sides (24) of said frame (22) extending between a front end (26) and a rear end (28) and presenting a midpoint (30) equidistant between said front end (26) and said rear end (28) of said frame (22), a pair of front poles (32) perpendicularly connected to said sides (24) of said frame (22) with each of said front poles (32) being spaced between said front end (26) of said frame (22) and said midpoint (30) of said frame (22), a front crossbeam (34) extending between said front poles (32) of said frame (22) to define a u-shape spacing said sides (24) of said frame (22), a pair of rear poles (36) perpendicularly connected to said sides (24) of said frame (22) with each of said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) being spaced between said midpoint (30) of said frame (22) and said rear end (28) of said frame (22), a rear crossbeam (38) extending between said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) to define a u-shape spacing said sides (24) of said frame (22). 9. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 8 further including a pair of front stabilizers (40) connected to each of said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and slanting to said sides (24) of said frame (22) spaced from said front end (26) of said frame (22) to reinforce said front poles (32) of said frame (22) to said sides (24) of said frame (22). 10. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 8 further including a pair of rear stabilizers (42) connected to each of said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) and slanting to each of said sides (24) of said frame (22) spaced from said rear end (28) of said frame (22) to reinforce said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) to each of said sides (24) of said frame (22). 11. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 8 wherein said transport member (44) includes a pair of pontoons (46) disposed adjacent said sides (24) of said frame (22) presenting a plurality of holes (48) extending through said pontoons (46) for moving said vehicle (20) over water. 12. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 11 further including a plurality of pins (50) having a cylindrical shape hingedly attached to said sides (24) of said frame (22) and pivotally connected to said pontoons (46) through said holes (48) of said pontoons (46) to allow said pontoons (46) to be removed from said vehicle (20). 13. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 12 wherein said transport member (44) further includes a pair of front wheels (52) having a circular shape attached to said sides (24) of said frame (22) and spaced between said front end (26) of said frame (22) and said midpoint (30) of said frame (22) for moving said vehicle (20) over land. 14. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 13 wherein said transport member (44) further includes a pair of rear wheels (54) having a circular shape pivotally attached to said rear end (28) of said frame (22) for turning and moving said vehicle (20) over water and land. 15. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 14 wherein said front wheels (52) and said rear wheels (54) have a radius extending further from said frame (22) than said pontoons (46) from said frame (22) allowing said vehicle (20) to move over land and seamlessly into water. 16. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 15 further including an axle (56) pivotally connected between said rear wheels (54) to dispose said rear wheels (54) in tandem with each other while steering said vehicle (20). 17. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 16 further including a steering column (58) extending between said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and spaced above said front crossbeam (34) of said frame (22) presenting a guideway (60) extending through said steering column (58) between said front poles (32) of said frame (22). 18. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 17 further including a joystick (62) slidably disposed in said guideway (60) of said steering column (58) and extending from said steering column (58) away from said front crossbeam (34) of said frame (22). 19. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 18 further including a pair of cables (64) extending from said joystick (62) through said guideway (60) of said steering column (58) and through said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and through said sides (24) of said frame (22) and out of said rear end (28) of said frame (22) to connect to said rear wheels (54) and allow the user to slide said joystick (62) along said guideway (60) of said steering column (58) thereby pivoting said rear wheels (54) to turn said vehicle (20). 20. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 19 further including a pair of handles (66) extending from said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and above said steering column (58) being adjustable vertically and circumferentially to allow a user to grip said handles (66) and comfortably hold on to said vehicle (20). 21. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 20 further including a pair of front bars (68) having a tubular shape including a top and a bottom with said top of said front bars (68) being pivotally connected to said front crossbeam (34) of said frame (22). 22. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 21 further including a pair of rear bars (70) having a tubular shape including a top and a bottom with said top of said rear bars (70) being pivotally connected to said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22). 23. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 22 wherein said foot platforms (74) have a proximal end (76) and a distal end (78) with said proximal end (76) of said foot platforms (74) pivotally connected to said bottom of said front bars (68) and said distal end (78) of said foot platforms (74) pivotally connected to said bottom of said rear bars (70). 24. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 23 wherein said proximal end (76) of said foot platforms (74) include a rim (80) having a c-shape for supporting the feet of the human on said foot platforms (74). 25. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 24 further including a pair of front cords (82) made of elastomeric material attached to said bottom of said front bars (68) adjacent said proximal end (76) of said foot platforms (74) and extending to said front end (26) of said frame (22) tightening to provide assistance to said foot platforms (74) moving along said body axis toward said front end (26) of said frame (22) and stretching to provide resistance to said foot platforms (74) moving along said body axis toward said rear end (28) of said frame (22). 26. A vehicle (20) powered by the feet of a human for movement over a surface of water and land, said vehicle (20) comprising; a frame (22) including a pair of sides (24) having a tubular shape spaced from one another with each of said sides (24) of said frame (22) extending between a front end (26) and a rear end (28) and presenting a midpoint (30) equidistant between said front end (26) and said rear end (28) of said frame (22) for movement along a body axis extending horizontally, said frame (22) further including a pair of front poles (32) perpendicularly connected to said sides (24) of said frame (22) with each of said front poles (32) being spaced between said front end (26) of said frame (22) and said midpoint (30) of said frame (22), said frame (22) further including a front crossbeam (34) extending between said front poles (32) of said frame (22) to define a u-shape spacing said sides (24) of said frame (22), said frame (22) further including a pair of rear poles (36) perpendicularly connected to said sides (24) of said frame (22) with each of said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) being spaced between said midpoint (30) of said frame (22) and said rear end (28) of said frame (22), said frame (22) further including a rear crossbeam (38) extending between said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) to define a u-shape spacing said sides (24) of said frame (22), a pair of front stabilizers (40) connected to each of said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and slanting to said sides (24) of said frame (22) spaced from said front end (26) of said frame (22) to reinforce said front poles (32) of said frame (22) to said sides (24) of said frame (22), a pair of rear stabilizers (42) connected to each of said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) and slanting to each of said sides (24) of said frame (22) spaced from said rear end (28) of said frame (22) to reinforce said rear poles (36) of said frame (22) to each of said sides (24) of said frame (22), at least one transport member (44) connected to said frame (22) for moving said vehicle (20) over the surface, said transport member (44) including a pair of pontoons (46) disposed adjacent said sides (24) of said frame (22) presenting a plurality of holes (48) extending through said pontoons (46) for moving said vehicle (20) over water, a plurality of pins (50) having a cylindrical shape hingedly attached to said sides (24) of said frame (22) and pivotally connected to said pontoons (46) through said holes (48) of said pontoons (46) to allow said pontoons (46) to be removed from said vehicle (20), said transport member (44) further including a pair of front wheels (52) having a circular shape attached to said sides (24) of said frame (22) and spaced between said front end (26) of said frame (22) and said midpoint (30) of said frame (22) for moving said vehicle (20) over land, said transport member (44) further including a pair of rear wheels (54) having a circular shape pivotally attached to said rear end (28) of said frame (22) for turning and moving said vehicle (20) over water and land, said front wheels (52) and said rear wheels (54) having a radius extending further from said frame (22) than said pontoons (46) from said frame (22) allowing said vehicle (20) to move over land and seamlessly into water, an axle (56) pivotally connected between said rear wheels (54) to dispose said rear wheels (54) in tandem with each other while steering said vehicle (20), a steering column (58) extending between said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and spaced above said front crossbeam (34) of said frame (22) presenting a guideway (60) extending through said steering column (58) between said front poles (32) of said frame (22), a joystick (62) slidably disposed in said guideway (60) of said steering column (58) and extending from said steering column (58) away from said front crossbeam (34) of said frame (22), a pair of cables (64) extending from said joystick (62) through said guideway (60) of said steering column (58) and through said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and through said sides (24) of said frame (22) and out of said rear end (28) of said frame (22) to connect to said rear wheels (54) and allow the user to slide said joystick (62) along said guideway (60) of said steering column (58) thereby pivoting said rear wheels (54) to turn said vehicle (20), a pair of handles (66) extending from said front poles (32) of said frame (22) and above said steering column (58) being adjustable vertically and circumferentially to allow a user to grip said handles (66) and comfortably hold on to said vehicle (20), a pair of front bars (68) having a tubular shape including a top and a bottom with said top of said front bars (68) being pivotally connected to said front crossbeam (34) of said frame (22), a pair of rear bars (70) having a tubular shape including a top and a bottom with said top of said rear bars (70) being pivotally connected to said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22), a pair of paddles (72) rotatably supported by said frame (22) for rotation about a transverse axis extending horizontally and perpendicular to said body axis to engage and propel said vehicle (20) over the surface, a pair of foot platforms (74) operatively connected to said paddles (72) for rotating said paddles (72) relative to said frame (22) about said transverse axis, said foot platforms (74) having a proximal end (76) and a distal end (78) with said proximal end (76) of said foot platforms (74) pivotally connected to said bottom of said front bars (68) and said distal end (78) of said foot platforms (74) pivotally connected to said bottom of said rear bars (70), said proximal end (76) of said foot platforms (74) including a rim (80) having a c-shape for supporting the feet of the human on said foot platforms (74), a pair of front cords (82) made of elastomeric material attached to said bottom of said front bars (68) adjacent said proximal end (76) of said foot platforms (74) and extending to said front end (26) of said frame (22) tightening to provide assistance to said foot platforms (74) moving along said body axis toward said front end (26) of said frame (22) and stretching to provide resistance to said foot platforms (74) moving along said body axis toward said rear end (28) of said frame (22), said paddles (72) extending longitudinally and rotatably supported by said frame (22) in pendulum fashion for swinging movement between an extended position engaging the surface and a retracted position moved vertically out of engagement with the surface, a pair of depressors (84) interconnecting said foot platforms (74) and said paddles (72) for rotating said paddles (72) between said extended position and said retracted position by lowering said paddles (72) downwardly and into engagement with the surface and raising said paddles (72) upwardly and out of engagement with the surface, each of said paddles (72) including a propulsion bar (86) and an oar (88) connected by a lost-motion connection with said propulsion bar (86) pivotally connected to said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22) allowing said propulsion bar (86) and said oar (88) to slide relative to one another between said extended position and said retracted position, said oar (88) of said paddles (72) having a fin-shape to propel said vehicle (20) over water, said oar (88) of said paddles (72) including a striker (90) having a rounded-shape extending from said oar (88) of said paddles (72) to propel said vehicle (20) over land. 27. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 26 wherein said lost-motion connection of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and said oar (88) of said paddles (72) includes said oar (88) of said paddles (72) being slidably disposed about said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72), a pair of rear cords (92) made of elastomeric material attached to said depressors (84) adjacent said oar (88) of said paddles (72) and extending to said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22) tightening to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position. 28. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 26 wherein said lost-motion connection of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and said oar (88) of said paddles (72) includes said oar (88) of said paddles (72) being slidably disposed in said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72), said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) presenting a slot (94) extending along said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72), said depressors (84) extending through said slot (94) of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) to said oar (88) of said paddles (72), a spring (96) disposed in said slot (94) of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and extending from said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22) to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) compressing to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position. 29. A vehicle (20) as set forth in claim 26 wherein said lost-motion connection of said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and said oar (88) of said paddles (72) includes said oar (88) of said paddles (72) being slidably disposed in said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72), a pair of rear cords (92) made of elastomeric material attached to said depressors (84) adjacent said oar (88) of said paddles (72) and extending to said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22) tightening to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position, a spring (96) disposed in said propulsion bar (86) of said paddles (72) and extending from said rear crossbeam (38) of said frame (22) to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) compressing to provide assistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said extended position to said retracted position and stretching to provide resistance to said oar (88) of said paddles (72) moving from said retracted position to said extended position. 30. The method of moving a vehicle (20) over a surface of water and land consisting of a frame (22) for movement along a body axis extending horizontally, a paddle (72) rotatably supported by said frame (22) for rotation about a transverse axis extending horizontally and perpendicular to said body axis, a foot platform (74) operatively connected to said paddle (72), a depressor (84) interconnecting said foot platform (74) and said paddle (72), said method comprising the steps of; pushing said depressor (84) downwardly, lowering said paddle (72) into engagement with the surface, swinging said foot platform (74) backward along said body axis, rotating said paddle (72) clockwise about said transverse axis propelling said vehicle (20), raising said paddles (72) out of engagement with the surface, swinging said foot platforms (74) forward along said body axis, rotating said paddles (72) counter-clockwise about said transverse axis.",
-    "Techniques are described for parsing a software program using parallel processing. In one example, a method includes tokenizing input source text to form a token stream having a plurality of tokens, partitioning the token stream into partitions by division and by statement, parsing two or more of the partitions in parallel, and traversing the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. Partitioning includes storing an entry representing each partition in a partition table, including scanning the token stream in reverse starting at the end of each division. Parsing the partitions in parallel includes building, for each statement partition, an annotated syntax tree (AST) to represent the statement, storing, for each symbol, an entry in a common symbol dictionary, and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors detected while parsing the partitions. 1. A method, comprising: tokenizing, with one or more processing devices, input source text to form a token stream having a plurality of tokens, wherein the input source text is organized in two or more divisions and includes a plurality of statements in a compiled programming language; partitioning, with the one or more processing devices, the token stream into partitions by division and by statement, wherein partitioning includes storing an entry representing each partition in a partition table and wherein partitioning by statement further includes scanning the token stream in reverse starting at a statement end; parsing, with the one or more processing devices, two or more of the partitions in parallel, wherein parsing the partitions in parallel includes building, for each statement partition, an annotated syntax tree (AST) to represent the statement, storing, for each symbol, an entry in a common symbol dictionary, and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors detected while parsing the partitions; and traversing, with the one or more processing devices, the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein, for statements with conditional markers, parsing the partitions further includes skipping imperative statements following conditional markers. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein traversing the common symbol dictionary includes determining, for each symbol in the common symbol dictionary, if an expected type for the symbol matches a definition type and, if the expected type for the symbol does not matches the definition type for the symbol, generating a type mismatch error. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises traversing, with the one or more processing devices, the ASTs as a function of the partition table and generating, with the one or more processing devices, compiled program code. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: retrieving, with the one or more processing devices and from memory, the partition table and the common symbol dictionary; receiving changes to the input source text; syntax checking the changed input source text, wherein syntax checking includes parsing each partition with changed input source text, wherein parsing includes: building an annotated syntax tree to represent each statement in the partition that has changed; storing, for each new symbol, an entry in the common symbol dictionary; and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors encountered while parsing partitions with changed input source text; and traversing, with the one or more processing devices, the new symbols in the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the method further comprises traversing the ASTs as a function of the partition table and generating compiled program code. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each token has a location, wherein scanning the token stream in reverse includes determining, for each token, if the current token stream location includes a token from a group of tokens including a conditional marker, an implicit statement terminator, a period token, and the start of a statement. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein each token has a location, wherein scanning the token stream in reverse includes: determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is a conditional marker and, if the current token stream location is a conditional marker, setting a conditional marker flag; determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator and, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator, storing the current token stream location as a latest end statement location; and determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is a period token and, if the current token stream location is a period token, noting the end of a statement. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein scanning the token stream in reverse further includes determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each token has a location, wherein scanning the token stream in reverse includes: determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator and, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator, storing the current token stream location as a latest end statement; determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement and, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement, determining if a statement type associated with the statement has a corresponding implicit statement terminator; and if the statement type associated with the statement has a corresponding explicit statement terminator and the token stream location stored as the latest end statement has a statement type that matches the statement type associated with the statement, noting the token stream location stored as the latest end statement as last token in the partition. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein each token has a location, wherein scanning the token stream in reverse includes: determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator and, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator, storing the current token stream location as a latest end statement; determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is a period token and, if the current token stream location is a period token, noting the end of a statement; determining, for each token, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement and, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement, determining if a statement type associated with the statement has a corresponding explicit statement terminator; and if the statement type associated with the statement does not have a corresponding explicit statement terminator or the token stream location stored as the latest end statement has a statement type that is different than the statement type associated with the statement, using a token stream location associated with a period token as last token in the partition. 12. A computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code executable by a computing device to: tokenize input source text to form a token stream having a plurality of tokens, wherein the input source text is organized in two or more divisions and includes a plurality of statements in a compiled program language; partition the token stream into partitions by division and by statement, wherein partitioning includes storing an entry representing each partition in a partition table and wherein partitioning by statement further includes scanning the token stream in reverse starting at a statement end; parse two or more of the partitions in parallel, wherein parsing the partitions in parallel includes building, for each statement partition, an annotated syntax tree (AST) to represent the statement, storing, for each symbol, an entry in a common symbol dictionary, and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors detected while parsing the partitions; and traverse the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the program code is further executable by the computing device to: retrieve the partition table and the common symbol dictionary; receive changes to the input source text; and syntax check the changed input source text, wherein syntax checking includes parsing each partition with changed input source text, wherein parsing includes: building an annotated syntax tree to represent each statement in the partition that has changed; storing, for each new symbol, an entry in the common symbol dictionary; and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors encountered while parsing partitions with changed input source text; and traverse the new symbols in the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. 14. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the program code is further executable by the computing device to traverse the ASTs as a function of the partition table and generating compiled program code. 15. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein each token has a location and wherein the program code for scanning the token stream in reverse includes program code executable by the computing device to: determine, for each token, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator and, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator, storing the current token stream location as a latest end statement; determine, for each token, if the current token stream location is a period token and, if the current token stream location is a period token, noting the end of a statement; determine, for each token, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement and, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement, determining if a statement type associated with the statement has a corresponding explicit statement terminator; and if the statement type associated with the statement does not have a corresponding explicit statement terminator or the token stream location stored as the latest end statement has a statement type that is different than the statement type associated with the statement, use a token stream location associated with a period token as last token in the partition. 16. A computer system comprising: one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, and one or more computer-readable storage mediums; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to tokenize input source text to form a token stream having a plurality of tokens, wherein the input source text is organized in two or more divisions and includes a plurality of statements in a compiled program language; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to partition the token stream into partitions by division and by statement, wherein partitioning includes storing an entry representing each partition in a partition table and wherein partitioning by statement further includes scanning the token stream in reverse starting at a statement end; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to parse two or more of the partitions in parallel with the one or more processors, wherein parsing the partitions in parallel includes building, for each statement partition, an annotated syntax tree (AST) to represent the statement, storing, for each symbol, an entry in a common symbol dictionary, and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors detected while parsing the partitions; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to traverse the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the computer system further comprises: program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to retrieve the partition table and the common symbol dictionary; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to receive changes to the input source text; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to syntax check the changed input source text, wherein syntax checking includes parsing each partition with changed input source text, wherein parsing includes: building an annotated syntax tree to represent each statement in the partition that has changed; storing, for each new symbol, an entry in the common symbol dictionary; and generating error messages corresponding to syntax errors encountered while parsing partitions with changed input source text; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to traverse the new symbols in the common symbol dictionary to detect semantic errors. 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the computer system further comprises: program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to traverse the ASTs as a function of the partition table and to generate compiled program code. 19. The computer system of claim 16, wherein each token has a location and wherein the program instructions to scan the token stream in reverse includes: program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to determine, for each token, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator and, if the current token stream location is an explicit statement terminator, storing the current token stream location as a latest end statement; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to determine, for each token, if the current token stream location is a period token and, if the current token stream location is a period token, noting the end of a statement; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to determine, for each token, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement and, if the current token stream location is the start of a statement, determining if a statement type associated with the statement has a corresponding explicit statement terminator; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage mediums for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to, if the statement type associated with the statement does not have a corresponding explicit statement terminator or the token stream location stored as the latest end statement has a statement type that is different than the statement type associated with the statement, use a token stream location associated with a period token as last token in the partition.",
-    "An electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles utilizes one or more light-emitting diodes to illuminate fiber optic rods held within rid compartments within a plurality of sight posts, including a front sight post and a rear sight post. Each fiber optic rod is viewable through a rod viewing port in the rear surface of each housing, making the illuminated fiber optic rods viewable only to the user of the handgun or rifle. The LEDs are housed within a sight body or control housing and fiber optic cables are run from the LEDs to the fiber optic rods in order to transfer light from the LEDs to the fiber optic rods within the sight posts. The LEDs can be switched on or off by a power switch, and a potentiometer controls the intensity of the LEDs. 1. An electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles comprises: a plurality of sight posts; a plurality of fiber optic cables; at least one light-emitting diode (LED); a control housing; a rear sight body; a front sight mount; a rear sight mount; a power source; the plurality of sight posts comprises a front sight post, a first rear sight post, and a second rear sight post; each of the plurality of sight posts comprises a fiber optic rod, a rod compartment, a rod viewing port, an ambient light slot, a rear surface and a top surface, wherein the rear surface and the top surface are oriented perpendicular to each other; each of the plurality of fiber optic cables comprises an input end and an output end; the control housing comprises an LED control; the rear sight body comprises a viewing slot; the first rear sight post and the second rear sight post being connected to the rear sight body; the first rear sight post, the second rear sight post and the viewing slot being oriented parallel to each other on the rear sight body, wherein each of the plurality of sight posts and the viewing slot are oriented longitudinally; the first rear sight post and the second rear sight post being positioned symmetrically about the viewing slot of the rear sight body, wherein the first rear sight post and the second rear sight post are laterally separated by the viewing slot; the fiber optic rod being positioned within the rod compartment for each of the plurality of sight posts; the rod viewing port traversing through the rear surface adjacent to the rod compartment for each of the plurality of sight posts; the ambient light slot traversing through the top surface adjacent to the rod compartment for each of the plurality of sight posts; the input end of each of the fiber optic cables being positioned adjacent to one of the at least one LED; the output end of each of the fiber optic cables traversing into the rod compartment adjacent to the fiber optic rod of one of the plurality of sight posts; the power source being electrically connected to the LED control and each of the at least one LED; the front sight mount being connected to a bottom surface of the front sight post; and the rear sight mount being connected to a bottom surface of the rear sight body. 2. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the control housing being connected adjacent to the rear sight body. 3. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 2 comprises: a neck; the neck being laterally aligned with the viewing slot of the rear sight body; and the neck being connected between the control housing and the front sight post. 4. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: a neck; the neck being laterally aligned with the viewing slot of the rear sight body; and the neck being connected between the rear sight body and the front sight post. 5. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the rod compartment and the fiber optic rod being cylindrical; and the rod compartment and the fiber optic rod being oriented longitudinally. 6. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the power source being positioned within the control housing. 7. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the at least one LED being positioned within the rear sight body. 8. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the at least one LED being positioned within the control housing. 9. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the output end of each of the fiber optic cables traversing into the rod compartment opposite the rod viewing port. 10. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the rear sight body comprises a first fiber optic channel and a second fiber optic channel; the neck comprises a third fiber optic channel; the plurality of fiber optic cables comprises a first fiber optic cable, a second fiber optic cable, and a third fiber optic cable; the at least one LED being positioned within the rear sight body; the first fiber optic channel traversing from the at least one LED through the rear sight body and the neck to the rod compartment of the front sight post; the second fiber optic channel traversing through the rear sight body from the at least one LED to the rod compartment of the first rear sight post; the third fiber optic channel traversing through the rear sight body from the at least one LED to the rod compartment of the second rear sight post; the first fiber optic cable being positioned within the first fiber optic channel; the second fiber optic cable being positioned within the first fiber optic channel; the third fiber optic cable being positioned within the third fiber optic channel; the output end of the first fiber optic cable being positioned adjacent to the fiber optic rod of the front sight post; the output end of the second fiber optic cable being positioned adjacent to the fiber optic rod of the first rear sight post; and the output end of the third fiber optic cable being positioned adjacent to the fiber optic rod of the second rear sight post. 11. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the rear sight mount being a dovetail mount. 12. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the rear sight mount being a picatinny mount. 13. The electronically illuminated open sight for handguns and rifles as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the LED control comprises a potentiometer and a power switch; the power source being electrically connected to the power switch; the power switch being electrically connected to the potentiometer; and the potentiometer being connected to each of the at least one LED.",
-    "A network-based publication system, to publish data over a communications network, includes an interface to receive, via the communications network and from a first user, user data to be published by a network-based publication system. The publication system further includes a publisher component to generate publication data (e.g., an HTML document) including the user data and function modifying code. The publisher component generates the publication data in accordance with a publication format. The interface publishes the publication data via the communications network. The function modifying code is interpreted and executed, at a browser application, to disable (or modify) least one function of programming language supported by the browser application. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for modifying the behavior of an application, the method comprising: receiving an electronic document, the electronic document comprising publication data having user data and function modifying code, the function modifying code redefining a standard function definition of a function call of at least one programming language based on a declaration that overrides the standard function definition; rendering the received electronic document, wherein the rendering causes execution of the function call; executing the function modifying code instead of the standard function definition code based on the rendering of the received electronic document; and displaying the user data based on the rendering of the received electronic document. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the publication data was dynamically generated in response to a request for the user data. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the publication data is in a markup-language document format. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the function modifying code is to disable a capability of the at least one function of the programming language. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the function modifying code modifies a unique set of functions of the programming language. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the function modifying code redirects execution of a function call to the redefined standard function definition. 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the user data includes a reference to executable code stored at a further location accessible via the communications network. 28. A computer-readable storage device comprising instructions which, when executed by at least one hardware processor, configure the at least one hardware processor to perform a method comprising: receiving an electronic document, the electronic document comprising publication data having user data and function modifying code, the function modifying code redefining a standard function definition of a function call of at least one programming language based on a declaration that overrides the standard function definition; rendering the received electronic document, wherein the rendering causes execution of the function call; executing the function modifying code instead of the standard function definition code based on the rendering of the received electronic document; and displaying the user data based on the rendering of the received electronic document. 29. The computer-readable storage device of claim 28, wherein the publication data was dynamically generated in response to a request for the user data. 30. The computer-readable storage device of claim 28, wherein the publication data is in a markup-language document format. 31. The computer-readable storage device of claim 28, wherein the function modifying code is to disable a capability of the at least one function of the programming language. 32. The computer-readable storage device of claim 28, wherein the function modifying code modifies a unique set of functions of the programming language. 33. The computer-readable storage device of claim 28, wherein the function modifying code redirects execution of a function call to the redefined standard function definition. 34. The computer-readable storage device of claim 28, wherein the user data includes a reference to executable code stored at a further location accessible via the communications network. 35. A system comprising: a non-transitory, computer-readable medium that stores computer-executable instructions; and at least one hardware processor in communication with the non-transitory, computer-readable medium that, when the computer-executable instructions are executed, is configured to: receive an electronic document, the electronic document comprising publication data having user data and function modifying code, the function modifying code redefining a standard function definition of a function call of at least one programming language based on a declaration that overrides the standard function definition; render the received electronic document, wherein the rendering causes execution of the function call; execute the function modifying code instead of the standard function definition code based on the rendering of the received electronic document; and display the user data based on the rendering of the received electronic document. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the publication data is in a markup-language document format. 37. The system of claim 35, wherein the function modifying code is to disable a capability of the at least one function of the programming language. 38. The system of claim 35, wherein the function modifying code modifies a unique set of functions of the programming language. 39. The system of claim 35, wherein the function modifying code redirects execution of a function call to the redefined standard function definition. 40. The system of claim 35, wherein the user data includes a reference to executable code stored at a further location accessible via the communications network.",
-    "Some embodiments provide a waste heat recovery apparatus including an exhaust tube having a cylindrical outer shell configured to contain a flow of exhaust fluid; a first heat exchanger extending through a first region of the exhaust tube, the first heat exchanger in thermal communication with the cylindrical outer shell; a second region of the exhaust tube extending through the exhaust tube, the second region having a low exhaust fluid pressure drop; an exhaust valve operatively disposed within the second region and configured to allow exhaust fluid to flow through the second region only when a flow rate of the exhaust fluid becomes great enough to result in back pressure beyond an allowable limit; and a plurality of thermoelectric elements in thermal communication with an outer surface of the outer shell. 1. A power generation apparatus comprising: at least one exhaust tube having a curved outer shell configured to contain a flow of exhaust fluid; at least a first heat exchanger extending through a first region of the at least one exhaust tube, the first heat exchanger in thermal communication with the curved outer shell; a second region of the at least one exhaust tube extending through the at least one exhaust tube, the second region having a low exhaust fluid pressure drop; at least one exhaust valve operatively disposed within the second region and configured to allow exhaust fluid to flow through the second region only when a flow rate of the exhaust fluid becomes great enough to result in back pressure beyond an allowable limit; and at least one thermoelectric element in thermal communication with an outer surface of the curved outer shell, the at least one thermoelectric element configured to accommodate thermal expansion of the at least one exhaust tube during operation of the waste heat recovery system.",
-    "Systems and methods for operating a quantum Otto cycle, including a superconducting LC resonator circuit electrically coupled to an input control unit with a reservoir source and a waveform generator configured to generate a bias current. A superconducting flux qubit is coupled to the LC resonator via a superconducting quantum interference device (\u201cSQUID\u201d). The SQUID generates a flux in the presence of the bias current, and the flux generated by the SQUID mediates a coupling rate between the flux qubit and the LC resonator. The waveform generator alternates the bias current to adiabatically change the coupling rate between the flux qubit and the LC resonator during adiabatic stages of the quantum Otto cycle. The reservoir source sends pulses to thermalize the flux qubit and the LC resonator system during isochoric stages of the quantum Otto cycle. 1. A system for operating a quantum Otto cycle, comprising: a superconducting LC resonator circuit electrically coupled to an input control unit, the input control unit including a reservoir source and a waveform generator configured to generate a bias current; a superconducting flux qubit having at least two states tunably coupled to the LC resonator via a superconducting quantum interference device (\u201cSQUID\u201d), wherein the SQUID generates a flux in the presence of the bias current, and wherein the flux generated by the SQUID mediates a coupling rate between the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator; a seed coherence control unit inductively coupled to the superconducting flux qubit and adapted to produce a DC flux bias to couple the at least two qubit states; and a dilution refrigerator chamber for housing the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator; wherein the waveform generator is configured to alternate the bias current to adiabatically change the coupling rate between the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator during adiabatic stages of the quantum Otto cycle; and wherein the reservoir source is configured to send pulses to thermalize the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system during isochoric stages of the quantum Otto cycle. 2. The quantum heat engine of claim 1, wherein the reservoir source comprises a quasi thermal field source. 3. The quantum heat engine of claim 2, wherein the quasi thermal field source is thermally coupled to a first thermal reservoir having temperature TL and a second thermal reservoir having temperature TH, and wherein the quasi thermal field source is configured to send a first pulse to thermalize the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system to temperature TL during a first isochoric stage of the quantum Otto cycle and configured to send a second pulse to thermalize the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system to temperature TH during a second isochoric stages of the quantum Otto cycle. 4. The quantum heat engine of claim 1, wherein the reservoir source comprises at least one quantum reservoir characterized by a physical temperature parameter and a quantum parameter. 5. The quantum heat engine of claim 4, wherein the quantum reservoir is further characterized by an effective temperature, wherein the effective temperature is based on the physical temperature and the quantum parameter, and wherein the effective temperature is higher than the physical temperature. 6. The quantum heat engine of claim 4, wherein the quantum reservoir comprises one or more of an ensemble of thermal squeezed photons or coherent photons, or a single qubit or qutrit with quantum coherence. 7. The quantum heat engine of claim 4, wherein the quantum reservoir is adapted to thermalize the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system by injecting coherence using the seed coherence control unit and coupling the quantum reservoir to the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system. 8. A method for operating a quantum Otto cycle using a qubit-resonator system comprising a superconducting flux qubit having at least two qubit states tunably coupled to a superconducting LC resonator, comprising: cooling the qubit-resonator system to its ground state using a dilution refrigerator chamber; applying a DC flux bias using a seed coherence control unit to couple the at least two qubit states of the superconducting flux qubit; thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to a first temperature such that a plurality of first energy levels of the qubit-resonator system have first occupation probabilities; adiabatically shifting the first energy levels of the qubit-resonator system to a second plurality of second energy levels by applying a bias current to vary the coupling rate between the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator from a first coupling rate to a second coupling rate; thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to a second temperature such that the second energy levels have second occupation probabilities; adiabatically shifting the second energy levels of the qubit-resonator system back to the first energy levels by altering the bias current to vary the coupling rate between the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator from the second coupling rate to the first coupling rate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the first temperature includes thermally coupling the qubit-resonator system to a thermal reservoir having a temperature equal to the first temperature. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the second temperature includes thermally coupling the qubit-resonator system to a thermal reservoir having a temperature equal to the second temperature. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the first temperature and thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the second temperature includes coupling the qubit-resonator system to a quantum reservoir characterized by a physical temperature parameter and a quantum parameter. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the quantum reservoir is further characterized by an effective temperature, wherein the effective temperature is based on the physical temperature and the quantum parameter, and wherein the effective temperature is higher than the physical temperature. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the quantum reservoir comprises one or more of an ensemble of thermal squeezed photons or coherent photons, or a single qubit or qutrit with quantum coherence. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the quantum reservoir is adapted to thermalize the qubit-resonator system by injecting coherence using the seed coherence control unit and coupling the quantum reservoir to the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system. 15. A method for operating a quantum Otto cycle using a qubit-resonator system comprising a superconducting flux qubit having at least two qubit states tunably coupled to a superconducting LC resonator, comprising: cooling the qubit-resonator system to its ground state using a dilution refrigerator chamber; applying a DC flux bias using a seed coherence control unit to couple the at least two qubit states of the superconducting flux qubit; thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to a first temperature such that a plurality of first energy levels of the qubit-resonator system have first occupation probabilities; adiabatically shifting the first energy levels of the qubit-resonator system to a plurality of second energy levels by applying an external magnetic flux to vary the excitation frequency of the superconducting LC resonator from a first excitation frequency to a second excitation frequency; thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to a second temperature such that the second energy levels have second occupation probabilities; adiabatically shifting the second energy levels of the qubit-resonator system back to the first energy levels by altering the external magnetic flux to vary the excitation frequency of the superconducting LC resonator from the second excitation frequency to the first excitation frequency. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the first temperature includes thermally coupling the qubit-resonator system to a thermal reservoir having a temperature equal to the first temperature. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the second temperature includes thermally coupling the qubit-resonator system to a thermal reservoir having a temperature equal to the second temperature. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein at least one of thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the first temperature and thermalizing the qubit-resonator system to the second temperature includes coupling the qubit-resonator system to a quantum reservoir characterized by a physical temperature parameter and a quantum parameter. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the quantum reservoir is further characterized by an effective temperature, wherein the effective temperature is based on the physical temperature and the quantum parameter, and wherein the effective temperature is higher than the physical temperature. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the quantum reservoir comprises one or more of an ensemble of thermal squeezed photons or coherent photons, or a single qubit or qutrit with quantum coherence. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the quantum reservoir is adapted to thermalize the qubit-resonator system by injecting coherence using the seed coherence control unit and coupling the quantum reservoir to the superconducting flux qubit and the superconducting LC resonator system.",
-    "Provided is an apparatus for transmitting a signal based on a non-uniform inter-symbol interference (ISI) pattern, the apparatus that may transmit an output signal generated by modulating an input signal based on a parameter sequence to be used to control an interference pattern and a position of a transmission signal for each symbol using a faster than Nyquist (FTN) scheme. 1. A signal transmitting apparatus comprising: a controller configured to control an interference pattern and a position of a transmission signal based on a parameter sequence associated with an overlapping level and a position of a signal for each symbol using a faster than Nyquist (FTN) scheme; and a transmitter configured to transmit an output signal generated by modulating an input signal based on the parameter sequence. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the parameter sequence is shared with a receiving apparatus through security communications using a security key. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the output signal is decoded into the input signal based on the parameter sequence. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the modulating comprises changing the overlapping level and the position of the signal for each symbol with respect to at least one of a time band and a frequency band based on the parameter sequence. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to set a value of the parameter sequence with respect to the time band to be inversely proportional to a transmission rate. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to set a value of the parameter sequence with respect to the frequency band to be inversely proportional to a range of the frequency band. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the parameter sequence is adaptively determined based on an applied variable. 8. A signal transmitting apparatus comprising: a controller configured to control a spread code involved in bandwidth extension based on a parameter sequence associated with an overlapping level and a position of a signal for each symbol using a faster than Nyquist (FTN) scheme; and a transmitter configured to transmit a spread signal generated by extending a frequency band of an input signal using the spread code modulated based on the parameter sequence. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to overlap lengths of spread codes at a predetermined ratio by applying the same parameter sequence for each symbol. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to overlap lengths of spread codes at different ratios using different parameter sequences for each symbol. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the parameter sequence is shared with a receiving apparatus through security communications using a security key. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the spread signal is decoded into the input signal and the spread code based on the parameter sequence. 13. A signal transmitting apparatus comprising: a controller configured to control a frequency hopping pattern based on a parameter sequence associated with an overlapping level and a position of a signal for each symbol using a faster than Nyquist (FTN) scheme; and a transmitter configured to transmit a signal based on the controlled frequency hopping pattern. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein an overlapping level of a center frequency is controlled by applying the parameter sequence to a frequency band included in the frequency hopping pattern. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the parameter sequence changes at every frequency hopping interval.",
-    "Methods and systems for a flexible, scalable hardware and software platform that allows a managed security service provider to easily provide security services to multiple customers are provided. According to one embodiment, a method is provided for delivering customized network services to subscribers of the service provider. A request is received, at a service management system (SMS) of the service provider, to establish an Internet Protocol (IP) connection between a first and second location of a first subscriber of the managed security service provider. Responsive to the request, the SMS causes a tunnel to be established between a first and second service processing switch of the service provider which are coupled in communication via a public network and associated with the first location and the second location, respectively. 1. A method comprising: instantiating, within each of a plurality of service processing switches of a service provider, a plurality of virtual routers (VRs), wherein each VR of the plurality of VRs is supported by an object group and each object of the object group supports a network service; assigning one or more VRs of the plurality of VRs to a subscriber of a plurality of subscribers of the service provider; receiving, by a service management system (SMS) of the service provider, a request to establish an Internet Protocol (IP) connection between a first location of the subscriber and a second location of the subscriber; and establishing a tunnel between a first service processing switch of the plurality of service processing switches and a second service processing switch of the plurality of service processing switches coupled in communication with the first service processing switch through a public network, including: binding an encryption configuration decision associated with the request with a routing configuration of a first packet routing node of the first service processing switch, by, when the request is to establish a secure IP connection, configuring, the first packet routing node (i) to cause all packets transmitted from the first location to the second location to be encrypted prior to transmission through the public network and (ii) to cause all packets received from the second location to be decrypted after transmission through the public network; and binding the encryption configuration decision with a routing configuration of a second packet routing node of the second service processing switch, by, when the request is to establish a secure IP connection, configuring, the second packet routing node (i) to cause all packets transmitted from the second location to the first location to be encrypted prior to transmission through the public network and (ii) to cause all packets received from the first location to be decrypted after transmission through the public network. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the object group includes a routing object, a packet filtering object, a firewall object and a network address translation (NAT) object. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each VR of the plurality of VRs comprises a separate instantiation. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the SMS is operable to perform services including one or more of: configuration of hardware of the service processing switch, definition of subscribers, determination of network services and generation of Internet Protocol security (IPSec) public/private key pairs. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing customized network services to the subscriber by the one or more VRs assigned to the subscriber, wherein the customized network services can be enabled or disabled on a subscriber-by-subscriber basis by adding one or more objects to or omitting the one or more objects from the object group. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: assigning a unique processor identifier (PEID) to each of a plurality of processors of the service processing switch; assigning a logical queue identifier (LQID) to each object of an object group of a VR of the plurality of VRs; receiving, by the service processing switch, a packet that includes a PEID value and an LQID value; directing the received packet to a processor of the plurality of processors to which the PEID value has been assigned; and further directing the received packet within the processor to an object of the object group to which the LQID value has been assigned. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the tunnel is formed using a first virtual encrypting router running in the first service processing switch coupled to a first virtual decrypting router running in the second service processing switch and a second virtual encrypting router running in the second service processing switch coupled to a second virtual decrypting router running in the first service processing switch. 10. A system operable by a service provider, the system comprising: a service management system (SMS) configured to operate within a service provider network; a plurality of virtual routers (VRs) instantiated within a plurality of service processing switches within the service provider network, wherein each VR of the plurality of VRs is supported by an object group and each object of the object group supports a network service; wherein the SMS is further configured to: assign one or more of the plurality of VRs to a subscriber of a plurality of subscribers of the service provider; receive a request to establish an Internet Protocol (IP) connection between a first location of the subscriber and a second location of the subscriber; establish a tunnel between a first service processing switch of the plurality of service processing switches and a second service processing switch of the plurality of service processing switches coupled in communication with the first service processing switch through a public network; bind an encryption configuration decision associated with the request with a routing configuration of a first packet routing node of the first service processing switch, by, when the request is to establish a secure IP connection, configuring, the first packet routing node (i) to cause all packets transmitted from the first location to the second location to be encrypted prior to transmission through the public network and (ii) to cause all packets received from the second location to be decrypted after transmission through the public network; and bind the encryption configuration decision with a routing configuration of a second packet routing node of the second service processing switch, by, when the request is to establish a secure IP connection, configuring, the second packet routing node (i) to cause all packets transmitted from the second location to the first location to be encrypted prior to transmission through the public network and (ii) to cause all packets received from the first location to be decrypted after transmission through the public network. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the object group includes a routing object, a packet filtering object, a firewall object and a network address translation (NAT) object. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein each VR of the plurality of VRs comprises a separate instantiation. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the SMS further provides one or more of: configuration of hardware, defining subscribers, determining services, and generation of IP security (IPSec) public/private key pairs. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the SMS further provides customized network services to a subscriber of the service provider network, wherein the customized network services can be enabled or disabled on a subscriber-by-subscriber basis by adding one or more objects to or omitting the one or more objects from the object group. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the SMS is further configured to: assign a unique processor identifier (PEID) to each of a plurality of processors within the plurality of service processing switches; assign a logical queue identifier (LQID) to each object of an object group of a VR of the plurality of VRs; direct the received packet to a processor of the plurality of processors to which the PEID value has been assigned; and further direct the received packet within the processor to an object of the object group to which the LQID value has been assigned. 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the first packet routing node comprises a first virtual encrypting router and a first virtual decrypting router running in the first service processing switch, wherein the second packet routing node comprises a second virtual encrypting router and a second virtual decrypting router running in the second service processing switch and wherein the first virtual encrypting router is coupled to the first virtual decrypting router and the second virtual encrypting router is coupled to the second virtual decrypting router.",
-    "A storage container has an internal volume defined by at least one panel. Access to the internal volume is provided through an opening. A zipper is used to close the opening and the zipper is actuated by a slider. A locking mechanism for the slider is provided in the form of a housing into which the slider is received as the slider moves in a closing direction. When the slider is located in the housing, a locking cap, such as a child-proof cap, can be engaged onto the housing to prevent access to the slider. 1. A container comprising: (A) at least one panel that defines an internal volume of the bag; (B) at least one opening that provides access to the internal volume; (C) a zipper enclosure operated by a slider that selectively closes the at least one opening; and (D) a locking mechanism comprising: (a) a body that receives the slider; and (b) a locking cap that engages the body and prevents the slider from being removed from the body while the locking cap is secured on the body. 2. The container of claim 1 wherein the body defines an internal cavity and wherein the slider is received into the internal cavity. 3. The container of claim 1 wherein the body comprises an opening through which the slider passes to exit the body. 4. The container of claim 3 wherein the opening is hidden when the locking cap is engaged on the body. 5. The container of claim 1 wherein an engagement between the locking cap and the body is a childproof engagement. 6. The container of claim 1 wherein the body comprises at least one flange for securing the body to the container. 7. The container of claim 1 wherein the body comprises a ring that defines an internal cavity that receives the slider. 8. The container of claim 7 wherein the ring comprises a circumferential groove that engages the locking cap. 9. The container of claim 7 wherein the ring comprises a screw thread. 10. The container of claim 1 wherein the body is secured to one side of the container. 11. The container of claim 1 wherein the body is secured to two sides of the container. 12. The container of claim 1 wherein the zipper enclosure is provided in a side panel of the container. 13. The container of claim 1 wherein the zipper enclosure is disposed in an edge of the container. 14. The container of claim 1 wherein the at least one panel comprises at least one flexible panel. 15. The container of claim 1 wherein the at least one panel comprises at least one rigid panel. 16. A locking mechanism for a container that is sealed by a zipper comprising a slider, the locking mechanism comprising: (a) a body that receives the slider; and (b) a locking cap that engages the body and prevents the slider from being removed from the body while the locking cap is secured on the body. 17. The locking mechanism of claim 16 wherein the body defines an internal cavity that is sized and shaped to receive a slider into the internal cavity. 18. The locking mechanism of claim 16 wherein the body comprises an opening through which the slider passes to exit the body. 19. The locking mechanism of claim 16 wherein the body comprises at least one flange for securing the body to the container. 20. A container defining an internal volume accessed through an opening, the container comprising: (A) closure means for selectively closing the opening; (B) actuator means for actuating the closure means; (C) housing means for receiving the actuator means; and (D) locking means for locking the housing means to prevent access to the actuator means. 21. The container of claim 20 wherein the housing means comprises attachment means for attaching the housing means to the container. 22. The container of claim 20 wherein the housing means comprises cavity means for receiving the actuator means. 23. The container of claim 20 wherein the housing means comprises opening means for the actuator means to exit the housing means to actuate the closure means. 24. A method for securing a container that is sealed by a zipper comprising a slider, the method comprising: (A) sliding the slider in a closing direction until the slider is received in a housing; (B) securing a locking cap onto the housing to prevent the slider from exiting the housing.",
-    "Methods and systems are disclosed herein that may help to provide location-aware caching and/or location-specific service profiles in an aerial-vehicle network. An exemplary method may be carried out by an aerial vehicle that is at a location associated with the first geographic area in an aerial-vehicle network that includes a plurality of defined geographic areas, and may involve: (a) determining that a location-aware cache of an aerial vehicle should be updated with user-data associated with the first geographic area; and (b) in response to determining that the location-aware cache should be updated: (i) sending a location-aware cache-update request; (ii) receiving, as a response to the location-aware cache-update request, user-data that corresponds to the first geographic area; and (iii) storing the user-data that corresponds to the first geographic area in a location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: determining that an aerial vehicle is located in a border area corresponding to a first geographic area in an aerial-vehicle network comprising a plurality of moveable aerial vehicles, wherein the aerial-vehicle network comprises a plurality of geographic areas that includes the first geographic area; based at least in part on the determination that the aerial vehicle is located in the border area, determining that a location-aware cache of an aerial vehicle should be updated with first data associated with the first geographic area; and in response to determining that the location-aware cache should be updated: sending a location-aware cache-update request; receiving, as a response to the location-aware cache-update request, first data that corresponds to the first geographic area; and storing the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area in a location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that a location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle should be updated with first data associated with the first geographic area comprises: determining that the aerial vehicle has moved from a first location that is outside of the border area to a location within the border area. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a direction in which the aerial vehicle is traveling; and determining that the direction in which the aerial vehicle is travelling is towards the first geographic area, wherein the determination that the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle should be updated with the first data is further based on the determination that the direction in which the aerial vehicle is travelling is towards the first geographic area. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a direction and speed of travel for the aerial vehicle; and determining that the aerial vehicle is travelling towards the first geographic area with at least a threshold speed, wherein the determination that the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle should be updated with the first data is further based on the determination that the aerial vehicle is travelling towards the first geographic area with at least the threshold speed. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein sending the location-aware cache-update request comprises sending a location-aware cache-update request to one or more other aerial vehicles in the aerial-vehicle network, wherein the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area is received from one or more of the other aerial vehicles. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein sending the location-aware cache-update request comprises: sending a location-aware cache-update request to a ground-based station that is associated with the first geographic area, wherein the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area is received from the ground-based station. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the border area comprises a border between the first geographic area and at least a second geographic area, the method further comprising; based at least in part on the determination that the aerial vehicle is located in the border area, removing second data that corresponds to the second geographic area from the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the location-aware cache-update request further comprises an indication of a rate at which the first data should be sent to the aerial vehicle. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a network traffic level; and determining the rate at which the first data should be sent to the aerial vehicle based on the network traffic level. 10. A system comprising: a non-transitory computer-readable medium; and program instructions stored on the non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by at least one processor to: determine that an aerial vehicle is located in a border area corresponding to a first geographic area in an aerial-vehicle network comprising a plurality of moveable aerial vehicles, wherein the aerial-vehicle network comprises a plurality of geographic areas that includes the first geographic area; based at least in part on the determination that the aerial vehicle is located in the border area, determine that a location-aware cache of an aerial vehicle should be updated with first data associated with the first geographic area; and in response to the determination that the location-aware cache should be updated: send a location-aware cache-update request; receive, as a response to the location-aware cache-update request, first data that corresponds to the first geographic area; and store the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area in a location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the location-aware cache-update request message is sent to one or more other aerial vehicles in the aerial-vehicle network, and wherein the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area is received from one or more of the other aerial vehicles. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the location-aware cache-update request message is sent to a ground-based station that is associated with the first geographic area, wherein the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area is received from the ground-based station. 13. The system of claim 10, further comprising program instructions stored on the non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by at least one processor to: in further response to determining that the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle should be updated with first data associated with the first geographic area, remove the first data that corresponds to at least one other geographic area from the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle. 14. A computer-implemented method comprising: determining that an aerial vehicle is located in a border area corresponding to a first geographic area in an aerial-vehicle network comprising a plurality of moveable aerial vehicles, wherein the aerial-vehicle network comprises a plurality of geographic areas that includes the first geographic area; based at least in part on the determination that the aerial vehicle is located in the border area, determining that a location-aware cache of an aerial vehicle should be updated with first data associated with the first geographic area; and in response to determining that the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle should be updated: sending the aerial vehicle a location-aware cache-update message, wherein the location-aware cache-update message indicates that the aerial vehicle should update a locate-aware cache of the aerial vehicle with first data corresponding to the first geographic area; and initiating a transmission to the aerial vehicle of the first data corresponding to the first geographic area. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein determining that the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle should be updated comprises: determining that the aerial vehicle has moved from a location that is outside of the border area to a location within the border area. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: receiving, in response to the location-aware cache-update message, a location-aware cache-update request; wherein the transmission of the first data corresponding to the first geographic area is conditioned upon receipt of the location-aware cache-update request. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: in further response to determining that the aerial vehicle is at the location associated with the first geographic area, querying a first data database to retrieve the first data associated with the first geographic area, wherein the first data database comprises first data associated with a plurality of the geographic areas in the aerial-vehicle network. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising sending a location-aware cache-update message that indicates to the aerial vehicle to remove the first data that corresponds to the first geographic area from the location-aware cache of the aerial vehicle.",
-    "An ophthalmic shunt includes a seal or septum through which multiple injections of the therapeutic agent can be made as needed, thereby avoiding repeated injury to the sclera. The therapeutic agent is temporarily carried in a tube connected to the septum. The therapeutic agent release may be rapid or sustained over a period of time. 1. An implantable ophthalmic shunt comprising: a tube; and a septum covering an end of the tube, the septum forming a resilient seal against fluid flow, the septum configured to be pierced by a needle, wherein the tube has no aperture. 2. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the septum is configured to autonomously close an aperture formed by a needle having pierced the septum and having been withdrawn from the septum. 3. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the septum is made of a silicone elastomer. 4. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the septum is made of a material that includes a polymerization initiator that is activated by application of energy to the septum to seal a hole in the septum caused by needle insertion. 5. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 4, wherein the polymerization initiator is activated by application of heat, ultraviolet radiation, an electric field, or a combination thereof to the septum. 6. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the tube is configured to swell or expand with introduction of a therapeutic agent into the tube. 7. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the tube has a cavity containing a composition including a therapeutic agent. 8. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 7, wherein the composition further includes any of an excipient, hydrophobic polymer, hydrogel, and a combination of two or more thereof. 9. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 7, wherein the tube is made of a permeable material through which the therapeutic agent permeates. 10-12. (canceled) 13. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, further comprising a coating over an outer surface of the tube. 14. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 13, wherein the coating is configured to adhere to eye tissue. 15. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 13, wherein the coating includes a substance selected from the group consisting of an antibiotic, silver ions, extracellular matrix material, and a combination of two or more thereof. 16. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 13, wherein the coating includes one or both of cross-linked polyethylene glycol and polylactide-co-glycolide. 17. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, further comprising a ring disposed between a proximal end of the tube and a distal end of the tube, the ring extending circumferentially around an exterior surface of the tube and protruding radially outward from the exterior surface. 18. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the septum protrudes radially outward from the tube. 19. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, further comprising a balloon attached to the tube. 20. A method comprising: introducing a therapeutic agent through a septum attached to a tube of an ophthalmic shunt implanted through the sclera of an eye, wherein the tube has no aperture; and allowing the therapeutic agent to permeate through the tube and into the eye. 21. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 4, wherein the polymerization initiator is activated by ultraviolet radiation. 22. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 4, wherein the polymerization initiator is activated by an electric field. 23. The implantable ophthalmic shunt of claim 1, wherein the tube includes an interior passageway, and a stop feature within the tube constricts the interior passageway to block passage of a needle. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein introducing the therapeutic agent through the septum includes piercing the septum with a needle and injecting the therapeutic agent through the needle. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising, after piercing the septum with the needle, activating a polymerization initiator in the septum to seal a hole formed by the needle in the septum. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein activating the polymerization initiator includes applying ultraviolet radiation to the septum to seal a hole formed by the needle in the septum. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein activating the polymerization initiator includes applying an electric field to the septum to seal a hole formed by the needle in the septum. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the piercing of the septum with the needle includes moving the needle through an interior passageway of the tube, and the movement of the needle through an interior passageway is limited by a constriction in the interior passageway.",
-    "An image sensor may include a pixel array in which a plurality of pixel units are arranged in a matrix structure. Each of the pixel units may include a light receiver suitable for generating photocharge in response to incident light, a floating diffusion node electrically coupled to an end of the light receiver, and a reset transistor electrically isolated from the floating diffusion node, wherein a floating diffusion node of a first pixel unit among the plurality of pixel units is electrically coupled to a reset transistor of a second pixel unit adjacent to the first pixel unit among the plurality of pixel units. 1. An image sensor comprising a pixel array in which a plurality of pixel units arranged in a matrix structure, wherein each of the pixel units comprising: a light receiver suitable for generating a photocharge in response to incident light; a floating diffusion node electrically coupled to an end of the light receiver; and a reset transistor electrically isolated from the floating diffusion node; wherein the floating diffusion node of a first pixel unit is electrically coupled to a reset transistor of a second pixel unit. 2. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the second pixel unit is adjacent to the first pixel unit. 3. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged at the same column but a different row as/from the second pixel unit. 4. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein when the first pixel unit is arranged at an Nth row and an Mth column in the pixel array, the second pixel unit is arranged at an (N+1)th row and the Mth column or at an (N\u22121)th row and the Mth column, where N and M are natural numbers excluding zero. 5. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged at the same row but a different column as/from the second pixel unit. 6. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein when the first pixel unit is arranged at an Nth row and an Mth column in the pixel array, the second pixel unit is arranged at the Nth row and an (M+1)th column or at the Nth row and an (M\u22121)th column, where N and M are natural numbers excluding zero. 7. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged at a different row and a different column from the second pixel unit. 8. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged in a diagonal direction based on the second pixel unit. 9. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein when the first pixel unit is arranged at an Nth row and an Mth column in the pixel array, the second pixel unit is arranged at one of (N\u22121)th and (N+1)th rows and one of (M\u22121)th and (M+1)th columns, where N and M are natural numbers excluding zero. 10. The image sensor of claim 1, wherein the light receiver comprises one or more light receiving unit each light receiving unit comprising: a photoelectric conversion element suitable for generating the photocharge in response to the incident light; and a transfer transistor suitable for coupling the photoelectric conversion element and the floating diffusion node. 11. An image sensor comprising a pixel array comprising a plurality of pixel units arranged in a matrix structure, wherein each of the pixel units comprising: a light receiver suitable for generating a photocharge in response to incident light; a floating diffusion node electrically coupled to an end of the light receiver; a reset transistor electrically isolated from the floating diffusion node; and a source follower transistor having a gate electrically coupled to the floating diffusion node. 12. The image sensor of claim 11, wherein a floating diffusion node of a first pixel unit is electrically coupled to a reset transistor of a second pixel unit. 13. The image sensor of claim 12, wherein the second pixel unit is adjacent to the first pixel unit. 14. The image sensor of claim 12, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged at the same column but at a different row as/from the second pixel unit. 15. The image sensor of claim 12, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged at the same row but at a different column as/from the second pixel unit. 16. The image sensor of claim 12, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged at a different row and at a different column from the second pixel unit. 17. The image sensor of claim 12, wherein the first pixel unit is arranged in a diagonal direction based on the second pixel unit. 18. The image sensor of claim 11, wherein when the first pixel unit is arranged at an Nth row and an Mth column in the pixel array, the second pixel unit is arranged at an (N+1)th row and the Mth column or at an (N\u22121)th row and the Mth column, where N and M are natural numbers excluding zero. 19. The image sensor of claim 11, wherein when the first pixel unit is arranged at an Nth row and an Mth column in the pixel array, the second pixel unit is arranged at the Nth row and an (M+1)th column or at the Nth row and an (M\u22121)th column, where N and M are natural numbers excluding zero. 20. The image sensor of claim 11, wherein when the first pixel unit is arranged at an Nth row and an Mth column in the pixel array, the second pixel unit is arranged at one of (N\u22121)th and (N+1)th rows and one of (M\u22121)th and (M+1)th columns, where N and M are natural numbers excluding zero. 21. An image sensor comprising a pixel array comprising a plurality of pixel units arranged in a matrix structure, wherein each of the pixel units comprising: a light receiver suitable for generating a photocharge in response to an incident light; and an output unit electrically coupled to the light receiver through a floating diffusion node and suitable for outputting an image signal in response to the photocharge, wherein the floating diffusion node of the pixel unit is reset by an adjacent pixel unit among the pixel units. 22. The image sensor of claim 21, wherein the output unit of each of the pixel units further comprising: a reset transistor electrically isolated from the floating diffusion node of the pixel unit and suitable for resetting a floating diffusion node of an adjacent pixel unit among the pixel units.",
-    "A method includes capturing at least one screenshot of a display screen including an initial screenshot. The method includes removing text from the initial screenshot to generate a base image. The method includes identifying a background of the initial screenshot as a closed region. The method includes, for each of the at least one screenshots: storing a time of capturing the screenshot; identifying text, text color, and text location in the screenshot; identifying each closed region in the screenshot that is different from the background of the initial screenshot, and a region color and region location for each identified closed region in the screenshot; storing the region color and the region location for each identified closed region; and storing the text color and the text location of the identified text. 1. A method comprising: capturing at least one screenshot of a display screen including an initial screenshot; removing text from the initial screenshot to generate a base image; identifying a background of the initial screenshot as a closed region; and for each of the at least one screenshot: storing a time of capturing the screenshot; identifying text, text color, and text location in the screenshot; identifying each closed region in the screenshot that is different from the background of the initial screenshot, and a region color and region location for each identified closed region in the screenshot; storing the region color and the region location for each identified closed region; and storing the text color and the text location of the identified text. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating at least one new image as a reconstruction of the at least one captured screenshot by, for each new image: retrieving the base image; and in correspondence to one of the at least one captured screenshots and its stored time of capturing: retrieving the region color and the region location for each identified region, and the text color and the text location of the identified text; applying the retrieved region color to each region of the base image at the retrieved region location; and overlapping the retrieved base image with the text in the retrieved text color at the retrieved text location. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a new image exhibiting a peculiarity, wherein the peculiarity includes at least one of: a change of field device data by at least a threshold amount, or a field device data operating outside an operating limit; and generating a user interface display screen highlighting the peculiarity. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein capturing the at least one screenshot of the display screen comprises: periodically capturing an additional screenshot according to a specified interval of time. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein: identifying the region color for each identified closed region in the screenshot further comprises: normalizing each unevenly colored region to a uniform color; and storing the region color for each identified closed region further comprises: storing the normalized region color corresponding to the identified region. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying each closed region within an identified region as a sub-region; and assigning a region identification to each identified region and sub-region using a tree structure. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: dividing the screenshot into a grid; determining the text location according to the grid; and determining the region location according to the grid. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein dividing the screenshot into the grid comprises one of: applying a coordinate system to the screenshot; or dividing the screenshot into a set of blocks arranged in rows and columns. 9. An apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, the at least one processor configured to: capture at least one screenshot of a display screen including an initial screenshot; remove text from the initial screenshot to generate a base image; identify a background of the initial screenshot as a closed region; and for each of the at least one screenshot: store a time of capturing the screenshot in the memory; identify text, text color, and text location in the screenshot; identify each closed region in the screenshot that is different from the background of the initial screenshot, and a region color and region location for each identified closed region in the screenshot; store, in the memory, the region color and the region location for each identified closed region; and store, in the memory, the text color and the text location of the identified text. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to generate at least one new image as a reconstruction of the at least one captured screenshot by, for each new image: retrieve the base image; and in correspondence to one of the at least one captured screenshots and its stored time of capturing: retrieve the region color and the region location for each identified region, and the text color and the text location of the identified text; apply the retrieved region color to each region of the base image at the retrieved region location; and overlap the retrieved base image with the text in the retrieved text color at the retrieved text location. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: identify a new image exhibiting a peculiarity, wherein the peculiarity includes at least one of: a change of field device data by at least a threshold amount, or a field device data operating outside an operating limit; and generate a user interface display screen highlighting the peculiarity. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to capture the at least one screenshot of the display screen by: periodically capturing an additional screenshot according to a specified interval of time. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: identify the region color for each identified closed region in the screenshot by normalizing each unevenly colored region to a uniform color; and store the region color for identified closed region by storing the normalized region color corresponding to the identified region. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: identify each closed region within an identified region as a sub-region; and assign a region identification to each identified region and sub-region using a tree structure. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium embodying a computer program, the computer program comprising computer readable program code that, when executed by processing circuitry, causes the processing circuitry to: capture at least one screenshot of a display screen including an initial screenshot; remove text from the initial screenshot to generate a base image; identify a background of the initial screenshot as a closed region; and for each of the at least one screenshot: store a time of capturing the screenshot in memory; identify text, text color, and text location in the screenshot; identify each closed region in the screenshot that is different from the background of the initial screenshot, and a region color and region location for each identified closed region in the screenshot; store the region color and the region location for each identified closed region; and store the text color and the text location of the identified text. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer program further comprises computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the processing circuitry to: generate at least one new image as a reconstruction of the at least one captured screenshot by, for each new image: retrieve the base image; and in correspondence to one of the at least one captured screenshots and its stored time of capturing: retrieve the region color and the region location for each identified region, and the text color and the text location of the identified text; apply the retrieved region color to each region of the base image at the retrieved region location; and overlap the retrieved base image with the text in the retrieved text color at the retrieved text location. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer program further comprises computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the processing circuitry to: identify a new image exhibiting a peculiarity, wherein the peculiarity includes at least one of: a change of field device data by at least a threshold amount, or a field device data operating outside an operating limit; and generate a user interface display screen highlighting the peculiarity. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer program further comprises computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the processing circuitry to: capture the at least one screenshot of the display screen by periodically capturing an additional screenshot according to a specified interval of time. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer program further comprises computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the processing circuitry to: identify the region color for each identified closed region in the screenshot by normalizing each unevenly colored region to a uniform color; and store the region color for identified closed region by storing the normalized region color corresponding to the identified region. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the computer program further comprises computer readable program code that, when executed by the processing circuitry, causes the processing circuitry to: identify each closed region within an identified region as a sub-region; and assign a region identification to each identified region and sub-region using a tree structure.",
-    "The present invention relates to a communication system and methods of use thereof. The system includes sets of complementary radios for transmitting and receiving signals to achieve high reliability and reduced costs. The sets of complementary radios are in wireless communication with each other. A new connection is made by selecting from amongst the complementary radios. Switching between complementary radios during a connection is also permitted. Optimized protocols and hardware for implementing the system are disclosed. 1-31. (canceled) 32. A method of using radio connections in a communication system, comprising: providing a base node comprising a first plurality of radios for transmitting or receiving signals, wherein the first plurality of radios have complementary properties by differing in receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power, or inherent interference mitigation; providing a peripheral node comprising a second plurality of radios for transmitting or receiving signals, wherein the second plurality of radios have complementary properties by differing in receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power, or inherent interference mitigation, wherein the peripheral node and the base node are constructed and arranged to wirelessly connect via both the first plurality of radios and the second plurality of radios; activating a wireless connection between the base node and the peripheral node; simultaneously transmitting signals from two or more radios of the second plurality of radios to the base node via the wireless connection; combining the transmitted signals from the two or more radios of the second plurality of radios at the base node; and switching to different radios from the first plurality or the second plurality of radios according to a performance objective. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein combining the transmitted signals comprise combining the transmitted signals in baseband. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the transmitted signals are summed together immediately prior to slicing and the summed signal is sent to a single slicer. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the transmitted signals are combined with aid of a radio receiver comprising a plurality of finger sub-receivers. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein each finger-sub receiver independently decodes a single multipath component, which is later combined with other multipath components. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the peripheral node is provided on a patch configured to attach to a person's body. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the patch is configured to collect physiological data of the person from at least one body sensor attached to the patch. 39. A communication system, comprising: a base node comprising a first plurality of radios for transmitting or receiving signals, wherein the first plurality of radios have complementary properties by differing in receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power, or inherent interference mitigation; and a peripheral node comprising a second plurality of radios for transmitting or receiving signals, wherein the second plurality of radios have complementary properties by differing in receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power, or inherent interference mitigation, wherein the peripheral node and the base node are constructed and arranged to wirelessly connect via both the first plurality of radios and the second plurality of radios; wherein (1) the peripheral node and the base node are to configured to activate a wireless connection between the base node and the peripheral node, (2) two or more radios of the second plurality of radios are configured to simultaneously transmit signals to the base node via the wireless connection, and (3) signals transmitted from the two or more radios of the second plurality of radios are combined at the base node. 40. The system of claim 39, wherein the peripheral node is provided on a patch configured to attach to a person's body, wherein the patch collects physiological data from at least one body sensor attached to the patch. 41. The system of claim 39, wherein the first plurality of radios or the second plurality of radios use a same symbol constellation alphabet for encoding data. 42. The method of claim 39, wherein the first plurality of radios or second plurality of radios comprise a dual mode reconfigurable radio. 43. The system of claim 42, wherein the dual mode reconfigurable radio is configured to operate as both a narrowband transceiver and a broadband transceiver. 44. The system of claim 42, wherein the dual mode reconfigurable radio comprises a reconfigurable receiver. 45. The system of claim 44, wherein the dual mode reconfigurable radio comprises a reconfigurable bandpass filter. 46. The system of claim 42, wherein the dual mode reconfigurable radio comprises a reconfigurable transmitter. 47. The system of claim 39, wherein the peripheral node comprises an on-board power source and operates at sufficiently low power to continuously operate from the power source for several days. 48. A method of using radio connections in a communication system, comprising: providing a base node comprising a first plurality of radios for transmitting or receiving signals, wherein the first plurality of radios have complementary properties by differing in receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power, or inherent interference mitigation and wherein the first plurality of radios comprise a first radio configured to utilize two or more antennas to increase a link reliability; providing a peripheral node comprising a second plurality of radios for transmitting or receiving signals, wherein the second plurality of radios have complementary properties by differing in receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power, or inherent interference mitigation, wherein the peripheral node and the base node are constructed and arranged to wirelessly connect via both the first plurality of radios and the second plurality of radios; activating a wireless connection between the base node and the peripheral node; transmitting signals from a second radio of the second plurality of radios to the first radio via the wireless connection; processing, using the two or more antennas of the first radio, the signals; and switching to different radios from the first plurality or the second plurality of radios according to a performance objective. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the second plurality of radios utilize a single antenna scheme. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the first radio comprises a Wi-Fi radio. 51. The method of claim 48, wherein the base node consumes more resources than the peripheral node, or the base node consumes more power than the peripheral node.",
-    "A fixing device includes first and second members, a frame supporting the second member, and two pressure mechanisms provided on either end of the first member. The mechanism includes a lever having one end supported by the frame in a rotatable manner in a pressure direction, and a helical compression spring disposed between a first spring support provided on the other end of the lever and a second spring support on the frame. At least one of the first and second spring supports includes a first area and a second area closer to the spring in the axial direction than the first area, the first area is in contact with an area of the spring close to a winding end of the spring, and the second area is in contact with an area of the spring farther away from the winding end in a winding direction than the first area. 1. A fixing device for fixing a toner image onto a recording medium by conveying and heating the recording medium on which the toner image is formed at a nip portion, comprising: a first fixing member; a second fixing member configured to form the nip portion together with the first fixing member; a frame configured to support the second fixing member; and a pair or pressure mechanisms provided on either end of the first fixing member in a longitudinal direction of the first fixing member, the pressure mechanisms urging the first fixing member against the second fixing member, each of the pressure mechanisms including a lever having one end supported by the frame in a rotatable manner in a pressure direction in which the first fixing member is urged and a helical compression spring disposed between a first spring support portion provided on the other end of the lever and a second spring support portion provided on the frame, wherein the pressure mechanism urges the first fixing member against the second fixing member via the lever by an elastic force of the spring, wherein at least one of the first spring supporting portion and the second spring supporting portion includes a first supporting area and a second supporting area closer to the spring in an axial direction of the spring than the first supporting area, the first supporting area being in contact with an area of the spring close to a winding end of the spring, the second supporting area being in contact with an area of the spring farther away from the winding end in a winding direction of the spring than the first supporting area. 2. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the positions of the first supporting area and the second supporting area are symmetrical with respect to an axial center of the spring when viewed in the axial direction. 3. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first spring support portion includes the first supporting area and the second supporting area. 4. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the lever is formed from a plate member, and each of the first supporting area and the second supporting area is formed in an edge portion of the plate member. 5. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the winding end has a closed-end shape. 6. A fixing device for fixing a toner image onto a recording medium by conveying and heating the recording medium on which the toner image is formed at a nip portion, comprising: a first fixing member; a second fixing member configured to form the nip portion together with the first fixing member; a frame configured to support the second fixing member; and a pair or pressure mechanisms provided on either end of the first fixing member in a longitudinal direction of the first fixing member, the pressure mechanisms urging the first fixing member against the second fixing member, each of the pressure mechanisms including a lever having one end supported by a frame in a rotatable manner in a pressure direction in which the first fixing member is urged and a helical compression spring disposed between a first spring support portion provided on the other end of the lever and a second spring support portion provided on the frame, wherein the pressure mechanism urges the first fixing member against the second fixing member via the lever by an elastic force of the helical compression spring, and wherein the winding direction of a coil of the helical compression spring at one end of the first fixing member in a longitudinal direction of the first fixing member is opposite to the winding direction of a coil of the helical compression spring at the other end, and positions of the winding ends of the coils are symmetrical to each other with respect to a transverse plane in the middle of the first fixing member in the longitudinal direction. 7. The fixing device according to claim 6, wherein the first fixing member includes a cylindrical film and a heater configured to heat the film. 8. The fixing device according to claim 7, wherein the second fixing member is a roller, and the heater is in contact with an inner peripheral surface of the film to form the nip portion together with the roller via the film. 9. The fixing device according to claim 7, wherein the second fixing member is a roller, and the heater is in contact with an inner peripheral surface of the film to form the nip portion together with the roller via the film. 10. A recording medium conveyance device for conveying a recording medium in a nip portion, comprising: a first rotary member; a second rotary member configured to form the nip portion together with the first rotary member; a frame configured to support the second rotary member in a rotatable manner; and a pair of pressure mechanisms provided on either end of the first rotary member in a longitudinal direction of the first rotary member, the pressure mechanisms urging the first rotary member against the second rotary member, each of the pressure mechanisms including a lever having one end supported by a frame in a rotatable manner in a pressure direction in which the first rotary member is urged and a helical compression spring disposed between a first spring support portion provided on the other end of the lever and a second spring support portion provided on the frame, wherein the pressure mechanism urges the first rotary member against the second rotary member via the lever by an elastic force of the helical compression spring, and wherein the winding, direction of a coil of the helical compression spring at one end of the first rotary member in a longitudinal direction of the first rotary member is opposite to the winding direction of a coil of the helical compression spring at the other end, and positions of the winding ends of the coils are symmetrical to each other with respect to a transverse plane in the middle of the first rotary member in the longitudinal direction.",
-    "A control circuit of a LED driver utilizes a counter to acquire a cycle and a conduction time or a non-conduction time of an AC phase-cut voltage outputted by a TRIAC dimmer. A bleeding signal is determined according to the cycle and the conduction time or the non-conduction time and used for adjusting a bleeding current so as to avoid a flickering of the LED. The control circuit does not need extra pins for coupling a large capacitor, but the bleeding signal can be still acquired. Preferably, the present invention is suitable for an IC of low pin numbers. 1. A control circuit of an light emitting diode (LED) driver which is including a triode alternating current dimmer configured to operably receive an alternating current (AC) voltage and output an AC phase-cut voltage with an adjustable conduction angle, a rectifier configured to operably rectify the AC phase-cut voltage so as to generate a direct current (DC) phase-cut voltage, and a supply voltage capacitor configured to operably provide a supply voltage, the control circuit comprising: a voltage-to-time circuit configured to operably acquire a conduction time and a non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage; and a time-to-voltage circuit including: a clock generator configured to operably provide a clock; a first counter coupled to the voltage-to-time circuit and the clock generator, configured to operably count the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a first counting value; a second counter coupled to the voltage-to-time circuit and the clock generator, configured to operably count a cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a second counting value for adjusting a frequency of the clock; and a digital to analog circuit coupled to the first counter, configured to operably convert the first counting value into a bleeding signal so as to adjust a bleeding current, wherein the bleeding current prevents the LED from flickering caused by the DC phase-cut voltage being influenced by a holding current of the triode alternating current dimmer. 2. The control circuit of claim 1, wherein a level of the bleeding signal is related to the DC phase-cut voltage. 3. The control circuit of claim 1, wherein the frequency of the clock increases when the second counting value is lower than a preset value and decreases when the second counting value is higher than the preset value. 4. The control circuit of claim 1, wherein the time-to-voltage circuit comprises: a digital comparator coupled to the second counter, configured to operably compare the second counting value and a preset value; and a third counter coupled to the digital comparator and the clock generator, configured to operably provide a third counting value to the clock generator so as to determine the frequency of the clock, wherein when the second counting value is lower than the preset value, the third counting value increases so as to increase the frequency of the clock, and when the second counting value is higher than the preset value, the third counting value decreases so as to decrease the frequency of the clock. 5. The control circuit of claim 3, wherein the preset value is related to a length of a bit of the first counter. 6. The control circuit of claim 1, wherein the first counter is an up-down counter. 7. The control circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a high-voltage transistor including an input terminal which is configured to operably receive the DC phase-cut voltage, an output terminal, and a control terminal, configured to operably provide the bleeding current; a bleeding resistor coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor, configured to operably generate a first voltage according to the bleeding current; two resistors that are in a serial connection coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor, configured to operably divide the first voltage to generate a second voltage; and an operation amplifier coupled to the two resistors that are in a serial connection and the time-to-voltage circuit, configured to operably determine a voltage of the control terminal of the high-voltage transistor according to a difference between the second voltage and the bleeding signal so as to adjust the bleeding current. 8. The control circuit of claim 7, further comprising a switch coupled between the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor and the supply voltage capacitor, wherein the switch will be turned on during a soft start to raise the supply voltage. 9. The control circuit of claim 7, further comprising a diode whose anode is coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor and whose cathode is coupled to the supply voltage capacitor, wherein the diode will be turned on during a soft start to raise the supply voltage. 10. A method for controlling an light emitting diode (LED) driver which is including a triode alternating current dimmer configured to operably receive an alternating current (AC) voltage and output an AC phase-cut voltage with an adjustable conduction angle, a rectifier configured to operably rectify the AC phase-cut voltage so as to generate a direct current (DC) phase-cut voltage, and a supply voltage capacitor configured to operably provide a supply voltage, the method comprising the steps of: counting a conduction time or a non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage counted according to a clock so as to generate a first counting value; counting a cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a second counting value for adjusting a frequency of the clock; and converting the first counting value into an analog bleeding signal for adjusting a bleeding current, wherein the bleeding current prevents the LED from flickering caused by the DC phase-cut voltage being influenced by a holding current of the triode alternating current dimmer. 11. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 10, wherein a level of the bleeding signal is related to the DC phase-cut voltage. 12. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 10, wherein the step of adjusting the frequency of the clock comprises: increasing the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is lower than a preset value; and decreasing the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is higher than the preset value. 13. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 10, wherein the step of adjusting the frequency of the clock includes steps of: providing a third counting value for determining the frequency of the clock; and comparing the second counting value with a preset value; increasing the third counting value to increase the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is lower than the preset value; and decreasing the third counting value to decrease the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is higher than the preset value. 14. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 12, further comprising determining the preset value according to a length of a bit of the first counting value. 15. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 10, further comprising generating the first counting value by an up-down counter. 16. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 10, further comprising the steps of: providing a bleeding current by a high-voltage transistor to a bleeding resistor so as to generate a first voltage, wherein an input terminal of the high-voltage transistor receives the DC phase-cut voltage; dividing the first voltage to generate a second voltage; and determining a voltage of a control terminal of the high-voltage transistor according to a difference between the second voltage and the bleeding signal for regulating the bleeding current. 17. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 16, further comprising coupling an output terminal of the high-voltage transistor to the supply voltage capacitor during a soft start so as to raise the supply voltage. 18. A control circuit of an light emitting diode (LED) driver which is including a triode alternating current dimmer configured to operably receive an alternating current (AC) voltage and output an AC phase-cut voltage with an adjustable conduction angle, a rectifier configured to operably rectify the AC phase-cut voltage so as to generate a direct current (DC) phase-cut voltage, and supply voltage capacitor configured to operably provide a supply voltage, the control circuit comprising: a voltage-to-time circuit configured to operably receive the DC phase-cut voltage and acquire a conduction time and a non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage; and a time-to-voltage circuit including: a clock generator configured to operably provide a clock; a first counter coupled to the voltage-to-time circuit and the clock generator, configured to operably count the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a first counting value; a second counter coupled to the voltage-to-time circuit and the clock generator, configured to operably count a cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a second counting value; a first digital to analog circuit coupled to the first counter, configured to operably convert the first counting value into a first voltage; a second digital to analog circuit coupled to the second counter, configured to operably convert the second counting value into a second voltage; and a divider coupled to the first and the second digital to analog circuits, configured to operably divide the first voltage and the second voltage so as to generate a bleeding signal for adjusting a bleeding current, wherein the bleeding current prevents the LED from flickering caused by the DC phase-cut voltage being influenced by a holding current of the triode alternating current dimmer. 19. The control circuit of claim 18, wherein a level of the bleeding signal is related to the DC phase-cut voltage. 20. The control circuit of claim 18, further comprising: a high-voltage transistor including an input terminal configured to operably receive the DC phase-cut voltage, an output terminal, and a control terminal, configured to operably provide the bleeding current; a bleeding resistor coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor, configured to operably generate a first voltage according to the bleeding current; two resistors that are in a serial connection coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor, configured to operably divide the first voltage to generate a second voltage; and an operation amplifier coupled to the two resistors that are in a serial connection and the time-to-voltage circuit, configured to operably determine a voltage of the control terminal of the high-voltage transistor according to a difference between the second voltage and the bleeding signal for adjusting the bleeding current. 21. The control circuit of claim 20, further comprising a switch coupled between the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor and the supply voltage capacitor, wherein the switch will be turned on during a soft start so as to raise the supply voltage. 22. The control circuit of claim 20, further comprising a diode whose anode is coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor and whose cathode is coupled to the supply voltage capacitor, wherein the diode will be turned on during a soft start so as to raise the supply voltage. 23. A method for controlling an light emitting diode (LED) driver which is including a triode alternating current dimmer configured to operably receive an alternating current (AC) voltage and output an AC phase-cut voltage with an adjustable conduction angle, a rectifier configured to operably rectify the AC phase-cut voltage so as to generate a direct current (DC) phase-cut voltage, and a supply voltage capacitor configured to operably provide a supply voltage, the method comprising the steps of: counting a conduction time or a non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according to a clock so as to generate a first counting value; counting a cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a second counting value; converting the first counting value into an analog first voltage; converting the second counting value into an analog second voltage; and dividing the analog first voltage and the analog second voltage so as to generate a bleeding signal for adjusting a bleeding current, wherein the bleeding current prevents the LED from flickering caused by the DC phase-cut voltage being influenced by a holding current of the triode alternating current dimmer. 24. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 23, wherein a level of the bleeding signal is related to the DC phase-cut voltage. 25. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 23, further comprising the steps of: providing a bleeding current by a high-voltage transistor to a bleeding resistor so as to generate a first voltage, wherein an input terminal of the high-voltage transistor receives the DC phase-cut voltage; dividing the first voltage to generate a second voltage; and determining a voltage of a control terminal of the high-voltage transistor according to a difference between the second voltage and the bleeding signal for regulating the bleeding current. 26. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 25, further comprising coupling an output terminal of the high-voltage transistor to the supply voltage capacitor during a soft start so as to raise the supply voltage. 27. A control circuit of an light emitting diode (LED) driver which is including a triode alternating current dimmer configured to operably receive an alternating current (AC) voltage and output an AC phase-cut voltage with an adjustable conduction angle, a rectifier configured to operably rectify the AC phase-cut voltage so as to generate a direct current (DC) phase-cut voltage, and supply voltage capacitor configured to operably provide a supply voltage, the control circuit comprising: a voltage-to-time circuit configured to operably acquire a conduction time and a non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage; and a time-to-voltage circuit including: a clock generator configured to operably provide a clock; a two-phase output counter coupled to the voltage-to-time circuit and the clock generator, configured to operably count the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according the clock so as to generate a first counting value and count a cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a second counting value for adjusting a frequency of the clock; and a digital to analog circuit coupled to the first counter, configured to operably convert the first counting value into a bleeding signal for adjusting a bleeding current, wherein the bleeding current prevents the LED from flickering caused by the DC phase-cut voltage being influenced by a holding current of the triode alternating current dimmer; wherein, the two-phase output counter stops counting the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage during counting the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage and stops counting the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage during counting the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage. 28. The control circuit of claim 27, wherein a level of the bleeding signal is related to the DC phase-cut voltage. 29. The control circuit of claim 27, wherein the frequency of the clock increases when the second counting value is lower than a preset value and decreases when the second counting value is higher than the preset value. 30. The control circuit of claim 27, wherein the time-to-voltage circuit comprises: a digital comparator coupled to the two-phase output counter, configured to operably compare the second counting value and a preset value; and a frequency control counter coupled to the digital comparator and the clock generator, configured to operably provide a third counting value to the clock generator to determine the frequency of the clock, wherein when the second counting value is lower than the preset value, the third counting value increases so as to increase the frequency of the clock and when the second counting value is higher than the preset value, the third counting value decreases so as to decrease the frequency of the clock. 31. The control circuit of claim 29, wherein the preset value is related to a length of a bit of the two-phase output counter. 32. The control circuit of claim 27, wherein the two-phase output counter comprises: a time-length counter configured to operably count the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according the clock during a first phase of a selecting signal so as to generate the second counting value, and count the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock during a second phase of the selecting signal so as to generate the first counting value, wherein the first phase and the second phase of the selecting signal will be switched when the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage is ending or starting; a first latch circuit coupled to the time-length counter, configured to operably save the first counting value; and a second latch circuit coupled to the time-length counter, configured to operably save the second counting value. 33. The control circuit of claim 27, further comprising: a high-voltage transistor including an input terminal configured to operably receive the DC phase-cut voltage, an output terminal, and a control terminal, configured to operably provide the bleeding current; a bleeding resistor coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor, configured to operably generate a first voltage according to the bleeding current; two resistors that are in a serial connection coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor, configured to operably divide the first voltage to generate a second voltage; and an operation amplifier coupled to the two resistors that are in a serial connection and the time-to-voltage circuit, configured to operably determine a voltage of the control terminal of the high-voltage transistor according to a difference between the second voltage and the bleeding signal for adjusting the bleeding current. 34. The control circuit of claim 33, further comprising a switch coupled between the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor and the supply voltage capacitor, wherein the switch will be turned on during a soft start so as to raise the supply voltage. 35. The control circuit of claim 33, further comprising a diode whose anode is coupled to the output terminal of the high-voltage transistor and whose cathode is coupled to the supply voltage capacitor, wherein the diode will be turned on during a soft startup so as to raise the supply voltage. 36. A method for controlling an light emitting diode (LED) driver which is including a triode alternating current dimmer configured to operably receive an alternating current (AC) voltage and output an AC phase-cut voltage with an adjustable conduction angle, a rectifier configured to operably rectify the AC phase-cut voltage so as to generate a direct current (DC) phase-cut voltage, and supply voltage capacitor configured to operably provide a supply voltage, the method comprising the steps of: A.) counting a conduction time or a non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according to a clock so as to generate a first counting value and counting a cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock so as to generate a second counting value for adjusting a frequency of the clock, wherein the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage stops counting during counting the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage and the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage stops counting during counting the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage; and B.) converting the first counting value into an analog bleeding signal for adjusting a bleeding current, wherein the bleeding current prevents the LED from flickering caused by the DC phase-cut voltage being influenced by a holding current of the triode alternating current dimmer. 37. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 36, wherein a level of the bleeding signal is related to the DC phase-cut voltage. 38. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 36, wherein the step of adjusting the frequency of the clock comprises the steps of: increasing the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is lower than a preset value; and decreasing the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is higher than the preset value. 39. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 36, wherein the step of adjusting the frequency of the clock comprises the steps of: providing a third counting value for determining the frequency of the clock; comparing the second counting value with a preset value; increasing the third counting value to increase the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is lower than the preset value; and decreasing the third counting value to decrease the frequency of the clock when the second counting value is higher than the preset value. 40. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 38, further comprising determining the preset value according to a length of a bit of the first counting value. 41. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 36, wherein the step A comprises the steps of: providing a selecting signal that includes a first phase and a second phase, wherein the first phase and the second phase will be switched when the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage is ending or starting; counting the cycle of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock during the first phase so as to generate the second counting value and saving the second counting value; and counting the conduction time or the non-conduction time of the DC phase-cut voltage according to the clock during the second phase so as to generate the first counting value and saving the first counting value. 42. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 36, further comprising the steps of: providing a bleeding current by a high-voltage transistor to a bleeding resistor so as to generate a first voltage, wherein an input terminal of the high-voltage transistor receives the DC phase-cut voltage; dividing the first voltage so as to generate a second voltage; and determining a voltage of a control terminal of the high-voltage transistor according to a difference between the second voltage and the bleeding signal for regulating the bleeding current. 43. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 42, further comprising coupling an output terminal of the high-voltage transistor to the supply voltage capacitor during a soft start so as to raise the supply voltage. 44. The control circuit of claim 4, wherein the preset value is related to a length of a bit of the first counter. 45. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 13, further comprising determining the preset value according to a length of a bit of the first counting value. 46. The control circuit of claim 30, wherein the preset value is related to a length of a bit of the two-phase output counter. 47. The method for controlling the LED driver of claim 39, further comprising determining the preset value according to a length of a bit of the first counting value.",
-    "A thee-dimensional (3D) map display system displays a 3D map on which a ground surface and a feature are represented three-dimensionally. The 3D map display system includes (a) a map database for storing map data representing a 3D shape of the ground surface and the feature, (b) a first drawing unit for drawing the ground surface and the feature by executing depth determination by referring to the map database, and (c) a second drawing unit for drawing a target feature, which is a feature in which at least a part thereof is hidden by a ground surface or other features in the drawing by the first drawing unit, by overwriting the target feature on a drawing result by the first drawing unit by using the map data without executing depth determination with respect to the drawing result by the first drawing unit. 1. A 3D map display system for displaying a 3D map on which a ground surface and a feature are represented three-dimensionally, comprising: a map database for storing map data representing a 3D shape of the ground surface and the feature; a first drawing unit for drawing the ground surface and the feature by executing depth determination by referring to the map database; and a second drawing unit for drawing a target feature, which is a feature in which at least a part thereof is hidden by a ground surface or other features in the drawing by the first drawing unit, by overwriting the target feature on a drawing result by the first drawing unit by using the map data without executing depth determination with respect to the drawing result by the first drawing unit. 2. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, wherein the map data includes data representing an underground portion; and the second drawing unit identifies the target feature on the basis of the data representing the underground portion and draws the target feature. 3. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, wherein the map data stores determination information indicating whether or not the feature is the target feature; and the second drawing unit identifies the target feature on the basis of the determination information and draws the target feature. 4. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, wherein the map data stores a type of the feature; and the second drawing unit identifies the target feature on the basis of the type of the feature and draws the target feature. 5. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, wherein the second drawing unit identifies the target feature on the basis of a vertical or longitudinal position relations with respect to a reference feature specified in advance as a reference for determining the target feature so as to draw the target feature. 6. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, further comprising: a mask image generating unit for generating a mask image by projecting only a feature specified to be drawn on the front of the target feature under the same projection condition as that of the first drawing unit, wherein the second drawing unit draws the target feature while drawing of the target feature in a portion corresponding to the mask image is prohibited. 7. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, further comprising: a third drawing unit for drawing only a feature specified to be drawn on the front of the target feature so as to be overwritten on a drawing result by the second drawing unit without executing depth determination with respect to the drawing result by the second drawing unit. 8. The 3D map display system according to claim 1, wherein the second drawing unit draws the target feature by executing the depth determination between the target features. 9. A 3D map display method for displaying a 3D map on which a ground surface and a feature are represented three-dimensionally by a computer, the method comprising: a first drawing process in which the computer draws the ground surface and the feature by executing depth determination by referring to the map database storing map data representing 3D shapes of the ground surface and the feature; and a second drawing process in which the computer draws a target feature, which is a feature in which at least a part thereof is hidden by a ground surface or other features in the drawing by the first drawing process, by overwriting the target feature on a drawing result by the first drawing unit by using the map data without executing depth determination with respect to the drawing result by the first drawing unit. 10. A computer-readable recording medium recording a computer program for displaying a 3D map on which a ground surface and a feature are represented three-dimensionally, wherein the recording medium recording the computer program for having the computer realize: a first drawing function of drawing the ground surface and the feature by executing depth determination by referring to the map database storing map data representing three-dimensional shapes of the ground surface and the feature; and a second drawing function of drawing a target feature, which is a feature in which at least a part thereof is hidden by a ground surface or other features in the drawing by the first drawing function, by overwriting the target feature on a drawing result by the first drawing function by using the map data without executing depth determination with respect to the drawing result by the first drawing function.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a cardboard-based unit, structural elements comprising said unit and land-vehicles comprising said units and structural elements. 1. A bicycle having a front-wheel steering unit, comprising a substantially planar element that comprises two or more layers of low density cardboard that are closely associated with one another and being constituted by a formed low density cardboard panel, and at least two integral core-envelope elements that comprises enveloping portions of the panel that are wrapped about two or more elongated members such that the panel comes into tight association with said members. 2. The bicycle of claim 1, having a body, comprising one or more planar body elements, each of which comprises a high density cardboard layer sandwiched between two layers of low-density cardboard. 3. A unit, comprising: one or more substantially planar elements comprising two or more layers of low density cardboard that are closely associated with one another and being constituted from a formed low density cardboard panel; and two or more integral core-envelope elements that comprises enveloping portions of the low density cardboard that are wrapped about and are tightly associated with corresponding two or more elongated members. 4. The unit of claim 3, wherein said elongated members have a circular cross-section. 5. The unit of claim 3, wherein said elongated members are made of wood, cardboard or plastic. 6. The unit of claim 3, wherein the low-density cardboard is corrugated cardboard or honeycomb cardboard. 7. The unit of claim 3, wherein said elongated core-envelope elements define edges thereof. 8. The unit of claim 3, wherein two of said elongated core-envelope elements are parallel one to the other. 9. The unit of claim 8, wherein the two parallel elongated core-envelope elements define edges of a substantially planar structural element that extends therebetween. 10. The unit of claim 9, comprising one or more integral second core-envelope elements oriented normal to said parallel elongated core-envelope elements. 11. The unit of claim 3, wherein two flanking segments of the panel are folded over the elongated members and are associated with a central segment of the panel that is defined between said elongated members. 12. The unit of claim 11, wherein the flanking segments are associated with the same face of the central segment, and wherein opposite edges of the panel, at the end of said flanking segments, are proximal to one another. 13. The unit of claim 3, wherein said planar element comprises one or more voids. 14. The unit of claim 3, comprising a high density cardboard layer sandwiched between two layers of low-density cardboard. 15. A structural unit having a planar element that comprises a high density cardboard layer sandwiched between two layers of low-density cardboard. 16. The unit of claim 15, wherein the two layers of low density cardboard that sandwich a high layer are formed from a single folded cardboard panel. 17. The unit of claim 15, being shaped according to structural requirements by cut-outs in the planar element.",
-    "Methods, systems, and media for a security system are provided herein. Exemplary methods may include: acquiring a firewall security policy from a policy compiler; receiving network traffic originating from a source machine and directed to a destination machine; analyzing the network traffic using the firewall security policy; forwarding or dropping each of the network traffic according to the security policy; and redirecting one or more network packets of the network traffic according to the security policy. 1. A system comprising: a source machine; a destination machine; a policy compiler; and an enforcement point communicatively coupled via a network to the source machine, the destination machine, and the policy compiler, the enforcement point including a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, the memory storing instructions executable by the processor to perform a method including: acquiring a firewall security policy from the policy compiler; receiving network traffic originating from the source machine and directed to the destination machine; analyzing the network traffic using the firewall security policy; forwarding or dropping the network traffic according to the firewall security policy; and redirecting one or more network packets of the network traffic according to the security policy. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: accumulating the network traffic and metadata associated with the network traffic; and initiating an update to the firewall security policy by the policy compiler using at least one of the network traffic and metadata. 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the initiating the update to the firewall security policy by the policy compiler comprises: receiving information associated with the source machine and the destination machine from an external system of record; weighting one or more of a redirected network packet, further network traffic, the metadata, and the received information; statistically analyzing the weighted one or more of the redirected network packet, the further network traffic, the metadata, and the received information to calculate an updated risk score; and providing the updated risk score to the policy compiler, such that the policy compiler produces an updated firewall security policy. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the method further comprises: applying the updated firewall security policy to another packet. 5. The system of claim 2 wherein the policy compiler produces the updated firewall security policy using at least a conditional declarative policy, the metadata, and the updated risk score. 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a surveillance node communicatively coupled to the source machine via the network, wherein the redirecting is to the surveillance node. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the source machine communicates with the surveillance node as if the surveillance node were the destination machine. 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the surveillance node is a honeypot. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the forwarding or dropping the network traffic according to the firewall security policy uses at least one of an address associated with the source machine, a port associated with the source machine, an address associated with the destination machine, a port associated with the destination machine, and a protocol associated with the packet. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the source machine is at least one of a first physical host and a first virtual machine and wherein the destination machine is at least one of a second physical host and a second virtual machine. 11. A method for operating an enforcement point comprising: acquiring a firewall security policy from a policy compiler; receiving network traffic originating from a source machine and directed to a destination machine; analyzing the network traffic using the firewall security policy; forwarding or dropping each of the network traffic according to the firewall security policy; and redirecting one or more network packets of the network traffic according to the security policy. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: accumulating the network traffic and metadata associated with the network traffic; and initiating an update to the firewall security policy by the policy compiler using at least one of the network traffic and metadata. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the initiating the update to the firewall security policy by the policy compiler comprises: receiving information associated with the source machine and the destination machine from an external system of record; weighting one or more of a redirected network packet, further network traffic, the metadata, and the received information; statistically analyzing the weighted one or more of the redirected network packet, further network traffic, the metadata, and the received information to calculate an updated risk score; and providing the updated risk score to the policy compiler, such that the policy compiler produces an updated firewall security policy. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: applying the updated firewall security policy to another packet. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the policy compiler produces the updated firewall security policy using at least a conditional declarative policy, the metadata, and the updated risk score. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the redirecting is to a surveillance node, the surveillance node being communicatively coupled to the source machine via a network. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the source machine communicates with the surveillance node as if the surveillance node were the destination machine. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the surveillance node is a honeypot. 19. The method of claim 11 wherein the forwarding or dropping each of the network traffic according to the firewall security policy uses at least one of an address associated with the source machine, a port associated with the source machine, an address associated with the destination machine, a port associated with the destination machine, and a protocol associated with the packet. 20. The method of claim 11 wherein the source machine is at least one of a first physical host and a first virtual machine and wherein the destination machine is at least one of a second physical host and a second virtual machine. 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having embodied thereon a program, the program being executable by a processor to perform a method, the method comprising: acquiring a firewall security policy from a policy compiler; receiving network traffic originating from a source machine and directed to a destination machine; analyzing the network traffic using the firewall security policy; forwarding or dropping the network traffic according to the firewall security policy; accumulating the network traffic and metadata associated with the network traffic; and initiating an update to the firewall security policy by the policy compiler using at least one of the network traffic and the metadata.",
-    "A self-propelled apparatus includes: a self-propelled platform having a recessed chamber located in the bottom side, a control unit mounted in the self-propelled platform for controlling the moving path of the self-propelled platform in a predominantly grid-pattern that causes the self-propelled platform to mainly move in predominantly straight lines, a battery, one or multiple germicidal ultraviolet lights exhibiting an elongated shape and mounted in the self-propelled platform within the recessed chamber in such a manner that the longitudinal axis of the germicidal ultraviolet lights is kept in parallel to the linear moving direction of the self-propelled platform, and obstacle sensors. The self-propelled apparatus utilizes a wireless module for wireless communication with an external smart device that has built therein an application software for controlling and displaying the operating status of the self-propelled apparatus. 1. A self-propelled apparatus, comprising: a self-propelled platform comprising a recessed chamber located in a bottom side thereof; a control unit mounted in said self-propelled platform, and adapted for controlling the moving path of said self-propelled platform in a predominantly grid-pattern that causes said self-propelled platform to mainly move in straight lines; a battery electrically coupled to said control unit to provide the necessary working electric energy; at least one germicidal ultraviolet light exhibiting an elongated shape and mounted in said self-propelled platform within said recessed chamber in such a manner that the longitudinal axis of said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light is kept in parallel to the linear moving direction of said self-propelled platform, said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light being electrically coupled to said control unit and controllable by said control unit to radiate light; and a plurality of obstacle sensors mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit, and adapted for detecting the presence of obstacles for enabling said control unit to modify the traveling of said self-propelled platform on the basis of inputs from the said obstacle sensors. 2. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the depth of said recessed chamber is larger than the thickness of said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light, said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light being completely accommodated in said recessed chamber above the elevation of said bottom side of said self-propelled platform. 3. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the center of said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light is kept at a distance of approximately 2.5 cm above the floor when said self-propelled platform is placed on the floor. 4. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said self-propelled platform further comprises at least one lamp holder mounted in said recessed chamber; said germicidal ultraviolet light is detachably mounted in said at least one lamp holder. 5. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a light sensor mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit for detecting the ultraviolet light emitted by said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light. 6. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said control unit comprises a gyroscope. 7. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of said germicidal ultraviolet lights is 2, and the two said germicidal ultraviolet lights are arranged in parallel. 8. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a micro-fiber pad mounted at said self-propelled platform, said micro-fiber pad being kept in contact with the floor when said self-propelled platform is placed on the floor. 9. The self-propelled apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a lift-off sensing unit mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit for detecting if said self-propelled platform is picked up or turns over. 10. A self-propelled system, comprising: a self-propelled platform comprising a recessed chamber located in a bottom side thereof; a control unit mounted in said self-propelled platform, and adapted for controlling the moving path of said self-propelled platform in a predominantly grid-pattern that causes said self-propelled platform to mainly move in straight lines; a battery electrically coupled to said control unit to provide the necessary working electric energy; at least one germicidal ultraviolet light exhibiting an elongated shape and mounted in said self-propelled platform within said recessed chamber in such a manner that the longitudinal axis of said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light is kept in parallel to the linear moving direction of said self-propelled platform, said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light being electrically coupled to said control unit and controllable by said control unit to radiate light; a plurality of obstacle sensors mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit, and adapted for detecting the presence of obstacles for enabling said control unit to modify the traveling of said self-propelled platform from the inputs of said obstacle sensors; a wireless module mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit for communication with a smart device in a wireless manner; and an application software installed in said smart device for execution by said smart device; wherein said self-propelled platform utilizes said wireless module to transmit data to said smart device; said smart device executes said application software to interpret said data and displays said data in a way that a general user is able to understand, and utilizes the wireless communication relationship between said smart device and said wireless module to transmit instructions to said control unit. This wireless communication is optional and not an integral component in the autonomous operation of the self-propelled platform. 11. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said data contains a moving path data; said smart device records and displays the moving path of said self-propelled platform, and calculates the amount of floor coverage of said moving path when executing said application software. 12. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the depth of said recessed chamber is larger than the thickness of said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light, said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light being completely accommodated in said recessed chamber above the elevation of said bottom side of said self-propelled platform. 13. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the center of said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light is kept at a distance of approximately 2.5 cm above the floor when said self-propelled platform is placed on the floor. 14. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said self-propelled platform further comprises at least one lamp holder mounted in said recessed chamber; said germicidal ultraviolet light is detachably mounted in said at least one lamp holder. 15. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, further comprising a light sensor mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit for detecting the ultraviolet light emitted by said at least one germicidal ultraviolet light. 16. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said control unit comprises a gyroscope. 17. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the number of said germicidal ultraviolet light is 2, and the two said germicidal ultraviolet lights are arranged in parallel. 18. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, further comprising a micro-fiber pad mounted at said self-propelled platform, said micro-fiber pad being kept in contact with the floor when said self-propelled platform is placed on the floor. 19. The self-propelled system as claimed in claim 10, further comprising a lift-off sensing unit mounted in said self-propelled platform and electrically coupled to said control unit for detecting if said self-propelled platform is picked up or turns over.",
-    "Systems and methods for identifying a false representation of a human face are provided. In one example, a method for identifying a false representation of a human face includes receiving a plurality of different data streams captured by a respective plurality of sensors of differing sensor types sensing a candidate face. In a cascading plurality of stages, one or more of the different data streams are analyzed, wherein each of the stages comprises a different analysis. In one of the cascading plurality of stages, the method determines that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to a false representation of the human face. Based on determining that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to a false representation of a human face, an indication of the false representation is outputted. 1. A method for identifying a false representation of a human face, the method comprising: receiving a plurality of different data streams captured by a respective plurality of sensors of differing sensor types sensing a candidate face; in a cascading plurality of stages, analyzing one or more of the plurality of different data streams to determine that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face; and based at least in part on determining that the one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face, outputting an indication of the false representation of the human face. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing one or more of the plurality of different data streams to determine that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face comprises, in one of the cascading plurality of stages, determining that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the cascading plurality of stages comprises a different analysis. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises an infrared data stream, and the cascading plurality of stages comprises a first stage comprising determining whether an infrared candidate face pattern of the candidate face matches a predetermined infrared human face pattern. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises a depth information data stream, and the cascading plurality of stages comprises a second stage comprising determining whether a candidate face size of the candidate face is within a predetermined range of human face sizes. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein determining whether a candidate face size of the candidate face is within a predetermined range of human face sizes further comprises determining whether an interpupillary distance of the candidate face falls within a predetermined range of an average human interpupillary distance. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the cascading plurality of stages comprises a third stage comprising determining whether a plurality of candidate face depth points lies on a single flat plane or a curving plane. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises a color information data stream, and the cascading plurality of stages comprises a fourth stage comprising analyzing a plurality of image frames of the candidate face for changes in color that indicate blood flow in the candidate face. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the cascading plurality of stages comprises a fifth stage comprising: extracting a candidate face texture feature from one or more of the infrared data stream and the color information data stream of the candidate face; and determining whether the candidate face texture feature corresponds to a human face texture feature. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining whether a high frequency component loss in one or more of the infrared data stream and the color information data stream of the candidate face exceeds a predetermined loss threshold. 11. A computing device for identifying a false representation of a human face, the computing device comprising: a plurality of sensors of differing sensor types configured to sense a candidate face; a false representation detection program executed by a processor of the computing device, the false representation detection program configured to: receive a plurality of different data streams captured by the plurality of sensors of differing sensor types sensing the candidate face; in a cascading plurality of stages, analyze one or more of the plurality of different data streams to determine that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face; and based at least in part on determining that the one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face, output an indication of the false representation of the human face. 12. The computing device of claim 11, wherein analyzing one or more of the plurality of different data streams to determine that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face comprises, in one of the cascading plurality of stages, determining that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face. 13. The computing device of claim 11, wherein each of the cascading plurality of stages comprises a different analysis. 14. The computing device of claim 11, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises an infrared data stream, and the cascading plurality of stages comprises a first stage in which the false representation detection program is further configured to determine whether an infrared candidate face pattern of the candidate face matches a predetermined infrared human face pattern. 15. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises a depth information data stream, and the cascading plurality of stages comprises a second stage in which the false representation detection program is further configured to determine whether a candidate face size of the candidate face is within a predetermined range of human face sizes. 16. The computing device of claim 15, wherein determining whether a candidate face size of the candidate face is within a predetermined range of human face sizes further comprises measuring an interpupillary distance of the candidate face. 17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises a color information data stream, and the cascading plurality of stages comprises: a third stage in which the false representation detection program is further configured to determine whether a plurality of candidate face depth points lies on a single flat plane or a curving plane; and a fourth stage in which the false representation detection program is further configured to analyze a plurality of image frames of the candidate face for changes in color that indicate blood flow in the candidate face. 18. The computing device of claim 17, wherein the cascading plurality of stages comprises a fifth stage in which the false representation detection program is further configured to: extract a candidate face texture feature from one or more of the infrared data stream and the color information data stream of the candidate face; and determine whether the candidate face texture feature corresponds to a human face texture feature. 19. The computing device of claim 11, wherein the computing device is selected from the group consisting of a gaming console, a mobile communication device, and a multi-touch display device. 20. A method for identifying a false representation of a human face, the method comprising: receiving a plurality of different data streams captured by a respective plurality of sensors of differing sensor types sensing a candidate face, wherein the plurality of different data streams comprises an infrared data stream; in a cascading plurality of stages, analyzing one or more of the plurality of different data streams to determine that one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face, wherein the cascading plurality of stages comprises a first stage comprising determining whether an infrared candidate face pattern of the candidate face matches a predetermined infrared human face pattern; and based at least in part on determining that the one or more of the different data streams corresponds to the false representation of the human face, outputting an indication of the false representation of the human face.",
-    "An activity and volume sensing beverage container cap system for a beverage container including a cap that couples with the beverage container, a processor, a timer and at least one activity level sensor, such as an inclinometer, coupled with the processor. The activity level sensor detects container orientation. When the container is tilted, the timer measures an amount of time in an orientation. Based on the current and previous orientation and the amount of time the container is in different orientations, the processor determines an amount of time of activity of the user, and a level of activity of the user, such as number of steps or moves per time. The inclinometer is also sued to determine the amount of volume dispensed from the container when tilted over a threshold indicative of drinking. Thus one inclinometer may be utilized as both to determine activity level and volume of fluid dispensed. 1. A fluid consumption monitoring system comprising a housing configured to couple with a beverage container wherein said housing comprises an opening that dispenses contents of said beverage container; a moveable seal that closes said opening; one or more sensors coupled with said housing or that extend into said beverage container; a wireless communication interface coupled with said housing; a memory coupled with said housing; a processor coupled with said memory and said wireless communication interface and situated in said housing wherein said processor is configured to receive sensor data from said one or more sensors; calculate at least one of an amount of fluid inside of, an amount of fluid dispensed from or an amount of fluid added to said beverage container from said sensor data; store said amount of fluid in said memory; transmit said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container when a wireless communication channel is available to an external device. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a display coupled to said processor and configured to indicate said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said external device is a smartphone, a tablet computer, a laptop, or a cloud-based system. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise one or more of a capacitance probe, a resistance probe, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a mechanical float, a pressure sensor or a weight sensor. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor is further configured to estimate an amount of fluid inside of, an amount of fluid dispensed from or an amount of fluid added to said beverage container. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said one or more sensors comprise a tilt sensor or inclinometer. 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising a timer that measures how long said valve is open and wherein said processor is configured to estimate an amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container based on data from said tilt sensor or inclinometer and said timer in combination with a predetermined size of a said opening in said housing configured to dispense said liquid. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein said tilt sensor or inclinometer is also utilized to calculate an activity level based on changes in tilt over time. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor resets said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container at a regular time interval. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a GPS system, a pedometer, a thermometer, a physiological monitor, a heart rate sensor, a respiration rate sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a blood oxygen level sensor, a hydration sensor, a humidity sensor, an altitude sensor, and a barometric pressure sensor. 11. The system of claim 2, wherein said display is further configured to display an activity level of a user of said beverage container. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein said moveable seal comprises a cover, or a valve and wherein said beverage container further comprises a valve button that activates said valve. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor or said external device is further configured to accept or obtain values for one or more factors affecting fluid requirements; calculate an amount of fluid a user of said beverage container is to consume based on said values for one or more factors affecting fluid requirements. 14. The system of claim 2, wherein said display is further configured to display an amount of fluid said user of said beverage container has consumed, or is to consume, or both, in a predetermined amount of time. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein said processor is further configured to alert said user after a predetermined interval to consume fluid after a previous amount of fluid is dispensed, or alert said user if said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container is below said amount of fluid said user of said beverage container is to consume. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein said one or more factors affecting fluid requirements comprise one or more of an age of said user, weight of said user, temperature, humidity, sunny or cloudy value, activity level, time of day or time since last drink, activity level, motion, altitude, medical needs, number of steps, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen level, and a hydration value obtained from the user. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein said one or more factors affecting fluid requirements comprise an activity level; said one or more sensors comprise an activity level input sensor that measures said activity level. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein said one or more factors affecting fluid requirements comprise an external temperature; said one or more sensors comprise a thermometer that measures said external temperature or receives external temperature data from said wireless communication interface. 19. The system of claim 13, further comprising a timer; at least one sound emitting device; wherein said at least one sound emitting device beeps to indicate one or more time periods to consume fluid as determined by said timer and whether enough fluid has been consumed by the user as determined by said one or more sensors; said at least one sound emitting device remains to beep until enough fluid has been consumed by the user at said one or more time periods as determined by said timer and said one or more sensors. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor is configured to synchronize personal profile parameters when said wireless communication channel is available to said external device.",
-    "Delivery parcel detection systems can include a doorbell having a first wireless communication system and a floor covering configured for placement on an entryway floor. The doorbell can be communicatively coupled to the floor covering. The floor covering can comprise a sensor configured to detect a delivery parcel located on the floor covering. Systems can include a first communication sent from the floor covering to the doorbell in response to the floor covering detecting an arrival, a movement, or a removal of the delivery parcel. Systems can also include a second communication sent from the doorbell to a remote computing device in response to the doorbell receiving the first communication. 1. A delivery parcel detection system, the system comprising: a doorbell having a first wireless communication system; a floor covering communicatively coupled to the doorbell, the floor covering comprising a sensor configured to detect a removal of a delivery parcel from the floor covering, and wherein the system sends a first communication from the floor covering to the doorbell in response to the floor covering detecting the removal of the delivery parcel, and the system sends a second communication from the doorbell to a remote computing device in response to the doorbell receiving the first communication; and a camera electrically coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering, wherein the second communication comprises a picture taken by the camera in response to the removal of the delivery parcel. 2. (canceled) 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the floor covering is a mat. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the second communication comprises a first picture taken by the doorbell such that the doorbell is configured to send the first picture to the remote computing device in response to the floor covering detecting a presence of the delivery parcel. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the first picture shows the delivery parcel. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to detect an arrival of the delivery parcel to the floor covering. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein a first alert is displayed on the remote computing device in response to the remote computing device receiving the second communication from the doorbell. 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a graphical user interface displayed on the remote computing device, wherein the graphical user interface is configured to display information regarding the delivery parcel. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a graphical user interface displayed on the remote computing device, wherein the doorbell comprises at least one light, and the graphical user interface is configured to enable changing at least one setting of the light of the doorbell. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the setting comprises a color of the light. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the setting comprises a brightness of the light. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the system automatically changes the setting in response to the floor covering detecting a presence of the delivery parcel. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the first communication is a first wireless communication, and the second communication is a second wireless communication. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the doorbell comprises an electrical power consumption rate that increases in response to the floor covering detecting a presence of the delivery parcel. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera is configured to take at least one picture in response to the floor covering detecting a presence of the delivery parcel. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a pressure sensor configured such that placing the delivery parcel on the floor covering enables the pressure sensor to detect at least one of the removal of the delivery parcel and a presence of the delivery parcel. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising a video taken by the camera in response to the system detecting the removal of the delivery parcel. 18. (canceled) 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera is configured to take a video in response to the camera detecting an object that has moved into a field of view of the camera during a period when the system has determined the delivery parcel is located on the floor covering. 20. The system of claim 1, further comprising a motion detector electrically coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering, wherein the camera takes a video in response to the motion detector detecting a motion indication during a period when the system has determined the delivery parcel is located on the floor covering. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the first communication is sent from the floor covering to the doorbell in response to the floor covering detecting a presence of the delivery parcel. 22. (canceled) 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the second communication comprises the video. 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. The system of claim 1, further comprising a warning sound emitted from the doorbell in response to the system detecting a removal of the delivery parcel from the floor covering. 29. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a warning light and a warning sound emitted from at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering in response to the system detecting at least one of a motion and an object that has moved into a field of view of a camera of the doorbell, and in response to the system determining the delivery parcel is located on the floor covering. 30. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a warning light and a warning sound emitted from at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering in response to the system detecting a removal of the delivery parcel from the floor covering during a period when the system has determined that the remote computing device is at least one of not located within a predetermined distance of the doorbell and not located within a detection range of the doorbell. 31. A delivery parcel detection system, the system comprising: a doorbell having a first wireless communication system; a floor covering communicatively coupled to the doorbell, the floor covering comprising a sensor configured to detect a presence of a delivery parcel from the floor covering, and wherein the system sends a first communication from the floor covering to the doorbell in response to the floor covering detecting the presence of the delivery parcel, and the system sends a second communication from the doorbell to a remote computing device in response to the doorbell receiving the first communication; and a camera electrically coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering, wherein the second communication comprises a picture taken by the camera in response to the presence of the delivery parcel. 32. The system of claim 31, further comprising a remote computing device communicatively coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering. 33. The system of claim 32, wherein an alert is displayed on the remote computing device in response to the remote computing device receiving the second communication from the doorbell. 34. The system of claim 31, further comprising a motion detector electrically coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the camera takes a video in response to the motion detector detecting a motion indication during a period when the system has determined the delivery parcel is located on the floor covering. 36. The system of claim 31, further comprising a light coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering, wherein the light automatically illuminates in response to the floor covering detecting the presence of the delivery parcel. 37. The system of claim 31, further comprising a speaker coupled to at least one of the doorbell and the floor covering, wherein the speaker automatically emits a sound in response to the floor covering detecting the presence of the delivery parcel.",
-    "A roller shade includes a frame unit (1), a micro-adjustment device (2) connected with the frame unit, and a shading unit (3) connected with the micro-adjustment device. The micro-adjustment device includes a drive shaft (21) mounted on the frame unit. The shading unit includes a first shade cloth (31) secured to a rear portion the drive shaft, a second shade cloth (32) secured to a front portion of the drive shaft, and a plurality of separation slats (33) mounted between the first shade cloth and the second shade cloth. When the shading unit is fully expanded, the inclined angle of each of the separation slats is adjusted by operation of the micro-adjustment device so as to regulate the lightness of the sunshine entering the house and to adjust the shading effect of the shading unit. 1. A roller shade comprising: a frame unit; a micro-adjustment device connected with the frame unit; and a shading unit connected with the micro-adjustment device; wherein: the frame unit includes a fixed track, a first side bracket mounted on a first end of the fixed track, a second side bracket mounted on a second end of the fixed track, and a rotary wheel module mounted in the second side bracket; the first side bracket has a face provided with a shaft hole and a guide rail located above the shaft hole; the guide rail is provided with a guide slot; the second side bracket has a face provided with a shaft hole; the micro-adjustment device includes a drive shaft mounted on the frame unit, an adjusting shaft provided on a first end of the drive shaft and pivotally mounted in the shaft hole of the first side bracket, a pivot shaft provided on a second end of the drive shaft and pivotally mounted in the shaft hole of the second side bracket, and a slide slidably mounted on the guide rail and co-operating with the adjusting shaft; the adjusting shaft has a periphery provided with an adjusting portion located at the first side bracket; the pivot shaft is connected with the rotary wheel module; the shading unit includes a first shade cloth having an upper end secured to a rear portion of a top of the drive shaft, a weight bar mounted on a lower end of the first shade cloth, a second shade cloth having an upper end secured to a front portion of a top of the drive shaft, and a plurality of separation slats mounted between the first shade cloth and the second shade cloth; the adjusting portion of the adjusting shaft includes a plurality of ribs arranged on the periphery of the adjusting shaft, and a plurality of grooves defined between the ribs; the slide has a first side provided with a block and a second side provided with an abutting portion, the block has a face provided with a slideway mounted on the guide rail and has a side provided with a pin hole connected to the slideway, a limit pin extends through the pin hole of the block and the guide slot of the guide rail so that the slide is mounted on the guide rail, the abutting portion extends from the block, and the block has a bottom provided with two positioning ribs engaging the grooves of the adjusting portion. 2. (canceled) 3. The roller shade of claim 1, wherein the ribs and the grooves of the adjusting portion have an area of about one quarter to one half (\u00bc-\u00bd) of that of the periphery of the adjusting shaft. 4. (canceled) 5. The roller shade of claim 1, wherein the guide slot of the guide rail has an elongate shape, and the limit pin is movable in the guide slot of the guide rail, so that the slide is slidable on the guide rail. 6. The roller shade of claim 1, wherein a distance between the two positioning ribs is equal to that between the grooves of the adjusting portion. 7. The roller shade of claim 1, wherein both of the first shade cloth and the second shade cloth are made of yarn. 8-10. (canceled)",
-    "An image forming apparatus for forming a toner image on a recording material has an image forming unit configured to form the toner image on the recording material; a fixing unit configured to fix the toner image on the recording material while heating and conveying the recording material bearing the toner image at a nip portion, the fixing unit including a heating rotation member and a roller forming the nip portion with the heating rotation member; and a voltage applying unit configured to apply a potential difference between a surface of the heating rotation member and a surface of the roller, wherein a plurality of print modes different in conveyance speed of the recording material at the nip portion are carried out, and wherein the voltage applying unit applies the potential difference smaller in a first print mode than the potential difference in a second print mode. 1. An image forming apparatus for forming a toner image on a recording material, comprising: an image forming unit configured to form the toner image on the recording material; a fixing unit configured to fix the toner image on the recording material while heating and conveying the recording material bearing the toner image at a nip portion, the fixing unit including a heating rotation member and a roller forming the nip portion with the heating rotation member; and a voltage applying unit configured to apply a potential difference between a surface of the heating rotation member and a surface of the roller in such a manner that electrostatic force in a direction in which the toner is held on the recording material occurs, wherein a plurality of print modes different in conveyance speed of the recording material at the nip portion are carried out, and wherein the voltage applying unit applies the potential difference smaller in a first print mode than the potential difference in a second print mode in which the conveyance speed is lower than the conveyance speed of the first print mode. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyance speed in the first print mode is set to a maximum speed settable in the apparatus, and the potential difference in the first print mode is set to be smaller than the potential difference in any print mode excluding the first print mode. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a basis weight of a recording material to be used in the first print mode is smaller than a basis weight of a recording material to be used in the second print mode. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein smoothness of the recording material used in the first print mode is higher than smoothness of the recording material to be used in the second print mode. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heating rotation member is a cylindrical film. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the fixing unit includes a heater contacting an inner surface of the film, and the heater forms a nip portion with a pressure roller through the film.",
-    "Systems and methods for extracting information from a scanned item having a plurality of regularly spaced row marks along at least part of a length of the scanned item are disclosed herein. The system can include a line scan camera that can generate a line of pixels of a portion of the scanned item in an imaging area; a feed device coupled to the line scan camera; and a timing circuit. The feed device can move at least a portion of the scanned item through the imaging area, and the timing circuit can provide a plurality of capture signals to the line scan camera. The timing circuit can vary a time interval between capture signals based on a number of pixels between adjacent row marks along at least a portion of the length of the scanned item. 1. A system for compensating for growth in a scanned item, wherein the scanned item comprises a plurality of row marks comprising a first group of row marks and a second group of row marks, wherein the row marks are regularly spaced along at least part of a length of the scanned item, the system comprising: a line scan camera configured to generate a line of pixels of an a portion of the scanned item in an imaging area; a control unit communicatingly connected to the line scan camera; and a feed device coupled to the line scan camera and configured to move at least a portion of the scanned item through the imaging area; wherein the control unit is configured to: identify one of a first group of row marks, wherein the first group of row marks is located along a first side of the scanned item; identify one of a second group of row marks, wherein the second group of row marks is located along a second side of the scanned item; and generate corrected response area positions based on the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to determine the distance between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the distance between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks comprises the number of pixels between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the control unit is configured to: retrieve a standard count value, wherein the standard count value defines an expected distance between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks; and compare the number of pixels between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks to the standard count value. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the control unit is configured to generate an error value based on the comparison of the number of pixels between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks to the standard count value. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein generating a corrected response area positions comprises: retrieving standard response area positions; and applying the error value to the standard response area positions. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the control unit is configured to identify at least one response in at least one of the corrected response area positions. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising a server communicatingly connected to the line scan camera, wherein the server is configured: to receive lines of pixels from the line scan camera; and generate image data with the received lines of pixels. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the image data comprises the combination of multiple lines of pixels into a single image. 10. The system of claim 9, further comprising a scan database configured to: receive the image data from the server; and store the received image data. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein identifying one of the first group of row marks comprises identifying a first contiguous group of pixels in at least two consecutive lines of pixels, wherein the first contiguous group of pixels: is located in a specified first portion of the pixels in each of the at least two consecutive lines of pixels; and includes a specified number of pixels in each of the at least two consecutive lines of pixels. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein identifying one of the second group of row marks comprises identifying a second contiguous group of pixels in at least two consecutive lines of pixels, wherein the second contiguous group of pixels: is located in a specified second portion of the pixels in each of the at least two consecutive lines of pixels; and includes a specified number of pixels in each of the at least two consecutive lines of pixels 13. A method for compensating for growth in a scanned item, wherein the scanned item comprises a plurality of row marks comprising a first group of row marks and a second group of row marks, wherein the row marks are regularly spaced along at least part of a length of the scanned item, the method comprising: moving at least a portion of the scanned item through an imaging area of a line scan camera with a feed device coupled to the line scan camera; repeatedly generating a set of line data of the portion of the scanned item in the imaging area with the line scan camera, wherein the set of line data comprises a line of pixels, and wherein the portion of the scanned item from which the set of line data is generated changes with the movement of the portion of the scanned item through the imaging area; identifying one of a first group of row marks with a control unit, wherein the first group of row marks is located along a first side of the scanned item; identifying one of a second group of row marks with the control unit, wherein the second group of row marks is located along a second side of the scanned item; and generating corrected response area positions based on the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising determining the distance between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks with the control unit. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the distance between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks comprises the number of pixels between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: retrieving a standard count value, wherein the standard count value defines an expected distance between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks; and comparing the number of pixels between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks to the standard count value. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising generating an error value based on the comparison of the number of pixels between the identified one of the first group of row marks and the identified one of the second group of row marks to the standard count value. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein generating a corrected response area positions comprises: retrieving standard response area positions; and applying the error value to the standard response area positions. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising identifying at least one response in at least one of the corrected response area positions. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein identifying one of the first group of row marks comprises identifying a first contiguous group of pixels in at least two consecutive lines of pixels, wherein the first contiguous group of pixels: is located in a specified first portion of the pixels in each of the at least two consecutive lines of pixels; and includes a specified number of pixels in each of the at least two consecutive lines of pixels.",
-    "A method of forming a semiconductor device includes providing a semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor substrate includes fins formed thereon and a patterned hard mask layer formed on a top surface of the fins. The method further includes: forming an isolation material layer covering the semiconductor substrate, the fins, and the patterned hard mask layer; performing planarization of the isolation material layer, stopping at the patterned hard mask layer; and performing oxygen ion implantation to form an oxygen injection region within the fins and the isolation material layer; back-etching the isolation material layer, stopping above the oxygen injection region, to form a remaining portion of the isolation material layer exposing a portion of the fins; and performing thermal annealing to cause a thermal oxidation of a portion of the fins through oxygen ions in the oxygen injection region, thereby forming an oxide layer within the plurality of fins. 1. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: providing a semiconductor substrate, the semiconductor substrate including a plurality of fins formed thereon and a patterned hard mask layer formed on a top surface of the plurality of fins; forming by deposition an isolation material layer covering the semiconductor substrate, the plurality of fins, and the patterned hard mask layer; performing planarization of the isolation material layer, stopping at the patterned hard mask layer; performing oxygen ion implantation to form an oxygen injection region within the plurality of fins and the isolation material layer; back-etching the isolation material layer, stopping above the oxygen injection region, to form a remaining portion of the isolation material layer exposing a portion of the plurality of fins; and performing thermal annealing to cause a thermal oxidation of a portion of the plurality of fins through oxygen ions in the oxygen injection region, thereby forming an oxide layer within the plurality of fins. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fins and the patterned hard mask layer are formed by: forming a hard mask layer on a surface of the semiconductor substrate by deposition; forming a patterned photoresist layer on the hard mask layer, the patterned photoresist layer defining the plurality of fins; etching, using the patterned photoresist layer as a first mask, the hard mask layer to form the patterned hard mask layer; etching, using the patterned hard mask layer as a second mask, the semiconductor substrate to form the plurality of fins. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen injection region is located below a predetermined exposed portion of the fins. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a bottom of the oxide layer is located near a bottom of the plurality of fins. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a top surface of the oxide layer is flush with or below a top surface of the remaining portion of the isolation material layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the isolation material layer comprises silicon oxide. 7. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a plurality of fins formed on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; an isolation material layer disposed on a portion of the surface of the semiconductor substrate between adjacent fins, a top surface of the isolation material layer being below a top surface of the plurality of fins; an oxide layer formed within the plurality of fins; wherein a top surface of the oxide layer is flush with or below a top surface of the isolation material layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxide layer comprises silicon oxide, and is formed by oxidation of a portion of the plurality of fins. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the oxide layer is located near a bottom of the plurality of fins. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising the semiconductor device of claim 7.",
-    "A system and a method involve acoustic source localization for multiple acoustic sources using passive sonar. Tracks are constructed based on source location maps (SLMs) that reveal the locations of the sources over a grid of tentative source locations. The proposed estimator for the SLMs performs coherent processing of broadband acoustic measurements, capitalizes on the sparse structure of the SLMs, and uses the prior SLM estimate as a means to capture temporal information about the locations of the sources. 1. A method comprising the steps of: determining a grid of G tentative source locations rg to localize more than one acoustic sources, wherein a position of one of the acoustic sources at time t is denoted by {rk(t)\u2208d}k=1K, where d=[2, 3]; using an acoustic model to compute replicas that correspond to simulated acoustic sources at locations in , wherein the replicas are model-predicted Fourier coefficient vectors at F frequencies {\u03c9f}f=1F corresponding to the acoustic pressure field as sampled by an acoustic sensor array having N sensors, where G>>max{KF, N} and K is a presumed number of acoustic sources; collecting, using the acoustic sensor array, time series data of actual acoustic measurements at each sensor of the acoustic sensor array caused by the acoustic sources; using a discrete-time Fourier transform (DFT) on the collected time series data to compute Fourier coefficients at frequencies {\u03c9f}f=1F for all N sensors; constructing DFT coefficient vectors yf (t):=[yf1(t), . . . , yfN(t)]\u2032\u2208N using the Fourier coefficients previously obtained via the DFT, where yfn(t) denotes the Fourier-coefficient estimate corresponding to \u03c9f at time t obtained from data gathered by the n-th sensor; modeling DFT coefficient vectors at \u03c9f as yf (t)=\u03a3g=1Gsg,f(t)pg,f+\u03b5f(t), f=1, . . . , F, where sg,f(t) denotes the Fourier coefficient at \u03c9f of the spectrum corresponding to the acoustic signature of the acoustic source located at rg \u2208 at time t, pg,f \u2208N is the replica for \u03c9f corresponding to a source located at rg \u2208 normalized so that \u2225pg,f\u22252=1, and \u03b5f (t)\u2208N denotes a zero-mean additive noise component; obtaining, at time t, an estimate \u015c(t) according to the equation arg \ue89e \ue89e min S \u2208 \u2102 G \u00d7 F \ue89e 1 2 \ue89e \u2211 f = 1 F \ue89e \ue89e \uf605 y f \ue8a0 ( t ) - P f \ue89e s f \uf606 2 2 + \u03bb 2 \ue89e \u2211 f = 1 F \ue89e \ue89e \uf605 s f \ue8a0 ( t ) - s ^ f \ue8a0 ( t - 1 ) \uf606 2 2 + \u03bc \ue89e \u2211 g = 1 G \ue89e \ue89e \uf605 \u03db g \uf606 2 , where S:=[s1, . . . , sF], g\u2032 is the g-th row of S, Pf:=[p1,f, . . . , pG,f]\u2208N\u00d7G is the matrix of replicas for \u03c9f, and \u03bc, \u03bb>0 are tuning parameters; and constructing one or more source location maps (SLMs) over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t), wherein each location on a particular SLM is associated with its corresponding acoustic gain estimate \u015dg,f (t), wherein estimates of the actual locations of the K presumed acoustic sources, {{circumflex over (r)}k (t)}k\u2208\u03ba, correspond to the locations of the K-largest coefficients |\u015dg,f(t)| depicted in the SLM. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining a grid of G tentative source locations includes the step of estimating the number of acoustic sources. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of constructing SLMs over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t) comprises using each column \u015df (t) of \u015c(t) to construct the SLMs per frequency \u03c9f. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of constructing SLMs over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t) comprises constructing a broadband SLM over using \u015c(t) by plotting the pairs (rg, \u2225g\u22252) for all rg\u2208, where g:=[sg,1(t), . . . , sg,F(t)]\u2032\u2208F comprises the entries of the g-th row of S(t), where S(t): =[s1(t), . . . , sF(t)]\u2208G\u00d7F and sf(t): =[s1,f(t), . . . , sG,f(t)]\u2032\u2208G. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of constructing SLMs over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t) comprises constructing a broadband SLM over using \u015df(t) by plotting the pairs (rg, \u2225sg,f\u22252) for all rg \u2208, where S(t): =[s1(t), . . . , sF(t)]\u2208G\u00d7F and sf(t):[s1,f(t), . . . , sG,f(t)]\u2032\u2208G. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic sources are underwater acoustic sources. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic sources are surface-based acoustic sources. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic model is an underwater acoustic model. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic sensor array is a hydrophone array. 10. A system comprising: a processor operatively connected to an acoustic sensor array, wherein the processor is configured to perform the steps of: determining a grid of G tentative source locations rg to localize more than one acoustic sources, wherein a position of one of the acoustic sources at time t is denoted by {rk(t) \u2208d}k=1K, where d=[2, 3]; using an acoustic model to compute replicas that correspond to simulated acoustic sources at locations in , wherein the replicas are model-predicted Fourier coefficient vectors at F frequencies {\u03c9f}f=1F corresponding to the acoustic pressure field as sampled by an acoustic sensor array having N sensors, where G>>max{KF, N} and K is a presumed number of acoustic sources; collecting, using the acoustic sensor array, time series data of actual acoustic measurements at each sensor of the acoustic sensor array caused by the acoustic sources; using a discrete-time Fourier transform (DFT) on the collected time series data to compute Fourier coefficients at frequencies {\u03c9f}f=1F for all N sensors; constructing DFT coefficient vectors yf (t):=[yf1(t), . . . , yfN(t)]\u2032\u2208N using the Fourier coefficients previously obtained via the DFT, where yfn(t) denotes the Fourier-coefficient estimate corresponding to \u03c9f at time t obtained from data gathered by the n-th sensor; modeling DFT coefficient vectors at \u03c9f as yf(t)=\u03a3g=1Gsg,f(t)pg,f+\u03b5f(t), f=1, . . . , F, where sg,f(t) denotes the Fourier coefficient at \u03c9f of the spectrum corresponding to the acoustic signature of the acoustic source located at rg \u2208 at time t, pg,f \u2208N is the replica for \u03c9f corresponding to a source located at rg \u2208 normalized so that \u2225pg,f\u22252=1, and \u03b5f(t)\u2208N denotes a zero-mean additive noise component; obtaining, at time t, an estimate \u015c(t) according to the equation argminS\u2208G\u00d7F1/2\u03a3f=1F\u2225yf(t)\u2212Pfsf\u222522+\u03bb/2\u03a3f=1F\u2225sf(t)\u2212\u015df(t\u22121)\u222522+\u03bc\u03a3g=1G\u2225g\u22252, where S:=[s1, . . . , sF], g\u2032 is the g-th row of S, Pf:=[p1,f, . . . , pG,f]\u2208N\u00d7G is the matrix of replicas for \u03c9f, and \u03bc, \u03bb>0 are tuning parameters; and constructing one or more source location maps (SLMs) over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t), wherein each location on a particular SLM is associated with its corresponding acoustic gain estimate \u015dg,f, wherein estimates of the actual locations of the K presumed acoustic sources, {{circumflex over (r)}k (t)}k\u2208\u03ba, correspond to the locations of the K-largest coefficients |\u015dg,f (t)| depicted in the SLM. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the step of determining a grid of G tentative source locations includes the step of estimating the number of acoustic sources. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the step of constructing SLMs over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t) comprises using each column \u015df (t) of \u015c(t) to construct the SLMs per frequency \u03c9f. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the step of constructing SLMs over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t) comprises constructing a broadband SLM over using \u015c(t) by plotting the pairs (rg, \u2225g\u22252) for all rg \u2208, where g:=[sg,1 (t), . . . , sg,F(t)]\u2032\u2208F comprises the entries of the g-th row of S(t), where S(t): =[s1(t), sF(t)]\u2208G\u00d7F and sf(t): =[s1,f(t), . . . , sG,f(t)]\u2032\u2208G. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the step of constructing SLMs over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t) comprises constructing a broadband SLM over using \u015c(t) by plotting the pairs (rg, \u2225sg,f\u22252) for all rg \u2208, where S(t): =[s1(t), . . . , sF(t)]\u2208G\u00d7F and sf(t):=[s1,f(t), . . . , sG,f(t)]\u2032\u2208G. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the acoustic sources are underwater acoustic sources. 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the acoustic sources are surface-based acoustic sources. 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the acoustic model is an underwater acoustic model. 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the acoustic sensor array is a hydrophone array. 19. A system comprising: a processor operatively connected to an acoustic sensor array, wherein the processor is configured to perform the steps of: determining a grid of G tentative source locations rg to localize more than one underwater acoustic sources, wherein a position of one of the underwater acoustic sources at time t is denoted by {rk(t)d}k=1K, where d=[2, 3]; using an underwater acoustic model to compute replicas that correspond to simulated underwater acoustic sources at locations in , wherein the replicas are model-predicted Fourier coefficient vectors at F frequencies {\u03c9f}f=1F corresponding to the acoustic pressure field as sampled by an acoustic sensor array having N sensors, where G>>max{KF, N} and K is a presumed number of underwater acoustic sources; collecting, using the acoustic sensor array, time series data of actual acoustic measurements at each sensor of the acoustic sensor array caused by the underwater acoustic sources; using a discrete-time Fourier transform (DFT) on the collected time series data to compute Fourier coefficients at frequencies {\u03c9f}f=1F for all N sensors; constructing DFT coefficient vectors yf (t):=[yf1(t), . . . , yfN(t)]\u2032\u2208N using the Fourier coefficients previously obtained via the DFT, where yfn(t) denotes the Fourier-coefficient estimate corresponding to \u03c9f at time t obtained from data gathered by the n-th sensor; modeling DFT coefficient vectors at \u03c9f as yf (t)=\u03a3g=1Gsg,f(t)pg,f+\u03b5f(t), f=1, . . . , F, where sg,f(t) denotes the Fourier coefficient at \u03c9f of the spectrum corresponding to the acoustic signature of the underwater acoustic source located at rg \u2208 at time t, pg,f \u2208N is the replica for \u03c9f corresponding to a source located at rg \u2208 normalized so that \u2225pg,f\u22252=1, and \u03b5f(t)\u2208N denotes a zero-mean additive noise component; obtaining, at time t, an estimate \u015c(t) according to the equation arg minS\u2208G\u00d7F1/2\u03a3f=1F\u2225yf(t)\u2212Pfsf\u222522+\u03bb/2\u03a3f=1F\u2225sf(t)\u2212\u015df(t\u22121)\u222522+\u03bc\u03a3g=1G\u2225g\u22252, where S:=[s1, . . . , sF], g\u2032 is the g-th row of S, Pf:=[p1,f, . . . , pG,f]\u2208N\u00d7G is the matrix of replicas for \u03c9f, and \u03bc, \u03bb>0 are tuning parameters; and constructing one or more source location maps (SLMs) over per frequency \u03c9f using \u015c(t), wherein each location on a particular SLM is associated with its corresponding acoustic gain estimate \u015dg,f, wherein estimates of the actual locations of the K presumed underwater acoustic sources, {{circumflex over (r)}k (t)}k\u2208\u03ba, correspond to the locations of the K-largest coefficients |\u015dg,f(t)| depicted in the SLM. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the acoustic sensor array is a hydrophone array.",
-    "An aerosol delivery device having a check valve therein for use with refilling the aerosol delivery device is provided. The aerosol delivery device may comprise at least one housing defining a refillable reservoir for storing an aerosol precursor composition, and a heating element contained within the at least one housing and configured to activate and vaporize components of the aerosol precursor composition. A connector may be coupled to the at least one housing and sealably connectable with a container of aerosol precursor composition for refilling the reservoir. The connector may include a check valve configured to enable only a one-way flow of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the reservoir when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 1. An aerosol delivery device comprising: at least one housing defining a refillable reservoir for storing an aerosol precursor composition; a heating element contained within the at least one housing and configured to activate and vaporize components of the aerosol precursor composition in response to a flow of air through at least a portion of the at least one housing, the air being combinable with a thereby formed vapor to form an aerosol; and a connector coupled to the at least one housing and sealably connectable with a container of aerosol precursor composition for refilling the reservoir, the connector including a check valve configured to control a flow of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the reservoir when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 2. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the connector includes a body integral with or coupled to the check valve, the body defining an airflow port for the flow of air through the connector from at least the portion of the at least one housing. 3. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the check valve is a diaphragm check valve including a flexible diaphragm sized to fit an opening of the reservoir, the diaphragm defining a naturally-closed passageway that is configured to flex open and thereby allow through the passageway, the flow of aerosol precursor composition in response to at least a threshold positive pressure differential on a container-facing side of the flexible diaphragm when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 4. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the check valve includes a valve member movable by the container to open a passageway and thereby allow through the passageway, the flow of aerosol precursor composition when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 5. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the check valve includes a spring-loaded valve member configured to open a passageway and thereby allow through the passageway, the flow of aerosol precursor composition when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 6. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the check valve is a Tesla valve or series of Tesla valves defining a channel configured to allow the flow of aerosol precursor composition in only one direction, from the container into the reservoir. 7. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the connector further includes a slot mateable with a matching tab of the at least one housing to guide the connector into alignment with the at least one housing for coupling therewith. 8. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1 further comprising a mouthpiece removably coupled to the at least one housing over the connector such that the connector is exposed upon removal of the mouthpiece. 9. A method of refilling an aerosol delivery device with aerosol precursor composition, the aerosol delivery device including at least one housing defining a refillable reservoir for storing aerosol precursor composition, and including a heating element configured to activate and vaporize components of the aerosol precursor composition stored in the reservoir in response to a flow of air through at least a portion of the at least one housing, the air being combinable with a thereby formed vapor to form an aerosol, the method comprising: sealably connecting a connector of the aerosol delivery device with a container of aerosol precursor composition for refilling the reservoir, the connector including a check valve controlling flow of aerosol precursor composition from the container into the reservoir when the connector is sealably connected with the container; and transferring aerosol precursor composition from the container through the check valve and into the reservoir to thereby refill the reservoir. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the connector includes a body integral with or coupled to the check valve, the body defining an airflow port for the flow of air through the connector from at least the portion of the at least one housing. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the check valve is a diaphragm check valve including a flexible diaphragm sized to fit an opening of the reservoir and defining a naturally-closed passageway, and wherein transferring aerosol precursor composition includes causing at least a threshold positive pressure differential on a container-facing side of the flexible diaphragm to thereby cause the passageway to flex open and thereby allow through the passageway, the flow of aerosol precursor composition. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the check valve includes a movable valve member, and sealably connecting the connector with the container includes the container moving the valve member to open a passageway and thereby allow through the passageway, the flow of aerosol precursor composition when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the check valve includes a spring-loaded valve member, and sealably connecting the connector with the container includes the valve member opening a passageway and thereby allowing through the passageway, the flow of aerosol precursor composition when the connector is sealably connected with the container. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the check valve is a Tesla valve or series of Tesla valves defining a channel configured to allow the flow of aerosol precursor composition in only one direction, from the container into the reservoir, and wherein transferring aerosol precursor composition includes transferring aerosol precursor composition from the container through the channel and into the reservoir. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the aerosol delivery device further includes a mouthpiece removably coupled to the at least one housing over the connector, and wherein the method further comprises removing the mouthpiece from the at least one housing such that the connector is exposed before sealably connecting the connector with the container.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure describe techniques and configurations to reduce transistor gate short defects. In one embodiment, a method includes forming a plurality of lines, wherein individual lines of the plurality of lines comprise a gate electrode material, depositing an electrically insulative material to fill regions between the individual lines and subsequent to depositing the electrically insulative material, removing a portion of at least one of the individual lines to isolate gate electrode material of a first transistor device from gate electrode material of a second transistor device. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed. 1. A method comprising: forming a plurality of lines, wherein individual lines of the plurality of lines comprise a gate electrode material; depositing an electrically insulative material to fill regions between the individual lines; and subsequent to depositing the electrically insulative material, removing a portion of at least one of the individual lines to isolate gate electrode material of a first transistor device from gate electrode material of a second transistor device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the plurality of lines comprises: depositing the gate electrode material over a plurality of transistor structures including respective transistor structures of the first transistor device and the second transistor device; polishing the gate electrode material; and patterning the gate electrode material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the individual lines extend in a direction parallel to one another; the transistor structure of the first transistor device includes a portion of a first fin structure; the transistor structure of the second transistor device includes a portion of a second fin structure; and the first fin structure and the second fin structure extend in a direction perpendicular to the individual lines. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: prior to removing the portion, polishing the electrically insulative material to provide a surface of the electrically insulative material that is planar with a surface of the gate electrode material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the portion is performed by patterning at least one of the individual lines. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrically insulative material is a first electrically insulative material, the method further comprising: depositing a second electrically insulative material to fill an opening where the portion of at least one of the individual lines is removed, the second electrically insulative material having a different chemical composition than the first electrically insulative material. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein depositing the second electrically insulative material comprises depositing the second electrically insulative material to cover the individual lines and the first electrically insulative material, the method further comprising: polishing the second electrically insulative material to provide a surface of the second electrically insulative material that is planar with surfaces of the gate electrode material and the first electrically insulative material. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: removing portions of the first electrically insulative material to form openings between the individual lines; and depositing a contact electrode material to fill the openings and form respective source or drain contacts of at least the first transistor device and the second transistor device. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein: the openings expose at least a portion of the second electrically insulative material that was covered by the first electrically insulative material prior to removing the portions of the first electrically insulative material; removing the portions of the first electrically insulative material is performed by a selective etch process that removes the first electrically insulative material without substantially removing the second electrically insulative material; and subsequent to removing the portions of the first electrically insulative material, remaining portions of the first electrically insulative material are configured to isolate source or drain contacts of the first transistor device from source or drain contacts of the second transistor device. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: polishing the contact electrode material to provide a surface of the contact electrode material that is planar with respective surfaces of the first electrically insulative material, the second electrically insulative material and the gate electrode material. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a portion of the contact electrode is in direct contact with the second electrically insulative material.",
-    "A method and system for generating femtosecond (fs) ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses enables stabile, robust, and optically efficient generation of third harmonic fs laser pulses using periodically-poled quasi-phase-matched crystals. The crystals have different numbers of periodically poled crystalline layers that enable a long conversion length without back-conversion and without a special phase-matching direction. The fs UV laser may have a high conversion efficiency and may be suitable for high power operation. 1. A method for generating femtosecond ultraviolet laser pulses, comprising: directing, at a nonlinear optical crystal, a first laser pulse having a fundamental wavelength in a near infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the first laser pulse having a pulse duration of less than 1000 femtoseconds; converting, at a first portion of the nonlinear optical crystal, at least some photons from the first laser pulse to a second harmonic wavelength of the fundamental wavelength to generate a second laser pulse within the nonlinear optical crystal; converting, at a second portion of the nonlinear optical crystal, at least some photons from the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse to a third harmonic wavelength of the fundamental wavelength to generate a third laser pulse within the nonlinear optical crystal; and outputting the third laser pulse from the nonlinear optical crystal, wherein the third laser pulse has the pulse duration. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: outputting the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse from the nonlinear optical crystal. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the nonlinear optical crystal comprises a periodically-poled quasi-phase-matched crystal. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the nonlinear optical crystal and the second portion of the nonlinear optical crystal are formed as a single unitary material. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the nonlinear optical crystal comprises a periodically poled magnesium oxide-doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate crystal. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the nonlinear optical crystal comprises a periodically poled lanthanum barium germanium oxide crystal. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein directing the first laser pulse further comprises: focusing the first laser pulse at the nonlinear optical crystal. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: spectrally filtering, at the output of the nonlinear optical crystal, the third laser pulse from the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the nonlinear optical crystal includes periodically poled layers that are tuned according to the fundamental wavelength. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a first cross-sectional intensity pattern of the first laser pulse matches a second cross-sectional intensity pattern of the third laser pulse. 11. A femtosecond ultraviolet laser source, comprising: a laser source comprising a femtosecond near infrared pulsed laser, the laser source configured to emit a plurality of pulses having a pulse duration of less than 1000 femtoseconds and having a fundamental wavelength; and a nonlinear optical crystal having a first portion and a second portion successively oriented with regard to an orientation of incident first photons from the laser source, wherein: the first portion of the nonlinear optical crystal receives the first photons from the laser source and converts at least some of the first photons to second photons having a second harmonic wavelength of the fundamental wavelength to generate a second laser pulse; and the second portion of the nonlinear optical crystal receives at least some of the first photons and the second photons and converts at least some of the first photons and the second photons to third photons having a third harmonic wavelength of the fundamental wavelength to generate a third laser pulse having the pulse duration. 12. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein: the second portion outputs the first laser pulse, the second laser pulse, and the third laser pulse from the nonlinear optical crystal. 13. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein the nonlinear optical crystal comprises a periodically-poled quasi-phase-matched crystal. 14. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein the first portion of the nonlinear optical crystal and the second portion of the nonlinear optical crystal are formed as a single unitary material. 15. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein the first portion of the nonlinear optical crystal comprises a periodically poled magnesium oxide-doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate crystal. 16. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein the second portion of the nonlinear optical crystal comprises a periodically poled lanthanum barium germanium oxide crystal. 17. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, further comprising: a focusing element to focus the first laser pulse at the nonlinear optical crystal. 18. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, further comprising: an optical filter to spectrally separate, at the output of the nonlinear optical crystal, the third laser pulse from the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse. 19. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein the nonlinear optical crystal includes periodically poled layers that are tuned according to the fundamental wavelength. 20. The femtosecond ultraviolet laser source of claim 11, wherein a first cross-sectional intensity pattern of the first laser pulse matches a second cross-sectional intensity pattern of the third laser pulse.",
-    "As part of a query-processing technique, in response to receiving queries for information stored in a distributed storage system and associated query-processing information identifying sets of predefined operations to perform on one or more databases in the distributed storage system, the distributed storage system accesses sets of predefined operations. Then, for the sets of predefined operations on the one or more databases, the distributed storage system uses one or more adaptors for multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system and one or more indexes corresponding to collections of information in the one or more databases. Moreover, the distributed storage system executes the sets of predefined operations on the multiple storage subsystems to obtain results for the queries. The sets of predefined operations may be defined by different users, so that the distributed storage system can be adapted to these users' needs. 1. A computer-system-implemented method for providing a result for a first query and a second query of one or more databases, the method comprising: receiving, at a distributed storage system comprising the one or more databases: the first query and first query-processing information identifying a first set of predefined operations; and the second query and second query-processing information identifying a second set of predefined operations; wherein the distributed storage system further comprises: adaptors for multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system that store the one or more databases; and multiple indexes, wherein each of the indexes corresponds to a different collection of information stored in the one or more databases; using the computer system, performing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations by: using one or more of the adaptors and one or more of the indexes for the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations; and executing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations on the multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system; and providing the result of the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more databases include different types of databases from different providers having different schemas. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein performing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations involves translating the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations to the different schemas associated with the different types of databases. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the multiple indexes include a first index coupled to a second index; the first index is updated continuously as data in the one or more databases is changed; and the second index is updated based on the first index after a time interval. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations provide user-defined functionality other than functionality supported by the structure of the one or more databases. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the adaptors, the multiple indexes, the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations provide dynamic configurability for the distributed storage system. 7. The method of claim 1, the one or more databases store professional attributes of multiple individuals and their interconnections with one another as specified by a social graph. 8. An apparatus for providing a result for a first query and a second query of one or more databases, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to: receive, at a distributed storage system comprising the one or more databases: the first query and first query-processing information identifying a first set of predefined operations; and the second query and second query-processing information identifying a second set of predefined operations; wherein the distributed storage system further comprises: adaptors for multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system that store the one or more databases; and multiple indexes, wherein each of the indexes corresponds to a different collection of information stored in the one or more databases; perform the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations by: using one or more of the adaptors and one or more of the indexes for the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations; and executing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations on the multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system; and provide the result of the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations. 9. The computer-program product of claim 8, wherein the one or more databases include different types of databases from different providers having different schemas. 10. The computer-program product of claim 9, wherein performing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations involves translating the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations to the different schemas associated with the different types of databases. 11. The computer-program product of claim 8, wherein: the multiple indexes include a first index coupled to a second index; the first index is updated continuously as data in the one or more databases is changed; and the second index is updated based on the first index after a time interval. 12. The computer-program product of claim 8, wherein the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations provide user-defined functionality other than functionality supported by the structure of the one or more databases. 13. The computer-program product of claim 8, wherein the adaptors, the multiple indexes, the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations provide dynamic configurability for the distributed storage system. 14. The computer-program product of claim 8, wherein the one or more databases store professional attributes of multiple individuals and their interconnections with one another as specified by a social graph. 15. A distributed data storage system that includes multiple storage nodes, wherein each storage node comprises: one or more processors; memory; and a storage-engine program module stored in the memory and executed by the one or more processors to provide a result for a first query and a second query of one or more databases, the storage-engine program module including: instructions for receiving, at the distributed storage system: the first query and first query-processing information identifying a first set of predefined operations; and the second query and second query-processing information identifying a second set of predefined operations; wherein the distributed storage system comprises: the one or more databases; adaptors for multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system that store the one or more databases; and multiple indexes, wherein each of the indexes corresponds to a different collection of information stored in the one or more databases; instructions for performing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations by: using one or more of the adaptors and one or more of the indexes for the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations; and executing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations on the multiple storage subsystems in the distributed storage system; and instructions for providing the result of the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations. 16. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the one or more databases include different types of databases from different providers having different schemas. 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein performing the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations involves translating the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations to the different schemas associated with the different types of databases. 18. The computer system of claim 15, wherein: the multiple indexes include a first index coupled to a second index; the first index is updated continuously as data in the one or more databases is changed; and the second index is updated based on the first index after a time interval. 19. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the first set of predefined operations and the second set of predefined operations provide user-defined functionality other than functionality supported by the structure of the one or more databases. 20. The computer system of claim 15, wherein the one or more databases store professional attributes of multiple individuals and their interconnections with one another as specified by a social graph.",
-    "A method for forming a stair-step structure in a substrate is provided, wherein the substrate has an organic mask, comprising at least one cycle, wherein each cycle comprises a) depositing a hardmask over the organic mask, b) trimming the organic mask, c) etching the substrate, d) trimming the organic mask, wherein there is no depositing a hardmask between etching the substrate and trimming the organic mask, e) etching the substrate, and f) repeating steps a-e a plurality of times forming the stair-step structure. 1. A method for forming a stair-step structure in a substrate in a plasma processing chamber, wherein the substrate has an organic mask, comprising at least one cycle, wherein each cycle comprises: a) depositing a hardmask over the organic mask; b) trimming the organic mask; c) etching the substrate; d) trimming the organic mask, wherein there is no depositing a hardmask between etching the substrate and trimming the organic mask; and e) etching the substrate. 2. The method, as recited in claim 1, further comprising repeating steps a-e a plurality of times forming the stair-step structure. 3. The method, as recited in claim 2, wherein steps d and e are cyclically repeated at least once for each cycle of steps a-e. 4. The method, as recited in claim 3, wherein each cycle of steps a-e is repeated at least 5 times. 5. The method, as recited in claim 4, wherein the depositing the hardmask deposits hardmask on sidewalls of the organic mask further comprising trimming the hardmask between steps a and b. 6. The method, as recited in claim 5, wherein the organic mask is a photoresist mask. 7. The method, as recited in claim 6, wherein steps a-e are performed in a single plasma processing chamber. 8. The method, as recited in claim 7, wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of layers, wherein each layer comprises at least two sublayers. 9. The method, as recited in claim 8, wherein at least one of the at least two sublayers is a silicon oxide containing layer. 10. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein the depositing the hardmask deposits a top layer on top of the organic mask and a sidewall on the side of the organic mask and wherein the top layer of the hardmask has a thickness that is thicker than a thickness of the sidewall of the hardmask and further comprising trimming the hardmask between steps a and b. 11. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein step d smoothes the organic mask. 12. The method, as recited in claim 1, wherein step c completely removes the hardmask, and wherein steps d and e are performed without a hardmask, and wherein step d partially etches the organic mask. 13. A method for making a three dimensional memory structure from a memory stack comprising a plurality of layers, wherein each layer comprises at least two sublayers and wherein an organic mask is over the memory stack, comprising: a) depositing a hardmask over a top of the organic mask; b) trimming the organic mask; c) etching the memory stack, so that portions of the memory stack not covered by the organic mask are etched a depth of the thickness of at least one layer of the plurality of layers; d) trimming the organic mask, wherein there is no depositing a hardmask between steps c and d; e) etching the memory stack; and f) repeating steps a-e a plurality of times forming the three dimensional memory structure. 14. The method, as recited in claim 13, further comprising cyclically repeating steps d and e at least once before performing step f. 15. The method, as recited in claim 13, wherein the depositing the hardmask deposits a sidewall layer on a sidewall of the organic mask, further comprising removing the sidewall layer of the hardmask. 16. The method, as recited in claim 15, wherein a thickness of the top layer of the hardmask is greater than a thickness of the sidewall layer of the hardmask. 17. The method, as recited in claim 16, wherein the organic mask is a photoresist mask. 18. The method, as recited in claim 17, wherein steps a-f are performed in a single plasma processing chamber. 19-23. (canceled)",
-    "Systems and methods for displaying geographic data on an image taken at an oblique angle are presented. In order to efficiently allow a user computer to map geographic data on an image taken at an oblique angle, an online source, such as an online image source, provides metadata in conjunction with the image. The metadata includes a projection matrix, approximate elevations information, and a depth bitmap. Upon receipt of the image and metadata, and in displaying the geographic data on the image, an approximate elevation for a given coordinate pair (latitude and longitude) is determined according to the approximate elevations information and a determination as to whether the particular element of geographic data is occluded is determined according to a corresponding depth value in the depth bitmap of the metadata. 1. A computer-implemented method for responding to an image request, the method comprising: providing a data store storing a plurality of images; generating metadata corresponding to an image of the plurality of image, wherein generating metadata correspond to the image comprises: determining the geographic boundaries of the image; determining approximate elevations information for the image; and storing the approximate elevations information for the image in a data store as the metadata corresponding to the image; receiving an image request for the image from a remotely located computer user; and returning the image and the corresponding metadata in response to the image request. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein generating metadata correspond to the image further comprises: generating a depth bitmap corresponding to the image, wherein the depth bitmap comprises a matrix of depth values for each of a plurality of geographic coordinates within the image, wherein each depth value corresponds to a distance between the camera and a geographic coordinate within the image along a ray between the camera and the geographic coordinate at the time that the image was captured; and storing the depth bitmap corresponding to the image in the data store with the approximate elevations information as the metadata corresponding to the image. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein generating metadata correspond to the image further comprises: determining a projection matrix corresponding to the image, wherein the projection matrix is determined according to the geographic coordinates, the elevation, orientation, and camera properties of the camera at the time that the image was captured; and storing the projection matrix corresponding to the image in the data store with the approximate elevations information and depth bitmap as the metadata corresponding to the image. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the approximate elevations information is generated according to a plane based on the geographic coordinates and elevations of the image's boundaries. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the approximate elevations information is generated according to a three dimensional surface based on the geographic coordinates and elevations of the image's boundaries. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the approximate elevations information is generated according a set of one or more functions that model the elevation of the image. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the approximate elevations information is generated according to a set of triples of the image, each triplet comprising a latitude coordinate, a longitude coordinate, and an elevation. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the depth values of the depth bitmap are determined according to the elevations of the geographic coordinates determined from a surface model of the earth's surface corresponding to the area covered by the image. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the depth values of the depth bitmap are determined according to the approximate elevations information of the corresponding geographic coordinates. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein generating metadata corresponding to the image is conducted in an on-demand manner upon receiving the image request from the remotely located computer user. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein generating metadata corresponding to the image is conducted prior to receiving the image request from the remotely located computer user. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 3 further comprising and anticipatorily to receiving image requests: generating metadata corresponding to each of a second plurality of images of the plurality of images; and storing the metadata corresponding to each of the second plurality of images in a data store. 13. A computing device for providing an online service, the system comprising a processor and a memory, wherein the processor executes instructions stored in the memory as part of or in conjunction with additional components to respond to an image request, the additional components comprising: a boundaries generator configured to, in execution, determine the boundaries of an image according to a camera's coordinates, elevation, lens and camera properties, and orientation at the moment that the camera captured the image; a depth bitmap generator configured to, in execution, generate a depth bitmap comprising a matrix of depth values corresponding to a plurality of geographic coordinates located within the boundaries of an image, wherein each depth value is determined according to a distance between a camera lens and a first surface occlusion along a ray from the camera lens to a geographic coordinate at the moment that the image was captured by the camera; an elevation data generator configured to, in execution, determine approximate elevations data for an image according to a surface model of the earth's surface corresponding to the image; a projection matrix generator configured to, in execution, generate a projection matrix according to geographic coordinates, elevation, orientation, and physical properties of a camera and its lens at the moment that the camera captured an image; and an image service, the image service configured to receive an image request for an image from a remotely located computer user via a user interaction module, and in response to the image request: obtain the requested image from an image store; generate metadata for the requested image, the metadata comprising approximate elevations information generated by the elevation data generator, a depth bitmap generated by the depth bitmap generator, and a projection matrix generated by the projection matrix generator; and return the requested image and the generated metadata in response to the image query. 14. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the elevation data generator determines the approximate elevations data for the image according to a plane based on the geographic coordinates and elevations of the image's boundaries. 15. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the elevation data generator determines the approximate elevations data for the image according to a three dimensional surface based on the geographic coordinates and elevations of the image's boundaries. 16. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the elevation data generator determines the approximate elevations data for the image according to a set of one or more functions that model the elevation of the image. 17. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the elevation data generator determines the approximate elevations data for the image according to a set of triples of the image, each triplet comprising a latitude coordinate, a longitude coordinate, and an elevation. 18. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the depth bitmap generator generates the depth bitmap for the image according to the approximate elevations information of the corresponding geographic coordinates. 19. A computer-implemented method for displaying geographic data on an image, the method comprising: obtaining an image and corresponding metadata from an image source, wherein the image is taken at an oblique angle, and wherein the metadata comprises at least a projection matrix, approximate elevations data, and a depth bitmap; obtaining geographic data for display on the image comprising a plurality of elements; and for each element of geographic data: determine an approximate elevation for an element of geographic data according to the approximate elevations data of the metadata; determine whether the element of geographic data is occluded in the image according to a corresponding depth value in the depth bitmap of the metadata; and display the element of geographic data in a first manner if the element of geographic data is not occluded in the image, and display the element of geographic data in a second manner if the element of geographic data is occluded in the image. 20. The computer-implemented method of claim 19, wherein the approximate elevations data is comprises a plane based on the geographic coordinates and elevations of the image's boundaries.",
-    "An irrigation sprinkler can include an outer case and a riser extendible from the outer case by water pressure. A nozzle can be rotatably mounted at an upper end of the riser. A water inlet can connect the sprinkler to a water source. A turbine may be mounted in the riser for rotation by water entering a lower end of the riser. A gear train reduction can be mounted in the riser. A gear driven coupling mechanism mounted in the riser may couple the gear train reduction and the nozzle. A pressure regulator can be mounted inside the outer case at the water inlet. 1. An irrigation sprinkler comprising: an outer case having a case volume and having a first opening on a first end and a second opening on a second end; a riser positioned at least partially within the case volume and configured to extend through the second case opening having: a riser inlet end having a riser inlet; a riser outlet end; an outlet housing connected to the riser outlet end; and a riser outlet in the outlet housing; and a pressure regulator having an inlet that can be coupled to a water supply; the pressure regulator mounted to the first open end and positioned at least partially within the outer case and configured to regulate fluid pressure within the irrigation sprinkler as water enters the outer case to maintain a substantially constant pressure inside the outer case and the riser inlet. 2. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, wherein the outlet housing is rotatably connected to the riser outlet end. 3. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, further comprising a turbine mounted in the riser and rotatable by water entering the riser inlet and a gear train reduction mounted in the riser and operably coupled with the turbine and with the outlet housing; 4. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the pressure regulator surrounds at least a portion of the inlet of the pressure regulator between the inlet of the pressure regulator and an outer wall of the outer case. 5. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, wherein the pressure regulator comprises a valve body and a regulator housing, the valve body configured to translate within the regulator housing in response to a fluid pressure within the outer case. 6. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 5, further comprising a spring, wherein the spring biases the valve body to an opened position. 7. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 6, wherein the outer case has a longitudinal axis and at least a portion of the spring overlaps at least a portion of the inlet of the pressure regulator in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the outer case, and wherein at least a portion of the spring is positioned radially outward from the inlet of the pressure regulator with respect to the longitudinal axis of the outer case. 8. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, wherein the pressure regulator defines a regulator volume that is vented to atmosphere via a vent port, the regulator volume fluidly isolated from the case volume. 9. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 8, wherein a filter is positioned within the vent port. 10. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, further comprising a check valve positioned between the pressure regulator and the riser inlet. 11. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 1, wherein the pressure regulator comprises a riser seat. 12. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 11, wherein the riser seat is fixedly connected to the outer case. 13. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 11, wherein the riser seat is moveable with respect to the outer case. 14. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 11, wherein the riser seat decelerates the riser as the riser is transitioned from an extended position to a retracted position. 15. An irrigation sprinkler comprising: an outer case with a first opening at a first end; a pressure regulator attached to the first end and contained at least partially within the outer case; a regulator inlet connected to the pressure regulator that can be coupled to a water supply to allow a flow of water into the irrigation sprinkler; a riser positioned concentric with and at least partially within the outer case and extendable through a second opening at a second end of the case, the riser having: a riser inlet end having a riser inlet; a riser outlet end; a nozzle turret connected to the riser outlet end; and a nozzle in the nozzle turret; and the pressure regulator configured to regulate pressure of water entering the regulator inlet to maintain a substantially constant pressure of water entering the outer case, the pressure regulator comprising: a regulator housing; a valve seat within the regulator inlet; and a valve body positioned at least partially within the regulator housing and moveable with respect to the valve seat in response to pressure changes within the outer case; wherein movement of the valve body toward the valve seat reduces the flow of water into the case inlet and wherein movement of the valve body away from the valve seat increases the flow of water into the case inlet. 16. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 15, wherein the nozzle turret is rotatably connected to the riser outlet end. 17. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 15, wherein the riser further has a turbine mounted in the riser and rotatable by water entering the riser inlet and a gear train reduction mounted in the riser and operably coupled with the turbine and with the outlet housing. 18. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 15, wherein the pressure regulator comprises a riser seat. 19. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 18, wherein the riser seat is fixedly connected to the outer case. 20. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 18, wherein the riser seat is moveable with respect to the outer case 21. The irrigation sprinkler of claim 18, wherein the riser seat decelerates the riser as the riser is transitioned from an extended position to a retracted position. 22. An irrigation sprinkler comprising: an outer case having a case volume and having a first open end and a second open end; a pressure regulator located at least partially within the case volume and at least partially between the first open end and the second open end of the outer case; a regulator inlet connected to the pressure regulator that can be coupled to a water supply; a riser positioned at least partially within the case volume and having: a riser inlet end having a riser inlet; and a nozzle positioned downstream of the riser inlet configured to distribute water over an irrigated area; wherein the pressure regulator is configured to regulate fluid pressure within the irrigation sprinkler as water enters the outer case to maintain a substantially constant pressure in the case and the riser inlet when a higher water pressure is applied to the regulator inlet.",
-    "An improved lacrosse stick shaft for attachment to a lacrosse stick head is provided. The stick is formed from a composite base shaft body with reinforcement features embedded or adhered to the surface thereof at selected locations to improve the resistance of the shaft to impacts and breakage without adding significant weight. The reinforcement features may take the form of rings of varying heights surrounding the entire handle at various longitudinal locations. In another preferred embodiment, the reinforcement features line selected edges of the shaft in a longitudinal direction where adjacent facets forming the cross-sectional shape of the shaft meet, or form a spiral along all or part of the length of the shaft. In yet another preferred embodiment, the reinforcement features are plates adhered to vulnerable areas of the shaft. The lacrosse stick herein described is advantageously used for both men's and women's lacrosse. 1. A shaft for a game stick, comprising: a tubular body; one or more reinforcement features on an outer surface of said tubular body on at least the upper third of said tubular body; wherein said tubular body is formed of a composite material; and wherein said one or more reinforcement features are formed of a material with higher impact resistance than said composite material. 2. The shaft according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reinforcement features extend along at least one half the tubular body. 3. The shaft according to claim 2, wherein said one or more reinforcement features extend along at least two thirds the tubular body. 4. The shaft according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reinforcement features is formed of a metal or metal alloy material. 5. The shaft according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reinforcement features is formed of a plastic material. 6. The shaft according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reinforcement features is a rib member formed along at least a portion of the length of said tubular body and parallel to said length. 7. The shaft according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reinforcement features is formed from one or more segments cut from an extruded metal handle. 8. The shaft according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reinforcement features is formed from a non-circumferential plate member arranged along at least a portion of the length of said tubular body along a longitudinal dimension thereof. 9. A shaft for a game stick, comprising an elongate tubular body having a socket end and a butt end, and a polygonal cross-section therebetween defined by a plurality of planar sections intersecting at a plurality of joints, and at least one reinforcing rod embedded in said elongate tubular body and extending along its length. 10. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 9, wherein said reinforcing rod extends along at least one third of said tubular body at the socket end. 11. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 9, wherein said reinforcing rod extends along at least one third of a mid-section of said tubular body. 12. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 9, further comprising a plurality of reinforcing rods embedded in said elongate tubular body and extending parallely lengthwise there along. 13. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 12, wherein said plurality of reinforcing rods are each embedded along a embedded along a corresponding one of said plurality of joints. 14. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 12, wherein said plurality of reinforcing rods are each embedded along a corresponding one of said plurality of planar sections. 15. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 13, wherein said plurality of joints outnumber said plurality of reinforcing rods. 16. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 9, wherein said elongate tubular body comprises a first material having a known density and impact resistance, and said plurality of reinforcing rods comprise a second material having a higher density and impact resistance than said first material. 17. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 13, wherein said plurality of reinforcing rods comprise metal rods. 18. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 13, wherein said plurality of reinforcing rods comprise composite rods. 19. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 18, wherein each of said plurality of reinforcing rods is embedded along one of said joints but is exposed to define a protective bead projecting from each said joint. 20. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 9, wherein said at least one reinforcing rod is spiral-wrapped along the length of said tubular body. 21. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 9, wherein said at least one reinforcing rod has a round cross-section within a range of between 0.25 mm and 3 mm in diameter. 22. A shaft for a game stick, comprising an elongate tubular body having a socket end and a butt end, and at least one reinforcing plate embedded in said elongate tubular body and extending along its length. 23. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 22, wherein said reinforcing plate is a ring that encircles said tubular body. 24. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 23, further comprising a plurality of reinforcing rings. 25. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 24, wherein said elongate tubular body comprise a first material having a known density and impact resistance, and said plurality of reinforcing rings comprise a second material having a higher density and impact resistance than said first material. 26. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 25, wherein said plurality of reinforcing rings comprise metal rings. 27. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 26, wherein said plurality of reinforcing rings comprise composite rings. 28. A shaft for a game stick, comprising an elongate tubular body having a socket end and a butt end, and a polygonal cross-section therebetween defined by a plurality of planar sections intersecting at a plurality of joints, and at least one reinforcing plate embedded in said elongate tubular body and extending lengthwise along one of said planar sections. 29. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 28, wherein said reinforcing plate extends along at least one third of said tubular body at the socket end. 30. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 28, wherein said reinforcing plate extends along at least one third of a mid-section of said tubular body. 31. The shaft for a game stick according to claim 28, further comprising a plurality of reinforcing plates embedded in said plurality of planar sections.",
-    "Examples of structurally supportive backlight systems and devices incorporating such backlight systems are disclosed. One disclosed example provides a backlight system comprising a reflector, a light guide comprising a glass sheet, the glass sheet being adhered to the reflector with adhesive light extracting features, and a light source positioned to direct light into the light guide. 1. A backlight system comprising: a reflector; a light guide comprising a glass sheet, the glass sheet being adhered to the reflector with adhesive light extracting features; and a light source positioned to direct light into the light guide. 2. The backlight system of claim 1, wherein the reflector is integrated with a back chassis structure of the system. 3. The backlight system of claim 1, wherein the light guide is coupled to a rigid frame at each side of the glass sheet. 4. The backlight system of claim 3, wherein the rigid frame is coupled to a display panel at opposing sides of the display panel. 5. The backlight system of claim 1, further comprising one or more of a prism sheet and a diffuser coupled to the rigid frame. 6. The backlight system of claim 1, further comprising one or more light sources supported by the rigid frame. 7. The backlight system of claim 1, wherein the adhesive light extracting features are formed from an adhesive having an index of refraction higher than an index of refraction of the glass forming the light guide. 8. A light guide system for a backlight system, comprising a light-directing component; and an array of light extracting features arranged on the light-directing component, the array of light extracting features comprising light extracting features formed from an adhesive configured to be adhered to an adjacent light directing component in a backlight system. 9. The light guide system of claim 8, wherein the light directing component comprises a glass light guide. 10. The light guide system of claim 8, wherein the light directing component comprises a reflector configured to receive light from a light guide. 11. The light guide system of claim 7, wherein an areal density of the light extracting features increases as a distance from a light input interface increases. 12. The light guide system of claim 7, wherein the light extracting features comprise one or more of a thermoplastic adhesive material and an adhesive material. 13. The light guide system of claim 1, wherein the light extracting features comprise an adhesive material with index of refraction higher than an index of refraction of the glass forming the light guide. 14. A method for manufacturing a backlight system, the method comprising: applying an adhesive to a face of one or more of a glass light guide and a reflector in a pattern configured to provide extraction of light from the glass light guide in an area configured for illumination of a display panel; and adhering the light guide to the reflector with the adhesive. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising mounting the light guide to a rigid frame at each side of the light guide. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising coupling a display panel to the rigid frame at each side of the display panel. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the adhesive comprises applying a thermoplastic adhesive. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the adhesive comprises applying a curable adhesive. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the adhesive comprises applying the adhesive in a pattern with an areal density of light extracting features that increases with increasing distance from the light source. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein adhering the light guide to a reflector with the adhesive comprises adhering the light guide to a back chassis having an integrated reflector.",
-    "A pair of eyeglasses includes a glasses frame, two connecting members, and two temples. The glasses frame includes a first end and a second end spaced from the first end in a lateral direction, each of which forms a coupling base extending inward in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the lateral direction. Each connecting member includes spaced first and second segments, and the first segment is detachably connected to a corresponding coupling base of the glasses frame. Each temple performs upward/downward pivotal rotation relative to the glasses frame according to an axis defined by a pivot which connects the front end of each temple with the second segment of one of the connecting members. The pair of eyeglasses allows each temple to be removed from the glasses frame easily. 1. A pair of eyeglasses, comprising: a glasses frame including first and second ends spaced in a lateral direction, with the glasses frame further including two coupling bases each extending inward from one of the first and second ends of the glasses frame in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the lateral direction; a connecting member including a first segment and a second segment spaced from the first segment in the longitudinal direction, with the first segment of the connecting member connected to a corresponding coupling base of the glasses frame, with a recessed portion formed in an outer surface of the second segment of the connecting member, with a plurality of serrate slots designed in an inner perimeter of the recessed portion, with a positioning block rotatably held inside the recessed portion and including at least one notch and at least one serrate portion around an outer circumference thereof, with the at least one serrate portion of the positioning block coupled with at least one of the plurality of serrate slots; and a temple including front and rear ends spaced in a length direction thereof, with at least one convex column formed at the front end of the temple and coupled with the at least one notch of the positioning block, with a pivot extending through the temple and the positioning block in the lateral direction and into the connecting member, with the temple performing upward/downward pivotal rotation relative to the glasses frame about an axis defined by the pivot. 2. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein a mounting hole is provided in the recessed portion of the second segment of the connecting member, with the positioning block including a pinhole therein, with a connecting hole provided in the front end of the temple, with the pivot extending through the connecting hole of the temple and the pinhole of the positioning block and into the mounting hole of the connecting member. 3. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein the positioning block includes two spaced notches and two spaced serrate portions, with the two notches and the two serrate portions spaced from each other, with two convex columns formed at an inner surface of the front end of the temple and respectively coupled with the two notches of the positioning block. 4. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein each coupling base including outer and inner surfaces spaced in the lateral direction, with the inner surfaces of the two coupling bases opposite to each other, with a recess and a first coupling piece provided in the outer surface of each coupling base, with the first segment of the connecting member held in the recess of the corresponding coupling base and including a second coupling piece which combines the first coupling piece on the corresponding coupling base, with the connecting member detachably connected to the glasses frame. 5. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 4, wherein the first and second coupling pieces are two magnets, respectively. 6. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 4, wherein the first and second coupling pieces are two fasteners with a loop side and a hook side, respectively. 7. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 4, wherein the first and second coupling pieces are a male buckle fastener and a female buckle fastener, respectively. 8. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 4, wherein the first coupling piece is a female part of a snap-fit buckle, and the second coupling piece is a male part of a snap-fit buckle.",
-    "Systems and methods for extracting information from a scanned item having a plurality of regularly spaced row marks along at least part of a length of the scanned item are disclosed herein. The system can include a line scan camera that can generate a line of pixels of a portion of the scanned item in an imaging area; a feed device coupled to the line scan camera; and a timing circuit. The feed device can move at least a portion of the scanned item through the imaging area, and the timing circuit can provide a plurality of capture signals to the line scan camera. The timing circuit can vary a time interval between capture signals based on a number of pixels between adjacent row marks along at least a portion of the length of the scanned item. 1. A system for extracting information from a scanned item, wherein the scanned item comprises a plurality of regularly spaced row marks along at least part of a length of the scanned item, the system comprising: a line scan camera configured to generate a line of pixels of a portion of the scanned item in an imaging area; a feed device coupled to the line scan camera and configured to move at least a portion of the scanned item through the imaging area; and a timing circuit coupled to the line scan camera and configured to provide a plurality of capture signals to the line scan camera, wherein the timing circuit is configured to vary a time interval between capture signals based on a number of pixels between adjacent row marks along at least a portion of the length of the scanned item. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the timing circuit is configured to: receive successive lines of pixels from the line scan camera in response to the providing of the plurality of capture signals, wherein each of the lines of pixels is generated from a different portion of the scanned item; and identify row marks from the successive lines of pixels. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the timing circuit is further configured to: determine the number of pixels between row marks, wherein the row marks are adjacent along the length of the scanned item. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein determining the number of pixels between row marks comprises: identifying a first row mark; starting a counter, wherein the counter tracks the number of pixels between adjacent row marks; identifying a second row mark; and stopping the counter. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the counter is incremented when a line of pixels is received that does not include the second row mark. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the timing circuit is configured to generate a delta value, wherein the delta value is the difference between ideal spacing data and a count value identifying the number of pixels between adjacent row marks. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the ideal spacing data is specific to the scanned item. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the timing circuit is configured to: compare the delta value to an update threshold; adjust a variable component when the delta value exceeds the update threshold; and generate a divisor based on the variable component. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the timing circuit is configured to: receive a clock signal from a clock; generate a line rate from the clock signal and the divisor; and send a capture signal based on the line rate. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the line rate increases when the number of pixels between adjacent row marks is too small. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the line rate decreases when the number of pixels between adjacent row marks is too large. 12. A method for extracting information from a scanned item, wherein the scanned item comprises a plurality of regularly spaced row marks along at least part of a length of the scanned item, the method comprising: sequentially generating a plurality of capture signals with a timing circuit; sequentially sending the plurality of capture signals to a line scan camera; receiving from the line scan camera a plurality of lines of pixels of portions of the scanned item moving through an imaging area in response to the sending of the plurality of capture signals; determining a number of pixels between adjacent row marks along at least a portion of the length of the scanned item; and varying a frequency of the sending of capture signals based on the number of pixels between adjacent row marks along at least a portion of the length of the scanned item. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising identifying row marks in the received plurality of lines of pixels. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising determining the number of pixels between row marks, wherein the row marks are adjacent along the length of the scanned item. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein determining the number of pixels between row marks comprises: identifying a first row mark; starting a counter, wherein the counter tracks the number of pixels between adjacent row marks; and identifying a second row mark; and stopping the counter. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising incrementing the counter when a line of pixels is received that does not include the second row mark. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising generating a delta value, wherein the delta value is the difference between ideal spacing data and a count value identifying the number of pixels between adjacent row marks. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: comparing the delta value to an update threshold; adjusting a variable component when the delta value exceeds the update threshold; and generating a divisor based on the variable component. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: receiving a clock signal from a clock; generating a line rate from the clock signal and the divisor; and sending a capture signal based on the line rate. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the line rate increases when the number of pixels between adjacent row marks is too small, and wherein the line rate decreases when the number of pixels between adjacent row marks is too large.",
-    "Processes for the production of a composition comprising material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza, the process comprise the steps of: (a) providing material derived from seeds of the genus Oryza; and (b) determining the presence or absence and/or measuring the amount of at least one iminosugar in the material of step (a). Also described is the use of material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza, which material comprises at least one iminosugar, as a food or feed supplement for lowering the glycaemic index (GI) value of said food or feed. 1. A process for the production of a composition comprising material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza, the process comprising the steps of: (a) providing material derived from seeds of the genus Oryza; and (b) detenmining the presence or absence and/or measuring the amount of at least one iminosugar in the material of step (a). 2. A method for monitoring the quality of a composition comprising material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing material derived from seeds of the genus Oryza; and (b) determining the presence or absence andlor measuring the amount of at least one iminosugar in the material of step (a). 3. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one iminosugar is determined to be present. 4. The process of claim 3, further comprising the step of characterizing and/or isolating said iminosugar. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one iminosugar is determined to be absent. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a foodstuff; (b) a dietary supplement; (c) a fortified foodstuff or food supplement; (d) an enriched foodstuff or food supplement; (e) a cosmetic composition; (f) a high-calorie nutritional supplement or foodstuff; (g) a functional food supplement; (h) a high GI foodstuff or dietary supplement; and (i) a low GI foodstuff or dietary supplement. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one iminosugar is of a structural class selected from the group consisting of: (a) a piperidine iminosugar; (b) a pyrroline iminosugar; (c) a pyrrolidine iminosugar; (d) a pyrrolizidine iminosugar; (e) an indolizidine iminosugar; (f) a quinolizidine iminosugar; (g) a nortropane iminosugar; (h) a ring-open iminosugar; (i) a 5,7 fused iminosugar; (j) an azepane iminosugar; (k) an azetidine iminosugar; (l) a polyhydroxylated alkaloid iminosugar; (m) an iminosugar acid; and (n) mixtures of any two or more of (a) to (m). 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one iminosugar is of a structural class selected from the group consisting of: (a) a piperidine iminosugar; (b) a pyrrolidine iminosugar; (c) an iminosugar acid; and (d) mixtures of any two or more of (a) to (c). 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one iminosugar acts as a ligand for one or more enzyme(s) of the following glycosidase classes in vitro and/or in vivo: (a) \u03b1-glucosidases; or (b) \u03b2-glucosidases; or (c) \u03b1-galactosidases; or (d) \u03b2-galactosidases; or (e) \u03b1-mannosidases; or (f) \u03b1-fucosidases; or (g) \u03b1-iduronidases; or (h) \u03b2-glucuronidases; or (i) \u03b2-mannosidases; or (j) hexosaminidases; or (k) \u03b1-N-acetylglucosaminidases; or (l) \u03b1-N-acetylgalactosaminidases; or (m) \u03b2-N-acetylglucosaminidases; or (n) \u03b2-N-acetylgalactosaminidases; or (o) sialidases; or (p) heparinases; or (q) neuraminidases; or (r) hyaluronidase; or (s) amylases; or (t) two or more of the enzyme classes (a) to (s). 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one iminosugar is: (a) a glucosidase inhibitor; andlor (b) an \u03b1-galactosidase inhibitor; and/or (c) a \u03b2-galactosidase inhibitor; and/or (d) an N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase inhibitor; and/or (e) a glucoronidase inhibitor. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one iminosugar is selected from the group consisting of: (a) fagomine; (b) an epimer of fagomine; (c) N-ethyl-fagomine; (d) 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ); (e) an iminosugar acid and (f) combinations of two or more of (a) to (e). 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the iminosugar acid is a (poly)hydroxypipecolic acid selected from the group consisting of: (a) 3,4-dihydroxypipecolic acid; (b) 3-hydroxypipecolic acid; and (c) 4-hydroxypipecolic acid. 13. A method of treating malnutrition or an energy utilization disease comprising administering an effective amount of a composition comprising material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the energy utilization disease is selected from the group consisting of: (a) disorders of homeostasis; (b) metabolic diseases; (c) dysfunction of sugar metabolism; (d) appetite disorders; (e) insulin resistance; (f) diabetes; (g) pre-diabetes; (h) metabolic syndrome; (i) obesity; (j) wasting syndromes; (k) myopathies; (l) gastrointestinal disease; (m) growth retardation; (n) hypercholesterolemia; (o) atherosclerosis; (p) age-associated metabolic dysfunction; (q) hyperglycaemia; (r) glucose intolerance; (s) hyperinsulinaemia; (t) glucosuria; (u) metabolic acidosis; (v) cataracts; (w) diabetic neuropathy; (x) diabetic nephropathy; (y) diabetic retinopathy; (z) macular degeneration; (aa) glomerulosclerosis; (bb) diabetic cardiomyopathy; (cc) impaired glucose metabolism; (dd) arthritis; (ee) hypertension; (ff) hyperlipidemia; (gg) osteoporosis; (hh) osteopenia; (ii) bone loss; (jj) brittle bone syndromes; (kk) acute coronary syndrome; (ll) infertility; (mm) short bowel syndrome; (nn) chronic fatigue; (oo) eating disorders; (pp) intestinal motility dysfunction; (qq) sugar metabolism dysfunction; (rr) fatty liver; (ss) polycystic ovarian syndrome; (tt) hemochromatosis; and (uu) acanthosis nigricans. 15. A method for selecting breeding lines and/or varieties of plants of the genus Oryza, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing material derived from plants of the genus Oryza; and (b) determining the presence or absence and/or measuring the amount of at least one iminosugar in the material of step (a). 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the method is for selecting breeding lines and/or varieties for: (a) pest and/or pathogen resistance; (b) as a botanical source of foodstuffs for famine relief; (c) as a botanical source of foodstuffs of low GI index; or (d) as a botanical source of foodstuffs of high GI index. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein the plants of the genus Oryza are selected from the group consisting of: (a) Oryza sativa (Asian rice); (b) Oryza glabaerreima (African rice); and (c) a combination of (a) and (b). 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza comprises: (a) indica rice; (b) japonica rice; (c) aromatic rice; (d) glutinous rice; (e) brown rice; (f) white rice; (g) black rice; (h) purple rice; (i) red rice; or (j) a combination of any two or more of (a) to (i). 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza comprises rice bran. 20. The process of claim 1, wherein the material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza comprises: (a) nonsticky rice; (b) sticky rice; (c) long-grained rice; (d) short-grained rice; (e) medium-grained rice; or (f) a combination of any two or more of (a) to (e). 21. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of determining the presence or absence and/or measuring the amount of at least one iminosugar comprises functional and/or physical and/or chemical characterization of said iminosugar. 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the functional characterization comprises a biological assay selected from the group consisting of: (a) in vivo or in vitro assays; (b) enzyme inhibition assays; (c) receptor binding assays; (d) cellular assays; (e) immunoassays; (f) anti-microbial activity assays; and (g) toxicity assays. 23. The process of claim 21, wherein the physical characterization is selected from the group consisting of: (a) quantification of the phytochemical component(s); (b) measurement of the purity of the constituents; (c) determination of molecular weight or molecular weight distribution or various statistical functions thereof in the case of fractions which comprise a plurality of different phytochemical constituents; (d) determination of the molecular formula; (e) spectral analysis to produce mass spectra, chromatographic data, photodiode array (PDA) spectra, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra; (f) GC-MS; and (g) HPLC-PDA-MS. 24. The process of claim 21, wherein the chemical characterization comprises measurements of: (a) the chemical reactivity of phytochemical constituent(s); and/or (b) the solubility of phytochemical constituent(s); and/or (c) the stability and melting point of phytochemical constituent(s). 25. A food or feed supplement for lowering the glycaemic index (GI) of said food comprising material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza, wherein the material comprises at least one iminosugar. 26. The food or feed supplement of claim 25 wherein: the at least one iminosugar is of a structural class selected from the group consisting of: (a) a piperidine iminosugar; (b) a pyrroline iminosugar; (c) a pyrrolidine iminosugar; (d) a pyrrolizidine iminosugar; (e) an indolizidine iminosugar; (f) a quinolizidine iminosugar; (g) a nortropane iminosugar; (h) a ring-open iminosugar; (i) a 5,7 fused iminosugar; (j) an azepsane iminosugar; (k) an azetidine iminosugar; (l) a polyhydroxylated alkaloid iminosugar; (m) an iminosugar acid; and (n) mixtures of any two or more of (a) to (m); and/or the plants of the genus Oryza are: (a) Oryza sativa (Asian rice); (b) Oryza glabaerreima (African rice); or (c) a combination of a and b; and/or the material derived from said seeds is: (a) indica rice; (b) japonica rice; (c) aromatic rice; (d) glutinous rice; (e) brown rice; (f) white rice; (g) black rice; (h) purple rice; (i) red rice; (j) a combination of any two or more of (a) to (i); (k) rice bran; (l) nonsticky rice; (m) sticky rice; (n) long-grained rice; (o) short-grained rice; (p) medium-grained rice; or (q) a combination of any two or more of (l) to (p); and/or the material derived from said seeds is obtainable according to the process of claim 1. 27. The food or feed supplement of claim 25 wherein said material is enriched for said at least one iminosugar. 28. The food or feed supplement of claim 25, wherein said food or feed is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a dried breakfast cereal; (b) food for diabetics; (c) a diet food or beverage for consumption as part of a calorie-controlled diet; (d) bread; (f) flour; (g) a sports beverage; (h) a caffeine-containing beverage; (i) a rice and/or cereal-containing snack bar; and (j) a dried rice and/or cereal breakfast food. 29. A cosmetic composition comprising material derived from seeds of plants of the genus Oryza obtainable by the process of claim 1. 30. The method of claim 13, wherein the material is obtainable by the process of claim 1.",
-    "A method and an apparatus that execute a parallel computing program in a programming language for a parallel computing architecture are described. The parallel computing program is stored in memory in a system with parallel processors. The system includes a host processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU) coupled to the host processor and a memory coupled to at least one of the host processor and the GPU. The parallel computing program is stored in the memory to allocate threads between the host processor and the GPU. The programming language includes an API to allow an application to make calls using the API to allocate execution of the threads between the host processor and the GPU. The programming language includes host function data tokens for host functions performed in the host processor and kernel function data tokens for compute kernel functions performed in one or more compute processors, e.g. GPUs or CPUs, separate from the host processor. Standard data tokens in the programming language schedule a plurality of threads for execution on a plurality of processors, such as CPUs or GPUs in parallel. Extended data tokens in the programming language implement executables for the plurality of threads according to the schedules from the standard data tokens. 1. A parallel computing comprising: a host processor executing a parallel computing program comprising a platform layer and a runtime layer, a plurality of parallel processors coupled to the host processor and comprising at least one graphics processing unit (GPU) and at least one central processing unit (CPU); and a memory coupled to the host processor, the parallel computing program being stored in the memory to provide a platform interface and a runtime interface to an application executing on the host processor, wherein the platform interface is called by the application to request the platform layer evaluate processing capabilities of the parallel processors to identify one or more parallel processors that match a processing requirement for a task in the application, and request creation by the platform of a context for either the CPU or the GPU corresponding to a compute identifier selected by the application from compute identifiers for the identified parallel processors, and wherein the runtime interface is called by the application to request creation by the runtime layer of a kernel to execute the task on the selected parallel processor, and request execution of the kernel on the selected parallel processor. 2. The parallel computing system of claim 1, wherein the requests in the runtime interface are called by the application asynchronously. 3. The parallel computing system of claim 1 wherein the GPU comprises graphics texture mapping hardware to map texture maps onto surfaces to be displayed on a display device. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The parallel computing system of claim 1, wherein creating the kernel comprising compiling the kernel from a program source code corresponding to the task in the application. 7-25. (canceled) 26. A method comprising: providing, by a parallel computing program executing on a host processor to an application executing on the host processor, a platform interface for a platform layer in the parallel computing program and a runtime interface for a runtime layer in the parallel computing program, the host processor coupled to a plurality of parallel processors comprising at least one graphics processing unit (GPU) and at least one central processing unit (CPU), wherein the platform interface is called by the application to request the platform layer evaluate processing capabilities of the parallel processors to identify one or more parallel processors that match a processing requirement for a task in the application, and request creation by the platform layer of a context for either the CPU or the GPU corresponding to a compute identifier selected by the application from compute identifiers for the identified parallel processors, and wherein the runtime interface is called by the application to request creation by the runtime layer of a kernel to execute the task on the selected parallel processor, and request execution of the kernel on the selected parallel processor. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the requests in the runtime interface are called by the application asynchronously. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the GPU comprises graphics texture mapping hardware to map texture maps onto surfaces to be displayed on a display device. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein creating the kernel comprising compiling the kernel from program source code corresponding to the task in the application. 30. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executable instructions to cause a host processor to perform operations comprising: providing, by a parallel computing program executing on a host processor to an application executing on the host processor, a platform interface for a platform layer in the parallel computing program and a runtime interface for a runtime layer in the parallel computing program, the host processor coupled to a plurality of parallel processors comprising at least one graphics processing unit (GPU) and at least one central processing unit (CPU), wherein the platform interface is called by the application to request the platform layer evaluate processing capabilities of the parallel processors to identify one or more parallel processors that match a processing requirement for a task in the application, and request creation by the platform layer of a context for either the CPU or the GPU corresponding to a compute identifier selected by the application from compute identifiers for the identified parallel processors, and wherein the runtime interface is called by the application to request creation by the runtime layer of a kernel to execute the task on the selected parallel processor, and request execution of the kernel on the selected parallel processor. 31. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 30, wherein the requests in runtime interface are called by the application asynchronously. 32. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 30 wherein the GPU comprises graphics texture mapping hardware to map texture maps onto surfaces to be displayed on a display device. 33. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 30, wherein creating the kernel comprising compiling the kernel from program source code corresponding to the task in the application. 34. An apparatus comprising: means for providing, by a parallel computing program on a host processor to an application executing on the host processor, a platform interface for a platform layer in the parallel computing program and a runtime interface for a runtime layer in the parallel computing program, the host processor coupled to a plurality of parallel processors comprising at least one graphics processing unit (GPU) and at least one central processing unit (CPU), wherein the platform interface is called by the application to request the platform layer evaluate processing capabilities of the parallel processors to identify one or more parallel processors that match a processing requirement for a task in the application, and request creation by the platform layer of a context for either the CPU or the GPU corresponding to a compute identifier selected by the application from compute identifiers for the identified parallel processors, and wherein the runtime interface is called by the application to request creation by the runtime layer of a kernel to execute the task on the selected parallel processor, and request execution of the kernel on the selected parallel processor.",
-    "The present invention provides MDM2 inhibitor compounds of Formula I, wherein the variables are defined above, which compounds are useful as therapeutic agents, particularly for the treatment of cancers. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions that contain an MDM2 inhibitor. 1. A compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q is a bond or optionally can be selected from O, NR7 or S(O)v, when n* is an integer from 1 to 6; Z is C\u2550O or S(\u2550O)2; Ra at each occurrence is independently selected from H, (C1-C3)alkyl, (halo)(C1-C3)alkyl, (hydroxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, (alkoxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, or cyano; Rb is H, halo, (C1-C3)alkyl, (halo)(C1-C3)alkyl, (hydroxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, (alkoxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, or cyano; Rc and Rd are independently selected from H, halo, (C1-C3)alkyl, (C1-C3)alkoxy, (halo)(C1-C3)alkyl, (halo)(C1-C3)alkoxy, (alkoxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, or (hydroxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, or Rc and Rd may optionally combine to form a spiro-cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; Re is (a) H or halo; or (b) (C1-C8)alkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, (C3-C8)heterocyclo, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, \u2014OR5, NR7R8, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with 1 or more Rx groups as allowed by valence, or Re and any one of the R\u2032 or R\u2033 groups may optionally combine to form a spiro-cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system, or Rd and any one of the R\u2032 or R\u2033 groups may optionally combine to form a fused cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system, or Rd and Re may optionally combine to form a fused cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; R\u2032 and R\u2033 at each occurrence, respectively, are independently H, halo, (C1-C3)alkyl, (C1-C3)alkoxy, (halo)(C1-C3)alkyl, (halo)(C1-C3)alkoxy, (alkoxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, (hydroxy)(C1-C3)alkyl, \u2014S\u2014(C1-C3)alkyl, C(O)(C1-C3)alkyl, \u2014NR7R8, or hydroxyl, or R\u2032 and R\u2033 bound to the same carbon atom may optionally combine to form \u2550O, or R\u2032 and R\u2033 bound to the same carbon atom may optionally combine to form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; R1 is (a) \u2014COOH, \u2014C(O)OR10, \u2014C(O)NHOH, \u2014C(O)NH\u2014NH2, \u2014C(O)NHS(O)2R10, \u2014S(O)2NHC(O)R10, \u2014S(O)2NR7R8, \u2014NR7C(O)R10, \u2014NR7C(O)OR5, \u2014C(O)NR7R8, \u2014NR7S(O)2R10, \u2014NR7C(O)NR7R8, \u2014S(O)vR10, hydroxylalkyl, -cyclopropyl-COOH, or CN; or (b) heteroaryl or heterocyclo, either of which may be optionally independently substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; R2 is (a) \u2014NR7R8, NR7C(O)OR10, NR7C(O)NR7R10, or \u2014C(Ra)RR6; or (b) aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclo, any of which may be optionally independently substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; R3 and R4 are independently aryl or heteroaryl, either of which may be optionally independently substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence, or either R3 and Ra together with the ring carbon atom to which they are both bonded, or R4 and Rb together with the ring carbon atom to which they are both bonded may optionally combine to form a spiro-fused bicyclic ring system selected from wherein K is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR7\u2014, or \u2014C(\u2550O)NR7\u2014; R5 and R6 at each occurrence, respectively, are independently selected from (a) H or CN; (b) -(alkylene)t-OH, -(alkylene)t-OR9, -(alkylene)t-SR9, -(alkylene)t-NR10R11, -(alkylene)t-C(O)R9, -(alkylene)t-C(O)OR9, -(alkylene)t-OC(O)R9, -(alkylene)t-S(O)vR9, -(alkylene)t-NHS(O)2R10, -(alkylene)t-N(R11)S(O)2R10, -(alkylene)t-S(O)2NR10R11, -(alkylene)t-N(R11)S(O)2NR10R11, \u2014NR10C(O)R9, \u2014C(O)NR10R11, \u2014NR10S(O)2R9, S(O)2NR10, or NR10C(O)NR10R11; or (c) haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, C1-6-alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, C3-8-cycloalkyl, (C3-8-cycloalkyl)(C1-3alkyl), C4-8-cycloalkenyl, aryl, aryl(C1-3-alkyl), heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-3-alkyl), heterocyclo or heterocyclo(C1-3-alkyl), any of which may be optionally independently substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; R7 and R8 at each occurrence, respectively, are independently selected from H, cyano, \u2014OC1-6-alkyl, C1-6-alkyl, halo(C1-6)-alkyl, cycloalkyl, C2-6-alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclo(C1-10alkyl), or (C3-8-cycloalkyl)(C1-3alkyl), any of which may be optionally substituted as allowed by valence with one or more Rx, or R7 and R8 may combine to form a C4-C8-heterocyclo ring optionally substituted with one or more Rx; R9 is haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, C1-6-alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, C3-8-cycloalkyl, (C3-8-cycloalkyl)(C1-3alkyl), C4-8-cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, or heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally independently substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; R10 and R11 at each occurrence, respectively, are independently selected from H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted as allowed by valence with one or more Rx, or R10 and R11 may combine to form a heterocyclo ring optionally substituted with one or more Rx; Rx at each occurrence is independently, deuterium, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, -(alkylene)t-OR*, -(alkylene)t-S(O)vR*, -(alkylene)t-NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550O)R*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550S)R*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550O)OR*, -(alkylene)t-OC(\u2550O)R*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550S)OR*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550O)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550S)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550O)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550S)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550O)R*, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550S)R*, -(alkylene)t-OC(\u2550O)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-OC(\u2550S)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-SO2NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)SO2R*, -(alkylene)t-N(R+) SO2NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550O)OR*, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550S)OR*, or -(alkylene)t-N(R+)SO2R*, wherein said alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl groups may be further independently substituted with one or more halo, cyano, oxo, -(alkylene)t-OR*, -(alkylene)t-S(O)vR*, -(alkylene)t-NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550O)R*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550S)R*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550O)OR*, -(alkylene)t-OC(\u2550O)R*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550S)OR*, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550O)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-C(\u2550S)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550O)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550S)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550O)R*, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550S)R*, -(alkylene)t-OC(\u2550O)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-OC(\u2550S)NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-SO2NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)SO2R*, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)SO2NR+R++, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550O)OR*, -(alkylene)t-N(R+)C(\u2550S)OR*, or -(alkylene)t-N(R+)SO2R*; R* is H, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, C1-6-alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, C3-8-cycloalkyl, C4-8-cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclo; R+ and R++ are independently H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, or R+ and R++ bound to the same nitrogen atom may optionally combine to form a heterocyclo ring system; m is 1, 2 or 3; n and n* are each independently selected from 0 or an integer from 1 to 6; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; t at each occurrence is independently 0 or an integer from 1 to 6; and v at each occurrence is independently 0, 1 or 2; wherein either (i) Rc and Rd combine to form a spiro-cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; or (ii) Re and any one of the R\u2032 or R\u2033 groups combine to form a spiro-cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; or (iii) Rd and any one of the R\u2032 or R\u2033 groups combine to form a fused cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; or (iv) Rd and Re combine to form a fused cycloalkyl or heterocyclo ring system; or (v) R3 and Ra together with the ring carbon atom to which they are both bonded, or R4 and Rb together with the ring carbon atom to which they are both bonded combine to form a spiro-fused bicyclic ring system selected from 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 is \u2014C(H)R5R6, \u2014NR7R8, phenyl or pyridine, wherein the phenyl or the pyridyl substituted with one or more Rx as allowed by valence. 3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 is selected from any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence. 4. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula IA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein q and p are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3. 5. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula IB or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein q and p are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3. 6. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula IC or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein q and p are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3. 7. The compound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 is selected from any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence. 8. The compound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 is selected from any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; and R1 is or a heteroaryl or heterocycle selected from 9. The compound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 is selected from any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; and R1 is or a heteroaryl or heterocycle selected from 10. The compound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R2 is selected from any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more Rx groups as allowed by valence; and R1 is or a heteroaryl or heterocycle selected from 11. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula ID or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12.-18. (canceled) 19. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from: 2-((2\u2032S,3\u2032R,5\u2032R)-6-chloro-3\u2032-(3-chlorophenyl)-1\u2032-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2,6\u2032-dioxospiro[indoline-3,2\u2032-piperidine]-5\u2032-yl)acetic acid; or 2-((2\u2032R,3\u2032S,5\u2032S)-6-chloro-3\u2032-(3-chlorophenyl)-1\u2032-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2,6\u2032-dioxospiro[indoline-3,2\u2032-piperidine]-5\u2032-yl)acetic acid. 20. (canceled) 21. The compound 2-(6-chloro-3\u2032-(3-chiorophenyl)-1\u2032-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2,6\u2032-dioxospiro[indoline-3,2\u2032-piperidine]-5\u2032-yl)acetic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 22.-24. (canceled) 25. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from: (1R,3S,6S,7R)-7-(3-Chlorophenyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((S)-1-(N-methylcyclopropanesulfonamido)butan-2-yl)-4-oxo-5-azaspiro[2.5]octane-1-carboxylic acid; (3S,6S,7R)-7-(3-Chlorophenyl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((S)-1(N-methylcyclopropanesulfonamido)butan-2-yl)-4-oxo-5-azaspiro[2.5]octane-1-carboxylic acid; (2S,3S,5S,6R,7aR,10aS)-6-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,7a-dimethylhexahydrofuro[2,3-b]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-9(5H)-one. 26. A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from: 7-(3-Chiorophenyl)-6-(4-chiorophenyl)-5-(1-(N-methylcyclopropanesulfonamido)butan-2-yl)-4-oxo-5-azaspiro[2.5]octane-1-carboxylic acid; 6-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,7a-dimethylhexahydrofuro[2,3-b]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-9(5H)-one. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier. 30. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need of said treatment, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective dosage amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the cancer is selected from (a) carcinomas, which comprise cancer of the bladder, breast, colon, rectum, kidney, liver, lung, esophagus, gall-bladder, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid, prostate, and skin; (b) hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, which comprise leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell-lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma and Burkett's lymphoma; (c) hematopoietic tumors of myeloid lineage, which comprise acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome and promyelocytic leukemia; (d) tumors of mesenchymal origin, which comprise fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, and other sarcomas, which comprise soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas; (e) tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, which comprise astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma and schwannomas; (f) melanoma, seminoma, teratocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, xenoderoma pigmentosum, keratoctanthoma, thyroid follicular cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, endometrial cancer, head and neck cancer, glioblastoma, malignant ascites, or hematopoietic cancers. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the cancer is identified as p53 wildtype (p53WT).",
-    "There is provided a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device with a large light emission amount when a substrate has a rectangular shape. The light-emitting device comprises a rectangular substrate having a first long side, a second long side, a first short side, and a second short side; an n-type contact layer on the substrate; a plurality of n-dot electrodes ND on the n-type contact layer; a first line having a part of the n-dot electrodes ND arranged along the first long side; and a second line having a remaining part of the n-dot electrodes ND arranged along the second long side. A plurality of n-dot electrodes ND belong to either the first line or the second line. The n-dot electrodes ND belonging to the first line and the n-dot electrodes ND belonging to the second line are alternately arranged so as not to oppose each other. 1. A Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device, the light-emitting device comprising: a rectangular substrate having a first long side, a second long side, a first short side, and a second short side; an n-type semiconductor layer on the substrate; a plurality of n-dot electrodes on the n-type semiconductor layer; a first line having a part of the n-dot electrodes arranged along the first long side; and a second line having a remaining part of the n-dot electrodes arranged along the second long side; wherein the n-dot electrodes belong to either the first line or the second line; and the n-dot electrodes belonging to the first line and the n-dot electrodes belonging to the second line are alternately arranged so as not to oppose each other. 2. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first short side has a length of 400 \u03bcm or less. 3. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a distance between the n-dot electrodes which belong to the first line and are adjacent to each other is constant; and a distance between the n-dot electrodes which belong to the second line and are adjacent to each other is constant. 4. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein a distance between the n-dot electrodes which belong to the first line and are adjacent to each other is constant; and a distance between the n-dot electrodes which belong to the second line and are adjacent to each other is constant. 5. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein when the first n-dot electrode and the second n-dot electrode which belong to the first line and are adjacent to each other are projected onto the second line, a third n-dot electrode belonging to the second line is arranged at a center position between the projected first n-dot electrode and the projected second n-dot electrode. 6. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein when the first n-dot electrode and the second n-dot electrode which belong to the first line and are adjacent to each other are projected onto the second line, a third n-dot electrode belonging to the second line is arranged at a center position between the projected first n-dot electrode and the projected second n-dot electrode. 7. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 3, wherein when the first n-dot electrode and the second n-dot electrode which belong to the first line and are adjacent to each other are projected onto the second line, a third n-dot electrode belonging to the second line is arranged at a center position between the projected first n-dot electrode and the projected second n-dot electrode. 8. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the first line is an odd number, and a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the second line is an even number. 9. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the first line is an odd number, and a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the second line is an even number. 10. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 4, wherein a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the first line is an odd number, and a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the second line is an even number. 11. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 5, wherein a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the first line is an odd number, and a number of the n-dot electrodes belonging to the second line is an even number. 12. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of p-dot electrodes are provided, and a number of the p-dot electrodes is larger than that of the n-dot electrodes. 13. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of p-dot electrodes are provided, and a number of the p-dot electrodes is larger than that of the n-dot electrodes. 14. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 4, wherein a plurality of p-dot electrodes are provided, and a number of the p-dot electrodes is larger than that of the n-dot electrodes. 15. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 5, wherein a plurality of p-dot electrodes are provided, and a number of the p-dot electrodes is larger than that of the n-dot electrodes. 16. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 8, wherein a plurality of p-dot electrodes are provided, and a number of the p-dot electrodes is larger than that of the n-dot electrodes. 17. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a length of the first long side is twice or more a length of the first short side. 18. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 5, wherein a length of the first long side is twice or more a length of the first short side. 19. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 12, wherein a length of the first long side is twice or more a length of the first short side. 20. The Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device is of a flip-chip type.",
-    "A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) semiconductor device has a first and second semiconductor die. A first semiconductor die is embedded within an encapsulant together with a modular interconnect unit. Alternatively, the first semiconductor die is embedded within a substrate. A second semiconductor die, such as a MEMS die, is disposed over the first semiconductor die and electrically connected to the first semiconductor die through an interconnect structure. In another embodiment, the first semiconductor die is flip chip mounted to the substrate, and the second semiconductor die is wire bonded to the substrate adjacent to the first semiconductor die. In another embodiment, first and second semiconductor die are embedded in an encapsulant and are electrically connected through a build-up interconnect structure. A lid is disposed over the semiconductor die. In a MEMS microphone embodiment, the lid, substrate, or interconnect structure includes an opening over a surface of the MEMS die. 1. A method of making a semiconductor device, comprising: providing a first semiconductor die; forming an insulating material around the first semiconductor die; forming an interconnect structure over the first semiconductor die and insulating material; disposing a second semiconductor die over the first semiconductor die; and disposing a lid over the second semiconductor die. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the insulating material includes an encapsulant or a substrate which embeds the first semiconductor die. 3. The method of claim 1, further including forming a cavity in the second semiconductor die. 4. The method of claim 1, further including forming an opening in the lid over the second semiconductor die. 5. The method of claim 1, further including disposing a vertical interconnect structure adjacent to the first semiconductor die. 6. The method of claim 5, further including forming the insulating material around the vertical interconnect structure. 7. A method of making a semiconductor device, comprising: providing a first semiconductor die; disposing a second semiconductor die adjacent to the first semiconductor die; forming an interconnect structure over the first and second semiconductor die; and forming a cavity in the interconnect structure over the second semiconductor die. 8. The method of claim 7, further including disposing a modular interconnect unit including a vertical interconnect structure adjacent to the first semiconductor die. 9. The method of claim 8, further including depositing an encapsulant around the first semiconductor die and modular interconnect structure. 10. The method of claim 9, further including forming the interconnect structure over the encapsulant. 11. The method of claim 7, further including disposing a lid over the first and second semiconductor die with an opening over the second semiconductor die. 12. The method of claim 7, further including forming a cavity in the second semiconductor die. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the second semiconductor die includes a microelectromechanical system. 14. A semiconductor device, comprising: a first semiconductor die; an insulating material formed around the first semiconductor die; an interconnect structure formed over the first semiconductor die and insulating material; and a second semiconductor die disposed over the first semiconductor die. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the insulating material includes an encapsulant or a substrate which embeds the first semiconductor die. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 14, further including a modular interconnect unit including a vertical interconnect structure disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor die. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, further including the insulating material formed around the modular interconnect unit. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the interconnect structure includes an opening over the second semiconductor die. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 14, further including a lid formed over the second semiconductor die with an opening over the second semiconductor die. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the second semiconductor die includes a microelectromechanical system. 21. A semiconductor device, comprising: a first semiconductor die; a second semiconductor die disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor die; and an interconnect structure formed over the first and second semiconductor die with a cavity in the interconnect structure over the second semiconductor die. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 21, further including an encapsulant formed around the first semiconductor die. 23. The semiconductor device of claim 21, wherein the second semiconductor die includes a cavity disposed over the cavity in the interconnect structure. 24. The semiconductor device of claim 21, wherein the second semiconductor die includes a microelectromechanical system. 25. The semiconductor device of claim 24, further including a lid formed over the second semiconductor die.",
-    "A flow control center can include a barometric sensor, at least one ball valve assembly, and a computing device. The ball valve can be controllable among a plurality of discreet positions to selectively change a flow of fluid. The computing device can have a communication device configured to receive signals from the barometric sensor. The computing device can determine a first flow rate in response to the sensed pressure represented by the first signal. The computing device can also control a motor of the ball valve assembly to move a ball valve to a first of the plurality of discreet angular positions. The first of the plurality of discreet angular positions can correspond to the sensed pressure represented by the first signal. 1. A flow control center comprising: a barometric sensor configured to sense pressure and emit a first signal corresponding to sensed pressure; at least one ball valve assembly having a body, a ball valve positioned in said body, a motor engaged with said ball valve and configured to move said ball valve among a plurality of discreet angular positions to selectively change a flow of fluid through said valve assembly including a first position in which said ball valve closes said body and a second position in which said ball valve minimally blocks said body; and a computing device having: a communication device configured to receive the first signal from said barometric sensor, one or more processors, and a non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing device to perform operations comprising: receiving the first signal from said barometric sensor, determining a first flow rate in response to the sensed pressure represented by the first signal, and controlling said motor to move said ball valve to a first of said plurality of discreet angular positions, said first of said plurality of discreet angular positions corresponding to the sensed pressure represented by the first signal. 2. The flow control center of claim 1 wherein said ball valve is further defined as self-lubricating in said body. 3. The flow control center of claim 1 further comprising: a sensor assembly incorporating said barometric sensor and a soil moisture sensor, said barometric sensor and said soil moisture sensor positioned side-by-side in a housing of said sensor assembly, said soil moisture sensor configured to sense a level of soil moisture and emit a second signal corresponding to the level of soil moisture to said computing device, said sensor assembly including a stake portion extending from said housing and drivable in the ground, a sensing wire extending from said soil moisture sensor through said housing and along said stake portion. 4. The flow control center of claim 3 wherein said sensor assembly further comprises a humidity sensor positioned back-to-back with respect to the barometric sensor. 5. The flow control center of claim 1 further comprising: a battery configured to power said motor. 6. The flow control center of claim 5 wherein said battery is further defined as configured to power said computing device. 7. The flow control center of claim 6 further comprising: a solar panel configured to generate electric current and in electrical communication with said battery to deliver the electrical current to recharge said battery. 8. The flow control center of claim 1 wherein said computing device is further defined as including a server computing device. 9. The flow control center of claim 8 wherein said computing device is further defined as including a mobile computing device. 10. The flow control center of claim 9 wherein at least one of said one or more processors is physically remote from said server computing device and said mobile computing device and physically proximate to said ball valve. 11. The flow control center of claim 1 further comprising: a flow meter configured to sense a rate of fluid flow through said body and emit a second signal corresponding to sensed rate of fluid flow. 12. The flow control center of claim 11 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: determining an instantaneous amount of fluid passing through said body; determining a sum of a plurality of instantaneous amounts of fluid passing through said body over a predetermined period of time; and outputting the sum to a display. 13. The flow control center of claim 1 further comprising: a soil moisture sensor configured to sense a level of moisture in soil and emit a third signal corresponding to sensed level of moisture in soil. 14. The flow control center of claim 13 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: detecting a first level of moisture in soil in response to a first receipt of the third signal; determining a first amount of fluid to permit through said body in response to the first level of moisture in soil; controlling said motor to move said ball valve to a first of said plurality of discreet angular positions except said first position for a first predetermined period of time to release the first amount of fluid; detecting a second level of moisture in soil in response to a second receipt of the third signal a second predetermined period of time after said controlling said motor to move said ball valve to said first of said plurality of discreet angular positions for the first predetermined period of time to release the first amount of fluid; and comparing the first level of moisture in soil and the second level of moisture in soil. 15. The flow control center of claim 14 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: detecting a third level of moisture in soil in response to a third receipt of the third signal a third predetermined period of time after said comparing; determining a second amount of fluid to permit through said body in response to the third level of moisture in soil and in response to said comparing. 16. The flow control center of claim 1 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: receiving a scheduling input from a user, the scheduling input representative of an irrigation schedule, the irrigation schedule representing one or more time periods in which said ball valve is to be positioned in one of said plurality of discreet angular positions except said first position; and controlling said motor in response to the scheduling input. 17. The flow control center of claim 1 wherein said ball valve assembly is further defined as a plurality of ball valve assemblies and wherein said computing device is further defined as having at least one processor mounted on each one of said plurality of ball valve assemblies. 18. The flow control center of claim 17 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: receiving a location input from a user, the location input representative of a particular one of said plurality of ball valve assemblies, the location input representing a command by the user to activate said particular one of said plurality of ball valve assemblies; and controlling said motor of said particular one of said plurality of ball valve assemblies in response to the location input. 19. The flow control center of claim 1 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: retrieving first data from a secondary memory physically remote from the computing device through a network. 20. The flow control center of claim 19 wherein said non-transitory, computer readable medium storing instructions further causes the computing device to perform an operation comprising: controlling said motor in response to the retrieved first data.",
-    "A pair of eyeglasses with replaceable temples includes a glasses frame, two connecting members, and two temples. The glasses frame includes a first end and a second end spaced from the first end in a lateral direction, each of which forms a coupling base extending inward in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the lateral direction. A recess and a first magnet are included in each coupling base. A first segment of each connecting member is held in the recess of a corresponding coupling base. A second magnet is included in the first segment of each connecting member and coupled with the first magnet in the corresponding coupling base to allow the connecting members to be securely coupled with the glasses frame. A front end of each temple is engaged with a second segment of one of the connecting members. The pair of eyeglasses features temples removed and fixed conveniently. 1. A pair of eyeglasses with replaceable temples, comprising: a glasses frame including first and second ends spaced in a lateral direction and at least one lens support slot between the first and second ends, with the glasses frame further including two coupling bases each extending inward from one of the first and second ends of the glasses frame in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the lateral direction, with each coupling base including outer and inner surfaces spaced in the lateral direction, with the inner surfaces of the two coupling bases positioned intermediate the outer surfaces of the two coupling bases, with a recess and a first magnetic component provided in the outer surface of each coupling base; two connecting members detachably connected to the glasses frame, with each connecting member including a first segment and a second segment spaced from the first segment in the longitudinal direction, with the first segment of each connecting member held in the recess of a corresponding coupling base, with a second magnetic component provided in the first segment of each connecting member and coupled with the first magnetic component in the corresponding coupling base to allow the two connecting members to be securely coupled with the glasses frame, wherein the first magnetic component and the second magnetic component are magnetically attracted to each other; and two temples, with each temple including front and rear ends spaced in a length direction thereof, with the front end of each temple connected with the second segment of one of the connecting members. 2. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein the second segment of each connecting member includes a coupling portion having a through-hole therein, with an indentation designed in the front end of each temple for receiving the coupling portion of a corresponding connecting member, with both the indentation and the through-hole of the coupling portion penetrated by a pivot so that the temple is connected with the corresponding connecting member and rotatable relative to the glasses frame about an axis defined by the pivot. 3. A pair of eyeglasses with replaceable temples, comprising: a glasses frame including first and second ends spaced in a lateral direction and at least one lens support slot between the first and second ends, with the glasses frame further including two coupling bases each extending inward from one of the first and second ends of the glasses frame in a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the lateral direction, with each coupling base including outer and inner surfaces spaced in the lateral direction, with the inner surfaces of the two coupling bases opposite to each other, with a recess and a first magnet provided in the outer surface of each coupling base; two connecting members detachably connected to the glasses frame, with each connecting member including a first segment and a second segment spaced from the first segment in the longitudinal direction, with the first segment of each connecting member held in the recess of a corresponding coupling base, with a second magnet provided in the first segment of each connecting member and coupled with the first magnet in the corresponding coupling base to allow the two connecting members to be securely coupled with the glasses frame; and two temples, with each temple including front and rear ends spaced in a length direction thereof, with the front end of each temple connected with the second segment of one of the connecting members, wherein a cavity is designed in the recess for accommodating the first magnet, with another cavity formed in an inner side of the first segment of each connecting member for accommodating the second magnet. 4. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein one of the first and second magnetic components is a magnet and another of the first and second magnetic components is a magnetic conductance component. 5. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein the first magnetic component is a magnet and the second magnetic component is a magnet. 6. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 1, wherein the first segment of each connecting member has a size in a height direction perpendicular to the lateral and longitudinal directions corresponding to the recess of the corresponding coupling base to hold the first segment against movement in the height direction relative to the recess of the corresponding coupling base. 7. The pair of eyeglasses according to claim 6, wherein the first segment of each connecting member has a size in the longitudinal direction corresponding to the recess of the corresponding coupling base to hold the first segment against movement in the longitudinal direction beyond the glasses frame and the recess of the corresponding coupling base.",
-    "A magnet apparatus which comprises a first vacuum chamber, a second vacuum chamber, a first magnet disposed within the first vacuum chamber such that the first magnet can be thermally isolated from the exterior of the first vacuum chamber, and a load connector extending from the first vacuum chamber into the second vacuum chamber so that a load on the first magnet can be transferred to the second vacuum chamber, wherein the load connector is in thermal contact with the first magnet and can be thermally isolated from the exterior of the first vacuum chamber and the exterior of the second vacuum chamber. 1. A magnet apparatus comprising: a first vacuum chamber; a second vacuum chamber; a first magnet disposed within the first vacuum chamber such that the first magnet is thermally isolatable from the exterior of the first vacuum chamber; a second magnet disposed within the second vacuum chamber; a load connector extending from the first vacuum chamber into the second vacuum chamber so that a load on the first magnet is transferable to the second vacuum chamber, wherein the load connector is in thermal contact with the first magnet and is thermally isolatable from the exterior of the first vacuum chamber and the exterior of the second vacuum chamber, wherein the first vacuum chamber comprises a first sealing arrangement through which the load connector extends and the second vacuum chamber comprises a second sealing arrangement through which the load connector extends, and wherein a third vacuum chamber disposed between the first vacuum chamber and the second vacuum chamber is formed between the first and second sealing arrangements and sealed from the first and second vacuum chambers by the first and second sealing arrangements, wherein the first sealing arrangement comprises a flexible thermally insulating coupling provided between the load connector and an inner wall of the first vacuum chamber, and the second sealing arrangement comprises a flexible thermally insulating coupling provided between the load connector and an inner wall of the second vacuum chamber, and wherein the load connector comprises a first portion attached to the first magnet and a second portion attached to the second magnet, and wherein the load connector further comprises an alignment component to ensure that the first and second portions are correctly aligned. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the third vacuum chamber comprises a port for controlling the air pressure. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a radiation shield arranged between the load connector and an inner wall of the third vacuum chamber in order to shield the load connector from thermal radiation emitted by the inner wall of the third vacuum chamber. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the load connector is nested within the radiation shield and the radiation shield is nested within the third vacuum chamber. 5. The apparatus of claim 3 further comprising a further radiation shield between the first magnet and an inner wall of the first vacuum chamber. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the radiation shield in the third vacuum chamber is thermally coupled to the radiation shield in the first vacuum chamber. 7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein a first thermally insulating coupling is provided between the load connector and the radiation shield, and a second thermally insulating coupling is provided between the radiation shield and an inner wall of the first vacuum chamber. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of load connectors, wherein the load connectors are circumferentially spaced from one another with respect to the main axis of the first magnet. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first vacuum chamber comprises a mounting that is configured to be assembled to a guide on which the first vacuum chamber can be translated, wherein the second vacuum chamber comprises a mounting that is configured to be assembled to a guide on which the second vacuum chamber can be translated, wherein the second vacuum chamber can be translated in a different direction to the first vacuum chamber, and wherein the first and second vacuum chambers can be translated in orthogonal directions. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising three or more magnets each disposed in a respective vacuum chamber, and wherein a load connector is provided in a vacuum chamber between each pair of adjacent magnets.",
-    "Computer-implemented systems and methods are provided for parsing search queries. In accordance with some embodiments, search records including character strings are retrieved, and search query templates are generated comprising sequences of categories corresponding to character substrings of the character strings. Also, in accordance with some embodiments, search queries are parsed into character substrings and matched with a search query template. The search query template may then be used to associate categories with the character substrings. A search engine may use the categories to focus or otherwise refine a search based on parsed search query. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A computer-implemented method comprising the following operations performed by one or more processors: identifying a sequence of character substrings in a character string; generating context objects for performing a search, the context objects including associations between search categories and character substrings, the generating comprising: storing, in a first context object, an association between a first search category and a first character substring in the sequence of character substrings; comparing a second character substring in the sequence of character substrings and a second search category; determining that the first character substring in the sequence of character substrings corresponds to a third search category; and storing, in a second context object, an association between the third search category and the first character substring; and searching indexed information using at least the second context object. 22. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, wherein the third search category represents part of a geographical address. 23. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, wherein determining that the first character substring of the sequence of character substrings corresponds to the third search category comprises one or more of: identifying that the first character substring associates with a character pattern corresponding to the third search category; and identifying that the first character substring associates with a term or phrase corresponding to the third search category. 24. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, further comprising: determining that a second character substring in the sequence of character substrings corresponds to a fourth search category; associating the fourth search category with the second character substring; and storing in the second context object an association between the fourth search category and the second character substring. 25. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, further comprising: retrieving, from a storage device, at least one search query template including a sequence of the search categories. 26. The computer-implemented method of claim 25, further comprising: retrieving a first and second search query template including the sequence of the search categories, wherein the second search query template is retrieved after determining that a character substring of the sequence of character substrings does not correspond to a first search category of the sequence of the search categories in the first search query template. 27. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, further comprising: determining that the second character substring of the sequence of character substrings does not correspond to the second search category of the sequence of the search categories; and discarding the association between the first search category and the first character substring. 28. A computer system for parsing a search query, comprising: a memory device that stores a set of instructions; and at least one processor that executes the set of instructions and is configured to: identify a sequence of character substrings in a character string; generate context objects for performing a search, the context objects including associations between search categories and character substrings, and is further configured to: store, in a first context object, an association between a first search category and a first character substring in the sequence of character substrings; compare a second character substring in the sequence of character substrings and a second search category; determine that the first character substring in the sequence of character substrings corresponds to a third search category; and store, in a second context object, an association between the third search category and the first character substring; and search indexed information using at least the second context object. 29. The computer system of claim 28, wherein the third search category represents part of a geographical address. 30. The computer system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to: identify that the first character substring associates with a character pattern corresponding to the third search category; or identify that the first character substring associates with a term or phrase corresponding to the third search category. 31. The computer system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine that a second character substring in the sequence of character substrings corresponds to a fourth search category; associate the fourth search category with the second character substring; and store in the second context object an association between the fourth search category and the second character substring. 32. The computer system of claim 28, wherein the processor is further configured to: retrieve, from a storage device, at least one search query template including a sequence of the search categories. 33. The computer system of claim 32, wherein the processor is further configured to: retrieve a first and second search query template including the sequence of the search categories, wherein the second search query template is retrieved after determining that a character substring of the sequence of character substrings does not correspond to a first search category of the sequence of the search categories in the first search query template. 34. A non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, configures the at least one processor to carry out operations comprising: identifying a sequence of character substrings in a character string; generating context objects for performing a search, the context objects including associations between search categories and character substrings, the generating comprising: storing, in a first context object, an association between a first search category and a first character substring in the sequence of character substrings; comparing a second character substring in the sequence of character substrings and a second search category; determining that the first character substring in the sequence of character substrings corresponds to a third search category; and storing, in a second context object, an association between the third search category and the first character substring; and searching indexed information using at least the second context object. 35. The computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the third search category represents part of a geographical address. 36. The computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein determining that the first character substring of the sequence of character substrings corresponds to the third search category comprises one or more of: identifying that the first character substring associates with a character pattern corresponding to the third search category; and identifying that the first character substring associates with a term or phrase corresponding to the third search category. 37. The computer-readable medium of claim 34, further comprising: determining that a second character substring in the sequence of character substrings corresponds to a fourth search category; associating the fourth search category with the second character substring; and storing in the second context object an association between the fourth search category and the second character substring. 38. The computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the instructions further configure the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: retrieving, from a storage device, at least one search query template including a sequence of the search categories. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the instructions further configure the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: retrieving a first and second search query template including the sequence of the search categories, wherein the second search query template is retrieved after determining that a character substring of the sequence of character substrings does not correspond to a first search category of the sequence of the search categories in the first search query template. 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the instructions further configure the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: determining that the second character substring of the sequence of character substrings does not correspond to the second search category of the sequence of the search categories; and discarding the association between the first search category and the first character substring.",
-    "A lighting device includes a monolithic LED chip flip-chip mounted onto an interconnect structure. The monolithic chip includes LED junctions formed from a single LED junction. An active electronic component is also mounted onto the interconnect structure at a distance from the monolithic chip that is less than five times the maximum dimension of the monolithic chip. The active electronic component controls LED drive currents independently supplied to the LED junctions. Different types of phosphor are disposed laterally above the various LED junctions. A color sensor measures the light emitted from the lighting device when drive currents are supplied to first and second LED junctions. The active electronic component then supplies more drive current to the first LED junction than to the second LED junction in response to the color sensor measuring the light emitted when the prior LED drive currents are supplied to the first and second LED junctions. 1-17. (canceled) 18. A method comprising: sensing light emitted from a first LED junction and a second LED junction that are both formed from a single LED junction and that are included in a monolithic LED chip, wherein a first type of phosphor particles is disposed laterally above the first LED junction, wherein a second type of phosphor particles is disposed laterally above the second LED junction, wherein the first type of phosphor particles and the second type of phosphor particles are suspended in a layer of silicone that covers the monolithic LED chip; and increasing an LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction in response to the sensing of the light emitted from the first LED junction, the second LED junction, the first type of phosphor particles and the second type of phosphor particles. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the sensed light emitted from the first LED junction, the second LED junction, the first type of phosphor particles and the second type of phosphor particles has a first color temperature, and wherein the light emitted from the first LED junction, the second LED junction, the first type of phosphor particles and the second type of phosphor particles has a second color temperature when the LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction is increased. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the monolithic LED chip is flip-chip mounted onto an interconnect structure, wherein an active electronic component controls the LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction, wherein the monolithic chip has a maximum dimension, and wherein the active electronic component is mounted onto the interconnect structure at a distance from the monolithic chip that is less than ten times the maximum dimension. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein a front side of the monolithic LED chip is mounted onto the interconnect structure, wherein a back side of the monolithic LED chip is disposed opposite the front side, and wherein the back side is covered by the layer of silicone. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the monolithic LED chip is flip-chip mounted onto an upper surface of the interconnect structure, wherein a metallic via passes through the interconnect structure from the upper surface to a lower surface of the interconnect structure, wherein the metallic via is disposed laterally beneath the monolithic LED chip, and wherein no electric current flows through the metallic via. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the active electronic component is a microcontroller. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein no LED junction of the monolithic LED chip is coupled to any other LED junction using a wire bond. 25. The method of claim 18, wherein the increasing the LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction supplies more LED drive current to the first LED junction than to the second LED junction. 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the first LED junction is part of a first string of serially connected LED junctions that all share at least one common crystalline layer. 27. The method of claim 18, wherein the first LED junction is part of a first string of serially connected LED junctions that all share a common sapphire substrate, and wherein the light emitted from the first LED junction exits through the sapphire substrate. 28. A method comprising: sensing a first color temperature of light emitted from a monolithic LED chip, wherein a first LED junction and a second LED junction of the monolithic LED chip share at least one common crystalline layer, wherein a first type of phosphor particles is disposed laterally above the first LED junction, wherein a second type of phosphor particles is disposed laterally above the second LED junction, and wherein the first type of phosphor particles and the second type of phosphor particles are suspended in a layer of silicone that covers the monolithic LED chip; and increasing an LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction in response to the sensing of the first color temperature. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the first type of phosphor particles convert blue light emitted by the first LED junction into relatively longer wavelength reddish light, and wherein the second type of phosphor particles convert blue light emitted by the second LED junction into relatively shorter wavelength yellowish light. 30. The method of claim 28, further comprising: sensing a second color temperature of the light emitted from the monolithic LED chip when the LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction is increased. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the monolithic LED chip is flip-chip mounted onto an interconnect structure, wherein an active electronic component controls the LED drive current supplied to the first LED junction, wherein the monolithic chip has a maximum dimension, and wherein the active electronic component is mounted onto the interconnect structure at a distance from the monolithic chip that is less than ten times the maximum dimension. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the monolithic LED chip is flip-chip mounted onto an upper surface of the interconnect structure, wherein a metallic via passes through the interconnect structure from the upper surface to a lower surface of the interconnect structure, wherein the metallic via is disposed laterally beneath the monolithic LED chip, and wherein no electric current flows through the metallic via. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the active electronic component is a microcontroller. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein no LED junction of the monolithic LED chip is coupled to any other LED junction using a wire bond. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein the first LED junction is part of a first string of serially connected LED junctions that all share a common sapphire substrate, and wherein the light emitted from the monolithic LED chip exits through the sapphire substrate. 36. The method of claim 28, wherein the first LED junction is part of a first string of serially connected LED junctions that all share at least one common crystalline layer. 37. The method of claim 28, wherein the first LED junction is part of a first string of serially connected LED junctions, wherein the second LED junction is part of a second string of serially connected LED junctions, wherein the LED drive current is supplied to the first LED junction using a first buck converter, and wherein a second LED drive current is supplied to the second LED junction using a second buck converter.",
-    "An embodiment of this disclosure provides a medical dressing. The medical dressing includes a first layer comprising a non-woven material capable of being liquid permeable. The medical dressing also includes a second layer comprising a topical composition and a solidifying agent. The second layer is positioned on a side of the first layer. The medical dressing also includes a third layer comprising a material capable of being liquid impermeable. The third layer is positioned on the second layer opposite the first layer. 1. A medical dressing, comprising: a first layer comprising a non-woven material capable of being liquid permeable; a second layer comprising a topical composition and a solidifying agent, wherein the second layer is positioned on a side of the first layer; and a third layer comprising a material capable of being liquid impermeable, wherein the third layer is positioned on the second layer opposite the first layer. 2. The medical dressing of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises a pattern. 3. The medical dressing of claim 2, wherein the pattern covers only a portion of the at least one side of the first layer. 4. The medical dressing of claim 1, further comprising: a fourth layer comprising the material capable of being liquid impermeable, wherein the fourth layer is positioned on an opposite side of the side of the first layer. 5. The medical dressing of claim 4, further comprising: a fifth layer comprising an adhesive, wherein the adhesive is positioned between the fourth layer and the first layer. 6. The medical dressing of claim 1, wherein the topical composition is mixed with the solidifying agent. 7. The medical dressing of claim 1, wherein the solidifying agent encapsulates the topical composition. 8. A medical dressing for treating diaper rash, comprising: a top sheet comprising a non-woven material capable of being liquid permeable; and a topical layer comprising 20-30% by weight of organic shea butter and 20-30% by weight of pure white beeswax, and a plurality of specialized components, wherein the topical layer is positioned on a side of the top sheet. 9. The lining of claim 8, wherein the topical layer comprises 25% by weight of the organic shea butter and 25% by weight of the pure white beeswax. 10. The lining of claim 8, wherein the topical layer is positioned within the top sheet and on an opposite side of the side of the top sheet. 11. The lining of claim 8, further comprising: an enclosing layer comprising an impermeable material enclosing the topical layer between the top sheet and the enclosing layer. 12. The lining of claim 8, wherein the plurality of specialized components comprise zinc oxide power, liquid lanolin, organic dandelion root powder and chickweed herb powder. 13. The diaper of claim 8, wherein the plurality of specialized components comprise zinc oxide powder, liquid lanolin, organic aloe vera powder, and chamomile flowers. 14. The diaper of claim 8, wherein the plurality of specialized components comprise zinc oxide power, liquid lanolin, cod liver oil, and chamomile flowers powder. 15. The diaper of claim 8, wherein the plurality of specialized components comprise zinc oxide powder, cod liver oil, chickweed herb powder, liquid lanolin, and dandelion root powder. 16. The diaper of claim 8, wherein the plurality of specialized components comprise 2% by weight of chickweed herb powder, 2% by weight of dandelion root powder, 40% by weight of zinc oxide powder, 4% by weight of cod liver oil, and 2% by weight of liquid lanolin. 17. The diaper of claim 8, wherein the plurality of specialized components comprise chickweed herb powder, dandelion root powder, zinc oxide powder, cod liver oil, chamomile oil, and phenonip. 18. A method for manufacturing a plurality of medical dressings, the method comprising: feeding a hydrophobic composition that is pressurized for use as a topical layer over a protective area for each of a plurality of medical dressings, wherein the hydrophobic composition includes a topical composition mixed with a solidifying agent, wherein the plurality of linings are part of a spool sheet; applying the hydrophobic composition in a first pattern on at least a first portion of the spool sheet; and applying the hydrophobic composition in a second pattern on at least a second portion of the spool sheet; wherein the first pattern is differently positioned than the second pattern. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first portion is a first medical dressing and the second portion is a second medical dressing. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the hydrophobic composition is pressurized by a hydraulic pump and applied in the first pattern and the second pattern through a plurality of extrusion heads; the method further comprising: controlling each of the plurality of extrusion heads using a solenoid valve; and timing each solenoid valve using a programming logic control (PLC) that is programmed to ensure every portion of the protective area is covered by either the first pattern on the first diaper or the second pattern on the second diaper.",
-    "A tamper-evident package includes a flexible web having first and second opposed surfaces, and a tamper-evident layer on at least the first surface. The tamper-evident layer defines a blank space on the web, and includes a first pattern of protected areas and a second pattern of tamper-evident areas. A first semi-rigid outer layer is attached to the first tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas on the tamper-evident layer, the first semi-rigid outer layer including a transparent portion aligned with the blank space. A second semi-rigid outer layer is attached to the second surface of the web. The blank space may be removed to form a hole in the web, and the second outer layer may include a transparent portion aligned with the hole. A second tamper-evident layer may optionally be provided on the second surface of the web. 1. A method of packaging an item, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a tamper-evident layer on a first surface of a web of sheet material having first and second surfaces, the tamper evident layer comprising a pattern of tamper-evident areas, the tamper-evident layer including a blank space; (b) adhesively attaching a first semi-rigid outer layer having a portion defining a cavity to the tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas, whereby the cavity is aligned with the blank space; (c) placing an item in the cavity defined in the first outer layer; and (d) attaching a second semi-rigid outer layer to the second surface of web; wherein the step of adhesively attaching the first semi-rigid outer layer to the tamper-evident areas is performed so that only the tamper-evident areas are removed from the web with the removal of the outer layer from the tamper-evident layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming the tamper-evident layer comprises: (a)(1) applying a plurality of cold foil strips to the first surface of the web of sheet material; and (a)(2) forming the pattern of tamper-evident areas on each of the plurality of cold foil strips. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pattern of tamper-evident areas is defined by a pattern of protected areas that do not adhere to the first semi-rigid outer layer 4. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the protected areas is formed by printing a release agent on the tamper-evident layer in a predetermined pattern, and then printing an adhesive deadener on top of the release agent printed on the tamper-evident layer 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the release agent is printed on the tamper-evident layer in a first predetermined pattern. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein, after the step of forming the tamper-evident layer, a hole is made in the blank space of the web; wherein each of the semi-rigid outer layers includes a transparent cavity portion; and wherein the steps of attaching the first and second semi-rigid outer layers includes aligning the transparent cavity portions with the hole in the web. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming the tamper-evident layer includes the step of providing a security taggant in the tamper-evident layer. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tamper-evident layer is a first tamper-evident layer comprising a first pattern of tamper-evident areas, the method further comprising forming a second tamper-evident layer on the second surface of the web, the second tamper-evident layer comprising a second pattern of tamper-evident areas; wherein the step of attaching the second semi-rigid outer layer to the second surface of the web is performed by adhesively attaching the second semi-rigid outer layer to the second tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas in the second pattern of tamper-evident areas; and wherein the steps of attaching the first and second semi-rigid outer layers to the tamper-evident areas in the first and second patterns of tamper-evident areas, respectively, are performed so that only the tamper-evident areas in the first and second patterns of tamper-evident areas are removed from the web with the removal of the first and second semi-rigid outer layers from the first and second tamper-evident layers, respectively. 9. A tamper-evident package, comprising: a laminate comprising a flexible web having first and second opposed surfaces, a tamper-evident layer on the first surface, the tamper-evident layer defining a blank space on the first surface of the web, the tamper-evident layer including a first pattern of protected areas and a second pattern of tamper-evident areas; a first semi-rigid outer layer adhesively attached to the tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas on the tamper-evident layer, the first semi-rigid outer layer including a transparent portion aligned with the blank space; and a second semi-rigid outer layer attached to the second surface of the web. 10. The tamper-evident package of claim 9, wherein the tamper-evident layer comprises a cold foil strip. 11. The tamper-evident package of claim 9, wherein each of the protected areas comprises: a layer of release agent applied in a first pattern on the tamper-evident layer; and a layer of adhesive deadener applied over the layer of release agent. 12. The tamper-evident package of claim 9, wherein the laminate includes a hole coinciding with the blank space, and wherein the second semi-rigid outer layer includes a transparent portion aligned with the hole. 13. The tamper-evident package of claim 9, further comprising a packaged item disposed on the blank space of the web so as to be visible through the transparent portion of the first semi-rigid outer layer. 14. The tamper-evident package of claim 12, further comprising a packaged item disposed in the hole so as to be visible through the transparent portion of the first and second semi-rigid outer layers. 15. The tamper-evident package of claim 9, further comprising a security taggant in the tamper-evident layer. 16. The tamper-evident package of claim 9, wherein the laminate comprises a first tamper-evident layer on the first surface of the web and a second tamper-evident layer on the second surface of the web, each of the first and second tamper-evident layers including a first pattern of protected areas and a second pattern of tamper-evident areas; wherein the first semi-rigid outer layer is adhesively attached to the first tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas of the first tamper-evident layer; and wherein the second semi-rigid outer layer is adhesively attached to the second tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas of the second tamper-evident layer. 17. A packaged item, comprising: a flexible web having first and second opposed surfaces; a tamper-evident layer on the first surface of the web, the tamper evident layer having a first pattern of tamper-evident areas and a second pattern of protected areas, the first and second patterns defining a blank space on the first surface of the web; a first semi-rigid outer layer adhesively attached to the first tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas on the tamper-evident layer, the first semi-rigid outer layer including a transparent portion aligned with the blank space; an item disposed on the blank space of the web so as to be visible through the transparent portion of the first semi-rigid outer layer; and a second semi-rigid outer layer attached to the second surface of the web. 18. The packaged item of claim 17, wherein the tamper-evident layer comprises a cold foil strip. 19. The packaged item of claim 17, wherein each of the protected areas comprises: a layer of release agent applied in a first pattern on the first tamper-evident layer; and a first layer of adhesive deadener applied over the first layer of release agent. 20. The packaged item of claim 17, wherein the web includes a hole coinciding with the blank space, and wherein the second semi-rigid outer layer includes a transparent portion aligned with the hole. 21. The packaged item of claim 20, wherein the packaged item is disposed in the hole so as to be visible through the transparent portion of the first and second semi-rigid outer layers. 22. The packaged item of claim 17, further comprising a security taggant in the tamper-evident layer. 23. The packaged item of claim 17, wherein the tamper-evident layer on the first surface of the web is a first tamper evident layer, the packaged item further comprising a second tamper-evident layer on the second surface of the web, the second tamper evident layer having a first pattern of tamper-evident areas and a second pattern of protected areas; wherein the second semi-rigid outer layer is adhesively attached to the second tamper-evident layer so as to adhere only to the tamper-evident areas on the second tamper-evident layer.",
-    "There is provided a method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device having a low driving voltage, which is realized by steeply increasing the concentration of Mg within a p-type semiconductor layer. This production method includes the steps of forming an n-type contact layer, forming an n-side high electrostatic breakdown voltage layer, forming an n-side superlattice layer, forming a light-emitting layer, forming a p-type cladding layer, forming a p-type intermediate layer, and forming a p-type contact layer. The step of forming the p-type cladding layer includes supplying a dopant gas without supplying a first raw material gas (TMG) containing a Group III element during a first period TA1 and supplying the first raw material gas (TMG) and the dopant gas during a second period TA2 after the first period TA1 so as to grow a semiconductor layer. 1. A method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device, the method comprising: forming an n-type semiconductor layer on a substrate; forming a light-emitting layer on the n-type semiconductor layer; forming a first p-type semiconductor layer on the light-emitting layer; and forming a p-type contact layer on the first p-type semiconductor layer, wherein the forming the first p-type semiconductor layer includes supplying a dopant gas during a first period without supplying a first raw material gas containing a Group III element, and supplying the first raw material gas and the dopant gas during a second period after the first period so as to grow a semiconductor layer. 2. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the forming the first p-type semiconductor layer includes: forming a p-type cladding layer on the light-emitting layer; and forming a p-type intermediate layer on the p-type cladding layer, wherein the forming the p-type cladding layer includes supplying the dopant gas without supplying the first raw material gas, and then supplying the first raw material gas and the dopant gas so as to grow the p-type cladding layer. 3. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the forming the first p-type semiconductor layer includes: forming a p-type cladding layer on the light-emitting layer; and forming a p-type intermediate layer on the p-type cladding layer, wherein the forming the p-type intermediate layer includes supplying the dopant gas without supplying the first raw material gas, and then supplying the first raw material gas and the dopant gas so as to grow the p-type intermediate layer. 4. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the forming the first p-type semiconductor layer includes: forming a p-type cladding layer on the light-emitting layer; and forming a p-type intermediate layer on the p-type cladding layer, wherein the forming the p-type cladding layer includes supplying the dopant gas without supplying the first raw material gas, and then supplying the first raw material gas and the dopant gas so as to grow the p-type cladding layer, and the forming the p-type intermediate layer includes supplying the dopant gas without supplying the first raw material gas, and then supplying the first raw material gas and the dopant gas so as to grow the p-type intermediate layer. 5. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is equal to or lower than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 6. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is equal to or lower than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 7. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 3, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is equal to or lower than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 8. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 4, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is equal to or lower than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 9. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is higher than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 10. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is higher than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 11. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 3, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is higher than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 12. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 4, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is higher than the flow rate of the dopant gas in the second period. 13. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the flow rate of the dopant gas in the first period is increased with time. 14. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a second raw material gas containing nitrogen atoms is supplied during the first period and the second period. 15. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a second raw material gas containing nitrogen atoms is not supplied during the first period and is supplied during the second period. 16. The method for producing a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the first period is 1 second or longer and 300 seconds or shorter.",
-    "The application is directed to an apparatus, system and method for developing muscle memory in relation to training and/or reprogramming a person's golf swing and for providing a user with instant feedback as to the performance of an undesired golf swing. 1. A golf swing training apparatus comprising a first upright planar barrier and a second upright planar barrier set apart from the first upright planar barrier providing a training area there between for an individual to be located and swing a golf club; the first upright planar barrier and the second upright planar barrier each having surface areas effective to intercept a swinging golf club along the entire arc of an individual golf swing when a golf club swung by the individual travels in space along one or more undesired points on X, Y and Z axes within the training area. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first upright planar barrier and the second upright planar barrier are adjustable in height and length. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the distance between the first upright planar barrier and the second upright planar barrier is adjustable. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the training area includes a non-destructive surface operationally configured to be contacted by a golf club during a golf swing. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the training area surface is operationally configured to receive a removable sand enclosure effective for an individual to practice sand type golf shots therein. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a see through barrier material disposed across the first upright planar barrier and a see through barrier material disposed across the second upright planar barrier. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first upright planar barrier and the second upright planar barrier are comprised of a total of twenty upright members, sixteen horizontal members and couplings there between interconnecting the upright and horizontal members. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the minimum distance between the first upright planar barrier and the second upright planar barrier is determined according to the length of the golf club to be swung in the training area. 9. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the minimum distance between the first upright planar barrier and the second upright planar barrier is determined according to the length of the golf club to be swung in the training area. 10. A golf swing training apparatus comprising a first upright barrier and a second upright barrier defined by planes substantially parallel to a coronal plane of an individual using the apparatus, wherein the second vertical barrier is set apart from the first vertical barrier providing a training area there between for an individual to be positioned when swinging a golf club; with the individual having a desired golf swing arc directed between out in the front and back behind the individual's coronal plane unhindered by the first and second upright barriers, the first and second upright barriers being operationally configured to intercept a golf club swung along an undesired golf swing arc at one or more points out in front and behind the coronal plane of the individual performing the golf swing. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the second upright barrier is located behind an individual using the apparatus and has a height at least about equal to the height of the individual and wherein the first upright barrier is located in front of the individual using the apparatus and has a height at least about equal to the height of the waistline of the individual. 12. A golf swing practice method including: providing a golf swing training apparatus comprising (a) a first vertical barrier having a planar surface; (b) a second vertical barrier having a planar surface set apart from the first vertical barrier; and (c) a base for supporting the first and second vertical barriers in upright positions, the first and second vertical barriers and the base providing a defined training area for an individual to be located to swing a golf club; and with an individual positioned in the training area and oriented so that the planar surfaces of the first and second vertical barriers are parallel with a coronal plane of the individual, the individual swinging a golf club according to his/her natural golf swing mechanics, whereby contact of the golf club with either of the first and second vertical barriers when performing the golf swing informs the individual of an undesired swing path. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the minimum distance between the first vertical barrier and the second vertical barrier is determined according to the length of the golf club to be swung in the training area.",
-    "Methods for using a doorbell chime system can include detecting, by a sleep detection system, that a person is asleep; receiving a first signal, by the doorbell or the doorbell chime, in response to the sleep detection system detecting that the person is asleep; and blocking the doorbell chime from emitting a first notification sound in response to detecting, by the sleep detection system, that the person is asleep. 1. A method for using a doorbell chime system, the method comprising: detecting, by an electronic monitor, that a person is asleep; receiving a first signal, by a transceiver, in response to the electronic monitor detecting that the person is asleep; modifying, by the system, a first notification sound emitted by a doorbell chime in response to detecting, by the electronic monitor, that the person is asleep; and modifying, by the system, a second notification sound emitted by a remote computing device in response to detecting, by the electronic monitor, that the person is asleep, wherein the remote computing device is communicatively coupled to the doorbell chime. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting, by the electronic monitor, that the person is awake; receiving a second signal, by the transceiver, in response to the electronic monitor detecting that the person is awake; and modifying, by the system, a third notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime in response to detecting, by the electronic monitor, that the person is awake. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the third notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime comprises increasing the volume of the notification sound. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the third notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime comprises enabling the third notification sound. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime comprises decreasing the volume of the first notification sound. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a doorbell having the transceiver and a button configured to trigger the doorbell chime to emit the first notification sound, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime comprises disabling the button of the doorbell such that pressing the button does not cause the doorbell chime to emit the first notification sound. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the doorbell chime comprises the transceiver, the method further comprising modifying, by the system, the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime in response to the transceiver of the doorbell chime receiving the first signal. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a doorbell having the transceiver, the method further comprising blocking, by the doorbell, the doorbell chime from emitting the first notification sound. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the system comprises a doorbell having the transceiver, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime comprises: sending, by the doorbell, a modifying signal to the doorbell chime in response to the doorbell receiving the first signal; and blocking, by the doorbell chime, the first notification sound in response to receiving the modifying signal. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a doorbell, and the transceiver is a communication hub located remotely from the doorbell and the doorbell chime, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime comprises: sending, by the communication hub, a modifying signal to at least one of the doorbell and the doorbell chime in response to the communication hub receiving the first signal; and blocking, by at least one of the doorbell and the doorbell chime, the first notification sound in response to at least one of the doorbell and the doorbell chime receiving the modifying signal. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a doorbell, wherein at least one of the doorbell and the doorbell chime comprise the transceiver that receives the first signal, the method further comprising modifying, by the system, the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime in response to at least one of the doorbell and the doorbell chime receiving the first signal. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic monitor is a camera. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic monitor is an activity tracker. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic monitor is a motion detector. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the electronic monitor is an under-mattress monitor. 16. A doorbell system comprising: a doorbell; a doorbell chime configured to emit a first notification sound in response to receiving a visitor indication from the doorbell; a sleep detection system having a sensor configured to determine whether a person is asleep, wherein the doorbell, the doorbell chime, and the sleep detection system are communicatively coupled such that, in response to the sleep detection system determining that the person is asleep, the doorbell chime is configured to modify the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime; a remote computing device communicatively coupled to at least one of the doorbell, doorbell chime, and the sleep detection system, wherein in response to the sleep detection system determining that the person is asleep, the remote computing device is configured to modify a second notification sound emitted by the remote computing device; and a wireless communication from the sleep detection system to configure the doorbell system to prevent the doorbell chime from emitting the first notification sound and the remote computing device from emitting the second notification sound. 17. The doorbell system of claim 16, further comprising a communication hub, wherein the communication hub, doorbell, doorbell chime, and the sleep detection system are communicatively coupled to the communication hub. 18. The doorbell system of claim 16, wherein the doorbell system, in response to the sleep detection system determining that the person is awake, is configured to modify the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime. 19. A doorbell system comprising: a doorbell; a doorbell chime configured to emit a first notification sound in response to receiving a visitor indication from the doorbell; a sleep detection system having a sensor configured to determine whether a person is asleep, wherein the doorbell chime and the sleep detection system are communicatively coupled to a transceiver such that, in response to the sleep detection system determining that the person is asleep, the doorbell chime is configured to modify the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime; and a remote computing device communicatively coupled to at least one of the doorbell chime and the sleep detection system, wherein in response to the sleep detection system determining that the person is asleep, the remote computing device is configured to modify a second notification sound emitted by the remote computing device. 20. The doorbell system of claim 19, wherein the doorbell system is further configured to, in response to the sleep detection system determining that the person is awake, modify the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime. 21. The doorbell system of claim 20, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime includes enabling the first notification sound. 22. The doorbell system of claim 20, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime includes increasing the volume of the first notification sound. 23. The doorbell system of claim 19, wherein the transceiver is a communication hub. 24. The doorbell system of claim 19, wherein the transceiver is the doorbell. 25. The doorbell system of claim 19, wherein the transceiver is the doorbell chime. 26. The doorbell system of claim 19, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime includes blocking the first notification sound. 27. The doorbell system of claim 19, wherein modifying the first notification sound emitted by the doorbell chime includes decreasing the volume of the first notification sound.",
-    "Disclosed herein are various embodiments of an exercise apparatus. In certain embodiments, an exercise apparatus comprises a frame and a seat assembly, the seat assembly comprising a seat, the seat configured to move between a first position and a second position, wherein the first position accommodates use of the exercise apparatus by a user sitting on the seat and wherein the second position accommodates use of the exercise apparatus by a user sitting in a wheelchair. The seat assembly may be pivotably coupled to the frame. The seat assembly may comprise a stop configured to inhibit movement of the seat, and may further comprise a biasing element that is biased to disengage the stop. 1. An exercise apparatus comprising: a frame; a seat assembly coupled to the frame, the seat assembly comprising: a seat; a base coupled to the seat; a stop coupled to the base and configured to inhibit lateral movement of the seat when a user sits on the seat to perform an exercise; and a biasing element coupled to the base and biased to disengage the stop when no force is exerted on the seat, wherein the seat assembly is configured to move, relative to the frame, such that the seat is moveable between a first position, which accommodates use of the exercise apparatus by a user sitting on the seat, and a second position, which accommodates use of the exercise apparatus by a user seated in a wheelchair. 2. The exercise apparatus of claim 1, wherein the seat assembly is pivotably attached to the frame. 3. The exercise apparatus of claim 2, wherein the weight of the user sitting on the seat in the first position causes the stop to engage a surface to inhibit lateral movement of the seat. 4. The exercise apparatus of claim 3, wherein the stop comprises a horizontal portion adapted to frictionally engage the surface. 5. The exercise apparatus of claim 4, wherein the frame comprises a retaining element and the stop frictionally engages a surface of the retaining element. 6. The exercise apparatus of claim 5, wherein the biasing element has a vertical bias that raises and disengages the stop when no downward force is exerted on the seat and lowers and engages the stop when the seat is in the first position and a user sits on the seat. 7. The exercise apparatus of claim 4, wherein the stop frictionally engages the surface on which the exercise apparatus is placed. 8. The exercise apparatus of claim 6, wherein the biasing element has a vertical bias that raises and disengages the stop when no downward force is exerted on the seat and lowers and engages the stop when the seat is in the first position and a user sits on the seat. 9. The exercise apparatus of claim 7, wherein the seat is moveable between the first and second positions without any vertical lifting force. 10. The exercise apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a resistance system and an arm assembly. 11. A seat assembly for an exercise apparatus, the seat assembly comprising: a seat coupled to a base; a seat support member coupled to the base and configured to be coupled to a frame of an exercise station; a stop coupled to the base and configured to inhibit movement of the seat by engaging at least one surface; and a biasing element that is vertically biased to lift the seat base and disengage the stop from the at least one surface when the seat is in the first position and no downward force is exerted on the seat. 12. The seat assembly of claim 11, wherein the seat support member is configured to be pivotably attached to the exercise station such that the seat is moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein the first position accommodates use of an exercise station by a user sitting on the seat and wherein the second position accommodates use of the exercise station by a user seated in a wheelchair. 13. The seat assembly of claim 12, wherein the exercise station comprises a frame and an extension, and wherein the seat support member is configured to be pivotably attached to the extension. 14. The seat assembly of claim 11, wherein the stop comprises a horizontal portion adapted to engage a first surface of a retaining element and a vertical portion adapted to engage a second surface of a retaining element. 15. The seat assembly of claim 14, wherein the horizontal portion is configured to frictionally engage the first surface of the retaining element when the seat is in the first position and a user is sitting on the seat. 16. The seat assembly of claim 14, wherein the vertical portion is configured to engage the second surface of the retaining element when the seat is in the first position. 17. The seat assembly of claim 11, further comprising: a seat anchor rigidly coupled to the seat and moveable relative to the seat base; and a seat height adjustment mechanism. 18. The seat assembly of claim 17, wherein the seat height adjustment mechanism comprises a lever that extends substantially horizontally beneath the seat and allows the user to place the palm of one hand on the edge of the seat and actuate the lever with their fingers. 19. The seat assembly of claim 18, wherein the seat height adjustment mechanism comprises a lever that extends substantially horizontally beneath the seat and terminates at a point that is less than one inch in the horizontal direction from the edge of the seat.",
-    "A pump system designed to provide targeted lubrication to gears and gear trains. Comprised essentially of a pump and a sprayer. May include multiple sprayers to target multiple gears. May include intake system to allow reuptake of lubrication. May be adjustable to change location of target, flow rate or force of lubricant, or diameter of lubricated area. Outflow system may include multiple hoses or a single hose, and may include one or more couplers. Couplers may also serve to divide the lubricant stream into multiple streams to serve multiple sprayers. May include fastener systems for mounting on gear train housings. May be configured to withstand high or low temperatures, and may be configured to adjust temperature of lubricant. May be configured to withstand high vibration environments. May be configured to provide at least some cleaning of lubricant as it flows through the system. 1. A system for providing lubrication, comprising: at least one pump configured to alter the temperature of at least one liquid pumped by the at least one pump; at least one outflow hose coupled with at least one port on the at least one pump; at least one sprayer coupled with the at least one outflow hose, the at least one sprayer configured to direct a liquid sprayed by the at least one sprayer to a particular location; and at least one mounting bracket configured to couple the at least one pump with at least one gear housing, the at least one mounting bracket configured to withstand a high vibration environment. 2. The system for providing lubrication of claim 1, further comprising: at least one inflow hose coupled with at least one port on the at least one pump; and at least one intake valve coupled with the at least one inflow hose. 3. The system for providing lubrication of claim 1, wherein the at least one sprayer is coupled with the at least one outflow hose via at least one coupler. 4. The system for providing lubrication of claim 3, wherein the at least one coupler is configured to alter a direction of flow of the lubrication. 5. The system for providing lubrication of claim 1, further comprising: at least one gear pair, wherein the at least one sprayer is configured to spray at least some lubricant toward the at least one gear pair. 6. The system for providing lubrication of claim 5, wherein the at least one sprayer configured to spray at least some lubricant toward the at least one gear pair comprises: at least one sprayer configured to spray at least some lubricant toward the at least one gear pair where the gears intermesh. 7. A system for providing lubrication, comprising: at least one pump, including at least one outflow port and at least one inflow port, the at least one pump configured to alter a temperature of at least one fluid pumped by the at least one pump; at least one outflow hose including a pump end and a sprayer end, wherein the at least one outflow hose pump end is coupled with the at least one outflow port of the at least one pump; at least one sprayer coupled with the at least one outflow hose at the sprayer end of the at least one outflow hose, the at least one sprayer configured to direct at least one fluid to a particular location; at least one inflow hose including a pump end and an intake end, wherein the at least one inflow hose pump end is coupled with the at least one inflow port of the at least one pump; at least one intake valve coupled with the at least one inflow hose at the intake end of the at least one inflow hose; and at least one mounting bracket configured to couple the at least one system with at least one gear housing. 8. The system for providing lubrication of claim 7, wherein the at least one sprayer is adjustable. 9. The system for providing lubrication of claim 7, wherein the at least one pump is adjustable. 10. The system for providing lubrication of claim 7, wherein the system is configured for circulating a lubricant through the outflow hose, the sprayer, the intake valve, the inflow hose, and the pump, and wherein the system forms a closed loop. 11. A system for providing lubrication, comprising: at least one pump, including at least one outflow port and at least one inflow port, the at least one pump configured to alter the temperature of a fluid pumped by the at least one pump; at least one outflow hose, including a pump end and a sprayer end, wherein the at least one outflow hose pump end is coupled with the at least one outflow port of the at least one pump; a plurality of sprayer hoses, each hose including a pump end and a sprayer end, wherein the plurality of sprayer hose pump ends are coupled with the at least one outflow hose at the sprayer end of the at least one outflow hose; a plurality of sprayers coupled with the plurality of sprayer hoses at the sprayer end of the plurality of sprayer hoses, wherein each of the plurality of sprayers is configured to direct the fluid pumped by the at least one pump to a particular location; at least one inflow hose including a pump end and an intake end, wherein the at least one inflow hose pump end is coupled with the at least one inflow port of the at least one pump; and at least one intake valve coupled with the at least one inflow hose at the intake end of the at least one inflow hose; and at least one mounting bracket configured to couple the at least one system with at least one gear housing. 12. The system for providing lubrication of claim 11, wherein the plurality of sprayer hose pump ends coupled with the at least one outflow hose at the sprayer end of the at least one outflow hose further comprises: at least one coupler, the at least one coupler configured to divide a single stream of liquid into at least two streams of liquid. 13. The system for providing lubrication of claim 12, wherein the at least one coupler is configured to be removably coupleable with the at least one outflow hose and the plurality of sprayer hoses. 14. The system for providing lubrication of claim 11, wherein the plurality of sprayer hose pump ends coupled with the at least one outflow hose at the sprayer end of the at least one outflow hose further comprises: a plurality of couplers, the plurality of couplers configured to join the at least one outflow hose with the plurality of sprayer hoses. 15. The system for providing lubrication of claim 14, wherein the plurality of couplers are configured to divide a single stream of liquid into at least two streams of liquid. 16. The system for providing lubrication of claim 14, wherein the plurality of couplers are configured to be removably coupleable with the at least one outflow hose and the plurality of sprayer hoses. 17. The system for providing lubrication of claim 7, wherein the at least one mounting bracket is configured to withstand high vibration environments. 18. The system for providing lubrication of claim 7, wherein the at least one mounting bracket is configured to withstand high temperature environments. 19. The system for providing lubrication of claim 7, wherein the intake end of the at least one inflow hose is coupled with at least one reservoir, the at least one reservoir formed by at least one recess in the at least one gear housing.",
-    "A method and structure for receiving a micro device on a receiving substrate are disclosed. A micro device such as a micro LED device is punched-through a passivation layer covering a conductive layer on the receiving substrate, and the passivation layer is hardened. In an embodiment the micro LED device is punched-through a B-staged thermoset material. In an embodiment the micro LED device is punched-through a thermoplastic material. 1. A display comprising: a display substrate; an array of bottom conductive layers on the display substrate; a passivation layer spanning across the display substrate and directly over the array of bottom conductive layers a corresponding array of vertical semiconductor-based LEDs bonded to the array of bottom conductive layers, and embedded within the passivation layer; wherein the passivation layer laterally surrounds a quantum well within each vertical semiconductor-based LED, and a top surface of the passivation layer does not cover a top surface of each vertical semiconductor-based LED; and one or more top conductive layers spanning directly over the passivation layer and the vertical semiconductor-based LEDs, and in electrical contact with the vertical semiconductor-based LEDs. 2. The display of claim 1, wherein the passivation layer comprises a thermoset material. 3. The display of claim 1, wherein the one or more top conductive layers are in electrical contact with one or more electrode lines. 4. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein each vertical semiconductor-based LED comprises sidewalls and a conformal dielectric barrier layer spanning along the sidewalls. 5. The display substrate of claim 4, wherein the conformal dielectric barrier layer is 50-600 angstroms thick. 6. The display substrate of claim 5, wherein the conformal dielectric barrier layer comprises Al2O3. 7. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the array of vertical semiconductor-based LEDs is bonded to the array of bottom conductive layers with a corresponding array of bonding layers. 8. The display substrate of claim 7, wherein each bonding layer in the array of bonding layers is an alloy bonding layer. 9. The display substrate of claim 8, wherein each alloy bonding layer is an alloy of a first bonding layer on a corresponding vertical semiconductor-based LED with a second bonding layer on a corresponding bottom conductive layer. 10. The display substrate of claim 9, wherein the alloy bonding layer has a higher melting temperature than both of the first bonding layer and the second bonding layer. 11. The display of claim 1, wherein the display substrate has a pixel density of greater than 300 pixels per inch. 12. The display substrate of claim 11, wherein each vertical semiconductor-based LED has a maximum width of 1 to 100 \u03bcm. 13. The display substrate of claim 11, wherein each vertical semiconductor-based LED has a maximum width of 1 to 10 \u03bcm. 14. The display substrate of claim 1, wherein the display substrate includes active matrix display circuitry. 15. The display of claim 14, wherein the active matrix display circuitry includes thin film transistors. 16. The display of claim 1, further comprising a second passivation layer over the display substrate and underneath the passivation layer, wherein the second passivation layer includes an array of opening exposing the array of bottom conductive layers. 17. The display substrate of claim 16, wherein the second passivation layer comprises a material selected form the group consisting of silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiNx), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyimide, and polyester.",
-    "A semiconductor device, includes a semiconductor chip which includes: first and second terminals; a first conductive film pattern for the first terminal, formed over an interlayer insulation film; an insulation film formed over the interlayer insulation film so as to cover the first conductive film pattern; a first opening for the first terminal formed in the insulation film, and for exposing a part of the first conductive film pattern; and a nickel film formed over the first conductive film pattern at a portion thereof exposed from the first opening, wherein a semiconductor element controls a conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal, wherein the first terminal is formed of the first conductive film pattern and the nickel film, wherein the first conductive film pattern is formed of a lamination film having a first conductor film containing aluminum, and a second conductor film. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor chip which includes: first and second terminals; a first conductive film pattern for the first terminal, formed over an interlayer insulation film; an insulation film formed over the interlayer insulation film so as to cover the first conductive film pattern; a first opening for the first terminal formed in the insulation film, and for exposing a part of the first conductive film pattern; and a nickel film formed over the first conductive film pattern at a portion thereof exposed from the first opening, wherein a semiconductor element controls a conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal, wherein the first terminal is formed of the first conductive film Pattern and the nickel film, wherein the first conductive film pattern is formed of a lamination film having a first conductor film containing aluminum, and a second conductor film formed over a surface of the first conductor film, wherein the nickel film is formed over the second conductor film at a portion thereof exposed from the first opening, and wherein the second conductor film is formed of a titanium film, a tungsten film, or a titanium tungsten film. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip includes a main surface, and a back surface opposite to the main surface, and the first terminal is formed on the main surface side, and the second terminal is formed on the back surface side. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a metal plate electrically coupled to the first terminal of the semiconductor chip via a solder. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip further includes: a semiconductor substrate, the interlayer insulation film being formed over the semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor element for controlling the conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal is formed at the semiconductor substrate. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductor film contains aluminum as a main component, and the second conductor film is formed over an entire top surface of the first conductor film. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the semiconductor chip further includes a control terminal for controlling the conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal on the main surface side, and wherein the control terminal is formed of a second conductive film pattern at a same layer as the first conductive film pattern, and a second nickel film formed over the second conductive film pattern at a portion thereof exposed from a second opening for the control terminal formed in the insulation film. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the semiconductor element comprises a trench gate type IGBT, wherein the first terminal comprises an emitter terminal, wherein the second terminal comprises a collector terminal, and wherein the control terminal comprises a gate terminal. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip further has a palladium film formed over the nickel film, and wherein the first terminal is formed of the first conductive film pattern, the nickel film, and the palladium film. 9. A semiconductor device, comprising: a conductive film pattern; an opening for a coupling terminal, formed in an insulation film, and for exposing a part of the conductive film pattern; and a nickel film formed over the conductive film pattern at a portion thereof exposed from the opening, wherein the conductive film pattern is formed of a lamination film having a first conductor film containing aluminum, and a second conductor film formed over a surface of the first conductor film, wherein the nickel film is formed over the second conductor film at a portion thereof exposed from the opening, and wherein the second conductor film is formed of a titanium film, a tungsten film, or a titanium tungsten film. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, further comprising: a semiconductor substrate; and an interlayer insulation film formed over a main surface of the semiconductor substrate; wherein the conductive film pattern for the coupling terminal, is formed over the interlayer insulation film; and wherein the insulation film is formed over the interlayer insulation film so as to cover the conductive film pattern. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the first conductor film contains aluminum as a main component, and the second conductor film is formed over an entire top surface of the first conductor film. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, further comprising a gold film formed over the nickel film. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 12, further comprising a palladium film interposed between the nickel film and the gold film. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, further comprising a back surface electrode formed over a back surface opposite to the main surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein a semiconductor element for controlling the conduction between the conductive film pattern and the back surface electrode is formed at the semiconductor substrate. 15. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor chip which includes: first and second terminals; a first conductive film pattern for the first terminal, formed over an interlayer insulation film; an insulation film formed over the interlayer insulation film so as to cover the first conductive film pattern; a first opening for the first terminal formed in the insulation film, and for exposing a part of the first conductive film pattern; and a nickel film formed over the first conductive film pattern at a portion thereof exposed from the first opening, wherein the first conductive film pattern is formed of a lamination film having a first conductor film containing aluminum, a second conductor film formed over the first conductor film, and a third conductor film formed over the second conductor film, and containing aluminum. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising: a semiconductor substrate, the interlayer insulation film being formed over the semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor chip includes a main surface, and a back surface opposite to the main surface, and includes the first terminal on the main surface side, and the second terminal on the back surface side; and a metal plate electrically coupled to the first terminal of the semiconductor chip via a solder, wherein a semiconductor element for controlling the conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal is formed at the semiconductor substrate. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the first terminal is formed of the first conductive film pattern and the nickel film, wherein the nickel film is formed over the third conductor film at a portion thereof exposed from the first opening, wherein the first conductor film is not doped with copper, wherein the second conductor film is formed of a titanium film, a tungsten film, or a titanium tungsten film, and wherein the third conductor film is doped with copper. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the semiconductor chip further includes a control terminal for controlling the conduction between the first terminal and the second terminal on a main surface side, and wherein the control terminal is formed of a second conductive film pattern at a same layer as the first conductive film pattern, and a second nickel film formed over the second conductive film pattern at a portion thereof exposed from a second opening for the control terminal formed in the insulation film, wherein the semiconductor chip further includes a palladium film formed over the nickel film, and wherein the first terminal is formed of the first conductive film pattern, the nickel film, and the palladium film. 19. An electronic device, comprising the semiconductor device of claim 1. 20. An electronic device, comprising the semiconductor device of claim 9. 21. An electronic device, comprising the semiconductor device of claim 15.",
-    "Various applications and customizations of a thin flexible LED light sheet are described. Microscopic LED dice are printed on a thin substrate, and the LEDs are sandwiched between two conductor layers to connect the LEDs in parallel. The conductor layer on the light emitting side is transparent. In one embodiment, small dots of printed blue LED dies with overlapping dots of a YAG (yellow) phosphor are formed on a substrate, with the areas between the dots being a neutral color or an anti-color (blue for a yellow phosphor). The LED dies are connected in parallel. When the LED dies are in their off state, the yellow phosphor dots will not be perceived by human eyesight at typical viewing distances, and the overall resulting color will be either a pleasing off-white color or a neutral color. The lamp will appear white when the LED dies are on. 1. A light emitting structure comprising: a plurality of light emitting diode (LED) dies printed as an array of first dots on a substrate, where each dot includes at least one LED die; a phosphor deposited as second dots covering at least a portion of the first dots, the second dots having a first color of phosphor-emitted light under ambient light when the LED dies are in an off state; and first areas between the second dots being of a neutral color or a complementary color, relative to the first color, to reduce a perception of the first color second dots by a human observer. 2. The structure of claim 1 wherein the second dots comprise one of round dots or dots with straight edges. 3. The structure of claim 1 wherein the second dots have a width of 3 mm or less. 4. The structure of claim 1 wherein a combined area of the first areas is greater than a combined area of the second dots. 5. The structure of claim 1 wherein a combined area of the first areas is at least twice as great as a combined area of the second dots. 6. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first areas are white. 7. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first color comprises yellow and the first areas comprises blue. 8. The structure of claim 1 wherein the second dots are larger than the first dots. 9. The structure of claim 1 wherein the second dots are smaller than the first dots. 10. The structure of claim 1 wherein light from the LED dies combines with light emitted by the phosphor to generate white light. 11. The structure of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises an overhead lamp for general illumination. 12. The structure of claim 1 wherein the number of second dots in the structure exceeds 1000. 13. The structure of claim 1 wherein the LED dies are microscopic LED dies printed using an LED ink, and there are a random number of LED dies within each of the first dots. 14. The structure of claim 1 wherein there is no diffusing layer between the second dots and an observer. 15. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first dots and second dots are printed in straight rows and columns. 16. The structure of claim 1 wherein the first dots and second dots are printed in non-straight lines.",
-    "A method is implemented by a network device acting as a border gateway protocol (BGP) speaker in a network including a plurality of network devices. The method implements selective route refresh for BGP link state (BGP-LS) to reduce communication overhead in sharing network topology information with other BGP speakers in the network. The method includes receiving an advanced route refresh message from a peer BGP speaker, where the advanced route refresh message includes an address family identifier (AFI), a subsequent address family identifier (SAFI), and one or more parameters associated with the AFI and the SAFI. The method further includes determining a subset of network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters in the received advanced route refresh message and transmitting the subset of network topology information to the peer BGP speaker. 1. A method implemented by a network device acting as a border gateway protocol (BGP) speaker in a network including a plurality of network devices, the method to implement selective route refresh for BGP link state (BGP-LS) to reduce communication overhead in sharing network topology information with other BGP speakers in the network, the method comprising: receiving an advanced route refresh message from a peer BGP speaker, wherein the advanced route refresh message includes an address family identifier (AFI), a subsequent address family identifier (SAFI), and one or more parameters associated with the AFI and the SAFI; determining a subset of network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters in the received advanced route refresh message; and transmitting the subset of network topology information to the peer BGP speaker. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters include an autonomous system (AS) number and a link state identifier (LS-ID) associated with the AFI and the SAFI. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more parameters further include a protocol instance identifier associated with the AS number and the LS-ID. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the protocol instance identifier includes a protocol and an instance identifier. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more parameters further include a network layer reachability information (NLRI) identifier associated with the protocol instance identifier. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the NLRI identifier includes an NLRI type. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters include a route distinguisher (RD). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the subset of network topology information comprises submitting a query for network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters, and filtering a result of the query according to an outbound route filtering policy. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating another advanced route refresh message, wherein the another advanced route refresh message includes an AFI, a SAFI, and one or more parameters associated with the AFI and SAFI of the another advanced route refresh message; transmitting the another advanced route refresh message to another peer BGP speaker; receiving, from the another peer BGP speaker, another subset of network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters in the another advanced route refresh message; and updating network topology information with the another subset of network topology information received from the another peer BGP speaker. 10. A network device configured to act as a border gateway protocol (BGP) speaker in a network including a plurality of network devices, the network device configured to implement selective route refresh for BGP link state (BGP-LS) to reduce communication overhead in sharing network topology information with other BGP speakers in the network, the network device comprising: a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having stored therein a BGP advanced route refresh component; and a set of one or more processors coupled to the non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, the set of one or more processors configured to execute the BGP advanced route refresh component, the BGP advanced route refresh component configured to receive an advanced route refresh message from a peer BGP speaker, wherein the advanced route refresh message includes an address family identifier (AFI), a subsequent address family identifier (SAFI), and one or more parameters associated with the AFI and the SAFI, determine a subset of network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters in the received advanced route refresh message, and transmit the subset of network topology information to the peer BGP speaker. 11. The network device of claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters include an autonomous system (AS) number and a link state identifier (LS-ID) associated with the AFI and the SAFI. 12. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having computer code stored therein, which when executed by a set of one or more processors of a network device acting as a border gateway protocol (BGP) speaker in a network, causes the network device to perform operations for implementing selective route refresh for BGP link state (BGP-LS) to reduce communication overhead in sharing network topology information with other BGP speakers in the network, the operations comprising: receiving an advanced route refresh message from a peer BGP speaker, wherein the advanced route refresh message includes an address family identifier (AFI), a subsequent address family identifier (SAFI), and one or more parameters associated with the AFI and the SAFI; determining a subset of network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters in the received advanced route refresh message; and transmitting the subset of network topology information to the peer BGP speaker. 13. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more parameters include an autonomous system (AS) number and a link state identifier (LS-ID) associated with the AFI and the SAFI. 14. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the one or more parameters further include a protocol instance identifier associated with the AS number and the LS-ID. 15. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the protocol instance identifier includes a protocol and an instance identifier. 16. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the one or more parameters further include a network layer reachability information (NLRI) identifier associated with the protocol instance identifier. 17. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the NLRI identifier includes an NLRI type. 18. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the one or more parameters include a route distinguisher (RD). 19. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein determining the subset of network topology information comprises submitting a query for network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters, and filtering a result of the query according to an outbound route filtering policy. 20. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the computer code, when executed by the set of one or more processors, causes the network device to perform further operations comprising: generating another advanced route refresh message, wherein the another advanced route refresh message includes an AFI, a SAFI, and one or more parameters associated with the AFI and SAFI of the another advanced route refresh message; transmitting the another advanced route refresh message to another peer BGP speaker; receiving, from the another peer BGP speaker, another subset of network topology information that matches the AFI, the SAFI, and the one or more parameters in the another advanced route refresh message; and updating network topology information with the another subset of network topology information received from the another peer BGP speaker.",
-    "Apparatus and methods for a baby bottle assembly are provided. The baby bottle assembly may include a nipple and an internally threaded collar configured to receive a bottom portion of the nipple. The assembly may also include a receptacle including an externally threaded neck and a cylindrical surface defining a mouth of the receptacle. The assembly may further include a bottle insert including a flange, the flange having an outer circumference greater than or equal to a circumference of the mouth. A top surface of the bottle insert may include a plurality of apertures and a top portion of a hollow protrusion. A bottom surface of the bottle insert may include a bottom portion of the hollow protrusion, the plurality of apertures and a diaphragm. 1. A baby bottle comprising: a nipple; a tube; a receptacle; and a bottle insert configured to be positioned on the receptacle, said insert joined to the nipple by the tube, said insert comprising: a plurality of apertures; and a diaphragm for selectively sealing the apertures, wherein the diaphragm, in a first state, is configured to prevent liquid from leaking out of the receptacle via the apertures, and, in a second state, the diaphragm is configured to unseal the plurality of apertures and allow air to replace the liquid that is removed from the receptacle via the nipple. 2. The baby bottle of claim 1 wherein the first state corresponds to period of time when no liquid is being removed from the baby bottle via the nipple. 3. The baby bottle of claim 1 wherein the second state corresponds to a period of time when liquid is being removed from the receptacle via the nipple. 4. The baby bottle of claim 1 wherein the tube is coupled to the bottle insert by fitting an end of the tube over a hollow protrusion extending away from a top surface of the bottle insert. 5. The baby bottle of claim 1 wherein: the receptacle includes a mouth; and the bottle insert includes a flange having a diameter equal to or greater than a diameter of the mouth. 6. A baby bottle assembly comprising: a nipple; an internally threaded collar configured to receive a bottom portion of the nipple; a receptacle comprising a mouth and an externally threaded neck; a bottle insert comprising: a flange that comprises an outer circumference greater than or equal to a circumference of the mouth; a plurality of apertures; and a hollow protrusion; a diaphragm configured to seal and unseal the apertures in response to air or liquid being removed from the receptacle via the nipple; and a locking ring configured to threadedly engage the externally threaded neck of the receptacle and secure the flange of the bottle insert between the threaded neck and the locking ring. 7. The baby bottle of claim 6, wherein the hollow protrusion is a first hollow protrusion, the baby bottle further comprising an externally threaded collar insert configured to threadedly engage the internally threaded collar, the collar insert comprising a second hollow protrusion. 8. The baby bottle of claim 7 further comprising a first tube configured to couple the collar insert and the bottle insert. 9. The baby bottle of claim 8 wherein: the first tube includes a first end and a second send; the first end is configured to be affixed to the second hollow protrusion; and the second end is configured to be affixed to the first hollow protrusion. 10. The baby bottle of claim 9 further comprising a second tube, wherein an end of the second tube is configured to be coupled to the first hollow protrusion. 11. The baby bottle of claim 6 wherein a baby sucking from the nipple removes air or liquid from the receptacle. 12. The baby bottle of claim 9 wherein the first tube is affixed to the first hollow protrusion by a friction fit that maintains a liquid tight seal between the first tube and the first hollow protrusion. 13. The baby bottle of claim 9 wherein the first tube is affixed to the second hollow protrusion by a friction fit that maintains a liquid tight seal between the first tube and the second hollow protrusion. 14. The baby bottle of claim 10 wherein the second tube is affixed to the first hollow protrusion by a friction fit that maintains a liquid tight seal between the second tube and the first hollow protrusion. 15. The baby bottle of claim 6 wherein the diaphragm is held in position by threaded engagement of the locking ring and the externally threaded neck of the receptacle. 16. The baby bottle of claim 6 wherein the diaphragm forms a liquid tight seal over the apertures when fluid is not being removed from the receptacle via the nipple. 17. The baby bottle of claim 10 wherein the second tube extends along a height of the receptacle. 18. The baby bottle of claim 6 wherein apertures are positioned below the flange. 19. The baby bottle of claim 6 wherein the hollow protrusion is a cylindrical hollow protrusion. 20. The baby bottle of claim 6 wherein an inner flap of the diaphragm is configured to: form a liquid tight seal over the apertures when fluid is not being removed from the receptacle via the nipple; and unseal the apertures when fluid is being removed from the receptacle via the nipple.",
-    "A loose fitting hair restraining band is configured to fit loosely on the head to restrain a portion of the hair without disrupting the natural hairstyle. The band is defined by a generally arced shape that creates an inward tension. The inward tension helps maintain the band on the head despite the generally loose fit. The band is also defined by a pliable material composition. The pliable composition of the band provides easy manipulation and a generally loose fit on the head. Furthermore, the band is configured to form a space relative to the surface of the head. The space creates partial separation between the band and the hair, such that there is minimal disruption to the natural hair style. The space also forms a passage for the air to circulate through the hair. 1. A hair restraining band for loosely restraining a portion of the hair, the band comprising: a pair of legs, the pair of legs defined by a substantially arced shape configured to create an inward tension, the pair of legs further defined by a substantially pliable material composition, each leg comprising a junction end and a free end; and a restraint member, the restraint member defined by an inner surface, an outer surface, a top edge, a bottom edge, and a pair of lateral edges, the pair of lateral edges configured to integrally join the junction end of the pair of legs, the restraint member further defined by a substantially arced shape configured to create an inward tension, the restraint member further defined by a substantially pliable material composition, the restraint member further defined by a substantially uneven surface, the uneven surface arranged to form at least one space along the length of the inner surface. 2. The band of claim 1, wherein the band is configured to be operable to restrain a portion of hair on a head. 3. The band of claim 1, wherein the pair of legs are configured to be operable to rest on ears. 4. The band of claim 1, wherein the free end of the pair of legs pivots on the ears. 5. The band of claim 1, wherein the inward tension is configured to help secure the band on the head. 6. The band of claim 1, wherein the junction end is fixed to the pair of lateral edges of the restraint member. 7. The band of claim 1, wherein the junction end is pivotally attached to the pair of lateral edges of the restraint member. 8. The band of claim 1, wherein the pliable material composition of the pair of legs includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: zylonite, polycarbonate, polyurethane, thermoplastics, polymers, fiberglass, aluminum, and metal alloys. 9. The band of claim 1, wherein the pliable material composition of the restraint member includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: zylonite, polycarbonate, polyurethane, thermoplastics, polymers, fiberglass, aluminum, and metal alloys. 10. The band of claim 1, wherein the uneven surface comprises a V-shaped pattern. 11. The band of claim 1, wherein the band is hypoallergenic. 12. The band of claim 1, wherein the outer surface comprises a reflective member for reflecting light. 13. The band of claim 12, wherein the reflective member includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: metal, a reflective tape, glass, and a polymer. 14. A hair restraining band for loosely restraining a portion of the hair, the band comprising: a pair of legs, the pair of legs defined by a substantially arced shape configured to create an inward tension, the pair of legs further defined by a substantially pliable material composition, each leg comprising a junction end and a free end; a restraint member, the restraint member defined by an inner surface, an outer surface, a top edge, a bottom edge, and a pair of lateral edges, the pair of lateral edges configured to integrally join the junction end of the pair of legs, the restraint member further defined by a substantially arced shape configured to create an inward tension, the restraint member further defined by a substantially pliable material composition, the restraint member further defined by a substantially uneven surface, the uneven surface arranged to form at least one space along the length of the inner surface; and a reflective member, the reflective member disposed to overlay the outer surface of the restraint member, the reflective member configured to at least partially reflect light. 15. The band of claim 14, wherein the junction end is fixed to the pair of lateral edges of the restraint member. 16. The band of claim 14, wherein the junction end is pivotally attached to the pair of lateral edges of the restraint member. 17. The band of claim 14, wherein the pliable material composition of the pair of legs includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: zylonite, polycarbonate, polyurethane, thermoplastics, polymers, fiberglass, aluminum, and metal alloys. 18. The band of claim 14, wherein the pliable material composition of the restraint member includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: zylonite, polycarbonate, polyurethane, thermoplastics, polymers, fiberglass, aluminum, and metal alloys. 19. The band of claim 14, wherein the uneven surface comprises a V-shaped pattern. 20. The band of claim 14, wherein the reflective member includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: metal, a reflective tape, glass, and a polymer.",
-    "Motion sensing devices for computer security are provided herein. In various embodiments, a security device includes a sensor for detecting movement of a computing device to which the security device is coupled, a transmitter, a processor, a memory, and instructions that are executed to receive from the sensor a message indicative of the movement of the computing device, determine if the computing device has been moved using the sensor message, and activate a camera to obtain image or video of an area proximate the computing device. 1. A security device, comprising: a sensor for detecting movement of a computing device to which the security device is coupled or movement of an individual proximate the computing device; a transmitter; a camera positioned on the computing device so as to capture an area proximate the computing device; a processor; and a memory for storing executable instructions, the processor executing the instructions to: receive from the sensor a message indicative of the movement of the computing device or movement of the individual proximate the computing device; determine if the computing device has been moved or if the individual is proximate the computing device, using the sensor message; control the camera to obtain images or video of the area proximate the computing device; and transmit the images or video through the transmitter to a mobile device of a user. 2. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the processor further executes the instructions to output a warning message using the transmitter, if the computing device has been moved or that the individual proximate the computing device. 3. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the camera is mounted on an extension that extends from a housing of the security device. 4. The security device according to claim 3, wherein the camera comprises a plurality of lenses that are mounted on an end of the extension and angularly offset from one another such that the camera can capture the images or video in a plurality of directions relative to the computing device. 5. The security device according to claim 4, wherein the sensor, transmitter, processor, and memory are disposed within the housing, wherein the security device further comprises a rechargeable battery disposed within the housing, the rechargeable battery in electrical communication with an interface that provides both electrical and communicative connection to a port of the computing device. 6. The security device according to claim 4, wherein the images or video are transmitted to cloud storage. 7. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a passive infrared sensor that detects body heat from the individual proximate the computing device. 8. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises an ultrasonic sensor that senses the movement of the computing device relative to other objects adjacent to the computing device. 9. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a microwave sensor that senses the movement of the computing device relative to other objects adjacent to the computing device. 10. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a tomographic sensor or network of tomographic sensors. 11. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the processor further executes the instructions to pair the security device with a mobile device over a communications path, wherein a warning message is output by the transmitter to the mobile device over the communications path. 12. The security device according to claim 1, further comprising an audio output device, the audio output device being controlled by the processor to output a warning message as a warning tone. 13. The security device according to claim 1, further comprising: a housing that encloses the sensor, the processor, and the memory; and a clamp that couples the housing to the computing device. 14. The security device according to claim 1, further comprising: a housing; and means for positioning the sensor proximate an object that is adjacent to the computing device, the means for positioning the sensor extending from the housing. 15. The security device according to claim 1, wherein a warning message is output and comprises at least two or more of an audible warning, a visual warning, a textual warning, or any combinations thereof. 16. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the processor further executes the instructions to: evaluate the sensor message to determine if the computing device has been gyrated rather than moved; and cause either an audio device to output a warning signal that the computing device has been gyrated or the transmitter to output a signal that is indicative that the computing device has been gyrated. 17. The security device according to claim 1, wherein the security device is integrated into a protective cover that is configured to enclose at least a portion of the computing device. 18. The security device according to claim 1, further comprising a locking interface that is configured to secure the security device to the computing device so as to make removal of the security device from the computing device difficult. 19. A security system, comprising: a security device comprising: a sensor for detecting movement of a computing device or movement of an individual proximate the computing device; means for communicatively coupling the sensor with the computing device; and a camera configured to capture images or video of an area proximate the computing device; and the computing device comprising: a processor; and a memory for storing executable instructions, the processor executing the instructions to: receive from the sensor a message indicative of the movement of the computing device or movement of the individual proximate the computing device; determine if the computing device has been moved or if the individual is proximate the computing device, using the sensor message; control the camera to obtain the images or video of the area proximate the computing device; and transmit the images or video to a mobile device of a user. 20. The security system according to claim 19, wherein the camera comprises a lens disposed on a rotatable extension of a housing of the security device, further wherein the lens is rotatable to point in a direction of the movement sensed by the sensor. 21. The security system according to claim 19, wherein the security device is hingedly connected to a housing of the computing device and folds from a stored configuration to a deployed configuration.",
-    "Selective high-frequency spinal chord modulation for inhibiting pain with reduced side affects and associated systems and methods are disclosed. In particular embodiments, high-frequency modulation in the range of from about 1.5 KHz to about 50 KHz may be applied to the patient's spinal chord region to address low back pain without creating unwanted sensory and/or motor side affects. In other embodiments, modulation in accordance with similar parameters can be applied to other spinal or peripheral locations to address other indications. In particular embodiments, aspects of the foregoing modulation therapies may be implemented by systems and devices that have simplified functionalities. 1-55. (canceled) 56. A method for treating a patient, comprising: selecting a signal delivery program from between at most two available signal delivery programs, including a first signal delivery program having first signal delivery parameters and a second signal delivery program having second signal delivery parameters, with at least one of the second signal delivery parameters different than a corresponding one of the first signal delivery parameters; and applying an electrical signal to the patient in accordance with the selected signal delivery program at a frequency of from about 3 kHz to about 50 kHz, at a vertebral level of from about T9 to about T12 to at least inhibit chronic low back pain in the patient. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein selecting a signal delivery program includes manually selecting the signal delivery program. 58. The method of claim 56 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first current amplitude and wherein the second signal delivery program has a second current amplitude different than the first current amplitude. 59. The method of claim 58 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first set of active electrical contacts and a first signal delivery frequency, and wherein the second signal delivery program has a second set of active electrical contacts and a second signal delivery frequency, the first and second sets of electrical contacts being the same and the first and second signal delivery frequencies being the same. 60. The method of claim 56 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first current amplitude and wherein the second signal delivery program has a second current amplitude different than the first current amplitude, and wherein the difference between the first and second current amplitudes is the only difference between the first and second signal delivery programs. 61. The method of claim 56 wherein applying an electrical signal to the patient includes applying the electrical signal in accordance with the first signal delivery program when the patient is awake, and in accordance with the second signal delivery program when the patient is asleep. 62. The method of claim 56 wherein applying an electrical signal to the patient includes applying the electrical signal in accordance with the first signal delivery program when the patient engage in a first activity, and in accordance with the second signal delivery program when the patient engages in a second activity different than the first. 63. A patient therapy system, comprising: a patient-implantable pulse generator electrically coupleable to a signal delivery device, the pulse generator being programmed with instructions for delivering a modulation signal at a frequency of from about 3 kHz to about 50 kHz; and a remote control having an input device that is wirelessly coupleable to the pulse generator, the input device being operable to select from at most two selectable signal delivery programs in accordance with which signals are provided to the signal delivery device, including a first signal delivery program having first signal delivery parameters and a second signal delivery program having second signal delivery parameters, with at least one of the second signal delivery parameters different than a corresponding one of the first signal delivery parameter. 64. The system of claim 63 wherein the input device includes a manually activated input device. 65. The system of claim 63 wherein the input device is the only input device of the remote control that is operable to transmit an instruction signal. 66. The system of claim 63 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first current amplitude and wherein the second signal delivery program has a second current amplitude different than the first current amplitude. 67. The system of claim 66 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first set of active electrical contacts and a first signal delivery frequency, and wherein the second signal delivery program has a second set of active electrical contacts and a second signal delivery frequency, the first and second sets of electrical contacts being the same and the first and second signal delivery frequencies being the same. 68. The system of claim 63 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first current amplitude and wherein the second signal delivery program has a second current amplitude different than the first current amplitude, and wherein the difference between the first and second current amplitudes is the only difference between the first and second signal delivery programs. 69. The system of claim 63 wherein the first and second signal delivery programs are selectable by the patient via the input device in a manner that depends on the patient's sleep cycle. 70. The system of claim 63 wherein the first and second signal delivery programs are selectable by the patient via the input device in a manner that depends on an activity engaged in by the patient. 71-82. (canceled) 83. A method for treating a patient, comprising: selecting a signal delivery program from between at most three available signal delivery programs, including a first signal delivery program having first signal delivery parameters, a second signal delivery program having second signal delivery parameters, and a third signal deliver program having third signal delivery parameters, wherein at least one of the first signal delivery parameters is different than a corresponding one of the second signal delivery parameters, and a corresponding one of the third signal delivery parameters is different than the corresponding first and second signal delivery parameters; and applying an electrical signal to the patient in accordance with the selected signal delivery program at a frequency of from about 3 kHz to about 50 kHz, at a vertebral level of from about T9 to about T12 to at least inhibit chronic low back pain in the patient. 84. The method of claim 83 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first current amplitude, the second signal delivery program has a second current amplitude different than the first current amplitude, and the third signal delivery program has a third current amplitude different than the first current amplitude and the second current amplitude. 85. The method of claim 84 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first set of active electrical contacts and a first signal delivery frequency, the second signal delivery program has a second set of active electrical contacts and a second signal delivery frequency, and the third signal delivery program has a third set of active electrical contacts and a third signal delivery frequency, the first, second, and third sets of electrical contacts being the same and the first, second, and third signal delivery frequencies being the same. 86. The method of claim 83 wherein the first signal delivery program has a first current amplitude, the second signal delivery program has a second current amplitude different than the first current amplitude, and the third signal delivery program has a third current amplitude different than the first current amplitude and the second current amplitude, and wherein the difference between the first, second, and third current amplitudes is the only difference between the first, second, and third signal delivery programs. 87. The method of claim 83 wherein applying an electrical signal to the patient includes applying the electrical signal in accordance with the first signal delivery program when the patient is awake, in accordance with the second signal delivery program when the patient is asleep, and in accordance with the third signal delivery program when the patient is active. 88. A patient therapy system, comprising: a patient-implantable pulse generator electrically coupleable to a signal delivery device, the pulse generator being programmed with instructions for delivering a modulation signal at a frequency of from about 3 kHz to about 50 kHz; and a remote control having an input device that is wirelessly coupleable to the pulse generator, the input device being operable to select from at most three selectable signal delivery programs in accordance with which signals are provided to the signal delivery device, including a first signal delivery program having first signal delivery parameters, a second signal delivery program having second signal delivery parameters, and a third signal deliver program having third signal delivery parameters, wherein at least one of the first signal delivery parameters is different than a corresponding one of the second signal delivery parameters, and a corresponding one of the third signal delivery parameters is different than the corresponding first and second signal delivery parameters. 89. The system of claim 88, further comprising providing signals to the signal delivery device in accordance with the first signal delivery program when the patient is awake, in accordance with the second signal delivery program when the patient is asleep, and in accordance with the third signal delivery program when the patient is active.",
-    "A method for producing a reflection-reducing layer system on a substrate and a reflection-reducing layer system are disclosed. According to an embodiment the method includes depositing a refractive index gradient layer on the substrate by co-evaporation of an inorganic material and an organic material, wherein the refractive index gradient layer has a refractive index which decreases in a growth direction, depositing an organic layer above the refractive index gradient layer, and producing a nanostructure in the organic layer by a plasma etching process. 1. A method for producing a reflection-reducing layer system on a substrate, the method comprising: depositing a refractive index gradient layer on the substrate by coevaporation of an inorganic material and an organic material, wherein the refractive index gradient layer has a refractive index which decreases in a growth direction; depositing an organic layer above the refractive index gradient layer; and producing a nanostructure in the organic layer by a plasma etching process. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nanostructure has a plurality of structure elements whose heights are on average between 80 nm and 130 nm and whose spacings are on average less than 100 nm. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic material of the refractive index gradient layer has a refractive index n1 where 1.37\u2266n1\u22661.46, and wherein the organic material of the refractive index gradient layer has a refractive index n2>n1 where 1.6\u2266n2\u22661.9. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index of the refractive index gradient layer at an interface with the substrate is matched to a refractive index of the substrate. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic material is a UV-absorbing material. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic layer has at least regionally an effective refractive index of between 1.05 and 1.38. 7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising, prior to depositing the organic layer, depositing an inorganic intermediate layer on the refractive index gradient layer. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising, after producing the nanostructure, applying a protective layer having a thickness of between 10 nm and 50 nm to the nanostructure. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the entire reflection-reducing layer system is produced in a vacuum process. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic layer is deposited by plasma ion assisted deposition using a plasma ion source, and wherein the nanostructure is subsequently produced by increasing the ion energy and/or changing a process gas of the plasma ion source. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic layer comprises melamine. 12. A reflection-reducing layer system, the system comprising a refractive index gradient layer comprising an inorganic material and an organic material in a spatially varying composition, wherein the refractive index gradient layer has a refractive index which decreases in a growth direction; and an organic layer arranged above the refractive index gradient layer, the organic layer having a surface provided with a nanostructure. 13. The reflection-reducing layer system according to claim 12, wherein the nanostructure has a plurality of structure elements whose heights are on average between 80 nm and 130 nm and whose spacings are on average less than 100 nm. 14. The reflection-reducing layer system according to claim 12, wherein the refractive index of the refractive index gradient layer at an interface with a substrate of the reflection-reducing layer system is matched to a refractive index of the substrate. 15. The reflection-reducing layer system according to claim 12, wherein a total thickness of the reflection-reducing layer system is between 250 nm and 450 nm.",
-    "The disclosure concerns accessories configured to engage with a ratchet belt system for display and storage thereof. A hanging accessory includes a planar body portion, a tongue extending from the planar body portion, and one or more notch strips disposed on the tongue and configured to engage a buckle of the ratchet belt system. 1. An article for hanging a ratchet belt, comprising: a planar body portion comprising a hanger slot extending from a first edge of the planar body portion toward a center thereof; a tongue extending from the planar body portion; each of the planar body portion and the tongue extending along a longitudinal axis and disposed within a longitudinal plane; and at least one notch strip longitudinally disposed along at least a first surface of the tongue, the at least one notch strip being configured to engage a buckle of the ratchet belt for hanging the ratchet belt therefrom; characterized in that: said notch strip comprises a plurality of notches each disposed adjacent to one another along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis; and each of said notches includes: a vertical wall extending vertically from the tongue in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal plane, and a tapered surface extending from a terminus of the vertical wall to the first surface of the tongue forming a tapered volume therebetween. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the tongue comprises a tongue width configured to nest within the ratchet belt. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the at least one notch strip comprises a first notch strip and a second notch strip each disposed in a side by side configuration. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the planar body portion comprises a body width at a widest section of the body portion, and the body width of the planar body portion is greater than the tongue width for stopping the buckle at the junction of the tongue and the planar body portion. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the hanger slot is configured to receive and engage a closet dowel. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the hanger slot is configured to receive and engage a slat wall hook. 7. The article of claim 1, comprising a first tongue and a second tongue each extending from the planar body portion, wherein each of the first and second tongues is configured to receive and engage a respective ratchet buckle. 8. An article for hanging a ratchet belt, comprising: a planar body portion having a hanger slot disposed therein, wherein the hanger slot is configured to receive and engage at least a portion of a hanging fixture; a tongue extending from the planar body portion; each of the planar body portion and the tongue extending along a longitudinal axis and disposed within a longitudinal plane; and at least one notch strip longitudinally disposed along at least a first surface of the tongue, the at least one notch strip being configured to engage a buckle of the ratchet belt for hanging the ratchet belt therefrom; wherein said notch strip comprises a plurality of notches each disposed adjacent to one another along at least a portion of the longitudinal axis; and each of said notches includes: a vertical wall extending vertically from the tongue in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal plane, and a tapered surface extending from a terminus of the vertical wall to the first surface of the tongue forming a tapered volume therebetween.",
-    "A ratchet wrench includes a first body made of light material and has a first recess, a closed bottom, a first hole, a first groove, a second recess and a shoulder formed between the first and second recesses. A second body made of strong material and has a first portion and a second portion so as to be respectively received in the first and second recesses. The first portion is rested on the shoulder. A ratchet wheel and a pawl respectively received in the second body, and a switch unit is connected to the second body to operate the pawl to be engaged with the ratchet wheel. The ratchet wrench has simple structure and easily assembled and manufactured. The ratchet wrench is light and durable. 1. A ratchet wrench comprising: a body made of light material and having a first recess which has a closed bottom, the first recess having a first side, a second side and a third side, the first and third sides each being a curved side, the second side being a straight side, the second side being tangent to the first and third sides, a first hole defined through the closed bottom and sharing a common axis with the first side, a diameter of the first side being larger than that of the first hole, a first groove defined in an inner periphery of the first hole, a second recess defined in the body and located above the first recess and being larger than the first recess, a shoulder formed between the first and second recesses, the second recess being offset from the first recess, the first, second and third sides located between the closed bottom and the shoulder; a second body made of strong material and having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being smaller than the second portion, the first portion received in the first recess and contacting the closed bottom, the second portion received in the second recess and contacting the shoulder, the second body having a first room, a second room and a third room, the first room, the second room and the third room communicating with each other, the first room being a round through hole, the first room sharing a common axis with the first hole, the first room and the first hole have the same diameter, the second room defined in an inner periphery of the first room, a center of the second room located within the first room, a diameter of the second room being smaller than that of the first room, the second room having a closed top, the second room having a fourth side, the second side facing the second room which is located between the first and third rooms, the third room is a round hole, a diameter of the third room being smaller than that of the second room, the third room sharing a common axis with the third side, an end face formed around a top of the second portion; a ratchet wheel pivotably located in the first hole and the first room, the ratchet wheel having a toothed portion defined in an outer periphery thereof, the ratchet wheel having an engaging recess defined in a center thereof, a disk connected to a top of the ratchet wheel, a periphery of the disk protruding outward radially from the top of the ratchet wheel, the disk contacting the end face of the second body, the ratchet wheel having a second groove which is located corresponding to the first groove; a pawl located in the second room of the second body and being movable within the second room, a top of the pawl being restricted by the fourth side of the second body, a bottom of the pawl being restricted by the closed bottom of the first body, the pawl having engaging teeth defined in a front side thereof, the engaging teeth engaged with the toothed portion of the ratchet wheel; a switch unit pivotably connected to the third room of the second body and controlling movement of the pawl in the second room; the switch unit having a switch member, a cap and a spring, the switch member being pivotably connected to the third room, an underside of the switch member contacting the closed bottom of the first body, a lever connected to a top of the switch member and exposed beyond the second body, the lever contacting the end face, the switch unit having a reception recess which faces the pawl, the cap and the spring located in the reception recess, the cap being biased by the spring to contact a rear side of the pawl so as to push the pawl to engage the engaging teeth with the toothed portion of the ratchet wheel, the cap contacting the fourth side of the second body to prevent the switch unit from disengaging from the third room, and a clip engaged with the first and second grooves to restrict the ratchet wheel within the first hole and the first room, the disk contacting the end face to connect the second body to the first body. 2. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first body is made of Aluminum, Magnesium, alloy, plastic or carbon fibers. 3. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second body is made of steel, iron or alloy. 4. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the engaging recess is a polygonal recess and is a through passage or a recess with a closed end, or the engaging recess is a rectangular head. 5. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reception recess is a recess with a closed end. 6. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clip is a C-shaped clip. 7. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein a passage is defined in the ratchet wheel and located close to the second groove, the passage communicates with the second groove and the engaging recess, the clip has a contact end which is located in the passage and protrudes into the engaging recess. 8. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first recess and the second recess of the first body have the same shape and size, and no shoulder is formed, the first and second portions have the same shape and size. 9. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first body has a connection recess and a threaded recess, the connection recess defined through the first body and shares a common axis with the third room, the threaded recess is located at a lower end of the connection recess, the switch member has an insertion which is pivotably connected to the connection recess, a distal end of the insertion is threadedly connected to the threaded recess, a nut is connected to the distal end of the insertion, the switch unit is pivotably connected to the third room of the second body. 10. The ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first groove is located at a lower portion of the first hole, the second groove is located at a lower portion of the toothed portion of the ratchet wheel, the clip protrudes beyond the first body.",
-    "A policy-based orchestration method in an exascale class cloud storage environment, and a storage system using the same are provided. The storage orchestration method includes: allocating a combination of different storages to a user as a storage space; and adjusting the combination according to a user's using pattern. Accordingly, the storage can be operated optimally and autonomically, and thus can be operated efficiently and economically. 1. A storage orchestration method comprising: allocating a combination of different storages to a user as a storage space; and adjusting the combination according to a user's using pattern. 2. The storage orchestration method of claim 1, wherein the allocating comprises allocating a first storage space of a first storage and a second storage space of a second storage to the user based on a user's request. 3. The storage orchestration method of claim 2, wherein the allocating comprises determining a type and a kind of the second storage based on the user's using pattern. 4. The storage orchestration method of claim 2, wherein the adjusting comprises reducing an entirety or a part of the first storage space and increasing the second storage space based on a storage space usage rate of the user. 5. The storage orchestration method of claim 4, wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting a type of the second storage for allocating the second storage space based on the storage space usage rate of the user. 6. The storage orchestration method of claim 5, wherein the first storage is an SSD, and the second storage is an HDD, and wherein the second storage is classified into a low specification type, a hybrid type, and a high specification type. 7. The storage orchestration method of claim 5, wherein the adjusting comprises adjusting the first storage space and the second storage type according to a class which is determined based on the storage space usage rate of the user. 8. A storage system comprising: a monitoring unit configured to monitor a user's storage using pattern; and a management unit configured to allocate a combination of different storages to the user as a storage space, and adjust the combination according to a user's using pattern which is monitored by the monitoring unit.",
-    "Electrical charging devices and assemblies are provided herein. An example device includes a housing tray having a sidewall extending perpendicularly from the housing tray, the housing tray being configured to hold a personal electronic device, the housing tray including an electrical connector interface that couples with a charging connector of the personal electronic device. Also, the device includes an electrical connector for electrically coupling with a DC source, the electrical connector capable of being placed in either a deployed configuration where the electrical connector can couple with the DC source or a stored configuration where the electrical connector cannot couple with the DC source. 1. A device, comprising: a housing tray having a sidewall extending perpendicularly from the housing tray, the housing tray being configured to hold a personal electronic device, the housing tray comprising an electrical connector interface that couples with a charging connector of the personal electronic device; a circuit mounted on the housing tray that charges the personal electronic device through the electrical connector interface; and an electrical connector for electrically coupling the circuit with a DC power source, the electrical connector capable of being placed in either a deployed configuration where the electrical connector can couple with the electrical outlet or a stored configuration where the electrical connector cannot couple with the electrical outlet. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electrical connector comprises one or more universal serial bus (USB) connectors. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electrical connector comprises a micro universal serial bus (USB) connector. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the housing tray comprises a sidewall with an aperture, further wherein the electrical connector is disposed behind the sidewall when in the stored configuration and the electrical connector extends at least partially from the sidewall, through the aperture when in the deployed configuration. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electrical connector interface can be selectively changed. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the housing tray comprises a stabilizer that pivotally extends from a lower part of the housing tray, the stabilizer contacting a wall or other support surface. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electrical connector is recessed within the housing tray when the electrical connector is in the stored configuration. 8. A device, comprising: a first housing tray comprising a sidewall extending perpendicularly from the housing tray, the housing tray being configured to hold a personal electronic device, the first housing tray further comprising an electrical connector interface that couples with a charging connector of the personal electronic device; a second housing tray comprising an electrical connector for electrically coupling with a DC source, the electrical connector capable of being placed in either a deployed configuration or a stored configuration; and a third housing tray that comprises a stabilizer, the stabilizer contacting a support surface. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein when the second housing tray and the third housing tray move away from one another the electrical connector is disposed in the deployed configuration and when the second housing tray and the third housing tray move towards one another the electrical connector is disposed in the stored configuration. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the electrical connector translates along a horizontal axis when moving between the deployed and stored configurations and the third housing tray pivots away from the second housing tray. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein the third housing tray is pivotally connected to the second housing tray and supports the weight of the personal electronic device by contacting the support surface. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the stabilizer rotates when extended from the third housing tray such that a mating surface of the stabilizer rests flat against the support surface. 13. The device according to claim 11, wherein the stabilizer includes an internal stabilizer flap that extends from the stabilizer. 14. The device according to claim 8, wherein the second housing tray comprises a pair of upper guides and the third housing tray comprises a pair of lower guides, each of the pair of upper guides comprising a wheel and each of the lower guides comprising a wheel, wherein a first wheel of the pair of upper guides is connected to a first wheel of the pair of lower guides with a first armature, further wherein a second wheel of the pair of upper guides is connected to a second wheel of the pair of lower guides with a second armature. 15. The device according to claim 14, further comprising a hinge coupling the second housing tray with the third housing tray. 16. The device according to claim 14, wherein the first and second wheels of the pair of lower guides are confined such that they can rotate but not translate along the pair of lower guides. 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the first and second wheels of the pair of upper guides can rotate and translate along the pair of upper guides allowing the electrical connector to slidingly translate between the deployed and stored configurations. 18. The device according to claim 8, wherein the electrical connector translates from the deployed configuration to the stored configuration using a pushrod assembly. 19. A device, comprising: a first housing tray comprising a sidewall extending perpendicularly from the housing tray, the housing tray being configured to hold a personal electronic device, the first housing tray further comprising an electrical connector interface that couples with a charging connector of the personal electronic device; a second housing tray comprising: a universal serial bus (USB) connector for electrically coupling the circuit with a USB outlet, the USB connector capable of being placed in either a deployed configuration or a stored configuration based on pivoting movement of a third housing tray relative to the second housing tray; and the third housing tray that comprises a stabilizer, the stabilizer contacting a support surface to support a weight of the personal electronic device.",
-    "A node residing within a wireless mesh network is configured to transmit a state transition message to a downstream node also residing within the wireless mesh network. The state transition message indicates a new operating state for the downstream node. Upon receipt of the state transition message, the downstream node may transition to the new operating state and then transmit an acknowledgement message back to the node that sent the state transition message. Alternatively, the downstream node may transmit the acknowledgement message back to the node that sent the state transition message first, and then transition to the new operating state. 1. A computer-implemented method for causing a first node residing within a network to transition from a first operating state to a second operating state, the method comprising: receiving a first state transition message from a second node that is coupled to the first node and also resides within the network, wherein the state transition message indicates the second operating state, a first sequence with which the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state, and a set of operating parameters associated with the second operating state; determining whether the first sequence indicates that a first acknowledgement message is to be transmitted to the second node based on the second operating state; causing the first node to transition from the first operating state to the second operating state based on the first set of operating parameters; and transmitting, according to the first sequence, the first acknowledgement message to the second node indicating that the first state transition message was received. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising updating a first neighbor table within the first node to indicate that the second node is operating according to the second operating state. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first sequence indicates that the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state prior to transmitting the first acknowledgement message to the second node. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first sequence indicates that the first node should transmit the first acknowledgement message to the second node prior to transitioning from the first operating state to the second operating state. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first state transition message comprises a unicast frame transmitted within a media access control (MAC) layer associated with the network, and wherein the first set of operating parameters are included within a header information element (HIE) associated with the unicast frame. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first state transition message comprises a broadcast frame, and wherein the first set of operating parameters are included within a media access control (MAC) sub-layer management entity payload information element (PIE). 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first set of operating parameters included within the first state transition message designates at least one of a particular operating mode, a particular frequency band, and a particular frequency associated with the second operating state. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the first set of operating parameters included within the first state transition message further designates a particular time when the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state, and a particular duration for which the first node should implement the second operating state. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising determining that the first acknowledgment message was not received from the first node within a threshold amount of time, and re-transmitting the first state transition message to the first node. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising determining that a transition time has elapsed, and updating a second neighbor table within the second node to indicate that the first node is operating according to the second operating state. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions that; when executed by a processor included in a first node within a network, cause the first node to transition from a first operating state to a second operating state, by performing the steps of: receiving a first state transition message from a second node that is coupled to the first node and also resides within the network, wherein the state transition message indicates the second operating state, a first sequence with which the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state, and a set of operating parameters associated with the second operating state; determining whether the first sequence indicates that a first acknowledgement message is to be transmitted to the second node based on the second operating state; causing the first node to transition from the first operating state to the second operating state based on the first set of operating parameters; and transmitting, according to the first sequence, the first acknowledgement message to the second node indicating that the first state transition message was received. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising updating a first neighbor table within the first node to indicate that the second node is operating according to the second operating state. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first sequence indicates that the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state prior to transmitting the first acknowledgement message to the second node. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first sequence indicates that the first node should transmit the first acknowledgement message to the second node prior to transitioning from the first operating state to the second operating state. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first state transition message comprises a unicast frame transmitted within a media access control (MAC) layer associated with the network, and wherein the first set of operating parameters are included within a header information element (HIE) associated with the unicast frame. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first state transition message comprises a broadcast frame, and wherein the first set of operating parameters are included within a media access control (MAC) sub-layer management entity payload information element (PIE). 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first set of operating parameters included within the first state transition message designates at least one of a particular operating mode, a particular frequency band, and a particular frequency associated with the second operating state. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the first set of operating parameters included within the first state transition message further designates a particular time when the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state, and a particular duration for which the first node should implement the second operating state. 19. A first node included within a network, the first node comprising: a memory that includes instructions; and a processor that is coupled to the memory and, when executing the instructions, is configured to: receive a first state transition message from a second node that is coupled to the first node and also resides within the network, wherein the state transition message indicates the second operating state, a first sequence with which the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state, and a set of operating parameters associated with the second operating state; determine whether the first sequence indicates that a first acknowledgement message is to be transmitted to the second node based on the second operating state; cause the first node to transition from the first operating state to the second operating state based on the first set of operating parameters; and transmit, according to the first sequence, the first acknowledgement message to the second node indicating that the first state transition message was received. 20. The first node of claim 19, wherein the first sequence indicates that the first node should transition from the first operating state to the second operating state prior to transmitting the first acknowledgement message to the second node, or the first sequence indicates that the first node should transmit the first acknowledgement message to the second node prior to transitioning from the first operating state to the second operating state.",
-    "A method and apparatus for performing adaptive input current control in an electronic device are provided, where the method may include the steps of: before limiting an input current of a regulator of the electronic device to a target current value, monitoring the input current of the regulator according to a reference current, and decreasing the reference current, to make the reference current change starting from one of a plurality of predetermined reference current values, wherein the input current is obtained from a power source; detecting an input voltage of the regulator to generate a detection signal, to selectively trigger limiting output power of the regulator; and at a time point when the reference current becomes smaller than the input current, limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value with a latest reference current value of the reference current being utilized as the target current value. 1. A method for performing adaptive input current control in an electronic device, the method comprising the steps of: before limiting an input current of a regulator of the electronic device to a target current value, monitoring the input current of the regulator according to a reference signal corresponding to a reference current, and decreasing the reference current by decreasing magnitude of the reference signal corresponding to the reference current, to make the reference current change starting from one of a plurality of predetermined reference current values, wherein the input current is obtained from a power source; detecting an input voltage of the regulator to generate a detection signal corresponding to the input voltage, to selectively trigger limiting output power of the regulator, wherein limiting the output power of the regulator is selectively triggered according to the detection signal; and at a time point when a monitoring result indicates that the reference current becomes smaller than the input current, limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value with a latest reference current value of the reference current being utilized as the target current value, wherein the monitoring result is generated from monitoring the input current of the regulator. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one of the plurality of predetermined reference current values is greater than a maximum current available from the power source; and the method further comprises: before limiting the input current to the target current value, allowing the input current to reach the maximum current available from the power source. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting the input voltage of the regulator to generate the detection signal corresponding to the input voltage to selectively trigger limiting the output power of the regulator further comprises: detecting the input voltage of the regulator to generate the detection signal corresponding to the input voltage, to selectively trigger limiting the output power of the regulator, in order to prevent collapse of the input voltage that is obtained from the power source. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: according to a digital version of the detection signal, selectively triggering limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of selectively triggering limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value further comprises: before the digital version of the detection signal transits from a first logical state to a second logical state, preventing triggering limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of selectively triggering limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value further comprises: when the digital version of the detection signal transits from the first logical state to the second logical state, triggering limiting the input current to the target current value. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of decreasing the reference current to make the reference current change starting from the one of the plurality of predetermined reference current values further comprises: before the detection signal transits from a first state to a second state, keeping decreasing the reference current. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of decreasing the reference current to make the reference current change starting from the one of the plurality of predetermined reference current values further comprises: when the detection signal transits from the first state to the second state, stopping decreasing the reference current, to utilize the latest reference current value of the reference current as the target current value. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein an error control circuit is arranged for performing error control during limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value, and comprises a first error amplifier; and the first error amplifier has a monitoring input terminal and a reference input terminal, wherein the monitoring input terminal of the first error amplifier is arranged for inputting a monitoring signal corresponding to the input current, and the reference input terminal of the first error amplifier is arranged for inputting the reference signal corresponding to the reference current. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a voltage monitoring circuit is arranged for detecting the input voltage of the regulator to generate the detection signal corresponding to the input voltage, and comprises a second error amplifier; and the second error amplifier has a monitoring input terminal and a reference input terminal, wherein the monitoring input terminal of the second error amplifier is arranged for inputting the input voltage or a derivative thereof, and the reference input terminal of the second error amplifier is arranged for inputting a reference signal corresponding to a predetermined voltage level. 11. An apparatus for performing adaptive input current control in an electronic device, the apparatus comprising: a regulator, positioned in the electronic device, arranged for performing regulation for the electronic device; an error control circuit, positioned in the electronic device and coupled to the regulator, arranged for performing error control during limiting an input current of the regulator to a target current value, wherein the input current is obtained from a power source; a voltage monitoring circuit, positioned in the electronic device and coupled to the regulator, arranged for detecting an input voltage of the regulator to generate a detection signal corresponding to the input voltage; and a management circuit, positioned in the electronic device and coupled to the regulator, the error control circuit, and the voltage monitoring circuit, arranged for managing the regulator, wherein before limiting the input current to the target current value, the management circuit monitors, by utilizing the error control circuit, the input current of the regulator according to a reference signal corresponding to a reference current, and decreases the reference current by decreasing magnitude of the reference signal corresponding to the reference current, to make the reference current change starting from one of a plurality of predetermined reference current values, wherein according to the detection signal, the management circuit selectively triggers limiting output power of the regulator, and at a time point when a monitoring result indicates that the reference current becomes smaller than the input current, the management circuit limits, by utilizing the error control circuit, the input current of the regulator to the target current value with a latest reference current value of the reference current being utilized as the target current value, wherein the monitoring result is generated from monitoring the input current of the regulator. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the one of the plurality of predetermined reference current values is greater than a maximum current available from the power source; and before limiting the input current to the target current value, the management circuit allows the input current to reach the maximum current available from the power source. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein according to the detection signal, the management circuit selectively triggers limiting the output power of the regulator, in order to prevent collapse of the input voltage that is obtained from the power source. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein according to a digital version of the detection signal, the management circuit selectively triggers limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein before the digital version of the detection signal transits from a first logical state to a second logical state, the management circuit prevents triggering limiting the input current of the regulator to the target current value. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein when the digital version of the detection signal transits from the first logical state to the second logical state, the management circuit triggers limiting the input current to the target current value. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein before the detection signal transits from a first state to a second state, the management circuit keeps decreasing the reference current. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein when the detection signal transits from the first state to the second state, the management circuit stops decreasing the reference current, to utilize the latest reference current value of the reference current as the target current value. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the error control circuit comprises a first error amplifier; and the first error amplifier has a monitoring input terminal and a reference input terminal, wherein the monitoring input terminal of the first error amplifier is arranged for inputting a monitoring signal corresponding to the input current, and the reference input terminal of the first error amplifier is arranged for inputting the reference signal corresponding to the reference current. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the voltage monitoring circuit comprises a second error amplifier; and the second error amplifier has a monitoring input terminal and a reference input terminal, wherein the monitoring input terminal of the second error amplifier is arranged for inputting the input voltage or a derivative thereof, and the reference input terminal of the second error amplifier is arranged for inputting a reference signal corresponding to a predetermined voltage level.",
-    "A method, an apparatus, and a computer-readable medium for wireless communication are provided. In an aspect, an apparatus may be configured to determine whether to switch to an active mode, a power save mode, or a TWT power save mode. During the TWT power save mode, the apparatus may enter an awake state during TWT service periods and may enter a doze state outside of the TWT service periods. The apparatus may transmit a message to a second wireless device based on the determination. 1. A method of wireless communication by a first wireless device, comprising: determining whether to switch to an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the first wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; and transmitting a message to a second wireless device based on the determination. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the TWT service periods are identified based on a TWT schedule associated with the first wireless device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the message includes a power management indicator that indicates a mode to which the first wireless device intends switch. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving an indication from the second wireless device instructing the first wireless device to switch to or to switch away from the TWT power save mode. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the indication includes an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises: determining if there is additional data for transmission or reception; receiving from the second wireless device a quality of service (QoS) message with an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1; or receiving from the second wireless device a trigger message with a cascaded indicator set to 0 and the trigger message is not intended for the first wireless device. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a mode of the second wireless device. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the determining the mode of the second wireless device comprises receiving a second message from the second wireless device, wherein second message includes a responder mode indicator that indicates whether the second wireless device is in a doze state outside of the TWT service periods, and the determination of the mode of the second wireless device is based on the responder mode indicator. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the mode of the second wireless device comprises receiving a trigger message from the second wireless device, wherein the determination of the mode of the second wireless device is based on whether the trigger message includes resource allocations to any wireless devices. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving from the second wireless device a second message that includes a traffic indication map, wherein the traffic indication map indicates a mode of operation for the first wireless device to select. 11. A method of wireless communication by a first wireless device, comprising: receiving a message from a second wireless device that indicates an intention of the second wireless device to switch to an operating mode that is one of an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the second wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; storing the operating mode associated with the second wireless device; and transmitting to the second wireless device an acknowledgment of the operating mode switch. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the TWT service periods are identified based on a TWT schedule associated with the second wireless device. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the message includes a power management indicator that indicates the operating mode to which the second wireless device intends to switch. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising transmitting a quality of service (QoS) message that includes an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1 to instruct the second wireless device to switch operating modes. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising transmitting a responder mode indicator that indicates whether the first wireless device is in a doze state outside of the TWT service periods. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising transmitting a trigger message with unassigned resources to indicate that the first wireless device will enter into a doze state. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising transmitting a traffic indication map that indicates the operating mode for the second wireless device to select. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising transmitting an indication to the second wireless device instructing the second wireless device to switch to or to switch away from the TWT power save mode. 19. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a first wireless device, comprising: means for determining whether to switch to an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the first wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; and means for transmitting a message to a second wireless device based on the determination. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the TWT service periods are identified based on a TWT schedule associated with the first wireless device. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the message includes a power management indicator that indicates a mode to which the first wireless device intends switch. 22. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising means for receiving an indication from the second wireless device instructing the first wireless device to switch to or to switch away from the TWT power save mode. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the indication includes an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1. 24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the means for determining is configured to: determine if there is additional data for transmission or reception; receive from the second wireless device a quality of service (QoS) message with an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1; or receive from the second wireless device a trigger message with a cascaded indicator set to 0 and the trigger message is not intended for the first wireless device. 25. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising means for determining a mode of the second wireless device. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the means for determining the mode of the second wireless device is configured to receive a second message from the second wireless device, wherein second message includes a responder mode indicator that indicates whether the second wireless device is in a doze state outside of the TWT service periods, and the determination of the mode of the second wireless device is based on the responder mode indicator. 27. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the means for determining the mode of the second wireless device is configured to receive a trigger message from the second wireless device, and wherein the determination of the mode of the second wireless device is based on whether the trigger message includes resource allocations to any wireless devices. 28. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising means for receiving from the second wireless device a second message that includes a traffic indication map, wherein the traffic indication map indicates a mode of operation for the first wireless device to select. 29. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a first wireless device, comprising: means for receiving a message from a second wireless device that indicates an intention of the second wireless device to switch to an operating mode that is one of an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the second wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; means for storing the operating mode associated with the second wireless device; and means for transmitting to the second wireless device an acknowledgment of the operating mode switch. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the TWT service periods are identified based on a TWT schedule associated with the second wireless device. 31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the message includes a power management indicator that indicates the operating mode to which the second wireless device intends to switch. 32. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising means for transmitting a quality of service (QoS) message that includes an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1 to instruct the second wireless device to switch operating modes. 33. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising means for transmitting a responder mode indicator that indicates whether the first wireless device is in a doze state outside of the TWT service periods. 34. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising means for transmitting a trigger message with unassigned resources to indicate that the first wireless device will enter into a doze state. 35. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising means for transmitting a traffic indication map that indicates the operating mode for the second wireless device to select. 36. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising means for transmitting an indication to the second wireless device instructing the second wireless device to switch to or to switch away from the TWT power save mode. 37. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a first wireless device, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to: determine whether to switch to an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the first wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; and transmit a message to a second wireless device based on the determination. 38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the TWT service periods are identified based on a TWT schedule associated with the first wireless device. 39. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the message includes a power management indicator that indicates a mode to which the first wireless device intends switch. 40. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive an indication from the second wireless device instructing the first wireless device to switch to or to switch away from the TWT power save mode. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the indication includes an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1. 42. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine by: determining if there is additional data for transmission or reception; receiving from the second wireless device a quality of service (QoS) message with an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1; or receiving from the second wireless device a trigger message with a cascaded indicator set to 0 and the trigger message is not intended for the first wireless device. 43. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine a mode of the second wireless device. 44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the mode of the second wireless device by receiving a second message from the second wireless device, wherein second message includes a responder mode indicator that indicates whether the second wireless device is in a doze state outside of the TWT service periods, and the determination of the mode of the second wireless device is based on the responder mode indicator. 45. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the mode of the second wireless device by receiving a trigger message from the second wireless device, wherein the determination of the mode of the second wireless device is based on whether the trigger message includes resource allocations to any wireless devices. 46. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to receive from the second wireless device a second message that includes a traffic indication map, wherein the traffic indication map indicates a mode of operation for the first wireless device to select. 47. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a first wireless device, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to: receive a message from a second wireless device that indicates an intention of the second wireless device to switch to an operating mode that is one of an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the second wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; store the operating mode associated with the second wireless device; and transmit to the second wireless device an acknowledgment of the operating mode switch. 48. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the TWT service periods are identified based on a TWT schedule associated with the second wireless device. 49. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the message includes a power management indicator that indicates the operating mode to which the second wireless device intends to switch. 50. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit a quality of service (QoS) message that includes an end of service period (EOSP) indicator set to 1 to instruct the second wireless device to switch operating modes. 51. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit a responder mode indicator that indicates whether the first wireless device is in a doze state outside of the TWT service periods. 52. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit a trigger message with unassigned resources to indicate that the first wireless device will enter into a doze state. 53. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit a traffic indication map that indicates the operating mode for the second wireless device to select. 54. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit an indication to the second wireless device instructing the second wireless device to switch to or to switch away from the TWT power save mode. 55. A computer-readable medium of a first wireless device storing computer-executable code, comprising code to: determine whether to switch to an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the first wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; and transmit a message to a second wireless device based on the determination. 56. A computer-readable medium of a first wireless device storing computer-executable code, comprising code to: receive a message from a second wireless device that indicates an intention of the second wireless device to switch to an operating mode that is one of an active mode, a power save mode, or a target wake time (TWT) power save mode, wherein, during the TWT power save mode, the second wireless device enters an awake state during TWT service periods and enters a doze state outside of the TWT service periods; store the operating mode associated with the second wireless device; and transmit to the second wireless device an acknowledgment of the operating mode switch.",
-    "An activity and volume sensing beverage container cap system for a beverage container including a cap that couples with the beverage container, a processor, a timer and at least one activity level sensor, such as an inclinometer, coupled with the processor. The activity level sensor detects container orientation. When the container is tilted, the timer measures an amount of time in an orientation. Based on the current and previous orientation and the amount of time the container is in different orientations, the processor determines an amount of time of activity of the user, and a level of activity of the user, such as number of steps or moves per time. The inclinometer is also sued to determine the amount of volume dispensed from the container when tilted over a threshold indicative of drinking. Thus one inclinometer may be utilized as both to determine activity level and volume of fluid dispensed. 1. A hydration monitoring system comprising a housing configured to couple with a beverage container wherein said housing comprises an opening that dispenses contents of said beverage container; a moveable seal that closes said opening; one or more sensors coupled with said housing or that extend into said beverage container; a wireless communication interface coupled with said housing; a memory coupled with said housing; a processor coupled with said memory and said wireless communication interface and situated in said housing wherein said processor is configured to receive sensor data from said one or more sensors; calculate or estimate an amount of fluid inside of, an amount of fluid dispensed from or an amount of fluid added to said beverage container from said sensor data; store said amount of fluid in said memory; transmit said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container when a wireless communication channel is available to an external device; a display coupled to said processor and configured to indicate said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor is configured to synchronize personal profile parameters when said wireless communication channel is available to said external device. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor is configured to operate autonomously when said wireless communication channel is not available. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said external device is a smartphone, a tablet computer, a laptop, or a cloud-based system. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise one or more of a capacitance probe, a resistance probe, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a mechanical float, a pressure sensor or a weight sensor. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise a tilt sensor or inclinometer and further comprising a timer that measures how long said valve is open and wherein said processor is configured to estimate an amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container based on data from said tilt sensor or inclinometer and said timer in combination with a predetermined size of a said opening in said housing configured to dispense said liquid. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said tilt sensor or inclinometer is also utilized to calculate an activity level based on changes in tilt over time. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor resets said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container at a regular time interval. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a GPS system, a pedometer, a thermometer, a physiological monitor, a heart rate sensor, a respiration rate sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a blood oxygen level sensor, a hydration sensor, a humidity sensor, an altitude sensor, and a barometric pressure sensor. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein said display is further configured to display an activity level of a user of said beverage container. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein said moveable seal comprises a cover, or a valve and wherein said beverage container further comprises a valve button that activates said valve. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein said processor is further configured to accept or obtain values for one or more factors affecting fluid requirements; calculate an amount of fluid a user of said beverage container is to consume based on said values for one or more factors affecting fluid requirements. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said display is further configured to display said amount of fluid said user of said beverage container has consumed, or is to consume, or both, in a predetermined amount of time. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein said processor is further configured to alert said user after a predetermined interval to consume fluid after a previous amount of fluid is dispensed, or alert said user if said amount of fluid dispensed from said beverage container is below said amount of fluid said user of said beverage container is to consume. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein said one or more factors affecting fluid requirements comprise one or more of an age of said user, weight of said user, temperature, humidity, sunny or cloudy value, activity level, time of day or time since last drink, activity level, motion, altitude, medical needs, number of steps, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen level, and a hydration value obtained from the user. 16. The system of claim 12, wherein said one or more factors affecting fluid requirements comprise an activity level; said one or more sensors comprise an activity level input sensor that measures said activity level. 17. The system of claim 12, wherein said one or more factors affecting fluid requirements comprise an external temperature; said one or more sensors comprise a thermometer that measures said external temperature or receives external temperature data from said wireless communication interface. 18. The system of claim 12, further comprising a timer; at least one sound emitting device; wherein said at least one sound emitting device beeps to indicate one or more time periods to consume fluid as determined by said timer and whether enough fluid has been consumed by the user as determined by said one or more sensors; said at least one sound emitting device remains to beep until enough fluid has been consumed by the user at said one or more time periods as determined by said timer and said one or more sensors.",
-    "A converter component can efficiently manage conversion of data associated with a control system from one engineering unit (EU) type to another EU type, and/or conversion of the data from one language to another language, based at least in part on the user. The converter component can identify a user, or can receive a conversion selection(s) from the user, and can automatically select a specified subset of EU conversions and/or language conversions to employ in relation to the user, convert the data associated with the control system in accordance with the subset, and present the converted data to the user via the interface. The converter component can present a pre-populated table of EU conversions associated with the subset, and can allow a user to add or modify an EU conversion. 1. A system, comprising: at least one processor configured to execute one or more sets of code instructions retained in at least one memory, the one or more sets of code instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, implement components, comprising: a user interface component configured to present a set of items of data or a set of converted items of data associated with a control system; and a converter component configured to identify a set of conversion functions usable to convert at least a portion of the set of items of data based at least in part on a set of user preferences associated with a user, and convert respective items of data of the set of items of data to generate respective converted items of data of the set of converted items of data, in accordance with respective conversion functions of the set of conversion functions, wherein an item of data of the set of items of data is associated with information that is in a first language based at least in part on a first geographical regional industry standard associated with a geographical location of the control system, wherein an engineering unit associated with the item of data is based at least in part on the first geographical regional industry standard, and wherein the converter component is configured to at least one of convert the information associated with the item of data from the first language to a second language associated with a second geographical regional industry standard or convert the engineering unit associated with the first geographical regional industry standard to a second engineering unit associated with the second geographical regional industry standard, based at least in part on the set of user preferences and at least one of a language conversion function or an engineering unit conversion function of the set of conversion functions that is or are determined based at least in part on metadata that is associated with the item of data and related to the engineering unit conversion function. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a second item of data of the set of items of data is associated with information that is in the first language based at least in part on the first geographical regional industry standard associated with the control system, wherein a second engineering unit associated with the second item of data is based at least in part on the first geographical regional industry standard, and wherein the converter component is further configured to identify the second engineering unit associated with the second item of data based at least in part on second metadata associated with the second item of data and obtained from the automation device in the control system, identify a second language conversion function based at least in part on the second metadata and a first user preference of the set of user preferences to facilitate translation of the information to the second language used by the user and associated with the second geographical regional industry standard based at least in part on the second language conversion function, and maintain a data value associated with the second item of data to express the second item of data using the second engineering unit based at least in part on a second user preference of the set of user preferences that indicates data values associated with the second item of data are to be expressed using the second engineering unit associated with the first geographical regional industry standard without regard to the second geographical regional industry standard associated with the second language specifying that the data values associated with the second item of data are to be expressed using a different engineering unit than the second engineering unit. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the converter component is further configured to obtain the metadata associated with the item of data from the automation device that is associated with the item of data. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the metadata comprises indicates a type of the engineering unit associated with the item of data. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the metadata comprises control code relating to the engineering unit conversion function, and wherein the control code relating to the engineering unit conversion function facilitates the conversion of the item of data to a converted item of data of the set of converted items of data based at least in part on the engineering unit conversion function. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the converter component is further configured to comprise a set of conversion tables, wherein a first conversion table of the set of conversion tables comprises at least a first column and a second column, wherein the first column is pre-populated with a set of engineering units and the second column is pre-populated with the set of conversion functions that are respectively correlated to the set of engineering units and facilitate conversion of respective data values expressed in respective engineering units of the set of engineering units to respective different data values expressed in respective different engineering units. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the user interface component is further configured to receive conversion-related information from the user for at least one of: generation of a new conversion function, modification of a specified conversion function in the set of conversion functions, or removal of another specified conversion function from the set of conversion functions, wherein the generation of the new conversion function or the modification of the specified conversion function is associated with at least one of conversion of an engineering unit or conversion of a language in relation to the item of data of the set of items of data, and to provide the conversion-related information to the converter component, and wherein the converter component is further configured to at least one of: generate the new conversion function and add the new conversion function to the set of conversion functions, modify the specified conversion function, or remove the other specified conversion function from the set of conversion functions. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the first conversion table is configured to be presented via the user interface component and comprises a set of cells, wherein at least one cell of the set of cells is associated with a menu comprising a set of available conversion functions that are selectable for use in the set of conversion functions. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the converter component is configured to generate a third column in the first conversion table and a custom set of conversion functions associated with one or more users of a user class in response to received information that indicates at least one custom conversion function to be included in the custom set of conversion functions, wherein the converter component is configured to populate the third column with the custom set of conversion functions, which are respectively correlated to at least a portion of the set of engineering units. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the set of conversion functions is determined as a function of at least one of a geographical regional industry standard or a language selected for presentation of information associated with the control system via the user interface component. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the converter component is further configured to translate information associated with the set of items of data from the first language to the second language in accordance with the language selected, wherein the language selected determines at least in part one or more conversions functions that are to be included in the set of conversion functions. 12. A method, comprising: identifying, by a system comprising a processor, a first conversion function relating to a first engineering unit based at least in part on a first tag associated with a first item of data associated with an automation device of a control system and a set of user preferences associated with a user, wherein the first tag comprises operational settings data relating to the first conversion function, wherein the first item of data is associated with information that is in a first language based at least in part on a first geographical regional industry standard associated with a geographical location of the control system, and wherein a first engineering unit associated with the first item of data is based at least in part on the first geographical regional industry standard; and converting, by the system, at least one of the information associated with the first item of data from the first language to a second language associated with a second geographical regional industry standard or the first engineering unit associated with the first geographical regional industry standard to a second engineering unit associated with the second geographical regional industry standard, based at least in part on the set of user preferences and at least one of the first conversion function or a second conversion function relating to language conversion that is or are determined based at least in part on the first tag that is related to the first conversion function. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, by the system, at least one of a user identifier or authentication credentials associated with the user; identifying, by the system, the set of user preferences corresponding to at least one of the user identifier or the authentication credentials associated with the user; identifying, by the system, a subset of conversion functions associated with the set of user preferences; and utilizing, by the system, at least a portion of the subset of conversion functions to convert respective items of data of a set of items of data to generate respective converted items of data of a set of converted items of data. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, by the system, the first item of data; analyzing, by the system, the set of user preferences and a conversion table to locate the first engineering unit; identifying, by the system, the first conversion function based at least in part on a result of the analyzing the set of user preferences and the conversion table; and applying, by the system, the first conversion function to the first item of data to convert a first data value of the first item of data to a second data value corresponding to a second engineering unit associated with the first conversion function to generate a first converted item of data. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising: creating, by the system, a conversion table; inserting, by the system, a set of engineering units in respective cells of a first column of the conversion table; selecting, by the system, a set of conversion functions; inserting, by the system, respective conversion functions of the set of conversion functions into respective cells of a second column of the conversion table, wherein the respective conversions functions are correlated with respective engineering units of the set of engineering units; and storing, by the system, the conversion table. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: creating, by the system, a conversion table that facilitates converting a set of items of data associated with the control system in accordance with at least one of a selected language or a selected geographical regional industry standard; inserting, by the system, a set of engineering units in respective cells of a first column of the conversion table; selecting, by the system, at least one of a set of disparate engineering units or a set of conversion functions, wherein the at least one of the set of disparate engineering units or the set of conversion functions corresponds to at least one of the selected language or the selected geographical regional industry standard; inserting, by the system, at least one of respective disparate engineering units of the set of disparate engineering units or respective conversion functions of the set of conversion functions into respective cells of a second column of the conversion table, wherein the respective disparate engineering units or the respective conversions functions are correlated with respective engineering units of the set of engineering units; and storing, by the system, the conversion table. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: translating, by the system, information associated with the set of items of data from the first language to the second language to generate translated information, in accordance with the set of conversion functions; associating, by the system, the translated information with a set of converted items of data that have been converted from the set of items of data based at least in part on the set of conversion functions; and presenting, by the system, the set of converted items of data with the translated information. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, by the system, a command to at least one of generate a new conversion function or modify a specified conversion function in a set of conversion functions; receiving, by the system, selection of a conversion function; associating, by the system, the conversion function with an engineering unit; and storing, by the system, the set of conversion functions comprising the conversion function. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising: generating, by the system, a mapping associated with the set of user preferences, wherein the generating the mapping comprising: generating a first mapping of the set of user preferences to a set of conversion functions, and generating a second mapping of the set of user preferences to at least one of a user identifier associated with the user or an authentication credential associated with the user; and identifying, by the system, the set of conversion functions based at least in part on at least one of the user identifier or the authentication credential and the mapping associated with the set of user preferences. 20. A computer-readable storage medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: determining a conversion function relating to an engineering unit based at least in part on metadata associated with an item of data associated with an automation device of a control system and a set of user preferences associated with a user and a set of user preferences, wherein the metadata comprises operational settings data relating to the conversion function, wherein the item of data is associated with information that is in a first language based at least in part on a first geographical regional industry standard associated with a first geographical location of the control system, and wherein the engineering unit associated with the item of data is based at least in part on the first geographical regional industry standard; and converting at least one of the information associated with the item of data from the first language to a second language associated with a second geographical regional industry standard associated with a second geographical location that is different from the first geographical location or the engineering unit associated with the first geographical regional industry standard to a second engineering unit associated with the second geographical regional industry standard, based at least in part on the set of user preferences and at least one of the conversion function or a second conversion function relating to language conversion that is or are determined based at least in part on the metadata that is related to the conversion function.",
-    "The present invention relates to a system and method for detecting a vehicle. The present vehicle detection system includes: a camera that photographs an image ahead of a vehicle; a region-of-interest setting unit that sets a region-of-interest, on the basis of the maximum distance at which a preceding vehicle can be detected, in the image photographed by the camera; an edge detection unit that detects an edge from an image in which the region-of-interest is set and generates a horizontal binary image and a vertical binary image; a first candidate group detection unit that detects a bottom surface candidate group relating to a preceding vehicle from the horizontal binary image and detects a side surface candidate group relating to the preceding vehicle from the vertical binary image; a second candidate group detection unit, when one of a pair of side surface candidate groups and bottom surface candidate groups relating to the pair of side surface candidate groups is not detected, configured to estimate the side surface candidate groups or bottom surface candidate groups and generate a vehicle candidate group; and a vehicle detection unit that filters the vehicle candidate group and detects the preceding vehicle. Therefore, even when all of vehicles are not perfectly photographed, a vehicle candidate group of a preceding vehicle can be generated, and the preceding vehicle can thus be more precisely detected. Therefore, the present invention can, as needed, give a warning to a driver or automatically apply the brake, and thus secure the safety of a driver. 1. A vehicle detection system comprising: a camera that photographs an image ahead of a vehicle; an edge detection unit that detects an edge from an image photographed by the camera and generates a horizontal binary image and a vertical binary image; a first candidate group detection unit that detects a bottom surface candidate group relating to a preceding vehicle from the horizontal binary image and detects a side surface candidate group relating to the preceding vehicle from the vertical binary image; a second candidate group detection unit, when one of a pair of side surface candidate groups and bottom surface candidate groups relating to the pair of side surface candidate groups is not detected, configured to estimate the side surface candidate group or bottom surface candidate group and generate a vehicle candidate group; and a vehicle detection unit that filters the vehicle candidate group and detects the preceding vehicle. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein when the pair of side surface candidate groups only is detected, the second candidate group detection unit estimates a bottom surface candidate group by the lower end of the pair of side surface candidate group, thereby generating the vehicle candidate group. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein when one side surface candidate group only is detected and there is a bottom surface candidate group adjacent to the one side surface candidate group, the second candidate group detection unit estimates the other side surface candidate group facing the one side surface candidate group so as to be adjacent to the bottom surface candidate group, thereby generating the vehicle candidate group. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the second candidate group detection unit generates the other side surface candidate group at the position spaced apart from the one side surface candidate group by the width of a vehicle. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein when there are the pair of side surface candidate groups and a bottom surface candidate group between the pair of side surface candidate groups, the second candidate group detection unit connects the pair of side surface candidate groups and the bottom surface candidate group, thereby generating a vehicle candidate group. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a region-of-interest setting unit for setting a region-of-interest on the basis of the maximum distance at which a preceding vehicle can be detected from an image photographed by the camera, wherein the edge detection unit detects an edge from a region-of-interest set by the region-of-interest setting unit and generates the horizontal binary image and the vertical binary image. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle detection unit detects the preceding vehicle from the vehicle candidate group by using a cascade-type filtering model generated by an adaptive boosting method. 8. A vehicle detection method comprising: photographing a front-view of a vehicle; detecting an edge from an image photographed by the camera and generating a horizontal binary image and a vertical binary image; detecting a bottom surface candidate group relating to a preceding vehicle from the horizontal binary image and detecting a side surface candidate group relating to the preceding vehicle from the vertical binary image; when one of a pair of side surface candidate groups and bottom surface candidate groups of the pair of side surface candidate groups is not detected, estimating the side surface candidate group and bottom surface candidate group and generating a vehicle candidate group; and filtering the vehicle candidate group and detecting the preceding vehicle. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein when the pair of side surface candidate groups only is detected, the generating of a vehicle candidate group is to generate the vehicle candidate group by estimating a bottom surface candidate group by the lower end of the pair of side surface candidate group. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein when one side surface candidate group only is detected and there is a bottom surface candidate group adjacent to the one side surface candidate group, the generating of the vehicle candidate group is to generate the vehicle candidate group by estimating the other side surface candidate group facing the one side surface candidate group so as to be adjacent to the bottom surface candidate group. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the generating of the vehicle candidate group comprises generating the other side surface candidate group at the position spaced apart from the one side surface candidate group by the width of a vehicle. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein when there are the pair of side surface candidate groups and a bottom surface candidate group between the pair of side surface candidate groups, the generating of a vehicle candidate group is to generate a vehicle candidate group by connecting the pair of side surface candidate groups and the bottom surface candidate group. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising setting a region-of-interest on the basis of the maximum distance at which a preceding vehicle can be detected from an image photographed by the camera, wherein, in generating the horizontal binary image and the vertical binary image, an edge is detected from a region-of-interest among images photographed by the camera and the horizontal binary image and the vertical binary image are generated. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein, in detecting the preceding vehicle, the preceding vehicle is detected from the vehicle candidate group by using a cascade-type filtering model generated by an adaptive boosting method.",
-    "Provided are a low emissivity film and a window having the same. According to an embodiment of the inventive concept, the low emissivity film may include a first substrate, a first metal oxide layer, a first reflective layer, a second metal oxide layer, and a second substrate. The first metal oxide layer may reflect light having a wavelength of infrared rays. The light having a first wavelength is reflected by cavity effect of the first metal oxide layer, the first reflective layer, and the second metal oxide layer, and the light having a second wavelength may pass through the low emissivity film. Thus, the low emissivity film may express a color. 1. A low emissivity film comprising: a first substrate; a first metal oxide layer disposed on the first substrate, the first metal oxide layer comprising a first metal, wherein the first metal contains at least about 90 atomic percent (at %) of one of aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and lithium (Li); a first reflective layer disposed on the first metal oxide layer to reflect infrared rays; a second metal oxide layer disposed on the first reflective layer, the second metal oxide layer comprising a second metal, wherein the second metal contains at least about 90 at % of one of aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and lithium (Li); and a second substrate disposed on the second metal oxide layer, wherein each of the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer has a reflective index of about 1.7 or less with respect to light having a first wavelength and light having a second wavelength, the first wavelength is one selected from about 380 nm to about 780 nm, and the second wavelength is one selected from about 380 nm to about 780 nm, which is different from the first wavelength. 2. The low emissivity film of claim 1, wherein the first reflective layer contains silver (Ag) or aluminum (Al). 3. The low emissivity film of claim 1, wherein the first metal oxide layer has a thickness of about 20 nm to about 50 nm, the first reflective layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to about 20 nm, and the first metal oxide layer has a thickness of about 20 nm to about 50 nm. 4. A window comprising: a glass layer; an adhesion film disposed on the glass layer; a first substrate disposed on the adhesion film; a first metal oxide layer disposed on the first substrate, the first metal oxide layer comprising a first metal, wherein the first metal contains at least about 90 atomic percent (at %) of one of aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and lithium (Li); a first reflective layer disposed on the first metal oxide layer to reflect infrared rays; a second metal oxide layer disposed on the first reflective layer, the second metal oxide layer comprising a second metal, wherein the second metal contains at least about 90 at % of one of aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and lithium (Li); and a second substrate disposed on the second metal oxide layer, wherein each of the first metal oxide layer and the second metal oxide layer has a reflective index of about 1.7 or less with respect to light having a first wavelength and light having a second wavelength, the first wavelength is one selected from about 380 nm to about 780 nm, and the second wavelength is one selected from about 380 nm to about 780 nm, which is different from the first wavelength. 5. The window of claim 4, further comprising: a wiring pattern disposed on the second metal oxide layer; and a terminal connected to the wiring pattern on the second metal oxide layer. 6. The window of claim 4, further comprising: a second reflective layer disposed on the second metal oxide layer to reflect the infrared rays; and a third metal oxide layer disposed on the first reflective layer, the third metal oxide layer comprising a third metal, wherein the third metal contains at least about 90 at % of one of aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), and lithium (Li).",
-    "A method and system for preparing a beverage or liquid from a food substance contained in a filtering receptacle by passing water through the substance using brewing centrifugal forces. The method includes feeding water into the receptacle, and driving the receptacle in centrifugal rotation to force water to flow through the substance in a centrifugal flow path to the outlet of the receptacle. The system includes equipment necessary to carry out the method. The receptacle is a sealed capsule which is opened for water to be introduced into the capsule, contains a predetermined dose of food substance and is discarded after use. 1. A method for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a predetermined dose of a food substance contained in a filtering capsule, which comprises passing water through the substance in the capsule using centrifugal forces to force water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to an outlet to prepare the beverage or liquid food. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the beverage or liquid food is prepared in a beverage preparation device, with the receptacle comprising a capsule and the method comprises: opening the capsule and introducing water therein, and centrifugally rotating the capsule in the beverage preparation device to force the water to flow through the substance in the centrifugal flow path to form the beverage of liquid food, wherein the capsule is discarded after preparing the beverage. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the capsule is centrifugally rotated at a centrifugal speed of at least 500 rpm, the water is introduced in the capsule at substantially no pressure, and the outlet is made before or when water is introduced in the capsule. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, after insertion of the capsule in the beverage preparation device, the capsule is opened for the water to be introduced therein by piercing of the capsule or by piercing or removal of a sealing foil of the capsule. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the capsule is sealed in a gas tight manner and contains ground coffee powder, soluble coffee, tea, chocolate, whitener, flavours or combinations thereof, with the dose of the substance included therein forming one or two servings of the beverage, and with the capsule having an axis of rotation that is vertical or inclined relative to vertical at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. 6. The method of claim 1, which further comprise piercing the capsule to form the outlet as one or more peripheral outlets on a lid or sidewall of the capsule. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the outlet is formed by pressure exerted on a deflectable portion of the capsule by liquid movement due to the centrifugal forces. 8. A system for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a predetermined dose of a food substance contained in a filtering capsule, comprising: a device comprising: water feed means for introducing water into the capsule, and means for centrifugally rotating the capsule to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to prepare the beverage or liquid food; a filtering capsule insertable in the device for preparing the beverage or liquid food and then removable from the device after preparing the beverage or liquid food, and referencing means for positioning and referencing the capsule in a removable manner in the device and in operational relationship with the water feed means and along an axis of rotation in the centrifugal rotating means. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the referencing means comprises a capsule holder associated with the centrifugal rotating means for allowing the capsule to be rotated around its central axis at a centrifugal speed of at least 500 rpm. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule is impermeable to gas and has a cup-shaped body and a pierceable sealing lid comprising a flexible membrane that is attached to the cup-shaped body. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the capsule comprises trunconical sidewalls and the sealing lid is made of a rigid plastic, wherein the lid and body are attached via peripheral deflectable sealing means that includes at least one peripheral plastic lip engaged in a seat and which opens by effect of the centrifugal effect to form an outlet for the beverage or liquid food. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has an axis of rotation and comprises a pierceable membrane, and the device comprises inlet piercing means of a single needle for piercing the membrane and for enabling the water feed means to introduce water in the capsule, with the inlet piercing means arranged to pierce at least one water inlet near or at the axis of rotation of the capsule. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the capsule has an axis of rotation and the device comprises outlet piercing means for enabling the beverage or liquid food to exit the capsule wherein the outlet piercing means are radially positioned with respect to the axis of rotation of the capsule in the device, wherein the outlet piercing means comprises a series of needles positioned in a circular pattern and arranged in relation to the capsule to pierce radial holes in the capsule. 14. A device for preparing a beverage or liquid food from a food substance contained in a capsule by passing water through the substance in the capsule, the device comprising: water feed means for introducing water into the capsule, and means for centrifugally rotating the capsule to force the water to flow through the substance in the capsule in a centrifugal flow path to prepare the beverage or liquid food; and referencing means for positioning and referencing the capsule in a removable manner in the device and in operational relationship with the water feed means and along an axis of rotation in the centrifugal rotating means. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the centrifugal rotating means comprises a drive shaft and an electrical motor connected to the referencing means for rotating the capsule, and the referencing means is designed for receiving the capsule in a removable manner and for receiving the capsule in the device in an operational relationship with the water feed means and the centrifugal rotating means. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the referencing means comprises a capsule holder having a cavity which is rotatable and which is connected to the motor via a drive shaft arranged for driving the capsule holder about a central rotational axis. 17. The device of claim 14, wherein the referencing means comprises a water injection lid that closes onto the capsule, is traversed by a water conduit, and includes means for puncturing at least one water inlet in the capsule. 18. The device of claim 14, which further comprises means for piercing peripheral outlets for enabling the beverage or liquid food to leave the capsule, wherein the piercing means is formed by a series of needles on the injection lid. 19. The device of claim 14, which further comprises a collector for collecting the beverage or liquid food, the collector including a by-pass conduit arranged to add a volume of water into the collector without such water passing into the capsule. 20. The device of claim 14, which further comprises a control unit adapted to vary the speed of the centrifugal rotation means for rotating the capsule at at least two different centrifugal speeds to provide different centrifugal pressures of water in the capsule. 21. The device of claim 14, wherein the water feed means comprises a pump and an injection tube connected to a water reservoir for injection of water in the capsule under the effect of rotational momentum.",
-    "The present invention provides a vehicle control system comprising a projecting device, a camera device, a control device and an actuating device. The vehicle steering control system does not need a physical steering wheel, thus the weight and cost of the vehicles can be reduced. In addition, the steering control system according to the present invention provides the drivers with brand new driving experience. 1. A control system for controlling steering of a driving apparatus, wherein the system comprising: a projecting device configured to project a steering wheel image in front of a driver seat; a camera device configured to take an image of an motions of one or two hands on the projected steering wheel image; a processor configured by machine-readable instructions to: determine a position of the one or two hands according to the image of the one or two hands, calculate a movement of the one or two hands based on the position of the one or two hands, determine a steering angle and a steering direction according to the movement of the one or two hands, and output a control signal according to the steering angle and steering direction; and an actuating device configured to receive the control signal and effectuate a controlling of the driving apparatus according to the control signal. 2. The control system according to claim 1, further comprising a storage device the storage device storing the positions of the hands; wherein processor is further configured to calculate the position difference according to the positions of the hands and the stored positions of the hands determined at a previous time, so as to form the movement position difference vectors. 3. The control system according to claim 1, wherein the camera device is configured to take images of motions of the left and right hands on the steering wheel image; and wherein the processor is configured to separately calculate a left hand movement position difference vector and a right hand movement position difference vector, checks whether the vector module of the left hand movement position difference vector is consistent with that of the right hand movement position difference vector, and, if so, determines the steering angle and the steering direction according to the left or right hand movement position difference vector. 4. The control system according to claim 1, further comprising a storage device, steering angles and steering directions corresponding to respective movement position difference vectors being pre-stored in the storage device. 5. The control system according to claim 1, wherein the actuating device is a steering motor, and wherein the steering structure is a steering rack and a steering gear. 6. An electric vehicle, comprising the vehicle control system according to claim 1. 7. A vehicle control method for controlling steering of a vehicle, comprising the following steps: projecting a steering wheel image; taking images of operational motions of a driver's hands on the steering wheel image; determining positions of the hands according to the images of the hands; calculating movement position difference vectors according to the positions of the hands; determining a steering angle and a steering direction according to the movement position difference vectors; and outputting a control signal to an actuating device according to the steering angle and the steering direction, so as to control a steering structure to operate.",
-    "Disclosed is a composition having a substrate comprising metal oxide particles. The substrate has a coating thereon that includes an organic dispersant present in a amount that renders the substrate self-dispersible. Also disclosed is a composition, such as a cosmetic composition, that includes that self-dispersible coated substrate, and a process that includes coating a particulate metal oxide with an organic dispersant to render the metal oxide self dispersible. 1. A process comprising: a) providing a particulate metal oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, composites of a metal oxide and composites of a metal oxide and an inorganic salt; b) applying a hydrophobic coating as a first layer to the surface of the particulate metal oxide to form hydrophobic coated particles, and c) applying an outer coating comprising an organic dispersant on the hydrophobic coated particles wherein the dispersant comprises polyhydroxy acid, and combinations thereof; wherein the process renders the coated particulate metal oxide self-dispersible. 2. The process of claim 1 further comprising drying the coated particulate metal oxide and optionally milling the dry coated particulate metal oxide. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the particulate metal oxide substrate is a micronized particulate or a pigmentary grade particulate. 4. The process of claim 3 wherein the particulate metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, composites of a metal oxide and composites of a metal oxide and an inorganic salt. 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising coating the particulate metal oxide with an inorganic coating. 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the inorganic coating is between the substrate and the coating that comprises the organic dispersant. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the inorganic coating comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of oxides of aluminum, zirconium, silicon, and mixtures thereof. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising coating the particulate metal oxide with a hydrophobic coating. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the hydrophobic coating is coated on the particulate metal oxide before the coating containing the organic dispersant. 10. The process of claim 8 wherein the hydrophobic coating comprises a hydrophobic coating agent selected from the group consisting of a silicone, a silane, a metal soap, a titanate, an organic wax, a fatty acid, and combinations thereof. 11. The process of claim 9 wherein the hydrophobic coating comprises triethoxycaprylylsilane. 12. The process of claim 9 further comprising coating the particulate metal oxide with an inorganic coating before the coating containing the hydrophobic coating agent. 13. The process of claim 8 further comprising mixing the coated particulate metal oxide with a dispersing medium. 14. The process of claim 9 wherein the dispersing medium is selected from an ester, an oil, a hydrocarbon, an alkyl modified silicone fluid, and combinations thereof.",
-    "Computer-implemented methods can transform a corpus of meaningful text sequences into a generalized computer-usable repository of neurolinguistic information that can be applied by one or more computer systems. The computer system(s) can use the neurolinguistic information to neurolinguistically analyze meaningful text sequences to derive statistical information and identify dominant cognitive motivation orientations expressed in those text sequences. The identified dominant cognitive motivation orientations can be used to improve the efficacy of both human-generated and machine-generated communications. The computer system(s) thereby transform a meaningful text sequence into actionable information about the dominant cognitive motivation orientation(s) of the author of that text sequence within the context in which the text sequence was composed. Computer systems and computer-program products for implementing the methods are also described. 1. A computer-implemented method for neurolinguistically analyzing text, comprising: receiving a meaningful first text sequence; deriving first text sequence n-grams from the first text sequence; comparing the first text sequence n-grams to a plurality of predetermined indicator n-grams, wherein: each predetermined indicator n-gram is associated with at least one cognitive motivation orientation; each predetermined indicator n-gram is further associated with at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight, there being one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight corresponding to each cognitive motivation orientation with which that particular predetermined indicator n-gram is associated; recording at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight for the first text sequence by, for each first text sequence n-gram matching any one of the predetermined indicator n-grams, recording each cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight associated with the particular predetermined indicator n-gram matching that particular first text sequence n-gram; using the at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight recorded for the first text sequence to determine a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence; and generating an electronic signal encoding a message, the message subsuming the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein recording each cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight associated with the particular predetermined indicator n-gram matching that particular first text sequence n-gram comprises: maintaining a plurality of first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores, there being one first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score corresponding to each cognitive motivation orientation in one-to-one correspondence; and for each cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight associated with the particular predetermined indicator n-gram matching that particular first text sequence n-gram, incrementing the first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score corresponding to the same cognitive motivation orientation to which that cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight corresponds, the incrementing being according to that cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein using the at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight recorded for the first text sequence to determine a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence further comprises normalizing the first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores to obtain normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores, there being one-to-one correspondence between the normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores and the first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein using the at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight recorded for the first text sequence to determine a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence further comprises: maintaining normalized dominance thresholds, there being one normalized dominance threshold corresponding to each first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score in one-to-one correspondence; comparing the normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores to respective corresponding normalized dominance thresholds; and ranking the normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores, the ranking being according to a difference between each normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score and its respective corresponding normalized dominance threshold, to thereby obtain ranked normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein using the at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight recorded for the first text sequence to determine a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence comprises: maintaining normalized dominance thresholds, there being one normalized dominance threshold corresponding to each first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score in one-to-one correspondence; identifying as dominant for the first text sequence each cognitive motivation orientation for which the corresponding normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score exceeds a corresponding normalized dominance threshold; and identifying as non-dominant for the first text sequence each cognitive motivation orientation for which the corresponding first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score does not exceed the corresponding normalized dominance threshold. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein: using the at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight recorded for the first text sequence to determine a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence further comprises: ranking the first text sequence cognitive motivation orientations, the ranking being according to a difference between each normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight score and its respective corresponding normalized dominance threshold, to thereby obtain ranked normalized first text sequence cognitive motivation orientation weight scores; wherein: the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set comprises m or fewer cognitive motivation orientations, where m is a positive integer; and wherein where m or more cognitive motivation orientations are identified as dominant for the first text sequence, the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set comprises the m most highly ranked cognitive motivation orientations. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, in the message, recommendations containing advice relating to preparation of a meaningful second text sequence, wherein the second text sequence will address the first text sequence; the recommendations being based on the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a meaningful second text sequence, the second text sequence addressing the first text sequence; deriving second text sequence n-grams from the second text sequence; comparing the second text sequence n-grams to the plurality of predetermined indicator n-grams; recording at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight for the second text sequence by, for each second text sequence n-gram matching any one of the predetermined indicator n-grams, recording each cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight associated with the particular predetermined indicator n-gram matching that particular second text sequence n-gram; and using the at least one cognitive motivation orientation confidence weight recorded for the second text sequence to determine a second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the second text sequence. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: testing whether the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set fits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set; and responsive to a determination that the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set fits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, including in the message a confirmation of the fit; and responsive to a determination that the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set misfits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set expressed in the first text sequence, including in the message an identification of the misfit between the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set and the first dominant cognitive motivation set. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising, responsive to identifying the misfit, including in the message recommendations containing advice relating to modifying the second text sequence to produce a modified second text sequence whereby the modified second text sequence has a corresponding modified second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set that fits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 13. A computer-implemented method for analyzing text, comprising: receiving a meaningful first text sequence; and neurolinguistically analyzing the first text sequence by generating first statistical information, the first statistical information representing at least one cognitive motivation orientation, the at least one cognitive motivation orientation being expressed within the first text sequence; and generating an electronic signal encoding a message, the message subsuming the first statistical information. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein: neurolinguistically analyzing the first text sequence comprises: extracting elements from the first text sequence; and conducting a first comparison by comparing the elements extracted from the first text sequence to predetermined elements associated with cognitive motivation orientations; wherein the first statistical information is derived from the first comparison; the method further comprising determining, based on the first statistical information, a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set being expressed within the first text sequence; wherein the message subsumes the first statistical information by subsuming the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: including, in the message, recommendations containing advice relating to preparation of a meaningful response wherein the response will address the first text sequence; the recommendations being based on the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the response is a meaningful second text sequence. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: receiving a meaningful second text sequence; neurolinguistically analyzing the second text sequence by: extracting elements from the second text sequence; and conducting a second comparison by comparing the elements extracted from the second text sequence to predetermined elements associated with cognitive motivation orientations; wherein second statistical information is derived from the second comparison; the method further comprising determining, based on the second statistical information, a second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set that is expressed within the second text sequence based on the second statistical information; testing fit between the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set and the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set; and responsive to a determination that the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set misfits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, including in the message an identification of the misfit between the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set and the first dominant cognitive motivation set. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising, responsive to a determination that the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set misfits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, including, within the message, recommendations containing advice relating to modifying the second text sequence to produce a modified second text sequence whereby the modified second text sequence has a corresponding modified second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set that fits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first text sequence is an e-mail message and the second text sequence is an unsent e-mail response to the first text sequence. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the first text sequence is a transcription of a verbal communication. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein: the message is a predetermined response to the first text sequence, the predetermined response being automatically selected from a set of predetermined responses, the selection being based on the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the predetermined response is an advertisement. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein: the message is a response to the first text sequence, the response being automatically dynamically generated based on the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the response is an advertisement. 25. The method of claim 13, wherein the first text sequence is a search term entered into a search engine. 26. A computer-implemented method for receiving an analysis of text, comprising: transmitting, from a first computer system, a meaningful first text sequence; receiving, at the first computer system, a communication responsive to at least a result of automated neurolinguistic analysis of cognitive motivation orientations, the cognitive motivation orientations being expressed in the first text sequence; and generating an electronic signal encoding a message, the message subsuming the communication. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the communication is an advertisement. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the communication comprises first statistical information representing the cognitive motivation orientations that are expressed within the first text sequence. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the communication comprises an identification of a neurolinguistically-determined first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set being expressed within the first text sequence. 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising: including, in the message, recommendations containing advice relating to preparation of a meaningful second text sequence wherein the second text sequence will address the first text sequence; the recommendations being based on the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 31. The method of claim 26, further comprising: transmitting, from the first computer system, a meaningful second text sequence; wherein the communication is responsive to the result of the automated neurolinguistic analysis of the cognitive motivation orientations that are expressed within the first text sequence and to a result of automated neurolinguistic analysis of additional cognitive motivation orientations, the additional cognitive motivation orientations being expressed within the second text sequence. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein: the communication comprises: first statistical information representing the cognitive motivation orientations that are expressed within the first text sequence; and second statistical information representing the additional cognitive motivation orientations that are expressed within the second text sequence; the method further comprising using the first statistical information and the second statistical information to carry out a test of fit between a first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set and a second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, wherein the first dominant cognitive motivation set is expressed within the first text sequence and the second cognitive motivation orientation set is expressed within the second text sequence. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the communication is responsive to an outcome of a test of fit between: (a) a neurolinguistically-determined first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set being expressed within the first text sequence; and (b) a neurolinguistically-determined second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set, the second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set being expressed within the second text sequence. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein the communication identifies at least one recommendation containing advice relating to modifying the second text sequence to produce a modified second text sequence whereby the modified second text sequence has a corresponding modified second dominant cognitive motivation orientation set that fits the first dominant cognitive motivation orientation set. 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the first text sequence is an e-mail message and the second text sequence is an unsent e-mail response to the first text sequence. 36. The method of claim 26, wherein the first text sequence is a transcription of a verbal communication. 37. The method of claim 26, wherein the communication comprises a predetermined response to the first text sequence, the predetermined response being automatically selected from a set of predetermined responses, wherein the predetermined response is automatically selected based on the result of the automated neurolinguistic analysis of the cognitive motivation orientations that are expressed in the first text sequence. 38. The method of claim 26, wherein the communication comprises an automatically dynamically generated response to the first text sequence, wherein the automatically dynamically generated response is based on the result of the automated neurolinguistic analysis of the cognitive motivation orientations that are expressed in the first text sequence. 39. The method of claim 26, wherein the first text sequence is a search term entered into a search engine.",
-    "An optical device comprises a number of waveguides, e.g., color plates, that are individually formed to couple a corresponding color output of a micro-display engine and project an image into a human vision system. Some configurations include stacked structures for suppressing a predetermined wavelength range a corresponding to a wavelength range emitted from a waveguide. Techniques, devices, and systems disclosed herein can mitigate cross coupling that occurs between the waveguides to provide enhanced MTF values over devices that do not include the stacked structures. Individual optical devices configured to suppress a predetermined wavelength range are also provided. 1. An optical device, comprising: a first waveguide having a first input region for receiving input light into the first waveguide and a first output region for emitting a first output light from the first waveguide, the first waveguide reflecting a first predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the first waveguide towards the first output region, the first waveguide having a first pass-through region for emitting the input light; a first stacked structure for receiving the input light from the first pass-through region, the first stacked structure suppressing the first predetermined wavelength range from the input light to emit a first filtered light, wherein suppressing the first predetermined wavelength range includes absorbing and reflecting light within the first predetermined wavelength range; a second waveguiade having a second input region for receiving the first filtered light into the second waveguide and a second output region for emitting a second output light from the second waveguide, the second waveguide reflecting a second predetermined wavelength range of the first filtered light within the second waveguide towards the second output region, the second waveguide having a second pass-through region for emitting the first filtered light; a second stacked structure for receiving the first filtered light from the second pass-through region, the second stacked structure configured suppressing the second predetermined wavelength range from the first filtered light to emit a second filtered light, wherein suppressing the second predetermined wavelength range includes absorbing and reflecting light within the second predetermined wavelength range; and a third waveguide having a third input region for receiving the second filtered light into the third waveguide and a third output region for emitting a third output light from the third waveguide, the third waveguide reflecting a third predetermined wavelength range of the second filtered light within the third waveguide towards the third output region. 2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the first output region, second output region, the third output region, and a lens emitting light of a field-of-view are aligned to emit a combined output light that includes the first output light, second output light, the third output light, and the light of the field-of-view. 3. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the second predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 5. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the third predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 6. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the first stacked structure comprises: an input pigmentation layer for absorbing light within the first predetermined wavelength range; an output antireflective film; and a retardation film between the output antireflective film and the input pigmentation layer, wherein the retardation film is configured to provide a predetermined retardation value. 7. The optical device of claim 6, wherein the predetermined retardation value is within a threshold level of 270 degrees or 90 degrees. 8. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the second stacked structure comprises: an input pigmentation layer for absorbing light within the second predetermined wavelength range; an output antireflective film; and a retardation film between the output antireflective film and the input pigmentation layer, wherein the retardation film is configured to provide a predetermined retardation value. 9. The optical device of claim 8, wherein the predetermined retardation value is within a threshold level of 270 degrees or 90 degrees. 10. An optical device, comprising: a first waveguide having a first input region for receiving input light into the first waveguide and a first output region for emitting a first output light from the first waveguide, the first waveguide reflecting a first predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the first waveguide towards the first output region, the first waveguide having a first pass-through region for emitting the input light; a first stacked structure for receiving the input light from the first pass-through region, the first stacked structure including a first bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths below a second predetermined wavelength and above a third predetermined wavelength to emit a first filtered light; a second waveguide having a second input region for receiving the first filtered light into the second waveguide and a second output region for emitting a second output light from the second waveguide, the second waveguide reflecting the second predetermined wavelength range of the first filtered light within the second waveguide towards the second output region, the second waveguide having a second pass-through region for emitting the first filtered light; a second stacked structure for receiving the first filtered light from the second pass-through region, the second stacked structure including a second bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths above and below the third predetermined wavelength range to emit a second filtered light; and a third waveguide having a third input region for receiving the second filtered light into the third waveguide and a third output region for emitting a third output light from the third waveguide, the third waveguide reflecting the third predetermined wavelength range of the second filtered light within the third waveguide towards the third output region. 11. The optical device of claim 10, wherein the first output region, second output region, the third output region, and a lens emitting light of a field-of-view are aligned to emit a combined output light that includes the first output light, second output light, the third output light, and the light of the field-of-view. 12. The optical device of claim 10, wherein the first predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 13. The optical device of claim 10, wherein the second predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 14. The optical device of claim 10, wherein the third predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 15. The optical device of claim 10, wherein the first stacked structure comprises: an input antireflective layer; a first selective wavelength retardation film adjacent to the first antireflective layer, the wavelength retardation film providing a predetermined retardation value; a second selective wavelength retardation film, the second selective wavelength retardation film providing the predetermined retardation value, the first bandpass filter layer positioned between the first selective wavelength retardation film and the second selective wavelength retardation film; and an output antireflective film adjacent to the second selective wavelength retardation film. 16. The optical device of claim 15, the first bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths at least 10 nm above and at least 10 nm below the second predetermined wavelength. 17. The optical device of claim 15, wherein the predetermined retardation value is 45 degrees. 18. The optical device of claim 15, wherein the second stacked structure comprises: an input antireflective layer; a first selective wavelength retardation film adjacent to the first antireflective layer, the wavelength retardation film providing a predetermined retardation value; a second selective wavelength retardation film, the second selective wavelength retardation film providing the predetermined retardation value, the second bandpass filter layer positioned between the first selective wavelength retardation film and the second selective wavelength retardation film; and an output antireflective film adjacent to the second selective wavelength retardation film. 19. The optical device of claim 18, the second bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths at least 10 nm above and at least 10 nm below the third predetermined wavelength. 20. The optical device of claim 17, wherein the predetermined retardation value is 45 degrees. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. An optical device, comprising: a first waveguide having a first input region for receiving input light into the first waveguide and a first output region for emitting a first output light from the first waveguide, the first waveguide reflecting a first predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the first waveguide towards the first output region, the first waveguide having a first pass-through region for emitting the input light; a first stacked structure for receiving the input light from the first pass-through region, the first stacked structure including a bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths below a second predetermined wavelength range and light at wavelengths above a third predetermined wavelength range to emit a first filtered light; a second waveguide having a second input region for receiving the first filtered light into the second waveguide and a second output region for emitting a second output light from the second waveguide, the second waveguide reflecting the second predetermined wavelength range of the first filtered light within the second waveguide towards the second output region, the second waveguide having a second pass-through region for emitting the first filtered light; a second stacked structure for receiving the first filtered light from the second pass-through region, the second stacked structure configured suppressing the second predetermined wavelength range from the first filtered light to emit a second filtered light; and a third waveguide having a third input region for receiving the second filtered light into the third waveguide and a third output region for emitting a third output light from the third waveguide, the third waveguide reflecting the third predetermined wavelength range of the second filtered light within the third waveguide towards the third output region. 26. The optical device of claim 25, wherein the first stacked structure comprises: an input antireflective layer; a first selective wavelength retardation film adjacent to the first antireflective layer, the wavelength retardation film providing a predetermined retardation value; a second selective wavelength retardation film, the second selective wavelength retardation film providing the predetermined retardation value, the bandpass filter layer positioned between the first selective wavelength retardation film and the second selective wavelength retardation film; and an output antireflective film adjacent to the second selective wavelength retardation film. 27. The optical device of claim 26, the second bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths at least 10 nm above and at least 10 nm below the second predetermined wavelength. 28. The optical device of claim 26, wherein the predetermined retardation value is within a threshold of 45 degrees. 29. The optical device of claim 25, wherein the second stacked structure comprises: an input pigmentation layer for absorbing light within the second predetermined wavelength range; an output antireflective film; and a retardation film between the output antireflective film and the input pigmentation layer, wherein the retardation film is configured to provide a predetermined retardation value. 30. The optical device of claim 29, wherein the predetermined retardation value is within a threshold level of 270 degrees or 90 degrees. 31. An optical device, comprising: a first waveguide having a first input region for receiving input light into the first waveguide and a first output region for emitting a first output light from the first waveguide, the first waveguide reflecting a first predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the first waveguide towards the first output region, the first waveguide having a first pass-through region for emitting the input light; a first stacked structure for receiving the input light from the first pass-through region, the first stacked structure suppressing the first predetermined wavelength range from the input light to emit a first filtered light; a second waveguide having a second input region for receiving the first filtered light into the second waveguide and a second output region for emitting a second output light from the second waveguide, the second waveguide reflecting the second predetermined wavelength range of the first filtered light within the second waveguide towards the second output region, the second waveguide having a second pass-through region for emitting the first filtered light; a second stacked structure for receiving the first filtered light from the second pass-through region, the second stacked structure including a second bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths above and below a third predetermined wavelength range to emit a second filtered light; and a third waveguide having a third input region for receiving the second filtered light into the third waveguide and a third output region for emitting a third output light from the third waveguide, the third waveguide reflecting the third predetermined wavelength range of the second filtered light within the third waveguide towards the third output region. 32. The optical device of claim 31, wherein the first stacked structure comprises: an input pigmentation layer for absorbing light within the first predetermined wavelength range; an output antireflective film; and a retardation film between the output antireflective film and the input pigmentation layer, wherein the retardation film is configured to provide a predetermined retardation value. 33. The optical device of claim 32, wherein the predetermined retardation value is 270 degrees or 90 degrees. 34. The optical device of claim 31, wherein the second stacked structure comprises: an input antireflective layer; a first selective wavelength retardation film adjacent to the first antireflective layer, the wavelength retardation film providing a predetermined retardation value; a second selective wavelength retardation film, the second selective wavelength retardation film providing the predetermined retardation value, the second bandpass filter layer positioned between the first selective wavelength retardation film and the second selective wavelength retardation film; and an output antireflective film adjacent to the second selective wavelength retardation film. 35. The optical device of claim 34, the second bandpass filter layer substantially filtering light at wavelengths at least 10 nm above and at least 10 nm below the third predetermined wavelength. 36. The optical device of claim 34, wherein the predetermined retardation value is 45 degrees. 37. An optical device, comprising: a first waveguide having a first input region for receiving input light into the first waveguide and a first output region for emitting a first output light from the first waveguide, the first waveguide reflecting a first predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the first waveguide towards the first output region, the first waveguide having a first pass-through region for emitting the input light; a stacked structure for receiving the input light from the first pass-through region, the stacked structure suppressing the first predetermined wavelength range from the input light to emit a filtered light, wherein suppressing the first predetermined wavelength range includes absorbing and reflecting light within the first predetermined wavelength range; a second waveguide having a second input region for receiving the filtered light into the second waveguide and a second output region for emitting a second output light from the second waveguide, the second waveguide reflecting a second predetermined wavelength range of the filtered light within the second waveguide towards the second output region, the second waveguide having a second pass-through region for emitting the filtered light; and a third waveguide having a third input region for receiving the filtered light into the third waveguide and a third output region for emitting a third output light from the third waveguide, the third waveguide reflecting a third predetermined wavelength range of the filtered light within the third waveguide towards the third output region. 38. The optical device of claim 37, wherein the first output region, second output region, the third output region, and a lens emitting light of a field-of-view are aligned to emit a combined output light that includes the first output light, second output light, the third output light, and the light of the field-of-view. 39. The optical device of claim 37, wherein the first predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 40. The optical device of claim 37, wherein the second predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 41. The optical device of claim 37, wherein the third predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 42. The optical device of claim 37, wherein the stacked structure comprises: an input pigmentation layer for absorbing light within the first predetermined wavelength range; an output antireflective film; and a retardation film between the output antireflective film and the input pigmentation layer, wherein the retardation film is configured to provide a predetermined retardation value. 43. The optical device of claim 42, wherein the predetermined retardation value is within a threshold level of 270 degrees or 90 degrees. 44. An optical device, comprising: a first waveguide having a first input region for receiving input light into the first waveguide and a first output region for emitting a first output light from the first waveguide, the first waveguide reflecting a first predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the first waveguide towards the first output region, the first waveguide having a first pass-through region for emitting the input light; a second waveguide having a second input region for receiving the input light into the second waveguide and a second output region for emitting a second output light from the second waveguide, the second waveguide reflecting a second predetermined wavelength range of the input light within the second waveguide towards the second output region, the second waveguide having a second pass-through region for emitting the input light; a stacked structure for receiving the input light from the second pass-through region, the stacked structure configured suppressing the second predetermined wavelength range from the input light input light to emit a filtered light, wherein suppressing the second predetermined wavelength range includes absorbing and reflecting light within the second predetermined wavelength range; and a third waveguide having a third input region for receiving the filtered light into the third waveguide and a third output region for emitting a third output light from the third waveguide, the third waveguide reflecting a third predetermined wavelength range of the filtered light within the third waveguide towards the third output region. 45. The optical device of claim 44, wherein the first output region, second output region, the third output region, and a lens emitting light of a field-of-view are aligned to emit a combined output light that includes the first output light, second output light, the third output light, and the light of the field-of-view. 46. The optical device of claim 45, wherein the first predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 47. The optical device of claim 45, wherein the second predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 48. The optical device of claim 45, wherein the third predetermined wavelength range comprises a first range including 460 nm, a second range including 525 nm, or a third range including 617 nm. 49. The optical device of claim 45, wherein the stacked structure comprises: an input pigmentation layer for absorbing light within the second predetermined wavelength range; an output antireflective film; and a retardation film between the output antireflective film and the input pigmentation layer, wherein the retardation film is configured to provide a predetermined retardation value. 50. The optical device of claim 49, wherein the predetermined retardation value is within a threshold level of 270 degrees or",
-    "The present invention relates to a rapidly removable thermal connector including a retainer and a damper. The retainer has a first wedge connected with a convexity of a first two-convexity tenon and a second wedge. At the outer end of the first wedge has a mortise to allocate a convexity of the first two-convexity tenon; at the inner end of the second wedge has a mortise to allocate a convexity of a second two-convexity tenon. The damper is used to hold the retainer. At the interior of the outer end of the damper has a movable unit which is connected to the damper with a bolt at one end and has a vertical concavity at the other end to match the first convexity of the first two-convexity tenon. At the interior of the inner end of the clamper has a mortise which allocates the fourth convexity of the second two-convexity tenon. The third convexity of the second two-convexity tenon is connected to a mortise at the inner end of the second wedge. 1. A detachable thermal connector, comprising: a first wedge unit having a first mortise; and a second wedge unit connected with said first wedge unit, said second wedge unit having a second mortise. 2. The detachable thermal connector of claim 1, said first wedge unit has a first recess, said second wedge unit has a second recess, wherein a magnetically permeable plate being embedded into said first and second recesses. 3. The detachable thermal connector of claim 1, further comprising a damper for clamping said detachable thermal connector, said damper comprising: a movable unit having a third mortise; a first dual-convex tenon with a first convexity and a second convexity, wherein said first convexity and said second convexity being coupled to said third mortise and said first mortise, respectively; a second dual-convex tenon with a third convexity and a fourth convexity, wherein said third convexity being coupled to said second mortise; and a fourth mortise being coupled to said fourth convexity. 4. A damper for clamping a thermal connector below an axial of said damper, comprising: a movable unit having a mortise; and a first dual-convex tenon having a first convexity and a second convexity, wherein said first convexity being coupled to said mortise. 5. The damper of claim 4, further comprising a second dual-convex tenon with a third convexity and a fourth convexity. 6. The damper of claim 4, wherein said damper having a screw hole to accommodate a screw rod, said damper further having a handle; and said movable unit further having a through hole to accommodate a fixer therein. 7. The damper of claim 5, said first and second dual-convex tenon and said mortise are shaped as dovetail form. 8. A thermal connector apparatus, comprising: a retainer, comprising: a first wedge unit having a first mortise; a second wedge unit, coupled to said first wedge unit, having a second mortise; and a damper for clamping said retainer, comprising: a movable unit having a thirds mortise; a first dual-convex tenon with a first convexity and a second convexity, wherein said first convexity and said second convexity being coupled to said third mortise and said first mortise, respectively; a second dual-convex tenon with a third convexity and a fourth convexity, wherein said third convexity being coupled to said second mortise; a fourth mortise coupled to said fourth convexity. 9. The thermal connector apparatus of claim 8, wherein said damper having a screw hole to accommodate a screw rod therein, said movable unit further having a through hole to accommodate a fixer therein. 10. The thermal connector apparatus of claim 8, wherein said first wedge unit having a first recess; said second wedge unit having a second recess; said damper having at least two third recesses, which corresponding to said first and second recesses respectively; and wherein a magnetically permeable plate being embedded into said first and second recesses, a magnetic plate being embedded into said third recesses. 11. The thermal connector apparatus of claim 8, wherein said first and second dual-convex tenon and said first, second, third and fourth mortise are shaped as dovetail form. 12. The thermal connector apparatus of claim 8, said retainer further comprising: a third wedge unit having a fourth recess to allocate magnetically permeable plate, and said damper having a fifth recess to allocate magnetic plate for matching with said third wedge unit. 13. The thermal connector apparatus of claim 8, wherein said damper having a handle. 14. The thermal connector apparatus of claim 9, wherein said screw rod having a rotatable stick for installing and de-installing.",
-    "The present invention provides a liquid crystal display panel, in which the spacing distance of the pixel electrodes that correspond to the green resist blocks from the pixel electrodes corresponding to red and blue resist blocks adjacent thereto is made greater than the spacing distance between the pixel electrodes corresponding to the red resist blocks and the pixel electrodes corresponding to the blue resist blocks, this being equivalent to expanding the distance between a green sub-pixel of the liquid crystal display panel and a blue sub-pixel and a red sub-pixel adjacent thereto, thereby reducing the possibility of the background light corresponding to the red and blue sub-pixels being diffused into the green sub-pixel and reducing the amount of green light mixed with peripheral portions of red and blue images and thus improving the issue of large view angle color shifting of the liquid crystal display panel; and also, cell thickness of the liquid crystal display panel corresponding to the green resist blocks is reduced so as to further reduce the amount of the background light corresponding to the red and blue sub-pixels being diffused into the green sub-pixel and reduce the amount of green light mixed with the peripheral portions of the red and blue images and thus improving the problem of large view angel color shifting of the liquid crystal display panel and enhancing quality of displaying. 1. A liquid crystal display panel, comprising: a color filter substrate (100) and an array substrate (200) that are arranged opposite to each other and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the color filter substrate (100) and the array substrate (200); the color filter substrate (100) comprising a first backing plate (1) and a color resist layer (2) and a black matrix (3) arranged on the first backing plate (1), the color resist layer (2) comprising a plurality of color resist blocks (20) that is arranged in an array, wherein the plurality of color resist blocks (20) comprises red resist blocks (21), green resist blocks (22), and blue resist blocks (23), the black matrix (3) comprising a plurality of black light-shielding strips (30) respectively located in spacing zones between the plurality of color resist blocks (20); the array substrate (200) comprises a second backing plate (7), a thin-film transistor (TFT) layer (6) arranged on the second backing plate (7), and a pixel electrode layer (4) arranged on the TFT layer (6), the pixel electrode layer (4) comprising a plurality of pixel electrodes (40) corresponding respectively to the plurality of color resist blocks (20), the plurality of pixel electrodes (40) comprising first pixel electrodes (41) corresponding to the red resist blocks (21), second pixel electrodes (42) corresponding to the green resist blocks (22), and third pixel electrodes (43) corresponding to the blue resist blocks (23); wherein a spacing distance (b1) between the second pixel electrodes (42) that correspond to the green resist blocks (22) and the first pixel electrodes (41) that correspond to the red resist blocks (21) and a spacing distance (b2) between the second pixel electrodes (42) that correspond to the green resist blocks (22) and the third pixel electrodes (43) that correspond to the blue resist blocks (23) are both greater than a spacing distance (b3) between the first pixel electrodes (41) that correspond to the red resist blocks (21) and the third pixel electrodes (43) that correspond to the blue resist blocks (23). 2. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spacing distance (b1) between the second pixel electrodes (42) that correspond to the green resist blocks (22) and the first pixel electrodes (41) that correspond to the red resist blocks (21) and the spacing distance (b2) between the second pixel electrodes (42) that correspond to the green resist blocks (22) and the third pixel electrodes (43) that correspond to the blue resist blocks (23) are both 12 \u03bcm; and the spacing distance (b3) between the first pixel electrodes (41) that correspond to the red resist blocks (21) and the third pixel electrodes (43) that correspond to the blue resist blocks (23) is 10 \u03bcm. 3. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of black light-shielding strips (30) that forms the black matrix (3) has identical widths. 4. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the widths of the black light-shielding strips (30) are 5 \u03bcm. 5. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the color filter substrate (100) further comprises a covering layer (8) arranged on the color resist layer (2) and the black matrix (3). 6. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein a gap distance (c1) between a site of the color filter substrate (100) where the red resist blocks (21) are arranged and the array substrate (200) and a gap distance (c2) between a site of the color filter substrate (100) where the blue resist blocks (23) are arranged and the array substrate (200) are both greater than a gap distance (c3) between a site of the color filter substrate (100) where the green resist blocks (22) are arranged and the array substrate (200). 7. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein the blue resist blocks (23) and the red resist blocks (21) have thicknesses that are less than a thickness of the green resist blocks (22) and portions of the covering layer (8) corresponding to the red resist blocks (21), the green resist blocks (22), and the blue resist blocks (23) have thicknesses that are identical. 8. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein the red resist blocks (21), the green resist blocks (22), and the blue resist blocks (23) have thicknesses that are identical and portions of the covering layer (8) corresponding to the red resist blocks (21) and the blue resist blocks (23) have thicknesses that are less than a thickness of portions of the covering layer (8) that correspond to the green resist blocks (22). 9. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein the gap distance (c1) between the site of the color filter substrate (100) where the red resist blocks (21) are arranged and the array substrate (200) and the gap distance (c2) between the site of the color filter substrate (100) where the blue resist blocks (23) are arranged and the array substrate (200) are both 3.2 \u03bcm, and the gap distance (c3) between the site of the color filter substrate (100) where the green resist blocks (22) are arranged and the array substrate (200) is 3 \u03bcm. 10. The liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pixel electrode layer (4) is formed of a material comprising indium tin oxide and metal lines are arranged in spacing zones between the first pixel electrodes (41), the second pixel electrodes (42), and the third pixel electrodes (43); a thickness of the metal lines arranged between the second pixel electrodes (42) and the first pixel electrodes (41) and a thickness of the metal line arranged between the second pixel electrodes (42) and the third pixel electrodes (43) are both greater than a thickness of the metal lines arranged between the first pixel electrodes (41) and the third pixel electrodes (43).",
-    "The invention discloses a common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images, including a first test end (3), a test signal line (AT1) connected to the first test end (3), a second test end (5), a feedback signal line (AT2) connected to the second test end (5), and the same number of test TFTs (T0) as cascade GOA unit circuits. By connecting the gate of each test TFT (T0) to test signal line (AT1), the source to feedback signal line (AT2) and the drain to the output end of corresponding GOA unit circuit and gate scan line, the invention can test the output signal of any stage GOA unit circuit to determine the location of a malfunctioning GOA unit circuit, and releasing the residual charges of the liquid crystal capacitor and storage capacitor at the display area of LCD panel when powering off to eliminate residual images. 1. A common circuit for gate driver on array (GOA) test and eliminating power-off residual images, which comprises: a plurality of cascade GOA unit circuits, disposed at a side of a display area (1) of an LCD panel, for a positive integer n, an output end of n-th stage GOA unit circuit connected to a corresponding n-th gate scan line (Gate(n)) of the LCD panel; a first test end (3), disposed at a side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel; a second test end (5), disposed at a side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel; a test signal line (AT1), disposed at a side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel and electrically connected to the first test end (3); a feedback signal line (AT2), disposed at a side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel and electrically connected to the second test end (5); and a plurality of test thin film transistors (TFT) (T0), the number of the test TFTs (T0) being the same as the plurality of cascade GOA unit circuits, disposed at a side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel; wherein each test TFT (T0) having a gate electrically connected to the test signal line (AT1), a source electrically connected to the feedback signal line (AT2), and a drain electrically connected to the output end of a corresponding GOA unit circuit and a corresponding gate scan line. 2. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 1, further comprises: a plurality of cascade GOA unit circuits, disposed at the other side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel, for a positive integer n\u2032, an output end of n\u2032-th stage GOA unit circuit connected to a corresponding n\u2032-th gate scan line of the LCD panel; a first test end (3), disposed at the other side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel; a second test end (5), disposed at the other side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel; a test signal line (AT1), disposed at the other side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel and electrically connected to the first test end (3); a feedback signal line (AT2), disposed at the other side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel and electrically connected to the second test end (5); and a plurality of test thin film transistors (TFT) (T0), the number of the test TFTs (T0) being the same as the plurality of cascade GOA unit circuits, disposed at the other side of the display area (1) of the LCD panel; wherein each test TFT having a gate electrically connected to the test signal line AT1, a source electrically connected to the feedback signal line AT2, and a drain electrically connected to the output end of a corresponding GOA unit circuit and a corresponding gate scan line. 3. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images tests the n-th stage GOA unit circuit, the first test end (3) provides a high-level test pulse signal to the test signal line (AT1), the second test end (5) receives an output signal of the n-th stage GOA unit circuit fed back by the test TFT (T0) connected to the output end of the corresponding n-th stage GOA unit circuit and the n-th gate scan line transmitted from the feedback signal line (AT2) to determine whether the n-th stage GOA unit circuit functions normally. 4. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 3, wherein when the common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images tests the n-th stage GOA unit circuit, the first test end (3) provides the high-level test pulse signal to the test signal line (AT1) based on the delay of the output signal of the n-th stage GOA unit circuit with respect to the a scan starting signal (STV). 5. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 4, wherein when the common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images tests the n-th stage GOA unit circuit, the high-level test pulse signal has a high-level duration longer than the high-level duration of an output signal from a normal n-th stage GOA unit circuit, and the high-level test pulse signal rises before the output signal from the normal n-th stage GOA unit circuit rises and falls after the output signal from the normal n-th stage GOA unit circuit falls. 6. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 3, wherein when the output signal of the n-th stage GOA unit circuit received by the second test end (5) fed back by the test TFT (T0) connected to the output end of the corresponding n-th stage GOA unit circuit and the n-th gate scan line transmitted from the feedback signal line (AT2) is a high-level pulse signal, the n-th stage GOA unit circuit is determined to be functioning normally; when the output signal of the n-th stage GOA unit circuit received by the second test end (5) fed back by the test TFT (T0) connected to the output end of the corresponding n-th stage GOA unit circuit and the n-th gate scan line transmitted from the feedback signal line (AT2) is a low-level constant-voltage signal (VGL), the n-th stage GOA unit circuit is determined to be functioning abnormally. 7. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 1, wherein at a power-off instant, when the first test end (3) provides a high-level signal (VGH) to the test signal line (AT1), and the second test end (5) provides a high-level signal (VGH) to the feed signal line (AT2), all the test TFTs (T0) become conductive and the output signals of all the GOA unit circuits rise to the high level. 8. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 1, wherein the common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images is applied to testing single-sided single-driver GOA circuits. 9. The common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images as claimed in claim 2, wherein the common circuit for GOA test and eliminating power-off residual images is applied to testing double-sided double-driver GOA circuits, and double-sided single-driver GOA circuits.",
-    "Methods and apparatus consistent with the invention provide the ability to organize, index, search, and present time series data based on searches. Time series data are sequences of time stamped records occurring in one or more usually continuous streams, representing some type of activity. In one embodiment, time series data is organized into discrete events with normalized time stamps and the events are indexed by time and keyword. A search is received and relevant event information is retrieved based in whole or in part on the time indexing mechanism, keyword indexing mechanism, or statistical indices calculated at the time of the search. 1. A method, comprising: receiving a search query that includes a time criterion and a second criterion for selection of events; generating result sets in response to the search query, the sets including events that match the time criterion and the second criterion; merging the result sets into a set of search results; sorting the set of search results according to time; causing display of aggregated display lines summarizing the set of search results according to time windows. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second criterion is a keyword. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more events in the set of search results is assigned a keyword relevance ranking. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a duration of the time windows from a user. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying an interactive paging of the set of search results. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the received raw data includes machine data; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the received raw data includes unstructured data; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; indexing the plurality of time stamped events; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the received raw data includes machine data; indexing the plurality of time stamped events; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the received raw data includes unstructured data; indexing the plurality of time stamped events; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 12. An apparatus, comprising: a search query receiver, implemented at least partially in hardware, that receives a search query that includes a time criterion and a second criterion for selection of events; a search result generator, implemented at least partially in hardware, that generates result sets in response to the search query, the sets including events that match the time criterion and the second criterion; a search result merger, implemented at least partially in hardware, that merges the result sets into a set of search results; a search result sorter, implemented at least partially in hardware, that sorts the set of search results according to time; a display formatter, implemented at least partially in hardware, that causes display of aggregated display lines summarizing the set of search results according to time windows. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the second criterion is a keyword. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein one or more events in the set of search results is assigned a keyword relevance ranking. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a user input receiver, implemented at least partially in hardware, that receives a duration of the time windows from a user. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: an event creator, implemented at least partially in hardware, that transforms received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events. 17. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, storing one or more sequences of instructions, which when executed by one or more processors cause performance of: receiving a search query that includes a time criterion and a second criterion for selection of events; generating result sets in response to the search query, the sets including events that match the time criterion and the second criterion; merging the result sets into a set of search results; sorting the set of search results according to time; causing display of aggregated display lines summarizing the set of search results according to time windows. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the second criterion is a keyword. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, further comprising: receiving a duration of the time windows from a user. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the one or more sequences of instructions, which when executed by the one or more processors cause further performance of: transforming received raw data into a plurality of time stamped events, wherein each event in the plurality of time-stamped events includes a portion of the received raw data; wherein the included events are among the plurality of time stamped events.",
-    "An integrated circuit includes a scribe line, a bonding pad structure and an extension pad structure. The scribe line is disposed on a substrate, and the bonding pad structure and the extension pad structure are both disposed in a dielectric layer on the substrate. The bonding pad structure includes first vias disposed on first metal layers in the dielectric layer. The extension pad structure includes second metal layers and a number of the second metal layer is less than that of the first metal layers. Also, the bonding pad structure has a first region and a second region, and second vias is disposed on the second metal layers in the first region and no vias is disposed on the second metal layers in the second region. 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a scribe line disposed on a substrate; a bonding pad structure disposed in a dielectric layer on the substrate, wherein the bonding pad structure comprises a plurality of first vias disposed on a plurality of first metal layers disposed in the dielectric layer; and an extension pad structure disposed in the dielectric layer and between the scribe line and the bonding pad structure, the extension pad structure comprising a plurality of second metal layers and a quantity of the second metal layers being less than a quantity of the first metal layers, wherein the extension pad structure has a first region and a second region, and a plurality of second vias is disposed on the second metal layers in the first region and no via is disposed on the second metal layers in the second region. 2. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the second region is disposed adjacent to the scribe line. 3. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the second region has a length being half of a length of the extension pad structure. 4. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the second region has a length between 20-40 \u03bcm. 5. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first metal layers are stacked with each other according to a quantity \u201cm\u201d, and the second metal layers are stacked with each other according to a quantity \u201cm-n\u201d, wherein \u201cm\u201d is greater than \u201cn\u201d and \u201cn\u201d is not equal to zero. 6. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, further comprising: a seal ring disposed between the scribe line and the extension pad structure. 7. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, wherein the seal ring is disposed adjacent to the second region of the extension pad structure. 8. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the substrate has a first surface and a second surface, and the dielectric layer is disposed on the first surface of the substrate. 9. The integrated circuit according to claim 8, wherein the scribe line comprises a scribe cavity disposed on the second surface of the substrate. 10. The integrated circuit according to claim 8, wherein a quantity of the second vias above the second metal layers gradually decreases from the second surface to the first surface of the substrate. 11. The integrated circuit according to claim 10, wherein the second metal layers comprises a first layer and a second layer stacked from the second surface to the first surface of the substrate, and a quantity of the second vias disposed on the second layer is 15% less than a quantity of the second vias disposed on the first layer. 12. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein a quantity of the second vias above the second metal layers is less than a quantity of the first via. 13. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the substrate further comprises a die region surrounded by the scribe line, the die region comprises the bonding pad structure and the extension pad structure. 14. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first metal layers of the bonding pad structure are connected to the second metal layers of the extension pad structure. 15. The integrated circuit according to claim 14, wherein the first metal layers of the bonding pad structure and the second metal layers of the extension pad structure are monolithic. 16. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first metal layers of the bonding pad structure are not connected to the second metal layers of the extension pad structure.",
-    "Provided is a Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material having a composition represented as an atomic ratio by the compositional formula: (Fea\u2014Co100-a)100-b-c-d\u2014Tab\u2014Nbc-Md, wherein 0<a\u226680, 0\u2266b\u226610, 0\u2266c\u226615, 5\u2266b+c\u226615, 2\u2266d\u226620, 15\u2266b+c+d\u226625, and M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr and W, with the balance consisting of unavoidable impurities, wherein the sputtering target material has a bending fracture strain \u03b5fB at 300\u00b0 C. of 0.4% or more. 1. A Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material having a composition represented as an atomic ratio by the compositional formula: (Fea\u2014Co100-a)100-b-c-d\u2014Tab\u2014Nbc-Md, wherein 0<a\u226680, 0\u2266b\u226610, 0\u2266c\u226615, 5\u2266b+c\u226615, 7\u2266d\u226620, 15\u2266b+c+d\u226625, and M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr and W, with the balance consisting of unavoidable impurities, wherein the sputtering target material has a bending fracture strain \u03b5fB at 300\u00b0 C. of 0.4% or more. 2. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 1, wherein b in the compositional formula satisfies the relationship: b=0. 3. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 2, wherein an area ratio, in a field of vision of from 0.01 mm2 to 0.10 mm2, of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb is 30 area % or less with respect to the Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material. 4. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 3, wherein when an inscribed circle is drawn in a region of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb, the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 30 \u03bcm or less. 5. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 4, wherein the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 0.5 \u03bcm or more. 6. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 2, wherein when an inscribed circle is drawn in a region of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb, the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 30 \u03bcm or less. 7. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 6, wherein the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 0.5 \u03bcm or more. 8. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 1, wherein an area ratio, in a field of vision of from 0.01 mm2 to 0.10 mm2, of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb is 30 area % or less with respect to the Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material. 9. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 8, wherein when an inscribed circle is drawn in a region of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb, the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 30 \u03bcm or less. 10. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 9, wherein the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 0.5 \u03bcm or more. 11. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 1, wherein when an inscribed circle is drawn in a region of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb, the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 30 \u03bcm or less. 12. The Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 11, wherein the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 0.5 \u03bcm or more. 13. A method of producing a Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material, the method comprising pressurized sintering, a powdered composition having a composition represented as an atomic ratio by the compositional formula: (Fea\u2014Co100-a)100-b-c-d\u2014Tab\u2014Nbc-Md, wherein 0<a\u226680, 0\u2266b\u226610, 0\u2266c\u226615, 5\u2266b+c\u226615, 7\u2266d\u226620, 15\u2266b+c+d\u226625, and M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr and W, with the balance consisting of unavoidable impurities, under conditions of a sintering temperature of from 800\u00b0 C. to 1400\u00b0 C., a pressurizing pressure of from 100 MPa to 200 MPa, and a sintering time of from 1 hour to 10 hours. 14. The method of producing a Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 13, wherein b in the compositional formula satisfies the relationship: b=0. 15. The method of producing a Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 13, wherein an area ratio, in a field of vision of from 0.01 mm2 to 0.10 mm2, of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb is 30 area % or less with respect to the Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material. 16. The method of producing a Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 13, wherein when an inscribed circle is drawn in a region of an intermetallic compound phase containing one or more selected from Ta or Nb, the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 30 \u03bcm or less. 17. The method of producing a Fe\u2014Co-based alloy sputtering target material according to claim 16, wherein the maximum diameter of the inscribed circle is 0.5 \u03bcm or more.",
-    "An Integrated Circuit device, including: a base wafer including single crystal, the base wafer including a plurality of first transistors; at least one metal layer providing interconnection between the plurality of first transistors; a first wire structure constructed to provide power to a portion of the first transistors; a second layer of less than 2 micron thickness, the second layer including a plurality of second single crystal transistors, the second layer overlying the at least one metal layer; and a second wire structure constructed to provide power to a portion of the second transistors, where the second wire structure is isolated from the first wire structure to provide a different power voltage to the portion of the second transistors. 1. An Integrated Circuit device, comprising: a base wafer comprising single crystal, said base wafer comprising a plurality of first transistors; at least one metal layer providing interconnection between said plurality of first transistors; a first wire structure constructed to provide power to a portion of said first transistors; a second layer of less than 2 micron thickness, said second layer comprising a plurality of second single crystal transistors, said second layer overlying said at least one metal layer; and a second wire structure constructed to provide power to a portion of said second transistors, wherein said second wire structure is isolated from said first wire structure to provide a different power voltage to said portion of said second transistors. 2. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one conductive structure underneath at least one of said second single crystal transistors, said at least one conductive structure is constructed to provide a back-bias to at least one of said second single crystal transistors 3. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one thermal conduction path from at least one of said second single crystal transistors to an external surface of said Integrated Circuit device. 4. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising: a heat-spreader layer disposed between said first layer and said second layer. 5. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said second wire structure is controlled by at least one of said transistors. 6. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising: a conductive layer disposed underneath said second layer, wherein said conductive layer provides power to at least one of said second single crystal transistors. 7. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising: a conductive pad overlying at least one of said second single crystal transistors. 8. An Integrated Circuit device, comprising: a base wafer comprising single crystal, said base wafer comprising a plurality of first transistors; at least one metal layer providing interconnection between said plurality of first transistors; a second layer of less than 2 micron thickness, said second layer comprising a plurality of second transistors, said second layer overlying said at least one metal layer; and at least one conductive structure constructed to provide power to a portion of said second transistors, wherein said provide power is controlled by at least one of said transistors. 9. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 8, wherein at least one of said second transistors comprises a back-bias structure. 10. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 8, further comprising: at least one thermal conduction path from at least one of said second transistors to an external surface of said Integrated Circuit device. 11. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 8, further comprising: a shielding layer, wherein said shielding layer provides shielding for said at least one metal layer from heat resulting from optical annealing of said second transistors. 12. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 8, wherein said at least one conductive structure is disposed between said base wafer and said second layer. 13. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 8, further comprising: a conductive pad overlying at least one of said second transistors. 14. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 8, further comprising: at least one thermal conduction path from said at least one conductive structure to an external surface of said Integrated Circuit device 15. An Integrated Circuit device, comprising: a base wafer comprising single crystal, said base wafer comprising a plurality of first transistors; at least one metal layer providing interconnection between said plurality of first transistors; a second layer of less than 2 micron thickness, said second layer comprising a plurality of second transistors, said second layer overlying said at least one metal layer, wherein said plurality of second transistors comprise single crystal; a plurality of conductive pads, wherein at least one of said conductive pads overlays at least one of said second transistors; and at least one I/O circuit, wherein said at least one I/O circuit is adapted to interface with external devices through at least one of said plurality of conductive pads. 16. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 15, wherein at least one of said second transistors comprise a back-bias structure. 17. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 15, further comprising: at least one thermal conduction path from at least one of said second transistors to an external surface of said Integrated Circuit device. 18. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 15, further comprising: a shielding layer, wherein said shielding layer provides shielding for said at least one metal layer from heat resulting from optical annealing of said second transistors. 19. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 15, further comprising: at least one heat spreader layer underneath said second layer. 20. An Integrated Circuit device according to claim 15, further comprising: at least one conductive structure, wherein said at least one conductive provides power to a portion of said second transistors, wherein said provide power is controlled by at least one of said transistors.",
-    "An activation device for an electronic faucet comprises a body, a shell, and a battery. It is further characterized in that a wireless transmission module is arranged at the shell and electrically connected with the battery pack. The wireless transmission module has an activation switch which has a timer to be set to turn on/off the wireless transmission module. Therefore, the wireless transmission module may be not continuously operated so as to effectively reduce the power loss. 1. An activation device for an electronic faucet, comprising a body, having an inlet pipe arranged thereinside, and the inlet pipe has an electromagnetic valve; a shell, having an outlet pipe fluidly communicated with the inlet pipe, a sensor is arranged at the shell and electrically connected with the electromagnetic valve to that the electromagnetic valve is controlled by the sensor to turn on/off; and a battery pack, provided a power to the sensor and the electromagnetic valve; further characterized in that: a wireless transmission module is arranged at the shell and electrically connected with the battery pack, the wireless transmission module has an activation switch, the activation switch has a timer to be set to turn on/off the wireless transmission module; the wireless transmission module is electrically connected with the electromagnetic valve, and a size of a diameter of the electromagnetic valve while being turned on is set by a user with a mobile device so as to control a water flow; and when the user wants to set the functions of the electronic faucet, the activation switch is pressed to turn on the wireless transmission module to transmit, receive, or process a setting order from the mobile device. 2. (canceled) 3. The activation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wireless transmission module is electrically connected with the sensor and having a storage unit. 4. The activation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the activation switch is a reed switch. 5. (canceled) 6. The activation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the activation switch is an electronic switch. 7. The activation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the activation switch is an electronic switch.",
-    "An infrared soap dispensing faucet structure comprises a shell and an automatic soap dispensing unit. The shell has a hollow vertical section with a first space and a hollow horizontal section with a second space. A water outlet and a soap outlet are arranged at an outer lower edge of the horizontal section. The water outlet has a first sensor and the soap outlet has a second sensor. The first sensor of the water outlet is provided for controlling the water outlet to be turned on and off. The shell and the automatic soap dispensing unit are integrated with each other so that a bathroom space is not in disarray and dirt remained on hands is not polluted a faucet or the automatic soap dispensing unit. 1. An infrared soap dispensing faucet structure, comprising a shell and an automatic soap dispensing unit; the shell has a hollow vertical section and a hollow horizontal section; a first space is defined in the vertical section and a second space is defined in the horizontal section; a water outlet and a soap outlet are separately arranged at an outer lower edge of the horizontal section; an inlet pipe is arranged in the first space and the second space for providing to output water flow and has an inlet valve; the water outlet has a first sensor and the soap outlet has a second sensor; the first sensor of the water outlet is provided for controlling the water outlet to be turned on and off; the automatic soap dispensing unit has an output set, a container, and an electric control set; the output set is connected with the container and the soap outlet; the electric control set is connected with the output set and the second sensor for providing soap to output to the soap outlet; further characterized in that: the shell and the automatic soap dispensing unit are integrated with each other so that a bathroom space is not in disarray and dirt remained on hands is not polluted a faucet or the automatic soap dispensing unit; and the automatic soap dispensing unit has an air pump, the output set includes an air inlet pipe, a foaming unit is arranged at the soap outlet, the soap is flowed from the output set to the soap outlet and the foaming unit, the air pump is pumped air into the foaming unit, air and soap are mixed in the foaming unit, and soap is flowed out in a manner of micro foam. 2. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention discloses a chair tray and chassis, chassis forming method and chassis mounting structure of the same. The main points of its technical solution are that the chair chassis comprises a chassis body that is arranged with a mounting hole thereon for mounting a regulating knob. The edge at the position corresponding to the mounting hole of the chassis body is arranged with a flange. The structural strength and the fatigue strength of the chassis can be enhanced effectively by arranging the flange at the position corresponding to the mounting hole of the chassis, which avoids the occurrence of fracture at the perimeter of the mounting hole of the chassis during use or test and thus enables the thickness of the chassis to be reduced below 3 mm, reducing production material to a very large extent and saving production cost while also ensuring that it can pass the back pad fatigue test in the BIFMA standard. Additionally, the fact that the flange surrounds the mounting hole can increase the structural strength and the fatigue strength at the perimeter of the mounting hole of the chassis more all around with a better effect. 1. A chair chassis, comprising a chassis body (1) that is arranged with a mounting hole (2) thereon for mounting a regulating bolt (91), characterized in that the edge at the position corresponding to the mounting hole (2) of the chassis body (1) is arranged with a flange (3). 2. The chair chassis according to claim 1, characterized in that the flange (3) is arranged on a lower surface of the chassis. 3. The chair chassis according to claim 1, characterized in that the flange (3) is arranged on an upper surface of the chassis. 4. The chair chassis according to claim 2, characterized in that the upper surface of the chassis body (1) is arranged with bumps (5) that are arranged at an interval in the direction of the chassis width and distributed at two sides of the mounting hole (2), wherein the surface of the bump (5) is a cambered face. 5. A forming method of the flange (3) and the bumps (5) of claim 4, characterized in that the flange (3) is formed by forward punching at the position corresponding to the mounting hole (2) on the upper surface of the chassis. 6. The forming method according to claim 5, characterized in that the bumps (5) are formed by reverse punching on the lower surface of the chassis. 7. A connecting structure between the chassis and the regulating bolt (91) of any one of claim 1, characterized in that a nylon washer (11) is arranged between the head of the regulating bolt (91) and the chassis, wherein the regulating bolt (91) passes through the nylon washer (11) and the mounting hole (2) of the chassis in turn. 8. A chair tray with the connecting structure of claim 7, characterized in that an elastic element and a regulating knob (94) are sleeved on the regulating bolt (91), wherein the regulating knob (94) is in threaded connection with the regulating bolt (91), such that when the regulating knob (94) is rotated, the elastic element is compressed to achieve the regulation of the leaning reset force. 9. The chair tray according to claim 8, characterized in that the chair tray also comprises a middle plate (6) and a rotary rod (7), wherein the middle plate (6) is arranged with a rotary shaft (61) therethrough, by which it is connected with the chassis, the middle plate (6) is arranged with a via (8) thereon for a gas spring to go through, the rotary rod (7) is arranged with a bend part (71) thereon for linking the gas spring, the rotary rod (7) is arranged with a reset torsional spring (72) thereon that holds the bend part (71) against the gas spring. 10. The chair tray according to claim 9, characterized in that the rotary rod (7) runs through the middle plate (6) at its end, wherein the sidewall of the chassis is arranged with limiting holes (10) thereon corresponding with the rotary rod (7).",
-    "A non-wearable Personal Emergency Response System (PERS) architecture is provided, implementing RF interferometry using synthetic aperture antenna arrays to derive ultra-wideband echo signals which are analyzed and then processed by a two-stage human state classifier and abnormal states pattern recognition. Systems and methods transmit ultra-wide band radio frequency signals at, and receive echo signals from, the environment, process the received echo signals to yield a range-bin-based slow signal that is spatio-temporally characterized over multiple spatial range bins and multiple temporal sub-frames, respectively, and derive from the slow signal multiple characteristics of human(s) in the environment. The reception antennas may be arranged in several linear baselines, implement virtual displacements, and may be set into multiple communicating sub-arrays. The decision process is carried out based on the instantaneous human state (local decision) followed by abnormal states patterns recognition (global decision). 1. An ultra-wide band (UWB) radio frequency (RF) interferometry unit comprising: an UWB RF pulse generator configured to generate UWB RF pulses having specified characteristics, at least one UWB RF transmitting antenna configured to receive the generated UWB RF pulses and transmit corresponding UWB RF signals at an environment including at least one human, at least one UWB RF reception antenna configured to receive echo signals from the environment, an UWB RF interferometer configured to deliver the received echo signals for processing, and an environmental clutter cancelation module configured to filter out static non-human related echo signals; wherein at least one of UWB RF transmitting and reception antennas comprises a Synthetic Aperture Antenna Array (SAAA) comprising a plurality of linear baseline antenna arrays (\u201cbaselines\u201d). 2. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 1, wherein at least one of the baselines comprises two parallel metal beams flanking the antenna elements of the baseline. 3. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 1, wherein the SAAA comprises at least four baselines arranged in parallel to edges of a rectangle. 4. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 3, wherein the baselines are tilted with respect to a common plane thereof. 5. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 1, wherein the baselines are arranged to cover 360\u00b0 around the unit and have pairwise overlapping beams. 6. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 1, wherein the UWB RF interferometer is further configured to use multiple antennas to implement virtual displacement of the baselines. 7. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 6, wherein the multiple antennas are reception antennas and the virtual displaced baselines are transmitting baselines. 8. The UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 6, wherein the multiple antennas are transmitting antennas and the virtual displaced baselines are reception baselines. 9. A non-wearable monitoring system comprising the UWB RF interferometry unit of claim 1 and further comprising: a human state feature extractor configured to extract from the filtered echo signals, a quantified representation of position postures, movements, motions and breathing of at least one human located within the specified area, a human state classifier configured to identify a most probable fit of human current state that represents an actual human instantaneous status, and an abnormality situation pattern recognition module configured to apply a pattern recognition based decision function to the identified states patterns and determine whether an abnormal physical event has occurred to the at least one human in the specified area. 10. The non-wearable monitoring system of claim 9, comprising a plurality of the UWB RF interferometry units, wherein the system is further configured to implement at least one hand-over algorithm among the interferometry units with respect to the received echo signals from the at least one human in the environment. 11. The non-wearable monitoring system of claim 9, comprising a plurality of communicating sub-units, each having the UWB RF interferometry unit, the human state feature extractor and the human state classifier, wherein the abnormality situation pattern recognition module is further configured to integrate input from all sub-units. 12. A method comprising: transmitting ultra-wide band (UWB) radio frequency (RF) signals via at least one UWB RF transmitting antenna at an environment including at least one human and receiving echo signals therefrom via at least one UWB RF reception antenna, and canceling environmental clutter by filtering out static non-human related echo signals, wherein at least one of UWB RF transmitting and reception antennas comprises a Synthetic Aperture Antenna Array (SAAA) comprising a plurality of linear baseline antenna arrays (\u201cbaselines\u201d). 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising arranging the baselines in a rectangle, either parallel to edges thereof or at acute angles to edges thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising using multiple antennas to implement virtual displacement of the baselines. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the multiple antennas are reception antennas and the virtual displaced baselines are transmitting baselines or wherein the multiple antennas are transmitting antennas and the virtual displaced baselines are reception baselines. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising implementing phase-shifting-based integration to derive parameters relating to the at least one human. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising: using the received echo signals to derive, by back projection, 2D location data and 3D posture data about the at least one human, classifying the 2D location data and the 3D posture data to indicate a state of the at least one human, by identifying a most probable fit of one of a plurality of predefined states to the 2D location data and the 3D posture data, and generating an alert once the indicated state is related at least one specified emergency, the alert generation based on pattern recognition with respect to previously indicated states.",
-    "The invention provides an image display system and an image presenting method thereof. The image display system includes a display apparatus and an image presenting apparatus. The display apparatus receives an output image signal and generates an image frame. The image presenting apparatus obtains a plurality of input image signals from a plurality of image sources and generates an output image signal. The image presenting apparatus provides the output image signal to a display apparatus. The image presenting apparatus receives a preview request to simultaneously and timely present the input image signals of all the image sources in a preview block of the image frame. Also, the image presenting apparatus further receives a select request to generate the output image signal according to at least one of the input image signals that is selected. 1. An image display system, comprising a display apparatus and an image presenting apparatus, wherein the display apparatus is configured to receive an output image signal and generate an image frame, and the image display apparatus comprises: a signal receiving module, obtaining a plurality of input image signals from a plurality of image sources; an image processing module, coupled to the signal receiving module, receiving the input image signals, and generating the output image signal according to at least one of the input image signals, wherein the image processing module is coupled to the display apparatus to provide the output image signal; and a control unit, coupled to and controlling the image processing module, wherein the control unit receives a preview request, so as to simultaneously and timely present the input image signals of all the image sources in a preview block of the image frame by using the image processing module, and the control unit further receives a select request, so as to generate the output image signal according to at least one of the input image signals that is selected. 2. The image display system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the image display system comprises an input apparatus and the image presenting apparatus comprises a decoder, wherein the input apparatus generates an input signal and transmits the input signal to the decoder to decode the input signal and generate a decoded input signal, and the control unit receives the decoded input signal to determine whether the preview request or the select request is received. 3. The image display system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the input apparatus is a touch apparatus, an infrared remote control apparatus, or a keyboard. 4. The image display system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the image processing module comprises: a plurality of image scalers, wherein the image scalers respectively receive the input image signals and scale the input image signals, so as to generate one of a plurality of scaled image signals; and an adding unit, coupled to the image scalers and performing an image processing process and an image adding process to the scaled image signals, so as to generate the output image signal. 5. The image display system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the adding unit comprises: a plurality of image adders, wherein the image adders respectively receive the scaled image signals and performs an image adding process to the scaled image signals, so as to generate the output image signal. 6. The image display system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the number of the image sources is four, and the number of the image adders is the same as the number of the image sources. 7. The image display system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the image processing module generates the output image signal according to one of a single frame display mode, a picture-in-picture display mode, and a picture-by-picture display mode. 8. An image presenting method for an image display system, wherein the image display system comprises a display apparatus and an image presenting apparatus, the display apparatus is configured to receive an output image signal and generate an image frame, and the image presenting method comprises: the image presenting apparatus obtaining a plurality of input image signals from a plurality of image sources; the image presenting apparatus generating the output image signal to the display apparatus according to at least one of the input image signals; and the image presenting apparatus determining whether a preview request is received, so as to simultaneously and timely present the input image signals of all the image sources in a preview block of the image frame. 9. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising: the image presenting apparatus receiving a select request to generate the output image signal according to at least one of the input image signals that is selected. 10. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising: the image presenting apparatus generating the output image signal according to one of a single frame display mode, a picture-in-picture display mode, and a picture-by-picture display mode. 11. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 10, wherein when the output image signal indicates the picture-in-picture display mode, receiving the select request to generate the output image signal according to at least one of the input image signals that is selected comprises: receiving a first select request to use as a first selected image source in a secondary frame block in the picture-in-picture display mode, wherein the first selected image source is one of the image sources; receiving a second select request to use as a second selected image source in a primary frame block in the picture-in-picture display mode, wherein the second selected image source is another of the image sources; and stopping displaying the preview block. 12. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 10, wherein when the output image signal is in the picture-by-picture display mode, receiving the select request to generate the output image signal according to at least one of the input image signals that is selected comprises: receiving a first select request to use as a first selected image source in a first frame block in the picture-by-picture display mode, wherein the first selected image source is one of the image sources; receiving a second select request to use as a second selected image source in a second frame block in the picture-by-picture display mode, wherein the second selected image source is another of the image sources; and stopping displaying the preview block. 13. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the image display system comprises an input apparatus, the image presenting apparatus comprises a decoder, and the image presenting method further comprises: the input apparatus generating an input signal and transmitting the input signal to the decoder to decode the input signal, thereby generating a decoded input signal; and the image presenting apparatus determining whether the preview request or the select request is received according to the decoded input signal. 14. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the input apparatus is a touch apparatus, an infrared remote control apparatus, or a keyboard. 15. The image presenting method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the image presenting apparatus comprises a plurality of image scalers and a plurality of image adders, the image adders are respectively coupled to the image scalers, and the image presenting method further comprises: the image scalers respectively receiving the input image signals and scaling the input image signals, so as to generate a plurality of scaled image signals; and the image adders respectively receiving the scaled image signals and performing an image adding process to the scaled image signals, so as to generate the output image signal.",
-    "A method for fabricating semiconductor device is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a first fin-shaped structure and a second fin-shaped structure on the substrate; forming a first epitaxial layer on the first fin-shaped structure and a second epitaxial layer on the second fin-shaped structure; and forming a cap layer on the first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer. Preferably, a distance between the first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer is between twice the thickness of the cap layer and four times the thickness of the cap layer. 1. A method for fabricating semiconductor device, comprising: providing a substrate; forming a first fin-shaped structure and a second fin-shaped structure on the substrate; forming a first epitaxial layer on the first fin-shaped structure and a second epitaxial layer on the second fin-shaped structure; and forming a cap layer on the first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer, wherein a distance between the first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer is between twice the thickness of the cap layer and four times the thickness of the cap layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a shallow trench isolation (STI) on the substrate and around the first fin-shaped structure and the second fin-shaped structure; forming the first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer on the first fin-shaped structure and the second fin-shaped structure; and forming the cap layer on the first epitaxial layer, the second epitaxial layer, and the STI. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first epitaxial layer comprises a reverse V-shaped top surface and a V-shaped bottom surface. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: forming a dielectric layer on the first epitaxial layer, the second epitaxial layer, and the STI; removing part of the dielectric layer to form a contact hole to expose the first epitaxial layer, the second epitaxial layer, and part of the STI, wherein part of the cap layer is remained between the V-shaped bottom surface of the first epitaxial layer and the STI. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cap layer remained between the V-shaped bottom surface of the first epitaxial layer and the STI is V-shaped. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising forming a contact plug in the contact hole, wherein the contact plug contacts the STI and the cap layer between the V-shaped bottom surface of the first epitaxial layer and the STI. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising remaining part of the dielectric layer between the V-shaped bottom surface of the first epitaxial layer and the STI. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising forming a contact plug in the contact hole, wherein the contact plug contacts the STI and the dielectric layer between the V-shaped bottom surface of the first epitaxial layer and the STI. 9. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a fin-shaped structure on the substrate; a shallow trench isolation (STI) on the substrate and around the fin-shaped structure; an epitaxial layer on the fin-shaped structure, wherein the epitaxial layer comprises a reverse V-shaped top surface and a V-shaped bottom surface; a cap layer between the epitaxial layer and the STI and contacting the V-shaped bottom surface of the epitaxial layer; a dielectric layer between the V-shaped bottom surface of the epitaxial layer and the STI; and a contact plug on the epitaxial layer and contacting the STI, the dielectric layer and the cap layer at the same time. 10. (canceled) 11. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the cap layer is between the V-shaped bottom surface of the epitaxial layer and the STI. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the cap layer is V-shaped. 13. (canceled) 14. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the dielectric layer contacts the cap layer directly. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 9, further comprising the contact plug on the epitaxial layer and contacting the STI and the dielectric layer between the V-shaped bottom surface of the epitaxial layer and the STI. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 9, further comprising the contact plug on the epitaxial layer and contacting the STI and the cap layer between the V-shaped bottom surface of the epitaxial layer and the STI. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the cap layer is selected from the group consisting of SiN, SiCN, and SiCON.",
-    "Providing a box closure system, device and method for closing of boxes preferably cardboard boxes having different sizes such as typical ready to eat cereal boxes and other boxes. The device preferably having a longitudinal structure A and B. Said structure, system can have a gripping section that can press the box and liner that can sit inside the box between said structure. Said structure, system constructed and arranged so it can be installed onto a box or implemented with the box. System whereby a triangular box opening can be created in the top of the box when the box is opened and a pouring mouth can be created. Furthermore providing a closure system and method whereby said invention is integrated into the boxes themselves. 1. A device to close of a plurality of boxes of different sizes, the device comprising: at least two main interconnected longitudinal parts having a top and opposite bottom surface, said bottom surface having an outer wall at least partially around its longitudinal periphery, said parts at least having one protrusion depending downwardly from its bottom surface forming a channel section with said longitudinal outer wall, said parts comprising a means for attaching said parts onto a plurality of different boxes of different sizes, a closure mechanism for connecting said two main parts together. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said main parts comprising a means for clamping a bag liner between said main parts. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of said main parts having a hinge construction. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein at least one of said main parts can rotate. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein a member can be engaged for rotationally interconnecting said two main parts together. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein said protrusion forming a channel section constructed and arranged at a different angle in relation to the hinge construction. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of said longitudinal parts comprising a child friendly figure. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein a protrusion is depending upwardly from the top surface of at least one of said main parts. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein said protrusion comprising a round shape. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one protrusion extends downwardly longer than the outer wall. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of said main parts comprising an elastomer material. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein at least one of said main parts comprising a means for extracting the excess air out of a bag liner. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein it is distributed together with the box. 14. A box closure system to close of a plurality of boxes of different sizes, the box closure system comprising: at least two main interconnected side formations constructed and arranged at least partially in the longitudinal top side of the box, a closure mechanism for connecting said side formations together wherein the short sides of said box are bended in order to bring said side formations together, closing said box whereby the user can connect and disconnect said interconnected side formations. 15. The box closure system of claim 14, wherein when one short side of said box is bended a triangular box top opening is created. 16. The box closure system of claim 14, wherein when one short side of said box is bended outwardly a triangular pouring mouth is created. 17. The box closure system of claim 14, wherein at least one of said main side formations is constructed out of a different material than the material of the box. 18. The box closure system of claim 14, wherein said short sides of the box are bended inward for closing said box. 19. The box closure system of claim 14, wherein at least one of said main side formations having a hinge construction. 20. A method for closing of a plurality of boxes of different sizes comprising the steps of: (a) providing at least two main interconnected side formations in the box having a top and opposite bottom surface constructed and arranged at least partially in the longitudinal top side of the box, bringing said formations together wherein the short sides of said box are bended such that said formations can be brought together. (b) a closure mechanism for connecting said two main formations together whereby when one side of said two main formations is brought together and connected a triangular box top opening can be formed and the user can connect, lock and disconnect said side formations.",
-    "The present invention provides a medical hand controller for disabilities, including a hand controller body; a control button, arranged on the body and applied to control a motor terminal; a voice broadcast device installed inside the hand controller body and applied to voice broadcast a function of the button when the control button is pressed and lasted for an overlong period exceeding a preset value, wherein, the voice broadcast device connects to the control button electrically; and an emboss, set on the control button, applied to mark the function. When a blind or a user with poor eyesight is operating the hand controller, if a control button is pressed, the function of the button will be voice broadcasted, also, the function could be identified through touching the embosses set on the control button, which has facilitated the usage of any users with abnormal eyesight. 1. A medical hand controller for disabilities, comprising: a hand controller body; a control button, arranged on the hand controller body and used to control a motor terminal; a voice broadcast device, installed inside the hand controller body and applied to voice broadcast a function of the control button when the control button is pressed and lasted for an overlong period exceeding a preset value, the voice broadcast device connects to the control button; and an emboss, set on the control button and applied to mark the function of the control button; wherein the control button comprises at least one switch button turning on or off the motor terminal, one speed-up button speeding up rotation of the motor terminal and one speed-down button speeding down the rotation of the motor terminal. 2. The medical hand controller for disabilities according to claim 1, wherein, a magnetic inducted wake-up device is set in the hand controller body applied to wake the hand controller up. 3. The medical hand controller for disabilities according to claim 1, wherein, at least one control button is arranged on a surface of the hand controller body and at least one control button is arranged on a left or right side of the hand controller body; the control button arranged on the surface of the hand controller body is the same as the control button arranged on the left or right side of the hand controller body. 4. The medical hand controller for disabilities according to claim 3, wherein, a removable protective edge is engaged in the hand controller body, applied to cover the control button on the left or right side of the hand controller body, in order to prevent users from accidentally touching. 5. The medical hand controller for disabilities according to claim 4, wherein, a 360 degrees rotatable hanger is arranged in the protective edge. 6. The medical hand controller for disabilities according to claim 1, wherein, a cross section of the control button is of a circular, oval, semi-circular, crescent or polygonal shape. 7. The medical hand controller for disabilities according to claim 1, wherein, a model of the voice broadcast device is AP23085.",
-    "A tunable gain flattening filter includes a long-period grating device. The long-period grating device includes: an optical fiber that includes a core having a refractive index and a core guided mode with a first effective index, and a cladding surrounding the core and having a cladding mode with a second effective index that is less than the first effective index; a thermoelectric module, the optical fiber being mounted on the thermoelectric module; a thermoelectric cooler configured to precisely control temperature of the optical fiber; and a thermistor configured as a sensor to provide feedback for the thermoelectric module. A plurality of perturbations in refractive index are defined on the core spaced apart by a periodic distance so as to form a long-period grating with a center wavelength. Diameter of the optical fiber is tapered or etched by HF solution to about 6 to 10 \u03bcm. 1. A long-period grating device comprising: an optical fiber that comprises a core having a refractive index and a core guided mode with a first effective index, and a cladding surrounding the core and having a cladding mode with a second effective index that is less than the first effective index; a glass tube filled with a refractive index liquid, the optical fiber being sealed in the glass tube with UV adhesive; and a thermoelectric module, the optical fiber being mounted on the thermoelectric module; wherein: a plurality of perturbations in refractive index are defined on the core spaced apart by a periodic distance so as to form a long-period grating with a center wavelength; and diameter of the optical fiber is tapered or etched by HF solution to about 6 to 10 \u03bcm. 2. The long-period grating device of claim 1 further comprising a thermoelectric cooler configured to precisely control temperature of the optical fiber. 3. The long-period grating device of claim 2, wherein the thermoelectric cooler is integrated to the optical fiber. 4. The long-period grating device of claim 2 further comprising a precision temperature controller, wherein the precision temperature controller is configured to use a current source or a voltage source to drive power through the thermoelectric cooler based on feedback from a temperature sensor. 5. The long-period grating device of claim 1 further comprising a thermistor configured as a sensor to provide feedback for the thermoelectric module. 6. The long-period grating device of claim 5, wherein the thermistor is a resistor that changes resistance with temperature. 7. The long-period grating device of claim 6, wherein the thermistor has a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC). 8. A tunable gain flattening filter comprising a long-period grating device, the long-period grating device comprising: an optical fiber that comprises a core having a refractive index and a core guided mode with a first effective index, and a cladding surrounding the core and having a cladding mode with a second effective index that is less than the first effective index; a thermoelectric module, the optical fiber being mounted on the thermoelectric module; a thermoelectric cooler configured to precisely control temperature of the optical fiber; and a thermistor configured as a sensor to provide feedback for the thermoelectric module; wherein: a plurality of perturbations in refractive index are defined on the core spaced apart by a periodic distance so as to form a long-period grating with a center wavelength; and diameter of the optical fiber is tapered or etched by HF solution to about 6 to 10 \u03bcm. 9. The tunable gain flattening filter of claim 8 further comprising a glass tube filled with a refractive index liquid, wherein the optical fiber is sealed in the glass tube with UV adhesive. 10. The tunable gain flattening filter of claim 8, wherein the thermistor is a resistor that changes resistance with temperature. 11. A long-period grating device comprising: an optical fiber that comprises a core having a refractive index and a core guided mode with a first effective index, and a cladding surrounding the core and having a cladding mode with a second effective index that is less than the first effective index; wherein: a plurality of perturbations in refractive index are defined on the core spaced apart by a periodic distance so as to form a long-period grating with a center wavelength; and diameter of the optical fiber is tapered or etched by HF solution to about 6 to 10 \u03bcm. 12. The long-period grating device of claim 11 further comprising a glass tube filled with a refractive index liquid, wherein the optical fiber is sealed in the glass tube with UV adhesive. 13. The long-period grating device of claim 11 further comprising a thermoelectric module, wherein the optical fiber is mounted on the thermoelectric module. 14. The long-period grating device of claim 13 further comprising a thermoelectric cooler configured to precisely control temperature of the optical fiber. 15. The long-period grating device of claim 14, wherein the thermoelectric cooler is integrated to the optical fiber. 16. The long-period grating device of claim 14 further comprising a precision temperature controller, wherein the precision temperature controller is configured to use a current source or a voltage source to drive power through the thermoelectric cooler based on feedback from a temperature sensor. 17. The long-period grating device of claim 16, wherein a precision current source of the precision temperature controller is configured to drive current through the temperature sensor, and thereby provide a voltage feedback. 18. The long-period grating device of claim 13 further comprising a thermistor configured as a sensor to provide feedback for the thermoelectric module. 19. The long-period grating device of claim 18, wherein the thermistor is a resistor that changes resistance with temperature. 20. The long-period grating device of claim 19, wherein the thermistor has a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC).",
-    "A controller includes an interface and a processor. The interface is configured to communicate with one or more memory devices that include multiple memory blocks. The processor is configured to hold information regarding power consumption of the memory blocks, to group at least some of the memory blocks into one or more storage groups, based on the information, such that the memory blocks in each storage group jointly consume less than a predefined power limit when the memory blocks in the storage group are applied a storage operation in parallel, and to apply the storage operation, in parallel, to the memory blocks in a selected storage group. 1. A controller, comprising: an interface, which is configured to communicate with one or more memory devices comprising multiple memory blocks; and a processor, which is configured to: hold information regarding power consumption of the memory blocks; group at least some of the memory blocks into one or more storage groups, based on the information, such that the memory blocks in each storage group jointly consume less than a predefined power limit when the memory blocks in the storage group are applied a storage operation in parallel; and apply the storage operation, in parallel, to the memory blocks in a selected storage group. 2. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to hold the information by holding identities of one or more excess-power blocks among the memory blocks that each consumes a power level above a predefined power threshold when the storage operation is applied. 3. The controller according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to include no more than a predefined number of the excess-power blocks in each of the storage groups. 4. The controller according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to: hold, for the excess-power blocks, respective power consumption values; and include in each of the storage groups one or more excess-power blocks that jointly consume less a predefined maximal power. 5. The controller according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to: apply the storage operation to each of the memory blocks individually; measure a power level consumed by the memory device responsively to the storage operation; and identify the memory blocks for which the power level exceeds a predefined power threshold. 6. The controller according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to: measure one or more programming times for one or more respective cell-subsets of the memory blocks; and identify the excess-power blocks based, at least in part, on the measured programming times. 7. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to apply the storage operation by performing one or more of: erasing the memory blocks of the selected storage group; programming data in each of the memory blocks of the selected storage group; and reading the data from each of the memory blocks of the selected storage group. 8. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to group the memory blocks such that each storage group contains no more than a single memory block from each memory device. 9. The controller according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to group the memory blocks such that at least two of the memory blocks in a given storage group belong to a same memory device. 10. A method for data storage comprising: in a controller that stores data in one or more memory devices comprising multiple memory blocks, holding information regarding power consumption of the memory blocks; grouping at least some of the memory blocks into one or more storage groups, based on the information, such that the memory blocks in each storage group jointly consume less than a predefined power limit when the memory blocks in the storage group are applied a storage operation in parallel; and applying the storage operation, in parallel, to the memory blocks in a selected storage group. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein holding the information comprises holding identities of one or more excess-power blocks among the memory blocks that each consumes a power level above a predefined power threshold when applying the storage operation. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein grouping the memory blocks comprises including no more than a predefined number of the excess-power blocks in each of the storage groups. 14. The method according to claim 10, wherein holding the information comprises, assigning for the excess-power blocks, respective power consumption values, and including in each of the storage groups one or more excess-power blocks that jointly consume less a predefined maximal power. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein holding the information comprises identifying the excess-power blocks by applying the storage operation to each of the memory blocks individually, measuring a power level consumed by the memory device responsively to the storage operation, and identifying the memory blocks for which the power level exceeds a predefined power threshold. 16. The method according to claim 11, and comprising measuring one or more programming times for one or more respective cell-subsets of the memory blocks, and identifying the excess-power blocks based, at least in part, on the measured programming times. 17. The method according to claim 10, wherein applying the storage operation comprises performing one or more of: erasing the memory blocks of the selected storage group, programming data in each of the memory blocks of the selected storage group, and reading the data from each of the memory blocks of the selected storage group. 18. The method according to claim 10, wherein grouping the memory blocks comprises grouping the memory blocks such that each storage group contains no more than a single memory block from each memory device. 19. The method according to claim 10, wherein grouping the memory blocks comprises grouping the memory blocks such that at least two of the memory blocks in a given storage group belong to a same memory device. 20. A storage system comprising: one or more memory devices comprising multiple memory blocks; and a controller, which is configured to: communicate with the memory devices over a bus; hold information regarding power consumption of the memory blocks, to group at least some of the memory blocks into one or more storage groups, based on the information, such that the memory blocks in each storage group jointly consume less than a predefined power limit when the memory blocks in the storage group are applied a storage operation in parallel; and apply the storage operation, in parallel, to the memory blocks in a selected storage group.",
-    "Use of two different methods, either each by itself or in combination, to enhance the stiffness, strength, maximum possible use temperature, and environmental resistance of thermoset polymer particles is disclosed. One method is the application of post-polymerization process steps (and especially heat treatment) to advance the curing reaction and to thus obtain a more densely crosslinked polymer network. The other method is the incorporation of nanofillers, resulting in a heterogeneous \u201cnanocomposite\u201d morphology. Nanofiller incorporation and post-polymerization heat treatment can also be combined to obtain the benefits of both methods simultaneously. The present invention relates to the development of thermoset nanocomposite particles. Optional further improvement of the heat resistance and environmental resistance of said particles via post-polymerization heat treatment; processes for the manufacture of said particles; and use of said particles in the construction, drilling, completion and/or fracture stimulation of oil and natural gas wells are described. 1.-89. (canceled) 90. A method for reducing friction in a well penetrating a subterranean formation comprising: (a) mixing into a drilling fluid formulation as a solid lubricant an effective amount of a polymeric nanocomposite spherical bead, comprising: a polymer matrix; and from 0.001 to 60 volume percent of nanofiller particles possessing a length that is less than 0.5 microns in at least one principal axis direction; said nanofiller particles comprising at least one of fine particulate material, fibrous material, discoidal material, or a combination of such materials, said nanofiller particles being selected from the group consisting of natural nanoclays, synthetic nanoclays or mixtures thereof; wherein said nanofiller particles are substantially dispersed throughout said polymeric nanocomposite particles, wherein said polymeric nanocomposite particle has a diameter ranging from 0.1 mm to 4 mm; and (b) introducing said drilling fluid formulation with said effective amount of the polymer nanocomposite spherical bead into said well. 91. The method of claim 90, wherein said nanofiller particles possess a length that is less than 0.5 microns in at least one principal axis direction and an amount from 0.1% to 15% of said polymeric nanocomposite particle by volume. 92. The method of claim 90, wherein said polymeric nanocomposite particle is a spherical bead. 93. The method of claim 90, wherein said polymer matrix comprises at least one of a thermoset epoxy, a thermoset epoxy vinyl ester, a thermoset polyester, a thermoset phenolic, a thermoset polyurethane, a thermoset polyurea, a thermoset polyimide, or mixtures thereof. 94. The method of claim 90, wherein said polymer matrix comprises a terpolymer. 95. The method of claim 94, wherein said polymer matrix is a styrene-ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene terpolymer. 96. The method of claims 90, wherein said nanofiller is natural nanoclays. 97. The method of claims 90, wherein said nanofiller is synthetic nanoclays. 98. The method of claims 90, wherein said nanofiller is a mixture of natural and synthetic nanoclays. 100. The method of claim 90, wherein said polymeric nanocomposite particle is blended with other solid particles including at least one of sand, resin-coated sand, ceramic, and resin-coated ceramic.",
-    "A memory device and a method for forming a memory device are disclosed. The memory device includes a memory cell having a storage unit coupled to a cell selector unit. The storage unit includes first and second storage elements. Each of the first and second storage elements includes first and second terminals. The second terminal of the first storage element is coupled to a write source line (SL-W) and the second terminal of the second storage element is coupled to a bit line (BL). The cell selector unit includes first and second selectors. The first selector includes a write select transistor (TW) and the second selector includes a first read transistor (TR1) and a second read transistor (TR2). The first selector is coupled to a word line (WL) for selectively coupling a write path to the storage unit and the second selector is coupled to a read line (RL) for selectively coupling a read path to the storage unit. 1. A memory device comprising: a memory cell having a storage unit coupled to a cell selector unit, wherein the storage unit comprises first and second storage elements, wherein each of the first and second storage elements comprises first and second terminals, wherein the second terminal of the first storage element is coupled to a write source line (SL-W) and the second terminal of the second storage element is coupled to a bit line (BL), and the cell selector unit comprises first and second selectors, wherein the first selector comprises a write select transistor (TW) and the second selector comprises a first read transistor (TR1) and a second read transistor (TR2), wherein the first selector is coupled to a word line (WL) for selectively coupling a write path to the storage unit and the second selector is coupled to a read line (RL) for selectively coupling a read path to the storage unit. 2. The memory device of claim 1 wherein the memory cell is a spin torque transfer-magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM). 3. The memory device of claim 1 wherein the first storage element comprises a first magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ1) element and the second storage element comprises a second magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ2) element. 4. The memory device of claim 3 wherein: the TW comprises a gate terminal, a first source terminal (STW) and a second drain terminal (DTW); the TR1 comprises a gate terminal, a first source terminal (STR1) and a second drain terminal (DTR1); and the TR2 comprises a gate terminal, a first source terminal (STR2) and a second drain terminal (DTR2). 5. The memory device of claim 4 wherein the STW of TW is coupled to the first terminal of the MTJ1 and the DTW of TW is coupled to the first terminal of the MTJ2 and the gate terminal of TW is coupled to the WL. 6. The memory device of claim 5 wherein: the first source terminals STR1 and STR2 of TR1 and TR2 are coupled to a read source line (SL-R); the second drain terminal DTR1 of TR1 is commonly coupled to the first terminal of the MTJ1 and STW while the second drain terminal DTR2 of TR2 is commonly coupled to the first terminal of the MTJ2 and the DTW; and the gate terminals of TR1 and TR2 are coupled to the RL. 7. The memory device of claim 6 wherein the SL-W and the BL are coupled to a sense amplifier. 8. The memory device of claim 1 comprising a substrate prepared with a memory cell region having a write transistor active region and first and second read transistor active regions, wherein the TW is disposed in the write transistor active region, the TR1 is disposed in the first read transistor active region and the TR2 is disposed in the second read transistor active region. 9. The memory device of claim 8 wherein the TR1 and TR2 are aligned adjacent in a row direction and the TW is aligned adjacent to the TR1 and TR2 in a column direction within the memory cell region. 10. The memory device of claim 9 wherein: the TW comprises a gate, a first source region (STW) and a second drain region (DTW), wherein the gate of TW serves as the WL and traverses the write transistor active region; the TR1 comprises a gate, a first source region (STR1) and a second drain region (DTR1); and the TR2 comprises a gate, a first source region (STR2) and a second drain region (DTR2), wherein the gate of TR1 and the gate of TR2 are a common gate which serves as the RL and traverses the first and second read transistor active regions. 11. The memory device of claim 10 comprising a dielectric layer having at least a first ILD level and a second ILD level disposed over the substrate, wherein the first ILD level comprises a pre-metal dielectric level and a first metal level (M1) while the second ILD level comprises a via level (V1) and a second metal level (M2). 12. The memory device of claim 11 wherein a read source line (SL-R) is disposed in M1 and the source regions STR1 and STR2 of the TR1 and TR2 are commonly coupled to the SL-R through contacts disposed in V1. 13. The memory device of claim 12 wherein the first and second storage elements are disposed in a storage dielectric layer over the M1, the first storage element is coupled to the first source region STW of TW and second drain region DTR1 of TR1, while the second storage element is coupled to the second drain region DTW of TW and the second drain region DTR2 of TR2. 14. The memory device of claim 13 wherein the SL-W and BL are disposed in M2 and the SL-W is coupled to the first storage element while the BL is coupled to the second storage element. 15. A method of operating a memory device comprising: providing a memory cell having a storage unit coupled to a cell selector unit, wherein the storage unit comprises first and second storage elements, wherein each of the first and second storage elements comprises first and second terminals, wherein the second terminal of the first storage element is coupled to a write source line (SL-W) and the second terminal of the second storage element is coupled to a bit line (BL), and the cell selector unit comprises first and second selectors, wherein the first selector comprises a write select transistor (TW) and the second selector comprises a first read transistor (TR1) and a second read transistor (TR2), wherein the first selector is coupled to a word line (WL) and the second selector is coupled to a read line (RL); and performing a read operation or write operation with the memory cell, wherein when a write operation is performed, the TR1 and TR2 are switched off while the TW is switched on for selectively coupling a write path to the storage unit, and when a read operation is performed, the TW is switched off while the TR1 and TR2 are switched on for selectively coupling a read path to the storage unit. 16. A method for forming a memory device comprising: forming a memory cell which comprises forming a storage unit and a cell selector unit, wherein the storage unit is coupled to the cell selector unit, and wherein forming the storage unit comprises forming first and second storage elements, wherein each of the first and second storage elements comprises first and second terminals, coupling the second terminal of the first storage element to a write source line (SL-W) and coupling the second terminal of the second storage element to a bit line (BL), and forming the cell selector unit comprises forming first and second selectors, wherein the first selector comprises a write select transistor (TW) and the second selector comprises a first read transistor (TR1) and a second read transistor (TR2), coupling the first selector to a word line (WL) for selectively coupling a write path to the storage unit and coupling the second selector to a read line (RL) for selectively coupling a read path to the storage unit. 17. The method of claim 16 comprising providing a substrate prepared with a memory cell region having a write transistor active region and first and second read transistor active regions, wherein the TW is formed in the write transistor active region, the TR1 is formed in the first read transistor active region and the TR2 is formed in the second read transistor active region. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the TR1 and TR2 are aligned adjacent in a row direction and the TW is aligned adjacent to the TR1 and TR2 in a column direction within the memory cell region. 19. The method of 18 wherein forming the TW and the TR1 and TR2 comprises: forming a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode layer over the substrate; patterning the gate dielectric and gate electrode layers to define gates of the TW, TR1 and TR2; performing an implant to form a first source region (STW) and a second drain region (DTW) adjacent to first and second sides of the gate of TW, a first source region (STR1) and a second drain region (DTR1) adjacent to first and second sides of the gate of TR1, and a first source region (STR2) and a second drain region (DTR2) adjacent to first and second sides of the gate of TR2. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the gate of the TW serves as the WL and the gate of TR1 and the gate of TR2 are a common gate which serves as the RL and traverses the first and second read transistor active regions.",
-    "A method of automatic dishwashing comprising the step of delivering into a dishwasher a cleaning product comprising a particulate loose-powder composition comprising an organic complexing agent, bleach, manganese bleach catalyst and free of phosphate and wherein the manganese bleach catalyst is in the form of a delayed release particle. 1. A method of automatic dishwashing comprising the step of delivering into a dishwasher a cleaning product comprising a particulate loose-powder composition comprising an organic complexing agent, bleach, manganese bleach catalyst and free of phosphate and wherein the manganese bleach catalyst is in the form of a delayed release particle. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of methyl glycine diacetic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, glutamic-N,N-diacetic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, iminodisuccinic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof, carboxy methyl inulin, its salts and derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the complexing agent is selected from the group consisting of methyl glycine diacetic acid, its salts and derivatives thereof. 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the complexing agent is in the form of a fast dissolving particle. 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the composition comprises a bleach activator. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the composition comprises a glass care agent. 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the manganese bleach catalyst particle comprises the bleach activator. 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the manganese bleach catalyst particle comprises the glass care agent. 9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the bleach catalyst particle comprises from about 0.5% to about 5% of catalyst by weight of the particle. 10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% of bleach catalyst particles by weight of the composition. 11. A method according to claim 1 wherein the bleach catalyst is a manganese complex selected from 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclo-nonane (Me3-TACN), 1,2,4,7-tetramethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (Me4-TACN) and mixtures thereof. 12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% of bleach by weight of the composition, wherein the bleach is percarbonate bleach. 13. A method according to claim 1 wherein the composition comprises a dispersant polymer. 14. A method according to claim wherein the loose powder is in unit-dose form enveloped by a water-soluble material and wherein the water-soluble material is a polyvinyl-alcohol based water-soluble film of less than 100 \u03bcm thickness. 15. A method according to claim 1 wherein the product is in the form of a multi-compartment water-soluble pouch.",
-    "The application refers to a wire electrode (3) for electrical discharge machines. The inventive wire electrode includes a core (1)\u2014preferably made of copper, brass, molybdenum, tungsten or steel\u2014and a coating (2), which contains according to the invention graphene. 1. Electrode for electrical discharge machines, comprising a core, and a coating, wherein the coating contains graphene. 2. Electrode for electrical discharge machines, wherein the electrode is a wire electrode, a drilling electrode or a die-sinking electrode. 3. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the core is made of copper, brass, molybdenum, tungsten or steel. 4. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the coating is a composite also including zinc and/or copper. 5. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the electrode further comprises a first inner coating. 6. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 5, wherein the first inner coating is made of zinc or a copper-zinc alloy and wherein the coating that contains graphene is a second external coating. 7. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 6, wherein the second external coating is a graphene-zinc composite or a graphene-copper-composite. 8. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 6, wherein the second external coating is a graphene-zinc-copper composite. 9. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the coating containing graphene has a layer thickness \u22661 micron [10\u22126 m]. 10. Electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the coating containing graphene has graphene concentration of \u22661% in volume. 11. Manufacturing process for producing an electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the coating is applied on the wire core by an electrochemical process, preferably an electrolytic process. 12. Manufacturing process according to claim 1, wherein the electrochemical process is an electrolytic process. 13. Manufacturing process for producing an electrode for electrical discharge machines according to claim 1, wherein the coating is applied by a chemical vapor deposition process, a sol-gel process or an electrophoresis process.",
-    "A fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board, comprising a rotating portion and a fixed portion connected with a photo frame. One end of the rotating portion is connected with the fixed portion. Another end is connected with a fixed body used for fixing the photo frame; the rotating portion is formed by engaging and connecting a concave rotational surface and a convex rotational surface. A method for manufacturing the aforementioned fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board is also provided. 1. A fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board, comprising a rotating portion and a fixed portion connected with a photo frame; one end of the rotating portion is connected with the fixed portion; another end of the rotating portion is connected with a fixing body used for fixing the photo frame; the rotating portion is formed by engaging and connecting a concave rotational surface and a convex rotating surface. 2. The fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board as described in claim 1 wherein the convex rotational surface of the rotating portion is connected with the fixed portion; the concave rotational surface is connected with the fixing body; a through hole is provided at a center of the concave rotational surface; the fixed portion connected with the convex rotational surface passes through the through hole; the convex rotational surface is eyed within the concave rotational surface so as to be fitted and connected together; the concave rotational surface limits the convex rotational surface so that the convex rotational surface is only capable of rotating within and relative to the concave rotational surface but not able to slip off from the concave rotational surface; the concave rotational surface limits the convex rotational surface by the foils configuration; after the concave rotational surface has sleeved the convex rotational surface, an outer side of the concave rotational surface is processed to form a flange wherein an inner diameter of the flange is smaller than an outer diameter of the convex rotational surface. 3. The fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board as described in claim 1, wherein the concave rotational surface of the rotating portion is connected with the fixed portion; the convex rotational surface is connected with the fixing body; the convex rotational surface is sleeved within the concave rotational surface; the concave rotational surface enables position limiting of the convex rotational surface, so that the convex rotational surface is only capable of rotating within and relative to the concave rotational surface but not able to slip off from the concave rotational surface; or the convex rotational surface of the rotating portion is connected with the fixed portion; the concave rotational surface is connected with the fixing body; the convex rotational surface is sleeved within the concave rotational surface; the concave rotational surface enables position limiting of the convex rotational surface, so that the convex rotational surface is only capable of rotating within and relative to the concave rotational surface but not able to slip off from the concave rotational surface. 4. The fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board as described in claim 1, wherein the concave rotational surface is formed as an annular inward concave slot, multiple sections of arc-shaped inward concave slots or a plurality of inward concave engagement points; the convex rotational surface is formed as an annular flange, multiple sections of arc-shaped flanges or a plurality of convex engagement points; various formations of the concave rotational surface and the convex rotational surface fit and connect correspondingly, meeting the following conditions: the concave rotational surface keeps limiting a position of the convex rotational surface, so that the convex rotational surface is only capable of rotating within and relative to the concave rotational surface but notable to from the concave rotational surface. 5. The fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board as described in claim 4, wherein the concave rotational surface and convex rotational surface are fitted and connected to each other according to any one of the following forms: (1) the concave rotational surface being an annular it want concave slot while the convex rotational surface being an annular flange; (2) the concave rotational surface being multiple sections of arc-shaped inward concave slots while the convex rotational surface being multiple sections of arc-shaped flanges; (3) the concave rotational surface being an annular inward concave slot while the convex rotational surface being a plurality of convex engagement points; the plurality of convex engagement points are circumferentially and evenly distributed; (4) the concave rotational surface being a plurality of inward concave engagement points while the convex rotational surface being an annular flange; (5) the concave rotational surface being multiple sections of arc-shaped inward concave slots while the convex rotational surface being a plurality of convex engagement points; both the arc-shaped inward concave slots and the convex engagement points are circumferentially and evenly arranged; a width of each of the convex engagement points is larger than a width of each gap between adjacent arc-shaped inward concave slots to ensure that the convex engagement points do not slip off through each of the gap; (6) the concave rotational surface being a plurality of inward concave engagement points while the convex rotational surface being multiple sections of arc-shaped flanges; both the plurality of inward concave engagement points and the arc-shaped flanges are circumferentially and evenly arranged; a width of each of the inward concave engagement points is larger than a width of each gap between adjacent arc-shaped flanges to ensure that the inward concave engagement points do not slip off through each of the gap. 6. The fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board as described in claim 1, wherein the fixed portion connected with the photo frame is sharp thorns, which are inserted and fixedly connect with the photo frame backing board; the sharp thorns are circumferentially and evenly arranged in a petaloid form. 7. The fixing piece connecting to a photo frame backing board as described in claim 1, wherein the fixing body used for fixing the photo frame is a hanging ring, a hanging strip, a supporting frame, a press strip, a press block, a damping strip or a clamping block. 8. A manufacturing method of the fixing piece connecting to the photo frame backing board according to claim 1, comprising the following steps: (1) making the fixing body used for fixing the photo frame, and making one of the concave rotational surface and the convex rotational surface in an proper position of the fixing body by punching; (2) making the fixed portion connected with the photo frame, processing one end of the fixed portion into a structure connected with the photo frame, and processing another end of the fixed portion into another one of the convex rotational surface or the concave rotational surface by punching; (3) engaging said one of the concave rotational surface or the convex rotational surface of the fixing body with said another one of the convex rotational surface and the concave rotational surface of the fixed portion.",
-    "A pressure independent control valve for controlling liquid flow includes a tubular body having an inlet duct and an outlet duct coaxial with each other, a central body arranged therebetween with an axis inclined with respect to the inlet and outlet ducts and including an upstream chamber and a downstream chamber coaxial with each other and communicating through an adjustment orifice, the upstream chamber and downstream chamber suitable for housing, respectively, a first functional group defined by a control device for controlling the differential pressure between upstream of the orifice in correspondence of the upstream chamber, and downstream of the orifice, in correspondence with the outlet duct, and a second functional group coaxial to the first functional group and defined by an adjustment device suitable for increasing or decreasing the passage of fluid through the orifice, the device including axial actuation elements both rotationally operable and in axial translation. 1. A pressure independent control valve PICV for controlling the flow of a liquid medium, especially suitable for use in heating or cooling systems, comprising: a body (40) defined by a tubular element comprising an inlet duct (2) and an outlet duct (3) coaxial with each other, a central body (4) arranged in an intermediate position and with its axis substantially inclined with respect to said inlet duct (2) and to said outlet duct (3) and comprising an upstream chamber (5) and a downstream chamber (6) coaxial with each other and in communication through an adjustment orifice (7), said upstream chamber (5) and downstream chamber (6) suitable for housing, respectively, a first functional group defined by a control device (8) for controlling the differential pressure between upstream of the adjustment orifice (7), in correspondence of the upstream chamber (5), and downstream of said adjustment orifice, in correspondence with the outlet duct (3), and a second functional group coaxial to said first functional group and defined by an adjustment device (15) suitable for increasing or decreasing the area available for the liquid flow through the adjustment orifice (7), wherein: the adjustment device (15) comprises a single actuation means both rotationally operable for a pre-adjustment of the fluid passage area of the adjustment orifice (7) and also operable in axial translation for a further adjustment of said area with a resulting modulation of liquid flow, said actuation means of the adjustment device (15) being defined by a rod (16) longitudinally developed, equipped at the end facing the adjustment orifice (7) with a threaded profile (50) suitable for being coupled with a corresponding threaded profile of a conical tip (17) so as to define a screw-drive coupling, the actuation means providing both an axial forward movement of said conical tip (17) by means of a manual rotation of the rod (16) and a rigid translation of the rod (16) and conical tip (17) assembly in case of axial translation of the rod, and said adjustment device (15) further comprises a disk-shaped element (23) mounted on the rod (16) which allows the display of the pre-adjustment set for the valve and avoids the accidental variation of said pre-adjustment. 2. The control valve according to claim 1, wherein the rod (16) of the adjustment device (15) is arranged internally and coaxially to a sleeve (19) fixed to the central body (4) by means of a screwed portion (26) fixed to said central body (4) at an opposite end with respect to the adjustment orifice (7) for closing the downstream chamber (6). 3. The control valve according to claim 2, wherein the rod (16) is externally and coaxially fitted to a tubular shutter (18) restraint in translation with respect to the rod (16), but rotationally independent from the same and axially sliding inside the sleeve (19) by means of a prismatic guide together with the conical tip (17) and the rod (16). 4. The control valve according to claim 3, wherein the conical tip (17) is axially sliding with respect to the shutter (18) by means of a coupling defined on the inner lateral surface of the shutter (18) arranged coaxially and externally to the rod (16), said shutter being axially sliding with respect to a prismatic guide formed on the inner lateral surface of the fixed sleeve (19) of the adjustment device (15). 5. The control valve according to claim 2, wherein the means for manual actuation of the rotation of the rod (16) comprise said disk-shaped element (23) provided with a graduated scale defined by numbers (30), inserted in the screwed portion (26) on the side opposite to that of connection of said screwed portion (26) with the sleeve (19), the disk being fitted coaxially to said rod (16) and slidably coupled to the same with an anti-rotation restraint defined by a central opening (22) of said disk with a geometry corresponding to a prismatic development portion (21) of the rod (16). 6. The control valve according to claim 5, wherein said disk-shaped element (23) comprises an external edge provided with grooves (24) gated formed along the perimeter of said edge and according to a direction parallel to the axis of the same disk, with said grooves alternating with gripping teeth (25) externally projecting according to a radial direction and elastically collapsible, the grooves (24) suitable for coupling with a mating toothed profile (27) formed along an internal annular portion of the screwed portion (26) and the gripping teeth (25) suitable for creating a stop against the base or bottom of the toothed profile (27) in correspondence of an annular groove (28) formed internally to the screwed portion (26) below said toothed profile (27), preventing the outstroke of the disk-shaped element (23) from the screwed portion (26) notwithstanding the push of an elastic element (29) pushing the disk-shaped element (23) against the screwed portion (26), ensuring the engagement of the grooves (24) with the toothed profile (27). 7. The control valve according to claim 2, further comprising a closing cap (32) screwed, manually operated, fitted on said screwed portion (26) and adapted to force a sliding in the axial direction of the rod (16). 8. The control valve according to claim 2, further comprising a linear actuator fitted on the screwed portion (26) and suitable for forcing an axial sliding of the rod (16). 9. Method for controlling the flow of a liquid medium using the pressure independent control valve PICV claim 1 comprising the following steps for the pre-adjustment of the passage area of the fluid through the adjustment orifice (7): removal of the closing cap (32) or of a linear actuator and manually pushing of the disk-shaped element (23) toward the bottom of a screwed portion (26) of the adjustment device (15) so as to disengage grooves (24) of said disk-shaped element (23) from the contact with a toothed profile (27) of said screwed portion (26); manually rotating the disk-shaped element (23) to cause a rotary movement of the rod (16) which causes a forward translatory movement of the conical tip (17) towards the adjustment orifice (7); releasing of the pushing force on the disk-shaped element (23) and repositioning of the same with the grooves (24) in meshing contact with the toothed profile (27) of the screwed portion (26) and repositioning of the closure cap (32) or of the linear actuator; the possible step of flow rate modulation being realized through a rotation of the closing cap (32) or of the linear actuator to force an axial sliding of the rod (16) for limiting the pre-set fluid passage area through the adjustment orifice (7).",
-    "In view of the foregoing, an embodiment herein provides a rigid cartridge for multiple and universal application of all machining processes. The rigid cartridge includes a cylindrical body, a guiding & locating body connected to bottom side of cylindrical body, and a combination screw having a left hand [LH] thread and a right hand [RH] thread, wherein the cylindrical body includes a flat for locking the cartridge with the cutter body by using a locking screw, wherein the combination screw is connected to the bottom end of said guiding & locating body. The LH thread can be provided in cartridge side and RH thread can be provided in cutter body side or vice versa. In the cutter body or boring bar, a slot and/or approach hole can be provided in the cutter body for enabling to rotate the combination screw in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction to move the cartridge in forward and backward direction. 1. A rigid cartridge for universal holding system, wherein the cartridge comprises of a cylindrical body, a guiding & locating body connected to a bottom side of the cylindrical body, an insert on top of the cylindrical body for work pieces and/or bore to be cut, at least two grub screws and a combination screw having a left hand [LH] thread and a right hand [RH] thread that are provided in same pitch; wherein said cylindrical body includes a flat for locking said cartridge with a cutter body by using a locking screw at bottom and top of the cylindrical body; wherein a slot is provided in said cutter body for enabling to rotate said combination screw in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction to move said cartridge body in forward and backward direction. 2. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein said two grub screws are mounted at a degree \u03b1 to the cartridge centre line. 3. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 2, wherein said degree \u03b1 for grub screws are in the range of 10\u00b0-90\u00b0. 4. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein said insert is having a back taper angle \u03b8\u00b0, which is maintained as per the design from 0\u00b0-5\u00b0 to lock the cartridge in desired position. 5. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 4, wherein said back taper angle is achieved by the two grub screws. 6. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein said two grub screws are reduced the insert vibration while working. 7. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein said insert is made of brazed PCD or CBN or carbide. 8. A rigid cartridge for universal holding system, wherein the cartridge comprises of a cylindrical body, an insert on top of the cylindrical body for work pieces and/or bore to be cut, at least two grub screws, and a combination screw having a left hand [LH] thread and a right hand [RH] thread that are provided in same pitch; wherein said cylindrical body includes a flat for locking said cartridge with a cutter body by using a locking screw at bottom of the cylindrical body; wherein a slot is provided in said cutter body for enabling to rotate said combination screw in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction to move said cartridge body in forward and backward direction. 9. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 8, wherein said cartridge is tightened by the locking screw which enables the cartridge bottom to butt the cylindrical body on bottom face F1. 10. The rigid cartridge as claimed in claim 9, wherein said locking screw is holding the cartridge in position without making any rotation.",
-    "A plasma treatment device having an electrode arrangement (3) for generating a plasma in a supplied gas stream. The electrode arrangement has at least one movably mounted electrode. The plasma is preferably a cold atmospheric pressure plasma and can be generated so as to vary in location by means of movement of the at least one electrode. 1. Plasma treatment device, comprising: an electrode arrangement for generating a plasma; and at least one movably mounted electrode which is a part of the electrode arrangement, wherein the plasma can be generated so as to vary in location by means of movement of the at least one movably mounted electrode. 2. Plasma treatment device according to claim 1, wherein the electrode arrangement has a rotatably disposed cylinder, and wherein the at least one electrode is a conductor path or conductor wire disposed in the form of a spiral on the cylinder. 3. Plasma treatment device according to claim 2, wherein the electrode arrangement has a counter-electrode that surrounds the cylinder at a distance, and further comprising a gas supply connected in a communicating manner to an interspace between the cylinder and the counter-electrode surrounding the cylinder in order to route a gas stream into the interspace. 4. Plasma treatment device according to claim 3, wherein the counter-electrode is tubular and concentrically surrounds the cylinder. 5. Plasma treatment device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one movably mounted electrode is or includes at least one rod electrode disposed on a carrier element so as to be rotatable about a rotation axis, wherein the rod electrode extends in an offset manner in relation to the rotation axis, in a direction parallel to the rotation axis, or at an acute angle in relation to the rotation axis. 6. Plasma treatment device according to claim 5, further comprising a counter-electrode disposed adjacent to a tip of the at least one rod electrode. 7. Plasma treatment device according to claim 6, wherein the counter-electrode is a plate having a plurality of openings disposed in a distributed manner on at least one orbit, which is matched, respectively, to the orbit of the tip of the at least one rod electrode. 8. Plasma treatment device according to claim 6, wherein the counter-electrode is dielectric or dielectrically shielded. 9. Plasma treatment device according to claim 1 further comprising an electric, pneumatic or hydraulic drive unit, which is coupled to the at least one movably mounted electrode, or to the cylinder or carrier element carrying the at least one movably mounted electrode for the purpose of moving the at least one movably mounted electrode. 10. Plasma treatment device according to claim 1 wherein the at least one movably mounted electrode, or a cylinder or carrier element carrying the at least one movably mounted electrode, has a surface contour that drives the at least one movably mounted electrode rotationally by routing a gas stream over the surface contour. 11. Plasma treatment device according to claim 1 further comprising a handle in which the electrode arrangement is integrated. 12. A method for plasma treatment of a surface by means of a plasma treatment device according to claim 1, comprising providing a continuous, automatic alteration of orientation of at least one electrode of the electrode arrangement of the plasma treatment device, such that, by means of movement of the at least one electrode plasma is generated so as to vary in location, and a plasma is generated in an enlarged surface area, as compared with a stationary electrode. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the plasma is a cold-atmospheric pressure plasma. 14. Plasma treatment device of claim 1 wherein the plasma is a cold-atmospheric pressure plasma.",
-    "A mirror reflective element assembly for an exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle includes a reflective element and a heater pad. The heater pad includes a heater pad substrate having a plurality of electrically conductive traces established thereat. The heater pad substrate is disposed at a rear surface of the reflective element. The electrically conductive traces may include (i) a heating trace that, (ii) first and second electro-optic control traces and/or (iii) accessory control traces. The electrically conductive traces terminate at a connector region of the heater pad substrate. An electrical connector is established at the connector region and has terminals electrically conductively connected at respective terminals of the electrically conductive traces. The electrical connector is formed as part of a back plate of the mirror reflective element assembly and is configured to electrically connect to a single wiring harness of the exterior rearview mirror assembly. 1. A rearview mirror reflective element assembly for an exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle, said mirror reflective element assembly comprising: a mirror reflective element, wherein said mirror reflective element comprises an electro-optic mirror reflective element operable to vary its reflectivity of light responsive to an electrical voltage applied at first and second busbars of said mirror reflective element; a heater pad comprising a heater pad substrate having a plurality of electrically conductive traces established thereat; wherein said heater pad substrate is disposed at a rear surface of said mirror reflective element; a back plate, wherein said heater pad is disposed between said mirror reflective element and said back plate; wherein said electrically conductive traces comprise (i) a heating trace that, when powered, heats said heater pad substrate and said mirror reflective element, (ii) first and second electro-optic control traces that, when electrically connected to said first and second busbars and when electrically powered, darken said mirror reflective element and (iii) at least one accessory trace that, when powered, controls an accessory of the exterior rearview mirror assembly; wherein said electrically conductive traces terminate at a connector region of said heater pad substrate; an electrical connector established at said connector region and having terminals electrically conductively connected at respective terminals of said electrically conductive traces, wherein said electrical connector is configured to electrically connect to a single wiring harness of the exterior rearview mirror assembly; and wherein said electrical connector is formed as part of said back plate during injection molding of said back plate. 2. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 1, wherein said accessory trace, when powered, controls a blind zone indicator that is disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element and that is viewable, when powered, through said mirror reflective element. 3. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 2, wherein said terminals of said electrically conductive traces comprise (i) a positive heating trace terminal, (ii) a positive electro-optic control trace terminal, (iii) a positive accessory trace terminal and (iv) a common negative terminal for the negative terminal of said heating trace, said electro-optic control traces and said accessory trace. 4. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 1, wherein said accessory trace, when powered, controls a turn signal indicator disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element. 5. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 1, wherein said accessory trace, when powered, controls a sensor disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element. 6. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 1, wherein said accessory trace, when powered, controls a light module disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element. 7. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 1, wherein said terminals of said electrical connector comprise electrically conductive elements insert molded into said electrical connector during injection molding of said back plate. 8. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 1, wherein said electrical connector comprises a plurality of solder pads for soldering terminals of the wiring harness at respective ones thereof when said rearview mirror reflective element assembly is disposed at a mirror casing of the exterior rearview mirror assembly. 9. A rearview mirror reflective element assembly for an exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle, said mirror reflective element assembly comprising: a mirror reflective element, wherein said mirror reflective element comprises an electrochromic mirror reflective element is operable to vary its reflectivity of light responsive to an electrical voltage applied at first and second busbars of said mirror reflective element; a heater pad comprising a heater pad substrate having a plurality of electrically conductive traces established thereat; wherein said heater pad substrate is disposed at a rear surface of said mirror reflective element; a back plate, wherein said heater pad is disposed between said mirror reflective element and said back plate; wherein said electrically conductive traces comprise (i) a heating trace that, when powered, heats said heater pad substrate and said mirror reflective element, (ii) first and second electrochromic control traces that, when electrically connected to said first and second busbars and when electrically powered, darken said mirror reflective element, and (iii) at least one accessory trace that, when powered, controls an accessory of the exterior rearview mirror assembly; wherein said heating trace, said first and second electrochromic control traces and said at least one accessory trace terminate at a connector region of said heater pad substrate; an electrical connector established at said connector region and having terminals electrically conductively connected at respective terminals of said heating trace, said first and second electrochromic control traces and said at least one accessory trace, wherein said electrical connector is configured to electrically connect to a single wiring harness of the exterior rearview mirror assembly when said rearview mirror reflective element assembly is disposed at a mirror casing of the exterior rearview mirror assembly; wherein said terminals of said heating trace and said first and second electrochromic control traces comprise (i) a positive heating trace terminal, (ii) a positive electrochromic control trace terminal, (iii) a positive accessory trace terminal and (iv) a common negative terminal for the negative terminal of said heating trace, said electrochromic control traces and said accessory traces; and wherein said electrical connector is formed as part of said back plate during injection molding of said back plate. 10. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 9, wherein said at least one accessory trace, when powered, controls a blind zone indicator that is disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element and that is viewable, when powered, through said mirror reflective element. 11. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 9, wherein said at least one accessory trace, when powered, controls a turn signal indicator disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element and viewable, when powered, through said mirror reflective element. 12. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 9, wherein said at least one accessory trace, when powered, controls a sensor disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element. 13. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 9, wherein said accessory trace, when powered, controls a light module disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element. 14. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 9, wherein said terminals of said electrical connector comprise electrically conductive elements insert molded into said electrical connector during injection molding of said back plate. 15. A rearview mirror reflective element assembly for an exterior rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle, said mirror reflective element assembly comprising: a mirror reflective element; a heater pad comprising a heater pad substrate having a plurality of electrically conductive traces established thereat; wherein said heater pad substrate is disposed at a rear surface of said mirror reflective element; a back plate formed by injection molding, wherein said heater pad is disposed between said mirror reflective element and said back plate; wherein said electrically conductive traces comprise (i) a heating trace that, when powered, heats said heater pad substrate and said mirror reflective element, and (ii) accessory traces that, when powered, control an accessory of said mirror reflective element assembly; wherein said electrically conductive traces terminate at a connector region of said heater pad substrate; an electrical connector established at said connector region and having terminals electrically conductively connected at respective terminals of said electrically conductive traces, wherein said electrical connector is configured to electrically connect to a single wiring harness of the exterior rearview mirror assembly when said rearview mirror reflective element assembly is disposed at a mirror casing of the exterior rearview mirror assembly; and wherein said electrical connector is formed as part of said back plate during injection molding of said back plate. 16. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 15, wherein said accessory traces, when powered, control a blind zone indicator that is disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element and that is viewable, when powered, through said mirror reflective element. 17. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 15, wherein said terminals of said electrically conductive traces comprise (i) a positive heating trace terminal, (ii) a positive accessory trace terminal and (iii) a common negative terminal for the negative terminal of said heating trace and said accessory traces. 18. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 15, wherein said accessory traces, when powered, control a turn signal indicator disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element and viewable, when powered, through said mirror reflective element. 19. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 15, wherein said accessory traces, when powered, control a sensor disposed at the rear of said mirror reflective element. 20. The rearview mirror reflective element assembly of claim 15, wherein said terminals of said electrical connector comprise electrically conductive elements insert molded into said electrical connector during injection molding of said back plate.",
-    "A light-emitting diode (LED) device including an LED module and a driver is provided. The LED module includes a voltage sensing module and an LED. The voltage sensing module generates a reference voltage. The driver includes a power converting module, a current processing module, a feedback module and a controller module. The power converting module converts an alternating current (AC) into a driving current for driving the LED to emit a light. The current processing module converts the driving current into a sensing voltage. The feedback module compares the sensing voltage with a reference voltage and outputs a level signal according to a magnitude relationship of the sensing voltage and the reference voltage. The controller module outputs a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power converting module according to the level signal. The power converting module controls the magnitude of the driving current according to the PWM signal. 1. A light-emitting diode (LED) device, comprising: an LED module, comprising: a voltage sensing module configured to generate a reference voltage; and an LED; a driver, comprising: a power converting module configured to receive and convert an alternating current (AC) into a driving current for driving the LED to emit light; a current processing module configured to convert the driving current into a sensing voltage; a feedback module configured to compare the sensing voltage with a reference voltage and output a level signal according to a magnitude relationship of the sensing voltage and the reference voltage; and a controller module configured to output a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to the power converting module according to the level signal; wherein, the power converting module is further configured to control a magnitude of the driving current according to the PWM signal. 2. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein a duty cycle of the PWM signal is proportional to the sensing voltage. 3. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the driving current is proportional to a duty cycle of the PWM signal. 4. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the controller module is further configured to: increase a duty cycle of the PWM signal if the reference voltage is higher than the sensing voltage. 5. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the controller module is further configured to: decrease a duty cycle of the PWM signal if the reference voltage is lower than the sensing voltage. 6. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the feedback module is further configured to: set a level signal as one of a low-level signal and a high-level signal if the reference voltage is higher than the sensing voltage; and set the level signal as the other one of the low-level signal and the high-level signal if the reference voltage is lower than the sensing voltage. 7. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the current processing module comprises: a current sensing module configured to convert the driving current into a current signal; and an amplifier module configured to amplify the current signal and convert the current signal into the sensing voltage. 8. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the driver is a switch mode driver. 9. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the voltage sensing module comprises a diode, and the reference voltage is determined according to a reverse voltage of the diode. 10. The LED device according to claim 9, wherein the diode is a Zener diode. 11. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the driver and the LED module are disposed separately. 12. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the LED module comprises a circuit board on which the voltage sensing module and the LED are disposed. 13. The LED device according to claim 1, wherein the current sensing module is a resistor.",
-    "A structure and a method of manufacturing a power storage device with high energy density are provided. An air electrode includes a first current collector; a second current collector having a projecting structure, in contact with the first current collector; and a catalyst layer having 1 to 100 graphene films. Accordingly, the surface area of the air electrode can be significantly large due to an effect of the second current collector, and further, the graphene film can produce a catalytic reaction without using a catalyst such as a noble metal; thus, by employing a structure in which the catalyst layer is provided on the second current collector, the energy density of the power storage device can be improved. 1. A method of manufacturing a power storage device, comprising the steps of: forming a first current collector; forming a second current collector having a projecting structure over the first current collector; and forming a catalyst layer comprising at least one graphene film, on the second current collector, wherein the catalyst layer is formed by a method comprising the steps of: immersing an object comprising the first current collector and the second current collector having the projecting structure and an electrode in a solution including graphene oxide; applying voltage between the object and the electrode in the solution to form a graphene oxide layer over the object; and heating the object in a vacuum or in a reducing atmosphere so that the graphene oxide layer formed over the object is reduced to graphene, wherein the first current collector and the second current collector having the projecting structure are an air electrode, and wherein the air electrode is used as an electrode of the power storage device. 2. The method of manufacturing a power storage device according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst layer comprises 1 or more and 100 or less graphene films. 3. The method of manufacturing a power storage device according to claim 1, wherein the first current collector is a porous or mesh conductive material. 4. The method of manufacturing a power storage device according to claim 1, wherein the projecting structure of the second current collector is a plurality of whiskers comprising silicon. 5. The method of manufacturing a power storage device according to claim 4, wherein the plurality of whiskers comprises a plurality of projections each having a height of 100 nm or less on its surface.",
-    "A manufacturing method of a display substrate, including preparing a carrier substrate; preparing a mixture of an organic material, an inorganic particle, and solvent; coating the mixture on the carrier substrate; forming a sacrificial layer including the inorganic particle in the organic material by curing the mixture; forming a barrier layer on the sacrificial layer; forming a display substrate on the barrier layer; and separating the barrier layer and the display substrate from the carrier substrate by applying a laser to the sacrificial layer. 1. A manufacturing method of a display substrate, comprising: preparing a carrier substrate; preparing a mixture of an organic material, an inorganic particle, and solvent; coating the mixture on the carrier substrate; forming a sacrificial layer including the inorganic particle in the organic material by curing the mixture; forming a barrier layer on the sacrificial layer; forming a display substrate on the barrier layer; and separating the barrier layer and the display substrate from the carrier substrate by applying a laser to the sacrificial layer. 2. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic material includes one or more of poly-para-xylene or poly dimethyl diphenyl siloxane resin. 3. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inorganic particle includes one or more of molybdenum oxide (MoO3), silicon (Si), Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO), or gallium nitride (GaN). 4. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein a diameter of the inorganic particle is about 0.1 \u03bcm to about 3 \u03bcm. 5. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solvent includes one or more of 1-methoxy-2-propanol or ethyl-3-ethoxupropinate. 6. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture is coated on the carrier substrate by a spin coating method, a slit coating method, a printing method, or a chemical vapor deposition method. 7. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solvent is removed by curing the mixture with light or heat. 8. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in clam 1, wherein a thickness of the sacrificial layer is about 40 nm to about 800 nm. 9. The Manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carrier substrate includes one or more of glass, quartz, or a ceramic material. 10. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carrier substrate has a thickness greater than 0 mm and equal to or less than about 3 mm. 11. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the barrier layer includes one or more of a silicon nitride (SiNx), a silicon oxide (SiOx), an aluminum oxide (Al2O3), a silicon oxynitride, an aluminum nitride, or an aluminum oxynitride. 12. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed, in claim 1, wherein the display substrate is a flexible display substrate including a flexible substrate. 13. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 12, wherein the flexible substrate includes one or more of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), or polyethylene. 14. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the laser is an excimer laser or a solid-state laser. 15. The manufacturing method of the display substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixture coated on the carrier substrate is a suspension.",
-    "A sealing plug for dosing an opening in a component, in particular a body component of a motor vehicle, has a base body which is formed such that it can cover the opening and engage behind an edge of the opening. On the base body a sealing body is arranged, which includes a ring portion and several lamellae with free radial ends, which protrude from the ring portion and are flexible in circumferential direction. The sealing plug is pushed into the opening such that the rear-side latching Hp engages behind the edge of the opening, wherein the lamellae of the sealing body are deformed in circumferential direction and center the sealing plug in the opening. After heating of the sealing plug a sealing material of the sealing body, which expands under the influence of heat, encloses the inner edge of the opening as well as radially adjoining regions of the front side and the rear side of the component around the entire circumference of the opening and completely fills the space formed between the supporting lip, the latching lip and the component. 1. A sealing plug for dosing an opening in a component, in particular a body component of a motor vehicle, said sealing plug having a base body which is formed such that it can cover said opening and engage behind an edge of said opening, a sealing body being arranged on said base body, said sealing body including a ring portion and several lamellae with free radial ends, said lamellae protruding from said ring portion and being flexible in a circumferential direction. 2. The sealing plug of claim 1 wherein said base body has a circumferential supporting Hp and a circumferential latching lip for contact with a front side and a rear side of said component, said sealing body being accommodated between said supporting lip and said latching lip. 3. The sealing plug of claim 1 wherein said base body includes an all-round circumferential wall and said sealing body rests against said circumferential wall radially on an outer side. 4. The sealing plug of claim 2 wherein said lamellae have free radial ends, said lamellae being bevelled at an axial end on a side of said latching lip. 5. The sealing plug of claim 1 wherein said lamellae, in an unloaded condition, are aligned at an angle of 0-40\u00b0, in particular about 30\u00b0, with respect to a radial direction. 6. The sealing plug of claim 1 wherein said sealing body consists of a material expanding under the influence of heat. 7. The sealing plug of claim 1 wherein said base body is integrally formed of an elastic, but dimensionally stable material. 8. The sealing plug of claim 1 wherein said sealing body together with said base body is fabricated by a two-component injection molding method. 9. An assembly with a sealing plug as defined in claim 1 and a component with an opening in which said sealing plug is inserted, wherein said sealing body has a base body which is formed such that it can cover said opening and engage behind an inner edge of said opening, wherein on said base body a sealing body is arranged which includes a material expanding under the influence of heat and wherein after heating of said sealing plug, said sealing material of the sealing body encloses said inner edge of said opening as well as radially adjoining regions of a front side and a rear side of said component around an entire circumference of said opening. 10. A method for sealing an opening in a component wherein a sealing plug as defined in claim 1 is being used, said sealing plug including a front-side supporting lip and a rear-side latching lip, said sealing plug being pushed into said opening of said component so that a rear-side latching lip engages behind an edge of said opening, wherein lamellae of said sealing body are deformed in circumferential direction and center said sealing plug in said opening, wherein said component is heated and wherein a material of said sealing body expands under an influence of heat and encloses an inner edge of said opening as well as radially adjoining regions of a front side and a rear side of said component around an entire circumference of said opening and completely fills a space formed between said supporting lip, said latching lip and said component.",
-    "Radiation hardened NMOS devices suitable for application in NMOS, CMOS, or BiCMOS integrated circuits, and methods for fabricating them. A device includes a p-type silicon substrate, a field oxide surrounding a moat region on the substrate tapering through a Bird's Beak region to a gate oxide within the moat region, a heavily-doped p-type guard region underlying at least a portion of the Bird's Beak region and terminating at the inner edge of the Bird's Beak region, a gate included in the moat region, and n-type source and drain regions spaced by a gap from the inner edge of the Bird's Beak and guard regions. A variation of minor alterations to the conventional moat and n-type source/drain masks. The resulting devices have improved radiation tolerance while having a high breakdown voltage and minimal impact on circuit density. 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a silicon substrate having a moat region for a device, a channel region positioned within the moat region, and a diffusion region positioned within the moat region and adjacent to the channel region along a length direction of the device; a field oxide layer formed above the silicon substrate, the field oxide layer having a tapered edge surrounding the moat region; and a gate layer formed above the silicon substrate, the gate layer extending across the moat region along the length direction of the device, and the gate layer abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the gate layer includes: a gate oxide layer formed on the silicon substrate; and a polycrystalline silicon layer formed on the gate oxide layer. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the gate layer includes: a first segment overlapping with the channel region; and a second segment extending across the moat region along the length direction and abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along the length direction. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 3, wherein the gate layer includes: a third segment abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along a channel width direction and joining the second segment to define an opening for selectively accessing the diffusion region. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 3, wherein the second segment is free of contact from the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along a channel width direction. 6. The integrated circuit of claim 3, wherein the first segment joins the second segment to form a T-shape mask defining an opening for selectively accessing the diffusion region. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the gate layer laterally surrounds the diffusion region. 8. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the gate layer partially surrounds the diffusion region. 9. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the silicon substrate includes an epitaxial layer. 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the gate layer is positioned above the epitaxial layer. 11. An integrated circuit, comprising: a semiconductor substrate having moat regions, each for forming a transistor device, each of the moat regions includes a channel region and a diffusion region adjacent to the channel region along a device length direction of the respective transistor device; a field oxide layer formed above the semiconductor substrate, the field oxide layer having tapered edges surrounding the moat regions; and gate layers formed above the semiconductor substrate, each of the gate layers extending within and across one of the moat regions along the device length direction of the respective transistor device, and the each of the gate layers abutting the respective tapered edge of the field oxide layer. 12. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein each of the gate layers includes: a gate oxide layer formed on the semiconductor substrate; and a polycrystalline silicon layer formed on the gate oxide layer. 13. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein each of the gate layers includes: a first segment overlapping with the respective channel region; and a second segment extending across the respective moat region along the device length direction and abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along the device length direction. 14. The integrated circuit of claim 13, wherein each of the gate layers includes: a third segment abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along a channel width direction of the respective transistor device and joining the second segment to define an opening for selectively accessing the respective diffusion region. 15. The integrated circuit of claim 13, wherein the second segment is free of contact from the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along a channel width direction of the respective transistor device. 16. The integrated circuit of claim 13, wherein the first segment joins the second segment to form a T-shape mask defining an opening for selectively accessing the diffusion region of the respective transistor device. 17. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein each of the gate layers laterally surrounds the diffusion region of the respective transistor device. 18. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein each of the gate layers partially surrounds the diffusion region of the respective transistor device. 19. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes an epitaxial layer. 20. The integrated circuit of claim 19, wherein each of the gate layers is positioned above the epitaxial layer.",
-    "Disclosed is a lens driving apparatus. The lens driving apparatus includes a base formed at a center thereof with a first opening; a housing coupled with the base and having a second opening corresponding to the first opening; a yoke installed on the base and including a horizontal plate having a third opening corresponding to the first opening and a vertical plate protruding upward from the horizontal plate; a bobbin movably installed in the yoke and coupled with a lens module; a coil fixedly disposed around the bobbin; a plurality of magnets provided at the vertical plate of the yoke to face the coil; and a spring installed on at least one of upper and lower portions of the yoke to return the bobbin, which has moved up due to interaction between the magnet and the coil, to its initial position. 1. A lens driving apparatus comprising: a base; a yoke disposed on the base and including a horizontal plate having four side surfaces and a vertical plate extended upwards from the horizontal plate: a bobbin provided in the yoke; a coil disposed around the bobbin and including eight outer peripheral surfaces; an upper spring coupled to an upper portion of the bobbin; a lower spring coupled to a lower portion of the bobbin; and a plurality of magnets disposed around the coil. 2. The lens driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the coil includes first regions facing the plurality of magnets and second regions not facing the plurality of magnets, wherein the first regions and the second regions are alternately disposed, and wherein the first regions of the coil and a first plane of each magnet facing the coil have the same curvature. 3. The lens driving apparatus of claim 2, wherein, on an outer peripheral surface of the coil, an area of the first regions of the coil is smaller than an area of the second regions of the coil. 4. The lens apparatus of claim 2, wherein, on the outer peripheral surface of the coil, the area of the first regions of the coil is greater than 20% of the outer peripheral surface of the coil and smaller than 50% of the outer peripheral surface of the coil. 5. The lens apparatus of claim 2, wherein each of the magnets includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and side surfaces including at least three flat planes not facing the coil, and wherein the side surfaces of the magnets are fixed within the yoke. 6. The lens apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least three flat planes of each magnet are disposed between the yoke and the eight outer peripheral surfaces of the coil in a horizontal direction. 7. The lens driving apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of magnets is fixed to an inner surface of the vertical plate of the yoke and disposed on the horizontal plate of the yoke. 8. The lens apparatus of claim 7, wherein the magnet includes four magnets, and each magnet includes an upper surface, a lower surface, and side surfaces including a first plane that faces the coil and a plurality of flat planes that do not face the coil. 9. The lens apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of flat planes that do not face the coil include at least three flat planes. 10. The lens apparatus of claim 9, wherein, for each magnet, the plurality of flat planes that do not face the coil are disposed between the yoke and the coil in a horizontal direction. 11. The lens apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least three flat planes include a second plane opposite to the first plane, and wherein an area of the second plane is smaller than an area of the first plane. 12. The lens apparatus of claim 5, wherein the yoke is a metal yoke. 13. The lens apparatus of claim 2, wherein each magnet has a pillar structure having an angular horizontal cross-section. 14. The lens apparatus of claim 12, wherein an inner lateral surface of the vertical plate is flat, and wherein each of the magnets is coupled to the inner lateral surface of the vertical plate of the metal yoke. 15. The lens apparatus of claim 14, wherein the plurality of flat planes that do not face the coil are disposed at the inner lateral surface of the vertical plate of the metal yoke. 16. The lens apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first plane of each magnet facing the coil is curved. 17. The lens apparatus of claim 7, wherein the vertical plate of the yoke is disposed on the outer peripheral portion of the horizontal plate of the yoke. 18. The lens apparatus of claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of magnets is disposed within the lens driving apparatus such that none of the three flat planes faces an adjacent magnet of the plurality of magnets. 19. The lens apparatus of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of magnets is disposed within the lens driving apparatus such that none of the three flat planes faces an adjacent magnet of the plurality of magnets. 20. An electronic appliance comprising the lens driving apparatus according to claim 1.",
-    "Radiation hardened NMOS devices suitable for application in NMOS, CMOS, or BiCMOS integrated circuits, and methods for fabricating them. A device includes a p-type silicon substrate, a field oxide surrounding a moat region on the substrate tapering through a Bird's Beak region to a gate oxide within the moat region, a heavily-doped p-type guard region underlying at least a portion of the Bird's Beak region and terminating at the inner edge of the Bird's Beak region, a gate included in the moat region, and n-type source and drain regions spaced by a gap from the inner edge of the Bird's Beak and guard regions. A variation of minor alterations to the conventional moat and n-type source/drain masks. The resulting devices have improved radiation tolerance while having a high breakdown voltage and minimal impact on circuit density. 1. A method, comprising: forming a field oxide layer above a semiconductor substrate; patterning the field oxide layer to remove a portion of the field oxide layer above a moat region of the semiconductor substrate and define a tapered edge surrounding the moat region; and forming a gate layer above the semiconductor substrate and within the moat region, the gate layer extending along a channel region of a device and across the moat region along a length direction of the device, and the gate layer abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the gate layer includes: forming a gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate; and forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the gate oxide layer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the gate layer includes patterning the gate layer to include: a first segment overlapping with the channel region; and a second segment extending across the moat region along the length direction and abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along the length direction. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the forming the gate layer includes patterning the gate layer to include: a third segment abutting the tapered edge of the field oxide layer along a channel width direction and joining the second segment to define an opening for selectively accessing a diffusion region of the device. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the patterning the gate layer includes: joining the first segment with the second segment to form a T-shape mask free of contact from the tapered edge along a channel width direction of the device; and defining an opening for selectively accessing a diffusion region of the device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the gate layer includes patterning the gate layer to define a mask surrounding a diffusion region of the device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the gate layer includes patterning the gate layer to define a mask partially surrounding a diffusion region of the device. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: selectively implanting a doping into a diffusion region of the device by using the gate layer as a mask. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a drain region of the device by using the gate layer as an implantation mask. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a source region of the device by using the gate layer as an implantation mask. 11. A method, comprising: forming a field oxide layer above a substrate; patterning the field oxide layer to remove a portion of the field oxide layer above a moat region of the substrate and define a tapered edge surrounding the moat region; and forming a gate layer above the substrate and within the moat region; and patterning the gate layer to form an implantation mask defining an opening for accessing a diffusion region of a device, the implantation mask extending along a channel region of the device and abutting the tapered edge of the moat region to laterally surround the diffusion region. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the forming the gate layer includes: forming a gate oxide layer on the substrate; and forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the gate oxide layer. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: selectively implanting a dopant into the diffusion region through the opening of the implantation mask. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: forming a drain region of the device by selectively implanting a dopant into the diffusion region through the opening of the implantation mask. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising: forming a drain region of the device by selectively implanting a dopant into the diffusion region through the opening of the implantation mask. 16. A method, comprising: forming a field oxide layer above a substrate; patterning the field oxide layer to remove a portion of the field oxide layer above a moat region of the substrate and define a tapered edge surrounding the moat region; and forming a gate layer above the substrate and within the moat region; and patterning the gate layer to form an implantation mask defining an opening for accessing a diffusion region of a device, the implantation mask extending along a channel region of the device and abutting the tapered edge only along a device length direction such that the implantation mask is free of contact from the tapered edge along a channel width direction of the device. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the forming the gate layer includes: forming a gate oxide layer on the substrate; and forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the gate oxide layer. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: selectively implanting a dopant into the diffusion region through the opening of the implantation mask. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: forming a drain region of the device by selectively implanting a dopant into the diffusion region through the opening of the implantation mask. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: forming a drain region of the device by selectively implanting a dopant into the diffusion region through the opening of the implantation mask.",
-    "A process for preparing polyol esters by reacting polyols with linear or branched aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, is characterized in that a mixture of the starting compounds is allowed to react in the presence of a Lewis acid containing at least one element of groups 4 to 14 of the periodic table of the elements as a catalyst and in the presence of an adsorbent with removal of the water formed, and then the crude ester obtained is aftertreated by adding a further adsorbent which is an acidic activated carbon having a pH of 1 to 6.5. 1. Process for preparing polyol esters by reacting polyols of the general formula (I) R(OH)n (I) in which R is an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbyl radical having 2 to 20 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 2 to 8, with linear or branched aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, characterized in that a mixture of the starting compounds is allowed to react in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium or tin as elements or in the form of compounds thereof and in the presence of an activated carbon adsorbent with removal of the water formed, and then the crude ester obtained is aftertreated by adding a further adsorbent which is an acidic activated carbon having a pH of 1 to 6.5. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aftertreatment with the acidic activated carbon is effected at a temperature of room temperature to 140\u00b0 C. 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that a steam treatment is performed in the presence of the acidic activated carbon. 4. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that the steam treatment is performed at a temperature of 100 to 250\u00b0 C. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyol ester is dried at temperatures of 80 to 250\u00b0 C. and at pressures of 0.2 to 500 hPa. 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the acidic activated carbon has a pH of 2 to 5.5. 7. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that 0.05 to 2.5 parts by weight of the acidic activated carbon are added per 100 parts by weight of crude ester to be treated. 8. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the catalyst is used in an amount of 1.0\u00d710\u22125 to 20 mol %, based on the starting compound used in deficiency. 9. Process according to claim 8, characterized in that the catalyst is used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 mol %, based on the starting compound used in deficiency. 10. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the tin compounds used are tin(II) oxide, tin(II) oxalate, tin(II) carboxylates, tin(IV) alkoxides or organotin compounds. 11. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the titanium compounds used are alkoxides, acylates, carboxylates or chelates. 12. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of adsorbent are used in the reaction of polyols with linear or branched aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having 3 to 20 carbon atoms per 100 parts by weight of reaction mixture. 13. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyols used are 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2,2-dimethylolbutane, trimethylolethane, trimethylol-propane, trimethylolbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol or 3(4),8(9)-dihydroxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane. 14. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid converted is propionic acid, n-butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, n-heptanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, n-nonanoic acid, 2-methyloctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid or 2-propylheptanoic acid. 15. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that the polyols used are 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2,2-dimethylolbutane, trimethylolethane, trimethylol-propane, trimethylolbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol or 3(4),8(9)-dihydroxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane. 16. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the polyols used are 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2,2-dimethylolbutane, trimethylolethane, trimethylol-propane, trimethylolbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol or 3(4),8(9)-dihydroxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane. 17. Process according to claim 11, characterized in that the polyols used are 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2,2-dimethylolbutane, trimethylolethane, trimethylol-propane, trimethylolbutane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol or 3(4),8(9)-dihydroxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane. 18. Process according to claim 3, characterized in that the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid converted is propionic acid, n-butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, n-heptanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, n-nonanoic acid, 2-methyloctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid or 2-propylheptanoic acid. 19. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid converted is propionic acid, n-butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, n-heptanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, n-nonanoic acid, 2-methyloctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid or 2-propylheptanoic acid. 20. Process according to claim 11, characterized in that that the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid converted is propionic acid, n-butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-pentanoic acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, n-heptanoic acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, n-nonanoic acid, 2-methyloctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid or 2-propylheptanoic acid.",
-    "A radiation detection system comprising a detection grid of wavelength shifting fibers with a volume of scintillating material at the intersecting points of the fibers. Light detectors, preferably Silicon Photomultipliers, are positioned at the ends of the fibers. The position of radiation is determined from data obtained from the detection grid. The system is easily scalable, customizable, and also suitable for use in soil and underground applications. An alternate embodiment employs a fiber grid sheet or layer which is comprised of multiple fibers secured to one another within the same plane. This embodiment further includes shielding in order to prevent radiation cross-talk within the grid layer. 1. A radiation detection system comprising: at least one grid array of intersecting wavelength-shifting fibers lying in a single plane; said fibers having first and second ends and intersecting one another at essentially right angles; a scintillation element serving to receive incident radiation and emit a light signal in response thereto positioned at each location where said fibers intersect; and, a light detector coupled to at least one of said first and second ends of each said fiber. 2. The radiation detection system of claim 1 wherein said grid array is composed of a combination of fibers running essentially in an x-direction and fibers running essentially in a y-direction. 3. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein light detectors are coupled to both said first and second ends of each said fiber. 4. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein said light detectors are Photomultiplier Tubes. 5. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein said light detectors are Silicon Photomultipliers. 6. The radiation detection system of claim 5 wherein each said light detector is further operatively connected to an amplifier and thereafter to an analog-to-digital converter. 7. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein said scintillation elements are essentially cubic in shape. 8. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein said scintillation elements are essentially spherical in shape. 9. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein said scintillation elements are secured in place by glue or an adhesive. 10. The radiation detection system of claim 2 wherein said scintillation elements are cured into position. 11. The radiation detection system of claim 2 further comprising a plurality of grid arrays of intersecting wavelength-shifting fibers forming a three-dimensional detector matrix. 12. A radiation detection system comprising: at least two orthogonal grid arrays of scintillating fibers comprising, a first grid array of scintillating fibers oriented in a first plane secured to one another along the long axis of each said fiber; said fibers having first and second ends and at least one of said first and second ends being coupled to a light detector; a second grid array of scintillating fibers oriented in a second plane secured to one another along the long axis of each said fiber; said fibers having first and second ends and at least one of said first and second ends being coupled to a light detector; and, an electron dense material juxtaposed between the scintillating fibers in the first grid array and between the scintillating fibers in the second grid array. 13. A method of radiation detection comprising providing a first and second grid of wavelength-shifting fibers; assembling said grids into an array in which the first and second grid intersect at various locations; securing detection enhancement elements at the locations where said first and second grids intersect; connecting at least one terminal end of each fiber from said first and second grids to a respective light sensor; and, detecting scintillating photons generated by the enhancement elements indicative of the presence of radiation incident upon said array.",
-    "A park lock having an actuator assembly for pivoting a pawl relative to a dog ring. The actuator assembly has a first linear actuator, a locking mechanism, a first biasing spring and a second linear actuator. The first linear actuator has a first output member that is movable along a movement axis that is parallel to a pivot axis of the pawl. The locking mechanism is configured to selectively couple the first output member and a cam for common movement along the movement axis. The first biasing spring is configured to move the cam along the movement axis relative to the first output member when the locking mechanism decouples the cam from the first output member. The second linear actuator is configured to move the cam along the movement axis and against the first biasing spring when the cam is decoupled from the first output member. 1. A park lock mechanism for a vehicle driveline component having a rotatable member, the park lock mechanism comprising: a housing; a dog ring that is adapted to be coupled to the rotatable member for common rotation, the dog ring being received in the housing and comprising a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart teeth; a pawl having a pawl tooth, the pawl being coupled to the housing for movement between a first pawl position, in which the pawl tooth is disengaged from the teeth of the dog ring so as to not impede rotation of the dog ring relative to the housing, and a second pawl position in which the pawl tooth engages the teeth of the dog ring so as to impede rotation of the dog ring relative to the housing; and an actuator assembly having a cam follower, a cam, a first actuator device, a second actuator device, and a cam coupling, the cam follower being coupled to the pawl for movement therewith, the cam being movable along a movement axis, the cam contacting the cam follower and including a first cam portion, and a second cam portion, wherein positioning of the first cam portion on the cam follower positions the pawl in the first pawl position, and wherein positioning of the second cam portion on the cam follower positions the pawl in the second pawl position, the first actuator device comprising a first linear motor with a first output member that is movable along the movement axis between a first output member position and a second output member position, the first output member being coaxial with the cam, the second actuator device comprising a second linear motor with a second output member, the second output member being movable between a third output member position and a fourth output member position, the cam coupling comprising a first biasing spring and a locking mechanism, the first biasing spring being configured to bias the cam in a first direction along the movement axis relative to the first output member, the locking mechanism being configured to selectively lock the cam to the first output member for axial movement therewith, the locking mechanism being configured to unlock the cam from the first output member in response to movement of the second output member from the third output member position to the fourth output member position when the first output member is in the first output member position, the locking mechanism being configured to lock the cam to the first output member in response to movement of the second output member from the fourth output member position to the third output member position when the first output member is in the first output member position. 2. The park lock mechanism of claim 1, wherein the second output member moves the cam in a second direction along the movement axis when the second output member is moved from the fourth output member position to the third output member position and the first output member is in the first output member position, the second direction being opposite the first direction. 3. The park lock mechanism of claim 2, wherein the locking mechanism comprises a plunger and a ball, the plunger being coupled to the second output member for axial movement therewith, the plunger defining an engagement profile on which the ball is disposed. 4. The park lock mechanism of claim 3, wherein the ball is received in a hole in the first output member and is configured to engage a recess in the cam to lock the cam to the first output member. 5. The park lock mechanism of claim 4, wherein the plunger includes a ramped portion that is configured to urge the ball through the hole and into the recess in the cam and wherein the locking mechanism further comprises a second biasing spring that is disposed between the plunger and the first output member, the second biasing spring biasing the ramped portion of the plunger toward the ball. 6. The park lock mechanism of claim 3, wherein the plunger is received in the first output member. 7. The park lock mechanism of claim 6, wherein the second output member and the plunger are moveable along the movement axis relative to the first output member through a predetermined range of motion. 8. The park lock mechanism of claim 1, wherein the first biasing spring is coaxial with the first output member. 9. The park lock mechanism of claim 1, wherein the second linear motor comprises an electromagnetic coil. 10. The park lock mechanism of claim 1, wherein the first linear motor comprises a rotary motor and a lead screw that is driven by the rotary motor. 11. The park lock mechanism of claim 1, wherein the pawl is pivotable about a pivot axis. 12. The park lock mechanism of claim 11, wherein the movement axis is parallel to the pivot axis. 13. The park lock mechanism of claim 1, wherein the first and second output members are coaxial. 14. A park lock mechanism for a vehicle driveline component having a rotatable member, the park lock mechanism comprising: a housing; a dog ring that is adapted to be coupled to the rotatable member for common rotation, the dog ring being received in the housing and comprising a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart teeth; a pawl having a pawl tooth, the pawl being coupled to the housing for movement between a first pawl position, in which the pawl tooth is disengaged from the teeth of the dog ring so as to not impede rotation of the dog ring relative to the housing, and a second pawl position in which the pawl tooth engages the teeth of the dog ring so as to impede rotation of the dog ring relative to the housing; and an actuator assembly having a first actuator, a locking mechanism, a first biasing spring, and a second actuator, the first actuator being a linear actuator and having a first output member that is movable along a movement axis, the locking mechanism being configured to selectively couple the first output member and the cam for common movement along the movement axis, the first biasing spring being configured to move the cam along the movement axis relative to the first output member when the locking mechanism decouples the cam from the first output member, the second actuator being configured to operate the locking mechanism to decouple the cam from the first output member to permit the first biasing spring to move the cam along the movement axis. 15. The park lock mechanism of claim 14, wherein the second actuator is further operable to move the cam against the first biasing spring to re-set the locking mechanism such that the locking mechanism locks the cam to the first output member for common axial movement along the movement axis. 16. The park lock mechanism of claim 14, wherein the locking mechanism comprises a plunger and a ball, the plunger being coupled to a second output member of the second actuator for axial movement therewith, the plunger defining an engagement profile on which the ball is disposed. 17. The park lock mechanism of claim 16, wherein the ball is received in a hole in the first output member and is configured to engage a recess in the cam to lock the cam to the first output member. 18. The park lock mechanism of claim 17, wherein the plunger includes a ramped portion that is configured to urge the ball through the hole and into the recess in the cam and wherein the locking mechanism further comprises a second biasing spring that is disposed between the plunger and the first output member, the second biasing spring biasing the ramped portion of the plunger toward the ball. 19. The park lock mechanism of claim 16, wherein the plunger is received in the first output member. 20. The park lock mechanism of claim 19, wherein the second actuator has a second output member and wherein the plunger and the second output member are moveable along the movement axis relative to the first output member through a predetermined range of motion. 21. The park lock mechanism of claim 14, wherein the first biasing spring is coaxial with the first output member. 22. The park lock mechanism of claim 14, wherein the pawl is pivotable about a pivot axis. 23. The park lock mechanism of claim 22, wherein the movement axis is parallel to the pivot axis. 24. The park lock mechanism of claim 14, wherein the first output member and a second output member of the second actuator are coaxial. 25. A method for operating a park lock mechanism having a dog ring, a pawl, a cam follower and a cam, the dog ring being rotatable about an drive axis and having a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart teeth, the pawl having a pawl tooth that is movable between a first pawl position, in which the pawl tooth is disengaged from the teeth of the dog ring, and a second pawl position in which the pawl tooth engages the teeth of the dog ring, the cam follower being mounted to the pawl for common movement, the cam being movable along a movement axis and having first and second cam portions, wherein positioning of the first cam portion on the cam follower positions the pawl in the first pawl position, wherein positioning of the second cam portion on the cam follower positions the pawl in the second pawl position, the method comprising: providing a first actuator and a second actuator, the first actuator having a first output member, the second actuator having a second output member; locking the cam to the first output member; operating the first actuator to move the cam along the movement axis and cause movement of the pawl between the first and second pawl positions; operating the second actuator to decouple the cam from the first output member; and moving the cam along the movement axis to cause movement of the pawl from the first pawl position to the second pawl position in response to decoupling the cam from the first output member. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising operating the second actuator to move the cam along the movement axis to cause movement of the pawl into the first pawl position and re-coupling of the cam to the first output member. 27. The method of claim 25, further comprising operating the first actuator to move the first output member along the movement axis and couple the first output member to the cam. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the pawl is pivotable about a pivot axis. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the movement axis is parallel to the pivot axis. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the first and second output members are coaxial.",
-    "The present invention relates to a composition comprising 10 to 50 wt.-% of at least one polyisocyanate a-1) based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, comprising at least one oligomeric polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and optionally monomeric hexamethylene diisocyanate and 50 to 90 wt.-% of at least one polyisocyanate a-2) based on isophorone diisocyanate, comprising at least one oligomeric polyisocyanate based on isophorone diisocyanate and optionally monomeric isophorone diisocyanate, with the proviso that at least one of the components a-1) and a-2) additionally comprises monomeric isocyanate of the named kind, as well as at least one sulfur-containing component. It has been shown that the above mentioned mixture of the specific isocyanate group containing components improves the thermal and mechanical properties of a cured composition. Thus prepared molded articles are particularly suitable for the preparation of spectacle lenses, inter alia due to these properties. 1. A method for preparing an optical lens comprising utilizing a composition, comprising A) 10 to 50 wt.-% of at least one polyisocyanate a-1) based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, comprising at least one oligomeric polyisocyante based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and optionally monomeric hexamethylene diisocyanate and 50 to 90 wt.-% of at least one polyisocyanate a-2) based on isophorone diisocyanate, comprising at least one oligomeric polyisocyanate based on isophorone diisocyanate and optionally monomeric isophorone diisocyanate, with the proviso that, the polyisocyanate a-1) comprises monomeric hexamethylene diisocyanate, or the polyisocyanate a-2) comprises monomeric isophorone diisocyanate, or the polyisocyanate a-1) comprises monomeric hexamethylene diisocyanate and the polyisocyanate a-2) comprises monomeric isophorone diisocyanate wherein the %-data relate to the sum of components a-1) and a-2), B) at least one sulfur-containing component, and optionally C) one or more auxiliaries and/or additives. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical lens is a spectacle lens. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing component is selected from the group consisting of polythiols, sulfur containing hydroxy compounds, and mixtures thereof. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sulfur-containing component has a molecular weight of 78 to 1000 g/mol. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one auxiliary and/or additive C) is selected from the group consisting of UV-stabilizers, catalysts, antioxidants, mold release agents, dyes, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oligomeric polyisocyanate of a-1) is obtained by reacting only hexamethylene diisocyanate as diisocyanate unit and the oligomeric polyisocyanate of a-2) is obtained by reacting only isophorone diisocyanate as diisocyanate unit.",
-    "Provided is an antenna module package including a substrate, a wireless card payment antenna structure mounted on the substrate and including a first antenna chip and wireless card payment matching elements electrically connected to the first antenna chip, a near field communication (NFC) antenna structure mounted on the substrate, sharing the first antenna chip, and including an extended NFC antenna loop and NFC matching elements electrically connected to the first antenna chip, and a wireless charging antenna structure mounted on the substrate and including a second antenna chip, and an extended wireless charging antenna loop and wireless charging matching elements electrically connected to the second antenna chip. 1. An antenna module package comprising: a substrate; a wireless card payment antenna structure mounted on the substrate and comprising a first antenna chip and wireless card payment matching elements electrically connected to the first antenna chip; a near field communication (NFC) antenna structure mounted on the substrate, sharing the first antenna chip, and comprising an extended NFC antenna loop and NFC matching elements electrically connected to the first antenna chip; and a wireless charging antenna structure mounted on the substrate and comprising a second antenna chip, and an extended wireless charging antenna loop and wireless charging matching elements electrically connected to the second antenna chip. 2. The antenna module package of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of terminals, and wherein the plurality of terminals comprise: antenna terminals where the first antenna chip is mounted; wireless card payment connection terminals electrically connectable to some of external connection terminals of a battery protection circuit package, or a main board, and usable to mount the wireless card payment matching elements thereon; and NFC connection terminals electrically connectable to some of the external connection terminals of the battery protection circuit package, or the main board, and usable to mount the NFC matching elements thereon. 3. The antenna module package of claim 2, wherein the plurality of terminals further comprise: antenna terminals usable to mount the second antenna chip thereon; and wireless charging connection terminals electrically connectable to some of the external connection terminals of the battery protection circuit package, or the main board, and usable to mount the wireless charging matching elements thereon. 4. The antenna module package of claim 3, further comprising: an encapsulant for encapsulating the wireless card payment antenna structure, the NFC antenna structure, and the wireless charging antenna structure to expose at least parts of the wireless card payment connection terminals, the NFC connection terminals, and the wireless charging connection terminals. 5. The antenna module package of claim 3, wherein the substrate comprises a via pattern penetrating through the substrate, wherein the wireless card payment matching elements are electrically connectable to the first antenna chip and the wireless card payment connection terminals through the via pattern, and wherein the NFC matching elements are electrically connectable to the first antenna chip, the extended NFC antenna loop, and the NFC connection terminals through the via pattern. 6. The antenna module package of claim 5, wherein the wireless charging matching elements are electrically connectable to the second antenna chip, the extended wireless charging antenna loop, and the wireless charging connection terminals through the via pattern. 7. The antenna module package of claim 1, wherein a length of the extended NFC antenna loop is set in such a manner that a ratio of an inductance value generated by the extended NFC antenna loop to an inductance value generated by the first antenna chip is 13% or above. 8. The antenna module package of claim 1, wherein the first antenna chip is shared to ensure inductance in an NFC antenna frequency band different from a wireless card payment frequency band. 9. An antenna module package circuit comprising: a first path comprising a first inductor and a first capacitor electrically connected to each other, and capable of performing a wireless card payment antenna function; a second path the first inductor, a second inductor, and a second capacitor electrically connected to each other, and capable of performing an NFC antenna function; and a third path a third inductor and a third capacitor electrically connected to each other, and capable of performing a wireless charging antenna function, wherein the first and second paths share the first inductor capable of performing at least one of or simultaneously performing the wireless card payment antenna function and the NFC antenna function. 10. The antenna module package circuit of claim 9, wherein an inductance value in a frequency band of the first path is less than an inductance value in a frequency band of the second path, and wherein the inductance value in the frequency band of the second path is less than an inductance value in a frequency band of the third path. 11. A battery pack comprising: a battery bare cell; a battery protection circuit element connected to the battery bare cell and comprising a protection integrated chip (IC), a field effect transistor (FET), and one or more passive elements; and an antenna module package electrically connected to the battery protection circuit element, wherein the antenna module package comprises: a substrate; a wireless card payment antenna structure mounted on the substrate and comprising a first antenna chip and wireless card payment matching elements electrically connected to the first antenna chip; a near field communication (NFC) antenna structure mounted on the substrate, sharing the first antenna chip, and comprising an extended NFC antenna loop and NFC matching elements electrically connected to the first antenna chip; and a wireless charging antenna structure mounted on the substrate and comprising a second antenna chip, and an extended wireless charging antenna loop and wireless charging matching elements electrically connected to the second antenna chip. 12. A mobile device comprising: a main board; the antenna module package of claim 1, which is electrically connected to the main board; and a controller mounted on the main board to additionally provided a security function for wireless card payment.",
-    "Embodiments include methods, systems and computer program products for creating event reminders on a computational system. Aspects include receiving an alarm system input, the alarm system input including an event identifier, an event time, and an event influencer. Aspects also include calculating an alarm time based upon the alarm system input. Aspects also include creating an alarm signal at the alarm time. Aspects also include outputting the alarm signal. 1. A computer-implemented method for creating an alarm signal, comprising: receiving, by a processing device, an alarm system input, the alarm system input comprising an event identifier, an event time, and an event influencer, wherein the event influencer comprises historical data regarding user attendance habits correlated with an input parameter; calculating, by the processing device, an event probability; calculating, by the processing device, an alarm time based upon the alarm system input and the event probability; creating, by the processing device, an alarm signal at the alarm time; and outputting the alarm signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alarm system input comprises human readable text. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the alarm system input comprises a text message. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alarm system input comprises voicemail. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the alarm system input comprises calendar data. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising conducting, by the processing device, natural language processing of the alarm system input. 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the alarm time is null. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to outputting the alarm signal: receiving, by the processing device, an updated system input; and recalculating, by the processing device, the alarm time based upon the updated system input. 11. A processing system for creating alarm signals, comprising: a processor in communication with one or more types of memory, the processor configured to: receive an alarm system input, the alarm system input comprising an event identifier, an event time, and an event influencer, wherein the event influencer comprises historical data regarding user attendance habits correlated with an input parameter; calculate an event probability; calculate an alarm time based upon the alarm system input and the event probability; create an alarm signal at the alarm time; and output the alarm signal. 12. The processing system of claim 11, wherein the system input comprises human readable text. 13. The processing system of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to conduct natural language processing of the alarm system input. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. A computer program product for creating alarm signals, comprising: a non-transitory storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method comprising: receiving an alarm system input, the alarm system input comprising an event identifier, an event time, and an event influencer, wherein the event influencer comprises historical data regarding user attendance habits correlated with an input parameter; calculating, by the processing device, an event probability; calculating an alarm time based upon the alarm system input and the event probability, creating an alarm signal at the alarm time, and outputting the alarm signal; and a user interface comprising: a user input interface, and an output display. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the secondary system input comprises human readable text. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the alarm time is null.",
-    "A system and method for converting carbon dioxide into biomass within subterranean formations or cavities by introducing chemolithoautotrophic microbes and microbe supporting compounds in the formation so as to cause the chemolithoautotrophic microbes to fix carbon dioxide within the formation into biomass, which can then be used in the production of renewable energy and carbon-based products. 1. A method of converting carbon dioxide to biomass by chemolithotropy, the method comprising the steps of: introducing one or more chemolithoautotrophs into a subterranean formation through one or more wells extending from a surface into said subterranean formation, wherein at least one of said chemolithoautotrophs has a metabolic process that fixes carbon dioxide into biomass; introducing one or more reduced sulfur compounds along with brackish water and oxygen into said subterranean formation through at least one well of said one or more wells; causing said at least one of said chemolithoautotrophs to fix carbon dioxide located within said subterranean formation into biomass; and producing said biomass at the surface from said subterranean formation through at least one well of said one or more wells. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: introducing chemolithotropic supporting compounds into said subterranean formation through at least one well of said one or more wells. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one of said chemolithoautotroph is a sulfur oxidizing microbe. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said sulfur oxidizing microbe is Thiomicrospira Crunogena. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein oxygen is injected, through at least one well of said one or more wells, into said subterranean formation for use as an electron acceptor for said sulfur oxidizing microbe. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more reduced sulfur compounds are injected, through at least one well of said one or more wells, into said subterranean formation to be oxidized by said one or more chemolithoautotrophs. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: producing sulfate at the surface from said subterranean formation, through at least one well of said one or more wells, along with a carbon-based compound; and precipitating the produced sulfate as gypsum. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: introducing carbon dioxide in said subterranean formation through at least one well of said one or more wells. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: recycling a portion of said biomass produced at the surface back into said subterranean formation through at least one well of said one or more wells. 11. A method of converting carbon dioxide to biomass by chemolithotropy, the method comprising the steps of: introducing one or more sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs into a subterranean formation though a first well extending from a surface into said subterranean formation, wherein at least one of said sulfur oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs has a metabolic process that fixes carbon dioxide into biomass and produces sulfate; introducing one or more reduced sulfur compounds along with brackish water and oxygen into said subterranean formation through said first well; causing said at least one of said chemolithoautotrophs to fix carbon dioxide located within said subterranean formation into biomass and produce sulfate; and producing said biomass at the surface from the formation through a second well. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of: producing sulfate at the surface from said subterranean formation along with said biomass; and precipitating the produced sulfate at the surface as gypsum. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said one or more sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs is Thiomicrospira Crunogena. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein oxygen is injected into said subterranean formation, through at least one of said first and second wells, for use as an electron acceptor for said one or more sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising the steps of: introducing a sulfate-reducing bacterium into said subterranean formation through at least one of said first and second wells, wherein said sulfate-reducing bacterium has a metabolic process that produces biomass and reduced sulfur from sulfate; causing said sulfate-reducing bacterium to produce biomass and reduced sulfur from sulfate that is located within said subterranean formation; producing said biomass and said sulfate at the surface through at least one of said first and second wells; and at least partially recycling said sulfate that is produced back into said subterranean formation through said at least one of said first and second wells. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said sulfate-reducing bacterium is Thermodesulfatator indicus. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of: recycling a portion of said biomass produced at the surface back into said subterranean formation through at least one of said first and second wells. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of: introducing chemolithotropic supporting compounds into said subterranean formation through at least one of said first and second wells. 19. A method of producing a biomass by reducing sulfate to sulfur, comprising the steps of: introducing a sulfate-reducing bacterium into the subterranean formation through one or more wells extending from a surface into said subterranean formation, wherein said sulfate-reducing bacterium has a metabolic process that produces biomass and reduced sulfur from sulfate; causing said sulfate-reducing bacterium to produce biomass and reduced sulfur from sulfate that is located within said subterranean formation; and producing said biomass and sulfate at the surface through at least one well of said one or more wells. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of: at least partially recycling said sulfate that is produced back into said subterranean formation through at least one well of said one or more wells. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said sulfate-reducing bacterium is Thermodesulfatator indicus. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein H.sub.2 or organic substrates are injected into said subterranean formation, through at least one well of said one or more wells, to be used as an electron donor for said sulfate-reducing bacterium. 23. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of: introducing water into said subterranean formation, through at least one well of said one or more wells, to support and transport organisms.",
-    "A cooling module includes a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, and a plurality of coupling devices. The first heat exchanger includes a plurality of first brackets. A pair of the first brackets is disposed on each opposing end of the first heat exchanger. The second heat exchanger includes a plurality second brackets. A pair of the second brackets is disposed on each opposing end of the second heat exchanger. Each of the plurality of the coupling devices includes a first opening and a second opening formed therein. One of the coupling devices is positioned on each of the plurality of the first brackets, wherein each of the first brackets is received in one of the first openings of the one of the coupling devices. The second brackets of the second heat exchanger are inserted into respective ones of the second openings of the coupling devices. 1. A cooling module, comprising: a first heat exchanger including a first bracket disposed on a first end of the first heat exchanger, the first bracket having a first leg; a second heat exchanger including a second bracket disposed on a first end of the second heat exchanger, the second bracket having a second leg; and a coupling device having a first opening and a second opening, the first opening configured to receive the first leg of the first bracket and the second opening configured to receive the second leg of the second bracket. 2. The cooling module of claim 1, further comprising a third heat exchanger including a clip disposed thereon, the first bracket having a third leg, the clip configured to receive the third leg of the first bracket. 3. The cooling module of claim 1, wherein the first opening is configured to receive the first leg of the bracket in a first direction, and the second opening is configured to receive the second leg of the second bracket in a second direction, wherein the first direction is transverse the second direction. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the first direction is opposite the second direction. 6. The cooling module of claim 1, wherein the first bracket and the second bracket are formed from aluminum and the coupling device is formed from a resilient polymeric material. 7. The cooling module of claim 1, wherein the first bracket includes a first retention feature configured to engage a second retention feature of the coupling device, and the coupling device includes a third retention feature configured to engage the second leg of the second bracket. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first retaining feature is one of a protrusion and a recess, and the second retaining feature is the other of the protrusion and the recess, and the protrusion is received in the recess. 9. A coupling device for a cooling module comprising: a first opening formed between a first wall and a second wall; and a second opening formed between the second wall and a third wall, wherein the first opening is configured to receive a first bracket of the cooling module in a first direction, and the second opening is configured to receive a second bracket of the cooling module in a second direction, wherein the first direction is transverse to the second direction. 10. The coupling device of claim 9, wherein the first direction is perpendicular to the first direction. 11. The coupling device of claim 9, wherein the first direction is opposite to the first direction. 12. The coupling device of claim 9, further comprising a retention feature configured to engage the first bracket of the cooling module. 13. The coupling device of claim 12, wherein the retention feature is disposed on a flexible tab extending from the second wall of the coupling device. 14. The coupling device of claim 9, further comprising a retention feature configured to engage the second bracket of the cooling module. 15. A method of assembling a cooling module, comprising: providing a first heat exchanger including a plurality of first brackets, a pair of the plurality of first brackets disposed on each opposing end of the first heat exchanger; providing a second heat exchanger including a plurality of second brackets, a pair of the plurality of second brackets disposed on each opposing end of the second heat exchanger; and providing a plurality of coupling devices, each of the plurality of coupling devices including a first opening and a second opening; positioning one of the plurality of coupling devices on each of the plurality of first brackets, wherein each of the plurality of first brackets is received in the first opening of the one of the plurality of coupling devices; and inserting each of the plurality of second brackets of the second heat exchanger into a respective one of the second openings of the plurality of coupling devices. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of second brackets of the second heat exchanger is inserted into the respective one of the second openings of the plurality of coupling devices. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein a first leg of one of the plurality of first brackets of the first heat exchanger is received in the first opening of one of the plurality of coupling devices, and a leg of one of the plurality of second brackets of the second heat exchanger is received in the second opening of one of the plurality of coupling devices. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second opening of the one of the plurality of coupling devices includes a retention feature formed therein, the retention feature configured to secure the leg of the one of the plurality of second brackets within the second opening of the one of the plurality of coupling devices when the one of the plurality of second brackets is inserted in the second opening. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the retention feature is a lip configured to engage an edge of the one of the plurality of second brackets. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein one of the plurality of first brackets includes a first retention feature, and one of the plurality of coupling devices includes a second retention feature, the second retention feature configured to engage the first retention feature to secure the one of the plurality of coupling devices to the one of the plurality of first brackets.",
-    "A plasma generating apparatus includes: a DC power source; a toroidal core oscillation circuit including a first choke coil connected to the DC power source, a first capacitor connected to the first choke coil, and a first switching element and second choke coil connected to the first capacitor; a toroidal core resonance circuit including a third choke coil connected to the second choke coil; and a pair of electrodes connected to the third choke coil. 1. A plasma generating apparatus, comprising: a toroidal core oscillation circuit including: a first choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to a plus end of a DC power source and one end of another lead of the two leads being connected to a minus end of the DC power source; a first capacitor including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil, and another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a second choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil; and a first switching element including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the second choke coil, another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil and the another end of the first capacitor, and a gate connected to a lead connecting between a plus side of the DC power source and the first choke coil; and a toroidal core resonance circuit including a code wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected one end of the another lead of the second choke coil, and another end being connected to another end of the another lead of the second choke coil; and a pair of electrodes connected to a pair of ends of another lead of the two leads of the third choke coil. 2. A plasma generating apparatus, comprising: a toroidal core oscillation circuit including: a first choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to a plus end of a DC power source and one end of another lead of the two leads being connected to a minus end of the DC power source; a first capacitor including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil, and another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a first switching element including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil and a gate connected to a lead connecting between a minus side of the DC power source and the first choke coil; and a second choke coil including a core wound by two independent coils, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to another end of the first switching element, and another end of the one lead being connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a toroidal core resonance circuit including a code wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected one end of the another lead of the second choke coil, and another end being connected to another end of the another lead of the second choke coil; and a pair of electrodes connected to a pair of ends of another lead of the two leads of the third choke coil. 3. A plasma generating apparatus, comprising: a toroidal core oscillation circuit including: a first choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to a plus end of a DC power source and one end of another lead of the two leads being connected to a minus end of the DC power source; a first capacitor including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil, and another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a second choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil; and a first switching element including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the second choke coil, and another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil and the another end of the first capacitor; and a toroidal core resonance circuit including a code wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected one end of the another lead of the second choke coil, and another end being connected to another end of the another lead of the second choke coil; and a pair of electrodes connected to a pair of ends of another lead of the two leads of the third choke coil, wherein the plasma generating apparatus comprises a lead which connects another end of the first capacitor and between the plus side of the DC power source and the first choke coil, and includes first and second resistances connected in series, and a lead between the first and second resistances is connected to a gate electrode of the first switching element. 4. A plasma generating apparatus, comprising: a toroidal core oscillation circuit including: a first choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to a plus end of a DC power source and one end of another lead of the two leads being connected to a minus end of the DC power source; a first capacitor including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil, and another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a first switching element including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil; and a second choke coil including a core wound by two independent coils, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to another end of the first switching element, and another end of the one lead being connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a toroidal core resonance circuit including a code wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected one end of the another lead of the second choke coil, and another end being connected to another end of the another lead of the second choke coil; and a pair of electrodes connected to a pair of ends of another lead of the two leads of the third choke coil, wherein the plasma generating apparatus comprises a lead which connects one end of the first capacitor and between a minus side of the DC power source and the first choke coil, and includes first and second resistances connected in series, and a lead between the first and second resistances is connected to a gate electrode of the first switching element. 5. The plasma generating apparatus of claim 1, wherein one of the pair of electrodes includes an electrode holding portion which holds a metal and electrifies the metal. 6. An on-liquid melting method for welding by: using the plasma generating apparatus of claim 1, and immersing one electrode in a solution and bringing another electrode to a liquid surface of the solution to generate an arc between the liquid surface and the another electrode. 7. A power supply apparatus, comprising: a toroidal core oscillation circuit including: a first choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to a plus end of a DC power source and one end of another lead of the two leads being connected to a minus end of the DC power source; a first capacitor including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil, and another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil; a second choke coil including a core wound by two independent leads, one end of one lead of the two leads being connected to another end of the one lead of the first choke coil; and a first switching element including one end connected to another end of the one lead of the second choke coil, another end connected to another end of the another lead of the first choke coil and the another end of the first capacitor, and a gate connected to a lead connecting between a plus side of the DC power source and the first choke coil; and a power supply circuit including a second capacitor and a lead which connects between both ends of another lead of the second choke coil; and a power drawing circuit including ferrite provided to surround the lead in the power supply circuit. 8. An on-liquid melting method for welding by: using the plasma generating apparatus of claim 2, and immersing one electrode in a solution and bringing another electrode to a liquid surface of the solution to generate an arc between the liquid surface and the another electrode.",
-    "A digital camera is provided with a vertically long camera body having an approximately rectangular solid shape. An LCD panel provided in a rear surface of the camera body is arranged such that longitudinal directions of the display screen and the camera body correspond to each other. The digital camera is operated through a touch panel provided in a lower portion of the display screen. In a taking mode, an image is displayed in a small size on an upper portion of the display screen. In reproducing, the camera body is rotated sideways by 90 degree. Ina reproducing mode, display posture of the image is also rotated by 90 degree, and the image is displayed in a large size on the entire display screen. 1. An imaging apparatus comprising: a main body having a rectangular solid shape and a thin flat board shape; a display panel provided in a plane of the main body; a touch panel provided on a surface of the display panel; and a release button arranged in a side surface of the main body and configured to be operable in a case where the imaging apparatus is gripped such that a longer side of the main body stands upright, wherein in a taking mode, photography is performed by pressing the release button or by pressing a release key displayed on the display panel. 2. The imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the touch panel covers a lower surface of the main body and the release key is displayed in a lower portion of the display panel.",
-    "A seat recliner includes a disk-shaped outer case provided with a ring-shaped protrusion that is formed along a circumference thereof and is protruded in a thickness direction thereof, a disk-shaped inner case provided inside the ring-shaped protrusion rotatably in a circumferential direction thereof, a ring-shaped holder covering outer circumferential surfaces of the outer and inner cases to restrict displacement of the inner case so as to be distanced from the outer case, and an escape portion formed by depressing one of an opening edge portion on an inner circumferential surface of the ring-shaped protrusion and a portion, on an outer circumferential surface of the inner case, facing to the opening edge portion to be distanced from another of the opening edge portion and the portion facing to the opening edge portion. 1. A seat recliner comprising: an outer case that has an almost circular disk shape and is provided with a ring-shaped protrusion that is formed along a circumference thereof and is protruded in a thickness direction thereof; an inner case that as an almost circular disk shape and is provided inside the ring-shaped protrusion rotatably in a circumferential direction thereof; a holder that has an almost circular ring shape and covers outer circumferential surfaces of the outer and inner cases to restrict displacement of the inner case so as to be distanced from the outer case; and an escape portion that is formed by depressing one of an opening edge portion on an inner circumferential surface of the ring-shaped protrusion and a portion, on an outer circumferential surface of the inner case, facing to the opening edge portion to be distanced from another of the opening edge portion and the portion facing to the opening edge portion. 2. The seat recliner according to claim 1, wherein the escape portion is formed on the outer circumferential surface of the inner case at the portion facing to the opening edge portion. 3. The seat recliner according to claim 1, wherein a sloped portion is formed between the outer circumferential surface of the inner case and the escape portion, and the outer circumferential surface, the sloped portion and the escape portion form a smoothly continuous surface.",
-    "A projection objective of a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus contains a plurality of optical elements arranged in N>\u22122 successive sections A1 to AN of the projection objective which are separated from one another by pupil planes or intermediate image planes. According to the invention, in order to correct a wavefront deformation, at least two optical elements each have an optically active surface locally reprocessed aspherically. A first optical element is in this case arranged in one section Aj, j=1 . . . N and a second optical element is arranged in another section Ak, k=1 . . . N, the magnitude difference |k\u2212j| being an odd number. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A process for producing a projection objective for microlithography, comprising: assembling a plurality of optical elements to form the projection objective in an initial arrangement for directing light from a first field plane to a second field plane to form an image at the second field plane of an object at the first field plane, there being at least one intermediate image at a corresponding field plane and at least two pupil planes in a path of the light between the first field plane and the second field plane, the plurality of optical elements comprising a first lens and a second lens; removing the first lens from the assembled projection objective and forming a first corrective structure on a curved surface of the first lens; removing the second lens from the assembled projection objective and forming a second corrective structure on a curved surface of the second lens; and arranging the first and second lenses in the projection objective after forming the corrective structures, wherein: the first lens is positioned in the projection objective in the path downstream from an adjacent one of the field planes and upstream from an adjacent one of the pupil planes and the second lens is positioned in the path upstream from an adjacent one of the field planes and downstream from an adjacent one of the pupil planes, and arranging the first and second lenses in the projection objective comprises positioning first and second corrective structures relative to each other so that their combined effect is to reduce an imaging error of the projection objective at the second field plane relative to the in arrangement of the projection objective. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the first and second corrective structures are formed by erosion of a lens material. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein a depth by which the lens material is eroded is less than 500 nm. 10. The process of claim 7, wherein the imaging error is caused by a form error in one of the optical elements or a refractive index inhomogeneity of a lens material. 11. The process of claim 7, wherein the projection objective comprises an additional optical element arranged in or close to one of the pupil planes, the additional optical element comprising a surface in the path of the light that is not rotationally symmetric with respect to the optical axis of the projection objective due to a corrective structure at the surface of the additional optical element. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein the corrective structure at the surface of the additional optical element corrects a field-independent wavefront error during operation of the proj ection obj ective. 13. The process of claim 7, wherein the projection objective is a catadioptric proj ection obj ective. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the catadioptric projection objective comprises a concave mirror. 15. The process of claim 14, wherein the mirror is positioned in a vicinity of one of the pupil planes. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein one of the intermediate images is downstream from the concave mirror in the light path. 17. The process of claim 14, wherein the catadioptric projection objective comprises a pair of fold mirrors.",
-    "A satellite-based missile defense system includes a neutron beam transmission tube, a beam generator disposed within the neutron beam transmission tube and operable to emit neutron beamlets from a neutron source. A first collimating plate is disposed within the neutron beam transmission tube and downstream from the beam generator. A second collimating plate is disposed within the neutron beam transmission tube and downstream from the first collimating plate. Neutron beams can be used to create gamma radiation and which can in-turn disable electronic equipment, such as that found in enemy aircraft, missile guidance systems, communication systems and/or the like. 1. A satellite-based ballistic missile defense system that operates to disable a ballistic missile while the missile is in flight by exposing the missile to a neutron beam, the system comprising: a neutron beam transmission tube; a beam generator disposed within said neutron beam transmission tube, said beam generator operable to emit neutron beamlets from a neutron source; a first collimating plate disposed within said neutron beam transmission tube and downstream from said beam generator; and a second collimating plate disposed within said neutron beam transmission tube and downstream from said first collimating plate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said neutron source is a radioactive material. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein said radioactive material is uranium. 4. A satellite-based ballistic missile defense system that operates to disable a ballistic missile while the missile is in flight by exposing the missile to a neutron beam, the system comprising: an orbiting satellite; a neutron beam transmission tube on said satellite; a neutron beam generator disposed within said neutron beam transmission tube, said neutron beam generator operable to emit neutron beamlets from a neutron source; a first collimating plate disposed within said neutron beam transmission tube and downstream from said beam generator, said first collimating plate including a first array of collimating tubes through which said neutron beamlets are caused to pass through thereby forming secondary neutron beams; and a second collimating plate disposed within said neutron beam transmission tube and downstream from said first collimating plate, said second collimating plate including a second array of collimating tubes through which said secondary neutron beams are caused to pass through thereby forming a final neutron beam which is discharged from said neutron beam transmission tube. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein said beam generator comprises: a lead plate having opposite sides, a thickness extending between said opposite sides, and a first aperture array of tubes extending through said thickness of said lead plate, said first aperture array of tubes being oriented toward said first array of collimating tubes of said first collimating plate; said neutron source being disposed such that said lead plate is positioned between said neutron source and said first collimating plate; and said neutron source being supported and movable between first and second positions, wherein in said first position said neutron source at least partially positioned over first aperture array of tubes, and wherein in said second position said neutron source does not positioned over said first aperture array of tubes. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said beam generator further comprises: a rotatable arm, said neutron source attached to said rotatable arm; and a motor operatively connected to said rotatable arm to rotate said rotatable arm to position said neutron source between said first and second positions. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein at least one tube of said first aperture array of tubes is aligned with at least one collimating tube of said first array of collimating tubes. 8. The system of claim 4, further comprising: a secondary neutron source supported by said first collimating plate and encircling said first collimating tube. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said beam generator comprises: a lead plate having opposite sides, a thickness extending between said opposite sides, and a first aperture array of tubes extending through said thickness of said lead plate, said first aperture array of tubes being oriented toward said first collimating tube of said first collimating plate; said neutron source being disposed such that said lead plate is positioned between said neutron source and said first collimating plate; and said neutron source being supported and movable between first and second positions, wherein in said first position said neutron source at least partially positioned over first aperture array of tubes, and wherein in said second position said neutron source does not positioned over said first aperture array of tubes. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein said beam generator further comprises: a rotatable arm, said neutron source attached to said rotatable arm; and a motor operatively connected to said rotatable arm to rotate said rotatable arm to position said neutron source between said first and second positions. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein at least one tube of said first aperture array of tubes is aligned with at least one collimating tube of said first array of collimating tubes. 12. The system of claim 4, wherein said neutron source is a radioactive material. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said radioactive material is uranium. 14. A satellite-based ballistic missile defense system that operates to disable a ballistic missile while the missile is in flight by exposing the missile to a neutron beam, the system comprising: an orbiting satellite; a neutron beam transmission system on said orbiting satellite, said neutron beam transmission system including: telescoping arms; a neutron beam generator supported by said neutron beam transmission system at one end of said telescoping arms, said neutron beam generator operable to emit a neutron beam from a neutron source; a filter plate supported at a second end of said telescoping arms at a spaced distance from said neutron beam generator and in alignment with a neutron beam emitted from said neutron beam generator; and wherein said telescoping arms are operable to increase or decrease said spaced distance between said neutron beam generator and said filter plate. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein said neutron beam generator is supported for rotational movement relative to said filter plate. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein said filter plate is supported for translational movement relative to said neutron beam generator. 17. The system of claim 14, further comprising: transmission curtain disposed on said telescoping arms and being movable between first and second positions, wherein when in said first position said filter plate is covered by said transmission curtain, and wherein in said second position said filter plate is not covered by said transmission curtain. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein said a neutron beam transmission system is mounted to said orbiting satellite for movement relative to said orbiting satellite. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein said neutron beam transmission system is detachably mounted to said orbiting satellite and tethered to said orbiting satellite by one or more retraction cables and one or more communication cables. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein said neutron beam generator includes a radioactive source that emits neutrons.",
-    "Placing workloads in a multi-array system comprising a plurality of storage arrays, including: determining, for each of a plurality of storage arrays, a current system activity level trend of the storage array; receiving a performance profile of a workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays; generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the performance profile of the workload, a projected system activity level trend for the storage array; identifying, in dependence upon the projected system activity level trend for each of the plurality of storage arrays, an optimal storage array for receiving the workload; and placing the workload on the optimal storage array. 1. A method of placing workloads in a multi-array system comprising a plurality of storage arrays, the method comprising: determining, for each of a plurality of storage arrays, a current system activity level trend of the storage array, the current system activity level trend including a plurality of performance metrics of the storage array; receiving a performance profile of a workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays; generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the performance profile of the workload, a projected system activity level trend for the storage array, wherein the projected system activity level trend identifies an expected impact to the performance metrics of the storage array created by placing the workload on the storage array; identifying, in dependence upon the projected system activity level trend for each of the plurality of storage arrays, an optimal storage array for receiving the workload; and placing the workload on the optimal storage array. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises receiving user input identifying one or more characteristics of the workload. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises analyzing historical performance of the workload. 5. The method of claim 2 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises analyzing historical performance of one or more similar workloads. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising identifying a configuration change to one or more of the storage arrays in the multi-array system. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising: identifying a change to the performance profile of the workload; and generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in the multi-array system, in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the change to the performance profile of the workload, an updated projected system activity level trend for the storage array. 8. An apparatus for placing workloads in a multi-array system comprising a plurality of storage arrays, the apparatus comprising a computer processor, a computer memory operatively coupled to the computer processor, the computer memory having disposed within it computer program instructions that, when executed by the computer processor, cause the apparatus to carry out the steps of: determining, for each of a plurality of storage arrays, a current system activity level trend of the storage array, the current system activity level trend including a plurality of performance metrics of the storage array; receiving a performance profile of a workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays; generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the performance profile of the workload, a projected system activity level trend for the storage array, wherein the projected system activity level trend identifies an expected impact to the performance metrics of the storage array created by placing the workload on the storage array; identifying, in dependence upon the projected system activity level trend for each of the plurality of storage arrays, an optimal storage array for receiving the workload; and placing the workload on the optimal storage array. 9. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising computer program instructions that, when executed by the computer processor, cause the apparatus to carry out the step of generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises receiving user input identifying one or more characteristics of the workload. 11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises analyzing historical performance of the workload. 12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises analyzing historical performance of one or more similar workloads. 13. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising computer program instructions that, when executed by the computer processor, cause the apparatus to carry out the step of identifying a configuration change to one or more of the storage arrays in the multi-array system. 14. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising computer program instructions that, when executed by the computer processor, cause the apparatus to carry out the steps of: identifying a change to the performance profile of the workload; and generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in the multi-array system, in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the change to the performance profile of the workload, an updated projected system activity level trend for the storage array. 15. A computer program product for placing workloads in a multi-array system comprising a plurality of storage arrays, the computer program product disposed upon a computer readable medium, the computer program product comprising computer program instructions that, when executed, cause a computer to carry out the steps of: determining, for each of a plurality of storage arrays, a current system activity level trend of the storage array, the current system activity level trend including a plurality of performance metrics of the storage array; receiving a performance profile of a workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays; generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the performance profile of the workload, a projected system activity level trend for the storage array, wherein the projected system activity level trend identifies an expected impact to the performance metrics of the storage array created by placing the workload on the storage array; identifying, in dependence upon the projected system activity level trend for each of the plurality of storage arrays, an optimal storage array for receiving the workload; and placing the workload on the optimal storage array. 16. The computer program product of claim 15 further comprising computer program instructions that, when executed, cause the computer to carry out the steps of generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays. 17. The computer program product of claim 16 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises receiving user input identifying one or more characteristics of the workload. 18. The computer program product of claim 16 wherein generating the performance profile of the workload to be executed on one of the storage arrays further comprises analyzing historical performance of the workload. 19. The computer program product of claim 15 further comprising computer program instructions that, when executed, cause the computer to carry out the step of identifying a configuration change to one or more of the storage arrays in the multi-array system. 20. The computer program product of claim 15 further comprising computer program instructions that, when executed, cause the computer to carry out the steps of: identifying a change to the performance profile of the workload; and generating, for each of the plurality of storage arrays in the multi-array system, in dependence upon the current system activity level trend of the storage array and the change to the performance profile of the workload, an updated projected system activity level trend for the storage array.",
-    "A physiological information detection system includes an image-capturing unit, an image-processing unit and a data-transmitting unit. The image-capturing unit is provided to capture a series of images of head portions and connects with the image-capturing unit to receive the captured images. The image-processing unit is operated to process the captured images and to trace a head portion area and a neck portion area thereof in the processed images. The image-processing unit is further operated to process the captured images to retrieve temperature data from the selected head portion area and the selected neck portion area. The image-processing unit is further operated to convert variations of the temperature data into estimated pulse data. The data-transmitting unit connects with the image-processing unit to transmit the estimated pulse data to a predetermined device. 1. A physiological information detection system comprising: an image-capturing unit provided to capture a series of images of head portions; an image-processing unit connected with the image-capturing unit to receive the captured images, with operating the image-processing unit to process the captured images and to seek or trace at least one first head portion area and at least one first neck portion area thereof in the processed images, with further operating the image-processing unit to process the captured images to retrieve first temperature data from the selected first head portion area and the selected first neck portion area of the processed images, with further operating the image-processing unit to convert variations of the first temperature data into estimated first pulse data; and a data-transmitting unit connected with the image-processing unit to transmit the estimated first pulse data to a predetermined device. 2. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the image-capturing unit is a digital camera or an infrared camera. 3. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the image-processing unit is further operated to trace at least one first arterial portion area in the selected first neck portion area. 4. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the image-processing unit further includes a facial recognition module. 5. The system as defined in claim 4, wherein the facial recognition module is operated to process a procedure of live detection step, wavelet frame representation step and facial candidate selection step with the captured images. 6. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the predetermined device is a wearable device, a mobile device, a STB device, a display device or a computer device. 7. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the predetermined device further includes a multiple recognition system. 8. The system as defined in claim 7, wherein the multiple recognition system includes a RFID reader module and a 2D bar code reader module. 9. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the data-transmitting unit connects with a heterogeneous network via the predetermined device. 10. The system as defined in claim 1, wherein the image-processing unit is further operated to trace a second head portion area and a second neck portion area thereof in the processed images. 11. A physiological information detection method comprising: providing an image-capturing unit to capture a series of images of head portions; providing an image-processing unit to connect with the image-capturing unit to receive the captured images, with operating the image-processing unit to process the captured images and to seek or trace at least one first head portion area and at least one first neck portion area thereof in the processed images, with further operating the image-processing unit to process the captured images to retrieve first temperature data from the selected first head portion area and the selected first neck portion area of the processed images, with further operating the image-processing unit to convert variations of the first temperature data into estimated first pulse data; and providing a data-transmitting unit to connect with the image-processing unit to transmit the estimated first pulse data to a predetermined device. 12. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the image-processing unit is further operated to trace at least one first arterial portion area in the selected first neck portion area. 13. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the image-processing unit is further operated to trace a second head portion area and a second neck portion area thereof in the processed images. 14. The method as defined in claim 13, wherein the image-processing unit is further operated to trace a second arterial portion area in the second neck portion area. 15. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the image-processing unit further includes a facial recognition module to recognize at least one first facial portion area in the first head portion area. 16. The method as defined in claim 15, wherein the facial recognition module is operated to process a procedure of live detection step, wavelet frame representation step and facial candidate selection step for facial recognition. 17. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the predetermined device is a wearable device, a mobile device, a STB device, a display device or a computer device. 18. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the predetermined device further includes a multiple recognition system to execute a recognition procedure for identifying personals to allow operating the predetermined device. 19. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the multiple recognition system includes a RFID reader module and a 2D bar code reader module for executing the recognition procedure the multiple recognition system includes a RFID reader module and a 2D bar code reader module for executing the recognition procedure. 20. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the first head portion area is a round-shaped head portion area or an oval-shaped head portion area.",
-    "The present invention relates to a composition comprising 10 to less than 50 wt.-% of at least one oligomeric polyisocyanate a-1) based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and more than 50 to 90 wt.-% of at least one polyisocyanate a-2) based on isophorone diisocyanate, comprising monomeric isophorone diisocyanate and at least one oligomeric isophorone diisocyanate, and an isocyanate-reactive component selected from the group consisting of polyester polyol, polyether polyol and mixtures thereof. It has been shown that the above mentioned mixture of the specific isocyanate group containing components improves the thermal and mechanical properties of a cured composition. Thus prepared molded articles are particularly suitable for the preparation of spectacle lenses, inter alia due to these properties. 1. A method for preparing an optical lens comprising utilizing a composition, comprising A) 10 to less than 50 wt.-% of at least one oligomeric polyisocyanate a-1) based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and more than 50 to 90 wt.-% of at least one polyisocyanate a-2) based on isophorone diisocyanate containing monomeric isophorone diisocyanate and at least one oligomeric polyisocyanate based on isophorone diisocyanate, wherein the %-data relate to the sum of components a-1) and a-2), B) at least one isocyanate-reactive component, selected from the group consisting of polyester polyol, polyether polyol and mixtures thereof, and optionally C) one or more auxiliaries and/or additives. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optical lens is a spectacle lens. 3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component is free of aromatic structures. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-reactive component comprises either polyester polyols or polyether polyols. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one auxiliary and/or additive C) is selected from the group consisting of UV-stabilizers, catalysts, antioxidants, mold release agents, dyes, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oligomeric polyisocyanate of a-1) is obtained by reacting only hexamethylene diisocyanate as diisocyanate unit and the oligomeric polyisocyanate of a-2) is obtained by reacting only isophorone diisocyanate as diisocyanate unit.",
-    "A computing device for a vehicle configured to utilize solar energy is provided. The computing device includes one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors. The one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory determining at least one travel route from a current location of the vehicle to a destination of the vehicle; determining an estimated solar energy reception for the at least one travel route; and providing a notification relating to the at least one travel route, the notification including information representing the estimated vehicle solar energy reception for the at least one travel route. 1. A computing device for a vehicle configured to utilize solar energy, the computing device including one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory: determining at least one travel route from a current location of the vehicle to a destination of the vehicle; determining an estimated solar energy reception for the at least one travel route; and providing a notification relating to the at least one travel route, the notification including information representing the estimated vehicle solar energy reception for the at least one travel route. 2. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory, determining at least one of a weather component of the at least one travel route, a shading component of the at least one travel route, a travel period component of the at least one travel route, and a latitude component of the at least one travel route. 3. The computing device of claim 2 wherein the one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory, combining all available components of the weather component, shading component, travel period component, and latitude component to generate the solar energy component of the route. 4. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory: determining a plurality of travel routes from the current location of the vehicle to the destination of the vehicle; determining an estimated solar energy reception for each route of the plurality of routes; comparing the estimated solar energy receptions of the routes of the plurality of routes to determine a route with a highest estimated solar energy reception; and providing a notification relating to the route with the highest estimated solar energy reception. 5. The computing device of claim 4 wherein the one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory, controlling the vehicle so as to travel the route with the highest estimated solar energy reception. 6. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors include circuitry configured for, responsive to instructions stored in the memory and after a start of travel along a previously selected route: determining a plurality of travel routes from the current location of the vehicle to the destination of the vehicle; determining an estimated solar energy reception for each route of the plurality of routes; comparing the estimated solar energy receptions of the routes of the plurality of routes to determine a route with a highest estimated solar energy reception; and providing a notification relating to the route with the highest estimated solar energy reception. 7. A method for operating a navigation system for a vehicle, comprising steps of: receiving a vehicle destination; determining a current position of the vehicle; determining at least one travel route from the current position to the destination; determining an estimated relative vehicle solar energy reception for the at least one travel route; and providing a notification including the relative vehicle solar energy reception for the at least one travel route. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of determining at least one travel route from the current position to the destination includes determining a plurality of travel routes from the current position to the destination, the step of determining an estimated vehicle solar energy reception for the at least one travel route includes determining an estimated vehicle solar energy reception for each travel route of the plurality of travel routes, wherein the method further comprises the step of determining a route of the plurality of travel routes having a greatest estimated vehicle solar energy reception; and wherein the step of providing a notification includes providing a notification of the route of the plurality of travel routes having the greatest estimated vehicle solar energy reception. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of determining an estimated vehicle solar energy reception for the at least one travel route comprises the steps of: determining, in accordance with available information, at least one of a weather component of the at least one route, a shading component of the at least one route, a travel period component of the at least one route, and a latitude component of the at least one route; and combining all available components of the weather component, shading component, travel period component, and latitude component to generate the solar energy component of the route. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of determining at least one of a weather component of the route, a shading component of the route, a travel period component of the route, and a latitude component of the route comprises the step of determining a shading component for the route, and wherein the step of determining a shading component for the route comprises steps of: determining portions of the at least one route for which a shading factor may be estimated for a proposed time of day of travel along the route; for each portion of the at least one route for which a shading factor may be estimated, determining a shading factor of the portion of the route; and combining the estimated shading factors of the portions of the route for which a shading factor may be estimated, to generate the shading component. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of determining at least one of a weather component of the route, a shading component of the route, a travel period component of the route, and a latitude component of the route comprises the step of determining a weather component for the route, and wherein the step of determining a weather component for the route comprises steps of determining at least one of a cloud component and a temperature component of the weather component. 12. A vehicle navigation system including a computing device in accordance with claim 1. 13. A vehicle including a computing device in accordance with claim 1",
-    "A fastening system for mounting detachable covering components, like panels, on other components (17), like carriage parts (19), has at least one spacer (1) with a spacer body (3). One spacer body side can be attached to the covering component. The opposite side has an adhesive closure part (7) detachably engaged with a corresponding adhesive closure part (16) attached to the other component (17). At least on one border of the side of the spacer body (3) connected to the covering component, a flat mesh (21) abuts to enlarge the connection area between the covering component and the spacer (1). 1. A fastening system for detachably mounting a covering component on another component, comprising: at least one spacer including a spacer body in a form of a hollow box part having a pre-definable installation height and having opposite first and second spacer sides; a fastener on said first spacer side for securing said at least one spacer to the covering component; a spacer hook-and-loop fastener part on said second spacer side being detachably engageable with a complementary hook-and-loop fastener part to releasably secure the covering component on the other component; a flat mesh enlarging a connecting portion of said at least one spacer for connecting the covering component to said at least one spacer and extending from and being connected to at least one edge of said first spacer side, said mesh being a unitary, one-piece, homogeneous molded part of said spacer body; and a backing layer on said spacer hook-and-loop fastener part, said backing layer having a protruding retaining lug with a button-shaped enlargement on a side of said backing layer opposite hook elements on said backing layer, said backing layer being gripped from behind edges of a slot in said hollow box part forming a trough, said hollow box part having a bottom spaced from a plane containing said mesh, said slot having an open side allowing insertion of said retaining lug in said slot, said slot being formed in said bottom. 2. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said spacer body is rectangular; and said mesh is connected to all edges of said spacer body. 3. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said mesh increases an area of said connecting portion of said at least one spacer to more than twice an area of said first spacer side. 4. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said spacer comprises a periphery with a smooth curvature. 5. The fastening system according to claim 4 wherein said curvature is circular. 6. The fastening system according to claim 4 wherein said curvature is oval. 7. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said mesh comprises a polygonal periphery. 8. The fastening system according to claim 7 wherein said mesh comprises mesh bars extending perpendicular to one another and extending from said spacer body, said mesh forming a bar cross with corner angles open toward an inside thereof and corner angles open toward an outside thereof. 9. The fastening system according to claim 8 wherein said spacer body is situated in a central area of said mesh. 10. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said spacer body is situated spaced from a central area of said mesh. 11. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said mesh comprises two intersecting groups of mesh bars, said mesh bars of each said group being parallel to one another. 12. The fastening system according to claim 11 wherein said mesh bars of one of said groups intersect said mesh bars of the other of said groups at right angles. 13. The fastening system according to claim 1 wherein said spacer body comprises a protruding planar edging on said first spacer side connected to and coplanar to said mesh.",
-    "Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device. The method includes: a first pattern forming step of forming, on a pattern forming target film, a first film that is patterned to have a first pattern that includes lines which are aligned with each other with spaces of a predetermined interval being interposed therebetween, and include a portion separated by using a first cut mask; a step of forming a second film to cover a surface of the first film; and a second pattern forming step of forming a pattern forming target film that is patterned to have a second pattern, by separating a portion of the space of the first step using a second cut mask. The first and second cut mask includes a plurality of openings or light shielding portions that have equal shapes, respectively. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: a first pattern forming step of forming, on a pattern forming target film, a first film that is patterned to have a first pattern that includes lines which are aligned with each other with spaces of a predetermined interval being interposed therebetween and include a separated portion by using a first cut mask; a step of forming a second film to cover a surface of the first film; and a second pattern forming step of forming a pattern forming target film that is patterned to have a second pattern by separating a portion of the spaces of the first pattern using a second cut mask, wherein the first cut mask includes a plurality of openings that have equal shapes, respectively, or a plurality of light shielding portions that have equal shapes, respectively, and the second cut mask includes a plurality of openings that have equal shapes, respectively, or a plurality of light shielding portions that have equal shapes, respectively. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cut mask includes a plurality of openings that have equal shapes, respectively, and the second cut mask includes a plurality of light shielding portions that have equal shapes, respectively. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first pattern forming step includes: forming a resist pattern; and forming the first cut mask by performing a shrinking processing or a slimming processing of the resist pattern so that the openings or the light shielding portions become smaller, and the second pattern forming step includes: forming a resist pattern; and forming the first cut mask by performing a shrinking processing or a slimming processing of the resist pattern so that the openings or the light shielding portions become smaller.",
-    "An ultrasonic surgical device comprises a handle assembly, a shaft assembly, and a removable transducer module. The transducer module includes a waveguide, a locking mechanism, and an electronics assembly including at least one button. The handle assembly includes a trigger assembly configured to actuate the button(s) of the electronics assembly when the transducer module is coupled with the handle assembly. The shaft assembly engages the waveguide of the transducer module and is disposed at the distal end of the handle assembly. The distal end of the shaft assembly includes a harmonic blade. When assembled with the handle assembly, the transducer module is capable of providing ultrasonic energy to the harmonic blade. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A surgical device, comprising: (a) a detachable module comprising a transducer operable to convert electrical power into ultrasonic vibrations, wherein the detachable module further comprises an electronics assembly, wherein the electronics assembly comprises at least one button, wherein the at least one button is configured to actuate to thereby cause the transducer to convert electrical power into a at least one corresponding level of ultrasonic vibrations; (b) a body, comprising: (i) a housing having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein the housing is configured to removably receive the detachable module, (ii) a shaft assembly extending distally from the distal end of the housing, and (iii) a trigger assembly movably coupled with the housing, wherein the trigger assembly comprises at least one lever member, wherein the at least one lever member is operable to directly engage a corresponding button of the at least one button so as to selectively activate the transducer at an associated level of ultrasonic vibrations; and (c) a locking feature operable to selectively secure the detachable module to the body. 22. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the electronics assembly is operable to adjust a power level of the transducer. 23. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the locking feature comprises a hooked tab extending integrally from the detachable module. 24. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the detachable module comprises a waveguide extending distally from the detachable module. 25. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the detachable module comprises a cable extending proximally from the detachable module. 26. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the detachable module comprises a connection interface disposed on an underside of the detachable module, wherein the connection interface is configured to provide electrical communication between the detachable module and the body. 27. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the detachable module comprises a lower edge sealingly engaged with the housing. 28. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the detachable module and the body together form a substantially flush surface. 29. The surgical device of claim 21, wherein the electronics assembly further comprises: (i) a base portion, and (ii) a switch member including the first button and the second button. 30. The surgical device of claim 29, wherein the base portion further comprises a lip portion disposed along a perimeter of the base portion, the electronics assembly further comprising an overmolded boot portion secured to the lip portion. 31. The surgical device of claim 29, wherein the switch member extends perpendicularly from the base portion and the first button and the second button are disposed on a lateral surface of the switch member. 32. A surgical device, comprising: (a) a detachable transducer module, the detachable transducer module comprising: (i) one or more piezoelectric elements operable to convert electrical power into ultrasonic vibrations, and (ii) a switch assembly in communication with the one or more piezoelectric elements, wherein the switch assembly comprises at least one button, wherein the at least one button is operable to selectively activate the one or more piezoelectric elements, wherein the transducer module is operable to selectively toggle the one or more piezoelectric elements between a first power level and a second power level, wherein the first power level is different from the second power level; (b) a housing having a distal end and a proximal end, wherein the housing is configured to selectively engage the detachable transducer module; (c) a shaft assembly extending distally from the distal end of the housing, wherein at least part of the shaft assembly is configured to receive ultrasonic vibrations communicated from the detachable transducer module; and (d) a trigger assembly movably coupled with the housing, wherein a portion of the trigger assembly is operable to selectively directly contact the switch assembly when the detachable transducer module is engaged with the housing to thereby activate the one or more piezoelectric elements. 33. The surgical device of claim 32, wherein at least part of the switch assembly is exposed, wherein the exposed part of the switch assembly comprises a flexible boot, wherein the flexible boot covers the first button and the second button. 34. The surgical device of claim 32, wherein the shaft assembly comprises an end effector having a clamp arm. 35. The surgical device of claim 34, wherein the trigger assembly comprises a clamp actuating tab fixed to a portion of the shaft assembly, wherein the clamp actuating tab is operable to actuate the clamp arm of the end effector. 36. The surgical device of claim 35, wherein the trigger assembly further includes a lever member, wherein the lever member is operable to selectively directly contact the switch assembly, wherein the lever member is fixed to the clamp actuating tab. 37. A surgical device, comprising: (a) a detachable module comprising: (i) a transducer operable to convert electrical power into ultrasonic vibrations, and (ii) an electronics assembly extending from the transducer, wherein the electronics assembly comprises a first button and a second button, wherein the first button is configured to actuate to thereby cause the transducer to convert electrical power into ultrasonic vibrations, wherein the second button is configured to provide at least a first energy level of ultrasonic vibrations; and (b) a body, comprising: (i) a housing, wherein the housing is configured to removably receive the detachable module, (ii) a shaft assembly extending distally from the housing, and (iii) a trigger assembly movably coupled with the housing, wherein the trigger assembly comprises a first trigger and a second trigger, wherein the first trigger comprises a first lever member operable to make direct contact with the first button, wherein the second trigger comprises a second lever member operable to make direct contact with the second button. 38. The surgical device of claim 37, wherein the first lever member and the second lever member define a gap, wherein the electronics assembly extends from the transducer into the gap. 39. The surgical device of claim 37, wherein the electronics assembly further comprises a third button configured to provide a second energy level of ultrasonic vibrations. 40. The surgical device of claim 39, wherein the trigger assembly comprises a third trigger, wherein the third trigger comprises a third lever member operable to make direct contact with the third button.",
-    "A computer-implemented method includes determining a qualified uniform random number. The method further includes determining an approximation recurrence relationship. The method further includes assigning a predefined starting value to a primary index variable. The method further includes repeating the steps of determining a cumulative probability value associated with the primary index variable and incrementing the value of the primary index variable, until the cumulative probability value is greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number. The method further includes, responsive to the cumulative probability value being greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number, assigning the value of the primary index variable to an output random number. A corresponding computer system and computer program product are also disclosed herein. 1. A method for Gaussian random number generation, the method comprising: determining, by one or more computer processors, a qualified uniform random number; determining, by the one or more computer processors, an approximation recurrence relationship; assigning, by the one or more computer processors, a predefined starting value to a primary index variable; repeat: determining, by the one or more computer processors, a cumulative probability value, the cumulative probability value being associated with the primary index variable; and incrementing, by the one or more computer processors, the value of the primary index variable; until the cumulative probability value is greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number; and responsive to the cumulative probability value being greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number, assigning, by the one or more computer processors, the value of the primary index variable to an output random number. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the qualified uniform random number is a number greater than one half and less than one; and the predefined starting value is zero. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the one or more computer processors, a sign indicator, the sign indicator being associated with the qualified uniform random number; and adjusting, by the one or more computer processors, the output random number based on the sign indicator. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the approximation recurrence relationship or each cumulative probability value is determined, by the one or more computer processors, based on one or more properties associated with at least one normal information transmission channel. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the approximation recurrence relationship comprises: determining, by the one or more computer processors, a qualified constant number; and determining, by the one or more computer processors, a poisson approximation recurrence relationship based on the qualified constant number. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the cumulative probability value comprises: identifying, by the one or more computer processors, a global probability sum, the global probability sum being associated with the primary index variable; for each secondary index variable in the range from the predefined starting value to the primary index value: determining, by the one or more computer processors, an individual probability value based on the approximation recurrence relationship, the individual probability value being associated with the secondary index value; and adjusting, by the one or more computer processors, the global probability sum based on the individual probability value. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein adjusting the global probability sum is performed, by the one or more computer processors, according to a trapezoidal summation relationship between the individual probability values corresponding to each secondary value. 8. A computer program product for authentication, the computer program product comprising: one or more computer readable storage media and program instructions stored on the one or more computer readable storage media, the program instructions comprising: program instructions to determine, by one or more computer processors, a qualified uniform random number; program instructions to determine, by the one or more computer processors, an approximation recurrence relationship; program instructions to assign, by the one or more computer processors, a predefined starting value to a primary index variable; program instructions to repeat: determining, by the one or more computer processors, a cumulative probability value, the cumulative probability value being associated with the primary index variable; and incrementing, by the one or more computer processors, the value of the primary index variable by one; until the cumulative probability value is greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number; and responsive to the cumulative probability value being greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number, program instructions to assign, by the one or more computer processors, the value of the primary index variable to an output random number. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein: the qualified uniform random number is a number greater than one half and less than one; and the predefined starting value is zero. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, further comprising program instructions to: determine, by the one or more computer processors, a sign indicator, the sign indicator being associated with the qualified uniform random number; and adjust, by the one or more computer processors, the output random number based on the sign indicator. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein at least one of the approximation recurrence relationship or each cumulative probability value is determined, by the one or more computer processors, based on one or more properties associated with at least one normal information transmission channel. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein program instructions to determine the approximation recurrence relationship further comprise instructions to: determine, by the one or more computer processors, a qualified constant number; and determine, by the one or more computer processors, a poisson approximation recurrence relationship based on the qualified constant number. 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein program instructions to determine the cumulative probability value further comprise program instructions to: identify, by the one or more computer processors, a global probability sum, the global probability sum being associated with the primary index variable; for each secondary index variable in the range from the predefined starting value to the primary index value: determine, by the one or more computer processors, an individual probability value based on the approximation recurrence relationship, the individual probability value being associated with the secondary index value; and adjust, by the one or more computer processors, the global probability sum based on the individual probability value. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein adjusting the global probability sum is performed, by the one or more computer processors, according to a trapezoidal summation relationship between the individual probability values corresponding to each secondary value. 15. A computer system for authentication, the computer system comprising: one or more computer processors; one or more computer readable storage media; program instructions to determine, by the one or more computer processors, a qualified uniform random number; program instructions to determine, by the one or more computer processors, an approximation recurrence relationship; program instructions to assign, by the one or more computer processors, a predefined starting value to a primary index variable; program instructions to repeat: determining, by the one or more computer processors, a cumulative probability value, the cumulative probability value being associated with the primary index variable; and incrementing, by the one or more computer processors, the value of the primary index variable; until the cumulative probability value is greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number; and responsive to the cumulative probability value being greater than or equal to the qualified uniform random number, program instructions to assign, by the one or more computer processors, the value of the primary index variable to an output random number. 16. The computer system of claim 15, further comprising program instructions to: determine, by the one or more computer processors, a sign indicator, the sign indicator being associated with the qualified uniform random number; and adjust, by the one or more computer processors, the output random number based on the sign indicator. 17. The computer system of claim 15, wherein at least one of the approximation recurrence relationship or each cumulative probability value is determined, by the one or more computer processors, based on one or more properties associated with at least one normal information transmission channel. 18. The computer system of claim 15, wherein program instructions to determine the approximation recurrence relationship further comprise instructions to: determine, by the one or more computer processors, a qualified constant number; and determine, by the one or more computer processors, a poisson approximation recurrence relationship based on the qualified constant number. 19. The computer system of claim 15, wherein program instructions to determine the cumulative probability value further comprise program instructions to: identify, by the one or more computer processors, a global probability sum, the global probability sum being associated with the primary index variable; and for each secondary index variable in the range from the predefined starting value to the primary index value: determine, by the one or more computer processors, an individual probability value based on the approximation recurrence relationship, the individual probability value being associated with the secondary index value; and adjust, by the one or more computer processors, the global probability sum based on the individual probability value. 20. The computer system of claim 19, wherein adjusting the global probability sum is performed, by the one or more computer processors, according to a trapezoidal summation relationship between the individual probability values corresponding to each secondary value.",
-    "An endoscope connection tool includes a cylindrical portion having an inflow port connected to a fluid delivery apparatus, a discharge port discharging a fluid from the inflow port, and a flow path connecting the inflow port and the discharge port, a detection hole opened in an outer periphery of the cylindrical portion, and communicating with the flow path, a holding portion engaging with a pipe sleeve of an endoscope, and thereby holding the discharge port in a position facing an opening portion of the pipe sleeve, an urging member placed at the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion, and extending and contracting in a direction along the flow path, and a cover portion that is placed at the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion, moves to advance and retreat between a first position and a second position along the flow path by being interlocked with the urging member. 1. An endoscope connection tool, comprising: a cylindrical portion having an inflow port to which a fluid delivery apparatus is connected, a discharge port from which a fluid that flows in from the inflow port is discharged, and a flow path that connects the inflow port and the discharge port; a detection hole that is opened in an outer periphery of the cylindrical portion, and communicates with the flow path; a holding portion that engages with a pipe sleeve of an endoscope, and thereby holds the discharge port in a position facing an opening portion of the pipe sleeve; an urging member that is placed at the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion, and extends and contracts in a direction along the flow path; and a cover portion that is placed at the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion, moves to advance and retreat between a first position and a second position along the flow path by being interlocked with the urging member, is located in the first position that opens the detection hole by an urging force of the urging member when the holding portion does not engage with the pipe sleeve, and abuts on an outer surface of the endoscope to move to the second position which is nearer to the inflow port than the first position to close or narrow the detection hole when the holding portion engages with the pipe sleeve. 2. The endoscope connection tool according to claim 1, wherein the urging member is a spring that connects the cylindrical portion and the cover portion.",
-    "A cable assembly with connector includes: a housing provided with a mate connector opposing part provided on a front side and a cable part provided on a rear side having a cable opening formed; a conductive contactor provided on the mate connector opposing part side of the housing; a cable disposed in the housing via the cable opening and electrically connected to the contactor; a rear faceplate disposed on the cable part on the rear side of the housing and aligned with the cable opening; and a front faceplate disposed on the mate connector opposing part on the front side of the housing and enclosing a housing front face portion; wherein the housing is interposed between the rear faceplate and the front faceplate, and the front faceplate is fixed to the rear faceplate by at least one fixing member extending in the front and rear direction in the housing. 1. A cable assembly with connector, comprising: a housing provided with a mate connector opposing part provided on a front side and a cable part provided on a rear side having a cable opening formed; a conductive contactor provided on the mate connector opposing part side of the housing, that can fit with the contactor of a corresponding connector; a cable disposed in the housing via the cable opening and electrically connected to the contactor; a rear faceplate disposed on the cable part on the rear side of the housing and aligned with the cable opening; and a front faceplate disposed on the mate connector opposing part on the front side of the housing and enclosing a housing front face portion; wherein the housing is interposed between the rear faceplate and the front faceplate, and the front faceplate is fixed to the rear faceplate by at least one fixing member extending in the front and rear direction in the housing. 2. The cable assembly with connector according to claim 1, wherein the fixing member is configured of a pair of screw members disposed on both lateral sides of the housing, the screw member comprising: a male screw part formed on the rear end side external to the housing and protruding to the rear side from the rear faceplate; a female screw part formed on the front end side external to the housing and protruding to the front side from the front faceplate; and a hook-up part coupling the male screw part and the female screw part, and at least a portion disposed on an inner portion of the housing; wherein the screw member penetrates through a lateral side hole formed in a corresponding location to the rear faceplate and penetrates through a lateral side hole formed in a corresponding location to the front faceplate. 3. The cable assembly with connector according to claim 2, wherein the screw member and at least one of the lateral side opening of the rear faceplate and the lateral side opening of the front faceplate are configured in a shape that prevents the screw member from rotating relative to the rear faceplate and the front faceplate. 4. The cable assembly with connector according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a center opening position aligned with the cable opening and lateral side openings respectively formed on both lateral sides of the center opening, are formed on the rear faceplate. 5. The cable assembly with connector according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the rear faceplate is provided with a pair of lateral side plates respectively disposed on both lateral sides of the cable opening, wherein respective lateral side openings are formed on the lateral side plate. 6. The cable assembly with connector according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the housing is formed by resin molding including the contactor and the cable mutually electrically connected. 7. A cable assembly with connector, comprising: a housing provided with a mate connector opposing part provided on a front side and a cable part provided on a rear side having a cable opening formed; a conductive contactor provided on the mate connector opposing part side of the housing, that can fit with the contactor of a corresponding connector; a cable disposed in the housing via the cable opening and electrically connected to the contactor; a rear faceplate disposed on the cable part on the rear side of the housing and aligned with the cable opening; a front faceplate disposed on the mate connector opposing part on the front side of the housing and enclosing a housing front face portion; and a screw member disposed on both lateral sides of the housing; wherein the screw member penetrates through a lateral side opening formed in a corresponding location in the rear faceplate, and penetrates through a lateral side opening in a corresponding location in the front faceplate, and comprises a cap part on a front end side that presses the front faceplate and is formed by a female screw part and a rear end side formed by a male screw part so as to fix a nut, the housing being interposed between the rear faceplate and the front faceplate. 8. A connector assembly, comprising: a housing provided with a mate connector opposing part provided on a front side and a cable part provided on a rear side having a cable opening formed; a conductive contactor provided on the mate connector opposing part side of the housing, that can fit with the contactor of a corresponding connector; a rear faceplate disposed on the cable part on the rear side of the housing and aligned with the cable opening; a front faceplate disposed on the mate connector opposing part on the front side of the housing and enclosing a housing front face portion; wherein the housing is interposed between the rear faceplate and the front faceplate, and the front faceplate is fixed to the rear faceplate by at least one fixing member extending in the front and rear direction in the housing.",
-    "The invention relates to data searching and translation. In particular, the invention relates to searching documents from the Internet or databases. Even further, the invention also relates to translating words in documents, WebPages, images or speech from one language to the next. A computer implemented method comprising at least one computer in accordance with the invention is characterised by the following steps: receiving a search query including at least one search term, deriving at least one synonym for at least one search term, expanding the received search query with the at least one synonym, searching at least one document using the expanded search query, retrieving the search results obtained with the expanded query, ranking the said search results based on context of occurrence of at least one search term. The best mode of the invention is considered to be an Internet search engine that delivers better search results. 1. A Internet Search Engine stored in a memory medium of at least one server computer, wherein a mixed search input query, comprising at least one text term and at least one image, is arranged to be extracted from visual data arranged to be provided by the camera of a mobile subscriber terminal, is received by said Internet search engine, at least one document is arranged to be searched using the said mixed search input query comprising the at least one image with at least one server computer by said Internet search engine, most relevant search results obtained with the said mixed search input query are arranged to be retrieved to the mobile subscriber terminal by said Internet search engine. 2. A Internet Search Engine as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, the nixed search input query is arranged to be divided into different search queries by the Internet search engine that are executed by different computers. 3. A Internet Search Engine as c aimed in claim 1, characterised in that, at least one search result is arranged to be ranked based on location of the at least one mobile subscriber terminal and/or the nationality of the user of the mobile subscriber terminal. 4. A Internet Search Engine as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that, speech is arranged to be used as input for search.",
-    "A sound-absorbing material has a membrane having multiple piezoelectric fibers, the fiber density of the membrane is below 50 g/m2, the thickness of the membrane is below 1 mm, sound-absorbing coefficient of the membrane is larger than 0.1 at absorbing frequency at 100 Hz+/-10%, and the sound-absorbing coefficient of the membrane is over 0.05 at absorbing frequency at 800 Hz to 1000 Hz. PVDF electrospinning nanofiber membranes of the present invention are thinner and more flexible compared to conventional sound-absorbing material, the membranes in the present invention performs excellent low frequency sound absorption with very thin membrane. 1. A sound-absorbing material comprising a membrane having multiple piezoelectric fibers, wherein density of the membrane is below 50 g/m2; thickness of the membrane is below 1 mm; sound-absorbing coefficient of the membrane is larger than 0.1 at absorbing frequency at 100 Hz+/\u221210%; and the sound-absorbing coefficient of the membrane is over 0.05 at absorbing frequency at 800 Hz to 1000 Hz. 2. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 1, wherein a conductive material is dispersed in the piezoelectric fibers and the absorbing frequency of the sound-absorbing material with the conductive material at 100 Hz+/\u221210% is shifted toward lower frequency by 0.1\u02dc10%; the sound-absorbing coefficient of the membrane is larger than 0.1; and the conductive material comprises graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nano tube, nano gold or the mixture thereof. 3. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric fibers are electrospun fibers. 4. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the piezoelectric fibers are electrospun fibers. 5. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 3, wherein the piezoelectric fibers are polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanofibers, the piezoelectric fibers contains \u03b2-phase crystallization. 6. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 4, wherein the piezoelectric fibers are polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanofibers, the piezoelectric fibers contains \u03b2-phase crystallization. 7. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 5, wherein a polyvinylidene fluoride solution for electrospinning comprises the conductive material, acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide. 8. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 6, wherein a polyvinylidene fluoride solution for electrospinning comprises the conductive material, acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide. 9. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 7, wherein weight ratio of polyvinylidene fluoridein the polyvinylidene fluoride solution ranges from 15 wt % to 20 wt %; volume ratio of polyvinylidene fluoride to acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution ranges from 1:1 to 9:1; and weight ratio of the conductive material in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution ranges from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 10. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 7, wherein weight ratio of polyvinylidene fluoride in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution ranges from 15 wt % to 20 wt %; volume ratio of polyvinylidene fluoride to acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution ranges from 1:1 to 9:1; and weight ratio of the conductive material in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution ranges from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %. 11. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 9, wherein weight ratio of polyvinylidene fluoride in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution is 18 wt %; and volume ratio of polyvinylidene fluoride to acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution is 6:4. 12. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 10, wherein weight ratio of polyvinylidene fluoridein the polyvinylidene fluoride solution is 18 wt %; and volume ratio of polyvinylidene fluoride to acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide in the polyvinylidene fluoride solution is 6:4. 13. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 11, wherein the membrane is laminated with a acoustic foam or a non-woven fabric to have sound-absorbing coefficient over 0.05 at absorbing frequency over 80 Hz. 14. The sound-absorbing material as claimed in claim 12, wherein the membrane is laminated with a acoustic foam or a non-woven fabric to have sound-absorbing coefficient over 0.05 at absorbing frequency over 80 Hz.",
-    "Disclosed is a simple portable holder for holding electronic devices such as a laptop computer and a tablet. The holder can secure a laptop in a vertical (closed) position, or an open position. The holder includes a base, at least four posts and straps between the posts for holding the device. The straps between the posts form a substantial U-shaped area for stowage of the device while the device is in a closed position. The posts may have flat or curved profiles including a slanted or curved top portion thereof. The curvature at the top of the posts is used for securing the laptop while in an open position to the device holder. The holder may be placed on the floor to avoid clutter on a work surface, or for the convenience of the user having it near a seat. 1. An apparatus to secure an electronic device , comprising: a base; first post, second post, third post and fourth posts each having a slant edge directed towards the interior of the base and are each separately attached to the base whereby the posts secure the electronic device there between; first and second straps, wherein the first strap is connected between the first and second posts and the second strap is connected between the third and fourth posts forming a substantial U-shaped opening between the posts, wherein further the straps are each connected at least 2\u2033 above the top surface of the base allowing the electronic device to be placed and secured on top of the straps, while having sufficient area beneath the electronic device to allow space for any cables attached to the electronic device, and the first, second, third, and fourth posts forming the U-shaped opening are sufficiently apart so there is clearance between the secured electronic device and the posts. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electronic device includes at least one of a laptop, a mobile phone, and a tablet. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth posts secure the laptop in an open position. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth posts secure the tablet in a horizontal position. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth posts secure the laptop in a vertical position. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second straps each are made of leather. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is made of at least one of wood, plastic, metal, chrome, brass, chromium alloy, nickel alloy, stainless steel, iron, aluminum, and rigid copper. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the slant edge includes at least one of a linear slant edge and a notch. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the base includes first and second support bars for the first, second, third, and fourth posts. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the first and second bars are placed along a periphery of the base and are opposite to each other. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the base is one of a rectangular base, a square base, oval, and a circular base. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the base is square and the four posts are each secured at the corners of the base. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the base is circular. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein base includes a channel in the center thereof. 15. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the base sits on a floor. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the electronic device is a laptop and further wherein the apparatus is used for stowage of the electronic device. 17. (canceled). 18. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the posts are tubular made from metal and the base is square made from wood. 19. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the U-shaped opening is 1.75\u2033 wide. 20. The apparatus of claim 1 for holding an electronic device of at least 7\u2033 wide to 16\u2033 wide.",
-    "Multiquery optimization is performed in the context of RDF/SPARQL. Heuristic algorithms partition an input batch of queries into groups such that each group of queries can be optimized together. The optimization incorporates an efficient algorithm to discover the common sub-structures of multiple SPARQL queries and an effective cost model to compare candidate execution plans. No assumptions are made about the underlying SPARQL query engine. This provides portability across different RDF stores. 1. A system for multi-query optimization over a given data set, the system comprising: a database in communication with a network, the database comprising an input query set comprising a plurality of input queries over the given data set across the network, each query comprising a graph pattern comprising at least one subject node, predicate edge and object node triple; and a computing system in communication with the database and the given dataset, the computing system comprising a clustering module to cluster the plurality of input queries through incremental pair-wise merging based on structural similarities between graph patterns and query search cost optimization realized by a given merged graph pattern to generate an optimized query set comprising at least one query cluster. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the clustering module is further configured: to identify a plurality of candidate merger inputs, each candidate merger input comprising an input query or an existing query cluster resulting from a previous pair-wise merging, a merger input graph pattern and a set of predicate edges contained in the merger input graph pattern; and to select a pair of merger inputs from the plurality of candidate merger inputs having a maximum overlap in the sets of predicate edges associated with the selected pair of merger inputs. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the clustering module comprises a Jaccard similarity comparison module to select the pair of merger inputs having a highest Jaccard similarity between the associated sets of predicate edges. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the clustering module comprises a linegraph module to: create a linegraph node for each predicate edge in the set of predicate edges associated with the merger input; identify pairs of linegraph nodes where for each identified pair of linegraph nodes the subject node or object node contained in the merger input graph pattern and connected by a first predicate in that identified pair of linegraph nodes and the subject node or object node contained in the merger input graph pattern and connected by a second predicate in that identified pair of linegraph nodes comprise a common variable; and create linegraph edges between each identified pair of linegraph nodes to define a linegraph for each merger input in the selected pair of merger inputs. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein linegraph module is further configured to: reduce a number of nodes in the generated linegraphs; and using structural similarities among the nodes and edges of the generated linegraphs to determine if the merger input graphs patterns associated with the linegraphs should be merged. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the linegraph module is further configured to: create a pair of linegraph edges extending in opposite directions between each identified pair of linegraph nodes, each linegraph edge in a given pair of linegraph edges comprising a label identifying a location of the common variable in the subject nodes and object nodes contained in the merger input graph pattern and connected by the predicates in that identified pair of linegraph nodes and a direction in which that linegraph edge extends between the linegraph nodes; associate a set of labels with each linegraph node, each set of labels comprising labels for all linegraph edges associated with a given linegraph node; identify sets of labels having less than a pre-determined threshold level of similarity with all other sets of labels; and remove the linegraph nodes associated with the identified sets of labels from the linegraphs. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the linegraph module is further configured to: create linegraph edges between each identified pair of linegraph nodes further comprises creating a pair of linegraph edges extending in opposite directions between each identified pair of linegraph nodes, each linegraph edge in a given pair of linegraph edges comprising a label identifying a location of the common variable in the subject nodes and object nodes contained in the merger input graph pattern and connected by the predicates in that identified pair of linegraph nodes and a direction in which that linegraph edge extends between the linegraph nodes; associate a set of labels with each linegraph node, each set of labels comprising labels for all linegraph edges associated with a given linegraph node; create pairs of linegraph nodes by selecting a linegraph node from each linegraph; determine an intersection between sets of labels associated with each created pair of linegraph nodes; and use all determined intersections to determine if the merger input graph patterns associated with the linegraphs should be merged. 8. The system of claim 4, wherein the clustering module further comprising a product graph module to combine the linegraphs generated for each merger input into a single product graph comprising a unique node for each combination of nodes from the linegraphs. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein each unique node in the single product graph comprises only pairs of nodes selected from each linegraph that correspond to an identical predicates in the merger input graph patterns. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein linegraph edges between each identified pair of linegraph nodes comprise a pair of linegraph edges extending in opposite directions between each identified pair of linegraph nodes, each linegraph edge in a given pair of linegraph edges comprising a label identifying a location of the common variable in the subject nodes and object nodes contained in the merger input graph pattern and connected by the predicates in that identified pair of linegraph nodes and a direction in which that linegraph edge extends between the linegraph nodes; each linegraph node comprises an associated a set of labels, each set of labels comprising labels for all linegraph edges associated with a given linegraph node; and product graph module is further configured to combine the set of labels for the identified pairs of nodes corresponding to identical predicates in the single product graph. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein clustering module further comprises a clique module to identify a largest clique in the single product graph, the largest clique comprising a largest combined graph pattern obtainable from the merger input graph patterns of the selected pair of merger inputs; the clustering module configured to use a size of the largest clique to determine if the selected pair of merger inputs comprise sufficient structural similarities. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein clustering module is further configured to: identify a plurality of candidate combined graph patterns obtainable from the merger input graph patterns if the largest combined graph pattern exceeds a predetermined size, each candidate combined graph pattern smaller than the largest combined graph pattern and representing a unique overlapping of the merger input graph patterns; associate a search cost optimization realization level with each candidate combined graph pattern; select the candidate combined graph pattern representing a most cost effective balance of merger input graph pattern overlap and search cost optimization realization level; and use the selected candidate combined graph pattern to generate the optimized query set. 13. The system of claim 1, the computing system further comprising a query evaluation module to: evaluate the optimized query set over the data set to generate a set of query answers; and parse and distribute the set of query answers to the input queries in the input query set. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the input queries comprise SPARQL queries and the data set comprises a resource description framework dataset. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein: each input query comprises a set of predicate edges contained in its graph pattern; the computing system further comprises a partitioning module to identify input queries having sufficiently similar sets of predicate edges and to partition the input query set into a plurality of groups, each group comprising input queries having sufficiently similar sets of predicate edges; and the clustering module is configured to cluster the input queries from one of the plurality of groups. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein partitioning module comprises a Jaccard similarity comparison module to identify input queries having sufficiently similar sets of predicate edges using Jaccard similarity between sets of predicates edges to identify the input queries.",
-    "An ink-printed substrate comprising a substrate and water-based ink composition printed on the substrate, wherein the ink-printed substrate has an average color density of at least about 0.48 or greater. 1. An ink-printed substrate, comprising: a. a substrate; b. a water-based ink composition printed on the substrate, forming a water-based ink printed area; c. an overprint varnish comprising a very low Tg\u00b0 C. water-based polymer component and a binder; wherein the ink composition comprises cyan having an average cyan color density of at least about 0.56 or greater. 2. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the substrate is one of the group of a non-woven, a film, a polyolefin web, a fibrous polyolefin web, a cellulosic web, an elastomeric web or combinations thereof. 3. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the substrate exhibits a low surface tension. 4. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the substrate is at least one of hydrophobic, apolar, or inert. 5. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the water-based ink composition comprises a very low Tg\u00b0 C. water-based polymer component. 6. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the water-based ink composition further comprises a binder. 7. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the overprint varnish is applied to the water-based ink printed area. 8. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the ink printed substrate comprises an average crockfastness of at least about 3 or greater. 9. The ink printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the substrate is pretreated with a surface treatment selected from the group consisting of plasma treatment, UV treatment, flame treatment, heat treatment, abrasion treatment, and corona treatment. 10. A disposable absorbent article, comprising: a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core between the topsheet and the backsheet, the backsheet comprising the ink-printed substrate of claim 1. 11. An ink-printed substrate, comprising: a. a substrate; b. a water-based ink composition printed on the substrate, forming a water-based ink printed area; c. an overprint varnish comprising a very low Tg\u00b0 C. water-based polymer component and a binder; wherein the ink composition comprises yellow and wherein yellow has an average yellow color density of at least about 0.50 or greater. 12. The ink-printed substrate of claim 11, wherein the substrate is one of the group of a non-woven, a film, a polyolefin web, a fibrous polyolefin web, a cellulosic web, an elastomeric web or combinations thereof. 13. The ink-printed substrate of claim 11, wherein the substrate exhibits a low surface tension. 14. The ink-printed substrate of claim 11, wherein the substrate is at least one of hydrophobic, apolar, or inert. 15. The ink-printed substrate of claim 11, wherein the water-based ink composition comprises a very low Tg\u00b0 C. water-based polymer component. 16. The ink-printed substrate of claim 1, wherein the ink printed substrate comprises an average crockfastness of at least about 2.6 or greater. 17. A disposable absorbent article, comprising: a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core between the topsheet and the backsheet, the backsheet comprising the ink-printed substrate of claim 11. 18. An ink-printed substrate, comprising: a. a substrate; b. a water-based ink composition printed on the substrate, forming a water-based ink printed area; c. an overprint varnish comprising a very low Tg\u00b0 C. water-based polymer component and a binder; wherein the ink composition comprises magenta and/or black and an average color density of at least about 0.48 or greater. 19. The ink-printed substrate of claim 18, wherein the substrate is one of the group of a non-woven, a film, a polyolefin web, a fibrous polyolefin web, a cellulosic web, an elastomeric web or combinations thereof. 20. The ink-printed substrate of claim 18, wherein the ink printed substrate comprises an average crockfastness of at least about 2.6 or greater.",
-    "The invention relates to an electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement and to a labelled item comprising said label arrangement. According to an embodiment the label arrangement comprises at least one label component including a shrinkable film and at least one metal deposition layer on a surface of the shrinkable film. The shrinkable film is uniaxially stretched so as to form shrinking capability for the film when exposed to an external energy. 1. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement comprising at least one label component including: a shrinkable film; at least one metal deposition layer on a surface of the shrinkable film, and wherein the shrinkable film is uniaxially stretched so as to form shrinking capability for the shrinkable film in the uniaxial stretching direction when exposed to an external energy. 2. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the shrinkable film comprises: propylene terpolymer or propylene random copolymer and at least one of the following modifiers: polyolefin elastomer, polyolefin plastomer and olefin block copolymer. 3. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one metal deposition layer comprises at least one of the following: aluminium, chromium and nickel. 4. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one metal deposition layer consists of aluminium. 5. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one metal deposition layer has thickness between 30 and 500 \u212b. 6. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the shrinkable film comprises layers in the following order: a first skin layer, a core layer, and a second skin layer and wherein the at least one metal deposition layer is underlying the second skin layer. 7. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the core layer comprises light blocking agent or pigment between 0.1 and 30 wt. %. 8. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one label component exhibits density between 0.85 and 0.98 g/cm3 at room temperature (23\u00b12\u00b0 C.). 9. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one label component exhibits an opacity between 70 and 95%, when measured according to standard ISO 2471. 10. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one label component exhibits a light transmittance between 0 and 20% at wavelengths between 200 and 650 nm. 11. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one label component exhibits an optical density between 1.0 and 3.5 at wavelength of 530 nm. 12. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one label component exhibits at least 15% shrinkage in the uniaxial stretching direction between temperature of 65 and 98\u00b0 C. 13. An electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the label arrangement further comprises a second label component, wherein the second label component is self-adhesive label or shrink label. 14.-16. (canceled) 17. A labelled item comprising an electromagnetic radiation blocking label arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the at least one label component is shrunk around the item. 18. A labelled item according to claim 17, wherein the item comprises the second label component arranged onto the bottom of the item or around the neck of the item. 19. A labelled item according to claim 18, wherein the item is clear polyethylene terephthalate container. 20. A labelled item according to claim 17, wherein the item is a bottle for packaging of dairy product. 21. A labelled item according to claim 17, wherein the item is a bottle for packaging of UHT milk. 22. A labelled item according to claim 17, wherein the labelled item contains UHT milk. 23. A labelled item according to claim 17, wherein the label arrangement covers at least 90% of the outer surface of the labelled item.",
-    "A method for scaling a cloud infrastructure, comprises receiving at least one of resource-level metrics and application-level metrics, estimating parameters of at least one application based on the received metrics, automatically and dynamically determining directives for scaling application deployment based on the estimated parameters, and providing the directives to a cloud service provider to execute the scaling. 1. A method, comprising: receiving at least one of resource-level metrics and application-level metrics; estimating parameters of at least one application based on the at least one of the received resource-level and application-level metrics; and automatically and dynamically determining directives for scaling application deployment based on the estimated parameters; wherein the receiving, estimating, and determining steps are performed by a computer system comprising a memory and at least one processor coupled to the memory. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining is performed in response to changing workload demand. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing the directives to a cloud service provider to execute the scaling. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and at least one of a colocation constraint, an availability constraint and a security constraint. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimating is performed using a Kalman filtering technique. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein using the Kalman filtering technique comprises specifying a generic queueing-theoretic model. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the scaling is performed to meet performance goals. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the performance goals are specified in a service level agreement. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining is performed without user input about dynamically resizing deployment. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the directives for scaling comprise one or more directives indicating migration of one or more virtual machines for running the at least one application across one or more physical machines. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and a colocation constraint. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and a security constraint. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and an availability constraint. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the estimated parameters corresponds to an unobservable parameter of the at least one application and is estimated employing an estimation technique. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the estimation technique is employed without accessing or modifying the at least one application. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the unobservable parameter comprises a background utilization parameter modeling resource utilization at a server due to jobs running on the server. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the unobservable parameter is used to predict future values of server utilization and response time. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the unobservable parameter is an existing parameter of the at least one application and hidden from the computer system performing the receiving, estimating, and determining steps.",
-    "A system for contactless energy and data transfer has mobile and base parts. The mobile part contains a mobile part transmitter/receiver device transmitting and receiving a data signal, a mobile part transceiver and a current supply having a mobile part resonant circuit receiving an energy signal. The base part contains a base part resonant circuit for emitting the energy signal from an energy signal generator to provide a supply voltage to the current supply, a base part transmitter/receiver device receiving and transmitting the data signal, a base part transceiver, and a pulse width modulator. An impulse width modulator provides the pulse width-modulated signal which cyclically operates the energy signal generator to emit the energy signal in pulse bundles. A parameter specification provides a control signal setting at least one parameter of the pulse width-modulated signal to a value where sufficient energy transfer occurs to provide the supply voltage. 1. System for contactless energy and data transfer, having a mobile part (12) which contains a mobile part transmitter/receiver device (30) to transmit and receive a data signal (18), a mobile part transceiver (32) and having a current supply (36) which contains a mobile part resonant circuit (Lm, Cm) to receive an energy signal (22), having a base part (14) which contains a base part resonant circuit (Lb, Cb), via which the base part (14) emits the energy signal (22) provided by an energy signal generator (42), from which energy signal (22) the current supply (36) of the mobile part (12) obtains a supply voltage (Ub), wherein the base part (14) furthermore contains a base part transmitter/receiver device (40) to receive and transmit the data signal (18) and a base part transceiver (44), wherein the base part (14) contains a pulse width modulator (48), the provision of a pulse-width modulated signal (56) is provided by the pulse width modulator (48), a cyclic operation of the energy signal generator (42) is provided with the pulse width-modulated signal (56) such that an emission of the energy signal (22) is provided in pulse bundles (60), and a parameter specification (50) is provided which provides a control signal (54) which sets at least one parameter (PD, PB, PRT, V, TV) of the pulse width-modulated signal (56), wherein the at least one parameter (PD, PB, PRT, V, TV) is set to a value at which a sufficient energy transfer occurs for the provision of the supply voltage (Ub) in the mobile part (12). 2. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the value to which the parameter (PD, PB, PRT, V, TV) is set is predetermined in a fixed manner. 3. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the base part transceiver (44) determines a detection signal (52) in the case of a non-received data signal (18) and the parameter specification (50) is provided, and wherein the parameter determination (50) sets the at least one parameter (PD, PB, V, TV, PRT) of the pulse width-modulated signal (56) depending on an occurrence of the detection signal (52) in such a way that the energy of the emitted energy signal (22) is set to a minimum value at which the detection signal (52) is still present. 4. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the ratio (V) of pulse duration (PD) to pulse break (PB) is provided as a parameter of the pulse width-modulated signal (56) and wherein the ratio (V) of pulse duration (PD) to pulse break (PB) is set to a minimum value at which a sufficient energy occurs for the provision of the supply voltage (Ub) in the mobile part (12). 5. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the pulse duration (PD) is provided as a parameter of the pulse width-modulated signal (56), wherein the pulse duration (PD) is predetermined in a variable manner and the pulse break (PB) is predetermined in a fixed manner, and wherein the pulse duration (PD) is set to a minimum value at which a sufficient energy occurs for the provision of the supply voltage (Ub) in the mobile part (12). 6. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the pulse break (PB) is provided as a parameter of the pulse width-modulated signal (56), wherein the pulse break (PB) is predetermined in a variable manner and the pulse duration (PD) is predetermined in a fixed manner, and wherein the pulse break (PB) is set to a maximum value at which a sufficient energy occurs for the provision of the supply voltage (Ub) in the mobile part (12). 7. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the duty cycle (TV) is provided as a parameter of the pulse width-modulated signal (56), and wherein the duty cycle (TV) is set to a minimum value at which a sufficient energy occurs for the provision of the supply voltage (Ub) in the mobile part (12). 8. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the period duration (PRT) of the pulse width-modulated signal (56) is provided as a parameter of the pulse width-modulated signal (56), and wherein the period duration (PRT) is set to a maximum value at which a sufficient energy occurs for the provision of the supply voltage (Ub) in the mobile part (12). 9. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein a mobile part resonant circuit (Lm, Cm) and a buffer capacitor (Cp) are provided in the current supply (36) of the mobile part (12). 10. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the mobile part transmitter/receiver device (30) and the base part transmitter/receiver device (40) are each able to be implemented as opto-electronic transmitter/receiver devices. 11. System for contactless energy and data transfer according to claim 1, wherein the mobile part transmitter/receiver device (30) and the base part transmitter/receiver device (40) are each implemented as a coil.",
-    "According to one embodiment, the stacked body includes a plurality of electrode films stacked with an insulating body. The insulating body includes a first insulating film provided between the electrode films in a region surrounding the columnar portions. A gap is provided between the electrode films in a region on a lateral side in the first direction of the interconnect portion. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a stacked body provided on the substrate, the stacked body including a plurality of electrode films stacked with an insulating body interposed between the electrode films; a plurality of interconnect portions extending in a stacking direction of the stacked body, dividing the stacked body in a first direction crossing the stacking direction, and separated from each other in the first direction; and a plurality of columnar portions including a semiconductor film extending in the stacking direction in the stacked body, and a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor film and the electrode film, the plurality of columnar portions disposed between the plurality of interconnect portions, the insulating body including a first insulating film provided between the electrode films in a region surrounding the columnar portions, and a gap provided between the electrode films in a region on a lateral side in the first direction of the interconnect portion. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the columnar portions include upper portions and lower portions having smaller diameters than diameters of the upper portions, the first insulating film includes an upper layer portion adjacent to the upper portions of the columnar portions and a lower layer portion adjacent to the lower portions of the columnar portions, and a width in the first direction of the upper layer portion of the first insulating film is smaller than a width in the first direction of the lower layer portion of the first insulating film. 3. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second insulating film provided between a lowermost electrode film of the electrode films and the substrate, and being a metal oxide film, a silicon carbide film, or a silicon carbonitride film; and a third insulating film provided on an uppermost electrode film of the electrode films, and being a metal oxide film, a silicon carbide film, or a silicon carbonitride film. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the metal oxide film contains at least any of tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium oxide. 5. The device according to claim 3, wherein an etching rate of the second insulating film and the third insulating film with phosphoric acid is 1/30 or less of an etching rate of a silicon nitride film with phosphoric acid. 6. The device according to claim 3, wherein an etching rate of the second insulating film and the third insulating film with hydrofluoric acid is 1/30 or less of an etching rate of a silicon oxide film with hydrofluoric acid. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein a lower end of the semiconductor film is in contact with the substrate, and lower ends of the interconnect portions are in contact with the substrate. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein a slit communicating with the gap and extending in the stacking direction is provided between side surfaces of the interconnect portions and the stacked body. 9. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a fourth insulating film provided between side surfaces of the interconnect portions and the stacked body. 10. The device according to claim 1, comprising: a back gate provided between a lowermost electrode film of the electrode films and the substrate; a second semiconductor film provided below the back gate and connected to the semiconductor film and the interconnect portions; and a fifth insulating film provided between the back gate and the second semiconductor film. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first insulating film covers side surfaces of the columnar portions. 12. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a stacked body provided on the substrate, the stacked body including a plurality of electrode films stacked with an insulating body interposed between the electrode films; and a columnar portion including a semiconductor film extending in a stacking direction of the stacked body in the stacked body, and a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor film and the electrode film, the insulating body including a first insulating film provided between the electrode films in a region surrounding the columnar portion, and a gap provided between the electrode films in a region adjacent to the first insulating film in a first direction crossing the stacking direction, the columnar portion including an upper portion, and a lower portion having a smaller diameter than a diameter of the upper portion, and the first insulating film including an upper layer portion adjacent to the upper portion of the columnar portion, and a lower layer portion adjacent to the lower portion of the columnar portion, the lower layer portion having a larger width in the first direction than a width in the first direction of the upper layer portion. 13. The device according to claim 12, further comprising: a second insulating film provided between a lowermost electrode film of the electrode films and the substrate, and being a metal oxide film, a silicon carbide film, or a silicon carbonitride film; and a third insulating film provided on an uppermost electrode film of the electrode films, and being a metal oxide film, a silicon carbide film, or a silicon carbonitride film. 14. The device according to claim 13, wherein the metal oxide film contains at least any of tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium oxide. 15. The device according to claim 13, wherein an etching rate of the second insulating film and the third insulating film with phosphoric acid is 1/30 or less of an etching rate of a silicon nitride film with phosphoric acid. 16. The device according to claim 13, wherein an etching rate of the second insulating film and the third insulating film with hydrofluoric acid is 1/30 or less of an etching rate of a silicon oxide film with hydrofluoric acid. 17. The device according to claim 12, wherein the first insulating film covers a side surface of the columnar portion. 18. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a stacked body on a substrate via an under film, the stacked body including a plurality of first layers and a plurality of second layers alternately stacked each other; forming a hole extending in a stacking direction of the stacked body in the stacked body; forming a stacked film including a charge storage film and a semiconductor film on a side surface of the hole; making a slit piercing the stacked body; and etching the second layers through the slit, to make gaps between the first layers in a region on a lateral side of the slit while leaving portions of the second layers between the first layers in a region surrounding the stacked film. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the second layers containing silicon oxide as a main component are etched using an etchant containing hydrofluoric acid. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the under film is a metal oxide film, a silicon carbide film, a silicon carbonitride film, or a semiconductor film.",
-    "A phosphorescent masterbatch includes 1 to 50 parts by weight of a phosphorescent material, 43 to 98.8 parts by weight of a thermoplastic polymer, 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a dispersing agent, and 0.1 to 2 parts by weight of a nucleating agent, which increases crystallization rate and thermal crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymer. 1. A phosphorescent masterbatch, comprising: a phosphorescent material in a range from 1 to 50 parts by weight; a thermoplastic polymer in a range from 43 to 98.8 parts by weight; a dispersing agent in a range from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight; and a nucleating agent in a range from 0.1 to 2 parts by weight, and the nucleating agent increasing crystallization rate and crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymer. 2. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein a size of the phosphorescent material is in a range from 3 to 100 \u03bcm. 3. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the phosphorescent masterbatch is an aluminate or a silicate. 4. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 3, wherein the aluminate has a formula of (M1Al2O4:Eu, M2), where M1 is Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba, and M2 is Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu. 5. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 3, wherein the silicate has a formula of (M3SiO4:Eu, M4), where M3 is Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba, and M4 is Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu. 6. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA), polyethylene(PE), polypropylene(PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer (TPEE), Nylon 6, Nylon 6,6, or a combination thereof. 7. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent is a wax polymer. 8. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 7, wherein the wax polymer comprises paraffin oil, bistearylethylenediamide wax, N, N\u2032-ethylenebis(lauramide) wax, polyester wax, polyamide wax, or combinations thereof. 9. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent comprises maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene. 10. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the dispersing agent comprises silane-based coupling agent, titanium-based coupling agent or combinations thereof. 11. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the nucleating agent increases crystallization temperature of the thermoplastic polymer of 1\u00b0 C. to 20\u00b0 C. 12. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 1, wherein the nucleating agent comprises alkali carboxylate, alkaline carboxylate, aromatic carboxylate, sorbitol derivative, metal carboxylate, organic phosphate, abietic acid, ethylene-methyacrylic acid ionomer or combinations thereof. 13. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 12, wherein the sorbitol derivative is 1,3:2,4-bis-O-(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene)-D-sorbitol (DMDBS). 14. The phosphorescent masterbatch of claim 12, wherein the organic phosphate is sodium 2,2\u2032-methylenebis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate. 15. A phosphorescent fiber, comprising: a core layer made of a phosphorescent masterbatch, comprising: a phosphorescent material in a range from 1 to 50 parts by weight; a thermoplastic polymer in a range from 43 to 98.8 parts by weight; a dispersing agent in a range from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight; and a nucleating agent in a range from 0.1 to 2 parts by weight; and a sheath layer encapsulating the core layer, and a weight ratio between the core layer and the sheath layer being in a range from 10:90 to 90:10. 16. The phosphorescent fiber of claim 15, wherein the sheath layer comprises polyester, polyolefin, polyamide or combinations thereof.",
-    "Bis(difluoromethyl)pyrazole derivatives of the formula (I) in which the symbols R1, X and G are each as defined in the description, and agrochemically active salts, metal complexes and N-oxides thereof, and use thereof for controlling phytopathogenic harmful fungi, and also processes for preparing compounds of the formula (I). 1-13. (canceled) 14. A compound of formula (VIII) wherein W1 is acetyl, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or [3,5 bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl, and R1 is hydrogen or halogen. 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein the R1 is hydrogen. 16. The compound of claim 14, wherein the R1 is halogen. 17. The compound of claim 15, wherein the W1 is [3,5 bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl. 18. The compound of claim 15, wherein the W1 is acetyl, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl, benzyl, or benzyloxycarbonyl. 19. The compound of claim 16, wherein the W1 is [3,5 bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl. 20. The compound of claim 16, wherein the W1 is acetyl, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl, benzyl, or benzyloxycarbonyl. 21. A mixture comprising a compound of formula (VI) and hydroxylamine, wherein W1 is acetyl, C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or [3,5 bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl, and R1 is hydrogen or halogen. 22. The mixture of claim 21, wherein the R1 of the compound is hydrogen and the W1 of the compound is [3,5 bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl. 23. The mixture of claim 21, wherein the R1 of the compound is halogen and the W1 of the compound is [3,5 bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl.",
-    "According to various embodiments of the disclosure techniques for generating outgoing messages are disclosed. The technique includes receiving a request to generate an outgoing message for a recipient and retrieving one or more recipient preferences of the recipient from a recipient preferences database. The one or more recipient preferences relate to customization of messages that are to be delivered to the recipient. The technique further includes retrieving a message template from a plurality of message templates stored in a message template database based on the request and the one or more recipient preferences. The technique also includes generating the outgoing message based on the retrieved message template and the one or more recipient preferences, and providing the outgoing message to the recipient. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving, at a message server having one or more processors, a request to generate an outgoing message for one or more recipients, the request including one or more recipient indicators indicating the one or more recipients, a message type identifier identifying a type of outgoing message to be generated, and message data indicating values for generating the outgoing message; and for each one of the one or more recipients indicated by the one or more recipient indicators: a) retrieving, at the message server, one or more recipient preferences of the one recipient from a recipient preferences database, the one or more recipient preferences relating to customization of messages that are to be delivered to the one recipient, and including one or more languages understood by the one recipient, and least one of a date format preference of the one recipient, a measurement unit preference of the one recipient, and a currency preference of the one recipient, a number formatting preference of the one recipient, a time formatting preference of the one recipient, a time-zone preference of the one recipient, and a language dialect preference of the one recipient; b) retrieving, at the message server, a message template from a plurality of message templates stored in a message template database based on the message template identifier and one of the one or more languages understood by the one recipient; c) generating, at the message server, the outgoing message based on the retrieved message template, the message data, and the one or more recipient preferences of the one recipient; and d) providing, from the message server, the outgoing message to the one recipient. 2. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving, at a message server having one or more processors, a request to generate an outgoing message for a recipient; retrieving, at the message server, one or more recipient preferences of the recipient from a recipient preferences database, the one or more recipient preferences relating to customization of messages that are to be delivered to the recipient and including one or more languages understood by the recipient, including a primary language of the recipient; retrieving, at the message server, a message template from a plurality of message templates stored in a message template database based on the request and the one or more recipient preferences; generating, at the message server, the outgoing message based on the retrieved message template and the one or more recipient preferences; and providing, from the message server, the outgoing message to the recipient. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the retrieving the message template further comprises: determining whether any of the plurality of message templates stored in the message template database are in the primary language, and when one of the plurality of message templates is in the primary language, identifying the one message template as the message template. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: when none of the plurality of message templates are in the primary language, determining another language of the recipient from the one or more languages understood by the recipient; determining whether any of the plurality of message templates stored in the message template database are in the other language; and when one of the plurality of message templates is in the other language, identifying the one message template as the message template. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein: the request includes a message type identifier identifying a type of outgoing message to be generated, and the plurality of message templates includes a set of message templates corresponding to the message type identifier, such that each message template in the set of message templates is in a different language. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more recipient preferences include at least one of a date format preference of the recipient, a measurement unit preference of the recipient, and a currency preference of the recipient. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein: requests are received from a plurality of different applications, each different application of the plurality of different applications has a different set of message templates in the plurality of message templates corresponding thereto, and the retrieving the message template is further based on the application providing the request. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the request indicates a plurality of message recipients including the recipient and each one of the message recipients has specific recipient preferences corresponding thereto. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising, for each one of the plurality of recipients, retrieving the specific recipient preferences corresponding to the one recipient, retrieving a specific message template based on the request and the specific recipient preferences of the one recipient, generating a specific outgoing message based on the specific message template and the specific recipient preferences of the one recipient, and providing the specific outgoing message to the one recipient. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the request includes message data provided by a requestor of the personalized message, wherein the outgoing message is generated using the message data. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: when the message data includes additional text to be included in the outgoing message and when the additional text is not in one of the one or more languages that are understood by the user, obtaining a machine translation of the additional text into one of the one or more languages to obtain translated text, and inserting the translated text in the outgoing message. 12. A computer-implemented system, comprising: a recipient preferences database that stores recipient preferences of a plurality of message recipients, wherein the recipient preferences of each one of the plurality of message recipients relate to customization of messages that are for the one message recipient and include one or more languages understood by the one recipient, including a primary language of the one recipient; a message template database that stores a plurality of message templates; and a message generation module that is configured to: i) receive a request to generate an outgoing message for a recipient, the request indicating the recipient and message data for generating the outgoing message, ii) retrieve one or more recipient preferences of the recipient from the recipient preferences database, iii) retrieve a message template from a message template database based on the request and the one or more recipient preferences, iv) generate the outgoing message based on the retrieved message template and the one or more recipient preferences, and v) provide the outgoing message to the recipient. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the message generation module is further configured to determine whether any of the plurality of message templates stored in the message template database are in the primary language, and when one of the plurality of message templates is in the primary language, identify the one message template as the message template. 14. The system of claim 12 wherein the message generation module is further configured to, when none of the plurality of message templates are in the primary language: determine another language of the recipient from the one or more languages understood by the recipient; determine whether any of the plurality of message templates stored in the message template database are in the other language; and when one of the plurality of message templates is in the other language, identify the one message template as the message template. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein, the request includes a message type identifier identifying a type of outgoing message to be generated, and the plurality of message templates includes a set of message templates corresponding to the message type identifier, such that each message template in the set of message templates is in a different language. 16. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more recipient preferences include at least one of a date format preference of the recipient, a measurement unit preference of the recipient, and a currency preference of the recipient. 17. The system of claim 12, wherein: the message generation module receives requests from a plurality of different applications, each different application of the plurality of different applications has a different set of message templates in the plurality of message templates corresponding thereto, and the message template is retrieved further based on the application providing the request. 18. The system of claim 12, wherein the request indicates a plurality of message recipients including the recipient and each one of the message recipients has specific recipient preferences corresponding thereto. 19. The system of claim 12 wherein: the request includes message data provided by a requestor of the personalized message, and the outgoing message is generated based on the message data. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the message generation module is further configured to: determine whether the message data includes additional text to be included in the outgoing message; when the message data includes the additional text to be included in the outgoing message, determine whether the additional text is in one of the one or more languages that are understood by the recipient, and when the additional text is not in one of the one or more languages that are understood by the user, obtain translated text by obtaining a machine translation of the additional text into one of the one or more languages and insert the translated text in the outgoing message.",
-    "The disclosure is related to a method for calibrating an interactive time in a live program, and a system thereof. In the method, a user device is used to receive a live content embedded with a mark from a live program system. A signal processing scheme is performed to identify the mark so as to obtain a marking time. Then an interactive content is received from an interactive serving system. An initiating time of interactive activity is obtained. A time difference between the marking time and the initiating time is counted. The time difference is referred to for calibrating the time of issuing an interactive message when responding to the interactive activity. The responding time, at the system side, is restored to an actual time. Therefore, the method effectively excludes the time error for responding to the interactive activity in the live program due to transmission delay. 1. A method for calibrating interactive time in a live program, comprising: receiving a live content having a characteristic mark from a live program system; identifying the characteristic mark for acquiring a marking time; receiving an interactive content from an interactive serving system, and obtaining an initiating time of an interactive activity; computing a time difference between the marking time and the initiating time of the interactive activity; generating an interactive message with an adjusted time according to the time difference and the marking time; and transmitting the interactive message to the interactive serving system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the live content is a television show or a radio program. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the method is performed in a user device and the user device receives the live content and the interactive content, and transmits the interactive message over a data network. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the characteristic mark is a watermark or a voiceprint embedded in the television show or the radio program. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the characteristic mark is identified through a video processing method or an audio processing method. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the method is performed in a user device and the user device receives the live content and the interactive content, and transmits the interactive message over a data network. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising calibrating the initiating time of the interactive activity, an end time and/or a deadline of response according to the time difference and marking time for preventing asynchronous interactive activity and the live program due to transmission delay. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in a user device which receives the live content, the interactive content, and transmits the interactive message over a data network. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the interactive serving system starts broadcasting the interactive content to the multiple user devices in response to an initiating signal generated by the live program system. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising the interactive serving system rendering a reference for decision-making in response to a responding times or a response number of the interactive messages made by the multiple user devices. 11. A system for calibrating interactive time in a live program, comprising: an interactive serving system, used to initiate an interactive activity in response to an initiating signal, and used to broadcast a live content with a characteristic mark to multiple user devices, wherein the interactive serving system comprises: an interactive content module broadcasting an interactive content to the multiple user devices over a data network; an information receiving module receiving an interactive message generated by each of the user devices; a program executed in each of the user devices, comprising: a content receiving module used to receive the live content with the characteristic mark from the live program system; a content analysis module used to analyze the live content; a characteristic identifying module used to identify the characteristic mark from the live content and acquire a marking time; an interactive content receiving module used to receive the interactive content from the interactive serving system; an interactive activity initiating module used to initiate the interactive activity when receiving the interactive content and acquire an initiating time of the interactive activity; a time calibrating module used to compute a time difference between the marking time and the initiating time of the interactive activity, and used to adjust the time of interactive message in response to the time difference and the marking time; an interactive message generating module used to generate the interactive message with an adjusted time and transmit the interactive message with the adjusted time to the interactive serving system. 12. The system as recited in claim 11, wherein the live content is a television show or a radio program. 13. The system as recited in claim 12, wherein, after the interactive serving system receives the interactive messages generated by the plurality of user devices, a time distribution is obtained by statistically analyzing each of the responding times with respect to each of the user devices; and the time distribution is referred to as a reference for decision-making. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the characteristic mark is a watermark or a voiceprint embedded in the television show or the radio program. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the characteristic mark is identified through a video processing method or an audio processing method. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein, when the interactive serving system receives the interactive messages made by the multiple user devices, the reference for decision-making is rendered by a statistical analysis performed to obtain a time distribution of the responding times made by the multiple user devices. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein, when the interactive serving system receives the interactive messages made by the multiple user devices, the reference for decision-making is rendered by a statistical analysis performed to obtain a time distribution of the responding times made by the multiple user devices. 18. A computer-readable storage device, storing instructions executed by a processor of a user device for performing a method for calibrating interactive time in a live program, wherein the instructions comprise: instruction for receiving a live content embedded with a characteristic mark from a live program system; instruction for identifying a marking time of the characteristic mark; instruction for receiving an interactive content from an interactive serving system; instruction for acquiring an initiating time of an interactive activity; instruction for computing a time difference between the marking time and the initiating time of the interactive activity; instruction for generating an interactive message with an adjusted time according to the time difference and the marking time; and instruction for transmitting the interactive message to the interactive serving system.",
-    "Provided is a wireless power supply system including a power transmitting apparatus and a power receiving apparatus. The power transmitting apparatus includes a power transmitting coil that transmits AC power to the power receiving apparatus, a first modulation/demodulation unit that performs a modulation/demodulation process on the AC power of the power transmitting coil, a first transreceiver unit that transmits application data to the power receiving apparatus via the first modulation/demodulation unit. The power receiving apparatus includes a power receiving coil that receives the AC power from the power transmitting apparatus, a second modulation/demodulation unit that performs a modulation/demodulation process on the AC power of the power receiving coil, a second transreceiver unit that receives the application data from the power transmitting apparatus via the second modulation/demodulation unit, and an application processing unit that executes an application process based on the received application data. 1. A wireless power supply system comprising: a power transmitting apparatus; and a power receiving apparatus, wherein the power transmitting apparatus comprises: a power transmitting coil that transmits AC power to the power receiving apparatus; a first modulation/demodulation unit that performs a modulation/demodulation process on the AC power of the power transmitting coil; and a first transreceiver unit that performs two-way communication with the power receiving apparatus via the first modulation/demodulation unit and transmits application data to the power receiving apparatus, and the power receiving apparatus comprises: a power receiving coil that receives the AC power from the power transmitting apparatus; a second modulation/demodulation unit that performs a modulation/demodulation process on the AC power of the power receiving coil; a second transreceiver unit that performs two-way communication with the power transmitting apparatus via the second modulation/demodulation unit and receives the application data from the power transmitting apparatus; and an application processing unit that executes an application process based on the received application data. 2. The wireless power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the first modulation/demodulation unit comprises: a first modulation unit that amplitude modulates the AC power according to first transmission data, the first transmission data being transmitted to the power receiving apparatus; and a first demodulation unit that demodulates first reception data according to the AC power that has been load modulated by the power receiving apparatus, the first reception data being received from the power receiving apparatus, and the second modulation/demodulation unit comprises: a second modulation unit that load modulates the AC power according to second transmission data, the second transmission data being transmitted to the power transmitting apparatus; and a second demodulation unit that demodulates second reception data according to the AC power that has been amplitude modulated by the power transmitting apparatus, the second reception data being received from the power transmitting apparatus. 3. The wireless power supply system according to claim 2, wherein the first modulation unit comprises: a first transmission packet generating unit that generates a transmission packet of a predetermined format, the transmission packet including the first transmission data; and a pulse train generating unit that generates a pulse train according to the generated transmission packet and outputs the generated pulse train to the power transmitting coil, the first demodulation unit comprises: a first conversion unit that converts an amplitude of the load modulated AC power into a digital signal; and a first reception packet analyzing unit that analyzes a reception packet of the predetermined format based on the digital signal, the reception packet including the second reception data, the second modulation unit comprises: a second transmission packet generating unit that generates a transmission packet of the predetermined format, the transmission packet including the second transmission data; and a switch that switches a load of the power receiving coil according to the generated transmission packet, and the second demodulation unit comprises: a second conversion unit that converts an amplitude of the amplitude modulated AC power into a digital signal; and a second reception packet analyzing unit that analyzes a reception packet of the predetermined format based on the digital signal, the reception packet including the second reception data. 4. The wireless power supply system according to claim 2, wherein the power transmitting apparatus includes a first register that stores the first transmission data, the first reception data, a first transmission trigger flag, and a first reception notification flag, the first transreceiver unit sets the first transmission trigger flag to ON after the first transmission data is stored in the first register, when the first transmission trigger flag becomes ON, the first modulation unit starts transmitting the first transmission data that is stored in the first register, and after the transmission of the first transmission data is completed, the first modulation unit sets the first transmission trigger flag to OFF, the first demodulation unit sets the first reception notification flag to ON after the first reception data is stored in the first register, and when the first reception notification flag becomes ON, the first transreceiver unit starts obtaining the first reception data that is stored in the first register, and after the first transreceiver unit has completed obtaining the first reception data, the first transreceiver unit sets the first reception notification flag to OFF. 5. The wireless power supply system according to claim 2, wherein the power receiving apparatus includes a second register that stores the second transmission data, the second reception data, a second transmission trigger flag, and a second reception notification flag, the second transreceiver unit sets the second transmission trigger flag to ON after the second transmission data is stored in the second register, when the second transmission trigger flag becomes ON, the second modulation unit starts transmitting the second transmission data that is stored in the second register, and after the transmission of the second transmission data is completed, the second modulation unit sets the second transmission trigger flag to OFF, the second demodulation unit sets the second reception notification flag to ON after the second reception data is stored in the second register, and when the second reception notification flag becomes ON, the second transreceiver unit starts obtaining the second reception data that is stored in the second register, and after the second transreceiver unit has completed obtaining the second reception data, the second transreceiver unit sets the second reception notification flag to OFF. 6. The wireless power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the application data is initial setting data for performing initial setting on the application processing unit. 7. The wireless power supply system according to claim 6, wherein the application processing unit is a Bluetooth (registered trademark) communication unit that performs Bluetooth communication, and the application data is pairing setting data that sets the Bluetooth communication unit in a pairing mode for a pairing process of Bluetooth. 8. The wireless power supply system according to claim 7, wherein the second transreceiver unit transmits pairing response data to the power transmitting apparatus after the second transreceiver unit receives the pairing setting data. 9. The wireless power supply system according to claim 8, wherein the pairing response data includes a PIN code that is set in the Bluetooth communication unit, and the first transreceiver unit outputs the PIN code included in the pairing response data that has been received from the power receiving apparatus. 10. The wireless power supply system according to claim 8, wherein the pairing response data includes a numeric code that is set in the Bluetooth communication unit, and the first transreceiver unit outputs the numeric code included in the pairing response data received from the power receiving apparatus. 11. The wireless power supply system according to claim 6, wherein the application processing unit is a wireless LAN communication unit that performs wireless LAN communication, and the application data is a security key to be set in the wireless LAN communication unit. 12. The wireless power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the application data is switching data that powers ON/OFF the application processing unit. 13. The power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the application data is an application program to be executed by the application processing unit. 14. The wireless power supply system according to claim 1, wherein the second transreceiver unit transmits data regarding a result of executing the application process by the application processing unit to the power transmitting apparatus. 15. A power transmitting apparatus comprising: a power transmitting coil that transmits AC power to a power receiving apparatus; a modulation/demodulation unit that performs a modulation/demodulation process on the AC power of the power transmitting coil; and a transreceiver unit that performs two-way communication with the power receiving apparatus via the modulation/demodulation unit and transmits application data to the power receiving apparatus. 16. A power receiving apparatus comprising: a power receiving coil that receives AC power from a power receiving apparatus; a modulation/demodulation unit that performs a modulation/demodulation process on the AC power of the power receiving coil; and an application processing unit that executes an application process based on the received application data.",
-    "The invention discloses detergent compositions containing acrylic acid polymers, including methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate polymers. In certain embodiments compositions employ an acrylic acid polymer comprising at least 40 wt-% polymerized residues of acrylic monomers, at least 50 wt-% of at least one surfactant, a solvent, at least one water conditioning polymer, and water. The detergent compositions provide increased soil removal and soil suspension when treating textiles, namely through use of industrial laundering machinery. The detergent compositions and methods of employing the same beneficially clean and prevent redeposition of soils containing high concentrations of oil and metal particulates, as are customary in industrial laundering soils. 1. A method for removing soils from a soft surface and preventing redeposition comprising: applying a detergent composition to a soft surface in need of cleaning within a washing machine, wherein the detergent composition comprises an acrylic acid polymer comprising from about 0.1-15 wt-% of the detergent composition, surfactants comprising at least 50 wt-% of the detergent composition, solvent comprising from about 1-50 wt-% of the detergent composition, and a water conditioning polymer comprising from about 0.1-15 wt-% of the detergent composition, wherein the acrylic acid polymer has at least 40 wt-% polymerized residues of acrylic monomers; washing the soft surface; and rinsing and/or wiping the detergent composition from the soft surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the soils on said soft surface contain mineral oils and metal ions. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the detergent composition is dosed at a rate between about 1-30 oz/cwt (fluid ounce per 100 pounds dry weight of linen). 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the detergent composition forms a use solution and is contacted with said soft surface at a temperature of at least about 100\u00b0 F. and no more than 180\u00b0 F. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactants are nonionic and/or anionic surfactants, and wherein the acrylic acid polymer comprises polymerized residues of: (i) from 40 to 65 wt-% C1-C18 alkyl(meth)acrylates; (ii) from 25 to 55 wt-% C3-C6 carboxylic acid monomers, wherein the monomer is a mono-ethylenically unsaturated compound having one or two carboxylic acid groups; and (iii) from 0 to 20 wt-% monomers having the following structures H2C\u2550C(R)C(O)X(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033 or H22C\u2550C(R)C6H4C(CH3)2NHCO2(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033, wherein X is O or NH, R is H or CH3, R\u2032 is C1-C2 alkyl, R\u2033 is C8-C25 alkyl, C8-C16 alkylphenyl or C13-C36 aralkylphenyl, n is an average number from 6-100 and m is an average number from 0-50, and wherein n\u2267m and m+n is 6-100. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said surfactant(s) is a nonionic surfactant, said solvent is water and a lipophilic fluid, and said water conditioning agent is selected from the group consisting of an aminocarboxylate, polyacrylate, polycarboxylate, polycarboxylic acid and combinations thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said detergent comprises from about 1-10 wt-% of the acrylic acid polymer, from 50-90 wt-% of the surfactant, from 10-50 wt-% of the solvent, from 1-10 wt-% of the water conditioning polymer, and from 10-50 wt-% water. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising drying the soft surface. 9. A method for removing soils from a soft surface and preventing redeposition comprising: applying a detergent composition to a soft surface in need of cleaning and containing soils having mineral oil content and containing metal ions, wherein the detergent composition comprises an acrylic acid polymer comprising from about 0.1-15 wt-% of the detergent composition, surfactants comprising at least 50 wt-% of the detergent composition, solvent comprising from about 1-50 wt-% of the detergent composition, and a water conditioning polymer comprising from about 0.1-15 wt-% of the detergent composition, wherein the acrylic acid polymer has at least 40 wt-% polymerized residues of acrylic monomers washing the soft surface employing the detergent composition at a dosing rate between about 1-30 oz/cwt; and rinsing and/or wiping the detergent composition from the soft surface. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the detergent composition forms a use solution and is contacted with said soft surface at a temperature of at least about 100\u00b0 F. and no more than 180\u00b0 F. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said surfactant(s) is a nonionic surfactant, said solvent is water and a lipophilic fluid, and said water conditioning agent is selected from the group consisting of an aminocarboxylate, polyacrylate, polycarboxylate, polycarboxylic acid and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said detergent comprises from about 1-10 wt-% of the acrylic acid polymer, from 50-90 wt-% of the surfactant, from 10-50 wt-% of the solvent, from 1-10 wt-% of the water conditioning polymer, and from 10-50 wt-% water. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the surfactants are nonionic, anionic and/or amphoteric surfactants, and wherein the acrylic acid polymer comprises polymerized residues of: (i) from 40 to 65 wt-% C1-C18 alkyl(meth)acrylates; (ii) from 25 to 55 wt-% C3-C6 carboxylic acid monomers, wherein the monomer is a mono-ethylenically unsaturated compound having one or two carboxylic acid groups; and (iii) from 0 to 20 wt-% monomers having the following structures H2C\u2550C(R)C(O)X(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033 or H22C\u2550C(R)C6H4C(CH3)2NHCO2(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033, wherein X is O or NH, R is H or CH3, R\u2032 is C1-C2 alkyl, R\u2033 is C8-C25 alkyl, C8-C16 alkylphenyl or C13-C36 aralkylphenyl, n is an average number from 6-100 and m is an average number from 0-50, and wherein n\u2267m and m+n is 6-100. 14. An industrial laundering composition comprising: an acrylic acid polymer comprising from about 0.1-15 wt-% of the detergent composition and comprising at least 40 wt-% polymerized residues of acrylic monomers; at least 50 wt-% of at least one nonionic and/or anionic surfactant; a solvent comprising from about 1-50 wt-% of the detergent composition; at least one water conditioning polymer comprising from about 0.1-15 wt-% of the detergent composition; and water comprising from about 1-50 wt-% of the detergent composition, wherein the composition removes and prevents redeposition of high oil and metal content soils present in industrial laundering applications. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the acrylic acid polymer comprises polymerized residues of: (i) C1-C18 alkyl(meth)acrylates; (ii) C3-C6 carboxylic acid monomers, wherein the monomer is a mono-ethylenically unsaturated compound having one or two carboxylic acid groups; and (iii) monomers having the following structures H2C\u2550C(R)C(O)X(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033 or H22C\u2550C(R)C6H4C(CH3)2NHCO2(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033, wherein X is O or NH, R is H or CH3, R\u2032 is C1-C2 alkyl, R\u2033 is C8-C25 alkyl, C8-C16 alkylphenyl or C13-C36 aralkylphenyl, n is an average number from 6-100 and m is an average number from 0-50, and wherein n\u2267m and m+n is 6-100. 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the acrylic acid polymerized residues comprise from 40 to 65 wt-% C1-C18 alkyl(meth)acrylates, from 25 to 55 wt-% C3-C6 carboxylic acid monomers, and from 0 to 20 wt-% of monomers of the structures H2C\u2550C(R)C(O)X(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033 or H22C\u2550C(R)C6H4C(CH3)2NHCO2(CH2CH2O)n(CH(R)CH2O)mR\u2033, and wherein the molecular weight of the acrylic acid polymer is from about 25,000-50,000. 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein said surfactants are alcohol ethoxylates and/or amine oxides, said solvent is water and/or a lipophilic fluid, and said water conditioning agent is selected from the group consisting of an aminocarboxylate, polyacrylate, polycarboxylate, polycarboxylic acid and combinations thereof. 18. The composition of claim 14, wherein said acrylic acid polymer and water conditioning polymer each comprise from 1-10 wt-% of the detergent composition. 19. The composition of claim 14, wherein the pH of the composition in a use solution is an alkaline pH. 20. The composition of claim 14, comprising from 1-10 wt-% of the acrylic acid polymer, from 50-90 wt-% of the surfactant, from 10-50 wt-% of the solvent, from 1-10 wt-% of the water conditioning polymer, and from 10-50 wt-% water.",
-    "A remotely readable apparatus for metering of a plurality of electricity consumer lines, comprising: (a) a meter head that measures electricity usage for each of the plurality of electricity consumer lines; and (b) sensors that sense environmental conditions in a second housing enclosing a distribution transformer that steps down voltage from a distribution level to a consumer level, said one sensors in communication with said meter head and not operable to sense environmental conditions in said first housing, and wherein said meter head connects and disconnects service on said plurality of electricity consumer lines in response to information received from said sensors; wherein a transponder transmits data received to/from said meter head to/from a remotely located computer, and said meter head is operable, based on data received from said transponder, to connect/disconnect service on said electricity consumer lines. 1. A remotely readable apparatus for metering of a plurality of electricity consumer lines, comprising: a meter head enclosed with a first housing, said meter head comprising one or more metering points, wherein said meter head measures electricity usage for each of the plurality of electricity consumer lines; and one or more sensors that sense environmental conditions in a second housing enclosing a distribution transformer that steps down voltage from a distribution level to a consumer level, said one or more sensors in electrical communication with said meter head and wherein said sensors are not operable to sense environmental conditions in said first housing, and wherein said meter head is operable to connect and disconnect service on one or more of said plurality of electricity consumer lines in response to information received from said one or more sensors, without affecting voltage supplied to said distribution transformer; wherein a transponder is in communication with said meter head and transmits data received from said meter head to a remotely located computer, and transmits to said meter head data received from said remotely located computer, wherein said meter head transmits to said transponder data based on said data received from said one or more sensors, and wherein said meter head is operable, based on data received from said transponder and responsive to said data based on said data received from said temperature sensor, to connect and disconnect service on said electricity consumer lines. 2. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise a temperature sensor that measures a temperature of said distribution transformer, and said meter head is in electrical communication with said temperature sensor. 3. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said one or more sensors comprise an oil-level sensor that measures level of oil in said distribution transformer, and said meter head is in electrical communication with said oil-level sensor. 4. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said meter head is operable, in response to an interruption in flow of electricity being received from a distribution transformer, to disconnect service on one or more of said electricity consumer lines. 5. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein service is disconnected via actuation of corresponding relays, and power to actuate said corresponding relays is stored in and received from a battery back-up system. 6. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein service is disconnected via actuation of corresponding relays, and power to actuate said corresponding relays is stored in and received from a capacitive storage system. 7. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein said meter head is operable, in response to restoration of electricity being received from a distribution transformer, re-connect service on said electricity consumer lines. 8. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein said meter head is operable to store data reflecting, for each relay, a state existing immediately prior to interruption of electricity flow, and wherein said meter head is operable to actuate corresponding relays to re-connect service on said electricity consumer lines so as to restore each of said relays to said state existing immediately prior to interruption of electricity flow. 9. An apparatus as in claim 4, wherein, in response to restoration of electricity being received from a distribution transformer, said meter head is operable to re-connect service on said electricity consumer lines, said re-connection being in a sequence selected to minimize a surge or excessive load on a substation network. 10. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said transponder is in communication with said meter head via power line communication. 11. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein said meter head is operable to connect and disconnect service on each one of said plurality of electricity consumer lines in a rotating disconnect/connect sequence, and wherein intermittent power is provided on each of said electricity consumer lines. 12. A method of metering a plurality of electricity consumer lines, comprising: measuring, via a meter head in a first housing, electricity usage for each of the plurality of electricity consumer lines; and sensing environmental conditions in a second housing enclosing a distribution transformer that steps down voltage from a distribution level to a consumer level, via one or more sensors in electrical communication with said meter head and wherein said sensors are not operable to sense environmental conditions in said first housing, and wherein said meter head is operable to connect and disconnect service on one or more of said plurality of electricity consumer lines in response to information received from said one or more sensors, without affecting voltage supplied to said distribution transformer.",
-    "An apparatus to remove sludge from a reservoir of liquid. A downwardly opening enclosure is positioned atop the floor of a reservoir with the enclosure having inlets for sludge and liquid to flow into the cavity. The cavity includes a channel for the sludge and liquid to flow upward in the channel which increases in size. Gas emitters on the edge portions of the enclosure assist the flow of sludge and liquid into the cavity. 1. An apparatus for removing sludge from a reservoir of liquid having a reservoir floor comprising: an enclosure forming a cavity with edge portions extending over a reservoir floor; spacers beneath said edge portions positionable above the floor of a reservoir of liquid when inserted therein forming inlets between said edge portions, spacers and said floor for sludge and liquid in said reservoir to flow into said cavity; a gas emitting device having outlets adjacent said edge portions to emit gas into said cavity of said enclosure drawing liquid and sludge via said inlets into said cavity; a structure positionable stop the floor and within said enclosure to define a channel within said cavity between said structure and said enclosure for said liquid and sludge to flow through said channel from said inlets; an outlet leading from said channel far said liquid sad sludge to flow out of said cavity. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: said enclosure includes an outer cone with an inward facing surface, said structure includes an inner cone with a top and is positioned within said outer cone and further has an outer surface facing said inward facing surface of said outer cone, said inward facing surface and said outer facing surface forming said channel which increases in size in a direction from the floor to said top of said inner cone. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 and further comprising: a liquid pump connected to said outlet to move said liquid and sludge from said cavity; and, a gas booster outlet positioned at said top of said inner cone assisting flow of said liquid and sludge in said cavity toward said outlet. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein: a base having weight to keep said outer cone and said inner cone in place within said tank. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein: said gas emitting device has gas outlets along the circumference of said outer cone. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein: said outwardly facing surface of said inner cone is arranged at an approximately 45 degree angle relative to horizontal whereas said inwardly facing surface of said outer cone is arranged at an approximately 60 degree angle relative to horizontal spacing said inwardly facing surface further apart from said outwardly facing surface of said inner cone at the location of said top of said inner cone than at said base. 7. The combination of: a reservoir with a reservoir floor and having foreign material, mixed with water within said reservoir, a housing positioned atop said floor and having a downwardly facing surface cooperatively with said floor defining a cavity, said housing having bottom portions restable atop said floor with inlets provided for foreign material and water from said reservoir to flow into said cavity; a structure located within said cavity cooperatively with said housing defining a channel through which said foreign material and water flow; gas outlets located along said side portions of said housing directing gas into said channel carrying foreign material and water through said inlets into said channel; and, a reservoir outlet in communication with said channel to direct said foreign material and water to flow outwardly from said housing and said reservoir. 8. The combination of claim 7 wherein: said housing is an outer shell with an inwardly facing surface and said structure is positioned within said housing and has outwardly facing surface spaced apart from said inwardly facing surface forming said channel which increases in size as said housing and structure extend upwardly. 9. the combination of claim 8 and further comprising: a base upon which housing is mounted with said base extending outwardly from said housing within said reservoir to keep said structure upright. 10. The combination of claim 9 and further comprising: a booster gas outlet atop said structure within said shell directing said foreign material and water from said channel to said reservoir outlet. 11. The combination of claim 10 wherein: said cavity includes an enlarged chamber above said structure and channel into which said booster gas outlet directs gas against said foreign material and water exiting said channel. moving same to said reservoir outlet. 12. The combination of claim 11 wherein: said structure is an inner cone with a passage extending therethrough from said base to said booster gas outlet. 13. The combination of claim 12 wherein: said base weighs at least 50 pounds. 14. An apparatus for removing sludge from a reservoir of liquid having a reservoir floor comprising: a downwardly opening enclosure forming a cavity with edge portions; means on said enclosure spacing said edge portions above a floor of a reservoir of liquid when inserted therein forming inlets between said edge portions and said floor for sludge and liquid in said reservoir to flow into said cavity; gas emitters on and extending along said edge portions operable to emit gas into said cavity of said enclosure drawing liquid and sludge via said inlets into said cavity; an outlet leading from said cavity for liquid and sludge to flow out of said enclosure; a flow direction device positioned within said cavity between said edge portions directing the liquid and sludge upwardly within said cavity; and, a liquid pump connected to said outlet to move said liquid and sludge from said cavity. 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein: said enclosure has a cavity downwardly facing surface, said flow direction device has an upwardly facing surface opposed to said cavity surface defining a channel through which liquid and sludge from said inlets flow. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 and further comprising: a booster gas emitter mounted to and extending atop said flow direction device emitting gas to assist upward flow of liquid and sludge. 21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein: said cavity downwardly facing surface and said upwardly facing surface of said flow direction device are planar surfaces.",
-    "A polishing apparatus according to an embodiment includes a first polishing part, a second polishing part, and an annular part. The second polishing part includes a mounting surface for a semiconductor substrate, and rubs the semiconductor substrate mounted on the mounting surface while pressing the semiconductor substrate against the first polishing part. The annular part includes a support part provided in the second polishing part, and a plurality of convex portions that project from the support part toward the first polishing part, are arranged in a circumferential direction around the mounting surface while being supported by the support part, and are movable in a radial direction of the semiconductor substrate. 1. A polishing apparatus comprising: a first polishing part; a second polishing part comprising a mounting surface for a semiconductor substrate, and rubbing the semiconductor substrate mounted on the mounting surface while pressing the semiconductor substrate against the first polishing part; and an annular part comprising a support part provided in the second polishing part, and a plurality of convex portions that project from the support part toward the first polishing part, are arranged in a circumferential direction around the mounting surface while being supported by the support part, and are movable in a radial direction of the semiconductor substrate. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the annular part comprises a first moving part moving the convex portions in the radial direction, and the first moving part moves each of the convex portions according to rotation of the second polishing part in a state where each of the convex portions is in contact with the first polishing part. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first moving part moves each of the convex portions in a radially inward direction when the second polishing part rotates in a same direction as when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate, and moves each of the convex portions in a radially outward direction when the second polishing part rotates in an opposite direction to when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising: an attaching/detaching part comprising a guide part guiding attachment and detachment of the semiconductor substrate to/from the second polishing part, and attaching and detaching the semiconductor substrate to/from the second polishing part while the convex portions are in contact with the guide part, wherein the guide part is rotatable in the circumferential direction, and the first moving part moves each of the convex portions according to rotation of the guide part in a state where each of the convex portions is in contact with the guide part. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first moving part moves each of the convex portions in a radially inward direction when the guide part rotates in an opposite direction to a rotation direction of the second polishing part when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate, and moves each of the convex portions in a radially outward direction when the guide part rotates in a same direction as the rotation direction of the second polishing part when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate. 6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first moving part comprises a plurality of slits provided in the support part to face the convex portions, respectively, and to be inclined to a radial direction toward a same direction as a rotation direction of the second polishing part when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate along with movement in a radially outward direction, and a plurality of pins inserted to an inside of the support part through the slits and supported by the support part to be slidable along the slits, respectively. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein each of the pins comprises a first stopper preventing falling of a corresponding one of the convex portions inside the support part, the support part comprises a second stopper facing top end portions of the pins inside the support part and regulating upward movement of the convex portions by contact with the top end portions of the pins, and the top end portions of the pins and the second stopper are elastic. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the annular part comprises a second moving part moving the convex portions in the radial direction, and the second moving part moves each of the convex portions in a radially inward direction when the second polishing part is pressed against the first polishing part, and moves each of the convex portions in a radially outward direction when the second polishing part moves away from the first polishing part. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second moving part comprises a pressing member pressing the convex portions in the radially outward direction, and a wire extending in the circumferential direction through each of the convex portions and being drawn to fasten each of the convex portions when the second polishing part is pressed against the first polishing part. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the annular part comprises a third moving part moving the convex portions in the radial direction according to supply of air. 11. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the attaching/detaching part comprises a controller controlling rotation of the guide part, and the controller executes control of stopping rotation of the guide part when the convex portions move in the radially inward direction and come into contact with an outer circumferential surface of the semiconductor substrate. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the convex portions respectively comprise a side surface along an outer circumferential surface of the semiconductor substrate. 13. A semiconductor manufacturing method comprising: mounting a semiconductor substrate onto a mounting surface of a second polishing part that rubs the semiconductor substrate while pressing the semiconductor substrate against a first polishing part; moving a plurality of convex portions of an annular part in a radially inward direction of the semiconductor substrate, the convex portions projecting from a support part provided in the second polishing part toward the first polishing part and being arranged in a circumferential direction around the mounting surface while being supported by the support part; and polishing the semiconductor substrate with the second polishing part while the annular part is pressed against the first polishing part. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising moving each of the convex portions according to rotation of the second polishing part in a state where each of the convex portions is in contact with the first polishing part. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the convex portions are moved in a radially inward direction when the second polishing part rotates in a same direction as when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate, and each of the convex portions is moved in a radially outward direction when the second polishing part rotates in an opposite direction to when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein each of the convex portions is moved according to rotation of a guide part guiding attachment and detachment of the semiconductor substrate to/from the second polishing part and being rotatable in the circumferential direction, in a state where the convex portions are in contact with the guide part. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein each of the convex portions is moved in a radially inward direction when the guide part rotates in an opposite direction to a rotation direction of the second polishing part when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate, and is moved in a radially outward direction when the guide part rotates in a same direction as the rotation direction of the second polishing part when the second polishing part rubs the semiconductor substrate. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the convex portions is moved in a radially inward direction when the second polishing part is pressed against the first polishing part, and is moved in a radially outward direction when the second polishing part moves away from the first polishing part. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the convex portions are moved in the radial direction according to supply of air.",
-    "A method for scaling a cloud infrastructure, comprises receiving at least one of resource-level metrics and application-level metrics, estimating parameters of at least one application based on the received metrics, automatically and dynamically determining directives for scaling application deployment based on the estimated parameters, and providing the directives to a cloud service provider to execute the scaling. 1. A system, comprising: a memory and at least one processor coupled to the memory; and a modeling and optimization component, executed via the at least one processor, wherein the modeling and optimization component: receives at least one of resource-level metrics from a monitoring component and application-level metrics from at least one application; estimates parameters of the at least one application based on the at least one of the received resource-level and application-level metrics; and automatically and dynamically determines directives for scaling application deployment based on the estimated parameters. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the modeling and optimization component performs the determining in response to changing workload demand. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the modeling and optimization component provides the directives to a cloud computing software component to execute the scaling. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising an execution component which determines placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and at least one of a colocation constraint, an availability constraint and a security constraint. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the modeling and optimization component performs the estimating using a Kalman filtering technique. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein using the Kalman filtering technique comprises specifying a generic queueing-theoretic model. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the scaling is performed to meet performance goals specified in a service level agreement. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the modeling and optimization component performs the determining without user input about dynamically resizing deployment. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the parameters are unobservable. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the estimated parameters corresponds to an unobservable parameter of the at least one application and is estimated employing an estimation technique. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the unobservable parameter comprises a background utilization parameter modeling resource utilization at a server due to jobs running on the server. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the unobservable parameter is used to predict future values of server utilization and response time. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the unobservable parameter is an existing parameter of the at least one application and hidden from the system comprising the modeling and optimization component. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the estimation technique is employed without accessing or modifying the at least one application. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the directives for scaling comprise one or more directives indicating migration of one or more virtual machines for running the at least one application across one or more physical machines. 16. The system of claim 1, further comprising an execution component which determines placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and a colocation constraint. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising an execution component which determines placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and a security constraint. 18. The system of claim 1, further comprising an execution component which determines placement of a virtual machine on a physical machine based on the directives and an availability constraint. 19. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method comprising: receiving at least one of resource-level metrics and application-level metrics; estimating parameters of at least one application based on the at least one of the received resource-level and application-level metrics; and automatically and dynamically determining directives for scaling application deployment based on the estimated parameters. 20. The computer product of claim 19, wherein at least one of the estimated parameters corresponds to an unobservable parameter of the at least one application and is estimated employing an estimation technique.",
-    "A document analysis apparatus receives image data divided for each page, sequentially analyzes the received image data page-by-page, and returns, when determining that a storage destination candidate of the image data is determined, the determined storage destination candidate. 1. A document analysis system comprising: an image processing apparatus; and an analysis server, wherein the image processing apparatus comprises: a first transmission unit configured to divide image data obtained. by scanning a document including a plurality of pages for each page and transmit the divided image data to the analysis server; a reception unit configured to receive a storage destination candidate of the image data from the analysis server; a selection unit configured to present the storage destination candidate received by the reception unit and enable selection. of a storage destination; and a second transmission unit configured to transmit the image data obtained. by scanning the document including the plurality of pages as one file to the storage destination selected by the selection unit so as to be stored therein, and wherein the analysis server comprises: an analysis unit configured to sequentially analyze, page-by-page, the image data transmitted. from the first transmission unit; and a reply unit configured to, when the analysis unit determines a storage destination. candidate of the image data, return the determined storage destination candidate of the image data to the image processing apparatus. 2. The document analysis system according to claim 1, wherein the analysis server analyzes a file stored in each storage destination and stores feature information, of the stored file in each storage destination in advance, and the analysis unit compares an analysis result with the stored feature information to specify a storage destination candidate. 3. The document analysis system according to claim 1, wherein the first transmission unit prioritizes transmitting a page specified by a user. 4. The document analysis system according to claim 1, wherein the analysis unit determines whether a storage destination candidate of the image data is determined every time a predetermined number of pages is analyzed. 5. A document analysis apparatus connected to an image processing apparatus, the document analysis apparatus comprising: a reception unit configured to receive, from the image processing apparatus, image data divided for each page; an analysis unit configured to sequentially analyze the received image data page-by-page; and a reply unit configured to, when the analysis unit determines a storage destination candidate of the image data, return the determined storage destination candidate of the image data to the image processing apparatus. 6. The document analysis apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the document analysis apparatus analyzes a file stored in each storage destination and stores feature information of the stored file in each storage destination in advance, and the analysis unit compares an analysis result with the stored feature information to specify a storage destination candidate. 7. A method for analyzing a document, the method comprising: receiving image data divided for each page; sequentially analyzing the received image data page-by-page; and providing, when a storage destination candidate of the image data is determined, the determined storage destination candidate of the image data. 8. The method. according to claim 7, wherein a file stored in each storage destination is analyzed and feature information of the stored file s stored in each storage destination in advance, and wherein a storage destination candidate is specified by comparing an analysis result with the stored feature information. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer executable instructions for causing a computer to execute a method for analyzing a document, the method comprising: receiving image data divided for each page; sequentially analyzing the received image data page-by-page; and providing, when a storage destination candidate of the image data is determined, the determined storage destination candidate of the image data. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 9, wherein a file stored in each storage destination is analyzed and feature information of the stored file is stored in each storage destination in advance, and wherein a storage destination candidate specified by comparing an analysis result with the stored feature information.",
-    "Described are techniques in video coding and/or decoding that allow for selectively breaking prediction and/or in loop filtering across segment boundaries between different segments of a video picture. A high layer syntax element, such as a parameter set or a slice header, may contain one or more indications signalling to an encoder and/or decoder whether an associated prediction or loop filtering tool may be applied across the segment boundary. In response to such one or more indications, the encoder and/or decoder may then control the prediction or loop filtering tool accordingly. 1. A method for decoding a coded video picture comprising a plurality of segments, the method comprising: in respect of at least one segment of the coded video picture not having an associated segment header, obtaining from the coded video picture at least one indication of at least one prediction or in-loop filtering operation to be applied to the coded video picture; and controlling the at least one prediction or in-loop filtering operation in response to the at least one indication, wherein the coded video picture contains at least two segments without an associated segment header.",
-    "A sewing machine translates a stitchwork frame with which a cloth is fastened along a direction of a plane where the cloth is fastened based on stitchwork data to form a stitchwork pattern. A presser foot located above the cloth has a height changed by an actuator like a stepping motor in accordance with the advancement of a stitchwork formation. Hence, a predetermined clearance between the cloth and the presser foot is maintained. 1. A sewing machine forming a stitchwork pattern on a cloth, the sewing machine comprising: a stitchwork data memory storing stitchwork data, the stitchwork data being to form the stitchwork pattern; a stitchwork frame fastening the cloth; a frame driving mechanism translating the stitchwork frame horizontally along a direction of a plane where the cloth is fastened based on the stitchwork data; a presser foot located above the cloth; and an actuator changing a height of the presser foot in accordance with an advancement of a stitchwork formation, and maintaining a predetermined clearance below the presser foot with the cloth. 2. The sewing machine according to claim 1, wherein the actuator changes the height of the presser foot in accordance with a thickness of the stitchwork pattern, the thickness changing in accordance with the advancement of the stitchwork formation. 3. The sewing machine according to claim 2, further comprising a detecting unit detecting the thickness of the stitchwork pattern within a range overlapping with the presser foot in accordance with the advancement of the stitchwork formation. 4. The sewing machine according to claim 3, wherein the detecting unit calculates the thickness of the stitchwork pattern within the range overlapping with the presser foot based on the stitchwork data. 5. The sewing machine according to claim 4, wherein the detecting unit: comprises a simulator simulating an arrangement of a thread for each needle locating step based on the stitchwork data, and calculating a thread redundant number at each location for each needle locating step based on the arrangement of the thread; and detects, as the thickness of the stitchwork pattern, the thread redundant number within the range overlapping with the presser foot. 6. The sewing machine according to claim 5, wherein: the detecting unit further comprises a table storing, in association with each other, the height of the presser foot and the thread redundant number; and the actuator changes the height of the presser foot to the height associated with the thread redundant number detected by the detecting unit. 7. The sewing machine according to claim 1, wherein the height of the presser foot is changed in accordance with the advancement of the stitchwork formation so as to fall into a range between equal to or larger than 1.2 mm and equal to or smaller than 1.5 mm.",
-    "A motor drive of an embodiment of the present invention includes a PWM converter for converting AC power inputted from a low voltage AC power source into DC power by PWM control, an inverter for converting the received DC power to AC power to drive a motor, and a capacitor connected between the PWM converter and the inverter. The PWM converter is operated so as to limit input and output currents or input and output power to predetermined values, and supplied from the low voltage AC power source with a lower voltage than a voltage required to drive the motor. The PWM converter boosts a DC link voltage being an output voltage to the voltage able to drive the motor, and thereby serves to increase the potential difference of the capacitor between charged and discharged states to reduce the capacitance of the capacitor. 1. A motor drive comprising: a PWM converter configured to convert AC power inputted from a low voltage AC power source into DC power by PWM control; an inverter configured to receive the DC power and converting the DC power into AC power to drive a motor; and a capacitor connected between the PWM converter and the inverter, wherein the PWM converter is operated so as to limit input and output currents or input and output power to predetermined values, wherein the PWM converter is supplied from the low voltage AC power source with a lower voltage than a voltage required to drive the motor, and wherein the PWM converter boosts a DC link voltage, which is an output voltage, to the voltage able to drive the motor, to reduce the capacitance of the capacitor. 2. A motor drive comprising: a PWM converter configured to convert AC power inputted from an AC power source into DC power by PWM control; an inverter configured to receive the DC power and converting the DC power into AC power to drive a motor; a capacitor connected between the PWM converter and the inverter; and a step-down transformer connected between the AC power source and the PWM converter, wherein the PWM converter is supplied from the step-down transformer with a lower voltage than the voltage of the AC power source, wherein the PWM converter is operated so as to limit input and output currents or input and output power to predetermined values, and wherein the PWM converter serves to reduce the capacitance of the capacitor. 3. The motor drive according to claim 1, wherein the PWM converter includes: a monitoring unit configured to monitor the voltage of the capacitor; and an alarm unit configured to issue an alarm to stop the motor, when the voltage of the capacitor is equal to or less than a certain value higher than an input voltage peak value, in order to protect the PWM converter from an overload. 4. The motor drive according to claim 1, wherein a smoothing capacitor is used instead of the capacitor.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a substrate; a stacked body provided on the substrate and including: a first electrode layer including a first portion and a second portion thicker than the first portion in stacking direction of the stacked body; and an insulating layer provided between the first electrode layer and the substrate; a semiconductor film provided in the stacked body and extending in the stacking direction; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor film and the first electrode layer; and a first intermediate insulating film provided between the charge storage film and the first electrode layer. The distance between the semiconductor film and the second portion is shorter than the distance between the semiconductor film and the first portion. The first intermediate insulating film extends in the stacking direction. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a substrate; a stacked body provided on the substrate and including: a first electrode layer including a first portion and a second portion, a thickness of the second portion being thicker than a thickness of the first portion in stacking direction of the stacked body; and an insulating layer provided between the first electrode layer and the substrate; a semiconductor film provided in the stacked body and extending in the stacking direction, a distance between the semiconductor film and the second portion being shorter than a distance between the semiconductor film and the first portion; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor film and the first electrode layer; and a first intermediate insulating film provided between the charge storage film and the first electrode layer, the first intermediate insulating film extending in the stacking direction. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the stacked body includes a second electrode layer between the insulating layer and the substrate, the second electrode layer includes: a third portion; and a fourth portion, a thickness of the fourth portion being thicker than a thickness of the third portion in the stacking direction, and ratio of distance between the second portion of the first electrode layer and the fourth portion of the second electrode layer to distance between the first portion of the first electrode layer and the third portion of the second electrode layer is 0.6 or more and 0.9 or less. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer includes an inclined part between the first portion and the second portion. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the inclined part has a curved surface. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the insulating layer includes a same material as the first intermediate insulating film. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the insulating layer and the first intermediate insulating film include silicon oxide film. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein film density of the insulating layer is lower than film density of the first intermediate insulating film. 8. The device according to claim 6, further comprising: a second intermediate insulating film provided between the insulating layer and the first intermediate insulating film, wherein the second intermediate insulating film includes silicon oxide film. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein film density of the second intermediate insulating film is lower than film density of the insulating layer and film density of the first intermediate insulating film. 10. The device according to claim 8, wherein, in the stacking direction, thickness of the insulating layer is thicker than thickness of the second intermediate insulating film. 11. The device according to claim 8, wherein the stacked body includes a second electrode layer between the insulating layer and the substrate, the second electrode layer includes: a third portion; and a fourth portion, a thickness of the fourth portion being thicker than a thickness of the third portion in the stacking direction, and the second intermediate insulating film is provided between the second portion of the first electrode layer and the fourth portion of the second electrode layer. 12. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a block film integrally provided between the first electrode layer and the first intermediate insulating film and between the first electrode layer and the insulating layer. 13. The device according to claim 12, further comprising: a barrier film provided between the first electrode layer and the block film. 14. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a substrate; a stacked body provided on the substrate and including: a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer stacked with spacing; and an insulating layer provided between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; a semiconductor film provided in the stacked body and extending in stacking direction of the stacked body; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor film and the first electrode layer and between the semiconductor film and the second electrode layer; a first intermediate insulating film provided between the charge storage film and the first electrode layer and between the charge storage film and the second electrode layer and extending in the stacking direction; and a second intermediate insulating film provided between the first intermediate insulating film and the insulating layer and between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, a thickness of the second intermediate insulating film being thinner than a thickness of the insulating layer in the stacking direction. 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein ratio of the thickness of the second intermediate insulating film to the thickness of the insulating layer is 0.6 or more and 0.9 or less. 16. The device according to claim 14, wherein the insulating layer, the first intermediate insulating film, and the second intermediate insulating film include silicon oxide film. 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein film density of the second intermediate insulating film is lower than film density of the insulating layer and film density of the first intermediate insulating film. 18. The device according to claim 14, wherein the first electrode layer includes: a first portion; and a second portion, a thickness of the second portion being thicker than a thickness of the first portion in the stacking direction, the second electrode layer includes: a third portion; and a fourth portion, a thickness of the fourth portion being thicker than a thickness of the third portion in the stacking direction, and the second intermediate insulating film is provided between the second portion and the fourth portion. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the first electrode layer includes a first inclined part between the first portion and the second portion, and the second electrode layer includes a second inclined part between the third portion and the fourth portion. 20. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, comprising: forming a stacked body on a substrate, the stacked body including: a plurality of first layers each stacked with spacing; and second layers stacked alternately with the plurality of first layers; forming a hole penetrating through the stacked body to the substrate; forming a first intermediate insulating film and a second intermediate insulating film on an inner wall of the hole, the second intermediate insulating film being formed between the inner wall of the hole and the first intermediate insulating film; oxidizing the first intermediate insulating film; forming a charge storage film inside the first intermediate insulating film; forming a semiconductor film inside the charge storage film; forming a slit penetrating through the stacked body to the substrate; forming a plurality of spaces by removing the plurality of first layers through the slit; separating the second intermediate insulating film in stacking direction of the stacked body through the plurality of spaces; and forming a plurality of electrode layers in the plurality of spaces, the plurality of electrode layers including: a first portion formed between the plurality of second layers; and a second portion formed between the second intermediate insulating films separated in the stacking direction, a thickness of the second portion being thicker than a thickness of the first portion.",
-    "An antenna module is provided in the present disclosure. The antenna module includes a printed circuit board and a metal frame surrounding the printed circuit board. The metal frame includes a metal radiating portion, and a first feed point, a second feed point, a first ground point and a second ground point are disposed on the printed circuit board and electrically connected to the metal radiating portion. The first feed point and the second feed point are symmetrically disposed at two opposite sides of a central axis of the printed circuit board; the first ground point and the second ground point are respectively disposed corresponding to the first feed point and the second feed point. The present disclosure also provides a mobile device using the antenna module. 1. An antenna module, comprising: a printed circuit board; a metal frame surrounding the printed circuit board, the metal frame comprising a metal radiating portion corresponding to the printed circuit board; and a first feed point, a second feed point, a first ground point and a second ground point on the printed circuit board and electrically connected to the metal radiating portion; wherein the first feed point and the second feed point are symmetrically disposed at two opposite sides of a central axis of the printed circuit board; the first ground point and the second ground point are respectively disposed corresponding to the first feed point and the second feed point. 2. The antenna module of claim 1, wherein the first ground point and the second ground point are also symmetrically disposed at two opposite sides of the central axis of the printed circuit board. 3. The antenna module of claim 2, wherein the first feed point is located between the first ground point and the central axis of the printed circuit board; the second feed point is located between the second ground point and the central axis of the printed circuit board. 4. The antenna module of claim 1, wherein the first feed point comprises a first feed piece electrically connected to the metal radiating portion, and a first connecting piece electrically connected between the first feed piece and the printed circuit board; the first ground point comprises a first ground piece attached on and electrically connected to the printed circuit board, and a second connecting piece electrically connected between the first ground piece and the metal radiating portion. 5. The antenna module of claim 4, wherein the second feed point comprises a second feed piece electrically connected to the metal radiating portion, and a third connecting piece electrically connected between the second feed piece and the printed circuit board; the second ground point comprises a second ground piece attached on and electrically connected to the printed circuit board, and a fourth connecting piece electrically connected between the second ground piece and the metal radiating portion. 6. The antenna module of claim 5, further comprising a feed control switch electrically connected to the printed circuit board, wherein the feed control switch is configured for controlling operation states of the first feed point and the second feed point. 7. The antenna module of claim 6, wherein the feed control switch controls the operation states of the first feed point and the second feed point by switching on or switching off the first connecting piece and the second connecting piece. 8. The antenna module of claim 5, further comprising a tuning switch electrically connected to the printed circuit board, wherein the tuning switch is configured for adjusting connecting states of the first ground point and the second ground point. 9. The antenna module of claim 8, the tuning switch adjusts the connecting states of the first ground point and the second ground point by switching on or switching off the second connecting piece and the fourth connecting piece. 10. The antenna module of claim 1, wherein a first break point and a second break point are formed at the metal radiating portion. 11. The antenna module of claim 10, wherein the first break point and the second break point are symmetrically disposed at two opposite sides of the central axis of the printed circuit board. 12. The antenna module of claim 10, wherein the metal radiating portion comprises a bottom plate and two arc-shaped plates, the two arc-shaped plates respectively extend from two opposite ends of the bottom plate. 13. The antenna module of claim 12, wherein the first break point and the second break are respectively formed at ends of the two arc-shaped plates. 14. The antenna module of claim 12, wherein the first break point and the second break are formed at the bottom plate of the metal radiating portion. 15. A mobile device, comprising an antenna module, wherein the antenna module comprises: a printed circuit board; a metal frame surrounding the printed circuit board, the metal frame comprising a metal radiating portion corresponding to the printed circuit board; and a pair of feed points and a pair of ground points on the printed circuit board and electrically connected to the metal radiating portion; wherein the pair of feed points are symmetrically disposed at two opposite sides of a central axis of the printed circuit board; the pair of ground points are respectively disposed corresponding to the pair of feed points. 16. The mobile device of claim 15, wherein each of the feed points comprises a feed piece electrically connected to the metal radiating portion, and a first connecting piece electrically connected between the feed piece and the printed circuit board; each of the ground points comprises a ground piece attached on and electrically connected to the printed circuit board, and a second connecting piece electrically connected between the ground piece and the metal radiating portion. 17. The mobile device of claim 16, wherein the antenna module further comprises a feed control switch electrically connected to the printed circuit board, the feed control switch is configured for controlling operation states of the feed points. 18. The mobile device of claim 17, wherein the antenna module further comprises a tuning switch electrically connected to the printed circuit board, the tuning switch is configured for adjusting connecting states of the ground points. 19. The mobile device of claim 18, wherein the feed control switch and the tuning switch controls the operation states of the feeding points and adjusts the connecting states of the ground points according to a handheld state of the mobile device. 20. The mobile device of claim 19, further comprising a sensor for detecting the handheld state of the mobile device.",
-    "A polyimide precursor composition includes a mixed solvent and a polyimide precursor dissolved in the mixed solvent, and the mixed solvent contains at least one organic solvent A and at least one organic solvent B, wherein the organic solvent A is selected from the group consisting of an aprotic polar solvent which contains a nitrogen atom and a lactone solvent, and the organic solvent B is selected from the group consisting of a non-aqueous solvent which has a carbonyl structure. 1. A polyimide precursor composition, comprising: a mixed solvent and a polyimide precursor dissolved in the mixed solvent, the mixed solvent containing at least one organic solvent A and at least one organic solvent B, wherein the organic solvent A is selected from the group consisting of an aprotic polar solvent which contains a nitrogen atom and a lactone solvent, and the organic solvent B is selected from the group consisting of a non-aqueous solvent which has a carbonyl structure. 2. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein a boiling point of the organic solvent A is higher than a boiling point of the organic solvent B. 3. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein a boiling point of the organic solvent A is from 150\u00b0 C. to 300\u00b0 C. 4. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein a boiling point of the organic solvent B is from 80\u00b0 C. to 250\u00b0 C. 5. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent A is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide, 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide, \u03b3-butyrolactone, \u03b3-valerolactone, \u03b4-valerolactone, and \u03b5-caprolactone. 6. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the organic solvent A is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide, 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide, \u03b3-butyrolactone, \u03b3-valerolactone, \u03b4-valerolactone, and \u03b5-caprolactone. 7. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent B is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of a cyclic ketone solvent and a cyclic carbonate solvent. 8. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the organic solvent B is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of a cyclic ketone solvent and a cyclic carbonate solvent. 9. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 3, wherein the organic solvent B is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of a cyclic ketone solvent and a cyclic carbonate solvent. 10. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent B is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, and isophorone. 11. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 2, wherein the organic solvent B is at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, and isophorone. 12. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the mixed solvent is one selected from the following mixed solvents MS1 to MS12, MS1: mixed solvent containing 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and cyclohexanone MS2: mixed solvent containing 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and cyclopentanone MS3: mixed solvent containing 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and isophorone MS4: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide and cyclohexanone MS5: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide and cyclopentanone MS6: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide and isophorone MS7: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide and cyclohexanone MS8: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide and cyclopentanone MS9: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide and isophorone MS10: mixed solvent containing \u03b3-butyrolactone and cyclohexanone MS11: mixed solvent containing \u03b3-butyrolactone and cyclopentanone MS12: mixed solvent containing \u03b3-butyrolactone and isophorone. 13. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the mixed solvent is one selected from the following mixed solvents MS1, MS3, MS4, MS6, MS7, MS9, MS10, and MS12, MS1: mixed solvent containing 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and cyclohexanone MS3: mixed solvent containing 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and isophorone MS4: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide and cyclohexanone MS6: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropanamide and isophorone MS7: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide and cyclohexanone MS9: mixed solvent containing 3-methoxy-N,N-dibutylpropanamide and isophorone MS10: mixed solvent containing \u03b3-butyrolactone and cyclohexanone MS12: mixed solvent containing \u03b3-butyrolactone and isophorone. 14. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of the total amount of the organic solvent A and the total amount of the organic solvent B (total amount of the organic solvent A : total amount of the organic solvent B) is in a range of 9:1 to 2:8 in weight ratio. 15. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyimide precursor is formed from a polycondensate of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a diamine compound, and a molar equivalent number of the diamine compound is greater than a molar equivalent number of the tetracarboxylic dianhydride. 16. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyimide precursor contains a polyimide precursor having an amino group at a terminal. 17. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein a number average molecular weight of the polyimide precursor is equal to or greater than 2,000. 18. The polyimide precursor composition according to claim 1, wherein a content of the polyimide precursor is from 15% by weight to 25% by weight with respect to the polyimide precursor composition. 19. A method of preparing a polyimide precursor composition, which comprises performing polycondensation of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a diamine compound in a mixed solvent which contains at least one organic solvent A and at least one organic solvent B, to thereby obtain a polyimide precursor, wherein the organic solvent A is at least one selected from the group consisting of an aprotic polar solvent which contains nitrogen atoms and a lactone solvent, and the organic solvent B is at least one selected from the group consisting of a non-aqueous solvent which has a carbonyl structure. 20. A method of preparing a polyimide precursor composition, which comprises polycondensing tetracarboxylic dianhydride and a diamine compound in an organic solvent A which is at least one selected from the group consisting of an aprotic polar solvent which contains nitrogen atoms and a lactone solvent, and then adding an organic solvent B which is at least one selected from the group consisting of a non-aqueous solvent having a carbonyl structure to the organic solvent A.",
-    "A system for allowing ground terminals, specifically mobile ground terminals, to dynamically and electronically realign signal polarizations to match that of incoming and outgoing signal polarizations from designated space assets, specifically communications from satellites, comprising an adaptive re-orientation technique based on a cost minimization function, and a means of direct calculations of weighting components based on the knowledge of the orientation and bearing of both the satellites and the ground terminals. The embodiment will allow a mobile ground terminal to electronically realign itself to the signals of a satellite, without the need for mechanical processes to physically re-orient the antenna array. 1. A method for angle realignment, comprising: obtaining a first vertical polarization component and a first horizontal polarization component; resolving a second vertical polarization component based on information comprising a polarization offset angle and said first vertical and horizontal polarization components; resolving a second horizontal polarization component based on information comprising said polarization offset angle and said first vertical and horizontal polarization components; calculating a first cost based on information comprising a cross correlation between said second vertical and horizontal polarization components; and after said calculating said first cost, calculating a cost gradient. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said polarization offset angle has an accuracy between +6 degrees and \u22126 degrees. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing comparison of said first cost and a second cost, followed by said calculating said cost gradient. 4. The method of claim 1 being performed on a mobile terminal. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining said polarization offset angle via a compass. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said first vertical and horizontal polarization components are converted into ones in a digital mode. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising said resolving said second vertical polarization component based on information comprising a combination of said first vertical polarization component multiplied by cosine of said polarization offset angle and said first horizontal polarization component multiplied by sine of said polarization offset angle. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising said resolving said second horizontal polarization component based on information comprising a combination of said first vertical polarization component multiplied by sine of said polarization offset angle and said first horizontal polarization component multiplied by cosine of said polarization offset angle. 9. A method for angle realignment, comprising: obtaining a first vertical polarization component and a first horizontal polarization component; resolving a second vertical polarization component based on information comprising a polarization offset angle and said first vertical and horizontal polarization components; resolving a second horizontal polarization component based on information comprising said polarization offset angle and said first vertical and horizontal polarization components; calculating a first cost based on information comprising a cross correlation between said second vertical and horizontal polarization components; and after said calculating said first cost, generating a third vertical polarization component and a third horizontal polarization component based on information comprising said polarization offset angle. 10. The method of claim 9, after said generating said third vertical and horizontal polarization components, further comprising performing a decoding process. 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising performing comparison of said first cost and a second cost, followed by said generating said third vertical and horizontal polarization components. 12. The method of claim 9 being performed on a movable terminal. 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising said resolving said second vertical polarization component based on information comprising a combination of said first vertical polarization component multiplied by cosine of said polarization offset angle and said first horizontal polarization component multiplied by sine of said polarization offset angle. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising said resolving said second horizontal polarization component based on information comprising a combination of said first vertical polarization component multiplied by sine of said polarization offset angle and said first horizontal polarization component multiplied by cosine of said polarization offset angle. 15. A method for angle realignment, comprising: obtaining a first vertical polarization component and a first horizontal polarization component; resolving a second vertical polarization component based on information comprising a first polarization offset angle and said first vertical and horizontal polarization components; resolving a second horizontal polarization component based on information comprising said first polarization offset angle and said first vertical and horizontal polarization components; calculating a first cost based on information comprising a cross correlation between said second vertical and horizontal polarization components; after said calculating said first cost, calculating a cost gradient; obtaining a second polarization offset angle based on information comprising said cost gradient; resolving a third vertical polarization component based on information comprising said second polarization offset angle; resolving a third horizontal polarization component based on information comprising said second polarization offset angle; calculating a second cost based on information comprising a cross correlation between said third vertical and horizontal polarization components; and after said calculating said second cost, generating a fourth vertical polarization component and a fourth horizontal polarization component based on information comprising said second polarization offset angle. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising performing comparison of said first cost and a third cost, followed by said calculating said cost gradient. 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising performing comparison of said second cost and a third cost, followed by said generating said fourth vertical and horizontal polarization components. 18. The method of claim 15 being performed on a mobile terminal. 19. The method of claim 15 further comprising said resolving said second vertical polarization component based on information comprising a combination of said first vertical polarization component multiplied by cosine of said first polarization offset angle and said first horizontal polarization component multiplied by sine of said first polarization offset angle. 20. The method of claim 15 further comprising said resolving said second horizontal polarization component based on information comprising a combination of said first vertical polarization component multiplied by sine of said first polarization offset angle and said first horizontal polarization component multiplied by cosine of said first polarization offset angle.",
-    "A scrubbing device designed to provide support for the hand and wrist during use by utilizing an extension onto the forearm. 1. A device consisting of a proximal portion and a distal portion; said proximal portion designed to fit onto an arm and a means of securing said proximal portion to an arm; said distal portion fitting into a hand and providing means for a working element. 2. The device of claim one where said proximal portion is secured with a Velcro strap. 3. The device of claim one where said proximal portion is secured with a fixed rubber strap. 4. The device of claim one where said proximal portion is joined to said distal portion with a hinge. 5. The device of claim one where said proximal portion is detachable from said distal portion. 6. The device of claim one where said distal portion provides means to secure removable interchangeable working elements. 7. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element is a sponge. 8. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element is sandpaper. 9. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element is steel wool. 10. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element is a brush. 11. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element is a combination of materials. 12. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element is an abrasive block. 13. The device of claim 1 where said working element is motorized. 14. The device of claim 6 where said working element is motorized. 15. The device of claim 6 where said removable working element provides means to attached a separate handle to the top surface.",
-    "An information handling system allocates power for internal use and to support peripheral device operations by managing bi-directional power transfer at plural cable ports. A user interface presents to an end user the detected power transfer states and alternative states for alternative power and data transfer rates with changed cable and port connections. The user interface provides users with real time information for power and data transfer configurations that help optimize information handling system performance. 1. An information handling system comprising: a housing; a processor disposed in the housing and operable to execute instructions to process information; a memory disposed in the housing and interfaced with the processor, the memory operable to store the information; a plural ports disposed in the housing, each port operable to accept a cable configured for at least one of plural communication protocols, each of the communication protocols supporting power transfer through the cable; a power controller interfaced with the plural ports and operable to manage power transfer at each of the plural ports; and a port power engine interfaced with the power controller and operable to manage power transfer at the plural ports based upon detected port cable connections, detected power source and detected power transfer configurations. 2. The information handling system of claim 1 further comprising a port power user interface operable to present power transfer states to an end user and accept end user settings for managing power transfer at the plural ports. 3. The information handling system of claim 2 wherein the power transfer states comprise at least one port accepting power from an external power source and one port providing power to an external sink. 4. The information handling system of claim 3 wherein the power user interface presents a first set of power transfer states to provide power to one or more external sinks if a battery powers the information handling system and a second set of power transfer states to provide power to one or more external sinks if an external power adapter provides power to the information handling system. 5. The information handling system of claim 4 wherein the plural ports comprise at least USB and display cable ports. 6. The information handling system of claim 3 further comprising a motion detector disposed at each port, the motion detector detecting cable movement and communicating the detected cable movement to the port power engine to initiate a power transfer state transition at the port. 7. The information handling system of claim 6 wherein the power transfer state transition comprises a transition from receiving external power at the port to not receiving power at the port. 8. The information handling system of claim 6 wherein the power transfer state transition comprises receiving power at the port in addition to power received at a second of the plural ports. 9. A method for managing power at an information handling system, the method comprising: detecting plural cables connected to plural ports of the information handling system; receiving power at the information handling system from at least two of the plural cables; and presenting power transfer states for the plural ports at a display of the information handling system including at least the transfer of power from the at least two cables. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: presenting at the display a prioritized power consumption for plural components at the information handling system associated with the power transfer states; and presenting at the display prioritized power consumption for the plural components at a power transfer state having at least one of the two cables disconnected. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the plural components comprise a processor, the processor having a first clock speed at the power transfer state with two cables and having a second clock speed at the power transfer state with at least one of the two cables disconnected. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the plural components comprise a multimedia application, the multimedia application having a first presentation resolution at the power transfer state with two cables and having a second presentation resolution with at least one of the two cables disconnected. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the plural components comprise a battery charger operable to charge a battery integrated in the information handling system, the battery charger having a first charge rate at the power transfer state with two cables and having a second charge rate at the power transfer state with at least one of the cables disconnected. 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising presenting at the display a suggestion to rearrange the plural cables to connect to at least one different port so that power transfer from the plural cables increases. 15. A power controller comprising: a controller integrated circuit operable to execute instructions and interfaced with plural communication ports, each communication port operable to transfer power; and a port power engine having instructions stored in non-transitory memory associated with the controller and operable to: detect cables coupled to the ports; allocate power transfer between the cables and ports; and present a power state for power transfer at the cables and ports through a user interface. 16. The power controller of claim 15 wherein the plural communication ports comprise at least a USB port and a graphics port and the port power engine presents at the user interface cable connections for the USB port and graphics port having optimal power and data transfer. 17. The power controller of claim 15 wherein the power port engine presents at the user interface a detected configuration of ports and cables and an alternative configuration of ports and cables, the alternative configuration having increased power transfer compared to the detected configuration. 18. The power controller of claim 15 wherein the power port engine presents at the user interface a detected configuration of ports and cables and an alternative configuration of ports and cables, the alternative configuration having increased data transfer compared to the detected configuration. 19. The power controller of claim 15 wherein power port engine presents an alternative power state associated with disconnection of one of the cables from one of the ports. 20. The power controller of claim 15 further operable to detect a cable and port connection change and in response to detecting the change to present a new power state for power transfer through the user interface.",
-    "A propulsion assembly includes a turbojet incorporating a fan casing and a central casing around a longitudinal axis, a mounting pylon having a rigid structure, a forward engine attachment interposed between a forward extremity of the rigid structure and an upper part of the fan casing, the upper part being in a vertical median plane (P) passing through the longitudinal axis, an aft engine attachment interposed between a median zone of the rigid structure and an upper aft part of the central casing, and a device for absorbing the thrust forces generated by the turbojet, including two links placed either side of the median plane (P) and hinged, on one hand, forward, on a forward part of the central casing, and on the other, aft, directly on the rigid structure. Such an arrangement enables a reduction of the stresses, and the possibility of designing a simplified rigid structure. 1. A propulsion assembly of an aircraft having a wing, said propulsion assembly comprising: a turbojet incorporating a fan casing and a central casing around a longitudinal axis; a mounting pylon having a rigid structure; a forward engine attachment interposed between a forward extremity of the rigid structure and an upper part of the fan casing, said upper part being in a vertical median plane passing through the longitudinal axis; an aft engine attachment interposed between a median zone of the rigid structure and an upper part of the central casing; and a device for absorbing the thrust forces generated by the turbojet, including two links placed either side of the median plane and hinged, forward, on a forward part of the central casing, and , aft, directly on the rigid structure, enabling, absorption of the bending moments around a vertical direction Z, and, application, at the forward engine attachment, only of suspension forces of the turbojet along the vertical direction Z and a loading of the forward part of the rigid structure by a simple bending moment around a transverse direction Y, said propulsion assembly further comprising second fastening components ensuring fastening of the rigid structure to the wing and comprising two wings fastened either side of the rigid structure at an aft part, and each being pierced by a bore, and, for each link, the longitudinal axis of said link passes through the bore placed on the same side of the rigid structure as that of said link. 2. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, wherein the longitudinal axis of the two links are concurrent in the vertical median plane at the rear of the second fastening components. 3. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, wherein the forward part of the rigid structure comprises two C beams placed back to back. 4. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, wherein the forward extremity of the rigid structure incorporates a bore having a centreline parallel to the transverse direction (Y) of the turbojet, wherein the upper part of the fan casing incorporates a bore having a centreline parallel to the transverse direction (Y), and wherein the forward engine attachment includes two shackles, each shackle accommodating the bore of the rigid structure or the bore of the fan casing , making it possible to put a pin in place in the centreline of each one. 5. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, wherein the central casing incorporates two bores parallel to the longitudinal axis and either side of the median plane, and wherein the aft engine attachment includes two female fork ends having centrelines parallel to the longitudinal axis, each female fork end accommodating one of the bores secured by putting a pin in place. 6. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, wherein each link is fastened to the central casing at an attachment plane passing through the longitudinal axis and parallel to the transverse direction (Y) of the turbojet. 7. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, wherein the median zone of the rigid structure has a shape of a box incorporating a set of transverse ribs, and wherein one of the transverse ribs is in a plane defined by the longitudinal axis of the link and the transverse direction (Y). 8. The propulsion assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a safety system comprising: a spreader mounted rotationally mobile under the rigid structure and extending either side of the median plane (P) and where each extremity of the spreader is mounted to hinge on the central casing. 9. The propulsion assembly according to claim 8, wherein at least one of the connections included in the connection between the spreader and the rigid structure, or the connections between the spreader and the central casing is loose. 10. An aircraft comprising a wing and a propulsion assembly comprising: a turbojet incorporating a fan casing and a central casing around a longitudinal axis; a mounting pylon having a rigid structure; a forward engine attachment interposed between a forward extremity of the rigid structure and an upper part of the fan casing, said upper part being in a vertical median plane passing through the longitudinal axis; an aft engine attachment interposed between a median zone of the rigid structure and an upper part of the central casing; and a device for absorbing the thrust forces generated by the turbojet, including two links placed either side of the median plane and hinged, forward, on a forward part of the central casing, and , aft, directly on the rigid structure, enabling, absorption of the bending moments around a vertical direction Z, and, application, at the forward engine attachment, only of suspension forces of the turbojet along the vertical direction Z and a loading of the forward part of the rigid structure by a simple bending moment around a transverse direction Y, said propulsion assembly further comprising second fastening components ensuring fastening of the rigid structure to the wing and comprising two wings fastened either side of the rigid structure at an aft part, and each being pierced by a bore, and, for each link, the longitudinal axis of said link passes through the bore placed on the same side of the rigid structure as that of said link, wherein rigid structure is fastened under the wing.",
-    "A test system based on multiple instances of reconfigurable instrument IP specifically matched to the device under test may be used in integrating automated testing of semiconductor devices between pre-silicon simulation, post-silicon validation, and production test phases, in one embodiment of software and hardware across all three phases, for different devices. The reconfigurable test system comprises: a tester instrument, instances of instrument IP instantiated in the tester instruments, a computer system, and a test program. The tester instrument connects to a device under test (DUT), and includes FPGAs reconfigurable for the three testing phases. The computer system has a user interface, and a controller connected to the reconfigurable tester instrument via a data bus. The test program stored on the controller, and the controller, instantiates interfaces and protocols, and certain process transactions to support the protocols, into FPGAs, to match device interfaces for each DUT, to execute test sequences. 1. A reconfigurable test system configured to seamlessly integrate automated testing of semiconductor devices between a pre-silicon simulation test phase, a post-silicon validation test phase, and a production test phase, in one embodiment of software and hardware across all three of the test phases, for different devices, said reconfigurable test system comprising: a tester instrument configured to be connected to a plurality of pins of a semiconductor device under test (DUT), said tester instrument comprising one or more FPGAs to thereby be reconfigurable, for use in the three phases of testing; multiple instances of Instrument IP (IIP) matched to each of one or more specific interfaces of a given DUT to provide functional and performance validation, characterization, and production test capabilities; a computer system configured with a user interface, said computer system comprising a controller, and configured to have said controller be connected to said reconfigurable tester instrument via a data bus; a test program stored on said controller, said test program and controller configured, when said program is executed, to instantiate said multiple instances of IIP into said reconfigurable tester instrument to be matched to device interfaces for each different DUT, and configured to execute a sequence of tests utilizing the IIP; an external memory; a protocol engine, said protocol engine configured to maintain an interface protocol to and from the DUT; a transaction processor, said transaction processor configured to take transactions from either said external memory or from a software executive, or to be algorithmically generated internally, and process and send them to said protocol engine; said transaction processor further configured to synchronize usage events by said multiple instances of Instrument IP, and configured to log events to save time-stamped transactions including pin-level detail into and out of the DUT, for each pin of the semiconductor DUT, and to store a log of the time-stamped transactions in said external memory; and a debug tool configured to graphically display the stored time-stamped pin-level transactions for each pin of the semiconductor DUT, both into and out of the DUT, and said debug tool further configured to compare said time-stamped transactions out of said pins to an expected response to help debug test cases and DUT errors, and said debug tool further configured to compare and display said transactions into and out of the DUT in a scoreboard format. 2. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 1 wherein said tester instrument is configured to be connected to the DUT using one or more of the following connections: one or more pins of said one or more FPGAs in direct contact with the DUT interface; a digital pin electronic circuit; a signal conditioning circuit; an analog-to-digital convertor; a digital-to-analog convertor; and a load board. 3. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 2 wherein said IIP comprises one or more interfaces and protocols, and process transactions to support said protocol; and wherein said IIP is configured to transform data received from a protocol engine for compliance testing. 4. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 3 wherein a test layer and a scenario layer are configured to communicate with said tester instrument using an SCE-MI interface, to provide seamless integration between the pre-silicon simulation test phase and the post-silicon validation test phase, and wherein a test code used for stimulus and response checking of the DUT is thereby usable for both the pre-silicon simulation test phase and the post-silicon validation test phase. 5. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 4 wherein said multiple instances of instrument IP comprises native random stimulus generation and response checking. 6. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 5 wherein said multiple instances of instrument IP comprises a combination of random and pre-defined stimuli, and random and pre-defined response checking natively defined for each said multiple instances of instrument IIP for all DUT interfaces. 7. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 6 wherein said tester instrument is implemented as a monolithic integrated circuit. 8. The reconfigurable test system according to claim 6 wherein said tester instrument is implemented as a multi-chip module.",
-    "A method processes a concurrently triggered response signal at a number of transceivers configured to operate at a channel carrier frequency, where at least some of the transceivers have distinct transmit carrier frequencies offset from the channel carrier frequency. The method includes receiving, at a first receiver, a response signal in response to a trigger signal, the response signal including a combination of a number of transceiver response signals, each transceiver response signal of the number of transceiver response signals corresponding to a different transceiver of the number of transceivers and having a distinct transmit carrier frequency, wherein at least some of the transceiver response signals overlap in time, and determining characteristics of the number of transceivers based on the carrier frequencies of the transceiver response signals, including determining a number of transceivers in the number of transceivers. 1. A method for processing a concurrently triggered response signal at a plurality of transceivers configured to operate at a channel carrier frequency, at least some of the transceivers having distinct transmit carrier frequencies offset from the channel carrier frequency, the method comprising: receiving, at a first receiver, a response signal in response to a trigger signal, the response signal including a combination of a plurality of transceiver response signals, each transceiver response signal of the plurality of transceiver response signals corresponding to a different transceiver of the plurality of transceivers and having a distinct transmit carrier frequency, wherein at least some of the transceiver response signals overlap in time; and determining characteristics of the plurality of transceivers based on the carrier frequencies of the transceiver response signals, including determining a number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the distinct transmit carrier frequencies of the at least some transceivers are due to manufacturing variations in the transceivers. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of transceivers includes a plurality of transponders. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein each transponder of the plurality of transponders is carried by a vehicle and determining the number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers includes determining a number of vehicles in a vicinity of the first receiver. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers includes identifying a number of spectral peaks in a spectral representation of the response signal, each spectral peak corresponding to one or more carrier frequencies of one or more transceivers of the plurality of transceivers. 6. The method of claim 5 determining the number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers includes determining that at least one of the spectral peaks in the spectral representation of the response signal corresponds to two or more transceivers of the plurality of transceivers. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein determining that the at least one spectral peak corresponds to two or more transceivers of the plurality of transceiver includes comparing a first magnitude of the at least one spectral peak in the response signal to a second magnitude of the at least one spectral peak in a second, time shifted version of the response signal, and identifying the at least one spectral peak as corresponding to two transceivers based on a difference between the first magnitude and the second magnitude. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers includes, for each transceiver of the one or more transceivers, determining a first angle of arrival of the transceiver response signal corresponding to the transceiver at the first receiver. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein determining the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers further includes determining spatial locations for one or more transceivers of the plurality of transceivers based on the first angle of arrival determined for the one or more transceivers. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein determining the spatial locations for the one or more transceivers includes, receiving the response signal at a second receiver, and for each transceiver of the one or more transceivers, determining a second angle of arrival of the transceiver response signal corresponding to the transceiver at the second receiver, and determining the spatial location of the transceiver based on the first angle of arrival and the second angle of arrival. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers includes determining a plurality of transceiver identifiers, each transceiver identifier of the plurality of transceiver identifiers corresponding to a different transceiver of the plurality of transceivers. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein determining the plurality of transceiver identifiers includes, for each transceiver of the plurality of transceivers, processing a plurality of response signals received during a time interval based on the distinct carrier frequency corresponding to the transceiver and the channel between the transceiver and the receiver; and determining an average response signal from the plurality of processed response signals. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein at least some transceivers of the plurality of transceivers are RFID transceivers. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining an occupancy status for each of a plurality of parking spaces in range of the first receiver based on the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers. 15. A system for processing a concurrently triggered response signal at a plurality of transceivers configured to operate at a channel carrier frequency, at least some of the transceivers having distinct transmit carrier frequencies offset from a channel carrier frequency, the system comprising: a first receiver including one or more antennas for receiving a response signal in response to a trigger signal, the response signal including a combination of a plurality of transceiver response signals, each transceiver response signal of the plurality of transceiver response signals corresponding to a different transceiver of the plurality of transceivers and having a distinct transmit carrier frequency, wherein at least some of the transceiver response signals overlap in time; and one or more signal processing modules configured to determine characteristics of the plurality of transceivers based on the carrier frequencies of the transceiver response signals, including determining a number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the distinct transmit carrier frequencies of the at least some transceivers are due to manufacturing variations in the transceivers. 17. The system of claim 15 wherein the plurality of transceivers includes a plurality of transponders. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein each transponder of the plurality of transponders is carried by a vehicle and determining the number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers includes determining a number of vehicles in a vicinity of the first receiver. 19. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers including identifying a number of spectral peaks in a spectral representation of the response signal, each spectral peak corresponding to one or more carrier frequencies of one or more transceivers of the plurality of transceivers. 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the number of transceivers in the plurality of transceivers including determining that at least one of the spectral peaks in the spectral representation of the response signal corresponds to two or more transceivers of the plurality of transceivers. 21. The system of claim 20 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine that the at least one spectral peak corresponds to two or more transceivers of the plurality of transceiver including comparing a first magnitude of the at least one spectral peak in the response signal to a second magnitude of the at least one spectral peak in a second, time shifted version of the response signal, and identifying the at least one spectral peak as corresponding to two transceivers based on a difference between the first magnitude and the second magnitude. 22. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers including, for each transceiver of the one or more transceivers, determining a first angle of arrival of the transceiver response signal corresponding to the transceiver at the first receiver. 23. The system of claim 22 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers including determining spatial locations for one or more transceivers of the plurality of transceivers based on the first angle of arrival determined for the one or more transceivers. 24. The system of claim 23 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the spatial locations for the one or more transceivers including, receiving the response signal at one or more antennas of a second receiver, and for each transceiver of the one or more transceivers, determining a second angle of arrival of the transceiver response signal corresponding to the transceiver at the second receiver, and determining the spatial location of the transceiver based on the first angle of arrival and the second angle of arrival. 25. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers including determining a plurality of transceiver identifiers, each transceiver identifier of the plurality of transceiver identifiers corresponding to a different transceiver of the plurality of transceivers. 26. The system of claim 25 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine the plurality of transceiver identifiers including, for each transceiver of the plurality of transceivers, processing a plurality of response signals received during a time interval based on the carrier frequency corresponding to the transceiver and the channel between the transceiver and the receiver; and determining an average response signal from the plurality of processed response signals. 27. The system of claim 15 wherein at least some transceivers of the plurality of transceivers are RFID transceivers. 28. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more signal processing modules are configured to determine an occupancy status for each of a plurality of parking spaces in range of the first receiver based on the characteristics of the plurality of transceivers.",
-    "A mobile device with a laser direct structuring (LDS) antenna module is provided in the present disclosure. The mobile device includes a glass back cover and an LDS antenna module on the glass back cover. The LDS antenna module includes an LDS coating layer formed on a main surface of the glass back cover, and at least one antenna unit formed at the LDS coating layer by LDS process. The present disclosure also provides a method for making an LDS antenna module. 1. A mobile device, comprising: a back cover; and a laser direct structuring (LDS) antenna module on the back cover; wherein the LDS antenna module comprises an LDS coating layer formed on a main surface of the back cover, and at least one antenna unit formed at the LDS coating layer by LDS process. 2. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the at least one antenna unit comprises a plurality of antenna units. 3. The mobile device of claim 2, wherein the plurality of antenna units comprise a global positioning system (GPS) antenna unit, a near field communication (NFC) antenna unit, and a WIFI antenna unit. 4. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the LDS coating layer is a laser-activated layer formed on the main surface of the back cover. 5. The mobile device of claim 4, further comprising a protecting layer formed on the LDS coating layer for protecting the at least one antenna unit. 6. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the LDS coating layer is patterned and electroplated for forming the at least one antenna unit after LDS coating layer being activated by laser. 7. The mobile device of claim 1, further comprising a circuit board, wherein the at least one antenna unit is electrically connected to the circuit board. 8. A method for making an LDS antenna module, comprising the steps of: forming an LDS coating layer on a main surface of a back cover; activating the LDS coating layer by laser; patterning the LDS coating layer by LDS process for forming at least one antenna unit; and electroplating a pattern of the at least one antenna unit. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one antenna unit comprises a plurality of antenna units. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the plurality of antenna units comprise a global positioning system (GPS) antenna unit, a near field communication (NFC) antenna unit, and a WIFI antenna unit. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the pattern of the at least one antenna unit is electroplated with gold or copper nickel alloy. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: forming a protecting layer on the LDS coating layer for protecting the at least one antenna unit.",
-    "A pharmaceutical composition including proton pump inhibitors and prebiotics is proposed for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, this allowing effective ulcer treatment and eradication of H. pylori from the gastric and duodenal mucosa to be carried out without using wide-spectrum antibiotics. The comprehensive treatment of ulcer disease associated with a helicobaterial infection using a pharmaceutical composition of a PPI and a prebiotic makes it possible, in conditions of an elevated pH of the stomach contents, actively to stimulate the growth of lactobacilli in the upper sections of the gastrointestinal tract, including the duodenum, and substantially to increase the titre of lactobacilli, which are antagonists of H. pylori, which greatly improves the effectiveness of the ulcer treatment. 1. A method for treating a gastric and/or duodenal ulcer in a patient, comprising the following step: stimulating of growth of patient's own bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in a duodenum via delivering the prebiotic to a patient's stomach and duodenum; and reducing gastric acid production by inhibiting of H. pylori in the duodenum by delivering a proton-pump inhibitor to the duodenum; thus achieving the ulcer treatment without using antibiotics. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein inhibiting of H. pylori in the duodenum is at least 10\u00d7 to the initial number. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic being 40-95% by weight of a composition, comprising the prebiotic and the proton-pump inhibitor. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the proton pump inhibitor contains 10-120 mg of omeprazole. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the proton pump inhibitor contains 20-800 mg of pantoprazole. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the proton pump inhibitor contains 10-600 mg of lansoprazole. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the proton pump inhibitor contains 10-200 mg of rabeprazole. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the proton pump inhibitor contains 20-240 mg of esomeprazole. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the proton pump inhibitor is chosen from: omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic is selected from fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, maltooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, isomaltooligosaccharide, and gentioligosaccharide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic is selected from arabinogalactan, pectin, pullulan, inulin, and lignin. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic is a combinations of at least two of fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, maltooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, isomaltooligosaccharide, gentioligosaccharide; arabinogalactan, pectin, pullulan, inulin, and lignin. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic is chosen from lactulose, lactosucrose, melibiose, xylobiose, stachyose, or raffinose. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is in a form an oral suspension an oral solution for administration to a patient.",
-    "A hand tool includes a handle and a driving head. The handle includes a first driving recess, a second driving recess disposed opposite to the first driving recess, a body made of a first material, and a cover member mounted around an outer surface of the body and made of a second material different from the first material. The handle further includes a first receiving recess therein. The driving head includes a connection portion alternatively engaged into one of the first driving recess and the second driving recess to provide a stationary connection between the handle and the driving head. 1. A hand tool comprising: a handle having a first end, a second end spaced from the first end along an extending axis, a first side, and a second side spaced from the first side along a first axis perpendicular to the extending axis, with the first end including a first driving recess extending from the first side to the second side along the first axis, with the second end including a second driving recess extending along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis, with the handle including a body extending from the first side to the second side and made of a first material, and a cover member mounted around an outer surface of the body and made of a second material different from the first material, with the handle further including a first receiving recess extending parallel to the first axis; and a driving head including a connection portion alternatively engaged into one of the first driving recess and the second driving recess. 2. The hand tool as claimed in claim 1, with one end of the first driving recess adjacent to the second side being closed and non-penetrating through the handle, and with one end of the second driving recess adjacent to the first end being closed and non-penetrating through the handle. 3. The hand tool as claimed in claim 1, with the first driving recess penetrating through two opposite sides of the body, with one end of the body adjacent to the first end disposed around the first driving recess to form a polygonal aperture, with another end of the body adjacent to the second end being C-shaped and connected to the second driving recess, with the body sealing the one end of the second driving recess adjacent to the first end, and two opposite sides of the second driving recess extending parallel to the second axis, with a first end of the cover member adjacent to the first end sealing one end of the first driving recess adjacent to the second side, and with a second end of the cover member adjacent to the second end disposed around the second driving recess along the second axis to form a polygonal aperture. 4. The hand tool as claimed in claim 3, with the body including a first through-recess extending parallel to the first axis and penetrating the first and second sides, with the first receiving recess formed within the cover member and extending from the first side to the second side, with the first receiving recess non-penetrating through the cover member, with the first receiving recess corresponding to the first through-recess, with the driving head including a third driving recess formed opposite to the connection portion, and with a tool bit detachably received into one of the first receiving recess and the third driving recess. 5. The hand tool as claimed in claim 4, with the body further including a second through-recess aligned with the first through-recess along the second axis, and with the cover member further including a second receiving recess. 6. The hand tool as claimed in claim 4, with the cover member including a button and a biasing member arranged adjacent to the second side, with the button movable in relation to the cover member along a direction parallel to the first axis to expose out of an outer surface of the cover member, with the biasing member disposed between the cover member and the button to abut against the cover member and the button, with the biasing member biasing against the button exposed out of the outer surface of the cover member in a nature state, with the handle including a housing detachably mounted around one end of the cover member via the second end, and with the housing including a positioning hole extending parallel to the first axis to receive the button when the housing is mounted around the cover member. 7. The hand tool as claimed in claim 6, with the handle including an operating portion disposed between the first and second ends, with the body including two engaging edges arranged at two opposite sides of the operating portion and exposed out of the outer surface of the cover member, and with an inner surface of the housing including two concave edges respectively extending along a direction parallel to the second axis to engage with the two engaging edges when the housing is mounted around the cover member. 8. The hand tool as claimed in claim 6, with the handle including first, second, and third magnetic members, with the first magnetic member disposed at a bottom surface of the first driving recess adjacent to the second side and connected within the cover member, with the second magnetic member disposed at a bottom surface of the second driving recess and connected within the body, and with the third magnetic member disposed at a bottom surface of the receiving recess adjacent to the second side. 9. The hand tool as claimed in claim 8, with the first driving recess, the second driving recess, and the third driving recess each being a polygonal aperture, and with the connection portion being a hexagonal column. 10. The hand tool as claimed in claim 1, with the body made of aluminum, with the cover member made of plastics, and with the cover member formed by injection molding to cover around the outer surface of the body.",
-    "A method of using an inflatable member to customize an article is described. An inflatable member includes at least one adjustable portion. The inflatable member may be inserted into an article. The position of the adjustable portion can be changed according to the size of the article. The inflatable member can also be filled with fluid according to the size of the article. The inflatable member may be used to adjust the size of an article. The inflatable member may be used to apply a graphic to an article. 1. A method of applying a graphic to an article, comprising: filling an inflatable member with fluid; changing a position of an adjustable portion disposed inside the inflatable member, the position being selected according to a size of the article; associating the article with the inflatable member; associating the graphic with a surface of the article; pressing a deformable membrane against a portion of the article so that the deformable membrane conforms to the surface; heating the deformable membrane; and thereby transferring the graphic to the surface of the article. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the graphic is applied to a portion of the article that corresponds to a location of the adjustable portion of the inflatable member. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the adjustable portion is substantially rigid. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the position of the adjustable portion is controlled using an electrically actuated adjustment assembly. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the position of the adjustable portion is manually adjusted. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a geometry of the adjustable portion is associated with a shape of a portion of a last. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inflatable member includes an outer layer that can expand and the adjustable portion is disposed inside the outer layer. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the inflatable member further includes: an interior chamber disposed within the outer layer; and a fluid port providing fluid communication between the interior chamber and an external source of fluid, wherein the fluid port may be used to inflate the interior chamber. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the adjustable portion is more rigid than the outer layer. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of changing the position of the adjustable portion includes a step of receiving information from at least one sensor. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the sensor is a force sensor. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the sensor is a position sensor. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of heating the deformable membrane is performed while the inflatable member is inserted inside the article. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method includes a step of applying pressure to the article while the inflatable member is inserted inside the article. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the inflatable member provides support to at least one side portion of the article to prevent collapsing during the step of applying pressure to the article. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the portion of the article that the deformable membrane is pressing against is at least one of a medial side and a lateral side of the article. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the adjustable portion of the inflatable member is configured to provide support to the at least one of the medial side and the lateral side of the article.",
-    "An oscillation device includes an oscillator, an oscillation detection unit that detects oscillation of the oscillator and outputs an oscillation detection signal, and a drive unit that generates a drive signal in keeping with the oscillation detection signal and outputs the drive signal to the oscillator. The drive unit includes a phase shift unit that shifts the phase to provide the drive signal as positive feedback to the oscillator. The phase shift unit includes a disturbance generating unit that outputs the periodic signal, a fluctuation unit that causes the amount of phase shift to fluctuate based on the periodic signal, a drive amplitude detection unit that detects the amplitude of the drive signal and outputs a drive amplitude signal, a product detection unit that outputs a detection signal after performing product detection on the drive amplitude signal based on the periodic signal, and an adjustment unit that adjusts the phase-shift amount based on the detection signal. 1. (canceled) 2. An oscillation device comprising: an oscillator; an oscillation detector that detects oscillation of the oscillator and outputs an oscillation detection signal; and a driver that generates a drive signal in accordance with the oscillation detection signal and outputs the drive signal to the oscillator; wherein the driver includes a phase shift controller that shifts a phase to provide the drive signal as positive feedback to the oscillator; and the phase shift controller includes: a disturbance generator that outputs a periodic signal; a fluctuator that fluctuates a phase-shift amount based on the periodic signal; a drive amplitude detector that detects an amplitude of the drive signal and outputs a drive amplitude signal; a product generator that generates a detection signal by integrating a product of the drive amplitude signal and a signal that has the phase-shift amount that is proportional to the periodic signal, passing the product through a low-pass filter, and outputting a resulting signal from the low-pass filter as the detection signal; and an adjuster that adjusts the phase-shift amount based on the detection signal. 3. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein the phase shift controller determines the signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal based upon a predetermined optimal phase-shift amount. 4. The oscillation device according to claim 3, wherein the predetermined optimal phase-shift amount is about 0\u00b0 for a single complete loop including the oscillator, the oscillation detector, and the driver. 5. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein the product generator integrates the product of the drive amplitude signal and the signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal over time. 6. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein the low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency of about one-tenth or less of the periodic signal. 7. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein a frequency of the periodic signal is at or below a gain crossover point of a transfer function of a single complete loop including the oscillator, the oscillation detector, and the driver. 8. The oscillation device according to claim 7, wherein the frequency of the periodic signal is about one-tenth or less of the gain crossover point. 9. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein the fluctuator determines a second value from a first value according to a polarity and an amplitude of the detection signal when the fluctuator fluctuates the phase-shift amount using the first value as a reference, and fluctuates the phase-shift amount using the second value as a reference. 10. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein the product generator integrates the product of the drive amplitude signal and the signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal according to samples taken at every half-period of the periodic signal, when the periodic signal is at a peak value. 11. A scanner device comprising: the oscillation device according to claim 2; and a laser light source; wherein the oscillator includes a microelectromechanical system mirror; and the scanner device generates a projected image by reflecting light output from the laser light source using the microelectromechanical system mirror. 12. An information terminal comprising a vibrating gyroscope that includes the oscillation device according to claim 2. 13. The oscillation device according to claim 2, wherein the product generator integrates the product of the drive amplitude signal and the signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal over time according to samples that are integer multiples of a period of the periodic signal. 14. A phase-shift amount adjustment device that adjusts an amount of phase shift in a phase shift controller of an oscillation device that includes an oscillator, an oscillation detector that detects oscillation of the oscillator and outputs an oscillation detection signal, and a driver that generates a drive signal in accordance with the oscillation detection signal and outputs the drive signal to the oscillator, and in which the driver includes the phase shift controller that shifts a phase to provide the drive signal as positive feedback to the oscillator, the phase-shift amount adjustment device comprising: a disturbance generator that outputs a periodic signal; a fluctuator that fluctuates a phase-shift amount based on the periodic signal; a drive amplitude detector that detects an amplitude of the drive signal and outputs a drive amplitude signal; a product generator that generates a detection signal by integrating a product of the drive amplitude signal and a signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal, passes the product through a low-pass filter, and outputs a resulting signal from the low-pass filter as the detection signal; and an adjuster that adjusts the phase-shift amount based on the detection signal. 15. A phase-shift amount adjustment method that adjusts an amount of phase shift in a phase shift controller of an oscillation device including an oscillator, an oscillation detector that detects oscillation of the oscillator and outputs an oscillation detection signal, and a driver that generates a drive signal in accordance with the oscillation detection signal and output the drive signal to the oscillator, and in which the driver includes the phase shift controller that shifts the phase to provide the drive signal as positive feedback to the oscillator, the phase-shift amount adjustment method comprising the steps of: outputting a periodic signal; fluctuating the amount of phase shift based on the periodic signal; detecting an amplitude of the drive signal and outputting a drive amplitude signal; integrating a product of the drive amplitude signal and a signal that has the amount of phase shift proportional to the periodic signal; passing the product through a low-pass filter; outputting a resulting signal from the low-pass filter as a detection signal; and adjusting the phase-shift amount based on the detection signal. 16. The phase-shift amount adjustment method according to claim 15, further comprising a step of determining the signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal based upon a predetermined optimal phase-shift amount. 17. The phase-shift amount adjustment method according to claim 16, wherein the predetermined optimal phase-shift amount is about 0\u00b0 for a single complete loop including the oscillator, the oscillation detector, and the driver. 18. The phase-shift amount adjustment method according to claim 15, wherein, in the step of integrating the product of the drive amplitude signal and the signal that has the phase-shift amount proportional to the periodic signal, the integration is performed over time. 19. The phase-shift amount adjustment method according to claim 15, wherein, in the step of passing the product through the low-pass filter, the low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency of about one-tenth or less of the periodic signal. 20. The phase-shift amount adjustment method according to claim 15, wherein a frequency of the periodic signal is at or below a gain crossover point of a transfer function of a single complete loop including the oscillator, the oscillation detector, and the driver. 21. The phase-shift amount adjustment method according to claim 20, wherein the frequency of the periodic signal is about one-tenth or less of the gain crossover point.",
-    "A door hardware locating tool includes a center wall including a first aperture that defines a first axis, a first side wall including a movable aperture movable along a second axis between a first setback position and a second setback position, the second axis being parallel and offset from the first axis, and a second side wall coupled to the first side wall and extending substantially parallel to the first side wall. A clamping mechanism is operable to move the first side wall and the second side wall in a direction normal to the first axis between a first position and a second position to clamp a door between the first side wall and the second side wall. The first side wall and the second side wall remain parallel to one another and are equidistant from the first axis throughout movement between the first position and the second position. 1. A door hardware locating tool comprising: a center wall including a first aperture that defines a first axis; a first side wall including a movable aperture movable along a second axis between a first setback position and a second setback position, the second axis being parallel and offset from the first axis; a second side wall coupled to the first side wall and extending substantially parallel to the first side wall; and a clamping mechanism operable to move the first side wall and the second side wall in a direction normal to the first axis between a first position and a second position to clamp a door between the first side wall and the second side wall, wherein the first side wall and the second side wall remain parallel to one another and are equidistant from the first axis throughout movement between the first position and the second position. 2. The door hardware locating tool of claim 1, wherein the first side wall defines a cavity, and wherein an insert is movably positioned at least partially within the cavity, and wherein the insert defines the movable aperture. 3. The door hardware locating tool of claim 2, further comprising an actuator coupled to the insert to facilitate sliding the insert to move the movable aperture to one of the first setback position and the second setback position. 4. The door hardware locating tool of claim 3, further comprising a detent mechanism operable to retain the movable aperture in one of the first setback position and the second setback position. 5. The door hardware locating tool of claim 1, wherein the clamping mechanism includes a first rod defining a long axis and a second rod spaced from the first rod, the first rod threadably connected to the first side wall and the second side wall, and wherein the first rod is rotatable about the long axis and translationally fixed with respect to the center wall. 6. The door hardware locating tool of claim 5, further comprising a first bushing threadably engaged with the first rod and supported within the first side wall, and a second bushing threadably engaged with the first rod and supported within the second side wall. 7. The door hardware locating tool of claim 6, wherein the first bushing includes internal right hand threads and the second bushing includes internal left hand threads. 8. A door hardware locating tool comprising: a center wall including a first aperture that defines a first axis; a first side wall including a movable aperture movable along a second axis between a first setback position and a second setback position, the second axis being parallel and offset from the first axis; a second side wall coupled to the first side wall and extending substantially parallel to the first side wall; and a rod connected to the center wall, the rod rotatable about a third axis that is normal to the first axis, the position of the rod fixed with respect to the center wall, the rod threadably connected to the first side wall and the second side wall such that rotation of the rod moves the first side wall and the second side wall along the third axis between a first position and a second position. 9. The door hardware locating tool of claim 8, wherein the first side wall and the second side wall remain parallel to one another and are equidistant from the first axis throughout movement between the first position and the second position. 10. The door hardware locating tool of claim 8, wherein the first side wall defines a cavity, and wherein an insert is movably positioned at least partially within the cavity, and wherein the insert defines the movable aperture. 11. The door hardware locating tool of claim 10, further comprising an actuator coupled to the insert to facilitate sliding the insert to move the movable aperture to one of the first setback position and the second setback position. 12. The door hardware locating tool of claim 11, further comprising a detent mechanism operable to retain the movable aperture in one of the first setback position and the second setback position. 13. The door hardware locating tool of claim 8, wherein the clamping mechanism includes a second rod translationally fixed with respect to the center wall, the rod extending along an axis that is parallel to and offset from the third axis. 14. The door hardware locating tool of claim 8, further comprising a first bushing threadably engaged with the first rod and supported within the first side wall, and a second bushing threadably engaged with the first rod and supported within the second side wall. 15. The door hardware locating tool of claim 14, wherein the first bushing includes internal right hand threads and the second bushing includes internal left hand threads. 16. A door hardware locating tool comprising: a center wall including a first aperture that defines a first axis; a first side wall movably coupled to the center wall; a second side wall movably coupled to the center wall and extending substantially parallel to the first side wall, the first side wall, the center wall, and the second side wall cooperating to define a C-shaped space sized to receive a door; an insert at least partially located within the first side wall and translatable along the first side wall in a direction parallel to the first axis between a first setback position and a second setback position, the insert including a second aperture; and a clamping mechanism operable to move the first side wall and the second side wall with respect to the center wall to clamp the door between the first side wall and the second side wall. 17. The door hardware locating tool of claim 16, wherein the first side wall and the second side wall move simultaneously, and wherein the first side wall and the second side wall remain parallel to one another and are equidistant from the first axis throughout movement between a first open position and a second closed position. 18. The door hardware locating tool of claim 16, further comprising an actuator coupled to the insert to facilitate sliding the insert to move the second aperture to one of the first setback position and the second setback position. 19. The door hardware locating tool of claim 16, wherein the clamping mechanism includes a first rod defining a long axis and a second rod spaced from the first rod, the first rod threadably connected to the first side wall and the second side wall, and wherein the first rod is rotatable about the long axis and translationally fixed with respect to the center wall. 20. The door hardware locating tool of claim 19, further comprising a first bushing threadably engaged with the first rod and supported within the first side wall, and a second bushing threadably engaged with the first rod and supported within the second side wall.",
-    "A method and apparatus for correcting inter-channel power imbalance and a receiver, applicable to a receiver in a multicarrier optical communication system, where the method includes: receiving by the receiver reference information transmitted by a neighboring receiver; and performing power imbalance error correction by the receiver according to the reference information. With this application, based on performing signal processing in the receiver, estimation errors produced due to power imbalance in the central channel and the neighboring channel may be reduced. 1. An apparatus for correcting inter-channel power imbalance, applicable to an associated receiver in a multicarrier optical communication system, the apparatus comprising: a receiving unit configured to receive reference information transmitted by a neighboring receiver; and a correcting unit configured to perform power imbalance error correction according to the reference information. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reference information is an estimation result of a spectrum gap width between a first channel and a second channel in the neighboring receiver, and the correcting unit comprises: a calculating module configured to one of average and weighted average the estimation result of the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel in the associated receiver and the estimation result of the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel in the neighboring receiver; and a correcting module configured to identify one of an averaged and weighted averaged value as the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel; wherein, the first channel is a central channel in the associated receiver and a neighboring channel in the neighboring receiver, and the second channel is a central channel in the neighboring receiver and a neighboring channel in the associated receiver. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a spectrum information acquiring unit configured to acquire a received signal and extract spectrum information from the received signal; and a gap width measuring unit configured to determine reference power according to a predefined reference power level, and set a frequency difference between two frequency points on a gap between the first channel and the second channel in the spectrum information of the received signal corresponding to the reference power as the estimation result of the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel in the associated receiver. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the spectrum information acquiring unit comprises: a serial-to-parallel converting module configured to divide the received signal into a predefined number of sections; a Fourier transform module configured to perform Fourier transform on each section of the received signal to obtain a spectrum of each section of the received signal; and a calculating module configured to calculate a modular square of the spectrum of each section of the received signal to obtain a power spectrum of each section of the received signal, and one of average and weighted average power spectra of all sections of the received signals to obtain an averaged power spectrum of all the sections of the received signals as the spectrum information. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the spectrum information acquiring unit further comprises: a time-domain windowing module configured to perform a window function convolution on the spectrum of each section of the received signal. 6. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a spectrum recovery unit configured to perform spectrum recovery on an initial input signal, and use a spectrum recovered signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the spectrum recovering unit performs the spectrum recovery on the initial input signal by multiplying an amplitude of each frequency point of the spectrum of the initial input signal by a correction coefficient. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the correction coefficient is a reciprocal of a response amplitude of a receiver at each frequency point. 9. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a noise eliminating unit configured to determine a noise floor power of an initial input signal, and subtract the noise floor power at each frequency point of the initial input signal to obtain a noise eliminated signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reference information is one of a power ratio of the second channel power to the noise floor power calculated in the neighboring receiver and power of the second channel calculated in the neighboring receiver to the noise floor power calculated in the neighboring receiver, and the correcting unit comprises: a determining module configured to determine a signal power ratio between the first channel and the second channel one of according to a power ratio of the first channel to the noise floor and the power ratio of the second channel to the noise floor and according to power of the first channel and the power of the second channel; and an adjusting module configured to adjust one of the power and a reference power of the second channel according to the signal power ratio; wherein, the first channel is a central channel in the associated receiver and a neighboring channel in the neighboring receiver, and the second channel is a central channel in the neighboring receiver and a neighboring channel in the associated receiver. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a spectrum information acquiring unit configured to acquire a received signal and extract spectrum information from the received signal; and a spectrum recovering unit configured to one of calculate the power ratio of the first channel to the noise floor and calculate the power of the first channel according to the spectrum information. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the spectrum information acquiring unit comprises: a serial-to-parallel converting module configured to divide the received signal into a predefined number of sections; a Fourier transform module configured to perform Fourier transform on each section of the received signal to obtain a spectrum of each section of the received signal; and a calculating module configured to calculate a modular square of the spectrum of each section of the received signal to obtain a power spectrum of each section of the received signal, and one of average and weighted average power spectra of all sections of received signals to obtain an averaged power spectrum of all the sections of the received signals as the spectrum information. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the spectrum information acquiring unit further comprises: a time-domain windowing module configured to perform a window function convolution on the spectrum of each section of the received signal. 14. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the spectrum recovering unit is further configured to: perform spectrum recovery on an initial input signal, and use the spectrum recovered signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the spectrum recovering unit performs the spectrum recovery on the initial input signal by multiplying an amplitude of each frequency point of the spectrum of the initial input signal by a correction coefficient. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the correction coefficient is a reciprocal of a response amplitude at each frequency point. 17. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a noise eliminating unit configured to determine a noise floor power of the initial input signal, and subtract the noise floor power at each frequency point of the initial input signal to obtain a noise eliminated signal as a next input signal of a next step of processing. 18. A method for correcting inter-channel power imbalance, applicable to an associated receiver in a multicarrier optical communication system, the method comprising: receiving by the associated receiver reference information transmitted by a neighboring receiver; and performing power imbalance error correction by the associated receiver according to the reference information. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the reference information is an estimation result of a spectrum gap width between a first channel and a second channel in the neighboring receiver, and the performing the power imbalance error correction by the associated receiver according to the reference information comprises: one of averaging and weighted averaging an estimation result of the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel in the associated receiver and the estimation result of the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel in the neighboring receiver; and identifying the one of an averaged and weighted averaged value as the spectrum gap width between the first channel and the second channel; wherein, the first channel is a central channel in the associated receiver and a neighboring channel in the neighboring receiver, and the second channel is a central channel in the neighboring receiver and a neighboring channel in the associated receiver. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the reference information is a power ratio of the second channel to one of the noise floor calculated in the neighboring receiver, and the power of the second channel calculated in the neighboring receiver, and the performing power the imbalance error correction by the associated receiver according to the reference information comprises: determining a signal power ratio between the first channel and the second channel one of according to a power ratio of the first channel to the noise floor and the power ratio of the second channel to the noise floor and according to power of the first channel and the power of the second channel; and adjusting one of the power and reference power of the second channel according to the signal power ratio; wherein, the first channel is a central channel in the associated receiver and a neighboring channel in the neighboring receiver, and the second channel is a central channel in the neighboring receiver and a neighboring channel in the associated receiver. 21. A coherent optical receiver, comprising an apparatus for correcting inter-channel power imbalance, configured to receive reference information transmitted by a neighboring receiver, and perform a power imbalance error correction according to the reference information.",
-    "A voltage converter includes a variable switching frequency power stage, a passive circuit and a control circuit. The power stage includes a high-side switch and a first low-side switch coupled to the high-side switch at a switching node of the power stage. The passive circuit couples the switching node to an output node of the voltage converter. The control circuit is operable to control cycle-by-cycle switching of the power stage and sample current at a point between the switching node and the output node, the sampled current having a half cycle sinusodial-like shape each switching cycle. For the present switching cycle, the control circuit is operable to calculate an average of the sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle and estimate the average sampled current for the present switching cycle based on the average sampled current calculated for the immediately preceding switching cycle. 1. A voltage converter, comprising: a power stage comprises a high-side switch and a first low-side switch coupled to the high-side switch at a switching node of the power stage; a passive circuit coupling the switching node to an output node of the voltage converter; and a control circuit operable to control cycle-by-cycle switching of the power stage and sample current at a point between the switching node and the output node, the sampled current having a half cycle sinusodial-like shape each switching cycle, wherein the power stage has a variable switching frequency, wherein for the present switching cycle, the control circuit is operable to calculate an average of the sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle and estimate the average sampled current for the present switching cycle based on the average sampled current calculated for the immediately preceding switching cycle. 2. The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is operable to calculate the average sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle by: measuring the period of the immediately preceding switching cycle; integrating the sampled current while the high-side switch is off and the first low-side switch is on during the immediately preceding switching cycle; and dividing the integrated current by the measured period of the immediately preceding switching cycle. 3. The voltage converter of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is operable to measure the period of the immediately preceding switching cycle by: resetting a counter at a rising edge of a gate signal applied to the high-side switch of the power stage at the beginning of the immediately preceding switching cycle; and saving the counter output at the end of the immediately preceding switching cycle. 4. The voltage converter of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is operable to integrate the sampled current while the high-side switch is off and the first low-side switch is on during the immediately preceding switching cycle by: resetting a counter at a falling edge of a gate signal applied to the high-side switch of the power stage at the beginning of the immediately preceding switching cycle; and saving the counter output at the end of the immediately preceding switching cycle. 5. The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is operable to sample current at a point between the switching node and the output node at a predetermined sampling rate which is set so that the number of samples taken each switching cycle ensures the average sampled current calculated for each switching cycle meets an accuracy threshold. 6. The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is further operable to adjust the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle so as to increase accuracy of the average sampled current estimate for the present switching cycle. 7. The voltage converter of claim 6, wherein the control circuit is operable to adjust the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle by: determining if the high-side switch is on for a different duration of time in the present switching cycle than in the immediately preceding switching cycle; and adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in on-time for the high-side switch. 8. The voltage converter of claim 7, wherein the control circuit is operable to adjust the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in on-time for the high-side switch by: multiplying the difference in on-time for the high-side switch by a weighting factor so as to compute an adjustment value; and adding the adjustment value to the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle. 9. The voltage converter of claim 6, wherein the control circuit is operable to adjust the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle by: determining if the sampled current peaks at a different value in the present switching cycle than in the immediately preceding switching cycle; and adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in the peaks. 10. The voltage converter of claim 9, wherein the control circuit is operable to adjust the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in the peaks by: multiplying the difference in the peaks by a weighting factor so as to compute an adjustment value; and adding the adjustment value to the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle. 11. The voltage converter of claim 1, wherein the passive circuit comprises an LC tank coupled to the switching node of the power stage and a transformer/tapped-inductor for coupling the LC tank to an output capacitor, wherein the power stage further comprises a second low-side switch coupled between the transformer/tapped-inductor and ground, and wherein the control circuit is operable to sample current of the second low-side switch for use in calculating the average sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle. 12. A method of current sensing for a voltage converter which includes a power stage having a high-side switch and a first low-side switch coupled to the high-side switch at a switching node of the power stage and a passive circuit coupling the switching node to an output node of the voltage converter, the power stage having a variable switching frequency, the method comprising: sampling current at a point between the switching node and the output node, the sampled current having a half cycle sinusodial-like shape each switching cycle; and for the present switching cycle, calculating an average of the sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle and estimating the average sampled current for the present switching cycle based on the average sampled current calculated for the immediately preceding switching cycle. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein calculating the average sampled current for the immediately preceding switching cycle comprises: measuring the period of the immediately preceding switching cycle; integrating the sampled current while the high-side switch is off and the first low-side switch is on during the immediately preceding switching cycle; and dividing the integrated current by the measured period of the immediately preceding switching cycle. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein measuring the period of the immediately preceding switching cycle comprises: resetting a counter at a rising edge of a gate signal applied to the high-side switch of the power stage at the beginning of the immediately preceding switching cycle; and saving the counter output at the end of the immediately preceding switching cycle. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein integrating the sampled current while the high-side switch is off and the first low-side switch is on during the immediately preceding switching cycle comprises: resetting a counter at a falling edge of a gate signal applied to the high-side switch of the power stage at the beginning of the immediately preceding switching cycle; and saving the counter output at the end of the immediately preceding switching cycle. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle so as to increase accuracy of the average sampled current estimate for the present switching cycle. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle comprises: determining if the high-side switch is on for a different duration of time in the present switching cycle than in the immediately preceding switching cycle; and adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in on-time for the high-side switch. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in on-time for the high-side switch comprises: multiplying the difference in on-time for the high-side switch by a weighting factor so as to compute an adjustment value; and adding the adjustment value to the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle comprises: determining if the sampled current peaks at a different value in the present switching cycle than in the immediately preceding switching cycle; and adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in the peaks. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein adjusting the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle as a function of the difference in the peaks comprises: multiplying the difference in the peaks by a weighting factor so as to compute an adjustment value; and adding the adjustment value to the average sampled current estimated for the present switching cycle. 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the passive circuit comprises an LC tank coupled to the switching node of the power stage and a transformer/tapped-inductor coupling the LC tank to an output capacitor, wherein the power stage further comprises a second low-side switch coupled between the transformer/tapped-inductor and ground, and wherein sampling current at a point between the switching node and the output node comprises sampling current of the second low-side switch.",
-    "The semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment includes: a driver configured to output first and second signals complementary to each other through first and second nodes, respectively; and a receiver detector configured to detect whether a reception circuit of an active state is connected to the first node and the second node according to a voltage of the first node and a voltage of the second node. The receiver detector is configured to compare the voltage of the first node with a first reference voltage, compare the voltage of the second node with a second reference voltage, and detect whether the reception circuit of the active state is connected according to a comparison result of the voltage of the first node and a comparison result of the voltage of the second node. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a driver configured to output first and second signals complementary to each other through first and second nodes, respectively; and a receiver detector configured to detect whether a reception circuit of an active state is connected to the first node and the second node according to a voltage of the first node and a voltage of the second node, wherein the receiver detector is configured to compare the voltage of the first node with a first reference voltage, compare the voltage of the second node with a second reference voltage and detect whether the reception circuit of the active state is connected according to a comparison result of the voltage of the first node and a comparison result of the voltage of the second node. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the receiver detector is further configured to determine that the reception circuit of the active state is not connected in response to detecting that the voltage of the first node is higher than the first reference voltage or the voltage of the second node is lower than the second reference voltage, the second reference voltage being lower than the first reference voltage. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the receiver detector is further configured to determine that the reception circuit of the active state is connected in response to detecting that the voltage of the first node is lower than the first reference voltage and the voltage of the second node is higher than the second reference voltage, the second reference voltage being lower than the first reference voltage. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the receiver detector comprises: a first comparator configured to output a high level signal in response to determining that the voltage of the first node is lower than the first reference voltage; a second comparator configured to output a high level signal in response to determining that the voltage of the second node is higher than the second reference voltage; and a logical gate circuit configured to output a logical AND of an output of the first comparator and an output of the second comparator, wherein in response to determining that an output of the logical gate circuit is high level, it is determined that the reception circuit of the active state is connected. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the receiver detector further comprises first through fourth resistors serially connected between a power supply node from which a power supply voltage is supplied and a ground node from which a ground voltage is supplied, wherein a voltage of a node between the first and second resistors adjacent to the power supply node is used as the first reference voltage, and wherein a voltage of a node between the third and fourth resistors adjacent to the ground node is used as the second reference voltage. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the driver is further configured to output a third signal increasing from a common voltage to a first voltage which is higher than the common voltage through the first node and output a fourth signal decreasing from the common voltage to a second voltage which is lower than the common voltage through the second node when the receiver detector detects the reception circuit. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein in response to determining that a power supply is supplied to the semiconductor device, the receiver detector are configured to detect the reception circuit. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein in response to determining that the reception circuit of the active state is not connected, the driver becomes inactive. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a second reception circuit configured to be connected to the first node and the second node and receive third and fourth signals complementary to each other being transmitted from an external device. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the receiver detector is further configured to detect an active state of the reception circuit by using a slope that the voltage of the first node increases and a slope that the voltage of the second node decreases. 11. A semiconductor system comprising: a first semiconductor device comprising transmission circuits; a second semiconductor device comprising reception circuits; and channels connecting the transmission circuits and the reception circuits, respectively, wherein each of the transmission circuits is connected to a corresponding reception circuit among the reception circuits through a first signal line and a second signal line of a corresponding channel among the channels, and wherein each of the transmission circuits is configured to detect whether the corresponding reception circuit is in an active state according to a voltage of the first signal line and a voltage of the second signal line. 12. The semiconductor system of claim 11, wherein each of the transmission circuits is further configured to determine that the corresponding reception circuit is in an inactive state in response to detecting that at least one of the voltage of the first signal line and the voltage of the second signal line indicates that the corresponding reception circuit is in an inactive state. 13. The semiconductor system of claim 11, wherein each of the transmission circuits is further configured to determine that the corresponding reception circuit is in an active state in response to detecting that the voltage of the first signal line is lower than a first reference voltage and the voltage of the second signal line is higher than a second reference voltage, the second reference voltage being lower than the first reference voltage. 14. The semiconductor system of claim 11, wherein the first semiconductor device further comprises second reception circuits, wherein the second semiconductor device further comprises second transmission circuits, and wherein the semiconductor system further comprises second channels connecting the second transmission circuits and the second reception circuits, respectively. 15. The semiconductor system of claim 14, wherein each of the second transmission circuits is connected to a corresponding second reception circuit among the second reception circuits through a third signal line and a fourth signal line of a corresponding second channel among the second channels, and wherein each of the second transmission circuits is configured to detect whether the corresponding second reception circuit is in an active state according to a voltage of the third signal line and a voltage of the fourth signal line. 16. The semiconductor system of claim 11, wherein the first semiconductor device further comprises second reception circuits, wherein the second semiconductor device further comprises second transmission circuits, and wherein the second transmission circuits are connected to the second reception circuits respectively through the channels. 17. The semiconductor system of claim 16, wherein each of the second transmission circuits is configured to detect whether the corresponding second receiving circuit is in an active state according to the voltage of the first signal line and the voltage of the second signal line. 18. The semiconductor system of claim 16, wherein the second reception circuits of the first semiconductor device become inactive while the transmission circuits of the first semiconductor device detect the reception circuits of the second semiconductor device respectively. 19. A semiconductor system comprising: a first semiconductor device comprising transmission circuits; a second semiconductor device comprising reception circuits; and channels connecting the transmission circuits and the reception circuits, respectively, wherein the first semiconductor device comprises: a driver configured to output first and second signals complementary to each other through first and second nodes, respectively; and a receiver detector configured to detect whether a reception circuit of an active state is connected to the first node and the second node according to a voltage of the first node and a voltage of the second node, wherein the second semiconductor device comprising: a receiver configured to output first and second signals to core circuits of the first semiconductor device and the second semiconductor device, respectively; and a balance circuit configured to provide a balance between voltages of a first input node and a second input node, and wherein each of the transmission circuits is configured to detect whether the corresponding reception circuit is in an active state according to a voltage of a first signal line and a voltage of a second signal line. 20. The semiconductor system of claim 19, wherein the balance circuit of the second semiconductor device further comprises first and second resistors which are serially connected between the first and second input nodes, and control voltages of the first and second input nodes so that a voltage of the first input node and a voltage of the second input node swing with a common voltage as the center.",
-    "A method for coding includes; segmenting an image into blocks; grouping blocks into a number of subsets; coding, using an entropy coding module, each subset, by associating digital information with symbols of each block of a subset, including, for the first block of the image, initializing state variables of the coding module; and generating a data sub-stream representative of at least one of the coded subsets of blocks. Where a current block is the first block to be coded of a subset, symbol occurrence probabilities for the first current block are determined based on those for a coded and decoded predetermined block of at least one other subset. Where the current block is the last coded block of the subset: writing, in the sub-stream representative of the subset, the entire the digital information associated with the symbols during coding of the blocks of the subset, and implementing the initializing sub-step. 1. A method for coding at least one image comprising the steps of: segmenting (C1) the image into a plurality of blocks (MB) able to contain symbols belonging to a predetermined set of symbols, grouping (C2) of blocks into a predetermined number (P) of subsets of blocks (SE1, SE2, . . . , SEk, . . . , SEP), coding (C3), by means of an entropy coding module, of each of said subsets of blocks, by associating digital information with the symbols of each block of a subset under consideration, said coding step comprising, for the first block of the image, a sub-step (C33) of initializing state variables of said entropy coding module, generation (C4) of at least one data sub-stream (F1) representative of at least one (SE1) of said coded subsets of blocks, said coding method being characterized in that: in the case where the current block is the first block to be coded of a subset under consideration, determination (C42) of probabilities of symbol occurrence for said first current block, said probabilities being those which have been determined for a coded and decoded predetermined block of at least one other subset, in the case where the current block is the last coded block of the subset under consideration: writing (C45), in the sub-stream representative of said at least subset under consideration, of the entirety of the digital information which has been associated with the symbols during the coding of the blocks of said subset under consideration, implementation (C46) of said initialization sub-step.",
-    "A method in a communication network includes an access point, using a multiple input multiple output antenna configuration, sending out a sounding packet to a plurality of client stations. The client stations determine a channel estimation of the sounding packet, but only a channel estimation of a portion of the entire sounding packet to avoid processing the entire packet. The resulting partial estimation is sent to the access point for using in transmit beamforming. In other examples, the client station sends a reverse link sounding packet over a portion a channel having a bandwidth less than the sounding packet, and from this the access point determines partial channel estimations and transmit beamforming conditions. 1. A method in a communication network, the method comprising: (i) sending, from an access point, a sounding packet to a client device over a wireless downlink communication channel, the sounding packet having a packet bandwidth and comprising a plurality of subchannels; (ii) receiving, at the client device, the sounding packet and identifying a subchannel block of the sounding packet, wherein the subchannel block has a subchannel block bandwidth that is smaller than the packet bandwidth; (iii) performing a channel estimation on the subchannel block to determine a partial channel estimation of the downlink communication channel; and (iv) communicating the partial channel estimation of the downlink communication channel to the access point.",
-    "A process of forming an integrated circuit forms a high precision capacitor bottom plate with a metallic surface and performs a plasma treatment of the metallic surface. A high precision capacitor dielectric is formed by depositing a first layer of the capacitor dielectric on the high precision capacitor bottom plate wherein the first layer is silicon nitride, depositing a second layer of the capacitor dielectric on the first layer wherein the second portion is silicon dioxide, and depositing a third layer of the capacitor dielectric on the second portion wherein the third layer is silicon nitride. Plasma treatments may also be performed on the layers of capacitor dielectric pre- and/or post-deposition. A metallic high precision capacitor top plate is formed on the high precision capacitor dielectric. 1. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps: providing a partially processed integrated circuit; forming a high precision capacitor bottom plate with a metallic surface on the partially processed integrated circuit by: depositing an intermodal dielectric over an interconnect in the integrated circuit; depositing a metallic material the intermodal dielectric; forming a high capacitor bottom plate photo resist pattern on the metallic material; and etching the metallic material to form the high precision capacitor bottom plate; performing a plasma treatment of the metallic surface in a nitrogen plus ammonia ambient; forming a high precision capacitor dielectric by: depositing a first layer of a high precision capacitor dielectric on the high precision capacitor bottom plate wherein the first layer is silicon nitride; depositing a second layer of the high precision capacitor dielectric on the first layer wherein the second portion is silicon dioxide; and depositing a third layer of the high precision capacitor dielectric on the second portion wherein the third layer is silicon nitride; and forming a metallic high precision capacitor top plate on the high precision capacitor dielectric. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the plasma treatment step is performed at a temperature between 350\u00b0 C. to 450\u00b0 C., a high frequency RF power between 250 watts and 800 watts, a pressure between about 1.5 Torr and 2.5 Torr, and a time between 5 and 30 sec. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of forming the high precision capacitor dielectric further comprises the steps: performing an insitu pre-deposition and an insitu post-deposition plasma treatment of the first layer and of the third layer for 0.3 to 30 sec using a PECVD deposition recipe for the silicon nitride with silane turned off; and performing an insitu pre- and post-deposition plasma treatment of the second layer for 5 to 30 sec using a PECVD deposition recipe for the silicon dioxide with silane turned off. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein a PECVD deposition recipe for the silicon nitride are temperature between 350\u00b0 C. and 450\u00b0 C., high frequency power between 150 watts and 800 watts, pressure between 0.5 Torr and 2.5 Torr, and time between 3 and 30 sec and wherein PECVD deposition conditions for the silicon dioxide are temperature between 350\u00b0 C. and 450\u00b0 C., high frequency RF power between 100 watts and 1000 watts, pressure between 0.5 Torr and 3.0 Torr, and time between 1 and 30 sec. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the silicon nitride for the first layer and the third layer has a thickness of 10 nm, wherein a PECVD deposition recipe for the first layer and the third layer are temperature at 400\u00b0 C., high frequency power of 400 watts, pressure of 1.8 Torr, and time 7.25 seconds, wherein the silicon dioxide for the second layer has a thickness of 10 nm, and wherein the deposition conditions for the second layer are temperature at 400\u00b0 C., high frequency power of 700 watts, pressure of 2.4 Torr, and time 3.10 seconds. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer are 10 nm thick. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of depositing the first layer and the third layer further comprise the steps: performing a pre-deposition plasma treatment for 0.3 to 30 sec using PECVD silicon nitride deposition recipe with silane turned off; depositing the first layer as a series of two or more deposition steps using PECVD silicon nitride deposition recipe with an insitu plasma treatment for 0.3 to 30 sec between each deposition step using the PECVD silicon nitride deposition recipe with the silane turned off; and performing an insitu post-deposition plasma treatment for 0.3 to 30 sec using PECVD silicon nitride deposition recipe with silane turned off. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the metallic material is TaN, TiN, or TiW. 9. A process of forming an integrated circuit, comprising the steps: providing a partially processed integrated circuit; depositing an intermetal dielectric layer over an interconnect layer in the partially processed integrated circuit; depositing a first metallic layer on the intermetal dielectric layer; forming a high precision capacitor bottom plate photo resist pattern on the metallic layer; etching the first metallic layer to form a high precision capacitor bottom plate; plasma treating a surface of the first metallic layer in a nitrogen plus ammonia plasma at a temperature in the range of 350\u00b0 C. to 450\u00b0 C., a high frequency power in the range of 250 watts to 800 watts, a pressure in the range of 1.5 Torr to 2.5 Torr, and for a time in the range of 5 seconds to 30 seconds; depositing a first layer of a high precision capacitor dielectric on the high precision capacitor bottom plate wherein the first layer is silicon nitride; depositing a second layer of the high precision capacitor dielectric on the first layer wherein the second layer is silicon dioxide; depositing a third layer of the high precision capacitor dielectric on the second layer wherein the third layer is silicon nitride; depositing a second metallic layer on the third layer; forming a high precision capacitor top plate photo resist pattern on the second metallic layer; and etching the second metallic layer to form a high precision capacitor top plate. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the first metallic layer and the second metallic layers are TaN, TiN, or TiW. 11. The process of claim 9, wherein the step of depositing the first layer comprises: depositing a first silicon nitride film using a silicon nitride PECVD deposition recipe which is ammonia and silane reactant gases and nitrogen carrier gas at a temperature of 400\u00b0 C., a high frequency power of 320 watts, and a pressure of 1.8 Torr; and performing an insitu post-first silicon nitride deposition plasma treatment for 0.3 sec to 30 sec. using the silicon nitride PECVD deposition recipe with the silane reactant gas turned off; wherein the step of depositing the second layer comprises: performing an insitu pre-silicon dioxide deposition plasma treatment for 1 to 30 seconds using a silicon dioxide PECVD deposition recipe with a silane reactant gas turned off; depositing silicon dioxide using the silicon dioxide PECVD recipe which is nitrous oxide and silane reactant gases and nitrogen carrier gas at a temperature of 400\u00b0 C., a high frequency power of 200 watts, and a pressure of 1.0 Torr on top of the first silicon nitride film; and performing an insitu post-silicon dioxide deposition plasma treatment for 1 to 30 seconds using the silicon dioxide PECVD deposition recipe with the silane reactant gas turned off; and wherein the step of depositing the third layer comprises: performing an insitu pre-second silicon nitride deposition plasma treatment for 0.3 to 30 sec using the silicon nitride PECVD deposition recipe with the silane reactant gas turned off; depositing a second silicon nitride film using the silicon nitride PECVD deposition recipe; and performing an insitu post-second silicon nitride deposition plasma treatment for 0.3 to 30 sec using the silicon nitride PECVD deposition recipe with the silane reactant gas turned off. 12. The process of claim 9, wherein the high precision capacitor bottom plate is an interconnect geometry in the integrated circuit. 13. The process of claim 9, wherein the high precision capacitor top plate is an interconnect geometry in the integrated circuit.",
-    "A monitoring apparatus and method for an optical signal-to-noise ratio and a receiver, where the apparatus includes: a processing unit configured to perform nonlinear processing on a pilot signal in received signals, or on a pilot signal in received signals and data signals in a predefined range neighboring the pilot signal; and a calculating unit configured to calculate an optical signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals according to a result of the nonlinear processing. Complexity of calculation may be lowered and accuracy of calculation of an optical signal-to-noise ratio may be improved, thereby efficiently improving the performance of the system. 1. A monitoring apparatus for an optical signal-to-noise ratio, comprising: a processing unit configured to perform nonlinear processing on one of a pilot signal in received signals and the pilot signal in the received signals and data signals in a predefined range neighboring the pilot signal; and a calculating unit configured to calculate an optical signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals according to a result of the nonlinear processing. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises: an estimating unit configured to estimate residual dispersion in the received signals according to the pilot signal in the received signals; and a compensating unit configured to perform dispersion compensation on the data signals in the received signals according to an estimation result of the residual dispersion; and the calculating unit is configured to calculate noise power according to the result of the nonlinear processing, and calculate signal power according to a result of the dispersion compensation to calculate the optical signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises: a determining unit configured to determine a nonlinear parameter of the nonlinear processing; wherein a noise parameter making a noise power spectrum density of the pilot signals minimum is used as the nonlinear parameter of the nonlinear processing. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the nonlinear parameter of the nonlinear processing has at least one of a following information: nonlinear coefficient \u03b3, lengths of optical fiber spans in a transmission link and vectors of the optical fiber spans. 5. A communication system, comprising a receiver which comprises the monitoring apparatus for an optical signal-to-noise ratio as claimed in claim 1. 6. A monitoring method for an optical signal-to-noise ratio, comprising: performing nonlinear processing on one of a pilot signal in received signals and the pilot signal in the received signals and data signals in a predefined range neighboring the pilot signal; and calculating an optical signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals according to a result of the nonlinear processing. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: estimating residual dispersion in the received signals according to the pilot signal in the received signals; and performing dispersion compensation on the data signals in the received signals according to an estimation result of the residual dispersion; and the calculating an optical signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals according to a result of the nonlinear processing comprises: calculating noise power according to the result of the nonlinear processing, and calculating signal power according to a result of the dispersion compensation to calculate the optical signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: determining a nonlinear parameter of the nonlinear processing; wherein a noise parameter making a noise power spectrum density of the pilot signals minimum is used as the nonlinear parameter of the nonlinear processing. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the nonlinear parameter of the nonlinear processing has at least one of a following information: nonlinear coefficient \u03b3, lengths of optical fiber spans in a transmission link and vectors of the optical fiber spans.",
-    "Methods and systems for smart handling of warehouse items. An embodiment takes the form of a wearable accessory that is configured to (a) identify an object, (b) detect an attachment-triggering event, (c) responsive to detecting the attachment-triggering event, attach to the object, (d) determine at least one handling constraint associated with the object, where the at least one handling constraint includes an acceptable pressure range, (e) measure a pressure exerted on the object via the accessory, (f) provide an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range; and (g) detect a release-triggering event, and responsively release the object. 1. A wearable accessory, comprising: a processor configured to: identify an object; and detect an attachment-triggering event; a suction and gripping device configured to, responsive to the attachment-triggering event, attach to the object, wherein attaching to the object comprises applying a suction pressure to the object; wherein the processor is configured to: determine at least one handling constraint associated with the object, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range; measure a pressure exerted on the object via the accessory; provide an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range; and detect a release-triggering event, wherein the suction and gripping apparatus is configured to release the object in response to the release-triggering event. 2. The wearable accessory of claim 1, further comprising a scanner, wherein identifying the object comprises processing data from the scanner corresponding to a barcode associated with the object. 3. The wearable accessory of claim 1, further comprising a RFID reader, wherein identifying the object comprises processing data from the RFID reader corresponding to an RFID tag associated with the object. 4. (canceled) 5. The wearable accessory of claim 1, wherein the indication comprises a high-pressure indication if the measured pressure exceeds the acceptable pressure range. 6. The wearable accessory of claim 1, wherein the indication comprises a low-pressure indication if the measured pressure is below the acceptable pressure range. 7. The wearable accessory of claim 1, further comprising a user-interface element, wherein the processor is to upon actuation of the user-interface element to: determine whether or not an object is currently identified and, if so, determine whether or not the accessory is attached to the currently identified object; initiate an object-scan function if no object is currently identified; initiate an object-attach function if an object is currently identified and the accessory is not currently attached to the currently identified object; and initiate an object-detach function if an object is currently identified and the accessory is currently attached to the currently identified object. 8. The wearable accessory of claim 7, wherein the user-interface element is a button. 9. The wearable accessory of claim 1, wherein determining the at least one handling constraint associated with the object comprises: sending, to a remote server, an identity of the object; and receiving, from the remote server, at least one handling constraint associated with the object. 10. The wearable accessory of claim 1, wherein the release-triggering event is actuation of a user-interface element. 11. The wearable accessory of claim 10, wherein the user-interface element is a button. 12. The wearable accessory of claim 1, wherein the release-triggering event comprises a proximity to a destination location. 13. The wearable accessory of claim 12, wherein the proximity is the proximity of the object. 14. The wearable accessory of claim 12, wherein the proximity is the proximity of the wearable accessory. 15. The wearable accessory of claim 1, further comprising a proximity sensor, wherein detecting the release-triggering event comprises detecting the release-triggering event via the proximity sensor. 16. The wearable accessory of claim 1, wherein detecting the release-triggering event comprises receiving a proximity indication from a proximity sensor remote to the wearable accessory. 17. A system comprising a wearable accessory, the wearable accessory comprising: an attachment mechanism configured to attach to an object; a pressure-sensor system configured to measure a pressure exerted on the object; a communication interface; a user interface; and a controller programmed to carry out a set of functions, wherein the set of functions comprises: receiving, via the communication interface, at least one handling constraint associated with the obj ect, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range; detecting an attachment-triggering event, and responsively controlling the attachment mechanism to attach to the object; providing an indication, via the user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range; and detecting a release-triggering event, and responsively controlling the attachment mechanism to detach from the object. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein: the wearable accessory is a first wearable accessory that is configured to be worn on a first hand of a user; the system further comprises a second wearable accessory that is configured to be worn on a second hand of the user; the pressure-sensor system comprises a first pressure-sensor system disposed on the first wearable accessory and a second pressure-sensor system disposed on the second wearable accessory; and measuring the pressure exerted on the object comprises (i) receiving a first and a second measured pressure from the first and second pressure-sensor systems, respectively, and (ii) determining the pressure exerted on the obj ect based on the first and second measured pressures. 19. The system of claim 17, further comprising a ring scanner configured to: scan an object identifier associated with the object; and send, to the communication interface, a representation of the scanned object identifier, wherein the at least one received handling constraint is associated with the representation of the scanned object identifier. 20. A method comprising: identifying an object; detecting, using a processor, an attachment-triggering event; responsive to detecting the attachment-triggering event, attaching to the object by applying suction to the object; determining, using the processor, at least one handling constraint associated with the object, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range; measuring, using the processor, a pressure exerted on the object via the accessory; providing an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range; and detecting, using the processor, a release-triggering event, and responsively releasing the object. 21. A wearable accessory, wherein the accessory is configured to: identify an object; detect an attachment-triggering event; responsive to detecting the attachment-triggering event, attach to the object; determine at least one handling constraint associated with the object, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range; measure a pressure exerted on the object via the accessory; provide an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range, wherein the indication comprises a high-pressure indication if the measured pressure exceeds the acceptable pressure range; and detect a release-triggering event, and responsively release the object. 22. A wearable accessory, wherein the accessory is configured to: identify an object; detect an attachment-triggering event; responsive to detecting the attachment-triggering event, attach to the object; determine at least one handling constraint associated with the object, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range; measure a pressure exerted on the object via the accessory; provide an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range, wherein the indication comprises a low-pressure indication if the measured pressure is below the acceptable pressure range; and detect a release-triggering event, and responsively release the object. 23. A wearable accessory, wherein the accessory is configured to: identify an object; detect an attachment-triggering event; responsive to detecting the attachment-triggering event, attach to the object; determine at least one handling constraint associated with the object, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range; measure a pressure exerted on the obj ect via the accessory; provide an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range; detect a release-triggering event, and responsively release the object; the wearable accessory including a user-interface element, wherein the wearable accessory is configured upon actuation of the user-interface element to responsively: determine whether an obj ect is currently identified and, if so, determine whether the accessory is attached to the currently identified object; initiate an object-scan function if no object is currently identified; initiate an object-attach function if an object is currently identified and the accessory is not currently attached to the currently identified object; and initiate an object-detach function if an object is currently identified and the accessory is currently attached to the currently identified object. 24. A wearable accessory, wherein the accessory is configured to: identify an object; detect an attachment-triggering event; responsive to detecting the attachment-triggering event, attach to the object; determine at least one handling constraint associated with the object, wherein the at least one handling constraint comprises an acceptable pressure range, and determining the at least one handling constraint associated with the object comprises: sending, to a remote server, an identity of the obj ect; and receiving, from the remote server, at least one handling constraint associated with the object; measure a pressure exerted on the obj ect via the accessory; provide an indication, via a user interface, based on the measured pressure and the acceptable pressure range; and detect a release-triggering event, and responsively release the object.",
-    "Certain hybrid dispenser systems and methods of dispensing sheet product are provided. In one example, the method includes dispensing, by the dispenser, an exposed tail of sheet product upon activation of a proximity sensor associated with the dispenser. The method includes dispensing a second length of sheet product in response to a user manually exerting a pull force on the exposed tail. The method includes generating electrical energy using an electrical generator of the dispenser. An amount of electrical energy generated by the electrical generator is based in part on the second length of sheet product pulled by the user. The method includes charging an energy storage device electrically coupled to the electrical generator by transferring energy from the electrical generator to the energy storage device, and modifying the pull force the user exerts to dispense the second length by adjusting an energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device. 1. A method of dispensing sheet product from a dispenser, the method comprising: dispensing, by the dispenser, an exposed tail of sheet product upon activation of a proximity sensor associated with the dispenser, wherein the exposed tail has a first length; dispensing a second length of sheet product in response to a user manually exerting a pull force on the exposed tail, wherein a total length of sheet product dispensed in a dispensing cycle includes the first length and the second length; generating electrical energy using an electrical generator of the dispenser, wherein an amount of electrical energy generated by the electrical generator is based at least in part on the second length of sheet product manually pulled by the user; charging an energy storage device electrically coupled to the electrical generator by transferring energy from the electrical generator to the energy storage device; and adjusting an energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device to modify the pull force which the user must exert to dispense the second length of sheet product. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical generator is a three phase electrical generator comprising at least one pole pair, and is configured to generate alternating current and oscillating output voltage with three discrete voltage peaks per each of the at least one pole pair. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining a number of voltage peaks output by the three phase electrical generator; determining a number of revolutions of the three phase electrical generator associated with the number of voltage peaks; and calculating the total length of sheet product dispensed based at least in part on the number of revolutions. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the number of voltage peaks output by the three phase electrical generator are determined during the dispensing cycle. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining output voltage flowing out of the electrical generator; determining voltage input at the energy storage device; and determining current flowing out of the electrical generator. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein: the pull force the user must exert to dispense the second length of sheet product is modified by manipulating the current flowing out of the electrical generator to the energy storage device based at least in part on the output voltage of the electrical generator, the voltage input at the energy storage device, or the current flowing out of the electrical generator, such that increasing the current flow results in increased pull force and decreasing the current flow results in decreased pull force. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the current flowing out of the electrical generator to the energy storage device is manipulated with a MOSFET device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pull force the user must exert to dispense the second length of sheet product is modified to increase proportionally to the second length of sheet product during the dispensing of the second length of sheet product. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pull force the user must exert to dispense the second length of sheet product is modified to increase after a threshold length of the second length of sheet product is dispensed during the dispensing of the second length of sheet product. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein adjusting the energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device comprises: determining a first energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device; and then either (i) reducing the first energy transfer rate by an amount to achieve a second energy transfer rate in order to reduce the pull force, or (ii) increasing the first energy transfer rate by an amount to achieve a second energy transfer rate in order to increase the pull force. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical generator is a brush direct current electrical generator comprising at least one pole pair, the electrical generator configured to generate direct current. 12. A dispenser system comprising: a dispensing mechanism configured to dispense an exposed tail of sheet product having a first length; an energy storage device configured to power the dispensing mechanism; an electrical generator configured to transfer energy to the energy storage device, the electrical generator configured to generate electrical energy when a user, exerting a pull force on the exposed tail, manually pulls a second length of sheet product from the dispenser system, wherein an amount of electrical energy generated by the electrical generator is based at least in part on the second length of sheet product manually pulled by the user; and a current manipulation device configured to adjust an energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device to modify the pull force the user must exert to dispense the second length of sheet product. 13. The dispenser system of claim 12, wherein the dispensing mechanism dispenses the exposed tail of sheet product upon activation. 14. The dispenser system of claim 13, further comprising a proximity sensor configured to activate the dispensing mechanism, wherein the energy storage device is configured to power the proximity sensor. 15. The dispenser system of claim 14, wherein the proximity sensor activates the dispensing mechanism upon detecting the user in proximity to the dispenser system. 16. The dispenser system of claim 13, further comprising a tear sensor configured to activate the dispensing mechanism, wherein the tear sensor activates the dispensing mechanism upon detecting that a length of sheet product has been separated from the dispenser system by the user. 17. The dispenser system of claim 16, wherein the tear sensor comprises a tear bar positioned about an outlet of the dispenser system. 18. A dispenser system comprising: a dispensing mechanism; a proximity sensor configured to activate the dispensing mechanism to dispense an exposed tail of sheet product having a first length; an energy storage device configured to power the dispensing mechanism and the proximity sensor; an electrical generator configured to transfer energy to the energy storage device, the electrical generator configured to generate electrical energy when a user, exerting a pull force on the exposed tail, manually pulls a second length of sheet product from the dispenser system, wherein an amount of electrical energy generated by the electrical generator is based at least in part on the second length of sheet product manually pulled by the user; and a current manipulation device configured to adjust an energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device to modify the pull force the user must exert to dispense the second length of sheet product. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the electrical generator is a three phase electrical generator comprising at least one pole pair, the electrical generator configured to generate alternating current and oscillating output voltage with three discrete voltage peaks per each of the at least one pole pair. 20. The system of claim 19, further comprising: a first sensor configured to determine a number of voltage peaks output by the three phase electrical generator; and a controller comprising a memory having computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to implement a method comprising: determining a number of revolutions of the three phase electrical generator associated with the number of voltage peaks; and calculating the total length of sheet product dispensed based at least in part on the number of revolutions. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the current manipulation device is a MOSFET device. 22. A dispenser system comprising: a manual dispensing mechanism configured to dispense sheet product; an energy storage device; an electrical generator configured to transfer energy to the energy storage device, the electrical generator configured to generate electrical energy when a user, exerting a pull force on the sheet product, manually pulls a length of sheet product from the dispenser system, wherein an amount of electrical energy generated by the electrical generator is based at least in part on the length of sheet product manually pulled by the user; and a current manipulation device configured to adjust an energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device to modify the pull force the user must exert to dispense the length of sheet product. 23. A method of dispensing sheet product from a dispenser, the method comprising: dispensing, by the dispenser, a length of sheet product in response to a user manually pulling on the sheet product; generating electrical energy using an electrical generator of the dispenser, wherein an amount of electrical energy generated by the electrical generator is based at least in part on the length of sheet product manually pulled by the user; charging an energy storage device electrically coupled to the electrical generator by transferring energy from the electrical generator to the energy storage device; and adjusting an energy transfer rate from the electrical generator to the energy storage device to modify the pull force which the user must exert to dispense the length of sheet product.",
-    "In various embodiments a device and method for providing power to an LED unit and modulating light emitted from the LED unit is disclosed. In one example, the device is configured to be connected between a driver and the LED unit. In this example, the device comprises a controllable resistor that receives from the driver a driver output voltage and to provides a load current to power the LED unit, a frequency filter for providing a substantially constant voltage to the LED unit, the frequency filter being connected to the controllable resistor to provide a substantially constant electrical power to the LED unit, and a modulator coupled in series to the LED unit for modulating the drive current and for modulating the emitted light output, wherein the substantially constant voltage applied to the LED unit is further applied to the modulator by means of the frequency filter. 1. A device for providing power to an LED unit and modulating light emitted from the LED unit, the device configured to be connected between a driver and the LED unit, the device comprising: a controllable resistor configured to receive from the driver a driver output voltage and to provide a load current to power the LED unit, a frequency filter for providing a substantially constant voltage to the LED unit, the frequency filter being connected to the controllable resistor to provide a substantially constant electrical power to the LED unit, wherein the frequency filter is connected to the driver to derive a voltage from the driver output voltage, wherein the voltage is at least partially applied to a series connection formed by the control input of the controllable resistor and the LED unit, and a modulator coupled in series to the LED unit for modulating the drive current and for modulating the emitted light output, wherein the substantially constant voltage applied to the LED unit is further applied to the modulator by means of the frequency filter. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the LED unit comprises one or more LEDs. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the driver is a component of a lighting apparatus. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the frequency filter is a low-pass filter comprising a capacitor and a resistor. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the resistor is coupled to the controllable resistor, wherein a substantially constant voltage drops across the capacitor and a second voltage including an AC-component of the rectified supply voltage drops across the resistor. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein a control contact of the controllable resistor is connected to a node between the resistor and the capacitor. 7. The device of claim 4, wherein a voltage limiting device is coupled to the controllable resistor to limit the second voltage dropping across the resistor. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the controllable resistor comprises a transistor. 9. The device of claim 4, wherein a resistor is connected in parallel to the capacitor to decrease the voltage dropping across the capacitor. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the modulator, which is coupled in series to the LED unit for modulating a drive current driving the LED unit and for modulating the light output emitted from the LED unit, the modulator including a resistor and a controllable switch coupled in parallel to each other to provide two different drive current levels. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the controllable switch comprises a transistor controlled by a control unit. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the modulator comprises a second controllable switch controlled by the controller and coupled in series to a second resistor, wherein the second controllable switch and the second resistor are coupled in parallel to the first controllable switch to provide at least three different drive current levels. 13. A device for providing power to an LED unit and modulating light emitted from the LED unit, the device configured to be connected between a driver and the LED unit, the device comprising: a controllable resistor configured to receive from the driver a driver output voltage and to provide a load current to power the LED unit, a frequency filter for providing a substantially constant voltage to the LED unit, the frequency filter being connected to the controllable resistor to provide a substantially constant electrical power to the LED unit, wherein the frequency filter is connected to the driver to derive a voltage from the driver output voltage, wherein the voltage is at least partially applied to a series connection formed by the control input of the controllable resistor and the LED unit, wherein the frequency filter comprises a capacitor coupled to the controllable resistor so that a voltage provided by the capacitor is at least partially applied to a control input of the controllable resistor as a control voltage to drive the controllable resistor, and a modulator coupled in series to the LED unit for modulating the drive current and for modulating the emitted light output, wherein the substantially constant voltage applied to the LED unit is further applied to the modulator by means of the frequency filter. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the driver is a component of a lighting apparatus. 15. The device of claim 13, wherein the frequency filter is a low-pass filter. 16. The device of claim 13, wherein a resistor is coupled to the controllable resistor, wherein a substantially constant voltage drops across the capacitor and a second voltage including an AC-component of the rectified supply voltage drops across the resistor. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein the modulator, which is coupled in series to the LED unit for modulating a drive current driving the LED unit and for modulating the light output emitted from the LED unit, the modulator including a resistor and a controllable switch coupled in parallel to each other to provide two different drive current levels. 18. A method of providing power to an LED unit and modulating light emitted from the LED unit, comprising the steps of: receiving from the driver a driver output voltage and providing the supply voltage to a frequency filter, providing a modulated load current to the LED unit by means of a controllable resistor and a modulator, to power the LED unit, wherein the modulator is coupled in series to the LED unit, providing a substantially constant voltage to the LED unit and the modulator by means of the frequency filter, and providing a substantially constant electrical power to the LED unit by means of the frequency filter connected to the controllable resistor, wherein the frequency filter is connected to the driver to derive a voltage from the driver output voltage, wherein the voltage is at least partially applied to a series connection formed by the control input of the controllable resistor and the LED unit. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the frequency filter is a low-pass filter. 20. A light apparatus comprising: an LED unit comprising one or more LEDs, and the device of claim 1, wherein the device is configured to be connected between a driver and the LED unit.",
-    "This disclosure features modified release pharmaceutical formulations (e.g., extended release pharmaceutical formulations; e.g., solid dosage forms, e.g., tablets) that are useful for the oral administration of oprozomib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a human or animal subject as well as methods of making and using the formulations. 1-46. (canceled) 47. An oral formulation comprising oprozomib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof present in an amount of 15 wt % to 60 wt %; one or more fillers present in an amount of 40 wt % to 70 wt %; one or more surfactants present in an amount of 0.5 wt % to 1.5 wt %; one or more lubricants present in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %; and a matrix-forming polymer present in an amount of 3 wt % to 40 wt %. 48. The formulation of claim 47, wherein the oral formulation is a solid dosage form. 49. The formulation of claim 48, wherein the solid dosage form is a tablet. 50. The formulation of claim 47, in which less than 30% of the oprozomib, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released after one hour, as determined by HPLC under the following dissolution conditions. Dissolution medium pH 5.5 acetate buffer Media volume 900 mL Temperature 37 \u00b1 0.5\u00b0 C. Apparatus USP No. 2 (Paddles) Speed 75 rpm Sampling Time up to 24 hours Infinity Point 30 minutes after the last sample Sampling Volume 1 mL 51. The formulation of claim 47, in which no more than 80% of the oprozomib, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released after four hours, as determined by HPLC under the following dissolution conditions. Dissolution medium pH 5.5 acetate buffer Media volume 900 mL Temperature 37 \u00b1 0.5\u00b0 C. Apparatus USP No. 2 (Paddles) Speed 75 rpm Sampling Time up to 24 hours Infinity Point 30 minutes after the last sample Sampling Volume 1 mL 52. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the oprozomib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises 20 wt % to 30 wt % of the formulation. 53. The formulation of claim 52, wherein the oprozomib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a crystalline solid. 54. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the matrix-forming polymer comprises 3 wt % to 11 wt % of the formulation. 55. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the matrix-forming polymer comprises hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose. 56. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the one or more fillers is selected from microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, dibasic calcium phosphate (\u201cDCP\u201d), sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and sorbitol. 57. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the one or more fillers comprise microcrystalline cellulose and lactose monohydrate. 58. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the one or more fillers comprise 60 wt % to 70 wt % of the formulation. 59. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the one or more surfactants comprises sodium lauryl sulfate. 60. The formulation of claim 51, wherein the one or more lubricants comprises magnesium stearate. 61. The formulation of claim 47, wherein a single dose of the formulation to a dog produces dose-normalized peak plasma concentration (Cmax/D) of oprozomib of 15.2\u00b13.3 ng*kg/mg/mL (mean standard error of the mean) for a formulation containing 100 mg of oprozomib. 62. An oral formulation comprising (a) oprozomib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) a matrix-forming polymer, (c) one or more fillers, (d) one or more surfactants, and (e) one or more lubricants, in which less than 30% of the oprozomib, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is released after one hour, as determined by HPLC under the following dissolution conditions. Dissolution medium pH 5.5 acetate buffer Media volume 900 mL Temperature 37 \u00b1 0.5\u00b0 C. Apparatus USP No. 2 (Paddles) Speed 75 rpm Sampling Time up to 24 hours Infinity Point 30 minutes after the last sample Sampling Volume 1 mL 63. The formulation of claim 62, wherein the oprozomib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises 20 wt % to 30 wt % of the formulation. 64. The formulation of claim 62, wherein the matrix-forming polymer is 3 wt % to 11 wt % of the formulation. 65. The formulation of claim 64, wherein the matrix forming polymer comprises hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose. 66. The formulation of claim 62, wherein the one or more fillers comprise 60 wt % to 70 wt % of the formulation. 67. The formulation of claim 66, wherein the one or more fillers comprise microcrystalline cellulose and lactose monohydrate.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided for depositing a structured paint material on a surface. According to one embodiment, the method comprises introducing an initiator to a paint composition comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA) and a first retroreflective element to produce a liquid mixture, depositing the liquid mixture on a surface of a substrate to produce a layer of structured paint material, and depositing a layer of a second retroreflective element onto at least a portion of an upper surface of the deposited layer of structured paint material, and wherein a coefficient of retroreflected luminance of the layer of structured paint material is at least 1400 mcd/m2/lux. 1. A method of depositing a structured paint material on a surface comprising: introducing an initiator to a paint composition comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA) and a first retroreflective element to produce a liquid mixture; depositing the liquid mixture on a surface of a substrate to produce a layer of structured paint material; and depositing a layer of a second retroreflective element onto at least a portion of an upper surface of the deposited layer of structured paint material, wherein a coefficient of retroreflected luminance of the layer of structured paint material is at least 1400 mcd/m2/lux. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein introducing the initiator to the paint composition comprises: supplying the paint composition and the initiator under pressurized conditions to a first end of a nozzle; randomly distributing the initiator and the paint composition within the nozzle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the coefficient of retroreflected luminance of the layer of structured paint material is at least 1800 mcd/m2/lux. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein coverage of the surface of the substrate by the layer of structured paint material is about 80%, and the layer of structured paint material has a thickness in a range of about 0.0 inches to about 0.250 inches. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer of structured paint material has an average thickness in a range of about 0.09 inches to about 0.125 inches. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the paint composition comprises at least 5% by weight MMA. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the initiator is a peroxide. 8. The method of claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of peroxide to paint composition in the liquid mixture is in a range from 99-80:1-20. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing the liquid mixture at a temperature below about 0\u00b0 C. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein depositing the liquid mixture creates a three-dimensional (3D) topography on a surface of the layer of structured paint material formed at least in part by at least one of the first and the second retroreflective elements. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and the second retroreflective elements comprise a plurality of glass beads. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the layer of second retroreflective element comprising the glass beads is deposited such that each bead is embedded to a depth of at least 60% of a diameter of each bead. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cure time for the deposited liquid mixture is about 15 minutes. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the layer of structured paint material is deposited to form a pavement marking. 15. A pavement marking formed from a layer of structured paint material comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA) and having a three-dimensional topography created by a plurality of glass beads at least partially embedded in the layer of structured paint material, the layer of structured paint material deposited such that the pavement marking exhibits a coefficient of retroreflected luminance of at least 1400 mcd/m2/lux. 16. The pavement marking of claim 15, wherein the layer of structured paint material comprises a paint composition and an initiator, the paint composition comprising at least 5% by weight of the MMA and at least 30% by weight glass beads. 17. The pavement marking of claim 15, having a shore D hardness of at least 40. 18. The pavement marking of claim 15, having a life expectancy of at least three years. 19. The deposition layer of claim 15, wherein the pavement marking exhibits a coefficient of retroreflected luminance of at least 1800 mcd/m2/lux. 20. The pavement marking of claim 15, wherein the pavement marking is hydrophobic.",
-    "An ophthalmological device calculates a cornea surface shape of an eye to be examined. The ophthalmological device includes a ring image photographic optical system configured to radiate a plurality of concentric ring light to the cornea surface of the eye and take reflected images of the plurality of ring light reflected from the cornea surface of the eye, an interference optical system configured to radiate measurement light to the eye and detect interfering light composed of reflected light of the measurement light reflected from the eye and predetermined reference light. The shape of the cornea anterior surface of the eye is calculated form the reflected images of the plurality of ring light, the thicknesses of the cornea of the eye at the plurality of incident positions is calculated from the interfering light, and the posterior surface shape of the cornea of the eye is calculated based on these two results. 1. An ophthalmological device comprising: a ring image photographic optical system configured to radiate a plurality of concentric ring light to a cornea surface of an eye to be examined and take reflected images of the plurality of ring light reflected from the cornea surface of the eye; an interference optical system configured to radiate measurement light to the eye, and detect interfering light composed of reflected light of the measurement light reflected from the eye and predetermined reference light, the interference optical system being further configured to change an incident position of the measurement light radiated to the eye; and a processor configured to calculate a posterior surface shape of the cornea of the eye based on an anterior surface shape of the cornea of the eye and thicknesses of the cornea at a plurality of the incident positions, wherein the anterior surface shape of the cornea of the eye is determined based on the reflected images of the plurality of ring light obtained in the ring image photographic optical system, and the thicknesses of the cornea at the incident positions are determined based on the interfering light at the incident positions obtained in the interference optical system. 2. The ophthalmological device according to claim 1, wherein: each of the incident positions is on a circumference of a preset circle which is preset so as to encircle a cornea apex of the eye, the interference optical system is configured to radiate the measurement light at each of the incident positions, and the processor is configured to determine the thicknesses of the cornea of the eye at the incident positions. 3. The ophthalmological device according to claim 2, wherein the interference optical system comprises an optical member configured to radiate the measurement light such that the measurement light enters the eye parallel to an optical axis of the eye while the incidence position of the measurement light is changed by the interference optical system. 4. The ophthalmological device according to claim 3, further comprising an incident position sensor configured to detect the incident position of the measurement light that is changed by the interference optical system. 5. The ophthalmological device according to claim 1, wherein the interference optical system comprises an optical member configured to radiate the measurement light such that the measurement light enters the eye parallel to an optical axis of the eye while the incidence position of the measurement light is changed by the interference optical system. 6. The ophthalmological device according to claim 1, further comprising an incident position sensor configured to detect the incident position of the measurement light that is changed by the interference optical system.",
-    "To provide a flame retardant non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries, with which a lithium ion secondary battery which is less likely to undergo thermal runaway and which is excellent in the high temperature storage properties can be obtained; and a lithium ion secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries, comprising an electrolyte salt and a liquid composition, which contains either one or both of monofluorophosphate anions and difluorophosphate anions derived from at least part of the electrolyte salt, wherein at least a lithium salt is contained as one type of the electrolyte salt, and the liquid composition comprises at least one fluorine-containing solvent (\u03b1) selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-containing ether compound, a fluorine-containing chain carboxylic acid ester compound and a fluorine-containing chain carbonate compound, and a cyclic carboxylic acid ester compound. A lithium ion secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries. 1. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries, comprising an electrolyte salt and a liquid composition, which contains either one or both of monofluorophosphate anions and difluorophosphate anions derived from at least part of the electrolyte salt, wherein at least a lithium salt is contained as one type of the electrolyte salt, and the liquid composition comprises at least one fluorine-containing solvent (\u03b1) selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-containing ether compound, a fluorine-containing chain carboxylic acid ester compound and a fluorine-containing chain carbonate compound, and a cyclic carboxylic acid ester compound. 2. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the sum of the mass of the monofluorophosphate anions and the mass of the difluorophosphate anions to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is from 0.001 to 2 mass %. 3. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the liquid composition further contains at least one compound (\u03b2) selected from the group consisting of a saturated cyclic carbonate compound, a saturated chain carbonate compound having no fluorine atom, a saturated cyclic sulfone compound (excluding a lithium salt) and a phosphoric acid ester compound. 4. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 3, wherein the ratio of the mass of the saturated chain carbonate compound having no fluorine atom to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is at most 30 mass %. 5. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 3, wherein the ratio of the sum of the mass of the saturated cyclic carbonate compound and the mass of the saturated chain carbonate compound having no fluorine atom to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is at most 30 mass %. 6. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 3, wherein (NA+NB)/NLi, i.e. the ratio of the sum of the total number of moles (NA) of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester compound and the total number of moles (NB) of the compound (\u03b2) to the total number of moles (NLi) of lithium atoms derived from the lithium salt, is from 3.0 to 7.0. 7. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the fluorine-containing solvent (\u03b1) contains the fluorine-containing ether compound. 8. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 7, wherein the fluorine-containing ether compound is at least one member selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula (1): R1\u2014O\u2014R2 (1) (wherein each of R1 and R2 which are independent of each other, is a C1-10 alkyl group, a C3-10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-10 fluorinated alkyl group, a C3-10 fluorinated cycloalkyl group, a C2-10 alkyl group having at least one etheric oxygen atom, or a C2-10 fluorinated alkyl group having at least one etheric oxygen atom, provided that one or each of R1 and R2 is a C1-10 fluorinated alkyl group, a C3-10 fluorinated cycloalkyl group or a C2-10 fluorinated alkyl group having at least one etheric oxygen atom). 9. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 8, wherein the compound represented by the formula (1) contains at least one member selected from the group consisting of CF3CH2OCF2CHF2, CF3CH2OCF2CHFCF3, CHF2CF2CH2OCF2CHF2, CH3CH2CH2OCF2CHF2, CH3CH2OCF2CHF2 and CHF2CF2CH2OCF2CHFCF3. 10. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the lithium salt contains LiPF6. 11. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the fluorine-containing chain carboxylic acid ester compound is at least one member selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula (2): (wherein each of R3 and R4 which are independent of each other, is a C1-3 alkyl group or a C1-3 fluorinated alkyl group, provided that one or each of R3 and R4 is a fluorinated alkyl group). 12. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the cyclic carboxylic acid ester compound is at least one member selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula (4): (wherein each of R7 to R12 which are independent of one another, is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a C1-2 alkyl group, a C1-2 fluorinated alkyl group or a C2-3 alkyl group having an etheric oxygen atom, and n is an integer of from 1 to 3). 13. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 12, wherein the compound represented by the formula (4) is at least one member selected from the group consisting of \u03b3-butyrolactone, \u03b3-valerolactone and \u03b5-caprolactone. 14. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the mass of the fluorine-containing solvent (\u03b1) to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is from 30 to 80 mass %. 15. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein NA/NLi, i.e. the ratio of the total number of moles (NA) of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester compound to the total number of moles (NLi) of lithium atoms derived from the lithium salt, is from 1.5 to 7.0. 16. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, which has a lithium salt content of from 0.7 to 1.5 mol/L. 17. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the mass of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester compound to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is from 4 to 50 mass %. 18. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode containing, as an active material, a material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions, a negative electrode containing, as an active material, at least one member selected from the group consisting of metal lithium, a lithium alloy and a carbon material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium ions, and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for secondary batteries as defined in claim 1.",
-    "An antenna module applicable to a mobile device is provided in the present disclosure. The antenna module includes a metal frame, a circuit board surrounded by the metal frame, and an antenna portion on the circuit board. The circuit board includes a main board and a ground board placed on the main board. The antenna portion includes at least one low frequency (LF) ground point and at least one high frequency (HF) ground point arranged on the ground board, and a feed point arranged on the main board. The at least one LF ground point and the at least one HF ground point contact the metal frame; a first current path length between the feed point and the at least one LF ground point is greater than a second current path length between the feed point and the at least one HF ground point. 1. An antenna module, comprising: a metal frame; a circuit board surrounded by the metal frame, the circuit board comprising a main board and a ground board placed on the main board; and an antenna portion on the circuit board, the antenna portion comprising at least one low frequency (LF) ground point and at least one high frequency (HF) ground point arranged on the ground board, and a feed point arranged on the main board; wherein the at least one LF ground point and the at least one HF ground point contact the metal frame; a first current path length between the feed point and the at least one LF ground point is greater than a second current path length between the feed point and the at least one HF ground point. 2. The antenna module of claim 1, wherein the first current path length is substantially equal to a half of an LF resonance wavelength of the antenna module, and the second current path length is substantially equal to a half of an HF resonance wavelength of the antenna module. 3. The antenna module of claim 1, wherein the metal frame is a rectangular frame comprising two long sidewalls parallel to each other and two short sidewalls perpendicular to the two long sidewalls; and wherein the metal frame surrounds the circuit board for forming gaps between the sidewalls of the metal frame and the circuit board. 4. The antenna module of claim 3, wherein the at least one LF ground point and the at least one HF ground point are arranged at two opposite edges of the ground board, and contact the two long sidewalls of the metal frame respectively. 5. The antenna module of claim 4, wherein the at least one LF ground point comprises a plurality of LF ground points, and the at least one HF ground point comprises a plurality of HF ground points; the LF ground points and the HF ground points are symmetrical to each other about a central axis of the ground board parallel to the long sidewalls of the metal frame. 6. The antenna module of claim 4, wherein a semi-close groove is formed at a same side of the ground board as the LF ground points. 7. The antenna module of claim 6, wherein the semi-close groove is configured for extending the first current path length between the feed point and the LF ground points, so as to obtain additional HF resonance. 8. The antenna module of claim 6, wherein the semi-close groove has an L-shaped configuration, an end of the semi-close groove is opened at a corresponding edge of the ground board. 9. The antenna module of claim 3, wherein a clearance area is formed in the antenna module at a region between one of the short sidewalls of the metal frame and the circuit board. 10. The antenna module of claim 9, wherein the feed point is arranged at an edge of the main board and is located in the clearance area. 11. The antenna module of claim 10, wherein the ground board further comprises a first protrusion part and a second protrusion part, both of which protrude to the clearance area from a corresponding edge of the ground board. 12. The antenna module of claim 11, wherein the second protrusion part is closer to the feed point than the first protrusion part. 13. The antenna module of claim 12, wherein a distance between the feed point and the first protrusion part is substantially equal to a quarter of the LF resonance wavelength of the antenna module, and a distance between the feed point and the second protrusion part is substantially equal to a quarter of a secondary LF resonance wavelength of the antenna module.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to methods and uses of improving the therapeutic efficacy and utility of antibody fragments by employing anti-epitope-tagging technologies. 1-32. (canceled) 33. A method of enhancing the efficacy of an antibody fragment comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody fragment linked to an epitope to an animal in need thereof wherein a complex forms between the antibody fragment linked to the epitope and an antibody that binds to the epitope. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the enhanced efficacy of the antibody fragment comprises an increased therapeutic effect. 35. The method of claim 33 wherein the enhanced efficacy of the antibody fragment comprises an increased persistence and/or stability of the antibody fragment. 36. The method of claim 33 wherein the enhanced efficacy of the antibody fragment comprises an increased immune response. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein the increased immune response comprises activating downstream immune system functions. 38. The method of claim 37 wherein activating the downstream immune system functions comprises the ability to recruit FcR-mediated effector functions. 39. The method of claim 38 wherein the FcR-mediated effector functions comprises recruiting the complement system. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the FcR-mediated effector functions comprises increasing phagocytosis. 41. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody fragment linked to the epitope is a fusion protein. 42. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody fragment is linked to the epitope via a chemical cross-link. 43. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody fragment is selected from: scFv antibodies, disulphide stabilized scFv fragments, VHH single domain antibodies and Fab antibodies. 44. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody fragment is scFV antibody. 45. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody fragment is Fab antibody. 46. The method of claim 33 wherein the epitope is selected from: cellular antigens, humoral antigens, pathogens, toxins, viruses, bacteria, tumour antigens or autoantigens. 47. The method of claim 33 wherein the epitope is selected from: glutathione-S-transferase (GST) or portion thereof, c-Myc or portion thereof, poly-histidine (6\u00d7-His), penta-histidine (Penta-His), FLAG\u00ae, green fluorescent protein (GFP) or portion thereof, maltose binding protein (MBP) or portion thereof, influenza A virus haemaglutinin (HA tag; YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO:1)) or portion thereof, \u03b2-galactosidase (\u03b2-gal) or portion thereof, GAL4 or portion thereof, human MRP or portion thereof, V5 epitope from the simian virus, polyoma virus T antigen epitopes, QCRL-1 and the KT3 viral epitope or portions thereof. 48. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody fragment binds to a target antigen selected from cellular antigens, humoral antigens, toxins, pathogens, viruses, bacteria, tumour antigens, autoimmune antibodies, allergens and pathogenic protein complexes such as prion and amyloid plaques. 49. The method of claim 34 wherein the increased therapeutic effect comprises enhanced protective efficacy of the antibody fragment against bacterial infection. 50. The method of claim 33, further comprising administering the antibody that binds to the epitope to the animal in need thereof. 51. The method of claim 50 wherein the antibody is selected from a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, an IgG, an IgM, an IgA, an IgE and an IgD. 52. The method of claim 51 wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 53. The method of claim 50 wherein the antibody fragment forms a complex with the antibody in a 20:1 ratio. 54. The method of claim 50 wherein the antibody fragment forms a complex with the antibody in a 2:1 ratio. 55. The method of claim 33 wherein the antibody that binds to the epitope is already present in the animal. 56. The method of claim 55 wherein the antibody already present in the animal due to prior immunization of the animal with the epitope. 57. A method of enhancing the efficacy of an antibody fragment comprising: a) immunizing an animal with an epitope; and b) administering an effective amount of the antibody fragment linked to the epitope to the animal in need thereof; wherein the efficacy of the administered antibody fragment is enhanced. 58. The method of claim 57 wherein the enhanced efficacy of the antibody fragment comprises an increased therapeutic effect; an increased persistence and/or stability of the antibody fragment; an increased immune response; activation of downstream immune system functions; activation of FcR-mediated effector functions: recruitment of the complement system and/or increasing phagocytosis; and improved protective efficacy of the antibody fragment against infection. 59. The method of claim 57 wherein the antibody fragment linked to the epitope is a fusion protein. 60. The method of claim 57 wherein the antibody fragment is selected from: scFv antibodies, disulphide stabilized scFv fragments, VHH single domain antibodies and Fab antibodies. 61. The method of claim 58 wherein the antibody fragment is a scFV antibody, 62. The method of claim 58 wherein the antibody fragment is a Fab antibody. 63. The method claim 57 wherein the epitope is selected from: cellular antigens, humoral antigens, pathogens, toxins, viruses, bacteria, tumour antigens or autoantigens. 64. The method of claim 57 wherein the antibody fragment binds to a target antigen selected from cellular antigens, humoral antigens, toxins, pathogens, viruses, bacteria, tumour antigens, autoimmune antibodies, allergens and pathogenic protein complexes such as prion and amyloid plaques.",
-    "An organic EL device includes an element substrate above which an organic EL element is provided; a counter substrate arranged so as to face the element substrate; a sealing layer arranged between the organic EL element and the counter substrate, and having at least a first sealing layer made from an inorganic material, a planarized second sealing layer, and a third sealing layer formed from an inorganic material; and a filler arranged between the sealing layer and the counter substrate, in which the counter substrate is arranged in a region spaced by a predetermined gap from any end portion of the element substrate, the filler is arranged so as to protrude to the gap from between the element substrate and the counter substrate, and the end portion of the second sealing layer is covered by the filler. 1. An organic EL device, comprising: a first substrate above which an organic EL element is provided; a second substrate arranged so as to face the first substrate; a sealing layer arranged between the organic EL element and the second substrate, and having at least a first sealing layer made from an inorganic material, a planarized second sealing layer, and a third sealing layer formed from an inorganic material; and a filler arranged between the sealing layer and the second substrate, wherein the second substrate is arranged in a region spaced by a predetermined gap from any end portion of the first substrate, the filler is arranged so as to protrude to the gap from between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the end portion of the second sealing layer is covered by the filler. 2. The organic EL device according to claim 1, wherein the end portion of the second sealing layer is arranged further to the inside than the end portion of the second substrate in plan view. 3. The organic EL device according to claim 1, wherein a distance from the end portion of the filler to the end portion of the second sealing layer is longer than the thickness of the filler between the second sealing layer and the second substrate. 4. The organic EL device according to claim 1, wherein the second substrate is formed with a taper to the outer edge of the side on which the filler is arranged. 5. The organic EL device according to claim 4, wherein the taper is formed at a position not overlapping the second sealing layer in plan view. 6. The organic EL device according to claim 1, further comprising; a display region at a region that includes the organic EL element in plan view, wherein the distance from an edge of the display region to an end portion of the second sealing layer is longer than the distance from an end portion of the second sealing layer to the end portion of the second substrate. 7. The organic EL device according to claim 1, wherein a projection is provided on the third sealing layer and further to the outside than the second sealing layer in plan view. 8. The organic EL device according to claim 7, wherein the projection is formed by any material of a color filter, a barrier layer arranged between the color filters, and an overcoating layer. 9. An organic EL device, comprising: a first substrate above which an organic EL element is provided; a second substrate arranged so as to face the first substrate; a sealing layer arranged between the organic EL element and the second substrate, and having at least a first sealing layer made from an inorganic material, a planarized second sealing layer, and a third sealing layer formed from an inorganic material; and a filler arranged between the sealing layer and the second substrate, the filler having an end portion that extends away from the second substrate at least as far as does a region between an end portion of the first substrate and an end portion of the second substrate in a direction parallel to an upper surface of the first substrate, and the end portion of the second sealing layer is covered by the filler. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 1. 11. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 2. 12. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 3. 13. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 4. 14. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 5. 15. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 6. 16. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 7. 17. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 8. 18. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 9.",
-    "A concave hair extension cap made from spandex, lycra or similar manmade material is provided for attachment to the crown of a user head. The cap has various connection devices integrally attached in a regular arrangement about the surface of the cap or to spaces disposed within the surface of the cap for attachment of the periphery of the connection devices to the borders of the space disposed within the surface of the cap. The arrangement of the connection devices are arrayed in a staggered or symmetrical array. A hair extension having a corresponding connection device is brought into proximity to the hair cap and attached to the connection device in the cap thereby providing extension of hair. 1. A hair extension system comprising: a hair cap made from a fabric material surface having a first integral connection device permanently attached to the fabric material surface such that there is a first portion of the fabric material surface about an entire first perimeter of the first integral connection device such that the first portion of the fabric material surface circumscribes the first integral connection device; and a second integral connection device permanently attached to the fabric material surface such that there is a second portion of the fabric material surface about an entire second perimeter of the first integral connection device such that the second portion of the fabric material surface circumscribes the second integral connection device; and wherein the first integral connection device and the second integral connection device are separate from one another and do not make contact with one another. 2. The hair extension system of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of integral connection devices permanently attached to the fabric material surface of the concave hair cap such that the plurality of integral connection devices each has a corresponding portion of the fabric material surface about each one of the plurality of integral connection devices; such that the corresponding portion of the fabric material surface separates each one of the plurality of interconnection devices from nearby interconnection devices such that they are not directly connected to one another. 3. The hair extension system of claim 1, further comprising: group of integral connection devices permanently attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface such that the group is formed from a plurality of integral connection devices; wherein each one of the plurality of integral connection devices has a corresponding portion of the fabric material surface disposed about each one of the plurality of integral connection devices; such that the corresponding portion of the fabric material surface separates each one of the plurality of interconnection devices from nearby interconnection devices such that they are not directly connected to one another. 4. The hair extension system of claim 3, wherein the group further comprises: a staggered group of integral connection devices. such that each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset laterally from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices; and wherein each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset vertically from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices. 5. The hair extension system of claim 3, wherein the group further comprises: a parallel group of integral connection devices such that each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset laterally from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices; and wherein each one of the plurality of integral connection devices is not offset vertically from a previous one. 6. The hair extension system of claim 3, wherein the group further comprises: an offset group of integral connection devices such that each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset laterally from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices. 7. The hair extension system of claim 1, further comprising: a first portion of the fabric material surface of the hair cap having a first closed border forming a first space in the hair cap within that border for integrally attaching the first integral connection device. 8. The hair extension system of claim 7, further comprising: a second portion of the fabric material surface of the hair cap having a second closed border forming a second space in the hair cap within that second border for integrally attaching the second integral connection devices. 9. The hair extension system of claim 3, further comprising: a plurality of portions of the fabric material surface of the hair cap having a plurality of closed borders forming a plurality of spaces in the hair cap within the plurality of closed borders for integrally attaching one of the plurality of integral connection devices to one of the plurality of borders. 10. The hair extension system of claim 2, further comprising: a plurality of portions of the fabric material surface of the hair cap having a plurality of closed borders forming a plurality of spaces in the hair cap within that plurality of closed border for integrally attaching one of a plurality of integral connection devices to one of the plurality of borders. 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. A hair extension system of claim 2, further comprising: a set of integral connection devices permanently attached to a concave hair cap fabric material surface such that the set is formed from a plurality of integral connection devices: wherein each one of the plurality of integral connection devices has a corresponding portion of the fabric material surface disposed about each one of the plurality of integral connection devices; such that the corresponding portion of the fabric material surface separates each one of the plurality of interconnection devices from nearby interconnection devices such that they are not directly connected to one another. 14. The hair extension system of claim 13, further comprising: a staggered set of integral connection devices such that each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset laterally from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices; and wherein each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset vertically from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices.. 15. The hair extension system of claim 13, further comprising: a parallel set of integral connection devices such that each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset laterally from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices; and wherein each one of the plurality of integral connection devices is not offset vertically from a previous one. 16. The hair extension system of claim 13, further comprising: an offset set of integral connection devices such that each one of a plurality of integral connection devices is attached to the concave hair cap fabric material surface offset laterally from a previous one of the plurality of integral connection devices. 17. The hair extension system of claim 13, further comprising: wherein each one of the plurality of integral connection devices is a hook or loop fastener. 18. The hair extension system of claim 1, wherein the first integral connection device further comprises a hook or loop fastener. 19. The hair extension system of claim 13, further comprising: a plurality of portions of the fabric material surface of the hair cap having a plurality of closed borders forming a plurality of spaces in the hair cap within that plurality of closed borders for integrally attaching one of a plurality of integral connection devices to one of the plurality of borders. 20. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides a weapon's barrel device capable of using various calibers of flanged centerfired ammunition in a breech loaded firearm. The barrel device is able to position and secure various caliber ammunition or rockets, whereby the action and firing pin will strike the center of the ammunition and cause it to be fired from the weapon. In some embodiments, the unique barrel device may comprise a non-newtonian type of fluid housed and contained in the barrel by a para-aramid synthetic material. In other embodiments, the barrel device may comprise a mechanical construct and may or may not use a synthetic fiber inner lining. In another embodiment, the barrel device may contain a foam type material to house and center the ammunition. In further embodiments, the barrel device may comprise both a non-newtonian type of fluid and a mechanical construct. Lastly, this invention can be scalable to be used in weapons larger than handguns. 1. A firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber, said weapon comprising: a barrel that will accept multiple different size or caliber ammunition or cartridges; said barrel having an interior lined with a hybrid foam material capable of withstanding the temperature and pressure of a fired cartridge, and wherein said hybrid foam material is capable of centering and firmly holding the cartridge in the middle of the barrel. 2. The firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber of claim 1, wherein the hybrid foam consists of porous aluminum and synthetic rubber. 3. The firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber of claim 2, wherein the synthetic rubber is a synthetic flexible foam rubber. 4. The firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber of claim 3, wherein the ratio of porous aluminum to the synthetic flexible foam rubber is 30/70 per cent. 5. A firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber, said weapon comprising: a barrel that will accept multiple different size or caliber ammunition or cartridges; said barrel having an interior containing a mechanical construct attached to the inside of the barrel, wherein said construct being capable of withstanding the temperature and pressure of a fired cartridge, and wherein said construct is capable of centering and firmly holding the cartridge in the middle of the barrel. 6. The firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber of claim 5, wherein the mechanical construct are aluminum helical coiled springs traversing the length of said barrel. 7. The firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber of claim 5, wherein the mechanical construct comprises overlapping multiple flexible curved plates. 8. The firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber of claim 7, wherein the overlapping multiple curved plates comprises aluminum. 9. A firearm capable of firing ammunition of various different caliber, said weapon comprising: a barrel that will accept multiple different size or caliber ammunition or cartridges; said barrel having an interior containing a mechanical construct attached to the inside of the barrel combined with a non-newtonian construct, wherein said mechanical construct being capable of withstanding the temperature and pressure of a fired cartridge, and wherein said mechanical construct is capable of centering and firmly holding the cartridge in the middle of the barrel.",
-    "A processor, such as a low-cost microcontroller unit, uses a DMA controller to facilitate direct memory transactions between hardware subsystems independently of the CPU. To enable those transactions to be carried out security, gateways are provided to the DMA controller and peripheral bridge. The gateways, which have access to multiple access policies, switch between those policies depending on a hardware context and/or subcontext, such as the bus master originating the transaction and/or the DMA channel associated with the transaction. The gateways are operable to administer those policies independently of the CPU. In various implementations, gateways are provided for the DMA controller, the peripheral bridge, and/or individual peripherals. The processor is able to support secure, fully containerized operations involving its peripherals without constant CPU intervention. 1. A processor comprising: a central processing unit (CPU); system memory external to the CPU; a plurality of hardware subsystems, other than the CPU, capable of dispatching a memory access request; a system bus connecting the CPU to the system memory, the system bus configured to deliver memory access requests between various hardware subsystems of the processor, wherein a memory access request includes or is accompanied by a hardware context identifier identifying a hardware subsystem that dispatched the memory access request; and a programmable memory-addressable protection unit (PU) external to the CPU and configured to administer a plurality of hardware-context and/or subcontext-specific access control policies to memory access requests independently of the CPU; wherein the PU is configured to use the hardware context and/or subcontext identifier to select an appropriate access control policy to allow or block a memory access request in accordance with the selected access control policy. 2. The processor of claim 1, wherein the PU is operable to administer a plurality of hardware-context and/or subcontext-specific access control policies to memory access requests while the CPU is asleep and without waking up. 3. The processor of claim 1, wherein: the access control policy defines access criteria for one or more memory regions; the memory access request identifies a target memory location; and the PU is configured to compare the target memory location with a corresponding one of the memory regions to determine whether to allow or block the memory access request. 4. The processor of claim 1, wherein the memory access request includes or is accompanied on the system bus by one or more security attributes defining a security level and/or privilege level of the memory access request. 5. The processor of claim 1, further comprising signal lines in the system bus configured to carry the hardware context and/or sub-context identifier. 6. The processor of claim 1, wherein the PU is dedicated to a peripheral bus bridge. 7. The processor of claim 1, wherein the PU is dedicated to a DMA controller, the PU is configured to administer different access control policies for different DMA channels, and the PU is configured to use a DMA channel number to select the access control policy corresponding to the DMA channel number. 8. The processor of claim 1, wherein: the processor comprises both first and second PUs, each PU being external to the CPU and configured to administer a plurality of hardware-related access control policies to memory access requests while the CPU is asleep and without waking the CPU up; the first PU is dedicated to a system bus master that dispatches memory access requests to system memory and memory-mapped peripherals; and the second PU is dedicated to one or more peripherals that receive memory access requests; the first and second PUs apply relatively coarse and fine-grained access control policies, respectively and in respect to one another, to memory access requests directed to the one or more peripherals. 9. A method of securely handling memory access requests in a processor with a central processing unit (CPU), system memory external to the CPU, a system bus, a plurality of hardware subsystems, other than the CPU, capable of dispatching a memory access request, and a programmable memory-addressable protection unit (PU), the method comprising: the hardware subsystems dispatching memory access requests onto the system bus, wherein a memory access request includes or is accompanied by a hardware context identifier identifying which unit is originating the memory access request; and the PU using the hardware context identifier to select a hardware context and/or sub-context-specific access control policy; and the PU allowing or blocking memory access requests in accordance with the selected access control policy. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising administering a plurality of hardware-context and/or subcontext-specific access control policies to memory access requests while the CPU is asleep and without waking up. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: the access control policy defining access criteria for one or more memory regions; the memory access request identifying a target memory location; and the PU comparing the target memory location with a corresponding one of the memory regions to determine whether to allow or block the memory access request. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising asserting one or more signal lines on the system bus to indicate a security level and/or privilege level of the memory access request. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising asserting a plurality of signal lines on the system bus to identify the hardware context and/or sub-context associated with the memory access request. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the PU is dedicated to a peripheral bus bridge. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the PU is dedicated to a DMA controller and the PU administers different access control policies for different DMA channels, the method further comprising the PU using a DMA channel number to select an access control policy corresponding to the DMA channel number. 16. A processor comprising: a central processing unit (CPU); system memory; a peripheral port for at least one peripheral; a system bus connecting the CPU to the system memory, the system bus also providing a pathway to the peripheral port; and a peripheral protection unit (PPU), wherein the PPU is configured to: act as a gatekeeper to memory access requests directed to the peripheral port; select access control policies that are specific to hardware resources supplying the memory access requests; and administer the access control policy to allow or block memory access requests on the basis. 17. The processor of claim 16, further comprising a DMA controller (DMA) with a plurality of channels, wherein the PPU is configured to detect a DMA channel associated with a DMA memory access request. 18. The processor of claim 16, further comprising: a central security configuration controller (SMU) external of the CPU and PPU; wherein the SMU is configured to be programmed with access control policies by the CPU; wherein the SMU is further configured to distribute the access control policies to one or more PPUs in the processor. 19. The processor of claim 16, further comprising signal lines in the system bus configured to carry a hardware context and/or sub-context identifier identifying a hardware context and/or sub-context of the hardware resource supplying a memory access request. 20. The processor of claim 16, wherein the PPU is operable to administer a plurality of hardware-context and/or subcontext-specific access control policies to memory access requests to the peripheral port while the CPU is asleep and without waking up.",
-    "A building system for building structures, such as a barrier in the form of a fence, includes a connector in the form of a bracket for joining panels to uprights. The bracket includes a loop portion for attaching the bracket to the upright of the fence and a retaining portion for receiving an edge or corner of the panel to secure the panel to the upright. One form of the bracket has the loop portion in alignment with the retaining portion whereas another form of the bracket has the loop portion in stepped relationship with the retaining portion. The two forms of the bracket are complementary to each other and each bracket can be used in different orientations. 1. A connector for use in connecting a first building member to a second member to form a building structure, the connector comprising a first part for engaging with the first building member to locate the connector in use with respect to the first building member, and a second part for retaining the second building member in position with respect to the first building member, wherein the second part of the connector has a first portion and a second portion, the first and second portions being arranged with respect to each other such that the first portion extends in a direction in alignment with the direction of extension of the first part of the connector, the first portion for locating the connector with respect to the second building member, and the second portion of the second part of the connector extending out of alignment with the first part for retaining the second building member in position with respect to the first building member, so that at least one axis of the second building member extends in alignment with at least one axis of the first building member, wherein the first and second building members are connected together by the connector. 2. A connector for connecting a first building member to a second building member to form a building structure from the first and second building members, the connector comprising a first part having a first void for receiving the first building member therethrough, the first void being defined at least in part by at least one extension member, the extension member for contacting the first building member in use of the connector when the first building member is received in the void, wherein the first part of the connector is for locating the connector with respect to the first building member, and a second part for retaining the second building member in position with respect to the first building member to form a part of the building structure, the second part having a holder for retaining the second building member therein to retain the second building member with respect to the first building member. 3. A first bracket and a second bracket forming a pair of brackets for joining building panels to respective support posts to form a fence, each of the first and second brackets having a loop portion for receiving therethrough a respective post for locating the bracket at a selected position on the post, and each of the first and second brackets having a panel receiving portion for receiving part of a panel to connect the panel to the post, wherein the loop portion of one of the pair of brackets extends from the receiving portion at a first orientation, such that the receiving portion and loop portion are in stepped relationship with each other, and wherein the loop portion of the other of the pair of brackets extends from the receiving portion at a second orientation such that the receiving portion and loop portion are substantially in alignment with each other and wherein the loop portions of the two brackets are complementary to each other. 4. A connector according to claim 1 in which the connector is a bracket, wherein one form of the bracket has a stepped configuration in which the outwardly extending portion is in a stepped relationship or out of the plane of the retaining portion. 5. A connector according to claim 1 in which the connector is a bracket, wherein one form of the bracket is an aligned configuration in which the outwardly extending portion is aligned with or is in substantially the same plan as the retaining portion. 6. A connector according to claim 4 in which the outwardly extending portion of the bracket is in the form of a loop and the retaining portion is in the form of a tray portion. 7. A connector according to claim 1 in which the first building member is a support member in the form of a post and the second building member is an infill member in the form of a panel, the panel extending between two spaced apart posts, wherein the post is a steel post, a corrosion resistant steel post, a treated steel post, a coated steel post, a painted steel post, a colour bond steel post, a galvanised steel post, a zincalum steel post or a post having a protective coating, and the building panel is a light weight building panel made from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) panel. 8. A connector according to claim 7 in which the AAC panel is a reinforced AAC panel having a reinforcing mesh embedded within the panel. 9. A connector according to claim 1 in which the one part of the bracket is a loop arrangement defining an internal void, gap, space, cavity formed by walls or wall sections extending from the bracket. 10. A connector according to claim 9 in which the shape of the loop corresponds generally to the shape of the post so that the post is received within the loop so as to secure the bracket to the post by the shape of the loop being matched to the profile of the post. 11. A connector according to claim 9 in which the loop is formed at least in part by a pair of arms arranged in end to end facing relationship to each other along one side of the loop. 12. A connector according to claim 1 in which the receiving portion or holding portion of the bracket is in the form of a tray for supporting the panel in use, wherein the tray includes a base plate, a bracket roof or top being able to be oriented in one orientation in which the base plate forms a lid of the tray whereas in another orientation the base plate forms a floor of the tray. 13. A connector according to claim 12 in which the tray further comprises a pair of spaced apart walls extending from opposite sides of the base plate wherein in one orientation the walls extend in a first direction from the base plate and in a second orientation the walls extend from the base plate in a second direction wherein the first and second directions are opposite directions to each other. 14. A connector according to claim 12 in which the bracket can be oriented so that the tray can face upwardly to support the panel received in the tray from underneath the panel or the tray can face downwardly to support the panel received in the tray from above the panel to prevent lateral movement of the panel in the direction out of the plane of the panel. 15. A connector according to claim 1 in which the bracket further comprises apertures in the form of fastening apertures for receiving therethrough fasteners for attaching the bracket to a post or to a panel or to the post and panel, wherein the apertures are located at different locations of different parts of the bracket for use in securing the fence wherein the apertures are arranged singly or in groups of two or more spaced apart apertures in different parts of the bracket. 16. A connector according to claim 1 wherein the bracket further includes an irregularity or discontinuity in the surface of one or more parts of the bracket wherein the irregularity or discontinuity is in the form of a projection or depression. 17. A connector according to claim 16 in which the projection is in the form of a bump, ridge, rib, boss, dimple or other outwardly directed irregularity or surface discontinuity. 18. A connector according to claim 16 in which the depression is in the form of a cavity, dimple, hollow, groove, rebate or other inwardly directed surface irregularity. 19. A connector according to claim 16 in which the location of the irregularity or discontinuity corresponds to the location of the head of a fastener for fastening the bracket to the post or panel or post and panel to receive the head of the fastener therein to enable the bracket to fit flat with the side or edge of the panel. 20. A connector according to claim 3 in which the loop of the bracket is formed by arms, wherein the width of the arms of the loop of the bracket is about half of the width of the walls or wings of the tray of the bracket so that when a first bracket having a stepped configuration and a second bracket having an aligned configuration are received on a post in abutting relationships to each other the arms of the first and of the second brackets overlie one another in abutting relationship about the post such that the combined width of the arms of the first and second brackets is substantially the same as the widths of the wall or wings of the loops of the first and second brackets so that the base plates of the first and second brackets are substantially coplanar to each other.",
-    "Embodiments described herein relate to a software application that is configured to operate as an add-on software component to audio-playback software on a playback device of a media playback system. One embodiment may involve transmitting, to a computing device, data indicating that a first add-on component installed on a playback device is active; receiving, from the computing device, a command to activate a second add-on component installed on a playback device; in response to receiving the command, activating the second add-on component on the playback device; and causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component. 1. A playback device, comprising: a network interface; a processor; memory storing instructions that when executed by the processor cause the playback device to perform functions comprising: transmitting, to a computing device, data indicating that a first add-on component installed on the playback device is active; receiving, from the computing device, a command to activate a second add-on component installed on the playback device; in response to receiving the command, activating the second add-on component on the playback device; and causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component. 2. The playback device of claim 1, wherein the functions further comprise: receiving, from the computing device, a playback command to initiate playback of a media item while the first add-on component is active; and causing playback of the media item using at least the first add-on component. 3. The playback device of claim 1, wherein the functions further comprise: in response to receiving the command, deactivating the first add-on component. 4. The playback device of claim 3, wherein the functions further comprise: transmitting, to the computing device, data indicating that the first add-on component is inactive on the playback device. 5. The playback device of claim 1, wherein the second add-on component is associated with a media item, wherein causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component comprises causing playback of the media item using at least the second add-on component, and wherein the functions further comprise in response to completing playback of the media item, disabling the second add-on component. 6. The playback device of claim 5, wherein the functions further comprise: in response to receiving the command, deactivating the first add-on component; and in response to completing playback of the media item, activating the first add-on component. 7. The playback device of claim 1, wherein the functions further comprise: receiving, from the computing device, the second add-on component for installation on the playback device. 8. The playback device of claim 1, wherein the functions further comprise: receiving, from a second computing device remote from the playback device, the second add-on component for installation on the playback device. 9. The playback device of claim 1, wherein the functions further comprise: transmitting, to the computing device, data indicating that the second add-on component is active on the playback device. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions executable by one or more processors to cause an apparatus to perform functions comprising: transmitting, to a computing device, data indicating that a first add-on component installed on the apparatus is active; receiving, from the computing device, a command to activate a second add-on component installed on the apparatus; in response to receiving the command, activating the second add-on component on the apparatus; and causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the functions further comprise: receiving, from the computing device, a playback command to initiate playback of a media item while the first add-on component is active; and causing playback of the media item using the first add-on component. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the functions further comprise: in response to receiving the command, deactivating the first add-on component. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the functions further comprise: receiving, from a second computing device remote from the apparatus, the second add-on component for installation on the apparatus. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the functions further comprise: transmitting, to the computing device, data indicating that the second add-on component is active on the apparatus. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the second add-on component is associated with a media item, wherein causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component comprises causing playback of the media item using at least the second add-on component, and wherein the functions further comprise: in response to completing playback of the media item, disabling the second add-on component; in response to receiving the command, deactivating the first add-on component; and in response to completing playback of the media item, activating the first add-on component. 16. A method, comprising: transmitting, to a computing device, data indicating that a first add-on component installed on a playback device is active; receiving, from the computing device, a command to activate a second add-on component installed on a playback device; in response to receiving the command, activating the second add-on component on the playback device; and causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving, from the computing device, a playback command to initiate playback of a media item while the first add-on component is active; causing playback of the media item using the first add-on component; and in response to receiving the command, deactivating the first add-on component. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the second add-on component is associated with a media item, wherein causing playback of audio using at least the second add-on component comprises causing playback of the media item using at least the second add-on component, and wherein the method further comprises: in response to completing playback of the media item, disabling the second add-on component; in response to receiving the command, deactivating the first add-on component; and in response to completing playback of the media item, activating the first add-on component. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving, from a second computing device remote from the playback device, the second add-on component for installation on the playback device. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: transmit, to the computing device, data indicating that the second add-on component is active on the playback device.",
-    "The present disclosure provides a system for oxygenating blood. The system may include an implantable blood pump that may draw a supply of blood from the circulatory system of a mammalian subject, such as a human being. The blood pump may provide the supply of blood to an adaptor, where the supply of blood may be supplied to either or both of a first branch or second branch. The first branch may lead to an external blood oxygenator. The oxygenator may oxygenate the blood, and the blood may be returned to the circulatory system of the mammalian subject. The second branch may bypass the oxygenator and may connect to the circulatory system of the mammalian subject. In this regard, while the blood is supplied to the second branch, the oxygenator may be disconnected and blood may be prevented from entering the first branch. 1. (canceled) 2. A portable lung assist system comprising: a blood pump having a pump outlet and a pump inlet configured for communication with a circulatory system of a mammalian subject at an inlet location, the blood pump being carriable by the mammalian subject; an external, portable blood oxygenator for supplementing the action of the subject's lungs having a blood inlet releasably connectable to the outlet of the blood pump and a blood outlet releasably connectable to the circulatory system of the mammalian subject at a return location; and a bypass conduit connectable to the outlet of the blood pump and to the circulatory system at the return location. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the blood inlet and blood outlet are releasably connectable while the blood pump and bypass conduit are connected to the circulatory system. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising first and second return fittings adapted for connection to the circulatory system at the return location and adapted for respective connection to the blood outlet and bypass conduit. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the inlet location and return location are located within the same anatomical feature of the circulatory system. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the anatomical feature of the circulatory system is the pulmonary artery. 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the anatomical feature of the circulatory system is the right atrium. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein the anatomical feature of the circulatory system is the right ventricle. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a dual-lumen catheter having first and second lumens, the first lumen comprising a system inlet fitting, and the second lumen comprising a system return fitting. 10. A portable lung assist system comprising: a system inlet and system return connectable to a circulatory system of a mammalian subject at an inlet location and return location thereof, respectively; a blood pump having a pump inlet in communication with the system inlet and a pump outlet; a blood bypass having a bypass inlet in communication with the pump outlet, a bypass outlet in communication with the system return, and at least one conduit disposed between the bypass inlet and outlet and in communication therewith; and a portable blood oxygenator having a blood inlet in communication with the pump outlet and a blood outlet in communication with the system return, the portable blood oxygenator being disconnectable from the lung assist system at disconnect locations located downstream of the blood outlet and upstream of the blood inlet. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the portable blood oxygenator is disconnectable from the lung assist system via disconnect fittings located at the disconnect locations, and when the portable blood oxygenator is disconnected from the system, the blood pump continuously supplies blood to the blood bypass. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the return comprises first and second return fittings adapted for connection to the circulatory system, and the bypass outlet is in communication with the first return fitting and the blood outlet is in communication with the second return fitting. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the return includes a return fitting adapted for connection to the circulatory system, and the bypass outlet and blood outlet are both in communication with the return fitting. 14. The of claim 10, wherein the blood bypass includes an additional blood oxygenator connected thereto between the bypass inlet and bypass return. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the inlet location and return location are located within the same anatomical feature of the circulatory system. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the anatomical feature of the circulatory system is the pulmonary artery. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the anatomical feature of the circulatory system is the right atrium. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the anatomical feature of the circulatory system is the right ventricle. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the inlet and return is comprised of a dual-lumen catheter having a first and second lumen, the first lumen comprises the inlet and a second lumen comprises the outlet. 20. A method of providing respiratory assistance to a subject comprising: directing blood from a system inlet at an inlet location within the circulatory system of the subject through a blood pump, out of the subject, through a portable oxygenator and back to the circulatory system through a return at a return location within the circulatory system; disconnecting the external, portable oxygenator; directing blood through the blood pump, through a blood bypass and back to the circulatory system through the return at the return location; and reconnecting either the portable oxygenator or a different portable oxygenator. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the inlet location and return location are both located at one of a right atrium, right ventricle or pulmonary artery of the circulatory system. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the inlet is a first lumen of a dual-lumen catheter, and the return is a second lumen of the dual-lumen catheter.",
-    "A cup and a temporary insert are respectively configured to be tightly press fitted into each other along their periphery. The temporary insert includes a through hole communicating outside with a free space between the outer surface of the temporary insert and the inner surface of the cup. In the through hole can be engaged the threaded end of an impactor. for manipulating the cup when it is being set. A syringe can be engaged, enabling a liquid under pressure to be injected into the free space, thus separating the temporary insert from the cup without any risk of damaging the inner surface of the cup. Thus, the cup can be securely manipulated when it is being set without any risk of damaging the inner surface of the cup. 1. Method of assembling an adapter and a cup of a set of acetabular cup prosthesis setting means, wherein the method comprises the steps of: a) providing a cup delimited by a convex proximal face, a concave distal face defining an interior surface of the cup, and a peripheral lip, said cup comprising a cylindrical or slightly conical annular retaining surface extending the concave distal face toward the peripheral lip, b) providing an adapter for fastening the cup to an impactor, the adapter including: fixing means for detachably fixing the adapter to the impactor, fixing means on the cup, leaving a free space between the adapter and the cup once the adapter is fixed to the cup, an access hole through which the free space between the adapter and the cup communicates with the outside, a cylindrical or slightly conical annular engagement surface the same shape as the annular retaining surface of the cup, said engagement surface having a diameter, at room temperature, which is slightly greater than a diameter of the retaining surface of the cup, c) cooling the adapter to reduce its dimensions, d) positioning the adapter in the cup, e) allowing the adapter, once in place in the cup, to return to room temperature to expand it so that the annular engagement surface of the adapter is forcibly immobilized in fluid-tight manner in the annular retaining surface of the cup. 2. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises a step of sterilizing the adapter and the cup by means of gamma rays once they have been fastened together. 3. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein: the adapter comprises abutment means adapted to bear axially on the peripheral lip of the cup to limit the penetration of the adapter into the cup, during step d), the adapter is introduced into the cup until abutment means bear axially on the peripheral lip of the cup. 4. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the concave distal face of the cup is substantially hemispherical, extended by a short cylindrical or slightly conical annular retaining surface. 5. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the annular retaining surface of the cup comprises at least one annular groove and the annular engagement surface of the adapter comprises at least one corresponding annular rib adapted to be engaged in the annular groove. 6. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the means for fixing the adapter to the impactor comprise a threaded fixing hole in the adapter for screwing in a corresponding threaded portion of the impactor. 7. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the access hole to the free space between the cup and the adapter is conformed and dimensioned for the fluid-tight engagement therein of the end of a syringe. 8. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the access hole of the adapter is threaded to fulfill the function of an adapter fixing hole by enabling a corresponding threaded portion of the impactor to be screwed into the adapter. 9. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the adapter is a temporary trial insert comprising, on its distal face, a hemispherical cavity dimensioned to enable the engagement of the head of a femoral prosthesis. 10. Assembly method according to claim 9, wherein the access hole of the adapter is located in the bottom of the hemispherical cavity. 11. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the adapter is made of polyethylene. 12. Assembly method according to claim 1, wherein, after step e), the adapter and cup are packaged in a sterile state in a sealed protective envelope. 13. Method of separating an adapter from a cup of a set obtained by the assembly method according to claim 1, wherein the method of separating comprises a step during which a fluid under pressure, advantageously a liquid under pressure, is injected through the access hole into the free space between the adapter and the cup.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes a toner cartridge which is detachably mounted from a first direction to store a toner; and a processing unit which is detachably mounted from a second direction perpendicular to the first direction and is provided with a photoconductor, a developing section for supplying a toner fed from the toner cartridge to the surface of the photoconductor to convert an electrostatic latent image to a toner image and a cleaning section for collecting the toner adhered on the surface of the photoconductor. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a paper feed section configured to store a sheet; a front wall having a first opening in the first direction of the image forming apparatus; a side wall having a second opening in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a power supply section located nearby a wall in the first direction to supply power to the image forming apparatus; a drive section located nearby a wall of the image forming apparatus opposite to the power supply section; a conveyance section configured to convey the sheet from the paper feed section; a conveyance path cover section configured to rotate between an opening position for exposing the conveyance section to take out a sheet jammed in the conveyance section from the conveyance section and a closing position covering the conveyance section; a processing unit which is detachably mounted to the drive section and the power supply section from a second direction and can be detached when the conveyance path cover section is set at the opening position; and a toner cartridge which is detachably mounted from a first direction and can be mounted to the image forming apparatus separately from the processing unit. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an operation panel configured to operate the image forming apparatus, wherein the first direction is a direction of a wall of the image forming apparatus on which the operation panel is arranged. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a charger which is detachably mounted on the image forming apparatus from the second direction to charge a photoconductor, wherein the charger is still mounted on the image forming apparatus when the processing unit is detached from the image forming apparatus.",
-    "The present invention provides methods for inhibiting or preventing cancer cell growth using silver nanoparticles. 1. A method of inhibiting the growth or proliferation of a cancer cell, comprising contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of silver nanoparticles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the size of the silver nanoparticles is between about 1 nm and about 100 nm across the largest dimension. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the silver nanoparticles are between 10 nm and 50 nm across the largest dimension. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles are in suspension. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the concentration of nanoparticles in suspension is from about 0.25 ppm to about 100 ppm. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer cell is selected from the group consisting of a chronic myeloid leukemia cell, a breast cancer cell, and a neuroblastoma cell. 7. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of silver nanoparticles. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the size of the silver nanoparticles is between about 1 nm and about 100 nm across the largest dimension. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the silver nanoparticles are between 10 nm and 50 nm 30 across the largest dimension. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the silver nanoparticles are in suspension. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the concentration of nanoparticles in suspension is from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of chronic myeloid leukemia, breast cancer and neuroblastoma. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising silver nanoparticles, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is suitable for parenteral administration. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the size of the silver nanoparticles is between about 1 nm and about 100 nm across the largest dimension. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the silver nanoparticles are between 10 nm and 50 nm across the largest dimension. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the silver nanoparticles are in suspension. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the concentration of nanoparticles in suspension is from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm.",
-    "A light-emitting device package and a lighting apparatus including the light-emitting device package are provided. The light-emitting device package may include a body, a light-emitting device provided on the body, a phosphor layer provided on the body and the light-emitting device, and a lens provided on the phosphor layer that refracts and reflects light discharged from the light-emitting device and having a lens body. The lens body may include a side portion, a recess having a curved surface and provided at a center of an upper surface of the lens body, and an edge portion having a convex rounded shape and provided between the recess and the side portion. 1. A light-emitting device package, comprising: a body; a light-emitting device provided on the body: a phosphor layer provided on the body and the light-emitting device; and a lens provided on the phosphor layer that refracts and reflects light discharged from the light-emitting device and having a lens body, wherein the lens body includes: a side portion; a recess having a curved surface and provided at a center of an upper surface of the lens body; and an edge portion having a convex rounded shape and provided between the recess and the side portion. 2. The package according to claim 1, wherein the lens body further includes a top portion provided between the edge portion and the recess. 3. The package according to claim 1, wherein the lens further includes a protrusion configured to protrude from the side portion in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis. 4. The package according to claim 1, wherein the lens has a same planar area as a planar area of the phosphor layer in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis. 5. The package according to claim 1 wherein the recess is symmetrical about an optical axis. 6. The package according to claim 1, wherein the lens is thinnest at an optical axis. 7. The package according to claim 1, wherein a vertical distance between a lowermost apex of the recess and a virtual reference surface that extends from an outermost upper surface of the body is within a range from 0.37 mm to 0.57 mm. 8. The package according to claim 1, wherein the recess has a depth within a range from 0.44 mm to 0.74 mm. 9. The package according to claim 1, wherein the recess is provided in a region defined by points spaced apart from an optical axis by a distance L/4, where L is a width of the lens. 10. The package according to claim 1, wherein the recess has a radius of curvature within a range from 1.0 mm to 5.5 mm. 11, The package according to claim 1, wherein a height from a virtual reference surface that extends from an outermost upper surface of the body to an uppermost surface of the lens is within a range from 0.81 mm to 1.11 mm. 12. The package according to claim 2, wherein a height from a virtual reference surface that extends from an outermost upper surface of the body to the top portion is within a range from 0.81 mm to 1.11 mm. 13. The package according to claim 2, wherein the top portion of the lens is spaced apart from an optical axis by L/4, where L is a width of the lens. 14. The package according to claim 1, wherein the edge portion has a radius of curvature within a range from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. 15. The package according to claim 1, wherein the side portion is inclined by 10\u00b0 in relation to a vertical line parallel to an optical axis. 16. The package according to claim 1, further including first and second lead frames spaced apart from each other in a width direction of the lens, wherein the light-emitting device includes a first conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive semiconductor layer, and wherein the first and second conductive semiconductor layers are electrically connected to the first and second lead frames, respectively. 17. A lighting apparatus comprising: the light-emitting device package according to claim 1; and an optical member provided above the light-emitting device package. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein a distance between the optical member and the lens is 40 mm. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein a full width at half maximum of the light-emitting device package measured at the optical member is within a range from 63 mm to 73 mm. 20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein color deviation between a center of the light-emitting device package and a point spaced apart from the center by 2.7 mm in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis, measured at the optical member, is within a range from 4% to 5%.",
-    "An information processing apparatus includes: an image pickup unit, a recognition unit and an execution unit. The image pickup unit photographs a recording medium to generate a picked-up image. The recognition unit recognizes a handwritten mark in the picked-up image generated by the image pickup unit. The execution unit performs a predetermined process according to the handwritten mark recognized by the recognized unit. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: an image pickup unit which photographs a recording medium to generate a picked-up image; a recognition unit which recognizes a predetermined mark in the picked-up image generated by the image pickup unit; and a sending control unit which sends the picked-up image to a predetermined destination when the recognition unit recognizes the predetermined mark in the picked-up image. 2. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a case including: a first case on which the recording medium is disposed; and a second case provided with a body unit and connected with the first case through a hinge part so that the case is closeable; and a detection unit which detects that the case is closed to a predetermined state, wherein the image pickup unit is disposed at a point of the body unit so as to face the first case, and the information processing apparatus further comprises a photography control unit which makes the image pickup unit photograph the recording medium at a timing when the detection unit detects that the case is closed to the predetermined state. 3. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sending control unit reads the destination for the predetermined mark and sends the picked-up image to the read destination. 4. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sending control unit cuts out a region from the picked-up image, the region corresponding to a region enclosed by a line recorded on the recording medium, and sends the cut-out region to the predetermined destination. 5. A non-transitory computer readable medium in which a program to make a computer perform a procedure is stored, the procedure comprising: recognizing a predetermined mark in a picked-up image generated by an image pickup unit photographing a recording medium; and sending the picked-up image to a predetermined destination when recognizing the predetermined mark in the picked-up image. 6. An information processing apparatus comprising: an image pickup unit which photographs a recording medium to obtain image data; an image recognition unit which determines whether or not a mark indicating mailing is in the obtained image data; and a mailing unit which sends a mail including the obtained image data to a predetermined destination address for the mark when the image recognition unit determines that the mark is in the obtained image data. 7. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising: a case including: a first case on which the recording medium is disposed; and a second case provided with a body unit and connected with the first case through a hinge part so that the case is closeable; and a detection unit which detects that the case is closed to a predetermined state, wherein the image pickup unit is disposed at a point of the body unit so as to face the first case and obtains the image data at a timing when the detection unit detects that the case is closed to the predetermined state. 8. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein a plurality of kinds of the mark is prepared, and the destination address is registered in advance for each of the kinds of the mark, and the mailing unit sends the mail to the destination address registered in advance for each of the kinds of the mark. 9. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising: a management unit which performs schedule management by registering event information including an associated date and time which is associated with an event; a first storage unit in which the image data and the event information being correlated with each other are stored; and a second storage unit in which the event information and a destination address being correlated with each other are stored, wherein the mailing unit sends the mail to the destination address correlated with the event information correlated with the image data. 10. The information processing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein when determining that the mark is in the image data, the image recognition unit recognizes a region substantially enclosed by a line in the image data, the information processing apparatus further comprises an image editing unit which cuts out the substantially enclosed region from the image data to generate sending image data, and the mailing unit sends the mail including the sending image data generated by the image editing unit to the destination address. 11. The information processing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein when the image recognition unit determines that a plurality of kinds of the mark is in the image data, with respect to each of the kinds of the mark, the image recognition unit recognizes the region substantially enclosed by the line in the image data, and the image editing unit cuts out the substantially enclosed region from the image data to generate the sending image data. 12. A non-transitory computer readable medium in which a program to make a computer perform a procedure is stored, the procedure comprising: photographing a recording medium to obtain image data; determining whether or not a mark indicating mailing is in the obtained image data; and sending a mail including the obtained image data to a predetermined destination address for the mark when determining that the mark is in the obtained image data.",
-    "Provided is a method of epitaxial deposition, which involves dry-etching a semiconductor substrate with a fluorine containing species and exposing the dry-etched substrate to hydrogen atoms, prior to epitaxially depositing a semiconductor layer to the surface of the substrate. 1. A method of epitaxial deposition comprising a) obtaining a semiconductor substrate having i) a bulk semiconductor and ii) a surface oxide layer over the bulk semiconductor; b) dry-etching the substrate with a fluorine containing species to remove the surface oxide layer and thereby expose a surface of the bulk semiconductor; c) exposing the surface of the bulk semiconductor to hydrogen atoms; and d) then epitaxially depositing a semiconductor layer on the surface of the bulk semiconductor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate is a silicon substrate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the epitaxially deposited semiconductor layer is a Group III-V semiconductor layer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein after said exposing and before said depositing the surface of the bulk semiconductor is not exposed to water vapor, oxygen or adventitious carbon. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said dry etching comprises decomposing NF3 to produce said fluorine containing species using plasma. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said dry-etching is performed at a temperature of the substrate being from 130 to 650\u00b0 C. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein no direct plasma is in direct contact with the substrate during the dry-etching. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said exposing comprises decomposing H2 by a plasma to produce said hydrogen atoms. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein no direct plasma is in direct contact with the substrate during the exposing of the substrate to the hydrogen atoms. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said exposing is performed at a first elevated temperature and said epitaxially depositing is performed at a second elevated temperature and wherein the method comprises cooling the substrate from the first elevated temperature after said exposing and then heating the substrate to the second elevated temperature. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein during said dry-etching, exposing and epitaxially depositing a temperature of the substrate is at least 200\u00b0 C. 12. The method of claim 1 performed in an apparatus comprising i) a cleaning module; ii) a epitaxial deposition module; and iii) a transfer module in direct contact with the cleaning module and the epitaxial deposition module; wherein said dry-etching and said exposing are performed in the cleaning module and said epitaxially depositing is performed in the epitaxial deposition module, wherein the method further comprises removing the substrate from the cleaning module to the transfer module after said exposing and then transferring the substrate from the transfer module to the epitaxial deposition module. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cleaning module comprises a heater and each of the dry etching and the exposing comprises heating the substrate by the heater. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cleaning module comprises a plasma chamber and wherein said dry-etching comprises generating plasma in the plasma chamber to produce the fluorine containing species, while said exposing comprises generating plasma in the plasma chamber to produce said hydrogen atoms. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the plasma chamber is such that the plasma is generated in a uniform region, which is not in direct contact with the substrate. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plasma chamber is a parallel plate cavity comprising i) a showerhead electrode configured to introduce a gaseous species, said showerhead electrode is positioned above the substrate parallel to a surface of the substrate; and ii) a grounded shield plate, which is penetrable by said fluorine containing species and said hydrogen atoms, the ground plate being positioned parallel to the surface of the substrate between the showerhead electrode and the substrate; wherein the uniform region, in which the plasma is generated, is between the showerhead electrode and the grounded shield electrode and wherein no direct plasma is present between the grounded shield electrode and the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said dry etching comprises introducing NF3 through the showerhead electrode into a space between the showerhead electrode and the grounded shield plate; and generating plasma between the showerhead electrode and the grounded shield plate to produce the fluorine containing species by decomposing NF3. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said exposing comprises introducing H2 through the showerhead electrode into a space between the showerhead electrode and the grounded shield plate; and generating plasma between the showerhead electrode and the grounded shield plate to produce the hydrogen atoms by decomposing H2. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the plasma chamber is a parallel plate cavity comprising i) a showerhead electrode configured to introduce a gaseous species, said showerhead electrode is positioned above the substrate parallel to a surface of the substrate; and ii) a substrate holder configured to hold the substrate, the substrate holder comprising a heater, which comprises a grounded mesh and an electrically insulating surface above the grounded mesh, wherein plasma is generated in the plasma chamber between the grounded mesh and the showerhead electrode. 20. The method of claim 1, further exposing the substrate to hydrogen atoms prior to said dry etching. 21. A cleaning chamber comprising: a) a substrate holder comprising a heater, the substrate holder is configured to hold a substrate; b) a source of a fluorine containing gas; c) a showerhead electrode in fluid communication with the source of the fluorine containing gas, the showerhead electrode is positioned parallel to the substrate holder; d) a grounded electrode assembly positioned parallel the substrate holder between the showerhead electrode and the substrate holder, said grounded electrode assembly comprises i) a grounded electrode comprising aluminum and ii) a heat shield comprising alumina, said heat shield is not in direct contact with the grounded electrode; wherein the gap between the electrode and heat shield is no greater than 3 mm. e) a power source in electrical contact with the showerhead electrode, wherein the chamber is configured to generate an plasma between the showerhead electrode and the grounded electrode, while having no direct plasma in direct contact with the substrate; wherein the grounded electrode assembly is penetrable for atomic products of decomposition of the fluorine containing gas by the plasma, while minimizing penetration of ionic products of decomposition of the fluorine containing gas by the plasma.",
-    "The present invention relates to methods of treating, reducing the risk of, preventing, or alleviating a symptom of a pulmonary disease or condition, reducing or suppressing inflammation in the lung, and promoting lung repair, by using a compound of formula A: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 1. A method of treating or alleviating a pulmonary disease or condition caused by or associated with narrowing of the pulmonary blood vessels in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula A: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R1 is hydrogen or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or \u03b1-hydroxyl; X is C(O)OH, C(O)NH(CH2)mSO3H, or C(O)NH(CH2)nCO2H; R4 is hydroxyl or hydrogen; R7 is hydroxyl or hydrogen; m is an integer 1, 2, or 3; and n is an integer 1, 2, or 3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein R1 is methyl, ethyl, or propyl. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein R1 is ethyl. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from methyl, ethyl and propyl; R4 is OH; R7 is H; and R2 is H. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulmonary disease or condition is selected from obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, bronchitis, pulmonary hypertension, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH), Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension (SPH), interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the pulmonary disease or condition is selected from COPD, emphysema, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the pulmonary disease or condition is pulmonary hypertension. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) or secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is administered systemically, orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or by inhalation.",
-    "The invention relates to a vehicle fault diagnosis tester and a vehicle fault diagnosis system comprising the same. The vehicle fault diagnosis tester has a command input module, a maintenance guidance display module and a wireless communication module, wherein the vehicle fault diagnosis tester is a wearable device, and the command input module is a non-contact type. The vehicle fault diagnosis system is used for a vehicle with a data link connector (DLC), and comprises an OBD dongle and the above described vehicle fault diagnosis tester. The OBD dongle can be inserted into the DLC, collect vehicle diagnosis data from the DLC and sends the vehicle diagnosis data to the wireless communication module of the vehicle fault diagnosis tester in a wireless way. The invention introduces a wearable device having a non-contact command input module into the technical field of automobile fault diagnosing, and introduces the concept of guidance maintenance into the vehicle fault diagnosing system so that the maintenance operation becomes interesting, convenient and efficient, and the maintenance personnel do not have to frequently switch between information reading and maintenance operation. 1. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester comprising a command input module, a maintenance guidance display module and a wireless communication module, characterized in that the vehicle fault diagnosis tester is a wearable device that can be directly worn on the body of maintenance personnel or can be attached to the dress and personal adornment of the maintenance personnel, and the command input module is a non-contact command input module. 2. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to claim 1, wherein the wearable device is a wrist-worn product, a foot-worn product or a head-worn product. 3. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to claim 2, wherein the head-worn product is in the form of glasses. 4. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to claim 2, wherein the positions of the command input module, the maintenance guidance display module and the wireless communication module in the vehicle fault diagnosis tester do not affect the field of view required for the maintenance personnel to complete the maintenance operation. 5. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the command input module comprises a microphone capable of collecting voice commands and/or a camera capable of collecting gesture commands or eye movement commands. 6. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to any of claims 2 to 4, wherein the command input module and the maintenance guidance display module are located on the same side of the vehicle fault diagnosis tester. 7. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the wireless communication module uses Blue-Tooth or Wi-Fi for communication. 8. A vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the maintenance guidance display module is a projector that can present diagnosis information in front of maintenance personnel by means of virtual screen, and the diagnosis information comprises maintenance guidance data. 9. A vehicle fault diagnosis system for a vehicle with a data link connector (DLC), which comprises an OBD dongle and a vehicle fault diagnosis tester according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the OBD dongle can be inserted into the DLC, collect vehicle diagnosis data from the DLC and sends the vehicle diagnosis data to the wireless communication module of the vehicle fault diagnosis tester in a wireless way 10. A vehicle fault diagnosis system according to claim 9, wherein the vehicle fault diagnosis system further comprises a server, and the OBD dongle can download data from the server or upload data to the server.",
-    "A subsea heat exchanger is disclosed that includes a production fluid inlet, a production fluid outlet, and first and second heat exchanger units coupled to the inlet and outlet. Each heat exchanger unit includes an outer tubular member, an inner tubular member disposed within the outer tubular member, and an annulus radially disposed between the inner tubular member and the outer tubular member. In addition, each heat exchanger unit includes a bridging assembly coupled between the first heat exchanger unit and the second heat exchanger unit. The bridging assembly includes a connector including a throughbore in communication with the inner tubular member of the first heat exchanger unit and the inner tubular member of the second heat exchanger unit. In addition, the bridging assembly includes a tubular stab that fluidly couples the annulus of the first heat exchanger unit to the annulus of the second heat exchanger unit. 1. A subsea heat exchanger, comprising: a production fluid inlet; a production fluid outlet; a first heat exchanger unit and a second heat exchanger unit each coupled to the inlet and the outlet, wherein each heat exchanger unit has a central axis, a first end, and a second end opposite the first end, and wherein each heat exchanger unit comprises: an outer tubular member extending axially from the first end to the second end of the heat exchanger unit; an inner tubular member disposed within the outer tubular member, wherein the inner tubular member extends axially from the first end to the second of the heat exchanger unit; an annulus radially disposed between the inner tubular member and the outer tubular member; and a bridging assembly coupled to the second end of the first heat exchanger unit and the second end of the second heat exchanger unit, wherein the bridging assembly includes: a connector having a central connector axis, a first end coupled to the second end of the first heat exchanger unit, a second end coupled to the second end of the second heat exchanger unit, and a throughbore in communication with the inner tubular member of the first heat exchanger unit and the inner tubular member of the second heat exchanger unit; and a tubular stab having a central stab axis oriented parallel to and radially spaced from the connector axis, wherein the tubular stab fluidly couples the annulus of the first heat exchanger unit to the annulus of the second heat exchanger unit. 2. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the inner tubular member of each heat exchanger unit includes a flange disposed at the second end of the heat exchanger unit; wherein each flange includes a port extending parallel to and radially spaced from the central axis of the corresponding heat exchanger unit; and wherein a first end of the tubular stab is received within the port in the flange of the inner tubular member of the first heat exchanger unit, and a second end of the tubular stab is received within a port in the flange of the inner tubular member of the second heat exchanger unit. 3. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first end and the second end of the tubular stab is freely slidable within the corresponding port. 4. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 2, wherein each flange further includes a radially outer annular surface that slidingly and sealingly engages a radially inner surface of the corresponding outer tubular member. 5. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the bridging assembly includes a plurality of tubular stabs uniformly circumferentially spaced about the central connector, wherein each tubular stab has a central stab axis oriented parallel to and radially spaced from the connector axis, wherein the plurality of tubular stabs fluidly couple the annulus of the first heat exchanger unit to the annulus of the second heat exchanger unit. 6. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising a closed thermal processing loop in fluid communication with the annulus of each of the first heat exchanger unit and the second heat exchanger unit, wherein the thermal processing loop is configured to circulate a thermal transfer fluid through the annulus of the first heat exchanger unit, the tubular stab, and the annulus of the second heat exchanger unit. 7. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 6, wherein the thermal processing loop further includes a radiator configured to cool the thermal transfer fluid. 8. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising: a third heat exchanger unit coupled to the inlet and the outlet, wherein the third heat exchanger unit includes a central axis, a first end, and a second end opposite the first end, and wherein the third heat exchanger unit further comprises: an outer tubular member extending axially from the first end to the second end of the third heat exchanger unit; an inner tubular member disposed within the outer tubular member, wherein the inner tubular member extends axially from the first end to the second of the third heat exchanger unit; and an annulus radially disposed between the inner tubular member and the outer tubular member; a first stiffening plate secured to the first end of the first heat exchanger unit and the first end of the third heat exchanger unit; and a second stiffening plate secured to the second end of the first heat exchanger unit and the second end of the third heat exchanger unit; wherein the first stiffening plate and the second stiffening plate are configured to support all of the weight of the first heat exchanger unit and the third heat exchanger unit. 9. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 8, wherein the central axis of the first heat exchanger unit is parallel to and radially spaced from the central axis of the third heat exchanger unit. 10. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 1, where each heat exchanger unit further comprises a plurality of baffles disposed within the annulus, wherein the baffles are configured to induce a sinusoidal flow path for thermal transfer fluid. 11. The subsea heat exchanger of claim 10, where each baffle includes a radially outer curved surface that sealingly engages with a radially inner surface of the corresponding outer tubular member. 12. An offshore production system for producing hydrocarbon fluids from a subterranean well, the system comprising: a production tree disposed at the sea floor, wherein the production tree includes a plurality of valves configured to control a flow of hydrocarbon fluids from the subterranean well; a riser assembly fluidly coupled to the production tree and configured to flow the hydrocarbon fluids to a vessel disposed at the sea surface; a heat exchanger disposed on the sea floor and including: an inlet configured to receive the hydrocarbon fluids from the production tree; an outlet configured to supply the hydrocarbon fluids to the riser assembly; a plurality of heat exchanger units coupled to the inlet and the outlet, wherein each heat exchanger unit has a central axis, a first end, and a second end opposite the first end, and wherein each heat exchanger unit comprises: an outer tubular member extending axially from the first end to the second end of the heat exchanger unit; an inner tubular member disposed within the outer tubular member, wherein the inner tubular member extends axially from the first end to the second of the heat exchanger unit, and wherein the inner tubular member of each heat exchanger unit is in fluid communication with the inlet and the outlet; and an annulus radially disposed between the inner tubular member and the outer tubular member; and a closed thermal processing loop in fluid communication with the annulus of each of the heat exchanger units, wherein the thermal processing loop is configured to circulate a thermal processing fluid through the annuli of the plurality of heat exchanger units. 13. The offshore production system of claim 12, wherein the inner tubular member of each heat exchanger unit includes a pair of flanges, with one flange is disposed at each of the first end and the second end of the corresponding heat exchanger unit; wherein each flange includes a port extending parallel to and radially spaced from the central axis of the corresponding heat exchanger unit. 14. The offshore production system of claim 13, wherein each flange further includes a radially outer annular surface that slidingly and sealingly engages a radially inner surface of the corresponding outer tubular member. 15. The offshore production system of claim 13, wherein the heat exchanger further includes a bridging assembly coupled to the second end of a first of the plurality of heat exchanger units and the second end of a second of the plurality of heat exchanger units, wherein the bridging assembly includes: a connector having a central connector axis, a first end coupled to the flange at the second end of the first heat exchanger unit, a second end coupled to the flange at the second end of the second heat exchanger unit, and a throughbore in communication with the inner tubular member of the first heat exchanger unit and the inner tubular member of the second heat exchanger unit; and a tubular stab having a first end disposed within the port in the flange at the second end of the first heat exchanger unit and a second end disposed within the port in the flange at the second end of the second heat exchanger unit. 16. The offshore production system of claim 15, wherein at least one of the first end and the second end of the tubular stab member is freely slidable within the corresponding port. 17. The offshore production system of claim 15, wherein the heat exchanger further includes: a transfer pipe in fluid communication with the inner tubular member of the first heat exchanger unit and the inner tubular member of a third of the plurality of heat exchanger units; and a transfer tube in fluid communication with the annulus of the first heat exchanger member and the annulus of the third heat exchanger member; wherein the transfer tube has a first end disposed within the port in the flange at the first end of the first heat exchanger unit and a second end disposed within the port in the flange at the first end of the third heat exchanger unit; and wherein central axis of the third heat exchanger unit is parallel to and radially spaced from the central axis of the first heat exchanger unit. 18. The offshore production system of claim 17, wherein the heat exchanger further includes: a first stiffening plate secured to the first end of the first heat exchanger unit and the first end of the third heat exchanger unit; and a second stiffening plate secured to the second end of the first heat exchanger unit and the second end of the third heat exchanger unit; wherein the first stiffening plate and the second stiffening plate are configured to support all of the weight of the first heat exchanger unit and the third heat exchanger unit 19. The offshore production system of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of heat exchanger units further includes a plurality of baffles disposed within the annulus, wherein the baffles are configured to induce a sinusoidal flow path for thermal transfer fluid. 20. The offshore production system of claim 19, wherein each baffle includes a radially outer surfaced surface that sealingly engages with a radially inner surface of the corresponding outer tubular member. 21. A method for cooling hydrocarbon fluids produced from an offshore subterranean well, the method comprising: (a) producing hydrocarbon fluids from a production tree disposed at the sea floor to an inlet; (b) flowing the hydrocarbon fluids from the inlet through an inner tubular member of a first heat exchanger unit; (c) flowing the hydrocarbon fluids through a connector of a bridging assembly into an inner tubular member of a second heat exchanger unit; (d) flowing a thermal transfer fluid through an annulus of the first heat exchanger unit; and (e) flowing the thermal transfer fluid through a tubular stab of the bridging assembly into an annulus of the second heat exchanger unit. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising cooling the thermal transfer fluid after (d) and (e). 23. The method of claim 22, wherein cooling the thermal transfer fluid comprises flowing the thermal transfer fluid through a radiator. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising heating the thermal transfer fluid before (d) and (e). 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising: (f) flowing the hydrocarbon fluids through a transfer pipe into an inner tubular member of a third heat exchanger unit after (c); and (g) flowing the thermal transfer fluid through a transfer tube into an annulus of the third heat exchanger unit after (e). 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising recirculating the thermal transfer fluid to the annulus of the first heat exchanger unit after (d) and (e).",
-    "A receiver comprising a housing defining a chamber, and a motor assembly that includes a magnet assembly and an armature. Furthermore, the receiver includes a diaphragm operationally attached to the armature. The motor assembly is attached to the housing by a movable suspension structure. 1. A receiver comprising: a housing defining a chamber; a motor assembly including a magnet assembly and an armature; and a diaphragm operationally attached to the armature, wherein the motor assembly is attached to the housing by a movable suspension structure. 2. A receiver according to claim 1, wherein the movable suspension structure is attached to an inner wall of the housing at a single attachment point. 3. A receiver according to claim 1, wherein the motor assembly is configured for pivotal movement around a pivot axis being substantially perpendicular to the first direction. 4. A receiver according to claim 1, further comprising a limiting member configured to decrease relative movement between the housing and the motor assembly. 5. A receiver according to claim 1, wherein the magnet assembly is configured for providing a magnetic field in an air gap, and wherein the armature comprises a first leg extending in a first direction through the air gap. 6. A receiver according to claim 1, wherein the armature forms an E-shape with three legs extending substantially parallel in the first direction, and wherein the first leg forms the central leg of three legs. 7. A receiver according to claim 6, wherein the first leg extends through a coil tunnel. 8. A receiver according to claim 1, wherein the armature forms a U-shape with two legs extending substantially parallel in the first direction, and wherein the first leg forms one of the legs of the two legs. 9. A receiver according to claim 8, wherein the first leg or a second leg forming the other one of the two legs of the U-shaped armature extends through a coil tunnel. 10. A receiver according to claim 1, further comprising a second diaphragm being operationally attached to the motor assembly. 11. A receiver according to claim 1, further comprising a stiffening member coupling the magnet assembly to at least one of the diaphragm, the coil, and the second diaphragm. 12. A hearing aid comprising a receiver according to claim 1, wherein the housing is arranged in a shell formed by the hearing aid. 13. A method of reducing vibrations in a receiver, the method comprising the steps of: providing a housing defining a chamber, providing a motor assembly including a magnet assembly and an armature, providing a diaphragm, providing a movable suspension structure, attaching the diaphragm to the armature, and attaching the motor assembly to an inner wall of the housing by the movable suspension structure.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, computer program product, and system for a uni-directional and multi-directional interchangeable screen. The system includes a screen and an opaque micro-tube connected at one end to the screen. A bottom backlight is connected to the other end of the opaque micro-tube and a top backlight is connected to the screen. The system is controlled by an automated screen selection program, which activates the bottom backlight and deactivates the top backlight for uni-directional screen view. Automated screen selection program activates top backlight for multi-directional screen view. 1. A method for automated screen selection, the method comprising the steps of: determining, by one or more computer processors, that an application contains personal information by identifying that the application requires a password to unlock features associated with the application; responsive to determining that the application contains personal information, on a dual screen, deactivating, by one or more processors of a first backlight system, wherein: the dual screen is controlled by a backlight system, the backlight system is composed of the first backlight, a second backlight, and a fixed opaque micro-tube, and the fixed opaque micro-tube is fixed between the dual screen, a portion of the first backlight, and the second backlight; responsive to determining that the application contains personal information, on a dual screen, activating, by one or more processors, the second backlight wherein: the second backlight is coupled to the fixed opaque micro-tube at a surface that is furthest in distance from the dual screen, allowing narrow angle light to be emitted from the second backlight behind the dual screen, to a user located in front of a viewing surface of the dual screen; and responsive to determining that the application does not contain person information, on a dual screen, initiating, by one or more computer processors, a multi-directional screen view. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said dual screen comprises a uni-directional screen view comprising one viewing angle and a multi-directional screen view comprising at least two viewing angles. 3. (canceled) 4. The method of claim 1, wherein initiating the multi-directional screen view comprises: deactivating, by one or more processors, the second backlight; and activating, by one or more processors, the first backlight, wherein the first backlight is coupled to the dual screen behind the viewing surface of the dual screen, allowing wide angle light to be emitted from the first backlight behind the dual screen, to a user located in front of the viewing surface of the dual screen. 5-6. (canceled) 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said dual screen is configured for manual screen selection by a user. 8. A computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium and program instructions stored on the computer readable storage medium, the program instructions comprising: program instructions to determine that an application contains personal information by identifying that the application requires a password to unlock features associated with the application; program instructions to, responsive to determining that the application contains personal information, on a dual screen, deactivate of a first backlight system, wherein: the dual screen is controlled by a backlight system, the backlight system is composed of the first backlight, a second backlight, and a fixed opaque micro-tube, and the fixed opaque micro-tube is fixed between the dual screen, a portion of the first backlight, and the second backlight; program instructions to, responsive to determining that the application contains personal information, on a dual screen, activate the second backlight wherein: the second backlight is coupled to the fixed opaque micro-tube at a surface that is furthest in distance from the dual screen, allowing narrow angle light to be emitted from the second backlight behind the dual screen, to a user located in front of a viewing surface of the dual screen; and program instructions to, responsive to determining that the application does not contain person information, on a dual screen, initiate a multi-directional screen view. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein said dual screen comprises a uni-directional screen view comprising one viewing angle and a multi-directional screen view comprising at least two viewing angles. 10. (canceled) 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the program instructions to initiate the multi-directional screen view comprise: program instructions to deactivate the second backlight; and program instructions to activate the first backlight, wherein the first backlight is coupled to the dual screen behind the viewing surface of the dual screen, allowing wide angle light to be emitted from the first backlight behind the dual screen, to a user located in front of the viewing surface of the dual screen. 12-13. (canceled) 14. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein said dual screen is configured for manual screen selection by a user. 15. An interchangeable dual screen system consisting of: one screen having opposed first and second surfaces, wherein said first surface is a viewing surface; a backlight system, operatively coupled within said screen, wherein the backlight system consisting: one opaque micro-tube having a first end and a second end, wherein said first end is coupled to said second surface of said one screen and is in a fixed position between said first end and said second surface; a first backlight, having four surfaces forming an enclosure, wherein a first surface of the backlight is operatively coupled to said second surface of said one screen, wherein a second surface of said first backlight is coupled to a portion of said opaque micro-tube, and wherein a third surface and fourth surface of said first backlight does not connect to said opaque micro-tube; and a second backlight, having a first surface and an opposite second surface, wherein said one second backlight is coupled to said second end of said opaque micro-tube wherein said opaque micro-tube maintains a fixed position between said second end and said first surface of the second backlight. 16. The interchangeable dual screen system of claim 15, wherein said one screen comprises transparent color changeable pixels. 17. The interchangeable dual screen system of claim 15, wherein said first backlight is configured to be inactive and said second backlight is configured to be active to allow narrow angle light to be emitted from the second backlight coupled to said end of said opaque micro-tube, to a user located in front of the first surface of the one screen, to provide one angle of viewing in a uni-directional viewing mode. 18. The interchangeable dual screen system of claim 15, wherein said first backlight is configured to be active and said second backlight is configured to be inactive to allow wide angle light to be emitted from the first backlight coupled to said second surface of said one screen, to a user located in front of the first surface of the one screen, to provide at least two angles of viewing in a multi-directional viewing mode. 19. The interchangeable dual screen system of claim 15, wherein said first backlight is configured to be active and said second backlight is configured to be active to allow (i) wide angle light to be emitted from the first backlight coupled to said second surface of said one screen, and (ii) narrow angle light to be emitted from the second backlight coupled to said end of said opaque micro-tube, to a user located in front of the first surface of the one screen, to provide at least two angles of viewing in a multi-directional viewing mode. 20. The interchangeable dual screen system of claim 15, wherein said first backlight is a surface LED, and said second backlight is a light-emitting diode.",
-    "A block of size N\u00d7M of a video frame can be either split into smaller blocks in n different ways (e.g. horizontal, vertical, quad, etc.), or alternatively it can be coded using one out of m different coding modes (e.g. intra, inter, bi-prediction, etc.). Since splitting into smaller sub-blocks and coding the N\u00d7M block in one of the m possible ways are mutually exclusive, there are n+m distinct possibilities for processing the block further. The n+m possible ways of processing the N\u00d7M blocks are assigned a code (e.g., a number) and coded with a codeword derived from a VLC table. This achieves efficient combined coding of split information and other block-level parameters. 1. A method comprising: partitioning a video frame into a plurality of blocks; for each of the plurality of blocks, either splitting the block into sub-blocks using one of n different partitioning modes or coding the block using one of m different coding modes such that there are n+m processing modes for each block; and encoding each block with a codeword representing one of the n+m processing modes for use in deriving an encoded bit-stream. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein encoding comprises encoding each of the processing modes with a codeword derived from a variable length code. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein different variable length codes are used based on information from neighbor blocks for a given one of the plurality of blocks. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the n partitioning modes include partitioning symmetrically into N\u00d7M sub-blocks where all sub-blocks have the same size horizontally, and all sub-blocks have the same size vertically. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the n partitioning modes include partitioning asymmetrically into N\u00d7M sub-blocks where at least two sub-blocks have different size either horizontally or vertically. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the n partitioning modes include a partitioning mode in which the block is first split horizontally and then at least one resulting sub-block is split vertically, or a partitioning mode in which the block is first split vertically and then at least one resulting sub-block is split horizontally. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the m coding modes include intra prediction, skip, merge, inter prediction with uni-prediction, and inter prediction with bi-prediction. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the inter prediction with uni-prediction mode includes several sub-modes that depend on a reference index. 9. A method comprising: receiving an encoded bit-stream representing video frames to be decoded; deriving from the encoded bit-stream for each of a plurality of blocks partitioned from a given video frame, a codeword representing a processing mode, among a plurality of processing modes, for each block; determining from the codeword which one of n different partitioning modes is used for splitting a given block into sub-blocks or which one of m different coding modes is used for the given block of the plurality of blocks of the given video frame; and decoding the given block of the given video frame based on the which one of n different partitioning modes or which one of m different coding modes is used for the given block of the plurality of blocks of the given video frame according to the codeword. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the codeword is derived from a variable length code. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein different variable length codes are used based on information from neighbor blocks for a given one of the plurality of blocks. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the n partitioning modes include partitioning symmetrically into N\u00d7M sub-blocks where all sub-blocks have the same size horizontally, and all sub-blocks have the same size vertically. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the n partitioning modes partitioning asymmetrically into N\u00d7M sub-blocks where at least two sub-blocks have different size either horizontally or vertically. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the n partitioning modes include a partitioning mode in which the block is first split horizontally and then at least one resulting sub-block is split vertically, or a partitioning mode in which the block is first split vertically and then at least one resulting sub-block is split horizontally. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the m coding modes include intra prediction, skip, merge, inter prediction with uni-prediction, and inter prediction with bi-prediction. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inter prediction with uni-prediction mode includes several sub-modes that depend on a reference index. 17. One or more non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: receiving an encoded bit-stream representing video frames to be decoded; deriving from the encoded bit-stream for each of a plurality of blocks partitioned from a given video frame, a codeword representing a processing mode, among a plurality of processing modes, for each block; determining from the codeword which one of n different partitioning modes is used for splitting a given block into sub-blocks or which one of m different coding modes is used for the given block of the plurality of blocks of the given video frame; and decoding the given block of the given video frame based on the which one of n different partitioning modes or which one of m different coding modes is used for the given block of the plurality of blocks of the given video frame according to the codeword. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the codeword is derived from a variable length code. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 18, wherein different variable length codes are used based on information from neighbor blocks for a given one of the plurality of blocks. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the n partitioning modes include partitioning symmetrically into N\u00d7M sub-blocks where all sub-blocks have the same size horizontally, and all sub-blocks have the same size vertically. 21. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the n partitioning modes partitioning asymmetrically into N\u00d7M sub-blocks where at least two sub-blocks have different size either horizontally or vertically. 22. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the n partitioning modes include a partitioning mode in which the block is first split horizontally and then at least one resulting sub-block is split vertically, or a partitioning mode in which the block is first split vertically and then at least one resulting sub-block is split horizontally. 23. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 17, wherein the m coding modes include intra prediction, skip, merge, inter prediction with uni-prediction, and inter prediction with bi-prediction. 24. The non-transitory computer readable storage media of claim 23, wherein the inter prediction with uni-prediction mode includes several sub-modes that depend on a reference index",
-    "Tracking data transfers in an input/output adapter card system to determine whether the adapter cards are well-placed with respect to the components (for example dynamic random access memories) with which the adapter cards respectively are observed to communicate data. Some embodiments use a heuristic value for each adapter card in the system based on inter node transfers and intra node transfers, which are separately weighted and summed over some predetermined time interval in order to obtain the heuristic value. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A computer program product comprising software stored on a software storage device, the software comprising: first program instructions programmed to, for each data communication between a first input/output (I/O) adapter card of a plurality of I/O adapter cards in a computer system and a virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines in the computer system, determine a number of inter node interfaces N1 crossed in making the data communication; and second program instructions programmed to, for each data communication between the first I/O adapter card and a virtual machine, determine a number of intra node interfaces N2 crossed in making the communication; wherein: the software is stored on a software storage device in a manner less transitory than a signal in transit. 8. The product of claim 7 wherein the software further comprises: third program instructions programmed to, for each data communication between the first I/O adapter card and a virtual machine, determine the amount of data, N3, communicated. 9. The product of claim 8 wherein the software further comprises: fourth program instructions programmed to intermittently calculate a heuristic value H for the first I/O adapter card based, at least in part, on the N1, N2 and N3 values for at least some of the data communications between the first I/O adapter card and the virtual machines with which the first I/O adapter card communicates. 10. The product of claim 9 wherein the software further comprises: fifth program instructions programmed to make a recommendation to move the first I/O adapter card to a slot associated with a different processor based, at least in part, on heuristic value H for the first I/O adapter card. 11. The product of claim 10 wherein the recommendation is made when, over time, the heuristic value H for the first I/O adapter card exceeds a first predetermined threshold value T1 a number of times N4 that exceeds a second predetermined threshold value T2. 12. (canceled) 13. A computer system comprising: a plurality of input/output (I/O) adapter cards; a plurality of virtual machines; a processor(s) set; and a software storage device; wherein: the processor set is structured, located, connected and/or programmed to run software stored on the software storage device; and the software comprises: first program instructions programmed to, for each data communication between a first input/output (I/O) adapter card of the plurality of I/O adapter cards and a virtual machine of the plurality of virtual machines, determine a number of inter node interfaces N1 crossed in making the data communication; and second program instructions programmed to, for each data communication between the first I/O adapter card and a virtual machine, determine a number of intra node interfaces N2 crossed in making the communication. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the software further comprises: third program instructions programmed to, for each data communication between the first I/O adapter card and a virtual machine, determine the amount of data, N3, communicated. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the software further comprises: fourth program instructions programmed to intermittently calculate a heuristic value H for the first I/O adapter card based, at least in part, on the N1, N2 and N3 values for at least some of the data communications between the first I/O adapter card and the virtual machines with which the first I/O adapter card communicates. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the software further comprises: fifth program instructions programmed to make a recommendation to move the first I/O adapter card to a slot associated with a different processor based, at least in part, on heuristic value H for the first I/O adapter card. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the recommendation is made when, over time, the heuristic value H for the first I/O adapter card exceeds a first predetermined threshold value T1 a number of times N4 that exceeds a second predetermined threshold value T2. 18. (canceled)",
-    "In an optical encoder which includes a rotary plate formed with a plurality of slit arrays and a plurality of light receiving parts corresponding to the slit arrays, at least one of the outer edge of a light receiving part located on the outer side of the optical axis X of light emitted from a light emitting part and the inner edge of the light receiving part located on the inner side of the optical axis X is positioned at a greater distance from the optical axis than the edge of the slit array corresponding to the light receiving part. 1. An optical encoder comprising: a movable slit part that is movable integrally with a target object to be measured and has a plurality of slit arrays spaced apart from one another; a light emitting part configured to emit light toward the plurality of slit arrays; and, a plurality of light receiving parts arranged so as to correspond to the plurality of slit arrays and to detect light which is emitted from the light emitting part and passes through the plurality of slit arrays, wherein at least one light receiving part of the plurality of light receiving parts has an inner edge located on an inner side relative to an optical axis of the light emitted from the light emitting part and an outer edge located on an outer side relative to the optical axis, at least one of the inner edge and the outer edge being disposed at a greater distance from the optical axis than an edge of a slit array corresponding to the at least one light receiving part. 2. The optical encoder according to claim 1, wherein the at least one the light receiving part is disposed within a range defined by a pair of light blocking parts that extend adjacent to opposite sides of the slit array corresponding to the at least one light receiving part and that do not allow light to pass therethrough. 3. The optical encoder according to claim 1, wherein a width of the at least one light receiving part extending in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis is equal to a width of the slit array corresponding to the at least one light receiving part. 4. The optical encoder according to claim 1, wherein a width of the at least one light receiving part extending in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis is greater than a width of the slit array corresponding to the at least one light receiving part, and wherein the inner edge of the at least one light receiving part and the edge of the slit array corresponding to the at least one light receiving part are positioned at the same distance from the optical axis.",
-    "A system and method are provided for limiting the functionality of a mobile communications device when it is associated with a vehicle. Texting, email, browser and other functionality of a mobile communications device is limited when the mobile communications device is communicatively coupled, such as by Bluetooth, to the vehicle and a qualifying vehicle condition, such as detection of a driver in the driver's seat and/or detection of the vehicle in a drive, reverse or neutral condition, is detected. 1. A vehicle control system configured to limit the functionality of a mobile communications device utilized by a user of the vehicle comprising: at least one controller; at least one wireless communications interface configured to permit wireless communications with said mobile communications device; and at least one vehicle operating condition sensor configured to provide an output to said at least one controller regarding a vehicle operating condition; said at least one controller configured to, in response to a wireless communication link between said at least one wireless communications interface and said mobile communications device and the existence of at least one triggering vehicle operating condition, transmit a signal to said mobile communications device via said wireless communications link to cause said mobile communications device to disable non-voice communications functionality of said mobile device without disabling voice communications functionality of said mobile device. 2. The system in accordance with claim 1 further comprising: at least one memory associated with said at least one controller; and machine readable code stored in said memory and executable by said at least one controller, said machine readable code configured to cause said processor to: determine the existence of said wireless communications link based upon information from said at least one wireless communications interface; determine a triggering vehicle operating condition based upon the output of said least one vehicle operating condition sensor; and generate said signal. 3. They system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said at least one triggering vehicle operating condition comprises at least one of said vehicle being in a driving gear and detection of a driver in a driver's seat of said vehicle. 4. The system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said at least one vehicle operating condition sensor comprises at least one of a driver's seat occupancy sensor, a transmission gear shift selector sensor and a driver's seat restraint sensor. 5. They system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said at least one signal causes said mobile communications device to prevent use of text, email and/or browser functionality thereof. 6. The system in accordance with claim 1 wherein said at least one controller is associated with a CAN BUS of said vehicle. 7. A non-transitory computer program product configured to limit communications functionality of a mobile communications device having a processor, at least one communications interface and a memory, comprising: machine readable code stored in said memory of said mobile communications device configured to cause said processor of said mobile communications device to: determine the existence of a communication link between said mobile communications device and a vehicle; determine the existence of a triggering vehicle operating condition based upon vehicle operating condition information obtained from said vehicle; and in response to said communication link and said triggering vehicle operating condition, disable non-voice communications functionality of said mobile device without disabling voice communications functionality of said mobile device. 8. The computer program product in accordance with claim 7 wherein said disabled non-voice communications functionality comprises text, browser and email communications functionality of said mobile communications device. 9. The computer program product in accordance with claim 8 wherein said non-voice communications functionality is disabled by preventing browser, text and/or email application operation. 10. The computer program product in accordance with claim 7 wherein said triggering vehicle operating condition comprises at least one of said vehicle being in a driving gear and detection of a driver in a driver's seat of said vehicle. 11. The computer program product in accordance with claim 7 wherein said processor is configured to send a polling signal to said vehicle requesting vehicle operating condition information. 12. The computer program product in accordance with claim 7 wherein said communication link comprises a wireless communication link with an entertainment system of said vehicle. 13. A method of limiting the functionality of a mobile communications device associated with a vehicle comprising the steps of: detecting a communication coupling between said mobile communications device and a communication system of said vehicle; detecting at least one vehicle operating condition; and when at least one triggering vehicle operating condition exists, disabling non-voice communications functionality of said mobile device without disabling voice communications functionality of said mobile device. 14. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein said triggering vehicle operating condition comprises at least one of said vehicle in a driving gear and a driver sitting in a driver's seat. 15. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein said non-voice communications are disabled by preventing text and/or email communications. 16. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein said non-voice communications are disabled by preventing use of a browser of said mobile communications device. 17. The method in accordance with claim 13 wherein said detecting comprises detecting a wireless communication link between said mobile communications device and an entertainment system of said vehicle. 18. The system in accordance with claim 1 wherein based upon said signal is transmitted to said mobile communications device via said wireless communications link, said user may still receive and make voice calls via said mobile communications device but said user is prevented from using a web-browser, from sending or receiving text messages, or from sending or receiving email messages via said mobile communications device.",
-    "A golf swing training device and method that provides audio feedback during practice swings for club head speed, orientation and release. The audible golf swing training device comprises: a whistle having an air inlet on the front end and an air outlet on the top; an air funnel affixed or integral to the front end to direct air into the air inlet; an air throttle means affixed over or between the air funnel and the air inlet to adjust the amount of air received by the whistle through the air funnel; and a connecting means affixed or integral to the base of the whistle for removably affixing the training device to a golf club. 1. An audible golf swing training device for a golf club comprising: a whistle having a front end, a back end, a top, a base, an air inlet on said front end and an air outlet on said top; an air funnel affixed to or integral to said front end to direct air into said air inlet; an air throttle means affixed over or between said air funnel and said air inlet to adjust the amount of air received by said whistle through said air funnel; and a connecting means affixed to or integral to said base for removably affixing said training device to said golf club. 2. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 1, wherein said air throttle means is adjustable and is provided between said air funnel and said air inlet and on the back end, top or base of said whistle. 3. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 2, wherein said adjustable air throttle means is a valve, a gate or a slide panel. 4. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 3, wherein said valve is a rotatable louver. 5. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 1, wherein said air throttle means is a plate having an elongated aperture, wherein said plate is affixed over said air funnel and wherein said elongated aperture is oriented about perpendicular to said air inlet. 6. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 5, wherein the width of the opening of said elongated aperture determines the club head speed at which the device makes an audible sound. 7. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 6, wherein said width ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 15 mm. 8. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 5, wherein said plate comprises an adjustable gate or slide panel that adjusts the width of the opening of said elongated aperture. 9. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 8, wherein said adjustable gate comprises a plurality of apertures of increasingly larger size. 10. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 8, wherein said slide panel comprises two interconnected slide panels. 11. The audible golf swing training device for a golf club according to claim 1, wherein said air outlet comprises a labium lip and wherein said labium lip is a flat edge, a stepped edge, a sloped edge or a rounded edge. 12. A method of training an individual to swing a golf club comprising: affixing to said golf club an audible golf swing training device comprising a whistle having a front end, a back end, a top, a base, an air inlet on said front end and an air outlet on said top; an air funnel affixed to or integral to said front end to direct air into said air inlet; an air throttle means affixed over or between said air funnel and said air inlet to adjust the amount of air received by said whistle through said air funnel; and a connecting means affixed to or integral to said base for removably affixing said training device to said golf club; and swinging said golf club having said audible golf swing training device affixed wherein said audible golf swing training device emits an audible sound when said golf club is oriented perpendicular to said golfer's swing path and at the proper speed and wherein said golfer repeats said swing until said training device consistently emits said audible sound. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said air throttle is an adjustable air throttle and said method further comprising the step of adjusting said air throttle means thereby adjusting the amount of air received by said whistle through said air funnel wherein said adjusting increases or decreases the swing speed necessary for said training device to emit an audible sound. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said adjustable air throttle means is provided on the back end, top or base of said whistle. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein said adjustable air throttle means is a valve, a gate or a slide panel. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said valve is a rotatable louver. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein said air throttle means is a plate having an elongated aperture, wherein said plate is affixed over said air funnel and wherein said elongated aperture is oriented about perpendicular to said air inlet. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the width of the opening of said elongated aperture determines the club head speed at which the device makes an audible sound. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said width ranges from about 0.1 mm to about 15 mm. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein said plate comprises an adjustable gate or slide panel that adjusts the width of the opening of said elongated aperture. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said adjustable gate comprises a plurality of apertures of increasingly larger size. 22. The method according to claim 20 wherein said slide panel comprises two interconnected slide panels. 23. The method according to claim 12, wherein said air outlet comprises a labium lip and wherein said labium lip is a flat edge, a stepped edge, a sloped edge or a rounded edge.",
-    "Hermetically sealed through vias (TVs) are disclosed. In one aspect, an hourglass TV is first created in a substrate. The hourglass TV has a waist opening. A conductive conformal coating covers at least a portion of an interior wall of the hourglass TV. The conductive conformal coating also completely fills the waist opening to provide a hermetic seal between an upper opening and a lower opening of the hourglass TV, thus creating the hermetically sealed TV. The combination of the hourglass shape, which provides a narrowing waist, and using the conformal coating process, facilitates the natural accumulation of the conductive conformal coating material in and about the waist opening. Creating hermetically sealed TVs in this manner leads to lower costs, shortened process and plating times, and increased production throughput compared to conventional processes for creating the hermetically sealed TVs in substrates. 1. An apparatus comprising a substrate having at least one hourglass through via (TV) comprising: an hourglass-shaped cross section that extends between an upper opening on a top surface of the substrate and a lower opening on a bottom surface of the substrate; an upper cavity that extends between the upper opening and a waist opening, which is inside the at least one hourglass TV and between the upper opening and the lower opening; a lower cavity that extends between the lower opening and the waist opening, wherein the waist opening has a width that is less than a width of the upper opening and a width of the lower opening; and a conductive conformal coating that covers at least a portion of an interior wall of the at least one hourglass TV and fills the waist opening to provide a hermetic seal between the upper opening and the lower opening. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the upper cavity and the lower cavity are conical-shaped cavities. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the width of the upper opening is greater than the width of the lower opening. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein a vertical distance between the upper opening and the waist opening is substantially equal to a vertical distance between the lower opening and the waist opening. 5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein a vertical distance between the upper opening and the waist opening is less than a vertical distance between the lower opening and the waist opening. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the width of the upper opening is less than the width of the lower opening. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein a vertical distance between the upper opening and the waist opening is substantially equal to a vertical distance between the lower opening and the waist opening. 8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein a vertical distance between the upper opening and the waist opening is less than a vertical distance between the lower opening and the waist opening. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the width of the upper opening is substantially equal to the width of the lower opening. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein a vertical distance between the upper opening and the waist opening is substantially equal to a vertical distance between the lower opening and the waist opening. 11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein a vertical distance between the upper opening and the waist opening is less than a vertical distance between the lower opening and the waist opening. 12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: an upper conductive trace on the top surface of the substrate; a lower conductive trace on the bottom surface of the substrate; and the conductive conformal coating extends between the upper conductive trace and the lower conductive trace to provide electrical contact between the upper conductive trace and the lower conductive trace. 13. The apparatus of claim 1 provided in a device assembly that comprises: a device substrate comprising an upper surface and a lower surface; at least one active device provided on the bottom surface of the substrate and electrically coupled to the at least one hourglass TV in the substrate; and a conductive sealing ring disposed between the bottom surface of the substrate and the upper surface of the device substrate, the conductive sealing ring encapsulating the at least one active device to define a substantially hermetically sealed cavity. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the substrate is comprised of a glass substrate. 15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the substrate is comprised of a ceramic substrate. 16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the upper cavity and the lower cavity are not filled by the conductive conformal coating that covers at least a portion of an interior wall of the at least one hourglass TV. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the upper cavity and the lower cavity are less than seventy-five percent (75%) filled by the conductive conformal coating. 18. A method for creating hermetically sealed through vias (TVs) in a substrate, comprising: creating one or more hourglass TVs each extending from a top surface of the substrate to a bottom surface of the substrate; applying an adhesion and seed layer on the top surface of the substrate, the bottom surface of the substrate, and interior walls of the one or more hourglass TVs; creating patterns around the one or more hourglass TVs to create a redistribution layer (RDL) pattern on the top surface and the bottom surface of the substrate; and applying a conductive conformal coating to hermetically seal the one or more hourglass TVs. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising: patterning around the one or more hourglass TVs with a resist to create the redistribution layer (RDL) pattern on the top surface and the bottom surface of the substrate prior to applying the conductive conformal coating to the one or more hourglass TVs; and removing the resist from the top surface and the bottom surface of the substrate after applying the conductive conformal coating to the one or more hourglass TVs. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising providing at least one active device to the bottom surface of the substrate. 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising encapsulating the at least one active device by a conductive sealing ring disposed between the bottom surface of the substrate and an upper surface of a device substrate to create a substantially hermetically sealed cavity.",
-    "A method comprises receiving a flow of milk at an inlet of a manifold. The inlet comprises a first end coupled to a hose that receives a flow of milk from a teat cup and a second end terminating in a chamber of the manifold. The manifold comprises one or more other inlets and a plurality of outlets. The plurality of outlets includes one or more milk collector outlets and one or more drain outlets. The method proceeds by causing the flow of milk to be directed to a corresponding milk collector outlet by causing a shut-off valve corresponding to the inlet to open, and by causing a drain valve corresponding to the inlet to close. The method concludes by causing the flow of milk to be directed to a corresponding drain outlet by causing the drain valve corresponding to the inlet to open. 1. A method, comprising: receiving a flow of milk at each of a plurality of inlets of a manifold, each inlet comprising a first end coupled to a hose that receives a flow of milk from a teat cup and a second end terminating in a chamber of the manifold, the manifold comprising a plurality of outlets, the plurality of outlets including one or more milk collector outlets and one or more drain outlets; directing at least a portion of the flow of milk from a first inlet to a corresponding milk collector outlet by causing a shut-off valve corresponding to the first inlet to open and by causing a drain valve corresponding to the first inlet to close, wherein the milk collector outlet comprises a first end forming a collector opening in the chamber of the manifold and a second end coupled to a milk collector; directing the flow of milk received by the milk collector outlet to the milk collector; directing at least a portion of the flow of milk from a second inlet to a corresponding drain outlet by causing a drain valve corresponding to the second inlet to open, wherein the drain outlet comprises a first end forming a discard opening in the chamber of the manifold and a second end coupled to a discard area; and directing the flow of milk received by the drain outlet to the discard area. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a signal from a flow sensor, the signal corresponding to the flow rate of the flow of milk received by the milk collector outlet; determining, based on the signal, whether the flow rate of the flow of milk is less than a flow threshold; and causing the shut-off valve corresponding to the first inlet to close in response to determining that the flow rate of the flow of milk is less than a flow threshold. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a signal from a milk quality sensor, the signal corresponding to a quality level of the flow of milk received by the first inlet; determining, based on the signal, if the quality of the flow of milk received by the first inlet exceeds a quality threshold; causing the flow of milk to be directed to the corresponding milk collector outlet in response to determining that the quality of the flow of milk received by the first inlet does exceed the quality threshold; and causing the flow of milk to be directed to a drain outlet corresponding to the first inlet in response to determining that the quality of the flow of milk received by the first inlet does not exceed a quality threshold. 4. A method, comprising: receiving a flow of milk at an inlet of a manifold, the inlet comprising a first end coupled to a hose that receives a flow of milk from a teat cup and a second end terminating in a chamber of the manifold, the manifold comprising one or more other inlets and a plurality of outlets, the plurality of outlets including one or more milk collector outlets and one or more drain outlets; causing the flow of milk to be directed to a corresponding milk collector outlet by: causing a shut-off valve corresponding to the inlet to open; and causing a drain valve corresponding to the inlet to close; and causing the flow of milk to be directed to a corresponding drain outlet by causing the drain valve corresponding to the inlet to open. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the milk collector outlet that corresponds to the inlet comprises a distinct milk collector outlet, the distinct milk collector outlet not corresponding to the other inlets of the manifold. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the drain outlet that corresponds to the inlet comprises a distinct drain outlet, the distinct drain outlet not corresponding to the other inlets of the manifold. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the milk collector outlet that corresponds to the inlet comprises a shared milk collector outlet, the shared milk collector outlet corresponding to one or more of the other inlets. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the drain outlet that corresponds to the inlet comprises a shared drain outlet, the shared drain outlet corresponding to one or more of the other inlets. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising: receiving a signal from a milk quality sensor, the signal corresponding to a quality level of the flow of milk received by the inlet; determining, based on the signal, if the quality of the flow of milk received by the inlet exceeds a quality threshold; causing the flow of milk to be directed to the corresponding milk collector outlet in response to determining that the quality of the flow of milk received by the inlet does exceed the quality threshold; and causing the flow of milk to be directed to the corresponding drain outlet in response to determining that the quality of the flow of milk received by the inlet does not exceed a quality threshold. 10. The method of claim 4, further comprising: receiving a signal from a flow sensor, the signal corresponding to the flow rate of the flow of milk received by the corresponding milk collector outlet; determining, based on the signal, whether the flow rate of the flow of milk is less than a flow threshold; and causing the shut-off valve corresponding to the inlet to close in response to determining that the flow rate of the flow of milk is less than a flow threshold. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein the milk collector outlet comprises a first end forming a collector opening in the chamber of the manifold and a second end coupled to a milk collector, wherein the milk collector outlet directs the flow of milk received from the inlet to the milk collector. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein when a shut-off valve corresponding to inlet is open, it directs the flow of milk through the collector opening formed in the chamber to the milk collector and, when closed, it prohibits the flow of milk through the collector opening formed in the chamber to the milk collector and stops application of vacuum pressure to the teat cup. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein the drain outlet comprises a first end forming a discard opening in the chamber of the manifold and a second end coupled to a discard area, wherein the drain outlet directs the flow of milk received from the inlet to the discard area. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein when either drain valve is open, it directs the flow of milk through the discard opening formed in the chamber to the discard area and, when closed, it prohibits the flow of milk through the discard opening formed in the chamber to the discard area. 15. The method of claim 4, wherein the manifold comprises: four inlets; four milk collector outlets; and four drain outlets. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: each inlet is associated with a distinct milk collector outlet; and at least two of the inlets are associated with a shared drain outlet. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein at least two of the inlets are associated with a shared milk collector outlet. 18. The method of claim 4, wherein: the valves each comprise a plug actuated by a diaphragm, the plug and the diaphragm molded as a single part; and the valves close when an air pressure is applied to the diaphragm, and open when the air pressure is removed from the diaphragm 19. The method of claim 9, wherein the milk quality sensor comprises one of: a conductivity sensor; a milk color sensor; and a milk temperature sensor. 20. A method, comprising: receiving a flow of milk at each of a plurality of inlets of a manifold, each inlet comprising a first end coupled to a hose that receives a flow of milk from a teat cup and a second end terminating in a chamber of the manifold, the manifold comprising a plurality of outlets, the plurality of outlets including one or more milk collector outlets and one or more drain outlets; directing at least a portion of the flow of milk from a first inlet to a corresponding first milk collector outlet by causing a first shut-off valve corresponding to the first inlet to open and by causing a first drain valve corresponding to the first inlet to close, wherein the first milk collector outlet comprises a first end forming a collector opening in the chamber of the manifold and a second end coupled to a milk collector; directing the flow of milk received by the first milk collector outlet to the milk collector; directing at least a portion of the flow of milk from a second inlet to a corresponding second milk collector by causing a second drain valve corresponding to the second inlet to close, wherein the second milk collector comprises a first end forming a collector opening in the chamber of the manifold and a second end coupled to the milk collector; and directing the flow of milk received by the second milk collector to the milk collector.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment, an electric apparatus is provided with a connection device configured to connect with an external power supply, a battery and a plurality of power load sections, and a controller programmed to select a supply destination of power of the external power supply from a plurality of the power load sections, and supply power of the battery to another power load section except the supply destination according to supply capacity of the external power supply connected with the connection device. 1. An electric apparatus, comprising: a connection device configured to connect with an external power supply; a battery; a plurality of power load sections; and a controller programmed to select a supply destination of power of the external power supply from a plurality of the power load sections, and supply power of the battery to another power load section except the supply destination according to supply capacity of the external power supply connected with the connection device. 2. The electric apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: a plurality of the connection devices, wherein the controller programmed to detect the number of external power supplies connected with the connection device; select one external power supply whose supply capacity to power supply is higher from a plurality of the external power supplies if a plurality of external power supplies is detected, and select the supply destination of power of the external power supply according to supply capacity of the selected external power supply. 3. The electric apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller programmed to charge the battery with the power supplied from the selected external power supply if an instruction to charge the battery is given. 4. The electric apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller programmed to disable connection devices connected with other external power supplies except the selected external power supply among a plurality of external power supplies connected with the connection devices. 5. A power control method executed by an electric apparatus that comprises a connection device configured to connect with an external power supply, a battery and a plurality of power load sections, programmed to select a supply destination of power of the external power supply from a plurality of the power load sections; and supply power of the battery to another power load section except the supply destination according to supply capacity of the external power supply connected with the connection device.",
-    "An adhesive dispensing device includes a dispensing tube, a dispensing needle fixed to a bottom end portion of the dispensing tube and configured to dispense adhesive received in the dispensing tube, a heating sleeve surrounding the dispensing needle and configured to slide along a length of the dispensing needle and heat the dispensing needle, and a driving assembly. The driving assembly drives the heating sleeve to slide along a length of the dispensing needle to reveal an end portion of the dispensing needle or cover the end portion of the dispensing needle. 1. An adhesive dispensing device comprising: a dispensing tube; a dispensing needle fixed to a bottom end portion of the dispensing tube and configured to dispense adhesive received from the dispensing tube; a heating sleeve surrounding the dispensing needle and configured to slide along a length of the dispensing needle and heat the dispensing needle; and a driving assembly configured to drive the heating sleeve to slide along the dispensing needle to expose an end portion of the dispensing needle or cover the end portion of the dispensing needle. 2. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 1, comprising a piston arranged on a top end portion of the dispensing tube, the piston configured to drive the adhesive in the dispensing tube to dispense through the dispensing needle. 3. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 1, comprising a second heating sleeve surrounding the dispensing tube and configured to heat the dispensing tube. 4. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 3, comprising: a first cylinder fixed to an end of the second heating sleeve and configured to hold the dispensing needle in place; and a second cylinder surrounding the second heating sleeve and configured to hold the second heating sleeve in place. 5. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 4, wherein: when the end portion of the dispensing needle is revealed, the heating sleeve is received in a space between the first cylinder and the dispensing needle and an end portion of the heating sleeve is partially extended out of the first cylinder; and the driving assembly grasps the end portion of the heating sleeve. 6. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 4, comprising: a third cylinder received in a space between the first cylinder and the heating sleeve and configured to resist against the heating sleeve when the driving assembly drives the heating sleeve to extend out of the first cylinder. 7. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 1, comprising: a mounting board; a mounting seat fixed to the mounting board; two mounting pieces fixed to the mounting seat; and a fixing element fixed between the two mounting pieces; wherein the fixing element is arcuate; and the dispensing tube is received in a receiving space cooperatively defined by the mounting seat, the two mounting pieces, and the fixing element to be mounted on the mounting board. 8. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 7, wherein: the driving assembly is mounted on the mounting board; the driving assembly comprises an air cylinder, two sliding rails, a sliding member, and a grasping member; the air cylinder comprises an extendable pole; the extendable pole is fixed to the sliding member; the sliding member is mounted on the two sliding rails and configured to slide along the two sliding rails; and the grasping member is mounted on the sliding member. 9. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 8, wherein: the grasping member comprises a first section and a second section; the first section is fixed to the sliding member; and the heating sleeve passes through a hole defined in the second section to be grasped by the second section. 10. The adhesive dispensing device as in claim 9, wherein: the air cylinder drives the extendable pole to extend or contract, thereby driving the sliding member to slide along the two sliding rails; and the grasping member fixed to the sliding member drives the heating sleeve to cover the end portion of the heating needle or uncover the end portion of the heating needle.",
-    "Clips that can be used to temporarily hold a curtain side airbag (CSA) to a bracket on a vehicle rail are disclosed. The clips can be integrated into the CSA and allow the CSA to be positioned on the brackets temporarily until such time as a more secure means is utilized, such as a threaded fastener. The clips allow access to an opening in the bracket that is configured to receive a fastener that can be used to secure both the grip assist and the CSA to the bracket. The clip thereby allows the CSA to be positioned on the vehicle rail without interfering with the subsequent attachment of a grip assist to the same bracket. The fastener that attaches the grip assist to the bracket also serves to secure the CSA to the bracket. The clip remains attached to the bracket and to the CSA. 1. A system for attaching components to a bracket on vehicle side rail, the system comprising: a fastener; an inflatable restraint; a clip operatively connected to the restraint, the clip having a retention feature and an opening; a bracket operatively connected to a vehicle side rail, the bracket having an opening and an engagement feature; wherein the retention feature engages with the engagement feature and retains the restraint coupled to the bracket with the openings aligned with one another without the use of the fastener; and wherein the fastener is subsequently inserted into the aligned openings and secures the restraint to the bracket along with the clip. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the engagement feature is a second opening in the bracket and the retention feature engages with the engagement feature by insertion into the second opening. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the retention feature is a hook portion with a free end that is inserted into the second opening to retain the restraint coupled to the bracket without the use of the fastener. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the retention feature is a connector with at least one resilient wing that deforms during insertion into the second opening to retain the restraint coupled to the bracket without the use of the fastener. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the bracket has an upper surface and at least one leg, the second opening is in the at least one leg and the opening is in the upper surface. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the clip includes first and second retention features each having a respective first and second hook portion, the bracket includes first and second engagement features, the first engagement feature is a on open recess along a leg of the bracket, the second engagement feature is a projection along an upper surface of the bracket, the first retention feature engages with the first engagement feature and inhibits rotation of the restraint relative to the bracket, the second retention feature engages with the second engagement feature, and engagement of the retention features with the engagement features retains the restraint coupled to the bracket with the openings aligned with one another without the use of the fastener. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising another vehicle component having an opening therein, the component being positioned on the bracket above the clip with component opening aligned with the clip opening and the bracket opening and wherein the fastener is inserted into the aligned openings and secures the component and the restraint to the bracket along with the clip. 8. A vehicle, comprising: at least one side rail; an engagement feature; a mounting opening; a vehicle component having an opening; a fastener; an inflatable restraint; a clip operatively connected to the restraint, the clip having a retention feature and an opening; wherein the retention feature engages with the engagement feature and retains the restraint operatively coupled to the side rail with the clip and mounting openings aligned with one another without the use of the fastener; and wherein the component opening is subsequently aligned with the clip and mounting openings and the fastener is inserted into the aligned openings and secures the component and restraint to relative to the side rail along with the clip. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising: at least one bracket operatively connected to the side rail, the mounting opening and engagement feature being in the bracket; and wherein the engagement feature is a second opening in the bracket and the retention feature engages with the engagement feature by insertion into the second opening. 10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the retention feature is a hook portion with a free end that is inserted into the second opening to retain the restraint coupled to the bracket without the use of the fastener. 11. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the retention feature is a connector with at least one resilient wing that deforms during insertion into the second opening to retain the restraint coupled to the bracket without the use of the fastener. 12. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the bracket has an upper surface and at least one leg, the second opening is in the at least one leg and the opening is in the upper surface. 13. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising: at least one bracket operatively connected to the side rail, the mounting opening and engagement feature being in the bracket; and wherein the clip includes first and second retention features each having a respective first and second hook portion, the bracket includes first and second engagement features, the first engagement feature is a on open recess along a leg of the bracket, the second engagement feature is a projection along an upper surface of the bracket, the first retention feature engages with the first engagement feature and inhibits rotation of the restraint relative to the bracket, the second retention feature engages with the second engagement feature, and engagement of the retention features with the engagement features retains the restraint coupled to the bracket with the openings aligned with one another without the use of the fastener. 14. A method of attaching multiple components to a bracket on a side rail of a vehicle, the method comprising: operatively connecting a clip of an inflatable restraint to the bracket with an opening in the clip aligned with an opening in the bracket; maintaining the connection of the clip to the bracket without the use of a fastener; aligning an opening in another vehicle component with the aligned openings in the clip and bracket; inserting a fastener through the aligned openings; and securing the component, the clip and the restraint to the bracket with the fastener. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein connecting the clip to the bracket includes engaging a retention feature of the clip with an engagement feature of the bracket, the engaging retaining the clip and restraint on the bracket with the openings aligned and without the use of the fastener. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein engaging the retention feature with the engagement feature includes positioning a hook portion on the clip in a second opening in a leg of the bracket and retaining the clip and restraint on the bracket through gravity and the engagement of the retaining and engagement features. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein engaging the retention feature with the engagement feature includes engaging a first hook portion on the clip in an open recess on a leg of the bracket and engaging a second hook portion on the clip with a projection on an upper surface of the bracket. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising inhibiting rotation of the clip and restraint relative to the bracket through the engagement of the first hook portion with the open recess. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein engaging the retention feature with the engagement feature includes inserting a connector having at least one deformable wing through a second opening in the bracket. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the other vehicle component is a grip assist.",
-    "Learning personal audio systems and methods are disclosed. A learning personal audio system characterizes the digitized ambient sound so as to generate feature data for the digitized ambient sound, instructs a network interface to transmit the feature data to the remote server, requests one or more appropriate sound profiles from the remote server based upon the feature data, receives one or more selected sound profiles, selected by the remote server based upon the feature data, and initiates processing of the digitized ambient sound based upon the one or more selected sound profiles received from the remote server to generate digitized processed sound. The one or more selected sound profiles for the learning personal audio system are based upon sound profiles which are manually selected by a plurality of other users of personal audio systems similar to the learning personal audio system. 1. A learning personal audio system, comprising: a housing configured to interface with a user's ear; an input subsystem disposed within the housing and comprising a microphone, a preamplifier, and an analog to digital converter coupled to one another, the input subsystem configured to convert ambient sound into digitized ambient sound; a network interface for receiving one or more sound profiles each with a respective sets of processing parameters from a remote server; a memory for storing one or more of the sound profiles received using the network interface; and a processor in communication with the input subsystem, the network interface, and the memory, the processor configured to characterize the digitized ambient sound so as to generate feature data for the digitized ambient sound, instruct the network interface to transmit the feature data to the remote server, request one or more appropriate sound profiles from the remote server based upon the feature data, receive one or more selected sound profiles, selected by the remote server based upon the feature data, and initiate processing of the digitized ambient sound based upon the one or more selected sound profiles received from the remote server to generate digitized processed sound; and an output subsystem disposed within the housing and in communication with the processor, the output subsystem comprising a digital to analog converter, an amplifier and a speaker coupled to one another, the output subsystem configured to convert the digitized processed sound into processed output sound for the user's ear; wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are based upon processing parameters which are manually selected by a plurality of other users of personal audio systems similar to the learning personal audio system. 2. The learning personal audio system of claim 1 further comprising: a geo-location engine in communication with the processor configured to determine a current location for the learning personal audio system; wherein the feature data further includes the current location; and the one or more selected sound profiles are also based upon the current location of the learning personal audio system. 3. The learning personal audio system of claim 2 wherein the current location is used to select the one or more selected sound profiles based upon sound profiles manually selected by other users of similar personal audio systems while those other users are near the current location. 4. The learning personal audio system of claim 2 wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are selected based upon location type, as defined by a categorization made by the remote server comparing a location type of the current location to a database of potential location types, and based upon sound profiles manually selected by other users of similar personal audio systems while those other users are near the current location. 5. The learning personal audio system of claim 4 wherein the location type is one selected from the group comprising a stadium, a concert hall, a basketball court, an outdoor concert venue, a restaurant, an auditorium, an amphitheater, a classroom, a running trail, and an athletic field. 6. The learning personal audio system of claim 1 wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are also selected using a context. 7. The learning personal audio system of claim 1 wherein the one or more sound profiles are selected based upon a median one or more sound profiles selected by the plurality of other users. 8. The learning personal audio system of claim 1 wherein the one or more sound profiles are selected based upon an average one or more sound profiles selected by the plurality of other users. 9. A method for processing personal audio based using forward feedback, comprising: converting ambient sound into digitized ambient sound using an input subsystem disposed within a housing, the input subsystem comprising a microphone, a preamplifier, and an analog to digital converter coupled to one another; receiving, via a network interface, one or more sound profiles each with a respective sets of processing parameters from a remote server; characterizing the digitized ambient sound so as to generate a feature datafor the digitized ambient sound; instructing the network interface to transmit the feature data to the remote server; requesting one or more appropriate sound profiles from the remote server based upon the feature data; receiving one or more selected sound profiles, selected by the remote server based upon the feature data; storing, in a memory, one or more of the sound profiles received using the network interface; initiating processing of the digitized ambient sound based upon the one or more selected sound profiles received from the remote server to generate digitized processed sound; converting the digitized processed sound into processed output sound for the user's ear using an output subsystem disposed within the housing, the output subsystem comprising a digital to analog converter, an amplifier and a speaker coupled to one another; and wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are based upon processing parameters which are manually selected by a plurality of other users of personal audio systems similar to the learning personal audio system. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: determining a current location for the learning personal audio system using a a geo-location engine; wherein the feature data further includes the current location; and the one or more selected sound profiles are also based upon the current location of the learning personal audio system. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the current location is used to select the one or more selected sound profiles based upon sound profiles manually selected by other users of similar personal audio systems while those other users are near the current location. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are selected based upon location type, as defined by a categorization made by the remote server comparing a location type of the current location to a database of potential location types, and based upon sound profiles manually selected by other users of similar personal audio systems while those other users are near the current location. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the location type is one selected from the group comprising a stadium, a concert hall, a basketball court, an outdoor concert venue, a restaurant, an auditorium, an amphitheater, a classroom, a running trail, and an athletic field. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are also selected using a context. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the one or more sound profiles are selected based upon a median one or more sound profiles selected by the plurality of other users. 16. The method of claim 9 wherein the one or more sound profiles are selected based upon an average one or more sound profiles selected by the plurality of other users. 17. A learning personal audio system, comprising: a housing configured to interface with a user's ear; an input subsystem disposed within the housing and comprising a microphone, a preamplifier, and an analog to digital converter coupled to one another, the input subsystem configured to convert ambient sound into digitized ambient sound; a network interface for transmitting feature data for use in generating one or more sound profiles each with a respective sets of processing parameters by a remote server; a memory for storing digitized ambient sound and feature data; and a processor in communication with the input subsystem, the network interface, and the memory, the processor configured to characterize the digitized ambient sound so as to generate feature data for the digitized ambient sound, capture user manual selection data comprising data identifying the selection of at least one set of processing parameters associated with the digitized ambient sound, instruct the network interface to transmit the feature data and selection data to the remote server for use by the remote server in identifying approporiate sound profiles for use by personal audio systems in processing sound with features similar to those identified by the feature data. 18. The learning personal audio system of claim 17 further comprising: a geo-location engine in communication with the processor configured to determine a current location for the learning personal audio system; and wherein the network interface is further instructed to transmit the current location along with the feature data and the selection data. 19. A learning personal audio system, comprising: a housing configured to interface with a user's ear; an input subsystem disposed within the housing and comprising a microphone, a preamplifier, and an analog to digital converter coupled to one another, the input subsystem configured to convert ambient sound into digitized ambient sound; a network interface for receiving one or more sound profiles each with a respective sets of processing parameters from a remote server; a memory for storing one or more of the sound profiles received using the network interface; and a processor in communication with the input subsystem, the network interface, and the memory, the processor configured to request one or more appropriate sound profiles from the remote server based upon feature data of the digitized ambient sound, receive one or more selected sound profiles, selected by the remote server based upon the feature data, and initiate processing of the digitized ambient sound based upon the one or more selected sound profiles received from the remote server to generate digitized processed sound; and an output subsystem disposed within the housing and coupled to the processor, the output subsystem comprising a digital to analog converter, an amplifier and a speaker coupled to one another, the output subsystem configured to convert the digitized processed sound into processed output sound for the user's ear; wherein the one or more selected sound profiles are based upon processing parameters which are manually selected by a plurality of other users of personal audio systems similar to the learning personal audio system. 20. The learning personal audio system of claim 19 further comprising: a geo-location engine in communication with the processor configured to determine a current location for the learning personal audio system; and wherein the network interface is further instructed to transmit the current location along with the feature data.",
-    "Provided herein is a method for forming a hole pattern and a method for manufacturing a TFT display using the same, the hole pattern forming method including forming a light shield section above a substrate; applying a photoresist above the light shield section; downward light exposing of positioning a mask above the light shield section and then exposing the photoresist to light being emitted downwards from above the substrate; upward light exposing of exposing the photoresist to light being emitted upwards from below the substrate; and removing the photoresist not exposed to light at the downward light exposing and upward light exposing, thereby using the hole pattern forming method to manufacture a TFT display having improved opening rate and transmission rate. 1. A method for manufacturing a TFT display, the method comprising: forming a TFT above a substrate; applying a photoresist above the TFT; downward light exposing which comprises positioning a mask above the TFT and then exposing the photoresist to light being emitted downwards from above the substrate; upward light exposing which comprises exposing the photoresist to light being emitted upwards from below the substrate; and forming a hole pattern by removing the photoresist not exposed to light at the downward light exposing and upward light exposing. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mask is positioned such that it horizontally overlaps with a portion of a drain electrode of the TFT. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mask is positioned such that it horizontally does not overlap with a gate electrode nor gate line. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the mask is positioned such that, of data line direction boundaries of the drain electrode, a boundary not located above the gate electrode is horizontally within the mask. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising: forming a TFT insulating film above the TFT after the forming of a TFT and before the applying of a photoresist; and forming a via hole by etching the TFT insulating film exposed below the hole pattern after the forming of a hole pattern. 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising: forming a TFT insulating film above the TFT after the forming of a TFT and before the applying of a photoresist; and forming a via hole by etching the TFT insulating film exposed below the hole pattern after the forming of a hole pattern. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising: forming a TFT insulating film above the TFT after the forming of a TFT and before the applying of a photoresist; and forming a via hole by etching the TFT insulating film exposed below the hole pattern after the forming of a hole pattern. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the photoresist is a negative type photoresist. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the upward light exposing is performed before the downward light exposing. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the downward light exposing is performed before the upward light exposing. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the upward light exposing and the downward light exposing are performed simultaneously. 12. A method for forming a hole pattern, the method comprising: forming a light shield section above a substrate; applying a photoresist above the light shield section; downward light exposing which comprises positioning a mask above the light shield section and then exposing the photoresist to light being emitted downwards from above the substrate; upward light exposing which comprises exposing the photoresist to light being emitted upwards from below the substrate; and removing the photoresist not exposed to light at the downward light exposing and upward light exposing. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the mask is positioned such that a partial boundary of the light shield section is horizontally within the mask. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the photoresist is a negative type photoresist. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the upward light exposing is performed before the downward light exposing. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the downward light exposing is performed before the upward light exposing. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the upward light exposing and the downward light exposing are performed simultaneously.",
-    "Provided in various example embodiments is a baseball-like archery game, system and method comprising various steps such as positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game, and having players on an offense team shoot arrows from the home plate area toward the archery targets, thereby accruing single, double, triple, or home-run base hit statuses depending on which target is hit, or, alternatively, striking-out when a predetermined number of shots miss an aimed-for target. A player may also be out when a player on a defense team successfully hits the same target hit by the offense player. While the players do not actually run the bases or go out in the field except to retrieve arrows, the scoring and other rules may largely mimic those of baseball. 1. A method of playing a baseball-like archery game, comprising the steps of: a) positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game; b) providing two teams of shooters, initially assigning a first team as offense shooters and a second team as defense shooters, and assigning each archery target to a corresponding defense shooter; c) a first offense shooter shooting an arrow at one of the archery targets from a position on the field corresponding to a batting position of a baseball player in a baseball game; a. if the first offense shooter hits one of the archery targets with the arrow, then: i. a defense shooter assigned to the archery target that the first offense shooter hit with the arrow, shoots an arrow at the archery target that the first offense shooter hit with the arrow, from a position on the field corresponding to a batting position of a baseball player in a baseball game; 1. if the defense shooter hits the archery target that the first offense shooter hit with the arrow, then the first offense shooter accrues the status of being out; and 2. if the defense shooter misses the archery target that the first offense shooter hit with the arrow, then the first offense shooter accrues a preselected base hit status corresponding to the archery target that the first offense shooter hit with the arrow, the preselected base hit status selected from the group consisting of: single, double, triple, and home run; b. if the first offense shooter misses all of the archery targets with the arrow, then the first offense shooter repeats step c); c. if the first offense shooter repeats step c) a preselected number of times without hitting any of the archery targets, then the first offense shooter accrues the status of being out; d) a second offense shooter shooting an arrow at one of the archery targets from a position on the field corresponding to a batting position of a baseball player in a baseball game; a. if the second offense shooter hits one of the archery targets with the arrow, then: i. a defense shooter assigned to the archery target that the second offense shooter hit with the arrow, shoots an arrow at the archery target that the second offense shooter hit with the arrow, from a position on the field corresponding to a batting position of a baseball player in a baseball game; 1. if the defense shooter hits the archery target that the second offense shooter hit with the arrow, then the second offense shooter accrues the status of being out; and 2. if the defense shooter misses the archery target that the second offense shooter hit with the arrow, then the second offense shooter accrues a preselected base hit status corresponding to the archery target that the second offense shooter hit with the arrow, the preselected base hit status selected from the group consisting of: single, double, triple, and home run; and the preselected base hit status, if any, accrued by the first offense shooter who is not out advances based on the base hit status accrued by the second offense shooter; b. if the second offense shooter misses all of the archery targets with the arrow, then the second offense shooter repeats step d); c. if the second offense shooter repeats step d) a preselected number of times without hitting any of the archery targets, then the second offense shooter accrues the status of being out; e) a third offense shooter shooting an arrow at one of the archery targets from a position on the field corresponding to a batting position of a baseball player in a baseball game; a. if the third offense shooter hits one of the archery targets with the arrow, then: i. a defense shooter assigned to the archery target that the third offense shooter hit with the arrow, shoots an arrow at the archery target that the third offense shooter hit with the arrow, from a position on the field corresponding to a batting position of a baseball player in a baseball game; 1. if the defense shooter hits the archery target that the third offense shooter hit with the arrow, then the third offense shooter accrues the status of being out; and 2. if the defense shooter misses the archery target that the third offense shooter hit with the arrow, then the third offense shooter accrues a preselected base hit status corresponding to the archery target that the third offense shooter hit with the arrow, the preselected base hit status selected from the group consisting of: single, double, triple, and home run; and the preselected base hit status, if any, accrued by the first offense shooter who is not out advances based on the base hit status accrued by the third offense shooter, and the preselected base hit status, if any, accrued by the second offense shooter who is not out advances based on the base hit status accrued by the third offense shooter; b. if the third offense shooter misses all of the archery targets with the arrow, then the third offense shooter repeats step e); c. if the third offense shooter repeats step e) a preselected number of times without hitting any of the archery targets, then the third offense shooter accrues the status of being out; f) awarding a point to the team of the offense shooters whenever an offense shooter attains a base hit status corresponding to home run; g) upon a preselected number of offense shooters attaining the status of being out, switching the team of offense shooters to being defense shooters and the team of defense shooters to being offense shooters; h) repeating steps c) through g) at least a predetermined number of times; and then i) determining a winning team based on which team was awarded the highest number of points. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game further comprises the steps of positioning a first archery target on the field in a position corresponding to approximately where a first baseman would play in a baseball game, and positioning a second archery target on the field in a position corresponding to approximately where a third baseman would play in a baseball game. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of preselecting a base hit status of single to correspond to an offense shooter hitting the first or second archery targets with an arrow. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game further comprises the steps of positioning a third archery target on the field in a position corresponding to approximately where a shortstop would play in a baseball game, and positioning a fourth archery target on the field in a position corresponding to approximately where a second baseman would play in a baseball game. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of preselecting a base hit status of double to correspond to an offense shooter hitting the third or fourth archery targets with an arrow. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game further comprises the steps of positioning a plurality of short outfield archery targets on the field in positions corresponding to approximately where outfielders would play in a baseball game, when playing proximal the batter. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of preselecting a base hit status of triple to correspond to an offense shooter hitting one of the short outfield archery targets with an arrow. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game further comprises the steps of positioning a plurality of long outfield archery targets on the field in positions corresponding to approximately where outfielders would play in a baseball game, when playing distal the batter. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of preselecting a base hit status of home run to correspond to an offense shooter hitting one of the long outfield archery targets with an arrow. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each offense shooter accrues the status of being out after shooting an arrow two consecutive times without hitting any of the archery targets. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein each offense shooter accrues the status of being out after shooting an arrow three consecutive times without hitting any of the archery targets. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein each defense shooter shoots up to a predetermined number of times at the archery target hit by the corresponding offense shooter. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the predetermined number of times is equivalent to the number of times the corresponding offense shooter shot in order to hit the archery target. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of switching the team of offense shooters to being defense shooters and the team of defense shooters to being offense shooters occurs upon three offense shooters attaining the status of being out. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of repeating steps c) through g) at least a predetermined number of times comprises repeating steps c) through g) at least fourteen times. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of repeating steps c) through g) at least a predetermined number of times comprises repeating steps c) through g) at least eighteen times. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein step g) further comprises the step of removing arrows from the archery targets. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein step g) further comprises the step of tallying the number of points awarded to the teams. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of an umpire determining whether an arrow has hit an archery target. 19. A method of playing a baseball-like archery game, comprising the steps of: positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game, and having players on an offense team shoot arrows from a home plate area toward the archery targets, thereby accruing single, double, triple, or home-run base hit statuses depending on which targets are hit, or, alternatively, striking-out when a predetermined number of shots miss an aimed-for target; and an offense player is out when a player on a defense team successfully hits a target hit by said offense player. 20. A method of playing a baseball-like archery game, comprising: positioning archery targets in a plurality of positions on a field corresponding to defensive positions of baseball players in a baseball game; a step for offense players scoring points by shooting arrows at and hitting the archery targets; a step for offense players striking-out by shooting arrows at and missing the archery targets; and a step for offense players becoming out by a defense player shooting an arrow at and hitting an archery target hit by an offense player.",
-    "A method for operating a polishing head is provided. The method includes keeping a stator of at least one electromagnetism actuated pressure sector stationary with respect to a carrier head, and electromagnetically and linearly moving an active cell of the electromagnetism actuated pressure sector with the stator to linearly move the active cell with respect to the carrier head. 1. A method for operating a polishing head, the method comprising: keeping a stator of at least one electromagnetism actuated pressure sector stationary with respect to a carrier head; and electromagnetically cooperating an active cell of the electromagnetism actuated pressure sector with the stator to linearly move the active cell with respect to the carrier head. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetically cooperating comprises: respectively moving at least two of the active cells located on the same circumferential line relative to a center axis of the carrier head with respect to the carrier head. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetically cooperating comprises: respectively moving at least two of the active cells located on the same radial line relative to a center axis of the carrier head with respect to the carrier head. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetically cooperating comprises: respectively moving at least two of the active cells located on the same row of the carrier head with respect to the carrier head. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the electromagnetically cooperating comprises: respectively moving at least two of the active cells located on the same column substantially perpendicular to the row of the carrier head with respect to the carrier head. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a sector plate is connected to the active cell; and further comprising: elongating an elastic element connecting the sector plate and the carrier head when the active cell moves away from the carrier head. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a sector plate is connected to the active cell; and further comprising: shortening an elastic element connecting the sector plate and the carrier head when the active cell moves close to the carrier head. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: controlling a movement of the active cell with respect to the carrier by an electric current. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining a pre-polished process data; and controlling a movement of the active cell with respect to the carrier according to the pre-polished process data. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in-situ controlling a movement of the active cell with respect to the carrier. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sensing a displacement of the active cell; and calibrating the carrier head according to the sensed displacement of the active cell. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetically cooperating comprises: cooperating an electromagnetism provided by the active cell and a permanent magnetism provided by the stator to linearly move the active cell with respect to the stator. 13. A method for polishing a substrate, the method comprising: supplying slurry onto a polishing pad; holding the substrate against the polishing pad; electromagnetically actuating at least one sector to telescopically move to push the substrate against the polishing pad; and rotating at least one of the polishing pad and the substrate. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetically actuating the sector comprising: individually and electromagnetically actuating at least two of the sectors located on the same circumferential line relative to a center axis of the substrate. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetically actuating the sector comprising: individually and electromagnetically actuating a plurality of the sectors. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: obtaining a pre-polished process data; wherein the electromagnetically actuating the sector comprising: electromagnetically actuating the sector according to the pre-polished process data. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the electromagnetically actuating the sector comprising: electromagnetically actuating the sector when rotating at least one of the polishing pad and the substrate. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising: sensing a displacement of the sector; and calibrating a carrier head where the sector is disposed according to the sensed displacement of the sector. 19. A method for polishing a substrate, the method comprising: disposing a polishing pad on a platen; supplying slurry onto the polishing pad; holding the substrate against the polishing pad by a polishing head; actuating a plurality of pressure sectors on the polishing head to telescopically move to apply localized pressures on the substrate against the polishing pad; and rotating at least one of the platen and the polishing head. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein at least one of the pressure sectors is electromagnetism actuated.",
-    "Seal assemblies for dock shelters and dock seals at a loading dock are disclosed herein. An example seal assembly includes a foam pad, a pliable cover to couple to the foam pad, and a shield to attach to the foam pad. The shield has a first end and a second end. The first end is to couple to at least one of the foam pad or the pliable cover and the second end is to project adjacent a vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad. The shield is to move relative to the foam pad between a standby position when a vehicle is in a non-engaging relationship with the vehicle-engaging surface and a deflected position when the vehicle is in engagement with the vehicle-engaging surface. 1. A seal assembly for sealing against a vehicle at a loading dock, the loading dock including a wall with a doorway, the seal assembly comprising: a foam pad; a pliable cover to couple to the foam pad; and a shield to attach to the foam pad, the shield having a first end and a second end, the first end to couple to at least one of the foam pad or the pliable cover and the second end to project adjacent a vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad, the shield to move relative to the foam pad between a standby position when a vehicle is in a non-engaging relationship with the vehicle-engaging surface and a deflected position when the vehicle is in engagement with the vehicle-engaging surface. 2. The seal assembly of claim 1, further including a backer positioned between the foam pad and the wall adjacent the doorway, the backer to attach the foam pad to the wall. 3. The seal assembly of claim 1, further including a front sheet extending between a first corner of the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad and a second corner of the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad, the first corner being opposite the second corner. 4. The seal assembly of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the shield between the first end and the second end is to attach to the foam pad adjacent the first corner of the foam pad. 5. The seal assembly of claim 3, wherein the front sheet is to provide an elongate chamber with a variable volume of air between the front sheet and the pliable cover. 6. The seal assembly of claim 1, wherein the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad has a V-shaped profile. 7. The seal assembly of claim 6, wherein the pliable cover and the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad define a cavity therebetween when the pliable cover is coupled to the foam pad. 8. The seal assembly of claim 1, further including a web positioned between an inner surface of the shield and an outer surface of at least one of the foam pad or the pliable cover. 9. The seal assembly of claim 1, further including a stiffener operatively coupled to the shield to urge the shield to the standby position. 10. The seal assembly of claim 1, wherein the second end of the shield includes a L-shaped profile. 11. A seal assembly for sealing against a vehicle at a loading dock, the seal assembly comprising: a projection panel to protrude from a wall of the loading dock, the projection panel defining a vehicle-engaging surface to be engaged by a vehicle; a pliable cover attached to the projection panel to cover at least a portion of the vehicle-engaging surface; and a shield having a first end and a second end, the shield to couple to a side surface of the projection panel such that the first end of the shield is to be oriented toward the wall of the loading dock and the second end is to be oriented in a direction opposite the first end, the second end to project a distance from the vehicle-engaging surface of the projection panel, the second end of the shield to move between a non-deflected position when a vehicle is not in engagement with the vehicle-engaging surface and a deflected position when the vehicle is in engagement with the vehicle-engaging surface. 12. The seal assembly of claim 11, wherein the second end of the shield is to move toward an inner surface of the vehicle and is to cover an air gap defined by a door hinge of the vehicle. 13. The seal assembly of claim 11, wherein the projection panel includes a backer and a foam core. 14. The seal assembly of claim 13, further including a front sheet to couple to at least one of the pliable cover or the foam core. 15. The seal assembly of claim 14, wherein the front sheet is substantially planar. 16. A seal assembly for sealing against a vehicle at a loading dock, the seal assembly comprising: a backer to couple to a wall of a loading dock; a foam pad to couple to the backer, the foam pad defining a vehicle-engaging surface to receive a trailer of a vehicle; a pliable cover to overlap at least a portion of the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad; a front sheet to attach to the pliable cover via a first seam adjacent a first side edge of the vehicle-engaging surface and a second seam adjacent a second side edge of the vehicle-engaging surface, the first side edge being opposite the second side edge; and a shield having a first portion to attach to at least one of the backer, the foam pad, the pliable cover or the front sheet, the shield having a second portion to project adjacent the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad, the second portion of the shield being movable relative to the first portion of the shield between a deflected position and a non-deflected position. 17. The seal assembly of claim 16, wherein the second portion has a hook-shaped end. 18. The seal assembly of claim 16, wherein the front sheet is to deform when the trailer engages the vehicle-engaging surface of the foam pad, the deformation of the front sheet is to draw the shield toward an inner surface of the trailer such that the front sheet and the shield are to seal an air gap at a door hinge of the trailer. 19. The seal assembly of claim 16, further including a web to extend between the front sheet and the second portion of the shield, the web to wrap across an air gap at a door hinge of the trailer when the shield is drawn toward an inner surface of the trailer. 20. The seal assembly of claim 16, further including a stiffener coupled to the shield, the stiffener to urge the shield to the non-deflected position when a vehicle is not in engagement with the vehicle-engaging surface.",
-    "Provided is a photosensitive coloring composition of the present invention including a polymerization initiator (a) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more, a polymerization initiator (b) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7102 mL/gcm or less and an absorption coefficient at 254 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more, a compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond, an alkali-soluble resin (d), and a coloring material (e), in which, in the total solid content of the photosensitive coloring composition, the content of the polymerization initiator (a) is 1.5 mass % to 10 mass % and the content of the polymerization initiator (b) is 1.5 mass % to 7.5 mass %. 1. A photosensitive coloring composition comprising: a polymerization initiator (a) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more; a polymerization initiator (b) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7102 mL/gcm or less and an absorption coefficient at 254 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more; a compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond; an alkali-soluble resin (d); and a coloring material (e), wherein, in the total solid content of the photosensitive coloring composition, the content of the polymerization initiator (a) is 1.5 mass % to 10 mass % and the content of the polymerization initiator (b) is 1.5 mass % to 7.5 mass %. 2. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the coloring material (e) includes a red, green, or blue coloring material. 3. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 2, wherein the coloring material (e) includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Red 81, 122, 166, 177, 179, 209, 224, 242 and 254; and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, 139, 150 and 185. 4. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 3, wherein the coloring material (e) includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Red 177 and 254; and C.I. Pigment Yellow 139. 5. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 2, wherein the coloring material (e) includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Green 7, 36 and 58; and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, 139, 150 and 185. 6. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 2, wherein the coloring material (e) includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Blue 15, 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 15:5, 15:6 and a triarylmethanes dye; and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Violet 23, 19, a xanthene dye and a pyrromethene dye. 7. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization initiator (a) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-butanone-1; 2-dimethylanimo-2-(4-methyl-benzyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-butan-1-one; 2-octanedione,1-[4-(phenylthio)-,2-(o-benzoyloxime)]; and ethanone,1-[9-ethyl-6-(2-methylbenzoyl)-9H-carbazole-3-yl]-,1-(O-acetyloxime). 8. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization initiator (b) is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone; 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one; 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1-one; and phenylglyoxylic acid methyl ester. 9. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the content of the coloring material (e) is 40 mass % to 70 mass % in the total solid content of the photosensitive coloring composition. 10. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond includes a polyfunctional polymerizable compound. 11. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkali-soluble resin (d) has a polymerizable group. 12. The photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymerization initiator (a) is 1,2-octanedione, 1-[4-(phenylthio)-,2-(o-benzoyloxime)] and the polymerization initiator (b) is 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1-one. 13. The photosensitive colored compound according to claim 1, wherein the coloring material (e) includes a pigment and a pigment derivative which is represented by General Formula (I) below or General Formula (II) below, in General Formula (I), Dye represents a n-valent organic dye residue, X represents a single bond, \u2014CONH\u2014Y2\u2014, \u2014SO2NH\u2014Y2\u2014, or \u2014CH2NHCOCH2NH\u2014Y2\u2014, Y2 represents an alkylene group or an arylene group which may have a substituent group, Y1 represents \u2014NH\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014, Z represents a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, a group which is represented by General Formula (I-1) below, or \u2014NH\u2014X-Dye when n represents 1 (X has the same meaning as X in General Formula (I)) and Z represents a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, or a group which is represented by General Formula (I-1) below when n represents an integer of 2 to 4, R1 and R2 each represent an alkyl group which may have a substituent group, and R1 and R2 may be combined with each other to form a hetero ring which includes a nitrogen atom, m represents an integer of 1 to 6, n represents an integer of 1 to 4, and each of a plurality of X, Y1, R1, and R2 may be the same or different when n is 2 or more, in General Formula (I-1), Y3 represents \u2014NH\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014, R1 and R2 each represent an alkyl group which may have a substituent group, and R1 and R2 may be combined with each other to form a hetero ring which includes a nitrogen atom, and m represents an integer of 1 to 6, in General Formula (II), Dye represents a quinophthalone residue which may have a substituent group, X1 represents \u2014NR\u2032SO2\u2014, \u2014SO2NR\u2032\u2014, \u2014CONR\u2032\u2014, \u2014CH2NR\u2032COCH2NR\u2032\u2014, or \u2014NR\u2032CO\u2014, X2 represents an arylene group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group or a hetero aromatic ring group with 4 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, these groups may be bonded with each other by a divalent linking group selected from \u2014NR\u2032\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, or \u2014CO\u2014, X3 represents \u2014NR\u2032\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014, R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an aryl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, A and B each represent a group selected from a group which is represented by General Formula (II-1) below, a group which is represented by General Formula (II-2) below, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R8, \u2014OR9, \u2014NR10R11, \u2014Cl, \u2014F, and \u2014X3\u2014X2\u2014X1-Dye, R8 represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic residue which may be substituted, R9, R10, and R11 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an aryl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, and n represents an integer of 0 to 20, one of A and B represents a group which is represented by General Formula (II-1) below, a group which is represented by General Formula (II-2) below, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014R8, \u2014OR9, or NR10R11, and t represents an integer of 1 to 3, and a plurality of X1, X2, X3, A, and B may be the same or may be different when t is 2 or more, in General Formula (II-1), Y1 represents \u2014NR\u2032\u2014 or \u2014O\u2014, Y2 represents an alkylene group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenylene group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an arylene group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group and these groups may be bonded with each other by a divalent linking group selected from \u2014NR\u2032\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014SO2\u2014, and \u2014CO\u2014, R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an aryl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, R1 and R2 each represent an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, and R1 and R2 may be combined with each other to form a heterocyclic structure and the heterocyclic structure may further include a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom or may have a substituent group, and in General Formula (II-2), Z1 represents a single bond which connects a triazine ring and a nitrogen atom, \u2014NR\u2032\u2014, \u2014NR\u2032-G-CO\u2014, NR\u2032-G-CONR\u2033\u2014, \u2014NR\u2032-G-SO2\u2014, \u2014NR\u2032-G-SO2NR\u2033\u2014, \u2014O-G-CO\u2014, \u2014O-G-CONR\u2032\u2014, \u2014O-G-SO2\u2014, or \u2014O-G-SO2NR\u2032\u2014, G represents an alkylene group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenylene group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an arylene group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, and R\u2032 and R\u2033 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an aryl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, and R3, R4, R5, and R6 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, or an aryl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group and R7 represents an alkyl group with 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group or an alkenyl group with 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group. 14. A color filter in which the photosensitive coloring composition according to claim 1 is used. 15. An organic EL liquid crystal display device which has the color filter according to claim 14. 16. A method for producing a color filter, comprising: a step (i) of forming a photosensitive coloring composition layer on a substrate using a photosensitive coloring composition; a step (ii) of exposing the photosensitive coloring composition layer using light with a wavelength of more than 350 nm to 380 nm or less; a step (iii) of carrying out alkali development on the photosensitive coloring composition layer after exposure; and a step (iv) of exposing the photosensitive coloring composition layer after alkali development using light with a wavelength of 254 nm to 350 nm, in the stated order, wherein the photosensitive coloring composition contains a polymerization initiator (a) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more, a polymerization initiator (b) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7102 mL/gcm or less and an absorption coefficient at 254 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more, a compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond, an alkali-soluble resin (d), and a coloring material (e), and with respect to the total solid content of the photosensitive coloring composition, the content of the polymerization initiator (a) is 1.5 mass % to 10 mass %, and the content of the polymerization initiator (b) is 1.5 mass % to 7.5 mass %. 17. The method for producing a color filter according to claim 16, wherein, in the step (ii) of exposure using light with a wavelength of more than 350 nm to 380 nm or less, a reaction rate of the compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond in the photosensitive coloring composition after exposure is 30% to 60%. 18. The method for producing a color filter according to claim 16, wherein, in the step (iv) of exposure using light with a wavelength of 254 nm to 350 nm, a reaction rate of the compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond in the photosensitive coloring composition after exposure is 60% to 90%. 19. The method for producing a color filter according to claim 16, further comprising: a step of heating the photosensitive coloring composition layer which is formed on the substrate at 120\u00b0 C. or less. 20. A color filter forming kit, comprising: a photosensitive red composition which contains a red coloring material, a photosensitive green composition which contains a green coloring material, and a photosensitive blue composition which contains a blue coloring material, wherein the photosensitive red composition, the photosensitive green composition, and the photosensitive blue composition each further include a polymerization initiator (a) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more, a polymerization initiator (b) with an absorption coefficient at 365 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7102 mL/gcm or less and an absorption coefficient at 254 nm in methanol of 1.0\u00d7103 mL/gcm or more, a compound (c) which has an unsaturated double bond, and an alkali-soluble resin (d), and with respect to the total solid content of each of the photosensitive red composition, the photosensitive green composition, and the photosensitive blue composition, the content of the polymerization initiator (a) is 1.5 mass % to 10 mass %, and the content of the polymerization initiator (b) is 1.5 mass % to 7.5 mass %.",
-    "While a winding member is making one rotation, an optical fiber is once skewed relative to the circumferential direction and further shifted by a desired length in the width direction of a circumferential surface. In this state, the winding member winds up the optical fiber. This operation is performed in the same direction every rotation when the winding member rotates (N\u22121) times. Next, in the N-th rotation of the winding member, a guide member performs the guide to the optical fiber to skew reversely to the direction of shifting in the (N\u22121) rotations of the winding member. 1. A manufacturing method of an optical fiber bundle in which a winding member rotates N times (N is a natural number equal to or more than 2) to wind up an optical fiber and thereby manufacture an optical fiber bundle having a length that is N times the circumference of the winding member, the method comprising: a shift process of once skewing the optical fiber relative to the circumferential direction of the winding member and shifting the optical fiber a desired length in the width direction of a circumferential surface of the winding member and then winding the optical fiber around the winding member during one rotation of the winding member and every rotation of the winding member when the winding member rotates (N\u22121) times with respect to a desired starting point as a standard; and a reverse shift process of skewing the optical fiber reversely to the direction of shifting in the (N\u22121) rotations of the winding member so that the optical fiber intersects with all the optical fibers which have skewed in the (N\u22121) rotations of the winding member and the end point of the optical fiber having a length which is N times returns to the starting point in the N-th rotation of the winding member whereby the optical fiber is wound around the winding member, wherein an operation in which the shift process and the reverse shift process are performed once in this order is one cycle of the optical fiber having a length which is N times the circumference of the winding member, and the operation is repeated so that an optical fiber bundle formed by bundling the optical fibers having a length which is N times the circumference of the winding member is manufactured. 2. The manufacturing method of the optical fiber bundle according to claim 1, wherein the winding member winds up the optical fiber while the optical fiber is being guided by a guide member. 3. The manufacturing method of the optical fiber bundle according to claim 2, wherein the guide member moves in the width direction of the circumferential surface so that the optical fiber skews. 4. The manufacturing method of the optical fiber bundle according to claim 3, wherein except during skewing, the guide member guides the optical fiber so that the optical fiber is linearly provided along the circumferential direction. 5. The manufacturing method of the optical fiber bundle according to claim 4, wherein the optical fiber bundle is cut in a part other than an intersect portion and then removed from the winding member.",
-    "The present invention relates to a Spinacia oleracea seed designated 51-341 RZ and 51-342 RZ, which exhibits a combination of traits including very late bolting, slow growing, a semi-erect plant habit, a small leaf blade size and resistance to downy mildew (P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae) races Pfs1 to 15. The present invention also relates to a Spinacia oleracea plant produced by growing the 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ seed. The invention further relates to methods for producing the spinach cultivar, represented by spinach variety 51-341 RZ and 51-342 RZ. 1. A seed of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ, a sample of seed of said hybrid variety having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively. 2. A plant grown from the seed of claim 1. 3. The spinach plant of claim 2, which is a plant grown from seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 or 42530. 4. A spinach plant, or a part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the spinach plant of claim 2. 5. A part of the plant of claim 2, wherein said part is a microspore, pollen, an ovary, an ovule, an embryo sac, an egg cell, a cutting, a root, a stem, a cell or a protoplast. 6. A tissue culture of regenerable cells or protoplasts from the plant part of claim 5. 7. The tissue culture as claimed in claim 6, wherein said cells or protoplasts of the tissue culture are derived from a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed or a stem. 8. A spinach plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 6, wherein the regenerated plant expresses all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ, a sample of seed of said hybrid having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively. 9. A method of vegetatively propagating a plant of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ comprising the steps of: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ, representative seed of said hybrid spinach variety having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively; and (b) producing a rooted plant from said tissue. 10. A method of producing a spinach seed, comprising crossing the plant of claim 2 with itself or a second spinach plant. 11. A spinach seed produced by the method of claim 10. 12. A spinach plant grown from the seed as claimed in claim 11. 13. A method for producing a seed of a hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ -derived spinach plant comprising the steps of: (a) crossing a spinach plant of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively, with a second spinach plant or with itself; and (b) allowing seed of a 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach plant to form. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the steps of: (c) selfing the plant grown from said 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach seed or crossing it to a second spinach plant to yield additional 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach seed; (d) growing said additional 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach seed of step (c) to yield additional 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach plants; and (e) repeating the crossing and growing steps of (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach plants, and (f) allowing seed of a 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ-derived spinach plant to form. 15. A spinach seed produced by the method of claim 13 or 14. 16. A spinach plant grown from the seed of claim 15. 17. A method of producing a plant of spinach hybrid variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ comprising at least one new trait, the method comprising introducing a mutation or transgene conferring the at least one new trait into a plant of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ, wherein a sample of seed of said variety has been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively. 18. The spinach plant produced by the method of claim 17. 19. A method of producing spinach leaves comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 2, wherein the plant has been cultivated to obtain leaves; and (b) harvesting spinach leaves from the plant to thereby obtain harvested spinach leaves. 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising packaging the harvested spinach leaves as a fresh vegetable. 21. The method of claim 19 further comprising processing the harvested spinach leaves as a processed food. 22. A container comprising one or more spinach plants of claim 2 for harvest of leaves. 23. A method of determining the genotype of a plant of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively, or a first generation progeny thereof, comprising obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and comparing said nucleic acids to a sample of nucleic acids obtained from a reference plant, and detecting a plurality of polymorphisms between the two nucleic acid samples, wherein the plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ and/or give rise to the expression of any one or more, or all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of hybrid spinach variety 51-341 RZ and/or 51-342 RZ as claimed in claim 2. 24. A plant of spinach hybrid variety 51-341 RZ or 51-342 RZ comprising a transgene conferring a desired trait, a sample of seed of said variety having been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 42353 and 42530, respectively. 25. A seed that produces the plant of claim 24.",
-    "Homomorphic evaluation of a function is performed on input ciphertext(s), which were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also includes multiple secret keys and multiple integer moduli. The homomorphic evaluation of the function includes performing operations(s) on the input ciphertexts. The function includes operation(s) including one or more of addition, multiplication, and automorphism. A key-switching transformation is performed on selected input ciphertext(s), and includes converting a first version of a selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the multiple secret keys and a first modulus to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the multiple secret keys and a second modulus, where the second modulus is an integer factor p times the first modulus, p>1. Each of the key switching transformations is performed prior to or after the operation(s) are evaluated. Results of the operation(s) are output. 1. A computer system, comprising: one or more memories comprising computer-readable program code; and one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured, responsive to execution of the computer-readable program code, to cause the computer system to perform: performing homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also comprises a plurality of secret keys and a plurality of moduli, where the moduli are integers, and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function comprises performing one or more operations on the input ciphertexts, and where the function comprises one or multiple operations comprising one or more of addition, multiplication, and automorphism; performing a key-switching transformation on selected ones of the one or more input ciphertexts, where performing a key-switching transformation on a selected ciphertext comprises converting a first version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the plurality of secret keys and a first modulus to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the plurality of secret keys and a second modulus, where the second modulus is an integer factor p times the first modulus, where p>1, where each of the key switching transformations is performed prior to or after the one or more operations are evaluated; and outputting one or more results of the one or more operations. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured, responsive to execution of the computer-readable program code, to cause the computer system to perform: subsequent to the key switching transformation, switching, using the second version of the selected ciphertext, the second modulus to a third modulus, which can be equal to or different from the first modulus, to determine a third version of the selected ciphertext with respect to the second secret key and the third modulus. 3. The computer system of claim 1, where the portion of the public key used for the performing the key switching transformation is a matrix W=W[ps\u2032\u2192s] modulo pq, where the matrix W is included in the public key, s\u2032 is the first secret key, s is the second secret key, p is the integer factor, and q is a value of the first modulus. 4. The computer system of claim 3, where performing a key switching transformation comprises setting c=W\u00b7c\u2032 modulo pq, where c\u2032 is the first version of the selected ciphertext and c is the second version of the selected ciphertext. 5. The computer system of claim 1, where the integer factor p is larger than q, where q is the first modulus. 6. The computer system of claim 1, where q is the first modulus, where performing the homomorphic evaluation further comprises, prior to performing the key switching transformation, decreasing a norm of the first version of the selected ciphertext, by representing every number in the selected ciphertext as a sum of a number d>1 of smaller digits, and where the integer factor p is larger than q1/d. 7. The computer system of claim 1, where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function in order to evaluate a circuit comprising a plurality of levels. 8. The computer system of claim 7, where performing homomorphic evaluation of a function further comprises performing homomorphic evaluation of multiple functions in order to evaluate the circuit. 9. A computer program product, comprising: a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon: code for performing homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also comprises a plurality of secret keys and a plurality of moduli, where the moduli are integers, and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function comprises performing one or more operations on the input ciphertexts, and where the function comprises one or multiple operations comprising one or more of addition, multiplication, and automorphism; code for performing a key-switching transformation on selected ones of the one or more input ciphertexts, where performing a key-switching transformation on a selected ciphertext comprises converting a first version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the plurality of secret keys and a first modulus to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the plurality of secret keys and a second modulus, where the second modulus is an integer factor p times the first modulus, where p>1, where each of the key switching transformations is performed prior to or after the one or more operations are evaluated; and code for outputting one or more results of the one or more operations. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the computer readable storage medium further has stored thereon: code for, subsequent to the key switching transformation, switching, using the second version of the selected ciphertext, the second modulus to a third modulus, which can be equal to or different from the first modulus, to determine a third version of the selected ciphertext with respect to the second secret key and the third modulus. 11. The computer program product of claim 9, where the portion of the public key used for the performing the key switching transformation is a matrix W=W[ps\u2032\u2192s] modulo pq, where the matrix W is included in the public key, s\u2032 is the first secret key, s is the second secret key, p is the integer factor, and q is a value of the first modulus. 12. The computer program product of claim 11, where performing a key switching transformation comprises setting c=W\u00b7c\u2032 modulo pq, where c\u2032 is the first version of the selected ciphertext and c is the second version of the selected ciphertext. 13. The computer program product of claim 9, where the integer factor p is larger than q, where q is the first modulus. 14. The computer program product of claim 9, where q is the first modulus, where performing the homomorphic evaluation further comprises, prior to performing the key switching transformation, decreasing a norm of the first version of the selected ciphertext, by representing every number in the selected ciphertext as a sum of a number d>1 of smaller digits, and where the integer factor p is larger than q1/d. 15. The computer program product of claim 9, where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function in order to evaluate a circuit comprising a plurality of levels. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, where performing homomorphic evaluation of a function further comprises performing homomorphic evaluation of multiple functions in order to evaluate the circuit.",
-    "A central transmits, to a peripheral connected with the central, re-connection information indicating a timing of a re-connection after a disconnection. Subsequently, the central executes a connection discontinuing process based on the re-connection information. In addition, the central controls power supply for wireless communication at a timing determined based on the re-connection information. Thereafter, the central executes a re-connection process with the peripheral based on the re-connection information shared therewith prior to the disconnection. 1. A wireless communication device comprising: a communicator configured to communicate with an other wireless communication device; and a processor configured to execute, based on re-connection information shared with, before disconnection, the other communication device connected with the local wireless communication device, and indicating a timing at which a re-connection after the disconnection is to be executed, a re-connection process with the other wireless communication device, and to control power supply for wireless communication at a timing determined based on the re-connection information. 2. The wireless communication device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to cause the wireless communicator to transmit the re-connection information, to execute a connection discontinuing process after causing the wireless communicator to transmit the re-connection information, to suspend the power supply after the connection discontinuing process, and to restart the suspended power supply prior to the timing indicated by the re-connection information. 3. The wireless communication device according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to compute, at a time of data communication right before the discontinuation of the connection, the timing at which the re-connection is to be executed based on a time at which data communication with the other wireless communication device is unnecessary, and to generate the re-connection information. 4. The wireless communication device according to claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of a clock signal for the local wireless communication device, to convert a time from the transmission of the re-connection information by the wireless communicator to a timing at which the re-connection is to be executed into the number of pulses of the clock signal, to generate the re-connection information indicating the number of pulses obtained by the conversion, and to execute the re-connection process based on the counted number of pulses and the number of pulses indicated by the re-connection information. 5. The wireless communication device according to claim 3, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of a clock signal for the local wireless communication device, to convert a time from the transmission of the re-connection information by the wireless communicator to a timing at which the re-connection is to be executed into the number of pulses of the clock signal, to generate the re-connection information indicating the number of pulses obtained by the conversion, and to execute the re-connection process based on the counted number of pulses and the number of pulses indicated by the re-connection information. 6. The wireless communication device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to acquire the re-connection information, to execute the connection discontinuing process after the acquisition of the re-connection information, to suspend the power supply after the connection discontinuing process, and to restart the suspended power supply prior to the timing indicated by the re-connection information. 7. The wireless communication device according to claim 6, wherein: the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of a clock signal for the local wireless communication device, and to execute the re-connection process based on the counted number of pulses and the number of pulses indicated by the re-connection information; and the re-connection information indicates a number of pulses of the clock signal converted from a time from the transmission of the re-connection information by the wireless communicator to the timing at which the re-connection is to be executed. 8. The wireless communication device according to claim 2, wherein: the re-connection information is information indicating a clock time of the timing at which the re-connection is to be executed; and the processor executes the re-connection process based on the clock time indicated by the re-connection information. 9. The wireless communication device according to claim 3, wherein: the re-connection information is information indicating a clock time of the timing at which the re-connection is to be executed; and the processor executes the re-connection process based on the clock time indicated by the re-connection information. 10. The wireless communication device according to claim 6, wherein: the re-connection information is information indicating a clock time of the timing at which the re-connection is to be executed; and the processor executes the re-connection process based on the clock time indicated by the re-connection information. 11. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 1. 12. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 2. 13. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 3. 14. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 4. 15. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 6. 16. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 7. 17. An electronic watch comprising the wireless communication device as recited in claim 8. 18. A wireless communication method comprising: executing, based on re-connection information shared with, before disconnection, an other communication device connected with a local wireless communication device, and indicating a timing at which a re-connection after the disconnection is to be executed, a re-connection process with the other wireless communication device; and controlling power supply for wireless communication at a timing determined based on the re-connection information. 19. A non-transitory recording medium having stored therein a program that causes a computer to function as: a re-connection processor configured to execute, based on re-connection information shared with, before disconnection, an other communication device connected with a local wireless communication device, and indicating a timing at which a re-connection after the disconnection is to be executed, a re-connection process with the other wireless communication device; and a power supply controller configured to control power supply for wireless communication at a timing determined based on the re-connection information. 20. A wireless communication system comprising: a first wireless communication device; and a second wireless communication device configured to perform wireless communication with the first wireless communication device, wherein: the first wireless communication device comprises a first processor configured to execute, based on re-connection information shared with, before disconnection, the second communication device connected with the first wireless communication device, and indicating a timing at which a re-connection after the disconnection is to be executed, a re-connection process with the second wireless communication device, and to control power supply for wireless communication at a timing determined based on the re-connection information; and the second wireless communication device comprises a second processor configured to execute the re-connection process with the first wireless communication device based on the shared re-connection information, and to control power supply for wireless communication at the timing determined based on the re-connection information.",
-    "A commercially available anatase titania catalyst is shown to be catalytically active towards the formation of methacrolein from formaldehyde and propionaldehyde with conversions and selectivities close to 90%. This titania catalyst is readily available, non-toxic, and can be used with formaldehyde and a variety of other aldehyde compounds to make \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compounds. This process benefits from low raw material costs and is economically advantaged due to the elimination of catalyst separation. An additional advantage of this method involves the ability of the catalyst to be fully regenerated after a calcination step at 450\u00b0 C. in air. This process shows promising stability and selectivity during lifetime studies, particularly when performed in the presence of a hydrogen carrier gas. 1. A process for preparing an \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound, comprising: contacting a formaldehyde source, a diluent gas, and an aldehyde with a heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound; wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound has the general formula (I): wherein R is a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbons wherein the molar ratio of the formaldehyde to aldehyde reagents is from 0.2 to 5. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the formaldehyde source and the aldehyde are contacted with the heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst at a temperature of about 100\u00b0 C. to about 500\u00b0 C. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the formaldehyde source and the aldehyde are contacted with the heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst at a temperature of about 100\u00b0 C. to about 300\u00b0 C. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the diluent gas comprises nitrogen, hydrogen, air, or a combination thereof. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the formaldehyde source comprises trioxane, formaldehyde, formalin, or a combination thereof. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde comprises acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, dodecanal, 3-methylbutyraldehyde, 3-ethylbutyraldehyde and 3-ethylpentanal, but-3-enal, pent-3-enal, 2-cyclohexylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, or a combination thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is a linear saturated aldehyde comprising acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, dodecanal, or a combination thereof. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is a branched saturated aldehyde comprising 3-methylbutyraldehyde, 3-ethylbutyraldehyde and 3-ethylpentanal, or a combination thereof. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is a cyclic or an aromatic substituted aldehyde comprising 2-cyclohexylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, or a combination thereof. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst is regenerated with a calcination step at 450\u00b0 C. in air. 11. (canceled) 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a space time yield greater than 8 moles aldehyde/kg catalyst/hr. 13. A process for preparing methacrolein, comprising: contacting a formaldehyde source, a hydrogen containing diluent gas, and a propionaldehyde with a heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain methacrolein; wherein methacrolein has the general formula (I). 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the formaldehyde source comprises trioxane, formaldehyde, formalin, or a combination thereof. 15. (canceled) 16. The process according to claim 13, wherein the methacrolein is produced with a space time yield greater than 8 moles methacrolein/kg catalyst/hr. 17. The process according to claim 13, wherein the methacrolein is used to produce isobutyraldehyde, methacrylonitrile, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), or a combination thereof. 18. A process for preparing an \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound, comprising: contacting an aqueous formaldehyde source, a hydrogen containing diluent gas, and an aldehyde with a heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound; wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound has the general formula (I): wherein R is a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbons; wherein the molar ratio of the formaldehyde to aldehyde reagents is from 0.2 to 5. 19. (canceled) 20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a space time yield greater than 8 moles aldehyde/kg catalyst/hr. 21. The process according to claim 13, wherein the concentration of hydrogen in the diluent gas is within a range of 10 to 90 mole %. 22. The process according to claim 18, wherein the concentration of hydrogen in the diluent gas is within a range of 10 to 90 mole %.",
-    "Users may participate in instances of a virtual space through computing platforms associated with the users. User participation may include controlling game entities within the instances of the virtual spaces. Individual game entities may be defined by attribute values of one or more game entity attributes. One or more attribute values may be modified from their currently defined values based on detection of physical tokens communicatively coupled to token readers. By way of non-limiting example, tokens may store attribute modification information that may specify discrete amounts by which one or more attribute values may be changed. 1. A system for modifying attribute values of game entities based on physical token detection, the system comprising: one or more physical processor configured by machine-readable instructions to: execute instances of a virtual space and implement the instances of the virtual space to facilitate participation by users in the virtual space via computing platforms associated with the users, user participation including controlling game entities associated with the users within the virtual space, individual game entities defined by attribute values of appearance attributes and ability attributes, such that a first user participates in a first instance of the virtual space via a first computing platform associated with the first user, participation by the first user including controlling a first game entity within the first instance of the virtual space, wherein the first game entity is currently defined at least in part by a first attribute value of a first appearance attribute and a second attribute value of a first ability attribute; detect tokens based on signals received from token readers, a first token reader being communicatively coupled with the first computing platform, individual tokens being standalone physical objects, the tokens including a first token, the first token being detectable based on a first signal conveying information associated with the first token; obtain attribute modification information based on signals received from token readers, the attribute modification information facilitating making changes from currently defined attribute values of the game entities, such that first attribute modification information is obtained based on a second signal, the first attribute modification information facilitating making changes from currently defined attribute values of the first game entity; and effectuate modifications from currently defined attribute values of game entity attributes responsive to attribute modification information being obtained, the modifications including a first modification configured to be effectuated responsive to the first attribute modification information being obtained, the first modification including a change from the first attribute value by a first amount, and from the second attribute value by a second amount. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein currently defined attribute values comprise one or both of default attribute values or attribute values defined based on gameplay within the virtual space. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein individual groups of game entities are associated with an individual game entity type, wherein game entities of an individual game entity type are associated with a set of default attribute values, such that the first game entity and a second game entity are of a first game entity type, and wherein the first game entity and second game entity are associated with the same set of default attribute values. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein attribute modification information is stored by the tokens and conveyed by signals received from the token readers, such that the second signal conveys the first attribute modification information. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein attribute modification information is stored in a location other the tokens, such that the first attribute modification information is obtained from a storage location that is not associated with the first token. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the second signal conveys information used to look-up the first attribute modification information from the storage location. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the modifications are effectuated in real-time responsive to attribute modification information being obtained. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein attribute values of appearance attributes define one or more of color, surface texture, special visual effects, or virtual clothing associated with individual game entities. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein attribute values of ability attributes define one or more abilities of individual game entities within the virtual space. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the second attribute value of the first ability attribute of the first game entity specifies a first level of a first ability of the first game entity, and wherein the first attribute modification information specifies an increase in the level of the first ability by the second amount, such that the second attribute value is changed to a first modified attribute value that specifies a second level of the first ability that is greater than the first level by the first amount. 11. A method of modifying attribute values of game entities based on physical token detection, the method being implemented in a computer system comprising one or more physical processor and storage media storing machine-readable instructions, the method comprising: executing instances of a virtual space and implementing the instances of the virtual space to facilitate participation by users in the virtual space via computing platforms associated with the users, user participation including controlling game entities associated with the users within the virtual space, individual game entities defined by attribute values of appearance attributes and ability attributes, such that a first user participates in a first instance of the virtual space via a first computing platform associated with the first user by controlling a first game entity within the first instance of the virtual space, wherein the first game entity is currently defined at least in part by a first attribute value of a first appearance attribute and a second attribute value of a first ability attribute; detecting tokens based on signals received from token readers, a first token reader being communicatively coupled with the first computing platform, individual tokens being standalone physical objects, the tokens including a first token, the first token being detectable based on a first signal conveying information associated with the first token; obtaining attribute modification information based on signals received from token readers, the attribute modification information facilitating making changes from currently defined attribute values of the game entities, including obtaining first attribute modification information based on receiving a second signal, the first attribute modification information facilitating making changes from currently defined attribute values of the first game entity; and effectuating modifications from currently defined attribute values of game entity attributes responsive to attribute modification information being obtained, including effectuating a first modification responsive to the first attribute modification information being obtained, the first modification including a change from the first attribute value by a first amount, and from the second attribute value by a second amount. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein currently defined attribute values comprise one or both of default attribute values or attribute values defined based on gameplay within the virtual space. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein individual groups of game entities are associated with an individual game entity type, wherein game entities of an individual game entity type are associated with a set of default attribute values, such that the first game entity and a second game entity are of a first game entity type, and wherein the first game entity and second game entity are associated with the same set of default attribute values. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein attribute modification information is stored by the tokens and conveyed by signals received from the token readers, such that the second signal conveys the first attribute modification information. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein attribute modification information is stored in a location other the tokens, such that the first attribute modification information is obtained from a storage location that is not associated with the first token. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second signal conveys information used to look-up the first attribute modification information from the storage location. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the modifications are effectuated in real-time responsive to attribute modification information being obtained. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein attribute values of appearance attributes define one or more of color, surface texture, special visual effects, or virtual clothing associated with individual game entities. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein attribute values of ability attributes define one or more abilities of individual game entities within the virtual space. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second attribute value of the first ability attribute of the first game entity specifies a first level of a first ability of the first game entity, and wherein the first attribute modification information specifies an increase in the level of the first ability by the second amount, such that the second attribute value is changed to a first modified attribute value that specifies a second level of the first ability that is greater than the first level by the first amount.",
-    "The invention relates to the protection of spacecraft from debris and to de-orbiting devices of the atmospheric drag type, and to debris sweeping apparatus for the removal of debris from the space environment. The debris shielding apparatus for a spacecraft has a shield unit including a shielding surface for impeding incident debris. The shield unit is attached to the spacecraft body and has a drive mechanism for positioning the shield unit in relation to the spacecraft body. The drive mechanism is capable of moving the shield unit between a stowed first position and a deployed second position. In the deployed second position the plane of the shielding surface is at an angle to the spacecraft body. 1-44. (canceled) 45. Apparatus for a spacecraft, comprising: a planar space debris and meteoroid shield unit including at least one space debris and meteoroid shielding layer having a space debris and meteroid shielding surface; attachment means for attaching the space debris and meteoroid shield unit to a spacecraft body; and a driving apparatus configured to move the space debris and meteoroid shield unit between a stowed first position, a fully deployed second position and a fully deployed third position, the driving apparatus being further configured to hold the space debris and meteoroid shield unit in the fully deployed second position and in the fully deployed third position wherein the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding surface in the fully deployed positions is at an angle to the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding surface in the stowed first position whereby in the fully deployed second position the space debris and meteoroid shield unit impedes incident space debris and meteoroids and in the fully deployed third position the space debris and meteoroid shield unit provides increased atmospheric drag and/or debris sweeping. 46. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the angle of the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding surface in its fully deployed second position is selected in dependence on the expected angle of incidence of the peak or average flux of incoming space debris and meteoroids. 47. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the space debris and meteoroid shield unit is connected to the attachment means by a drivable joint such as a hinge. 48. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the space debris and meteoroid shield unit is connected by a stand-off mechanism, such as a boom, to the attachment means. 49. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the space debris and meteoroid shield unit is formed of a plurality of space debris and meteoroid shielding layers of shielding material and in the stowed first position the plurality of space debris and meteoroid shielding layers overlap one another. 50. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the space debris and meteoroid shield unit is formed of a plurality of space debris and meteoroid shielding layers of shielding material and the space debris and meteoroid shielding layers are pivotally connected to each other and to a shield layers driving device whereby in the fully deployed second position the space debris and meteoroid shielding layers overlap one another in a folded configuration and in the fully deployed third position the space debris and meteoroid shielding layers are unfolded by the driving device into a side by side arrangement so that the surface area of the space debris and meteoroid shield unit is increased. 51. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein the shield layers driving device is the same as the driving apparatus for driving the space debris and meteoroid shield unit. 52. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein a separate shield layer driving device is provided for each space debris and meteoroid shielding layer. 53. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein the material of each of the space debris and meteoroid shielding layers is selected from the list of woven ceramic fabric, CFRP, GFRP, and aluminum. 54. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein a space debris and meteoroid shielding layer is provided with at least one impact sensor. 55. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein the space debris and meteoroid shielding layer is provided with a plurality of impact sensors in order to identify the point of impact and energy of an incident debris particle. 56. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein a plurality of impact sensors are provided on selected space debris and meteoroid shielding layers. 57. A spacecraft having at least one apparatus of the type claimed in claim 50. 58. Apparatus in accordance with claim 50, wherein the angle of the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding layer or layers in the fully deployed second position is different to the angle of the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding layer or layers in the fully deployed third position. 59. A spacecraft according to claim 57, comprising a plurality of space debris and meteoroid shield units, wherein at least two of the space debris and meteoroid shield units together form a continuous bumper shield in their fully deployed second positions. 60. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the material of each of the space debris and meteoroid shielding layers is selected from the list of woven ceramic fabric, CFRP, GFRP, and aluminum. 61. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein a space debris and meteoroid shielding layer is provided with at least one impact sensor. 62. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the space debris and meteoroid shielding layer is provided with a plurality of impact sensors in order to identify the point of impact and energy of an incident debris particle. 63. A spacecraft having at least one apparatus of the type claimed in claim 45. 64. Apparatus in accordance with claim 45, wherein the angle of the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding layer or layers in the fully deployed second position is different to the angle of the plane of the space debris and meteoroid shielding layer or layers in the fully deployed third position.",
-    "According to an aspect of the present invention, a printing apparatus includes a plasma treatment unit configured to acidify at least a surface of a print medium by applying plasma treatment to the surface of the print medium, a first primer applying unit configured to apply primer treatment by applying treatment liquid to the surface of the print medium having undergone the plasma treatment, and a first recording unit configured to perform recording by inkjet recording on the print medium having undergone the primer treatment. 1. A printing apparatus comprising: a plasma treatment unit configured to acidify at least a surface of a print medium by applying plasma treatment to the surface of the print medium; a first primer applying unit configured to apply primer treatment by applying treatment liquid to the surface of the print medium having undergone the plasma treatment; and a first recording unit configured to perform recording by inkjet recording on the print medium having undergone the primer treatment.",
-    "The disclosure provides three-dimensional crosslinked polymer networks comprising one or more channels extending from the surface and/or near the surface of the network into the interior of the network, arrays comprising the networks, processes for making the networks, and uses of the networks and arrays. 1-31. (canceled) 32. A three-dimensional network having a surface and an interior, said three-dimensional network comprising: (a) a water-soluble polymer that has been cross-linked and covalently attached to the surface of a substrate; (b) at least 5 channels that converge at a point in the interior of the network such that the lateral distance between the channels decreases from the surface toward the point in the interior; and (c) probe molecules covalently attached to the polymer. 33. The three-dimensional network of claim 32, which comprises at least 10 channels that converge at a point in the interior of the network such that the lateral distance between the channels decreases from the surface toward the point in the interior. 34. The three-dimensional network of claim 32, wherein at least a majority of channels in the network extends into the interior from a point that is less than 10 microns from the surface of the network or extends into the interior from a point on the surface of the network. 35. The three-dimensional network of claim 34, wherein at least a majority of channels in the network extends into the interior from a point that is less than 5 microns from the surface of the network or extends into the interior from a point on the surface of the network. 36. The three-dimensional network of claim 32, wherein at least a majority of channels in the network has a length that is at least 10% of the largest dimension of the network. 37. The three-dimensional network of claim 36, wherein at least a majority of channels in the network has a length that is at least 20% of the largest dimension of the network. 38. The three-dimensional network of claim 32, wherein at least a majority of channels in the network have a minimum cross-section of at least 5 times the network's mesh size. 39. The three-dimensional network of claim 38, wherein at least a majority of the channels have a minimum cross-section of 5 to 25 times the network's mesh size. 40. The three-dimensional network of claim 38, wherein at least a majority of channels in the network have a minimum cross-section of at least 15 times the network's mesh size. 41. The three-dimensional network of claim 32, wherein at least at least a majority of the channels have a length that is 15% to 25% of the largest dimension of the network. 42. The three-dimensional network of claim 32, wherein the network has in its hydrated state a mesh size of 5 to 75 nm. 43. The three-dimensional network of claim 38, wherein the network has in its hydrated state a mesh size of 5 to 75 nm. 44. The three-dimensional network of claim 39, wherein the network has in its hydrated state a mesh size of 5 to 75 nm. 45. The three-dimensional network of claim 40, wherein the network has in its hydrated state a mesh size of 5 to 75 nm. 46. The three-dimensional array of claim 32, wherein at least a majority of probe molecules are in the interior of the network. 47. The three-dimensional array of claim 32, wherein at least a majority of probe molecules adjoin a channel. 48. An array comprising a plurality of three-dimensional networks according to claim 32 on a substrate, wherein (a) the three-dimensional networks are immobilized on the substrate and (b) each of the three-dimensional networks is located at a separate spot on the substrate. 49. The array of claim 48, comprising at least 8 three-dimensional networks. 50. The array of claim 48, wherein the plurality of three-dimensional networks comprises one or more three-dimensional networks comprising labeled control probe molecules. 51. The array of claim 50, wherein the labeled control probe molecules are fluorescently labeled. 52. The array of claim 48 which can be reused at least 10 times. 53. A process for making a three-dimensional network according to claim 32, comprising the steps of: (a) exposing a mixture positioned on the surface of a substrate to needle-shaped crystal forming conditions, said mixture comprising (i) an aqueous salt solution which is optionally a monovalent cation salt solution, (ii) a polymer, (iii) a cross-linker, and (iv) probe molecules, thereby forming a mixture containing one or more needle-shaped salt crystals; (b) exposing the mixture containing one or more salt crystals to crosslinking conditions, thereby forming a crosslinked polymer network containing one or more needle-shaped salt crystals; and (c) contacting the crosslinked polymer network containing one or more salt crystals with a solvent in which the one or more salt crystals are soluble, thereby dissolving the needle-shaped salt crystals and forming one or more channels in place of the salt crystals. 54. The process of claim 53, wherein: (a) the needle-shaped crystal salt forming conditions comprise: (i) dehydrating the mixture; or (ii) cooling the mixture; and/or (b) wherein the solvent is a water-based buffer. 55. The process of claim 53, further comprising, prior to step (a), a step of applying the mixture to a surface of a substrate. 56. The process of claim 54, wherein the needle-shaped crystal salt forming conditions comprise heating the mixture by contacting the mixture with a gas that has a temperature which is higher than the temperature of the mixture, exposing the mixture to a vacuum, and/or reducing the humidity of the atmosphere surrounding the mixture 57. The process of claim 56, wherein the needle-shaped crystal salt forming conditions comprise heating the mixture by contacting the mixture with a gas that has a temperature which is higher than the temperature of the mixture. 58. The process of claim 54, wherein the needle-shaped crystal salt forming conditions comprise cooling the mixture by contacting the mixture with a gas that has a temperature which is lower than the temperature of the mixture. 59. The process of claim 55, wherein the mixture is applied to the surface of a substrate in a volume of 100 pl to 5 nl. 60. A process for making an array, comprising (a) creating a plurality of three-dimensional networks by the process of claim 53 at discrete spots on the surface of the same substrate, and (b) crosslinking the plurality of three-dimensional networks to the surface. 61. A method for determining whether an analyte is present in a sample, comprising: (a) contacting a three-dimensional network according to claim 32 comprising probe molecules that are capable of binding to the analyte with the sample; and (b) detecting binding of the analyte to the probe molecules in the three-dimensional network, thereby determining whether the analyte is present in the sample and optionally the amount of the analyte. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the network or array has been used and washed at least 10 times prior to step (a). 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid. 64. The method of claim 61, which further comprises quantifying binding of the analyte to the probe molecules in the three-dimensional network. 65. The method of claim 61, which further comprises reusing the network or array at least 10 times following step (b).",
-    "A gaming system is disclosed that comprises a symbol selector configured to select a plurality of base symbols from a set of base symbols for display in a display area; and at least one set of additional symbols, each set of additional symbols including a plurality of additional symbols. The gaming system is configured to incorporate the additional symbols of an additional symbol set into the base symbol set so as to define a combined symbol set, and the gaming system is configured to select and display a plurality of base and/or additional symbols from the combined symbol set. The gaming system further comprises an outcome evaluator configured to determine a game outcome based on the selected base and/or additional symbols. 1. A gaming system for play of a game, the gaming system comprising: a credit input mechanism configured to receive a physical item associated with a monetary value for establishing a credit balance, the credit balance being increasable and decreasable based at least on wagering activity; a game controller, said game controller comprising a symbol selector configured to, in accord with the credit input mechanism receiving the physical item, select a plurality of base symbols from a set of base symbols for display in a display area, the set of base symbols including a set of removable symbols, wherein the game controller is configured to remove the removable symbols of a removable symbol set from the base symbol set so as to define a modified symbol set, and the game controller is configured to select and display a plurality of base symbols from the modified symbol set; and an outcome evaluator configured to determine a game outcome based on the selected base symbols. 2. A gaming system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removable symbols of the removable symbol set are randomly determined. 3. A gaming s system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removable symbols of the removable symbol set are determined according to one or more game conditions. 4. A gaming system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removable symbols of the removable symbol set are determined according to a wager amount. 5. A gaming system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removable symbol set includes a plurality of different symbol types. 6. A gaming system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removable symbols in the removable symbol set are defined according to desired conditional probability chains between symbol groups that produce desired win probability outcomes. 7. A gaming system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the removable symbol set comprises a symbol pattern defining type and number of removable symbols and location of removable symbols relative to the base symbol set. 8. A gaming system as claimed in claim 7, wherein the system comprises a plurality of removable symbol sets, each removable symbol set comprising a different symbol pattern, and the gaming system is configured to select at least one of the removable symbol sets and thereby define the removable symbols to be removed from the base symbol set. 9. A gaming system as claimed in claim 8, wherein at least some of the plurality of removable symbol sets correspond to different win outcome probabilities. 10. A gaming system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the gaming system is configured to randomly select a removable symbol set from the plurality of removable symbol sets. 11. A gaming system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the gaming system is configured to select a removable symbol set from the plurality of removable symbol sets using a weighted table. 12. A gaming system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the system includes a plurality of weighted tables, and the gaming system is configured to select one of the weighted tables to use during implementation of a game. 13. A method of gaming having a credit input mechanism configured to receive a physical item associated with a monetary value for establishing a credit balance, the credit balance being increasable and decreasable based at least on wagering activity, a display, and a game controller, the method comprising: establishing a credit balance via said credit input mechanism receiving the physical item; in accord with having established the credit balance via the credit input mechanism receiving the physical item, selecting a plurality of base symbols from a set of base symbols for display in a display area, the set of base symbols including a set of removable symbols; removing via the game controller the removable symbols of a removable symbol set from the base symbol set so as to define a modified symbol set; selecting via the game controller and displaying on the display a plurality of base symbols from the modified symbol set; and determining via the game controller a game outcome based on the selected base symbols. 14. A method as claimed in claim 13, comprising randomly determining the removable symbols of the removable symbol set. 15. A method as claimed in claim 13, comprising randomly determining the removable symbols of the removable symbol set according to one or more game conditions. 16. A method as claimed in claim 13, comprising determining the removable symbols of the removable symbol set according to a wager amount. 17. A method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the additional symbol set includes a plurality of different symbol types. 18. A method as claimed in claim 13, comprising defining the removable symbols in the removable symbol set according to desired conditional probability chains between symbols that produce desired win probability outcomes. 19. A method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the removable symbol set comprises a symbol pattern defining type and number of removable symbols and location of removable symbols relative to the base symbol set. 20. A method as claimed in claim 19, comprising providing a plurality of removable symbol sets, each removable symbol set comprising a different symbol pattern, and selecting at least one of the removable symbol sets to thereby define the removable symbols to be removed from the base symbol set. 21. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein at least some of the plurality of removable symbol sets correspond to different win outcome probabilities. 22. A method as claimed in claim 19, comprising randomly selecting a removable symbol set from the plurality of removable symbol sets. 23. A method as claimed in claim 19, comprising selecting a removable symbol set from the plurality of removable symbol sets using a weighted table. 24. A method as claimed in claim 23, comprising providing a plurality of weighted tables, and selecting one of the weighted tables to use during implementation of a game.",
-    "A rotation rate sensor includes a substrate having a main extension plane and a Coriolis element, in which the rotation rate sensor is configured so that the Coriolis element is excitable with the aid of an excitation arrangement to carry out an excitation oscillation along a first direction and in parallel to the main extension plane, the rotation rate sensor including a compensation element for exerting a compensation force, the compensation force having a non-linear dependence on the excitation oscillation. 1. A rotation rate sensor, comprising: a substrate having a main extension plane; a Coriolis element excitable by an excitation arrangement to carry out an excitation oscillation along an excitation direction along a first direction and in parallel to the main extension plane, which results in a deflection of the Coriolis element in the excitation direction; and a compensation element for exerting a compensation force, which has a non-linear dependence on the deflection in the excitation direction. 2. The rotation rate sensor of claim 1, wherein, in the case of a rotational movement, a detection signal is detected as a function of a force action on the Coriolis element which is to be detected. 3. The rotation rate sensor of claim 1, wherein the compensation element includes a fixed electrode and a recess of the Coriolis element, the fixed electrode being connected to the substrate and situated in parallel to the main extension plane in the recess. 4. The rotation rate sensor of claim 1, wherein the compensation element excites a compensation oscillation component, the compensation oscillation component having a frequency which is essentially twice as large as the frequency of the excitation oscillation. 5. The rotation rate sensor of claim 1, wherein the compensation element has a plane of mirror symmetry which extends along a second direction and a third direction extending perpendicularly to the main extension plane and centrally through the recess. 6. The rotation rate sensor of claim 1, further comprising: a further Coriolis element which is essentially constructed identically to the Coriolis element and which is coupled to the Coriolis element via a spring element, the further Coriolis element being excitable by a further excitation arrangement to carry out a further excitation oscillation antiparallel to the excitation oscillation; and a further compensation element for exciting a further compensation oscillation component, the further compensation element including a further fixed electrode which is connected to the substrate and which is situated in parallel to the main extension plane in a further recess of the further Coriolis element. 7. The rotation rate sensor of claim 6, wherein the compensation element and the further compensation element are situated mirror-symmetrically to each other relative to a plane which extends along the first direction and the third direction and centrally between the Coriolis element and the further Coriolis element. 8. A method for operating a rotation rate sensor, the method comprising: exciting a Coriolis element of the rotation rate sensor by an excitation arrangement of the rotation rate sensor to carry out an excitation oscillation along an excitation direction along a first direction and in parallel to the main extension plane, which results in a deflection of the Coriolis element in the excitation direction, a compensation force being exerted with the aid of a compensation element of the rotation rate sensor, wherein the compensation force has a non-linear dependence on the deflection in the excitation direction.",
-    "A power supply topology is used in which a transistor is provided on the side of an output node of a rectifying circuit. An inductor is provided on the side of a reference node, a resistor is inserted between the transistor and the inductor, and one end of the resistor is coupled to a ground power supply voltage of a PFC circuit. The PFC circuit includes a square circuit which squares a result of multiplication of an input voltage detection signal and feedback information (output voltage of an error amplifier circuit). The PFC circuit drives on the transistor when a detection voltage developed at the resistor reaches zero, and drives off the transistor when the detection signal reaches an output signal of the square circuit. 1. An LED illuminating device comprising: a first output node and a second output node coupled with a light emitting diode; a rectifying circuit which rectifies ac power and supplies power to a rectified output node; an N-channel type MOSFET having a gate terminal, a drain terminal and a source terminal, the drain terminal being coupled with the rectified output node; a current detection resistor coupled with the source terminal and a ground node, the ground node being coupled with a ground voltage; an inductor coupled with the ground node and the first output node; a diode whose anode and cathode are coupled with the second output node and the source terminal of the N-channel type MOSFET, respectively; an output capacitor coupled with the first output node and the second output node; and a control circuit coupled with the gate terminal and the source terminal of the N-channel type MOSFET, a detection voltage of the source terminal being inputted into the control circuit, the control circuit providing a PWM signal to the gate terminal to control the N-channel type MOSFET.",
-    "An electrical load control method includes: collecting, by an electrical load control apparatus, state information of one or more electrical loads; receiving, by an output device, the state information of the one or more electrical loads from the electrical load control apparatus; outputting, by the output device, the state information; receiving, by an input device, one or more control objects among the one or more electrical loads and control methods for the one or more control objects; and receiving, by the electrical load control apparatus, a signal corresponding to the received one or more control objects and the received control methods for the one or more control objects from the input device to deliver a signal corresponding to a respective control method for each of the one or more control objects. 1. An electrical load control method comprising: collecting, by an electrical load control apparatus, state information of one or more electrical loads; receiving, by an output device, the state information of the one or more electrical loads from the electrical load control apparatus; outputting, by the output device, the state information; receiving, by an input device, one or more control objects among the one or more electrical loads and control methods for the one or more control objects; and receiving, by the electrical load control apparatus, a signal corresponding to the received one or more control objects and the received control methods for the one or more control objects from the input device to deliver a signal corresponding to a respective control method for each of the one or more control objects. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the receiving of the signal comprises: identifying the one or more control objects among the one or more electrical loads; and identifying a control mode selected from one or more control modes. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the receiving of the one or more control objects and the control methods comprises: providing, by the input device, information about each of the one or more control modes for each of the one or more control objects. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the state information includes at least one of energy consumption, an influence of fuel efficiency, and a current control mode of the one or more electrical loads. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the one or more control modes are identified according to control levels of the one or more electrical loads. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the one or more control modes correspond to different control levels of the one or more electrical loads by a predetermined threshold value. 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the one or more control modes are identified according to whether the one or more electrical loads are activated. 8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the one or more control modes are identified according to intervals at which the one or more electrical loads are activated. 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the electrical load control apparatus is connected to the one or more electrical loads through controller area network (CAN) communication or hardwire. 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the one or more control objects are classified into at least one combination set in advance for each category. 11. The method according to claim 4, wherein priorities are assigned to the one or more control objects for applying the one or more control modes. 12. The method according to claim 4, wherein the electrical load control apparatus is included in an integrated gateway & power module (IGPM) or an integrated control unit (ICU). 13. An electrical load control apparatus comprising: a communication module receiving state information collected from one or more electrical loads and transmitting the received state information to an output device; and a control module receiving one or more control objects among the one or more electrical loads and control methods for the one or more control objects from an input device to identify the received one or more control objects and the received control methods, wherein the communication module delivers a signal corresponding to a respective control method for each of the one or more control objects. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the state information includes at least one of energy consumption, an influence of fuel efficiency, and a current control mode of the one or more electrical loads. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the one or more control modes are identified according to control levels of the one or more electrical loads. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the one or more control modes correspond to different control levels of the one or more electrical loads by a predetermined threshold value. 17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the one or more control modes are identified according to whether the one or more electrical loads are activated. 18. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the one or more control modes are identified according to intervals at which the one or more electrical loads are activated. 19. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the communication module exchanges a signal with the one or more electrical loads through CAN communication or hardwire. 20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the one or more control objects are classified into at least one combination set in advance for each category. 21. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein priorities are assigned to the one or more control objects for applying the one or more control modes. 22. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing program instructions for controlling an electronic load, the computer readable medium comprising: program instructions that collect state information of one or more electrical loads; program instructions that receive the collected state information of the one or more electrical loads; program instructions that output the state information; program instructions that receive one or more control objects among the one or more electrical loads and control methods for the one or more control objects; and program instructions that receive a signal corresponding to the received one or more control objects and the received control methods for the one or more control objects to deliver a signal corresponding to a respective control method for each of the one or more control objects.",
-    "A bottle attachable decanting aerator apparatus includes a spout member insertable into a mouth of a bottle. The spout member includes a removed section disposed upon a top side thereof and a regulator portion rotationally positional upon the spout member to overlie and alternately reveal the removed section. A conical end piece is sized to fit into the mouth of an existing bottle and a rubberlike exterior disposed thereon sealably engages in the bottle mouth. Liquid poured from the bottle is thus caused to travel under action of gravity through a filamentous tangled wadding disposed interior to the spout member, and position of the regulator portion between a closed position and an open position, enables adjustable inflow of ambient atmosphere between a minimum inflow and a maximum inflow to effect aeration of the liquid during the act of pouring. 1. A bottle attachable decanting aerator apparatus comprising a spout member insertable into the mouth of an existing bottle, said spout member comprising: a pouring end; an engagement end; a top side; a removed section cutaway from the top side; a regulator portion disposed to rotationally engage over the removed section, said regulator portion dispositional upon the spout member between a closed position overlying the removed section, and an open position not overlying the removed section; a conical end piece disposed at the engagement end, said conical end piece having a truncated vertex sized fittable into the mouth of an existing bottle; at least one rubberlike exterior disposed upon the conical end piece, said rubberlike exterior effective of sealable contact between the bottle mouth and the conical end piece; and a filamentous tangled wadding disposed interior to the spout member, said filamentous tangled wadding disposed between the pouring end and the engagement end; wherein liquid poured through the spout member is caused to follow a tortuous path through a plurality of voids disposed throughout the filamentous tangled wadding, said liquid exposable to ambient atmosphere when the regulator portion is moved between the closed position and the open position, whereby aeration of liquid is enabled during the act of pouring said liquid from the bottle. 2. The bottle attachable decanting aerator apparatus of claim 1 wherein the pouring end of the spout member further comprises: an ovoid aperture in angled section; and a distal lip; wherein liquid poured through the spout member is caused to flow out of said spout member over the distal lip. 3. The bottle attachable decanting aerator apparatus of claim 2 wherein the spout member further comprises a first arch disposed proximal the pouring end, said first arch disposed between the pouring end and the removed section. 4. The bottle attachable decanting aerator apparatus of claim 3 wherein the spout member further comprises a second arch disposed proximal the conical end piece, said second arch disposed between the engagement end and the removed section. 5. The bottle attachable decanting apparatus of claim 4 wherein the filamentous tangled wadding is removable from within the spout member. 6. The bottle attachable decanting apparatus of claim 5 wherein a regulator indicium is disposed upon the regulator portion, said regulator indicium alignable with indicia disposed upon the conical end piece to signify position of the regulator portion between the closed position and the open position. 7. A bottle attachable decanting aerator apparatus comprising a spout member insertable into the mouth of an existing bottle, said spout member comprising: a pouring end; an engagement end; a top side; a bottom side; a removed section cutaway from the top side; a conical end piece disposed at the engagement end, said conical end piece having a truncated vertex sized fittable into the mouth of an existing bottle; a first arch disposed upon the spout member proximal the pouring end, said first arch disposed between the pouring end and the removed section; a second arch disposed upon the spout member proximal the conical end piece, said second arch disposed between the conical end piece and the removed section; a regulator portion disposed to rotationally engage over the removed section, said regulator portion dispositional upon the spout member between a closed position overlying the removed section, and an open position overlying the bottom side of the spout member; at least one rubberlike exterior disposed upon the conical end piece, said rubberlike exterior effective of sealable contact between the bottle mouth and the conical end piece; and a filamentous tangled wadding disposed interior to the spout member, said filamentous tangled wadding disposed between the pouring end and the engagement end, said filamentous tangled wadding comprising a plurality of nonporous filaments delimiting a plurality of voids therebetween; wherein liquid poured through the spout member is caused to follow a tortuous path through the plurality of voids between the plurality of nonporous filaments comprising the filamentous tangled wadding, said liquid thereby exposable to ambient atmosphere when the regulator portion is moved between the closed position and the open position, whereby aeration of liquid passing through the spout member is enabled during the act of pouring said liquid from the bottle to which the spout member is engaged.",
-    "A vertical memory device including dual memory cells per level in each memory opening can have dielectric separator dielectric structures that protrude into a facing pair of sidewalls of the memory stack structure within the memory opening. A pair of inactive sections of a vertical semiconductor channel facing the dielectric separator dielectric structures is laterally recessed from control gate electrodes. Control of the threshold voltage of such a vertical memory device can be enhanced because of the dielectric separator dielectric structures. The fringe field from the control gate electrodes is weaker due to an increased distance between the control gate electrodes and the inactive sections of the vertical semiconductor channel. The memory stack structure can have concave sidewalls that contact the dielectric separator dielectric structures and convex sidewalls that protrude toward the control gate electrodes. 1. A memory device, comprising: an alternating stack of insulating layers and electrically conductive layers located over a substrate; a pair of separator dielectric structures extending through the alternating stack and laterally extending along a first lateral direction; and a memory stack structure including a memory film and a vertical semiconductor channel extending through the alternating stack, having a pair of first sidewalls that contact sidewalls of the pair of separator dielectric structures, and having a pair of second sidewalls that protrude outward along a second lateral direction, wherein the first sidewalls are laterally recessed inward from substantially vertical edges of the pair of second sidewalls. 2. The memory device of claim 1, wherein: the first sidewalls have concave surfaces that extend vertically; and the second sidewalls have convex surfaces that extend vertically. 3. The memory device of claim 1, further comprising a dielectric core having a pair of concave sidewalls that face a respective separator dielectric structure and a pair of convex sidewalls adjoined to the pair of concave sidewalls. 4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the pair of separator dielectric structures vertically extend from a bottommost layer of the alternating stack to a topmost layer of the alternating stack. 5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the vertical edges of the second sidewalls of the memory stack structure adjoin a respective sidewall of the pair of separator dielectric structures at an angle in a range from 45 degrees to 135 degrees. 6. The memory device of claim 1, wherein an angle between the first lateral direction and the second lateral direction is in a range from 60 degrees to 120 degrees. 7. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the vertical semiconductor channel comprises: a pair of convex outer sidewalls that are separated from a respective second sidewall of the memory stack structure by a thickness of the memory film; and a pair of concave outer sidewalls that are separated from a respective first sidewall of the memory stack structure by the thickness of the memory film. 8. The memory device of claim 8, wherein a lateral separation distance between the pair of convex outer sidewalls is greater than a lateral separation distance between the pair of concave outer sidewalls. 9. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the insulating layers comprise a first silicon oxide material having a first etch rate in buffered hydrofluoric acid; the pair of separator dielectric structures comprises a second silicon oxide material having a second etch rate in buffered hydrofluoric acid; and a ratio of the first etch rate to the second etch rate is in a range from 2 to 5. 10. The memory device of claim 1, wherein: the insulating layers comprise a material selected from borosilicate glass, phosphosilicate glass, borophosphosilicate glass, fluorosilicate glass, organosilicate glass, and combinations thereof; and the pair of separator dielectric structures comprise undoped silicate glass. 11. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the memory film comprises: a tunneling dielectric contacting, and laterally surrounding, the vertical semiconductor channel; and a charge trapping layer that laterally surrounds the tunneling dielectric. 12. The memory device of claim 11, wherein the memory film further comprises a blocking dielectric laterally surrounding the charge trapping layer and having the pair of first sidewalls and the pair of second sidewalls of the memory stack structure. 13. The memory device of claim 1, wherein: the memory device comprises a vertical NAND device located over the substrate; the electrically conductive layers comprise, or are electrically connected to, a respective word line of the NAND device; the substrate comprises a silicon substrate; the vertical NAND device comprises an array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings over the silicon substrate; at least one memory cell in a first device level of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings is located over another memory cell in a second device level of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings; the silicon substrate contains an integrated circuit comprising a driver circuit for the memory device located thereon; and the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings comprises: a plurality of semiconductor channels, wherein at least one end portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor channels extends substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the substrate; a plurality of charge storage elements, each charge storage element located adjacent to a respective one of the plurality of semiconductor channels; and a plurality of control gate electrodes having a strip shape extending substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate, the plurality of control gate electrodes comprise at least a first control gate electrode located in the first device level and a second control gate electrode located in the second device level. 14. A method of making a memory device, comprising: forming an alternating stack of insulating layers and sacrificial material layers over a substrate; forming a plurality of separator dielectric structures arranged along a first lateral direction and laterally spaced apart by memory openings through the alternating stack; laterally recessing sidewalls of the insulating layers at a greater etch rate than sidewalls of the plurality separator dielectric structures around the memory openings; replacing the sacrificial material layers with electrically conductive layers; and forming a memory stack structure including a memory film and a vertical semiconductor channel in each of the memory openings. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein forming a plurality of separator dielectric structures comprises: forming separator trenches through the alternating stack; forming a separator dielectric structure in each separator trench; and the alternating stack is divided into multiple laterally disjoined portions by the separator dielectric structure; and forming the memory openings through portion each separator dielectric structure to divide the separator dielectric structure into the plurality of separator dielectric structures. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising: introducing an etchant that removes the sacrificial material layers selective to the insulating material layers through the memory openings; and depositing an electrically conductive material in spaces between vertically neighboring pairs of the insulating layers through the memory openings. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein a cavity surrounded by the deposited electrically conductive material is present in each memory opening after deposition of the electrically conductive material, and the method further comprises removing portions of the electrically conductive material from the memory openings to physically expose recessed sidewalls of the insulating layers from the memory openings. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein each memory stack structure is formed on sidewalls of a pair of separator dielectric structures and on sidewalls of the insulating layers. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein each memory stack structure has a pair of first sidewalls that contact sidewalls of a respective pair of separator dielectric structures and has a pair of second sidewalls that protrude outward along a second lateral direction, wherein the first sidewalls are laterally recessed inward from substantially vertical edges of the pair of second sidewalls. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein: the first sidewalls have concave surfaces that extend vertically; and the second sidewalls have convex surfaces that extend vertically. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising forming a dielectric core within each memory stack structure, wherein the dielectric core has a pair of concave sidewalls that face a respective separator dielectric structure and a pair of convex sidewalls adjoined to the pair of concave sidewalls. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the plurality of separator dielectric structures and the memory openings vertically extend from a bottommost layer of the alternating stack to a topmost layer of the alternating stack. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the vertical semiconductor channel is formed with: a pair of convex outer sidewalls that are separated from a respective second sidewall of the memory stack structure by a thickness of the memory film; and a pair of concave outer sidewalls that are separated from a respective first sidewall of the memory stack structure by the thickness of the memory film. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein a lateral separation distance between the pair of convex outer sidewalls is greater than a lateral separation distance between the pair of concave outer sidewalls. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein: the insulating layers comprise a first silicon oxide material formed by PECVD having a first etch rate in buffered hydrofluoric acid; the plurality of separator dielectric structures comprises a second silicon oxide material formed by LPCVD having a second etch rate in buffered hydrofluoric acid; a ratio of the first etch rate to the second etch rate is in a range from 1.5 to 1,000; and the step of laterally recessing sidewalls of the insulating layers at the greater etch rate than sidewalls of the plurality separator dielectric structures around the memory openings comprises selectively etching the insulating layers using buffered hydrofluoric acid. 26. The method of claim 14, wherein: the memory device comprises a vertical NAND device located over the substrate; the electrically conductive layers comprise, or are electrically connected to, a respective word line of the NAND device; the substrate comprises a silicon substrate; the vertical NAND device comprises an array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings over the silicon substrate; at least one memory cell in a first device level of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings is located over another memory cell in a second device level of the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings; the silicon substrate contains an integrated circuit comprising a driver circuit for the memory device located thereon; and the array of monolithic three-dimensional NAND strings comprises: a plurality of semiconductor channels, wherein at least one end portion of each of the plurality of semiconductor channels extends substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the substrate; a plurality of charge storage elements, each charge storage element located adjacent to a respective one of the plurality of semiconductor channels; and a plurality of control gate electrodes having a strip shape extending substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate, the plurality of control gate electrodes comprise at least a first control gate electrode located in the first device level and a second control gate electrode located in the second device level.",
-    "A method of recovering waste heat includes pressurizing a flow of working fluid and transferring heat from a hot gas stream to the flow of working fluid in at least two successively arranged heat transfer sections. At least some of the working fluid is converted to a superheated vapor by the transfer of heat, and passes through an expander to recover useful work. A portion of the flow of working fluid is directed along a branch after having passed through at least one of the heat transfer sections, and bypasses the expander and at least one of the heat transfer sections before being recombined with the working fluid that has passed through the expander. The total flow rate of working fluid can be adjusted to regulate the temperature of the hot gas stream downstream of the heat transfer sections, and the amount of fluid that bypasses along the branch can be adjusted to regulate the temperature of the superheated vapor. 1. A method of recovering waste heat, the method comprising: pressurizing a flow of liquid working fluid from a first pressure to a second pressure higher than the first pressure; transferring a first quantity of heat from a hot gas stream into the flow of liquid working fluid after having pressurized the flow of liquid working fluid to the second pressure; splitting the flow of liquid working fluid into a first portion and a second portion after having transferred the first quantity of heat into the flow of liquid working fluid; transferring a second quantity of heat from the hot gas stream into the first portion but not into the second portion, wherein transferring the second quantity of heat converts the first portion to a superheated vapor; non-adiabatically expanding the superheated first portion; and recombining the second portion with the expanded first portion after having non-adiabatically expanded the superheated first portion. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising adiabatically expanding the second portion prior to recombining the first and second portions. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein adiabatically expanding the second portion includes flowing the second portion through a flow control device 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the flow control device is a fixed orifice. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the flow control device is a variable device, the method further comprising adjusting the flow control device in order to adjust the ratio of the second portion to the first portion. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring the temperature of the hot gas stream; and adjusting the flow rate of the flow of liquid working fluid in response to the measured hot gas stream temperature. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the temperature of the hot gas stream is measured after the first and second quantities of heat have been transferred therefrom. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the temperature of superheated working fluid prior to non-adiabatically expanding said superheated working fluid. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein splitting the flow of liquid working fluid into a first portion and a second portion includes controlling the ratio of the second portion to the first portion in response to the measured temperature of superheated working fluid. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing heat from the recombined first and second portions in order to produce a liquid flow of working fluid. 11. A method of operating a Rankine cycle, comprising: operating a pump to circulate a flow of working fluid through a fluid circuit of the system, wherein the flow working fluid is delivered to the pump as a low-pressure liquid and exits the pump as a high-pressure liquid, the flow of working fluid comprising a first and a second portion; passing the flow of working fluid through a first heat exchange section arranged along the fluid circuit; passing a hot gas stream through the first heat exchange section to transfer heat from the hot gas stream to the flow of working fluid within the first heat exchange section; passing the first portion of the flow of working fluid through a second heat exchange section arranged along the fluid circuit after having passed the flow of working fluid through the first heat exchange section; passing the hot gas stream through the second heat exchange section prior to passing the hot gas stream through the first heat exchange section, to transfer heat from the hot gas stream to the first portion of the flow of working fluid within the second heat exchange section; non-adiabatically expanding the first portion in an expander arranged along the fluid circuit to recover work therefrom; and passing the second portion along a branch of the fluid circuit in order to bypass both the second heat exchange section and the expander. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the second portion is adiabatically expanded and is then re-mixed with the expanded first portion. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: sensing a temperature of the hot gas stream; and adjusting the operation of the pump to increase or decrease the flow of working fluid exiting the pump in response to the measured temperature. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: sensing a temperature of the first portion of the flow of working fluid at a location along the fluid circuit between the second heat exchange section and the expander; and modulating a flow control device arranged along the branch of the fluid circuit in response to the measure temperature. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein modulating the flow control device effects a change in the ratio of the second portion of the flow of working fluid to the first portion of the flow of working fluid. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of modulating the flow control device includes comparing the measured temperature to a desired superheat temperature of the working fluid, modulating the flow control device to increase the rate of flow along the branch of the fluid circuit when the measured temperature is greater than the desired superheat temperature, and modulating the flow control device to decrease the rate of flow along the branch of the fluid circuit when the measured temperature is less than the desired superheat temperature. 17. A method of cooling a recirculated exhaust gas flow for an engine, comprising: receiving the recirculated exhaust gas flow from an exhaust manifold of the engine into a first heat exchange section; transferring heat within the first heat exchange section from the recirculated exhaust gas flow to a first flow of working fluid in order to convert the first flow of working fluid from a liquid state to a superheated vapor state; receiving the recirculated exhaust gas flow from the first heat exchange section into a second heat exchange section; transferring heat within the second heat exchange section from the recirculated exhaust gas flow to a second flow of working fluid, wherein the flow rate of the second flow of working fluid is greater than the flow rate of the first flow of working fluid; and returning the cooled recirculated exhaust gas flow to an intake manifold of the engine. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second flow of working fluid comprises the first flow of working fluid. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: measuring a temperature of the recirculated exhaust gas flow between the second heat exchange section and the intake manifold of the engine; and modulating the flow rate of the second flow of working fluid in response to the measured temperature. 20. The method of claim 20, further comprising passing the recirculated exhaust gas through a plurality of continuous channels extending through both the first and the second heat exchange sections.",
-    "An antenna-integrated wireless module is provided which does not need a metal case, and which can realize size reduction. A shield layer is formed on an upper surface of a resin sealing layer, which is disposed on one principal surface of a substrate and which covers a wireless region and an antenna region, such that the shield layer does not cover a portion of the resin sealing layer, the portion being positioned directly above the antenna region. Hence the shield layer formed on the upper surface of the resin sealing layer on the side covering the wireless region can serve to suppress electromagnetic waves radiated from a wireless functional section, which is disposed in a region overlapping the wireless region when looking at the module in a plan view, and which includes an RF circuit disposed at least on the one principal surface of the substrate or inside the substrate. 1. An antenna-integrated wireless module comprising: a substrate including a wireless region and one or a plurality of antenna regions located at different positions when looking at the substrate in a plan view from a side facing one principal surface of the substrate; a wireless functional section disposed in the wireless region and including an RF circuit disposed at least on the one principal surface of the substrate or inside the substrate; an antenna section disposed in the antenna region and including an antenna conductor disposed at least on the one principal surface of the substrate or inside the substrate; a resin sealing layer disposed on the one principal surface of the substrate in a state covering the wireless region and the antenna region at least on a one principal surface side of the substrate; and a shield layer formed on surfaces of the resin sealing layer such that the shield layer does not cover at least a portion of an upper surface of the resin sealing layer, the portion being positioned directly above the antenna region. 2. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein the shield layer is formed on the upper surface of the resin sealing layer only in a region overlapping the wireless region when looked at in the plan view. 3. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the resin sealing layer in a portion overlapping the antenna region when looked at in the plan view is thinner than a thickness of the resin sealing layer in a portion overlapping the wireless region when looked at in the plan view, and a level difference step is formed in the resin sealing layer between the wireless region and the antenna region. 4. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 3, wherein the shield layer is further formed to extend over a lateral surface of the level difference step in the resin sealing layer. 5. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 3, wherein a groove is formed in the resin sealing layer to extend along the lateral surface of the level difference step up to the one principal surface of the substrate or a vicinity of the one principal surface, and the shield layer is formed to extend over an inner surface of the groove. 6. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein the shield layer is formed to extend over lateral surfaces of the resin sealing layer, the lateral surfaces surrounding the wireless region. 7. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein a predetermined identification mark is formed in the upper surface of the resin sealing layer on a side covering the antenna region. 8. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of antenna regions are disposed in the substrate in a sandwiching relation to the wireless region, and the antenna conductor is disposed in each of the antenna regions at least on the one principal surface of the substrate or inside the substrate. 9. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein the shield layer is further formed over at least a part of lateral surfaces of the resin sealing layer, the lateral surfaces surrounding the antenna region. 10. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 1, wherein an antenna electrode connected to the antenna section and a signal electrode connected to the wireless functional section are disposed on the other principal surface of the substrate. 11. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 10, wherein the antenna electrode includes a one-end antenna electrode connected to one end of the antenna conductor, and an opposite-end antenna electrode connected to an opposite end of the antenna conductor. 12. A method for manufacturing an antenna-integrated wireless module, the method comprising: a preparation step of preparing a substrate including a wireless region and an antenna region located at different positions when looking at the substrate in a plan view from a side facing one principal surface of the substrate, a wireless functional section disposed in the wireless region and including an RF circuit disposed at least on the one principal surface of the substrate or inside the substrate, and an antenna section disposed in the antenna region and including an antenna conductor disposed at least on the one principal surface of the substrate or inside the substrate; a sealing step of applying a resin over the entire one principal surface of the substrate and forming a resin sealing layer in a state entirely covering the one principal surface side of the substrate; a conductive layer forming step of forming a conductor layer covering surfaces of the resin sealing layer with a conductive material; and a removing step of removing a part of the conductive material of the conductive layer formed on an upper surface of the resin sealing layer, the part being present on a side including the antenna region, such that the conductive layer does not cover at least a portion of the upper surface of the resin sealing layer, the portion being positioned directly above the antenna region, whereby a shield layer is formed on the surfaces of the resin sealing layer by the remaining conductive layer. 13. The method for manufacturing the antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 12, wherein, in the removing step, the shield layer is formed by the conductive layer on the upper surface of the resin sealing layer only in a region overlapping the wireless region when looked at in the plan view. 14. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 12, wherein, in the removing step, a part of the resin sealing layer on a side covering the antenna region is removed together with the conductive material such that a thickness of the resin sealing layer on the side covering the antenna region is thinner than a thickness of the resin sealing layer on a side covering the wireless region. 15. The method for manufacturing the antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 12, further comprising, after the sealing step and before the conductive layer forming step, a groove forming step of forming a groove in the resin sealing layer between the wireless region and the antenna region, wherein, in the conductive layer forming step, the conductive layer is further formed over an inner surface of the groove formed in the groove forming step. 16. The method for manufacturing the antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 12, further comprising, after the removing step, a marking step of forming a predetermined identification mark in the upper surface of the resin sealing layer on the side covering the antenna region. 17. The method for manufacturing the antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 12, wherein an array of the substrates is prepared in the preparation step, and the array of the substrates is divided into individual pieces in units of one substrate after all the steps are executed. 18. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 2, wherein a thickness of the resin sealing layer in a portion overlapping the antenna region when looked at in the plan view is thinner than a thickness of the resin sealing layer in a portion overlapping the wireless region when looked at in the plan view, and a level difference step is formed in the resin sealing layer between the wireless region and the antenna region. 19. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 4, wherein a groove is formed in the resin sealing layer to extend along the lateral surface of the level difference step up to the one principal surface of the substrate or a vicinity of the one principal surface, and the shield layer is formed to extend over an inner surface of the groove. 20. The antenna-integrated wireless module according to claim 2, wherein the shield layer is formed to extend over lateral surfaces of the resin sealing layer, the lateral surfaces surrounding the wireless region.",
-    "A one-time programmable (OTP) memory cell with floating gate shielding is provided. A pair of transistors is arranged on a semiconductor substrate and electrically coupled in series, where the transistors comprise a floating gate. An interconnect structure overlies the pair of transistors. A shield is arranged in the interconnect structure, directly over the floating gate. The shield is configured to block ions in the interconnect structure from moving to the floating gate. A method for manufacturing an OTP memory cell with floating gate shielding is also provided 1. A memory cell with floating gate shielding, comprising: a pair of transistors arranged on a semiconductor substrate and electrically coupled in series, wherein the transistors comprise a floating gate; an interconnect structure overlying the pair of transistors; and a shield arranged in the interconnect structure, directly over the floating gate, wherein the shield is configured to block ions in the interconnect structure from moving to the floating gate. 2. The memory cell according to claim 1, wherein the interconnect structure comprises interconnect layers of line features stacked upon one another, and further comprises via layers of via features interconnecting the line features between the interconnect layers. 3. The memory cell according to claim 2, wherein the shield comprises one of the line features that directly overlies the floating gate. 4. The memory cell according to claim 2, wherein the shield comprises one of the via features that directly overlies the floating gate. 5. The memory cell according to claim 2, wherein the shield comprises: a first line feature of the interconnect layers that individually covers a first subset of the floating gate at a first height above the floating gate; and a second line feature of the interconnect layer that individually covers a second subset of the floating gate at a second height above the floating gate. 6. The memory cell according to claim 5, wherein the first and second line features collectively cover about 100% of the floating gate. 7. The memory cell according to claim 2, wherein the shield comprises: a line feature of the interconnect layers arranged directly over the floating gate; and a via feature of the via layers arranged directly over the floating gate. 8. The memory cell according to claim 1, wherein a footprint size of the shield is less than or equal to that of the floating gate. 9. The memory cell according to claim 1, wherein the shield comprises a plurality of conductive features of the interconnect structure that individually cover at least a portion of the floating gate, wherein the conductive features are distributed amongst a plurality of heights above the floating gate. 10. The memory cell according to claim 1, wherein an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate comprises dangling bonds terminated by hydrogen ions. 11. The memory cell according to claim 1, wherein the transistors comprise a select gate laterally spaced over the semiconductor substrate from the floating gate, wherein the transistors share a common source/drain region arranged between the select and floating gate, and wherein the transistors comprise individual source/drain regions on opposite sides of the select and floating gates as the common source/drain region. 12-19. (canceled) 20. A memory cell with floating gate shielding, comprising: a pair of transistors arranged on a semiconductor substrate and electrically coupled in series, wherein the transistors comprise a floating gate configured to store a bit of data; an interconnect structure overlying the transistors, wherein the interconnect structure comprises interconnect layers of line features stacked upon one another, and further comprises via layers of via features interconnecting the line features between the interconnect layers; and a shield comprising a feature of the interconnect or via layers that is arranged directly over the floating gate. 21. The memory cell according to claim 20, wherein the shield comprises a plurality of via features distributed amongst several of the via layers, and wherein the via features of the plurality each partially covers the floating gates. 22. The memory cell according to claim 20, wherein the interconnect structure further comprises an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer within which the interconnect layers and the via layers are stacked, wherein the shield comprises a line feature of the interconnect layers and a via feature of the via layers, and wherein the via feature extends from contact with the line feature to contact with the ILD layer at a horizontal surface of the via feature. 23. The memory cell according to claim 20, further comprising: a diffusion path for hydrogen ions extending from a top surface of the interconnect structure to the shield, wherein the diffusion path is line shaped and substantially orthogonal to a top surface of the floating gate, and wherein the shield is configured to block hydrogen diffusing along the diffusion path from reaching the floating gate. 24. The memory cell according to claim 23, wherein the transistors further comprise a select gate adjacent to the floating gate, and wherein the memory cell further comprises: a second diffusion path for hydrogen ions extending in parallel with the diffusion path, from the top surface of the interconnect structure to the select gate, wherein the second diffusion path is line shaped and unimpeded by the interconnect layers and the via layers. 25. The memory cell according to claim 20, where the semiconductor substrate comprises dangling bonds terminated by hydrogen, and wherein the shield comprises hydrogen absorbed from a surrounding environment. 26. The memory cell according to claim 20, wherein the transistors comprise a source/drain region bordering the floating gate, wherein the interconnect layers comprise a first wiring layer spaced over the floating gate, wherein the via layers comprise a first via layer extending from contact with the first via layer to contact with the source/drain region, and wherein the shield comprises a line feature that is in the first wiring layer and that is directly over the floating gate. 27. A one-time programmable memory cell comprising: a semiconductor substrate comprising a first source/drain region, a second source/drain region, and a third source/drain region, wherein the second source/drain region is between the first and second source/drain regions, and wherein dangling bonds along a top surface of the semiconductor substrate are terminated by hydrogen; a select transistor comprising the first and second source/drain regions, and further comprising a select gate electrode, wherein the select gate electrode is over the semiconductor substrate, and wherein the select gate electrode is between and borders the first and second source/drain regions; a floating transistor comprising the second and third source/drain regions, and further comprising a floating gate electrode, wherein the floating gate electrode is over the semiconductor substrate, and wherein the floating gate electrode is between and borders the second and third source/drain regions; an interconnect structure covering the semiconductor substrate, the select transistor, and the floating transistor, wherein the interconnect structure comprises an ILD layer, a plurality of via layers, and a plurality of interconnect layers, and wherein the interconnect layers are alternatingly stacked with the via layer in the ILD layer; and a shield covering the floating gate electrode and comprising conductive features of the via layers and the interconnect layers. 28. The one-time programmable memory cell according to claim 27, wherein the interconnect and via layers are limited to a periphery of the one-time programmable memory cell, except for a portion for the interconnect and via layers making up the shield, when the interconnect structure is viewed in profile.",
-    "Hybrid thermochemical water splitting systems are disclosed that thermally reduces metal oxides particles to displace some but not all of the electrical requirements in a water splitting electrolytic cell. In these hybrid systems, the thermal reduction temperature is significantly reduced compared to two-step metal-oxide thermochemical cycles in which only thermal energy is required to produce hydrogen from water. Also, unlike conventional higher temperature systems where the reduction step must be carried out under reduced oxygen pressure, the reduction step in the proposed hybrid systems can be carried out in air, allowing for thermal input by a solar power tower with a windowless, cavity receiver. 1. A hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation comprising: a reactive particle receiver including an open cavity; a down comer; a hot particle storage container; a heat exchanger; and an electrolyzer; wherein oxidized particles are directly heated and thermally reduced in the open cavity. 2. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 1, wherein the oxidized particles are recirculated within the reactive particle receiver to increase residence and heat transfer times. 3. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 1, wherein particles within the reactive particle receiver are recirculated within the reactive particle receiver to increase residence time. 4. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 1, wherein the open cavity receives concentrated solar flux. 5. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 1, further comprising: an electric power cycle in thermal connectivity with the heat exchanger that receives heat removed by the heat exchanger. 6. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 1, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to reoxidize an oxygen-deficient metal oxide by reducing water to produce hydrogen. 7. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 6, wherein the electrolyzer is further configured to receive electricity for reducing water into hydrogen. 8. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 1, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to reoxidize an oxygen-deficient meal oxide by reducing carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide. 9. The hybrid thermochemical splitting cycle implementation of claim 8, wherein the electrolyzer is further configured to receive electricity for reducing carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen.",
-    "Provided is an electric power steering system that achieves a more appropriate steering feel. An ECU of the electric power steering system calculates a basic assist component and a target pinion angle based on at least steering torque. The ECU calculates a correction component for the basic assist component through feedback control in which an actual pinion angle is caused to match the target pinion angle. The ECU calculates an assist command value by adding the correction component to the basic assist component. The ECU corrects a hysteresis controlled variable and a viscosity component according to the rate of change (gradient) in a spring component with respect to a change in absolute value of the target pinion angle. Specifically, the ECU multiplies the hysteresis controlled variable and the viscosity component by gains that have a larger value as the rate of change in spring component increases. 1. An electric power steering system, comprising: a motor serving as a source of a steering assist force to be applied to a steering mechanism of a vehicle; and a control device that controls the motor according to a steering state of the vehicle; wherein the control device includes a first calculation circuit that calculates a basic control component of the steering assist force to be applied to the steering mechanism according to at least steering torque, a second calculation circuit that calculates, based on at least the steering torque, a target rotation angle of a rotary shaft that rotates according to a steered angle of a steered wheel, a third calculation circuit that calculates a correction control component for the basic control component through feedback control in which an actual rotation angle of the rotary shaft is caused to match the target rotation angle, a first reaction force component calculation circuit that calculates a first reaction force component in the steering assist force based on at least the target rotation angle, and a second reaction force component calculation circuit that calculates a second reaction force component in the steering assist force based on at least one of a plurality of kinds of state variables representing the steering state and the target rotation angle. 2. The electric power steering system according to claim 1, wherein the control device further includes a correction circuit that corrects the second reaction force component according to a gradient of a change in the first reaction force component with respect to the target rotation angle. 3. The electric power steering system according to claim 1, wherein the control device further includes a changing circuit that changes the first reaction force component by adding the second reaction force component to the target rotation angle that is received by the first reaction force component calculation circuit. 4. The electric power steering system according to claim 2, wherein the control device further includes a changing circuit that changes the first reaction force component by adding the second reaction force component to the target rotation angle that is received by the first reaction force component calculation circuit. 5. The electric power steering system according to claim 2, wherein the correction circuit includes a gradient gain calculation circuit that calculates a gain according to the gradient of the change in the first reaction force component, and a multiplier that multiplies the second reaction force component by the gain, wherein the gradient gain calculation circuit calculates the gain that has a larger value as the gradient increases. 6. The electric power steering system according to claim 4, wherein the correction circuit includes a gradient gain calculation circuit that calculates a gain according to the gradient of the change in the first reaction force component, and a multiplier that multiplies the second reaction force component by the gain, wherein the gradient gain calculation circuit calculates the gain that has a larger value as the gradient increases. 7. The electric power steering system according to claim 1, wherein the first reaction force component calculation circuit includes a spring characteristic control calculation circuit that calculates as the first reaction force component a spring component proportional to the target rotation angle, and the second reaction force component calculation circuit includes at least one of a viscosity control calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a viscosity component proportional to a steering angular velocity and a hysteresis controlled variable calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a hysteresis controlled variable that is a friction component having hysteresis characteristics with respect to a change in the steering angle. 8. The electric power steering system according to claim 2, wherein the first reaction force component calculation circuit includes a spring characteristic control calculation circuit that calculates as the first reaction force component a spring component proportional to the target rotation angle, and the second reaction force component calculation circuit includes at least one of a viscosity control calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a viscosity component proportional to a steering angular velocity and a hysteresis controlled variable calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a hysteresis controlled variable that is a friction component having hysteresis characteristics with respect to a change in the steering angle. 9. The electric power steering system according to claim 3, wherein the first reaction force component calculation circuit includes a spring characteristic control calculation circuit that calculates as the first reaction force component a spring component proportional to the target rotation angle, and the second reaction force component calculation circuit includes at least one of a viscosity control calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a viscosity component proportional to a steering angular velocity and a hysteresis controlled variable calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a hysteresis controlled variable that is a friction component having hysteresis characteristics with respect to a change in the steering angle. 10. The electric power steering system according to claim 5, wherein the first reaction force component calculation circuit includes a spring characteristic control calculation circuit that calculates as the first reaction force component a spring component proportional to the target rotation angle, and the second reaction force component calculation circuit includes at least one of a viscosity control calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a viscosity component proportional to a steering angular velocity and a hysteresis controlled variable calculation circuit that calculates as the second reaction force component a hysteresis controlled variable that is a friction component having hysteresis characteristics with respect to a change in the steering angle.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes: a semiconductor substrate, a first portion and a second portion of an upper layer portion of the semiconductor substrate being conductive; an insulating member electrically isolating the first portion from the second portion; a first stacked body provided in a region directly above the second portion, the first stacked body including first insulating films and electrode films stacked alternately; a semiconductor pillar provided inside the first stacked body and extending in a stacking direction; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor pillar and the electrode films; a second stacked body provided in a region directly above the first portion, the second stacked body including second insulating films and third insulating films stacked alternately; and two first conductive pillars provided inside the second stacked body extending in the stacking direction, lower ends thereof being connected to the first portion. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate, a first portion and a second portion of an upper layer portion of the semiconductor substrate being conductive; an insulating member provided on the semiconductor substrate, the insulating member electrically isolating the first portion from the second portion; a first stacked body provided in a region directly above the second portion of the semiconductor substrate, the first stacked body including a plurality of first insulating films and a plurality of electrode films, each of the first insulating films and each of the electrode films being stacked alternately; a semiconductor pillar provided inside the first stacked body, the semiconductor pillar extending in a stacking direction of the first insulating films and the electrode films; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor pillar and the electrode films; a second stacked body provided in a region directly above the first portion of the semiconductor substrate, the second stacked body including a plurality of second insulating films and a plurality of third insulating films, each of the second insulating films and each of the third insulating films being stacked alternately; and two first conductive pillars provided inside the second stacked body, the two first conductive pillars extending in the stacking direction, lower ends of the two first conductive pillars being connected to the first portion. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the first conductive pillar is larger than a diameter of the semiconductor pillar. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductive pillars include silicon. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the first conductive pillars include at least one type of element selected from the group consisting of arsenic, phosphorus, boron, and gallium. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a semiconductor plug provided on the semiconductor pillar, the charge storage film being disposed around the semiconductor plug, a composition of the semiconductor plug being the same as a composition of the first conductive pillars. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a composition of the second insulating films is the same as a composition of the first insulating films. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the second insulating film is equal to a thickness of the first insulating film. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the third insulating film is equal to a thickness of the electrode film. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a fourth insulating film provided around the first conductive pillar, at least a portion of a film configuration of the fourth insulating film being the same as a film configuration of the charge storage film. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a core member provided inside the semiconductor pillar, the core member being insulative, a configuration of the semiconductor pillar being a circular tube covering a side surface and a lower surface of the core member, a lower end of the circular tube being sealed, configurations of the first conductive pillars being circular columns. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second insulating film includes silicon oxide, and the third insulating film includes silicon nitride. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: two second conductive pillars provided inside the second stacked body, the two second conductive pillars extending in the stacking direction; and an interconnect provided on the second stacked body and connected between one of the two first conductive pillars and one of the two second conductive pillars, the insulating member electrically isolating a third portion of the upper layer portion of the semiconductor substrate from the first portion and the second portion, the third portion being conductive, lower ends of the two second conductive pillars being connected to the third portion. 13. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate, a first portion and a second portion of an upper layer portion of the semiconductor substrate being conductive; an insulating member provided on the semiconductor substrate, the insulating member electrically isolating the first portion from the second portion; a stacked body provided in a region directly above the second portion of the semiconductor substrate, the stacked body including a plurality of first insulating films and a plurality of electrode films, each of the first insulating films and each of the electrode films being stacked alternately; a semiconductor pillar provided inside the stacked body, the semiconductor pillar extending in a stacking direction of the first insulating films and the electrode films; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor pillar and the electrode films; a second insulating film provided in a region directly above the first portion of the semiconductor substrate; and two first conductive pillars provided inside the second insulating film, the two first conductive pillars extending in the stacking direction, lower ends of the two first conductive pillars being connected to the first portion. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein a distance between the semiconductor substrate and an upper surface of the second insulating film is equal to a distance between the semiconductor substrate and an upper surface of the stacked body. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein a diameter of the first conductive pillar is larger than a diameter of the semiconductor pillar. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein the first conductive pillars include silicon. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising: two second conductive pillars provided inside the second insulating films, the two second conductive pillars extending in the stacking direction; and an interconnect provided on the second insulating films, the interconnect being connected between one of the two first conductive pillars and one of the two second conductive pillars, the insulating member electrically isolating a third portion of the upper layer portion of the semiconductor substrate from the first portion and the second portion, the third portion being conductive, lower ends of the two second conductive pillars being connected to the third portion. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising a semiconductor plug provided on the semiconductor pillar, the charge storage film being disposed around the semiconductor plug, a composition of the semiconductor plug being the same as a composition of the first conductive pillars. 19. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising a third insulating film provided around the first conductive pillar, at least a portion of a film configuration of the third insulating film being the same as a film configuration of the charge storage film. 20. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising an insulating pillar provided inside the first conductive pillar, the insulating pillar extending in the stacking direction, the first conductive pillar covering a side surface and a lower surface of the insulating pillar.",
-    "A display device includes a curved display panel and a backlight unit. The backlight unit includes a light guide film and a light source unit. The light guide film defines: a light emission part thereof facing the display panel, a folding part thereof extending from the light emission part to be folded in a folded state of the light guide film, and a light incident part thereof extending from the folding part to face the display panel with the light emission part therebetween, The light incident part is extended at a first end thereof from the folding part and defines a light incident surface of the light guide film at a second end of the light incident part opposite to the first end thereof. The light source unit is overlapped with the light emission part and face the light incident surface. 1. A display apparatus comprising: a display panel which is curved and displays an image; and a backlight unit which generates and provides light to the display panel, wherein the backlight unit comprises: a light guide film which defines: a light emission part thereof facing the display panel, a folding part thereof extending from the light emission part to be folded in a folded state of the light guide film, and a light incident part thereof extending from the folding part to face the display panel with the light emission part therebetween, the light incident part extended at a first end thereof from the folding part and defining a light incident surface of the light guide film at a second end of the light incident part opposite to the first end thereof; and a light source unit overlapped with the light emission part defined by the light guide film to face the light incident surface of the light guide film defined by the light incident part thereof. 2. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source unit comprises: a plurality of light sources, each of which generates and emits the light through an emission surface thereof, and a printed circuit board on which the plurality of light sources is mounted, wherein the emission surface faces the light incident surface of the light guide film which is defined by the light incident part thereof. 3. The display apparatus of claim 2, wherein the folding part defined by the light guide film comprises: a first folding part connected to a first end of the light emission part; and a second folding part connected to a second end of the light emission part opposite to the first end thereof. 4. The display apparatus of claim 3, wherein the light incident part defined by the light guide film comprises: a first light incident part extending at a first end thereof from the first folding part to be overlapped with the light emission part; and a second light incident part extending at a first end thereof from the second folding part to be overlapped with the light emission part, wherein a second end of the second light incident part opposite to the first end thereof is spaced apart from a second end of the first light incident part opposite to the first end thereof. 5. The display apparatus of claim 4, wherein the light source unit is disposed between the second ends of the first light incident part and the second light incident part which are spaced apart from each other. 6. The display apparatus of claim 4, wherein the light incident surface of the light guide film defined by the light incident part thereof comprises: a first light incident surface defined by a second end surface of the first light incident part; and a second light incident surface defined by a second end surface of the second light incident part, wherein the first light incident surface and the second light incident surface are spaced apart from each other and face each other. 7. The display apparatus of claim 6, wherein the light source unit comprises: a first light source unit which generates and provides first light to the first light incident surface; and a second light source unit disposed between the second light incident surface and the first light source unit, wherein the second light source unit generates and provides second light to the second light incident surface. 8. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the backlight unit further comprises a reflection sheet facing the light emission part which is defined by the light guide film, wherein the reflection sheet facing the light emission part which is defined by the light guide film is disposed between the light emission part and the light incident part which is defined by the light guide film and between the light emission part and the light source unit. 9. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light emission part and the light incident part which are defined by the light guide film each have a shape which is curved along a shape of the display panel. 10. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the reflection sheet has a shape which is curved along a shape of the light emission part which is defined by the light guide film. 11. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the backlight unit further comprises a reflection sheet facing the light emission part which is defined by the light guide film, and the light emission part which is defined by the light guide film defines: a light emission surface of the light guide film through which light is emitted from the light guide film, the light emission surface facing the display panel; and an opposite surface of the light guide film opposite to the light emission surface thereof, the opposite surface contacting the reflection sheet, wherein a light guide pattern is defined at the opposite surface of the light emission part. 12. The display apparatus of claim 11, wherein the light guide pattern is a groove recessed from the opposite surface of the light emission part. 13. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light guide film has flexibility. 14. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the folding part which is defined extending from the light emission part to be folded has a curvature, the light guide film has a thickness in a cross-section thereof, and a ratio of the curvature of the folding part to the thickness of the light guide film is equal to or greater than about 10. 15. The display apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a bottom chassis which accommodates the backlight unit therein and is curved along a shape of the display panel. 16. The display apparatus of claim 15, wherein the bottom chassis comprises: a bottom part facing the display panel; and a sidewall part bent from the bottom part and facing the folding part. 17. The display apparatus of claim 15, wherein the backlight unit further comprises a reflection member disposed between the bottom chassis and the light source unit, the reflection member which is disposed between the bottom chassis and the light source unit having a shape which is curved along the shape of the display panel.",
-    "A system 1 for the purification of an organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, comprising a first distillation column 10, a second distillation column 20, a vapor permeation unit 30 suitable for the dehydration of an organic solvent, wherein the system 1 further comprises a first heat integration sub-system 100 for exploiting both a sensible heat and optionally a latent heat, a second and a third heat integration sub-systems 200 and 300 for exploiting a latent heat, and wherein there is either a parallel configuration of the system 1 with a split feeding into both the first and the second distillation columns 10 and 20, or there is a series configuration of the system 1 in which there is feeding into only the first distillation column 10. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A system for the purification of an organic solvent, comprising in fluid communication: a first distillation column, a second distillation column, a vapor permeation unit suitable for the dehydration of an organic solvent and comprising either zeolite or polymeric pervaporation/vapor permeation membranes, the system further comprising: a first heat integration sub-system for exploiting both a sensible heat and optionally a latent heat, and wherein the first heat integration sub-system is embodied for preheating a feed and for cooling a stillage from the first and second distillation columns and optionally for condensing a vapor from a top region of the first distillation column, second and third heat integration sub-systems for exploiting a latent heat, and wherein the second heat integration sub-system is embodied for condensing a vapor from the second distillation column and vaporizing a liquid in the first distillation column, and wherein the third heat integration sub-system is embodied for heating by means of a retentate vapor either one of the first or second distillation columns or an optional evaporator unit, wherein an outlet of the optional evaporator unit, when present, is in fluid communication with an inlet of an optional compressor, and wherein an outlet of the optional compressor, when present, is in fluid communication with an inlet of the vapor permeation unit, and wherein there is EITHER a parallel configuration of the system, in which there is a split feeding into inlets of both the first and the second distillation columns and where there is no direct fluid communication between the first and second distillation columns, OR there is a series configuration of the system, in which there is feeding into only an inlet of the first distillation column and there is a fluid communication between a first outlet of the first distillation column and an inlet of the second distillation column. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the organic solvent is an alcohol. 19. The system of claim 17, further comprising a guard filter unit suitable for the removal of trace acidic species, wherein an outlet of the guard filter unit is in fluid communication with an inlet of the vapor permeation unit, and EITHER wherein in the case of the parallel configuration of the system, both the first outlet of the first distillation column and the first outlet of the second distillation column are in fluid communication with an inlet of the guard filter unit, OR wherein in the case of the series configuration of the system, the first outlet of the second distillation column is in fluid communication with an inlet of the guard filter unit. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has the parallel configuration and wherein the split feed into each of the first and second distillation columns is by means of an inlet located in a middle region of each of the first and second distillation columns. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the third heat integration sub-system is embodied for heating the evaporator unit by means of a retentate vapor. 22. The system of claim 20, wherein the first and second distillation column each comprises in vertical sequence from top to bottom: a rectification section, a stripping section, optionally comprising antifouling trays, and an evaporator or a live steam injector. 23. The system of claim 17, wherein the second heat integration sub-system is embodied for heating the first distillation column by means of a retentate vapor. 24. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a series configuration and additionally comprises a condenser, wherein the inlet for the feed into the first distillation column is in an upper region of the first distillation column; and wherein the first outlet of the first distillation column is in a top region of the first distillation column and in fluid communication with an inlet of the condenser, wherein an outlet of the condenser is in fluid communication with the first inlet of the second distillation column into a middle region of the second distillation column. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the first distillation column lacks a rectification section and comprises in vertical sequence from top to bottom: a stripping section, an evaporator and/or a live steam injector, and wherein the second distillation column comprises in vertical sequence from top to bottom: a rectification section, a stripping section, and an evaporator and/or a live steam injector. 26. The system of claim 24, wherein a first outlet for a vapor in a top region of the second distillation column is in direct fluid communication with both an inlet of the guard filter unit and the evaporator within the first distillation column. 27. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a parallel configuration and the first and second distillation columns each have a second outlet in a middle region of each of the first and second distillation columns embodied for the discharge of a fusel oil. 28. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a series configuration and the second distillation column has a second outlet in a middle region embodied for the discharge of a fusel oil. 29. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a parallel configuration and additionally comprises one or two degassers, wherein an outlet of the one or two degassers is respectively in fluid communication with an inlet of the first and second distillation columns. 30. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a series configuration and additionally comprises a degasser, wherein an outlet of the degasser is in fluid communication with an inlet of the first distillation column. 31. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a parallel configuration and additionally comprises first and second centrifuges, wherein a second outlet of each of the first and second distillation columns is respectively in fluid communication with an inlet of one of the centrifuges. 32. The system of claim 17, wherein the system has a series configuration and additionally comprises a first centrifuge, wherein a second outlet of the first distillation column is in fluid communication with an inlet of the first centrifuge. 33. A process for the purification of an organic solvent, using the system of claim 17, in which both a sensible heat and a latent heat are exploited in a first heat integration sub-system and a latent heat is exploited in second and third heat integration sub-systems, the process further comprising the following sequence of steps of either: A. wherein there is a parallel configuration of the system: feeding a feed solution comprising an organic solvent to be purified into inlets of both the first and the second distillation columns, concentrating the organic solvent to 85 to 95 wt % and removing a stillage by means of a second outlet in the first and second distillation columns, condensing the concentrated organic solvent, evaporating the condensed concentrated organic solvent, dehydrating the evaporated concentrated organic solvent to 97 to 99.99 wt % in the vapor permeation unit; or B. wherein there is a series configuration of the system: feeding a feed solution comprising an organic solvent to be purified into only the inlet of the first distillation column, preconcentrating the organic solvent and removing a stillage in the first distillation column, further concentrating the organic solvent from the first distillation column in the second distillation column by removing a process water and concentrating organic solvent to 85 to 95 wt %, dehydrating the concentrated organic solvent to 97 to 99.99 wt % in the vapor permeation unit. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the system has a parallel configuration and the process additionally comprises the step of removing trace acidic species from the evaporated concentrated organic solvent in a guard filter unit, or wherein the system has a series configuration and the process additionally comprises the step of removing trace acidic species from the vapor-phase concentrated organic solvent obtained from the top region of the second distillation column in a guard filter unit. 35. The process of claim 33, wherein a stillage removed from the first and/or second distillation column is treated in a first centrifuge for removing a suspended biomass. 36. The process of claim 33, wherein the first distillation column is operated at a temperature of from about 70 to about 90\u00b0 C. and the second distillation column is operated at a temperature of from about 90 to about 120\u00b0 C. when the system has a parallel configuration and at a temperature of from about 120 to about 160\u00b0 C. when the system has a series configuration.",
-    "A method is provided for containing cold air in a corridor created on the side of a computer cabinet. The method includes providing a base mountable on the computer cabinet, and providing a panel fastened to the base and moveable with respect to the base, the panel being suitable for separating the cold air in the corridor below the panel from the hot air above the panel. 1. A method for containing a cold air flow in a corridor in a data center, the method comprising: providing a base to mount on top of a first cabinet for receiving at least one computer system; providing a panel and attaching the panel to the base, wherein the panel moves with respect to the base between a closed position and a deployed position, so that in the closed position, the panel lays flat on the base on top of the first cabinet, and in the deployed position, the panel extends outward from over the computer cabinet; and wherein the attaching comprises fastening the panel to the base along an axis around which the panel can rotate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the panel can slide with respect to the base, in a plane parallel to the base. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the base comprises two rails in which the panel can slide. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the panel can be attached to the panel of another system for containing the cold air flow in the corridor of the data center. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing actuating means for changing the panel's position between the closed position and the deployed position. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising providing means for controlling the actuating means, wherein the means for controlling can be remotely activated. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the controlling means can be selectively activated, so as to allow a user to choose which panel among several should be moved. 8. A method comprising: providing a cabinet for receiving at least one computer system; and providing a system for containing a cold air flow in a corridor in a data center mounted on top of the cabinet, wherein the cabinet at least partially forms the corridor, the system comprising: a base to mount on top of the cabinet for receiving at least one computer system; a panel to attach to the base, wherein the panel moves with respect to the base between a closed position and a deployed position, so that in the closed position, the panel lays flat on the base on top of the cabinet, and in the deployed position, the patent extends outward from over the computer cabinet; and a fastener fastening the panel to the base along an axis around which the panel can rotate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the cabinet comprises a top cover, which serves as the panel, wherein with the panel in the deployed position, the cabinet is open at the top, and with the panel in the closed position, the cabinet is closed at the top. 10. A method for optimizing configuration of a cold air corridor in a data center comprising a plurality of cabinets defining the corridor, the method comprising: providing a plurality of systems, the plurality of systems facilitating containing cold air flow in the corridor and being mounted on top of respective cabinets of the plurality of cabinets, each system comprising a base mounted to the top of a respective cabinet, a panel attached to the base, wherein the panel reciprocates with respect to the base between a closed position and a deployed position, so that in the closed position, the panel lays flat on the base, and in the deployed position, the panel extends outward from over the respective cabinet, the panel being attached to the base along an axis around which the panel can rotate; controlling the plurality of systems to configure the corridor; measuring the effects of the corridor configuration on the performance of the cooling system; and determining whether the selected layout improves cooling performance. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the measuring comprises measuring the amount of energy required to maintain the temperature in the data center at a predefined temperature for a predefined duration given predefined external conditions.",
-    "A device for stimulating nerves adjacent the vagina includes a nerve stimulating element coupled to a main body. The nerve stimulating element is positioned and designed to stimulate the vesical, Frankenhauser's and/or inferior hypogastric plexuses. The device may reside in the vaginal fornices. An implant is also provided which has a nerve stimulating element in contact with a uterosacral ligament. The device positioned in the vagina may be used to charge a power source for an implant which may be a capacitor. 1-376. (canceled) 377. A system for stimulating nerves, comprising a first body having an exterior surface; a first nerve stimulating element coupled to the first body; a first power source coupled to the first body; and a first control system coupled to the first power source and the first nerve stimulating element. 378. The system of claim 377, further comprising: a second nerve stimulating element coupled to the body, the second nerve stimulating element positioned to apply nerve stimulus at a different position along a uterosacral ligament from the first nerve stimulating element when the first body is secured to the uterosacral ligament. 379. The system of claim 377, wherein: the first nerve stimulating element is configured to stimulate nerves sufficiently to change a signal transmitted by the nerves to associated nerves and nerve endings. 380. The system of claim 377, wherein: the control system is configured to actuate the first nerve stimulating element at a different time from the second nerve stimulating element. 381. The system of claim 377, wherein: the first body has a first throughhole sized to receive the uterosacral ligament. 382. The system of claim 381, wherein: the first body is movable from an open position to a locked position, the first body having a slot leading to the first throughhole when the first body is in the open position through which the uterosacral ligament is introduced 383. The system of claim 382, wherein: the slot reduces in size when the first body moves to the locked position so that the first body may be secured to the uterosacral ligament in the locked position. 384. The system of claim 382, wherein: the first nerve stimulating element is positioned within the first throughhole so that the first nerve stimulating element is in contact with the uterosacral ligament. 385. The system of claim 377, further comprising: a second nerve stimulating element; the first body having an outer surface; the second nerve stimulating element being positioned along the outer surface of the first body. 386. The system of claim 377, further comprising: a third nerve stimulating element coupled to the first body and positioned within the first throughhole so that the third nerve stimulating element contacts the uterosacral ligament when the uterosacral ligament is positioned in the first throughhole. 387. The system of claim 385, further comprising: a fourth nerve stimulating element coupled to the first body and positioned along the outer surface of the first body spaced apart from the second nerve stimulating element. 388-403. (canceled) 404. The system of claim 377, wherein: the first nerve stimulating element is an electrode. 405. The system of claim 377, wherein: the first nerve stimulating element is configured to stimulate the middle rectal plexus when positioned in contact with a uterosacral ligament. 406. (canceled) 407. The system of claim 405, further comprising: a second nerve stimulating element coupled to the first body, the second nerve stimulating element being secured to the patient so that the second nerve stimulating element is positioned to stimulate the IHP; wherein the first and second nerve stimulating elements stimulate the IHP and middle rectal plexus to treat a rectal condition; stimulating the IHP and the middle rectal plexus to treat rectal conditions. 408. The system of claim 377, wherein: the first nerve stimulating element is configured to be positioned on the uterosacral ligament so that the first nerve stimulating element stimulates the hypogastric nerve. 409. The system of claim 377, wherein: the body has a throughhole in which the uterosacral ligament is positioned, the throughhole being tapered. 410-470. (canceled) 471. The system of claim 377, wherein: the first implant has a first power source coupled to the implant control system. 472. The system of claim 471, wherein: the first implant power source is a capacitor. 473-476. (canceled) 477. The system of claim 472, wherein: the capacitor is sized to provide at least 2 days of power to operate the first implant under peak operating conditions. 478. The system of claim 472, wherein: the capacitor is sized to provide no more than 60 days of power for operating the first implant under peak operating conditions. 479-487. (canceled)",
-    "A gear or profile grinding machine and a method for operating such a machine, especially for grinding of pre-geared or pre-profiled workpieces, wherein the machine includes at least one tool spindle which can receive at least one grinding tool, and at least one workpiece spindle which is movably arranged at a carrier element and which can be driven up to the tool spindle for an at least temporary cooperation of the workpiece with the grinding tool by at least one drive. To enhance the precision of the machine at growing workpieces with simple measures, at least one mass is arranged at or in the carrier element, which is arranged movable at or on a guiding element by a drive element, wherein the mass is permanently free from any contact with another machine part and/or workpiece part and/or tool part. 1. Gear or profile grinding machine, especially for grinding of pre-geared or pre-profiled workpieces, wherein the machine comprises at least one tool spindle which can receive at least one grinding tool and wherein the machine comprises at least one workpiece spindle which is movable arranged at a carrier element and which can be driven up to the tool spindle for an at least temporary cooperation of the workpiece with the grinding tool by means of at least one drive, wherein at or in the carrier element at least one mass is arranged, which is arranged movable at or on a guiding element by means of a drive element, wherein the mass is permanently free from any contact with another machine part and/or workpiece part and/or tool part. 2. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 1, wherein the mass is linear movable at or on the guiding element. 3. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 1, wherein the guiding element is designed as linear guide. 4. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 1, wherein the drive element is designed as servomotor. 5. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 1, wherein two workpiece spindles are arranged at one carrier element. 6. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 5, wherein the carrier element is designed as a tower which extends in vertical direction. 7. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 6, wherein the carrier element is arranged rotatable around the vertical. 8. The gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 5, wherein the at least one mass is movable arranged at or on the guiding element in horizontal direction. 9. A method for operating a gear or profile grinding machine according to claim 1, at which at least one workpiece spindle is moved in a displacement direction at or on a carrier element, wherein simultaneously with the displacement of the workpiece spindle at or on the carrier element at least one mass is displaced at or on a guiding element by means of a drive element, wherein the mass is permanently free from any contact with another machine part and/or workpiece part and/or tool part. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the displacement of the workpiece spindle takes place in vertical direction and the displacement of the mass takes place in horizontal direction.",
-    "A smoke detection system for PURPOSE includes a picture frame that may have a picture mounted thereto. The picture frame displays the picture. A smoke detector is coupled to the picture frame and the smoke detector detects smoke. The smoke detector selectively emits an audible alarm when the smoke detector detects smoke. 1. A smoke detection system being configured to display a picture, said system comprising: a picture frame being configured to have a picture mounted thereto thereby facilitating said picture frame to display the picture, wherein said picture frame comprises a first panel being coupled to a second panel by an arcuate section joining respective upper ends of each of said first panel and said second panel, each of said first panel and said second panel having a free end, said free end corresponding to each of said first panel and said second panel being spaced apart from each other, said free end corresponding to each of said first panel and said second panel being configured to be positioned on a support surface, each of said first panel and said second panel having a first surface and a second surface; and a smoke detector being coupled to said picture frame such that said smoke detector extends from an outwardly directed face of said second panel relative to said first panel wherein said smoke detector is configured to detect smoke, said smoke detector selectively emitting an audible alarm when said smoke detector detects smoke. 2. (canceled) 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein: said picture frame includes a first panel having a first surface and a second surface; and said first panel has an opening extending through said corresponding first surface and said corresponding second surface wherein said opening in said first panel is configured to have the picture positioned therein. 4. The system according to claim 3, further comprising a cover being removably coupled to said second surface corresponding to said first panel, said cover being positioned over said opening wherein said cover is configured to retain the picture in said opening. 5. A smoke detection system being configured to display a picture, said system comprising: a picture frame being configured to have a picture mounted thereto thereby facilitating said picture frame to display the picture, said picture frame comprising a first panel being coupled to a second panel by an arcuate section joining respective upper ends of each of said first panel and said second panel, each of said first panel and said second panel having a free end, said free end corresponding to each of said first panel and said second panel being spaced apart from each other, said free end corresponding to each of said first panel and said second panel being configured to be positioned on a support surface, each of said first panel and said second panel having a first surface and a second surface, said first panel having an opening extending through said corresponding first surface and said corresponding second surface wherein said opening is configured to have the picture positioned therein; a cover being removably coupled to said second surface corresponding to said first panel, said cover being positioned over said opening wherein said cover is configured to retain the picture in said opening; and a smoke detector being coupled to said picture frame such that said smoke detector extends from an outwardly directed face of said second panel relative to said first panel wherein said smoke detector is configured to detect smoke, said smoke detector selectively emitting an audible alarm when said smoke detector detects smoke, said smoke detector being positioned on said second panel.",
-    "A searching method for an electronic device includes presetting a condition for a second electronic device to act as a searching terminal for searching the electronic device. An authentication password is preset at the electronic device. A request for the authentication password is sent to the second electronic device upon determining that the second electronic device meets the condition. Once a password from the second electronic device matches the authentication password, coordinates corresponding to a current location of the electronic device are sent to the second electronic device. 1. A searching method for an electronic device, the method comprising: presetting, at the electronic device, a condition for a second electronic device to act as a searching terminal for searching the electronic device; presetting, at the electronic device, an authentication password; sending, at the electronic device, a request for the authentication password to the second electronic device, upon determining that the second electronic device meets the condition; receiving, at the electronic device, a password from the second electronic device; obtaining, at the electronic device, coordinates corresponding to a current location of the electronic device upon determining that the received password matches the authentication password; and sending, at the electronic device, the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device to the second electronic device. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the condition comprises: an identification code of the second electronic device is the same as a preset identification code; and the electronic device does not answer calls from the second electronic device for preset times in a preset time period. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the condition comprises: an identification code of the second electronic device is the same as a preset identification code; and data information received by a predetermined application of the electronic device matches preset data information, wherein the data information is received from the predetermined application of the second electronic device. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the preset identification code is a user name of the second electronic device for logging into the predetermined application. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the second electronic device receives the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device, the second electronic device invokes a predetermined electronic map and indicates the current location of the electronic device on the predetermined electronic map, according to the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device. 6. An electronic device comprising: at least one processor; a storage device being configured to store one or more programs that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: preset, at the electronic device, a condition for a second electronic device to act as a searching terminal for searching the electronic device; preset, at the electronic device, an authentication password; send, at the electronic device, a request for the authentication password to the second electronic device, upon determining that the second electronic device meets the condition; receive, at the electronic device, a password from the second electronic device; obtain, at the electronic device, coordinates corresponding to a current location of the electronic device upon determining that the received password matches the authentication password; and send, at the electronic device, the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device to the second electronic device. 7. The electronic device according to claim 6, wherein the condition comprises: an identification code of the second electronic device is the same as a preset identification code; and the electronic device does not answer calls from the second electronic device for preset times in a preset time period. 8. The electronic device according to claim 6, wherein the condition comprises: an identification code of the second electronic device is the same as a preset identification code; and data information received by a predetermined application of the electronic device matches preset data information, wherein the data information is received from a predetermined application of the second electronic device. 9. The electronic device according to claim 8, wherein the preset identification code is a user name of the second electronic device for logging into the predetermined application. 10. The electronic device according to claim 6, wherein when the second electronic device receives the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device, the second electronic device invokes a predetermined electronic map and indicates the current location of the electronic device on the predetermined electronic map, according to the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device. 11. A non-transitory storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a processor of an electronic device, causes the processor to perform a searching method, wherein the method comprises: presetting, at the electronic device, a condition for a second electronic device to act as a searching terminal for searching the electronic device; presetting, at the electronic device, an authentication password; sending, at the electronic device, a request for the authentication password to the second electronic device, upon determining that the second electronic device meets the condition; receiving, at the electronic device, a password from the second electronic device; obtaining, at the electronic device, coordinates corresponding to a current location of the electronic device upon determining that the received password matches the authentication password; and sending, at the electronic device, the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device to the second electronic device. 12. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the condition comprises: an identification code of the second electronic device is the same as a preset identification code; and the electronic device does not answer calls from the second electronic device for preset times in a preset time period. 13. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 11, wherein the condition comprises: an identification code of the second electronic device is the same as a preset identification code; and data information received by a predetermined application of the electronic device matches preset data information, wherein the data information is received from a predetermined application of the second electronic device. 14. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 13, wherein the preset identification code is a user name of the second electronic device for logging into the predetermined application. 15. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 11, wherein when the second electronic device receives the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device, the second electronic device invokes a predetermined electronic map and indicates the current location of the electronic device on the predetermined electronic map, according to the coordinates corresponding to the current location of the electronic device.",
-    "A method for transferring data between a storage and playback device and a server containing at least one audio file having information for producing a tempo that is sensible to at least one user as the at least one user performs a repetitive motion activity, the storage and playback device being capable of storing and playing the information in the audio file, the method comprising, at the data storage and playback device, or at a combination of the server and the data storage and playback device: receiving a request to substantially match at least one audio file based on its beats per minute for outputting on the storage and payback device; identifying a metadata tempo tag for each designated audio file, each tempo tag indicating the tempo of the audio file; and causing to be delivered to, or providing to, the storage and playback device the audio file. 1. A method for transferring data between a storage and playback device and a server containing at least one audio file having information for producing a tempo that is sensible to at least one user as the at least one user performs a repetitive motion activity, the storage and playback device being capable of storing and playing the information in the audio file, the method comprising, at the data storage and playback device, or at a combination of the server and the data storage and playback device: receiving a request to substantially match at least one audio file based on its beats per minute for outputting on the storage and payback device; identifying a metadata tempo tag for each designated audio file, each tempo tag indicating the tempo of the audio file; and causing to be delivered to, or providing to, the storage and playback device the audio file. 2. The method for transferring data according to claim 1 further comprising: at the storage and playback device, receiving the audio file including the tempo tag from the server; and at the storage and playback device, storing the audio file including the tempo tag for future use. 3. The method for transferring data according to claim 1 further comprising: designating a plurality of audio files for downloading to the storage and payback device, the plurality of audio file containing an original version of the audio file and at least one new version of the file having a different tempo; and at the server, causing to be delivered to, or providing to, the storage and playback device the plurality of audio files including a tempo tag associated with each audio file. 4. A pacing system comprising: a web site allowing a user to pre-select an activity from a set of user-selectable activity types; a data storage and playback device for receiving the set of user-selectable activity types and the one or more target tempo or target pace values corresponding to the activities types; and a communications device adapted to transferring data related to the pre-selected activity or the target tempo or the target pace values between the web site and the data storage and playback device.",
-    "A radiation detector includes a light guide portion optically connecting a first segment positioned closest to the other side in a predetermined direction with a second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction. 1. A radiation detector comprising: a first scintillator portion including a plurality of first segments arranged along a predetermined direction, and a first optically discontinuous portion provided between the first segments adjacent to each other; a second scintillator portion including a plurality of second segments arranged along the predetermined direction, and a second optically discontinuous portion provided between the second segments adjacent to each other; a light detection unit optically connected to a first end surface of the first segment positioned closest to one side in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface of the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction; and a light guide portion optically connecting the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction with the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction, wherein the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically coupled to each other, and the first segments other than the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segments other than the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically separated from each other. 2. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the light guide portion is formed by covering a surface of the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and a surface of the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction with a light reflection portion so as to form a space between the surface of the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the surface of the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction. 3. The radiation detector according to claim 2, further comprising: an optical coupling agent provided on the surface of the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and on the surface of the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction, wherein a refractive index of the optical coupling agent is lower than that of each of the first and second scintillator portions. 4. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein a light scattering surface formed through laser irradiation is provided in the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction. 5. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein a first region including at least a portion of a surface of the first segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction excluding the first end surface, and a second region including at least a portion of a surface of the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction excluding the second end surface, are formed as diffuse reflection regions, and a surface of the plurality of first segments other than the first end surface and the first region, and a surface of the plurality of second segments other than the second end surface and the second region are formed as specular reflection regions. 6. The radiation detector according to claim 5, wherein the first region is formed on one surface of a pair of surfaces, which oppose each other, in the first segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction, and the second region is formed on one surface of a pair of surfaces, which oppose each other, in the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction. 7. The radiation detector according to claim 5, wherein the first region acts as the diffuse reflection region by covering the surface of the first segment, which is roughened, with a light reflection portion, and the second region acts as the diffuse reflection region by covering the surface of the second segment, which is roughened, with the light reflection portion. 8. The radiation detector according to claim 5, wherein the first region acts as the diffuse reflection region by covering the surface of the first segment with a diffuse reflection portion, and the second region acts as the diffuse reflection region by covering the surface of the second segment with the diffuse reflection portion. 9. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein a light scattering surface formed through laser irradiation is provided in the first segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction and in the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction. 10. A radiation detector comprising: a first scintillator portion including a plurality of first segments arranged along a predetermined direction, and a first optically discontinuous portion provided between the first segments adjacent to each other; a second scintillator portion including a plurality of second segments arranged along the predetermined direction, and a second optically discontinuous portion provided between the second segments adjacent to each other; and a light detection unit optically connected to a first end surface of the first segment positioned closest to one side in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface of the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction, wherein the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically connected to each other, the first segments other than the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segments other than the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically separated from each other, a first region including at least a portion of a surface of the first segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction excluding the first end surface, and a second region including at least a portion of a surface of the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction excluding the second end surface, are formed as diffuse reflection regions, and a surface of the plurality of first segments other than the first end surface and the first region, and a surface of the plurality of second segments other than the second end surface and the second region are formed as specular reflection regions.",
-    "An electronic component includes first through n-th inductors that turn around as viewed from a first direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a stacking direction of a multilayer body of the electronic component. An (n+1)-th inductor includes a linear (n+1)-th inductor conductive layer which is provided in a configuration in which it turns around, as viewed from the stacking direction, and which is located within a region surrounded by the first inductor, as viewed from the first direction. An (n+1)-th capacitor is electrically connected to a first outer electrode, and includes an (n+1)-th capacitor conductive layer which opposes a first inductor conductive layer defining the first inductor with an insulating layer of a plurality of insulating layers of the multilayer body interposed therebetween. 1. An electronic component comprising: a multilayer body including a plurality of insulating layers stacked on each other in a stacking direction; a first outer electrode disposed on a surface of the multilayer body; first through n-th, where n is an integer of two or greater, resonators that are provided in the multilayer body in a first direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction in order of the first through n-th resonators, among the first through n-th resonators, resonators adjacent to each other in the first direction being magnetically coupled with each other; and a first LC parallel resonator connected to the first outer electrode; wherein the first through n-th resonators respectively include first through n-th inductors and first through n-th capacitors; the first through n-th inductors respectively include first through n-th inductor conductive layers disposed on an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers and first through n-th interlayer connecting conductors passing through an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers in the stacking direction, and the first through n-th inductor conductive layers and the first through n-th interlayer connecting conductors are connected to each other so that the first through n-th inductors are provided in a configuration in which the first through n-th inductors turn around, as viewed from the first direction; the first LC parallel resonator includes an (n+1)-th inductor and an (n+1)-th capacitor; the (n+1)-th inductor includes a linear (n+1)-th inductor conductive layer which is provided in a configuration in which the linear (n+1)-th inductor conductive layer turns around, as viewed from the stacking direction, and which is located within a region surrounded by the first inductor, as viewed from the first direction, and the (n+1)-th inductor is connected to the first resonator; and the (n+1)-th capacitor is electrically connected to the first outer electrode, and includes an (n+1)-th capacitor conductive layer which opposes the first inductor conductive layer with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween. 2. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through n-th resonators are LC series resonators. 3. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through n-th resonators are LC parallel resonators. 4. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the (n+1)-th capacitor conductive layer opposes the (n+1)-th inductor conductive layer with an insulating layer of the plurality of insulating layers interposed therebetween. 5. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first inductor includes a plurality of the first inductor conductive layers; and a first inductor conductive layer of the plurality of first inductor conductive layers is disposed between the (n+1)-th capacitor conductive layer and the (n+1)-th inductor conductive layer in the stacking direction. 6. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through n-th resonators define a band pass filter that allows a radio-frequency signal in a predetermined band to pass through the band pass filter; and a resonant frequency of the first LC parallel resonator coincides or substantially coincides with a cutoff frequency of a high frequency side of the predetermined band. 7. The electronic component according to claim 6, wherein the band pass filter includes a plurality of high pass filters and a plurality of low pass filters. 8. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through n-th interlayer connecting conductors are via-hole conductors. 9. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first through n-th inductors has a helical or substantially helical shape. 10. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein each of the first through n-th inductor conductive layers has a U-shape or substantially a U-shape opened rightward or leftward. 11. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through n-th capacitors include first through n-th capacitor conductor layers having an L-shaped or substantially L-shaped configuration, or a rectangular or substantially rectangular configuration. 12. The electronic component according to claim 1, wherein the first through n-th resonators define a low pass filter.",
-    "An integral melter and pump assembly or system, and a method of making the same, is disclosed wherein the pump assembly comprises a melter housing having a melter container defined within the melter housing. A pump mounting plate is integrally mounted within a side wall portion of the melter container and an output dispensing supply pump is mounted directly upon an external surface portion of the pump mounting plate in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat generated internally within the melter container is effectively transferred by conduction from the melter container and through the pump mounting plate such that the temperature level of the output pump is elevated to, and maintained at, a predeterminedly desired level even when the pump, is not disposed in its output dispensing mode. In addition, since the output dispensing or material supply pump is disposed externally of the melter container and the melter housing, the output dispensing or material supply pump is easily and readily accessible in case maintenance becomes necessary. Optionally, an oil jacket or chamber can surround the melter container so as to more evenly or consistently provide heating of the melter container. 1. An integral melter and pump system, comprising: a melter container for containing melted material to be dispensed, and comprising a floor member and a first annular wall member integrally connected to said floor member and having an inner peripheral surface facing an interior portion of said melter container and an outer peripheral surface external of said melter container; a burner for providing heat to said melter container for melting material charged into said melter container such that the material charged into said melter container is melted by the heat from said burner; and an output dispensing supply pump mounted directly upon said outer peripheral surface of said first annular wall member of said melter container in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat from said interior portion of said melter container is transmitted, by conduction, through said first annular wall member of said melter container and to said output dispensing supply pump in order to constantly maintain said output dispensing supply pump in a heated state. 2. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 1, wherein: a planar pump mounting plate is integrally affixed within said first annular wall member of said melter container; and said output dispensing supply pump is mounted directly upon said planar pump mounting plate in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat from said interior portion of said melter container is transmitted, by conduction, through said planar pump mounting plate and to said output dispensing supply pump in order to constantly maintain said output dispensing supply pump in a heated state. 3. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 1, wherein: a planar pump mounting plate is integrally affixed upon said first annular wall member of said melter container; and said output dispensing supply pump is mounted directly upon said planar pump mounting plate in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat from said interior portion of said melter container is transmitted, by conduction, through said planar pump mounting plate and to said output dispensing supply pump in order to constantly maintain said output dispensing supply pump in a heated state. 4. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 1, further comprising: a burner chamber disposed beneath said floor member of said melter container and disposed in fluidic communication with said burner such that heat from said burner is transmitted into said burner chamber such that the heat present within said burner chamber heats said floor member of said melter container. 5. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 4, further comprising: a second annular wall member radially spaced from said first annular wall member, surrounding said first annular wall member so as to define with said first annular wall member an annular heating chamber, and fluidically connected to said burner chamber so as to receive heat from said burner chamber and thereby heat said first annular wall member so as to in turn heat said first annular wall member of said melter container. 6. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 4, wherein: said burner is mounted upon an external wall portion of said burner chamber so as to be readily accessible to maintenance personnel for the performance of maintenance operations. 7. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 6, wherein: said burner comprises a diesel fuel burner. 8. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 4, wherein: said burner is removably mounted within said burner chamber so as to be readily accessible to maintenance personnel for the performance of maintenance operations. 9. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 8, wherein: said burner comprises a propane type burner. 10. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 5, further comprising: a third annular wall member radially spaced from said second annular wall member, and surrounding said second annular wall member so as to define with said second annular wall member an annular insulation chamber. 11. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 10, further comprising: a fourth annular wall member spaced radially outwardly from said first annular wall member, spaced radially inwardly of said second annular wall member, and surrounding said first annular wall member so as to define with said first annular wall member an annular oil chamber such that heat from said annular heating chamber heats oil disposed within said annular oil chamber which, in turn, heats said first annular wall member of said melter container whereby enhanced uniform heating efficiency of said melter container is achieved. 12. The integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 11, further comprising: a floor member integrally connected to said fourth annular wall member and disposed beneath said floor member of said melter container such that said annular oil chamber also extends beneath said floor member of said melter container. 13. A method of making an integral melter and pump system, comprising the steps of: providing a melter container for containing melted material to be dispensed, wherein said melter container comprises a floor member and a first annular wall member integrally connected to said floor member and has an inner peripheral surface facing an interior portion of said melter container and an outer peripheral surface external of said melter container; proving a burner for providing heat to said melter container for melting material charged into said melter container such that the material charged into said melter container is melted by the heat from said burner; and mounting an output dispensing supply pump directly upon said outer peripheral surface of said first annular wall member of said melter container in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat from said interior portion of said melter container is transmitted, by conduction, through said first annular wall member of said melter container and to said output dispensing supply pump in order to constantly maintain said output dispensing supply pump in a heated state. 14. The method of making an integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 13, further comprising the steps of: integrally affixing a planar pump mounting plate within said first annular wall member of said melter container; and mounting said output dispensing supply pump directly upon said planar pump mounting plate in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat from said interior portion of said melter container is transmitted, by conduction, through said planar pump mounting plate and to said output dispensing supply pump in order to constantly maintain said output dispensing supply pump in a heated state. 15. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 13, further comprising the steps of: integrally affixing a planar pump mounting plate upon said annular wall member of said melter container; and mounting said output dispensing supply pump directly upon said planar pump mounting plate in a surface-to-surface manner such that heat from said interior portion of said melter container is transmitted, by conduction, through said planar pump mounting plate and to said output dispensing supply pump in order to constantly maintain said output dispensing supply pump in a heated state. 16. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 13, further comprising the step of: disposing a burner chamber beneath said floor member of said melter container such that said burner chamber is disposed in fluidic communication with said burner whereby heat from said burner is transmitted into said burner chamber such that the heat present within said burner chamber heats said floor member of said melter container. 17. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 16, further comprising the step of: disposing a second annular wall member radially spaced from said first annular wall member, surrounding said first annular wall member so as to define with said first annular wall member an annular heating chamber, and fluidically connecting said annular heating chamber to said burner chamber so as to receive heat from said burner chamber and thereby heat said first annular wall member so as to in turn heat said first annular wall member of said melter container. 18. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 16, further comprising the step of: mounting said burner upon an external wall portion of said burner chamber so as to be readily accessible to maintenance personnel for the performance of maintenance operations. 19. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 16, further comprising the step of: removably mounting said burner within said burner chamber so as to be readily accessible to maintenance personnel for the performance of maintenance operations. 20. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 17, further comprising the step of: disposing a third annular wall member radially spaced from said second annular wall member and surrounding said second annular wall member so as to define with said second annular wall member an annular insulation chamber. 21. The method of making the integral melter and pump system as set forth in claim 20, further comprising the step of: disposing a fourth annular wall member radially outwardly from said first annular wall member, spaced radially inwardly of said second annular wall member, and surrounding said first annular wall member so as to define with said first annular wall member an annular oil chamber such that heat from said annular heating chamber heats oil disposed within said annular oil chamber which, in turn, heats said first annular wall member of said melter container whereby enhanced uniform heating efficiency of said melter container is achieved.",
-    "Elastomeric bearings exhibit a reactive positive spring effect, i.e., they produce an opposing torque or force when angular displacement or translation is applied upon them, due to shear stress developed within their elastomer parts. The present invention incorporates a device that exhibits an increasingly strong torque or force in the same direction as the displacement, i.e., a negative spring, under similar conditions of movement. When properly calibrated, the subject type of device can be used in paralleled motion with the ordinary reactive elastomeric bearing to produce a combined effect in which at least a part of the torque or force of the elastomeric bearing is compensated or minimized over a range of movement, particularly in helicopter rotor blade retention applications. 1. A force compensation system comprising: at least one elastomeric or laminated rubber bearing having two opposed loading members, a positive spring rate, an operating range, and a center or neutral position; and negative spring means having a negative spring rate and a center or neutral position, comprising: at least one elongated member or pusher having two opposed ends, and a source of force imposing compressive force between said ends of each of said elongated members, and two receiving and supporting members that moveably support and respectively each receive force applied by one of said two ends and are constrained in lateral motion relative to each other, whereby a component of said compressive force will be developed upon said receiving and supporting members in a direction of said constrained lateral motion; and said two receiving and supporting members of said negative spring means are respectively mechanically coupled together with said two opposed loading members of said at least one elastomeric bearing such that any said relative lateral movement imparted to said receiving and supporting members of said negative spring means is experienced substantially proportionately as movement between said two opposed loading members of said at least one elastomeric bearing over at least part of said operating range of said loading members, whereby the torque developed upon said elastomeric bearings accountable to their said positive spring rate is at least partially compensated by the net torque developed by said negative spring rate of said negative spring means. 2. The force compensation system of claim 1 wherein a said receiving and supporting member includes at least one lever arm having a point of application of force from an end of said at least one elongated member and a center point about which it is rotatable, whereby a component of tangential force is created upon said point of application, and said lever arm is connected to and moves substantially proportionately with respect to the collective pitch stick of a helicopter to reduce forces experienced by the pilot. 3. A collective pitch force compensation system for a helicopter, comprising: elastomeric bearings for rotor blade retention having a positive spring rate and a center or neutral position, and negative spring means having a negative spring rate and a center or neutral position as experienced at the collective pitch stick, and being functionally connected between the helicopter frame and the collective pitch linkage at a point between the collective pitch control stick and the swash plate, and being calibrated to reduce forces upon said collective pitch stick and to produce a desired stick position in the absence of pilot control. 4. The collective pitch force compensation system for a helicopter of claim 3 wherein said negative spring means is implemented by a device that is mounted to said frame and has an output shaft that transfers its negative rate torque to a shaft about which said collective pitch stick rotates. 5. The collective pitch force compensation system for a helicopter of claim 3 wherein said negative spring means is implemented by a pusher linked on one end to said frame and to an attachment point on a lever within said collective pitch linkage. 6. The collective pitch force compensation system for a helicopter of claim 3 wherein said negative spring means is implemented by a puller linked on one end to said frame and to an attachment point on a lever within said collective pitch linkage. 7. A collective pitch force compensation system for a helicopter, comprising: tension-torsion straps for rotor blade retention having a positive spring rate and a center or neutral position, and negative spring means having a negative spring rate and a center or neutral position as experienced at the collective pitch stick, and being functionally connected between the helicopter frame and the collective pitch linkage at a point between the collective pitch control stick and the swash plate, and being calibrated to reduce forces upon said collective pitch stick and to produce a desired stick position in the absence of pilot control.",
-    "An oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly is provided including an oil drain plug having a shaft and a head, the shaft having external threads and an axial passage extending axially therein in communication with at least one radial passage extending through the shaft from the axial passage to an exterior of the shaft. An oil level sensor includes a housing having an annular mounting portion defining an aperture extending there through for receiving the shaft of the oil drain plug. A pressure transducer is in fluid communication with the aperture and connected to a circuit and a battery disposed within the housing that provide wireless signals representative of the oil level. 1. An oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly, comprising: an oil drain plug having a shaft and a head, the shaft having external threads and an axial passage extending axially therein in communication with at least one radial passage extending through the shaft from the axial passage to an exterior of the shaft; and an oil level sensor having a housing having an annular mounting portion defining an aperture extending there through for receiving the shaft of the oil drain plug, a pressure transducer in fluid communication with the aperture and connected to a circuit and a battery disposed within the housing that provide wireless signals representative of the oil level. 2. The oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a spacer bushing disposed between the shaft of the oil drain plug and the annular mounting portion of the oil level sensor housing within the aperture, the spacer bushing having at least one radial passage there through. 3. The oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly according to claim 2, wherein an annular space is disposed between the shaft of the oil drain plug and the spacer bushing. 4. The oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a first annular seal disposed between the head of the oil drain plug and the housing of the oil level sensor. 5. The oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly according to claim 1, wherein the circuit and battery are disposed in a portion of the housing that extends away from the annular mounting portion. 6. The oil drain plug and wireless oil level sensor assembly according to claim 1, wherein a closed end of the axial passage extends beyond the at least one radial passage of the oil drain plug. 7. An oil pan assembly, comprising: an oil pan having an internally threaded drain hole; an oil drain plug having a shaft and a head, the shaft having external threads engages with the internally threaded drain hole and an axial passage extending axially therein in communication with at least one radial passage extending through the shaft from the axial passage to an exterior of the shaft; and an oil level sensor having a housing having an annular mounting portion defining an aperture extending there through for receiving the shaft of the oil drain plug, a pressure transducer in fluid communication with the aperture and connected to a circuit and a battery disposed within the housing that provide wireless signals representative of the oil level. 8. The oil pan assembly according to claim 7, further comprising a spacer bushing disposed between the shaft of the oil drain plug and the annular mounting portion of the oil level sensor housing within the aperture, the spacer bushing having at least one radial passage there through. 9. The oil pan assembly according to claim 8, wherein an annular space is disposed between the shaft of the oil drain plug and the spacer bushing. 10. The oil pan assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a first annular seal disposed between the head of the oil drain plug and the housing of the oil level sensor. 11. The oil pan assembly according to claim 1, wherein the circuit and battery are disposed in a portion of the housing that extends away from the annular mounting portion. 12. The oil pan assembly according to claim 1, wherein a closed end of the axial passage extends beyond the at least one radial passage of the oil drain plug. 13. An internal combustion engine, comprising: an engine block defining a plurality of cylinders; a plurality of pistons disposed in the plurality of cylinders and drivingly connected to a crankshaft; an oil pan mounted to the engine block and having an internally threaded drain hole; an oil drain plug having a shaft and a head, the shaft having external threads engages with the internally threaded drain hole and an axial passage extending axially therein in communication with at least one radial passage extending through the shaft from the axial passage to an exterior of the shaft; and an oil level sensor having a housing having an annular mounting portion defining an aperture extending there through for receiving the shaft of the oil drain plug, a pressure transducer in fluid communication with the aperture and connected to a circuit and a battery disposed within the housing that provide wireless signals representative of the oil level. 14. The internal combustion engine according to claim 7, further comprising a spacer bushing disposed between the shaft of the oil drain plug and the annular mounting portion of the oil level sensor housing within the aperture, the spacer bushing having at least one radial passage there through. 15. The internal combustion engine according to claim 8, wherein an annular space is disposed between the shaft of the oil drain plug and the spacer bushing. 16. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, further comprising a first annular seal disposed between the head of the oil drain plug and the housing of the oil level sensor. 17. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the circuit and battery are disposed in a portion of the housing that extends away from the annular mounting portion. 18. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein a closed end of the axial passage extends beyond the at least one radial passage of the oil drain plug.",
-    "A fire control system includes an unmanned aerial vehicle that may be flown proximate a burning structure. A vehicle is provided and a boom is movably coupled to the vehicle. The boom is positionable at a selected orientation with respect to the vehicle. The vehicle may be positioned adjacent to the burning structure thereby facilitating the boom to be maneuvered with respect to the burning structure. A fire extinguishing unit is movably coupled to the boom. The fire extinguishing unit receives a fluid thereby facilitating the fire extinguishing unit to direct the fluid onto the burning structure. 1. A fire control system comprising: an unmanned aerial vehicle being configured to be flown proximate a burning structure thereby facilitating said unmanned aerial vehicle to surveil the burning structure; a vehicle having a boom being movably coupled to said vehicle, said boom being positionable at a selected orientation with respect to said vehicle, said vehicle being configured to be positioned adjacent to the burning structure thereby facilitating said boom to be maneuvered with respect to the burning structure; a pumping unit being coupled to said vehicle, said pumping unit being configured to be fluidly coupled to a fluid source thereby facilitating said pumping unit to urge a fluid to said boom; a control being coupled to said vehicle wherein said control is configured to be manipulated, said boom being in electrical communication with said control such that said control controls operational parameters of said boom; and a fire extinguishing unit being movably coupled to said boom wherein said fire extinguishing unit is configured to receive the fluid thereby facilitating said fire extinguishing unit to direct the fluid onto the burning structure, said fire extinguishing unit being in electrical communication with said control such that said control controls operations parameters of said fire extinguishing unit. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein: said boom has a distal end with respect to said vehicle; and said fire extinguishing unit comprises a piston being coupled to said distal end of said boom, said piston having a distal end with respect to said distal end of said boom, said distal end corresponding to said piston being selectively extended away from said boom, said piston being in electrical communication with said control such that said control actuates said piston. 3. The system according to claim 2, further comprising a first motor being positioned within said piston, said first motor engaging said distal end of said boom such that said motor urges said piston to move upwardly and downwardly with respect to said boom, said first motor being electrically coupled to said control such that said control controls operational parameters of said first motor. 4. The system according to claim 2, further comprising an arm being hingedly coupled to said distal end of said piston such that said piston selectively urges said arm toward and away from said distal end of said boom, said arm having a distal end with respect to said piston. 5. The system according to claim 4, further comprising a second motor being positioned within said first arm, said second motor engaging said distal end of said piston such that said second motor urges said arm to move upwardly and downwardly with respect to said piston, said second motor being electrically coupled to said control such that said control controls operational parameters of said second motor. 6. The system according to claim 4, further comprising: a reservoir being coupled to said distal end of said arm; a hose; and a conduit extending between said distal end of said boom and said reservoir, said conduit being fluidly coupled to said hose such that the fluid is delivered to said reservoir, said conduit being comprised of a resiliently stretchable material such that said conduit expands and contracts when said piston is extended and retracted. 7. The system according to claim 1, further comprising: a reservoir; a display; and a video camera being coupled to said reservoir wherein said video camera is configured to capture video footage of the burning structure thereby facilitating said fire extinguishing unit to be strategically maneuvered with respect to the burning structure, said video camera being electrically coupled to said display wherein said display is configured to display the video footage. 8. The system according to claim 1, further comprising: a reservoir; a pair of light emitters, each of said light emitters being coupled to said reservoir wherein each of said light emitters is configured to emit light toward the burning structure, each of said light emitters being electrically coupled to said control; and a microphone being coupled to said reservoir wherein said microphone is configured to capture audio of the burning structure, said microphone being electrically coupled to said control. 9. The system according to claim 6, further comprising a nozzle being fluidly coupled to said reservoir, said nozzle having a distal end with respect to said reservoir, said nozzle being oppositionally positioned with respect to said arm wherein said distal end of said nozzle is configured to be directed toward the burning structure, said distal end of said nozzle being open wherein said nozzle is configured to deliver the fluid onto the burning structure thereby facilitating the burning structure to be extinguished. 10. A fire control system comprising: an unmanned aerial vehicle being configured to be flown proximate a burning structure thereby facilitating said unmanned aerial vehicle to surveil the burning structure, said unmanned aerial vehicle having a camera being coupled thereto wherein said unmanned aerial vehicle is configured to capture video footage of the burning structure, said unmanned aerial vehicle being configured to be in electrical communication with an extrinsic communications network; a vehicle having a boom being movably coupled to said vehicle, said boom being positionable at a selected orientation with respect to said vehicle, said vehicle being configured to be positioned adjacent to the burning structure thereby facilitating said boom to be maneuvered with respect to the burning structure, said boom having a distal end with respect to said vehicle; a pumping unit being coupled to said vehicle, said pumping unit including a hose extending to said distal end of said boom, said pumping unit being configured to be fluidly coupled to a fluid source thereby facilitating said pumping unit to urge a fluid to said distal end; a control being coupled to said vehicle wherein said control is configured to be manipulated, said control being electrically coupled to said vehicle, said boom being in electrical communication with said control such that said control controls operational parameters of said boom, said control including a display; a fire extinguishing unit being movably coupled to said boom wherein said fire extinguishing unit is configured to receive the fluid thereby facilitating said fire extinguishing unit to direct the fluid onto the burning structure, said fire extinguishing unit being in electrical communication with said control such that said control controls operations parameters of said fire extinguishing unit, said fire extinguishing unit comprising: a piston being coupled to said distal end of said boom, said piston having a distal end with respect to said distal end of said boom, said distal end corresponding to said piston being selectively extended away from said boom, said piston being in electrical communication with said control such that said control actuates said piston, a first motor being positioned within said piston, said first motor engaging said distal end of said boom such that said motor urges said piston to move upwardly and downwardly with respect to said boom, said first motor being electrically coupled to said control such that said control controls operational parameters of said first motor, an arm being hingedly coupled to said distal end of said piston such that said piston selectively urges said arm toward and away from said distal end of said boom, said arm having a distal end with respect to said piston, a second motor being positioned within said first arm, said second motor engaging said distal end of said piston such that said second motor urges said arm to move upwardly and downwardly with respect to said piston, said second motor being electrically coupled to said control such that said control controls operational parameters of said second motor, a reservoir being coupled to said distal end of said arm, a conduit extending between said distal end of said boom and said reservoir, said conduit being fluidly coupled to said hose such that the fluid is delivered to said reservoir, said conduit being comprised of a resiliently stretchable material such that said conduit expands and contracts when said piston is extended and retracted, a video camera being coupled to said reservoir wherein said video camera is configured to capture video footage of the burning structure thereby facilitating said fire extinguishing unit to be strategically maneuvered with respect to the burning structure, said video camera being electrically coupled to said display wherein said display is configured to display the video footage, a pair of light emitters, each of said light emitters being coupled to said reservoir wherein each of said light emitters is configured to emit light toward the burning structure, each of said light emitters being electrically coupled to said control, a microphone being coupled to said reservoir wherein said microphone is configured to capture audio of the burning structure, said microphone being electrically coupled to said control, and a nozzle being fluidly coupled to said reservoir, said nozzle having a distal end with respect to said reservoir, said nozzle being oppositionally positioned with respect to said arm wherein said distal end of said nozzle is configured to be directed toward the burning structure, said distal end of said nozzle being open wherein said nozzle is configured to deliver the fluid onto the burning structure thereby facilitating the burning structure to be extinguished.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a garlic press which includes a pair of handles joined together at a pivot point so that the handles may be rotated apart and towards each other. A first (piston) handle includes a hopper for receiving a garlic clove to be pressed, while the opposing second (hopper) handle is formed with a complementary piston that is sized and configured to be forced into the cavity to crush the clove of garlic. 1. A garlic press comprising: a piston handle having a grasping end and a pivot end the piston handle having a front wall at the pivot end with surfaces defining holes there through; the front wall of the piston handle cooperating with laterally opposed sidewalls and a back wall of the piston handle to form a receiving cavity; a hopper handle having a grasping end and a pivot end pivotably connected to the pivot end of the piston handle; a front wall of the piston handle cooperating with laterally opposed sidewalls and a back wall of the hopper handle to form a hopper; wherein the front wall of the piston handle, sidewalls of the piston handle, and the back wall of the piston handle fit substantially within the hopper as the piston handle is pivoted toward the hopper handle; and wherein as the piston handle is pivoted toward the hopper handle, items crushed between the front wall of the piston handle and front wall of the hopper handle are forced through the surfaces defining holes in the front wall of the piston handle into the receiving cavity of the hopper handle. 2. The garlic press as recited in claim 1 further comprising: a protrusion plate pivotably coupled to the hopper handle; the protrusion plate having a first side substantially conforming to the inner surface of the front wall of the hopper handle; the protrusion plate having a second side substantially conforming to the outer surface of the front wall of the piston handle; and the protrusion plate having protrusions extending from the second side into the surfaces defining holes through he front wall of the piston handle. 3. The garlic press as recited in claim 2 further comprising a ridge on the protrusion plate in intermediate contact with the piston handle configured to rotate the protrusion plate upward with the piston handle after an initial amount of rotational travel of the receiving cavity out of the hopper. 4. The garlic press as recited in claim 1 further comprising: a scraper having a first end pivotably mounted at a pivot axis to the piston handle adjacent the rear wall of the receiving cavity, with a second end in moving contact with the inner surface of the front wall of the hopper; and wherein the inner surface of the front wall of the cavity is frusta-cylindrical, having a radius centered upon the pivot axis of the scraper. 5. The garlic press as recited in claim 4 wherein the scraper further comprises: a trigger portion on the opposing side of the pivot axis from the second end; and wherein the trigger portion extends outward of the receiving cavity.",
-    "A solid-state image sensor includes a pixel array having pixels, an AD converter configured to generate digital signals by AD-converting analog signals output from the pixel array, a plurality of memories, and an output line. A horizontal transfer period in which the plurality of memories sequentially output digital signals to the output line includes first and second periods. In the first period, digital signals having a predetermined value are continuously output to the output line from a plurality of first memories out of the plurality of memories. In the second period, the digital signals which have been AD-converted by the AD converter are output to the output line from a plurality of second memories, separate from the plurality of first memories, out of the plurality of memories. 1. A method of driving a solid-state image sensor that includes a pixel array in which a plurality of pixels configured to generate analog signals based on incident light are two-dimensionally arranged, an AD converter configured to generate digital signals by AD-converting the analog signals output from the pixel array, a plurality of memories, and an output line, wherein a horizontal transfer period in which the plurality of memories sequentially output digital signals to the output line includes a first period in which digital signals each having a predetermined value and are not the digital signals which have been AD-converted by the AD converter are output to the output line from a plurality of first memories out of the plurality of memories, and a second period in which the digital signals which have been AD-converted by the AD converter are output to the output line from a plurality of second memories, separate from the plurality of first memories, out of the plurality of memories, and in the first period, the digital signal having the predetermined value of one of the plurality of first memories, and the digital signal having the predetermined value of the other one of the plurality of first memories, are sequentially output to the output line. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the AD converter includes a plurality of comparators configured to compare a value of a reference signal which changes with elapsed time and the values of the plurality of analog signals output from the pixel array, and a counter configured to generate a count value in accordance with the elapsed time. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of first memories are memories corresponding to comparators which have been set to a power-save mode out of the plurality of comparators. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the solid-state image sensor further includes a blocking unit configured to block outputs from some of the plurality of comparators or inputs to some of the plurality of comparators, and the plurality of first memories are memories corresponding to comparators that have been blocked by the blocking unit. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the AD converter includes a plurality of AD converters, and the plurality of first memories are memories corresponding to the AD converters set to a power-save mode out of the plurality of AD converters. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the AD converter includes a plurality of AD converters, and the solid-state image sensor further includes a blocking unit configured to block inputs to some of the plurality of AD converters or outputs from some of the plurality of AD converters, and the plurality of first memories are memories corresponding to the AD converters that have been blocked by the blocking unit. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the digital signals each having the predetermined value are written in all of the plurality of memories before the AD converter performs AD conversion, and the AD converter AD-converts some of the plurality of analog signals output from the pixel array and the digital signals thereby generated are written in the plurality of second memories out of the plurality of memories. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the digital signals each having the predetermined value are written in the plurality of first memories out of the plurality of memories after the plurality of digital signals generated by the AD converter are written in the plurality of second memories out of the plurality of memories. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the digital signals each having the predetermined value are written in all of the plurality of memories before the AD converter performs AD conversion. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of digital signals held in the plurality of memories are distributed and output to a plurality of output lines which include the output line. 11. A solid-state image sensor comprising: a pixel array in which a plurality of pixels configured to generate analog signals based on incident light are two-dimensionally arranged; an AD converter configured to generate digital signals by AD-converting the analog signals output from the pixel array; a plurality of memories; an output line; and a write unit configured to write the digital signals in the plurality of memories; wherein the write unit performs writing in the plurality of memories so that a horizontal transfer period in which the plurality of memories sequentially output the digital signals to the output line includes a first period in which digital signals, each having a predetermined value and are not the digital signals which have been AD-converted by the AD converter, are output to the output line from a plurality of first memories out of the plurality of memories and a second period in which the digital signals, which have been AD-converted by the AD converter, are output to the output line from a plurality of second memories, separate from the plurality of first memories, out of the plurality of memories, and in the first period, the digital signal having the predetermined value of one of the plurality of first memories, and the digital signal having the predetermined value of the other one of the plurality of first memories, are sequentially output to the output line. 12. A camera comprising: a solid-state image sensor, and a processor configured to process a signal output from the solid-state image sensor, the solid-state image sensor comprising: a pixel array in which a plurality of pixels configured to generate analog signals based on incident light are two-dimensionally arranged; an AD converter configured to generate digital signals by AD-converting the analog signals output from the pixel array; a plurality of memories; an output line; and a write unit configured to write the digital signals in the plurality of memories; wherein the write unit performs writing in the plurality of memories so that a horizontal transfer period in which the plurality of memories sequentially output the digital signals to the output line includes a first period in which digital signals, each having a predetermined value and are not the digital signals which have been AD-converted by the AD converter, are output to the output line from a plurality of first memories out of the plurality of memories and a second period in which the digital signals, which have been AD-converted by the AD converter, are output to the output line from a plurality of second memories, separate from the plurality of first memories, out of the plurality of memories, and in the first period, the digital signal having the predetermined value of one of the plurality of first memories, and the digital signal having the predetermined value of the other one of the plurality of first memories, are sequentially output to the output line.",
-    "An initialization signal generation device may be provided. The initialization signal generation device may include a power supply circuit configured to provide one of an external voltage and an internal voltage in response to an initialization signal. The initialization signal generation device may include an initialization signal generator configured to sense the level of the voltage outputted from the power supply circuit and generate the initialization signal. 1. An initialization signal generation device comprising: a power supply circuit configured to provide an external voltage when an initialization signal is enabled and provide an internal voltage when the initialization signal is disabled and internal circuits are initialized; and an initialization signal generator configured to sense the level of the voltage outputted from the power supply circuit and generate the initialization signal. 2. (canceled) 3. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 1, wherein the initialization signal generator comprises: a reference voltage generator configured to generate a reference voltage from the output of the power supply circuit; and an enable circuit configured to disable the initialization signal when the level of the reference voltage is equal to or greater than a predetermined level. 4. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 3, wherein the power supply circuit comprises: a first power supply circuit configured to provide one of the external voltage and the internal voltage to the reference voltage generator in response to the initialization signal; and a second power supply circuit configured to provide one of the external voltage and the internal voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal. 5. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 4, wherein the first power supply circuit comprises: a first switching transistor configured to output the external voltage in response to the initialization signal; a second switching transistor configured to output the internal voltage in response to the initialization signal; and an output transistor configured to provide the outputs of the first and second switching transistors to the reference voltage generator. 6. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 5, wherein the second power supply circuit comprises: a third switching transistor configured to provide the external voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal; and a fourth switching transistor configured to provide the internal voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal. 7. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 4, wherein the first power supply circuit comprises: a first output transistor configured to output the external voltage; a second output transistor configured to output the internal voltage; a first switching transistor configured to provide the output of the first output transistor to the reference voltage generator in response to the initialization signal; and a second switching transistor configured to provide the output of the second output transistor to the reference voltage generator in response to the initialization signal. 8. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 7, wherein the second power supply circuit comprises: a third switching transistor configured to provide the external voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal; and a fourth switching transistor configured to provide the internal voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal. 9. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 7, wherein the first and second switching transistors are coupled between the reference voltage generator and the first and second output transistors to prevent variations in threshold voltages of the first and second output transistors according to the level of the reference voltage. 10. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 3, wherein the reference voltage generator comprises: a voltage divider configured to generate the reference voltage by dividing the output of the power supply circuit; and a voltage level controller configured to change the level of the reference voltage in response to the initialization signal. 11. An initialization signal generation device comprising: a power supply circuit configured to provide one of an external voltage and an internal voltage in response to an active signal, wherein stable level of the internal voltage is lower than stable level of the external voltage; and an initialization signal generator configured to sense the level of the voltage outputted from the power supply circuit and generate an initialization signal. 12. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 11, wherein the active signal is generated on the basis of a chip enable signal applied from outside. 13. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 11, wherein the power supply circuit provides the external voltage to the initialization signal generator when the active signal is enabled, and provides the internal voltage to the initialization signal generator when the active signal is disabled. 14. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 11, wherein the initialization signal generator comprises: a reference voltage generator configured to generate a reference voltage from the output of the power supply circuit; and an enable circuit configured to disable the initialization signal when the level of the reference voltage is equal to or greater than a predetermined level. 15. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 14, wherein the power supply circuit comprises: a first power supply circuit configured to provide one of the external voltage and the internal voltage to the reference voltage generator in response to the active signal; and a second power supply circuit configured to provide one of the external voltage and the internal voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal. 16. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 15, wherein the first power supply circuit comprises: a first output transistor configured to output the external voltage; a second output transistor configured to output the internal voltage; a first switching transistor configured to provide the output of the first output transistor to the reference voltage generator in response to the initialization signal; and a second switching transistor configured to provide the output of the second output transistor to the reference voltage generator in response to the initialization signal. 17. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 16, wherein the second power supply circuit comprises: a third switching transistor configured to provide the external voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal; and a fourth switching transistor configured to provide the internal voltage to the enable circuit in response to the initialization signal. 18. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 16, wherein the first and second switching transistors are coupled between the reference voltage generator and the first and second output transistors to prevent variations in threshold voltages of the first and second output transistors according to the level of the reference voltage. 19. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 14, wherein the reference voltage generator comprises: a voltage divider configured to generate the reference voltage by dividing the output of the power supply circuit; and a voltage level controller configured to change the level of the reference voltage in response to the initialization signal. 20. The initialization signal generation device according to claim 11, further comprising an internal voltage generation unit configured to generate the internal voltage in response to the initialization signal and the active signal.",
-    "A method for coding includes; segmenting an image into blocks; grouping blocks into a number of subsets; coding, using an entropy coding module, each subset, by associating digital information with symbols of each block of a subset, including, for the first block of the image, initializing state variables of the coding module; and generating a data sub-stream representative of at least one of the coded subsets of blocks. Where a current block is the first block to be coded of a subset, symbol occurrence probabilities for the first current block are determined based on those for a coded and decoded predetermined block of at least one other subset. Where the current block is the last coded block of the subset: writing, in the sub-stream representative of the subset, the entire the digital information associated with the symbols during coding of the blocks of the subset, and implementing the initializing sub-step. 1. A method for coding at least one image comprising the steps of: segmenting (C1) the image into a plurality of blocks (MB) able to contain symbols belonging to a predetermined set of symbols, grouping (C2) of blocks into a predetermined number (P) of subsets of blocks (SE1, SE2, . . . , SEk, . . . , SEP), coding (C3), by means of an entropy coding module, of each of said subsets of blocks, by associating digital information with the symbols of each block of a subset under consideration, said coding step comprising, for the first block of the image, a sub-step (C33) of initializing state variables of said entropy coding module, generation (C4) of at least one data sub-stream (F1) representative of at least one (SE1) of said coded subsets of blocks, said coding method being characterized in that: in the case where the current block is the first block to be coded of a subset under consideration, determination (C42) of probabilities of symbol occurrence for said first current block, said probabilities being those which have been determined for a coded and decoded predetermined block of at least one other subset, in the case where the current block is the last coded block of the subset under consideration: writing (C45), in the sub-stream representative of said at least subset under consideration, of the entirety of the digital information which has been associated with the symbols during the coding of the blocks of said subset under consideration, implementation (C46) of said initialization sub-step.",
-    "A dryer attachment for use to dry an animal comprising: an attachment end, where the attachment connects to a dryer; a vent opening, where the vent opening enables flow of air from the dryer; a plurality of top bristles arranged above the vent opening; and a plurality of bottom bristles arranged below the vent opening. The plurality of top bristles and plurality of bottom bristles may be arranged in a series of rows. 1. A dryer attachment for use to dry an animal comprising: a. an attachment end, where the attachment connects to a dryer; b. a vent opening, where the vent opening enables flow of air from the dryer; c. a plurality of top bristles arranged above the vent opening; and d. a plurality of bottom bristles arranged below the vent opening 2. The dryer attachment according to claim 1, where the plurality of top bristles is arranged in a series of rows. 3. The dryer attachment according to claim 2, where the series of rows include three rows. 4. The dryer attachment according to claim 1, where the plurality of bottom bristles is arranged in a series of rows. 5. The dryer attachment according to claim 4, where the series of rows include three rows.",
-    "An optical scanning device includes a light source portion, a deflector, a first focus lens, a second focus lens, a first mirror group, and a second mirror group. The first mirror group includes: a first reflection mirror on which a first light beam having transmitted through a first focus lens is incident, the first reflection mirror reflecting the first light beam in a second direction away from a first scanned surface; and a second reflection mirror that reflects the reflected first light beam toward the first scanned surface. The second mirror group includes: a third reflection mirror on which a second light beam having transmitted through a second focus lens is incident, the third reflection mirror reflecting the second light beam in the first direction of approaching the second scanned surface; and a fourth reflection mirror that reflects the reflected second light beam toward the second scanned surface. 1. An optical scanning device comprising: a housing; a light source portion including a first light source and a second light source, the first light source emitting a first light beam, the second light source emitting a second light beam; a deflector whose rotation axis is inclined with respect to a first direction and a second direction, the first direction being opposite to the second direction, the deflector being configured to reflect the first light beam diagonally on a side of a third direction that is perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction, and on a side of the first direction, the deflector being configured to reflect the second light beam diagonally on a side of a fourth direction that is opposite to the third direction, and on a side of the second direction, such that the first light beam scans a first scanned surface and the second light beam scans a second scanned surface; a first focus lens disposed between the deflector and the first scanned surface and configured to focus the first light beam on the first scanned surface; a second focus lens disposed between the deflector and the second scanned surface and configured to focus the second light beam on the second scanned surface; a first mirror group disposed between the first focus lens and the first scanned surface and configured to reflect the first light beam to the first scanned surface; and a second mirror group disposed between the second focus lens and the second scanned surface and configured to reflect the second light beam to the second scanned surface, wherein the first mirror group includes: a first reflection mirror on which the first light beam that has transmitted through the first focus lens is incident, the first reflection mirror being configured to reflect the first light beam in the second direction of separating away from the first scanned surface; and a second reflection mirror configured to reflect the first light beam reflected by the first reflection mirror, toward the first scanned surface, and the second mirror group includes: a third reflection mirror on which the second light beam that has transmitted through the second focus lens is incident, the third reflection mirror being configured to reflect the second light beam in the first direction of approaching the second scanned surface; and a fourth reflection mirror configured to reflect the second light beam reflected by the third reflection mirror, toward the second scanned surface. 2. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the second reflection mirror reflects the first light beam such that the first light beam passes through between the deflector and the first focus lens. 3. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the first focus lens and the second focus lens have a same shape and are arranged so as to be in point symmetry with respect to a rotation center of the deflector. 4. An image forming apparatus comprising: a first photoconductor drum, a second photoconductor drum, a third photoconductor drum and a fourth photoconductor drum that are disposed in alignment at predetermined intervals; and the optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the optical scanning device includes: a first optical scanning unit configured to scan circumferential surfaces of the first photoconductor drum and the second photoconductor drum; and a second optical scanning unit configured to scan circumferential surfaces of the third photoconductor drum and the fourth photoconductor drum. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a first housing included in the first optical scanning unit and a second housing included in the second optical scanning unit are disposed so as to overlap with each other in the first direction and the second direction when viewed in a cross section taken along a plane including a sub scanning direction. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first mirror group and the second mirror group are disposed such that, when viewed in a cross section taken along a plane including a sub scanning direction, the third reflection mirror in a first housing included in the first optical scanning unit and the second reflection mirror in a second housing included in the second optical scanning unit overlap with each other in the first direction and the second direction. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first mirror group and the second mirror group are disposed such that, when viewed in a cross section taken along a plane including a sub scanning direction, an optical path of the second light beam in a first housing included in the first optical scanning unit and an optical path of the first light beam in a second housing included in the second optical scanning unit overlap with each other in the first direction and the second direction. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein outer appearances of a first housing included in the first optical scanning unit and a second housing included in the second optical scanning unit are each a parallelogram when viewed in a cross section taken along a plane including a sub scanning direction.",
-    "In a radiation detector, a first segment positioned closest to the other side in a predetermined direction and a second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically connected to each other, and the first segments other than the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segments other than the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically separated from each other. 1. A radiation detector comprising: a first scintillator portion including a plurality of first segments arranged along a predetermined direction, and a first light scattering portion formed between the first segments adjacent to each other through laser irradiation; a second scintillator portion including a plurality of second segments arranged along the predetermined direction, and a second light scattering portion formed between the second segments adjacent to each other through laser irradiation; and a light detection unit optically connected to a first end surface of the first segment positioned closest to one side in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface of the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction, wherein the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically connected to each other, and the first segments other than the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segments other than the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically separated from each other. 2. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising: a light reflection portion disposed between the first segments other than the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segments other than the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction. 3. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of radiation detection units, each of which includes the first scintillator portion, the second scintillator portion, and the light detection unit, are configured, the light detection unit includes a first light detection portion optically connected to the first end surface, and a second light detection portion optically connected to the second end surface, and the first light detection portion of each of the plurality of radiation detection units is connected to a first resistor chain, and the second light detection portion of each of the plurality of radiation detection units is connected to a second resistor chain. 4. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein, in a case where the first segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction and the second segment positioned closest to the other side in the predetermined direction are optically coupled to each other, a light guide portion which optically connects the first segment and the second segment to each other is further included. 5. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein a first region including at least a portion of a surface of the first segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction excluding the first end surface, and a second region including at least a portion of a surface of the second segment positioned closest to the one side in the predetermined direction excluding the second end surface are formed as diffuse reflection regions, and a surface of the plurality of first segments other than the first end surface and the first region, and a surface of the plurality of second segments other than the second end surface and the second region are formed as specular reflection regions.",
-    "An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes toner particles including a binder resin and a metallic pigment and silica particles having an equivalent circle diameter E of greater than 0.10 \u03bcm, wherein a relationship between a number-average maximum thickness C and a number-average equivalent circle diameter D of the toner particles satisfies 0.700<C/D<1.220, a number-average equivalent circle diameter d of the silica particles satisfies 0.10 \u03bcm<d<0.30 \u03bcm, and the content of silica particles, having a ratio F/G of a circumferential length F to a circumference G calculated from the equivalent circle diameter E of 1.10 to 3.00, with respect to the total number of silica particles is 30% by number to 100% by number. 1. An electrostatic charge image developing toner comprising: toner particles including a binder resin and a metallic pigment, and silica particles having an equivalent circle diameter E of greater than 0.10 \u03bcm, wherein a relationship between a number-average maximum thickness C and a number-average equivalent circle diameter D of the toner particles satisfies 0.700<C/D<1.220, a number-average equivalent circle diameter d of the silica particles satisfies 0.10 \u03bcm<d<0.30 \u03bcm, and the content of silica particles having a ratio F/G of a circumferential length F to a circumference G calculated from the equivalent circle diameter E of 1 . 10 to 3.00 is 30% by number to 100% by number with respect to the total number of silica particles. 2. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles include aluminum as the metallic pigment. 3. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles include polyester as the binder resin. 4. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein a glass transition temperature of the binder resin is from 50\u00b0 C. to 80\u00b0 C. 5. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein a weight-average molecular weight of the binder resin is from 7,000 to 500,000. 6. The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the silica particles are prepared by a sol-gel method. 7. An electrostatic charge image developer comprising: the electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1; and a carrier. 8. A toner cartridge that is detachable from an image forming apparatus and accommodates the electrostatic charge image developing toner according to claim 1.",
-    "A communication method used in a terminal is provided that includes a front camera and a back camera. The communication method includes switching between the front camera and the back camera according to an orientation of the terminal, and performing visible light communication by using the front camera or the back camera, which is selected in the switching. The performing of visible light communication includes capturing a first subject that is changing in luminance by using the front camera and obtaining a first image when the front camera is used, capturing a second subject by using the back camera and obtaining a second image when the back camera is used, and obtaining specified information that is related to the first subject or the second subject. 1. A communication method used in a terminal that includes a front camera and a back camera, the communication method comprising: switching between the front camera and the back camera according to an orientation of the terminal; and performing visible light communication by using the front camera or the back camera, which is selected in the switching, wherein the performing of visible light communication includes: capturing a first subject that is changing in luminance by using the front camera and obtaining a first image when the front camera is used; capturing a second subject by using the back camera and obtaining a second image when the back camera is used; and obtaining specified information that is related to the first subject or the second subject. 2. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein when the orientation of the terminal is substantially parallel to ground, the performing of visible light communication includes performing, by using the front camera selected in the switching, visible light communication with the second subject which is located above the user and emits visible light. 3. The communication method according to claim 2, wherein when the orientation of the terminal is substantially perpendicular to ground, the performing of visible light communication includes performing, by using the back camera selected in the switching, visible light communication with the first subject which is located in front of a user and emits visible light. 4. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein the terminal is included in a watch, the front camera is provided on a front surface of the watch, and the back camera is provided on a side surface of the watch, the front surface having a display that displays a time of the watch, and when the display of the watch is substantially parallel to ground, the performing of visible light communication includes: performing, by using the front camera, visible light communication with the second subject which is located above the user and emits visible light; and performing, by using the back camera, visible light communication with the first subject which is located in front of the user and emits visible light. 5. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein the performing of visible light communication includes inquiring a server about the specified information, thereby obtaining information related to the first subject or the second subject corresponding to the specified information, and when no information corresponds to the specified information as a result of the inquiring the server, the performing of visible light communication further includes displaying, on a display of the terminal, an error notification indicating that no information is related to the first subject or the second subject. 6. The communication method according to claim 2, further comprising: performing, by using the front camera selected in the switching, visible light communication with the second subject which is located above the user and emits visible light, thereby obtaining information of the first subject; and displaying the information on a display of the terminal, and changing the information displayed on the display of the terminal, wherein in the changing, the information to be displayed on the display is changed by user's flicking on the display. 7. A communication apparatus, comprising: a front camera; a back camera; a processor; and a memory having therein a program, the program causing the processor to execute operations including: switching between the front camera and the back camera according to an orientation of the terminal; and performing visible light communication by using the front camera or the back camera, which is selected in the switching, wherein the performing of visible light communication includes: capturing a first subject that is changing in luminance by using the front camera and obtaining a first image when the front camera is used; capturing a second subject by using the back camera and obtaining a second image when the back camera is used; and obtaining specified information that is related to the first subject or the second subject. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a program for performing visible light communication, the visible light communication program causing a computer to execute: switching between the front camera and the back camera according to an orientation of the terminal; and performing visible light communication by using the front camera or the back camera, which is selected in the switching, wherein the performing of visible light communication includes: capturing a first subject that is changing in luminance by using the front camera and obtaining a first image when the front camera is used; capturing a second subject by using the back camera and obtaining a second image when the back camera is used; and obtaining specified information that is related to the first subject or the second subject.",
-    "An integrated circuit is configured to detect current leakage that results from electromigration in the integrated circuit. An isolation power switch selectively connects a target voltage rail in the integrated circuit to a power source. A voltage memory stores a record of an initial voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail while isolated from a manufacturer's power source. A voltage record comparator logic compares the initial voltage decay rate to a field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail when isolated from a field power source. An output device indicates that a difference between the initial voltage decay rate and the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail exceeds a predefined limit, where the difference is a result of current leakage caused by electromigration in the integrated circuit. 1. An integrated circuit comprising: a target voltage rail, wherein the target voltage rail provides power to at least one circuit node in the integrated circuit; an isolation power switch, wherein the isolation power switch selectively connects the target voltage rail to a power source; a voltage sensor that couples the target voltage rail to a reference voltage source; a memory supervisor coupled to the voltage sensor; a voltage memory coupled to the memory supervisor, wherein the voltage memory stores a record of an initial voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail while isolated from a manufacturer's power source; a clock coupled to the memory supervisor, wherein the clock triggers the memory supervisor to take serial voltage readings from the voltage sensor while the target voltage rail is isolated from a field power source to create a field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail; a voltage record comparator logic, wherein the voltage record comparator logic compares the initial voltage decay rate to the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail; and an output device coupled to the voltage record comparator logic, wherein the output device describes a difference between the initial voltage decay rate and the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail that exceeds a predefined limit, and wherein the difference between the initial voltage decay rate and the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail is a result of current leakage in the integrated circuit. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the current leakage is a result of electromigration in the integrated circuit. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the initial voltage decay rate was recorded upon a final manufacturing of the integrated circuit. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the initial voltage decay rate was recorded upon a final installation of the integrated circuit into a field replaceable unit (FRU), wherein the FRU is a field replaceable board for an electronic system. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the reference voltage source is a ground. 6. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the reference voltage source is a reference voltage rail. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein the reference voltage rail provides a bias voltage to the target voltage rail. 8. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the output device is an input/output connector to a test device. 9. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the output device is an alarm indicator. 10. A field replaceable unit (FRU), wherein the FRU is a field replaceable board for an electronic device, and wherein the FRU comprises: an integrated circuit that comprises: a target voltage rail, wherein the target voltage rail provides power to at least one circuit node in the integrated circuit; an isolation power switch, wherein the isolation power switch selectively connects the target voltage rail to a power source; a voltage sensor that couples the target voltage rail to a reference voltage source; a memory supervisor coupled to the voltage sensor; a voltage memory coupled to the memory supervisor, wherein the voltage memory stores a record of an initial voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail while isolated from a manufacturer's power source; a clock coupled to the memory supervisor, wherein the clock triggers the memory supervisor to take serial voltage readings from the voltage sensor while the target voltage rail is isolated from a field power source to create a field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail; a voltage record comparator logic, wherein the voltage record comparator logic compares the initial voltage decay rate to the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail; and an output device coupled to the voltage record comparator logic, wherein the output device indicates that a difference between the initial voltage decay rate and the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail exceeds a predefined limit, and wherein the difference between the initial voltage decay rate and the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail is a result of current leakage caused by electromigration in the integrated circuit. 11. The FRU of claim 10, wherein the initial voltage decay rate was recorded upon a final manufacturing of the integrated circuit. 12. The FRU of claim 10, wherein the initial voltage decay rate was recorded upon a final installation of the integrated circuit into the FRU. 13. The FRU of claim 10, wherein the reference voltage source is a ground. 14. The FRU of claim 10, wherein the reference voltage source is a reference voltage rail. 15. The FRU of claim 14, wherein the reference voltage rail provides a bias voltage to the target voltage rail. 16. The FRU of claim 10, wherein the output device is an input/output connector to a test device. 17. The FRU of claim 10, wherein the output device is an alarm indicator. 18. A computer program product for detecting electromigration in a field replaceable unit, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code readable and executable by a processor to perform a method comprising: quiescenting an integrated circuit that is within a field replaceable unit (FRU), wherein the FRU is a field replaceable board in an electronic device; applying, via an isolation power switch, a test voltage from a field power source to a target voltage rail in the integrated circuit, wherein the test voltage is below an operational voltage for transistors within the integrated circuit; isolating, via the isolation power switch, the target voltage rail from the field power source; measuring, by a voltage sensor coupled to the target voltage rail, a field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail, wherein the voltage sensor couples the target voltage rail to a reference voltage source; comparing, via a voltage record comparator logic within the integrated circuit, the field voltage decay rate to an initial voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail; and in response to a difference between the field voltage decay rate and the initial voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail exceeding a predetermined limit, sending, via the voltage record comparator logic, a signal to an alarm on the FRU, wherein the difference between the initial voltage decay rate and the field voltage decay rate for the target voltage rail has been predetermined to be a result of current leakage caused by electromigration in the integrated circuit. 19. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein the initial voltage decay rate was recorded upon an installation of the integrated circuit into the field replaceable unit (FRU). 20. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein the reference voltage source is a reference voltage rail that provides a bias voltage to the target voltage rail.",
-    "Providing for dynamic auditing of components of a communication network is provided herein. By way of example, network components can be queried by way of dynamic and intelligent application programming interface (APIs) queries to extract data for the network components. Such data can then be compared with best practice rules to identify potential enhancements to efficiency or scalability of such components. In some aspects, an audit report can be output summarizing identified enhancements. In other aspects, data can be written to an updated component according to protocols suited to such component. Accordingly, an audit can provide feedback in light of best practices or can be utilized to dynamically upgrade a legacy system to newer system software and/or hardware components. 1. A method comprising: querying a first component of a telecommunication network for an audit of the first component; extracting configuration information about a configuration of the first component; selecting at least one best practice rule associated with the first component from a list of best practice rules associated with components of the telecommunication network; obtaining a comparison by comparing the extracted configuration information to the selected at least one best practice rule; and generating an audit report based on the comparison. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating suggested changes for the configuration of the first component based on the comparison. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting configuration information further comprises receiving encrypted results of the querying of the first component of the telecommunication network. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising porting the extracted configuration information to a second component of the telecommunication network. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising querying a plurality of portions of the first component in parallel. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the plurality of portions of the first component are queried using a plurality of corresponding Application Programming Interfaces. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising reducing a frequency of subsequent queries to the first component based on a network service load of the first component of the telecommunication network. 8. An apparatus comprising: a communication interface configured to enable to communicate with components of a telecommunication network; and a processing unit configured to: direct a first query via the communication interface to a first component of the telecommunication network for an audit of the first component; extract configuration information about a configuration of the first component; select at least one best practice rule associated with the first component from a list of best practice rules associated with components of the telecommunication network; obtain a comparison by comparing the extracted configuration information to the selected at least one best practice rule; and generate an audit report based on the comparison. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing unit is further configured to generate suggested changes for the configuration of the first component based on the comparison. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing unit is configured to extract the configuration information by directing the first component, through the communication interface, to encrypt results of the first query and returning encrypted results of the first query. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing unit is further configured port the extracted configuration information, through the communication interface, to a second component of the telecommunication network. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing unit is further configured to direct at least one additional query via the communication interface to a plurality of portions of the first component in parallel with the first query. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein processor is configured to direct the first query and the at least one additional query using a plurality of corresponding Application Programming Interfaces. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processing unit is further configured to reduce a frequency of subsequent queries to the first component based on a network service load on the first component. 15. One or more non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with software comprising computer executable instructions and when the software is executed operable to cause a processor to: direct a first query to a first component of a telecommunication network for an audit of the first component; extract configuration information about a configuration of the first component; select at least one best practice rule associated with the first component from a list of best practice rules associated with components of the telecommunication network; obtain a comparison by comparing the extracted configuration information to the selected at least one best practice rule; and generate an audit report based on the comparison. 16. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising instructions operable to cause the processor to generate suggested changes for the configuration of the first component based on the comparison. 17. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising instructions operable to cause the processor to extract the configuration information by receiving encrypted results of the first query. 18. The computer readable media of claim 15, further comprising instructions operable to cause the processor to port the extracted configuration information to a second component of the telecommunication network. 19. The computer readable media of claim 15, further comprising instructions operable to cause the processor to direct at least one additional query to a plurality of portions of the first component in parallel with the first query using a plurality of corresponding Application Programming Interfaces. 20. The computer readable media of claim 19, further comprising instructions operable to cause the processor to reduce a frequency of subsequent queries to the first component based on a network service load of the first component.",
-    "An expandable implant includes a body portion, a carriage portion, a deployment assembly, and an expandable portion. The deployment assembly and the expandable portion are attached to the carriage portion, and portions of the carriage portion are moveable out of and into the body portion. When the expandable implant is inserted into a disc space, the expandable portion is expandable to push the upper vertebral body and the lower vertebral body away from one another. 1. An expandable spinal implant for insertion in a disc space between adjacent upper and lower vertebral bodies, the expandable spinal implant comprising: a body portion having a trailing end, a leading end, an upper surface for engaging an endplate of the upper vertebral body, a lower surface for engaging an endplate of the lower vertebral body, and an interior cavity being configured to receive at least a portion of a carriage portion; the carriage portion having a first arm portion, a second arm portion, a collar portion spacing apart and attaching the first arm portion and the second arm portion to one another, head portions attached to the first arm portion and the second arm portion, and slots extending along the first arm portion and the second arm portion, portions of the first arm portion and the second arm portion being receivable within the interior cavity of the body portion, and the first arm portion and the second arm portion being moveable between a retracted position and an expanded position relative to the body portion, the collar portion including a threaded aperture extending therethrough, the head portions being configured to support portions of an expandable portion, and the slots being configured to receive a pin for attaching the portions of the expandable portion to the carriage portion; the expandable portion including a upper jaw portion and a lower jaw portion, the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion being attached to the head portions of the first arm portion and the second arm portion, the upper jaw portion and the lower portion having apertures therein for receiving the pin therethrough to attach the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion to the head portions of the first arm portion and the second arm portion; and a deployment portion including a deployment screw and a yoke portion engaging the deployment screw, at least a portion of the deployment screw being received in the threaded aperture of the collar portion, and the yoke portion including an aperture therein for receiving the pin therethrough to attach the yoke portion to the upper jaw portion, the lower jaw portion, and the head portions of the first arm portion and the second arm portion, the deployment screw being moveable between a first position and a second position via rotation thereof with respect to the threaded aperture of the collar portion, wherein rotational movement of the deployment screw serves to move the yoke portion and the pin received therethrough along the slots of the carriage portion, and movement of the pin in the slots serves to move the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion between a closed position and an open position. 2. The expandable spinal implant of claim 1, wherein the upper jaw portion includes at least one peg for engaging one of the head portions of the first arm portion and the second arm portion, and the lower jaw portion includes at least one peg for engaging one of the head portions of the first arm portion and the second arm portion, the at least one peg of the upper jaw portion being received in a first indentation in at least one of the head portions, and the at least one peg of the lower jaw portion being received in a second indentation in at least one of the head portions. 3. The expandable spinal implant of claim 2, wherein the interaction of the at least one peg of the upper jaw portion in the first indentation creates a first pivot point for pivoting the upper jaw portion due to the movement of the pin in the slots of the first arm portion and the second arm portion, and the interaction of the at least one peg of the lower jaw portion in the second indentation creates a second pivot point for pivoting the lower jaw portion due to the movement of the pin in the slots of the first arm portion and the second arm portion. 4. The expandable spinal implant of claim 3, wherein pivotal movement of the upper jaw portion about the first pivot point and pivotal movement of the lower jaw portion about the second pivot point serves to open and close the expandable portion. 5. The expandable spinal implant of claim 1 in combination with an insertion instrument, the insertion instrument comprising: a first sleeve portion and a second sleeve portion, the second sleeve portion being partially received in the first sleeve portion, the first sleeve portion including a first end and a second end opposite from one another, the second sleeve portion including a first end and a second end opposite from one another, the second sleeve portion including a first arm section and a second arm section adjacent the first end thereof, the first arm section and the second arm section being biased away from one another, wherein, when the second sleeve portion is received in the first sleeve portion, movement of the first end of the first sleeve toward the first end of the second sleeve portion serves to push the first arm portion and the second arm portion toward one another. 6. The combination of the expandable spinal implant and the insertion instrument of claim 5, the insertion instrument further comprising: a first detent provided on the first arm section and a second detent provided on the second arm section, wherein, when the first arm section and the second arm section are moved towards one another, the first detent is receivable in a first detent-receiving hole in the body portion, and the second detent is receivable in a second detent-receiving hole in the body portion, the expandable spinal implant being releasably attached to the second sleeve portion with the first detent inserted into the first detent-receiving hole and the second detent inserted into the second detent-receiving hole. 7. The combination of the expandable spinal implant and the insertion instrument of claim 5, the insertion instrument further comprising: a pusher portion and a driver portion, the driver portion being partially received and slidable within the pusher portion, and the pusher portion being partially received and slidable within the second sleeve portion, the pusher portion, when the expandable spinal implant is releasably attached to the second sleeve portion, capable of pushing the carriage portion from the retracted position to the extended position, and the driver portion, when the expandable spinal implant is releasably attached to the second sleeve portion, capable of rotating the deployment screw to correspondingly open and close the expandable portion. 8. The expandable spinal implant of claim 1, wherein the upper surface and the lower surface of the body portion each include surface roughenings for engaging surfaces of the endplates of the upper and lower vertebral bodies to inhibit movement of the body portion when positioned therebetween during movement of the carriage portion from the retracted position to the extended position, and during movement of the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion between the closed position and the open position. 9. The expandable spinal implant of claim 1, further comprising apertures through the upper surface and the lower surface of the body portion, the apertures communicating with the interior cavity and permitting bone growth between the upper and lower vertebral bodies to facilitate fusion thereof. 9. An expandable spinal implant for insertion in a disc space between adjacent upper and lower vertebral bodies, the expandable spinal implant comprising: a body portion having an interior cavity being configured to receive at least a portion of a carriage portion; the carriage portion including a threaded aperture therethrough, the carriage portion being moveable between a retracted position and an expanded position relative to the body portion, and the carriage portion including at least one slot therethrough, the carriage portion being configured to support portions of an expandable portion, and the at least one slot being configured to receive a pin for attaching the portions of the expandable portion to the carriage portion; the expandable portion including a upper jaw portion and a lower jaw portion, the upper jaw portion and the lower portion having apertures therein for receiving the pin therethrough to attach the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion to the carriage portion; and a deployment portion including a deployment screw and a yoke portion engaging the deployment screw, at least a portion of the deployment screw being received in the threaded aperture of the carriage portion, and the yoke portion including an aperture therein for receiving the pin therethrough to attach the yoke portion to the upper jaw portion, the lower jaw portion, and the carriage portion, the deployment screw being moveable between a first position and a second position via rotation thereof with respect to the threaded aperture of the carriage portion, wherein rotational movement of the deployment screw serves to move the yoke portion and the pin received therethrough along the at least one slot of the carriage portion, and movement of the pin in the at least one slot serves to move the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion between a closed position and an open position. 10. The expandable spinal implant of claim 9, wherein the upper jaw portion includes at least one peg for engaging the carriage portion, and the lower jaw portion includes at least one peg for engaging the carriage portion, the at least one peg of the upper jaw portion being received in a first indentation in the carriage portion, and the at least one peg of the lower jaw portion being received in a second indentation in the carriage portion. 11. The expandable spinal implant of claim 10, wherein the interaction of the at least one peg of the upper jaw portion in the first indentation creates a first pivot point for pivoting the upper jaw portion due to the movement of the pin in the at least one slot of the carriage portion, and the interaction of the at least one peg of the lower jaw portion in the second indentation creates a second pivot point for pivoting the lower jaw portion due to the movement of the pin in the at least one slot of the carriage portion. 12. The expandable spinal implant of claim 11, wherein pivotal movement of the upper jaw portion about the first pivot point and pivotal movement of the lower jaw portion about the second pivot point serves to open and close the expandable portion. 13. The expandable spinal implant of claim 9 in combination with an insertion instrument, the insertion instrument comprising: a first sleeve portion and a second sleeve portion, the second sleeve portion being partially received in the first sleeve portion, the first sleeve portion including a first end and a second end opposite from one another, the second sleeve portion including a first end and a second end opposite from one another, the second sleeve portion including a first arm section and a second arm section adjacent the first end thereof, the first arm section and the second arm section being biased away from one another, wherein, when the second sleeve portion is received in the first sleeve portion, movement of the first end of the first sleeve toward the first end of the second sleeve portion serves to push the first arm portion and the second arm portion toward one another. 14. The combination of the expandable spinal implant and the insertion instrument of claim 13, the insertion instrument further comprising: a first detent provided on the first arm section and a second detent provided on the second arm section, wherein, when the first arm section and the second arm section are moved towards one another, the first detent is receivable in a first detent-receiving hole in the body portion, and the second detent is receivable in a second detent-receiving hole in the body portion, the expandable spinal implant being releasably attached to the second sleeve portion with the first detent inserted into the first detent-receiving hole and the second detent inserted into the second detent-receiving hole. 15. The combination of the expandable spinal implant and the insertion instrument of claim 14, the insertion instrument further comprising: a pusher portion and a driver portion, the driver portion being partially received and slidable within the pusher portion, and the pusher portion being partially received and slidable within the second sleeve portion, the pusher portion, when the expandable spinal implant is releasably attached to the second sleeve portion, capable of pushing the carriage portion from the retracted position to the extended position, and the driver portion, when the expandable spinal implant is releasably attached to the second sleeve portion, capable of rotating the deployment screw to correspondingly open and close the expandable portion. 16. A method of inserting an expandable spinal implant into a disc space between two adjacent vertebral bodies using an insertion instrument, the method comprising: providing an expandable spinal implant having a body portion, a carriage portion, a deployment portion, and an expandable portion, the carriage portion being moveable relative to the body portion from a retracted position to an extended position, the carriage portion supporting the expandable portion, the deployment portion being attached to the carriage portion and the expandable portion, the deployment portion being moveable between at least a first position and a second position to facilitate movement of the expandable portion between a closed position and an open position; providing an insertion instrument having a pusher tool and a driver tool, at least a portion of the driver tool being received with the pusher tool, the pusher tool being engageable to the expandable spinal implant to move the carriage portion from the retracted position to the extended position, and the driver tool being engageable to the expandable spinal implant to move the expandable portion from the closed position to the open position; releasably engaging the insertion instrument to the expandable spinal implant; inserting the expandable spinal implant into the disc space between the two adjacent vertebral bodies using the insertion instrument, actuating the pusher tool to move the carriage portion from the retracted position to the extended position; and actuating the driver tool to move the deployment portion from the first position to the second position to move the expandable portion from the closed position to the open position. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the expandable portion includes an upper jaw portion and a lower jaw portion, the upper jaw portion including at least one peg for engaging the carriage portion, and the lower jaw portion including at least one peg for engaging the carriage portion, the at least one peg of the upper jaw portion being received in a first indentation in the carriage portion, and the at least one peg of the lower jaw portion being received in a second indentation in the carriage portion. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the interaction of the at least one peg of the upper jaw portion in the first indentation creates a first pivot point for pivoting the upper jaw portion due to actuation of the driver tool, and the interaction of the at least one peg of the lower jaw portion in the second indentation creates a second pivot point for pivoting the lower jaw portion due to actuation of the driver tool. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the expandable portion includes an upper jaw portion and a lower jaw portion, and the deployment portion includes a deployment screw and a yoke portion engaging the deployment screw, at least a portion of the deployment screw being received in a threaded aperture of the carriage portion, and the yoke portion including an aperture therein for receiving a pin therethrough to attach the yoke portion to the upper jaw portion, the lower jaw portion, and the carriage portion, the deployment screw being moveable between the first position and the second position via rotation thereof with respect to the threaded aperture of the carriage portion, rotational movement of the deployment screw serving to move the yoke portion and the pin received therethrough along at least one slot of the carriage portion, and movement of the pin in the at least one slot serves to move the upper jaw portion and the lower jaw portion between the closed position and the open position. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the insertion instrument includes a first sleeve portion and a second sleeve portion, the second sleeve portion being partially received in the first sleeve portion, and the pusher tool being partially received in the second sleeve portion, the first sleeve portion including a first end and a second end opposite from one another, the second sleeve portion including a first end and a second end opposite from one another, the second sleeve portion including a first arm section and a second arm section adjacent the first end thereof, the first arm section and the second arm section being biased away from one another, and wherein, when the second sleeve portion is received in the first sleeve portion, movement of the first end of the first sleeve toward the first end of the second sleeve portion serves to push the first arm portion and the second arm portion toward one another to facilitate releasable engagement of the expandable spinal implant to the insertion instrument.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of issuing messages in a message queue. The method comprises: (a) receiving a request of entering a message into the message queue, obtaining parameter information of the message, determining priority of the message according to the parameter information of the message, and inserting the message into the message queue according to priority of the message; (b) issuing messages in the message queue sequentially according to the priority of each message. The method can optimize the timing of dequeueing message from the message queue, ensure a quick processing of the critical transaction, avoid prolonged delay of the message with lighter weight, reduce the risk of system application, and improve user's real-time interactive experience. 1. A method of issuing messages from a message queue, comprising: (a) receiving by a processor a request of entering a message into the message queue through an interface, obtaining by the processor parameter information of the message, determining by the processor priority of the message according to the parameter information of the message, and inserting by the processor the message into the message queue according to the priority of the message; (b) issuing by the processor messages of the message queue sequentially according to the priority of each message through the interface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the message queue in step (a) is stored in a buffer of a server, the request of entering the message into the message queue is received via an application programming interface of the server. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein in step (b), when issuing the message of the message queue is failed, the processor updates the priority of the message according to the current weight and time factor of the obtained message, reinsert the message into the message queue according to the updated priority, and issue each message in the message queue sequentially according to its updated priority through the interface. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the priority of the message is determined by a product of the weight of the message and the time factor of the message. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein time factor of each message in the message queue is updated every time by the processor after issuing the message. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein a priority of each message in the message queue is updated after issuing a message. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein step (b) comprises: using the processor to package the message, convert the packaged message to a recognized pushing entity, submit the pushing entity to an operating gateway, and issue the pushing entity through the operating gateway. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein step (b) further comprises: storing status information of the issued message into a message status database stored in a storage medium of the server; and/or monitoring the message queue in the buffer by the processor through a thread, and issuing each message by the processor according to a priority of each message in the message queue through the interface. 9. A message issuing device, comprising: a priority determining unit (11) comprising a processor, configured to receive a request of entering a message into a message queue, obtain parameter information of the message, determine priority of the message according to the parameter information of the message, the message being inserted into the message queue according to the priority by the processor; a message issuing unit (12) comprising an interface circuit, configured to issue messages in the message queue sequentially according to the priority of each message, and said processor being provided an on-board memory for storing applications and message queue. 10. The message issuing device of claim 9, wherein the applications comprises: application for priority updating, configured to, when issuing the message from the message queue is failed, update the priority of the message according to the obtained current weight and time factor of the message and reinsert the message into the message queue according to the current priority, application for message encapsulating, configured to package the message, convert the message to a recognized pushing entity, and submit the entity to an operating gateway so that the pushing entity is issued through the operating gateway, and application for implementing message issuing, configured to communicate with operating gateway through the interface circuit to issue messages in the message queue sequentially according to the priority of each message.",
-    "A sheet material storage includes a housing space structure that forms a housing space to house a sheet material and an acoustic device that uses a Helmholtz resonator. At least a part of a cavity of the Helmholtz resonator is formed in the housing space structure. 1. A sheet material storage comprising: a housing space structure that forms a housing space to house a sheet material; and an acoustic device that uses a Helmholtz resonator, wherein at least a part of a cavity of the Helmholtz resonator is formed in the housing space structure. 2. The sheet material storage according to claim 1, wherein a communication portion that communicates between an outside and an inside of the cavity of the Helmholtz resonator is disposed to face downward. 3. The sheet material storage according to claim 1, wherein a communication portion that communicates between an outside and an inside of the cavity of the Helmholtz resonator is disposed to face an inside of the housing space. 4. The sheet material storage according to claim 1, wherein the Helmholtz resonator includes a plurality of members. 5. The sheet material storage according to claim 1, wherein a protrusion is provided in an external face of a wall provided with a communication portion that communicates between an outside and an inside of the cavity among walls that form the cavity of the Helmholtz resonator. 6. The sheet material storage according to claim 1, wherein a wall provided with a communication portion that communicates between an outside and an inside of the cavity is made of a metal member among walls that form the cavity of the Helmholtz resonator. 7. The sheet material storage according to claim 6, wherein the communication portion is formed by a drawing process. 8. The sheet material storage according to claim 7, wherein a short tube that forms the communication portion is incorporated in the cavity. 9. The sheet material storage according to claim 6, wherein the metal member of the wall provided with the communication portion is electrically connected with a conductive member in a main body that accommodates the sheet material storage. 10. A sheet feeding device comprising: a sheet material housing member that is detachably attached to a main body to house a sheet material; and a sheet feeder that applies a conveying force to the sheet material housed in the sheet material housing member, wherein the sheet material housing member includes the sheet material storage according claim 1. 11. The sheet feeding device according to claim 10, wherein the acoustic device is disposed below the sheet feeder. 12. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming unit that forms an image on a sheet material as a recording medium; and a sheet material feeder that feeds the sheet material to the image forming unit, wherein the sheet material feeder includes the sheet feeding device according to claim 10.",
-    "A sensor device for use in a medical fluid delivery system, or an infusion pump device, comprises a fluidic chamber with a deformable cover closing at least an area of the chamber and an optical detection system comprising at least one light emitter for emitting one or more incident light beams and a sensor unit for monitoring one or more reflected light beams is presented. In a pressurized state of the fluidic chamber, the deformable cover is deformed such that it forms an inflexion point area within the deformed cover. The one or more incident light beams emitted by the light emitter are directed on the cover such that the one or more incident light beams are reflected essentially in the inflexion point area. 1. A sensor device comprising: a fluidic chamber with a deformable cover closing at least one area of the chamber; an optical detection system comprising at least one light emitter for emitting one or more incident light beams; and a sensor unit for monitoring one or more reflected light beams, wherein the one or more incident light beams emitted by the light emitter are directed on the cover such that the one or more incident light beams are reflected essentially in an inflexion point area that is formed within the deformable cover upon deformation of the deformable cover in a pressurized state of the fluidic chamber, and wherein the fluidic chamber is part of a disposable unit of a medical fluid delivery system and the optical detection system is part of a reusable unit of a medical fluid delivery system. 2. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the incident light beams are directed on the cover at an angle \u03b1 3. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the light emitter is located on a side of the cover which is curved in a convex manner in an increased pressure state of the fluidic chamber. 4. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein one side of the cover is in fluid contact and the light emitter is located on the other side. 5. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the incident light beam is essentially a parallel light beam. 6. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the light emitter is a laser diode or a light emitting diode comprising an optical element for parallelizing emitted light beams. 7. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the sensor unit comprises a dual-element sensor with two photo-elements. 8. The sensor device of claim 7 further comprising an optical element disposed in an optical path from the inflexion point area towards one or both of the first and/or second photo- elements. 9. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein an overall diameter of the one or more incident light beams is selected such that an edge of the beam does not extend beyond a center point of the cover. 10. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the cover covers an at least partially rounded opening of the fluidic chamber. 11. The sensor device of claim 1 wherein the one or more incident light beams are reflected at an inflection point area located closest to the light emitter. 12. A medical fluid delivery system comprising the sensor device of claim 1. 13. The medical fluid delivery system of claim 12 wherein the disposable unit comprises an optical element for directing the one or more incident light beams in an angle \u03b1 on the inflexion point area of the cover. 14. The medical fluid delivery system of claim 13 wherein the disposable unit comprises an optical element for directing the reflected light beam from the inflexion point area to the sensor unit. 15. A disposable unit adapted for use with the medical fluid delivery system of claim 13. 16. A method for monitoring a pressure change in a fluidic chamber of a medical fluid delivery system using the sensor device of claim 1, comprising: directing one or more incident light beams on the inflexion point area of the deformable cover; detecting one or more reflected light beams reflected from the deformable cover in a non-pressurized state and a pressurized state; and comparing detection data of the non-pressurized state and the pressurized state to extract the pressure change value.",
-    "A linear Fresnel lens sheet includes: a lens layer having a first surface in which a linear Fresnel lens portion, having a number of lens surfaces arranged in a first direction d1, is formed, and a second surface opposite the first surface; and a diffusion layer disposed on the side of the second surface of the lens layer. 1. A roll-shaped mold for producing a linear Fresnel lens sheet, having inclined surfaces, arranged in the axial direction, for producing the lens surfaces of the linear Fresnel lens sheet, said mold comprising: a first annular groove group consisting of first annular grooves arranged in the axial direction, each groove defining a first inclined surface; a second annular groove group consisting of second annular grooves arranged in the axial direction, each groove defining a second inclined surface; and an intermediate portion disposed between the first annular groove group and the second annular groove group, wherein the first inclined surfaces of the first annular groove group are inclined toward one side from the radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction in a cross-section passing through the axis of the roll-shaped mold, and the second inclined surfaces of the second annular groove group are inclined toward the opposite side from the radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction in the cross-section passing through the axis of the roll-shaped mold, and wherein the intermediate portion comprises at least one flat cylindrical portion that defines a cylindrical surface.",
-    "A 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system and method based upon a 3D variable die system and including one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines to continuously produce thermoplastic composite pultrusions with at least one of varying cross-section geometry and constant surface contours, varying cross-section geometry and varying surface contours, and constant cross-section geometry and varying surface contours. 1. A 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system, comprising: one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines; a CNC control system controlling the one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines to form a heated prepreg thermoplastic composite material into a 3D thermoplastic composite pultrusion. 2. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the 3D thermoplastic composite pultrusion has at least one of varying cross-section geometry and constant surface contours, varying cross-section geometry and varying surface contours, and constant cross-section geometry and varying surface contours. 3. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the 3D thermoplastic composite pultrusion has varying surface contours in both a pultrusion direction and 90 degrees to the pultrusion direction. 4. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the 3D thermoplastic composite pultrusion is created without molds. 5. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines include a plurality of CNC actuators and a flexible chilled band shapeable by the CNC actuators to form the heated prepreg thermoplastic composite material into the thermoplastic composite pultrusion. 6. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, further including swivel joints connecting the plurality of CNC actuators to the chilled band. 7. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, wherein the CNC control system includes a computer system having a computer readable medium configured to store executable programmed modules; a processor communicatively coupled with the computer readable medium configured to execute programmed modules stored therein; one or more computer programmed module elements stored in the computer readable medium and configured to be executed by the processor, wherein the one or more computer programmed module elements configured to at least one of extend and retract the CNC actuators. 8. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 7, wherein the CNC control system at least one of extends and retracts the CNC actuators with an accuracy of +/\u22120.001 inches. 9. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, wherein the CNC control system includes a computer system having a computer readable medium configured to store executable programmed modules; a processor communicatively coupled with the computer readable medium configured to execute programmed modules stored therein; one or more computer programmed module elements stored in the computer readable medium and configured to be executed by the processor, wherein the one or more computer programmed module elements configured to command the plurality of actuators to specific location to flex and contour the chilled band. 10. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, further including a material advancement system that incrementally advances the thermoplastic composite pultrusion an incremental amount and the CNC control system includes a computer system having a computer readable medium configured to store executable programmed modules; a processor communicatively coupled with the computer readable medium configured to execute programmed modules stored therein; one or more computer programmed module elements stored in the computer readable medium and configured to be executed by the processor, wherein the one or more computer programmed module elements configured to control the 3D thermoplastic forming machines so that the chilled band consolidate the heated prepreg thermoplastic composite material into a specific shape for each increment of material advancement. 11. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, wherein the one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines are disposed above and below the heated prepreg thermoplastic composite material. 12. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system continuously produces at least one of complex body panels such as doors and hoods, aircraft body panels, luggage compartments, airplane interior sections, aerodynamic surfaces, complex piping, duct-work, and any component that currently requires a large mold. 13. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the heated prepreg thermoplastic composite material includes a fiber composite material including a first sandwich skin, a second sandwich skin, an interior core, and distinct groups of 3D Z-axis fibers that extend from the first sandwich skin to the second sandwich skin, linking the sandwich skins together. 14. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, wherein the flexible chilled band includes a release material. 15. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 11, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines disposed above and below the heated prepreg thermoplastic composite material include the flexible chilled band. 16. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines include servo motors that the CNC actuators are operatively coupled with. 17. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines include pivot points that the actuators rotate about. 18. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 5, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines include thrusting and retracting plates attached to the actuators. 19. The 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system of claim 1, further including a heated die and the 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system is downstream of the heated die.",
-    "An antenna device includes a substrate having a first plane and a second plane, a plurality of cascaded antenna sets are arranged on the first plane, and each cascaded antenna set has a plurality of antenna units and a plurality of microstrip lines. Every two antenna units is electrically connected with one microstrip line, whereby the antenna units are cascaded through the microstrip lines. A signal processor is electrically connected with the middle microstrip line of each cascaded antenna set, and at least one input signal is fed into the cascaded antenna sets, and then transmitted to the outside antenna units from the middle antenna unit, thereby improving a gain of them. The present invention changes a fan-beam radiation field pattern of a cascaded antenna set into a multi-point pencil-beam radiation field pattern or a radiation field pattern with different angles, thereby increasing the overall gain. 1. An antenna device comprising: a substrate having a first plane and a second plane; a plurality of cascaded antenna sets arranged on said first plane of said substrate, and each said cascaded antenna set has a plurality of antenna units and a plurality of microstrip lines, and every two said antenna units is electrically connected with one said microstrip line, whereby said antenna units are cascaded through said microstrip lines; and a signal processor electrically connected with middle said microstrip line of each said cascaded antenna set, and at least one input signal is fed into said cascaded antenna sets, and then transmitted to outside said antenna units from middle said antenna unit, thereby improving a gain of said cascaded antenna sets. 2. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein said substrate is provided with at least one transmission line electrically connected with said signal processor and said middle said microstrip line of each said cascaded antenna set. 3. The antenna device of claim 2, wherein said transmission line is arranged on said second plane of said substrate, and said cascaded antenna sets are spaced at different intervals. 4. The antenna device of claim 3, further comprising at least one signal adjuster arranged on said second plane of said substrate, and said at least one signal adjuster is electrically connected between said signal processor and said middle said microstrip line of each said cascaded antenna set, and said signal adjuster adjusts power of said input signal fed into each said cascaded antenna set by said signal processor using said intervals of said cascaded antenna sets. 5. The antenna device of claim 4, wherein said signal adjuster is a power distributor, a phase shifter, a low noise amplifier (LNA), or a power amplifier (PA). 6. The antenna device of claim 2, wherein said transmission line is arranged on said first plane of said substrate, and said signal processor transmits said input signal with different power to each said cascaded antenna set using different intervals and phases of neighboring said cascaded antenna sets. 7. The antenna device of claim 2, wherein said signal processor is electrically connected with one said cascaded antenna set through one said transmission line, and said signal processor feeds each said input signal into each said cascaded antenna set through each said transmission line using unequal power distribution. 8. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein an amount of said antenna units is even. 9. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a printed circuit board. 10. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein said cascaded antenna sets are applied to 24\u02dc24.5 GHz. 11. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein said microstrip line is arranged in said substrate.",
-    "Methods of treatment using bendamustine formulations designed for small volume intravenous administration are disclosed. The methods conveniently allow shorter administration time without the active ingredient coming out of solution as compared to presently available formulations. 1. A method of treating cancer or malignant disease in a subject, comprising parenterally administering a volume of about 100 ml or less of a liquid composition comprising: a) from about 0.05 to about 12.5 mg/ml of bendamustine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; b) a solubilizer comprising propylene glycol in an amount of from about 0.03 to about 5% by volume of the liquid composition and polyethylene glycol; c) a parenterally acceptable diluent; and optionally d) an antioxidant; over a period of less than or equal to about 10 minutes to a subject in need thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume administered is from about 50 ml to about 65 ml. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume administered is about 50 ml. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 3.2 mg/ml. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is about 10 mg/ml. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is about 5.6 mg/ml. 9. A method of treating cancer or malignant disease in a subject, comprising parenterally administering a volume of about 100 ml or less of a liquid composition comprising: a) from about 0.05 to about 12.5 mg/ml of bendamustine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; b) a solubilizer comprising propylene glycol in an amount of from about 0.03 to about 5% by volume of the liquid composition and polyethylene glycol; c) a parenterally acceptable diluent; and optionally d) an antioxidant; over a period of less than or equal to about 20 minutes to a subject in need thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the composition is administered over a time period of less than or equal to about 15 minutes.",
-    "A device may receive an indication to generate a link associated with accessing a message. The message may be intended for a shared device identifier of a receiver device identified by a receiver device identifier, where the shared device identifier is shared by multiple receiver devices. The device may store information associating the message with the receiver device identifier. The device may generate the link using information associated with the message. The device may provide the link to the receiver device after generating the link. The device may receive a request, from a requesting device, to access the message, the request including a device identifier associated with the requesting device. The device may selectively permit or prevent access to the message, by the requesting device, based on the stored information and the device identifier associated with the requesting device. 1. A device, comprising: one or more processors to: receive an indication to generate a link associated with accessing a message, the message being intended for a shared device identifier of a receiver device identified by a receiver device identifier, the shared device identifier being shared by a plurality of receiver devices; store information associating the message with the receiver device identifier; generate the link using information associated with the message; provide the link to the receiver device after generating the link; receive a request, from a requesting device, to access the message, the request including a device identifier associated with the requesting device; and selectively permit or prevent access to the message, by the requesting device, based on the stored information and the device identifier associated with the requesting device. 2. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when selectively permitting or preventing access to the message, are to: authenticate the requesting device, using the device identifier associated with the requesting device, included with the request, and the receiver device identifier; and selectively permit or prevent access to the message based on a result of authenticating the requesting device. 3. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when selectively permitting or preventing access to the message, are to: permit access to the message, by the requesting device, when the device identifier associated with the requesting device, included with the request, matches the receiver device identifier. 4. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when selectively permitting or preventing access to the message, are to: prevent access to the message, by the requesting device, when the device identifier associated with the requesting device, included with the request, does not match the receiver device identifier. 5. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when providing the link to the receiver device, are to: provide the link to the receiver device using the stored information, the stored information indicating the receiver device associated with the message. 6. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when receiving the indication to generate the link, are to: receive the message; compare the shared device identifier and a set of shared device identifiers; identify the receiver device, associated with the shared device identifier, when the comparison indicates a match between the shared device identifier and the set of shared device identifiers; and determine that the device is to generate the link associated with accessing the message based on identifying the receiver device. 7. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when receiving the indication to generate the link, are to: receive the message; determine whether a rule associated with generating the link is satisfied; and determine that the device is to generate the link, associated with accessing the message, based on determining that the rule is satisfied. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive an indication to generate a resource identifier associated with accessing a message, the message being transmitted from a first device and intended for a shared device identifier associated with a second device, the shared device identifier being shared by the second device and a third device; generate the resource identifier for accessing the message; determine to provide the resource identifier to the second device without providing the resource identifier to the third device; provide the resource identifier to the second device using a device identifier that identifies the second device; receive, from a requesting device, a request to access the message, the request to access the message including a device identifier that identifies the requesting device and information associated with authenticating the request; and selectively permit or deny access to the message, by the requesting device, based on the device identifier that identifies the requesting device and the information associated with authenticating the request. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to selectively permit or deny access to the message, cause the one or more processors to: authenticate the requesting device using the device identifier that identifies the requesting device and the information associated with authenticating the request; and permit access to the message by the requesting device, when a result of authenticating the requesting device indicates that the device identifier that identifies the second device matches the device identifier that identifies the requesting device, and that the information associated with authenticating the request is authenticated. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, where the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to authenticate the requesting device, cause the one or more processors to: compare the device identifier that identifies the requesting device and the device identifier that identifies the second device; and determine whether a result of the comparison indicates a match. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, where the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to authenticate the requesting device, cause the one or more processors to: provide the information associated with authenticating the request to a network device for authentication; and receive a result of authenticating the request from the network device. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to generate the resource identifier, cause the one or more processors to: determine a subscription associated with the second device; and generate the resource identifier based on determining the subscription associated with the second device. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to receive the indication to generate the resource identifier, cause the one or more processors to: compare the shared device identifier and a set of shared device identifiers; determine that a result of the comparison indicates a match between the shared device identifier and the set of shared device identifiers; determine that a rule is associated with the shared device identifier after determining that the result of the comparison indicates a match; and receive the indication to generate the resource identifier when the rule is satisfied. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the information associated with authenticating the request includes at least one of: information indicating a digital certificate, information indicating a security token, an identifier associated with the requesting device, or subscriber information associated with a user of the requesting device. 15. A method, comprising: receiving, by a device, a message intended for a shared device identifier associated with a receiver device, the shared device identifier being shared by a plurality of receiver devices, the plurality of receiver devices including the receiver device; storing, by the device, information indicating an association between the receiver device and the message; generating, by the device, a link associated with accessing the message; determining, by the device, to provide the link to the receiver device without providing the link to one or more other receiver devices of the plurality of receiver devices; providing, by the device, the link to the receiver device using a receiver device identifier that identifies the receiver device; receiving, by the device and from the receiver device, a request to access the message, the request to access the message including the receiver device identifier; authenticating, by the device, the receiver device based on the receiver device identifier and the information indicating the association between the receiver device and the message; and determining, by the device, to permit access to the message by the receiver device based on authenticating the receiver device. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: storing a rule associated with the shared device identifier; and identifying the receiver device, from the plurality of receiver devices associated with the shared device identifier, based on the rule. 17. The method of claim 15, where generating the link comprises: determining whether the message includes a particular text string; and generating the link based on determining that the message includes the particular text string. 18. The method of claim 15, where generating the link comprises: determining whether the message includes a security identifier; and generating the link based on determining that the message includes the security identifier. 19. The method of claim 15, where generating the link comprises: determining a location of the receiver device; and generating the link based on determining the location of the receiver device. 20. The method of claim 15, where generating the link comprises: determining a type of a network connection of the receiver device; and generating the link based on the type of the network connection of the receiver device.",
-    "Methods and systems for passively detecting stable cavitation and enhancing stable cavitation during sonothrombolysis are provided. The method of passively detecting stable cavitation includes providing a determined level of ultrasonic energy and detecting a scattered level of ultrasonic energy. The system for inducing and passively detecting stable cavitation includes a dual-element annular transducer array configured to provide a fundamental ultrasonic frequency and to detect an ultrasonic frequency that is a derivative of the fundamental frequency. The method of enhancing stable cavitation includes administering a nucleating agent and a thrombolytic agent to a treatment zone, providing a determined level of ultrasonic energy, and detecting a scattered level of ultrasonic energy. 1. A method for enhancing stable cavitation during sonothrombolysis, comprising: administering a nucleating agent and a thrombolytic agent to a treatment zone of a patient; providing a determined level of ultrasonic energy substantially throughout the treatment zone of the patient, wherein the determined level of ultrasonic energy is produced by a source transducer and comprises a fundamental ultrasonic frequency, wherein the determined level of ultrasonic energy is provided in intervals separated by rest periods, wherein substantially no ultrasonic energy is provided during the rest periods, such that the intervals of the determined level of ultrasonic energy enhance stable cavitation during sonothrombolysis. 2. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises detecting a scattered level of ultrasonic energy, wherein the scattered level of ultrasonic energy is received by a detector transducer and comprises a derivative frequency of the fundamental ultrasonic frequency selected from the group consisting of a subharmonic frequency, an ultraharmonic frequency, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the source transducer is a single element transducer, a linear array transducer, or a two-dimensional array transducer. 4. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the source transducer has a circular cross-section having a diameter of about 3 centimeters. 5. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the ultrasonic energy is emitted from the source transducer with a Rayleigh distance of from about 0.1 cm to about 30 cm. 6. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the determined level of ultrasonic energy comprises pulsed wave or continuous wave ultrasound. 7. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the determined level of ultrasonic energy is provided for an interval duration of from about 10 milliseconds to about 5 minutes. 8. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 7, wherein the determined level of ultrasonic energy is provided for an interval duration of about 8.5 seconds. 9. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the rest period duration is from about 1 second to about 5 minutes. 10. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 9, wherein the rest period duration is about 19 seconds. 11. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the source transducer produces a fundamental ultrasonic frequency of from about 100 kHz to about 10 MHz. 12. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 11, wherein the source transducer produces a fundamental ultrasonic frequency of from about 100 kHz to about 2 MHz. 13. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the treatment zone comprises a clot and the source transducer produces a fundamental ultrasonic frequency of about 120 kHz. 14. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the scattered level of ultrasonic energy is received by a passive cavitation detector. 15. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 14, wherein the passive cavitation detector is selected from the group consisting of a hydrophone, a detector transducer, and a transducer array. 16. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, further comprising monitoring the detected scattered level of ultrasonic energy received by a passive cavitation detector and adjusting the determined level of ultrasonic energy produced by the source transducer in order to optimize stable cavitation. 17. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the nucleating agent is selected from the group consisting of nanobubbles, microbubbles, and ultrasound contrast agents. 18. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 17, wherein the ultrasound contrast agent is perflutren-lipid micro spheres. 19. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 18, wherein the nucleating agent is a gas releasably contained by a protective material that allows the nucleating agent to be released when exposed to a determined level of ultrasonic energy. 20. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 19, wherein the protective material is a liposome. 21. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 20, wherein the liposome is an echogenic liposome. 22. The method of enhancing stable cavitation of claim 2, wherein the treatment zone comprises a blood clot and thrombolysis is enhanced substantially throughout the treatment zone.",
-    "Hydrogen atoms and crystal defects are introduced into an n\u2212 semiconductor substrate by proton implantation. The crystal defects are generated in the n\u2212 semiconductor substrate by electron beam irradiation before or after the proton implantation. Then, a heat treatment for generating donors is performed. The amount of crystal defects is appropriately controlled during the heat treatment for generating donors to increase a donor generation rate. In addition, when the heat treatment for generating donors ends, the crystal defects formed by the electron beam irradiation and the proton implantation are recovered and controlled to an appropriate amount of crystal defects. Therefore, for example, it is possible to improve a breakdown voltage and reduce a leakage current. 1. A method for producing a semiconductor device that forms a donor layer in a semiconductor substrate using proton implantation, comprising: a crystal defect forming step of generating crystal defects before or after the proton implantation; and a donor layer forming step of forming the donor layer using the proton implantation and a first heat treatment. 2. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the crystal defect forming step generates the crystal defects such that a predetermined amount of crystal defects remain during the first heat treatment. 3. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the crystal defect forming step generates the crystal defects using electron beam irradiation. 4. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the crystal defects which remain in the semiconductor substrate during the first heat treatment contribute to the formation of the donor layer. 5. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the crystal defect forming step performs a second heat treatment to adjust an amount of crystal defects after the crystal defects are formed. 6. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first heat treatment is performed under conditions of a temperature of 350\u00b0 C. to 550\u00b0 C. and a processing time of 1 to 10 hours. 7. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a step of grinding one main surface of the semiconductor substrate before the proton implantation. 8. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the proton implantation is performed from the ground surface of the semiconductor substrate. 9. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the proton implantation is performed one or more times and the range of the proton implantation which is performed at least once is equal to or more than 15 \u03bcm. 10. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the donor layer is an n-type field stop layer of a diode or an insulated gate bipolar transistor. 11. The method for producing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a processing temperature of the process performed after the first heat treatment is lower than the temperature of the first heat treatment. 12. A semiconductor device that forms a donor layer in a semiconductor substrate using proton implantation and is produced by a crystal defect forming step of generating crystal defects before or after the proton implantation; and a donor layer forming step of forming the donor layer using the proton implantation and a first heat treatment. 13.-20. (canceled)",
-    "Methods of treatment using bendamustine formulations designed for small volume intravenous administration are disclosed. The methods conveniently allow shorter administration time without the active ingredient coming out of solution as compared to presently available formulations. 1. A method of treating cancer or malignant disease in a subject, comprising parenterally administering a volume of about 100 ml or less of a liquid composition comprising: a) from about 0.05 to about 12.5 mg/ml of bendamustine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; b) a solubilizer comprising propylene glycol in an amount of from about 4.5 mg/ml to about 51 mg/ml and polyethylene glycol; c) a parenterally acceptable diluent; and optionally d) an antioxidant; over a period of less than or equal to about 15 minutes to a subject in need thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered over a time period of less than or equal to about 10 minutes. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume administered is from about 50 ml to about 65 ml. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume administered is about 50 ml. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 7.0 mg/ml. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 3.2 mg/ml. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is about 10 mg/ml. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the concentration of bendamustine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt is about 5.6 mg/ml. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition is administered intravenously. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition is administered intravenously over a time period of about 10 minutes or less. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the composition is administered intravenously. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the composition is administered intravenously over a time period of about 10 minutes or less. 14. The method of claim 3, wherein the composition is administered intravenously. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition is administered intravenously over a time period of about 10 minutes or less. 16. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition is administered intravenously. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the composition is administered intravenously over a time period of about 10 minutes or less.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes a controller configured to execute a discharging operation for discharging a toner from a developing device onto an image bearing member in a region corresponding to an interval between a recording material and a subsequent recording material in a continuous image forming job. The controller executes the discharging operation on the basis of integral information based on a relationship of a predetermined deterioration threshold with a value correlating with an amount of toner consumption. The controller changes the relationship based on a detected temperature upon toner consumption, and the controller changes the relationship so that when a temperature obtained on the basis of detected information is not less than a predetermined temperature, execution of the discharging operation is promoted more than when the obtained temperature is less than a predetermined temperature. 1.-7. (canceled) 8. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member; a developing device configured to develop a latent image on said image bearing member to form a toner image using a toner; a transferring device configured to transfer the toner image on said image bearing member onto a recording material; a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature; and a controller configured to execute a discharging operation for discharging a toner from said developing device onto said image bearing member in a region corresponding to an interval between a recording material and a subsequent recording material in a continuous image forming job for continuously forming an image on a plurality of recording materials on the basis of a value correlating with an amount of toner consumption obtained every predetermined interval and a detection result of said temperature sensor, wherein said controller executes the discharging operation on the basis of integral information obtained by integration of information determined based on a relationship of a predetermined deterioration threshold with the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption, wherein said controller is configured to change the relationship of the predetermined deterioration threshold with the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption, based on the detection result of said temperature sensor detected upon the toner consumption, and wherein said controller changes the relationship so that when a temperature obtained on the basis of information detected by said temperature sensor is not less than a predetermined temperature, execution of the discharging operation is promoted more than when the obtained temperature is less than a predetermined temperature. 9. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said controller changes the predetermined deterioration threshold on the basis of the information detected by said temperature sensor. 10. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption is a video count value. 11. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said controller executes the discharging operation when the integral information reaches a predetermined execution threshold and resets the integral information when the discharging operation is executed. 12. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the predetermined interval is an interval in which image formation of a predetermined print number is executed. 13. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the information determined based on the relationship is obtained on the basis of a comparison between a video count value obtained every predetermined interval and the predetermined deterioration threshold. 14. An image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the information determined based on the relationship is a video count value when the video count value obtained every predetermined interval is smaller than the predetermined deterioration threshold. 15. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member; a developing device configured to develop a latent image on said image bearing member to form a toner image using a toner; a transferring device configured to transfer the toner image on said image bearing member onto a recording material; a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature; and a controller configured to execute a discharging operation for discharging a toner from said developing device onto said image bearing member in a region corresponding to an interval between a recording material and a subsequent recording material in a continuous image forming job for continuously forming an image on a plurality of recording materials on the basis of a value correlating with an amount of toner consumption obtained every predetermined interval and a detection result of said temperature sensor, wherein said controller executes the discharging operation on the basis of integral information obtained by integration of information determined based on a relationship of a predetermined deterioration threshold with the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption, and wherein said controller controls the discharging operation in the following manner: (i) in a case where a temperature obtained on the basis of information detected by said temperature sensor is a first temperature, said controller executes the discharging operation on the basis of the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption when the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption is less than a first predetermined amount and does not execute the discharging operation when the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption is not less than the first predetermined amount, and (ii) in a case where a temperature obtained on the basis of information detected by said temperature sensor is a second temperature higher than the first temperature, said controller executes the discharging operation on the basis of the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption when the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption is less than a predetermined amount larger than the first predetermined amount and does not execute the discharging operation when the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption is not less than the second predetermined amount. 16. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said controller is configured to change the relationship of the predetermined deterioration threshold with the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption, based on the detection result of said temperature sensor detected upon the toner consumption, wherein said controller changes the relationship so that when a temperature obtained on the basis of information detected by said temperature sensor is not less than a predetermined temperature, execution of the discharging operation is promoted more than when the obtained temperature is less than a predetermined temperature. 17. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said controller changes the predetermined deterioration threshold on the basis of the information detected by said temperature sensor. 18. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the value correlating with an amount of toner consumption is a video count value. 19. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said controller executes the discharging operation when the integral information reaches a predetermined execution threshold and resets the integral information when the discharging operation is executed. 20. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the predetermined interval is an interval in which image formation of a predetermined print number is executed. 21. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the information determined based on the relationship is obtained on the basis of a comparison between a video count value obtained every predetermined interval and the predetermined deterioration threshold. 22. An image forming apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the information determined based on the relationship is a video count value when the video count value obtained every predetermined interval is smaller than the predetermined deterioration threshold.",
-    "A system for locating a portable electronic device comprising: a key ring; a FOB attached to the key ring; a case, where the case holds the portable electronic device; an electronic signal transmitted between the FOB and the case; a software application, where the software application resides on a memory of the portable electronic device; an audible alert emitted from the key FOB; and a button on the FOB, where the button is adapted to initiate an audible alert from the case. The case preferably includes visual alerts such as flashing lights. 1. A system for locating a portable electronic device comprising: a. a key ring; b. a FOB attached to the key ring; c. a case, where the case holds the portable electronic device and said case includes visual alerts around the perimeter of the case; d. an electronic signal transmitted between the FOB and the case; e. a software application, where the software application resides on a memory of the portable electronic device, wherein the software application is adapted to enable transfer of commands and alerts between the FOB and the case; f. an audible alert emitted from the key FOB; and g. a button on the FOB, where the button is adapted to initiate an audible alert and from the case. 2. (canceled) 3. The system for locating a portable electronic device according to claim 1, where the visual alerts includes flashing lights.",
-    "A 3D thermoplastic pultrusion system and method based upon a 3D variable die system and including one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines to continuously produce thermoplastic composite pultrusions with at least one of varying cross-section geometry and constant surface contours, varying cross-section geometry and varying surface contours, and constant cross-section geometry and varying surface contours. 1. An airfoil manufactured by a process, the process comprising: providing composite material including one or more thermoplastic composite tapes; heating the composite material including one or more thermoplastic composite tapes with a heating mechanism; controlling one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines with a CNC control system to form the heated composite material including one or more thermoplastic composite tapes into the airfoil. 2. The airfoil of claim 1, the process further including incrementally advancing the formed airfoil with a material advancement system. 3. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the airfoil has at least one of varying cross-section geometry and constant surface contours, varying cross-section geometry and varying surface contours, and constant cross-section geometry and varying surface contours. 4. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the airfoil has varying surface contours in both a pultrusion direction and 90 degrees to the pultrusion direction. 5. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the process of manufacturing the airfoil is performed without molds. 6. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines include a plurality of CNC actuators and a flexible chilled band shapeable by the CNC actuators, and controlling includes shaping the flexible chilled band to form the airfoil with the plurality of CNC actuators. 7. The airfoil of claim 6, further including swivel joints connecting the plurality of CNC actuators to the chilled band. 8. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the CNC control system includes a computer system, and the process further includes at least one of controlling extending and retracting the CNC actuators with the computer system. 9. The airfoil of claim 8, wherein the CNC control system at least one of extends and retracts the CNC actuators with an accuracy of +/\u22120.001 inches. 10. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the CNC control system includes a computer system, and the process further includes commanding the plurality of actuators to specific location to flex and contour the chilled band with the computer system. 11. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the process further includes incrementally advancing the formed airfoil with a material advancement system and wherein the CNC control system includes a computer system, and the process further includes controlling the 3D thermoplastic forming machines with the computer system so that the chilled band consolidates the heated composite material composite material into a specific shape for each increment of material advancement. 12. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the process further includes forming the airfoil with the one or more sets of 3D thermoplastic forming machines disposed above and below the heated composite material. 13. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the heated composite material includes a fiber composite material including a first sandwich skin, a second sandwich skin, an interior core, and distinct groups of 3D Z-axis fibers that extend from the first sandwich skin to the second sandwich skin, linking the sandwich skins together. 14. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the process further includes adding a release material to the flexible chilled band. 15. The airfoil of claim 12, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines disposed above and below the heated composite material include the flexible chilled band. 16. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines include servo motors that the CNC actuators are operatively coupled with. 17. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines include pivot points that the actuators rotate about. 18. The airfoil of claim 6, wherein the 3D thermoplastic forming machines include thrusting and retracting plates attached to the actuators.",
-    "A process is described that uses a silver catalyst to convert methanol into formaldehyde in the presence of less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen. The resulting formaldehyde is reacted without isolation with propionaldehyde over a commercially available anatase titania catalyst that is shown to be catalytically active towards the formation of methacrolein from formaldehyde and propionaldehyde with conversions and selectivities close to 90%. This titania catalyst is readily available, non-toxic, and can be used with formaldehyde and a variety of other aldehyde compounds to make \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compounds. This process benefits from low raw material costs and is economically advantaged due to the elimination of catalyst separation. This process shows promising stability and selectivity during lifetime studies, particularly when performed in the presence of a hydrogen carrier gas. 1. A process for preparing an \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound, comprising: (i) contacting methanol with a silver catalyst and an oxygen source in a first zone to produce a vapor-phase formaldehyde source at a temperature from 450\u00b0 C. to 750\u00b0 C.; (ii) reducing the temperature of the vapor-phase formaldehyde source to a temperature from 100\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. in a second zone; and (iii) contacting the vapor-phase formaldehyde source exiting the second zone, a diluent gas, and an aldehyde with a heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst in a third zone under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound; wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound has the general formula (I): wherein R is a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbons. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the vapor-phase formaldehyde source and the aldehyde are contacted with the heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst at a temperature of 100\u00b0 C. to 350\u00b0 C. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the vapor-phase formaldehyde source and the aldehyde are contacted with the heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst at a temperature of 100\u00b0 C. to 300\u00b0 C. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the diluent gas comprises nitrogen, hydrogen, air, or a combination thereof. 5. (canceled) 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde comprises acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, dodecanal, 3-methylbutyraldehyde, 3-ethylbutyraldehyde and 3-ethylpentanal, but-3-enal, pent-3-enal, 2-cyclohexylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, or a combination thereof. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is a linear saturated aldehyde comprising acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, dodecanal, or a combination thereof. 8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is a branched saturated aldehyde comprising 3-methylbutyraldehyde, 3-ethylbutyraldehyde and 3-ethylpentanal, or a combination thereof. 9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is a cyclic or an aromatic substituted aldehyde comprising 2-cyclohexylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, or a combination thereof. 10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst is regenerated with a calcination step at 450\u00b0 C. in air. 11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a conversion and a selectivity above 80%. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a space time yield greater than 8 moles aldehyde/kg catalyst/hr. 13. A process for preparing methacrolein, comprising: (i) contacting methanol with a silver catalyst and an oxygen source in a first zone to produce a vapor-phase formaldehyde source at a temperature from 450\u00b0 C. to 750\u00b0 C.; (ii) reducing the temperature of the vapor-phase formaldehyde source to a temperature from 100\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. in a second zone; and (iii) contacting the vapor-phase formaldehyde source exiting the second zone, a hydrogen containing diluent gas, and a propionaldehyde with a heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst in a third zone under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain methacrolein; wherein methacrolein has the general formula (I): 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The process according to claim 13, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a space time yield greater than 8 moles aldehyde/kg catalyst/hr. 17. The process according to claim 13, wherein the methacrolein is used to produce isobutyraldehyde, methacrylonitrile, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), or a combination thereof. 18. A process for preparing an \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound, comprising: (i) contacting methanol with a silver catalyst and an oxygen source in a first zone to produce a vapor-phase formaldehyde source at a temperature from 450\u00b0 C. to 750\u00b0 C.; (ii) reducing the temperature of the vapor-phase formaldehyde source to a temperature from 100\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. in a second zone; and (iii) contacting the vapor-phase formaldehyde source exiting the second zone, a hydrogen containing diluent gas, and an aldehyde with a heterogeneous anatase titania catalyst in a third zone under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound; wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound has the general formula (I): wherein R is a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbons. 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a conversion and a selectivity above 80%. 20. The process according to claim 18, wherein the \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated aldehyde compound is produced with a space time yield greater than 8 moles aldehyde/kg catalyst/hr. 21. The process according to claim 1, wherein the yield of formaldehyde made in the first zone is 86-99%. 22. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of unreacted methanol exiting the first zone is less than 5% by weight based on the formaldehyde source. 23. The process according to claim 1, wherein formaldehyde is not isolated. 24. The process according to claim 1, wherein the vapor phase formaldehyde source exiting the first zone is not fed to a water scrubber. 25. The process according to claim 13, wherein the yield of formaldehyde made in the first zone is 86-99%. 26. The process according to claim 13, wherein the amount of unreacted methanol exiting the first zone is less than 5% by weight based on the formaldehyde source. 27. The process according to claim 13, wherein formaldehyde is not isolated. 28. The process according to claim 13, wherein the concentration of hydrogen in the diluent gas is within a range of 10 to 90 mole %. 29. The process according to claim 18, wherein the yield of formaldehyde made in the first zone is 86-99%. 30. The process according to claim 18, wherein the amount of unreacted methanol exiting the first zone is less than 5% by weight based on the formaldehyde source. 31. The process according to claim 18, wherein formaldehyde is not isolated. 32. The process according to claim 18, wherein the concentration of hydrogen in the diluent gas is within a range of 10 to 90 mole %.",
-    "A method for protecting an electronic device comprising an organic device body. The method involves the use of a hybrid layer deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The hybrid layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material, wherein the weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material is in the range of 95:5 to 5:95, and wherein the polymeric material and the non-polymeric material are created from the same source of precursor material. Also disclosed are techniques for impeding the lateral diffusion of environmental contaminants. 1-90. (canceled) 91. An electronic device comprising: a substrate; a functional organic body disposed over the substrate; a hybrid layer disposed over the functional organic body, wherein the hybrid layer comprises a mixture of polymeric silicon and silicon oxide; and an intervening layer that is disposed between the hybrid layer and the top surface of the functional organic body, wherein the intervening layer serves to adhere the hybrid layer to the top surface of the functional organic body. 92. The device of claim 91, wherein the intervening layer comprises silicon nitride, chromium, titanium, or a nickel-titanium alloy. 93. The device of claim 91, wherein the intervening layer comprises a dielectric material. 94. The device of claim 91, further comprising a barrier coating disposed over the hybrid layer and extending over an edge of the hybrid layer. 95. The device of claim 94, wherein the barrier coating does not cover over at least a portion of the functional organic body. 96. The device of claim 95, wherein the barrier coating is non-transparent. 97. The device of claim 94, further comprising a desiccant material disposed between the barrier coating and the hybrid layer. 98. The device of claim 91, further comprising an edge barrier at one or more areas peripherally adjacent the organic device body. 99. The device of claim 98, wherein the edge barrier comprises a desiccant material. 100. An electronic device comprising: a substrate; a functional organic body disposed over the substrate; an interconnecting lead connected to the functional organic body; and a hybrid layer disposed over the functional organic body and covering over at least a portion of the interconnecting lead, the hybrid layer comprising a mixture of polymeric silicon and silicon oxide. 101. The device of claim 100, wherein the hybrid layer covers over a lateral edge of the interconnecting lead. 102. The device of claim 101, wherein the interconnecting lead does not extend to the edge of the substrate. 103. The device of clam 101, wherein interconnecting lead includes a protruding portion which protrudes through the hybrid layer. 104. The device of claim 100, wherein the interconnecting lead has a step portion, the hybrid layer covering over the step portion of the interconnecting lead. 105. A method of protecting an electronic device, comprising: providing an electronic device comprising: (a) a substrate; (b) a functional organic body disposed over the substrate; (c) an electrode in contact with the functional organic body; and (d) a connecting lead connected to the electrode and extending outward over the edge of the substrate; placing the electronic device in a deposition chamber, the electronic device being held in the deposition chamber by the connecting lead; and depositing a hybrid layer over the functional organic body and onto the connecting lead, the hybrid layer comprising a mixture of polymeric silicon and silicon oxide. 106. The method of claim 105, further comprising continuing the deposition process until the hybrid layer covers over at least a portion of the underside surface of the substrate. 107. The method of claim 106, further comprising continuing the deposition process until the hybrid layer covers over the entire underside surface of the substrate. 108. The method of claim 105, wherein the hybrid layer is further deposited over the lateral edges of the electronic device. 109. The method of claim 105, wherein the connecting lead is at least partially coated by the hybrid layer. 110. The method of claim 105, wherein the hybrid layer is deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and wherein the organic electronic device is immersed within a plasma or positioned between two or more plasmas during the deposition process.",
-    "In one embodiment, a method includes receiving at a stylus a receive signal from a device. The stylus includes one or more computer-readable media embodying logic, and the device includes a touch sensor. The receive signal is received at the stylus through the touch sensor of the device and one or more electrodes of the stylus. The method includes filtering the receive signal for processing by the logic and processing, by the logic, the receive signal as filtered. 1. A method comprising: receiving at a stylus a receive signal from a device, the stylus comprising one or more computer-readable media embodying logic, the device comprising a touch sensor, the receive signal being received at the stylus through the touch sensor of the device and one or more electrodes of the stylus; filtering the receive signal for processing by the logic; and processing by the logic the receive signal as filtered. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the filtering comprises applying a non-linear function to the receive signal. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the non-linear function disproportionately amplifies low-amplitude signals. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the filtering comprises applying a proportional gain function to the receive signal. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the electrodes of the stylus are disposed on or in a tip of the stylus. 6. The method of claim of 1, further comprising: if the receive signal has an amplitude between a first pre-determined threshold and a second pre-determined threshold, then transmitting from the stylus to the device a transmit signal that is a first function of the receive signal as filtered; and if the receive signal has an amplitude exceeding a first pre-determined threshold and exceeding a second pre-determined threshold, then transmitting from the stylus to the device a transmit signal that is a second function of the receive signal as filtered. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein at least one of the functions is non-linear. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein at least one of the functions comprises: changing a phase of the receive signal as filtered; or multiplying by a factor the receive signal as filtered. 9. The method of claim 6, further comprising, if the stylus touches the device, then transmitting from the stylus to the device a transmit signal that is a third function of the receive signal as filtered. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising dynamically adjusting the filtering based at least in part on the receive signal. 11. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media embodying logic that is operable when executed to: receive at a stylus a receive signal from a device, the stylus comprising the media, the device comprising a touch sensor, the receive signal being received at the stylus through the touch sensor of the device and one or more electrodes of the stylus; filter the receive signal for processing by the logic; and process the receive signal as filtered. 12. The media of claim 11, wherein the filtering comprises applying a non-linear function to the receive signal. 13. The media of claim 12, wherein the non-linear function disproportionately amplifies low-amplitude signals. 14. The media of claim 11, wherein the filtering comprises applying a proportional gain function to the receive signal. 15. The media of claim 11, wherein one or more of the electrodes of the stylus are disposed on or in a tip of the stylus. 16. The media of claim of 11, wherein the logic is further operable when executed to: if the receive signal has an amplitude between a first pre-determined threshold and a second pre-determined threshold, then transmit from the stylus to the device a transmit signal that is a first function of the receive signal as filtered; and if the receive signal has an amplitude exceeding a first pre-determined threshold and exceeding a second pre-determined threshold, then transmit from the stylus to the device a transmit signal that is a second function of the receive signal as filtered. 17. The media of claim 16, wherein at least one of the functions is non-linear. 18. The media of claim 16, wherein at least one of the functions comprises: changing a phase of the receive signal as filtered; or multiplying by a factor the receive signal as filtered. 19. The media of claim 16, wherein the logic is further operable when executed to, if the stylus touches the device, then transmit from the stylus to the device a transmit signal that is a third function of the receive signal as filtered. 20. The media of claim 11, wherein the logic is further operable when executed to dynamically adjust the filtering based at least in part on the receive signal.",
-    "The device for drip containment and neutralization of chemicals includes an insert impregnated with at least one neutralizing agent, the insert is adapted to be positioned within a container. The insert comprises an air vent with a check valve and a port comprising a plug or valve to control flow of a fluid. In an embodiment, the insert may comprise a single layer or a plurality of layers, wherein each layer is impregnated with a different neutralizing agent. Neutralizing agents may be selected from a group including of bisulfite, soda ash, activated charcoal and similar agents used for neutralization of chemicals. The chemical may comprise hazardous chemical or non-hazardous chemical and the neutralizing agent is selected based on the chemical, which is to be neutralized. 1. A device for drip containment and neutralization of chemicals, the device comprising: an insert impregnated with one or more neutralizing agents, wherein the insert comprises device to filter the escaping fluid; a retaining ring placed on the insert for holding the insert when placed within a holding device; and a handle fastened to a top surface of the insert. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the insert is adapted to be positioned within the holding device. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the insert is positioned in such a way, so that the insert is positioned beneath a connector connecting a first pipe and a second pipe. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the first pipe and the second pipe extend from opposing ends of the holding device. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the neutralizing agent is selected based on the chemical to be neutralized. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the chemical comprises hazardous chemical or non-hazardous chemical. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the insert comprise a plurality of layers. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein each layer is impregnated with a different neutralizing agent. 9. The device of claim 4, wherein the first pipe and the second pipe are connected to a collar. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the holding device includes a cover segment and a base segment. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the device for escaping fluid includes an air vent with a check valve and a port comprising a plug or valve to control flow of a fluid",
-    "An electric working machine according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a motor, a current detector, a voltage detector, and a load state determination unit. The current detector is configured to detect a current flowing through the motor during drive of the motor. The voltage detector is configured to detect an input voltage supplied to the motor during drive of the motor. The load state determination unit is configured to determine whether the motor is in a no-load operation state based on the detected current, the detected input voltage and an output voltage from an electric power source. 1. An electric working machine comprising: a housing; a mount configured to mount one of a tool bit and an edged tool for carrying out work to a workpiece; a motor that is built in the housing and configured to be driven by electric power supplied from an electric power source to drive the mount; an operation switch for driving the motor; a current detector configured to detect a current flowing through the motor during drive of the motor in association with an operation of the operation switch; a voltage detector configured to detect an input voltage supplied to the motor during drive of the motor; and a load state determination unit configured to determine whether the motor is in a no-load operation state in which no work is carried out to the workpiece during drive of the motor, based on the current detected by the current detector, the input voltage detected by the voltage detector, and an output voltage from the electric power source. 2. The electric working machine according to claim 1, wherein the load state determination unit is configured to correct a value of the detected current in accordance with a ratio (Vs/Vin) between the output voltage (Vs) and the input voltage (Vin), and determine that the motor is in the no-load operation state when a current value after the correction is equal to or less than a preset threshold for no-load determination. 3. The electric working machine according to claim 1, wherein the load state determination unit is configured to acquire the output voltage from the electric power source via the voltage detector when the motor is not driven. 4. The electric working machine according to claim 3, wherein the operation switch is provided closer to the motor than a connecting section to the voltage detector in a current path to the motor, and is configured to complete/interrupt the current path, wherein the load state determination unit is configured to acquire the input voltage from the voltage detector when the operation switch is ON, and the output voltage from the voltage detector when operation switch is OFF. 5. The electric working machine according to claim 1, wherein the load state determination unit is configured to acquire the output voltage from an output voltage detector, and the output voltage detector is provided in one of the electric power source and a power supply path from the electric power source to the electric working machine. 6. The electric working machine according to claim 1, further comprising a motor control unit configured to increase driving power of the motor, when it detects that the motor has changed its operation state from the no-load operation state to a load operation state based on a determination result of the load state determination unit.",
-    "Methods and structures are disclosed which facilitate co-existence of Long Term Evolution (LTE) type communication signal reception and transmission using one carrier, such as a licensed carrier, and another carrier, such as an unlicensed carrier, in the presence of other transmissions using the other carrier. 1. A method for a wireless communication device to perform wireless transmissions of a first technology on a first carrier and a second technology on a second carrier, said method comprising: determining, by the wireless communication device, a need to perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) on the second carrier; coordinating, by the wireless communication device, a wireless transmission on the first carrier with performance of the CCA on the second carrier; and commencing, by the wireless communication device, a wireless transmission on the second carrier if the CCA on the second carrier is successful. 2. The method as in claim 1 wherein: the wireless communication device is a user equipment (UE). 3. The method as in claim 1 wherein: the wireless communication device is a base station. 4. The method as in claim 1 wherein said coordinating comprises: inhibiting wireless transmission on the first carrier during a first period; and performing a CCA on the second carrier during a second period, wherein the second period at least partly overlaps the first period. 5. The method as in claim 4 further comprising: commencing, by the wireless communication device, a wireless transmission on the first carrier before performing the CCA on the second carrier; wherein said inhibiting comprises muting a portion of the wireless transmission on the first carrier for the first period. 6. The method as in claim 5 wherein the first period is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (OFDM) symbol of the wireless transmission on the first carrier. 7. The method as in claim 5 wherein said muting a portion of the wireless transmission comprises muting selected subcarriers of the wireless transmission on the first carrier. 8. The method as in claim 5 wherein said muting a portion of the wireless transmission comprises muting at least a subset of subcarriers in one or more OFDM symbols of the wireless transmission on the first carrier. 9. The method as in claim 5 wherein the wireless transmission on the first carrier and the wireless transmission on the second carrier at least partly overlap. 10. The method as in claim 5 wherein: the wireless communication device is a user equipment (UE); and said determining a need to perform a clear channel assessment on the second carrier comprises receiving a resource allocation for transmission on the second carrier during a transmission time slot immediately following the second period. 11. The method as in claim 5 wherein: the wireless communication device is a base station; and said determining a need to perform a CCA on the second carrier comprises receiving data for transmission to one or more UEs and scheduling the data for transmission during a transmission time slot immediately following the second period. 12. The method as in claim 4 wherein said inhibiting comprises: determining, by the wireless communication device, a first amount of time required for transmission of a first packet on the first carrier; determining, by the wireless communication device, a time at which a CCA on the second carrier is to be performed; performing, by the wireless communication device, a CCA on the first carrier; and transmitting, by the wireless communication device, the first packet on the first carrier if the CCA on the first carrier is successful and if at least the first amount of time remains before the time at which the CCA on the second carrier is to be performed. 13. The method as in claim 12 wherein said inhibiting further comprises: delaying, by the wireless communication device, the CCA on the first carrier if transmitting the first packet on the first carrier would overlap with performing the CCA on the second carrier. 14. The method as in claim 12 further comprising: determining, by the wireless communication device, a second amount of time required for transmission of a second packet on the first carrier; and transmitting, by the wireless communication device, the second packet on the first carrier if at least the second amount of time remains before the time at which the CCA on the second carrier is to be performed. 15. The method as in claim 12 wherein: the wireless communication device is a user equipment (UE). 16. The method as in claim 12 wherein: the wireless communication device is a base station. 17. The method as in claim 4 wherein said inhibiting comprises: determining, by the wireless communication device, a first time duration needed for transmission of a packet on the first carrier, and a second time duration before beginning a CCA on the second carrier; performing, by the wireless communication device, a CCA on the first carrier; transmitting, by the wireless communication device, if the CCA on the first carrier is successful before the expiration of a third duration equal to the second time duration minus the first time duration, the packet on the first carrier; and delaying, by the wireless communication device, if the CCA is not successful before the expiration of the third duration, a transmission of the packet on the first carrier at least until the CCA on the second carrier is complete. 18. The method as in claim 17 further comprising: constructing, by the wireless communication device, two or more packets for transmission on the first carrier; and wherein said transmitting the packet on the first carrier comprises: selecting, by the wireless communication device, a first packet from the two or more packets such that the first time duration corresponding to the first packet is no greater than the second time duration; and transmitting, by the wireless communication device, the first packet on the first carrier. 19. The method as in claim 1 wherein said coordinating comprises: performing, by the wireless communication device, a CCA on the second carrier using a first threshold value if the wireless communication device is not simultaneously transmitting on the first carrier, and using a second threshold value if the wireless communication device is simultaneously transmitting on the first carrier. 20. The method as in claim 19 wherein the magnitude of the second threshold is greater than the magnitude of the first threshold. 21. The method as in claim 20 wherein a difference in magnitude between the second threshold and the first threshold is dictated by a base station. 22. The method as in claim 20 wherein a difference in magnitude between the second threshold and the first threshold is determined by the wireless communication device by measuring in-device leakage during an idle slot on the second carrier during a transmission by the wireless communication device on the first carrier. 23. The method as in claim 22 further comprising: measuring, by the wireless communication device, corresponding in-device leakage during an idle slot on the second carrier during a transmission by the wireless communication device on the first carrier, for each respective one of a plurality of first carrier frequencies; and selecting, by the wireless communication device, the second threshold value for use during a transmission on a given first carrier frequency, based on the measured in-device leakage for the given first carrier frequency. 24. A wireless communication device (WCD) configured to perform wireless transmissions of a first technology on a first carrier and a second technology on a second carrier, said WCD comprising: a transceiver; a processor coupled to the transceiver; wherein the WCD is operable to: perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) on the first carrier; commence a wireless transmission on the first carrier if the CCA on the first carrier is successful; determine a need to perform a CCA on the second carrier; coordinate wireless transmission on the first carrier with performance of the CCA on the second carrier; and commence a wireless transmission on the second carrier if the CCA on the second carrier is successful. 25. The wireless communication device as in claim 24 wherein: the wireless communication device is a user equipment (UE). 26. The wireless communication device as in claim 24 wherein: the wireless communication device is a base station.",
-    "An optical scanning device includes a deflector for deflecting a light beam to optically scan a scanned region on a scanned surface in a main scanning direction, and an imaging optical system for guiding the light beam deflected by the deflector, to the scanned surface. The imaging optical system includes an imaging optical element in which, in the main scanning direction, a distance to an optical axis from one effective end portion through which a light beam that enters one end portion of the scanned region passes is longer than a distance to the optical axis from another effective end portion through which a light beam that enters another end portion of the scanned region passes. In the imaging optical element, a thickness in an optical axis direction of the one effective end portion is thinner than a thickness in the optical axis direction of the other effective end portion. 1. An optical scanning device comprising: a deflector configured to deflect a light beam to optically scan a scanned region on a scanned surface in a main scanning direction; and an imaging optical system configured to guide the light beam deflected by the deflector, to the scanned surface, wherein the imaging optical system includes an imaging optical element in which, in the main scanning direction, a distance to an optical axis from one effective end portion through which a light beam that enters one end portion of the scanned region passes is longer than a distance to the optical axis from another effective end portion through which a light beam that enters another end portion of the scanned region passes, and wherein, in the imaging optical element, a thickness in an optical axis direction of the one effective end portion is thinner than a thickness in the optical axis direction of the other effective end portion. 2. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein a scanning field angle on a side of the one effective end portion is wider than a scanning field angle on a side of the other effective end portion. 3. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein, in the main scanning direction, the optical axis is positioned on a side of the other effective end portion with respect to a center position of the scanned region. 4. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, further comprising an incident optical system configured to guide a light beam from a light source to the deflector. 5. The optical scanning device according to claim 4, wherein the one effective end portion is an effective end portion on a side of the incident optical system with respect to the optical axis. 6. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, further comprising a light source arranged closer to the optical axis than a position of the one end portion of the scanned region in the main scanning direction. 7. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein a following condition is satisfied: 0.6\u00d7DA/DB<\u03b3<1.4\u00d7DA/DB, where, with respect to the optical axis, a half value of a scanning field angle on a side of the one effective end portion is represented by A, a half value of a scanning field angle on a side of the other effective end portion is represented by B, and \u03b3=B/A, and in the imaging optical element, a thickness in the optical axis direction of the one effective end portion is represented by DA, and a thickness in the optical axis direction of the other effective end portion is represented by DB. 8. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein a following condition is satisfied: 0.6\u00d7dA/dB<\u03b3<1.4\u00d7dA/dB, where, with respect to the optical axis, a half value of a scanning field angle on a side of the one effective end portion is represented by A, a half value of a scanning field angle on a side of the other effective end portion is represented by B, and \u03b3=B/A, and in the imaging optical element, a flange thickness in the optical axis direction of the one effective end portion is represented by dA, and a flange thickness in the optical axis direction of the other effective end portion is represented by dB. 9. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the imaging optical element includes a gate portion at either one outer end portion in the main scanning direction, and wherein a following condition is satisfied: Dd<Dc<De, where, in the optical axis direction, a thickness of the gate portion is represented by Dc, a thickness of an effective end portion on an opposite side to the gate portion with respect to the optical axis is represented by Dd, and a thickness of an effective end portion on a side of the gate portion is represented by De. 10. The optical scanning device according to claim 9, wherein the gate portion is arranged at an outer end portion on a side of the other effective end portion in the imaging optical element. 11. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the imaging optical element includes reference portions for positioning the imaging optical element in the optical axis direction, at both outer end portions in the main scanning direction, and wherein, in the optical axis direction, a length of a reference portion on a side of the one effective end portion is longer than a length of a reference portion on a side of the other effective end portion. 12. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, wherein the imaging optical element includes a reference portion for positioning the imaging optical element in the main scanning direction, at an outer end portion in a sub scanning direction, and wherein the reference portion is arranged on the optical axis in the main scanning direction. 13. The optical scanning device according to claim 1, further comprising first and second light sources, and a plurality of the imaging optical systems, wherein the plurality of imaging optical systems includes a first imaging optical system configured to guide a light beam emitted from the first light source and deflected by a first deflecting surface of the deflector, to a first scanned surface, and a second imaging optical system configured to guide a light beam emitted from the second light source and deflected by a second deflecting surface of the deflector, to a second scanned surface, and wherein, in the main scanning direction, the first and second light sources are arranged on a side of the one effective end portion with respect to the optical axis. 14. The optical scanning device according to claim 13, wherein a scanning field angle on a side of the one effective end portion is wider than a scanning field angle on a side of the other effective end portion. 15. An image forming apparatus comprising: an optical scanning device including a deflector configured to deflect a light beam to optically scan a scanned region on a scanned surface in a main scanning direction, and an imaging optical system configured to guide the light beam deflected by the deflector, to the scanned surface; a developing device configured to develop, as a toner image, an electrostatic latent image formed on the scanned surface by the optical scanning device; a transferring device configured to transfer the developed toner image onto a transfer material; and a fixing device configured to fix the transferred toner image onto the transfer material, wherein the imaging optical system includes an imaging optical element in which, in the main scanning direction, a distance to an optical axis from one effective end portion through which a light beam that enters one end portion of the scanned region passes is longer than a distance to the optical axis from another effective end portion through which a light beam that enters another end portion of the scanned region passes, and wherein, in the imaging optical element, a thickness in an optical axis direction of the one effective end portion is thinner than a thickness in the optical axis direction of the other effective end portion. 16. An imaging optical element used in an optical scanning device for optically scanning a scanned region on a scanned surface in a main scanning direction by deflecting a light beam using a deflector, wherein, in the main scanning direction, a distance to an optical axis from one effective end portion through which a light beam that enters one end portion of the scanned region passes is longer than a distance to the optical axis from another effective end portion through which a light beam that enters another end portion of the scanned region passes, and wherein a thickness in an optical axis direction of the one effective end portion is thinner than a thickness in the optical axis direction of the other effective end portion. 17. The imaging optical element according to claim 16, further comprising a gate portion at either one outer end portion in the main scanning direction, wherein a following condition is satisfied: Dd<Dc<De, where, in the optical axis direction, a thickness of the gate portion is represented by Dc, a thickness of an effective end portion on an opposite side to the gate portion with respect to the optical axis is represented by Dd, and a thickness of an effective end portion on a side of the gate portion is represented by De. 18. The imaging optical element according to claim 17, wherein the gate portion is arranged at an outer end portion on a side of the other effective end portion. 19. The imaging optical element according to claim 16, further comprising reference portions for positioning the imaging optical element in the optical axis direction, at both outer end portions in the main scanning direction, wherein, in the optical axis direction, a length of a reference portion on a side of the one effective end portion is longer than a length of a reference portion on a side of the other effective end portion. 20. The imaging optical element according to claim 16, further comprising a reference portion for positioning the imaging optical element in the main scanning direction, at an outer end portion in a sub scanning direction, wherein the reference portion is arranged on the optical axis in the main scanning direction.",
-    "An ink composition includes a white coloring material, polymer particles, and a solvent, the polymer particles satisfying the relationship represented by the following expression (1). Y\u22660.33X+20 (1) where X is an average particle size D50 (nm) and Y is a melting start temperature (\u00b0 C.). 1. An ink composition comprising a white coloring material, polymer particles, and a solvent, the polymer particles satisfying a relationship represented by an expression (1), Y\u22660.33X+20 (1) where X is an average particle size D50 (nm) and Y is a melting start temperature (\u00b0 C.). 2. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the polymer particles comprising a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated vinyl monomer. 3. The ink composition as defined in claim 2, the polymer particles further comprising a repeating unit derived from a monomer that includes two or more polymerizable double bonds. 4. The ink composition as defined in claim 3, the polymer particles comprising the repeating unit derived from the monomer that includes two or more polymerizable double bonds in a ratio of 1 to 10 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the polymer particles. 5. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the polymer particles having a solubility in toluene of 10 to 80 mass %. 6. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the polymer particles having been obtained by polymerization in the presence of a chain transfer agent. 7. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the average particle size D50 of the polymer particles being 50 to 500 nm. 8. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the ink composition having an absorbance of 1.1 to 2.2 when the ink composition is diluted with water so that a solid content of the white coloring material is 0.01 mass %. 9. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the average particle size D50 of the white coloring material and the average particle size D50 of the polymer particles satisfying a relationship \u201cD1:D2=1:0.01 to 1:5\u201d, where D1 (nm) is the average particle size D50 of the white coloring material, and D2 (nm) is the average particle size D50 of the polymer particles. 10. The ink composition as defined in claim 9, D1 being 100 to 800 nm, and D2 being 100 to 500 nm. 11. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the content of the white coloring material and the content of the polymer particles satisfying a relationship \u201cW1:W2=1:5 to 5:1\u201d, where W1 is the content of the white coloring material, and W2 is the content of the polymer particles. 12. The ink composition as defined in claim 1, the white coloring material being aggregates of particles having a primary particle size of 10 to 200 nm.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of suppressing abnormal discharge through a space between a space and a susceptor. A pulse-modulated high frequency wave is supplied from at least one of a first high frequency power supply and a second high frequency power supply. In addition, a DC voltage, which is pulse-modulated in synchronization with the modulated high frequency wave, is applied to the susceptor from a voltage application unit. A voltage value of the modulated DC voltage is set to reduce a difference between a potential of the substrate placed on an electrostatic chuck and a potential of the susceptor. 1. A method for controlling a potential of a susceptor of a plasma processing apparatus that includes: a processing container; a susceptor formed of a conductor and provided within the processing container; an electrostatic chuck provided on the susceptor; a first high frequency power supply configured to generate a first high frequency wave for ion drawing-in; a second high frequency power supply configured to generate a second high frequency wave for plasma generation; a DC power supply configured to apply a positive polarity DC voltage to an electrode of the electrostatic chuck; and a voltage application unit configured to apply a voltage to the susceptor, the method comprising: supplying a pulse modulated high frequency wave from at least one of the first high frequency power supply and the second high frequency power supply to the susceptor; and applying a DC voltage, which is pulse-modulated in synchronization with the modulated high frequency wave, from the voltage application unit to the susceptor, the modulated DC voltage having a voltage value set to reduce a difference between the potential of the substrate placed on the electrostatic chuck and the potential of the susceptor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the voltage application unit receives a pulse signal, which is synchronized with the modulated high frequency wave, from at least one of the first high frequency power supply and the second high frequency power supply, and applies a DC voltage, which is modulated in synchronization with the pulse signal, to the susceptor, the pulse signal having a first signal level in a first period when the modulated high frequency wave has a first power, and a second signal level in a second period when the modulated high frequency wave has a second power smaller than the first power. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein, in the supplying the modulated high frequency wave to the susceptor, the first high frequency wave is pulse-modulated, and the modulated high frequency wave is supplied to the susceptor, and in the applying the modulated DC voltage to the susceptor, the voltage application unit applies the DC voltage to the susceptor in the first period, without applying the DC voltage to the susceptor in the second period. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the voltage application unit applies a DC voltage having a voltage value, of which an absolute value becomes larger as a voltage amplitude on a transmission line, through which the modulated high frequency wave is supplied to the susceptor, increases, to the susceptor in the first period. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the voltage application unit applies a DC voltage having a voltage value in a data table, which is associated with the power of the first high frequency wave, the power of the second high frequency wave, and the modulated frequency of the modulated frequency wave, to the susceptor in the first period. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the voltage application unit applies a DC voltage according to a measurement value of a self-bias potential of the substrate to the susceptor in the first period. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein, in the supplying the modulated high frequency wave to the susceptor, the second high frequency wave is pulse-modulated, and the modulated high frequency wave is supplied to the susceptor, and in the applying of the modulated DC voltage to the susceptor, the voltage application unit applies a first DC voltage having a first voltage value to the susceptor in the first period and a second DC voltage having a second voltage value, of which an absolute value is larger than an absolute value of the first voltage value, to the susceptor in the second period. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage application unit applies a DC voltage having a voltage value, of which an absolute value becomes larger as a voltage amplitude on a transmission line, through which the modulated high frequency wave is supplied to the susceptor, to the susceptor in each of the first and second periods. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage application unit applies a DC voltage having a voltage value in a data table, which is associated with the power of the first high frequency wave, the power of the second high frequency wave, and the modulated frequency of the modulated frequency wave, to the susceptor in each of the first and second periods. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the voltage application unit applies a DC voltage according to a measurement value of a self-bias potential of the substrate in each of the first and second periods.",
-    "A unit moving apparatus includes a unit provided to a main body in such a manner so as to be attached to and pulled out from the main body, a main-body guide portion provided to the main body and configured to guide the unit while restricting rotation of the unit at a time of attaching and pulling out the unit, a pull-in unit configured to apply a pulling force to the unit to pull the unit into the main body, and a unit restriction portion configured to restrict rotation of the unit in such a manner that the units rotates within an angle smaller than an angle to which the main-body guide portion restricts the unit's rotation when a rotation moment is generated by the pulling force of the pull-in unit applied to the unit and a load applied to the unit in a direction opposite to an attachment direction. 1. A unit moving apparatus comprising: a unit provided to a main body in such a manner so as to be attached to and pulled out from the main body; a main-body guide portion provided to the main body and configured to guide the unit while restricting rotation of the unit at a time of attaching and pulling out the unit; a pull-in unit configured to apply a pulling force to the unit to pull the unit into the main body; and a unit restriction portion configured to restrict rotation of the unit in such a manner that the units rotates within an angle smaller than an angle to which the main-body guide portion restricts the unit's rotation when a rotation moment is generated by the pulling force of the pull-in unit applied to the unit and a load applied to the unit in a direction opposite to an attachment direction. 2. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the unit includes a unit guide portion configured to be guided by the main-body guide portion, and the unit restriction portion is formed in a projecting shape protruding from the unit guide portion toward the main-body guide portion. 3. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the unit includes a groove formed along the attachment direction of the unit, the groove includes a unit guide portion configured to be guided by the main-body guide portion, and the unit restriction portion is formed in a projecting shape protruding from the unit guide unit toward the main-body guide portion. 4. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the unit guide portion is guided by the main-body guide portion, and attaches the unit to and is pulled out the unit from the main body. 5. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the main-body guide portion is disposed on an opposite side of the attachment direction of the unit. 6. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the main-body guide portion includes a stepped driven roller. 7. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the unit restriction portion includes a groove formed in either one of the unit and the main body and a protruding portion which is provided to the other one of the unit and the main body and is inserted into the groove. 8. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the groove and the protruding portion further configured to position the unit. 9. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a positioning unit, configured to position the unit, including a hole and a boss to be fitted into the hole, wherein the load is a sliding resistance occurring when the boss is fitted into the hole. 10. A unit moving apparatus comprising: a unit provided to a main body in such a manner so as to be attached to and pulled out from the main body; a main-body guide portion configured to guide a unit guide portion provided to the unit at the time of attaching and pulling out the unit; a pull-in unit configured to pull the unit into the main body; and a unit restriction portion is provided on the unit guide portion and on an opposite side of an attachment direction of the unit in such a manner that a clearance between the unit restriction portion and the main-body guide portion at a time when the unit restriction portion faces the main-body guide portion is smaller than a clearance between the unit guide portion and the main-body guide portion. 11. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the main-body guide portion is disposed on the opposite side of the attachment direction of the unit. 12. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the unit restriction portion is formed in a projecting shape protruding from the unit guide unit toward the main-body guide portion. 13. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 10, wherein, in a case where the unit is at a first position where a pulling force of the pull-in unit is not applied, the unit restriction portion does not face the main-body guide portion, and, in a case where the unit is in a second position where a pulling force of the pull-in unit is applied, the unit restriction portion faces the main-body guide portion. 14. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the unit is a sheet feeding cassette which stores a sheet and is provided so as to be attached to and pulled out from the main body. 15. The unit moving apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the unit is a sheet feeding cassette which stores a sheet and is provided so as to be attached to and pulled out from the main body. 16. An image forming apparatus comprising: a main body; a unit, provided to the main body so as to be attached to and pulled out from the main body, in which a sheet is stored; a main-body guide portion, provided to the main body, configured to guide the unit while restricting rotation of the unit at a time of attaching and pulling out the unit; a pull-in unit configured to apply a pulling force to the unit to pull the unit into the main body; and a unit restriction portion configured to restrict rotation of the unit in such a manner that the units rotates within an angle smaller than an angle to which the main-body guide portion restricts the unit's rotation when a rotation moment is generated by the pulling force of the pull-in unit applied to the unit and a load applied to the unit in a direction opposite to an attachment direction.",
-    "The invention relates to a paint spraying unit which includes a paint pump, a paint storage container, a paint spraying device, a paint line and a drive device, wherein the drive device drives the paint pump and wherein the paint pump conveys paint out of the paint storage container through the paint line to a nozzle of the paint spraying device. In this connection, the drive device includes a compressed air rotation motor as the motor. 1. A paint spraying unit comprising a paint pump, a paint storage container, a paint spraying device, a paint line and a drive device, wherein the drive device drives the paint pump and wherein the paint pump conveys paint out of the paint storage container through the paint line to a paint nozzle of the paint spraying device, wherein the drive device includes a compressed air rotation motor as motor (M). 2. The paint spraying unit according to claim 1, wherein the compressed air rotation motor as a radial piston motor or as a vane motor. 3. The paint spraying unit according to claim 1, wherein the paint spraying unit includes a control device, wherein the control device includes a detecting device, a valve device and a pressure preselecting device, wherein the detecting device detects a paint pressure of the paint in the paint line between an outlet of the paint pump and an inlet of the paint spraying device, wherein the valve device, in dependence on the detected paint pressure, determines a compressed air supply to the motor in such a manner that the compressed air supply reduces or is interrupted when the paint pressure is sufficient and that the compressed air supply is increased or opened if the paint pressure is too low, and wherein the pressure preselecting device gives a maximum value for the paint pressure from which the compressed air supply is reduced or interrupted, and gives a minimum value for the paint pressure from which the compressed air supply is increased or opened. 4. The paint spraying unit according to claim 3, wherein the control device is a mechanical control device, wherein the detecting device includes a plunger, wherein the valve device includes a blocking element and wherein the pressure preselecting device includes a resilient pin. 5. The paint spraying unit according to claim 4, wherein the plunger of the detecting device is arranged so as to be displaceable in a valve seat of the control device and projects into the paint line, the resilient pin of the pressure preselecting device is arranged in the valve seat of the control device, wherein the blocking element of the valve device is clamped in the valve seat between the plunger and the pin, wherein, in dependence on a position of the plunger and pin, the blocking element closes or opens a compressed air line which crosses the valve seat of the control device. 6. The paint spraying unit according to claim 3, wherein the control device is an electromechanical control device, wherein the detecting device includes a pressure sensor, wherein the valve device includes an electrically actuated valve, wherein the pressure preselecting device includes a storage unit, and wherein the control device includes an evaluating device. 7. The paint spraying unit according to claim 6, wherein the pressure sensor outputs a signal value in dependence on a predominant paint pressure, a maximum value and a minimum value for the paint pressure is stored in the storage unit, and an actuating value for the valve is determined in the control device and forwarded to the valve, wherein the actuating value is determined in dependence on a signal value of the pressure sensor and in dependence on the stored maximum value and on the stored minimum value. 8. The paint spraying unit according to claim 1, wherein the compressed air rotation motor drives a piston diaphragm pump which generates a pulsating oil flow, wherein the oil flow pushes on a first side of a diaphragm of the paint pump which is a piston diaphragm pump and wherein, with a second side of the diaphragm, the piston diaphragm pump pumps liquid paint through the paint line to the paint spraying device. 9. The paint spraying unit according to claim 1, wherein the compressed air driving the motor cools the paint pump as exhaust air, wherein the motor includes a compressed air outlet, wherein the paint pump includes an oil cooler and wherein the compressed air outlet is connected to the oil cooler in such a manner or is aligned in such a manner with the oil cooler that the compressed air emerging out of the compressed air outlet contacts the oil cooler and cools said oil cooler. 10. The paint spraying unit according to claim 1, wherein the paint spraying unit includes a paint pressure relief valve for the paint line, wherein the paint pressure relief valve is connected in such a manner to a compressed air supply valve for a compressed air supply to the motor that the paint pressure relief valve relieves the paint line when the compressed air supply to the compressed air supply valve is blocked. 11. The paint spraying unit according to claim 10, wherein the paint pressure relief valve is further connected in such a manner to the compressed air supply valve for the compressed air supply to the motor that the compressed air supply valve for the compressed air supply is closed as a result of actuating the paint pressure relief valve. 12. The paint spraying unit according to claim 1, wherein the paint spraying unit includes a multi-switch, wherein in a first switching step of the multi-switch a compressed air supply valve is closed and a paint pressure relief valve is open, wherein in a second switching step of the multi-switch the compressed air supply valve is open and the paint pressure relief valve is open, and wherein in a third switching step of the multi-switch the compressed air supply valve is open and the paint pressure relief valve is closed. 13. The paint spraying unit according to claim 12, wherein the multi-switch is an infinitely rotatable switch such that it is possible to switch directly from the third switching step into the first switching step and from the first switching step into the third switching step avoiding a transient activation of the second switching step. 14. A paint spraying unit including a paint pump, a paint storage container, a paint spraying device, a paint line and a drive device, wherein the drive device drives the paint pump and wherein the paint pump conveys paint out of the paint storage container through the paint line to a paint nozzle of the paint spraying device, wherein the drive device includes a compressed air motor which is a pneumatic linear motor, the paint spraying unit includes a control device, wherein the control device includes a detecting device, a valve device and a pressure preselecting device, wherein the detecting device detects a paint pressure of the paint in the paint line between an outlet of the paint pump and an inlet of the paint spraying device, wherein the valve device, in dependence on the detected paint pressure, determines a compressed air supply to the motor in such a manner that the compressed air supply reduces or is interrupted when the paint pressure is sufficient and that the compressed air supply is increased or opened if the paint pressure is too low, and wherein the pressure preselecting device gives a maximum value for the paint pressure from which the compressed air supply is reduced or interrupted, and gives a minimum value for the paint pressure from which the compressed air supply is increased or opened. 15. The paint spraying unit according to claim 14, wherein the paint spraying unit includes a control device, wherein the control device includes a detecting device, a valve device and a pressure preselecting device, wherein the detecting device detects a paint pressure of the paint in the paint line between an outlet of the paint pump and an inlet of the paint spraying device, wherein the valve device, in dependence on the detected paint pressure, determines a compressed air supply to the motor in such a manner that the compressed air supply reduces or is interrupted when the paint pressure is sufficient and that the compressed air supply is increased or opened if the paint pressure is too low, and wherein the pressure preselecting device gives a maximum value for the paint pressure from which the compressed air supply is reduced or interrupted, and gives a minimum value for the paint pressure from which the compressed air supply is increased or opened. 16. The paint spraying unit according to claim 15, wherein the control device is a mechanical control device, wherein the detecting device includes a plunger, wherein the valve device includes a blocking element and wherein the pressure preselecting device includes a resilient pin. 17. The paint spraying unit according to claim 16, wherein the plunger of the detecting device is arranged so as to be displaceable in a valve seat of the control device and projects into the paint line, the resilient pin of the pressure preselecting device is arranged in the valve seat of the control device, wherein the blocking element of the valve device is clamped in the valve seat between the plunger and the pin, wherein, in dependence on a position of the plunger and pin, the blocking element closes or opens a compressed air line which crosses the valve seat of the control device. 18. The paint spraying unit according to claim 15, wherein the control device is an electromechanical control device, wherein the detecting device includes a pressure sensor, wherein the valve device includes an electrically actuated valve, wherein the pressure preselecting device includes a storage unit, and wherein the control device includes an evaluating device. 19. The paint spraying unit according to claim 18, wherein the pressure sensor outputs a signal value in dependence on a predominant paint pressure, a maximum value and a minimum value for the paint pressure is stored in the storage unit, and an actuating value for the valve is determined in the control device and forwarded to the valve, wherein the actuating value is determined in dependence on a signal value of the pressure sensor and in dependence on the stored maximum value and on the stored minimum value. 20. The paint spraying unit according to claim 14, wherein the compressed air rotation motor drives a piston diaphragm pump which generates a pulsating oil flow, wherein the oil flow pushes on a first side of a diaphragm of the paint pump which is a piston diaphragm pump and wherein, with a second side of the diaphragm, the piston diaphragm pump pumps liquid paint through the paint line to the paint spraying device. 21. The paint spraying unit according to claim 14, wherein the compressed air driving the motor cools the paint pump as exhaust air, wherein the motor includes a compressed air outlet, wherein the paint pump includes an oil cooler and wherein the compressed air outlet is connected to the oil cooler in such a manner or is aligned in such a manner with the oil cooler that the compressed air emerging out of the compressed air outlet contacts the oil cooler and cools said oil cooler. 22. The paint spraying unit according to claim 14, wherein the paint spraying unit includes a paint pressure relief valve for the paint line, wherein the paint pressure relief valve is connected in such a manner to a compressed air supply valve for a compressed air supply to the motor that the paint pressure relief valve relieves the paint line when the compressed air supply to the compressed air supply valve is blocked. 23. The paint spraying unit according to claim 22, wherein the paint pressure relief valve is further connected in such a manner to the compressed air supply valve for the compressed air supply to the motor that the compressed air supply valve for the compressed air supply is closed as a result of actuating the paint pressure relief valve. 24. The paint spraying unit according to claim 14, wherein the paint spraying unit includes a multi-switch, wherein in a first switching step of the multi-switch a compressed air supply valve is closed and a paint pressure relief valve is open, wherein in a second switching step of the multi-switch the compressed air supply valve is open and the paint pressure relief valve is open, and wherein in a third switching step of the multi-switch the compressed air supply valve is open and the paint pressure relief valve is closed. 25. The paint spraying unit according to claim 24, wherein the multi-switch is an infinitely rotatable switch such that it is possible to switch directly from the third switching step into the first switching step and from the first switching step into the third switching step avoiding a transient activation of the second switching step.",
-    "A light delaying apparatus comprises: a first reflector moving along a circumference defined and turning back the light along an axis parallel to an optical axis of the light incident on the first reflector; a second reflector configured to reflect the light turned back by the first reflector such that to be coaxial with the optical axis of the light turned back by the first reflector; and an angular encoder configured to, in order to detect the position of the first reflector on the circumference, include reading patterns in which at least a part of intervals between boundaries of the reading patterns is arranged irregularly, wherein the interval between the boundaries of the reading patterns corresponds to an adjusted quantity of the light delay converted from a time interval during which a time domain response of an electromagnetic wave is measured by using the light reflected by the second reflector. 1. A light delaying apparatus providing a light delay, the light delaying apparatus comprising: a first reflector configured to move along a circumference defined by a rotation center and a first radius and turn back the light along an axis parallel to an optical axis of the light incident on the first reflector; a second reflector configured to reflect the light turned back by the first reflector such that to be coaxial with the optical axis of the light turned back by the first reflector; and an angular encoder configured to, in order to detect the position of the first reflector on the circumference, include reading patterns in which at least a part of intervals between boundaries of the reading patterns is arranged irregularly, wherein the interval between the boundaries of the reading patterns corresponds to an adjusted quantity of the light delay converted from a time interval during which a time domain response of an electromagnetic wave is measured by using the light reflected by the second reflector. 2. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the adjusted quantity converted from the time interval is a unit delaying quantity, and the intervals between the boundaries of the reading patterns correspond to the unit delaying quantity. 3. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, when the response is in a form of a terahertz wave of a maximum frequency F, the unit delaying quantity determined by the reading pattern and the acceptable range of the error of the time interval are respectively expressed as A<1/(2F) and B<C/(2F), where time accuracy is represented by A, accuracy of the unit delaying quantity is represented by B, and an optical constant is represented by C, and shapes of the reading pattern is formed to have an accuracy satisfying these conditions, and when the position accuracy of the turning back optical system including the first reflector and the second reflector is set as D, the turning back optical system is provided so as to satisfy the expression D<C/(4F). 4. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, when a transient response, as the response, is observed with time resolution T, the unit delaying quantity determined by the reading patterns and the acceptable range of the error of the time interval are respectively expressed as A<T and B<CA, where time accuracy is represented by A, accuracy of unit delaying quantity is represented by B, and an optical constant is represented by C, and shapes of the reading patterns are formed to have accuracy satisfying these conditions; and when position accuracy of the turning back optical system including the first reflector and the second reflector is set as D, the turning back optical system is provided so as to satisfy the expression D<CA/2. 5. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, when the response is represented by a form of tomography about an observation of an object, the acceptable range of the error of the unit delaying quantity determined by the reading patterns is expressed as B<E, where accuracy of the unit delaying quantity is represented by B, and spatial resolution is represented by E, and shapes of the reading patterns are formed to have accuracy satisfying this condition; and when position accuracy of the turning back optical system including the first reflector and the second reflector is set as D, the turning back optical system is provided so as to satisfy the expression D<E/2. 6. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 2, wherein \u03b8(i) which is a position of the first reflector on the circumference is expressed as \u03b8(i)=sin\u22121{(i\u03b4L)/(4R)}i=0,1, . . . ,n, where the unit delaying quantity is represented by \u03b4L, the first radius is represented by R, and the number of data configuring the response is represented by n, and the reading patterns include a first phase pattern whose interval W between the boundaries is defined by the following expression on the basis of the reference position, W(j)=(\u03c0r/180)\u00b7(\u03b8(x(j+1))\u2212\u03b8(xj))j=0,1, . . . ,(n/x\u22121) where a second radius which defines a formation position on a code disk of the reading patterns is represented by r, and the number of phases of the reading patterns is represented by x. 7. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 6, wherein, when a constant is set as m, the first phase pattern is represented as A phase, and the other phases are respectively set such that B phase is represented as m=1, C phase is represented as m=2, D phase is represented as m=3, the boundaries of the patterns of the other phases are arranged to be shifted at an interval d relative to the position of the boundary of the pattern of the first phase on the basis of the reference position of each phase, the interval d being expressed as follow. d(j)(m)=(\u03c0r/180)\u00b7(\u03b8(xj+m)\u2212\u03b8(xj))m=1,2, . . . ,x 8. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a position adjusting mechanism configured to perform relative positioning between a first reference position of the first reflector arranged on the circumference and a second reference position of each reading pattern. 9. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the position adjusting mechanism includes a mechanism which independently adjusts a plurality of adjustment places at which positioning of the first reference position and the second reference position is performed. 10. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a position detector configured to detect second light passing along an optical axis different from the optical axis of the light reflected by the second reflector, wherein the position detector detects an adjusted quantity of specific light delay. 11. The light delaying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the angular encoder outputs a trigger signal in response to detection of each of a plurality of positions of the first reflector. 12. A measuring apparatus which measures a time domain response of an electromagnetic wave by sampling using light, the measuring apparatus comprising: a detector which detects a momentary value of a response at the incident time of the light as probe light; a light delaying apparatus providing a light delay of the light; and an analyzer which records time domain responses of the electromagnetic wave for each unit delaying quantity of the probe light with references to a trigger signal output by the light delaying apparatus, wherein the light delaying apparatus comprising: a first reflector configured to move along a circumference defined by a rotation center and a first radius and turn back the light along an axis parallel to an optical axis of the light incident on the first reflector; a second reflector configured to reflect the light turned back by the first reflector such that to be coaxial with the optical axis of the light turned back by th first reflector; and an angular encoder configured to, in order to detect the position of the first reflector on the circumference, include reading patterns in which at least a part of intervals between boundaries of the reading patterns is arranged irregularly, wherein the interval between the boundaries of the reading patterns corresponds to an adjusted quantity of the light delay converted from a time interval during which a time domain response of an electromagnetic wave is measured by using the light reflected by the second reflector. 13. The measuring apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the electromagnetic wave is a terahertz wave. 14. A method for measuring a time domain response of an electromagnetic wave by sampling using light, the method comprising: a step of moving a first reflector along a circumference defined by a rotation center and a first diameter, the first reflector being movable along the circumference and turning back the light as incident light along an axis parallel to an optical axis of the light incident on the first reflector; a step of detecting a position of the first reflector on the circumference by using reading patterns in which at least a part of intervals between boundaries of the reading patterns is arranged irregularly in order to detect the position of the first reflector; a step of, on the basis of the detection result in the step of detecting the position of the first reflector, outputting a trigger signal for each unit delaying quantity of light delay of the light, the light delay being caused by the movement of the first reflector; and a step of, in synchronism with the trigger signal, detecting a momentary value of a response of the electromagnetic wave for each time interval corresponding to the unit delaying quantity.",
-    "The invention relates to material delivery systems and particularly to pulse controlled material delivery systems. 1. A material delivery system comprising: a material source; a container connected by conduit to the material source; a pulse control valve connected to the conduit between the material source and the container for introducing pulses of material into the conduit; a trim valve connected to the conduit between the material source and the container for introducing a continuous flow of gas into the conduit for moving material through the conduit from the material source to the container; a pulse velocity sensor connected to the conduit between the trim valve and the container for measuring the flow of material through the conduit; and a control system connected to the pulse control valve, the trim valve and the pulse velocity sensor to cause material to move through the conduit in relatively dense slugs. 2. The material delivery system of claim 1 further comprising: a hopper loader connected to the conduit between the material source and the container for receiving material and for selectively loading material into the container; a load sensor connected to the hopper loader and the control system for determining when the hopper loader is filled; an empty sensor connected to the hopper loader and the control system for determining when the hopper loader is empty; a loader valve connected to the hopper loader, the conduit and the control system for selectively loading material into the hopper loader; and a discharge valve connected between the hopper loader and the container and connected to the control system for selectively loading material into the container from the hopper loader. 3. The material delivery system of claim 2 further comprising a vacuum pump connected by conduit to the downstream side of the hopper loader and connected to the control system for creating a suction in the conduit for causing the material to How from the material source through the conduit to the hopper loader. 4. The material delivery system of claim 3 further comprising: a dust collector connected by conduit between the hopper loader and the vacuum pump for removing dust from the conduit; and an atmospheric valve connected by conduit between the dust collector and the vacuum pump and connected to the control system for allowing atmospheric air into the conduit to reduce vacuum pressure in the conduit and to cool the vacuum pump. 5. The material system delivery system of claim 4 further comprising: a filter connected by conduit between the vacuum pump and the dust collector for collecting dust that may pass through the dust collector; and a pressure sensor connected by conduit between the filter and the atmospheric valve and connected to the control system for monitoring the pressure in the system. 6. The material delivery system of claim 5 further comprising an automatic flush valve connected to the loader valve and to the control system for maintaining the seals of the loader valve and the seals of the automatic flush valve clean. 7. The material delivery system of claim 6 further comprising a second pulse velocity sensor connected to the control system and connected to the conduit near the hopper loader for measuring the amount of material entering the hopper loader. 8. The material delivery system of claim 7 further comprising a plurality of automatic clean valves connected to the conduit and to the control system for selectively injecting air into the conduit for cleaning the conduit. 9. The material delivery system of claim 8 further comprising a silencer connected to the conduit near the vacuum pump for reducing noise associated with the system. 10. The material delivery system of claim 9 wherein the vacuum pump is a positive displacement claw pump with a variable frequency drive mechanism. 11. The material delivery system of claim 10 wherein the material is plastic beads. 12. The material delivery system of claim 11 wherein the gas is air. 13. A method of delivering material through conduits comprising: providing material to be transferred; introducing pulses of material into the conduit while also introducing a stream of air into the conduit to produce slugs of material to move through the conduit; monitoring the velocity of the slugs moving through the conduit; conducting the slugs through the conduit to a hopper loader; and discharging the material from the hopper loader to a container. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of introducing pulses of material includes introducing pulses of material in about 2-4 second pulses and discontinuing the pulses for about 0.3 seconds. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising decreasing the flow of the stream of air thereby increasing the density of the slugs moving through the conduit. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising activating a vacuum pump for creating a suction in the conduit for moving the material through the conduit. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising selectively opening valves in the conduit to selectively inject atmospheric air into the conduit for cleaning the conduit. 18. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of introducing a stream of air into the conduit includes pulsing the stream of air in about 0.1-10 second pulses.",
-    "The invention relates to novel polypeptides which are recognized by anti-Trichinella antibodies. Said polypeptides can be used particularly for detecting anti-Trichinella antibodies and in trichinosis prevention. 1. A reagent composition comprising an antigenic polypeptide recognized by anti-Trichinella antibodies, wherein said polypeptide comprises amino acids 21-67 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence exhibiting at least 70% identity with the sequence of amino acids 21-67 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4. 2. The reagent composition as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a polypeptide comprising the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequence exhibiting at least 70% identity with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2. 3. An antigenic polypeptide recognized by anti-Trichinella antibodies, wherein the antigenic polypeptide comprises amino acids 21-67 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence exhibiting at least 70% identity with the sequence of amino acids 21-67 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4. 4. A chimeric polypeptide comprising one or more copies of the antigenic polypeptide of claim 3. 5. A polynucleotide encoding the antigenic polypeptide of claim 3. 6. A recombinant vector containing one or more polynucleotide(s) as claimed in claim 5. 7. A host cell transformed with a recombinant vector as claimed in claim 6. 8. A method of preparing antibodies comprising contacting a B cell with the antigenic polypeptide as claimed in claim 3 in an amount sufficient to produce antibodies. 9. An antibody which specifically recognizes the antigenic polypeptide as claimed in claim 3. 10. A method of detecting the presence of anti-Trichinella antibodies in a biological sample, comprising: bringing said biological sample into contact with the antigenic polypeptide of claim 3, under conditions which allow the formation of an antigen/antibody complex with any anti-Trichinella antibodies present in said sample; detecting the antigen/antibody complex possibly formed. 11. A kit for detecting the presence of anti-Trichinella antibodies in a biological sample, comprising the antigenic polypeptide of claim 3, and buffers and reagents suitable for making up a reaction medium which allows the formation of an antigen/antibody complex. 12. The kit as claimed in claim 11, wherein said antigenic polypeptide is immobilized on a solid support. 13. An immunogenic composition comprising the antigenic polypeptide of claim 3, or one or more polynucleotide(s) encoding said polypeptide(s), combined with one or more adjuvants for enhancing an immune response. 14. The immunogenic composition as claimed in claim 13, wherein the immunogenic composition is a vaccine. 15. The chimeric polypeptide of claim 4, further comprising one or more heterologous polypeptides(s) fused to the antigenic polypeptide. 16. A polynucleotide encoding the chimeric polypeptide of claim 4. 17. A recombinant vector containing one or more polynucleotide(s) of claim 16. 18. A host cell transformed with a recombinant vector of claim 17.",
-    "For controlling operation of a light source, a method of associating a light source with an area for which the light source is positioned to provide lighting comprises: identifying, based on a determined physical position of a light source, one of a plurality of areas as the area for which the light source is positioned to provide lighting; identifying at least one desired lighting condition for the identified area; and controlling, using a processor, operation of the light source based on the identified at least one desired lighting condition for the identified area. 1. A method of associating one or more light sources with one or more physical areas for which the light sources are positioned to provide lighting, the method comprising: positioning a first light source within a first physical area, the first light source having a first transmitting communications device associated therewith; transmitting a first location signal from the first transmitting communications device; receiving the first location signal with a receiving communications device; and associating the first light source with the first physical area based on the location signal with at least one of the receiving communications device or a control unit comprising a processor and being communicatively coupled to the receiving communications device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of associating the first light source is performed by the control unit. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving the first location signal with another receiving communications device, wherein the step of associating the first light source is performed with at least one of the receiving communications device, the other receiving communications device, or the control unit communicatively coupled to the receiving communications device and to the other receiving communications device. 4. The method of claim 3., wherein the step of associating the first light source is performed by the control unit. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: positioning a second light source within a second physical area, the second light source having a second transmitting communications device associated therewith; transmitting a second location signal from the second transmitting communications device; receiving the second location signal with the receiving communications device; and associating the second light source with the second physical area based on the second location signal with at least one of the receiving communications device or the control unit. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first physical area and the second physical area are different. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising receiving the first location signal and the second location with another receiving communications device; wherein the step of associating the first light source and the step associating the second light source is performed with at least one of the receiving communications device, the other receiving communications device, or the control unit communicatively coupled to the receiving communications device and to the other communications receiving device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first transmitting communications device is associated with the first light source by being located adjacent to the first light source or being included in the first light source. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of associating the first light source comprises comparing a determined position of the first light source in the first physical area against a known position of the first physical area. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling an output of the first light source with the control unit according to the first light source being associated with the first physical area. 11. A lighting system comprising: a first light source having a first transmitting communications device associated therewith, the first transmitting communications device being configured to transmit a first location signal; a receiving communications device being configured to receive the first location signal; and a control unit comprising a processor configured to control the first light source to output light; wherein at least one of the receiving communications device or the control unit is configured to make a first association of the first light source with a first physical area in which the first light source is installed, and the control unit and is configured to control the first light source based on the first association. 12. The lighting system according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is communicatively coupled to the receiving communications device and is configured to make the first association. 13. The lighting system according to claim 11, further comprising another receiving communications device, wherein at least one of the receiving communications device, the other receiving communications device, or the control unit is configured to make the first association. 14. The lighting system according to claim 13, wherein the control unit is communicatively coupled to the receiving communications device and the other receiving communications device, and is configured to make the first association. 15. The lighting system according to claim 11, further comprising a second light source having a second transmitting communications device associated therewith; wherein the second transmitting communications device is configured to transmit a second location signal, at least one of the receiving communications device or the control unit is configured to make a second association of the second light source with a second physical area in which the second light is installed, and the control unit is configured to control the second light source to output light according to the second association. 16. The lighting system according to claim 15, wherein the first physical area and the second area are different. 17. The lighting system according to claim 15, further comprising another receiving communications device configured to receive the first location signal and the second location signal, wherein at least one of the receiving communications device, the other receiving communications device, or the control unit being communicatively coupled to the receiving communications device and the other receiving communications device is configured to make the first association and the second association. 18. The lighting system according to claim 11, wherein the first light source is positioned adjacent or includes therein the first transmitting communications device associated therewith. 19. The lighting system according to claim 11, wherein the control unit is configured to make the first association by comparing a determined position of the first light source in the first physical area against a known position of the first physical area. 20. A method of controlling a light source comprising: associating the light source with a physical area by transmitting a location signal with a transmitting communications device associated with the light source, receiving the location signal with a receiving communications device, and processing the location signal with at least one of the receiving communications device or a processor to make an association of the light source with the physical area; storing, in memory, a plurality of position-dependent lighting conditions; and making a selection, using the processor in communication with the memory, of one of the position-dependent lighting conditions, and operating the light source according to the association and the selection.",
-    "Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an analog distributed antenna system, and its operating method, provided with an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) high-speed modem for use in transceiving control signals between a main unit and remote units in order to effectively control the remote units connected to the main unit. 1. A main unit of an analog distributed antenna system, the main unit comprising: an interface unit configured to receive a radio signal input from a base station; a control unit configured to generate a control signal for controlling at least one remote unit connected to the main unit; a high-speed modem configured to RF-modulate the control signal for converting the control signal into an analog RF signal as an output; a signal coupler configured to generate a combined signal from the radio signal and the analog RF signal; and an optical transceiver configured to convert the combined signal to an optical signal and transmit a converted optical signal to the remote unit. 2. The main unit of claim 1, which is configured to support Ethernet-based Internet protocol (IP) communications with unique IP addresses assigned to respective components of the main unit, and wherein the control unit is configured to transmit the control signal in the form of an Ethernet protocol to the high-speed modem based on a scheme of the Ethernet-based IP communications. 3. The main unit of claim 1, wherein the high-speed modem comprises: a power line communication (PLC) modem configured to output the control signal after modulating the control signal to the RF signal in a frequency range of 1 to 30 MHz using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. 4. A remote unit of an analog distributed antenna system, the remote unit comprising: an optical transceiver configured to receive an optical signal transmitted from a main unit, and convert the optical signal into an analog signal as an output; an interface unit configured to analyze the analog signal, classify a control signal band including a control signal for the remote unit and a communication signal band including a radio signal transmitted from a base station, and output, through different output channels, band signals of the respective classified bands; a high-speed modem configured to receive the band signal corresponding to the control signal band, and extract the control signal; and a control unit configured to control the operation of respective components of the remote unit based on the control signal. 5. The remote unit of claim 4, wherein the high-speed modem comprises: a power line communication (PLC) modem configured to receive a signal in a frequency range of 1 to 30 MHz, corresponding to the control signal band included in the analog signal, and extract the control signal in the form of an Ethernet protocol from the signal in the frequency range. 6. The remote unit of claim 4, which is configured to support Ethernet-based Internet protocol (IP) communications with a unique IP address assigned based on an IP address which is interlocked with the remote unit and assigned to a component of the main unit. 7. An analog distributed antenna system, comprising: a main unit configured to relay a radio signal between a base station and a plurality of remote units installed in a service area, and when relaying the radio signal, convert a control signal for controlling the remote units to an RF signal, combine the RF signal and the radio signal into a combined signal and optically transmit the combined signal to the remote units; and one or more of the remote units configured to receive the optically transmitted signal from the main unit, convert the received optical signal into an analog signal, and analyze the analog signal to transmit the radio signal included in the analog signal to a corresponding user terminal and to operate the remote unit based on the control signal included in the analog signal. 8. The analog distributed antenna system of claim 7, wherein the components of the main unit and the one or more of the remote units are respectively assigned unique IP addresses to support Ethernet-based Internet protocol (IP) communications. 9. The analog distributed antenna system of claim 7, wherein the main unit comprises: a power line communication (PLC) modem configured to output the control signal after modulating the control signal to the RF signal in a frequency range of 1 to 30 MHz using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. 10. The analog distributed antenna system of claim 7, wherein the remote unit comprises: a power line communication (PLC) modem configured to receive a signal in a frequency range of 1 to 30 MHz, corresponding to the control signal included in the analog signal, and extract the control signal in the form of an Ethernet protocol from the signal in the frequency range. 11. A method for operating a main unit of an analog distributed antenna system, the method comprising: receiving a radio signal input from a base station; generating a control signal for controlling at least one remote unit connected to the main unit; RF modulating the control signal, and converting the control signal into an analog RF signal as an output; generating a combined signal from the radio signal and the analog RF signal; and converting the combined signal to an optical signal and transmitting a converted optical signal to the remote unit. 12. A method for operating a remote unit of an analog distributed antenna system, the method comprising: receiving an optical signal transmitted from a main unit, and converting the optical signal into an analog signal as an output; analyzing the analog signal, classifying the analog signal between a control signal band including a control signal for the remote unit and a communication signal band including a radio signal transmitted from a base station, and outputting, through different output channels, band signals of the respective classified bands; receiving a band signal corresponding to the control signal band, and extracting the control signal; and operating the remote unit based on the control signal.",
-    "An insulator for a spark plug comprises a first segment surrounding the terminal, a second segment extending from the first segment, and a third segment extending from the second segment. A gap is disposed between the third segment of the insulator and the outer shell. At least one coating having a least one layer is disposed on a surface of the third segment. 1. A spark plug for an internal combustion engine, the spark plug comprising: an elongated center electrode having a center electrode tip at a first end and a terminal proximate a second end opposite the first end; an insulator surrounding at least a portion of the center electrode; and an outer shell surrounding at least a portion of the insulator; wherein the insulator comprises: a first segment surrounding at least a portion of the terminal, a second segment extending from the first segment, a third segment extending from the second segment, wherein a gap is disposed between the third segment of the insulator and the outer shell such that at least a portion of the third segment of the insulator is exposed to a combustion chamber when the spark plug is disposed within an internal combustion engine, and a coating applied to at least a portion of the third segment, wherein the coating is formed of a first layer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the third segment and a second layer disposed on at least a portion of the first layer. 2. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second layers is formed of a glaze material and the glaze material is the same for both the first and second layers. 3. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein the first layer is formed of a first glaze material having a first softening point and the second layer is formed of a second glaze material having a second softening point and the second softening point is less than the first softening point. 4. The spark plug of claim 3, wherein the first glaze material and the second glaze material are different materials. 5. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein a first thickness of the first layer and a second thickness of the second layer are different. 6. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein the coating extends between an end of the insulator disposed adjacent the center electrode and a point where the outer shell retains the insulator in position. 7. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein the coating extends along a surface of the insulator and ends at a point that is spaced from the center electrode or a point where the outer shell retains the insulator in position. 8. The spark plug of claim 1, further including a third layer disposed on at least a portion of the second layer. 9. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein the first layer is formed of a first glaze material and the second layer is formed of a second glaze material, wherein at least one of the first and second glaze materials includes a refractory powder. 10. The spark plug of claim 9, wherein the refractory powder is selected from the group consisting of a high temperature ceramic powder, alumina, zirconium oxide (ZrO2), mullite, yittrium oxide (Y2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), lanthium oxide (La2O3), boron nitride (BN), aluminum nitride (AlN), and combinations thereof 11. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein a gap is formed between the insulator and the center electrode. 12. The spark plug of claim 1, wherein the third segment of the insulator is tapered from a first end adjacent the second segment toward a second end opposite the second segment such that a thickness of the insulator at the second end is less than a thickness of the insulator at the first end. 13. A spark plug for an internal combustion engine, the spark plug comprising: an elongated center electrode having a center electrode tip at a first end and a terminal proximate a second end opposite the first end; an insulator surrounding at least a portion of the center electrode; and an outer shell surrounding at least a portion of the insulator; wherein the insulator comprises: a first segment surrounding the terminal, a second segment extending from the first segment, a third segment extending from the second segment, wherein a gap is disposed between the third segment of the insulator and the outer shell such that at least a portion of the third segment of the insulator is exposed to a combustion chamber when the spark plug is disposed within an internal combustion engine, and a first coating applied to a first portion of the third segment, and a second coating applied to a second portion of the third segment, wherein at least a portion of the second coating is disposed between the first coating and the second segment. 14. The spark plug of claim 13, wherein the first and second coatings abut one another and do not overlap. 15. The spark plug of claim 13, wherein the first coating is comprised of a first glaze material having a first softening point and the second coating is comprised of a second glaze material having a second softening point that is lower than the first softening point. 16. The spark plug of claim 15, wherein the first and second glaze materials are different materials. 17. The spark plug of claim 13, further including a third coating applied to a third portion of the third segment between the second coating and the second segment. 18. The spark plug of claim 13, wherein the first coating is formed of a first glaze material and the second coating is formed of a second glaze material, wherein at least one of the first and second glaze materials includes a refractory powder. 19. The spark plug of claim 18, wherein the refractory powder is selected from the group consisting of a high temperature ceramic powder, alumina, zirconium oxide (ZrO2), mullite, yittrium oxide (Y2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), lanthium oxide (La2O3), boron nitride (BN), aluminum nitride (AlN), and combinations thereof 20. An insulator for a spark plug, the insulator comprising: a first segment surrounding at least a portion of the terminal, a second segment extending from the first segment, a third segment extending from the second segment, and a coating applied to at least a portion of the third segment, wherein the coating is formed of a first layer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the third segment and a second layer disposed on at least a portion of the first layer. 21. The spark plug of claim 20, wherein each of the first and second layers is formed of a glaze material and the glaze material is the same for both the first and second layers. 22. The spark plug of claim 20, wherein the first layer is formed of a first glaze material having a first softening point and the second layer is formed of a second glaze material having a second softening point and the second softening point is less than the first softening point. 23. The spark plug of claim 22, wherein the first glaze material and the second glaze material are different materials. 24. The spark plug of claim 20, wherein a first thickness of the first layer and a second thickness of the second layer are different. 25. The spark plug of claim 20, further including a third layer disposed on at least a portion of the second layer. 26. The spark plug of claim 20, wherein the first layer is formed of a first glaze material and the second layer is formed of a second glaze material, wherein at least one of the first and second glaze materials includes a refractory powder. 27. The spark plug of claim 26, wherein the refractory powder is selected from the group consisting of a high temperature ceramic powder, alumina, zirconium oxide (ZrO2), mullite, yittrium oxide (Y2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), lanthium oxide (La2O3), boron nitride (BN), aluminum nitride (AlN), and combinations thereof 28. The spark plug of claim 20, wherein a gap is formed between the insulator and the center electrode. 29. The spark plug of claim 20, wherein the third segment of the insulator is tapered from a first end adjacent the second segment toward a second end opposite the second segment such that a thickness of the insulator at the second end is less than a thickness of the insulator at the first end. 30. An insulator for a spark plug, the insulator comprising: a first segment surrounding the terminal, a second segment extending from the first segment, a third segment extending from the second segment, and a first coating applied to a first portion of the third segment, and a second coating applied to a second portion of the third segment, wherein at least a portion of the second coating is disposed between the first coating and the second segment. 31. The spark plug of claim 30, wherein the first and second coatings abut one another and do not overlap. 32. The spark plug of claim 30, wherein the first coating is comprised of a first glaze material having a first softening point and the second coating is comprised of a second glaze material having a second softening point that is lower than the first softening point. 33. The spark plug of claim 32, wherein the first and second glaze materials are different materials. 34. The spark plug of claim 30, further including a third coating applied to a third portion of the third segment between the second coating and the second segment. 35. The spark plug of claim 30, wherein the first coating is formed of a first glaze material and the second coating is formed of a second glaze material, wherein at least one of the first and second glaze materials includes a refractory powder. 36. The spark plug of claim 35, wherein the refractory powder is selected from the group consisting of a high temperature ceramic powder, alumina, zirconium oxide (ZrO2), mullite, yittrium oxide (Y2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), lanthium oxide (La2O3), boron nitride (BN), aluminum nitride (AlN), and combinations thereof",
-    "An image projector includes an image forming element that is illuminated by a light from a light source, a projection optical system that projects a light output from the image forming element, a shifter that shifts the projection optical system with respect to the image forming element so as to shift a projection position, a deforming part that deforms an image formed on the image forming element, and a corrector that corrects a shift direction with the shifter on the basis of a deformation state by the deforming part. 1. An image projector comprising: an image forming element that is illuminated by a light from a light source; a projection optical system that projects a light output from the image forming element; a shifter that shifts the projection optical system with respect to the image forming element so as to shift a projection position; a deforming part that deforms an image formed on the image forming element; and a corrector that corrects a shift direction with the shifter on the basis of a deformation state by the deforming part. 2. The image projector according to claim 1, wherein the deforming part corrects geometric distortion of a projection image projected onto a projection surface. 3. The image projector according to claim 1, wherein the corrector corrects the shift direction with the shifter to a direction different from a direction orthogonal to or parallel to a direction before a correction. 4. The image projector according to claim 1, further comprising: an image overlapping part that overlaps the image with an image illustrating vertical and horizontal directions; and a operating part that receives operation input instructions regarding vertical and horizontal directions, wherein the corrector corrects the shift direction so that a direction that the image overlapped by the overlapping part indicates coincides with a direction that the operation input received by the operating part instructs. 5. The image projector according to claim 1, further comprising: a image shifter that shifts a forming region of the image formed on the image forming element, wherein the corrector the shift direction by the image shifter on the basis of the deformation state by the deforming part. 6. An image projecting method comprising the steps of: illuminating an image forming element by a light from a light source; projecting a light output from the image forming element using a projection optical system; shifting the projection optical system with respect to the image forming element so as to shift a projection position; deforming an image formed on the image forming element; and correcting a shift direction of the projection position on the basis of a deformation state by the deforming part. 7. A non-transitory computer-readable medium configured to store an image projecting method, the method comprising the steps: illuminating an image forming element by a light from a light source; projecting a light output from the image forming element using a projection optical system; shifting the projection optical system with respect to the image forming element so as to shift a projection position; deforming an image formed on the image forming element; and correcting a shift direction of the projection position on the basis of a deformation state by the deforming part.",
-    "The objective is to provide a soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core and a reactor with an excellent DC superposition characteristic. The soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core contains a soft magnetic metal powder, boron nitride and a silicon compound, when its section is ground and then observed, the ratio of the area occupied by the soft magnetic metal powder to that of the section of the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core is 90% or more and 95% or less, and a roundness of the section of 80% or more of the particles constituting the soft magnetic metal powder is 0.75 or more and 1.0 or less, and boron nitride exists in 70% or more of the voids-among-multiple-particles among the voids-among-multiple-particles in the section of the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core. Thus, the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core with an excellent DC superposition characteristic can be obtained. 1. A soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core, comprising a soft magnetic metal powder, boron nitride and a silicon compound, wherein, when a section of the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core is ground and then observed, the ratio of the area occupied by the soft magnetic metal powder to that of the section of the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core is 90% or more and 95% or less, and a roundness of the section of 80% or more of the particles constituting the soft magnetic metal powder is 0.75 or more and 1.0 or less, and boron nitride exists in 70% or more of voids-among-multiple-particles among voids-among-multiple-particles existing in the section of the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core. 2. The soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core of claim 1, wherein, the silicon compound is derived from silicone resin and comprises silicon (Si), oxygen (O) and carbon (C). 3. The soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core of claim 1, wherein, 0.17 mass % or more and 0.80 mass % or less of boron (B) and 0.22 mass % or more and 1.00 mass % or less of nitrogen (N) are contained relative to the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core. 4. The soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core of claim 1, wherein, in the particle size distribution of the soft magnetic metal powder, when the particle diameter at which the number cumulated from the small side reaches 50% is defined as d50%, d50% is 30 \u03bcm or more and 60 \u03bcm or less. 5. The soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core of claim 1, wherein, when the section of the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core is ground and then observed, it has a structure that the particle constituting the soft magnetic metal powder faces at least one adjacent particle at a region where no boron nitride exists. 6. A reactor prepared by using the soft magnetic metal powder-compact magnetic core of claim 1.",
-    "The invention relates to a drug-coated balloon catheter and to a method for producing the same. The balloon of the catheter includes (i) a main membrane, and (ii) an asymmetrical polymer membrane which is applied to an outside of the main membrane and into which at least one pharmaceutical active ingredient is introduced. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A method for producing a drug-coated balloon catheter, comprising the following steps: a) providing a balloon blank having a main membrane; b) wetting the main membrane with a homogeneous polymer solution comprising a solvent and a polymer; c) inducing a phase separation of the polymer from the polymer solution by a measure selected from the group consisting of: (i) temperature change, (ii) immersing the wetted balloon blank in a bath of a liquid which can be mixed with the solvent of the polymer solution, but which does not dissolve, or hardly dissolves, the polymer, and (iii) exposing the wetted balloon blank to an atmosphere which comprises a gaseous constituent which can be mixed with the solvent of the polymer solution, but does not dissolve, or hardly dissolves, the polymer. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein step c) is carried out in an expanded state of the balloon blank. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the polymer solution comprises a pharmaceutical active ingredient. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the balloon is dried after the phase separation, and subsequently a pharmaceutical active ingredient is embedded by applying an active ingredient solution, or a pure active ingredient, onto the polymer membrane in the expanded state of the balloon blank. 11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the main membrane of the balloon comprises polyamide at least on the side thereof facing the polymer membrane, and the polymer solution is a solution of polyurethane or polyether-polyurethane in tetrahydrofurane (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF).",
-    "Techniques are provided for decoding machine-readable optical codes that have an aesthetic component that is integrated into the codes themselves. In this manner, the machine-readable optical codes can be designed to be aesthetically pleasing and/or can convey information to human viewers, and can even be disguised so that they do not appear to be machine-readable optical codes at all. Such information can be (but need not be) distinct from the information encoded for reading by a machine, even when the information is integrated into the code itself. The techniques described herein can be applied to any type of machine-readable optical code. 1. A computer-implemented method for detecting a fiducial containing a machine-readable optical code, comprising: at an image capture device, capturing an input image; at a processor, identifying connected components within the input image; at the processor, identifying quadrilaterals within the connected components; at the processor, filtering the identified quadrilaterals to generate a set of at least one quadrilateral; and at an output device, outputting the set of at least one quadrilateral as a set of at least one detected fiducial containing a machine-readable optical code. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable optical code comprises an aesthetic component. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising generating a binary image from the input image by: determining a local scale for each of a plurality of locations within the image, to generate a locally averaged image; and at each location, comparing the locally averaged image to a threshold. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to identifying quadrilaterals, filtering the connected components to determine which regions are above a threshold metric to represent meaningful data. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the threshold metric comprises at least one of size and solidity. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to outputting the set of at least one quadrilateral, refining the at least one quadrilateral using image-based alignment. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: at the processor, obtaining a canonical fiducial containing canonical probe locations; at the processor, determining a perspective transformation of the at least one detected fiducial as compared with the canonical fiducial; at the processor, applying the perspective transformation to the canonical probe locations to obtain transformed probe locations; at the processor, determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location; at the processor, determining binary probe values from the determined probe values; at the processor, comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code; and at an output device, outputting the matched code. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location comprises, for each transformed probe location: determining a plurality of probe values; and averaging the probe values. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code comprises determining an orientation based on at least one orientation marker. 10. A system for detecting a fiducial containing a machine-readable optical code, comprising: an image capture device, configured to capture an input image; a hardware processor, communicatively coupled to the image capture device, configured to perform the steps of: identifying connected components within the input image; identifying quadrilaterals within the connected components; and filtering the identified quadrilaterals to generate a set of at least one quadrilateral; and an output device, communicatively coupled to the hardware processor, configured to output the set of at least one quadrilateral as a set of at least one detected fiducial containing a machine-readable optical code. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the machine-readable optical code comprises an aesthetic component. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to generate a binary image from the input image by: determining a local scale for each of a plurality of locations within the image, to generate a locally averaged image; and at each location, comparing the locally averaged image to a threshold. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to, prior to identifying quadrilaterals, filter the connected components to determine which regions are above a threshold metric to represent meaningful data. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the threshold metric comprises at least one of size and solidity. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to, prior to the output device outputting the set of at least one quadrilateral, refine the at least one quadrilateral using image-based alignment. 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to perform the steps of: obtaining a canonical fiducial containing canonical probe locations; determining a perspective transformation of the detected fiducial as compared with the canonical fiducial; applying the perspective transformation to the canonical probe locations to obtain transformed probe locations; determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location; determining binary probe values from the determined probe values; and comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code; and wherein the output device is further configured to output the matched code. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the hardware processor determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location comprises, for each transformed probe location: determining a plurality of probe values; and averaging the probe values. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the hardware processor comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code comprises determining an orientation based on at least one orientation marker. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for detecting a fiducial containing a machine-readable optical code, comprising instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, perform the steps of: causing an image capture device to capture an input image; identifying connected components within the input image; identifying quadrilaterals within the connected components; filtering the identified quadrilaterals to generate a set of at least one quadrilateral; and causing an output device to output the set of at least one quadrilateral as a set of at least one fiducial containing a machine-readable optical code. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the machine-readable optical code comprises an aesthetic component. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, perform the step of generating a binary image from the input image by: determining a local scale for each of a plurality of locations within the image, to generate a locally averaged image; and at each location, comparing the locally averaged image to a threshold. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, further comprising instructions that when executed on the processor, perform the step of, prior to identifying quadrilaterals, filtering the connected components to determine which regions are above a threshold metric to represent meaningful data. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the threshold metric comprises at least one of size and solidity. 24. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, perform the step of, prior to outputting the set of at least one quadrilateral, refining the at least one quadrilateral using image-based alignment. 25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, perform the steps of: obtaining a canonical fiducial containing canonical probe locations; determining a perspective transformation of the detected fiducial as compared with the canonical fiducial; applying the perspective transformation to the canonical probe locations to obtain transformed probe locations; determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location; determining binary probe values from the determined probe values; comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code; and causing the output device to output the matched code. 26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location comprises, for each transformed probe location: determining a plurality of probe values; and averaging the probe values. 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 25, wherein comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code comprises determining an orientation based on at least one orientation marker. 28. A computer-implemented method for decoding a machine-readable optical code contained in a detected fiducial, comprising: at an image capture device, capturing an input image; at a processor, detecting a fiducial within the input image, the fiducial comprising a machine-readable optical code; at the processor, obtaining a canonical fiducial containing canonical probe locations; at the processor, based on a comparison of the detected fiducial with the canonical fiducial, obtaining transformed probe locations; at the processor, determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location; at the processor, determining binary probe values from the determined probe values; at the processor, comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code; and an output device, outputting the matched code. 29. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location comprises, for each transformed probe location: determining a plurality of probe values; and averaging the probe values. 30. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code comprises determining an orientation based on at least one orientation marker. 31. A system for decoding a machine-readable optical code contained in a detected fiducial, comprising: an image capture device, configured to capture an input image; a hardware processor, communicatively coupled to the image capture device, configured to perform the steps of: detecting a fiducial within the input image, the fiducial comprising a machine-readable optical code; obtaining a canonical fiducial containing canonical probe locations; based on a comparison of the detected fiducial with the canonical fiducial, obtaining transformed probe locations; determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location; determining binary probe values from the determined probe values; and comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code; and an output device, communicatively coupled to the hardware processor, configured to output the matched code. 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the hardware processor determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location comprises, for each transformed probe location: determining a plurality of probe values; and averaging the probe values. 33. The system of claim 31, wherein the hardware processor comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code comprises determining an orientation based on at least one orientation marker. 34. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for decoding a machine-readable optical code contained in a detected fiducial, comprising instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, perform the steps of: causing an image capture device to capture an input image; detecting a fiducial within the input image, the fiducial comprising a machine-readable optical code; obtaining a canonical fiducial containing canonical probe locations; based on a comparison of the detected fiducial with the canonical fiducial, obtaining transformed probe locations; determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location; determining binary probe values from the determined probe values; comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code; and causing an output device to output the matched code. 35. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein determining at least one probe value for each transformed probe location comprises, for each transformed probe location: determining a plurality of probe values; and averaging the probe values. 36. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein comparing the determined binary probe values with a code library to identify a matched code comprises determining an orientation based on at least one orientation marker. 37. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions stored thereon, that when executed on a processor, perform the step of, prior to obtaining the transformed probe locations: determining a perspective transformation of the detected fiducial as compared with the canonical fiducial; and wherein obtaining transformed probe locations comprises applying the perspective transformation to the canonical probe locations to obtain the transformed probe locations.",
-    "A coating liquid includes a polymer particle, an aggregating agent for a coloring material, a nonionic surfactant having an HLB value within the range of 15.5 to 20, and water. 1. A coating liquid comprising: a polymer particle; an aggregating agent for a coloring material; a first nonionic surfactant having an HLB value within the range of 15.5 to 20; a second nonionic surfactant with an HLB value of less than 15.5; and water. 2. The coating liquid according to claim 1, wherein the aggregating agent for a coloring material is at least one selected from the group consisting of an inorganic acid and an inorganic acid salt. 3. The coating liquid according to claim 1, wherein a content of the first nonionic surfactant is in a range of 10% by weight to 200% by weight, with respect to the weight of the aggregating agent for a coloring material. 4. The coating liquid according to claim 2, wherein a content of the first nonionic surfactant is in a range of 10% by weight to 200% by weight, with respect to the weight of the aggregating agent for a coloring material. 5. A recording medium comprising: a non-permeable base material; and a coating layer that is to be image-recorded with a water-based ink, and is formed on the non-permeable base material by using the coating liquid according to claim 1. 6. The recording medium according to claim 5, wherein the non-permeable base material is a resin film. 7. A recording medium comprising: a non-permeable base material; and a coating layer that is to be image-recorded with a water-based ink, is disposed on the non-permeable base material, and contains a polymer, an aggregating agent for a coloring material, a first nonionic surfactant having an HLB value within the range of 15.5 to 20, and a second nonionic surfactant with an HLB value of less than 15.5. 8. The recording medium according to claim 7, wherein the non-permeable base material is a resin film. 9. The coating liquid according to claim 1, wherein a content of the second nonionic surfactant is in a range of 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight with respect to the weight of the coating liquid.",
-    "Arylomycin analogs are provided, wherein the analogs can have broad spectrum bioactivity. Resistance to the antibiotic bioactivity of natural product arylomycin in a range of pathogenic bacterial species has been found to depend upon single amino acid mutations at defined positions of bacterial Signal Peptidases (SPases), wherein the presence of a proline residue confers arylomycin resistance. Arylomycin analogs are provided herein that can overcome that resistance and provide for a broader spectrum of antibiotic bioactivity than can natural product arylomycins such as arylomycin A2. Methods for determining if a bacterial strain is susceptible to narrow spectrum arylomycin antibiotics, or if a broad spectrum analog is required for treatment, is provided. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment of bacterial infections, and methods of synthesis of arylomycin analogs, are provided. 1. A compound of formula (I) wherein B is CO2H, CH2CO2H, C(\u2550O)NHCH2C(\u2550O)H, CH2C(\u2550O)H, C(\u2550O)NHCH2B(ORB)2 or C(\u2550O)NHCH2P(\u2550O)(ORB)2 wherein RB is H, (C1-C6)alkyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; or B is a group of formula wherein RB1 and RB2 are each independently H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl, ORC, C(\u2550O)NRC2, OC(\u2550O)NRC2, C(\u2550O)ORC, OC(\u2550O)ORC, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C1-C6)thioalkoxy, NRC2, 5-7 membered heterocyclyl or 5-7 membered heteroaryl, or (C6-C10)aryl; le is independently at each occurrence H or (C1-C6)alkyl, and a wavy line indicates a point of attachment of B to a carbon of formula (I) hearing B; R1 comprises a group of formula (IIA), (IIB), or (IIC): wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2, n1 is independently at each occurrence 0, 1, or 2; Y is (CH2)0-2H, (CH2)0-2OH, or (CH2)0-2OC(\u2550O)(C1-C6)alkyl; RA6 is hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl, wherein any alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents, wherein each substituent is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)alkoxycarbonyl, (C1-C6)alkylhydroxycarbonyl, (C1-C6)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C1-C6)alkylsulfonylamino, and (C6-C10)-arylsulfonylamino; and a wavy line indicates a point of attachment of R1 to an atom of formula (I) bearing R1; and R5 is a linear or branched alkyl chain of about 1-22 carbon atoms, bonded to the carbonyl carbon to which it is attached directly or by an O or NH, to provide an amide, carbamate, or urea linkage respectively; optionally comprising within the chain or at a chain terminus, any of the following groups: (A) wherein W1, W2, W3, W4 and W5 are each independently C or N, provided that no more than two of W1, W2, W3, W4 and W5 are N; provided that when R1A or R1B is non-hydrogen, any W atom to which the R1A or R1B is respectively bonded is C, wherein there can be one or more R1B bonded to the ring bearing the W atoms; R1A is hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, cyano, (C1-C6)-thioether, fluoroalkoxy, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; R1B is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoro alkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; wherein any R1A or R1B can be further substituted with one to three (C1-C12)-alkyl or -alkoxy groups, which can further hear halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-alkylamino, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl groups; wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment; (B) wherein W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7 are each independently C or N, provided that no more than three of W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7 are N; provided that when R1C or R1D is non-hydrogen, any W atom to which the R1C or R1D is respectively bonded is C, wherein either ring can bear one or more R1D; R1C is hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; R1D is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; wherein any R1C or R1D can be further substituted with one to three (C1-C12)-alkyl or -alkoxy groups, which can further bear halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment; (C) wherein Z is O, S, NH or CH2; R1E at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl)aryl; R1F is hydrogen or alkyl, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl)aryl; wherein any R1E or R1F can be further substituted with one to three (C1-C12)-alkyl or -alkoxy groups, which can further bear halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment; or (D) wherein R1G at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; R1H is hydrogen or alkyl, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)-thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; wherein any R1G or R1H can be further substituted with one to three (C1-C12)-alkyl or -alkoxy groups, which can further bear halogen, amino, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, fluoroalkyl, (C1-C6)thioalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, cyano, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-mono- or di-alkylamino, (C1-C6)-alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl; wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment; R2 and R3 are each independently nitro, halo, cyano, hydroxy, glycosyloxy, amino, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)acyloxy, or (C1-C4)alkyl, wherein any carbon atom can be unsubstituted or substituted with J, wherein n2 and n3 are independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; or wherein two R2 groups taken together, and/or two R3 groups taken together, can comprise fused cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl ring or rings, any of which is substituted with 0-3 J; R4 and R6 are each independently at every occurrence hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl, wherein any alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl can be substituted with 1 to 3 J; RA1, RA2, RA3, RA4, RA5 are independently at each occurrence hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl, 5- to 7-membered heteroaryl, 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or (C6-C10)aryl, wherein any alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl can be substituted with 1 to 3 J; J is halogen, R\u2032, OR\u2032, CN, CF3, OCF3, O, S, C(O), S(O), methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pSR\u2032, (CH2)0-pS(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pS(O)2R\u2032, (CH2)0-pS(O)2N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pSO3R\u2032, (CH2)0-pC(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pC(O)CH2C(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pC(S)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pC(O)OR\u2032, (CH2)0-pOC(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pC(O)N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pOC(O)N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pC(S)N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pNH\u2014C(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)N(R\u2032)C(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)N(R\u2032)C(O)OR\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)N(R\u2032)CON(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)SO2R\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)SO2N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)C(O)OR\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)C(O)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)C(S)R\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)C(O)N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pN(R\u2032)C(S)N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pN(COR\u2032)COR\u2032, (CH2)0-pN(OR\u2032)0-pR\u2032, (CH2)0-pC(\u2550NH)N(R\u2032)2, (CH2)0-pC(O)N(OR\u2032)R\u2032, or (CH2)0-pC(\u2550NOR\u2032)R\u2032; wherein p is about 4, each R\u2032 is independently at each occurrence hydrogen, (C1-C12)-alkyl, (C2-C12)-alkenyl, (C2-C12)-alkynyl, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-cycloalkenyl, [(C3-C10)cycloalkyl or (C3-C10)-cycloalkenyl]-[(C1-C12)-alkyl or (C2-C12)-alkenyl or (C2-C12)-alkynyl], (C6-C10)-aryl, (C6-C10)aryl-[(C1-C12)-alkyl or (C2-C12)-alkenyl or (C2-C12)-alkynyl], mono- or bicyclic 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, mono- or bicyclic 3-10 membered heterocyclyl-[(C1-C12)-alkyl or (C2-C12)-alkenyl or (C2-C12)-alkynyl], mono- or bicyclic 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or mono- or bicyclic 5-10 membered heteroaryl-[(C1-C12)-alkyl or (C2-C12)-alkenyl or (C2-C12)-alkynyl]; or, when two R\u2032 are hound to a nitrogen atom or to two adjacent nitrogen atoms, the two R\u2032 groups together with the nitrogen atom or atoms to which they are bound can form a 3- to 8-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, or an 8- to 20-membered, bicyclic or tricyclic, heterocyclic ring system, wherein any ring or ring system can further contain 1-3 additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, NR\u2032, 0, S, S(O) and S(O)2; wherein, in any bicyclic or tricyclic ring system, each ring is linearly fused, bridged, or spirocyclic, wherein each ring is either aromatic or nonaromatic, wherein each ring can be fused to a (C6-C10)aryl, mono- or bicyclic 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C3-C10)cycloalkyl or mono- or bicyclic 3-10 membered heterocyclyl; G1 and G2 are each independently a hydrogen or a glycosyl residue, or a group cleavable under physiological conditions to provide a compound of formula (I) wherein G1 or G2 respectively is hydrogen; (X1)X1 and (X2)X2 each signify that 0, 1, or 2 ring atoms of each respective ring can be nitrogen, provided that where a non-hydrogen substituent is bonded, X1 or X2, respectively, is C; provided that when G1 is a 6-deoxyhexopyranosyl residue, G2 is H, R1 is of formula (IIA), R2 is hydrogen or hydroxy, R3 is hydrogen, RA1 and RA2 and RA4 are H, RA3 and RA5 are methyl, and B is CO2H, or when G1 and G2 are H, R1 is of formula (HA), R2 is hydrogen, R3 is hydrogen or nitro, RA1 and RA2 and RA4 are H, RA3 and RA5 are methyl, and B is CO2H, then R5 is not unsubstituted (C10-C16)-alkyl; or a salt thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein when G1 is a H or a 6-deoxyhexopyranosyl residue, G2 is H, R1 is of formula (IIA), R2 is hydrogen or hydroxy, R3 is hydrogen or nitro, RA1 and RA2 and RA4 are H, RA3 and RA5 are methyl, and B is CO2H, then R5 is not unsubstituted (C1-C22)alkyl. 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is of formula (IA) or a salt thereof. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R\u2032 is a group of formula (IIAS), or (IIBS): wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment of R1 to an atom bonded to R1 in formula (I); or a salt thereof. 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein R5 is a (C1-C22) linear or branched alkyl. 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein R5 is a (C1-C22) linear or branched alkyl comprising one or more of groups (A), (B), (C), or (D), of claim 1. 7. The compound of claim 3 wherein R5 is a (C1-C22) linear or branched alkyl. 8. The compound of claim 3 wherein R5 is a (C1-C22) linear or branched alkyl, comprising one or more of groups (A), (B), (C), or (D), of claim 1. 9. The compound of claim 1 wherein R5 is any of the following groups wherein x is 0-14, y is 0-14, provided that x+y<22, r is 0 or 1, and X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 are each independently C or N, provided that no more than one of X1 and X2, and no more than one of Y1 and Y2, is N, wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment of R5 to an atom bonded to R5 in formula (IIA), (IIB), or (IIC). 10. The compound of claim 1 wherein R5 is any of the following: methyl, ethyl, (C3-C22)-n-alkyl, (C3-C22)-isoalkyl, (C4-C22)-anteisoalkyl, naphthyl, (C2-C10) naphthyl, naphthylmethyl, (C2-C10) naphthylmethyl, biphenyl, (C2-C10)alkylbiphenyl, biphenylmethyl, (C2-C10)alkylbiphenylmethyl, (C4-C12)phenyl, (C4-C12)benzyl, (C2-C10)-1,2-diphenylethynyl, or (Z)\u2014 or (E)-(C2-C10)-1,2-diphenylethenyl, wherein a wavy line indicates a point of attachment of R5 to an atom bonded to R5 in formula (IIA), (IIB), or (IIC). 11. The compound of claim 1 wherein ring bearing one or more X1 or X2, respectively, is a phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, or pyridazinyl, optionally wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen. 12. The compound of claim 1 wherein at least one of R2 and R3 is hydrogen. 13. The compound of claim 1 wherein at least one of R2 and R3 is nitro, halo, cyano, hydroxy, glycosyloxy, amino, (C1-C4)alkoxy, or (C1-C4)alkyl, and n2 or n3 respectively, or both, is 1. 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein both G are hydrogen. 15. The compound of claim 1 wherein any of RA1, RA2 and RA4 are hydrogen, any of RA3 and RA5 are methyl, or any combination thereof. 16. The compound of claim 1 wherein RA3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl. 17. The compound of claim 1 wherein all of R4 and R6 are independently selected hydrogen or methyl. 18. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is any of the following compounds of formula (III) wherein R7 is (C8-C18)-n-alkyl, (C8-C18)-isoalkyl, (C8-C18)-anteisoalkyl, any of which includes a group (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E) of claim 1; or is 2-naphthyl, 6-(C2-C10)-2-naphthyl, 2-naphthylmethyl, 6-(C2-C10)-2-naphthylmethyl, 4-biphenyl, 4-biphenylmethyl, 4\u2032-(C2-C10)alkyl-4-biphenyl, 4\u2032-(C2-C10)alkyl-4-biphenylmethyl, p-(C4-C12)phenyl, p-(C4-C12)benzyl, or 4\u2032-(C2-C10)-1,2-diphenylethynyl; or a salt thereof. 19. The compound of claim 3 wherein the compound is any of the following compounds of formula (IV) herein R7 is (C8-C18)-n-alkyl, (C8-C18)-isoalkyl, (C8-C18)-anteisoalkyl, any of which includes a group (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E) of claim 1; or is 2-naphthyl, 6-(C2-C10)-2-naphthyl, 2-naphthylmethyl, 6-(C2-C10)-2-naphthyl methyl, 4-biphenyl, 4-biphenylmethyl, 4\u2032-(C2-C10)alkyl-4-biphenyl, 4\u2032-(C2-C10)alkyl-4-biphenylmethyl, p-(C4-C12)phenyl, p-(C4-C12)benzyl, or 4\u2032-(C2-C10)-1,2-diphenylethynyl; or a salt thereof. 20. A compound comprising a hydrate, solvate, prodrug, or metabolite of a compound of claim 1. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 22. Use of a compound of claim 1 for preparation of a medicament for treatment of a bacterial infection in a patient. 23. A method of treatment of a bacterial infection in an animal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 to the animal at a frequency and for a duration sufficient to provide a beneficial effect to the animal. 24. The method of claim 23 wherein a causative bacterial species of the bacterial infection is of a genotype resistant to treatment with arylomycin A2. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the bacterial infection is an infection involving Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lacto coccus lactis subsp. lactis, Propionibacterium acnes, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus opacus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus ovalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pnemoniae, and/or Yersinia pestis. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the bacterial infection is an infection involving a gram negative bacteria. 27. A method of treating a bacterial infection in an animal that includes administering arylomycin A and/or arylomycin B and/or a compound of claim 1 to the animal, wherein the infection involves a microbial species that expresses a signal peptidase without a proline residue within 10 amino acids N-terminal to the signal peptidase catalytic serine. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the bacterial species encodes or expresses an SPase enzyme without a proline residue 5 to 7 amino acids N-terminal to the SPase catalytic serine. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the bacterial infection is an infection involving Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Propionibacterium acnes, Rhodococcus equi, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and/or Streptococcus pnemoniae. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the bacterial infection is an infection involving a gram negative bacteria. 31. The method of claim 27, wherein administering comprises topical administration. 32. A method of treating a bacterial infection in an animal comprising administering to the animal any one or any combination of the compounds of claim 1, wherein the bacterial infection comprises an infection by a bacteria that encodes or expresses an SPase enzyme that has a proline within about 10 amino acids N-terminal to the SPase catalytic serine. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the bacteria encodes or expresses an SPase enzyme that does not have a proline 5 to 7 amino acids N-terminal to the SPase catalytic serine. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the bacterial infection involves Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae and/or Yersinia pestis. 35. A method of treating a bacterial infection in an animal comprising administering to the animal arylomycin A or arylomycin B, wherein the microbial infection is an infection involving Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Propionibacterium acnes, Rhodococcus equi, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pnemoniae, and/or Yersinia pestis. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein administering comprises topical administration. 37. The method of claim 23, further comprising administering a second therapeutic agent. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the second therapeutic agent is a non-arylomycin antibiotic. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the non-arylomycin antibiotic is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, fluoroquinolone antibiotic, penicillin antibiotic, cephalosporin antibiotic, macrolide antibiotic, glycopeptide antibiotic, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, fluoramphenicol, colistin, mupirocin, bacitracin, daptomycin, or linezolid. 40. A method of detecting whether a test sample contains a bacterium sensitive to an arylomycin antibiotic comprising detecting whether a bacterial signal peptidase is present in the test sample, wherein the bacterial signal peptidase does not have a proline within about 10 amino acids N-terminal to the bacterial signal peptidase's catalytic serine. 41. The method of claim 40, furthering comprising detecting whether a test sample contains Yersinia pestis. 42. The method of claim 40, wherein the bacterial signal peptidase nucleic acid or the bacterial signal peptidase polypeptide is detected. 43. The method of claim 40, further comprising contacting the test sample with an anti-signal peptidase antibody and detecting whether the antibody forms a complex with a bacterial signal peptidase in the test sample. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the antibody selectively binds to a signal peptidase that does not contain a proline with about 10 amino acids N-terminal to the bacterial signal peptidase's catalytic serine. 45. The method of claim 40, further comprising contacting the test sample with an anti-signal peptidase antibody that selectively binds to a signal peptidase that does contain a proline with about 10 amino acids N-terminal to the bacterial signal peptidase catalytic serine and detecting whether the antibody forms a complex with a bacterial signal peptidase in the test sample. 46. The method of claim 40, further comprising contacting a nucleic acid isolated from the test sample with a probe or primer that selectively hybridizes to a DNA encoding a bacterial signal peptidase that does not contain a proline with about 10 amino acids N-terminal to the bacterial signal peptidase's catalytic serine. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the probe or the primer hybridizes to the DNA under stringent hybridization conditions. 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the probe or primer hybridizes to the signal peptidase DNA encoding a region comprising about 4 to about 15 amino acids of the bacterial signal peptidase that includes the catalytic serine. 49. The method of claim 40, wherein detecting comprises nucleic acid amplication, nucleic acid sequencing, or single nucleotide polymorphism detection. 50. The method of claim 40, wherein the signal peptidase does not have a proline seven amino acids N-terminal to the bacterial signal peptidase' catalytic serine. 51. The method of claim 40, wherein the signal peptidase does not have a proline five amino acids N-terminal to the bacterial signal peptidase' catalytic serine. 52. The method of claim 40, wherein the bacterium is a Eubacteria, and/or the antibody selectively binds to the signal peptidase from a selected species of Eubacteria and/or the probe or primer selectively hybridizes to a DNA encoding a signal peptidase from a selected species of Eubacteria. 53. A bacterium genetically engineered to encode and/or express a signal peptidase with a proline at 5 to 7 amino acids N-terminal to the signal peptidase's catalytic serine, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Propionibacterium acnes, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus opacus, Staphylococcus camosus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pnemoniae. 54. A bacterium genetically engineered to encode and/or express a signal peptidase without a proline at 5 to 7 amino acids N-terminal to the signal peptidase's catalytic serine, wherein the bacterium is Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella entericia, Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Neiserria meningitides, Haemophilia influenza, Citrobacter koseri, Shigella flexneri, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aurues, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus tuberculosis, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis and/or Listeria monocytogenes. 55. A mutant signal peptidase with a Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Propionibacterium acnes, Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus opacus, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Streptococcus pnemoniae signal peptidase amino acid sequence that is modified to have a proline substitution at a position 5 or at a position 7 amino acids N-terminal to the signal peptidase's catalytic serine. 56. A mutant signal peptidase with a Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella entericia, Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Neiserria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Citrobacter koseri, Shigella flexneri, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aurues, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus mutans, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis or Listeria monocytogenes signal peptidase amino acid sequence that is modified by replacement of a proline with a selected amino acid, wherein the proline was at 5 to 7 amino acids N-terminal to the signal peptidase's catalytic serine. 57. The mutant signal peptidase of claim 56, wherein the selected amino acid is a serine. 58. A method of identifying an antibiotic effective for treating a bacterial infection involving an arylomycin-resistant bacterial species, comprising contacting the arylomycin-resistant bacteria with a test agent and observing whether the test agent inhibits growth of the arylomycin-resistant bacteria, wherein the arylomycin-resistant bacteria encodes or expresses a signal peptidase enzyme that has a proline residue 5 to 7 amino acids N-terminal to the signal peptidase catalytic serine. 59. A method of identifying a compound that has antibiotic activity against bacteria comprising contacting a culture of bacteria with the test compound and identifying whether the test compound inhibits growth of the bacteria, wherein the bacteria in the culture expresses a modified SPase that has a natural bacterial SPase amino acid sequence modified at position \u22125 to \u22127 relative to the catalytic serine by substitution or replacement of an amino acid at that position. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein an amino acid at position \u22125 and/or at position \u22127 relative to the catalytic serine is replaced with a proline. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the amino acid at position \u22125 and/or at position \u22127 relative to the catalytic serine is a proline replaced by a selected amino acid. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the selected amino acid is a serine. 63. The method of claim 58, wherein the test compound that inhibits the growth of the bacteria has antibiotic activity.",
-    "An autofocus device includes: an imaging element; an imaging element driver; an imaging element driving controller; a detector; a focus determiner; and a speed parameter calculator. The focus determiner detects a focus position based on a contrast value. The speed parameter calculator calculates a speed parameter used to set a driving speed of the imaging element driver based on the contrast value. The imaging element driving controller performs first and second driving controls for detecting the focus position based on the speed parameter in an autofocus operation. Also, the imaging element driving controller sets, during the first driving control, a driving speed of the imaging element driver for the second driving control. 1. An autofocus device comprising: an imaging element that converts a subject image formed on an imaging plane to an electric signal; an imaging element driver that drives the imaging element in an optical axis direction; an imaging element driving controller that controls the imaging element driver; a detector that detects a contrast value of image information obtained from the electric signal; a focus determiner that detects a focus position based on the contrast value; and a speed parameter calculator that calculates a speed parameter based on the contrast value, wherein the imaging element driving controller executes first and second driving controls for detecting the focus position based on the speed parameter in an autofocus operation, and sets, during the first driving control, a driving speed of the imaging element driver for the second driving control. 2. The autofocus device according to claim 1, wherein the speed parameter is calculated by using a contrast profile portraying a change in the contrast value with respect to a change in a position of the imaging element, the contrast profile being estimated based on the contrast value. 3. The autofocus device according to claim 2, wherein the driving speed of the imaging element driver for the first driving control is set by using the contrast profile that is estimated to have a smallest half-value width. 4. The autofocus device according to claim 1, wherein the imaging element driving controller changes the driving speed of the imaging element driver for in the first driving control. 5. The autofocus device according to claim 1, wherein the first driving control is ended when the driving speed of the imaging element driver for the second driving control is set. 6. The autofocus device according to claim 1, wherein the first driving control is ended when the focus position is detected. 7. The autofocus device according to claim 1, wherein, in a case where the focus position is detected under the first driving control, the driving speed of the imaging element driver for the second driving control is set faster than the driving speed of the imaging element for the first driving control. 8. An imaging device comprising: the autofocus device according to claim 1; and a lens barrel detachably attached to the autofocus device, wherein the autofocus device and the lens barrel are incommunicable with each other. 9. An autofocus method comprising: converting a subject image formed on an imaging plane to an electric signal; detecting a contrast value of image information obtained from the electric signal; detecting a focus position based on the contrast value; executing first and second driving controls for driving the imaging element in an optical axis direction to detect the focus position in an autofocus operation; and setting, during the first driving control, a driving speed of the imaging element driver for the second driving control. 10. An autofocus device comprising: an imaging element that converts a subject image formed on an imaging plane to an electric signal; an imaging element driver that drives the imaging element in an optical axis direction; and a control circuit that controls the imaging element driver, detects a contrast value of image information obtained from the electric signal, and detects a focus position of the imaging element based on a contrast value detection result, wherein the control circuit sets a second driving speed according to a change in the contrast value detected when the imaging element is being driven at a first driving speed, and the control circuit detects the focus position based on the contrast value detected when the imaging element is being driven at the second driving speed. 11. The autofocus device according to claim 10, wherein the second driving speed is faster than the first driving speed. 12. The autofocus device according to claim 10, wherein the first driving speed is a lowest speed for the imaging element driver. 13. The autofocus device according to claim 10, wherein the control circuit further sets the second driving speed based on a speed parameter dependent on the change in the contrast value, and the speed parameter indicates an F-number of a lens attached to the autofocus device. 14. The autofocus device according to claim 12, wherein: in a case where the control circuit determines that the change in the contrast value is slower than a predetermined gradient, the control circuit sets the second driving speed, and detects the focus position based on the contrast value detected when the imaging element is being driven at the second driving speed; and in a case where the control circuit determines that the change in the contrast value is not slower than the predetermined gradient, the control circuit detects the focus position based on the contrast value detected when the imaging element is being driven at the first driving speed.",
-    "There are provided a method and an apparatus for transmitting an IP packet using segment routing. A path controller for transmitting an IP packet in a mobile communication system including heterogeneous networks includes a data transmission path establishing module configured to, if a request message for establishing a data path is received from any one of a plurality of mobile nodes, determine transport nodes that the IP packets is traverse between mobile nodes, and transmit segment values corresponding to the determined transport nodes to the mobile nodes sending the request message for establishing the data path, wherein the plurality of mobile nodes are connected to transport nodes and there may be a lot of data paths between them. 1. A path controller for transmitting an IP packet in a mobile communication system including heterogeneous networks, the path controller comprising: a data transmission path establishing module configured to, when a request message for establishing a data path is received from any one of a plurality of mobile nodes, determine nodes that IP packets traverse between the plurality of mobile nodes, and transmit a segment list or a set of segment list corresponding to the determined nodes that IP packets traverse to the mobile node sending the request message for establishing the data path, wherein the plurality of mobile nodes are connected to transport nodes that enable the IP packets to traverse between the plurality of mobile nodes, a plurality of nodes that transmit the IP packets are provided between the transport nodes, and the data path is set by the determined nodes among the plurality of nodes. 2. The path controller of claim 1, further comprising a data transmission path storage module configured to acquire and store information on the nodes that the IP packets traverse, the nodes being determined by the data transmission path establishing module. 3. The path controller of claim 1, wherein the plurality of mobile nodes include mobile nodes used in a first network and mobile nodes used in a second network, and wherein, when the mobile nodes used in the first network includes an evolved node B (eNB), a packet gateway (P-GW) and a serving gateway (S-GW) and the mobile nodes used in the second network includes an access point (AP)/access point controller (APC), the packet gateway (P-GW) and an enhanced packet data gateway (ePDG), the eNB and the AP/APC are connected to a first transport node, and the S-GW and the ePDG are connected to a second transport node, and the P-GW is connected to a third transport node. 4. The path controller of claim 3, wherein the data transmission path establishing module determines nodes that the IP packet traverse, indicating a data path from the eNB to the S-GW and a data path from the S-GW to the P-GW, through which mobile communication services are provided in the first network is equal to a data path from the AP/APC to the ePDG, and a data path from the ePDG to the P-GW respectively through which mobile communication services are provided in the second network. 5. The path controller of claim 3, wherein, when the request message for establishing the data path is generated by a handover from the first network to the second network, the data transmission path establishing module acquires information on nodes used in the first network from the data transmission path storage module, and determines the nodes used in the first network once again as nodes that the IP packets traverse in the second network. 6. The path controller of claim 1, wherein the data transmission path establishing module determines nodes that the IP packets traverse with reference to IP addresses and port numbers of sending and receiving mobile nodes, and 5-tuple information. 7. The path controller of claim 6, wherein the data transmission path establishing module determines nodes that the IP packets traverse with reference to at least one of characteristics of mobile communication services and network statuses. 8. A method for transmitting an IP packet in a mobile communication system including heterogeneous networks, the method comprising: (a) receiving a request message for establishing a data path from any one of a plurality of mobile nodes; (b) when the request message for establishing the data path is received, determining nodes that IP packets traverse between the plurality of mobile nodes, wherein the plurality of mobile nodes are connected to transport nodes that enable the IP packets to traverse between the plurality of mobile nodes, a plurality of nodes that transmit the IP packets are provided between the transport nodes, and the data path is set by the determined nodes among the plurality of nodes; and (c) transmitting a segment list or set of segment lists corresponding to the determined nodes to the mobile node transmitting the request message for establishment of the data path. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of mobile nodes include mobile nodes used in a first network and mobile nodes used in a second network, and wherein, when the mobile nodes used in the first network includes an evolved node B (eNB), a packet gateway (P-GW) and a serving gateway (S-GW) and the mobile nodes used in the second network includes an access point (AP)/access point controller (APC), the packet gateway (P-GW) and an enhanced packet data gateway (ePDG), the eNB and the AP/APC are connected to a first transport node, and the S-GW and the ePDG are connected to a second transport node, and the P-GW is connected to a third transport node. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein, in (b), when the request message for establishing the data path is generated by a handover from the first network to the second network, the nodes used in the first network are determined as nodes through which the IP packets is to pass in the second network. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein, in (b), nodes that the IP packets traverse are determined with reference to at least one of characteristics of mobile communication services and network statuses.",
-    "Methods, systems and devices for selecting an end-user device from a plurality of end-user devices to satisfy a user request. The method comprises storing at a portal aggregator data identifying a user device group comprising a plurality of end-user devices, wherein the data identifying the device group comprises the capabilities of each end-user device. When the portal aggregator receives a request from the user the portal aggregator generates a list of end-user devices from the device group that are capable of satisfying the user request. The portal aggregator then selects an end-user device from the list of capable end-user devices and then transmits a command to the selected end-user device to satisfy the request. In some cases the list of capable end-user devices may be sorted and/or filtered prior to selecting an end-user device from the list. 1. A method to select an end-user device from a plurality of end-user devices to satisfy a user request, the method comprising: storing at a portal aggregator data identifying a device group, the data identifying the device group comprising data identifying at least one user associated with the device group and data identifying a least one capability for each of a plurality of end-user devices associated with the device group; receiving a request at the portal aggregator from the user, the request comprising information identifying the user and information identifying an action; identifying, at the portal aggregator, the device group associated with the user based on the information identifying the user; generating, at the portal aggregator, a list of end-user devices from the identified device group having the capability to execute the action; selecting, at the portal aggregator, an end-user device from the list of end-user devices to execute the action based on a location pattern associated with the user; and transmitting a command from the portal aggregator to the selected end-user device to execute the action. 2. A portal aggregator to select an end-user device from a plurality of end-user devices to satisfy a user request, the portal aggregator comprising: a computer storage media configured to store data identifying a device group, the data identifying the device group comprising data identifying at least one user associated with the device group and data identifying a least one capability for each of a plurality of end-user devices associated with the device group; and a processor configured to: receive a request from the user, the request comprising information identifying the user and information identifying an action; identify the device group associated with the user based on the information identifying the user; generate a list of end-user devices from the identified device group having the capability to execute the action; select an end-user device from the list of end-user devices to execute the action based on a location pattern associated with the user; and transmit a command to the selected end-user device to execute the action. 3. The portal aggregator according to claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to: periodically receive user information from the user; and develop one or more location patterns associated with the user based on the user information. 4. The portal aggregator according to claim 3, wherein the user information comprises information identifying a geographic location of the user. 5. The portal aggregator according to claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to perform at least one of filtering and sorting on the list prior to selecting an end-user device from the list. 6. The portal aggregator according to claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to receive status information for at least a portion of the end-user devices, wherein the at least one of filtering and sorting is based on the status information. 7. The portal aggregator according to claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to receive end-user device geographic location information for at least a portion of the end-user devices, wherein the at least one of filtering and sorting is based on the end-user device geographic location information. 8. The portal aggregator according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to receive user geographic location information, wherein the at least one of filtering and sorting is also based on the user geographic location information. 9. The portal aggregator according to claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to receive storage space information for at least a portion of the end-user devices, wherein the at least one of filtering and sorting is based on the storage space information. 10. The portal aggregator according to claim 2, wherein generating the list of end-user devices comprises comparing the information identifying the action to the at least one capability of each of the plurality of end-user devices in the identified device group. 11. The portal aggregator according to claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive end-user device information for an end-user device; associate the end-user device with the device group based on the end-user device information. 12. The portal aggregator according to claim 11, wherein the end-user device information comprises information identifying the at least one capability of the end-user device. 13. The portal aggregator according to claim 11, wherein the end-user device information is manually provided to the processor by a user. 14. The portal aggregator according to claim 11, wherein the end-user device information is provided to the processor by the end-user device. 15. The portal aggregator according to claim 2, wherein the computer storage media is configured to store identifying information for each of a plurality of device groups. 16. The portal aggregator according to claim 15, wherein at least one device group is associated with at least two users. 17. The portal aggregator according to claim 15, wherein at least two of the device groups comprise the same end-user device. 18. The portal aggregator according to claim 15, wherein the request further comprises information identifying a second user and information identifying a second action, wherein the information identifying a user is used to identify a first device group and the information identifying a second user is used to identify a second device group. 19. The portal aggregator according to claim 2, wherein the device group comprises end-user devices from different vendors.",
-    "The instant invention relates to the field of protein production and purification, and in particular to compositions and processes for controlling the amount of acidic species expressed by host cells, as well as to compositions and processes for controlling the amount of acidic species present in purified preparations. 1. A composition comprising adalimumab, wherein the composition comprises less than 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab do not include process-related impurities selected from the group consisting of host cells and lysed host cells, and wherein the acidic species of adalimumab correspond to the peaks that elute earlier than the main peak in a WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram of adalimumab. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using a first mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic (pH 7.5) and a second mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride (pH 5.5), and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using detection at 280 nm. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab comprise a first acidic region (AR1) and a second acidic region (AR2). 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 9% or less acidic species of adalimumab. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 6%-8% acidic species of adalimumab. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adalimumab is produced in a mammalian host cell grown in cell culture. 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the mammalian host cell is selected from the group consisting of a CHO cell, an NSO cell, a COS cell, and an SP2 cell. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the mammalian host cell is a CHO cell. 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the composition is lyophilized. 10. A pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject comprising the composition of claim 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein adalimumab is present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration of 0.1-250 mg/ml. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more excipient. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the one or more excipient is selected from the group consisting of a buffer, an isotonic agent, a surfactant or a combination thereof. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises the surfactant polysorbate 80. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amino acid buffer. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the amino acid is histidine. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises the isotonic agent mannitol. 18. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, thereby treating the subject. 19. A composition comprising adalimumab, wherein the composition comprises less than 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab do not include process-related impurities selected from the group consisting of host cells and lysed host cells, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab correspond to the peaks that elute earlier than the main peak in a WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram of adalimumab, and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using a first mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic (pH 7.5) and a second mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride (pH 5.5), and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using detection at 280 nm. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab comprise a first acidic region (AR1) and a second acidic region (AR2). 21. The composition of claim 19, wherein the composition comprises 9% or less acidic species of adalimumab. 22. The composition of claim 19, wherein the composition comprises 6%-8% acidic species of adalimumab. 23. The composition of claim 19, wherein the adalimumab is produced in a mammalian host cell grown in cell culture. 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the mammalian host cell is selected from the group consisting of a CHO cell, an NSO cell, a COS cell, and an SP2 cell. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the mammalian host cell is a CHO cell. 26. A pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject comprising the composition of claim 25 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein adalimumab is present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration of 0.1-250 mg/ml. 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more excipient. 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the one or more excipient is selected from the group consisting of a buffer, an isotonic agent, a surfactant or a combination thereof. 30. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, thereby treating the subject.",
-    "The present invention provides a process of catalytic fluorination in gas phase of product 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane or/and 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane into product 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene in presence of a catalyst. 1. Process of catalytic fluorination in gas phase of product 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane and/or 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane into product 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. 2. Process according to claim 1, carried out in a single stage, preferably in one reactor, more preferably in one catalytic bed. 3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the product 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene is present at a concentration of at least 1%, preferably more than 2%, more preferably more than 3%. 4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said catalyst is a chromium catalyst, supported or unsupported, preferably unsupported. 5. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said catalyst further comprises a co-catalyst selected from Ni, Co, Zn, Mn, Mg or mixtures thereof, preferably nickel or magnesium, and wherein said co-catalyst is preferably present in an amount from about 1-10 wt % of said fluorination catalyst. 6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, carried, out in the presence of a catalyst comprising Ni\u2014Cr, preferably supported. 7. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said catalyst is supported on a support selected from fluorinated alumina, fluorinated chromia, fluorinated activated carbon or graphite carbon. 8. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said fluorination catalyst is activated with a fluorine-containing compound, preferably hydrogen fluoride. 9. Process according to one of the claims 1 to 8, in which the 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane contains up to 40 mol % of isomer 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane. 10. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which is Carried out at a pressure from 3 to 20 bars, preferably 5 to 15 bars, more preferably 7 to 10 bars. 11. Process according to any one of claims 1 to, carried out at a temperature of from 200 to 450\u00b0 C., preferably from 300 to 4.30\u00b0 C., more preferably from 320 to 420\u00b0 C. 12. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 11, carried out with a contact time from 6 to 100 sec, preferably from 10 to 80 sec, more preferably from 15 to 50 sec. 13. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 12, carried out with a molar ratio HF: 240 from 3:1 to 150:1, preferably 4:1 to 70:1, more preferably' 5:1 to 50:1. 14. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 13, carried out in the presence of a polymerization inhibitor, preferably chosen from the group consisting of p-methexyphenol, t-amylphenol, limonene, quinones, hydroquinones, epoxides, amines and mixtures thereof. 15. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 14, carried out in the presence of oxygen and/or chlorine 16. Process according to claim 15, carried out in the presence of oxygen and/or chlorine in an amount of from 0.05 to 15 mole %, more preferably 0.5 to 10 mole % of oxygen or chlorine per pentachloropropane molecule. 17. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 16, comprising the steps of: (i) contacting 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane (HCC 240db) and/or 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane (HCC 240aa) with hydrogen fluoride HF in gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst under conditions sufficient to produce a reaction mixture comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf); (ii) separating the reaction mixture into a first stream comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) and a second stream comprising 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-l-propene (1233xf) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (245cb); (iii) recycling at least a part of the second stream at least in part back to step (i). 18. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 16, comprising the steps of: (i) contacting 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane (HCC 240db) and/or 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane (HCC 240aa) with hydrogen fluoride HF in gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst under conditions sufficient to produce a reaction mixture comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf); (ii) separating the reaction mixture into a first stream comprising HCl, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) and a second stream comprising HF, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (1233xf) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (245cb); (iii) recycling at least a part of the second stream at least in part back to step (i). 19. Process according to claim 18, wherein the first stream is further separated into HCl and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf), preferably in a distillation step. 20. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 16, comprising the steps of: (i) contacting 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane (HCC 240db) and/or 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane (HCC 240aa) with hydrogen fluoride HF in gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst under conditions sufficient to produce a reaction mixture comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf); (ii) separating the reaction mixture into HCl and a stream containing the fluorinated products; (iii) separating said stream containing the fluorinated products into a first stream comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) and a second stream comprising HF, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-l-propene (1233xf) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (245cb); (iv) recycling at least a part of the second stream at least in part back to step (i). 21. Process according to any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein the separating step is a distillation step. 22. The process according to any one of the preceding claims which is continuous.",
-    "A communication apparatus includes a display, a processor and a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the communication apparatus to perform receiving a first request for acquiring acquisition target information included in the communication apparatus, determining whether the first request is received from a server apparatus outside of a local area network or a terminal apparatus belonging to the local area network, displaying a transmission selection screen for receiving a user's selection when the first request is determined to be received from the server apparatus, transmitting the acquisition target information to the server apparatus in response to receiving the user's selection to transmit the acquisition target information through the transmission selection screen, and transmitting the acquisition target information to the terminal apparatus when the first request is determined to be received from the terminal apparatus. 1. A communication apparatus comprising: a display; a processor; and a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the communication apparatus to perform: receiving a first request for acquiring acquisition target information, the acquisition target information included in the communication apparatus; determining whether the first request is received from a server apparatus outside of a local area network, to which the communication apparatus belongs, or a terminal apparatus belonging to the local area network; controlling the display to display a transmission selection screen for receiving a user's selection whether or not to transmit the acquisition target information, when it is determined that the first request is received from the server apparatus; controlling the display not to display the transmission selection screen, when it is determined that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus; transmitting the acquisition target information to the server apparatus, in response to receiving the user's selection to transmit the acquisition target information through the transmission selection screen when it is determined that the first request is received from the server apparatus; not transmitting the acquisition target information to the server apparatus, in response to receiving the user's selection not to transmit the acquisition target information through the transmission selection screen when it is determined that the first request is received from the server apparatus; and transmitting the acquisition target information to the terminal apparatus, when it is determined that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus. 2. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: receiving a second request for setting configuration target information into the communication apparatus; determining whether the second request is received from the server apparatus or the terminal apparatus; controlling the display to display a setting selection screen for receiving a user's selection whether or not to set the configuration target information, when it is determined that the second request is received from the server apparatus; controlling the display not to display the setting selection screen, when it is determined that the second request is received from the terminal apparatus; setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus, in response to receiving the user's selection to set the configuration target information through the setting selection screen when it is determined that the second request is received from the server apparatus; not setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus, in response to receiving the user's selection not to set the configuration target information through the setting selection screen when it is determined that the second request is received from the server apparatus; and setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus, when it is determined that the second request is received from the terminal apparatus. 3. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the first request is again received from the server apparatus before a predetermined time period elapses after receiving the user's selection to transmit the acquisition target information through the transmission selection screen, the instructions cause the communication apparatus to perform: controlling the display not to display the transmission selection screen; and transmitting the acquisition target information to the server apparatus. 4. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: establishing a connection between the communication apparatus and the server apparatus before the server apparatus receives an instruction for transmitting the first request to the communication apparatus; not establishing a connection between the communication apparatus and the terminal apparatus before the terminal apparatus receives an instruction for transmitting the first request to the communication apparatus; and receiving the first request from the server apparatus by using the established connection when an apparatus which transmits the first request is the server apparatus. 5. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: determining a type of a communication protocol of the first request, in response to receiving the first request; determining that the first request is received from the server apparatus, when it is determined that the first request conforms to a first communication protocol; and determining that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus, when it is determined that the first request conforms to a second communication protocol that is different from the first communication protocol. 6. The communication apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: establishing a connection between the communication apparatus and the server apparatus before the server apparatus receives an instruction for transmitting the first request to the communication apparatus, the connection being for executing communication conforming for eXtensive Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), wherein the first communication protocol is the XMPP, and wherein the second communication protocol is one of Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). 7. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: determining content of the first request, in response to receiving the first request; determining that the first request is received from the server apparatus, when it is determined that the first request includes user information; and determining that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus, when it is determined that the first request does not include, the user information, and wherein the user information is information that is to be registered in the server apparatus for using the server apparatus. 8. A communication apparatus comprising: a display; a processor; and a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the processor, causes the communication apparatus to perform operations comprising: receiving a first request for setting configuration target information into the communication apparatus; determining whether the first request is received from a server apparatus outside of a local area network, to which the communication apparatus belongs, or a terminal apparatus belonging to the local area network; controlling the display to display a setting selection screen for receiving a user's selection whether or not to set the configuration target information, when it is determined that the first request is received from the server apparatus; controlling the display not to display the setting selection screen, when it is determined that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus; setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus, in response to receiving the user's selection to set the configuration target information through the setting selection screen when it is determined that the first request is received from the server apparatus; not setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus, in response to receiving the user's selection not to set the configuration target information through the setting selection screen when it is determined that the first request is received from the server apparatus; and setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus, when it is determined that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus. 9. The communication apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving a second request for acquiring acquisition target information in the communication apparatus; and transmitting the acquisition target information to an apparatus which transmits the second request without controlling the display to display a transmission selection screen for receiving a user's selection whether or not to transmit the acquisition target information, irrespective of whether the second request is received from the server apparatus or the terminal apparatus. 10. The communication apparatus according to claim 8, wherein when the first request is again received from the server apparatus before a predetermined time period elapses after receiving the user's selection to set the configuration target information through the transmission selection screen, the operations comprise: controlling the display not to display the setting selection screen; and setting the configuration target information into the communication apparatus. 11. The communication apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: establishing a connection between the communication apparatus and the server apparatus before the server apparatus receives an instruction for transmitting the first request to the communication apparatus; not establishing a connection between the communication apparatus and the terminal apparatus before the terminal apparatus receives an instruction for transmitting the first request to the communication apparatus; and receiving the first request from the server apparatus by using the established connection when an apparatus which transmits the first request is the server apparatus. 12. The communication apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: determining a type of a communication protocol of the first request, in response to receiving the first request; determining that the first request is received from the server apparatus, when it is determined that the first request conforms to a first communication protocol; and determining that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus, when it is determined that the first request conforms to a second communication protocol that is different from the first communication protocol. 13. The communication apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: establishing a connection between the communication apparatus and the server apparatus before the server apparatus receives an instruction for transmitting the first request to the communication apparatus, the connection being for executing communication conforming for eXtensive Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), wherein the first communication protocol is the XMPP, and wherein the second communication protocol is one of Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). 14. The communication apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the memory further stores instructions, when executed by the computer, causing the communication apparatus to perform: determining content of the first request, in response to receiving the first request; determining that the first request is received from the server apparatus, when it is determined that the first request comprises user information; and determining that the first request is received from the terminal apparatus, when it is determined that the first request does not comprise the user information, and wherein the user information is information that is to be registered in the server apparatus for using the server apparatus.",
-    "A ranging apparatus includes: an output ratio data calculation unit for calculating an output ratio data of first and second image data; a correction function calculation unit for calculating a correction function approximating the output ratio data by an N-order function (N being an integer equal to or greater than 1) having a pixel position as a variable; a correction unit for correcting at least one of the first and second image data on the basis of the correction function; and a ranging unit for calculating the defocus amount by using the picture image data corrected by the correction unit. 1. An image data generation apparatus for generating image data on the basis of first picture image data based on a first light flux passing through a first pupil region of an imaging optical system, and second picture image data based on a second light flux passing through a second pupil region of the imaging optical system, the image data generation apparatus comprising: a ratio data calculation unit configured to calculate a value of a ratio of the first picture image data and the second picture image data at a plurality of pixel positions, and calculate ratio data which are a set of the values of the ratio; a correction function calculation unit configured to calculate a correction function approximating the ratio data by a function having a pixel position as a variable; and a correction unit configured to correct at least one of the first picture image data and the second picture image data on the basis of the correction function. 2. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio data calculation unit is further configured to calculate a value of a ratio of first partial picture image data included in the first picture image data and second partial picture image data included in the second picture image data. 3. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction function calculation unit is further configured to calculate the correction function by using only data included in the ratio data at a position at which an absolute value of differential ratio data produced by applying a differential filter on the ratio data is equal to or less than a predetermined first threshold. 4. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction function calculation unit is further configured to calculate the correction function by a least squares method. 5. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction function calculation unit is further configured to calculate the correction function by a spline method. 6. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio data calculation unit is further configured to calculate only one ratio data item from one combination of the first picture image data and the second picture image data. 7. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a correlation degree representing a correlation of the correction function and the ratio data is calculated, it is determined whether or not the correlation degree is equal to or greater than a second threshold, and the value of order N is increased and the calculation of the correction function by the correction function calculation unit is performed again when it is determined that the correlation degree of the correction function and the ratio data is less than the second threshold. 8. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 7, wherein when it is determined that the correlation degree of the correction function and the ratio data is less than the second threshold, the order N at the time of repeated execution of the calculation of the correction function is set according to a value of the correlation degree. 9. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio data calculation unit is further configured to calculate a ratio of the first picture image data to the second picture image data as the ratio data, and the correction unit is further configured to: generate first corrected picture image data by performing multiplication processing of the first picture image data and first picture image data correction function obtained by adding 1 to an inverse number of the correction function; and generate second corrected picture image data by performing multiplication processing of the second picture image data and second picture image data correction function obtained by adding 1 to the correction function. 10. (canceled) 11. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio data calculation unit is further configured to calculate a value of a ratio of the first picture image data corresponding to at least some pixels of the second picture image data to the second picture image at the at least some pixels, and wherein the correction unit is further configured to generate first corrected picture image data by performing multiplication processing of the correction function and the first picture image data. 12. (canceled) 13. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ratio data calculation unit is further configured to calculate a value of a ratio of the first picture image data corresponding to a pixel of the second picture image data to the second picture image data at the pixel, and wherein the correction unit is further configured to generate second corrected picture image data by performing multiplication processing of an inverse number of the correction function and the second picture image data. 14. (canceled) 15. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a correction function storage unit configured to store a correction function in association with a shooting condition; and a shooting condition acquisition unit configured to acquire the shooting condition at the time the first picture image data and the second picture image data are acquired, wherein when a correction function corresponding to the shooting condition acquired by the shooting condition acquisition unit has been stored in the correction function storage unit, the correction unit performs correction by using the stored correction function, and when a correction function corresponding to the shooting condition acquired by the shooting condition acquisition unit has not been stored in the correction function storage unit, the correction unit performs correction by using a correction function calculated by the correction function calculation unit. 16. An imaging apparatus comprising: an imaging optical system; an imaging sensor configured to acquire first picture image data based on a first light flux passing through a first pupil region of the imaging optical system, and second picture image data based on a second light flux passing through a second pupil region of the imaging optical system; and the image data generation apparatus according to claim 1. 17. (canceled) 18. The imaging apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the imaging sensor includes: a first pixel provided with a first photoelectric conversion unit configured to generate the first picture image data by photoelectrically converting the first light flux; a second pixel provided with a second photoelectric conversion unit configured to generate the second picture image data by photoelectrically converting the second light flux; and an imaging pixel provided with a third photoelectric conversion unit configured to generate imaging picture image data by photoelectrically converting the first and second light fluxes. 19. An image data generation method for generating image data on the basis of first picture image data based on a first light flux passing through a first pupil region of an imaging optical system, and second picture image data based on a second light flux passing through a second pupil region of the imaging optical system, the method comprising: a ratio data calculation step of calculating a value of a ratio of the first picture image data and the second picture image data at a plurality of pixel positions, and calculating ratio data which are a set of the values of the ratio; a correction function calculation step of calculating a correction function approximating the output ratio data by a function having a pixel position as a variable; and a correction step of correcting at least one of the first picture image data and the second picture image data on the basis of the correction function. 20. A computer-readable recording medium configured to store non-transitorily a computer program for causing a computer to execute the steps of the image data generation method according to claim 19. 21. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the function is an N-order function, where N is an integer equal to or greater than 1. 22. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an area of the first pupil region is larger than an area of the second pupil region. 23. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the first pupil region includes the second pupil region. 24. The image data generation apparatus according to claim 22, further comprising a ranging unit configured to calculate a defocus amount by using the second image data and third image data that is difference data between the first image data and the second image data. 25. The imaging apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the imaging optical system includes an optical image stabilizer.",
-    "An endoscope guide tube includes a tube member including a live part, the tube member being constructed by including a tube body that makes up an outer layer and a braid that braids, into a tubular form, wound metal members and insulating members wound in a direction opposite to a winding direction of the metal members, a connection member provided with a first contact connecting ends of the metal members and a second contact connecting ends of the metal members, at least one of a first contact side conduction detection section that detects that the live part contacts the metal members and a second contact side conduction detection section, and a signal output section that outputs a notification signal to a notification section. 1. An endoscope guide tube comprising: a tube member to be inserted into a device including a live part, the tube member being constructed by including a tube body made of an insulating member that makes up an outer layer and a braid that makes up an inner layer of the tube body, and braids, into a tubular form, metal members wound clockwise or counterclockwise with a plural number of carriers including a predetermined number of ends in parallel and insulating members wound with a plural number of carriers including a predetermined number of ends in a direction opposite to a winding direction of the metal members in parallel; a connection member provided with a first contact electrically connecting in a bundled manner ends of the metal members in substantially half the carriers in number of the plural metal members making up the tube member and a second contact electrically connecting in a bundled manner ends of the metal members with the remaining carriers in number of the plural metal members; and at least one of a first contact side conduction detection section that detects that the live part contacts the metal members connected to the first contact and a second contact side conduction detection section that detects that the live part contacts the metal members connected to the second contact. 2. An endoscope guide tube comprising: a tube member to be inserted into a device including a live part, the tube member being constructed by including a tube body made of an insulating member that makes up an outer layer and a braid that makes up an inner layer of the tube body, and braids, into a tubular form, metal members wound clockwise or counterclockwise with a plural number of carriers including a predetermined number of ends in parallel and insulating members wound with a plural number of carriers including a predetermined number of ends in a direction opposite to a winding direction of the metal members in parallel; a connection member provided with a first contact electrically connecting in a bundled manner ends of the metal members in substantially half the carriers in number of the plural metal members making up the tube member and a second contact electrically connecting in a bundled manner ends of the metal members with the remaining carriers in number of the plural metal members; and a short circuit detection section that detects a short circuit state in which the live part is in contact with the metal members connected to the first contact and the metal members connected to the second contact. 3. The endoscope guide tube according to claim 1, further comprising, in addition to the first contact side conduction detection section or/and the second contact side conduction detection section, a short circuit detection section that detects a short circuit state in which the live part is in contact with the metal members connected to the first contact and the metal members connected to the second contact. 4. The endoscope guide tube according to claim 2, wherein of the metal members with the plural number of carriers making up the tube member, metal members arrayed in odd numbers are connected to the first contact and metal members arrayed in even numbers are connected to the second contact. 5. The endoscope guide tube according to claim 4, wherein in a configuration comprising the first contact side conduction detection section, the second contact side conduction detection section, and the short circuit detection section, the endoscope guide tube includes a notification section that performs notification when detecting any one of the first contact side conduction detection section detecting that the metal members are in contact with the live part, the second conduction detection section detecting that the metal members are in contact with the live part, and the short circuit detection section detecting that the metal members connected to the first contact and the metal members connected to the second contact are short-circuited. 6. The endoscope guide tube according to claim 5, wherein the connection member comprising the first contact and the second contact is a flexible substrate disposed on a proximal end side of the tube member, the flexible substrate comprises: a plurality of first connection sections to which ends of the metal members with substantially half the carriers in number of the plural metal members are connected, respectively; a plurality of second connection sections to which ends of the metal members with substantially half the carriers in number of the plural metal members are connected, respectively; a first wiring that electrically connects the plurality of first connection sections and the first contact; and a second wiring that electrically connects the plurality of second connection sections and the second contact. 7. The endoscope guide tube according to claim 1, wherein the number of ends of the metal members and the number of ends of the insulating elemental wires are adjusted to adjust a balance between clockwise wires and counterclockwise wires making up the braid. 8. The endoscope guide tube according to claim 1, wherein wire diameters of the metal members and wire diameters of the insulating elemental wires are adjusted to adjust a balance between clockwise wires and counterclockwise wires making up the braid. 9. An endoscope comprising a configuration of the endoscope guide tube according to claim 1.",
-    "Integrated circuits such as programmable integrated circuits may include programmable logic regions that can be configured to perform custom user functions. The programmable logic regions may include lookup table (LUT) circuitry driven using vectored multiplexing circuits. The vectored multiplexing circuits may include a first multiplexer stage controlled by common configuration bits, a second multiplexer stage, and means for connecting either outputs of the first multiplexer stage or the output of the second multiplexer stage to corresponding logic circuits. The vectored multiplexing circuits may be used to generate multiple signal variants to vectored lookup table circuitry. The vectored lookup table circuitry may include a first stage of LUTs sharing some number of inputs and a second stage of LUTs at least some of which can be switched out of use. The second stage of LUTs may have inputs that are deactivated in a fractured mode. 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: logic circuitry; and a vectored multiplexing circuit that receives signals from a channel and that includes: a first output; a second output; a third output; a first multiplexing stage; and a second multiplexing stage that is coupled in series with the first multiplexing stage and that drives the third output, wherein the first and second multiplexing stages are configured to simultaneously route to the logic circuitry a first partition of the channel via the first output and a second partition of the channel that is different than the first partition via the second output, and wherein the first and second multiplexing stages are further configured to route third and fourth partitions of the channel to the logic circuitry. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: memory elements that store configuration bits that are shared among each multiplexer in the first multiplexing stage. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: memory elements that store configuration bits that separately control respective multiplexers in the first multiplexing stage. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the second multiplexing stage includes only one multiplexer. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the second multiplexing stage includes two multiplexers. 6. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the second multiplexing stage includes four multiplexers. 7. (canceled) 8. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the logic circuitry comprises lookup table circuitry that receives the first and second partitions of the channel from the vectored multiplexing circuit. 9. An integrated circuit, comprising: driver circuitry that generates an input signal of first and second variants; and vectored lookup table circuitry that includes: a first lookup table (LUT) stage; and a second lookup table (LUT) stage connected in series with the first LUT stage, wherein the first LUT stage receives the input signal of the first and second variants from the driver circuitry in parallel. 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the driver circuitry comprises a vectored multiplexing circuit that receives signals from a channel and that outputs a first channel partition that represents the first variant of the input signal and a second channel partition that represents the second variant of the input signal. 11. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the first LUT stage includes lookup tables each having a first number of inputs, and wherein the second LUT stage includes lookup tables each having a second number of inputs that is greater than the first number of inputs. 12. The integrated circuit of claim 9, further comprising: a plurality of memory elements that provides a first set of configuration data bits to the first LUT stage, wherein the first LUT stage provides a second set of configuration data bits to the second LUT stage. 13. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the second LUT stage comprises: a first LUT circuit; a second LUT circuit; a first multiplexer that selectively passes a ground voltage to the first LUT circuit; and a second multiplexer that selectively passes the ground voltage to the second LUT circuit. 14. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein lookup table circuits in the first LUT stage share input signals. 15. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein lookup table circuits in the second LUT stage share input signals. 16. An integrated circuit, comprising: a vectored multiplexer that receives signals from a channel and that simultaneously outputs a first channel partition and a second channel partition that is different than the first channel partition; and vectored lookup table circuitry that receives the first channel partition and the second channel partition from the vectored multiplexer and that is operable in a first mode that is a function of a first number of user inputs and a second mode that is a function of a second number of user inputs that is different than the first number of user inputs. 17. The integrated circuit of claim 16, wherein the vectored multiplexer includes a first multiplexer stage and a second multiplexer stage coupled to an output of the first multiplexer stage. 18. The integrated circuit of claim 17, wherein the second multiplexer stages includes at least two multiplexers. 19. The integrated circuit of claim 16, wherein the vectored lookup table circuitry includes a first lookup table (LUT) stage and a second lookup table (LUT) stage coupled to an output of the first LUT stage. 20. The integrated circuit of claim 19, wherein the second LUT stage includes lookup tables that are selectively switched out of use.",
-    "In one embodiment, a method includes, in response to an address match in connection with a request for a target structured document, identifying one or more slide objects associated with the target structured document, the one or more slide objects defining a set of anchor point definitions in the target structured document; identifying one or more anchor points corresponding to the one or more slide objects in a document object model (DOM) representation of the target structured document based on the set of anchor point definitions; accessing content corresponding to the one or more slide objects; and rendering the target structured document and the content of the one or more slide objects proximal to the identified anchor points. 1. A method comprising: in connection with a target content object rendered by a client computing device: identifying a slide object having content associated with but distinct from the target content object, the slide object defining an anchor point definition identifying an anchor point within the target content object; identifying, in a representation of the target content object, at least one anchor point corresponding to the slide object, based on the anchor point definition; and rendering, at the client computing device, the slide object as an overlay to the target content object, the slide object being rendered relative to the target content object at a position proximal to the identified anchor point. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the target content object is a structured document. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the structured document is an HTML document. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the representation is a document object model (DOM) representation. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the content for the slide object comprises multimedia content created by a first user; and wherein rendering the slide object comprises delivering the multimedia content to the client application. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying a slide object comprises querying a remote database based on an identifier corresponding to the target content object and a user identifier associated with a user of the client application. 7. A method comprising: in connection with a target content object rendered by a client computing device: identifying a slide object associated with but distinct from the target content object; identifying an anchor point associated with the slide object; and rendering, at the client computing device, the slide object as an overlay to the target content object, the slide object being rendered relative to the target content object in a position corresponding to the identified anchor point. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the target content object is a structured document. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the structured document is an HTML document. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the representation is a document object model (DOM) representation. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the slide object comprises multimedia content created by a first user; and wherein the rendering the slide object comprises delivering the multimedia content to the client application. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein identifying a slide object comprises querying a remote database based on an identifier corresponding to the target content object and a user identifier associated with a user of the client application. 13. A method comprising: in connection with a target content object rendered by a client application of a client computing device: identifying one or more slide objects associated with but distinct from the target content object; accessing content corresponding to the one or more slide objects; and rendering at the client computing device the content of the one or more slide objects as an overlay to the target content object. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the target content object is a structured document. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the structured document is an HTML document. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein rendering the content comprises modifying a Document Object Model (DOM) representation of the target content object by adding one or more HTML elements that are operative to cause a client application to render the one or more slide objects. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the content for a first slide object of the one or more slide objects comprises multimedia content created by a first user; and wherein rendering the content comprises delivering the multimedia content to the client application. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein identifying one or more slide objects comprises querying a remote database based on an identifier corresponding to the content object and a user identifier associated with a user of the client application. 19. A method comprising: presenting, responsive to a command issued by a user at a client host computing device, a slide creation interface as an overlay to a content object rendered in a client application window; in response to user input: accessing, at the client host computing device, content distinct from the content object and access control information inputted by the user via the slide creation interface; creating a slide object comprising an identifier associated with the content object, the content and access control information inputted by the user; and transmitting the slide object to a remote database. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein at least one of target elements is a text element. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein at least one of the target elements is a multimedia object embedded in the content object. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the access control information comprises one or more user identifiers. 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the access control information identifies or corresponds to a group of users. 24. The method of claim 19, further comprising recording audio information generated by the first user and including the generated audio information in the content of the slide object. 25. The method of claim 19, further comprising recording video information generated by the first user and including the generated video information in the content of the slide object. 26-33. (canceled)",
-    "A method for arranging an integrated circuit to correct a hold-time violation is provided. A first layout of the integrated circuit is prepared. The first layout includes a plurality of cells including a plurality of cell pins, wires connected between the cells, and one of the cell pins is located in a preservation area. The hold-time violation of the first layout is estimated to obtain an estimation result. A dummy wire structure is designed to be placed in the preservation area according to the estimation result to correct the hold-time violation. The dummy wire structure only contacts the cell pin in the preservation area. A second layout is generated according to the first layout and the designed dummy wire structure. The integrated circuit is arranged according to the second layout. 1. A method for arranging an integrated circuit to correct a hold-time violation, comprising: preparing a first layout of the integrated circuit, wherein the first layout comprises a plurality of cells including a plurality of cell pins, wires connected between the cells, and one of the cell pins is located in a preservation area; estimating the hold-time violation of the first layout to obtain an estimation result; designing a dummy wire structure to be placed in the preservation area according to the estimation result to correct the hold-time violation, wherein the dummy wire structure only contacts the cell pin in the preservation area; generating a second layout according to the first layout and the designed dummy wire structure; and arranging the integrated circuit according to the second layout. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the preservation area in the first layout is surrounded by an obstacle structure, and the obstacle structure obstructs the cells and wires being placed in the preservation area. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising removing the obstacle structure from the first layout and placing the dummy wire structure in the preservation area when generating the second layout. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a plurality of sections, and the hold-time violation is corrected according to a total length of the sections. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a first section connected to the cell pin in the preservation area and a second section connected to the first section, and the second section extends along a partial profile of the obstacle structure for a predetermined length. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the predetermined length is determined according to the hold-time violation. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a plurality of terminals, only one of the terminals is connected to the cell pin in the preservation area, and the other terminals are physically separated from the other cells. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell pin in the preservation area is connected to another cell through a via structure. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the hold-time violation is corrected according to a resistance of the dummy wire structure. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a lookup table according to developed delay times corresponding to different types of dummy wire structure, and the dummy wire structure is selected according to the lookup table. 11. A circuit layout of an integrated circuit, comprising: a preservation area; a plurality of cells including a plurality of cell pins, wherein one of the cells is located in the preservation area; a plurality of wires connected between the cells; and a dummy wire structure placed in the preservation area and contacted with the cell pin in the preservation area only. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the wires are precluded from the preservation area. 13. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a plurality of sections, and a total length of the sections is determined according to a hold-time violation of the integrated circuit. 14. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a first section connected to the cell pin in the preservation area and a second section connected to the first section, and the second section extends along a partial profile of the preservation area for a predetermined length. 15. The circuit of claim 14, wherein the predetermined length is determined according to a hold-time violation of the integrated circuit. 16. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a plurality of terminals, only one of the terminals is connected to the cell pin in the preservation area, and the other terminals are physically separated from the other cells. 17. The circuit of claim 11, further comprising a via structure, wherein the cell pin in the preservation area is connected to another cell through a via structure. 18. The circuit of claim 11, wherein a resistance of the dummy wire structure is determined according to a hold-time violation of the integrated circuit. 19. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the dummy wire structure is determined according to a lookup table, the lookup table is generated according to developed delay times corresponding to different types of dummy wire structure, and the dummy wire structure is selected according to the lookup table. 20. An apparatus for arranging an integrated circuit to correct a hold-time violation, comprising: means for preparing a first layout of the integrated circuit, wherein the first layout comprises a plurality of cells including a plurality of cell pins, wires connected between the cells, and one of the cell pins is located in a preservation area; means for estimating the hold-time violation of the first layout to obtain an estimation result; means for designing a dummy wire structure to be placed in the preservation area according to the estimation result to correct the hold-time violation, wherein the dummy wire structure only contacts the cell pin in the preservation area; means for generating a second layout according to the first layout and the designed dummy wire structure; and means for arranging the integrated circuit according to the second layout. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the preservation area in the first layout is surrounded by an obstacle structure, and the obstacle structure obstructs the cells and wires being placed in the preservation area. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for removing the obstacle structure from the first layout and placing the dummy wire structure in the preservation area when generating the second layout. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a plurality of sections, and the hold-time violation is corrected according to a total length of the sections. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a first section connected to the cell pin in the preservation area and a second section connected to the first section, and the second section extends along a partial profile of the obstacle structure for a predetermined length. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the predetermined length is determined according to the hold-time violation. 26. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the dummy wire structure comprises a plurality of terminals, only one of the terminals is connected to the cell pin in the preservation area, and the other terminals are physically separated from the other cells. 27. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the cell pin in the preservation area is connected to another cell through a via structure. 28. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the hold-time violation is corrected according to a resistance of the dummy wire structure. 29. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising means for generating a lookup table according to developed delay times corresponding to different types of dummy wire structure, and the dummy wire structure is selected according to the lookup table.",
-    "A radiation detector includes: a first scintillator including a first end surface and a second end surface; a second scintillator including a first end surface and a second end surface; a first photodetector detects light emitted from the first end surface of each of the first and second scintillators; a second photodetector c detects light emitted from the second end surface of each of the first and second scintillators; and a position specifying unit configured to specify each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first and second scintillators, wherein an area of the first end surface of the first scintillator is smaller than an area of the second end surface of the first scintillator, and an area of the first end surface of the second scintillator is larger than an area of the second end surface of the second scintillator. 1. A radiation detector comprising: a first scintillator including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in a predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a second scintillator disposed in parallel to the first scintillator in a direction intersecting the predetermined direction, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a first photodetector configured to detect light emitted from the first end surface of each of the first and second scintillators; a second photodetector configured to detect light emitted from the second end surface of each of the first and second scintillators; and a position specifying unit configured to specify each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first and second scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, wherein an area of the first end surface of the first scintillator is smaller than an area of the second end surface of the first scintillator, and an area of the first end surface of the second scintillator is larger than an area of the second end surface of the second scintillator. 2. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second scintillators includes a side surface including an inclined surface inclining to a plane parallel to the predetermined direction. 3. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising an optical reflector disposed between the first and second scintillators. 4. The radiation detector according to claim 2, further comprising an optical reflector disposed between the first and second scintillators. 5. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator and the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, A<C and B>D are satisfied. 6. The radiation detector according to claim 2, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator and the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, A<C and B>D are satisfied. 7. The radiation detector according to claim 3, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator and the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, A<C and B>D are satisfied. 8. The radiation detector according to claim 4, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator and the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, A<C and B>D are satisfied. 9. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising a third scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction, wherein the first photodetector further detects light emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator, the second photodetector further detects light emitted from the second surface of the third scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in the first, second, and third scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, an area of the first end surface of the third scintillator is larger than the area of the first end surface of the first scintillator and is smaller than the area of the first end surface of the second scintillator, and an area of the second end surface of the third scintillator is smaller than the area of the second end surface of the first scintillator and is larger than the area of the second end surface of the second scintillator. 10. The radiation detector according to claim 2, further comprising a third scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction, wherein the first photodetector further detects light emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator, the second photodetector further detects light emitted from the second surface of the third scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in the first, second, and third scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, an area of the first end surface of the third scintillator is larger than the area of the first end surface of the first scintillator and is smaller than the area of the first end surface of the second scintillator, and an area of the second end surface of the third scintillator is smaller than the area of the second end surface of the first scintillator and is larger than the area of the second end surface of the second scintillator. 11. The radiation detector according to claim 3, further comprising a third scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction, wherein the first photodetector further detects light emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator, the second photodetector further detects light emitted from the second surface of the third scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in the first, second, and third scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, an area of the first end surface of the third scintillator is larger than the area of the first end surface of the first scintillator and is smaller than the area of the first end surface of the second scintillator, and an area of the second end surface of the third scintillator is smaller than the area of the second end surface of the first scintillator and is larger than the area of the second end surface of the second scintillator. 12. The radiation detector according to claim 4, further comprising a third scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction, wherein the first photodetector further detects light emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator, the second photodetector further detects light emitted from the second surface of the third scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in the first, second, and third scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, an area of the first end surface of the third scintillator is larger than the area of the first end surface of the first scintillator and is smaller than the area of the first end surface of the second scintillator, and an area of the second end surface of the third scintillator is smaller than the area of the second end surface of the first scintillator and is larger than the area of the second end surface of the second scintillator. 13. The radiation detector according to claim 9, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, A<G<E<C and B>H>F>D are satisfied. 14. The radiation detector according to claim 10, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, A<G<E<C and B>H>F>D are satisfied. 15. The radiation detector according to claim 11, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, A<G<E<C and B>H>F>D are satisfied. 16. The radiation detector according to claim 12, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, A<G<E<C and B>H>F>D are satisfied.",
-    "A portable temperature regulating food conveying device may include a lid and a base. The base may be coupled to four sidewalls which may extend up and away from the base. The sidewalls may each be coupled to two other sidewalls to form a generally rectangular prism shaped container which may define a cavity for receiving one or more food items and/or food containers. The lid may be coupled to the top of one or more sidewalls thereby allowing the lid to govern access to the cavity. A liner may be removably positioned within the cavity proximate to the base and sidewalls. One or more temperature modifying units may be in thermal communication with the cavity and the liner and may be configured to modify or to maintain the temperature of the cavity and items received within the cavity. 1) A portable temperature regulating food conveying device, the device comprising: a lid a base four sidewalls coupled to and extending up and away from the base, wherein the sidewalls are each coupled to two other sidewalls to form a generally rectangular prism shaped container defining a cavity, and wherein the lid is coupled to the top of a sidewall to govern access to the cavity; a liner, wherein the liner is removably positioned within the cavity proximate to the base and sidewalls; and a temperature modifying unit which is configured to modify the temperature of the cavity wherein the temperature modifying unit is in thermal communication with the cavity and the liner positioned within the cavity. 2) The device of claim 1, wherein the temperature modifying unit contains a first electrical junction in electrical communication with an electrical control switch and a second electrical junction in electrical communication with the control switch, and a semiconductor positioned between said first and second electrical junctions. 3) The device of claim 2, wherein the temperature modifying unit is a thermoelectric heating and cooling element. 4) The device of claim 13, wherein the temperature modifying unit is a peltier chip. 5) The device of claim 1, wherein the lid comprises a plurality of lighting elements configured to illuminate the cavity. 6) The device of claim 5, wherein the plurality of lighting elements comprise light emitting diodes (LEDs). 7) The device of claim 1, wherein the liner comprises a liner base coupled to four liner sidewalls which may extend up and away from the liner base. 8) The device of claim 7, wherein the liner comprises a liner handle coupled to a liner sidewall. 9) The device of claim 1, further comprising an elongate handle pivotally coupled to a sidewall and wherein the elongate handle may be pivoted to extend away from the sidewall. 10) The device of claim 1, further comprising a lifting handle coupled to a sidewall. 11) The device of claim 1, further comprising a power cord which includes a cigarette lighter adapter 24 and an electrical outlet plug. 12) The device of claim 1, wherein the electrical outlet plug comprises a body, and wherein the pins of an electrical outlet plug are retractable and extendable from the body of the electrical outlet plug. 13) A portable temperature regulating food conveying device, the device comprising: a lid a base four sidewalls coupled to and extending up and away from the base, wherein the sidewalls are each coupled to two other sidewalls to form a generally rectangular prism shaped container defining a cavity, and wherein the lid is coupled to the top of a sidewall to govern access to the cavity; a liner, wherein the liner is removably positioned within the cavity proximate to the base and sidewalls, wherein the liner comprises a liner base coupled to four liner sidewalls which may extend up and away from the liner base, and wherein the liner comprises a liner handle coupled to a liner sidewall; and a temperature modifying unit which is configured to modify the temperature of the cavity wherein the temperature modifying unit is in thermal communication with the cavity and the liner positioned within the cavity. 14) The device of claim 2, wherein the temperature modifying unit is a thermoelectric heating and cooling element. 15) The device of claim 13, wherein the temperature modifying unit is a peltier chip. 16) The device of claim 1, wherein the lid comprises a plurality of light emitting diode lighting elements configured to illuminate the cavity. 17) The device of claim 1, further comprising an elongate handle pivotally coupled to a sidewall and wherein the elongate handle may be pivoted to extend away from the sidewall. 18) The device of claim 1, further comprising a lifting handle coupled to a sidewall. 19) The device of claim 1, further comprising a power cord which includes a cigarette lighter adapter 24 and an electrical outlet plug. 20) The device of claim 1, wherein the electrical outlet plug comprises a body, and wherein the pins of an electrical outlet plug are retractable and extendable from the body of the electrical outlet plug.",
-    "Systems and methods for cutting piles wherein, for example, a pile cutting device is attached to the end of an articulated arm of an excavator, the pile cutting device having a set of grasping arms that hold the pile and a set of saw blades that are linearly advanced to cut the pile in a single stroke. The saw blades are offset so that the cutting paths of the blades overlap. The saw blades may be positioned at the ends of telescoping arms that are coupled to a linearly movable frame. A single hydraulic unit moves the frame along a central rail. The frame is coupled to one or more cables and pulleys so that the travel of the telescopic arms is twice that of the frame. 1. A pile cutting apparatus comprising: a body having a linkage which is capable of connecting the body to a positioning device; a gripper coupled to the body, wherein the gripper is operable to alternately grasp or release a pile; a cutting unit coupled to the body, wherein the cutting unit is operable to cut the pile while the pile is grasped by the gripper; wherein the cutting unit includes two saw blades that are mounted on a linearly movable frame; wherein the linearly movable frame is movable to cause the saw blades to travel in a linear motion from a retracted position in which the saw blades do not engage the grasped pile to an extended position; wherein the saw blades cut completely through the grasped pile in a single stroke of the saw blades from the retracted position to the extended position. 2. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the linearly movable frame comprises a U-shaped frame, wherein each saw blade is mounted near the end of a different one of two arms that extend forward from a cross member of the U-shaped frame. 3. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 2, wherein the saw blades are offset in the same plane so that cutting paths of the saw blades overlap. 4. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 2, wherein the cross member of the U-shaped frame is mounted to a central rail and wherein the cross member and the U-shaped frame move linearly along the central rail. 5. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 4, wherein the U-shaped frame is coupled to the body by a hydraulic cylinder, wherein the hydraulic cylinder is operable to move the U-shaped frame linearly along the central rail. 6. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 5, wherein each of the saw blades is mounted on a corresponding telescoping arm, wherein the U-shaped frame is coupled to each of the telescoping arms, wherein linear movement of the U-shaped frame causes corresponding linear movement of each of the telescoping arms. 7. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 6, wherein the U-shaped frame is coupled the telescoping arms by one or more cables and pulleys, wherein the cables and pulleys cause the telescoping arms to move the saw blades by an amount which is twice the travel of the U-shaped frame. 8. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the linkage is configured to manipulate an orientation of the body, whereby the orientation of the body is aligned with the pile. 9. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the linkage has a standardized configuration that enables connection of the linkage to any one of a plurality of different vehicle types. 10. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the two saw blades spin in opposite directions. 11. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 1, further comprising the positioning device, wherein the positioning device comprises a vehicle, and wherein the linkage connects the body to the vehicle. 12. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 11, wherein the vehicle has a movable arm, wherein the linkage couples the body to an end of the movable arm. 13. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 12, wherein the vehicle comprises an excavator, and wherein the movable arm of the excavator has an elbow joint and a wrist joint that enable movement of the body with respect to the excavator. 14. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 13, wherein the linkage enables tilting or pivoting of the body with respect to a pile. 15. The pile cutting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gripper comprises one or more sets of arms, wherein each set of arms is configured to be alternately closed to grasp the pile or opened to release the pile. 16. A method of cutting a pile, the method comprising: providing a pile cutting apparatus including a body having a linkage which is capable of connecting the body to a positioning device; a gripper coupled to the body, wherein the gripper is operable to alternately grasp or release a pile, and a cutting unit coupled to the body, wherein the cutting unit is operable to cut the pile while the pile is grasped by the gripper, wherein the cutting unit includes two saw blades that are mounted on a linearly movable frame, wherein the linearly movable frame is movable to cause the saw blades to travel in a linear motion from a retracted position in which the saw blades do not engage the grasped pile to an extended position, and wherein the saw blades cut completely through the grasped pile in a single stroke of the saw blades from the retracted position to the extended position; positioning the pile cutting apparatus around a pile with the saws in the retracted position; grasping the pile with the pile cutting apparatus; linearly extending the cutting unit from the retracted position to an extended position and thereby cutting completely through the pile; returning the cutting unit to the retracted position; repositioning the pile cutting apparatus and thereby moving an upper portion of the cut pile away from a lower portion of the cut pile; and releasing the upper portion of the cut pile.",
-    "Provided is a low-pressure casting apparatus for stable casting without using feedback control even if a furnace body has a crack, and a low-pressure casting method using the same. A low-pressure casting apparatus fills a cavity with molten metal M through a guiding unit by introducing gas into a holding furnace for heating the molten metal M to apply pressure to a surface of the molten metal M. The holding furnace includes a casing, a furnace body accommodated in the casing, and a refractory layer disposed between the casing and the furnace body, the refractory layer having a pore structure. The low-pressure casting apparatus further includes a first gas supply unit for supplying to the furnace body the gas to apply pressure to the molten metal M and a second gas supply unit for supplying gas to the refractory layer. 1. A low-pressure casting apparatus comprising: a casting die having inside a cavity shaped to conform to an outer shape of a casting; a holding furnace provided below the casting die which heats and holds molten metal; and a guiding unit which guides the molten metal inside the holding furnace into the cavity, the low-pressure casting apparatus which fills the cavity with the molten metal through the guiding unit by introducing gas into the holding furnace to apply pressure to a surface of the molten metal, wherein the holding furnace includes a metal casing, a furnace body accommodated in the metal casing, and a refractory layer disposed between the metal casing and the furnace body, the refractory layer having a pore structure, and the low-pressure casting apparatus is provided with a first gas supply unit which supplies to the furnace body the gas to apply pressure to the molten metal and a second gas supply unit which supplies gas to the refractory layer. 2. The low-pressure casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the low-pressure casting apparatus is provided with a plurality of the second gas supply units. 3. The low-pressure casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first gas supply unit and the second gas supply unit are each provided with an independent gas supply source. 4. The low-pressure casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first gas supply unit and the second gas supply unit are provided with a common gas supply source. 5. The low-pressure casting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first gas supply unit is provided with a first gas supply passage for supplying gas to the furnace body and a first electromagnetic valve opening and closing the first gas supply passage, the second gas supply unit is provided with a second gas supply passage for supplying the gas to the refractory layer and a second electromagnetic valve opening and closing the second gas supply passage, and further, the low-pressure casting apparatus is provided with a control device controlling opening of each of the electromagnetic valves with a corrected applied voltage in which a correction value is added to an applied voltage so that an amount of the air supplied by each of the gas supply units is proportional to the applied voltage when each of the electromagnetic valves are opened by gradually increasing voltages applied to the respective electromagnetic valves. 6. A low-pressure casting method using a low-pressure casting apparatus, the low-pressure casting apparatus including: a casting die having inside a cavity shaped to conform to an outer shape of a casting; a holding furnace provided below the casting die for heating and holding molten metal; and a guiding unit guiding the molten metal inside the holding furnace into the cavity, the holding furnace having a metal casing, a furnace body accommodated in the metal casing, and a refractory layer disposed between the metal casing and the furnace body, the refractory layer having a pore structure, the low-pressure casting apparatus having a first gas supply unit for supplying to the furnace body gas to apply pressure to the molten metal and a second gas supply unit for supplying gas to the refractory layer, the cavity being filled with the molten metal through the guiding unit by supplying the gas into the holding furnace through the first gas supply unit to apply pressure to a surface of the molten metal, and the low-pressure casting method comprising: a step of detecting that a pressure inside the refractory layer is at atmospheric pressure; a step of supplying the gas to the refractory layer through the second gas supply unit and supplying the gas to the furnace body through the first gas supply unit as long as the pressure inside the refractory layer is detected to be at the atmospheric pressure; a step of filling the cavity with the molten metal through the guiding unit by applying pressure to the surface of the molten metal as long as the pressure inside the refractory layer is detected to be equal to a pressure inside the furnace body; a step of stopping the supply of the gas by the first gas supply unit and the second gas supply unit when it is detected that the pressure inside the refractory layer and the pressure inside the furnace body have reached a predetermined pressure to keep the surface of the molten metal in a pressurized state; and a step of releasing the pressure in the furnace body after the molten metal filled in the cavity cools down, and taking the casting out of the cavity.",
-    "A camera apparatus includes: a camera main body having a single plate type imaging section; and a handle mounting section for mounting a handle on an upper portion of the camera main body, wherein a lens for a three-plate type imaging section can be mounted on a lens mount section of a front portion of the camera main body via a mount adapter, and the handle mounting section mounts the handle on the upper portion of the camera main body so as to be able to move in a front-back direction. 1. A camera apparatus comprising: a camera main body having a single image sensor and a lens mount section configured to mount, via a mount adapter, a lens for an imaging section having three image sensors, the lens mount section being a front portion of the camera main body; and a handle mounting section configured to mount a handle on the camera main body, wherein the handle mounting section is configured to mount the handle on the camera main body such that the handle is movable along an front-back direction. 2. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the handle mounting section has a lock configured to fix a position in the front-back direction of the handle to an arbitrary position between a first end of the handle mounting section and a second end of the handle mounting section. 3. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the handle has a viewfinder mounting section configured to mount a viewfinder. 4. The camera apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the viewfinder mounting section is configured to mount the viewfinder such that the viewfinder is movable along a direction orthogonal to the front-back direction. 5. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a shoulder adapter mounting section configured to mount a shoulder adapter on the camera main body, wherein the shoulder adapter mounting section is configured to mount the shoulder adapter on the camera main body such that the handle is movable along the front-back direction. 6. The camera apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: a support member configured to support the mount adapter by using a rod-like portion provided on the shoulder adapter. 7. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mount adapter has an adapter lens configured to lead a light beam that is incident from the lens for the imaging section to the single image sensor of the camera main body, and a filter disk having a filter for adjusting a light quantity of the light beam. 8. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mount adapter comprises: a first mount section configured to mount the lens mount section; and a second mount section configured to mount the lens for the imaging section having the three image sensors. 9. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each size of the three image sensors is \u2154 inches. 10. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the handle mounting section further comprises a rod-like member extending in the front-back direction, and the handle is configured to move along the rod-like member. 11. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: the mount adapter configured to couple the lens for the imaging section with the lens mount section. 12. The camera apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: the lens for the imaging section having the three image sensors. 13. A camera apparatus comprising: a camera main body having a single plate type imaging section and a lens mount section configured to mount a lens for a three-plate type imaging section via a mount adapter; and a handle mounting section configured to mount a handle on the camera main body, wherein the handle mounting section is configured to mount the handle on the camera main body such that the handle is movable along an optical axis direction of the single plate type imaging section. 14. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the handle mounting section has a lock configured to fix a position in the optical axis direction of the handle to an arbitrary position between a first end of the handle mounting section and a second end of the handle mounting section. 15. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the handle has a viewfinder mounting section configured to mount a viewfinder. 16. The camera apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the viewfinder mounting section is configured to mount the viewfinder such that the viewfinder is movable along a direction orthogonal to the optical axis direction of the single plate type imaging section. 17. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising: a shoulder adapter mounting section configured to mount a shoulder adapter on the camera main body, wherein the shoulder adapter mounting section is configured to mount the shoulder adapter on the camera main body such that the handle is movable along the optical axis direction. 18. The camera apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising: a support member configured to support the mount adapter by using a rod-like portion provided on the shoulder adapter. 19. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the mount adapter has an adapter lens configured to lead a light beam that is incident from the lens for the three-plate type imaging section to the single plate type imaging section of the camera main body, and a filter disk having a filter for adjusting a light quantity of the light beam. 20. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the mount adapter comprises: a first mount section configured to mount the lens mount section; and a second mount section configured to mount the lens for the three-plate type imaging section. 21. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising: the three-plate type imaging section has three image sensors, a size of each image sensor being \u2154 inches. 22. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the handle mounting section further comprises a rod-like member extending in the optical axis direction, and the handle is configured to move along the rod-like member. 23. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising: the mount adapter configured to couple the lens for the three-plate type imaging section with the lens mount section. 24. The camera apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising: the lens for the three-plate type imaging section.",
-    "A horizontal mixer includes a mixer bowl seal arrangement that includes one or more of a tapered canopy and/or a seal assembly that is removable as a unit. 1. A horizontal mixer comprising, mixer bowl mounted for rotation about a horizontal axis between an upright mix position and a turned load/unload position; a canopy located to cover an open top of the bowl when the bowl is in the upright mix position, the canopy including at least one side having a gutter that angles downward when moving from a first end of the bowl to a second end of the bowl. 2. The mixer of claim 1 wherein the gutter angles outwardly away from the bowl when moving from the first end of the bowl to the second end of the bowl. 3. The mixer of claim 2 wherein the bowl includes a seal member at a top side portion that engages with an underside of the canopy for sealing when the bowl is in the upright mix position. 4. The mixer of claim 3 wherein, as the bowl is rotated from the turned load/unload position to the upright mix position, the seal member initially engages the underside of the canopy at a location toward the second end of the bowl and then progressively engages the underside of the canopy in a direction toward an opposite side of the bowl as the bowl continues to rotate toward the upright mix position. 5. The mixer of claim 4 wherein an upper edge of the seal member is oriented substantially horizontally. 6. The mixer of claim 3 wherein the seal member is part of a seal assembly that includes one or more seal backing plates, wherein the seal assembly is supported in a channel formed by one or more brackets mounted to the bowl, wherein the seal assembly is removable as a unit from the bowl without removing the brackets. 7. The mixer of claim 6 wherein the seal assembly includes an inner backing plate and an outer backing plate, wherein a lower portion of the seal member is held between the inner backing plate and the outer backing plate. 8. The mixer of claim 7 wherein the seal assembly further includes a first end plate and a second end plate, the first end plate having a mount portion extending adjacent to the first end of the bowl and mounted thereto by at least one bolt, the second end plate having a mount portion extending adjacent to the second end of the bowl and mounted thereto by at least one bolt. 9. A horizontal mixer comprising, a mixer bowl mounted for rotation about a horizontal axis between an upright mix position and a turned load/unload position, the bowl including a seal member to engage an underside of a canopy that is located to cover an open top of the bowl when the bowl is in the upright mix position, wherein the seal member and the underside of the canopy are cooperatively configured such that as the bowl is rotated from the turned load/unload position to the upright mix position, the seal member initially engages the underside of the canopy toward a first end of the bowl and then progressively engages the underside of the canopy in a direction toward a second end of the bowl as the bowl continues to rotate toward the upright mix position. 10. The horizontal mixer of claim 9 wherein the seal member includes an upper edge that is oriented substantially horizontally and the underside of the canopy includes a side portion that angles downwardly from the second end of the bowl toward the first end of the bowl. 11. The horizontal mixer of claim 10 wherein the side portion is comprised by the underside of a canopy gutter that angles downward when moving from the second end of the bowl to first end of the bowl. 12. The mixer of claim 9 wherein the seal member is part of a seal assembly that includes one or more seal backing plates, wherein the seal assembly is supported in a channel formed by one or more brackets mounted to the bowl, wherein the seal assembly is removable as a unit from the bowl without removing the brackets. 13. The mixer of claim 12 wherein the seal assembly includes an inner backing plate and an outer backing plate, wherein a lower portion of the seal member is held between the inner backing plate and the outer backing plate. 14. The mixer of claim 13 wherein the seal assembly further includes a first end plate and a second end plate, the first end plate having a mount portion extending adjacent to the first end of the bowl and mounted thereto by at least one bolt, the second end plate having a mount portion extending adjacent to the second end of the bowl and mounted thereto by at least one bolt. 15. A horizontal mixer comprising, a mixer bowl mounted for rotation about a horizontal axis between an upright mix position and a turned load/unload position, the bowl including a seal member to engage an underside of a canopy that is located to cover an open top of the bowl when the bowl is in the upright mix position, wherein the seal member is part of a seal assembly that includes one or more seal backing plates, wherein the seal assembly is removable as a unit from the bowl. 16. The horizontal mixer of claim 15 wherein the seal assembly is supported in a channel formed by one or more brackets mounted to the bowl, wherein the seal assembly is removable as a unit from the bowl without removing the brackets. 17. The horizontal mixer of claim 15 wherein the seal assembly includes an inner backing plate and an outer backing plate, wherein a lower portion of the seal member is held between the inner backing plate and the outer backing plate. 18. The horizontal mixer of claim 17 wherein at least one threaded member passes from the inner backing plate, through the seal member and then through the outer backing plate, and a nut is secured to the threaded member at an exterior side of the outer backing plate, and the nut is welded in place to prevent accidental disengagement of the nut. 19. The mixer of claim 17 wherein the seal assembly further includes a first end plate and a second end plate, the first end plate having a mount portion extending adjacent to the first end of the bowl and mounted thereto by at least one removable bolt, the second end plate having a mount portion extending adjacent to the second end of the bowl and mounted thereto by at least one removable bolt. 20. The mixer of claim 15 wherein seal member and the underside of the canopy are cooperatively configured such that as the bowl is rotated from the turned load/unload position to the upright mix position, the seal member initially engages the underside of the canopy toward a first end of the bowl and then progressively engages the underside of the canopy in a direction toward a second end of the bowl as the bowl continues to rotate toward the upright mix position.",
-    "A covering for an architectural covering is provided. The covering may include a rotatable outer tube, a rotatable inner tube, a shade attached to the outer tube, and an operating element secured to the inner tube. The outer tube may define an elongated slot extending along a length of the outer tube and opening to an interior of the outer tube. The inner tube may be received within the outer tube. The shade may be retractable to and extendable from the outer tube. The operating element may extend through the elongated slot and may be retractable onto and extendable from the inner tube. The inner tube may rotate relative the outer tube to open and close the shade once the support sheet is in a fully extended position. 1. A covering for an architectural opening, comprising: a rotatable outer tube defining an elongated slot extending along a length of said outer tube; an inner tube rotatably received within said outer tube; a shade attached to said outer tube, said shade retractable to and extendable from said outer tube, said shade including a support sheet and at least one strip of material, said at least one strip of material including a first edge portion and a second edge portion, said first edge portion attached to said support sheet, and said second edge portion movable relative to said first edge portion and said support sheet; and at least one operating element attached to said inner tube, said at least one operating element extending through said slot and operably attached to said second edge portion of one or more of said at least one strip of material; wherein: rotation of said inner tube relative to said outer tube causes said second edge portion of said one or more of said at least one strip of material to move relative to said first edge portion of said one or more of said at least one strip of material. 2. The covering of claim 1, further comprising: a first engagement feature extending outwardly from said inner tube; and a second engagement feature extending inwardly from said outer tube into a rotational path of said first engagement feature such that said first and second engagement features engage one another within one revolution of said inner tube relative to said outer tube. 3. The covering of claim 1, wherein said at least one operating element extends along a face of said support sheet and is positioned at least partially between said support sheet and said at least one strip of material. 4. The covering of claim 1, further comprising one or more collars positioned at least partially radially between said outer and inner tubes. 5. The covering of claim 4, wherein: said outer tube comprises a first shell and a second shell; and said one or more collars are engaged with said first and second shells to lock said first and second shells together. 6. The covering of claim 1, further comprising a locking element operably associated with said outer tube to selectively restrict rotation of said outer tube. 7. The covering of claim 6, wherein said locking element is axially displaceable between a first position where said locking element allows unrestricted rotation of said outer tube and a second position where said locking element restricts rotation of said outer tube. 8. The covering of claim 1, further comprising a lift assist engaged with said outer tube to bias said outer tube in a shade retraction direction. 9. The covering of claim 8, wherein said lift assist is not engaged with said inner tube. 10. A method of operating a covering for an architectural opening, comprising: rotating an outer tube to unwrap a shade from an outer periphery of the outer tube, the shade including a support sheet and a plurality of strips of material, the plurality of strips of material having opposing longitudinal edge portions, a first edge portion of the opposing longitudinal edge portions attached to the support sheet and a second edge portion of the opposing longitudinal edge portions movable relative to the first edge portion and to the support sheet; and upon the shade reaching an extended position, rotating an inner tube positioned within the outer tube relative to the outer tube to move the second edge portion relative to the first edge portion. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising wrapping a portion of an operating element about the inner tube during rotation of the inner tube relative to the outer tube. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising retracting the operating element through an elongated slot formed in the outer tube during rotation of the inner tube relative to the outer tube. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein rotating the outer tube comprises rotating the outer tube in a first rotational direction, and wherein rotating the inner tube comprises rotating the inner tube in the first rotational direction. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising rotating the inner tube in the first rotational direction relative to the outer tube to wrap the portion of the operating element around the inner tube. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising rotating the inner tube in a second rotational direction opposite the first rotational direction to unwrap the portion of the operating element from the inner tube and subsequently drivingly rotate the outer tube in the second rotational direction and wrap the shade and the operating element around the outer tube. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising biasing the outer tube in a retraction direction while not biasing the inner tube in the retraction direction. 17. A covering for an architectural opening, comprising: a rotatable outer tube defining an elongated slot; a shade attached to said outer tube; a rotatable inner tube received within said outer tube; an operating element attached to and wrappable around said inner tube, said operating element extendable and retractable through said slot to move said shade between open and closed positions upon movement of said inner tube relative to said outer tube; a first engagement feature extending outwardly from said inner tube; and a second engagement feature extending inwardly from said outer tube into a rotational path of said first engagement feature so that said first and second engagement features engage one another within one revolution of one of said inner tube or said outer tube relative to the other of said outer tube or said inner tube. 18. The covering of claim 17, wherein said first engagement feature comprises one or more drive stubs positioned within an external groove extending along a length of said inner tube. 19. The covering of claim 17, wherein said second engagement feature is received at least partially within a channel defined along a length of said outer tube. 20. A covering for an architectural opening, comprising: a rotatable outer tube; a rotatable inner tube received within said outer tube; and at least one collar positioned at least partially radially between said outer tube and said inner tube, said at least one collar fixed against an inner surface of said outer tube and movable relative to said inner tube. 21. The covering of claim 20, wherein: said outer tube comprises a first shell and a second shell; and said at least one collar is engaged with said first and second shells to lock said first and second shells together. 22. The covering of claim 21, wherein: said first and second shells are engaged along longitudinal axes to form said outer tube; and a longitudinal slot is defined between said first and second shells. 23. The covering of claim 22, further comprising: a shade attached to said outer tube; and an operating element attached to said inner tube and extending through said slot. 24. A covering for an architectural opening, comprising: a rotatable outer tube defining an elongated slot extending along a length of said outer tube; a shade attached to said outer tube; a rotatable inner tube received within said outer tube; and a locking element received at least partially within said inner tube and operably associated with said outer tube to selectively restrict rotation of said outer tube, wherein said locking element is axially displaceable between a first position where said locking element allows unrestricted rotation of said outer tube and a second position where said locking element restricts rotation of said outer tube. 25. The covering of claim 24, wherein said locking element is spring biased towards said first position. 26. The covering of claim 24, further comprising a limit screw and a limit nut received at least partially within said inner tube, wherein said limit nut is threaded onto said limit screw and keyed to said inner tube such that rotation of said inner tube rotates said limit nut about said limit screw to advance said limit nut axially along a length of said limit screw. 27. The covering of claim 24, wherein said limit nut engages and axially displaces said locking element from said first position towards said second position during rotation of said inner tube. 28. The covering of claim 24, further comprising a bushing keyed to said outer tube such that said bushing rotates in unison with said outer tube, wherein in said second position said locking element engages said bushing to restrict rotation of said outer tube. 29. A covering for an architectural opening, comprising: a rotatable outer tube; a shade attached to said outer tube; a rotatable inner tube received within said outer tube; and a lift assist operably associated with said outer tube to rotate said outer tube but not said inner tube. 30. The covering of claim 29, wherein: said lift assist is rotationally displaceable between a first rotational position and a second rotational position; and said lift assist is biased to rotate in a first direction to return to said first rotational position. 31. The covering of claim 30, wherein rotation in said first direction substantially wraps said shade about said outer tube. 32. The covering of claim 29, wherein said lift assist further includes: a sleeve defining a cavity therein; and a biasing spring received at least partially within said cavity. 33. The covering of claim 32, wherein said sleeve is received within said outer tube axially adjacent an end of said inner tube.",
-    "An example of the invention provides a digital delay unit that is made up of a plurality of NAND gates. The digital delay unit includes a first delay path and a second delay path. The first delay path is coupled between a first input terminal and an output terminal to provide a basic time delay which is caused by one NAND gate. The second delay path is coupled between a second input terminal and the output terminal to provide at least three basic time delays. 1. A digital delay unit that is made up of a plurality of NAND gates, comprising: a first delay path, coupled between a first input terminal and an output terminal; and a second delay path, coupled between a second input terminal and the output terminal, wherein the first delay path provides a basic time delay which is caused by one NAND gate. 2. The digital delay unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second delay path provides at least 3 basic time delays 3. A digital delay unit, comprising: an inverter to receive a first signal; a first signal input terminal coupled to a first input terminal of a first NAND gate; the first NAND gate having a second input terminal coupled to an output terminal of the inverter; a second NAND gate, having a first input terminal coupled to an output terminal of the first NAND gate; a third NAND gate, having a first input terminal coupled to an output terminal of the second NAND gate, and a second input terminal coupled to a second signal input terminal; and a fourth NAND gate having a first input terminal to receive the first signal, a second input terminal to receive a second input terminal, and an output terminal coupled to a second input terminal of the second NAND gate, wherein when the first input terminal receives an input signal, a logic level of the input signal is set to be 1, and when the second input terminal receives the input signal, the logic level of the input signal is set to be 0, and a logic level of the first input signal is set to be 1. 4. A time-delay circuit, comprising: a delay control circuit to generate a control signal according to an input signal and a reference signal; and a digital delay circuit made up of a plurality of NAND gates, to receive the input signal, delay the input signal according to the control signal to generate a delayed input signal, wherein a minimum time delay of the digital delay circuit is a time delay of a NAND gate. 5. The time-delay circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein the digital delay circuit comprises a plurality of digital delay units, and each digital delay unit comprises: a first delay path, coupled between a first input terminal and an output terminal; and a second delay path, coupled between a second input terminal and the output terminal, wherein the first delay path provides a time delay of one NAND gate. 6. The time-delay circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein the digital delay circuit comprises a plurality of digital delay units, and each digital delay unit comprises: an inverter to receive a first signal; a first signal input terminal coupled to a first input terminal of a first NAND gate; the first NAND gate having a second input terminal coupled to an output terminal of the inverter; a second NAND gate, having a first input terminal coupled to an output terminal of the first NAND gate; a third NAND gate, having a first input terminal coupled to an output terminal of the second NAND gate, and a second input terminal coupled to a second signal input terminal; and a fourth NAND gate having a first input terminal to receive the first signal, a second input terminal to receive a second input terminal, and an output terminal coupled to a second input terminal of the second NAND gate, wherein when the first input terminal receives an input signal, a logic level of the input signal is set to be 1, and when the second input terminal receives the input signal, the logic level of the input signal is set to be 0, and a logic level of the first input signal is set to be 1.",
-    "Homomorphic evaluation of a function is performed on input ciphertext(s), which were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also includes multiple secret keys. Each input ciphertext includes multiple real numbers that are kept with finite precision. Performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function includes performing operation(s). Performing each of one or more operations includes the following. A key-switching transformation is performed on selected ciphertext(s), including converting a first version of a selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the secret keys and with some number r bits of precision to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the secret keys and with some other number r\u2032 bits of precision, r\u2032>r. Each key switching transformation is performed prior to or after the operation(s) are evaluated. Results of the operation(s) are output. 1. A method, comprising: performing homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also comprises a plurality of secret keys, where each input ciphertext comprises a plurality of real numbers that are kept with finite precision, and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function comprises performing one or more operations, and where performing each of one or more operations comprises: performing a key-switching transformation on selected ones of the one or more input ciphertexts, where performing key-switching transformation on a selected ciphertext comprises converting a first version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the plurality of secret keys and with some number r bits of precision to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the plurality of secret keys and with some other number r\u2032 bits of precision, where r\u2032>r, where each of the key switching transformations is performed prior to or after the one or more operations are evaluated; and outputting one or more results of the one or more operations. 2. The method of claim 1, where r\u2032>2r. 3. The method of claim 1, where performing the homomorphic evaluation further comprises, prior to performing the key switching transformation, decreasing a norm of the first version of the selected ciphertext, by representing every number in the selected ciphertext via a sum number d>1 of smaller digits, and where r\u2032>r+r/d. 4. The method of claim 1, where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function in order to evaluate a circuit comprising a plurality of levels. 5. The method of claim 4, where performing homomorphic evaluation of a function further comprises performing homomorphic evaluation of multiple functions in order to evaluate the circuit. 6. A computer system, comprising: one or more memories comprising computer-readable program code; and one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured, responsive to execution of the computer-readable program code, to cause the computer system to perform: performing homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also comprises a plurality of secret keys, where each input ciphertext comprises a plurality of real numbers that are kept with finite precision, and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function comprises performing one or more operations, and where performing each of one or more operations comprises: performing a key-switching transformation on selected ones of the one or more input ciphertexts, where performing key-switching transformation on a selected ciphertext comprises converting a first version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the plurality of secret keys and with some number r bits of precision to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the plurality of secret keys and with some other number r\u2032 bits of precision, where r\u2032>r, where each of the key switching transformations is performed prior to or after the one or more operations are evaluated; and outputting one or more results of the one or more operations. 7. The computer system of claim 6, where r\u2032>2r. 8. The computer system of claim 6, where performing the homomorphic evaluation further comprises, prior to performing the key switching transformation, decreasing a norm of the first version of the selected ciphertext, by representing every number in the selected ciphertext via a sum number d>1 of smaller digits, and where r\u2032>r+r/d. 9. The computer system of claim 6, where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function in order to evaluate a circuit comprising a plurality of levels. 10. The computer system of claim 9, where performing homomorphic evaluation of a function further comprises performing homomorphic evaluation of multiple functions in order to evaluate the circuit. 11. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code readable and executable by a computer to cause the computer to perform: performing homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using a public key of an encryption scheme that also comprises a plurality of secret keys, where each input ciphertext comprises a plurality of real numbers that are kept with finite precision, and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function comprises performing one or more operations, and where performing each of one or more operations comprises: performing a key-switching transformation on selected ones of the one or more input ciphertexts, where performing key-switching transformation on a selected ciphertext comprises converting a first version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a first of the plurality of secret keys and with some number r bits of precision to a second version of the selected ciphertext with respect to a second of the plurality of secret keys and with some other number r\u2032 bits of precision, where r\u2032>r, where each of the key switching transformations is performed prior to or after the one or more operations are evaluated; and outputting one or more results of the one or more operations. 12. The computer program product of claim 11, where r\u2032>2r. 13. The computer program product of claim 11, where performing the homomorphic evaluation further comprises, prior to performing the key switching transformation, decreasing a norm of the first version of the selected ciphertext, by representing every number in the selected ciphertext via a sum number d>1 of smaller digits, and where r\u2032>r+r/d. 14. The computer program product of claim 11, where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function in order to evaluate a circuit comprising a plurality of levels. 15. The computer program product of claim 14, where performing homomorphic evaluation of a function further comprises performing homomorphic evaluation of multiple functions in order to evaluate the circuit.",
-    "A display device includes an illumination unit that delivers a first light, a second light and a third light. The display also includes a driving circuit that supplies a pixel with a first data signal for displaying a first image by illuminating the first light, the driving circuit supplying the pixel with a second data signal for displaying a second image by illuminating the second light, the driving circuit supplying the pixel with a third data signal for displaying a third image by illuminating the third light. 1. A display device, comprising: an illumination unit that delivers a first light and a second light; and a driving circuit that supplies a pixel with a first data signal for displaying a first image by illuminating the first light, the driving circuit supplying the pixel with a second data signal for displaying a second image by illuminating the second light, the first light having a first color, the first color being white, the second light having a second color other than the white, and a first period in which the first light is delivered by the illumination unit and a second period in which the second light is delivered by the illumination unit are mutually different. 2. The display device according to claim 1, the first period being longer than the second period. 3. A display device, comprising: an illumination unit that delivers at least a first light, a second light, a third light and a fourth light; and a driving circuit that supplies a pixel with at least a first data signal, a second data signal, a third data signal and a fourth data signal, the first data signal being used for displaying a first image by illuminating the first light, the second data signal being used for displaying a second image by illuminating the second light, the third data signal being used for displaying a third image by illuminating the third light and the fourth data signal being used for displaying a fourth image by illuminating the fourth light, the first light having a first color, the first color being white, the second light having a second color other than the first color, the third light having a third color other than the first color and the second color, the fourth light having a fourth color other than the first color, the second color and the third color, a first period in which the first light is delivered by the illumination unit, a second period in which the second light is delivered by the illumination unit, a third period in which the third light is delivered by the illumination unit and a fourth period in which the fourth light is delivered by the illumination unit, and each of the first period, the second period, the third period and the fourth period are mutually different. 4. The display device according to claim 3, the first period being longer than the second period. 5. The display device according to claim 4, the first period being longer than the third period and the fourth period. 6. The display device according to claim 4, a length of the second period being equal to a length of the third period. 7. The display device according to claim 3, at least two of a first length of the first period, a second length of the second period, a third length of the third period and a fourth length of the fourth period are mutually different. 8. The display device according to claim 3, the second color being any one of a red, a green, a blue, a cyan, a magenta and a yellow. 9. The display device according to claim 3, the first light being illuminated during an entirety of the first period. 10. The display device according to claim 9, the second light being illuminated during an entirety of the second period, the third light being illuminated during an entirety of the third period, and the fourth light being illuminated during an entirety of the fourth period. 11. An electronic apparatus comprising the display device according to claim 3.",
-    "A laser comprises a first end mirror and a second end mirror defining an optical cavity therebetween, a first gain medium and a second gain medium positioned in the optical cavity, at least one radiation source configured to provide pump radiation to the first and second gain media, wherein the pump radiation comprises a first pump beam directed to be incident on the first gain medium and a second pump beam directed to be incident on the second gain medium so as to stimulate emission of radiation from the first and second gain media thereby establishing a laser beam in the optical cavity and a control apparatus operable to adjust a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams and thereby control a thermal lens of at least one of the first and second gain media so as to substantially remove an instability zone from the power curve of the laser. 1. A laser comprising: a first end mirror and a second end mirror defining an optical cavity therebetween; a first gain medium and a second gain medium positioned in the optical cavity; at least one radiation source configured to provide pump radiation to the first and second gain media, wherein the pump radiation comprises a first pump beam directed to be incident on the first gain medium and a second pump beam directed to be incident on the second gain medium so as to stimulate emission of radiation from the first and second gain media thereby establishing a laser beam in the optical cavity; and a control apparatus operable to adjust a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams and thereby control a thermal lens of at least one of the first and second gain media so as to substantially remove an instability zone from the power curve of the laser. 2. The laser of claim 1, wherein the control apparatus is operable to adjust a property of the first and second pump beams and thereby control a thermal lens of at least one of the first and second gain media such that the thermal lens of the first gain medium has a different strength to the thermal lens of the second gain medium. 3. The laser of claim 1, wherein the control apparatus is operable to adjust a property of the first and second pump beams and thereby control a thermal lens of at least one of the first and second gain media such that the laser beam is focussed symmetrically in the optical cavity. 4. The laser of claim 1, wherein at least one of the end mirrors comprises a concave mirror. 5. The laser of claim 1, wherein the optical cavity is asymmetric about a geometric centre of the optical cavity. 6. The laser of claim 5, wherein a distance between the first gain medium and the geometric centre of the cavity and a distance between the second gain medium and the geometric centre of the cavity are different from one another. 7. The laser of claim 6, wherein the difference between the distance between the first gain medium and the geometric centre of the cavity and the distance between the second gain medium and the geometric centre of the cavity is less than about 10% of the length of the optical cavity. 8. The laser of claim 5, wherein the first gain medium and the second gain medium are each doped with a quantity of dopant and wherein a concentration of dopant in the first gain medium is different to a concentration of dopant in the second gain medium. 9. The laser of claim 1, wherein the control apparatus is operable to adjust the power of at least one of the first and second pump beams. 10. The laser of claim 9, wherein the at least one radiation source comprises a first radiation source configured to provide the first pump beam and a second radiation source configured to provide the second pump beam and wherein the control apparatus is operable to adjust the power of at least one of the first and second pump beams provided by the first and second radiation sources. 11. The laser of claim 1, wherein the first and second pump beams are linearly polarised and the control apparatus is operable to adjust the polarisation direction of at least one of the first and second pump beams. 12. The laser of claim 11, wherein the first and second gain media comprise crystals having crystal axes and wherein the strength of the thermal lenses of the first and second gain media are dependent on the relative alignment of the polarisation directions of the first and second pump beams and the crystal axes of the first and second gain media. 13. The laser of claim 1, wherein the laser further comprises a polarising beam splitter configured to receive a main pump radiation beam from the at least one radiation source and split the main pump radiation beam into the first pump radiation beam and the second pump radiation beam, wherein the first pump radiation beam has a first polarisation direction and the second pump radiation beam has a second polarisation direction which is substantially orthogonal to the first polarisation direction. 14. The laser of claim 13, wherein the at least one radiation source is configured to provide a main pump radiation beam which is substantially unpolarised and direct the main pump radiation beam to be incident on the polarising beam splitter. 15. The laser of claim 1, wherein the laser further comprises at least one lens configured to focus at least one of the first and second pump beams into at least one of the first and second gain media 16. The laser of claim 15, wherein the control apparatus is operable to adjust the focussing of at least one of the first and second pump beams into at least one of the first and second gain media. 17. A method of producing a laser beam, the method comprising: providing an optical cavity with pump radiation comprising a first pump beam and a second pump beam directing the first pump beam to be incident on a first gain medium positioned in the optical cavity and directing the second pump beam to be incident on a second gain medium positioned in the optical cavity so as to stimulate emission of radiation from the first and second gain media thereby establishing a laser beam in the optical cavity; adjusting a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams and thereby control a thermal lens of at least one of the first and second gain media so as to substantially remove an instability zone from the power curve of the laser. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams is adjusted such that a strength of the thermal lens of the first gain medium is different to a strength of the thermal lens of the second gain medium. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams is adjusted such that the laser beam is focussed symmetrically about a geometric centre of the optical cavity. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams comprises adjusting a polarisation direction of at least one of the first and second pump beams. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams comprises adjusting the power of at least one of the first and second pump beams.",
-    "A control system of an engine in which a purge gas containing evaporated fuel desorbed from a canister is supplied to an intake passage of the engine is provided. The control system includes a deceleration fuel cutoff module for performing a deceleration fuel cutoff to stop a fuel supply from an injector to the engine when a predetermined deceleration fuel cutoff condition is satisfied in a decelerating state of the engine, a purge unit for purging by supplying the purge gas to the intake passage during the deceleration fuel cutoff, an O2 sensor provided in an exhaust passage of the engine, an abnormality determining module for determining an abnormality of the O2 sensor based on a change of an output value of the O2 sensor that is caused by the deceleration fuel cutoff, and a purge restricting module for restricting the purge during the abnormality determination. 1. A control system of an engine in which a purge gas containing evaporated fuel desorbed from a canister is supplied to an intake passage of the engine, the control system comprising: a deceleration fuel cutoff module for performing a deceleration fuel cutoff to stop a fuel supply from an injector to the engine when a predetermined deceleration fuel cutoff condition is satisfied in a decelerating state of the engine; a purge unit for performing a purge by supplying the purge gas to the intake passage during the deceleration fuel cutoff; an O2 sensor provided in an exhaust passage of the engine; an abnormality determining module for performing an abnormality determination by determining an abnormality of the O2 sensor based on a change of an output value of the O2 sensor that is caused by the deceleration fuel cutoff; and a purge restricting module for restricting the purge during the abnormality determination. 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein during the abnormality determination, the purge restricting module restricts the purge so that an air-fuel ratio within a combustion chamber of the engine exceeds a predetermined ratio. 3. The control system of claim 1, further comprising an air-fuel ratio estimating module for estimating an air-fuel ratio within a combustion chamber of the engine during the abnormality determination in a case where the purge is performed during the abnormality determination, wherein the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the abnormality determination when the estimated air-fuel ratio is below a preset ratio. 4. The control system of claim 1, wherein the purge unit includes a purge line through which the canister communicates with the intake passage, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling a supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage by performing a duty control of the purge valve when the purge is performed, the control system further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed during the abnormality determination, wherein during the abnormality determination, the purge restricting module restricts the supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 5. The control system of claim 4, wherein when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration, the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the abnormality determination. 6. The control system of claim 2, wherein the purge unit includes a purge line through which the canister communicates with the intake passage, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling a supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage by performing a duty control of the purge valve when the purge is performed, the control system further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed during the abnormality determination, wherein during the abnormality determination, the purge restricting module restricts the supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 7. The control system of claim 6, wherein when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration, the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the abnormality determination. 8. The control system of claim 3, wherein the purge unit includes a purge line through which the canister communicates with the intake passage, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling a supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage by performing a duty control of the purge valve when the purge is performed, the control system further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed during the abnormality determination, wherein during the abnormality determination, the purge restricting module restricts the supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 9. The control system of claim 8, wherein when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration, the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the abnormality determination.",
-    "A position detection system for detecting a position of a capsule medical device is provided. The capsule medical device has a coil constituting a part of a resonance circuit to generate an AC magnetic field. The position detection system includes: sensing coils that detect the AC magnetic field and output detection signals; and a calculation unit that calculates the position of the capsule medical device based on the detection signals. The calculation unit: determines a sensing coil having a maximum amplitude of the AC magnetic field as a reference coil among the sensing coils based on amplitude values of the AC magnetic field detected by the sensing coils, the amplitude values being calculated based on the detection signals; and determines a polarity of each sensing coil based on a first detection signal from the reference coil and a second detection signal from each sensing coil other than the reference coil. 1. A position detection system for detecting a position of a capsule medical device, the capsule medical device having: a coil constituting a part of a resonance circuit to generate an AC magnetic field by flowing of current; a power source unit for supplying power to the coil; and a capsule casing, the coil and the power source unit being provided inside the casing, the position detection system comprising: a plurality of sensing coils configured to detect the AC magnetic field generated by the coil and to output detection signals; and a calculation unit configured to calculate the position of the capsule medical device based on the plurality of detection signals output from the plurality of sensing coils, wherein the calculation unit comprises: a reference coil determination unit configured to determine a sensing coil having a maximum amplitude value of the AC magnetic field as a reference coil among the plurality of sensing coils based on amplitude values of the AC magnetic field detected by the plurality of sensing coils, the amplitude values being calculated based on the plurality of detection signals; and a polarity determination unit configured to determine a polarity of each of the sensing coils based on a first detection signal output from the reference coil and a second detection signal output from each of the sensing coils other than the reference coil. 2. The position detection system according to claim 1, wherein the polarity determination unit is configured to determine the polarity based on a comparison result between a phase of the first detection signal and a phase of the second detection signal. 3. The position detection system according to claim 2, wherein if a phase difference between the first detection signal and the second detection signal is equal to or smaller than |\u03c0/2|, the polarity determination unit is configured to determine that the polarity of a sensing coil as a determination target is equal to the polarity of the reference coil, and if a phase difference between the first detection signal and the second detection signal is larger than |\u03c0/2|, the polarity determination unit is configured to determine that the polarity of a sensing coil as a determination target is opposite to the polarity of the reference coil. 4. The position detection system according to claim 3, wherein the calculation unit is configured to calculate the position of the capsule medical device at predetermined time intervals, and the polarity determination unit is configured to set the polarity of the sensing coil determined as the reference coil to be the same polarity as a determination result for the sensing coil obtained by previous determination of the polarity. 5. The position detection system according to claim 4, wherein if the determination result for the sensing coil is not obtained by the previous determination of the polarity, the polarity determination unit is configured to set the polarity of the sensing coil determined as the reference coil to be positive. 6. The position detection system according to claim 1, wherein the calculation unit further includes a phase correction unit configured to correct a phase difference between the first detection signal and the second detection signal, the phase difference occurring due to a difference between timing of detecting operation for the AC magnetic field by the reference coil and timing of detecting operation for the AC magnetic field by each of the sensing coils. 7. The position detection system according to claim 6, wherein the phase correction unit is configured to correct the phase difference based on a frequency of the AC magnetic field and an interval between the timing of detecting operation for the AC magnetic field by the reference coil and the timing of detecting operation for the AC magnetic field by each of the sensing coils. 8. The position detection system according to claim 6, wherein the phase correction unit is configured to correct the phase difference based on a detection value of the AC magnetic field detected by each of the sensing coils when the capsule medical device is arranged at a position where the polarity of each of the sensing coils is known. 9. The position detection system according to claim 6, further comprising a sensing coil switching unit configured to switch between the plurality of sensing coils to detect the AC magnetic field, wherein the phase correction unit is configured to correct the phase difference according to a switching order of the plurality of sensing coils by the sensing coil switching unit.",
-    "An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a printing medium by an electrophotographic system in accordance with input image data, the apparatus including: a plurality of image forming units configured to form images in colors different from one another; a first determination unit configured to determine whether or not toner amount adjustment is necessary based on a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost for image data that is used for image formation in a second image forming unit located on the upstream side of a first image forming unit that is located on the downstream side in a conveyance direction of the printing medium of the plurality of image forming units; and a toner amount adjustment unit configured to make toner amount adjustment for the image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit in accordance with the determination results by the first determination unit. 1. An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a printing medium by an electrophotographic system in accordance with input image data, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of image forming units configured to form images in colors different from one another; a first determination unit configured to determine whether or not toner amount adjustment is necessary based on a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost for image data that is used for image formation in a second image forming unit located on the upstream of a first image forming unit that is located on the downstream in a conveyance direction of the printing medium of the plurality of image forming units; and a toner amount adjustment unit configured to make toner amount adjustment for the image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit in accordance with determination results by the first determination unit. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first determination unit determines that toner amount adjustment is necessary for the input image data in a case where the number of pixels having a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost is equal to or more than a predetermined number of pixels. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined number of pixels is determined in accordance with at least one of the size of the input image data, image quality required for an output image, and the characteristics of a printer engine. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first determination unit determines that toner amount adjustment is necessary for the input image data in a case where the number of blocks consisting of a plurality of pixels having a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost is equal to or more than a predetermined number of blocks. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the predetermined number of blocks is determined in accordance with at least one of the size of the input image data, image quality required for an output image, and the characteristics of a printer engine. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a second determination unit configured to determine a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost for each pixel on a basis of whether an image that makes uneven the surface potential of a photoconductor drum of the first image forming unit is formed in the second image forming unit in a case where an image is formed in the first image forming unit for the input image data. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the second determination unit determines that a pixel of interest is a pixel having a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost in a case where a pixel located at a predetermined position in the upward direction of the pixel of interest of the input image data includes a color of an image that is formed in the second image forming unit and on a condition that a toner amount of the color of the image that is formed in the second image forming unit for the pixel located at the predetermined position exceeds a predetermined value. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the predetermined value is a toner amount of image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit, which will make uneven the surface potential of a photoconductor drum of the first image forming unit also after electrification due to the image formation in the second image forming unit. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the predetermined position in the upward direction is a position a distance corresponding to the perimeter of a photoconductor drum apart from the pixel of interest in a direction in which development is performed earlier. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the second determination unit does not perform the determination for each pixel in a case where the input image data is monochrome image data. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the toner amount adjustment unit performs processing to reduce a toner amount of image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit to an amount equal to or less than a limit value. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the limit value is equal to the predetermined value. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the toner amount adjustment unit makes adjustment using a second limit value that is lower than a first limit value in accordance with results of adjustment using the first limit value that is higher than the predetermined value. 14. An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a printing medium by an electrophotographic system in accordance with input image data, the apparatus comprising: a plurality of image forming units configured to form images in colors different from one another; a determination unit configured to determine whether or not the input image data satisfies a condition of the occurrence of a ghost based on a pixel value of image data that is used for image formation in a second image forming unit located on the upstream side of a first image forming unit that is located on the downstream side in a conveyance direction of the printing medium of the plurality of image forming units; and a processing unit configured to perform processing to reduce a pixel value of the image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit in a case where the results of the determination by the first determination unit indicate that the condition of the occurrence of a ghost is satisfied. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the determination unit determines that the input image data satisfies the condition of the occurrence of a ghost in a case where the number of pixels that satisfy the condition of the occurrence of a ghost is equal to or more than a predetermined number of pixels. 16. An image forming method in an image forming apparatus that forms an image on a printing medium by an electrophotographic system in accordance with input image data, the method comprising the steps of: determining whether or not toner amount adjustment is necessary based on a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost for image data that is used for image formation in a second image forming unit located on the downstream side of a first image forming unit that is located on the downstream side in a conveyance direction of the printing medium of a plurality of image forming units configured to form images in colors different from one another; and making toner amount adjustment for the image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit in accordance with the determination results in the determination step. 17. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to perform an image forming method in an image forming apparatus that forms an image on a printing medium by an electrophotographic system in accordance with input image data, the method comprising the steps of: determining whether or not toner amount adjustment is necessary based on a possibility of the occurrence of a ghost for image data that is used for image formation in a second image forming unit located on the downstream side of a first image forming unit that is located on the downstream side in a conveyance direction of the printing medium of a plurality of image forming units configured to form images in colors different from one another; and making toner amount adjustment for the image data that is used for image formation in the second image forming unit in accordance with the determination results in the determination step.",
-    "A function performing may perform: judging, in which state the function performing apparatus is in, a placed state or a non-placed state; causing a scan performing unit to perform a scanning of the document, in a first case where a communication session is established while the function performing apparatus is in the placed state; not causing the scanner to perform the scanning of the document, in a second case where the communication session is established while the function performing apparatus is in the non-placed state; creating, in a case where the scanning of the document is performed, image data based on a scan result obtained from the scanner; and sending the created image data to the communication apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network. 1. A function performing apparatus comprising: a first interface configured to perform a wireless communication in accordance with a first scheme by using a communication session being established between the function performing apparatus and a communication apparatus different from the function performing apparatus, the first interface configured to send to the communication apparatus, by using the communication session, network information which is to be used in a wireless network; a second interface configured to perform a wireless communication in accordance with a second scheme different from the first scheme by using the wireless network to which both the function performing apparatus and the communication apparatus are to belong; a scan performing unit configured to perform a scanning of a document to be placed on the function performing apparatus; a sensor configured to detect whether the document is being placed on the function performing apparatus; a processor; and a memory storing computer-readable instructions therein, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, causing the function performing apparatus to perform: determining, by using a detection result of the sensor, whether the function performing apparatus is in a placed state or a non-placed state, the placed state being a state where the document is being placed on the function performing apparatus, and the non-placed state being a state where the document is not being placed on the function performing apparatus; causing the scan performing unit to perform the scanning of the document, in a first case where the communication session is established while the function performing apparatus is in the placed state, even if an instruction related to a starting of the scanning is not given by a user to the function performing apparatus and the communication apparatus after the communication session has been established by using the first interface, the causing of the scan performing unit to perform the scanning being not performed, in a second case where the communication session is established while the function performing apparatus is in the non-placed state; creating, in a case where the scanning of the document is performed, image data based on a scan result obtained from the scan performing unit; and sending the created image data to the communication apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network. 2. The function performing apparatus as in claim 1, wherein in the first case, the causing of the scan performing unit to perform the scanning is performed in response to receiving a scan performing instruction from the communication apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network, and in the second case, the causing of the scan performing unit to perform the scanning is not performed due to not receiving the scan performing instruction from the communication apparatus. 3. The function performing apparatus as in claim 2, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the function performing apparatus to further perform: providing non-placed related information which is related to the non-placed state to the first interface in a case where the function performing apparatus is in the non-placed state, the non-placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session in the second case; and in the first case, receiving the scan performing instruction from the communication apparatus, in response to the network information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session without the non-placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus, wherein in the second case, the scan performing instruction is not received from the communication apparatus, in response to both the network information and the non-placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session. 4. The function performing apparatus as in claim 2, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the function performing apparatus to further perform: providing non-placed related information which is related to the non-placed state to the first interface in a case where the function performing apparatus is in the non-placed state, the non-placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session in the second case, the non-placed related information including display information for causing a display unit of the communication apparatus to display an informing screen indicating that the function performing apparatus is in the non-placed state; and in the first case, receiving the scan performing instruction from the communication apparatus, in response to the network information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session without the non-placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus, wherein in the second case, the scan performing instruction is not received from the communication apparatus, in response to the non-placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session without the network information being sent to the communication apparatus. 5. The function performing apparatus as in claim 2, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the function performing apparatus to further perform: providing placed related information which is related to the placed state to the first interface in a case where the function performing apparatus is in the placed state, the placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session in the first case; and in the first case, receiving the scan performing instruction from the communication apparatus, in response to both the network information and the placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session, wherein in the second case, the scan performing instruction is not received from the communication apparatus due to the placed related information being not sent to the communication apparatus. 6. The function performing apparatus as in claim 5, wherein the providing of the placed related information includes: providing a first type of the placed related information to the first interface when the state of the function performing apparatus changes from the non-placed state to the placed state; and providing a second type of the placed related information to the first interface when a period during which the placed state is maintained has reached a predetermined period since the state of the function performing apparatus changed from the non-placed state to the placed state, and the receiving of the scan performing instruction includes: in the first case, receiving the scan performing instruction from the communication apparatus, in response to the first type of placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session; and in the first case, receiving the scan performing instruction on a condition that a predetermined instruction is given by the user to the communication apparatus, in response to the second type of placed related information being sent to the communication apparatus by using the communication session, the predetermined instruction being related to an indication that the scan performing instruction is to be sent to the function performing apparatus. 7. The function performing apparatus as in claim 2, further comprising: a print performing unit, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the function performing apparatus to further perform: in the first case, receiving a print performing instruction from the communication apparatus instead of the scan performing instruction via the second interface by using the wireless network, the print performing instruction including target data being a printing target; and causing the print performing unit to perform a printing of an image represented by the target data in a case where the print performing instruction is received. 8. The function performing apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the first interface comprises an interface memory, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the function performing apparatus to further perform: causing the interface memory to store the network information by providing the network information to the first interface before the communication session is established. 9. The function performing apparatus as in claim 8, wherein the network information is provided to the first interface when the state of the function performing apparatus changes from the non-placed state to the placed state, and the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the function performing apparatus to further perform: deleting the network information from the first interface when the state of the function performing apparatus changes from the placed state to the non-placed state. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions for a communication apparatus, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by a processor mounted on the communication apparatus, cause the communication apparatus to perform: receiving, from a function performing apparatus different from the communication apparatus, network information being to be used in a wireless network to which both the communication apparatus and the function performing apparatus are to belong, via a first interface of the communication apparatus, the wireless network being a network for performing a wireless communication between the communication apparatus and the function performing apparatus via a second interface of the communication apparatus, the first interface being an interface configured to perform a wireless communication in accordance with a first scheme, and the second interface being an interface configured to perform a wireless communication in accordance with a second scheme different from the first scheme; receiving related information related to a state of the function performing apparatus from the function performing apparatus via at least one of the first interface and the second interface; sending a scan performing instruction to the function performing apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network, in a first case where the received related information is placed related information, even if an instruction related to a starting of a scanning is not given by a user to the function performing apparatus and the communication apparatus after a communication session has been established by using the first interface, the placed related information being information related to a placed state, and the placed state being a state where a document is being placed on the function performing apparatus, the sending of the scan performing instruction being not performed, in a second case where the received related information is non-placed related information, the non-placed related information being information related to a non-placed state, the non-placed state being a state where the document is not being placed on the function performing apparatus; and receiving image data from the function performing apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network after the scan performing instruction has been sent to the function performing apparatus, the image data being created by the function performing apparatus scanning the document. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as in claim 10, wherein the related information is received from the function performing apparatus via the first interface. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as in claim 10, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the communication apparatus to further perform: in the second case, causing a display unit of the communication apparatus to display a first selection screen for causing the user to select whether the scan performing instruction should be sent or not; sending a confirmation request for requesting a state of the function performing apparatus to the function performing apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network, on a condition that a predetermined instruction is given to the communication apparatus by the user in the first selection screen, the predetermined instruction being related to an indication that the scan performing instruction should be sent to the function performing apparatus; and re-receiving the related information from the function performing apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network after the confirmation request has been sent to the function performing apparatus, and wherein in a case where the re-received related information is the placed related information, the scan performing instruction is sent to the function performing apparatus. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as in claim 10, wherein the scan performing instruction is sent to the function performing apparatus in the first case where the received related information is a first type of placed related information, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the communication apparatus to further perform: causing, in a case where the received related information is a second type of placed related information, a display unit of the communication apparatus to display a second selection screen for causing the user to select whether the scan performing instruction should be sent or not, the scan performing instruction is sent to the function performing apparatus in the first case where the received related information is the second type of placed related information, on a condition that an instruction is given by the user, the instruction being related to an indication that the scan performing instruction should be sent to the function performing apparatus, the first type of placed related information is sent from the function performing apparatus, after the state of the function performing apparatus has changed from the non-placed state to the placed state, and before a period during which the placed state is maintained reaches a predetermined period, and the second type of placed related information is sent from the function performing apparatus, after the period during which the placed state is maintained has reached the predetermined period. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as in claim 10, wherein the non-placed related information includes display information for causing a display unit of the communication apparatus to display an informing screen indicating that the function performing apparatus is in the non-placed state, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the communication apparatus to further perform: in the second case, causing the display unit to display the informing screen by using the display information. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as in claim 10, wherein the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the communication apparatus to further perform: sending, in a case where the network information and the related information are received after an instruction related to an indication that a print performing instruction is to be sent to the function performing apparatus has been given by the user, the print performing instruction including target data of a printing target, to the function performing apparatus, instead of the scan performing instruction via the second interface by using the wireless network regardless of whether the received related information is the placed related information or the non-placed related information. 16. A communication apparatus comprising: a first interface configured to perform a wireless communication in accordance with a first scheme by using a communication session established between the communication apparatus and a function performing apparatus different from the communication apparatus; a second interface configured to perform a wireless communication in accordance with a second scheme different from the first scheme by using a wireless network to which both the communication apparatus and the function performing apparatus are to belong; a processor; and a memory storing computer-readable instructions therein, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, causing the communication apparatus to perform: receiving network information being to be used in the wireless network from the function performing apparatus via the first interface; receiving related information related to a state of the function performing apparatus from the function performing apparatus via at least one of the first interface and the second interface; sending a scan performing instruction to the function performing apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network, in a first case where the received related information is placed related information, even if an instruction related to a starting of a scanning is not given by a user to the function performing apparatus and the communication apparatus after the communication session has been established by using the first interface, the placed related information being information related to a placed state, and the placed state being a state where a document is being placed on the function performing apparatus, the sending of the scan performing instruction being not performed, in a second case where the received related information is non-placed related information, the non-placed related information being information related to a non-placed state, and the non-placed state being a state where the document is not being placed on the function performing apparatus; and receiving image data from the function performing apparatus via the second interface by using the wireless network after the scan performing instruction has been sent to the function performing apparatus, the image data being created by the function performing apparatus scanning the document.",
-    "Implant for supporting bodily conduits, such as blood vessels or/and grafted vessels, inside a subject. In exemplary embodiments, the implant includes a support fixedly displaceable and plastically stretchable to points along longitudinal axis of the support, when subjected to a stretching force, thereby forming a new shape, the support substantially maintains the new shape upon removal of the stretching force. The support, when forming the new shape, is plastically reversely compressible in a direction along the support longitudinal axis, when subjected to axially compressive force. Support may include a radially elastic portion configured to regain fixedly deformed diameter upon removal of radially compressive force applied thereto. Support is configurable as an intraluminal support for intraluminal deployment and setting in a conduit segment, or, as an external support for enveloping a conduit segment, so as to change route or/and shape of the conduit segment. 1. An implant for supporting a conduit inside a body of a person or an animal, the implant comprising: a support that is fixedly displaceable and plastically stretchable to a plurality of points along a longitudinal axis of the support, when subjected to a stretching force, thereby forming a new shape, said support substantially maintains said new shape upon removal of said stretching force. 2. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support, when forming said new shape, is plastically reversely compressible in a direction along said longitudinal axis, when subjected to an axially compressive force. 3. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is configured for supporting the conduit being a blood vessel or/and a grafted vessel. 4. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is configured for supporting the conduit being a body vessel with a varying cross sectional diameter, wherein the support is fixedly deformable in diameter along a plurality of points of said longitudinal axis and configured for facilitating uniform support to said vessel by allowing different portions of the support to have different diameters. 5. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support includes a radially elastic portion configured to regain a fixedly deformed diameter upon removal of a radially compressive force applied to said portion. 6. The implant of claim 5, wherein said radially elastic portion is configured for allowing radial expansion of at least a portion of the conduit. 7. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support includes a meshed surface having at least one plastically deformable element. 8. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support includes a braid having a plurality of deformable elements. 9. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support includes at least one plastically deformable element. 10. The implant of claim 9, wherein said support further includes at least one elastically deformable element. 11. The implant of claim 10, wherein said at least one plastically deformable element is braided with said at least one elastically deformable element. 12. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is configured as an intraluminal support for intraluminal deployment and setting in a segment of the conduit, so as to change a route or/and a shape of said conduit segment. 13. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is configured as an external support for enveloping a segment of the conduit, so as to change a route or/and a shape of said conduit segment. 14. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is configured for in-situ fitting to different lengths. 15. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is configured for imposing a path for the conduit in order to prevent or reduce occlusive deformation of the conduit. 16. The implant of claim 1, wherein said support is stretchable along said longitudinal axis from a first diameter to a second diameter smaller than said first diameter.",
-    "An auto-loading firearm has a frame defining a bolt passage, a bolt operable to reciprocate between a battery position and a retracted position, a barrel defining a gas aperture, an energy transmission facility having a first end communicating with the gas aperture and an opposed second end, the bolt having a bolt body and a bolt key movable with respect to the bolt body between a forward position and a rearward position, the bolt key operably engaging the second end of the energy transmission facility when the bolt is in the battery position, the bolt including a latch element operably engaged to the bolt key having a locked position to prevent reciprocation of the bolt, and an unlocked position in which reciprocation of the bolt is enabled, and the latch element being responsive to rearward motion of the bolt key to move from the locked position to the unlocked position. 1. An auto-loading firearm comprising; a frame defining a bolt passage; a bolt within the bolt passage and operable to reciprocate therein between a battery position and a retracted position along a bolt axis; an elongated barrel connected to the frame; the barrel defining a gas aperture at an intermediate position along the length of the barrel; an energy transmission facility having a first end communicating with the gas aperture and an opposed second end; the bolt having a bolt body and a bolt key movable with respect to the bolt body between a forward position and a rearward position; the bolt key operably engaging the second end of the energy transmission facility when the bolt is in the battery position; the bolt including a latch element operably engaged to the bolt key; the latch element having a locked position in which the latch element operably engages the frame to prevent reciprocation of the bolt, and an unlocked position in which reciprocation of the bolt is enabled; and the latch element being responsive to rearward motion of the bolt key to move from the locked position to the unlocked position. 2. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the latch element is a ball. 3. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the latch element includes two latch element portions that move in opposition. 4. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the frame defines a recess operable to engage the latch element when the bolt is in the battery position and the latch element is in the locked position. 5. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the key is biased toward the forward position. 6. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the key reciprocates along a key axis parallel to the bolt axis, and wherein the latch element moves perpendicularly to the bolt axis. 7. The firearm of claim 6 wherein the key includes a cam surface angularly offset from the key axis and operable to laterally move the latch element as the key moves forward and rearward. 8. The firearm of claim 7 wherein the key includes a wedge, and the latch element includes two latch element portions, and where the wedge is positioned between the latch element portions to force the latch element portions apart from each other as the key moves to the forward position. 9. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the energy transmission facility is a gas tube. 10. The firearm of claim 9 wherein the key includes a fitting operable to generate rearward motion of the key in response to gas pressure in the gas tube. 11. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the latch element is in the locked position when the bolt is in the battery position in the absence of discharge energy being transmitted by the energy transmission facility. 12. The firearm of claim 1 wherein the latch element being in the locked position when the bolt key is in the forward position, and in the unlocked position when the bolt key is in the rearward position. 13. The firearm of claim 7 wherein the cam surface is angularly offset at least 0\u00b0 from the key axis and is angularly offset no more than 20\u00b0 from the key axis. 14. A bolt for an auto-loading firearm having a frame defining a bolt passage, an attached barrel defining a gas aperture at an intermediate position, and an energy transmission facility communicating with the gas aperture, the bolt comprising: a bolt body; a bolt key connected to the bolt body and movable with respect to the bolt body between a forward position and a rearward position; a latch element operably engaged to the bolt key; the latch element having a locked position in which the latch element protrudes to prevent reciprocation of the bolt in the bolt passage, and an unlocked position in which reciprocation of the bolt is enabled; and the latch element being responsive to rearward motion of the bolt key to move from the locked position to the unlocked position. 15. The firearm of claim 14 wherein the latch element is a ball. 16. The firearm of claim 14 wherein the latch element includes two latch element portions that move in opposition. 17. The firearm of claim 14 wherein the key is biased toward the forward position. 18. The firearm of claim 15 wherein the key reciprocates along a key axis, and wherein the latch element moves perpendicularly to the key axis. 19. The firearm of claim 18 wherein the key includes a cam surface angularly offset from the key axis and operable to laterally move the latch element as the key moves forward and rearward. 20. The firearm of claim 19 wherein the key includes a wedge, and the latch element includes two latch element portions, and where the wedge is positioned between the latch element portions to force the latch element portions apart from each other as the key moves to the forward position.",
-    "A first computer of a plurality of computers in a server computer system may be associated with a first user on an exclusive basis. An administrator of the server computer system may utilize an administrative user interface in order to specify the association. Associating the first computer with the first user on the exclusive basis may prevent users other than the first user from using the first computer. In response to receiving a request from the first user to connect to the server computer system, the system may operate to determine that the first computer is associated with the first user on the exclusive basis and may assign the first computer to the first user. Once the first computer has been assigned to the first user, the first user can begin using the first computer. In some embodiments the first computer may be a physical computer. In other embodiments the first computer may be a virtual machine. 1. A system comprising: one or more processors configured to: associate a first virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines on a server computer system with a first user wherein the plurality of virtual machines comprises a pool of active but disconnected virtual machines, the pool having a maximum of N virtual machines; limit use of the first virtual machine to the first user; receive a request from a client device of the first user to establish a communication session between the client device and a virtual machine on the server computer system; in response to a receipt of the request: assign the first virtual machine to the first user; and establish a communication session between the client device and the first virtual machine. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive a second request from a second client device of a second user to establish a communication session between the second client device and a virtual machine on the server computer; determine that use of the first virtual machine is limited to the first user; and select a second virtual machine from the plurality of virtual machines for assignment to the second user. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: in response to the receipt of the request: determine that the first virtual machine is in a state of hibernation; and return the first virtual machine to an active state of execution. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive a second request from the client device of the first user to establish a communication session between the client device and a virtual machine on the server computer system; determine that the first virtual machine is not in an active state of execution; receive user input from the first user to assign a virtual machine other than the first virtual machine to the first user; and assign a virtual machine other than the first virtual machine to the first user; and establish a communication session between the client device and the assigned virtual machine. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the determination that the first virtual machine is not in an active state of execution includes a that the first virtual machine is in a state of hibernation. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: receive a second request from the client device of the first user to disconnect from the server computer system; disconnect the first user from the server computer system; and maintain the first virtual machine in an active state of execution. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the establishing of the communication session enables the first user to provide input to and receive output from the first virtual machine through a network. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the establishing of the communication session enables the first user to execute software programs on the first virtual machine. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the request includes input from the first user specifying the first virtual machine and the first user, and wherein assigning the first virtual machine to the first user is based on the input. 10. A method comprising: associating a first virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines on a server computer system with a first user wherein the plurality of virtual machines comprises a pool of active but disconnected virtual machines, the pool having a maximum of N virtual machines; limiting use of the first virtual machine to the first user; receiving a request from a client device of the first user to establish a communication session between the client device and a virtual machine on the server computer system; in response to receiving the request: assigning the first virtual machine to the first user; and establishing a communication session between the client device and the first virtual machine. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving a second request from a second client device of a second user to establish a communication session between the second client device and a virtual machine on the server computer; determining that use of the first virtual machine is limited to the first user; and selecting from the plurality of virtual machines a second virtual machine for assignment to the second user. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: in response to receiving the request: determining that the first virtual machine is in a state of hibernation; and returning the first virtual machine to an active state of execution. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving a second request from the client device of the first user to establish a communication session between the client device and a virtual machine on the server computer system; determining that the first virtual machine is not in an active state of execution; receiving user input from the first user to assign a virtual machine other than the first virtual machine to the first user; and assigning a virtual machine other than the first virtual machine to the first user; and establishing a communication session between the client device and the assigned virtual machine. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the request includes input from the first user specifying the first virtual machine and the first user, and wherein assigning the first virtual machine to the first user is based on the input. 15. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a set of instructions executable by one or more processors of a computing device to cause the computing device to perform a method comprising: associating a first virtual machine of a plurality of virtual machines on a server computer system with a first user wherein the plurality of virtual machines comprises a pool of active but disconnected virtual machines, the pool having a maximum of N virtual machines; limiting use of the first virtual machine to the first user; receiving a request from a client device of the first user to establish a communication session between the client device and a virtual machine on the server computer system; in response to receiving the request: assigning the first virtual machine to the first user; and establishing a communication session between the client device and the first virtual machine. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of 15, wherein the set of instructions executable by one or more processors of a computing device further cause the computing device to perform: receiving a second request from a second client device of a second user to establish a communication session between the second client device and a virtual machine on the server computer; determining that use of the first virtual machine is limited to the first user; and selecting a second virtual machine from the plurality of virtual machines for assignment to the second user. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of 15, wherein the set of instructions executable by one or more processors of a computing device further cause the computing device to perform: in response to receiving the request: determining that the first virtual machine is in a state of hibernation; and returning the first virtual machine to an active state of execution. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of 15, wherein the set of instructions executable by one or more processors of a computing device further cause the computing device to perform: receiving a second request from the client device of the first user to establish a communication session between the client device and a virtual machine on the server computer system; determining that the first virtual machine is not in an active state of execution; receiving user input from the first user to assign a virtual machine other than the first virtual machine to the first user; and assigning a virtual machine other than the first virtual machine to the first user; and establishing a communication session between the client device and the assigned virtual machine. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of 15, wherein the set of instructions executable by one or more processors of a computing device further cause the computing device to perform: receiving a second request from the client device of the first user to disconnect from the server computer system; disconnecting the first user from the server computer system; and maintaining the first virtual machine in an active state of execution. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of 15, wherein the request includes input from the first user specifying the first virtual machine and the first user, and wherein assigning the first virtual machine to the first user is based on the input.",
-    "Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an apparatus and method for controlling a differential signal of a wireless power transmitter. For example, an apparatus for controlling a differential signal of a wireless power transmitter may include a converter configured to convert a single signal into differential signals; an amplifier operably coupled to the converter and configured amplify power of the differential signals, thereby providing amplified differential signals; a gauge operably coupled to the amplifier and configured to measure a phase difference and amplitude between the amplified differential signals; and a controller for converting a pulse width of the differential signals by controlling the converter according to measurements by the gauge. Further, various embodiments of the present disclosure also include other embodiments other than the aforementioned embodiments. 1. An apparatus for controlling a differential signal of a wireless power transmitter, comprising: a converter configured to convert a single signal into differential signals; an amplifier operably coupled to the converter and configured amplify power of the differential signals, thereby providing amplified differential signals; a gauge operably coupled to the amplifier and configured to measure a phase difference and amplitude between the amplified differential signals; and a controller for converting a pulse width of the differential signals by controlling the converter according to measurements by the gauge. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller changes the pulse width of the differential signals such that the phase difference and a difference in amplitude between the amplified differential signals are to be pre-set reference values. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pre-set reference values for the phase difference and amplitude between the amplified differential signals are to be a phase difference of within a threshold of 180\u00b0 and the difference in amplitude is within another threshold of zero. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller controls the converter by using a multi-level digital code value to change the pulse width of the differential signals. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the controller controls the converter by using the multi-level digital code value so that the pulse width of the differential signals has a widest pulse width while avoiding overlapping. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a power supply for variably supplying Direct Current (DC) based power to the amplifier, wherein the controller varies the DC based power to be supplied to the amplifier by controlling the power supply such that an amplitude of the amplified differential signal has a pre-set reference Peak To Peak (P2P) value. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the wireless power transmitter is a resonance-type wireless power transmitter, and wherein the amplifier is a power amplifier of a switching mode. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the converter comprises a fully differential Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) and an output common mode voltage control circuit. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a circuit configuration for inputting the single signal is installed in one input node of the fully differential OP-AMP, and a circuit configuration of a dummy load for impedance matching is installed in another input node of the fully differential OP-AMP. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a signal generator for generating the single signal; a gate driver for pre-amplifying the differential signals; an impedance matching circuit for matching an impedance of the amplified differential signals; and a transmission resonator for generating a magnetic field which vibrates according to the impedance-matched amplified differential signals. 11. A method of controlling a differential signal of a wireless power transmitter, the method comprising: converting a single signal into differential signals; amplifying power of the differential signals, thereby resulting in amplified differential signals; measuring a phase difference and amplitude between the amplified differential signals; and controlling a pulse width of the differential signals according to the measuring. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein during the controlling, the pulse width of the differential signals is changed such that the phase difference and a difference in amplitude between the amplified differential signals are to be pre-set reference values. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the pre-set reference values is a pre-set reference values for the phase difference and amplitude between the amplified differential signals are to be a phase difference within a threshold of 180\u00b0 and the difference in amplitude is within another threshold of zero. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein in during the controlling, the pulse width of the differential signals to be changed is changed by using a multi-level digital code value. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein during the controlling, a pulse width of the differential signals to be changed is changed to have a widest pulse width while avoiding overlapping. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: supplying Direct Current (DC) based power for amplifying; and varying the supplied the DC based power such that an amplitude of the amplified differential signal has a pre-set reference Peak To Peak (P2P) value. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the converting is performed by a fully differential Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) and an output common mode voltage control circuit. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a circuit configuration for inputting the single signal is installed in one input node of the fully differential OP-AMP, and a circuit configuration of a dummy load for impedance matching is installed in another input node of the fully differential OP-AMP. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising: generating the single signal; pre-amplifying the differential signals; matching an impedance of the amplified differential signals; and generating a magnetic field which vibrates according to the impedance-matched amplified differential signals. 20. A computer readable recording medium for storing a program for performing a method comprising: converting a single signal into differential signals; amplifying power of the differential signals, thereby resulting in amplified differential signals; measuring a phase difference and amplitude between the amplified differential signals; and converting a pulse width of the differential signals according to the measuring.",
-    "A manufacturing method of a touch panel includes the steps of providing a substrate, forming a first conductive film on the substrate, forming a first mask on the first conductive film, etching the first conductive film to form electrode portions and lower intersect portions of the touch panel, forming an insulating film made of a negative resist on the first conductive film, and forming a contact hole above the electrode portion by removing the insulating film. The steps further include forming a second conductive film on the insulating film, forming a second mask on the second conductive film, etching the second conductive film to form an upper intersect portion connected between two adjacent electrode portions via the contact hole and intersecting with the lower intersect portion, and forming protective film on the second conductive film. 1. A touch panel comprising: a substrate; a plurality of electrodes formed on the substrate, the plurality of electrodes including a first group of electrodes and a second group of electrodes, each of the first group of electrodes having a contact portion; an insulating film made of a negative resist and formed on the plurality of electrodes; an intersecting electrode formed on the insulating film and intersecting with each of the second group of electrodes; and a protective film formed on the intersecting electrode; wherein each of the first group of electrodes is exposed from the insulating film at the contact portion, and wherein the intersecting electrode is connected to each of the first group of electrodes at the contact portion. 2. The touch panel according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrodes is made of a transparent conductive material. 3. The touch panel according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is made of a positive resist. 4. The touch panel according to claim 1, wherein the protective fun is formed on the insulating film. 5. The touch panel according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is provided above the contact portion. 6. A touch panel comprising: a substrate; an X electrode formed on the substrate, the X electrode having a contact portion; a Y electrode formed on the substrate; an insulating film made of a negative resist on the X electrode and the Y electrode, the insulating film exposing the contact portion; and an intersecting electrode formed on the insulating film, wherein the intersecting electrode is connected to the X electrode at the contact portion and intersects the Y electrode. 7. The touch panel according to claim 6, wherein the X electrode and the Y electrode are made of a transparent conductive material. 8. The touch panel according to claim 6, further comprising a protective film formed on the intersecting electrode and the insulating film. 9. The touch panel according to claim 6, further comprising a protective film formed on the intersecting electrode and made of a positive resist. 10. The touch panel according to claim 6, further comprising a protective film provided above the contact portion.",
-    "A gateway receives a message from a first terminal to establish a connection between the first terminal and a second terminal. The gateway sends a second message to the second terminal to offer a connection. After receiving the first message from the first terminal, the gateway receives subsequent third messages from the first terminal that identify candidates for assisting in the formation of the connection. The gateway saves information about these candidates. The gateway either uses such information for facilitating the formation of the connection or forwards that information to the second communication terminal after receiving an answer accepting the establishment of a connection from the second terminal and determining whether the second terminal has a WebRTC client. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method of establishing a connection between a first communication terminal and a second communication terminal, the method comprising: in response to receiving a first message from a first communication terminal that is configured to seek to establish a connection between the first communication terminal and a second communication terminal, a first gateway modifying information included within the first message and sending a second message comprising the modified information toward the second communication terminal; the first gateway receiving a fourth message from the second communication terminal that is addressed to the first communication terminal to accept the establishing of the connection; in response to receiving the fourth message, the first gateway determining whether the second communication terminal has a Web Real-Time Communications (\u201cWebRTC\u201d) client based on the received fourth message; upon a determination that the second communication terminal does not have a WebRTC client, the first gateway facilitating establishment of the connection without forwarding information about at least one first Interactive Connectivity Establishment Protocol (\u201cICE\u201d) candidate for facilitating formation of the connection between the first and second communication terminals sought to be established via the first message identified by the first communication terminal in at least one third message that is received by the first gateway after the first message is received by the first gateway; upon a determination that the second communication terminal has a WebRTC client, the first gateway sending the fourth message to the first communication terminal and sending a fifth message that identifies the at least one first ICE candidate to the second communication terminal. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: a second gateway receiving the fifth message and forwarding information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified in the fifth message to the second communication terminal; the second gateway receiving at least one sixth message from the second communication terminal after the second communication terminal sends the fourth message, each sixth message identifying at least one second ICE candidate for facilitating formation of the connection between the first and second communication terminals; in response to receiving each sixth message, the second gateway sending a seventh message identifying the at least one second ICE candidate identified in that sixth message such that the first gateway receives the seventh message; and in response to receiving the seventh message, the first gateway sending information about the at least one second ICE candidate identified in the seventh message to the first communication terminal. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the first communication terminal is a telephone device, a laptop computer, a tablet, a computer, or an internet appliance and the second communication terminal is a telephone device, a laptop computer, a tablet, a computer, or an internet appliance; wherein the at least one sixth message is comprised of multiple sixth messages that each identify at least one second ICE candidate and; wherein the at least one third message is comprised of multiple third messages that each identify at least one first ICE candidate. 24. The method of claim 21 further comprising the first gateway saving information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified via the at least one third message and the first gateway interworking to establish the connection, the connection being a media connection. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the first message is comprised of an Offer in accordance with Session Description Protocol (\u201cSDP\u201d) and the fourth message is comprised of an Answer in accordance with SDP. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the second message is formed in accordance with Session Initiation Protocol (\u201cSIP\u201d) and is an SIP INVITE message and wherein the fourth message is an SIP 200 OK message. 27. The method of claim 21 wherein the second communication terminal has a WebRTC client and wherein the connection established between the first and second communication terminals is a direct media connection or a connection anchored in a Traversal Using Relays around Network Address Translators (\u201cTURN\u201d) server. 28. A system comprising: a first gateway; the first gateway configured to receive a first message from a first communication terminal that is configured to seek to establish a connection between the first communication terminal and a second communication terminal; the first gateway configured to modify information included within the first message and send a second message comprising the modified information toward the second communication terminal in response to receiving the first message; the first gateway configured to receive at least one third message from the first communication terminal that is received after the first message is received from the first communication terminal, the third message identifying at least one first Interactive Connectivity Establishment Protocol (\u201cICE\u201d) candidate for facilitating formation of the connection between the first and second communication terminals sought to be established via the first message; the first gateway configured to receive a fourth message from the second communication terminal that accepts the establishing of the connection; the first gateway configured to determine whether the second communication terminal has a Web Real-Time Communications (\u201cWebRTC\u201d) client based on the received fourth message in response to receiving the fourth message; the first gateway configured to facilitate the establishment of the connection without forwarding the at least one first ICE candidate identified by the first communication terminal upon a determination that the second communication terminal does not have a WebRTC client; and the first gateway configured to send the fourth message to the first communication terminal and the first gateway configured to send a fifth message to the second communication terminal to identify the at least one first ICE candidate that the first communication terminal identified to the first gateway in the at least one third message such that information about the at least one first ICE candidate is sendable to the second communication terminal upon a determination that the second communication terminal has a WebRTC client. 29. The system of claim 28 further comprising: a second gateway communicatively connected to the second communication terminal; the second gateway configured to receive the fifth message and forward-information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified in the fifth message to the second communication terminal; the second gateway configured to receive at least one sixth message from the second communication terminal after the second communication terminal sends the fourth message, each sixth message identifying at least one second ICE candidate for facilitating formation of the connection between the first and second communication terminals; the second gateway configured to send a seventh message identifying the at least one second ICE candidate identified in each sixth message in response to receiving that sixth message such that the first gateway receives the seventh message after the first gateway receives the fourth message; and the first gateway configured to send information about the at least one second ICE candidate identified in the seventh message to the first communication terminal in response to receiving the seventh message. 30. The system of claim 29, comprising: the first communication terminal, the first communication terminal being a telephone device, a laptop computer, a tablet, a computer, or an internet appliance and the second communication terminal is a telephone device, a laptop computer, a tablet, a computer, or an internet appliance; wherein the at least one sixth message is comprised of multiple sixth messages that each identify at least one second ICE candidate and; wherein the at least one third message is comprised of multiple third messages that each identify at least one first ICE candidate. 31. The system of claim 28 wherein the first gateway is configured to save information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified via the at least one third message and the first gateway is configured to interwork to establish the connection, the connection being a media connection. 32. The system of claim 28 wherein the first message is comprised of an Offer in accordance with Session Description Protocol (\u201cSDP\u201d) and the fourth message is comprised of an Answer in accordance with SDP. 33. The system of claim 32 wherein the second message is formed in accordance with Session Initiation Protocol (\u201cSIP\u201d) and is an SIP INVITE message and wherein the fourth message is an SIP 200 OK message. 34. The system of claim 28 comprising: the second communication terminal and the first communication terminal; and wherein the connection is a media connection. 35. The system of claim 34 wherein the first communication terminal and first gateway are within a first local area network and the second communication terminal is in a second local area network; and wherein the system also comprises a second gateway in the second local area network communicatively connected to the second communication terminal, and wherein: the second gateway is configured to receive the fifth message and forward information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified in the fifth message to the second communication terminal; the second gateway is configured to receive at least one sixth message from the second communication terminal after the second communication terminal sends the fourth message, each sixth message identifying at least one second ICE candidate for facilitating formation of the connection between the first and second communication terminals; the second gateway configured to send a seventh message identifying the at least one second ICE candidate identified in the at least one sixth message in response to receiving the sixth message such that the first gateway receives the seventh message after the first gateway receives the fourth message; and the first gateway configured to send information about the at least one second ICE candidate identified in the seventh message to the first communication terminal in response to receiving the seventh message. 36. The system of claim 35 wherein the system is configured as a communication system; wherein the first gateway is configured to save information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified via the at least one third message and the first gateway is configured to interwork to establish the connection, the connection being anchored in a Traversal Using Relays around Network Address Translators (\u201cTURN\u201d) server; and wherein the connection is a direct media connection. 37. A non-transitory computer readable medium having an application stored thereon, the application having instructions that define a method performed by a gateway when the application is executed by the gateway, the method comprising: in response to receiving a first message from a first communication terminal for establishing a connection between the first communication terminal and a second communication terminal, the gateway modifying information included within the first message and sending a second message having the modified information toward the second communication terminal; in response to receiving a fourth message from the second communication terminal that answers the second message and accepts the establishing of the connection, the gateway determining whether the second communication terminal has a Web Real-Time Communications (\u201cWebRTC\u201d) client based on the received fourth message, wherein the fourth message is received after a third message from the first communication terminal is received by the gateway, the third message identifying at least one first Interactive Connectivity Establishment Protocol (\u201cICE\u201d) candidate for facilitating formation of the connection between the first and second communication terminals sought to be established by the first communication terminal sending the first message; upon a determination that the second communication terminal does not have a WebRTC client, the gateway facilitating the establishment of the connection without forwarding the at least one first ICE candidate identified by the first communication terminal; and upon a determination that the second communication terminal has a WebRTC client, the gateway sending the fourth message to the first communication terminal and sending a fifth message to identify the at least one first ICE candidate that the first communication terminal identified to the gateway in the at least one third message such that the second communication terminal receives the identification of the at least one first ICE candidate. 38. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 37 wherein the method also comprises the gateway saving information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified via the at least one third message and the first gateway referencing information about the at least one first ICE candidate identified in the at least one third message for setting up the connection upon a determination that the second communication terminal does not have a WebRTC client. 39. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 37 wherein the first message is comprised of an Offer in accordance with Session Description Protocol (\u201cSDP\u201d), the fourth message is comprised of an Answer in accordance with SDP, and the connection is a direct media connection. 40. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 37 wherein the method further comprises the gateway sending information about at least one second ICE candidate identified in a sixth message to the first communication terminal in response to receiving the sixth message from the second communication terminal after having received the fourth message, the sixth message identifying the at least one second ICE candidate.",
-    "A system includes a storage device for storing details of a plurality of reservations of a hospitality establishment. A particular reservation includes a set of reservation-specific settings affecting behavior of the computer network at the hospitality establishment during the reservation. The settings may include a registered device setting for affecting behavior of a computer network at the hospitality establishment toward a user device having a specified device identifier. The system further includes a clock unit for tracking time, and a system controller coupled to the computer network and having access to the storage device and the clock unit. The system controller automatically configures one or more network components of the computer network when a start time of the particular reservation is reached in order to activate the reservation-specific settings. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A system comprising: a storage device storing a plurality of stored reservations for a hospitality establishment; wherein a particular reservation of the stored reservations includes a registered device setting for affecting behavior of a network at the hospitality establishment toward a user device having a specified device identifier, and the registered device setting specifies that the user device having the specified device identifier is to be provided with a public internet protocol (IP) address during the particular reservation; a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server coupled to the network; a clock chip tracking time; and a system controller coupled to the network and having access to the storage device and the clock chip; wherein the system controller is operable to automatically configure the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server via the network when a start time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign an available public IP address when receiving a DHCP request from the specified device identifier; whereby, when the user device is connected to the network and requests an IP address after the start time of the particular reservation, the user device is assigned the available public IP address from the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein: the system controller is operable to automatically configure the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server when an end time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign an available private IP address when receiving a subsequent DHCP request from the specified device identifier; whereby, when the user device is connected to the network and requests a new IP address after the end time of the particular reservation, the user device is assigned the available private IP address from the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein: the registered device setting further specifies a designated public IP address to be assigned to the user device during the particular reservation; and the system controller is operable to automatically configure the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server via the network when the start time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign the designated public IP address when receiving the DHCP request from the specified device identifier. 24. The system of claim 23, further comprising: a reservation server allowing a user to setup details of the particular reservation; wherein the reservation server is operable to allow the user to select the designated public IP to be assigned to the user device when the user device is connected to the network during the particular event. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein the system controller is operable to automatically select the available public IP address from a plurality of free public available addresses at the hospitality establishment when the start time of the particular reservation is reached. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein: the registered device setting further specifies a required number of public IP addresses during the particular reservation; and the system controller is operable to automatically reserve the required number of public IP addresses so that they are available for use during the particular event. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the system controller is further operable to automatically send a message to an external device via the network in order to notify the external device of the available public IP address assigned to the user device during the particular reservation, the external device being a different device than the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 28. A method of configuring a network of a hospitality establishment, the method comprising: storing a plurality of stored reservations for the hospitality establishment; wherein a particular reservation of the stored reservations includes a registered device setting for affecting behavior of the network at the hospitality establishment toward a user device having a specified device identifier, and the registered device setting specifies that the user device having the specified device identifier is to be provided with a public internet protocol (IP) address during the particular reservation; tracking current time by a system controller; and automatically configuring a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server by the system controller via the network when a start time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign an available public IP address when receiving a DHCP request from the specified device identifier; whereby, when the user device is connected to the network and requests an IP address after the start time of the particular reservation, the user device is assigned the available public IP address from the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: automatically configuring the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server by the system controller when an end time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign an available private IP address when receiving a subsequent DHCP request from the specified device identifier; whereby, when the user device is connected to the network and requests a new IP address after the end time of the particular reservation, the user device is assigned the available private IP address from the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein: the registered device setting further specifies a designated public IP address to be assigned to the user device during the particular reservation; and the method further comprises automatically configuring the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server via the network when the start time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign the designated public IP address when receiving the DHCP request from the specified device identifier. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising allowing the user to select the designated public IP to be assigned to the user device when the user device is connected to the network during the particular event by interacting with a user interface provided by a web server. 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising automatically selecting the available public IP address from a plurality of free public available addresses at the hospitality establishment by the system controller when the start time of the particular reservation is reached. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein: the registered device setting further specifies a required number of public IP addresses during the particular reservation; and the method further comprises automatically reserving by the system controller the required number of public IP addresses so that they are available for use during the particular event. 34. The method of claim 28, further comprising automatically sending a message to an external device via the network in order to notify the external device of the available public IP address assigned to the user device during the particular reservation, the external device being a different device than the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 35. An apparatus comprising: a storage device storing a plurality of stored reservations for a hospitality establishment; wherein a particular reservation of the stored reservations includes a registered device setting for affecting behavior of a network at the hospitality establishment toward a user device having a specified device identifier, and the registered device setting specifies that the user device having the specified device identifier is to be provided with a public internet protocol (IP) address during the particular reservation; a network interface coupled to the network; a clock chip tracking time; and one or more processors coupled to the storage device, the network interface, and the clock chip; wherein, by executing software instructions loaded from the storage device, the one or more processors are operable to automatically configure a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server via the network when a start time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign an available public IP address when receiving a DHCP request from the specified device identifier; whereby, when the user device is connected to the network and requests an IP address after the start time of the particular reservation, the user device is assigned the available public IP address from the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, the one or more processors are further operable to: automatically configure the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server when an end time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign an available private IP address when receiving a subsequent DHCP request from the specified device identifier; whereby, when the user device is connected to the network and requests a new IP address after the end time of the particular reservation, the user device is assigned the available private IP address from the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server. 37. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein: the registered device setting further specifies a designated public IP address to be assigned to the user device during the particular reservation; and the one or more processors are further operable to automatically configure the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server via the network when the start time of the particular reservation is reached to thereby cause the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server to assign the designated public IP address when receiving the DHCP request from the specified device identifier. 38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the one or more processors are further operable to allow the user to select the designated public IP to be assigned to the user device when the user device is connected to the network during the particular event by interacting with a user interface. 39. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the one or more processors are further operable to automatically select the available public IP address from a plurality of free public available addresses at the hospitality establishment when the start time of the particular reservation is reached. 40. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the one or more processors are further operable to automatically send a message to an external device via the network in order to notify the external device of the available public IP address assigned to the user device during the particular reservation, the external device being a different device than the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server.",
-    "A radiation detector includes: a first scintillator; a second scintillator; a first photodetector; a second photodetector; a first light quantity adjusting member; a second light quantity adjusting member; and a position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position in each of the first and second scintillators. Optical transmittance of the first light quantity adjusting member is smaller than optical transmittance of an optical path between the second end surface of the first scintillator and the second photodetector. Optical transmittance of the second light adjusting member is smaller than optical transmittance of an optical path between the first end surface of the second scintillator and the first photodetector. 1. A radiation detector comprising: a first scintillator including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in a predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a second scintillator disposed in parallel to the first scintillator in a direction intersecting the predetermined direction, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a first photodetector configured to detect light emitted from the first end surface of each of the first and second scintillators; a second photodetector configured to detect light emitted from the second end surface of each of the first and second scintillators; a first light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit the light that is emitted from the first end surface of the first scintillator and is incident on the first photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light; a second light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit the light that is emitted from the second end surface of the second scintillator and is incident on the second photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light; and a position specifying unit configured to specify each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first and second scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, wherein optical transmittance of the first light quantity adjusting member is smaller than optical transmittance of an optical path between the second end surface of the first scintillator and the second photodetector, and optical transmittance of the second light adjusting member is smaller than optical transmittance of an optical path between the first end surface of the second scintillator and the first photodetector. 2. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising an optical reflector disposed between the first and second scintillators. 3. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator and the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, A<C and B>D are satisfied. 4. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising: a third scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a third light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator and is incident on the first photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light; and a fourth light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the second end surface of the third scintillator and is incident on the second photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light, wherein the first photodetector further detects the light emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator, the second photodetector further detects the light emitted from the second end surface of the third scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first, second, and third scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, optical transmittance of the third light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the first light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the optical path between the first surface of the second scintillator and the first photodetector, and optical transmittance of the fourth light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the second light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the optical path between the second end surface of the first scintillator and the second photodetector. 5. The radiation detector according to claim 4, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, A<G<E<C and B>H>F>D are satisfied. 6. The radiation detector according to claim 4, further comprising: a fourth scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a fifth light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the first end surface of the fourth scintillator and is incident on the first, photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light; and a sixth light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the second end surface of the fourth scintillator and is incident on the second photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light, wherein the first photodetector further detects the light emitted from the first end surface of the fourth scintillator, the second photodetector further detects the light emitted from the second surface of the fourth scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first, second, third, and fourth scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, optical transmittance of the fifth light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the third light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the optical path between the first end surface of the second scintillator and the first photodetector, and optical transmittance of the sixth light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the second light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the fourth light quantity adjusting member. 7. The radiation detector according to claim 6, wherein, in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the fourth scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the fourth scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as I:J when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the fourth scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as K:L when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the fourth scintillator, A<G<E<K<I<C and B>H>F>L>J>D are satisfied. 8. The radiation detector according to claim 2, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator and the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, A<C and B>D are satisfied. 9. The radiation detector according to claim 2, further comprising: a third scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a third light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator and is incident on the first photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light; and a fourth light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the second end surface of the third scintillator and is incident on the second photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light, wherein the first photodetector further detects the light emitted from the first end surface of the third scintillator, the second photodetector further detects the light emitted from the second surface of the third scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first, second, and third scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, optical transmittance of the third light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the first light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the optical path between the first end surface of the second scintillator and the first photodetector, and optical transmittance of the fourth light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the second light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the optical path between the second end surface of the first scintillator and the second photodetector. 10. The radiation detector according to claim 9, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined, direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, A<G<E<C and B>H>F>D are satisfied. 11. The radiation detector according to claim 9, further comprising: a fourth scintillator disposed in parallel between the first and second scintillators, and including a first end surface positioned on a side of a first end in, the predetermined direction, and a second end surface opposite to the first end surface and positioned on a side of a second end in the predetermined direction; a fifth light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the first end surface of the fourth scintillator and is incident on the first photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light; and a sixth light quantity adjusting member configured to transmit light that is emitted from the second end surface of the fourth scintillator and is incident on the second photodetector, and adjust an amount of the light, wherein the first photodetector further detects the light emitted from the first end surface of the fourth scintillator, the second photodetector further detects the light emitted from the second surface of the fourth scintillator, the position specifying unit specifies each radiation incident position on which each radiation has been incident in each of the first, second, third, and fourth scintillators based on each result detected by the first and second photodetectors, optical transmittance of the fifth light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the third light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the optical path between the first end surface of the second scintillator and the first photodetector, and optical transmittance of the sixth light quantity adjusting member is larger than the optical transmittance of the second light quantity adjusting member and is smaller than the optical transmittance of the fourth light quantity adjusting member. 12. The radiation detector according to claim 11, wherein in a case where a sum of a first light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the first photodetector and a second light quantity of the amount of the light incident on the second photodetector is defined as a reference value, a distribution ratio regarding a ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the first scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the second scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the third scintillator, the distribution ratio regarding the ratio between the first light quantity and the second light quantity mutually differs between when an emission occurs at a first end portion on the side of the first end in the predetermined direction in the fourth scintillator and when an emission occurs at a second end portion on the side of the second end in the predetermined direction in the fourth scintillator, and in a case where the distribution ratio is defined as A:B when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the first scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as C:D when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the second scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as E:F when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the third scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as G:H when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the third scintillator, the distribution ratio is defined as I:J when the emission occurs at the first end portion of the fourth scintillator, and the distribution ratio is defined as K:L when the emission occurs at the second end portion of the fourth scintillator, A<G<E<K<I<C and B>H>F>L>J>D are satisfied.",
-    "An electric contact is disclosed. The electric contact has an electric contact section including a plurality of contact springs with different geometrical shapes and a connecting section connected to an electric conductor. 1. An electric contact, comprising: an electric contact section having a plurality of contact springs with different geometrical shapes; and a connecting section connected to an electric conductor. 2. The electric contact of claim 1, wherein the plurality of contact springs contact a counter-contact. 3. The electric contact of claim 2, wherein a total electric resistivity of a path through each of the plurality of contact springs is equal or approximately equal. 4. The electric contact of claim 3, wherein the total electric resistivity of a path through each of the plurality of contact springs is a sum of a respective contact spring electrical resistivity and a corresponding bulk electrical resistivity. 5. The electric contact of claim 4, wherein at least one contact spring has a smaller width than another contact spring. 6. The electric contact of claim 5, wherein the at least one contact spring having a smaller width is positioned closer to the connecting section. 7. The electric contact of claim 4, wherein at least one contact spring has a shorter length than another contact spring. 8. The electric contact of claim 7, wherein the at least one contact spring having a shorter length is positioned closer to the connecting section. 9. The electric contact of claim 8, wherein the at least one contact spring having a shorter length also has a smaller width than another contact spring. 10. The electric contact of claim 4, wherein the plurality of contact springs are positioned consecutively in the contact section. 11. The electric contact of claim 10, wherein the lengths of the contact springs decrease in a direction towards the connecting section. 12. The electric contact of claim 10, wherein the widths of the contact springs decrease in a direction towards the connecting section. 13. The electric contact of claim 4, wherein the plurality of contact springs is positioned in an intermeshing arrangement. 14. The electric contact of claim 4, wherein the electric contact section further comprises a contact body to which the plurality of contact springs are attached. 15. The electric contact of claim 14, wherein the contact body accepts the counter-contact in a plurality of directions. 16. The electric contact of claim 15, wherein the plurality of contact springs is arranged in opposite layers of the contact body. 17. The electric contact of claim 16, wherein each layer has two intermeshed arrays of contact springs. 18. The electric contact of claim 17, wherein an intermeshed array of one layer is flush with an intermeshed array of the opposite layer. 19. The electric contact of claim 18, wherein an intermeshed array has at least three contact springs. 20. The electric contact of claim 19, wherein one side of an intermeshed array has one more contact spring than the other side of the intermeshed array. 21. The electric contact of claim 4, wherein at least one contact spring is configured as a contact lamella. 22. An electrical cable assembly, comprising: an electrical cable; and an electric contact having a plurality of contact springs with different geometrical shapes and a connecting section connected to the electrical cable. 23. The electrical cable assembly of claim 22, wherein the electric contact is formed of a plurality of parts. 24. The electrical cable assembly of claim 22, wherein the electric contact is integrally formed. 25. The electrical cable assembly of claim 22, wherein the electric contact is configured as a crimp, an electrical, or an ultrasonic welding contact.",
-    "A method is provided for resuming the movement of a motor vehicle after unforeseen stopping in an automated parking process performed by a parking assistance system having automated longitudinal and transverse guidance. If the vehicle is stopped, a decision is made about a resumption of movement of the vehicle in the prior direction of travel that existed before the vehicle was stopped. The decision is made in dependence on the remaining travel path from the current position to the next planned stopping point of the trajectory lying in the prior direction of travel. A stopping point of the trajectory can be a reversal point or the final parking position, for example. If the decision is positive, the movement of the vehicle is resumed in the prior direction of travel. If the decision is negative, the movement of the vehicle is resumed against the prior direction of travel. Alternatively, in the case of a negative decision, the movement of the vehicle may not be resumed and the parking process may be ended. 1. A method for resuming movement of a motor vehicle after unforeseen stopping in an automated parking process carried out by a parking assistance system having automated longitudinal and transverse guidance, the method comprising the acts of: in an event of a stopping of the vehicle, deciding about a resumption of movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel which existed before the vehicle was stopped: a) as a function of a remaining route from a current position up to a next planned stopping point, in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory and/or b) as a function of a presence of a possible obstacle in the previous direction of travel, in the event of a positive decision, resuming the movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel, and in the event of a negative decision: a) resuming the movement of the vehicle counter to the previous direction of travel or b) not resuming the movement of the vehicle and ending the parking process. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a decision about a resumption of movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel which existed before the vehicle was stopped is made as a function of the remaining route from the current position (S3, S4) up to the next planned stopping point, in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the decision is made as a function of the remaining route from the current position up to a next planned reversal point, in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory, and in the event of a negative decision, starting the movement of the vehicle counter to the previous direction of travel. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the decision is made as a function of the remaining route from the current position up to a final parked position on the trajectory if there is no planned reversal point between the current position and the final parked position on the trajectory, and in the event of a negative decision, not resuming the movement of the vehicle and ending the vehicle parking process. 5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein in order to make a decision about a resumption of movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel which existed before the vehicle was stopped, a threshold value comparison of the remaining route from the current position up to the next planned stopping point, in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory is made with a threshold value which is greater than zero. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein within the scope of the threshold value comparison it is checked whether the remaining route from the current position up to the next planned stopping point, in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory is less than or less than or equal to the threshold value. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in the event of the remaining route being less than or less than or equal to the threshold value, the movement of the vehicle counter to the previous direction of travel is started, or the movement of the vehicle is not resumed and the parking process is ended. 8. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the threshold value is a value in the range from 30 cm to 5 cm. 9. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the threshold value corresponds approximately to the value of 10 cm. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the parking process is a process of reversing into a parking space, within the scope of the method it is checked whether the vehicle has reached or passed a specific point on the parking-space-entering trajectory of the first maneuver movement for entering the parking space in the reverse direction, and in the event of a possible obstacle being present in the previous direction of travel, the movement of the vehicle is resumed counter to the previous direction of travel if this specific point on the parking-space-entering trajectory has been reached or passed. 11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the point on the parking-space-entering trajectory corresponds to a point starting from which or after which an acceptable final parked position can be reached in the event of the movement of the vehicle being resumed counter to the previous direction of travel. 12. A parking assistance system having automated longitudinal and transverse guidance for a motor vehicle, comprising a control unit of the parking assistance system configured to execute a decision: whether, in an event of unforeseen stopping in an automated parking process, to resume movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel which existed before the vehicle was stopped: a) as a function of the remaining route from the current position up to the next planned stopping point in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory, and/or b) as a function of the presence of a possible obstacle in the previous direction of travel, in order to: 1) in the event of a positive decision, bring about resumption of the movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel, and 2) in the event of a negative decision, bring about resumption of the movement of the vehicle counter to the previous direction of travel or not to bring about resumption of the movement of the vehicle and to end the parking process. 13. A motor vehicle, comprising: a parking assistance system having automated longitudinal and transverse guidance for a motor vehicle, comprising a control unit of the parking assistance system configured to execute a decision: whether, in an event of unforeseen stopping in an automated parking process, to resume movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel which existed before the vehicle was stopped: a) as a function of the remaining route from the current position up to the next planned stopping point in the previous direction of travel, on the trajectory, and/or b) as a function of the presence of a possible obstacle in the previous direction of travel, in order to: 1) in the event of a positive decision, bring about resumption of the movement of the vehicle in the previous direction of travel, and 2) in the event of a negative decision, bring about resumption of the movement of the vehicle counter to the previous direction of travel or not to bring about resumption of the movement of the vehicle and to end the parking process.",
-    "According to at least one aspect, a river velocity estimation system is provided. The river velocity estimation system includes one or more components executable by at least one processor that are configured to receive terrain information and at least one image including a river, identify an area of interest in the at least one image that includes the river, identify a course of the river and a boundary of the river based on the area of interest in the at least one image, estimate a slope of the river based on the terrain information, determine a hydraulic radius of the river based on the boundary of the river and the course of the river, and estimate a flow rate of water in the river based on at least the slope of the river and the hydraulic radius of the river. 1. A river velocity estimation system comprising: a memory; at least one processor coupled to the memory; an image analysis component executable by the at least one processor and configured to receive at least one image including a river and identify an area of interest in the at least one image, the area of interest including the river; a river analysis component executable by the at least one processor and configured to receive terrain information and the area of interest in the at least one image, identify a course of the river and a boundary of the river based on the area of interest in the at least one image, estimate a slope of the river based on the terrain information, and determine a hydraulic radius of the river based on the boundary of the river and the course of the river; and a flow rate estimation component executable by the at least one processor and configured to estimate a flow rate of water in the river based on at least the slope of the river and the hydraulic radius of the river. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the image analysis component is further configured to identify the area of interest at least in part by segmenting the river from the at least one image. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the river analysis component is further configured to align the terrain information with the area of interest in the at least one image. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the terrain information includes high resolution terrain data. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the river analysis component is further configured to determine the hydraulic radius by determining a ratio of a cross sectional area of the river to a wetted perimeter of the river. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the river analysis component is further configured to generate a model of a riverbed of the river based on a location of a thalweg of the river. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the river analysis component is further configured to determine at least one of the cross sectional area of the river and the wetted perimeter of the river based on the model of the riverbed. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the river analysis component is further configured to estimate a degree of resistance of the river. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the degree of resistance of the river is a Manning's roughness coefficient. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the flow rate estimation component is further configured to estimate the flow rate of water in the river based on the degree of resistance of the river. 11. A method of estimating a velocity of water in a river, the method comprising: receiving, by an image analysis component executable by at least one processor, at least one image including a river; identifying, by the image analysis component, an area of interest in the at least one image, the area of interest including the river; receiving, by a river analysis component executable by the at least one processor, terrain information; identifying, by the river analysis component, a course of the river and a boundary of the river based on the area of interest in the at least one image; estimating, by the river analysis component, a slope of the river based on the terrain information; determining, by the river analysis component, a hydraulic radius of the river based on the boundary of the river and the course of the river; and estimating, by a flow rate estimation component executable by the at least one processor, a flow rate of water in the river based on at least the slope of the river and the hydraulic radius of the river. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein identifying the area of interest includes segmenting the river from the at least one image. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising aligning the terrain information with the area of interest in the at least one image. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein receiving the terrain information includes receiving high resolution terrain data. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the hydraulic radius includes determining a ratio of a cross sectional area of the river to a wetted perimeter of the river. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising generating a model of a riverbed of the river based on a location of a thalweg of the river. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising determining at least one of the cross sectional area of the river and the wetted perimeter of the river based on the model of the riverbed. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising estimating a degree of resistance of the river. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein estimating the degree of resistance of the river includes estimating a Manning's roughness coefficient for the river. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein estimating the flow rate of water in the river includes estimating the flow rate of water in the river based on the degree of resistance of the river.",
-    "A smart charm bracelet that includes an elongated band or other base, at least one smart charm or other token that may be coupled to or otherwise associated with the elongated band or base, wherein the elongated band is able to communicate with the charm. The band and/or charm may also be able to communicate with a computing device, including but not limited to a mobile device. In addition, the band and/or charm may produce a light, sound, and/or vibration indication to a user upon the occurrence of an event. 1. A method in a server, the method comprising: receiving registration information over a network from a computing device, the registration information including a token identifier identifying a smart token and a base identifier identifying a smart base, the token identifier being associated with the base identifier; querying a database for a user identifier that is associated with the base identifier included in the registration information; and storing the token identifier in association with the base identifier and the user identifier in the database. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the server sends an acknowledgement to the computing device indicating a successful storing of the token identifier in the database. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the acknowledgement includes an instruction to at least one of the smart token and the smart base to generate a notification indicating the successful storing of the token identifier in the database. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the instruction includes an instruction to generate at least one of a visual, audible, and tactile notification. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising updating lineage information in the database relating to the token identifier to reflect the association between the token identifier and at least one of the base identifier and the user identifier. 6. A server comprising: a communications subsystem configured to: receive registration information from a computing device, the registration information including a token identifier identifying a smart token and a base identifier identifying a smart base, the token identifier being associated with the base identifier; and a processor configured to: query a database for a user identifier that is associated with the base identifier included in the registration information; and store the token identifier in association with the base identifier and the user identifier in the database. 7. A method in a smart token, the method comprising: communicating a token identifier identifying the smart token to a smart base; receiving information from the smart base; generating a notification in response to receiving the information from the smart base. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the notification is in the form of at least one of a visual, audible, and tactile notification. 9. A smart token comprising: a memory capable of storing a token identifier identifying the smart token; an engagement mechanism for engaging a smart base; and a communication interface configured to communicate the token identifier to the smart base. 10. The smart token of claim 9 wherein the communication interface comprises a radio frequency identification tag. 11. The smart token of claim 9 wherein the communication interface is further configured to receive information from the smart base. 12. The smart token of claim 11 further comprising at least one mechanism capable of generating at least one of a visual, audible, and tactile notification. 13. The smart token of claim 12 wherein the notification is generated in response to information received from the smart base. 14. The smart token of claim 9 wherein the memory is further capable of storing game information for use in gameplay, and the communication interface is further configured to communicate the game information to the smart base. 15. A method in a computing device, the method comprising: receiving first information from a smart base, the first information including a base identifier identifying the smart base, and a token identifier identifying a smart token associated with the smart base; and sending second information to a server, the second information comprising the token identifier and the base identifier. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein at least one of the first information and the second information includes an indication that the smart token identified by the token identifier has been one of engaged with or disengaged from the smart base identified by the base identifier. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein at least the first information includes a type of the smart token identified by the token identifier. 18. A system comprising: at least one smart base having a base identifier; at least one smart token having a token identifier, the smart token being engageable with and configured to communicate with the smart base; at least one server configured to maintain registrations of at least one of token identifiers and base identifiers with user identifiers; at least one computing device configured to communicate with the smart base and with the server; such that when a smart token is engaged with a smart base, the token identifier is communicated from the smart token to the smart base, then from the smart base to the computing device, and then from the computing device to the server, where the server stores the token identifier in association with the base identifier and the user identifier. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the smart base and the computing device communicate over a wireless interface.",
-    "There are provided a pattern forming method which satisfies high sensitivity, high resolving power at the time of isolated line pattern formation, a good pattern shape, and high dry etching resistance at the same time, an actinic ray sensitive or radiation sensitive resin composition and a resist film which are provided thereto, a method for manufacturing an electronic device using these, and an electronic device by using a pattern forming method including step (1) of forming a film using the actinic ray sensitive or radiation sensitive resin composition containing a resin (Ab) having a repeating unit represented by the specific General Formula (Ab1), step (2) of exposing the film, and step (4) of performing development using a developer including an organic solvent after exposing and of forming a negative type pattern, in this order. 1. A pattern forming method, comprising: step (1) of forming a film using an actinic ray sensitive or radiation sensitive resin composition containing a resin (Ab) having a repeating unit represented by the following General Formula (Ab1); step (2) of exposing the film; and step (4) of performing development using a developer including an organic solvent after exposing and of forming a negative type pattern, in this order: wherein, in General Formula (Ab1), R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a halogen atom; L1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, L1 and Ar1 may be connected to each other to form a ring, and in this case, L1 represents an alkylene group; Ar1 represents a (p+q+1) valent aromatic ring group; L represents an (m+1) valent connecting group; S1 represents an organic group; OR1 represents a group which generates an alcoholic hydroxyl group by being decomposed due to the action of an acid; in a case where a plurality of S1's, L's, and R1's are present, the plurality of S1's, the plurality of L's, or the plurality of R1's may be the same or different, respectively, and the plurality of R1's may be bonded to each other to form a ring; m represents an integer of 1 or greater; and p represents an integer of 1 or greater, and q represents an integer of 0 or greater. 2. The pattern forming method according to claim 1, wherein the repeating unit represented by General Formula (Ab1) is a repeating unit represented by the following General Formula (Ab1-1): wherein, in General Formula (Ab1-1), Ar1 represents a (p+1) valent aromatic ring group; L represents an (m+1) valent connecting group; OR1 represents a group which generates an alcoholic hydroxyl group by being decomposed due to the action of an acid; in a case where a plurality of L's and R1's are present, the plurality of L's and the plurality of R1's may be the same or different, respectively, and the plurality of R1's may be bonded to each other to form a ring; m represents an integer of 1 or greater; and p represents an integer of 1 or greater. 3. The pattern forming method according to claim 2, wherein the repeating unit represented by General Formula (Ab1-1) is a repeating unit represented by the following General Formula (Ab1-1-1): wherein, in General Formula (Ab1-1-1), L represents an (m+1) valent connecting group; OR1 represents a group which generates an alcoholic hydroxyl group by being decomposed due to the action of an acid; in a case where a plurality of L's and R1's are present, the plurality of L's and the plurality of R1's may be the same or different, respectively, and the plurality of R1's may be bonded to each other to form a ring; m represents an integer of 1 or greater; and p represents an integer of 1 or greater. 4. The pattern forming method according to claim 1, wherein the resin (Ab) further has a repeating unit represented by the following General Formula (A): wherein, in General Formula (A), each of R41, R42, and R43 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, or an alkoxycarbonyl group; here, R42 may be bonded to Ar4 or X4 to form a ring, and R42 in this case represents a single bond or an alkylene group; X4 represents a single bond, an alkylene group, \u2014COO\u2014, or \u2014CONR64\u2014; here, R64 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; L4 represents a single bond, \u2014COO\u2014, or an alkylene group; Ar4 represents an (n+1) valent aromatic ring group, and, in the case of being bonded to R42 to form a ring, Ar4 represents an (n+2) valent aromatic ring group; and n represents an integer of 1 to 4. 5. The pattern forming method according to claim 4, wherein the repeating unit represented by General Formula (A) is a repeating unit represented by the following General Formula (A1) or (A2): wherein, in General Formula (A2), R\u2033 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. 6. The pattern forming method according to claim 1, wherein the exposure in the step (2) is exposure by an electron beam or extreme ultraviolet rays. 7. The pattern forming method according to claim 1, wherein the actinic ray sensitive or radiation sensitive resin composition further includes a compound that generates an acid by irradiation with actinic ray or radiation. 8. The pattern forming method according to claim 1, wherein the resin (Ab) is a resin having a repeating unit represented by the following General Formula (4): wherein, in General Formula (4), R51 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; L51 represents a single bond or a divalent connecting group; L52 represents a divalent connecting group; and S represents a structural portion that generates an acid on a side chain by being decomposed by irradiation with actinic ray or radiation. 9. An actinic ray sensitive or radiation sensitive resin composition which is supplied to the pattern forming method according to claim 1. 10. A resist film which is formed of the actinic ray sensitive or radiation sensitive resin composition according to claim 9. 11. A method for manufacturing an electronic device, comprising: the pattern forming method according to claim 1. 12. An electronic device manufactured by the method for manufacturing an electronic device according to claim 11.",
-    "A power apparatus for an external load comprises a transformer, a power coordinating unit, a control unit and an internal load. The transformer is adapted for transforming an input voltage into an output voltage and an auxiliary voltage in response to an operating signal. The transformer comprises a first coil, a second coil and an auxiliary coil electromagnetically coupled to one another. The power coordinating unit comprises a first resistor, a transistor, a second resistor, a diode and a capacitor. The control unit is coupled between the first node and the first coil and configured to selectively generate the operating signal. When the control unit operates in a protective mode, the control unit is configured not to generate the operating signal, the power coordinating unit is configured to generate a coordinating current supplied to the internal load by using a starting voltage of the first node. 1. A power apparatus for an external load, comprising: a transformer for transforming an input voltage into an output voltage and an auxiliary voltage in response to an operating signal, wherein the transformer comprises a first coil, a second coil and an auxiliary coil electromagnetically coupled to one another, the first coil is configured to receive the input voltage, the second coil is configured to provide the output voltage for the external load, and the auxiliary coil is configured to provide the auxiliary voltage; a power coordinating unit comprising: a first resistor coupled between the input voltage and a first node; a transistor of which a first pin is connected to the first node and a second pin is connected to a second node, wherein the auxiliary coil is coupled between the second node and a ground; a second resistor coupled between the input voltage and a third pin of the transistor; a diode coupled between the first node and the second node; and a capacitor coupled between the first node and the ground; a control unit coupled between the first node and the first coil and configured to selectively generate the operating signal; and an internal load coupled to the second node, wherein when the control unit operates in a protective mode, the control unit is configured not to generate the operating signal, the power coordinating unit is configured to generate a coordinating current supplied to the internal load by using a starting voltage of the first node. 2. The power apparatus of claim 1, wherein when the control unit operates in an operational mode, the control unit is configured to generate the operating signal so the auxiliary coil accordingly generates the auxiliary voltage at the second node, the power coordinating unit is configured to cut off the coordinating current by using the auxiliary voltage, and the auxiliary voltage is adapted to be supplied to the internal load and the control unit. 3. The power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises: a low-voltage locking unit coupled to the first node and configured to generate a control signal according to the result of comparing the starting voltage of the first node with a reference voltage; and a driving unit coupled between the low-voltage locking unit and the first coil, wherein the driving unit is selectively enabled or disabled according to the control signal, and the driving unit selectively generates the operating signal. 4. The power apparatus of claim 3, wherein the reference voltage includes a first comparison voltage and a second comparison voltage, the first comparison voltage is greater than the second comparison voltage, the control signal enables the driving unit if the starting voltage is greater than or equal to the first comparison voltage, and the control signal disables the driving unit if the starting voltage is smaller than or equal to the second comparison voltage. 5. The power apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: a switch unit coupled between the driving unit and the first coil, wherein the driving unit selectively transmits the operating signal to the switch unit. 6. The power apparatus of claim 5, wherein when the control unit operates in an operational mode, the driving unit transmits the operating signal to the switch unit according to a feedback signal and a sensing signal, the feedback signal is in response to the output voltage, and the sensing signal is in response to a current flowing through the first coil. 7. The power apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transistor is an nMOSFET, the first pin is the gate of the nMOSFET, the second pin is the source of the NMOSFET, and the third pin is the drain of the nMOSFET. 8. The power apparatus of claim 7, wherein the cathode of the diode is coupled to the first node, and the anode of the diode is coupled to the second node. 9. The power apparatus of claim 8, wherein the resistance of the first resistor is greater than the resistance of the second resistor. 10. The power apparatus of claim 3, wherein the transistor is an n-MOSFET, the first pin is the gate of the nMOSFET, the second pin is the source of the nMOSFET, and the third pin is the drain of the nMOSFET. 11. The power apparatus of claim 10, wherein the cathode of the diode is coupled to the first node, and the anode of the diode is coupled to the second node. 12. The power apparatus of claim 11, wherein the resistance of the first resistor is greater than the resistance of the second resistor.",
-    "A nano-composition that includes nanoparticles, a method of forming the nano-composition, and a method of using the composition. The nanoparticles include a polycationic polymer ionically bonded to one or more polyanionic Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), wherein the polycationic polymer is chitosan, methylated chitosan, poly L-Lysine, or poly L-Arginine. 1. A nano-composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a polycationic polymer ionically bonded to one or more polyanionic Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), wherein the polycationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of chitosan, methylated chitosan, poly L-Lysine, and poly L-Arginine. 2. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the polycationic polymer is ionically and covalently bonded to the one or more polyanionic GAGs. 3. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs comprise Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) and/or Sulfated Non-Anticoagulant Heparin (SNACH) derivatives, wherein the LMWH has an average molecular weight in a range of 4000 to 8000 Daltons. 4. The nano-composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs comprise the LMWH. 5. The nano-composition of claim 3, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs comprise the SNACH derivatives. 6. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs comprise sulfated oligosaccharides, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and fucoidan, or combinations thereof. 7. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs of the nanoparticles are co-encapsulated with polyphenol, thiol containing compounds, amino acids, thymoquinone, L-propionyl carnitine, disodium cromoglycate, o-vanillin, flavone, isoflavones, flavonoids, or combinations thereof. 8. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs of the nanoparticles are co-encapsulated with heterocyclic aldehyde 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), L-Carnitine derivatives, L-Glutamine, thiol derivatives, thiosalicylate, L-Arginine, glutathione, cromoglycate, or combinations thereof. 9. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polyanionic GAGs of the nanoparticles are co-encapsulated with sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators (S1P), S1P antagonists, S1P inhibitors, or combinations thereof. 10. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the polycationic polymer has an average molecular weight in a range of 5,000 to 100,000 Daltons. 11. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are coated with a permeation enhancer. 12. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have a linear size in a range of 150 to 500 nm. 13. The nano-composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles have a positive zeta potential in a range of +10 to +50 mv or a negative zeta potential in a range of \u221210 to \u221250 mv. 14. A method of forming the nano-composition of claim 1, said method comprising: ionically bonding the polycationic polymer with the one or more polyanionic GAGs to form an ionically bonded complex, followed by coating the ionically bonded complex with pluronic F-68 to form a shell of each ionically bonded nanoparticle. 15. The method of claim 14, said method further comprising: covalently bonding the polycationic polymer with the one or more polyanionic GAGs by adding EDC (N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N\u2032-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride) to the ionically bonded nanoparticles. 16. The method of claim 14, said method further comprising: coating the nanoparticles with a permeation enhancer. 17. The method of claim 14, said method further comprising: lyophilizing the nanoparticles; and prior to said lyophilizing the nanoparticles, adding mannitol or sucrose as a cryprotectant to the nanoparticles. 18. A method of using the composition of claim 1, said method comprising: administering the nano-composition to a human being. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the human being has a vasoocclusive disorder. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the vasoocclusive disorder is sickle cell anemia. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein said administering comprises administering the nano-composition orally, topically, or by injection.",
-    "An analysis chamber for an optical-metrology tool includes an enclosure having an opening oriented toward an optical-metrology specimen and aligned substantially parallel to the specimen; at least one transparent window arranged in the enclosure; at least one fluid inlet passing through the enclosure, the fluid inlet coupled to an analysis-fluid source; and an enclosure support configured to hold the enclosure above and in proximity to the specimen. 1. An analysis chamber for an optical-metrology tool, the analysis chamber comprising: an enclosure having an opening oriented toward a specimen and aligned parallel to the specimen; at least one transparent window arranged in the enclosure; at least one fluid inlet passing through the enclosure, the fluid inlet coupled to a fluid source; and an enclosure support configured to hold the enclosure above and in proximity to the specimen. 2. The analysis chamber of claim 1 wherein the opening covers up to a 2500 square-millimeter area of the specimen. 3. The analysis chamber of claim 1 wherein the at least one transparent window includes a quartz window. 4. The analysis chamber of claim 1 wherein the at least one transparent window is oriented obliquely to the specimen, so as to enable illumination of the specimen from above the enclosure at non-normal incidence. 5. The analysis chamber of claim 1 further comprising temperature-control componentry arranged within the enclosure. 6. The analysis chamber of claim 1 wherein the enclosure support is an electronically movable support configured to move the enclosure in first and second directions substantially parallel to the specimen. 7. The analysis chamber of claim 6 wherein the enclosure support is further configured to move the enclosure normal to the specimen. 8. An optical-metrology tool comprising: a temperature-controlled stage configured to hold a specimen; a fluid source configured to release a current of carrier gas having a controlled partial pressure of a condensable vapor; an electronic controller operatively coupled to the temperature-controlled stage and to the fluid source; and an analysis chamber including an enclosure having an opening oriented toward the specimen and aligned substantially parallel to the specimen, at least one transparent window arranged in the enclosure, at least one fluid inlet passing through the enclosure, coupled to the fluid source, and an enclosure support configured to hold the enclosure above and in proximity to the specimen. 9. The optical-metrology tool of claim 8 wherein the temperature-controlled stage includes a plurality of individually temperature-controlled zones. 10. The optical-metrology tool of claim 9 wherein each of the plurality of temperature-controlled zones includes at least one Peltier element. 11. The optical-metrology tool of claim 8 wherein the fluid source includes at least one saturated-vapor source. 12. The optical-metrology tool of claim 8 wherein the fluid source includes at least one mass-flow controller. 13. The optical-metrology tool of claim 8 wherein the fluid source includes water, acetone, or ethanol. 14. An optical-metrology method comprising: flowing a carrier gas through an analysis chamber during a first optical assay of a specimen, the analysis chamber including an enclosure having an opening oriented toward the specimen and aligned substantially parallel to the specimen, at least one transparent window arranged in the enclosure, at least one fluid inlet passing through the enclosure, coupled to a fluid source, and an enclosure support configured to hold the enclosure above and in proximity to the specimen; entraining additional condensable vapor in the carrier gas, such that a partial pressure of the condensable vapor in the carrier gas is greater than during the first optical assay; and flowing the carrier gas with the additional entrained condensable vapor through the analysis chamber during a second optical assay of the specimen, the second optical assay being substantially parallel to the first optical assay. 15. The optical-metrology method of claim 14 further comprising positioning the enclosure above a predetermined locus of the specimen. 16. The optical-metrology method of claim 14 wherein substantially none of the condensable vapor is entrained in the carrier gas during the first optical assay. 17. The optical-metrology method of claim 14 wherein during the second optical assay the carrier gas is at least saturated in the condensable vapor at a temperature of a locus of the specimen beneath the enclosure. 18. The optical-metrology method of claim 14 further comprising adjusting a temperature of a locus of the specimen beneath the enclosure. 19. The optical-metrology method of claim 14 wherein the first and second optical assays are among three or more substantially parallel optical assays conducted on the specimen in contact with the carrier gas entraining different amounts of the condensable vapor and/or different condensable vapors. 20. The optical-metrology method of claim 14 wherein entraining the additional condensable vapor includes selectively condensing a volatile liquid into a topological feature of a first size while excluding the volatile liquid from a topological feature of a second, larger size.",
-    "A display device includes: a plurality of drive electrodes; a plurality of detection electrodes intersecting the plurality of drive electrodes; and a scan driving unit performing a first scan drive and a second scan drive. The first scan drive allows a display drive signal for driving the display elements to be applied to each of the plurality of common drive electrodes, and the second scan drive allows a touch detection drive signal for detecting an external proximity object to be applied to each of the plurality of common drive electrodes. 1. A display device with touch detection comprising: a plurality of display elements; a plurality of common electrodes arranged in parallel and that extend in first direction; a plurality of detection electrodes arranged in parallel and that extend in a direction across the first direction; a plurality of signal lines connected to the plurality of display elements, respectively, and to which a display signal is applied; a detection circuit configured to detect an external proximity object based on a touch detection signal which is output from the detection electrodes, a scan driving unit configured to drive the common electrodes with a drive signal, wherein the detection circuit is configured to sample a first voltage of the touch detection signal at a first timing before a starting of transition of the drive signal, and sample a second voltage of the touch detection signal at a second timing after the starting of transition of the drive signal, the second voltage being different from the first voltage, wherein detection of the external proximity object is performed on the basis of the deference between the first voltage of the touch detection signal sampled at the first timing and the second voltage of the touch detection signal sampled at the second timing, and wherein the display signal is not substantially changed during the period between the first timing and the second timing.",
-    "A low band radiator for a dual band antenna having a low band and a high band. The radiator includes a dipole arm having a center conductor and at least one RF choke including at least one partial box section closed at one end and open at the other end and having two opposing sides, a bottom and an open top. The closed end is shorted to the center conductor and the partial box section is quasi-coaxial with center conductor. The choke is resonant near the frequency of the high band of the antenna. The dipole arm may include a plurality of the partial box sections with a gap between each section to form a plurality of RF chokes. The dipole arm may be fabricated as a single die cast metal piece or as a plastic injection molded piece plated with conductive material. 1. A low band radiator for a dual band antenna having a low frequency band and a high frequency band, the low band radiator comprising: a choked dipole arm having an elongated center conductor; and at least one radio frequency choke comprising a partial box section closed at one end and open at another end and including two opposing sides, a bottom and an open top, wherein the closed end is short circuited to the center conductor and the partial box section is quasi-coaxial about the center conductor and the choke being resonant near the high frequency band. 2. The low band radiator of claim 1 wherein the dipole arm has a plurality of the radio frequency chokes each having a partial box section with each partial box section separated by a gap. 3. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the center conductor has one of a rectangular cross-section and a round cross-section. 4. The low band radiator of claim 3 wherein the dipole arm is formed as a single conductive piece. 5. The low band radiator of claim 4 further comprising a slot in the bottom of the partial box sections to facilitate use of a two piece-mold for die casting the dipole arm. 6. The low band radiator of claim 5 wherein the slot is slightly wider than the center conductor. 7. The low band radiator of claim 6 wherein the slot is covered by a conductive covering after fabrication of the dipole arm. 8. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the dipole arm is fabricated using injection-molded plastic and plating the plastic with metal. 9. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the dipole arm comprises four partial box sections separated by three gaps. 10. The low band radiator of claim 1 wherein the dipole arm is less than one-half wavelength of a center frequency of the low frequency band. 11. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the center conductor terminates in a fork. 12. The low band radiator of claim 11 wherein the fork is dimensioned to allow a printed circuit board to be inserted into the fork and to capacitively couple the dipole arm to a feed circuit on the printed circuit board. 13. The low band radiator of claim 12 wherein an inductor section is included on the printed circuit board to tune out the capacitance. 14. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein each choke provides a high impedance separating adjacent sections. 15. The low band radiator of claim 1 comprising a plurality of dipole arms configured to comprise low band crossed dipoles for an ultra-wideband, dual band, dual polarization cellular base station antenna. 16. The low band radiator of claim 1 wherein the partial box section is at least partially filled with dielectric material. 17. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the center conductor connects the short circuited portions of the plurality of chokes. 18. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the center conductor has a thickness adapted to minimize high frequency band current to reduce disturbances of high-band radiation patterns by the low band radiator. 19. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the choked dipole arm is fabricated as a one piece choked dipole arm without metal to metal interfaces. 20. The low band radiator of claim 2 wherein the radio frequency chokes are of different lengths. 21. The low band radiator of claim 15 wherein the low band dipoles are arranged on the dual-band antenna at intervals that are not a two to one ratio of spacing of radiators of the high band.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of loading and displaying pictures which comprises using a processor to load a first link address of a picture; determining by the processor on whether a number of bytes of the picture exceeds a threshold according to metadata of the picture parsed from the first link address of the picture, loading the picture directly by the processor if the number of bytes does not exceed the threshold, otherwise dividing the picture into a plurality of sub-pictures according to a partition rule of, adding the partition rule into metadata of the original picture to generate a second link address of the picture, and assembling picture data of the plurality of sub-pictures to restore the picture in accordance with the partition rule contained in the metadata. Pictures are loaded in an animation form, which reduces burdens of a server, and improves users' experience. 1. A method of loading and displaying picture, wherein the method is performed by a computing system having a processor and a memory, the method comprising: loading, at a server computer, a first link address of a picture to be uploaded; determining, at the server computer, on whether a number of bytes of the picture exceeds a threshold according to metadata of the picture parsed from the first link address of the picture, and dividing, at the server computer, the picture of which the number of bytes exceeds the threshold into a plurality of sub-pictures according to a partition rule, incorporating the partition rule into metadata of the original picture to generate a second link address of the picture, and assembling, at a client end computer, picture data of the plurality of sub-pictures to restore the picture in accordance with the partition rule incorporated in the metadata which is parsed out by the processor of the client end loading the second link address. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first link address is a URL address of the picture generated by a combining coding of the metadata of the picture comprising at least one of number of bytes, resolution, animation type, creation time, clipping coefficient and picture address. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the partition rule comprises dividing the picture into a plurality of regions in a matrix form based on animation effect and/or resolution of the picture. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the loading and displaying is conducted gradually in an animation form by the client-end computer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a sequence of loading in the animation form is to number each divided sub-picture when dividing the picture by the processor of the server computer, and then load the picture according to the sequence of the numbering. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the animation form is selected from the following groups: spiral, louver, blinds, expanding, shrink, wedging, cut out, dissolve, fade, and erasing. 7. A device for loading and displaying pictures, wherein the device includes a processor and a memory, comprising: a loading means implemented by a processor and configured to load a first link address of a picture; a determining means implemented by a processor and configured to judge whether a number of bytes of the picture exceeds a threshold set by the loading means according to metadata of the picture parsed out by the first link address of the picture; and a restoring means implemented by a processor and configured to load a second link address of the picture which has been divided into a plurality of sub-pictures according to a partition rule if the number of bytes of the picture exceeds the threshold, parse out a partition rule incorporated in the metadata through the second link address, and assemble data of the plurality of sub-pictures in accordance with the partition rule to restore the picture. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the first link address is a URL address of the picture generated by coding of a combination of the metadata of the picture comprising at least one of number of bytes, resolution, animation type, creation time, clipping coefficient and picture address. 9. A system for loading and displaying pictures, comprising. a server, comprising a processor and a memory, the processor executes instructions stored in the memory to judge whether a number of bytes of a picture exceeds a threshold set by the server according to metadata of the picture parsed out according to a first link address, and divide the picture into a plurality of sub-pictures according to a partition rule, if the number of bytes exceeds the threshold set by the server, and then add the partition rule into the metadata of the original picture to generate a second link address of the picture; a client end having a processor and a memory, the processor executes instructions stored in the memory to load the first link address of the picture directly and display the picture when it is judged that the number of bytes of the picture does not exceed the threshold, and load the second link address, if it is judged that the number of bytes of the picture exceeds the threshold, and restore and display the original picture based on the metadata parsed out through the second link address. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first link address is a URL address of the picture generated by a combining coding of the metadata of the picture comprising at least one of number of bytes, resolution, animation type, creation time, clipping coefficient and picture address. 11. A computer-readable storage device carrying instructions for performing a method of loading and displaying picture, comprising: loading a first link address of a picture to be uploaded; determining on whether a number of bytes of the picture exceeds a threshold according to metadata of the picture parsed from the first link address of the picture, dividing the picture of which the number of bytes exceeds the threshold into a plurality of sub-pictures according to a partition rule, incorporating the partition rule into metadata of the original picture to generate a second link address of the picture, and assembling picture data of the plurality of sub-pictures to restore the picture in accordance with the partition rule incorporated in the metadata which is parsed out by the processor of the client end loading the second link address. 12. The computer-readable storage device of claim 11, wherein the first link address is a URL address of the picture generated by a combining coding of the metadata of the picture comprising at least one of number of bytes, resolution, animation type, creation time, clipping coefficient and picture address. 13. The computer-readable storage device of claim 11, wherein the partition rule comprises dividing the picture into a plurality of regions in a matrix form based on animation effect and/or resolution of the picture. 14. The computer-readable storage device of claim 11, wherein the loading and displaying is conducted gradually in an animation form. 15. The computer-readable storage device of claim 14, wherein a sequence of loading in the animation form is to number each divided sub-picture when dividing the picture by the processor of the server computer, and then load the picture according to the sequence of the numbering. 16. The computer-readable storage device of claim 15, wherein the animation form is selected from the following groups: spiral, louver, blinds, expanding, shrink, wedging, cut out, dissolve, fade, and erasing.",
-    "A support frame device includes a stationary frame unit that is adapted for supporting two back plates thereon, and a plurality of magnetic units. Each of magnetic units includes a magnetic component connected fixedly to the stationary frame unit, and a magnetic ring. The magnetic ring is adapted to be connected fixedly to a corresponding one of the back plates, surrounds the magnetic component, and is magnetically repulsed from the magnetic component. The back plates are driven by the magnetic rings of the magnetic units to be orderly arranged. 1. A support frame device adapted for supporting two back plates thereon, said support frame device comprising: a stationary frame unit that is adapted for supporting the back plates thereon; and a plurality of magnetic units, each of which includes a magnetic component connected fixedly to said stationary frame unit, and a magnetic ring adapted to be connected fixedly to a corresponding one of the back plates, surrounding said magnetic component, and being magnetically repulsed from said magnetic component, whereby the back plates are driven by said magnetic rings of said magnetic units to be orderly arranged. 2. The support frame device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said magnetic component of each of said magnetic units has an extension hole; and each of said magnetic units further includes a pin that extends through said stationary frame unit and said extension hole of said magnetic component for connecting fixedly said magnetic component to said stationary frame unit. 3. The support frame device as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of said magnetic units further includes a retaining seat that receives said magnetic component and said magnetic ring therein, that is adapted to be connected to the corresponding one of the back plates, and that has an opening opened toward said stationary frame unit; and a lid that covers said opening of said retaining seat and that has a lid hole, said pin extending movably through said lid hole of said lid and fittingly through said extension hole of said magnetic component so as to allow movement of said magnetic ring and said retaining seat relative to said magnetic component. 4. The support frame device as claimed in claim 1, wherein on each of said frame members, said magnetic components of the corresponding ones of said magnetic units are aligned. 5. The support frame device as claimed in claim 4, wherein said magnetic component and said magnetic ring of each of said magnetic units cooperatively define a gap therebetween. 6. The support frame device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said gap of each of said magnetic units has a width ranging between 0.5 millimeters and 1.5 millimeters. 7. The support frame device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the width of said gap of each said magnetic units is 1 millimeter. 8. The support frame device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said magnetic component and said magnetic ring of each of said magnetic units cooperatively define a gap therebetween. 9. The support frame device as claimed in claim 8, wherein said gap of each of said magnetic units has a width ranging between 0.5 millimeters and 1.5 millimeters. 10. The support frame device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the width of said gap of each said magnetic units is 1 millimeter. 11. The support frame device as claimed in claim 1, wherein opposite magnetic poles of said magnetic component and said magnetic ring of each of said magnetic units are arranged in a radial direction of said magnetic ring. 12. The support frame device as claimed in claim 1, wherein opposite magnetic poles of each of said magnetic component and said magnetic ring of each of said magnetic units are arranged in an axial direction parallel to a central axis of said magnetic ring.",
-    "Disclosed is a speaker unit which includes a provisionally fastening mechanism provided on a side surface of a cabinet section for provisionally fastening the speaker unit to a mounting part with at least a portion of the cabinet section inserted in an opening section of the mounting part from a face side of the mounting part. The provisionally fastening mechanism includes an engagement section for provisionally fastening the speaker unit to the mounting part, and a retention section for retaining the engagement section. The engagement section is movable between an engagement position in which the engagement section engages with the mounting part and a cancellation position in which the engagement section cancels the engagement with the mounting part by being moved away from the mounting part, and the retention section retains the engagement section in the cancellation position. 1. A speaker unit for mounting to an opening section formed in a mounting part, comprising: a cabinet section having a side surface and a bottom surface; a speaker surface provided in the bottom surface of the cabinet section; and a provisionally fastening mechanism provided on the side surface of the cabinet section and configured to provisionally fasten the speaker unit to the mounting part with at least a portion of the cabinet section inserted in the opening section from a face side of the mounting part, the provisionally fastening mechanism including an engagement section configured to provisionally fasten the speaker unit to the mounting part, and a retention section configured to retain the engagement section, the engagement section being movable between an engagement position in which the engagement section engages with the mounting part and a cancellation position in which the engagement section cancels engagement with the mounting part by being retracted from the mounting part, the retention section retaining the engagement section in the cancellation position. 2. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the retention section has a retention groove configured to retain the engagement section in the cancellation position, and a guide groove communicating with the retention groove and configured to guide movement of the engagement section between the engagement position and the cancellation position. 3. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the guide groove has a slant surface for gradually displacing a direction of movement, along the guide groove, of the engagement section, and the retention groove extends from an end of the slant surface in a direction traversing the movement direction of the engagement section. 4. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the engagement section is formed on an intermediate portion of a resilient member whose one end is fixed to the cabinet section, and the engagement section is positioned in the engagement position or in the cancellation position in response to another end of the resilient member being operated manually by a human operator. 5. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the retention section is provided in association with an opening or a recess formed in a flange section projecting radially outward from an outer peripheral edge of the bottom surface of the cabinet section. 6. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the engagement section has a distal end projecting to a face side beyond the speaker surface. 7. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the engagement section has a distal end disposed retracted from the speaker surface in a direction toward a reverse side of the mounting part without projecting to a face side beyond the speaker surface. 8. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein a plurality of the provisionally fastening mechanisms are provided on an outer periphery of the cabinet section.",
-    "A cooling tower is provided with a housing containing a fan at the bottom of the tower, and a plurality of layers of water collection troughs or channels above the fan to capture water droplets sprayed downwardly from the top of the device through an evaporative cooling pad located above the collection troughs. The collection troughs extend from one side of the housing to the other in the form of a structural support for the housing and the equipment therein. The troughs have open ends which extend through the housing to discharge collected water to an adjacent vertical tank. 1. A cooling tower comprising: an enclosure without internal structural support for the enclosure; said enclosure comprising a factory assemblage metal housing having a peripheral wall and an open top and bottom; an evaporative cooling media in said enclosure; liquid distribution means located above said evaporative cooling media for distributing a liquid on said evaporative cooling media so that said liquid gravitates downwardly through said evaporative cooling media; a water collection means in said enclosure below the evaporative cooling media including a plurality of layers of liquid collecting troughs for collecting substantially all of the liquid falling from said evaporative cooling media, said troughs in each of said layers being laterally offset from the troughs in layers of troughs above or below it; and said water collection means being formed of a relatively rigid structural material in the overall shape of a beam having opposed ends, with said ends being connected to said enclosure to provide internal structural support to the enclosure; and said troughs each having at least one open end extending through the enclosure; fan means located below said water collection means for blowing air upward through the evaporative cooling media thereby to cool said liquid; and a vertically extending liquid collecting tank means adjacent said enclosure, said tank means having an opening therein adjacent said at least one end of said troughs for receiving said liquid directly from said troughs. 2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said tank means is located laterally of said fan means and said opening in the tank being located at a higher elevation relative to said one end of the troughs than said fan means. 3. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said troughs extend generally parallel to each other in said layers with the maximum spacing between troughs being less than the maximum width of an individual trough. 4. An apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein said troughs are V shaped in transverse cross-section. 5. An apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein said layers of troughs include a top layer having a V shaped base and vertical legs extending from the free ends of the V shaped legs to top ends defining the top of the water collection means a second layer of troughs below said top layer also having vertical legs extending from the free ends of the V shaped legs to top edges located below the V shaped bases of the troughs above it; and at least two additional layers of V shaped troughs below said second layer. 6. An apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein said troughs are U shaped in transverse cross-section. 7. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said enclosure is orthogonal in plan view having at least two opposed sides and said opposed ends of said water collection means being respectively mounted on said sides. 8. The apparatus as defined in claim 7 wherein said at least one open end of said troughs are mounted in its adjacent side of the enclosure at a lower elevation than their opposite ends. 9. The apparatus as defined in claim 7 wherein said collection means has an inverted V shape in side view along its length whereby the middle has a higher elevation relative to its ends which are open and pass through said opposed sides of the enclosure with a liquid collection tank adjacent each of said sides for receiving liquid from said troughs. 10. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said evaporative cooling means and liquid distribution means are supported in the enclosure on the water collection means. 11. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 including a mist eliminator in said housing supported on said liquid distribution means, evaporative cooling media over said water collection means. 12. A cooling tower comprising: an enclosure without internal structural support for the enclosure; an evaporative cooling media in said enclosure; said enclosure comprising a factory assemblable metal housing having a peripheral wall and an open top and bottom; liquid distribution means located above said evaporative cooling media for distributing a liquid on said evaporative cooling media so that said liquid gravitates downwardly through said evaporative cooling media; a water collection means in said enclosure below the evaporative cooling media including a plurality of layers of liquid collecting troughs for collecting substantially all of the liquid falling from said evaporative cooling media, said troughs in each of said layers being laterally offset from the troughs in layers of troughs above or below it; and said water collection means being formed of a relatively rigid structural material in the overall shape of a beam having opposed ends, with said ends being connected to said enclosure to provide internal structural support to the enclosure; and said troughs each having at least one open end extending through the enclosure; said evaporative cooling medias and liquid distribution means being supported on said water collection means; and fan means located in said enclosure below said water collection means for blowing air upward through the evaporative cooling media thereby to cool said liquid; and a vertically extending liquid collecting tank means adjacent said enclosure, said tank means having an opening therein adjacent said at least one end of said troughs for receiving said liquid directly from said troughs. 13. The apparatus as defined in claim 12 including a mist eliminator in said housing supported on said liquid distribution means, evaporative cooling media over said water collection means. 14. A cooling tower comprising: an enclosure without internal structural support for the enclosure; said enclosure being a metal cargo container having open top and bottom sides; an evaporative cooling media in said enclosure; liquid distribution means located above said evaporative cooling media for distributing a liquid on said evaporative cooling media so that said liquid gravitates downwardly through said evaporative cooling media; a water collection means in said enclosure below the evaporative cooling media including a plurality of layers of liquid collecting troughs for collecting substantially all of the liquid falling from said evaporative cooling media, said troughs in each of said layers being laterally offset from the troughs in layers of troughs above or below it; and said water collection means being formed of a relatively rigid structural material in the overall shape of a beam having opposed ends, with said ends being connected to said enclosure to provide internal structural support to the enclosure; and said troughs each having at least one open end extending through the enclosure; fan means located below said water collection means for blowing air upward through the evaporative cooling media thereby to cool said liquid; and a vertically extending liquid collecting tank means adjacent said enclosure, said tank means having an opening therein adjacent said at least one end of said troughs for receiving said liquid directly from said troughs. 15. The apparatus as defined in claim 14 wherein said enclosure is an ocean cargo container having said open top and bottom sides and includes two vertically extending liquid collecting tank means respectively adjacent said two sides of the enclosure. 16. The apparatus as defined in claim 15 including means for mounting said liquid collecting tank means on the containers for relative vertical movement between extended and retracted positions, whereby the tanks support the container when in said extended position. 17. The apparatus as defined in claim 16 wherein said tank means are mounted inside the container.",
-    "A carrier tape is provided from which LEDs can be easily picked up. A carrier tape for accommodating an LED includes a sheet defining recessed embossed portions that can accommodate the LED. The embossed portion is formed to accommodate the LED which includes a light emitting portion having light-transmissive resin and arranged on its lateral surface as viewed in plan view. The embossed portion includes a protruding part that is arranged on one of the interior surfaces of the recessed embossed portion and can face the light emitting portion of the LED. Depressed parts are provided on the both sides of the protruding part so that the depressed surfaces can be spaced away from the LED when the LED is accommodated in the embossed portion. The width of the protruding part is smaller than the width of the light emitting portion of the LED as viewed in plan view. 1. A carrier tape comprising: a sheet defining a recessed embossed portion to accommodate an LED, which includes a light emitting portion that has light-transmissive resin and is arranged on its lateral surface as viewed in plan view, wherein said embossed portion includes a protruding part that is arranged on one of the interior surfaces of the recessed embossed portion and can face the light emitting portion of the LED, and depressed parts are provided on the both sides of said protruding part so that the depressed surfaces can be spaced away from the LED when the LED is accommodated in the embossed portion, and wherein the width of said protruding part is smaller than the width of the light emitting portion of the LED as viewed in plan view. 2. The carrier tape according to claim 1, wherein said protruding part and said depressed parts, which are arranged on the both sides of the protruding part, form a stepped shape. 3. A carrier tape comprising: a recessed embossed portion to accommodate an LED including a light emitting portion that has light-transmissive resin and is arranged on its lateral surface, wherein said embossed portion includes a protruding part on a part of its interior surface that can face said light emitting portion of the LED, and the width of the protruding part is smaller than the width of said light emitting portion. 4. The carrier tape according to claim 1, wherein the width of said protruding part is between 15% and 90% of the width of said light emitting portion. 5. The carrier tape according to claim 1, wherein the protruding amount of said protruding part is in the range between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. 6. The carrier tape according to claim 1, wherein the width T1 and the protruding amount D1 of the protruding part satisfy the following relationship. 0.04<D1/T1<1.43 7. The carrier tape according to claim 1, wherein said protruding part is formed to be in contact with the light emitting portion of the LED when the LED is accommodated in the embossed portion. 8. The carrier tape according to claim 1, wherein the height of said protruding part extends from the bottom to the top of said embossed portion. 9. A pack comprising the carrier tape according to claim 1, and an LED that is accommodated in the embossed portion of the carrier tape. 10. The pack according to claim 9, wherein said light-transmissive resin of the LED contains silicone. 11. The pack according to claim 9, wherein said light-transmissive resin has a Shore A hardness not greater than 75, or a Shore D hardness not greater than 70.",
-    "According to various embodiments, a viewing event may be detected, the viewing event corresponding to a user viewing a content item. A view reason associated with the viewing event may be determined, the view reason indicating how the user was notified of the content item or how the user accessed the content item. A privacy value associated with the viewing event may be determined, the privacy value indicating an inferred sensitivity of the user to publication of the viewing event. Further, metadata describing the viewing event may be generated. Moreover, the metadata may be associated with the content item. 1. A method comprising: determining, using metadata associated with a content item, that the content item has been viewed on a user interface of a user device; accessing view reason information, the view reason information describing the reason for which the content item was displayed on the user interface; receiving a request, from a content author, to display a viewership summary of content items authored by the content author; aggregating metadata describing viewing events associated with the content items authored by the content author; and generating a display, on the user interface, of the viewership summary, based on the aggregated metadata, the viewership summary indicating a list of one or more viewers that have viewed one or more of the content items authored by the content author within a predetermined time period, and the list identifying, for each of the viewers, a specific one of the content items viewed by the viewer, and a view reason indicating how the viewer was notified of the specific content item or how the viewer accessed the specific content item. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating comprises: including, in the metadata, the view reason information. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason identifies a content distribution channel via which a user was notified of the content item. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason identifies a person followed by or connected to a user, after a content feed notifies the user of an interaction between the person and the content item. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason identifies a topic followed by or connected to a user, after a content feed notifies the user of an association between the content item and the topic and notifies the user of an update to the content item. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason identifies the content item, after a public interaction between a user and the content item. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the public interaction includes the user posting the content item, posting a response to the content item, following the content item, or voting on the content item. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason indicates that a user specified a reference link to the content item in an address bar of a web browser application. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason indicates that a user accessed the content item via a reference link included in another content item. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the view reason indicates that a user accessed the content item via a reference link associated with a search result displayed in a search results webpage. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a display, via the user interface, of a list of one or more viewers of the content item, based on the metadata associated with the content item. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the list identifies, for each of the viewers, identification information of the viewer, and a view reason indicating how the viewer was notified of the content item or how the viewer accessed the content item. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a privacy value associated with the viewing event, the privacy value indicating an inferred sensitivity of the user to publication of the viewing event. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the viewers are anonymized, based on a privacy value or view reasons associated with each viewer's interaction with the content item. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the privacy value is determined based on content included in the content item or a topic associated with the content item. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the privacy value is determined based on a content distribution channel via which a user is notified of the content item, the content distribution channel providing a reference link that was accessed by the user to view the content item. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the privacy value is determined based on a previous content item viewed by a user before the user viewed the content item, the previous content item including a reference link that was accessed by the user to view the content item. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the privacy value is determined based on a public interaction event between a user and the content item, the interaction event corresponding to the user posting the content item, posting a response to the content item, following the content item, or voting on the content item. 19. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having embodied thereon instructions executable by one or more machines to perform operations comprising: determining, using metadata associated with a content item, that the content item has been viewed on a user interface of a user device; accessing view reason information, the view reason information describing the reason for which the content item was displayed on the user interface; receiving a request, from a content author, to display a viewership summary of content items authored by the content author; aggregating metadata describing viewing events associated with the content items authored by the content author; and generating a display, on the user interface, of the viewership summary, based on the aggregated metadata, the viewership summary indicating a list of one or more viewers that have viewed one or more of the content items authored by the content author within a predetermined time period, and the list identifying, for each of the viewers, a specific one of the content items viewed by the viewer, and a view reason indicating how the viewer was notified of the specific content item or how the viewer accessed the specific content item. 20. A system comprising: a processor and executable instructions accessible on a computer-readable medium that, when executed, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: determining, using metadata associated with a content item, that the content item has been viewed on a user interface of a user device; accessing view reason information, the view reason information describing the reason for which the content item was displayed on the user interface; receiving a request, from a content author, to display a viewership summary of content items authored by the content author; aggregating metadata describing viewing events associated with the content items authored by the content author; and generating a display, on the user interface, of the viewership summary, based on the aggregated metadata, the viewership summary indicating a list of one or more viewers that have viewed one or more of the content items authored by the content author within a predetermined time period, and the list identifying, for each of the viewers, a specific one of the content items viewed by the viewer, and a view reason indicating how the viewer was notified of the specific content item or how the viewer accessed the specific content item.",
-    "A control system of an engine is provided. The control system includes a deceleration fuel cutoff module for performing a deceleration fuel cutoff when a deceleration fuel cutoff condition is satisfied in an engine decelerating state, a purge unit for purging by supplying a purge gas to an intake passage during the deceleration fuel cutoff, an exhaust emission control catalyst provided in an exhaust passage, an O2 sensor provided at a position of the exhaust passage downstream of the exhaust emission control catalyst, an abnormality determining module for determining an abnormality of the exhaust emission control catalyst, and a purge restricting module for restricting the purge during an immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff. 1. A control system of an engine in which a purge gas containing evaporated fuel desorbed from a canister is supplied to an intake passage of the engine, the control system comprising: a deceleration fuel cutoff module for performing a deceleration fuel cutoff to stop a fuel supply from an injector to the engine when a predetermined deceleration fuel cutoff condition is satisfied in a decelerating state of the engine; a purge unit for purging by supplying the purge gas to the intake passage during the deceleration fuel cutoff; an exhaust emission control catalyst provided in an exhaust passage of the engine; an O2 sensor provided at a position of the exhaust passage downstream of the exhaust emission control catalyst; an abnormality determining module for determining an abnormality of the exhaust emission control catalyst by performing a rich operation of the engine when an operation of the engine is shifted from the deceleration fuel cutoff to a normal operation, calculating a total amount of excess fuel with respect to a stoichiometric amount of fuel in a period from the shift of the engine operation until an output value of the O2 sensor changes by a predetermined value due to the rich operation of the engine, and determining whether the exhaust emission control catalyst is abnormal based on the total amount of the excess fuel, the normal operation performed to operate the engine by injecting the fuel from the injector to the engine and combusting the injected fuel; and a purge restricting module for restricting the purge during an immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff that is a deceleration fuel cutoff performed immediately before the abnormality determination. 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff, the purge restricting module restricts the purge so that an air-fuel ratio within a combustion chamber of the engine exceeds a predetermined ratio. 3. The control system of claim 1, further comprising an air-fuel ratio estimating module for estimating an air-fuel ratio within a combustion chamber of the engine during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff for a case where the purge is performed by the purge unit during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff, wherein the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the abnormality determination when the air-fuel ratio estimated by the air-fuel ratio estimating module is below a preset ratio. 4. The control system of claim 2, wherein the purge unit includes a purge line through which the canister communicates with the intake passage, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling a supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage by performing a duty control of the purge valve when the purge is performed, the control system further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed by the purge unit during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff, wherein during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff, the purge restricting module restricts the supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage controlled by the purge valve controlling module, based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 5. The control system of claim 4, wherein when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration, the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff. 6. The control system of claim 3, wherein the purge unit includes a purge line through which the canister communicates with the intake passage, a purge valve provided in the purge line, and a purge valve controlling module for controlling a supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage by performing a duty control of the purge valve when the purge is performed, the control system further comprising an evaporated fuel concentration estimating module for estimating a concentration of the evaporated fuel within the purge gas when the purge is performed by the purge unit during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff, wherein during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff, the purge restricting module restricts the supply amount of the purge gas to the intake passage controlled by the purge valve controlling module, based on the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel. 7. The control system of claim 6, wherein when the estimated concentration of the evaporated fuel is above a predetermined concentration, the purge restricting module prohibits the purge during the immediately previous deceleration fuel cutoff.",
-    "An archery release includes, in an embodiment, a body, a finger extension configured to be connected to the body and a hook pivotally coupled to the body. Part of the body has an arc shape centered about a point. The point is located in a horizontal plane or horizontal axis when the archery release is oriented in a vertical position. The hook has a bowstring contact surface which is positioned below the horizontal plane or horizontal axis when the archery release is in the vertical position. 1. An archery release comprising: a release body comprising an index finger engagement surface configured to be pulled in a horizontal direction by an index finger, part of the index finger engagement surface comprising an arc shape centered about a point, wherein a horizontal axis extends through the point; a finger extension configured to be connected to the release body, the finger extension extending in a vertical direction when the archery release is oriented in a vertical position, the finger extension comprising at least a middle finger engagement surface configured to be pulled in the horizontal direction by a middle finger; a hook carriage pivotally coupled to the release body; and a hook coupled to the hook carriage, the hook being pivotal between a plurality of hook positions relative to the release body, the hook comprising a bowstring engagement portion configured to engage a bowstring, the bowstring engagement portion being located below the horizontal axis in the hook positions, the hook configured to pivot relative to the release body in response to pulling forces of the index and middle fingers, the pivoting of the hook causing the bowstring to slide off of the hook; wherein, when the archery release is in the vertical position and used to retract the bowstring: a bowstring force urges the bowstring engagement portion forward, the index finger engagement surface is configured to be pulled backward by the index finger, the middle finger engagement surface is configured to be pulled backward by the middle finger, and because the bowstring engagement portion is located below the horizontal axis, the archery release is configured to divert at least part of the bowstring force from the index finger to the middle finger. 2. The archery release of claim 1, wherein the archery release is triggerless, and the hook is configured to release the bowstring without being activated by a trigger mechanism. 3. The archery release of claim 1, wherein the finger extension is removably connected to the release body with at least one fastener. 4. The archery release of claim 1, wherein the finger extension is integral with the release body. 5. The archery release of claim 1, wherein the finger extension comprises a ring finger engagement surface configured to be pulled backward by a ring finger. 6. The archery release of claim 5, wherein the middle finger engagement surface defines a first valley, the ring finger engagement surface defines a second valley, and the finger extension comprises a peak located between the first and second valleys. 7. The archery release of claim 1, wherein the archery release comprises a total weight, and more than fifty percent of the total weight is in the finger extension. 8. The archery release of claim 1, wherein the release body comprises a ring structure defining a circular opening configured to receive the index finger, the index finger engagement surface being a portion of the ring structure. 9. The archery release of claim 1, comprising a thumb support coupled to the release body, wherein the thumb support is located above the horizontal axis when then archery release is oriented in the vertical position. 10. An archery release comprising: a body comprising a top portion and an index finger engagement surface, part of the index finger engagement surface comprising an arc shape centered about a point; a finger extension configured to be connected to the body, the finger extension comprising a bottom portion and a finger engagement surface extending at least partially to the bottom portion, wherein the point is located in a horizontal plane when the archery release is oriented in a vertical position, wherein, in the vertical position, the top portion is oriented above the bottom portion; and a hook pivotally coupled to the body, the hook comprising a bowstring contact surface, the hook configured to pivot between a plurality of hook positions relative to the body, wherein, in each of the hook positions, the bowstring contact surface is located below the horizontal plane when the archery release is in the vertical position, wherein, when the archery release is in the vertical position and used to pull the bowstring backward: a bowstring force urges the bowstring contact surface forward, the index finger engagement surface is configured to be pulled backward by an index finger, the finger engagement surface is configured to be pulled backward by at least a middle finger, and the archery release is configured to divert at least part of the bowstring force from the index finger to the middle finger, wherein the diversion is caused, at least partially, by the bowstring contact surface being located below the horizontal plane. 11. The archery release of claim 10, wherein the archery release is triggerless, and the hook is configured to release the bowstring without being activated by a trigger device. 12. The archery release as recited in claim 10, wherein the finger extension is removably connected to the body with at least one fastener. 13. The archery release of claim 10, wherein the finger engagement surface defines: (a) a first valley associated with the middle finger; (b) a second valley associated with a ring finger; and (c) a peak located between the first and second valleys. 14. The archery release of claim 10, wherein the archery release comprises a total weight, and more than fifty percent of the total weight is in the finger extension. 15. The archery release of claim 10, wherein the body comprises a ring structure defining a circular opening configured to receive the index finger, the index finger engagement surface being a portion of the ring structure. 16. The archery release of claim 10, comprising a thumb support coupled to the body, wherein the thumb support is located above the horizontal plane when then archery release is in the vertical position. 17. An archery release comprising: a body comprising a top portion and an arc-shaped structure extending downward from the top portion, the arc-shaped structure comprising an index finger engagement surface centered about a point, the body defining a slot; a finger extension configured to be connected to the body, the finger extension comprising: an insertion portion configured to be inserted into the slot; a bottom portion; and a finger engagement surface extending downward at least partially to the bottom portion, the finger engagement surface defining first and second valleys and a peak between the first and second valleys, wherein: (a) the first valley is associated with a middle finger, and the second valley is associated with a ring finger, (b) the point is located in a horizontal plane when the archery release is oriented in a vertical position, and (c) in the vertical position, the top portion is oriented above the bottom portion; a removable fastener configured to secure the finger extension to the body when the insertion portion is inserted into the slot; a hook carriage pivotally coupled to the body; and a hook carried by the hook carriage, the hook comprising a bowstring contact surface, the hook configured to pivot between a plurality of hook positions relative to the body, wherein, in each of the hook positions, the bowstring contact surface is located below the horizontal plane when the archery release is in the vertical position, wherein, when the archery release is in the vertical position and used to pull the bowstring backward: (a) the bowstring applies a bowstring force urging the bowstring contact surface forward, (b) the first valley is configured to be pulled backward by an index finger, (c) the second valley is configured to be pulled backward by at least a middle finger, (d) because the bowstring contact surface is located below the horizontal plane, the archery release is configured to divert at least part of the bowstring force from the index finger to the middle finger, and (e) the archery release is operable so that the bowstring is configured to slide off of the hook due to a pivot movement of the hook not caused by a trigger device. 18. The archery release of claim 17, wherein the archery release comprises a total weight, and more than fifty percent of the total weight is in the finger extension. 19. The archery release of claim 18, wherein the body comprises a ring structure defining a circular opening configured to receive the index finger, the index finger engagement surface being a portion of the ring structure. 20. The archery release of claim 19, comprising a thumb support coupled to the body, wherein the thumb support is located above the horizontal plane when then archery release is in the vertical position.",
-    "A system for carbon dioxide capture from a gas mixture comprises an absorber that receives a lean solvent system stream (containing a chemical solvent, physical-solvent additive, and water) from the stripper, a stripper that receives the rich solvent stream from the absorber and produces the product carbon dioxide and the lean solvent through the use of a reboiler in fluid communication with a lower portion of the stripper, a condenser in fluid communication with a vapor outlet of the stripper, a cross-exchanger in fluid communication with a rich solvent system outlet from the absorber and a rich solvent system inlet on the stripper, and a splitter. The splitter is configured to separate the rich solvent system stream into a first portion and a second portion, where the first portion directly passes to the stripper and the second portion passes through the cross-exchanger prior to passing to the stripper. 1. A solvent system for capture of carbon dioxide from a gas mixture, comprising: a chemical solvent in a concentration ranging from 20 wt % to 50 wt %; a nonaqueous physical solvent, where a molar ratio of the nonaqueous physical solvent to the chemical solvent is between about 0.01 to 0.7; and water. 2. The solvent system of claim 1, wherein the chemical solvent is selected from a group consisting of an alkanolamine and an alkaline carbonate. 3. The solvent system of claim 1, wherein the chemical solvent comprises an alkanolamine, and wherein the alkanolamine is selected from a group consisting of monoethanolamine (MEA), 2-amine-2-methyl-1 propanol (AMP), diglycolamine (DGA), piperazine, n-methylpiperazine, ammonia, and combinations thereof. 4. The solvent system of claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous physical solvent has a dielectric constant greater than 7. 5. The solvent system of claim 4, wherein the nonaqueous physical solvent has a dielectric constant greater than or equal to 15. 6. The solvent system of claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous physical solvent is selected from a group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, sulfolane, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, sulfolane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, isobutylene glycol, and combinations thereof. 7. The solvent system of claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous physical solvent has a dielectric constant that is greater than that of water at an operating temperature in which the solvent is in use. 8. The solvent system of claim 1, wherein a carbon dioxide loading in the solvent system is greater than about 0.4. 9. A method for capturing carbon dioxide from a gas mixture comprising: contacting a gaseous stream comprising carbon dioxide with a lean solvent system, wherein the lean solvent system comprises a chemical solvent, a physical solvent, and water; absorbing at least a portion of the carbon dioxide in the lean solvent system to produce a rich solvent system; transferring the rich solvent system to a stripper, wherein the stripper comprises a reboiler; applying heat to the rich solvent system using the reboiler; generating a vapor stream within the reboiler while incurring a heat rate to regenerate the lean solvent system, wherein the vapor stream comprises steam and at least a portion of the carbon dioxide from the rich solvent system; and transferring the vapor stream to a condenser. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a heat duty of the condenser is reduced relative to a corresponding method in which the solvent system does not include the physical solvent, and reducing a heat duty of the reboiler relative to a corresponding process in which the solvent system does not include the physical solvent. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the heat rate of the method is reduced by at least 10% relative to a corresponding process in which the solvent system does not include the physical solvent. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein a first portion of the rich solvent is transferred to the stripper without passing through a cross exchanger, and wherein a second portion of the rich solvent system is transferred through the cross exchanger prior to transfer to the stripper. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first portion of the rich solvent enters the stripper above where the second portion enters the stripper. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising: compressing the vapor stream from the reboiler; and reintroducing the compressed lean vapor to the stripper. 15. A system for carbon dioxide capture from a gas mixture, the system comprising: an absorber, wherein the absorber is configured to receive a lean solvent system and a gaseous stream comprising carbon dioxide, contact the lean solvent system with the gaseous stream, and produce a rich solvent system stream and a gaseous stream depleted in carbon dioxide; a stripper, wherein the stripper is configured to receive the rich solvent system stream; a cross-exchanger in fluid communication with a rich solvent system outlet on the absorber and a rich solvent system inlet on the stripper; a splitter, wherein the splitter is configured to separate the rich solvent system stream into a first portion and a second portion, wherein the splitter is configured to direct the first portion directly to the stripper and the second portion through the cross exchanger prior to passing to the stripper; a reboiler in fluid communication with a lower portion of the stripper, wherein the reboiler is configured to generate a vapor stream from the rich solvent system and pass the vapor stream back to the stripper; and a condenser in fluid communication with a vapor outlet of the stripper. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the stripper comprises a plurality of rich solvent system inlets, wherein the first portion of the rich solvent system stream is configured to enter the stripper through a first inlet of the plurality of rich solvent system inlets, and where the second portion of the rich solvent system stream is configured to enter the stripper through a second inlet of the plurality of rich solvent system inlets. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the first inlet is above the second inlet. 18. The system of claim 15, further comprising: a flash tank in fluid communication with the reboiler, wherein the flash tank is configured to receive an outlet stream from the reboiler and generate the lean solvent system stream and a lean vapor stream; and a lean vapor compressor in fluid communication with the flash tank, wherein the lean vapor compressor is configured to receive and compress the lean vapor stream and pass the compressed lean vapor stream back to the stripper. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising: an intercooler comprising a heat exchanger, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet, wherein the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet are in fluid communication with the absorber, and wherein the intercooler is configured to receive a stream from the absorber through the fluid inlet, cool the stream, and return the cooled fluid stream to the absorber through the fluid outlet. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the lean solvent system comprises a chemical solvent, a nonaqueous physical solvent, and water.",
-    "A floating module includes an upper half and a lower half. The upper half includes one edge from which a flange extends downwardly, while the lower half includes an opposite edge that includes an upwardly facing flange. Modules can be interconnected to one another by engaging the upper flange from one with the lower flange from another. Cavities are formed in the lower surface of the module such that water will become entrapped in the cavities when the platform is placed in water. Through use of one way check valves positioned in fluid communication with the cavities, a hydro-lock is formed that prevents the water from escaping the cavities while it is placed in water. 1. A floating module, comprising: a. an upper section having an upwardly facing surface and a first elongated edge; b. a lower section having a downwardly facing surface and a second elongated edge that is positioned opposite from said first elongated edge; c. a first flange extending downwardly from said first elongated edge; d. a second flange extending upwardly from said second elongated edge; e. first and second cavities formed in said lower section each of a first predetermined depth and shape, said first cavity extending co-linearly with said second elongated edge and said second cavity extending parallel to and adjacent said first elongated edge; and f. a third cavity formed in said lower section between said first and second cavities and of a second predetermined depth and size. 2. The floating module according to claim 1, further comprising a bumper connected to at least one of said first and second flanges. 3. The floating module according to claim 2, wherein said bumper is tubular. 4. The floating module according to claim 1, further comprising at least one check valve positioned in fluid communication with at least one of said first, second and third cavities. 5. The floating module according to claim 4, further comprising a vacuum pump operably attached in fluid communication to at least one of said first, second and third cavities. 6. The floating module according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of countersunk openings formed in said upwardly facing surface of said upper section. 7. The floating module according to claim 1, wherein said first and second cavities each include a triangular shaped cross-section portion and a linear, elongated shaped cross-section portion. 8. The floating module according to claim 1, wherein said first predetermined depth is larger than said second predetermined depth. 9. The floating module according to claim 1, wherein expandable foam is stored within said upper section and said lower section. 10. A modular floating platform, comprising: a. a first floating module, comprising: i. a first floating module upper section having a first upwardly facing surface and a first elongated edge; ii. a first lower section having a second downwardly facing surface and a second elongated edge that is positioned opposite from said first elongated edge; iii. a first flange extending downwardly from said first elongated edge; iv. a second flange extending upwardly from said second elongated edge; b. a second floating module, comprising: i. a second upper section having a second upwardly facing surface and a third elongated edge; ii. a second lower section having a second downwardly facing surface and a fourth elongated edge that is positioned opposite from said third elongated edge; iii. a third flange extending downwardly from said third elongated edge; iv. a fourth flange extending upwardly from said fourth elongated edge; c. wherein, said first flange of said first floating module securely engages said fourth flange of said second floating module. 11. The modular floating platform of claim 10, further comprising: a. said first floating module further comprising: i. first and second cavities formed in said first lower section each of a first predetermined depth and shape, said first cavity extending co-linearly with said second elongated edge and said second cavity extending parallel to and adjacent said first elongated edge; and ii. a third cavity formed in said first lower section between said first and second cavities and of a second predetermined depth and size; b. said second floating module further comprising: i. fourth and fifth cavities formed in said second lower section each of said first predetermined depth and shape, said fourth cavity extending co-linearly with said fourth elongated edge and said fifth cavity extending parallel to and adjacent said third elongated edge; and ii. a sixth cavity formed in said lower section between said third and fourth cavities and of said second predetermined depth and size. 12. The modular floating platform according to claim 11, further comprising at least one first check valve positioned in fluid communication with at least one of said first, second and third cavities, and at least one second check valve positioned in fluid communication with at least one of said fourth, fifth and sixth cavities. 13. The modular floating platform according to claim 12, further comprising a first vacuum pump operably attached in fluid communication to at least one of said first, second and third cavities, and a second vacuum pump operably attached in fluid communication to at least one of said fourth, fifth, and sixth cavities. 14. The modular floating platform according to claim 11, wherein said first predetermined depth is larger than said second predetermined depth. 15. The modular floating platform according to claim 10, further comprising a bumper securely positioned between said first floating module and said second floating module. 16. The modular floating platform according to claim 15, wherein said bumper is tubular in cross-section. 17. The modular floating platform according to claim 10, further comprising a first plurality of countersunk openings formed in said first upwardly facing surface of said first upper section, and a second plurality of countersunk openings formed in said second upwardly facing surface of said second upper section. 18. The modular floating platform according to claim 10, wherein said first, second, fourth and fifth cavities each include a triangular shaped cross-section portion and a linear, elongated shaped cross-section portion. 19. The modular floating platform according to claim 10, wherein expandable foam is stored within said upper section and said lower section.",
-    "An electronic device includes a pliable casing that enables the electronic device to be configured in at least two different shapes. The two different shapes include a first shape that aligns the electronic device to a second electronic device having a set physical shape and a second shape that has at least one different physical configuration of the casing relative to the first shape. Electronic circuitry is located within the pliable casing that operates to provide at least one functional feature associated with the electronic device. A display screen is embedded in the pliable casing and displays data or images corresponding to the functional feature. A communication mechanism enables information exchange with the host device when the electronic device is brought in communication range of the host device. 1. An electronic device comprising: a pliable casing made of at least one material that enables the electronic device to be configured in at least two different shapes, including a first shape that aligns the electronic device to a host device having a set physical shape and a second shape that has at least one different physical configuration of the casing relative to the first shape, wherein the host device is a second electronic device; electronic circuitry within the pliable casing that operates to provide at least one functional feature associated with the electronic device; a display screen embedded in the pliable casing and which displays at least one of data and an image corresponding to the functional feature; at least one communication mechanism that enables information exchange with the host device when the electronic device is brought in communication range of the host device; and at least one host-device retention feature affixed to the casing which enables the electronic device to securely attach to the host device when the electronic device is brought into contact with the host device while in the first shape. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication mechanism comprises a physical communication affordance for coupling to a corresponding communication port located on the host device when the electronic device is brought into contact with a mating side of the host, while the electronic device is in the first shape and oriented with the communication affordance facing the mating side of the host device. 3. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the communication affordance mates to the communication port while the electronic device is securely attached to the host device. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a communication affordance that includes a power bus that enables the electronic device to receive power from the host device while the electronic device and the host device are physically interconnected and a data bus that enables communicating information between the electronic device and the host device. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the display screen is made of a pliable material that enables the display to bend along with the casing when a bending force is applied to the casing. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the casing is pre-designed with foldable sections to reconfigure the electronic device into at least one pre-defined wearable shape. 7. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the pre-defined wearable shape is a curved shape, with the display screen positioned to fit on a wrist section of a human arm, with the casing extending about at least a portion of the wrist section. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication mechanism comprises a wireless communication component that enables a paired wireless connection to the host device for wireless communication between the electronic device and the host device for use as at least one of an input device and an output device. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry further comprises: a first processor communicatively coupled to the display screen; a first storage device communicatively coupled to the first processor and which stores firmware that enables the first processor to provide the at least one functional feature associated with the electronic device. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one communication mechanism comprises a power receiving component that receives power from a power generating source of the host device, while the electronic device is within a charging range of the power generating source, and which utilizes the received power to charge a battery utilized to power the electronic device. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic device further includes a detachable electronic module that can be selectively attached to and removed from the pliable casing. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the detachable electronic module contains at least one of: a tracking device that can be monitored by the host device when the detachable module is separated from the pliable casing; electronic components that enable the detachable module to operate independent of the pliable casing; a display that presents information corresponding to functional operation of the detachable module; and at least one wireless communication device enabling wireless communication with at least one of the pliable casing and the host device. 13. An apparatus comprising: a host device having a mating side; an electronic device that is selectively attachable to and detachable from the host device, the electronic device comprising: a pliable casing made of at least one material that enables the electronic device to be configured in at least two different shapes, including a first shape that aligns the electronic device to a second electronic device having a set physical shape and a second shape that has at least one different physical configuration of the casing relative to the first shape; electronic circuitry within the pliable casing that operates to provide at least one functional feature associated with the electronic device; a display screen embedded in the pliable casing and which displays at least one of data and an image corresponding to the functional feature; and at least one communication mechanism that enables information exchange with the host device when the electronic device is brought in communication range of the host device. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one communication mechanism comprises a physical communication affordance for coupling to a corresponding communication port located on the host device when the electronic device is brought into contact with a mating side of the host, while the electronic device is in the first shape and oriented with the communication affordance facing the mating side of the host device. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: at least one host-device retention feature affixed to the casing which enables the electronic device to securely attach to the host device when the first device is brought into contact with the host device while in the first shape, wherein the communication affordance mates to the communication port while the electronic device is securely attached to the host device. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the communication affordance includes a power bus that enables the electronic device to receive power from the host device while the electronic device and the host device are interconnected and a data bus that enables communicating information between the electronic device and the host device. 17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the display screen is made of a pliable material that enables the display to bend along with the casing when a bending force is applied to the casing. 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the casing is pre-designed with foldable sections to reconfigure the electronic device into at least one pre-defined wearable shape. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the pre-defined wearable shape is a curved shape, with the display screen positioned to fit on a wrist section of a human arm, with the casing extending about at least a portion of the wrist section. 20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one communication mechanism comprises a wireless communication component that enables a paired wireless connection to the host device for wireless communication between the electronic device and the host device for use as at least one of an input device and an output device. 21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electronic circuitry further comprises: a first processor communicatively coupled to the display screen; a first storage device communicatively coupled to the first processor and which stores firmware that enables the first processor to provide the at least one functional feature associated with the electronic device. 22. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the host device is a mobile device comprising: a first processor communicatively connected to the communication mechanism; a second display screen communicatively coupled to the first processor; a first storage device communicatively coupled to the first processor; a first input/output device communicatively coupled to the first processor; at least one of (i) a communication port embedded within a mating side of the second electronic device; (ii) a wireless transceiver; (iii) a power generating, charging component; and (iv) a receptacle disposed in the mating side of the second electronic device, the receptacle dimensioned to receive the electronic device; and functional software stored on the first storage device, which software is executed by the processor to enable the second electronic device to perform associated device functions and to interface with the electronic device. 23. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electronic device further includes a detachable module that can be selectively attached to and removed from the pliable casing. 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the detachable module comprises at least one of: a tracking device that can be monitored by the host device when the detachable module is separated from the pliable casing; electronic components that enable the detachable module to operate independent of the pliable casing; a display that presents information corresponding to functional operation of the detachable module; and at least one wireless communication device enabling wireless communication with at least one of the pliable casing and the host device.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention relate to an electronic paper display device and its driving method. The electronic paper display device comprises a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes at least two thin film transistors, and each thin film transistor is electrically connected to a corresponding data line and a corresponding gate line respectively, and within one refresh cycle, is turned on once separately. Embodiments of the invention can make refresh rate quicker and requirement on storage capacitance lower so as to achieve faster grayscale refresh. 1. An electronic paper display device comprising a plurality of pixels, a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines, wherein each pixel includes at least two thin film transistors, and each thin film transistor is electrically connected to a corresponding data line and a corresponding gate line respectively, and within one refresh cycle, is turned on once separately, the at least two thin film transistors of the pixel are connected to a same pixel electrode of the pixel and connected to different data lines, and the same pixel electrode electrically connects the at least two thin film transistors together; each row of pixels corresponding to two gate lines, and different rows of pixels corresponding to different gate lines, wherein for each two adjacent rows of pixels, a first gate line and a second gate line that correspond to a first row of pixels from the two adjacent rows of pixels are different from a third gate line and a fourth gate line that correspond to a second row of pixels from the two adjacent rows of pixels. 2. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 1, wherein each of the pixels includes at least two sub-pixels, and each sub-pixel includes at least two thin film transistors, and each thin film transistor is electrically connected to a corresponding data line and a corresponding gate line respectively, and turned on once separately within one refresh cycle, and the at least two thin film transistors of the sub-pixel are connected to a same pixel electrode of the sub-pixel and connected to different data lines, and the same pixel electrode electrically connects the at least two thin film transistors together. 3. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 1, further comprising: a resin protective insulating layer on the plurality of pixels. 4. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 1, wherein the at least two thin film transistors are in a single-gate structure or a dual-gate structure. 5. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 1, wherein the at least two thin film transistors are polysilicon or oxide thin film transistors. 6. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 1, wherein the at least two thin film transistors are organic thin film transistors. 7. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 2, further comprising: a resin protective insulating layer on the plurality of pixels. 8. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 2, wherein the at least two thin film transistors are in a single-gate structure or a dual-gate structure. 9. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 2, wherein the at least two thin film transistors are polysilicon or oxide thin film transistors. 10. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 2, wherein the at least two thin film transistors are organic thin film transistors. 11. The electronic paper display device claimed as claim 1, wherein for each two adjacent columns of pixels, a first data line and a second data line that correspond to a first column of pixels from the two adjacent columns of pixels are different from a third data line and a fourth data line that correspond to a second column of pixels from the two adjacent columns of pixels.",
-    "A method is provided to assist adjustment for a movement path of a probe. A coordinate measuring machine includes a probe having a tip for detecting a surface of an object, and a movement mechanism for moving the probe, and measures a shape of the object by allowing the probe tip to scan the surface. A controller controls operation of the coordinate measuring machine by calculating a scanning path for allowing the probe tip to perform scanning movement and the movement path followed by the probe when the probe tip moves along the scanning path, setting control points on a line connecting each position of the probe tip and each corresponding position of the probe accepting a change in position of the control points by a user, and changing the movement path accordingly. A guide point allows the control points to move collectively. 1. A CMM moving path adjustment assisting method that assists adjustment for a movement path of a probe in a coordinate measuring system, the coordinate measuring system including: a coordinate measuring machine that includes the probe having a probe tip at a tip thereof for detecting a surface of an object to be measured, and a movement mechanism for moving the probe, and measures a shape of the object to be measured by allowing the probe tip to scan the surface of the object to be measured; and a controller that controls operation of the coordinate measuring machine, the method comprising: calculating, by the controller, a scanning path for allowing the probe tip to perform scanning movement along the surface of the object to be measured; calculating, by the controller, the movement path followed by the probe when the probe tip moves along the scanning path; setting, by the controller, control points on a line connecting each position of the probe tip on the scanning path and each position of the probe corresponding to each position of the probe tip; and accepting, by the controller, a change in position of the control points by a user, and changing the movement path according to the change in position of the control points, wherein the controller provides a guide point for allowing a plurality of control points to move collectively, wherein all the control points are concentrated on one said guide point, and wherein upon receiving an input for operating the one said guide point, the controller causes all the control points to move collectively according to a movement of the one said guide point.",
-    "A semiconductor wafer includes first and second superlattice layers. The first superlattice layer includes first unit layers each of which includes first and second layers, the second superlattice layer includes second unit layers each of which includes third and fourth layers, the first layer is made of Alx1Ga1-x1N (0<x1\u22661), the second layer is made of Aly1Ga1-y1N (0\u2266y1<1, x1>y1), the third layer is made of Alx2Ga1-x2N (0<x2\u22661), the fourth layer is made of Aly2Ga1-y2N (0\u2266y2<1, x2>y2), an average lattice constant of the first superlattice layer is different from that of the second superlattice layer, and one or more layers selected from the first and second superlattice layers contain impurity atoms that improve a breakdown voltage and that have a concentration higher than 7\u00d71018 [atoms/cm3]. 1. A semiconductor wafer comprising an underlying wafer, a first superlattice layer, a connection layer, a second superlattice layer and a nitride semiconductor crystal layer, wherein the underlying wafer, the first superlattice layer, the connection layer, the second superlattice layer and the nitride semiconductor crystal layer are positioned in an order of the underlying wafer, the first superlattice layer, the connection layer, the second superlattice layer and the nitride semiconductor crystal layer, the first superlattice layer includes a plurality of first unit layers each of which is made up by a first layer and a second layer, the second superlattice layer includes a plurality of second unit layers each of which is made up by a third layer and a fourth layer, the first layer is made of Alx1Ga1-x1N (0<x1\u22661), the second layer is made of Aly1Ga1-y1N (0\u2266y1<1, x1>y1), the third layer is made of Alx2Ga1-x2N (0<x2\u22661), the fourth layer is made of Aly2Ga1-y2N (0\u2266y2<1, x2>y2), an average lattice constant of the first superlattice layer is different from an average lattice constant of the second superlattice layer, one or more layers selected from the first superlattice layer and the second superlattice layer contain impurity atoms that improve a breakdown voltage and that have a concentration higher than 7\u00d71018 [atoms/cm3]. 2. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein the impurity atoms are one or more species selected from the group consist of C atoms, Fe atoms, Mn atoms, Mg atoms, V atoms, Cr atoms, Be atoms and B atoms. 3. The semiconductor wafer of claim 2, wherein the impurity atoms are C atoms or Fe atoms. 4. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein the connection layer is a crystal layer in contact with the first superlattice layer and the second superlattice layer. 5. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein a composition of the connection layer changes in a continuous manner in a thickness direction of the connection layer from the first superlattice layer to the second superlattice layer. 6. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein a composition of the connection layer changes in a stepwise manner in a thickness direction of the connection layer from the first superlattice layer to the second superlattice layer. 7. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein the connection layer is made of AlzGa1-zN (0\u2266z\u22661). 8. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the connection layer is larger than a thickness of any of the first layer, the second layer, the third layer and the fourth layer. 9. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein an average lattice constant of the connection layer is smaller than an average lattice constant of any of the first superlattice layer and the second superlattice layer. 10. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein the first superlattice layer includes 1 to 200 first unit layers each of which is made up by the first layer and the second layer. 11. The semiconductor wafer of claim 1, wherein the second superlattice layer includes 1 to 200 second unit layers each of which is made up by the third layer and the fourth layer. 12. A method of producing the semiconductor wafer of claim 1, the method comprising: forming the first superlattice layer by forming the first unit layer, which is made up by the first layer and the second layer, n times; forming the connection layer; forming the second superlattice layer by forming the second unit layer, which is made up by the third layer and the fourth layer, m times; and forming the nitride semiconductor crystal layer, wherein during one or more formations selected from the formation of the first superlattice layer and the formation of the second superlattice layer, the one or more of the first superlattice layer and the second superlattice layer are formed so as to contain impurity atoms that improve a breakdown voltage of the one or more of the first superlattice layer and the second superlattice layer and that have a concentration higher than 7\u00d71018 [atoms/cm3]. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein depending on a composition and a thickness of the nitride semiconductor crystal layer, one or more parameters selected from (i) a composition of each of the first to fourth layers, (ii) a thickness of each of the first to fourth layers, (iii) the number n of the unit layers included in the first superlattice layer and (iv) the number m of the unit layers included in the second superlattice layer are adjusted so that warpage of the semiconductor wafer measured at a surface of the nitride semiconductor crystal layer is 50 \u03bcm or less. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein depending on the composition and the thickness of the nitride semiconductor crystal layer, the number n of the unit layers included in the first superlattice layer and the number m of the unit layers included in the second superlattice layer are adjusted so that the warpage of the semiconductor wafer measured at the surface of the nitride semiconductor crystal layer is 50 \u03bcm or less.",
-    "In order to improve the performance of a semiconductor device, a p type impurity is ion implanted into an area of an n type semiconductor film that is epitaxially grown over a p type semiconductor substrate, and the p type impurity is not ion implanted into an area of the n type semiconductor film, which is adjacent to the area in which the p type impurity is ion implanted. In this way, a p\u2212 type drift layer comprised of the area in which the p type impurity is introduced, as well as an n\u2212 type semiconductor region comprised of the area in which the p type impurity is not introduced are formed. 1. A semiconductor device manufacturing method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a p type semiconductor substrate; (b) epitaxially growing an n type semiconductor film over the semiconductor substrate; (c) implanting ions of a p type first impurity into a first area of the semiconductor film and not implanting ions of the first impurity into a second area of the semiconductor film, the second area being adjacent to the first area, to form a p type first semiconductor region comprised of the first area in which the first impurity is introduced, as well as an type second semiconductor region comprised of the second area in which the first impurity is not introduced; (d) forming a first groove that reaches the middle of the first semiconductor region from the upper surface of the semiconductor film; (e) forming a gate insulating film in an inner wall of the first groove; (f) forming a gate electrode over the gate insulating film so as to fill the first groove; (g) forming an n type third semiconductor region in the upper part of the first semiconductor region as well as the upper part of the second semiconductor region; (h) forming a p type fourth semiconductor region in the upper part of the third semiconductor region; (i) forming a source electrode contacting the third and fourth semiconductor regions; and (j) forming a drain electrode electrically coupled to the semiconductor substrate, wherein a transistor is formed by the first semiconductor region, the third semiconductor region, the fourth semiconductor region, the gate insulating film, and the gate electrode. 2. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor region formed in the (c) step is brought into contact with the semiconductor substrate. 3. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor film in which the n type second impurity is introduced is epitaxially grown in the (b) step, wherein the n type second semiconductor region comprised of the second area in which the second impurity is introduced and the first impurity is not introduced is formed in the (c) step, wherein the third semiconductor region is formed by implanting ions of an n type third impurity into the upper part of the first semiconductor region and into the upper part of the second semiconductor region in the (g) step, and wherein the concentration of the third impurity in the third semiconductor region that is formed in the (g) step is higher than the concentration of the second impurity in the second semiconductor region that is formed in the (c) step. 4. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the (c) step comprises the steps of: (c1) covering the second area by a mask film and exposing the first area from the mask film; (c2) forming the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region by implanting ions of the first impurity into the first area exposed from the mask film, and by not implanting ions of the first impurity into the second area covered by the mask film; and (c3) removing the mask film covering the second area after the (c2) step. 5. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the (i) step comprises the steps of: (i1) forming a second groove passing through the fourth semiconductor region and reaching the third semiconductor region; and (i2) forming the source electrode so as to fill the second groove. 6. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor film is epitaxially grown over a first main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the (b) step, wherein the drain electrode is formed over a second main surface opposite the first surface of the semiconductor substrate in the (j) step. 7. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 5, wherein the second groove is formed passing through the fourth semiconductor region and reaching the part of the third semiconductor region that is located above the second semiconductor region in the (i1) step. 8. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein an inverter is formed by the transistor. 9. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the lower surface of the third semiconductor region is higher than the bottom of the first groove. 10. The semiconductor device manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the third semiconductor region and the fourth semiconductor region are brought into contact with the gate insulating film. 11. A semiconductor device comprising: a p type semiconductor substrate; a p type first semiconductor region formed over the semiconductor substrate; an n type second semiconductor region formed adjacent to the first semiconductor region over the semiconductor substrate; an n type third semiconductor region formed over the first semiconductor region and over the second semiconductor region; a p type fourth semiconductor region formed over the third semiconductor region; a first groove reaching the first semiconductor region, after passing through the fourth semiconductor region and through the third semiconductor region; a gate insulating film formed in an inner wall of the first groove; a gate electrode formed over the first gate insulating film so as to fill the first groove; a source electrode contacting the third semiconductor region and the fourth semiconductor region; and a drain electrode electrically coupled to the semiconductor substrate; wherein a transistor is formed by the first semiconductor region, the third semiconductor region, the fourth semiconductor region, the gate insulating film, and the gate electrode, wherein the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region are formed by implanting ions of a p type first impurity into a first area of an n type semiconductor film that is epitaxially grown over the semiconductor substrate, and by not implanting ions of the first impurity into a second area of the semiconductor film, the second area being adjacent to the first area, wherein the first semiconductor region is comprised of the first area in which the first impurity is introduced, and wherein the second semiconductor region is comprised of the second area in which the first impurity is not introduced. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first semiconductor region is brought into contact with the semiconductor substrate. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein an n type second impurity is introduced into the semiconductor film, wherein the second semiconductor region is comprised of the second area in which the second impurity is introduced and the first impurity is not introduced, wherein an n type third impurity is introduced into the third semiconductor region, and wherein the concentration of the third impurity in the third semiconductor region is higher than the concentration of the second impurity in the second semiconductor region. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein an inverter is formed by the transistor.",
-    "An agricultural harvester including a chassis, a header coupled to the chassis and a seeding system. The seeding system is coupled to the chassis or the header, and the seeding system is configured to broadcast seed onto the ground as the harvester traverses the ground. 1. An agricultural harvester, comprising: a chassis; a header coupled to the chassis; and a seeding system coupled to one of the chassis and the header, the seeding system being configured to broadcast seed onto the ground as the harvester traverses the ground. 2. The agricultural harvester of claim 1, wherein the seeding system is coupled to the header. 3. The agricultural harvester of claim 2, wherein the seeding system is primarily coupled to a top and backside of the header. 4. The agricultural harvester of claim 3, wherein the seeding system is configured to distribute seed behind the header as the harvester proceeds in an operational direction. 5. The agricultural harvester of claim 1, wherein the seeding system includes: a seed metering system; and a seed distribution system coupled to the seed metering system. 6. The agricultural harvester of claim 5, wherein the seed distribution system includes a fan to distribute seeds. 7. The agricultural harvester of claim 6, wherein the seeding system uses a ground speed of the harvester to determine the flow of seeds from the seed metering system to the seed distribution system. 8. The agricultural harvester of claim 1, wherein the seeding system is configured to distribute seeds to the ground after crop material is cut and before material other than grain is distributed onto the ground. 9. A header/seeder system for use by an agricultural harvester, comprising: a header; and a seeding system coupled to the header, the seeding system being configured to broadcast seed onto the ground as the harvester traverses the ground. 10. The header/seeder system of claim 9, wherein the seeding system is primarily coupled to a top and backside of the header. 11. The header/seeder system of claim 10, wherein the seeding system is configured to distribute seed behind the header as the harvester proceeds in an operational direction. 12. The header/seeder system of claim 9, wherein the seeding system includes: a seed metering system; and a seed distribution system coupled to the seed metering system. 13. The header/seeder system of claim 12, wherein the seed distribution system includes a fan to distribute seeds. 14. The header/seeder system of claim 13, wherein the seeding system uses a ground speed of the harvester to determine the flow of seeds from the seed metering system to the seed distribution system. 15. The header/seeder system of claim 9, wherein the seeding system is configured to distribute seeds to the ground after crop material is cut and before material other than grain is distributed onto the ground by the harvester. 16. A method of seeding a cover crop, comprising the steps of: cutting a crop using an agricultural harvester; and distributing seed from a seed tank coupled to the agricultural harvester onto the ground. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of metering the seed from the seed tank dependent upon a ground speed of the agricultural harvester prior to the distributing step. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the metering step uses a seed metering system to meter the seed, and the distributing step uses a seed distribution system coupled to the seed metering system to distribute the seed. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the seed distribution system includes a fan to distribute seeds. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of using a ground speed of the agricultural harvester to determine an amount of seed to meter in the metering step, the distributing step distributing the seed to the ground after crop material is cut and before material other than grain is distributed onto the ground by the harvester.",
-    "A perfume composition includes groups of perfume components that produce enhanced sensory performance. The composition includes components that have synergistic odor properties. 1. A perfume composition comprising: at least four members selected from the group (1A) consisting of acetyl cedrene, Camphor powder synthetic, Cedarwood oil, cineole, cinnamic aldehyde (10), cistus labdanum, citral dimethyl acetal, Cosmone, Cyclal C, beta damascone (10), delta damascone (10), Ebanol (10), ethyl vanillin (10), eugenol, Galbanone (10), gamma undecalactone, heliotropin, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, iso E Super, alpha iso methyl ionone, Mayol, methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, methyl ethyl 2 butyrate, Silvanone, Silvial, alpha terpineol, allyl hexanoate, Labienoxime (10), anisic aldehyde(10), Black Pepper Oil, Polysantol(10), Habanolide, dihydroeugenol, Melonal, Violetyne(10), methyl benzoate, Raspberry ketone, and mixtures thereof wherein the total amount of these members is from about 40% to about 80% by weight of the composition; and at least one member selected from the group (1b) consisting of alkyl alcohols, phenyl alkylalcohols, terpene hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof in amounts from about 5% to about 50% by weight of the composition. 2. The perfume composition according to claim 1 further comprising up to three members of the group (1C) consisting of aldehyde C12 (10), anethole, Ambermax (10), iso bornyl acetate, Calone 1951 (10), coumarin, cuminic aldehyde (10), Ginger oil, Oakmoss synthetic, Patchouli oil, undecavertol, Vetiver oil; and mixtures thereof, wherein the total amount of the 1C members is up to about 35% by weight of the composition. 3. The perfume composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition further includes a member selected from the group (2A) consisting of allyl cyclohexyl propionate, Bangalol, Bourgeonal, Cassis bases, ethyl methyl phenyl glycidate, ethylene brassylate, Florosa, Herboxane, cis 3 hexenyl methyl carbonate, Jasmatone, Lemonile, Lilial, methyl anthranilate, Methyl Laitone, phenyl ethyl phenylacetate, Rose oxide, Styrallyl acetate, Traseolide, Ultravanil, Ylang oil and mixtures thereof, wherein the total amount of the 2A members is present in an amount up to about 0.6% by weight of the composition. 4. The perfume composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is free of a member selected from the group (2A) consisting of allyl cyclohexyl propionate, Bangalol, Bourgeonal, Cassis bases, ethyl methyl phenyl glycidate, ethylene brassylate, Florosa, Herboxane, cis 3 hexenyl methyl carbonate, Jasmatone, Lemonile, Lilial, methyl anthranilate, Methyl Laitone, phenyl ethyl phenylacetate, Rose oxide, Styrallyl acetate, Traseolide, Ultravanil, Ylang oil and mixtures thereof. 5. The perfume composition according to claim 1 wherein the members of group 1A are in amounts from about 30% to about 60% by weight of the composition. 6. The perfume composition according to claim 5 wherein the members of group 1A are in the amounts from about 50% to about 60% by weight of the composition. 7. The perfume composition according to claim 1 wherein the at least one member of the group (1B) is selected from the group consisting of linalol, orange terpenes, phenyl propyl alcohol, phenyl ethyl alcohol, alpha terpineol, Mayol, Mefrosol, citronellol, tetrahydrogeraniol, tetrahydrolinalol, geraniol; and mixtures thereof. 8. The perfume composition according to claim 1 wherein the group 1B components are present in amounts from 15% to about 25% of the composition. 9. The perfume composition according to claim 8 wherein the group 1B components are present in amounts from about 10% to about 20% by weight of the composition. 10. The perfume composition according to claim 1 further comprising a member of Group 1C selected from the group consisting of aldehyde C12 (10), anethole, Ambermax (10), iso bornyl acetate, Calone 1951 (10), coumarin, cuminic aldehyde (10), Ginger oil, Oakmoss synthetic, Patchouli oil, undecavertol, Vetiver oil; and mixtures thereof in amounts from about 18% or less by weight of the composition. 11. A method of preparing a perfume composition, comprising the steps of: a. Determining the threshold level of at least one member selected from the group (1A) consisting of acetyl cedrene, Camphor powder synthetic, Cedarwood oil, cineole, cinnamic aldehyde (10), cistus labdanum, citral dimethyl acetal, Cosmone, Cyclal C, beta damascone (10), delta damascone (10), Ebanol (10), ethyl vanillin (10), eugenol, Galbanone (10), gamma undecalactone, heliotropin, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, iso E Super, alpha iso methyl ionone, Mayol, methyl chavicol, methyl cinnamate, methyl ethyl 2 butyrate, Silvanone, Silvial, alpha terpineol, allyl hexanoate, Labienoxime (10), anisic aldehyde(10), Black Pepper Oil, Polysantol(10), Habanolide, dihydroeugenol, Melonal, Violetyne(10), methyl benzoate, Raspberry ketone, and mixtures thereof; b. Combining at least four members selected from the group (1A), including said at least one member having the determined threshold level in an amount equal to or less than said threshold level, and at least one member selected from the group (1b) consisting of alkyl alcohols, phenyl alkylalcohols, terpene hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said step of combining comprises adding said at least one member having the determined threshold level in an amount less than said threshold level. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of adding said perfume composition to a consumer product. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said step of combining comprises combining up to three members of the group (1C) consisting of aldehyde C12 (10), anethole, Ambermax (10), iso bornyl acetate, Calone 1951 (10), coumarin, cuminic aldehyde (10), Ginger oil, Oakmoss synthetic, Patchouli oil, undecavertol, Vetiver oil; and mixtures thereof. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said step of combining comprises combining a member selected from the group (2A) consisting of allyl cyclohexyl propionate, Bangalol, Bourgeonal, Cassis bases, ethyl methyl phenyl glycidate, ethylene brassylate, Florosa, Herboxane, cis 3 hexenyl methyl carbonate, Jasmatone, Lemonile, Lilial, methyl anthranilate, Methyl Laitone, phenyl ethyl phenylacetate, Rose oxide, Styrallyl acetate, Traseolide, Ultravanil, Ylang oil and mixtures thereof, wherein the total amount of the 2A members is present in an amount up to about 0.6% by weight of the composition. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein said perfume composition is free of a member selected from the group (2A) consisting of allyl cyclohexyl propionate, Bangalol, Bourgeonal, Cassis bases, ethyl methyl phenyl glycidate, ethylene brassylate, Florosa, Herboxane, cis 3 hexenyl methyl carbonate, Jasmatone, Lemonile, Lilial, methyl anthranilate, Methyl Laitone, phenyl ethyl phenylacetate, Rose oxide, Styrallyl acetate, Traseolide, Ultravanil, Ylang oil and mixtures thereof. 17. A method of preparing a modified perfume composition by replacing a component of similar odour character in a multi-component perfume composition, wherein the modified perfume composition provides an intensity increase as compared to the multi-component perfume composition.",
-    "A camera includes a lens barrel including a first lens frame that supports a first lens and is configured to move in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the lens barrel, a second lens frame that supports a second lens and is configured to move in an optical-axis direction which is parallel to the optical axis; a first lock member configured to connect with the first lens frame to restrict movement of the first lens frame; a second lock member configured to connect with the second lens frame to restrict movement of the second lens frame; a connection portion that connects the first lock member and the second lock member; and an actuator configured to move one of the first lock member and the second lock member and thereby control the first lock member and the second lock member to restrict the movement. 1. A camera comprising a lens barrel comprising: a first lens frame that supports a first lens and is configured to move in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the lens barrel; a second lens frame that supports a second lens and is configured to move in an optical-axis direction which is parallel to the optical axis; a first lock member configured to move in a direction to connect with the first lens frame to restrict movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis; a second lock member configured to move in a direction to connect with the second lens frame to restrict movement of the second lens frame in the optical-axis direction; a connection portion that connects the first lock member and the second lock member; and an actuator configured to move one of the first lock member and the second lock member and thereby control the first lock member and the second lock member to restrict the movement of the first lens frame and the second lens frame, respectively. 2. The camera of claim 1, wherein the first lock member is configured to rotate about the optical axis and is disposed concentrically with an optical-axis center of the first lens frame; and the first lock member is configured to restrict the movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis by rotation about the optical axis. 3. The camera of claim 2, wherein the first lens frame comprises projections protruding in the optical-axis direction, and the first lock member comprises: contact portions at an outer peripheral surface of the first lock member, the contact portions being configured to respectively contact the projections; and concave noncontact portions at the outer peripheral surface of the first lock member, the concave noncontact portions being configured to remain spaced apart from the projections; and by the rotation of the first lock member, the contact portions of the first lock member are brought into contact respectively with the projections of the first lens frame to restrict the movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 4. The camera of claim 1, wherein the second lock member is configured to move in a direction which intersects with the optical axis to restrict the movement of the second lens frame in the optical-axis direction. 5. The camera of claim 4, wherein one of the second lock member and the second lens frame comprises a lock projection extending in the direction intersecting with the optical axis; the other one of the second lock member and the second lens frame comprises a lock groove to which the lock projection is connectable; and the lock projection is configured to connect to the lock groove based on the movement of the second lock member in the direction to connect with the second lens frame, to restrict the movement of the second lens frame in the optical-axis direction. 6. The camera of claim 1, wherein the connection portion comprises: a pin that is provided on the first lock member; and a groove that is provided on the second lock member and extends in a direction intersecting with the movement direction of the second lock member and into which the pin is inserted. 7. The camera of claim 3, further comprising a third lock member that interlocks with the first lock member, is movable in the optical-axis direction, and has a hole formed therein that is configured to receive at least one of the projections. 8. The camera of claim 7, wherein the third lock member is configured to move in the optical-axis direction in an interlocking fashion with the first lock member according to rotation of the first lock member; and the hole is fitted to the projection based on the movement of the third lock member in the optical-axis direction, to restrict the movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 9. The camera of claim 8, further comprising: a cam groove provided on the first lock member and extending in a circumferential direction of the first lock member; and a follow pin provided on the third lock member, the follow pin being configured to follow a path of the cam groove; wherein the follow pin is configured to move in the optical-axis direction along the cam groove based on the rotation of the first lock member. 10. The camera of claim 1, wherein the second lock member is configured to restrict the movement of the second lens frame in the optical-axis direction after the first lock member restricts the movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 11. The camera of claim 1, wherein the first lock member is configured to restrict the movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis after the second lock member restricts the movement of the second lens frame in the optical-axis direction. 12. A camera comprising a lens barrel comprising: a lens unit comprising: a lens frame supporting a lens, and a lock member configured to move in a direction to connect with the lens frame to restrict movement of the lens frame; and a diaphragm unit comprising: a shade member; an actuator configured to move the shade member in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the lens barrel; and a drive force transmission member configured to transmit a drive force of the actuator to the shade member, wherein the drive force transmission member and the lock member are connected to each other. 13. The camera of claim 12, wherein the drive force transmission member is configured to be rotated by the actuator to thereby generate rotation movement of the drive force transmission member; the rotation movement of the drive force transmission member has a drive force transmission state that moves the shade member and a drive force non-transmission state that does not move the shade member; and the lock member restricts the movement of the lens frame when the drive force transmission member is rotated and moved in the drive force non-transmission state. 14. The camera of claim 13, wherein the lens frame is a focus lens frame configured to move in an optical-axis direction which is parallel to the optical axis; and the lock member is a lock lever configured to restrict the movement of the lens frame in the optical-axis direction. 15. The camera of claim 14, further comprising a vibration-proof compensation lens unit comprising: a vibration-proof compensation lens; a vibration-proof compensation lens frame supporting the vibration-proof compensation lens; and a lock ring configured to move in a direction to connect with the vibration-proof compensation lens frame to restrict movement of the vibration-proof compensation lens frame. 16. The camera of claim 15, wherein the lock lever and the lock ring are connected to each other. 17. The camera of claim 15, wherein the vibration-proof compensation lens unit further comprises a voice coil motor configured to drive the vibration-proof compensation lens frame. 18. The camera of claim 14, wherein the lens unit further comprises a voice coil motor configured to drive the lens frame. 19. A lens barrel comprising: a first lens frame that supports a first lens and is configured to move in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the lens barrel; a second lens frame that supports a second lens and is configured to move in an optical-axis direction which is parallel to the optical axis; a first lock member configured to move in a direction to connect with the first lens frame to restrict movement of the first lens frame in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis; a second lock member configured to move in a direction to connect with the second lens frame to restrict movement of the second lens frame in the optical-axis direction; a connection portion that connects the first lock member to the second lock member; and an actuator configured to move one of the first lock member and the second lock member and thereby control the first lock member and the second lock member to restrict the movement of the first lens frame and the second lens frame, respectively. 20. A lens barrel comprising: a first lens frame configured to move in a first direction; a second lens frame configured to move in a second direction different from the first direction; a first lock member configured to perform a linear movement and lock a position of the first lens frame based on the linear movement; and a second lock member configured to perform a rotational movement based on the linear movement and lock a position of the second lens frame based on the rotational movement. 21. The lens barrel of claim 20, wherein: the first lock member comprises a groove formed on a surface of the first lock member; and the second lock member comprises a protruding portion which protrudes into the groove to thereby connect the second lock member to the first lock member such that the second lock member performs the rotational movement simultaneously when the first lock member performs the linear movement. 22. The lens barrel of claim 21, wherein: the first lock member comprises a lock projection configured to fit inside a lock groove to thereby lock the position of the first lens frame; the second lock member comprises a ring-shaped component having a portion configured to contact a protrusion to thereby lock the position of the second lens frame; and a first movement distance to fit the lock projection inside the lock groove is different from a second movement distance for the portion to contact the protrusion.",
-    "A method for generating a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is disclosed. The method includes providing an input signal to two or more fixed-point FFT algorithms that apply different scaling to reduce growth of their output, resulting in each of the FFT algorithms yielding an array of FFT output values characterized by a different gain. The method further includes determining, on a per-FFT output value basis, whether an output value of an FFT algorithm with a relatively high gain was clipped due to saturation. If not, then the output value of that FFT algorithm is included in the final FFT. Otherwise, an output value of an FFT algorithm with a lower gain is included in the final FFT. Reconstructing the final FFT by such combination of values from different FFTs allows benefiting from the advantages of both higher- and lower-gain FFTs while avoiding or minimizing their disadvantages. 1. A computer-implemented method for generating a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of an input signal, the method comprising: applying a first FFT algorithm to the input signal to generate a first FFT comprising N first values Output1[n] indexed with an index n, wherein the first FFT algorithm is configured to scale an output of one or more stages of the first FFT algorithm so that a gain of the first FFT algorithm is K; applying a second FFT algorithm to the input signal to generate a second FFT comprising N second values Output2[n] indexed with the index n, wherein the second FFT algorithm is configured to scale an output of one or more stages of the second FFT algorithm so that a gain of the second FFT algorithm is L, where L is smaller than K; and generating the FFT comprising N FFT values Output[n] indexed with the index n, by: for each index n, determining whether comparison of the first value Output1[n] and the second value Output2[n] satisfies a condition, upon positive determination, including the first value Output1[n] as the FFT value Output[n], and upon negative determination, including a value based on the second value Output2[n] as the FFT value Output[n]. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein including the value based on the second value Output2[n] as the FFT value Output[n] comprises including a value of K/L multiplied by the second value Output2[n] as the FFT value Output[n]. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining whether comparison of the first value Output1[n] and the second value Output2[n] satisfies the condition comprises: multiplying the second value Output2[n] by K/L, subtracting, from a result of the multiplying, the first value Output1[n], and determining whether a result of the subtracting is within a range comprising at least a value of zero. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein K/L is equal to 2M, where M is an integer, and wherein the multiplying comprises applying a left shift of M bits to the second value Output2[n]. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the N first values Output1[n], the N second values Output2[n], and the N FFT values Output[n] comprise real values indicative of a magnitude of each of one or more frequency contributions present within the input signal. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the N first values Output1[n], the N second values Output2[n], and the N FFT values Output[n] comprise complex values indicative of a magnitude and a phase of each of one or more frequency contributions present within the input signal. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein including the value based on the second value Output2[n] as the FFT value Output[n] comprises including the second value Output2[n] as the FFT value Output[n]. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein determining whether comparison of the first value Output1[n] and the second value Output2[n] satisfies the condition comprises determining whether the difference between the first value Output1[n] and the second value Output2[n] is within a range comprising at least a value of zero. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein: the N first values Output1[n], the N second values Output2[n], and the N FFT values Output[n] comprise real values indicative of a phase of each of one or more frequency contributions present within the input signal. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first FFT algorithm is an FFT algorithm comprising two or more butterfly stages and wherein scaling the output of one or more stages of the first FFT algorithm comprises scaling an output of every pair of butterfly stages by a scaling factor equal to two times of the inverse of a growth factor for the pair of butterfly stages for the first FFT algorithm for a complex exponential input signal. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the first FFT algorithm comprises a radix-2 algorithm and wherein scaling the output of every pair of butterfly stages by the scaling factor equal to two times of the inverse of the growth factor for the pair of butterfly stages for the first FFT algorithm for the complex exponential input signal comprises scaling one butterfly stage of the every pair by a scaling factor of 1 and scaling another butterfly stage of the every pair of consecutive butterfly stages by a scaling factor of \u00bd. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the first FFT algorithm comprises a radix-4 algorithm and wherein scaling the output of every pair of butterfly stages by the scaling factor equal to two times of the inverse of the growth factor for the pair of butterfly stages for the FFT algorithm for the complex exponential input signal comprises scaling each butterfly stage by a scaling factor of \u00bd. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second FFT algorithm is a radix-2 FFT algorithm comprising two or more butterfly stages and wherein scaling the output of one or more stages of the second FFT algorithm comprises scaling each butterfly stage by a scaling factor of \u00bd. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein scaling by the scaling factor of \u00bd comprises applying a right shift of 1 bit to an outcome of the butterfly stage being scaled. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second FFT algorithm is a radix-4 FFT algorithm comprising two or more butterfly stages and wherein scaling the output of one or more stages of the second FFT algorithm comprises scaling each butterfly stage by a scaling factor of \u00bc. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein scaling by the scaling factor of \u00bc comprises applying a right shift of 2 bits to an outcome of the butterfly stage being scaled. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein: applying the first FFT algorithm comprises applying a first horizontal windowed FFT algorithm on rows of data samples of the input signal and applying a first vertical windowed FFT algorithm on an output of the first horizontal windowed FFT algorithm, and/or applying the second FFT algorithm comprises applying a second horizontal windowed FFT algorithm on rows of data samples of the input signal and applying a second vertical windowed FFT algorithm on an output of the second horizontal windowed FFT algorithm. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the first FFT algorithm and the second FFT algorithm comprises a fixed-point FFT algorithm. 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein K is selected as a ratio of an input headroom to a square root of N, and/or L is selected as a ratio of the input headroom to N, wherein the input headroom is a difference between a number of bits provided for representing the output of each of the first FFT algorithm and the second FFT algorithms and a number of bits used for representing the input signal. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the input signal is generated based on a radio signal reflected from an object, and wherein the method further comprises determining one or more of an indication of a distance to the object, an indication of a velocity of the object, and an indication of a location of the object based on the FFT values Output[n].",
-    "A lubrication system for extending times period between changing engine lubricant may include a tank and a lubricant exchange apparatus. The lubricant exchange apparatus may comprise a first pump in fluid communication with the engine and the tank to transfer lubricant from the lubricant collection element to the tank, a second pump in fluid communication with the tank for transferring lubricant from the tank to the engine, and a control element configured to cause the first pump to operate to remove lubricant from the lubricant collection element. The control element may be configured to cause the second pump to operate to remove a quantity of lubricant from the tank and transfer the quantity to the engine. 1. A lubrication system for extending a time period between changing lubricant in an engine having a lubricant collection element configured to hold a quantity of lubricant, the lubrication system comprising: a tank configured to hold a quantity of lubricant and having a tank inlet and a tank outlet; a lubricant exchange apparatus configured to exchange lubricant between the engine and the tank, the lubricant exchange apparatus comprising: a first pump in fluid communication with the lubricant collection element of the engine and the tank to transfer lubricant from the lubricant collection element to the tank when the first pump is operated, a first conduit configured to connect the first pump to the lubrication collection element, a second conduit connecting the first pump to the tank; and a second pump in fluid communication with the tank for transferring lubricant from the tank to the engine, a third conduit connecting the second pump to the tank, a fourth conduit configured to connect the second pump to the engine; and a control element configured to cause the first pump to operate to remove lubricant from the lubricant collection element, the control element being configured to cause the second pump to operate to remove a quantity of lubricant from the tank and transfer the quantity to the engine. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the control element is further configured to cause the first pump to operate to pump a quantity of lubricant from the lubricant collection element of an engine to the tank of the lubrication system and cause the second pump to operate to pump a quantity of lubricant from the tank of the lubrication system to the engine. 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the quantity removed from the lubricant collection element and the quantity removed from the tank are substantially equal. 4. The system of claim 2 wherein the quantity of lubricant pumped from the lubricant collection element is a predetermined quantity. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the quantity of lubricant pumped from the lubricant collection element is less than a capacity of the lubricant collection element. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the control element is configured to operate the first pump to remove the quantity of lubricant from the lubricant collection element intermittently. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the control element is configured to discontinue operation of the first pump between periods of lubricant removal. 8. The system of claim 1 additionally comprising a lubricant filter assembly configured to filter lubricant moving from the tank of the lubrication system to the engine, the filter assembly including a bank of lubricant filters configured in parallel flows to each other. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the filter assembly includes a manifold configured to have at least two lubricant filters replaceably mounted therein, the manifold being configured to permit lubricant to flow to filters mounted thereon in parallel. 10. The system of claim 1 additionally comprising a lubricant level sensor configured to monitor a current quantity of lubricant in the lubricant collection element of an engine, the lubricant level sensor being in communication with the control element to provide a lubricant level signal to the control element indicative of a lubricant level in the lubricant collection element. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the control element is further configured to compare the lubricant level indicated by the lubricant level signal to a predetermined minimum lubricant level, and if the lubricant level falls below the minimum lubricant level, the control element is configured to cause the second pump to pump lubricant to the lubricant collection element, 12. The system of claim 11 wherein if the lubricant level exceeds a predetermined maximum lubricant level, the control element is configured to cause the first pump to pump lubricant from the lubricant collection element. 13. A system comprising: an engine including a lubricant collection element configured to hold a quantity of lubricant; and a lubrication system for extending a time period between changing lubricant in an engine having a lubricant collection element configured to hold a quantity of lubricant, the lubrication system comprising: a tank configured to hold a quantity of lubricant and having a tank inlet and a tank outlet; a lubricant exchange apparatus configured to exchange lubricant between the engine and the tank, the lubricant exchange apparatus comprising: a first pump in fluid communication with the lubricant collection element of the engine and the tank to transfer lubricant from the lubricant collection element to the tank when the first pump is operated, a first conduit fluidly connecting the first pump to the lubrication collection element, a second conduit connecting the first pump to the tank; and a second pump in fluid communication with the tank for transferring lubricant from the tank to the engine, a third conduit connecting the second pump to the tank, a fourth conduit fluidly connecting the second pump to the engine; and a control element configured to cause the first pump to operate to remove lubricant from the lubricant collection element, the control element being configured to cause the second pump to operate to remove a quantity of lubricant from the tank and transfer the quantity to the engine. 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the control element is further configured to cause the first pump to operate to pump a quantity of lubricant from the lubricant collection element of an engine to the tank of the lubrication system and cause the second pump to operate to pump a quantity of lubricant from the tank of the lubrication system to the engine. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the quantity removed from the lubricant collection element and the quantity removed from the tank are substantially equal. 16. The system of claim 13 wherein the control element is configured to operate the first pump to remove the quantity of lubricant from the lubricant collection element intermittently. 17. The system of claim 13 additionally comprising a lubricant filter assembly configured to filter lubricant moving from the tank of the lubrication system to the engine, the filter assembly including a bank of lubricant filters configured in parallel flows to each other. 18. The system of claim 13 additionally comprising a lubricant level sensor configured to monitor a current quantity of lubricant in the lubricant collection element of an engine, the lubricant level sensor being in communication with the control element to provide a lubricant level signal to the control element indicative of a lubricant level in the lubricant collection element. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the control element is further configured to compare the lubricant level indicated by the lubricant level signal to a predetermined minimum lubricant level, and if the lubricant level falls below the minimum lubricant level, the control element is configured to cause the second pump to pump lubricant to the lubricant collection element,",
-    "Provided is an apparatus for regulating water flow to a structure. The apparatus generally comprises an electrically operated valve, sensors for temperature and flow-rate, and a module for communication. The remotely controllable shutoff valve contains a battery backup to provide power in case of an electrical outage. The apparatus is installed downstream from a structure's main water valve, shutting off the water supply according to a schedule that can be programmed into a controller, or smart-home hub. 1. A remotely controllable water shutoff system usable in a structure with a main water supply and a primary manual water shutoff valve, said system comprising: a secondary shutoff valve located along the structure's main water supply line, directly downstream from the structure's manual shutoff valve and prior to any branching off of the water supply; an electrically operated controller to alter the state of the secondary shutoff valve between open and closed states; a controller comprising: a module for communication to said electronically operated controller to open or close the secondary shutoff valve; a programmable timer schedule, said timer being adapted to actuate the module to communicate to the electronically operated controller to open or close the secondary shutoff valve; means for inputting the timer schedule; and a microprocessor to manage said timer function. 2. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said water shutoff system comprises a means for drainage of water that has already passed through to the primary shutoff valve, said drain means installed at desired point of the main water line downstream from secondary shutoff valve operated via signals from the controller. 3. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said schedule can be manually overridden. 4. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 3, wherein said schedule is re-instated upon next scheduled event. 5. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said secondary shutoff valve comprises a ball valve operable via electrical motor. 6. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said shutoff valve comprises a gate valve operable via electrical motor. 7. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said module for communication is wireless. 8. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said controller is a panel. 9. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said controller is a handheld electronic device. 10. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said secondary shutoff valve contains a flow-rate sensor. 11. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said system further comprises an ambient temperature sensor. 12. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 2, wherein said system further comprises an ambient temperature sensor. 13. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 12, wherein said system further comprises a means for operating drainage system in accordance with temperature sensor data. 14. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said controller is a smart-home hub. 15. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said system further comprises a means for temporary manual override of timer schedule. 16. The remotely controllable water shutoff system of claim 1, wherein said controller further comprises: a means for receiving data from sensors located at various points throughout the structure, said sensors being able to detect the presence of water; a means for receiving data from flow rate sensors located various points in pipes downstream from main shutoff valve. 17. A remotely controllable water shutoff system usable in a structure with a main water supply and a primary manual water shutoff valve, said system comprising: a secondary shutoff valve located along the structure's main water supply line, directly downstream from the structure's manual shutoff valve and prior to any branching off of the water supply line; an electrically operated controller to alter the state of the secondary shutoff valve between open and closed states; a means for manual operation of the secondary shutoff valve; a means for sensing flow rate through the secondary shutoff valve; a module for sensing ambient temperature; a module for communication of data regarding state of secondary shutoff valve, water temperature and flow rate; a means for battery backup power for operation of secondary shutoff valve in the event of a power outage; a control panel comprising: a module for communication to said electrically operated controller to open or close the secondary shutoff valve; a battery backup to allow operation of said second shutoff valve in the event of a power outage; a programmable timer schedule, said timer being adapted to actuate the module to communicate to the electronically operated controller to open or close the secondary shutoff valve; a means for temporary override of the timer; a means for operating secondary shutoff valve in accordance with the information received from temperature and flow sensing means of remotely controllable shutoff system; means for the input of the timer schedule; and a microprocessor to manage said timer function.",
-    "An optical film is provided containing cellulose acylate and at least one type of a compound denoted by the following Formula (I). R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an alkoxy carbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an alkyl sulfonyl group, or an aryl sulfonyl group, R2 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group, L represents a single bond or a bivalent or more connecting group, and n represents 1 when L is a single bond and n represents an integer of the valence of L\u22121 when L is a bivalent or more connecting group. s and t each independently represent 1 to 3, and X represents \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014N(Ra)-. Ra represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. 1. An optical film containing cellulose acylate and at least one type of a compound denoted by the following Formula (I), wherein in Formula (I), R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an alkoxy carbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an alkyl sulfonyl group, or an aryl sulfonyl group, R2 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group, L represents a single bond or a bivalent or more connecting group, n represents 1 when L is a single bond and n represents an integer of the valence of L\u22121 when L is a bivalent or more connecting group, s and t each independently represent 1, 2, or 3, X represents \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014N(Ra)-, and here, Ra represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. 2. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein L is a single bond, an alkylene group, or an alkanetriyl group. 3. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein L is an alkylene group. 4. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein the compound denoted by Formula (I) is a compound denoted by the following Formula (II), and in Formula (II), R2 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group, s, t, and u each independently represent 1, 2, or 3, X and Y each independently represent \u2014O\u2014 or \u2014N(Ra)-, and here, Ra represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and R3 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group. 5. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein R2 is an alkyl group which may be substituted with an aryl group or with a cycloalkyl group. 6. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein R2 is denoted by the following Formula (1) or (2), and in Formulas (1) and (2), l represents an integer of 1 to 5, and Cy, Cy1, and Cy2 each independently represent an aryl group or a cycloalkyl group. 7. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein a total degree of acyl substitution A of the cellulose acylate satisfies the following Formula. 1.5\u2266A\u22663.0 8. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein an acyl group of the cellulose acylate is an acetyl group, and a total degree of acetyl substitution B satisfies the following Formula. 2.0\u2266B\u22663.0 9. The optical film according to claim 8, wherein the total degree of acetyl substitution B is greater than or equal to 2.5 and less than 2.97. 10. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein the optical film contains at least one type of a plasticizer. 11. The optical film according to claim 1, wherein the optical film is formed of at least two layers including a layer containing the cellulose acylate and at least one type of the compound denoted by Formula (I), and a hard coat layer. 12. A polarizing plate, comprising: a polarizer; and the optical film according to claim 1 on at least one surface of the polarizer. 13. A liquid crystal display device, at least comprising: the polarizing plate according to claim 12; and a liquid crystal cell.",
-    "Structures and formation methods of a semiconductor device structure are provided. The semiconductor device structure includes a source structure at least partially in a semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor device structure also includes a channel structure over the semiconductor substrate. The source structure is partially covered by the channel structure. The semiconductor device structure further includes a drain structure covering the channel structure. The drain structure and the source structure have different conductivity types. A portion of the channel structure is sandwiched between the source structure and the drain structure. In addition, the semiconductor device structure includes a gate stack partially covering the channel structure. 1. A semiconductor device structure, comprising: a source structure at least partially in a semiconductor substrate; a channel structure over the semiconductor substrate, wherein the source structure is partially covered by the channel structure so that there is a corner between the channel structure and the source structure; a drain structure covering the channel structure, wherein the drain structure and the source structure have different conductivity types, and wherein a portion of the channel structure is sandwiched between the source structure and a bottom surface of the drain structure; and a gate stack partially covering the channel structure, wherein the gate stack fills the corner and extends from the corner further over a top surface of the drain structure. 2. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a sidewall of the portion of the channel structure is substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the source structure. 3. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a sidewall of the portion of the channel structure is inclined to a top surface of the source structure. 4. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gate stack adjoins a sidewall of the portion of the channel structure. 5. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein the portion of the channel structure further comprises a second sidewall connecting the sidewall, and the gate stack further adjoins the second sidewall. 6. (canceled) 7. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gate stack continuously surrounds the channel structure. 8. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising spacer elements over sidewalls of the gate stack, wherein one of the spacer elements overlaps the channel structure. 9. A semiconductor device structure, comprising: a gate stack over a semiconductor substrate; a channel structure over the semiconductor substrate and adjoining a sidewall of the gate stack; a source structure at least partially in the semiconductor substrate and overlapping the gate stack and the channel structure, wherein there is a corner between the channel structure and the source structure and filled with the gate stack; and a drain structure covering the channel structure and having a sidewall adjoining the gate stack, wherein the drain structure and the source structure have different conductivity types, and the gate stack extends from the corner further over a top surface of the drain structure. 10. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the sidewall of the gate stack is substantially perpendicular to a top surface of the source structure. 11. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the sidewall of the gate stack is inclined to a top surface of the source structure. 12. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein a bottom surface of the gate stack is below a top surface of the channel structure. 13. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein a bottom surface of the drain structure is over a top surface of the source structure. 14. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein one or more sidewalls of the channel structure adjoin the gate stack. 15. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, further comprising a conductive contact over the drain structure, wherein a portion of the drain structure is sandwiched between the conductive contact and the channel structure. 16. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: forming a source structure in or over a semiconductor substrate; forming a channel structure over the semiconductor substrate so that a corner is created between the channel structure and a top surface of the source structure; forming a drain structure covering the channel structure; modifying an angle of the corner; and forming a gate stack in the corner after the modification of the angle, wherein the gate stack extends from the corner further over a top surface of the drain structure above the top surface of the source structure. 17. (canceled) 18. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the modification of the angle comprises partially removing the channel structure. 19. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the formation of the channel structure comprises epitaxially growing a semiconductor material on the semiconductor substrate and the source structure. 20. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, further comprising forming spacer elements over sidewalls of the gate stack after the formation of the drain structure. 21. The semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the channel structure partially overlaps the source structure and has a sidewall that is inclined to the bottom surface of the drain structure. 22. The method for forming a semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein the step of forming the channel structure further comprises forming the channel structure such that the top surface of the source structure is partially covered by the channel structure to create the corner, and wherein the corner is filled with a gate electrode of the gate stack.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a plurality of memory cells arranged on a substrate. The semiconductor memory device includes an interconnect layer including a first interconnect and a second interconnect, the first interconnect extending in a first direction, the second interconnect extending in a second direction, the first direction being tilted with respect to an arrangement direction of the memory cells, the second direction being different from the first direction and tilted with respect to the arrangement direction of the memory cells. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A semiconductor memory device, comprising: a substrate; a plurality of memory cells, each of the plurality of memory cells including an insulating layer and an electrode layer stacked alternately on the substrate; a semiconductor unit provided on the substrate, the semiconductor unit extending in a stacking direction; and a charge storage layer provided between the semiconductor unit and the electrode layer, the electrode layer including a first interconnect and a second interconnect, the first interconnect extending in a first direction, the second interconnect extending in a second direction, the first direction being orthogonal to the stacking direction and tilted with respect to an arrangement direction of the memory cells, the second direction being orthogonal to the stacking direction, being tilted with respect to the arrangement direction of the memory cells, and being different from the first direction. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 13, wherein the first direction and the second direction intersect substantially perpendicularly. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 13, further comprising a third interconnect connected to the semiconductor unit, the third interconnect not being provided perpendicular to the first interconnect and the second interconnect. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15, wherein the first interconnect and the second interconnect are arranged symmetrically with an extension direction of the third interconnect as a center. 17. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15, wherein the first interconnect and the second interconnect are word lines, and the third interconnect is a bit line. 18. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 13, wherein the first interconnect is provided in a first memory region, the plurality of memory cells being provided in the first memory region, and the second interconnect is provided in a second memory region adjacent to the first memory region, the plurality of memory cells being provided in the second memory region. 19. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 18, wherein the first direction and the second direction are tilted with respect to an arrangement direction of the first memory region and the second memory region. 20. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 13, further comprising a plurality of columnar units, the semiconductor unit and the charge storage layer being provided in each of the plurality of columnar units, the plurality of columnar units being arranged along the first direction and the second direction.",
-    "An ink jet recording apparatus of the present invention includes a head, a first light source, a second light source. Liquid droplets of a photo-curable ink composition are applied to a recording medium. After one second or less elapses from the time when the liquid droplets are applied to the recording medium, the liquid droplets are illuminated with light of the first light source. After 0.1 second or more and one second or less elapses from the time when the liquid droplets are illuminated with light of the first light source, the liquid droplets are illuminated with light of the second light source. 1. An ink jet recording apparatus comprising: a head which applies liquid droplets on a recording medium by being relatively scanned with respect to the recording medium in a first direction and by ejecting the liquid droplets of a photo-curable ink composition from nozzle holes; and a first light source and a second light source which are sequentially disposed along the first direction at a downstream side in a scanning direction of the head to illuminate the liquid droplets applied to the recording medium with light, wherein: after the liquid droplets are applied to the recording medium, the liquid droplets are illuminated with light of the first light source, and after the illumination with light of the first light source, the liquid droplets are illuminated with light of the second light source, the recording medium is transported to the downstream side in the first direction, and the photo-curable ink composition has a photo radical polymerization property and contains at least one of an acrylic ester series having an acryloyl group. 2. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein after one second or less elapses from the time when the liquid droplets are applied to the recording medium, the liquid droplets are illuminated by the first light source. 3. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 2, wherein after 0.1 second or more and one second or less elapses from the time when the liquid droplets are illuminated by the first light source, the liquid droplets are illuminated by the second light source. 4. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the photo-curable ink composition is cured to have a first curing ratio of 1% to 30% by the first light source, and the photo-curable ink composition is cured to have a second curing ratio of more than 30% and 80% or less by the second light source. 5. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein after 0.1 second or more and one second or less elapses from the time when the liquid droplets are illuminated by the first light source, the liquid droplets are illuminated by the second light source. 6. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a relative scanning speed of the head with respect to the recording medium in the first direction is in a range of 1 m/minute to 50 m/minute. 7. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photo-curable ink composition contains a mono-functional (meth) acrylate and a multifunctional (meth) acrylate. 8. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photo-curable ink composition contains at least one of 2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide and bis(2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl)-phenyl phosphine oxide. 9. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the photo-curable ink composition is illuminated in a range of 50 mJ/cm2 to 15,000 mJ/cm2. 10. The ink jet recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein after the liquid droplets are illuminated by the third light source, the photo-curable ink composition is cured to have a curing ratio of more than 80%.",
-    "A technique related with a lithography system is disclosed. The lithography system includes at least one target object disposed on a substrate, a processor configured to process an image of the target object to determine an optical pattern for a coating layer of the target object, and an exposure apparatus configured to provide light having the optical pattern determined by the processor to the substrate. 1. A lithography system comprising: a processor configured to process an image of at least one target object disposed on a substrate and determine an optical pattern for a coating layer of the at least one target object; a coater configured to supply a photoresist to at least a portion of surfaces of the substrate and the target object; an exposure apparatus configured to provide the optical pattern determined by the processor to the substrate, wherein the exposure apparatus comprises: a light source; and a spatial light modulator configured to modulate light provided by the light source in response to a signal provided by the processor, wherein the lithography system further comprises: an illuminator configured to illuminate the substrate to form the image of the at least one target object, wherein the lithography system forms a coating layer having a shape of the optical pattern. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the photoresist contains a phosphor. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a beam splitter configured to transmit the light modulated by the exposure apparatus to the substrate and to transmit the image formed by light illuminated by the illuminator to the processor. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the coater is one selected from a group comprised of a spin coater, a spray coater and a microfluidic channel. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second coater configured to form a conductive layer or an insulating layer on at least a portion of the surfaces of the substrate and the target object. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the second coater is one selected from a group comprised of a physical vapor deposition apparatus, chemical vapor deposition apparatus and an electroplating apparatus. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the target material is a light emitting device. 8. A method of coating a target object, comprising: preparing a substrate having one surface on which at least one target object is disposed; determining, by a processor, an optical pattern for a coating layer of the at least one target object by processing an image of the at least one target object; supplying, by a coater, a photoresist onto at least a portion of surfaces of the substrate and the target object; and providing, by a first light source, a first light having the determined optical pattern to the substrate so as to form a coating layer having a shape of the optical pattern, wherein the determining an optical pattern comprises: providing, by a second light source, a second light to the at least one target object; and capturing, by a camera, the image of the at least one target object formed by the second light and providing an electric signal corresponding to the captured image to the processor. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming photoresist on at least a portion of surfaces of the substrate and the at least one target object, wherein the photoresist contains a phosphor, wherein the photoresist is selectively cured by the light having the determined optical pattern. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming an additional coating layer on at least a portion of the surface of the at least one target object before forming the photoresist. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the first light having the determined optical pattern is transmitted to the substrate by a beam splitter and the image of the at least one target object formed by the second light is transmitted to the processor by the beam splitter. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: forming a conductive layer or an insulating layer, by a second coater, on at least a portion of the surfaces of the substrate and the target object. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the photoresist comprises a phosphor and the target material is a light emitting device. 14. A method of coating a target object, comprising: preparing a substrate having one surface on which at least one target object is disposed; forming photoresist on at least a portion of surfaces of the substrate and the at least one target object; forming a perimeter wall on each target object by processing an image of the at least one target object, the perimeter wall surrounding each target object; and coating each target object by providing a resin to an inside of the perimeter wall surrounding each target object. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the resin contains a phosphor. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein forming the perimeter wall comprises: obtaining the image of the at least one target object; and providing light having an optical pattern corresponding to the perimeter wall to the substrate using the obtained image of the at least one target object.",
-    "An image reading apparatus includes an image reading section and a detection section. The image reading section includes at least two detection units, and performs a reading operation on an image. The at least two detection units have respective spectral characteristics which are different from each other. The detection section detects a condition of an irregularity on an image carrier by comparing a detection result of the image read by the image reading section with an output characteristic. The output characteristic is stored in advance and is a color component obtained from a value obtained by the image reading section reading a test image having a region in at least one color. 1. An image reading apparatus comprising: an image reading section that includes at least two detection units and that performs a reading operation on an image, the at least two detection units having respective spectral characteristics which are different from each other; and a detection section that detects a condition of an irregularity on an image carrier by comparing a detection result of the image read by the image reading section with an output characteristic, the output characteristic being stored in advance and being a color component obtained from a value obtained by the image reading section reading a test image having a region in at least one color. 2. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a correcting section that corrects detection results from the at least two detection units on a basis of the result detected by the detection section. 3. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an abort section that aborts the reading operation on a basis of the result detected by the detection section. 4. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the detection section reads the test image formed by using one color having a predetermined density. 5. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the detection section reads the test image formed by using a plurality of colors, each of the plurality of colors being predetermined. 6. The image reading apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, on a basis of a correction value for at least one color, the correcting section performs the correction process for another color. 7. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming unit that forms an image; an image carrier that holds an image formed by the image forming unit; an image reading section that includes at least two detection units and that performs a reading operation on an image formed on the image carrier, the at least two detection units having respective spectral characteristics which are different from each other; a detection section that detects a condition of an irregularity on the image carrier by comparing a detection result obtained through the reading operation by the image reading section with an output characteristic, the output characteristic being stored in advance and being a color component obtained from a value obtained by the image reading section reading a test image having a region in at least one color; and a controller that controls the image forming unit on a basis of the irregularity on the image carrier, the irregularity being detected by the detection section. 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process comprising: by using at least two detection units, performing a reading operation on an image, the at least two detection units having respective spectral characteristics which are different from each other; and detecting a condition of an irregularity on an image carrier by comparing a detection result of the read image with an output characteristic, the output characteristic being stored in advance and being a color component obtained from a value obtained by reading a test image having a region in at least one color.",
-    "A vertical drift metal-oxide-semiconductor (VDMOS) transistor with improved contact to source and body regions, and a method of fabricating the same. A masked ion implant of the source regions into opposite-type body regions defines the locations of body contact regions, which are implanted subsequently with a blanket implant. The surface of the source regions and body contact regions are silicide clad, and an overlying insulator layer deposited and planarized. Contact openings are formed through the planarized insulator layer, within which conductive plugs are formed to contact the metal silicide, and thus the source and body regions of the device. A metal conductor is formed overall to the desired thickness, and contacts the conductive plugs to provide bias to the source and body regions. 1. An integrated circuit comprising: a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type; an epitaxial layer of the first conductivity type overlying the substrate, the epitaxial layer having a lighter dopant concentration than the substrate; a plurality of gate electrodes disposed near the surface of the epitaxial layer, and spaced apart from one another; a plurality of body regions of a second conductivity type disposed into the surface of the epitaxial layer at locations between gate electrodes; within each body region, first and second source regions of the first conductivity disposed at the surface of the body region; within each doped body region, a body contact region of the second conductivity type disposed at the surface between the first and second source regions; a metal silicide cladding at the surface of at least a portion of the first and second source regions and the body contact region of each body region; an insulating layer overlying the gate electrodes; and having a planarized surface; a plurality of conductive plugs contacting the metal silicide cladding through a contact opening in the insulating layer; and a metal conductor disposed over the insulating layer and in contact with the plurality of conductive plugs. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of pillars of the second conductivity type, each formed into the epitaxial layer at a location underlying and in contact with one of the body regions. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second source regions have an edge that is self-aligned relative to one of the gate electrodes. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a gate dielectric layer disposed between each gate electrode and the surface of the epitaxial layer; a sidewall insulator element disposed along each side of each gate electrode. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the conductive plug comprises: one or more layers of barrier metal disposed along the sides and bottom of the contact opening; and a metal plug disposed adjacent the barrier metal. 6. The integrated circuit of claim 5, wherein the barrier metal comprises titanium and the metal plug comprises tungsten. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the metal silicide cladding is also disposed at a surface of each gate electrode. 8. The integrated circuit of claim 7, further comprising: a sidewall insulator element disposed along each side of each gate electrode. 9. The integrated circuit of claim 8, further comprising: a local interconnection disposed on the surface of the sidewall insulator element and making electrical contact between the metal silicide cladding disposed at the gate electrode and the metal silicide cladding disposed at the surface of at least a portion of the first and second source regions and the body contact region. 10. A method of fabricating a vertical power device, comprising: forming a plurality of gate electrodes spaced apart from one another near a surface of a semiconductor of a first conductivity type; forming a plurality of body regions of a second conductivity type at the surface, the plurality of body regions spaced apart from one another by locations of the surface underlying the gate electrodes; forming, into each body region, first and second source regions first conductivity type; forming, into each body region, a body contact region of the second conductivity type at locations between the first and second source regions; depositing a metal in contact with the source regions and body contact regions; then heating the metal to form a metal suicide at the surface of the source regions and body contact regions; depositing an insulator material overall; planarizing the insulator material; forming contact openings through the planarized insulator material; forming a plurality of conductive plugs in the contact openings to be in electrical contact with the metal silicide at the surface of the source regions and body contact regions; and then forming a metal conductor in electrical contact with the plurality of conductive plugs. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of forming the first and second source regions comprises: masking a portion of each body region at a location between adjacent gate electrodes, to expose surface locations on opposing sides of the masked portion; and implanting dopant of the first conductivity type into the exposed surface locations of the body regions. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of foming the first and second source regions comprises: forming a mask feature at a location of each body region between adjacent gate electrodes, exposing surface locations on opposing sides of the masked feature; and implanting dopant of the first conductivity type into the exposed surface locations of the body regions; wherein the step of forming the body contact regions comprises: after the step of implanting dopant of the first conductivity type, removing the mask feature; then implanting dopant of the second conductivity type into the body regions; and then annealing the implanted dopant of the second conductivity type. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: after the step of implanting dopant of the first conductivity type and before the step of forming the body contact regions, implanting dopant of the second conductivity type into the body regions at a dose and energy selected to provide a higher dopant concentration of the second conductivity type within the body regions at locations underlying the source regions. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of forming the body regions comprises: implanting dopant of the second conductivity type into the surface in a self aligned manner relative to the gate electrodes; and then heating the semiconductor; and further comprising; after the step of implanting dopant of the first conductivity type, and before the step of forming the body contact regions, forming sidewall insulator filaments on side edges of the gate electrodes. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of forming a plurality of conductive plugs comprises: depositing a barrier metal overall; depositing a conductive metal overall; and removing the conductive metal from the surface of the insulating layer, leaving the conductive metal only in the contact openings. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the barrier metal comprises titanium; and wherein the conductive metal comprises tungsten. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of forming a metal conductor comprises: depositing metal overall to a desired thickness of at least about 2 \u03bcm and less than about 10 \u03bcm; and removing selected portions of the deposited metal to define one or more metal conductors, each in electrical contact with one or more of the conductive plugs. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: after the step of forming a metal conductor; depositing an insulating passivation layer. 19. The method of claim 10, further comprising: prior to the step of forming the body regions, forming an epitaxial layer of the first conductivity type over a substrate of the first conductivity type; wherein the body regions are formed at the surface of the epitaxial layer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of forming the epitaxial layer comprises: epitaxially forming a portion of the epitaxial layer; then implanting a plurality of selected portions of the epitaxial layer with dopant of the second conductivity type; and repeating the epitaxially forming and implanting steps a plurality of times to form a plurality of pillars of doped material of the second conductivity type within the epitaxial layer of the first conductivity type. 21. The method of claim 10, further comprising: prior to the step of forming the body regions, forming an epitaxial layer of the first conductivity type over a substrate of the first conductivity type. 22. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of depositing a metal in contact with the source regions and the body contact regions also deposits the metal in contact with the gate electrodes; wherein the heating step also forms a metal suicide at the surface of the gate electrodes; and further comprising: before the step of depositing a metal in contact with the source regions and body contact regions, forming sidewall insulator elements along sides of the gate electrodes; and after the heating step, removing the non-silicided metal. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: after the heating step and before the step of removing the non-silicided metal, masking locations of the non-silicided metal overlying sidewall insulator elements. 24. An integrated circuit comprising: a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type; a plurality of gate electrodes disposed near a top surface of the substrate, and spaced apart from one another; a plurality of body regions of a second conductivity type disposed into the surface of the substrate at locations between gate electrodes; within each body region, first and second source regions of the first conductivity disposed at the surface of the body region; within each doped body region, a body contact region of the second conductivity type disposed at the surface between the first and second source regions; a metal suicide cladding at the surface of at least a portion of the first and second source regions and the body contact region of each body region; an insulating layer overlying the gate electrodes, and having a planarized surface; a plurality of conductive plugs contacting the metal silicide cladding through a contact opening in the insulating layer; a metal conductor disposed over the insulating layer and in contact with the plurality of conductive plugs; and a collector region of a second conductivity type at a bottom surface of the substrate, and forming a metallurgical junction with the first conductivity type material of the substrate.",
-    "A method and an apparatus for specifying a time-varying, intelligent service-oriented model are provided. A method implemented in a computer infrastructure having computer executable code embodied on a computer readable storage medium having programming instructions, includes defining information of a service which is to be provided to one or more users having access to a system storing the defined information. The method further includes defining policies associated with the defined information to allow and deny access to selected portions of the defined information, and exposing to a user of the one or more users the selected portions of the defined information based on the defined policies allowing access to the selected portions of the defined information. 1. A method comprising: defining information of a service which is to be provided to one or more users having access to a system storing the defined information; and exposing, by a processor, to a user of the one or more users the selected portions of the defined information based on defined policies allowing access to the selected portions of the defined information, wherein: the defined information is contained in at least one business object and includes an element or information needed for the service; and the defined policies are associated with the defined information and comprise time information of the at least one business object, the time information specifying one or more time periods when the user is allowed access to the selected portions of the defined information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the defined policies comprise at least one service operation which the user is allowed to perform on the defined information. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the defined policies comprise at least one type of information of the defined information which the user is allowed to access, while denying access to another type of information of the defined information. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the defined information and the defined policies are defined by at least one of the one or more users and a service provider. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one business object comprises at least one of: one or more attributes of the one or more users; and one or more relationships between the at least one business object and other business objects. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the defined policies comprise at least one attribute of the one or more attributes that the user is allowed to access. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the defined policies comprise at least one relationship of the one or more relationships that the user is allowed to access. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the defined policies associated with the business object comprise type information, the type information including a first type and a second type; the selected portions of the defined information include a first attribute of the first type and a second attribute of the second type; the selected portions of the defined information include a first relationship to the first attribute and a second relationship to the second attribute; the time information specifies that the user is allowed access to the first attribute during a first time period of the one or more time periods; and the time information specifies that the user is allowed access to the second attribute during a second time period of the one or more time periods. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposing the selected portions of the defined information comprises: manifesting, based on the time information and the type information, the first attribute and the first relationship to a device of the user when a current time is within the first time period; stopping manifesting the first attribute and the first relationship when the current time is no longer within the first time period; manifesting, based on the time information and the type information, the second attribute and the second relationship to the device of the user when the current time is within the second time period; and stopping manifesting the second attribute and second relationship when the current time is no longer within the second time period. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the type information specifies that the at least one business object is to manifest as one of a billing address object and a service address object. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: preventing the user from accessing the selected portions of the defined information outside the one or more time periods when the user is allowed access to the selected portions of the defined information.",
-    "Switched-mode power supply (SMPS) circuits and a method implemented within an SMPS are provided. The circuits and method use resonant energy capturing and filtering circuitry to provide an auxiliary power supply that may be used to power a controller of an SMPS. This circuitry includes a resonant circuit that recirculates and extracts energy at switch transitions of the SMPS. The circuitry required to implement the circuits and method is minimal, and provides advantages over techniques that require an additional power supply or that require an auxiliary winding in a transformer. 1. A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) circuit connected to an input power source and an output load, the SMPS circuit comprising: an SMPS controller configured to generate an output control signal; a first switch device that is controlled by the output control signal and configured to provide output power to the output load; and a resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit configured to supply power to the SMPS controller at a power supply input of the SMPS controller or of other auxiliary circuitry or of both, wherein the resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit is electrically connected to an output of the first switch device and is configured to capture and store energy from the input power source upon a transition of the first switch device from a conducting to a non-conducting state, or from a non-conducting to a conducting state, or both. 2. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, wherein the resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit comprises: an inductor; a first capacitor that is connected to the output of the first switch device and to the inductor; a second capacitor connected to the power supply input and that is configured to store energy and to filter the power at the power supply input; and a first diode that is configured to supply current from the inductor, the first capacitor, or both the inductor and the first capacitor, to the second capacitor and to the power supply input. 3. The SMPS circuit of claim 2, wherein the first capacitor is charged and stores energy during periods when the first switch device is not conducting. 4. The SMPS circuit of claim 2, wherein the inductor stores energy during periods when the first switch device is conducting. 5. The SMPS circuit of claim 2, further comprising: a second diode connected between the inductor and the first capacitor, the second diode configured to allow current to flow out of the inductor and into the first diode, and configured to block current from flowing into the inductor from the first capacitor. 6. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a normally on switch device connected between the input power source and the power supply input, wherein the normally on switch device is configured to provide current to the power supply input during a startup phase of the SMPS controller during which the SMPS controller is not yet generating the output control signal. 7. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a normally on switch device connected in series between the input power source and the first switch device, wherein the normally on switch device and the first switch device are connected at a first connection point; and a second diode connected between the first connection point and the power supply input, the second diode configured to prevent excessive voltage at the power supply input; wherein the normally on switch device and the second diode supply power to the power supply input during a startup phase of the SMPS controller during which the SMPS controller is not yet generating the output control signal. 8. The SMPS circuit of claim 7, wherein the normally on switch device comprises a depletion-mode metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). 9. The SMPS circuit of claim 7, wherein the normally on switch device comprises a plurality of depletion-mode metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) cascaded together. 10. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switch device comprises an enhancement mode metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). 11. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a flyback converter wherein a primary winding of the flyback converter is connected between the input power source and the output of the first switch device. 12. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, wherein the SMPS circuit is a buck converter. 13. The SMPS circuit of claim 1, further comprising a clamping device configured to limit the voltage at the power supply input. 14. A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) circuit configured in a half-bridge configuration and connected to an input power source, the SMPS circuit supplying an output voltage waveform to an output load and comprising: an SMPS controller configured to generate a first output control signal and a second output control signal; a first switch device and a second switch device connected in series across the input power source, and having a common connection point that drives the output load; a high-side driver circuit that inputs the first output control signal and is configured to drive a high-side output control signal that controls the first switch device; a low-side driver circuit that inputs the second output control signal and is configured to drive a low-side output control signal that controls the second switch device; a high-side resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit configured to provide power to the high-side driver circuit, wherein the high-side resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit is configured to capture energy from the input power source when the output voltage waveform transitions between a low voltage state and a high voltage state; and a low-side resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit configured to provide power to the low-side driver circuit, wherein the low-side resonant energy capturing and filtering circuit is configured to capture energy from the input power source when the output voltage waveform transitions between a low voltage state and a high voltage state. 15. A method in a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) for supplying power to an SMPS controller, the SMPS including a first switch device configured to provide current to a load of the SMPS, the method comprising: supplying current from an input power source of the SMPS to the load of the SMPS by enabling the first switch device such that the first switch device is conducting; supplying current to a resonant energy capturing and filtering device via an electrical connection to the first switch device when the first switch device is enabled; disabling the first switch device such that the first switch device is not conducting; supplying current to the resonant energy capturing and filtering device via an electrical connection from the input power source, the supplied current not flowing through the first switch device when the first switch device is disabled; and supplying power to a power supply of the SMPS controller from the resonant energy capturing and filtering device. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the resonant energy capturing and filtering device comprises a first capacitor, and the current supplied to the resonant energy capturing and filtering device when the first switch is disabled energizes the first capacitor. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the resonant energy capturing and filter device comprises an inductor, and the current supplied to the resonant energy capturing and filtering device when the first switch is enabled energizes the inductor. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the resonant energy capturing and filtering device comprises an inductor or a capacitor or both, and a diode, wherein the diode is activated to allow current to flow from the inductor or the capacitor or both to a power supply input of the SMPS controller. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the resonant energy capturing and filtering device comprises: an inductor; a first capacitor that is connected to the output of the first switch device and to the inductor; a second capacitor connected to the power supply input and that is configured to store energy and to filter the power at the power supply input; and a first diode that is configured to supply current from the inductor, the first capacitor, or both the inductor and the first capacitor, to the second capacitor and to the power supply of the SMPS controller. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the resonant energy capturing and filtering device comprises a normally on switch device connected between the input power source and the power supply of the SMPS controller, wherein the normally on switch device is configured to provide current to the power supply of the SMPS controller during a startup phase of the SMPS controller, the startup phase preceding an initial enabling of the first switch device.",
-    "Compositions and methods for the disinfection of surfaces are provided. The compositions include at least about 40 weight percent of a C1-6 alcohol, and a primary enhancer selected from protein denaturants. The disinfectant composition is characterized by a pH of less than about 3. Broad spectrum efficacy is achieved, and synergistic activity is exhibited against C. difficile spores. 1-19. (canceled) 20. A composition for the disinfection of surfaces, the composition comprising: at least about 40 wt. % of a C1-6 alcohol, based upon the total weight of the composition, at least one primary enhancer, and at least one secondary enhancer selected from the group consisting of non-ionic surfactants, organic acids, antimicrobial agents, oxidizing agents, sugars, sugar alcohols, monosaccharides, glycerol and combinations thereof, wherein the disinfectant composition is characterized by a pH of less than about 3. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition exhibits a synergistically enhanced efficacy against bacterial and fungal spores, when compared to the efficacy of the alcohol or primary enhancer alone. 22. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition exhibits a synergistically enhanced efficacy against C. difficile spores, when compared to the efficacy of the alcohol or primary enhancer alone. 23. The composition of claim 20, wherein the primary enhancer is selected from the group consisting of amine-containing enhancers, \u03b1-aminoacids, salts of alkali metals, salts of alkaline earth metals, anionic surfactants, and combinations thereof. 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the amine-containing enhancer is selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, guanidine-HCl, guanidine thiocyanate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate, guanidine carbonate, guanidine phosphate, aminoguanidine-HCL, and combinations thereof. 25. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises at least two secondary enhancers. 26. The composition of claim 20, wherein the at least one secondary enhancer is selected from the group consisting of decyl glucoside, polyalkoxylated dimethicones, glycerol, and combinations thereof. 27. The composition of claim 20, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, lauric acid, tannic acid, and combinations thereof. 28. The composition of claim 20, wherein the antimicrobial agent is selected from the group consisting of triclosan, PCMX, chloroxylenol, hexetidine, chlorhexidine salts 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, iodine, phenol, bisphenol, diphenyl ether, phenol derivatives, povidone-iodine, parabens, hydantoins and derivatives thereof, phenoxyethanol, cis isomer of 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,6-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride, diazolidinyl urea, benzethonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, glyceryl laurate, transition metal compounds, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, anilides, bisguanidines, tropolone, C6-10-alkane diols, and combinations thereof. 29. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition provides a log reduction against spores of at least 1 when the contact time is from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. 30. A composition for the disinfection of surfaces, the composition comprising: at least about 40 wt. % of a C1-6 alcohol, based upon the total weight of the composition, and at least one primary enhancer selected from the group consisting of amine-containing enhancers, \u03b1-aminoacids, salts of alkali metals, salts of alkaline earth metals, anionic surfactants, and combinations thereof, at least one secondary enhancer selected from the group consisting of non-ionic surfactants, organic acids, antimicrobial agents, oxidizing agents, sugars, sugar alcohols, monosaccharides, glycerol, and combinations thereof, wherein the disinfectant composition is characterized by a pH of less than about 3. 31. The composition of claim 30, and wherein the composition exhibits a synergistically enhanced efficacy against bacterial and fungal spores, when compared to the efficacy of the alcohol or primary enhancer alone. 32. The composition of claim 30, wherein the composition exhibits a synergistically enhanced efficacy against C. difficile spores, when compared to the efficacy of the alcohol or primary enhancer alone. 33. The composition of claim 30, wherein the at least one primary enhancer is selected from the group consisting of amine-containing enhancers, anionic surfactants, and combinations thereof. 34. The composition of claim 30, wherein the amine-containing enhancer is selected from the group consisting of urea, thiourea, guanidine-HCl, guanidine thiocyanate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate, guanidine carbonate, guanidine phosphate, aminoguanidine-HCL, and combinations thereof. 35. The composition of claim 30, wherein the composition comprises at least two secondary enhancers. 36. The composition of claim 30, wherein the at least one secondary enhancer is selected from the group consisting of decyl glucoside, polyalkoxylated dimethicones, glycerol, and combinations thereof. 37. The composition of claim 30, wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, lauric acid, tannic acid, and combinations thereof. 38. The composition of claim 30, wherein the antimicrobial agent is selected from the group consisting of triclosan, PCMX, chloroxylenol, hexetidine, chlorhexidine salts 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, iodine, phenol, bisphenol, diphenyl ether, phenol derivatives, povidone-iodine, parabens, hydantoins and derivatives thereof, phenoxyethanol, cis isomer of 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,6-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride, diazolidinyl urea, benzethonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, glyceryl laurate, transition metal compounds, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, anilides, bisguanidines, tropolone, C6-10-alkane diols, and combinations thereof. 39. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition provides a log reduction against spores of at least 1 when the contact time is from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. 40. A composition for the disinfection of surfaces, the composition comprising: at least about 40 wt. % of a C1-6 alcohol, based upon the total weight of the composition, and at least one primary enhancer, at least one secondary enhancer, wherein the disinfectant composition is characterized by a pH of less than about 3, and wherein the composition provides a log reduction against spores of at least 1 when the contact time is from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. 41. The composition of claim 40, wherein the at least one primary enhancer is selected from the group consisting of amine-containing enhancers, \u03b1-aminoacids, salts of alkali metals, salts of alkaline earth metals, anionic surfactants, and combinations thereof. 42. The composition of claim 40, wherein the at least one secondary enhancer is selected from the group consisting of non-ionic surfactants, organic acids, antimicrobial agents, oxidizing agents, sugars, sugar alcohols, monosaccharides, glycerol, and combinations thereof.",
-    "A liquid supplying device includes a liquid cartridge and a cartridge mounting unit having a liquid extraction tube. The liquid cartridge includes a liquid chamber, a valve chamber extending in a first direction away from the liquid chamber, first and second air channels, a seal member having a through-hole, a valve element having a closing part, first and second sealing parts and a liquid channel. A third sealing part is provided on the closing part or the liquid extraction tube. The liquid extraction tube entering into the valve chamber through the through-hole contacts the closing part, moving the valve element in a second direction opposite to the first direction from a first state where the closing part closes the through-hole, to a second state where the third sealing part closes the through-hole, and to a third state where the valve chamber is communicated with inside of the liquid extraction tube. 1. A liquid cartridge comprising: a liquid chamber configured to store liquid therein; a valve chamber extending in a first direction away from the liquid chamber, the valve chamber being defined by a wall surface including a side wall surface and a proximal wall surface, the side wall surface extending in the first direction and having an annular shaped cross-section taken along a plane orthogonal to the first direction, the side wall surface having a first end and a second end positioned downstream of the first end in the first direction, the proximal wall surface provided on the first end of the side wall surface, the wall surface being formed with a first opening and a second opening, at least one of the first opening and the second opening being formed in the side wall surface; a first air channel configured to allow air to flow between the valve chamber and ambient air through the first opening; a second air channel configured to allow air to flow between the liquid chamber and the valve chamber through the second opening; a seal member provided on the second end of the side wall surface, the seal member being formed with a through-hole defined by a peripheral surface; a valve element disposed within the valve chamber and including a closing part configured to contact the seal member to close the through-hole, the valve element having an outer surface; a first sealing part having an annular shape and provided on the outer surface of the valve element, the first sealing part being in close contact with the side wall surface and configured to move in a second direction opposite to the first direction; a second sealing part having an annular shape and provided on the outer surface of the valve element at a position toward the second end of the side wall surface from the first sealing part, the second sealing part being in close contact with the side wall surface and configured to move in the second direction, the first sealing part and the second sealing part defining an enclosed space therebetween in the valve chamber; and a liquid channel configured to allow liquid to flow between the liquid chamber and a portion of the valve chamber toward the second end of the side wall surface from the second sealing part, wherein the valve element is configured to move in the second direction from a closed state to an open state, and wherein: in the closed state, the closing part closes the through-hole of the seal member, the first sealing part interrupting air flow between the first opening and the second opening and the second sealing part being positioned toward the second end of the side wall surface from the first opening and the second opening; and in the open state, the closing part is separated from the seal member and the liquid channel is in communication with outside of the valve chamber, air being allowed to flow between the first opening and the second opening through the enclosed space. 2. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a biasing member disposed within the valve chamber between the valve element and the proximal wall surface, the biasing member being configured to bias the valve element in the first direction, wherein the valve element is configured to move in the first direction and in the second direction within the valve chamber. 3. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 2, wherein the seal member includes a contact surface intersecting the first direction, and wherein the closing part is in contact with the contact surface of the seal member biased in the first direction to maintain the valve element in the closed state. 4. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the closed state, the first sealing part is positioned between the first opening and the second opening to interrupt air flow between the first opening and the second opening. 5. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein both of the first opening and the second opening are formed in the side wall surface constituting the valve chamber. 6. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid channel comprises: a first liquid channel configured to allow liquid to flow between the valve chamber and the liquid chamber through a third opening formed in the valve chamber near the first end of the side wall surface; and a second liquid channel penetrating the valve element, the second liquid channel connecting between a fourth opening and a fifth opening, the fourth opening being open on the valve element toward the first end of the side wall surface and the fifth opening being open on the valve element toward the second end of the side wall surface. 7. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 6, wherein the third opening is formed in the proximal wall surface. 8. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the side wall surface and the outer surface of the valve element have a circular shape in cross-section taken along a plane orthogonal to the first direction, and wherein the first sealing part and the second sealing part have a flange-like shape that protrudes radially outward from the outer surface of the valve element and that is formed continuously in a circumferential direction of the valve element. 9. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the valve element comprises a retaining part having a first rigidity, and each of the first sealing part and the second sealing part has a second rigidity, the first rigidity being greater than the second rigidity, wherein each of the first sealing part and the second sealing part fits around the retaining part. 10. The liquid cartridge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first sealing part and the second sealing part are formed of elastic material.",
-    "A computer implemented method, computer program product, and system for performing create, read, update, or delete operations on a plurality of resources in a client-server environment. In an embodiment, the computer implemented method includes the steps of identifying individual resources requiring operations to be performed, assigning local references for any resources to which a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) has not been provided by the server, generating metadata describing the local references and operations to be performed, wrapping each individual resource with the metadata to provide a plurality of wrapped resources arranging the wrapped resources into a single payload, and transmitting the single payload to the server. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: identifying individual resources of a plurality of resources requiring operations to be performed in a client-server environment, wherein identifying individual resources comprises traversing a resource graph stored in memory to identify individual resources requiring operations to be performed, detecting resources that reference other resources, and determining which resources do not have server-assigned URIs (Uniform Resource Identifier); assigning local references in a client domain for any resources that do not have server-assigned URIs, wherein assigning local references comprises identifying a resource in the client domain by a local reference; generating metadata describing the local references and operations to be performed including any other resources referenced by the local references, wherein the metadata is generated in RDF (Resource Description Framework) N-Triple format; wrapping each individual resource of the plurality of resources with the metadata to provide a plurality of wrapped resources, wherein wrapping each individual resource of the plurality of resources comprises including metadata associated with each resource of the plurality of resources; arranging the wrapped resources into a single payload; and transmitting the single payload to the server, wherein transmitting the single payload to the server comprises: utilizing an HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) POST operation for creating a resource on the server, utilizing an HTTP GET operation for retrieving a server-assigned URI of a new resource, utilizing an HTTP PUT operation for updating a resource, and utilizing an HTTP DELETE operation for deleting a resource.",
-    "A method and system for implementing a high availability and high performance database cluster are disclosed. The method comprises: installing a distributed block device replication software, a high availability cluster component, and a dependent package of database multi-master software on a host and a backup machine; building a distributed block device replication software environment in the cluster for synchronizing data of the backup machine with the host; building a high availability cluster component environment in the cluster; building a database multi-master environment among nodes of the host, the backup machine and a slave; and defining a resource on the host and the backup machine so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other and the slave can access database services provided by the host and the backup machine to provide uninterrupted database cluster services. 1. A method for implementing a high availability and high performance database cluster, comprising: A) installing a distributed block device replication software, a high availability cluster component, and a dependent package of database multi-master software on a host and a backup machine in the cluster; B) building a distributed block device replication software environment among the host and the backup machine in the cluster, so that the backup machine is capable of synchronizing its data with the host; C) building a high availability cluster component environment among the host and the backup machine in the cluster; D) building a database multi-master environment among nodes of the host, the backup machine and a slave in the cluster; and E) defining a resource on the host and the backup machine in the cluster, so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other and the slave is capable of accessing to database services provided by the host and the backup machine to provide uninterrupted database cluster services. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the database comprises MySQL, Oracle and DB2. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step B) further comprises: performing a configuration setting for a configuration file of the distributed block device replication software installed in the host and the backup machine of the cluster, creating block device resource of the distributed block device replication software, and activating the resource, so that the backup machine in the cluster is capable of synchronizing data with the host in the cluster. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step C) comprises: installing the high availability cluster component in the host and the backup machine of the cluster, and setting up configuration information for the installed high availability cluster component, so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other to provide uninterrupted services resource when a fault occurs, the configuration information comprising heartbeat interval, broadcast interface, heartbeat delay time, switching time, a host node name and a backup machine node name. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step E) comprises: configuring at the host and the backup machine respectively a host and a backup machine cluster resource information of the cluster, so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other via virtual IP and the slave is capable of accessing to the database services provided by the host and the backup machine by using the virtual IP, the information comprising a master node, a cluster virtual IP, a subnet mask, a broadcast address, and started services of a specified dual system. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the software is installed in a source installation manner when building the environment. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: generating a shell script for combination steps for each of components during building the environment, the shell script comprising at least functions of starting, stopping and checking status. 8. A high availability and high performance database cluster system comprising a high availability cluster and a high performance cluster, wherein the high availability cluster comprises a host and a backup machine, in which a distributed block device replication software, a high availability cluster component, and a dependent package of MySQL multi-master software are installed, and in which an environment of a distributed block device replication software module, a high availability cluster component module and a database multi-master module is built, wherein the distributed block device replication software module enables the backup machine to synchronize data with the host, and the high availability cluster component module enables the backup machine to monitor the working status of the host; and the high performance cluster further comprises a virtual IP host and at least one slave, the slave is installed with the database multi-master module, wherein the high availability cluster component module comprises a resource definition unit which defines resources of the host and backup machine of the high availability cluster, so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other, the slave being capable of accessing to database of the host and the backup machine to provide uninterrupted database cluster services. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein, the database comprises MySQL, Oracle and DB2. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the distributed block device replication software module further comprises a configuration information unit configured to perform a configuration setting for a configuration file of the installed distributed block device replication software on the host and the backup machine, create a device resource of the distributed block device replication software, and activate the resource, so that the backup machine is capable to synchronize data from the host. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the high availability cluster component module comprises a configuration information unit configured to set up configuration information for the high availability cluster component installed in the host and the backup machine, so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other to provide uninterrupted services resource when a fault occurs, the configuration information comprising a heartbeat interval, a broadcast interface, a heartbeat delay time, a switching time, a host node name and a backup machine node name. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein a host and a backup machine cluster resource information of the cluster system is configured through the resource definition unit, so that the host and the backup machine are switchable to each other via virtual IP and the slave is capable of accessing to database of the host and the backup machine by using the virtual IP, the cluster resource information comprising a master node, a cluster virtual IP, a subnet mask, a broadcast address, and started services of a specified dual system. 13. The system of claim 8, further comprising: a script generation module implemented by a process and configured to write combination steps for each of components during building the cluster system environment to generate a shell script, the shell script comprising at least functions of starting, stopping and checking status.",
-    "Provided is a method for increasing pattern density of a structure on a substrate using an integration scheme comprising: providing a substrate having a patterned layer comprising a first mandrel and an underlying layer; performing a first conformal spacer deposition creating a first conformal layer; performing a first spacer reactive ion etch (RIE) process on the first conformal layer, creating a first spacer pattern; performing a first mandrel pull removing the first mandrel; performing a second conformal spacer deposition creating a second conformal layer; performing a second RIE process creating a second spacer pattern, the first spacer pattern acting as a second mandrel; performing a second mandrel pull process removing the first spacer pattern; and transferring the second spacer pattern into the underlying layer; where the integration targets include patterning uniformity, pulldown of structures, slimming of structures, and gouging of the underlying layer. 1. A method for increasing pattern density of a structure on a substrate using an integration scheme, the integration scheme configured to meet integration targets, the method comprising: providing a substrate having a patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising a first mandrel and an underlying layer; performing a first conformal spacer deposition, the deposition creating a first conformal layer above the patterned layer; performing a first spacer reactive ion etch (RIE) process on the first conformal layer, the RIE process creating a first spacer pattern; performing a first mandrel pull process, the first mandrel pull process removing the first mandrel; performing a second conformal spacer deposition, the deposition creating a second conformal layer; performing a second RIE process on the second conformal layer, the RIE process creating a second spacer pattern, the first spacer pattern being used as a second mandrel; performing a second mandrel pull process, the second mandrel pull process removing the first spacer pattern; and transferring the second spacer pattern into the underlying layer; wherein the integration targets include patterning uniformity (uniformity), pulldown of structures (pulldown), slimming of structures (slimming), and gouging of the underlying layer (gouging). 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: controlling selected two or more integration operating variables in two or more steps involving deposition processes, RIE processes, pull processes, and pattern transfer process of the integration scheme. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first mandrel comprises silicon, the underlying layer comprises a TiO2 or Al2O3, or thin oxide atomic layer deposition material, and the first conformal spacer comprises silicon nitride and the second conformal spacer comprises aluminum oxide. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the first spacer RIE process is performed with a first spacer pulldown and a second spacer pulldown of less than 10 nm. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the spacer RIE process uses a high density plasma with low plasma potential to limit pulldown due to ion impingement on corners of the first spacer and the second spacer. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the spacer RIE process uses an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source or capacitively coupled plasma (ICP) with pulsing capability. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first mandrel pull process is performed with a high density plasma source configured to yield a minimum critical dimension (CD) slimming of the first spacer to 3 nm or less and configured to control gouging of the underlying layer in a range from 0.05 nm to 5.00 nm. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first mandrel pull process utilized a mixture of hydrogen bromide and oxygen or chlorine and hydrogen, and wherein the second mandrel pull process utilized CH3F/O2/Ar, CH3/H2/Ar or CH3/H2/He. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the uniformity is in a range of \u22125% to +5% of a mean critical dimension of the structure, the pulldown is in a range of 0.5 to 15.0 nm, slimming is in a range from 0.5 to 3.0 nm, and gouging is in a range from 0.05 to 5.00 nm. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first mandrel comprises silicon nitride and the first conformal spacer comprises silicon compound. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the second conformal spacer comprises silicon nitride and the first spacer pull process utilized a mixture of hydrogen bromide and oxygen or a mixture of chlorine and helium. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the first mandrel comprises an amorphous carbon layer, the underlying layer comprises TiO2 or TiN or Al2O3, or thin oxide atomic layer deposition material, and the first spacer pull process utilized a CH3F/O2/Ar, CH3/H2/Ar or CH3/H2/He gas mixture. 13. A method for increasing pattern density of a structure on a substrate using an integration scheme, the integration scheme configured to meet integration targets, the method comprising: providing a substrate in a processing chamber, the substrate having a patterned layer, the patterned layer comprising a first mandrel and an underlying layer; performing a first conformal spacer deposition using silicon nitride, the deposition creating a first conformal layer above the patterned layer; performing a first spacer reactive ion etch (RIE) process on the first conformal layer, the RIE process creating a first spacer pattern; performing a first mandrel pull process, the first mandrel pull process removing the first mandrel; performing a second conformal spacer deposition, the deposition creating a second conformal layer; performing a second RIE process on the second conformal layer, the RIE process creating a second spacer pattern, the first spacer pattern being used as a second mandrel; performing a second mandrel pull process, the second mandrel pull process removing the first spacer pattern; and transferring the first spacer pattern into the underlying layer using two masks, the two masks comprising the mandrel and the second spacer pattern; wherein the integration targets include patterning uniformity (uniformity), pulldown of structures (pulldown), slimming of structures (slimming), and gouging of the underlying layer (gouging). 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: controlling selected two or more integration operating variables in two or more steps involving deposition processes, RIE processes, pull processes, and pattern transfer process of the integration scheme. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the first mandrel comprises silicon, the underlying layer comprises a first layer of thin oxide and a second layer of titanium nitride, and the first conformal deposition comprises silicon nitride. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the second conformal deposition comprises Al2O3, and the first RIE gases comprise CH3F/O2/Ar or CH3/H2/Ar or CH3/H2/He. 17. The method of claim 13 wherein the uniformity \u22125% to +5% of a mean critical dimension of the structure, the pulldown of a structure is in a range of 0.5 to 15.0 nm 18. The method of claim 13 wherein slimming is in a range from 0.5 to 3.0 nm and gouging is in a range from 0.05 to 5.00 nm. 19. The method of claim 13 wherein the first mandrel comprises silicon, the first conformal deposition is Al2O3, the second conformal deposition is TiO, and the first RIE gases comprise BCl3, CF4, Ar and the second RIE gases comprise C4F8/O2 with a carrier gas that is Ar or He or C4F6/O2 with a carrier gas that is Ar or He. 20. The method of claim 13 wherein all manufacturing processes of the integration scheme are performed using the processing chamber.",
-    "Embodiments presented herein are generally directed to hearing prostheses configured to execute sound processing (e.g., beamforming techniques) specifically designed to provide better performance for single-side deaf recipients. 1. A method performed at a hearing prosthesis worn by a recipient, the method comprising: monitoring a spatial region proximate to a first ear of the recipient for a sound, wherein the spatial region is a head shadow region of a second ear of the recipient; detecting the sound within the spatial region; and presenting the sound to the recipient via the hearing prosthesis. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: filtering the sound to remove frequency components below a frequency threshold; and presenting only frequency components of the sound that have an associated frequency greater than the frequency threshold to the recipient. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the spatial region proximate to the first ear for sounds comprises: monitoring a spatial region having an angular width so as to substantially avoid overlap with hearing of the second ear at selected frequencies. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: analyzing an input level of the sound; and when the input level is below a threshold, placing the hearing prosthesis in a low power state in which the hearing prosthesis does not present the detected sound to the recipient. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the hearing prosthesis, when worn by the recipient, includes a front-facing omnidirectional microphone and a rear-facing omnidirectional microphone. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein detecting the sound comprises: detecting sounds with the front-facing omnidirectional microphone; detecting sounds with the rear-facing omnidirectional microphone; and convolving the sounds detected with the front-facing omnidirectional microphone with the sounds detected with the rear-facing omnidirectional microphone. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein detecting the sound comprises: detecting sounds with the front-facing omnidirectional microphone; detecting sounds with the rear-facing omnidirectional microphone; calculating a cross correlation between the front and rear cardioids to generate a correlated signal; and using the correlated signal for presentation of the sound via the hearing prosthesis. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein detecting the sound comprises: detecting sounds with the front-facing omnidirectional microphone; detecting sounds with the rear-facing omnidirectional microphone; identifying sounds found in both the front and rear facing calculated cardioids; and retaining only the sounds found in both the front and rear cardioids. 9. A method, comprising: monitoring a spatial region proximate to a first ear of a recipient using a hearing prosthesis comprising a pair of microphones and a signal processing path, wherein the signal processing path has sensitivity in a spatial region that is complementary to hearing of a second ear of the recipient at selected frequencies; determining whether a sound is present within the spatial region; and when the sound is present in the spatial region, activating one or more side-beamforming audio settings to present the sound to the recipient via the hearing prosthesis. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein activating one or more side-beamforming audio settings comprises: filtering the sound to remove frequency components below a threshold; and presenting to the recipient only frequency components of the sound that have an associated frequency greater than the threshold. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein activating one or more side-beamforming audio settings comprises: applying a gain to the sound. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein applying gain to the sound comprises: applying to the sound a gain that is proportionally related to an input level of the sound. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein applying gain to the sound comprises: determining whether the input level of the sound is greater than a threshold; and applying a gain only when the sound has an associated input level that is greater than the threshold. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein activating one or more side-beamforming audio settings comprises: estimating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sound; and presenting the sound to the recipient via the hearing prosthesis only when the SNR estimate is greater than a threshold. 15. A hearing prosthesis, comprising: two or more microphones configured to detect a sound signal at a first ear of a recipient having a second ear; a sound processor configured to: determine whether the sound signal is detected within a spatial region having an angular width so as to substantially avoid overlap with hearing of the second ear of the recipient at a plurality of frequencies, and when the sound signal is detected within a spatial region, generate stimulation drive signals representative of the sound signal; and a stimulation unit configured to generate, based on the stimulation drive signals, stimulation signals configured to evoke perception of the sound signal at the second ear. 16. The hearing prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the sound processor is configured to: filter the sound detected within the spatial region to remove frequency components below a threshold; and generate stimulation drive signals representative of only frequency components of the sound that have an associated frequency greater than the threshold. 17. The hearing prosthesis of claim 15, wherein the sound processor is configured to: apply a gain to the sound signal detected within the spatial region. 18. The hearing prosthesis of claim 17, wherein to apply gain to the sound signal detected within the spatial region, the sound processor is configured to: apply a gain to the sound signal that is proportionally related to an input level of the sound signal. 19. The hearing prosthesis of claim 17, wherein to apply gain to the sound signal detected within the spatial region, the sound processor is configured to: determine whether the input level of the sound signal detected within the spatial region is greater than a threshold; and applying a gain only when the sound signal has an associated input level that is greater than the threshold.",
-    "A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes attaching a semiconductor substrate to a support substrate in a heated state, and processing the semiconductor substrate attached to the support substrate. The support substrate has a linear coefficient different from that of the semiconductor substrate. In an overlap region in which the support substrate overlaps the semiconductor substrate attached to the support substrate, a plurality of through-holes penetrating the support substrate from a front surface to a rear surface is provided. A straight line drawn on the front surface of the support substrate in any direction intersects with at least one of the through holes as long as the straight line is drawn through a center of the overlap region. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: attaching a semiconductor substrate to a support substrate in a heated state; and processing the semiconductor substrate attached to the support substrate, wherein the support substrate has a linear expansion coefficient different from a linear expansion coefficient of the semiconductor substrate, in an overlap region in which the support substrate overlaps the semiconductor substrate attached to the support substrate, a plurality of through holes penetrate the support substrate from a front surface to a rear surface, and a straight line drawn through a center of the overlap region and on the front surface of the support substrate in any direction intersects with at least one of the through holes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the linear expansion coefficient of the support substrate is larger than the linear expansion coefficient of the semiconductor substrate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of through holes comprises: a group of first through holes extending intermittently along a first circle around the center of the overlap region; and a group of second through holes extending intermittently along a second circle around the center of the overlap region, and a radius of the first circle is different from a radius of the second circle. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of through holes comprises: a group of third through holes extending along a first direction; and a group of fourth through holes extending along a second direction intersecting the first direction, and the third through holes and the fourth through holes are arranged in a matrix along the first and second directions so that each of the third through holes is adjacent to one of the fourth through holes and each of the fourth through holes is adjacent to one of the third through-holes.",
-    "A method, apparatus, system and computer program is provided for controlling an electric power system, including implementation of voltage measurement using paired comparison analysis applied to calculating a shift in average usage per customer from one time period to another time period for a given electrical use population where the pairing process is optimized using a novel technique to improve the accuracy of the measurement. 1. A control system for an electric power grid configured to supply electric power from a supply point to a plurality of consumption locations, the system comprising: a plurality of sensors, wherein each sensor is located at a respective one of a plurality of distribution locations on the distribution grid at or between the supply point and at least one of the plurality of consumption locations, and wherein each sensor is configured to sense a component of the supplied electric power received at the respective distribution location and to generate measurement data based on the sensed component of the power; a controller configured to receive measurement data from the plurality of sensors, and to operate the electric power grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state; wherein the controller generates an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data; a component adjusting device configured to adjust a component of the electric power grid in response to the energy delivery parameter; wherein the controller is configured to determine, using an energy validation process, the change in energy characteristics between the modification-on state and the modification- off state, using a paired comparison. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller generates an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data when the controller is in the modification- on state, but not when the controller is in the modification-off state. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is measured by the sensors on an interval basis. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is voltage. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the modification is conservation voltage reduction (CVR). 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the component of the electric power grid adjusting device comprises: a load tap change transformer that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on a load tap change coefficient; or a voltage regulator that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the load tap change transformer is located at a substation and at least one sensor is located at the substation. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the paired comparison includes a pairing process for selecting pairs of data to compare. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the paired comparison includes a paired t measurement. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the paired comparison comprises an additional process that breaks the paired comparison process into measurements by season and uses linear regression constants to determine the blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons can be calculated within predetermined limits. 13. The system of claim 5, wherein the change in energy characteristic is determined at a a CVR node. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the paired comparison includes a pairing process and the pairing process includes applying at least one filter selected from the group consisting of: a temperature filter, a prior time filter, a relative humidity filter, an interval index filter, a MW filter, a voltage filter, a linear value correlation filter, and an outlier filter. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the temperature filter and the temperature filter is configured to not pair records that are not within a predetermined temperature difference. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the prior time filter and the prior time filter is configured to not pair records that are not within a predetermined average temperature difference for a predetermined prior time period immediately preceding the time when the records were taken. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the predetermined prior time is about six hours. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the predetermined prior time is about seventy two hours. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the relative humidity filter and the relative humidity filter is configured to not pair records that are not within a predetermined humidity difference. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the interval index filter and the interval index filter is configured to order sub-interval periods by a loading impact of each sub-interval period and to not pair records that are not within a predetermined index offset value. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the MW filter and the MW filter is configured to not pair records that not within a predetermined MW difference. 22. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the voltage filter and the voltage filter is configured to not pair records that not within a predetermined voltage difference. 23. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the linear value correlation filter and the linear value correlation filter is configured to not pair records that not within a predetermined linear correlation factor. 24. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one filter includes the outlier filter and the outlier filter is configured to exclude paired records greater than a predetermined Median Absolute Deviation (MAD). 25. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to use the paired t p-factor to eliminate data having values outside of corresponding predetermined normalized ranges of values to determine measurement accuracy. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determining the change in energy characteristic based on a first variable. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the first variable is season, grouped hour, or customer type. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the controller is configured to provide a second pairing variable that is secondary to the first pairing variable, to pair the first variable values to the closest modification-off to modification-on values, and determining a weighed scoring of the pairs based on the relative slopes of the linear relationship between the first and second respective variables. 29. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to exclude data that is affected by non-efficiency variables. 30. A method for controlling electrical power supplied to a plurality of distribution locations located at or between a supply point and at least one consumption location, each of the plurality of distribution locations including at least one sensor configured to sense a voltage of the supplied electric power received at the respective distribution location and generate measurement data based on the sensed voltage, the method comprising: controlling the electric power grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state; wherein a controller generates an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data when the controller is in the modification-on state, but not when the controller is in the modification-off state; operating an component adjusting device configured to adjust a component of the electric power grid in response to the energy delivery parameter; measuring the component of the supplied electric power with the sensors on an interval basis using an energy validation process, and determining the change in energy characteristics between the voltage conservation-voltage-reduction-on state and the conservation-voltage-reduction-off being using a paired comparison. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is voltage. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the modification is conservation voltage reduction (CVR). 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the component of the electric power grid adjusting device comprises: a load tap change transformer that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on a load tap change coefficient; or a voltage regulator that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter. 34. The method of claim 30 wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor. 35. The method of claim 30, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings. 36. The method of claim 30, wherein the paired comparison includes a pairing process for selecting pairs of data to compare. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the paired comparison includes a paired t measurement. 38. The method of claim 30, wherein the paired comparison comprises an additional process that breaks the paired comparison process into measurements by season and uses linear regression constants to determine the blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons can be calculated accurately, within predetermined limits. 39. The method of claim 30, wherein the paired comparison includes a pairing process and the pairing process includes applying at least one filter selected from the group consisting of: a temperature filter, a prior time filter, a relative humidity filter, an interval index filter, a MW filter, a voltage filter, a linear value correlation filter, and an outlier filter.",
-    "An LDMOS device includes a handle portion having a buried dielectric layer and a semiconductor layer thereon doped a second dopant type. A drift region doped a first type is within the semiconductor layer providing a drain extension. A gate stack includes a gate electrode on a gate dielectric layer on respective sides of a junction with the drift region. A DWELL region is within the semiconductor layer. A source region doped the first type is within the DWELL region. A drain region doped the first type is within the drift region. A first partial buried layer doped the second type is in a first portion of the drift region including under the gate electrode. A second partial buried layer doped the first type is in a second portion of the drift region including under the drain. 1. A laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) device, comprising: a handle portion having a blanket buried dielectric (BOX) layer thereon and a semiconductor layer on said BOX layer, said semiconductor layer doped a second dopant type; a drift region doped a first dopant type within said semiconductor layer to provide a drain extension region; a gate stack including a gate dielectric layer over a channel portion of said semiconductor layer adjacent to and on respective sides of a junction with said drift region and a patterned gate electrode on said gate dielectric layer; a DWELL region within said semiconductor layer; a source region doped said first dopant type within said DWELL region; a drain region doped said first dopant type within said drift region; a first partial buried layer doped said second dopant type in a first portion of said drift region including under at least a portion of said gate electrode, and a second partial buried layer doped said first dopant type in a second portion of said drift region including under said drain region. 2. The LDMOS device of claim 1, further comprising a body region doped said second dopant type within said semiconductor layer, wherein said drift region and said DWELL region are formed with said body region. 3. The LDMOS device of claim 1, wherein said first partial buried layer is a blanket layer and said second partial buried layer is a localized layer having a doping level sufficiently high to counterdope a doping level in said first partial buried layer. 4. The LDMOS device of claim 1, wherein said second partial buried layer is a blanket layer and said first partial buried layer is a localized layer having a doping level sufficiently high to counterdope a doping level in said second partial buried layer. 5. The LDMOS device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of field plates (FPs) in a staggered FP arrangement selected from said gate electrode and at least one metal layer, wherein said staggered FP arrangement comprises said FPs being staggered relative to one another with each said FP overlapping a larger portion of said drift region as its vertical distance to said drift region increases. 6. The LDMOS device of claim 1, wherein said LDMOS device comprises an NLDMOS device. 7. The LDMOS device of claim 1, wherein said LDMOS device comprises a PLDMOS device. 8. The LDMOS device of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises silicon, wherein said gate dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride (SiON) and wherein said gate electrode comprises polysilicon. 9. The LDMOS device of claim 1, wherein said LDMOS device comprises a first LDMOS device and a second LDMOS device, said first LDMOS device having a different said partial buried layer compared to said second LDMOS device. 10. A method of forming a laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) device, comprising: providing a handle portion having a blanket buried dielectric (BOX) layer thereon and a semiconductor layer on said BOX layer, said semiconductor layer doped a second dopant type; forming a first partial buried layer doped said second dopant type in a first portion of said semiconductor layer; forming a second partial buried layer doped a first dopant type in a second portion of said semiconductor layer; forming a drift region doped said first dopant type within said semiconductor layer; implanting a portion of said semiconductor layer lateral to said drift region including at least a first well implant comprising said second dopant type (DWELL implant) into said semiconductor layer to form a DWELL region; forming a gate stack including forming a gate dielectric layer over a channel region in said semiconductor layer adjacent to and on respective sides of a junction with said drift region, then a patterned gate electrode on said gate dielectric layer, wherein said gate stack is formed at least in part over said first partial buried layer; forming a source region within said DWELL region, and forming a drain region within said drift region and over said second partial buried layer. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming a body region doped said second dopant type in said semiconductor layer, wherein said drift region and said DWELL region are both formed with said body region. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising growing an epitaxial layer on said semiconductor layer after said forming said first partial buried layer and said forming said second partial buried layer, wherein said body region is formed in said epitaxial layer. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said forming said first partial buried layer comprises forming a blanket layer and said forming said second partial buried layer comprises a masked implant to form a localized layer having a doping level sufficiently high to counterdope a doping level in said first partial buried layer. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein said forming said second partial buried layer comprises forming a blanket layer and forming said first partial buried layer comprises a masked implant to form a localized layer having a doping level sufficiently high to counterdope a doping level in said second partial buried layer. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein said forming said first partial buried layer comprises a masked implant to form a localized layer, and wherein said forming said second partial buried layer comprises a masked implant to form a localized layer. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming a plurality of field plates (FPs) selected from said gate electrode and at least one metal layer, wherein said FPs are staggered relative to one another with each said FP overlapping a larger portion of said drift region as its vertical distance to said drift region increases. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein said substrate comprises silicon, wherein said gate dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride (SiON) and wherein said gate electrode comprises polysilicon. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein said LDMOS device comprises a first LDMOS device and a second LDMOS device, said first LDMOS device having a different said partial buried layer compared to said second LDMOS device.",
-    "A color management system includes a measurement unit and a controller. The measurement unit measures a color difference between multiple colorimeters by using at least one detection color patch in accordance with colorimetry conditions used for the colorimeters. The controller generates, in a case where the color difference between the colorimeters is equal to or higher than a threshold for the detection color patch, a correction profile for correcting the color difference between the colorimeters. 1. A color management system comprising: a measurement unit that measures a color difference between a plurality of colorimeters by using at least one detection color patch in accordance with colorimetry conditions used for the colorimeters; and a controller that generates, in a case where the color difference between the colorimeters is equal to or higher than a threshold for the detection color patch, a correction profile for correcting the color difference between the colorimeters. 2. The color management system according to claim 1, wherein the colorimetry conditions include types of the plurality of colorimeters and colorimetry modes. 3. The color management system according to claim 2, wherein in a case where the types of the plurality of colorimeters are identical and where the colorimetry modes are identical, the detection color patch is a white patch. 4. The color management system according to claim 2, wherein in a case where the types of the plurality of colorimeters are identical and where the colorimetry modes are different, the detection color patch is a white patch. 5. The color management system according to claim 2, wherein in a case where the types of the plurality of colorimeters are different and where the colorimetry modes are identical, the detection color patches are a white patch and a cyan patch. 6. The color management system according to claim 2, wherein in a case where the types of the plurality of colorimeters are different and where the colorimetry modes are different, the detection color patches are a white patch and a cyan patch. 7. The color management system according to claim 1, wherein the controller computes, from the color difference between the colorimeters, a predicted color difference to be obtained in a case where full-color-gamut patches are used and outputs the predicted color difference. 8. The color management system according to claim 2, wherein the controller computes, from the color difference between the colorimeters, a predicted color difference to be obtained in a case where full-color-gamut patches are used and outputs the predicted color difference. 9. The color management system according to claim 3, wherein the controller computes, from the color difference between the colorimeters, a predicted color difference to be obtained in a case where full-color-gamut patches are used and outputs the predicted color difference. 10. The color management system according to claim 4, wherein the controller computes, from the color difference between the colorimeters, a predicted color difference to be obtained in a case where full-color-gamut patches are used and outputs the predicted color difference. 11. The color management system according to claim 5, wherein the controller computes, from the color difference between the colorimeters, a predicted color difference to be obtained in a case where full-color-gamut patches are used and outputs the predicted color difference. 12. The color management system according to claim 6, wherein the controller computes, from the color difference between the colorimeters, a predicted color difference to be obtained in a case where full-color-gamut patches are used and outputs the predicted color difference. 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process comprising: measuring a color difference between a plurality of colorimeters by using a detection color patch in accordance with colorimetry conditions used for the colorimeters; and generating, in a case where the color difference between the colorimeters is equal to or higher than a threshold for the detection color patch, a correction profile for correcting the color difference between the colorimeters. 14. A color management method comprising: measuring a color difference between a plurality of colorimeters by using a detection color patch in accordance with colorimetry conditions used for the colorimeters; and generating, in a case where the color difference between the colorimeters is equal to or higher than a threshold for the detection color patch, a correction profile for correcting the color difference between the colorimeters.",
-    "In a device for controlling a motor mounted on a system with different operation modes, a controller unit calculates an input value for the motor based on an output value of the motor and a target value depending on operation modes of the system, and instructs a driver circuit of the motor to apply the input value to the motor. An estimation unit estimates an amount of rise in temperature of the motor by applying the input value for the motor to a thermal model of the motor. A notification unit compares a value estimated by the estimation unit with a threshold value. When the estimated value exceeds the threshold value, the notification unit sends a request for change of operation mode to the system. 1. A device for controlling a motor mounted on a system with different operation modes, comprising: a controller unit configured to calculate an input value for the motor based on an output value of the motor and a target value depending on operation modes of the system, and to instruct a driver circuit of the motor to apply the input value to the motor; an estimation unit configured to estimate an amount of rise in temperature of the motor by applying the input value for the motor to a thermal model of the motor; and a notification unit configured to compare a value estimated by the estimation unit with a threshold value, and when the estimated value exceeds the threshold value, to send a request for change of operation mode to the system. 2. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a detector unit configured to detect a rotation rate of the motor to be used as the output value of the motor; and a rate control unit configured to calculate the width of a pulse from the difference in rotation rate of the motor between a value detected by the detector unit and the target value depending on operation modes of the system, and to assign the width of the pulse as the input value for the motor, the pulse being to be applied to the motor by the driver circuit of the motor. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the estimation unit includes: a measuring unit configured to measure a power loss of the motor from a pulse width calculated by the rate control unit; and a low pass filter configured to integrate power losses of the motor measured by the measuring unit by using the thermal model of the motor to estimate the amount of rise in temperature of the motor. 4. The device according to claim 2, wherein the estimation unit includes a low pass filter configured to integrate pulse widths calculated by the rate control unit by using the thermal model of the motor to estimate the amount of rise in temperature of the motor. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the estimation unit updates estimation values at longer time intervals than the controller unit updates input values for the motor. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the estimation unit is equipped with two types of the thermal model of the motor, a heating model and a cooling model, and uses the heating model when the input value of the motor or the output value of the motor indicates driving of the motor, and uses the cooling model when the input value of the motor or the output value of the motor indicates stop of the motor. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the operation modes of the system include two or more modes differing in average power loss of the motor; and the notification unit arranges an order in which the system should change operation modes to reduce the average power loss of the motor stepwise, and instructs the system to change operation modes in the order by sending requests for change of operation mode to the system. 8. An image forming apparatus comprising: a main controller unit configured to assign an operation mode depending on a job received from a user; two or more motors configured to be used in transferring a sheet and forming the image on the sheet; two or more driver circuits configured to supply power to their respective motors of the two or more motors; and a motor control unit including: a controller unit configured to calculate input values for the two or more motors based on output values of the two or more motors and target values depending on operation modes of the image forming apparatus, and to instruct the two or more driver circuits to apply the input values to their respective motors; an estimation unit configured to estimate amounts of rise in temperature of the two or more motors by applying the input values for the two or more motors to a thermal model of the two or more motors; and a notification unit configured to compare a value estimated by the estimation unit with a threshold value, and when the estimated value exceeds the threshold value, to send a request for change of operation mode to the main controller unit. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the main controller unit, in response to the request for change of operation mode from the notification unit, selects an operation mode to be changed depending on the length of time before a job currently processed will be finished. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the main controller unit, in response to the request for change of operation mode from the notification unit, changes operation modes to enlarge the intervals of feeding sheets. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the main controller unit, in response to the request for change of operation mode from the notification unit, changes operation modes to reduce the rate of feeding a sheet. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the main controller unit, in response to the request for change of operation mode from the notification unit, changes operation modes to keep one motor of the two or more motors waiting or reduce the average driving time of the one motor when, for the one motor, the value estimated by the estimation unit exceeds the threshold value. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising a fan configured to cool at least one portion of the image forming apparatus, wherein the main controller unit, in response to the request for change of operation mode from the notification unit, changes operation modes to change a rotation rate of the fan.",
-    "Various embodiments are directed to systems and methods for obtaining and analyzing mobile device user attribute data. In various embodiments, a central server is configured to generate inquiry data configured to cause a mobile device to request user input from a user of the mobile device and to compile user attribute data into response data to be provided to the central server. The central server may then transmit the inquiry data to an interface system configured to communicate the inquiry data to the one or more mobile devices. The central server may be additionally configured to receive the response data generated by the mobile devices, either directly from the mobile devices and/or from the interface system. The central server may then analyze the receive response data to determine a population density of mobile device users based on the response data. 1. A computer-implemented method for obtaining data indicative of attributes of mobile device users, the method comprising steps for: generating inquiry data at a central server, wherein the inquiry data is configured to cause a mobile device to request user input from a user of the mobile device and to compile user attribute data into response data and wherein the user attribute data comprises data indicative of the user input and data stored locally on the mobile device; transmitting the inquiry data to an interface system, wherein the interface system is configured to communicate with one or more mobile devices and to transmit the inquiry data to one or more mobile devices; and receiving, via the central server, response data generated by one or more mobile devices, wherein the response data is received from the interface system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the inquiry data is configured to generate a prompt requesting the user input on a mobile device, and is configured to compile the user attribute data after receipt of user input in response to the prompt. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the inquiry data comprises an executable portion to be stored on a mobile device, and wherein the executable portion is configured to initiate in response to receipt of user input in response to the prompt. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the attribute data comprises the location of the mobile device at the time a user provides the requested user input, and wherein the inquiry data is configured to cause the mobile device to determine the location of the mobile device and to store data indicative of the location of the mobile device as a portion of the attribute data. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the response data received via the central server comprises the response data generated by one or more mobile devices and supplemental data provided by the interface system. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the interface system is configured to remotely manage one or more software programs operated by one or more mobile devices, and wherein the interface system is configured to transmit the inquiry data to the one or more mobile devices having the one or more software programs stored thereon. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the interface system is configured to transmit the inquiry data to the one or more mobile devices in response to a trigger event. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the trigger event is selected from: activation of a software program stored on the mobile device, the occurrence of a time, or a determination that the mobile device is located within a defined geographical area. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising steps for analyzing the response data generated by the one or more mobile devices to determine a population density of mobile device users based at least in part on a portion of the response data. 10. A computer-implemented method for obtaining data indicative of attributes of mobile device users, the method comprising steps for: generating inquiry data at a central server; transmitting the inquiry data to one or more mobile devices, wherein the inquiry data is configured to cause each mobile device to request user input from a user, to determine the location of the mobile device upon receipt of user input, and to compile response data comprising data indicative of the user input, data indicative of the determined location of the mobile device, and data indicative of mobile device attribute data; and receiving response data generated by the one or more mobile devices. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising steps for analyzing the response data generated by the one or more mobile devices to determine a population density of mobile device users based at least in part on a portion of the response data. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein transmitting the inquiry data comprises transmitting the inquiry data in response to a trigger event. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the inquiry data is configured to generate a prompt requesting the user input on a mobile device, and to compile the user attribute data after receipt of user input in response to the prompt. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the inquiry data comprises an executable portion to be stored on a mobile device, and wherein the executable portion is configured to initiate in response to receipt of user input in response to the prompt. 15. A system for obtaining data indicative of attributes of mobile device users, the system comprising: one or more memory storage areas; and one or more central computer processors collectively configured to: generate inquiry data, wherein the inquiry data is configured to cause a mobile device to request user input from a user of the mobile device and to compile user attribute data into response data and wherein the user attribute data comprises data indicative of the user input and data stored locally on the mobile device; transmit the inquiry data to an interface system, wherein the interface system is configured to communicate with one or more mobile devices and to transmit the inquiry data to one or more mobile devices; and receive response data generated by one or more mobile devices, wherein the response data is received from the interface system. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the processors are further configured to analyze the response data generated by the one or more mobile devices to determine a population density of mobile device users based at least in part on a portion of the response data. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the inquiry data is configured to generate a prompt requesting the user input on a mobile device, and to compile the user attribute data after receipt of user input in response to the prompt. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the inquiry data comprises an executable portion to be stored on a mobile device, and wherein the executable portion is configured to initiate in response to receipt of user input in response to the prompt. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising an interface system, wherein the interface system comprises: one or more interface memory storage areas; and one or more interface computer processors, wherein the one or more interface computer processors are configured to: receive the inquiry data transmitted from the central computer processors; transmit the inquiry data to the one or more mobile devices; receive the response data generated by the one or more mobile devices; and transmit the response data to the central computer processors. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the one or more interface computer processors are additionally configured to modify the response data to include supplemental data generated by the one or more interface computer processors prior to transmitting the response data to the central computer processors.",
-    "A reductant supply system includes a pump having a suction side and a discharge side, and a tank that holds a reductant therein. A reductant supply passageway extends from the tank to the suction side of the pump so as to supply the reductant from the tank to the pump. Further, a reductant discharge passageway extends from the discharge side of the pump and is configured to supply the reductant to a reductant injection assembly that injects the reductant into an exhaust stream of an engine. The system further includes purge componentry that connects the reductant supply passageway to an ambient air source during a purging operation such that the reductant supply system draws air from the air source sequentially through the purge passageway, the reductant supply passageway, and the pump assembly to purge at least the reductant supply passageway and the pump assembly during the purging operation. 1. A reductant supply system, comprising: a tank defining a cavity, the cavity configured to hold a reductant; a pump assembly having a suction side that is fluidly coupled to the tank, and having a suction side that is configured to fluidly couple to a reductant injection assembly, the reductant injection assembly configured to inject the reductant into an exhaust stream of an engine; a reductant supply passageway that extends from the tank to the suction side of the pump assembly so as to fluidly couple the tank to the pump assembly; and a purge passageway connected to the reductant supply passageway between an inlet of the reductant supply passageway and the pump assembly, the purge passageway configured to selectively couple the pump assembly to an ambient air source during a purging operation such that the pump assembly is configured to draw air from the ambient air source through both the reductant supply passageway and the pump assembly during the purging operation to purge the reductant from the reductant supply passageway and the pump assembly. 2. The reductant supply system of claim 1, wherein the purge passageway includes a valve that selectively couples the reductant supply passageway to the ambient air source during the purging operation, wherein the ambient air source is an environment outside of the tank. 3. The reductant supply system of claim 1, further comprising a reductant return passageway that is selectively configurable to return reductant from the suction side of the pump assembly back to the tank during the purge operation. 4. The reductant supply system of claim 3, further comprising a reductant discharge passageway fluidly coupled to the suction side of the pump assembly, wherein the reductant return passageway is selectively connectable to the reductant discharge passageway between the pump assembly and the reductant injection assembly. 5. The reductant supply system of claim 1, comprising a cabinet that houses the tank, the pump assembly, the reductant supply passageway, and the purge passageway. 6. The reductant supply system of claim 5, wherein the cabinet further houses a reductant discharge passageway fluidly coupled to the suction side of the pump assembly, and the reductant discharge passageway includes a port that extends through a wall of the cabinet so as to removably couple the reductant discharge passageway to the reductant injection assembly. 7. The reductant supply system of claim 5, further comprising a reductant replenishment passageway configured to removably couple the tank to a second tank that is spaced from the cabinet so as to replenish the reductant in the tank. 8. The reductant supply system of claim 1, further comprising a compressed gas passageway configured to selectively connect a compressed gas source to the reductant injection assembly. 9. A reductant supply system comprising a reductant dosing cabinet, the reductant dosing cabinet comprising: a tank that defines a cavity, the cavity configured to hold a reductant; a pump assembly having a suction side that is fluidly coupled to the tank and a suction side that is configured to fluidly couple to a reductant injection assembly that injects the reductant into an exhaust stream of an engine; a reductant replenishment passageway configured to fluidly couple the tank to a reductant replenishment assembly so as to replenish the reductant in the tank, wherein the reductant replenishment assembly is spaced from, and external to, the reductant dosing cabinet; and a purge passageway configured to selectively couple the suction side of the pump assembly to the reductant replenishment assembly during a purge operation so as to return the reductant from both the tank and the pump assembly to the reductant replenishment assembly during the purge operation. 10. The reductant supply system of claim 9, wherein the reductant dosing cabinet includes a reductant discharge passageway fluidly coupled to the suction side of the pump assembly, and the reductant dosing cabinet includes at least one valve that is selectively configurable to supply the reductant to the reductant injection assembly during a dosing operation and divert the reductant to the purge passageway during the purge operation. 11. The reductant supply system of claim 9, wherein the reductant replenishment passageway includes a port that extends through a wall of the cabinet so as to removably couple the reductant replenishment assembly to the tank. 12. The reductant supply system of claim 11, wherein the reductant replenishment assembly includes a second tank, spaced from the reductant dosing cabinet, the second tank defining a second cavity that has a maximum volume configured to hold the reductant, wherein the maximum volume of the second tank is greater than a maximum volume of the tank. 13. The reductant supply system of claim 12, wherein the reductant replenishment assembly includes a pump that is configured to flow the reductant from the second tank to the tank. 14. The reductant supply system of claim 9, wherein the reductant dosing cabinet further comprises a reductant discharge passageway fluidly coupled to the suction side of the pump assembly, and the reductant discharge passageway includes a port that extends through a wall of the reductant dosing cabinet so as to removably couple the reductant discharge passageway to the reductant injection assembly. 15. The reductant supply system of claim 9, further comprising a compressed gas passageway configured to fluidly couple a compressed gas source to the reductant injection assembly. 16. A method of purging reductant from a reductant dosing cabinet, the method comprising steps of: coupling the reductant dosing cabinet to a reductant injection assembly that injects the reductant into an exhaust stream of an engine and to a reductant replenishment assembly that is spaced from, and external to, the reductant dosing cabinet; fluidly coupling a suction side of a pump assembly of the reductant dosing cabinet to the reductant replenishment assembly; and operating the pump assembly so as purge the reductant in both a tank of the reductant dosing cabinet that is coupled to a suction side of the pump assembly and the pump assembly to the reductant replenishment assembly. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein: coupling the reductant dosing cabinet includes coupling a reductant discharge passageway between the suction side of the pump assembly and the reductant injection assembly; and fluidly coupling the suction side of the pump assembly includes selectively configuring at least one valve of the reductant dosing cabinet to divert the reductant away from the reductant injection assembly and to the purge passageway during the purge operation. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein: coupling the reductant dosing cabinet includes coupling a reductant discharge passageway between the suction side of the pump assembly and the reductant injection assembly; and the method further comprises steps of: fluidly coupling the reductant discharge passageway to a reductant return passageway between the pump assembly and the reductant injection assembly; and flowing compressed gas from the reductant injection assembly through the reductant discharge passageway and the reductant return passageway so as to force reductant in the reductant discharge passageway and the reductant return passageway back to the tank. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein operating the pump assembly includes flowing air in the tank through the pump assembly so as to force the reductant in the pump assembly to flow to the reductant replenishment assembly. 20. The method of claim 19, comprising drawing air into a vent of the tank so as to fill a space in the cavity of the tank that was previously occupied by the reductant.",
-    "A suspension control apparatus includes a damping force adjustable shock absorber disposed between a vehicle body and a wheel of a vehicle and capable of adjusting a damping force to be generated, a vertical movement detection device configured to detect a state regarding a vertical movement of a vehicle, and a controller including: a target damping force calculation section configured to calculate a target damping force based on a detection result of the vertical movement detection device, a correction section configured to calculate a corrected damping force, which is acquired by reducing the target damping force when a relative speed is a low speed between a sprung side and an unsprung side of the damping force adjustable shock absorber, and a control signal output section configured to output the control signal corresponding to the corrected damping force to the damping force adjustable shock absorber. 1. A suspension control apparatus comprising: a damping force adjustable shock absorber disposed between a vehicle body and a wheel of a vehicle and capable of adjusting a damping force to be generated; a vertical movement detection device configured to detect a state regarding a vertical movement of a vehicle; and a controller configured to output a control signal for controlling the damping force to be generated by the damping force adjustable shock absorber based on a detection result of the vertical movement detection device, wherein the controller includes a target damping force calculation section configured to calculate a target damping force based on a detection result of the vertical movement detection device, a correction section configured to calculate a corrected damping force, which is acquired by reducing the target damping force, when a relative speed between a sprung side and an unsprung side of the damping force adjustable shock absorber is a low speed, and a control signal output section configured to output the control signal corresponding to the corrected damping force to the damping force adjustable shock absorber. 2. The suspension control apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an orientation change detection device configured to detect an orientation change of the vehicle body, wherein the correction section sets a smaller amount as a correction amount to reduce the target damping force when it is determined that the orientation change occurs based on a detection result of the orientation change detection device. 3. The suspension control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction section reduces the target damping force only at a departure from stroke reversion between an extension stroke and a compression stroke of the damping force adjustable shock absorber. 4. The suspension control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction section determines whether the relative speed is a low speed based on a change rate of the relative speed or a change rate of a change rate of the relative speed. 5. The suspension control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction section sets the corrected damping force so as to be smaller than a damping force that the damping force adjustable shock absorber can generate. 6. A suspension control apparatus comprising: a damping force adjustable shock absorber disposed between a vehicle body and a wheel of a vehicle and capable of adjusting a damping force to be generated; a vertical movement detection device configured to detect a state regarding a vertical movement of the vehicle; and a controller configured to output a control signal for controlling a damping force to be generated by the damping force adjustable shock absorber based on a detection result of the vertical movement detection device, wherein the controller includes a target damping coefficient calculation section configured to calculate a target damping coefficient based on a detection result of the vertical movement detection device, a correction section configured to calculate a corrected damping coefficient, which is acquired by reducing an upper limit of the target damping coefficient, when a relative speed between a sprung side and an unsprung side of the damping force adjustable shock absorber is a low speed, and a control signal output section configured to output the control signal corresponding to the corrected damping coefficient to the damping force adjustable shock absorber. 7. The suspension control apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the correction section includes a maximum damping coefficient according to the relative speed, and corrects the target damping coefficient to the maximum damping coefficient when the target damping coefficient exceeds the maximum damping coefficient. 8. The suspension control apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the target damping coefficient calculation section uses bilinear optimal control.",
-    "A powder box with a first box body with an interior cavity and an upward facing opening, a first box cover capable of lidding over the first box body and covering the opening, a circle of a protruding portion formed on an upper surface of the first box body and protruding upwards, and a lower surface of the first box cover being of elastomeric material capable of elastic deformation. The protruding portion contacts the lower surface of the first box cover and causes elastic deformation of the lower surface of the first box cover when the first box cover lids over the first box body. The protruding portion and the elastomeric material of the lower surface of the first box cover cooperate to seal the first box body and the first box cover. 1. A powder box comprising a first box body with an interior cavity and an upward facing opening, a first box cover capable of lidding over the first box body and covering the opening, wherein a circle of a protruding portion is formed on an upper surface of the first box body; and wherein the circle of the protruding portion protrudes upwards, a lower surface of the first box cover is formed by an elastomeric material capable of elastic deformation, and the protruding portion contacts the lower surface of the first box cover and causes elastic deformation of the lower surface of the first box cover when the first box cover lids over the box body. 2. The powder box according to claim 1 wherein the protruding portion has a cross section with a trapezoid shape that gradually narrows from bottom to top. 3. The powder box according to claim 1 wherein the protruding portion has a cross section with an arch shape that gradually narrows from bottom to top. 4. The powder box according to claim 1 wherein the lower surface of the first box cover is formed by TPE, TPU, or TPR. 5. The powder box according to claim 1 wherein the lower surface of the first box cover is a flat surface. 6. The powder box according to claim 1 wherein the powder box further comprises a second box body detachably disposed external to the first box body, and a second box cover connected to the second box body and capable of lidding over the first box cover. 7. The powder box according to claim 6 wherein a side of the first box body and a side of the first box cover are hinged by a first hinge and a side of the second box body and a side of the second box cover are hinged by a second hinge. 8. The powder box according to claim 7 wherein the second box body is formed with a first containing groove for accommodating the first hinge and a second containing groove for accommodating the second hinge, wherein the first containing groove and the second containing groove are staggered from each other. 9. The powder box according to claim 7 wherein a plurality of first hook portions is formed on the first box cover, extends downwards and is formed with hook feet, and a plurality of first grooves corresponding to the first hook portions is formed on the first box body or between the first box body and the second box body; at least one second hook portion is formed on the second box cover, extends downwards and is formed with hook feet, and at least one second groove corresponding to the second hook portions is formed on the second box body. 10. The powder box according to claim 1 wherein a containing space is formed on an upper surface of the first box cover for receiving a powder puff. 11. The powder box according to claim 6 wherein a mirror is retained on a lower surface of the second box cover.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a method for transmitting, by a user equipment (UE), information in a wireless communication system includes: determining a first information sequence based on a first cyclically shifted base sequence and a first orthogonal sequence by using a first physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource for a first antenna, wherein the first PUCCH resource is obtained based on a channel control element (CCE) index related to a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a parameter configured by a higher layer; determining a second information sequence based on a second cyclically shifted base sequence and a second orthogonal sequence by using a second PUCCH resource for a second antenna, wherein the second PUCCH resource is obtained by adding an offset to the first PUCCH resource; transmitting the first information sequence via the first antenna; and transmitting the second information sequence via the second antenna. 1. A method for transmitting, by a user equipment (UE), information in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: acquiring a first resource index and a second resource index; generating information sequences based on the first resource index and the second resource index; and transmitting the information sequences through a first antenna and a second antenna, wherein the second resource index is acquired from the first resource index and an offset, wherein the information sequences are a first information sequence and a second information sequence, wherein the first information sequence is generated based on first information and the first resource index and is transmitted through the first antenna by using the first resource index, and wherein the second information sequence is generated based on second information and the second resource index and is transmitted through the second antenna by using the second resource index. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the offset is predetermined. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the offset is determined through signaling. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving data, wherein the information sequences are generated from acknowledgement/non-acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) for the data. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first resource index is acquired from a radio resource by which a control channel for receiving the data is transmitted. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the control channel is a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and the radio resource is a control channel element (CCE) aggregation on which the PDCCH is transmitted, and wherein the first resource index is acquired from a first CCE index of the CCE aggregation. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the offset is 1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first information and the second information are identical or different. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating of the information sequences comprises: generating a first transmission symbol to a fourth transmission symbol based on an Alamouti code from a first information symbol and a second information symbol corresponding to information; generating a first information sequence based on the first transmission symbol and the first resource index; generating a second information sequence based on the second information symbol and the second resource index; generating a third information sequence based on the third transmission symbol and the first resource index; and generating a fourth information sequence based on the fourth transmission symbol and the second resource index, wherein the first information sequence and the second information sequence are transmitted through the first antenna, and wherein the third information sequence and the fourth information sequence are transmitted through the second antenna. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a first sequence, a second sequence, and a resource block are determined from a resource index, wherein a 2-dimensional spread information sequence is generated based on information, the first sequence, and the second sequence, and wherein the 2-dimensional spread information sequence is mapped to the resource block. 11. The method of claim 11, wherein the first sequence is a cyclically shifted sequence, and the second sequence is an orthogonal sequence. 12. A user equipment (UE) comprising: an information processor configured to acquire a first resource index and a second resource index, and configured to generate information sequences based on the first resource index and the second resource index; and first and second antennas for transmitting the information sequences, wherein the second resource index is acquired from the first resource index and an offset, wherein the information sequences are a first information sequence and a second information sequence, wherein the first information sequence is generated based on first information and the first resource index and is transmitted through the first antenna, and wherein the second information sequence is generated based on second information and the second resource index and is transmitted through the second antenna.",
-    "Disclosed is a speaker unit which includes a speaker surface provided in a bottom surface of a cabinet section and a provisionally fastening mechanism provided on a side surface of the cabinet section. The provisionally fastening mechanism includes: an engagement section for provisionally fastening the speaker unit to the mounting part; an operating section exposed on a face side of a mounting part with the speaker unit provisionally fastened via the engagement section; and a non-shielded portion formed adjacent to the outer periphery of the speaker surface for allowing the operating section to be visible from a face side of the speaker surface. The non-shielded portion is an opening or a recess formed in a flange section projecting radially outward from the outer peripheral edge of the bottom surface of the cabinet section. 1. A speaker unit for mounting to an opening section formed in a mounting part, comprising: a cabinet section having a side surface and a bottom surface; a speaker surface provided in the bottom surface of the cabinet section; and a provisionally fastening mechanism provided on the side surface of the cabinet section and configured to provisionally fasten the speaker unit to the mounting part with at least a portion of the cabinet section inserted in the opening section from a face side of the mounting part, the provisionally fastening mechanism including: an engagement section configured to provisionally fasten the speaker unit to the mounting part; an operating section exposed on the face side of the mounting part with the speaker unit provisionally fastened to the mounting part via the engagement section; and a non-shielded portion formed adjacent to an outer periphery of the speaker surface for allowing the operating section to be visible from a face side of the speaker surface. 2. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non-shielded portion is an opening or a recess formed in a flange section projecting radially outward from an outer peripheral edge of the bottom surface of the cabinet section. 3. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the operating section projects to the face side beyond the speaker surface. 4. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the operating section is disposed retracted from the speaker surface in a direction toward a reverse side of the mounting part without projecting to the face side beyond the speaker surface. 5. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non-shielded portion is a retention section that retains the operating section, the engagement section is movable between an engagement position in which the engagement section engages with the mounting part and a cancellation position in which the engagement section cancels engagement with the mounting part by being retracted from the mounting part, and the retention section retains the operating section in the cancellation position of the engagement section. 6. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the retention section has a retention groove configured to retain the operating section when the engagement section is in the cancellation position, and a guide groove communicating with the retention groove and configured to guide movement of the operating section when the engagement section moves from the engagement position to the cancellation position. 7. The speaker unit as claimed in claim 6, wherein the guide groove has a slant surface for gradually displacing a direction of movement, along the guide groove, of the operating section, and the retention groove extends from an end of the slant surface in a direction traversing the movement direction of the operating section.",
-    "The present invention provides methods of treating auto-immune or inflammatory diseases comprising administering an amount of a B7 family protein or derivative thereof to a subject in need thereof. 1. A method of treating an auto-immune or inflammatory disease comprising administering an amount of a B7 family protein or derivative thereof to a subject in need thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the auto-immune or inflammatory disease is an auto-immune or inflammatory skin disease. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the auto-immune or inflammatory skin disease is psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, epidermolysis bullosa acquista, pemphigus vulgaris, IgA-mediated bullous dermatoses, systemic lupus erythematosus, alopecia areata, porphyria, or scleroderma. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the B7 family protein comprises programmed death ligand-1 or derivatives thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the B7 family protein or derivative thereof is administered topically. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the B7 family protein derivative comprises a peptide fragment.",
-    "A battery pack includes a housing, at least one battery cell housed in the housing, a wireless transmitter housed in the housing, a button that initiates a pairing with an electronic device so that the battery pack may wirelessly communicate with the electronic device through the wireless transmitter, a connection section including a first electrical connector configured to supply power to a power tool and a charging port configured to supply power to an external device. The charging port can be in an on state in which the charging port is operable to supply power to the external device and an off state in which the charging port is not operable to supply power to the external device. 1. A battery pack comprising: a housing, at least one battery cell housed in the housing; a wireless transmitter housed in the housing; a button, the button configured to initiate pairing with an electronic device so that the battery pack may wirelessly communicate with the electronic device through the wireless transmitter; a connection section including a first electrical connector configured to supply power to a power tool; and a charging port configured to supply power to an external device; wherein the charging port can be in an on state in which the charging port is operable to supply power to the external device and an off state in which the charging port is not operable to supply power to the external device. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the charging port is configured to change from the on state to the off state when a predetermined amount of time elapses after charging from the charging port begins. 3. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the predetermined amount of time is ten hours or less. 4. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the predetermined amount of time is eight hours or less. 5. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the charging port is configured to be turned into the on-state by at least one of a user input from the electronic device and activating the button. 6. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the predetermined amount of time is set by a user of the separate electronic device. 7. The battery pack of claim 6, wherein the predetermined amount of time that can be set by the user has an upper limit. 8. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein the predetermined amount of time is equal to or less than an Amp hour rating of the battery pack divided by a current drawn from the battery pack by the charging port. 9. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the charging port is a USB port. 10. A power tool system comprising: a power tool; and a battery pack, the battery pack comprising: a housing, at least one battery cell housed in the housing; a wireless transmitter housed in the housing and configured to wirelessly communicate with an electronic device; a connection section including a first electrical connector configured to supply power to the power tool when the battery pack is connected to the power tool; and a charging port configured to supply power to an external device; wherein the charging port can be in an on state in which the charging port is operable to supply power to the external device and an off state in which the charging port is not operable to supply power to the external device. 11. The power tool system of claim 10, wherein the charging port is configured to change from the on state to the off state after a predetermined amount of time after charging from the charging port begins. 12. The power tool system of claim 11, wherein the predetermined amount of time is ten hours or less. 13. The power tool system of claim 11, wherein the predetermined amount of time is set by a user of the electronic device. 14. The power tool system of claim 11, wherein the predetermined amount of time set by the user is limited. 15. The power tool system of claim 11, wherein the predetermined amount of time is equal to or less than an Amp hour rating of the battery pack divided by a current drawn from the battery pack by the charging port. 16. The power tool system of claim 10, wherein the separate electronic device comprises one of a computer a tablet computer and a phone. 17. A power tool system comprising: a plurality of power tools including a drill; and at least one battery pack, the battery pack selectively couplable to the plurality of power tools to provide electrical power to a coupled power tool to which the battery pack is coupled, the battery pack comprising: a housing, at least one battery cell housed in the housing; a wireless transmitter housed in the housing and configured to wirelessly communicate with an electronic device; a connection section including a first electrical connector configured to supply power to the coupled power tool; and a charging port configured to supply power to an external device; wherein the charging port can be in an on state in which the charging port is operable to supply power to the external device and an off state in which the charging port is not operable to supply power to the external device. 18. The power tool system of claim 17, wherein the charging port is configured to change from the on state to the off state after a predetermined amount of time after charging from the charging port begins. 19. The power tool system of claim 18, wherein the predetermined amount of time is set by a user of the separate electronic device. 20. The power tool system of claim 18, wherein the predetermined amount of time is equal to or less than an Amp hour rating of the battery pack divided by a current drawn from the battery pack by the charging port.",
-    "A bulk bin assembly formed from a plurality of blanks material is provided. The bulk bin assembly includes a container portion including a plurality of side walls, wherein at least one side wall has a ventilation opening defined therein. The bulk bin assembly further includes a ventilation insert including a plurality of side panels and at least one insert opening defined in at least one side panel. The ventilation insert is positioned within a cavity of the container portion such that an air flow channel defined by the plurality of side panels is in air flow communication with the ventilation opening of the container portion to permit ambient air to flow through the ventilation opening and through the insert opening. 1. A plurality of blanks for forming a bulk bin assembly comprising: a first blank comprising: a first plurality of side panels for forming side walls of a container portion of the bulk bin assembly, wherein at least one of the first plurality of side panels comprises a ventilation opening defined therein; and a second blank configured to couple to at least one side panel of the first plurality of side panels when the container portion is formed from the first blank, the second blank comprising: a second plurality of side panels for forming side walls of a ventilation insert, wherein the second plurality of side panels at least partially define an air flow channel when the ventilation insert is formed from the second blank, wherein, when formed, the ventilation insert is positionable within the container portion such that the ventilation opening is in air flow communication with the air flow channel. 2. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first blank further comprises at least one bottom flap for forming a bottom wall of the container portion, the at least one bottom flap extending from a bottom edge of a respective side panel of the first plurality of side panels, said bulk bin assembly further comprising a third blank for forming a bottom insert of the bulk bin assembly, wherein the bottom insert is configured to be disposed between the bottom wall of the formed container portion and a bottom wall of the formed ventilation insert. 3. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a third blank configured to couple to at least one side wall of the formed container portion, the third blank comprising a third plurality of side panels for forming a sanitary insert, each of the third plurality of side panels configured to substantially align with at least one side panel of the first plurality of side panels when the formed sanitary insert is coupled within the formed container portion of the bulk bin assembly. 4. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 3, wherein the first blank further comprises at least one bottom flap for forming a bottom wall of the container portion, the at least one bottom flap extending from a bottom edge of a respective side panel of the first plurality of side panels, wherein the third blank further comprises a plurality of locking flaps extending from a bottom edge of a respective side panel of the third plurality of side panels, and wherein the plurality of locking flaps are configured to couple to the at least one bottom panel of the first blank when the formed sanitary insert is coupled within the formed container portion of the bulk bin assembly. 5. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first plurality of side panels of the first blank comprises a first and second end side panel and a first and second side panel, and wherein the first blank further comprises a plurality of end wall vent holes defined in each of the first and second end side panels, such that the air flow channel of the formed ventilation insert is in air flow communication with an ambient environment through the ventilation opening, when the bulk bin assembly is formed. 6. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 5, further comprising a third blank configured to couple to at least one side wall of the formed container portion, the third blank comprising a third plurality of side panels for forming a sanitary insert, the third plurality of panels comprising a first partial end side panel and a second partial end side panel, wherein the first and second partial end side panels of the third blank are configured to couple to one of the first and second end side panels of the first blank, such that the first and second partial end side panels of the third blank do not obstruct the ventilation opening when the formed sanitary insert is coupled within the formed container portion of the bulk bin assembly. 7. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 1, wherein the second blank further comprises a plurality of insert locking tabs, each extending from an edge of a respective side panel of the second plurality of side panels, wherein each of the plurality of insert locking tabs is configured to be coupled to a side panel of the first plurality of side panels when the formed ventilation insert is coupled within the formed container portion of the bulk bin assembly. 8. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 7 further comprising a third blank configured to couple to at least one side wall of the formed container portion, the third blank comprising a third plurality of side panels for forming a sanitary insert, and wherein each of the plurality of insert locking tabs is configured to be positioned between a side wall of the formed container portion and a side panel of the third plurality of side panels when the formed ventilation insert is coupled within the formed container portion of the bulk bin assembly. 9. The plurality of blanks in accordance with claim 1, wherein the second blank further comprises a support panel extending from a side edge of one of the side panels of the plurality of panels, the support panel configured to prevent inward movement of side walls of the ventilation insert when the ventilation insert is formed from the second blank. 10. A bulk bin assembly comprising: a container portion comprising a plurality of side walls defining a cavity of the container portion, wherein at least one side wall of the plurality of side walls has at least one ventilation opening defined therein; and a ventilation insert comprising a plurality of side panels and at least one insert opening defined in at least one of the plurality of side panels, wherein the ventilation insert is positioned within the cavity of the container portion such that an air flow channel defined by the plurality of side panels is in air flow communication with the ventilation opening of the container portion to permit ambient air to flow through the ventilation opening and through the insert opening. 11. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 10, wherein the container portion further comprises a bottom wall, said bulk bin assembly further comprising a sanitary insert assembly comprising: a plurality of sanitary insert side panels coupled within the container portion; and a plurality of locking flaps coupled to the bottom wall of the container portion. 12. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 11 further comprising a bottom insert engaged in a face-to-face relationship with the plurality of locking flaps of the sanitary insert assembly and at least a portion of the bottom wall of the container portion. 13. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 12, wherein the bottom insert comprises a plurality of side edges, each side edge of the plurality of side edges coupled against a respective side wall of the container portion and a respective sanitary insert side panel. 14. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 11, wherein the plurality of sanitary insert side panels substantially align with one or more of the plurality of side walls of the container portion. 15. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 11, wherein the plurality of sanitary insert side panels comprises a first partial end side panel, wherein the first partial end side panel is coupled to the at least one side wall of the container portion, such that the first partial end side panel does not obstruct the ventilation opening. 16. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 10, wherein the ventilation insert bisects the cavity of the container portion. 17. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 10, wherein at least one of the plurality of side walls of the container portion has a side wall vent hole defined therein such that the cavity of the container portion is in air flow communication with an ambient environment. 18. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 10, wherein the plurality of side panels of the ventilation insert comprise a reinforced material, such that the ventilation insert remains intact during insertion and removal of a product into said bulk bin assembly. 19. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 10 further comprising a sanitary insert assembly comprising a plurality of sanitary insert side panels coupled within the container portion, wherein the ventilation insert further comprises a plurality of insert locking tabs extending from the plurality of side panels, and wherein the plurality of insert locking tabs are positioned between the container portion and at least one sanitary insert side panel. 20. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 10, wherein the ventilation insert further comprises a support panel extending through the air flow channel from a first side panel of the plurality of side panels to an opposing second side panel of the plurality of side panels to prevent inward movement of the first and second side panels. 21. The bulk bin assembly in accordance with claim 20, wherein the support panel bisects the air flow channel. 22. A method for forming a bulk bin assembly from a plurality of blanks, said method comprising: forming a container portion from a first blank that includes a first plurality of side panels for forming side walls of the container portion, wherein at least one of the first plurality of side panels includes a ventilation opening defined therein; forming a ventilation insert from a second blank that includes a second plurality of side panels for forming side walls of the ventilation insert, wherein at least one side panel of the second plurality of side panels includes at least one insert opening defined therein, the plurality of side panels of the ventilation insert and the at least one insert opening at least partially defining an air flow channel; and positioning the ventilation insert within the container portion such that the air flow channel is in air flow communication with the ventilation opening to permit ambient air to flow through the ventilation opening and through the insert opening. 23. The method in accordance with claim 22, further comprising: forming at least one sanitary insert from a third blank that includes a third plurality of side panels for forming the sanitary insert, each of the plurality of side panels configured to align with at least one side wall of the formed container portion; and coupling the at least one sanitary insert to an interior surface of at least one side wall of the formed container portion. 24. The method in accordance with claim 23, wherein the ventilation insert further comprises a plurality of insert locking tabs, each extending from an edge of a respective side panel of the second plurality of side panels, and wherein positioning the ventilation insert within the container portion further comprises positioning the plurality of insert locking tabs of the ventilation insert between the side walls of the container portion and the at least one sanitary insert. 25. The method in accordance with claim 23, wherein the first blank further includes a plurality of bottom flaps for forming a bottom wall of the container portion, and wherein the at least one sanitary insert further includes a plurality of locking flaps extending from a bottom edge of the third plurality of side panels of the sanitary insert, said method further comprising coupling the plurality of locking flaps of the at least one sanitary insert to an interior surface of the bottom wall of the container portion. 26. The method in accordance with claim 25 further comprising coupling a bottom insert formed from a fourth blank of sheet material within the container portion in a face-to-face relationship with at least a portion of the bottom wall of the container portion and the plurality of locking flaps of the at least one sanitary insert. 27. The method in accordance with claim 20, wherein the second blank further includes a support panel extending from a side edge of one side panel of the second plurality of side panels, said method further comprising positioning the support panel between a first side wall of the formed ventilation insert and an opposing second side wall of the formed ventilation insert such that the support panel prevents inward movement of the first and second side walls.",
-    "A three-dimensional semiconductor device includes bit lines provided on a substrate, a gate structure provided between the substrate and the bit lines, a common source line provided between the gate structure and the bit lines, and channel pipes connecting the bit lines to the common source line. Each of the channel pipes may include a pair of vertical portions extending through the gate structure and a horizontal portion connecting the vertical portions. The pair of vertical portions are provided under a pair of the bit lines arranged adjacent to each other, respectively. 1. (canceled) 2. A three-dimensional semiconductor device, comprising: bit lines provided on a substrate; a gate structure provided between the substrate and the bit lines; a common source line provided between the gate structure and the bit lines; and channel pipes connecting the bit lines to the common source line, wherein each of the channel pipes comprises a pair of vertical portions penetrating the gate structure, and wherein, in plan view, the pair of vertical portions are provided under a pair of the bit lines arranged adjacent to each other, respectively. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein in each of the channel pipes, one of the pair of vertical portions is connected to one of the bit lines, and the other is connected to the common source line. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein each of the channel pipes further comprises a horizontal portion connecting the pair of vertical portions, wherein the horizontal portion extends in a longitudinal direction that defines an angle relative to a direction in which the bit lines extend. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the angle is about 3 degrees to about 45 degrees. 6. The device of claim 2, wherein the gate structure comprises a plurality of stacked word lines and selection lines thereon, wherein the selection lines are laterally spaced apart on a topmost one of the plurality of stacked word lines, and wherein the selection lines comprise: at least one string selection line interposed between the gate structure and the bit lines; and a ground selection line interposed between the gate structure and the common source line, wherein the at least one string selection line is provided to the bit lines. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the string selection line and the word lines have a same width. 8. The device of claim 6, wherein a number of the channel pipes penetrating the string selection line is equal to a number of the bit lines crossing over the string selection line. 9. A three-dimensional memory device, comprising: a plurality of bit lines extending in a first direction on a substrate and a common source line extending in a second direction on the substrate; and a plurality of channel pipes on the substrate connecting the common source line to ones of the bit lines, the channel pipes respectively comprising a pair of columnar portions protruding from the substrate, wherein, along the first direction, adjacent ones of the channel pipes are connected to different ones of the bit lines. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein, along the second direction, the bit lines equal or outnumber the channel pipes. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein, along the second direction, adjacent ones of the channel pipes are connected to alternating ones of the bit lines, respectively. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein, along the second direction, respective ones of the pair of columnar portions of each of the adjacent ones of the channel pipes are connected to the alternating ones of the bit lines, respectively. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein, along the second direction, respective other ones of the pair of columnar portions of each of the adjacent ones of the channel pipes are connected to the common source line. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein, along the second direction, the respective other ones of the pair of columnar portions of each of the adjacent ones of the channel pipes overlap with ones of the bit lines between the alternating ones thereof, respectively, in plan view. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the channel pipes respectively comprise a coupling portion extending between the pair of columnar portions, and wherein the coupling portion of the respective channel pipes extends in a third direction that defines a non-parallel angle relative to the first direction of the bit lines. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the coupling portion of each of the channel pipes overlaps with two of the bit lines in plan view. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the third direction defines a non-perpendicular angle relative to the second direction of the common source line. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the non-parallel angle is about 3 degrees to about 45 degrees. 19. The device of claim 9, further comprising: a gate structure between the bit lines and the substrate, the gate structure comprising: a plurality of word lines adjacent sidewalls of the columnar portions of the channel pipes and extending in the second direction, wherein the columnar portions respectively comprise a semiconductor layer and a memory layer thereon; a string selection line extending in the second direction between the plurality of word lines and the bit lines; and a ground selection line extending in the second direction between the plurality of word lines and the common source line. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the string selection line and/or the ground selection line have a same width as the word lines along the first direction. 21. The device of claim 19, wherein the string selection line and/or the ground selection line have a narrower width than the word lines along the first direction.",
-    "A distortion compensator that compensates for nonlinear distortion of an amplifier that amplifies power of a multicarrier signal includes a first compensation unit that performs first distortion compensation to collectively compensate for first nonlinear distortion that occurs in contact with a carrier frequency of the multicarrier signal, and second nonlinear distortion that occurs at a frequency at a predetermined distance from the carrier frequency, and a second compensation unit that performs second distortion compensation to compensate for only the first nonlinear distortion, of the first nonlinear distortion and the second nonlinear distortion. 1. A distortion compensator that compensates for nonlinear distortion of an amplifier that amplifies power of a multicarrier signal, the distortion compensator comprising: a first compensation unit that performs first distortion compensation to collectively compensate for first nonlinear distortion that occurs in contact with a carrier frequency of the multicarrier signal, and second nonlinear distortion that occurs at a frequency at a predetermined distance from the carrier frequency; and a second compensation unit that performs second distortion compensation to compensate for only the first nonlinear distortion, of the first nonlinear distortion and the second nonlinear distortion. 2. The distortion compensator according to claim 1, wherein the first compensation unit performs the first distortion compensation using a power series, and the second compensation unit performs the second distortion compensation using a table in which a distortion compensation coefficient is stored. 3. The distortion compensator according to claim 1, wherein the second compensation unit performs the second distortion compensation based on both an amplitude value of a signal of the carrier frequency and an amplitude value of the multicarrier signal. 4. The distortion compensator according to claim 1, further comprising an update unit that performs update of a first distortion compensation coefficient used in the first distortion compensation and update of a second distortion compensation coefficient used in the second distortion compensation at different timings. 5. The distortion compensator according to claim 1, further comprising: a first update unit that updates a first distortion compensation coefficient used in the first distortion compensation based on the multicarrier signal; and a second update unit that updates a second distortion compensation coefficient used in the second distortion compensation based on a signal of the carrier frequency. 6. The distortion compensator according to claim 5, wherein the first update unit and the second update unit update the first distortion compensation coefficient or the second distortion compensation coefficient at different timings. 7. The distortion compensator according to claim 5, wherein the second compensation unit performs the second distortion compensation based on each of amplitude values of signals of the plurality of carrier frequencies. 8. A distortion compensation method for compensating for nonlinear distortion of an amplifier that amplifies power of a multicarrier signal, the distortion compensation method comprising: performing first distortion compensation to collectively compensate for first nonlinear distortion that occurs in contact with a carrier frequency of the multicarrier signal, and second nonlinear distortion that occurs at a frequency at a predetermined distance from the carrier frequency; and performing second distortion compensation to compensate for only the first nonlinear distortion, of the first nonlinear distortion and the second nonlinear distortion.",
-    "The present invention envisages a system and method for automating the generation of business decision analytic models. The system uses a plurality of predictor variables stored in a plurality of data sets, to automatically create a business decision analytic model. The system includes a processor configured to process the data sets and determine the total number of records present in each of the data sets and the number of columns containing only numerical values. The processor selects a column containing only numerical values, from a dataset under consideration, and counts the number of unique numerical values in the selected column, and the total number of records present in the selected column. The two counts are compared and the selected column is transformed using a non-linear transformation to obtain a column of transformed values. The transformed values and corresponding time stamps are utilized for the purpose of model generation. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A computer implemented system for automating the generation of an analytic model, said system comprising: a processor communicatively coupled to a repository, the repository configured to store a plurality of records, each of the records comprising values for a plurality of variables, said processor configured to process the records, said processor comprising: a time-stamping module configured to derive values for a plurality of elapsed-time variables, wherein each elapsed-time variable represents an elapsed time associated with at least two respective values of the plurality of variables, the plurality of variables and the plurality of elapsed-time variables included in a plurality of model variables; a model generator configured to create a plurality of comparison analytic models, each comparison analytic model based on a different subset of the plurality of model variables; and a model testing module configured to select an operational analytic model from among the plurality of comparison analytic models based on a quality metric applied to each of the plurality of comparison analytic models. 16. The system according to claim 15, wherein: the model generator is further configured to create a respective plurality of comparison analytic models for each of a plurality of model types, each comparison analytic model within each model type based on a different subset of the plurality of model variables, and the model testing module is further configured to select a respective operational analytic model for each model type from among the plurality of comparison analytic models of the corresponding model type based on the quality metric applied to each of the plurality of comparison analytic models, said system further comprising a model selection module configured to select a production analytic model from among the operational analytic models of each model type based on the quality metric applied to the operational analytic models of each model type. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein said system further comprises a model updating module configured to: receive new records; and evaluate a predictive performance of the operational analytic model of each model type based on the new records. 18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the model updating module is further configured to reselect the production analytic model from among the operational analytic models of each model type based on the predictive performance of the operational analytic models of each model type. 19. The system according to claim 17, wherein the model updating module is further configured to instruct the time-stamping module, the model generator, and the model testing module to regenerate the operational analytic model of at least one model type, based at least in part on the new records, in response to the predictive performance of the operational analytic model of the at least one model type being less than a threshold value. 20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the model updating module is further configured to instruct the time-stamping module, the model generator, and the model testing module to regenerate the operational analytic model of the at least one model type in a stateful manner. 21. The system according to claim 19, wherein the model updating module is further configured to instruct the time-stamping module, the model generator, and the model testing module to regenerate the operational analytic model of the at least one model type in a stateless manner. 22. The system according to claim 15, wherein the model generator is further configured to select at least one of the subsets of the plurality of model variables by generating a baseline model of the first model type based on the plurality of model variables, calculating an information gain for each model variable against a predicted variable, and omitting from the at least one subset the model variable having the lowest information gain. 23. The system according to claim 15, wherein the model generator is further configured to select at least one of the subsets of the plurality of model variables by calculating a variability of the values of each model variable, and omitting from the at least one subset the model variable having the lowest variability. 24. The system according to claim 15, wherein the model generator is further configured to select at least one of the subsets of the plurality of model variables by determining, for each model variable, a number of records for which the value of the model variable indicates missing data, and omitting from the at least one subset the model variable having the greatest determined number of records with missing data. 25. A method for automating generation of an analytic model, said method comprising the following computer-implemented steps: accessing a plurality of records, each of the records comprising values for a plurality of variables; deriving values for a plurality of elapsed-time variables, wherein each elapsed-time variable represents an elapsed time associated with at least two respective values of the plurality of variables, the plurality of variables and the plurality of elapsed-time variables together defining a plurality of model variables; creating a plurality of comparison analytic models, each comparison analytic model based on a different subset of the plurality of model variables; calculating a quality metric for each of the plurality of comparison analytic models; and selecting an operational analytic model from among the plurality of comparison analytic models based on the quality metric. 26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising: creating a respective plurality of comparison analytic models for each of a plurality of model types, each comparison analytic model within each model type based on a different subset of the plurality of model variables; calculating the quality metric for each of the plurality of comparison analytic models of each model type; selecting, for each model type, an operational analytic model from among the plurality of comparison analytic models of the model type based on the quality metric; and selecting a production analytic model from among the operational analytic models of each model type based on the quality metric. 27. The method according to claim 26, further comprising: receiving new records; and evaluating a predictive performance of the operational analytic model of each model type based on the new records. 28. The method according to claim 27, further comprising reselecting the production analytic model from among the operational analytic models of each model type based on the predictive performance of the operational analytic models of each model type. 29. The method according to claim 27, further comprising regenerating the operational analytic model of at least one model type, based at least in part on the new records, in response to the predictive performance of the operational analytic model of the at least one model type being less than a threshold value. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein regenerating the operational analytic model of the at least one model type comprises regenerating the operational analytic model of the at least one model type in a stateful manner. 31. The method according to claim 29, wherein regenerating the operational analytic model of the at least one model type comprises regenerating the operational analytic model of the at least one model type in a stateless manner. 32. The method according to claim 25, further comprising selecting at least one of the subsets of the plurality of model variables by generating a baseline model of the first model type based on the plurality of model variables, calculating an information gain for each model variable against a predicted variable, and omitting from the at least one subset the model variable having the lowest information gain. 33. The method according to claim 25, further comprising selecting at least one of the subsets of the plurality of model variables by calculating a variability of the values of each model variable, and omitting from the at least one subset the model variable having the lowest variability. 34. The method according to claim 25, further comprising selecting at least one of the subsets of the plurality of model variables by determining, for each model variable, a number of records for which the value of the model variable indicates missing data, and omitting from the at least one subset the model variable having the greatest determined number of records with missing data. 35. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for automating generation of an analytic model, wherein when executed by at least one processor, the computer-executable instructions cause the at least one processor to: access a plurality of records, each of the records comprising values for a plurality of variables; derive values for a plurality of elapsed-time variables, wherein each elapsed-time variable represents an elapsed time associated with at least two respective values of the plurality of variables, the plurality of variables and the plurality of elapsed-time variables together defining a plurality of model variables; create a plurality of comparison analytic models, each comparison analytic model based on a different subset of the plurality of model variables; calculate a quality metric for each of the plurality of comparison analytic models; and select an operational analytic model from among the plurality of comparison analytic models based on the quality metric. 36. The computer-readable medium according to claim 35, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: create a respective plurality of comparison analytic models for each of a plurality of model types, each comparison analytic model within each model type based on a different subset of the plurality of model variables; calculate the quality metric for each of the plurality of comparison analytic models of each model type; select, for each model type, an operational analytic model from among the plurality of comparison analytic models of the model type based on the quality metric; and select a production analytic model from among the operational analytic models of each model type based on the quality metric.",
-    "A semiconductor memory device according to an embodiment, includes a semiconductor substrate, a stacked body provided on the semiconductor substrate, a semiconductor pillar provided inside the stacked body, a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor pillar and an electrode film, a tunneling insulating film provided between the semiconductor pillar and the charge storage film, a blocking oxide provided between the charge storage film and the electrode film and a semiconductor member. The semiconductor member is provided between the tunneling insulating film and the semiconductor substrate, between the charge storage film and the semiconductor substrate, and between the blocking insulating film and the semiconductor substrate. A lower end of the charge storage film is positioned higher than a lower surface of a lower selection gate electrodes and positioned lower than an upper surface of the lower selection gate electrodes. 1. A semiconductor memory device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a stacked body provided on the semiconductor substrate, the stacked body including a plurality of insulating films and a plurality of electrode films, each of the insulating films and each of the electrode films being stacked alternately; a semiconductor pillar provided inside the stacked body, the semiconductor pillar extending in a stacking direction of the insulating films and the electrode films; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor pillar and one of the electrode films; a tunneling insulating film provided between the semiconductor pillar and the charge storage film; a blocking oxide provided between the charge storage film and the one of the electrode films; and a semiconductor member provided between the tunneling insulating film and the semiconductor substrate, between the charge storage film and the semiconductor substrate, and between the blocking insulating film and the semiconductor substrate, among the plurality of electrode films, one or more electrode films from the bottom being lower selection gate electrodes, a lower end of the charge storage film being positioned higher than a lower surface of one of the lower selection gate electrodes and positioned lower than an upper surface of the one of the lower selection gate electrodes. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor member is interposed between the semiconductor pillar and the semiconductor substrate, and the semiconductor member connects the semiconductor pillar to the semiconductor substrate. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a lower portion of the semiconductor member is disposed lower than an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate, and an upper portion of the semiconductor member is disposed higher than the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the one of the lower selection gate electrodes is the electrode film of the lowermost level. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the one of the lower selection gate electrodes is the electrode film of the second level from the bottom. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a lower end of the tunneling insulating film is positioned the same as or higher than a lower end of the charge storage film. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a lower end of the semiconductor pillar is positioned the same as or higher than a lower end of the tunneling insulating film. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a lower end of the tunneling insulating film becomes higher approaching the semiconductor pillar, and a lower end surface of the lower end of the tunneling insulating film is rounded to be convex. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the lower end of the charge storage film and a lower end of the tunneling insulating film are slanted to become higher approaching the semiconductor pillar. 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 9, wherein the lower end of the charge storage film and the lower end of the tunneling insulating film are included in a continuous plane. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a void is made in an interior of the semiconductor member. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor pillar contacts the semiconductor substrate. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a lower portion of the charge storage film is bent in a direction toward the semiconductor pillar. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising: an electrode member provided inside the stacked body, the electrode member extending in the stacking direction, a lower end of the electrode member being connected to the semiconductor substrate; and an insulating plate provided between the electrode film and the electrode member. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes: a first portion contacting the electrode member, a conductivity type of the first portion being an n-type; and a second portion contacting the semiconductor member, a conductivity type of the second portion being a p-type. 16. A semiconductor memory device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a stacked body provided on the semiconductor substrate, the stacked body including a plurality of insulating films and a plurality of electrode films, each of the insulating films and each of the electrode films being stacked alternately; a semiconductor pillar provided inside the stacked body, the semiconductor pillar extending in a stacking direction of the insulating films and the electrode films; a charge storage film provided between the semiconductor pillar and one of the electrode films; a tunneling insulating film provided between the semiconductor pillar and the charge storage film; a blocking oxide provided between the charge storage film and the one of the electrode films; and a semiconductor member provided between the tunneling insulating film and the semiconductor substrate, between the charge storage film and the semiconductor substrate, and between the blocking insulating film and the semiconductor substrate, a lower end of the charge storage film being positioned higher than a lower surface of the electrode film of the lowermost level and positioned lower than an upper surface of the electrode film of the lowermost level. 17. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, comprising: forming a stacked body on a semiconductor substrate by alternately stacking a plurality of insulating films and a plurality of electrode films; making a memory hole piercing the stacked body and penetrating an upper portion of the semiconductor substrate; forming a blocking oxide on an inner surface of the memory hole; forming a charge storage film on a surface of the blocking insulating film; forming a tunneling insulating film on a surface of the charge storage film; forming a semiconductor layer on a surface of the tunneling insulating film; removing portions of the semiconductor layer, the tunneling insulating film, the charge storage film, and the blocking insulating film disposed on a bottom surface of the memory hole; making an air gap by removing a lower portion of the semiconductor layer, a lower portion of the tunneling insulating film, and a lower portion of the charge storage film by performing isotropic etching via the memory hole; and forming a semiconductor member inside the air gap and forming a semiconductor pillar inside the memory hole and on the semiconductor member, the making of the air gap causing a lower end of the charge storage film to be positioned higher than a lower surface of one of lower selection gate electrodes and positioned lower than an upper surface of the one of the lower selection gate electrodes when one or more electrode films from the bottom of the plurality of electrode films is used as the lower selection gate electrodes, one or more electrode films from the top of the plurality of electrode films is used as upper selection gate electrodes, and the remaining electrode films of the plurality of electrode films are used as word lines. 18. A method for manufacturing the semiconductor memory device according to claim 17, wherein the semiconductor member is formed by epitaxial growth using an exposed surface of the semiconductor substrate as a starting point. 19. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor memory device according to claim 17, wherein the semiconductor member is formed by depositing a semiconductor material via the memory hole.",
-    "A diode manufacturing method provided herein includes first-third implantations and a heating. The first implantation implants n-type impurities into a first range at a first depth. The second implantation implants n-type impurities into a second range including the first range as a part at a second depth shallower than the first depth. The third implantation implants p-type impurities into a third range located on both sides of the second range at a third depth shallower than the first depth at a density higher than the second implantation. The semiconductor substrate is heated in the heating so that a first p-type region (contact region) is formed in the implanted region in the third implantation and a first n-type region (pillar region) is formed in a part of the implanted region in the first and second implantations. 1. A method for manufacturing a diode that comprises: an anode electrode; a contact region being of p-type and in contact with the anode electrode; a body region being of p-type, located on a lower side of the contact region, and having a density of p-type impurities lower than that in the contact region; a barrier region being of n-type and located on a lower side of the body region; and a pillar region being of n-type and extending from a position being in contact with the anode electrode to the barrier region by penetrating the contact region and the body region, the method comprising: providing a first implantation in which n-type impurities are implanted into a first range of an upper surface of a semiconductor substrate at a first depth; providing a second implantation in which the n-type impurities are implanted into a second range of the upper surface at a second depth, the second range including the first range as a part, and the second depth being shallower than the first depth; providing a third implantation in which the p-type impurities are implanted into a third range of the upper surface at a third depth at a density higher than a density of the n-type impurities implanted in the second implantation, the third range being located on both sides of the second range, and the third depth being shallower than the first depth; and providing a first heating in which the semiconductor substrate is heated so that a first p-type region is formed in a region into which the p-type impurities were implanted in the third implantation and a first n-type region is formed in a part of a region into which the n-type impurities were implanted in the first and second implantations, wherein the first p-type region serves as the contact region, and the first n-type region serves as the pillar region. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a fourth implantation in which the p-type impurities are implanted into a fourth range of the upper surface at a fourth depth, the fourth range including the second range and the third range as a part, and the fourth depth being deeper than the second depth and the third depth; and providing a second heating in which the semiconductor substrate is heated so that a second p-type region is formed in a part of a region into which the p-type impurities were implanted in the fourth implantation, wherein the second p-type region serves as the body region, and in the first implantation, the n-type impurities are implanted at a density higher than a density of the n-type impurities implanted in the second implantation. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein, after the body region and the pillar region are formed, a density of the n-type impurities in the pillar region at the second depth is lower than a density of the p-type impurities in the pillar region at the first depth. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the diode further comprises: a plurality of trench gates being in contact with the body region and the barrier region; an emitter region being of n-type, located between the trench gates, and being in contact with the trench gates and the anode electrode; and a collector region being of p-type and located on a lower side of the barrier region, and the contact region and the pillar region are located between the trench gates. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein in the first implantation, the n-type impurities are implanted through a mask having an opening, and in the second implantation, the mask is etched so as to enlarge the opening and the n-type impurities are implanted through the mask after being etched.",
-    "A retractable lighter holding and securing device for use with a smoking device which allows a user to retract and more easily secure a lighter to a water pipe. The silicone housing allows easier attachment and removal of the retractable lighter holding and securing device to the smoking device. The device eliminates the need for carrying a lighter and storing one near the smoking device. The retracting capabilities of the device allow for easier operation while using the lighter, and it also eliminates the need to take out and store the lighter each time the lighter is used. 1. A lighter holder comprising: a pipe attachment, with a band, a base, and an opening; a retracting element located inside the base of the pipe attachment; and a lighter housing connected to the retracting element. 2. The lighter holder of claim 1 further comprising a second pipe attachment. 3. A lighter holder comprising: at least one pipe attachment, with a band and a base, where there is an opening located in the base; a retracting element located inside the pipe attachment comprising a housing with an opening, where the housing holds a coiled spring inside of an inner reel with a length of cord spooled around the inner reel, the cord is attached to a cap, and the cap has a hole in it; and a lighter housing with an attachment opening, bottom, and outer shell, that define a lighter opening, wherein the lighter housing is connected to the retracting element through a connector ring that passes through the attachment opening and cap hole. 4. The lighter holder of claim 3 further comprising the lighter housing having at least one sidewall. 5. The lighter holder of claim 3 wherein the band of the at least one pipe attachment is made of a silicone or rubber. 6. The lighter holder of claim 3 wherein the band of the at least one pipe attachment is made of a fiber or fabric. 7. The lighter holder of claim 6 further comprising one or more fabric fasteners. 8. The lighter holder of claim 6 further comprising one or more metal or plastic fasteners. 9. The lighter holder of claim 3 further comprising the retracting element having a lock. 10. The lighter holder of claim 3 further comprising the lighter housing having one or more ribs. 11. The lighter holder of claim 3 further comprising the lighter housing having a liner. 12. The lighter holder of claim 3 further comprising the cap having a swivel. 13. A lighter holder comprising: at least one pipe attachment, with a band and a base, where there is an opening located in the base; a retracting element located inside the pipe attachment comprising a housing with an opening where the housing holds a coiled spring inside of an inner reel with a length of cord spooled around the inner reel, the distal end of the cord is attached to a cap, the cap has a hole in it; a lighter housing with an attachment opening, bottom, and outer shell that define a lighter opening, wherein the lighter housing is connected to the retracting element through a connector ring that passes through the attachment opening and cap hole; and a second pipe attachment with a band a base and a hook, wherein the hook may secure the lighter housing by hooking the cord, connector ring, or the attachment opening. 14. The lighter holder of claim 13 further comprising the lighter housing having at least one sidewall.",
-    "A method for producing a light emitting device includes providing a light emitting device array including a collective substrate, a plurality of light emitting elements, a covering member covering a region surrounding the plurality of light emitting elements, in which the plurality of light emitting elements and the covering member are arranged on an upper surface of the collective substrate, the collective substrate including a ceramic base member, and the covering member containing a silicone-based resin as a base material; making a cut into the covering member such that the cut has a depth such that an uncut portion remains in the covering member in a direction of the depth' and push-splitting the collective substrate, and splitting the uncut portion of the covering member after the making the cut into the covering member. 1. A method for producing a light emitting device, the method comprising: providing a light emitting device array including a collective substrate, a plurality of light emitting elements, and a covering member covering a region surrounding the plurality of light emitting elements, the plurality of light emitting elements and the covering member being arranged on an upper surface of the collective substrate, the collective substrate including a ceramic base member, and the covering member containing a silicone resin as a base material, making a cut into the covering member such that the cut has a depth such that an uncut portion remains in the covering member in a direction of the depth, and after making the cut into the covering member, push-splitting the collective substrate, and splitting the uncut portion of the covering member. 2. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the splitting of the uncut portion of the covering member is performed simultaneously with the push-splitting the collective substrate. 3. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the splitting of the uncut portion of the covering member is performed by pulling apart the covering member after the push-splitting of the collective substrate. 4. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the uncut portion of the covering member in the making the cut into the covering member is 50 \u03bcm or less. 5. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein scribe lines are formed on a lower surface of the collective substrate prior to the step of push-splitting the collective substrate, the step of making the cut is performed along the scribe lines, and the collective substrate is push-split along the scribe lines in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 6. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein ultrasonic waves are applied to the blade that push-splits the collective substrate in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 7. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the step of making the cut is performed using a non-rotating blade in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 8. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 7, wherein ultrasonic waves are applied to the non-rotating blade. 9. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 7, wherein the covering member contains a white pigment and/or a fluorescent material. 10. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 9, wherein the covering member includes a lower layer containing the white pigment, and an upper layer containing the fluorescent material. 11. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 2, wherein a thickness of the uncut portion of the covering member in the step of making the cut into the covering member is 50 \u03bcm or less. 12. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 11, wherein the scribe lines are formed on the lower surface of the collective substrate prior to the step of push-splitting the collective substrate, the step of making the cut is performed along the scribe lines, and the collective substrate is push-split along the scribe lines in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 13. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 12, wherein ultrasonic waves are applied to the blade that push-splits the collective substrate in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 14. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 13, wherein the step of making the cut is performed using a non-rotating blade in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 15. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 14, wherein ultrasonic waves are applied to the non-rotating blade. 16. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 3, wherein a thickness of the uncut portion of the covering member in the step of making the cut into the covering member is 50 \u03bcm or less. 17. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 16, wherein scribe lines are formed on the lower surface of the collective substrate prior to the step of push-splitting the collective substrate, the step of making the cut is performed along the scribe lines, and the collective substrate is push-split along the scribe lines in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 18. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 17, wherein ultrasonic waves are applied to the blade that push-splits the collective substrate in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 19. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 18, wherein the step of making the cut is performed using a non-rotating blade in the step of push-splitting the collective substrate. 20. The method for producing a light emitting device according to claim 19, wherein ultrasonic waves are applied to the non-rotating blade.",
-    "A cartridge includes a cleaning member in contact with an image bearing member and that removes developer on the image bearing member, an accommodation chamber that accommodates the developer removed from the image bearing member with the cleaning member, and a conveying member provided immediately above the image bearing member in a gravitational direction and that conveys, from the accommodation chamber, the developer that has been removed. In the cartridge, a drive start time of the conveying member is late with respect to a drive start time of the image bearing member. 1. A cartridge comprising: a cleaning member in contact with an image bearing member and that removes developer on the image bearing member; an accommodation chamber that accommodates the developer removed from the image bearing member with the cleaning member; and a conveying member provided immediately above the image bearing member in a gravitational direction that conveys, from the accommodation chamber, the developer that has been removed, wherein a drive start time of the conveying member is late with respect to a drive start time of the image bearing member. 2. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein a contact portion in which the image bearing member and the cleaning member are in contact with each other is, in a rotation direction of the image bearing member, positioned downstream of the image bearing member where the conveying member and the image bearing member are closest to each other. 3. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the drive start time of the conveying member is changed according to an ambient temperature. 4. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the drive start time of the conveying member is changed according to an ambient humidity. 5. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein driving of the conveying member is started after the image bearing member has been rotated for a single turn or more from when the image bearing member has started to drive. 6. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein a time difference between the drive start time of the image bearing member and the drive start time of the conveying member is within a range of 0.01 seconds to 0.2 seconds. 7. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein an axial direction of the image bearing member and an axial direction of the conveying member are parallel to each other. 8. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the conveying member is a screw. 9. The cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning member includes a contact portion that is in contact with the image bearing member, a conveying member that conveys the developer in the accommodation chamber is positioned immediately above the contact portion, the driving time of the image bearing member is longer than the driving time of the conveying member, and when a developer bearing member that develops an electrostatic image on the image bearing member is driven, the conveying member is driven as well. 10. The cartridge according to claim 9, wherein a drive stop time of the conveying member is earlier than the drive stop time of the image bearing member. 11. The cartridge according to claim 9, wherein a drive stop time of the conveying member is same as or later than a drive stop time of the developer bearing member. 12. The cartridge according to claim 9, wherein a position of incident light emitted from an exposure member that expose the image bearing member is below the contact portion in a vertical direction. 13. The cartridge according to claim 9, wherein the driving time of the conveying member is longer than a driving time of the developer bearing member. 14. The cartridge according to claim 9, wherein the driving time of the conveying member and a driving time of the developer bearing member are equivalent to each other. 15. A process cartridge comprising: an image bearing member; a cleaning member in contact with an image bearing member and that removes developer on the image bearing member; an accommodation chamber that accommodates the developer removed from the image bearing member with the cleaning member; and a conveying member provided immediately above the image bearing member in a gravitational direction and that conveys, from the accommodation chamber, the developer that has been removed, wherein a drive start time of the conveying member is late with respect to a drive start time of the image bearing member. 16. The process cartridge according to claim 15, wherein the cleaning member includes a contact portion that is in contact with the image bearing member, a conveying member that conveys the developer in the accommodation chamber is positioned immediately above the contact portion, a driving time of the image bearing member is longer than a driving time of the conveying member, and when a developer bearing member that develops an electrostatic image on the image bearing member is driven, the conveying member is driven as well. 17. An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a recording material, comprising: an image bearing member; an image development unit that develops a latent image formed on the image bearing member with developer; a cleaning member in contact with the image bearing member and that removes developer on the image bearing member; an accommodation chamber that accommodates the developer removed from the image bearing member with the cleaning member; and a conveying member provided immediately above the image bearing member in a gravitational direction and that conveys, from the accommodation chamber, the developer that has been removed, wherein a drive start time of the conveying member is late with respect to a drive start time of the image bearing member. 18. The image forming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the cleaning member includes a contact portion that is in contact with the image bearing member, the conveying member that conveys the developer in the accommodation chamber is positioned immediately above the contact portion, a driving time of the image bearing member is longer than a driving time of the conveying member, and when a developer bearing member that develops an electrostatic image on the image bearing member is driven, the conveying member is driven as well.",
-    "A method for mapping signaling information to announcement information and a broadcast receiver are disclosed herein. A method of providing a Non-Real-Time (NRT) service, the method comprises extracting identification information of first signaling information and second signaling information based upon a program specific information/program and system information protocol (PSI/PSIP) table, receiving the first signaling information and second signaling information based upon the extracted identification information, constructing and displaying a service guide using the received first signaling information, acquiring first content identification information as a content selected from the displayed service guide, accessing a File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) session using the received second signaling information, acquiring second content identification information matched with the acquired first content identification information from the accessed FLUTE session and receiving and storing one or more file constructing corresponding content based upon the acquired second content identification information. 1. A method of transmitting a non-real time (NRT) service, the method comprising: generating data for the NRT service that is delivered in advance of its use and stored in a receiving device and signaling data for the NRT service; and transmitting a broadcast signal including the data for the NRT service and the signaling data, wherein the signaling data includes signaling information and NRT signaling information, wherein the signaling information and the NRT signaling information are carried based on a User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) method, wherein the data for the NRT service is delivered in the broadcast signal through a file delivery session based on LCT protocol, and wherein the signaling information includes service category information identifying the NRT service. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the data for the NRT service includes one or more content items and the NRT signaling information further includes identification information of the one or more content items.",
-    "Provided is a process of profiling a user of a mobile computing device, the process including: obtaining a location history of a user, the location history being based on signals from a mobile computing device of the user; obtaining a location-attribute score of a location identified in, or inferred from, the location history; determining, with a computer, a user-attribute score based on the location-attribute score; and storing the user-attribute score in a user-profile datastore. 1. A datacenter configured to expedite generation of user profiles based on time-dependent attributes of geolocations sensed by mobile computing devices, the datacenter comprising: a primary computing device having one or more processors and storing an instance of an operating system; a local area network; and a plurality of secondary computing devices communicatively coupled with the master computing device via the local area network, each secondary computing device having one or more processors and storing an instance of an operating system, wherein the primary computing device and the plurality of secondary computing devices store instructions that when executed by the primary computing device and the plurality of secondary computing devices effectuate operations comprising: obtaining, in memory, location histories of a plurality of users, the location histories including geolocations of corresponding mobile computing devices and times at which the mobile computing devices were at the geolocations; querying, with one or more processors, a geographic information system (GIS), with the geolocations and times, for time-dependent attribute scores of places the location histories indicate at least some of the users visited, wherein the GIS associates each of the places with a plurality of different durations of time and each of the durations of time with attribute scores for more than 100 different attributes; generating, with one or more processors, user profiles of the plurality of users based on time-dependent attribute scores responsive to the query, wherein the user profiles each include a plurality of profile-attribute scores based on the time-dependent attribute scores responsive to the query for places visited by a corresponding user, wherein generating user profiles comprises: assigning, with the primary computing device, different profiling tasks to each of a plurality of different secondary computing devices; and performing the profiling tasks by determining, with the secondary computing devices, at least some of the plurality of profile-attribute scores; and storing the generated user profiles in memory. 2. The datacenter of claim 1, the operations comprising, after storing the generated user profiles, expediting query responses by indexing places where behaviors co-occur during specified durations of time by performing operations comprising: creating a first set of places by selecting places where the users having a given profile-attribute score that satisfies a threshold tend to co-occur in a first duration of time; and creating a second set of places by selecting places where the users having the given profile-attribute score that satisfies the threshold tend to co-occur in a second duration of time different from the first duration of time. 3. The datacenter of claim 2, the operations comprising: after indexing places where behaviors co-occur during specified durations of time, receiving a first query specifying a geolocation or place and an instance of the first duration of time; selecting the first set of places in response to the first query specifying the instance of the first duration of time; and determining whether the first geolocation or place corresponds to any of the first set of places. 4. The datacenter of claim 3, the operations comprising: after receiving the first query, receiving a second query from a remote computing device specifying another geolocation or place and an instance of the second duration of time; selecting the second set of places in response to the second query specifying the instance of the second duration of time; and determining whether the other geolocation or place corresponds to any of the second set of places; and sending a response to the remote computing device indicative of whether the other geolocation or place corresponds to any of the second set of places. 5. The datacenter of claim 1, wherein the GIS associates each of the durations of time with attribute scores for more than 1,000 different attributes, and wherein the user profiles comprise measures of central tendency for the more than 1,000 different attributes for at least a plurality of the durations of time. 6. The datacenter of claim 1, wherein obtaining the location histories comprises: obtaining an initial location of the user at an initial time; obtaining a subsequent location of the user at a subsequent time, the subsequent time being more than one minute after the initial time; and inferring an intermediate location of the user at an intermediate time based on attributes of locations between the initial location and the subsequent location. 7. The datacenter of claim 1, wherein generating user profiles comprises, for a given time-dependent attribute score, performing steps for determining that adjacent locations have attribute scores consistent with the given time-dependent attribute score. 8. The datacenter of claim 1, the operations comprising: labeling a user profile of a given user with a hash value formed by hashing an identifier of a source of a first location history of the given user; after storing the user profile of the given user, obtaining a second location history of the given user; and matching the second location history to the user profile of the given user based on the hash value. 9. The datacenter of claim 1, wherein: obtaining location histories comprises performing steps for obtaining location histories; and querying the GIS comprises performing steps for expediting data retrieval with concurrency. 10. The datacenter of claim 1, the operations comprising: after storing the user profiles, performing steps for using user-profile records in a user-profile datastore. 11. The datacenter of claim 1, wherein querying the GIS comprises: assigning, with a primary computing device, places to a plurality of secondary computing devices; and instructing the secondary computing devices to which the places were assigned to gather data from the GIS about events occurring in places assigned to the respective secondary computing devices, the events each corresponding to entries in the location histories. 12. The datacenter of claim 11, the operations comprising: filtering, with secondary computing devices, events occurring within respective assigned places from the location histories to form an event group; and retrieving time-dependent attribute records for the event group. 13. The datacenter of claim 1, wherein: the places are specified by tiles in a grid, at least some of the tiles having a width of less than 1000-meters; the durations of time are portions of the week, including a weekend-specific portion; and the time-dependent attribute scores comprise values indicative of a degree to which users tend to engage in activities corresponding to the attribute in a corresponding tile at a corresponding duration of time. 14. A method, comprising: obtaining, in memory, location histories of a plurality of users, the location histories including geolocations of corresponding mobile computing devices and times at which the mobile computing devices were at the geolocations; querying, with one or more processors, a geographic information system (GIS), with the geolocations and times, for time-dependent attribute scores of places the location histories indicate at least some of the users visited, wherein the GIS associates each of the places with a plurality of different durations of time and each of the durations of time with attribute scores for more than 100 different attributes; generating, with one or more processors, user profiles of the plurality of users based on time-dependent attribute scores responsive to the query, wherein the user profiles each include a plurality of profile-attribute scores based on the time-dependent attribute scores responsive to the query for places visited by a corresponding user, wherein generating user profiles comprises: assigning, with a primary computing device, different profiling tasks to each of a plurality of different secondary computing devices; and performing the profiling tasks by determining, with the secondary computing devices, at least some of the plurality of profile-attribute scores; and storing the generated user profiles in memory. 15. The method of claim 14, comprising, after storing the generated user profiles, expediting query responses by indexing places where behaviors co-occur during specified durations of time by performing operations comprising: creating a first set of places by selecting places where the users having a given profile-attribute score that satisfies a threshold tend to co-occur in a first duration of time; and creating a second set of places by selecting places where the users having the given profile-attribute score that satisfies the threshold tend to co-occur in a second duration of time different from the first duration of time. 16. The method of claim 15, comprising: after indexing places where behaviors co-occur during specified durations of time, receiving a first query specifying a geolocation or place and an instance of the first duration of time; selecting the first set of places in response to the first query specifying the instance of the first duration of time; and determining whether the first geolocation or place corresponds to any of the first set of places. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising: after receiving the first query, receiving a second query from a remote computing device specifying another geolocation or place and an instance of the second duration of time; selecting the second set of places in response to the second query specifying the instance of the second duration of time; and determining whether the other geolocation or place corresponds to any of the second set of places; and sending a response to the remote computing device indicative of whether the other geolocation or place corresponds to any of the second set of places. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the GIS associates each of the durations of time with attribute scores for more than 1,000 different attributes, and wherein the user profiles comprise measures of central tendency for the more than 1,000 different attributes for at least a plurality of the durations of time. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein obtaining the location histories comprises: obtaining an initial location of the user at an initial time; obtaining a subsequent location of the user at a subsequent time, the subsequent time being more than one minute after the initial time; and inferring an intermediate location of the user at an intermediate time based on attributes of locations between the initial location and the subsequent location. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein generating user profiles comprises, for a given time-dependent attribute score, performing steps for determining that adjacent locations have attribute scores consistent with the given time-dependent attribute score. 21. The method of claim 14, comprising: labeling a user profile of a given user with a hash value formed by hashing an identifier of a source of a first location history of the given user; after storing the user profile of the given user, obtaining a second location history of the given user; and matching the second location history to the user profile of the given user based on the hash value. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein: obtaining location histories comprises performing steps for obtaining location histories; and querying the GIS comprises performing steps for expediting data retrieval with concurrency. 23. The method of claim 14, comprising: after storing the user profiles, performing steps for using user-profile records in a user-profile datastore. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein querying the GIS comprises: assigning, with a primary computing device, places to a plurality of secondary computing devices; and instructing the secondary computing devices to which the places were assigned to gather data from the GIS about events occurring in places assigned to the respective secondary computing devices, the events each corresponding to entries in the location histories. 25. The method of claim 24, the operations comprising: filtering, with secondary computing devices, events occurring within respective assigned places from the location histories to form an event group; and retrieving time-dependent attribute records for the event group. 26. The method of claim 14, wherein: the places are specified by tiles in a grid, at least some of the tiles having a width of less than 1000-meters; the durations of time are portions of the week, including a weekend-specific portion; and the time-dependent attribute scores comprise values indicative of a degree to which users tend to engage in activities corresponding to the attribute in a corresponding tile at a corresponding duration of time.",
-    "A curtain barrier with an attached hem pocket using an interlocking stitch techniqueis disclosed. The agricultural membrane curtain comprises a curtain body made of a non-porous fabric material and one or more breathable hem pockets extending along the bottom edge of the curtain body. The hem pocket is sewn to the curtain body using a plurality of intersecting sew lines creating an interlocking stitch pattern to avoid unraveling due to thread damage. The sew lines may comprise thread, yarn, or filament and the interlocking stitch pattern forms multiple stop points for automatic sealing in the event of deterioration of one or more stitches. 1. A curtain barrier comprising: at least one breathable hem pocket attached to a horizontal bottom edge of a curtain body using at least two sew lines, wherein the sew lines comprise a series of interlocking sections with equal spacing between each interlocking section. 2. The curtain barrier of claim 1, wherein the series of interlocking sections of the sew lines comprise a cross-stitch pattern. 3. The curtain barrier of claim 1, wherein the series of interlocking sections comprise alternating diagonal sew lines, with one-inch spacing between an end or peak of each diagonal sew line. 4. The curtain barrier of claim 1, wherein the series of interlocking sections comprise alternating arched or curved sew lines, with one-inch spacing between the intersection of each sew line. 5. The curtain barrier of claim 1, wherein the series of interlocking sections comprise alternating diagonal sew lines, with sections of parallel sew lines alternating with opposite diagonal sew lines, with one-inch spacing between the intersections of each set of diagonal lines. 6. The curtain barrier of claim 1, wherein the sew lines intersect with each other to create sealing stop points for the cessation of unraveling of sew lines in the event of sew line fault. 7. The curtain barrier of claim 1, wherein the length between the sew line intersections or the peaks of diagonal sew lines are indicative of a measuring system. 8. The curtain barrier of claim 1, whereinthe breathable hem pocket includes a break-proof or self-securing stitch. 9. The curtain barrier of claim 1,comprisesa curtain for use as an agricultural membrane curtain, livestock membrane curtainor industrial ventilation membrane curtain. 10. A method of sewing a hem pocket onto a curtain barrier, the method comprising: bringing together a curtain body and a hem pocket for stitching; sewing the hem pocket along abottom edge of the curtain body using at least two sew lines; creating a cross-stitch pattern by intersecting at least two sew lines along the bottom edge of the curtain body. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the hem pockets are made of a non-porous fabric material. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-stitch pattern comprisesa series of interlocking diagonal sew lines, with one-inch spacing between an end or peak of each diagonal line. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-stitch pattern comprisesa series of interlocking arched or curved sew lines, with one-inch spacing between an end or peak of each curved sew line. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-stitch pattern comprises a series of interlocking diagonal sew lines with sections of parallel sew lines alternating with opposite diagonal sew lines, with one-inch spacing between an end or peak of each diagonal sew line. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-stitch pattern comprisesa plurality of sealing stop-points created by the intersecting sew lines for the cessation of unraveling sew lines in the event of sew line fault. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-stitch pattern is created using three sew lines.",
-    "A profile strip of a vehicle body is provided, wherein the profile strip is configured with at least one shell component made of fiber-reinforced plastic material and with at least one pultrusion component. The profile strip is subjected to bending in a bending direction and the pultrusion component is arranged alongside the shell component, as seen in the bending direction. The pultrusion component is configured with an outer shell and with at least one inner crosspiece, which is coupled to the inside of the outer shell. The at least one inner crosspiece extends in the bending direction and the at least one shell component has additional inner ribs, which extend likewise in the bending direction. 1. A profile strip of a vehicle body, the profile strip comprising: at least one shell component made of a fiber-reinforced plastic; at least one pultrusion component arranged next to the shell component in a bending direction in which the profile strip is subjectable to bending, wherein the pultrusion component is configured with an outer shell and at least one inner web coupled thereto on an inner side of the outer shell, the at least one inner web extends in the bending direction, and the at least one shell component has inner ribs extending in the bending direction. 2. The profile strip according to claim 1, further comprising foam filling an inner cavity of the shell component and/or the pultrusion component. 3. The profile strip according to claim 2, wherein the pultrusion component is adhesively bonded to the shell component over a full surface area adjacent to the shell component. 4. The profile strip according to claim 1, wherein the pultrusion component is adhesively bonded to the shell component over a full surface area adjacent to the shell component. 5. The profile strip according to claim 1, wherein the profile strip is part of a passenger compartment of the vehicle body. 6. The profile strip according to claim 4, wherein the profile strip is part of a passenger compartment of the vehicle body. 7. The profile strip according to claim 5, wherein a sill of the passenger compartment is formed by the profile strip. 8. The profile strip according to claim 6, wherein a sill of the passenger compartment is formed by the profile strip. 9. The profile strip according to claim 7, wherein the pultrusion component is configured to cover an entire height of the shell component.",
-    "A method of fabricating an integrated circuit (IC) includes etching a trench in a semiconductor layer on a substrate having an aspect ratio (AR)\u22675 and a trench depth\u226710 \u03bcm. A dielectric liner is formed along the walls of the trench. An in-situ doped polysilicon layer having a first thickness is deposited into the trench to form a dielectric lined partially filled trench. An un-doped polysilicon layer having a second thickness greater than the first thickness is deposited on the in-situ doped polysilicon layer to complete a filling of the trench to provide a polysilicon filled trench. The doped polysilicon filler after completion of fabricating the IC is essentially polysilicon void-free and has a 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance\u226660 ohms/sq. The method can include etching an opening at a bottom of the dielectric liner before depositing the polysilicon to provide ohmic contact to the semiconductor layer. 1. A method of fabricating an integrated circuit (IC), comprising: etching a trench in a semiconductor layer on a substrate having an aspect ratio (AR)\u22675 and a trench depth\u226710 \u03bcm; forming a dielectric liner along walls of said trench to form a dielectric lined trench, and depositing an initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer having a first thickness into said trench to form a dielectric lined partially polysilicon filled trench; depositing an un-doped polysilicon layer having a second thickness greater than said first thickness on said initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer to complete a filling of said dielectric lined trench to provide a polysilicon filled trench; wherein after completion of said fabricating of the IC said polysilicon filled trench is essentially polysilicon void-free, and has a 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance less than or equal\u226660 ohms/sq. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a thickness of said initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer is from 0.2 \u03bcm to 0.5 \u03bcm, and a thickness of said un-doped polysilicon layer is from 1.3 \u03bcm to 2.0 \u03bcm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein after said completion of said fabricating of said IC a difference in a concentration of dopant from a top of said polysilicon filled trench and a bottom of said polysilicon filled trench is at least a factor of 4, and wherein an average grain size at said top of said polysilicon filled trench is at least 50% less than an average grain size at said bottom of said polysilicon filled trench. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer as deposited has an average dopant concentration between 5\u00d71018 cm\u22123 and 1\u00d71021 cm\u22123. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a bulk substrate material that provides said semiconductor layer. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said trench depth is between 20 \u03bcm and 50 \u03bcm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said semiconductor substrate is boron doped, further comprising etching an opening at a bottom of said dielectric liner before said depositing said initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer doped with boron to provide an opening for an ohmic contact to said semiconductor substrate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said depositing said initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer comprises boron doping including flowing BCl3 gas in a flow range from 20 to 50 Standard Cubic Centimeters per Minute (sccm) along with at least one diluent gas so that said BCl3 gas is diluted to less than or equal to (\u2266) 20% by Gravimetric volume mixture. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said diluent gas comprises H2. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said depositing said initial in-situ doped polysilicon layer uses a temperature range of 550\u00b0 C. to 650\u00b0 C. and a pressure range from 100 mTorr to 400 mTorr. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising annealing said polysilicon filled trench at a temperature between 900\u00b0 C. and 1150\u00b0 C. 12. An integrated circuit (IC), comprising: a semiconductor layer on a substrate; functional circuitry formed on said semiconductor substrate, and a plurality of polysilicon filled trenches having a dielectric liner in said semiconductor substrate having a doped polysilicon filler therein; wherein a 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance of said doped polysilicon filler is \u226660 ohms/sq, wherein an aspect ratio (AR) of said plurality of polysilicon filled trenches is \u22675 and a trench depth is \u226710 \u03bcm, and wherein said doped polysilicon filler is essentially polysilicon void-free, wherein a difference in a concentration of a dopant from a top of said polysilicon filled trench and a bottom of said polysilicon filled trench is at least a factor of 4, and wherein an average grain size at said top of said polysilicon filled trench is at least 50% less than an average grain size at said bottom of said polysilicon filled trench. 13. The IC of claim 12, wherein an average dopant concentration in said doped polysilicon filler is between 5\u00d71018 cm\u22123 and 5\u00d71021 cm\u22123, and a 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance of said doped polysilicon filler is \u226650 ohms/sq. 14. The IC of claim 12, wherein said semiconductor substrate is a bulk substrate material that provides said semiconductor layer. 15. The IC of claim 12, wherein said trench depth is between 20 \u03bcm and 50 \u03bcm. 16. The IC of claim 12, further comprising openings in said dielectric liner at a bottom of said polysilicon filled trench, wherein said doped polysilicon filler provides an ohmic contact to said semiconductor layer. 17. The IC of claim 16, wherein said semiconductor layer is boron doped, said doped polysilicon filler is boron doped, and wherein said 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance of said doped polysilicon filler is \u226630 ohms/sq. 18. An integrated circuit (IC), comprising: a boron doped semiconductor layer on a substrate; functional circuitry formed on said semiconductor layer, and a plurality of polysilicon filled trenches having a dielectric liner in said semiconductor layer having a boron doped polysilicon filler therein, wherein a 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance of said doped polysilicon filler is \u226650 ohms/sq, wherein an aspect ratio (AR) of said plurality of polysilicon filled trenches is \u22675 and a trench depth is between 20 \u03bcm and 50 \u03bcm, wherein a difference in boron concentration from a top of said polysilicon filled trench and a bottom of said polysilicon filled trench is at least a factor of 4, and wherein an average grain size at said top of said polysilicon filled trench is at least 50% less than an average grain size at said bottom of said polysilicon filled trench, and wherein said doped polysilicon filler is essentially polysilicon void-free. 19. The IC of claim 18, wherein said 25\u00b0 C. sheet resistance of said doped polysilicon filler is \u226630 ohms/sq. 20. The IC of claim 18, further comprising openings in said dielectric liner at a bottom of said polysilicon filled trench, wherein said doped polysilicon filler provides an ohmic contact to said semiconductor layer.",
-    "A sling having tensionable ends such that the sling can be provided for carrying, strapping, tethering, handling or otherwise engaging one or more objects, for example, a firearm, collapsible chair, bow, an animal, etc. In one example form, the sling includes a woven portion extending from a first end to a second end and defining a length therebetween. The woven portion includes a plurality of woven segments extending along the length. The first and second ends have tensionable loops extending therefrom, and at least one of a plurality of woven portions is moved towards or away from at least one of the first or second ends to cause adjustment to the size of the loops. 1. A sling comprising: a main line; a centrally positioned woven portion comprising a plurality of similarly patterned weaves, the weaves generally being woven at least partially around the main line, wherein at least a portion of the main line extends from each end of the woven portion to form loops, and wherein the weaves can be moved along the main line whereby the size of the loop at each end can be adjusted. 2. The sling of claim 1, wherein the plurality of weaves of the woven portion are at least partially frictionally engaged with the main line. 3. The sling of claim 1, wherein the plurality of weaves are generally in the form of a cobra weave. 4. The sling of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of similarly patterned weaves are generally tightened at least partially around the main line with between about 10-14 lbs of pressure. 5. The sling of claim 1, wherein the loops provided at the ends of the strap are generally looped around portions of a firearm. 6. The sling of claim 5, wherein one of the loops is configured for looping and tensioning around a barrel portion of the firearm. 7. The sling of claim 5, wherein one of the loops is configured for looping around a stock portion of the firearm. 8. A tensionable and universal strap comprising: a generally elongate and flexible member comprising a first end and a second end generally opposite thereto; a central woven portion comprising a series of inter-linked weave segments defining a continuous woven pattern; a first tensionable loop defined between the first end and a portion of the central woven portion; and a second tensionable loop defined between the second end and a portion of the central woven portion. 9. The tensionable and universal strap of claim 8, wherein the inter-linked weave segments are frictionally engaged with a main line extending through the entirety of the strap, and wherein the ends of the main line form the loops at the first and second ends. 10. The tensionable and universal strap of claim 9, wherein manipulation of the inter-linked weave segments provides for adjustment to the size of the first and second loops such that the loops can be place around objects and become substantially secured thereto. 11. The tensionable and universal strap of claim 10, wherein the loops are configured for removable engagement with a firearm. 12. The tensionable and universal strap of claim 11, wherein one of the first or second loops is configured for removable engagement with a barrel portion of the firearm and wherein the other of the first or second loops is configured for removable engagement with a stock portion of the firearm. 13. A sling comprising a generally centrally positioned woven portion extending from a first end to a second end and defining a length therebetween, the woven portion comprising a plurality of woven segments extending along the length, the first and second ends comprising tensionable loops extending therefrom, and wherein at least one of the plurality of woven segments is movable toward one of the first and second ends to cause adjustment to the size of at least one of the loops. 14. The sling of claim 13, wherein the length of the centrally positioned woven portion is generally between about 25 to about 35 inches. 15. The sling of claim 13, wherein the extension between the first and second ends defines a length of between about 35 to about 45 inches. 16. The sling of claim 13, wherein the tensionable loop of the first end comprises a length of between about 2 to about 8 inches. 17. The sling of claim 13, wherein the tensionable loop of the second end comprises a length of between about 2 to about 12 inches. 18. The sling of claim 13, wherein the centrally positioned woven portion comprises a series of inter-linked cobra weaves.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of diagnosing and treating a head neck cancer characterized by expressing a tumor-associated antigen having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4. The method comprises treating the so-affected patient with an antibody which specifically binds to an extracellular portion of said tumor-associated antigen having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. 1. A method of treating a head neck cancer which is characterized by expressing a tumor-associated antigen having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4, which method comprises treating the so-affected patient with an antibody which specifically binds to an extracellular portion of said tumor-associated antigen. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is characterized by a tumor of the ear, nose or throat. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is administered in combination with a therapeutic agent. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anticancer agent, a radioactive iodine-labeled compound, a toxin, a cytostatic drug, or a cytolytic drug. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anticancer agent selected from the group consisting of aminoglutethimide, azathioprine, bleomycin sulfate, busulfan, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabidine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubin, doxorubicin, taxol, etoposide, fluorouracil, interferon-a, lomustine, mercaptopurine, methoxtrexate, mitotane, procarbazine MCI, thioguanine, vinblastine sulfate, and vincristine sulfate. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is a toxin selected from the group consisting of pokeweed antiviral protein, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, ricin, gelonin, abrin, diptheria exotoxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the cancer is characterized by a tumor of the ear, nose or throat. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is coupled to a therapeutic agent. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anticancer agent, a radioactive iodine-labeled compound, a toxin, a cytostatic drug, or a cytolytic drug. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anticancer agent selected from the group consisting of aminoglutethimide, azathioprine, bleomycin sulfate, busulfan, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabidine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubin, doxorubicin, taxol, etoposide, fluorouracil, interferon-a, lomustine, mercaptopurine, methoxtrexate, mitotane, procarbazine HCl, thioguanine, vinblastine sulfate, and vincristine sulfate. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the therapeutic agent is a toxin selected from the group consisting of pokeweed antiviral protein, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, ricin, gelonin, abrin, diptheria exotoxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancer is characterized by a tumor of the ear, nose or throat. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.",
-    "A power convertor includes a transformer, a filtering unit, an isolating unit, a starting unit, a rectifier, an accelerating capacitor, a controlling module and an auxiliary capacitor. The filtering unit is electrically connected to the transformer and the isolating unit. The accelerating capacitor is electrically connected to the rectifier and the isolating unit. The starting unit is electrically connected to the rectifier, the isolating unit, the accelerating capacitor, the controlling module and the auxiliary capacitor. The power convertor is shut down when the controlling module enters a latch mode. The isolating unit is configured to prevent an electric power stored in the filtering unit from entering the starting unit when the controlling module leaves the latch mode. The accelerating capacitor obtains a voltage level and rapidly charges to the auxiliary capacitor to make the power convertor restart when the controlling module leaves the latch mode and resets. 1. A power convertor comprising: a transformer; a filtering unit electrically connected to the transformer; an isolating unit electrically connected to the filtering unit; a starting unit electrically connected to the isolating unit; a rectifier electrically connected to the starting unit and the isolating unit; an accelerating capacitor connected to the rectifier in parallel; a controlling module electrically connected to the transformer and the starting unit; a power switch electrically connected to the transformer and the controlling module; and an auxiliary capacitor electrically connected to the starting unit and the controlling module, wherein the power convertor stops outputting a power when the controlling module enters a latch mode; the isolating unit is configured to prevent an electric power stored in the filtering unit from entering the starting unit when the controlling module leaves the latch mode; the accelerating capacitor obtains a voltage level and rapidly charges to the auxiliary capacitor to make the power convertor re-output the power when the controlling module leaves the latch mode and resets. 2. The power convertor in claim 1, wherein the starting unit comprises a first starting resistor and a second starting resistor; the first starting resistor is connected to the second starting resistor in series; the first starting resistor is electrically connected to the rectifier, the isolating unit and the accelerating capacitor; the second starting resistor is electrically connected to the auxiliary capacitor and the controlling module. 3. The power convertor in claim 1, wherein the filtering unit comprises two filtering capacitors and a filtering inductor; the two filtering capacitors are connected to two sides of the filtering inductor respectively. 4. The power convertor in claim 3, wherein the filtering inductor is a common mode inductor. 5. The power convertor in claim 1, further comprising a breaker electrically connected to the rectifier. 6. The power convertor in claim 1, further comprising an absorbing circuit electrically connected between the filtering unit and the transformer. 7. The power convertor in claim 6, wherein the absorbing circuit comprises an absorbing resistor, an absorbing capacitor and an absorbing diode; the absorbing resistor and the absorbing capacitor are connected in parallel; a cathode of the absorbing diode is electrically connected to the absorbing resistor and the absorbing capacitor; an anode of the absorbing diode is electrically connected to the power switch and the transformer. 8. The power convertor in claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary rectifying component electrically connected to the transformer and the controlling module, the auxiliary rectifying component and the auxiliary capacitor forming an auxiliary rectifying unit. 9. The power convertor in claim 8, wherein the transformer comprises a primary winding and an auxiliary winding; the primary winding and the auxiliary winding are coupled to each other; the primary winding is electrically connected to the filtering unit; the auxiliary winding is electrically connected to the auxiliary rectifying component.",
-    "One object is to provide a video game system that can technically restrain real money trade. In accordance with one aspect, a server device 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a determination unit 58 configured to determine whether an exchange of exhibited game contents and bid game contents is concluded based on a game content parameter value characterizing the exhibited game contents and the game content parameter value characterizing the bid game contents; and an updating unit 61 configured to update an owned game content storage unit 52 such that, only when the determination unit 58 determines that the exchange is concluded, the exhibited game contents are stored in association with player identification information of a bidder player and the bid game contents are stored in association with player identification information of an exhibitor player. 1. A video game system for providing video games to terminal devices of one or more players via a network, the video game system comprising: an owned game content storage unit configured to store one or more first game contents owned by a first player among the one or more players in association with first player identification information identifying the first player, and to store one or more second game contents owned by a second player among the one or more players in association with second player identification information identifying the second player; an exhibition request obtaining unit configured to obtain from the first player an exhibition request for exhibiting the first game contents; an exchange request obtaining unit configured to obtain from the second player an exchange request for exchanging the second game contents for the first game contents; a determination unit configured to determine whether or not to conclude an exchange of the first game contents and the second game contents based on comparison of a predetermined threshold value with a difference between a trade quantity of the first game contents and a trade quantity of the second game contents when the exchange request obtaining unit obtains the exchange request; and an updating unit configured to update the owned game content storage unit such that the first game contents are stored in association with the second player identification information and the second game contents are stored in association with the first player identification information only when the determination unit determines that the exchange is concluded, wherein when the determination unit determines that the exchange is not concluded the updating unit erases the second game contents from the owned game content storage unit. 2. The video game system of claim 1 wherein the determination unit specifies the trade quantity of the first game contents based on the exhibition request. 3. The video game system of claim 1 wherein the determination unit specifies the trade quantity of the second game contents based on the exchange request. 4. The video game system of claim 1 wherein the determination unit specifies the trade quantity of the first game contents and the trade quantity of the second game contents based on the exchange request. 5. The video game system of claim 1, wherein the determination unit determines that the exchange of the first game contents and the second game contents is not concluded when the difference is larger than the predetermined threshold value. 6. A method using a game computer for providing video games to terminal devices of one or more players via a network, the method comprising the steps of: storing, in a predetermined memory, one or more first game contents owned by a first player among the one or more players in association with first player identification information identifying the first player, and storing one or more second game contents owned by a second player among the one or more players in association with second player identification information identifying the second player; obtaining from the first player an exhibition request for exhibiting the first game contents; obtaining from the second player an exchange request for exchanging the second game contents for the first game contents; determining whether an exchange of the first game contents and the second game contents is concluded based on comparison of a predetermined threshold value with a difference between a trade quantity of the first game contents and a trade quantity of the second game contents when the exchange request is obtained in the step of obtaining the exchange request; and updating the predetermined memory such that the first game contents are stored in association with the second player identification information and the second game contents are stored in association with the first player identification information only when it is determined in the step of determination that the exchange is concluded, wherein when it is determined in the step of determination that the exchange is not concluded, the second game contents are erased from the predetermined memory in the step of updating.",
-    "A portable electronic system is provided. The portable electronic system includes a wearable device and a host. The wearable device includes a connector and a magnetic-reed switch. The connector includes a first detection point. The host detects a voltage at the first detection point and a state of the magnetic-reed switch when the host performs a detection operation. The host performs at least one of a plurality of functional operations according to a detection result of the detection operation. 1. A portable electronic system comprising: a wearable device comprising a connector and a magnetic-reed switch, wherein the connector comprises a first detection point; and a host detecting a voltage at the first detection point and a state of the magnetic-reed switch when the host performs a detection operation and performing at least one of a plurality of functional operations according to a detection result of the detection operation. 2. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wearable device further comprises: a first supply-voltage connection point; and a second supply-voltage connection point, wherein the first detection point is connected with the first supply-voltage connection point or the second supply-voltage connection point, and wherein during the detection operation being performed by the host, the host provides an operation voltage to the first supply-voltage connection point and further provides a reference voltage to the second supply-voltage connection point. 3. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the connector further comprises: a second detection point connected with the first supply-voltage connection point or the second supply-voltage connection point, wherein when the host performs the detection operation, the host further detects a voltage at the detection point. 4. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wearable device further comprises: a voltage connection point; and a resistor coupled between the first detection point and the voltage connection point, wherein during the detection operation being performed by the host, the host provides a detection current to the detection point and further provides a reference voltage to the voltage connection point. 5. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wearable device further comprises: a voltage connection point; and a capacitor coupled between the first detection point and the voltage connection point, wherein during the detection operation being performed by the host, the host provides a detection current to the detection point and further provides a reference voltage to the voltage connection point. 6. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the host comprises: a first sensor detecting the voltage at the first detection point when the host performs the detection operation to generate a first detection signal; a second sensor detecting the state of the magnetic-reed switch when the host performs the detection operation to generate a second detection signal; and a processor receiving the first detection signal and a second detection signal and identifying a serial number of the wearable device according to the first detection signal and a second detection signal, wherein the processor performs at least one of the plurality of functional operations according to the identified serial number. 7. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of functional operations comprises image display, human-machine interaction, bio-signal measurement, and positioning. 8. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor performs at least one of the plurality of functional operations, the host activates a wireless connection module to communication an external device. 9. The portable electronic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connector is implemented by a pogo-pin connector.",
-    "An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a touch screen configured to display a screen corresponding to a wearable device, onto which the electronic device is mounted, in a first screen area of an entire screen area and to receive an input for controlling the first screen area, in a second screen area, which is different from the first screen area of the entire screen area and a processor configured to determine positions of the first screen area and the second screen area, and to control one or more operations related to the first screen area and the second screen area. 1. An electronic device comprising: a touch screen configured to: display a screen corresponding to a wearable device, onto which the electronic device is mounted, in a first screen area of an entire screen area; and receive an input for controlling the first screen area, in a second screen area, which is different from the first screen area of the entire screen area; and a processor configured to: determine positions of the first screen area and the second screen area; and control one or more operations related to the first screen area and the second screen area. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first screen area provides a function corresponding to a Head Mounted Theater (HMT) mode. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the positions of the first screen area and the second screen area are determined, by the processor, by one or more reference points detected by the wearable device onto which the electronic device is mounted. 4. The electronic device of claim 3, wherein the one or more reference points are detected from one or more conductive parts arranged on a front surface of the wearable device onto which the electronic device is mounted. 5. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the conductive parts are formed in a circular pattern around a circumference of a lens unit arranged on the front surface of the wearable device onto which the electronic device is mounted. 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to provide, through the second screen area, one or more functions, which can be provided by the electronic device. 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to display, in the second screen area, one or more of call reception information, text message reception information, information related to various statuses, weather information, and news information. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to provide, through the second screen area, one or more functions for controlling a function corresponding to the first screen area. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to display, through the second screen area, information received from an external second electronic device. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to apply different screen configurations to the first screen area and the second screen area. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the screen configurations correspond to one or more of a resolution, a refresh rate, and brightness. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: a sub touch pad in a bezel area adjacent to the touch screen, wherein the processor is further configured to control one or more functions corresponding to the first screen area in response to a user input through the sub touch pad. 13. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: a first touch screen configured to provide a function corresponding to the first screen area; and a second touch screen configured to provide a function corresponding to the second screen area. 14. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: display a stereoscopic view on the first screen area; and display a monoscopic view on the second screen area. 15. A method of processing a screen area of an electronic device, the method comprising: mounting the electronic device onto a wearable device; determining, by a processor, a first screen area corresponding to the wearable device among all screen areas of a touch screen included in the electronic device; determining at least some areas, of all of the screen areas except for the first screen area, as a second screen area; displaying a screen corresponding to the wearable device in the first screen area; and providing one or more functions in the second screen area. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first screen area provides a function corresponding to a Head Mounted Theater (HMT) mode. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determinating positions of the first screen area and the second screen area based on one or more reference points detected by the wearable device onto which the electronic device is mounted. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more reference points are detected from one or more conductive parts arranged on a front surface of the wearable device onto which the electronic device is mounted. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: providing, through the second screen area, one or more functions, which can be provided by the electronic device. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising: displaying, in the second area, one or more of call reception information, text message reception information, information regarding various statuses, weather information, and news information. 21. The method of claim 15, further comprising: providing, through the second screen area, one or more functions for controlling a function corresponding to the first screen area. 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising: receiving information from an external second electronic device; and displaying the received information through the second screen area. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein screen configurations applied to the first screen area and the second screen area are different. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the screen configurations correspond to one or more of a resolution, a refresh rate, and brightness. 25. The method of claim 15, further comprising: receiving a user input through a sub touch pad arranged in a bezel area adjacent to the touch screen; and executing one or more functions corresponding to the first screen area in response to the user input through the sub touch pad.",
-    "Sliding skirt valves for waterless urinals and method of controlling fluid flow through the sliding skirt valve are presented. The sliding skirt valve has a valve body, which includes an inlet, an outlet and a sealing surface. The sliding skirt valve also has a central shaft with an upper stop and a lower stop and a barrier interface. Between the upper and the lower stops, a conical barrier is slidingly engaged with the barrier interface. In a normal pressure state, the conical barrier lies against the lower stop of the central shaft. In a back pressure state, the conical barrier moves upwardly to lie against the upper stop of the central shaft and block the vent to upward fluid flow from the downstream of the sliding skirt valve. 1. A device for controlling fluid flow, comprising: a valve body comprising an inlet, an outlet, and a sealing surface; a central shaft that is positioned within the valve body comprising an upper stop that is positioned below the inlet, a lower stop that is positioned below the upper stop, and a barrier interface that lies between the upper stop and the lower stop; and a conical barrier, configured as the surface of a frustum of a cone and arranged with the small base oriented towards the inlet and comprising an aperture positioned at the small base, wherein the central shaft passes through the aperture at the barrier interface, wherein the conical barrier is slidably engaged with the central shaft at the barrier interface and is configured to move between the lower stop and the upper stop. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the inlet, conical barrier, and outlet define a passageway through which a liquid can flow through the device. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the central shaft further comprises a lumen. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of a surface of the lumen is threaded. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of outer surface of the central shaft is threaded. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the portion of outer surface that is threaded is located below the lower stop. 7. The device of claim 3, wherein the central shaft further comprises a vent that is positioned within the interface region and is in communication with the lumen. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the conical barrier has an inner portion and an outer portion, and the outer portion has greater flexibility than the inner portion. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the inner portion has an average first thickness and the outer portion has an average second thickness, and the average first thickness is greater than the average second thickness. 10. A method for controlling fluid flow, comprising; providing a sliding skirt valve, the sliding skirt valve comprising (a) a valve body comprising an inlet, an outlet, and a sealing surface, (b) a central shaft that is positioned within the valve body comprising an upper stop that is positioned below the inlet, a lower stop that is positioned below the upper stop, and a barrier interface that lies between the upper stop and the lower stop, and (c) a conical barrier, configured as the surface of a frustum of a cone and arranged with the small base oriented towards the inlet and comprising an aperture positioned at the small base, wherein the central shaft passes through the aperture at the barrier interface; and directing a flow of fluid through the sliding skirt valve, wherein the sliding skirt valve has a normal pressure state that permits the flow of fluid from the inlet to the outlet and a back pressure state that prevents the flow of fluid from the outlet to the inlet. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the flow of fluid passes through a waterless urinal. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the aperture is in contact with the lower stop when the sliding skirt valve is in the normal pressure state. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the aperture is in contact with the upper stop when the sliding skirt valve is in the back pressure state. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the central shaft of the sliding skirt valve further comprises a lumen and a vent, and wherein the vent is positioned within the barrier interface. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the sliding skirt valve transitions from the normal pressure state to the back pressure state when fluid flows through the skirt valve from the outlet towards the inlet. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fluid is a liquid originating from a sewer. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the fluid is a gas originating from a sewer.",
-    "A cleaning swab device and method for cleaning a fluid coupling or connector. The device includes a generally elongate cylindrical tubular swab body, and a channel formed at an end thereof to define at least one cleaning finger for insertion into a housing and/or port of the connector to remove residual fluids, clean and disinfect the connector. The cleaning device optionally further includes a guide stem or plunger configured to extend through the tubular body of the swab, having a plug at one end for sealing debris out of a lumen of the connector during cleaning. 1. A cleaning device for cleaning a connector comprising: a generally elongate cylindrical swab member comprising a first end and a second end, the first end generally opposite the second end, a lumen defined within the cylindrical swab member and extending from the first end to the second end, and at least one channel formed in the second end of the cylindrical swab member to define at least one cleaning finger, the at least one cleaning finger at least partially comprising a cleaning material to access a void within a connector. 2. The cleaning device of claim 1, wherein the at least one channel formed in the cylindrical member defines two cleaning fingers. 3. The cleaning device of claim 1, further comprising a generally elongate plunger comprising an actuating end and a plug end. 4. The cleaning device of claim 3, wherein the plunger is configured to extend through the lumen of the cylindrical member. 5. The cleaning device of claim 3, wherein the actuating end is larger than the opening of the cylindrical member. 6. The cleaning device of claim 1, wherein the plunger is rod-shaped. 7. The cleaning device of claim 1, wherein the at least one cleaning finger comprises an interior surface, an exterior surface, an intermediate surface and an end surface. 8. The cleaning device of claim 7, wherein at least a portion of at least one of the interior, exterior, intermediate and end surfaces are at least partially covered with a cleaning material to provide for cleaning and disinfecting at least portions of the connector. 9. The cleaning device of claim 9, wherein the cleaning material further comprises with a cleaning agent in the form of isopropyl alcohol. 10. A cleaning device for cleaning voids of a vented connector, the cleaning device comprising: an elongate cylindrical swab member comprising a first end and a second end, the first end generally opposite the second end, an lumen defined within the cylindrical member and extending from the first end to the second end, and at least one channel formed in the second end of the cylindrical swab member to define at least two cleaning fingers configured for passage at least partially into the voids of the vented connector; and a plunger configured to extend through the lumen of the cylindrical swab member, the plunger comprising an actuating member at a first end and a plug at a second end. 11. The cleaning device of claim 10, wherein the at least two cleaning fingers comprise interior surfaces, exterior surfaces, intermediate surfaces and end surfaces. 12. The cleaning device of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of at least one of the interior, exterior, intermediate and end surfaces are at least partially covered with a cleaning material to provide for cleaning the voids of the vented connector. 13. The cleaning device of claim 12, wherein the cleaning material further comprises an isopropyl alcohol cleaning agent. 14. A cleaning device for cleaning a connector, the connector having a stem with a lumen extending therethrough, an outer housing, threads positioned on an internal portion of the outer housing, the cleaning device comprising a generally elongate tube extending from a first end to a second end and comprising a lumen axially extending therethrough, wherein at least one end of the cleaning device is adapted to be inserted between the stem and the threads of the outer housing to clean and disinfect the connector. 15. The cleaning device of claim 14, further comprising a plunger comprising an actuating end and a plug end, the cleaning device being movably mounted to traverse along the plunger, wherein the plug end is preferably capable of removably coupling within the lumen of the stem. 16. The cleaning device of claim 15, wherein the plug end sealingly engages the lumen of the stem such that contamination of the lumen from debris and/or a cleaning agent of the at least one end of the swab is prevented during cleaning the connector. 17. The cleaning device of claim 14, wherein the connector comprises at least one vent opening. 18. The cleaning device of claim 14, wherein at least one end of the generally elongate tube comprises a channel formed with a portion thereof to define at least one cleaning finger, the at least one cleaning finger comprising an interior surface, an exterior surface, an intermediate surface and an end surface, wherein one or more of the surfaces are at least partially covered with a cleaning material to provide for cleaning portions of the connector. 19. The cleaning device of claim 18, wherein the at least one cleaning finger can be inserted through the at least one vent opening. 20. A cleaning device for cleaning and/or disinfecting a connector, the connector comprising a stem having a lumen extending therethrough, an outer housing, threads positioned on an internal portion of the outer housing, the connector further comprising a cap having a generally rib-like body, a seal plug extending from the rib-like body, and a tether connecting the cap to the connector, the seal plug generally provided for sealingly engaging the lumen of the stem, the cleaning device comprising a generally elongate tube extending from a first end to a second end and comprising an opening axially extending therethrough, the cleaning device further comprising a channel formed with a portion of the cylindrical member to define at least one finger, wherein the at least one finger can be inserted between the stem and the threads of the outer housing to clean the connector with or without the seal plug sealingly engaging the lumen of the stem. 21. A method of cleaning and/or disinfecting a connector, the connector comprising a stem having a lumen extending therethrough, an outer housing, and threads positioned on an internal portion of the outer housing, the method comprising: providing a cleaning device comprising generally elongate cylindrical member comprising a first end and a second end, the first end generally opposite the second end, and an opening defined within the cylindrical member and extending from the first end to the second end; engaging an end of the cleaning device with the connector, the end of the cleaning device generally being positioned between the stem and the threads of the connector; actuating the cleaning device to move relative to the connector while the end of the cleaning device is engaged with the connector; and disengaging the swab from the connector. 22. A cleaning device for cleaning a connector comprising: a housing defining a longitudinal central axis; at least one brush mounted to the housing, the at least one brush being positioned generally parallel and laterally offset from the central axis; and a plunger translationally mounted within the elongate housing along the central axis. 23. The cleaning device of claim 22, wherein the housing is generally cylindrical in shape and comprises a pair of flanges formed at an end thereof, and wherein a pair of diametrically opposed channels are defined between the flanges. 24. The cleaning device of claim 23, wherein the at least one brush is mounted to the housing and is recessed within an orifice defined by the flanges, and wherein the channels defined between the flanges allow for the application of a cleaning agent to the at least one brush when a portion of the plunger is engaged with a portion of the connector. 25. The cleaning device of claim 23, comprising a pair of brushes positioned on opposite sides of the central axis.",
-    "Disclosed is a metal-organic framework composite including a host metal-organic framework, and nano metal-organic frameworks embedded In the host metal-organic framework. The host metal-organic framework and the nana metal-organic frameworks include different metals and organic ligands. The metal-organic framework composite has a structure in which the nano metal-organic frameworks are embedded in the host metal-organic framework. Due to this structure, defects are formed at the interfaces between the host metal-organic framework and the nano metal-organic frameworks, enabling the application of the metal-organic framework composite to gas storages with greatly improved gas storage efficiency. The metal-organic framework composite can be used as a gas adsorbent with very high efficiency due to its very large specific surface area. In addition, the metal-organic framework composite has high storage capacities for hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane and is thus very attractive from the viewpoint of industrial application. The metals and the ligands can be combined to make the metal-organic framework composite highly resistant to pressure, temperature, and water. Therefore, the metal-organic framework composite can also be applied to filters that can directly capture carbon dioxide from factory chimneys or can adsorb pollutants in water. Also disclosed are a method for producing the metal-organic framework composite and a gas storage using the metal-organic framework composite. 1. A metal-organic framework composite comprising a host metal-organic framework and nano metal-organic frameworks embedded in the host metal-organic framework, the host metal-organic framework and the nano metal-organic frameworks being represented by Formulae 1 and 2, respectively: M1x1Oz1(L1G1)y1 (1) M2x2Ox2(L1G2)y2 (2) wherein M1 and M2 are different from each other and are each independently selected from Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, Al, Mg, Nis Eu, Gd, and Tb, L1G1 and L1G2 are different from each other and are each independently selected from BDC, BTC, BTB, BBC, BTE, BHEHPI, TATB, TPBTM, BTP, BTEI, BTTI, TTEI, BTETCA, BNETPI, BHEI, DOT, ATC, DCDPBN, ImDC, DPBPyDC, PPy, THBTS, ADB, and BPP34C10DA, x1 is an integer from 1 to 6, x2 is an integer from 1 to 6, z1 is an integer from 1 to 4, z2 is an integer from 1 to 4, y1 is an integer from 1 to 6, and y2 is an integer from 1 to 6. 2. The metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1, wherein M1 is Zn, L1G1 is BDC, M2 is Cu, L1G2 is BTC, x1 is 4, z is 1, y1 is 3, x2 is 3, z2 is 0, and y2 is 2. 3. The metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1, wherein the nano metal-organic frameworks have a size of 5 to 300 nm. 4. The metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1, wherein, the nano metal-organic frameworks have a pore size of 5 to 7 \u212b and the host metal-organic framework has a pore size of 8 to 10 \u212b. 5. The metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1, wherein the nano metal-organic frameworks have a BET specific surface area of 1370 to 1570 m2/g and the metal-organic framework composite has a BET specific surface area of 3300 to 3500 m2/g. 6. The metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1, wherein L1G1 and L1G2 are in a molar ratio of 9-10:1. 7. A gas storage comprising the metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1. 8. A methane storage comprising the metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1. 9. A dye-captured metal-organic framework composite comprising (i) the metal-organic framework composite according to claim 1, and (ii) a dye captured in the nano metal-organic frameworks. 10. A method for producing a metal-organic framework composite, comprising (b) subjecting a solution comprising a second metal precursor, a second organic ligand, a second organic solvent, and nano metal-organic frameworks to a hydrothermal reaction wherein the metal-organic framework composite comprises a host metal-organic framework and nano metal-organic frameworks embedded in the host metal-organic framework, the second metal precursor is selected from Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, At, Mg, Ni, Eu, Gd, and Tb precursors, the second organic ligand is selected from BDC, BTC, BTB, BBC, BTB, BHEHPI, TATB, TPBTM, BTP, BTEI, BTTI, TTEI, BTETCA, BNETPI, BHEI, DOT, ATC, DCDPBN, ImDC, DPBPyDC, PPy, THBTS, ADB, and BPP34C10DA, the second organic solvent is selected from dimethylformamide, diethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, methanol, ethanol, water, and mixtures thereof the host metal-organic framework and the nano metal-organic frameworks being represented by Formulae 1 and 2, respectively: M1x1Oz1(L1G1)y1 (1) M2x2Oz2(L1G2)y2 (2) wherein M1 and M2 are different from each other and are each independently selected from Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, Al, Mg, Ni, Eu, Gd, and Tb, L1G1 and L1G2 are different from each other and are each independently selected from BDC, BTC, BTB, BBC, BTE, BHEHPI, TATB, TPBTM, BTP, BTEI, BTTI, TTBI, BTETCA, BNETPI, BHEI, DOT, ATC, DCDPBN, ImDC DPBPyDC, PPy, THBTS, ADB, and BPP34C10DA, x1 is an integer from 1 to 6, x2 is an integer from 1 to 6, z1 is an integer from 1 to 4, z2 is an integer from 1 to 4, y1 is an integer from 1 to 6, and y2 is an integer from 1 to 6. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising (a) mixing a first metal precursor, a first organic ligand, and a first organic solvent and reacting the mixture with stirring at room temperature to prepare the nano metal-organic frameworks wherein the first metal precursor is selected from Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, AL Mg, Ni, Eu, Gd, and Tb, the first organic ligand is selected from BDC, BTC, BTB, BBC, BTE, BHEHPI, TATB, TPBTM, BTP, BTEI, BTTI, TTEI, BTETCA, BNETPI, BHEI DOT, ATC, DCDPBN, ImDC, DPBPyDC, PPy, THBTS, ADB, and BPP34C10DA, and the first organic solvent is selected from dimethylformamide, diethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, methanol, ethanol, water, and mixtures thereof. 12. The method according to claim 10, further comprising activating the nano metal-organic frameworks and the host metal-organic framework in ethanol or chloroform as a solvent for 30 to 40 hours, followed by drying under vacuum at 100 to 120\u00b0 C. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the first metal precursor is a Cu precursor, the first organic ligand is BTC, the second metal precursor is a Zn precursor, the second organic ligand is BDC, the first organic solvent is a mixture of dimethylformamide, methanol, and water in a volume ratio of 0.7-1:0.7-1:0.7-1, and the second organic solvent is diethylformamide. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the Cu precursor and the BTC are in a weight ratio of 2.0-2.3:1.1-1.5. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the Zn precursor and the BDC are in a weight ratio of 17-18:3.5-4.0. 16. The method according to claim 10, wherein, the hydrothermal reaction is carried out at 110 to 130\u00b0 C. for to 9 hours. 17. A method for producing a dye-captured metal-organic framework composite, comprising (A) allowing a dye to be captured In nano metal-organic frameworks and (B) subjecting a solution of the dye-captured nano metal-organic frameworks, a second metal precursor, a second organic ligand, and a second organic solvent to a hydrothermal reaction wherein the second metal precursor is selected from Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, Al, Mg, Ni, Bu, Gd, and Tb, the second organic ligand is selected from BDC, BTC, BTB, BBC, BTE, BHEHPI, TATB, TPBTM, BTP, BTEI, BTTI, TTEI, BTETCA, BNETPI, BHEI, DOT, ATC, DCDPBN, ImDC, DPBPyDC, PPy, THBTS, ADB, and BPP34C10DA, and the second organic solvent is selected from dimethylformamide, diethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl, sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, methanol, ethanol, water, and mixtures thereof.",
-    "A rear gun sight mountable to a firearm that includes an aperture module defining a gun sight aperture and a base. The base defines a recess for receiving the aperture module and the aperture module includes ribs that are slidably received by associated recess in the base to constrict the aperture module to relative rectilinear movement with respect to the base. At least one spring acts between the base and the aperture module. An adjustment member couples the module to the base such that rotation of the adjustment member moves the module towards and away from the base depending on direction of rotation. A detent resists uncontrolled rotation of the adjustment member. The aperture module includes a recess for receiving a light emitting member such as a tritium module. 1. A rear gun sight for a fire arm comprising: a) a base including structure for removably mounting said base to a fire arm; b) an aperture module defining a gun sight aperture; c) said base defining a recess for receiving said aperture module, said aperture module and base defining locating surfaces that confront each other when said aperture module is received by said recess; d) at least one rib formed on one of said base and aperture module and an associated recess for slidably receiving said rib formed on the other of said base and aperture module for constricting movement of said module to rectilinear movement with respect to said base; e) at least one spring acting between said base and said aperture module for urging said aperture module away from said base; f) an adjustment member for adjustably coupling said module to said base, such that rotation of said adjustment member moves said aperture module towards and away from said base depending on the direction of rotation; and g) a detent for resisting uncontrolled rotation of said adjustment member. 2. The gun sight of claim 1 wherein said module includes a pair of ribs on opposite of sides of said module and said base includes associated recesses for slidably receiving said ribs. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said module has a front transverse dimension that is smaller than a rear transverse dimension, such that said module is generally tapered front to back. 4. The gun sight of claim 1 wherein said aperture module includes a recess for receiving a light emitting member that emits light through a transverse port formed at the rear of said aperture module and below said gun sight aperture. 5. The gun sight of claim 1 wherein said adjustment member comprises a threaded fastener having a head and a depending threaded segment, said threaded segment extending through an opening in said aperture module and threadedly engaging a threaded bore formed in the base. 6. The gun sight of claim 5 wherein said detent for resisting uncontrolled rotation of said adjustment member comprises a raised lug formed on said aperture module that is engageable by teeth formed on the underside of said fastener head. 7. The gun sight of claim 1 further including two springs acting between said base and said aperture module, the lower ends of said springs being received in associated pockets formed in the base and the upper portions of which are received in associated bores formed in the aperture module. 8. The gun sight of claim 5 wherein said threaded bore for receiving said threaded segment is formed in a column structure forming part of said base, said column structure slidably received in said aperture opening through which said fastener segment extends. 9. The gun sight of claim 4 wherein said recess is hat-shaped and includes a portion which is adapted for receiving said light emitting member and communicates with an oval port through which light from said light emitting member can exit said aperture module. 10. The gun sight of claim 9 wherein said light emitting member is a tritium module. 11. A rear gun sight for a fire arm comprising: a) a base; b) an aperture module defining a gun sight aperture; c) said base defining a recess for receiving said aperture module, said aperture module and base defining locating surfaces that confront each other when said aperture module is received by said recess; d) at least one rib formed on one of said base and aperture module and an associated recess for slidably receiving said rib formed on the other of said base and aperture module for constricting movement of said module to rectilinear movement with respect to said base; e) at least one spring acting between said base and said aperture module for urging said aperture module away from said base; f) a threaded adjustment member for adjustably coupling said module to said base, such that rotation of said adjustment member moves said aperture module towards and away from said base depending on the direction of rotation; and g) said threaded adjustment member including a head engageable with structure on said aperture module and a threaded segment which extends through an opening in said aperture module and engages a threaded bore in a column structure formed in said base, said column structure slidably received by said aperture module opening. 12. The gun sight of claim 11 wherein said aperture module structure includes a lug that is engageable by teeth formed on the underside of said adjustment member head. 13. The gun sight of claim 11 wherein said aperture module includes a pair of ribs formed on opposite sides of said module that are slidably engageable with associated recesses formed on said base.",
-    "An electronic key registration system includes an electronic key and a communication master. The electronic key transmits a registration code. The communication master receives the registration code from the electronic key, code, obtains key information using the registration code, and registers the key information. The registration code is set in accordance with the communication master to which the electronic key is registered. The communication master includes a level determination unit, which determines a key registration security level when the electronic key is registered to the communication master, and a registration execution unit, which obtains the key information using the registration code based on the determined key registration security level and registers the key information to the communication master. 1. An electronic key registration system comprising: an electronic key that transmits at least one registration code; and a communication master that receives the at least one registration code from the electronic key, obtains key information using the at least one registration code that has been received, and registers the obtained key information, wherein the at least one registration code is set in accordance with the communication master to which the electronic key is registered, and the communication master includes a level determination unit that determines a key registration security level when the electronic key is registered to the communication master, and a registration execution unit that obtains the key information using the at least one registration code based on the determined key registration security level and registers the obtained key information to the communication master. 2. The electronic key registration system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one registration code includes, among a key information generation code that serves as an origin of the key information and a check code that is used to check whether or not the key information can be generated, at least the key information generation code. 3. The electronic key registration system according to claim 1, wherein the level determination unit determines the key registration security level in accordance with whether or not registration of a random electronic key to the communication master is enabled or whether or not registration of only a specific electronic key to the communication master is enabled. 4. The electronic key registration system according to claim 1, wherein: key registration includes online registration that registers the electronic key to the communication master through network communication, and offline registration that registers the electronic key to the communication master without using the network communication; the electronic key is either one of an offline registration electronic key and an online registration electronic key; and the level determination unit determines the key registration security level in accordance with whether the key registration is the online registration or the offline registration. 5. The electronic key registration system according to claim 4, wherein: the offline registration electronic key stores a first registration code and a second registration code that are used as a key information generation code; the online registration electronic key stores a second registration code that is used as the key information generation code; when the key registration is the offline registration, the registration execution unit obtains the first registration code from the offline registration electronic key, generates the key information from the first registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master; when the key registration is the online registration and the electronic key is the online registration electronic key, the registration execution unit obtains the second registration code from the online registration electronic key, generates the key information from the second registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master; and when the key registration is the online registration and the electronic key is the offline registration electronic key, the registration execution unit obtains the second registration code from the offline registration electronic key, generates the key information from the second registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master. 6. The electronic key registration system according to claim 4, wherein: the offline registration electronic key stores a first registration code that is used as a check code and a second registration code that is used as a key information generation code; the online registration electronic key stores the second registration code that is used as the key information generation code; when the key registration is the online registration and the electronic key is the online registration electronic key, the registration execution unit obtains the second registration code from the online registration electronic key, generates the key information from the second registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master; and when the key registration is the offline registration and the electronic key is the offline registration electronic key, the registration execution unit obtains the first registration code and the second registration code from the offline registration electronic key, checks with the first registration code whether or not key registration can be performed, generates the key information from the second registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master. 7. The electronic key registration system according to claim 4, wherein: the offline registration electronic key stores a first registration code, which is used as a check code and a key information generation code, and a second registration code, which is used as the key information generation code; the online registration electronic key stores the first registration code and the second registration code that are used as the key information generation code; when the key registration is the online registration and the electronic key is the online registration electronic key, the registration execution unit obtains the first registration code and the second registration code from the online registration electronic key, generates the key information using both of the first registration code and the second registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master; and when the key registration is the offline registration and the electronic key is the offline registration electronic key, the registration execution unit obtains the first registration code and the second registration code from the offline registration electronic key, checks with the first registration code whether or not key registration can be performed, generates the key information using both of the first registration code and the second registration code, and registers the generated key information to the communication master. 8. A controller of a communication master, wherein the controller is capable of communicating with an electronic key, the controller comprising: a command configured to obtain at least one registration code set in accordance with the communication master to which the electronic key is registered; a command configured to determine a key registration security level when the electronic key is registered to the communication master; and a command configured to obtain key information using the at least one registration code based on the determined key registration security level and register the key information to the communication master.",
-    "A gas sensor includes a gas sensor element that extends in an axial direction and that includes a detector, which detects a specific gas in a mixed gas; a metal shell that surrounds a periphery of the gas sensor element to hold the gas sensor element; a base that is disposed on a rear side of the metal shell and that covers a rear end portion of the gas sensor element, the base being made of a polymer material; and a metal tube that connects the metal shell and the base to each other and that includes a rear portion and a front portion, the rear portion being integrated with the base, the front portion forming an exposed portion that is exposed from the base. A part of the exposed portion of the tube is connected to the metal shell, and the base is disposed apart from the metal shell. 1. A gas sensor comprising: a gas sensor element that extends in a direction of an axis and that includes a detection portion in a front end portion thereof, the detection portion detecting a specific gas in a mixed gas; a metal shell that surrounds a periphery of the gas sensor element in a radial direction to hold the gas sensor element; a base that is disposed on a rear side of the metal shell and that covers a rear end portion of the gas sensor element, the base being made of a polymer material; and a metal tube that connects the metal shell and the base to each other and that includes a rear portion and a front portion, the rear portion being integrated with the base, the front portion having an exposed portion that is exposed from the base, wherein a part of the exposed portion of the tube is connected to the metal shell, and the base is disposed apart from the metal shell. 2. The gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the exposed portion of the tube extends parallel to the direction of the axis. 3. The gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the rear portion of the tube includes a protruding portion that protrudes in the base in the radial direction. 4. The gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein the base includes a connector portion that extends in a direction that crosses the direction of the axis and that is removably connected to an external device, and wherein the connector portion contains a connector terminal that is electrically connected to the external device, and the connector portion is integrated with the connector terminal. 5. The gas sensor according to claim 1, further comprising: a sealing member that is disposed in the base so as to be in contact with a side surface of the tube. 6. The gas sensor according to claim 5, wherein the base has an accommodation groove whose front end is open and that extends toward a rear side, at least a part of the side surface of the tube faces the accommodation groove, the sealing member is accommodated in the accommodation groove, and the gas sensor further includes a cover that closes the accommodation groove at a position on a front side of the sealing member. 7. The gas sensor according to claim 1, further comprising: a connection terminal that is electrically connected to the gas sensor element, wherein the base is integrally formed with a separator portion that holds the connection terminal. 8. The gas sensor according to claim 7, wherein the connection terminal is fitted into the separator portion. 9. A method of manufacturing a gas sensor including a gas sensor element that extends in a direction of an axis and that includes a detector in a front end portion thereof, the detector detecting a specific gas in a mixed gas; a metal shell that surrounds a periphery of the gas sensor element in a radial direction to hold the gas sensor element; and a base that is disposed on a rear side of the metal shell and that covers a rear end portion of the gas sensor element, the base being made of a polymer material; the method comprising the step of: insert molding the base with a metal tube, which includes a rear portion and a front portion, so that the rear portion is integrated with the base and so that the front portion has an exposed portion that is exposed from the base; and connecting a part of the exposed portion of the tube to the metal shell so that the base is disposed apart from the metal shell.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a substrate layer, a redistribution layer (RDL) disposed over the substrate layer, a conductive bump disposed over the RDL, and a molding disposed over the RDL and surrounding the conductive bump, wherein the molding includes a protruded portion laterally protruded from a sidewall of the substrate layer and away from the conductive bump. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate layer; a redistribution layer (RDL) disposed over the substrate layer; a conductive bump disposed over the RDL; and a molding disposed over the RDL and surrounding the conductive bump, wherein the molding includes a protruded portion laterally protruded from a sidewall of the substrate layer and away from the conductive bump. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the protruded portion of the molding is laterally protruded from the substrate layer and the RDL. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the RDL includes a sidewall coupled and aligned with the sidewall of the substrate layer. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the protruded portion of the molding includes a sidewall substantially parallel to the sidewall of the substrate layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the conductive bump is protruded from the molding. 6. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate layer; a redistribution layer (RDL) disposed over the substrate layer; a conductive bump disposed over the RDL; and a molding disposed over the RDL and surrounding the conductive bump, wherein the RDL includes a first sidewall and a second sidewall, the second sidewall is laterally protruded from the first sidewall, the first sidewall is coupled and aligned with a sidewall of the substrate layer, the second sidewall is coupled and aligned with a sidewall of the molding. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the RDL includes a protruded portion laterally protruded from the first sidewall of the RDL. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the protruded portion of the RDL is disposed over the molding. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the protruded portion of the RDL is interfaced with the molding. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the protruded portion of the RDL is laterally extended away from the conductive bump. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the molding includes a protruded portion laterally protruded from the first sidewall and the sidewall of the substrate layer. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the protruded portion of the molding is protruded away from the conductive bump. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the first sidewall and the second sidewall are substantially parallel to each other. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the RDL includes a top surface substantially orthogonal to the first sidewall and the second sidewall, disposed between the first sidewall and the second sidewall, and coupled the first sidewall with the second sidewall. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the RDL includes a seal ring adjacent to the first sidewall and away from the second sidewall. 16. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate layer; a redistribution layer (RDL) disposed over the substrate layer; a conductive bump disposed over the RDL; and a molding disposed over the RDL and surrounding the conductive bump, wherein the substrate layer includes a first sidewall and a second sidewall, the second sidewall is laterally protruded from the first sidewall, the second sidewall is coupled and aligned with a sidewall of the RDL and a sidewall of the molding. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the substrate layer includes a protruded portion laterally protruded from the first sidewall of the substrate layer. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the protruded portion of the substrate layer is interfaced with the RDL or disposed over the RDL and the molding. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the RDL and the molding are protruded from the first sidewall of the substrate layer. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the first sidewall, the sidewall of the RDL and the sidewall of the molding are parallel to each other.",
-    "A remote controller includes a first balloon operation section, a second balloon operation section, a first balloon state display section, and a second balloon state display section. Each of the first and second balloon operation sections performs a pressing operation to swell or contract a balloon. Each of the first and second balloon state display sections has a swollen-state display portion and a contracted-state display portion. The swollen-state display portion is disposed along an outer circumference of each of the first and second balloon operation sections, such that the swollen-state display portion and each of the first and second balloon operation sections are coaxial with each other. The contracted-state display portion is disposed inside each of the first and second balloon operation sections, such that the contracted-state display portion and each of the first and second balloon operation sections are coaxial with each other. 1. A remote controller for a balloon controlling device, which is connected to a balloon controlling device for controlling swelling or contracting of a balloon to be used for an endoscope, the remote controller comprising: a state display section for displaying a swollen state of the balloon and a contracted state of the balloon; and a balloon operation section for performing an operation for swelling or contracting the balloon, wherein the state display section and the balloon operation section are coaxial with each other. 2. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 1, wherein the state display section displays a swollen state of a first balloon attached to an insertion section of the endoscope or a second balloon attached to an overtube covered over the insertion section of the endoscope, and a contracted state of the first balloon or the second balloon, and the balloon operation section performs an operation for swelling or contracting the first balloon or the second balloon. 3. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 2, wherein the state display section includes a first balloon state display section for displaying the swollen state or the contracted state of the first balloon, and a second balloon state display section for displaying the swollen state or the contracted state of the second balloon, the balloon operation section includes a first balloon operation section for performing an operation for swelling or contracting the first balloon, and a second balloon operation section for performing an operation for swelling or contracting the second balloon, and the first balloon state display section and the first balloon operation section are coaxial with each other, and the second balloon state display section and the second balloon operation section are coaxial with each other. 4. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 3, wherein each of the first balloon state display section and the second balloon state display section has a swollen-state display portion in the shape of a ring representing the swollen state, and a contracted-state display portion having a flattened shape representing the contracted state, the contracted-state display portion being disposed inside the swollen-state display portion. 5. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 4, wherein at least part of the first balloon operation section consists of a black member, and at least part of the second balloon operation section consists of a white member. 6. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 4, further comprising an operation button disposed at a position different from a position at which the balloon operation section is disposed, wherein the operation button has a shape different from a shape of the balloon operation section. 7. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 6, wherein the balloon operation section has a circular outer shape. 8. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 7, wherein the swollen-state display portion is disposed along an outer circumference of the balloon operation section. 9. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 8, wherein the contracted-state display portion is disposed inside the balloon operation section. 10. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 4, wherein a light emitter is disposed inside each of the swollen-state display portion and the contracted-state display portion, and the swollen-state display portion emits light in the swollen state, and the contracted-state display portion emits light in the contracted state. 11. The remote controller for a balloon controlling device according to claim 1, wherein the balloon operation section is a push button for switching the balloon between the swollen state and the contracted state upon being pressed. 12. An endoscope system comprising: an endoscope having a first balloon attached to an insertion section of an endoscope; an overtube covered over the insertion section of the endoscope and having a second balloon; a balloon controlling device for controlling swelling or contracting of the first balloon and the second balloon; and a remote controller for a balloon controlling device including a state display section for displaying a swollen state of the first balloon or the second balloon and a contracted state of the first balloon or the second balloon, and a balloon operation section for performing an operation for swelling or contracting the first balloon or the second balloon, the state display section and the balloon operation section being coaxial with each other.",
-    "A seed metering system, for use on a row crop planter, selects individual seeds from a seed reservoir and dispenses the seeds singularly at a controlled rate. A direct drive seed metering system includes a seed disc having a plurality of suction apertures with a recessed pocket adjacent to an aperture. The recessed pockets act to agitate seeds in the seed reservoir and to direct seed flow towards the apertures. A seed path relief system provides for allowing the placement of the seeds such that they are released from an outer edge of the seed disc. An adjustable seed singulator is mounted adjacent to the face of the seed disc where inner and outer blades are adjusted radially to compensate for the singulation of various seed sizes and shapes. The seed disc is driven via engagement of an internal gear with the external gear of an independent drive motor. 1. An air seed meter, comprising: a housing including an inner chamber; a disc mounted in said housing for rotation about an axis and having a plurality of seed cells spaced radially about the axis for retaining seeds; and an adjustable singulator for eliminating seed multiples from said seed cells, said singulator including two blades adjacent to and at least partially surrounding the seed cells, said blades operatively connected to a rotary adjustment for simultaneously moving the blades based upon a rotation of the rotary adjustment. 2. The air seed meter of claim 1, wherein the rotary adjustment comprises at least one cam groove operatively connected to one of the blades. 3. The air seed meter of claim 1, wherein the rotary adjustment comprises a first cam groove associated with a first blade and a second cam groove associated with a second blade. 4. The air seed meter of claim 3, wherein rotation of the rotary adjustment adjusts the spacing between the first and second blades. 5. The air seed meter of claim 4, wherein rotation of the rotary adjustment moves the blades such that a first blade is translated radially away from the axis while a second blade is adjusted radially toward the axis, and that the first blade is adjustable radially toward the axis while the second blade is adjusted radially away from the axis. 6. The air seed meter of claim 3, wherein rotation of the rotary adjustment moves the first and second blades simultaneously towards or away from the axis of the disc. 7. The air seed meter of claim 3, further comprising a first carriage attached to the first blade, and a second carriage attached to the second blade. 8. The air seed meter of claim 7, wherein the rotary adjustment includes at least one cam groove operatively connected to a protrusion of the first or second carriage, wherein the rotation of the rotary adjustment causes the cam groove to interact with the carriage to adjust the spacing between the first and second blades. 9. The air seed meter of claim 8, wherein at least one of the first or second carriages moves during rotation of the rotary adjustment. 10. The air seed meter of claim 1, wherein a first blade comprises at least one ramp extending from the blade and toward the axis. 11. The air seed meter of claim 1, wherein a second blade comprises at least one ramp extending from the blade and away from the axis. 12. A singulating mechanism for use with an air seed meter of an agricultural implement, the singulating mechanism positioned adjacent a seed disc having a radial array of seed cells, the mechanism comprising: a first blade positioned adjacent an outer edge of the seed cells of the seed disc, and comprising at least one ramp extending toward the seed cells; a second blade located adjacent an inner edge of the seed cells of the seed disc and comprising at least one ramp extending toward the seed cells; said first and second blades operatively connected to a rotary adjustment for simultaneously moving the blades based upon a rotation of the rotary adjustment. 13. The singulating mechanism of claim 12, wherein the first and second blades are both adjustable both toward and away from the seed cells to adjust the spacing between the ramps of the first and second blades. 14. The singulating mechanism of claim 13, wherein the blades are simultaneously adjustable such that the first and second blade move together toward the seed cell or move together away from the seed cell. 15. The singulating mechanism of claim 12, wherein the rotary adjustment comprises at least one cam groove in communication with either the first or the second blade, wherein rotation of the rotary adjustment adjusts the location of the first or second blade based upon the shape of the cam groove. 16. The singulating mechanism of claim 15, further comprising first and second carriages positioned between the first and second blades and the rotary adjustment, wherein the blades are connected to the carriages and the carriages are in communication with the cam groove. 17. The singulating mechanism of claim 12, further comprising a curved rim portion adjacent the first blade and configured to substantially match the curvature of the seed disc. 18. A combination seed disc and singulator, comprising: the seed disc comprising a cylindrical member having a vacuum side and a seed reservoir side, the seed disc comprising a radial array of seed cells spaced from an axis; the singulator comprising a first blade including at least one ramp positioned adjacent an outer edge of the seed cells and extending generally toward the axis, and a second blade including at least one ramp positioned adjacent an inner edge of the seed cells and extending generally away from the axis; and said blades operatively connected to a rotary adjustment for simultaneously moving the blades based upon a rotation of the rotary adjustment. 19. The combination of claim 18, wherein rotation of the rotary adjustment causes simultaneous movement of the first and second blades either generally towards one another or generally away from one another. 20. The combination of claim 18, wherein rotation of the rotary adjustment causes simultaneous movement of the first and second blades in a common direction relative to the axis of the seed disc.",
-    "An umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function includes an umbrella handle or an umbrella tail, the interior of the umbrella handle or the umbrella tail is installed with a printed circuit board and a power module supplying electric power to the printed circuit board, the printed circuit board is installed with a ultraviolet sensor, a data processing unit for processing signals sensed by the ultraviolet sensor and a wireless transmission module, the ultraviolet sensor is electrically connected to an input end of the data processing unit, and an output end of the data processing unit is electrically connected to the wireless transmission module. Accordingly, the present invention is provided with advantages of simple in structure, convenient in operation and capable of sensing the ultraviolet intensity. 1. An umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function, including an umbrella handle (1) or an umbrella tail (2), wherein the interior of the umbrella handle (1) or the umbrella tail (2) being installed with a printed circuit board (3) and a power module (4) supplying electric power to the printed circuit board (3), the printed circuit board (3) being installed with a ultraviolet sensor (31), a data processing unit (32) for processing signals sensed by the ultraviolet sensor (31) and a wireless transmission module (33), the ultraviolet sensor (31) being electrically connected to an input end of the data processing unit (32), and an output end of the data processing unit (32) being electrically connected to the wireless transmission module (33). 2. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 1, wherein the interior of the umbrella handle (1) or the umbrella tail (2) is installed with a temperature sensor (34), and the temperature sensor (34) is electrically connected to the input end of the data processing unit (32). 3. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 2, wherein a switch (5) is provided for controlling the conduction or termination of the connection between the printed circuit board (3) and the power module (4). 4. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power module (4) includes a wire (40), a button cell (41) and electrode discs (42) at two ends of the button cell (41), one end of the wire (40) is connected the electrode discs (42) and the other end thereof is connected to the printed circuit board (3). 5. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wireless transmission module (33) is a Bluetooth. 6. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 2, wherein the power module (4) includes a wire (40), a button cell (41) and electrode discs (42) at two ends of the button cell (41), one end of the wire (40) is connected the electrode discs (42) and the other end thereof is connected to the printed circuit board (3). 7. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 3, wherein the power module (4) includes a wire (40), a button cell (41) and electrode discs (42) at two ends of the button cell (41), one end of the wire (40) is connected the electrode discs (42) and the other end thereof is connected to the printed circuit board (3). 8. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 2, wherein the wireless transmission module (33) is a Bluetooth. 9. The umbrella handle or umbrella tail having ultraviolet intensity sensing function as claimed in claim 3, wherein the wireless transmission module (33) is a Bluetooth.",
-    "In an off road vehicle having a cradle type vehicle body frame, an electrical component is arranged forwardly of rider's legs. A vehicle body frame includes a head pipe, a main frame, a pivot frame, a down frame and a lower frame so as to be formed in a cradle of a closed loop shape in a side view. An engine is supported inside the cradle, and a fuel tank is arranged above the cradle. A vehicle body cover for covering the engine and the fuel tank includes a tank shroud, a side cover and an under cover. A portion of the side cover swells laterally and has an apex located within the cradle on the lateral side of a cylinder section. A fuel pump or an ABS unit as a heavy electrical component is arranged on the inside of the apex. 1. A body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle comprising: a cradle type vehicle body frame that includes a head pipe, left and right main frames extending rearwardly from the head pipe, left and right pivot frames, which are connected to rear parts of the main frames and extend downwardly so as to be provided with a pivot shaft, a down frame extending downwardly from the head pipe, and left and right lower frames, which are connected to a lower part of the down frame and extend rearwardly so as to be connected to lower parts of the pivot frames; an engine supported below the main frames and in front of the pivot frames; a fuel tank supported on the left and right main frames above the engine; a seat supported at the rear of the fuel tank; and a vehicle body cover for covering a lateral part of the vehicle body; wherein the body cover includes left and right tank shroud sections that are arranged so as to extend forwardly from the fuel tank so as to take in traveling air to cool the engine, and a side cover section, which is provided with a swelling portion swelling laterally beyond the tank shroud sections below the fuel tank so as to cover at least a part of the lower frames in a swelling fashion and has an apex of the swelling portion located in a cradle of the vehicle body frame in a side view; and wherein an exhaust pipe and an electrical component are arranged separately on the left and right sides of the vehicle body in an inside space of the swelling portion. 2. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising a radiator, which is arranged at least on the same side of the electrical component within the left and right tank shroud sections, wherein the engine includes a cylinder section and a crankcase section extending outwardly in the left and right directions below the cylinder section, and wherein the apex is located on a lateral side of the cylinder section and at the rear of the radiator, and an air outlet port is formed in either one or both of the left and right tank shroud sections and the side cover section and located at the rear of the radiator on the upper side of the apex. 3. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the side cover section is arranged at the rear of the tank shroud section so as to cover the main frames and the cylinder section from lateral sides and provided with the apex, and an under cover section is connected to a front part of the side cover section and a lower part of the tank shroud section, and wherein the tank shroud section, the side cover section and the under cover section are formed as separate components from each other. 4. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 3, wherein the electrical component is a fuel pump arranged on an outside of the fuel tank, and fuel piping is arranged between the fuel pump and the fuel tank, and wherein the under cover section is configured to cover a front part of the lower frame and at least a portion of a lateral part of the fuel tank in a side view. 5. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the fuel pump is a cylindrical member having an upper end surface connected to the fuel piping for feeding fuel, and is arranged so as to be inclined such that an upper end portion is located on an inward side of the vehicle body and a lower end portion is located on an outward side of the vehicle body. 6. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the fuel pump is a cylindrical member having the upper end surface connected to fuel discharge piping for discharging the fuel to a fuel injection device, and is arranged such that on the lateral side of the cylinder section, the upper end portion is located toward the rear of the vehicle body and the lower end portion is located toward the front of the vehicle body, and the fuel injection device is arranged at the rear of the cylinder section so as to inject the fuel into an intake port which is provided on a back side of the cylinder section. 7. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the electrical component is an ABS unit that controls a brake for a front wheel and a rear wheel. 8. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the side cover section is arranged at the rear of the tank shroud section so as to cover the main frames and the cylinder section from lateral sides and provided with the apex, and an under cover section is connected to a front part of the side cover section and a lower part of the tank shroud section, and wherein the tank shroud section, the side cover section and the under cover section are formed as separate components from each other. 9. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 8, wherein the electrical component is a fuel pump arranged on an outside of the fuel tank, and fuel piping is arranged between the fuel pump and the fuel tank, and wherein the under cover section is configured to cover a front part of the lower frame and at least a portion of a lateral part of the fuel tank in a side view. 10. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 9, wherein the fuel pump is a cylindrical member having an upper end surface connected to the fuel piping for feeding fuel, and is arranged so as to be inclined such that an upper end portion is located on an inward side of the vehicle body and a lower end portion is located on an outward side of the vehicle body. 11. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 10, wherein the fuel pump is a cylindrical member having the upper end surface connected to fuel discharge piping for discharging the fuel to a fuel injection device, and is arranged such that on the lateral side of the cylinder section, the upper end portion is located toward the rear of the vehicle body and the lower end portion is located toward the front of the vehicle body, and the fuel injection device is arranged at the rear of the cylinder section so as to inject the fuel into an intake port which is provided on a back side of the cylinder section. 12. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the electrical component is an ABS unit that controls a brake for a front wheel and a rear wheel. 13. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 3, wherein the electrical component is an ABS unit that controls a brake for a front wheel and a rear wheel. 14. The body cover structure of a straddle type vehicle according to claim 8, wherein the electrical component is an ABS unit that controls a brake for a front wheel and a rear wheel.",
-    "A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device is provided. The method includes a process of applying liquid to one surface of a support substrate; a process of warping the support substrate by a volume change due to a phase transition of the liquid by solidifying the liquid; a process of attaching a semiconductor substrate having a linear expansion coefficient different from that of the support substrate to the support substrate in a heated state; and a process of warping the support substrate due to a linear expansion coefficient difference between the semiconductor substrate and the support substrate by cooling the support substrate to which the semiconductor substrate is attached. A warping direction due to the phase transition is opposite to a warping direction due to the linear expansion coefficient difference. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: applying liquid to one surface of a support substrate; warping the support substrate by a volume change due to a phase transition of the liquid by solidifying the liquid; attaching a semiconductor substrate having a linear expansion coefficient different from that of the support substrate to the support substrate in a heated state; and warping the support substrate due to a linear expansion coefficient difference between the semiconductor substrate and the support substrate by cooling the support substrate to which the semiconductor substrate is attached, wherein a warping direction due to the phase transition is opposite to a warping direction due to the linear expansion coefficient difference. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a property of expanding in volume when solidified, the support substrate has a linear expansion coefficient larger than that of the semiconductor substrate, the warping process due to the phase transition is performed prior to the warping process due to the linear expansion coefficient difference, the support substrate warps in the warping process due to the phase transition so that the surface to which the liquid has been applied becomes convex, and the semiconductor substrate is attached after the warping process due to the phase transition to a surface of the support substrate which has become concave. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a property of expanding in volume when solidified, the support substrate has a linear expansion coefficient smaller than that of the semiconductor substrate, the warping process due to the phase transition is performed prior to the warping process due to the linear expansion coefficient difference, the support substrate warps in the warping process due to the phase transition so that the surface to which the liquid has been applied becomes convex, and the semiconductor substrate is attached to the surface which has become convex after the warping process due to the phase transition. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a property of expanding in volume when solidified, the one surface of the support substrate includes a groove, and the liquid in the groove is solidified in the warping process due to the phase transition. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the liquid is solidified so that a surface of a layer of the solidified liquid is located on a bottom side with respect to an opening of the groove. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the groove comprises: a first groove extending circularly around a center of the one surface, and a second groove extending circularly around the first groove. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: mounting the support substrate to which the semiconductor substrate is attached on a stage so that the one surface of the support substrate is in contact with the stage; and etching the semiconductor substrate mounted on the stage. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a property of expanding in volume when solidified, the support substrate has a linear expansion coefficient larger than that of the semiconductor substrate, the warping process due to the linear expansion coefficient difference is performed prior to the warping process due to the phase transition, and the liquid is applied to a surface of the support substrate which has become concave in the warping process due to the linear expansion coefficient difference.",
-    "Two wireless earbuds include controllers, receivers, transmitters and firmware. One earbud establishes a primary wireless communication connection to an electronic device such as a smart phone, and a secondary wireless communication connection to a second earbud. Power monitors, signal strength monitors, synchronized clocks, and power management hardware and/or software may trigger a switching condition to occur. Each switching condition causes the reversal of the roles of the first and second earbuds so as to increase the operating life of the paired earbuds before they need to be recharged by balancing their respective power consumption when in use. Each switching condition may also cause the reversal of the roles of the first and second earbuds so as to avoid the disconnection of communication with the electronic device and/or evenly distribute battery usage. 1. A method of operating a set of wireless earbuds, comprising: operating a first earbud and a second earbud, in which each of the earbuds comprises a transmitter, a receiver, and a controller; by the controller of the first earbud, establishing a primary communication connection between the first earbud and a remote electronic device and a secondary communication connection between the first earbud and the second earbud; and by the controller of the first earbud, detecting that a switching condition has occurred, and in response: sending a signal to the controller of the second earbud to establish a primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device, and terminating the primary communication connection between the first earbud and the remote electronic device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, by the controller of the second earbud, establishing the primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device in response to receiving the signal. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, by the controller of the second earbud detecting that a switching condition has occurred, and in response: sending a signal to the controller of the first earbud to re-establish the primary communication connection between the first earbud and the remote electronic device; and terminating the primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that a switching condition has occurred comprises, by a power monitor, detecting that a battery charge level in the first earbud and a battery charge level in the second earbud differ by at least a threshold amount. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that a switching condition has occurred comprises, by a power monitor, detecting that a battery charge level in the first earbud has decreased by at least a threshold amount as compared to a previous battery charge level. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that a switching condition has occurred comprises, by the controller of the first or second earbud based on a clock circuit, detecting that a threshold period of time has elapsed since a previous switching has occurred. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that a switching condition has occurred comprises, by a signal strength monitor, detecting that a level of communication signal strength at the first earbud and a level of communication signal strength at the second earbud for a corresponding communication connection with the remote electronic device differ by at least a threshold amount. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the level of communication signal strength at the first earbud and the level of communication signal strength at the second earbud are based on a Bluetooth signal strength. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that a switching condition has occurred comprises, by a signal strength monitor, detecting that a level of communication signal strength at the first earbud for the primary communication connection with the remote electronic device has decreased by at least a threshold amount as compared to a previous communication signal strength level. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the level of communication signal strength at the first earbud is based on a Bluetooth signal strength. 11. An earbud set comprising: a first earbud and a second earbud, each comprising a transmitter, a receiver, and a controller; wherein the controller of the first earbud is configured to: establish a primary communication connection between the first earbud and a remote electronic device and a secondary communication connection between the first earbud and the second earbud, and detect that a switching condition has occurred, and in response: send a signal to the controller of the second earbud to establish a primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device, and terminate the primary communication connection between the first earbud and the remote electronic device; wherein the controller of the second earbud is configured to: establish the primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device in response to receiving the signal. 12. The earbud set of claim 11, wherein the controller of the second earbud is configured to detect that a switching condition has occurred, and in response: send a signal to the controller of the first earbud to re-establish the primary communication connection between the first earbud and the remote electronic device; and terminate the primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device. 13. The earbud set of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second earbuds comprises a power monitor configured to detect a battery charge level in each respective earbud, and the switching condition is indicative of a difference between a battery charge level in the first earbud and a battery charge level in the second earbud. 14. The earbud set of claim 11, wherein the first earbud comprises a power monitor configured to detect a battery charge level in the first earbud, and the switching condition is indicative of a decrease of a battery charge level in the first earbud as compared to a previous battery charge level. 15. The earbud set of claim 11, wherein the switching condition is indicative of an elapsed period of time since a previous switching has occurred. 16. The earbud set of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second earbuds further comprises a signal strength monitor configured to detect in each respective earbud a level of communication signal strength for a communication connection with the remote electronic device, and the switching condition is indicative of the difference between a level of communication signal strength at the first earbud and a level of communication signal strength at the second earbud. 17. The earbud set of claim 16, wherein the level of communication signal strength at the first earbud and the level of communication signal strength at the second earbud are based on a Bluetooth signal strength. 18. The earbud set of claim 11, wherein the first earbud further comprises a signal strength monitor configured to detect a level of communication signal strength for the primary communication connection with the remote electronic device, and the switching condition is indicative of a decrease of the level of communication signal strength by at least a threshold amount as compared to a previous communication signal strength level. 19. The earbud set of claim 18, wherein the level of communication signal strength at the first earbud is based on a Bluetooth signal strength. 20. A first earbud comprising: a transmitter, a receiver, and a controller; wherein the controller is configured to: establish a primary communication connection with a remote electronic device and a secondary communication connection with a second earbud, and detect that a switching condition has occurred, and in response: send a signal to the controller of the second earbud to establish a primary communication connection between the second earbud and the remote electronic device, and terminate the primary communication connection between the first earbud and the remote electronic device. 21. The first earbud of claim 20, wherein the controller is also configured to re-establish the primary communication connection between the first earbud and the remote electronic device in response to receiving a switching signal from the second earbud. 22. The first earbud of claim 20, further comprising: a battery; and a power monitor configured to detect a charge level in the battery of the first earbud; wherein the switching condition is indicative of a difference between a charge level of the battery in the first earbud and a charge level of a battery in the second earbud. 23. The first earbud of claim 20, further comprising a power monitor configured to detect a battery charge level in the first earbud, and the switching condition is indicative of a decrease of a battery charge level in the first earbud as compared to a previous battery charge level. 24. The first earbud of claim 20, wherein the switching condition is indicative of an elapsed period of time since a previous switching has occurred. 25. The first earbud of claim 20, further comprising a signal strength monitor configured to detect a level of communication signal strength for the primary communication connection with the remote electronic device, and the switching condition is indicative of a difference between the level of communication signal strength at the first earbud and a level of communication signal strength at the second earbud for a communication connection with the remote electronic device. 26. The first earbud of claim 25, wherein the level of communication signal strength for the communication connection with the remote electronic device at the first earbud and the second earbud are based on a Bluetooth signal strength. 27. The first earbud of claim 20, further comprising a signal strength monitor configured to detect a level of communication signal strength for the primary communication connection with the remote electronic device, and the switching condition is indicative of a decrease of the level of communication signal strength by at least a threshold amount as compared to a previous communication signal strength level. 28. The first earbud of claim 27, wherein the level of communication signal strength for the primary communication connection with the remote electronic device is based on a Bluetooth signal strength.",
-    "A composition for allowing marking of a product, the composition comprising: (a) a volatile solvent; (b) a silicone resin comprising a trifunctional unit of formula (R)SiO3/2, wherein R is chosen, independently by trifunctional unit, from hydrocarbyl groups and hydroxyl groups, on the condition that at least one R is a hydrocarbyl group; and, (c) titanium dioxide particles having an average size of between approximately 100 nanometers and 1000 nanometers. 1. A ceramic article comprising: a ceramic structure; and a coating layer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the ceramic structure, wherein the coating layer comprises: a volatile solvent; a silicone resin comprising a trifunctional unit of formula (R)SiO3/2, wherein R is chosen, independently by trifunctional unit, from hydrocarbyl groups and hydroxyl groups, on the condition that at least one R is a hydrocarbyl group; and titanium dioxide particles having an average size of between approximately 100 nanometers and 1000 nanometers. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating layer further comprises at least one of a dispersing agent, a wetting agent, a humectant, an anti-settling agent, an ultraviolet tracer, and a surfactant. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the titanium dioxide particles comprise rutile crystalline titanium dioxide particles. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the titanium dioxide particles have an average size of between approximately 200 nanometers and 300 nanometers. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the volatile solvent is chosen from alkanols, esters, ketones, polyols, ethers, alcohols, and mixtures thereof. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating layer further comprising a lesser volatile solvent having a vapor pressure an order of magnitude less than the volatile solvent. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the coating layer is diffused into at least one pore of the ceramic structure. 8. The article of claim 1, further comprising an indicia marked on at least a portion of the coating layer. 9. The article of claim 8, wherein the indicia comprises a laser marking. 10. The article of claim 1, wherein the ceramic structure has a honeycomb shape, the honeycomb comprising a plurality of parallel channels. 11. The article of claim 10, wherein the ceramic structure comprises an exterior ceramic skin, and wherein the coating layer is at least partially diffused into the exterior ceramic skin. 12. The article of claim 1, wherein the ceramic structure comprises cordierite. 13. A ceramic article comprising: a ceramic honeycomb structure with an exterior ceramic skin, wherein, in a coated section of the exterior ceramic skin, at least a surface of the exterior ceramic skin is coated with a coating material comprising titanium dioxide, wherein, in a first portion of the coated section, the coating material comprises titanium dioxide particles having an average size of between approximately 100 nanometers and 1000 nanometers, wherein the titanium dioxide particles are at least partly diffused into the exterior ceramic skin, wherein a second portion of the coated section comprises titanium dioxide fused with the exterior ceramic skin, and wherein the second portion of the coated section contrasts with the first portion of the coated section. 14. The article of claim 13, wherein the second portion of the coated section is darker in color than the first portion of the coated section. 15. The article of claim 13, wherein the second section, in contrast with the first section, comprises a mark. 16. The article of claim 13, wherein the exterior ceramic skin is comprised of cordierite. 17. The article of claim 13, wherein the titanium dioxide particles in the first portion of the coated section are disposed within a thickness of less than 30 \u03bcm. 18. The article of claim 13, wherein no titanium dioxide particles are visible in the second portion of the coated section. 19. The article of claim 13, wherein the second portion is an irradiated portion. 20. The article of claim 13, wherein the second portion is a laser irradiated portion. 21. The article of claim 13, wherein the first portion is a non-irradiated portion. 22. The article of claim 13, wherein the titanium dioxide particles comprise rutile crystalline titanium dioxide particles. 23. The article of claim 13, wherein the titanium dioxide particles have an average size of between approximately 200 nanometers and 300 nanometers. 24. The article of claim 13, wherein the second section, in contrast with the first section, comprises an indicia.",
-    "A system and method of transmitting measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data while drilling a wellbore in a subterranean formation are provided. The system utilizes a transmission sub located uphole of the drill bit which transmits an electromagnetic signal through the surrounding drilling fluid to a receiver assembly located farther uphole at a position suitable for relaying the signal to the surface. 1. A method of transmitting measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data while drilling a wellbore in a subterranean formation, the method comprising the steps of: forming the wellbore with a drill string ending in a drill bit, said drill string further comprising a transmission sub located uphole of the drill bit, a mud motor located uphole of the data transmission sub and a receiver assembly located uphole of the mud motor and wherein the transmission sub has a first gap at an uphole end of the transmission sub, and the receiver assembly has a second gap; taking one or more measurements by a sensor contained in the transmission sub; and transmitting the measurements from the transmission sub to the receiver assembly by the transmission sub generating an electromagnetic signal across the first gap and the receiver assembly detecting the signal by measuring voltage across the second gap. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the signal from the receiver assembly to the surface by generating a mud pulse. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the mud pulse is generated in a drilling fluid located within the drill string. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the wellbore has a surrounding environment including drilling fluid and the subterranean formation surrounding the wellbore, and wherein generating the signal across the first gap comprises placing a voltage difference across the first gap, generating a signal having a frequency in the transmission sub, and transmitting the signal through the surrounding environment to a portion of the drill string uphole from the first gap. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the portion of the drill string is the mud motor. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the signal traveling through the surrounding environment is detected by the receiver assembly measuring the voltage across the second gap. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the drilling fluid is located outside the drill string. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the signal has a frequency from about 5 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein sensor is an inclination sensor, a gamma sensor or a resistivity sensor. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein when the transmission sub is on the surface, communication is through the transmission sub without use of a programming port. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting the signal from the receiver assembly to the surface by generating a mud pulse in a first drilling fluid located within the drill string; and wherein the step of generating the signal across the first gap comprises placing a voltage difference across the first gap, generating a signal having a frequency from about 6 Hz to about 20 Hz in the transmission sub, and transmitting the signal to the mud motor through a second drilling fluid located outside the drill string and through the subterranean formation surrounding the drill string; and wherein the signal traveling through the second drilling fluid and subterranean formation is detected by the receiver assembly measuring the voltage across the second gap. 11. A drill-string system for transmitting measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data while drilling a wellbore in a subterranean formation, the drill-string system comprising: a drill bit; a transmission sub having a downhole end, an uphole end and a first gap at the uphole end, wherein the transmission sub has a first power source, a sensor and an electromagnetic transmitter, and wherein the transmission sub is located uphole of the drill bit; a mud motor located uphole of the transmission sub; a receiver assembly having a downhole end, an uphole end and a second gap, wherein the receiver assembly has an electromagnetic receiver attached across the second gap, and wherein the receiver assembly is located uphole of the mud motor; and a second power source which provides power to the electromagnetic receiver; wherein the sensor measures at least one parameter of the drilling operation to obtain drilling data, the transmitter sends an electromagnetic signal representing the drilling data to the electromagnetic receiver by the transmission sub generating an electromagnetic signal across the first gap and the electromagnetic receiver detecting the signal by measuring voltage across the second gap. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the drill-string system further comprises a pulser which is configured to generate a mud pulse such that the electromagnetic signal received by the electromagnetic receiver is converted to a mud pulse signal to transmit the drilling data to the surface. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the drill-string system further comprises a drill string uphole from the receiver assembly, the drill string having a central bore suitable for conveying drilling fluid downhole and wherein the pulser generates the mud pulse in the drilling fluid within the central bore. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the transmitter is configured to place a voltage difference across the first gap and to generate a signal having a frequency that is transmitted through a drilling fluid and the subterranean formation to a portion of the drill string uphole from the first gap and downhole from the second gap. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the drilling fluid is located outside the drill string and surrounds at least the transmission sub and the portion of the drill string extending to the uphole end of the receiver assembly. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the portion of the drill string is the mud motor. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic signal has a frequency from about 5 Hz to about 1000 Hz. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein sensor is an inclination sensor, a gamma sensor or a resistivity sensor. 19. A drill-string system for transmitting measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data while drilling a wellbore in a subterranean formation, the drill-string system comprising: a drill bit; a transmission sub having a downhole end, an uphole end and a first gap at the uphole end, wherein the transmission sub has a power source, a sensor and an electromagnetic transmitter, and wherein the transmission sub is located uphole of the drill bit and the sensor is an inclination sensor, a gamma sensor or a resistivity sensor; a mud motor located uphole of the transmission sub; a receiver assembly having a downhole end, an uphole end and a second gap, wherein the receiver assembly has an electromagnetic receiver located uphole of the second gap, and wherein the receiver assembly is located uphole of the mud motor; a second power source which provides power to the electromagnetic receiver; a pulser configured to generate a mud pulse signal; and a drill string uphole from the receiver assembly, the drill string having a central bore suitable for conveying first drilling fluid downhole and wherein the pulser is configured to generate a mud pulse in the drilling fluid within the central bore; wherein the sensor measures at least one parameter of the drilling operation to obtain drilling data and the transmitter is configured to place a voltage difference across the first gap and to generating a signal having a frequency from 6 Hz to 20 Hz that is transmitted to the mud motor through an environment surrounding at least a portion of the drill-string system, the environment including a second drilling fluid and the subterranean formation, and wherein the transmitter sends drilling data to the surface by generating an electromagnetic signal representing the drilling data across the first gap, which is received by the electromagnetic receiver measuring voltage across the second gap, and the electromagnetic signal is converted to a mud pulse signal to transmit the drilling data to the surface and wherein the second drilling fluid is located outside the drill string and surrounds at least the transmission sub and the portion of the drill string extending to the uphole end of the receiver assembly.",
-    "A semiconductor component is disclosed. One embodiment includes a semiconductor body including a first semiconductor layer having at least one active component zone, a cell array with a plurality of trenches, and at least one cell array edge zone. The cell array edge zone is only arranged in an edge region of the cell array, adjoining at least one trench of the cell array, and being at least partially arranged below the at least one trench in the cell array. 1. An MOS transistor, comprising: a cell array with a plurality of trenches in a semiconductor body, each trench including a field electrode and a field electrode dielectric, the cell array including an edge region, wherein the edge region of the cell array includes at least an outermost trench of the cell array and a trench of the cell array adjacent to the outermost trench; at least one cell array edge zone, the at least one cell array edge zone arranged only in the edge region of the cell array at least partially below and having an interface with at least one trench in the edge region of the cell array, wherein the cell array edge zone is spaced apart from a first side of the semiconductor body; and a plurality of transistor cells in the cell array, each transistor cell comprising a source zone, a drift zone, a body zone arranged between the source zone and the drift zone, and a gate electrode insulated from the body zone by a gate dielectric, wherein the drift zone has a first conductivity type, and the body zone and the cell array edge zone have a second conductivity type complementary to the first conductivity type, and wherein the body zone is electrically connected to a source electrode. 2. The MOS transistor of claim 1, wherein the gate electrode of each of the plurality of transistor cells is arranged in a respective one of the plurality of trenches. 3. The MOS transistor of claim 1, wherein the cell array edge zone adjoins the drift zone. 4. The MOS transistor of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor body comprises a semiconductor body inner region and a semiconductor body edge region, wherein the drift region of each of the plurality of transistor cells is formed by a semiconductor layer of the first conductivity type, wherein the first semiconductor layer extends across the semiconductor body inner region and the semiconductor body edge region, and wherein the plurality of transistor cells are only in the semiconductor body inner region. 5. The MOS transistor of claim 4, further comprising: an edge structure in the semiconductor body edge region. 6. The MOS transistor of claim 5, wherein the edge structure comprises: at least one edge trench extending from the first side into the semiconductor body; a dielectric layer in the semiconductor body edge region; and a first edge zone of the second conductivity type adjoining the at least one edge trench and being at least partially disposed below the at least one edge trench. 7. The MOS transistor of claim 6, wherein the cell array edge zone adjoins the first edge zone in the lateral direction of the semiconductor body. 8. The MOS transistor of claim 7, wherein the outermost trench of the cell array is adjacent to the at least one edge trench, and wherein the cell array edge zone adjoins the outermost trench of the cell array. 9. The MOS transistor of claim 8, wherein the outermost trench is ring-shaped and terminates the cell array in a lateral direction of the semiconductor body. 10. The MOS transistor of claim 1, wherein the edge region of the cell array extends along an edge of the cell array and has a size of between 0.1% and 2% of a size of the cell array in a horizontal plane of the semiconductor body. 11. The MOS transistor of claim 1, wherein the cell array edge zone of the cell array is ring-shaped in a horizontal plane of the semiconductor body. 12. The MOS transistor of claim 6, wherein the cell array edge zone is distant to the first edge zone. 13. The MOS transistor of claim 6, further comprising: an edge electrode in at least one edge trench, the edge electrode separated from the semiconductor body by the an edge dielectric. 14. The MOS transistor of claim 13, wherein the at least one edge trench is completely filled with the edge dielectric. 15. The MOS transistor of claim 6, further comprising: a second edge zone of the second conductivity type separated from the first edge zone, laterally adjoining the at least one edge trench and adjoining the first side. 16. The MOS transistor of claim 6, wherein the first edge zone has a doping concentration such that the first edge zone can be completely depleted or can be depleted except for an area having dimensions smaller than a lateral width of the edge trench when a transistor of which the at least one trench of the cell array is a part is in an off-state. 17. The MOS transistor of claim 1, wherein the at least one cell array edge zone has a doping concentration such that the cell array edge zone can be completely depleted or can be depleted except for an area having dimensions smaller than a lateral width of the edge trench when a transistor of which the at least one trench of the cell array is a part is in an off-state. 18. The MOS transistor of claim 13, wherein the edge electrode is electrically coupled to a semiconductor zone doped complementary to a basic doping of the semiconductor layer and arranged between the at least one edge trench and the inner region. 19. The MOS transistor of claim 18, wherein the semiconductor zone adjoins the at least one edge trench. 20. The MOS transistor of claim 1, further comprising: at least two edge trenches, the at least two edge trenches being disposed distant to each other in a lateral direction of the semiconductor body; and a number of first edge zones corresponding to the number of trenches. 21. The MOS transistor of claim 20, comprising a number of second edge zones corresponding to the number of trenches, with each of the second edge zones adjoining one edge trench in a direction opposite to the direction of the inner region. 22. The MOS transistor of claim 21, wherein each of the second edge zones is disposed between two edge trenches and extend in a lateral direction from trench to trench. 23. The semiconductor component of claim 1, wherein the edge region of the cell array includes fewer than all trenches of the cell array. 24. The MOS transistor of claim 4, wherein the semiconductor layer comprises a first partial layer and a second partial layer, wherein the second partial layer is below the first partial layer as seen from the first side and has a lower doping concentration than the first partial layer. 25. The MOS transistor of claim 23, wherein the plurality of trenches of the cell array extend into the second partial layer.",
-    "The inventive subject matter provides apparatus, systems and methods in which a skirt valve mechanism is supplied that can easily ret to an existing, prior art waterless urinal fixture. The skirt valve reduces or prevents evaporation from a P trap and does not present a barrier to liquid flow through the inlet to the outlet of the device, but prevents the passage of fluids (gases or liquids) from the outlet to the inlet. The skirt valve similarly prevents the attempted passage of a pest species (for example, an insect pest) from the outlet to the inlet of the device, thereby prevent the pest from exiting the sewers through the waterless urinal. A P trap is also provided that can be retro-fitted to existing waterless urinals and is compatible with the skirt valve mechanism, thereby replacing prior art float valve devices. 1. A device for replacing a float valve in a waterless urinal, comprising: a first housing having an inlet and an outlet; a central shaft comprising an upper collar that is positioned below the inlet and a lower collar that is positioned below the upper collar; an upper skirt valve and a lower skirt valve, each configured as a surface of a frustum of a cone that is concentric with the central shaft and having an upper base that is oriented towards the inlet and a lower base that is oriented towards the outlet, wherein the lower base has a greater diameter than the lower base, and wherein the upper base of the upper skirt valve is engaged with the upper collar and the upper base of the lower skirt valve is engage with the lower collar; a first sealing surface that is positioned to contact at least a portion of an upper surface of the upper skirt valve and a second sealing surface that is positioned to contact at least a portion of an upper surface of the lower skirt valve; a plurality of anchors extending outward from the first housing, wherein the plurality of anchors are configured to affix the first housing to a second housing; and a P trap, wherein the outlet is in fluid communication with the P trap. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the upper base comprises an aperture, and wherein the central shaft passes through the aperture. 3. Then device of claim 1, wherein the inlet, first skirt valve, second skirt valve, and outlet define a passageway through which a liquid can flow through the device. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the second skirt valve is positioned such that a pest insect moving from the outlet to the inlet contacts a lower surface of the second skirt valve. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the upper skirt valve and the lower skirt valve each comprise a plant material that is resistant to uric acid. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the pliant material is selected from the group consisting of a urine resistant rubber, silicone, nitrile rubber, polyethylene, a perfluoroelastomer, an ethylene acrylate elastomer, and polychloroprene. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising a perforated cover that is positioned proximal to the inlet. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the perforated cover is configured to retain a chemical disk. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the P-trap comprises: a cylindrical housing with an open upper terminus, a sealed lower terminus, and a lateral aperture positioned between the upper terminus and the lower terminus; and a lateral housing that is oriented normal to the cylindrical housing, wherein as first open terminus of the lateral housing is affixed to the cylindrical housing at an interface region such that the first open terminus surrounds the lateral aperture, and wherein the area of the first open terminus exceeds the area of the lateral aperture, and wherein the lateral opening is positioned within a portion of the interface region that is proximal to the open upper terminus of the cylindrical housing. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the distance between the sealed lower terminus and a lower edge of the lateral aperture is at least 5 cm (2 inches). 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the lateral housing further comprises a second open terminus that is configured to provide fluid communication with a sewage system. 12. A method for replacing a float valve in a waterless urinal, comprising: providing an insert comprising (a) a first housing having an inlet and an outlet, (b) a central shaft comprising an upper collar that is positioned below the inlet and a lower collar that is positioned below the upper collar; (c) a first skirt valve and a second skirt valve, each configured as a surface of a frustum of a cone that is concentric with the central shaft and having an upper base that is oriented towards the inlet and a lower base that is oriented towards the outlet, wherein the lower base has a greater diameter than the lower base, and wherein the upper base of the upper skirt valve is engaged with the upper collar and the upper base of the lower skirt valve is engage with the lower collar; (d) a first sealing surface that is positioned to contact at least a portion of an upper surface of the upper skirt valve and a second sealing surface that is positioned to contact at least a portion of an upper surface of the lower skirt valve; and (e) a plurality of anchors extending outward from the first housing, wherein the plurality of anchors are configured to affix the first housing to a second housing; and utilizing the anchors, affixing the insert within the interior of the second housing. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second housing is positioned within a drain pipe of a plumbing fixture, and is distinct from the drain pipe. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the plumbing fixture is a waterless urinal. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the anchors are reversibly engaged with the second housing. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein a tool is required to reverse the engagement of the anchors with the second housing. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of placing the outlet of the insert in fluid communication with a P trap. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the P trap comprises: a cylindrical housing with an open upper terminus, a sealed lower terminus, and a lateral aperture positioned between the upper terminus and the lower terminus; and a lateral housing that is oriented normal to the cylindrical housing, wherein a first open terminus of the lateral housing is affixed to the cylindrical housing at an interface region such that the first open terminus surrounds the lateral aperture, and wherein the area of the first open terminus exceeds the area of the lateral aperture, and wherein the lateral opening is positioned within a portion of the interface region that is proximal to the open upper terminus of the cylindrical housing. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein flow of a fluid through the device from then outlet to the inlet is impeded. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the fluid is a gas.",
-    "Disclosed is a method of making and using a titania supported palladium catalyst for the single step synthesis of 2-ethylhexanal from a feed of n-butyraldehyde. This titania supported palladium catalyst demonstrates high n-butyraldehyde conversion but also produces 2-ethylhexanal in an appreciable yield with maintained activity between runs. This method provides a single step synthesis of 2-ethylhexanal from n-butyraldehyde with a catalyst that can be regenerated that provides cleaner downstream separations relative to the traditional caustic route. 1. A method for the single step synthesis of 2-ethylhexanal comprising: contacting n-butyraldehyde and a hydrogen gas with a palladium on titania eggshell type catalyst under vapor-phase condensation conditions to obtain a reaction product comprising 2-ethylhexanal; wherein the palladium eggshell catalyst comprises a palladium shell deposited on a titania support comprising nano-sized particles of palladium having a diameter less than about 10 nanometers; and wherein the palladium shell deposited on the titania support is concentrated within about 300 micrometers of the palladium eggshell type catalyst's exterior surface. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the nano-sized particles of palladium have a diameter of less than about 2 nanometers. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the n-butyraldehyde and the palladium eggshell type catalyst are contacted at about atmospheric pressure. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the n-butyraldehyde and the palladium eggshell type catalyst are contacted at a temperature of about 290\u00b0 C. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product comprises at least 30 weight % 2-ethylhexanal. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the conversion of n-butyraldehyde is at least 70%. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the palladium eggshell catalyst has 0.1 weight % palladium nanoparticles on the titania. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the palladium eggshell catalyst can be regenerated in air at a temperature from about 400\u00b0 C. to about 450\u00b0 C. 9. A method for the single step synthesis of 2-ethylhexanal comprising: contacting n-butyraldehyde and a hydrogen gas with a palladium on titania eggshell type catalyst under vapor-phase condensation conditions at about atmospheric pressure to obtain a reaction product comprising 2-ethylhexanal; wherein the palladium eggshell catalyst comprises about 0.1 weight % of a palladium metal shell deposited on a titania support comprising nano-sized particles of palladium having a diameter less than about 2 nanometers; and wherein the palladium shell deposited on the titania support is concentrated within about 300 micrometers of the palladium eggshell type catalyst's exterior surface. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the n-butyraldehyde and the palladium on titania eggshell type catalyst are contacted to obtain a reaction mixture comprising at least 80 weight % 2-ethylhexanal, 2-ethylhexenal, and 2-ethylhexanol. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein less than 10 weight % of the reaction product are heptenes. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the n-butyraldehyde and the palladium eggshell type catalyst are contacted at a temperature of about 290\u00b0 C. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the conversion of n-butyraldehyde is at least 70%. 14. A method for preparing a palladium eggshell type catalyst comprising: i. dissolving a palladium salt in a solvent to produce a palladium salt-containing solution; ii. mixing the palladium salt-containing solution with a titania support under atmospheric pressure; iii. removing said solvent to produce a palladium salt-deposited support; and iv. reducing said palladium salt-deposited support to form a palladium eggshell type catalyst using a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas mixtures, alcohol solutions, alcohol/water solutions, hydrazine solutions, and hydrazine/solvent solutions; wherein the palladium shell deposited on the titania support comprises nano-sized particles of palladium having a diameter less than about 10 nanometers; and wherein the palladium shell deposited on the titania support is concentrated within about 300 micrometers of the eggshell type catalyst's exterior surface. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reducing agent is about 10% hydrogen at about 20 SCCM in helium at about 180 SCCM. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reducing agent is about 50% v/v methanol and about 50% v/v water. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reducing agent is about 60% hydrazine and about 30% acetone. 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the noble metal shells have a particle size of less than about 2 nm. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the noble metal shells have a particle size of less than about 5 nm. 20. The method according to claim 17, wherein the noble metal shells have a particle size of less than about 7 nm.",
-    "The invention relates to fatty acid niacin conjugates; compositions comprising an effective amount of a fatty acid niacin conjugate; and methods for treating or preventing an metabolic disease comprising the administration of an effective amount of a fatty acid niacin conjugate. 1. A method for treating a metabolic disease selected from dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease associated with dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or Type 2 diabetes, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer, or stereoisomer thereof; wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, -D, \u2014Cl, \u2014F, \u2014CN, \u2014NH2, \u2014NH(C1-C3 alkyl), \u2014N(C1-C3 alkyl)2, \u2014NH(C(O)C1-C3 alkyl), \u2014N(C(O)C1-C3 alkyl)2, \u2014C(O)H, \u2014C(O)C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014C(O)OC1-C3 alkyl, \u2014C(O)NH2, \u2014C(O)NH(C1-C3 alkyl), \u2014C(O)N(C1-C3 alkyl)2, \u2014C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014O\u2014C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014S(O)C1-C3 alkyl, and \u2014S(O)2C1-C3 alkyl; W1 and W2 are each NR; each a, b, c, and d is independently \u2014H, -D, Halogen, \u2014CH3, \u2014OCH3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014OCH2CH3, or \u2014C(O)OR, \u2014O\u2014Z, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together along with the single carbon to which they are bound to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycle; each n, o, p, and q is independently 0 or 1; each L is independently \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S\u2014, each g is independently 2, 3 or 4; each h is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4; each m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; if m is more than 1, then L can be the same or different; each m1 is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; k is 0, 1, 2, or 3; each R6 is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, or both R6 groups, when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, can form a heterocycle; each R7 is independently e, H or straight or branched C1-C10 alkyl which can be optionally substituted with OH, NH2, CO2R, CONH2, phenyl, C6H4OH, imidazole or arginine; each e is independently H or any one of the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids; each R9 is independently \u2014H, -D, C1-C4 alkyl, halogen, cyano, oxo, thiooxo, \u2014OH, C(O)C1-C4 alkyl, O-aryl, O-benzyl, OC(O)C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 alkene, C1-C3 alkyne, C(O)C1-C4 alkyl, NH2, NH(C1-C3 alkyl), N(C1-C3 alkyl)2, NH(C(O)C1-C3 alkyl), N(C(O)C1-C3alkyl)2, SH, S(C1-C3 alkyl), S(O)C1-C3 alkyl, S(O)2C1-C3 alkyl; each Z is independently \u2014H, with the proviso that there is at least one each r is independently 2, 3, or 7; each s is independently 3, 5, or 6; each t is independently 0 or 1; each v is independently 1, 2, or 6; R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, \u2014C1-C4 alkyl, -halogen, \u2014OH, \u2014C(O)C1-C4 alkyl, \u2014O-aryl, \u2014O-benzyl, \u2014OC(O)C1-C4 alkyl, \u2014C1-C3 alkene, \u2014C1-C3 alkyne, \u2014C(O)C1-C4 alkyl, \u2014NH2, \u2014NH(C1-C3 alkyl), \u2014N(C1-C3 alkyl)2, \u2014NH(C(O)C1-C3 alkyl), \u2014N(C(O)C1-C3 alkyl)2, \u2014SH, \u2014S(C1-C3 alkyl), \u2014S(O)C1-C3 alkyl, \u2014S(O)2C1-C3 alkyl; and each R is independently \u2014H or straight or branched C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with OR, NR2, or halogen. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is 3. The method of claim 2, wherein t is 1. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein r is 2 and s is 6. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein r is 3 and s is 5. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein r is 7 and s is 3. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein L is \u2014S\u2014S\u2014. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein L is \u2014O\u2014. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein L is 10. The method of claim 4, wherein L is 11. The method of claim 4, wherein L is 12. The method of claim 4, wherein L is 13. The method of claim 4, wherein one of n, o, p, and q are each 1. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein two of n, o, p, and q are each 1. 15. The method of claim 4, wherein m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is O. 16. The method of claim 4, wherein m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is \u2014S\u2014S\u2014. 17. The method of claim 4, wherein m, n, and o are each 0, and p and q are each 1. 18. The method of claim 4, wherein m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, and L is 19. The method of claim 4, wherein m is 1, n and o are each 1, p and q are each 0, and L is 20. The method of claim 4, wherein m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 1, and L is 21-23. (canceled)",
-    "A system for optical amplification includes an optical fiber with a core containing a gain medium surrounded by a cladding, a seed light source, a control light source, and a pump source. The seed light source transmits seed light, at a first wavelength and having a first linewidth greater than 100 MHz, into the core of the fiber. The control light source transmits control light, at a second wavelength shorter than the first wavelength, into the core where it interacts with the pumped gain medium so as to reduce the peak rate of heat deposition per unit length along the fiber. The control light has a second linewidth greater than 100 MHz. The pump source transmits pump light at a pump wavelength, shorter than the second wavelength, into the fiber so as to pump the gain medium and amplify the seed light. 1. A system for optical amplification, the system comprising: an optical fiber comprising a core surrounded by a cladding, the core comprising a gain medium characterized by a gain spectrum; a seed light source, in optical communication with the core, to transmit seed light, at a first wavelength in the gain spectrum, into the core of the optical fiber so as to amplify the seed light, the seed light having a first linewidth greater than 100 MHz; a control light source, in optical communication with the core, to transmit control light, at a second wavelength in the gain spectrum, into the core so as to reduce a peak rate of heat deposition per unit length along the optical fiber, the control light having a second linewidth greater than 100 MHz; and a pump source, in optical communication with the optical fiber, to transmit pump light at a pump wavelength into the fiber so as to pump the gain medium and amplify the seed light. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber comprises a multimode optical fiber and the system is configured to reduce a multimode instability of the seed light and output a fundamental transverse mode of the seed light. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber comprises at least one of a photonic crystal fiber, a chirally coupled core fiber, a trench fiber, or a leaky channel fiber. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber comprises a double-clad optical fiber. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the core of the optical fiber is doped with Yb, the first wavelength is in a range from about 1040 nm to about 1080 nm, the second wavelength is in a range from about 1025 nm to about 1045 nm, and the pump wavelength is in a range from about 900 nm to about 985 nm. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the seed light source comprises: a laser to produce the seed light; and a spectral broadening element, in optical communication with the laser, to increase the first linewidth of the seed light to greater than 100 MHz. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the spectral broadening element comprises a phase modulator. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the seed light, the control light, and the pump light are coupled into a first end of the fiber. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the first linewidth is greater than a Brillouin gain bandwidth of the optical fiber. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the first linewidth is greater than 1 GHz. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the control light comprises amplified spontaneous emission. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the seed light is amplified in an optical amplifier and the control light is generated in the optical amplifier. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the control light source comprises: a laser to produce the control light; and a spectral broadening element to increase the second linewidth of the control light to greater than 100 MHz. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the second linewidth is greater than a Brillouin gain bandwidth of the fiber. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the second linewidth is greater than 1 GHz. 16. A method of amplifying light, the method comprising: propagating seed light at a first wavelength in a core of an optical fiber comprising a gain medium so as to amplify the seed light, the seed light having a first linewidth greater than 100 MHz; propagating control light at a second wavelength shorter than the first wavelength in the core of the optical fiber so as to reduce a peak rate of heat deposition per unit length along the optical fiber, the control light having a second linewidth greater than 100 MHz; and coupling pump light, at a third wavelength shorter than the second wavelength, into the optical fiber so as to pump the gain medium and amplify the seed light. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: adjusting a first power of the seed light and/or a second power of the control light so as to reduce a multimode instability of the seed light and amplify the seed light. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein amplifying the seed light comprises amplifying a fundamental transverse mode of the seed light. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating the seed light using a laser; and broadening the first linewidth of the seed light to more than 100 MHz. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein broadening the first linewidth comprises transmitting the seed light through a phase modulator. 21. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating the control light from amplified spontaneous emission. 22. The method of claim 21 further comprising: amplifying the seed light with an optical amplifier, and wherein generating the control light comprises collecting the amplified spontaneous emission from the optical amplifier. 23. The method of claim 16, further comprising: generating the control light using a laser; and broadening the second linewidth of the control light to more than 100 MHz. 24. An optical amplifier comprising: a large-mode-area (LMA) optical fiber comprising a Yb-doped gain medium; a seed light source, in optical communication with the LMA optical fiber, to transmit seed light, at a first wavelength in a range from about 1040 nm to about 1080 nm, into a core of the LMA optical fiber so as to amplify the seed light, the seed light having a first linewidth greater than 100 MHz; a control light source, in optical communication with the LMA optical fiber, to transmit control light, at a second wavelength shorter than the first wavelength and in a range from about 1025 nm to about 1045 nm, into the core of the LMA optical fiber so as to reduce the peak rate of heat deposition per unit length along the LMA fiber and mitigate a multimode instability of the seed light, the control light having a second linewidth greater than 100 MHz; and a pump source, in optical communication with the LMA optical fiber, to transmit pump light, at a pump wavelength in the range from about 900 nm to about 985 nm, into the LMA optical fiber so as to pump the gain medium and amplify the seed light.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment, a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device includes: respectively forming a first layer and a second layer at the top of a protruding portion and at the bottom of a depressed portion of a treatment target having protrusions/depressions in such a manner that sidewalls of the protruding portion is exposed, supplying a treatment liquid to the treatment target having the first layer and the second layer, bringing a catalyst into contact with or closer to the first layer and thereby increasing the dissolution rate of the first layer in dissolving into the treatment liquid and dissolving the first layer into the treatment liquid, and sequentially dissolving the protruding portion and the second layer into the treatment liquid after the dissolution of the first layer. 1. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device comprising: respectively forming a first layer and a second layer at the top of a protruding portion and at the bottom of a depressed portion of a treatment target comprising protrusions/depressions in such a manner that sidewalls of the protruding portion is exposed; supplying a treatment liquid to the treatment target comprising the first layer and the second layer; bringing a catalyst into contact with or closer to the first layer and thereby increasing the dissolution rate of the first layer in dissolving into the treatment liquid and dissolving the first layer into the treatment liquid; and sequentially dissolving the protruding portion and the second layer into the treatment liquid after the dissolution of the first layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second layer dissolves into the treatment liquid by bringing the catalyst into contact with or closer to the second layer and thereby increasing the dissolution rate of the second layer to dissolve into the treatment liquid. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dissolution rate at which the second layer dissolves into the treatment liquid is higher than the dissolution rate of the protruding portion to dissolve into the treatment liquid after the dissolution of the first layer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the protrusions/depressions comprising the first layer and the second layer are silicon oxide films, and the silicon content concentration of the first layer or the second layer is higher than the silicon content concentration of the protruding and depressed portions other than the first layer and the second layer. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first layer and the second layer are simultaneously formed by implanting silicon into the protrusions/depressions. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first layer and the second layer are made of a material comprising a dissolution rate lower than the dissolution rate of the treatment target to dissolve into the treatment liquid. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the material is a silicon carbide or a silicon nitride. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first and second layers are simultaneously formed by implanting carbon ions or nitrogen ions into the protrusions/depressions. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second layers are formed by a CVD method, a coating method, or a sputtering method. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one substance selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing the temperature of the part in which the catalyst and the first layer come in contact with or come closer to each other. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein increasing the temperature comprises moving at least one of the catalyst and the treatment target in a plane parallel to the surface of the catalyst facing the treatment target and thereby generating frictional heat.",
-    "A display module is provided, including a display unit, a C-shaped frame, and a first hinge member. The display unit has a display surface and a rear surface, wherein the display surface and the rear surface are formed on opposite sides of the display unit. The first hinge member is pivotally connected to an end of the C-shaped frame and is fixed to the rear surface of the display unit. 1. A display module, comprising: a display unit, having a display surface and a rear surface, wherein the display surface and the rear surface are formed on opposite sides of the display unit; a C-shaped frame; and a first hinge member, pivotally connected to an end of the C-shaped frame and fixed to the rear surface of the display unit. 2. The display module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the display module further comprises a fixing member, and the first hinge member having a through hole, wherein the fixing member is extended through the through hole to fix the first hinge member to the rear surface of the display unit. 3. The display module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the display module further comprises a second hinge member pivotally connected to the C-shaped frame and fixed to the rear surface of the display unit, wherein the first hinge member and the second hinge member are adjacent to each other and disposed on opposite sides of the C-shaped frame. 4. The display module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the display module further comprises a housing covering the first hinge member. 5. The display module as claimed in claim 4, wherein the C-shaped frame extends through and protrudes from the housing. 6. An electronic device, comprising: a display module, comprising: a display unit, having a display surface and a rear surface, wherein the display surface and the rear surface are formed on opposite sides of the display unit; a C-shaped frame; a first hinge member, pivotally connected to an end of the C-shaped frame and fixed to the rear surface of the display unit; and an input module, pivotally connected to the C-shaped frame. 7. The electronic device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the electronic device further comprises a fixing member, and the first hinge member has a through hole, wherein the fixing member is extended through the through hole to fix the first hinge member to the rear surface of the display unit. 8. The electronic device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the electronic device further comprises a second hinge member pivotally connected to the C-shaped frame and fixed to the rear surface of the display unit, wherein the first hinge member and the second hinge member are adjacent to each other and disposed on opposite sides of the C-shaped frame. 9. The electronic device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the electronic device further comprises a housing covering the first hinge member. 10. The electronic device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the C-shaped frame extends through and protrudes from the housing.",
-    "A liquid crystal display apparatus, which displays an image on the basis of an input image signal input from an outside, includes a liquid crystal display element, a processor that performs a plurality of processing to reduce disclination in the liquid crystal element with respect to the input image signal selectively or in combination so as to acquire an output image signal, and a liquid crystal dryer that drives the liquid crystal display element using the output image signal. 1. A liquid crystal display apparatus that displays an image on the basis of an input image signal input from an outside, the liquid crystal display apparatus comprising: a liquid crystal display element; a processor that performs a plurality of processing to reduce disclination in the liquid crystal element with respect to the input image signal selectively or in combination so as to acquire an output image signal; and a liquid crystal driver that drives the liquid crystal display element using the output image signal. 2. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of processing includes processing that restricts at least one of an upper limit value and a lower limit value of a signal level of the input image signal. 3. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of processing includes processing that performs smoothing processing with respect to the input image signal. 4. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor generates characteristic amounts of the input image signal and performs the plurality of processing to reduce disclination in the liquid crystal element selectively or in combination on the basis of the characteristic amounts so as to acquire an output image signal. 5. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processer generates frequency histogram information expressing frequency component distribution of the input image signal, determines whether or not the input image signal includes high frequency components on the basis of the frequency histogram information, and performs the plurality of processing to reduce disclination in the liquid crystal element selectively or in combination on the basis of a determination result so as to acquire an output image signal. 6. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of processing includes first correction processing that restricts at least one of an upper limit value and a lower limit value of a signal level of the input image signal and second correction processing that performs smoothing processing with respect to the input image signal, and wherein the processor corrects the input image signal by the first processing when determining that input image signal include the high frequency components, corrects the input image signal by the second processing when determining that input image signal does not include the high frequency components, and output the output image signal. 7. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processer generates frequency histogram information expressing frequency component distribution of the input image signal, determines a degree expressing a high frequency image degree of the input image signal according to high frequency components included in the input image signal on the basis of the frequency histogram information, and performs the plurality of processing to reduce disclination in the liquid crystal element selectively or in combination on the basis of the degree so as to acquire an output image signal. 8. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of processing includes first correction processing that restricts at least one of an upper limit value and a lower limit value of a signal level of the input image signal and second correction processing that performs a smoothing processing with respect to the input image signal, and wherein the processor combines the input image signal corrected by the first correction processing and the input image signal corrected by the second correction processing using weighting based on the degree expressing the high frequency image so as to output an output image signal. 9. The liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 8, wherein a higher degree expressing the high frequency image increases weighting of a correction of the input image signal by the first correction processing. 10. A display methods that displays an image on the basis of an input image signal input from an outside, the method comprising the steps of: performing a plurality of processing to reduce disclination in a liquid crystal element with respect to the input image signal selectively or in combination so as to acquire an output image signal; and driving the liquid crystal display element using the output image signal. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium configured to store a display method that displays an image on the basis of an input image signal input from an outside, the method comprising the steps of performing a plurality of processing to reduce disclination in a liquid crystal element with respect to the input image signal selectively or in combination so as to acquire an output image signal; and driving the liquid crystal display element using the output image signal.",
-    "A Halbach array is formed from first to third magnets provided to a rotor. Of shortest straight-line distances (clearance distances) between the first to third magnets and a Hall element as facing the first to third magnets after moving relative to the first to third magnets, the shortest straight-line distance between the second magnet and the Hall element is set the longest. In other words, the second magnet is placed at a position offset from the first magnet. In addition, the second magnet may be offset from the third magnet. 1. A position detection apparatus configured to judge a position of a movement body using a magnetic sensor for detecting a vector of a magnetic flux, wherein the movement body is provided with at least a first magnet, a second magnet and a third magnet, the first to third magnets arranged in a Halbach array in which a magnetic flux of the first magnet is directed to the magnetic sensor, a magnetic flux of the second magnet is directed to the first magnet, and the third magnet receives a magnetic flux directed from the magnetic sensor to the third magnet, and a clearance distance between the second magnet and the magnetic sensor is set greater than a clearance distance between the first magnet and the magnetic sensor. 2. The position detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the clearance distance between the first magnet and the magnetic sensor, and a clearance distance between the third magnet and the magnetic sensor are set equal to each other. 3. The position detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a value obtained by subtracting the clearance distance between the first magnet and the magnetic sensor from the clearance distance between the second magnet and the magnetic sensor is equal to or greater than a third of a dimension of the first magnet in a magnetic pole direction thereof. 4. The position detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the value obtained by subtracting the clearance distance between the first magnet and the magnetic sensor from the clearance distance between the second magnet and the magnetic sensor is equal to or less than a half of the dimension of the first magnet in the magnetic pole direction thereof. 5. The position detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first magnet, the second magnet and the third magnet are each shaped like a rectangle in a plan view, and are provided to the movement body such that a longitudinal direction of the Halbach array is along a direction of movement of the movement body. 6. The position detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the movement body is an accelerator grip turnably provided to a handle of a motorcycle, and the magnetic sensor is positioned and fixed to the handle. 7. The position detection apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the second magnet is farther from the magnetic sensor in an axial direction of the handle than the first magnet is. 8. The position detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a value obtained by subtracting the clearance distance between the first magnet and the magnetic sensor from the clearance distance between the second magnet and the magnetic sensor is equal to or greater than a third of a dimension of the first magnet in a magnetic pole direction thereof. 9. The position detection apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the value obtained by subtracting the clearance distance between the first magnet and the magnetic sensor from the clearance distance between the second magnet and the magnetic sensor is equal to or less than a half of the dimension of the first magnet in the magnetic pole direction thereof. 10. The position detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the first magnet, the second magnet and the third magnet are each shaped like a rectangle in a plan view, and are provided to the movement body such that a longitudinal direction of the Halbach array is along a direction of movement of the movement body. 11. The position detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first magnet, the second magnet and the third magnet are each shaped like a rectangle in a plan view, and are provided to the movement body such that a longitudinal direction of the Halbach array is along a direction of movement of the movement body. 12. The position detection apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first magnet, the second magnet and the third magnet are each shaped like a rectangle in a plan view, and are provided to the movement body such that a longitudinal direction of the Halbach array is along a direction of movement of the movement body. 13. The position detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the movement body is an accelerator grip turnably provided to a handle of a motorcycle, and the magnetic sensor is positioned and fixed to the handle. 14. The position detection apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the second magnet is farther from the magnetic sensor in an axial direction of the handle than the first magnet is. 15. The position detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the movement body is an accelerator grip turnably provided to a handle of a motorcycle, and the magnetic sensor is positioned and fixed to the handle. 16. The position detection apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the second magnet is farther from the magnetic sensor in an axial direction of the handle than the first magnet is. 17. The position detection apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the movement body is an accelerator grip turnably provided to a handle of a motorcycle, and the magnetic sensor is positioned and fixed to the handle. 18. The position detection apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the second magnet is farther from the magnetic sensor in an axial direction of the handle than the first magnet is. 19. The position detection apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the movement body is an accelerator grip turnably provided to a handle of a motorcycle, and the magnetic sensor is positioned and fixed to the handle. 20. The position detection apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the second magnet is farther from the magnetic sensor in an axial direction of the handle than the first magnet is.",
-    "The present invention relates to methods for preparation of lycopenes, especially to lycopenes with high all-E contents or high 6Z contents from C15-Wittig slats mixtures. (with high all-E-contents and high 6Z-contents, respectively). C15-Wittig slats mixtures are purified and 6Z-C15-Wittig salts are extracted from the mixtures. The extracted 6Z-C15-Wittig salts are, used in the synthesis of lycopenes with high 6Z contents and the residues are used in the synthesis of lycopenes with high All-E contents. 1-21. (canceled) 22. A method for synthesis of lycopenes which comprises obtaining a C15-Wittig salt cis/trans mixture; purifying the C15-Wittig salt cis/trans mixture to remove solvents; adding an aprotic solvent comprising acetone to the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture to extract 6Z-C15-Wittig salts from the mixture; removing the 6Z-C15-Wittig salts from the mixture to obtain residues; purifying the obtained residues to obtain C15-Wittig salts with high all-E contents; and reacting said obtained C15-Wittig salts with a C10-dialdehyde in a double-Wittig reaction in the present of a base reactant to obtain said lycopenes. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein purifying the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture includes adding the aprotic solvent to the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture and stirring the composition at 30\u00b0 C. for over 10 hours. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the aprotic solvent includes ethyl acetate. 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the composition is stirred for 16 hours. 26. The method according to claim 22, wherein purifying the residue includes adding the aprotic solvent to the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture and stirring the composition at 25\u00b0 C. to \u221230\u00b0 C. for over 10 hours. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the aprotic solvent includes ethyl acetate. 28. A method for synthesis of lycopenes, comprising: obtaining a C15-Wittig salt cis/trans mixture; purifying the C15-Wittig salt cis/trans mixture to remove solvents; adding an aprotic solvent comprising acetone to the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture to extract 6Z-C15-Wittig salts from the mixture; and purifying the 6Z-C15-Wittig salts to obtain C15-Wittig salts; and reacting said obtained C15-Wittig salts with a C10-dialdehyde in a double-Wittig reaction in the present of a base reactant to obtain said lycopenes. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein purifying the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture includes adding the aprotic solvent to the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture and stirring the composition at 30\u00b0 C. for over 10 hours. 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the aprotic solvent includes ethyl acetate. 31. The method according to claim 28, wherein purifying the 6Z-C15-Wittig salts includes adding the aprotic solvent to the C15 Wittig salt cis/trans mixture and stirring the composition at 0\u00b0 C. to 55\u00b0 C., to obtain crystallized 6Z-C15-Wittig salts. 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the composition is stirred at 40\u00b0 C. to 50\u00b0 C. for 2 hours. 33. A product of lycopene crystals produced directly from a chemical synthesis process and containing an all-E content of at least 95% (HPLC area %). 34. The product according to claim 33, formulated as one selected from the group consisted of a tablet, a capsule, emulsion water and an oil. 35. A product of lycopene crystals produced directly from a chemical synthesis process and containing a 5Z content of at least 95% (HPLC area %). 36. The product according to claim 35, formulated as one selected from the group consisted of a tablet, a capsule, emulsion water and an oil. 37. The method according to claim 29, wherein the composition is stirred for 16 hours.",
-    "A medical cable is composed of a cable core, a jacket formed around a circumference of the cable core, and a protective film formed around a circumference of the jacket. The jacket is formed of a silicone rubber. The protective film is a resin layer including a mixture of a fluorine resin and a silicone resin. A medical cable producing method includes applying a solution including a fluorine resin and a silicone resin dissolved or dispersed therein to a circumference of a jacket, and baking to form a protective film. 1. A medical cable, comprising: a cable core; a jacket formed around a circumference of the cable core, the jacket comprising a silicone rubber; and a protective film formed around a circumference of the jacket, the protective film comprising a resin layer comprising a mixture of a fluorine resin and a silicone resin. 2. The medical cable according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is not less than 10 \u03bcm and not more than 50 \u03bcm in thickness. 3. The medical cable according to claim 1, wherein the protective film is formed by baking at a temperature lower than a rated temperature for the jacket. 4. A medical cable producing method, comprising: applying a solution comprising a fluorine resin and a silicone resin dissolved or dispersed therein to a circumference of a jacket, and baking to form a protective film.",
-    "A method optimizing fuel-injection control with driving speeds of apparatuses adjusted by controlling a turbine speed according to power, and optimizing control of a free turbine power package of an aircraft, including a low-pressure body, supplying power to apparatuses and linked to a high-pressure body. The method varies the low-pressure body speed to obtain a minimum speed for the high-pressure body, so power supplied by the apparatuses remains constant. Power supplied by the apparatuses is dependent upon the apparatuses driven speed by the low-pressure body, and a speed set point of the low-pressure body is dependent upon a maximum value of minimum speeds of the apparatuses, enabling required power to be optimized, upon a positive or zero incrementation added to the speed set point of the low-pressure body to minimize speed of the high-pressure body to the apparatuses power supply. 1. (canceled) 2. A regulation control unit for optimizing regulation of a free-turbine power unit of an aircraft provided with a low-pressure (LP) body which supplies power to equipment and which is linked to a high-pressure (HP) body, wherein control unit is configured to vary an LP body speed in accordance with a maximal value of minimal speeds of the equipment and with a positive or zero incrementation to obtain a minimal HP body speed so that the power supplied by the equipment remains constant, wherein a LP body speed governor, a HP body speed governor, and fuel-flow regulator are combined, wherein the LP body speed governor includes: a comparison tool for elaborating a LP body speed set-point from the measurements transmitted by means for measuring amounts of power supplied and minimal rotational speeds corresponding to amounts of power required by each equipment driven by the power unit from power variation data according to the speed for each equipment; and a subtracter measuring a difference between the elaborated set-point and the LP body speed, the difference being transmitted to a first converter which converts the difference into a HP body speed difference to be transmitted to the HP body speed governor, and wherein the HP regulator includes means for elaborating a HP body speed set-point from the first converter, and the HP speed set-point going through a limiting filter which redefines the set-point values within permissible ranges, the redefined set-point being then transmitted to the flow regulator in a form of a flow-rate set-point via a second converter. 3. The regulation control unit according to claim 2, wherein the flow regulator set-point goes through a limiting filter, which redefines the set-point values within permissible ranges, before being transmitted to a fuel-metering valve. 4. The regulation control unit according to claim 2, wherein a subtracter of HP body speed values at two successive moments supplies correcting increments to the tool for elaborating the LP speed set-point, while taking constancy of the power measured in the tool for correcting the LP body speed into account. 5. The regulation control unit according to claim 2, wherein a noise limiting filter is coupled with the LP body speed correcting tool. 6. The regulation control unit according to claim 2, wherein an anticipation comparator is capable of correcting the HP body speed set-point according to variations of the power supplied and the power measured on the drive shaft, before it is submitted to the speed-limiting filter. 7. The regulation control unit according to claim 6, wherein the variations in the required power are quantified in a digital-processing unit at an input of the HP speed governor from orders transmitted by a piloting and the control unit of the aircraft flight systems and from other already acquired parameters. 8. An aircraft comprising: a power unit; and a control unit, for regulating the HP and LP body speeds and a fuel-flow rate in accordance with claim 2.",
-    "An assembly includes a light guide having a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end has a light-emitting diode package coupled thereto. The assembly may include another light guide, also having a proximal end and a distal end, with a light-emitting diode package coupled to the proximal end. A light housing may be included that defines a cavity therein, wherein at least a portion of the first and second light guides including the distal ends are disposed in the cavity. Further, a dial face may be included that is disposed adjacent to the first and second light guides and the light housing, wherein each of the first and second light guides are configured to illuminate the dial face. In some variations, flexible printed circuit boards are attached to and electrically connected with the light-emitting diode packages. 1. A light guide assembly comprising: a light-emitting diode package configured to emit light rays therefrom; a flexible printed circuit board, the light-emitting diode package being attached to and electrically connected with the flexible printed circuit board; and a light guide configured to conduct the light rays therethrough, the light-emitting diode package and the flexible printed circuit board being coupled to the light guide. 2. The light guide assembly of claim 1, further comprising a light housing and a dial face, the light guide being at least partially disposed between the light guide and the dial face, the light guide being configured to illuminate the dial face. 3. The light guide assembly of claim 2, the light guide and the dial face each having a non-linear shape, wherein the shape of the light guide corresponds to the shape of the dial face. 4. The light guide assembly of claim 3, wherein the light guide has a curved shape. 5. The light guide assembly of claim 4, the light guide having a first end and a second end, the first end disposed within the light housing and adjacent to the dial face, the second end extending from the light housing, the flexible printed circuit board and the light-emitting diode package being coupled to the second end. 6. The light guide assembly of claim 5, the dial face comprising a strip of material defining an aperture, the dial face being at least one of transparent and translucent. 7. The light guide assembly of claim 6, the light guide having a front side and a back side, the light guide assembly further comprising white foil stamped to the back side of the light guide, the front side of the light guide being disposed adjacent to the dial face and the back side of the light guide being disposed adjacent to a surface of the light housing. 8. The light guide assembly of claim 7, the light housing being opaque and defining a cavity, the first end of the light guide being disposed in the cavity. 9. The light guide assembly of claim 8, further comprising an instrument cluster, the dial face being disposed around the instrument cluster, the instrument cluster being viewable through the aperture defined by the dial face. 10. The light guide assembly of claim 9, the light guide being a first light guide, the light-emitting diode package being a first light-emitting diode package, and the flexible printed circuit board being a first flexible printed circuit board, the light guide assembly further comprising a second flexible printed circuit board, a second light-emitting diode package attached to and electrically connected with the second flexible printed circuit board, and a second light guide coupled with the second flexible printed circuit board and the second light-emitting diode package, the second light guide being disposed adjacent to the first light guide and disposed at least partially between the light housing and the dial face. 11. The light guide assembly of claim 10, wherein the first light guide is configured to illuminate a first section of the dial face and the second light guide is configured to illuminate a second section of the dial face. 12. The light guide assembly of claim 11, wherein the first light guide is configured to selectively illuminate the first section in a plurality of first colors, wherein each first color is selected based on a first operating parameter of a motor vehicle, the second light guide being configured to selectively illuminate the second section in a plurality of second colors, wherein each second color is selected based on a second operating parameter of the motor vehicle. 13. A dial face assembly comprising: a first light guide having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the first light guide having a first light-emitting diode package coupled thereto; a second light guide having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the second light guide having a second light-emitting diode package coupled thereto; a light housing defining a cavity therein, at least a portion of the first and second light guides including the distal ends being disposed in the cavity; and a dial face disposed adjacent to the first and second light guides and the light housing, each of the first and second light guides being configured to illuminate the dial face. 14. The dial face assembly of claim 13, wherein the first and second light guides are each curved, wherein the proximal ends of the first and second light guides extend from the light housing, the first and second light-emitting diode packages being located outside of the light housing. 15. The dial face assembly of claim 14, the dial face comprising a strip of material defining an aperture, the dial face being at least one of transparent and translucent. 16. The dial face assembly of claim 15, each of the first and second light guides having a front side and a back side, the light guide assembly further comprising a first white foil stamped to the back side of the first light guide and a second white foil stamped to the back side of the second light guide, the front sides of the first and second light guides being disposed adjacent the dial face and the back sides of the first and second light guides being disposed adjacent to a surface of the light housing. 17. The dial face assembly of claim 16, further comprising an instrument cluster, the dial face being disposed around the instrument cluster, the instrument cluster being viewable through the aperture defined by the dial face. 18. The dial face assembly of claim 13, the first light guide being configured to illuminate a first section of the dial face and the second light guide being configured to illuminate a second section of the dial face, the first light guide being configured to selectively illuminate the first section in a plurality of first colors, wherein each first color is selected based on a first operating parameter of a motor vehicle, the second light guide being configured to selectively illuminate the second section in a plurality of second colors, wherein each second color is selected based on a second operating parameter of the motor vehicle. 19. The dial face assembly of claim 18, further comprising a first flexible printed circuit board attached to and electrically connected with the first light-emitting diode package, the dial face assembly further comprising a second flexible printed circuit board attached to and electrically connected with the second light-emitting diode package, the first and second flexible printed circuit boards being located outside of the light housing. 20. A dial face assembly comprising: a first light guide assembly including a first flexible printed circuit board, a first light-emitting diode package configured to emit light rays therefrom, and a first light guide, the first light-emitting diode package being attached to and electrically connected with the first flexible printed circuit board, the first light guide having a proximal end and a distal end, the first light guide being configured to conduct the light rays of the first light-emitting diode package, the first light-emitting diode package and the first flexible printed circuit board being coupled to the first light guide; a second light guide assembly including a second flexible printed circuit board, a second light-emitting diode package configured to emit light rays therefrom, and a second light guide, the second light-emitting diode package being attached to and electrically connected with the second flexible printed circuit board, the second light guide having a proximal end and a distal end, the second light guide being configured to conduct the light rays of the second light-emitting diode package, the second light-emitting diode package and the second flexible printed circuit board being coupled to the second light guide; a light housing defining a cavity therein, at least a portion of the first and second light guides including the distal ends being disposed in the cavity; and a dial face disposed adjacent to at least a portion of the first and second light guides and the light housing, each of the first and second light guides being configured to illuminate the dial face, the proximal ends of the first and second light guides extending from the light housing, the first and second light-emitting diode packages being located outside of the light housing.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes: a heating unit; a pressure roller; a first frame supporting the heating unit; a second frame engaging the first frame; a first gear; a second gear; and a fixing member. The second frame supports a shaft portion of the pressure roller. The first gear is provided at one end of the shaft portion and rotatable with the pressure roller. The second gear engages the first gear and transmits a drive force to the first gear. The fixing member has a first portion engaging the shaft portion and a second portion engaging the second frame. At least a part of the first portion engages the shaft portion at a position on a downstream side of the shaft portion in a second direction in which the shaft portion receives a force upon transmission of the drive force. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a heating unit including a heater and extending in a first direction; a pressure roller including a shaft portion and a roller portion, the shaft portion extending in the first direction and having one end portion in the first direction, the shaft portion having an outer peripheral surface, the roller portion covering the outer peripheral surface of the shaft portion, the pressure roller being configured to convey a recording medium between the heating unit and the roller portion in a conveying direction; a first frame supporting the heating unit; a second frame engaging with the first frame and supporting the shaft portion; a first gear provided at the one end portion of the shaft portion and configured to rotate with the pressure roller; a second gear meshedly engaging with the first gear and configured to transmit a drive force to the first gear; and a fixing member having a first portion engaging with the shaft portion and a second portion engaging with the second frame, at least a part of the first portion engaging with the shaft portion at a position on a downstream side of the shaft portion in a second direction in which the shaft portion receives a force upon transmission of the drive force from the second gear to the first gear. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a bearing portion rotatably supporting the shaft portion, wherein at least the part of the first portion is disposed at a downstream side of the bearing portion in the second direction, and engages with the shaft portion through the bearing portion. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, in a third direction defined as a direction from a rotation axis of the first gear toward a rotation axis of the second gear, the second portion engages with the second frame at a position offset from the first position. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first portion and the second portion are disposed at a downstream side of the shaft portion in the second direction, and wherein the second portion engages with the second frame at two different positions offset from the first position in the third direction. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the second frame includes a support portion supporting the bearing portion, the support portion being disposed at an upstream side of the bearing portion in the second direction, and wherein the fixing member is formed of a spring to form into a substantially annular shape, the fixing member surrounding the bearing portion and the support portion, the first portion constituting an intermediate portion of the spring, the second portion constituting end portions of the spring. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a bearing portion rotatably supporting the shaft portion, wherein the second frame includes a support portion supporting the bearing portion, the support portion being disposed at an upstream side of the bearing portion in the second direction, and wherein the second portion engages with the support portion, the second portion facing the bearing portion such that the support portion is interposed between the second portion and the bearing portion. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the fixing member has a plate portion through which the shaft portion extends, the plate portion being disposed between the first gear and the bearing portion, the plate portion having an edge portion, and wherein the second portion is provided at the edge portion. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the second portion is integrally formed with the bearing portion. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the fixing member is integrally formed with the first gear. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the shaft portion has a center portion in the first direction, and wherein the fixing member is disposed closer to the one end portion of the shaft portion than to the center portion of the shaft portion in the first direction. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first gear includes a gear portion having an outer peripheral surface on which gear teeth are provided, and wherein, in the first direction, a first distance from the first portion to the gear portion is shorter than a second distance from the first portion to the roller portion. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first gear includes a gear portion having an outer peripheral surface on which gear teeth are provided, and wherein, in the first direction, a first distance from the first portion to the gear portion is smaller than a thickness of the gear portion. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second gear is disposed at an upstream side of the first gear in the conveying direction. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heating unit is disposed at a downstream side of the pressure roller in the second direction. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heating unit faces the pressure roller in a facing direction, and wherein the heating unit is movable between a first position where the heating unit is positioned close to the pressure roller in the facing direction and a second position where the heating unit is positioned away from the pressure roller in the facing direction farther than in the first position. 16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the heater has an outer peripheral surface, wherein the heating unit comprises: an endless belt having a cylindrical shape and surrounding the outer peripheral surface of the heater; and a nip plate disposed between the endless belt and the heater, the nip plate nipping the endless belt in cooperation with the roller portion. 17. An image forming apparatus comprising: a heating unit including a heater and extending in a first direction; a pressure roller including a shaft portion and a roller portion, the shaft portion extending in the first direction and having an outer peripheral surface, the roller portion covering the outer peripheral surface of the shaft portion, the pressure roller being configured to convey a recording medium between the heating unit and the roller portion; a bearing portion rotatably supporting the shaft portion; a first frame supporting the heating unit; a second frame engaging with the first frame and including a support portion supporting the bearing portion; and a fixing member having a first portion engaging with the bearing portion in a state where the bearing portion is supported by the support portion, and a second portion engaging with the second frame. 18. The image forming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the second frame further includes a projecting portion at a position different from the support portion, the projecting portion protruding in the first direction, and wherein the second portion engages with the projecting portion. 19. The image forming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the fixing member is formed of a spring to form into a substantially annular shape, the fixing member surrounding the bearing portion and the support portion, the first portion constituting an intermediate portion of the spring, the second portion constituting end portions of the spring. 20. The image forming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the second portion engages with the support portion.",
-    "A rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle includes a rear fender made of resin and configured to cover an upper side of a rear wheel the vehicle. The rear fender includes: a bottom portion facing the rear wheel; a first side portion extending upward integrally from each of left and right end portions of the bottom portion; and a bending portion formed integrally with the bottom portion to be bendable at a hinge portion provided therebetween, and configured to be bent and stood upright from the bottom portion, and joined to the first side portion to form a second side portion. Since the second side portion is formed by bending and standing the bending portion from the bottom portion, and joining the bending portion to the first side portion, there is no need to engage a tip end of the bending portion with the bottom portion. 1. A rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, comprising a rear fender made of resin and configured to cover an upper side of a rear wheel of a saddle-ride type vehicle, wherein the rear fender includes: a bottom portion configured to face the rear wheel; a first side portion extending upward integrally from each of left and right end portions of the bottom portion; and a bending portion formed integrally with the bottom portion to be bendable at a hinge portion provided therebetween, and configured to be bent and stood upright from the bottom portion, and to be joined to the first side portion to form a second side portion. 2. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 1, wherein a height of the second side portion extending upward from the hinge portion is larger than a height of the first side portion. 3. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 1, wherein the bottom portion includes a recess portion depressed upward along an outer shape of the rear wheel, and a height of the first side portion is smaller than or equal to a maximum height of the recess portion. 4. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 1, wherein a joint portion where the first side portion and the second side portion are joined together is formed by partially overlapping the first side portion and the second side portion in a vehicle-width direction, and the joint portion is covered with a cover member from an outer side in the vehicle-width direction. 5. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 1, wherein an upper portion of the second side portion is fastened and fixed together with the first side portion to a vehicle-body frame by a fastening member. 6. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 2, wherein an electrical component is fixed to the bottom portion near the hinge portion. 7. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 1, wherein the rear fender is disposed below a seat for a rider to be seated, a through-hole configured to connect an inside and an outside of the rear fender is provided in the second side portion, and a key cylinder constituting a part of a lock mechanism for the seat is inserted through the through-hole. 8. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 2, wherein the bottom portion includes a recess portion depressed upward along an outer shape of the rear wheel, and a height of the first side portion is smaller than or equal to a maximum height of the recess portion. 9. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 2, wherein a joint portion where the first side portion and the second side portion are joined together is formed by partially overlapping the first side portion and the second side portion in a vehicle-width direction, and the joint portion is covered with a cover member from an outer side in the vehicle-width direction. 10. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 3, wherein a joint portion where the first side portion and the second side portion are joined together is formed by partially overlapping the first side portion and the second side portion in a vehicle-width direction, and the joint portion is covered with a cover member from an outer side in the vehicle-width direction. 11. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 2, wherein an upper portion of the second side portion is fastened and fixed together with the first side portion to a vehicle-body frame by a fastening member. 12. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 3, wherein an upper portion of the second side portion is fastened and fixed together with the first side portion to a vehicle-body frame by a fastening member. 13. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 4, wherein an upper portion of the second side portion is fastened and fixed together with the first side portion to a vehicle-body frame by a fastening member. 14. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 3, wherein an electrical component is fixed to the bottom portion near the hinge portion. 15. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 4, wherein an electrical component is fixed to the bottom portion near the hinge portion. 16. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 5, wherein an electrical component is fixed to the bottom portion near the hinge portion. 17. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 2, wherein the rear fender is disposed below a seat for a rider to be seated, a through-hole configured to connect an inside and an outside of the rear fender is provided in the second side portion, and a key cylinder constituting a part of a lock mechanism for the seat is inserted through the through-hole. 18. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 3, wherein the rear fender is disposed below a seat for a rider to be seated, a through-hole configured to connect an inside and an outside of the rear fender is provided in the second side portion, and a key cylinder constituting a part of a lock mechanism for the seat is inserted through the through-hole. 19. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 4, wherein the rear fender is disposed below a seat for a rider to be seated, a through-hole configured to connect an inside and an outside of the rear fender is provided in the second side portion, and a key cylinder constituting a part of a lock mechanism for the seat is inserted through the through-hole. 20. The rear structure for a saddle-ride type vehicle, according to claim 5, wherein the rear fender is disposed below a seat for a rider to be seated, a through-hole configured to connect an inside and an outside of the rear fender is provided in the second side portion, and a key cylinder constituting a part of a lock mechanism for the seat is inserted through the through-hole.",
-    "An elliptical exercise device has a frame and guide link pivotally attached thereto. A foot support link is pivotally connected to a lower attachment point of each guide link so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, foot receiving areas of the foot support links move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion. A cam drive has cams supported for rotation about an axis of rotation and pivoting arms each engaging one of the cams such that rotation of the cams causes movement of the pivoting arms. Flexible elements couple the foot support links to the pivoting arms such that rotation of the cams moves the foot receiving areas of the respective foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion. 1. An elliptical exercise device comprising: a frame configured to be supported on a horizontal surface, the frame having a first pivot axis defined thereon, the frame further having a forward portion forward of the first pivot axis and a rearward portion rearward of the first pivot axis; a first and a second guide link each having a first and a second attachment point defined thereon, each guide link being pivotally attached, through its first attachment point, to the frame at the first pivot axis thereof, each of the guide links having a guide length defined between the first and second attachment point; a first and a second foot support link each having a foot receiving area configured to support a user's foot thereupon, each foot support link being pivotally connected to the second attachment point of a respective one of the guide links so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, they each cause the respective foot receiving area to move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion, each foot support link further having a coupling point rearward of the respective pivotal connection to the respective guide link; a cam drive having a first and second cam supported for rotation about an axis of rotation and a first and a second pivoting arm engaging the respective first and second cams such that rotation of the cams causes movement of the pivoting arms; a first and a second vertical control guide disposed on the rearward portion of the frame, spaced from the first pivot axis; a first and a second flexible element each coupling a respective one of the foot support links to a respective one of the pivoting arms of the cam drive, each flexible element having a first end connected to a respective one of the pivoting arms, a second end connected to the coupling point on the respective foot support link, and a midportion extending over a respective one of the vertical control guides on the frame such that rotation of the cams moves the foot receiving areas of the respective foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion; each of the flexible couplings having a foot support portion extending between the coupling point on the respective foot support link and the respective vertical guide on the frame, the foot support portion being generally parallel to the respective guide link throughout the motion of the device, the foot support portion further having a length that is similar to the guide length when the respective foot support link is at a midpoint of vertical travel; and the respective first attachment point, second attachment point, vertical control guide on the frame and coupling point on the foot support portion generally define a parallelogram when the respective foot support link is at the midpoint of vertical travel; wherein the pivotal motion of the guide links about the first attachment points is decoupled from the motion of the foot receiving areas along the path of travel having a vertical component of motion so that the user can achieve a foot path that is generally vertical or a blend of vertical and horizontal motion. 2. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vertical control guides are spaced from the first pivot axis by a distance of 6 or more inches. 3. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of the cams has a generally non-circular shape. 4. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the guide links further comprise hand portions extending upwardly from the first attachment point. 5. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein: a forward end of each foot support link is pivotally interconnected with the second attachment point of the respective guide link and a rearward end of each foot support link defines the foot receiving area; and the coupling point on each foot support link being defined between the forward and rearward ends. 6. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the pivoting arms each have a pivot end, an opposite control end, and a midportion therebetween, the pivot arms each further having a follower connected to the midportion, each follower contacting an outer surface of a respective one of the cams, the first end of each of the flexible elements being connected to the control end of the respective one of the pivoting arms. 7. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 6, wherein each pivoting arm is generally horizontal with the pivot end being forward of the control end, each flexible element extending generally vertically from the control end of the respective pivoting arm. 8. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 7, further having a first and second forward pulley and a first and second lower pulley, each flexible element extending downwardly from the first end, wrapping under the respective lower pulley, extending upwardly and wrapping over the forward pulley, and extending rearwardly to the respective vertical control guide. 9. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 6, wherein each pivoting arm is generally vertical with the pivot end being lower than the control end, each flexible element extending generally horizontally and rearwardly from the control end of the respective pivoting arm. 10. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a horizontal coordination linkage linking the first guide link to the second guide link such that pivotal movement of one of the guide links in a first direction causes pivotal movement of the other of the guide lines in an opposite direction. 11. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein each vertical control guide comprises a pulley rotationally mounted on the frame 12. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, further comprising an adjustment mechanism for adjusting a range of vertical travel, the adjustment mechanism comprising a first sliding collar coupled to the first pivoting arm and a second sliding collar coupled to the second pivoting arm, the first end of each of the flexible elements being coupled to the sliding collar of the respective pivoting arm, the adjustment mechanism further comprising an actuator operable to move the sliding collars on the pivoting arms. 13. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the flexible element are cables. 14. An elliptical exercise device comprising: a frame configured to be supported on a horizontal surface, the frame having a first pivot axis defined thereon, the frame further having a forward portion forward of the first pivot axis and a rearward portion rearward of the first pivot axis; a first and a second guide link each having a first and a second attachment point defined thereon, each guide link being pivotally attached, through its first attachment point, to the frame at the first pivot axis thereof, each of the guide links having a guide length defined between the first and second attachment point; a first and a second foot support link each having a foot receiving area configured to support a user's foot thereupon, each foot support link being pivotally connected to the second attachment point of a respective one of the guide links so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, they each cause the respective foot receiving area to move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion, each foot support link further having a coupling point rearward of the respective pivotal connection to the respective guide link; a cam drive having a first and second cam supported for rotation about an axis of rotation and a first and a second pivoting arm engaging the respective first and second cams such that rotation of the cams causes movement of the pivoting arms; a first and a second vertical control guide disposed on the rearward portion of the frame, the vertical control guides being spaced from the first pivot axis by a distance of 6 or more inches; a first and a second flexible element each coupling a respective one of the foot support links to a respective one of the pivoting arms of the cam drive, each flexible element having a first end connected to a respective one of the pivoting arms, a second end connected to the coupling point on the respective foot support link, and a midportion extending over a respective one of the vertical control guides on the frame such that rotation of the cams moves the foot receiving areas of the respective foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion; wherein the pivotal motion of the guide links about the first attachment points is decoupled from the motion of the foot receiving areas along the path of travel having a vertical component of motion so that the user can achieve a foot path that is generally vertical or a blend of vertical and horizontal motion. 15. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein each of the cams has a generally non-circular shape. 16. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein: a forward end of each foot support link is pivotally interconnected with the second attachment point of the respective guide link and a rearward end of each foot support link defines the foot receiving area; and the coupling point on each foot support link being defined between the forward and rearward ends. 17. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein the pivoting arms each have a pivot end, an opposite control end, and a midportion therebetween, the pivot arms each further having a follower connected to the midportion, each follower contacting an outer surface of a respective one of the cams, the first end of each of the flexible elements being connected to the control end of the respective one of the pivoting arms. 18. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 17, wherein each pivoting arm is generally horizontal with the pivot end being forward of the control end, each flexible element extending generally vertically from the control end of the respective pivoting arm 19. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 18, further having a first and second forward pulley and a first and second lower pulley, each flexible element extending downwardly from the first end, wrapping under the respective lower pulley, extending upwardly and wrapping over the forward pulley, and extending rearwardly to the respective vertical control guide. 20. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 17, wherein each pivoting arm is generally vertical with the pivot end being lower than the control end, each flexible element extending generally horizontally and rearwardly from the control end of the respective pivoting arm. 21. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, further comprising a horizontal coordination linkage linking the first guide link to the second guide link such that pivotal movement of one of the guide links in a first direction causes pivotal movement of the other of the guide lines in an opposite direction. 22. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein the flexible element are cables.",
-    "A projection system includes: a position detecting section that detects the position of a target object located in front of a host vehicle; and a control section which, on the basis of the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section, controls a headlamp so as to project onto the position of the target object a projection pattern that moves in a direction corresponding to the direction of motion of a background at the position of the target object or a direction corresponding to the opposite direction of the direction of motion of the background. 1. A projection system comprising: position detecting section that detects the position of a target object located in front of a host vehicle; and control section which, on the basis of the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section, controls a headlamp so as to project onto the position of the target object a projection pattern that moves in a direction corresponding to the direction of motion of a background at the position of the target object or a direction corresponding to the opposite direction of the direction of motion of the background. 2. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the projection pattern is a projection pattern in which a predetermined design moves. 3. The projection system according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined design is a design predetermined in accordance with the direction of motion of the background. 4. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein in a case where the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section is on the right side of the road, the control section controls the headlamp so as to project onto the position of the target object the projection pattern which moves in a lower right direction or an upper left direction, and in a case where the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section is on the left side of the road, the control section controls the headlamp so as to project onto the position of the target object the projection pattern which moves in a lower left direction or an upper right direction. 5. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the control section controls the headlamp so as to change the position of the projection pattern and project the projection pattern in correspondence to a change in the relative position of the target object on the basis of the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section and the velocity of the host vehicle. 6. The projection system according to claim 5, wherein the position detecting section further detects the position of a background object located in the background of the target object, and the control section calculates the relative motion of the background object on the basis of the position of the background object detected by the position detecting section and the velocity of the host vehicle and changes the position of the projection pattern and projects the projection pattern in correspondence to the change in the relative position of the target object on the basis of the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section and the relative motion of the background object that has been calculated. 7. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the control section calculates the relative motion of the target object on the basis of a time series of the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section and changes the position of the projection pattern and projects the projection pattern in correspondence to the change in the relative position of the target object on the basis of the position of the target object detected by the position detecting section and the relative motion of the target object that has been calculated. 8. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the target object is a pedestrian. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to: detect the position of a target object located in front of a host vehicle; and on the basis of the position of the detected target object, control a headlamp so as to project onto the position of the target object a projection pattern that moves in a direction corresponding to the direction of motion of a background at the position of the target object or a direction corresponding to the opposite direction of the direction of motion of the background.",
-    "This invention relates to a urinal screen includes a partially top half covered surface of the urinal screen placed by a means for detaching, a plurality of slits is placed on a bottom half of the urinal screen and a plurality of detachable adhesive tabs to adhere the urinal screen on a plurality of sides from a top to bottom end of a front portion of a urinal. Further, the plurality of detachable adhesive tabs is an adhesive strip having a peel off back. 1. A urinal screen, comprising: a partially top half covered surface of the urinal screen having a means for detaching; a plurality of slits is placed on a bottom half of the urinal screen; and a plurality of detachable adhesive tabs to adhere the urinal screen on a plurality of sides from a top to bottom end of a front portion of a urinal. 2. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the urinal screen is adhered to cover the front portion of the urinal. 3. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of slits is configured to allow a fluid to flow through the urinal screen into a U-shaped front portion of the urinal. 4. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the partially top half covered surface is extended with the plurality of slits of the urinal screen. 5. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the means for detaching is selected from an adhesive and a fastener. 6. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the urinal screen is made of material selected from the group synthetic plastic, polyester plastic, synthetic rubber and a combination thereof. 7. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the urinal screen is adhered to cover the front portion of the urinal. 8. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the urinal screen is integrated with a plurality of scents. 9. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the urinal screen is further integrated a plurality of chemical fluid repellants along with the plurality of scents. 10. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of detachable adhesive tabs is an adhesive strip having a peel off back. 11. The urinal screen according to claim 1, wherein the urinal screen is designed as a flat and one piece surface.",
-    "A homomorphic evaluation of a function is performed on input ciphertext(s), which were encrypted using an encryption scheme that includes multiple integer moduli. Each ciphertext contains one or more elements of an m-th cyclotomic number field, where m is an integer. Each ciphertext which is defined relative to one of the moduli q, each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotomic number field is represented via a matrix, with each row i of the matrix corresponding to an integer factor pi of the modulus q and each column j corresponding to a polynomial factor Fj(X) of the m-th cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo q. Content of the matrix in row i and column j corresponds to the element a(X) modulo pi and Fj(X). Performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further includes performing operation(s) using one or more matrices from one or more of the ciphertexts. 1. A method, comprising: performing a homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using an encryption scheme that includes a plurality of integer moduli, where each ciphertext contains one or more elements of an m-th cyclotomic number field, where m is an integer, where each ciphertext which is defined relative to one of the moduli q, each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotomic number field is represented via a matrix, with each row i of the matrix corresponding to an integer factor pi of the modulus q and each column j corresponding to a polynomial factor Fj(X) of the m-th cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo q, and where content of the matrix in row i and column j corresponds to the element a(X) modulo pi and Fj(X), and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing one or more operations using one or more matrices from one or more of the ciphertexts. 2. The method of claim 1, where the one or more operations comprise homomorphic multiplication operations of two ciphertexts performed by entry-by-entry multiplication of matrices from the two ciphertexts. 3. The method of claim 1, where the one or more operations comprise automorphism of a ciphertext performed by permuting columns of the matrices from the ciphertext. 4. The method of claim 1, where the plurality of moduli consist of products of smaller primes pi, where the t-th modulus qt is the product of the first t smaller primes, qt=\u03a0i=1tpi. 5. The method of claim 4, where for each small prime pi, pi\u22121 is divisible by m, where m is an integer defining the m-th cyclotomic number field. 6. The method of claim 4, where the one or more operations comprise performing a modulus switching operation from qt to qt-1 on a ciphertext, and where performing the modulus switching operation comprises scaling down each element a(X) of the m'th cyclotomic number field in the ciphertext by a factor of pt=qt/qt-1, where the operation of scaling comprises: setting \u0101(X) to be a coefficient representation of a(X) mod pt; performing one of adding or subtracting p from every odd coefficient of \u0101(X), thereby obtaining a polynomial \u03b4(X) with coefficients in (\u2212pt, pt]; computing the representation the polynomial \u03b4(X) by a matrix of elements \u03b4ij(X), where the element in row i and column j of the matrix is computed as \u03b4(X) modulo the i'th small prime pi and the j'th polynomial factor Fj(X) of the cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo pi, \u03b4ij(X)=\u03b4(X) mod (pi,Fj(X)); subtracting \u03b4(X) from a(X), setting \u00e3(X)=a(X)\u2212\u03b4(X); and dividing \u00e3(X) by pt, setting a\u2032(X)=\u00e3(X)/pt, and outputting a\u2032(X). 7. The method of claim 4, where the one or more operations comprise performing a modulus switching operation from qt to qt-1 on a ciphertext, and where performing the modulus switching operation comprises scaling down each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotomic number field in the ciphertext by a factor of pt=qt/qt-1, where the operation of scaling comprises: setting \u0101(X) to be a coefficient representation of a(X) mod pt; adding or subtracting multiplies of pt to every coefficient of \u0101(X), thereby obtaining a polynomial \u03b4(X) where all the coefficients of \u03b4(X) are divisible by an integer r, where r is co-prime with pt; computing the representation the polynomial \u03b4(X) by a matrix of elements \u03b4ij(X), where the element in row i and column j of the matrix is computed as \u03b4(X) modulo the i'th small prime p1 and the j'th polynomial factor Fj(X) of the cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo pi, \u03b4ij(X)=\u03b4(X) mod (pi,Fj(X)); subtracting \u03b4(X) from a(X), setting \u00e3(X)=a(X)\u2212\u03b4(X); and dividing \u00e3(X) by pt, setting a\u2032(X)=\u00e3(X)/pt, and outputting a\u2032(X). 8. A computer system, comprising: one or more memories comprising computer-readable program code; and one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured, responsive to execution of the computer-readable program code, to cause the computer system to perform: performing a homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using an encryption scheme that includes a plurality of integer moduli, where each ciphertext contains one or more elements of an m-th cyclotomic number field, where m is an integer, where each ciphertext which is defined relative to one of the moduli q, each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotomic number field is represented via a matrix, with each row i of the matrix corresponding to an integer factor p1 of the modulus q and each column j corresponding to a polynomial factor Fj(X) of the m-th cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo q, and where content of the matrix in row i and column j corresponds to the element a(X) modulo pi and Fj(X), and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing one or more operations using one or more matrices from one or more of the ciphertexts. 9. The computer system of claim 8, where the one or more operations comprise homomorphic multiplication operations of two ciphertexts performed by entry-by-entry multiplication of matrices from the two ciphertexts. 10. The computer system of claim 8, where the one or more operations comprise automorphism of a ciphertext performed by permuting columns of the matrices from the ciphertext. 11. The computer system of claim 8, where the plurality of moduli consist of products of smaller primes pi, where the t-th modulus qt is the product of the first t smaller primes, qt=\u03a0i=1tpi. 12. The computer system of claim 11, where for each small prime pi, pi\u22121 is divisible by m, where m is an integer defining the m-th cyclotomic number field. 13. The computer system of claim 11, where the one or more operations comprise performing a modulus switching operation from qt to qt-1 on a ciphertext, and where performing the modulus switching operation comprises scaling down each element a(X) of the m'th cyclotomic number field in the ciphertext by a factor of pt=qt/qt-1, where the operation of scaling comprises: setting \u0101(X) to be a coefficient representation of a(X) mod pt; performing one of adding or subtracting p, from every odd coefficient of \u0101(X), thereby obtaining a polynomial \u03b4(X) with coefficients in (\u2212pt, pt]; computing the representation the polynomial \u03b4(X) by a matrix of elements \u03b4ij(X), where the element in row i and column j of the matrix is computed as \u03b4(X) modulo the i'th small prime p1 and the j'th polynomial factor Fj(X) of the cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo pi, \u03b4ij(X)=\u03b4(X) mod (pi,Fj(X)); subtracting \u03b4(X) from a(X), setting \u00e3(X)=a(X)\u2212\u03b4(X); and dividing \u00e3(X) by pt, setting a\u2032(X)=\u00e3(X)/pt, and outputting a\u2032(X). 14. The computer system of claim 11, where the one or more operations comprise performing a modulus switching operation from qt to qt-1 on a ciphertext, and where performing the modulus switching operation comprises scaling down each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotomic number field in the ciphertext by a factor of pt=qt/qt-1, where the operation of scaling comprises: setting \u0101(X) to be a coefficient representation of a(X) mod pt; adding or subtracting multiplies of pt to every coefficient of \u0101(X), thereby obtaining a polynomial \u03b4(X) where all the coefficients of \u03b4(X) are divisible by an integer r, where r is co-prime with pt; computing the representation the polynomial \u03b4(X) by a matrix of elements \u03b4ij(X), where the element in row i and column j of the matrix is computed as \u03b4(X) modulo the i'th small prime p1 and the j'th polynomial factor Fj(X) of the cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo pi, \u03b4ij(X)=\u03b4(X) mod (pi,Fj(X)); subtracting \u03b4(X) from a(X), setting \u00e3(X)=a(X)\u2212\u03b4(X); and dividing \u00e3(X) by p setting a\u2032(X)=\u00e3(X)/pt, and outputting a\u2032(X). 15. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code readable and executable by a computer to cause the computer to perform: performing a homomorphic evaluation of a function on one or more input ciphertexts, where the one or more input ciphertexts were encrypted using an encryption scheme that includes a plurality of integer moduli, where each ciphertext contains one or more elements of an m-th cyclotomic number field, where m is an integer, where each ciphertext which is defined relative to one of the moduli q, each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotoinic number field is represented via a matrix, with each row i of the matrix corresponding to an integer factor pi of the modulus q and each column j corresponding to a polynomial factor Fj(X) of the m-th cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo q, and where content of the matrix in row i and column j corresponds to the element a(X) modulo pi and Fj(X), and where performing the homomorphic evaluation of the function further comprises performing one or more operations using one or more matrices from one or more of the ciphertexts. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, where the one or more operations comprise homomorphic multiplication operations of two ciphertexts performed by entry-by-entry multiplication of matrices from the two ciphertexts. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, where the one or more operations comprise automorphism of a ciphertext performed by permuting columns of the matrices from the ciphertext. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, where the plurality of moduli consist of products of smaller primes pi, where the t-th modulus qt is the product of the first t smaller primes, qt=\u03a0i=1tpi, and where for each small prime pi, pi\u22121 is divisible by m, where m is an integer defining the m-th cyclotomic number field. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, where the plurality of moduli consist of products of smaller primes pi, where the t-th modulus qt is the product of the first t smaller primes, qt=\u03a0i=1tpt, where the one or more operations comprise performing a modulus switching operation from qt to qt-1 on a ciphertext, and where performing the modulus switching operation comprises scaling down each element a(X) of the m'th cyclotomic number field in the ciphertext by a factor of pt=qt/qt-1, where the operation of scaling comprises: setting \u0101(X) to be a coefficient representation of a(X) mod pt; performing one of adding or subtracting pt from every odd coefficient of \u0101(X), thereby obtaining a polynomial \u03b4(X) with coefficients in (\u2212pt, pt]; computing the representation the polynomial \u03b4(X) by a matrix of elements \u03b4ij(X), where the element in row i and column j of the matrix is computed as \u03b4(X) modulo the i'th small prime p1 and the j'th polynomial factor Fj(X) of the cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo pi, \u03b4ij(X)=\u03b4(X) mod (pi, Fj(X)); subtracting \u03b4(X) from a(X), setting \u00e3(X)=a(X)\u2212\u03b4(X); and dividing \u00e3(X) by pt, setting a\u2032(X)=\u00e3(X)/pt, and outputting a\u2032(X). 20. The computer program product of claim 15, where the plurality of moduli consist of products of smaller primes pi, where the t-th modulus qt is the product of the first t smaller primes, qt=\u03a0i=1tpi, where the one or more operations comprise performing a modulus switching operation from qt to qt-1 on a ciphertext, and where performing the modulus switching operation comprises scaling down each element a(X) of the m-th cyclotomic number field in the ciphertext by a factor of pt=qt/qt-1, where the operation of scaling comprises: setting \u0101(X) to be a coefficient representation of a(X) mod pt; adding or subtracting multiplies of pt to every coefficient of \u0101(X), thereby obtaining a polynomial \u03b4(X) where all the coefficients of \u03b4(X) are divisible by an integer r, where r is co-prime with pt; computing the representation the polynomial \u03b4(X) by a matrix of elements \u03b4ij(X), where the element in row i and column j of the matrix is computed as \u03b4(X) modulo the i'th small prime pi and the j'th polynomial factor Fj(X) of the cyclotomic polynomial \u03a6m(X) modulo pi, \u03b4ij(X)=\u03b4(X) mod (pi,Fj(X)); subtracting \u03b4(X) from a(X), setting \u00e3(X)=a(X)\u2212\u03b4(X); and dividing \u00e3(X) by pt, setting a\u2032(X)=\u00e3(X)/pt, and outputting a\u2032(X).",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus includes a chamber, a stage, and first gas injector. The chamber is configured to contain a wafer. The stage is configured to hold the wafer in the chamber. The first gas injector is set at N (N is an integer of 2 or more) injection angles with respect to a vertical axis relative to a wafer surface, and is capable of injecting a gas of one and the same kind from the side portion to the center of the wafer at the N injection angles. 1. A semiconductor manufacturing apparatus, comprising: a chamber configured to contain a wafer; a stage configured to hold the wafer in the chamber; and a first gas injector that is set at N (N is an integer of 2 or more) injection angles relative to an axis vertical to a wafer surface and is capable of injecting a gas of one and the same kind at the N injection angles from a side portion to a center of the wafer. 2. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the N injection angles are set in one and the same vertical plane. 3. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first gas injector is arranged on the side portion of the wafer at M (M is an integer of 2 or more) positions. 4. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: one main tube that sends out the gas; and M\u00d7N branch tubes that divide the gas sent out from the main tube into M\u00d7N branches. 5. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an injection control unit that controls injection of the gas at the N injection angles respectively. 6. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the injection control unit includes N valves provided corresponding to the N injection angles. 7. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the injection control unit includes N mass flow controllers provided corresponding to the N injection angles. 8. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second gas injector that injects a gas from above the wafer to the wafer surface. 9. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 8, wherein the gas injected from the first gas injector is a tuning gas that adjusts a singularity in the flow of the gas injected from the second gas injector on the wafer surface. 10. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second gas injector injects and blows downward the gas from above the wafer to the center of the wafer, and the first gas injector blows the gas to the side portion of the wafer or an intermediate portion between the center and the side portion of the wafer. 11. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a plasma generation unit that generates plasma above the wafer. 12. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device that processes a wafer while injecting a gas onto the wafer, comprising: setting N (N is an integer of 2 or more) injection angles relative to an axis vertical to a wafer surface from a side portion to a center of the wafer; and injecting a first gas at the set N injection angles onto the wafer at the same time. 13. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the first gas at the set N injection angles is injected from M (M is an integer of 2 or more) positions on the side portion of the wafer onto the wafer at the same time. 14. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein the first gas is injected onto the wafer at approximately uniform flow amounts from M directions symmetrical with respect to the center of the wafer at the same time. 15. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein injecting the first gas at the set N injection angles comprises dividing the first gas supplied from one and the same gas supply source into M\u00d7N branches, the first gas being injected through the divided branches onto the wafer at the same time. 16. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein injecting the first gas at the set N injection angles comprises adjusting the flow amounts at the N injection angles. 17. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 12, further comprising injecting a second gas from above the wafer to the wafer surface. 18. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein a plasma process is performed while injecting the first gas and the second gas onto the wafer. 19. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 18, wherein the first gas is a tuning gas that adjust a singularity in the flow of the second gas on the wafer surface. 20. The manufacturing method of a semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the second gas is blown down from above the wafer to the center of the wafer, and the first gas is blown to the side portion of the wafer or an intermediate portion between the center and the side portion of the wafer.",
-    "In some embodiments, an apparatus includes an optical detector that can sample asynchronously an optical signal from an optical component that can be either an optical transmitter or an optical receiver. In such embodiments, the apparatus also includes a processor operatively coupled to the optical detector, where the processor can calculate a metric value of the optical signal without an extinction ratio of the optical signal being measured. The metric value is proportional to the extinction ratio of the optical signal. In such embodiments, the processor can define an error signal based on the metric value of the optical signal and the processor can send the error signal to the optical transmitter such that the optical transmitter modifies an output optical signal. 1. An apparatus, comprising: an optical detector configured to sample asynchronously an optical signal from an optical component; and a processor operatively coupled to the optical detector, the processor configured to calculate a metric value of the optical signal without an extinction ratio of the optical signal being calculated, the metric value being proportional to the extinction ratio of the optical signal, the processor configured to calculate a calibration value associated with the optical signal, the processor configured to define an error signal based on the metric value of the optical signal and the calibration value, the processor configured to send the error signal to an optical transmitter such that the optical transmitter modifies an output optical signal in response to the error signal. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical component is the optical transmitter. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical component is distinct from the optical transmitter. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the metric value of the optical signal is at least one of a variance of the optical signal in a time domain, a standard deviation of the optical signal in the time domain, a peak-to-peak difference in the optical signal in the time domain or a background power of the optical signal in a frequency domain. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the optical signal is a first optical signal, the optical detector is configured to sample asynchronously the first optical signal during a first time period, the optical detector configured to detect a second optical signal during a second time period before the first time period, the processor configured to measure an extinction ratio for the second optical signal and calculate a metric value for the second optical signal during the second time period, the processor configured to calculate the calibration value based on the extinction ratio for the second optical signal and the metric value for the second optical signal. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to send the error signal such that an extinction ratio of the output optical signal is within a defined range. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the optical signal is a first optical signal, the optical detector is configured to sample asynchronously the first optical signal during a first time period, the optical detector configured to detect a second optical signal during a second time period before the first time period, the processor configured to measure an extinction ratio for the second optical signal and calculate a metric value for the second optical signal during the second time period, the processor configured to calculate the calibration value based on the extinction ratio for the second optical signal and the metric value for the second optical signal when an analog bandwidth of the optical detector is less than a bit rate of the second optical signal. 8. An apparatus, comprising: an optical detector configured to detect a first optical signal from an optical component during a first time period; and a processor operatively coupled to the optical detector, the processor configured to calculate an extinction ratio for the first optical signal, the optical detector configured to sample asynchronously a second optical signal from the optical component during a second time period after the first time period, the processor configured to calculate a metric value for the second optical signal without an extinction ratio for the second optical signal being calculated, the metric value for the second optical signal being proportional to the extinction ratio for the second optical signal, the processor configured to define an error signal based on the metric value for the second optical signal and the extinction ratio for the first optical signal, the processor configured to send the error signal to an optical transmitter such that the optical transmitter modifies an output optical signal in response to the error signal. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the optical component is the optical transmitter. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the optical component is distinct from the optical transmitter. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the metric value for the second optical signal is at least one of a variance of the second optical signal in a time domain, a standard deviation of the second optical signal in the time domain, a peak-to-peak difference in the second optical signal in the time domain or a background power of the second optical signal in a frequency domain. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to calculate a calibration value based on the extinction ratio for the first optical signal and a metric value for the first optical signal, the processor configured to define the error signal based on the metric value for the second optical signal and the calibration value. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the optical detector is configured to asynchronously sample the first optical signal, the processor is configured to calculate a calibration value based on the first optical signal if a bit rate of the first optical signal is greater than an analog bandwidth of the optical detector and if a sampling frequency of the first optical signal is not less than the analog bandwidth of the optical detector, the processor configured to define the error signal based on the calibration value and a metric value of the first optical signal. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to send the error signal such that an extinction ratio of the output optical signal is within a defined range. 15. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to receive a calibration value from a lookup table, the processor configured to calculate the error signal based on the calibration value and the metric value of the second optical signal. 16. A non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code representing instructions to be executed by a processor, the code comprising code to cause the processor to: receive, from an optical detector configured to sample asynchronously an optical signal from an optical component, an indication associated with the optical signal; calculate, based on the indication associated with the optical signal, a metric value of the optical signal without an extinction ratio of the optical signal being calculated, the metric value being proportional to the extinction ratio of the optical signal; calculate a calibration value associated with the indication associated with the optical signal; define an error signal based on the calibration value and the metric value of the optical signal; and send the error signal to an optical transmitter such that the optical transmitter modifies an output optical signal in response to the error signal. 17. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the optical component is the optical transmitter. 18. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the optical component is distinct from the optical transmitter. 19. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the metric value of the optical signal is at least one of a variance of the optical signal in a time domain, a standard deviation of the optical signal in the time domain, a peak-to-peak difference in the optical signal in the time domain or a background power of the optical signal in a frequency domain. 20. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the code to cause the processor to send includes code to cause the processor to send the error signal to the optical transmitter such that an extinction ratio of the output optical signal is within a defined range.",
-    "An organic EL device includes a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode; a functional layer provided on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; an electrode provided on the functional layer; a sealing layer formed on the electrode; and a light blocking layer provided on an upper layer of the protective layer. The light blocking layer has carbon with an SP2 structure. 1. An organic EL device, comprising: a substrate; a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode on the substrate; an organic light emitting layer provided on the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; an electrode provided on the organic light emitting layer; a protective layer formed from at least one layer and provided on the electrode; and a light blocking layer provided on an upper layer of the protective layer, wherein the light blocking layer is provided at a position between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode, wherein the light blocking layer has carbon with an SP2 structure. 2. The organic EL device according to claim 1, wherein the light blocking layer is a graphene laminate film. 3. The organic EL device according to claim 1, wherein a color filter is provided on an upper layer of the light blocking layer. 4. The organic EL device according to claim 3, wherein a convexity having optical transparency is provided on the light blocking layer. 5. The organic EL device according to claim 1, further comprising: a resonance length adjusting layer and a reflection layer provided on a lower layer of the pixel electrode. 6. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 1. 7. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 2. 8. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 3. 9. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 4. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising: the organic EL device according to claim 5.",
-    "An image processing apparatus capable of communicating with a terminal includes: a first communication unit configured to communicate wirelessly with the terminal; and a second communication unit configured to perform near field communication with the terminal over a shorter communication distance than that of the first communication unit, wherein the second communication unit is configured to be movable together with an operation panel of the image processing apparatus and establish communication with the terminal in a specific area on the operation panel, and the first communication unit is placed with respect to the operation panel such that the specific area includes a communication establishment distance within which the first communication unit establishes communication with the terminal irrespective of the movement of the operation panel. 1. An image processing apparatus capable of communicating with a terminal, comprising: a first communication unit configured to communicate wirelessly with the terminal; and a second communication unit configured to perform near field communication with the terminal over a shorter communication distance than that of the first communication unit, wherein the second communication unit is configured to be movable together with an operation panel of the image processing apparatus and establish communication with the terminal in a specific area on the operation panel, and the first communication unit is placed with respect to the operation panel such that the specific area includes a communication establishment distance within which the first communication unit establishes communication with the terminal irrespective of the movement of the operation panel. 2. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the operation panel is rotatable on the image processing apparatus, and a pivot on which the operation panel rotates is provided such that the specific area includes the communication establishment distance irrespective of the rotation operation of the operation panel. 3. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first communication unit is configured to detect field strength of a radio wave received from the terminal, and field strength for establishment of communication with the terminal is set for the first communication unit. 4. The image processing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first communication unit does not establish communication with the terminal upon the field strength of the radio wave received from the terminal being lower than the field strength for establishment of communication, and establishes communication with the terminal upon the field strength of the radio wave received from the terminal being equal to or more than the predetermined field strength. 5. An image processing apparatus capable of communicating with a terminal, comprising: a first communication unit configured to communicate wirelessly with the terminal; a second communication unit configured to perform near field communication with the terminal over a shorter communication distance than that of the first communication unit, be movable together with an operation panel of the image processing apparatus, and establish communication with the terminal in a specific area on the operation panel; and a moving unit configured to move the first communication unit in accordance with the movement of the operation panel such that the specific area includes a communication establishment distance within which the first communication unit establishes communication with the terminal. 6. The image processing apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising an input unit configured to accept input of information determining the position of the second communication unit moved, wherein the moving unit moves the first communication unit based on the information input by the input unit. 7. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an adjustment unit configured to adjust an area where the first communication unit establishes communication such that the first communication unit is placed inside a housing of the image processing apparatus. 8. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first communication unit is placed at a position different from the second communication unit on the image processing apparatus. 9. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the specific area is a touch area for holding the terminal on the image processing apparatus. 10. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second communication unit is placed in the operation panel. 11. A method for controlling an image processing apparatus including a first communication unit configured to communicate wirelessly with a terminal, and a second communication unit configured to perform near field communication with the terminal over a shorter communication distance than that of the first communication unit, wherein the second communication unit is configured to be movable together with an operation panel of the image processing apparatus and establish communication with the terminal in a specific area on the operation panel, the method comprising moving the first communication unit in accordance with the movement of the operation panel such that the specific area includes a communication establishment distance within which the first communication unit establishes communication with the terminal. 12. A non-transitory recording medium storing a computer readable program to be executed in an image processing apparatus including a first communication unit configured to communicate wirelessly with a terminal, and a second communication unit configured to perform near field communication with the terminal over a shorter communication distance than that of the first communication unit, wherein the second communication unit is configured to be movable together with an operation panel, of the image processing apparatus and establish communication with the terminal in a specific area on the operation panel, the program causing the image processing apparatus to execute moving the first communication unit in accordance with the movement of the operation panel such that the specific area includes a communication establishment distance within which the first communication unit establishes communication with the terminal.",
-    "An aspect of automated color adjustment of media files includes receiving profile data corresponding to a subject of image capture. The profile data indicates color values of an element associated with the subject. An aspect also includes storing the profile data in a memory device coupled to a computer processor, capturing an image of the subject, and processing the image and adjusting color aspects based on the color values associated with the element. 1. A computer implemented matched-based color correction method for automated color adjustment of a first image comprising a subject, the computer implemented matched-based color correction method executed by a computer processor, the computer implemented matched-based color correction comprising: automatically identifying the subject of the first image; receiving, by the computer processor, profile data corresponding to the subject of the first image, the profile data indicating color values of a reference element associated with the subject, the color values of the reference element representing a set of reference values; automatically storing the profile data in a memory device coupled to the computer processor prior to capturing the first image; capturing the first image; tagging the first image with an identifier; comparing the color values of the reference element, as a base of reference via the set of reference values, to color aspects of the first image; and performing the automated color adjustment of the color aspects of the first image based on the color values associated with the reference element, wherein the performing the automated color adjustment of the color aspects of the first image based on the color values associated with the reference element comprises: searching an image collection for a second image that presents a similar color temperature curve as that of first image, retrieving a color correction function of the second image from an image pair database, and applying the color correction function of the second image to the first image to generate a derivative first image comprising a corrected color temperature, wherein applying of the color correction function of the second image comprises comparing a color curve on the first image to a color patch in the profile data and determining a difference in values between the color curve and the color patch, the difference in values representing color correction information, wherein the image pair database stores a limited number of image pairs per type of correction function to avoid maintaining any redundant information, save memory, and implement the computer implemented matched-based color correction method, and wherein the receiving profile data includes receiving, from a light source, temperature data and spectral characteristics corresponding to a light provided by the light source. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference element is an article placed with the subject during the capturing of the first image. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the color values reflect a skin tone of the subject. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference element is an accessory of the subject and the color values indicate color data associated with the accessory. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference element is an accessory of the subject and the color values indicate color data associated with the accessory, wherein the receiving the profile data includes receiving the color values broadcast from a wireless communication component of the accessory. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference element is an accessory of the subject and the color values indicate color data associated with the accessory, wherein the receiving the profile data includes scanning an RFID tag of the accessory to acquire the color data of the accessory. 7. The method of claim 1, where the profile data contains multiple sets of color values selectable by a user for the first image. 8-10. (canceled) 11. A system for automated color adjustment of an image comprising a subject, the system comprising: a memory having matched-based color correction computer readable instructions; and a processing unit for executing the matched-based color correction computer readable instructions, the computer readable instructions including: automatically identifying the subject of the first image; receiving profile data corresponding to the subject of the first image capture, the profile data indicating color values of a reference element associated with the subject, the color values of the reference element representing a set of reference values; automatically storing the profile data in the memory prior to capturing the first image; capturing the first image; tagging the first image with an identifier; applying the color values of the reference element, as a base of reference via the set of reference values, to color aspects of the first image; and performing the automated color adjustment of the color aspects of the first image based on the color values associated with the reference element, wherein the performing the automated color adjustment of the color aspects of the first image based on the color values associated with the reference element comprises: searching an image collection for a second image that presents a similar color temperature curve as that of first image, retrieving a color correction function of the second image from an image pair database, and applying the color correction function of the second image to the first image to generate a derivative first image comprising a corrected color temperature, wherein applying of the color correction function of the second image comprises comparing a color curve on the first image to a color patch in the profile data and determining a difference in values between the color curve and the color patch, the difference in values representing color correction information, wherein the image pair database stores a limited number of image pairs per type of correction function to avoid maintaining any redundant information, save memory, and implement the matched-based color correction computer readable instructions, and wherein the receiving profile data includes receiving, from a light source, temperature data and spectral characteristics corresponding to a light provided by the light source. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the reference element is an article placed with the subject during the capturing of the first image. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the color values reflect a skin tone of the subject. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the reference element is an accessory of the subject and the color values indicate color data associated with the accessory, wherein the receiving the profile data includes receiving the color values broadcast from a wireless communication component of the accessory. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the reference element is an accessory of the subject and the color values indicate color data associated with the accessory, wherein the receiving the profile data includes scanning an RFID tag of the accessory to acquire the color data of the accessory. 16-17. (canceled) 18. A computer program product for automated color adjustment of an image comprising a subject, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having matched-based color correction program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a computer processor to cause the computer processor to perform: automatically identifying the subject of the first image; receiving profile data corresponding to the subject of the first image, the profile data indicating color values of a reference element associated with the subject, the color values of the reference element representing a set of reference values; automatically storing the profile data in a memory device coupled to the computer processor prior to capturing the first image; capturing the first image; tagging the first image with an identifier of the profile data that provided the reference element; applying the color values of the reference element, as a base of reference via the set of reference values, to color aspects of the first image; and performing the automated color adjustment of the color aspects based on the color values associated with the reference element, wherein the performing the automated color adjustment of the color aspects of the first image based on the color values associated with the reference element comprises: searching an image collection for a second image that presents a similar color temperature curve as that of first image, retrieving a color correction function of the second image from an image pair database, and applying the color correction function of the second image to the first image to generate a derivative first image comprising a corrected color temperature, wherein applying of the color correction function of the second image comprises comparing a color curve on the first image to a color patch in the profile data and determining a difference in values between the color curve and the color patch, the difference in values representing color correction information, wherein the image pair database stores a limited number of image pairs per type of correction function to avoid maintaining any redundant information, save memory, and implement the matched-based color correction program instructions, and wherein the receiving profile data includes receiving, from a light source, temperature data and spectral characteristics corresponding to a light provided by the light source. 19. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein the reference element is an accessory of the subject and the color values indicate color data associated with the accessory, wherein the receiving the profile data includes receiving the color values broadcast from a wireless communication component of the accessory. 20. (canceled)",
-    "A touch unit array including a plurality of first strip electrodes, a plurality of second strip electrodes, and a plurality of electrode pad units is provided. Each first strip electrode has at least one first opening. The second strip electrodes are orthogonally arranged to the plurality of first strip electrodes. Each electrode pad unit includes at least one electrode pad, and the electrode pads are respectively disposed in the plurality of first openings, wherein each electrode pad unit receives a first driving signal. 1. A touch unit array, comprising: a plurality of first strip electrodes, wherein each of the first strip electrodes has at least one first opening; a plurality of second strip electrodes interlaced with the first strip electrodes; a plurality of electrode pad units, wherein each of the electrode pad units comprises at least one electrode pad, and the electrode pads are respectively disposed in the plurality of first opening, and each of the electrode pad units receives a first driving signal; and each of the first strip electrodes or each of the second strip electrodes receives a second driving signal. 2. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein the first driving signal comprises a waveform signal. 3. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrode pad units is the self capacitance device, and the plurality of first strip electrodes and the plurality of second strip electrodes is the mutual capacitance device. 4. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein the first driving signal and the second driving signal are independent. 5. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein the electrode pads are electrically isolated to the first strip electrodes and the second strip electrodes. 6. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein each of the first strip electrodes comprises a plurality of first electrode pads, each second strip electrode comprises a plurality of second electrode pads, and at least one of the first electrode pads has the first opening. 7. The touch unit array of claim 6, wherein the quantity of the first opening is greater than one, each of the second strip electrodes has a plurality of second openings, each of the second electrode pads has the second opening, and the electrode pads are respectively disposed in the first openings and the second openings. 8. The touch unit array of claim 7, wherein each of the electrode pad units comprises at least four electrode pads which are mutually electrically connected and respectively disposed in four of the first openings and second openings adjacent to each other. 9. The touch unit array of claim 7, wherein each of the electrode pad units comprises two electrode pads which are mutually electrically connected and respectively disposed in two of the first openings adjacent to each other. 10. The touch unit array of claim 7, wherein one of the electrode pad units comprises a plurality of electrode pads which are mutually electrically connected and respectively disposed in the first openings in a straight line, another one of the electrode pad units comprises a plurality of electrode pads which are mutually electrically connected and respectively disposed in the second openings in another straight line. 11. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein the first strip electrodes respectively receives a second driving signal, the second strip electrodes respectively outputs a detecting signal. 12. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein the first strip electrodes and the second strip electrodes are interlaced to form a plurality of overlapping patterns and a plurality of interspaces. 13. The touch unit array of claim 1, wherein each of the first strip electrodes comprises a plurality of first electrode pad, each of the second strip electrodes comprises a plurality of second electrode pad, and at least one of the first electrode pads has the first opening. 14. The touch unit array of claim 13, wherein the first opening of each of the first strip electrodes is greater than two, each of the second strip electrodes has a plurality of second openings, each of the second electrode pads has the second opening, and the electrode pads are respectively disposed in the first openings and the second openings. 15. The touch unit array of claim 13, further comprising a isolation layer disposed between the first strip electrode and the second strip electrode of the overlapping patterns, the quantity of the first openings is greater than two, each second strip electrode has a plurality of second opening, each second electrode pad has the second opening, and the electrode pads are respectively disposed in the first openings, interspaces, and the second openings. 16. A touch unit array, comprising: a plurality of first strip electrodes; a plurality of second strip electrodes interlaced with the first strip electrodes to form a plurality of overlapping patterns and interspaces; and a plurality of electrode pad units, wherein each of the electrode pad units comprises at least one electrode pad, the electrode pads are respectively disposed in the interspaces, and each of the electrode pad units receives a first driving signal; and the plurality of first strip electrodes or the plurality of second strip electrodes receives a second driving signal. 17. The touch unit array of claim 16, wherein the plurality of electrode pad units is the self capacitance device, and the plurality of first strip electrodes and the plurality of second strip electrodes is the mutual capacitance device. 18. The touch unit array of claim 16, wherein the first driving signal and the second driving signal are independent. 19. The touch unit array of claim 16, wherein the first strip electrodes includes a plurality of first electrode pads, the second strip electrodes includes a plurality of second electrode pads, at least one first opening is formed on one of the first electrode pad, and at least one second opening is formed on one of the second electrode pad. 20. A touch display panel, comprising: a first substrate; a pixel array disposed on the first substrate; and the touch unit array of claim 1 disposed on the pixel array.",
-    "In an LD module of the present invention, a plurality of laser diodes emit a plurality of laser beams toward a corresponding plurality of mirrors so that intervals between adjacent ones of the laser beams gradually increase, and the plurality of mirrors reflect the plurality of laser beams toward the fast axis focusing lens so that intervals between adjacent ones of the laser beams gradually decrease. 1. An LD module comprising: a plurality of laser diodes forming a laser diode array; a plurality of fast axis collimating lenses provided on optical paths of a plurality of laser beams emitted from the corresponding plurality of laser diodes; a plurality of mirrors which reflect the plurality of laser beams emitted from the corresponding plurality of laser diodes, in slow axis directions of the laser beams; and a fast axis focusing lens which focuses the plurality of laser beams reflected by the plurality of mirrors, so that the plurality of laser beams cross each other; the plurality of laser diodes emitting the plurality of laser beams toward the corresponding plurality of mirrors so that intervals between adjacent ones of the laser beams gradually increase, the plurality of mirrors reflecting the plurality of laser beams toward the fast axis focusing lens so that intervals between adjacent ones of the laser beams gradually decrease, the plurality of mirrors being configured to include: respective first mirrors; and respective second mirrors, the first mirrors each reflecting, in a fast axis direction, a corresponding one of the laser beams entering the mirrors; and the second mirrors each reflecting, in a slow axis direction, the corresponding one of the laser beams reflected by the first mirrors, the plurality of laser beams being such that a fast axis of a corresponding one of the laser beams entering the first mirrors is parallel to a slow axis of a corresponding one of the laser beams exiting from the second mirrors. 2. The LD module according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of mirrors are configured such that a corresponding one of the laser beams entering the mirrors and a corresponding one of the laser beams exiting from the mirrors form a right angle when viewed from a direction vertical to both of the laser beams. 3. The LD module according to claim 2, wherein the first mirrors have respective first reflection surfaces which (i) are parallel to slow axes of the laser beams entering the mirrors and (ii) form an angle of 45\u00b0 with respect to optical axe of the laser beams, and the second mirrors have respective second reflection surfaces which (i) are parallel to fast axe of the laser beams reflected by the first reflection surfaces and (ii) form an angle of 45\u00b0 with respect to optical axe of the laser beams. 4. The LD module according to claim 1, wherein emission directions of the plurality of semiconductor laser diodes are set so that emission directions of corresponding ones of the semiconductor laser diodes placed at more outward positions in the laser diode array point outwards to a greater extent. 5. The LD module according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of fast axis collimating lenses are offset in directions of travel of the corresponding laser beams with reference to positions at which the laser beams spreading out in the fast axis direction are collimated, and amounts of offset of the fast axis collimating lenses are set so that beam diameters of the laser beams in the fast axis direction are minimized at a crossing point of the plurality of laser beams focused by the fast axis focusing lenses. 6. The LD module according to claim 1, wherein bottom surfaces of the second mirrors and top surfaces of the first mirrors are bonded to each other, and the bottom surfaces of the second mirrors and the top surfaces of the first mirrors are parallel to fast axes of the plurality of laser beams emitted from the plurality of mirrors.",
-    "A lens module includes a lens barrel, a plurality of lenses disposed in the lens barrel and aligned along an optical axis, and a spacer, disposed between the plurality of lenses, comprising a light blocking hole configured to allow light incident to the plurality of lenses to pass therethrough, wherein a light absorbing layer is disposed on a wall surface of the spacer forming the light blocking hole. 1. A lens module comprising: a lens barrel; a plurality of lenses disposed in the lens barrel and aligned along an optical axis; and a spacer, disposed between the plurality of lenses, comprising a light blocking hole configured to allow light incident to the plurality of lenses to pass therethrough, wherein a light absorbing layer is disposed on a wall surface of the spacer forming the light blocking hole. 2. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the light absorbing layer is a black coating film. 3. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises a black iron oxide. 4. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the wall surface of the spacer is inclined at a predetermined angle with respect to the optical axis so as to prevent a path of the light from being blocked by the wall surface of the spacer. 5. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the wall surface of the spacer is formed to be concave in order to prevent light reflected from the wall surface of the spacer to pass through the light blocking hole. 6. The lens module of claim 5, wherein the wall surface of the spacer is a curved surface comprising a preset curvature. 7. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the wall surface of the spacer is a curved surface configured to prevent light from being incident on other portions except for an edge portion, a portion at which an upper surface of the spacer and the wall surface of the spacer intersect each other. 8. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the wall surface of the spacer includes first and second curved portions comprising a preset curvature and an edge portion at which the first and second curved portions intersect each other. 9. The lens module of claim 8, wherein the first and second curved portions are discontinuous curves. 10. The lens module of claim 8, wherein the edge portion protrudes toward the optical axis further than other portions of the side wall of the spacer. 11. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the spacer is formed of a metal. 12. A lens module comprising: a lens barrel; a plurality of lenses disposed in the lens barrel and stacked along an optical axis; a plurality of spacers, disposed between the plurality of lenses, comprising light blocking holes configured to allow light incident to the plurality of lenses to pass therethrough, wherein a wall surface of any one of the plurality of spacers forms the light blocking hole and comprises a plurality of inclined surfaces, the wall surface of the spacer, forming the light blocking hole, is a perpendicular surface, an inclined surface, or a curved surface, or any combination thereof, and a light absorbing layer is disposed on the wall surface of the plurality of spacers. 13. The lens module of claim 12, wherein the inclined surfaces comprise discontinuous curves. 14. The lens module of claim 12, wherein an angle between an upper surface of one spacer of the plurality of spacers and the wall surface is less than 90\u00b0. 15. The lens module of claim 14, wherein an edge portion, disposed at the intersection of the upper surface and the wall surface, is sharp.",
-    "A system-on-chip and an electronic device including the system-on-chip are provided. The system-on-chip includes a power switch, a logic block, a memory device, and a buffer. The power switch is coupled between a first power supply line and a virtual power supply line, and turns on in response to a switch control signal. The logic block is coupled between the virtual power supply line and a ground line. The memory device is coupled between a second power supply line and the ground line. The buffer is coupled between the second power supply line and the ground line, and generates the switch control signal based on a sleep signal. 1. A system-on-chip comprising: a power switch on the system-on-chip coupled between a first power supply line and a virtual power supply line, the power switch being configured to turn on in response to a switch control signal; a logic block coupled between the virtual power supply line and a ground line; a memory device coupled between a second power supply line and the ground line; and a buffer coupled between the second power supply line and the ground line, the buffer being configured to generate the switch control signal based on a sleep signal. 2. The system-on-chip of claim 1, wherein a first power supply voltage is provided via the first power supply line, and a second power supply voltage that is higher than the first power supply voltage is provided via the second power supply line. 3. The system-on-chip of claim 2, wherein the buffer is configured to provide the second power supply voltage to the power switch as the switch control signal when the sleep signal has a first logic level. 4. The system-on-chip of claim 1, wherein the power switch is configured to selectively couple the first power supply line to the virtual power supply line in response to the switch control signal. 5. The system-on-chip of claim 1, wherein the power switch comprises a first p-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor comprising a source coupled to the first power supply line, a drain coupled to the virtual power supply line, and a gate that receives the switch control signal. 6. The system-on-chip of claim 5, wherein the buffer comprises: a second PMOS transistor comprising a source coupled to the second power supply line, a drain coupled to the gate of the first PMOS transistor, and a gate; a first n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor comprising a source coupled to the ground line, a drain coupled to the gate of the first PMOS transistor, and a gate; a third PMOS transistor comprising a source coupled to the second power supply line, a drain coupled to the gate of the second PMOS transistor and the gate of the first NMOS transistor, and a gate that receives the sleep signal; and a second NMOS transistor comprising a source coupled to the ground line, a drain coupled to the gate of the second PMOS transistor and the gate of the first NMOS transistor, and a gate that receives the sleep signal. 7. The system-on-chip of claim 1, wherein the memory device is a static random access memory (SRAM) device. 8. The system-on-chip of claim 1, wherein the memory device comprises: a static random access memory (SRAM) cell array coupled between the second power supply line and the ground line, the SRAM cell array being configured to operate using a voltage provided through the second power supply line; and a peripheral circuit coupled between the first power supply line and the ground line, the peripheral circuit being configured to control an operation of the SRAM cell array using a voltage provided through the first power supply line. 9. The system-on-chip of claim 1, further comprising a power controller configured to provide the sleep signal having a first logic level to the buffer in a sleep mode in which the logic block is deactivated, and to provide the sleep signal having a second logic level to the buffer in a normal operation mode in which the logic block is activated. 10. An electronic device comprising: a power management integrated circuit configured to apply a first power supply voltage to a first power supply line, to apply a second power supply voltage to a second power supply line, to apply a ground voltage to a ground line, and to adjust at least one of a magnitude of the first power supply voltage and a magnitude of the second power supply voltage based on a power control signal; and a system-on-chip coupled to the power management integrated circuit through the first power supply line, the second power supply line, and the ground line, wherein the system-on-chip comprises: a power switch coupled between the first power supply line and a virtual power supply line, the power switch being configured to turn on in response to a switch control signal; a logic block coupled between the virtual power supply line and the ground line; a memory device coupled between the second power supply line and the ground line; a power controller configured to generate the power control signal and a sleep signal based on an operation mode of the logic block; and a buffer coupled between the second power supply line and the ground line, the buffer being configured to generate the switch control signal based on the sleep signal. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the power controller is configured to: generate the power control signal having a first value and generate the sleep signal having a first logic level in a sleep mode, in which the logic block is deactivated, and to adjust a value of the power control signal and generate the sleep signal having a second logic level in a normal operation mode, in which the logic block is activated. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein, based on the power control signal, the power management integrated circuit is configured to control a voltage level of the first power supply voltage to be lower than a voltage level of the second power supply voltage in the sleep mode. 13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein, based on the power control signal, the power management integrated circuit is configured control a voltage level of the first power supply voltage in the sleep mode to be lower than a voltage level of the first power supply voltage in the normal operation mode. 14. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the buffer is configured to provide the second power supply voltage to the power switch as the switch control signal when the sleep signal has the first logic level. 15. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the system-on-chip further comprises: a non-volatile memory configured to store a first voltage level and a second voltage level that is higher than the first voltage level, wherein the power controller is configured to provide the first voltage level and the second voltage level, which are read from the non-volatile memory, to the power management integrated circuit in the sleep mode, and wherein the power management integrated circuit is configured to set the first power supply voltage to the first voltage level and to set the second power supply voltage to the second voltage level in the sleep mode. 16-19. (canceled) 20. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the first voltage level and the second voltage level are determined based on a leakage current of the power switch and a leakage current of the buffer in the sleep mode. 21. (canceled) 22. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the power controller is configured to adjust the value of the power control signal using software based on a task performed by the logic block. 23. (canceled) 24. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the power switch comprises a first p-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor comprising a source coupled to the first power supply line, a drain coupled to the virtual power supply line, and a gate that receives the switch control signal. 25-26. (canceled) 27. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the memory device comprises: a static random access memory (SRAM) cell array coupled between the second power supply line and the ground line, the SRAM cell array being configured to operate using a voltage provided through the second power supply line; and a peripheral circuit coupled between the first power supply line and the ground line, the peripheral circuit being configured to control an operation of the SRAM cell array using a voltage provided through the first power supply line. 28. (canceled) 29. A system-on-chip comprising: a power switch comprising a transistor comprising a source coupled to a first power supply line supplying a first power supply voltage, a drain coupled to a second power supply line supplying a second power supply voltage, and a gate; a logic block coupled between the second power supply line and a ground line supplying a ground voltage; and a buffer configured to forward bias the transistor of the power switch to supply power to the logic block in a normal mode, and to reverse bias the transistor of the power switch by applying a voltage higher than the first power supply voltage to the gate of the transistor to disable the supply of power to the logic block in a sleep mode. 30. (canceled)",
-    "In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method for receiving incoming data in a processor and performing a checksum operation on the incoming data in the processor pursuant to a user-level instruction for the checksum operation. For example, a cyclic redundancy checksum may be computed in the processor itself responsive to the user-level instruction. Other embodiments are described and claimed. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A system comprising: a processor comprising: a plurality of cores, wherein at least one of the cores comprises: a cache; a plurality of general purpose registers; and a plurality of execution units comprising a store data unit, an integer execution unit, a floating point execution unit, and a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) execution unit, wherein at least one of the plurality of execution units comprises logic to: perform a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) operation in response to one or more CRC32 instructions to be executed in a 32-bit mode of operation or a 64-bit mode of operation, wherein the logic is to perform the CRC operation on one of a plurality of data sizes, including a data size of 8-bits, 16-bits, and 32-bits, and wherein the one or more CRC32 instructions are to indicate the data size on which to perform the CRC operation; and an interface to a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express bus. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein each CRC32 instruction is referenced by a respective opcode to perform the CRC operation on each data size. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein said at least one of the plurality of execution units, in response to a CRC32 instruction of the one or more CRC32 instructions, is to perform a polynomial division using a polynomial represented by 11EDC6F41h. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the plurality of data sizes further comprises a data size of 64-bits in the 64-bit mode of operation. 25. The system of claim 21, further comprising a memory interface logic to provide access to an external memory. 26. The system of claim 21, further comprising: a memory controller; and a memory coupled with the memory controller. 27. The system of claim 21, further comprising a memory coupled with the processor. 28. The system of claim 21, further comprising a graphics engine. 29. The system of claim 21, further comprising an audio input/output (I/O) interface coupled with the processor. 30. The system of claim 21, further comprising a data storage device. 31. The system of claim 21, further comprising a communication device. 32. A system comprising: a processor comprising: a store data unit; a set of registers, including: a first 32-bit register to store a first operand; a second 32-bit register to store a second operand; a first 64-bit register to store a third operand; and a second 64-bit register to store a fourth operand; and a plurality of execution units to perform exclusive-OR (XOR) operations on data of a configurable size responsive to instructions of an instruction set architecture (ISA) for the processor, the plurality of execution units including: a first execution unit coupled to the first and second 32-bit registers to perform a first XOR operation on at least one bit of the first and second operands and to store a result of the first XOR operation in a first destination register responsive to a first instruction of the ISA; and a second execution unit coupled to the first and second 64-bit registers to perform a second XOR operation on at least one bit of the third and fourth operands and to store a result of the second XOR operation in a second destination register responsive to a second instruction of the ISA; and an interface to a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express bus. 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the first and second execution units are to respectively perform the first and second XOR operations in a same number of cycles. 34. The system of claim 32, wherein the first destination register comprises one of the first and second 32-bit registers. 35. The system of claim 32, wherein the second destination register comprises one of the first and second 64-bit registers. 36. The system of claim 32, further comprising a memory interface logic to provide access to an external memory. 37. The system of claim 32, further comprising a memory coupled with the processor. 38. The system of claim 32, further comprising a graphics engine. 39. The system of claim 32, further comprising a data storage device. 40. The system of claim 32, further comprising an audio input/output (I/O) interface coupled with the processor.",
-    "A method of determining eye position information includes identifying an eye area in a facial image; verifying a two-dimensional (2D) feature in the eye area; and performing a determination operation including, determining a three-dimensional (3D) target model based on the 2D feature; and determining 3D position information based on the 3D target model. 1. A method of determining eye position information, the method comprising: identifying an eye area in a facial image; verifying a two-dimensional (2D) feature in the eye area; and performing a determination operation including, determining a three-dimensional (3D) target model based on the 2D feature; and determining 3D position information based on the 3D target model. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining operation includes, obtaining a parameter associated with the 2D feature; and establishing the 3D target model based on the parameter. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining operation includes, obtaining a matrix based on the 2D feature and the 3D target model; and determining the 3D position information based on the matrix. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the verifying comprises: determining whether an eye is in a stationary state by comparing a first frame and a second frame of the eye area, the second frame being subsequent to the first frame; and verifying the 2D feature in the eye area in response to a determination that the eye is not in the stationary state. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the determining whether the eye is in the stationary state further comprises: determining previously determined 3D position information to be current 3D position information in response to a determination that the eye is in the stationary state. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the determining whether the eye is in the stationary state comprises: calculating a normalized correlation coefficient of a previous image frame of the eye area and a current image frame of the eye area; and determining that the eye is in the stationary state when the normalized correlation coefficient exceeds a threshold. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: converting the 3D position information to a 3D coordinate system of a display; and adjusting or rendering a 3D image of the display based on a result of the converting. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the verifying comprises: determining a supervised descent method (SDM) model based on a local binary pattern (LBP); and verifying the 2D feature in the eye area based on the SDM model. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the verifying the 2D feature in the eye area based on the SDM model comprises: acquiring a sample area by measuring an eye area in a sample image; and performing a repetitive training on the SDM model based on a sample feature measured in the sample area. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the performing of the repetitive training comprises: extracting an approximate feature of the sample area in an initial repetitive training; and extracting a precise feature of the sample area in a subsequent repetitive training, wherein the approximate feature includes at least one of a histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) feature, a multi-block local binary pattern (MB-LBP) feature, a speeded up robust feature (SURF), and an oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) feature, FAST being features of accelerated segment test and BRIEF being binary robust independent elementary features, and the precise feature includes at least one of an LBP feature, a Gabor wavelet feature, a discrete cosine transform (DCT) feature, and the BRIEF. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing of the repetitive training comprises: extracting a feature of the sample area and performing training on an SDM model acquired during a previous repetitive training process in different-sized spaces; comparing the SDM model on which the training is performed in each different-sized spaces to a feature of the sample area measured in advance; and selecting an SDM model from a plurality of SDM models based on a result of the comparing and applying the selected SDM model to a subsequent repetitive training process. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying comprises: determining a position of an eye; generating a virtual eye frame based on the determined position; and acquiring the eye area in a facial image corresponding to a current frame based on the virtual eye frame, wherein the determined position is associated with position information of the 2D feature. 13. An apparatus for determining eye position information, the apparatus comprising: an identifier configured to identify an eye area in a facial image; a feature verifier configured to verify a two-dimensional (2D) feature in the eye area; and a three-dimensional (3D) position information determiner configured to determine a 3D target model based on the 2D feature and determine 3D position information based on the 3D target model. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the 3D position information determiner comprises: a model establisher configured to obtain a parameter by determining the 2D feature and establish the 3D target model based on the parameter; a matrix calculator configured to obtain a matrix based on the 3D target model and the 2D feature; and a position information determiner configured to determine 3D position information based on the 3D target model and the matrix. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: a stationary state determiner configured to compare a first frame and a second frame of the eye area and determine whether an eye is in a stationary state, the second frame being subsequent to the first frame, wherein the feature verifier is configured to verify the 2D feature in the eye area in response to a determination that the eye is not in the stationary state. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the feature verifier is configured to determine previously determined 3D eye position information to be current 3D eye position information in response to a determination that the eye is in the stationary state. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the stationary state determiner is configured to calculate a normalized correlation coefficient of a previous image frame of the eye area and a current image frame of the eye area, and determine that the eye is in the stationary state when the normalized correlation coefficient exceeds a threshold. 18. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: a coordinate system converter configured to convert the 3D position information determined by the 3D position information determiner to a 3D coordinate system of a display; and an image adjuster configured to adjust or render a 3D image of the display based on the 3D position information. 19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the feature verifier is configured to verify the 2D feature in the eye area using a supervised descent method (SDM) module. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: an SDM model training performer configured to, determine a sample area by measuring an eye area in a photographed sample image, and perform repetitive training on an SDM model based on a sample feature measured in the sample area.",
-    "A homography is determined between a test image and a plurality of database images based on a location of a character along a main line of text of the test image. A similarity score is determined for each of the plurality of database images based on the determined homography. The similarity score may measure a similarity of a characteristic between the test image and the corresponding database image. The characteristic may be at a location separate from the main line of text of the test image. A type of the test image may be selected based on the similarity scores. 1. A device, comprising: at least one processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the at least one processor to: determine a homography between a test image and a plurality of database images based on a location of a character along a main line of text of the test image; determine a similarity score for each of the plurality of database images based on the determined homography, the similarity score to measure a similarity of a characteristic between the test image and the corresponding database image, the characteristic to be at a location separate from the main line of text of the test image; and select a type of the test image based on the similarity scores. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein, the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to determine a similarity set of similarity scores for each of the plurality of database images, and each of the similarity scores of the similarity set is to relate to a different characteristic. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein, the similarity scores of the similarity set are to include at least one of a sub-read score, logo score and color score, the sub-read score is to relate to an accuracy in identifying text at a location separate from the main line of text of the test image, the logo score is to relate to an accuracy in identifying a logo at a location separate from the main line of text of the test image, and the color score is to relate to an accuracy in identifying a color at a location of the test image. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein, the similarity set of a first database image of the plurality of database images is to include the sub-read score, if the first database image includes a sub-read, the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to map a location of the sub-read of the first database image to a corresponding location of the test image based on the homography, and the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to calculate the sub-read score for the similarity set of the first database image based on a confidence that a character at the corresponding location of the test image is identified. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein, the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to calculate the sub-read score for a remainder of the plurality of database images that include a sub-read, and the instructions to determine the homography further comprise instructions to refine the homography based on the location of the sub-read of the test image, if the test image is determined to include the sub-read. 6. The device of claim 3, wherein, the similarity set of a first database image of the plurality of database images is to include the logo score, if the first database image includes a logo, the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to de-skew a location of the test image corresponding to a location of a logo in the first database image based on the homography, and the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to calculate the logo score for the similarity set of the first database image based on a confidence that a logo at the corresponding location of the test image matches the logo of the first database image. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to calculate the logo score for a remainder of the plurality of database images that include a logo, and the instructions to determine the homography further comprise instructions to refine the homography based on the location of the logo of the test image, if the test image is determined to include the logo. 8. The device of claim 3, wherein the similarity set of a first database image of the plurality of database images is to include the color score, if the first database image includes a color, the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to map a region of the first database image having the color to a corresponding region of the test image based on the homography, and the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to calculate the color score for the similarity set of the first database image based on a percentage of the regions of the first database image and the test image that have a same color. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein, the instructions to determine the similarity score further comprise instructions to calculate the color score for a remainder of the plurality of database images that include a color, and the instructions to determine the homographs further comprise instructions to refine the homography based on the region of the color of the test image, if the test image is determined to include the color. 10. The device of claim 3, wherein, the instructions to select further comprise instructions to combine the similarity scores of each of the similarity sets, to determine a total similarity score for each of plurality of database images, each of the total similarity scores to be normalized, and the instructions to select further comprise instructions to compare a highest of the total similarity scores to a threshold, and the instructions to select further comprise instructions to determine a type of the test image based on the database image corresponding to the highest total similarity score, if the highest total similarity score is greater than the threshold. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein, the instructions to select further comprise instructions to look up each of the similarity scores at a scoring table to determine a corresponding probability score, the probability score of the similarity score is to infer that test image is a same type as the corresponding database image, if the probability score is positive, the probability score of the similarity score is to infer that test image is not a same type as the corresponding database image, if the probability score is negative, and the instructions to select further comprise instructions to total the probability scores corresponding to each of the similarity sets to determine the normalized total similarity scores. 12. A method, comprising: determining a homography between a test image and a first database image of a plurality of database images based on main line of text of the test image; calculating a sub-read score on the test image based on the homography and a location of a sub-read at the first database image, if the first database image includes a sub-read; calculating a logo score on the test image based on the homography and a location of a logo at the first database image, if the first database image includes a logo; calculating a color score on the test image based on the homography and a location of a color at the first database image, if the first database image includes a color; combining at least one of the sub-read, logo and color scores to determine a total similarity score for the first database image; repeating the determining, calculating the sub-read score, calculating the logo score, calculating the color score and the combining for a remainder of the plurality of database images; and selecting a type of the test image based on a highest total similarity score of the plurality of total similarity scores of the plurality of database images. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein, the test image includes a vehicle registration plate, the plurality of database images include different types of vehicle registration plates, and at least one of the sub-read, logo and color scores relate to characteristics of the vehicle registration plate. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, if executed by a processor of a device, cause the processor to: determine a homography between a test image and a plurality of different types of database images based on a main line of text of the test image; calculate a total similarity score for each of the different types of database images based on at least one of a sub-read, logo and color score for each of the different types of database images; and select a type of the test image based on a highest total similarity score of the plurality of different types of database images, wherein at least one of the sub-read, logo and color scores are determined based on the homography. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein, the main line of text of the test image includes a plurality of characters, and the homography is determined based on a series of point correspondences between a top and a bottom of at least two of the plurality of characters of the main line of text in the test image and a normalized coordinate system.",
-    "An elliptical exercise device has a frame supporting guide links and foot support links. A cam system has a vertical control cam portion. Vertical control followers are pivotally connected to a vertical follower support. Mechanical vertical control couplings couple the foot support links to the vertical control followers. A foot receiving area of each foot support link moves in a generally elliptical path when the cam portion rotates about the cam axis. 1-59. (canceled) 60. An exercise device comprising: a frame configured to be supported on a horizontal surface, the frame having a first pivot axis defined thereon; a first and a second guide link each having a first and a second attachment point defined thereon, each guide link being pivotally attached, through its first attachment point, to the frame at the first pivot axis thereof; a first and a second foot support link each having a foot receiving area configured to support a user's foot thereupon, each foot support link being pivotally connected to the second attachment point of a respective one of the guide links so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, they each cause the respective foot receiving area to move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion; a cam system having a vertical control cam portion supported for rotation about a cam axis; a vertical follower support disposed on the frame, the vertical follower support having a vertical follower pivot axis defined thereon; a first and a second vertical control follower each pivotally connected to the vertical follower support at the vertical follower pivot axis, each vertical control follower further having a control portion and a cam engagement portion, the cam engagement portion engaging the vertical cam portion such that as the vertical cam portion rotates about the cam axis, the vertical control followers pivot back and forth about the vertical follower pivot axis thereby causing the control portions to oscillate back and forth; and a first and a second mechanical vertical control coupling each coupling a respective one of the foot support links to the control portion of a respective one of the vertical control followers such that as the vertical cam portion rotates about the cam axis, the mechanical vertical control couplings move the foot receiving areas of the foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion; wherein the pivotal motion of the guide links about the first attachment points is decoupled from the motion of the foot receiving areas along the path of travel having a vertical component of motion so that the user can achieve a foot path that is generally vertical or a blend of vertical and horizontal motion. 61. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein: the first and second mechanical vertical control couplings are flexible couplings each having one end coupled to the control portion of the respective vertical control follower and an opposite end coupled to the respective foot support link, each flexible coupling having a midportion extending over a guide disposed on the frame rearward of the first pivot axis; each of the guide links has a guide length defined between the first and second attachment point; each of the flexible couplings has a foot support portion extending between a coupling point on the respective foot support link and the guide on the frame, the foot support portion being generally parallel to the respective guide link throughout the motion of the device, the foot support portion further having a length that is similar to the guide length when the respective foot support link is at a midpoint of vertical travel; and the respective first attachment point, second attachment point, guide on the frame and coupling point on the foot support portion generally define a parallelogram when the respective foot support link is at the midpoint of vertical travel. 62. An exercise device in accordance with claim 61, wherein the vertical control followers each have a lower end pivoted to the vertical follower support and an upper end defining the control portion, the one end of each flexible coupling being coupled to the upper end of the respective vertical control follower and extending generally rearwardly to the guide. 63. An exercise device in accordance with claim 61, further comprising forward guides disposed on the frame forward of the first pivot axis, the mid portion of each flexible coupling further extending over a respective one of the forward guides. 64. An exercise device in accordance with claim 61, wherein the guides are guide pulleys pivotally mounted to the frame. 65. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein: the vertical follower support is a movable support operable to move the vertical follower pivot axis relative to the respective cam axis so as to alter a range of travel of the control portion of the vertical control followers, thereby altering a range of the path of travel having a vertical component of motion; and further comprising a vertical control actuator operable to move the movable vertical follower support. 66. An exercise device in accordance with claim 65, wherein the vertical follower support is a vertical follower support link having a frame end pivotally connected to the frame and a follower end defining the vertical follower pivot axis, the vertical follower support link pivoting about the frame end so as to move the vertical follower pivot axis relative to the cam axis. 67. An exercise device in accordance with claim 65, wherein the vertical follower support is linearly displaceable on the frame. 68. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein the vertical control followers are curved. 69. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein each vertical follower is an elongated member having a cam engagement portion on a side surface of the elongated member. 70. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein the vertical control followers are elongated elements selected from the group consisting of: each having one end pivotally connected to the vertical follower support, an opposite end defining the control portion, and a midportion defining a cam engagement portion; each having one end pivotally connected to the vertical follower support, an opposite end defining a cam engagement portion, and a midportion defining the control portion; and each having one end defining a cam engagement portion, an opposite end defining the control portion, and a midportion pivotally connected to the vertical follower support. 71. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein the first and second mechanical vertical control couplings are vertical control links each having one end connected to the control portion of a respective one of the vertical control followers and a second end connected to a respective one of the foot support links forward of the second attachment point. 72. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein the cam axis is defined on the frame. 73. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, further comprising an adjustable resistance element coupled to the cam system. 74. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, further comprising a horizontal coordination linkage linking the first guide link to the second guide link such that pivotal movement of one of the guide links in a first direction causes pivotal movement of the other of the guide links in an opposite direction. 75. An exercise device in accordance with claim 74, further comprising an adjustable horizontal resistance element coupled to the guide links for providing resistance to the path of travel having a horizontal component of motion. 76. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein each of the guide links further includes a hand grip portion extending upwardly from the first attachment point. 77. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, further comprising a sensor operable to sense movement of the guide links to determine a range of horizontal travel, wherein the amount of vertical travel is adjustable and is decreased as horizontal travel is increased. 78. An exercise device in accordance with claim 60, wherein the vertical control cam portion has a first and second offset portion, each offset portion comprising a cam lobe or an eccentric disk.",
-    "A beam is projected on the roadway by a vehicle that is visible to vehicles that are in its proximity, the beam on the roadway indicating to adjacent vehicles when they are in a blind spot of the beam generating vehicle. This makes it possible for the vehicle to slow down, speed up or move into another lane to avoid being in a blind spot of the vehicle in its proximity. An optical beam generator is mounted or integrated on a vehicle such as within side view mirror(s). The beam(s) may be generated using any suitable optical beam generator(s) including a laser, LED's or any other suitable source of illumination for projecting a line or other optical illuminated indicia to demarcate blind spot region(s) to operators of adjoining vehicles. 1. A blind spot indicator comprising projecting means on a monitored vehicle for projecting a beam of visible light on a roadway to indicate to proximate vehicles a blind spot region of a driver in the monitored vehicle, said beam comprising an optical beam forming an illuminated line on the roadway defining boundaries of said blind spot; and switching means for selectively activating said projecting means. 2. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein projecting means is integrated into at least one exterior side view mirror on the monitored vehicle. 3, A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 2, wherein said projecting means is integrated into a side view mirror on the driver's side and on a side view mirror on the passenger side of the monitored vehicle to thereby project beams on both lateral sides of the monitored vehicle to define blind spot regions that can be detected by proximate vehicles on both sides of said monitored vehicle. 4. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein the blind spot indicator includes a housing and comprising connecting means for connecting or attaching said housing to at least one exterior side view mirror of the monitored vehicle. 5. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 4, wherein said connecting means permanently connects said housing to said at least one exterior side view mirror. 6. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said projecting means includes a laser for generating said beam. 7. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said projecting means includes at least one LED for generating said beam. 8. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said projecting means is arranged to project a rearward extending beam on the roadway from the location of a side view mirror at a predetermined angle in relation to a lengthwise direction of the monitored vehicle. 9. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 8, wherein predetermined angle is selected to be within the range of 10\u00b0-35\u00b0. 10. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 4, wherein said connecting means removably attaches said housing to said at least one exterior side view mirror. 11. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said beam can be projected in different colors to optimize visibility under different climatic or light conditions. 12. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said switching means is coupled to an ignition switch for activating said projecting means when the ignition switch is turned on. 13. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said switching means is coupled to a transmission shifter for activating said projecting means when the transmission shifter is moved to a drive position. 14. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said switching means is a manual switch within the cabin of the monitored vehicle that can be manually switched by a driver of the monitored vehicle. 15. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said projecting means includes a housing and adjusting means for adjusting the location and/or the orientation of said beam to optimize the projected blind spot indication for a predetermined monitored vehicle. 16. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, wherein said connecting means comprises a suction element for attaching the blind spot indicator directly to a surface of a rear view mirror by means of suction or a vacuum. 17. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 1, further comprising at least one optical element within the blind spot indicator to produce a more focused or sharper beam or line on the roadway to optimize visibility to drivers in proximate vehicles. 18. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 17, wherein said at least one optical element comprises a beam splitter. 19. A blind spot indicator as defined in claim 17, wherein said at least one optical element comprises a lens. 20. A method of forming a blind spot indication for proximate vehicles comprising the steps of projecting on a monitored vehicle a beam of visible light on the roadway to indicate to proximate vehicles a blind spot region of a driver in a monitored vehicle, said visible light beam comprising an optical beam forming an illuminated line on the roadway defining the boundaries of said blind spot; and selectively switching the light beam on or off when the monitored vehicle is in forward drive.",
-    "An IP allocation method configures network elements and an element management system server in an in-band/out-of-band network management architecture and to connect the EMS server and NEs in the telecommunication network. The method involves assigning network domains and IP address domains thereof to NEs at the periphery of the domains, connecting the other new NEs in the domains to the EMS server through random addresses and information carried by Link Layer Discovery Protocol packets, enabling the EMS server to automatically configure, manage, allocate and assign the new NEs so as for the NEs to operate at the IP addresses. If NEs are newly introduced into the telecommunication network, the new NEs can get connected to the EMS server easily and successfully by receiving LLDP packets multicast by the NEs at the periphery of the domains and other NEs which are already connected to the EMS server before. 1. An IP allocation method for use in telecommunication network automatic construction, adapted to configure a plurality of network elements and an element management system (EMS) server in an in-band/out-of-band network management architecture, the method comprising: a pre-allocating step for allocating a plurality of network domains, assigning IP address domains to the network domains, respectively, and putting IP-related data of the domains and the IP address of the EMS server in packets of Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP), so as to be multicast together with timestamp information of the LLDP packets; an EMS server connection step for enabling a network element to connect the EMS server through receipt of the LLDP packets, wherein the LLDP packets comprises a random partition of the IP address domain of current network domains such that the network element gets an IP address in a random partition of the IP address domain and connected to the EMS server through IP address of the EMS server; and an EMS server registration step for enabling the network element to access information of an assigned IP address within an assigned partition of the IP address domain allocated by the EMS server upon receipt of packets whose registration is confirmed by the EMS server and update the IP address of the network element to the assigned IP address to thereby rebuild a network connection route between the network element and the EMS server, wherein, after getting connected to the EMS server through the assigned IP address, the network element updates LLDP packet multicast status of the network element to an active status to thereby multicast LLDP packets associated with the network element, wherein the LLDP packets associated with the network element comprises IP address of the EMS server, a random partition of the IP address domain information of the network domain, and a timestamp of updating the network element. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-allocating step comprises: (a1) planning network environment to thereby assign IP address domains for use by a plurality of network domains and the network domains in the network environment; (a2) recording the IP address domains for use by the network domains in the EMS server; (a3) assigning end values of the IP address of the IP domains to network elements in each said network domain to thereby allow the network elements to function as peripheral network elements located within the network domains and adapted to define the network domains, respectively; and (a4) updating LLDP packets multicast status of peripheral network elements in each said network domain to active, such that the peripheral network elements multicast the LLDP packets, wherein the LLDP packets of the peripheral network elements comprise IP address information of the EMS server, a random partition of the IP address domain information of the network domain, and timestamps of updating the peripheral network elements. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the EMS server connection step comprises: (b1) getting the network elements ready to receive the LLDP packet; (b2) determining, by the network elements upon receipt of the LLDP packet, whether the timestamp in the LLDP packet is newer than their counterparts in the network elements, wherein the network elements keep waiting for the next LLDP packet when the determination is negative, and the method goes to the next step when the determination is affirmative; (b3) accessing IP address information of the EMS server and IP-related data, wherein the random partition of the IP address domain information of the current network domain in the LLDP packets; and (b4) connecting the network elements to the EMS server by allowing the network elements to use an IP address in the random partition of the IP address domain. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein, upon a failure of registering the EMS server by the network elements, a LLDP packets multicast status of the network elements is updated to inactive such that the method goes to step (b2) when another LLDP packet is received within a predetermined period of time and to step (b4) when not, allowing the network elements to get connected to the EMS server through another IP address in the random partition of the IP address domain, wherein the LLDP packets carry timestamp-related information.",
-    "An image reading apparatus includes: a first unit including a supporter and a first image reader; and a second unit. The second unit includes: a pressing member that presses a reading object onto the supporter; a contact member that contacts a conveyed sheet; a sheet holder opposed to the contact member; a second image reader disposed on an opposite side of the contact member from the sheet holder; and a cover spaced apart from the contact member at a second position. When the second unit is located at the closed position, movement of the cover to the second position is limited by the first unit, and the cover is located at a position opposed to the first unit and different from a position of the pressing member. When the second unit is located at an open position, the limitation of the movement is canceled. 1. An image reading apparatus, comprising: a first unit; and a second unit mounted on the first unit and movable between a closed position and an open position, the second unit covering an upper surface of the first unit when the second unit is located at the closed position, wherein the first unit comprises: a supporter that supports a reading object; and a first image reader configured to read an image formed on the reading object supported by the supporter, wherein the second unit comprises: a sheet conveyor that conveys a sheet along a conveyance path; a pressing member that presses, onto the supporter, the reading object supported by the supporter, when the second unit is located at the closed position; a contact member that contacts the sheet conveyed by the sheet conveyor, the contact member comprising a first surface and a second surface that is a back of the contact member from the first surface; a sheet holder opposed to the first surface of the contact member, with the conveyance path located therebetween; a second image reader opposed to the second surface of the contact member, the second image reader being configured to read an image formed on the sheet conveyed by the sheet conveyor; and a cover movable between a first position and a second position and configured to hold the sheet holder, wherein when the cover is located at the first position, the cover covers the sheet holder and the contact member in a state in which the sheet holder is close to the contact member, and wherein when the cover is located at the second position, the sheet holder is spaced apart from the contact member, wherein when the second unit is located at the closed position, movement of the cover to the second position is limited by the first unit, and the cover is located at a position opposed to the first unit and different from a position of the pressing member, and wherein when the second unit is located at the open position, the limitation of the movement of the cover to the second position by the first unit is canceled. 2. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the second unit is located at the open position, the cover is movable to the second position. 3. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cover is pivotable with respect to a base of the second unit about a pivot axis that is parallel to a widthwise direction of the sheet which is perpendicular to a conveying direction in which the sheet is conveyed by the sheet conveyor, wherein one of opposite ends of the cover is nearer to the pressing member than another of the opposite ends of the cover, wherein when the cover is located at the first position, the pivot axis of the cover is nearer to said another of the opposite ends of the cover than to the one of opposite ends of the cover, and wherein when the cover pivots to the second position, the one of opposite ends of the cover is moved in a direction away from the base of the second unit. 4. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein further comprising a first urging member that urges the cover in a direction directed from the second position toward the first position. 5. The image reading apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first urging member is disposed at each of opposite ends of the cover in a direction in which the pivot axis of the cover extends. 6. The image reading apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising a second urging member that urges the sheet holder toward the contact member, wherein when the second unit is located at the open position, the cover is located at a third position by being urged by the first urging member toward the first position and urged by the second urging member toward the second position, wherein the third position is located nearer to the first position than to the second position between the first position and the second position, and wherein when the second unit is moved to the closed position, the cover is moved to the first position against an urging force of the second urging member by being brought into contact with the first unit and receiving a load from the second unit. 7. The image reading apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the sheet holder is substantially a metal plate, and wherein the second urging member is formed of metal and interposed between the sheet holder and a metal member with a ground potential to electrically connect the sheet holder and the metal member to each other. 8. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the contact member and the sheet holder are inclined with respect to a support surface of the supporter which supports the reading object. 9. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cover comprises an operation portion operable by a user when the user moves the cover. 10. The image reading apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the operation portion comprises one of a hole and a recess in which the user places a fingertip when moving the cover. 11. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cover does not overlap each of the pressing member and the supporter when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the pressing member. 12. The image reading apparatus according to claim 1, wherein one of opposite ends of the cover overlaps the conveyance path when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the pressing member, and wherein another of the opposite ends of the cover does not overlap the conveyance path when viewed in the direction perpendicular to the pressing member. 13. The image reading apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the conveyance path comprising a curved portion, and wherein the pivot axis of the cover is located outside the curved portion when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the pressing member. 14. An image reading apparatus, comprising: a first unit; and a second unit mounted on the first unit and movable between a closed position and an open position, the second unit covering an upper surface of the first unit when the second unit is located at the closed position, wherein the second unit comprises: a sheet conveyor that conveys a sheet along a conveyance path; a contact member that contacts the sheet conveyed by the sheet conveyor, the contact member comprising a first surface and a second surface that is a back of the contact member from the first surface; a sheet holder opposed to the first surface of the contact member, with the conveyance path located therebetween; an image reader opposed to the second surface of the contact member, the image reader being configured to read an image formed on the sheet conveyed by the sheet conveyor; and a cover movable between a first position and a second position and configured to hold the sheet holder, wherein when the cover is located at the first position, the cover covers the sheet holder and the contact member in a state in which the sheet holder is close to the contact member, and wherein when the cover is located at the second position, the sheet holder is spaced apart from the contact member, wherein when the second unit is located at the open position, the cover is exposed to the outside. 15. The image reading apparatus according to claim 14, wherein when the second unit is located at the open position, the cover is movable to the second position. 16. The image reading apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the cover is pivotable about a pivot axis, wherein one of opposite ends of the cover is located nearer to the pivot axis than another of the opposite ends of the cover as a free end, and wherein the one of the opposite ends of the cover is located nearer to an end of the second unit than said another of the opposite ends of the cover.",
-    "Disclosed are a proxy device for a vehicle and a method of managing data from the vehicle. The managing method of the data from the vehicle includes receiving short message data from a vehicle proxy device through a lightweight message transmission protocol, receiving long message data from the vehicle proxy device through a web service message transmission method, and providing vehicle operation data and recording image data to a specific external server or a proxy device for a specific vehicle. The vehicle operation data correspond to the short message data, and the recording image data correspond to the long message data. Accordingly, the transmission efficiency of the data related to the vehicle may be improved. 1. A proxy device for a vehicle, comprising: a communication part receiving first data from one or more terminals in a first vehicle through a short range communication, providing second data provided from a second vehicle in a specific area or a data management server to a specific terminal in other vehicle, and performing a communication with the other vehicle or transmission and reception the first data or the second data to and from the data management server; and an information processing part determining a communication path to transmit the first data to the other vehicle or the data management server, wherein the proxy device is included in the first vehicle. 2. The proxy device of claim 1, wherein the information processing part classifies the first data into short message data and long message data, the short message data are requested to be transmitted through a lightweight message transmission protocol, and the long message data are requested to be transmitted through a web service message transmission technology. 3. The proxy device of claim 2, wherein in a case that the terminal is an OBD system, the first data are vehicle operation data provided from the OBD system, and the information processing part diagnoses a state of the vehicle based on the vehicle operation data and requests a specific terminal in the vehicle to provide the diagnostic results. 4. The proxy device of claim 3, wherein the information processing part determines whether a precision diagnostics is needed to be performed based on the diagnostic results and transmits the vehicle operation data or the diagnostic results to the data management server to perform the precision diagnostics. 5. The proxy device of claim 1, wherein in a case that the terminal is a wearable device worn on a passenger or a device installed in the vehicle to check the passenger's state, the information processing part analyzes the passenger's state and transmits the first data or data obtained by analyzing the passenger's state to an external server when it is determined that the passenger's state is an abnormal state. 6. The proxy device of claim 1, wherein in a case that the terminal is a driving data recording device, the information processing part determines whether a recording image obtained in real time is transmitted to the outside of the vehicle and requests to transmit the recording image to a second proxy device in one or more second vehicles approaching to a specific area, and the second proxy device requests a reproducing device in the second vehicle to output the recording image. 7. A method of managing data from a vehicle, comprising: receiving short message data, in which a data management server receives the short message data from a vehicle proxy device through a lightweight message transmission protocol; receiving long message data, in which the data management server receives the long message data from the vehicle proxy device through a web service message transmission method; and providing data, in which the data management server provides vehicle operation data and recording image data provided from the proxy device installed in one or more vehicles to a specific external server or a proxy device for a specific vehicle, wherein the vehicle operation data correspond to the short message data, and the recording image data correspond to the long message data. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein in a case that one or more vehicles are involved in an accident, the providing of the data comprises: receiving vehicle identification information and information on time of the accident, which correspond to one or more accident vehicles, from the external server; transmitting the vehicle operation data within a time range including the time of the accident of the vehicle corresponding to the vehicle identification information to the external server; and transmitting the recording image data obtained by a terminal in the accident vehicle or recording image data, in which the accident vehicle is recorded at the time of the accident, to the external server. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving of the short message data comprises receiving biometric signal data of a driver and further comprises calculating an abnormal state of the driver based on the biometric signal data or an abnormal state of the vehicle based on the vehicle operation data. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the providing of the data comprises providing notification information to a neighboring vehicle or a rescue vehicle.",
-    "At a preliminary stage, a compressing unit generates frequency information, outputs a compression code associated with a piece of first data of the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, when the longest matching character string has a length smaller than the predetermined length and outputs a compression code associated with a piece of position information matching with position information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of position information about the second data contained in the frequency information and a compression code associated with length information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, when the longest matching character string has a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a compressing program that causes a computer to execute a process comprising: searching a certain piece of data for the longest matching character strings; generating frequency information including first frequency information and second frequency information of specific data based on an appearance frequency of each piece of first data and on an appearance frequency of each piece of position information about second data, the first data having a length smaller than a predetermined length among the found longest matching character strings, the second data having a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length among the found longest matching character strings; the first frequency information associating a compression code, first identification information, and the first data, the second frequency including information associating a compression code, second identification information, and a position information; and compressing target data by searching longest matching character string and generating compression codes; wherein, the compression codes are associated with a piece of first data of the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, when the longest matching character string has a length smaller than the predetermined length; and the compression codes are associated with a piece of position information matching with position information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of position information about the second data contained in the frequency information and a compression code associated with length information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, or when the longest matching character string has a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the process further comprises generating a Huffman tree that contains the first data, appearance frequencies of the first data, information obtained by contracting position information from a start of a sliding window to the second data, and appearance frequencies of the position information. 3. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 2, wherein the process further comprises storing the contracted information in each leaf of the Huffman tree, the contracted information being a consecutive number representing number of consecutive 1s or 0s from a leading bit, the consecutive number being obtained by expressing the position from the start of the sliding window until the second data appears in a fixed length of n bits. 4. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a part of a compression file output from the data as a compression target includes appearance frequency information corresponding to the Huffman tree. 5. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a program that causes a computer to execute a decompression process comprising: acquiring, from a part of a received compression file, frequency information that includes information associating a compression code, first identification information, and a first data with one another and information associating a compression code, second identification information, and a position information with one another, and that has been generated based on an appearance frequency of the first data having a length smaller than a predetermined length and on an appearance frequency of the position information about second data having a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length among the longest matching character strings; reading out data from the compression file; and generating decompression data based on the read-out data and the frequency information. 6. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 5, wherein the frequency information is available to generate a Huffman tree in which each leaf contains the first data or the position information reflecting, in a structure thereof, the first data, the appearance frequency thereof, and the appearance frequency of the position information, a leaf of the Huffman tree containing the first data stores therein a first identifier, and a leaf of the Huffman tree containing the position information stores therein a second identifier, the process further comprises reading out a decompression data, following the Huffman tree, specifying a leaf of the Huffman tree corresponding to the decompression data, determining whether the specified leaf of the Huffman tree contains the first identifier or the second identifier, outputting a data contained in the leaf when the leaf contains the first identifier, and outputting a data based on the position information contained in the leaf when the leaf contains the second identifier. 7. A compression method for causing a computer to execute a process comprising: searching a certain piece of data for the longest matching character strings; generating frequency information including first frequency information and second frequency information of specific data based on an appearance frequency of each piece of first data and on an appearance frequency of each piece of position information about second data, the first data having a length smaller than a predetermined length among the found longest matching character strings, the second data having a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length among the found longest matching character strings; the first frequency information associating a compression code, first identification information, and the first data, the second frequency including information associating a compression code, second identification information, and a position information; and compressing target data by searching longest matching character string and generating compression codes; wherein, the compression codes are associated with a piece of first data of the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, when the longest matching character string has a length smaller than the predetermined length; and the compression codes are associated with a piece of position information matching with position information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of position information about the second data contained in the frequency information and a compression code associated with length information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, or when the longest matching character string has a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length. 8. The compression method according to claim 7, wherein the process further comprises generating a Huffman tree that contains the first data, appearance frequencies of the first data, information obtained by contracting position information from a start of a sliding window to the second data, and appearance frequencies of the position information. 9. The compression method according to claim 7, wherein the process further comprises storing the contracted information in each leaf of the Huffman tree, the contracted information being a consecutive number representing number of consecutive 1s or 0s from a leading bit, the consecutive number being obtained by expressing the position from the start of the sliding window until the second data appears in a fixed length of n bits. 10. The compression method according to claim 8, wherein a part of a compression file output from the data as a compression target includes appearance frequency information corresponding to the Huffman tree. 11. A decompression method for causing a computer to execute a process comprising: acquiring, from a part of a received compression file, frequency information that includes information associating a compression code, first identification information, and a first data with one another and information associating a compression code, second identification information, and a position information with one another, and that has been generated based on an appearance frequency of the first data having a length smaller than a predetermined length and on an appearance frequency of the position information about second data having a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length among the longest matching character strings; reading out data from the compression file; and generating decompression data based on the read-out data and the frequency information. 12. The decompression method according to claim 11, wherein the frequency information is available to generate a Huffman tree in which each leaf contains the first data or the position information reflecting, in a structure thereof, the first data, the appearance frequency thereof, and the appearance frequency of the position information, a leaf of the Huffman tree containing the first data stores therein a first identifier, and a leaf of the Huffman tree containing the position information stores therein a second identifier, the process further comprises reading out a decompression data, following the Huffman tree, specifying a leaf of the Huffman tree corresponding to the decompression data, determining whether the specified leaf of the Huffman tree contains the first identifier or the second identifier, outputting a data contained in the leaf when the leaf contains the first identifier, and outputting a data based on the position information contained in the leaf when the leaf contains the second identifier. 13. A compression device comprising: a processor that executes a process comprising: searching a certain piece of data for the longest matching character strings; generating frequency information including first frequency information and second frequency information of specific data based on an appearance frequency of each piece of first data and on an appearance frequency of each piece of position information about second data, the first data having a length smaller than a predetermined length among the found longest matching character strings, the second data having a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length among the found longest matching character strings; the first frequency information associating a compression code, first identification information, and the first data, the second frequency including information associating a compression code, second identification information, and a position information; and compressing target data by searching longest matching character string and generating compression codes; wherein, the compression codes are associated with a piece of first data of the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, when the longest matching character string has a length smaller than the predetermined length; and the compression codes are associated with a piece of position information matching with position information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of position information about the second data contained in the frequency information and a compression code associated with length information about the longest matching character string among the pieces of first data contained in the frequency information, or when the longest matching character string has a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length. 14. The compression device according to claim 13, wherein the process further comprises generating a Huffman tree that contains the first data, appearance frequencies of the first data, information obtained by contracting position information from a start of a sliding window to the second data, and appearance frequencies of the position information. 15. The compression device according to claim 13, wherein the process further comprises storing the contracted information in each leaf of the Huffman tree, the contracted information being a consecutive number representing number of consecutive 1s or 0s from a leading bit, the consecutive number being obtained by expressing the position from the start of the sliding window until the second data appears in a fixed length of n bits. 16. The compression device according to claim 14, wherein a part of a compression file output from the data as a compression target includes appearance frequency information corresponding to the Huffman tree. 17. A decompression device comprising: a processor that executes a process comprising: acquiring, from a part of a received compression file, frequency information that includes information associating a compression code, first identification information, and a first data with one another and information associating a compression code, second identification information, and a position information with one another, and that has been generated based on an appearance frequency of the first data having a length smaller than a predetermined length and on an appearance frequency of the position information about second data having a length equal to or larger than the predetermined length among the longest matching character strings; reading out data from the compression file; and generating decompression data based on the read-out data and the frequency information. 18. The decompression device according to claim 17, wherein the frequency information is available to generate a Huffman tree in which each leaf contains the first data or the position information reflecting, in a structure thereof, the first data, the appearance frequency thereof, and the appearance frequency of the position information, a leaf of the Huffman tree containing the first data stores therein a first identifier, and a leaf of the Huffman tree containing the position information stores therein a second identifier, the process further comprises reading out a decompression data, following the Huffman tree, specifying a leaf of the Huffman tree corresponding to the decompression data, determining whether the specified leaf of the Huffman tree contains the first identifier or the second identifier, outputting a data contained in the leaf when the leaf contains the first identifier, and outputting a data based on the position information contained in the leaf when the leaf contains the second identifier.",
-    "A method for controlling a docking apparatus using a portable electronic device permits enhanced functionality for the portable electronic device. In the control method, the docking apparatus receives I2C messages in a first byte format from the portable electronic device over a first I2C bus. The docking apparatus translates the I2C message from the first byte format to a second byte format and transmits the translated I2C message over a second I2C bus to an I2C-compatible device. 1. A docking apparatus comprising: a microcontroller unit; a first I2C bus coupled to the microcontroller unit; a second I2C bus coupled to the microcontroller unit; and an I2C-compatible device coupled to the second I2C bus, wherein the microcontroller unit is configured to: receive an I2C message in a first byte format over the first I2C bus; translate the I2C message from the first byte format to a second byte format; and transmit the translated I2C message over the second I2C bus. 2. The docking apparatus of claim 1, wherein the microcontroller unit behaves as a slave unit on the first I2C bus. 3. The docking apparatus of claim 2, wherein the microcontroller unit behaves as a master unit on the second I2C bus and the I2C-comaptible device behaves as a slave device on the second I2C bus. 4. The docking apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first byte format specifies a plurality of fields comprising at least a slave map field for an eight bits value where the first seven bits representing an address of one of the I2C-compatible devices and the eighth bit representing a read/write bit. 5. The docking apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second byte format specifies a plurality of fields comprising a slave address field for value representing an address of one of the I2C-compatible devices, a read/write field for value representing a read/write bit, and a payload field for value representing payload data. 6. A method for controlling a docking apparatus using a portable electronic device, the method comprising: receiving an I2C message in a first byte format from the portable electronic device over a first I2C bus; translating the I2C message from the first byte format to a second byte format; and transmitting the translated I2C message over a second I2C bus to an I2C-compatible device. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first byte format specifies a plurality of fields comprising a slave map field for an eight bits value where the first seven bits representing an address of one of the I2C-compatible devices and the eighth bit representing a read/write bit, a register address field, and a data field. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second byte format specifies a plurality of fields comprising a slave address field for value representing an address of one of the I2C-compatible devices, a read/write field for value representing a read/write bit, and a payload field for value representing payload data. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein translating the I2C message from the first byte format to the second byte format comprises: writing the first seven bits value of the slave map field to the slave address field; and writing the eighth bit value of the slave map field to the read/write field. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein translating the I2C message from the first byte format to the second byte format further comprises: copying value of the register address field and the data field to the payload field.",
-    "An image decoding method for decoding a bitstream including a coded signal resulting from coding slices into which an image is partitioned and each of which includes coding units, includes decoding the coded signal, wherein each of the slices is either a normal slice having, in a slice header, information used for another slice or a dependent slice which is decoded using information included in a slice header of another slice, the image includes rows each of which includes coding units, and when the normal slice starts at a position other than the beginning of the first row, the second row immediately following the first row does not start with the dependent slice. 1. An image coding method for coding a plurality of slices into which an image is partitioned and each of which includes a plurality of coding units, to generate a bitstream, the method comprising: partitioning the image into the slices; and coding the slices by a wavefront parallel processing, wherein each of the slices is either a normal slice having, in a slice header, information used for another slice or a dependent slice which is decoded using information included in a slice header of another slice, the image includes a plurality of rows each of which includes two or more of the coding units, in the partitioning, when the normal slice starts at a position other than a beginning of a first row, the image is partitioned into the slices to cause a second row immediately following the first row to not start with the dependent slice, the wavefront parallel processing includes synchronizing context and probability information in the beginning of each of the slices, and in the synchronizing, a slice of a beginning of the second row does not refer to slice information of the normal slice. 2. An image coding apparatus for coding a plurality of slices into which an image is partitioned and each of which includes a plurality of coding units, to generate a bitstream, the image coding apparatus comprising: a processor; and a memory having a computer program stored thereon, the computer program causing the processor to execute operations including: partitioning the image into the slices; and coding the slices by a wavefront parallel processing, wherein each of the slices is either a normal slice having, in a slice header, information used for another slice or a dependent slice which is decoded using information included in a slice header of another slice, the image includes a plurality of rows each of which includes two or more of the coding units, in the partitioning, when the normal slice starts at a position other than a beginning of a first row, the image is partitioned into the slices to cause a second row immediately following the first row to not start with the dependent slice, the wavefront parallel processing includes synchronizing context and probability information in the beginning of each of the slices, and in the synchronizing, a slice of a beginning of the second row does not refer to slice information of the normal slice.",
-    "A service verification system and method are disclosed for a work vehicle having a component that requires maintenance checks. The service verification system includes a zone associated with the component, and the zone includes a source that actively transmits a zone identifier over the zone. The service verification system also includes a controller that receives and processes the zone identifier when the controller is in the zone, and based on the received zone identifier, the controller outputs at least one maintenance check to be completed for the component. 1. A service verification system for a work vehicle having a component that requires maintenance checks, the service verification system comprising: a zone associated with the component, the zone including a source that actively transmits a zone identifier over the zone; and a controller that receives and processes the zone identifier when the controller is in the zone, and based on the received zone identifier, the controller outputs at least one maintenance check to be completed for the component. 2. The service verification system of claim 1, wherein the source actively transmits a work vehicle identifier, the controller receives and processes the work vehicle identifier when the controller is in the zone and the controller outputs the at least one maintenance check based on the zone identifier and the work vehicle identifier. 3. The service verification system of claim 1, wherein the at least one maintenance check is output for display on a display in communication with the controller. 4. The service verification system of claim 1, further comprising: an input device that receives input data regarding the completion of the at least one maintenance check, wherein the controller receives and processes the input data, and the controller outputs a second, subsequent maintenance check based on the received input data. 5. The service verification system of claim 1, further comprising: an input device that receives input data regarding the completion of the at least one maintenance check, wherein the controller receives and processes the input data, and based on the received input data, the controller transmits a report that the at least one maintenance check has been completed to a remote station. 6. The service verification system of claim 1, wherein the controller is associated with a portable electronic device. 7. The service verification system of claim 1, wherein the zone is defined by at least one structure of the work vehicle. 8. The service verification system of claim 1, wherein the source that actively transmits the zone identifier is a beacon coupled to the work vehicle that defines the zone and that has a Bluetooth transmitter that actively transmits the zone identifier over a Bluetooth communication protocol. 9. The service verification system of claim 1, wherein the work vehicle comprises a plurality of components that each require maintenance checks, the zone of the service verification system comprises a plurality of zones and the source comprises a plurality of sources, with each zone of the plurality of zones associated with one of the plurality of components and each source of the plurality of sources associated with a single zone of the plurality of zones such that the controller outputs at least one maintenance check to be completed for each of the plurality of components based on the received zone identifier when the at least one controller is in a respective one of the plurality of zones. 10. A service verification method for a work vehicle having a component that requires maintenance checks, the method comprising: actively transmitting a zone identifier over a zone associated with the component; receiving, by a controller, the zone identifier when the controller is in the zone; processing, by the controller, the received zone identifier; and outputting, by the controller, at least one maintenance check to be completed for the at least one component based on the processing. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein outputting the at least one maintenance check further comprises: outputting the at least one maintenance check for display on a display in communication with the controller. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving input that indicates the at least one maintenance check has been completed; and outputting a second, subsequent maintenance check based on the received input. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving input that indicates the at least one maintenance check has been completed; and transmitting a report that the at least one maintenance check has been completed to a remote station. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the actively transmitting further comprises: actively transmitting the zone identifier with a Bluetooth device coupled to the work vehicle that defines the zone. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising: actively transmitting a work vehicle identifier over the zone; receiving and processing the work vehicle identifier by the controller; and outputting the at least one maintenance check by the controller based on the zone identifier and the work vehicle identifier. 16. A service verification system for a work vehicle having a plurality of components that each require maintenance checks, the service verification system comprising: a plurality of zones each associated with a respective one of the plurality of components, and each of the plurality of zones including a source that actively transmits a zone identifier over the respective one of the plurality of zones; and a controller that receives and processes the zone identifier when the controller is in the respective one of the plurality of zones, and based on the received zone identifier, the controller outputs at least one maintenance check to be completed for the component associated with the respective one of the plurality of zones. 17. The service verification system of claim 16, wherein the source actively transmits a work vehicle identifier, the controller receives and processes the work vehicle identifier when the controller is in the respective one of the plurality of zones and the controller outputs the at least one maintenance check based on the zone identifier and the work vehicle identifier. 18. The service verification system of claim 16, wherein the at least one maintenance check is output for display on a display in communication with the controller. 19. The service verification system of claim 16, further comprising: an input device that receives input data regarding the completion of the at least one maintenance check, wherein the controller receives and processes the input data, and based on the received input data, the controller transmits a report that the at least one maintenance check has been completed to a remote station. 20. The service verification system of claim 16, wherein the controller is associated with a portable electronic device.",
-    "Controlling a functional system of a materials handling vehicle includes monitoring a current delivered by an energy storage system for powering the functional system, wherein the energy storage system may include at least one of a battery and a fuel cell. When the current delivered by the energy storage system exceeds a first predetermined amount, performance of the functional system is reduced from a first operating level to a second operating level for at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system. 1. A method for controlling a functional system of a materials handling vehicle comprising: monitoring a current delivered by an energy storage system for powering the functional system; and when the current delivered by the energy storage system exceeds a first predetermined amount, reducing performance of the functional system from a first operating level to a second operating level for at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the functional system includes at least one of: a traction control system for controlling movement of the materials handling vehicle across a floor surface; and a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the functional system comprises a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle, the load handling assembly including a movable assembly; and reducing the performance of the functional system from the first operating level to the second operating level for at least one task comprises reducing the lift speed of the movable assembly. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the functional system includes at least two of: a traction control system for controlling movement of the materials handling vehicle across a floor surface; an auxiliary load handling assembly system for controlling at least one of tilt and sideshift of a carriage assembly of the materials handling vehicle; and a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle. 5. The method of claim 1, comprising: after the performance of the functional system has been reduced from the first operating level to the second operating level, continuing to monitor the current delivered by the energy storage system. 6. The method of claim 5, comprising: upon the current delivered by the energy storage system dropping below a second predetermined amount, increasing the performance of the functional system back to the first operating level. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second predetermined amount is less than the first predetermined amount. 8. The method of claim 5, comprising: when the current does not drop below a second predetermined amount within a predefined time period, further reducing performance of the functional system from the second operating level to a third operating level for at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising: storing, in a storage medium, a respective plurality of current values representative of the current delivered by the energy storage system over each of a first time period and a second time period. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein each of the respective plurality of current values represent a root mean square (RMS) current calculation. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy storage system comprises a battery. 12. A device for controlling a functional system of a materials handling vehicle comprising: a current sensor for monitoring a current delivered by an energy storage system for powering the functional system; and a current limiter for reducing performance of the functional system from a first operating level to a second operating level for at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system, when the current delivered by the energy storage system exceeds a first predetermined amount. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the functional system includes at least one of: a traction control system for controlling movement of the materials handling vehicle across a floor surface; and a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein: the functional system comprises a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle, the load handling assembly including a movable assembly; and reducing the performance of the functional system from the first operating level to the second operating level for at least one task comprises reducing the lift speed of the movable assembly. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the functional system includes at least two of: a traction control system for controlling movement of the materials handling vehicle across a floor surface; an auxiliary load handling assembly system for controlling at least one of tilt and sideshift of a carriage assembly of the materials handling vehicle; and a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle. 16. The device of claim 12, wherein the current monitor continues to monitor the current delivered by the energy storage system after the performance of the functional system has been reduced from the first operating level to the second operating level. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the current limiter increases the performance of the functional system back to the first operating level upon the current delivered by the energy storage system dropping below a second predetermined amount. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the second predetermined amount is less than the first predetermined amount. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein when the current does not drop below a second predetermined amount within a predefined time period, the current limiter further reduces performance of the functional system from the second operating level to a third operating level for the at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system. 20. The device of claim 12, comprising: a non-transitory storage medium for storing a respective plurality of current values representative of the current delivered by the energy storage system over each of a first time period and a second time period. 21. The device of claim 20, wherein each of the respective plurality of current values represent a root mean square (RMS) current calculation. 22. The device of claim 12, wherein the energy storage system comprises a battery. 23. A method of estimating a period of time comprising: periodically sensing a respective temperature of each of a plurality of components of an industrial vehicle while the vehicle is powered on; from among the most recently sensed respective temperatures, storing the maximum respective temperature; from among the most recently sensed respective temperatures, storing the minimum respective temperature; detecting that the vehicle is powered on from a powered off condition; sensing a new respective temperature of each of the plurality of components; from among the new respective temperatures, determining a maximum new respective temperature; and estimating a period of time the vehicle was in the powered off condition based on the stored maximum respective temperature and the maximum new respective temperature. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein estimating the period of time is based on a difference between the stored maximum respective temperature and the maximum new respective temperature. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein estimating the period of time is based on the stored minimum respective temperature. 26. A method for controlling a functional system of a materials handling vehicle comprising: monitoring a current delivered by an energy storage system for powering the functional system, the energy storage system comprising a battery; and when the current delivered by the energy storage system exceeds a first predetermined amount, reducing performance of the functional system from a first operating level to a second operating level for at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the functional system includes at least one of: a traction control system for controlling movement of the materials handling vehicle across a floor surface; and a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein: the functional system comprises a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle, the load handling assembly including a movable assembly; and reducing the performance of the functional system from the first operating level to the second operating level for at least one task comprises reducing the lift speed of the movable assembly. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the functional system includes at least two of: a traction control system for controlling movement of the materials handling vehicle across a floor surface; an auxiliary load handling assembly system for controlling at least one of tilt and sideshift of a carriage assembly of the materials handling vehicle; and a load handling assembly for manipulating a load carried by the materials handling vehicle. 30. The method of claim 26, comprising: after the performance of the functional system has been reduced from the first operating level to the second operating level, continuing to monitor the current delivered by the energy storage system. 31. The method of claim 30, comprising: upon the current delivered by the energy storage system dropping below a second predetermined amount, increasing the performance of the functional system back to the first operating level. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the second predetermined amount is less than the first predetermined amount. 33. The method of claim 30, comprising: when the current does not drop below a second predetermined amount within a predefined time period, further reducing performance of the functional system from the second operating level to a third operating level for at least one task of the functional system to attempt to reduce the current delivered by the energy storage system. 34. The method of claim 26, comprising: storing, in a storage medium, a respective plurality of current values representative of the current delivered by the energy storage system over each of a first time period and a second time period. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein each of the respective plurality of current values represent a root mean square (RMS) current calculation.",
-    "A foldable ladder cart including a main shaft, an upper loading board, a lower loading board, an upper brace, and a lower brace is provided. The upper loading board is connected to the main shaft, and is pivotally movable between a first and a second position. The lower loading board is connected to the main shaft, and is pivotally movable between a third and a fourth positions. The upper brace is connected to the upper loading board and the main shaft; the lower brace is connected to the main shaft and the lower loading board. When the upper and the lower braces are in supporting positions, the upper loading board and the main shaft are in the first and the third positions. When the upper and the lower braces are in folded positions, the upper loading board and the main shaft are in the second and the fourth positions. 1. A foldable picking ladder cart, comprising: a main shaft; an upper loading board pivotally connected to an end of the main shaft, wherein the upper loading board is pivotally movable between a first position and a second position relative to the main shaft; a lower loading board pivotally connected to another end of the main shaft, wherein the main shaft is pivotally movable between a third position and a fourth position relative to the lower loading board; a plurality of wheels are installed at a bottom of the lower loading board; an upper brace pivotally connected to the upper loading board and the main shaft with two ends thereof respectively, wherein the upper brace is pivotally movable between a supporting position and a folded position; when the upper brace is in the supporting position, the upper loading board is in the first position; when the upper brace is in the folded position, the upper loading board is in the second position; and a lower brace pivotally connected to the main shaft and the lower loading board with two ends thereof respectively, wherein the lower brace is pivotally movable between a supporting position and a folded position; when the lower brace is in the supporting position, the main shaft is in the third position; when the lower brace is in the folded position, the main shaft is in the fourth position. 2. The foldable picking ladder cart of claim 1, wherein either of the upper brace and the lower brace comprises two supports respectively, and the two supports are pivotally connected to each other; when the upper brace or the lower brace is in the supporting position, the two supports thereof are arranged in a straight line with a straight angle formed between the two supports; when the upper brace or the lower brace is in the folded position, the two supports thereof overlap; one of the two supports of either of the upper brace and the lower brace has an engaging portion which engages the other support when the two supports are arranged in a straight line. 3. The foldable picking ladder cart of claim 2, wherein the support which has the engaging portion has a stop piece protruding toward the other support, and the engaging portion is formed on the stop piece; the other support pivotally connected to said support has a recession thereon; when the two supports are arranged in a straight line, the stop piece is fitted into the recession, and the engaging portion engages an outer surface of the other support. 4. The foldable picking ladder cart of claim 2, further comprising two positioning pins, wherein for either of the upper brace and the lower brace, one of positioning pins is provided at where the supports connected to each other; the two supports of either of the upper brace and the lower brace have a positioning bore respectively; for either of the upper brace and the lower brace, the positioning bore of one of the supports corresponds to the positioning bore of the other one of the supports; the positioning pin is detachably inserted into the corresponding two positioning bores to keep the two supports being arranged in a straight line. 5. The foldable picking ladder cart of claim 4, further comprising a positioning base, a confining member, and a spring respectively for either of the upper brace and the lower brace; the positioning base has a hollow portion therein, and is fixed to one of the two supports with one end thereof, wherein the hollow portion aligns with the positioning bore of the relevant support; the positioning pin has a body and a head connected to each other, wherein the body is inserted into the hollow portion of the positioning base and the positioning bore of the other support, and the head abuts against another end of the positioning base; the confining member is fixed to the body of the positioning pin; the spring abuts against the confining member and a protruding ring of the positioning base with two ends thereof respectively, wherein the protruding ring is formed on an inner surface of the positioning base; the spring applies an elastic force to the positioning pin to keep the body of the positioning pin staying in the positioning bore of the other support; the two supports are pivotally movable toward each other if the positioning pin is pulled against the elastic force to leave the positioning bore of the other support. 6. The foldable picking ladder cart of claim 1, further comprising a ladder connected to the main shaft, wherein the ladder comprises a plurality of steps arranged at intervals. 7. The foldable picking ladder cart of claim 1, further comprising a handle, wherein the handle is connected to the main shaft with an end thereof.",
-    "An assembly includes a right-angled coaxial connector, a first coaxial cable and a second coaxial cable. The right-angled coaxial connector includes a first component and a second component connected to a first coaxial cable and a second coaxial cable respectively. The inner conductor and the outer conductor of the first coaxial cable and the first inner conductor and the first outer conductor of the first component, the inner conductor and the outer conductor of the second coaxial cable and the second inner conductor and the second outer conductor of the second component, as well as the first inner conductor and the first outer conductor of the first component and the second inner conductor and the second outer conductor of the second component are permanently connected in a single welding procedure through a first soldering element, a second soldering element and a third soldering element, respectively. 1. An assembly comprising a right-angled coaxial connector, a first coaxial cable and a second coaxial cable, and the right-angled coaxial connector comprising: a first component provided with a first length direction and a first end along the first length direction, the first component being further provided with a first inner conductor and a first outer conductor, and the ends of the first inner conductor and the first outer conductor that are distal to the first end being electrically connected with an inner conductor and an outer conductor of the first coaxial cable respectively through a first soldering element; a second component provided with a second length direction substantially perpendicular to the first length direction and a second end along the second length direction, the second component being further provided with a second inner conductor and a second outer conductor, and the ends of the second inner conductor and the second outer conductor that are distal to the second end being electrically connected with an inner conductor and an outer conductor of the second coaxial cable respectively through a second soldering element; wherein, the first end is provided with a receiving portion substantially surrounding a second end of the first inner conductor, and the receiving portion is provided with a first surface substantially surrounding the second end of the first inner conductor and substantially perpendicular to the end of the first inner conductor and a first side wall perpendicularly extending from the first surface towards the second component; wherein, the second component is provided with a projecting portion substantially surrounding a second end of the second inner conductor, and the projecting portion comprises a second side wall extending parallel to the second inner conductor; wherein, an outer surface of the second side wall is in interference fit with an inner surface of the first side wall; wherein, a third soldering element is further arranged between an end face of the second side wall and the first surface; and wherein, an inner conductor and an outer conductor of the first coaxial cable and the first inner conductor and the first outer conductor, an inner conductor and an outer conductor of the second coaxial cable and the second inner conductor and the second outer conductor, as well as the first inner conductor and the first outer conductor of the first component and the second inner conductor and the second outer conductor of the second component are permanently connected in a single welding procedure through the first soldering element, the second soldering element and the third soldering element, respectively. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, the first, second and third soldering elements are melted by a high frequency welding machine, and then are cured, so as to permanently connect the first component and the second component as well as the first coaxial cable and the second coaxial cable. 3. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, the projecting portion comprises an insulating sleeve arranged between the second side wall and the second inner conductor, and the insulating sleeve abuts against the first surface so as to prevent the melted third soldering element from flowing towards the second inner conductor. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, the first surface is provided with a recess at a position adjacent to the first side wall, and the third soldering element is arranged in the recess. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, a recess is arranged on the end face of the second side wall, and the third soldering element is arranged in the recess. 6. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, the receiving portion and the projecting portion are sized in such a manner that the third soldering element is fixedly clamped between the end face of the second side wall and the first surface when the first side wall is in interference fit with the second side wall. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, at least one ventilation groove in communication with the outside of the right-angled coaxial connector is arranged on at least one of the inner surface of the first side wall and the outer surface of the second side wall. 8. The assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that, at least two ventilation grooves in communication with the outside of the right-angled coaxial connector are arranged on at least one of the inner surface of the first side wall and the outer surface of the second side wall, and the at least two ventilation grooves are uniformly distributed around the second inner conductor. 9. A method for manufacturing an assembly comprising a right-angled coaxial connector, a first coaxial cable and a second coaxial cable, the right-angled coaxial connector comprising a first component and a second component, characterized in that, the method comprising: providing the first component with a first length direction and a first end along the first length direction, the first component being further provided with a first inner conductor and a first outer conductor; providing the first coaxial cable and a first soldering element, an inner conductor and an outer conductor of the first coaxial cable abutting the ends of the first inner conductor and the first outer conductor that are distal to the first end respectively, and the first soldering element being located between the first coaxial cable and the first component; providing the second component provided with a second length direction substantially perpendicular to the first length direction and a second end along the second length direction, the second component being further provided with a second inner conductor and a second outer conductor; providing the second coaxial cable and a second soldering element, an inner conductor and an outer conductor of the second coaxial cable abutting the ends of the second inner conductor and the second outer conductor that are distal to the second end, and the second soldering element being located between the second coaxial cable and the second component; and providing a third soldering element, the third soldering element being located between the first component and the second component; wherein, the first end is provided with a receiving portion substantially surrounding one end of the first inner conductor, and the receiving portion is provided with a first surface substantially surrounding the one end of the first inner conductor and substantially perpendicular to the one end of the first inner conductor and a first side wall perpendicularly extending from the first surface towards the second component; wherein, the second component is provided with a projecting portion substantially surrounding one end of the second inner conductor, and the projecting portion comprises a second side wall extending parallel to the second inner conductor; and the method further comprises: arranging the third soldering element on the end face of the second side wall and/or on the first surface; inserting the projecting portion into the receiving portion so as to form an interference fit between the outer surface of the second side wall and the inner surface of the first side wall, so that the second side wall and the first side wall can be mutually fixed by the interference fit only, and the third soldering element is arranged between the end face of the second side wall and the first surface; and simultaneously heating the first, second and third soldering elements to melt the first, second and third soldering elements, and then curing the first, second and third soldering elements so as to permanently connect the first component, the second component, the first coaxial cable and the second coaxial cable. 10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, the first, second and third soldering elements are melted by the high frequency induction heating. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, further comprising providing an insulating sleeve before inserting the projecting portion into the receiving portion, the insulating sleeve being arranged between the second side wall and the second inner conductor, and after the projecting portion is inserted into the receiving portion, the insulating sleeve abuts against the first surface so as to prevent the melted third soldering element from flowing towards the second inner conductor. 12. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, further comprising: before inserting the projecting portion into the receiving portion, forming on the first surface a recess for accommodating the third soldering element at a position adjacent to the first side wall. 13. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, further comprising: before inserting the projecting portion into the receiving portion, forming on the end face of the second side wall a recess for accommodating the third soldering element. 14. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, further comprising setting the sizes of the receiving portion and the projecting portion in such a manner that the third soldering element is fixedly clamped between the end face of the second side wall and the first surface when the first side wall is in interference fit with the second side wall. 15. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, further comprising: before inserting the projecting portion into the receiving portion, forming, on at least one of the inner surface of the first side wall and the outer surface of the second side wall, at least one ventilation groove in communication with the outside of the right-angled coaxial connector, for discharging gas generated when melting the third soldering element. 16. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, further comprising: before inserting the projecting portion into the receiving portion, forming, on at least one of the inner surface of the first side wall and the outer surface of the second side wall, at least two ventilation grooves in communication with the outside of the right-angled coaxial connector, wherein, the at least two ventilation grooves are uniformly distributed around the second inner conductor. 17. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, the first, second and third soldering elements are in the forms of soldering element rings, soldering element wires or soldering element agents. 18. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, the first, second and third soldering elements are heated for about 10 seconds by means of the high frequency induction heating so as to melt the first, second and third soldering elements. 19. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, the first, second and third soldering elements are heated to about 400 \u00b0 C. so as to melt the first, second and third soldering elements.",
-    "A system for capturing aerial images, the system comprising four steerable detail camera modules, each steerable detail camera module comprising a detail camera and a beam-steering mechanism in an optical path of the detail camera module whereby the pointing direction of the detail camera is time-multiplexed to provide a wider effective field of view, the beam-steering mechanism comprising a first steerable mirror. 1. A system for capturing aerial images, the system comprising four steerable detail camera modules, each steerable detail camera module comprising a detail camera and a beam-steering mechanism in an optical path of the detail camera module whereby the pointing direction of the detail camera is time-multiplexed to provide a wider effective field of view, the beam-steering mechanism comprising a first steerable mirror. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first steerable mirror is adapted to tilt with respect to an optical axis of the detail camera module to effect beam steering. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first steerable mirror is tilted with respect to an optical axis of the detail camera module, the first steerable mirror adapted to spin about the optical axis to effect beam steering. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the steering axes of the steerable camera modules are angularly distributed approximately 90 degrees apart, and at least one steering axis is angled at approximately 45 degrees to the direction of flight. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the steering axes of at least two of the steerable detail camera modules are substantially parallel. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the wider effective field of view provided by each steerable detail camera module is asymmetric about a vertical pointing direction. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the wider effective fields of view provided by at least two of the steerable detail camera modules together form a still wider effective field of view that is symmetric about a vertical pointing direction. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is attachable, above a camera hole, to at least one of: a floor of an aircraft and a floor of a pod carried by an aircraft, thereby providing the at least one detail camera with a view of the ground below the aircraft through the camera hole. 9. The system of claim 1, the system comprising at least one overview camera, the focal length of the overview camera shorter than the focal length of the detail camera. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the detail camera has a lens selected from the group comprising: a dioptric lens, a catoptric lens, and a catadioptric lens. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the first steerable mirror is stationary during an exposure period of the detail camera. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the first steerable mirror has a non-zero angular velocity during an exposure period of the detail camera, and the steerable detail camera module comprises a second steerable mirror in the optical path configured to correct the effect, on the detail camera, of the angular velocity of the first steerable mirror during the exposure period, thereby to ensure the detail camera points in a consistent direction during the exposure period. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the angular velocity of the second steerable mirror is sinusoidal, and the average angular velocity of the second steerable mirror is equal to the average angular velocity of the first steerable mirror during the exposure period. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the angular velocity of the second steerable mirror is constant during the exposure period. 15. The system of claim 1 further comprising at least one angular motion compensation (AMC) unit, the at least one AMC unit configured to correct the effect, on the detail camera, of angular motion of the aircraft, thereby to ensure the detail camera points in a consistent direction over time. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein AMC is provided via a steerable mirror in the optical path. 17. The system of claim 1 further comprising at least one forward motion compensation (FMC) mechanism, the at least one FMC mechanism configured to correct the effect, on the detail camera, of forward motion of the aircraft, thereby to reduce motion blur in photos captured by the detail camera. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein FMC is provided via a steerable mirror in the optical path. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein FMC is provided via time delayed integration of adjacent lines of pixels in an image sensor of the detail camera. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein FMC is provided by moving an image sensor of the detail camera.",
-    "The invention relates to low-viscosity formulations of radiation-curable compounds, to processes for preparing them, to their use, and to inks, printing-inks, and print varnishes that comprise them. 1-14. (canceled) 15. A formulation of an incorporable photoinitiator, comprising: a polyurethane A, 0.5% to 4% by weight of water, based on an amount of the polyurethane A, and optionally a polyfunctional polymerization compound B, wherein the polyurethane A comprises, in reacted form: (a) an organic polyisocyanate comprising an allophanate group and having an NCO functionality of at least 2, synthesized from an aliphatic C4 to C20 alkylene diisocyanate, (b) a compound having at least one isocyanate-reactive group and at least one radically polymerizable unsaturated group, (c) a photoinitiator having at least one isocyanate-reactive group, (d) optionally a further diisocyanate, polyisocyanate, or both, which is different from (a), (e) optionally a compound having at least two isocyanate-reactive groups, and (f) optionally a compound having precisely one isocyanate-reactive group. 16. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the photoinitiator having at least one isocyanate-reactive group (c) is represented by a member selected from the group consisting of wherein R3, R4, and R5 each independently of one another are hydrogen, an alkyl group comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an alkyloxy group comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms, p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10, Yi for i=1 to p independently of one another are selected from the group consisting of \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014C(CH3)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHVin-O\u2014, \u2014CHVin-CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHPh-O\u2014, and \u2014CHPh-CH2\u2014O, Ph is phenyl, and Vin is vinyl. 17. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the photoinitiator having at least one isocyanate-reactive group (c) is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1-one, 2-hydroxy-1-{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)benzyl]phenyl}-2-methylpropan-1-one, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-[hydroxy[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl)phenyl]methyl]phenyl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one, [4-[3-(4-benzoylphenoxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy]phenyl]phenylmethanone, benzoin, benzoin isobutyl ether, benzoin tetrahydropyranyl ether, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin butyl ether, benzoin isopropyl ether, 7H-benzoin methyl ether, 2-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylacetophenone, and 1-hydroxyacetophenone. 18. An ink, printing-ink or print varnish, comprising: the formulation of claim 15, the polyfunctional polymerizable compound B, optionally a pigment, optionally a further photoinitiator, and optionally an additive. 19. The ink, printing-ink or print varnish of claim 18, comprising the further photoinitiator, which is selected from the group consisting of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-4\u2032-morpholinobutyrophenone, 2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-(p-tolylmethyl)butan-1-one, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-[[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl)phenyl]methyl]phenyl]-2-methylpropan-1-one, a polymeric benzophenone derivative, a polymeric thioxanthone derivative, a polymeric \u03b1-amino ketone, and a silsesquioxane compound having at least one initiating group. 20. A method of printing on a material selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, paper, paperboard, cardboard, plastics-coated paper, plastics-coated paperboard, plastics-coated cardboard, aluminum, and an aluminum-coated polymeric films, the method comprising contacting the ink, printing-ink or print varnish of claim 18 with the material. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the material is a food packaging, a cosmetic packaging material, or a pharmaceutical packaging material.",
-    "A radio communication station in a radio communication system having a plurality of radio communication devices, derives a quantization parameter from control indications received from respective radio communication devices and transmits the quantization parameter to the radio communication devices on at least one downlink channel. The radio communication devices receive the quantization parameter, determine respective channel state metrics for the downlink channel, respectively quantize the determined respective channel state metrics by applying quantization ranges indicated by the quantization parameter, determine respective control indications indicative of the respective quantized channel state metrics, and transmit to the radio communication station respective signals indicating the determined respective control indications as respective random access transmissions on an uplink channel. 1. A method of operating a radio communication station in a radio communication system having a plurality of radio communication devices, the method comprising: receiving respective control indications in signals on a random access channel from the plurality of radio communication devices; deriving a characteristic of the radio communication system from the received respective control indications; deriving a quantization parameter depending on the characteristic; and transmitting the quantization parameter to the plurality of radio communication devices for use in subsequent respective quantizations of respective channel state metrics. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective control indications in the signals received on the random access channel indicate respective channel state metrics quantized with a previous quantization parameter. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective control indications in the signals received on the random access channel indicate respective quantized channel state metrics of respective radio communication devices. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein deriving a characteristic of the radio communication system, comprises deriving the control indications from the signals received on the random access channel. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein deriving the quantization parameter depending on a characteristic of the radio communication system, comprises deriving the quantization parameter depending on the control indications. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein deriving the quantization parameter is dependent on the frequency of occurrence of different control indications. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the quantization parameter is adjusted to reduce the frequency of occurrence of the most frequently occurring control indications. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein different sets of control indications are indicated by different time resource, and/or different frequency resource slots, in random access transmissions from the at least one radio control device to the radio communication station. 9. The method of claim 31, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of a threshold. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of quantization ranges at least some of which have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges, and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges. 11. A method of operating a radio communication device in a radio communication system having a radio communication station, the method comprising: receiving from the radio communication station a quantization parameter indicating quantization ranges; determining a channel state metric; quantizing the determined channel state metric by applying the quantization ranges indicated by the quantization parameter; determining a control indication that indicates the quantized channel state metric; and transmitting a signal conveying the determined control indication as a random access transmission to the radio communication station. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the determined control indication conveyed by the transmitted signal is indicative of the channel state metric quantized into ranges using the quantization parameter. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the received quantization parameter is previously derived by a radio communication station depending on the frequency of occurrence of different previous control indications from different respective radio communication devices, and wherein the received quantization parameter is previously adjusted by the radio communication station to reduce the frequency of occurrence of the most frequently occurring values of the control indications, and wherein the radio communication station transmits the quantization parameter to the radio communication device. 14. A method of claim 11, wherein different respective control indications of different respective radio communication devices are conveyed by different respective signals transmitted on a random access channel using different respective time resource and/or frequency resource slots to the radio communication station. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of a threshold, and comprising the act of: if the value of the channel state metric for a radio communication device falls above the threshold, transmitting the signal conveying the control indication in a first time and/or frequency resource slot; and if the value of the channel state metric for a radio communication device falls below the threshold, transmitting the signal conveying the control indication in a different second time and/or frequency resource slot. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the quantization ranges of the quantization parameter have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges, and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the channel state metric is indicative of one or more of the group of: channel quality indicator for a received signal; channel transfer function; channel quality indicators for more than one frequency or frequency band; channel quality indicators for more than one antenna; average value of channel quality indicators for more than one antenna; difference between channel quality indicators for more than one antenna; location of the radio communication device; angle of a receive path; requested data rate; receivable data rate; path loss; signal to noise ratio; and signal to interference ratio. 18. A method of operating a communication system having a radio communication station and a plurality of radio communication devices, comprising the acts of: the system deriving a quantization parameter indicating quantization ranges, the quantization parameter being derived from previous control indications dependent on a previous quantization parameter; the system determining channel state metrics of respective radio communication devices; the system quantizing the determined respective channel state metrics by applying quantization ranges indicated by the quantization parameter to produce respective quantized channel state metrics of respective radio communication devices; the system determining respective control indication indicative of the respective quantized channel state metrics of respective radio communication devices; and the respective radio communication devices transmitting respective signals as respective random access transmissions on a random access channel to the radio communication station, the respective random access transmissions conveying the respective control indications. 19. The method of claim 18 comprising: the radio communications station receiving respective signals as respective random access transmissions on a random access channel from the respective radio communication devices, the respective signals indicating respective control indications indicating respective channel metrics quantized with the quantization parameter; the radio communications station deriving the respective control indications from the respective signals received on the random access channel from respective radio communication devices; the radio communications station deriving the quantization parameter depending on previous respective control indications and depending on the frequency of occurrence of the previous respective control indications, and deriving the previous respective control indications from previous respective signals from respective radio communications devices; and the radio communications station adjusting the quantization parameter to reduce the frequency of occurrence of the most frequently occurring control indications. 20. A radio communication station for use in a radio communication system having a plurality of radio communication devices, comprising: means configured to derive a quantization parameter; and means configured to transmit the quantization parameter to the radio communication devices for subsequent quantization of respective channel state metrics of respective radio communications devices. 21. The radio communication station of claim 20, comprising: means configured to receive signals on a random access channel from the plurality of radio communication devices; and means for deriving control indications from the signals. 22. The radio communication station of claim 21, comprising means configured to derive a characteristic of the radio communication system from the control indications conveyed by the received signals; and wherein deriving the quantization parameter depends on the characteristic. 23. The radio communication station of claim 22, wherein the respective signals received on the random access channel convey respective control indications of quantized respective channel state metrics of respective radio communication devices. 24. A radio communication station of claim 23, comprising means configured to derive the respective control indications from the respective signals received on the random access channel from respective radio communication devices. 25. A radio communication station of claim 24, wherein deriving the quantization parameter depends on the control indications. 26. A radio communication station of claim 25, wherein deriving the quantization parameter depends on the frequency of occurrence of different control indications. 27. A radio communication station of claim 26, comprising means configured to repeatedly adjust the quantization parameter to reduce the frequency of occurrence of the most frequently occurring control indications. 28. The radio communication station of claim 25, comprising means configured to determine different sets of control indications from different time and/or frequency resource slots. 29. The radio communication station of claim 20, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of a threshold. 30. The radio communication station of claim 20, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of quantization ranges at least some of which have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges, and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges. 31. A radio communication system having a radio communication station and a plurality of radio communication devices, comprising: derivation means configured to derive a quantization parameter having quantization ranges; parameter transmission means configured to transmit the quantization parameter to respective radio communication devices; determination means configured to determine respective channel state metrics of respective radio communication devices; quantization means configured to quantize respective determined channel state metrics by applying the quantization ranges indicated by the quantization parameter; data determination means configured to determine respective control indications indicative of respective quantized channel state metrics; and transmission means configured to transmit respective signals indicating the respective determined control indications from the respective radio communication devices as respective random access transmissions to the radio communication station. 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the quantization parameter is derived depending on a characteristic of the radio communication system. 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the characteristic of the radio communication system is derived from signals received on a random access channel from a plurality of radio communication devices. 34. The system of claim 33, wherein the respective signals received on the random access channel indicate respective control indications indicative of a quantized respective channel state metric of respective radio communication devices, and wherein the system comprises means configured to derive the control indications from the signals received on the random access channel, and wherein deriving the quantization parameter depending on a characteristic of the radio communication system comprises deriving the quantization parameter depending on the control indications. 35. A method of operating a radio communication station in a radio communication system having a plurality of radio communication devices, the method comprising: deriving a quantization parameter depending on the frequency of occurrence of different control indications, the deriving includes adjusting the quantization parameter to reduce the frequency of occurrence of the most frequently occurring control indications; transmitting the quantization parameter to the radio communication devices for use in subsequent quantization of a channel state metric; and receiving signals as random access transmissions from the plurality of radio communication devices, the signals indicating control indications indicative of a channel metric quantized with the quantization parameter. 36. The method of claim 35, comprising deriving the control indications from the signals. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein different sets of control indications are indicated by different time and/or frequency resource slots to the radio communication station. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of a threshold. 39. The method of claim 35, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of quantization ranges at least some of which have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges. 40. A tangible computer-readable storage medium, that is not a transitive propagating signal or wave, encoded with modules of instructions and control data, for performing a method of operating a radio communication station in a radio communication system having a plurality of radio communication devices, the method comprising: receiving respective signals on a random access channel from the plurality of radio communication devices; deriving a characteristic of the radio communication system from the received respective signals; deriving a quantization parameter depending on the characteristic; and transmitting the quantization parameter to the plurality of radio communication devices for subsequent respective quantizations of respective channel state metrics. 41. A tangible computer-readable storage medium, that is not a transitive propagating signal or wave, encoded with modules of instructions and control data, for performing a method of operating a radio communication device in a radio communication system having a radio communication station, the method comprising: receiving a quantization parameter from the radio communication station; determining a channel state metric; quantizing the determined channel state metric by applying quantization ranges indicated by the quantization parameter; determining a control indication indicative of the quantized channel state metric; and transmitting a signal indicating the determined control indication as a random access transmission to the radio communication station. 42. The method of claim 18, of operating a radio communication system, wherein the received signals convey data values indicative of a channel metric quantized using a previous quantization parameter. 43. The method of claim 18, of operating a radio communication system, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to reduce the probability of collisions between transmissions of the radio communication devices. 44. The method of claim 18, of operating a radio communication system, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to indicate a plurality of quantization ranges. 45. The method of claim 11, of operating a radio communication device, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to reduce the probability of collisions between transmissions of the radio communication devices. 46. The method of claim 11, of operating a radio communication device, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to indicate a plurality of quantization ranges. 47. The method of claim 18, of operating a communication system, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to reduce the probability of collisions between transmissions of the radio communication devices. 48. The method of claim 18, of operating a communication system, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to indicate a plurality of quantization ranges. 49. The method of claim 18, of operating a communication system, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of quantization ranges at least some of which have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges. 50. The radio communication station of claim 20, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to reduce the probability of collisions between transmissions of the radio communication devices. 51. The radio communication station of claim 20, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to indicate a plurality of quantization ranges. 52. The radio communication station of claim 20, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of quantization ranges at least some of which have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges. 53. The method of claim 35 of operating a radio communication station, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to reduce the probability of collisions between transmissions of the radio communication devices. 54. The method of claim 35 of operating a radio communication station, wherein the radio communication station derives the quantization parameter to indicate a plurality of quantization ranges. 55. The method of claim 35, of operating a radio communication station, wherein the quantization parameter is indicative of quantization ranges at least some of which have unequal width to provide a more uniform distribution than equally spaced ranges and a substantially uniform distribution of data bits in the ranges.",
-    "A microphone device includes an audio signal output circuit that balanced-outputs, through a balanced transmission line, an audio signal output from a condenser microphone unit, a balanced output terminal including a hot terminal, a cold terminal, and a ground terminal connected to the balanced transmission line, a power supply circuit that supplies a phantom power supply to the audio output circuit from the balanced output terminal through the balanced transmission line, and a display circuit including light emitting elements that perform lighting and non-lighting according to an operation of a manual switch, and the display circuit includes constant current elements that generate a constant current through the balanced transmission line, a constant voltage element connected to the constant current elements and which generates a constant voltage, and light emitting elements connected to the constant current elements, and to which the constant voltage by the constant voltage element is applied. 1. A microphone device including light emitting elements, comprising: a condenser microphone unit; an audio output circuit configured to balanced-output, through a balanced transmission line, an audio signal output from the condenser microphone unit; a balanced output terminal including a hot terminal, a cold terminal, and a ground terminal connected to the balanced transmission line; a power supply circuit configured to supply a phantom power supply to the audio output circuit from the balanced output terminal through the balanced transmission line; a manual switch; and a display circuit including the light emitting elements that perform lighting and non-lighting according to an operation of the manual switch, wherein the display circuit includes constant current elements that generate a constant current through the balanced transmission line, a constant voltage element that is connected to the constant current elements and generates a constant voltage, and the light emitting elements connected to the constant current elements, and to which the constant voltage by the constant voltage element is applied. 2. The microphone device including light emitting elements according to claim 1, wherein the constant current elements are constant current diodes with one ends respectively connected to the hot terminal and the cold terminal, and the other ends commonly connected, and the light emitting elements and the constant voltage element are connected in parallel to a side of the commonly connected ends. 3. The microphone device including light emitting elements according to claim 1, wherein the display circuit includes a transistor that is ON/OFF driven according to an operation of the manual switch, and the light emitting elements are connected to the transistor in series. 4. The microphone device including light emitting elements according to claim 2, wherein the other ends of the commonly connected end of the constant current elements and the constant voltage element are both connected to the ground terminal. 5. The microphone device including light emitting elements according to claim 3, wherein the constant voltage element is connected in parallel to the series circuit of the transistor and the light emitting elements. 6. The microphone device including light emitting elements according to claim 2, wherein the light emitting elements are a plurality of LEDs connected in series.",
-    "An elliptical exercise device has a frame and guide link pivotally attached thereto. A foot support link is pivotally connected to a lower attachment point of each guide link so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, foot receiving areas of the foot support links move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion. A cam drive has cams supported for rotation about an axis of rotation and pivoting arms each engaging one of the cams such that rotation of the cams causes movement of the pivoting arms. Flexible elements couple the foot support links to the pivoting arms such that rotation of the cams moves the foot receiving areas of the respective foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion. A crank and horizontal control links control pivoting of the guide links. 1. An elliptical exercise device comprising: a frame configured to be supported on a horizontal surface, the frame having a first pivot axis defined thereon, the frame further having a forward portion forward of the first pivot axis and a rearward portion rearward of the first pivot axis; a first and a second guide link each having a first and a second attachment point defined thereon, each guide link being pivotally attached, through its first attachment point, to the frame at the first pivot axis thereof, each of the guide links having a guide length defined between the first and second attachment point; a first and a second foot support link each having a foot receiving area configured to support a user's foot thereupon, each foot support link being pivotally connected to the second attachment point of a respective one of the guide links so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, they each cause the respective foot receiving area to move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion, each foot support link further having a coupling point rearward of the respective pivotal connection to the respective guide link; a cam drive having a first and second cam supported for rotation about an axis of rotation and a first and a second pivoting arm engaging the respective first and second cams such that rotation of the cams causes movement of the pivoting arms; a first and a second vertical control guide disposed on the rearward portion of the frame, spaced from the first pivot axis; a first and a second flexible element each coupling a respective one of the foot support links to a respective one of the pivoting arms of the cam drive, each flexible element having a first end connected to a respective one of the pivoting arms, a second end connected to the coupling point on the respective foot support link, and a midportion extending over a respective one of the vertical control guides on the frame such that rotation of the cams moves the foot receiving areas of the foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion; each of the flexible couplings having a foot support portion extending between the coupling point on the respective foot support link and the respective vertical guide on the frame, the foot support portion being generally parallel to the respective guide link throughout the motion of the device, the foot support portion further having a length that is similar to the guide length when the respective foot support link is at a midpoint of vertical travel; and the respective first attachment point, second attachment point, guide on the frame and coupling point on the foot support portion generally define a parallelogram when the respective foot support link is at the midpoint of vertical travel; a crank supported for rotation about an axis of rotation; and a first and a second horizontal control link each having a first end connected to the crank and a second end connected to a respective one of the guide links such that as the crank rotates, the horizontal control links pivot the guide links about the first pivot axis, thereby moving the foot receiving areas of the foot support links in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion, movement of each foot receiving area in the path of travel having a horizontal component of motion being generally out of phase with the movement in the path of travel having a vertical component of motion such that when the horizontal component of motion of each foot receiving area is at its forwardmost or rearwardmost limit, the vertical component of motion of the same foot receiving area is approximately midway between its uppermost and lowermost limit; whereby the foot receiving area of each foot support link moves in a generally elliptical path when the cam portion rotates about the cam axis. 2. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vertical control guides are spaced from the first pivot axis by a distance of a 6 or more inches. 3. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of the cams has a generally non-circular shape. 4. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the pivoting arms each have a pivot end, an opposite control end, and a midportion therebetween, the pivot arms each further having a follower connected to the midportion, each follower contacting an outer surface of a respective one of the cams, the first end of each of the flexible elements being connected to the control end of the respective one of the pivoting arms. 5. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 4, wherein each pivoting arm is generally horizontal with the pivot end being forward of the control end, each flexible element extending generally vertically from the control end of the respective pivoting arm 6. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 5, further having a first and second forward pulley and a first and second lower pulley, each flexible element extending downwardly from the first end, wrapping under the respective lower pulley, extending upwardly and wrapping over the forward pulley, and extending rearwardly to the respective vertical control guide. 7. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 4, wherein each pivoting arm is generally vertical with the pivot end being lower than the control end, each flexible element extending generally horizontally and rearwardly from the control end of the respective pivoting arm. 8. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the horizontal control links are each adjustably connected to the crank or the respective guide link so as to adjust the range of horizontal motion. 9. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the guide links further comprise hand portions extending upwardly from the first attachment point. 10. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein: a forward end of each foot support link is pivotally interconnected with the second attachment point of the respective guide link and a rearward end of each foot support link defines the foot receiving area; and the coupling point on each foot support link being defined between the forward and rearward ends. 11. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein each vertical control guide comprises a pulley rotationally mounted on the frame 12. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, further comprising an adjustment mechanism for adjusting a range of vertical travel, the adjustment mechanism comprising a first sliding collar coupled to the first pivoting arm and a second sliding collar coupled to the second pivoting arm, the first end of each of the flexible elements being coupled to the sliding collar of the respective pivoting arm, the adjustment mechanism further comprising an actuator operable to move the sliding collars on the pivoting arms. 13. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the flexible element are cables. 14. An elliptical exercise device comprising: a frame configured to be supported on a horizontal surface, the frame having a first pivot axis defined thereon, the frame further having a forward portion forward of the first pivot axis and a rearward portion rearward of the first pivot axis; a first and a second guide link each having a first and a second attachment point defined thereon, each guide link being pivotally attached, through its first attachment point, to the frame at the first pivot axis thereof, each of the guide links having a guide length defined between the first and second attachment point; a first and a second foot support link each having a foot receiving area configured to support a user's foot thereupon, each foot support link being pivotally connected to the second attachment point of a respective one of the guide links so that when the guide links pivot relative to the frame, they each cause the respective foot receiving area to move in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion, each foot support link further having a coupling point rearward of the respective pivotal connection to the respective guide link; a cam drive having a first and second cam supported for rotation about an axis of rotation and a first and a second pivoting arm engaging the respective first and second cams such that rotation of the cams causes movement of the pivoting arms; a first and a second vertical control guide disposed on the rearward portion of the frame, the vertical control guides being spaced from the first pivot axis by a distance of 6 or more inches; a first and a second flexible element each coupling a respective one of the foot support links to a respective one of the pivoting arms of the cam drive, each flexible element having a first end connected to a respective one of the pivoting arms, a second end connected to the coupling point on the respective foot support link, and a midportion extending over a respective one of the vertical control guides on the frame such that rotation of the cams moves the foot receiving areas of the respective foot support links in a path of travel having a vertical component of motion; a crank supported for rotation about an axis of rotation; and a first and a second horizontal control link each having a first end connected to the crank and a second end connected to a respective one of the guide links such that as the crank rotates, the horizontal control links pivot the guide links about the first pivot axis, thereby moving the foot receiving areas of the foot support links in a path of travel having a horizontal component of motion, movement of each foot receiving area in the path of travel having a horizontal component of motion being generally out of phase with the movement in the path of travel having a vertical component of motion such that when the horizontal component of motion of each foot receiving area is at its forwardmost or rearwardmost limit, the vertical component of motion of the same foot receiving area is approximately midway between its uppermost and lowermost limit; whereby the foot receiving area of each foot support link moves in a generally elliptical path when the cam portion rotates about the cam axis. 15. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein each of the cams has a generally non-circular shape. 16. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein: a forward end of each foot support link is pivotally interconnected with the second attachment point of the respective guide link and a rearward end of each foot support link defines the foot receiving area; and the coupling point on each foot support link being defined between the forward and rearward ends. 17. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein the pivoting arms each have a pivot end, an opposite control end, and a midportion therebetween, the pivot arms each further having a follower connected to the midportion, each follower contacting an outer surface of a respective one of the cams, the first end of each of the flexible elements being connected to the control end of the respective one of the pivoting arms. 18. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 17, wherein each pivoting arm is generally horizontal with the pivot end being forward of the control end, each flexible element extending generally vertically from the control end of the respective pivoting arm 19. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 18, further having a first and second forward pulley and a first and second lower pulley, each flexible element extending downwardly from the first end, wrapping under the respective lower pulley, extending upwardly and wrapping over the forward pulley, and extending rearwardly to the respective vertical control guide. 20. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 17, wherein each pivoting arm is generally vertical with the pivot end being lower than the control end, each flexible element extending generally horizontally and rearwardly from the control end of the respective pivoting arm. 21. An elliptical exercise device in accordance with claim 14, wherein the flexible element are cables.",
-    "A plan apochromat corrected microscope objective including multiple subsystems with optical components and/or component groups, wherein an optical component or a component group can move axially in the interior of the microscope objective. The axially movable component or the component group includes a concave-convex lens or lens group oriented toward the object plane, with a form factor of: X = c 1 + c 2 c 1 - c 2 wherein X is the form factor, c1 is the curvature of the surface oriented in the direction of the object plane, and c2 is the curvature of the surface oriented in the direction of the image plane, of the axially movable lens or lens group, X lying within a range from \u22128<X<\u22121. 1. An arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective comprising a plurality of optical components or component groups, wherein at least one of the optical components or component groups can move axially in an interior of the microscope objective, wherein the axially movable component or the axially movable component group includes a concave-convex lens or a lens group with a form factor according to the formula: X = c 1 + c 2 c 1 - c 2 wherein X denotes the form factor, c1 is the curvature of a surface of the concave-convex lens or lens group facing an object plane, and c2 is the curvature of a surface of the concave-convex lens or lens group facing an image plane, and wherein X lies within a range from \u22128<X<\u22121. 2. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 1, wherein the concave-convex lens or lens group is arranged, proceeding from the object plane, behind a frontal group including first optical component or a component group, wherein a total focal length ffront of the frontal group relative to a focal length fobjective of the objective lies in the range of: ffront<\u22124\u00d7fobjective or ffront>4\u00d7fobjective. 3. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 1, wherein, for an axial range of travel of the concave-convex lens or lens group between 0 mm and 5 mm, the focal length f is within the range from: 3\u00d7fobjective<fShiftLens<20\u00d7fobjective. 4. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 1, wherein for a 25\u00d7/0.9 microscope objective, an immersion agent W including a sodium chloride solution, a focal range of 200 \u03bcm, a numerical aperture of 0.9, a magnification factor \u03b2 with a 25\u00d7 larger image, a field number of 18, and wherein r1 to r22 are the curvature radii of the optical components in mm, D is the thickness in mm, LA1 to LA6 are the air spaces between the optical components in mm, ne is the refractive index, and ve is the Abbe coefficient, the following design data characterizing the arrangement: Size Curvature Air space D, Refractive Abbe Lens No. radius r [mm] LA [mm] index ne coefficient ve Sample, cell flat P 1.38 63.0 medium Cover glass flat DG 1.53 54.3 Immersion flat AA 1.34 55.4 1 flat D1 0.50 1.49 70.2 2 r1 \u22121.636 D2 5.79 1.89 40.5 r2 \u22126.167 LA1 3 r3 \u221214.549 D3 2.40 1.59 61.0 r4 \u22129.422 LA2 4 r5 70.312 D4 3.00 1.81 46.2 r6 \u221222.736 LA3 5 r7 42.712 D5 3.80 1.49 84.1 6 r8 \u221218.905 D6 1.60 1.66 39.5 7 r9 13.868 D7 3.90 1.50 81.1 r10 \u221218.518 LA4 8 r11 \u2212344.203 D8 1.40 1.64 42.2 9 r12 8.092 D9 5.04 1.53 76.6 r13 \u221248.460 LA5 0.35 10 r14 8.015 D10 3.80 1.59 61.0 11 r15 11.802 D11 1.40 1.72 53.6 r16 5.902 LA6 5.14 12 r17 \u22126.704 D12 4.69 1.81 46.2 r18 \u22129.177 0.13 126.50 and a tube lens is arranged behind the arrangement, the tube lens having a focal length f of f=164 mm. 5. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 4, wherein the design data include the following air spaces LA1 to LA4 in mm, according to different variations between sample thicknesses P in mm, cover glass thicknesses DG in mm, and immersions W with the thicknesses AA in mm: P DG AA LA1 LA2 LA3 LA4 [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] 0 0 0.56 1.78 0.49 2.47 0.3 0.2 0 0.56 0.95 1.33 2.47 0.3 0 0.17 0.4 1.78 0.49 1.93 0.84 0.2 0.17 0.4 0.95 1.33 1.93 0.84 6. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 1, wherein for a 25\u00d7/0.8 microscope objective, immersion agent W including a sodium chloride solution, a focal range of 250 \u03bcm, a numerical aperture of 0.8, a magnification factor \u03b2 with a 25\u00d7 larger image, a field number of 18, and wherein r1 to r17 are the curvature radii of the optical components in mm, D is the thickness in mm, LA1 to LA7 are the air spaces between the optical components in mm, ne is the refractive index, and ve is the Abbe coefficient, the following design data characterizing the arrangement: Curvature Size Refractive Abbe Lens No. radius [mm] [mm] index ne coefficient ve Sample, flat P 1.33 55.8 water Cover glass flat 017 1.52 59.2 Immersion flat 060 1.33 55.8 1 flat D1 0.50 1.49 70.2 2 r1 \u22121.654 D2 4.99 1.89 40.5 r2 \u22125.733 LA1 3 r3 \u221216.879 D3 1.50 1.52 64.0 r4 \u22127.899 LA2 4 r5 15.656 D4 2.00 1.59 68.0 r6 34.321 LA3 1.65 5 r7 10.519 D5 4.50 1.55 45.5 r8 9.906 LA4 2.30 6 r9 \u221243.509 D6 1.10 1.64 42.2 7 r10 9.045 D7 5.00 1.53 76.6 r11 \u221213.679 LA5 0.10 8 r12 23.291 D8 5.80 1.53 76.6 9 r13 \u22127.743 D9 1.10 1.62 44.3 r14 393.143 LA6 0.36 10 r15 10.029 D10 6.85 1.82 46.4 r16 6.941 LA7 4.20 11 r17 \u22126.809 D11 2.83 1.60 35.0 r18 \u22127.687 0.15 126.50 and a tube lens arranged behind the arrangement, the tube lens having a focal length f of f=164 mm. 7. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 6, wherein the design data include the following air spaces LA1 to LA2 in mm, according to various sample thicknesses P in mm: P [mm] LA1 [mm] LA2 [mm] 0 1.42 1.19 0.25 0.50 2.11 8. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 1 wherein, for a 20\u00d7/1.0 microscope objective, immersion agent W including a sodium chloride solution, a focal range of 300 \u03bcm, a numerical aperture of 1.0, a magnification factor \u03b2 with a 20\u00d7 larger image, and a field number of 20, and wherein r1 to r24 are the curvature radii of the optical components in mm, D is the thickness in mm, LA1 to LA8 are the air spaces between the optical components in mm, ne is the refractive index, and ve is the Abbe coefficient, the following design data characterizing the arrangement: Curvature Size Refractive Abbe Lens No. radius [mm] [mm] index ne coefficient ve Sample, flat P 1.34 55.4 water immersion flat 2.62 1.34 55.4 1 r1 \u221211.117 D1 2.20 1.63 53.0 2 r2 \u22123.919 D2 1.41 1.76 52.1 3 r3 \u221221.906 D3 6.00 1.89 40.5 r4 \u221210.061 LA1 4 r5 \u221241.589 D4 4.00 1.73 28.3 r6 \u221224.293 LA2 5 r7 \u2212104.081 D5 5.00 1.44 94.5 r8 \u221221.109 LA3 0.10 6 r9 18.565 D6 9.65 1.44 94.5 r10 \u221272.224 LA4 0.37 7 r11 60.934 D7 6.00 1.44 94.5 8 r12 \u221222.685 D8 1.50 1.75 35.1 9 r13 12.541 D9 6.79 1.44 94.5 r14 \u221236.716 LA5 0.10 10 r15 12.363 D10 7.20 1.44 94.5 11 r16 \u221219.563 D11 1.10 1.64 42.2 r17 20.125 LA6 0.10 12 r18 7.723 D12 4.50 1.82 46.4 r19 5.002 LA7 6.00 13 r20 \u22126.689 D13 1.90 1.52 52.1 14 r2 9.342 D14 7.07 1.53 76.6 r22 \u221257.991 LA8 0.45 15 r23 \u2212455.522 D15 3.80 1.75 35.0 r24 \u221218.748 0.29 107.00 and a tube lens is arranged behind the arrangement, the tube lens having a focal length f of f=164.5 mm. 9. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 8, wherein the design data include the following air spaces LA1 to LA2 in mm, according to various sample thicknesses P in mm: P [mm] LA1 [mm] LA2 [mm] 0 1.8 0 0.29 0 1.8 10. The arrangement for changing the focus of a microscope objective according to claim 1, wherein, for the purpose of compensating for a thickness of a cover glass, at least one other optical component or one component group is movable axially in a rear group in order to change focus.",
-    "A program controls coalescing of outermost memory transactions, the coalescing causing committing of memory store data to memory for a first transaction to be done at transaction execution (TX) end of a second transaction. Optimized machine instructions are generated based on an intermediate representation of a program, wherein either two atomic tasks are merged into a single coalesced transaction or are executed as separate transactions. 1. A method of controlling a coalescing of outermost memory transactions, the coalescing causing committing of memory store data to memory for a first transaction to be done at transaction execution (TX) end of a second transaction, the method for generating optimized machine instructions based on an intermediate representation of a program, the method comprising: generating, by a processor, a first module of optimized non-transactional machine instructions based, at least in part, on the intermediate representation of a program; determining whether two atomic tasks are to be coalesced into a single atomic task; and based on a determination that the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced, generating for the two atomic tasks, a single coalesced transaction of transactional machine instructions to be executed. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method for generating optimized machine instructions is performed by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: determining whether the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced by execution of a run-time instrumentation program on a previous instance of a previous transaction that includes any one of the single coalesced transaction, the first transaction and the second transaction. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein executing the run-time instrumentation program includes: generating an environment for run-time profiling of the previous instance of the previous transaction for obtaining instrumentation information; profiling the execution of the previous instance of the previous transaction using obtained instrumentation information; and based on the profiling, changing run-time environment of the program. 5. The method of claim 4, the method further comprising: processing a run-time instrumentation directive of the run-time instrumentation program; and configuring a control of a run-time instrument based, at least in part, on the processed run-time instrumentation directive. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the run-time instrumentation program modifies continued execution of the program by adding one or more coalescing instructions to the associated program to control coalescing of transactions based, at least in part, on an analysis of gathered instrumentation information. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the determining whether the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced is based on one or more of: (i) a reason for a coalesced outermost transaction being aborted, and a number of aborts it has received, (ii) a number of instructions between two coalesced outermost transactions, and (iii) a type of instruction between two coalesced outermost transactions. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the determining whether the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced is based on one or more of: (i) whether any of the instructions between two coalesced outermost transactions are restricted from running in a given outermost transaction, (ii) a number of dynamic instructions in a given outermost transaction, and (iii) a size of a footprint of a dynamic instruction in a given outermost transaction. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining whether the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced into a single atomic task includes: determining whether the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced into a single atomic task based, at least in part, on the intermediate representation identifying at least two atomic tasks to be performed, the at least two atomic tasks consisting of a first atomic task and a second atomic task. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: based on a determination that the two atomic tasks are not to be coalesced, generating for the first atomic task, a first transaction of transactional machine instructions to be executed and generating for the second atomic task, a second transaction of transactional machine instructions to be executed. 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the run-time instrumentation program includes one or more instructions to obtain instrumentation information regarding the execution of transactions of the program. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more coalescing instructions include one or more of: (i) an instruction to coalesce outermost transactions, (ii) an instruction to process non-transactional instructions as transactional instructions, and (iii) an instruction to cease coalescing outermost transactions. 13. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more coalescing instructions include one or both of: (i) an instruction to remove a transaction begin or end instruction or to not execute a transaction begin or end instruction, and (ii) an instruction to modify a transaction begin or end instruction such that an associated outermost transaction can-not be coalesced with a type of outermost transaction if a number of already coalesced instructions is greater than a threshold. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more coalescing instructions includes one or both of: (i) an instruction to specify a maximum allowable number of coalesced outermost transactions, and (ii) an instruction to indicate that a particular outermost transaction is not-to-be coalesced with a type of outermost transaction if the number of already coalesced instructions is greater than the threshold. 15. A computer program product for controlling a coalescing of outermost memory transactions, the coalescing causing committing of memory store data to memory for a first transaction to be done at transaction execution (TX) end of a second transaction, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method for generating optimized machine instructions based on an intermediate representation of a program, the method comprising: generating, by a processor, a first module of optimized non-transactional machine instructions based, at least in part, on the intermediate representation of a program; determining whether two atomic tasks are to be coalesced into a single atomic task; and based on a determination that the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced, generating for the two atomic tasks, a single coalesced transaction of transactional machine instructions to be executed. 16. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein the method for generating optimized machine instructions is performed by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. 17. The computer program product according to claim 16, further comprising: determining whether the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced by execution of a run-time instrumentation program on a previous instance of a previous transaction comprising of any one of the single coalesced transaction, the first transaction and the second transaction. 18. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein executing the run-time instrumentation program includes: generating an environment for run-time profiling of the previous instance of the previous transaction for obtaining instrumentation information; and profiling the execution of the previous instance of the previous transaction using obtained instrumentation information; and based on the profiling, changing run-time environment of the program. 19. The computer program product according to claim 18, the method further comprising: processing a run-time instrumentation directive of the run-time instrumentation program; and configuring a control of a run-time instrument based, at least in part, on the processed run-time instrumentation directive. 20. A computer system for controlling a coalescing of outermost memory transactions, the coalescing causing committing of memory store data to memory for a first transaction to be done at transaction execution (TX) end of a second transaction, the computer system comprising: a memory; and a processor in communication with the memory, wherein the computer system is configured to perform a method for generating optimized machine instructions based on an intermediate representation of a program, the method comprising: generating, by a processor, a first module of optimized non-transactional machine instructions based, at least in part, on the intermediate representation of a program; determining whether two atomic tasks are to be coalesced into a single atomic task; and based on a determination that the two atomic tasks are to be coalesced, generating for the two atomic tasks, a single coalesced transaction of transactional machine instructions to be executed.",
-    "Systems and methods are operable to share a viewing experience of a free viewpoint format media content event. An exemplary embodiment receives the free viewpoint format media content event, receives unique geometric orientation information from each one of a plurality of head mounted displays (HMDs), determines a unique viewpoint location for each one of the plurality of HMDs based upon the geometric orientation information received from each one of the plurality of HMDs, determines a unique viewpoint area for each one of the plurality of HMDs based upon the determined unique viewpoint location, and communicates each one of the unique viewpoint areas to the associated one of the plurality of HMDs. 1. A first media device configured to present a streaming free viewpoint format media content event that is viewable on a display associated with a head mounted display (HMD), comprising: a first interface configured to receive a media content stream that includes at least the streaming free viewpoint format media content event, wherein the streaming free viewpoint format media content event includes a stream of video information and a corresponding stream of audio information, and wherein the stream of video information of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event is defined by a field of view that is larger than a single viewpoint viewing field presentable on the display of the HMD; a processor system communicatively coupled to the first interface and configured to: receive unique geometric orientation information of the HMD; define a geometric orientation of the HMD in a three dimensional space based on the unique geometric orientation information; and determine the single viewpoint viewing field from the video portion of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event; a display interface communicatively coupled the processor system and to the display, wherein the single viewpoint viewing field is received from the processor system and is communicated to the display for presentation to a user, wherein the stream of audio information is synchronously presented with presentation of the single viewpoint viewing field; a second interface communicatively coupled to the processor system and a second media device via a communication system, wherein presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event is presented by the first media device in synchronism with presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event by the second media device such that a first user of the first media device and a second user of the second media device concurrently view the stream of video information and concurrently hear the stream of audio information of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event. 2. The media device of claim 1, further comprising: a third interface operable to receive a command initiated by the first user, wherein the command received at the third interface of the first media device operates the first media device to pause presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event, and wherein the first media device causes the second media device to also pause presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event. 3. The media device of claim 1, further comprising: a third interface operable to receive a command initiated by the first user, wherein the command received at the third interface of the first media device operates the first media device to rewind presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event, and wherein the first media device causes the second media device to also rewind presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event. 4. The media device of claim 1, wherein a first user's verbal comment made by the first user of the first media device is communicated from the first media device to the second media device via the communication system, and wherein the second user of the second media device hears the first user's verbal comment. 5. The media device of claim 1, wherein the processor system of the first media device advances presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event so that the streaming free viewpoint format media content event is synchronously presented by both the first media device and the second media device. 6. The media device of claim 1, wherein the processor system of the first media device retards presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event so that the streaming free viewpoint format media content event is synchronously presented by both the first media device and the second media device. 7. The media device of claim 1, wherein the processor system of the first media device communicates the determined single viewpoint viewing field to the display using a wireless signal. 8. The media device of claim 1, wherein the communication system is a cellular system such that the first media device is communicatively coupled to the second media device using wireless signals. 9. The media device of claim 1, wherein the communication system is a telephony system such that the first media device is communicatively coupled to the second media device using wireless signals. 10. The media device of claim 1, wherein the communication system is a hybrid communication system, and wherein a portion of the hybrid communication system employs one of a cellular system and a telephony system such that the first media device is communicatively coupled to the second media device using wireless signals. 11. The media device of claim 1, further comprising: the display. 12. A method of sharing a viewing experience of a streaming free viewpoint format media content event among a plurality of users who are concurrently viewing a video portion of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event using a head mounted display (HMD), and who all are listening to a corresponding audio portion of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event, the method comprising: receiving, at a first media device being used by a first user, the streaming free viewpoint format media content event; receiving, at the first media device, first geometric orientation information that defines orientation of a first HMD with respect to a first portion of a viewing field of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event where the first user of the first HMD is currently looking at, determining, at the first media device, a first viewpoint location in the video portion of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event based upon the first geometric orientation information, wherein the first viewpoint location identifies a first point of interest in the presented video portion of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event where the first user of the first HMD is looking; determining, at the first media device, a first viewpoint area for the first HMD based upon the first determined viewpoint location; presenting the determined first viewpoint area on a first display; receiving, at a second media device being used by a second user, the streaming free viewpoint format media content event, wherein the streaming free viewpoint format media content event is received at the second media device in synchronism with the streaming free viewpoint format media content event received at the first media device; receiving, at the second media device, second geometric orientation information that defines orientation of a second HMD with respect to a second portion of the viewing field of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event where the second user of the second HMD is currently looking at, determining, at the second media device, a second viewpoint location in the same video portion of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event based upon the second geometric orientation information, wherein the second viewpoint location identifies a second point of interest in the presented stream of video information of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event where the second user of the second HMD is looking; determining, at the second media device, a second viewpoint area for the second HMD based upon the second determined viewpoint location; and presenting the determined second viewpoint area on a second display. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein receiving the streaming free viewpoint format media content event at the first media device comprises: receiving the streaming free viewpoint format media content event at the first media device in a first media content stream being communicated to the first media device via a communication system that the first media device is communicatively coupled to; and receiving the streaming free viewpoint format media content event at the second media device in a second media content stream being communicated to the second media device via the communication system that the second media device is communicatively coupled to. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the communication system is a cellular system that communicates the first media content stream to the first media device using a first wireless signal, and wherein the communication system communicates the second media content stream to the second media device using a second wireless signal. 15. The method of claim 13, receiving a pause command initiated by the first user that operates the first media device to pauses presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content, wherein the first media device communicates the pause command to the second media device via the communication system that causes the second media device to also pause presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content to the second user. 16. The method of claim 13, receiving a rewind command initiated by the first user that operates the first media device to rewind presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content, wherein the first media device communicates the rewind command to the second media device via the communication system that causes the second media device to also rewind presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content. 17. The method of claim 13, communicating a first user's verbal comment made by the first user of the first media device to the second media device via the communication system, wherein the second user of the second media device hears the first user's verbal comment. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising: advancing, at the first media device, presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content event so that the streaming free viewpoint format media content event is synchronously presented by both the first media device and the second media device. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising: retarding, at the first media device, presentation of the streaming free viewpoint format media content so that the streaming free viewpoint format media content is synchronously presented by both the first media device and the second media device. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the first media device comprises the first display.",
-    "Techniques relating to providing clock signals to a storage element. Generally, different portions of a given storage element may be clocked according to different schemes. This technique may be pertinent to a storage element that has a portion for which the associated bit values do not change frequently relative to another portion of the storage element. For such a storage element, a high-frequency portion may be clocked upon an access to the storage element, while a low-frequency portion may be clocked only if there is a change in the associated bit values. This technique can be applied to various storage elements, including registers and FIFO buffer entries. An apparatus may be designed such that the low-frequency and high-frequency portions of a storage element do not change during operation. Alternatively, the low-frequency and high-frequency portions of the storage element may be changeable based on a current operating mode of the apparatus. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a register including a plurality of storage circuits and configured to store a value as a plurality of bit values, wherein each of the plurality of storage circuits is configured to receive, in response to a write operation addressed to the register, a respective clock input that enables a bit value to be written to that storage circuit; a first clock circuit configured to receive an input clock signal and generate a first output clock signal according to a first set of criteria, wherein the first clock circuit is configured to provide the first output clock signal to the clock inputs of a first group of the plurality of storage circuits to perform the write operation for the first group of storage circuits; and a second clock circuit configured to receive the input clock signal and generate a second output clock signal according to a second set of criteria that differs from the first set of criteria, wherein the second clock circuit is configured to provide the second output clock signal to the clock input of a particular storage circuit of a second group of the plurality of storage circuits to perform the write operation for the particular storage circuit. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first clock circuit is configured to implement the first set of criteria such that the first output clock signal is provided to each of the first group of storage circuits in response to the input clock signal being active during the write operation addressed to the register; and wherein the second clock circuit is configured to implement the second set of criteria such that the second output clock signal is selectively provided to the particular storage circuit within the second group in response to the input clock signal being active during the write operation addressed to the register. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the second clock circuit is configured to provide the second output clock signal to the particular storage circuit according to the second set of criteria in response to the bit value of the particular storage circuit being changed by the write operation, and wherein the second clock circuit is configured to clock gate the particular storage circuit in response to the bit value of the particular storage circuit being unchanged by the write operation. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second clock circuit is configured to generate one or more additional clock signals for the other storage circuits in the second group, wherein the second clock circuit is configured to provide the additional clock signals to the other storage circuits only in response to the bit values of those storage circuits being changed by the write operation addressed to the register. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second groups of storage circuits respectively constitute a high-frequency portion and a low-frequency portion of the register, wherein the apparatus is configured to change bit values within the high-frequency portion more frequently than in the low-frequency portion. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the apparatus is configured to change, during operation, composition of high-frequency and low-frequency portions of the register. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the register is associated with a pipeline stage of a graphics processing circuit, wherein the plurality of storage circuits are flip-flops, wherein the graphics processing circuit is configured to use a pixel coordinate value stored in the register to operate on a region of pixels, and wherein the graphics processing circuit is configured to process pixels in the region of pixels such that bit values in the second group of storage circuits change less frequently than in the first group of storage circuits. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a first-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer having a plurality of entries, each having a first portion and a second portion, wherein the register is a particular entry of the plurality of entries, and wherein the first and second portions of the particular entry respectively include the first group of storage circuits and the second group of storage circuits. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first clock circuit is configured to provide the first output clock signal to the first group of storage circuits within the first portion of the particular entry in response to an indication that the particular entry is being written to; wherein the second clock circuit is configured to provide the second output clock signal to the particular storage circuit of the second group within the second portion of the particular entry in response to an indication that the particular entry is being written to with a value that changes current content stored by the particular storage circuit; and wherein the second clock circuit is further configured to provide additional clock signals to one or more of the remaining storage circuits of the second group within the second portion of the particular entry in response to an indication the particular entry is being written to with a value that changes current contents stored by the remaining storage circuits. 10. A method, comprising: storing a first value in a computer storage element by writing a first set of bit values to a plurality of storage circuits in the storage element, wherein each of the plurality of storage circuits is configured to receive a respective clock input that enables access to that storage circuit, and wherein the plurality of storage circuits includes a first group of storage circuits and a second, different group of storage circuits; and performing an update by writing a second value to the storage element with a second set of bit values, wherein the performing includes: providing clock inputs for the first group of the plurality of storage circuits according to a first clocking scheme; and providing clock inputs for the second group of the plurality of storage circuits according to a second, different clocking scheme. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein providing the clock inputs for the first group of storage circuits according to a first clocking scheme includes providing an active clock signal to each of the clock inputs of the first group of storage circuits such that respective ones of the second set of bit values are written to the first group of storage circuits; and wherein providing the clock inputs for the second group of the plurality of storage circuits according to the second clocking scheme includes clock gating at least one storage circuit of the second group of storage circuits such that content of the at least one storage circuit is not changed by the update. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the second group of storage circuits is clock gated for the update based on a determination that a bit value being written by the update to the at least one storage circuit is the same as a current value of the at least one storage circuit, and wherein providing the clock inputs for the second group of the plurality of storage circuits according to the second clocking scheme further includes providing an active clock signal to one or more of the second group of storage circuits whose contents are being changed by the update. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the storing of the first value is performed in a first operating mode, and wherein the method further comprises: storing a second value in the storage element during a second operating mode in which the first and second groups of storage circuits are constituted differently than in the first operating mode, such that one or more storage circuits that were in the first group of storage circuits during the first operating mode are in the second group of storage circuits during the second operating mode. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first and second groups of storage circuits respectively constitute high-frequency and low-frequency portions of the storage element, and wherein a storage circuit that is designated as being in the high-frequency portion of the storage element during the first operating mode is designated as being in the low-frequency portion of the storage element during the second operating mode. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the first value is a pixel coordinate value, wherein the storage element is within a graphics processing circuit that is configured to use pixel coordinate values stored in the storage element to operate on different regions of pixels, and wherein the clock gating is performed on those ones of the plurality of storage circuits in the storage element that do not change frequently while working with a given region of pixels. 16. An apparatus, comprising: a storage element having different portions, wherein each of the different portions is comprised of a plurality of storage circuits configured to store respective bit values; a plurality of clock circuits, each corresponding to one of the portions of the storage element and configured to provide a respective clock signal to storage circuits in that portion of the storage element; and an enable generation circuit configured to provide, based on a first operating mode for the storage element, enable signals to each of the plurality of clock circuits, wherein the enable signals for the first operating mode specify that storage circuits within a subset of the different portions are clocked on a write operation to the storage element, and further specify that storage circuits within remaining ones of the different portions are selectively clock gated on a write operation to the storage element. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein, during the first operating mode, the subset of the different portions and the remaining ones of the different portions respectively constitute a high-frequency portion and a low-frequency portion of the storage element; and wherein the enable generation circuit, during a second, different operating mode for the storage element, is configured to provide a different set of enable signals that cause the high-frequency and low-frequency portions of the storage element to be constituted differently. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the enable generation circuit is configured, during a write operation to the storage element in the first operating mode, to provide a set of enable signals that cause storage circuits within the remaining ones of the different portions to be clock gated in response to the bit values for those storage circuits being unchanged by the write operation. 19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the enable generation circuit is configured to generate enable signals for a particular portion of the different portions such that the particular portion is clocked according to a first clocking scheme in a first operating mode and is clocked according to a second, different clocking scheme in a second operating mode. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the storage element is a bus interface storage element that is configured to store a value to be conveyed on a bus, and wherein the enable generation circuit is configured to generate enable signals according to a current one of a plurality of operating modes for the bus.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a method of detecting and identifying antigens that are shed into human bodily fluids during infection. The disclosed method allows circulating antigens associated with a particular infection to be detected within minutes or hours from testing as compared to days required with the current methods. Methods of identifying diagnostic indicators/targets for a given condition or disease are disclosed which include immunizing a verterinary subject with biological fluids obtained from a human infected with particular antigens to identify diagnostic targets for immunoassay. Also disclosed are methods of diagnosing and monitoring a B. pseudomallei-associated condition, such as melioidosis. Point-of-care immunoassays are also provided that can be used to diagnose or monitor the efficacy of a B. pseudomallei-associated condition treatment. These immunoassays can also be used for rapid diagnosis of infection produced by B. pseudomallei, such as meliodosis. 1. A kit for detecting a B. pseudomallei-associated condition, comprising at least one molecule capable of detecting at least one B. pseudomallei-associated molecule presented in Table 1 and directions for using the kit to detect a B. pseudomallei-associated condition. 2. The kit of claim 1, wherein the kit is one for self monitoring and the at least one molecule capable of detecting at least one B. pseudomallei-associated molecule presented in Table 1 is presented on a test strip. 3. The kit of claim 2, wherein the kit includes directions for using the kit to detect melioidosis. 4. The kit of claim 2, wherein the test strip is a dipstick test strip. 5. The kit of claim 4, wherein the kit includes directions for using the kit to detect melioidosis. 6. The kit of claim 2, wherein the kit includes directions for using the kit to diagnose a subject with acute melioidosis. 7. The kit of claim 2, wherein the kit includes directions for using the kit to diagnose a subject with chronic melioidosis. 8. The kit of claim 2, wherein the kit includes directions for using the kit to monitor efficacy of a therapy.",
-    "A pressing spray mop includes a mop rod, a mop head, a water tank seat, a spray mechanism installed at the water tank seat, and a water tank installed on the water tank seat. The water tank seat includes a hollow housing, and two support half casings encapsulating the spray mechanism after having been joggled and placed in the hollow housing, and forming a movement space corresponding to a water drawing member of the spray mechanism. The hollow housing includes a through connecting hole disposed correspondingly to the movement space. The mop rod includes a rod body, a penetration opening disposed on the rod body, and a pressing pin extended into the movement space via the through connecting hole. The pressing pin is driven and displaced by the mop rod in the movement space and presses the water drawing member to cause the spray mechanism to perform spraying. 1. A pressing spray mop, comprising a mop rod, a mop head disposed at one end of the mop rod, a water tank seat disposed on the mop rod, a spray mechanism installed at the water tank seat, and a water tank installed at the water tank seat and storing a cleaning liquid; the spray mechanism comprising a water drawing member, a connecting tube assembly connected to the water drawing member and the water tank, and a spray member connected to the water drawing member; the pressing spray mop being characterized that: the water tank seat comprises a hollow housing, and two support half casings accommodated in the hollow housing after having been joggled with each other, the two assembled support half casings forming a movement space for disposing the water drawing member of the spray mechanism; the hollow housing comprises a through connecting hole disposed correspondingly to the movement space; the mop rod comprises a rod body to be accommodated by the water tank seat, a penetration opening disposed on the rod body, and a pressing pin provided at the penetration opening and extended into the movement space via the through connecting hole; the pressing pin is driven and displaced by the mop rod in the movement space and presses the water drawing member to cause the spray mechanism to perform spraying. 2. The pressing spray mop of claim 1, being characterized that, one of the two support half casings comprises a tenon facing the other support half casing, and the other of the two support half casing not provided with the tenon comprises at least one mortise corresponding to each tenon. 3. The pressing spray mop of claim 1, being characterized that, each of the support half casings comprises an accommodating chamber for accommodating the spray mechanism, and each of the accommodating chambers comprises a first accommodating portion for disposing the water drawing member and a second accommodating portion for disposing the connecting tube assembly. 4. The pressing spray mop of claim 3, being characterized that, each of the support half casings comprises a recessed portion connected to the accommodating chamber, and the two recessed portions form the movement space after the two support half casings are joggled. 5. The pressing spray mop of claim 4, being characterized that, the pressing pin comprises at least one inverted hook, which limits and prohibits the pressing pin from disengaging from the mop rod. 6. The pressing spray mop of claim 1, being characterized that, the hollow housing comprises a plurality of installation ribs each abutting against at least one of the support half casings. 7. The pressing spray mop of claim 1, being characterized that, the water tank seat comprises a sealing cover installed at the hollow housing to limit the two support half casings. 8. The pressing spray mop of claim 6, being characterized that, the sealing cover comprises at least one connecting piece disposed along an inner wall of the hollow housing; each of the connecting pieces comprises a fastening stopping portion protruding towards a direction of the hollow housing; and the hollow housing comprises at least one limiting hole that forms a fastening relationship with the fastening stopping portion. 9. The pressing spray mop of claim 1, being characterized that, the pressing spray mop comprises a mobile connecting mechanism connected to the mop rod and the mop head; the mobile connecting mechanism has a locked state and a utilization state; in the locked state, the mop rod is placed levelly on the mop head to prohibit the mop rod from being pressed downwards, and in the utilization state, the mop head displays an inclined angle to allow the mop rod to be pressed downwards. 10. The pressing spray mop of claim 9, being characterized that, the inclined angle is 90 degrees. 11. The pressing spray mop of claim 9, being characterized that, the mobile connecting mechanism comprises a connecting seat disposed on the mop head, a connecting member disposed on the mop rod, and an inserting member; the connecting seat comprises a connecting pole formed with a penetration hole formed at the inclined angle, and a connecting sleeve assembled on the connecting pole and capable of rotating multi-directionally; the connecting sleeve comprises two correspondingly disposed installation holes; the connecting member comprises a trigger head portion and a hollow portion; the inserting member fixedly connects the two installation holes and penetrates the hollow portion; when the mobile connecting mechanism is in the utilization state, the inserting member is capable of linearly moving in the hollow portion to allow the trigger head portion of the connecting member to extend into the penetration hole to further allow the mop rod to be pressed downwards; when the mobile connecting mechanism is in the locked state, the trigger head portion of the connecting member is abutted against the connecting pole to prohibit the mop rod from being pressed downwards.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to the field of fabricating microelectronic packages, wherein cavities are formed in a dielectric layer deposited on a first substrate to maintain separation between soldered interconnections. In one embodiment, the cavities may have sloped sidewalls. In another embodiment, a solder paste may be deposited in the cavities and upon heating solder structures may be formed. In other embodiments, the solder structures may be placed in the cavities or may be formed on a second substrate to which the first substrate may be connected. In still other embodiments, solder structures may be formed on both the first substrate and a second substrate. The solder structures may be used to form solder interconnects by contact and reflow with either contact lands or solder structures on a second substrate. 1. A microelectronic device, comprising: a first substrate having a contact surface comprising a plurality of bond pads; a dielectric structure disposed on the contact surface of the first substrate, wherein the first dielectric structure has a plurality of cavities extending therethrough to each of the plurality of first substrate bond pads, wherein the cavities of the plurality of cavities have a substantially frustoconical shape, and wherein an intercavity section of the first dielectric layer that is between two adjacent cavities of the plurality of cavities, comprises a first and a second surface that are substantially planar and are parallel to the contact surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a surface comprising a plurality of contact lands; and solder interconnections between the plurality of first substrate bond pads and corresponding second substrate contact lands of the plurality of second substrate contact lands. 2. The microelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cavities are narrower at a first end that is closest to the contact surface of the first substrate and wider at a second end that is furthest from the contact surface of the first substrate. 3. The microelectronic device of claim 1, further including an underfill material between the first substrate and the second substrate. 4. The microelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the inter-cavity walls are deformable. 5. The microelectronic device of claim 1, wherein a microelectronic die is operably coupled to the first substrate. 6. The microelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the second substrate is a microelectronic device package.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated 48043324 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 48043324, to the plants of soybean cultivar 48043324, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar 48043324, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar 48043324. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 48043324. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar 48043324, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar 48043324 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar 48043324, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-11123325. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 48043324 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar 48043324 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-11123325. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 48043324 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar 48043324 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-11123325; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar 48043324 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar 48043324, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar 48043324 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-11123325. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar 48043324. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar 48043324, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. (canceled) 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "A sheet feeding device has cursors slidable to regulate a sheet, a sensor portion including a variable resistor to output a voltage commensurate with the position of the cursors, a storage portion storing width detection data in which ranges of a sensor value based on the output of the sensor portion are defined for different sheet widths respectively, and a control portion calculating the sensor value, determining a particular range as a correction target range, calculating a difference between the actual sensor value and the center value of the correction target range, and correcting a limit value of the correction target range at the border with another range. 1. A sheet feeding device, comprising: cursors arranged on a sheet tray on which a sheet is placed, the cursors being slidable to abut opposite edges of the placed sheet to regulate position of the sheet; a sensor portion including a variable resistor and outputting a voltage commensurate with position of the cursors; a storage portion for storing width detection data in which ranges, for different standard sheet widths respectively, of a sensor value are defined, the sensor value being a value commensurate with a level of an output of the sensor portion and obtained based on the output of the sensor portion; and a control portion which processes an output voltage of the sensor portion to obtain the sensor value, which performs sheet width detection to detect placement of a sheet of a width corresponding to one of the ranges to which the sensor value belongs, which makes the storage portion store the sensor value obtained during the sheet width detection, which takes as a correction target range one of the ranges corresponding to, out of different standard sheet widths, a sheet width that has been detected a number of times equal to a natural number times a predetermined number of times, which calculates a difference between the sensor value as actually obtained and a center value of the correction target range, and which corrects an upper or lower limit value of the correction target range at a border with another range. 2. The sheet feeding device of claim 1, wherein the control portion calculates differences by subtracting a current center value of the correction target range from sensor values obtained when placement of a sheet of the width corresponding to the correction target range was detected for a last predetermined number of times respectively, and calculates an average value of all or part of the calculated differences, when the average value of the differences is positive, the control portion performs correction by taking, as the upper limit value of the correction target range, one-half of a sum of a value obtained by adding the average value of the differences to the current center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range, in the width detection data, that is contiguous with the correction target range on a one-step larger sensor value side, and when the average value of the differences is negative, the control portion performs correction by taking, as the lower limit value of the correction target range, one-half of a sum of a value obtained by subtracting the average value of the differences from the current center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range, in the width detection data, that is contiguous with the correction target range on a one-step smaller sensor value side. 3. The sheet feeding device of claim 1, wherein the control portion calculates differences by subtracting a current center value of the correction target range from sensor values obtained when placement of a sheet of the width corresponding to the correction target range was detected for a last predetermined number of times respectively, when a first proportion, which is calculated by dividing a number of positive differences out of the differences by the predetermined number of times, is higher than a prescribed reference proportion, the control portion performs correction by taking, as the upper limit value of the correction target range, one-half of a sum of a value obtained by adding an average value of the positive differences to the current center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range, in the width detection data, that is contiguous with the correction target range on a one-step larger sensor value side, and when a second proportion, which is calculated by dividing a number of negative differences out of the differences by the predetermined number of times, is higher than the prescribed reference proportion, the control portion performs correction by taking, as the lower limit value of the correction target range, one-half of a sum of a value obtained by subtracting an absolute value of an average value of the negative differences from the current center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range, in the width detection data, that is contiguous with the correction target range on a one-step smaller sensor value side. 4. The sheet feeding device of claim 3, wherein when neither the first proportion nor the second proportion is equal to or higher than the reference proportion, the control portion does not correct any limit value of the correction target range. 5. The sheet feeding device of claim 1, wherein the control portion calculates differences by subtracting a current center value of the correction target range from sensor values obtained when placement of a sheet of the width corresponding to the correction target range was detected for a last predetermined number of times respectively, when an average value of positive differences out of the differences is equal to or larger than a prescribed reference deviation, the control portion performs correction by taking, as the upper limit value of the correction target range, one-half of a sum of a value obtained by adding the average value of the positive differences to the current center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range, in the width detection data, that is contiguous with the correction target range on a one-step larger sensor value side, and when an absolute value of an average value of negative differences out of the differences is equal to or larger than the prescribed reference deviation, the control portion performs correction by taking, as the lower limit value of the correction target range, one-half of a sum of a value obtained by subtracting the absolute value of the average value of the negative differences from the current center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range, in the width detection data, that is contiguous with the correction target range on a one-step smaller sensor value side. 6. The sheet feeding device of claim 5, wherein when either the average value of the positive differences or the absolute value of the average value of the negative differences is smaller than the reference deviation, the control portion does not correct any limit value of the correction target range. 7. The sheet feeding device of claim 1, wherein when an absolute value of a difference between the center value of the correction target range and a center value of a range contiguous with the correction target range on a side thereof to which a limit value is moved is equal to or smaller than a prescribed correction restriction value, the control portion does not perform the correction. 8. An image forming apparatus comprising the sheet feeding device of claim 1. 9. A sheet feeding method, comprising: outputting from a sensor portion a voltage commensurate with position of cursors provided on a sheet tray to be slidable to abut opposite edges of a placed sheet to regulate position of the sheet; storing width detection data in which are defined ranges, for different standard sheet widths respectively, of a sensor value obtained based on an output of the sensor portion; obtaining the sensor value by processing an output voltage of the sensor portion; performing sheet width detection to detect that a sheet of a width corresponding to the range to which the sensor value belongs is placed; storing the sensor value obtained during the sheet width detection; taking as a correction target range one of the ranges corresponding to a sheet width that has been detected a number of times equal to a natural number times a predetermined number of times; calculating a difference between the sensor value as actually obtained and a center value of the correction target range; and correcting an upper or lower limit value of the correction target range at a border with another range.",
-    "A flexible touch panel includes a touch sensor unit disposed on a flexible substrate. The flexible touch panel includes a transparent conductive layer, a first transparent conductive oxide layer, and a second transparent conductive oxide layer that are sequentially deposited and sequentially contact each other. 1. A flexible touch panel comprising: a flexible substrate; and a touch sensor unit disposed on the flexible substrate and comprising a transparent conductive layer, a first transparent conductive oxide layer, and a second transparent conductive oxide layer that are sequentially deposited and sequentially contact each other. 2. The flexible touch panel of claim 1, wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises at least one of a metal mesh, a silver nanowire (AgNW), and a copper nanowire (CuNW). 3. The flexible touch panel of claim 1, wherein the touch sensor unit comprises: a plurality of first sensing electrodes disposed on the flexible substrate and respectively separated in a first direction; a first connection portion disposed between and connecting the plurality of first sensing electrodes; a plurality of second sensing electrodes disposed on the flexible substrate and respectively separated in a second direction crossing the first direction; and a second connection portion separated from the first connection portion via an insulating layer, the second connection portion disposed between and connecting the plurality of second sensing electrodes. 4. The flexible touch panel of claim 3, wherein the first sensing electrodes and the first connection portion are integrally formed. 5. The flexible touch panel of claim 4, wherein the second sensing electrodes are disposed in the same layer as the first sensing electrodes. 6. The flexible touch panel of claim 3, wherein the first sensing electrodes and the second sensing electrodes respectively comprise the transparent conductive layer, the first transparent conductive oxide layer, and the second transparent conductive oxide layer. 7. The flexible touch panel of claim 6, wherein the second transparent conductive oxide layer covers the entire first transparent conductive oxide layer. 8. The flexible touch panel of claim 6, wherein the second transparent conductive oxide layer covers at least about 50% of the first transparent conductive oxide layer. 9. The flexible touch panel of claim 6, wherein the first connection portion comprises the transparent conductive layer and the first transparent conductive oxide layer. 10. The flexible touch panel of claim 6, wherein the second connection portion comprises the second transparent conductive oxide layer. 11. The flexible touch panel of claim 10, wherein the second transparent conductive oxide layer of the second connection portion is integrally formed with the second transparent conductive oxide layer of the second sensing electrodes. 12. The flexible touch panel of claim 3, wherein the second connection portion extends in a direction crossing a direction in which the flexible substrate is configured to bend. 13. The flexible touch panel of claim 1, further comprising a wiring portion comprising a metal layer connected to the touch sensor unit and disposed on the transparent conductive layer, the first transparent conductive oxide layer, and the first transparent conductive oxide layer. 14. A method for manufacturing a flexible touch panel comprising: sequentially depositing and patterning a transparent conductive layer and a first transparent conductive oxide layer on a flexible substrate; and depositing and patterning a second transparent conductive oxide layer on the first transparent conductive oxide layer to form a touch sensor unit. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein, in the step of depositing and patterning the transparent conductive layer and the first transparent conductive oxide layer, a plurality of first sensing electrodes are disposed to be separated from each other in a first direction, a first connection portion is disposed respectively connecting between the plurality of first sensing electrodes, and a plurality of second sensing electrodes are disposed to be separated from each other in a second direction crossing the first direction. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein, in the step of depositing and patterning the second transparent conductive oxide layer to form the touch sensor unit, an insulating layer is formed on the first connection portion, and a second connection portion is disposed to be separated from the first connection portion via the insulating layer and respectively connect between the plurality of second sensing electrode.",
-    "In some embodiments, electronic data may be automatically captured to provide a user with a universal Internet identity and e-mail address, comprehensive e-mail filtering and forwarding services, and e-receipt identification and data extraction. Detailed user e-mail preferences data stored at a central server may be selectively altered such that incoming correspondence is redirected in accordance with the user's preferences. Computer program code at the central server may parse incoming e-mail header information and data content, selectively extract data from identified types of correspondence, and forward the extracted data in accordance with the user's preferences. Additional computer program code may manipulate the extracted data in accordance with format requirements and display the manipulated data to a user in a desired format. 1. (canceled) 2. A method comprising steps of: in response to receiving, at a server including a memory and one or more processors, an incoming email addressed to an email account for a user, parsing the incoming email to determine header information of the incoming email; in response to determining that header information of the incoming email is associated with a particular user preference of a plurality of user preferences, modifying the header information of the incoming email to create a modified email based on the particular user preference; and forwarding the modified email according to the particular user preference. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising querying a database for user preferences associated with the user. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of forwarding the modified email includes forwarding the email to a pre-determined destination. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the pre-determined destination includes one or more of a digital folder, an alternative personal user email address, and an email address of an individual other than the user. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of forwarding the modified email includes organizing the incoming email based on data extracted therefrom. 7. The method according to claim 2, further comprising storing a personal account of a user in a database. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising storing the plurality of user preferences in the personal account of the user. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of forwarding the modified email includes forwarding the email to one or more different email addresses. 10. A method comprising steps of: receiving, at a computing device including a memory and one or more processors, an incoming email addressed to a user; parsing the incoming email to determine information of the incoming email; determining whether the user has pre-specified one or more user preferences including a preference for redirecting incoming emails having the determined information; redirecting the incoming email, in response to a determination that the user has a specified preference for redirecting incoming emails having the determined information, based on the specified preference for redirecting incoming emails having the determined information; and forwarding the redirected email according to the modified determined information. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the determining step includes identifying whether the incoming email includes electronic-receipt data. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of forwarding the redirected email includes organizing the electronic-receipt data. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising a step of storing the electronic-receipt data in a database. 14. The method according to claim 10, further comprising a step of displaying the modified determined information according to the one or more user preferences. 15. A system, comprising: a server including one or more processors communicatively coupled with a memory having instructions, which when executed, cause the one or more processors to perform steps of: in response to receiving, at the server, an incoming email addressed to an email account for a user, parsing the incoming email to determine header information of the incoming email; in response to determining that header information of the incoming email is associated with a particular user preference of a plurality of user preferences, modifying the header information of the incoming email to create a modified email based on the particular user preference; and forwarding the modified email according to the particular user preference. 16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to perform a step of querying a database for user preferences associated with the user. 17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to perform a step of organizing parsed data. 18. The system according to claim 15, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to perform a step of extracting content data from the incoming email. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to perform a step of storing the content data in a database. 20. The system according to claim 15, wherein the step in the instructions of forwarding the modified email includes distributing the modified email to multiple destinations. 21. The system according to claim 15, wherein the step in the instructions of modifying the header information includes changing a destination email address.",
-    "A steam mop includes a housing comprising a foot assembly movable along a surface to be cleaned and a body portion coupled to the foot assembly, a supply tank for storing a supply of fluid, a steam generator fluidly connected to the supply tank for producing steam from the fluid, a fluid distributor fluidly coupled with the steam generator to distribute steam to the surface to be cleaned, a cleaning pad mounted to the foot assembly and positioned to contact the surface to be cleaned, and an agitator provided on the housing, separate from the cleaning pad. 1. A steam mop comprising: a housing comprising a foot assembly movable along a surface to be cleaned and a body portion pivotably coupled to the foot assembly by a coupling joint; a supply tank provided on the body portion for storing a supply of fluid; a steam generator fluidly connected to the supply tank for producing steam from the fluid; a fluid distributor fluidly coupled with the steam generator to distribute steam to the surface to be cleaned; a cleaning pad mounted to the foot assembly and positioned to contact the surface to be cleaned; and an agitator provided on the housing, separate from the cleaning pad, and movable between a use position in contact with the surface to be cleaned and a non-use position out of contact with the surface to be cleaned. 2. The steam mop of claim 1 and further comprising a fluid conduit in fluid communication with the fluid distributor and extending through the coupling joint. 3. The steam mop of claim 1, wherein the agitator is rearward of the fluid distributor in at least one of the use and non-use positions. 4. The steam mop of claim 1, wherein the agitator is rearward of the foot assembly. 5. The steam mop of claim 1, wherein the agitator comprises a support frame and an agitator element received on the support frame. 6. The steam mop of claim 5, wherein the support frame includes hook and loop fasteners configured to detachably secure the agitator element to the support frame. 7. The steam mop of claim 5, wherein the agitator element comprises at least one of a scouring pad material, tufted bristles, an elastomeric block with spaced projections or nubs, a non-woven material, a micro-fiber material, a cellulose sponge, or an open cell melamine resin foam. 8. The steam mop of claim 5 and further comprising a biasing element configured to bias the support frame upwardly toward the non-use position. 9. The steam mop of claim 8, wherein the biasing element comprises a spring. 10. The steam mop of claim 8 and further comprising a catch selectively locking the support frame in the use position. 11. The steam mop of claim 1, wherein the coupling joint is detachable from the body portion. 12. The steam mop of claim 11, wherein the coupling joint comprises an upper connector detachable from the body portion and a lower connector coupled with the foot for rotation about a first axis and coupled with the upper connector for rotation about a second axis. 13. The steam mop of claim 1, wherein the coupling joint is a multi-axis joint. 14. The steam mop of claim 1 and further comprising an upper handle portion extending from the body portion. 15. The steam mop of claim 1 and further comprising a flow controller for controlling the flow of liquid between the supply tank and the steam generator. 16. The steam mop of claim 1 and further comprising a controller operably coupled with the steam generator to implement at least one cycle of operation. 17. The steam mop of claim 16, wherein the controller comprises a user interface provided on the body portion. 18. A steam mop comprising: a housing comprising a foot assembly movable along a surface to be cleaned and a body portion pivotably coupled to the foot assembly by a coupling joint; a supply tank provided on the body portion for storing a supply of fluid; a steam generator fluidly connected to the supply tank for producing steam from the fluid; a fluid distributor fluidly coupled with the steam generator to distribute steam to the surface to be cleaned; a cleaning pad mounted to the foot assembly and positioned to contact the surface to be cleaned; and an agitator provided on the housing, separate from the cleaning pad, and selectively positionable against the surface to be cleaned for scrubbing the surface to be cleaned. 19. The steam mop of claim 18, wherein the agitator is associated with the housing while the cleaning pad is in use and the agitator is not in use.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes an image forming device for forming a pattern image having unit images on a photosensitive member, a sensor for irradiating the pattern image with light and detecting reflected light, and a controller for controlling the image forming device to form a pattern image for printing used when printing and a pattern image for detection to be detected by the sensor on the photosensitive member. A first pattern image for printing includes a predetermined number of first unit images arranged with being spaced from each other, each of the first unit images being smaller than a predetermined size. A first pattern image for detection corresponding to the first pattern image for printing includes more than the predetermined number of the first unit images arranged with being spaced from each other. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming device configured to form a pattern image, in which unit images are arranged, on a photosensitive member; a sensor configured to irradiate the pattern image with light and to detect reflected light; and a controller configured to control the image forming device to form a pattern image for printing and a pattern image for detection on the photosensitive member, the pattern image for printing being to be used when printing, and the pattern image for detection being to be detected by the sensor, wherein a first pattern image for printing comprises a predetermined number of first unit images, the first unit images being arranged with being spaced from each other per a predetermined area, each of the first unit images being smaller than a predetermined size, and wherein a first pattern image for detection, which corresponds to the first pattern image for printing, comprises more than the predetermined number of the first unit images, the first unit images being arranged with being spaced from each other per the predetermined area. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to: detect the pattern image for detection corresponding to the pattern image for printing; and change a size of the unit image of the pattern image for printing corresponding to a predetermined printing density on the basis of a result of the detection. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pattern image for printing comprises the predetermined number of unit images arranged per the predetermined area, a size of the unit image becoming larger as a printing density increases. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first pattern image for printing comprises the smallest unit images among the unit images. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image forming unit comprises: an exposure unit configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member; a developing unit configured to supply developer to the electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member to form the pattern image; a belt contactable with the photosensitive member; and a transfer unit configured to transfer the pattern image on the photosensitive member to the belt, and wherein the controller is configured to perform: printing control comprising: forming the pattern image for printing on the photosensitive member; and transferring the pattern image for printing from the photosensitive member to a recording sheet directly or via the belt; and detection control comprising: forming the pattern image for detection on the photosensitive member; transferring the pattern image for detection from the photosensitive member to the belt; and detecting the pattern image for detection by the sensor. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to: control the image forming device to form the pattern image for detection corresponding a printing density; control the sensor to detect a density of the pattern image for detection; and correct a relation between the printing density and the the pattern image for detection. 7. A control method of an image forming unit, the image forming unit being configured to form a pattern image for printing and a pattern image for detection on a photosensitive member, the pattern image for printing being to be used upon printing and the pattern image for detection being to be detected by a sensor using light, the control method comprising: controlling the image forming unit to form a first pattern image for printing on the photosensitive member, the first pattern image for printing comprising a predetermined number of first unit images, the first unit images being arranged with being spaced from each other per a predetermined area, each of the first unit images being smaller than a predetermined size; and controlling the image forming unit to form a first pattern image for detection corresponding to the first pattern for printing on the photosensitive member, the first pattern image for detection comprising more than the predetermined number of the first unit images, the first unit images being arranged with being spaced from each other per the predetermined area. 8. The control method according to claim 7, wherein the method comprises controlling the image forming unit to form the pattern image for printing comprising the predetermined number of unit images arranged per the predetermined area, a size of the unit image becoming larger as a printing density increases. 9. The control method according to claim 7, wherein the method comprises controlling the image forming unit to form the first pattern image for printing comprising the smallest unit images among the unit images. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having a program stored thereon and readable by a controller configured to control an image forming unit, the image forming unit being configured to form a pattern image for printing and a pattern image for detection on a photosensitive member, the pattern image for printing being to be used upon printing and the pattern image for detection being to be detected by a sensor using light, the computer program, when executed by the computer, causes the controller to function as: a first unit configured to form a first pattern image for printing on the photosensitive member, the first pattern image for printing comprising a predetermined number of first unit images, the first unit images being arranged with being spaced from each other per a predetermined area, each of the first unit images being smaller than a predetermined size; and a second unit configured to form a first pattern image for detection corresponding to the first pattern for printing on the photosensitive member, the first pattern image for detection comprising more than the predetermined number of the first unit images, the first unit images being arranged with being spaced from each other per the predetermined area. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 10, wherein the computer program, when executed by the controller, causes the first unit to form the pattern image for printing, comprising the predetermined number of unit images arranged per the predetermined area, a size of the unit image becoming larger as a printing density increases. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 10, wherein the computer program, when executed by the controller, causes the first unit to form the first pattern image for printing comprising the smallest unit images among the unit images.",
-    "Described herein is a motor comprising a first rotatable member and an anchor, spaced apart from the first rotatable member. The motor also comprises a belt, in tension about the first rotatable member and the anchor. The belt is co-rotatably engaged with the first rotatable member. Further, the belt is made from a shape-memory alloy. Additionally, the motor comprises a thermal regulation device, positioned between spaced-apart first and second portions of the belt. The thermal regulation device is also configured to concurrently cool the first portion of the belt to contract the first portion of the belt and heat the second portion of the belt to expand the second portion of the belt. Concurrent contraction and expansion of the first and second portions of the belt cause rotation of the belt. 1. A motor, comprising: a first rotatable member; an anchor, spaced apart from the first rotatable member; a belt, in tension about the first rotatable member and the anchor, the belt being co-rotatably engaged with the first rotatable member, wherein the belt is made from a shape-memory alloy; and a thermal regulation device, positioned between spaced-apart first and second portions of the belt and configured to concurrently cool the first portion of the belt to contract the first portion of the belt and heat the second portion of the belt to expand the second portion of the belt, wherein concurrent contraction and expansion of the first and second portions of the belt cause rotation of the belt. 2. The motor according to claim 1, wherein: the anchor comprises a second rotatable member; and the belt is co-rotatably engaged with the second rotatable member. 3. The motor according to claim 1, wherein the first rotatable member comprises a drive shaft. 4. The motor according to claim 3, wherein the first rotatable member further comprises a wheel co-rotatably coupled to the drive shaft. 5. The motor according to claim 1, further comprising spaced-apart first and second guide elements engaged with the belt, wherein the first and second guide elements cooperate with the anchor to: position the first portion of the belt a first distance away from the thermal regulation device; and position the second portion of the belt a second distance away from the thermal regulation device. 6. The motor according to claim 5, wherein the first distance and the second distance are constant along an entire length of the thermal regulation device. 7. The motor according to claim 1, wherein: the thermal regulation device comprises a first surface directly adjacent the first portion of the belt; the thermal regulation device comprises a second surface directly adjacent the second portion of the belt; the thermal regulation device is selectively operable to generate a first temperature of the first surface and a second temperature of the second surface; and the first temperature is different than the second temperature. 8. The motor according to claim 7, wherein: the thermal regulation device is powered by an electrical power signal; and the first temperature and the second temperature are inversely proportionally adjustable by adjusting a current of the electrical power signal. 9. The motor according to claim 7, wherein: the thermal regulation device comprises at least one heat transfer element, positioned between and thermally coupled with the first and second surfaces of the thermal regulation device; and the at least one heat transfer element comprises a P-element made from a P-type semiconductor material and an N-element made from an N-type semiconductor material. 10. The motor according to claim 9, wherein the thermal regulation device comprises an array of heat transfer elements. 11. The motor according to claim 7, wherein: in a first operational mode, the first temperature is higher than the second temperature to cause rotation of the belt in a first rotational direction; and in a second operational mode, the first temperature is lower than the second temperature to cause rotation of the belt in a second rotational direction, opposite the first rotational direction. 12. The motor according to claim 1, further comprising a control module operably coupled with the thermal regulation device, wherein the control module is configured to: activate the thermal regulation device, to cause the first rotatable member to rotate; change a power input to the thermal regulation device, to adjust a rotational speed of the first rotational member; and deactivate the thermal regulation device, to cause the first rotatable member to stop rotating. 13. The motor according to claim 12, further comprising at least one temperature sensor, configured to sense a temperature of the thermal regulation device, wherein the control module modulates the thermal regulation device, to adjust a rotational speed of the first rotational member, based, at least in part, on the temperature of the thermal regulation device sensed by the at least one temperature sensor. 14. An aircraft, comprising: an actuatable element; and a motor, coupled with the actuatable element and operable to actuate the actuatable element, wherein the motor comprises: a first rotatable member; an anchor, spaced apart from the first rotatable member; a belt, in tension about the first rotatable member and the anchor, the belt being co-rotatably engaged with the first rotatable member, wherein the belt is made from a shape-memory alloy; and a thermal regulation device, positioned between spaced-apart first and second portions of the belt and configured to concurrently cool the first portion of the belt to contract the first portion of the belt and heat the second portion of the belt to expand the second portion of the belt, wherein concurrent contraction and expansion of the first and second portions of the belt causes rotation of the belt. 15. A method of rotating a first rotatable member, comprising: co-rotatably coupling a belt, made from a shape-memory alloy, with the first rotatable member; cooling a first portion of the belt to contract the first portion of the belt; and while cooling the first portion of the belt, heating a second portion of the belt to expand the second portion of the belt. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein cooling the first portion of the belt and heating the second portion of the belt comprises transmitting an electrical current through a P-N element, comprising a P-element made from a P-type semiconductor material and an N-element made from an N-type semiconductor material. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein: the first portion of the belt is cooled and the second portion of the belt is heated by a thermal regulation device positioned between the first portion of the belt and the second portion of the belt; and the method further comprises: determining a temperature of the thermal regulation device; and adjusting the temperature of the thermal regulation device if the temperature of the thermal regulation device is not within a predetermined temperature threshold. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: determining a rotational speed of the belt; and adjusting the temperature of the thermal regulation device if the rotational speed of the belt is not within a predetermined speed threshold. 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising transmitting an electrical power signal to the thermal regulation device, wherein adjusting the temperature of the thermal regulation device comprises changing a current of the electrical power signal. 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein: cooling the first portion of the belt and heating the second portion of the belt rotates the belt in a first rotational direction; and the method further comprises heating the first portion of the belt and cooling the second portion of the belt to rotate the belt in a second rotational direction, opposite the first rotational direction.",
-    "A method for retarding or reversing progression of myopia of a viewer includes providing an object in front of the viewer; providing a transparent layer between the viewer and the object; and providing a primary image on the transparent layer, the transparent layer allows the viewer to see the object as a secondary image simultaneously with the primary image, wherein the secondary image is focused in front of the central region of the retina. A method for reducing hyperopia of a viewer includes providing an object in front of the viewer to provide a primary image; providing a transparent layer between the viewer and the object; providing a secondary image on the transparent layer, the transparent layer allows the viewer to see the primary image simultaneously with the secondary image, wherein the secondary image is focused behind the central region of the retina. Other systems are also described herein. 1. A method for retarding or reversing progression of myopia a viewer, the viewer having a retina with a central region, the method comprising the steps of: providing a layer having a reflective surface, said reflective surface facing the viewer; providing an object facing the reflective surface; providing a primary image on the layer, said primary image being viewable by the viewer; wherein the reflective surface allows reflection of the object to be viewed by the viewer as a secondary image, with the secondary image being focused in front of the central region of the retina. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary image is focused on the retina. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the secondary image generates myopic defocus. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reflective surface has an adjustable reflectance. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary image is focused on the retina by ocular accommodation of the viewer or by using optical lens. 6. The method according to claim 1, comprising a contrast enhancement technology. 7. An optical system comprising: a layer having a reflective surface, the layer adapted to provide a primary image and a secondary image, wherein the secondary image is provided by a reflection of an object facing the reflective surface, the primary and the secondary images are viewable by a viewer having a retina. 8. The optical system according to claim 7, wherein the secondary image is focused in front of the retina to generate myopic defocus. 9. The optical system according to claim 7, wherein the reflective surface has an adjustable reflectance. 10. The optical system according to claim 7, the optical system further comprises a supporting structure connected to the layer. 11. The optical system according to claim 7, wherein the primary image has at least one edge, wherein the edge is surrounded by a contrasting color. 12. The optical system according to claim 7, wherein the optical system comprises an electronic device. 13. The optical system according to claim 7, wherein the optical system is used for retarding or reversing the progression of myopia of the viewer.",
-    "An aqueous ink contains a colorant, an aqueous solvent, and as an infrared absorber, a compound represented by general formula (I): where Rb, Rc, and Rd are each independently alkyl, and Ra is a group represented by general formula (I-R): where Re is hydrogen or methyl, and e is an integer of 0 to 3. 1. An aqueous ink comprising: a colorant; an aqueous solvent; and as an infrared absorber, a compound represented by general formula (I): wherein Rb, Rc, and Rd are each independently alkyl, and Ra is a group represented by general formula (I-R): wherein Re is hydrogen or methyl, and e is an integer of 0 to 3. 2. The aqueous ink according to claim 1, wherein at least one of Rb, Rc, and Rd in general formula (I) is a group represented by general formula (I-R). 3. The aqueous ink according to claim 2, wherein each of Rb, Rc, and Rd in general formula (I) is a group represented by general formula (I-R). 4. The aqueous ink according to claim 1, wherein Re in general formula (I-R) is methyl. 5. The aqueous ink according to claim 2, wherein Re in general formula (I-R) is methyl. 6. The aqueous ink according to claim 3, wherein Re in general formula (I-R) is methyl. 7. The aqueous ink according to claim 1, wherein e in general formula (I-R) is 0. 8. The aqueous ink according to claim 2, wherein e in general formula (I-R) is 0. 9. The aqueous ink according to claim 3, wherein e in general formula (I-R) is 0. 10. The aqueous ink according to claim 4, wherein e in general formula (I-R) is 0. 11. The aqueous ink according to claim 5, wherein e in general formula (I-R) is 0. 12. The aqueous ink according to claim 6, wherein e in general formula (I-R) is 0. 13. An ink cartridge containing the aqueous ink according to claim 1. 14. An ink drying system comprising an irradiation unit that irradiates the aqueous ink according to claim 1 on a recording medium with infrared radiation. 15. An ink drying method comprising irradiating the aqueous ink according to claim 1 on a recording medium with infrared radiation. 16. A recording apparatus comprising: an applying unit that applies the aqueous ink according to claim 1 to a recording medium; and an irradiation unit that irradiates the aqueous ink on the recording medium with infrared radiation. 17. A recording method comprising: applying the aqueous ink according to claim 1 to a recording medium; and irradiating the aqueous ink on the recording medium with infrared radiation.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention provide a choke valve that includes a valve body, a stationary disc, a rotating disc, an actuator system, and a wear monitoring system. The valve body defines an inlet and an outlet. The stationary disc includes a bean and defines a passageway arranged between the inlet and outlet of the valve body. The rotating disc is arranged adjacent the stationary disc and is movable between an open position and a closed position. The actuator system is coupled to the rotating disc and is arranged to actuate the rotating disc between the open position and the closed position. The wear monitoring system includes a port in communication with a depressurized cavity formed between the valve body and the bean, and a pressure sensor that monitors a pressure in the depressurized cavity. 1. A choke valve comprising: a valve body defining an inlet and an outlet; a stationary disc including a bean and defining a passageway arranged between the inlet and outlet of the valve body; a rotating disc arranged adjacent the stationary disc, the rotating disc movable between an open position and a closed position; an actuator system coupled to the rotating disc and arranged to actuate the rotating disc between the open position and the closed position; and a wear monitoring system including a port in communication with a depressurized cavity formed between the valve body and the bean, and a pressure sensor monitoring a pressure in the depressurized cavity. 2. The choke valve of claim 1, wherein the rotating disc includes an orifice configured to align with the passageway of the stationary disc when the rotating disc is in the open position. 3. The choke valve of claim 2, wherein the rotating disc is in at least one of a throttled position and the closed position when the orifice of the rotating disc is misaligned with the passageway of the stationary disc. 4. The choke valve of claim 1, wherein the actuator system includes a shaft extending into a component chamber of the valve body and coupled to a turning fork, the turning fork engaging the rotating disc to provide rotation. 5. The choke valve of claim 4, further comprising a protective bushing arranged in the component chamber of the valve body and surrounding the turning fork and rotating disc. 6. The choke valve of claim 1, wherein the passageway of the stationary disc defines a diameter and length, and a ratio of the length to the diameter of the passageway is between about 5 and about 15. 7. The choke valve of claim 1, wherein the passageway of the stationary disc is defined by a first diameter and the outlet is defined by a second diameter, the first diameter being less than the second diameter. 8. The choke valve of claim 7, wherein a ratio of the second diameter and the first diameter is between about 1.3 and about 35. 9. The choke valve of claim 1, wherein the wear monitoring system further includes a first cavity seal and a second cavity seal to enclose the depressurized cavity, the depressurized cavity defined by a space between an inner surface of the outlet and an outer surface of the bean. 10. The choke valve of claim 1, wherein the pressure sensor is configured to measure the pressure in the depressurized cavity and generate a signal to close the choke valve when the pressure is above a predetermined threshold pressure to indicate the depressurized cavity is pressurized. 11. The choke valve of claim 10, wherein the predetermined threshold pressure is between about 0 PSI and about 15 PSI. 12. The choke valve of claim 10, wherein the rotating disc, the stationary disc, and the bean are replaced when the pressure sensor detects the pressure above the predetermined threshold pressure. 13. A choke valve comprising: a valve body housing defining an inlet and an outlet defining an outlet diameter; a rotating disc arranged between the inlet and the outlet and movable between an open position and a closed position; and a bean positioned adjacent to and downstream of the rotating disc and including a passageway defining a passageway diameter, wherein a ratio of the outlet diameter to the passageway diameter being between about 1.3 and about 35. 14. The choke valve of claim 13, wherein the ratio of the outlet diameter to the passageway diameter is about 4. 15. The choke valve of claim 13, further comprising a wear monitoring system including a port in communication with a depressurized cavity formed between the valve body and the bean, and a pressure sensor monitoring a pressure in the depressurized cavity. 16. The choke valve of claim 15, wherein the wear monitoring system further includes a first cavity seal and a second cavity seal to enclose the depressurized cavity, the depressurized cavity defined by a space between an inner surface of the outlet and an outer surface of the bean. 17. A choke valve comprising: a valve body housing defining an inlet and an outlet; a rotating disc arranged between the inlet and the outlet and movable between an open position and a closed position; and a bean positioned adjacent to and downstream of the rotating disc and including a passageway defining a passageway diameter and a passageway length, wherein a ratio of the passageway length to the passageway diameter being between about 5 and about 15. 18. The choke valve of claim 17, wherein the ratio of the passageway length to the passageway diameter is about 7. 19. The choke valve of claim 17, further comprising a wear monitoring system including a port in communication with a depressurized cavity formed between the valve body and the bean, and a pressure sensor monitoring a pressure in the depressurized cavity. 20. The choke valve of claim 19, wherein the wear monitoring system further includes a first cavity seal and a second cavity seal to enclose the depressurized cavity, the depressurized cavity defined by a space between an inner surface of the outlet and an outer surface of the bean.",
-    "A distribution control apparatus is connected to a communication terminal via a network. The distribution control apparatus includes a receiving unit, a whiteboard control unit, a whiteboard unit, and a transmitting unit. The receiving unit receives, from the communication terminal, operation data representing an operation performed by a user. When the operation is a stroke command, the whiteboard control unit stores a series of coordinates entered onto the communication terminal and contained in the operation data in a first storage unit and generates stroke data representing a stroke from the stored coordinates. The whiteboard unit stores the generated stroke data in a second storage unit and generates video data by rendering the stroke data. The transmitting unit transmits, to the communication terminal, converted video data that is obtained by converting the generated video data into a data format that allows distribution. 1. A distribution control apparatus connected to a communication terminal via a network, the distribution control apparatus comprising: a receiving unit configured to receive, from the communication terminal, operation data representing an operation performed by a user; a whiteboard control unit configured to, when the operation is a stroke command, store a series of coordinates entered onto the communication terminal and contained in the operation data in a first storage unit and generate stroke data representing a stroke from the stored coordinates; a whiteboard unit configured to store the generated stroke data in a second storage unit and generate video data by rendering the stroke data; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit, to the communication terminal, converted video data that is obtained by converting the generated video data into a data format that allows distribution. 2. The distribution control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the operation is a command to add a page, the whiteboard control unit stores the added page in the second storage unit. 3. The distribution control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the operation is a command to add an image, the whiteboard control unit stores the added image in the second storage unit. 4. The distribution control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the whiteboard unit stores the stroke data in a portable document format. 5. A distribution control method to be performed by a distribution control apparatus connected to a communication terminal via a network, the distribution control method comprising: receiving, from the communication terminal, operation data representing an operation performed by a user; storing, when the operation is a stroke command, a series of coordinates entered onto the communication terminal and contained in the operation data in a first storage unit; generating stroke data representing a stroke from the stored coordinates; storing the generated stroke data in a second storage unit; generating video data by rendering the stroke data; and transmitting, to the communication terminal, converted video data that is obtained by converting the generated video data into a data format that allows distribution. 6. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium including programmed instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute: receiving, from a communication terminal connected to the computer, operation data representing an operation performed by a user; storing, when the operation is a stroke command, a series of coordinates entered onto the communication terminal and contained in the operation data in a first storage unit; generating stroke data representing a stroke from the stored coordinates; storing the generated stroke data in a second storage unit; generating video data by rendering the stroke data; and transmitting, to the communication terminal, converted video data that is obtained by converting the generated video data into a data format that allows distribution.",
-    "In some examples, a stylus holder comprises a connector to attach to a port of a computing device and create an electrical connection to the computing device port, and a fastener to attach a stylus to the holder and provide at least one of a data and power connection to the stylus. The fastener includes a first inductive element formed in an internal cavity area of the fastener, the first inductive element to inductive couple to a second inductive element of the stylus, the second inductive element longer than the first inductive element. 1. A stylus holder comprising: a connector to attach to a port of a computing device and create an electrical connection to the computing device port; and a fastener to attach a stylus to the holder and provide at least one of a data or power connection to the stylus, wherein the fastener includes a first inductive element formed in an internal cavity area of the fastener, the first inductive element to inductive couple to a second inductive element of the stylus, the second inductive element longer than the first inductive element. 2. The stylus holder of claim 1, wherein the first inductive element is to inductively couple with the second inductive element when the stylus is placed in near physical contact with the fastener. 3. The stylus holder of claim 1, wherein inductive coupling between the first and second inductive elements enables transfer of both data and power between the stylus and the computing device. 4. The stylus holder of claim 1, wherein the fastener is a flexible pen clip. 5. The stylus holder of claim 1, wherein the fastener is a C-clip, and the first inductive element extends along a curved profile of the C-clip. 6. The stylus holder of claim 1, wherein the fastener is shaped to hold only a portion of the stylus. 7. The stylus holder of claim 1, further comprising a processor to communicate with machine-readable instructions executing in the computing device, wherein removal of the stylus holder from the port of the computing device is to cause the machine-readable instructions to provide a notification of the removal. 8. The stylus holder of claim 1, wherein the connector is a Universal Serial Bus (USB) plug for connecting with a USB port of the computing device. 9. A stylus comprising: a housing to fasten to a stylus clip that is connected to a port of a computing device; and an elongate inductive element within the housing and to inductive couple to an inductive element of the stylus clip that has a fastener to hold the stylus in a fixed position and a connector to connect to the port of the computing device, wherein the elongate inductive element is longer than the inductive element of the stylus clip. 10. The stylus of claim 9, wherein the elongate inductive element in the stylus is to inductively couple with the inductive element of the stylus clip when the stylus is placed in physical contact with the fastener of the stylus clip. 11. The stylus of claim 9, wherein inductive coupling between the elongate inductive element in the stylus and the inductive element of the stylus clip enables transfer of both data and power between the stylus and the computing device. 12. An assembly comprising: a stylus comprising a first inductive element; and a stylus holder comprising: a connector to electrical connect to a port of a computing device; and a fastener to hold the stylus in a fixed position when attached to the fastener, wherein the fastener includes a second inductive element formed in an internal cavity area of the fastener, and wherein the first inductive element is longer than the second inductive element. 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein inductive coupling between the first and second inductive elements enables transfer of power from the computing device to the stylus. 14. The assembly of claim 12, wherein inductive coupling between the first and second inductive elements enables transfer of data between the stylus and the computing device. 15. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the fastener is shaped to hold only a portion of the stylus. 16. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the stylus holder includes a processor to communicate with machine-readable instructions executing in the computing device. 17. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the stylus holder includes a memory coupled to the processor. 18. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the connector is a Universal Serial Bus (USB) plug for connecting with a USB port of the computing device. 19. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the fastener is a flexible pen clip. 20. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the fastener is shaped C-clip.",
-    "A data storage device includes a flash memory and a controller device. The flash memory includes a plurality of pages, wherein each of the pages includes a spare area, and each of the spare areas stores a power-off-reset count. The controller device determines whether the first page has been through a power-interruption event according to the power-off-reset counts stored in the spare areas. 1. A data storage device, comprising: a flash memory, comprising a plurality of pages, wherein each of the pages comprises a spare area, and each of the spare areas stores a power-off-reset count; and a controller device, determining whether a first page of the pages has been through a power-interruption event according to the power-off-reset counts stored in the spare areas. 2. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flash memory further comprises a record table arranged to record a reference power-off-reset count, wherein the controller device increases the reference power-off-reset count by one every time the data storage device is powered off. 3. The data storage device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller device writes the reference power-off-reset count of the record table into the spare area of at least one target page of the pages for using the reference power-off-reset count as the power-off-reset count of the target page when the controller device performs a write process on the target page of the page. 4. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller device reads the power-off-reset count of the first page and the power-off-reset count of a second page which is adjacent to and in front of the first page, and compares the power-off-reset count of the first page with the power-off-reset count of the second page, wherein the controller device determines that the first page has been through a power-interruption event when the power-off-reset count of the first page is different from the power-off-reset count of the second page. 5. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller device reads the power-off-reset counts of a second page and a third page which are adjacent to the first page, and compares the power-off-reset count of the second page with the power-off-reset count of the third page, wherein the controller device determines that the first page has been through a power-interruption event when the power-off-reset count of the second page is different from the third page. 6. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first page is a page that cannot be successfully read by the controller device. 7. A power-interruption detection method, applied to a data storage device of a flash memory, wherein the flash memory comprises a plurality of pages, each of the pages comprises a spare area, and the power-interruption detection method comprises: writing a reference power-off-reset count into each of the spare areas of the pages which underwent a write process for using the reference power-off-reset count as a power-off-reset count of each of the pages when the pages undergo a write process; and determining whether a first page has been through a power-interruption event according to the power-off-reset counts stored in the spare areas of the pages. 8. The power-interruption detection method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising increasing the reference power-off-reset count by one every time the data storage device is powered off. 9. The power-interruption detection method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising: reading the power-off-reset count of the first page and the power-off-reset count of a second page which is adjacent to and in front of the first page; comparing the power-off-reset count of the first page with the power-off-reset count of the second page; and determining that the first page has been through a power-interruption event when the power-off-reset count of the first page is different from the power-off-reset count of the second page. 10. The power-interruption detection method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising: reading the power-off-reset counts of a second page and a third page which are adjacent to the first page; comparing the power-off-reset count of the second page with the power-off-reset count of the third page; and determining that the first page has been through a power-interruption event when the power-off-reset count of the second page is different from the third page. 11. The power-interruption detection method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first page is a page that cannot be successfully read.",
-    "Formulations and methods for papermaking use one or more volatile debonders, where the volatile debonder forms a solution or an emulsion with water in a paper precursor, and where the volatile debonder is evaporable from the paper precursor before the paper precursor is completely dried to form a paper sheet during papermaking. Two volatile debonders having different boiling points can be used, where they are miscible in water and in each other, and where one volatile debonder has a higher molecular weight and the other volatile debonder has a lower boiling point. 1. A formulation for use in papermaking, comprising a volatile debonder, wherein the volatile debonder forms a solution or an emulsion with water in a paper precursor, and wherein the volatile debonder is evaporable from the paper precursor before the paper precursor is completely dried to form a paper sheet during papermaking. 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the volatile debonder forms an azeotropic mixture with water. 3. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the azeotropic mixture is a positive azeotropic mixture. 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the volatile debonder comprises a hydrophobic molecule. 5. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the volatile debonder forms an emulsion with water. 6. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the volatile debonder comprises a molecule having a lower boiling point than a drying temperature to form the paper precursor into the paper sheet. 7. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the volatile debonder comprises a glycol ether. 8. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the glycol ether comprises at least one of an aliphatic and an aromatic side chain. 9. A formulation to be added to a paper precursor during papermaking, comprising a first volatile debonder and a second volatile debonder, wherein the first and the second volatile debonders are soluble in each other and in water, wherein the first and second volatile debonders evaporate from the paper precursor without leaving residua in the paper precursor after drying, and wherein the first and second volatile debonders have different boiling points. 10. The formulation of claim 9, wherein one of the first and second volatile debonders is a lower molecular weight debonder and the other of the first and second volatile debonders is a higher molecular weight debonder. 11. The formulation of claim 9, wherein the first and the second volatile debonders are mixed together in a water solution that is added to the paper precursor. 12. The formulation of claim 9, wherein one of the first and second volatile debonders is mixed with water and added to the paper precursor separately from the other volatile debonder. 13. The formulation of claim 9, wherein neither the first nor the second volatile debonder forms an azeotropic mixture with water. 14. A formulation for use in a process of papermaking, comprising a volatile debonder, wherein the volatile debonder is formulated in an aqueous solution or emulsion for dispersal on a paper precursor, and wherein the volatile debonder is evaporable from the paper precursor before the paper precursor is completely dried to form a paper sheet. 15. The formulation of claim 14, wherein the volatile debonder evaporates from the paper precursor without leaving residua in the paper sheet. 16. The formulation of claim 14, wherein the volatile debonder is formulated in an aqueous solution or emulsion for dispersal by spraying on the paper precursor. 17. The formulation of claim 14, further comprising a second volatile debonder that is evaporable from the paper precursor before the paper precursor is completely dried to form the paper sheet. 18. A method for making a debonded paper sheet, comprising: preparing a volatile debonder formulation compatible with the aqueous environment of a paper precursor, wherein the volatile debonder formulation comprises at least one volatile debonder, applying the volatile debonder formulation to the aqueous environment to form a debonded paper precursor, and processing the debonded paper precursor through a papermaking process, wherein the papermaking process has a drying step as its final stage, and wherein the at least one volatile debonder evaporates from the debonded paper precursor during the drying step, thereby forming the debonded paper sheet. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the volatile debonder formulation comprises at least two volatile debonders, each having a different boiling point. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least two volatile debonders comprise a first volatile debonder having a higher molecular weight and a second volatile debonder having a lower molecular weight. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of preparing the volatile debonder formulation comprises preparing an emulsion that disperses the volatile debonder formulation in the aqueous environment. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of applying the volatile debonder formulation to the aqueous environment comprises mixing the volatile debonder formulation with the paper precursor before the drying step. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the step of mixing the volatile debonder formulation with the paper precursor comprises forming an azeotropic mixture. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of applying the volatile debonder formulation to the aqueous environment comprises spraying or topically applying the volatile debonder to the paper web. 25. A method for making a debonded paper sheet without debonder residua, comprising: adding a first volatile debonder to a paper precursor in an aqueous environment to form a debonded paper precursor, wherein the first volatile debonder is evaporable during a drying process without leaving debonder residua; and processing the debonded paper precursor through the drying process, thereby evaporating the volatile debonder without leaving debonder residua, and thereby making the debonded paper sheet without debonder residua. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising adding a second volatile debonder to the paper precursor in an aqueous environment, wherein the second volatile debonder is evaporable during the drying process without leaving debonder residua. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the first volatile debonder and the second volatile debonder have different boiling points. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein one of the first volatile debonder and the second volatile debonder has a lower molecular weight, and the other of the first volatile debonder and the second volatile debonder has a higher molecular weight.",
-    "Silicon oxide particles each comprising an inner portion having an iron content of 10-1,000 ppm and an outer portion having an iron content of up to 30 ppm are suitable as negative electrode active material in nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries. Using a negative electrode comprising the silicon oxide particles as active material, a lithium ion secondary battery or electrochemical capacitor having a high capacity and improved cycle performance can be constructed. 1. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a lithium ion-conducting nonaqueous electrolyte, said negative electrode comprising a silicon oxide particles as negative electrode active material having an average particle size of 0.1 to 30 \u03bcm and a BET specific surface area of 0.5 to 30 m2/g, wherein a first iron content of inner portion of the silicon oxide particles is 15 to 1,000 ppm, and a second iron content of outer portion of the silicon oxide particles is 4 to 10 ppm, and wherein the inner portion is different from the outer portion. 2. The lithium ion secondary battery of claim 1, the second iron content of outer portion of the silicon oxide particles is determined by a method where a powder sample is mixed with 50% by weight of aqua regia and heated at 170\u00b0 C. for dissolution, followed by cooling, static holding, and filtration, and obtained filtrate is analyzed by ICP-AES to determine the second iron content of outer portion of the silicon oxide particles, and the first iron content of inner portion of the silicon oxide particles is determined by a method, where a total iron content of particles is measured by adding 50% by weight of hydrofluoric acid to a powder sample, once reaction begins, 50% by weight of nitric acid is further added to obtain a liquid, the liquid is heated at 200\u00b0 C. until complete melting, the liquid is analyzed by ICP-AES to determine the total iron content of particles, and then the first iron content of inner portion of the silicon oxide particles is determined by subtracting the second iron amount of outer portion from the total amount ((the total iron content)\u2212(the second iron content of outer portion of the silicon oxide particles)). 3. The lithium ion secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the first iron content of inner portion of the silicon oxide particles is 20 to 800 ppm. 4. The lithium ion secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the first iron content of inner portion of the silicon oxide particles is 15 to 850 ppm, and the second iron content of outer portion of the silicon oxide particles is 4 to 5 ppm.",
-    "A search context is recorded during a search performed by a first user. The search context may include environmental variables associated with the computing equipment used by the first user such as at least one of regional settings, geographic location, social attributes, job role, browse history, and cookie files. The search context may be encrypted or be restricted for use by certain users and for a specific period of time. The search context may be sent to a second user or a group. The context is applied to environmental variables associated with the computing equipment used by the second user. The second user can thereby substantially duplicate the search performed by the first user. 1. A system for searching content comprising: a computer system including at least one processor, a memory and a network interface, the memory having a plurality of modules stored therein for execution by the at least one processor to cause the at least one processor to be configured to: receive, from a first client system, a message including a first search context of a first user, wherein the first search context includes parameters related to the first user for performing a search of content; apply the first search context to the system when either a second user of the system opens a browser or the second user responds to an inquiry; and conduct a search for content for a second user with a different second search context via a search engine by selectively utilizing the received first search context of the first user to enable the search engine to perform the search for the second user with the search context of the first user. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein utilization of the received first search context is restricted based on at least one of a time interval and search topic. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the received first search context is encrypted, and the at least one processor is further configured to decrypt the received first search context. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the parameters of the first search context include at least one of regional settings, geographic location, social attributes, job role, browse history, and cookie files. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein conducting a search for content includes: selecting one of the first and second search contexts, and conducting the search for content for the second user utilizing the selected search context. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to record the first search context. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to record a third search context during a search performed by the second user. 8. A computer program product for searching content comprising: a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, such that when the computer readable program code is executed by at least one processor of a system, the system is configured to: receive, from a first client system, a message including a first search context of a first user, wherein the first search context includes parameters related to the first user for performing a search of content; apply the first search context to the system when either a second user of the system opens a browser or the second user responds to an inquiry; and conduct a search for content for a second user with a different second search context via a search engine by selectively utilizing the received first search context of the first user to enable the search engine to perform the search for the second user with the search context of the first user. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein utilization of the received first search context is restricted based on at least one of a time interval and search topic. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the received first search context is encrypted, and the at least one processor is further configured to decrypt the received first search context. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the parameters of the first search context include at least one of regional settings, geographic location, social attributes, job role, browse history, and cookie files. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein conducting a search for content includes: selecting one of the first and second search contexts, and conducting the search for content for the second user utilizing the selected search context. 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to record the first search context. 14. A computer-implemented method of searching content comprising: receiving, by a system from a first client system, a message including a first search context of a first user, wherein the first search context includes parameters related to the first user for performing a search of content; applying the first search context to the system when either a second user of the system opens a browser or the second user responds to an inquiry; and conducting a search for content for the second user with a different second search context via a search engine by selectively utilizing the received first search context of the first user to enable the search engine to perform the search for the second user with the first search context of the first user. 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein utilization of the received first search context is restricted based on at least one of a time interval and search topic. 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the received first search context is encrypted, and the method further comprises decrypting the received first search context. 17. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein the parameters of the first search context include at least one of regional settings, geographic location, social attributes, job role, browse history, and cookie files. 18. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein conducting a search for content includes: selecting one of the first and second search contexts, and conducting the search for content for the second user utilizing the selected search context. 19. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, and further comprising recording the first search context. 20. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, further comprising recording a third search context during a search performed by the second user.",
-    "A method for adjusting play in a high-lift system of an aircraft with several flaps, moved by a drive unit with the aid of driving stations connected to a driveshaft, includes disengaging the mechanical connections between the driveshaft and the driving stations in the first position, displacing the individual drive levers by mechanically driving a gear input of the associated rotary actuator such that the individual drive levers come into mechanical contact with a stop in a second position, spaced apart from the first position, and are pretensioned by a certain torque, rotationally fixing the gear inputs of the rotary actuators, adapting the length of connecting links between the respective drive levers and a support arm carrying the associated flap such that a position of the associated flap corresponding to the position of the stop is reached, and reconnecting the driving stations to the driveshaft pretensioned to have no play. 1. A method for adjusting the play in a high-lift system of an aircraft, wherein the high-lift system comprises a drive unit, a driveshaft that is connected to the drive unit and several driving stations that are distributed along and mechanically connected to the driveshaft and respectively comprise a rotary actuator with a housing and a drive lever mounted therein, wherein said drive lever extends radially from a rotational axis of the rotary actuator and is coupled to a pivotably mounted flap by a connecting link, and wherein the respective drive levers are moved by rotating the driveshaft with the aid of the drive unit and the flaps are thereby displaced between a retracted and an extended position, the method comprising: displacing the driving stations into a first position; disengaging the mechanical connections between the driveshaft and the driving stations in the first position; displacing the individual drive levers in the direction of an extended position by mechanically driving a gear input of the associated rotary actuator such that the individual drive levers come into mechanical contact with a stop in a second position, which is spaced apart from the first position in the extending direction; rotationally fixing the gear inputs of the rotary actuators; adapting the length of the connecting links in such a way that a position of the associated flap corresponding to the position of the stop is reached; and reconnecting the driving stations to the driveshaft. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the arrangement of removable stops on the individual housings in the second position, and the removal of all stops after adapting the length of the connecting links and producing the connection. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the stop is an end stop and the second position corresponds to the completely extended position. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the second position is a 0\u00b0-position. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the displacement of the individual drive levers includes the arrangement of a rotary device with ratchet mechanism on the gear input of the rotary actuator. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the high-lift system comprises dropped-hinge kinematics.",
-    "Provided is a technology for efficiently obtaining a metal oxide film having good adhesiveness. A method of producing a metal oxide film includes: an application step of applying a solution containing an organic metal complex onto a substrate; an ozone exposure step of exposing the resultant coating film to ozone; and a heating step of heating the coating film. 1. A method of producing a metal oxide film, the method comprising: an application step of applying a solution containing an organic metal complex onto a substrate; an ozone exposure step of exposing the resultant coating film to ozone; and a heating step of heating the coating film. 2. A method of producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein the heating step is performed at a heating temperature of 180\u00b0 C. or less. 3. A method of producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, further comprising, after the ozone exposure step, a washing step of bringing the coating film into contact with an organic solvent, wherein the ozone exposure step comprises selectively exposing the coating film to ozone. 4. A method of producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein the organic metal complex comprises at least one kind of metal complex having a total carbon number of from 4 to 30 in one molecule. 5. A method of producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein: the organic metal complex comprises an acetylacetonate metal complex; and a solvent in the solution containing an organic metal complex comprises at least one kind selected from an alcohol, a ketone, an ether, a halogenated hydrocarbon, and a cyclic hydrocarbon. 6. A method of producing a metal oxide film according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide film contains at least four elements of Al, O, C, and H, and a total composition ratio of C and H is 70% or more with respect to the four elements. 7. A method of producing a metal oxide film according to claim 3, wherein the organic solvent to be used in the washing step comprises at least one kind selected from an alcohol, a ketone, an ether, a halogenated hydrocarbon, and a cyclic hydrocarbon. 8. A method of manufacturing a transistor, the method comprising the steps of: forming a gate electrode on a substrate; applying a solution containing an organic metal complex onto the substrate; selectively exposing the resultant coating film to ozone; washing the substrate with an organic solvent; baking the coating film, to obtain an insulating film; and forming a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a semiconductor layer. 9. A metal oxide film, comprising at least four elements of Al, O, C, and H, wherein a total composition ratio of C and H is 70% or more with respect to the four elements.",
-    "A dispenser with a case including a base and a cover that together define an internal storage region, and an adjustable axle assembly, mounted within the internal storage region of case, including an axle and at least one movable stop that is configured to be secured to the axle. 1. A dispenser for use with a rolled object, the dispenser comprising: a case including a base and a cover that together define an internal storage region; and an adjustable axle assembly, mounted within the internal storage region of case, including an axle and at least one movable stop that is configured to be secured to the axle. 2. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base is secured to the cover by a hinge. 3. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cover includes a plurality of longitudinally extending slots that allow the internal storage region to be observed from outside the case. 4. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one movable stop comprises a plurality of movable stops. 5. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one movable stop comprises a resilient movable stop. 6. A dispenser as claimed in claim 5, wherein the axle defines a longitudinal axis and includes a plurality of longitudinally spaced indentations; and the axle and the resilient movable stop are sized such that the resilient movable stop will be in tension when the resilient movable stop is positioned around the axle and in an indentation. 7. A dispenser as claimed in claim 5, wherein the axle defines a longitudinal axis and includes a plurality of longitudinally spaced indentation sets, each indentation set including a plurality of longitudinally aligned indentations; and the axle and the resilient movable stop are sized such that the resilient movable stop will be in tension when the resilient movable stop is positioned around the axle and in an indentation set. 8. A dispenser as claimed in claim 7, wherein the axle includes first and second planar side walls and a curved bottom wall that extends from the first side wall to the second side wall; and the indentations in each indentation set are located at an end of at least one of the first and second side walls and on the curved bottom wall. 9. A dispenser as claimed in claim 8, wherein the axle defines a U-shaped cross-section in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. 10. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the axle assembly and case are respectively configured such that the axle assembly can be connected to and disconnected from the case. 11. A dispenser as claimed in claim 10, wherein the axle assembly and case are respectively configured such that the axle assembly is not rotatable relative to the case when connected to the case. 12. A dispenser as claimed in claim 11, wherein the axle includes first and second end walls and first and second axle tabs extending from the first and second end walls, the axle tabs defining an axle tab shape; the case base includes first and second receivers that are configured to receive the axle tabs and define a receiver shape; and the axle tab shape and the receiver shape are such that the axle tabs are prevented from rotating relative to the receivers when the axle tabs are located within the receivers. 13. A dispenser as claimed in claim 12, wherein the case cover is movable between an open position and a closed position and includes first and second protrusions that engage the first and second axle tabs when the cover is in the closed position to press the first and second axle tabs against the first and second receivers. 14. A dispenser as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first and second axle end walls include respective channels for the first and second protrusions on the case cover. 15. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the axle defines a longitudinal axis and first and second longitudinal ends; the first longitudinal end includes at least one fixed stop that extends outwardly in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and the second longitudinal end does not include a fixed stop. 16. A dispenser as claimed in claim 1, wherein the case base includes a bottom wall and a support beam extending outwardly from the bottom wall. 17. A dispenser as claimed in claim 16, wherein a finger recess is defined between the support beam and the bottom wall; the case cover defines a thumb recess; and the support beam is located between the finger recess and the thumb recess. 18. A dispenser as claimed in claim 17, wherein the case base includes first and second support posts outwardly from the bottom wall. 19. A dispenser as claimed in claim 17, wherein the case cover includes first and second belt loops on opposite sides of the thumb recess.",
-    "According to the embodiment, an array substrate includes a substrate, a plurality of first wirings, a plurality of second wirings, a thin film transistor, a protective layer, and a plurality of connection parts electrically connected to each of the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings, and including a conductive material having higher corrosion resistance than a material of the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings. An end surface of the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings on peripheral side of the substrate is covered with the protective layer, and an end surface of the connection part on the peripheral side of the substrate is located at a periphery of the substrate in plan view. 1. An array substrate comprising: a substrate; a plurality of first wirings provided on a surface of the substrate and extending in a first direction; a plurality of second wirings provided on the surface of the substrate and extending in a second direction crossing the first direction; a thin film transistor provided in each of a plurality of regions defined by the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings; a protective layer covering at least the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings; and a plurality of connection parts provided in at least one of a region on the protective layer, a region between the plurality of first wirings and the substrate, and a region between the plurality of second wirings and the substrate, electrically connected to each of the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings, and including a conductive material having higher corrosion resistance than a material of the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings, an end surface of the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings on peripheral side of the substrate being covered with the protective layer, and an end surface of the connection part on the peripheral side of the substrate being located at a periphery of the substrate in plan view. 2. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein the connection part includes at least one of an oxide conductive material and an anticorrosion metal. 3. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein the connection part includes at least one selected from the group consisting of ITO, IZO, ZnO, Sn2O3:Sb, Sn2O3:F, IGZO, and gold (Au). 4. The substrate according to claim 1, wherein a region of the protective layer at least near the periphery of the substrate includes at least one of an oxide insulating material, a nitride insulating material, and an oxynitride insulating material. 5. A radiation detector comprising: the array substrate according to claim 1; a photoelectric conversion element provided in each of the plurality of regions defined by the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings of the array substrate; and a scintillator provided on the photoelectric conversion element. 6. A wiring substrate comprising: a substrate; a wiring provided on a surface of the substrate; a circuit element electrically connected to the wiring; a protective layer covering at least the wiring; and a connection part provided in at least one of a region on the protective layer and a region between the wiring and the substrate, electrically connected to the wiring, and including a conductive material having higher corrosion resistance than a material of the wiring, an end surface of the wiring on peripheral side of the substrate being covered with the protective layer, and an end surface of the connection part on the peripheral side of the substrate being located at a periphery of the substrate in plan view. 7. The substrate according to claim 6, wherein the connection part includes at least one of an oxide conductive material and an anticorrosion metal. 8. The substrate according to claim 6, wherein the connection part includes at least one selected from the group consisting of ITO, IZO, ZnO, Sn2O3:Sb, Sn2O3:F, IGZO, and gold (Au). 9. The substrate according to claim 6, wherein a region of the protective layer at least near the periphery of the substrate includes at least one of an oxide insulating material, a nitride insulating material, and an oxynitride insulating material.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes a scanning section, a storage section, an image forming section, and a control section. The scanning section scans an image formed on a first side of the recording medium to obtain scanned image data. The storage section stores therein specific information data indicating a specific image or a specific character string. The control section controls the scanning section and the image forming section. The image forming section forms an image based on input image data on a second side of the recording medium. The control section determines whether or not the input image data includes the specific information data and the scanned image data includes the specific information data and determines based on a result of the determination whether or not to control the image forming section to form a masking image on the first side of the recording medium. 1. An image forming apparatus that forms an image on a recording medium having a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, comprising: a scanning section configured to scan an image formed on the first side of the recording medium to obtain scanned image data; a storage section that stores therein data of specific information indicating a specific image or a specific character string; an image forming section configured to form an image on the recording medium; and a control section configured to control the scanning section and the image forming section, wherein the image forming section forms an image based on input image data on the second side of the recording medium, and the control section determines whether or not the input image data includes the data of the specific information and the scanned image data includes the data of the specific information and determines based on a result of the determination whether or not to control the image forming section to form a masking image on the first side for masking a portion of the image on the first side that indicates the specific information. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein upon determining that each of the input image data and the scanned image data includes the data of the specific information, the control section controls the image forming section to form the image based on the input image data on the second side of the recording medium without forming the masking image on the first side of the recording medium. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein upon determining that the input image data does not include the data of the specific information and the scanned image data includes the data of the specific information, the control section determines based on a setting selected by a user whether or not to control the image forming section to form the masking image on the first side of the recording medium. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein upon determining that the input image data does not include the data of the specific information and the scanned image data includes the data of the specific information, the control section controls the image forming section based on a setting selected by the user to form the masking image on the first side of the recording medium. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein upon determining that the input image data does not include the data of the specific information and the scanned image data includes the data of the specific information, the control section controls the image forming section based on a setting selected by the user not to form an image on the first and second sides of the recording medium. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an input and output section configured to display an input screen, wherein upon determining that the input image data does not include the data of the specific information and the scanned image data includes the data of the specific information, the control section causes the input and output section to display a notification screen that displays a notification on the input and output section to a user. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein upon determining to control the image forming section to form on the first side of the recording medium the masking image for masking a portion of the image on the first side that indicates the specific information, the control section controls the image forming section to form the masking image including a masking portion located in correspondence with the portion of the image on the first side of the recording medium that indicates the specific information such that the masking portion masks the portion of the image on the first side that indicates the specific information. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein upon determining to control the image forming section to form on the first side of the recording medium the masking image for masking a portion of the image on the first side that indicates the specific information, the control section controls the image forming section to form the masking image that masks an entirety of the image on the first side. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the data of the specific information includes: first specific information data for the image formed on the first side of the recording medium; and second specific information data for the image to be formed on the second side of the recording medium, the second specific information data being different from the first specific information data, the control section determines whether or not the scanned image data includes the first specific information data and whether or not the input image data includes the second specific information data. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the character string includes any of a personal name, a business connection name, a telephone number, accounting information, and a program code. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the specific image includes any of a confidential mark or a logotype of a company.",
-    "A vehicle window opening device includes a controlling portion, which controls opening/closing operation of a vehicle window based on drive force of a drive portion, a manipulation portion, which outputs a command signal in response to manipulation, and a catching detecting portion, which detects catching of a foreign object by the vehicle window based on a characteristic value of the drive portion that fluctuates in accordance with fluctuation in load acting on the vehicle window during an opening operation. The control portion is configured to control the opening operation, the closing operation, or both the opening and closing operations of the vehicle window based on manipulation of the manipulation portion after detection of catching by the catching detecting portion. 1. A vehicle window opening device comprising: a controlling portion, which controls opening/closing operation of a vehicle window based on drive force of a drive portion; a manipulation portion, which outputs a command signal in response to manipulation; and a catching detecting portion, which detects catching of a foreign object by the vehicle window based on a characteristic value of the drive portion that fluctuates in accordance with fluctuation in load acting on the vehicle window during an opening operation, wherein the control portion is configured to control the opening operation, the closing operation, or both the opening and closing operations of the vehicle window based on manipulation of the manipulation portion after detection of catching by the catching detecting portion. 2. The vehicle window opening device according to claim 1, wherein the control portion is configured to, when the catching detecting portion detects catching of a foreign object: either stop the opening operation of the vehicle window or reverse the vehicle window and move the vehicle window by a predetermined distance; and prohibit the opening operation of the vehicle window. 3. The vehicle window opening device according to claim 2, wherein the control portion is configured to permit the opening operation of the vehicle window based on at least one of a number of times of the closing operation of the vehicle window, an operation time of the closing operation, and a displacement of the closing operation after the detection of catching of a foreign object by the catching detecting portion. 4. The vehicle window opening device according to claim 1, wherein: the control portion is one of a plurality of control portions, the manipulation portion is one of a plurality of manipulation portions, and the drive portion is one of a plurality of drive portions, wherein each set of a control portion, a manipulation portion, and a drive portion is provided for each of a plurality of vehicle windows of the vehicle; each manipulation portion outputs the command signal by being manipulated by an occupant; and each control portion controls the corresponding drive portion based on the command signal output from the corresponding manipulation portion, thereby controlling opening/closing operation of the corresponding vehicle window; the vehicle window opening device further comprising: change detecting portions, each of which detects changes of a state of operation of one of the vehicle windows; catching detecting portions, each of which detects catching of a foreign object by one of the vehicle windows based on changes detected by the corresponding change detecting portion; and manipulation position determining portions, wherein, when the corresponding manipulation portion is manipulated, each manipulation position determining portion determines whether the manipulation was performed either at a local seat that is adjacent to the vehicle window-to-be-operated or at a distant seat other than the local seat, wherein each control portion is configured to, when the corresponding catching detecting portion detects catching of a foreign object, either stop the opening operation of the corresponding vehicle window or reverse the corresponding vehicle window and move the vehicle window by a predetermined distance, and each control portion is configured to limit the operation direction of the vehicle window-to-be-operated only to the closing direction if the corresponding manipulation position determining portion determines, after the corresponding catching detecting portion detects catching of a foreign object, that the manipulation was performed at a distant seat. 5. The vehicle window opening device according to claim 4, wherein each control portion is configured not to limit the operation direction of the vehicle window-to-be-operated if the corresponding manipulation position determining portion determines, after the corresponding catching detecting portion detects catching of a foreign object, that the manipulation was performed at the local seat.",
-    "An apparatus for tensioning a material includes a housing, a spur shaft reciprocally coupled to the housing, a trigger operably coupled to the housing and to the spur shaft to effect translation of the spur shaft when the trigger is operably moved, a tensioning device mounted to the housing and operably coupled to the spur shaft such that translation of the spur shaft causes operation of the tensioning device, and a passage having an inlet and an outlet, the passage operably coupling the inlet and outlet to the tensioning device. 1. An apparatus for tensioning a material comprising: a housing; a spur shaft reciprocatingly translatably coupled to the housing; a trigger operably coupled to the housing and to the spur shaft to effect translation of the spur shaft when the trigger is moved between a first position and a second position relative to the housing; a tensioning device mounted to the housing and operably coupled to the spur shaft such that translation of the spur shaft causes operation of the tensioning device; and a passage having an inlet and an outlet, the passage operably coupling the inlet and outlet to the tensioning device. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the housing further comprises a grip and a barrel portion. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the trigger is pivotably coupled to the housing and wherein the first position is distally located from the grip portion and the second position is proximally located to the grip portion. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tensioning device comprises a plurality of meshed gears. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the passage comprises a tortuous path defined between the plurality of meshed gears. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein at least one of the plurality of meshed gears is rotatably coupled to the housing. 7. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein at least one of the plurality of meshed gears rotatably coupled to the housing further comprises a plurality of ratcheting teeth. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the spur shaft further comprises a plurality of ratcheting teeth and wherein the ratcheting teeth of the spur shaft are operably coupled to the ratcheting teeth of the meshed gear to effect rotation of the coupled meshed gear in a single rotational direction. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a cutting device operably coupled to the housing to impinge the passage. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the cutting device is a knife. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the cutting device is mounted proximate the inlet. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the cutting device comprises a cutter bar pivotally mounted to the housing and a knife operably coupled to the cutter bar and reciprocally mounted within the housing. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the cutter bar is biased. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the cutter bar is biased by a spring mounted within the grip. 15. An apparatus for tensioning a cable tape comprising: a housing; a spur shaft reciprocatingly coupled to the housing; a trigger operably coupled to the housing and to the spur shaft to effect translation of the spur shaft when the trigger is moved between a first position and a second position relative to the housing; a gear assembly comprising a pair of meshed gears mounted to the housing and operably coupled to the spur shaft such that translation of the spur shaft causes rotation of the gear assembly; and a passage having an inlet and an outlet, the passage operably coupling the inlet to the outlet through a tortuous path defined by the coupling of the meshed gears, wherein rotation of the gear assembly causes the cable tape inserted into the passage to move from the inlet to toward the outlet through the tortuous path of the meshed gears. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the trigger is pivotably coupled to the housing and wherein the first position is distally located from the grip portion and the second position is proximally located to the grip portion. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the gear assembly comprises a plurality of ratcheting teeth and wherein the spur shaft comprises a plurality of ratcheting teeth and wherein the ratcheting teeth of the spur shaft are operably coupled to the ratcheting teeth of the gear assembly to effect rotation of the gear assembly in a single rotational direction. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a cutting device operably coupled to the housing to trim the cable tape inserted into the passage. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the cutting device comprises a cutter bar pivotally mounted to the housing and a knife operably coupled to the cutter bar and reciprocally mounted within the housing.",
-    "The present invention generally relates to methods of using an air purifier to perform a photo-hydro-ionization (PHI) process to generate an oxidizer plasma to be exhausted into an indoor space. The oxidizer plasma may include ionized-hydro-peroxides (IHPs), superoxide, hydroxyl ions or some combination thereof (hereinafter generally referred to as IHPs). In one embodiment, the process sanitizes the ambient environment of the indoor space by purifying air, sanitizing hard surfaces, and decontaminating the environment by creating and maintaining an elevated level of IHPs at or above 0.02 parts per million (ppm) within the entire indoor space. 1. A method for saturating an indoor space with an air purification unit, the method comprising: drawing air from a first space through a filter located within the unit; drawing air over an ionized-hydro-peroxide generator, located in the unit, to impart oxidizer plasma into the drawn air; purifying the drawn air within the unit with the imparted oxidizer plasma; adding additional free ionized-hydro-peroxide oxidizer plasma to the purified air to generate saturated air; exhausting the saturated air from the unit; elevating a level of ionized-hydro-peroxides of the air within the indoor space; and maintaining the air within the indoor space to have a level of ionized-hydro-peroxides of at least 0.02 parts per million and not more than 1.0 parts per million. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising elevating a level of superoxides in the air within the indoor space. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising elevating a level of hydroxyl ions in the air within the indoor space. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein drawing air from the first space through the filter includes drawing air through a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising varying the flow rate of air drawn over the ionized-hydro-peroxide generator using a variable speed blower. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein drawing air from a first space includes drawing air from the indoor space. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein drawing air from a first space includes drawing air from a remote space located outside of the indoor space. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein elevating a level of ionized-hydro-peroxides of the ambient air within the indoor space includes sanitizing at least some of the ambient air and at least a portion of one or more surfaces within the indoor space.",
-    "A memory system includes: a non-volatile memory device; and a controller for checking operation information of a requested ISP operation, performing a first ISP operation when the requested ISP operation is not requested in the past, and performing a second ISP operation when the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past. During the first ISP operation, the controller may read out two or more requested data from the non-volatile memory device in response to the operation information of the requested ISP operation, generate resultant data by performing a predetermined operation to the read-out requested data, output the resultant data to a host, and store the resultant data in the non-volatile memory device. During the second ISP operation, the controller may read out the resultant data corresponding to the requested ISP operation from the non-volatile memory device, and output the read-out resultant data to the host. 1. A memory system comprising: a non-volatile memory device; and a controller suitable for checking an operation information of a requested ISP operation by a host, and performing a first ISP operation when the requested ISP operation is not requested in the past, or performing a second ISP operation when the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past, wherein during the first ISP operation the controller reads out data from the non-volatile memory device according to the operation information of the requested ISP operation, generates a resulting data by performing a preset operation to the read-out data, outputs the resulting data to the host, and stores the resulting data in the non-volatile memory device, and wherein during the second ISP operation the controller outputs the read-out resulting data corresponding to the requested ISP operation from the non-volatile memory device to the host. 2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller cumulatively stores the operation information as a cumulative operation information of the requested ISP operation during the first ISP operation, and wherein the controller determines whether the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past by comparing the operation information of the requested ISP operation with the cumulative operation information. 3. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the controller cumulatively stores the operation information as the cumulative operation information, of the ISP operation previously performed as the first ISP operation in response to previous request from the host prior to the requested ISP operation to a maximum number of N (N is an integer greater than 2). 4. The memory system of claim 3, wherein when the part of the memory storing the cumulative operation information is full, the controller deletes the oldest hit operation information and stores the operation information of the requested ISP operation as the cumulative operation information during the first ISP operation. 5. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the data are stored in a first region of the non-volatile memory device, and the controller stores the resulting data in a second region of the non-volatile memory device. 6. The memory system of claim 5, wherein the controller stores the cumulative operation information in a preset storage space therein, and the controller backs up the cumulative operation information stored in the preset storage space to a third region of the non-volatile memory device at power-off of the memory system. 7. The memory system of claim 2, wherein the operation information of the requested ISP operation includes a process address information representing each location of the data in the non-volatile memory device, and a requested operation information representing a type of the preset operation corresponding to the requested ISP operation, and wherein each of the cumulative operation information further includes a resulting address information representing each location of the resulting data in the non-volatile memory device. 8. The memory system of claim 7, wherein the controller determines whether the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past by comparing the process address information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information, and selectively comparing the requested operation information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information according to a result of the comparing of the process address information. 9. The memory system of claim 8, wherein, during the comparing of the process address information, the controller determines that the process address information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information have different values when numbers of the data represented by the process address information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information is different from each other. 10. The memory system of claim 7, wherein the preset operation includes: an operation of joining the read-out data together; and/or an operation of comparing the read-out data with one another. 11. An operation method of a memory system including a non-volatile memory device the operation method comprising: checking an operation information of a requested ISP operation when a host provides a request of ISP operation; performing a first ISP operation when the requested ISP operation is not requested in the past as a result of the checking of the operation information; storing a resulting data of the first ISP operation in the non-volatile memory device; and performing a second ISP operation when the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past as a result of the checking of the operation information, wherein the first ISP operation includes reading out data from the non-volatile memory device according to the operation information of the requested ISP operation, generating the resulting data by performing a preset operation to the read-out data, and outputting the resulting data to the host, and wherein the second ISP operation includes outputting the read-out resulting data corresponding to the requested ISP operation from the non-volatile memory device to the host. 12. The operation method of claim 11, wherein the checking of the operation information includes: cumulatively storing the operation information as a cumulative operation information of the requested ISP operation during the first ISP operation; an determining whether the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past by comparing the operation information of the requested ISP operation with the cumulative operation information. 13. The operation method of claim 12, wherein the cumulatively storing of the operation information may be performed by cumulatively storing the operation information, as the cumulative operation information, of the ISP operation during which the resultant data is previously stored in the non-volatile memory device through the performing of the first ISP operation and the storing of the resultant data in response to previous request of the ISP operation from the host, prior to the requested ISP operation to a maximum number of N (N is an integer greater than 2). 14. The operation method of claim 13 herein when the part of the memory storing the cumulative operation information is full, the cumulatively storing of the operation information deletes the oldest hit one among the operation information in the cumulative operation information and may store the operation information of the requested ISP operation as the cumulative operation information during the first ISP operation. 15. The operation method of claim 12, wherein the data are stored in a first region of the non-volatile memory device 150, and wherein the storing of the resulting data may be performed by storing the resulting data in a second region of the non-volatile memory device. 16. The operation method of claim 15, wherein the cumulatively storing of the operation information includes: storing the cumulative operation information in a preset storage space other than the non-volatile memory device; and backing up the cumulative operation information stored in the preset storage space to a third region of the non-volatile memory device at power-off of the memory system. 17. The operation method of claim 12, wherein the operation information of the requested ISP operation includes a process address information representing each location of the data in the non-volatile memory device, and a requested operation information representing a type of the preset operation corresponding to the requested ISP operation, and wherein each of the cumulative operation information further includes a resulting address information representing each location of the resulting data in the non-volatile memory device. 18. The operation method of claim 17, wherein the checking of the operation information determines whether the requested ISP operation is also requested in the past by comparing the process address information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information, and selectively comparing the requested operation information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information according to a result of the comparing of the process address information. 19. The operation method of claim 18, wherein, during the comparing of the process address information, the checking of the operation information determines that the process address information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information have different values when numbers of the data represented by the process address information between the operation information of the requested ISP operation and the cumulative operation information is different from each other. 20. The operation method of claim 17, wherein the preset operation includes: an operation of joining the read-out data together; and an operation of comparing the read-out data with one another.",
-    "An operator identification control system and method are disclosed for a work vehicle having a cab, a work tool and a source of propulsion. The operator identification control system includes a source associated with the operator that actively transmits an operator identification to identify the operator. The operator identification control system also includes at least one controller onboard the work vehicle that receives and processes the operator identification to determine whether the operator is associated with the work vehicle, and based on the determination, enables an operation of the work tool and/or a motion of the work vehicle by the operator. 1. An operator identification control system for a work vehicle having a cab, a work tool and a source of propulsion, the operator identification control system comprising: a source associated with the operator that actively transmits an operator identification to identify the operator; and at least one controller onboard the work vehicle that receives and processes the operator identification to determine whether the operator is associated with the work vehicle, and based on the determination, enables at least one of an operation of the work tool and a motion of the work vehicle by the operator. 2. The operator identification control system of claim 1, wherein the source associated with the operator comprises a beacon having a Bluetooth transmitter that actively transmits the operator identification over a Bluetooth communication protocol, and the beacon is coupled to the operator. 3. The operator identification control system of claim 1, wherein the at least one controller on the work vehicle transmits data indicating a usage of the work vehicle by the operator to a remote system. 4. The operator identification control system of claim 1, wherein the source associated with the operator comprises a portable electronic device, and the operator identification system further comprises: a source of machine identification coupled to the cab of the work vehicle that actively transmits the machine identification, wherein the portable electronic device includes a controller that receives and processes the machine identification and generates the operator identification based on the received machine identification. 5. The operator identification control system of claim 4, wherein after the machine identification is received, the controller of the portable electronic device generates a notification when the machine identification is no longer received, the at least one controller receives and processes the notification and transmits data indicating a usage of the work vehicle by the operator to a remote system based on the received notification. 6. The operator identification control system of claim 5, wherein the at least one controller outputs a shutdown command to the source of propulsion associated with the work vehicle based on the received notification. 7. The operator identification control system of claim 4, wherein the source of machine identification is a beacon that has a Bluetooth transmitter that actively transmits the machine identification over a Bluetooth communication protocol. 8. The operator identification control system of claim 7, wherein the portable electronic device includes a second Bluetooth transceiver that receives the machine identification, and a wireless transceiver that communicates the operator identification over a wireless communication protocol to the at least one controller of the work vehicle. 9. The operator identification control system of claim 1, further comprising: a source of input data that receives a command for a start-up of the work vehicle, and the at least one controller receives the command and determines whether the operator is associated with the work vehicle based on the received command. 10. An operator identification control method for a work vehicle having a cab, a work tool and a source of propulsion, the method comprising: actively transmitting a machine identification in the cab of the work vehicle; receiving, by at least one controller of the work vehicle, an operator identification that identifies an operator based on the machine identification; processing, by the at least one controller, the operator identification to determine whether the operator is associated with the work vehicle; and enabling an operation of the work tool and a motion of the work vehicle by the operator based on the determination. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the receiving of the operator identification further comprises: receiving the machine identification by a controller of a device associated with an operator; generating, by the controller, the operator identification; and transmitting the operator identification to the at least one controller of the work vehicle. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the device is a portable electronic device. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the processing the operator identification further comprises: querying a data store onboard the work vehicle to determine whether the operator is listed in the data store. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising: transmitting, by the at least one controller of the work vehicle, usage data for the work vehicle by the operator to a remote system. 15. An operator identification control system for a work vehicle having a cab, a work tool and a source of propulsion, the operator identification control system comprising: a source that actively transmits a machine identification disposed in the cab of the work vehicle; an operator device having a controller that receives and processes the machine identification and based on the received machine identification, generates an operator identification that identifies an operator; and at least one controller onboard the work vehicle that receives and processes the operator identification to determine whether the operator is associated with the work vehicle, and based on the determination, enables an operation of the work tool and enables a motion of the work vehicle by the operator. 16. The operator identification control system of claim 15, wherein the at least one controller on the work vehicle transmits data indicating a usage of the work vehicle by the operator. 17. The operator identification control system of claim 16, wherein after the machine identification is received, the controller of the operator device generates a notification when the machine identification is no longer received, the at least one controller receives and processes the notification and transmits the data indicating the usage based on the received notification. 18. The operator identification control system of claim 15, wherein the source is a beacon fixedly coupled in the cab that has a Bluetooth transmitter that actively transmits the machine identification over a Bluetooth communication protocol. 19. The operator identification control system of claim 18, wherein the operator device includes a second Bluetooth transceiver that receives the machine identification, and a wireless transceiver that communicates the operator identification over a wireless communication protocol to the at least one controller of the work vehicle. 20. The operator identification control system of claim 15, wherein the operator device comprises a portable electronic device.",
-    "A mount system for a photovoltaic (PV) panel array allows for ease of installation, flexibility of movement, and the ability to remove and redeploy the system as needed. The system includes a plurality of modules which support a PV panel and a plurality of purlin connectors which interconnect with the modules. The system further includes a plurality of electrical connections which allow each of the modules to be in electrical communication with one another and may further a junction box, also in electrical communication with the modules. 1. A mount system for a photovoltaic panel, comprising: at least one module having a first side and a second side, the first side adapted to support a photovoltaic panel and the second side comprising at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector; and a purlin connector having a plurality of protrusion apertures adapted to receive the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one electrical aperture adapted to receive the at least one downwardly extending electrical connector. 2. The mount system of claim 1, wherein the module further comprises a cavity on the first side, the cavity adapted to receive a module connector. 3. The mount system of claim 2, wherein the module connector is in electrical communication with the electrical connector. 4. The mount system of claim 3, further comprising a junction box, wherein the junction box is in electrical communication with the connector module. 5. The mount system of claim 1, wherein the purlin connector is adapted to receive two modules. 6. The mount system of claim 5, further comprising a cable having a first end and a second end, the first end being connected to the electrical connector of the module and the second end being connected to the electrical connector of the second module such that the two modules are in electrical communication. 7. The mount system of claim 5, wherein the two modules are parallel to one another. 8. A method of mounting a photovoltaic panel, comprising: forming an aperture pattern into a purlin having a first side and a second side to create a patterned purlin; providing a module, the module having a first side and a second side, the first side adapted to support a photovoltaic panel and the second side comprising at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector, wherein the position of the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector correspond to the aperture pattern of the patterned purlin; inserting the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector through the first side of the patterned purlin; providing a purlin connector having a plurality of protrusion apertures adapted to receive the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one electrical aperture adapted to receive the at least one downwardly extending electrical connector; and interlocking the purlin connector with the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector of the module such that the purlin connector is in contact with the second side of the patterned purlin. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the forming the aperture pattern is done by one of punching, cutting, and laser etching. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of attaching the photovoltaic panel to the first surface of the module. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the purlin connector is adapted to support a second module, the second module having a first side and a second side, the first side adapted to support a photovoltaic panel and the second side comprising at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector, wherein the position of the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector correspond to the aperture pattern of the patterned purlin, and wherein the interlocking step further comprises interlocking the purlin connector with the at least two downwardly extending protrusions and at least one downwardly extending electrical connector of the second module. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising connecting the at least one downwardly extending electrical connector of the module with the at least one downwardly extending electrical connector of the second module with a cable such that the module and the second module are in electrical communication. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the module further comprises a cavity on the first side, the cavity adapted to receive a module connector and wherein the module connector is in electrical communication with the electrical connector. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising a cable, the cable having a first end and a second end, connecting the first end of the cable to the connector module and the second end of the cable to a junction box, such that the module and junction box are in electrical communication. 15. A photovoltaic array system, comprising: a photovoltaic array comprising at least two photovoltaic panels, wherein the photovoltaic array is supported by a first purlin and a second purlin and wherein the first purlin and the second purlin are parallel to one another; and the first purlin and the second purlin further comprising a plurality of modules and a plurality of purlin connectors. 16. The photovoltaic array system of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of purlin connectors supports two modules and wherein each of the two modules is connected to a different photovoltaic panel. 17. The photovoltaic array system of claim 15, wherein each photovoltaic panel is supported by four modules, wherein two modules are on the first purlin and two modules are on the second purlin. 18. The photovoltaic array system of claim 17, further comprising a first junction box and a second junction box, wherein the two modules on the first purlin are in electrical communication with the first junction box and wherein the two modules on the second purlin are in electrical communication with the second junction box. 19. The photovoltaic array system of claim 16, wherein the two modules supported by each of the plurality of purlin connectors are in electrical communication with each other. 20. The photovoltaic array system of claim 15, wherein the plurality of modules is adapted to interconnect with the plurality of purlin connectors.",
-    "A stent comprising a radially expandable elongate tubular support structure, the elongate tubular support structure comprising an inner surface and an outer surface and an anchoring element disposed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the tubular support structure, the anchoring element is separate and removable from the elongate tubular support structure. 1. A method of anchoring a stent in a body lumen, comprising: advancing an expandable stent through a body lumen to a treatment site in a compressed state, the expandable stent including one or more interwoven filaments forming a tubular structure having an outer surface and an inner surface; expanding the expandable stent in the body lumen at the treatment site to an expanded state; thereafter, advancing an anchoring element through the body lumen to the treatment site; and anchoring the expandable stent at the treatment site with the anchoring element by weaving the anchoring element into and out of the tubular structure with the anchoring element engaging the body lumen. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a first portion of the anchoring element is located radially exterior of the outer surface of the tubular structure and a second portion of the anchoring element is located radially interior of the inner surface of the tubular structure. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of anchoring includes extending the anchoring element through a first interstice of the tubular structure between adjacent filaments of the tubular structure. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of anchoring includes extending the anchoring element through a second interstice of the tubular structure between adjacent filaments of the tubular structure. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of anchoring includes extending the anchoring element through a third interstice of the tubular structure between adjacent filaments of the tubular structure. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of anchoring includes passing the anchoring element through the tubular structure from the inner surface to the outer surface, and back through the tubular structure from the outer surface to the inner surface. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of anchoring includes passing the anchoring element through the tubular structure from the inner surface to the outer surface, back through the tubular structure from the outer surface to the inner surface, and then back through the tubular structure from the inner surface to the outer surface. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the tubular structure is a braided, woven or knit structure. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the anchoring element is formed of a biodegradable polymer. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the expandable stent is an esophageal stent and the body lumen is an esophagus. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the expandable stent includes a covering extending over the outer surface of the tubular structure. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more interwoven filaments of the tubular structure are embedded in a silicone covering. 13. A method of anchoring a stent in a body lumen, comprising: advancing an expandable stent through a body lumen to a treatment site in a compressed state, the expandable stent including one or more interwoven filaments forming a tubular structure having an outer surface and an inner surface; expanding the expandable stent in the body lumen at the treatment site to an expanded state; thereafter, advancing an anchoring element through the body lumen to the treatment site; and anchoring the expandable stent at the treatment site with the anchoring element with the anchoring element engaging the body lumen by passing the anchoring element through the tubular structure from the inner surface to the outer surface, and back through the tubular structure from the outer surface to the inner surface. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the tubular structure is a braided, woven or knit structure. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the anchoring element is formed of a biodegradable polymer. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the expandable stent is an esophageal stent and the body lumen is an esophagus. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the expandable stent includes a covering extending over the outer surface of the tubular structure. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more interwoven filaments of the tubular structure are embedded in a silicone covering. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the anchoring element is woven in a longitudinal direction along the expandable stent. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the anchoring element is woven in a circumferential direction around the expandable stent.",
-    "An analysis program recorded in a recording medium causes a computer to hold, when executing an intermediate code that is a compiled code in which an element in a source code is replaced with a metafunction that changes the element to a mutant, a set of mutation descriptors indicating a change in the mutant with respect to a mutation operation corresponding to the metafunction. The analysis program further causes the computer to evaluate a command of each of the mutation descriptors, select at least one mutation descriptor having a same command evaluation result from the set of the mutation descriptors, and calculate a direct product of the selected mutation descriptor and one of the mutation operation and a first state that is the set of the mutation descriptors before evaluation of the commands, thereby generating a second state. The analysis program further causes the computer to bundle, when evaluating a command of each mutation descriptor of the generated second state, if a plurality of the second states are present, the second states into a single group, evaluate commands of the second states in the group in parallel, and merge third states having the same evaluation result among third states that are based on the command evaluation results in the group. 1. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored therein an analysis program causing a computer to execute a process comprising: holding, when executing an intermediate code that is a compiled code in which an element in a source code is replaced with a metafunction that changes the element to a mutant, a set of mutation descriptors indicating a change in the mutant with respect to a mutation operation corresponding to the metafunction; evaluating a command of each of the mutation descriptors; selecting at least one mutation descriptor having a same command evaluation result from the set of the mutation descriptors; calculating a direct product of the selected mutation descriptor and one of the mutation operation and a first state that'is the set of the mutation descriptors before evaluation of the commands, thereby generating a second state; bundling, when evaluating a command of each mutation descriptor of the generated second state, if a plurality of the second states are present, the second states into a single group; evaluating commands of the second states in the group in parallel; and merging third states having a same evaluation result among third states that are based on the command evaluation results in the group. 2. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the merging includes merging the third states in the group while commands without adverse effects are continued. 3. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the evaluating the commands in parallel includes dissolving the group and evaluating the commands of the second states when a command other than a command without an adverse effect appears. 4. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the merging includes not performing merging when a state returns to one of the first state and the second state through the merging. 5. An analytic method implemented by a computer, the analytic method comprising: holding, when executing an intermediate code that is a compiled code in which an element in a source code is replaced with a metafunction that changes the element to a mutant, a set of mutation descriptors indicating a change in the mutant with respect to a mutation operation corresponding to the metafunction; evaluating a command of each of the mutation descriptors; selecting at least one mutation descriptor having a same command evaluation result from the set of the mutation descriptors; calculating a direct product of the selected mutation descriptor and one of the mutation operation and a first state that is the set of the mutation descriptors before evaluation of the commands, thereby generating a second state; bundling, when evaluating a command of each mutation descriptor of the generated second state, if a plurality of the second states are present, the second states into a single group; evaluating commands of the second states in the group in parallel; and merging third states having a same evaluation result among third states that are based on the command evaluation results in the group. 6. The analytic method according to claim 5, wherein the merging includes merging the third states in the group while commands without adverse effects are continued. 7. The analytic method according to claim 5, wherein the evaluating the commands in parallel includes dissolving the group and evaluating the commands of the second states when a command other than a command without an adverse effect appears. 8. The analytic method according to claim 5, wherein the merging includes not performing merging when a state returns to one of the first state and the second state through the merging. 9. An analyzing apparatus comprising: a managing unit that, when executing an intermediate code that is a compiled code in which an element in a source code is replaced with a metafunction that changes the element to a mutant, manages a set of mutation descriptors indicating a change in the mutant with respect to a mutation operation corresponding to the metafunction; a first evaluating unit that evaluates a command of each of the mutation descriptors; a selecting unit that selects at least one mutation descriptor having a same command evaluation result from the set of the mutation descriptors; a generating unit that calculates a direct product of the selected mutation descriptor and one of the mutation operation and a first state that is the set of the mutation descriptors before evaluation of the commands, thereby generating a second state; a second evaluating unit that bundles, when evaluating a command of each mutation descriptor of the generated second state, if a plurality of the second states are present, the second states into a single group and evaluates the commands of the second states in the group in parallel; and a merging unit that merges third states having a same evaluation result among third states that are based on the command evaluation results in the group. 10. The analyzing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the merging unit merges the third states in the group while commands without adverse effects are continued. 11. The analyzing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second evaluating unit evaluates the commands in parallel includes dissolving the group and evaluating the commands of the second states when a command other than a command without an adverse effect appears. 12. The analyzing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the merging unit does not perform merging when a state returns to one of the first state and the second state through the merging.",
-    "The present invention provides HA polypeptides (e.g., H1 HA polypeptides) that bind to umbrella-topology glycans, and reagents and methods relating thereto. The present invention provides binding agents that bind to HA polypeptides (e.g., H1 HA polypeptides), and reagents and methods relating thereto. The present invention provides interfering agents that inhibit the binding of HA polypeptides (e.g., H1 HA polypeptides) to HA receptors, and reagents and methods relating thereto. The present invention provides compositions and methods for treating, preventing, and/or diagnosing influenza infection utilizing HA polypeptides, HA polypeptide binding agents, HA polypeptide interfering agents, and/or vaccine compositions comprising any of the foregoing. 1-22. (canceled) 23. A method of stratifying a patient population comprising: processing a patient sample by contacting it with a binding agent specific for an H1 HA influenza hemagglutinin (\u201cHA\u201d) polypeptide variant whose amino acid sequence: i) shows at least 90% identity with a reference wild type H1 HA polypeptide that is the HA from A/California/04/2009 strain (SEQ ID NO: 46); ii) includes a sequence substitution relative to the reference at each of the following positions: Position Amino acid (corresponding to residue wild type H3 HA in reference 186 Ser 189 Ala 219 Ile 227 Glu iii) differs from that of each of ADA76, A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 23); ASI30, A/Swine/Iowa/30 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 24); APR34, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 25); ASC18, A/South Carolina/1/18 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 26); AT91, A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 27); ANY18, A/New York/1/18 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 28); ADU63, A/Duck/Ukraine/1/63 (H3N8) (SEQ ID NO: 29); AAI68, A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) (SEQ ID NO: 30); AM99, A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2) (SEQ ID NO: 31); ADS97, A/Duck/Singapore/3/97 (H5N3) (SEQ ID NO: 32); Viet04, A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) (SEQ ID NO: 33); and detecting binding in the sample. 24-38. (canceled) 39. The method of claim 23, where in the sample is or comprises one or more of blood, serum/plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells/peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC/PBL), sputum, urine, feces, throat swabs, dermal lesion swabs, cerebrospinal fluids, cervical smears, pus samples, food matrices, and tissues from various parts of the body such as brain, spleen, and liver. 40. The method of claim 23, wherein the sample is from a patient who has previously been exposed to one or more viruses showing similarity with 2009 A/H1N1. 41. A method of detecting influenza, the method comprising steps of: contacting an environmental sample with a binding agent specific for an H1 HA influenza hemagglutinin (\u201cHA\u201d) polypeptide variant whose amino acid sequence: i) shows at least 90% identity with a reference wild type H1 HA polypeptide that is the HA from A/California/04/2009 strain (SEQ ID NO: 46); ii) includes a sequence substitution relative to the reference at each of the following positions: Position Amino acid (corresponding to residue wild type H3 HA) in reference 186 Ser 189 Ala 219 Ile 227 Glu iii) differs from that of each of ADA76, A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 23); ASI30, A/Swine/Iowa/30 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 24); APR34, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 25); ASC18, A/South Carolina/1/18 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 26); AT91, A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 27); ANY18, A/New York/1/18 (H1N1) (SEQ ID NO: 28); ADU63, A/Duck/Ukraine/1/63 (H3N8) (SEQ ID NO: 29); AAI68, A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) (SEQ ID NO: 30); AM99, A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2) (SEQ ID NO: 31); ADS97, A/Duck/Singapore/3/97 (H5N3) (SEQ ID NO: 32); Viet04, A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) (SEQ ID NO: 33); and detecting binding of the binding agent to the sample. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the environmental sample is or comprises one or more of oil, water and flora.",
-    "A method of triggering avalanche breakdown in a semiconductor device includes providing an electrical coupling and an optical coupling between an auxiliary semiconductor device configured to emit radiation and the semiconductor device including a pn junction between a first layer of a first conductivity type buried below a surface of a semiconductor body and a doped semiconductor region of a second conductivity type disposed between the surface and the first layer. The electrical and optical coupling includes triggering emission of radiation by the auxiliary semiconductor device and triggering avalanche breakdown in the semiconductor device by absorption of the radiation in the semiconductor device. 1. A method of triggering avalanche breakdown in a semiconductor device, the method comprising: providing an electrical coupling and an optical coupling between an auxiliary semiconductor device configured to emit radiation and the semiconductor device including a pn junction between a first layer of a first conductivity type buried below a surface of a semiconductor body and a doped semiconductor region of a second conductivity type disposed between the surface and the first layer, wherein the electrical and optical coupling includes triggering emission of radiation by the auxiliary semiconductor device and triggering avalanche breakdown in the semiconductor device by absorption of the radiation in the semiconductor device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising electrically coupling the auxiliary semiconductor device and the semiconductor device in parallel. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising limiting a current through the auxiliary semiconductor device by electrically connecting at least one of a resistor, a junction field effect transistor, and a depletion mode field effect transistor in series to the auxiliary semiconductor device. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming the auxiliary semiconductor device and the semiconductor device in a silicon semiconductor body at a distance of less than 50 \u03bcm. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting a first breakdown voltage Vbr1 of a current path through the semiconductor device larger than a second breakdown voltage Vbr2 of a current path through the auxiliary semiconductor device. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting a first breakdown voltage Vbr1 of a current path through the semiconductor device equal to or smaller than a second breakdown voltage Vbr2 of a current path through the auxiliary semiconductor device.",
-    "Semiconductor devices including a stressor in a recess and methods of forming the semiconductor devices are provided. The methods may include forming a trench in an active region and the trench may include a notched portion of the active region. The methods may also include forming an embedded stressor in the trench. The embedded stressor may include a lower semiconductor layer and an upper semiconductor layer, which has a width narrower than a width of the lower semiconductor layer. A side of the upper semiconductor layer may not be aligned with a side of the lower semiconductor layer and an uppermost surface of the upper semiconductor layer may be higher than an uppermost surface of the active region. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate including a first region and a second region; a first gate structure disposed on the first region; a second gate structure disposed on the first region; a third gate structure disposed on the second region; a fourth gate structure disposed on the second region; a first embedded stressor disposed in the first region and disposed between the first gate structure and the second gate structure; and a second embedded stressor disposed in the second region and disposed between the third gate structure and the fourth gate structure, wherein a first shortest distance between the first gate structure and the second gate structure is different from a second shortest distance between the third gate structure and the fourth gate structure, the first embedded stressor includes a first lower semiconductor layer and a first upper semiconductor layer disposed on the first lower semiconductor layer, the second embedded stressor includes a second lower semiconductor layer and a second upper semiconductor layer disposed on the second lower semiconductor layer, and a first thickness between an uppermost portion and a lowermost portion of the first upper semiconductor layer is different from a second thickness between an uppermost portion and a lowermost portion of the second upper semiconductor layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first shortest distance is less than the second shortest distance, and the first thickness is greater than the second thickness. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a level of a top surface of the first upper semiconductor layer is different from a level of a top surface of the second upper semiconductor layer. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a level of a top surface of the first lower semiconductor layer is different from a level of a top surface of the second lower semiconductor layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a third thickness between an uppermost portion and a lowermost portion of the first lower semiconductor is different from a fourth thickness between an uppermost portion and a lowermost portion of the second lower semiconductor. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a bottom surface of the first upper semiconductor layer is disposed lower than a top surface of the first lower semiconductor layer, and a bottom surface of the second upper semiconductor layer is disposed lower than a top surface of the second lower semiconductor layer. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a first well disposed in the first region; and a second well disposed in the second region, wherein both the first well and the second well include n-type impurities. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first lower semiconductor layer includes a first bottom layer and a first intermediate layer disposed on the first bottom layer, the second lower semiconductor layer includes a second bottom layer and a second intermediate layer disposed on the second bottom layer, a germanium concentration of the first intermediate layer is higher than that of the first bottom layer, and a germanium concentration of the second intermediate layer is higher than that of the second bottom layer. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a first spacer disposed on a sidewall of the first gate structure; a second spacer disposed on a sidewall of the second gate structure; a third spacer disposed on a sidewall of the third gate structure; and a fourth spacer disposed on a sidewall of the fourth gate structure, wherein the first lower semiconductor layer contacts a bottom surface of the first spacer, a level of a top surface of the first lower semiconductor layer is higher than a level of the bottom surface of the first spacer, the third lower semiconductor layer contacts a bottom surface of the third spacer, and a level of a top surface of the third lower semiconductor layer is higher than a level of the bottom surface of the third spacer. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the first upper semiconductor layer is disposed on a sidewall of the first spacer, and at least a portion of the second upper semiconductor layer is disposed on a sidewall of the third spacer. 11. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate including a first region and a second region; a first gate structure disposed on the first region; a second gate structure disposed on the first region; a third gate structure disposed on the second region; a fourth gate structure disposed on the second region; a first embedded stressor disposed in the first region and disposed between the first gate structure and the second gate structure; and a second embedded stressor disposed in the second region and disposed between the third gate structure and the fourth gate structure, wherein a first shortest distance between the first gate structure and the second gate structure is different from a second shortest distance between the third gate structure and the fourth gate structure, the first embedded stressor includes a first lower semiconductor layer and a first upper semiconductor layer disposed on the first lower semiconductor layer, the second embedded stressor includes a second lower semiconductor layer and a second upper semiconductor layer disposed on the second lower semiconductor layer, and a first thickness between an uppermost portion and a lowermost portion of the first lower semiconductor is different from a second thickness between an uppermost portion and a lowermost portion of the second lower semiconductor. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first shortest distance is less than the second shortest distance, and the first thickness is less than the second thickness. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein a level of a top surface of the first upper semiconductor layer is different from a level of a top surface of the second upper semiconductor layer. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein a first width of a widest portion of the first lower semiconductor layer is different than a second width of a widest portion of the second lower semiconductor layer. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first gate structure includes a gate dielectric layer and a gate electrode disposed on the gate dielectric layer. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the first lower semiconductor layer includes a first bottom layer and a first intermediate layer disposed on the first bottom layer, the second lower semiconductor layer includes a second bottom layer and a second intermediate layer disposed on the second bottom layer, a germanium concentration of the first intermediate layer is higher than that of the first bottom layer, and a germanium concentration of the second intermediate layer is higher than that of the second bottom layer. 17. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate including a first region and a second region; a first gate structure disposed on the first region; a second gate structure disposed on the first region; a third gate structure disposed on the second region; a fourth gate structure disposed on the second region; a first embedded stressor disposed in the first region and disposed between the first gate structure and the second gate structure; and a second embedded stressor disposed in the second region and disposed between the third gate structure and the fourth gate structure, wherein a width of the first gate structure is less than a width of the third gate structure, the first embedded stressor includes a first lower semiconductor layer and a first upper semiconductor layer disposed on the first lower semiconductor layer, the second embedded stressor includes a second lower semiconductor layer and a second upper semiconductor layer disposed on the second lower semiconductor layer, and a level of a top surface of the first upper semiconductor layer is different from a level of a top surface of the second upper semiconductor layer. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein a width of the first upper semiconductor layer is less than a width of a top portion of the first lower semiconductor layer, and a width of the second upper semiconductor layer is less than a width of a top portion of the second lower semiconductor layer. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the first shortest distance is less than the second shortest distance, and the level of the top surface of the first upper semiconductor layer is lower than the level of the top surface of the second upper semiconductor layer. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein a first shortest distance between the first gate structure and the second gate structure is different from a second shortest distance between the third gate structure and the fourth gate structure. 21. The semiconductor device of claim 17, further comprising: a first spacer disposed on a sidewall of the first gate structure; and a second spacer disposed on a sidewall of the first spacer, wherein a level of a bottom surface of the first spacer is lower than a level of a bottom surface of the second spacer, the first lower semiconductor layer contacts the bottom surface of the first spacer, the bottom surface of the second spacer and the sidewall of the first spacer. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 17, wherein the first lower semiconductor layer includes a first bottom layer and a first intermediate layer disposed on the first bottom layer, the second lower semiconductor layer includes a second bottom layer and a second intermediate layer disposed on the second bottom layer, a germanium concentration of the first intermediate layer is higher than that of the first bottom layer, and a germanium concentration of the second intermediate layer is higher than that of the second bottom layer.",
-    "The inventive subject matter provides apparatus, systems and methods in which a treatment device for a urinal (e.g., waterless urinal, waterless conversion, \u201cP\u201d trap in addition to skirt valve) is effective to reduce insects, uric acid buildup and odor in urinals and urinal pipes. The treatment device is typically installed in a urinal cartridge having a valve (e.g., a skirt valve), and comprises an upper dispenser positioned above the valve and a lower dispenser positioned below the valve. 1. A treatment device for a urinal cartridge having a valve, the treatment device comprising: an upper dispenser positioned above the valve; and a lower dispenser positioned below the valve. 2. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the valve has a first skirt, and further comprising a post about which is at least partially disposed both the first skirt and the upper dispenser. 3. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the valve has a first skirt, and further comprising a post about which is at least partially disposed both the first skirt and the lower dispenser. 4. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the valve has a first skirt, and further comprising a post about which is at least partially disposed (a) the first skirt, (b) the upper dispenser, and (c) the lower dispenser. 5. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the valve has a first skirt, and further comprising a post about which is at least partially disposed (a) the first skirt, (b) a second skirt, and (c) the lower dispenser. 6. The treatment device of claim 1, further comprising a deodorant configured to be dispensed by the upper dispenser. 7. The treatment device of claim 6, wherein the deodorant is configured as a solid pellet. 8. The treatment device of claim 1, further comprising a locking mechanism that locks the upper dispenser to the cartridge. 9. The treatment device of claim 8, wherein the locking mechanism comprises a detent. 10. The treatment device of claim 1, further comprising an active agent configured to be dispensed by the lower dispenser, wherein the active agent is selected from the list consisting of an insecticide and a uric acid-consuming bacteria. 11. The treatment device of claim 1, further comprising a fastening mechanism that fastens the lower dispenser to the cartridge. 12. The treatment device of claim 11, further comprising a post about which the valve is disposed, and wherein the fastening mechanism comprises mating inner threads on the lower dispenser and outer threads on the post. 13. The treatment device of claim 11, further comprising a post about which the valve is disposed, and wherein the fastening mechanism comprises a fastener with a hole that slidably couples with the post. 14. The treatment device of claim 13, wherein the fastener comprises a rib that engages a hole disposed on the lower dispenser. 15. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the upper and lower dispensers have a diameter between 2 and 4 inches. 16. The treatment device of claim 1, further comprising a perforated grate that is positioned above the upper dispenser to retain the upper dispenser in the urinal cartridge. 17. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the upper dispenser has a top side having a downward sloping surface that slopes towards a bottom side of the upper dispenser. 18. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the upper dispenser comprises a cavity. 19. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein the upper dispenser has a height between 0.5 and 1.5 inches, and the lower dispenser has a height between 0.5 and 1 inch. 20. The treatment device of claim 1, wherein a hole disposed on the upper dispenser has a smaller diameter than a cavity disposed on the lower dispenser.",
-    "A boot unit may comprise a boot that includes a small diameter portion formed at one side, a large diameter portion form at the other side, and a wrinkle portion formed between the small diameter portion and the large diameter portion, a bushing that is integrally formed with an interior circumference or an exterior circumference in a circumferential direction and having a predetermined thickness, and a band that is formed in the bushing along the circumferential direction of the bushing and has substantially a ring shape. 1-6. (canceled) 7. A method for manufacturing a boot unit, comprising: forming a boot that includes a large diameter portion; and integrally forming a bushing with the large diameter portion of the boot by molding the boot with the bushing using an over mold method, wherein the integrally forming a bushing includes inserting a band into the bushing. 8. The method for manufacturing a boot unit of claim 7, wherein in the integrally forming a bushing, the boot and the bushing are chemically integrally formed or bonded with each other. 9. The method for manufacturing a boot unit of claim 8, wherein in the integrally forming a bushing, a cover portion is integrally formed on the bushing in a radial direction to protect an end surface of the large diameter portion of the boot. 10. A boot unit comprising; a bushing that includes an one side exterior circumference formed at one side thereof, an other side exterior circumference formed at the other side thereof, and a step surface formed between the one side exterior circumference and the other side exterior circumference, wherein a distance of the other side exterior circumference from a central axis is smaller than that of the one side exterior circumference from the central axis; a boot that includes a small diameter portion formed at one side, a large diameter portion formed at the other side, a wrinkle portion formed between the small diameter portion and the large diameter portion, wherein the large diameter portion has a diameter that is larger than the small diameter portion and an interior circumference that is integrally formed with the one side exterior circumference, the step surface, and the other side exterior circumference of the bushing; and a band that is configured to have the boot contact the bushing. 11. The boot unit of claim 10, further comprising: an end portion cover portion that is integrally formed with an end portion of the bushing to be extended in a radial direction; and an outside cover portion that is integrally formed with an end portion of the end portion cover portion to correspond to the other side exterior circumference of the bushing, wherein the band contacts an exterior circumference of the outside cover portion to fix the outside cover portion on an exterior circumference of the boot and fix the boot on the other side exterior circumference of the bushing. 12. The boot unit of claim 10, wherein the bushing is molded with the large diameter portion of the boot using an over mold method, in which the large diameter portion of the boot is inserted into a mold and a molding material is injected or inserted into the mold to form the bushing. 13. The boot unit of claim 10, further comprising: an end portion cover portion that is integrally formed with an end portion of the bushing to be extended in a radial direction; and an outside cover portion that is integrally formed with an end portion of the end portion cover portion to correspond to the other side exterior circumference of the bushing, wherein the band contacts an exterior circumference of the outside cover portion to fix a portion of the outside cover portion in an exterior circumference of the boot and fix the boot on the other side exterior circumference of the bushing.",
-    "An indirect bandgap thin film semiconductor circuit can be combined with a compound semiconductor LED such as to provide an active matrix LED array that can have high luminous capabilities such as for a light projector application. In another example, a highly efficient optical detector is achievable through the combination of indirect and direct bandgap semiconductors. Applications can include display technologies, light detection, MEMS, chemical sensors, or piezoelectric systems. An LED array can provide structured illumination, such as for a light and pattern source for projection displays, such as without requiting spatial light modulation (SLM). An example can combine light from separate monolithic light projector chips, such as providing different component colors. An example can provide full color from a single monolithic light projector chip, such as including selectively deposited phosphors, such as to contribute individual component colors to an overall color of a pixel. 1. (canceled) 2. A method comprising: providing an inorganic substrate with a substantially direct bandgap for light emission or absorption, including forming a metal contact to the substrate; forming an insulating layer on a first side of the substrate; forming a direct bandgap semiconductor layer on the insulating layer; selectively heating and crystallizing an active region of the direct bandgap semiconductor layer formed on the insulating layer; forming an electrical contact to the crystallized active region in the direct bandgap semiconductor layer; and forming an electrical contact o the substrate. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the direct bandgap semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting of ZnO, alloys of ZnO, and organic material. 4. The method of claim 2, comprising: forming a thin film semiconductor transistor in the active region; wherein forming an electrical contact to the crystallized active region in the direct bandgap semiconductor layer comprises forming electrodes contacting the thin film semiconductor transistor; forming an insulating layer over the thin film semiconductor transistor; and forming vias in the insulating layer over the thin film semiconductor transistor. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein providing the substrate comprises providing a compound semiconductor substrate comprising at least one of GaAs, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, GaAsP, GaP, GaN, AlGaN, InGaN, SiC, ZnSe, AlN, AlGaN, AlGaInN, C, InAlP, InSb, InAlSb, or HgCdTe. 6. The method of claim 2, comprising: forming a gate insulator on the selectively heated and crystallized active region of the silicon layer; forming a gate on the gate insulator; and forming an insulating layer over the active region, the insulating layer comprising at least one of parylene, polyimide, SiOx, SiNx, SiNOx, DLC, HfO, Al2O3, TaOx, RuOx, metal oxide, nitride, fluoride, chloride, polymer, or fluorocarbon. 7. A method comprising: providing an inorganic substrate with a substantially direct bandgap for light emission or absorption, including forming a metal contact to the substrate; forming an insulating layer on a first side of the substrate; forming an indirect bandgap semiconductor layer on the insulating layer; selectively heating and crystallizing an active region of the direct bandgap semiconductor layer formed on the insulating layer; forming an electrical contact to the crystallized active region in the direct bandgap semiconductor layer; and forming an electrical contact to the substrate. 8. The method of claim 7, comprising: forming a thin film semiconductor transistor in the active region; wherein forming an electrical contact to the crystallized active region in the indirect bandgap semiconductor layer comprises forming electrodes contacting the thin film semiconductor transistor; forming an insulating layer over the thin film semiconductor transistor; and forming vias in the insulating layer over the thin film semiconductor transistor. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein providing the substrate comprises providing a compound semiconductor substrate comprising at least one of GaAs, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, GaAsP, GaP, GaN, AlGaN, InGaN, SiC, ZnSe, AlN, AlGaN, AlGaInN, C, InAlP, InSb, InAlSb, or HgCdTe. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein selectively heating and crystallizing an ac region comprises performing at least one of excimer laser crystallization, sequential lateral solidification, two-shot sequential lateral solidification, line sequential lateral solidification, or dot sequential later solidification. 11. The method of claim 7, comprising: forming a gate insulator on the selectively heated and crystallized active region of the silicon layer; forming a gate on the gate insulator; and forming an insulating layer over active region, the insulating layer comprising at least one of parylene, polyimide, SiOx, SiNx, SiNOx, DLC, HfO, Al2O3, TaOx, RuOx, metal oxide, nitride, fluoride, chloride, polymer, or fluorocarbon. 12. An apparatus comprising: an inorganic light emitting or absorbing device formed from an inorganic substrate providing a substantially direct bandgap for light emission or absorption, including a metal contact formed on the substrate; an insulating layer on a first side of the substrate; a direct bandgap semiconductor layer on the insulating layer; a thin film semiconductor circuit, in the direct bandgap semiconductor layer, the semiconductor circuit comprising a selectively heated and crystallized polycrystalline grain semiconductor active region; and an electrical connection, through the insulating layer, electrically connecting the inorganic light emitting or absorbing device with the thin film semiconductor circuit. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the direct bandgap semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting of ZnO, alloys of ZnO, and organic material. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the inorganic light emitting or absorbing device comprises an inorganic light emitting diode (LED) formed in the substrate, the LED comprising: an n-type cathode region of the substrate; a p-type anode region of the substrate; and wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of the LEDs arranged in an active matrix array. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising pixels, an individual pixel including a plurality of sub-pixels, an individual sub-pixel including a phosphor that is configured to receive light from an inorganic LED in the substrate and to pass a specified color of light in response to the received light, and wherein the individual sub-pixels individually contribute respective colors to an overall color of light provided by the individual pixel. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a light projector or a direct-view display comprising pixels, and wherein the pixels are monolithically integrated with the substrate. 17. The apparatus of claim 12, comprising a light projector comprising pixels, and wherein the pixels are configured to provide a directly addressed monolithic LED array light projection source configured to provide both a light source and a light modulator in the same component. 18. An apparatus comprising: an inorganic light emitting or absorbing device formed from an inorganic substrate providing a substantially direct bandgap for light emission or absorption; an insulating layer on a first side of the substrate; an indirect bandgap semiconductor layer on the insulating layer; a thin film semiconductor circuit, in the indirect bandgap semiconductor layer, the semiconductor circuit comprising a selectively melted and crystallized polycrystalline grain semiconductor active region; and an electrical connection, through the insulating layer, electrically connecting the inorganic light emitting or absorbing device with the thin film semiconductor circuit. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the inorganic light emitting or absorbing device comprises an inorganic light emitting diode (LED) formed in the substrate, the LED comprising: an n-type cathode region of the substrate; and a p-type anode region of the substrate; and wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of the LEDs arranged in an active matrix array. 20. The apparatus of claim 18, comprising pixels, an individual pixel including a plurality of sub-pixels, an individual sub-pixel including a phosphor that is configured to receive light from an inorganic LED in the substrate and to pass a specified color of light in response to the received light, and wherein the individual sub-pixels individually contribute respective colors to an overall color of light provided by the individual pixel. 21. The apparatus of claim 18, comprising a light projector or a direct-view display comprising pixels, and wherein the pixels are monolithically integrated with the substrate. 22. The apparatus of claim 18, comprising a light projector comprising pixels, and wherein the pixels are configured to provide a directly addressed monolithic LED array light projection source configured to provide both a light source and a light modulator in the same component.",
-    "The instant invention relates to low acidic species (AR) compositions comprising a protein, e.g., an antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, and methods, e.g., cell culture and/or protein purification methods, for producing such low AR compositions. Methods for using such compositions to treat a disorder, e.g., a disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental, are also provided. 1. A low acidic species composition comprising adalimumab, wherein the composition comprises less than 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab have a net negative charge relative to the adalimumab main species and the acidic species comprise species selected from the group consisting of charge variants, structure variants, fragmentation variants and any combinations thereof, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab do not include process-related impurities selected from the group consisting of host cell proteins, host cell nucleic acids, chromatographic materials and media components, and wherein the % acidic species is determined using WCX-10 HPLC wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using a first mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic (pH 7.5) and a second mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride (pH 5.5) and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using detection at 280 nm. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the charge variants comprise one or more of deamidation variants, glycation variants, afucosylation variants, MGO variants or citric acid variants, the structure variants comprise one or more of glycosylation variants or acetonation variants, and the fragmentation variants comprise one or more of Fab fragment variants, C-terminal truncation variants or variants missing a heavy chain variable domain. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adalimumab is produced in a mammalian host cell grown in cell culture. 4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the mammalian host cell is selected from the group consisting of a CHO cell, an NSO cell, a COS cell, and an SP2 cell. 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the mammalian host cell is a CHO cell. 6. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition comprises 3.1% or less acidic species of adalimumab. 7. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition comprises 1.4% to 9% acidic species of adalimumab. 8. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition comprises 8% or less acidic species of adalimumab. 9. (canceled) 10. The composition of claim 3, wherein the low acidic species composition is a lyophilized composition. 11. A pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject comprising the composition of claim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein adalimumab is present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration of 25-100 mg/ml. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is between 5.0 to 6.5. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more excipient. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more excipient is selected from the group consisting of a buffering agent, a surfactant and a polyol, or a combination thereof. 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises the surfactant polysorbate 80. 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amino acid buffering agent. 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17, wherein the amino acid is histidine. 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises the polyol mannitol. 20. A method for treating a subject having a disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, thereby treating the subject having a disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental. 21. (canceled) 21. A low acidic species composition comprising adalimumab, wherein the composition comprises less than 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, and wherein the acidic species of adalimumab correspond to the peaks that elute earlier than the main peak in a WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram of adalimumab wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using a first mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic (pH 7.5) and a second mobile phase of 10 mM Sodium Phosphate dibasic, 500 mM Sodium Chloride (pH 5.5) and wherein the WCX-10 HPLC chromatogram is generated using detection at 280 nm. 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab comprise a first acidic region (AR1) and a second acidic region (AR2). 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the first acidic region (AR1) and the second acidic region (AR2) comprise charge variants, structure variants and fragmentation variants. 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the charge variants comprise one or more of deamidation variants, glycation variants, afucosylation variants, MGO variants or citric acid variants, the structure variants comprise one or more of glycosylation variants or acetonation variants, and the fragmentation variants comprise one or more of Fab fragment variants, C-terminal truncation variants or variants missing a heavy chain variable domain. 25. The composition of claim 21, wherein the adalimumab is produced in a mammalian host cell grown in cell culture. 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the composition comprises 3.1% or less acidic species of adalimumab. 27. The composition of claim 25, wherein the composition comprises 1.4% to 9% acidic species of adalimumab. 28. A pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to a subject comprising the composition of claim 25 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 29. A method for treating a subject having a disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental, comprising administering to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, thereby treating the subject having a disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental is selected from the group consisting of: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), uveitis, active axial spondyloarthritis (active axSpA) and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA). 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the disorder in which TNF\u03b1 is detrimental is selected from the group consisting of: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), uveitis, active axial spondyloarthritis (active axSpA) and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA).",
-    "An image processing apparatus for processing images captured by an image capturing apparatus includes an image input unit to receive a plurality of image frames of a subject captured by the image capturing apparatus along the time line; a tracking area setting unit to set a target tracking area on the plurality of image frames; a tracking unit to track the target tracking area on the plurality image frames; a subject condition prediction unit to predict a condition of the subject at a time point delayed from a time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured based on a tracking result of the target tracking area; and a parameter setting unit to set a parameter to be used for an image capturing of the subject based on the predicted condition of the subject to the image capturing apparatus. 1. An image processing apparatus for processing images captured by an image capturing apparatus having an optical unit, the image processing apparatus comprising; an image input unit to receive a plurality of image frames of a subject captured by the image capturing apparatus along the time line from the image capturing apparatus; a tracking area setting unit to set a target tracking area on the plurality of image frames; a tracking unit to track the target tracking area on the plurality image frames along the time line; a subject condition prediction unit to predict a condition of the subject at a time point delayed from a time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured based on a tracking result of the target tracking area being tracked along the plurality of image frames; and a parameter setting unit to set a parameter to be used for an image capturing of the subject based on the condition of the subject predicted by the subject condition prediction unit to the image capturing apparatus. 2. The image processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the subject condition prediction unit predicts a position of the subject on one image frame at the time point, delayed from the time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured, as the condition of the subject. 3. The image processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the subject condition prediction unit applies a polynomial approximation to the tracking result to predict a size of the subject on one image frame at the time point, delayed from the time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured, as the condition of the subject. 4. The image processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the subject condition prediction unit predicts a distance to the subject from the optical unit at the time point, delayed from the time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured, as the condition of the subject based on a focal length of the optical unit, the size of the subject predicted on the one image frame, and a conjugate relationship of the optical unit. 5. The image processing apparatus of claim 4, wherein the parameter setting unit outputs a focus position of the optical unit calculated from the distance between the subject and the optical unit, predicted by the subject condition prediction unit, as the capturing parameter. 6. The image processing apparatus of claim 2, wherein the parameter setting unit outputs an exposure level calculated from the position and the size of the subject predicted on the one image frame as the capturing parameter. 7. An image capturing apparatus comprising: an image capture unit including an optical unit to capture and output a plurality of image frames of a subject along the time line; an image input unit to receive the plurality of image frames of the subject captured by the image capture unit; a tracking area setting unit to set a target tracking area on the plurality of image frames; a tracking unit to track the target tracking area on the plurality image frames along the time line: a subject condition prediction unit to predict a condition of the subject at a time point delayed from a time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured based on a tracking result of the target tracking area being tracked along the plurality of image frames; and a parameter setting unit to set a parameter to be used for an image capturing of the subject to the image capture unit based on the condition of the subject predicted by the subject condition prediction unit. 8. A non-transitory storage medium storing a program that, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to execute a method of processing a plurality of image frames of a subject captured by an image capturing apparatus, the method comprising: inputting the plurality of image frames of the subject captured by the image capturing apparatus along the time line; setting a target tracking area on the plurality of image frames input at the inputting step; tracking the target tracking area, set at the setting step, on the plurality of image frames along the time line; predicting a condition of the subject at a time point delayed from a time point when the most recent image frame of the plurality of image frames is captured along the time line based on a tracking result of the target tracking area obtained at the tracking step; and setting a parameter to be used for an image capturing of the subject based on the condition of the subject predicted at the predicting step to the image capturing apparatus.",
-    "In accordance with an example embodiment, a transmission subassembly includes a planet carrier body releasably fixed to an output gear body. The planet carrier body and the output gear body are mounted for rotation about a horizontal axis along which joined sections of an input shaft is located, with one shaft section extending axially through a hollow spindle and carrying a sun gear at a location immediately adjacent a threaded end of the spindle, with the sun gear being meshed with planet gears carried by the planet carrier body. A ring nut is screwed onto the threaded spindle end and serves to properly set a pair of tapered roller bearings that support the output gear body for rotation about the spindle together with the carrier body about the rotation axis. Prior to being assembled into the transmission, the subassembly can be rotatably balanced. 1. A planet gear carrier and output gear assembly, comprising: a generally cylindrical, annular planet carrier body having a first axially facing surface; a generally cylindrical, annular output gear body having a second axially facing surface engaging said first axially facing surface; said planet carrier body and output gear body each being configured for rotating about a horizontal axis; said planet carrier body including first and second, axially spaced annular plate portions, with the first annular plate portion being formed one of as an integral part of said planet carrier body and as an integral part of said output gear body; and a releasable fastener assembly securing the planet carrier body to said output gear body, with the first axially facing surface being held in tight engagement with the second axially facing surface. 2. The planet gear carrier and ouput gear assembly, as defined in claim 1, and further Including: said gear body having a central cylindrical opening extending axially therethrough and including a cylindrical interior surface; a hollow spindle extending axially along, and concentrically to, said horizontal axis, the spindle having a cylindrical section projecting into the central opening of said output gear body in radially spaced relationship to the interior surface; and said spindle further including a radially extending mounting plate located axially between opposite ends of the spindle, the mounting plate being adapted for engagement with an axially facing surface of an upright transmission housing wall and containing a plurality of axially extending mounting holes spaced angularly from each other about the rotation axis and adapted for respectively receiving a plurality of mounting bolts for fixing the mounting plate to the housing wall; inner and outer tapered roller bearings supporting said output gear body for rotating about the cylindrical section of the spindle, with outer races of the inner and outer tapered roller bearings being engaged with the interior surface of the output gear body at opposite sides of an annular shoulder defined by the interior surface, and with inner races of the inner and outer tapered roller bearings being engaged with the cylindrical section of the spindle. 3. The planet gear carrier and ouput gear assembly, as defined in claim 2, wherein the cylindrical section of the spindle has a threaded inner end that extends beyond the inner race of the inner tapered roller bearing and terminates adjacent the first axially facing surface of the output gear body; and a spindle nut being threaded onto the threaded end of the spindle and into tight engagement with one of the inner race of the inner tapered roller bearing or with an annular spacer located between the spindle nut and the inner race of the inner tapered roller bearing. 4. The planet gear carrier and output gear assembly, as defined in claim 2, wherein the carrier body includes a first plurality of axially extending access holes arranged in angularly spaced relationship to each other about the horizontal axis and wherein the output gear body includes a second plurality of axially extending access holes respectively arranged in axially aligned relationship with the first plurality of access holes and with the mounting holes provided in the mounting plate of the spindle, whereby a tool may be inserted through the axially aligned first and second access holes for engaging mounting bolts for either bolting the mounting plate to, or disconnecting the mounting plate from, the upright transmission wall. 5. The planet gear carrier and ouput gear assembly, as defined in claim 1, wherein said first and second axially facing surfaces are each planar and disposed in a plane disposed at a right angle to the horizontal axis. 6. The planet gear carrier and ouput gear assembly, as defined in claim 1, wherein one of said planet gear carrier body and said output gear body includes a plurality of equal-angularly spaced tabs extending axially into engagement with another of said planet gear carrier body and said output gear body, and with said tabs having axially facing surfaces defining at least a portion of one of said first and second axially facing surfaces. 7. The planet gear carrier and ouput gear assembly, as defined in claim 6, wherein each of said plurality of equal-angularly spaced tabs has angularly spaced, first and second side surfaces which bound each of adjacent ones of the angularly spaced clearance spaces. 8. The planet gear carrier and ouput gear assembly, as defined in claim 1 wherein said plurality of fasteners are bolts which project axially through each of said plurality of tabs of one of said planet gear body and said output gear body and are respectively received in threaded holes provided in the other of said planet gear body and said output gear body. 9. A planet gear carrier and output gear assembly, comprising: a carrier body including a first generally cylindrical, annular plate portion configured for rotating about a horizontal rotation axis and to which is joined a plurality of equal angulary spaced, axially extending tabs, with the tabs each being in the form of an annular cylindrical segment disposed about said rotation axis and respectively having a co-planar, axially facing ends; an output gear body having output gear teeth formed annularly thereabout and including a second annular plate portion having an axially facing planar end abutting said axially facing ends of the cylindrical segments of the carrier body; a plurality of axially extending bolts securing said carrier body to said output gear body and clamping said axially facing ends of the tabs against the planar end of said annular plate portion; a plurality of axially extending planet pins having opposite end portions respectively fixed in said first and second annular plate portions at equal-angularly spaced locations from each other and from the plurality of tabs; and a plurality of planet gears being respectively mounted for rotation about said planet pins. 10. The planet gear carrier and output gear assembly, as defined in claim 9, wherein said output gear body further includes an inside diameter defining axially spaced, inner and outer bearing mount surfaces separated by an annular gear body shoulder, with the axially inner bearing mount surface being between the shoulder and the planet carrier body; first and second tapered roller bearings having respective outer races engaged with the inner and outer bearing mount surfaces and with opposite sides of said annular gear body shoulder; a spindle having an axially extending cylindrical section received in respective inner races of said inner and outer tapered roller bearings, with the spindle being adapted for being fixed from rotating thereby supporting said carrier body and said output gear body for rotation about said rotation axis. 11. The planet gear carrier and output gear assembly, as defined in claim 10, wherein said spindle has an annular spindle shoulder abutting an axially outer end of said inner race of said second tapered roller bearing, with the spindle further having an axially inner threaded end region that extends inwardly past an axially inner end of the inner race of said first tapered roller bearing; and a spindle nut being received on said spindle threaded end region and being tightened against the inner race of the first tapered roller bearing so as to draw the spindle shoulder against the inner race of the second tapered roller bearing and thereby seat the respective outer races of the inner and outer tapered roller bearings against the gear body shoulder. 12. The planet gear carrier and output gear assembly, as defined in claim 10, and further including a drive shaft extending axially through said spindle and having a sun gear fixed thereto and meshed with the planet gears. 13. A transmission subassembly, adapted for being dynamically balanced prior to being installed in a transmission, comprising: a planet gear carrier body and an output gear body being releasably secured together in side-by-side relationship to form a combined body configured for rotation about a horizontal rotation axis; a plurality of planet pins supported within the combined body so as to be parallel to, and in an equal angular distribution about, the horizontal axis; a plurality of planet gears respectively rotatably mounted on said plurality of planet pins; a hollow spindle, adapted for being fixed within a transmission housing, being disposed in concentric relationship to said horizontal axis and including a cylindrical section projecting axially through the ouput gear body; the output gear body having an interior surface disposed in concentric relationship to an outer cylindrical surface of the cylindrical section of the spindle; and first and second tapered roller bearings having outer races engaged with the interior surface of the output gear body and having inner races engaged with the outer cylindrical surface of the cylindrical section of the spindle.",
-    "A lubricating device for an engine is provided. A first opening part penetrates a first partition wall separating a crank chamber and an oil sump chamber. A second opening part penetrates a second partition wall separating the crank chamber and a valve drive chamber. In a lubricating device for an engine, when the pressure in the crank chamber is positive, gas in the crank chamber is injected into the oil sump chamber through the first opening part and impacts oil, thus generating mist oil in the oil sump chamber, and mist oil in the crank chamber passes through the second opening part and is supplied to the valve drive chamber, whereas when the pressure in the crank chamber is negative, mist oil in the oil sump chamber passes through the first opening part and is supplied to the crank chamber. 1. A lubricating device for an engine, comprising: a crank chamber, a pressure in which varies as a piston moves up and down; an oil sump chamber which is disposed below the crank chamber and that stores a lubricating oil; a valve drive chamber which is disposed on a side of the crank chamber and that accommodates drive components of each valve mechanism for intake and exhaust; a first partition wall that separates the crank chamber and the oil sump chamber; a second partition wall that separates the crank chamber and the valve drive chamber; a first opening part that penetrates the first partition wall and provides communication between the crank chamber and the oil sump chamber; and a second opening part that penetrates the second partition wall and provides communication between the crank chamber and the valve drive chamber, wherein, in the case in which a pressure in the crank chamber is a positive pressure, a gas in the crank chamber is injected into the oil sump chamber through the first opening part and impacts an oil in the oil sump chamber thereby to generate a mist oil in the oil sump chamber, and a mist oil in the crank chamber passes through the second opening part and is supplied to the valve drive chamber, and in the case in which the pressure in the crank chamber is a negative pressure, the mist oil in the oil sump chamber passes through the first opening part, and is supplied to the crank chamber. 2. The lubricating device for an engine according to claim 1, wherein the first opening part is positioned in a projection plane of the piston in the first partition wall. 3. The lubricating device for an engine according to claim 1, wherein an opening area of the first opening part is within a range of from 3% up to 40% of a cross-sectional area of the piston. 4. The lubricating device for an engine according to claim 1, wherein a flow velocity of the gas injected through the first opening part into the oil sump chamber and blown onto an oil surface in the oil sump chamber is within a range of from 1,000 cm/s up to 10,000 cm/s. 5. The lubricating device for an engine according to claim 1, wherein the first partition wall has a tubular section that projects downward from a lower surface of the first partition wall such that the tubular section surrounds the first opening part. 6. The lubricating device for an engine according to claim 1, wherein a bearing that rotatably supports a crank shaft is provided in the second opening part, and the bearing is an open ball bearing that allows passage of the mist oil.",
-    "One or more frame bodies are provide for attachment to a display device. The one or more frame bodies are formed by a backing and edging frame, with a display region being created between the backing and the edging frame. The display region is accessible through an item-receiving slot, the item receiving slot cutting through the edging frame. More specifically, the display region is bounded by the backing and an interior surface of the edging frame, while the item-receiving slot cuts through an exterior surface of the edging frame. Advertisements are created by means of a printed graphic, which can be positioned on the removable insert as well as the edging frame. The removable insert is placed in the display region, and can be protected by a transparent cover. Advertisements can be enhanced by illumination sources and ocular-stimulating accessories. 1. A system of peripheral advertisements about a display panel comprises: an at least one advertising unit; the at least one advertising unit comprises a frame body and a removable insert; the frame body comprises a backing, an edging frame, a display region; and an item-receiving slot; the edging frame comprises an interior surface and an exterior surface; the edging frame being perimetrically and adjacently connected to the backing; the display region being delineated by the backing and the edging frame; the item-receiving slot traversing into the display region through the edging frame; and the removable insert being positioned within the display region. 2. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: an adhesive strip; and the adhesive strip being connected along the edging frame. 3. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: the frame body further comprises a bracing member; the bracing member being adjacently and perpendicularly connected to the exterior surface of the edging frame; and the bracing member being positioned opposite the item-receiving slot along the edging frame. 4. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: a transparent cover; and the transparent cover being adjacently connected to the edging frame opposite the backing. 5. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: a plurality of illumination sources; the plurality of illumination sources being adjacently connected to the edging frame; and the plurality of illumination sources being distributed around the display region. 6. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: a printed graphic; and the printed graphic being positioned onto the removable insert opposite the backing. 7. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: a printed graphic; and the printed graphic being positioned onto the edging frame opposite the backing. 8. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 1 comprises: an ocular-stimulating accessory; the frame body comprises an upper edge, a first lateral edge, and a second lateral edge; and the ocular-stimulating accessory being mounted to the frame body. 9. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 8 comprises: the ocular-stimulating accessory being positioned adjacent to the upper edge. 10. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 8 comprises: the ocular-stimulating accessory being positioned adjacent to the first lateral edge. 11. The system of peripheral advertisements about a display as claimed in claim 8 comprises: the ocular-stimulating accessory being positioned adjacent to the second lateral edge.",
-    "A pick for mineral winning includes an elongate shank configured to be positioned into a cavity of a holder. A profile is defined on an outside surface of the shaft which includes a first surface formed into the profile and disposed to receive a leveraging device to enable a first forced translational movement of the shaft relative to the holder, and a second surface formed into the profile and disposed to receive the leveraging device to enable a second forced translational movement of the shaft relative to the holder. 1. A pick comprising: a head including a working end for engaging the ground and a mounting end including a bearing surface to set against a corresponding surface on a holder; a shank extending from the mounting end of the head in a first direction for receipt in an opening of the holder; and a plurality of removal features spaced from each other in the first direction, each said removal feature including a removal surface that can be engaged by a tool to apply a force to remove of the pick from the holder. 2. The pick of claim 1 wherein the shank has a longitudinal axis extending generally in the first direction, and each said removal feature is within a longitudinal extension of the shank. 3. The pick of claim 2 wherein the removal features are positioned successively in a line. 4. The pick of claim 3 wherein the removal features are centered along the longitudinal axis. 5. The pick of claim 4 wherein each said removal feature includes a notch beneath each said removal surface to facilitate engagement of the tool on the removal surface. 6. The pick of claim 1 wherein the removal features are positioned successively in a line. 7. The pick of claim 1 wherein each said removal feature includes a bearing surface and a notch beneath the bearing surface to facilitate engagement of the tool on the bearing surface. 8. A pick comprising: an elongate shank configured to be positioned into an opening in a holder; a profile defined on an outside surface of the shank including: a first surface formed into the profile and disposed to receive a leveraging device to enable a first forced translational movement of the shaft relative to the holder; and a second surface formed into the profile and disposed to receive the leveraging device to enable a second forced translational movement of the shaft relative to the holder. 9. The pick of claim 8, further comprising a third surface formed into the profile and disposed to receive the leveraging device to enable a third forced translational movement of the shaft relative to the holder. 10. The pick of claim 8, wherein the first surface is part of a first wedge shaped protrusion formed integrally into the shank, and wherein the second surface is part of a second wedge shaped protrusion formed integrally into the shaft. 11. The pick of claim 10, wherein each of the first surface and the second surface is formed at respective bottom terminuses of respective first and second wedge shaped protrusions each protruding from within the profile, and wherein the first surface overhangs a top under-tucked edge of the second wedge shaped protrusion. 12. The pick of claim 8, wherein the second surface is substantially parallel with the first surface. 13. The pick of claim 8, wherein the profile defines a series of substantially parallel ribs formed on a least one side of the shaft. 14. The pick of claim 8, wherein: the first translational movement is a substantially axial movement from a fully engaged position to a first position spaced a first distance from the fully engaged position, and the second translational movement is a substantially axial movement from the first position to a second position spaced a second distance from the fully engaged position. 15. A pick and holder combination comprising: a holder having an opening therein, and a fulcrum surface at or near a top of the holder; and a pick including a head with a working end to contact the ground and a mounting end having a bearing surface to contact the holder, and a shank configured to fit into the opening, the shank having two or more pry features such that a pry tool can be used to pry the pick at least partway from the cavity using a first of the two or more pry features, and to pry the pick further from the cavity using a second of the two or more pry features. 16. The pick and holder combination of claim 15, wherein each of the pry features includes a bearing surface, and the fulcrum surface is approximately parallel with the substantially planar surfaces. 17. The pick and holder combination of claim 15, wherein the two or more pry features are provided on two oppositely disposed sides of the shaft. 18. The pick and holder combination of claim 15, wherein each of the two or more pry features are in longitudinally offset positions relative to another of the two or more pry features. 19. The pick and holder combination of claim 15, wherein the two or more pry features are aligned generally parallel with the axis of the shank. 20. The pick and holder combination of claim 15, wherein at least one of the pry features is below the fulcrum surface when the pick is fully seated in the opening of the holder.",
-    "The invention relates to a method for the high throughput identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms by performing a complexity reduction on two or more samples to yield two or more libraries, sequencing at least part of the libraries, aligning the identified sequences and determining any putative single nucleotide polymorphisms, confirming any putative single nucleotide polymorphism, generating detection probes for the confirmed single nucleotide polymorphisms, subjection a test sample to the same complexity reduction to provide a test library and screen the test library for the presence or absence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms using the detection probe. 1. A method for identifying one or more polymorphisms in nucleic acid samples, comprising: (a) performing a reproducible complexity reduction on a plurality of nucleic acid samples to provide a plurality of libraries of the nucleic acid samples comprising amplified fragments, wherein the reproducible complexity reduction comprises amplifying fragments of the nucleic acid samples using one or more primers to obtain the amplified fragments, and wherein the amplified fragments in each library comprise a unique identifier sequence to indicate origin of each library obtained by the reproducible complexity reduction; (b) combining the plurality of libraries to obtain a combined library and sequencing at least a portion of the combined library to obtain sequences; (c) aligning the sequences obtained in step (b) to obtain an alignment; and (d) determining one or more polymorphisms between the plurality of nucleic acid samples in the alignment of step (c). 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the primers is phosphorylated. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sequencing step (b) is performed on a solid support. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein sequencing is based on dideoxy chain-terminating sequencing. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the sequencing step (b) comprises: (i) annealing amplified fragments to beads, each bead annealing with a single amplified fragment; (ii) emulsifying the beads in water-in-oil microreactors, each water-in-oil microreactor comprising a single bead; (iii) loading the beads in wells, each well comprising a single bead; and (iv) generating a pyrophosphate signal. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein, preceding the annealing step, sequencing adaptors are ligated to fragments within the first library and the second library or combination library. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the sequencing adaptors carry a 3\u2032-T overhang. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the primers comprises no selective nucleotide. 9. The method according to claim 1, comprising after step (d), a further step of using the one or more polymorphisms determined in step (d) to design detection probes, and wherein high-throughput screening is performed by immobilizing the probes onto an array, followed by contacting of the array comprising the probes with a test library under hybridizing conditions. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: (e) using the one or more polymorphisms determined in step (d) to design detection probes; (f) providing a test sample nucleic acid of interest; (g) performing the complexity reduction of step (a) on the test sample nucleic acid to provide a test library of the test sample; and (h) subjecting the test library to high-throughput screening to identify the presence, absence or amount of the polymorphisms determined in step (d) using the detection probes designed in step (e). 11. The method according to claim 3, wherein the solid support is a bead. 12. The method according to claim 3, wherein the sequencing step (b) comprises high-throughput sequencing.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes a communication interface, an image forming unit, a plurality of sheet feeders, and a motor configured to selectively apply a drive force any of the sheet feeders. A transmission assembly switches transmission to any one of the sheet feeders. A controller receives preceding data from the communication interface, and, in response, controls the transmission assembly to initiate a switch of the transmission of the drive force to a standard sheet feeder among the plurality of the sheet feeders. In response to receipt control data received after the preceding data, the controller controls the image forming unit, motor, and transmission assembly to form an image on the sheet based on an image forming condition included in the control data. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a communication interface; an image forming unit including a recording head; a plurality of sheet feeders; a motor configured to selectively apply a drive force to any one of the plurality of sheet feeders; a transmission assembly configured to switch transmission of the drive force selectively to any one of the plurality of sheet feeders, by switching a connection between the motor and the plurality of sheet feeders; and a controller configured to: receive preceding data from the communication interface; in response to receipt of the preceding data, control the transmission assembly to initiate a switch of the transmission of the drive force to a standard sheet feeder among the plurality of sheet feeders; and in response to receipt of control data received after the preceding data from the communication interface, control the image forming unit, the motor, and the transmission assembly to form an image on the sheet based on an image forming condition included in the control data. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to, based on an image forming condition included in the control data implicating use of another of plurality of sheet feeders different from the standard sheet feeder, control the transmission assembly to initiate a switch of the transmission of the drive force to the another of plurality of sheet feeders among the plurality of sheet feeders. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to control the transmission assembly to initiate a switch of the transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder from a disconnected position in which all of the plurality of the sheet feeders are disconnected from the motor. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the transmission assembly is movable through a plurality of drive positions and the disconnected position, the disconnected position corresponding to a position in which all of the plurality of the sheet feeders are disconnected from the motor. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the transmission assembly to switch the transmission of the drive force sequentially among the plurality of sheet feeders and the disconnected position, and wherein the controller is configured to control the transmission assembly to switch the transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder sequentially following the disconnected position. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the controller is configured to control the transmission assembly to switch the transmission of the drive force from the standard sheet feeder through one or more others of the plurality of sheet feeders to reach the disconnected position. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a maintenance unit, and wherein, in the disconnected position, the controller is configured to direct the maintenance unit to execute a maintenance operation for the recording head. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein movement of the recording head applies a force to a portion of the transmission assembly to switch transmission of the drive force selectively to any one of the plurality of sheet feeders. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the controller is configured to control the transmission assembly to switch the transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder at least in part by moving the recording head to an initial image forming position. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to control the image forming unit to cause the recording head to move across the sheet and to eject ink during the movement across the sheet to form the image on the sheet, and wherein the controller is configured to initiate to move the recording head from the initial image forming position at the initiation of image forming. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to control the transmission assembly to initiate a switch of the transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder prior to receipt of the control data from the communication interface. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to, in response to receipt of the preceding data, control the transmission assembly to switch transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder prior to receipt of the control data from the communication interface. 13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transmission assembly comprises a power transmitter including: a connection gear configured to transmit the drive force to the standard sheet feeder; and another connection gear configured to transmit the drive force to another of the plurality of sheet feeders different from the standard sheet feeder. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the transmission assembly further comprises a switching lever. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the transmission assembly further comprises a movable gear movable between a position in which the movable gear transmits the drive force to the connection gear and another position in which the movable gear transmits the drive force to the another connection gear, and wherein the switching lever is configured to move the movable gear to either the positions. 16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the transmission assembly is configured to switch transmission of the drive force of the motor to any of the plurality of sheet feeders based on a position of the switching lever. 17. The image forming apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the switching lever is moved any positions by the movement of the recording head. 18. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transmission assembly is configured that, during transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder, the drive force is disengaged from another of the plurality of sheet feeders. 19. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of sheet feeders includes a tray. 20. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the standard sheet feeder is a sheet feeder selected by a user. 21. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the standard sheet feeder is a sheet feeder identified in initial settings of the image forming apparatus. 22. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a capping mechanism including a cap, the capping mechanism configured to removably cover the recording head with the cap; wherein controlling the transmission assembly to switch the transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder includes removing the cap from the recording head. 23. The image forming apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the controller controls movement of the recording head to apply a force to remove the cap from the recording head. 24. A method of controlling an image forming apparatus, the method comprising: receiving preceding data from a communication interface at a controller of the image forming apparatus; in response to receipt of the preceding data, controlling a transmission assembly of the image forming apparatus to initiate a switch of transmission of a drive force of a motor to a standard sheet feeder included among a plurality of sheet feeders, the drive force selectively applicable to each of the plurality of sheet feeders; and in response to receipt of control data and after initiating the switch of the transmission of the drive force to the standard sheet feeder, controlling an image forming unit of the image forming apparatus, the motor, and the transmission assembly to form an image on the sheet based on an image forming condition included in the control data.",
-    "A rotatable support apparatus for a camera is provided. The rotatable support apparatus comprises a support arm having a first end section and a second end section displaced from the first end section; an actuator positioned at the first end section of the support arm and capable of providing an actuating force or signal between the first end section and the second end section; and a support assembly positioned at the second end of the support arm and comprising a mount capable of supporting a camera and a rotational member adapted to translate the actuating force or signal from the actuator into rotational motion of the mount. 1. A rotatable camera support comprising: a support arm member; an actuator located at a first end section of the support arm member providing a linear actuating force from the first end section toward a second end section of the support arm member; a support assembly positioned at the second end section of the support arm and comprising: a mount capable of supporting the camera; and a rotational member coupled to the mount and adapted to translate the linear actuating force into rotational motion of the mount. 2. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the mount is disengageably coupled to the rotational member to allow rotation of the mount in a single direction. 3. The rotatable camera support according to claim 2, wherein the mount is disengageably coupled to the rotational member via a ratchet mechanism. 4. The rotatable camera support according to claim 3, wherein the ratchet mechanism disengages the mount from the rotational member when the actuator resets between actuations to allow a linear force generated during the actuator reset to rotate the rotational member without rotating the mount. 5. The rotatable camera support according to claim 2, wherein the mount is disengageably coupled to the rotational member via a friction clutch mechanism. 6. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the support assembly further comprises a rotational assist device capable of providing a supplemental rotational force to the mount. 7. The rotatable camera support according to claim 6, wherein the rotational assist device comprises a cam profile located on the mount and a follower mechanism in contact with the cam profile, the follower mechanism urging rotation of the cam profile from a high point of the cam profile to a low point of the cam profile. 8. The rotatable camera support according to claim 7, wherein the cam profile provides two or more preset positions through which the mount can be rotated, with each of the preset positions associated with a high point and corresponding low point of the cam profile. 9. The rotatable camera support according to claim 8, wherein the two or more preset positions of the cam profile are equally distributed about a 360\u00b0 rotation of the mount. 10. The rotatable camera support according to claim 8, wherein the two or more preset positions of the cam profile are unequally distributed about a 360\u00b0 rotation of the mount. 11. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the mount rotates about 180\u00b0 per actuation of the actuator. 12. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the mount rotates between a first stop position substantially facing the first end of the support arm, and a second stop position about 180\u00b0 from the first stop position. 13. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the second end section of the support arm member is displaced from the first end section along a longitudinal axis, and the rotational motion of the mount is within a plane which the longitudinal axis of the support arm member lies in. 14. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the actuator and rotational member comprise a rack and pinion mechanism for translating the actuating force from the actuator into the rotational motion of the mount. 15. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a spring-loaded trigger. 16. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a rod, pulley, cable, chain, rope, string, or belt for providing the actuating force to the rotational member. 17. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises a rod for providing the actuating force to the rotational member. 18. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the mount comprises a mounting screw for mounting a camera. 19. The rotatable camera support according to claim 1, wherein the support arm further comprises a hand grip at the first end section of the support arm. 20. A rotatable camera support kit, comprising: an actuator for installation at a first end section of the support arm member providing a linear actuating force from the first end section toward a second end section of the support arm member; and a support assembly for installation at the second end section of the support arm and comprising: a mount capable of supporting the camera; and a rotational member coupled to the mount and adapted to translate the linear actuating force into rotational motion of the mount. 21. The rotatable camera support kit according to claim 20, further comprising the support arm member. 22. The rotatable camera support kit according to claim 20, wherein the actuating force is a linear force provided along a longitudinal axis of the support arm.",
-    "The invention concerns a device and a method of remotely controlling a motorized submerged surface cleaning apparatus (1) comprising a body and a drive device, said remote control device comprising a control terminal (15) having a housing, a device (16) for transmitting control signals for the drive device, characterized in that the housing comprises an orientation detector furnishing at least one orientation parameter of the housing, and in that said device comprises a unit for processing orientation parameters, producing a first command for the drive device for an orientation parameter that is within a first interval of values, and a second command for the drive device for an orientation parameter that is within a second predetermined interval of values. 1-9. (canceled) 10. A method of controlling a swimming pool cleaner, comprising: a. establishing a wired connection between the swimming pool cleaner and an intermediate relay external to a swimming pool in which the swimming pool cleaner operates; b. causing the swimming pool cleaner to execute within the swimming pool an automatic cleaning program recorded in a memory of either the intermediate relay or the swimming pool cleaner; c. grasping a transmitting device (i) distinct from the intermediate relay, (ii) external to the swimming pool, (iii) comprising a housing, and (iv) including within the housing an accelerometric device (A) disposed offset according to a vertical axis of the housing with respect to centers of rotation of pitch and roll axes of the housing and (B) configured to measure orientation of the housing relative to a local terrestrial gravity field; d. orienting the housing in a first position, thereby causing the transmitting device to transmit wirelessly a first control signal to the intermediate relay so as to (i) suppress execution of the automatic cleaning program and (i) control the swimming pool cleaner in a first manner; and e. orienting the housing in a second position different from the first position, thereby causing the transmitting device to transmit wirelessly a second control signal, differing from the first control signal, to the intermediate relay so as to (i) suppress execution of the automatic cleaning program and (i) control the swimming pool cleaner in a second manner different from the first manner.",
-    "A coil electronic component includes a body including metal powder particles having shape anisotropy and a coil unit disposed in the body and having an axis perpendicular with respect to a thickness direction of the body. The metal powder particles having shape anisotropy are arranged such that a plane-shaped surface thereof is parallel to a direction of flow of magnetic flux. 1. A coil electronic component comprising: a body including metal powder particles having shape anisotropy; and a coil unit disposed in the body and having an axis perpendicular with respect to a thickness direction of the body, wherein the metal powder particles having shape anisotropy are arranged such that a plane-shaped surface thereof is parallel to a direction of flow of magnetic flux. 2. The coil electronic component of claim 1, wherein the coil unit includes an upper pattern formed on an upper surface of the body, a lower pattern formed on a lower surface of the body, and first and second through conductors connecting the upper and lower patterns through the body and spaced apart from one another. 3. The coil electronic component of claim 2, wherein first and second insulating layers are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the body, respectively. 4. The coil electronic component of claim 1, wherein the axis of the coil unit is parallel to a width direction of the body. 5. The coil electronic component of claim 1, wherein the axis of the coil unit is parallel to a length direction of the body. 6. The coil electronic component of claim 2, wherein the distance between the first and second through conductors is 1.8 to 2.2 times a distance between at least one of the first and second through conductors and a surface of the body most adjacent thereto in a length direction or a width direction. 7. The coil electronic component of claim 2, wherein a cross-section of the first and second through conductors in a length-width direction is circular, oval, semi-ovate, or quadrangular. 8. The coil electronic component of claim 2, further comprising first and second external electrodes extending from a portion of the lower pattern of the coil unit and disposed on a lower surface of the body. 9. The coil electronic component of claim 3, further comprising first and second external electrodes formed on a lower surface of the second insulating layer and electrically connected to the coil unit by a via penetrating through the second insulating layer. 10. The coil electronic component of claim 2, wherein a cross-section of the first and second through conductors in a length-width direction is quadrangular and at least one surface of each outermost through conductors is convex. 11. A coil electronic component comprising: a body including a magnetic metal plate; and a coil unit disposed in the body and having an axis perpendicular with respect to a thickness direction of the body, wherein the magnetic metal plate is arranged to be parallel to a direction of flow of magnetic flux. 12. The coil electronic component of claim 11, wherein the coil unit includes an upper pattern formed on an upper surface of the body, a lower pattern formed on a lower surface of the body, and first and second through conductors connecting the upper and lower patterns through the body and spaced apart from one another. 13. The coil electronic component of claim 12, wherein first and second insulating layers are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the body, respectively. 14. The coil electronic component of claim 11, wherein a thermosetting resin layer is formed on at least one surface of the magnetic metal plate. 15. The coil electronic component of claim 11, wherein the magnetic metal plate is cracked to include a plurality of metal fragments. 16. The coil electronic component of claim 15, wherein spaces between the plurality of adjacent metal fragments contain a thermosetting resin. 17. The coil electronic component of claim 15, wherein the magnetic metal plate is cracked such that adjacent metal fragments have shapes corresponding to each other. 18. The coil electronic component of claim 11, further comprising first and second external electrodes formed on a lower surface of the body and electrically connected to the coil unit. 19. A coil electronic component comprising: a coil unit; and a body containing metal powder particles having shape anisotropy wherein the metal powder particles have at least one major axis in a first direction that is greater in length than a minor axis of the metal powder particle in a second direction, wherein the coil unit has an axis parallel to at least one of the major axes of the metal powder particles having shape anisotropy. 20. The coil electronic component of claim 19, wherein the coil unit includes an upper pattern formed on an upper surface of the body, a lower pattern formed on a lower surface of the body, and first and second through conductors connecting the upper and lower patterns through the body and spaced apart from one another, and first and second insulating layers formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the body, respectively.",
-    "A computer-implemented method includes providing certified financial data indicating financial risk about an individual. The method includes electronically collecting financial account data about the individual from at least one financial source. The method includes transforming the financial account data into a desired format. The method includes validating the financial account data by applying an algorithm engine to the financial account data to identify exceptions, wherein the exceptions indicate incorrect data or financial risk. The method includes marking the exceptions as valid exceptions when output of the algorithm engine validates the exceptions. The method includes confirming the exceptions by collecting additional data and applying the algorithm engine to the additional data. 1. A computer-implemented method for providing certified financial data indicating financial risk about an individual, comprising: one or more applications running on at least one processor for providing, electronically collecting financial account data about the individual from at least one financial source; transforming the financial account data into a desired format; validating the financial account data by applying an algorithm engine to the financial account data to identify exceptions, wherein the exceptions indicate incorrect data or financial risk; marking the exceptions as valid exceptions when output of the algorithm engine validates the exceptions; confirming the exceptions by collecting additional data and applying the algorithm engine to the additional data, wherein the algorithm engine identifies a pattern of financial risk.",
-    "An example method includes receiving data indicating a configuration of one or more playback devices. The one or more playback devices may include one or more transducers. The method further includes, based on the received data, associating each of one or more audio streams respectively with at least one transducer of the one or more transducers. The method further includes generating the one or more audio streams and sending at least one of the generated one or more audio streams to each of the one or more playback devices. An example non-transitory computer readable medium and an example computing device related to the example method are also disclosed herein. 1. A tangible non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform functions comprising: receiving data indicating a configuration of a plurality of playback devices, wherein each of the plurality of playback devices comprises one or more transducers, and wherein the received data includes one or more parameters corresponding to each of the one or more transducers; based on the received data, associating each transducer of the one or more transducers with a respective audio channel; generating a plurality of audio streams, wherein generating the plurality of audio streams comprises generating, for each of the one or more transducers, a corresponding audio stream by processing audio content of the audio channel associated with the transducer based on the one or more parameters corresponding to the transducer; and sending at least one of the generated audio streams to each of the plurality of playback devices. 2. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising: receiving, from a control device, a command to generate the plurality of audio streams, wherein at least one of the plurality of audio streams is generated in response to receiving the command. 3. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising: receiving, from a playback device of the plurality of playback devices, a command to generate at least one of the plurality of audio streams, wherein at least one of the plurality of audio streams is generated in response to receiving the command. 4. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the data is received via a user-interface of the computing device. 5. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the data is received from a playback device of the plurality of playback devices. 6. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the data maps each of the plurality of audio streams to at least one respective transducer of the plurality of playback devices. 7. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising: based on the data, determining a quantity of audio streams to be generated by the computing device, wherein generating the plurality of audio streams comprises generating the determined quantity of audio streams. 8. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the plurality of audio streams includes a first audio stream corresponding to a first transducer that is associated with a first audio channel, and wherein generating the first audio stream comprises processing the audio content of the first audio channel according to a respective first audio processing algorithm. 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein generating the first audio stream further comprises processing the audio content of the first audio channel according to the first audio processing algorithm based on the one or more parameters corresponding to the first transducer. 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing frequency-dependent amplification to the audio content of the first audio channel. 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing frequency-dependent attenuation to the audio content of the first audio channel. 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing volume limiting to the audio content of the first audio channel. 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing phase delay to the audio content of the first channel. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises adding a reverberation effect to the audio content of the first channel. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing two or more of the following to the audio content of the first channel: frequency-dependent amplification, frequency-dependent attenuation, volume limiting, phase delay, or adding a reverberation effect. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the plurality of audio streams includes a first audio stream corresponding to a first transducer that is associated with a first audio channel and further associated with a second audio channel, and wherein generating the first audio stream comprises mixing the audio content of the first and second channels to generate the first audio stream. 17. (canceled) 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising: retrieving digital audio content from memory accessible by the computing device or from another computing device, wherein generating at least one of the plurality of audio streams comprises using the retrieved digital audio content to generate the at least one of the plurality of audio streams. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising: receiving analog audio content via an input port of the computing device; and converting the analog audio content to digital audio content, wherein generating at least one of the plurality of audio streams comprises using the digital audio content to generate the at least one of the plurality of audio streams. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein generating at least one of the plurality of audio streams comprises performing one or more of the following to digital audio content: sample rate conversion, file format conversion, or bit depth conversion. 21. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein sending the at least one of the generated audio streams comprises sending the at least one of the generated audio streams to the corresponding one of the plurality of playback devices via a group coordinator device. 22. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising: sending playback timing data to the plurality of playback devices for playing the plurality of audio streams in synchrony. 23. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, the functions further comprising sending, to the plurality of playback devices, data mapping each of the plurality of audio streams to the respective at least one transducer of the plurality of playback devices. 24. A method of operating a computing device, the method comprising: receiving, at the computing device, data indicating a configuration of one or more a plurality of playback devices, wherein each of the plurality of playback devices comprises one or more transducers, and wherein the received data includes one or more parameters corresponding to each of the one or more transducers; based on the received data, associating, via the computing device, each transducer of the one or more transducers with a respective audio channel; generating, via the computing device, a plurality of audio streams, wherein generating the plurality of audio streams comprises generating, via the computing device, for each of the one or more transducers, a corresponding audio stream by processing audio content of the audio channel associated with the transducer based on the one or more parameters corresponding to the transducer; and sending at least one of the generated audio streams to each of the plurality of playback devices. 25. (canceled) 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the plurality of audio streams includes a first audio stream corresponding to a first transducer that is associated with a first audio channel and further associated with a second audio channel, wherein generating the first audio stream comprises mixing the audio content of the first and second channels to generate the first audio stream. 27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 24, further comprising: retrieving, by the computing device, digital audio content from memory accessible by the computing device or from another computing device, wherein generating the plurality of audio streams comprises using the retrieved digital audio content to generate the plurality of audio streams. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising: receiving, by the computing device, analog audio content via an input port of the computing device; and converting the analog audio content to digital audio content, wherein generating at least one of the plurality of audio streams comprises using the digital audio content to generate the at least one of the plurality of audio streams. 30. A computing device comprising: one or more processors; and a non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing device to perform functions comprising: receiving data indicating a configuration of a plurality of playback devices, wherein each of the plurality of playback devices comprises one or more transducers, and wherein the received data includes one or more parameters corresponding to each of the one or more transducers; based on the received data, associating each transducer of the one or more transducers with a respective audio channel; generating a plurality of audio streams, wherein generating the plurality of audio streams comprises generating, for each of the one or more transducers, a corresponding audio stream by processing audio content of the audio channel associated with the transducer based on the one or more parameters corresponding to the transducer; and sending at least one of the generated audio streams to each of the plurality of playback devices. 31. The computing device of claim 30, wherein the plurality of audio streams includes a first audio stream corresponding to a first transducer that is associated with a first audio channel, and wherein the instructions further include instructions for generating the first audio stream, the generating including processing audio content of the first audio channel according to a first audio processing algorithm. 32. The computing device of claim 31, wherein the instructions further include instructions for generating the first audio stream, the generating including processing the audio of the content of the first audio channel according to the first audio processing algorithm using the one or more parameters corresponding to the first transducer. 33. The computing device of claim 31, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing frequency-dependent amplification or frequency-dependent attenuation to the audio content of the first channel. 34. The computing device of claim 31, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the first audio processing algorithm comprises performing volume limiting to the audio content. 35. The computing device of claim 31, wherein processing the audio content of the first channel according to the of the first channel first audio processing algorithm comprises performing phase delay to the audio content of the first channel.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for implementing user controlled zoom operations during a stereoscopic, e.g., 3D, presentation are described. While viewing a 3D presentation of a scene environment, a user may switch to a zoom mode allowing the user to zoom in on a particular portion of the environment being displayed. In order to maintain the effect of being physically present at the event, and also to reduce the risk of making the user sick from sudden non-real world like changes in views of the environment, the user in response to initiating a zoom mode of operation is presented with a view which is the same or similar to that which might be expected as the result of looking through a pair of binoculars. In some embodiments the restriction in view is achieved by applying masks to enlarged version of left and right eye views to be displayed. 1. A method of operating an interactive system, the method comprising: displaying a scene on a display; detecting user input indicating a zoom mode of operation; in response to the detected user input indicating the zoom operation, simulating viewing of a portion of said scene through binoculars. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying a scene on the display includes: outputting stereoscopic image pairs on the display to provide a 3D presentation of said scene, said scene corresponding to an event, each stereoscopic image pair including a left eye view and a right eye view. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein simulating viewing of a portion of said scene includes: performing a zoom operation on a first left eye image; applying a mask to zoomed first left eye image simulating a viewing constraint corresponding to viewing through binoculars to generate a masked zoomed left eye image. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: displaying the masked zoomed left eye image. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein simulating viewing of a portion of said scene further includes: performing a zoom operation on a first right eye image corresponding to the first left eye image; applying a mask to the zoomed right eye image simulating a viewing constraint corresponding to viewing through binoculars to generate a masked zoomed right eye image; displaying the masked zoomed right eye image while said masked zoomed left eye image is being displayed. 6. The method of claim 5, applying zooming and masking operations on additional left and right eye images prior to displaying said additional left and right eye images for a period of time in which said interactive system is in said zoom mode of operation. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: detecting user input indicating a switch from said zoom mode of operation to a normal mode of operation; and ceasing said zooming and masking operations prior to displaying left and right eye images in response to detecting input indicating a switch from said zoom mode of operation to said normal mode of operation. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring user head position; detecting a change in user head position; and changing the center portion of the displayed scene by an amount which is a function of the detected change in head position and a zoom factor used during said zoom mode of operation. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving user input indicating the zoom factor to be used during said zoom mode of operation; and wherein changing the center portion of the displayed scene by an amount which is a function of the detected change in head position and the zoom factor includes moving the center of the displayed scene by an amount which is the zoom factor times the amount the displayed image would be moved in response to the detected change position if the change in head position were detected during normal mode operation. 10. An interactive system, comprising: a display device configured to display images corresponding to a scene; a user input interface configured to detect user input indicating a zoom mode of operation; a simulator configured to simulate viewing of a portion of said scene through binoculars in response to the detected user input indicating the zoom operation. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein said display device is configured, as part of being configured to display images corresponding to a scene: output stereoscopic image pairs on the display device to provide a 3D presentation of said scene, said scene corresponding to an event, each stereoscopic image pair including a left eye view and a right eye view. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein said simulator is configured, as part of being configured to simulate viewing of a portion of said scene through binoculars, to: perform a zoom operation on a first left eye image; and apply a mask to zoomed first left eye image simulating a viewing constraint corresponding to viewing through binoculars to generate a masked zoomed left eye image. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said display device is further configured to: display the masked zoomed left eye image. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein said simulator is further configured, as part of being configured to simulate viewing of a portion of said scene through binoculars, to: perform a zoom operation on a first right eye image corresponding to the first left eye image; and apply a mask to the zoomed right eye image simulating a viewing constraint corresponding to viewing through binoculars to generate a masked zoomed right eye image; and wherein said display device is further configured to display the masked zoomed right eye image while said masked zoomed left eye image is being displayed. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein said simulator is further configured to perform zooming and masking operations on additional left and right eye images prior to said additional left and right eye images being displayed by said display device for a period of time in which said interactive system is in said zoom mode of operation. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said user input interface is configured to detect user input indicating a switch from said zoom mode of operation to a normal mode of operation; and wherein said simulator is further configured to cease said zooming and masking operations in response to said user input interface detecting said input indicating a switch from said zoom mode of operation to said normal mode of operation. 17. The system of claim 10, further comprising: a head position monitoring module configured to monitor user head position for detecting a change in user head position; and a display controller configured to change the center portion of the displayed scene by an amount which is a function of the detected change in head position and a zoom factor used during said zoom mode of operation. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising: wherein said user input interface includes a receiver configured to receive user input indicating the zoom factor to be used during said zoom mode of operation; and wherein said display controller is configured to move the center of the displayed scene by an amount which is the zoom factor times the amount the displayed image would be moved in response to the detected change position if the change in head position were detected during normal mode operation, as part of being configured to change the center portion of the displayed scene by an amount which is a function of the detected change in head position and the zoom factor. 19. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising processor executable instructions, which when executed by a processor, control a playback system to: display a scene on a display device; detect user input indicating a zoom mode of operation; simulate viewing of a portion of said scene through binoculars in response to said user input indicating a zoom mode of operation.",
-    "A full-color AM OLED includes a transparent substrate, a color filter positioned on an upper surface of the substrate, and a metal oxide thin film transistor backpanel positioned in overlying relationship on the color filter and defining an array of pixels. An array of OLEDs is formed on the backpanel and positioned to emit light downwardly through the backpanel, the color filter, and the substrate in a full-color display. Light emitted by each OLED includes a first emission band with wavelengths extending across the range of two of the primary colors and a second emission band with wavelengths extending across the range of the remaining primary color. The color filter includes for each pixel, two zones separating the first emission band into two separate primary colors and a third zone passing the second emission band. 1-29. (canceled) 30. A full-color active matrix organic light emitting display comprising: an array of full-color display pixels; each full-color display pixel including sub pixels emitting red, green, and blue primary colors, each sub-pixel including at least one organic light emitting diode with an emission profile; and each full-color display pixel including at least two organic light emitting diodes defining at least two sub-pixels emitting a first light emission band with wavelengths substantially extending across the range of two of the three primary colors. 31. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 30 wherein each full-color display pixel includes at least one organic light emitting diode defining at least one sub-pixel emitting a second light emission band with wavelengths substantially extending across the range of a third primary color of the three primary colors. 32. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 31 wherein the first light emission band includes shorter wavelengths than the second light emission band. 33. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 32 wherein the first light emission band includes shorter a range of wavelengths approximately 400 nm to 600 nm and the second light emission band includes a range of wavelengths approximately 600 nm to 700 nm. 34. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 31 wherein the first light emission band includes longer wavelengths than the second light emission band. 35. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 32 wherein the first light emission band includes shorter a range of wavelengths approximately 500 nm to 700 nm and the second light emission band includes a range of wavelengths approximately 400 nm to 500 nm. 36. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 30 further including a color filter array layer positioned between a viewer's eye and the array of full-color display pixels converting light emission in the first light emission band into two of the three primary colors. 37. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 30 wherein the color filter array layer positioned between a viewer's eye and the array of full-color display pixels includes a short-wavelength-pass optical color filter and a long-wavelength-pass optical color filter with cut-off edges midway in the first light emission band. 38. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 37 wherein the cut-off edges of the short-wavelength-pass optical color filter and the long-wavelength-pass optical color filter are at approximately 500 nm and an emission profile of the corresponding two organic light emitting diodes emitting the second light emission band includes a range of wavelengths approximately 400 nm to 600 nm. 39. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 37 wherein the cut-off edges of the short-wavelength-pass optical color filter and the long-wavelength-pass optical color filter are at approximately 600 nm and the emission profile of the corresponding two organic light emitting diodes emitting the second light emission band includes a range of wavelengths approximately 500 nm to 700 nm. 40. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 36 wherein each full-color display pixel includes at least one additional sub-pixel positioned to emit light directly, not through the color filter array layer. 41. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 40 wherein the emission profile of the at least one additional sub-pixel positioned to emit light directly includes one of the first light emission band, the second light emission band, or both. 42. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 31 further including an array of pixel driving circuits connected to control each sub-pixel, each pixel driving circuit including at least one thin film transistor. 43. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 31 further including an array of pixel driving circuits connected to control each sub-pixel, each pixel driving circuit including at least one switch thin film transistor, one driving thin film transistor, and one storage capacitor. 44. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 43 wherein the one driving thin film transistor has an active channel including at least a semiconductor metal oxide film. 45. A full-color active matrix organic light emitting display comprising: an array of full-color display pixels, each full-color display pixel including sub-pixels formed from organic light emitting devices in an array of organic light emitting devices, each organic light emitting device having an emission profile and an emission zone; each full-color display pixel including two groups of sub pixels, each sub-pixel including at least one organic light emitting diode with a light emission profile; the emission profile of a first group of the two groups including a blanket emission layer without pixel level patterning and comprising one of a first light emission band and a second light emission band; and the emission profile of a second group of the two groups including another emission layer patterned within each full-color pixel and comprising another of the first light emission band and the second light emission band. 46. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 45 wherein the patterned emission layer is in contact with the blanket emission layer without pixel level patterning. 47. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 46 wherein the blanket emission layer without pixel level patterning serves charge transfer and/or charge block functions in an area in contact with the patterned emission layer. 48. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 47 wherein the light emission wavelength of the blanket emission layer without pixel level patterning is shorter than the light emission wavelength of the patterned emission layer. 49. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 46 wherein the second light emission band is emitted from the blanket emission layer without pixel level patterning and extends in a range of approximately 400 nm to 500 nm, the patterned emission layer emitting the first light emission band and extends in a range of approximately 500 nm to 700 nm. 50. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 46 wherein the first light emission band is emitted from the blanket emission layer without pixel level patterning and extends in a range of approximately 400 nm to 600 nm, the patterned emission layer emitting the second light emission band and extends in a range of approximately 600 nm to 700 nm. 51. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 45 further including a color filter array layer positioned between a viewer's eye and the array of full-color display pixels converting light emission in the first light emission band into two of the three primary colors. 52. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 45 wherein the color filter array layer positioned between a viewer's eye and the array of full-color display pixels includes a short-wavelength-pass optical color filter and a long-wavelength-pass optical color filter with cut-off edges midway in the first light emission band. 53. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 52 wherein the cut-off edges of the short-wavelength-pass optical color filter and the long-wavelength-pass optical color filter are at approximately 500 nm and an emission profile of the corresponding two organic light emitting diodes emitting the second light emission band includes a range of wavelengths approximately 400 nm to 600 nm. 54. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 52 wherein the cut-off edges of the short-wavelength-pass optical color filter and the long-wavelength-pass optical color filter are at approximately 600 nm and the emission profile of the corresponding two organic light emitting diodes emitting the second light emission band includes a range of wavelengths approximately 500 nm to 700 nm. 55. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 51 wherein each full-color display pixel includes at least one additional sub-pixel positioned to emit light directly, not through the color filter array layer. 56. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 55 wherein the emission profile of the at least one additional sub-pixel positioned to emit light directly includes one of the first light emission band, the second light emission band, or both. 57. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 51 wherein the color filter array layer further includes a black matrix surrounding the emission zone of each organic light emitting. 58. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 46 wherein the patterned emission layer includes a printed or coated layer formed by one of inkjet printing, solution dispensing, transfer printing, offset printing, laser induced thermal transfer, and contact printing. 59. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 46 wherein the patterned emission layer includes a thermally deposited layer with patterns defined by a shadow mask. 60. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 45 wherein the first group of the two groups includes one of blue and green organic light emitting diodes in a bilayer, blue and green organic light emitting diodes in in a blend form, and blue and green organic light emitting diodes in a stacking form. 61. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 45 further includes an array of pixel driving circuits connected to control each sub-pixel, each pixel driving circuit in the array of pixel driving circuits including at least one thin film transistor. 62. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 61 further including an array of pixel driving circuits connected to control each sub-pixel, each pixel driving circuit including at least one switch thin film transistor, one driving thin film transistor, and one storage capacitor. 63. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 61 wherein the one driving thin film transistor has an active channel including at least a semiconductor metal oxide film. 64. A full-color active matrix organic light emitting display comprising: an array of full-color display pixels, each full-color display pixel including at least one organic light emitting diode with an emission profile across 200 nm in visible spectrum; an array of pixel driving circuits, connected to the array of full-color display pixels, and controlling the at least one organic light emitting diode in each pixel of the array of full-color display pixels; and each pixel driving circuit of the array of pixel driving circuits including at least one thin film transistor. 65. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 64 wherein the emission profile of the at least one organic light emitting diode is in a range of approximately 500 nm to 700 nm. 66. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 64 wherein the emission profile of the at least one organic light emitting diode is in a range of approximately 400 nm to 600 nm. 67. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 64 wherein each pixel driving circuit of the array of pixel driving circuits includes at least one switch thin film transistor, one driving thin film transistor, and one storage capacitor. 68. The full-color active matrix organic light emitting display as claimed in claim 64 wherein the at least one thin film transistor of each pixel driving circuit of the array of pixel driving circuits includes an active channel comprising ate least a semiconductor metal-oxide film",
-    "A faucet that includes a base, a spout, a valve body, a first flow control valve, a second flow control valve, and an electric heater. The valve body includes a first end section, a second end section having an outlet, and a center section provided between the end sections and including first and second inlets configured to receive cold and hot water, respectively. The first flow control valve is located within a first waterway of the valve body to control the flow of cold water, and the second flow control valve is located within a second waterway of the valve body to control the flow of hot water. The electric heater extends through the valve body and is configured to heat a surface defining at least a part of one of the first and second waterways of the valve body to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms therein. 1. (canceled) 2. A faucet comprising: a base for mounting the faucet; a spout extending from the base and configured to discharge water; a valve body provided within one of the base and the spout, the valve body including a first end section, a second end section having an outlet, and a center section provided between the first and second end sections, the center section including a first inlet configured to receive cold water and a second inlet configured to receive hot water; a first flow control valve located within a first waterway of the valve body to control the flow of cold water from the first inlet to the outlet of the second end section; a second flow control valve located within a second waterway of the valve body to control the flow of hot water from the second inlet to the outlet of the second end section; and an electric heater extending through at least a portion of the valve body and configured to heat at least a portion of a surface defining at least a part of one of the first and second waterways of the valve body to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms within the respective waterway. 3. The faucet of claim 2, wherein the first end section, the second end section, and the center section are separate members that are coupled together in a fluid tight manner. 4. The faucet of claim 2, wherein the first and second flow control valves are housed within the center section of the valve body. 5. The faucet of claim 4, wherein both of the first and second inlets are provided on a first side of the center section of the valve body. 6. The faucet of claim 5, wherein the electric heater extends through a bore of the valve body located on a second side of the center section of the valve body that is opposite to the first side. 7. The faucet of claim 2, further comprising: a first motor coupled to the first end section and configured to control movement of the first flow control valve to adjust a flow rate of cold water to the outlet; and a second motor coupled to the first end section and configured to control movement of the second flow control valve to adjust a flow rate of hot water to the outlet. 8. The faucet of claim 6, further comprising: a controller provided within one of the base and the spout, the controller being configured to control operation of the first and second motors; and a user interface for communicating a selected flow rate and a selected temperature of the water discharged from the spout to the controller via at least one signal. 9. The faucet of claim 7, further comprising a sensor located in the second end section of the valve body, the sensor being configured to monitor a temperature of the water flowing out of the outlet of the second end section and communicating the temperature of the water flowing out of the outlet to the controller. 10. A faucet comprising: a body having a passageway configured to discharge water; and a valve provided within the body, the valve comprising: a first inlet configured to receive cold water; a second inlet configured to receive hot water; an outlet configured to output cold water, hot water, or a mixture thereof to the passageway of the body; a first waterway fluidly connecting the first inlet and the outlet; a second waterway fluidly connecting the second inlet and the outlet; a first flow control valve located within the first waterway and configured to be moveable to control the flow of cold water through the first waterway; a second flow control valve located within the second waterway and configured to be moveable to control the flow of hot water through the second waterway; and an electric heater extending through at least a portion of the valve and configured to heat both of the first and second waterways of the valve to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms within each waterway. 11. The faucet of claim 10, wherein the valve further comprises: a first end section; a second end section that includes the outlet; and a center section provided between the first and second end sections, the center section including the first and second inlets. 12. The faucet of claim 11, wherein at least two of the first end section, the second end section, and the center section are separate members that are coupled together in a fluid tight manner. 13. The faucet of claim 11, wherein at least the center section comprises a thermally-conductive material, and the body comprises a thermally-insulating material. 14. The faucet of claim 13, wherein the electric heater is potted into a through bore in the center section of the valve using a thermally-conductive adhesive. 15. The faucet of claim 10, further comprising a second electric heater configured to heat the first and the second waterways to the elevated temperature. 16. The faucet of claim 10, wherein the first and the second inlets are located on opposite sides of the valve from one another. 17. The faucet of claim 10, wherein the valve is configured having a thermal mass such that the electric heater is able to heat the first and second waterways to the elevated temperature with a power of not more than 50 watts. 18. A faucet comprising: a body configured to discharge water from an outlet; a valve provided within the body and comprising a valve body and at least one flow control valve located within at least one waterway of the valve body to control the flow of water through the valve; and an electric heater extending through a first portion of the valve body and configured to heat a second portion of the valve to an elevated temperature sufficient to kill organisms within the at least one waterway; wherein the second portion of the valve is configured having a thermal mass such that the electric heater is able to heat the second portion of the valve to the elevated temperature with a power of not more than 50 watts. 19. The faucet of claim 18, wherein the second portion of the valve comprises a thermally-conductive material, and the body comprises a thermally-insulating material. 20. The faucet of claim 19, wherein the second portion is a liner defining at least a portion of the at least one waterway. 21. The faucet of claim 20, wherein the thermal mass of the second portion of the valve is configured such that the electric heater is able to heat the second portion of the valve to the elevated temperature with a power of not more than 25 watts.",
-    "A target terminal in a mobile communication system transmits a first uplink cooperative MIMO signal in a first uplink subframe to a cooperating device selected from among a plurality of repeaters for relaying signals and a plurality of terminals except a target terminal for cooperative MIMO transmission and reception, and transmits a second uplink cooperative MIMO signal directly in a second uplink subframe to a base station. The cooperating device amplifies the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal and transmits an amplified first uplink cooperative MIMO signal in the second uplink subframe to the a base station. 1. A cooperating cluster configuring method for a cooperative MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) transmission and reception in a base station of a mobile communication system, the method comprising: selecting a plurality of candidate cooperating devices to cooperate for the cooperative MIMO transmission and reception from among a plurality of repeaters for relaying signals and a plurality of terminals except a target terminal for cooperative MIMO transmission and reception; selecting at least one cooperating device from among the plurality of candidate cooperating devices based on signal quality information measured between the plurality of candidate cooperating devices and the target terminal; generating a cooperating cluster including the at least one cooperating device; and transmitting configuration information of the cooperating cluster to the target terminal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting at least one cooperating device comprises selecting a candidate cooperating device having a signal quality value higher than a threshold voltage as the cooperating device, based on a plurality of first signal quality values measured, by the target terminal, from discovery ranging signals sent from the plurality of candidate cooperating devices, respectively. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the selecting at least one cooperating device further comprises: calculating transmission timing offset values of the discovery ranging signals sent from the plurality of candidate cooperating devices, respectively; and transmitting the transmission timing offset values to the plurality of candidate cooperating devices, respectively. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting at least one cooperating device comprises selecting a candidate cooperating device having a signal quality value higher than a threshold voltage as the cooperating device, based on a plurality of signal quality values measured, by the plurality of candidate cooperating devices, respectively, from a discovery ranging signal sent from the target terminal. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the selecting at least one cooperating device further comprises: calculating a transmission timing offset value of the discovery ranging signal sent from the target terminal; and transmitting the transmission timing offset value to the target terminal. 6. A cooperative multi-antenna receiving method for a target terminal in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: receiving a downlink cooperative MIMO signal directly through a downlink subframe from a base station; receiving an amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal transmitted through an uplink subframe, from a cooperating device selected from among a plurality of repeaters for relaying signals and a plurality of terminals except a target terminal for cooperative MIMO transmission and reception, wherein the downlink cooperative MIMO signal is received and amplified by the cooperating device; and combining the downlink cooperative MIMO signal directly received from the base station and the amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal received from the cooperating device and demodulating data. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the receiving an amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal transmitted through an uplink subframe comprises: receiving a reception timing offset value calculated based on a propagation delay between the cooperating devices and the target terminal from the base station; and receiving the amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal at the reception timing adjusted by applying the reception timing offset value to the start time of the uplink subframe. 8. A cooperative multi-antenna transmitting method for a target terminal in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: transmitting a first uplink cooperative MIMO signal in a first uplink subframe to a cooperating device selected from among a plurality of repeaters for relaying signals and a plurality of terminals except a target terminal for cooperative MIMO transmission and reception; and transmitting a second uplink cooperative MIMO signal directly in a second uplink subframe to a base station, wherein the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal is amplified by the cooperating device and an amplified first uplink cooperative MIMO signal is transmitted in the second uplink subframe, by the cooperating device, to the a base station. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the transmitting a first uplink cooperative MIMO signal comprises: receiving a transmission timing offset value calculated based on a propagation delay between the cooperating devices and the target terminal from the base station; and transmitting the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal to the cooperating device at a transmission timing adjusted by applying the transmission timing offset value to the start time of the first uplink subframe. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal is received at a reception timing adjusted by applying a reception timing offset value to the start time of a third uplink subframe by the cooperating device, and the reception timing offset value is calculated based on a propagation delay between the cooperating devices and the target terminal by the base station. 11. A cooperative multi-antenna transmitting method for a cooperating device in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: receiving a downlink cooperative MIMO signal in a downlink subframe from a base station; amplifying the downlink cooperative MIMO signal; and transmitting an amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal in an uplink subframe to a target terminal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the transmitting the amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal comprising: receiving a transmission timing offset value calculated based on a propagation delay between the cooperating device and the target terminal from the base station; and transmitting the amplified downlink cooperative MIMO signal to the target terminal at a transmission timing adjusted by applying the transmission timing offset value to the start time of the uplink subframe. 13. A cooperative multi-antenna transmitting method for a base station in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: transmitting a downlink cooperative MIMO signal directly through a downlink subframe to a target terminal; and transmitting the downlink cooperative MIMO signal in the downlink subframe, through a cooperating device selected from among a plurality of repeaters for relaying signals and a plurality of terminals except a target terminal for cooperative MIMO transmission and reception, to the target terminal, wherein the downlink cooperative MIMO signal is transmitted in an uplink subframe, by the cooperating device, to the target terminal. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising calculating a reception timing offset value of the target terminal and a transmission timing offset value of the cooperating device, based on a propagation delay between the cooperating device and the target terminal from the base station, wherein a reception timing of the downlink cooperative MIMO signal by the target terminal using the reception timing offset value of the target terminal, or a transmission timing of the downlink cooperative MIMO signal by the cooperating device using the transmission timing offset value of the cooperating device. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: allocating the uplink subframe to the cooperating device; measuring the received power of the downlink cooperative MIMO signal sent from the cooperating device to the target terminal; and determining a reuse of the uplink subframe based on the received power. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: allocating the uplink subframe to the cooperating device; calculating the received interference power received by the target terminal from an uplink signal send from other user terminal; and reusing the uplink subframe for the other user terminal based on the received interference power. 17. A cooperative multi-antenna receiving method for a base station in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: receiving a first uplink cooperative MIMO signal in a first uplink subframe, through a cooperating device selected from among a plurality of repeaters for relaying signals and a plurality of terminals except a target terminal for cooperative MIMO transmission and reception, from a target terminal; receiving a second uplink cooperative MIMO signal directly in a second uplink subframe from the target terminal; and combining the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal and the second uplink cooperative MIMO signal and demodulating data. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising calculating a transmission timing offset value of the target terminal and a reception timing offset value of the cooperating device, based on a propagation delay between the cooperating device and the target terminal from the base station, wherein a transmission timing of the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal by the target terminal using the transmission timing offset value of the target terminal, or a reception timing of the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal by the cooperating device using the reception timing offset value of the cooperating device. 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: allocating a third uplink subframe for transmitting of the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal to the target terminal cooperating device; calculating the received power of the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal send from the target terminal to the cooperating device in the third uplink subframe; and reusing the third uplink subframe for uplink transmission of other user terminal based on the received power. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising: allocating a third uplink subframe for transmitting of the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal to the target terminal cooperating device; calculating the received power of the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal received by a cooperating device of other cooperating cluster, wherein the first uplink cooperative MIMO signal is transmitted in the third uplink subframe from the target terminal to the cooperating device; and reusing the third uplink subframe for an uplink cooperative MIMO transmission of the other cooperating cluster based on the received power.",
-    "An optical scanning unit includes a rotatable multi-faceted mirror having a plurality of faces reflecting light flux emitted from a light source to scan a scanning area in a main scanning direction. A width of the light flux striking the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is smaller than a length of a face of the rotatable multi-faceted mirror. The entire of light flux striking the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is reflected at a first face when the light flux reflected by the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is directed to the center portion of the scanning area. A part of the light flux striking the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is reflected at the first face while the remaining of the light flux is reflected at a second face when the light flux reflected by the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is directed to a least one of the two end portions of the scanning area. 1. (canceled) 2. An optical scanning device comprising: a light source; a rotatable multi-faceted mirror having a plurality of reflection faces reflecting light flux emitted from the light source to scan a scanning area on a scanned object, a width of the light flux entering the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is smaller than a length of a reflection face of the rotatable multi-faceted mirror in a main scanning direction; and a controller configured to control the optical scanning device, wherein: when a center portion of the scanning area of the scanned object is scanned, the controller controls light emission timing of the light source such that an entire width of the light flux emitted from the light source enters a first reflection face of the rotatable multi-faceted mirror, when at least one of end portions of the scanning area of the scanned object is scanned, the controller controls the light emission timing of the light source such that the light flux emitted from the light source enters the first reflection face and a second reflection face adjacent to the first reflection face of the rotatable multi-faceted mirror, a number of reflection faces of the rotatable multi-faceted mirror is eight or less, and when the width of the light flux reflected by the first reflection face and directed to at least one of the end portions of the scanning area of the scanned object is defined as a light flux width d1, and the width of the light flux reflected by the first reflection face and directed to the center portion of the scanning area of the scanned object is defined as a light flux width d2, d2/d1 is set to range from 1 to 1.2. 3. The optical scanning device of claim 2, wherein the light flux entering the rotatable multi-faceted mirror becomes a light flux having a P-polarized light component and a S-polarized light component, the P-polarized light component being stronger than the S-polarized light component with respect to a reflection face of the rotatable multi-faceted mirror. 4. The optical scanning device of claim 2, wherein the light flux has a same spot diameter at the end portions of the scanning area. 5. The optical scanning device of claim 2, wherein the light flux has a same intensity at the end portions of the scanning area. 6. The optical scanning device of claim 2, wherein the light flux width d1 of the light flux reflected on the first reflection face and directed to at least one of the end portions of the scanning area ranges from 3.0 mm to 4.0 mm. 7. The optical scanning device of claim 2, further comprising: a plate disposed on an optical path between the light source and the rotatable multi-faceted mirror, the plate having an aperture therein to shape the light flux emitted from the light source, wherein the aperture has a width in a sub-scanning direction perpendicular to the main scanning direction, and the width of at least one end of the aperture is smaller than the width of the center portion of the aperture in the main scanning direction. 8. The optical scanning device of claim 2, further comprising: a plate disposed on an optical path between the light source and the rotatable multi-faceted mirror, the plate having an aperture therein to shape the light flux emitted from the light source, and the aperture has a rectangular shape. 9. An image forming apparatus comprising: at least one image bearing member; and the optical scanning device of claim 2 to scan the at least one image bearing member using light flux modulated by image data.",
-    "A vehicle is provided. The vehicle includes a power source, at least one wheel, a gearbox. The gearbox includes a housing, gearing disposed in the housing, and an insulator disposed between the gearing and the housing. The gearing is configured to couple the power source to the at least one wheel. The insulator is configured to reduce thermal energy losses of a fluid that lubricates the gearing. 1. A gearbox for a vehicle comprising: a housing; gearing disposed in the housing and configured to transfer power from a power source to at least one wheel; and an insulator, disposed between the gearing and the housing, configured to reduce thermal energy losses of a fluid that lubricates the gearing. 2. The gearbox of claim 1, wherein the housing includes a detachable cover and the insulator is also disposed between the gearing and the cover. 3. The gearbox of claim 2, wherein the insulator has a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion, and wherein the first portion is disposed between the gearing and a top side of the housing, the second portion is disposed between the gearing and the detachable cover, and the third portion is disposed between the gearing and a bottom side of the housing. 4. The gearbox of claim 3, wherein the gearing consists of a differential that is configured to transfer power from an input shaft to a first output shaft and a second output shaft, wherein the differential allows the first output shaft and the second output shaft to rotate at different angular velocities. 5. The gearbox of claim 4, wherein the first output shaft is connected to a first wheel and the second output shaft is connected to a second wheel. 6. The gearbox of claim 1, wherein at least one additional insulator is also disposed between the gearing and the housing. 7. The gearbox of claim 1, wherein the gearbox is a transfer case that is configured to transfer power to a first axle having a first set of wheels and a second axle having a second set of wheels. 8. An axle for a vehicle comprising: a housing; differential gearing, disposed in the housing, connected to an input shaft, a first output shaft, and a second output shaft; a first insulator, disposed between the differential gearing and the housing, configured to reduce thermal energy losses of a fluid that lubricates the differential gearing. 9. The axle of claim 8, wherein the housing includes a detachable cover and the first insulator is also disposed between the differential gearing and the cover. 10. The axle of claim 9, wherein the first insulator has a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion, and wherein the first portion is disposed between the differential gearing and a top side of the housing, the second portion is disposed between the differential gearing and the detachable cover, and the third portion is disposed between the differential gearing and a bottom side of the housing. 11. The axle of claim 10, wherein the differential gearing includes a bevel ring gear that meshes with a first bevel gear affixed to the input shaft and at least one bevel planet gear rotatably disposed about a carrier that is affixed to the bevel ring gear, wherein the at least one bevel planet gear meshes with a second bevel gear affixed to the first output shaft and a third bevel gear affixed to the second output shaft. 12. The axle of claim 11, further comprising a second insulator disposed between the differential gearing and the housing, and wherein the first insulator is disposed on a first side of the bevel ring gear and the second insulator is disposed on a second side of the bevel ring gear. 13. The axle of claim 12, wherein the second insulator has a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion, and wherein the first portion is disposed between the differential gearing and a top side of the housing, the second portion is disposed between the differential gearing and the detachable cover, and the third portion is disposed between the differential gearing and a bottom side of the housing. 14. The axle of claim 13, wherein the input shaft is connected to a power source, the first output shaft is connected to a first wheel, and the second output shaft is connected to a second wheel. 15. A vehicle comprising: a power source; at least one wheel; a gearbox, having a housing, gearing disposed in the housing, and an insulator disposed between the gearing and the housing, wherein the gearing is configured to couple the power source to the at least one wheel, and the insulator is configured to reduce thermal energy losses of a fluid that lubricates the gearing. 16. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein the housing includes a detachable cover and the insulator is also disposed between the gearing and the cover. 17. The vehicle of claim 16, wherein the insulator has a first portion, a second portion and a third portion, and wherein the first portion is disposed between the gearing and a top side of the housing, the second portion is disposed between the gearing and the detachable cover, and the third portion is disposed between the gearing and a bottom side of the housing. 18. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein at least one additional insulator is also disposed between the gearing and the housing. 19. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein the gearbox is a differential connected to an axle. 20. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein the gearbox is a transfer case that is configured to transfer power to a first axle having a first set of wheels and a second axle having a second set of wheels.",
-    "A system and method for determining a distance to a surface of interest, such as in a Time of Flight (ToF) system, includes projecting modulated electromagnetic radiation of at least two frequencies to a point on the surface of interest, receiving the electromagnetic radiation reflected from the point on the surface of interest and demodulating the received electromagnetic radiation. Whereupon, a weighted phase difference between the frequencies may be calculated, in accordance with the present systems and methods, and one bin for each of the reflected frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest is calculated using the weighted phase difference. A final phase of the bin for the actual distance is calculated as a weighted average of the phases of the bins based on the reflected signal strengths, and the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest is then output. 1. A method for determining a distance to a surface of interest, comprising: projecting modulated electromagnetic radiation of at least two frequencies to a point on the surface of interest; receiving electromagnetic radiation reflected from the point on the surface of interest; calculating a weighted phase difference between respective phases of the at least two frequencies of received electromagnetic radiation; calculating a respective bin for each of the at least two reflected frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest using the weighted phase difference; calculating a final phase of the bin for the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest as a weighted average of phases of the respective bins based on signal strengths of the received electromagnetic radiation of the at least two frequencies; and outputting the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the weighted phase difference between the at least two frequencies includes, monotonically increasing a value for the weighted phase difference from zero by a difference between the products of a coefficient for each frequency and a phase for each corresponding frequency. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the coefficient for each frequency is proportional to a weight of signal strength of received electromagnetic radiation of each respective frequency. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein using the weighted phase difference to calculate one bin for each of the at least two frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest includes, for each bin, performing a bit-wise right shift operation on a product of the weighted phase difference and an integer proportional to a frequency associated with that bin. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating one bin for each of the at least two frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest using the weighted phase difference further includes, comparing an absolute value of the residue of each bin for each of the at least two frequencies to determine which bin has a residue that is greater than or equal to the other bin. 6. The method of claim 1, further including calculating an unambiguous phase for each of the frequencies using the one bin for each of the at least two frequencies, and in which calculating a final phase of the bin for the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest uses the unambiguous phase, using the weights operating on the unambiguous phase for each of the frequencies. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein using weights operating on the unambiguous phase for each of the frequencies includes calculating a weighted average of the unambiguous phases of the frequencies using weights based on signal strengths of received electromagnetic radiation of the frequencies. 8. A time of flight distance de-aliasing apparatus comprising: an input from at least one time of flight sensor apparatus configured to receive a demodulated phase of each at least two projected electromagnetic radiation frequencies reflected from a point on a surface of interest; a depth engine configured to: calculate a weighted phase difference between respective demodulated phases of the at least two frequencies; and calculate one bin for each of the at least two reflected frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest using the weighted phase difference; calculate a final phase of the bin for the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest as a weighted average of the phases of the bins based on the signal strengths of the at least two reflected frequencies; and calculate the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest based on the final phase; and an output configured to output, to at least one host device, the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, further including a memory interface coupled to an external memory, and wherein the depth engine temporarily stores at least a portion of the data associated with demodulated electromagnetic radiation of at least two frequencies to the external memory. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein calculating the weighted phase difference between the at least two frequencies includes, monotonically increasing a value for the weighted phase difference from zero by a difference between the products of a coefficient for each frequency and a phase for each corresponding frequency. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the coefficient for each frequency is proportional to a weight of signal strength of received electromagnetic radiation of each respective frequency. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein using the weighted phase difference to calculate one bin for each of the at least two frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest includes, for each bin, performing a bit-wise right shift operation on a product of the weighted phase difference and an integer proportional to a frequency associated with that bin. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein calculating one bin for each of the at least two frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest using the weighted phase difference further includes, comparing an absolute value of the residue of each bin for each of the at least two frequencies to determine which bin has a residue that is greater than or equal to the other bin. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the depth engine is further configured to calculate an unambiguous phase for each of the frequencies using the one bin for each of the at least two frequencies, and in which calculating a final phase of the bin for the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest includes calculating a weighted average of the unambiguous phases of the frequencies using weights based on signal strengths of the received electromagnetic radiation of the frequencies. 15. A time of flight system comprising: at least one illumination module configured to project modulated electromagnetic radiation of at least two frequencies to a point on a surface of interest; a sensor configured to receive and demodulate electromagnetic radiation reflected from the surface of interest; and a controller apparatus operatively coupled to the sensor, and configured to: calculate a weighted phase difference between respective phases of the at least two frequencies; calculate one bin for each of the at least two reflected frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest using the weighted phase difference; calculate a final phase of the bin for the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest as a weighted average of the phases of the bins based on the signal strengths of the at least two reflected frequencies; calculate the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest based on the final phase; and output the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest to a host device. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein calculating the weighted phase difference between the at least two frequencies includes, monotonically increasing a value for the weighted phase difference from zero by a difference between the products of a coefficient for each frequency and a phase for each corresponding frequency. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the coefficient for each frequency is proportional to a weight of signal strength of received electromagnetic radiation of each respective frequency. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein using the the weighted phase difference to calculate one bin for each of the at least two frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest includes, for each bin, performing a bit-wise right shift operation on a product of the weighted phase difference and an integer proportional to a frequency associated with that bin. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein calculating one bin for each of the at least two frequencies for an actual distance to the point on the surface of interest using the weighted phase difference further includes, comparing an absolute value of the residue of each bin for each of the at least two frequencies to determine which bin has a residue that is greater than or equal to the other bin. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the controller apparatus is further configured to calculate an unambiguous phase for each of the frequencies using the one bin for each of the at least two frequencies, and in which calculating a final phase of the bin for the actual distance to the point on the surface of interest includes calculating a weighted average of the the unambiguous phases of the frequencies using weights based on signal strengths of received electromagnetic radiation of the frequencies.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure provide apparatuses and methods for balancing parasitic capacitances between metal tracks in an integrated circuit chip. Specifically, additional capacitances in the form of, for example, tab capacitors, are attached to the metal tracks with the intention of detaching a select number of the attached capacitances for the purpose of balancing the parasitic capacitances between the metal tracks. The attached capacitances may be structural metal elements. Further, the attached structural metal elements may be detachable at thin-film resistive material associated with each of the attached structural metal elements. 1. An apparatus for balancing parasitic capacitances present at a plurality of input structures of an integrated circuit, comprising: at least one first structural element associated with a first one of the input structures; and at least one second structural element associated with a second one of the input structures, wherein (i) the at least one first structural element and the at least second structural element are detachable from an associated input structure and (ii) the balancing of the parasitic capacitances depends on a selective detachment of at least one of the at least one first and second structural elements. 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the at least one first and second structural elements extend laterally at an angle from the associated input structure. 3. The apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein the angle is 90 degrees. 4. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein: the at least one first structural element extends laterally from the first input structure at a first angle, and the at least one second structural element extends laterally from the second input structure at a second angle different than the first angle. 5. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the input structures include at least one of metal tracks, bond pads, ESD diode cells, thin-film resistors, and thick-film resistors. 6. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least one first and second structural elements is formed of a metal. 7. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the metal is one of aluminum, copper, gold, silver and tungsten. 8. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising: a metal run via which one of the at least one first and second structural elements is joined to the associated input structure. 9. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising: a thin-film resistive material via which at least one of the at least one first and second structural elements is joined to the associated input structure. 10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein at least one of the at least one first and second structural elements is detachable from the associated input structure by one of (i) laser trimming and (ii) fuse opening at the thin-film resistive material. 11. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising a third structural element, wherein the third element is interposed between (i) one of the at least one first and second structural elements and (ii) the associated input structure. 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the plurality of input structures and the at least one first and second structural elements are passivated. 13. A method for balancing parasitic capacitances present at a plurality of input structures of an integrated circuit, in which at least one first structural element is attached to a first input structure and at least one second structural element is attached to a second input structure, comprising: selectively detaching at least one of the at least one first and second structural elements from associated input structures in order to produce a pattern of at least one detached structural element that achieves the balancing of the parasitic capacitances. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the input structures include at least one of metal tracks, bond pads, ESD diode cells, thin-film resistors, and thick-film resistors. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: measuring, after the detaching, a common mode rejection ratio performance of the integrated circuit; determining parasitic capacitances between the first and second input structures based on the measured common mode rejection ratio performance; comparing the determined parasitic capacitances with parasitic capacitances associated with at least one other integrated circuit; and determining the pattern of at least one detached structural element that achieves the balancing of the parasitic capacitances based on the comparison. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: fabricating at least one new integrated circuit based on the pattern. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the attaching step includes sputtering metal onto placeholders for the plurality of structural elements, wherein the metal is sputtered onto the placeholders for the plurality of structural elements at the same time as the metal is sputtered onto placeholders for the plurality of input structures. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the determining step includes comparing the measured common mode rejection ratio performance of the integrated circuit to an ideal common mode rejection ratio performance of the integrated circuit. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the detaching step includes one of (i) laser trimming and (ii) fuse opening a thin-film resistive material associated with one of the at least one first and second structural elements. 20. An apparatus for balancing parasitic capacitances present at a plurality of input structures of an integrated circuit, the apparatus comprising: at least one means for detaching from at least one associated input structure in order to produce a pattern of at least one detached means that achieves the balancing of the parasitic capacitances.",
-    "A device may comprise a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface and a wireless interface operable to communicate in accordance with the ISO 18000-7 standard. The device may be operable to receive a command via the USB interface and transmit the command via the wireless interface. The device may be operable to receive data via the wireless interface and transmit the data via the USB interface. A form factor of the USB device may be such that it can be plugged directly into a USB port without any external cabling between the USB device and said USB port. 1. A USB device comprising: one or more circuits comprising a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface and a wireless interface operable to communicate in accordance with the ISO 18000-7 standard, said one or more circuits being operable to: receive a command via said USB interface; and transmit said command via said wireless interface. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a form factor of said USB device is such that it can be plugged directly into a USB port without any external cabling between said USB device and said USB port. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein, during enumeration of said USB device, said one or more circuits communicate one or more descriptors according to the USB Device Class Definition for Printing Devices. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein said command is received via a Bulk OUT pipe of said USB bus. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more circuits comprise memory in which a filesystem resides. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to search said filesystem in response to said command received via said USB interface and/or in response to a command received via said wireless interface. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to output results of said search via said wireless interface and/or said USB interface. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to read data from said memory and output said data via said USB interface and/or said wireless interface. 9. The system of claim 5, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to receive data via said USB interface and/or said wireless interface and write said received data to said memory. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to generate log data of activities and/or events occurring in said USB device and output said log data via said USB bus. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein: said USB device is connected to a network switch and/or router via said USB interface and a USB port of said network switch and/or router; said USB port is assigned a network address by said network switch and/or router; said network switch and/or router is operable to receive network packets destined for said assigned network address and convey contents of said received network packets to said USB device via said USB interface and said USB port. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein: said USB device is a client device connected to a network switch and/or router via said USB interface; said network switch and/or router is operable to associate said client USB device with a network address of a host USB device; said network switch and/or router is operable to receive data from said client USB device via said USB interface; and said network switch and/or router is operable to transmit said received data to said network address of said host USB device. 13. A USB device comprising: one or more circuits comprising a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface and a wireless interface operable to communicate in accordance with the ISO 18000-7 standard, said one or more circuits being operable to: receive data via said wireless interface; and transmit said data via a USB interface. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein a form factor of said USB device is such that it can be plugged directly into a USB port without any external cabling between said USB device and said USB port. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein, during enumeration of said USB device, said one or more circuits communicate one or more descriptors according to the USB Device Class Definition for Printing Devices. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said data is transmitted via a Bulk IN pipe of said USB bus. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein said one or more circuits comprise memory in which a filesystem resides. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to search said filesystem in response to a command received via said USB interface and/or in response to a command received via said wireless interface. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to output results of said search via said wireless interface and/or said USB interface. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein said one or more circuits are operable to read data from said memory and output said data via said USB interface and/or said wireless interface.",
-    "A method includes performing, by a processor of a network controller of a network: storing device identifications corresponding to respective ones of a plurality of devices connected via the network, respectively, storing an association between a first one and a second one of the plurality of devices, the association being represented as a pairing identification code corresponding to the first and second ones of the plurality of devices, receiving a communication from an intruder device, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to one of the first and the second ones of the plurality of devices, sending a request to the intruder device to communicate the pairing identification code, and denying access to the network to the intruder device responsive to the intruder device failing to communicate the pairing identification code. 1. A method comprising: performing, by a processor of a network controller of a network: storing device identifications corresponding to respective ones of a plurality of devices connected via the network, respectively; storing an association between a first one and a second one of the plurality of devices, the association being represented as a pairing identification code corresponding to the first and second ones of the plurality of devices; receiving a communication from an intruder device, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to one of the first and the second ones of the plurality of devices; sending a request to the intruder device to communicate the pairing identification code; and denying access to the network to the intruder device responsive to the intruder device failing to communicate the pairing identification code. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a communication from the first one of the plurality of devices, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to the first one of the plurality of devices; sending a request to the first one of the plurality of devices to communicate the pairing identification code; receiving the pairing identification code from the first one of the plurality of devices; and granting access to the network to the first one of the plurality of devices responsive to receiving the pairing identification code. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the device identifications comprise media access control (MAC) addresses corresponding to respective ones of the plurality of devices. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the device identifications comprise device signatures, respectively, which are generated based on a device characteristic that is dependent on manufacturing process variations. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein storing the association between the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices comprises: communicating the pairing identification code to each of the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: encrypting the pairing identification code to generate an encrypted pairing identification code; and wherein communicating the pairing identification code to each of the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices comprises communicating the encrypted pairing identification code to each of the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: storing the pairing identification code on the network controller. 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving a first code from the first one of the plurality of devices; receiving a second code from the second one of the plurality of devices; generating the pairing identification code based on the first code and the second code. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first code is an encrypted first code, the second code is an encrypted second code, the method further comprising: decrypting the encrypted first code and the encrypted second code to generate a decrypted first code and a decrypted second code; and wherein generating the pairing identification code comprises generating the pairing identification code based on the decrypted first code and the decrypted second code. 10. The method of claim 5, further comprising: generating a first code corresponding to the first one of the plurality of devices; generating a second code corresponding to the second one of the plurality of devices; and generating the pairing identification code based on the first code and the second code. 11. The method of claim 2, further comprising: sending a request to the second one of the plurality of devices to communicate the pairing identification code; receiving the pairing identification code from the second one of the plurality of devices; confirming that the pairing identification code received from the first one of the plurality of devices matches the pairing identification code received from the second one of the plurality of devices; and wherein granting access to the network comprises granting access to the network to the first one of the plurality of devices responsive to confirming that the pairing identification code received from the first one of the plurality of devices matches the pairing identification code received from the second one of the plurality of devices. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: confirming that a pairing identification code received from the intruder device fails to match the pairing identification code received from the second one of the plurality of devices; and wherein denying access to the network comprises denying access to the intruder device responsive to confirming that the pairing identification code received from the intruder device fails to match the pairing identification code received from the second one of the plurality of devices. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein storing the association comprises storing a plurality of associations between pairs of the plurality of devices connected via the network, the plurality of associations being represented by a plurality of pairing identification codes corresponding to the pairs of the plurality of devices, respectively; wherein sending the request to the one of the plurality of devices comprises sending the request to the first one of the plurality of devices to communicate multiple ones of the plurality of pairing identification codes; wherein receiving the pairing identification code comprises receiving the multiple ones of the plurality of identification codes from the first one of the plurality of devices; and wherein granting access to the network comprises granting access to the network to the first one of the plurality of devices responsive to receiving the multiple ones of the plurality of identification codes. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein sending the request to the intruder device comprises sending the request to the intruder device to communicate the multiple ones of the plurality of pairing identification codes; and wherein denying access to the network comprises denying access to the network to the intruder device responsive to the intruder device failing to communicate the multiple ones of the plurality of pairing identification codes. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: sending a request to ones of the plurality of devices other than the first one of the plurality of devices to communicate pairing identification codes with the first one of the plurality of devices, respectively; receiving a portion of the multiple ones of the plurality of pairing identification codes from ones of the plurality of devices other than the first one of the plurality of devices responsive to the request to communicate the pairing identification codes with the first one of the plurality of devices; determining whether a number of the portion of the multiple ones of the plurality of pairing identification codes that matches the multiple ones of the pairing identification codes received from the first one of the plurality of devices exceeds a threshold; and wherein granting access to the network comprises granting access to the network to the first one of the plurality of devices responsive to determining that the number of the portion of the multiple ones of the plurality of pairing identification codes exceeds the threshold. 16. A system, comprising: a processor of a network controller of a network; and a memory coupled to the processor and comprising computer readable program code embodied in the memory that is executable by the processor to perform: storing device identifications corresponding to respective ones of a plurality of devices connected via the network, respectively; storing an association between a first one and a second one of the plurality of devices, the association being represented as a pairing identification code corresponding to the first and second ones of the plurality of devices; receiving a communication from the first one of the plurality of devices, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to the first one of the plurality of devices; sending a request to the first one of the plurality of devices to communicate the pairing identification code; receiving the pairing identification code from the first one of the plurality of devices; and granting access to the network to the first one of the plurality of devices responsive to receiving the pairing identification code. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving a communication from an intruder device, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to one of the first and the second ones of the plurality of devices; sending a request to the intruder device to communicate the pairing identification code; and denying access to the network to the intruder device responsive to the intruder device failing to communicate the pairing identification code 18. The system of claim 17, wherein storing the association between the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices comprises: communicating the pairing identification code to each of the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices. 19. A computer program product, comprising: a tangible computer readable storage medium comprising computer readable program code embodied in the medium that is executable by a processor of a network controller to perform: maintaining device identifications corresponding to a pair of devices connected via the network, respectively; maintaining an association between a pair of devices connected via the network, the association being represented as a pairing identification code corresponding to the pair of devices; receiving a communication from an intruder device, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to one of the pair of devices; sending a request to the intruder device to communicate the pairing identification code; denying access to the network to the intruder device responsive to the intruder device failing to communicate the pairing identification code; receiving a communication from the one of the pair of devices, the communication comprising the device identification corresponding to the one of the pair of devices; sending a request to the one of the pair of devices to communicate the pairing identification code; receiving the pairing identification code from the one of the pair of devices; and granting access to the network to the one of the pair of devices responsive to receiving the pairing identification code. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein storing the association between the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices comprises: communicating the pairing identification code to each of the first one and the second one of the plurality of devices.",
-    "A plasmonic scattering nanomaterial comprising a substrate layer, a metal oxide layer in continuous contact with the substrate layer and silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 25-300 nm deposited on the metal oxide layer is disclosed. The silver nanoparticles have a broad size distribution and interparticle distances such that the silver nanoparticles plasmonically scatter light throughout the metal oxide layer with a near electric field strength of 1-30 V/m when excited by a light source having a wavelength in the range of 300-500 nm and/or 1000-1200 nm. In addition, a method for producing the nanomaterial by sputter deposition is disclosed as well as an appropriate thin film plasmonic solar cell comprising the nanomaterial with a solar efficiency of at least 10%. 1. A plasmonic scattering nanomaterial, comprising: a substrate layer; a metal oxide layer in continuous contact with the substrate layer; and silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 25-300 nm deposited on the metal oxide layer; wherein the silver nanoparticles plasmonically scatter light throughout the metal oxide layer when excited by light having a wavelength in the range of 300-500 nm or 1000-1200 nm; and wherein the silver nanoparticles have a near electric field strength of 1-30 V/m when excited by light having a wavelength in the range of 300-500 nm or 1000-1200 nm. 2. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide layer is zinc oxide. 3. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the substrate is glass. 4. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, which comprises 2.0\u00d7107 to 2.0\u00d7109 silver nanoparticles per cm2 of the metal oxide layer. 5. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have an average center to center distance of greater than 100 nm. 6. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have a broad particle size distribution having a relative standard deviation of greater than 5%. 7. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have a diameter in the range of about 25-100 nm and a near electric field strength of 20-30 V/m when excited by light having a wavelength of 300-500 nm. 8. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have a diameter in the range of about 100-300 nm and a near electric field strength of 5-10 V/m when excited by light having a wavelength of 300-500 nm. 9. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have a near electric field strength in the range of 1-5 V/m when excited by light having a wavelength of 1000-1200 nm. 10. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have a diameter in the range of about 25-100 nm and have an electric flux distribution of up to 40 nm when excited by light having a wavelength of 300-500 nm or 1000-1200 nm. 11. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, wherein the silver nanoparticles have a diameter in the range of about 100-300 nm and have an electric flux distribution of greater than 50 nm when excited by light having a wavelength of 300-500 nm or 1000-1200 nm. 12. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, further comprising nanoparticles comprising at least one additional plasmonic metal selected from the group consisting of gold, copper, aluminum, platinum, and palladium and alloys thereof. 13. The plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, which is substantially free of surfactants, ligands, capping reagents, binders and/or linkers 14. A method for producing the plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1, comprising: depositing the metal oxide layer on the substrate; sputtering silver atop the metal oxide layer; and annealing the substrate, the metal oxide layer and the silver to form the plasmonic scattering nanomaterial; wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed from the silver atop the metal oxide layer during the annealing. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the annealing is performed at a temperature in the range of 150-750\u00b0 C. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the average silver nanoparticle size increases as the temperature at which the annealing is performed increases. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein a density of silver nanoparticles atop the metal oxide layer decreases as the temperature at which the annealing is performed increases. 18. A thin film plasmonic solar cell, comprising: the plasmonic scattering nanomaterial of claim 1; wherein the thin film plasmonic solar cell has an average thickness of less than 20 \u03bcm; and wherein the plasmonically scattered light excites conduction electrons of the substrate layer and metal oxide layer and increases absorption of solar light by the thin film plasmonic solar cell. 19. The thin film plasmonic solar cell of claim 18, wherein the thin film plasmonic solar cell has an absorption depth profile of up to 2 \u03bcm. 20. The thin film plasmonic solar cell of claim 18, which has a solar cell efficiency (\u03b7) of at least 10%.",
-    "A first user terminal includes: a controller configured to control transmission of a D2D (Device to Device) synchronization signal, which is directly transmitted to a second user terminal; and a receiver configured to receive, from a base station, configuration information instructing the first user terminal not to transmit the D2D synchronization signal. In response to receiving the configuration information, the controller controls the first user terminal not to transmit the D2D synchronization signal upon condition that the first user terminal has an RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection with a network. 1. A first user terminal, comprising: a controller configured to control transmission of a D2D (Device to Device) synchronization signal, which is directly transmitted to a second user terminal; and a receiver configured to receive, from a base station, configuration information instructing the first user terminal not to transmit the D2D synchronization signal, wherein in response to receiving the configuration information, the controller controls the first user terminal not to transmit the D2D synchronization signal upon condition that the first user terminal has an RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection with a network. 2. A first user terminal, comprising: a controller configured to control transmission of a D2D (Device to Device) synchronization signal, which is directly transmitted to a second user terminal; and a receiver configured to receive a signal from a cell managed by a base station, wherein the controller compares an RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) measurement result of the signal with a threshold value, and controls the first user terminal not to transmit the D2D synchronization signal in response to the RSRP measurement result exceeding the threshold value. 3. A base station, comprising: a transmitter configured to transmit, to a first user terminal, configuration information instructing the first user terminal not to transmit a D2D (Device to Device) synchronization signal directly to a second user terminal.",
-    "Disclosed are methods, compositions and uses of conjugates of prodrug forms of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (P2PDox) with antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (ADCs), with targetable construct peptides or with other targeting molecules that are capable of delivering the P2PDox to a targeted cell, tissue or pathogen. Once delivered to the target cell, the ADC or peptide conjugate is internalized, a highly toxic 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (2-PDox) is released intracellularly. The P2PDox-peptide or ADC conjugates are of use to treat a wide variety of diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune disease or infectious disease. 1. A method of treating cancer comprising: a. administering to a subject with cancer a bispecific antibody comprising at least one binding site for a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and at least one binding site for a hapten on a targetable construct peptide; b. administering to the subject a hapten-containing targetable construct peptide, wherein the peptide is conjugated to pro-2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (P2PDox). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the TAA is selected from the group consisting of CTLA4, PD1, PD-L1, carbonic anhydrase IX, CCL19, CCL21, CSAp, CD1, CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11A, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD19, IGF-1R, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD29, CD30, CD32b, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD45, CD46, CD47, CD52, CD54, CD55, CD59, CD64, CD66a-e, CD67, CD70, CD70L, CD74, CD79a, CD80, CD83, CD95, CD126, CD133, CD138, CD147, CD154, AFP, PSMA, CEACAM5, CEACAM-6, c-MET, B7, ED-B of fibronectin, Factor H, FHL-1, Flt-3, folate receptor, GRO-\u03b2, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, HMGB-1, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), HM1.24, insulin-like growth factor-1 (ILGF-1), IFN-\u03b3, IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-25, IP-10, LIV-1, MAGE, mCRP, MCP-1, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, MIF, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5, MUC5ac, MUC16, PAM4 antigen, NCA-95, NCA-90, Ia, HM1.24, EGP-1 (TROP-2), EGP-2, HLA-DR, tenascin, Le(y), RANTES, T101, TAC, Tn antigen, Thomson-Friedenreich antigens, tumor necrosis antigens, TNF-\u03b1, TRAIL receptor (R1 and R2), VEGFR, EGFR, P1GF, complement factors C3, C3a, C3b, C5a, C5, and an oncogene product. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-TAA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, selected from the group consisting of hR1 (anti-IGF-1R), hPAM4 (anti-MUC5ac), hA20 (anti-CD20), GA101 (anti-CD20), hA19 (anti-CD19), hIMMU-31 (anti-AFP), hLL1 (anti-CD74), hLL2 (anti-CD22), hRFB4 (anti-CD22), hMu-9 (anti-CSAp), hL243 (anti-HLA-DR), hL243 IgG4P (anti-HLA-DR), hMN-14 (anti-CEACAM5), hMN-15 (anti-CEACAM6), hRS7 (anti-EGP-1), hMN-3 (anti-CEACAM6), Ab124 (anti-CXCR4) and Ab125 (anti-CXCR4). 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibody fragment is selected from the group consisting of F(ab\u2032)2, F(ab)2, Fab, Fab\u2032 and scFv fragments. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises human constant regions selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody has a non-G1m1 (nG1m1) allotype. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody has a G1m3 heavy chain allotype. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody has a nG1m1,2 heavy chain null allotype. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody has a Km3 light chain allotype. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises heavy chain constant region amino acid residues arginine-214, glutamic acid-356, methionine-358 and alanine-431. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the P2PDox is attached to the targetable construct peptide by a cross-linker selected from the group consisting of SMCC hydrazide, aminoxy, phenylhydrazide and 4-(hydrazinosulfonyl)benzoic acid. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the P2PDox comprises a maleimide moiety and is attached to the peptide by reaction of the maleimide with a cysteine residue. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering at least one therapeutic agent to said individual. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a drug, a prodrug, a toxin, an enzyme, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a sphingosine inhibitor, an immunomodulator, a cytokine, a hormone, a second antibody, a second antibody fragment, an immunoconjugate, a radionuclide, an antisense oligonucleotide, an RNAi, an anti-angiogenic agent, a pro-apoptosis agent and a cytotoxic agent. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of 5-fluorouracil, afatinib, aplidin, azaribine, anastrozole, anthracyclines, axitinib, AVL-101, AVL-291, bendamustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bosutinib, bryostatin-1, busulfan, calicheamycin, camptothecin, carboplatin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine, celebrex, chlorambucil, cisplatin (CDDP), Cox-2 inhibitors, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecans, crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dasatinib, dinaciclib, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2P-DOX), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, epirubicin glucuronide, erlotinib, estramustine, epidophyllotoxin, erlotinib, entinostat, estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), etoposide glucuronide, etoposide phosphate, exemestane, fingolimod, floxuridine (FUdR), 3\u2032,5\u2032-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-dO), fludarabine, flutamide, farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, flavopiridol, fostamatinib, ganetespib, GDC-0834, GS-1101, gefitinib, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, ibrutinib, idarubicin, idelalisib, ifosfamide, imatinib, L-asparaginase, lapatinib, lenolidamide, leucovorin, LFM-A13, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, navelbine, neratinib, nilotinib, nitrosurea, olaparib, plicomycin, procarbazine, paclitaxel, PCI-32765, pentostatin, PSI-341, raloxifene, semustine, sorafenib, streptozocin, SU11248, sunitinib, tamoxifen, temazolomide (an aqueous form of DTIC), transplatinum, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, teniposide, topotecan, uracil mustard, vatalanib, vinorelbine, vinblastine, vincristine, vinca alkaloids and ZD1839. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the toxin is attached to an antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment and is selected from the group consisting of ricin, abrin, alpha toxin, saporin, ribonuclease (RNase), e.g., onconase, DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, and Pseudomonas endotoxin. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the radionuclide is attached to an antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment and is selected from the group consisting of 111In, 111At, 177Lu, 211Bi, 212Bi, 213Bi, 211At, 62Ch, 67Cn, 90Y, 125I, 131I, 133I, 32P, 33P, 47Sc, 111Ag, 67Ga, 153Sm, 161Tb, 152Dy, 161Ho, 166Ho, 186Re, 188Re, 189Re, 211Pb, 212Pb, 223Ra, 225Ac, 77As, 89Sr, 99Mo, 105Rh, 149Pm, 169Er, 194Ir, 58Co, 80mBr, 99mTc, 103mRh, 109Pt, 119Db, 189mOs, 192Ir219Rn, 215Po, 221Fr, 255Fm 11C, 13N 15O, 75Br, 198Au, 199Au, 224Ac, 77Br, 113mIn, 95Ru, 97Ru, 103Ru, 105Ru, 107Hg, 203Hg, 121mTe, 122mTe, 125mTe, 227Th, 165Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 197Pt, 109Pd, 142Pr, 143Pr, 161Tb, 57Co, 58Co, 51Cr, 59Fe, 75Se, 201Tl, 76Br and 169Yb. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the immunomodulator is selected from the group consisting of a cytokine, a chemokine, a stem cell growth factor, a lymphotoxin, an hematopoietic factor, a colony stimulating factor (CSF), an interferon, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an interleukin (IL), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and a stem cell growth factor designated \u201cS1 factor\u201d. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, bovine growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, insulin, proinsulin, relaxin, prorelaxin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), hepatic growth factor, prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor, prolactin, placental lactogen, OB protein, tumor necrosis factor-.alpha., tumor necrosis factor-.beta., mullerian-inhibiting substance, mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide, inhibin, activin, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin, thrombopoietin (TPO), NGF-.beta., platelet-growth factor, TGF-.alpha., TGF-.beta., insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-II, erythropoietin (EPO), osteoinductive factors, interferon-.alpha., interferon-.beta., interferon-.gamma., macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), IL-1, IL-1.alpha., IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-25, LIF, FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the chemokine is selected from the group consisting of RANTES, MCAF, MIP1-alpha, MIP1-beta and IP-10. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the second antibody binds to an antigen selected from the group consisting of CTLA4, PD1, PD-L1, carbonic anhydrase IX, CCL19, CCL21, CSAp, CD1, CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11A, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD19, IGF-1R, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD29, CD30, CD32b, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD45, CD46, CD47, CD52, CD54, CD55, CD59, CD64, CD66a-e, CD67, CD70, CD70L, CD74, CD79a, CD80, CD83, CD95, CD126, CD133, CD138, CD147, CD154, AFP, PSMA, CEACAM5, CEACAM-6, c-MET, B7, ED-B of fibronectin, Factor H, FHL-1, Flt-3, folate receptor, GRO-\u03b2, histone H2B, histone H3, histone H4, HMGB-1, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), HM1.24, insulin-like growth factor-1 (ILGF-1), IFN-\u03b3, IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-25, IP-10, LIV-1, MAGE, mCRP, MCP-1, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, MIF, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5, MUC5ac, MUC16, PAM4 antigen, NCA-95, NCA-90, Ia, HM1.24, EGP-1 (TROP-2), EGP-2, HLA-DR, tenascin, Le(y), RANTES, T101, TAC, Tn antigen, Thomson-Friedenreich antigens, tumor necrosis antigens, TNF-\u03b1, TRAIL receptor (R1 and R2), VEGFR, EGFR, P1GF, complement factors C3, C3a, C3b, C5a, C5, and an oncogene product. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor or a hematopoietic cancer. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of B-cell lymphoma, B-cell leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, T-cell leukemia, T-cell lymphoma, myeloma, colon cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, urinary bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, rectal cancer, and melanoma. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the B-cell leukemia or B-cell lymphoma is selected from the group consisting of indolent forms of B-cell lymphoma, aggressive forms of B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma.",
-    "One or more elements on a computing device can be selected and locked from use. For example, a first user (e.g., adult) of a computing device can allow a second user (e.g., child) to use the former's device; however, the first user might not want the second user to have access to all of the elements on the device, and so the first user can select which elements he/she wants to share with the second user and which elements he/she does not want to share. For example, the first user can select elements and choose to lock the selected elements, lock all other elements, lock the selected elements for a certain period of time, or lock the selected elements but allow for earned usage, etc. The lock can be removed in response to an unlock event, which can comprise a user-initiated unlock, a timed unlock, or a user-earned locked. 1. A computer implemented method, comprising: receiving an indication of a selection of at least one element to be locked on a computing device, wherein the at least one element includes at least one of a portion of an interface of an application on the computing device or an operation performable by the application; receiving an indication of a selection of a locking option corresponding to a type of usage permission for the at least one element and to one or more other elements associated with at least one other application; causing a lock to be applied to the at least one element, the lock corresponding to the locking option; enabling use of the one or more other elements on the computing device; and unlocking the at least one element in response to an unlock event, wherein the unlock event comprises a user-earned unlock based at least on using the one or more other elements. 2. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: storing data about the lock to be applied to the at least one element; and applying, based at least on the data, the lock for the at least one selected element at a subsequent time. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, further comprising: transmitting the data to a device external to the computing device, wherein an instance of the at least one element resides on the device external to the computing device; and causing, based at least on the data, a lock to be applied to the instance of the at least one element residing on the device external to the computing device. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the one or more other elements associated with at least one other application includes a capability to read pages of an electronic book, and further comprising: determining that a number of the pages accessed over a particular time period exceeds a threshold amount, wherein the threshold amount is based at least in part on a number of words included in the pages and the particular time period, and generating the unlock event. 5. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein causing a lock to be applied to the at least one element is initiated based at least in part upon one of a gesture input or a voice command. 6. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the receiving of the indication of the selection of a locking option, the causing the lock to be applied to the at least one element, and the unlocking of the at least one element are performed at least in part by a device external to the computing device, wherein the device is communicatively connected to the computing device via a network. 7. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein causing the lock to be applied to the at least one element further comprises causing a disabling of the playing of media material above a specified maturity rating in a media rating system. 8. The computer implemented method of claim 7, wherein the media material includes at least one of a movie, a television show, a video, an audio, or a video game. 9. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the at least one element is associated with a shopping application in which money is spent on products or services, and wherein causing the lock to be applied to the at least one element operates to prevent spending money in the shopping application above a specified maximum spending threshold. 10. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the at least one element is associated with a finance application, and wherein causing the lock to be applied to the at least one element operates to prevent access to one or more accounts associated with the finance application. 11. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: generating one or more notifications corresponding to application usage, wherein the one or more notifications indicate at least one of what applications are being used, when the applications are being used, or for how long the applications are being used. 12. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein receiving an indication of a selection of at least one element on a computing device to be locked further comprises: receiving an indication of input, the input comprising a selection boundary in the interface of the application enclosing the at least one element; determining each element enclosed by the selection boundary; generating a notification including a list of each element enclosed by the selection boundary; and receiving, in response to generating the notification, an indication of a selection of the at least one element, wherein at least one element enclosed by the selection boundary is not included in the indication of the selection. 13. A computing device, comprising: at least one processor; and memory including instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the computing system to: receive an indication of a selection of at least one element to be locked on a computing device, wherein the at least one element includes at least one of a portion of an interface of an application on the computing device or an operation performable by the application; receive an indication of a selection of a locking option corresponding to a type of usage permission for the at least one element and to one or more other elements associated with at least one other application; cause a lock to be applied to the at least one element, the lock corresponding to the locking option; enable use of the one or more other elements on the computing device; and cause an unlock of the at least one element in response to an unlock event, wherein the unlock event comprises a user-earned unlock based at least on using the one or more other elements. 14. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the instructions when executed further cause the computer system to: store data about the lock to be applied to the at least one element; and apply, based at least on the data, the lock for the at least one selected element at a subsequent time. 15. The computing device of claim 14, wherein the instructions when executed further cause the computer system to: transmit the data to a device external to the computing device, wherein an instance of the at least one element resides on the device external to the computing device; and cause, based at least on the data, a lock to be applied to the instance of the at least one element residing on the device external to the computing device. 16. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the receiving of the indication of the selection of a locking option, the causing the lock to be applied to the at least one element, and the unlocking of the at least one element are performed at least in part by a device external to the computing device, wherein the device is communicatively connected to the computing device via a network. 17. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the instructions when executed further cause the computer system to: generate one or more notifications corresponding to application usage, wherein the one or more notifications indicate at least one of what applications are being used, when the applications are being used, or for how long the applications are being used. 18. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the instructions to receive an indication of a selection of at least one element on a computing device to be locked when executed further cause the computer system to: receive an indication of input, the input comprising a selection boundary in the interface of the application enclosing the at least one element; determine each element enclosed by the selection boundary; generate a notification including a list of each element enclosed by the selection boundary; and receive, in response to generating the notification, an indication of a selection of the at least one element, wherein at least one element enclosed by the selection boundary is not included in the indication of the selection. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor of a computing system, causes the computer system to: receive an indication of a selection of at least one element to be locked on a computing device, wherein the at least one element includes at least one of a portion of an interface of an application on the computing device or an operation performable by the application; receive an indication of a selection of a locking option corresponding to a type of usage permission for the at least one element and to one or more other elements associated with at least one other application; cause a lock to be applied to the at least one element, the lock corresponding to the locking option; enable use of the one or more other elements on the computing device; and cause an unlock of the at least one element in response to an unlock event, wherein the unlock event comprises a user-earned unlock based at least on using the one or more other elements. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the instructions to receive an indication of a selection of at least one element on a computing device to be locked when executed further cause the computer system to: receive an indication of input, the input comprising a selection boundary in the interface of the application enclosing the at least one element; determine each element enclosed by the selection boundary; generate a notification including a list of each element enclosed by the selection boundary; and receive, in response to generating the notification, an indication of a selection of the at least one element, wherein at least one element enclosed by the selection boundary is not included in the indication of the selection.",
-    "A drain control assembly for moving a drain valve assembly between an open position and a closed position through movement of a cable. The drain control assembly includes a driven member having a pivot end and a distal end that is configured to receive an end of the cable; a driving member defining a longitudinal axis; and a housing having a first cavity for receiving the driving member and a second cavity for receiving the driven member; wherein the driving member is configured to move in one of a linear manner or a rotational manner; and wherein the driven member is configured to rotate about the pivot end if the driving member moves in a linear manner and the driven member is configured to rotate about the pivot end if the driving member moves in a rotational manner. 1. A drain control assembly for moving a drain valve assembly between an open position and a closed position through movement of a cable, the drain control assembly comprising: a driven member having a pivot end and a distal end that is configured to receive an end of the cable; a driving member defining a longitudinal axis; and a housing having a first cavity for receiving the driving member and a second cavity for receiving the driven member; wherein the driving member is configured to move in one of a linear manner or a rotational manner; and wherein the driven member is configured to rotate about the pivot end if the driving member moves in a linear manner and the driven member is configured to rotate about the pivot end if the driving member moves in a rotational manner. 2. The drain control assembly of claim 1, wherein a contact surface of the driving member contacts a contact surface of the driven member to induce the driven member to pivot upon movement of the driving member in the linear or rotational manners. 3. The drain control assembly of claim 2, wherein the contact surface of the driving member is provided between the pivot and distal ends. 4. The drain control assembly of claim 2, wherein the contact surface of the driving member is configured at an oblique angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the driving member. 5. The drain control assembly of claim 4, wherein the contact surface of the driven member is configured at an oblique angle that is similar to the oblique angle of the driving member. 6. The drain control assembly of claim 1, wherein the driving member includes an end that pivotally engages the first cavity of the housing. 7. The drain control assembly of claim 6, wherein the driving member further includes a second end that is configured to be rotated by an engaged handle. 8. The drain control assembly of claim 1, wherein the second cavity includes a stop surface for limiting the rotational travel of the driven member. 9. The drain control assembly of claim 1, further comprising a selectively changeable escutcheon for covering the housing to provide tailored aesthetics, where the escutcheon includes an opening for the driving member to pass therethrough. 10. The drain control assembly of claim 1, further comprising a biasing member for biasing the driving member in the linear manner along the longitudinal axis. 11. A drain control assembly for moving a cable of a drain valve assembly between an open position and a closed position, the drain control assembly comprising: a housing; a driven member in the housing and configured to pivot relative to the housing about a pivot axis, the driven member having a portion that is configured to receive the cable to thereby move the cable between the open position and the closed position upon pivoting of the driven member; and a driving member operable in a first mode and a second mode; wherein in the first mode, the driving member is configured to move linearly along a longitudinal axis to pivot the driven member; and wherein in the second mode, the driving member is configured to rotate about the longitudinal axis to pivot the driven member. 12. The drain control assembly of claim 11, wherein the housing includes a base having a support surface that is configured to support the driven member, and the driven member includes a contact surface that is configured to be contacted by a contact surface of the driving member to pivot the driven member. 13. The drain control assembly of claim 12, wherein a first cavity in the base of the housing defines the support surface and a second cavity in the base is received by at least a portion of the driving member. 14. The drain control assembly of claim 12, wherein the contact surface of the driven member is configured at an oblique angle relative to the support surface of the base. 15. The drain control assembly of claim 14, wherein the oblique contact surface of the driven member is located between the pivot axis and the portion of the driven member that is configured to receive the cable. 16. The drain control assembly of claim 14, wherein the contact surface of the driving member is at an oblique angle relative to the support surface of the base, and the oblique angle of the driving member is substantially the same as the oblique angle of the driven member. 17. A drain control assembly for opening and closing a remote drain valve assembly through a cable, the drain control assembly comprising: a driving member operable in a first mode, in which the driving member is configured to move linearly along a longitudinal axis, and a second mode, in which the driving member is configured to move rotationally about the longitudinal axis; and a driven member configured to move the cable to open and close the remote drain assembly when the driven member is moved by the movement of the driving member. 18. The drain control assembly of claim 17, wherein the driven member is configured to pivot about a pivot axis when moved by the driving member. 19. The drain control assembly of claim 18, wherein the pivot axis is parallel to and offset from the longitudinal axis. 20. The drain control assembly of claim 17, further comprising a housing supporting the driven member and having a post, wherein the post defines the pivot axis and engages a hole in the driven member, such that the driven member is configured to pivot relative to the post about the pivot axis. 21. The drain control assembly of claim 20, wherein the driven member includes a receiving portion, which is configured to receive the cable, and a contact surface located between the receiving portion and the hole, wherein the driving member pivots the driven member through contact with the contact surface.",
-    "A clutch apparatus comprises a torque limiter body and a solenoid brake magnet. The torque limiter body is pivotable relative to the solenoid brake magnet when torque acting between the torque limiter body and the solenoid brake magnet is greater than a threshold value, and is not pivotable relative to the solenoid brake magnet when the torque is less than the threshold value. Energisation of coil assembly enables the torque limiter body to pivot relative to the solenoid brake magnet. 1. A clutch apparatus comprising: at least one first member; at least one second member; at least one clutch device acting between at least one said first member and at least one said second member, wherein said first member is pivotable relative to said second member when torque acting between said first and second members is greater than at least one threshold value, and said first member is not pivotable relative to said second member when said torque is less than said threshold value; and at least one clutch overriding device configured to selectively enable at least one said first member to pivot relative to at least one said second member. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one said clutch device is configured to transmit torque from at least one said first member to at least one said second member by means of friction. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein at least one said clutch device further comprises at least one friction member for transmitting torque from at least one said first member to at least one said second member. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein at least one said friction member contains at least one fluoropolymer. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein at least one said fluoropolymer includes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 6. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein at least one said friction member contains carbon. 7. An apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising at least one first biasing device for urging at least one said friction member into engagement with a pressure member. 8. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein at least one said threshold value is adjustable by means of adjusting a biasing force of at least one said first biasing device. 9. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one said threshold value is adjustable. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein at least one said threshold value is adjustable by means of adjusting a biasing force of at least one said first biasing device. 11. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one said clutch overriding device comprises at least one third member moveable between a first position in which at least one said first member is pivotable relative to at least one said second member when torque acting between said first and second members is less than said threshold value, and a second position in which said first member is not pivotable relative to said second member when said torque is less than said threshold value. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein at least one said clutch overriding device further comprises at least one actuator device for moving at least one said third member to a first position thereof. 13. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein at least one said actuator device comprises at least one electromagnet. 14. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein at least one said clutch overriding device further comprises at least one second biasing device for urging at least one said third member towards a second position thereof. 15. A support apparatus comprising a support body, a connecting member, and at least one clutch apparatus according to claim 1 acting between said support body and said connecting member for controlling pivotal movement of said support body relative to said connecting member.",
-    "A method of optimizing connection mode procedures for a dual subscriber identity module (SIM) mobile communication device is provided. The method includes receiving, by a base station, a paging message for a first SIM in an idle mode from a core network; determining, by the base station, if a radio resource control (RRC) connection linked with the first SIM is available or not; triggering, by the base station, a second paging type message for the first SIM with a normal cause through the RRC connection linked with the first SIM if the RRC connection of the first SIM is available; determining, by the base station, if a RRC connection linked with a second SIM is available or not if the RRC connection of the first SIM is not available; triggering, by the base station, a second paging type message for the first SIM with a mapped new cause through the RRC connection linked with the second SIM if the second SIM is available; and triggering, by the base station, a first paging type message with a temporary identity and a cause received in the paging message from the core network through a paging channel if the RRC connection linked with the second SIM is not available. 1. A method of optimizing connection mode procedures for a dual subscriber identity module (SIM) mobile communication device, the method comprising: receiving, by a base station, a paging message for a first SIM in an idle mode from a core network; determining, by the base station, if a radio resource control (RRC) connection linked with the first SIM is available or not; triggering, by the base station, a second paging type message for the first SIM with a normal cause through the RRC connection linked with the first SIM if the RRC connection of the first SIM is available; determining, by the base station, if a RRC connection linked with a second SIM is available or not if the RRC connection of the first SIM is not available; triggering, by the base station, a second paging type message for the first SIM with a mapped new cause through the RRC connection linked with the second SIM if the second SIM is available; and triggering, by the base station, a first paging type message with a temporary identity and a cause received in the paging message from the core network through a paging channel if the RRC connection linked with the second SIM is not available. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a connection mode is a semi-connected mode where the first SIM is in a RRC connected mode with the core network and the second SIM is in the idle mode. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the paging message for the first SIM comprises at least one of an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) of the first SIM, an IMSI of the second SIM, and a temporary UE identity of the first SIM. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second paging type message for the first SIM is received during at least one of terminating a conversational call, terminating a streaming call, terminating an interactive call, terminating a background call, terminating a high priority signaling, terminating a low priority signaling, and terminating a cause that is unknown. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the core network maintains an IMSI database of IMSIs of the first SIM and the second SIM. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein triggering a first paging type message or a second paging type message comprises: determining, by the core network, if a paging must be triggered for the communication device; determining, by the core network, if the temporary identity of the communication device to be paged is available or not if the paging is triggered; adding, by the core network, a temporary identity of the second SIM in the paging message if the temporary identity of the communication device is available; and setting, by the core network, the \u201cneighbor SIM permanent NAS communication device identity\u201d as \u201cNULL\u201d if the temporary identity of the communication device is not available. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station determines that a maximum of four signaling connections can be established through a single RRC connection, and wherein two signaling connections are for the first SIM and two other signaling connections are for the second SIM. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the base station maps four signaling connection identifiers to a single RRC connection identifier (s-RNTI) when the four signaling connections are established. 9. A method of optimizing connection mode procedures for a dual subscriber identity module (SIM) mobile communication device, the method comprising: transmitting, by a first SIM or a second SIM of the dual SIM mobile communication device, an uplink direct transfer (UDT) message through a single radio resource control (RRC) connection; and receiving, by the first SIM or the second SIM of the dual SIM mobile communication device, a downlink direct transfer (DDT) message, wherein at least one of the UDT message and the DDT message contains an information element being set to a value related to the first SIM or the second SIM. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 9, wherein transmitting of the UDT message comprises: determining., if the UDT message is to be triggered to a base station or not; determining, if the UDT message is for the first SIM with the single RRC connection; triggering the UDT message with the value of the information element set to \u201cFALSE\u201d, if the UDT message is for the first SIM; and triggering the UDT message with the value of the information element set to \u201cTRUE\u201d, if the UDT message is not for the first SIM. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the DDT message comprises: determining., if the DDT message is received from a base station or not; determining a value of an information element in the DDT message; receiving a non-access stratum (NAS) protocol data unit (PDU) of the DDT message by the second SIM if the information element is set to \u201cTRUE\u201d; and receiving an NAS PDU of the DDT message by the first SIM., if the information element is set to \u201cFALSE.\u201d 13. The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the DDT message comprises: determining, if the DDT message is received from a network through a signaling connection of the first SIM or the second SIM; receiving the DDT message with a value of an information element set to \u201cFALSE\u201d through the RRC connection, if the direct transfer message is received through the signaling connection of the first SIM; and receiving the DDT message with a value of the information element set to \u201cTRUE\u201d through the RRC connection, if the direct transfer message is received through the signaling connection of the second SIM. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the DDT message comprises: determining, if the DDT message is received from a UE or not; determining a value of an information element in the DDT message; determining that the DDT message is received from the second SIM, if the value of the information element is set to \u201cTRUE\u201d; sending the UDT message to a core network with a non-access stratum (NAS) protocol data unit (PDU) received in the DDT message through a signaling connection of the second SIM; determining that the DDT message is received from the first SIM, if the value of the information element is set to \u201cFALSE\u201d; and sending the UDT message to the core network with the NAS PDU received in DDT message through a signaling connection of the first SIM; sending the NAS PDU of the UDT message to the second SIM, if the information element is set to \u201cTRUE\u201d; and sending the NAS PDU of the UDT message to the first SIM, if the information element is set to \u201cFALSE.\u201d 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising transmitting and receiving, by the first SIM or the second SIM, radio bearer management related messages to and from a network through the RRC connection of the first SIM. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: computing data received in signaling radio bearers and integrity protected by previously updated ciphering and integrity keys selected from a group comprising circuit switched (CS) domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM, packet switched (PS) domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM, CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM and PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein computing the data received in signaling radio bearers comprises: ciphering CS data radio bearers of the first SIM with the CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM; ciphering PS data radio bearers of the first SIM with the PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM; ciphering CS data radio bearers of the second SIM with the CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM; and ciphering PS data radio bearers of the second SIM with the PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein computing the data received in signaling radio bearers comprises: ciphering CS data radio bearers of the first SIM and the second SIM with at least one of last updated CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM and last updated CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM, respectively; and ciphering PS data radio bearers of the first SIM and the second SIM with at least one of last updated PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM and last updated PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM, respectively. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein computing the data received in signaling radio bearers comprises: ciphering the CS data radio bearers and PS data bearers of the first SIM and the second SIM with at least one of last updated CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM, CS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM, PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the first SIM, and PS domain ciphering and integrity keys of the second SIM. 20. A base station for optimizing connection mode procedures for a dual subscriber identity module (SIM) mobile communication device, configured to: receive, by the base station, a paging message for a first SIM in an idle mode from a core network; determine, by the base station, if a radio resource control (RRC) connection linked with the first SIM is available or not; trigger, by the base station, a second paging type message for the first SIM with a normal cause through the RRC connection linked with the first SIM if the RRC connection of the first SIM is available; determine, by the base station, if a RRC connection linked with a second SIM is available or not if the RRC connection of the first SIM is not available; trigger, by the base station, a second paging type message for the first SIM with a mapped new cause through the RRC connection linked with the second SIM if the second SIM is available; and trigger, by the base station, a first paging type message with a temporary identity and a cause received in the paging message from the core network through a paging channel if the RRC connection linked with the second SIM is not available.",
-    "Provided is a compact boiling cooling system for an internal combustion engine that can operate in a stable manner. A lower end (4c) of a water jacket (4) of an engine (1) is connected to a lower tank (7c) of a radiator (7), and an upper end (4d) of a water jacket is connected to an upper part (7a) of the radiator. A substantially entire part of the radiator is located above the upper end of the coolant jacket so that the boiling cooling water is forwarded from the upper end of the water jacket to the upper part of the radiator, and the cooling water condensed in the radiator is forwarded from the lower end of the radiator to the lower end of the water jacket under the gravitational force without requiring a pump. 1. A boiling cooling system for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a coolant jacket provided in the engine; a radiator; a coolant liquid passage communicating a lower part of the coolant jacket with the radiator; and a coolant vapor passage communicating an upper part of the coolant jacket with the radiator; wherein a coolant liquid that has boiled into a coolant vapor in the coolant jacket is forwarded to the radiator via the coolant vapor passage, and the coolant vapor that has condensed into a coolant liquid is returned to the coolant jacket via the coolant liquid passage; and wherein a substantially entire part of the radiator is located above an upper end of the coolant jacket. 2. The boiling cooling system according to claim 1, wherein the coolant liquid passage is connected to a lower part of the radiator, and the coolant vapor passage is connected to an upper part of the radiator. 3. The boiling cooling system according to claim 2, wherein the radiator is tilted rearward. 4. The boiling cooling system according to claim 2, wherein a liquid level of the coolant liquid received in the radiator is located above the upper end of the coolant jacket. 5. The boiling cooling system according to claim 2, wherein the radiator includes a radiator core and a lower tank located at a lower end of the radiator core to receive the coolant liquid condensed in the radiator core, and an upper end of the lower tank is located above the upper end of the coolant jacket. 6. The boiling cooling system according to claim 5, wherein the lower tank is tapered in a downward direction, and a lower end of the lower tank is connected to a corresponding end of the coolant liquid passage. 7. The boiling cooling system according to claim 5, wherein the radiator is tilted rearward, and the coolant vapor passage is connected to the lower tank. 8. The boiling cooling system according to claim 7, wherein the coolant vapor passage is connected to an upwardly facing front side of the lower tank.",
-    "An electrocardiography signal extraction method includes receiving an electrocardiography signal, detecting a peak of a waveform of the electrocardiography signal, separating the waveform into left and right waves, normalizing the left wave and a plurality of scales of Gaussian function, comparing the normalized left wave with a left part of the normalized scales of Gaussian function, acquiring a left part error function, indicating a left minimum comparative error, selecting a left scale of Gaussian function with the left minimum comparative error, obtaining a left duration of the waveform, normalizing the right wave, comparing the normalized right wave with a right part of the normalized scales of Gaussian function, acquiring a right part error function, indicating a right minimum comparative error, selecting a right scale of Gaussian function with the right minimum comparative error, obtaining a right duration of the waveform, and obtaining an extracted wave. 1. An electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift of an electrocardiography signal retrieved by a signal retriever, the electrocardiography signal extraction method being performed on a processor of a computer system along with a predetermined database, the electrocardiography signal extraction method comprising: receiving the electrocardiography signal by the processor of the computer system; detecting a peak of a waveform of the electrocardiography signal; separating the waveform into a left wave and a right wave, wherein the left wave is the portion of the waveform to the left of the detected peak and the right wave is the portion of the waveform to the right of the detected peak; normalizing the left wave and a plurality of scales of a Gaussian function; comparing the normalized left wave with a left part of the normalized scales of the Gaussian function; acquiring a left part error function according to the compared result of the normalized left wave and the left part of the normalized scales of the Gaussian function; indicating a left minimum comparative error; selecting a left scale of the Gaussian function with the left minimum comparative error; obtaining a left duration of the waveform according to the selected left scale of the Gaussian function and the peak; normalizing the right wave; comparing the normalized right wave with a right part of the normalized scales of the Gaussian function; acquiring a right part error function according to the compared result of the normalized right wave and the right part of the normalized scales of the Gaussian function; indicating a right minimum comparative error; selecting a right scale of the Gaussian function with the right minimum comparative error; obtaining a right duration of the waveform according to the selected right scale of the Gaussian function and the peak; obtaining an extracted wave from the detected peak, the selected left duration and the selected right duration; and displaying the extracted wave on a display of the computer system, wherein the Gaussian function is represented by g ( \u03bc , \u03c3 ) \ue8a0 ( x ) = 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \u03c3 \ue89e \uf74d - 1 2 \ue89e ( x - \u03bc \u03c3 ) 2 , wherein \u03bc is 0, wherein \u03c3 is 5 to 20, wherein x is represented by x = f \ue89e \ue89e 1 \u00d7 ( v \ue89e \ue89e 1 f \ue89e \ue89e 2 ) , wherein f1 is a sampling rate of the signal retriever, wherein f2 is a sampling rate of the predetermined database, wherein a ratio of v1 to f2 is 0.12-0.2. 2. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 1, further comprising de-noising the waveform before separating the waveform. 3. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 1, wherein the left wave and the right wave are normalized at the same time. 4. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waveform comprises a P wave and a T wave of the electrocardiography signal. 5. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 1, wherein detecting the peak of the waveform of the electrocardiography signal comprises: performing a time-frequency transformation on the received electrocardiography signal; selecting a scale for the waveform by indicating a pre-defined scale; performing a time-frequency transformation on the selected scale to generate a transferred response; and obtaining the peak of the waveform by detecting a maximum voltage value of the transferred response. 6. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 5, wherein obtaining the peak of the waveform by detecting the maximum voltage value of the transferred response comprises obtaining a P peak of the waveform by detecting a first maximum voltage value of the transferred response before a R peak. 7. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 5, wherein obtaining the peak of the waveform by detecting the maximum voltage value of the transferred response comprises obtaining a T peak of the waveform by detecting a first maximum voltage value of the transferred response behind a R peak. 8. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 5, wherein the time-frequency transformation comprises Continuous Wavelet Transform, Continuous Wavelet transform with Gabor mother wavelet, Gabor Wavelet Transform, Short-Time Fourier Transform or Wavelet Transform. 9. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 5, wherein obtaining the peak of the waveform comprises obtaining a R peak of the waveform by detecting a maximum voltage. 10. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 9, further comprising selecting two additional scales for the waveform by indicating two additional pre-defined scales. 11. The electrocardiography signal extraction method for reducing the effect of the baseline drift in the electrocardiography signal as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of v1 to f2 is 0.16.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device includes a first metal line in a first insulating layer, and a via having a portion surrounding a portion of a first sidewall of the first metal line. 1. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a first metal line in a first insulating layer; and forming a via having a portion surrounding a portion of a first sidewall of the first metal line. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the via comprises: forming a second insulating layer over the first insulating layer; forming a via opening in the second insulating layer, wherein the via opening extends into the first insulating layer adjacent the first sidewall of the first metal line; forming a conductive liner, the conductive liner contacting the first sidewall of the first metal line; and filling the via opening with a conductive material. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising forming an upper metal line in the second insulating layer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first metal line comprises forming a first conductive liner and forming a first fill metal, wherein forming the via comprises forming a second conductive liner and forming a second fill metal, wherein the first conductive liner contacts the second conductive liner on the first sidewall of the first metal line. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the via surrounds a portion of a second sidewall of the first metal line. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the via surrounds portions of exactly two sidewalls of the first metal line. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a second metal line in the first insulating layer; and forming a third metal line in the first insulating layer, wherein the distance from the second metal line to the first metal line is substantially the same as the distance from the third metal line to the first metal line. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first metal line has a first section, a second section, and a third section connecting the first section with the second section, the first section and the second section being parallel and the third section being perpendicular to the first section and the second section. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the via has a portion surrounding an opposite second sidewall of the first metal line. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming a second metal line in the first insulating layer; and forming a third metal line disposed in the first insulating layer, wherein a distance from the second section of the first metal line to the second metal line is greater than a distance from the first section of the first metal line to the third metal line. 11. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a plurality of lower metal lines in a first insulating layer; forming a plurality of upper metal lines in a second insulating layer, the second insulating layer over the first insulating layer, wherein the plurality of lower metal lines is oriented perpendicular to the plurality of upper metal lines; and forming a plurality of vias between the plurality of lower metal lines and the plurality of upper metal lines, wherein each via of the plurality of vias surrounds a portion of a sidewall of a metal line of the plurality of lower metal lines, wherein each of the plurality of vias is a cross-point via between one of the plurality of lower metal lines and one of the plurality of upper metal lines so as to form a cross-point array grid. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the distance between the metal lines in the plurality of lower metal lines is substantially equal. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of lower metal lines comprises a first conductive liner and a first fill metal, wherein each of the plurality of vias comprises a second conductive liner and a second fill metal, wherein the first conductive liner of the plurality of lower metal lines contacts the second conductive liner of the plurality of vias. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the via of the plurality of vias surrounds the portion of the sidewall of the first metal line and a portion of an opposite second sidewall of the first metal line. 15. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a lower metal comprising a conductive mesh-like pattern comprising horizontal conductive sections, vertical conductive sections, and nodes at the intersection of the horizontal conductive sections and the vertical conductive sections; and forming a plurality of vias coupled to the nodes of the lower metal, wherein each of the vias overlaps and surrounds with a portion of one of the horizontal conductive sections and one of the vertical conductive sections. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of vias surrounds two sidewalls of two of the horizontal conductive sections intersecting at each of the nodes. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of vias surrounds two sidewalls of two of the vertical conductive sections intersecting at each of the nodes. 18. A method of forming a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming an etch stop layer over a substrate; forming a first insulating layer over the etch stop layer; forming a first metal line over the etch stop layer and in the first insulating layer; forming a second insulating layer, the second insulating layer over the first insulating layer; forming a second metal line in the second insulating layer; and forming a via between the first metal line and the second metal line, the via having a portion surrounding a portion of a first sidewall and a portion of an opposite second sidewall of the first metal line, wherein the via extends along the portion of the first sidewall and along the portion of the second sidewall to contact the etch stop layer.",
-    "A memory device includes a magnetic memory unit for storing a burst of data during a burst write operation. Each burst of data includes sequential data units with each data unit being received at a clock cycle, and written during the burst write operation, wherein the burst write operation is performed during multiple clock cycles. Further, the memory device includes a mask register coupled to the magnetic memory unit that generates a write mask during the burst write operation to inhibit or enable data units of write data. Furthermore, the memory device allows a next burst write operation to begin while receiving data units of the burst of data to be written or providing read data. 1. A memory device configured to emulate dynamic random access memory (DRAM) comprising: a memory array including a plurality of memory cells organized into rows and columns, at least one row of memory cells comprising a plurality of pages that store bursts of data during burst write operations, each burst of data including sequential data units that are written to a page; a mask register coupled to said memory array and configured to generate write masks for said burst write operations; and a control circuit operable to: initiate a burst write operation that writes a burst of data to said memory array, said burst write operation spanning multiple clock cycles; and after receiving one or more data units of said burst of data by said memory array, allow a subsequent burst write or read command to begin before completion of said burst write operation in progress. 2. The memory device of claim 1 further comprising: a data latch coupled to said memory array, said data latch configured to latch a page of data in response to an array read operation and configured to output a latched data burst in said burst write operation; and a write buffer configured to receive said latched data burst and provide said burst of data for writing to said memory array. 3. The memory device of claim 2, wherein while another burst write operation accessing a first location within another page of data is in progress, said memory device is operable to receive another burst read command initiating reading from a second location within said another page of data, said memory device being operable to continue executing said another burst write operation and to provide data associated with said another burst read operation from said data latch. 4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein said memory array is made of a non-volatile memory. 5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein said memory array is made of magnetic random access memory (MRAM). 6. The memory device of claim 1, wherein said memory array is made of spin torque transfer magnetic random access memory (STTMRAM). 7. The memory device of claim 1, wherein a write operation takes longer than a read operation. 8. The memory device of claim 1, wherein said memory device is compliant with at least one version of double data rate (DDR) SDRAM Specification. 9. The memory device of claim 1, wherein said memory device is compliant with at least one version of low power double data rate (LPDDR) Specification. 10. The memory device of claim 1, wherein a version of double data rate (DDR) scheme is employed during burst write and burst read operations. 11. The memory device of claim 10, wherein a double data rate 3 (DDR3) scheme is employed during burst write and burst read operations. 12. The memory device of claim 1, wherein a version of low power double data rate (LPDDR) scheme is employed during burst write and burst read operations. 13. The memory device of claim 12, wherein a low power double data rate 2 (LPDDR2) scheme is employed during burst write and burst read operations.",
-    "A communication apparatus that communicates with an information processing apparatus includes a switching unit for switching between an invalid state and a valid state of an access point in the communication apparatus and a setting unit for setting, for the communication apparatus based on information acquired from the information processing apparatus to which the communication apparatus is connected via the access point in the valid state, a communication mode in which the communication apparatus can communicate with the information processing apparatus using a first connection method. The switching unit does not bring the access point into the valid state when the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using a second connection method and is able to bring the access point into the valid state when the communication apparatus is not connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method. 1. A communication apparatus that communicates with an information processing apparatus comprising: a switching unit configured to switch between an invalid state and a valid state of an access point in the communication apparatus; and a setting unit configured to set, for the communication apparatus based on information acquired from the information processing apparatus to which the communication apparatus is connected via the access point that has been brought into the valid state by the switching unit, a communication mode in which the communication apparatus operates to communicate with the information processing apparatus using a first connection method, wherein the switching unit does not bring the access point into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using a second connection method different from the first connection method, and is able to bring the access point into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is not connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method. 2. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method in a state in which the access point is in the valid state, the switching unit brings the access point into the invalid state. 3. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a display unit configured to cause the information processing apparatus to display a screen enabling the access point to be brought into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method, wherein the switching unit determines whether to bring the access point into the valid state based on information input via the screen played by the display unit. 4. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first connection method is a wireless connection to the information processing apparatus and the second connection method is a wired connection to the information processing apparatus. 5. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the information acquired from the information processing apparatus to which the communication apparatus connected via the access point that has been brought into the valid state by the switching unit includes information about an SSID of an access point external to the communication apparatus and the information processing apparatus, and wherein the first connection method is a connection to the information processing apparatus via an access point external to the communication apparatus and the information processing apparatus. 6. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second connection method is wired connection to the information processing apparatus. 7. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a determination unit configured to determine whether the setting unit has performed setting of the communication mode, wherein the switching unit brings the access point into the invalid state in a case where it is determined that the setting unit has not performed setting of the communication mode and the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method and brings the access point into the valid state in a case where it is determined that the setting unit has not performed setting of the communication mode and the communication apparatus is not connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method. 8. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a print unit configured to print an image based on data received from the information processing apparatus. 9. A control method of a communication apparatus that communicates with an information processing apparatus, comprising: switching between an invalid state and a valid state of an access point in the communication apparatus; and setting, for the communication apparatus based on information acquired from the information processing apparatus to which the communication apparatus is connected via the access point that has been brought into the valid state, a communication mode in which the communication apparatus operates to communicate with the information processing apparatus using a first connection method, wherein the access point is not brought into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using a second connection method different from the first connection method, and the access point is brought into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is not connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method. 10. The control method according to claim 9, wherein, in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method in a state in which the access point is in the valid state, the access point is brought into the invalid state. 11. The control method according to claim 9, further comprising causing the information processing apparatus to display a screen enabling the access point to be brought into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method, wherein the access point is brought into the valid state based on information input via the displayed screen. 12. The control method according to claim 9, wherein the first connection method is wireless connection to the information processing apparatus and the second connection method is a wired connection to the information processing apparatus. 13. The control method according to claim 9, wherein the information acquired from the information processing apparatus to which the communication apparatus is connected via the access point that has been brought into the valid state includes information about an SSID of an access point external to the communication apparatus and the information processing apparatus, and wherein the first connection method is a connection to the information processing apparatus via an access point external to the communication apparatus and the information processing apparatus. 14. The control method according to claim 9, wherein the second connection method is a wired connection to the information processing apparatus. 15. The control method according to claim 9, further comprising determining whether setting of the communication mode has been performed, wherein the access point is brought into the invalid state in a case where it is determined that setting of the communication mode has not been performed and the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method and is brought into the valid state in a case where it is determined that setting of the communication mode has not been performed and the communication apparatus is not connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method. 16. The control method according to claim 9, further comprising printing an image based on data received from the information processing apparatus. 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer executable instructions configured to execute a control method of a communication apparatus communicating with an information processing apparatus, the control method comprising: switching between an invalid state and a valid state of an access point in the communication apparatus; and setting, for the communication apparatus based on information acquired from the information processing apparatus to which the communication apparatus is connected via the access point that has been brought into the valid state, a communication mode in which the communication apparatus operates to communicate with the information processing apparatus using a first connection method, wherein the access point is not brought into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is connected to the information processing apparatus using a second connection method different from the first connection method, and the access point is brought into the valid state in a case where the communication apparatus is not connected to the information processing apparatus using the second connection method.",
-    "A work vehicle drive assembly has a bimodal clutch module that includes a pressure plate, a module housing containing first and second cavities located on opposing sides of the pressure plate, and an actuator. The actuator is controllable to move the pressure plate along a working axis of the clutch module. A clutch member is installed in a selected one of the first and second cavities. The clutch member is (i) engaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis in a first direction when the clutch member is installed in the first cavity and (ii) disengaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis in the first direction when the clutch member is installed in the second cavity. 1. A bimodal clutch module for a drive assembly of a work vehicle, comprising: a pressure plate; a module housing containing first and second cavities located on opposing sides of the pressure plate; an actuator coupled to the module housing and controllable to move the pressure plate along a working axis; and a clutch member installed in a selected one of the first and second cavities, the clutch member (i) engaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis in a first direction when the clutch member is installed in the first cavity and (ii) disengaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis in the first direction when the clutch member is installed in the second cavity. 2. The clutch module of claim 1, further comprising a clutch hub coupled to the clutch member, the clutch hub rotationally-fixed to the module housing by the clutch member when engaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis. 3. The clutch module of claim 2, wherein the first and second cavities circumscribe the clutch hub. 4. The clutch module of claim 2, wherein the clutch hub comprises: a first hub-clutch engagement interface engaged by the clutch member when installed within the first cavity; and a second hub-clutch engagement interface engaged by the clutch member when installed within the second cavity. 5. The clutch module of claim 2, wherein the module housing comprises a central opening in which the clutch hub is received. 6. The clutch module of claim 2, wherein the clutch member and the pressure plate each circumscribe the clutch hub. 7. The clutch module of claim 2, wherein the module housing and the clutch hub are each rotatable about the working axis. 8. The clutch module of claim 1, wherein the pressure plate is spring biased in the first direction, and wherein the actuator, when actuated, slides the pressure plate along the working axis in a second opposing direction. 9. The clutch module of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprises spring-biased pistons coupled to the pressure plate, slidable along axes parallel to the working axis, and biased in the first direction. 10. The clutch module of claim 9, wherein the spring-biased pistons are arranged in an annular array angularly spaced about the working axis. 11. The clutch module of claim 10, wherein the first and second cavities are located radially inboard or radially outboard of the annular array of spring-biased pistons. 12. The clutch module of claim 9, wherein the module housing comprises: a module housing piece partially defining the first cavity; and a module housing piece fixedly couple to the module housing piece and partially defining the second cavity. 13. The clutch module of claim 12, wherein the pressure plate is slidably captured between the first and module housing pieces, and wherein spring-biased pistons each extend from the module housing piece, through the pressure plate, and into the module housing piece. 14. The clutch module of claim 13, further comprising hydraulic channels formed in the module housing piece, fluidly coupled to the spring-biased pistons, and configured to be fluidly coupled to a pressurized fluid source. 15. A bimodal clutch module for a drive assembly of a work vehicle, comprising: a module housing having a central opening; a clutch member contained within the module housing; a clutch hub extending into the central opening and rotatable with respect to the module housing, the clutch hub including first and second hub-clutch engagement interfaces spaced along a working axis, each hub-clutch engagement interface sized and shaped to allow the clutch member to be matingly mounted thereto; and a plurality of pistons coupled to the module housing and, when stroked in a first direction along the working axis, exerting a compressive force on the clutch member that (i) increases when the clutch member is mounted to the first hub-clutch engagement interface and (ii) decreases when the clutch member is mounted to the second hub-clutch engagement interface. 16. The clutch module of claim 15, wherein the clutch member rotationally connects the clutch hub to the module housing in response to the increasing compressive force exerted on the clutch hub by the plurality of pistons when the clutch member is mounted to the first hub-clutch engagement interface, and wherein the clutch member rotationally disconnects the clutch hub from the module housing in response to the decreasing compressive force exerted on the clutch hub by the plurality of pistons when the clutch member is mounted to the second hub-clutch engagement interface. 17. A drive assembly for a work vehicle, comprising: a bimodal clutch module, including: a pressure plate; a module housing containing first and second cavities located on opposing sides of the pressure plate; an actuator coupled to the module housing and controllable to move the pressure plate along a working axis of the bimodal clutch module; and a clutch member installed in a selected one of the first and second cavities, the clutch member (i) engaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis in a first direction when the clutch member is installed in the first cavity and (ii) disengaged by movement of the pressure plate along the working axis in the first direction when the clutch member is installed in the second cavity; and an input shaft rotatable about the working axis and coupled to the bimodal clutch module. 18. The drive assembly of claim 17, wherein the bimodal clutch module further comprises a clutch hub coupled between the input shaft and the clutch member. 19. The drive assembly of claim 18, further comprising an output shaft coupled to the module housing in a rotationally-fixed relationship, the bimodal clutch module providing a rotationally-fixed coupling between the input shaft and the clutch hub when the clutch member is engaged to transmit rotary motion of the input shaft to the output shaft. 20. The drive assembly of claim 18, wherein the bimodal clutch module further comprises a grounded mechanical output coupled to the module housing in a rotationally-fixed relationship, the clutch member providing a rotationally-fixed coupling between the input shaft and the clutch hub when the clutch member is engaged to impede or arrest rotary motion of the input shaft.",
-    "Graft polymerization is fullfiled on a functionalized substrate. The functionalized substrate is prepared from a disulfide bond-containing feedstock and has been prepared for polymerization through the introduction of one or more polyfunctional monomers containing a disulfide bond breaking material functional group. 1. A process of graft polymerization to generate a graft polymerization composition, comprising: introducing a disulfide-bond-containing material to a polyfunctional monomer, the disulfide-bond-containing material including a disulfide bond connecting a first portion and a second portion, the polyfunctional monomer including at least one first functional group and at least one second functional group, the first functional group including a disulfide bond breaking material for breaking the disulfide bond and forming a second bond between the first portion and the polyfunctional monomer, the second functional group including a thiol group; introducing an ene monomer to the disulfide-bond-containing material and a polyfunctional monomer to form a mixture; and initiating a thiol-ene polymerization reaction of the mixture. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the disulfide bond breaking material includes a thiol group, and the second bond is a disulfide bond. 3. The process of claim 1, further comprising: initiating the thiol-ene polymerization reaction of the mixture using an initiator that includes at least one of a UV light, a thermal initiator, and/or a catalyst. 4. The process of claim 1, further comprising initiating a second polymerization reaction to the graft polymerization composition. 5. The process of claim 4, wherein the initiating the second polymerization reaction to the graft polymerization composition includes using an initiator that includes at least one of a UV light, a thermal initiator, and/or a catalyst. 6. The process of claim 4, wherein the initiating the second polymerization reaction to the graft polymerization composition includes introducing a third monomer or macromer to the mixture, and self-initiating, via the third monomer or macromer, a second polymerization reaction. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the second functional group includes at least one ring, the ring being adapted to be opened to form at least a third functional group. 8. The process of claim 2, wherein a molar ratio of the thiol groups and the ene monomer is not greater than 1:1. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the first and second portions connected by the disulfide bond are cysteine residues. 10. A graft polymer composition, the composition comprising: a substrate and a thiol-ene polymer, the substrate and the thiol-ene polymer being bonded via a disulfide-bond; the substrate including a disulfide-bond-containing material, the disulfide-bond-containing material including a disulfide bond connecting a first portion and a second portion; and the thiol-ene polymer including a polyfunctional monomer and an ene monomer, the polyfunctional monomer including at least one first functional group and at least one second functional group, the first functional group including a disulfide bond breaking material, and the second functional group including a thiol group configured to react with the ene monomer. 11. The graft polymer composition of claim 10, wherein the disulfide bond breaking material includes a thiol group. 12. The graft polymer composition of claim 10, wherein the second functional group includes at least one of an acid anhydride, an acyl halide, an alcohol, an aldehyde, an alkene, an alkyne, an amine, a carboxylic acid, an ester and/or a thiol. 13. The graft polymer composition of claim 10, wherein the second functional group includes at least one ring, the ring being adapted to be opened to form at least a third functional group. 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein a molar ratio of the thiol groups and the ene monomer is not greater than 1:1.",
-    "Concepts and technologies are described herein for multi-mode text input. In accordance with the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, content is received. The content can include one or more input indicators. The input indicators can indicate that user input can be used in conjunction with consumption or use of the content. The application is configured to analyze the content to determine context associated with the content and/or the client device executing the application. The application also is configured to determine, based upon the content and/or the contextual information, which input device to use to obtain input associated with use or consumption of the content. Input captured with the input device can be converted to text and used during use or consumption of the content. 1. A computer-implemented method for interacting with content, the computer-implemented method comprising performing computer-implemented operations for: receiving the content from a source; identifying at least one input indicator in the content, the at least one input indicator indicating that the content is interacted with via text input; receiving non-textual input for interacting with the content; and converting the non-textual input to text. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising submitting the text to the source. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining if the content is configured to support multi-mode input. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein identifying the at least one input indicator comprises analyzing the content to identify a meta tag in the content, the meta tag enabling the multi-mode input. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein identifying the at least one input indicator comprises identifying at least one input field in the content, analyzing the at least one input field to identify a type of input, and determining that a non-textual input device is available for entering the input. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a context associated with the content. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the context indicates which of a plurality of input devices is to be used to capture the non-textual input. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising filtering the non-textual input based, at least partially, upon the context. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the input device comprises a microphone for capturing audio, and wherein converting the input to text comprises using a speech-to-text converter to generate the text based upon the audio. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein filtering the non-textual input comprises modifying a vocabulary associated with the speech-to-text converter. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the input device comprises a camera for capturing an image, and wherein converting the input to text comprises using an optical character recognition process to generate the text based upon the image. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein filtering the non-textual input comprises modifying a vocabulary associated with the optical character generation process. 13. A computer-implemented method for interacting with content, the computer-implemented method comprising performing computer-implemented operations for: receiving the content from a source; identifying at least one input indicator in the content, the at least one input indicator indicating that the content is interacted with via text input; receiving non-textual input for interacting with the content, the non-textual input being received via one or more input devices associated with a client device; converting the non-textual input to text; and submitting the text to the source. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising determining if the content is configured to support multi-mode input. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein identifying the at least one input indicator comprises analyzing the content to identify a meta tag in the content, the meta tag enabling the multi-mode input. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein identifying the at least one input indicator comprises identifying at least one input field in the content, analyzing the at least one input field to identify a type of input, and determining that a non-textual input device is available for entering the input. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining a context associated with the content, the context indicating which of a plurality of input devices is to be used to capture the non-textual input; and filtering the non-textual input based, at least partially, upon the context. 18. A computer storage medium having computer readable instructions stored thereupon that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to: receive content from a source; identify at least one input indicator in the content, the at least one input indicator indicating that the content is interacted with via text input; determine that the content is configured to support interactions via multi-mode input; receive the multi-mode input for interacting with the content, the multi-mode input being received via one or more input devices associated with a client device; convert the multi-mode input to text; and submit the text to the source. 19. The computer storage medium of claim 18, further comprising computer readable instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to: determine a context associated with the content, the context indicating which of a plurality of input devices is to be used to capture the non-textual input; and filter the non-textual input based, at least partially, upon the context. 20. The computer storage medium of claim 18, wherein identifying the at least one input indicator comprises analyzing the content to identify a meta tag in the content, the meta tag enabling the multi-mode input.",
-    "A multi-dose injection system is disclosed that allows for vacuum-assisted removal of air from an interconnected tubing set and syringes and subsequent filling with fluid. The injection system may include a bulk fluid container holder module operable to hold one or more bottles of fluid for administration to a patient. The holder module may include a vacuum source that is selectively fluidly interconnectable to the tubing set. Air may be removed from the tubing set and syringes by fluidly interconnecting the vacuum source to the tubing set. Then the vacuum source may be fluidly isolated from the tubing set and the bottles fluidly interconnected to the tubing set, thereby allowing fluid from the bottles to fill the at least partially evacuated tubing set and syringes. 1. A medical fluid delivery system comprising: an injection device comprising a first syringe; a first bulk fluid container; a cassette comprising valving and a first fluid interface, wherein said first bulk fluid container engages said first fluid interface, and wherein said valving is disposable in multiple configurations to provide multiple flowpaths through said cassette; a vacuum source fluidly connected with said vacuum port; and a tubing set extending from said cassette and comprising a fluid discharge end, wherein said first syringe is attached to said tubing set at a location that is spaced from each of said cassette and said fluid discharge end; wherein said valving is disposable in a first configuration to provide a first flowpath through said cassette that fluidly interconnects said vacuum source with said tubing set and thereby said first syringe, wherein said first flowpath is then fluidly isolated from said first fluid interface and thereby said first bulk fluid container, wherein said valving is disposable in a second configuration to provide a second flowpath through said cassette that fluidly interconnects said first fluid interface with said tubing set and thereby said first syringe, and wherein said second flowpath is then fluidly isolated from said vacuum source. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein operation of said vacuum source with said valving in said first configuration creates a flow from said first syringe, through said tubing set, through said first flowpath of said cassette, and to said vacuum source. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein with said valving in said second configuration, fluid from said first bulk fluid container flows through said first fluid interface, through said second flowpath of said cassette, through said tubing set, and into said first syringe. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said valving comprises a first valve, wherein: a first port of said cassette is fluidly interconnected to said first syringe of said injection device; a second port of said cassette is fluidly interconnected to said vacuum source; a third port of said cassette is fluidly interconnected to said first fluid interface and thereby said first bulk fluid container; in a first position of said first valve corresponding with said first configuration for said valving, said first port of said cassette is fluidly interconnected to said second port of said cassette, and said third port of said cassette is fluidly isolated from each of said first port of said cassette and said second port of said cassette; and in a second position of said first valve corresponding with said second configuration for said valving, said first port of said cassette is fluidly interconnected to said third port of said cassette and said second port of said cassette is fluidly isolated from each of said first port of said cassette and said third port of said cassette. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein in a third position of said first valve, each of said first, second, and third ports of said cassette are fluidly isolated from every other one of said first, second, and third ports of said cassette. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said cassette comprises first, second, and third cassette passages, wherein said first fluid interface is fluidly connected with said third cassette passage, wherein said vacuum source is fluidly connected with said second cassette passage, and wherein said tubing set is fluidly connected with said first cassette passage, wherein disposing said valving in said first configuration fluidly interconnects said vacuum source with each of said first syringe and said tubing set by fluidly interconnecting said second cassette passage with said first cassette passage while fluidly isolating said third cassette passage from each of said first and second cassette passages to fluidly isolate said first bulk fluid container from each of said first syringe, said tubing set, and said vacuum source, and wherein disposing said valving in said second configuration fluidly interconnects said first syringe with said first bulk fluid container by fluidly interconnecting said first cassette passage with said third cassette passage while fluidly isolating said second cassette passage from each of said first and third cassette passages to fluidly isolate said vacuum source from each of said tubing set, said first syringe, said first fluid interface, and said first bulk fluid container. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said valving comprises a first valve, wherein said first valve comprises a first valve passage that is aligned with said first cassette passage and said second cassette passage when said valving is in said first configuration, and wherein said first valve passage is aligned with said third cassette passage and said first cassette passage when said valving is in said second configuration. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said valving comprises a first valve, and wherein said system further comprises control logic configured to: actuate said first valve to fluidly interconnect said vacuum source to said first syringe while isolating said first bulk fluid container from said first syringe; operate said vacuum source to apply a vacuum to said fluidly interconnected first syringe; actuate said first valve to fluidly interconnect said first bulk fluid container to said first syringe while isolating said vacuum source from said first syringe after operation of said vacuum source; and execute a medical fluid delivery protocol to deliver fluid from said first syringe, through said tubing set, and out said fluid discharge end of said tubing set. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said valving comprises a first valve, and wherein said system further comprises control logic configured to: actuate said first valve to fluidly interconnect said vacuum source to said first syringe; operate said vacuum source to apply a vacuum to said fluidly interconnected first syringe; actuate said first valve to fluidly interconnect said first bulk fluid container to said first syringe while isolating said vacuum source from said first syringe after operation of said vacuum source; drive a motor of said injection device to load a first volume of fluid into said first syringe from said first bulk fluid container after fluidly interconnecting said first bulk fluid container to said first syringe; drive said motor of said injection device to discharge said first volume from said first syringe, through said tubing set, and out said fluid discharge end of said tubing set; drive said motor of said injection device to load a second volume of fluid into said first syringe from said first bulk fluid container after discharging said first volume; and drive said motor of said injection device to discharge said second volume from said first syringe, through said tubing set, and out said fluid discharge end of said tubing set.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a storage device includes a memory device including a memory cell configured to hold data, an output buffer configured to output the data, and a circuit configured to generate a reference voltage; and a controller device including an input buffer. The data from the output buffer is input into one input terminal of the input buffer and the reference voltage from the circuit is input into the other input terminal of the input buffer. 1. A storage device comprising: a memory device including a memory cell configured to hold data, an output buffer configured to output the data based on a first voltage, and a circuit configured to generate a reference voltage based on the first voltage; and a controller device including an input buffer, wherein the circuit outputs the reference voltage based on the first voltage to the controller from the memory device, the output buffer outputs the data based on the first voltage to the input buffer, and the data from the output buffer is input into one input terminal of the input buffer and the reference voltage from the circuit is input into the other input terminal of the input buffer. 2. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a power supply circuit configured to output a second voltage, wherein the first voltage equal to or lower than the second voltage is applied to the memory device, the circuit generates the reference voltage using the first voltage, and the output buffer outputs a signal corresponding to the data using the first voltage. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the power supply circuit is connected to the memory device via an interconnect, and the first voltage is lower than the second voltage by a voltage drop caused by the interconnect. 4. The device according to claim 2, wherein the reference voltage has a magnitude of half the first voltage. 5. The device according to claim 2, wherein the output buffer outputs a first signal of a first level and a second signal of a second level, the first level corresponds to the first voltage, the second level corresponds to a ground voltage, and the reference voltage has an intermediate magnitude between the first voltage and the ground voltage. 6. The device according to claim 2, wherein an input terminal of the circuit is connected to a first terminal to which the first voltage is applied, and an output terminal of the circuit is connected to a second terminal to output the reference voltage to the controller device. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein the circuit includes a first resistance element and a second resistance element, the first terminal is connected to one end of the first resistance element, and the second terminal is connected to a connection node between the other end of the first resistance element and one end of the second resistance element. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the memory device is provided on a substrate, the output buffer is provided in a first region of the substrate, the circuit is provided in a second region of the substrate, and the second region is adjacent to the first region. 9. A memory device comprising: a memory cell configured to hold data; a first terminal to which a first voltage is applied; an output buffer configured to output the data from the memory cell to an input buffer outside of the memory device using the first voltage; a circuit configured to generate a second voltage using the first voltage; and a second terminal to output the second voltage generated by the circuit to the input buffer. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the output buffer outputs a first signal of a first level and a second signal of a second level in accordance with the data, the first level corresponds to the first voltage, the second level corresponds to a ground voltage, and the second voltage has an intermediate magnitude between the first voltage and the ground voltage. 11. The device according to claim 9, wherein an input terminal of the circuit is connected to the first terminal, and an output terminal of the circuit is connected to the second terminal. 12. The device according to claim 9, wherein the circuit includes a first resistance element and a second resistance element, the first terminal is connected to one end of the first resistance element, and the second terminal is connected to a connection node between the other end of the first resistance element and one end of the second resistance element. 13. The device according to claim 9, wherein the output buffer and the circuit are provided on a substrate, the output buffer is provided in a first region of the substrate, the circuit is provided in a second region of the substrate, and the second region is adjacent to the first region. 14. A semiconductor device comprising: a first device including an output buffer configured to output a signal based on a first voltage and a circuit configured to generate a reference voltage based on the first voltage; and a second device including an input buffer, wherein the circuit outputs the reference voltage based on the first voltage to the second device from the first device, the output buffer outputs the data based on the first voltage to the input buffer, and the signal based on the first voltage is input into one input terminal of the input buffer and the reference voltage based on the first voltage is input into the other input terminal of the input buffer. 15. The device according to claim 14, further comprising: a power supply circuit configured to output a second voltage, wherein the first voltage equal to or lower than the second voltage is applied to the first device. 16. The device according to claim 15, wherein the power supply circuit is connected to the first device via an interconnect, and the first voltage is lower than the second voltage by a voltage drop caused by the interconnect. 17. The device according to claim 15, wherein the reference voltage has a magnitude of half the first voltage. 18. The device according to claim 15, wherein the output buffer outputs a first signal of a first level and a second signal of a second level, the first level corresponds to the first voltage, the second level corresponds to a ground voltage, and the reference voltage has an intermediate magnitude between the first voltage and the ground voltage. 19. The device according to claim 15, wherein the circuit includes a first resistance element and a second resistance element, the first voltage is applied to one end of the first resistance element, and the reference voltage is output from a connection node between the other end of the first resistance element and one end of the second resistance element. 20. (canceled) 21. The device according to claim 9, further comprising: first chip and second chips, wherein the first chip includes the output buffer, the first circuit, the first terminal and the second terminal, each of the second chips includes the memory cell and an electrode reaching from a top surface of a second chip to an under surface of a second chip, the second chips are stacked along a direction from the top surface of the second chip to the under surface of the second chip, and each of the second chips is electrically connected to the first chip by the electrode.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a camera module including a fixture; a moving part centrally coupled with a lens and arranged to move relative to the fixture; three or more magnets arranged at a periphery of the moving part; and three or more coils arranged from an inner surface of the fixture to areas opposite to the three or more magnets, where each of the coils independently receives a control signal so that the moving part moves to a height direction and tilted relative to a central axis of the moving part, whereby a lens can be axially moved and tilted at the same time using arrangement of a single set of coils and magnets. 1. A camera module comprising: a printed circuit board; an image sensor disposed on the printed circuit board; a housing including a base and a cover, the housing including a plurality of coils grouped in two sets and disposed on an surface thereof; a mover disposed inside the housing and including a bobbin coupled with a lens, the mover including a plurality of magnets each facing one of the plurality of coils, respectively; an elastic member supporting the mover between the base and the cover; and a plurality of terminals electrically connecting the coil to the printed circuit board; wherein the mover is stationary at a position when no current is applied to the coil and a gap is formed between a bottom surface of the mover and an upper surface of the base. 2. The camera module of claim 1, wherein a first signal is applied to one set of coils and a second signal is applied to the other set of coils disposed relative to the one set of coils. 3. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the one set of coils faces to each other. 4. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the other set of coils locates adjacent to each other. 5. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the coil is a fixed part and the magnet is a moving part when current is applied to the coil. 6. The camera module of claim 3, wherein the magnet includes a first magnet, a second magnet, a third magnet, and a fourth magnet fixed to the mover. 7. The camera module of claim 6, wherein the coil includes a first coil, a second coil, a third coil, and a fourth coil disposed to face the first magnet, the second magnet, the third magnet, and the fourth magnet, respectively. 8. The camera module of claim 4, wherein the magnet includes a first magnet, a second magnet, a third magnet, and a fourth magnet fixed to the mover. 9. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the coil includes a first coil, a second coil, a third coil, and a fourth coil disposed to face the first magnet, the second magnet, the third magnet, and the fourth magnet, respectively. 10. The camera module of claim 1, wherein each coil takes a shape of a track. 11. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the magnets and the coils are disposed within the camera module to perform an optical image stabilization function. 12. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the cover includes an upper plate and lateral plates, and each magnet is disposed in parallel to each of the lateral plates. 13. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the first signal is the same as the second signal. 14. The camera module of claim 1, wherein the first signal is greater or smaller than the second signal. 15. A lens driving apparatus comprising: a housing including a base and a cover, the housing including a plurality of coils grouped in two sets and disposed on an surface thereof; a mover disposed inside the housing and including a bobbin coupled with a lens, the mover including a plurality of magnets each facing one of the plurality of coils, respectively; an elastic member supporting the mover between the base and the cover; and a plurality of terminals electrically connecting the coil to the printed circuit board; wherein the mover is stationary at a position when no current is applied to the coil and a gap is formed between a bottom surface of the mover and an upper surface of the base. 16. The lens driving apparatus of claim 15, wherein a first signal is applied to one set of coils and a second signal is applied to the other set of coils disposed relative to the one set of coils. 17. The lens driving apparatus of claim 15, wherein the one set of coils faces to each other. 18. The lens driving apparatus of claim 15, wherein the other set of coils locates adjacent to each other. 19. The lens driving apparatus of claim 15, wherein the magnet includes a first magnet, a second magnet, a third magnet, and a fourth magnet fixed to the mover. 20. The lens driving apparatus of claim 18, wherein the coil includes a first coil, a second coil, a third coil, and a fourth coil disposed to face the first magnet, the second magnet, the third magnet, and the fourth magnet, respectively. 21. The camera module of claim 19, wherein each coil takes a shape of a track. 22. The camera module of claim 19, wherein the magnets and the coils are disposed within the camera module to perform an optical image stabilization function.",
-    "A photographic lens includes, in a sequence from an object to an image plane, a first lens having positive or negative refractive power; a second lens having positive or negative refractive power; a third lens having positive refractive power; a fourth lens having negative refractive power; a fifth lens having positive refractive power; and a sixth lens having negative refractive power. The photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 90\u00b0<FOV<160\u00b0 0.5<D1/D6<1.0 where FOV is a field of view of the photographic lens, D1 is an effective aperture of the first lens, and D2 is an effective aperture of the sixth lens. 1. A photographic lens comprising, in a sequence from an object to an image plane: a first lens having positive or negative refractive power; a second lens having positive or negative refractive power; a third lens having positive refractive power; a fourth lens having negative refractive power; a fifth lens having positive refractive power; and a sixth lens having negative refractive power; wherein the zoom lens satisfies the following condition: 90\u00b0<FOV<160\u00b0 0.5<D1/D6<1.0 where FOV is a field of view of the photographic lens, D1 is an effective aperture of the first lens, and D2 is an effective aperture of the sixth lens. 2. The photographic lens of claim 1, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 0.0<|F1/F2|<10.0 where F1 and F2 are a focal length of the first lens and a focal length of the second lens, respectively. 3. The photographic lens of claim 1, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 1.5<Ind2<1.7 where Ind2 is a refractive index of the second lens. 4. The photographic lens of claim 1, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 125\u00b0<FOV<160\u00b0 where FOV is a field of view of the photographic lens. 5. The photographic lens of claim 1, wherein the first lens has negative refractive power. 6. The photographic lens of claim 5, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 0<|F1/F2|<1.5 where F1 and F2 are a focal length of the first lens and a focal length of the second lens, respectively. 7. The photographic lens of claim 1, wherein the first lens has positive refractive power. 8. The photographic lens of claim 7, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 3.5<|F1/F2|<8.5 where F1 and F2 are a focal length of the first lens and a focal length of the second lens, respectively. 9. A photographic lens comprising, in a sequence from an object to an image plane: a first lens having positive or negative refractive power; a second lens having positive or negative refractive power; a third lens having positive refractive power and shaped such that an exit surface is convex toward the image plane; a fourth lens having negative refractive power and shaped such that an entrance surface is concave toward the object; a fifth lens having positive refractive power and shaped such that an exit surface is convex toward the image plane; and a sixth lens having negative refractive power and an aspherical shape in which an exit surface has at least one inflection point, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 125\u00b0<FOV<160\u00b0 where FOV is a field of view of the photographic lens. 10. The photographic lens of claim 9, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 0.5<D1/D6<1.0 where D1 is an effective aperture of the first lens and D2 is an effective aperture of the sixth lens. 11. The photographic lens of claim 10, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 0.0<|F1/F2|<10.0 where F1 and F2 are a focal length of the first lens and a focal length of the second lens, respectively. 12. The photographic lens of claim 11, wherein the first lens has negative refractive power. 13. The photographic lens of claim 12, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 0<|F1/F2|<1.5 where F1 and F2 are a focal length of the first lens and a focal length of the second lens, respectively. 14. The photographic lens of claim 11, wherein the first lens has positive refractive power. 15. The photographic lens of claim 14, wherein the photographic lens satisfies the following condition: 3.5<|F1/F2|<8.5 where F1 and F2 are a focal length of the first lens and a focal length of the second lens, respectively. 16. The photographic lens of claim 11, wherein all of the first lens through the sixth lens are aspherical plastic lenses. 17. A photographic apparatus comprising: the photographic lens of claim 1; and an image sensor configured to convert an optical image formed by the photographic lens into an electrical signal.",
-    "A control system for a vehicle includes: an automatic control for controlling an operation of the vehicle; and a lever having a first end, a second end, and a body extending between the first end and the second end, wherein the lever is selectively operable to turn the automatic control from an off state to an on state; wherein when the automatic control is in the off state, manual control is required for the operation of the vehicle; and wherein when the automatic control is in the on state, the automatic control is configured to control the operation of the vehicle on behalf of a driver of the vehicle. 1. A control system for a vehicle, the control system comprising: an automatic control for controlling an operation of the vehicle; and a lever having a first end, a second end, and a body extending between the first end and the second end, wherein the lever is selectively operable to turn the automatic control from an off state to an on state; wherein when the automatic control is in the off state, manual control is required for the operation of the vehicle; and wherein when the automatic control is in the on state, the automatic control is configured to control the operation of the vehicle on behalf of a driver of the vehicle. 2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the lever comprises a turn signal lever. 3. The control system of claim 1, further comprising a sensor configured to sense a feature outside the vehicle, wherein the automatic control is configured to automatically control the operation of the vehicle based on an input from the sensor when the automatic control is in the on state. 4. The control system of claim 3, wherein the sensor comprises an image sensor. 5. The control system of claim 3, wherein the sensor comprises an object sensor. 6. The control system of claim 1, wherein the automatic control is configured to control the operation of the vehicle based on a sensed object outside the vehicle. 7. The control system of claim 1, wherein the operation of the vehicle is associated with a lane change. 8. The control system of claim 1, wherein the automatic control comprises a processor configured to determine a spatial relationship between the vehicle and a road. 9. The control system of claim 1, further comprising a switch at the lever. 10. The control system of claim 1, further comprising a memory for storing data associated with the automatic control. 11. The control system of claim 10, wherein the data comprises user-specific data. 12. The control system of claim 1, wherein the operation of the vehicle comprises an activation of a turn signal light. 13. The control system of claim 12, wherein the automatic control is configured to automatically turn off the turn signal light. 14. A control system for a vehicle, the control system comprising: a turn signal lever having a first end, a second end, and a body extending between the first end and the second end, wherein the turn signal lever is selectively operable by a user to activate a left turn signal of the vehicle, and is selectively operable by the user to activate a right turn signal of the vehicle; wherein the turn signal lever is also configured to allow the user to turn an automatic control in the vehicle from an off state to an on state; and wherein when the automatic control is in the on state, the automatic control is configured to control an operation of the vehicle on behalf of a driver of the vehicle. 15. The control system of claim 14, further comprising a sensor configured to sense a feature outside the vehicle, wherein the automatic control is configured to automatically control the operation of the vehicle based on an input from the sensor when the automatic control is in the on state. 16. The control system of claim 15, wherein the sensor comprises an object sensor. 17. The control system of claim 14, wherein the automatic control is configured to control the operation of the vehicle based on a sensed object outside the vehicle. 18. The control system of claim 14, wherein the operation of the vehicle is associated with a lane change. 19. The control system of claim 14, wherein the automatic control comprises a processor configured to determine a spatial relationship between the vehicle and a road. 20. The control system of claim 14, wherein the operation of the vehicle comprises an activation of a turn signal light.",
-    "A memory system may include: a memory device including: a plurality of pages each including a plurality of memory cells coupled to a plurality of word lines and suitable for storing read data and write data requested from a host; a plurality of memory blocks each including the pages; a plurality of planes each including the memory blocks; and a plurality of memory chips each including the planes; and a controller suitable for checking the write data corresponding to a command received from the host, programming the write data to pages of memory blocks included in planes of a first memory chip, and programming first data for the write data to pages of memory blocks included in planes of a second memory chip. 1. A memory system comprising: a memory device comprising: a plurality of memory chips each memory chip comprising a plurality of planes, each plane comprising a plurality of memory blocks, each block comprising a plurality of pages; the plurality of pages being suitable for storing read data and write data requested from a host, each page comprising a plurality of memory cells coupled to a plurality of word lines; and to a controller suitable for checking the write data corresponding to a command received from the host, programming the write data to pages of memory blocks included in planes of a first memory chip, and programming first data for the write data to pages of memory blocks included in planes of a second memory chip. 2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first data comprise backup data of the write data. 3. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first data comprise data programmed to the LSB (Least Significant Bit) page among the pages of the memory blocks included in the planes of the first memory chip. 4. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first data have the same pattern as the write data. 5. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first data comprise the same data as data programmed to the MSB (Most Significant Bit) page among the pages of the memory blocks included in the planes of the first memory chip and data programmed to the MSB page among the pages of the memory blocks included in the planes of the second memory chip. 6. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the first and second memory chips are coupled to the same channel and share a data bus. 7. The memory system of claim 6, wherein the controller enables the first and second memory chips through the shared data bus of the first and second memory chips, and transmits the write data to the first and second memory chips through the shared data bus at the same time. 8. The memory system of claim 7, wherein the controller generates one descriptor for the data programmed to the first and second memory chips, and then transmits a command containing the descriptor to the first and second memory chips through the shared data bus at the same time. 9. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller checks the write data and information type of the write data and programs the write data to multi-memory chips among the memory chips at the same time. 10. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller programs the write data to pages of a first memory block included in a first plane of the first memory chip, and then programs the first data to pages of a memory block included in a second plane of the first memory chip or pages of a second memory block included in the first plane. 11. An operating method of a memory system, comprising: checking write data corresponding to a command received from a host, for a plurality of pages included in each of a plurality of memory blocks of a memory device and each including a plurality of memory cells coupled to a plurality of word lines; enabling first and second memory chips among a plurality of memory chips included in the memory device; and programming the write data to pages of memory blocks included in planes of the first memory chip, and programming first data for the write data to pages of memory blocks included in planes of the second memory chip. 12. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the first data comprise backup data of the write data. 13. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the first data comprise data programmed to the LSB page among the pages of the memory blocks included in the planes of the first memory chip. 14. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the first data have the same pattern as the write data. 15. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the first data comprise the same data as data programmed to the MSB page among the pages of the memory blocks included in the planes of the first memory chip and data programmed to the MSB page among the pages of the memory blocks included in the planes of the second memory chip. 16. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the first and second memory chips are coupled to the same channel and share a data bus. 17. The operating method of claim 16, wherein the enabling of the first and second memory chips comprises enabling the first and second memory chips through the shared data bus of the first and second memory chips, and the programming of the write data comprises transmitting the write data to the first and second memory chips through the shared data bus at the same time. 18. The operating method of claim 17, wherein the transmitting of the write data comprises: generating one descriptor for the data programmed to the first and second memory chips; and transmitting a command containing the descriptor to the first and second memory chips through the shared data bus at the same time. 19. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the checking of the write data comprises checking the write data and information type of the write data, and checking whether the write data are programmed to multi-memory chips among the memory chips at the same time. 20. The operating method of claim 11, wherein the programming of the write data comprises programming the write data to pages of a first memory block included in a first plane of the first memory chip, and then programming the first data to pages of a memory block included in a second plane of the first memory chip or pages of a second memory block included in the first plane.",
-    "The film formation method comprises the steps of: unrolling and feeding an elongated substrate wound in a roll form from a first roll chamber in a direction from the first roll chamber toward a second roll chamber, using a first surface as a surface for film formation; degassing the fed substrate; forming a first material film on the first surface of the degassed substrate in a first film formation chamber; forming a second material film on the first material film in a second film formation chamber; taking up the substrate in a roll form in the second roll chamber, the substrate having the material films formed thereon; unrolling and feeding the taken up substrate from the first roll chamber in the direction, using a second surface opposite the first surface of the substrate as a surface for film formation; and repeating all the above treatments. 1. A method for continuously subjecting an elongated substrate to vacuum film formation, comprising the steps of: a) unrolling and feeding an elongated substrate wound in a roll form from a first roll chamber in a direction from the first roll chamber toward a second roll chamber, using a first surface as a surface for film formation; b) degassing the substrate fed in the direction; c) forming, in a first film formation chamber, a first material film on the first surface of the degassed substrate; d) forming, in a second film formation chamber, a second material film on the first material film formed on the first surface of the substrate; e) taking up, in the second roll chamber, the substrate in a roll form, the substrate having the second material film laminated on the first material film on the first surface of the substrate, and transferring the substrate from the second roll chamber to the first roll chamber; f) unrolling and feeding the substrate taken up in the second roll chamber from the first roll chamber in the direction, using a second surface opposite the first surface as a surface for film formation; g) degassing the substrate fed in the direction; h) forming, in the first film formation chamber, the first material film on the second surface of the degassed substrate; i) forming, in the second film formation chamber, the second material film on the first material film formed on the second surface of the substrate; and j) taking up, in the second roll chamber, the substrate in a roll form, the substrate having the second material film laminated on the first material film on each of the first and second surfaces of the substrate. 2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein transferring the substrate from the second roll chamber to the first roll chamber comprises removing the substrate form the second roll chamber in a state where a part of the substrate is communicated with a load lock mechanism provided between the second roll chamber and an adjacent chamber to the second roll chamber while shielding between the second roll chamber and the adjacent chamber using the load lock mechanism. 3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein when unrolling and feeding the substrate from the first roll chamber in the direction using a second surface of the substrate as a surface for film formation, the second surface of the substrate is set as a surface for film formation in a state where a part of the substrate is communicated with a load lock mechanism provided between the first roll chamber and an adjacent chamber to the first roll chamber while shielding between the first roll chamber and the adjacent chamber using the load lock mechanism. 4. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the substrate is subjected to a plasma treatment in a period after it is fed from the first roll chamber and before the first material film is formed thereon. 5. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the substrate is degassed in a heating chamber in a period after it is fed from the first roll chamber and before the first material film is formed thereon. 6. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the substrate is degassed in the first film formation chamber when it is being guided in the direction. 7. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising removing a first cathode from the first film chamber while forming, in the second film formation chamber, the second material film on the substrate fed in the direction. 8. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the substrate having the second material film formed thereon is subjected to an annealing treatment. 9. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the first material is a transparent conducting layer and the second material is a metal. 10. The method as defined in claim 9, wherein the metal is selected from a group consisting of copper, a copper alloy, silver and a silver alloy. 11. A laminated body obtained by the method as defined in claim 1, comprising the first material film and the second material film respectively laminated in this order on the first surface and the second surface of the substrate. 12. The laminated body as defined in claim 11, wherein the first material is a transparent conducting layer and the second material is a metal. 13. The laminated body as defined in claim 11, wherein the metal is selected from a group consisting of copper, a copper alloy, silver and a silver alloy.",
-    "A memory includes a first cell array configured to include a plurality of first memory cells connected to a plurality of word lines, a second cell array configured to include a plurality of second memory cells connected to the plurality of word lines, wherein a group of the plurality of second memory cells which are connected to a corresponding word line stores the number of activations for the corresponding word line, and an activation number update unit configured to update a value stored in the corresponding group of the plurality of second memory cells connected to the activated word line of the plurality of word lines. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A memory system comprising: a memory configured to include a first cell array including a plurality of first memory cells connected to a plurality of word lines, and a second cell array including a plurality of second memory cells, which are connected to the plurality of word lines, wherein a group of the plurality of second memory cells, which are connected to a corresponding word line, stores the number of activations for the word line, and configured to generate an alert signal when the number of activations for the word line is equal to or greater than a given reference value; and a memory controller configured to apply an excessive address and one or more adjacent addresses having a value adjacent to the excessive address to the memory in a special refresh mode, wherein the excessive address corresponds to a word line of which the number of activation is equal to or greater than a given reference value. 17. The memory system of claim 16, wherein the memory controller is configured to allow the memory to enter the special refresh mode when the alert signal is activated. 18. The memory system of claim 16, wherein the memory includes: an activation number update unit configured to update a value stored in the group of the plurality of second memory cells connected to an activated word line; an alert signal generation unit configured to activate an alert signal when the value stored in the group of the plurality of second memory cells connected to the activated word line is equal to or greater than the given reference value; and an address storage unit configured to store the address corresponding to the activated word line when the alert signal is activated. 19. The memory system of claim 18, wherein the activation number update unit is configured to increase the value stored in the group of the plurality of second memory cells connected to the activated word line corresponding to the address in response to each active command. 20. The memory system of claim 18, wherein the activation number update unit is configured to initialize the value stored in the group of the plurality of second memory cells connected to the activated word line in a refresh mode. 21. The memory system of claim 18, wherein the activation number update unit is configured to initialize the value stored in the group of the plurality of second memory cells connected to the activated word line in the special refresh mode. 22. The memory system of claim 16, wherein the memory is configured to activate one or more adjacent word lines, which are adjacent to the word line of which the number of activation is equal to or greater than a given reference value, in response to at least one of the active command, the excessive address, and the one or more adjacent addresses. 23-24. (canceled)",
-    "The present disclosure provides a method and a device for waking up a microcontroller unit (MCU) chip, which belongs to an intelligent device technology field. The method includes: receiving a wireless message sent from other intelligent device when a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) chip is under a low power consumption mode, in which the wireless message is dedicated to the low power consumption mode, determining whether the wireless message is a specified wakeup message, and if it is determined that the wireless message is the specified wakeup message, sending an interrupt wakeup signal to the MCU chip via a wakeup pin connected between the Wi-Fi chip and the MCU chip, so as to wake up the MCU chip. The MCU chip and the Wi-Fi chip are integrated in the same Wi-Fi module. 1. A method for waking up a Microcontroller Unit (MCU) chip in a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) module contained in an intelligent device, comprising: operating the Wi-Fi module in a first intelligent device in a sleep state, wherein a Wi-Fi chip in the Wi-Fi module is in a low power consumption mode, and the MCU chip in the Wi-Fi module is in a sleep mode; receiving a wireless message dedicated to the low power consumption mode sent from a second intelligent device; determining whether the wireless message is a specified wakeup message; communicating an interrupt wakeup signal to the MCU chip via a connection between a pin of the Wi-Fi chip and a wakeup pin of the MCU chip if it is determined that the wireless message is the specified wakeup message; and operating the MCU chip in a wakeup mode in response to the interrupt wakeup signal, wherein, the MCU chip and the Wi-Fi chip are integrated in the Wi-Fi module. 2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising: controlling, by the MCU chip, the Wi-Fi chip to switch to a normal working mode from the low power consumption mode after operating the MCU chip in the wakeup mode. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein controlling the Wi-Fi chip to switch to a normal working mode from the low power consumption mode further comprises: controlling, by the MCU chip, the Wi-Fi chip to broadcast a notification message that the MCU chip is in a wakeup mode; and receiving, by the Wi-Fi chip, data sent by the second intelligent device based on the notification message. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wireless message is dedicated to the Wi-Fi chip in the Wi-Fi module of the first intelligent device. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the specified wakeup message is preset in the first intelligent device. 6. A method for waking up a MCU chip, comprising: identifying a first intelligent device operating in a sleep state; generating a dedicated wakeup message for waking up a MCU chip in a Wi-Fi module of the first intelligent device when the Wi-Fi chip in the Wi-Fi module of the first intelligent device is in a low power consumption mode; and sending the wakeup message to the first intelligent device to wake up the MCU chip in the Wi-Fi module of the first intelligent device. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein after sending the wakeup message to the first intelligent device, the method further comprises: receiving a notification message sent by the first intelligent device, the notification message indicating that the MCU chip in the Wi-Fi module of the first intelligent device is woken up; and sending data to the first intelligent device based on the notification message. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein identifying a first intelligent device operating in a sleep state comprises receiving status information on the first intelligent device from a third party server that communicates with the first intelligent device. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the status information on the first intelligent device comprises heartbeat messages sent from the first intelligent. 10. A wireless communication device, comprising: a Wi-Fi module including a Wi-Fi chip and a MCU chip; a processor; and a memory, configured to store instructions executable by the processor, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the device to perform: operating the Wi-Fi module in a sleep state, wherein the Wi-Fi chip is in a low power consumption mode, and the MCU chip is in a sleep mode; receiving a wireless message dedicated to the low power consumption mode sent from a second intelligent device; determining whether the wireless message is a specific wakeup message; and communicating an interrupt wakeup signal to the MCU chip via a wakeup pin connected between the Wi-Fi chip and the MCU chip if it is determined that the wireless message is the specified wakeup message; and operating the MCU chip in a wakeup mode in response to the interrupt wakeup signal. 11. The device according to claim 10, wherein after operating the MCU chip in a wakeup mode, the device further performs to control the Wi-Fi chip to switch to a normal working mode from the low power consumption mode. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein after controlling the Wi-Fi chip to switch to a normal working mode from the low power consumption mode, the MCU chip controls the Wi-Fi chip to broadcast a notification message that the MCU chip is in a wakeup mode.",
-    "A system and method for facilitating allocating computing resources to workloads, facilitating workload performance isolation. An example method includes determining one or more workloads to be allocated a set of computing resources in the computing environment, the one or more workloads characterized by metadata describing one or more workload properties; and using the one or more workload properties to calculate a binding between each of the one or more workloads and one or more corresponding portions of the computing resources. Plural competing workloads may be isolated by binding each workload to a disjunct set of Central Processing Units (CPUs) that share as few common hardware resources as possible given a topology the computing resources. Resource allocation adjustments need not require any reconfiguration of the system or adjustment to already provisioned workloads. 1. A method for allocating computing resources, the method comprising: grouping computer processing threads into one or more workloads, wherein each of the one or more workloads is characterized by a set of one or more workload properties, the one or more workload properties including a workload weight and a workload constraint, wherein the workload constraint identifies a group of computing resources; using the workload weight, the workload constraint, and a number of workloads associated with the group of computing resources to bind each of the one or more workloads to one or more portions of the group of computing resources; detecting a change in the one or more properties, the number of workloads, or the group of computing resources; and dynamically adjusting one or more bindings between each of the one or more workloads and the one or more portions of the computing resources in accordance with a detected change in the one or more properties. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more workloads includes plural workloads, and wherein using the workload weight includes isolating plural workloads from each other by binding each workload to a disjunct set of Central Processing Units (CPUs) that share as few common hardware resources as possible given a topology the computing resources, the disjunct set of CPUs representing a portion of the one or more portions. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the topology includes hierarchically related groups of computing resources, the groups of computing resources including processor groups, the one or more processor groups each identifying the disjunct set of CPUs. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the disjunct CPUs forming a processor group are identified by one or more workload properties, the one or more workload properties including a constraint identifying the one or more processor groups and associated disjunct set of CPUs. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein using further includes performing workload performance isolation in part by ensuring that each workload constraint of the same type of workload to be isolated is bound to a group of computing resources that does not overlap with another group of computing resources at the same level of the topology. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein using further includes allocating hardware resources of a group of computing resources identified by the workload constraint to the one or more workloads characterized by the constraint in accordance with the workload weight, such that each workload is bound to an amount of hardware resources in proportion to the workload weight relative to an aggregate weight of all active workloads sharing a similar constraint and associated group of computing resources identified by the constraint. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein dynamically adjusting further includes, when the aggregate weight changes, rebinding workloads to computing resources in accordance with the workload properties, including any new aggregated weight, and the one or more groups of computing resources identified thereby. 8. The method of claim 7, further including, when an interleave property of a workload to be bound to a group of computing resources is true and a constraint property of the workload identifying the group of computing resources contains multiple locality groups; then binding threads of the workload to each locality group of the multiple locality groups in accordance with the weight. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein dynamically adjusting further includes, for each set of one or more workloads characterized by similar constraints, recalculating one or more bindings between the one or more workloads and the portions of the computing resources of the group of computing resources identified by the similar constraints when a number of workloads of each set changes; when a topology characterizing the group of computing resources changes, or when a property of a workload of the set changes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more portions of the computing resources include one or more Central Processing Unit (CPU) cores and one or more computer caches or pipelines associated with each of the one or more CPU cores. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more properties further includes a setting identifying an affinity type for each of the one or more workloads. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more properties further include an interleave setting indicating whether threads associated with a workload are permitted to be dispersed across plural resource locality groups or must be confined to resources of a single locality group. 13. The method of claim 11, further including providing a user interface enabling specification the one or more workload properties by an authorized user of the user interface. 14. The method of claim 1, further including determining an arrangement of the group of computing resources in accordance with a combination of computer processing resources and associated memory resources, such that allocation of CPU shares to a workload corresponds to simultaneous allocation of memory resources along with the CPU shares, thereby facilitating hardware isolation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the arrangement of the group of computing resources is characterized by one or more locality groups. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more locality groups are each grouped into a higher level group, thereby forming a hierarchy of groups of computing resources. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the higher level group includes a CPU socket. 18. The method of claim 16, further including performing the method for each level of the hierarchy, starting with a lowest level of the hierarchy, wherein the lowest level of the hierarchy is characterized by one or more leaf processor groups included within one or more locality groups, the one or more leaf processor groups each including plural CPU cores. 19. A system for allocating computing resources to workloads running in a computing environment, the computing environment including at least one computer running resource allocation software, wherein the resource allocation software is programmed to perform a method comprising: selectively grouping computer processing threads into one or more workloads, wherein each of the one or more workloads is characterized by a set of one or more workload properties, the one or more workload properties including a workload weight and a workload constraint identifying a group of computing resources; using the workload weight, the workload constraint, and a number of workloads associated with the group of computing resources to bind each of the one or more workloads to one or more portions of the group of computing resources; detecting a change in the one or more properties, the number of workloads, or the group of computing resources; and automatically adjusting one or more bindings between each of the one or more workloads and the one or more portions of the computing resources in accordance with a detected change in the one or more properties. 20. A tangible, computer-readable information storage medium including instructions adapted to direct a processor to perform a series of operations, the operations comprising: selectively grouping computer processing threads into one or more workloads, wherein each of the one or more workloads is characterized by a set of one or more workload properties, the one or more workload properties including a workload weight and a workload constraint identifying a group of computing resources; using the workload weight, the workload constraint, and a number of workloads associated with the group of computing resources to bind each of the one or more workloads to one or more portions of the group of computing resources; detecting a change in the one or more properties, the number of workloads, or the group of computing resources; and automatically adjusting one or more bindings between each of the one or more workloads and the one or more portions of the computing resources in accordance with a detected change in the one or more properties.",
-    "A slat conveyor has a plurality of slat bodies supported between a pair of left and right driving endless turning bodies by concentric horizontal support shafts and has a pair of front and rear guide rollers supported to a guide rail laid on each of upper and lower horizontal path sections. A U-turn guiding mechanism at both ends includes the guide rollers, a slat body posture controlling rotating body, and a drive mechanism for the rotating body. The rotating body has the same turning radius as that of the horizontal support shaft on a U-turn path section, and includes an engaging portion for positioning and turning the guide rollers. The drive mechanism drives the rotating body such that the engaging portion is turned in the same direction and at the same speed as the turning speed of the horizontal support shaft on the U-turn path section. 1. A slat conveyor comprising: a pair of left and right driving endless turning bodies turning along a circulation path having an upper horizontal outward path section, a lower horizontal inward path section, and U-turn path sections at both ends; a plurality of slat bodies circularly turning with their load supporting surfaces facing up on the upper and lower both path sections, each slat body having left and right both side faces pivotally supported vertically and swingably to the driving endless turning bodies via mutually concentric horizontal support shafts, the left and right both side faces of the each slat body provided with at least one guide roller pivotally supported at a position away in a front-rear direction from the horizontal support shaft so as to be located between the driving endless turning bodies and the slat body in a plan view; the upper and lower both path sections provided with a guide rail holding the slat body in a horizontal posture via the guide roller; and the U-turn path sections at both ends provided with a U-turn guiding means for making the each slat body U-turn parallelly while being maintained in the horizontal posture, wherein the U-turn guiding means includes the guide roller, a slat body posture controlling rotating body, and a drive means for the rotating body, and the rotating body has an engaging portion on its outer circumference, the engaging portion having the same turning radius as that of the horizontal support shaft on the U-turn path sections and positioning and turning the guide roller, and the drive means drives the rotating body such that the engaging portion is turned in the same direction and at the same speed as a turning speed of the horizontal support shaft on the U-turn path sections. 2. The slat conveyor according to claim 1, wherein the guide roller is pivotally supported in front-rear pairs at positions front-rear symmetric with respect to the horizontal support shaft so as to be disposed in series in a slat body moving direction, and the slat body posture controlling rotating body of the U-turn guiding means is shifted in the front and rear both directions with respect to a rotating wheel for making the driving endless turning bodies U-turn and is pivotally supported so as to correspond to the pair of front and rear guide rollers respectively. 3. The slat conveyor according to claim 2, wherein the guide rail holding the each slat body in the horizontal posture on the upper horizontal outward path section is disposed below the guide rollers so as to rollably receive the guide rollers, and the guide rail has an end region provided with a first notched portion for allowing passage of one of the pair of front and rear guide rollers, which guide roller crossing the guide rail and making a U-turn movement, and a second notched portion for allowing passage of the horizontal support shaft crossing the guide rail and making a U-turn movement, and an auxiliary guiding means is provided that prevents falling of the other guide roller moving on these respective notched portions. 4. The slat conveyor according to claim 3, wherein the auxiliary guiding means comprises a supporting roller pivotally supported at a fixed position so as to receive a bottom surface of the slat body, a supporting rail supporting the driving endless turning body of a region to which the horizontal support shaft is coupled, and a hold-down rail preventing lifting of the other guide roller. 5. The slat conveyor according to claim 1, wherein a main guide roller pivotally supported at a position away to either the front or rear side of the horizontal support shaft and an auxiliary guide roller pivotally supported concentrically with the horizontal support shaft are provided as the guide roller, and the slat body posture controlling rotating body of the U-turn guiding means is provided correspondingly to the main guide roller. 6. The slat conveyor according to claim 5, wherein the guide rail holding the each slat body in the horizontal posture on the upper horizontal outward path section is disposed below the main and auxiliary both guide rollers so as to rollably receive the main and auxiliary both guide rollers, and the guide rail has an end region provided with a notched portion for allowing the guide roller to cross the guide rail and make a U-turn movement, which guide roller located on the inner side of the main and auxiliary both guide rollers, and an auxiliary guiding means is provided that prevents falling of the outer guide roller passing through and moving on the notched portion. 7. The slat conveyor according to claim 6, wherein the auxiliary guiding means comprises a supporting roller pivotally supported at a fixed position so as to receive a bottom surface of the slat body and a supporting rail supporting the driving endless turning body of a region to which the horizontal support shaft is coupled. 8. The slat conveyor according to claim 1, wherein the slat body posture controlling rotating body comprises a circular plate having a circumferential surface along an inner edge of a U-turn movement track of the guide roller, and a protruding arm protruded from the circular plate in a radial direction, and an internal corner portion between one side of the protruding arm and the circumferential surface of the circular plate constitutes the engaging portion for positioning the guide roller.",
-    "A bracket and a cable mounting system which includes a bracket with a center panel or channel and with magnetic pads located on the distal ends of the center panel or channel so that the bracket may be attached to a structure by magnetic attraction. The cable mounting system may also consist of two brackets set a distance apart and a support rail placed in between and coupled to the brackets. 1. A bracket for securing components to a surface of a structure with a radius of curvature, the bracket comprising; a center connecting member with a first and second end; at least two separate leg elements detachably secured to and extending outwardly and downwardly from the first and second ends of the connecting member and terminating at a distal end wherein a curvature of the distal end of the at least two leg elements is matched to a radius of curvature of the structure to which the bracket is to be secured; at least one hole in the center connecting member for securing a component to the bracket; and at least one magnetic pad secured to each distal end of the at least two leg elements, wherein due to the curvature of the at least two leg elements a surficial contact of each magnetic pad with the surface of the structure is maximized and the bracket has an aspect ratio of at least 10%. 2. The bracket of claim 1, wherein the at least two leg elements comprise a total of four legs. 3. The bracket of claim 1, wherein the magnetic pads comprise a magnet with a contact surface fitted into a socket. 4. The bracket of claim 1, wherein there is at least one hole in each of the at least two leg elements for securing components to the bracket. 5. The bracket of claim 1, wherein the components mounted to the bracket and secured to the structure are conduits and cables. 6. The bracket of claim 1, wherein the components are secured to the bracket using clamps. 7. A bracket for securing components to a surface of a structure, the bracket comprising; a center panel with a first and second end; at least one leg element extending outwardly from each of the first and second ends of the center panel; a mounting member rotatably secured to each of the at least one leg elements; and at least one magnetic element detachably secured to the mounting member, wherein the magnetic element maintains contact with the surface of the structure. 8. The bracket of claim 7, wherein the center panel is substantially flat. 9. The bracket of claim 7, wherein the center panel has a mid-line equidistant between the mounting members separating the bracket into first and second sections. 10. The bracket of claim 9, wherein the center panel is symmetrically bent about the mid-line. 11. The bracket of claim 11, wherein the bend of the first and second sections may range from 5 to 45 degrees about the mid-line relative to a substantially flat center panel. 12. The bracket of claim 7, wherein the mounting member is rotatably secured to each of the at least one leg elements by a hinge. 13. The bracket of claim 12, wherein the mounting member is capable of a range of rotation about the at least at least one leg element of approximately 180 degrees. 14. The bracket of claim 7, wherein the center panel further comprises at least one through hole. 15. A bracket for securing components to a surface of a structure, the bracket comprising; a channel member further comprising first and second longitudinally opposed ends, a floor and opposed side walls separated by the floor; at least one leg element outwardly extending from the channel member and detachably secured to the channel member floor and proximate to each of the first and second ends of the channel member, wherein an angle of departure of the at least one leg element extending outwardly from the channel member is determined by the surface of the structure; and at least one magnetic element detachably secured to each of the at least one leg elements, wherein the magnetic element maintains contact with the surface of the structure. 16. The bracket of claim 15, wherein the channel member side walls further comprise upper wall edges opposite a union of the opposed side walls with the channel floor. 17. The bracket of claim 15, wherein the upper wall edges are arcuately bent downward to facilitate engagement with clips for securing components to the bracket. 18. The bracket of claim 15, wherein the components are conduits and cables. 19. The bracket of claim 15, wherein the floor of the channel member has at least one through hole. 20. The bracket of claim 15, wherein the at least one leg element proximate to each of the first and second ends of the channel member is capable of being bent at an angle to increase contact between the at least one magnetic element, secured to each of the at least one leg elements, and the surface of the structure. 21. A bracket for securing components to a surface of a structure, the bracket comprising; a center panel with a first and second end; a mounting member rotatably secured to each of the at first and second ends; and at least one magnetic element detachably secured to the mounting member, wherein the magnetic element maintains contact with the surface of the structure. 22. A system for securing at least one cable to a surface of a structure, the structure having a radius of curvature, the system comprising; first and second brackets separated by a distance, the first and second brackets comprising: a center connecting member with a first and second end; at least two separate leg elements detachably secured to and extending outwardly and downwardly from the first and second ends of the center connecting member and terminating at a distal end wherein a curvature of the distal end of the at least two leg elements is matched to the radius of curvature of the structure; at least one hole in the center connecting member for securing a component to the bracket; and at least one hole in the distal end of each of the at least two leg elements for securing the bracket to the structure, wherein due to alignment of the curvature of the distal end of the at least two legs with the curvature of the structure a surficial contact of the distal end of the at least two legs with the structure is maximized; at least one support rail with first and second ends wherein the support rail is curved to arc away from the structure and is secured through sockets attached to and underneath the center connecting member of the bracket, the first end of the support rail secured to the first bracket and the second end of the support rail secured to the second bracket; and a cable secured to the rail and the first and second brackets.",
-    "A data storage device includes a flash memory, a voltage source and a controller. The flash memory includes a plurality of blocks, wherein each of the blocks includes a plurality of pages. The voltage source provides the flash memory with an operation voltage. The controller determines whether the operation voltage was lower than a predetermined voltage level during a predetermined operation after the predetermined operation on the flash memory is finished, and enabling the flash memory to initialize when the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation. 1. A data storage device, comprising: a flash memory, comprising a plurality of blocks, wherein each of the blocks comprises a plurality of pages; a voltage source, providing the flash memory an operation voltage; and a controller, determining whether the operation voltage was lower than a predetermined voltage level during a predetermined operation after the predetermined operation on the flash memory is finished, and enabling the flash memory to initialize when the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation. 2. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flash memory further comprises a voltage detection device, wherein the voltage detection device detects whether the operation voltage is lower than the predetermined voltage level, and writes a predetermined value into a flag when the operation voltage is lower than the predetermined voltage level. 3. The data storage device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller further erases the flag when transmitting an enable command to the flash memory for enabling the predetermined operation, and reads the flag to determine whether the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation when the predetermined operation is finished. 4. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined operation is an erase operation used for erasing a first block of the blocks. 5. The data storage device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the controller pushes back the first block to select a second block to be performed by the erase operation when the flash memory is initialized, wherein the second block is not the first block. 6. The data storage device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the controller transmits an erase confirmation command to the flash memory to confirm whether the erase operation was successful when the operation voltage was not lower than the predetermined voltage level, and marks the first block as a bad block when the erase operation fails. 7. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined operation is a write operation used to write data into a first page of a first block of the blocks. 8. The data storage device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the controller moves the data of the first block to a second block of the blocks after the flash memory is initialized, wherein the second block is not the first block. 9. The data storage device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the controller transmits a written confirmation command to the flash memory to confirm whether the write operation was successful when the operation voltage was not lower than the predetermined voltage level, wherein the controller marks the first block as a bad block and moves the data of the first block to a second block when the erase operation fails, wherein the second block is not the first block. 10. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined operation is a read operation used to read a first page of a first block of the blocks, wherein the controller performs the step of determining whether the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level after the read operation fails to read the first page. 11. The data storage device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the controller reads the first page again after the flash memory is initialized. 12. The data storage device as claimed in claim 10, wherein the controller increases a read failure count corresponding to the first page by one when the operation voltage was not lower than the predetermined voltage level. 13. A data maintenance method, applied to a data storage device of a flash memory, wherein the flash memory comprises a plurality of blocks, and each of the blocks comprises a plurality of pages, the data maintenance method comprising: determining whether an operation voltage was lower than a predetermined voltage level during a predetermined operation after performing the predetermined operation on the flash memory; and enabling the flash memory to initialize when the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation. 14. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 13, further comprising: detecting whether the operation voltage is lower than the predetermined voltage level; and writing a predetermined value into a flag when the operation voltage is lower than the predetermined voltage level. 15. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising erasing the flag when transmitting an enable command to the flash memory for enabling the predetermined operation, wherein the step of determining whether the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation further comprises reading the flag to determine whether the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation when the predetermined operation is finished. 16. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the predetermined operation is an erase operation used for erasing a first block of the blocks. 17. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 16, further comprising pushing back the first block to select a second block to be performed by the erase operation when the flash memory is initialized, wherein the second block is not the first block. 18. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: transmitting an erase confirmation command to the flash memory to confirm whether the erase operation was successful when the operation voltage was not lower than the predetermined voltage level; and marking the first block as a bad block when the erase operation fails. 19. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the predetermined operation is a write operation used to write data into a first page of a first block of the blocks. 20. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 19, further comprising moving the data of the first block to a second block of the blocks after the flash memory is initialized, wherein the second block is not the first block. 21. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 19, further comprising: transmitting a written confirmation command to the flash memory to confirm whether the write operation was successful when the operation voltage was not lower than the predetermined voltage level; and marking the first block as a bad block and moving the data of the first block to a second block when the erase operation fails, wherein the second block is not the first block. 22. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the predetermined operation is a read operation used to read a first page of a first block of the blocks, wherein the step of determining whether the operation voltage was lower than the predetermined voltage level during the predetermined operation is performed after the read operation fails to read the first page. 23. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 22, further comprising reading the first page again after the flash memory is initialized. 24. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 22, further comprising increasing a read failure count corresponding to the first page by one when the operation voltage was not lower than the predetermined voltage level.",
-    "One embodiment of the present invention sets forth a method for providing access to a data object from within a spreadsheet included in a spreadsheet application. The method includes associating the data object with a first cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the data object is related to a parameter, and the first cell is identified by a cell reference, receiving an input that is related to a second cell of the spreadsheet and includes an expression that specifies the parameter and the first cell reference, and replacing the first cell reference specified by the expression with the data object, wherein a value for the second cell may be determined by applying the parameter to the data object specified in the expression. 1. A method for providing access to a data object from within a spreadsheet included in a spreadsheet application, the method comprising: receiving a user input from a first cell of the spreadsheet via a service logic; using a first computer, associating a data object with the first cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the data object has one or more parameters, and the first cell is identified by a first cell reference in a computer display device coupled to the first computer; receiving a first input for a second cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the first input includes a portion of an expression and includes the first cell reference identifying the first cell; in response to receiving the first input, retrieving the one or more parameters associated with the data object of the first cell as suggestions; receiving a second input indicating that a particular suggestion was selected from the one or more parameters; querying a database at a second computer to obtain a value for the particular suggestion in relation to the data object and causing displaying the value in the second cell. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein, prior to retrieving the one or more parameters, establishing that the first cell reference specified by the portion of the expression identifies the first cell, the first cell is associated with the data object, and that the data object is related to the one or more parameters. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing a collision check to confirm that the particular suggestion, in fact, specifies the first cell reference as opposed to a different type of reference having the same text as the first cell reference. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein performing the collision check comprises determining that the particular suggestion is not associated with metadata indicating that the particular suggestion specifies a different type of expression having the same text as the first cell reference. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein associating the data object with the first cell comprises storing a first object reference corresponding to the data object in the first cell. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein, once the value for the second cell is obtained, each time the parameter related to the data object is updated, the value for the second cell is also updated. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein, once the value for the second cell is obtained, each time the first cell is updated, the value for the second cell is also updated. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the data object represents a type of financial instrument associated with an entity traded in a financial market. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to provide access to a data object from within a spreadsheet included in a spreadsheet application, by performing the steps of: receiving a user input from a first cell of the spreadsheet via a service logic; using a first computer, associating a data object with the first cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the data object has one or more parameters, and the first cell is identified by a first cell reference in a computer display device coupled to the first computer; receiving a first input for a second cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the first input includes a portion of an expression and includes the first cell reference identifying the first cell; in response to receiving the first input, retrieving the one or more parameters associated with the data object of the first cell as suggestions; receiving a second input indicating that a particular suggestion was selected from the one or more parameters; querying a database at a second computer to obtain a value for the particular suggestion in relation to the data object and causing displaying the value in the second cell. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein, prior to retrieving the one or more parameters, establishing that the first cell reference specified by the portion of the expression identifies the first cell, the first cell is associated with the data object, and that the data object is related to the one or more parameters. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, further comprising performing a collision check to confirm that the particular suggestion, in fact, specifies the first cell reference as opposed to a different type of reference having the same text as the first cell reference. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein performing the collision check comprises determining that the particular suggestion is not associated with metadata indicating that the particular suggestion specifies a different type of expression having the same text as the first cell reference. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein associating the data object with the first cell comprises storing a first object reference corresponding to the data object in the first cell. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein, once the value for the second cell is obtained, each time the parameter related to the data object is updated, the value for the second cell is also updated. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein, once the value for the second cell is obtained, each time the first cell is updated, the value for the second cell is also updated. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the data object represents a type of financial instrument associated with an entity traded in a financial market. 17. A computer system providing access to a data object from within a spreadsheet included in a spreadsheet application, comprising: a first computing device that includes a memory and a processor configured to: receiving a user input from a first cell of the spreadsheet via a service logic; using a first computer, associating a data object with the first cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the data object has one or more parameters, and the first cell is identified by a first cell reference in a computer display device coupled to the first computer; receiving a first input for a second cell of the spreadsheet, wherein the first input includes a portion of an expression and includes the first cell reference identifying the first cell; in response to receiving the first input, retrieving the one or more parameters associated with the data object of the first cell as suggestions; receiving a second input indicating that a particular suggestion was selected from the one or more parameters; querying a database at a second computer to obtain a value for the particular suggestion in relation to the data object and causing displaying the value in the second cell. 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processor further performs: prior to retrieving the one or more parameters, establishing that the first cell reference specified by the portion of the expression identifies the first cell, the first cell is associated with the data object, and that the data object is related to the one or more parameters. 19. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the processor further performs: performing a collision check to confirm that the particular suggestion, in fact, specifies the first cell reference as opposed to a different type of reference having the same text as the first cell reference. 20. The computer system of claim 19, wherein the processor further performs: determining that the particular suggestion is not associated with metadata indicating that the particular suggestion specifies a different type of expression having the same text as the first cell reference.",
-    "A clock generator receives first and second clock signals, and input representing a desired frequency ratio. A comparison is made between frequencies of an output clock signal and the first clock signal, and a first error signal represents the difference between the desired frequency ratio and this comparison result. The first error signal is filtered. A comparison is made between frequencies of the output clock signal and the second clock signal, and a second error signal represents the difference between the filtered first error signal and this comparison result. The second error signal is filtered. A numerically controlled oscillator receives the filtered second error signal and generates an output clock signal. As a result, the output clock signal has the jitter characteristics of the first input clock signal over a useful range of jitter frequencies and the frequency accuracy of the second input clock signal. 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a clock generator, for generating a continuous output clock signal, the clock generator comprising: a first clock signal input, for receiving a first input clock signal; and a second clock signal input, for receiving a second input clock signal; at least one digital audio interface, for receiving digital audio data with an accompanying audio data clock; a digital-analog converter, for reconstructing analog audio data based on received digital audio data; wherein the audio data clock is provided to the clock generator as the first input clock signal, and the output clock signal of the clock generator is used as the clock for the digital-analog converter; and wherein the received digital audio data and accompanying audio data clock are received by the device in burst mode, and the digital-analog converter is continuously supplied with the output clock signal of the clock generator, and the output clock signal of the clock generator is based on the first input clock signal and the second input clock signal. 2. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, comprising first and second digital audio interfaces, for receiving respective first and second digital audio data streams with respective accompanying first and second audio data clocks, wherein the first or second audio data clock may be selectably provided to the clock generator as the first input clock signal. 3. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 2, comprising a multiplexer connected to receive the first and second audio data clocks, wherein an output of the multiplexer is connected to the clock generator to provide the first input clock signal. 4. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first and second digital audio interfaces are connected to an applications processor and a communications processor. 5. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a third digital audio interface, for receiving a third digital audio data stream. 6. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the received digital audio data and accompanying audio data clock are received from a USB source. 7. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising storage circuitry, for storing the received digital audio data and passing it to the digital-analog converter. 8. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an output terminal, for supplying the reconstructed analog audio data as an output of the integrated circuit. 9. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clock generator further comprises: a first frequency comparator, for generating a first frequency comparison signal based on a ratio of a frequency of the output clock signal to a frequency of the first input clock signal; a first subtractor, for forming a first error signal representing a difference between an input desired frequency ratio and the first frequency comparison signal; a first digital filter, for receiving the first error signal and forming a filtered first error signal; a second frequency comparator, for generating a second frequency comparison signal based on a ratio of a frequency of the output clock signal to a frequency of the second input clock signal; a second subtractor, for forming a second error signal representing a difference between the filtered first error signal and the second frequency comparison signal; a second digital filter, for receiving the second error signal and forming a filtered second error signal; and a numerically controlled oscillator, for receiving the filtered second error signal and generating the output clock signal. 10. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit comprises an audio and/or video codec. 11. A device comprising an integrated circuit, wherein the integrated circuit comprises: a clock generator, for generating a continuous output clock signal, the clock generator comprising a first clock signal input, for receiving a first input clock signal; and a second clock signal input, for receiving a second input clock signal; at least one digital audio interface, for receiving digital audio data with an accompanying audio data clock; a digital-analog converter, for reconstructing analog audio data based on received digital audio data; wherein the audio data clock is provided to the clock generator as the first input clock signal, and the output clock signal of the clock generator is used as the clock for the digital-analog converter; and wherein the received digital audio data and accompanying audio data clock are received by the device in burst mode, and the digital-analog converter is continuously supplied with the output clock signal of the clock generator, and the output clock signal of the clock generator is based on the first input clock signal and the second input clock signal. 12. A device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a crystal oscillator, connected to the second clock signal input of the clock generator. 13. A device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising a speaker connected to the output terminal of the integrated circuit. 14. A device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the integrated circuit comprises first and second digital audio interfaces, for receiving respective first and second digital audio data streams with respective accompanying first and second audio data clocks, wherein the first or second audio data clock may be selectably provided to the clock generator as the first input clock signal. 15. A device as claimed in claim 14, comprising an applications processor and a communications processor connected to the first and second digital audio interfaces. 16. A device as claimed in claim 15, further comprising RF front-end circuitry connected to the communications processor. 17. A device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the integrated circuit comprises a third digital audio interface, for receiving a third digital audio data stream. 18. A device as claimed in claim 17, further comprising a Bluetooth\u2122 transceiver, an FM radio, a Wi-Fi transceiver, a High Definition Multimedia Interface, and S/PDIF interface or a USB interface, connected to the third digital audio interface of the integrated circuit. 19. A device as claimed in claim 11, wherein the device is a smartphone, games console, tablet, laptop computer, desktop computer, or hi-fi system. 20. An integrated circuit chip comprising: a first on-chip oscillator for generating a first oscillator clock signal, the first oscillator clock signal having a relatively low level of jitter and relatively inaccurate frequency; a second on-chip oscillator for generating a second oscillator clock signal, the second oscillator clock signal having a relatively high level of jitter and relatively accurate frequency; and a clock generator, for generating an output clock signal from the first and second oscillator clock signals, such that the output clock signal has the jitter characteristics of the first oscillator clock signal over a range of frequencies and the frequency accuracy of the second oscillator clock signal. 21. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 20, wherein the first oscillator is an RC-oscillator. 22. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 21, wherein the RC-oscillator comprises a temperature stable capacitance and a zero-temperature-coefficient resistance. 23. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 20, wherein one or more component of the first oscillator may be trimmed to obtain a desired frequency of the first oscillator clock signal. 24. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 20, wherein the second oscillator is an LC-type oscillator. 25. An integrated circuit as claimed in claim 20, wherein the second oscillator is a MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) type oscillator.",
-    "The present embodiments relate to techniques (300) and apparatuses (100, 500) for implementing a flexible transducer for soft-tissue audio production. These techniques (300) and apparatuses (100, 500) enable an audio-production device (102) having a flexible transducer (116, 402) conformed to a person's pinna to create audio within the person's external ear canal. 1. A method comprising: determining, based on audio data and characteristics of a flexible electrical-to-mechanical (E-M) transducer, a voltage signal to apply to the flexible E-M transducer; and applying the voltage signal to the flexible E-M transducer to mechanically contract, expand, or vibrate the flexible E-M transducer to alter a shape of a pinna of a human ear to which the flexible E-M transducer is conformed, the alteration of the shape creating sound waves in the human ear, the sound waves reproducing, in analog form, the audio data. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein determining the voltage signal is further based on an error sensed for the sound waves or prior sound waves, the error representing a mismatch between expected sound waves and sensed sound waves. 3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein the error is sensed for, and is associated with, a particular person, the particular person's pinna being the pinna to which the flexible E-M transducer is conformed. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein applying the voltage signal to the flexible E-M transducer to mechanically contract or expand the flexible E-M transducer to alter the shape of the pinna causes the pinna to become either more concave or less concave than an original shape of the pinna. 5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein causing the pinna to become either more concave or less concave than the original shape of the pinna mechanically contracts the flexible E-M transducer to squeeze the pinna. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein determining the voltage signal is also based on characteristics of portions of the pinna. 7. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein the portions of the pinna are conformed to by respective regions of the flexible E-M transducer, and wherein determining the voltage signal determines different voltage signals for each of the respective regions. 8. The method as recited in claim 7, wherein the different voltage signals are effective to create different audio dipoles within an external auditory canal of the human ear. 9. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein the different audio dipoles are complimentary. 10. The method as recited in claim 8, wherein one of the different audio dipoles is effective to cancel part of the other of the different audio dipoles. 11. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein the characteristics of the portions of the pinna include production of different sound wavelengths at different ones of the portions. 12. An audio-production device comprising: a flexible electrical-to-mechanical (E-M) transducer; a computer processor configured to execute one or more computer-readable media having instructions stored thereon, to cause the computer processor to: determine, based on audio data and characteristics of the flexible E-M transducer, a voltage signal to apply to the flexible E-M transducer; and a power source configured to: apply the voltage signal to the flexible E-M transducer to mechanically contract, expand, or vibrate the flexible E-M transducer to alter a shape of a pinna of a human ear to which the flexible E-M transducer is conformed, the alteration of the shape creating sound waves in the human ear, the sound waves reproducing, in analog form, the audio data. 13. The audio-production device as recited in claim 12, wherein the computer processor determines the voltage signal further based on an error sensed for the sound waves or prior sound waves, the error representing a mismatch between expected sound waves and sensed sound waves. 14. The audio-production device as recited in claim 13, wherein the error is sensed for, and is associated with, a particular person, the particular person's pinna being the pinna to which the flexible E-M transducer is conformed. 15. The audio-production device as recited in claim 12, wherein the power source applies the voltage signal to the flexible E-M transducer to cause the pinna to become either more concave or less concave than an original shape of the pinna. 16. The audio-production device as recited in claim 12, wherein the computer processor determines the voltage signal further based on characteristics of portions of the pinna. 17. The audio-production device as recited in claim 16, wherein the portions of the pinna are conformed to by respective regions of the flexible E-M transducer, and wherein the computer processor determines different voltage signals for each of the respective regions. 18. The audio-production device as recited in claim 17, wherein the different voltage signals are effective to create different audio dipoles within an external auditory canal of the human ear. 19. The audio-production device as recited in claim 18, wherein the different audio dipoles are complimentary. 20. The audio-production device as recited in claim 19, wherein one of the different audio dipoles is effective to cancel part of the other of the different audio dipoles.",
-    "A coil component capable of easily securing insulation between external connection terminals and a core at the time of being manufactured at a small size. To this end, the coil component includes: a bobbin including a winding part having a coil wound therein and a terminal coupling part having at least one external connection terminal coupled thereto, the at least one external connection terminal having a lead wire of the coil connected thereto; and a core coupled to the bobbin and electromagnetically coupled to the coil, wherein the bobbin includes at least one spacing block protruding between the external connection terminal and the core and extending a creepage distance between the external connection terminal and the core. 1. A coil component, comprising: a bobbin including a winding part having a coil wound therein and a terminal coupling part having at least one external connection terminal coupled thereto, the at least one external connection terminal having a lead wire of the coil connected thereto; and a core coupled to the bobbin and electromagnetically coupled to the coil, wherein the bobbin includes at least one spacing block protruding between the external connection terminal and the core and extending a creepage distance between the external connection terminal and the core, and wherein the bobbin includes a through-hole into which the core is inserted, the through-hole having a width wider than that of the core. 2. The coil component of claim 1, wherein the bobbin includes a support protrusion disposed between the spacing block and the core and limiting a position of the core. 3. The coil component of claim 1, wherein the core is coupled to the bobbin at a position as distant from the spacing block as possible. 4. A coil component, comprising: a bobbin including a winding part having a coil wound therein and a terminal coupling part having at least one external connection terminal coupled thereto, the at least one external connection terminal having a lead wire of the coil connected thereto; and a core coupled to the bobbin and electromagnetically coupled to the coil, wherein the bobbin includes at least one spacing block protruding between the external connection terminal and the core and extending a creepage distance between the external connection terminal and the core, and wherein the bobbin includes a support protrusion limiting movement of the core. 5. The coil component of claim 4, wherein the support protrusion has a shape in which a cross-sectional area thereof becomes narrower toward an edge thereof. 6. The coil component of claim 4, wherein the support protrusion protrudes from the spacing block. 7. A coil component, comprising: a bobbin including a winding part having a coil wound therein and a terminal coupling part having at least one external connection terminal coupled thereto, the at least one external connection terminal having a lead wire of the coil connected thereto; and a core coupled to the bobbin and electromagnetically coupled to the coil, wherein the winding part includes a through-hole into which the core is inserted, the through-hole having a width wider than that of the core, and the bobbin includes a support protrusion fixing the core while closely adhering the core to any one side in the through-hole. 8. The coil component of claim 7, wherein the bobbin includes at least one spacing block protruding between the external connection terminal and the core and extending a creepage distance between the external connection terminal and the core. 9. The coil component of claim 7, wherein the support protrusion protrudes from the spacing block. 10. The coil component of claim 7, wherein the winding part includes a tubular body part having the coil wound therearound and flange parts formed at both ends of the body part, and the support protrusion is formed on an outer surface of the flange part. 11. The coil component of claim 7, wherein the support protrusion has a shape in which a cross-sectional area thereof becomes narrower toward an edge thereof.",
-    "This invention relates to polypeptides having aldolase activity, including pyruvate activity such as, without limitation, HMG and/or KHG aldolase activity, polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides, and methods of making and using these polynucleotides and polypeptides. In some embodiments, the invention is directed to polypeptides having aldolase activity, including pyruvate activity such as, without limitation, HMG and/or KHG aldolase activity, including thermostable and thermotolerant activity, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, and making and using these polynucleotides and polypeptides. The polypeptides in accordance with the invention can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial contexts. In some embodiments, the invention provides polypeptides and biosynthetic pathways that are useful in the production of R-2-hydroxy 2-(indol-3ylmethyl)-4-keto glutaric acid (R-MP) and certain stereoisomers of monatin, such as R,R and S,R monatin, and salts thereof, as well as certain stereoisomers of monatin derivatives, such as the R,R and S,R configurations, and salts thereof. 1. An isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide having aldolase activity, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid encoding at least one polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a sequence having at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:51, SEQ ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:55, SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:71, SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:75, SEQ ID NO:77, SEQ ID NO:79, SEQ ID NO:81, SEQ ID NO:83, SEQ ID NO:85, SEQ ID NO:87, SEQ ID NO:89, SEQ ID NO:91, SEQ ID NO:93, SEQ ID NO:95, SEQ ID NO:97, SEQ ID NO:99, SEQ ID NO:101, SEQ ID NO:103, SEQ ID NO:105, SEQ ID NO:107, SEQ ID NO:109, SEQ ID NO:111, SEQ ID NO:113, SEQ ID NO:115, SEQ ID NO:117, SEQ ID NO:119, SEQ ID NO:121, SEQ ID NO:123, SEQ ID NO:125, SEQ ID NO:127, SEQ ID NO:129, SEQ ID NO:131, SEQ ID NO:133, SEQ ID NO:135, SEQ ID NO:137, SEQ ID NO:139, SEQ ID NO:141, SEQ ID NO:143, SEQ ID NO:145, SEQ ID NO:147, SEQ ID NO:149, SEQ ID NO:151, SEQ ID NO:153, SEQ ID NO:155, SEQ ID NO:157, SEQ ID NO:159, SEQ ID NO:161, SEQ ID NO:163, SEQ ID NO:165, SEQ ID NO:167, SEQ ID NO:169, SEQ ID NO:171, SEQ ID NO:173, SEQ ID NO:175, SEQ ID NO:177, SEQ ID NO:179, SEQ ID NO:181, SEQ ID NO:183, SEQ ID NO:185, SEQ ID NO:187, SEQ ID NO:189, SEQ ID NO:191, SEQ ID NO:193, SEQ ID NO:195, SEQ ID NO:197, SEQ ID NO:199, SEQ ID NO:201, SEQ ID NO:203, SEQ ID NO:205, SEQ ID NO:207, SEQ ID NO:209, SEQ ID NO:211, SEQ ID NO:213, SEQ ID NO:215, SEQ ID NO:217, SEQ ID NO:219, SEQ ID NO:221, SEQ ID NO:223, SEQ ID NO:225, SEQ ID NO:227, SEQ ID NO:229, SEQ ID NO:231, SEQ ID NO:233, SEQ ID NO:235, SEQ ID NO:237, SEQ ID NO:239, SEQ ID NO:241, SEQ ID NO:243, SEQ ID NO:245, SEQ ID NO:247, SEQ ID NO:249, SEQ ID NO:251, SEQ ID NO:253, SEQ ID NO:255, SEQ ID NO:257, SEQ ID NO:259, SEQ ID NO:261, SEQ ID NO:263, SEQ ID NO:265, SEQ ID NO:267, SEQ ID NO:269, SEQ ID NO:271, SEQ ID NO:273, SEQ ID NO:275, SEQ ID NO:277, SEQ ID NO:279, SEQ ID NO:281, SEQ ID NO:283, SEQ ID NO:285, SEQ ID NO:287, SEQ ID NO:289, SEQ ID NO:291, SEQ ID NO:293, SEQ ID NO:295, SEQ ID NO:297, SEQ ID NO:299, SEQ ID NO:301, SEQ ID NO:303, SEQ ID NO:305, SEQ ID NO:307, SEQ ID NO:309, SEQ ID NO:311, SEQ ID NO:313, SEQ ID NO:315, SEQ ID NO:317, SEQ ID NO:319, SEQ ID NO:321, SEQ ID NO:323, SEQ ID NO:325, SEQ ID NO:327, SEQ ID NO:329, SEQ ID NO:331, SEQ ID NO:333, SEQ ID NO:335, SEQ ID NO:336, or SEQ ID NO:337 wherein the nucleic acid encodes the polypeptide having an aldolase activity or (b) a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide having an aldolase activity, wherein the polypeptide is the full length sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:52, SEQ ID NO:54, SEQ ID NO:56, SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:72, SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:76, SEQ ID NO:78, SEQ ID NO:80, SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO:84, SEQ ID NO:86, SEQ ID NO:88, SEQ ID NO:90, SEQ ID NO:92, SEQ ID NO:94, SEQ ID NO:96, SEQ ID NO:98, SEQ ID NO:100, SEQ ID NO:102, SEQ ID NO:104, SEQ ID NO:106, SEQ ID NO:108, SEQ ID NO:110, SEQ ID NO:112, SEQ ID NO:114, SEQ ID NO:116, SEQ ID NO:118, SEQ ID NO:120, SEQ ID NO:122, SEQ ID NO:124, SEQ ID NO:126, SEQ ID NO:128, SEQ ID NO:130, SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO:140, SEQ ID NO:142, SEQ ID NO:144, SEQ ID NO:146, SEQ ID NO:148, SEQ ID NO:150, SEQ ID NO:152, SEQ ID NO:154, SEQ ID NO:156, SEQ ID NO:158, SEQ ID NO:160, SEQ ID NO:162, SEQ ID NO:164, SEQ ID NO:166, SEQ ID NO:168, SEQ ID NO:170, SEQ ID NO:172, SEQ ID NO:174, SEQ ID NO:176, SEQ ID NO:178, SEQ ID NO:180, SEQ ID NO:182, SEQ ID NO:184, SEQ ID NO:186, SEQ ID NO:188, SEQ ID NO:190, SEQ ID NO:192, SEQ ID NO:194, SEQ ID NO:196, SEQ ID NO:198, SEQ ID NO:200, SEQ ID NO:202, SEQ ID NO:204, SEQ ID NO:206, SEQ ID NO:208, SEQ ID NO:210, SEQ ID NO:212, SEQ ID NO:214, SEQ ID NO:216, SEQ ID NO:218, SEQ ID NO:220, SEQ ID NO:222, SEQ ID NO:224, SEQ ID NO:226, SEQ ID NO:228, SEQ ID NO:230, SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:236, SEQ ID NO:238, SEQ ID NO:240, SEQ ID NO:242, SEQ ID NO:244, SEQ ID NO:246, SEQ ID NO:248, SEQ ID NO:250, SEQ ID NO:252, SEQ ID NO:254, SEQ ID NO:256, SEQ ID NO:258, SEQ ID NO:260, SEQ ID NO:262, SEQ ID NO:264, SEQ ID NO:266, SEQ ID NO:268, SEQ ID NO:270, SEQ ID NO:272, SEQ ID NO:274, SEQ ID NO:276, SEQ ID NO:278, SEQ ID NO:280, SEQ ID NO:282, SEQ ID NO:284, SEQ ID NO:286, SEQ ID NO:288, SEQ ID NO:290, SEQ ID NO:292, SEQ ID NO:294, SEQ ID NO:296, SEQ ID NO:298, SEQ ID NO:300, SEQ ID NO:302, SEQ ID NO:304, SEQ ID NO:306, SEQ ID NO:308, SEQ ID NO:310, SEQ ID NO:312, SEQ ID NO:314, SEQ ID NO:316, SEQ ID NO:318, SEQ ID NO:320, SEQ ID NO:322, SEQ ID NO:324, SEQ ID NO:326, SEQ ID NO:328, SEQ ID NO:330, SEQ ID NO:332, and/or SEQ ID NO:334, or enzymatically active fragments thereof. 2. (canceled) 3. The isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the aldolase activity comprises a pyruvate aldolase activity. 4. The isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the aldolase activity comprises a HMG aldolase activity. 5. The isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the aldolase activity comprises a KHG aldolase activity. 6-16. (canceled) 17. An expression cassette, a vector or a cloning vehicle comprising a nucleic acid comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein optionally the cloning vehicle comprises a viral vector, a plasmid, a phage, a phagemid, a cosmid, a fosmid, a bacteriophage or an artificial chromosome. 18. The cloning vehicle of claim 17, wherein the viral vector comprises an adenovirus vector, a retroviral vector or an adeno-associated viral vector, or, the artificial chromosome comprises a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), a bacteriophage P1-derived vector (PAC), a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), or a mammalian artificial chromosome (MAC). 19. A transformed cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1 wherein optionally the cell is a bacterial cell, a mammalian cell, a fungal cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, or a plant cell. 20. A transgenic non-human animal comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1 wherein optionally the transgenic non-human animal is a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a sheep, a pig, a chicken, a goat, a fish, or a cow. 21. A transgenic plant, plant part, or seed comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein optionally the plant is a corn plant, a sorghum plant, a potato plant, a tomato plant, a wheat plant, an oilseed plant, a rapeseed plant, a soybean plant, a rice plant, a barley plant, a grass, a cotton plant, a cottonseed plant, a palm, a sesame plant, a peanut plant, a sunflower plant, or a tobacco plant. 22.-42. (canceled) 43. A method of producing the recombinant polypeptide having aldolase activity comprising the steps of: (a) providing the nucleic acid of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter; and (b) expressing the nucleic acid of step (a) under conditions that allow expression of the polypeptide, thereby producing recombinant polypeptide having aldolase activity, wherein optionally the method further comprises transforming a host cell with the nucleic acid of step (a) followed by expressing the nucleic acid of step (a), thereby producing a recombinant polypeptide in a transformed cell. 44.-55. (canceled) 56. A method of generating a variant of the nucleic acid of claim 1 comprising: (a) providing a template nucleic acid comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1; and (b) modifying, deleting, or adding one or more nucleotides in the template sequence, or a combination thereof, to generate a variant of the template nucleic acid wherein optionally the method further comprises expressing the variant nucleic acid to generate a variant aldolase polypeptide, and optionally the modifications, additions or deletions are introduced by a method comprising error-prone PCR, shuffling, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, assembly PCR, sexual PCR mutagenesis, in vivo mutagenesis, cassette mutagenesis, recursive ensemble mutagenesis, exponential ensemble mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis, gene reassembly, Gene Site Saturation Mutagenesis (GSSM), synthetic ligation reassembly (SLR), recombination, recursive sequence recombination, phosphothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis, uracil-containing template mutagenesis, gapped duplex mutagenesis, point mismatch repair mutagenesis, repair-deficient host strain mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, radiogenic mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis, restriction-selection mutagenesis, restriction-purification mutagenesis, artificial gene synthesis, ensemble mutagenesis, chimeric nucleic acid multimer creation and a combination thereof and optionally the method is iteratively repeated until an aldolase having an altered or different activity or an altered or different stability from that of a polypeptide encoded by the template nucleic acid is produced. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the variant aldolase polypeptide: (a) is thermotolerant, and retains some activity after being exposed to an elevated temperature; (b) has increased glycosylation as compared to the aldolase-encoded by a template nucleic acid; or, (c) has an aldolase activity under a high temperature, wherein the aldolase-encoded by the template nucleic acid is less active under the high temperature. 58-92. (canceled) 93. The nucleic acid of claim 1 encoding the polypeptide having an aldolase activity, wherein the polypeptide is lacking a signal sequence. 94. The nucleic acid of claim 1, encoding a polypeptide having an aldolase activity and further comprising a heterologous sequence. 95. The nucleic acid of claim 94, wherein the heterologous sequence comprises a heterologous signal sequence.",
-    "The invention is directed to a tray deck orifice device for use with a tray deck in a vessel. The repair device comprises a flat member having a defined thickness and a void at a center thereof, and at least one anti-spin tab extending from an edge or edges of the flat member inwardly towards the void, wherein the repair device is designed to attach to the surface of the tray deck such that the void is aligned with a hole in the tray deck. 1. A tray deck orifice device for use in repairing a tray deck in a vessel, comprising: a flat member having a defined thickness and a void at a center thereof; and at least one anti-spin tab extending from an edge or edges of the flat member inwardly towards the void, wherein the repair device is designed to attach to the surface of the tray deck such that the void is aligned with a hole in the tray deck. 2. The repair device of claim 1, where in the flat member has a substantially circular shape. 3. The repair device of claim 1, wherein the void has a substantially circular shape. 4. The repair device of claim 1, wherein a circumferential width of the repair device forms an outer rim that extends past the hole in the tray deck where the hole has been enlarged over time. 5. The repair device of claim 1, wherein the at least one anti-spin tab has a substantially triangular shape. 6. The repair device of claim 1, wherein the repair device is attached to the surface of the tray deck via welding, friction, or any other means. 7. The repair device of claim 1, further comprising at least one prong extending from a bottom surface of the flat member, such that the at least one prong engages the at least one hole in the tray deck to attach the repair device thereto. 8. The repair device of claim 7, comprising a plurality of prongs extending from the bottom surface of the flat member. 9. The repair device of claim 1, wherein the repair device is formed of metal, metal alloy, ceramic, polymer, composite or any combinations thereof. 10. The repair device of claim 9, wherein the repair device is formed of stainless steel. 11. The repair device of claim 1, further comprising at least one valve positioned within the void of the repair device. 12. A tray deck for use in a vessel, comprising: a substantially flat tray having an upper surface and a bottom surface and a plurality of circular orifices extending through a thickness thereof, each of the plurality of circular orifices having a first diameter; and at least one substantially circular tray deck device integral to the upper surface of the tray made integral within at least one of the plurality of circular orifices, the at least one tray deck device having a circular void at a center thereof, and at least one anti-spin tab extending from an edge of the circular tray deck device wherein the diameter of the circular void is designed to receive a valve. 13. The tray deck of claim 12, further comprising at least one valve positioned within the circular void of the integral tray deck orifice device. 14. A method of repairing a damaged tray deck for use in a vessel, comprising the steps of: providing at least one tray deck orifice repair device each comprising a flat member having a defined thickness and a void at a center thereof; and coupling the at least one tray deck orifice repair device to an upper surface of the damaged tray deck such that void of each of the at least one tray deck repair devices is aligned with each of the plurality of orifices on the tray deck, wherein the at least one tray deck orifice repair device has at least one anti-spin tab extending from an edge thereof, and wherein the at least one tray deck orifice repair device is coupled with a valve. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one tray deck orifice repair device is coupled to the upper surface of the tray deck by welding, friction, or any other means. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one tray deck orifice repair device is coupled to the upper surface of the tray deck via prongs extending from a bottom surface of the tray deck orifice repair device that extend through and engage each of the plurality of orifices. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising positioning a valve within the void of the at least one tray deck orifice repair device.",
-    "A method of transmitting uplink control information at a communication apparatus configured with a plurality of cells including a first cell and a second cell in a wireless communication system is provided. A first set of one or more Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) signals is received within M downlink subframes through the first cell, where M\u22671. A second set of zero or more PDSCH signals is received within N downlink subframes through the second cell, where N\u22671. Acknowledgment information is transmitted on an uplink subframe. The acknowledgment information includes acknowledgment information for the first set and acknowledgment information for the second set. A PDSCH signal without a corresponding Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signal is present among the first set. 1. A method of transmitting uplink control information at a communication apparatus configured with a plurality of cells including a first cell and a second cell in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving a first set of one or more Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) signals within M downlink subframes through the first cell, where M\u22671; receiving a second set of zero or more PDSCH signals within N downlink subframes through the second cell, where N\u22671; and transmitting acknowledgment information on an uplink subframe, the acknowledgment information including acknowledgment information for the first set and acknowledgment information for the second set, wherein a PDSCH signal without a corresponding Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signal is present among the first set, and acknowledgment information in response to the PDSCH signal is placed at an end of a portion of the acknowledgment information for the first set and is not placed at an end of the acknowledgment information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the acknowledgment information in response to the PDSCH signal is placed at the end of the portion of the acknowledgment information for the first set regardless of location of the PDSCH signal without the corresponding PDCCH signal within the first set. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cell is different from the second cell. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set is received on a Primary Cell (PCell). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the uplink subframe is an uplink subframe of a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), and an acknowledgment information payload size is determined using a Uplink (UL) Downlink Assignment Index (DAI) value of a PDCCH for PUSCH scheduling. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the UL DAI value indicates a value related with a per-cell acknowledgment information payload size, and wherein acknowledgment information for one or more PDSCH signals having a respective corresponding PDCCH signal is placed in an order of Downlink (DL) DAI value of the respective corresponding PDCCH signal within per-cell acknowledgment information payload. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein when the UL DAI value indicates a larger number than a last DL DAI value, acknowledgment information without any detected PDSCH signal or PDCCH signal is set to NACK within per-cell acknowledgment information payload. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein if the uplink subframe is an uplink subframe of a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a payload size of a per-cell acknowledgment information is determined using a number of downlink subframes corresponding to the uplink subframe. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the acknowledgment information transmitted on the uplink subframe is concatenated in increasing order of cell index. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the M downlink subframes are subframe n\u2212k (k\u03b5K), the uplink subframe is subframe n, and the K: {k0, k1, . . . , kM-1} is defined in a table below: UL-DL Subframe n Configuration 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 6 \u2014 4 \u2014 \u2014 6 1 7, 6 4 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 7, 6 2 8, 7, 4, 6 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 8, 7, 4, 6 3 7, 6, 11 6, 5 5, 4 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 4 12, 8, 7, 11 6, 5, 4, 7 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 5 13, 12, 9, 8, \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 7, 5, 4, 11, 6 6 7 7 5 \u2014 \u2014 7 11. A communication apparatus configured to have a plurality of cells including a first cell and a second cell and transmit uplink control information in a wireless communication system, the communication apparatus comprising: a Radio Frequency (RF) unit; and a processor configured to: receive a first set of one or more Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) signals within M downlink subframes through the first cell, where M\u22671, receive a second set of zero or more PDSCH signals within N downlink subframes through the second cell, where N\u22671, and transmit acknowledgment information on an uplink subframe, the transmitted acknowledgment information including acknowledgment information for the first set and acknowledgment information for the second set, wherein a PDSCH signal without a corresponding Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signal is present among the first set, and acknowledgment information in response to the PDSCH signal is placed at an end of a portion of the acknowledgment information for the first set and is not placed at an end of the acknowledgment information. 12. The communication apparatus of claim 11, wherein the acknowledgment information in response to the PDSCH signal is placed at the end of the portion of the acknowledgment information for the first set regardless of location of the PDSCH signal without the corresponding PDCCH signal within the first set. 13. The communication apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first cell is different from the second cell. 14. The communication apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first set is received on a Primary Cell (PCell). 15. The communication apparatus of claim 11, wherein the uplink subframe is an uplink subframe of a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), and an acknowledgment information payload size is determined using a Uplink (UL) Downlink Assignment Index (DAI) value of a PDCCH for PUSCH scheduling. 16. The communication apparatus of claim 15, wherein the UL DAI value indicates a value related with a per-cell acknowledgment information payload size, and wherein acknowledgment information for one or more PDSCH signals having a respective corresponding PDCCH signal is placed in an order of Downlink (DL) DAI value of the respective corresponding PDCCH signal within per-cell acknowledgment information payload. 17. The communication apparatus of claim 16, wherein when the UL DAI value indicates a larger number than a last DL DAI value, acknowledgment information without any detected PDSCH signal or PDCCH signal is set to NACK within per-cell acknowledgment information payload. 18. The communication apparatus of claim 11, if the uplink subframe is an uplink subframe of a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a payload size of the generated acknowledgment information is determined using a number of downlink subframes corresponding to the uplink subframe. 19. The communication apparatus of claim 11, wherein the generated acknowledgment information is concatenated in increasing order of cell index. 20. The communication apparatus of claim 11, wherein the M downlink subframes are subframe n\u2212k (k\u03b5K), the uplink subframe is subframe n, and the K: {k0, k1, . . . , kM-1} is defined in a table below: UL-DL Subframe n Configuration 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 6 \u2014 4 \u2014 \u2014 6 1 7, 6 4 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 7, 6 2 8, 7, 4, 6 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 8, 7, 4, 6 3 7, 6, 11 6, 5 5, 4 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 4 12, 8, 7, 11 6, 5, 4, 7 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 5 13, 12, 9, 8, 7, \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 5, 4, 11, 6 6 7 7 5 \u2014 \u2014 7",
-    "An organic luminescence display device includes a substrate, a display unit on the substrate, a thin-film encapsulation layer sealing the display unit, and a stress-reducing layer on the thin-film encapsulation layer, wherein the stress-reducing layer includes an organic molecular film. 1. An organic luminescence display device comprising: a substrate; a display unit on the substrate; a thin-film encapsulation layer sealing the display unit; and a stress-reducing layer on the thin-film encapsulation layer, wherein the stress-reducing layer comprises an organic molecular film. 2. The organic luminescence display device of claim 1, wherein the stress-reducing layer has a thickness of about 1 nm to about 3 nm. 3. The organic luminescence display device of claim 1, wherein the organic molecular film is a self-assembled monolayer. 4. The organic luminescence display device of claim 3, wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises an alkyl chain being a body part thereof, a reactive group linked to the alkyl chain and attached on the thin-film encapsulation layer, and a functional group linked to the alkyl chain, wherein the reactive group is selected from silane, a carboxylic acid, and a phosphonic acid, and the functional group is selected from NH2, OH, COOH, and an alkyl group. 5. The organic luminescence display device of claim 1, wherein the stress-reducing layer comprises a fatty acid. 6. The organic luminescence display device of claim 5, wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid having a carbon chain. 7. A method of manufacturing an organic luminescence display device, the method comprising: preparing a carrier substrate; forming a display unit on the carrier substrate; forming a thin-film encapsulation layer sealing the display unit; forming a stress-reducing layer on the thin-film encapsulation layer; and forming a top protection film on the stress-reducing layer, wherein the stress-reducing layer comprises an organic molecular film. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the stress-reducing layer has a thickness of about 1 nm to about 3 nm. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the organic molecular film is a self-assembled monolayer. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the stress-reducing layer comprises a fatty acid. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fatty acid comprises a stearic acid having a carbon chain. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising after the preparing the carrier substrate, forming a sacrificial layer on the carrier substrate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the sacrificial layer comprises an inorganic material and has a thickness of about 500 nm to about 2000 nm. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the sacrificial layer comprises molybdenum oxide. 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising, after the forming the top protection film, removing the carrier substrate by irradiating a laser to the sacrificial layer to separate the carrier substrate from the display unit. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the stress-reducing layer comprises a self-assembled monolayer, and when the laser is irradiated, the stress-reducing layer expands, and after the carrier substrate is removed, the stress-reducing layer shrinks. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the stress-reducing layer comprises a fatty acid, and when the laser is irradiated and after the carrier substrate is removed, the stress-reducing layer changes in phase. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein when the laser is irradiated, the stress-reducing layer is liquefied, and after the carrier substrate is removed, the stress-reducing layer is solidified. 19. The method of claim 12, further comprising: after the carrier substrate is removed, attaching a substrate on the display unit; and removing the top protection film.",
-    "A substrate unit includes a first substrate and a second substrate, the second substrate including a superimposed portion superimposed on at least part of the first substrate, and bonding portions located in a plurality of positions at least defining a plane in the superimposed portion, the bonding portions bonded to the first substrate. 1. A substrate unit comprising: a first substrate; and a second substrate comprising a superimposed portion superimposed on at least part of the first substrate, and bonding portions bonded to the first substrate and located in a plurality of positions at least defining a plane in the superimposed portion. 2. The substrate unit according to claim 1, wherein the superimposed portion is provided in at least part of outer circumferential edges of the first substrate and the second substrate, and the bonding portions are arranged in a row in one end edge of the second substrate, and in positions displaced from the row direction of the bonded portions in the end edge from both ends of the end edge. 3. The substrate unit according to claim 1, wherein each of the bonding portions is provided with a bonding pad having a metal layer, and the metal layer is formed on an end surface of at least one of the substrates. 4. The substrate unit according to claim 2, wherein each of the bonding portions is provided with a bonding pad having a metal layer, and the metal layer is formed on an end surface of at least one of the substrates. 5. The substrate unit according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a multi-layer substrate comprising a plurality of base materials and a plurality of wiring patterns, and a via is formed in each of the bonding portions. 6. The substrate unit according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a multi-layer substrate comprising a plurality of base materials and a plurality of wiring patterns, and a via is formed in each of the bonding portions. 7. The substrate unit according to claim 3, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is a multi-layer substrate comprising a plurality of base materials and a plurality of wiring patterns, and a via is formed in each of the bonding portions. 8. The substrate unit according to claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are soldered in the bonding portions, and solder is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate in the superimposed portion. 9. The substrate unit according to claim 2, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are soldered in the bonding portions, and solder is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate in the superimposed portion. 10. The substrate unit according to claim 3, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are soldered in the bonding portions, and solder is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate in the superimposed portion. 11. The substrate unit according to claim 5, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are soldered in the bonding portions, and solder is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate in the superimposed portion. 12. The substrate unit according to claim 1, wherein the first substrate comprises a recessed cut-out portion in part of an outer circumference thereof, and comprises a pair of projecting pieces projecting outward on both sides of the cut-out portion, both end portions of the second substrate are superimposed on the projecting pieces, and the first substrates extends from the superimposed portion to one side, the second substrate extends to the other side of the superimposed portion, and an outer circumference is configured to have a circular shape in a plan view in a bonded state. 13. The substrate unit according to claim 2, wherein the first substrate comprises a recessed cut-out portion in part of an outer circumference thereof, and comprises a pair of projecting pieces projecting outward on both sides of the cut-out portion, both end portions of the second substrate are superimposed on the projecting pieces, and the first substrate extends from the superimposed portion to one side, the second substrate extends to the other side of the superimposed portion, and an outer circumference is configured to have a circular shape in a plan view in a bonded state. 14. The substrate unit according to claim 3, wherein the first substrate comprises a recessed cut-out portion in part of an outer circumference thereof, and comprises a pair of projecting pieces projecting outward on both sides of the cut-out portion, both end portions of the second substrate are superimposed on the projecting pieces, and the first substrate extends from the superimposed portion to one side, the second substrate extends to the other side of the superimposed portion, and an outer circumference is configured to have a circular shape in a plan view in a bonded state. 15. The substrate unit according to claim 5, wherein the first substrate comprises a recessed cut-out portion in part of an outer circumference thereof, and comprises a pair of projecting pieces projecting outward on both sides of the cut-out portion, both end portions of the second substrate are superimposed on the projecting pieces, and the first substrate extends from the superimposed portion to one side, the second substrate extends to the other side of the superimposed portion, and an outer circumference is configured to have a circular shape in a plan view in a bonded state. 16. The substrate unit according to claim 8, wherein the first substrate comprises a recessed cut-out portion in part of an outer circumference thereof, and comprises a pair of projecting pieces projecting outward on both sides of the cut-out portion, both end portions of the second substrate are superimposed on the projecting pieces, and the first substrate extends from the superimposed portion to one side, the second substrate extends to the other side of the superimposed portion, and an outer circumference is configured to have a circular shape in a plan view in a bonded state. 17. The substrate unit according to claim 1, wherein a watch module is mounted on the first substrate, and a communication integrated circuit and an antenna are mounted on the second substrate. 18. The substrate unit according to claim 2, wherein a watch module is mounted on the first substrate, and a communication integrated circuit and an antenna are mounted on the second substrate. 19. A timepiece comprising the substrate unit according to claim 1. 20. A substrate bonding method comprising: bonding a first substrate to a second substrate comprising an superimposed portion superimposed on at least part of the first substrate, wherein the bonding comprises bonding the first substrate to the second substrate via bonding portions in a plurality of positions at least defining a plane in the superimposed portion.",
-    "A method for creating a computer simulation of an actor having a first foot, a second foot and a body including the steps of planting the first foot as a support foot along a space time-varying path. There is the step of stopping time regarding placement of the first foot. There is the step of changing posture of the first foot while the first foot is planted. There is the step of moving time into the future for the second foot as a lifted foot and changing posture for the lifted foot. An apparatus for creating a computer simulation of an actor having a first foot, a second foot and a body. A software program for creating a computer simulation of an actor having a first foot, a second foot and a body that performs the steps of planting the first foot as a support foot along a space time-varying path. 1. A method for creating a computer simulation of a crowd simulation CARRIED OUT BY A COMPUTER comprising the computer generated steps of: articulating a crowd of virtual actors without collisions; having each walking virtual actor follow an output position of a corresponding agent in A.I. that directs the crowd; and displaying the computer simulation. 2. An apparatus for creating a computer simulation of an actor comprising: a computer; and a software program disposed on a computer readable medium that is run by the computer which then performs the computer generated steps of: depicting the actor based on a plurality of postural parameters of the actor which include how far apart the actor's feet are, a degree of bending of the actor's knees, how far back the actor's shoulders are, and how much the actor's hips are swaying from side to side when the actor is walking; and changing the position of the actor. 3. A method for creating a computer simulation of an actor having a first foot, a second foot and a body comprising the steps of: planting the first foot as a support foot along a space time-varying path; stopping time regarding placement of the first foot; changing posture of the first foot while the first foot is planted; and moving time into the future for the second foot as a lifted foot and changing posture for the lifted foot.",
-    "The present invention relates to a Solanum lycopersicum seed designated 72-626 RZ. The present invention also relates to a Solanum lycopersicum plant produced by growing the 72-626 RZ seed. The invention further relates to methods for producing the tomato cultivar, represented by tomato variety 72-626 RZ. 1. A tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant designated 72-626 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512. 2. The plant as claimed in claim 1, which is grown from seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512, 3. A seed of the plant of claim 1. 4. A seed that is capable of growing into a plant of claim 1. 5. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for sexual reproduction. 6. A part of the plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein said part comprises a microspore, pollen, an ovary, an ovule, an embryo sac or an egg cell. 7. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for vegetative reproduction. 8. A part as claimed in claim 7, said part comprises a cutting, a root, a stem, a cell or a protoplast. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells from the tomato plant of claim 1. 10. The cell or protoplast of claim 8 derived from a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed or a stem. 11. A method for producing a progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or with another Solanum lycopersicum plant, harvesting the resultant seed, and growing said seed. 12. A progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, wherein said progeny plant has genetic material for the morphological and physiological characteristics as found in tomato variety 72-626 RZ; wherein the genetic information is as contained in a plant, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512. 13. A progeny of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512, wherein the morphological and physiological characteristics are as found in tomato variety 72-626 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512. 14. A progeny of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant as claimed in claim 11, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512, wherein the progeny is further modified in one or more other characteristics. 15. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by mutagenesis. 16. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by transformation with a transgene. 17. A method of producing an inbred tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-626 RZ, comprising the steps: a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-626 RZ by crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; and d) repeating step b) or c) for at least 3 more generations to produce an inbred Solanum lycopersicum plant derived from the hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-626 RZ. 18. An inbred tomato plant produced by the method of claim 17. 19. A method of producing a tomato fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to develop fruit; and (b) collecting a tomato fruit from the plant. 20. A fruit produced by the method of claim 19. 21. The fruit of claim 20, wherein the fruit is part of a food product, optionally in processed form. 22. A method for producing a seed of a 72-626 RZ-derived tomato plant comprising (a) crossing a plant of tomato variety 72-626 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512, with itself or a second tomato plant, and (b) whereby seed of a 72-626 RZ-derived tomato plant forms. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising (c) crossing a plant grown from 72-626 RZ-derived tomato seed with itself or with a second tomato plant to yield additional 72-626 RZ-derived tomato seed, (d) growing the additional 72-626 RZ-derived tomato seed of step (c) to yield additional 72-626 RZ-derived tomato plants, and (e) repeating the crossing and growing of steps (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further 72-626 RZ-derived tomato plants. 24. A method of introducing a desired trait into a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-626 RZ comprising: a) crossing a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-626 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512 with a second Solanum lycopersicum plant that comprises the desired trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with said parent plant of tomato variety 72-626 RZ, to produce backcross progeny and (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-626 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising: (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprises the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-626 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the parent plant is obtained by reverse breeding. 27. A method of determining the genotype of a plant of tomato variety 72-626 RZ, representative seed of which has been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42512, or a first generation progeny thereof, comprising obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and comparing said nucleic acids to a sample of nucleic acids obtained from a reference plant, and detecting a plurality of polymorphisms between the two nucleic acid samples, wherein the plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-626 RZ and/or give rise to the expression of any one or more, or all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-626 RZ as claimed in claim 1. 28. The method of claim 27 additionally comprising the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium, or transmitting the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms.",
-    "Described herein is a flooring product comprising a base layer, the base layer comprising: a filler and a polymeric binder, the polymeric binder comprising: an amorphous thermoplastic polyester and a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester, wherein the thermoplastic amorphous polyester has a Tg less than 30\u00b0 C. 1. A flooring product comprising a base layer, the base layer comprising: a filler; and a polymeric binder comprising: an amorphous thermoplastic polyester; and a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester; wherein the thermoplastic amorphous polyester has a Tg less than 30\u00b0 C. 2. The flooring product of claim 1, wherein the semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester has a Tg less than 25\u00b0 C. 3. The flooring product of claim 2, wherein the semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester has a melt temperature less than 200\u00b0 C. 4. The flooring product of claim 1, wherein the amorphous thermoplastic polyester has a number average molecular weight of at least 5,000. 5. The flooring product of claim 4, wherein the amorphous thermoplastic polyester has a number average molecular weight of at least 10,000. 6. The flooring product of claim 1, wherein the amorphous thermoplastic amorphous polyester comprises the reaction product of an aliphatic diol and an aromatic diacid. 7. The flooring product of claim 6, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic amorphous polyester is biobased. 8. The flooring product of claim 1, wherein the polymeric binder is present in an amount ranging from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % based on the total weight of the base layer. 9. The flooring product of claim 8, wherein the filler comprising at least one of talc, limestone, and combinations thereof. 10. A flooring product comprising a base layer, the base layer comprising: a filler; and a polymeric binder comprising: an amorphous polyester; and an semi-crystalline polyester; wherein the amorphous polyester has a Tg less than 30\u00b0 C. and the semi-crystalline polyester has a Tg less than 25\u00b0 C. 11. The flooring product of claim 10, wherein the semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester has a Tg less than 25\u00b0 C. 12. The flooring product of claim 11, wherein the semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester has a melt temperature less than 200\u00b0 C. 13. The flooring product of claim 10, wherein the amorphous thermoplastic polyester has a number average molecular weight of at least 5,000. 14. The flooring product of claim 13, wherein the amorphous thermoplastic polyester has a number average molecular weight of at least 10,000. 15. The flooring product of claim 10, wherein the amorphous thermoplastic amorphous polyester comprises the reaction product of an aliphatic diol and an aromatic diacid. 16. The flooring product of claim 15, wherein the thermoplastic amorphous polyester is biobased. 17. The flooring product of claim 10, wherein the polymeric binder is present in an amount ranging from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % based on the total weight of the base layer. 18. The flooring product of claim 17, wherein the filler comprising at least one of talc, limestone, and combinations thereof. 19. A flooring product comprising a base layer, the base layer comprising: a filler; and a polymeric binder comprising: an amorphous thermoplastic polyester having a Tg less than 30\u00b0 C.; and an semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyester having a Tg less than 25\u00b0 C.; wherein the amorphous thermoplastic polyester and the semi-crystalline polyester are each biobased. 20. The flooring product of claim 19, wherein the polymeric binder is present in an amount ranging from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % based on the total weight of the base layer.",
-    "In some implementations, a language proficiency of a user of a client device is determined by one or more computers. The one or more computers then determines a text segment for output by a text-to-speech module based on the determined language proficiency of the user. After determining the text segment for output, the one or more computers generates audio data including a synthesized utterance of the text segment. The audio data including the synthesized utterance of the text segment is then provided to the client device for output. 1. A method performed by one or more computers, the method comprising: determining, by the one or more computers, a language proficiency of a user of a client device; determining, by the one or more computers, a text segment for output by a text-to-speech module based on the determined language proficiency of the user, wherein determining the text segment comprises: selecting, from among multiple text segments that each have a language complexity score that indicates a different level of language complexity, the text segment having the language complexity score that best matches a reference score that describes the determined language proficiency of the user of the client device; or modifying a particular text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user based at least on (i) the determined language proficiency of the user and (ii) a complexity score of the particular text segment; generating, by the one or more computers, audio data comprising a synthesized utterance of the text segment; and providing, by the one or more computers and to the client device, the audio data comprising the synthesized utterance of the text segment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the client device displays a mobile application that uses a text-to-speech interface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the language proficiency of the user comprises inferring a language proficiency of the user based at least on previous queries submitted by the user. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the text segment for output by the text-to-speech module comprises: identifying multiple text segments as candidates for a text-to-speech output of the user, the multiple text segments having different levels of language complexity; and selecting from among the multiple text segments based at least on the determined language proficiency of the user of the client device. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein selecting from among the multiple text segments comprises: determining a language complexity score for each of the multiple text segments; and selecting the text segment having the language complexity score that best matches a reference score that describes the language proficiency of the user of the client device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the text segment for output by the text-to-speech module comprises: identifying a text segment for a text-to-speech output to the user; computing a complexity score of the text segment for the text-to-speech output; and modifying the text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user based at least on the determined language proficiency of the user and the complexity score of the text segment for the text-to-speech output. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein modifying the text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user comprises: determining an overall complexity score for the user based at least on the determining language proficiency of the user; determining a complexity score for individual portions within the text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user; identifying one or more individual portions within the text segment with complexity scores greater than the overall complexity score for the user; and modifying the one or more individual portions within the text segment to reduce complexity scores below the overall complexity score. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein modifying the text segment for the text-to-text-to-speech output to the user comprises: receiving data indicating a context associated with the user; determining an overall complexity score for the context associated with the user; determining that the complexity score of the text segment exceeds the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user; and modifying the text segment to reduce the complexity score below the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user. 9. A system comprising: one or more computers; and a non-transitory computer-readable medium coupled to the one or more computers having instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by the one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform operations comprising: determining, by the one or more computers, a language proficiency of a user of a client device; determining, by the one or more computers, a text segment for output by a text-to-speech module based on the determined language proficiency of the user, wherein determining the text segment comprises: selecting, from among multiple text segments that each have a language complexity score that indicates a different level of language complexity, the text segment having the language complexity score that best matches a reference score that describes the determined language proficiency of the user of the client device; or modifying a particular text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user based at least on (i) the determined language proficiency of the user and (ii) a complexity score of the particular text segment; generating, by the one or more computers, audio data comprising a synthesized utterance of the text segment; and providing, by the one or more computers and to the client device, the audio data comprising the synthesized utterance of the text segment. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the client device displays a mobile application that uses a text-to-speech interface. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein determining the language proficiency of the user comprises inferring a language proficiency of the user based at least on previous queries submitted by the user. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein determining the text segment for output by the text-to-speech module comprises: identifying multiple text segments as candidates for a text-to-speech output of the user, the multiple text segments having different levels of language complexity; and selecting from among the multiple text segments based at least on the determined language proficiency of the user of the client device. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein selecting from among the multiple text segments comprises: determining a language complexity score for each of the multiple text segments; and selecting the text segment having the language complexity score that best matches a reference score that describes the language proficiency of the user of the client device. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein determining the text segment for output by the text-to-speech module comprises: identifying a text segment for a text-to-speech output to the user; computing a complexity score of the text segment for the text-to-speech output; and modifying the text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user based at least on the determined language proficiency of the user and the complexity score of the text segment for the text-to-speech output. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein modifying the text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user comprises: determining an overall complexity score for the user based at least on the determining language proficiency of the user; determining a complexity score for individual portions within the text segment for the text-to-speech output to the user; identifying one or more individual portions within the text segment with complexity scores greater than the overall complexity score for the user; and modifying the one or more individual portions within the text segment to reduce complexity scores below the overall complexity score. 16. A method performed by one or more computers, the method comprising: receiving data indicating a context associated with the user; determining an overall complexity score for the context associated with the user; identifying a text segment for a text-to-speech output to the user; determining that a complexity score of the text segment exceeds the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user; and modifying the text segment to reduce the complexity score below the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein determining the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user comprises: identifying terms included within previously submitted queries by the user when the user was determined to be in the context; and determining an overall complexity score for the context associated with the user based at least on the identified terms. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the data indicating the context associated with the user includes queries that were previously submitted by the user. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the data indicating the context associated with the user includes a GPS signal indicating a current location associated with the user. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein data indicating the context associated with the user includes a sensor data from a mobile device of the user. 21. The method of claim 16, further comprising providing, for output to the user, audio data comprising a synthesized utterance of the modified text segment. 22. A system comprising: one or more computers; and a non-transitory computer-readable medium coupled to the one or more computers having instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by the one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform operations comprising: receiving data indicating a context associated with the user; determining an overall complexity score for the context associated with the user; identifying a text segment for a text-to-speech output to the user; determining that a complexity score of the text segment exceeds the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user; and modifying the text segment to reduce the complexity score below the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein determining the overall complexity score for the context associated with the user comprises: identifying terms included within previously submitted queries by the user when the user was determined to be in the context; and determining an overall complexity score for the context associated with the user based at least on the identified terms. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein the data indicating the context associated with the user includes queries that were previously submitted by the user. 25. The system of claim 22, wherein the data indicating the context associated with the user includes a GPS signal indicating a current location associated with the user. 26. The system of claim 22, wherein data indicating the context associated with the user includes a sensor data from a mobile device of the user. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the operations further comprise providing, for output to the user, audio data comprising a synthesized utterance of the modified text segment.",
-    "A wire and electrode combination suitable for use with implanted medical devices, and a method for coupling the wire and electrode to achieve a robust electrical connection suitable for use with such medical devices are disclosed. The apparatus employs a wire that is optimized for strength, an electrode optimized for biocompatibility, and a termination sleeve with a closed distal end for coupling the wire to the electrode, while eliminating the potential for galvanic corrosion, enhancing weld quality, and facilitating manufacture of the apparatus. The method involves compressing the sleeve to engage the wire at two locations, where contact between the sleeve and wire at the first location seals the interior of the sleeve, and contact between the sleeve and wire at the second location electrically couples the wire to the sleeve. The sleeve, which is easier to manipulate than the wire, is then spot welded to the electrode. 1. A method of assembling a medical device lead, the method comprising: providing a sleeve comprising an axial sleeve length and an internal hollow portion communicating with a sleeve opening, wherein the sleeve further includes a first portion and a second portion each disposed along the axial sleeve length of the sleeve, and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion, the third portion defining a third portion sleeve outer dimension about a sleeve axis; positioning a lead wire within the sleeve, wherein the lead wire includes a lead wire end supporting a conductor and a cover and the positioning disposes the conductor and the cover within the internal hollow portion of the sleeve; deforming the sleeve at the first portion to sealingly engage the cover; and deforming the sleeve at the second portion to engage the conductor, wherein at least one of the first portion and the second portion defines a deformed sleeve outer dimension of the sleeve about the sleeve axis, the deformed sleeve outer dimension being less than the third portion sleeve outer dimension. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductor includes at least one wire, and wherein deforming the sleeve at the second portion comprises mechanically deforming the sleeve at the second portion to engage the at least one wire. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductor includes a plurality of wires, and wherein deforming the sleeve at the second portion comprises mechanically deforming the sleeve at the second portion to engage at least one wire of the plurality of wires. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hollow portion defines an inner volume, and wherein deforming the sleeve at the first portion provides a seal between the inner volume and the sleeve opening. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductor comprises a nickel cobalt alloy. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sleeve comprises a platinum iridium alloy. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductor is a drawn filled tube composite. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductor is a drawn filled tube (DFT) wire. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: deforming the sleeve at the first portion comprises crimping the first portion; and deforming the sleeve at the second portion comprises crimping the second portion. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein engagements between the lead wire and the sleeve are devoid of welds. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a conductive engagement within the sleeve at the second portion, wherein the conductive engagement is contained within a sealed portion of the internal hollow portion. 12. A method of assembling an electrode assembly, the method comprising: providing a sleeve comprising an axial sleeve length and an internal hollow portion communicating with a sleeve opening, wherein the sleeve further includes a first portion and a second portion each disposed along the axial sleeve length of the sleeve, and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion, the third portion defining a third portion sleeve outer dimension about a sleeve axis; coupling, using the sleeve, an electrode to a lead wire, wherein the lead wire includes a lead wire end supporting a conductor and a cover, wherein the conductor and the cover are disposed within the internal hollow portion of the sleeve; deforming the sleeve at the first portion to sealingly engage the cover; and deforming the sleeve at the second portion to engage the sleeve with the conductor, wherein at least one of the first portion and the second portion defines a deformed sleeve outer dimension of the sleeve about the sleeve axis, the deformed sleeve outer dimension being less than the third portion sleeve outer dimension. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the conductor is a drawn filled tube composite. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the conductor is a drawn filled tube (DFT) wire. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein: deforming the sleeve at the first portion comprises crimping the first portion; and deforming the sleeve at the second portion comprises crimping the second portion. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the electrode and the sleeve comprise a same material. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein engagements between the lead wire and the sleeve are devoid of welds. 18. The method of claim 12, further comprising: providing a conductive engagement within the sleeve at the second portion, wherein the conductive engagement is contained within a sealed portion of the internal hollow portion. 19. A method of assembling a medical device lead, the method comprising: providing a sleeve comprising an axial sleeve length and an internal hollow portion communicating with a sleeve opening, wherein the sleeve further includes a first portion and a second portion each disposed along the axial sleeve length of the sleeve; positioning a lead wire within the sleeve, wherein the lead wire includes a lead end supporting a conductor and a cover, wherein the cover defines a cover outer diameter and the conductor defines a conductor outer diameter, the cover outer diameter being greater than the conductor outer diameter, and wherein the positioning disposes the conductor and the cover within the internal hollow portion of the sleeve with the first portion aligned with the cover and the second portion aligned with the conductor; deforming the sleeve such that the internal hollow portion transitions from a pre-deformation state to a post-deformation state, wherein the pre-deformation state includes a uniform pre-deformation inner diameter extending along the axial sleeve length from the first portion to the second portion, and the internal hollow portion in the post-deformation state has a plurality of post-deformation inner diameters extending along the axial sleeve length from the first portion to the second portion, and wherein at least a portion of the sleeve in the post-deformation state is in contact with the conductor. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the conductor comprises at least one of a nickel cobalt alloy, a drawn filled tube composite, and a drawn filled tube (DFT) wire. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the sleeve comprises a platinum iridium alloy.",
-    "A multi-chip package system includes a signal transmission line commonly coupled to a plurality of semiconductor chips to transfer data to/from the semiconductor chips from/to outside; and a termination controller suitable for detecting a loading value of the signal transmission line and controlling a termination operation on the signal transmission line based on the loading value. 1-4. (canceled) 5. A multi-chip package system comprising: a controller suitable for generating an enable signal for controlling an enable operation for a plurality of semiconductor chips; a switching block suitable for coupling a signal transmission line to a number of semiconductor chips, wherein the number of semiconductor chips to be coupled is determined in response to the enable signal; and a termination controller suitable for controlling a termination operation on the signal transmission line in response to the enable signal. 6. The multi-chip package system of claim 5, wherein the termination controller performs the termination operation in response to an enable signal for a predetermined semiconductor chip among the plurality of semiconductor chips. 7. The multi-chip package system of claim 5, wherein the termination controller comprises: a detection unit suitable for detecting whether the enable signal is activated or not and to output a detection signal; and an operation unit suitable for performing the termination operation on the one transmission line in response to the detection signal. 8-16. (canceled)",
-    "A printing apparatus includes: a printing unit that performs printing on a printing medium; a drive unit that causes the printing unit to move; a power supply unit that supplies power to the drive unit; a detection unit that detects the movement of the printing unit; and a controller that controls an initialization operation related to the printing unit based on a detection result of the detection unit. When power supply from the power supply unit to the drive unit is started, the controller acquires the detection result obtained when power is not supplied, performs the initialization operation in a case where a movement of the printing unit is detected in the detection result, and does not perform the initialization operation in a case where a movement of the printing unit is not detected in the detection result. 1. A printing apparatus comprising: a printing unit that performs printing on a printing medium; a drive unit that causes the printing unit to move; a first power supply unit that supplies power to the drive unit; a detection unit that detects the movement of the printing unit; a second power supply unit that supplies power to the detection unit; and a controller that controls an initialization operation related to the printing unit based on a detection result of the detection unit. 2. The printing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the power supplied from the second power supply unit is lower than the power supplied from the first power supply unit. 3. The printing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the second power supply unit is a secondary cell.",
-    "In accordance with an embodiment, a circuit includes a first and a second switching transistors configured to be coupled in series between a first reference voltage terminal and a transformer. The circuit also includes a first diode coupled between a first drain of the first switching transistor and a first input terminal. The first diode is configured to clamp a voltage of the first drain to a voltage of the first input terminal. The circuit further includes a switching circuit coupled between the second switching transistor and the first input terminal. The switching circuit is configured to connect a second source of the second switching transistor to a second gate of the second switching transistor when a voltage of the second source exceeds the voltage of the first input terminal. 1. A circuit comprising: a first switching transistor comprising a first source coupled to a first reference voltage terminal; a second switching transistor comprising a second source coupled to a first drain of the first switching transistor, and a second drain configured to be coupled to a transformer; a first diode coupled between the first drain of the first switching transistor and a first input terminal, wherein the first diode is configured to clamp a voltage of the first drain of the first switching transistor to a voltage of the first input terminal; and a switching circuit coupled between the second switching transistor and the first input terminal, wherein the switching circuit is configured to connect the second source of the second switching transistor to a second gate of the second switching transistor when a voltage of the second source of the second switching transistor exceeds the voltage of the first input terminal. 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the switching circuit comprises: a third transistor having a first terminal coupled to the second gate of the second switching transistor, and having a second terminal coupled to the second source of the second switching transistor; and a first resistor and a second diode coupled in series between a third terminal of the third transistor and the first input terminal. 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the third transistor is a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the first terminal is an emitter of the BJT, the second terminal is a collector of the BJT, and the third terminal is a base of the BJT. 4. The circuit of claim 3, further comprising: a third diode coupled between the base and the emitter of the BJT; and a fourth diode coupled between the third diode and a first voltage terminal. 5. The circuit of claim 4, further comprising a DC voltage source coupled to the first voltage terminal. 6. The circuit of claim 4, further comprising a pulse width modulator coupled to the first voltage terminal. 7. The circuit of claim 4, further comprising a first driver circuit coupled to a first gate of the first switching transistor. 8. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the first driver circuit comprises a resistor. 9. The circuit of claim 7, further comprising a pulse width modulator coupled to the first driver circuit. 10. The circuit of claim 3, further comprising a second resistor coupled between the second gate of the second switching transistor and the emitter of the BJT. 11. The circuit of claim 10, further comprising a third resistor coupled between the emitter of the BJT and the first input terminal. 12. The circuit of claim 11, further comprising a start-up cell coupled to the second source of the second switching transistor. 13. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor are different types of transistors. 14. The circuit of claim 1, wherein a first one of the first and the second switching transistors is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and a second one of the first and the second switching transistors is a Gallium Nitride field-effect transistor (GaN FET). 15. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising the transformer. 16. A circuit comprising: a first switching transistor and a second switching transistor, wherein a drain of the first switching transistor is coupled to a source of the second switching transistor, a source of the first switching transistor is coupled to a reference voltage terminal, and a drain of the second switching transistor is configured to be coupled to a first terminal of a primary winding of a transformer; a first diode coupled between the drain of the first switching transistor and a second terminal of the primary winding, wherein the first diode is configured to limit a voltage at the drain of the first switching transistor to a pre-determined voltage; a switching circuit coupled between the second switching transistor and the second terminal of the primary winding, wherein the switching circuit is configured to discharge a gate-source capacitor of the second switching transistor when the voltage at the drain of the first switching transistor is at the pre-determined voltage. 17. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the switching circuit comprises: a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) comprising an emitter coupled to a gate of the second switching transistor, and a collector coupled to the source of the second switching transistor; and a first resistor and a second diode coupled in series between a base of the BJT and the second terminal of the primary winding. 18. The circuit of claim 17, further comprising: a third diode; and a fourth diode, wherein the fourth diode and the third diode are coupled in series between the emitter of the BJT and a first voltage terminal. 19. The circuit of claim 18, wherein the first voltage terminal is coupled to a DC voltage source. 20. The circuit of claim 18, wherein the first voltage terminal is coupled to a pulse width modulator. 21. The circuit of claim 18, further comprising a driver circuit coupled between a gate of the first switching transistor and a pulse width modulator. 22. The circuit of claim 17, further comprising a second resistor coupled between the emitter of the BJT and the gate of the second switching transistor. 23. The circuit of claim 22, further comprising a third resistor coupled between the emitter of the BJT and the second terminal of the primary winding. 24. The circuit of claim 23, further comprising a start-up cell coupled to the source of the second switching transistor. 25. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the first switching transistor and the second switching transistor have different voltage ratings. 26. The circuit of claim 16, further comprising the transformer. 27. A method of switching a power circuit comprising: turning off a first switching transistor, wherein the first switching transistor is coupled in series with a second switching transistor between a reference voltage and a primary winding of a transformer, wherein the second switching transistor is coupled between the primary winding and the first switching transistor; clamping a voltage at a drain of the first switching transistor to a bus voltage provided to the primary winding; and turning off the second switching transistor after the voltage at the drain of the first switching transistor is above a pre-determined threshold. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the clamping is performed by a diode coupled between the drain of the first switching transistor and the primary winding. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the turning off the second switching transistor comprises: turning on a third transistor; and discharging a gate-source capacitor of the second switching transistor through a conductive path comprising the third transistor, a resistor, and a second diode. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the third transistor is a bipolar junction transistor (BJT).",
-    "A water curtain simulated candle lamp, which is mainly provided to achieve the dynamic effect of simulating candle burning by using water curtain projection, including a base body, a cover body, a spraying device, a light source and a floating wick. Wherein, a water container with an upper opening is set on the base body, the cover body including a concave upper surface is used to cover the water container, and a spacing hole is set on its concave end; the spraying device set inside the water container includes a pump and a spray pipe, which is used to spray a water curtain simulating flame shape from the spacing hole; the light source is used to light up the sprayed water curtain, the floating wick set inside the spray pipe is provided to move up and down with water flow to form a wick of simulating candle lamp. 1. A water curtain simulated candle lamp, including: a base body including a water container with an upper opening thereon; a cover body disposed on the upper opening or its relative upper position for covering the upper opening, and having a concave upper surface and a spacing hole, the spacing hole is setting on a concave end of the upper surface; a spraying device, which includes a pump and a spray pipe, the pump is set inside the water container, an outlet of the pump is connected to one end of the spray pipe for pressurizing water to inject into the spray pipe, and another end of the spray pipe defining a water injector, which is located in a corresponding position of the spacing hole for making water sprayed upwards to form a water curtain above the cover body; a light source disposed on the water injector for lighting up the sprayed water curtain; and a floating wick set inside the spray pipe is provided to move up and down with water flow, and an top end of the floating wick is protruded the water injector to simulate a wick of candle flame. 2. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein a stopper portion with a smaller inner diameter set inside the spray pipe for stopping at least one blade of the floating wick and limiting the distance that the floating wick floats upwards. 3. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one pushing piece is further setting on sides of the floating wick to strengthen pushing force on the floating wick applied by water flow. 4. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one chute is setting on a top end of the floating wick, to centralize water sprayed out from the water injector to form water curtain simulated flame shape. 5. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 4, wherein the water injector is located inside the spacing hole, a corresponding interval set between the water injector and the spacing hole is provided for spraying water curtain to flow back into the water container. 6. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 4, wherein the water injector is located inside the spacing hole, the water injector is installed on the spacing hole with a spacing collar, multiple aperture gaps set on the spacing collar are provided for spraying water curtain to flow back into the water container. 7. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 6, wherein a circuit control board is further set in the base body, and electrically connected to a power supply unit, a control switch, a light source and the pump. 8. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 3, wherein at least one chute is setting on a top end of the floating wick, to centralize water sprayed out from the water injector to form water curtain simulated flame shape. 9. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 8, wherein the water injector is located inside the spacing hole, a corresponding interval set between the water injector and the spacing hole is provided for spraying water curtain to flow back into the water container. 10. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 8, wherein the water injector is located inside the spacing hole, the water injector is installed on the spacing hole with a spacing collar, multiple aperture gaps set on the spacing collar are provided for spraying water curtain to flow back into the water container. 11. The water curtain simulated candle lamp as claimed in claim 10, wherein a circuit control board is further set in the base body, and electrically connected to a power supply unit, a control switch, a light source and the pump.",
-    "A subframe structure for a vehicle attaches a lower arm to a cross member extending in the vehicle width direction, the lower arm extending in the vehicle width direction and being configured to move rotationally about a predetermined rotational axis to support a knuckle such that the knuckle can be displaced in the vehicle height direction. The subframe structure includes a cylindrical bush whose central axis is aligned with the rotational axis. The cross member has an arm attaching hole that retains the bush such that the bush is rotatable about the rotational axis. The lower arm is fixed to the bush at a position on the rotational axis. The arm attaching hole opens downward in the vehicle height direction. The cross member retains the bush such that a part of the outer surface of the bush protrudes downward in the vehicle height direction beyond a lower end portion. 1. A subframe structure for a vehicle, comprising: a cross member that extends in a width direction of the vehicle, the lower arm extending in the width direction of the vehicle and having an attaching hole; a lower arm supporting a wheel support member and supported by the attaching hole of the cross member so as to move rotationally about a rotational axis defined by the attaching hole in a manner that allows the wheel support member to be displaced in a height direction of the vehicle; and a bush that is cylindrically shaped and axially supported by the attaching hole of the cross member such that the bush has a central axis to rotate around the rotational axis, wherein the lower arm is fixed to the bush at a position on the rotational axis, the attaching hole is formed at a lower portion of the cross member and has an opening along the rotational axis that opens downward in the height direction of the vehicle, and the cross member retains the bush in such a manner that a circumferential outer surface of the bush in part protrudes downward in the height direction of the vehicle beyond a lower end of the lower portion of the cross member. 2. The subframe structure for a vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising: a toe angle changing device that changes a toe angle of a wheel supported on the wheel support member, the toe angle changing device being attached to the cross member at a device attaching portion thereof, and a reinforcing member attached to the cross member in a manner that bridges surfaces of the cross member, the surfaces comprising an area in a vicinity of the device attaching portion and an area in a vicinity of the attaching hole to reinforce the cross member. 3. The subframe structure for a vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the reinforcing member is an attaching plate that attaches the toe angle changing device to the cross member. 4. The subframe structure for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the lower portion of the cross member has an arm support portion bulging downward in the height direction of the vehicle, and the attaching hole is formed in the arm support portion. 5. The subframe structure for a vehicle according to claim 1, further comprising an attaching tube member that has a cylindrical shape and is axially retained in the attaching hole, wherein the bush is axially held in the attaching tube member in a manner that allows the bush to rotate about the rotational axis. 6. The subframe structure for a vehicle according to claim 5, wherein the cross member retains the attaching tube member in a manner that embraces the attaching tube in the attaching hole. 7. The subframe structure for a vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the lower arm at one end thereof divides into two branching parts, and the lower arm is fixed to the bush in a state in which the bush is sandwiched between the two branching parts of the lower arm.",
-    "A master evolved Node-B (MeNB) connects to a user terminal together with a secondary evolved Node-B (SeNB) in a dual connectivity scheme. The MeNB includes: transmitter configured to transmit a message to the SeNB via an X2 interface. The message is an SeNB addition request message or an SeNB modification request message. The message includes identification information of a serving gateway connected with the MeNB via an S1 interface. The identification information includes an S1 tunnel endpoint ID (S1-TEID) of the serving gateway or an internet protocol (IP) address of the serving gateway. 1. A master evolved Node-B (MeNB) that connects to a user terminal together with a secondary evolved Node-B (SeNB) in a dual connectivity scheme, the MeNB comprising: transmitter configured to transmit a message to the SeNB via an X2 interface, wherein the message is an SeNB addition request message or an SeNB modification request message, the message includes identification information of a serving gateway connected with the MeNB via an S1 interface, and the identification information includes an S1 tunnel endpoint ID (S1-TEID) of the serving gateway or an internet protocol (IP) address of the serving gateway. 2. A secondary evolved Node-B (SeNB) that connects to a user terminal together with a master evolved Node-B (MeNB) in a dual connectivity scheme, the SeNB comprising: receiver configured to receive a message from the MeNB via an X2 interface, wherein the message is an SeNB addition request message or an SeNB modification request message, the message includes identification information of a serving gateway connected with the MeNB via an S1 interface, and the identification information includes an S1 tunnel endpoint ID (S1-TEID) of the serving gateway or an internet protocol (IP) address of the serving gateway. 3. An apparatus comprising: processor configured to control a master evolved Node-B (MeNB) that connects to a user terminal together with a secondary evolved Node-B (SeNB) in a dual connectivity scheme, wherein the processor executes a process of transmitting a message to the SeNB via an X2 interface, the message is an SeNB addition request message or an SeNB modification request message, the message includes identification information of a serving gateway connected with the MeNB via an S1 interface, and the identification information includes an S1 tunnel endpoint ID (S1-TEID) of the serving gateway or an internet protocol (IP) address of the serving gateway. 4. An apparatus comprising: processor configured to control a secondary evolved Node-B (SeNB) that connects to a user terminal together with a master evolved Node-B (MeNB) in a dual connectivity scheme, wherein the processor executes a process of receiving a message from the MeNB via an X2 interface, the message is an SeNB addition request message or an SeNB modification request message, the message includes identification information of a serving gateway connected with the MeNB via an S1 interface, and the identification information includes an S1 tunnel endpoint ID (S1-TEID) of the serving gateway or an internet protocol (IP) address of the serving gateway.",
-    "Aspects comprise a ray tracing shadowing method based on the data structure of a uniform grid of cells, and on local stencils in cells. The high traversal and construction costs of accelerating structures are cut down. The object's visibility from the viewpoint and from light sources, as well as the primary workload and its distribution among cells, are gained in the preprocessing stage and cached in stencils for runtime use. In runtime, the use of stencils allows a complete locality at each cell, for load balanced parallel processing. 1. A method of ray tracing in a computer graphics system, having stencil based shadowing, implemented on cells, comprising the steps of: A. preprocessing computing phase a. generating data structure of cells, wherein a cell is a basic unit of process and data locality; b. mapping objects of 3D scene_onto cells; c. generating shadow stencils in cells, said shadow stencils cache shadows of non-local objects that occlude a light source, wherein said caching of shadows provide locality of data in cells; B. runtime computing phase d. locally at each cell, generating local ray segments of shadow rays at local primary intersection points; e. locally at cell, testing each local ray segment of a shadow ray for a hit with a shadow stencil; wherein, in the event of a hit, the primary point of intersection associated with the tested local ray segment is in shadow; and wherein, in the event of no hit, the tested ray segment is further tested for shadow by intersection tests with local objects. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said computer data structure of grid of cells comprises uniform cells. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at each data filled cell, local ray segments, are generated for all local primary intersection points in a cell. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in each data filled cell each local segment of a shadow ray is associated with a different primary intersection point. 5. The method of claim 11, wherein a hit between local segments of shadow rays and shadow stencil indicates that said primary intersection points are in shadow. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the said method is implemented using at least one or more of a general purpose processors, special purpose processors, multicore processors or GPU. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein all shadowing tests are strictly local to a cell. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the shadowing workload in a cell can be pre-calculated based on the surface area of the shadow stencil and on the number of local objects in a cell. 9. The method of claim 18, wherein a load balancing of the system is achievable, and such load balancing is assisted by pre-calculating the distribution of shadowing workloads among cells. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the said method is implemented on one or more computers selected from the group consisting of a PC-level computer, information server computer, cloud server computer, parallel computer, laptop, portable processing system, tablet, Smartphone, and any computer-based machine.",
-    "A LED lamp comprises a housing and a heat sink module provided on the housing and comprising a base plate, wherein one side of the base plate is provided with a heat-dissipating plane and the other side thereof is provided with a plurality of heat-dissipating structures, an air passage is formed among the heat-dissipating structures; the heat sink module further comprises at least a power device, an air outlet of the power device is aligned with the air passage. A LED lamp comprises a bracket and a lamp provided on the bracket; the bracket comprises a first bracket and a second bracket; the second bracket comprises a connecting portion and a connecting arm extending from both ends of the connecting portion to a same side thereof; the lamp is mounted on the connecting arm, a screw is provided on the first bracket, a fixed hole is provided on the connecting portion of the second bracket, the screw extends through the fixed hole of the second bracket and is locked by a nut. 1. An LED lamp, comprising: a housing; and a heat sink module received on the housing and comprising: a base plate having a heat-dissipating plane; a plurality of heat-dissipating structures arranged on another side of the base plate away from the heat-dissipating plane, wherein an air passage is formed among the heat-dissipating structures; and at least one power device having an air outlet aligned with the air passage. 2. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the power device is an air pump and/or an electric fan. 3. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the heat-dissipating structures are cooling fins and/or cooling pins which are arranged in parallel with each other. 4. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the heat-dissipating structures are cooling fins and/or cooling pins which are arranged in a ring. 5. The LED lamp of claim 2, wherein the heat-dissipating structures are cooling fins provided with a plurality of ripple structures thereon. 6. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein a groove is provided on the heat-dissipating structures. 7. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the base plate is provided with an extending portion configured to mount the power device. 8. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the power device is surrounded by the heat-dissipating structures. 9. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the heat sink module comprises two horizontally arranged power devices, the two power devices are located at a same side of the heat-dissipating structures in parallel, or at both sides of the heat-dissipating structures symmetrically. 10. The LED lamp of claim 1, wherein the power device is arranged in a vertical or horizontal direction. 11. The LED lamp of claim 1, further comprising a connecting component configured to fasten the housing and the heat sink module. 12. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the connecting component comprises: a mounting plate fastened to the base plate; and a plurality of first brackets provided along a periphery of the mounting plate, wherein each bracket defines a plurality of depressions which are evenly distributed and perpendicular to a length direction thereof. 13. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the connecting component comprises: a mounting plate fastened to the base plate; a plurality of second brackets provided along a periphery of the mounting plate; a plurality of third brackets being able to slide along a length of the second brackets; and a fastener; wherein each second and third brackets define a groove and the fastener extends through the groove. 14. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the connecting component comprises: a fourth bracket fastened to the base plate; a fifth bracket mounted on the fourth bracket; and a cradle and a clamp provided on the fifth bracket; wherein a relative position between the fourth bracket and the fifth bracket is adjustable; the fourth bracket defines a hole; the fifth bracket defines a plurality of holes and/or grooves along a length of the fifth bracket. 15. The LED lamp of claim 11, wherein the connecting component comprises: a mounting base having a L shape and adjustably mounted on the base plate by its vertical side wall; and a sixth bracket; wherein the sixth bracket defines a plurality of notches provided at both sides of the sixth bracket symmetrically, a plurality of depressions perpendicular to a length of the sixth bracket and connected to the lowest position of the notches at both sides, a groove provided along the length of the sixth bracket, and a long circular hole; a vertical side wall of the mounting base can be adjusted; when the sixth bracket is bolted on a horizontal side wall of the mounting base by the long circular hole, an angle and an extending portion length of the sixth bracket is adjustable. 16. An LED lamp, comprising: a bracket comprising: a first bracket provided with a screw; and a second bracket comprising a connecting portion and two connecting aims extending from both ends of the connecting portion along a same side thereof; wherein the second bracket defines a fixing hole on the connecting portion, the screw extends through the fixing hole and is locked by a nut, thereby fastening the second bracket to the first bracket; and a lamp mounted on the connecting arms. 17. The LED lamp of claim 16, wherein the first bracket is an L-shaped bracket having a base plate and a vertical plate extending from the base plate; the base plate defines an elongated hole, and the screw is located on the vertical plate. 18. The LED lamp of claim 17, wherein the L-shaped bracket is formed by bending a metal plate. 19. The LED lamp of claim 17, wherein a screw hole is provided on the vertical plate of the L-shaped bracket, the screw extends through the screw hole and is pre-mounted on the L-shaped bracket by a preload nut. 20. The LED lamp of claim 16, wherein the second bracket is a U-shaped bracket formed by bending a metal plate, and a plurality of connecting holes for mounting the lamp are provided on an end of the U-shaped bracket. 21. The LED lamp of claim 16, wherein the lamp comprises a heat sink module and a light emitting diode module, wherein a plurality of heat-dissipating structures are provided on the heat sink module, an air passage for passing an airflow through is formed among the heat-dissipating structures, connecting sheets are provided at both sides of the heat sink module, and the light emitting diode module is mounted on the connecting arm of the second bracket by the connecting sheets. 22. The LED lamp of claim 21, wherein the heat-dissipating structures comprise a plurality of cooling fins and/or cooling pins extending from a base plate of the heat sink module.",
-    "The present invention provides a variable valve mechanism of an internal combustion engine, which includes an input member, an output member, a slider and a variable device. The output member has internal space formed therein and has a first cutout and a second cutout which are formed at two positions separated from each other in the swing direction so as to extend from an outer periphery of the output member to the internal space, and the input member is mounted in the internal space so as to extend through both inner sides of the first and second cutouts, and is brought into contact with inner side surfaces of the cutouts from both sides in the thrust direction, whereby relative displacement of the input member together with the slider in the thrust direction with respect to the output member is restricted at two positions by the first and second cutouts. 1. A variable valve mechanism of an internal combustion engine, comprising: an input member that, when driven by a cam, swings about a predetermined axis in a circumferential direction of the axis as a swing direction; an output member that swings together with the input member in the swing direction about the axis to drive a valve; a slider that can be displaced in a longitudinal direction of the axis as a thrust direction relative to the input member and the output member, and that, when displaced in the thrust direction relative to the input member and the output member, turns the output member in the swing direction relative to the input member to change a valve lift amount; and a variable device that displaces the slider in the thrust direction relative to the input member and the output member, wherein the output member has internal space formed therein and has a first cutout and a second cutout which are formed at two positions separated from each other in the swing direction so as to extend from an outer periphery of the output member to the internal space, and the input member is mounted in the internal space so as to extend through both an inner side of the first cutout and an inner side of the second cutout, and is brought into contact with inner side surfaces of the cutouts from both sides in the thrust direction, whereby relative displacement of the input member together with the slider in the thrust direction with respect to the output member is restricted at two positions by the first cutout and the second cutout. 2. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the output member includes at two positions separated from each other in the thrust direction a first drive portion that drives one valve and a second drive portion that drives the other valve, and the first cutout and the second cutout are formed between the first drive portion and the second drive portion in the thrust direction. 3. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein each of the input member, the output member, and the slider is a tubular member fitted around the axis, the input member has input portion helical splines on its inner peripheral surface, the output member has, on its inner peripheral surface, output portion helical splines having a different helix angle from the input portion helical splines, and the slider has, on its outer peripheral surface, input-side helical splines that mesh with the input portion helical splines, and output-side helical splines that mesh with the output portion helical splines, and the slider has a smaller outside diameter in a portion having the input-side helical splines than in a portion having the output-side helical splines. 4. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 2, wherein each of the input member, the output member, and the slider is a tubular member fitted around the axis, the input member has input portion helical splines on its inner peripheral surface, the output member has, on its inner peripheral surface, output portion helical splines having a different helix angle from the input portion helical splines, and the slider has, on its outer peripheral surface, input-side helical splines that mesh with the input portion helical splines, and output-side helical splines that mesh with the output portion helical splines, and the slider has a smaller outside diameter in a portion having the input-side helical splines than in a portion having the output-side helical splines. 5. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein the output member includes a tubular portion having the internal space formed therein, a first nose protruding forward from a left part of the tubular portion, and a second nose protruding forward from a right part of the tubular portion, and the first cutout and the second cutout are formed between the first nose and the second nose in the thrust direction. 6. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 5, wherein a lower surface of the first nose and a part of an outer peripheral surface of the tubular portion which is located near the lower surface of the first nose form a first drive portion that drives one valve, and a lower surface of the second nose and a part of the outer peripheral surface of the tubular portion which is located near the lower surface of the second nose form a second drive portion that drives the other valve. 7. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 5, wherein the output member has two reinforcing portions in parts of the tubular portion which are located between the first cutout and the second cutout. 8. The variable valve mechanism of the internal combustion engine according to claim 7, wherein the two reinforcing portions are thicker in a radial direction than a remaining part of the tubular portion.",
-    "A method and apparatus for controlled switching of a magnetoresistive random access memory device is disclosed herein. The method includes delivering a current to a magnetoresistive random access memory device, wherein the MRAM device is in a first state, measuring a voltage drop across the magnetoresistive random access memory device in real-time with a resistance detector, wherein a voltage drop beyond a threshold voltage equates to switching from a first state to a second state, the first state different from the second state, determining whether the MRAM device has switched from the first state to the second state, and stopping the current delivered to the magnetoresistive random access memory device. 1-11. (canceled) 12. A method for controlling switching of a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) device, comprising: delivering a current to the MRAM device, wherein the MRAM device is in a first state: measuring a voltage drop across the MRAM device in real-time with a resistance detector, wherein a voltage drop beyond a threshold voltage equates to switching from a first state to a second state, the first state different from the second state; determining whether the MRAM device has switched from the first state to the second state; and stopping the current delivered to the MRAM device; wherein responsive to determining that the MRAM device has switched from the first state to the second state comprises determining that the voltage drop across the magnetoresistive random access memory device exceeds a threshold value; wherein determining that the voltage drop across the MRAM device exceeds a threshold value comprises: applying a burst mode extraction technique of the write sense signal, the burst mode extraction technique, comprising: generating a detected signal having a frequency that matches the frequency of oscillation of the free layer between the first state and the second state; and generating a phase signal that is aligned with the phase of the oscillation of a magnetization between the first state and the second state. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a write drive provides the current to the MRAM device. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: continuing to provide the current to the MRAM device and measuring the voltage drop across the MRAM device in real-time responsive to determining that the voltage drop across the MRAM device does not exceed a threshold value. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein a controller communicates between the resistance detector and the write drive to control delivery of current to the MRAM device. 16. A system for controlling switching of a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) device, comprising: a write drive configured to deliver a current to the MRAM device; a resistance detector in parallel with the MRAM device, wherein the resistance detector measures a voltage drop across the MRAM device in real-time; and a controller configured to compare the voltage drop measured by the resistance detector to a threshold value, communicate with the write drive to provide the write current until the threshold value is met, and determine whether the voltage drop across the MRAM device exceeds a threshold value, the determining that the voltage drop across the MRAM device exceeds a threshold value comprising: applying a burst mode extraction technique of the write sense signal, the burst mode extraction technique, comprising: generating a detected signal having a frequency that matches the frequency of oscillation of the free layer between the first state and the second state; and generating a phase signal that is aligned with the phase of the oscillation of a magnetization between the first state and the second state. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the controller determines whether the voltage drop across the MRAM device exceeds the threshold value. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the resistance detector uses a burst mode extraction technique to measure the voltage drop across the MRAM device in real-time. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the resistance detector uses an equalize and peak detect technique to measure the voltage drop across the MRAM device in real-time. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein meeting the threshold value corresponds to magnetization of a free layer in the MRAM device switching from a first state to a second state.",
-    "Provided is a liquid ejecting head which includes a head main body which has liquid ejection surface through which liquid is ejected, a flexible wiring substrate which is connected to the head main body, and a flow-path member having flow path through which liquid is supplied to the head main body. The flow-path member has an opening portion through which the substrate is inserted. The substrate extends to the flow-path member, with respect to the head main body. The substrate is inclined in a direction directed toward a first surface side of both surfaces of the substrate. In an area on a second surface side of both surfaces of the substrate, the flow path has a portion extending along the head main body. 1. A liquid ejecting head comprising: a head main body which has liquid ejection surface through which liquid is ejected; a flexible wiring substrate which is connected to the head main body; and a flow-path member having flow path through which liquid is supplied to the head main body, wherein the flow-path member has an inclined opening portion through which the flexible wiring substrate is inserted, wherein the flexible wiring substrate extends to the flow-path member, with respect to the head main body, wherein the flexible wiring substrate is inclined in a direction directed toward a first surface side of both surfaces of the flexible wiring substrate, and wherein, in an area on the first surface side of both surfaces of the flexible wiring substrate, the flow path has a portion extending along the liquid ejection surface. 2. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein a first flow path and a second flow path are connected to the head main body, wherein, in an area on the first surface side, the first flow path has a first bifurcation flow path extending along the liquid ejection surface, wherein, in an area on the second surface side, the second flow path has a second bifurcation flow path extending along the liquid ejection surface, and wherein, in a direction perpendicular to the liquid ejection surface, the first bifurcation flow path is closer to the head main body than the second bifurcation flow path. 3. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 2, wherein, in an area on the first surface side, the first flow path has a first vertical flow path which extends in a direction perpendicular to the liquid ejection surface and connects the first bifurcation flow path and the head main body, and wherein, in an area on the second surface side, the second flow path has a second vertical flow path which extends in a direction perpendicular to the liquid ejection surface and connects the second bifurcation flow path and the head main body. 4. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein the first flow path and the second flow path are connected to the head main body, wherein the first flow path has a first bifurcation flow path which extends in a direction parallel to the liquid ejection surface, in an area on the second surface side of the flexible wiring substrate, and a first intersection flow path which is connected to a plurality of the first bifurcation flow paths, wherein the second flow path has a second bifurcation flow path which extends in a direction parallel to the liquid ejection surface, in the area on the second surface side of the flexible wiring substrate, and a second intersection flow path which is connected to a plurality of the second bifurcation flow paths, and wherein, in a plane direction of the flexible wiring substrate, the first intersection flow path and the second intersection flow path are located on opposite sides with respect to the flexible wiring substrate. 5. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein the flexible wiring substrate is constituted of one end portion which is located, in a direction perpendicular to the liquid ejection surface, close to the head main body and the other end portion which is located far away from the head main body, wherein the plane-direction width of the other end portion is smaller than that of the one end portion, and wherein the second flow path is formed in the flow-path member, in a state where the second flow path passes through an area outside the other end portion in the plane direction. 6. The liquid ejecting head according to claim 1, wherein a driving circuit is provided on the second surface side of the flexible wiring substrate. 7. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: the liquid ejecting head according to claim 1. 8. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: the liquid ejecting head according to claim 2. 9. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: the liquid ejecting head according to claim 3. 10. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: the liquid ejecting head according to claim 4. 11. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: the liquid ejecting head according to claim 5. 12. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: the liquid ejecting head according to claim 6.",
-    "A motor controller has an assist controller that generates an assist instruction AC to generate an assist torque for lightening a steering load based on a detected value of a steering torque, and a follow controller obtaining a target value of a physical quantity regarding a steering operation and generating a follow instruction TC of a follow control. Further, an intervention detector in the motor controller detects an intervention of a driver or of a system, and a restrictor restricts an internal value that is used by the assist controller or by the follow controller, so that a ratio of the assist torque against the automatic steering torque is changed, which makes it possible to switch a control to the driver or to a system without a causing a wrong feeling to the driver. 1. A motor controller comprising: an assist controller generating an assist instruction to generate an assist torque that lightens a manual steering load based on a detected value of a steering torque; a follow controller obtaining a target value of a physical quantity of a steering operation and controlling a detected value of the physical quantity to follow the target value, wherein following the target value is achieved by sending a follow instruction to a motor which outputs an auto-steering torque from the motor; a motor driver driving the motor, according to a summation value of the assist instruction and the follow instruction, to generate the assist torque and the auto-steering torque; an intervention detector detecting a driver intervention during a follow control or detecting a system intervention in an assist control by a system that is involved in a generation of the target value of the physical quantity; and a restrictor restricting an internal value of at least one of the assist controller and the follow controller, according to a degree of the driver intervention detected by the intervention detector, wherein the restriction of the internal value causes a change of a ratio comprised of the assist torque versus the auto-steering torque such that a magnitude of the assist torque generated from the motor varies relative to a magnitude of auto-steering torque generated from the motor when a driver intervention or a system intervention is detected. 2. The motor controller of claim 1, wherein the intervention detector detects the driver intervention in the follow control, and the restrictor restricts the internal value in a manner in which, the ratio of the assist torque against the automatic steering torque is increased accordingly, when the degree of the driver intervention in the follow control detected by the intervention detector increases. 3. The motor controller of claim 1, wherein the intervention detector detects a system intervention in the assist control, and the restrictor restricts the internal value in a manner in which, a ratio of the automatic steering torque against the assist torque is increased accordingly, when a degree of the system intervention in the assist control that is detected by the intervention detector increases. 4. The motor controller of claim 1, wherein the intervention detector detects both of a driver intervention that intervenes in the follow control and a system intervention that intervenes in the assist control, the restrictor restricts the internal value in a manner in which, a ratio of the assist torque against the automatic steering torque is increased accordingly, when a degree of the driver intervention in the follow control that is detected by the intervention detector increases, and a ratio of the automatic steering torque against the assist torque is increased accordingly, when a degree of the system intervention in the assist control that is detected by the intervention detector increases. 5. The motor controller of claim 2, wherein the restrictor restricts the summation value of the assist instruction and the follow instruction to be within a motor control allowable range to control the motor. 6. The motor controller of claim 2, wherein the restrictor sets an allowable range of the internal value according to a degree of intervention detected by the intervention detector, and restricts the internal value to take a value within the allowable range. 7. The motor controller of claim 2, wherein the restrictor restricts the internal value by multiplying an intervention coefficient that represents a degree of intervention detected by the intervention detector to the internal value. 8. The motor controller of claim 6, wherein the follow controller includes: a deviation calculator calculating a deviation between the target value and the detected value of the physical quantity; a characteristic determiner determining a control characteristic based on an output value of the deviation calculator; and an integrator integrating an output value of the characteristic determiner and generating the follow instruction, and the restrictor restricts at least one of the target value of the physical quantity, the detected value of the physical quantity, the output value of the deviation calculator, the output value of the characteristic determiner, the integral value of the integrator, and a previous value of the integral value that is added to the output value of the characteristic determiner, when the integrator integrates the deviation. 9. The motor controller of claim 6, wherein the follow controller includes: a deviation calculator calculating a deviation between the target value and the detected value of the physical quantity; a proportional value generator generating a proportional value that is proportional to the deviation; an integral value generator generating an integral value of the deviation; a differential value generating a differential value of the deviation; and an adder adding the proportional value, the integral value, and the differential value, and generating the follow instruction, and the restrictor restricts the proportional value, the integral value, and an internal value of the integral value generator. 10. The motor controller of claim 2, wherein the follow controller includes: a deviation calculator calculating a deviation between the target value and the detected value of the physical quantity; a characteristic determiner determining a control characteristic based on an output value of the deviation calculator; and an integrator integrating an output value of the characteristic determiner and generating the follow instruction, and the restrictor includes: a post-process restrictor setting an allowable range of the follow instruction according to a degree of intervention of the driver that is detected by the intervention detector, and restricting an output of the integrator so that the follow instruction takes a value within the allowable range; and a pre-process restrictor restricting, when the follow instruction is equal to or greater than a guard value that represents a boundary of the allowable range, either of the target value of the physical quantity, the detected value of the physical quantity, the output value of the deviation calculator, or the output value of the characteristic determiner. 11. The motor controller of claim 2, wherein the restrictor restricts the assist instruction that is output from the assist controller. 12. The motor controller of claim 2, wherein the restrictor decreases the automatic steering torque according to the degree of the driver intervention. 13. The motor controller of claim 1, wherein the assist controller and the intervention detector increases the assist torque according to the degree of the driver intervention. 14. The motor controller of claim 1, wherein the change of the ratio of the assist torque against the auto-steering torque causes the auto-steering torque to be adjusted such that a driver intervention torque is greater than the auto-steering torque when the driver intervention during the follow control is detected.",
-    "A reaction mixture for producing ethanol and/or acetate from a carbon source in aerobic conditions, wherein the mixture comprises a first acetogenic microorganism in an exponential growth phase; free oxygen; and a second acetogenic microorganism in a stationary phase wherein the first and second acetogenic microorganism is capable of converting the carbon source to the acetate and/or ethanol. 1. A reaction mixture for producing ethanol and/or acetate from a carbon source in aerobic conditions, wherein the mixture comprises a first acetogenic microorganism in an exponential growth phase; free oxygen; and a second acetogenic microorganism in a stationary phase wherein the first and second acetogenic microorganism is capable of converting the carbon source to the acetate and/or ethanol. 2. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the first and second microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Acetoanaerobium notera (ATCC 35199), Acetonema longum (DSM 6540), Acetobacterium carbinolicum (DSM 2925), Acetobacterium malicum (DSM 4132), Acetobacterium species no. 446, Acetobacterium wieringae (DSM 1911), Acetobacterium woodii (DSM 1030), Alkalibaculum bacchi (DSM 22112), Archaeoglobus fulgidus (DSM 4304), Blautia producta (DSM 2950), Butyribacterium methylotrophicum (DSM 3468), Clostridium aceticum (DSM 1496), Clostridium autoethanogenum (DSM 10061, DSM 19630 and DSM 23693), Clostridium carboxidivorans (DSM 15243), Clostridium coskatii (ATCC no. PTA-10522), Clostridium drakei (ATCC BA-623), Clostridium formicoaceticum (DSM 92), Clostridium glycolicum (DSM 1288), Clostridium ljungdahlii (DSM 13528), Clostridium ljungdahlii C-01 (ATCC 55988), Clostridium ljungdahlii ERI-2 (ATCC 55380), Clostridium ljungdahlii O-52 (ATCC 55989), Clostridium mayombei (DSM 6539), Clostridium methoxybenzovorans (DSM 12182), Clostridium neopropionicum sp, Clostridium ragsdalei (DSM 15248), Clostridium scatologenes (DSM 757), Clostridium species ATCC 29797, Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii (DSM 6115), Desulfotomaculum thermobezoicum subsp. thermosyntrophicum (DSM 14055), Eubacterium limosum (DSM 20543), Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A (DSM 2834), Moorella sp. HUC22-1, Moorella thermoacetica (DSM 521), Moorella thermoautotrophica (DSM 1974), Oxobacter pfennigii (DSM 322), Sporomusa aerivorans (DSM 13326), Sporomusa ovata (DSM 2662), Sporomusa silvacetica (DSM 10669), Sporomusa sphaeroides (DSM 2875), Sporomusa termitida (DSM 4440) and Thermoanaerobacter kivui (DSM 2030). 3. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the first acetogenic microorganism in the exponential growth phase has a growth rate of 0.01 to 2 h\u22121. 4. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the first acetogenic microorganism in the exponential growth phase has an OD600 of 0.01 to 2. 5. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the aerobic conditions is a result of oxygen being at a concentration of 0.000005%-1% volume. 6. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a third microorganism capable of carrying out the ethanol carboxylate fermentation pathway and converting acetate and/or ethanol to form an acid and wherein the first and/or second acetogenic microorganism is capable of converting the acid to a corresponding higher alcohol. 7. The mixture according to claim 6, wherein the third microorganism expresses at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of E1 to E11, wherein E1 is an alcohol dehydrogenase (adh), E2 is an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ald), E3 is an acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (thl), E4 is a 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (hbd), E5 is a 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase (crt), E6 is a butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (bcd), E7 is an electron transfer flavoprotein subunit (etf), E8 is a coenzyme A transferase (cat), E9 is an acetate kinase (ack), E10 is phosphotransacetylase (pta) and E11 is a transhydrogenase. 8. The mixture according to claim 6, wherein the third microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium kluyveri, and C. Carboxidivorans. 9. The mixture according to claim 6, wherein the first and/or second microorganism is Clostridium ljungdahlii and the third microorganism is Clostridium kluyveri. 10. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the carbon source comprises CO. 11. The mixture according to claim 6, wherein the higher alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-pentanol, 1-heptanol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-heptanol, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, 5-methyl-1-hexanol, 6-methyl-1-heptanol and combinations thereof. 12. A method of producing ethanol and/or acetate from a carbon source in aerobic conditions, the method comprising (a) contacting a reaction mixture comprising a first acetogenic microorganism in an exponential growth phase; free oxygen; and a second acetogenic microorganism in a stationary phase wherein the first and second acetogenic microorganism is capable of converting the carbon source to the acetate and/or ethanol. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the reaction mixture is a mixture according to claim 1. 14. A method of producing at least one higher alcohol from a carbon source in aerobic conditions, the method comprising (a) contacting a reaction mixture according to claim 1 to a carbon source in aerobic conditions.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first electronic component, a heat-conducting layer, a covering portion, and a heat-transporting portion. The first substrate has a first face and the second substrate has a second face and a third face. The first electronic component has a fourth face and a fifth face. The heat-conducting layer covers the third face and the fifth face. The covering portion covers at least the heat-conducting layer. The heat-transporting portion thermally connects the heat-conducting layer and the first substrate, and is located outside the second substrate and outside the covering portion. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first substrate having a first face; a second substrate disposed on the first face, the second substrate having a second face that faces the first face and a third face that is opposite to the second face; a first electronic component disposed on the third face, the first electronic component having a fourth face that faces the third face and a fifth face that is opposite to the fourth face; a heat-conducting layer covering the third face and the fifth face; a covering portion on top of the heat-conducting layer, which is on the second substrate, the covering portion covering at least the heat-conducting layer; and a heat-transporting portion thermally connecting the heat-conducting layer and the first substrate, the heat-transporting portion being located outside the second substrate and outside the covering portion. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a second electronic component is disposed on the first face of the first substrate, and the second substrate includes a first side facing the second electronic component and a second side different from the first side and the heat-transporting portion is disposed on the second side. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the heat-conducting layer and the first substrate are thermally connected to each other by a plurality of the heat-transporting portions. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the heat-transporting portions are arranged to be denser in the central portion of the side of the second substrate than in the end parts of the side thereof. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein an opening is formed in the heat-transporting portion. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the covering portion includes a heat-dissipating portion on a surface of the covering portion, the heat-dissipating portion being thermally connected to the heat-conducting layer. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a connecting portion disposed in a state in which the connecting portion is thermally connected to the heat-conducting layer, the connecting portion being capable of being thermally connected to the plurality of heat-transporting portions, wherein the heat-conducting layer and the heat-transporting portions are thermally connected to each other via at least one connecting portion. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the second substrate includes a via penetrating the second face and the third face and the heat-conducting layer and the first substrate are thermally connected to each other through the via. 9. A semiconductor device comprising: a first substrate having a first face; a second substrate disposed on the first face, the second substrate having a second face that faces the first face and a third face that is opposite to the second face; a first electronic component disposed on the third face, the first electronic component having a fourth face that faces the third face and a fifth face that is opposite to the fourth face; a heat-conducting layer coming into contact with the third face and the fifth face; and a covering portion on the heat-conducting layer, which is on the second substrate, the covering portion coming into contact with the heat-conducting layer and exposing a part of the heat-conducting layer. 10. An electronic device on which the semiconductor device according to claim 1 is mounted.",
-    "A state of charge indicator includes a first indication unit that provides an indication of a state of charge of a battery of a hybrid vehicle. The first indication unit includes a movable index and a fixed index. The movable index is movable in accordance with an increase and a decrease in the state of charge. The fixed index is disposed along a movement range of the movable index. The movable index is movable between positions corresponding to a maximum and a minimum of a state of charge range directed to an EV traveling mode and an HV traveling mode. The fixed index includes: a first sign that indicates switching from the EV traveling mode to the HV traveling mode; and a second sign that indicates switching from the HV traveling mode to the EV traveling mode. 1. A state of charge indicator comprising a first indication unit that provides an indication of a state of charge of a battery of a hybrid vehicle, the first indication unit including a movable index and a fixed index, the movable index being movable in accordance with an increase and a decrease in the state of charge, and the fixed index being disposed along a movement range of the movable index, wherein the movable index is movable between positions corresponding to a maximum and a minimum of a state of charge range directed to an EV traveling mode and an HV traveling mode, the EV traveling mode giving priority to driving with sole use of an electric motor, and the HV traveling mode involving driving with combined use of an engine and the electric motor, and controlling charge and discharge of the battery to allow the state of charge to be within a prescribed range, and the fixed index includes: a first sign that indicates switching from the EV traveling mode to the HV traveling mode; and a second sign that indicates switching from the HV traveling mode to the EV traveling mode. 2. The state of charge indicator according to claim 1, wherein the fixed index includes graduations disposed at equal intervals, the graduations including a graduation of the first sign and a graduation of the second sign, the graduation of the first sign is in a different indication mode from an indication mode of at least one graduation, the at least one graduation being adjacent to the graduation of the first sign, and the graduation of the second sign is in a different indication mode from an indication mode of at least one graduation, the at least one graduation being adjacent to the graduation of the second sign. 3. The state of charge indicator according to claim 1, wherein the fixed index includes a first region, a second region, and a third region, the first region corresponding to a state in which the state of charge is higher than the second sign, the second region corresponding to a state in which the state of charge is between the second sign and the first sign, and the third region corresponding to a state in which the state of charge is lower than the first sign, and the fixed index is in different indication modes for the first region, the second region, and the third region. 4. The state of charge indicator according to claim 1, wherein the fixed index includes a first region, a second region, and a third region, the first region corresponding to the state of charge with which the EV traveling mode is solely executed, the second region corresponding to the state of charge with which both the EV traveling mode and the HV traveling mode are executed, and the third region corresponding to the state of charge with which the HV traveling mode is solely executed, and the fixed index is in different indication modes for the first region, the second region, and the third region. 5. The state of charge indicator according to claim 1, further comprising a second indication unit that provides an indication of whether the EV traveling mode or the HV traveling mode is selected. 6. The state of charge indicator according to claim 2, further comprising a second indication unit that provides an indication of whether the EV traveling mode or the HV traveling mode is selected. 7. The state of charge indicator according to claim 3, further comprising a second indication unit that provides an indication of whether the EV traveling mode or the HV traveling mode is selected. 8. The state of charge indicator according to claim 4, further comprising a second indication unit that provides an indication of whether the EV traveling mode or the HV traveling mode is selected.",
-    "A ring binder for use in holding loose-leaf pages. A retaining system is configured to selectively and releasably hold first and second ring members in a closed position. First and second interlocking formations are selectively movable relative to one another between a retaining position and a non-retaining position. The first interlocking formation includes a projection having a free end. The free end has a void configured and arranged to permit resilient bending of portions of the free end of the projection in a first direction as they engage the second interlocking formation when the interlocking formations are moved from the non-retaining position to the retaining position. In the retaining position, the portions of the free end of the projection are substantially inhibited from bending in a second direction in response to pivoting movement of either of the ring members. 1. A ring binder for use in holding loose-leaf pages, the ring binder comprising: an elongate base; rings for retaining loose leaf pages, each ring including first and second ring members movable relative to one another between a closed position in which the first and second ring members together form a substantially continuous closed loop and an open position in which the first and second ring members form a discontinuous open loop, at least one of the first and second ring members being hingedly connected to the elongate base for selective pivoting movement toward the open and closed positions; and a retaining system configured to selectively and releasably hold the first and second ring members in the closed position, the retaining system comprising first and second interlocking formations adjacent ends of the first and second ring members, respectively, the first and second interlocking formations being selectively movable relative to one another between a retaining position in which the retaining system holds the first and second ring members in the closed position and a non-retaining position in which the retaining system does not hold the first and second ring members in the closed position, the first interlocking formation comprising a projection having a free end, the free end having a void configured and arranged to permit resilient bending of portions of the free end of the projection in a first direction as they engage the second interlocking formation when the interlocking formations are moved from the non-retaining position to the retaining position, wherein said portions of the free end of the projection are arranged relative the void so that in the retaining position said portions are substantially inhibited from bending in a second direction in response to the pivoting movement of said at least one of the ring members. 2. A ring binder as set forth in claim 1 wherein the second direction is transverse to the first direction. 3. A ring binder as set forth in claim 1 wherein the second direction is substantially parallel to a direction in which the projection travels during the pivoting movement of the first ring member from the closed position toward the open position. 4. A ring binder as set forth in claim 1 wherein the projection comprises first and second fingers and the void comprises an elongate slot formed between the first and second fingers. 5. A ring binder as set forth in claim 4 wherein the fingers are arranged relative the slot to resiliently bend radially inward in the first direction toward the slot as the interlocking formations are moved from the non-retaining position to the retaining position. 6. A ring binder as set forth in claim 4 wherein the fingers are arranged relative the slot to substantially inhibit bending in the second direction. 7. A ring binder as set forth in claim 1 wherein the pivoting movement causes the first and second interlocking portions to move relative one another in a direction generally parallel to the second direction and transverse to the first direction. 8. A ring binder as set forth in claim 1 in combination with a notebook, the ring binder being mounted on the notebook. 9. A ring binder for use in holding loose-leaf pages, the ring binder comprising: an elongate base having a length and opposite longitudinal sides; and rings for retaining loose leaf pages, each ring including first and second ring members movable between a closed position in which the first and second ring members form a continuous closed loop and an open position in which the first and second ring members form a discontinuous open loop, each ring member including a proximal end connected to the base and an opposite distal end, the first ring member comprising a first interlocking portion adjacent the distal end thereof and the second ring member comprising a second interlocking portion adjacent the distal end thereof; the first interlocking portion comprising a first interlocking formation and the second interlocking portion comprising a second interlocking formation, the interlocking formations being configured to selectively and releasably engage one another for holding the ring members in the closed position, the interlocking formations being selectively movable relative to one another between a retaining position in which the interlocking formations engage one another to hold the first and second ring members in the closed position and a non-retaining position in which the interlocking formations do not engage one another to hold the first and second ring members in the closed position, the first interlocking formation comprising a projection extending along an axis generally lengthwise of the elongate base and having a free end, the free end of the projection comprising a single elongate slot having opposite sides and extending transverse to the axis of the projection and between the opposite longitudinal sides of the elongate base in the retaining position, the projection comprising a finger adjacent each of the opposite sides of the elongate slot, the fingers being adapted to engage the second interlocking formation and resiliently bend inward toward the slot as the interlocking formations are moved from the non-retaining position to the retaining position and configured to resist bending in a transverse direction between the opposite longitudinal sides of the elongate base in the retaining position. 10. A ring binder mechanism as set forth in claim 9 wherein each of the fingers is formed as a single, solid piece of material. 11. A ring binder mechanism as set forth in claim 9 wherein the fingers are free of internal voids. 12. A ring binder mechanism as set forth in claim 9 wherein a first one of the fingers is spaced apart from the elongate base a greater distance than the second one of the fingers in the retaining position. 13. A ring binder mechanism as set forth in claim 9 wherein the second interlocking formation comprises an opening in the second interlocking portion, the opening having in the closed position opposite sides, a top, and a bottom and being sized to releasably capture the projection in the retaining position. 14. A ring binder mechanism as set forth in claim 13 wherein the fingers are substantially inhibited from bending toward either of the opposite sides of the opening in the retaining position.",
-    "In a wireless communication base station device, a modulation unit carries out modulation processing for Dch data after coding to generate a Dch data symbol. A modulation unit carries out modulation processing for Lch data after coding to generate an Lch data symbol. An allocation unit allocates the Dch data symbol and Lch data symbol to each sub-carrier composing an OFDM symbol and outputs the allocated sub-carrier to a multiplex unit. In this case, the allocation unit allocates the Dch data symbol to a plurality of resource blocks where one Dch is arranged at an interval equal to integral multiples of the number of resource blocks composing a resource block group. 1. A terminal, comprising, a receiver, which, in operation, receives assignment information indicating resource blocks, each of which is comprised of consecutive subcarriers in a frequency domain, allocated to the terminal in one of a plurality of resource allocations including: a resource allocation allocating Distributed Virtual Resource Blocks (DVRBs), a pair of DVRBs assigned by a single resource block number being mapped to Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) with a gap in a frequency domain, the gap being an integer multiple of a Resource Block Group (RBG) size defined as a number of one or more consecutive PRBs comprising one RBG, the gap and the RBG size being associated with a system bandwidth; and a resource allocation allocating one or more RBGs; and circuitry, which, in operation, decodes data based on the assignment information. 2. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein the system bandwidth is a configured system bandwidth, and the gap and the RBG size are based on the configured system bandwidth. 3. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein the RBG size is greater than one, each allocated RBG having more than one PRB. 4. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein the pair of DVRBs assigned by the single resource block number are mapped to PRBs that are different in a time domain. 5. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein DVRBs with consecutive resource block numbers are allocated to the terminal, and the assignment information is based on a starting resource block number and a number of allocated DVRBs with consecutive resource block numbers. 6. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein the assignment information includes a bitmap indicating RBGs allocated to the terminal. 7. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein Localized Virtual Resource Blocks (LVRBs), which are mapped to PRBs, are allocated to the terminal in units of RBGs. 8. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein DVRBs with non-consecutive DVRB numbers are mapped to PRBs, which are adjacent to each other in the frequency domain. 9. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein the gap is a largest gap which is an integer multiple of the RBG size and which is equal to or less than Nrb/Nd, where Nrb is the system bandwidth expressed as a total number of the PRBs, and Nd is a total number of DVRBs mapped to PRBs in a same frequency of a subframe. 10. The terminal according to claim 1 wherein the gap is a largest gap which is an integer multiple of the RBG size and which is a largest available gap based on the system bandwidth. 11. A method, comprising, receiving, by a terminal, assignment information indicating resource blocks, into which a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain are divided, allocated to the terminal in one of a plurality of resource allocations including: a resource allocation allocating Distributed Virtual Resource Blocks (DVRBs), a pair of DVRBs assigned by a single resource block number being mapped to Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) with a gap in a frequency domain, and the gap being an integer multiple of a Resource Block Group (RBG) size defined as a number of one or more consecutive PRBs comprising one RBG, the gap and the RBG size being associated with a system bandwidth; and a resource allocation allocating one or more RBGs, and decoding, by the terminal, data based on the assignment information. 12. A terminal, comprising: a receiver, which, in operation, receives assignment information indicating Distributed Virtual Resource Blocks (DVRBs) allocated to the terminal, a pair of DVRBs assigned by a single resource block number being mapped to Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) with a gap in a frequency domain, each of PRBs being comprised of consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain, the gap being an integer multiple of a Resource Block Group (RBG) size defined as a number of one or more consecutive PRBs comprising one RBG, and the gap and the RBG size being associated with a system bandwidth; and circuitry, which, in operation, decodes data based on the assignment information. 13. The terminal according to claim 12 wherein the receiver, in operation, receives assignment information indicating one or more RBGs allocated to the terminal. 14. The terminal according to claim 13 wherein the assignment information includes a bitmap indicating RBGs allocated to the terminal. 15. The terminal according to claim 12 wherein the RBG size is greater than one, each RBG having more than one PRB. 16. The terminal according to claim 12 wherein the pair of DVRBs assigned by the single resource block number are mapped to PRBs that are different in a time domain. 17. The terminal according to claim 12 wherein DVRBs with consecutive resource block numbers are allocated to the terminal, and the assignment information is based on a starting resource block number and a number of allocated DVRBs with consecutive resource block numbers. 18. The terminal according to claim 12 wherein the gap is a largest gap which is an integer multiple of the RBG size and which is equal to or less than Nrb/Nd, where Nrb is the system bandwidth expressed as a total number of the PRBs, and Nd is a total number of DVRBs mapped to PRBs in a same frequency of a subframe. 19. The terminal according to claim 12 wherein the gap is a largest gap which is an integer multiple of the RBG size and which is a largest available gap based on the system bandwidth. 20. A method, comprising: receiving, by a terminal, assignment information indicating Distributed Virtual Resource Blocks (DVRBs) allocated to the terminal, a pair of DVRBs assigned by a single resource block number being mapped to Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) with a gap in a frequency domain, each of PRBs being comprised of consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain, the gap being an integer multiple of a Resource Block Group (RBG) size defined as a number of one or more consecutive PRBs comprising one RBG, and the gap and the RBG size being associated with a system bandwidth; and decoding, by the terminal, data based on the assignment information.",
-    "The invention is directed to determining a readiness of a computer network to operate under adverse conditions. Once an adverse condition scenario is selected and location(s) within the computing network computing resources associated with the location(s) are determined, the system determines (i) whether a continuity operation(s), which are associated with the computing resources, is available to be triggered and (ii) whether the computing resource(s) is affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 1. A system for determining readiness of a computing network to operate under adverse conditions, the system comprising: a computing network comprising a plurality of networked computing resources; and a module stored in a memory, executable by a computing device processor and configured to: receive selection of at least one adverse condition scenario that may affect the computing network, determine at least one location within the computing network, determine at least one of the computing resources associated with the at least one location, determine whether at least one continuity operation is available to be triggered, wherein the at least one continuity operation is associated with the at least one of the computing resources, and determine whether the at least one of the computing resource is affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to perform at least one of: in response to determining the at least one of the computing resources is adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse scenario, initiate presentation of a first indicator on a user interface, or in response to determining the at least one of the computing resources is not adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse scenario, initiate presentation of a second indicator on the user interface. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to: initiate presentation of a matrix on the user interface, the matrix comprising the at least one of the computing resources, the at least one location within the computing network, and at least one indicator indicating whether the at least one of the computing resources is adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to: in response to determining the at least one of the computing resources is adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario, determine whether the at least one continuity operation is triggered, wherein the at least one triggered continuity operation is directed to at least partially restoring the at least one of the computing resources adversely affected. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the module is further configured to perform at least one of: in response to determining the at least one triggered continuity operation at least partially restores or replaces the at least one of the computing resources adversely affected, initiate presentation of a third indicator on a user interface; or in response to determining the at least one triggered continuity operation does not at least partially restore or replace the at least one of the computing resources adversely affected, initiate presentation of a fourth indicator on a user interface. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the module is further configured to determine a vulnerability quantity of the computing network based at least partially on: a first attribute associated with the at least one of the computing resources, and a second attribute associated with the at least one continuity operation. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to: index the at least one continuity operation against the at least one of the computing resources and the at least one location within the computing network, wherein the at least one continuity operation at least partially restores or replaces the at least one of the computing resources adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one continuity operation comprises at least partially restoring the at least one of the computing resources adversely affected and enabling access to at least one document, the at least one document comprising at least one of a recovery checklist, an asset list, an inventory list, a facility diagram, an access code, a test plan, a test result, a user list, a recovery plan, contact information, a job description, a process flow chart, or a work instruction. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one continuity operation comprises multiple continuity operations, and wherein the module is further configured to prioritize the multiple continuity operations, wherein the prioritization is based on an order of occurrence of the multiple continuity operations. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to: index at least one computer network operation against the at least one of the computing resources and the at least one location within the computing network, wherein the at least one computer network operation is adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to: determine the readiness of the computing network to continue at least one computing network operation based at least partially on determining whether the at least one of the computing resources is affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario, wherein the at least one computing network operation is associated with the at least one of the computing resources. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to assign a probability of occurrence to the at least one selected adverse condition scenario. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to receive the selection of the at least one adverse condition scenario by one of (i) automatically and randomly by the module, or (ii) manually by a user of the module. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to receive the selection of the at least one adverse condition scenario in response to determining occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the computing resources comprises multiple ones of the computing resources, and wherein the module is further configured to prioritize the multiple ones of the computing resources adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario, wherein the prioritizing is based at least partially on at least one location within the computing network associated with each of the computing resources adversely affected by occurrence of the at least one adverse condition scenario. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one adverse condition scenario comprises at least one of a natural disaster, a man-made activity, a failure of the computing network, a loss of network connectivity, or a data loss. 17. A system for indexing within a computing network, the system comprising: a computer network comprising a plurality of networked computing resources; and a module stored in a memory, executable by a computing device processor and configured to: determine at least one location within the computing network, determine at least one of the computing resources associated with the at least one location within the computing network, and index the at least one of the computing resources against the at least one location within the computing network. 18. The system of claim 18, wherein the module is further configured to: determine at least one computer network operation or at least one continuity operation associated with the at least one of the computing resources; and index the at least one computer network operation or at least one continuity operation against the at least one of the computing resources and the at least one location within the computing network, wherein the at least one continuity operation at least partially restores or replaces the at least one of the computing resources when the at least one resource is at least partially adversely affected by occurrence of at least one adverse condition scenario. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the module is further configured to: receive selection of at least one adverse condition scenario; and display an index on a user interface, wherein the index indicates at least one of whether at least one computer network operation or continuity operation is available for the at least one of the computing resources or whether the at least one of the computing resources is adversely affected by the at least one adverse condition scenario.",
-    "A modified melanoma cell line capable of quantification of the effects of MEK inhibitors and CDK4/6 inhibitors in a quantitative, temporal and non-invasive manner both in vitro and in vivo. 1. A method for determining the efficacy of a compound of interest to inhibit E2F activity\u2014comprising: a. applying a compound of interest to a modified cell, wherein said melanoma cells harboring either BRAF/NRAS mutations or neither mutations involving a modified E2F reporter system to monitor the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapies, wherein tumor cells are transduced with tdTomato fluorescent protein and an EGFP-firefly luciferase fusion gene under the control of E2F transcriptional response elements; b. determining the amount of tdTomato activity and determining the amount of firefly luciferase activity in the modified cell, and c. comparing the amount of tdTomato to the amount of firefly luciferase expression, to quantitate E2F reporter activity to tumor size, wherein tdTomato measures tumor size and firefly luciferase measures pathway activity in the tumor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in vitro. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in vivo, further comprising the steps of: a. injecting the cell line expressing the reporter system subcutaneously or intradermally into a mouse model, wherein tumors are allowed to form; b. injecting said mouse intraperitoneally with luciferin and firefly luciferase activity, wherein said luciferin and firefly luciferase activity can be imaged and quantitated using an IVIS machine. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein tdTomato activity can be imaged and quantitated using an IVIS machine; and wherein firefly luciferase activity is normalized to tdTomato activity to quantify existing pathway activity. 5. The method of claim 1 comprising administering a second compound of interest to the modified cell. 6. The method of claim 5 comprising administering a third compound of interest to the modified cell. 7. A high-throughput in vitro screening method for determining inhibition of E2F comprising: a. loading reporter cells comprising an E2F response element-EGFP-firefly luciferase construct onto a screening plate, b. mixing at least one compound of interest in a test vehicle, c. administering to at least one cell on said screening plate the compound of interest, d. administering to at least a second cell, the test vehicle, e. incubating said cells for a predetermined amount of time, f. comparing the amount of firefly luciferase activity to the level of actin/tdTomato activity between the compound of interest and of the test vehicle in the incubated cells, and g. quantifying the level of block for the cells treated with the compound of interest, by normalizing firefly luciferase activity to tdTomato activity/actin levels. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising administering at least two compounds to at least one cell on said screening plate. 9. The method of claim 7 further comprising administering at least three compounds to at least one cell on said screening plate. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the cells are incubated for between 12 and 72 hours. 11. The method of claim 7 wherein the plate is a 96 well plate. 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the plate is a 384 well plate. 13. The method of claim 7 wherein the plate is a 1536 well plate. 14. A kit for testing and determining efficacy of a compound to inhibit E2F activity comprising: (1) E2F response elements-EGFP-Firefly luciferase plasmid/lentivirus, and (2) tdTomato fluorescent protein plasmid/lentivirus, wherein, the firefly luciferase and tdTomato fluorescent protein are transduced into a cancer cell to generate a reporter cell line of interest. 15. The kit of claim 14, wherein a compound of interest is further applied to the reporter cell. 16. The kit of claim 14, wherein at least two compounds of interest are applied to the reporter cell. 17. The kit of claim 15, wherein the reporter cell is incubated after application of the compound of interest. 18. The kit of claim 17, wherein the amount of firefly luciferase activity is compared to the level of tdTomato activity in said reporter cell.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a thin film is provided. The method includes providing a plurality of crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles, size-reducing the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles by grinding to produce crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures, and coating the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures onto a substrate to produce a thin film. An electrochromic multi-layer stack is also provided. 1. A method of manufacturing a thin film comprising: providing a plurality of crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles; size-reducing the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles by grinding to produce crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures; and coating the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures onto a substrate to produce a thin film. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide particles are produced via hydrothermal synthesis. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film does not comprise a binder material. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a material with a softening point less than 600\u00b0 C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a material with a softening point less than 300\u00b0 C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film is a layer in an electrochromic device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the thin film is an electrochromic cathode layer in an electrochromic device. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises: an electrically conductive layer, and an outer substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the electrically conductive layer is selected from a group consisting of: transparent conductive oxides, thin metallic coatings, networks of conductive nanoparticles, conductive metal nitrides, and composite conductors. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the outer substrate is selected from a group consisting of: glass, and plastic. 11. An electrochromic multi-layer stack incorporated into an electrochromic device comprising: an electrochromic cathode layer comprising crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures; an electrically conductive layer; and an outer substrate, wherein the electrochromic cathode layer does not comprise a binder. 12. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11, wherein the crystalline hexagonal tungsten trioxide nanostructures are produced via hydrothermal synthesis followed by size reduction via grinding. 13. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11, wherein the outer substrate comprises a transparent material with a softening point less than 600\u00b0 C. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11, wherein the electrically conductive layer is selected from the group consisting of: transparent conductive oxides, thin metallic coatings, networks of conductive nanoparticles, conductive metal nitrides, and composite conductors. 17. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11, wherein the outer substrate is selected from the group consisting of: glass, and plastic.",
-    "Cosmetic compositions include, based in each case on the total weight of the composition, 0 to 3% by weight, in particular 0 to 2% by weight, of free water, one or more liquid oils in a total amount of from 40 to 80% by weight, in particular from 50 to 75% by weight, in particular from 60 to 70% by weight, at least one wax, solid dispersed in particulate form. The cosmetic composition has a viscosity of from 300 000 to 800 000 mPas, in particular from 400 000 to 600 000 mPas, has a density of from 0.95 to 1.10 g/cm3 at 20\u00b0 C., has a light texture and can be spread easily on a substrate. If the substrate is skin, a pleasant skin feel is conveyed. 1. A cosmetic agent, including in each case based on the total weight of the agent: 0 to 3 wt. % free water; one or more liquid oils in a total amount of 40 to 80 wt. %; at least one wax; solid matter dispersed in particulate form; optionally further ingredients; wherein the cosmetic agent has a viscosity of 300000 to 800000 mPas, measured at 20\u00b0 C., Brookfield, 4 revolutions per minute, spindle TE, and the cosmetic agent has a density of 0.95 to 1.10 g/cm3 at 20\u00b0 C. 2. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, including at least one silicone oil as the liquid oil. 3. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, including as the liquid oil at least one ester of formula (I) where R1 and R2, independently of one another, denote a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 3 to 22 carbon atoms. 4. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, wherein the wax is included in a total amount of 0.05 to 8.0 wt. %. 5. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, wherein at least half the amount of the wax that is present is in dissolved form. 6. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, wherein the wax includes at least one wax having a melting point of 30 to 50\u00b0 C. 7. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, wherein the solid matter dispersed in particulate form is included at a total amount of 10 to 30 wt. %. 8. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, including at least one inorganic solid as the solid matter dispersed in particulate form. 9. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, including at least one starch as the solid matter dispersed in particulate form. 10. The cosmetic agent according to claim 1, further including at least one thickening agent. 11. The cosmetic agent according to claim 10, wherein the thickening agent includes fumed silica. 12. The cosmetic agent according to claim 10, further including at least one emulsifier, which promotes the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion, and which is adsorbed on the solid matter dispersed in particulate form. 13. The cosmetic agent according to claim 12, wherein the at least one emulsifier adsorbed on the solid matter dispersed in particulate form includes 2 to 6 glycerol units bonding covalently to each other and at least one alkyl group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. 14. A production method for cosmetic agents, including: dissolving wax in a liquid oil phase forming a wax solution; dispersing solid matter in particulate form in the wax solution; optionally adding further ingredients to the wax solution; optionally a) together with the solid matter in particulate form, or b) together with the further ingredients, or c) separately, at the end, adding at least one thickening agent for thickening oil, and dispersing a gaseous substance in the resulting mixture, or during the mixing process, until the cosmetic agent has a density (measured at 20\u00b0 C.) of 0.95 to 1.10 g/cm3.",
-    "An oral dexmethylphenidate extended release tablet is described, which can be scored and still retain its extended release profile. The tablet contains a combination of an uncoated dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex, a barrier coated dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix, and an uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate active component. Following administration of a single dose of the extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet, a therapeutically effective amount of dexmethylphenidate is reached in less than about 20 minutes and the composition provides a twelve-hour extended release profile. 1. An extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet, wherein said chewable tablet is a uniform solid dispersion comprising: (a) a sustained release dexmethylphenidate component comprising a water-insoluble, water-permeable, pH-independent barrier coated, dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex in a polymeric matrix, wherein said barrier coating which provides a sustained release profile to the dexmethylphenidate-is over the dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix; (b) a first immediate release component which comprises an immediate release uncoated dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex; (c) a second immediate release dexmethylphenidate component which comprises an uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate acceptable salt thereof; wherein said first immediate release component (b) has a slower onset of release than (c); wherein about 50% w/w to about 90% w/w of the dexmethylphenidate active component is provided by the sustained release component based on the total amount of dexmethylphenidate in the tablet, and wherein said chewable tablet is capable of being divided and providing tablet portions which retain a therapeutically effective extended release profile, and a pharmacokinetic profile in which the dexmethylphenidate has at least one of: a geometric mean for area under the curve (AUC)0-\u221e of about 110 ng-hr/mL to about 140 ng-hr/mL and a geometric mean Cmax of about 10 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, under fasted and fed conditions in adults following a single oral administration of a chewable tablet comprising the equivalent of 40 mg racemic methylphenidate HCl. 2. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein Cmax is about 12 ng/mL to about 13 ng/mL. 3. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein geometric mean AUC0-\u221e is about 113 ng-hr/mL to about 138 ng-hr/mL 4. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, the sustained release dexmethylphenidate component provides about 60% w/w to about 80% w/w of the dexmethylphenidate in the chewable tablet, based on the total amount of dexmethylphenidate in the tablet. 5. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release uncoated dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex (b) and immediate release uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate (c) together comprise 20% w/w to about 40% w/w of the total dexmethylphenidate in the chewable tablet. 6. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the immediate release uncoated dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex (b) to immediate release component uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate (c) is in the range of about 3:1 based on the total weight of immediate release components. 7. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex is about 5% w/w to about 35% w/w of the total dexmethylphenidate in the chewable tablet. 8. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate (c) is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. 9. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 8, wherein the immediate release uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate (c) is in the form of dexmethylphenidate HCl. 10. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate (c) is about 5% w/w to about 35% w/w of the total dexmethylphenidate in the chewable tablet, based on a calculation of total dexmethylphenidate in the tablet. 11. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the tablet comprises immediate release dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex of (b) is about 15% w/w of the dexmethylphenidate in the tablet and a faster onset immediate release uncomplexed dexmethylphenidate (c) in about 15% w/w, based on a calculation of total dexmethylphenidate in the tablet. 12. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the tablet has a hardness in the range of about 8 kp to about 23 kp. 13. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the water insoluble, water-permeable, pH-independent barrier coating has a tensile strength in a range of about 150% to about 400% and is selected from (a) a cured, water-permeable, non-ionic, pH-independent barrier coating comprising polyvinylacetate, a stabilizer, and a plasticizer, applied as an aqueous dispersion; (b) an ionic, pH-independent, acrylic based coating comprising a polymer or copolymer comprising ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate applied as an aqueous dispersion; and (c) a solvent-based ethylcellulose coating, optionally with a plasticizer. 14. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 13, wherein the barrier coating over the dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix of (a) is a cured, water-insoluble, water-permeable, non-ionic, pH-independent barrier coating comprises about 70 to about 90% w/w polyvinylacetate, a stabilizer, and about 2 to about 10% w/w of a plasticizer. 15. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 14, wherein the barrier coating layer is about 25% to about 35%, by weight, of the coated dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix. 16. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone. 17. The extended release chewable dexmethylphenidate tablet according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix further comprises a water-insoluble polymer. 18. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 16, wherein the barrier coating over the dexmethylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix of (a) has a pH-independent, acrylic based coating, which said coating comprises a blend of (i) a poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride) in a ratio of 1:2:0.1 and (ii) poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride) in a ratio of 1:2:0.2. 19. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein the tablet further comprises a non-functional outer top coating layer. 20. A method of providing a patient having a disorder treatable with dexmethylphenidate with therapeutically effective amount of dexmethylphenidate, said method comprising providing said patient with a dexmethylphenidate extended release chewable tablet according to claim 1. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder is an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or narcolepsy. 22. The extended release dexmethylphenidate chewable tablet according to claim 1, wherein said tablet is scored.",
-    "A charging member includes a conductive support and an outermost layer disposed on the conductive support. The outermost layer includes porous silica and an N-alkoxymethylated polyamide and has a gel fraction of 50% or more and a surface roughness Rz of 2 \u03bcm or more and 20 \u03bcm or less. 1. A charging member comprising: a conductive support; and an outermost layer disposed on the conductive support, the outermost layer including porous silica and an N-alkoxymethylated polyamide and having a gel fraction of 50% or more and a surface roughness Rz of 2 \u03bcm or more and 20 \u03bcm or less, wherein a content of the porous silica in the outermost layer is 1% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less; and the porous silica has an average particle diameter of 2 \u03bcm or more and 15 \u03bcm or less. 2. (canceled) 3. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the porous silica in the outermost layer is 3% by weight or more and 45% by weight or less. 4. (canceled) 5. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the porous silica has an average particle diameter of 3 \u03bcm or more and 12 \u03bcm or less. 6. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness Rz is 2 \u03bcm or more and 18 \u03bcm or less. 7. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness Rz is 2 \u03bcm or more and 15 \u03bcm or less. 8. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the N-alkoxymethylated polyamide in the outermost layer is 20% by weight or more and 99% by weight or less. 9. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the N-alkoxymethylated polyamide in the outermost layer is 50% by weight or more and 95% by weight or less. 10. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the N-alkoxymethylated polyamide is N-methoxymethylated polyamide. 11. A process cartridge detachably attachable to an image forming apparatus, the process cartridge comprising: an image holding member; and a charging unit including the charging member according to claim 1, the charging unit charging a surface of the image holding member with the charging member being brought into contact with the surface of the image holding member. 12. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image holding member; a charging unit including the charging member according to claim 1, the charging unit charging a surface of the image holding member with the charging member being brought into contact with the surface of the image holding member; a latent-image forming unit that forms a latent image on the charged surface of the image holding member; a developing unit that develops the latent image formed on the surface of the image holding member with a toner in order to form a toner image; and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the image holding member to a recording medium.",
-    "A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate and a second substrate. A plurality of thin film transistors and a plurality of pixel electrodes connected thereto are formed on the first substrate. The second substrate faces the first substrate and includes a color filter. The color filter includes a blue color filter, a green color filter, and a red color filter corresponding to each pixel electrode. A yellow color filter is formed on at least one of the green color filter and the red color filter. 1. A liquid crystal display comprising: a first substrate, wherein a plurality of thin film transistors and a plurality of pixel electrodes connected thereto are formed on the first substrate; and a second substrate facing the first substrate and including a color filter, wherein the color filter includes a blue color filter, a green color filter, and a red color filter corresponding to each pixel electrode, and a yellow color filter is formed on at least one of the green color filter and the red color filter. 2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the green color filter ranges from about 1 \u03bcm to about 2 \u03bcm. 3. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the red color filter ranges from about 1 \u03bcm to about 2 \u03bcm. 4. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein the yellow color filter is formed on the green color filter, and a ratio of a thickness of the green color filter to a thickness of the yellow color filter is between about 99:1 to about 50:50. 5. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein the yellow color filter is formed on the red color filter, and a ratio of a thickness of the red color filter to a thickness of the yellow color filter is between about 99:1 to about 70:30. 6. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the yellow color filter ranges from about 0.1 \u03bcm to about 1 \u03bcm. 7. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the color filter further includes a white color filter corresponding to each pixel electrode. 8. The liquid crystal display of claim 7, wherein the yellow color filter is formed on the white color filter. 9. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the color filter further includes a white color filter and a second yellow color filter corresponding to each pixel electrode. 10. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein a yellow pigment is omitted from the green color filter. 11. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein a yellow pigment is omitted from the red color filter. 12. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein a common electrode is formed on the second substrate. 13. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein a black matrix is formed between the blue color filter, the green color filter, and the red color filter.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a corner constituted by a first side and a second side being perpendicular to the first side; and a plurality of pads including a first pad, arranged along the second side and formed over a semiconductor substrate. The first pad is arranged nearer the corner than other pads of the plurality of pads. The first pad includes a third side, a fourth side being perpendicular to the third side, a fifth side being parallel to the third side and a sixth side being perpendicular to a fifth side. The third side and the fourth side are nearer to the corner than the fifth side and sixth side. A first dummy wiring is formed along the first side. A second dummy wiring is formed along the second side. The first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring are formed integrally with each other. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a corner constituted by a first side and a second side being perpendicular to the first side; and a plurality of pads including a first pad, arranged along the second side and formed over a semiconductor substrate, wherein the first pad is arranged nearer the corner than other pads of the plurality of pads, wherein the first pad includes a third side, a fourth side being perpendicular to the third side, a fifth side being parallel to the third side and a sixth side being perpendicular to a fifth side, wherein the third side and the fourth side are nearer to the corner than the fifth side and sixth side, wherein a first dummy wiring is formed along the first side, wherein a second dummy wiring is formed along the second side, and wherein the first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring are formed integrally with each other. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a semiconductor element is formed in the semiconductor substrate, and wherein the first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring are not electrically coupled to the semiconductor element, so that the first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring do not function as wiring. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein a potential of the first dummy wiring and a potential of the second dummy wiring are in a floating state. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring are formed in a same layer as the first pad. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein a level of a surface of the first dummy wiring is a same as that of a surface of the first pad. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a seal ring is formed over the semiconductor substrate, is arranged along the first side and the second side and is arranged between the second dummy wiring and the second side. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a semiconductor element is formed in the semiconductor substrate, and wherein wiring to be electrically coupled to the semiconductor element is not provided between the second dummy wiring and the seal ring. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a surface protective film is formed to cover the pads, the first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring, and wherein openings, for exposing part of a surface of each of the pads, are formed in the surface protective film. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a length of the first dummy wiring along a direction of the third side is larger than a length of the first dummy wiring along a direction of the fourth side, and wherein a length of the second dummy wiring along a direction of the fourth side is larger than a length of the second dummy wiring along a direction of the third side. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein a potential of the first dummy wiring and a potential of the second dummy wiring are in a floating state. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein a MISFET is formed in the semiconductor substrate, and wherein the first dummy wiring and the second dummy wiring are not electrically coupled to the MISFET. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 10, wherein a seal ring is formed over the semiconductor substrate, is arranged along the first side and the second side and is arranged between the second dummy wiring and the second side.",
-    "Techniques to create and use a data transfer guide are disclosed. In various embodiments, at least a portion of application code comprising an application is executed in a virtual machine execution environment. An interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with a data entity included in a set of production data is observed programmatically. A data that represents the data entity is included in a data transfer guide at least in part programmatically. 1. A method, comprising: executing in a virtual machine execution environment at least a portion of application code comprising an application; and observing programmatically an interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with a data entity included in a set of production data to create a data transfer guide, wherein to create the data transfer guide at least includes: determining whether the application code is attempting to change a production data value associated with the data entity; and in the event the application code attempts to change the production data value, storing data reflecting the change in a shadow data store associated with the virtual machine execution environment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the data entity comprises a first data entity and further comprising observing a relationship between the first data entity and a second data entity included in the set of production data. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising storing the relationship between the first data entity and the second data entity and the interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with the data entity. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising creating the data transfer guide at least in part on the interaction and a relationship between the data entity and the application code. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein to create the data transfer guide further includes determining a subset of production data to be copied to a secondary location. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the secondary location includes a test environment. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the secondary location includes a development environment. 8. The method of claim 5, further comprising copying the subset of production data to the secondary location. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising performing data masking with respect to at least a portion of the subset of production data as stored in the secondary location. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the data masking renders confidential application data anonymous. 11. A system, comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: execute in a virtual machine execution environment at least a portion of application code comprising an application; and observing programmatically an interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with a data entity included in a set of production data to create a data transfer guide, wherein to create the data transfer guide the processor is at least configured to: determine whether the application code is attempting to change a production data value associated with the data entity; and in the event the application code attempts to change the production data value, storing data reflecting the change in a shadow data store associated with the virtual machine execution environment. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the data entity comprises a first data entity and further comprising observing a relationship between the first data entity and a second data entity included in the set of production data. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to store the relationship between the first data entity and the second data entity and the interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with the data entity. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to create the data transfer guide at least in part on the interaction and a relationship between the data entity and the application code. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor is at least configured to determine a subset of production data to be copied to a secondary location. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to copy the subset of production data to the secondary location. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to perform data masking with respect to at least a portion of the subset of data as stored in the secondary location. 18. A computer program product, stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, comprising computer instructions for: executing in a virtual machine execution environment at least a portion of application code comprising an application; and observing programmatically an interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with a data entity included in a set of production data to create a data transfer guide, wherein to create the data transfer guide at least includes: determining whether the application code is attempting to change a production data value associated with the data entity; and in the event the application code attempts to change the production data value, storing data reflecting the change in a shadow data store associated with the virtual machine execution environment. 19. The computer program product of claim 18, wherein the data entity comprises a first data entity and further comprising observing a relationship between the first data entity and a second data entity included in the set of production data. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, further comprising instructions for storing the relationship between the first data entity and the second data entity and the interaction between the application code executing in the virtual machine execution environment with the data entity.",
-    "A fraud score for a transaction in connection with an account is computed from retrieved data to indicate a probability of the account being in a compromised condition. A travel score is computed, wherein the computed travel score indicates a likelihood that a user of the account is traveling from a user home location at the time of the received transaction. A self-similarity score may be computed if the computed fraud score is above a predetermined threshold to indicate similarity of the received transaction to other transactions of the account in the set of prior transactions. A suggested action is determined, based on a fraud decisioning operation (and optionally the self-similarity score) and a travel decisioning operation using the fraud score and travel score, respectively. 1. A computer system comprising: a network device having a processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that includes instructions that are configured to be executed by the processor such that, when executed, the instructions cause the computer system to perform operations including: retrieving data from data storage of a system in connection with a transaction received at the system relating to an account, wherein the data storage includes data relating to a plurality of accounts, each of which is associated with an account owner, and wherein the collection of accounts comprises an account population; computing a fraud score in connection with the account to which the received transaction relates, wherein the computed fraud score indicates a probability of the account being in a compromised condition; computing a travel score in connection with the account to which the received transaction relates, wherein the computed travel score indicates a likelihood that a user of the account is traveling from a user home location at the time of the received transaction and is computed using data received over a network configured to communicate with the computer system; performing one or both of a fraud decisioning operation and a travel decisioning operation in response to both the computed fraud score and computed travel score; and determining a suggested action based on the fraud decisioning operation and the travel decisioning operation. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein performing the fraud decisioning operation comprises computing a self-similarity score in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined threshold, the self-similarity score comprising a similarity measure of the received transaction relative to a set of prior transactions in the data storage relating to the account, wherein the computed self-similarity score indicates similarity of the received transaction to other transactions of the account in the set of prior transactions. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein performing the travel decisioning operation comprises updating user profile data of the account user determined to be traveling. 4. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the travel decisioning operation is performed without performing the fraud decisioning operation. 5. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the determined suggested action comprises initiating a marketing process in response to a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel threshold. 6. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the determined suggested action comprises reducing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction, in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel threshold. 7. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the determined suggested action comprises reducing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction in response to a computed fraud score that is below a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel score threshold. 8. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the determined suggested action comprises increasing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is below a predetermined travel score threshold. 9. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the determined suggested action comprises updating user profile data of the account user in response to a computed fraud score that is below a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is below a predetermined travel score threshold. 10. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the performed operations further comprise providing the suggested action to a transaction processing system. 11. A computer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium for a data processing apparatus of a computer system, the computer-program product including instructions configured to be executed to cause the data processing apparatus comprising a network device having a processor to perform a method comprising: retrieving data from data storage of the system in connection with a transaction received at the system relating to an account, wherein the data storage includes data relating to a plurality of accounts, each of which is associated with an account owner, and wherein the collection of accounts comprises an account population; computing a fraud score in connection with the account to which the received transaction relates, wherein the computed fraud score indicates a probability of the account being in a compromised condition; computing a travel score in connection with the account to which the received transaction relates, wherein the computed travel score indicates a likelihood that a user of the account is traveling from a user home location at the time of the received transaction and is computed using data received over a network configured to communicate with the computer system; performing one or both of a fraud decisioning operation and a travel decisioning operation in response to the computed fraud score and computed travel score; and determining a suggested action based on the fraud decisioning operation and the travel decisioning operation. 12. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein performing the fraud decisioning operation comprises computing a self-similarity score in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined threshold, the self-similarity score comprising a similarity measure of the received transaction relative to a set of prior transactions in the data storage relating to the account, wherein the computed self-similarity score indicates similarity of the received transaction to other transactions of the account in the set of prior transactions. 13. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein performing the travel decisioning operation comprises updating user profile data of the account user determined to be traveling. 14. The risk assessment computer system of claim 11, wherein the travel decisioning operation is performed without performing the fraud decisioning operation. 15. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein the determined suggested action comprises initiating a marketing process in response to a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel threshold. 16. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein the determined suggested action comprises reducing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction, in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel threshold. 17. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein the determined suggested action comprises reducing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction in response to a computed fraud score that is below a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel score threshold. 18. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein the determined suggested action comprises increasing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is below a predetermined travel score threshold. 19. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein the determined suggested action comprises updating user profile data of the account user in response to a computed fraud score that is below a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is below a predetermined travel score threshold. 20. The computer-program product of claim 11, wherein the performed operations further comprise providing the suggested action to a transaction processing system. 21. The computer-program product of claim 11, further comprising instructions for providing the suggested action to a transaction processing system. 22. A method of operating a computer system, the method comprising: retrieving data, at a network device of the computer system, from data storage of the system in connection with a transaction received at the system relating to an account, wherein the data storage includes data relating to a plurality of accounts, each of which is associated with an account owner, and wherein the collection of accounts comprises an account population; computing a fraud score in connection with the account to which the received transaction relates, wherein the computed fraud score indicates a probability of the account being in a compromised condition; computing a travel score in connection with the account to which the received transaction relates, wherein the computed travel score indicates a likelihood that a user of the account is traveling from a user home location at the time of the received transaction and is computed using data received over a network configured to communicate with the computer system; performing one or both of a fraud decisioning operation and a travel decisioning operation in response to the computed fraud score and computed travel score; and determining a suggested action based on the fraud decisioning operation and the travel decisioning operation. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein performing the fraud decisioning operation comprises computing a self-similarity score in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined threshold, the self-similarity score comprising a similarity measure of the received transaction relative to a set of prior transactions in the data storage relating to the account, wherein the computed self-similarity score indicates similarity of the received transaction to other transactions of the account in the set of prior transactions. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein performing the travel decisioning operation comprises updating user profile data of the account user determined to be traveling. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the travel decisioning operation is performed without performing the fraud decisioning operation. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the determined suggested action comprises initiating a marketing process in response to a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel threshold. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the determined suggested action comprises reducing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction, in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel threshold. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the determined suggested action comprises reducing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction in response to a computed fraud score that is below a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is above a predetermined travel score threshold. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein the determined suggested action comprises increasing a fraud risk ranking for the received transaction in response to a computed fraud score that is above a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is below a predetermined travel score threshold. 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the determined suggested action comprises updating user profile data of the account user in response to a computed fraud score that is below a predetermined fraud threshold and a computed travel score that is below a predetermined travel score threshold.",
-    "In an example, a method of decoding video data may include receiving a palette mode encoded block of video data of a picture. The method may include receiving encoded palette mode information for the palette mode encoded block of video data. The encoded palette mode information may include a plurality of instances of a first syntax element and a plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element. The method may include decoding, using bypass mode, the plurality of instances of the first syntax element before decoding the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element using context mode. The method may include decoding, using context mode, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element using bypass mode. 1. A method of decoding video data, the method comprising: receiving, from an encoded video bitstream, a palette mode encoded block of video data of a picture; receiving, from the encoded video bitstream, encoded palette mode information for the palette mode encoded block of video data, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a plurality of instances of a first syntax element and a plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element; decoding, using bypass mode, the plurality of instances of the first syntax element before decoding the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element using context mode: decoding, using context mode, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element using bypass mode; and decoding the palette mode encoded block of video data using the decoded plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the decoded plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of instances of the first syntax element includes all instances of the first syntax element for the palette mode encoded block of video data. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first syntax element is an indication of an index to an array of palette entries or specifies a quantized escape coded sample value for a color component corresponding to an escape sample, and wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element includes a syntax element that specifies an index of a most significant bit in a binary representation of a variable representing run length and a syntax element that specifies a run type mode. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first syntax element is palette_index_idc or palette_escape_val, and wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element includes a palette_run_msb_id_plus1 syntax element. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of instances of the first syntax element are grouped together such that switching between bypass mode and context mode while decoding the palette mode encoded block of video data is reduced. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a second syntax element indicating a number of instances of the first syntax element, wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element are different from the second syntax element, and wherein the method further comprises: decoding, using bypass mode, the second syntax element before the decoding of the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein no instance of the second syntax element is interleaved between any two instances of the first syntax element for the palette mode encoded block of video data. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining, after decoding a number of instances of the first syntax element equal to the number indicated by the second syntax element, that subsequent data in the encoded video bitstream following the number of instances of the first syntax element correspond to the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a third syntax element and a fourth syntax element, wherein the method further comprises: decoding the third syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the third syntax element indicative of whether the palette mode encoded block of video data includes an escape sample; decoding the fourth syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the fourth syntax element indicative of palette size; and decoding, based on the determined values respectively corresponding to the third and fourth syntax elements, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element using context mode after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the second syntax element using bypass mode. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a third syntax element, wherein the method further comprises: decoding the third syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the third syntax element that specifies a number of distinct values that a palette index has for the palette mode encoded block of video data; and decoding, based on the determined value corresponding to the third syntax element, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element using context mode after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the second syntax element using bypass mode. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a third syntax element, wherein the method further comprises: decoding the third syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the third syntax element indicative of a last instance of a syntax element of palette_run_type_flag[xC][yC] for the palette mode encoded block of video data. 12. The method of claim 6, further comprising: decoding the second syntax element using a concatenation of truncated Rice code and exponential Golomb code. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the encoded block of video data has one or more escape samples; decoding a last escape sample in the encoded block of video data among the one or more escape samples; inferring an index value that applies to samples of the encoded block of video data following the last escape sample; and decoding the samples of the encoded block of video data following the last escape sample using the inferred index value for each sample of the samples following the last escape sample. 14. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining a number of palette indices received; determining a number of palette indices left based on the number of palette indices received and the number of instances of the first syntax element; and determining a maximum possible run value for the encoded block of video data based on the number of palette indices received and the number of instances of the first syntax element. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: determining the maximum possible run value for the encoded block of video data according to: nCbS*nCbS\u2212scanPos\u22121\u2212paletteIndicesLeft, wherein nCbS specifies a size of the encoded block of video data, scanPos specifies scan position, and paletteIndicesLeft specifies the number of palette indices left. 16. A device for decoding video data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store the video data; and a video decoder in communication with the memory, the video decoder configured to: receive a palette mode encoded block of video data of a picture from the memory; receive encoded palette mode information for the palette mode encoded block of video data, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a plurality of instances of a first syntax element and a plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element; decode, using bypass mode, the plurality of instances of the first syntax element before decoding the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element using context mode: decode, using context mode, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element using bypass mode; and decode the palette mode encoded block of video data using the decoded plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the decoded plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the plurality of instances of the first syntax element includes all instances of the first syntax element for the palette mode encoded block of video data. 18. The device of claim 16, wherein the first syntax element is an indication of an index to an array of palette entries or specifies a quantized escape coded sample value for a color component corresponding to an escape sample, and wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element includes a syntax element that specifies an index of a most significant bit in a binary representation of a variable representing run length and a syntax element that specifies a run type mode. 19. The device of claim 16, wherein the first syntax element is palette_index_idc or palette_escape_val, and wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element includes a palette_run_msb_id_plus1 syntax element. 20. The device of claim 16, wherein the plurality of instances of the first syntax element are grouped together such that switching between bypass mode and context mode while decoding the palette mode encoded block of video data is reduced. 21. The device of claim 16, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a second syntax element indicating a number of instances of the first syntax element, wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element are different from the second syntax element, and wherein the video decoder is further configured to: decode, using bypass mode, the second syntax element before the decoding of the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein no instance of the second syntax element is interleaved between any two instances of the first syntax element for the palette mode encoded block of video data. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein the video decoder is further configured to determine, after decoding a number of instances of the first syntax element equal to the number indicated by the second syntax element, that subsequent data in the encoded video bitstream following the number of instances of the first syntax element correspond to the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element. 24. The device of claim 21, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a third syntax element and a fourth syntax element, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: decode the third syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the third syntax element indicative of whether the palette mode encoded block of video data includes an escape sample; decode the fourth syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the fourth syntax element indicative of palette size; and decode, based on the determined values respectively corresponding to the third and fourth syntax elements, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element using context mode after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the second syntax element using bypass mode. 25. The device of claim 21, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a third syntax element, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: decode the third syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the third syntax element that specifies a number of distinct values that a palette index has for the palette mode encoded block of video data; and decode, based on the determined value corresponding to the third syntax element, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element using context mode after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the second syntax element using bypass mode. 26. The device of claim 21, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a third syntax element, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: decode the third syntax element to determine a value corresponding to the third syntax element indicative of a last instance of a syntax element of palette_run_type_flag[xC][yC] for the palette mode encoded block of video data. 27. The device of claim 21, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: decode the second syntax element using a concatenation of truncated Rice code and exponential Golomb code. 28. The device of claim 16, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: determine the encoded block of video data has one or more escape samples; decode a last escape sample in the encoded block of video data among the one or more escape samples; infer an index value that applies to samples of the encoded block of video data following the last escape sample; and decode the samples of the encoded block of video data following the last escape sample using the inferred index value for each sample of the samples following the last escape sample. 29. The device of claim 21, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: determine a number of palette indices received; determine a number of palette indices left based on the number of palette indices received and the number of instances of the first syntax element; and determine a maximum possible run value for the encoded block of video data based on the number of palette indices received and the number of instances of the first syntax element. 30. The device of claim 29, wherein the video decoder is further configured to: determine the maximum possible run value for the encoded block of video data according to: nCbS*nCbS\u2212scanPos\u22121\u2212paletteIndicesLeft, wherein nCbS specifies a size of the encoded block of video data, scanPos specifies scan position, and paletteIndicesLeft specifies the number of palette indices left. 31. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors to: receive a palette mode encoded block of video data of a picture from a memory; receive encoded palette mode information for the palette mode encoded block of video data, wherein the encoded palette mode information includes a plurality of instances of a first syntax element and a plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element; decode, using bypass mode, the plurality of instances of the first syntax element before decoding the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element using context mode: decode, using context mode, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element after decoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element using bypass mode; and decode the palette mode encoded block of video data using the decoded plurality of instances of the first syntax element and the decoded plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element. 32. A method of encoding video data, the method comprising: determining that a block of video data is to be coded in palette mode: encoding the block of video data using palette mode into an encoded bitstream, wherein encoding the block of video data using palette mode comprises: generating palette mode information for the block of video data, wherein the palette mode information includes a plurality of instances of a first syntax element and a plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element; encoding, using bypass mode, the plurality of instances of the first syntax element into the encoded bitstream before encoding the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element into the encoded bitstream using context mode; and encoding, using context mode, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element into the encoded bitstream after encoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element using bypass mode into the encoded bitstream. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the plurality of instances of the first syntax element includes all instances of the first syntax element for the block of video data. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the first syntax element is an indication of an index to an array of palette entries or specifies a quantized escape coded sample value for a color component corresponding to an escape sample, and wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element includes a syntax element that specifies an index of a most significant bit in a binary representation of a variable representing run length and a syntax element that specifies a run type mode. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the first syntax element is palette_index_idc or palette_escape_val, and wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element includes a palette_run_msb_id_plus1 syntax element. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein the plurality of instances of the first syntax element are grouped together such that switching between bypass mode and context mode while encoding the palette mode encoded block of video data is reduced. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the palette mode information includes a second syntax element indicating a number of instances of the first syntax element, wherein the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element are different from the second syntax element, and wherein the method further comprises: encoding, using bypass mode, the second syntax element into the encoded bitstream before the encoding of the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element and the second syntax element. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein no instance of the second syntax element is interleaved between any two instances of the first syntax element for the block of video data. 39. The method of claim 37, further comprising: encoding the second syntax element into the encoded bitstream after the encoded plurality of instances of the first syntax element in the encoded bitstream. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the palette mode information includes a third syntax element and a fourth syntax element, wherein the method further comprises: encoding a value corresponding to the third syntax element indicative of whether the block of video data includes an escape sample into the encoded bitstream; and encoding a value corresponding to the fourth syntax element indicative of palette size into the encoded bitstream. 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the palette mode information includes a third syntax element, wherein the method further comprises: encoding a value corresponding to the third syntax element that specifies a number of distinct values that a palette index has for the block of video data into the encoded bitstream. 42. The method of claim 37, wherein the palette mode information includes a third syntax element, wherein the method further comprises: encoding a value corresponding to the third syntax element indicative of a last instance of a syntax element of palette_run_type_flag[xC][yC] for the block of video data. 43. The method of claim 37, further comprising: encoding the second syntax element using a concatenation of truncated Rice code and exponential Golomb code. 44. The method of claim 32, further comprising: encoding a last escape sample in the block of video data among the one or more escape samples; inferring an index value that applies to samples of the block of video data following the last escape sample; and encoding the samples of the block of video data following the last escape sample using the inferred index value for each sample of the samples following the last escape sample. 45. A device for encoding video data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store the video data; and a video encoder in communication with the memory, the video encoder configured to: determine that a block of video data stored in the memory is to be encoded in palette mode; encode the block of video data using palette mode into an encoded bitstream, wherein the video encoder being configured to encode the block of video data using palette mode comprises the video encoder being configured to: generate palette mode information for the block of video data, wherein the palette mode information includes a plurality of instances of a first syntax element and a plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element; encode, using bypass mode, the plurality of instances of the first syntax element into the encoded bitstream before encoding the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element into the encoded bitstream using context mode; and encode, using context mode, the plurality of syntax elements that are different from the first syntax element into the encoded bitstream after encoding the plurality of instances of the first syntax element using bypass mode into the encoded bitstream.",
-    "An oral methylphenidate extended release tablet is described, which can be scored and still retain its extended release profile. The tablet contains a combination of an uncoated methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex, a barrier coated methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix, and an uncomplexed methylphenidate active component. Following administration of a single dose of the extended release methylphenidate chewable tablet, a therapeutically effective amount of methylphenidate is reached in less than about 20 minutes and the composition provides a twelve-hour extended release profile. 1. A method for treating a patient with a disorder treatable by methylphenidate, said method comprising providing said patient with an effective amount of a methylphenidate extended release chewable tablet which is a uniform solid dispersion comprising: (a) a sustained release racemic methylphenidate component comprising a water-insoluble, water-permeable, pH-independent barrier coated, racemic methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex in a polymeric matrix, wherein said barrier coating which provides a sustained release profile to the racemic methylphenidate is over the racemic methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix; (b) a first immediate release component which comprises an immediate release uncoated racemic methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex; (c) a second immediate release racemic methylphenidate component which comprises an uncomplexed racemic methylphenidate acceptable salt thereof; wherein said first immediate release component (b) has a slower onset of release than (c); wherein about 50% w/w to about 90% w/w of the racemic methylphenidate active component is provided by the sustained release component based on the total amount of racemic methylphenidate in the tablet, and wherein said chewable tablet is capable of being divided and providing tablet portions which retain a therapeutically effective extended release profile, and a pharmacokinetic profile in which the methylphenidate has at least one of: a geometric mean for area under the curve (AUC)0-\u221e, of about 110 ng-hr/mL to about 140 ng-hr/mL and a geometric mean Cmax of about 10 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, under fasted and fed conditions in adults following a single oral administration of a chewable tablet comprising the equivalent of 40 mg racemic methylphenidate HCl. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said patient has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or narcolepsy. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein Cmax is about 12 ng/mL to about 13 ng/mL. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein geometric mean AUC0-\u221e is about 113 ng-hr/mL to about 138 ng-hr/mL. 5. The method according to claim 1, the sustained release methylphenidate component provides about 60% w/w to about 80% w/w of the methylphenidate in the chewable tablet, based on the total amount of methylphenidate in the tablet. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release uncoated racemic methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex (b) and immediate release uncomplexed racemic methylphenidate (c) together comprise 20% w/w to about 40% w/w of the total racemic methylphenidate in the chewable tablet. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the immediate release uncoated methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex (b) to immediate release component uncomplexed methylphenidate (c) is in the range of about 3:1 based on the total weight of immediate release components. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release racemic methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex is about 5% w/w to about 35% w/w of the total racemic methylphenidate in the chewable tablet. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release uncomplexed racemic methylphenidate (c) is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the immediate release uncomplexed racemic methylphenidate (c) is in the form of racemic methylphenidate HCl. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the immediate release uncomplexed racemic methylphenidate (c) is about 5% w/w to about 35% w/w of the total racemic methylphenidate in the chewable tablet, based on a calculation of total racemic methylphenidate in the tablet. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tablet comprises immediate release methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex of (b) is about 15% w/w of the racemic methylphenidate in the tablet and a faster onset immediate release uncomplexed racemic methylphenidate (c) in about 15% w/w, based on a calculation of total racemic methylphenidate in the tablet. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tablet has a hardness in the range of about 8 kp to about 23 kp. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water insoluble, water-permeable, pH-independent barrier coating has a tensile strength in a range of about 150% to about 400% and is selected from (a) a cured, water-permeable, non-ionic, pH-independent barrier coating comprising polyvinylacetate, a stabilizer, and a plasticizer, applied as an aqueous dispersion; (b) an ionic, pH-independent, acrylic based coating comprising a polymer or copolymer comprising ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate applied as an aqueous dispersion; and (c) a solvent-based ethylcellulose coating, optionally with a plasticizer. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the barrier coating over the methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix of (a) is a cured, water-insoluble, water-permeable, non-ionic, pH-independent barrier coating comprises about 70 to about 90% w/w polyvinylacetate, a stabilizer, and about 2 to about 10% w/w of a plasticizer. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the barrier coating layer is about 25% to about 35%, by weight, of the coated racemic methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix. 17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises polyvinylpyrolidone. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix further comprises a water-insoluble polymer. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the barrier coating over the methylphenidate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix of (a) has a pH-independent, acrylic based coating, which said coating comprises a blend of (i) a poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride) in a ratio of 1:2:0.1 and (ii) poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride) in a ratio of 1:2:0.2. 20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chewable tablet further comprises a non-functional outer top coating layer. 21. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chewable tablet further comprises one or more excipients. 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chewable tablet has a pharmacokinetic profile for racemic methylphenidate comprising a single mean plasma concentration peak. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the single mean plasma concentration peak is between about 4 hours to about 5.25 hours under fasted and fed conditions. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein said tablet comprises the equivalent of 40 mg racemic methylphenidate HCl. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein said tablet comprises the equivalent of 30 mg racemic methylphenidate HCl. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein said tablet comprises the equivalent of 20 mg racemic methylphenidate HCl. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein said tablet is scored.",
-    "The invention provides a method of increasing protein production in a cell by contacting the cell with miRNA, siRNA or a combination thereof, or increasing protein production by genome editing methodologies to silence or inhibit gene expression. A screening method for obtaining such miRNA or siRNA species is also provided, as well as identification of target genes for genome editing. 1. A method of increasing production of a protein of interest in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an miRNA, siRNA or combination thereof under conditions wherein the miRNA or siRNA is incorporated into the cell, wherein an increase in production of the protein greater than that of a control cell not contacted with the miRNA or siRNA is indicative of increased protein production in the cell, thereby increasing production of the protein of interest in the cell. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cell is an HEK or CHO cell. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell transiently expresses the miRNA or siRNA. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell stably expresses the miRNA or siRNA. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein is a cytosolic, intracellular, secreted or membrane protein. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein production is increased greater than 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0 times or more as compared to the control cell not contacted with the miRNA or siRNA. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the miRNA is one or more miRNAs comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-26, and any combination thereof. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the miRNA is one or more miRNAs comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-4, 20, 21, 25, and any combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the miRNA is a plurality of miRNAs, each having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:2, 3, 20, 21 or 25. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the miRNA comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:29. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the miRNA comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28, and is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:4, 16 and 22. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA is one or more siRNAs that inhibits expression of a gene set forth in Table 3. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the siRNA is one or more siRNAs having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:38-212. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the siRNA is one or more siRNAs that inhibits INTS1, INTS2, HNRNPC, CASP8AP2, OAZ1, ODC1, AZIN1, PPP2R1A, PRPF19, CHAF1A, CCT2, EEF1B2, and any combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the siRNA inhibits OAZ1. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the siRNA has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:155 or SEQ ID NO:156. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell in contacted with at least one miRNA and at least one siRNA. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one miRNA has a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-26, and the at least one siRNA has a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:38-212. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising harvesting the protein of interest. 21. An isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to a miRNA sequence, the miRNA sequence having from about 6-25 nucleotides, wherein the miRNA sequence comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-26. 22. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 21. 23. The vector of claim 22, wherein the vector comprises an origin of replication, a selectable marker, a reporter gene, a cloning site, or any combination thereof. 24. An isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to a miRNA sequence, the miRNA sequence having from about 6-25 nucleotides, wherein the miRNA sequence comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:29. 25. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 24. 26. The vector of claim 25, wherein the vector comprises an origin of replication, a selectable marker, a reporter gene, a cloning site, or any combination thereof. 27. A cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 21 or claim 24. 28. A method of identifying a miRNA for enhancing expression of a protein comprising: a) contacting a cell comprising a detectably labeled protein with a plurality of miRNAs; and b) measuring protein production in a cell contacted with or not contacted with the miRNAs, and comparing the protein production in each cell, wherein an increase in expression of the protein in the cell contacted with the miRNA is indicative of an miRNA which enhances expression of the protein, thereby identifying the miRNA. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising assessing the functionality of the enhanced protein produced. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the plurality of miRNAs are transiently transfected to the cell comprising the detectably labeled protein. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the detectable label comprises luciferase (LUC), \u03b2-lactamase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), adenosine deaminase (ADA), aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (neo, G418), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), hygromycin-B-phosphotransferase (HPH), thymidine kinase (TK), \u03b2-galactosidase (\u03b2-gal), and xanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (XGPRT), an affinity or epitope tag, or a fluorescent protein. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent protein. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the fluorescent protein is green fluorescent protein (GFP) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) 34. The method of claim 28, wherein detection of the detectable label is performed using fluorescence microscopy. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein the method is performed in a high throughput format. 36. A kit comprising: a) a miRNA having a sequence from about 6-25 nucleotides, wherein the miRNA sequence comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-26; and b) a siRNA, wherein the siRNA inhibits expression of a gene set forth in Table 3. 37. The kit of claim 36, wherein the siRNAs has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:38-212. 38. A kit comprising a reagent for inhibiting or silencing a gene listed in Table 3 for increasing protein production in a cell. 39. The kit of claim 38, further comprising a miRNA having a sequence from about 6-25 nucleotides, wherein the miRNA sequence comprises a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:1-26. 40. The kit of claim 38, wherein the reagent is used to accomplish a genome editing methodology comprising a Crispr, zinc finger nuclease, or transcription activator-like effector nuclease (Talen). 41. A method of increasing production of a protein of interest in a cell comprising inhibiting or silencing one or more genes as listed in Table 3, wherein an increase in production of the protein greater than that of a control cell in which the one or more genes is not inhibited or silenced is indicative of increased protein production in the cell. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the cell is an HEK or CHO cell. 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the protein is a cytosolic, intracellular, secreted or membrane protein. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the protein production is increased greater than 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0 times or more as compared to the control cell. 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the gene is INTS1, INTS2, HNRNPC, CASP8AP2, OAZ1, ODC1, AZIN1, PPP2R1A, PRPF19, CHAF1A, CCT2, EEF1B2, and any combination thereof. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the gene is OAZ1. 47. The method of claim 41, wherein silencing or inhibition is achieved via a genome editing methodology. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the genome editing methodology comprising a Crispr, zinc finger nuclease, or transcription activator-like effector nuclease (Talen). 49. The method of claim 41, wherein expression of the gene is knocked-out or knocked-down. 50. The method of claim 41, wherein silencing or inhibition results from deletion or mutation of the gene.",
-    "An optical modulator may include a leftmost waveguide, a rightmost waveguide, and a dielectric layer disposed therebetween. In one embodiment, the waveguides may be disposed on the same plane. When a voltage potential is created between the rightmost and leftmost waveguides, these layers form a silicon-insulator-silicon capacitor (also referred to as SISCAP) structure that provides efficient, high-speed optical modulation of an optical signal passing through the modulator. As opposed to a horizontal SISCAP structure where the dielectric layer is disposed between upper and lower waveguides, arranging the dielectric layer between waveguides disposed on the same plane results in a vertical SISCAP structure. In one embodiment, the leftmost and rightmost waveguide are both made from crystalline silicon. 1. A method for forming an optical device, the method comprising: etching a crystalline silicon substrate disposed on an insulator to form both a right crystalline silicon waveguide and a left crystalline silicon waveguide, wherein the right and left waveguides have respective lower surfaces contacting the insulator; and after forming the right and left waveguides, depositing a dielectric material in a vertical gap between the right and left waveguides, wherein the left waveguide is doped a first conductivity type and the right waveguide is doped a second, different conductivity type. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertical gap extends from the insulator to an upper surface of one of the first waveguide and second waveguide opposite the respective lower surface. 3. The method of claim 1, forming a first electrical connection to the right waveguide and a second electrical connection to the left waveguide, wherein the dielectric material electrically insulates the right waveguide from the left waveguide such that receive a first voltage provided by the first electrical connection and a second voltage provided by the second electrical connection generate a voltage potential that establishes a charge modulation region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein etching the crystalline silicon substrate to form both the right and left waveguides is performed in a single etching step. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertical gap has a width that is less than 15 nanometers. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a dielectric capping layer on respective upper surfaces of the right waveguide, left waveguide, and dielectric material deposited in the vertical gap; forming a ridge in the dielectric capping layer that at least partially overlaps the dielectric material deposited in the vertical gap, wherein a width of the ridge is equal to or greater than a width of the vertical gap. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertical gap comprises at least two different dielectric materials that form a multi-layered structure. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: etching respective trenches into the right and left waveguides to form respective ridge portions in the right and left waveguides that border the vertical gap.",
-    "A variable injection-strength injection-locked oscillator (ILO) is described. The variable injection-strength ILO can output an output clock signal based on an input clock signal. The variable injection-strength ILO can pause, restart, slow down, or speed up the output clock signal synchronously with respect to the input clock signal in response to receiving power mode information. Specifically, the variable injection-strength ILO can be operated under relatively strong injection when the input clock signal is paused, restarted, slowed down, or sped up. 1. A circuit, comprising: an input to receive an input clock signal; an output to output an output clock signal; and a variable injection-strength injection-locked oscillator (ILO), wherein the variable injection-strength ILO generates the output clock signal based on the input clock signal and power mode information, and wherein the output clock signal pauses synchronously with respect to the input clock signal when the input clock signal pauses. 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the variable injection-strength ILO operates in one of multiple operating modes based on the power mode information; wherein, in a first operating mode, the output clock signal is not capable of pausing synchronously with respect to the input clock signal when the input clock signal pauses; and wherein, in a second operating mode, the output clock signal is capable of pausing synchronously with respect to the input clock signal when the input clock signal pauses. 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the variable injection-strength ILO generates an adjusted input signal based on the input signal, wherein the adjusted input signal is used as an injection signal in the variable injection-strength ILO, and wherein the amplitude of the adjusted input clock signal in the second operating mode is greater than the amplitude of the adjusted input clock signal in the first operating mode. 4. The circuit of claim 2, wherein an oscillation signal within the variable injection-strength ILO is perturbed based on the input clock signal, and wherein the amplitude of the oscillation signal in the second operating mode is less than the amplitude of the oscillation signal in the first operating mode. 5. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the input clock signal is injected at multiple injection points in the variable injection-strength ILO, and wherein the number of injection points in the second operating mode is greater than the number of injection points in the first operating mode. 6. The circuit of claim 2, further comprising control circuitry to operate the variable injection-strength ILO in the second operating mode or the first operating mode based on the power mode information. 7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the control circuitry operates the variable injection-strength ILO in the second operating mode if the power mode information indicates that the circuit is about to transition between two power modes. 8. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the control circuitry operates the variable injection-strength ILO in the first operating mode if the power mode information indicates that the circuit has completed transitioning to a power mode. 9. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the control circuitry latches the output clock signal and powers down the variable injection-strength ILO after the output clock signal pauses synchronously with respect to the input clock signal. 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the circuitry powers up the variable injection-strength ILO and unlatches the output clock signal before the input clock signal is restarted. 11. A circuit, comprising: an input to receive an input clock signal; an output to output an output clock signal; and a variable injection-strength injection-locked oscillator (ILO), wherein the variable injection-strength ILO generates the output clock signal based on the input clock signal, wherein the variable injection-strength ILO has multiple operating modes including a first operating mode and a second operating mode, wherein the locking range of the variable injection-strength ILO in the first operating mode is less than the locking range of the variable injection-strength ILO in the second operating mode, and wherein the variable injection-strength ILO is operated in one of the multiple operating modes based on power mode information. 12. The circuit of claim 11, further comprising control circuitry to operate the variable injection-strength ILO in one of the multiple operating modes, wherein the control circuitry operates the variable injection-strength ILO in the second operating mode if the power mode information indicates that the circuit is about to transition between two power modes. 13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the control circuitry operates the variable injection-strength ILO in the first operating mode if the power mode information indicates that the circuit has completed transitioning to a power mode. 14. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the variable injection-strength ILO generates an adjusted input clock signal based on the input clock signal, wherein the adjusted input clock signal is used as an injection clock signal in the variable injection-strength ILO, and wherein the amplitude of the adjusted input clock signal in the second operating mode is greater than the amplitude of the adjusted input clock signal in the first operating mode. 15. The circuit of claim 11, wherein an oscillation signal within the variable injection-strength ILO is perturbed based on the input clock signal, and wherein the amplitude of the oscillation signal in the second operating mode is less than the amplitude of the oscillation signal in the first operating mode. 16. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the input clock signal is injected at multiple injection points in the variable injection-strength ILO, and wherein the number of injection points in the second operating mode is greater than the number of injection points in the first operating mode. 17. A circuit, comprising: an input to receive an input clock signal; an output to output an output clock signal; and a variable injection-strength injection-locked oscillator (ILO), wherein the variable injection-strength ILO generates an output clock signal based on an input clock signal, wherein the variable injection-strength ILO is operated in one of multiple operating modes based on power mode information, wherein the multiple operating modes include a first operating mode and a second operating mode; wherein, in the first operating mode, the variable injection-strength ILO is capable of synchronously tracking the input clock signal over a first frequency range; and wherein, in the second operating mode, the variable injection-strength ILO is capable of synchronously tracking the input clock signal over a second frequency range, wherein the second frequency range is greater than the first frequency range. 18. The circuit of claim 17, further comprising control circuitry to operate the variable injection-strength ILO in one of the multiple operating modes, wherein the control circuitry operates the variable injection-strength ILO in the second operating mode if the power mode information indicates that the circuit is transitioning between two power modes. 19. The circuit of claim 18, wherein the control circuitry operates the variable injection-strength ILO in the first operating mode if the power mode information indicates that the circuit has completed transitioning to a power mode. 20. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the variable injection-strength ILO generates an adjusted input clock signal based on the input clock signal, wherein the adjusted input clock signal is used as an injection signal in the variable injection-strength ILO, and wherein the amplitude of the adjusted input clock signal in the second operating mode is greater than the amplitude of the adjusted input clock signal in the first operating mode. 21-29. (canceled)",
-    "A trading interface is provided for displaying market data related to a tradeable object being traded at an electronic exchange. According to one example embodiment, market data related to a tradeable object is displayed in relation to a value axis, such as a price axis. As new market data is received, the displayed market data is updated and may be repositioned so that a trader can view current market conditions in a viewable portion of the interface. The interface also includes a number of market movement indicators that assist a trader in tracking market movement. These viewable references allow a trader to navigate and immediately understand the \u201creal\u201d direction of the market activity despite any underlying adjustment of the viewable area of the trading interface. 1. (canceled) 2. A computing device for displaying market data comprising: a market data receiver configured to receive market data from an electronic exchange, the market data including market updates for at least a pending best bid having a best bid price for a tradeable object and for a pending best ask having a best ask price for the tradeable object; an electronic display device configured to display a price axis for the tradeable object, the price axis including a first plurality of price levels derived from the market data defined by a highest price level and a lowest price level, where the electronic display device displays a first indicator along the price axis at a first price level corresponding to the best bid price, a second indicator along the price axis at a second price level corresponding to the best ask price and a market movement indicator along the price axis at a user-selected price level; and an electronic processor coupled with the market data receiver and the electronic display device and configured to: determine whether at least one of the first indicator displayed along the price axis at the first price level and the second indicator displayed along the price axis at the second price level is displayed at a location being outside a range defined by a reference point of the electronic display device, in response to determining that the at least one of the first indicator and the second indicator is displayed at the location outside a range defined by the reference point, calculate a number of price levels by which to adjust the price axis to a new plurality of price levels, and responsively cause the electronic display to adjust the display of the price axis by the calculated number of price levels, such that subsequent to adjusting the display of the price axis, the at least one of the first indicator and the second indicator is displayed within the range defined by the reference point, the market movement indicator is moved to a new location representing the movement of the market, and the price axis has a second plurality of price levels defined by a new highest price level and a new lowest price level. 3. The computing device of claim 2 where the electronic display is further configured to display a point of reference marker over a range of price levels of the price axis. 4. The computing device of claim 3 where the range of price levels includes a user-determined price level. 5. The computing device of claim 4 where the user-determined price level comprises any of the first price level, the second price level and a last traded price at a time when a recentering command is received. 6. The computing device of claim 3 where the range of price levels comprises any of the first price level, the second price level and a last traded price at current time. 7. The computing device of claim 2, where the electronic display is further configured to adjust the view of the price axis, including the first indicator, the second indicator, and the market movement indicator, to a predetermined location in response to a user command. 8. The computing device of claim 7 where the electronic display adjusts the view of the price axis where according to substantially centering the price axis in a region for displaying the indicators along the price axis. 9. The computing device of claim 2, where the electronic display is further configured to display a plurality of bid indicators for the tradeable object along the price axis, each of the plurality of bid indicators being associated with at least one bid pending at the electronic exchange and being displayed at one of a plurality of price levels corresponding to a bid price of the associated at least one bid. 10. The computing device of claim 2, where the electronic display is further configured to display a plurality of ask indicators for the tradeable object along the price axis, each of the plurality of ask indicators being associated with at least one ask pending at the electronic exchange and being displayed at one of a plurality of price levels corresponding to an ask price of the associated at least one ask.",
-    "The present invention relates to a Solanum lycopersicum seed designated 72-629 RZ. The present invention also relates to a Solanum lycopersicum plant produced by growing the 72-629 RZ seed. The invention further relates to methods for producing the tomato cultivar, represented by tomato variety 72-629 RZ. 1. A tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant designated 72-629 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513. 2. The plant as claimed in claim 1, which is grown from seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513. 3. A seed of the plant of claim 1. 4. A seed that is capable of growing into a plant of claim 1. 5. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for sexual reproduction. 6. A part of the plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein said part comprises a microspore, pollen, an ovary, an ovule, an embryo sac, or an egg cell. 7. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for vegetative reproduction. 8. A part as claimed in claim 7, said part comprises a cutting, a root, a stem, a cell ,or a protoplast. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells from the tomato plant of claim 1. 10. The cell or protoplast of claim 8 derived from a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed, or a stem. 11. A method for producing a progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or with another Solanum lycopersicum plant, harvesting the resultant seed, and growing said seed. 12. A progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, wherein said progeny plant has genetic material for exhibiting the morphological and physiological characteristics as found in tomato variety 72-629 RZ; wherein the genetic information is as contained in a plant, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513. 13. A progeny of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513, wherein the morphological and physiological characteristics are as found in tomato variety 72-629 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513. 14. A progeny of a tomato plant as claimed in claim 12, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513, wherein the progeny is further modified in one or more other characteristics. 15. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by mutagenesis. 16. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by transformation with a transgene. 17. A method of producing an inbred tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-629 RZ, comprising the steps: a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-629 RZ by crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; and d) repeating step b) or c) for at least 3 more generations to produce an inbred Solanum lycopersicum plant derived from the hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-629 RZ. 18. An inbred tomato plant produced by the method of claim 17. 19. A method of producing a tomato fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to develop fruit; and (b) collecting a tomato fruit from the plant. 20. A fruit produced by the method of claim 19. 21. The fruit of claim 20, wherein the fruit is part of a food product, optionally in processed form. 22. A method for producing a seed of a 72-629 RZ -derived tomato plant comprising (a) crossing a plant of tomato variety 72-629 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42513, with itself or a second tomato plant, and (b) whereby seed of a 72-629 RZ-derived tomato plant forms. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising (c) crossing a plant grown from 72-629 RZ-derived tomato seed with itself or with a second tomato plant to yield additional 72-629 RZ-derived tomato seed, (d) growing the additional 72-629 RZ-derived tomato seed of step (c) to yield additional 72-629 RZ-derived tomato plants, and (e) repeating the crossing and growing of steps (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further 72-629 RZ-derived tomato plants. 24. A method of introducing a desired trait into a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-629 RZ comprising: a) crossing a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-629 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42513 with a second Solanum lycopersicum plant that comprises the desired trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with said parent plant of tomato variety 72-629 RZ, to produce backcross progeny and (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-629 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising: (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprises the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-629 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the parent plant is obtained by reverse breeding. 27. A method of determining the genotype of a plant of tomato variety 72-629 RZ, representative seed of which has been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42513, or a first generation progeny thereof, comprising obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and comparing said nucleic acids to a sample of nucleic acids obtained from a reference plant, and detecting a plurality of polymorphisms between the two nucleic acid samples, wherein the plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-629 RZ and/or give rise to the expression of any one or more, or all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-629 RZ as claimed in claim 1. 28. The method of claim 27 additionally comprising the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium, or transmitting the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms.",
-    "Rank indicator and channel quality indicator (CQI) estimation and reporting functionalities are discussed with regard to heterogeneous networks to reduce the number of inconsistent CQI estimates transmitted to an evolved node B (eNB), where the CQI is defined as inconsistent when the rank indicator, on which the CQI is conditioned, is from a different subframe type than the subframe on which the CQI is to be estimated. 1. A method for wireless communication, comprising: receiving a plurality of parameter values at a user equipment (UE) for reporting a plurality of channel properties associated with a resource, wherein the plurality of parameter values includes a first set of parameter values that includes a first periodicity and a first offset, and a second set of parameter values that includes a second periodicity and a second offset; estimating a first set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a first channel property, the estimating the first set of channel properties using the first set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a first rank indicator according to the first periodicity, wherein the first set of parameter values configures the estimating of the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces; estimating a second set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a second channel property, the estimating the second set of channel properties using the second set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a second rank indicator according to the second periodicity, wherein the second set of parameter values configures the estimating of the second set of channel properties for unclean interlaces; and transmitting the plurality of channel properties to an associated evolved node B (eNB). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of parameter values that configure the estimating of the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces includes a reporting periodicity that is a multiple of an interlace period. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a transmission collision of the first and second sets of channel properties scheduled for the transmitting in a same subframe; and determining one of the first and second sets of channel properties to transmit during the same subframe. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the determining comprises one of: selecting the first set of channel properties; selecting the one of the first and second sets of channel properties estimated from a clean subframe; selecting the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to a configuration of the UE; and selecting the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to collision parameters received from the associated eNB. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of estimated channel properties comprise one or more of: a channel quality indicator (CQI); and a precoding matrix indicator (PMI). 6. An apparatus configured for wireless communication, comprising: means for receiving a plurality of parameter values at a user equipment (UE) for reporting a plurality of channel properties associated with a resource, wherein the plurality of parameter values includes a first set of parameter values that includes a first periodicity and a first offset, and a second set of parameter values that includes a second periodicity and a second offset; means for estimating a first set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a first channel property, the means for estimating the first set of channel properties using the first set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a first rank indicator according to the first periodicity, wherein the first set of parameter values configures the estimating of the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces; means for estimating a second set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a second channel property, the means for estimating the second set of channel properties using the second set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a second rank indicator according to the second periodicity, wherein the second set of parameter values configures the estimating of the second set of channel properties for unclean interlaces; and means for transmitting the plurality of channel properties to an associated evolved node B (eNB). 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first set of parameter values that configure the estimating of the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces includes a reporting periodicity that is a multiple of an interlace period. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising: means for detecting a transmission collision of the first and second sets of channel properties scheduled for the means for transmitting in a same subframe; and means for determining one of the first and second sets of channel properties to transmit during the same subframe. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the means for determining comprises one of: means for selecting the first set of channel properties; means for selecting the one of the first and second sets of channel properties estimated from a clean subframe; means for selecting the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to a configuration of the UE; and means for selecting the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to collision parameters received from the associated eNB. 10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first and second sets of estimated channel properties comprise one or more of: a channel quality indicator (CQI); and a precoding matrix indicator (PMI). 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon, the program code comprising: program code to receive a plurality of parameter values at a user equipment (UE) for reporting a plurality of channel properties associated with a resource, wherein the plurality of parameter values includes a first set of parameter values that includes a first periodicity and a first offset, and a second set of parameter values that includes a second periodicity and a second offset; program code to estimate a first set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a first channel property, the program code to estimate the first set of channel properties using the first set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a first rank indicator according to the first periodicity, wherein the first set of parameter values configures the program code to estimate the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces; program code to estimate a second set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a second channel property, the program code to estimate the second set of channel properties using the second set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a second rank indicator according to the second periodicity, wherein the second set of parameter values configures the program code to estimate the second set of channel properties for unclean interlaces; and program code to transmit the plurality of channel properties to an associated evolved node B (eNB). 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first set of parameter values that configures the program code to estimate the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces includes a reporting periodicity that is a multiple of an interlace period. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising: program code to detect a transmission collision of the first and second sets of channel properties scheduled for use in the program code to transmit in a same subframe; and program code to determine one of the first and second sets of channel properties to transmit during the same subframe. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the program code to determine comprises one of: program code to select the first set of channel properties; program code to select the one of the first and second sets of channel properties estimated from a clean subframe; program code to select the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to a configuration of the UE; and program code to select the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to collision parameters received from the associated eNB. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the first and second sets of estimated channel properties comprise one or more of: a channel quality indicator (CQI); and a precoding matrix indicator (PMI). 16. An apparatus configured for wireless communication, comprising at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured: to receive a plurality of parameter values at a user equipment (UE) for reporting a plurality of channel properties associated with a resource, wherein the plurality of parameter values includes a first set of parameter values that includes a first periodicity and a first offset, and a second set of parameter values that includes a second periodicity and a second offset; to estimate a first set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a first channel property, the at least one processor configured to estimate the first set of channel properties using the first set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a first rank indicator according to the first periodicity, wherein the first set of parameter values configures the at least one processor to estimate the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces; to estimate a second set of channel properties of the plurality of channel properties related to a second channel property, the at least one processor configured estimate the second set of channel properties using the second set of parameter values of the plurality of parameter values to estimate at least a second rank indicator according to the second periodicity, wherein the second set of parameter values configures the at least one processor to estimate the second set of channel properties for unclean interlaces; and to transmit the plurality of channel properties to an associated evolved node B (eNB). 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first set of parameter values that configures the at least one processor to estimate the first set of channel properties for clean interlaces includes a reporting periodicity that is a multiple of an interlace period. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured: to detect a transmission collision of the first and second sets of channel properties scheduled for the transmission in a same subframe; and to determine one of the first and second sets of channel properties to transmit during the same subframe. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the configuration of the at least one processor to determine comprises configuration of the at least one processor to one of: select the first set of channel properties; select the one of the first and second sets of channel properties estimated from a clean subframe; select the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to a configuration of the UE; and select the one of the first and second sets of estimated channel properties according to collision parameters received from the associated eNB. 20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first and second sets of estimated channel properties comprise one or more of: a channel quality indicator (CQI); and a precoding matrix indicator (PMI).",
-    "A method and composition for the treatment of ischemic neuronal reperfusion injury are provided. The composition can include a compound which is a combination of dantrolene and a residue of FMOC-valine. This composition can be used to provide a faster and higher CNS penetration than heretofore experienced with dantrolene. In another form, dantrolene may be formulated as a pro-drug, a pro-pro-drug and the like. 1.-18. (canceled) 19. A method of treatment of neuronal reperfusion injury with ischemic neuropathy, the method comprising: administering an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a pro-drug form of dantrolene, a pro-pro-drug form of dantrolene, and mixtures thereof. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the step of administering is performed intranasally using a positive pulsating pressure with pulses occurring about every 5 seconds to 3 minutes. 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the at least one compound is in the form of nanoparticles. 23. The method of claim 19 wherein the at least one compound is administered via a nebulizer. 24. The method of claim 19 wherein the at least one compound is administered in combination with at least one of Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and pluronic acid. 25. The method of claim 19 wherein the at least one compound is in the form of a suspension or emulsion. 26. The method of claim 19 wherein the at least one compound is delivered to a patient via an administration selected from the group consisting of orally, subcutaneously, parenterally, intravenously, intranasally, intrathecally, sublingually, rectally, and topically. 27. The method of claim 19 wherein the at least one compound is administered in a dosage of about 100 ng/kg per day to about 100 mg/kg per day. 28. A gas mask which includes at least one of a compound being deliverable to a wearer, the compound selected from the group consisting of a pro-drug form of dantrolene, a pro-pro-drug form of dantrolene, and mixtures thereof. 29. The gas mask of claim 28 further comprising at least one of Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and pluronic acid in combination with the compound. 30. The gas mask of claim 28 wherein the compound is in the form of a suspension or emulsion. 31. The gas mask of claim 28 wherein the at least one compound is in the form of nanoparticles. 32. A method of protecting a human from a nerve gas, the method comprising administering at least one of a compound through the lungs or intranasally, the compound selected from the group consisting of a pro-drug form of dantrolene, a pro-pro-drug form of dantrolene, and mixtures thereof. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the step of administering is performed intranasally using a positive pulsating pressure with pulses occurring about every 5 seconds to 3 minutes. 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the at least one compound is in the form of nanoparticles. 35. The method of claim 32 wherein the at least one compound is administered via a nebulizer. 36. The method of claim 32 wherein the at least one compound is administered in combination with at least one of Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and pluronic acid. 37. The method of claim 32 wherein the at least one compound is in the form of a suspension or emulsion.",
-    "A physiological parameter measuring system includes a parameter sensing device attachable to a body of the subject. The sensing device detects at least one physiological parameter when activated, and a reading device monitors a temperature variation over time and determines whether the parameter has been so stabilized as to be reliably detected. A stability indication flag can be stored in the system so that subsequent monitoring of the parameter is instantly performed. 1. A system for monitoring a physiological parameter of a subject, the system comprising: a parameter sensing device attachable to a body of the subject, the parameter sensing device configured to detect at least one physiological parameter when attached to the body of the subject and activated, and a reading device configured to: transmit a trigger signal to the parameter sensing device to activate the parameter sensing device; obtain a first physiological parameter at a first time using the parameter sensing device; obtain a second physiological parameter at a second time using the parameter sensing device, the second time being later than the first time; calculate a parameter difference between the first physiological parameter and the second physiological parameter; compare the parameter difference with a threshold; if the parameter difference is less than the threshold, store a stability indication flag in the parameter sensing device, the stability indication flag adapted for indicating that the physiological parameter has stabilized over time; and if the parameter difference is less than the threshold, output the second physiological parameter as a detected parameter. 2. (canceled) 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the reading device is further configured to: if the parameter difference is not less than the threshold, predict a stabilized parameter before the physiological parameter is stabilized over time; and output the stabilized parameter as a detected parameter. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the reading device is further configured to deactivate the parameter sensing device. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the reading device is configured to maintain the parameter sensing device to be activated for a first period of time. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the reading device is further configured to: transmit a second trigger signal to the parameter sensing device to activate the parameter sensing device; determine that the stability indication flag is stored in the parameter sensing device; and obtain a third parameter shortly after the parameter sensing device is activated. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the reading device is configured to obtain the third parameter within a second period of time after the parameter sensing device is activated by the second trigger signal, the second period of time being shorter than the first period of time. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the parameter sensing device is configured to communicate with the reading device via short range wireless communication. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the parameter sensing device includes a sensing patch, the sensing patch includes: a sensing circuit including a sensor unit operable to detect one or more physiological parameters, the sensing circuit configured to process signals obtained by the sensor unit and communicate with the reading device via wireless communication link; an antenna configured to receive from, and transmit to, the reading device a radio frequency signal; and a substrate supporting the sensing circuit and the antenna and configured to be removably attached to a body surface of the subject. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein: the physiological parameter is a temperature; and the parameter sensing device is configured to detect the temperature at a body surface of the subject on which the parameter sensing device is attached. 11. A method of obtaining a physiological parameter of a subject, the method comprising: obtaining a first physiological parameter at a first time using a parameter sensing device, the parameter sensing device attached to a body of the subject; obtaining a second physiological parameter at a second time using the parameter sensing device, the second time being later than the first time; calculating a parameter difference between the first physiological parameter and the second physiological parameter; comparing the parameter difference with a threshold; if the parameter difference is less than the threshold, storing a stability indication flag in the parameter sensing device, the stability indication flag adapted for indicating that physiological parameter has stabilized over time. and if the parameter difference is less than the threshold, outputting the second physiological parameter as a detected parameter. 12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: if the parameter difference is not less than the threshold, predicting a stabilized parameter before the physiological parameter is stabilized over time; and outputting the stabilized parameter as a detected parameter. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the parameter sensing device is maintained to be activated for a first period of time. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: transmitting a second trigger signal to the parameter sensing device to activate the parameter sensing device; determining that the stability indication flag is stored in the parameter sensing device; and obtaining a third parameter shortly after the parameter sensing device is activated. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the third parameter is obtained within a second period of time after the parameter sensing device is activated by the second trigger signal, the second period of time being shorter than the first period of time. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein: the physiological parameter is a temperature; and the parameter sensing device is configured to detect the temperature at a body surface of the subject on which the parameter sensing device is attached. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: prior to obtaining a first physiological parameter, transmitting a trigger signal to a parameter sensing device to activate the parameter sensing device. 19. The method of claim 11, further comprising: after storing a stability indication flag in the parameter sensing device, extending reading intervals at which a physiological parameter is obtained. 20. An apparatus for communicating with a temperature sensing device and obtaining a temperature of a subject from the temperature sensing device, the apparatus comprising: a processing device configured to control operation of the apparatus; a display screen; and a computer readable data storage device storing software instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the apparatus to: transmit a trigger signal to the temperature sensing device to activate the temperature sensing device, the temperature sensing device attached to a body of the subject; obtain a first temperature at a first time using the temperature sensing device; obtain a second temperature at a second time using the temperature sensing device, the second time being later than the first time; calculate a temperature difference between the first temperature and the second temperature; compare the temperature difference with a threshold; if the temperature difference is less than the threshold, store a stability indication flag in the temperature sensing device, the stability indication flag adapted for indicating that the temperature has stabilized over time; if the parameter difference is less than the threshold, output the second temperature as a detected parameter; if the temperature different is not less than the threshold, predict a stabilized temperature before the temperature is stabilized over time; display the stabilized temperature as a detected temperature on the display screen; and deactivate the temperature sensing device.",
-    "Provided is a method for preparing a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound through catalytic pyrolysis from organic materials. The method comprises: feeding organic materials and a catalyst into a reactor, to enable the organic material to undergo reactions in the presence of nitrogen and under heating conditions, so as to generate a reaction system flow containing one or more nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. 1. A method for preparing a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound by catalytic pyrolysis of an organic material, comprising: feeding an organic material feed and a catalyst to a reactor; and reacting the organic material feed under the catalysis of the catalyst in the presence of a nitrogen-containing gas and under heating conditions in the reactor, to generate a reaction stream comprising one or more nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: separating at least a part of the nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in the reaction stream, to obtain a product stream comprising the separated nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds and a recycle stream; and feeding at least a part of the recycle stream to the reactor. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises one or more of a zeolite catalyst, a non-zeolite catalyst, a metal catalyst and/or a metal oxide catalyst. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises \u03b3-Al2O3, SiO2\u2014Al2O3, WO3/ZrO2, SO42\u2212/ZrO2, MCM-41, ZK-5, ZSM-23, SSZ-20, \u03b2-zeolite, Y-zeolite, ZSM-5 and/or HZSM-5. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst has a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 15:1 to 200:1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the catalyst to the organic material is 1:100 to 100:1. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a plurality of pores. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein at least about 95% of pores of one or more catalysts have smallest cross-sectional diameters that lie within a first size distribution and a second size distribution; at least 5% of pores have smallest cross-sectional diameters that lie within the first size distribution; at least about 5% of pores have smallest cross-sectional diameters that lie within the second size distribution; and the first size distribution and the second size distribution do not overlap. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst contains one or more of the following doping metals: Cu, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, Ga, Pt, In, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt, Pd, Au, Re, Tl and lanthanide metals. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the doping metal is doped into the catalyst by dry/wet impregnation or ion exchange. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing gas comprises NH3, an organic amine, and/or N2 and/or another inert gas. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic material comprises a biomass material. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic material comprises agricultural and municipal solid waste, food waste, animal waste, carbohydrates, lignocellulose or a combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic material comprises wood, bagasse, bamboo, corn straws, waste paper, rapeseed meal, Jatropha curcas meal, soybean meal, lee, waste proteins, microalgae or a combination thereof. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic material comprises glucose, cellobiose, cellulose, starch, xylose, xylitol, xylan, chitosan, chitin, sucrose, fructose, aqueous glucose solution, furan, methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-methylfurfural, \u03b3-valerolactone, bio-oils, water-soluble bio-oils, water-insoluble bio-oils or a combination thereof. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing aromatic compound comprises pyrazine compounds, pyridine compounds, pyrrole compounds, indole compounds, aniline compounds or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing aromatic compound comprises pyrazine, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, dimethylpyridine, pyrrole, 2-methylpyrrole, 3-methylpyrrole, dimethylpyrrole, indole, methylindole, dimethylindole, aniline, o-methylaniline, m-methylaniline, p-methylaniline, dimethylaniline or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic material is fed into the reactor with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 0.05 to 10. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction temperature in the reactor is 300\u00b0 C. to 800\u00b0 C.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a dummy fin structure disposed over a substrate, a dummy gate structure disposed over a part of the dummy fin structure, a first interlayer dielectric layer in which the dummy gate structure is embedded, a second interlayer dielectric layer disposed over the first interlayer dielectric layer, and a resistor wire formed of a conductive material and embedded in the second interlayer dielectric layer. The resistor wire overlaps the dummy gate structure in plan view. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a dummy fin structure disposed over a substrate; a dummy gate structure disposed over a part of the dummy fin structure; a first interlayer dielectric layer in which the dummy gate structure is embedded; a second interlayer dielectric layer disposed over the first interlayer dielectric layer; and a resistor wire formed of a conductive material and embedded in the second interlayer dielectric layer such that the resistor wire is separated from the dummy gate structure by the second interlayer dielectric layer, wherein: the resistor wire overlaps the dummy gate structure in plan view. 2. The semiconductor layer of claim 1, wherein one or more additional interlayer dielectric layers are disposed between the first interlayer dielectric layer and the second interlayer dielectric layer. 3. The semiconductor layer of claim 1, wherein the conductive material of the resistor wire includes a nitride of a transition metal. 4. The semiconductor layer of claim 1, wherein the conductive material of the resistor wire includes at least one of TiN and TaN. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein: the dummy gate structure includes two or more dummy gate electrodes disposed over the dummy fin structure and extending in a first direction and arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and the resistor wire extends in the first direction. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the resistor wire is longer than the dummy gate electrodes along the first direction. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein: only four contacts contacting the resistor wire are provided, and the dummy gate structure is disposed between two of the four contacts and remaining two of the four contacts in plan view. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the four contacts do not overlap the dummy gate structure. 9. A semiconductor device, comprising: a first dummy fin structure disposed over a substrate; a first dummy gate structure disposed over a part of the first dummy fin structure; a first interlayer dielectric layer in which the first dummy gate structure is embedded; a second interlayer dielectric layer disposed over the first interlayer dielectric layer; a third interlayer dielectric layer disposed over the second interlayer dielectric layer; and a resistor wire formed by a conductive material and embedded in the third interlayer dielectric layer, wherein: the resistor wire is separated from the dummy gate structure by the second and third interlayer dielectric layers, and the resistor wire partially or fully overlaps the first dummy fin structure in plan view. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising, at least one of: a first insulating layer disposed between the first interlayer dielectric layer and the second interlayer dielectric layer, the first insulating layer being made of a different material than the first interlayer dielectric layer and the second interlayer dielectric layer, and the first insulating layer being thinner than the first interlayer dielectric layer and the second interlayer dielectric layer; and a second insulating layer disposed between the second interlayer dielectric layer and the third interlayer dielectric layer, the second insulating layer being made of a different material than the second interlayer dielectric layer and the third interlayer dielectric layer, and the second insulating layer being thinner than the second interlayer dielectric layer and the third interlayer dielectric layer. 11. The semiconductor layer of claim 9, wherein the conductive material of the resistor wire includes at least one of TiN and TaN. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein: the first dummy gate structure includes two or more first dummy gate electrodes disposed over the first dummy fin structure and extending in a first direction and arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and the resistor wire extends in the first direction and the first dummy fin structure extends in the second direction. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein at least one of the first dummy gate electrodes overlaps the resistor wire in plan view. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein at least one of the first dummy gate electrodes does not overlap the resistor wire in plan view. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 12, further comprising: a second dummy fin structure disposed over the substrate; and a second dummy gate structure disposed over a part of the second dummy fin structure, wherein: the first dummy fin structure and the second dummy fin structure are aligned along the first direction, and the resistor wire partially or fully overlaps the second dummy fin structure in plan view. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein: only four contacts contacting the resistor wire are provided, and the first dummy gate structure is disposed between two of the four contacts and remaining two of the four contacts in plan view. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the four contacts do not overlap the first dummy gate structure. 18. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a first dummy fin structure over a substrate; forming a first dummy gate structure over a part of the first dummy fin structure; forming a first interlayer dielectric layer so that the first dummy gate structure is embedded in the first interlayer dielectric layer; forming a second interlayer dielectric layer over the first interlayer dielectric layer; and forming a third interlayer dielectric layer over the second interlayer dielectric layer, wherein: a resistor wire made of a conductive material is formed such that the resistor wire is embedded in the third interlayer dielectric layer and separated from the first dummy gate structure by the second and third interlayer dielectric layers, and the resistor wire at least partially overlaps the first dummy fin structure in plan view. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the resistor wire and the third dielectric layer are formed by: forming a lower portion of the third dielectric layer over the second dielectric layer; forming the resistor wire on or in the lower portion of the third dielectric layer; and forming an upper part of the third dielectric layer over the lower portion of the third dielectric layer and the resistor wire. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising forming one or more additional interlayer dielectric layers disposed between the second interlayer dielectric layer and the third interlayer dielectric layer.",
-    "A data storage device including a flash memory and a controller. The flash memory has a plurality of single-level-cell units and a plurality of triple-level cell units. The controller performs a first predetermined number of read processes on a second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units to program data stored in the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units into a specific triple-level cell unit of the triple-level cell units and determines whether any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the read processes when the specific triple-level cell unit cannot be read successfully. 1. A data storage device, comprising: a flash memory, having a plurality of single-level-cell units and a plurality of triple-level cell units; and a controller, performing a first predetermined number of read processes on a second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units of the single-level-cell units to program data of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units into a specific triple-level cell unit of the triple-level cell units, checking whether the specific triple-level cell unit can be read successfully after the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units are programmed into the specific triple-level cell unit, and determining whether any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the read processes when the specific triple-level cell unit cannot be read successfully. 2. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller keeps the specific triple-level cell unit when the specific triple-level cell unit can be read successfully. 3. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller keeps the specific triple-level cell unit when any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the first predetermined number of read processes. 4. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller marks the specific triple-level cell unit as a bad unit when all of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units have been read successfully by the first predetermined number of read processes. 5. The data storage device as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the first predetermined number of read processes, the controller writes a predetermined value into a flag when any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units cannot be read successfully. 6. The data storage device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the controller determines whether any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the first predetermined number of read processes according to the flag. 7. A data maintenance method, applied to a data storage device, wherein the data storage device comprises a flash memory having a plurality of single-level-cell units and a plurality of triple-level cell units, the data maintenance method comprising: performing a first predetermined number of read processes on a second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units of the single-level-cell units to program data of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units into a specific triple-level cell unit of the triple-level cell units; checking whether the specific triple-level cell unit can be read successfully; and determining whether any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the first predetermined number of read processes when the specific triple-level cell unit cannot be read successfully. 8. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising keeping the specific triple-level cell unit when the specific triple-level cell unit can be read successfully. 9. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising keeping the specific triple-level cell unit when any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the first predetermined number of read processes. 10. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising marking the specific triple-level cell unit as a bad unit when all of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units have been read successfully by the first predetermined number. 11. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first predetermined number of read processes further comprises writing a predetermined value into a flag when any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units cannot be read successfully. 12. The data maintenance method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the step of determining whether any of the second predetermined number of specific single-level-cell units has not been read successfully by any of the first predetermined number of read processes is according to the flag.",
-    "The invention relates to water-free compositions, having: at least one oil, and a combination of thickeners, including: a) at least one silicone elastomer, b) at least one straight-chained or branched, saturated or unsaturated alcohol having more than 18 carbon atoms, and c) at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds. The water-free compositions are suitable in particular as soft solid preparations for use on the human skin. In particular, the compositions are suitable as a soft solid antiperspirant composition. 1. An anhydrous composition, comprising: at least one oil; and a combination of thickening agents, comprising: a) at least one silicone elastomer; b) at least one straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated alcohol having more than 18 carbon atoms; and c) at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds. 2. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one active antiperspirant ingredient in an amount of 3 to 35 wt. % 3. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the active antiperspirant ingredient is selected from water-soluble astringent inorganic and organic aluminum, zirconium, zinc, salts thereof and combinations thereof. 4. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the active antiperspirant ingredient is aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex or octachlorohydrex glycine complexes. 5. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oil comprises 20 to 85 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 6. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oil comprises at least one volatile oil. 7. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one oil includes at least one volatile silicone oil. 8. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one silicone eleastomer comprises 0.05 to 3 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 9. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one silicone eleastomer comprises 0.2 to 2 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 10. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the silicone elastomer is obtainable by cross-linking an organopolysiloxane that includes at least 2 C2 to C10 alkenyl groups having a terminal double bond in each molecule with an organopolysiloxane that includes at least 2 silicone-bonded hydrogen atoms in each molecule. 11. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, the at least one straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated alcohol having more than 18 carbon atoms comprises 0.5 to 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 12. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, the at least one straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated alcohol having more than 18 carbon atoms comprises 2 to 6 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 13. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated alcohol having more than 18 carbon atoms comprises a straight-chain, saturated alcohols having, on average, 20 to 40 carbon atoms. 14. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds comprises 0.1 to 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 15. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds comprises 0.5 to 2.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition. 16. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds comprises a. at least one clay mineral selected from sepiolite and/or palygorskite, and b. at least one clay mineral of the smectite type. 17. The anhydrous composition according to claim 16, wherein the clay mineral of the smectite type is selected from hectorite, montmorillonite, bentonite, beidellite, saponite, stevensite, nontronite and/or sauconite. 18. The anhydrous composition according to claim 16, wherein the at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds comprises 50 to 95 wt. % of at least one clay mineral of the smectite type. 19. The anhydrous composition according to claim 16, wherein the at least one clay mineral mixture modified with quaternary ammonium compounds is modified with dimethyl di(hydrogenated tallow) ammonium chloride, methylbenzyl di(hydrogenated tallow) ammonium chloride, dimethylbenzyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride, dimethyl hydrogenated tallow-2-ethylhexylammonium chloride, and mixtures of these salts. 20. The anhydrous composition according to claim 1, wherein the thickening agent comprises at least 0.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, and the weight ratio of thickening agents b):a) is 7:1 to 100:1.",
-    "A portable terminal including: a controller receiving signals corresponding to a plurality of input buttons and outputting image data to be displayed on the plurality of input buttons using the received signals; and a plurality of buttons for inputting a key from a user and outputting a signal corresponding to the key pressed, and for receiving the image data from the controller and displaying the received image data. By using the display buttons for displaying variable images corresponding to specific functions as well as an essential function of inputting keys from a user when a specific function is input in the portable terminal, a plurality of functions can be input with only a few buttons, providing speed and convenience to the user for function input. 1. A portable terminal comprising: an image capturing unit configured to capture an image; a main display for displaying the captured image; a plurality of displayable inputs respectively configured to display a function related to image photographing or video photographing in response to a signal to capture an image; a memory configured to store the captured image; a controller configured to: control at least one of the plurality of displayable inputs to display a storage function for storing the captured image after the image capturing unit captures the image; and control at least one of the plurality of displayable inputs to display a categorizing function for storing the captured image according to at least one category.",
-    "A method of fabricating a III-nitride semiconductor device, including growing an III-nitride semiconductor and an oxide sequentially to form an oxide/III-nitride interface, without exposure to air in between growth of the oxide and growth of the III-nitride semiconductor. 1. A method of fabricating a III-nitride semiconductor device, comprising: forming a III-nitride semiconductor layer on a substrate; and forming an oxide layer on a side of the III-nitride semiconductor layer opposite the substrate, forming an oxide/III-nitride interface, wherein a fixed interface charge density at the oxide/III-nitride interface is greater than \u22122.5\u00d71012 cm\u22122. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxide layer comprises Aluminum Silicon Oxide (AlSiO). 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the oxide layer is grown without exposure to air in between growth of the oxide layer and growth of the III-nitride semiconductor layer. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the growing of the oxide layer and the III-nitride semiconductor layer is performed in-situ in a growth reactor. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the device is a metal oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOSHEMT). 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the III-nitride semiconductor layer includes an active region of the device and the oxide layer is between a gate of the device and the active region. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxide layer and the III-nitride semiconductor layer are grown at a temperature above 500\u00b0 C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxide layer and the III-nitride semiconductor layer are grown at a temperature above 900\u00b0 C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the III-nitride semiconductor layer is an N-polar III-nitride layer. 10. A method of fabricating a III-nitride semiconductor device, comprising: forming a III-nitride semiconductor layer on a substrate; and forming an oxide layer on a side of the III-nitride semiconductor layer opposite the substrate, thereby forming an oxide/III-nitride interface, wherein a fixed interface charge density at the oxide/III-nitride interface is negative. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the oxide layer comprises Aluminum Silicon Oxide (AlSiO). 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the oxide layer is grown without exposure to air in between growth of the oxide layer and growth of the III-nitride semiconductor layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the growing of the oxide and III-nitride semiconductor layer is performed in-situ in a growth reactor. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the device is a metal oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOSHEMT). 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the III-nitride semiconductor layer includes an active region of the device and the oxide layer is between a gate of the device and the active region. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the oxide and the III-nitride semiconductor layer are grown at a temperature above 500\u00b0 C. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the oxide and the III-nitride semiconductor layer are grown at a temperature above 900\u00b0 C. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the III-nitride semiconductor layer is an N-polar III-nitride layer. 19. A semiconductor device, comprising: a III-N semiconductor layer including an active region, the active region comprising a GaN channel layer and an AlGaN barrier layer; an oxide layer forming an interface with the active region; drain and source contacts electrically coupled to the active region; and a gate deposited on the oxide layer between the source and drain contacts, wherein the oxide layer is Aluminum Silicon Oxide (AlSiO). 20. The device of claim 19, wherein a density of trap states at the interface is less than 1011 cm\u22122.",
-    "Systems, methods, and apparatus for an aircraft cargo handling system articulating ball mat are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, a method for transferring cargo across a stepped threshold and into a sloped compartment involves moving the cargo across the stepped threshold and onto a ball mat located within the sloped compartment, where the ball mat is configured in a substantially horizontal position. In one or more embodiments, the surface of the ball mat comprises at least one conveyance device (e.g., at least one roller ball and/or at least one caster). The method further involves configuring the ball mat in a sloped position. Further, the method involves moving the cargo off the ball mat and into the sloped compartment. 1. A method for transferring cargo across a stepped threshold and into a sloped compartment, the method comprising: moving the cargo across the stepped threshold and onto a ball mat located within the sloped compartment, wherein the ball mat is in a substantially horizontal position, wherein a surface of the ball mat comprises at least one conveyance device; configuring the ball mat in a sloped position; and moving the cargo off the ball mat and into the sloped compartment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises configuring the ball mat in the substantially horizontal position. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the configuring of the ball mat in the substantially horizontal position is enabled by using a manual lever, an electrical motor, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuring of the ball mat in the sloped position is enabled by using a manual lever, an electrical motor, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein when the cargo is moved onto the ball mat, at least one container stop lever, located proximate a first side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in a down position such that the at least one container stop lever is flush with the surface of the ball mat. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein when the cargo is moved onto the ball mat, at least one container stop, located proximate a second side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in an unrestrained up position. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein when the ball mat is configured in the sloped position, at least one container stop, located proximate a second side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in an unrestrained down position, thereby allowing the cargo to move off of the ball mat. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the sloped compartment is a cargo compartment of an aircraft. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one conveyance device is at least one of at least one roller ball and at least one caster. 10. A method for removing cargo from a sloped compartment and across a stepped threshold, the method comprising: moving the cargo onto a ball mat located within the sloped compartment, wherein the ball mat is in a sloped position, wherein a surface of the ball mat comprises at least one conveyance device; configuring the ball mat in a substantially horizontal position; and moving the cargo off the ball mat and across the stepped threshold. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the method further comprises configuring the ball mat in the sloped position. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the configuring of the ball mat in the sloped position is enabled by using a manual lever, an electrical motor, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or a combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the configuring of the ball mat in the substantially horizontal position is enabled by using a manual lever, an electrical motor, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or a combination thereof. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein when the cargo is moved onto the ball mat, at least one container stop, located proximate a second side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in an unrestrained down position, thereby allowing the cargo to move onto the ball mat. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein when the cargo is moved onto the ball mat, at least one container stop lever, located proximate a first side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in an up position, thereby securing the cargo from moving towards the first side of the ball mat. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein when the ball mat is configured in the substantially horizontal position, at least one container stop lever, located proximate a first side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in a down position such that the at least one container stop lever is flush with the surface of the ball mat. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein when the ball mat is configured in the substantially horizontal position, at least one container stop, located proximate a second side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, is configured in a restrained up position, thereby securing the cargo from moving off of the ball mat. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the sloped compartment is a cargo compartment of an aircraft. 19. A system for transferring cargo across a stepped threshold and into a sloped compartment, the system comprising: a ball mat located within the sloped compartment, wherein a surface of the ball mat comprises at least one conveyance device, wherein when the cargo is moved across the stepped threshold, the ball mat is configured in a substantially horizontal position, and wherein the ball mat is configured in a sloped position to move the cargo off of the ball mat and into the sloped compartment. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the ball mat further comprises at least one container stop lever, located proximate a first side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, configurable in one of an up position or a down position. 21. The system of claim 19, wherein the ball mat further comprises at least one container stop, located proximate a second side of the ball mat and on the surface of the ball mat, configurable in one of an up position or a down position. 22. The system of claim 19, wherein the ball mat is enabled to be configured in one of the sloped position or the substantially horizontal position by using a manual lever, an electrical motor, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or a combination thereof.",
-    "An improved hot water pressure washer utilizes a combination of technologies to achieve lower emission levels and increased operational efficiency. A forced air natural gas or forced air oil burner utilizes a flue gas and recirculation line to lower carbon monoxide and NOx emissions from a burner. A flue gas heat exchanger is utilized to lower the temperature of the exhaust gas. The lower exhaust gas temperatures allow for lower cost materials to be utilized. The efficiency levels of a hot water pressure washer are increased over known devices. 1. A pressure washer for heating and pressurizing a fluid, the pressure washer comprising: a fluid flow path for heating a fluid, the fluid flow path comprising a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger, the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger provided in series; the first heat exchanger comprising an exhaust gas heat exchanger with a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, the fluid inlet in fluid communication with a clean fluid source, and the fluid outlet in fluid communication with a pump to convey the fluid to an inlet of the pump; the pump being operable to pressurize the fluid received from the first heat exchanger and comprising an outlet for conveying the fluid to a second heat exchanger; the second heat exchanger provided within a combustion chamber, the combustion chamber comprising a burner; wherein the combustion chamber is connected to the first heat exchanger to allow an exhaust gas from the burner to vent to the first heat exchanger; wherein the pressure washer comprises a flue gas recirculation line, wherein exhaust gas that is not vented to the first heat exchanger is conveyed as flue gas to a mixing chamber; the mixing chamber comprising a first inlet for ambient air and a second inlet for the flue gas; wherein at least one of gas and air from the mixing chamber is combusted by the burner to provide thermal energy to the second heat exchanger, and wherein thermal energy from the exhaust gas is vented to the first heat exchanger. 2. The pressure washer of claim 1, wherein the second heat exchanger comprises a heating coil positioned proximal to the burner and wherein the heating coil comprises a flow path for the fluid. 3. The pressure washer of claim 1, the pressure washer further comprises at least one of a valve and damper to selectively control an amount of flue gas conveyed to the mixing chamber. 4. The pressure washer of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a motor, a pump, and a fan to draw flue gas through the flue gas recirculation line. 5. A pressure washer having increased operational efficiency, the pressure washer comprising: a pump for pressurizing a fluid, the pump comprising a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; a combustion chamber comprising a first heating coil and an exhaust stack; the combustion chamber comprising a burner and an air intake associated with the burner; a heat exchanger connected to a second end of the combustion chamber, the heat exchanger comprising a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet and a second heating coil; a flue gas recirculation line operable to direct a flue gas from the exhaust stack to the burner, wherein gas from the combustion chamber is directed through the flue gas recirculation line to the burner and wherein the flue gas is allowed to mix with air from the air intake and is combusted in the combustion chamber to provide thermal energy to a fluid in the first heating coil; wherein the fluid is provided to the first heating coil of the combustion chamber as a pre-heated fluid from the second heating coil, and wherein the first heating coil comprises a fluid outlet for direction the fluid to a dispensing device. 6. The pressure washer of claim 5, wherein the burner comprises at least one of a forced air natural gas burner and a forced air oil burner. 7. The pressure washer of claim 5, further comprising at least one of a motor, a pump, and a fan to draw the flue gas through the flue gas recirculation line. 8. The pressure washer of claim 5, further comprising a secondary burner provided within the combustion chamber. 9. The pressure washer of claim 5, further comprising a damper provided in the flue gas recirculation line, the damper adapted to regulate an amount of flue gas supplied by the flue gas recirculation line to the burner. 10. The pressure washer of claim 5, wherein pump is provided downstream of the heat exchanger and upstream of the first heating coil. 11. The pressure washer of claim 5, wherein the dispensing device comprises at least one of a spray gun and a wand. 12. A pressure washer for heating and pressurizing a fluid, the pressure washer comprising: a first heat exchanger comprising a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and a first heating coil connected to the fluid inlet at a first end and the fluid outlet at a second end, the first heat exchanger operable to receive an exhaust gas and subject a fluid to heat from the exhaust gas; the first heating coil in fluid communication with a pump, the pump operable to pressurize a fluid from the fluid outlet of the first heat exchanger; the pump comprising a fluid inlet in fluid communication with the first heating coil and a fluid outlet in fluid communication with a second heat exchanger provided within a combustion chamber; the combustion chamber comprising a burner for generating thermal energy, and wherein the burner provides the exhaust gas to the first heat exchanger; wherein a first portion of the exhaust gas is vented into the heat exchanger and a second portion of the exhaust gas is provided as a flue gas to a flue gas recirculation line; a mixing chamber provided in communication with the combustion chamber and adapted to allow mixing of the flue gas and ambient air; wherein fluid is provided to the first heat exchanger via the fluid inlet and heated in the first heating coil by the exhaust gas, and wherein the fluid exiting the fluid outlet of the first heat exchanger is conveyed to an inlet of the second heat exchanger by the pump. 13. The pressure washer of claim 12, wherein the second heat exchanger comprises a heating coil. 14. The pressure washer of claim 12, wherein the flue gas recirculation line comprises a first end and a second end, the first end connected to the combustion chamber such that the flue gas is directed to the flue gas recirculation line prior to reaching the first heat exchanger. 15. The pressure washer of claim 12, wherein the flue gas recirculation line comprises at least one of a damper and a valve for regulating a flow of flue gas to the mixing chamber. 16. The pressure washer of claim 12, further comprising at least one of a motor, a pump, and a fan to draw flue gas through the flue gas recirculation line. 17. The pressure washer of claim 12, further comprising a forced air natural gas or forced air oil burner, the forced air natural gas or forced air oil burner containing the combustion chamber. 18. The pressure washer of claim 12, further comprising a fuel line connected to the burner and wherein the burner combusts a combination of fuel supplied by the fuel line, a flue gas, and ambient air. 19. The pressure washer of claim 12, wherein the second heat exchanger comprises a fluid outlet for conveying heated fluid from the second heat exchanger and the combustion chamber. 20. The pressure washer of claim 19, further comprising at least one of a spray gun and a dispensing wand interconnected to the fluid outlet.",
-    "A connector includes a socket configured to be secured within a socket opening of a power input. A socket head has a plurality of plug insert receptacles. Each plug insert receptacle receives a conductive insert. The conductive insert connects with a cable that extends from the plug insert receptacle through and out of the socket. A plug contains a base. A head of the base has a plurality of plug insert units. Each plug insert unit receives a conductive insert that connects with a cable that extends out the base of the plug. A handle covers the base. The handle and the base are fixed and connected by a positioning device that includes an inverted tooth structure. The socket and plug when connected are secured in place by an elastic hasp. 1. A connector for a power input, the connector comprising: a socket configured to be secured within a socket opening of the power input, including: a socket head provided with a plurality of plug insert receptacles, each plug insert receptacle in the plurality of plug insert receptacles receiving a conductive insert, the conductive insert connecting with a cable that extends from the plug insert receptacle through and out of the socket; a plug containing a base, a head of the base being provided with a plurality of plug insert units, each plug insert unit in the plurality of plug insert units receiving a conductive insert that connects with a cable that extends out the base of the plug; and, a handle that covers the base, the handle and the base being fixed and connected by a positioning device that includes an inverted tooth structure; wherein the socket and plug when connected are secured in place by an elastic hasp. 2. A connector as in claim 1, wherein the socket head includes: a lip that limits insertion of the plug into the socket; and, elastic tab fasteners arranged to secure the socket within the socket opening of the power input; wherein the tail of the socket and the base are each provided with conduits for guiding cables. 3. A connector as in claim 1: wherein at least one plug insert receptacle in the plurality of the plug insert receptacles includes a tab groove; and, wherein, at least one plug insert unit in the first plurality of the plug insert units includes a tab, the tab fitting within the tab groove. 4. A connector as in claim 1, wherein the handle includes: an upper casing including a U-shaped section, wherein a first tab is located at one side of the upper casing, wherein another side of the upper casing includes a first tab groove, wherein a tail of the upper casing has a cylindrical shape and wherein the upper casing is provided with a threaded hole along one diagonal and a through hole along another diagonal; and, a lower casing with identical structure to the upper casing. 5. A connector as in claim 4: wherein a second tab extends along a radial direction on one side of the upper casing; and, wherein a second tab groove extends along the radial direction on another side of the upper casing. 6. A connector as in claim 4, wherein the inverted tooth structure includes: an upper inverted tooth structure, the upper inverted tooth structure being a half ring, an outside diameter of the upper inverted tooth structure being consistent with the inside diameter of the tail of the upper casing; and, a lower inverted tooth structure that is identical in structure to the upper inverted tooth structure. 7. A connector as in claim 1, wherein: the handle has a U-shaped opening allowing user access to the elastic hasp. 8. A connector as in claim 7, wherein the hasp includes: a catching groove located on the head of the socket; and, a catching structure on the head of the base of the plug and located within the U-shaped groove of the handle; wherein one end of the catching structure is fixed to the base, and a middle of the catching structure is provided with a wedge-shaped tap that matches with the catching groove; and, wherein another end of the catching structure includes a push button. 9. A connector as claim 1, wherein: an annular concave-convex garnish gripping region is located at a periphery of the handle.",
-    "A gasket insertion method for inserting a gasket into an outer cylinder includes providing an outer cylinder having a base end opening section; providing a gasket having a recessed section that is open at a base end of the gasket and that includes a flat bottom surface; pushing the gasket into a sleeve configured to be inserted into the outer cylinder, by relatively moving an inserter in a tip end direction with respect to the sleeve while a flat tip end surface of a tip end section of the inserter abuts the bottom surface of the recessed section; inserting the sleeve into the outer cylinder through the base end opening section; and arranging the gasket inside the outer cylinder by relatively moving the sleeve in a base end direction with respect to the outer cylinder while maintaining relative axial positions of the outer cylinder, the gasket, and the inserter. 1. A gasket insertion method for inserting a gasket into an outer cylinder, the method comprising: providing an outer cylinder having a base end opening section; providing a gasket having a recessed section that is open at a base end of the gasket and that includes a flat bottom surface; pushing the gasket into a sleeve configured to be inserted into the outer cylinder, by relatively moving an inserter in a tip end direction with respect to the sleeve while a flat tip end surface of a tip end section of the inserter abuts the bottom surface of the recessed section; inserting the sleeve into the outer cylinder through the base end opening section; and arranging the gasket inside the outer cylinder by relatively moving the sleeve in a base end direction with respect to the outer cylinder while maintaining relative axial positions of the outer cylinder, the gasket, and the inserter. 2. The gasket insertion method according to claim 1, wherein an inner diameter of the recessed section is substantially constant along substantially an entire length of the recessed section in a depth direction. 3. The gasket insertion method according to claim 1, wherein: a ratio of an inner diameter of the recessed section to an outer diameter of the gasket is 30% or more, and a ratio of the outer diameter of the tip end section of the inserter to the inner diameter of the recessed section is 60% or more. 4. The gasket insertion method according to claim 1, wherein: a plurality of circular ribs are located on an outer circumferential section of the gasket, the circular ribs being spaced apart from each other in an axial direction of the gasket, and a difference between an outer diameter of the circular rib and an outer diameter of a valley section that is located between adjacent circular ribs is 0.7 mm or more, or a ratio of the outer diameter of the valley section to the outer diameter of the circular rib is 90% or less. 5. The gasket insertion method according to claim 2, wherein: a plurality of circular ribs are located on an outer circumferential section of the gasket, the circular ribs being spaced apart from each other in an axial direction of the gasket, and a difference between an outer diameter of the circular rib and an outer diameter of a valley section that is located between adjacent circular ribs is 0.7 mm or more, or a ratio of the outer diameter of the valley section to the outer diameter of the circular rib is 90% or less. 6. The gasket insertion method according to claim 3, wherein: a plurality of circular ribs are located on an outer circumferential section of the gasket, the circular ribs being spaced apart from each other in an axial direction of the gasket, and a difference between an outer diameter of the circular rib and an outer diameter of a valley section that is located between adjacent circular ribs is 0.7 mm or more, or a ratio of the outer diameter of the valley section to the outer diameter of the circular rib is 90% or less. 7. The gasket insertion method according to claim 4, wherein: of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a tip end side of the gasket is provided on a tip end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface, and of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a base end side of the gasket is provided on a base end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface. 8. The gasket insertion method according to claim 5, wherein: of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a tip end side of the gasket is provided on a tip end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface, and of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a base end side of the gasket is provided on a base end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface. 9. The gasket insertion method according to claim 6, wherein: of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a tip end side of the gasket is provided on a tip end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface, and of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a base end side of the gasket is provided on a base end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface. 10. A gasket for insertion in an outer cylinder in a slidable manner, the gasket comprising: a gasket main body including a tip end and a base end; a recessed section that is open at the base end of the gasket main body; and a plurality of circular ribs that are located on an outer circumferential section of the gasket main body, the circular ribs being spaced apart from each other in an axial direction of the gasket main body, wherein the recessed section includes a flat bottom surface, and wherein a difference between an outer diameter of the circular rib and an outer diameter of a valley section that is located between adjacent circular ribs is 0.7 mm or more, or a ratio of the outer diameter of the valley section to the outer diameter of the circular rib is 90% or less. 11. The gasket according to claim 10, wherein: of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a tip end side of the gasket is provided on a tip end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface, and of the plurality of circular ribs, a circular rib that is farthest on a base end side of the gasket is provided on a base end side of the gasket relative to the bottom surface.",
-    "An extendable hull system movable between a mono-hull to a multi-hull configuration is provided so as to take advantage of both types of hull designs depending on the boating conditions. The extendable hull system provides a center hull portion and two side hull portions, each with separate planing surfaces in an expanded multi-hull configuration, and providing a shared planing surface in the contracted mono-hull configuration. The extendable hull system provides a pivotably connected railing system along a periphery of the side hull portions for moving to a deployed configuration providing additional walking surface. The extendable hull system provides a retractable awning movable between positions for covering the mono-hull and the multi-hull configuration. 1. An extendable hull system adapted to move between a mono-hull contracted configuration and a multi-hull configuration, comprising: a center hull portion connected to a plurality of fixed frame elements; two side hull portions, one of the two side hull portions disposed on the port and the starboard side of the center hull portion, respectively, wherein each side hull portion is connected to a plurality of slidable elements, each slidable element received by an associated complement fixed frame element of the plurality of fixed frame elements; and a plurality of actuator arms, each actuator arm extending from a fixed end to an extendable end, wherein each fixed end is connected to the plurality of fixed frame elements, and wherein each extendable end is connected to one of the two side hull portions so as to provide a mono-hull contracted configuration. 2. The extendable hull system of claim 1, wherein the two side hull portions abut in the mono-hull contracted configuration providing a shared planing surface. 3. The extendable hull system of claim 2, wherein the shared planing surface is disposed near a transom of the mono-hull contracted configuration. 4. The extendable hull system of claim 1, further comprising a complementary nesting cavity is provided in each of the two side hull portions. 5. The extendable hull system of claim 1, wherein the center hull portion is dimensioned and adapted to nest with the two nesting cavities is formed in the mono-hull contracted configuration. 6. The extendable hull system of claim 1, further comprising a complementary abutment surface is provided along each of the two side hull portions, wherein the two abutment surfaces abut in the mono-hull contracted configuration. 7. The extendable hull system of claim 1, further comprising a center planing surface provided by the center hull. 8. The extendable hull system of claim 7, wherein the multi-hull configuration provides a stepped hull configuration comprising the center planing surface and a side planing surface of each of the two side hull portions. 9. The extendable hull system of claim 1, further comprising a retractable awning dimensioned and adapted to selectively move between a contracted position and an expanded position, wherein the expanded position provides coverage in the expanded configuration. 10. The extendable hull system of claim 9, further comprising two telescopically adjustable columns between which the retractable awning spans. 11. The extendable hull system of claim 1, further comprising a railing system pivotably connected to at least one of the two side hull portions so as to be movable between a vertical configuration orthogonal to the plurality of slidable elements and a deployed configuration parallel and adjacent to the plurality of slidable elements associated with the at least one of the two side hull portions.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention are directed to systems, methods and computer program products for providing a geolocation check-in system. An exemplary apparatus is configured to collect positioning data related to a user. After collecting position data the apparatus may be configure to determine, based at least partially on the positioning data that the user has crossed a threshold of a geofence associated with a merchant's location. Based at least partially on this determination the apparatus may be configured to initiate a merchant check-in associated with the user and transmit user information to the merchant. 1. An apparatus for providing a geolocation check-in system, the apparatus comprising: a memory; one or more processors; and a module stored in the memory, executable by the one or more processors, and configured to cause the one or more processors to: determine a likely route of travel of a user, wherein determining the likely route of travel is determined based on analyzing social network feeds associated with the user, wherein the social network feeds provide an indication of the likely route of travel of the user; collect, from a computing device associated with the user, positioning data related to the user, wherein the positioning data comprises a location of the user along the likely route of travel, and wherein the positioning data is determined by the computing device interfacing with a global positioning system; identify a threshold of a geofence associated with a merchant's location; determine whether the likely route of travel of the user will cross the threshold of the geofence associated with the merchant; determine, based at least partially on the positioning data, that the user has crossed the threshold of the geofence associated with the merchant's location; transmit a communication to the user requesting the user to check-in with a social media site associated with the merchant; receive a verification that the user desires to check-in with the merchant; initiate a check-in with the social network associated with the merchant; and transmit information associated with the user to the merchant. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein determining that the user has crossed the threshold of the geofence further comprises the apparatus being configured to compare the user's current position to the threshold of the geofence. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to receive one or more user preferences for processing check-ins with a social network associate with a merchant. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein processing the check-in with the social network associated with the merchant further comprises prompting the user to accept one or more terms and conditions associated with the merchant. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to store the user information. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to notify one or more entities of a successful check-in. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the positioning data further comprises data from a video stream of an environment surrounding the user, wherein the video stream is captured by the computing device associated with the user.",
-    "Provided is a manufacturing method of a head which includes a channel formation substrate having two piezoelectric actuator rows formed thereon, a driving circuit, and a driving circuit board which is provided with a first bump and a second bump. In the method, the first bump is provided on the outside of the piezoelectric actuator row, on the driving circuit board, an adhesive layer is provided on both sides of the first bump and the second bump, a first through hole and a second through hole are provided on the driving circuit board, a first connection wiring and a second connection wiring which are connected to the driving circuit are provided, and a first electrode of the piezoelectric actuator is electrically connected to the first connection wiring via the first bump and a second electrode is electrically connected to the second connection wiring via the second bump. 1. A manufacturing method of a head, the head including an actuator substrate which has two piezo element rows arranged in a second direction which intersects with a first direction, each of the piezo element rows being formed of piezo elements arranged in the first direction, the piezo element causing a pressure change to occur in a pressure generating chamber communicating with a nozzle opening for ejecting a liquid; a driving circuit board which is provided with a driving circuit for driving the piezo element on a second main surface on the side opposite to a first main surface facing the actuator substrate; and a first bump and a second bump which are provided on any one of the actuator substrate and the driving circuit board, the method comprising: forming the piezo element, which includes an individual electrode which is independently provided corresponding to the pressure generating chamber, a common electrode which is common to the piezo element row, and a piezoelectric layer which is provided between the common electrode and the individual electrode, on the actuator substrate; forming the first bump on the outside of the piezo element row in the second direction, on any one of the actuator substrate and the driving circuit board; forming a plurality of first through holes, which communicate with the first main surface and the second main surface, for each individual electrode, and forming at least one second through hole, which communicates with the first main surface and the second main surface, corresponding to the common electrode, on the driving circuit board; forming a first connection wiring and a second connection wiring which are connected to the driving circuit in the first through hole and the second through hole; providing an adhesive layer at least on both sides of the first bump in the second direction between the actuator substrate and the driving circuit board; and adhering the actuator substrate and the driving circuit board through the adhesive layer such that the individual electrode and the first connection wiring are electrically connected through the first bump, and the common electrode and the second connection wiring are electrically connected through the second bump. 2. The manufacturing method of a head according to claim 1, wherein on any one of the actuator substrate and the driving circuit board, the second bump is formed between the piezo element rows. 3. The manufacturing method of a head according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is provided on both sides of the second bump in the second direction. 4. The manufacturing method of a head according to claim 1, wherein on a surface of the driving circuit board on the actuator substrate side, an accommodating portion having a recessed shape faces the piezo element row and is extended in the second direction, and wherein a wiring is formed in the accommodating portion. 5. The manufacturing method of a head according to claim 1, wherein, the second bump is extended in the first direction, and wherein at least two second through holes are formed on the outside from both ends of the second bump in the first direction.",
-    "One illustrative electrostatic actuator disclosed herein includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a first insulation layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, a first resilient material between the first electrode and the second electrode, a third electrode, a second insulation layer between the second electrode and the third electrode, and a second resilient material between the second electrode and the third electrode. The first electrode and the third electrode receive power from a power supply and responsively generate a first polarity. The second electrode receives power from the power supply and responsively generates a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity. The first polarity and the second polarity generate a first attractive force between the first electrode and the second electrode and a second attractive force between the second electrode and the third electrode. The electrostatic actuator may be part of a user interface. 1. A device comprising: an electrostatic haptic actuator comprising: a first electrode, a second electrode, a first insulation layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, a first resilient material between the first electrode and the second electrode, a third electrode, a second insulation layer between the second electrode and the third electrode, and a second resilient material between the second electrode and the third electrode; a power supply operatively connected to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode for generating a first polarity on the first and third electrodes and a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity on the second electrode; and a controller in signal communication with the power supply or with a switch, the controller being configured to cause the power supply to be electrically connected to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode to generate a first attractive force between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a second attractive force between the second electrode and the third electrode. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer comprises a dielectric material. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the first insulation layer comprises the first resilient material, and the second insulation layer comprises the second resilient material. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the first insulation layer comprises the first resilient material, and the second insulation layer comprises the second resilient material. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to cause the power supply to be electrically disconnected from the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode, and wherein in response to the power supply being electrically disconnected from the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode, the first resilient material is configured to move the first electrode and the second electrode to respective initial positions and the second resilient material is configured to move the second electrode and the third electrode to respective initial positions. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the switch comprises a first switch electrically coupled between the power supply and the first electrode and a second switch electrically coupled between the power supply and the third electrode, and wherein the controller is in signal communication with the first switch and the second switch. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the controller is configured to send a first signal to the first switch to close the first switch before sending a second signal to the second switch to close the second switch. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to cause a polarity of the second electrode to be reversed to generate repelling forces between the first electrode and the second electrode and between the second electrode and the third electrode. 9. The device of claim 1, further comprising a touch sensor in signal communication with the controller and configured to sense an input and transmit a signal associated with the input, wherein the controller is configured to cause the power supply to be electrically connected to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode to generate the first attractive force and the second attractive force in response to receiving the signal from the touch sensor. 10. An electrostatic haptic actuator comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; a first insulation layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first resilient material between the first electrode and the second electrode; a third electrode; a second insulation layer between the second electrode and the third electrode; and a second resilient material between the second electrode and the third electrode, wherein the first electrode and the third electrode are configured to receive power from a power supply and responsively generate a first polarity, and the second electrode is configured to receive power from the power supply and responsively generate a second polarity that is opposite the first polarity such that the first polarity and the second polarity generate a first attractive force between the first electrode and the second electrode and a second attractive force between the second electrode and the third electrode. 11. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 10, wherein each of the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer comprises a dielectric material. 12. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 11, wherein the first insulation layer comprises the first resilient material, and the second insulation layer comprises the second resilient material. 13. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 10, wherein the first insulation layer comprises the first resilient material, and the second insulation layer comprises the second resilient material. 14. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 10, further comprising a controller in signal communication with the power supply or a switch, the controller being configured to cause the power supply to be electrically connected to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode. 15. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to cause the power supply to be electrically disconnected from the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode, and wherein in response to the power supply being electrically disconnected from the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode, the first resilient material is configured to move the first electrode and the second electrode to respective initial positions and the second resilient material is configured to move the second electrode and the third electrode to respective initial positions. 16. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 15, wherein the switch comprises a first switch electrically coupled between the power supply and the first electrode and a second switch electrically coupled between the power supply and the third electrode, and wherein the controller is in signal communication with the first switch and the second switch. 17. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 16, wherein the controller is configured to send a first signal to the first switch to close the first switch before sending a second signal to the second switch to close the second switch. 18. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to cause a polarity of the second electrode to be reversed to generate repelling forces between the first electrode and the second electrode and between the second electrode and the third electrode. 19. The electrostatic haptic actuator according to claim 10, further comprising the power supply operatively connected to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode for generating the first polarity on the first and third electrodes and the second polarity on the second electrode. 20. A method comprising: receiving, by a controller and from a touch sensor, a sensor signal associated with an input; determining, by the controller, a haptic effect based at least in part on the sensor signal; and causing, by the controller, a power source to transmit power to a first electrode, a second electrode, and a third electrode of an electrostatic haptic actuator, the power configured to cause the electrostatic haptic actuator to output the haptic effect at least in part by generating a first attractive force between the first electrode and the second electrode and a second attractive force between the second electrode and the third electrode for generating the haptic effect. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the electrostatic haptic actuator comprises: a first insulation layer positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first resilient material positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; a second insulation layer positioned between the second electrode and the third electrode; and a second resilient material positioned between the second electrode and the third electrode. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein each of the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer comprises a dielectric material. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the first insulation layer comprises the first resilient material, and the second insulation layer comprises the second resilient material. 24. The method according to claim 21, wherein the first insulation layer comprises the first resilient material, and the second insulation layer comprises the second resilient material. 25. The method according to claim 21, further comprising causing the power supply to be electrically disconnected from the electrostatic haptic actuator, wherein the first resilient material is configured to move the first electrode and the second electrode to respective initial positions and the second resilient material is configured to move the second electrode and the third electrode to respective initial positions in response to the power supply being electrically disconnected from the electrostatic haptic actuator. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein causing the power source to transmit power to the first electrode comprises operating a first switch electrically coupled between the power supply and the first electrode, and wherein causing the power source to transmit power to the third electrode comprising operating a second switch electrically coupled between the power supply and the third electrode. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein operating the first switch and the second switch comprises transmitting a first signal to the first switch to close the first switch before sending a second signal to the second switch to close the second switch. 28. The method of claim 20, further comprising causing a polarity of the second electrode to be reversed to generate repelling forces between the first electrode and the second electrode and between the second electrode and the third electrode.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention are directed to systems, methods and computer program products for providing a geolocation check-in system. An exemplary apparatus is configured to collect positioning data related to a user. After collecting position data the apparatus may be configure to determine, based at least partially on the positioning data that the user has crossed a threshold of a geofence associated with a merchant's location. Based at least partially on this determination the apparatus may be configured to initiate a merchant check-in associated with the user and transmit user information to the merchant. 1. A computer program product for providing a geolocation check-in system, the computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a set of codes for causing a computer to: determine a likely route of travel of a user, wherein determining the likely route of travel is determined based on analyzing social network feeds associated with the user, wherein the social network feeds provide an indication of the likely route of travel of the user; collect, from a computing device associated with the user, positioning data related to the user, wherein the positioning data comprises a location of the user along the likely route of travel, and wherein the positioning data is determined by the computing device interfacing with a global positioning system; identify a threshold of a geofence associated with a merchant's location; determine whether the likely route of travel of the user will cross the threshold of the geofence associated with the merchant; determine, based at least partially on the positioning data, that the user has crossed the threshold of the geofence associated with the merchant's location; transmit a communication to the user requesting the user to check-in with a social media site associated with the merchant; receive a verification that the user desires to check-in with the merchant; initiate a check-in with the social network associated with the merchant; and transmit information associated with the user to the merchant. 2. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the positioning data further comprises data from a video stream of an environment surrounding the user, wherein the video stream is captured by the computing device associated with the user. 3. A method for providing a geolocation check-in system, the method comprising: determining a likely route of travel of a user, wherein determining the likely route of travel is determined based on analyzing social network feeds associated with the user, wherein the social network feeds provide an indication of the likely route of travel of the user; collecting, from a computing device associated with the user, positioning data related to the user, wherein the positioning data comprises a location of the user along the likely route of travel, and wherein the positioning data is determined by the computing device interfacing with a global positioning system; identifying a threshold of a geofence associated with a merchant's location; determining whether the likely route of travel of the user will cross the threshold of the geofence associated with the merchant; determining, based at least partially on the positioning data, that the user has crossed the threshold of the geofence associated with the merchant's location; transmitting a communication to the user requesting the user to check-in with a social media site associated with the merchant; receiving a verification that the user desires to check-in with the merchant; initiating a check-in with the social network associated with the merchant; and transmitting information associated with the user to the merchant. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein determining that the user has crossed the threshold of the geofence further comprises comparing the user's current position to the threshold of the geofence. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the method further comprises receiving one or more user preferences for processing check-ins with a social network associate with a merchant. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein processing the check-in with the social network associated with the merchant further comprises prompting the user to accept one or more terms and conditions associated with the merchant. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the method further comprises storing the user information. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the method further comprises notifying one or more entities of a successful check-in. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the positioning data further comprises data from a video stream of an environment surrounding the user, wherein the video stream is captured by the computing device associated with the user.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for allowing a user to switch viewing positions and/or perspective while viewing an environment, e.g., as part of a 3D playback/viewing experience, are described. In various embodiments images of the environment are captured using cameras placed at multiple camera positions. During viewing a user can select which camera position he/she would like to experience the environment from. While experiencing the environment from the perspective of a first camera position the user may switch from the first to a second camera position by looking at the second position. A visual indication is provided to the user to indicate that the user can select the other camera position as his/her viewing position. If a user input indicates a desired viewing position change, a switch to the alternate viewing position is made and the user is presented with images captured from the perspective of the user selected alternative viewing position. 1. A method of presenting content corresponding to an environment, the method comprising: displaying to a user content corresponding to a first camera position in said environment; determining if the user is viewing another camera position in said environment; and monitoring, while said user is viewing said another camera position, to detect user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining if the user is viewing another camera position in said environment includes determining from i) a user head angle of rotation, ii) user head tilt angle or iii) both the user head angle of rotation and user head tilt angle, if said user is viewing said another camera position. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining which of a plurality of alternative camera positions the user is viewing based on at least one of said user head angle of rotation or user head tilt angle. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when it is determined that the user is viewing another camera position in said environment, presenting the user an indication that the user can switch to viewing the environment from a perspective of said another camera position. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein presenting the user an indication that the user can switch to viewing the environment from a perspective of said another camera position includes providing a visual indication corresponding to the another camera position that a switch to viewing the environment from the perspective of said another camera position is possible. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said visual indication is one of at least a change in color or shading at the another camera position. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said visual indication includes text in the area of said another camera position putting the user on notice of the potential to switch to viewing from the perspective of said another camera position. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said environment includes an audience seating area and a performance area said environment including at least two camera positions corresponding to different audience seating positions. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to said monitoring detecting user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position switching from displaying to the user content corresponding to a first camera position in said environment to displaying to the user content corresponding to the another camera position in said environment. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein switching from displaying to the user content corresponding to a first camera position in said environment includes switching from receiving and displaying a first broadcast content stream corresponding to an output of a first stereoscopic camera pair located at said first camera position to receiving and displaying a second broadcast content stream corresponding to an output of a second stereoscopic camera pair located at said another camera position. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring to detect user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position includes monitoring for user input on a control input interface while said user is viewing said another camera position. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining if the user is viewing another camera position in said environment includes: monitoring a current head orientation of the user; and determining if the head orientation indicates whether the user is viewing the another camera position. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: determining, prior to presenting the user an indication that the user can switch to viewing the environment from a perspective of said another camera position, if the user was viewing said another camera position for a predetermined time; and wherein said presenting the user said indication is contingent on determining that the user was viewing said another camera position for the predetermined time. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: if said monitoring, while said user is viewing said another camera position, to detect user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position fails to detect said user input indicating a user selected switch within a predetermined time of the start of presenting the user the indication, eliminating the indication that the user can switch to viewing the environment from a perspective of said another camera position. 15. An interactive system for presenting content corresponding to an environment, comprising: a display device; a display controller configured to control displaying, to a user on said display device, of content corresponding to a first camera position in said environment; a user view determination module configured to determine if the user is viewing another camera position in said environment; and a monitoring module configured to monitor, while said user is viewing said another camera position, to detect user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position. 16. The interactive system of claim 15, wherein said user view determination module is configured to determine from i) a user head angle of rotation, ii) user head tilt angle or iii) both the user head angle of rotation and user head tilt angle, if said user is viewing said another camera position. 17. The interactive system of claim 16, further comprising: a camera position determination module configured to determine which of a plurality of alternative camera positions the user is viewing based on at least one of said user head angle of rotation or user head tilt angle. 18. The interactive system of claim 15, wherein said display controller is further configured to control presenting, on said display device, of an indication to the user that the user can switch to viewing the environment from a perspective of said another camera position when it is determined that the user is viewing another camera position in said environment. 19. The interactive system of claim 15, further comprising: a switch controller configured to control the system to switch from displaying, on said display device, content corresponding to a first camera position in said environment to displaying to the user content corresponding to the another camera position in said environment, in response to said monitoring module detecting user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position. 20. A non-transitory machine readable medium comprising processor executable instructions, which when executed by a processor, control a system to: display to a user, on a display, content corresponding to a first camera position in an environment; determine if the user is viewing another camera position in said environment; and monitor, while said user is viewing said another camera position, to detect user input indicating a user selected switch to said another camera position.",
-    "A method is provided for fabricating an electromagnetic shield for an electronic component on a PCB. The method includes providing a patterned metal layer; laminating the patterned metal layer with a second dielectric layer; forming a cavity in the second dielectric layer; applying a dry film resist over the second dielectric layer and the cavity; stripping the dry film resist from the second dielectric layer and portions of the cavity adjacent the cavity side walls; depositing a seed layer and metal over the second dielectric layer and the dry film resist; etching the preplating layer and the seed layer from top surfaces of a remainder of the dry film resist and the second dielectric layer; and stripping the remainder of the dry film resist, thereby exposing the preplating layer on the side walls of the cavity to provide the electromagnetic shield. 1. A method of fabricating an electromagnetic shield for an electronic component on a printed circuit board, the method comprising: providing a patterned metal layer comprising at least one signal pad and a ground pad on a first dielectric layer comprising first dielectric material; laminating the patterned metal layer with a second dielectric layer of second dielectric material; forming a cavity in the second dielectric layer, extending to the first dielectric layer on which the patterned metal layer is formed, and exposing the at least one signal pad and at least a portion of the ground pad, the cavity having side walls; applying a first dry film resist over the second dielectric layer and the cavity; stripping the first dry film resist from a top surface of the second dielectric layer and from portions of the cavity adjacent the side walls of the cavity; electrolessly depositing metal as a seed layer over the second dielectric layer and the dry film resist; electrolytically depositing metal over the seed layer as a preplating layer; etching the preplating layer and the seed layer from top surfaces of a remainder of the first dry film resist and the second dielectric layer; and stripping the remainder of the first dry film resist, thereby exposing the preplating layer on the side walls of the cavity and the at least one signal pad and the at least a portion of the ground pad within the cavity, the exposed preplating layer on the side walls of the cavity being electrically connected to the at least a portion of the ground pad within the cavity to provide the electromagnetic shield. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: inserting the electronic component into the cavity, and connecting the electronic component to the at least one signal pad, wherein the electromagnetic shield shields the electronic component from electromagnetic radiation. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a second dry film resist over the preplating layer before etching the preplating layer and the seed layer; removing the second dry film resist from a portion of the preplating layer; electroplating metal over the second dry film resist and the removed portion of the preplating layer, forming a contact; and stripping the second dry film resist, leaving the preplating layer and the seed layer on the top surfaces of the remainder of the first dry film resist and the second dielectric layer. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the cavity in the second dielectric layer comprises removing a portion of the second dielectric material corresponding to a volume of the cavity using a laser. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the cavity in the second dielectric layer comprises removing a portion of the second dielectric material corresponding to a volume of the cavity using a wet etching process. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein stripping the first dry film resist comprises a lithography process. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric comprise at least one of a prepreg material and a resin-based dielectric material. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive material attached to the side walls of the cavity comprises copper. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive material attached to the side walls of the cavity comprises a high permeability metal alloy. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the high permeability metal alloy comprises a MuMetal\u00ae. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive material attached to the side walls of the cavity has a thickness in a range of about 0.1 \u03bcm to about 20 \u03bcm. 12. The method of claim 2, further comprising: depositing a molded compound over the second dielectric layer and the electronic component positioned within the cavity, the molded compound filling gaps between the electronic component and the electrically conductive material attached to the side walls of the cavity. 13. A method of fabricating an electromagnetic shield in a cavity in a printed circuit board, the cavity for housing an electronic component, the method comprising: forming the cavity in a dielectric material of the printed circuit board, thereby exposing a ground pad and at least one signal pad for connecting the electronic component, the cavity having side walls; applying a dry film resist over the ground pad, the at least one signal pad, and select portions of the dielectric material; sputtering an electrically conductive material onto the dry film resist and portions of the dielectric material to which the dry film resist was not applied, forming an electrically conductive layer; and stripping the dry film resist, leaving the electrically conductive layer on at least the side walls of the cavity, the electrically conductive layer being electrically grounded to provide the electromagnetic shield in the cavity. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the electrically conductive material comprises one of copper or permalloy. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein each of the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric comprise at least one of a prepreg material and a resin-based dielectric material. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the electrically conductive material comprises a MuMetal\u00ae. 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising: inserting the electronic component into the cavity, and connecting the electronic component to the at least one signal pad, wherein the electromagnetic shield shields the electronic component from electromagnetic radiation. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: depositing a molded compound over the dielectric layer and the electronic component positioned within the cavity, the molded compound filling gaps between the electronic component and the electrically conductive material attached to the side walls of the cavity.",
-    "Methods and arrangements for transitioning an engine between a deceleration cylinder cutoff (DCCO) state and an operational state are described. In one aspect, transitions from DCCO begin with reactivating cylinders to pump air to reduce the pressure in the intake manifold prior to firing any cylinders. In another aspect, transitions from DCCO, involve the use of an air pumping skip fire operational mode. After the manifold pressure has been reduced, the engine may transition to either a cylinder deactivation skip fire operational mode or other appropriate operational mode. In yet another aspect a method of transitioning into DCCO using a skip fire approach is described. In this aspect, the fraction of the working cycles that are fired is gradually reduced to a threshold firing fraction. All of the working chambers are then deactivated after reaching the threshold firing fraction. 1. A method of operating an engine having a crankshaft, an intake manifold and a plurality of working chambers, the method comprising, during operation of the engine: deactivating all of the working chambers in response to a no engine torque request such that none of the working chambers are fired and no air is pumped through the working chambers as the crankshaft rotates; subsequent to the deactivation of all of the working chambers, reactivating at least some of the working chambers to pump air through the reactivated cylinders during a series of air pumping working cycles to thereby reduce the pressure in the intake manifold, wherein the reactivated cylinders are not fired during the air pumping working cycles; and firing at least some working cycles only after at least a plurality of the air pumping working cycles have been executed to cause the engine to deliver the requested torque, whereby the intake manifold pressure at the time that the first fired working cycle after the deactivation of all of the working chambers begins, is lower than the intake manifold pressure immediately before the first of the series of air pumping working cycles. 2. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the air pumping working cycles are not fueled. 3. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein number of air pumping working cycles in the series of air pumping working cycles that occur before the first fired working cycle after the deactivation of all of the working chambers is in the range of 1 to 4 times the number of working chambers. 4. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the intake manifold pressure is reduced to a pressure below 0.4 bar prior to the beginning of the first fired working cycle after the deactivation of all of the working chambers. 5. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the reactivation of at least some of the working chambers is performed in response to a torque request. 6. A method as recited in claim 5 wherein the torque request is an idle torque request that directs the engine to transition from an all cylinders deactive mode to an idle mode. 7. A method as recited in claim 5 wherein the torque request is responsive to at least one of: accelerator pedal tip-in; and a request for auxiliary power. 8. A method of operating an engine having a crankshaft, an intake manifold and a plurality of working chambers, the method comprising, during operation of the engine: deactivating all of the working chambers such that none of the working chambers are fired and no air is pumped through the working chambers as the crankshaft rotates; subsequent to the deactivation of all of the working chambers, operating the engine in an air pumping skip fire operational mode in which some working cycles are active working cycles that are fueled and fired and some working cycles are air pumping working cycles in which air is pumped through the associated working chamber without firing to help reduce the manifold pressure relative to a manifold pressure that existed at the beginning of the air pumping skip fire operational mode; and after the manifold pressure has been reduced, operating the engine in a cylinder deactivation skip fire operational mode in which some working cycles are active working cycles that are fueled and fired and some working cycles are skipped working cycles in which the associated working chambers are deactivated such that air is not pumped through the deactivated working chambers during the skipped working cycles. 9. A method as recited in claim 8 wherein in the air pumping skip fire operational mode, a first set of the cylinders are operated in a skip fire mode and a second set of cylinders are operated in an air pumping mode. 10. A method of operating an engine having a crankshaft, an intake manifold and a plurality of working chambers, the method comprising, during operation of the engine: deactivating all of the working chambers such that none of the working chambers are fired and no air is pumped through the working chambers as the crankshaft rotates; subsequent to the deactivation of all of the working chambers, operating the engine in an air pumping skip fire operational mode in which some working cycles are active working cycles that are fueled and fired and some working cycles are air pumping working cycles in which air is pumped through the associated working chamber without firing to help reduce the manifold pressure relative to a manifold pressure that existed at the beginning of the air pumping skip fire operational mode; and after the manifold pressure has been reduced to a target level, operating the engine in an all cylinder operational mode. 11. A method as recited in claim 10 wherein the fraction of active working cycles is gradually increased during operation in the air pumping skip fire operational mode. 12. A method of transitioning an engine from a first operational mode to an all cylinder cutoff operating mode using a skip fire approach in which some working cycles are fired and other working cycles are skipped, the method comprising: gradually reducing the fraction of the working cycles that are fired to a threshold firing fraction; and deactivating all of the working chambers after reaching the threshold firing fraction. 13. A method as recited in claim 12 wherein the threshold firing fraction is in the range of 0.12 to 0.4. 14. A method as recited in claim 12 wherein the first operational mode is an all cylinder firing mode. 15. A method as recited in claim 12 wherein the first operational mode is a skip fire operational mode. 16. A method as recited in claim 12 wherein the working chambers associated with working cycles that are not fired during the gradual reduction of the fraction of the working cycles that are fired, are deactivated during the working cycles that are not fired. 17. A method of operating a vehicle having an air conditioner and an engine having a crankshaft and a plurality of working chambers, the method comprising, during operation of the vehicle: at certain times deactivating all of the working chambers such that none of the working chambers are fired and no air is pumped through the working chambers as the crankshaft rotates; at other times operating the engine in a skip fire manner; prohibiting engagement of the air conditioner while the engine has all working chambers disabled. 18. A method of operating an engine having a crankshaft, an intake manifold and a plurality of working chambers, the method comprising, during operation of the engine: deactivating all of the working chambers such that none of the working chambers are fired and no air is pumped through the working chambers as the crankshaft rotates; subsequent to the deactivation of all of the working chambers, operating the engine in an air pumping skip fire operational mode in which some working cycles are active working cycles that are fueled and fired, some working cycles are air pumping working cycles in which air is pumped through the associated working chamber without firing to help reduce the manifold pressure relative to a manifold pressure that existed at the beginning of the air pumping skip fire operational mode and some working cycles continue to remain deactivated with no firing or air being pumped through; and after the manifold pressure has been reduced, operating the engine in a cylinder deactivation skip fire operational mode in which some working cycles are active working cycles that are fueled and fired and some working cycles are skipped working cycles in which the associated working chambers are deactivated such that air is not pumped through the deactivated working chambers during the skipped working cycles. 19. A method as recited in claim 18 further comprising increasing driveline slip when deactivating all of the working chambers or while all of the cylinders are deactivated to reduce a coupling between vehicle speed and engine speed. 20. A method as recited in claim 1 further comprising increasing driveline slip when deactivating all of the working chambers or while all of the cylinders are deactivated to reduce a coupling between vehicle speed and engine speed. 21. A method of diagnosing leakage of air into an air intake manifold in an engine having an air throttle that regulates the introduction of air into the air intake manifold, the method comprising: operating the engine in a DCCO mode with the throttle closed; monitoring a rate of change of manifold pressure within the air intake manifold while operating the engine in the DCCO mode with the throttle closed; determining whether the rate of change of manifold pressure exceeds a threshold indicative of expected or acceptable leakage past the throttle; indicating a potential fault when it is determined that the rate of change of the manifold pressure exceeds the threshold. 22. A method of diagnosing valve deactivation faults in an engine that facilitates cylinder deactivation, the engine having an exhaust system and a sensor capable of monitoring an amount of oxygen in the exhaust system, the method comprising: operating the engine in a DCCO mode monitoring change in the amount of oxygen in the exhaust system while operating the engine in the DCCO mode; determining whether the changes of the amount of oxygen in the exhaust system might be indicative of a cylinder deactivation fault; and indicating a potential cylinder deactivation fault when it is determined that the change of the amount of oxygen in the exhaust system might be indicative of a cylinder deactivation fault. 23. A method of diagnosing exhaust system leaks in an engine having an exhaust system and a sensor capable of monitoring an amount of oxygen in the exhaust system, the method comprising: operating the engine in a DCCO mode monitoring change in the amount of oxygen in the exhaust system while operating the engine in the DCCO mode; determining whether the changes of the amount of oxygen in the exhaust system might be indicative of an exhaust system leak fault; and indicating a potential exhaust system leak fault when it is determined that the change of the amount of oxygen in the exhaust system might be indicative of a an exhaust system leak fault.",
-    "A building material for doors and windows and a method of making the building material are disclosed. The building material includes, from inside to outside, a core, a piece of reinforced material, a panel, and a cover film, wherein a surface of the core is applied with an adhesive material. The piece of reinforced material includes a piece of carbon fiber fabric, wherein the adhesive material penetrates the pieces of carbon fiber fabric. The adhesive material fixes the panel and the core after it is dried, and makes the piece of carbon fiber fabric locate between the panel and the core. Whereby, the building material has significant improvement in the aspect of anti-bending because the piece of carbon fiber fabric has reinforcing functions such as pull resistance, shear resistance, and shock resistance. 1. A building material for doors and windows, comprising, from inside to outside, a core, a piece of reinforced material, a panel, and a cover film; the building material is characterized in that: a surface of the core is applied with a first adhesive material; a surface of the panel corresponding to the piece of the reinforced material is applied with a second adhesive material; the piece of reinforced material comprises a piece of carbon fiber fabric; the panel and the core are fixed by the first adhesive material and the second adhesive material, wherein the piece of carbon fiber fabric is located between the panel and the core, and the cover film at least covers a surface of the panel along a long axis thereof. 2. The building material of claim 1, wherein the core is selected from the group consisting of fiberboard, wood core panel, finger joint laminated board, or laminated veneer lumber. 3. The building material of claim 1, wherein the panel is selected from the group consisting of fiberboard, wood core panel, finger joint laminated board, or laminated veneer lumber. 4. The building material of claim 1, wherein the piece of reinforced material further includes a fireproof layer, which is located either between the core and the piece of carbon fiber fabric, or between the piece of carbon fiber fabric and the panel. 5. The building material of claim 4, wherein the fireproof layer and the piece of the carbon fiber fabric of the piece of reinforced material are combined with a third adhesive material. 6. The building material of claim 4, wherein the fireproof layer is a high-pressure laminate composed of paper impregnated with thermosetting resin. 7. The building material of claim 1, wherein the cover film comprises a plastic film covering the surface of the panel. 8. The building material of claim 1, wherein the core has multiple side surfaces, and at least one of the side surfaces is wider than other of the side surfaces; the piece of carbon fiber fabric is affixed on the wider side surface of the core. 9. A method of making a building material, comprising the steps of: providing a core, at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, and at least one panel; applying an adhesive material on the core and the at least one panel; assembling the core, the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, and the at least one panel, wherein each of the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric is located between one of the at least one panel and the core, and the at least one panel and the core are firmly combined by the adhesive material; and covering a plastic film on a surface of the at least one panel by extrusion. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step of providing a fireproof layer either between the core and one of the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, or between one of the at least one carbon fiber fabric and one of the at least one panel while assembling the core, the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, and the at least one panel. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step before providing the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, which provides a fireproof layer to be combined with one of the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, and places the fireproof layer either between the core and one of the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, or between one of the at least one carbon fiber fabric and one of the at least one panel while assembling the core, the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, and the at least one panel. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step of processing the surface of the at least one panel after assembling the core, the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric, and the at least one panel. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one panel includes a plurality of panels, wherein the plurality of panels are arranged along surfaces of the core to cover the core. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the core has multiple side surfaces, and at least one of the side surfaces is wider than other of the side surfaces; the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric is affixed on the wider side surface of the core. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one piece of carbon fiber fabric covers the surfaces of the core.",
-    "A communication apparatus includes a search unit that searches for another communication apparatus identified by information obtained from a captured image, a communication parameter control unit that provides another communication apparatus with a communication parameter for performing wireless communication with an access point, and a control unit that, if the information obtained from the captured image conforms to a predetermined format, performs control based on the information obtained from the captured image such that the search unit searches for another communication apparatus identified by the information and the communication parameter control unit provides another communication apparatus detected by the search with the communication parameter, and if the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, perform control such that the search unit does not search for another communication apparatus and the communication parameter control unit does not provide another communication apparatus with the communication parameter. 1. A communication apparatus comprising: a search unit configured to search for another communication apparatus identified by information obtained from a captured image; a communication parameter control unit configured to provide another communication apparatus with a communication parameter for performing wireless communication with an access point; and a control unit configured to, in a case where the information obtained from the captured image conforms to a predetermined format, perform control based on the information obtained from the captured image, such that the search unit searches for another communication apparatus identified by the information, and the communication parameter control unit provides the another communication apparatus detected by the search with the communication parameter, and in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, perform control such that the search unit does not search for another communication apparatus, and the communication parameter control unit does not provide another communication apparatus with the communication parameter. 2. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an execution unit configured to, in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, execute processing according to a type of the information. 3. The communication apparatus according to claim 2, wherein in case where the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, and includes a uniform resource locator (URL), the execution unit performs communication according to the URL. 4. The communication apparatus according to claim 2, wherein in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, and includes identification information of an application, the execution unit starts an application indicated by the identification information of an application. 5. The communication apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a setting unit configured to, according to a user operation, set the communication apparatus to a communication parameter setting mode, wherein in a case where information, obtained from a captured image in a state where the communication apparatus is not set to the communication parameter setting mode, does not conform to the predetermined format, the execution unit executes processing according to a type of the information. 6. The communication apparatus according to claim 5, wherein information, obtained from a captured image in a state where the communication apparatus is set to the communication parameter setting mode, does not conform to the predetermined format, the communication apparatus ends the communication parameter setting mode or receives further input of the information obtained from the captured image. 7. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the communication parameter control unit provides another communication apparatus with a communication parameter encrypted using a public key included in the information obtained from the captured image. 8. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in a case where the information obtained from the captured image includes identification information indicating a communication parameter sharing process, the search unit searches for another communication apparatus, and wherein in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not include identification information indicating a communication parameter sharing process, the control unit performs control based on the information obtained from the captured image such that the search unit does not search for another communication apparatus, and the communication parameter control unit does not provide another communication apparatus with the communication parameter. 9. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a start unit configured to, in a case where the information obtained from the captured image conforms to the predetermined format, start a communication unit configured to perform wireless communication. 10. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the search unit transmits a search signal for searching for another communication apparatus indicated by identification information included in the information obtained from the captured image. 11. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a display unit configured to, in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not include identification information of an apparatus, display an error message. 12. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an image capture unit configured to capture a barcode, a two-dimensional barcode, or a quick response code displayed on a display unit of another apparatus, wherein in a case where information obtained from an image captured by the image capture unit conforms to the predetermined format, the search unit searches for another communication apparatus identified by identification information of an apparatus included in the image captured by the image capture unit. 13. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the communication parameter provided by the communication parameter control unit includes at least one of a Service Set Identifier (SSID), an encryption key, an encryption method, an authentication key, or an authentication method. 14. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the communication parameter provided by the communication parameter control unit is information for performing communication compliant with the institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard. 15. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, based on a number of bits of the information obtained from the captured image, a number of octets of the information obtained from the captured image, or identification information of an apparatus, a public key, or identification information of a communication parameter sharing process indicated by the information obtained from the captured image, the control unit determines whether information obtained from an image captured by an image capture unit conforms to the predetermined format. 16. A communication method for a communication apparatus, the communication method comprising: searching, in a case where information obtained from a captured image conforms to a predetermined format, for another communication apparatus identified by the information obtained from the captured image; and providing the another communication apparatus detected as a result of the search with a communication Parameter for performing wireless communication with an access point, wherein, in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, not searching for another communication apparatus and not providing another communication apparatus with the communication parameter. 17. A computer-readable storage medium storing computer executable instructions for causing a communication apparatus to a communication method, the communication method comprising: searching, in a case where information obtained from a captured image conforms to a predetermined format, for another communication apparatus identified by the information obtained from the captured image; and providing the another communication apparatus detected as a result of the search with a communication parameter for performing wireless communication with an access point, wherein, in a case where the information obtained from the captured image does not conform to the predetermined format, not searching for another communication apparatus and not providing another communication apparatus with the communication parameter.",
-    "Multiple horizontal axis type rotors are coaxially attached along the upper section of an elongate torque transmitting tower/driveshaft. The tower/driveshaft projects upward from a cantilevered bearing means, and is bent downwind, until the rotors become sufficiently aligned with the wind to rotate the entire tower/driveshaft. Power is drawn from the shaft at the base. Surface mount, subsurface mount, and marine installations, including a sailboat, are disclosed. Blade-to-blade lashing, and vertical axis rotor blades may also be included. Vertical and horizontal axis type rotor blades may be interconnected along the length of the tower/driveshaft to form a structural lattice, and the central shaft may even be eliminated. Aerodynamic lifting bodies or tails, buoyant lifting bodies, buoyant rotor blades, and methods of influencing the tilt of the rotors, can help elevate the structure. This wind turbine can have as few as one single moving part. 1. A windmill comprising: a base means, said base means comprising a first bearing means and a load; an elongate torque transmission means, having a longitudinal axis of rotation and generally having a basal end and a distal end; a horizontal axis type rotor, having an axis of rotation; a substantially non-rotating atmospherically buoyant lifting body having a positive buoyancy, and further having a second bearing means; wherein: said elongate torque transmission means is retained with rotational freedom proximate said basal end by said first bearing means; said elongate torque transmission means is retained with rotational freedom proximate said distal end by said second bearing means, whereby said elongate torque transmission means is suspended from said lifting body, said buoyancy of said lifting body serving to elevate said rotor and at least a portion of said elongate torque transmission means; said elongate torque transmission means is rotationally coupled to said load; said horizontal axis type rotor is coaxially attached to said elongate torque transmission means at some distance from said basal end; whereby: said elongate torque transmission means substantially extends from said base means to said rotor; said lifting body and said rotor are blown downwind of said base means; said axis of rotation of said rotor is thereby caused to become aimed sufficiently parallel to the wind that said rotor is caused thereby to rotate; said rotation of said horizontal axis type rotor causes said elongate torque transmission means to rotate about its own said longitudinal axis of rotation; said load is driven by said rotation of said elongate torque transmission means. 2. The wind turbine of claim 1, further comprising a multiplicity of horizontal axis type rotors coaxially attached at spaced intervals to said elongate torque transmission means. 3. The windmill of claim 1, further comprising: an adjustable control means; linkage means attaching said control means to said rotor; whereby the angular orientation of said rotor, relative to said wind, may be influenced by said control means. 4. A windmill comprising: a base means, said base means comprising a first bearing means and a load; an elongate torque transmission means, having a longitudinal axis of rotation and generally having a basal end and a distal end; a horizontal axis type rotor, having an axis of rotation; a substantially non-rotating aerodynamic lifting body having aerodynamic lift, and further having a second bearing means; wherein: said elongate torque transmission means is retained with rotational freedom proximate said basal end by said first bearing means; said elongate torque transmission means is retained with rotational freedom proximate said distal end by said second bearing means, whereby said elongate torque transmission means is suspended from said lifting body, said aerodynamic lift of said lifting body serving to elevate said rotor and at least a portion of said elongate torque transmission means; said elongate torque transmission means is rotationally coupled to said load; said horizontal axis type rotor is coaxially attached to said elongate torque transmission means at some distance from said basal end; whereby; said elongate torque transmission means substantially extends from said base means to said rotor; said lifting body and said rotor are blown downwind of said base means; said axis of rotation of said rotor is thereby caused to become aimed sufficiently parallel to the wind that said rotor is caused thereby to rotate; said rotation of said horizontal axis type rotor causes said elongate torque transmission means to rotate about its own said longitudinal axis of rotation; said load is driven by said rotation of said elongate torque transmission means. 5. The windmill of claim 4, further comprising a multiplicity of horizontal axis type rotors coaxially attached at spaced intervals to said elongate torque transmission means. 6. The windmill of claim 4, wherein said substantially non-rotating aerodynamic lifting body is also atmospherically buoyant, having a positive buoyancy in the air. 7. The windmill of claim 4, further comprising: an adjustable control means; linkage means attaching said control means to said rotor; whereby the angular orientation of said rotor, relative to said wind, may be influenced by said control means. 8. The windmill of claim 7, further comprising a multiplicity of horizontal axis type rotors, said horizontal axis type rotors coaxially attached at spaced intervals to said elongate torque transmission means at some distance from said basal end; whereby the angular orientation of said rotors, relative to said wind, may be influenced by said control means. 9. The windmill of claim 4, further comprising a multiplicity of horizontal axis type rotors, said horizontal axis type rotors coaxially attached at spaced intervals to said elongate torque transmission means at some distance from said one end; whereby the angular orientation of said rotors, relative to said wind, may be influenced by said control means. 10. A floating marine wind turbine installation, comprising: a single cylindrical housing comprising a rigid hollow tube that extends below the surface of the water; and a single wind turbine supported by said single cylindrical housing. 11. The floating marine wind turbine installation of claim 10, further comprising a ballast counterweight attached to the lower end of said tube. 12. The floating marine wind turbine installation of claim 10, further comprising a floatation means proximate an upper end of said tube. 13. The floating marine wind turbine installation of claim 10, further comprising a single tower. 14. The floating marine wind turbine installation of claim 13, wherein said tower is mounted co-axially to said tube. 15. The floating marine wind turbine installation of claim 10, further comprising an anchor means. 16. The floating marine wind turbine installation of claim 10, wherein cylindrical housing has an axis, wherein said cylindrical housing is free to rotate about said axis.",
-    "In a liquid ejection control device, an ejection tube section type acquisition unit discriminates an ejection tube section type of an ejection tube section mounted in a main body section, and acquires a fitted correspondence relationship fitting the discriminated ejection tube section type. A voltage amplitude setting unit sets a voltage amplitude of a drive voltage waveform so as to cause momentum to meet a momentum instruction value input by using a momentum dial based on a rising index value related to rising of the drive voltage waveform and a repetitive frequency instruction value input by using a repetitive frequency dial with reference to the fitted correspondence relationship. 1. A liquid ejection control device which applies a given drive voltage waveform to a piezoelectric element and controls ejection of a pulsed liquid jet from a liquid ejection device which ejects a liquid in a pulsed state by using the piezoelectric element, wherein the liquid ejection device has an ejection tube section in which an ejection port of the liquid is formed and which is configured to be attachable/detachable with respect to a main body section including the piezoelectric element, and wherein the liquid ejection control device comprises: a type discrimination unit that discriminates an ejection tube section type of the ejection tube section; a correspondence relationship acquisition unit that acquires a fitted correspondence relationship which fits the discriminated ejection tube section type from correspondence relationships that are set for each of the ejection tube section types while the correspondence relationship is based on a first instruction value related to momentum of the pulsed liquid jet, a second instruction value related to the number of times of ejection of the pulsed liquid jet per unit time, and an index value related to a voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform and rising of the drive voltage waveform; a first operation unit that inputs the first instruction value; a second operation unit that inputs the second instruction value; and a voltage amplitude setting unit that sets the voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform so as to cause the momentum to meet the first instruction value with reference to the fitted correspondence relationship based on the index value and the second instruction value. 2. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the ejection tube section has a first retainer which retains type information of the ejection tube section, and wherein the type discrimination unit acquires the type information from a read-out result of a first reader reading out retained information from the first retainer and discriminates the ejection tube section type. 3. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the type discrimination unit acquires at least any one of shape information and weight information of the ejection tube section and discriminates the ejection tube section type. 4. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the ejection tube section has a second retainer which retains the fitted correspondence relationship fitting the ejection tube section type of the ejection tube section, and wherein the correspondence relationship acquisition unit acquires the fitted correspondence relationship from a read-out result of a second reader reading out retained information from the second retainer. 5. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a third operation unit that inputs a third instruction value related to the index value. 6. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a falling shape setting unit that variably sets a falling shape of the drive voltage waveform in accordance with the second instruction value. 7. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a display control unit that performs controlling to display at least one of the first instruction value and the second instruction value. 8. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid ejection device having momentum of the pulsed liquid jet within a range from 2 [nano-newton seconds (nNs)] to 2 [milli-newton seconds (mNs)] or having the kinetic energy within a range from 2 [nano-joules (nJ)] to 200 [milli-joules (mJ)] is controlled. 9. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid ejection device which excises a living tissue by using the pulsed liquid jet is controlled. 10. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 1; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 11. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 2; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 12. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 3; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 13. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 4; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 14. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 5; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 15. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 6; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 16. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 7; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 17. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 8; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 18. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 9; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 19. A control method of applying a given drive voltage waveform to a piezoelectric element and controlling ejection of a pulsed liquid jet from a liquid ejection device which ejects a liquid in a pulsed state by using the piezoelectric element, wherein the liquid ejection device has an ejection tube section in which an ejection port of the liquid is formed and which is configured to be attachable/detachable with respect to a main body section including the piezoelectric element, and wherein the control method comprises: discriminating an ejection tube section type of the ejection tube section; acquiring a fitted correspondence relationship which fits the discriminated ejection tube section type from correspondence relationships that are set for each of the ejection tube section types while the correspondence relationship is based on a first instruction value related to momentum of the pulsed liquid jet, a second instruction value related to the number of times of ejection of the pulsed liquid jet per unit time, and an index value related to a voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform and rising of the drive voltage waveform; inputting the first instruction value; inputting the second instruction value; and setting the voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform so as to cause the momentum to meet the first instruction value with reference to the fitted correspondence relationship based on the index value and the second instruction value.",
-    "A mobile terminal including a display; a wireless communication processor configured to transceive a message with an external device; and a controller configured to display a message interface including a plurality of messages transceived with the external device on the display, and in response to a message change condition indicating a change in a respective message among the plurality of messages transceived with the external device, update and display without user interaction the message interface to indicate the change to the respective message. 1. A mobile terminal, comprising: a display; a wireless communication processor configured to transceive a message with an external device; and a controller configured to: display a message interface including a plurality of messages transceived with the external device on the display, and in response to a message change condition indicating a change in a respective message among the plurality of messages transceived with the external device, update and display without user interaction the message interface to indicate the change to the respective message, wherein the respective message and the changed respective message have identical metadata and the respective message and at least a part the changed respective message is different from the respective message. 2. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to stop displaying the respective message in the message interface in response to the message change condition. 3. The mobile terminal of claim 2, wherein the message change condition corresponds to a predetermined time elapsing after the respective message is received. 4. The mobile terminal of claim 3, wherein the controller is further configured to display an uncheck indicator indicating content included in the respective message was not checked within the predetermined time. 5. The mobile terminal of claim 2, wherein the message change condition corresponds to content included in the first message being shared. 6. The mobile terminal of claim 5, wherein the sharing of the content includes at least one of storing the content, checking the content and transmitting the content to a different device. 7. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to: display contents of the respective message on the display in response to a first input signal input on the respective message, and display a part of the contents of the respective message in the message interface without displaying the other parts of the contents of the respective message in response to a second input signal selecting the part of the contents. 8. The mobile terminal of claim 7, wherein the controller is further configured to stop displaying the other parts of the contents of the respective message in response to the second input signal input on the contents displayed on the display. 9. The mobile terminal of claim 8, wherein the controller is further configured to display an edit indicator on the display indicating that the respective message has been edited. 10. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to display a first time indicator on the display indicating first time information indicating a time included in the respective message in response to the message change condition. 11. The mobile terminal of claim 10, wherein the controller is further configured to display an additional message on the display in response to the time included in the respective message expiring. 12. The mobile terminal of claim 2, wherein the message change condition corresponds to content contained in the first message being executed. 13. The mobile terminal of claim 12, wherein the content contained in the respective message comprises at least one of an image content, a video content, a contact content, an audio content, a web link content and a map content. 14. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein: in response to the respective message including an image and the message change condition corresponding to the image being stored, the controller is further configured to stop displaying the image in the message interface, in response to the respective message including the image and the message change condition corresponding to not being stored within a predetermined time after receiving the respective message, the controller is further configured to stop displaying the image in the message interface, and in response to the respective message including contact information and the message change condition corresponding to the contact information being stored, the controller is further configured to stop displaying the contact information in the message interface. 15. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein: in response to the respective message including a recording and the message change condition corresponding to the recording being played, the controller is further configured to stop displaying the message including the recording in the message interface, and in response to the respective message including the recording with a portion of the recording including a secret message, and the message change condition corresponding to the recording being played with the secret message, the controller is further configured to display the message including the recording without a portion corresponding to the secret message in the message interface. 16. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein in response to the respective message including a weblink and the message change condition corresponding to the weblink being selected, the controller is further configured to stop displaying the message including the weblink in the message interface. 17. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein in response to the respective message including map information identifying a location and the message change condition corresponding to following messages transceived with the external device indicating arrival location information indicating the mobile terminal has arrived at the location identified in the map information, the controller is further configured to stop displaying the message including the map information in the message interface. 18. A method of controlling a mobile terminal, the method comprising: transceiving, via a wireless communication processor, a plurality of messages with an external device; displaying, via a display, a message interface including the plurality of messages transceived with the external device on the display; and in response to a message change condition indicating a change in a respective message among the plurality of messages transceived with the external device, updating and displaying without user interaction, via a controller, the message interface to indicate the change to the respective message, wherein the respective message and the changed respective message have identical metadata and the respective message and at least a part the changed respective message is different from the respective message. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: stop displaying the respective message in the message interface in response to the message change condition. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the message change condition corresponds to a predetermined time elapsing after the respective message is received or content included in the first message being shared.",
-    "The nitrate-nitrogen concentration in soil is estimated based on the nitrate-nitrogen 200 nm absorption peak. In one embodiment, a device measures the attenuation spectrum of a soil-extractant mixture over a wavelength range that includes wavelengths in the vicinity of the 200 nm absorption peak (the spectral operating range) and then determines the nitrate-nitrogen concentration based on the attenuation spectrum. 1-36. (canceled) 37. A device for measuring a nitrate-nitrogen concentration in soil based on attenuation over a spectral operating range, the device comprising: a light source that generates light that spans the spectral operating range, the spectral operating range including wavelengths at least as short as 230 nm; a detector having a sensitivity that spans the spectral operating range; a sample chamber configured to contain a soil-extractant mixture, the light propagating from the light source to the detector and attenuated by the soil-extractant mixture in the sample chamber, the detector generating a soil spectral signal that indicates the light received by the detector at different wavelengths across the spectral operating range; and a processor coupled to the detector, wherein the processor estimates an attenuation spectrum of the soil-extractant mixture over the spectral operating range based on the soil spectral signal, and estimates the nitrate-nitrogen concentration based on the attenuation spectrum, wherein the processor, when estimating the attenuation spectrum, removes interference in the soil-extractant mixture using one of spectral deconvolution and curve-fitting. 38. The device of claim 37, wherein the spectral operating range includes wavelengths proximate a 200 nm nitrate-nitrogen absorption peak, and wherein the 200 nm nitrate-nitrogen absorption peak includes estimated attenuation values for wavelengths greater than 200 nm. 39. The device of claim 37, wherein the sample chamber is optically positioned between the light source and the detector, the light propagating through the soil-extractant mixture in the sample chamber. 40. The device of claim 37, wherein the processor estimates the attenuation spectrum based on the soil spectral signal, a reference spectral signal and a dark spectral signal, wherein the reference spectral signal is generated when the sample chamber contains extractant without soil and the dark spectral signal is generated without light from the light source incident on the detector. 41. The device of claim 37, wherein, at different times, the sample chamber contains the soil-extractant mixture or extractant without soil, the detector generating the soil spectral signal when the sample chamber contains the soil-extractant mixture and the detector generating a reference spectral signal when the sample chamber contains extractant without soil, the processor estimating the attenuation spectrum based on the soil spectral signal and the reference spectral signal. 42. The device of claim 37, further comprising: a second sample chamber configured to contain extractant without soil, wherein the processor estimates the attenuation spectrum based on the soil spectral signal and a reference spectral signal, wherein the reference spectral signal is generated from the second sample chamber containing extractant without soil. 43. The device of claim 37, further comprising: a reference optical path from the light source to the detector but not attenuated by the soil-extractant mixture, wherein the processor estimates the attenuation spectrum based on the soil spectral signal and a reference spectral signal, wherein the reference spectral signal is generated based on the reference optical path. 44. The device of claim 37 wherein the processor curve fits the attenuation spectrum, at least one component of the curve fit based on a nitrate-nitrogen 200 nm absorption peak. 45. The device of claim 37 wherein the processor receives a soil type and estimates the nitrate-nitrogen concentration further based on the soil type. 46. The device of claim 37 wherein the processor receives a soil conductivity and estimates the nitrate-nitrogen concentration further based on the soil conductivity. 47. The device of claim 37, wherein the processor applies a partial least squares regression to the attenuation spectrum to estimate the nitrate-nitrogen concentration. 48. The device of claim 37, wherein the processor is trained based on a set of absorption spectra and their corresponding nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, and the processor estimates the nitrate-nitrogen concentration based on its training. 49. The device of claim 37, wherein the processor curve fits the attenuation spectrum, at least one component of the curve fit based on a Gaussian background spectrum. 50. The device of claim 37, wherein the processor estimates the nitrate-nitrogen concentration as a function of time of measurement and extrapolates the estimates to a final estimated nitrate-nitrogen concentration. 51. The device of claim 37, wherein a UV spectrum of the light source can be controlled separately from a visible spectrum of the light source. 52. The device of claim 51, wherein the light source includes two bulbs, one of which has a relatively stronger UV spectrum than the other, and which can be separately controlled. 53. The device of claim 37, further comprising: a filter that filters the soil-extractant mixture, the light propagating through the filtered soil-extractant mixture. 54. The device of claim 37, wherein the light propagates through unfiltered soil-extractant mixture. 55. The device of claim 37, further comprising: a centrifuge for separating the soil-extractant mixture, the light propagating through the separated soil-extractant mixture. 56. A method for measuring the nitrate-nitrogen concentration in soil based on attenuation over a spectral operating range, the method comprising: generating light that spans the spectral operating range and includes wavelengths at least as short as 230 nm; providing a soil-extractant mixture that attenuates the light; detecting the attenuated light; generating a soil spectral signal that indicates the light detected at different wavelengths across the spectral operating range; estimating an attenuation spectrum of the soil-extractant mixture over the spectral operating range based on the soil spectral signal, wherein estimating the attenuation spectrum includes removing interference in the soil-extractant mixture using one of spectral deconvolution and curve-fitting; and estimating the nitrate-nitrogen concentration based on the attenuation spectrum. 57. A device for measuring the nitrate-nitrogen concentration in soil based on attenuation over a spectral operating range, the device comprising: a light source that generates light that spans the spectral operating range, wherein the spectral operating range includes wavelengths at least as short as 230 nm; a detector having a sensitivity that spans the spectral operating range; a sample chamber configured to contain a soil-extractant mixture, wherein the light propagates from the light source to the detector and is attenuated by the soil-extractant mixture in the sample chamber, wherein the detector generates a soil spectral signal that represents the light received by the detector at different wavelengths across the spectral operating range; and a processor coupled to the detector, wherein the processor estimates an attenuation spectrum of the soil-extractant mixture over the spectral operating range based on the soil spectral signal, a reference spectral signal and a dark spectral signal, wherein the processor estimates the nitrate-nitrogen concentration based on the attenuation spectrum. 58. A method for measuring the nitrate-nitrogen concentration in soil based on attenuation over a spectral operating range, the method comprising: generating light that spans the spectral operating range, the spectral operating range including wavelengths at least as short as 230 nm; providing in a sample chamber, a soil-extractant mixture that attenuates the light; detecting the attenuated light with a detector; generating a soil spectral signal that indicates the light detected at different wavelengths across the spectral operating range; estimating an attenuation spectrum of the soil-extractant mixture over the spectral operating range based on the soil spectral signal, a reference spectral signal and a dark spectral signal, wherein the nitrate-nitrogen concentration is estimated based on the attenuation spectrum.",
-    "The present disclosure discloses a display panel, including a color filter plate substrate and an array substrate; the color filter plate substrate includes a black matrix and a protective layer; the color filter plate substrate and the array substrate are disposed opposite; the protective layer is disposed on a side of the black matrix oriented to the array substrate in a laser incidence region during laser repair. The protective layer is disposed on a side of the black matrix oriented to the array substrate in a laser incidence region during laser repair according to the disclosure, therefore, the preventive layer can protect the black matrix during laser repair from forming a through-hole on the black matrix that can leak light. 1. A display panel, wherein the display panel comprises: a color filter plate substrate and an array substrate; the color filter plate substrate comprises a black matrix and a protective layer; the color filter plate substrate and the array substrate are disposed opposite; the protective layer is disposed on a side of the black matrix oriented to the array substrate in a repairing laser incidence region. 2. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer is an organic material layer. 3. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the protective layer is formed by a plurality of alternate disposed on the black matrix layer. 4. The display panel according to claim 3, wherein the array substrate comprises a thin film transistor (TFT) and a metal wire, the spacer is disposed on the black matrix of a position corresponding to the TFT and metal wire. 5. The display panel according to claim 4, wherein the spacer is disposed between the black matrix and the array substrate, and a contact area of the spacer and the black matrix which corresponding to the position of the TFT and the metal wire are larger than a contact area of the spacer and the black matrix which corresponding to the position of the array substrate exposure area. 6. The display panel according to claim 5, wherein distribution of the each spacer corresponding to the TFT and metal wire is more compact than that of the each spacer corresponding to the peripheral region of the array substrate. 7. The display panel according to claim 5, wherein a contact area of the spacer corresponding to the TFT and metal wire, and the black matrix is larger than a contact area of the spacer corresponding to the peripheral region of the array substrate and the black matrix.",
-    "A gaming system including a central server linked to a plurality of gaming machines is provided. The gaming system includes a plurality of progressive awards arranged in a hierarchy. Upon the occurrence of a triggering event or qualifying condition, a bonus game is started. A player can win a next higher progressive award by accumulating award values. If the player's total award value is greater than or equal to a trigger value for a progressive award, the player wins the progressive award. Unless a termination condition occurs, the bonus game continues. The total award value is set to the progressive award value. Alternatively, the progressive award value is added to the player's total award value. The trigger value for a progressive award can be the startup value for that progressive award. 1. A gaming system comprising: at least one input device; at least one display device; at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to operate with the at least one input device and the at least one display device to: (a) receive a placement of a wager in association with a play of a wagering game, (b) for the play of the wagering game: (i) determine a wagering game outcome, (ii) display the determined wagering game outcome, (iii) accumulate any points associated with the play of the wagering game, (iv) determine any award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, and (v) display any determined award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, and (c) if a triggering event occurs: (i) for each of a plurality of free games: (A) determine a free game outcome, and (B) display the determined free game outcome, (ii) accumulate any points associated with the occurrence of the triggering event, (iii) determine an award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event, said determination being based, at least in part, on a quantity of accumulated points and any determined awards associated with the determined free game outcomes, and (iv) display the determined award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event. 2. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to accumulate any points associated with the determined wagering game outcome. 3. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to accumulate any points associated with any of the displayed free game outcomes. 4. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein each free game outcome is associated with a combination of symbols and at least one of any accumulated points is associated with at least one of said symbols. 5. The gaming system of claim 1, which includes a housing, and a plurality of input devices supported by the housing, said plurality of input devices including an acceptor, and a cashout device, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to operate with the plurality of input devices to: if a physical item is received via the acceptor, establish a credit balance based, at least in part, on a monetary value associated with the received physical item, and if a cashout input is received via the cashout device, cause an initiation of any payout associated with the credit balance. 6. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the placed wager, any award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, any award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a quantity of monetary credits, a quantity of non-monetary credits, a quantity of promotional credits, and a quantity of player tracking points. 7. A gaming system server comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory device which stores a plurality of instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: (a) receive data associated with a placement of a wager in association with a play of a wagering game, (b) for the play of the wagering game: (i) determine a wagering game outcome, (ii) cause at least one display device to display the determined wagering game outcome, (iii) accumulate any points associated with the play of the wagering game, (iv) determine any award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, and (v) cause the at least one display device to display any determined award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, and (c) if a triggering event occurs: (i) for each of a plurality of free games: (A) determine a free game outcome, and (B) cause the at least one display device to display the determined free game outcome, (ii) accumulate any points associated with the occurrence of the triggering event, (iii) determine an award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event, said determination being based, at least in part, on a quantity of accumulated points and any determined awards associated with the determined free game outcomes, and (iv) cause the at least one display device to display the determined award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event. 8. The gaming system server of claim 7, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to accumulate any points associated with the determined wagering game outcome. 9. The gaming system server of claim 7, wherein when executed by the at least one processor, the plurality of instructions cause the at least one processor to accumulate any points associated with any of the displayed free game outcomes. 10. The gaming system server of claim 7, wherein each free game outcome is associated with a combination of symbols and at least one of any accumulated points is associated with at least one of said symbols. 11. The gaming system server of claim 7, wherein the placed wager cause a decrease of a credit balance which is increasable via an acceptor of a physical item associated with a monetary value, and decreasable via a cashout device. 12. The gaming system server of claim 7, wherein at least one of the placed wager, any award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, any award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a quantity of monetary credits, a quantity of non-monetary credits, a quantity of promotional credits, and a quantity of player tracking points. 13. A method of operating a gaming system, said method comprising: (a) receiving a placement of a wager in association with a play of a wagering game, (b) for the play of the wagering game: (i) causing at least one processor to execute a plurality of instructions to determine a wagering game outcome, (ii) causing at least one display device to display the determined wagering game outcome, (iii) causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to accumulate any points associated with the play of the wagering game, (iv) causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to determine any award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, and (v) causing the at least one display device to display any determined award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, and (c) if a triggering event occurs: (i) for each of a plurality of free games: (A) causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to determine a free game outcome, and (B) causing the at least one display device to display the determined free game outcome, (ii) causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to accumulate any points associated with the occurrence of the triggering event, (iii) causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to determine an award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event, said determination being based, at least in part, on a quantity of accumulated points and any determined awards associated with the determined free game outcomes, and (iv) causing the at least one display device to display the determined award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event. 14. The method of claim 13, which includes causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to accumulate any points associated with the determined wagering game outcome. 15. The method of claim 13, which includes causing the at least one processor to execute the plurality of instructions to accumulate any points associated with any of the displayed free game outcomes. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein each free game outcome is associated with a combination of symbols and at least one of any accumulated points is associated with at least one of said symbols. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the placed wager cause a decrease of a credit balance which is increasable via an acceptor of a physical item associated with a monetary value, and decreasable via a cashout device. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of the placed wager, any award associated with the determined wagering game outcome, any award associated with the occurrence of the triggering event is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a quantity of monetary credits, a quantity of non-monetary credits, a quantity of promotional credits, and a quantity of player tracking points. 19. The method of claim 13, which is provided through a data network. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the data network is an internet.",
-    "A tracking server receives GPS data from a location tracking device located in a vehicle. The GPS data describes a path that is representative of a pathway of the vehicle used to complete a trip from a starting location to a destination location. The tracking server identifies noisy GPS data included in the received GPS data and revises a portion of path corresponding to the noisy GPS data. The tracking server may update a map database to include one or more road segments associated with the revised portion of the path. Furthermore, the tracking server may calculate a fare for the trip based on the revised path. 1. A computer-implemented method for calculating a fare for a trip, the method comprising: receiving global positioning satellite (GPS) data for a vehicle describing a trip by the vehicle from a starting location to a destination location along a path; identifying a plurality of candidate GPS points from the GPS data that are potentially inaccurate due to noise in the GPS data, the candidate GPS points located along a portion of the path; simplifying the portion of the path; revising the path to include the simplified portion; calculating a fare for the trip from the starting location to the destination location based on the revised path; and transmitting information about the fare for the trip to a computing device associated with a user account. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the GPS data is received from a location tracking device located in the transportation vehicle. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: predicting a path of travel of the vehicle based on the GPS data of the vehicle and a map database describing known road segments. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein identifying the plurality of candidate GPS points comprises: comparing GPS points from the GPS data to the predicted path of travel; determining an accuracy of each GPS point based on the comparison of each GPS point to the predicted path of travel; and determining the plurality of candidate GPS points based on the accuracy of each of the plurality of GPS points. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein simplifying the portion of the path comprises: applying a Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm to the plurality of candidate GPS points to generate the simplified portion. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein revising the path comprises: determining whether to include, in the revised path, either the simplified portion or a portion of the predicted path of travel that corresponds to the plurality of candidate GPS points, the determination based on a set of rules. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the set of rules includes a neighbor rule specifying to select the simplified path of travel for inclusion in the final path of travel based on an accuracy of GPS points that neighbor the plurality of GPS points associated with the simplified portion, the method further comprising: identifying, from the GPS data of the vehicle, a first plurality of sequentially ordered GPS points that were received prior to the plurality of candidate GPS points associated with the simplified portion being received; identifying, from the GPS data of the vehicle, a second plurality of sequentially ordered GPS points that were received after the plurality of candidate GPS points associated with the simplified portion were received; identifying a first accuracy associated with the first plurality of sequentially ordered GPS points and a second accuracy associated with the second plurality of sequentially ordered GPS points; and selecting the simplified portion for inclusion in the revised path based on the first accuracy and the second accuracy. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the set of rules includes a rule requiring that the plurality of candidate GPS points include a threshold amount of GPS points, the method further comprising: counting a number of GPS points included in the plurality of candidate GPS points; comparing the count to a threshold; and selecting the simplified portion for inclusion in the revised path based on the count exceeding the threshold. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the set of rules includes a rule requiring that elapsed times between measurement of each of the plurality of candidate GPS points is less than a threshold, the method further comprising: determining an amount of time that elapsed from when the location tracking device measured each sequential pair of candidate GPS points included in the plurality of candidate GPS points; comparing the amount of time to the threshold; and selecting the simplified portion for inclusion in the revised path based on each amount of time being less than the threshold. 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the set of rules includes a rule requiring that the speed of the transportation vehicle when the plurality of candidate GPS points were measured be less than a speed threshold, the method further comprising: calculating a speed of the transportation vehicle between each sequential pair of candidate GPS points when the plurality of candidate GPS points were measured; comparing the calculated speed to the speed threshold; and selecting the simplified portion for inclusion in the revised path responsive to the calculated speed being less than the speed threshold. 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the set of rules includes a rule requiring that the accuracy of the plurality of candidate GPS points be less than an accuracy threshold, the method further comprising: calculating a median accuracy of the plurality of candidate GPS point with respect to the predicted path of travel of the vehicle; and selecting the simplified portion for inclusion in the revised path responsive to the median accuracy being less than the accuracy threshold. 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein calculating the fare comprises: determining a distance traveled by the vehicle based on the revised path; and calculating the fare for the trip based, at least in part, on the determined distance. 13. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing executable code for calculating a fare for a trip, the code when executed by one or more computer processors causes the one or more computer processors to perform steps comprising: receiving global positioning satellite (GPS) data for a vehicle describing a trip by the vehicle from a starting location to a destination location along a path; identifying a plurality of candidate GPS points from the GPS data that are potentially inaccurate due to noise in the GPS data, the candidate GPS points located along a portion of the path; simplifying the portion of the path; revising the path to include the simplified portion; calculating a fare for the trip from the starting location to the destination location based on the revised path; and transmitting information about the fare for the trip to a computing device associated with a user account. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the GPS data is received from a location tracking device located in the transportation vehicle. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the code when executed by the one or more computer processors further causes the one or more computer processors to perform steps comprising: predicting a path of travel of the vehicle based on the GPS data of the vehicle and a map database describing known road segments. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein identifying the plurality of candidate GPS points comprises: comparing GPS points from the GPS data to the predicted path of travel; determining an accuracy of each GPS point based on the comparison of each GPS point to the predicted path of travel; and determining the plurality of candidate GPS points based on the accuracy of each of the plurality of GPS points. 17. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein simplifying the portion of the path comprises: applying a Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm to the plurality of candidate GPS points to generate the simplified portion. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein revising the path comprises: determining whether to include, in the revised path, either the simplified portion or a portion of the predicted path of travel that corresponds to the plurality of candidate GPS points, the determination based on a set of rules. 19. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein calculating the fare comprises: determining a distance traveled by the vehicle based on the revised path; and calculating the fare for the trip based, at least in part, on the determined distance. 20. A computer-implemented method for updating a map database, the method comprising: receiving global positioning satellite (GPS) data for a vehicle describing a trip by the vehicle from a starting location to a destination location along a path; identifying a plurality of candidate GPS points from the GPS data that are potentially inaccurate due to noise in the GPS data where the candidate GPS points are located along a portion of the path, the plurality of GPS points corresponding to geographical positions that are not associated with known road segments in a map database; simplifying the portion of the path; revising the path to include the simplified portion; and updating the map database to include one or more road segments corresponding to the geographical positions of the plurality of candidate GPS points based on the path being revised to include the simplified portion.",
-    "A receiver having a diaphragm with improved rigidity includes a frame, a yoke coupled to the frame and forming a bottom surface, a magnet coupled to the yoke, a voice coil having a lower end positioned in an air gap of the magnet, and configured to vibrate up and down by mutual electromagnetic force as a current is applied to the voice coil, a side diaphragm configured to allow the voice coil to be attached to a lower surface of the side diaphragm, a central diaphragm attached to the center of the side diaphragm, and a protector coupled to the frame to cover the frame. The side diaphragm and the central diaphragm have protrusions protruding in mutually opposite directions, and a space is formed between the protrusions of the side diaphragm and the protrusions of the central diaphragm. 1. A receiver having a diaphragm with improved rigidity, the receiver comprising: a frame; a yoke coupled to the frame and forming a bottom surface; a magnet coupled to the yoke; a voice coil having a lower end positioned in an air gap of the magnet, the voice coil being configured to vibrate up and down by mutual electromagnetic force as a current is applied to the voice coil; a side diaphragm configured to allow the voice coil to be attached to a lower surface of the side diaphragm; a central diaphragm attached to a center of the side diaphragm; and a protector coupled to the frame to cover the frame, wherein the side diaphragm and the central diaphragm have protrusions protruding in mutually opposite directions, and a space is formed between the protrusions of the side diaphragm and the protrusions of the central diaphragm. 2. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the protrusions formed on the central diaphragm include a first protrusion formed in a first direction and a second protrusion formed to traverse the first protrusion and protruding further than the first protrusion. 3. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the side diaphragm includes an outer circumferential portion mounted on the frame, a central portion spaced apart from the outer circumferential portion by a predetermined interval and configured to allow the central diaphragm to be attached to the central portion, and a dome portion protruding upwardly or downwardly to elastically connect the outer circumferential portion and the central portion. 4. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the central diaphragm is attached to an upper surface of the side diaphragm, and the protrusions of the side diaphragm protrude downwardly and the protrusions of the central diaphragm protrude upwardly. 5. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the central diaphragm is attached to a lower surface of the side diaphragm, and the protrusions of the side diaphragm protrude upwardly, and the protrusions of the central diaphragm protrude downwardly.",
-    "An interactive treasure hunt game is provided. Game participants receive a card, map and/or identification badge configured with an RFID tag, bar-code or a magnetic \u201cswipe\u201d strip or the like. The RFID tag or other identifying device is used to store certain information identifying each play participant and/or describing certain powers or abilities possessed by an imaginary character that the card may represent. Players advance in the game by finding clues and solving various puzzles presented by the game. Players may also gain (or lose) certain attributes, such as magic skills, magic strength, fighting ability, various spell-casting abilities, etc. All of this information is preferably stored on the RFID tag or card so that the character attributes may be easily and conveniently transported to other similarly-equipped play facilities, computer games, video games, home game consoles, hand-held game units, and the like. In this manner, the game can seamlessly transcend from one play environment and/or entertainment medium to the next. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A wireless game token for enabling a game participant to securely access one or more restricted portions or features of a game played on a compatible gaming device, said wireless game token comprising a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag comprising: an antenna configured to be energized by an RFID reader associated with a computerized gaming device comprising a personal computer, home game console or portable gaming device; a radio frequency (RF) transceiver electrically coupled to said antenna and configured to provide short-range two-way wireless communications with said RFID reader over a limited communication range of less than 60 cm and wherein said short-range two-way wireless communications are facilitated at least in part through inductive coupling between said antenna and said RFID reader; and non-volatile memory storing: (i) a unique identification number; and (ii) at least one access code that is encrypted using a key-based encryption algorithm with at least a first encryption key comprising said unique identification number; wherein said at least one access code is configured to be decrypted using a key-based decryption algorithm with at least a second encryption key that is different than said first encryption key; and wherein said at least one access code is configured, when decrypted and communicated to said computerized gaming device, to enable a game participant to access one or more portions or features of a game that would otherwise be inaccessible to said game participant. 22. The wireless game token of claim 21, wherein said game token depicts or represents a person or character relevant to said game. 23. The wireless game token of claim 21, further comprising a printed access code configured to enable said game participant to access said one or more portions or features of said game by manually entering said printed access code into said computerized gaming device. 24. The wireless game token of claim 21, further comprising an LCD display configured to display said at least one access code. 25. The wireless game token of claim 21 in combination with said RFID reader. 26. The wireless game token of claim 21 in combination with game software comprising program instructions stored in a non-transient medium configured to cause or direct said computerized gaming device to generate a computer-animated play environment comprising: (i) a first game play experience in accordance with a first portion of said game, (ii) a second game play experience in accordance with a second portion of said game, and (iii) wherein said at least one access code is required to access said second game play experience. 27. The wireless game token of claim 21 in combination with one or more RFID-tagged toys, each RFID-tagged toy comprising: a passive RFID tag configured to provide short-range two-way wireless communications with said RFID reader, a unique identification number uniquely identifying said corresponding RFID-tagged toy, and non-volatile programmable memory configured to store selected game-relevant information comprising progress or development of a corresponding game character played by said game participant in said game. 28. A wireless toy for playing an interactive game on a compatible gaming platform, said wireless toy comprising: a portable body configured to be held by a game participant and selectively moved or positioned within a physical play environment; and a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag disposed within said portable body and comprising: an antenna configured to be energized when said wireless toy is selectively positioned within range of an RFID reader associated with said compatible gaming platform; a radio frequency (RF) transceiver electrically coupled to said antenna and configured to provide short-range two-way wireless communications with said RFID reader over a limited communication range of less than 60 cm and wherein said short-range two-way wireless communications are facilitated at least in part through inductive coupling between said antenna and said RFID reader; and non-volatile memory storing: (i) a unique identification number, (ii) game-relevant information comprising selected powers or abilities of a corresponding game character associated with said wireless toy in a computer-animated game played by said game participant on said compatible gaming platform, and (iii) at least one access code; and wherein said at least one access code is encrypted using a key-based encryption algorithm with at least a first encryption key comprising said unique identification number, and wherein said at least one access code is configured to be decrypted using a key-based decryption algorithm with at least a second encryption key that is different than said first encryption key, and wherein said at least one access code is configured, when decrypted and communicated to said compatible gaming platform, to enable a game participant to access one or more portions or features of said computer-animated game that would otherwise be inaccessible. 29. The wireless toy of claim 28, further comprising a printed access code configured to enable said game participant to access said one or more portions or features of said computer-animated game by manually entering said printed access code into said compatible gaming platform. 30. The wireless toy of claim 28, wherein said portable body is configured in the shape of a toy magic wand. 31. The wireless toy of claim 28 in combination with game software comprising program instructions stored in a non-transient medium configured to cause or direct said compatible gaming platform to generate a virtual play environment comprising: (i) a first game play experience in accordance with a first portion of said computer-animated game, (ii) a second game play experience in accordance with a second portion of said computer-animated game, and (iii) wherein said at least one access code is required to access at least said second game play experience. 32. The wireless toy of claim 28, further comprising non-volatile programmable memory configured to store additional game-relevant information comprising progress or development of said corresponding game character in said computer-animated game. 33. An RFID-tagged gaming item for playing a game on a compatible gaming device, said RFID-tagged gaming item comprising: a portable body configured to be held by a game participant and selectively moved or positioned within a physical play environment; and a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag disposed within said portable body and comprising: an antenna configured to be energized when said RFID-tagged gaming item is selectively positioned within a communication range of an RFID reader associated with said compatible gaming device; a radio frequency (RF) transceiver electrically coupled to said antenna and configured to provide short-range two-way wireless communications with said RFID reader and wherein said short-range two-way wireless communications are facilitated at least in part through inductive coupling between said antenna and said RFID reader; and non-volatile memory storing: (i) a unique identification number, (ii) game-relevant information comprising selected powers or abilities of a corresponding game character associated with said RFID-tagged gaming item in a computer-animated game played by said game participant on said compatible gaming device, and (iii) at least one access code configured to enable a game participant to access one or more portions or features of said computer-animated game that would otherwise be inaccessible; and wherein said at least one access code is encrypted using a multi-key encryption algorithm with at least a first encryption key that is stored in said non-volatile memory, and wherein said at least one access code is configured to be decrypted using a multi-key decryption algorithm with at least a second encryption key that is different than said first encryption key. 34. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33, wherein said first encryption key comprises said unique identification number. 35. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33, wherein said second encryption key comprises a private encryption key. 36. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33, further comprising a printed access code configured to enable said game participant to access said one or more portions or features of said computer-animated game by manually entering said printed access code into said compatible gaming device. 37. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33, further comprising an LCD display configured to display said at least one access code. 38. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33, wherein said portable body is configured in the shape of a toy magic wand. 39. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33 in combination with game software comprising program instructions stored in a non-transient medium configured to cause or direct said compatible gaming device to generate a virtual play environment comprising: (i) a first game play experience in accordance with a first portion of said computer-animated game, (ii) a second game play experience in accordance with a second portion of said computer-animated game, and (iii) wherein said at least one access code is required to access at least said second game play experience. 40. The RFID-tagged gaming item of claim 33, further comprising non-volatile programmable memory configured to store additional game-relevant information comprising progress or development of said corresponding game character in said computer-animated game.",
-    "Various implementations described herein are directed to an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit may include a comparator stage, a resistor, a capacitor, and active switches arranged to provide a clock signal having a time period that is independent of a first source voltage. Independence may be achieved by using a second source voltage derived from the first source voltage as a fixed ratio. 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a comparator stage that provides a clock signal based on a first source voltage and a fixed ratio of the first source voltage; and a resistor, a capacitor, and active switches arranged with the comparator stage to provide the clock signal with a time period that is independent of the first source voltage, wherein independence is achieved by using a second source voltage derived from the first source voltage as the fixed ratio, and wherein the comparator stage includes a voltage comparator and a switched-capacitor network, and wherein the second source voltage is derived as a reference voltage using the switched-capacitor network, and wherein the voltage comparator is implemented as a duty-cycled comparator for low power operation. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising a control component configured to modify behavior of one or more of the comparator stage, the resistor, the capacitor, and the active switches so as to reduce power consumption. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the control component comprises a power-gating component configured to duty-cycle the comparator stage during the time-period. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising a resettable delay component configured to provide a delay signal to the comparator stage, wherein the delay signal has a delay time that is less than an oscillation time period of the integrated circuit, and wherein the delay signal is reset by a rising edge of the clock signal. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage comparator is arranged to receive a voltage across the capacitor as a first input signal and receive the second source voltage as a second input signal, and provide the clock signal as an output signal based on the voltage across the capacitor and the second source voltage. 6. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage comparator is configured to sense when a voltage level of the capacitor is near or equal to or at least greater than the second source voltage and use the voltage level of the clock signal to switch the active switches so as to allow charging of the capacitor to the first source voltage. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage comparator is configured to sense when a voltage level of the capacitor is near or equal to the first source voltage and use the voltage level of the clock signal to switch the active switches so as to allow discharging of the capacitor to the second source voltage. 8. (canceled) 9. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the switched-capacitor network is configured to receive the first source voltage as an input signal, divide the first source voltage by a predetermined amount, and provide a portion of the first source voltage as the reference voltage to the voltage comparator. 10. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising a conditioning circuit configured to receive the clock signal, modify a behavior of the clock signal, and provide a feedback signal to the switched-capacitor network based on the modified clock signal. 11. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the capacitor is configured to charge or discharge through the resistor resulting in a relaxation phase, and wherein the resistor and capacitor are arranged in parallel or series. 12. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the multiple active switches comprise first and second transistors, and wherein the resistor and capacitor are disposed between the first and second transistors. 13. An oscillator, comprising: a voltage divider configured to divide a source voltage by a predetermined amount and provide a reference voltage based on the divided source voltage; a capacitor relaxation circuit having a resistor, a capacitor, a first transistor, and a second transistor arranged to provide a fixed ratio of the source voltage by switching between charging and discharging of the capacitor through the resistor; and a voltage comparator configured to receive the reference voltage as a first input, receive the fixed ratio of the source voltage as a second input, and provide a clock signal as an output based on the first and second inputs, wherein the voltage divider comprises a switched-capacitor network, and wherein the reference voltage is derived using the switched-capacitor network, and wherein the voltage comparator is implemented as a duty-cycled comparator for low power operation. 14. The oscillator of claim 13, wherein: the voltage comparator uses the clock signal to switch the first and second transistors from a first operational state to a second operational state to charge the capacitor to the source voltage when the voltage level of the clock signal is near or equal to the fixed ratio of the source voltage, and the voltage comparator uses the clock signal to switch the first and second transistors from the second operational state to the first operational state to discharge the capacitor to the fixed ratio of the source voltage when the voltage level of the clock signal is near or equal to the source voltage. 15. The oscillator of claim 13, further comprising a power-gating component configured to duty-cycle the voltage comparator so as to reduce power consumption. 16. The oscillator of claim 13, wherein the resistor and the capacitor are arranged in series or parallel, and wherein the resistor and the capacitor are disposed between the first and second transistors, and wherein the first and second transistors are complementary. 17. The oscillator of claim 13, wherein the relaxation circuit is configured to provide a resistor-capacitor relaxation phase of the capacitor. 18. A method, comprising: providing a source voltage; providing a fixed ratio of the source voltage based on switching between charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistor; deriving a reference voltage using a switched-capacitor network; generating a clock signal from a voltage comparator based on the source voltage, the reference voltage, and the fixed ratio of the source voltage, wherein the voltage comparator is implemented as a duty-cycled comparator for low power operation; using the clock signal to switch complementary transistors from a first state to a second state to charge the capacitor to the source voltage when a voltage level of the clock signal is near or equal to the fixed ratio of the source voltage; and using the clock signal to switch the complementary transistors from the second state to the first state to discharge the capacitor to the fixed ratio of the source voltage when the voltage level of the clock signal is near or equal to the source voltage. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising duty-cycling the voltage comparator so as to reduce power consumption. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: dividing the source voltage by a predetermined amount using the switched-capacitor network; providing the reference voltage based on the divided source voltage; and generating the clock signal based on the source voltage, the reference voltage, and the fixed ratio of the source voltage. 21. The method of claim 18, further comprising: arranging the resistor and capacitor in parallel; and disposing the resistor and capacitor between the complementary transistors. 22. The method of claim 18, further comprising: arranging the resistor, the capacitor, and the complementary transistors to provide a resistor-capacitor relaxation phase during discharging of the capacitor, wherein, during the resistor-capacitor relaxation phase, discharge of the capacitor is regulated so as to assist with providing the clock signal as an output that is independent of the source voltage.",
-    "The present invention relates generally to the field of compression garments specifically shawls. The new discretely concealing shawl is designed to be attractive yet practical by incorporating novel compression and wrapping functionalities into the general size, shape and material of a women's shawl. Whether she wears it for fashion, warmth or shielding from the sun, the new concealing shawl provides women of all ages, sizes and styles the added benefit of compressing their upper arms and concealing their upper backs/sides as to effectively yet stylishly constrain and hide undesirable body bulges. 1. A discretely concealing shawl, comprising: a first armband and a second armband, each armband being made of, or integrated with, a stretchy material of tube-like shape and size such that each armband fits snugly in a sleeve-like fashion on a person's upper arm; and a draping portion being generally rectangular with four edges, including a first opposing edge and a second opposing edge, and made of a fashionable material, such as that from which one might construct an ordinary shawl, the first opposing edge of said draping portion being sewn laterally to the exterior of the first armband, and the second opposing edge of said draping portion being sewn laterally to the exterior of the second armband. 2. The method of using the discretely concealing shawl of claim 1, comprising: fitting the first armband to the upper portion of one of the user's arms; passing the draping portion and the second armband behind the user's back; fitting the second armband to the upper portion of the user's other arm; ensuring there is no twisting in the draping portion such that the material is generally planar; rotating the first armband forward, toward the front of the user's body, to tighten the shawl and conceal the first armband; and rotating the second armband forward, toward the front of the user's body, to tighten the shawl and conceal the second armband.",
-    "Provided are computer devices and methods for effectively generating and updating a sorted array for quick data access. The array allocates more space than required by the elements it stores. In other words, the array leaves empty spaces between elements such that insertion of a new element only requires the shifting of a small number, or even none, of the existing elements in the array. 1. A computer system for inserting in an input data element to an array, comprising a processor, memory and program instructions which, when executed by the processor, configure the system to: (a) load an array into memory, wherein the array has a size of B for storing, at a maximum, B data elements, wherein the array contains T data elements, and wherein the data elements are sorted in the array such that any position in the array, if not empty, contains a data element that is greater than all data elements stored in positions on the left and smaller than all data elements stored in positions on the right; (b) identify, in the array, a first data element as the greatest among all data elements smaller than the input data element and a second data element as the smallest among all data elements greater than the input data element, wherein the first and second data elements are adjacent to each other or separated by one or more empty positions therebetween; and (c) (i) if the first and second data elements are located in adjacent positions, shift the first data elements and all adjacent data elements on the left to one position to the left and then placing the input data element in the position vacated by the first data element, or shift the second data elements and all adjacent data elements on the right to one position to the right and then placing the input data element in the position vacated by the second data element, or (ii) place the input data element in a position between the first and second data elements. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein B is at least 20% greater than T. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the first and second data elements are separated by at least three empty positions and the input data element is placed in the middle position among the empty positions. 4. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the program instructions further configure the system to, when a ratio f=T/B is greater than a predetermined threshold, enlarge the size of the array to L by allocating memory for L-B additional positions to the array. 5. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the predetermined threshold is between 0.5 and 0.9. 6. The computer system of claim 4, wherein the program instructions further configure the system to shift one or more data elements in the array so that empty positions in the array are more evenly distributed. 7. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the program instructions further configure the system to repeat steps (b) and (c) for one or more new input data elements. 8. The computer system of claim 7, wherein, for different input data elements, both steps (i) and (ii) are carried out. 9. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the program instructions further configure the system to insert into a second index array, at position p, a value i, wherein p is a hash function output of the input data element and i is the position of the input data element in the array. 10. The computer system of claim 9, wherein the array and the second index array are of the same length. 11. The computer system of claim 9, wherein the hash function generates a unique non-negative integer value for each data element in the array. 12. A computer system for deleting in a query data element from an array, comprising a processor, memory and program instructions which, when executed by the processor, configure the system to: (a) access an array that contains T data elements, wherein the array has a size of B for storing, at a maximum, B data elements, and wherein the data elements are sorted in the array such that any position in the array, if not empty, contains a data element that is greater than all data elements stored in positions on the left and smaller than all data elements stored in positions on the right; (d) identify a position in the array for containing a data element equal to the query data element; and (c) mark the position as empty. 13. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the program instructions further configure the system to, when a ratio f=T/B is smaller than a predetermined threshold, shift data elements in the array so that one end of the array has one or more empty positions, and deleting the empty positions from the array, thereby shrinking the size of the array. 14. The computer system of claim 13, wherein the predetermined threshold is between 0.1 and 0.7. 15. The computer system of claim 13, wherein the number of empty position at the end is at least 10% of B. 16. A method of inserting in an input data element to an array, comprising: (a) loading, by a computer processor, an array into a computer-readable memory, wherein the array has a size of B for storing, at a maximum, B data elements, wherein the array contains T data elements, and wherein the data elements are sorted in the array such that any position in the array, if not empty, contains a data element that is greater than all data elements stored in positions on the left and smaller than all data elements stored in positions on the right; (b) identifying, in the array, a first data element as the greatest among all data elements smaller than the input data element and a second data element as the smallest among all data elements greater than the input data element, wherein the first and second data elements are adjacent to each other or separated by one or more empty positions therebetween; and (c) (i) if the first and second data elements are located in adjacent positions, shifting the first data elements and all adjacent data elements on the left to one position to the left and then placing the input data element in the position vacated by the first data element, or shifting the second data elements and all adjacent data elements on the right to one position to the right and then placing the input data element in the position vacated by the second data element, or (ii) placing the input data element in a position between the first and second data elements.",
-    "Aspects of the present invention include an n-node link aggregation group (LAG) system comprising a set of N nodes collectively provide a logical fabric-level view that is consistent across the set of N nodes. Embodiments of the n-node system comprise a control plane mechanism to provide Layer 2 multipathing between access network devices and the core network. The n-node system provides a loop-free topology with active-active load-sharing of uplinks from access to the core. 1. An information handling system node comprising: a plurality of input/output (I/O) ports, one or more of which are configurable to be part of one or more link aggregation groups (LAGs), each LAG comprising at least one LAG member link that terminates at a port of the information handling system node and terminates at a port of a client device; one or more inter-node-link (INL) ports, which facilitate communications with one or more of peer information handling system nodes in an n-node system, the n-node system comprising the information handling system node and at least one of the one or more peer information handling system nodes; a data processing component that processes data traffic for transmission via at least one of the plurality of I/O ports or at least one of the plurality of INL ports; and a fabric-level dataset that provides a logical single representation of the LAGs connected to the nodes of the n-node system and is synchronized across active nodes of the n-node system. 2. The information handling system node of claim 1 wherein the plurality of inter-node-link ports are configured such that the information handling system node is in a full mesh topology with the one or more peer information handling system nodes of the n-node system. 3. The information handling system node of claim 2 wherein the full mesh is a logical full mesh. 4. The information handling system node of claim 2 wherein the information handling system node further comprises being configured with one or more Layer 3 interfaces having a fabric-level identification that is shared with one or more of the plurality of information handling system nodes in the n-node system. 5. The information handling system node of claim 2 wherein the n-node system comprises information handling system node devices of at least two different types. 6. The information handling system node of claim 2 wherein a LAG is configured to be a member of a virtual local area network (VLAN) that has a VLAN identifier which is common to the information handling system node and the at least one of the one or more peer information handling system node but that is unique to that VLAN. 7. The information handling system node of claim 6 wherein the INL port is configured to be a member of an internal Layer 3 INL VLAN defined in the n-node system. 8. The information handling system node of claim 7 further comprising a routing instance operating on the information handling system node to facilitate routing in the n-node system. 9. A n-node system comprising: a plurality of node devices communicatively coupled via inter-node port links (INLs) to facilitate communications between one or more node devices from the plurality of node devices in the n-node system; at least one of the plurality of node devices communicatively coupled via one or more input/output (I/O) ports to a client device configured with a link aggregation group (LAG); and each node device of the plurality of node devices of the n-node system comprising a common set of fabric-level data that provides a logical single representation that associates a LAG identifier for the LAG with each of the at least one of the plurality of node devices that participate in the LAG independent of whether or not the node device from the plurality of node devices participates in the LAG. 10. The n-node system of claim 9 wherein the plurality of node devices are communicatively coupled to each other via inter-node port links (INLs) in a full mesh topology. 11. The n-node system of claim 10 wherein the full mesh is a logical full mesh. 12. The n-node system of claim 9 wherein the common set of fabric-level data is synchronized across at least active node devices in the n-node system. 13. The n-node system of claim 9 wherein the LAG is configured to be a member of a virtual local area network (VLAN) and the plurality of node devices of the n-node system associate a common VLAN identifier with each of the ports that is a member of the VLAN using at least some of the common set of fabric-level data. 14. The n-node system of claim 13 further comprising at least one or more of the nodes being configured with one or more Layer 3 interfaces and a routing instance operating on at least one of the node device of the n-node system to facilitate routing. 15. The n-node system of claim 14 wherein the INL port is configured to be a member of an internal Layer 3 INL VLAN defined in the n-node system. 16. The n-node LAG system of claim 14 wherein at least one of the nodes comprises a routing instance to facilitate routing between VLANs in the n-node system. 17. The n-node LAG system of claim 9 wherein one of the nodes of the n-node system is configured to be a topology change owner to coordinate updates to the common set of fabric-level data responsive to a topology change in the n-node system. 18. A method of providing communications using an n-node system comprising a plurality of nodes communicatively coupled to each other via inter-node port links (INLs), the method comprising: forming a topology between the nodes of the n-node VLT system; at a fabric level: for each link aggregation group (LAG) spanning a plurality of nodes in the n-node system, a fabric-level dataset that provides a logical single representation of the LAGs connected to the nodes of the n-node system in which each LAG has its own identifier, which is associated with each port in the n-node system that participates in that LAG; and synchronizing the fabric-level dataset one or more tables across at least the nodes in the n-node system that are active so that the each of the active nodes includes a copy of the fabric-level dataset. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising: for a virtual local area network (VLAN) in the n-node system, associating a common VLAN identifier with each port in the n-node system that is a member of that VLAN. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step comprising: responsive to a change in the n-node system that affects one or more of the LAGs, updating the fabric-level dataset and synchronizing the fabric-level dataset across each of the nodes in the n-node system that remains active to maintain a consistent topology of the n-node system.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention relate to a gas fire pit delivery and pay-station system for providing a gas service on a pay-per-use basis. The system provides a multi pay-station or a single pay-station configuration connected to a main gas supply of pressurized gas whereby a control signal is provided by the pay-station to a plurality of electronically controlled gas valves for disabling or enabling the pressurized gas to flow to one or more fire pit stations. 1. A gas delivery and payment system comprising: a payment station for receiving a form of payment and generating a signal to enable delivery of a pressurized gas; a plurality of fire pit stations remotely coupled to the payment station; a gas supply pipeline carrying the pressurized gas from a storage site to a distribution end, wherein the distribution end is coupled to a plurality of electronically-actuated gas valve, wherein each fire pit station is remotely coupled to each of the plurality of electronically-actuated gas valves through a gas coupling pipeline; and a controller cable having a first end coupled to the payment station and a second end coupled to each of the plurality of electronically-actuated gas valves, the payment station including a multi-channel valve controller in communication with each of the plurality of electronically-actuated gas valves, wherein the multi-channel valve controller generates a control signal to actuate the least one of the plurality of electronically-actuated gas valves for a pre-determined time period upon receipt of payment. 2. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 1, wherein the payment station further comprises a control panel having a touchscreen display. 3. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 2, wherein the control panel provides a user a plurality of selectable options to enable the pressurized gas to a fire pit station. 4. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 3, wherein the control panel provides a user a list of selectable options to enable the pressurized gas to flow to a selected fire pit station. 5. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 4, wherein the list of selectable options includes fire pit station numbers, run-time duration periods, and payment options. 6. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of digital timers remotely coupled to the payment station. 7. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 6, wherein each digital timer is in proximity to each fire pit station. 8. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 1, further comprising a solar panel array coupled to the payment station through a rechargeable battery, charge controller, and inverter thereby providing a backup power supply to the payment station. 9. A gas delivery and payment system comprising: a payment station for receiving a form of payment and generating a signal to enable delivery of a pressurized gas; a fire pit station coupled to the payment station, the payment station located in proximity to fire pit station; a gas supply pipeline carrying the pressurized gas from a storage site to a distribution end, wherein the distribution end is coupled to a an electronically-actuated gas valve, wherein the fire pit station is coupled to the electronically-actuated gas valves through a gas coupling pipeline; and a controller cable having a first end coupled to the payment station and a second end coupled to the electronically-actuated gas valve, the payment station including a single-channel valve controller in communication with the electronically-actuated gas valve, wherein the single-channel valve controller generates a control signal to actuate the electronically-actuated gas valve for a pre-determined time period upon receipt of payment. 10. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 9, wherein the payment station further comprises a control panel having an LCD display. 11. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 10, wherein the control panel provides a user a plurality of selectable options to enable the pressurized gas to the fire pit station. 12. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 11, wherein the control panel provides a user a list of selectable options to enable the pressurized gas to flow to the fire pit station. 13. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 12, wherein the list of selectable options includes run-time duration periods and payment options. 14. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 13, further comprising a motion detector coupled to the control panel, the motion detector triggering a shut-off signal to the electronically-actuated gas valve when no movement is detected at the fire pit station. 15. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 14, wherein the motion detector includes two trigger settings. 16. The gas delivery and payment system of claim 15, wherein the first trigger setting generates a first shutoff signal for reducing the flow of the pressurized gas to the fire pit station, and wherein the second trigger setting generates a second shutoff signal for disabling the flow of the pressurized gas to the fire pit station.",
-    "Disclosed are a light emitting device and a light emitting device package. The light emitting device includes a light emitting structure including a first conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer on the first conductive semiconductor layer and a second conductive semiconductor layer on the active layer; a first electrode pad on the first conductive semiconductor layer; a second electrode pad on the second conductive semiconductor layer; and a current blocking pattern overlapping an edge of at least one of the first and second electrode pads. 1. A light emitting device comprising: a light emitting structure including a first conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer on the first conductive semiconductor layer and a second conductive semiconductor layer on the active layer; a first electrode pad on the first conductive semiconductor layer; a second electrode pad on the second conductive semiconductor layer; and a current blocking pattern overlapping an edge of at least one of the first and second electrode pads. 2. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the current blocking pattern includes a first current blocking pattern under the first electrode pad and overlapping an edge of the first electrode pad, and a second current blocking pattern under the second electrode pad and overlapping an edge of the second electrode pad. 3. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the first current blocking pattern extends along the edge of the first electrode pad. 4. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the first current blocking pattern includes a part having an area overlapping the first electrode pad, and another part exposed from the first electrode pad to an outside. 5. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein a part of the first current blocking pattern protrudes outward beyond the edge of the first electrode pad. 6. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the first current blocking pattern is disposed on the first conductive semiconductor layer and makes direct contact with the first conductive semiconductor layer. 7. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the first electrode pad makes direct contact with the first conductive semiconductor layer and the first current blocking pattern. 8. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the second current blocking pattern extends along the edge of the second electrode pad. 9. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the second current blocking pattern includes a part having an area overlapping the second electrode pad, and another part exposed from the second electrode pad to an outside. 10. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein a part of the second current blocking pattern protrudes outward beyond the edge of the second electrode pad. 11. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the second current blocking pattern is disposed on the second conductive semiconductor layer and makes direct contact with the second conductive semiconductor layer. 12. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the second electrode pad makes direct contact with the second conductive semiconductor layer and the second current blocking pattern. 13. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the first conductive semiconductor layer includes a first containing groove containing the first current blocking pattern. 14. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the second conductive semiconductor layer includes a second containing groove containing the second current blocking pattern. 15. The light emitting device of claim 2, wherein the first current blocking pattern includes a dopant different from a dopant of the first conductive semiconductor layer, and the second current blocking pattern includes a dopant different from a dopant of the second conductive semiconductor layer. 16. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein an outer edge of the current blocking pattern is disposed in parallel with outer edges of the first and second electrode pads. 17. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the light emitting structure has a deep ultraviolet wavelength. 18. A light emitting device package comprising: a body; and a light emitting device on the body, wherein the light emitting device comprises a light emitting structure including a first conductive semiconductor layer, an active layer on the first conductive semiconductor layer and a second conductive semiconductor layer on the active layer; a first electrode pad on the first conductive semiconductor layer; a second electrode pad on the second conductive semiconductor layer; and a current blocking pattern overlapping an edge of at least one of the first and second electrode pads. 19. The light emitting device of claim 18, wherein the current blocking pattern includes a first current blocking pattern under the first electrode pad and overlapping an edge of the first electrode pad, and a second current blocking pattern under the second electrode pad and overlapping an edge of the second electrode pad. 20. The light emitting device of claim 19, wherein the first conductive semiconductor layer includes a first containing groove containing the first current blocking pattern, and wherein the second conductive semiconductor layer includes a second containing groove containing the second current blocking pattern.",
-    "Provided herein are compositions and medical devices, and in particular, biodegradable scaffolds capable of repairing and replacing cartilagenous meniscuses. Also provided herein are methods of using scaffolds for treating degenerative tissue disorders. In certain embodiments, such scaffolds can promote tissue regeneration of a temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) meniscus. 1. A bioscaffold for replacement or regeneration of a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) meniscus, the bioscaffold comprising: a biocompatible, biodegradable, elastomeric implant dimensioned to fit within the TMJ and mimic the size and function of a native TMJ meniscus, the implant comprising a raised core surrounded by a brim, wherein the core has a height and composition that permits the core to deform under stress, and a diameter of the core is sufficient for the core to carry shear forces between the mandible and the skull when the implant is affixed to an articulating surface in the TMJ. 2. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the core has a circular base with a diameter, or an elliptical base with a major diameter and a minor diameter. 3. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a gel or particulate extracellular matrix within the core, wherein the gel or particulate extracellular matrix within the core allows compression of the core to allow it to deform under stress when the implant is affixed to the articulating surface of the TMJ. 4. The bioscaffold of claim 3, wherein the core comprises particles having a particle size from 10 to 400 microns. 5. The bioscaffold of claim 4, wherein the particles have an average particle size of 150 to 200 microns. 6. The bioscaffold of claim 3, wherein the core comprises a deformable gel. 7. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the implant comprises one or more layers of a biocompatible material. 8. The bioscaffold of claim 3, wherein the raised core comprises an acellular and noncrosslinked extracellular matrix. 9. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the core is encased in a plurality of layers of extracellular matrix. 10. The bioscaffold of claim 9, wherein plurality of layers of extracellular matrix comprise at least one of the top or bottom sheets being formed from two layers of biocompatible material encapsulating the core. 11. The bioscaffold of claim 10, wherein both the core and the top and bottom sheets comprise acellular and noncrosslinked extracellular matrix of tissue selected from the group consisting of small intestine, urinary bladder, esophagus, skin, liver, spleen, heart, pancreas, ovary, and arteries. 12. The bioscaffold of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the top or bottom sheets comprises basement membrane. 13. The bioscaffold of claim 11, wherein at least one of the top or bottom sheets has an inner surface and an outer surface, and wherein at least a portion of the outer surface comprises basement membrane. 14. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the bioscaffold additionally comprises a synthetic elastomeric polymer that imparts flexibility to the bioscaffold. 15. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the core is concave, convex, biconcave, biconvex, or a combination thereof. 16. The bioscaffold of claim 15, wherein the core comprises a convex pillow extending from the base. 17. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the core forms a nonplanar pillow having a height of between 0.5 and 4 cm, wherein the core has a circular base with a diameter, or an elliptical base with a major diameter and a minor diameter, and the height and composition of the core permits the core to deform under stress, and the diameter or major and minor diameter of the core is sufficient for the core to carry shear forces between the mandible and the skull when the implant is affixed to an articulating surface in the TMJ. 18. The bioscaffold of claim 1, further comprising a brim extending outwardly from the core, and having surgical attachment sites in the brim. 19. The bioscaffold of claim 1, wherein the core is a central core. 20. A method for regenerating at least a portion of a TMJ of a subject, the method comprising: implanting the bioscaffold of claim 1 at an articulating site of the TMJ of a mammal by securing the brim to an attachment site in the TMJ of the mammal. 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising removing at least a portion of a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) meniscus from a mammal thereby creating the attachment site. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the method further comprises affixing the bioscaffold to the attachment site for a sufficient period of time to induce reconstruction of the TMJ meniscus in vivo.",
-    "A signal transmission line includes a signal conductor and an array of resonators. The resonators can include split resonators. The array of resonators can partially overlap with the signal conductor of the signal transmission line. In some embodiments, the portion of the signal conductor overlapping with the split ring resonators is wider than the portion of the signal conductor outside the overlapping area. The signal transmission line can be tuned for a range of frequencies. For example, the signal transmission line can be tuned to have an absolute value of a s-parameter less than or equal to 1 dB for a range of frequencies. The signal transmission line can be less than or equal to 200 microns in thickness and may also be flexible. 1. A signal transmission line comprising: a signal conductor; a first array of split ring resonators positioned on a first side of an x-z plane that intersects a longitudinal axis of the signal conductor, wherein the x-z plane splits the signal conductor into a first side and a second side, wherein the x-z plane is substantially perpendicular to the signal conductor; and a second array of split ring resonators positioned on a side opposite from the first side of the x-z plane; wherein the first array of split ring resonators partially overlaps with the first side of the signal conductor; wherein the second array of split ring resonators partially overlaps with the second side of the signal conductor; and wherein the first array of split ring resonators and the second array of split ring resonators are positioned in a x-y plane that is substantially parallel to the signal conductor. 2. The signal transmission line of claim 1, further comprising: a dielectric material separating the signal conductor and the first array and the second array of split ring resonators; a first grounding conductor substantially coplanar with the first and the second arrays of split ring resonators; a second grounding conductor substantially coplanar with the signal conductor; a third grounding conductor substantially parallel to the signal conductor; and a plurality of vias configured to electrically connect the first, second, and third grounding conductors. 3. The signal transmission line of claim 1, wherein the first array of split ring resonators is symmetrical to the second array of split ring resonators with respect to the x-z plane. 4. The signal transmission line of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the signal transmission line is less than or equal to 200 microns. 5. The signal transmission line of claim 1, wherein a width of the signal transmission line greater than or equal to 10 times a thickness of the signal transmission line. 6. The signal transmission line of claim 1, wherein an absolute value of an s-parameter of the signal transmission line is less than or equal to 1 dB for a first range of frequencies. 7. The signal transmission line of claim 1, wherein a first width of the signal conductor overlapping the first array of split ring resonators is greater than a second width of the signal conductor not overlapping the first array of split ring resonators. 8. The signal transmission line of claim 1, wherein the split ring resonators comprise rectangular split ring resonators. 9. A signal transmission line comprising: an array of split ring resonators; a signal conductor including a first side of the signal conductor that is inside an area overlapping with the array of split ring resonators and a second side of the signal conductor that is outside the area overlapping with the array of split ring resonators; and an assembly body comprising dielectric material that provides a support structure for at least the split ring resonators and the signal conductor; wherein a first width of the first side of the signal conductor is greater than or equal to three times a second width of the second side of the signal conductor. 10. The signal transmission line of claim 9, wherein the array of split ring resonators is positioned on a non-intersecting plane with the signal conductor. 11. The signal transmission line of claim 9, wherein the array of split ring resonators partially overlaps with the signal conductor. 12. The signal transmission line of claim 9, further comprising: a dielectric material separating the signal conductor and the array of split ring resonators; a first grounding conductor substantially coplanar with the array of split ring resonators; a second grounding conductor substantially coplanar with the signal conductor; a third grounding conductor substantially parallel to the signal conductor; and a plurality of vias configured to electrically connect the first, second, and third grounding conductors. 13. The signal transmission line of claim 9, wherein the thickness of the signal transmission line is less than or equal to 200 microns. 14. The signal transmission line of claim 9, wherein a width of the signal transmission line greater than or equal to 10 times a thickness of the signal transmission line. 15. The signal transmission line of claim 9, wherein an absolute value of an s-parameter of the signal transmission line is less than or equal to 1 dB for a range of frequencies comprising a range of 4 GHz to 7 GHz. 16. A signal transmission line comprising: a signal conductor configured to carry signals of a first range of frequencies; a first array of split ring resonators partially overlapping the signal conductor; and a second array of split ring resonators partially overlapping the signal conductor; wherein an absolute value of a s-parameter of the signal transmission line is less than or equal to 1 dB for the first range of frequencies, and wherein the first array of split ring resonators is symmetrical to the second array of split ring resonators with respect to a x-z plane that intersects along a longitudinal axis of the signal conductor. 17. The signal transmission line of claim 16, wherein the first range of frequencies comprise greater than or equal to 4 GHz and less than or equal to 7 GHz. 18. The signal transmission of claim 16, further comprising: a dielectric material separating the signal conductor and the first and the second arrays of split ring resonators; a first grounding conductor substantially coplanar with the first and the second arrays of split ring resonators; a second grounding conductor substantially coplanar with the signal conductor; a third grounding conductor substantially parallel to the signal conductor; and a plurality of vias configured to electrically connect the first, second, and third grounding conductors. 19. The signal transmission line of claim 16, wherein the signal transmission line is flexible.",
-    "A wristband assembly is provided having a strap assembly with a first strap and a second strap. Each strap has a plurality of apertures arranged thereon such that the apertures on each strap align, allowing for prongs of a clasp member to pass through and connect each strap. The clasp member has an upper lateral bar disposed at an offset position above a lower lateral bar, whereby the upper lateral bar acts as a snag-guard. Each prong has a first lip and a second lip, both of which are slightly larger than the corresponding apertures through which the prongs pass through, allowing each lip to hold a strap in place when engaged with the clasp member. When the two straps are connected via the clasp member, the clasp member acts as a snag-guard to the first strap and simultaneously as the sole means of connection between the two straps forming a wristband. 1. A wristband assembly comprising: a strap assembly having a first strap and a second strap, each strap defining a plurality of apertures; and a clasp member, that secures the first strap and the second strap, the clasp member having: an upper lateral bar, and a lower lateral bar disposed at an offset position above a lower lateral bar, whereby the upper lateral bar acts as a snag-guard, the lower lateral bar having a plurality of prongs extending therefrom, capable of passing through the one or more apertures of the first strap and the plurality of apertures of the second strap to secure the straps together; each prong having an upper lip disposed at the top, and an intermediate lip disposed at an intermediate position between the lower lateral bar and the upper lip, each lip being slightly larger than the apertures through which the prongs pass through, wherein the distance between the surface of the lower lateral bar and the intermediate lip is sufficient to receive the thickness of the second strap, and the distance between the intermediate lip and the upper lip is sufficient to receive the thickness of the first strap. 2. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the prongs and the apertures of the first and second straps are triangular. 3. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the prongs and the plurality of apertures of the straps are aligned laterally. 4. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the prongs and the plurality of apertures of the strap are arranged in an offset alignment. 5. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the upper lateral bar has a lateral ridge that extends laterally along the edge thereof to prevent snagging. 6-16. (canceled) 17. A wristband assembly comprising: a strap assembly having a first strap and a second strap, each strap defining a plurality of apertures; and a clasp member, that secures the first strap and the second strap, the clasp member having an upper lateral bar, and a lower lateral bar disposed at an offset position above a lower lateral bar, whereby the upper lateral bar acts as a snag-guard, the lower lateral bar having a plurality of prongs extending transversely therefrom, capable of passing through the one or more apertures of the first strap and the plurality of apertures of the second strap to secure the straps together, each prong having an upper lip disposed at the top, each lip being slightly larger than the apertures through which the prongs pass through. 18. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 17, wherein the prongs and the apertures of the first and second straps are triangular. 19. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 17, wherein the prongs and the plurality of apertures of the straps are aligned laterally. 20. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 17, wherein the prongs and the plurality of apertures of the strap are arranged in an offset alignment. 21. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 17, wherein the upper lateral bar has a lateral ridge that extends laterally along the edge thereof to prevent snagging. 22. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 17, wherein the clasp member acts as a snag-guard to the first strap and simultaneously as the sole means of connection between the two straps forming a wristband. 23. A wristband assembly comprising: a strap assembly having a first strap and a second strap, each strap defining a plurality of apertures; and a clasp member, that secures the first strap and the second strap, the clasp member having an upper lateral bar, and a lower lateral bar disposed at an offset position above a lower lateral bar, whereby the upper lateral bar acts as a snag-guard, the lower lateral bar having a plurality of prongs extending transversely therefrom, each prong having an upper lip disposed at the top, and an intermediate lip disposed at an intermediate position between the lower lateral bar and the upper lip, each lip being slightly larger than the apertures through which the prongs pass through, wherein the distance between the surface of the lower lateral bar and the intermediate lip is sufficient to receive the thickness of the second strap, and the distance between the intermediate lip and the upper lip is sufficient to receive the thickness of the first strap 24. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the prongs and the apertures of the first and second straps are triangular. 25. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the prongs and the plurality of apertures of the straps are aligned laterally. 26. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the prongs and the plurality of apertures of the strap are arranged in an offset alignment. 27. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the upper lateral bar has a lateral ridge that extends laterally along the edge thereof to prevent snagging. 28. The wristband assembly as defined in claim 23, wherein the clasp member acts as a snag-guard to the first strap and simultaneously as the sole means of connection between the two straps forming a wristband.",
-    "A downhole hydraulic jetting assembly is provided herein. The assembly is useful for steerably jetting multiple lateral boreholes into a subsurface formation from an existing parent wellbore of any inclination. The assembly is useful for single trip completions or recompletion through the placement of multiple lateral boreholes. The assembly includes an external system wherein coiled tubing and a whipstock member are run into a wellbore. The assembly further includes an internal system that is run into the wellbore housed within the external system, but which allows a nozzle at the end of the hose to be directed against a wellbore exit location after the whipstock member is located and set. A window may be formed through casing using the jetting hose and nozzle, followed by the formation of a lateral bore hole. The whipstock may be re-located and/or re-oriented for the jetting of additional casing exits and lateral boreholes in the same trip. 1. A downhole hydraulic jetting assembly for forming lateral bore holes within a subsurface formation from a parent wellbore, the parent wellbore having an inner diameter, and the jetting assembly comprising: an internal system comprising: a jetting hose having a proximal end and a distal end; and a jetting nozzle disposed at the distal end of the jetting hose; and an external system comprising: a first elongated tubular body defining an outer conduit, the outer conduit having an upper end configured to be operatively attached to a tubing conveyance medium for running the assembly into the wellbore, a lower end, and an internal bore there between; a second elongated tubular body residing within the bore of the outer conduit and defining a jetting hose carrier, the jetting hose carrier being dimensioned to slidably receive the jetting hose; a micro-annulus formed between the jetting hose and the surrounding jetting hose carrier, the micro-annulus being sized to prevent buckling of the jetting hose as it slides within the jetting hose carrier during operation of the assembly; and a whipstock member disposed proximate the lower end of the outer conduit, the whipstock member having an arcuate face; wherein the assembly is configured to (i) translate the jetting hose out of the jetting hose carrier and against the whipstock face by a translation force, and then (ii) pull the jetting hose back into the jetting hose carrier after a lateral borehole has been formed. 2. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 1, wherein: the translation force comprises a mechanical force; the jetting hose is at least 10 feet in length; and the assembly further comprises an internal tractor system residing downstream from the lower end of the outer conduit, the internal tractor system comprising: an inner conduit portion defining a part of the jetting hose carrier for receiving the jetting hose; an outer conduit portion defining a part of the outer conduit, the outer conduit portion defining a plurality of radially-disposed prongs; a wiring chamber housing electrical wires, data cables, or both within one of the plurality of prongs; and at least one pair of grippers residing within opposing prongs, with each gripper being configured to engage and mechanically move the jetting hose along the jetting hose carrier when rotatably actuated. 3. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 2, wherein: each prong of the outer conduit portion provides an inner chamber around the inner conduit portion; a first of the inner chambers is configured to conduct the jetting fluid down the assembly; a second of the inner chambers is configured to house the electrical wires, data cables, or both; and at least third and fourth opposing inner chambers house each of the grippers. 4. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 3, wherein: each of the grippers has a concave face configured to frictionally engage an outer diameter of the jetting hose; and each of the grippers is part of a gripper assembly comprising an electrical motor which is geared to rotationally drive the grippers as the grippers engage and translate the jetting hose. 5. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 4, wherein: the outer conduit portion has a star-shaped profile; and each of the inner chambers has a near-triangular shaped profile. 6. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 4, wherein: an external distance from end-to-end of opposing inner chambers is dimensioned to substantially centralize the internal tractor system in the parent wellbore; and the jetting hose is at least 25 feet in length. 7. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 1, wherein: the translation force comprises a hydraulic force; the jetting hose is at least 10 feet in length; and the assembly further comprises: a main control valve residing between the tubing conveyance medium and the upper end of the outer conduit, the main control valve being movable between a first position and a second position, wherein in the first position the main control valve directs jetting fluids pumped into the wellbore into the jetting hose, and in the second position the main control valve directs hydraulic fluid pumped into the wellbore into an annular region formed between the jetting hose carrier and the surrounding outer conduit. 8. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 7, further comprising: an upper seal assembly connected to the jetting hose at an upper end and sealing the micro-annulus; a jetting hose pack-off section connected to an inner diameter of the inner conduit and sealing the micro-annulus proximate a lower end of the inner conduit, and slideably receiving the jetting hose; and a pressure regulator valve placed along the micro-annulus controlling fluid pressure within the micro-annulus; wherein the assembly is configured such that: placement of the main control valve in its first position allows an operator to pump jetting fluids into the tubing conveyance medium, through the main control valve, and against the upper seal assembly in the micro-annulus, thereby pistonly pushing the jetting hose and connected nozzle downhole in an uncoiled state while directing jetting fluids through the nozzle; and placement of the main control valve in its second position allows an operator to pump hydraulic fluids into the tubing conveyance medium, through the main control valve, into the annular region between the jetting hose carrier and the surrounding outer conduit, through the pressure regulator valve and into the micro-annulus, thereby pulling the jetting hose back up into the inner conduit in its uncoiled state. 9. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 8, wherein: the micro-annulus defines an elongated pressure chamber formed between the movable upper seal assembly and the jetting hose pack-off section; the main control valve resides proximate an upper end of the outer conduit; and the jetting hose carrier is dimensioned to hold the jetting hose from the upper sealing assembly down proximate to the jetting nozzle when the assembly is in a run-in position. 10. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 9, wherein the pressure regulator valve is configured such that: (i) when pressure is released from the micro-annulus and fluids are injected through the main control valve in its first position, the upper seal assembly glides down an inner bore of the jetting hose carrier while still sealing, thereby pushing the jetting hose forward through the jetting hose carrier without buckling; and (ii) when pressure is increased in the micro-annulus by the injection of fluids through the main control valve in its second position, increased fluid pressure against the upper seal assembly urges the jetting hose to glide back up the jetting hose carrier. 11. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 10, wherein: the jetting hose is at least 25 feet in length; a controlled release of fluids from the micro-annulus and through the pressure regulator valve regulates the jetting hose's rate of descent down-the-hole; and a controlled intake of fluids through the regulator valve and into the micro-annulus regulates the jetting hose's rate of ascent up-the-hole. 12. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 11, wherein: the translation force comprises both the hydraulic force and a mechanical force; and the assembly further comprises an internal tractor system residing downstream from the lower end of the outer conduit, the internal tractor system comprising: an inner conduit portion defining a part of the jetting hose carrier for receiving the jetting hose; an outer conduit portion defining a part of the outer conduit, the outer conduit portion having a star-shaped profile defining a plurality of radially-disposed prongs; a wiring chamber housing electrical wires, data cables, or both within one of the plurality of prongs; and at least one pair of grippers residing within opposing prongs, with each gripper being configured to engage and mechanically move the jetting hose along the jetting hose carrier when rotatably actuated. 13. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 12, wherein: each of the grippers has a concave face configured to frictionally engage an outer diameter of the jetting hose; and each of the grippers is part of a gripper assembly comprising an electrical motor which is geared to rotationally drive the grippers and translate the jetting hose into and out of the inner conduit portion as the grippers engage the jetting hose. 14. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 1, wherein the whipstock member is movable from a first run-in position to a second set and operating position, with the face of the whipstock member being configured to receive the nozzle and connected jetting hose in its set position as the jetting hose is advanced along the jetting hose carrier, and then direct the nozzle against the surrounding wellbore inner diameter to form a window. 15. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 14, wherein: the wellbore is completed with a string of production casing; the window is a casing exit; the inner diameter is an inner diameter of the production casing; and the face of the whipstock member generates a minimum bend radius for the jetting hose that is less than or equal to the inner diameter of the wellbore. 16. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 15, wherein the face of the whipstock member generates a bend radius for the jetting hose across the entire inner diameter of the production casing. 17. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 16, wherein: the tubing conveyance medium comprises a string of coiled tubing; the coiled tubing carries electrical wires, data cables, or combinations thereof along its length; the internal system further comprises a battery pack for providing power to electrical components within the assembly, the battery pack residing at the proximal end of the jetting hose; and the assembly further comprises a docking station located at an upper end of the external system configured to mate with the battery pack, the docking station having a processor and being in communication with an operator at the surface by means of the electrical wires, the data cables or both of the string of coiled tubing. 18. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 17, wherein the string of coiled tubing comprises a wall or a sheath that houses the electrical wires, the data cables, or both along its length, extending down to the docking station. 19. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 17, wherein the battery pack comprises: a series of batteries located in an elongated, fluid-sealed housing; and an end cap located at each of opposing ends of the battery pack, wherein the end caps are shaped to deflect jetting fluid during operation of the assembly. 20. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 19, wherein the docking station houses a micro-processor, a micro-transmitter, a micro-receiver, electrical current regulators, or combinations thereof. 21. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 20, wherein the docking station is configured to transfer: (1) power to the battery pack, said power either originating from generation at the surface, or from generation by a mud turbine below the whipstock member, said power being transmitted via electrical wiring provided along the external system; and (2) data to and from the micro-transmitter and micro-receiver in the docking station, between an at least one geo-spatial chip housed at or near the nozzle and the operator at the surface. 22. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 21, further comprising: at least three longitudinally oriented actuator wires connected to a distal end of the jetting nozzle, the actuator wires being equi-distantly spaced about the circumference of the jetting hose at its distal end, and further being configured to contract in response to electrical current sent through the actuator wires, whereby differing amounts of electrical current directed through the actuator wires will induce a bending moment to orient the jetting nozzle; and wherein the micro-processor is configured to control electrical current regulators feeding current to the respective actuator wires, and thus control a geo-orientation of the nozzle for directional hydraulic boring. 23. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 22, wherein: the geo-location signals of the at least one geo-spatial chip are indicative of both the location and orientation of the jetting nozzle, such signals being transmitted as data from the geo-spatial chip to the micro-receiver in the battery pack via the electrical wiring, the data cables, or both, bundled in the jetting hose; contraction of each of the actuator wires is in direct proportion to an amount of electrical current each wire receives, thereby enabling geo-steering of the nozzle; and wherein the actuator wires are fabricated from a material comprising nickel, titanium or a combination thereof. 24. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 23, wherein the micro-transmitter housed in the battery pack's end cap is configured to wirelessly transmit the data received from the micro-receiver to a micro-receiver housed in the docking station; and the docking station is configured to further transmit the data to a processor at the surface (i) wirelessly, (ii) via electrical wires bundled in the coiled tubing, or (iii) via data cables bundled in the coiled tubing. 25. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 24, wherein the bending moment applied to the distal end of the jetting hose is configured to be controlled by an operator at the surface through the delivery of geo-location signals sent to a micro-transmitter in the docking station through (i) wireless signals sent downhole, (ii) the electrical wires bundled in the coiled tubing, or (iii) the data cables bundled in the coiled tubing, such geo-location signals adjusting the current being transmitted through the actuator wires. 26. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 24, wherein: the electrical wiring along the jetting hose originates within housing or the end caps of the battery pack, and is conducted by elongated columnar supports connecting the battery pack to the jetting hose; the columnar supports have a length tuned to separate the batteries from a fluid inlet at an upper end of the jetting hose; and the columnar supports are spaced apart to provide an inlet flow area for the jetting fluid, after the jetting fluid is pumped down an annular region between the battery pack and the inner conduit. 27. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 16, wherein: the upper seal assembly resides downstream of the battery pack; and the jetting hose carrier comprises a continuous wiring chamber providing electrical connection from the docking station to electrical components below the whipstock member. 28. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 16, further comprising: a tractor disposed below the whipstock member configured to convey the assembly along a horizontal or highly deviated portion of the wellbore; a mud motor also disposed below the whipstock member for receiving hydraulic fluid from the string of coiled tubing, and converting it to electrical power; and a logging tool also disposed below the whipstock member powered by electricity sourced from the mud motor, a power generation source located at the surface, or both. 29. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 28, further comprising: a packer or a retrievable bridge plug located below the whipstock member. 30. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 28, wherein: the translation force comprises a hydraulic force; the jetting hose is at least 25 feet in length; and the assembly further comprises: a main control valve residing between the tubing conveyance system and the upper end of the outer conduit, the main control valve being movable between a first position and a second position, wherein in the first position the main control valve directs jetting fluids pumped into the wellbore into the jetting hose, and in the second position the main control valve directs hydraulic fluid pumped into the wellbore into an annular region formed between the jetting hose carrier and the surrounding outer conduit. 31. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 30, wherein the logging tool comprises a gamma ray log, a casing collar locator, a gyroscopic orientation tool, or combinations thereof. 32. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 30, wherein the coiled tubing itself is a component of a bundled product that comprises continuous strands of electrical wire, data cables, or both, residing within a sheath. 33. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 32, wherein the string of coiled tubing comprises: a coiled tubing crossover connection member connecting the coiled tubing to the main control valve, whereby electrical wiring and data cables within the sheath are sealed and transferred into a wiring chamber within the main control valve. 34. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 30, wherein the main control valve comprises: a jetting fluid passage for receiving the jetting fluid in the first position, and a hydraulic fluid passage for receiving the hydraulic fluid in the second position, wherein each of the jetting fluid passage and the hydraulic fluid passage run longitudinally along the main control valve and parallel to each other; a wiring conduit for housing the electrical wires, the data cables, or both; a motor; a passage cover pivot powered by the motor; and a sealing passage cover moved by the passage cover pivot in order to selectively direct the jetting fluid and the hydraulic fluid into the appropriate passage in response to signals from the operator at the surface. 35. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 34, wherein the passage cover pivot comprises a biasing mechanism responsive to fluid pressure, wherein fluids flow through the hydraulic fluid passage at a first fluid pressure, and the biasing mechanism is overcome to move the sealing passage cover to the hydraulic fluid passage at a second greater pressure, thereby causing jetting fluids to flow into the jetting fluid passage. 36. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 34, further comprising: an upper seal assembly connected to the jetting hose at an upper end and sealing the micro-annulus; a jetting hose pack-off section connected to an inner diameter of the inner conduit and sealing the micro-annulus proximate a lower end of the inner conduit, and slidably receiving the jetting hose; and a pressure regulator valve placed along the micro-annulus controlling fluid pressure within the micro-annulus; wherein the assembly is configured such that: placement of the main control valve in its first position allows an operator to pump jetting fluids into the tubing conveyance system, through the main control valve, and against the upper seal assembly in the micro-annulus, thereby pistonly pushing the jetting hose and connected nozzle downhole in an uncoiled state while directing jetting fluids through the nozzle; and placement of the main control valve in its second position allows an operator to pump hydraulic fluids into the tubing conveyance system, through the main control valve, into the annular region between the jetting hose carrier and the surrounding outer conduit, through the pressure regulator valve and into the micro-annulus, thereby pulling the jetting hose back up into the outer conduit in its uncoiled state. 37. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 36, wherein the jetting hose pack-off section comprises: an outer conduit portion defining a part of the outer conduit, the outer conduit portion having a plurality of prongs forming a star-shaped profile; an inner conduit portion defining a part of the jetting hose carrier for slidably receiving the jetting hose; and a series of seals residing within the inner conduit portion of the jetting hose pack-off section, sealing the jetting hose from pressure from an upstream direction, followed by an adjacent series of seals sealing the jetting hose from pressure from a downstream direction, both sets of seals resting between an upstream seal stop and a downstream seal stop, thereby limiting travel of the seals via attachment to the exterior of the jetting hose, with the seals serving as a downstream seal of the micro-annulus. 38. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 37, wherein: each of the plurality of prongs of the outer conduit portion of the jetting hose pack-off section provides for an inner chamber, the inner chambers being spaced equi-distant around the inner conduit portion of the jetting hose pack-off section; the external distance from end-to-end of the prongs is dimensioned to substantially centralize the jetting hose pack-off section within the surrounding production casing; one of the inner chambers is used to conduct hydraulic fluid down to the pressure regulator valve; and another of the inner chambers houses a wiring chamber. 39. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 36, further comprising: an upper swivel residing between the jetting hose pack-off section and the whipstock member, the upper swivel having an upper transition section that transitions from a star-shaped profile to a circular profile, and a lower bearing section having bearings configured to permit relative rotational movement between the transition section and the whipstock member, and having a centralized passage configured to receive and guide the jetting hose into the whipstock member; and a lower swivel residing below the whipstock member, the lower swivel having an upper bearing section also having bearings that permit relative rotational movement between the whipstock member and any tools connected below the lower swivel; and wherein: the bearings sections of the upper and lower swivels permit incremental rotational re-orienting of the whipstock member while precluding the transmission of torque upstream of the upper swivel and downstream of the lower swivel; and each of the upper and lower swivels comprises a sheath residing between the jetting hose carrier and the surrounding outer conduit, the sheath housing (1) the electrical wiring chamber; and (2) a hydraulic chamber that transports hydraulic fluid. 40. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 39, wherein the upper section of the upper swivel comprises a through-opening through which the jetting hose exits to encounter the face of the whipstock. 41. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 40, wherein each of the upper and lower swivels comprises: an outer tubular body; a middle tubular body; an inner tubular body; and inner and outer bearings making up the bearing sections. 42. The hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 1, further comprising: a retrievable bridge plug or a packer disposed below the whipstock member. 43. A jetting hose carrier system, comprising: an elongated inner conduit dimensioned to slidably receive a jetting hose and serving as a jetting hose carrier, wherein a micro-annulus is formed between the jetting hose and the surrounding inner conduit, with the micro-annulus being dimensioned to prevent the jetting hose from buckling; an elongated outer conduit encompassing the inner conduit, wherein an annular region is formed between the inner conduit and the surrounding outer conduit, the outer conduit being dimensioned to be run into a string of production casing within a wellbore while accommodating stimulation treatments through the annular region; a wiring chamber housing electrical wires, data cables, or both within the annular region between the inner and outer conduits and running the length of the outer conduit; a fluid chamber formed within the annular region, the fluid chamber having a flow area equivalence of at least 0.75 in2 pipe diameter; and a fluid pressure regulator valve residing proximate a distal end of the inner conduit, the pressure regulator valve being configured to move fluids between the fluid chamber and the micro-annulus to effectuate movement of the jetting hose within the inner conduit. 44. The jetting hose carrier system of claim 43, further comprising: an upper seal assembly residing at an upstream end of the jetting hose, the upper seal assembly comprising one or more seals fixedly attached to an outer diameter of the jetting hose, and with the upper seal assembly being slidably movable within the inner conduit and forming an upstream boundary of the micro-annulus; a jetting hose pack-off system comprising a series of stationary seals at a downstream end of the inner conduit, the stationary seals forming a downstream boundary of the micro-annulus; and whereby the fluid pressure regulator valve is arranged so that hydraulic fluid can be injected into the micro-annulus above the jet hose pack-off system to propel the jetting hose in an upstream direction, and the hydraulic fluid can then be released from the micro-annulus through the pressure regulator valve, thereby controlling advancement of the jetting hose in a downstream direction. 45. A downhole hydraulic jetting assembly for forming lateral bore holes within a subsurface formation from an existing wellbore, the existing wellbore having an inner diameter, and the jetting assembly comprising: an internal system comprising: a jetting hose having a proximal end and a distal end; and a jetting nozzle disposed at the distal end of the jetting hose; and an external system comprising: a first elongated tubular body defining an outer conduit, the outer conduit having an upper end configured to be operatively attached to a tubing conveyance system for running the assembly into the production casing, a lower end, and an internal bore there between; a second elongated tubular body residing within the bore of the outer conduit and defining a jetting hose carrier, the jetting hose carrier slidably receiving the jetting hose; a micro-annulus formed between the jetting house and the surrounding jetting hose carrier, the micro-annulus being sized to prevent buckling of the jetting hose as it slides within the jetting hose carrier during operation of the assembly; and a whipstock member disposed below the lower end of the outer conduit, the whipstock member having an arcuate face; wherein: the assembly is configured to (i) translate the jetting hose out of the jetting hose carrier and against the whipstock face by a translation force to a desired point of wellbore exit, (ii) upon reaching the desired point of wellbore exit, direct jetting fluid through the jetting hose and the connected jetting nozzle until an exit is formed, (iii) continue jetting forming a lateral borehole into the subsurface formation, and then (iv) pull the jetting hose back into the jetting hose carrier after a lateral borehole has been formed by applying the translation force in a second opposite direction; and the jetting nozzle comprises: a rotor body having one or more fluid discharge ports for delivering jetting fluid from the jetting hose; a stator body; and wire-wrapped stator poles configured to induce an electromagnetic field about the rotor body upon receipt of electrical current, which thereby induces rotation of the rotor body at a rotational speed corresponding to an electrical current feed. 46. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 45, wherein the electrical current feed is delivered through at least three longitudinally oriented electrically conductive power wires disposed equi-distantly about the jetting hose. 47. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 46, wherein at least a distal portion of the electrically conductive power wires are fabricated from a material that, upon electrical excitement, will contract in proportion to the respective current feeds received therein such that differentiation of current feeds through the three power wires will cause a proportional contraction of the respective power wires, thus inducing a bending moment at the distal end of the jetting hose. 48. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 47, wherein the electrically conductive power wires are fabricated from a conductive material comprising nickel, titanium or a combination thereof. 49. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 47, wherein the jetting nozzle further comprises: one or more geo-spatial chips located proximate the stator body; and wherein the one or more geo-spatial chips is configured to determine orientation of the nozzle, and transmit real-time geo-location data through electrical wires or data cables to a wireless micro-transmitter upstream of the micro-annulus. 50. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 49, further comprising: a coiled tubing string for conveying the external system and the connected internal system from a surface into the wellbore; and a battery pack associated with the internal system configured to provide the electrical feed; and wherein: the micro-transmitter resides proximate the battery pack; the external system further comprises a docking station configured to dock with the battery pack and to communicate with the micro-transmitter; and the geo-location data is transmitted wirelessly by the micro-transmitter to a micro-receiver within the docking station, then relayed to the surface through electrical wires or through data cables provided along the coiled tubing string, or to the surface wirelessly. 51. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 50, wherein the geo-location data is processed (i) through a micro-processor located in the internal system's battery pack, (ii) through a microprocessor located in the external system's docking station, or (iii) in a surface control system. 52. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 51, wherein, in response to receipt of geo-location data at the surface, the assembly is configured to permit the operator or surface control system to send instructions to the docking station downhole to send new rates of electrical current feed to the power wires to induce bending moments toward the distal end of the jetting hose hosting the jetting nozzle, thereby permitting the operator to: vary the orientation and inclination of the jetting nozzle, in real time, as it is discharges jetting fluid and generates a path of a lateral borehole; and vary rotational speed of the jetting nozzle; thereby achieving a desired lateral borehole path and penetration rate within a host pay zone. 53. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 49, wherein the geo-location data is sent to a control system at the surface that is configured to process the geo-location data and, in response, generate signals to adjust the electrical current feed to the power wires according to a pre-programmed geo-trajectory of a lateral borehole. 54. The downhole hydraulic jetting assembly of claim 51, wherein: the translation force comprises a hydraulic force; the jetting hose is at least 25 feet in length; the assembly further comprises: a main control valve residing between the tubing conveyance system and the upper end of the outer conduit, the main control valve being movable between a first position and a second position, wherein in the first position the main control valve directs jetting fluids pumped into the wellbore into the jetting hose, and in the second position the main control valve directs hydraulic fluid pumped into the wellbore into an annular region formed between the jetting hose carrier and the surrounding outer conduit; an upper seal assembly connected to the jetting hose at an upper end and sealing the micro-annulus; a jetting hose pack-off section connected to an inner diameter of the inner conduit and sealing the micro-annulus proximate a lower end of the inner conduit, and slidably receiving the jetting hose; and a fluid intake funnel located at an upstream end of the jetting hose, the fluid intake funnel being configured to receive jetting fluids into the jetting hose when the main control valve is in its first position; and wherein the micro-annulus is bounded at its upstream end by an interface of seals of the upper seal assembly, these upstream seals being movable within the inner conduit, and at its downstream end by seals of the jetting hose pack-off section, these downstream seals remaining generally stationary relative to the wellbore during operation.",
-    "Implementations for downloadable cartridges for a multi-tenant Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) system are disclosed. A method of the disclosure includes parsing a cartridge manifest corresponding to a cartridge to determine a source location of files of the cartridge and causing the files of the cartridge to be obtained from the determined source location for use by at least one node of a multi-tenant PaaS system. 1. A method, comprising: parsing, by a processing device of a multi-tenant Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) system, a cartridge manifest, corresponding to a cartridge, to determine a source location of files of the cartridge; and causing, by the processing device, the files of the cartridge to be obtained from the determined source location for use by at least one node of the multi-tenant PaaS system. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the processing device of the multi-tenant PaaS system, a location of the cartridge manifest corresponding to the cartridge that is maintained outside of the multi-tenant PaaS system; and downloading, by the processing device of the multi-tenant PaaS system, the cartridge manifest from the received location. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cartridges each provide functionality to execute applications on the multi-tenant PaaS system, the functionality comprising at least one of configuration templates, scripts, dependencies, or features to add to the applications. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cartridge manifest comprises: a file detailing features of the cartridge; and fields utilized by the multi-tenant PaaS system to deploy the cartridge to the at least one node. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the location of the cartridge manifest is specified as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the parsing further comprises: locating a source location field of the cartridge manifest; and determining data of the source location field to indicate the source location of the files of the cartridge, wherein the source location of the files of the cartridge is separate from the multi-tenant PaaS system. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the source location of the files of the cartridge is specified as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the node is a virtual machine (VM) hosting an application that requested the cartridge, and wherein the cartridge is executed as part of a gear that comprises a resource-constrained processing space of the VM. 9. A system, comprising: a memory; and a processing device, communicably coupled to the memory, to: parse a cartridge manifest, corresponding to a cartridge, to determine a source location of files of the cartridge; and cause the files of the cartridge to be obtained from the determined source location for use by at least one node of a multi-tenant PaaS system. 10. The system of claim 9, the processing device further to: receive a location of the cartridge manifest corresponding to the cartridge that is maintained outside of the multi-tenant PaaS system; and download the cartridge manifest from the received location. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the cartridges each provide functionality to execute applications on the multi-tenant PaaS system, the functionality comprising at least one of configuration templates, scripts, dependencies, or features to add to the applications. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the cartridge manifest comprises: a file detailing features of the cartridge; and fields utilized by the multi-tenant PaaS system to deploy the cartridge to the at least one node. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein to parse the cartridge manifest the processing device is further to: locate a source location field of the cartridge manifest; and determine data of the source location field to indicate the source location of the files of the cartridge, wherein the source location of the files of the cartridge is separate from the multi-tenant PaaS system. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the node is a virtual machine (VM) hosting an application that requested the cartridge, and wherein the cartridge is executed as part of a gear that comprises a resource-constrained processing space of the VM. 15. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium including instructions that, when accessed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: parse a cartridge manifest, corresponding to a cartridge, to determine a source location of files of the cartridge; and cause the files of the cartridge to be obtained from the determined source location for use by at least one node of a multi-tenant Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) system. 16. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the processing device is further to: receive a location of the cartridge manifest corresponding to the cartridge that is maintained outside of the multi-tenant PaaS system; and download, by the processing device of the multi-tenant PaaS system, the cartridge manifest from the received location. 17. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the cartridges each provide functionality to execute applications on the multi-tenant PaaS system, the functionality comprising at least one of configuration templates, scripts, dependencies, or features to add to the applications. 18. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the cartridge manifest comprises: a file detailing features of the cartridge; and fields utilized by the multi-tenant PaaS system to deploy the cartridge to the at least one node. 19. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein to parse the cartridge manifest the processing device is further to: locate a source location field of the cartridge manifest; and determine data of the source location field to indicate the source location of the files of the cartridge, wherein the source location of the files of the cartridge is separate from the multi-tenant PaaS system. 20. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the node is a virtual machine (VM) hosting an application that requested the cartridge, and wherein the cartridge is executed as part of a gear that comprises a resource-constrained processing space of the VM.",
-    "The present disclosure provides novel macrocyclic peptides which inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-L1/CD80 protein/protein interaction, and thus are useful for the amelioration of various diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. 1. A method of enhancing, stimulating, and/or increasing the immune response in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one macrocyclic peptide of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is wherein: denotes the point of attachment to the carbonyl group and denotes the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom; n is O or 1; R14 and R15 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; and R16 is selected from hydrogen, \u2014CHR17C(O)NH2, \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NH2, and \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NHCH2C(O)NH2; wherein R17 is selected from hydrogen and \u2014CH2OH and wherein R18 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; Rc, Rf, Rh, Ri, Rm, and Rn are hydrogen; Ra and Rj are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from a natural amino acid side chain and an unnatural amino acid side chain or form a ring with the corresponding vicinal R group as described below; Rb is methyl or, Rb and R2, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rd is methyl or Rd and R4, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, hydroxy, and phenyl; Re is hydrogen or methyl, or Re and R5, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rg is methyl or Rg and R7, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, benzyl optionally substituted with a halo group, benzyloxy, cyano, cyclohexyl, methyl, halo, hydroxy, isoquinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a methoxy group, quinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a halo group, and tetrazolyl; and wherein the pyrrolidine and the piperidine ring are optionally fused to a cyclohexyl, phenyl, or indole group; Rk is methyl or Rk and R11, together with the atoms to which they are attached, selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; and Rl is methyl or, Rl and R12, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine and pyrollidine, wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering an additional agent prior to, after, or simultaneously with the at least one macrocyclic peptide of formula (I), or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the additional agent is an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral agent, a cytotoxic agent, and/or an immune response modifier. 4. A method of inhibiting growth, proliferation, or metastasis of cancer cells in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one macrocyclic peptide of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is wherein: denotes the point of attachment to the carbonyl group and denotes the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom; n is O or 1; R14 and R15 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; and R16 is selected from hydrogen, \u2014CHR17C(O)NH2, \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NH2, and \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NHCH2C(O)NH2; wherein R17 is selected from hydrogen and \u2014CH2OH and wherein R18 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; Rc, Rf, Rh, Ri, Rm, and Rn are hydrogen; Ra and Rj are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from a natural amino acid side chain and an unnatural amino acid side chain or form a ring with the corresponding vicinal R group as described below; Rb is methyl or, Rb and R2, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rd is methyl or Rd and R4, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, hydroxy, and phenyl; Re is hydrogen or methyl, or Re and R5, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rg is methyl or Rg and R7, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, benzyl optionally substituted with a halo group, benzyloxy, cyano, cyclohexyl, methyl, halo, hydroxy, isoquinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a methoxy group, quinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a halo group, and tetrazolyl; and wherein the pyrrolidine and the piperidine ring are optionally fused to a cyclohexyl, phenyl, or indole group; Rk is methyl or Rk and R11, together with the atoms to which they are attached, selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; and Rl is methyl or, Rl and R12, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine and pyrollidine, wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the cancer is selected from melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), non-squamous NSCLC, colorectal cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, carcinomas of the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract and breast, and a hematological malignancy. 6. A method of treating an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one macrocyclic peptide of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is wherein: denotes the point of attachment to the carbonyl group and denotes the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom; n is O or 1; R14 and R15 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; and R16 is selected from hydrogen, \u2014CHR17C(O)NH2, \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NH2, and \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NHCH2C(O)NH2; wherein R17 is selected from hydrogen and \u2014CH2OH and wherein R18 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; Rc, Rf, Rh, Ri, Rm, and Rn are hydrogen; Ra and Rj are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from a natural amino acid side chain and an unnatural amino acid side chain or form a ring with the corresponding vicinal R group as described below; Rb is methyl or, Rb and R2, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rd is methyl or Rd and R4, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, hydroxy, and phenyl; Re is hydrogen or methyl, or Re and R5, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rg is methyl or Rg and R7, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, benzyl optionally substituted with a halo group, benzyloxy, cyano, cyclohexyl, methyl, halo, hydroxy, isoquinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a methoxy group, quinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a halo group, and tetrazolyl; and wherein the pyrrolidine and the piperidine ring are optionally fused to a cyclohexyl, phenyl, or indole group; Rk is methyl or Rk and R11, together with the atoms to which they are attached, selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; and Rl is methyl or, Rl and R12, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine and pyrollidine, wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the infectious disease is caused by a virus. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the virus is selected from HIV, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, herpes virus, and influenza. 9. A method of treating septic shock in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more macrocyclic peptides of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is wherein: denotes the point of attachment to the carbonyl group and denotes the point of attachment to the nitrogen atom; n is 0 or 1; R14 and R15 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; and R16 is selected from hydrogen, \u2014CHR17C(O)NH2, \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NH2, and \u2014CHR17C(O)NHCHR18C(O)NHCH2C(O)NH2; wherein R17 is selected from hydrogen and \u2014CH2OH and wherein R18 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; Rc, Rf, Rh, Ri, Rm, and Rn are hydrogen; Ra and Rj are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from a natural amino acid side chain and an unnatural amino acid side chain or form a ring with the corresponding vicinal R group as described below; Rb is methyl or, Rb and R2, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rd is methyl or Rd and R4, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, hydroxy, and phenyl; Re is hydrogen or methyl, or Re and R5, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; Rg is methyl or Rg and R7, together with the atoms to which they are attached, can form a ring selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, benzyl optionally substituted with a halo group, benzyloxy, cyano, cyclohexyl, methyl, halo, hydroxy, isoquinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a methoxy group, quinolinyloxy optionally substituted with a halo group, and tetrazolyl; and wherein the pyrrolidine and the piperidine ring are optionally fused to a cyclohexyl, phenyl, or indole group; Rk is methyl or Rk and R11, together with the atoms to which they are attached, selected from azetidine, pyrollidine, morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, and tetrahydrothiazole; wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy; and Rl is methyl or, Rl and R12, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a ring selected from azetidine and pyrollidine, wherein each ring is optionally substituted with one to four groups independently selected from amino, cyano, methyl, halo, and hydroxy.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated S140159 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar S140159, to the plants of soybean cultivar S140159, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar S140159, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar S140159. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140159. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140159, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar S140159 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar S140159, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140159 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140159 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140159 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140159 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______, (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar S140159 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar S140159, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar S140159 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar S140159. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar S140159, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. A mutagenized soybean plant produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the mutagenized soybean plant comprises a mutation in the genome and otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar S140159. 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "A method for installing a wall jamb for a shower door panel of a showering enclosure includes placing a wall jamb on a shower door panel, the wall jamb having a plurality of legs configured to receive the shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base, removing at least a portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive, and pushing the shower door panel toward a wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive adheres to the wall of the showering enclosure. 1.-13. (canceled) 14. A method for installing a wall jamb for a shower door panel of a showering enclosure, the method comprising: placing a wall jamb on a shower door panel, the wall jamb comprising a plurality of legs configured to receive the shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base; removing at least a portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive; and pushing the shower door panel toward a wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive adheres to the wall of the showering enclosure. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein removing the adhesive backing material comprises incrementally removing the adhesive backing material during installation of the wall jamb. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein removing the adhesive backing material comprises completely removing the adhesive backing material in a single step prior to pushing the shower door panel toward the wall. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the wall jamb further comprises a plurality of fins protruding from the base and wherein the shower door panel is pushed until the plurality of fins spread out and conform to a surface of the wall. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising filling any voids between the wall jamb and the wall with a silicone sealant. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the method for installing the wall jamb does not include drilling holes in or installing mechanical fasteners to the wall. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the method for installing the wall jamb allows for self-alignment of the wall jamb with the shower door panel. 21. The method of claim 14, further comprising manually pushing the wall jamb onto the wall along a length of the wall jamb after the pressure sensitive adhesive has adhered to the wall of the showering enclosure. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the wall jamb is elongated and extends for a length greater than half of an entire length of a side of the shower door panel. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein in an original state in which the shower door panel is not received by the plurality of legs, the wall jamb has a bowed-in profile such that a middle portion of an opening defined by the plurality of legs is narrower than other portions of the opening. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive is double-sided tape. 25. A method for installing a wall jamb for a shower door panel of a showering enclosure, the method comprising: placing a wall jamb on a shower door panel, the wall jamb comprising a plurality of legs configured to receive the shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base; removing a first portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive; pushing the shower door panel toward a wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive adheres to the wall of the showering enclosure where the first portion of the adhesive backing material was removed; removing a second portion of the adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive; and pushing the shower door panel toward the wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive adheres to the wall of the showering enclosure where the second portion of the adhesive backing material was removed. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the wall jamb further comprises a plurality of fins protruding from the base and wherein the shower door panel is pushed until the plurality of fins spread out and conform to a surface of the wall. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the wall jamb is elongated and extends for a length greater than half of an entire length of a side of the shower door panel. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive extends along an entire length of the wall jamb. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the pressure sensitive adhesive is double-sided tape. 30. A method for installing a wall jamb for a shower door panel of a showering enclosure, the method comprising: placing a first wall jamb on a first shower door panel, the first wall jamb comprising a plurality of legs configured to receive the first shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the first wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base; removing at least a portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive of the first wall jamb; pushing the first shower door panel toward a first wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive of the first wall jamb adheres to the first wall of the showering enclosure; placing a second wall jamb on a second shower door panel, the second wall jamb comprising a plurality of legs configured to receive the second shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the second wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base; removing at least a portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive of the second wall jamb; and pushing the second shower door panel toward a second wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive of the second wall jamb adheres to the second wall of the showering enclosure. 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising: placing a third wall jamb on the first shower door panel, the third wall jamb comprising a plurality of legs configured to receive the first shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the third wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base; removing at least a portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive of the third wall jamb; pushing the first shower door panel toward the second wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive of the third wall jamb adheres to the second wall of the showering enclosure; placing a fourth wall jamb on the second shower door panel, the fourth wall jamb comprising a plurality of legs configured to receive the second shower door panel therebetween, a base connecting the plurality of legs such that the fourth wall jamb is generally U-shaped, and a pressure sensitive adhesive disposed at an exterior surface of the base; removing at least a portion of adhesive backing material of the pressure sensitive adhesive of the fourth wall jamb; and pushing the second shower door panel toward the first wall of the showering enclosure such that the pressure sensitive adhesive of the fourth wall jamb adheres to the first wall of the showering enclosure. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the second wall is disposed opposite from the first wall of the showering enclosure. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the first wall jamb is placed on a first side of the first shower door panel and the third wall jamb is placed on a second side of the first shower door panel, the second side of the first shower door panel being opposite the first side of the first shower door panel; and the second wall jamb is placed on a first side of the second shower door panel and the fourth wall jamb is placed on a second side of the second shower door panel, the second side of the second shower door panel being opposite the first side of the second shower door panel.",
-    "A foldable structure is adjustable between a folded condition for storage and shipping, and an unfolded condition for occupation by one or more users. The foldable structure may be substantially prefabricated at a manufacturing facility, transitioned into its folded condition, and placed into a shipping container for shipping to a destination site. A single foldable structure may be placed in the shipping container, or multiple foldable structures may fit in a standard shipping container. For example, in some embodiments, as many as six foldable structures may fit in a single standard shipping container. 1. A collapsible structure comprising: a plurality of panels arranged in an expanded state of the collapsible structure to form an exterior perimeter of the collapsible structure, each panel comprising: a finished exterior surface; a finished interior surface; a first steel track coupling a top portion of the finished exterior surface to a top portion of the finished interior surface; a second steel track coupling a bottom portion of the finished exterior surface to a bottom portion of the finished interior surface; and insulating material between the finished exterior surface and the finished interior surface; and a plurality of anchors, each anchor having one end coupled to the exterior surface of a least one panel and another end of each anchor embedded in a concrete foundation for the collapsible structure. 2. The collapsible structure of claim 1, wherein the finished exterior surface comprises siding to protect the collapsible structure from weather conditions, the siding being comprised of vinyl, wood, steel, aluminum, fiber cement, cement, brick, or plastic. 3. The collapsible structure of claim 1, wherein the finished interior surface comprises painted drywall board or painted magnesium oxide wall board. 4. The collapsible structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the panels comprises an electrical chase and a plumbing chase. 5. A collapsible structure comprising: at least two finished closed panel walls of the habitable dwelling that can be arranged into an expanded state and a collapsed state, each finished closed panel wall comprising: a first panel wall; a second panel wall; a top plate coupled to one end of the first panel wall and the second panel wall; a bottom plate coupled to another end of the first panel wall and the second panel wall; an upper hinge coupled to the top plate of a first finished closed panel wall and to the top plate of a second finished closed panel wall, the upper hinge comprising: a first angle bracket including a hinge hole, the first angle bracket being secured along at least one lateral axis to the top plate of the first finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices; a second angle bracket including a hinge hole, the second angle bracket being secured along at least one lateral axis to the top plate of the second finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices and a hinge hole; and a hinge pin that pivotably couples the first angle bracket and the second angle bracket that enables the first finished closed panel wall and the second finished closed panel wall to fit flush end-to-end with each other in the expanded state and to be parallel with each other in the collapsed state; and a lower hinge coupled to the bottom plate of the first finished closed panel wall and the bottom plate of the second finished closed panel wall. 6. The collapsible structure of claim 5, wherein the lower hinge further comprises: a first angle bracket including a hinge hole, the first angle bracket secured to the first panel wall of the first finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices; a second angle bracket including a hinge hole, the second angle bracket secured to the first panel wall of the second finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices and a hinge hole; and a hinge pin that pivotably couples the first angle bracket and the second angle bracket via their respective hinge holes which enables the first finished closed panel wall and the second finished closed panel wall to fit flush end-to-end with each other in the expanded state and to be parallel with each other in the collapsed state. 7. The collapsible structure of claim 5, wherein the hinge hole of the first angle bracket is offset from an edge of the first angle bracket and the hinge hole of the second angle bracket is offset from an edge of the second angle bracket. 8. The collapsible structure of claim 7, wherein the hinge pin pivotably couples the first angle bracket and the second angle bracket when the hinge hole of the first angle bracket and the hinge hole of the second angle bracket are vertically aligned to accept the hinge pin. 9. The collapsible structure of claim 5, wherein the finished closed panel wall further comprises insulation material enclosed within the first panel and second panel. 10. The collapsible structure of claim 5, wherein the collapsed state the two finished closed panel walls are apart by not more than 1\u2033. 11. A structural insulated panel comprising: a top plate; a bottom plate; a first vertical wall; a second vertical wall; insulation material between the first vertical wall and the second vertical wall; a capillary break secured to the bottom plate, an edge of the first vertical wall, an edge of the second vertical wall; a detachable angle bracket comprising: a vertical axis secured to the first vertical wall; a horizontal axis aligned against the capillary break; a wear resistant pad secured to the horizontal surface of the angle bracket opposite the capillary break. 12. The structural insulated panel of claim 11, wherein the first vertical wall comprises siding and the second vertical wall comprises a dry wall board. 13. The structural insulated panel of claim 12, wherein the siding comprises vinyl, wood, steel, aluminum, fiber cement, cement, brick, or plastic. 14. The structural insulated panel of claim 12, wherein the wear resistant pad comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 15. A foldable structure comprising: a first section comprising: a first exterior wall of the foldable structure; and a plurality of interior wall panels being coupled to each other with at least one of the plurality of panels being pivotably coupled to the first exterior wall, a second section comprising: a second exterior wall of the foldable structure; two or more wall panels for a third exterior wall of the foldable structure being pivotably coupled to each other and with at least one of the panels for the third exterior wall being pivotably coupled to the second exterior wall; and two or more panels for a fourth exterior wall of the foldable structure being pivotably coupled to each other and with at least one of the panels for the fourth exterior wall being pivotably coupled to the second exterior wall. 16. The foldable structure of claim 15, wherein the first section is adjustable between: an unfolded condition, in which the plurality of interior wall panels are arranged to define a layout of an interior space for the foldable structure; and a folded condition, in which the plurality of interior wall panels are pivotably coupled to each other and are collapsed together to substantially eliminate the interior space of the foldable structure. 17. The foldable structure of claim 16, wherein the second section is adjustable between: an unfolded condition, in which the third exterior wall panels are aligned end-to-end to form the third exterior wall and the fourth wall panels are aligned end-to-end to form the fourth exterior wall, and an exterior perimeter of the foldable structure is formed by coupling the third exterior wall and the fourth exterior wall to the first exterior wall section; and a folded condition, in which the one or more panels for the third exterior wall and the one or more panels for the fourth exterior wall are collapsed to substantially minimize a footprint of the second section. 18. The foldable structure of claim 16, wherein the interior wall panels comprise magnesium oxide wall board on a first side and a second side. 19. A collapsible structure comprising: at least two finished closed panel walls that can be arranged into an expanded state and a collapsed state, each finished closed panel wall comprising: a first panel wall; a second panel wall; a top plate coupled to one end of each of the first panel wall and the second panel wall; a bottom plate coupled to another end of each of the first panel wall and the second panel wall; and insulation material enclosed between the first panel wall and second panel wall; an upper hinge coupled to the top plate of a first finished closed panel wall and to the top plate of a second finished closed panel wall, the upper hinge comprising: a first angle bracket including a hinge hole, the first angle bracket being secured along at least one lateral axis to the top plate of the first finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices; a second angle bracket including a hinge hole, the second angle bracket being secured along at least one lateral axis to the top plate of the second finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices and a hinge hole; and a hinge pin that pivotably couples the first angle bracket and the second angle bracket that enables the first finished closed panel wall and the second finished closed panel wall to fit flush end-to-end with each other in the expanded state and to be parallel with each other in the collapsed state; and a lower hinge coupled to the bottom plate of the first finished closed panel wall and the bottom plate of the second finished closed panel wall. 20. The collapsible structure of claim 19, wherein the lower hinge further comprises: a first angle bracket including a hinge hole, the first angle bracket secured to the first panel wall of the first finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices; a second angle bracket including a hinge hole, the second angle bracket secured to the first panel wall of the second finished closed panel wall using a plurality of coupling devices and a hinge hole; and a hinge pin that pivotably couples the first angle bracket and the second angle bracket via their respective hinge holes which enables the first finished closed panel wall and the second finished closed panel wall to fit flush end-to-end with each other in the expanded state and to be parallel with each other in the collapsed state. 21. The collapsible structure of claim 19, wherein the hinge hole of the first angle bracket is offset from an edge of the first angle bracket and the hinge hole of the second angle bracket is offset from an edge of the second angle bracket. 22. The collapsible structure of claim 21, wherein the hinge pin pivotably couples the first angle bracket and the second angle bracket when the hinge hole of the first angle bracket and the hinge hole of the second angle bracket are vertically aligned to accept the hinge pin. 23. The collapsible structure of claim 19, wherein in the collapsed state the two finished closed panel walls are apart by at most 1\u2033. 24. A foldable structure comprising: a plurality of exterior walls including a plurality of non-folding exterior walls and a plurality of folding exterior walls; a plurality of hinges facilitating folding of the folding exterior walls, and pivotably coupling the exterior walls together to define a continuous perimeter of the foldable structure, the foldable structure being adjustable between: an unfolded condition, in which the folding exterior walls are unfolded such that the non-folding exterior walls are spaced apart from one another to define an interior space of the foldable structure, the exterior walls being configured to be anchored to a foundation; and a folded condition, in which the folding exterior walls are folded such that the non-folding exterior walls are collapsed together substantially eliminating the interior space of the foldable structure. 25. The foldable structure of claim 24, further comprising at least one foldable interior wall, which in the unfolded condition of the foldable structure at least partially defines a room of the interior space of the foldable structure, and which in the folded condition of the foldable structure folds to allow the non-folding exterior walls to be collapsed together substantially eliminating the interior space of the foldable structure. 26. The foldable structure of claim 25, further comprising at least one non-foldable interior wall, which in the unfolded condition of the foldable structure at least partially defines a room of the interior space of the foldable structure, and which in the folded condition of the foldable structure are collapsed together substantially eliminating the interior space of the foldable structure. 27. The foldable structure of claim 24, further comprising plumbing for one or more water sources and/or discharges, the plumbing being disposed in only one interior wall of the foldable structure. 28. The foldable structure of claim 24, the exterior walls further comprising markings designating locations for roof trusses, second story floor trusses, and/or rafters. 29. The foldable structure of claim 24, wherein in the folded condition the foldable structure has a smallest dimension of at most 1 meter. 30. The foldable structure of claim 24, wherein in the folded condition the foldable structure has a smallest dimension which is at most 1/6th that of the same dimension in the unfolded condition.",
-    "An articulated chain comprises alternate inner and outer chain links interconnected by a chain joint. Each inner chain link comprises at least one chain link plate and each outer chain link comprises at least two chain link plates, and the chain link plates have a structured link plate back that is adapted to be brought into contact with a tensioning or guide rail. The structured link plate back comprises at least one recess having a closed circumference or at least one recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening, and is straight or slightly concave in shape for contact with a tensioning or guide rail. A chain drive comprising a driving sprocket, at least one driven sprocket, and at least one tensioning or guide rail and an articulated chain, in contact with the at least one tensioning or guide rail is provided. 1. An articulated chain comprising alternate inner and outer chain links interconnected by means of a respective chain joint, wherein each inner chain link comprises at least one chain link plate and each outer chain link comprises at least two chain link plates, wherein the chain link plates of at least one of the inner and outer chain links have a structured link plate back that is adapted to be brought into contact with a tensioning or guide rail, and wherein the structured link plate back comprises at least one recess having a closed circumference or at least one recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening, the structured link plate back being straight or concave in shape for contact with a tensioning or guide rail. 2. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the closed-circumference recess or the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is elongate in shape, and that at least one portion of the elongate recess is arranged at an angle between 5\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 relative to the longitudinal axis of the chain link plate. 3. The articulated chain according to claim 2, wherein the at least one portion of the elongate recess is arranged at an angle between 20\u00b0 and 80\u00b0 relative to the longitudinal axis of the chain link plate. 4. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the width of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is between 0.1% and 20% of the width of the chain link plate. 5. The articulated chain according to claim 4, wherein the width of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is between 1% and 5% of the width of the chain link plate. 6. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is between 5% and 70% of the width of the recess. 7. The articulated chain according to claim 6, wherein the depth of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is between 5% and 50% of the width of the recess. 8. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional profile of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is rectangular. 9. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional profile of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is trapezoidal. 10. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional profile of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is triangular. 11. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional profile of the closed-circumference recess or of the recess having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening is concave. 12. The articulated chain according to claim 1, wherein the structured link plate back comprises at least three closed-circumference recesses or at least three recesses having a circumference that is closed with the exception of an access opening, the at least three recesses being uniformly spaced from one another. 13. A chain drive of an internal combustion engine, comprising a driving sprocket and at least one driven sprocket, an articulated chain according to claim 1 wrapped around these sprockets, and at least one tensioning or guide rail which is in contact with the articulated chain.",
-    "Methods, systems, and techniques for federating operations, in an optimized way using wide area networks are provided. Example systems provide an API for generating and handling federated requests as an aggregation. In one example Wide Area Network Aggregation System, WANAS provides an API, a connection manager, and connection iterators to manage inter-site connections and requests, and inter-pod requests and messaging. These components cooperate to distribute a task across multiple physically disparate sites using a representative connection to the site and fan out of requests to other pods within the site. 1. (canceled) 2. A method comprising: receiving, at a first computing site, an aggregate query that indicates a federated operation to be performed over a plurality of remote computing sites connected using a plurality of wide area networks to the first computing site, each computing site comprising a plurality of computing systems; in response to receiving the aggregate query: generating a plurality of individual site requests from the federated operation, forwarding for execution each generated site request to a different remote computing site to be executed in parallel with each other, and receiving, in response to each of the forwarded site requests, a response that contains an aggregate answer to the requested operation of the forwarded site request on behalf of the computing systems of the respective computing site; in response to receiving the aggregate query: generating one or more local requests to be forwarded for execution to one or more computing systems within the first computing site, forwarding each generated local request to one of the computing systems within the first site, and receiving, in response to each of the forwarded local requests, a response that contains an aggregate answer to the requested operation of the forwarded local request; and combining the received aggregate answers from the forwarded site requests and from the forwarded local requests into an overall response and to return the overall response to the aggregate query. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein each site request of the plurality of individual site requests specifies a requested operation based upon the federated operation and a request target. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein each request target is a set of equivalent broker endpoints capable of responding to the generated site request, each equivalent broker endpoint of the request target thereby serving as a representative for performing the federated operation on behalf of computing systems of the respective site. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the one or more local requests specifies a requested operation based upon the federated operation and a request target. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more computing systems within the first computing site are grouped into pods, a local request is generated for each pod, and the generated local requests are forwarded to one of the computing systems in each pod. 7. The method of claim 2, further comprising providing failover for an individual site request by attempting contact with more than one of the equivalent broker endpoints of the request target of the individual site request when a one of the equivalent broker endpoints does not respond in a designated time period. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein two or more of the individual site requests or the local requests comprise different requests. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the aggregate query specifies at least one of: determining a status of connections for a designated user, determining virtual desktops associated with a designated user, determining a virtual infrastructure resource pertaining to a designated user, provisioning a virtual infrastructure resource pertaining to a designated user, provisioning a virtual desktop session for a designated user, a request to disconnect a session, a request to inquire regarding computing system health, a request to obtain user information, a request to kill a session, a request to ping an endpoint, a request to reset a session, a request to send a message, and/or a request to set user settings. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the generated site request is forwarded to a remote computing site over a previously established connection between one of the computing systems of the site and the first site. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the previously established connection is concurrently used with a different generated site request, thereby permitting connection sharing without having to reestablish the previously established connection. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the previously established connection is re-used for a plurality of different requests. 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the aggregate query is received using an application programming interface (\u201cAPI\u201d) that automatically generates the plurality of site requests in response to receiving the aggregate query. 14. A server of a first computing site connected using one or more wide area networks to other computing systems, comprising: a computer processor; a memory; and logic, stored in the memory, and configured, when executed to: receive an aggregate query that indicates a federated operation to be performed over a plurality of physically disparate and remote computing sites connected via the plurality of wide area networks to the first computing site, each computing site comprising a plurality of computing systems; in response to receiving the aggregate query: generate a plurality of individual site requests from the federated operation, forward for execution each generated site request to a different remote computing site to be executed in parallel with each other, and receive, in response to each of the forwarded site requests, a response that contains an aggregate answer to the requested operation of the forwarded site request on behalf of the computing systems of the respective computing site; in response to receiving the aggregate query: generate one or more local requests to be forwarded for execution to one or more computing systems within the first computing site, forward each generated local request to one of the computing systems within the first site, and receive, in response to each of the forwarded local requests, a response that contains an aggregate answer to the requested operation of the forwarded local request; and combine the received aggregate answers from the forwarded site requests and from the forwarded local requests into an overall response to return the overall response to the aggregate query. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein each site request of the plurality of individual site requests specifies a requested operation based upon the federated operation and a request target. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein each request target is a set of equivalent broker endpoints capable of responding to the generated site request, each equivalent broker endpoint of the request target thereby serving as a representative for performing the federated operation on behalf of computing systems of the respective site. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein each of the one or more local requests specifies a requested operation based upon the federated operation and a request target. 18. The server of claim 14, wherein the one or more computing systems within the first computing site are grouped into pods, a local request is generated for each pod, and the generated local requests are forwarded to one of the computing systems in each pod. 19. The server of claim 14, further comprising: providing failover for an individual site request by attempting contact with more than one of the equivalent broker endpoints of the request target of the individual site request when a one of the equivalent broker endpoints does not respond in a designated time period. 20. The server of claim 14, wherein a connection is shared between broker endpoints for multiple different requests without establishing a session and without reestablishing the connection. 21. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform operations comprising: receiving, at a first computing site, an aggregate query that indicates a federated operation to be performed over a plurality of remote computing sites connected using a plurality of wide area networks to the first computing site, each computing site comprising a plurality of computing systems; in response to receiving the aggregate query: generating a plurality of individual site requests from the federated operation, forwarding for execution each generated site request to a different remote computing site to be executed in parallel with each other, and receiving, in response to each of the forwarded site requests, a response that contains an aggregate answer to the requested operation of the forwarded site request on behalf of the computing systems of the respective computing site; in response to receiving the aggregate query: generating one or more local requests to be forwarded for execution to one or more computing systems within the first computing site; forwarding each generated local request to one of the computing systems within the first site; and receiving, in response to each of the forwarded local requests, a response that contains an aggregate answer to the requested operation of the forwarded local request; and combining the received aggregate answers from the forwarded site requests and from the forwarded local requests into an overall response and to return the overall response to the aggregate query.",
-    "A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided for generating and utilizing a user pattern profile. In this regard, the user pattern profile can include information regarding service selections made on a user node and movements of a user. The generated user pattern profile can compared to a threshold profile, and based on the results of the comparison, an action can be undertaken. 1. A real time service method in a network comprising: receiving, at a service node, one or more service selections of a user node, each service selection associated with a vendor; receiving, at the service node, location information on the user node; updating, at the service node, a user pattern profile associated with the user node based on the one or more service selections and the location information of the user node; receiving, at the service node, a threshold profile from a trader node, the threshold profile associated with the vendor; comparing, at the service node, the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile; and performing, at the service node, an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile. 2. A real time service method of claim 1, wherein the user pattern profile comprises one or more user pattern vectors. 3. A real time service method of claim 2, wherein a user pattern vector comprises at least one of a service selection pattern on the user node and a move pattern of the user node. 4. A real time service method of claim 3, wherein the threshold profile comprises one or more threshold vectors. 5. A real time service method of claim 4, wherein a threshold vector comprises at least one of a number of times that a particular service selection has been selected and a number of times that a vendor associated with the particular service selection has been visited. 6. A real time service method of claim 5, wherein performing an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile comprises sending a message to the user node when a user pattern vector in the updated user pattern profile exceeds a threshold vector of the threshold profile. 7. A real time service method of claim 5, wherein performing an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile comprises sending a message to the trader node when a user pattern vector in the updated user pattern profile exceeds a threshold vector of the threshold profile. 8. A service node apparatus comprising: a communication interface configured to send data to at least one external device and receive data from at least one external device; a memory configured to store at least one user pattern profile and at least one threshold profile; and a processor configured to: receive, via the communication interface, one or more service selections of a user node, each service selection associated with a vendor; receive, via the communication interface, location information of the user node; update the a stored user pattern profile associated with the user node based on the one or more service selections and the location information of the user node; receive, via the communication interface, a threshold profile from a trader node, the threshold profile associated with the vendor; compare the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile; and perform an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile. 9. A service node apparatus of claim 8, wherein the updated user pattern profile comprises one or more user pattern vectors. 10. A service node apparatus of claim 9, wherein a user pattern vector comprises at least one of a service selection pattern on the user node and a move pattern of the user node. 11. A service node apparatus of claim 10, wherein the threshold profile comprises one or more threshold vectors. 12. A service node apparatus of claim 11, wherein a threshold vector comprises at least one of a number of times that a particular service selection has been selected and a number of times that a vendor associated with the particular service selection has been visited. 13. A service node apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to, when performing an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile, send via the communication interface a message to the user node when a user pattern vector in the updated user pattern profile exceeds a threshold vector of the threshold profile. 14. A service node apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to, when performing an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile, send via the communication interface a message to the trader node when a user pattern vector in the updated user pattern profile exceeds a threshold vector of the threshold profile. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable program code portions stored therein, the computer-readable program code portions comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a service node to: receive one or more service selections of a user node, each service selection associated with a vendor; receive location information of the user node; update a user pattern profile associated with the user node based on the one or more service selections and the location information of the user node; receive a threshold profile from a trader node, the threshold profile associated with the vendor; compare the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile; and perform an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the user pattern profile comprises one or more user pattern vectors. 17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein a user pattern vector comprises at least one of a service selection pattern on the user node and a move pattern of the user node. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the threshold profile comprises one or more threshold vectors. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein a threshold vector comprises at least one of a number of times that a particular service selection has been selected and a number of times that a vendor associated with the particular service selection has been visited. 20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the computer-readable program code portions further comprise instructions that cause the service node to, when performing an action based on a result of comparing the updated user pattern profile with the threshold profile, send a message to the user node when a user pattern vector in the updated user pattern profile exceeds a threshold vector of the threshold profile.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated S140166 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar S140166, to the plants of soybean cultivar S140166, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar S140166, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar S140166. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140166. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140166, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar S140166 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar S140166, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140166 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140166 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140166 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140166 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar S140166 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar S140166, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar S140166 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar S140166. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar S140166, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. A mutagenized soybean plant produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the mutagenized soybean plant comprises a mutation in the genome and otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar S140166. 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "Methods and systems for applying charge to a piezoelectric element include and/or facilitate implementation of processes including cyclical multi-stage processes for: providing a piezoelectric element with an accumulated charge; providing one or more charge holding elements with a scavenged charge from the piezoelectric element; substantially removing or discharging a remaining charge from the piezoelectric element; and applying the scavenged charge to the piezoelectric element with an opposite polarity in relation to the polarity of the remaining charge. 1-19. (canceled) 20. A system including electronics for producing a drive signal for a device having a piezoelectric transducer, the electronics comprising: a controller configured to generate voltage pulses; and converter circuitry including one or more charge holding elements, the converter circuitry being configured to use the voltage pulses to develop an accumulated charge associated with the piezoelectric transducer, provide the one or more charge holding elements with a scavenged charge from the piezoelectric transducer, substantially remove or discharge a remaining charge from the piezoelectric transducer, and apply the scavenged charge to the piezoelectric transducer with an opposite polarity in relation to the polarity of the remaining charge. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the controller is configured to operate without sensed or other feedback from the converter circuitry or the piezoelectric transducer. 22. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry includes a buck-boost circuit configured to accumulate charge developed from the voltage pulses via the flyback effect. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the one or more charge holding elements include a capacitor or a second piezoelectric transducer connected to the buck-boost circuit. 24. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry is configured to develop the accumulated charge from DC voltage pulses. 25. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry is configured to couple a voltage source to the piezoelectric transducer. 26. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry includes inductive elements. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the inductive elements govern pulse width. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the inductive elements are not magnetically coupled. 29. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry includes inductive elements connected in a series-aiding boosting configuration. 30. The system of claim 20, wherein the one or more charge holding elements include a capacitor or a second piezoelectric transducer. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the converter circuitry includes a first diode connected to the piezoelectric transducer and a second diode connected to the capacitor or the second piezoelectric transducer. 32. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry includes a charge scavenging circuit connected between the piezoelectric transducer and the one or more charge holding elements. 33. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry includes a charge removing circuit connected to the piezoelectric transducer. 34. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry includes a charge reclaiming circuit connected to the piezoelectric transducer and the one or more charge holding elements. 35. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry is configured such that capacitances of the piezoelectric transducer and the one or more charge holding elements determine how much charge is reclaimed. 36. The system of claim 20, wherein the converter circuitry is configured to implement a multi-stage process utilizing the one or more charge holding elements. 37. A pump comprising: a pump body configured to at least partially define a pumping chamber; a piezoelectric element responsive to a drive signal for pumping fluid in the pumping chamber; and a pump driver configured to provide the drive signal, the pump driver including a flyback boost circuit configured to develop an accumulated charge associated with the piezoelectric element and also a charge on one or more charge holding elements, a charge scavenging circuit configured to provide a charge scavenged from the piezoelectric element to the one or more charge holding elements, a charge removing circuit configured to substantially remove or discharge a remaining charge from the piezoelectric element, and a charge reclaiming circuit configured to apply the scavenged charge to the piezoelectric element with an opposite polarity in relation to the polarity of the remaining charge. 38. The pump of claim 37, wherein the pump driver is configured to provide the drive signal responsive to voltage pulses. 39. The pump of claim 38, further comprising: a controller configured to generate the voltage pulses. 40. The pump of claim 37, wherein the one or more charge holding elements include a capacitor or a second piezoelectric element. 41. The pump of claim 37, wherein the flyback boost circuit includes an inductor array configured such that different portions of the array are utilized for transferring charge to the piezoelectric element and a capacitor, respectively. 42. The pump of claim 37, wherein the flyback boost circuit includes an inductor array configured such that different portions of the array are utilized for transferring charge to first and second piezoelectric elements, respectively. 43. The pump of claim 37, wherein the pump driver is configured such that capacitances of the piezoelectric element and the one or more charge holding elements determine how much charge is reclaimed. 44. The pump of claim 37, wherein the converter circuitry is configured to implement a multi-stage process utilizing the one or more charge holding elements.",
-    "Systems and methods for automatically generating top level index files for use in adaptive bitrate streaming in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed. One embodiment of the method of the invention includes receiving a request from a playback device at a playback server, where the request identifies a piece of content, retrieving a list of assets associated with the identified piece of content using the playback server, filtering the list of assets using at least one predetermined criterion using the playback server, generating a top level index file describing each asset in the filtered list of assets using the playback server, and sending the top level index file to the playback device using the playback server. 1. A method of generating a top level index file, comprising: receiving a request from a playback device at a playback server, where the request identifies a piece of content; retrieving a list of assets associated with the identified piece of content using the playback server; filtering the list of assets using at least one predetermined criterion using the playback server; generating a top level index file describing each asset in the filtered list of assets using the playback server; and sending the top level index file to the playback device using the playback server. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the request from the playback device also includes information describing the capabilities of the playback device; and the playback server filters the list of assets based upon the capabilities of the playback device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the information describing the capabilities of the playback device is a product identifier; and the method further comprising retrieving at least one device capability based upon the product identifier using the playback server. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the device capability is at least one device capability selected from the group consisting of: display aspect ratio, anticipated maximum network connection data rate, device outputs, supported formats, device buffer size, device resolution, device region, and device language. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one predetermined criterion includes whether the playback device has access to assets associated with premium content. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the request from the playback device also includes information indicative of the geographic location of the playback device; and the at least one predetermined criterion includes whether an asset is permitted to be played back in the geographic location indicated by the request. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one predetermined criterion includes filtering the assets based upon at least one language. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the playback server maintains a database of assets associated with specific pieces of content. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the top level index file is a SMIL file. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein generating a top level index file describing each asset in the filtered list of assets using the playback server comprises generating an XML string including a URI for each asset. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising generating an XML string including a SWITCH element to describe alternative streams for use in adaptive bitrate streaming. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising generating an XML string including an EXCL element to describe alternative streams for use in conventional streaming. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the URI references a container file and the XML string for each assets includes an element that defines the size of a header section of the container file. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the XML string includes an element that identifies the encoding of the asset. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the XML string of a video asset includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of: an element that describes the maximum bitrate of the video; an element that describes the width and height of the video; and an element that describes the video buffer verifier size of the video. 16. A method for authorizing playback of content, comprising: receiving a request from a playback device at a playback server, where the request identifies a piece of content; retrieving a list of assets associated with the identified piece of content using the playback server; filtering the list of assets using at least one predetermined criterion using the playback server; generating a top level index file describing each asset in the filtered list of assets using the playback server; sending the top level index file to the playback device using the playback server; retrieving cryptographic information using the playback server, where the cryptographic information is used to access protected streams described in the top level index file; and providing the cryptographic information to the playback device using the playback server. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cryptographic information is retrieved by the playback server in response to a request from a playback device to playback the content. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the cryptographic information is retrieved by the playback server from a database of cryptographic information and is encrypted so that the playback device can access the cryptographic information using cryptographic information stored on the playback device. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the cryptographic information is retrieved by the playback server from a digital rights management server. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising confirming that the number of devices on which the user is currently playing back content is less than a predetermined concurrency limit.",
-    "A motion activated water repellant sprinkler device for repelling animals that can be remotely controlled is provided. When the device is in on mode, the user can remotely adjust the sensitivity setting of the motion detector, set a time period for which the sprinkler will continually spray, and turn off the device so that the user can approach the device without being sprayed. The ability to set a particular time period for continuous sprinkler activity allows the motion activated water repellant sprinkler device to be used not only as an animal deterring device but also as a watering device for grass and other plants. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A motion activated water repellant sprinkler device comprising: a water spraying element connected to a pressurized water source through a water flow control valve; a main control unit operative to initiate opening and closing of the water flow control valve to control water flow to activate and deactivate spraying action; a motion detector for sensing motion in an area adjacent the sprinkler device, the motion detector coupled to said main control unit and configured to send a signal to the main control unit when motion has been detected, said main control unit initiating activation of the water spraying element through opening of the water flow control valve in response to the motion detector signal; a motor and cam mechanism coupled between the main control unit and the water spraying element, said main control unit activating the motor to rotate the cam mechanism when motion has been detected; and a permanent magnet associated with said cam mechanism, rotation of said cam mechanism moving the permanent magnet to a first position adjacent to a metal plunger in the water flow control valve to pull the plunger back with magnetic holding force and open the valve, said plunger being spring-biased to move forwardly and close the valve when released from the holding force of the magnet, further rotation of said cam mechanism moving the magnet to a second position away from the metal plunger so that the plunger, when released from the holding force of the magnet, moves to close the valve under said spring bias. 22. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 21, further comprising a remote controller with a transmitting element configured to enable a user to transmit a command signal to control one or more functions of the sprinkler device from a remote location. 23. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 22, wherein said main control unit is configured to deactivate and reactivate the device in response to receipt of one or more command signals from said remote controller. 24. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 23, wherein said transmitting element sends IR command signals, the main control unit including an IR sensor that receives said IR command signals from the remote controller. 25. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 22, wherein said device is configured to enable a user to remotely set and adjust a sensitivity level, of the motion detector using the remote controller. 26. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 25, wherein said transmitting element sends IA command signals, the main control unit including an IR sensor that receives said IR command signals from the remote controller for adjusting the sensitivity level of the motion detector. 27. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 22, wherein said device is configured to enable a user to remotely set a particular time period for continuous sprinkler activity using the remote controller. 28. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 27, wherein said remote controller includes a stop input by which the user can remotely stop the continuous sprinkler activity before completion of the remotely set time period. 29. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 22, wherein said main control unit includes an IR sensor that receives IR command signals from the remote controller. 30. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 22, wherein said main control unit includes an RF receiver that receives RF command signals sent from the remote controller. 31. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 21, wherein the motor is only activated while the valve is being moved between the open and closed positions, the valve, once open, being kept open by the magnet so that no additional power is needed to keep the sprinkler active. 32. The motion activated water repellant sprinkler device as set forth in claim 21, wherein said cam mechanism is rotated 180 degrees to move the magnet to the first position to open the valve, and then is rotated an additional 180 degrees to move the magnet to the second position to close the valve. 33. A method of operating to motion activated water repellant sprinkler device having a water spraying element connected to a water source through a water flow control valve, a main control unit operative to initiate opening and closing of the water flow control valve to control water flow to activate and deactivate spraying action, a motion detector for sensing motion in an area adjacent to the sprinkler device, the motion detector coupled to said main control unit and configured to send a signal to the main control unit when motion has been detected, said main control unit initiating activation of the water spraying element through opening of the water flow control valve in response to the motion detector signal, a motor and cam mechanism coupled between the main control unit and the water spraying element, a permanent magnet being associated with said cam mechanism, said main control unit activating the motor to rotate the cam mechanism when motion has been detected, rotation of said cam mechanism moving the permanent magnet to a first position adjacent to a metal plunger in the water flow control valve to pull the plunger back with magnetic holding force and open the valve, said plunger being spring-biased to move forwardly and close the valve when released from the holding force of the magnet, further rotation of said can mechanism moving the magnet to a second position away from the metal plunger so that the plunger is released from the holding force of the magnet and moves to close, the valve under said spring bias, the method comprising the steps of: placing the sprinkler device into \u201con\u201d mode to activate the motion detector at a preset sensitivity level; detecting motion by said motion detector; said main control unit, in response to a motion detection signal from said motion detector, activating the motor to rotate the cam mechanism which, in turn, moves the permanent magnet to the first position adjacent to the metal plunger, said permanent magnet pulling the plunger back with magnetic holding force and opening the water flow control valve to activate the water spraying element; and further rotating said cam mechanism to move the magnet to the second position away from the metal plunger, the plunger in said second position being released from the holding force of the magnet and being moved under said spring bias to close the valve and deactivate the water spraying element. 34. The method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising the step of using a remote controller to remotely control said sprinkler device. 35. The method as set forth in claim 34, further comprising the steps of: adjusting, if a different sensitivity level is desired, a sensitivity level for the motion detector using the remote controller; sending a signal from the remote controller to the main control unit indicating the selected sensitivity level; receiving the signal by the main control unit, said main control unit setting the motion detector to the desired sensitivity level; and operating the motion activated water repellant sprinkler device with the motion detector set at the desired sensitivity level as selected using the remote controller. 36. The method as set forth in claim 34, wherein the step of using the remote controller to remotely control said sprinkler device includes sending a wireless signal from the remote controller to the main control unit to deactivate the device while a user remains remotely located from the device. 37. The method as set forth in claim 34, wherein the step of using the remote controller to remotely control said sprinkler device includes sending a wireless signal from the remote controller to the main control unit to remotely set a particular time period for continuous sprinkler activity. 38. The method as set forth in claim 37, wherein said remote controller includes a stop button, said method including the step of a user pressing the stop button to remotely stop the continuous sprinkler activity before completion of the remotely set time period. 39. The method as set forth in claim 34, further comprising the steps of deactivating the device using the remote controller, and then reactivating the device using said remote controller while said main control unit remains in said \u201con\u201d mode when deactivated by said remote controller. 40. The method as set forth in claim 34, further comprising the step of turning the main control unit into \u201coff\u201d mode, said device being unresponsive to commands sent from the remote controller when said main control unit is in said \u201coff\u201d mode.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention provide swallowable devices, preparations and methods for delivering drugs and other therapeutic agents within the GI tract. Many embodiments provide a swallowable device for delivering the agents. Particular embodiments provide a swallowable device such as a capsule for delivering drugs into the intestinal wall or other GI lumen. Embodiments also provide various drug preparations that are configured to be contained within the capsule, advanced from the capsule into the intestinal wall and degrade to release the drug into the bloodstream to produce a therapeutic effect. The preparation can be operably coupled to delivery means having a first configuration where the preparation is contained in the capsule and a second configuration where the preparation is advanced out of the capsule into the intestinal wall. Embodiments of the invention are particularly useful for the delivery of drugs which are poorly absorbed, tolerated and/or degraded within the GI tract. 1. A method for delivering a somatostatin compound to a patient, said method comprising: providing a solid somatostatin or somatostatin analogue dosage shaped as a tissue penetrating member; penetrating the tissue penetrating member into an intestinal wall after oral ingestion, wherein the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is released into the blood stream from the solid dosage somatostatin in the intestinal wall. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue released into the blood stream from the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue reaches a Cmax in a shorter time period than a time period to achieve a Cmax for an extravascularly injected dose of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a tmax for the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue released from the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is less than about 80% of a tmax for the extravascularly injected dose of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a tmax for the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue released from the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is less than about 50% of a tmax for the extravascularly injected dose of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a tmax for the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue released from the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is less than about 30% of a tmax for the extravascularly injected dose of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein a tmax for the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue released from the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is less than about 10% of a tmax for the extravascularly injected dose of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tissue penetrating member is inserted into a wall of the small intestine. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid somatostatin or somatostatin analogue dosage is orally delivered in a swallowable capsule. 9. The method of claim 8, penetrating the tissue penetrating member into the intestinal wall comprises operably coupling the tissue penetrating member to a delivery means having a first configuration wherein the tissue penetrating member is within the capsule and a second configuration wherein the tissue penetrating member is advanced out of the capsule and into the intestinal wall. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein penetrating the tissue penetrating member into the intestinal wall comprises expanding at least one expandable balloon from the first to the second configuration. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue comprises a biodegradable material which degrades within the intestinal wall to release somatostatin or somatostatin analogue into the blood stream. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the biodegradable material comprises PGLA, a sugar or maltose. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue comprises at least one pharmaceutical excipient. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one pharmaceutical excipient comprises at least one of a binder, a preservative or a disintegrant. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the binder comprises PEG. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight percent of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue in the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is the range between about 0.3 to 8%. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a dose of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue in the solid dosage somatostatin is in a range from about 50 to 600 mg. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the somatostatin analogue is octreotide. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein a dose of octreotide in the preparation is in a range from about 10 to 100 \u03bcg. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising retaining the solid dosage somatostatin within the intestinal wall after insertion. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein retaining comprises anchoring at least one of a barb or an inverse taper shape of the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue in the intestinal tissue. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein penetrating the tissue penetrating member comprises applying a force to the tissue penetrating member, wherein the tissue penetrating member has sufficient stiffness to be advanced completely into the intestinal wall by such application of force. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue produces a long-term release of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue. 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the Cmax achieved by delivering the solid dosage somatostatin or somatostatin analogue into the intestinal wall is at least about 10 times greater than the Cmax achieved when the preparation is delivered orally without insertion into the intestinal wall. 25. A method for delivering a somatostatin or somatostatin analogue to a patient, said method comprising: providing a somatostatin or somatostatin analogue dosage within a swallowable capsule having at least one tissue penetrating member having a lumen; delivering the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue dosage into a wall of the small intestine from the capsule via the tissue penetrating member lumen and an application of force on the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue dosage, the delivery of the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue being effectuated responsive to a condition unique to the small intestine, and wherein the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue is released into the blood stream from the dosage of somatostatin or somatostatin analogue in the wall of the small intestine. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the condition is a pH. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the somatostatin or somatostatin analogue dosage is in solid form.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated S140170 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar S140170, to the plants of soybean cultivar S140170, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar S140170, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar S140170. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140170. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140170, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar S140170 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar S140170, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140170 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140170 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140170 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140170 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar S140170 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar S140170, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar S140170 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar S140170. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar S140170, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. A mutagenized soybean plant produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the mutagenized soybean plant comprises a mutation in the genome and otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar S140170. 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "A splitboard boot binding system with single multi-angle climbing wire. The pivotable climbing wire is configured for use with any compatible ski tour interface, and folds away under the boot binding baseplate when the bindings are transferred to a ride mode interface. In ski tour mode, the baseplate pivots on a toe axis and is supported by the climbing wire when the heel is raised. Advantageously, the climbing wire is very lightweight and seats interchangeably in a plurality of detent positions on a compatible heelblock. There are no interferences with conjoint use of a slide-in crampon seated between the heelblock and the toe pivot or with use in systems having a heel locker. Surprisingly, in some combinations the climbing wire may also be used to retain the slider track in ride mode. The combinations and sub-combinations require no tools for adjustment or operation and operate cooperatively. 1. An improved splitboard boot binding and ski tour interface system comprising in combination a) a boot binding baseplate with toe end and heel end; b) a toe pivot cradle with toe pivot axis; c) a heelblock; d) a climbing wire; e) a crampon; f) a heel locker; wherein said heelblock and said toe pivot cradle are affixed to a ski member of a splitboard; said boot binding baseplate is pivotably mounted on said toe pivot axle; said climbing wire is pivotably pinned to the underside of said boot binding baseplate; said crampon hingedly slides onto a hinge claw bracket posteriorly disposed on said toe pivot cradle; and, said heel locker is slideably mounted in said heelblock, said heelblock having a plurality of detents configured to seatedly receive said climbing wire in support of said baseplate at said heel end in a plurality of elevated positions. 2. An improved splitboard boot binding and ski tour interface system comprising in combination a) a boot binding baseplate; b) a toe pivot cradle with toe pivot axis; c) a heelblock; d) a pivotable climbing wire; wherein said climbing wire is U-shaped, having two legs joined by a base segment at the foot thereof, each leg pivotably dependent from an underside wall of said baseplate; said baseplate is pivotably mounted at a toe end on said toe pivot cradle; said heelblock is configured with a platform surface to support said baseplate at a heel end in a neutral position, and further wherein said platform surface is configured with a plurality of detent positions to seatedly receive said base segment of said climbing wire, whereby said baseplate is elevated at said heel end in a plurality of angular positions. 3. The improved system of claim 2, wherein said baseplate comprises a stowage channel for receiving said climbing wire in an undeployed position. 4. The improved system of claim 2, wherein each said leg of said climbing wire is springedly pinned in a pivot mount on said baseplate. 5. The improved system of claim 2, further comprising a crampon with rearward aspect configured to be disposed on top of the heelblock and used in conjunction with the climbing wire, and frontward aspect configured with a hinge axle to be hingedly mounted in a hinge claw bracket disposed on said toe pivot cradle behind said toe pivot ears. 6. The improved system of claim 5, wherein said crampon comprises detent stops for receiving said base segment of said climbing wire. 7. The improved system of claim 2, further comprising a heel lock disposed in said heelblock, said heel lock having at least one arm configured to reversibly engage an underside flange of said baseplate, thereby enabling a heel lock mode and a free heel mode. 8. The improved system of claim 2, further comprising a heel loop, highback, toe strap and ankle strap. 9. The improved system of claim 2, further comprising a snap ramp assembly configured to lockingly secure said baseplate to said toe pivot axle. 10. An improved splitboard boot binding and ski tour interface system comprising in combination a) a boot binding baseplate with toe end and heel end; b) a toe pivot cradle with toe pivot axle; c) a single pivotable climbing wire; wherein said climbing wire is U-shaped, having two legs joined by a base segment at the foot thereof, each leg pivotably dependent from an underside wall of said baseplate; said baseplate is pivotably mounted at said toe end on said toe pivot cradle and is elevated at said heel end in a plurality of angular positions of said single pivotable climbing wire. 11. The improved system of claim 10, wherein said climbing wire is configured to contactingly wrap around a heel end of a heel puck of a ride mode interface. 12. The improved system of claim 11, further comprising a snap ramp assembly configured to operate with said toe pivot cradle and toe pivot axis, wherein said snap ramp assembly is further configured to lockingly secure said baseplate to said toe pivot axle of a ski touring interface and to lockingly secure said baseplate to a slider track of a ride mode interface at a toe end and said climbing wire is configured to lockingly secure said baseplate to a slider track of a ride mode interface at a heel end. 13. The improved system of claim 12, wherein said toe pivot axle comprises a pair of pintel pins disposed on pivot ears of said baseplate. 14. The improved system of claim 10, further comprising a heelblock, wherein said heelblock comprises a plurality of detents for seating said single pivotable climbing wire in a plurality of angular positions.",
-    "An apparatus for manipulating surface near-field light resulting from light emitted from a light source that passes through a scattering layer is disclosed. Also, a method of finding a phase of incident light to cause constructive interference at a target spot using light scattering to manipulate the surface near-field. 1. A near-field imaging apparatus comprising: a light source to output a plane wave; a scattering layer on which a sample to be imaged is disposed; a measuring unit to acquire speckle information on a speckle generated by the plane wave passing through the sample and the scattering layer; and an analysis unit to analyze the speckle information. 2. The near-field imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the measuring unit comprises a holographic measuring unit to acquire a phase of the speckle. 3. The near-field imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the analysis unit calculates correlation between the speckle information and speckle information per input basis about the scattering layer measured in advance and acquires an image of the sample using the correlation. 4. The near-field imaging apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a structure to pass light from a coherent light source to form light of an input basis. 5. The near-field imaging apparatus of claim 4, wherein the structure comprises at least one of a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) tip, a metallic probe and a plasmonic metastructure. 6. The near-field imaging apparatus of claim 4, wherein the scattering layer passes the light of the input basis, formed by passing through the structure, to be scattered in the absence of the sample, and the measuring unit acquires input basis speckle information on a speckle generated by the scattered light. 7. A method of realizing near-field imaging, the method comprising: acquiring first speckle information on a speckle generated by light from a coherent light source passing through a scattering layer; acquiring second speckle information on a speckle generated by a plane wave passing through a sample and the scattering layer; and acquiring an image of the sample using the first speckle information and the second speckle information. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the acquiring of the first speckle information comprises forming light of an input basis by passing the light from the coherent light source through a structure, passing the light of the input basis through the scattering layer to be scattered, and acquiring input basis speckle information on a speckle generated by the scattered light. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the acquiring of the first speckle information comprises acquiring a plurality of input basis speckle informations by conducting the forming of the light, the passing of the light and the acquiring of the input basis speckle information while changing a location on the scattering layer that the light of the input basis passes through, and acquiring the first speckle information using the plurality of input basis speckle informations. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the structure comprises at least one of a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) tip, a metallic probe and a plasmonic metastructure. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the acquiring of the image of the sample using the first speckle information and the second speckle information comprises calculating correlation between the first speckle information and the second speckle information and acquiring the image of the sample using the correlation.",
-    "According to one embodiment, an electronic device receives at least one first stroke made on a document displayed on a screen, displays the at least one first stroke on the screen, determines a first handwriting candidate including a second stroke and a third stroke subsequent to the second stroke in response to an input of the at least one first stroke, and displays the first handwriting candidate on the screen. The electronic device receives a fourth stroke overlapping with an display area of the third stroke made on the screen, and enters not the third stroke but both the second stroke and the fourth stroke into the document in response to an input of the fourth stroke. 1. An electronic device, comprising: a display configured to detect a stroke made on a screen of the display and display the stroke on the screen; a memory configured to store a document; and a hardware processor configured to: display the document on the screen; receive at least one first stroke made on the document displayed on the screen; display the at least one first stroke on the screen; determine a first handwriting candidate comprising a second stroke and a third stroke subsequent to the second stroke in response to an input of the at least one first stroke; display the first handwriting candidate on the screen; receive a fourth stroke overlapping with an display area of the third stroke made on the screen; and enter not the third stroke but both the second stroke and the fourth stroke into the document in response to an input of the fourth stroke. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the at least one first stroke is displayed in a first style on the screen, and the first handwriting candidate is displayed in a second style different from the first style on the screen. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to display one or more handwriting candidates on the screen based on the at least one first stroke, the one or more handwriting candidates obtained from handwritten document data, and the first handwriting candidate is a handwriting candidate selected by a user operation from the one or more handwriting candidates. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein if a fifth stroke having a first shape and overlapping with the display area of the third stroke is received, the hardware processor executes processing of entering the second stroke into the document and deleting the third stroke and the fifth stroke. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein if a sixth stroke having a first shape and overlapping with a display area of the second stroke is received, the hardware processor executes at least processing of deleting the third stroke. 6. A method comprising: displaying a document on a screen of a display; receiving at least one first stroke made on the document displayed on the screen; displaying the at least one first stroke on the screen; determining a first handwriting candidate comprising a second stroke and a third stroke subsequent to the second stroke in response to an input of the at least one first stroke; displaying the first handwriting candidate on the screen; receiving a fourth stroke overlapping with an display area of the third stroke made on the screen; and entering not the third stroke but both the second stroke and the fourth stroke into the document in response to an input of the fourth stroke. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one first stroke is displayed in a first style on the screen, and the first handwriting candidate is displayed in a second style different from the first style on the screen. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: displaying one or more handwriting candidates on the screen based on the at least one first stroke, the one or more handwriting candidates being obtained from handwritten document data, wherein the first handwriting candidate is a handwriting candidate selected by a user operation from the one or more handwriting candidates. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein if a fifth stroke having a first shape and overlapping with the display area of the third stroke is received, the second stroke is entered into the document and the third stroke and the fifth stroke are deleted. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein if a sixth stroke having a first shape and overlapping with a display area of the second stroke is received, the third stroke is deleted.",
-    "The present disclosure provides nucleoside analogs of Formula (I) or (II). The nucleoside analogs are expected to show multiple tautomerism and may increase the mutation of an RNA and/or DNA (be mutagenic) of a virus or cancer cell. The multiple tautomerism and mutagenesis of the nucleoside analogs may be adjusted by substituting the nucleoside analogs with one or more electron-donating groups and/or electron-withdrawing groups to increase or decrease the pKa (e.g., to a pKa between 5.5 or 8.5). The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions and kits including the nucleoside analogs and methods of treating a viral infection (e.g., influenza, HIV infection, or hepatitis) or cancer using the nucleoside analogs, pharmaceutical compositions, or kits. 1. A compound of Formula (I): wherein: R1 is H or \u2014OH; X is of the formula: Y is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR2\u2014 or \u2014C(R2)2\u2014; U is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR2\u2014 or \u2014C(R2)2\u2014; Z is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, or \u2014C(R2)2\u2014; each instance of R2 is independently H, an electron-withdrawing group, or an electron-donating group; W is an anionic counterion; and n is 1, 2, or 3; wherein the pKa of the compound is between 5.5 and 8.5, inclusive, and the pKa is a pKa at 25\u00b0 C. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: 3-6. (canceled) 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is 8-28. (canceled) 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is 30. (canceled) 31. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is 32-39. (canceled) 40. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is 41-42. (canceled) 43. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is 44-63. (canceled) 64. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 65-67. (canceled) 68. A method of increasing the mutagenicity of a first compound, the method comprising substituting the first compound with one or more electron donating groups and/or electron withdrawing groups to provide a second compound, wherein: the first compound is a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, or an analog thereof; and if the pKa of the first compound is higher than 7, then the pKa of the second compound is lower than the pKa of the first compound; or if the pKa of the first compound is lower than 7, then the pKa of the second compound is higher than the pKa of the first compound; wherein each pKa is independently a pKa at 25\u00b0 C. 69-79. (canceled) 80. A method of determining tautomeric forms of a compound, the method comprising: providing the compound in physiological conditions; performing a variable temperature 1-dimensional infrared spectroscopy test or a variable temperature 2-dimensional infrared spectroscopy test on the compound; and performing a density functional theory calculation on the compound; wherein the compound is a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, or an analog thereof. 81-88. (canceled) 89. A method of determining tautomeric forms of a compound, the method comprising: providing the compound in physiological conditions; and performing a density functional theory calculation on the compound to determine the binding isotope effect for each of the tautomeric forms; wherein the compound is a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, or an analog thereof, and interacts non-covalently with a nucleic acid, aptamer, or protein. 90-91. (canceled) 92. A method of evaluating the mutagenicity of a compound in different pH conditions, the method comprising: a primer extension reaction on a template strand comprising at a defined site a compound to provide a synthesized strand, wherein the primer extension reaction is performed in a solution buffered at pH between 5.0 and 9.0, inclusive, using a recombinant polymerase and a custom designed primer; specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying the synthesized strand to provide a PCR product; and analyzing the PCR product using a restriction endonuclease and postlabeling (REAP) assay to quantitate the mutagenicity of the compound present in the template strand; wherein the compound is a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide, or an analog thereof. 93. (canceled) 94. A method of treating a viral infection in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 95. (canceled) 96. A method of increase the mutation rate of a RNA or DNA of a virus, the method comprising contacting the virus with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 97. A method of killing a virus, the method comprising contacting the virus with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 98. A method of inhibiting the replication of a virus, the method comprising contacting the virus with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 99-101. (canceled) 102. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 103. (canceled) 104. A method of increasing the mutation rate of a RNA and/or DNA of a cancer cell, the method comprising contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 105. A method of inducing apoptosis of a cancer cell, the method comprising contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 106. A method of decreasing DNA methylation in a cancer cell, the method comprising contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1. 107-109. (canceled) 110. A kit comprising: a compound of claim 1; and instructions for using the compound.",
-    "A system is applied to control indicator lights for non-volatile memory express solid state disk (NVMe SSD). The system includes a NVMe SSD, a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a controller and a slave processor. The NVMe SSD has a control module for transmitting a disk position signal. The CPLD is electrically connected to the control module so as to receive the disk position signal. The controller is electrically connected to the CPLD to light up a location indicator light. The slave processor is electrically connected to the control module and a fail indicator light. When the slave processor detect the NVMe SSD is operated under an abnormal condition, a fail signal is transmitted to light up a fail indicator light. 1. A system to control indicator lights for non-volatile memory express (NVMe) solid state disk (SSD), comprising: a NVMe SSD, having a control module for transmitting a disk position signal; a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), electrically connected to the control module for receiving the disk position signal to light up a location indicator light; a controller, electrically connected to the CPLD to light up the location indicator light; and a slave processor, electrically connected to the control module through an inter integrated circuit (I2C) bus, and including a general purpose I/O (GPIO) port electrically connected to a fail indicator light, wherein when the slave processor detects the NVMe SSD is operated under an abnormal condition, a fail signal is transmitted to the fail indicator light to light up the fail indicator light. 2. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 1, wherein the controller is a platform controller hub (PCH). 3. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 2, further comprising a main board, and the PCH is located on the main board. 4. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 1, wherein the control module is electrically connected to a operation indicator light, and the operation indicator light is lighted up when the NVMe SSD is operated normally. 5. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 1, further comprising a processor, and the control module including a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) port electrically connected to the processor. 6. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 5, further comprising a main board, and the processor being located on the main board. 7. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 6, wherein, the CPLD is located on the main board. 8. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 1, wherein, the control module further comprises an inter integrated circuit port, and the slave processor is electrically connected to the inter integrated circuit port through the I2C bus. 9. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 1, wherein the slave processor includes a register, for storing at least a read/write data from the NVMe SSD to recognize whether the NVMe SSD is operated under the abnormal condition. 10. The system to control indicator lights for NVMe SSD of claim 1, further comprising a back plate, and the slave processor is located on the back plate.",
-    "A transparency includes a transparent substrate and a plurality of electrically conductive lines on the transparent substrate, at least one of the electrically conductive lines intersecting at least one other electrically conductive line, and at least one of the electrically conductive lines having a width of no more than 50 \u03bcm to reduce distraction resulting from optical diffraction of light transmitted through or reflected by the transparency as compared to a transparency comprising electrically conductive lines having a width greater than 50 \u03bcm. A coated substrate includes: a substrate; a dielectric layer on the substrate; and a sensor including a conductive layer on the dielectric layer, where at least one layer selected from the dielectric layer and the conductive layer is formed by at least one method selected from lithography, inkjet printing, and aerosol jet printing. 1. A transparency comprising: a transparent substrate; and a plurality of electrically conductive lines on the transparent substrate, at least one of the electrically conductive lines intersecting at least one other electrically conductive line, wherein the plurality of electrically conductive lines define an aperture having a closed shape, and wherein at least one of the electrically conductive lines has undulations having peaks and troughs such that a distance between two adjacent peaks is no more than 30 \u03bcm. 2. The transparency of claim 1, wherein a distance between two of the electrically conductive lines is no more than 1 mm. 3. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the transparency provides electromagnetic interference shielding. 4. The transparency of claim 3, wherein the transparency further comprises a transparent conductive oxide on the substrate. 5. The transparency of claim 4, wherein the transparency provides EMI shielding at a frequency of 3 Hz to 300 kHz. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. The transparency of claim 1, wherein the undulations have peaks and troughs such that a distance between two adjacent peaks is no more than 20 \u03bcm. 9. The transparency of claim 1, further comprising: a dielectric layer on the substrate; and a sensor comprising a conductive layer on the dielectric layer, wherein at least one layer selected from the dielectric layer and the conductive layer is formed by at least one method selected from lithography, inkjet printing, and aerosol jet printing. 10. The transparency of claim 9, wherein a heater layer is between the substrate and the sensor. 11. The transparency of claim 10, wherein the heater layer comprises the plurality of electrically conductive lines. 12. The transparency of claim 9, wherein the sensor is selected from a temperature sensor, a crack detector, an arc detector, a strain gauge, and a moisture sensor. 13. A vehicle comprising the transparency of claim 1. 14. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the vehicle is a flying vehicle. 15. The vehicle of claim 13, wherein the vehicle is a ground vehicle. 16. A smart window comprising the transparency of claim 1. 17. A coated substrate comprising: a substrate; a dielectric layer on the substrate; and a sensor comprising a conductive layer directly on the dielectric layer, wherein at least one layer selected from the dielectric layer and the conductive layer is formed by at least one method selected from lithography, inkjet printing, and aerosol jet printing. 18. The coated substrate of claim 17, further comprising a heater layer between the substrate and the layer sensor. 19. The coated substrate of claim 17, wherein the sensor is selected from a temperature sensor, a crack detector, an arc detector, a strain gauge, and a moisture sensor. 20. A vehicle comprising the coated substrate of claim 17. 21. A transparency comprising: a transparent substrate; and a plurality of electrically conductive lines on the transparent substrate, the electrically conductive lines defining an aperture having a shape of a polygon having at least one curved side having a radius of curvature of no more than 500 \u03bcm. 22. The transparency of claim 21, wherein each of the sides of the polygon is curved and has a radius of curvature of no more than 500 \u03bcm. 23. The transparency of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electrically conductive lines has a width of no more than 50 \u03bcm.",
-    "The dispenser disclosed herein serves a single serving of a powdered nutrient contained within a container having multi-servings of the powdered nutrient. The dispenser has a metering device that operates as a ball valve or guillotine to dispense a single serving of the powdered nutrient into a water container. The dispenser also has a support surface that can be lowered and raised back up in order to fit a water container under the metering device and a distal tip of the metering device into a mouth of the water container so that no powdered nutrient spills out of the water container during transfer of the powdered nutrient from the metering device to the water container. 1. A dispenser system for dispensing a single serve of a powdered nutrient, the dispenser system comprising: a container for holding two or more servings of the powdered nutrient, the container having an opening and a first part of a fastening system; a metering unit for measuring the single serve of the powdered nutrient and dispensing the measured powdered nutrient from a dispensing tip of the metering unit, the metering unit having a second part of the fastening system wherein the first and second parts are removably attachable to each other so that the container is removable from the metering unit when the container is empty and a new container filled with the powdered nutrient is attachable to the metering unit; a bottle for receiving the measured powdered nutrient dispensed from the dispensing tip, the bottle defining a mouth which is larger than the dispensing tip so that the mouth of the bottle does not contact the dispensing tip when the dispensing tip is inserted into the mouth of the bottle; and a stand for holding the metering unit above a surface, the stand including a support surface that is traversable between a biased up position and a down position, the down position allowing the mouth of the bottle to slip under the dispensing tip while the bottle pushes down on the support surface and the biased up position wherein the bottle is positioned on the support surface with the dispensing tip at least partially inserted into the bottle and the mouth of the bottle not contacting any part of the dispenser system including the dispensing tip. wherein a height of the bottle is greater than a first distance defined between an end of the dispensing tip and the support surface when the support surface is in the biased up position and less than a second distance defined between the end of the dispensing tip and the support surface when the support surface is in the down position. 2. The dispenser system of claim 1 wherein the metering unit defines a measuring cup that is a ball with a cavity with a volume equal to the single serve of powdered nutrient. 3. The dispenser system of claim 2 wherein the measuring cup is rotatable at least 180\u00b0 so that the measuring cup is fillable with the powdered nutrient then rotated 180\u00b0 to empty the powdered nutrient in the measuring cup into the bottle. 4. The dispenser system of claim 1 wherein the metering unit has a guillotine traversable between an opened position and a closed position, the powdered nutrient filling a cavity of the metering unit when the guillotine is traversed to the opened position and preventing a flow of the powdered nutrient to the cavity when the guillotine is traversed to the closed position. 5. The dispenser system of claim 4 wherein the guillotine is biased to the closed position. 6. The dispenser system of claim 1 wherein the metering unit has a rotateable auger for flowing the powdered nutrient from an upper cavity to a lower cavity. 7. The dispenser system of claim 1 further comprising a vibration unit for facilitating removal of the powdered nutrient from the metering unit into the bottle, the vibration unit being attached to the metering unit. 8. The dispenser system of claim 1 wherein the first part of the fastening system is a screw thread and the second part of the fastening system is a mating screw thread. 9. The dispenser system of claim 1 wherein the stand includes a spring underneath the support surface arranged to bias the support surface in the biased up position. 10. A method of dispensing a single serve of a powdered nutrient from a container to a bottle comprising: measuring the single serve of the powdered nutrient in a metering unit to which the container is removable attached; receiving the bottle on a support surface of a stand that holds the metering unit such that the bottle is underneath a dispensing tip of the metering unit and the support surface is at a down position; releasing the support surface such that the support surface traverses to a biased up position in which the bottle is raised above the down position to a predetermined level, the dispensing tip is at least partially inserted into a mouth of the bottle, and the mouth of the bottle does not contact any part of the dispensing system; and dispensing the measured powdered nutrient from the dispensing tip into the bottle. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the dispensing includes rotating a measuring cup of the metering unit at least 180\u00b0 to empty the measured powdered nutrient from the measuring cup into the bottle. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the measuring includes moving a guillotine from a closed position, at which flow of the powdered nutrient from the container to a cavity of the metering unit is prevented, to an opened position to fill the cavity with the powdered nutrient. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the guillotine is biased to the closed position. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the dispensing includes rotating an auger such that the powdered nutrient flows from an upper cavity of the metering unit to a lower cavity of the metering unit. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein the dispensing includes vibrating the metering unit to facilitate removal of the measured powdered nutrient from the metering unit into the bottle. 16. A dispenser for dispensing a single serve of a powdered nutrient, the dispenser comprising: a container for holding two or more servings of the powdered nutrient, the container having an opening and a first part of a fastening system; a metering unit defining a measuring cup for measuring the single serve of the powdered nutrient and dispensing the measured powdered nutrient from a dispensing tip of the metering unit, the metering unit having a second part of the fastening system wherein the first and second parts are removably attachable to each other so that the container is removable from the metering unit when the container is empty and a new container filled with the powdered nutrient is attachable to the metering unit; a stand for holding the metering unit above a surface, the stand including a support surface that is traversable between a biased up position and a down position, the down position allowing for a mouth of a water bottle to slip under the dispensing tip while the water bottle pushes down on the support surface and the biased up position a wherein the water bottle is positioned on the support surface with the dispensing tip at least partially inserted into the water bottle and the mouth of the water bottle not contacting any part of the dispenser system. 17. The dispenser of claim 16 wherein the measuring cup is a ball with a cavity with a volume equal to the single serve of powdered nutrient, the measuring cup being rotatable at least 180\u00b0 so that the measuring cup is fillable with the powdered nutrient then rotated 180\u00b0 to empty the powdered nutrient in the measuring cup into a water bottle. 18. The dispenser of claim 16 wherein the metering unit has a guillotine traversable between an opened position and a biased closed position, the powdered nutrient filling the measuring cup when the guillotine is traversed to the opened position and preventing a flow of the powdered nutrient to the measuring cup when the guillotine is traversed to the closed position. 19. The dispenser of claim 16 further comprising a vibration unit for facilitating removal of the powdered nutrient from the measuring cup into a water bottle, the vibration unit being attached to the metering unit. 20. The dispenser system of claim 16 wherein the stand includes a spring underneath the support surface arranged to bias the support surface in the biased up position.",
-    "A trusted peripheral device can be utilized with an electronic resource, such as a host machine, in order to enable the secured performance of security and remote management in the electronic environment, where various users might be provisioned on, or otherwise have access to, the electronic resource. The peripheral can have a secure channel for communicating with a centralized management system or service, whereby the management service can remotely connect to this trusted peripheral, using a secure and authenticated network connection, in order to run the above-described functionality on the host to which the peripheral is attached. 1. A peripheral device, comprising: a device body including at least one connector for connecting to a host machine, the connector providing a first communication channel enabling communication between the host machine and the peripheral device; a processor connected to the device body and operable to receive communications from the host machine over the first communication channel; a second communication channel enabling secure communications to a management entity of a shared resource environment including the host machine, the second communication channel being inaccessible to the host machine; and memory including instructions for performing privileged security functionality and management functionality, the memory further including instructions that, when executed by the processor of the peripheral device, enable the peripheral device to: receive, from the management entity and over the second communication channel, a management instruction relating to at least one of the security or the management functionality; utilize the instructions stored on the peripheral device in order to execute the management instruction; and send, to the management entity and over the second communication channel, information resulting from the executing of the management instruction, wherein the information resulting from the executing of the management instruction is inaccessible to the host machine.",
-    "A power conversion device includes: a first DC-DC converter configured to receive a first power from a first DC power source and to convert at least one of a voltage level and a current level to generate a first converted power; a DC-AC inverter electrically coupled to the first DC-DC converter and configured to convert the first converted power into a first AC power and to provide the first AC power to an external device; and a control unit configured to control the first DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter, wherein the first DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter are configured to be driven according to pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme using a first carrier frequency and a DC-AC carrier frequency, respectively, wherein a level of the first carrier frequency and a level of the DC-AC carrier frequency are determined according to predetermined time periods. 1. A power conversion device comprising: a first DC-DC converter configured to receive a first power from a first DC power source and to convert at least one of a voltage level and a current level to generate a first converted power; a DC-AC inverter electrically coupled to the first DC-DC converter and configured to convert the first converted power into a first AC power and to provide the first AC power to an external device; and a control unit configured to control the first DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter, wherein the first DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter are configured to be driven according to pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme using a first carrier frequency and a DC-AC carrier frequency, respectively, wherein a level of the first carrier frequency and a level of the DC-AC carrier frequency are determined according to predetermined time periods. 2. The power conversion device of claim 1, wherein the control unit comprises: a measurement unit configured to measure measurement values comprising a level of the first power, a level of power provided from the DC-AC inverter, and a conversion efficiency of the first power; a calculation unit configured to calculate at least one of the level of the first carrier frequency and the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency corresponding to a maximum conversion efficiency among conversion efficiencies of the first power based on the conversion efficiencies of the first power received from the measurement unit, while changing the level of the first carrier frequency and the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency within an aggregation of levels of the carrier frequency; a storage unit configured to store the measurement values received from the measurement unit, and to store the first carrier frequency and the DC-AC carrier frequency corresponding to the measurement values received from the calculation unit; and a pulse generation unit configured to generate a pulse used for PWM based on a level of a frequency changed or determined by the calculation unit. 3. The power conversion device of claim 1, wherein, in a state of fixing the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency, the control unit is configured to change the level of the first carrier frequency, to measure a conversion efficiency of the first power according to frequency levels, and to determine a frequency level corresponding to a maximum conversion efficiency among a plurality of measured conversion efficiencies of the first power, as a level of the first carrier frequency, and in a state of fixing the level of the first carrier frequency, the control unit is configured to change the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency, to measure conversion efficiency of the first power according to frequency levels, and to determine a frequency level corresponding to the maximum conversion efficiency among the measured conversion efficiencies of the first power, as a level of the DC-AC carrier frequency. 4. The power conversion device of claim 1, further comprising: a second DC-DC converter configured to receive second power from a second DC power source and to convert at least one of a voltage and a current level to generate a second converted power, wherein the second DC-DC converter is configured to be driven according to a PWM scheme using a second carrier frequency, the DC-AC inverter is electrically coupled to the second DC-DC converter, and is configured to convert the second converted power into an AC power, and to provide the AC power, and the control unit is configured to determine a level of the second carrier frequency according to the predetermined time periods, and while the control unit determines the level of the second carrier frequency, supply of the first converted power to the DC-AC inverter is cut off, and while the control unit determines the level of the first carrier frequency, supply of the second converted power to the DC-AC inverter is cut off. 5. The power conversion device of claim 1, wherein the first DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter are configured to be driven according to a PWM scheme further using a first dead time and a DC-AC dead time, respectively, and the control unit is further configured to determine the first dead time and the DC-AC dead time according to the predetermined time periods. 6. A method of driving a power conversion device comprising a plurality of DC-DC converters each receiving power by using a pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme using a carrier frequency, converting at least one of a voltage level and a current level, and generating converted power; and a DC-AC inverter converting the converted powers into AC power and providing the AC power to an external device, the method comprising: coupling the power conversion device between a plurality of DC power sources and the external device; determining a DC-AC carrier frequency level; and completing determination of levels of the carrier frequencies of the plurality of DC-DC converters, wherein the determining of the DC-AC carrier frequency level is performed again when a predetermined period of time has lapsed after the completing the determination of the levels of the carrier frequencies of the plurality of DC-DC converters. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining levels of carrier frequencies of some of the plurality of DC-DC converters, wherein the determining of the levels of the carrier frequencies of the some of the plurality of DC-DC converters is performed before the determining the level of the carrier frequency of the DC-AC inverter after the coupling of the power conversion device between the plurality of DC power sources and the external device. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a level of a first carrier frequency used for PWM of a first DC-DC converter receiving first power, among the plurality of DC-DC converters, is determined in the determining the levels of carrier frequencies of the some the plurality of DC-DC converters, and the determining of the levels of carrier frequencies of some of the plurality of DC-DC converters comprises: supplying only first converted power from the first DC-DC converter to the DC-AC inverter; setting the level of the first carrier frequency of the first DC-DC converter to an initial level; when driving is performed with the first carrier frequency having the initial level, measuring a conversion efficiency of first power, defined as a ratio of power provided by the DC-AC inverter to the first power; and storing the conversion efficiency of first power and the initial level of the first carrier frequency, as a maximum conversion efficiency of the first power and an optimal carrier frequency level, respectively, wherein the storing of the conversion efficiency of first power and the initial level of the first carrier frequency, as the maximum conversion efficiency of the first power and the optimal carrier frequency level, respectively, is performed only when the optimal carrier frequency level has not been stored or the conversion efficiency of the first power is greater than the maximum conversion efficiency of the first power. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the determining of the levels of the carrier frequencies of the some of the plurality of DC-DC converters further comprises: setting the level of the first carrier frequency to one of a plurality of levels for which conversion efficiency of the first power has not been measured, wherein, in the setting of the level of the first carrier frequency of the first DC-DC converter to the initial level, the initial level is a lowest level among levels that the first carrier frequency may have, and in the setting of the level of the first carrier frequency to one of levels for which conversion efficiency of the first power has not been measured, the level of the first carrier frequency is set to the lowest level among levels that the first carrier frequency may have but for which conversion efficiency of the first power has not been measured. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the determining of the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency comprises: setting the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency to an initial level; when driving is performed with the DC-AC carrier frequency having the initial level, measuring a conversion efficiency of total power defined as a ratio of power provided by the DC-AC inverter to a sum of powers supplied to the power conversion device; and storing the conversion efficiency of total power and the initial level of the DC-AC carrier frequency as a maximum conversion efficiency of the total power and an optimal carrier frequency level, respectively, wherein the storing of the conversion efficiency of total power and the initial level of the DC-AC carrier frequency, as the maximum conversion efficiency of the total power and the optimal carrier frequency level, respectively, is performed only when the optimal carrier frequency level has not been stored or the conversion efficiency of the total power is greater than the maximum conversion efficiency of the total power. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining of the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency further comprises: setting a level of a DC-AC dead time used by the DC-AC inverter to an initial level; and setting the level of the DC-AC dead time as one of levels for which conversion efficiency of total power has not been measured, wherein, in the determining of the level of the DC-AC carrier frequency, the level of the DC-AC dead time is further determined.",
-    "A soybean cultivar designated S140174 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar S140174, to the plants of soybean cultivar S140174, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar S140174, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar S140174. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140174. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar S140174, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar S140174 with another soybean cultivar. 1. A plant of soybean cultivar S140174, representative seed of said soybean cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 2. A seed that produces the plant of claim 1. 3. A cell of the plant of claim 1. 4. A tissue culture of regenerable cells comprising the cell of claim 3. 5. A method of soybean breeding, said method comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second soybean plant to produce soybean seed. 6. The method of claim 5, further defined as comprising crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140174 with a second soybean plant of a different genotype to produce hybrid soybean seed, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140174 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 7. A soybean seed produced by the method of claim 6. 8. A method of producing a plant comprising an added desired trait, said method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into the plant of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 10. A plant produced by the method of claim 8 or a selfed progeny thereof. 11. A method of introducing a single locus conversion into a soybean plant, said method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of soybean cultivar S140174 with a second plant comprising a desired single locus to produce F1 progeny plants, representative seed of said soybean cultivar S140174 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______; (b) selecting at least a first progeny plant from step (a) that comprises the single locus to produce a selected progeny plant; (c) crossing the selected progeny plant from step (b) with a plant of soybean cultivar S140174 to produce at least a first backcross progeny plant that comprises the single locus; and (d) repeating steps (b) and (c) with the first backcross progeny plant produced from step (c) used in place of the first progeny plant of step (b) during said repeating, wherein steps (b) and (c) are repeated until at least a backcross progeny plant is produced comprising the single locus conversion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single locus confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect or pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, abiotic stress resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. 13. A soybean plant of soybean cultivar S140174, further comprising a single locus conversion, representative seed of soybean cultivar S140174 having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______. 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the method further comprises: (a) crossing a plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed with itself or a different soybean plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: (b) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant to produce a progeny plant of a further subsequent generation. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) using said progeny plant of a further subsequent generation from step (b) in place of the plant grown from said hybrid soybean seed in step (a), wherein steps (a) and (b) are repeated with sufficient inbreeding to produce an inbred soybean plant derived from the soybean cultivar S140174. 17. A method of introducing a mutation into the genome of soybean cultivar S140174, said method comprising applying a mutagen to the plant of claim 1, or a part thereof, wherein said mutagen is selected from the group consisting of ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-rays, and sodium azide, and wherein the resulting plant comprises a genome mutation. 18. A mutagenized soybean plant produced by the method of claim 17, wherein the mutagenized soybean plant comprises a mutation in the genome and otherwise comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar S140174. 19. A method of producing a commodity plant product, said method comprising obtaining the plant of claim 1 or a part thereof and producing said commodity plant product therefrom. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the commodity plant product is protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour or oil.",
-    "Disclosed are electronic padlocks and related methods. An electronic padlock includes a lock body, a shank, and a locking mechanism operably coupled to electronic circuitry configured to detect physical interactions of a user with the shank and control the locking mechanism. A method of operating the electronic padlock includes detecting physical interactions of a user with a shank of an electronic padlock, comparing the detected physical interactions with a stored predetermined series of physical interactions, and transitioning from a locked state to an unlocked state responsive to determining that the detected physical interactions match the predetermined series of physical interactions. A method of transforming a mobile device into a device configured to interface with an electronic padlock includes distributing computer-readable instructions configured to instruct one or more processors of the mobile device to display a graphical user interface configured to enable a user to alter settings of the electronic padlock. 1. An electronic padlock, comprising: a lock body having at least one shank entrance formed therein; a shank received by the lock body through the at least one shank entrance; a locking mechanism housed within the lock body and configured to selectively secure the shank in a locked position and release the shank from the locked position; and electronic circuitry operably coupled to the locking mechanism and configured to detect the physical interactions of the user with the shank and control the locking mechanism to at least one of secure the shank in the locked position and release the shank from the locked position. 2. The electronic padlock of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry is configured to operate in a low power state, and transition to an active state from the low power state responsive to the physical interactions of the user with the shank. 3. The electronic padlock of claim 1, wherein the shank comprises a shank selected from the list consisting of a u-bend shank, a square-bend shank, and a triangular-bend shank. 4. The electronic padlock of claim 1, further comprising an electronic switch operably coupled to the electronic circuitry and housed within the lock body, the electronic switch configured to be engaged by the shank responsive to the physical interactions of the user with the shank. 5. The electronic padlock of claim 4, wherein an end of the shank is configured to contact the electronic switch when the shank is pressed into the lock body responsive to the physical interactions of the user with the shank. 6. The electronic padlock of claim 1, wherein the electronic circuitry is configured to cause the locking mechanism to release the shank from the locked position responsive to the physical interactions of the user with the shank matching a predetermined pattern. 7. The electronic padlock of claim 6, wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a series of at least one of long and short physical interactions of the user with the shank. 8. The electronic padlock of claim 6, wherein: the electronic circuitry includes a wireless communication interface configured to communicate with a wireless device external to the electronic padlock; and the electronic circuitry is configured to cause the locking mechanism to release the shank from the locked position responsive to the electronic circuitry determining that the wireless device is authorized to unlock the electronic padlock. 9. A method of operating an electronic padlock, the method comprising: detecting physical interactions of a user with a shank of an electronic padlock; comparing the detected physical interactions with a stored predetermined series of physical interactions; and transitioning from a locked state to an unlocked state responsive to determining that the detected physical interactions match the predetermined series of physical interactions. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising transitioning temporarily to a credential-free operational state responsive to the detected physical interactions matching another predetermined series of physical interactions. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising resetting to a default state responsive to the detected physical interactions matching another predetermined series of physical interactions. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein comparing the detected physical interactions with a stored predetermined series of physical interactions comprises comparing the detected physical interactions with a series of at least one of long interactions and short physical interactions with the shank, wherein the long interactions include interactions lasting more than a predetermined threshold and short interactions include interactions lasting less than the predetermined threshold. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the predetermined threshold is about half of a second. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the predetermined threshold is about a second. 15. A method of transforming a mobile device into a device configured to interface with an electronic padlock, the method comprising distributing computer-readable instructions to a mobile device, the computer-readable instructions configured to instruct one or more processors of the mobile device to perform operations comprising: displaying a graphical user interface on an electronic display of the mobile device, the graphical user interface configured to enable a user of the mobile device to alter settings of an electronic padlock; displaying user-selectable options on the electronic display, the user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define at least one predefined series of physical interactions of the user with a shank of the electronic padlock to authorize the electronic padlock to perform at least one function; wirelessly transmitting data indicating the at least one predefined series of physical interactions to the electronic padlock. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein displaying user-selectable options on the electronic display comprises displaying at least one user-selectable option selected from the group consisting of an insert short interaction button, an insert long interaction button, a delete button for deleting previously inserted ones of a short interaction and a long interaction, and a save button. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein displaying user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define at least one predefined series of physical interactions to authorize the electronic padlock to perform at least one function comprises displaying user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define a predefined series of physical interactions with the shank of the electronic padlock to authorize the electronic padlock to unlock the electronic padlock responsive to the predefined series of physical interactions. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein displaying user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define at least one predefined series of physical interactions to authorize the electronic padlock to perform at least one function comprises displaying user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define a predefined series of physical interactions with the shank of the electronic padlock to authorize the electronic padlock to reset itself to a default state. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein displaying user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define at least one predefined series of physical interactions to authorize the electronic padlock to perform at least one function comprises displaying user-selectable options configured to enable the user to define a predefined series of physical interactions with the shank of the electronic padlock to authorize the electronic padlock to transition from a low power state to an active state responsive to the predefined series of physical interactions with the shank. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the computer-readable instructions are further configured to instruct the one or more processors of the mobile device to: enter wireless communication with electronics of the electronic padlock; enter communication with a server of a locking service to request authorization to access the electronic padlock with the mobile device; receive access to the electronic padlock responsive to a predefined series of physical interactions of the user with the shank of the electronic padlock.",
-    "A switching power supply includes a switching element that turns ON and OFF a current flowing through a primary coil of a transformer to which a DC input voltage is applied, an output circuit that rectifies and smooths a voltage induced in a secondary coil of the transformer T to generate a prescribed output voltage, and a control circuit that uses feedback control to turn the switching element ON and OFF according to a feedback voltage obtained from the detected output voltage. The switching power supply also includes a supply voltage generation circuit that rectifies and smoothes a voltage induced in an auxiliary coil of the transformer to generate a plurality of supply voltages, an output voltage switching circuit that switches the output voltage according to a magnitude of a load to which the output voltage is supplied, and a supply voltage switching circuit that selects one of the supply voltages according to changes to the output voltage and supplies that supply voltage to the control circuit. 1. A switching power supply, comprising: a switching element that turns ON and OFF a current flowing through a primary coil of a transformer to which a DC input voltage is applied; an output circuit that rectifies and smoothes a voltage induced in a secondary coil of the transformer to obtain an output voltage; a control circuit that uses feedback control to turn ON and OFF the switching element in accordance with a feedback voltage obtained from the output voltage of the output circuit so as to generate the output voltage that is feedback controlled; a supply voltage generation circuit that rectifies and smoothes voltages induced in an auxiliary coil provided in the transformer to generate a plurality of supply voltages; an output voltage switching circuit that changes a relationship between said feedback voltage and the output voltage of the output circuit in accordance with a control signal provided from outside so as to set a target voltage for the feedback controlled output voltage in accordance with the control signal; and a supply voltage switching circuit that selects one of the supply voltages generated by the supply voltage generation circuit and supplies the selected one of the supply voltages to the control circuit as a power source of the control circuit, the supply voltage switching circuit selecting said one of the supply voltages in accordance with said setting of the target voltage performed by the output voltage switching circuit. 2. The switching power supply according to claim 1, wherein the control circuit turns the switching element OFF when the feedback voltage reaches a prescribed internal reference voltage and turns the switching element ON when the current flowing through the primary coil of the transformer while the switching element is OFF has inverted so as to generate a switching element drive signal that causes quasi-resonance in the current flowing through the primary coil of the transformer. 3. The switching power supply according to claim 1, wherein the feedback voltage is obtained as a difference between a prescribed reference voltage and a detected voltage that is detected by resistively dividing the output voltage, and wherein the output voltage switching circuit changes a resistive division ratio for dividing the output voltage in accordance with the control signal so as to change said relationship between said feedback voltage and the output voltage of the output circuit. 4. The switching power supply according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary coil of the transformer has a center tap, and the supply voltage generation circuit rectifies and smoothes a voltage induced between end terminals of the auxiliary coil to generate a first supply voltage, and rectifies and smoothes a voltage induced between the center tap and one of the end terminals of the auxiliary coil to generate a second supply voltage. 5. The switching power supply according to claim 4, wherein the supply voltage switching circuit includes a pair of switching elements that are turned ON and OFF in a complementary manner in accordance with the control signal so as to supply one of the first and second supply voltages to the control circuit. 6. The switching power supply according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary coil of the transformer has a center tap, and the supply voltage generation circuit rectifies and smoothes a voltage induced between end terminals of the auxiliary coil to generate a first supply voltage, and rectifies and smoothes a voltage induced between the center tap and one of the end terminals of the auxiliary coil to generate a second supply voltage, wherein when said control signal causes the feedback controlled output voltage provided to a load to be set to a prescribed normal voltage, the supply voltage switching circuit selects the second supply voltage and supplies the second supply voltage to the control circuit, and wherein when said control signal causes the output voltage to switch to a standby voltage that is lower than the prescribed normal voltage, the supply voltage switching circuit selects the first supply voltage and supplies the first supply voltage to the control circuit. 7. The switching power supply according to claim 5, wherein the first and second supply voltages are set within a range defined by an overvoltage protection threshold voltage OVP and an undervoltage lockout threshold voltage UVLO of the control circuit.",
-    "A method for increasing the presentation of ETEC CS6 antigen on cell surface, comprising the step of contacting cells expressing said antigen with an aqueous solution comprising 0.6-2.2 percent phenol by weight, such that the presentation of said antigen is increased by at least 100%. A method for the manufacture of a killed whole cell vaccine for immunization against CS6-expressing ETC. Cells and vaccines obtainable by the above methods. 1. (canceled) 2. A phenol-treated cell having an amount of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli \u201cETEC\u201d Coli surface antigen 6 \u201cCS6\u201d antigen on a cell surface greater than an untreated cell. 3. The cell according to claim 2, wherein the amount of said antigen on the cell surface is at least 100% greater than an untreated cell. 4. The cell according to claim 3, wherein the amount of said antigen on the cell surface is at least 200% greater than an untreated cell. 5. The cell according to claim 4, wherein the amount of said antigen on the cell surface is at least 300% greater than an untreated cell. 6. The cell according to claim 2, wherein the cell was treated with 0.6 to 2.0 percent phenol by weight for a duration of 1 to 72 h. 7. The cell according to claim 6, wherein the cell was treated for a duration of 1.5 to 42 h. 8. The cell according to claim 2, wherein the cell was treated with 0.6 to 2.0 percent phenol by weight at a temperature of 18 to 42\u00b0 C. 9. The cell according to claim 6, wherein the cell was treated at a temperature of 18 to 42\u00b0 C. 10. The cell according to claim 9, wherein cell was treated at a temperature of 18 to 38\u00b0 C. 11. The cell according to claim 10, wherein the cell was treated at a temperature of 18 to 22\u00b0 C. 12. The cell according to claim 10, wherein the cell was treated at a temperature of is 36 to 38\u00b0 C. 13. The cell according to claim 8, wherein the cell was treated with a phenol concentration of 0.8-2.0 percent by weight. 14. The cell according to claim 13, wherein the cell was treated with a phenol concentration of 1.0-2.0 percent by weight. 15. The cell according to claim 8, wherein the cell was treated with a phenol concentration of 0.6-2.0 percent by weight, for a time of 6-72 h and at temperature of 18-22\u00b0 C. 16. The cell according to claim 15, wherein the cell was treated at a phenol concentration of 0.75-0.85 percent by weight, for a time of 40\u00b12 h and at a temperature of 20\u00b11\u00b0 C. 17. The cell according to claim 2, wherein the cell is an Escherichia coli cell. 18. The cell according to claim 2, wherein the antigen is recombinantly overexpressed by the cells. 19. The cell according to claim 2, wherein the cell is a killed whole cell. 20. The cell according to claim 19, wherein the cell is an Escherichia coli cell. 21. An immunogenic composition, comprising the cell according to claim 2. 22. The immunogenic composition according to claim 21, wherein the cell is an Escherichia coli cell. 23. The immunogenic composition according to claim 22, wherein the cell is a killed whole cell. 24. An immunogenic composition, comprising the cell according to claim 16. 25. The immunogenic composition according to claim 24, wherein the cell is an Escherichia coli cell. 26. The immunogenic composition according to claim 25, wherein the cell is a killed whole cell.",
-    "An optical element array includes a plurality of optical elements arranged along a first direction and a second direction. A first optical element is included at a position distanced from a center of the optical element array by a first distance. The first optical element has a first width, a first height, and a first curvature radius at the first position, and a second width, a second height, and a second curvature radius at a second position. The first width is wider than the second width, the first height is higher than the second height, and the first curvature radius is smaller than the second curvature radius. The first position and the second position are taken along a single direction. 1. An optical element arranged in a peripheral portion of an array region in which a plurality of optical elements is disposed, wherein an outer edge of the optical element, projected on a face including a first direction and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, has a first width along the second direction and a second width, along the second direction, arranged on a side closer to the peripheral portion of the array region than a position where the first width is arranged, wherein a height of the optical element at the position where the first width is arranged is higher than a height of the optical element at a position where the second width is arranged, and wherein a curvature radius of the optical element at a cross section along the second direction gradually increases from the position where the first width is arranged toward the position where the second width is arranged. 2. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein a length of the first width and a length of the second width are equal to each other. 3. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the outer edge of the projected optical element includes a side extending along the second direction on a side of the peripheral portion of the array region. 4. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the outer edge of the projected optical element includes a side extending along the second direction on a center side of the array region. 5. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein an area surrounded by the outer edge of the projected optical element has an area of 80% or more to an area of a rectangle which surrounds the outer edge of the projected optical element in a manner so as to contact an outer periphery of the outer edge of the projected optical element.",
-    "An exemplary system for cloud-based media content transcoding includes a local media content server that records a media content program, divides the media content program into a plurality of program segments, generates a program segment playlist including pointers to the plurality of program segments, receives a request for a media content playback device to download the media content program, and transmits the program segment playlist to the media content playback device. The program segment playlist directs the media content playback device to request and download transcoded versions of the program segments from a cloud-based transcoding system located remotely from the local media content server. The cloud-based transcoding system accesses the program segments from the local media content server, and generates and transmits the transcoded versions of the program segments to the media content playback device. 1. A method comprising: recording, by a local media content server located at a user premises of a user of the local media content server, a media content program; dividing, by the local media content server, the media content program into a plurality of program segments, each program segment comprising a different portion of the media content program; generating, by the local media content server, a program segment playlist including pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program, the pointers including data uniquely identifying, to a cloud-based transcoding system located remotely from the user premises and configured to concurrently transcode the plurality of program segments by transcoding at least two of the plurality of program segments in parallel, the local media content server that recorded the media content program of which each program segment comprises a different portion; receiving, by the local media content server, a request for a media content playback device associated with the user to download the media content program; and transmitting, by the local media content server to the media content playback device in response to the request for the media content playback device associated with the user to download the media content program, the program segment playlist including the pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program, the program segment playlist configured to cause the media content playback device to request, from the cloud-based transcoding system and based on the data uniquely identifying the local media content server to the cloud-based transcoding system included in the pointers included in the program segment playlist, transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program, and download the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments from the cloud-based transcoding system after the cloud-based transcoding system has accessed the plurality of program segments from the local media content server and generated the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the media content playback device comprises at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium embodying computer-executable instructions to implement: a local proxy server facility configured to perform the requesting of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program from the cloud-based transcoding system; and a media content playback facility configured to access, via the local proxy server facility, the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments, and play back the media content program for the user by continuously playing back each of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program in a sequence based on the program segment playlist. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the requesting of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments by the media content playback device includes: receiving, by the local proxy server facility from the media content playback facility, a first pointer to a first program segment from the pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program included in the program segment playlist; determining, by the local proxy server facility, that a first transcoded version of the first program segment referenced by the first pointer is not stored on the media content playback device; and requesting, by the local proxy server facility from the cloud-based transcoding system, the first transcoded version of the first program segment referenced by the first pointer. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the requesting of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments by the media content playback device further includes: receiving, by the local proxy server facility from the media content playback facility, a second pointer to a second program segment from the pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program included in the program segment playlist; determining, by the local proxy server facility, that a second transcoded version of the second program segment referenced by the second pointer is not stored on the media content playback device; and requesting, by the local proxy server facility from the cloud-based transcoding system, the second transcoded version of the second program segment referenced by the second pointer, wherein the cloud-based transcoding system generates the first and second transcoded versions of the program segments referenced by the first and second pointers by concurrently transcoding the first and second program segments referenced by the first and second pointers. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein each pointer in the pointers included in the program segment playlist includes a uniform resource locator (URL) having a hostname and a file identifier, the hostname corresponding to the local proxy server facility and the file identifier corresponding to a respective program segment included in the plurality of program segments. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the file identifier includes: data uniquely identifying the respective program segment included in the plurality of program segments, and the data uniquely identifying, to the cloud-based transcoding system, the local media content server that recorded the media content program of which each program segment comprises a different portion. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the media content playback device is located at the user premises of the user and is communicatively coupled to the local media content server via a local area network associated with the user premises. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the media content playback device is located remotely from the user premises of the user. 9. The method of claim 1, embodied as computer-executable instructions on at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium. 10. A method comprising: receiving, by a cloud-based transcoding system from a media content playback device, a request for transcoded versions of a plurality of program segments of a media content program, wherein each program segment within the plurality of program segments comprises a different portion of the media content program, the request for the transcoded versions includes data uniquely identifying, to the cloud-based transcoding system, a local media content server that has recorded the media content program of which each program segment comprises a different portion, the local media content server located at a user premises of a user of the local media content server, and the request for the transcoded versions is based on the data uniquely identifying the local media content server, the data included in pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program and the pointers included in a program segment playlist transmitted from the local media content server to the media content playback device in response to a request to download the media content program to the media content playback device; accessing, by the cloud-based transcoding system from the local media content server, the plurality of program segments; concurrently generating, by the cloud-based transcoding system, the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program by transcoding at least two of the plurality of program segments in parallel; and transmitting, by the cloud-based transcoding system to the media content playback device in response to the request for the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program, the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the accessing of the plurality of program segments comprises: establishing a connection with the local media content server that has recorded the media content program; and downloading the plurality of program segments from the local media content server. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the accessing of the plurality of program segments is performed by the cloud-based transcoding system in response to the request for the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program from the media content playback device. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the accessing of the plurality of program segments is performed by the cloud-based transcoding system prior to the receiving of the request for transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program from the media content playback device. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the cloud-based transcoding system includes a plurality of hardware transcoding resources configured to perform the concurrent generation of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program by transcoding the at least two program segments of the plurality of program segments in parallel. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the hardware transcoding resources are further configured to concurrently generate transcoded versions of a second plurality of program segments of a second media content program accessed from a second local media content server by transcoding at least two other program segments of the second plurality of program segments in parallel with one another and with the transcoding of the at least two program segments of the plurality of program segments accessed from the local media content server. 16. The method of claim 10, embodied as computer-executable instructions on at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium. 17. A local media content server comprising: at least one physical computing device that: records a media content program; divides the media content program into a plurality of program segments, each program segment comprising a different portion of the media content program; generates a program segment playlist including pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program, the pointers including data uniquely identifying, to a cloud-based transcoding system located remotely from user premises at which the local media content server is located and configured to concurrently transcode the plurality of program segments by transcoding at least two of the plurality of program segments in parallel, the local media content server that comprises the at least one physical computing device; receives a request for a media content playback device associated with a user of the local media content server to download the media content program; and transmits, to the media content playback device in response to the request for the media content playback device associated with the user to download the media content program, the program segment playlist including the pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program, the program segment playlist configured to cause the media content playback device to request, from the cloud-based transcoding system and based on the data uniquely identifying the local media content server to the cloud-based transcoding system included in the pointers included in the program segment playlist, transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program, and download the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments from the cloud-based transcoding system after the cloud-based transcoding system has accessed the plurality of program segments from the local media content server and generated the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments. 18. The local media content server of claim 17, wherein the media content playback device comprises at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium embodying computer-executable instructions to implement: a local proxy server facility configured to perform the requesting of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program from the cloud-based transcoding system; and a media content playback facility configured to access, via the local proxy server facility, the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments, and play back the media content program for the user by continuously playing back each of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments of the media content program in a sequence based on the program segment playlist. 19. The local media content server of claim 18, the requesting of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments by the media content playback device includes: receiving, by the local proxy server facility from the media content playback facility, a first pointer to a first program segment from the pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program included in the program segment playlist; determining, by the local proxy server facility, that a first transcoded version of the first program segment referenced by the first pointer is not stored on the media content playback device; and requesting, by the local proxy server facility from the cloud-based transcoding system, the first transcoded version of the first program segment referenced by the first pointer. 20. The local media content server of claim 19, wherein the requesting of the transcoded versions of the plurality of program segments by the media content playback device further includes: receiving, by the local proxy server facility from the media content playback facility, a second pointer to a second program segment from the pointers to the plurality of program segments of the media content program included in the program segment playlist; determining, by the local proxy server facility, that a second transcoded version of the second program segment referenced by the second pointer is not stored on the media content playback device; and requesting, by the local proxy server facility from the cloud-based transcoding system, the second transcoded version of the second program segment referenced by the second pointer, wherein the cloud-based transcoding system generates the first and second transcoded versions of the program segments referenced by the first and second pointers by concurrently transcoding the first and second program segments referenced by the first and second pointers.",
-    "Example embodiments provide systems and methods for dynamically creating intuitive favorites for a user. The system and methods include monitoring actions performed, by the user at a digital receiver, with respect to a plurality of content programs. The actions performed with respect to the plurality of content programs are analyzed. The analysis includes comparing a level of the actions with respect to a first content program of the plurality of content programs with a threshold. Based on the comparing indicating that the first content program is a favorites, an indication that the first content program is a favorites content program is stored to a data store. 1. A method comprising: monitoring, using one or more hardware processors, actions performed by a user at a digital receiver with respect to a plurality of content programs; automatically without human intervention analyzing, using one or more hardware processors, the actions performed with respect to the plurality of content programs, the analyzing including comparing a level of the actions with respect to a first content program of the plurality of content programs with a threshold; and based on the comparing indicating that the first content program is a favorites, storing, in a data store, an indication that the first content program is a favorites content program. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring further actions performed with respect to the plurality of content programs; detecting a change in a level of actions with respect to a second content program previously indicated to be a favorites content program, the change in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program indicating a reduction in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program that results in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program indicating that the second content program is no longer a favorites based on a comparison with the threshold; and removing an indication that the second content program is a favorites content program. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the actions performed by the user comprises one or more view commands received at the digital receiver to view one or more of the plurality of content programs; and the threshold comprises an amount of time that the one or more view commands for a particular content program were in effect. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the actions performed by the user comprises one or more recording commands received at the digital receiver to record one or more of the plurality of content programs; and the threshold comprises a number of times the one or more recording commands for a particular content program were received. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the actions performed by the user comprises one or more commands to set a reminder to view one or more of the plurality of content programs; and the threshold comprises a number of times the one or more commands to set the reminder for a particular content program were received. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the actions performed by the user comprises one or more commands to search or browse for one or more of the plurality of content programs; and the threshold comprise an amount of time a search result or browsing result is displayed for review by the user. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the actions performed by the user comprises one or more commands to purchase or subscribe to one or more of the plurality of content programs; and the threshold comprises a number of times the one or more commands to purchase or subscribe to a particular content program was received. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a request for a favorites list from the user; retrieving from the data store, indications of the favorites content programs of the user; using the indications of the favorites content programs, generating the favorites list; and causing presentation of the favorites list on a viewing device to the user. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the storing the indication that the first content program is a favorites content program comprises: transmitting the indication to a cloud server; and updating a user profile of the user, stored in the data store associated with the cloud server, to include the indication. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring and analyzing occurs at the digital receiver. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring and analyzing occurs at a cloud server communicatively networked to the digital receiver. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of actions comprises an amount of time that a particular command is in effect with respect to the first content program. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of actions comprises a number of times that a particular command is received with respect to the first content program. 14. A system comprising: means for monitoring actions performed by a user at a digital receiver with respect to a plurality of content programs; means for automatically analyzing, without human intervention and using a hardware processor, the actions performed with respect to the plurality of content programs, the analyzing including comparing a level of the actions with respect to a first content program of the plurality of content programs with a threshold; and means for storing, in a data store, an indication that the first content program is a favorites content program based on the comparing indicating that the first content program is a favorites. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising: means for monitoring further actions performed with respect to the plurality of content programs; means for detecting a change in a level of actions with respect to a second content program previously indicated to be a favorites content program, the change in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program indicating a reduction in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program that results in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program indicating that the second content program is no longer a favorites based on a comparison with the threshold; and means for removing an indication that the second content program is a favorites content program. 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising: means for receiving a request for a favorites list from the user; means for retrieving from the data store, indications of the favorites content programs of the user; means for generating a favorites list using the indications of the favorites content programs; and means for causing presentation of the favorites list on a viewing device to the user. 17. A system comprising: one or more processors configured to at least: monitor actions performed, by a user at a digital receiver, with respect to a first content program; automatically without human intervention analyze the actions performed with respect to the first content program, the analyzing including comparing a level of the actions with respect to the first content program with a threshold; and based on the comparing indicating that the first content program is a favorites, store, in a data store, an indication that the first content program is a favorites content program. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further to: monitor further actions performed with respect to a second content program; detect a change in a level of actions with respect to the second content program that is previously indicated to be a favorites content program, the change in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program indicating a reduction in the level of the actions of the second content program that results in the level of the actions with respect to the second content program indicating that the second content program is no longer a favorites based on a comparison with the threshold; and remove an indication that the second content program is a favorites content program. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are further to: receive a request for a favorites list; retrieve from the data store, indications of the favorites content programs of the user; using the indications of the favorites content programs, generate a favorites list; and cause presentation of the favorites list on a viewing device to the user. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein storing of the indication that the first content program is a favorites content program comprises: transmitting the indication to a cloud server; and updating a user profile of the user, stored in the data store associated with the cloud server, to include the indication.",
-    "A method and apparatus is disclosed relating to smart renewable power generation systems with grid and DC source flexibility that can (1) intelligently and selectively pull power from one or multiple DC sources including solar panels, wind generators, and batteries based on certain criteria; (2) invert DC power to AC power; (3) supply the AC power to the electric grid or to an off-grid electric circuit to power AC loads; (4) supply DC power through one or multiple DC output ports to power DC loads; and (5) charge batteries. Various types of on-grid, off-grid, and on/off-grid DC flexible power inverters are described to demonstrate the innovation for delivering flexible, cost-effective, and user-friendly power generation systems to harvest any form of renewable energy available and convert it to usable electricity. 1. An on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter, comprising: a) multiple DC input ports constructed and arranged to be connected to multiple DC sources including at least one photovoltaic solar panel, at least one wind generator, or at least one battery, or any combination thereof; b) an on-grid AC output port constructed and arranged to be connected to an electric grid; c) an off-grid AC output port constructed and arranged to be connected to an off-grid AC circuit; and d) a DC-AC inverter constructed and arranged to receive DC power from one or multiple DC input ports based on pre-defined DC source selection criteria, invert the DC power to AC power, and supply AC power through said on-grid AC output port to the electric grid in on-grid mode when grid is on, or supply AC power through said off-grid AC output port to power AC loads in the off-grid AC circuit in off-grid mode when grid is down. 2. The on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 1 further comprising an on-grid AC input port coupled with the on-grid AC output port. 3. The on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 1, in which the on-grid output and off-grid output of the on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter is single-phase AC. 4. The on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 1, in which the on-grid output and off-grid output of the on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter is three-phase AC. 5. The on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 1, further comprising: a) for each AC output port, an internal AC powerline that conducts the AC power from the DC-AC inverter to the grid or to corresponding AC loads through an external AC powerline; b) for each AC output port, an electric relay arranged to isolate the internal AC powerline from the external AC powerline; c) for each DC input port, a DC selector and converter arranged to select and pull power from one or more DC sources from solar, wind, or battery depending on pre-determined DC selection criteria and split the DC power into a high-voltage (HV) output and a low-voltage (LV) output; d) a DC power combiner and splitter that combines the high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) DC power from the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports and supplies LV DC power to an internal DC power supply, an external DC power supply, and a battery charge controller, and supplies HV DC power to the DC-AC inverter; e) a load interface circuit connected to the DC-AC inverter and to the internal AC powerlines, said load interface circuit being arranged to filter high-frequency components out of the DC-AC inverter's AC output; f) a load detector connected to the internal and external AC powerlines for the off-grid AC output port, and arranged to detect the impedance of the connected AC loads; g) a digital microcontroller connected to the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports, DC-AC inverter, load interface circuit, electric relays of the AC output ports, and load detector, said microcontroller arranged for (i) monitoring the DC input voltage from solar, wind, and battery; (ii) selecting the DC sources based on the DC source selection criteria; (iii) monitoring the DC voltages in each of the DC selector and converter circuits; (iv) controlling the outputs of each of the DC selector and converter circuits; (v) measuring the input voltage and current, and calculating DC input power for each input channel; (vi) performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each solar panel; (vii) controlling DC-AC inversion, AC power synchronization, and AC output current; (viii) monitoring AC current and voltage for generated power amount and status; (ix) performing wireless communications; (x) performing logic controls such as AC powerline switching and isolation; (xi) detecting off-grid AC circuit status; (xii) switching between on-grid mode and off-grid mode depending on the grid condition, and (xiii) regulating AC output voltage when in off-grid mode; h) an antenna for wireless communications and a wireless local area network (LAN) module connected to the microcontroller arranged to establish a 2-way digital signal communication between the digital microcontroller and the outside; i) a line sensing circuit connected to the AC powerlines and the microcontroller, and arranged to detect if there is AC power on the powerlines, and measure the AC output voltage and current as real-time feedback signals for the inverter to regulate the AC output voltage when working in off-grid mode; j) an internal DC power supply connected to the DC power combiner and splitter arranged to supply DC power to the electronic components of the power inverter; k) an external DC power supply connected to the DC power combiner and splitter arranged to supply DC power to one or multiple DC loads; and l) a charge controller that can take DC power from the DC power combiner and splitter or from a wind generator directly to charge batteries. 6. The on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 5, in which the digital microcontroller includes Model-Free Adaptive (MFA) controllers that control the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports, control AC output current in on-grid mode, and regulate the AC output voltage in off-grid mode, and MFA optimizers that provide maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to allow the power inverter to achieve optimal power production. 7. The on/off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 5, further comprising a 3-position manual switch arranged to select the power inverter to work in the following positions: (a) auto position, where the microcontroller can switch between the on-grid mode and off-grid mode automatically based on the grid condition; (b) on-grid mode, where the inverter works as an on-grid inverter to supply power to the grid through its on-grid output port; and (c) off-grid mode, where the inverter works as an off-grid to supply power to AC loads through its off-grid output port. 8. An on-grid DC source flexible power inverter, comprising: a) multiple DC input ports constructed and arranged to be connected to multiple DC sources including at least one photovoltaic solar panel, at least one wind generator, or at least one battery, or any combination thereof; b) an on-grid AC output port constructed and arranged to be connected to an electric grid; and c) a DC-AC inverter constructed and arranged to receive DC power from one or multiple DC input ports based on pre-defined DC source selection criteria, invert the DC power to AC power, and supply AC power through said on-grid AC output port to the electric grid. 9. The on-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 8 further comprising an on-grid AC input port coupled with the on-grid AC output port. 10. The on-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 8, in which the output of the power inverter is single-phase AC or three-phase AC. 11. The on-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 8, further comprising: a) for the on-grid AC output port, an internal AC powerline that conducts the AC power from the DC-AC inverter to the grid through an external AC powerline; b) for the on-grid AC output port, a solid state switch arranged to isolate the internal AC powerline from the external AC powerline; c) for each DC input port, a DC selector and converter arranged to select and pull power from one or more DC sources from solar, wind, or battery depending on pre-determined DC selection criteria and split the DC power into a high-voltage (HV) output and a low-voltage (LV) output; d) a DC power combiner and splitter that combines the high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) DC power from the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports and supplies LV DC power to an internal DC power supply, an external DC power supply, and a battery charge controller, and supplies HV DC power to the DC-AC inverter; e) a load interface circuit connected to the DC-AC inverter and to the internal AC powerlines, said load interface circuit being arranged to filter high-frequency components out of the DC-AC inverter's AC output; f) a digital microcontroller connected to the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports, DC-AC inverter, load interface circuit, and solid state switch, said microcontroller arranged for (i) monitoring the DC input voltage from solar, wind, and battery; (ii) selecting the DC sources based on the DC source selection criteria; (iii) monitoring the DC voltages in each of the DC selector and converter circuits; (iv) controlling the outputs of each of the DC selector and converter circuits; (v) measuring the input voltage and current, and calculating DC input power for each input channel; (vi) performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each solar panel; (vii) performing DC-AC inversion, AC power synchronization, and AC output current control; (viii) monitoring AC current and voltage for generated power amount and status; (ix) performing powerline or wireless communications; and (x) performing logic controls such as AC powerline switching and isolation; g) a powerline modem connected to the microcontroller and internal AC powerlines through an interface circuit arranged to establish a 2-way digital signal communication between the digital microcontroller and the outside world through the external AC powerline; h) a line sensing circuit connected to the AC powerlines and the microcontroller, and arranged to detect if there is AC power on the powerlines; i) an internal DC power supply connected to the DC power combiner and splitter arranged to supply DC power to the electronic components of the power inverter; and j) a charge controller that can take DC power from the DC power combiner and splitter or from a wind generator directly to charge batteries. 12. An off-grid DC source flexible power inverter, comprising: a) multiple DC input ports constructed and arranged to be connected to multiple DC sources including at least one photovoltaic solar panel, at least one wind generator, or at least one battery, or any combination thereof; b) an off-grid AC output port constructed and arranged to be connected to an off-grid AC circuit; and c) a DC-AC inverter constructed and arranged to receive DC power from one or multiple DC input ports based on pre-defined DC source selection criteria, invert the DC power to AC power, and supply AC power through the AC output port to AC loads connected to the off-grid AC circuit. 13. The off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 12 further comprising an off-grid AC input port coupled with the off-grid AC output port. 14. The off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 12, further comprising: a) a DC power supply coupled to one or multiple DC input ports; and b) one or multiple DC output ports coupled to the DC power supply to supply) power to DC loads. 15. The off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 12, in which the output of the power inverter is single-phase AC or three-phase AC. 16. The off-grid DC source flexible power inverter of claim 12, further comprising: a) for each AC output port, an internal AC powerline that allows generated AC power to be sent to corresponding AC loads through an external AC powerline; b) for each DC input port, a DC selector and converter arranged to select and pull power from one or more DC sources from solar, wind, or battery depending on pre-determined DC selection criteria and split the DC power into a high-voltage (HV) output and a low-voltage (LV) output; c) a DC power combiner and splitter that combines the high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) DC power from the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports and supplies LV DC power to an internal DC power supply, an external DC power supply, and a battery charge controller, and supplies HV DC power to the DC-AC inverter; d) a load interface circuit connected to the DC-AC inverter and to the internal AC powerlines, said load interface circuit being arranged to filter high-frequency components out of the DC-AC inverter's AC output; e) a load detector connected to the internal and external AC powerlines, and arranged to detect the impedance of the connected AC loads; f) a digital microcontroller connected to the DC selector and converter of all DC input ports, DC-AC inverter, load interface circuit, and load detector, said microcontroller arranged for (i) monitoring the DC input voltage from solar, wind, and battery; (ii) selecting the DC sources based on the DC source selection criteria; (iii) monitoring the DC voltages in each of the DC selector and converter circuits; (iv) controlling the outputs of each of the DC selector and converter circuits; (v) measuring the input voltage and current, and calculating DC input power for each input channel; (vi) performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each solar panel; (vii) performing DC-AC inversion, AC power synchronization, and AC output current control; (viii) monitoring AC current and voltage for generated power amount and status; (ix) performing powerline or wireless communications; (x) performing logic controls such as AC powerline switching and isolation; (xi) detecting off-grid AC circuit status; and (xii) regulating AC output voltage; g) an antenna for wireless communications and a wireless local area network (LAN) module connected to the microcontroller arranged to establish a 2-way digital signal communication between the digital microcontroller and the outside; h) a line sensing circuit connected to the AC powerlines and the microcontroller, and arranged to detect if there is AC power on the powerlines, and measure the AC output voltage and current as real-time feedback signals for the inverter to regulate the AC output voltage; i) an internal DC power supply connected to the DC power combiner and splitter arranged to supply DC power to the electronic components of the power inverter; j) an external DC power supply connected to the DC power combiner and splitter arranged to supply DC power to one or multiple DC loads; and k) a charge controller that can take DC power from the DC power combiner and splitter or from a wind generator directly to charge batteries. 17. A scalable DC to AC power inversion system for providing AC power to an electric grid from a plurality of individual DC power sources each having a DC output port, comprising: a) at lease one on-grid power inverter, each having an on-grid AC output port and multiple DC input ports constructed and arranged to be connected to multiple DC power sources including at least one photovoltaic solar panel; at least one wind generator, or at least one battery, or any combination thereof; b) each power inverter being constructed and arranged to pull DC power from one or multiple DC input ports based on pre-defined DC source selection criteria; c) the on-grid AC output port of each inverter being combined in parallel to supply AC power to the grid; and d) whereby said system is incrementally scalable by adding or subtracting DC power sources and inverters. 18. The scalable DC to AC power inversion system of claim 17; in which the DC source selection criteria of each on-grid power inverter comprises: (a) maximizing the harvest of solar and wind energy and supplying generated AC power to the electric grid; (b) pulling power or stop pulling power from the battery based on power dispatch commands from an independent grid system operator (ISO) that manages the electric grid so the generated AC power is ramped up and down for grid stabilization; and (c) charging battery when there is excess DC power from solar or wind. 19. The scalable DC to AC power inversion system of claim 17, in which the output of each said power inverter is single-phase AC or three-phase AC. 20. A method of making an on/off-grid DC source flexible power generation system incrementally scalable, comprising: a) providing a plurality of DC power sources and a plurality of on/off-grid power inverters, each having an on-grid AC output port, an off-grid AC output port, and at least one DC input port; b) connecting DC input ports to multiple DC sources including at least one photovoltaic solar panel, at least one wind generator, or at least one battery, or any combination thereof; c) pulling power from the connected DC sources based on pre-defined DC source selection criteria; and d) providing AC power to an electric grid through said on-grid AC output ports when the grid is on or providing AC power to one or multiple AC loads, individually, through said off-grid AC output port of each inverter when the grid is down. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: a) each of said inverters having an on-grid AC input port; b) combining said on-grid AC output port of all inverters together by daisy-chaining the inverters, said on-grid AC output port of each inverter being connected in a daisy chain to the on-grid AC input port of the next inverter, except for the on-grid AC output port of the first inverter being connected to the electric grid, and the on-grid AC input port of the last inverter being left open; and c) providing AC power to the electric grid through the on-grid AC output port of the first inverter when the grid is on. 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising: a) combining said off-grid AC output port of all inverters together so the total produced AC power is the summation of the AC power supplied by each inverter; and b) providing AC power to one or multiple AC loads through the combined off-grid AC output ports when the grid is down. 23. The method of claim 20, in which the DC source selection criteria comprises: (a) maximizing the harvest of solar and wind energy and supplying generated AC power to an electric grid when the grid is on; (b) providing sufficient AC power to run the connected AC loads without using battery power when the grid is down; (c) pulling power from battery to meet the power demand when solar and wind cannot produce sufficient DC power for the system to run the connected AC loads; and (d) charging battery when there is excess DC power from solar or wind. 24. The method of claim 20, in which the DC source selection criteria further comprises pulling power or stop pulling power from the battery based on power dispatch commands from an independent grid system operator (ISO) that manages the electric grid so the generated AC power is ramped up and down for grid stabilization when grid is on. 25. The method of claim 20, in which the output of each said power inverter is single-phase AC or three-phase AC. 26. The method of claim 20, further comprising: a) connecting a first DC power source to one of said DC power input ports of one of said power inverters; and b) connecting a second DC power source, different in kind from said first DC power source, to another of said DC power input ports of said one power inverter.",
-    "A light source device for an endoscope comprises a light source unit and a light source controller. The light source unit has LEDs independently emitting light of respective different colors, and emits first multicolor spectrum light having a first multicolor spectrum, into which the light from the LEDs is combined. The light source controller makes a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a first wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of continuous-spectrum light in the first wavelength band and makes a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a second wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band. The continuous-spectrum light includes at least a part of a wavelength band of light emitted from a white light source. The second wavelength band is different from the first wavelength band. 1. A light source device for an endoscope comprising: a light source unit having two or more light sources, the light sources independently emitting light of different colors, the light from the light sources being combined into first multicolor spectrum light having a first multicolor spectrum, the light source unit emitting the first multicolor spectrum light; and a light source controller configured to control the light sources, the light source controller making a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a first wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of continuous-spectrum light in the first length band and making a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a second wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band, the continuous-spectrum light including at least a part of a wavelength band of light emitted from a white light source, the second wavelength band being different from the first wavelength band. 2. The light source device according to claim 1, wherein the continuous-spectrum light is white light. 3. The light source device according to claim 2, wherein the white light is emitted from a xenon lamp. 4. The light source device according to claim 1, wherein the first wavelength band is a wavelength range including a violet wavelength range and a blue wavelength range, and the second wavelength band is a green wavelength range. 5. The light source device according to claim 1, wherein the light sources include a violet light source emitting violet light and a blue light source emitting blue light, and the first wavelength band of the first multicolor spectrum light is a wavelength range including the violet light and the blue light. 6. The light source device according to claim 1, wherein the light source controller further makes a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a third wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the third wavelength band, the third wavelength band being different from each of the first wavelength band and the second wavelength band. 7. The light source device according to claim 6, wherein the third wavelength band is a red wavelength range. 8. The light source device according to claim 1, wherein the light source unit emits second multicolor spectrum light having a second multicolor spectrum through the light sources, the second multicolor spectrum being different from the first multicolor spectrum of the first multicolor spectrum light and different from a spectrum of the continuous-spectrum light, and the light source controller makes a light quantity integral of the second multicolor spectrum light in the first wavelength band greater than the light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the first wavelength band and makes a light quantity integral of the second multicolor spectrum light in the second wavelength band equal to the light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band. 9. The light source device according to claim 1, further comprising a light quantity detector for detecting a light quantity of the light from each of the light sources; wherein the light source controller uses a result of the detection detected by the light quantity detector to set light quantities of the rest of the light sources based on a light quantity of the light source with the largest shortage of the light quantity among the light sources relative to a specified light quantity to generate the first multicolor spectrum light. 10. The light source device according to claim 9, wherein the light quantity detector repeats the detection of the light quantity of the light from each of the light sources while the light sources emit the light. 11. The light source device according to claim 1, further comprising a verifier, the verifier verifying whether the light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in the first wavelength band equals the light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the first wavelength band and whether the light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in the second wavelength band equals the light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band. 12. The light source device according to claim 11, wherein the light source controller uses a result of the verification verified by the verifier, to control the light sources. 13. An endoscope system comprising: a light source unit having two or more light sources, the light sources independently emitting light of different colors, the light from the light sources being combined into first multicolor spectrum light having a first multicolor spectrum, the light source unit emitting the first multicolor spectrum light; and a light source controller configured to control the light sources, the light source controller making a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a first wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of continuous-spectrum light in the first length band and making a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a second wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band, the continuous-spectrum light including at least a part of a wavelength band of light emitted from a white light source, the second wavelength band being different from the first wavelength band. 14. The endoscope system according to claim 13, wherein the light source unit emits second multicolor spectrum light having a second multicolor spectrum through the light sources, the second multicolor spectrum being different from the first multicolor spectrum of the first multicolor spectrum light and different from a spectrum of the continuous-spectrum light, and the light source controller makes a light quantity integral of the second multicolor spectrum light in the first wavelength band greater than the light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the first wavelength band and makes a light quantity integral of the second multicolor spectrum light in the second wavelength band equal to the light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band. 15. The endoscope system according to claim 14, further comprising a model detector, the model detector detecting a model of an endoscope connected and inputting a result of the detection to the light source controller, wherein the light source controller switches the light emitted from the light source unit between the first multicolor spectrum light and the second multicolor spectrum light in accordance with the model of the endoscope detected by the model detector. 16. The endoscope system according to claim 15, wherein the light source controller allows the light source unit to emit the first multicolor spectrum light in a case where the endoscope is of a model using the continuous-spectrum light and allows the light source unit to emit the second multicolor spectrum light in a case where the endoscope is of a model not using the continuous-spectrum light. 17. A method for operating a light source device for an endoscope, the light source device comprising a light source unit having two or more light sources, the light sources independently emitting light of different colors, the light from the light sources being combined into first multicolor spectrum light having a first multicolor spectrum, the light source unit emitting the first multicolor spectrum light, the method comprising the steps of: preparing the light source device; and controlling the light sources with a light source controller, the light source controller making a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a first wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of continuous-spectrum light in the first length band and making a light quantity integral of the first multicolor spectrum light in a second wavelength band equal to a light quantity integral of the continuous-spectrum light in the second wavelength band, the continuous-spectrum light including at least a part of a wavelength band of light emitted from a white light source, the second wavelength band being different from the first wavelength band.",
-    "The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind transthyretin (TTR). The antibodies can be used for treating or effecting prophylaxis of diseases or disorders associated with TTR accumulation or accumulation of TTR deposits (e.g., TTR amyloidosis). The antibodies can also be used for diagnosing TTR amyloidosis and inhibiting or reducing aggregation of TTR, among other applications. 1. An antibody that binds to transthyretin and comprises three heavy chain CDRs and three light chain CDRs substantially from antibody 14G8. 2. The antibody of claim 1 comprising three Kabat heavy chain CDRs and three Kabat light chain CDRs of the antibody 14G8, except that position L26 can be N or S. 3. The antibody of claim 1 comprising three Kabat heavy chain CDRs and three Kabat light chain CDRs of the antibody 14G8. 4. The antibody of claim 1 wherein CDR-H1 is a composite Kabat-Chothia CDR of the antibody 14G8. 5. An antibody that binds to transthyretin and comprises three heavy chain CDRs and three light chain CDRs substantially from antibody 9D5. 6-8. (canceled) 9. The antibody of claim 2, wherein the three heavy chain CDRs and the three light chain CDRs of 14G8 are SEQ ID NOS: 67-69 and 77-79, respectively, except that position L26 can be N or S. 10. The antibody of claim 1 that is a monoclonal antibody. 11. The antibody of claim 1 that is a chimeric, humanized, veneered, or human antibody. 12. The antibody of claim 1 that has human IgG1 isotype. 13. The antibody of claim 1 that has human IgG2 or IgG4 isotype. 14-34. (canceled) 35. The humanized antibody of claim 9 comprising a humanized mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 64-66 and a humanized mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 74-76, except that position H82a can be N or S, position H83 can be R or K, position H84 can be A or S, position H89 can be V or M, and position L18 can be S or P. 36. The humanized antibody of claim 35, wherein at least one of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H1 is occupied by E, position H47 is occupied by L, and position L36 is occupied by F. 37. The humanized antibody of claim 36, wherein positions H1 and H47 are occupied by E and L, respectively. 38. The humanized antibody of claim 36, wherein position L36 is occupied by F. 39. The humanized antibody of claim 35, wherein at least one of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H3 is occupied by K or Q, position H105 is occupied by T or Q, position L8 is occupied by A or P, position L9 is occupied by P or L, position L19 is occupied by V or A, position L26 is occupied by S or N, position L60 is occupied by S or D, and position L70 is occupied by A or D. 40-42. (canceled) 43. The humanized antibody of claim 35, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 64-66 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 74-76, except that position H82a can be N or S, position H83 can be R or K, position H84 can be A or S, position H89 can be V or M, and position L18 can be S or P. 44. The humanized antibody of claim 43, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 64-66 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 74-76, except that position H82a can be N or S, position H83 can be R or K, position H84 can be A or S, position H89 can be V or M, and position L18 can be S or P. 45. The humanized antibody of claim 44, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 64-66, and the mature light chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 74-76. 46. The humanized antibody of claim 45, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 and the mature light chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. 47. The antibody of claim 1 that is an intact antibody. 48. The antibody of claim 1 that is a binding fragment. 49. The antibody of claim 48, wherein the binding fragment is a single-chain antibody, Fab, or Fab\u20322 fragment. 50. The humanized antibody of claim 9, wherein the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region and the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region. 51. The humanized antibody of claim 50, wherein the heavy chain constant region is a mutant form of a natural human heavy chain constant region which has reduced binding to a Fc\u03b3 receptor relative to the natural human heavy chain constant region. 52. The humanized antibody of claim 50, wherein the heavy chain constant region is of IgG1 isotype. 53. The humanized antibody of claim 50, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 and/or the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104 or 105. 54. The humanized antibody of claim 9, provided any differences in CDRs of the mature heavy chain variable region and mature light chain variable region from SEQ ID NOS: 61 and 70, respectively, reside in positions H60-H65, except that position L26 can be N or S. 55. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 56. A nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain and/or light chain of an antibody as described in claim 1. 57. (canceled) 58. A recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim 56. 59. A host cell transformed with the recombinant expression vector of claim 58. 60. A method of humanizing an antibody, the method comprising: (a) selecting one or more acceptor antibodies; (b) identifying the amino acid residues of the mouse antibody to be retained; (c) synthesizing a nucleic acid encoding a humanized heavy chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody heavy chain and a nucleic acid encoding a humanized light chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody light chain; and (d) expressing the nucleic acids in a host cell to produce a humanized antibody; wherein the mouse antibody is 14G8, wherein 14G8 is characterized by a mature heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 61 and a mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 70. 61. A method of producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) culturing cells transformed with nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody, so that the cells secrete the antibody; and (b) purifying the antibody from cell culture media; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 14G8. 62. A method of producing a cell line producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) introducing a vector encoding heavy and light chains of an antibody and a selectable marker into cells; (b) propagating the cells under conditions to select for cells having increased copy number of the vector; (c) isolating single cells from the selected cells; and (d) banking cells cloned from a single cell selected based on yield of antibody; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 14G8. 63. The method of claim 62, further comprising propagating the cells under selective conditions and screening for cell lines naturally expressing and secreting at least 100 mg/L/106 cells/24 h. 64. A method of inhibiting or reducing aggregation of transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby inhibiting or reducing aggregation of transthyretin in the subject. 65. A method of inhibiting or reducing transthyretin fibril formation in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby inhibiting or reducing transthyretin accumulation in the subject. 66. A method of reducing transthyretin deposits in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby reducing transthyretin deposits in the subject. 67. A method of clearing aggregated transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby clearing aggregated transthyretin from the subject relative to a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis who has not received the antibody. 68. A method of stabilizing a non-toxic conformation of transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby stabilizing a non-toxic conformation of transthyretin in the subject. 69. A method of treating or effecting prophylaxis of a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1. 70. A method of delaying the onset of a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1. 71. A method of diagnosing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from the subject with an effective amount of the antibody of claim 1. 72-80. (canceled) 81. A method of detecting the presence or absence of transthyretin deposits in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from the subject suspected of comprising the amyloid accumulation with an effective amount of the antibody of claim 1. 82-88. (canceled) 89. The humanized antibody of claim 39, wherein positions H3, H105, L8, L9, L19, L26, L60 and L70 are occupied by Q, Q, P, L, A, S, S and D, respectively. 90. The humanized antibody of claim 43, wherein positions H82a, H83, H84, H89 and L18 are occupied by S, K, S, M and P, respectively.",
-    "An apparatus includes a pen. The pen includes a reservoir configured to store a fluid. The pen also includes a tip configured to transfer the fluid from the reservoir onto a surface of an object during writing. The pen further includes a regulator configured to control a flow of the fluid from the reservoir to the tip. The apparatus also includes the fluid stored within the reservoir. The fluid includes a carrier fluid and particles of an X-Ray opaque material. 1. An apparatus comprising: a pen including: a reservoir configured to store a fluid, a tip configured to transfer the fluid from the reservoir onto a surface of an object during writing, and a regulator configured to control a flow of the fluid from the reservoir to the tip; and the fluid stored within the reservoir, the fluid comprising: a carrier fluid, and particles of an X-Ray opaque material. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is non-toxic to humans. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is chemically inert. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is an electrically non-conductive material. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the X-Ray opaque material includes bismuth oxide. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a housing including a flexible material disposed proximate walls of the reservoir and configured to reduce a volume of the reservoir by deforming upon an application of an inward-squeeze, thereby forcing the fluid out of the reservoir toward the tip. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the carrier fluid comprises at least one of: a nitrocellulose material, a water-soluble material, or an epoxy material. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the particles have a diameter within a predetermined range. 9. A system comprising: a reservoir configured to store a fluid; an applicator configured to receive at least some of the fluid from the reservoir and transfer the received fluid onto a surface of an object during a process for applying the obtained fluid onto the surface of the object; and the fluid stored within the reservoir, the fluid comprising: a carrier fluid, and particles of an X-Ray opaque material. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is non-toxic to humans. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is chemically inert. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is an electrically non-conductive material. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the X-Ray opaque material includes bismuth oxide. 14. The system of claim 9, further comprising a housing including a flexible material disposed proximate walls of the reservoir and configured to reduce a volume of the reservoir by deforming upon an application of an inward-squeeze, thereby forcing the fluid out of the reservoir toward the tip. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the carrier fluid comprises at least one of: a nitrocellulose material, a water-soluble material, or an epoxy material. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the particles have a diameter within a predetermined range. 17. A method comprising: obtaining a liquid mixture of an amount of carrier fluid and an amount of particles of an X-Ray opaque material; and storing at least some of the obtained liquid mixture in a reservoir associated with an applicator configured for applying the obtained liquid mixture onto a surface of an object to be X-rayed. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the X-Ray opaque material is: non-toxic to humans; chemically inert; and an electrically insulating material. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the X-Ray opaque material includes bismuth oxide. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein walls of the reservoir are disposed proximate a flexible material disposed, the flexible material configured to reduce a volume of the reservoir by deforming upon an application of an inward-squeeze in order to force the liquid mixture out of the reservoir.",
-    "The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind to transthyretin (TTR). The antibodies can be used for treating or effecting prophylaxis of diseases or disorders associated with TTR accumulation or accumulation of TTR deposits (e.g., TTR amyloidosis). The antibodies can also be used for diagnosing TTR amyloidosis and inhibiting or reducing aggregation of TTR, among other applications. 1. An antibody that specifically binds transthyretin comprising three heavy chain CDRs and three light chain CDRs substantially from antibody 6C1. 2. The antibody of claim 1 comprising three Kabat heavy chain CDRs (SEQ ID NOS: 10-12, respectively) and three light CDRs (SEQ ID NOS: 18-20, respectively) of antibody 6C1. 3. The antibody of claim 1, wherein heavy chain CDR-H1 is a composite Kabat-Chothia CDR-H1 (SEQ ID NO: 63). 4. The antibody of claim 1 that is a monoclonal antibody. 5. The antibody of claim 1 that is a chimeric, humanized, veneered, or human antibody. 6. The antibody of claim 1 that has a human IgG1 isotype. 7. The antibody of claim 1 that has a human IgG2 or IgG4 isotype. 8. The antibody of claim 1, that is a humanized or chimeric 6C1 antibody that specifically binds to transthyretin, wherein 6C1 is a mouse antibody characterized by a mature heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:1 and a mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:13. 9. The humanized antibody of claim 8, comprising a humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprising the three heavy chain CDRs of 6C1 and a humanized mature light chain variable region comprising the three light chain CDRs of 6C1. 10. The humanized antibody of claim 9, wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three Kabat heavy chain CDRs of 6C1 (SEQ ID NOs:10-12) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three Kabat light chain CDRs of 6C1 (SEQ ID NOs:18-20). 11. The humanized antibody of claim 8 comprising a humanized mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:9 and a humanized mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:17. 12. The humanized antibody of claim 9, provided position H77 is occupied by T. 13. The humanized antibody of claim 12, provided position H49 is occupied by A. 14. (canceled) 15. The humanized antibody of claim 12, provided position H49 is occupied by A. 16. The humanized antibody of claim 12, provided positions H19, H44, H83, and H89 are occupied by K, R, K, and M, respectively. 17. The humanized antibody of claim 16, provided position H49 is occupied by A. 18. The humanized antibody of claim 9, provided position L45 is occupied by K. 19-21. (canceled) 22. The humanized antibody of claim 11, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:9 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:17. 23. The humanized antibody of claim 22, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:9 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:17. 24-28. (canceled) 29. The humanized antibody of claim 12, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. 30. (canceled) 31. The humanized antibody of claim 29, wherein the mature light chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. 32-50. (canceled) 51. The humanized antibody of claim 29, wherein the mature light chain variable region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. 52. The antibody of claim 1 that is an intact antibody. 53. The antibody of claim 1 that is a binding fragment. 54. The antibody of claim 53, wherein the binding fragment is a single-chain antibody, Fab, or Fab\u20322 fragment. 55. The humanized antibody of claim 8, wherein the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region and the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region. 56. The humanized antibody of claim 55, wherein the heavy chain constant region is a mutant form of a natural human heavy chain constant region which has reduced binding to a Fc\u03b3 receptor relative to the natural human heavy chain constant region. 57. The humanized antibody of claim 55, wherein the heavy chain constant region is of IgG1 isotype. 58. The humanized antibody of claim 55, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26 and/or the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:28. 59. The humanized antibody of claim 8, provided any differences in CDRs of the mature heavy chain variable region and mature light chain variable region from SEQ ID NOS:1 and 13, respectively, reside in positions H60-H65. 60. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 61. A nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain and/or light chain of an antibody as described in claim 1. 62. A recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim 61. 63. A host cell transformed with the recombinant expression vector of claim 62. 64. A method of humanizing an antibody, the method comprising: (a) selecting an acceptor antibody; (b) identifying the amino acid residues of the mouse antibody to be retained; (c) synthesizing a nucleic acid encoding a humanized heavy chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody heavy chain and a nucleic acid encoding a humanized light chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody light chain; and (d) expressing the nucleic acids in a host cell to produce a humanized antibody; wherein the mouse antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 65. A method of producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) culturing cells transformed with nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody, so that the cells secrete the antibody; and (b) purifying the antibody from cell culture media; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 6C1. 66. A method of producing a cell line producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) introducing a vector encoding heavy and light chains of an antibody and a selectable marker into cells; (b) propagating the cells under conditions to select for cells having increased copy number of the vector; (c) isolating single cells from the selected cells; and (d) banking cells cloned from a single cell selected based on yield of antibody; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 6C1. 67. (canceled) 68. A method of inhibiting or reducing aggregation of transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby inhibiting or reducing aggregation of transthyretin in the subject. 69. A method of inhibiting or reducing transthyretin fibril formation in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby inhibiting or reducing transthyretin accumulation in the subject. 70. A method of reducing transthyretin deposits in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby reducing transthyretin deposits in the subject. 71. A method of clearing aggregated transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby clearing aggregated transthyretin from the subject relative to a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis who has not received the antibody. 72. A method of stabilizing a non-toxic conformation of transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby stabilizing a non-toxic conformation of transthyretin in the subject. 73. A method of treating or effecting prophylaxis of a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1. 74. A method of delaying the onset of a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1. 75. A method of diagnosing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from the subject with an effective amount of the antibody of claim 1. 76-84. (canceled) 85. A method of detecting the presence or absence of transthyretin deposits in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from the subject suspected of comprising the amyloid accumulation with an effective amount of the antibody of claim 1. 86-92. (canceled)",
-    "The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind to transthyretin (TTR). The antibodies can be used for treating or effecting prophylaxis of diseases or disorders associated with TTR accumulation or accumulation of TTR deposits (e.g., TTR amyloidosis). The antibodies can also be used for diagnosing TTR amyloidosis and inhibiting or reducing aggregation of TTR, among other applications. 1. An antibody that specifically binds transthyretin comprising three heavy chain CDRs and three light chain CDRs substantially from antibody 5A1. 2. The antibody of claim 1 comprising three Kabat heavy chain CDRs (SEQ ID NOS: 6-8, respectively) and three light CDRs (SEQ ID NOS: 14, 15, and 17, respectively) of antibody 5A1 except that position L55 can be C or S. 3. The antibody of claim 1 wherein the heavy chain CDR-H1 is a composite Kabat-Chothia CDR-H1 (SEQ ID NO:52). 4. The antibody of claim 1 that is a monoclonal antibody. 5. The antibody of claim 1 that is a chimeric, humanized, veneered, or human antibody. 6. The antibody of claim 1 that has human IgG1 isotype. 7. The antibody of claim 1 that has human IgG2 or IgG4 isotype. 8. The antibody of claim 1 that is a humanized or chimeric antibody. 9. The humanized antibody of claim 8 wherein the humanized mature heavy chain variable region comprises the three Kabat heavy chain CDRs of 5A1 (SEQ ID NOs:6-8) and the humanized mature light chain variable region comprises the three Kabat light chain CDRs of 5A1 (SEQ ID NOs:14, 15, and 17) except that position L55 can be C or S. 10. The humanized antibody of claim 9, comprising a humanized mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or 5 and a humanized mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13. 11. The humanized antibody of claim 10, wherein at least one of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H29 is occupied by F, position H93 is occupied by A, position L55 is occupied by S, and position L85 is occupied by V. 12. The humanized antibody of claim 11, wherein at least two of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H29 is occupied by F, position H93 is occupied by A, position L55 is occupied by S, and position L85 is occupied by V. 13. The humanized antibody of claim 12, wherein at least three of the following positions is occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H29 is occupied by F, position H93 is occupied by A, position L55 is occupied by S, and position L85 is occupied by V. 14. The humanized antibody of claim 13, wherein all of the following positions are occupied by the amino acid as specified: position H29 is occupied by F, position H93 is occupied by A, position L55 is occupied by S, and position L85 is occupied by V. 15. The humanized antibody of claim 10, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or 5 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:12 or 13. 16. The humanized antibody of claim 15, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or 5 and a mature light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:12 or 13. 17-19. (canceled) 20. The humanized antibody of claim 8, comprising a mature heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:5 and a mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:13. 21. The antibody of claim 2 or 20 that is an intact antibody. 22. The antibody of claim 1 that is a binding fragment. 23. The antibody of claim 22, wherein the binding fragment is a single-chain antibody, Fab, or Fab\u20322 fragment. 24. The humanized antibody of claim 16, wherein the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region and the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region. 25. The humanized antibody of claim 24, wherein the heavy chain constant region is a mutant form of a natural human heavy chain constant region which has reduced binding to a Fc\u03b3 receptor relative to the natural human heavy chain constant region. 26. The humanized antibody of claim 24, wherein the heavy chain constant region is of IgG1 isotype. 27. The humanized antibody of claim 26, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region is fused to a heavy chain constant region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23 and/or the mature light chain variable region is fused to a light chain constant region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. 28. The humanized antibody of claim 1, provided any differences in CDRs of the mature heavy chain variable region and mature light chain variable region from SEQ ID NOS:1 and 9, respectively, reside in positions H60-H65 or L55. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 30. A nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain and/or light chain of an antibody as described in claim 1. 31. A recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim 30. 32. A host cell transformed with the recombinant expression vector of claim 31. 33. A method of humanizing an antibody, the method comprising: (a) selecting an acceptor antibody; (b) identifying the amino acid residues of the mouse antibody to be retained; (c) synthesizing a nucleic acid encoding a humanized heavy chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody heavy chain and a nucleic acid encoding a humanized light chain comprising CDRs of the mouse antibody light chain; and (d) expressing the nucleic acids in a host cell to produce a humanized antibody; wherein the mouse antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a light chain variable region having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. 34. A method of producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) culturing cells transformed with nucleic acids encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody, so that the cells secrete the antibody; and (b) purifying the antibody from cell culture media; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 5A1. 35. A method of producing a cell line producing a humanized, chimeric, or veneered antibody, the method comprising: (a) introducing a vector encoding heavy and light chains of an antibody and a selectable marker into cells; (b) propagating the cells under conditions to select for cells having increased copy number of the vector; (c) isolating single cells from the selected cells; and (d) banking cells cloned from a single cell selected based on yield of antibody; wherein the antibody is a humanized, chimeric, or veneered form of 5A1. 36. (canceled) 37. A method of inhibiting or reducing aggregation of transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby inhibiting or reducing aggregation of transthyretin in the subject. 38. A method of inhibiting or reducing transthyretin fibril formation in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby inhibiting or reducing transthyretin accumulation in the subject. 39. A method of reducing transthyretin deposits in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby reducing transthyretin deposits in the subject. 40. A method of clearing aggregated transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby clearing aggregated transthyretin from the subject relative to a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis who has not received the antibody. 41. A method of stabilizing a non-toxic conformation of transthyretin in a subject having or at risk of developing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1, thereby stabilizing a non-toxic conformation of transthyretin in the subject. 42. A method of treating or effecting prophylaxis of a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1. 43. A method of delaying the onset of a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective regime of the antibody of claim 1. 44. A method of diagnosing a transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from the subject with an effective amount of the antibody of claim 1. 45-53. (canceled) 54. A method of detecting the presence or absence of transthyretin deposits in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from the subject suspected of comprising the amyloid accumulation with an effective amount of the antibody of claim 1. 55-59. (canceled) 60. A method of determining a level of transthyretin deposits in a subject, comprising administering the antibody of claim 1 and detecting the presence of bound antibody in the subject. 61. (canceled)",
-    "A display device according to one or more embodiments includes a display panel configured to display an image, a window substrate above the display panel, and including a display area configured to transmit the image therethrough, and a non-display area around the display area, a first adhesive layer between the display panel and the window substrate, and a decoration film above an upper surface of the window substrate. The decoration film includes a base film and a printing layer at a first surface of the base film. 1. A display device comprising: a display panel configured to display an image; a window substrate above the display panel, and comprising: a display area configured to transmit the image therethrough; and a non-display area around the display area; a first adhesive layer between the display panel and the window substrate; and a decoration film above an upper surface of the window substrate, and comprising: a base film; and a printing layer at a first surface of the base film. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the window substrate comprises a plastic substrate. 3. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a hard coating layer at a second surface of the base film. 4. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a step-difference compensation layer surrounded by portions of the printing layer at a lower surface of the decoration film. 5. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a second adhesive layer between the window substrate and the decoration film. 6. The display device of claim 5, wherein the printing layer contacts the second adhesive layer. 7. The display device of claim 1, wherein the printing layer corresponds to the non-display area. 8. The display device of claim 7, further comprising an auxiliary adhesive layer at a lower surface of the printing layer. 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein the auxiliary adhesive layer contacts the second adhesive layer. 10. The display device of claim 1, wherein the printing layer comprises: a first decor printing layer on the first surface of the base film; and a light blocking printing layer on the first decor printing layer. 11. The display device of claim 10, wherein the light blocking printing layer contacts the second adhesive layer. 12. The display device of claim 10, wherein the first decor printing layer comprises a white printing layer. 13. The display device of claim 10, wherein the light blocking printing layer comprises a black printing layer. 14. The display device of claim 10, wherein the printing layer further comprises a second decor printing layer between the light blocking printing layer and the first decor printing layer. 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein the second decor printing layer comprises a pearl pigment and has a transparent color. 16. The display device of claim 1, wherein the display panel comprises: a first substrate; a capping layer on the first substrate; and a thin film encapsulation layer on the capping layer. 17. The display device of claim 16, further comprising a polarizer on the thin film encapsulation layer and facing the window substrate. 18. The display device of claim 17, wherein the first adhesive layer is between the polarizer and the window panel. 19. The display device of claim 17, further comprising a touch screen panel on the polarizer. 20. The display device of claim 16, wherein the display panel comprises an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel.",
-    "A blank of sheet material for forming a container includes a bottom panel and two opposing bottom end panels. The blank also includes two opposing side panel assemblies. Each side panel assembly extends from a side edge of the bottom panel. Each side panel assembly includes an outer side panel extending from a side edge of the bottom panel. Two opposing side end panels each extending from an end edge of the outer side panel. A rollover panel extending from a side edge of the outer side panel, two opposing rollover miter panels each extending from an end edge of the rollover panel, and two opposing end rollover panels each extending from an end edge of one of the two opposing rollover miter panels. 1. A blank of sheet material for forming a container, the blank comprising: a bottom panel; two opposing bottom end panels, each bottom end panel extending from an end edge of the bottom panel; and two opposing side panel assemblies, each side panel assembly extending from a side edge of the bottom panel, each side panel assembly comprising: an outer side panel extending from a side edge of the bottom panel; two opposing side end panels each extending from an opposite end edge of the outer side panel; a rollover panel extending from a side edge of the outer side panel, wherein the rollover panel is configured to rotate inwardly into a face-to-face relationship with the outer side panel when the container is erected; two opposing rollover miter panels each extending from an opposite end edge of the rollover panel, wherein the miter panels are configured to obliquely extend from the rollover panel proximate to an interior corner of the container when the container is erected; and two opposing end rollover panels each extending from an end edge of one of the two opposing rollover miter panels; wherein each side end panel and its associated outer side panel form a right-angle outer corner of the container when the container is erected. 2. The blank in accordance with claim 1, wherein the outer side panel and the rollover panel are configured to define a double wall thickness at a side wall of the container when formed. 3. The blank in accordance with claim 1, wherein the blank is fabricated from a corrugated paperboard material comprising a plurality of flutes extending in a direction such that the plurality of flutes are oriented substantially in a direction perpendicular to the side edge of the bottom panel. 4. The blank in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rollover miter panels are configured to miter an interior corner of the container when the container is erected. 5. The blank in accordance with claim 1, wherein a length of the outer side panel is greater than a length of the rollover panel. 6. The blank in accordance with claim 1, wherein one end rollover panel extends from a portion of one rollover miter panel. 7. The blank in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a second blank, the second blank comprising: a top panel; two opposing side panels, each side panel extending from a side edge of the top panel. 8. The blank in accordance with claim 7 further comprising a fold line extending between each side panel and the top panel. 9. A shipping and display container formed from a blank of sheet material, the container comprising: a bottom wall; two opposing side walls, each side wall comprising an outer side panel extending from a side edge of the bottom wall and an adjacent rollover panel extending downwardly from a top edge of the outer side panel; two opposing end walls, and at least one corner reinforcing panel assembly, the at least one corner reinforcing panel assembly comprising (i) a rollover miter panel obliquely extending from an end edge of the adjacent rollover panel toward the adjacent end wall, and (ii) an end rollover panel extending from the adjacent rollover miter panel, wherein the end rollover panel forms at least a portion of the adjacent end wall; wherein the two opposing end walls and two opposing side walls together form four right-angle outer corners of the container. 10. The container in accordance with claim 9 further wherein each end wall comprises a bottom end panel extending from the bottom wall, two side end panels each extending from an adjacent outer side panel of the two opposing side walls, and two end rollover panels extending from an adjacent rollover panel of the two opposing side walls. 11. The container in accordance with claim 10, wherein the side end panels are coupled between the bottom end panel and the respective end rollover panel. 12. The container in accordance with claim 9, wherein the blank is fabricated from a corrugated paperboard material comprising a plurality of flutes extending in a direction such that the plurality of flutes in the side panels, rollover panels, side end panels, and corner reinforcing panels are oriented substantially vertically relative to the bottom wall. 13. The container in accordance with claim 9, wherein the end rollover panel is configured to align with the corresponding side end panel. 14. The container in accordance with claim 9, wherein the side panel is adhered to the rollover panel in a substantially face-to-face relationship forming each side wall. 15. The container in accordance with claim 9, wherein the bottom end panel is adhered to each side end panel forming each end wall. 16. The container in accordance with claim 9 further comprising a container lid formed from a second blank of sheet material, the container lid comprising: a top wall; and two opposing lid side walls. 17. The container in accordance with claim 16, wherein the two opposing lid side walls are configured to extend substantially perpendicular to the top wall. 18. The container in accordance with claim 16 wherein the container lid is removably coupled to the container. 19. A method for forming a container from a blank of sheet material, the blank including a bottom panel, two opposing bottom end panels each extending from an end edge of the bottom panel, and two opposing side panel assemblies each extending from a side edge of the bottom panel, wherein each side panel assembly includes an outer side panel extending from a side edge of the bottom panel, two opposing side end panels each extending from an opposite end edge of the outer side panel, a rollover panel extending from a side edge of the outer side panel, two opposing rollover miter panels each extending from an end edge of an opposing rollover panels, and two opposing end rollover panels each extending from an opposite end edge of one of the two opposing rollover miter panels, the method comprising: rotating each rollover panel toward an interior surface of the outer side panel about a fold line connecting each rollover panel and the side panel, wherein said rotating aligns the rollover panel in a substantially face-to-face relationship with the outer side panel; rotating each side panel assembly toward an interior surface of the bottom panel about a fold line connecting each side panel assembly and the bottom panel, wherein each side panel assembly is substantially perpendicular to the bottom panel; rotating each side end panel toward an interior surface of the associated outer side panel about a fold line connecting each side end panel to the outer side panel, wherein each side end panel extends substantially along one of the end edges of the bottom panel; rotating each rollover miter panel and each end rollover panel toward an interior surface of the rollover panel about a fold line connecting the rollover miter panel to the rollover panel and about a fold line connecting the end rollover panel to the rollover miter panel, wherein said rotating aligns the end rollover panel in a substantially face-to-face relationship with the side end panel of the outer side panel, and the rollover miter panel obliquely extends from the rollover panel proximate to an interior corner of the container when the container is erected; and rotating each bottom end panel toward an interior surface of the bottom panel about a fold line connecting each bottom end panel to the bottom panel, wherein said rotating aligns the bottom end panel in a substantially face-to-face relationship with each side end panel, wherein two of the end rollover panels, two of the side end panels, and one of the bottom end panels form an end wall of the container; wherein each side panel and its associated outer side panel form a right-angle outer corner of the container. 20. The method in accordance with claim 19, further including a second blank including a top panel and two opposing lid side panels, wherein each lid side panel extends from a side edge of the top panel, said method further comprising rotating each lid side panel towards an interior surface of the top panel about a fold line connecting each lid side panel to the top panel, wherein each lid side panel is substantially perpendicular to the top panel.",
-    "A mower comprises a utility bed that extends at least partially over an air intake screen of an engine. 1. A mower comprising: a frame; an engine supported by the frame and having an upwardly facing cooling air intake through which air is drawn to cool the engine; and a utility bed extending at least partially over the air intake, the bed having an imperforate floor. 2. The mower of claim 1 further comprising a plenum having a top about the air intake and a skirt extending downward from the top. 3. The mower of claim 2, wherein the air intake has an upwardly facing screen through which air is drawn through to cool the engine. 4. The mower of claim 3, wherein the skirt has a height of greater than or equal to 1.0 inches. 5. The mower of claim 3, wherein the bed is pivotably connected to the frame and wherein the plenum is carried by the bed. 6. The mower of claim 5, wherein the mower has rear wheel axles and wherein the bed is pivotably connected to the frame forward the rear wheel axles. 7. The mower of claim 6, wherein the bed is pivotable towards a front of the mower. 8. The mower of claim 7, wherein the mower comprises a seat, wherein the seat is pivotable towards the front of the mower. 9. The mower of claim 8, wherein the bed has a bottom directly above a portion of the air intake screen and spaced from the air intake screen by less than or equal to 6.0 inches. 10. The mower of claim 1, wherein the bed comprises a front wall and opposing sidewalls, the sidewalls comprising a first pair of aligned channels to receive a panel to extend across the bed. 11. The mower of claim 10, wherein the channels are spaced from the front wall by a distance of between 9 inches and 12 inches. 12. The mower of claim 10, wherein the channels are spaced from the front wall by a distance so as to form a space between the front wall and the panel received within the channels, the space being dimensioned to tightly receive an upwardly oriented 5 gallon bucket. 13. The mower of claim 10, wherein the sidewalls further comprise a second pair of aligned channels rearward of the first pair of aligned channels, the second pair of aligned channels to receive a second panel to extend across the bed. 14. The mower of claim 13, wherein the channels each have a width of at least 1.5 inches and less than or equal to 1.75 inches. 15. The mower of claim 1, wherein the bed comprises a front wall and opposing sidewalls, the sidewalls curving towards each other as the sidewalls approach a rear of the bed. 16. The mower of claim 1, wherein the mower comprises a muffler at a rear of the engine, wherein the bed projects above the muffler rearwardly of the muffler. 17. The mower of claim 1, wherein the floor comprises rearwardly directed drain flutes. 18. The mower of claim 1, wherein the mower comprises a fan below the air intake screen and wherein the bed has a front wall with an interior surface, the interior surface extending rearward of a rotational axis of the fan. 19. The mower of claim 1, wherein the floor comprises of a double walled molded polymer. 20. The mower of claim 18, wherein the floor comprises a hollow portion. 21. The mower of claim 1, further comprising a retainer to releasably retain a rear of the bed to the frame. 22. The mower of claim 20, wherein the frame comprises a first pair of sleeves, wherein the bed comprises a second pair of sleeves aligned with the first pair of sleeves and wherein the mower further comprises a pair of pins extending through the first pair of sleeves and the second pair of sleeves to pivotally secure a front end of the bed to the frame. 23. A utility bed for a mower having an engine supported by a frame and having an upwardly facing air intake through which air is drawn to cool the engine, the utility bed comprising: an imperforate floor; and a mounting portion extending from the floor to mount the bed to the frame with the imperforate floor extending directly above at least portions of the air intake. 24. A mower comprising: a frame; an engine supported by the frame and having an upwardly facing air intake through which air is drawn to cool the engine; and a utility bed extending at least partially over the air intake; and a plenum having a top about the air intake and a skirt extending downward from the top, wherein the plenum extends from the utility bed and restricts the flow of heated air from the engine from entering the air drawn through the air intake to cool the engine. 25. A zero turn mower comprising: a frame having a front portion, a rear portion and opposing side portions; a pair of front wheels located near the front portion of the frame; a pair of rear wheels located near the rear portion of the frame, wherein the engine is supported by the frame in between the pair of rear wheels near the rear portion of the frame; a seat supported by the frame; a cutter deck assembly having at least one cutting blade to cut grass, wherein the cutter deck assembly is located between the pair of front wheels and the pair of rear wheels; a utility bed supported by the frame having an imperforate floor; and an air intake through which air is drawn to cool the engine. 26. The zero turn mower of claim 25, further comprising a plenum, wherein the plenum collects warm air from the engine and directs the warm air away from the air intake of the engine. 27. The zero turn mower of claim 25, wherein an opening to the air intake is located between the seat and the utility bed. 28. The zero turn mower of claim 25, wherein an opening to the air intake is located on one of the opposing side portions of the frame near one of the rear wheels. 29. The zero turn mower of claim 25, wherein an opening to the air intake is located on the rear portion of the frame behind the pair of rear wheels. 30. The zero turn mower of claim 26, wherein the air intake includes a screen through which air is drawn to cool the engine. 31. The zero turn mower of claim 30, wherein the plenum comprises: a top portion forming an aperture, wherein the aperture surrounds a perimeter of the screen; a skirt extending from the top portion; and an underside which inhibits warm air from passing through the air intake. 32. The zero turn mower of claim 25, further comprising a plenum, wherein the plenum comprises a skirt extending from an underside of the bed at least partially about the air intake, the skirt comprising a gas flow passage through which air is drawn to the air intake.",
-    "Embodiments are directed to detecting and identifying a type of a wireless power device in a wireless power transfer field. According to one aspect, a method for identifying a type of an object within a power transfer region of a wireless power transmitter configured to transfer power to a device including a wireless power receiver is provided. The method includes monitoring a change in a power drawn by the wireless power transmitter. The method further includes receiving, from the wireless power receiver, a signal indicative of a change in power received by the wireless power receiver. The method further includes identifying the type of the object based on the monitored change in the power drawn and the received signal. 1. An apparatus for detecting a non-compliant device within a power delivery region of a wireless power transmitter configured to transfer power to one or more wireless power receivers, the apparatus comprising: a transmit circuit configured to generate a wireless field within the power delivery region that provides the power to the one or more wireless power receivers; and a contro;;er configured to: determine an expected impedance response of the transmit circuit based on an electrical characteristic of the one or more wireless power receivers, monitor an impedance response of the transmit circuit that is indicative of a resistive impedance shift observed by the transmit circuit, and identify a presence of the non-compliant device based on determining a difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to identify the presence of the non-compliant device based on determining that the difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response exceeds a threshold. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the expected impedance response is based on a first change in current expected to be drawn by the transmit circuit, and wherein the monitored impedance response is based on a second change in current actually drawn by the transmit circuit. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the expected impedance response is based on a look-up table accessible by the controller. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrical characteristic of the one or more wireless power receivers comprises a voltage level generated by the one or more wireless power receivers. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a receiver circuit configured to receive a measurement of the electrical characteristic from the one or more wireless power receivers. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-compliant object is one of a near-field communication (NFC) device, a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, and an unauthorized wireless power receiver. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to transition the transmit circuit from providing the power at a first power level to a second power level upon identifying the presence of the non-compliant device, the first power level higher than the second power level, 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response is a resistive impedance shift with no additional resistive impedance shift. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the controller circuit is further configured to identify a type of the non-compliant object based on an amount of the resistive or reactive impedance change in the difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response. 11. A method for detecting a non-compliant device within a power delivery region of a wireless power transmitter configured to transfer power to one or more wireless power receivers, comprising: generating a wireless field within the power delivery region that provides the power to the one or more wireless power receivers; and determining an expected impedance response of the wireless power transmitter based on an electrical characteristic of the one or more wireless power receivers, monitoring an impedance response of the wireless power transmitter that is indicative of a resistive impedance shift observed by the wireless power transmitter, and identifying a presence of the non-compliant device based on determining a difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein identifying the presence of the non-compliant device is based on determining that the difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response exceeds a threshold. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the expected impedance response is based on a first change in current expected to be drawn by the wireless power transmitter, and wherein the monitored impedance response is based on a second change in current actually drawn by the wireless power transmitter. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the electrical characteristic of the one or more wireless power receivers comprises a voltage level generated by the one or more wireless power receivers. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising receiving a measurement of the electrical characteristic from the one or more wireless power receivers. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising transitioning the wireless power transmitter from providing the power at a first power level to a second power level upon identifying the presence of the non-compliant device, the first power level higher than the second power level. 17. An apparatus for detecting a non-compliant device within a power delivery region of a wireless power transmitter configured to transfer power to one or more wireless power receivers, the apparatus comprising: means for generating a wireless field within the power delivery region that provides the power to the one or more wireless power receivers; means for determining an expected impedance response of the generating means based on an electrical characteristic of the one or more wireless power receivers, means for monitoring an impedance response of the generating means that is indicative of a resistive impedance shift observed by the transmit circuit, and means for identifying a presence of the non-compliant device based on determining a difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising means for identifying the presence of the non-compliant device based on determining that the difference between the expected impedance response and the monitored impedance response exceeds a threshold. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the expected impedance response comprises a first change in current expected to be drawn by the transmit circuit, and wherein the monitored impedance response comprises a second change in current actually drawn by the transmit circuit. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising means for transitioning the wireless power transmitter from providing the power at a first power level to a second power level upon identifying the presence of the non-compliant device, the first power level higher than the second power level.",
-    "A stepping motor driving device drives a first coil and a second coil. The stepping motor driving device includes a motor control unit. The motor control unit applies a predetermined voltage to the first coil in a first phase, applies the predetermined voltage to the second coil in a second phase after the first phase, and alternately applies the predetermined voltage to the first coil and the second coil in a third phase after the second phase. 1. A stepping motor driving device which drives a first coil and a second coil, the stepping motor driving device comprising: a motor control unit that applies a predetermined voltage to the first coil in a first phase, that applies the predetermined voltage to the second coil in a second phase after the first phase, and that alternately applies the predetermined voltage to the first coil and the second coil in a third phase after the second phase. 2. The stepping motor driving device according to claim 1, wherein: the motor control unit alternately applies the predetermined voltage to the first coil and the second coil with the same duty ratio in the third phase. 3. The stepping motor driving device according to claim 1, wherein: a period with which the motor control unit applies the predetermined voltage to the first coil and the second coil in the third phase is 1/n of a time period of the third phase; and n is a natural number equal to or greater than two. 4. The stepping motor driving device according to claim 1, wherein: a third period with which the motor control unit applies the predetermined voltage to the first coil and the second coil in the third phase is different from a first period with which the motor control unit applies the predetermined voltage to the first coil in the first phase; and the third period is different from a second period with which the motor control unit applies the predetermined voltage to the second coil in the second phase. 5. A timepiece comprising the stepping motor driving device according to claim 1. 6. A timepiece comprising the stepping motor driving device according to claim 2. 7. A timepiece comprising the stepping motor driving device according to claim 3. 8. A timepiece comprising the stepping motor driving device according to claim 4.",
-    "The present invention is directed to methods, reagents, kits, and compositions for identifying and quantifying target polynucleotide sequences. A linker probe comprising a 3\u2032 target specific portion, a loop, and a stem is hybridized to a target polynucleotide and extended to form a reaction product that includes a reverse primer portion and the stem nucleotides. A detector probe, a specific forward primer, and a reverse primer can be employed in an amplification reaction wherein the detector probe can detect the amplified target polynucleotide based on the stem nucleotides introduced by the linker probe. In some embodiments a plurality of short miRNAs are queried with a plurality of linker probes, wherein the linker probes all comprise a universal reverse primer portion a different 3\u2032 target specific portion and different stems. The plurality of queried miRNAs can then be decoded in a plurality of amplification reactions. 1-118. (canceled) 119. A kit comprising: a linker probe, wherein the linker probe comprises a stem, a loop, and a 3\u2032 target-specific portion that is complementary to a target polynucleotide and is configured to be extended to form an extension reaction product complementary to the target polynucleotide; and a detector probe, wherein at least a portion of the detector probe corresponds with the stem of the linker probe, wherein the detector probe is a different molecule from the linker probe, and wherein the detector probe comprises a detectable label. 120. The kit according to claim 119, further comprising a primer pair. 121. The kit according to claim 119, further comprising a universal reverse primer, wherein at least a portion of the universal reverse primer corresponds with a region of the loop of the linker probe. 122. The kit according to claim 121, further comprising a forward primer specific for the target polynucleotide. 123. The kit according to claim 119 comprising a plurality of primer pairs, wherein each primer pair is in one reaction vessel of a plurality of reaction vessels. 124. The kit according to claim 119, wherein the detector probe further corresponds with at least a portion of the 3\u2032 end region of the target polynucleotide. 125. The kit according to claim 119, wherein the target polynucleotide is a microRNA. 126. A kit comprising: a linker probe, wherein the linker probe comprises a stem, a loop, and a 3\u2032 target-specific portion that is complementary to a target polynucleotide and is configured to be extended to form an extension reaction product complementary to the target polynucleotide; and a universal reverse primer, wherein at least a portion of the universal reverse primer corresponds with a region of the loop of the linker probe. 127. The kit according to claim 126 comprising a primer pair. 128. The kit according to claim 126, further comprising a forward primer specific for the target polynucleotide. 129. The kit according to claim 128, further comprising a detector probe, wherein at least a portion of the detector probe corresponds with the stem of the linker probe, wherein the detector probe is a different molecule from the linker probe, and wherein the detector probe comprises a detectable label. 130. The kit according to claim 126 comprising a plurality of primer pairs, wherein each primer pair is in one reaction vessel of a plurality of reaction vessels. 131. The kit according to claim 126, wherein the universal reverse primer further comprises a tail region not corresponding to the linker probe. 132. The kit according to claim 126, wherein the target polynucleotide is a microRNA. 133. An unlabeled linker probe comprising a stem, a loop, and a 3\u2032 target-specific portion that is complementary to a target polynucleotide and is configured to be extended to form an extension reaction product complementary to the target polynucleotide. 134. The linker probe according to claim 133, wherein the probe further comprises an identifying portion. 135. The linker probe according to claim 133, wherein the stem of the linker probe comprises 12-16 base pairs. 136. The linker probe according to claim 133, wherein the 3\u2032 target-specific portion of the linker probe comprises 6-8 nucleotides. 137. The linker probe according to claim 133, wherein at least the five 3\u2032-most nucleotides of the 3\u2032 target-specific portion are complementary to the target polynucleotide. 138. The linker probe according to claim 133, wherein the target polynucleotide is a microRNA.",
-    "A method for managing a variable caching structure for managing storage for a processor. The method includes using a multi-way tag array to store a plurality of pointers for a corresponding plurality of different size groups of physical storage of a storage stack, wherein the pointers indicate guest addresses that have corresponding converted native addresses stored within the storage stack, and allocating a group of storage blocks of the storage stack, wherein the size of the allocation is in accordance with a corresponding size of one of the plurality of different size groups. Upon a hit on the tag, a corresponding entry is accessed to retrieve a pointer that indicates where in the storage stack a corresponding group of storage blocks of converted native instructions reside. The converted native instructions are then fetched from the storage stack for execution. 1. A method for managing a variable caching structure for managing storage for a processor, comprising: receiving a request for a guest address; accessing a multi-way tag array to determine whether there exists a pointer in the multi-way tag array that corresponds to the guest address; upon a hit on a tag of the multi-way tag array, accessing a corresponding entry to retrieve the pointer, wherein the pointer corresponds to a location in a storage stack where a corresponding group of storage blocks of converted native instructions is stored; and accessing the converted native instructions from the storage stack for execution. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: using the multi-way tag array to store a plurality of pointers for a corresponding plurality of different size groups of physical storage of the storage stack, wherein the plurality of pointers indicate guest addresses that have corresponding converted native addresses stored within the storage stack; allocating a group of storage blocks of the storage stack, wherein a size of an allocation is in accordance with a corresponding size of one of the plurality of different size groups; storing a plurality of blocks of converted native instructions onto the storage stack in accordance with the allocating of group of storage blocks. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the different size groups of physical storage of a storage stack implements a precise allocation of storage in accordance with variable size traces of instructions. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein tags of the multi-way tag array can comprise two or more sub-tags. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein entries of the multi-way tag array are invalidated by overwriting their respective tags to recover allocated space on the storage stack. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an extended way tag structure is used to store a plurality of extended ways to enable the processor to extend locality of reference in a different way from the multi-way tag array. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the extended way tag structure implements storage of additional ways for matching a trace of instructions that have become frequently encountered. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein entries of the multi-way tag array includes an extended way bit, wherein the extended way bit indicates whether additional ways for the entries reside within the extended way tag structure. 9. A system for managing a variable caching structure for managing storage for a processor, comprising: a multi-way tag array for storing a plurality of pointers for a corresponding plurality of different size groups of physical storage, wherein the plurality of pointers indicate guest addresses that have corresponding converted native addresses stored within the physical storage; wherein upon receiving a request for a guest address, the multi-way tag array is accessed to determine whether there exists a pointer in the multi-way tag array that corresponds to the guest address; wherein upon a hit on a tag of the multi-way tag array, a corresponding entry is accessed to retrieve the pointer, wherein the pointer indicates a location in the physical storage having native instructions, and the native instructions are accessed from the physical storage for execution. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein physical storage comprises a storage stack, wherein a group of storage blocks of the storage stack are allocated, wherein a size of an allocation is in accordance with a corresponding size of one of the plurality of different size groups, and wherein a plurality of blocks of native instructions are stored onto the storage stack in accordance with the allocating of group of storage blocks. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the different size groups of physical storage of a storage stack implements a precise allocation of storage in accordance with variable size traces of instructions. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein tags of the multi-way tag array can comprise two or more sub-tags. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein entries of the multi-way tag array are invalidated by overwriting their respective tags to recover allocated space on the storage stack. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein an extended way tag structure is used to store a plurality of extended ways to enable the processor to extend locality of reference in a different way from the multi-way tag array. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the extended way tag structure implements storage of additional ways for matching a trace of instructions that have become frequently encountered. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein entries of the multi-way tag array includes an extended way bit, wherein the extended way bit indicates whether additional ways for the entries reside within the extended way tag structure. 17. A microprocessor that implements a method for managing a variable caching structure for managing storage for a processor, the microprocessor comprising: a multi-way tag array for storing a plurality of pointers for a corresponding plurality of different size groups of physical storage, wherein the plurality of pointers indicate guest addresses that have corresponding converted native addresses stored within the physical storage; wherein upon receiving a request for a guest address, the multi-way tag array is accessed to determine whether there exists a pointer in the multi-way tag array that corresponds to the guest address; wherein upon a hit on a tag of the multi-way tag array, a corresponding entry is accessed to retrieve the pointer, wherein the pointer indicates a location in the physical storage having native instructions, and the native instructions are accessed from the physical storage for execution. 18. The microprocessor of claim 17, wherein physical storage comprises a storage stack, wherein a group of storage blocks of the storage stack are allocated, wherein a size of an allocation is in accordance with a corresponding size of one of the plurality of different size groups, and wherein a plurality of blocks of native instructions are stored onto the storage stack in accordance with the allocating of group of storage blocks. 19. The microprocessor of claim 17, wherein the different size groups of physical storage of a storage stack implements a precise allocation of storage in accordance with variable size traces of instructions. 20. The microprocessor of claim 17, wherein entries of the multi-way tag array are invalidated by overwriting their respective tags to recover allocated space on the storage stack.",
-    "A modular truck bed storage system is disclosed which may be readily assembled and unassembled in a bed of a truck. An example of the truck bed storage system includes a removable end panel. A header assembly is configured to insert between a truck cab and a truck bed. The example truck bed storage system further includes a lid assembly having a top portion connected to a frame to operate between an open position and a closed position. A plurality of latches secure the header assembly and the lid assembly under an inner edge of the truck bed. 1. A modular truck bed storage system, comprising: a removable end panel; a header assembly configured to insert between a truck cab and a truck bed; a lid assembly having a top portion connected to a frame to operate between an open position and a closed position; and a plurality of latches to secure the header assembly and the lid assembly under an inner edge of the truck bed. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a channel slot formed in the lid assembly to retain the removable end panel in a substantially upright position. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a floor plate with wings, the wings retracting to enable the floor plate to slide into the truck bed, and the wings extending to secure the floor plate behind wheel wells of the truck bed. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the floor plate includes at least one channel for receiving the removable end panel. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a divider panel. 6. The system of claim 5, further comprising a channel slot formed in the lid assembly to retain the divider panel in a substantially upright position. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the lid assembly includes at least two sections, one of the two sections foldable over another of the two sections to partially open a compartment formed in the truck bed under the lid assembly. 8. A method for providing a modular storage compartment in a truck bed, comprising: providing a removable end panel; providing a header assembly configured to insert between a truck cab and the truck bed; providing a lid assembly for connecting to the header assembly, the top portion configurable between an open position and a closed position; and providing a plurality of latches to secure the header assembly and the lid assembly under an inner edge of the truck bed. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing a floor plate 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the floor plate includes at least one channel for receiving the removable end panel. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the floor plate includes wings. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the wings retract to enable the floor plate to slide into the truck bed 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the wings extend to secure the floor plate behind wheel wells of the truck bed. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the lid assembly includes at least two sections. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein one of the two sections is foldable over another of the two sections to partially open a compartment formed in the truck bed under the lid assembly. 16. A system for providing a storage compartment in a truck bed, comprising; means for forming a compartment in the truck bed with at least one removable panel; and means for covering and uncovering the compartment; means for securing the means for covering and uncovering the compartment between a truck cab and the truck bed; and means for latching the means for securing and the lid assembly under an inner edge of the truck bed. 17. The system of claim 16, further comprising means for retaining the at least one removable end panel in a substantially upright position. 18. The system of claim 16, further comprising a floor plate with means for retracting a portion of the floor plate to enable the floor plate to slide into the truck bed. 19. The system of claim 16, further comprising a floor plate with means for extending a portion of the floor plate behind wheel wells of the truck bed. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the floor plate includes means for receiving the at least one removable panel.",
-    "An automated therapy system having an infusion catheter; a sensor adapted to sense a patient parameter; and a controller communicating with the sensor and programmed to control flow output from the infusion catheter into a patient based on the patient parameter without removing fluid from the patient. The invention also includes a method of controlling infusion of a fluid to a patient. The method includes the following steps: monitoring a patient parameter with a sensor to generate a sensor signal; providing the sensor signal to a controller; and adjusting fluid flow to the patient based on the sensor signal without removing fluid from the patient. 1. A method of inducing and reversing therapeutic hypothermia in a patient, the method comprising: infusing a therapeutic agent through a catheter into a peritoneal cavity of the patient; monitoring an effect of the therapeutic agent on the patient with a sensor which generates a sensor signal; providing the sensor signal to a controller; and adjusting infusion of the therapeutic agent from the catheter to the peritoneal cavity with the controller based on the sensor signal to induce or reverse therapeutic hypothermia in the patient without removing the therapeutic agent from the patient; where access to the peritoneal cavity is sensed via an access sensor to aid insertion into the peritoneal cavity. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent is infused into the patient with a peritoneal catheter. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the infusing step comprises a peritoneal lavage. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjusting step is performed after the infusing step. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic agent comprises a chilled fluid. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensor is positioned in the catheter. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the sensor is separate from the catheter. 8. A system configured to induce and reverse therapeutic hypothermia or hyperthermia in a patient, the system comprising: a fluid source having a therapeutic agent; a peritoneal catheter coupled to the fluid source, the peritoneal catheter configured to infuse the therapeutic agent into a peritoneal cavity of the patient; a sensor configured to generate a sensor signal based on an effect of the therapeutic agent on the patient; and an access sensor configured to sense access to the peritoneal cavity; and a controller in communication with the sensor, the controller configured to adjust infusion of the therapeutic agent from the peritoneal catheter into the peritoneal cavity based on the sensor signal to induce or reverse therapeutic hypothermia or hyperthermia in the patient without removing the therapeutic agent from the patient. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the sensor is disposed in the peritoneal catheter. 10. The system of claim 8 wherein the sensor is separate from the peritoneal catheter. 11. The system of claim 8 wherein the controller is configured to automatically adjust flow based on the sensor signal. 12. A method of inducing and reversing therapeutic hyperthermia in a patient, the method comprising: infusing a therapeutic agent from a catheter into a peritoneal cavity of the patient; monitoring an effect of the therapeutic agent on the patient with a sensor which generates a sensor signal; providing the sensor signal to a controller; and adjusting infusion of the therapeutic agent from the catheter to the peritoneal cavity with the controller based on the sensor signal to induce or reverse therapeutic hyperthermia in the patient without removing the therapeutic agent from the patient; where access to the peritoneal cavity is sensed via an access sensor to aid insertion into the peritoneal cavity. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the therapeutic agent is infused into the patient with a peritoneal catheter. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the infusing step comprises a peritoneal lavage. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the adjusting step is performed after the infusing step.",
-    "Described is a levelling device (10) comprising a body portion (12) having one or more level indicators (14) mourned therein and a pair of electrical socket pins (28) extending outwardly from a first side of the body portion (12) arranged to be received in apertures (29) provided in a power socket of a wall plate (26). 1. A levelling device comprising: a body portion having one or more level indicators; a pair of electrical socket pins extending outwardly from the body; a pair of studs extending outwardly from a side surface of the body; and one or more openings provided through the body; wherein the electrical socket pins are receivable in apertures of a power socket and wherein the studs are receivable in apertures in a wall plate such that the openings in the body provide access for a screwdriver to allow tightening of screws of the wall plate. 2. A levelling device in accordance with claim 1, wherein first and second level indicators are provided, each comprising a spirit level tube such that the first spirit level tube is oriented to be perpendicular to the second spirit level tube. 3. A levelling device in accordance with claim 2, wherein the body portion is generally elongate in shape and the electrical socket pins are provided extending generally outwardly from adjacent a midpoint thereof. 4. A levelling device with claim 2, wherein the body portion comprises first and second parallel side members and first and second end members, the first end member joining the first and second side members adjacent first ends thereof and the second end member joining the first and second side members adjacent second ends thereof. 5. A levelling device in accordance with claim 4, wherein electrical socket pins extend outwardly from a side of the first side member. 6. A levelling device in accordance with claim 5, wherein the studs include a first pair of studs extending outwardly from the first side member, adjacent opposed ends of the side member. 7. A levelling device in accordance with claim 6, wherein the first studs are received in holes in the body portion such that outer ends thereof extend beyond the body portion and inner ends are contained within the holes and wherein the studs are spring biased such that the studs may be pushed inwardly into the holes but will move back outwardly from the holes when released. 8. A levelling device in accordance with claim 7, wherein the spring bias is provided by springs provided within the holes in engagement with inner ends of the studs. 9. A levelling device in accordance with claim 4, wherein a first cross member extends between the first and second side members adjacent a first end to define a first opening and a second cross member extends between the first and second side members adjacent a second end to define a second opening. 10. A levelling device in accordance with claim 9, wherein a central opening is defined between the first and second cross members such that the first level indicator is provided in the central opening and the second level indicator is provided in the first opening. 11. A levelling device in accordance with claim 10, wherein a third level indicator is provided in the second opening such that the first, second and third level indicators are perpendicular to each other. 12. A levelling device in accordance with claim 9, wherein a second pair of studs is provided on a first side surface of the body to be received in apertures in the wall plate. 13. A levelling device in accordance with claim 12, wherein the second pair of studs is provided on the first and second end members. 14. A levelling device in accordance with claim 13, wherein a third pair of studs is provided on a second opposite side surface of the body to be received in apertures in the wall plate, the distance between the third studs being less than the distance between the second studs. 15. A levelling device in accordance with claim 14, wherein the third studs are provided on the first and second cross members. 16. A levelling device in accordance with claim 4, wherein a pair of ribs comprising elongate protrusions are provided extending outwardly from a side surface of the second side member. 17. A levelling device in accordance with claim 16, wherein the ribs are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second side member and are adjacent each other to define an elongate gap, and wherein a first of the ribs is planar and a second of the ribs is arcuate such that a concave face thereof is adjacent the planar first rib. 18. A levelling device in accordance with claim 4, wherein the electrical socket pins extend outwardly from a first side surface of the body. 19. A levelling device in accordance with claim 18, wherein there is provided a pair of cylindrical lugs located adjacent opposed ends of the body portion on a second. side of the body portion for engaging with apertures in a wall plate for receiving securing screws, and wherein the openings are provided in the body portion extending from the first side surface through to the interior of the lugs such that a screwdriver may be passed through the openings from the first side surface and out of the centre of the lugs to secure a wall plate engaged with the levelling device. 20. A levelling device in accordance with claim 19, wherein the pair of first studs is provided extending outwardly from the first side surface of the body for engaging with apertures in a wall plate, and wherein the studs are received in holes in the body portion such that outer ends thereof extend beyond the body portion and inner ends are contained within the holes and wherein the studs are spring biased such that the studs may be pushed inwardly into the holes but will move back outwardly from the holes when released. 21. A levelling device in accordance with claim 18, wherein a central member is provided extending generally between a midpoint of the first side member and a midpoint of the second side member such that a first opening is defined between the first end member and the central member a second opening is defined between the second end member and the central member, the first level indicator being provided in the first opening and the second level indicator being provided in the second opening, and wherein the electrical socket pins are located on the central member, the first cylindrical lugs and the first studs are located on the first end member and the second cylindrical lugs and the second studs are located on the second end member.",
-    "A system for dynamic battery loading for electric vehicles includes an electric motor to displace a vehicle. A first battery stores a first electric power charge and a second battery stores a second electric power charge. A controller dynamically loads or couples the first battery or the second battery to deliver the first electric power charge or the second electric power charge, respectively, to the electric motor based at least in part on the power signal, a location of the first battery, or a location of the second battery within the vehicle. 1. A system, comprising: an electric motor to displace a vehicle; a first battery to store a first electric power charge and located at a first location in the vehicle; a second battery to store a second electric power charge and located at a second location in the vehicle; and a controller to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery to deliver the first electric power charge or the second electric power charge, respectively, to the electric motor based at least in part on the first location, the second location, a power signal that indicates an electric power needed by the electric motor to displace the vehicle, or a combination thereof. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first location is different from the second location. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery to the electric motor based at least in part on a distance from the electric motor to the first location. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of sensing subsystems configured to generate a corresponding plurality of sensing subsystem control signals; wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on at least one of the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals includes an acceleration signal representative of an acceleration of the vehicle; and wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the acceleration signal. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery when the acceleration signal exceeds a predetermined threshold. 7. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals includes a first battery state of charge signal representative of a first battery state of charge for the first battery and a second battery state of charge signal representative of a second battery state of charge for the second battery; and wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the first battery state of charge signal or the second battery state of charge signal. 8. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals includes a temperature signal representative of an ambient temperature; and wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the temperature signal. 9. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals includes road condition signal representative of a road condition on which the vehicle travels; and wherein the controller is further configured to dynamically load the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the road condition signal. 10. A method, comprising: storing a first electric power charge in a first battery; storing a second electric power change in a second battery; receiving a power signal representative of an electric power needed by an electric motor to displace a vehicle; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to deliver the first electric power charge or the second electric power charge, respectively, to the electric motor based at least in part on the power signal. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: identifying a first location of the first battery in the vehicle; identifying a second location of the second battery in the vehicle; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to deliver the first electric power charge or the second electric power charge, respectively, to the electric motor based at least in part on the first location or the second location. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining a first distance from the first location to the motor; determining a second distance from the second location to the motor; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to deliver the first electric power charge or the second electric power charge, respectively, to the electric motor based at least in part on the first distance or the second distance. 13. The method of claim 10, generating a plurality of sensing subsystem control signals using a corresponding plurality of sensing control subsystems; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on at least one of the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals. 14. The method of claim 13, generating an instantaneous power requirement signal representative of an instantaneous power requirement of the vehicle; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the instantaneous power requirement signal. 15. The method of claim 14, selectively loading the first battery or the second battery when the instantaneous power requirement signal exceeds a predetermined threshold. 16. The method of claim 13, generating a first battery state of charge signal representative of a first battery state of charge for the first battery; generating a second battery state of charge signal representative of a second battery state of charge for the second battery; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the first battery state of charge signal or the second battery state of charge signal. 17. The method of claim 13, generating a temperature signal representative of an ambient temperature; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the temperature signal. 18. The method of claim 13, generating a road condition signal representative of a road condition on which the vehicle travels; and selectively loading the first battery or the second battery to the electric motor based at least in part on the road condition signal. 19. A battery control system for an electric vehicle, comprising: a plurality of batteries each configured to store a corresponding electric power charge; a controller to selectively load at least one of the plurality of batteries to deliver the corresponding electric power charge to an electric motor based at least in part on a power signal and at least one of a plurality of battery location signals corresponding to the plurality of batteries; wherein the power signal is representative of a power requirement of the electric motor to propel the electric vehicle; and wherein the plurality of battery location signals identifies a location of each of the plurality of batteries. 20. The battery control system of claim 19, wherein the controller is further configured to receive a plurality of sensing subsystem control signals generated using a corresponding plurality of sensing control subsystems; and wherein the controller is further configured to selectively load the at least one of the plurality of batteries to the electric motor based at least in part on at least one of the plurality of sensing subsystem control signals.",
-    "A method, algorithm, architecture, circuit and/or system that compensates for frequency difference in oversampled CDRs. The oversampled CDR uses a programmable divider whose division ratio is changed, for one or more cycles, from its usual division ratio, when accumulated phase movement in either direction exceeds a threshold. Accordingly, the elasticity buffer in oversampled CDRs can be made much smaller or entirely eliminated, resulting in less area, and reduced or eliminated dependence of max allowed burst size on ppm difference. The threshold can be kept programmable, and more than half unit interval, to provide robustness towards high frequency jitter. 1. A clock and data recovery circuit, comprising: a data input configured to receive input data from an electronic device; a clock configured to generate a first clock signal; a phase locked loop configured to receive the first clock signal and generate a plurality of second clock signals mutually out of phase with each other; a sampler circuit coupled to the phase locked loop and the data input and configured to generate a plurality of samples based on the input data and the second clock signals; a frequency divider coupled to the phase locked loop and configured to divide a frequency of the first clock signal by a division ratio; and a unit interval movement controller coupled to the frequency divider and configured to output to the frequency divider a command to change the division ratio from a base value to a repositioning value when a relative position of a selected center sample has drifted from a selected position of a current input data bit by more than a threshold value. 2. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 1, comprising a register coupled to the sampler circuit and configured to store the samples. 3. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 2, comprising a phase tracker coupled to the register and configured to provide new center sample positions. 4. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 3 wherein the phase tracker is coupled to the unit interval movement controller and configured to provide to the unit interval movement controller an indication of the relative position. 5. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 1 wherein the frequency divider is configured to change the division ratio back to the base value after one clock cycle at the repositioning value. 6. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 1 wherein the repositioning value is equal to the base value minus 1. 7. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 1 wherein the repositioning value is equal to the base value plus 1. 8. A clock and data recovery circuit, comprising: input means for receiving input data from an electronic device; clock means for generating a first clock signal; phase locked loop means for receiving the first clock signal and generating a plurality of second clock signals mutually out of phase with each other; sampler means for generating a plurality of samples based on the input data and the second clock signals; frequency divider means for dividing a frequency of the first clock signal by a division ratio; and unit interval movement controller means for outputting to the frequency divider means a command to change the division ratio from a base value to a repositioning value when a relative position of a selected center sample has drifted from a selected position of a current input data bit by more than a threshold value. 9. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 8, comprising storage means for storing the samples. 10. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 9, comprising phase tracker means for providing new center sample positions. 11. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 10 wherein the phase tracker means provides to the unit interval movement controller means an indication of the relative position. 12. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 1 wherein the frequency divider means changes the division ratio back to the base value after one clock cycle at the repositioning value. 13. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 8 wherein the repositioning value is equal to the base value minus 1. 14. The clock and data recovery circuit of claim 8 wherein the repositioning value is equal to the base value plus 1. 15. A method, comprising: receiving input data from an electronic device; generating a first clock signal; generating a plurality of second clock signals mutually out of phase with each other; generating a plurality of samples based on the input data and the second clock signals; dividing a frequency of the first clock signal by a division ratio; and generating a command to change the division ratio from a base value to a repositioning value when a relative position of a selected center sample has drifted from a selected position of a current input data bit by more than a threshold value. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the repositioning value is equal to the base value minus 1, or the repositioning value is equal to the base value plus 1. 17. The method of claim 16, comprising generating new center sample positions. 18. The method of claim 17, comprising generating an indication of the relative position. 19. The method of claim 15, comprising changing the division ratio from the base value to the repositioning value when the relative position of the selected center sample has drifted from the selected position of the current input data bit by more than the threshold value 20. The method of claim 19, comprising changing the division ratio back to the base value after one clock cycle at the repositioning value.",
-    "An electronic device is provided. The electronic device connects to an earphone. The electronic device includes a connector into which an ear jack of the earphone is inserted, an audio controller configured to process an acoustic signal, a processor configured to control the audio controller, and a memory configured to functionally connect with the processor. The audio controller outputs a first acoustic signal through an ear speaker of the earphone, if an insertion interruption occurs according to insertion of the ear jack. The processor determines a type of the ear jack according to a second acoustic signal collected through an ear microphone included in the earphone. 1. An electronic device connected to an earphone, comprising: a connector into which an ear jack of the earphone is inserted; an audio controller configured to process an acoustic signal; a processor configured to control the audio controller; and a memory configured to functionally connect with the processor, wherein the audio controller outputs a first acoustic signal through an ear speaker of the earphone, if an insertion interruption occurs according to insertion of the ear jack, and wherein the processor determines a type of the ear jack according to a second acoustic signal collected through an ear microphone included in the earphone. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor compares the first acoustic signal previously stored in the memory with the second acoustic signal and determines the type of the ear jack according to the compared result. 3. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: a main speaker, wherein the audio controller outputs the first acoustic signal through at least one of the ear speaker or the main speaker. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: a main microphone, wherein the processor determines the type of the ear jack according to at least one of the second acoustic signal collected through the ear microphone or a third acoustic signal collected through the main microphone. 5. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the main microphone collects a noise signal around the electronic device, wherein the audio controller cancels the collected noise signal from the second acoustic signal. 6. The electronic device of claim 5, wherein the audio controller receives a feedback on the second acoustic signal in which the noise signal is canceled. 7. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the processor compares the second acoustic signal with the third acoustic signal and determines the type of the ear jack according to the compared result. 8. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the main microphone collects the first acoustic signal output from the main speaker, and wherein the ear microphone collects the first acoustic signal output from the ear speaker. 9. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first acoustic signal is an inaudible signal or an audible signal of a predetermined frequency or less. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the ear jack has one of a form of a three-pole terminal including a ground terminal, a right output terminal, and a left output terminal and a form of a four-pole terminal including a microphone terminal, a ground terminal, a right speaker terminal, and a left speaker terminal. 11. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first acoustic signal is repeatedly output at time intervals. 12. A method of operating an ear jack recognition in an electronic device, the method comprising: outputting a first acoustic signal, if an insertion interruption of an ear jack connected to an earphone occurs; and determining a type of the ear jack according to a second acoustic signal collected through an ear microphone of the earphone in response to the first acoustic signal. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the determining of the type of the ear jack comprises: comparing the first acoustic signal previously stored in a memory with the second acoustic signal; and determining the type of the ear jack according to the compared result. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the outputting of the first acoustic signal comprises: outputting the first acoustic signal through at least one of an ear speaker of the earphone or a main speaker of the electronic device. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the determining of the type of the ear jack comprises: collecting the second acoustic signal through the ear microphone; collecting a third acoustic signal through a main microphone of the electronic device; and determining the type of the ear jack according to at least one of the second acoustic signal or the third acoustic signal. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the determining of the type of the ear jack comprises: collecting a noise signal around the electronic device through the main microphone; and canceling the collected noise signal from the second acoustic signal. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the canceling of the collected noise signal comprises: receiving a feedback on the second acoustic signal, in which the noise signal is canceled, through an adaptive filter. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the determining of the type of the ear jack comprises: comparing the second acoustic signal with the third acoustic signal. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the comparing of the second acoustic signal with the third acoustic signal comprises: collecting the first acoustic signal output from a main speaker of the electronic device through the main microphone; and collecting the first acoustic signal output from an ear speaker of the earphone through the ear microphone. 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the first acoustic signal is an inaudible signal or an audible signal of a predetermined frequency or less.",
-    "A k-nearest neighbors associative memory includes: a clock counting type associative memory that holds R pieces of reference data and outputs, for each of the R pieces of reference data, a match signal that becomes active when a clock count corresponding to a distance between the reference data and given search data has been reached; and a k-nearest neighbors clustering circuit that, every time at least one of the R match signals output from the clock counting type associative memory becomes active, selects a piece of class data, out of R pieces of class data representing classes of the R pieces of reference data, corresponding to each of the at least one active match signal, until k match signals out of the R match signals become active, and determines a class having a largest number of pieces of data when the selected total k pieces of class data are classified. 1. A k-nearest neighbors associative memory, comprising: a clock counting type associative memory that holds R pieces of reference data and outputs, for each of the R pieces of reference data, a match signal that becomes active when a clock count corresponding to a distance between the reference data and given search data has been reached; and a k-nearest neighbors clustering circuit that, every time at least one of the R match signals output from the clock counting type associative memory becomes active, selects a piece of class data, out of R pieces of class data representing classes of the R pieces of reference data, corresponding to each of the at least one active match signal, until any k match signals out of the R match signals become active, and determines a class having a largest number of pieces of data when the selected total k pieces of class data are classified by class. 2. The k-nearest neighbors associative memory of claim 1, wherein the k-nearest neighbors clustering circuit has a class data memory that holds the R pieces of class data, X class counters corresponding to X classes, a class identification circuit that sequentially selects the at least one active match signal, reads a piece of class data corresponding to the selected match signal from the class data memory, increments a class counter corresponding to a class represented by the read class data, and outputs an end signal once selection of all of the at least one active match signal has been completed, a maximum counter detection circuit that finds a class counter having the largest count value, out of the X class counters, and a k-match signal count matching detection circuit that increments a count by one every time the class identification circuit selects one active match signal, and detects matching of a count value with k, the k-nearest neighbors associative memory further comprises a control circuit that stops an operation of the clock counting type associative memory and operates the class identification circuit when at least one of the R match signals becomes active, and stops an operation of the class identification circuit and operates the clock counting type associative memory when the end signal is output from the class identification circuit, and the clock counting type associative memory is configured to stop its operation when matching of the count value with k has been detected by the k-match signal count matching detection circuit. 3. The k-nearest neighbors associative memory of claim 2, wherein the control circuit has R match signal active detection circuits provided for the R match signals, each outputting a detection signal that is active during a period from a time when the corresponding match signal has become active until a time when the end signal is output from the class identification circuit, and an OR gate that computes OR of the R detection signals output from the R match signal active detection circuits, and the operations of the class identification circuit and the clock counting type associative memory are controlled with an output signal of the OR gate. 4. The k-nearest neighbors associative memory of claim 2, wherein the class identification circuit has R match signal detection circuits provided for the R match signals, each detecting that the corresponding match signal is active and outputting a selection signal for selecting class data corresponding to the match signal to the class data memory, the R match signal detection circuits are serially connected to transmit an operation start signal, and each of the R match signal detection circuits is configured to transmit the input operation start signal to a next stage immediately when the corresponding match signal is inactive, and output the selection signal once receiving the operation start signal and then transmit the operation start signal to the next stage when the corresponding match signal is active. 5. The k-nearest neighbors associative memory of claim 2, wherein the maximum counter detection circuit includes a down counter that counts down a count value from an initial value, and X matching detection circuits provided for the X class counters, each detecting matching between a count value of the corresponding class counter and the count value of the down counter, and a count operation of the down counter is stopped when matching between the count value of the down counter and the count value of the corresponding class counter is detected by any one of the X matching detection circuits. 6. The k-nearest neighbors associative memory of claim 2, wherein the maximum counter detection circuit includes a tournament circuit where a plurality of 2-input, 1-output maximum value selection circuits are connected in a tree form, concatenated signals of the count values of the X class counters and identification numbers of the class counters are input into a plurality of maximum value selection circuits at leaf nodes, and a concatenated signal of a maximum one of the count values of the X class counters and the identification number of the class counter having the maximum count value is output from a maximum value selection circuit at a root node, and each of the maximum value selection circuits receives a first concatenated signal of a count value of a first class counter and an identification number of the first class counter and a second concatenated signal of a count value of a second class counter and an identification number of the second class counter, and outputs a third concatenated signal of the count value of the first or second class counter whichever is larger in count value and the identification number of the class counter.",
-    "Systems and methods for perovskite single crystal growth include using a low temperature solution process that employs a temperature gradient in a perovskite solution in a container, also including at least one small perovskite single crystal, and a substrate in the solution upon which substrate a perovskite crystal nucleates and grows, in part due to the temperature gradient in the solution and in part due to a temperature gradient in the substrate. For example, a top portion of the substrate external to the solution may be cooled. 1. A process for growing a single perovskite crystal, comprising: generating a temperature gradient in a perovskite precursor solution; and positioning a substrate in the precursor solution at a cooler portion of the solution where the temperature is cooler than at a warmer portion of the solution due to the temperature gradient, the substrate having a first end extending within the precursor solution toward the warmer portion of the solution, wherein a perovskite crystal nucleates and grows on the substrate proximal to the first end of the substrate to form a large-size perovskite single crystal. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising cooling a distal end of the substrate external to the solution. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution in the cooler portion is supersaturated. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor solution is contained within a container, wherein at least a bottom portion of the container is within a hot fluid bath, and wherein the at least one small perovskite crystal is placed proximal to the bottom portion of the container which corresponds to the warmer portion of the solution. 5. The process of claim 4, further including placing at least one perovskite single crystal, or perovskite powders in the precursor solution at the warmer portion of the solution where the temperature is higher than at the cooler portion of the solution due to the temperature gradient. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the warmer portion of the solution is at a temperature of about 40\u00b0 C. to about 200\u00b0 C., and wherein the cooler portion of the solution is at a temperature of about 20\u00b0 C. to about 130\u00b0 C. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the perovskite single crystal is a perovskite having a structure of AMX3, wherein A is methylammonium (CH3NH3+), Cs+ or formamidinum (H2NCHNH2+), M is a metal cation, and X is a halide anion thiocyanate (SCN\u2212) or mixture of them. 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the metal cation is Pb2+, and wherein the halide ion is one of I\u2212, Cl\u2212, Br\u2212 or a mixture thereof. 9. A perovskite crystal photovoltaic device having a lateral electrode structure, comprising: a perovskite single crystal defining a planar perovskite layer; a first electrode disposed on a first side of the planar perovskite layer; and a second electrode disposed on the first side of the planar perovskite layer or on a second side of the planar perovskite layer opposite the first side, wherein the second electrode is displaced from the first electrode along a planar direction defined by the planar perovskite layer, such that when activated by illumination impinging on the perovskite single crystal, a charge flows in the perovskite single crystal along the planar direction between the first and second electrodes. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the perovskite single crystal has a structure of AMX3, wherein A is methylammonium (CH3NH3+), M is a metal cation, and X is a halide anion. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are both non-transparent to the illumination impinging on the perovskite single crystal. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the second electrode in on the first side. 13. The device of claim 9, further comprising a substrate layer covering at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode. 14. The device of claim 9, further comprising a substrate layer covering both of the first electrode and the second electrode. 15. The device of claim 9, wherein the perovskite single crystal has a thickness between about 100 nm and about 1 cm. 16. The device of claim 9, wherein the first electrodes is parallel to the second electrode and wherein an electric field is applied to the perovskite crystal layer to produce a p-i-n structure. 17. The device of claim 9, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise different materials 18. A perovskite single crystal radiation detector device, comprising: perovskite single crystal; a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the perovskite single crystal; and a second electrode disposed on one of the first side or a second side of the perovskite single crystal opposite the first side, wherein the perovskite single crystal has a thickness of less than about 3 cm between the first side and the second side, and wherein the perovskite single crystal has a diffusion length of about 3 mm or greater. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the thickness of the perovskite single crystal is between about 1 \u03bcm and about 1 cm. 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the perovskite single crystal is a perovskite having a structure of AMX3, wherein A is methylammonium (CH3NH3+), Cs+ or formamidinum (H2NCHNH2+), M is a metal cation, and X is a halide anion, thiocyanate (SCN\u2212) or mixture of them.",
-    "In a digital signage apparatus, a controller makes an imaging unit photograph in a first image quality mode and performs face recognition to a captured image obtained by the imaging unit. When the predetermined condition is satisfied in which the behavior of the person in front of the digital signage apparatus is assumed to be interested in the digital signage apparatus, the controller makes the imaging unit photograph in the second image quality mode higher than the first image quality and performs the face recognition to the captured image obtained by the imaging unit. The above case includes cases where the user operation has been detected, where the size of the face recognized from the captured image is equal to or larger than the predetermined size, and where the moving amount of the face recognized from the captured image is equal to or less than the predetermined amount. 1. An information processor comprising: an imaging unit configured to image a person; and a controller configured to perform face recognition to a captured image with a first image quality obtained based on an image imaged by the imaging unit, determine whether a behavior of the person has satisfied a predetermined condition, and perform the face recognition to a captured image with a second image quality which is higher than the first image quality obtained based on the image imaged by the imaging unit when it has been determined that the behavior of the person has satisfied the predetermined condition. 2. The information processor according to claim 1, further comprising: a detection unit configured to detect a user operation, wherein the controller determines that the behavior of the person has satisfied the predetermined condition in at least one of the cases including a case where the detection unit has detected the user operation, a case where the size of a face recognized from the captured image is equal to or larger than a predetermined size, and a case where a moving amount of the face recognized from the captured image is equal to or less than a predetermined amount. 3. The information processor according to claim 1, further comprising: an output unit configured to output a content, wherein the controller switches a content to be output when the face recognition has been switched. 4. The information processor according to claim 2, further comprising: an output unit configured to output a content, wherein the controller switches a content to be output when the face recognition has been switched. 5. The information processor according to claim 3, wherein the controller estimates characteristics of the person based on the face to which the face recognition has been performed, when the face recognition is performed by using the captured image with the first image quality, the controller makes the output unit output a first content according to the characteristics of the person estimated based on the recognized face, and when the face recognition is performed by using the captured image with the second image quality, the controller switches the content to be output to a second content according to the characteristics of the person estimated based on the recognized face. 6. The information processor according to claim 4, wherein the controller estimates characteristics of the person based on the face to which the face recognition has been performed, when the face recognition is performed by using the captured image with the first image quality, the controller makes the output unit output a first content according to the characteristics of the person estimated based on the recognized face, and when the face recognition is performed by using the captured image with the second image quality, the controller switches the content to be output to a second content according to the characteristics of the person estimated based on the recognized face. 7. The information processor according to claim 5, wherein the controller calculates a probability that the content has been switched to the output of the second content during/immediately after the output of the first content and evaluates the first content based on the calculated probability. 8. The information processor according to claim 6, wherein the controller calculates a probability that the content has been switched to the output of the second content during/immediately after the output of the first content and evaluates the first content based on the calculated probability. 9. The information processor according to claim 1, further comprising: an output unit configured to output a content, wherein the controller evaluates the content based on a time period when the face recognition has been performed by using the captured image with the first image quality during an output of the content and a time period when the face recognition has been performed by using the captured image with the second image quality. 10. The information processor according to claim 2, further comprising: an output unit configured to output a content, wherein the controller evaluates the content based on a time period when the face recognition has been performed by using the captured image with the first image quality during an output of the content and a time period when the face recognition has been performed by using the captured image with the second image quality. 11. The information processor according to claim 1, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 12. The information processor according to claim 2, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 13. The information processor according to claim 3, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 14. The information processor according to claim 4, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 15. The information processor according to claim 5, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 16. The information processor according to claim 6, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 17. The information processor according to claim 7, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 18. The information processor according to claim 8, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 19. The information processor according to claim 9, wherein the controller sequentially performs the face recognition to a captured image obtained based on continuous images imaged by the imaging unit, when a face of a person who has not been recognized in previous face recognition has been recognized in the captured image with the first image quality, the controller determines a direction in which the person has come based on a position where the face has been recognized in the captured image, and the controller calculates a probability that the face recognized in the captured image with the first image quality has been recognized in the captured image with the second image quality for each direction in which the person has come and evaluates a direction of the information processor based on the calculated probability for each direction. 20. A computer-readable medium for causing a computer to execute the following processing including first face recognition processing in which face recognition is performed to a captured image with a first image quality obtained based on an image imaged by an imaging unit which images a person, determination processing in which it is determined whether a predetermined condition has been satisfied, and second face recognition processing in which face recognition is performed to a captured image with a second image quality higher the first image quality obtained based on the image imaged by the imaging unit when it has been determined that a behavior of the person has satisfied the predetermined condition in the determination processing.",
-    "In a liquid ejection control device, an ejection tube section type acquisition unit discriminates an ejection tube section type of an ejection tube section mounted in a main body section, and acquires a fitted correspondence relationship fitting the discriminated ejection tube section type. A voltage amplitude setting unit sets a voltage amplitude of a drive voltage waveform so as to cause kinetic energy to meet an energy instruction value input by using an energy dial based on a rising index value related to rising of the drive voltage waveform and a repetitive frequency instruction value input by using a repetitive frequency dial with reference to the fitted correspondence relationship. 1. A liquid ejection control device which applies a given drive voltage waveform to a piezoelectric element and controls ejection of a pulsed liquid jet from a liquid ejection device which ejects a liquid in a pulsed state by using the piezoelectric element, wherein the liquid ejection device has an ejection tube section in which an ejection port of the liquid is formed and which is configured to be attachable/detachable with respect to a main body section including the piezoelectric element, and wherein the liquid ejection control device comprises: a type discrimination unit that discriminates an ejection tube section type of the ejection tube section; a correspondence relationship acquisition unit that acquires a fitted correspondence relationship which fits the discriminated ejection tube section type from correspondence relationships that are set for each of the ejection tube section types while the correspondence relationship is based on a first instruction value related to kinetic energy of the pulsed liquid jet, a second instruction value related to the number of times of ejection of the pulsed liquid jet per unit time, and an index value related to a voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform and rising of the drive voltage waveform; a first operation unit that inputs the first instruction value; a second operation unit that inputs the second instruction value; and a voltage amplitude setting unit that sets the voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform so as to cause the kinetic energy to meet the first instruction value with reference to the fitted correspondence relationship based on the index value and the second instruction value. 2. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the ejection tube section has a first retainer which retains type information of the ejection tube section, and wherein the type discrimination unit acquires the type information from a read-out result of a first reader reading out retained information from the first retainer and discriminates the ejection tube section type. 3. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the type discrimination unit acquires at least any one of shape information and weight information of the ejection tube section and discriminates the ejection tube section type. 4. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the ejection tube section has a second retainer which retains the fitted correspondence relationship fitting the ejection tube section type of the ejection tube section, and wherein the correspondence relationship acquisition unit acquires the fitted correspondence relationship from a read-out result of a second reader reading out retained information from the second retainer. 5. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a third operation unit that inputs a third instruction value related to the index value. 6. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a falling shape setting unit that variably sets a falling shape of the drive voltage waveform in accordance with the second instruction value. 7. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, further comprising: a display control unit that performs controlling to display at least one of the first instruction value and the second instruction value. 8. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid ejection device having momentum of the pulsed liquid jet within a range from 2 [nano-newton seconds (nNs)] to 2 [milli-newton seconds (mNs)] or having the kinetic energy within a range from 2 [nano-joules (nJ)] to 200 [milli-joules (mJ)] is controlled. 9. The liquid ejection control device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid ejection device which excises a living tissue by using the pulsed liquid jet is controlled. 10. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 1; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 11. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 2; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 12. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 3; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 13. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 4; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 14. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 5; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 15. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 6; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 16. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 7; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 17. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 8; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 18. A liquid ejection system, comprising: the liquid ejection control device according to claim 9; the liquid ejection device; and a liquid delivery pump device. 19. A control method of applying a given drive voltage waveform to a piezoelectric element and controlling ejection of a pulsed liquid jet from a liquid ejection device which ejects a liquid in a pulsed state by using the piezoelectric element, wherein the liquid ejection device has an ejection tube section in which an ejection port of the liquid is formed and which is configured to be attachable/detachable with respect to a main body section including the piezoelectric element, and wherein the control method comprises: discriminating an ejection tube section type of the ejection tube section; acquiring a fitted correspondence relationship which fits the discriminated ejection tube section type from correspondence relationships that are set for each of the ejection tube section types while the correspondence relationship is based on a first instruction value related to kinetic energy of the pulsed liquid jet, a second instruction value related to the number of times of ejection of the pulsed liquid jet per unit time, and an index value related to a voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform and rising of the drive voltage waveform; inputting the first instruction value; inputting the second instruction value; and setting the voltage amplitude of the drive voltage waveform so as to cause the kinetic energy to meet the first instruction value with reference to the fitted correspondence relationship based on the index value and the second instruction value.",
-    "Systems and methods that reproduce surround sound effects from an audio source are described. Wireless communication devices form a wireless network in which music, for example, can be played on the speakers of the wireless communication devices to reproduce surround sound effects from a selected audio source. As the wireless communication devices roam with respect to each other or with respect to a focal point or listening position of the wireless network, the wireless network adjusts how the audio source is played at each speaker of the respective wireless communication device to maintain or to enhance the reproduction of surround sound effects from the audio source. 1-5. (canceled) 6. A wireless communication device for reproducing a surround sound effect from an audio source, comprising: a memory; and a processor operatively coupled to the memory and configured to form a wireless network with at least one other wireless communication device, to transmit at least one surround sound signal to the at least one other wireless communication device, to determine at least one location of the at least one other wireless communication device, to determine a focal point of the surround sound effect, and to dynamically adjust the at least one surround sound signal in response to at least one movement of the at least one other wireless communication device to realize the surround sound effect at the focal point. 7. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to determine a version of the surround sound effect. 8. The wireless communication device of claim 7, wherein the processor is configured to determine the version of the surround sound effect based upon at least one of a capability of a processor of the at least one other wireless communication device, a capacity of a memory of the at least one other wireless communication device, a capability of a speaker of the at least one other wireless communication device, the at least one location of the at least one other wireless communication device, a number of wireless communication devices included in the at least one other wireless communication device, or any combination thereof. 9. The wireless communication device of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to determine that at least one of the at least one other wireless communication device has ceased to be included in the wireless network, to determine that at least one different wireless communication device has become included in the wireless network, or any combination thereof. 10. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to change the version of the surround sound effect in response to a change in the number of wireless communication devices included in the at least one other wireless communication device. 11. The wireless communication device of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured to determine that the focal point of the surround sound effect is at a location, the location being different from a location of the wireless communication. 12. The wireless communication device of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to determine that the focal point of the surround sound effect is at the location, the location being different from the at least one location of the at least one other wireless communication device. 13. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the wireless network has a master-slave structure and the wireless communication device is a master device of the wireless network. 14. The wireless communication device of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to control a selection of the audio source. 15. The wireless communication device of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a selection from a user, the selection from the user designating the wireless communication device as the master device of the wireless network. 16. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the wireless network has a master-slave structure and the wireless communication device is a slave device of the wireless network. 17. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to access the audio source from one of the at least one other wireless communication devices. 18. The wireless communication device of claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to access the audio source from the one of the at least one other wireless communication devices in a streaming manner. 19. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit at least one notification signal to the at least one other wireless communication device, the at least one notification signal including information about at least one recommended location, the at least one recommended location being at least one location for the at least one other wireless communication device to better realize the surround sound effect at the focal point. 20. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the wireless communication device is configured to be linked, wiredly or wirelessly, to at least one external speaker. 21. The wireless communication device of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to form a plurality of wireless networks with at least one of the at least one other wireless communication device. 22. A method for reproducing a surround sound effect from an audio, the method comprising: forming a wireless network with at least one wireless communication device; transmitting at least one surround sound signal to the at least one wireless communication device; determining at least one location of the at least one wireless communication device; determining a focal point of the surround sound effect; and dynamically adjusting the at least one surround sound signal in response to at least one movement of the at least one wireless communication device to realize the surround sound effect at the focal point. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising transmitting at least one notification signal to the at least one wireless communication device, the at least one notification signal including information about at least one recommended location, the at least one recommended location being at least one location for the at least one wireless communication device to better realize the surround sound effect at the focal point. 24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer code for controlling a processor to cause the processor to reproduce a surround sound effect from an audio, the computer code including instructions to: form a wireless network with at least one wireless communication device; transmit at least one surround sound signal to the at least one wireless communication device; determine at least one location of the at least one wireless communication device; determine a focal point of the surround sound effect; and dynamically adjust the at least one surround sound signal in response to at least one movement of the at least one wireless communication device to realize the surround sound effect at the focal point. 25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the computer code further includes instructions to transmit at least one notification signal to the at least one wireless communication device, the at least one notification signal including information about at least one recommended location, the at least one recommended location being at least one location for the at least one wireless communication device to better realize the surround sound effect at the focal point.",
-    "A pixel array and an organic light emitting display device including the same, can display an image with uniform luminance by compensating for a variation in threshold voltage/mobility of a driving transistor for each pixel and compensating for a change in efficiency due to degradation of an organic light emitting diode. A first pixel among the pixel array includes an organic light emitting diode; a pixel circuit positioned among an anode electrode of the organic light emitting diode, a first scan line and a first data line through which a data signal is supplied to the first pixel, and controlling current flowing in the organic light emitting diode; and a switching element controlling the coupling between a second data line through which a data signal is supplied to a second pixel of the plurality of pixels and the anode electrode of the organic light emitting diode. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A display panel, comprising: a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of data lines, and a plurality of pixels, wherein at least one of the plurality of pixels comprises: an organic light emitting diode coupled between a first electrode and a second electrode, a pixel circuit, a first switch configured to couple a first data line of the plurality of data lines to the pixel circuit in response to a first control signal supplied through a first scan line of the plurality of scan lines, and a second switch configured to couple a second data line of the plurality of data lines to the first electrode in response to a second control signal supplied through a second scan line of the plurality of scan lines. 14. A method of driving a display panel, comprising: extracting characteristic information of a driving transistor included in a first pixel coupled to a first data line and a second data line while sinking current through the second data line from the driving transistor; extracting degradation information of an organic light emitting diode included in the first pixel while supplying current to the organic light emitting diode through the second data line; generating a second data by converting a first data to be supplied to the first pixel by using the characteristic information and the degradation information; generating a data signal based on the second data; and supplying the data signal to the first pixel through the first data line.",
-    "Methods for the safe administration of imidazole or imidazolium compounds, and conditions that may be treated by these methods, are described herein. 1. A method of treating Modic changes type I, comprising administering an osteoclast inhibitor to a mammal in need thereof, wherein the mammal experiences pain relief three months after the osteoclast inhibitor is administered; and wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is zoledronic acid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered orally. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Modic change is located at C1/2, C2/3, C3/4, C4/5, C5/6, or C6/7. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the Modic change is located at C7/T1, T112, T2/3, T3/4, T4/5, T5/6, T6/7, T7/8, T8/9, T9/10, T10/11, or T11/12. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the Modic change is located at T12/L1, L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, or L5/S1. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered weekly. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered weekly for one or two months. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered once a month or less frequently. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered two to five times in a month. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered daily. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is orally administered for five to ten consecutive days. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammal achieves a reduction relative to baseline in the size of the Modic change of at least about 5%. 13. A method of treating Modic changes type I, comprising orally administering about 10 mg to about 600 mg of an osteoclast inhibitor to a mammal in need thereof, wherein the mammal experiences pain relief three months after the osteoclast inhibitor is administered; and wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is zoledronic acid. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Modic change is located at C1/2, C2/3, C3/4, C4/5, C5/6, or C6/7. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the Modic change is located at C7/T1, T1/2, T2/3, T3/4, T4/5, T5/6, T6/7, T7/8, T8/9, T9/10, T10/11, or T11/12. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the Modic change is located at T12/L1, L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, or L5/S1. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered daily, weekly, or monthly. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered once a month or less frequently. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered in at least two divided doses. 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the mammal achieves a reduction relative to baseline in the size of the Modic change of at least about 5%. 21. A method of treating pain associated with Modic changes type I, comprising administering about 200 mg to about 400 mg of an osteoclast inhibitor in at least two divided doses to a mammal in need thereof, wherein the mammal experiences pain relief three months after the osteoclast inhibitor is administered; and wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is zoledronic acid. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered orally. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the bioavailability of the osteoclast inhibitor is about 0.1% to about 5%. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered daily, weekly, or monthly. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered daily for about five to about fifteen consecutive days. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered weekly at least twice. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the osteoclast inhibitor is administered monthly at least twice. 28. The method of claim 21, wherein zoledronic acid is in the disodium salt form. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the Modic change is located in the low back. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the mammal has Modic changes at two or more levels.",
-    "A frictionally-retained detachable dental attachment assembly or anchor device is designed to attach a dental appliance with a tooth root or implant. The assembly includes a denture attachment housing for securing in the dental appliance, an abutment attached with a tooth root or implant, and a compressible retention member with a first end in fixed attachment with the cap and a second end in snap engagement with the abutment via a frictionally-retained ball secured within a cavity of the abutment. The retention member is formed using a compressible material to allow the ball to compress and the retention member to flex while inserting the ball into the cavity. Additional friction-retained and fixed attachment configurations of the dental anchor device are provided, along with methods of securing a dental appliance in a subject's mouth by means of the friction-retained and fixed attachment dental anchor devices. 1. A dental attachment assembly, comprising: a denture attachment housing for securing with a dental appliance, the denture attachment housing having an end wall and a peripheral wall extending from the end wall and having an open end defining an inner cavity, the end wall having a threaded bore; an abutment configured with an outer opening and a socket extending inward from the outer opening; and a retention member having opposite first and second ends, a threaded portion at the first end configured for threaded engagement in the threaded bore of the abutment, and an enlarged head at the second end which is frictionally detachably attachable with the socket of the abutment to form a frictional fit between the head and the socket and to retain the dental appliance and abutment. 2. The dental attachment assembly of claim 1, wherein the threaded bore has a closed inner end. 3. The dental attachment assembly of claim 1, wherein the retention member and abutment are securely retained at an angle of approximately 20 degrees. 4. The dental attachment assembly of claim 1, wherein the retention member is formed from a compressible material. 5. The dental attachment assembly of claim 4, wherein the compressible material is selected from the group consisting of polyether ether ketone (PEEK), acetal polymer material, nickel titanium (nitinol), titanium carbo nitride (TiCN), and titanium. 6. The dental attachment assembly of claim 1, wherein the retention member has a shaft extending from the threaded portion to the enlarged head, the shaft having an enlarged annular flange which engages the end wall of the cavity when the threaded portion is fully engaged in the threaded bore. 7. The dental attachment assembly of claim 1, wherein the peripheral wall of the denture attachment housing has a tapered outer surface which tapers outwards in a direction towards the open end. 8. The dental attachment assembly of claim 7, wherein the outer surface of the peripheral wall has at least one anti-rotation flat. 9. The dental attachment assembly of claim 7, further comprising a processing cap and a waxing cap configured for attachment over the denture attachment housing during processing of a dental appliance, the processing and waxing caps each having a cavity for engagement over the outer surface of the denture attachment housing, the cavity of each cap having a tapered inner surface matching the taper of the outer surface of the denture attachment housing. 10. A dental attachment assembly, comprising: a denture attachment housing for securing with a dental appliance, the denture attachment housing having an inner cavity having an inner end wall and an open outer end; an abutment for securing to a dental base structure, the abutment having an outer end opening and a socket extending inward from the opening, the socket having an annular projection spaced from the outer end opening, the annular projection having a rounded portion with an undercut edge forming a barb; and a retention member having a first end secured to the inner end wall of the cavity, an at least partially spherical head at a second end of the retention member for insertion in the socket, and a shaft extending from the first end to the head, the head being configured for frictional, detachable engagement with the annular projection in the socket, at least an outer surface portion of the head being formed of a compressible material whereby the annular, inwardly directed projection compresses an opposing annular portion of the head and the barb bites into the material of the head to resist removal of the head from the socket. 11. The assembly of claim 10, wherein the head engages only the annular projection and not any other part of the socket when fully inserted in the socket. 12. The assembly of claim 10, wherein the entire retention member is formed of a compressible material. 13. The assembly of claim 12, further comprising a set of retention members having heads configured to provide different amounts of retention force. 14. The assembly of claim 13, wherein each retention member is made of a compressible material selected from the group consisting of polymers and metals. 15. The assembly of claim 14, wherein at least one retention member is made of a different material which is softer than the other retention members in the set. 16. The assembly of claim 13, wherein at least a first retention member has a smooth, uninterrupted convex outer surface and one or more other retention members in the set have an annular outer surface portion having a series of spaced flattened portions configured to provide a reduced retention force relative to the first retention member. 17. The assembly of claim 13, wherein the heads are of different colors corresponding to different amounts of retention force. 18. A method of attaching a dental appliance in a patient's mouth, comprising: securing a plurality of abutments to spaced implants or tooth roots in a patient's mouth, each abutment having an outer opening and a socket extending inward from the outer opening, the socket having an annular inward projection forming a barb; securing a plurality of denture attachment housings in a dental appliance at predetermined spaced intervals corresponding to the respective spacings between respective abutments secured in the patient's mouth, each denture attachment housing having an open end and an inner cavity extending inward from the open end and having an inner end wall; and engaging compressible heads of a plurality of retention members into the socket or respective aligned abutments, each retention member having a first end secured in the inner end wall of a respective denture attachment housing, and frictionally engaging each compressible head with the annular inward projection of the respective abutment socket to form a frictional fit, whereby the barbs of the respective abutment sockets bite into the material of compressible heads to resist removal of the retention members from the sockets.",
-    "A master device sends image data transmitted from a monitoring camera to a mobile phone terminal, the mobile phone terminal sends a request signal for starting a call to the monitoring camera when receiving an operation on a predetermined icon displayed on a display/input unit in a state in which the image data is displayed on the display/input unit, and the master device transmits the request signal for starting the call to the monitoring camera from the mobile phone terminal. 1. A monitoring camera system comprising: a monitoring camera that includes a microphone, a speaker, an imager, and a DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) compliant communicator; and a DECT master device that, in operation, performs wireless communication with the monitoring camera according to a DECT communications protocol, performs wireless communication with one or more DECT cordless handsets according to the DECT communications protocol, and is connected to a fixed telephone network to communicate with other fixed telephones; wherein the DECT master device, in operation, receives image data captured by the imager from the monitoring camera and forwards the received image data, via a wireless router, to a smartphone that is connectable to a mobile phone network to communicate with other mobile telephones, for display on the smartphone; and the DECT master device, when receiving a call request via the wireless router from the smartphone, receives audio data captured by the microphone from the monitoring camera according to the DECT communication protocol, forwards the received audio data via the wireless router to the smartphone, receives smartphone audio data via the wireless router from the smartphone, and forwards the received smartphone audio data to the monitoring camera according to the DECT communication protocol, to establish a call between the monitoring camera and the smartphone. 2. The monitoring camera system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring camera is associated with a sensor; and wherein the DECT master device, in response to reception of a detection signal from the sensor associated with the monitoring camera, requests the monitoring camera to send the image data to the DECT master device. 3. The monitoring camera system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is an infrared sensor. 4. The monitoring camera system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is selected from a group consisting of a human sensor, a smoke sensor, and an opening/closing sensor. 5. The monitoring camera system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring camera further includes a wireless LAN communicator. 6. A monitoring method based on a monitoring camera system, the monitoring camera system comprising: (a) a monitoring camera that includes a microphone, a speaker, an imager, and a DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) compliant communicator; and (b) a DECT master device that, in operation, performs wireless communication with the monitoring camera according to a DECT communications protocol, performs wireless communication with one or more DECT cordless handsets according to the DECT communications protocol, and is connected to a fixed telephone network to communicate with other fixed telephones; the monitoring method comprising: receiving, at the DECT master device, image data captured by the imager from monitoring camera and forwarding, from the DECT master device, the received image data, via a wireless router, to a smartphone that is connectable to a mobile phone network to communicate with other mobile telephones, for display on the smartphone; and receiving, at the DECT master device that has received a call request via the wireless router from the smartphone, audio data captured by the microphone from the monitoring camera according to the DECT communication protocol; forwarding, from the DECT master device, the received audio data via the wireless router to the smartphone; receiving, at the DECT master device, smartphone audio data via the wireless router from the smartphone; and forwarding, from the DECT master device, the received smartphone audio data to the monitoring camera according to the DECT communication protocol, to establish a call between the monitoring camera and the smartphone. 7. The monitoring method of claim 6, wherein the monitoring camera is associated with a sensor, and the monitoring method further comprises: sending, from the DECT master device that has received a detection signal from the sensor associated with the monitoring camera, a request to the monitoring camera to send the image data to the DECT master device. 8. The monitoring method of claim 6, wherein the sensor is an infrared sensor. 9. The monitoring method of claim 6, wherein the sensor is selected from a group consisting of a human sensor, a smoke sensor, and an opening/closing sensor. 10. The monitoring method of claim 6, wherein the monitoring camera further includes a wireless LAN communicator.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a social information distribution apparatus apportions and accumulates, for items classified, basic information including a position of each of a plurality of information sources and social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of information sources, analyzes the accumulated social information, modifies and processes the social information, updates the social information as some of the items, selects social information to be broadcast, determines a broadcast format including at least classification of broadcast ranges, a broadcasting time, and a repetition count within the broadcasting time when broadcasting the selected social information, and transmits the selected social information to a designated broadcast range by a broadcast wave. 1. A social information providing system comprising: a social information distribution apparatus configured to collect and analyze social information transmitted from each of a plurality of information sources, and distribute the social information over a broadcast wave; and a user terminal apparatus configured to receive and present the social information distributed from the social information distribution apparatus over the broadcast wave, wherein the social information distribution apparatus includes: basic information collection module for collecting basic information including a position of each of the plurality of information sources, accumulation module for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified in advance, the basic information of each of the plurality of information sources collected by the basic information collection module and the social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of information sources, and reading out and outputting requested information, analysis module for analyzing the social information accumulated in the accumulation module in accordance with a designated purpose, modifying and processing the social information, as needed, and accumulating the social information as some of the items in the accumulation module, information, transmission management module for selecting social information to be broadcast from the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, and determining a broadcast format including at least classification of broadcast ranges, a broadcasting time, and a repetition count within the broadcasting time for broadcasting the selected social information, and social information transmission module for transmitting the social information selected by the information transmission management module to a designated broadcast range over the broadcast wave in accordance with the determined broadcast format, and wherein the user terminal apparatus includes: reception module for receiving the social information transmitted from the social information transmission module over the broadcast wave while the user terminal apparatus is located in one of the broadcast ranges, and presentation module for presenting the social information received by the reception module. 2. The social information providing system of claim 1, wherein if the information source is mobile, a home position is accumulated as a position included in the basic information, and a moving position transmitted in time series is included as the social information. 3. The social information providing system of claim 1, wherein the social information includes social infrastructure information and facility/equipment information, the social infrastructure information includes information from at least one of a mobile power supply vehicle, a wattmeter, a power supply station, a thermometer, a seismometer, an ombrometer, a surveillance camera, and a security gate, and the facility/equipment information includes information from a communication, device installed in at least one of a school, a park, a hospital, and an evacuation center. 4. The social information providing system of claim 1, wherein the social information transmission module multiplexes and transmits the social information in a normal broadcast. 5. The social information providing system of claim 4, wherein the social information transmission module limits an information amount of the normal broadcast in accordance with an information amount of the social information. 6. The social information providing system of claim 1, wherein the user terminal apparatus includes positioning module for determining a current position, and the presentation module displays, on a display device, the social information including a relationship between the current position and a position indicated by the social information distributed from the distribution apparatus. 7. A social information providing system comprising: a social information distribution apparatus configured to collect and analyze social information transmitted from each of a plurality of mobile power supply vehicles, and distribute the social information over a broadcast wave; and a user terminal apparatus configured to receive and present the social information distributed from the social information distribution apparatus over the broadcast wave, wherein the social information distribution apparatus includes: basic information collection module for collecting basic information including at least one of a home position, a provider name, a car registration number, a charging type, a chargeable time, the number of vehicles simultaneously charged, a unit price, and a reservation access destination of each of the plurality of mobile power supply vehicles, accumulation module for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified in advance, the basic information of each of the plurality of mobile power supply vehicles collected by the basic information collection module and the social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of mobile power supply vehicles and including at least one of a current position, a waiting time, the number of chargeable vehicles, and an expected sold-out time, and reading out and outputting requested information, analysis module for acquiring the social information accumulated in the accumulation module and social information of an external system reserved and managed in the reservation access destination, and analyzing at least one of calculation of the latest number of chargeable vehicles, prediction of a time at which the number of chargeable vehicles is reached based on a reservation trend, update of the social information accumulated in the accumulation module and including the number of chargeable vehicles and the expected sold-out time, expectation of a sold-out time based on a surrounding road condition accumulated in the accumulation module or managed by the external system, and specification of a geographic area which is expected to be able to arrive before the expected sold-out time, information transmission management module for determining, as items to be broadcast and a broadcast order for the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, at least one of position information, a provider name, a car registration number, a current position, a waiting time, a charging type, a chargeable time, a unit price, the number of chargeable vehicles, the number of vehicles simultaneously charged, an expected sold-out time, and a reservation access destination, determining a broadcast range at the time of a broadcast if the analysis module analyzes the geographic area which is expected to be able to arrive before the expected sold-out time, and determining a broadcasting time and a repetition count within the broadcasting time, and social information transmission module for transmitting the social information selected by the information transmission management module to a designated broadcast range over the broadcast wave in accordance with the determined broadcast format, and wherein the user terminal apparatus includes: reception module for receiving the social information of the mobile power supply vehicle transmitted from the social information transmission module over the broadcast wave while the user terminal apparatus is located in one of the broadcast ranges, presentation module for presenting the social information about the mobile power supply vehicle received by the reception module, and communication module for reserving an arbitrary mobile power supply vehicle for power supply based on presented contents of the social information about the mobile power supply vehicle. 8. A social information providing system comprising: a social information distribution apparatus configured to collect and analyze social information transmitted from each of a plurality of charging stations, and distribute the social information over a broadcast wave; and a user terminal apparatus configured to receive and present the social information distributed from the social information distribution apparatus over the broadcast wave, wherein the social information distribution apparatus includes: basic information collection module for collecting basic information including at least one of a position, a provider name, business hours, a charging type, a chargeable time, the number of vehicles simultaneously charged, a unit price, and a reservation access destination of each of the plurality of charging stations, accumulation module for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified in advance, the basic information of each of the plurality of charging stations collected by the basic information collection module and the social information including a waiting time transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of charging stations, and reading out and outputting requested information, analysis module for acquiring the social information accumulated in the accumulation module and social information of an external system reserved and managed in the reservation access destination, and analyzing at least one of expectation of a sold-out time based on a surrounding road condition accumulated in the accumulation module or managed by the external system and specification of a geographic area which is expected to be able to arrive before the expected sold-out time, information transmission management module for determining, as items to be broadcast and a broadcast order for the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, at least one of the position information, the provider name, the waiting time, the charging type, the chargeable time, the unit price, the number of vehicles simultaneously charged, the business hours, and the reservation access destination, determining a broadcast range at the time of a broadcast if the analysis module analyzes the geographic area which is expected to be able to arrive before the expected sold-out time, and determining a broadcasting time and a repetition count within the broadcasting time, and social information transmission module for transmitting the social information selected by the information transmission management module to a designated broadcast range over the broadcast wave in accordance with the determined broadcast format, and wherein the user terminal apparatus includes: reception module for receiving the social information of the charging station transmitted from the social information transmission module over the broadcast wave while the user terminal apparatus is located in one of the broadcast ranges, presentation module for presenting the social information about the charging station received by the reception module, and communication module for reserving an arbitrary charging station for charging based on presented contents of the social information about the charging station. 9. A social information providing system comprising: a social information distribution apparatus configured to collect and analyze social information transmitted from each of a plurality of evacuation facilities, and distribute the social information over a broadcast wave; and a user terminal apparatus configured to receive and present the social information distributed from the social information distribution apparatus over the broadcast wave, wherein the social information distribution apparatus includes: basic information collection module for collecting basic information including at least one of a position, a facility name, and a maximum capacity of each of the plurality of evacuation facilities, accumulation module for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified in advance, the basic information of each of the plurality of evacuation facilities collected by the basic information collection module and the social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of evacuation facilities and including at least one of the current number of evacuees, a facility operation state, evacuee information, the number of urgent injured people, shortage information, the number of information processing terminals, the number of AEDs, a blanket, food, an evacuation guidance device, and a medical supply, and reading out and outputting requested information, analysis module for analyzing, based on the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, at least one of determination of the number of urgent injured people, discrimination of urgent priority information, specification of a geographic area capable of using the evacuation facility based on a surrounding road condition, acquisition of information about whether to take measures to arrive at a solution by issuance to or contact with a cooperative external system and its expected, time and condition, and specification of a geographic area capable of using the evacuation facility based on a surrounding road condition by updating accumulated information in the accumulation module, information transmission management module for determining, as items to be broadcast and a broadcast order for the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, at least one of the position information, the maximum capacity, the current number of evacuees, the facility state, the evacuee information, and the shortage information, determining a broadcast range, within which the items are to be broadcast, from the geographic area which may be used, and determining a broadcasting time and a repetition count within the broadcasting time, and social information transmission module for transmitting the social information selected by the information transmission management module to a designated broadcast range over the broadcast wave in accordance with the determined broadcast format, and wherein the user terminal apparatus includes: reception module for receiving the social information about the evacuation facility transmitted from the social, information transmission module over the broadcast wave while the user terminal apparatus is located in one of the broadcast ranges, and presentation module for presenting the social information about the evacuation facility received by the reception, module, and providing a guidance to an arbitrary evacuation facility. 10. A social information providing system comprising: a social information distribution apparatus configured to collect and analyze social information transmitted from each of a plurality of evacuation guidance devices including at least one of a seismometer, a thermometer, a rainfall and water-level telemeter, a surveillance camera, a disaster prevention speaker, and an evacuation guidance street panel, and distribute the social information over a broadcast wave; and a user terminal apparatus configured to receive and present the social information distributed from the social information distribution apparatus over the broadcast wave, wherein the social information distribution apparatus includes; basic information collection module for collecting basic information including at least one of a position, a management number, acquired data classification, and an operating duration by a battery of each of the plurality of evacuation guidance devices, accumulation module for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified in advance, the basic information of each of the plurality of evacuation guidance devices collected by the basic information collection module and the social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of evacuation guidance devices and including at least one of a seismic intensity, a temperature, a rainfall, a water level, a surveillance video, and the presence/absence of power supply, and reading out and outputting requested information, analysis module for analyzing properties of an evacuation guidance from the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, analyzing compound information by further acquiring necessary information of an external system in accordance with the properties, specifying an optimum guidance route to an evacuation area corresponding to the position, and accumulating the optimum guidance route, in the accumulation module, information transmission management module for determining, as items to be broadcast and a broadcast order for the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, social information about the evacuation guidance including at least one of position information, an evacuation area name, and the guidance route, determining a broadcast range, within which the items are to be broadcast, from a geographic area which may be used, and determining a broadcasting time and a repetition count within the broadcasting time, and social information transmission module for transmitting the social information selected by the information transmission management module to a designated broadcast range over the broadcast wave in, accordance with a determined broadcast format, and wherein the user terminal apparatus includes: reception module for receiving the social information about the evacuation guidance transmitted from the social information transmission module over the broadcast wave while the user terminal apparatus is located in one of the broadcast ranges, and presentation module for presenting the social information about the evacuation guidance received by the reception module, and presenting an optimum guidance route to an arbitrary evacuation area. 11. A social information distribution apparatus of a social information providing system for collecting and analyzing social information transmitted from each of a plurality of information sources, and distributing the social information over a broadcast wave to a user terminal apparatus, comprising: basic information collection module for collecting basic information including a position of each of the plurality of information sources, accumulation module for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified in advance, the basic information of each of the plurality of information sources collected by the basic information collection module and the social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of information sources, and reading out and outputting requested information, analysis module for analyzing the social information accumulated in the accumulation module in accordance with a designated purpose, modifying and processing the social information, as needed, and accumulating the social information as some of the items in the accumulation module, information transmission management module for selecting social information to be broadcast from the social information accumulated in the accumulation module, and determining a broadcast format including at least classification of broadcast ranges, a broadcasting time, and a repetition count within the broadcasting time when broadcasting the selected social information, and social information transmission module for transmitting the social information selected by the information transmission management module to a designated broadcast range by the broadcast wave in accordance with the determined broadcast format. 12. The social information distribution apparatus of the social information providing system of claim 11, wherein if the information source is mobile, a home position is accumulated as a position included in the basic information, and a moving position transmitted in time series is included as social information. 13. The social information distribution apparatus of the social information providing system of claim 11, wherein the social information includes social infrastructure information and facility/equipment information, the social infrastructure information includes information from at least one of a mobile power supply vehicle, a wattmeter, a power supply station, a thermometer, a seismometer, an ombrometer, a surveillance camera, and security gate, and the facility/equipment information includes information from a communication device installed in at least one of a school, a park, a hospital, and an evacuation center. 14. The social information distribution apparatus of the social information providing system of claim 11, wherein the social information transmission module multiplexes and transmits the social information in a normal broadcast. 15. The social information distribution apparatus of the social information providing system of claim 14, wherein the social information transmission module limits an information amount of the normal broadcast in accordance with an information amount of the social information. 16. A user terminal apparatus of a social information providing system, wherein the user terminal apparatus is used in the social information providing system including a social information distribution apparatus for apportioning and accumulating, for items classified, in advance, basic information including a position of each of a plurality of information sources and social information transmitted in time series from each of the plurality of information sources, analyzing the accumulated social information in accordance with a designated purpose, modifying and processing the social information, as needed, and updating the social information as some of the items, selecting social information to be broadcast from the accumulated social information, and determining a broadcast format including at least classification of broadcast ranges, a broadcasting time, and a repetition count within the broadcasting time when broadcasting the selected social information, and transmitting the selected social information to a designated broadcast range over the broadcast wave in accordance with the determined broadcast format, the user terminal apparatus includes positioning module for determining a current position, and the user terminal apparatus displays, on a display, the social information including a relationship between a position indicated by the social information distributed from the social information distribution apparatus and the current position obtained by the positioning module.",
-    "A portable seat organizer including: a main body having an upper part joined to a lower part by a middle part, the upper part having a first upper surface defining a first plane, and the lower part having a first lower surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes being parallel and not coplanar; an extension plate slidably coupled to the upper part and including at least one of a support slot and a support tab, the extension plate slidable with respect to the upper part in a direction parallel to the first plane and away from the lower part to form an upper extension of the upper part; and a first accessory including a first accessory tab and a first accessory slot to respectively engage the at least one of the support slot and the support tab. 1. A portable seat organizer comprising: a main body having an upper part joined to a lower part by a middle part, the upper part having a first upper surface opposite a second upper surface, the first upper surface defining a first plane, and the lower part having a first lower surface opposite a second lower surface, the first lower surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes being parallel and not coplanar; an extension plate slidably coupled to the upper part of the main body and including at least one of a support slot and a support tab, the extension plate slidable with respect to the upper part of the main body in a direction parallel to the first plane and away from the lower part of the main body to form an upper extension of the upper part of the main body; and a first accessory including one of a first accessory tab and a first accessory slot to respectively engage the at least one of the support slot and the support tab. 2. The portable seat organizer of claim 1, further comprising at least one guide rail affixed to the first upper surface of the upper part of the main body, the guide rail slidably coupling the extension plate to the upper part of the main body. 3. The portable seat organizer of claim 1, wherein the extension plate comprises a protrusion and the upper part of the main body comprises a plurality of retention receptacles for engaging the protrusion, the extension plate being secured in a position with respect to the upper part of the main body by the protrusion engaging one of the retention receptacles. 4. The portable seat organizer of claim 3, wherein the extension plate comprises a resilient locking tab, the resilient locking tab comprising the protrusion. 5. The portable seat organizer of claim 1, wherein the first accessory comprises one of a shelf accessory and a cup holder accessory. 6. The portable seat organizer of claim 1, further comprising a second accessory including a second accessory tab and a second accessory slot to respectively engage the other of the at least one of the support slot and the support tab. 7. The portable seat organizer of claim 6, wherein the second accessory comprises one of a shelf accessory and a cup holder accessory. 8. The portable seat organizer of claim 1, further including an armrest stabilizer strap configured to affix to the upper part of the main body and pass around an armrest. 9. A portable seat organizer comprising: a main body having an upper part coupled to a lower part by a middle part, the upper part including a first upper surface defining a first plane; an extension plate slidably coupled to the upper part and including a support slot and a support tab, the extension plate slidable with respect to the upper part in a direction parallel to the first plane and away from the lower part to form an upper extension of the upper part; a first accessory including an accessory tab configured to engage the support slot; and a second accessory including an accessory slot configured to engage the support tab. 10. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, wherein the lower plate includes a first lower surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes being coplanar. 11. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, wherein the lower plate includes a first lower plate side disposed in a second plane, the first and second planes being parallel and not coplanar. 12. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, further comprising at least one guide rail affixed to the first upper surface of the upper part of the main body, the guide rail slidably coupling the extension plate to the upper part of the main body. 13. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, wherein the extension plate comprises a protrusion and the upper part of the main body comprises a plurality of retention receptacles for engaging the protrusion, the extension plate being secured in a position with respect to the upper part of the main body by the protrusion engaging one of the retention receptacles. 14. The portable seat organizer of claim 13, wherein the extension plate comprises a resilient locking tab, the resilient locking tab comprising the protrusion. 15. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, wherein the first accessory comprises one of a shelf accessory and a cup holder accessory. 16. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, wherein the second accessory comprises one of a shelf accessory and a cup holder accessory. 17. The portable seat organizer of claim 9, further including an armrest stabilizer strap configured to affix to the upper part of the main body and pass around an armrest. 18. A portable seat organizer comprising: a main body having an upper part joined to a lower part by a middle part, the upper part having a first upper surface opposite a second upper surface, the first upper surface defining a first plane and including a plurality of retention receptacles, the lower part having a first lower surface opposite a second lower surface, the first lower surface defining a second plane, the first and second planes being parallel and not coplanar; a pair of guide rails affixed to the first upper surface of the upper part of the main body; an extension plate slidably coupled to the pair of guide rails and including a support slot, a support tab, a locking tab having a protrusion facing the first upper surface of the upper part of the main body, the extension plate slidable with respect to the upper part in a direction parallel to the first plane and away from the lower part to form an upper extension of the upper part, wherein the protrusion engages one of the retention receptacles to maintain the extension plate in selected position with respect to the main body; a first accessory including an accessory tab configured to engage the support slot; a second accessory including an accessory slot configured to engage the support tab; and an armrest stabilizer strap configured to affix to the upper part of the main body and pass around an armrest with the upper part and the lower part extending away from the armrest in opposite directions. 19. The portable seat organizer of claim 18, wherein the first accessory comprises one of a shelf accessory and a cup holder accessory. 20. The portable seat organizer of claim 18, wherein the second accessory comprises one of a shelf accessory and a cup holder accessory.",
-    "Continuous processes for fabricating a perovskite device are described that include using a doctor blade for continuously forming a perovskite layer and using a conductive tape lamination process to form an anode or a cathode layer on the perovskite device. 1. A process for fabricating a perovskite device, comprising: receiving a substrate; applying a perovskite precursor solution onto the substrate; and linearly swiping the perovskite precursor solution using a doctor blade to form a perovskite film on the substrate. 2. The process of claim 1, further comprising: simultaneously heating the substrate while applying and linearly swiping the perovskite precursor solution. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein heating the substrate includes heating the substrate to a temperature in a range of between about 50\u00b0 C. and about 180\u00b0 C. 4. The process of claim 3, wherein heating the substrate includes heating the substrate to about 125\u00b0 C. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is moving and the doctor blade is stationary. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is moving at a rate of about 0.75 to about 75 cm/sec relative to the doctor blade. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate is stationary and wherein the doctor blade moves relative to the substrate. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein applying the perovskite precursor solution onto the substrate includes dispensing between about 10 \u03bcL and about 20 \u03bcL of perovskite precursor solution for every 2.25 mm2 of substrate. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the precursor solution includes a lead halide and at least one of a methylammonium halide or a formamidinium halide dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) or Methyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises indium tin oxide (ITO) or other transparent conductive electrode material. 11. The process of claim 1, further including: heating the perovskite device; and rolling a conductive tape onto the perovskite device, wherein the conductive tape includes an adhesive material and a conductive material. 12. The process of claim 11, wherein heating the perovskite device includes heating the perovskite device to a temperature between about 50\u00b0 C. and about 175\u00b0 C. 13. A process for continuously laminating a perovskite device, comprising: forming a perovskite device by doctor blade coating a perovskite precursor solution onto a substrate; heating the perovskite device; and rolling a conductive tape onto the perovskite device, wherein the conductive tape includes an adhesive material and a conductive material. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein heating the perovskite device includes heating the perovskite device to a temperature between about 50\u00b0 C. and about 175\u00b0 C. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the conductive material includes at least one of aluminum, copper, nickel, gold, or silver. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises indium tin oxide (ITO) or other transparent conductive electrode material. 17. A process for fabricating perovskite device, comprising: heating an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate; applying a perovskite precursor solution onto the ITO substrate; linearly swiping the perovskite precursor solution using a doctor blade to form a perovskite film; simultaneously thermoannealing and solvent annealing the perovskite film; depositing a charge transport layer on the perovskite film; thermoannealing the charge transport layer; depositing a fullerene layer on the charge transport layer; and applying a conductive layer to the fullerene layer. 18. The process of claim 17, wherein the ITO substrate includes an ITO layer and a hole transport layer. 19. The process of claim 18, wherein the hole transport layer includes at least one of PEDOT:PSS, TPD plus TPACA or PTAA, or other hole transport material or materials 20. The process of claim 17, wherein the precursor solution includes a lead halide (PbI2, PbBr2 or PbCl2) and at least one of methylammonium halide (CH3NH3I, CH3NH3Br, CH3NH3Cl) or formamidinium halide (CH(NH2)2I, CH(NH2)2Br, CH(NH2)2Cl) dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) or Methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or a mixture thereof in any ratio.",
-    "A computer implemented method for providing location based security controls on a plurality of user devices is provided. The method includes the following steps of: (a) defining a geo location of an area at a server, (b) defining a radius of said area where security policies are effective at the server, (c) retrieving a current location of one or more of users, (d) activating the security policies on the one or more users devices when the one or more users enter within the radius of the area, (e) restricting blacklisted applications and websites to be accessed on the one or more user devices, (f) accessing a camera of the one or more user devices to control the camera, (g) retrieving biometric information of the one or more users, and (h) tracking an attendance of the one or more users based on the biometric information of the one or more users. 1. A computer implemented method for providing location based security controls on a plurality of user devices, said method comprising: defining a geo location of an area at a server; defining a radius of said area where security policies are effective at said server; retrieving a current location of a plurality of users; activating said security policies on said plurality of users devices when said plurality of users enter within said radius of said area from an outside of a boundary; restricting blacklisted applications and websites or not white listed applications to be accessed on said plurality of user devices upon said plurality of users enter into said radius of said area; accessing a camera of said plurality of user devices to control said camera from said server; retrieving biometric information of said plurality of users; and tracking an attendance of said plurality of users when said plurality of users enter within said radius of said area based on said biometric information of said plurality of users. 2. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising the step of accessing said camera of said plurality of user devices from said server based on an image processing unit that authorizes picture taken based on a type of object that said camera points at. 3. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of user devices may be a computer, a mobile phone, a tablet, a music player, and/or a smartphone. 4. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising the step of defining said white listed of allowable applications and websites at said server for said plurality of users to access. 5. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising the step of defining said blacklisted applications and websites at said server which are restricted for access by said plurality of users. 6. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising applying said security policies on said plurality of user devices. 7. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein said biometric information is popped up to ensure said plurality of user devices that are being used only by authorized said plurality of users. 8. A non-transitory program storage device readable by a computer, and comprising a program of instructions executable by said computer to perform a method for providing location based security controls on a plurality of user devices, said method comprising: defining a geo location of an area at a server; defining a radius of said area where security policies are effective at said server; retrieving a current location of a plurality of users; activating security policies on said plurality of users devices when said plurality of users enter within said radius of said area from an outside of a boundary; restricting blacklisted applications and websites or not white listed applications to be accessed on said plurality of user devices upon plurality of users enter into said radius of said area; accessing a camera of said plurality of user devices to control said camera from said server; retrieving biometric information of said plurality of users; and tracking an attendance of said plurality of users when said plurality of users enter within said radius of said area based on said biometric information of said plurality of users. 9. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein said plurality of user devices may be a computer, a mobile phone, a tablet, a music player, and/or a smartphone. 10. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, further comprising the step of accessing said camera of said plurality of user devices from said server based on an image processing unit that authorizes picture taken based on a type of object that said camera points at. 11. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, further comprising the step of defining said white listed of allowable applications and websites at said server for said plurality of users to access. 12. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, further comprising the step of defining said blacklisted applications and websites at said server which are restricted for access by said plurality of users. 13. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, further comprising the step of applying said security policies on said plurality of user devices. 14. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein said biometric information is popped up to ensure said plurality of user devices that are being used only by authorized said plurality of users. 15. A system for providing location based security controls on a plurality of user devices, said system comprising: a memory unit that stores a database and a set of modules; and a processor that executes said set of modules, wherein said set of modules comprise: a location retrieval module, executed by said processor, configured to retrieve a current location of a plurality of users; a security policy activation module, executed by said processor, configured to activate security policies on said plurality of users devices when said plurality of users enter within a radius of an area from an outside of a boundary, wherein said outside of said boundary is an outer area of said radius of said area, wherein said radius of said area is defined at a server; an access restriction module, executed by said processor, configured to restrict blacklisted applications and websites and/or not white listed applications to be accessed on said plurality of user devices upon plurality of users enter into said radius of said area; a camera access module, executed by said processor, configured to access a camera of said plurality of user devices to control said camera from said server; a biometric information retrieval module, executed by said processor, configured to retrieve biometric information of said plurality of users, wherein said biometric information is popped up to ensure said plurality of user devices are being used only by authorized said plurality of users; and an attendance module, executed by said processor, configured to track an attendance of said plurality of users when said plurality of users enter within said radius of said area based on said biometric information of said plurality of users. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said plurality of user devices may be a computer, a mobile phone, a tablet, a music player, and/or a smartphone. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein said camera of said plurality of user devices are accessed from said server based on an image processing unit that authorizes picture taken based on a type of object that said camera points at. 18. The system of claim 15, further comprising an application defining module that comprises: (a) a white listed application defining module, executed by said processor, configured to allow an administrator to define said white listed applications and websites at said server; and (b) a blacklisted application defining module, executed by said processor, configured to allow said administrator to define said blacklisted applications and websites at said server to restrict accessing by said plurality of users.",
-    "Methods, apparatuses and devices related to the manufacturing of compensation devices are provided. In some cases, an n/p-codoped layer is deposited for calibration purposes to minimize a net doping concentration. In other cases, alternatingly n- and p-doped layers are then deposited. In other embodiments, an n/p-codoped layer is deposited in a trench where n- and p-dopants have different diffusion behavior. To obtain different doping profiles, a heat treatment may be performed. 1. An apparatus comprising: a layer forming apparatus configured to form semiconductor layers; an n-dopant source to supply an n-dopant to the layer forming apparatus; a p-dopant source to supply a p-dopant to the layer forming apparatus; a controller configured to control an amount of n-doping and an amount of p-doping; and a dopant concentration measurement device; wherein the controller is configured to control the n-dopant source, the p-dopant source and the layer forming apparatus to form an n/p-codoped calibration layer, wherein the dopant concentration measurement device is configured to measure a net dopant concentration of the calibration layer, and wherein the controller is configured to adjust an amount of n-dopant relative to an amount of p-dopant based on the net dopant concentration. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to manufacture a compensation device based on an adjustment. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the apparatus is configured to alternately form at least one n-doped layer and one p-doped layer to form the compensation device. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, further comprising a trench etching device to etch a trench in a substrate, the at least one n-doped layer and the at least one p-doped layer being formed within the trench. 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the apparatus is configured to form an n/p-codoped layer based on the adjustment, and wherein the n-dopant and the p-dopant have different diffusion constants, the apparatus being further configured to perform a heat treatment after forming the n/p-codoped layer. 6. An apparatus comprising: a trench forming device configured to form a trench in a substrate; a layer forming apparatus; an n-dopant source configured to supply an n-dopant to the layer forming apparatus; a p-dopant source configured to supply a p-dopant to the layer forming apparatus, the n-dopant and the p-dopant having different diffusion behavior; and the apparatus being configured to form an n/p-codoped compensated layer in a trench formed by the trench forming device and to heat the formed n/p-codoped layer to cause different diffusion of the n-dopant and the p-dopant. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the apparatus is configured to form at least two separated n/p-codoped layers in the trench. 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the layer forming apparatus comprises a chemical vapor deposition apparatus. 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the n-dopant comprises one of arsenic and antimony, wherein the p-dopant comprises boron, and wherein the apparatus is configured to process silicon substrates. 10. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the trench forming device is configured to etch a trench through a layer provided on a substrate to reach the substrate. 11. A device comprising: a substrate; a layer provided on the substrate; and a vertical region at least within this layer having a symmetric n-doping profile, a symmetric p-doping profile, a maximum of the n-doping profile essentially coinciding with a maximum of the p-doping profile, and one of the n-doping profile and the p-doping profile being broader than the other one of the n-doping profile and the p-doping profile. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the substrate is highly n-doped, wherein the layer is weakly doped compared to the substrate, and wherein a profile of the n-doping is narrower than a profile of the p-doping. 13. The device of claim 12, further comprising an n-doped buffer layer between the weakly doped layer and the substrate. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein a doping profile of the layer varies in a vertical direction. 15. The device of claim 11, wherein an overall net doping concentration by the n-doping profile and the p-doping profile is below 2\u00d71014/cm3. 16. The device of claim 11, wherein an integral net doping in the layer is below 2\u00d71012/cm2.",
-    "The invention relates to a sausage collating device and a method for collating sausages to form sausage groups of a predetermined number of sausages with a transport device for transporting spaced sausages and at least one accumulator element for accumulating the sausages, where the at least one accumulator element is for collating and is movable in the direction of transport of the transport device. 1. A sausage collation device for collating sausages to form sausage groups having a predetermined number of sausages, comprising a transport device for transporting said sausages spaced apart from each other, and at least one accumulator element for accumulating said sausages, where said at least one accumulator element for collating is movable in a direction of transport T of said transport device. 2. The sausage collating device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one accumulator element comprises at least two independently drivable accumulator elements. 3. The sausage collation device of claim 2, further comprising a first drive device with at least one first accumulator element, and a second drive device with at least one second accumulator element. 4. The sausage collation device according to claim 3, wherein said first and/or second drive device comprise a revolving conveying member on which said respective at least one accumulator element is arranged, where said revolving conveying member includes a revolving belt. 5. The sausage collation device according to claim 4, wherein said revolving conveying members run around more than two wheels, and where a length l of a section of said conveying members, in which said accumulator elements move parallel to said transport device, is adjusted by varying a position of at least two wheels of the more than two wheels. 6. The sausage collating device according to claim 1, wherein said at least one accumulator element in its motion during collation runs in the direction of transport T spaced from and preferably parallel to a surface of said transport device. 7. The sausage collating device according to claim 1, wherein said transport device is an accumulation roller belt. 8. The sausage collating device according to claim 1, wherein said sausage collating device further comprises a control device and a sensor device which detect an arriving sausage and transmit a corresponding signal to said control device. 9. The sausage collating device according to claim 8, wherein said control device calculates positions of successive sausages transported away and actuates a drive or drives of said at least one accumulator element such that said at least one accumulator element engages between a last sausage of a first group and a first sausage of a subsequent group. 10. The sausage collating device according to claim 1, wherein said at least one accumulator element is driven at varying velocity. 11. A method for collating sausages with a sausage collating device to form sausage groups having a predetermined number of sausages comprising: conveying spaced sausages transverse to their longitudinal direction on a transport device and accumulating said sausages by at least one accumulator element, wherein said at least one accumulator element is for collating and is moved at least temporarily in a direction of transport T of said transport device. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein at least two independently driven accumulator elements collate said sausages. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein a first accumulator element is inserted upstream of a first sausage of a first sausage group and at least temporarily moved at a velocity V1<Vtransport device, and/or a subsequent second accumulator element is inserted downstream of a last sausage of said first sausage group and moved at least temporarily at a velocity V2>Vtransport device, where said velocity Vtransport device is the velocity of said transport device. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein after creating said first sausage group, said first accumulator element, in the direction of transport T and disposed upstream of said first sausage group, is driven at a velocity V1>Vtransport device and is moved away from the region which said sausage groups pass, and said second subsequent accumulator element, in the direction of transport T and disposed downstream of said last sausage of the first sausage group, is decelerated to velocity V2<Vtransport device to create a subsequent sausage group, where a further subsequent accumulator element is inserted downstream of a last sausage of said subsequent sausage group. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein when a distance between a first accumulator element and a second accumulator element substantially corresponds to a product of a sausage caliber and a number of sausages per sausage group, then velocities of said two accumulator elements are set to the velocity of said transport device. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein two successive accumulator elements are attached to respective individually driven revolving conveying members, including conveyor belts, and each revolve on a closed path. 17. A method for collating sausages to form sausage groups having a predetermined number of sausages comprising: conveying spaced sausages transverse to their longitudinal axes on a transport device having a velocity Vtransport device; and accumulating said sausages with at least one accumulator element, wherein said at least one accumulator element is driven at varying velocity and moved in a direction of transport T of said transport device. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one accumulator element comprises an accumulator element moving in front of a sausage group at a velocity V1, where V1=30% to 90% of Vtransport device. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the at least one accumulator element comprises an accumulator element behind a sausage group, wherein the sausages are pushed together by the accumulator element behind the sausage group, said accumulator element moving at a velocity V2, where V2=110% to 200% of Vtransport device. 20. The method of claim 17, where accumulating said sausages includes: retracting a first accumulator element and second accumulator element so that a sausage group of said predetermined number of sausages is between the first and second accumulator elements, the first accumulator element in front of a leading sausage of said sausage group and the second accumulator element behind a last sausage of said sausage group; moving said sausage group at a velocity equal to said Vtransport device; moving the first accumulator element at a velocity V1, where V1=Vtransport device; and moving the second accumulator element at a velocity V2, where V2>Vtransport device.",
-    "An organic light emitting diode display includes a substrate, a transistor on the substrate, a reflecting electrode connected to the transistor, a color filter on the reflecting electrode, a first electrode on the color filter and electrically connected to the reflecting electrode, a pixel definition layer on the color filter and having an opening exposing the first electrode, a white emission layer in the opening and a second electrode on the white emission layer. 1. An organic light emitting diode display comprising: a substrate; a transistor on the substrate; a reflecting electrode connected to the transistor; a color filter on the reflecting electrode; a first electrode on the color filter and electrically connected to the reflecting electrode; a pixel definition layer on the color filter and having an opening exposing the first electrode; a white emission layer in the opening; and a second electrode on the white emission layer. 2. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 1, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a transparent conductive material. 3. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 2, wherein the transparent conductive material is indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO). 4. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 1, wherein the reflecting electrode comprises a reflecting material. 5. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 4, wherein the reflecting material is silver. 6. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 1, wherein the color filter is a red color filter, a green color filter, or a blue color filter. 7. An organic light emitting diode display comprising: a substrate; a transistor on the substrate; a first electrode connected to the transistor; a pixel definition layer on the first electrode and having an opening exposing the first electrode; a white emission layer in the opening; a second electrode on the white emission layer; a color filter on the second electrode; and a reflecting electrode on the color filter and connected to the second electrode through a contact hole. 8. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 7, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a transparent conductive material. 9. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 8, wherein the transparent conductive material is indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO). 10. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 8, wherein the reflecting electrode comprises a reflecting material. 11. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 10, wherein the reflecting material is silver. 12. The organic light emitting diode display of claim 8, wherein the color filter is a red color filter, a green color filter, or a blue color filter.",
-    "Embodiments of the present description include stacked microelectronic dice embedded in a microelectronic substrate and methods of fabricating the same. In one embodiment, at least one first microelectronic die is attached to a second microelectronic die, wherein an underfill material is provided between the second microelectronic die and the at least one first microelectronic die. The microelectronic substrate is then formed by laminating the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die in a substrate material. 1. A method of forming a microelectronic device, comprising: attaching at least one first microelectronic die to a second microelectronic die with a plurality of interconnects; disposing an underfill material between the at least one first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die after attachment; positioning a first laminate layer proximate the at least one first microelectronic die; positioning a second laminate layer proximate the second microelectronic die; and bringing pressure to bear on the first laminate layer and the second laminate layer to form a microelectronic substrate embedding the at least one first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die therein. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein disposing an underfill material between the at least one first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die after attachment comprises disposing an underfill material between the at least one first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die after attachment by capillary action. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein attaching at least one first microelectronic die to a second microelectronic die with a plurality of interconnects comprises attaching an active surface at least one of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die to the other of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die with the plurality of interconnects. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein attaching at least one first microelectronic die to a second microelectronic die with a plurality of interconnects comprises attaching at least one through silicon via at a back surface of at least one of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die to the other of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die with the plurality of interconnects. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein bringing pressure to bear on the first laminate layer and the second laminate layer to form the microelectronic substrate comprises bringing pressure to bear on the first laminate layer and the second laminate layer to form the microelectronic substrate having a first surface proximate the at least one first microelectronic die and a second surface proximate the second microelectronic die. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising forming an interconnect layer on at least one of the microelectronic substrate first surface and the microelectronic substrate second surface. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising forming an external interconnect on the interconnect layer. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming at least one conductive via within the microelectronic substrate. 9. A method of forming a microelectronic device, comprising: disposing an underfill material on the at least one of a first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die; attaching at least one first microelectronic die to a second microelectronic die with a plurality of interconnects extending though the underfill material; positioning a first laminate layer proximate the at least one first microelectronic die; positioning a second laminate layer proximate the second microelectronic die; and bringing pressure to bear on the first laminate layer and the second laminate layer to form a microelectronic substrate embedding the at least one first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die therein. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein attaching at least one first microelectronic die to a second microelectronic die with a plurality of interconnects comprises attaching an active surface at least one of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die to the other of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die with the plurality of interconnects. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein attaching at least one first microelectronic die to a second microelectronic die with a plurality of interconnects comprises attaching at least one through silicon via at a back surface of at least one of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die to the other of the first microelectronic die and the second microelectronic die with the plurality of interconnects. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein bringing pressure to bear on the first laminate layer and the second laminate layer to form the microelectronic substrate comprises bringing pressure to bear on the first laminate layer and the second laminate layer to form the microelectronic substrate having a first surface proximate the at least one first microelectronic die and a second surface proximate the second microelectronic die. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising forming an interconnect layer on at least one of the microelectronic substrate first surface and the microelectronic substrate second surface. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising forming an external interconnect on the interconnect layer. 15. The method of claim 19, further comprising forming at least one conductive via within the microelectronic substrate. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a portion of the first laminate layer contacts the second laminate layer forming an interface layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the interface abuts one of the underfill material, the first microelectronic die, and the second microelectronic die. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein a portion of the first laminate layer contacts the second laminate layer forming an interface layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the interface abuts one of the underfill material, the first microelectronic die, and the second microelectronic die.",
-    "Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus includes a processing system configured to generate a frame comprising a preamble, a first header, and a second header, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be decoded by a first device operating according to a first protocol, the second header not being configured to be decoded by the first device, and wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header are configured to be decoded by a second device operating according to a second protocol; and an interface configured to output the frame for transmission. 1. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising: a processing system configured to generate a frame comprising a preamble, a first header, and a second header, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be decoded by a first device operating according to a first protocol, the second header not being configured to be decoded by the first device, and wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header are configured to be decoded by a second device operating according to a second protocol; and an interface configured to output the frame for transmission. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first protocol includes a first set of available modulation coding schemes (MCS) and the second protocol includes a second set of available modulation coding schemes (MCS), the first set of MCS being different than the second set of MCS. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the processing system is further configured to modulate and code a first set of header data for the first header and a second set of header data for the second header of the frame using at least one of the MCS in the first set. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the frame comprises a first payload data appended to the second header, wherein the processing system is further configured to modulate and code the first payload data of the frame using the at least one of the MCS in the first set. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the frame further comprises a second payload data, wherein the processing system is further configured to modulate and code the second payload data of the frame using one of the MCS in the second set of MCS. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first payload data appended to the second header includes a particular quantity of data to allow the second device receiving the frame to set up for receiving the second payload data while receiving the first payload data appended to the second header. 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second header comprises information indicating a length of the first payload data and the second payload data for one or more channels associated with the transmission of the frame. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to generate the frame for transmission using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal or a single carrier (SC) signal. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first header comprises a first set of header data indicating whether the frame is configured for transmission via the OFDM signal or the SC signal. 10.-14. (canceled) 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the preamble comprises a first short training field (STF) and a first channel estimation field (CEF), wherein the frame further comprises a second short training field (STF) and a payload data. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second STF and the payload data of the frame are configured to be modulated on a single carrier. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, and the second header of the frame are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via a plurality of channels, respectively. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the frame comprises a second channel estimation field (CEF), and wherein the second CEF of the frame is configured to be modulated on a single carrier. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the second STF, the second CEF, and the payload data of the frame are configured to be transmitted via a bonded channel comprising at least a portion of at least some of the plurality of channels. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second header comprises information specifying a number of the one or more channels included in the bonded channel. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second header comprises information identifying a lowest frequency of the plurality of channels included in the bonded channel. 22. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein a first power level for transmission of the second STF, the second CEF, and the payload data is equal to or higher than a second power level for transmission of the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, and the second header. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the second header comprises information indicating a power difference between the first power level and the second power level. 24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the first header comprises information indicating a power difference between the first power level and the second power level, wherein the power difference information is not specified in the first protocol. 25. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the frame further comprises a first payload data, wherein the first header and the second header include header data modulated and coded using a modulation coding scheme (MCS) specified in the first protocol, wherein the processing system is configured to modulate and code the first payload data of the frame using a first modulation coding scheme (MCS) specified in the second protocol. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the frame further comprises a third header having a same configuration as the second header, the third header including information different than that of the second header, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be redundantly transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via first and second channels, and the second header and the third header are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via the first and second channels, respectively. 27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the frame further comprises a second payload data, the second payload data of the frame is modulated and coded with a second modulation coding scheme (MCS) specified in the second protocol, the second MCS being different than the first MCS, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be redundantly transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via first and second channels, and wherein the first payload data and the second payload data are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via the first and second channels, respectively. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the first payload data comprises a first set of one or more coded data blocks, the second payload data comprises a second set of one or more coded data blocks, the first set of one or more coded data blocks being different than the second set of one or more coded data blocks. 29. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the frame further comprises a second payload data, the second payload data of the frame is modulated and coded using the first MCS specified in the second protocol, wherein the preamble, the first header, the second header are configured to be redundantly transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via first and second channels, and wherein the first payload data and the second payload data are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via the first and second channels, respectively. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the first and second payload data comprise a plurality of coded data blocks, wherein first and second portions of the coded data blocks are configured to be transmitted via the first and second channels, respectively. 31. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the preamble comprises a first short training field (STF) and a first channel estimation field (CEF), the frame further comprises a second channel estimation field (CEF) and a payload data, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and the second CEF sequence are configured to be transmitted via a first set of channels, and the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a first bonded channel including the first set of channels, and wherein the first bonded channel is associated with a first spatial transmission. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and the second CEF are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a second bonded channel including the second set of channels, the transmission of the first STF, first CEF and first header of the second set of channels being skewed from the transmission of the first STF, first CEF, and first header of the second set of channels, wherein the second bonded channel is associated with a second spatial transmission. 33. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and a conjugate of the second CEF are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a second bonded channel including the second set of channels, and the second bonded channel is associated with a second spatial transmission. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the second CEF and the conjugate of the second CEF are configured to be transmitted in a substantially time aligned manner. 35. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and a third CEF are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a second bonded channel including the second set of channels, wherein the second bonded channel is associated with a second spatial transmission, and wherein the second CEF and the third CEF use different orthogonal sequences, respectively. 36. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the frame further comprises a payload data, wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header, the first set of channels are associated with a first transmission, wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, wherein the second set of channels are associated with a second transmission, and the second transmission is skewed from the first transmission by a time interval. 37. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the payload data associated with the first set of channels and the payload data associated with the second set of channels are configured to be transmitted in a substantially time aligned manner. 38. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the preamble comprises a first channel estimation field (CEF), wherein the frame comprises a second channel estimation field (CEF), wherein the second CEF is configured to be transmitted via the first set of channels, and wherein a conjugate of the second CEF is configured to be transmitted via the second set of channels. 39. A method for wireless communications, comprising: generating a frame comprising a preamble, a first header, and a second header, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be decoded by a first device operating according to a first protocol, the second header not being configured to be decoded by the first device, and wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header are configured to be decoded by a second device operating according to a second protocol; and outputting the frame for transmission. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the first protocol includes a first set of available modulation coding schemes (MCS) and the second protocol includes a second set of available modulation coding schemes, the first set of MCS being different than the second set of MCS. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the first header includes a first set of header data and the second header includes a second set of header data, wherein the first set of header data and the second set of header data are modulated and coded using at least one of the MCS in the first set. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the frame comprises a first payload data appended to the second header, wherein the first payload data of the frame is modulated and coded using the at least one of the MCS in the first set. 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the frame further comprises a second payload data, wherein the second payload data of the frame is modulated and coded using one of the MCS in the second set of MCS. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the first payload data appended to the second header includes a particular quantity of data to allow the second device receiving the frame to set up for receiving the second payload data while receiving the first payload data appended to the second header. 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the second header comprises information indicating a length of the first payload data and the second payload data for all one or more channels associated with the transmission of the frame. 46. The method of claim 39, wherein the frame is configured for transmission using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal or a single carrier (SC) signal. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the first header comprises information indicating whether the frame is configured for transmission via the OFDM signal or the SC signal. 48.-52. (canceled) 53. The method of claim 39, wherein the preamble comprises a first short training field (STF) and a first channel estimation field (CEF), wherein the frame further comprises a second short training field (STF) and a payload data. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the second STF and the payload data of the frame are configured to be modulated by a single carrier. 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, and the second header of the frame are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via a plurality of channels, respectively. 56. The method of claim 53, wherein the frame comprises a second channel estimation field (CEF), and wherein the second CEF of the frame is configured to be modulated by the single carrier. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the second STF, the second CEF, and the payload data of the frame are configured to be transmitted via a bonded channel comprising at least a portion at least some of the plurality of channels. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the second header comprises information specifying the number of the plurality of channels included in the bonded channel. 59. The method of claim 57, wherein the second header comprises information identifying a lowest frequency one of the plurality of channels included in the bonded channel. 60. The method of claim 57, wherein a first power level for transmission of the second STF, the second CEF, and the payload data is equal to or higher than a second power level for transmission of the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, and the second header. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the second header comprises information indicating a power difference between the first power level and the second power level. 62. The method of claim 60, wherein the first header comprises information indicating a power difference between the first power level and the second power level, wherein the power difference information is not specified in the first protocol. 63. The method of claim 39, wherein the frame further comprises a first payload data, wherein the first header and the second header of the frame include header data modulated and coded using a modulation coding scheme (MCS) specified in the first protocol, wherein the first payload data of the frame is modulated and coded using a first modulation coding scheme (MCS) specified in the second protocol. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the frame further comprises a third header having a same configuration as the second header, the third header including information different than that of the second header, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via first and second channels, and the second header and the third header are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via the first and second channels, respectively. 65. The method of claim 63, wherein the frame further comprises a second payload data, the second payload data of the frame is modulated and coded with a second modulation coding scheme (MCS) specified in the second protocol, the second MCS being different than the first MCS, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via first and second channels, and wherein the first payload data and the second payload data are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via the first and second channels, respectively. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the first payload data comprises a first set of one or more coded data blocks, the second separate payload data comprises a second set of one or more coded data blocks, the first set of one or more coded data blocks being different than the second set of one or more coded data blocks. 67. The method of claim 63, wherein the frame further comprises a second payload data, the second payload data of the frame is modulated and coded using the first MCS specified in the second protocol, wherein the preamble, the first header, the second header are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via first and second channels, and wherein the first payload data and the second payload data are configured to be transmitted in a time aligned or time skewed manner via the first and second channels, respectively. 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the first and second payload data comprise a plurality of coded data blocks, wherein first and second portions of the coded data blocks are configured to be transmitted via the first and second channels, respectively. 69. The method of claim 39, wherein the preamble comprises a first short training field (STF) and a first channel estimation field (CEF), the frame further comprises a second channel estimation field (CEF) and a payload data, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and the second CEF sequence are configured to be transmitted via a first set of channels, and the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a first bonded channel including the first set of channels, and wherein the first bonded channel is associated with a first spatial transmission. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and the second CEF are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a second bonded channel including the second set of channels, the transmission of the first STF, first CEF and first header of the second set of channels being skewed from the transmission of the first STF, first CEF, and first header of the second set of channels, wherein the second bonded channel is associated with a second spatial transmission. 71. The method of claim 69, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and a conjugate of the second CEF are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a second bonded channel including the second set of channels, and the second bonded channel is associated with a second spatial transmission. 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the second CEF and the conjugate of the second CEF are configured to be transmitted in a substantially time aligned manner. 73. The method of claim 69, wherein the first STF, the first CEF, the first header, the second header, and a third CEF are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, the payload data is configured to be transmitted via a second bonded channel including the second set of channels, wherein the second bonded channel is associated with a second spatial transmission, and wherein the second CEF and the third CEF use different orthogonal sequences, respectively. 74. The method of claim 39, wherein the frame further comprises a payload data, wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header, the first set of channels are associated with a first transmission, wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header are configured to be transmitted via a second set of channels, wherein the second set of channels are associated with a second transmission, and the second transmission is skewed from the first transmission by a time interval. 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the payload data associated with the first set of channels and the payload data associated with the second set of channels are configured to be transmitted in a substantially time aligned manner. 76. The method of claim 74, wherein the preamble comprises a first channel estimation field (CEF), wherein the frame comprises a second channel estimation field (CEF), wherein the second CEF is configured to be transmitted via the first set of channels, and wherein a conjugate of the second CEF is configured to be transmitted via the second set of channels. 77.-115. (canceled) 116. A wireless node, comprising: at least one antenna; a processing system configured to generate a frame comprising a preamble, a first header, and a second header, wherein the preamble and the first header are configured to be decoded by a first device operating according to a first protocol, the second header not being configured to be decoded by the first device, and wherein the preamble, the first header, and the second header are configured to be decoded by a second device operating according to a second protocol; and an interface configured to output the frame for transmission via the at least one antenna.",
-    "A method for producing a plurality of semiconductor components and a semiconductor component is disclosed. In some embodiment, the method includes forming a semiconductor layer sequence, structuring the semiconductor layer sequence by forming trenches thereby structuring semiconductor bodies, applying an auxiliary substrate on the semiconductor layer sequence, so that the semiconductor layer sequence is arranged between the auxiliary substrate and the substrate and removing the substrate from the semiconductor layer sequence. The method further comprises applying an anchoring layer covering the trench and vertical surfaces of the semiconductor bodies, forming a plurality of tethers by structuring the anchoring layer in regions covering the trench, locally detaching the auxiliary substrate from the semiconductor bodies, wherein the tethers remain attached to the auxiliary substrate and selectively picking up a semiconductor body by separating the tethers from the auxiliary substrate, the semiconductor body including a portion of the layer sequence. 1. A method for producing a plurality of semiconductor components each having a semiconductor body, the method comprising: applying a semiconductor layer sequence having a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer and an active region being disposed between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer on a substrate; forming contact structures for electrically contacting the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer; structuring the semiconductor layer sequence by forming trenches separating the semiconductor bodies; applying an auxiliary substrate on the semiconductor layer sequence, so that the semiconductor layer sequence is arranged between the auxiliary substrate and the substrate; removing the substrate from the semiconductor layer sequence; applying an anchoring layer covering the trench and vertical surfaces of the semiconductor bodies; forming a plurality of tethers by structuring the anchoring layer in regions covering the trench; locally detaching the auxiliary substrate from the semiconductor bodies, wherein the tethers remain attached to the auxiliary substrate; and selectively picking up each semiconductor body by separating the tethers from the auxiliary substrate, each semiconductor body comprising a portion of the first semiconductor layer, a portion of the second semiconductor layer and a portion of the active region together with an associated contact structure. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the anchoring layer is carried out prior to locally detaching the auxiliary substrate, and wherein the semiconductor bodies are held in place by the tethers during locally detaching the auxiliary substrate. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the anchoring layer comprises forming the anchoring layer from a dielectric material, and wherein forming the plurality of tethers comprises forming the plurality of tethers by etching the anchoring layer. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein applying the anchoring layer comprises forming the anchoring layer from a photoresist material, and wherein forming the plurality of tethers comprises forming the plurality of tethers by a photolithography process. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein both steps locally detaching the auxiliary substrate and forming the plurality of tethers are carried out by a photolithography process. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein structuring the anchoring layer comprises disconnecting the tethers associated with the semiconductor bodies. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the anchoring layer comprises forming an anchor bar between the semiconductor bodies by structuring the anchoring layer in regions covering the trench and the semiconductor bodies are connected to the anchor bar by the tethers. 8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising providing the substrate with a patterned surface and growing the semiconductor layer sequence onto the patterned surface of the substrate such that the semiconductor layer sequence comprises a patterned first main surface facing and reproducing the patterned surface of the substrate. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein prior to forming the contact structure the semiconductor layer sequence is patterned on a side remote from the substrate such that a patterned second main surface of the semiconductor layer sequence remote from the substrate is formed which comprises micro-prisms. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising applying a mirror layer on the patterned second main surface such that the mirror layer reproduces the patterned second main surface at least in places. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein a first contact area and a second contact area of the contact structure and an insulating layer are formed on a side of the semiconductor layer sequence remote from the substrate, wherein a planar connection surface is formed by surfaces of the first contact area, the second contact area and the insulating layer, the surfaces being remote from the semiconductor layer sequence. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein selectively picking up the semiconductor body comprises selectively removing the semiconductor body from the auxiliary substrate and connecting the semiconductor body to a carrier by direct-bonding, which is free of using any adhesive material. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the carrier comprises a planar bonding surface, wherein prior to direct-bonding the planar bonding surface to the planar connection surface, the planar bonding surface and the planar connection surface are surface-finished by plasma cleaning. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the contact structure is formed on a main surface of the semiconductor layer sequence facing away from the substrate, and wherein the contact structure comprises a first contact area, a via and a second contact area, the second contact area being electrically connected to the second semiconductor layer, the via being electrically connected to the first contact area and extending from the main surface throughout the second semiconductor layer and the active region into or throughout the first semiconductor layer. 15. A semiconductor component comprising: a carrier having a planar bonding surface; and a main body arranged on the carrier, wherein the main body comprises: a semiconductor body having a first main surface remote from the carrier and a second main surface facing the carrier, wherein the semiconductor body comprises a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer and an active region being arranged between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer; a contact structure having a via extending from the second main surface throughout the second semiconductor layer and the active region for electrically contacting the first semiconductor layer, wherein the contact structure comprises a first contact area being electrically connected to the via and a second contact area on a side of the second main surface, wherein the first contact area and the second contact area are laterally separated by an insulating layer; and a planar connection surface formed by surfaces of the first contact area, the second contact area and the insulating layer, wherein the planar bonding surface is in direct contact with the planar connection surface of the main body thereby forming a common interface between the main body and the carrier, and wherein the common interface is free of any adhesive material. 16. The semiconductor component according to claim 15, wherein the carrier further comprises a first contact pad and a second contact pad laterally separated from the first contact pad by an insulating pad, wherein the planar bonding surface is formed by surfaces of the first contact pad, the second contact pad and the insulating pad, and wherein the common interface is formed partially by a metal-metal-interface, an insulating-insulating-interface and a metal-insulating-interface. 17. The semiconductor component according to claim 15, wherein the second main surface comprises a patterned second main surface having a plurality of micro-prisms, wherein a mirror layer is arranged between the second main surface and the carrier and wherein the mirror layer reproduces the patterned second main surface at least in places. 18. A device comprising a plurality of the semiconductor components according to claim 15, wherein the carriers of all the semiconductor components are formed as a single common carrier. 19. A method comprising: forming a semiconductor layer sequence; structuring the semiconductor layer sequence by forming trenches thereby structuring a plurality of semiconductor bodies; applying an auxiliary substrate on the semiconductor layer sequence, so that the semiconductor layer sequence is arranged between the auxiliary substrate and a substrate; removing the substrate from the semiconductor layer sequence; applying an anchoring layer covering the trench and vertical surfaces of the semiconductor bodies; forming a plurality of tethers by structuring the anchoring layer in regions covering the trench; locally detaching the auxiliary substrate from the semiconductor bodies, wherein the tethers remain attached to the auxiliary substrate; and selectively picking up each semiconductor body of the plurality of semiconductor bodies by separating the tethers from the auxiliary substrate, the semiconductor body comprising a portion of the semiconductor layer sequence.",
-    "A system for providing a training load schedule for peak performance positioning includes an apparatus for providing a training load schedule for peak performance positioning. The apparatus includes an initial load schedule module that provides an initial load schedule. The apparatus also includes a fatigue level module that detects a fatigue level. In addition, the apparatus includes a dynamic load schedule module that creates and updates a dynamic load schedule by modifying the initial load schedule based on the fatigue level. 1. A method for providing a training load schedule for peak performance positioning, comprising: providing an initial load schedule; detecting a fatigue level; and creating and updating a dynamic load schedule by modifying the initial load schedule based on the fatigue level. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamic load schedule prepares a user for an event to take place on a specified date. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial load schedule and the dynamic load schedule comprise at least one of a recommended daily activity level and a recommended fatigue level. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein creating and updating the dynamic load schedule occurs in response to detecting the fatigue level. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein updating the dynamic load schedule occurs at least once per day. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein creating and updating the dynamic load schedule comprises positioning the user in an optimal performance zone on the specified date of the event. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining the initial load schedule and the dynamic load schedule in a calendar. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising displaying the initial load schedule and the dynamic load schedule using the calendar and at least one of a color-coding representation and a numerical representation. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an external dynamic load schedule; and comparing the dynamic load schedule to the external dynamic load schedule. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the operations of providing the initial load schedule, detecting the fatigue level, and creating and updating the dynamic load schedule comprises using a sensor configured to be attached to the body of a user.",
-    "Method, systems, and apparatuses are described for wireless communications. More particularly, a wireless station may connect to a wireless network using a first radio frequency (RF) band and detect a signal strength of the first RF band is greater than a roaming threshold. The wireless station may perform a plurality of scans for support by the wireless network of a second RF band in response to the detected signal strength. Each scan may occur when the signal strength of the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. The wireless station may selectively connect to the wireless network using the second RF band based at least in part on the scanning and a throughput supported by the wireless network over the second RF band. The first RF band may be a 2.4 GHz band and the second RF band may be a 5 GHz band. 1. A method for wireless communication at a wireless station, comprising: connecting to a wireless network using a first radio frequency (RF) band; detecting a signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band that is greater than a roaming threshold; performing a plurality of scans for support by the wireless network of a second RF band in response to the detected signal strength, each scan occurring when the signal strength of the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold; determining that the second RF band is supported by the wireless network and a supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band; and selectively connecting to the wireless network using the second RF band based at least in part on the scanning and the supported throughput of the second RF band. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing each scan based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: an instantaneous signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band and a detected threshold change of the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: limiting a number of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a scan count constraint parameter while the detected signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing one of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a defined scan delay period between subsequent scans. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying an upper signal strength level of the wireless network over the first RF band; and refraining from scanning for support by the wireless network of the second RF band when the detected signal strength is greater than the upper signal strength level. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the second RF band is unsupported by the wireless network; and refraining from scanning on the second RF band while the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band is determined based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: a signal strength of the wireless network over the second RF band, a bandwidth of the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of spatial streams associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an angle of arrival of a signal from the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of connections associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an amount of interference detected over the second RF band, a detected error receiving a beacon from the wireless network over the second RF band, and a distance between an access point of the wireless network and the wireless station. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first RF band comprises a 2.4 GHz RF band and the second RF band comprises a 5 GHz RF band. 9. A wireless station, comprising: a connection controller to connect to a wireless network using a first radio frequency (RF) band; a signal strength detector to detect a signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band that is greater than a roaming threshold; and a scanning controller to perform a plurality of scans for support by the wireless network of a second RF band in response to the detected signal strength, each scan occurring when the signal strength of the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold, determine that the second RF band is supported by the wireless network, and determine a supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band; wherein the connection controller is further to selectively connect to the wireless network using the second RF band based at least in part on the scanning and the supported throughput of the second RF band. 10. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein the scanning controller is further to perform each scan based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: an instantaneous signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band and a detected threshold change of the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band. 11. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein the scanning controller is further to: limit a number of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a scan count constraint parameter while the detected signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 12. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein the scanning controller is further to: perform one of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a defined scan delay period between subsequent scans. 13. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein: the signal strength detector is further to identify an upper signal strength level of the wireless network over the first RF band; and the scanning controller is further to refrain from scanning for support by the wireless network of the second RF band when the detected signal strength is greater than the upper signal strength level. 14. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein the scanning controller is further to determine that the second RF band is unsupported by the wireless network; and refraining from scanning on the second RF band while the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 15. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein the supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band is determined based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: a signal strength of the wireless network over the second RF band, a bandwidth of the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of spatial streams associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an angle of arrival of a signal from the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of connections associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an amount of interference detected over the second RF band, a detected error receiving a beacon from the wireless network over the second RF band, and a distance between an access point of the wireless network and the wireless station. 16. The wireless station of claim 9, wherein the first RF band comprises a 2.4 GHz RF band and the second RF band comprises a 5 GHz RF band. 17. An apparatus for wireless communication at a wireless station, comprising: means for connecting to a wireless network using a first radio frequency (RF) band; means for detecting a signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band that is greater than a roaming threshold; means for performing a plurality of scans for support by the wireless network of a second RF band in response to the detected signal strength, each scan occurring when the signal strength of the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold; means for determining that the second RF band is supported by the wireless network and a supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band; and means for selectively connecting to the wireless network using the second RF band in response to the scanning. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: means for performing each scan based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: an instantaneous signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band and a detected threshold change of the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band. 19. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: means for limiting a number of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a scan count constraint parameter while the detected signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 20. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: means for performing one of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a defined scan delay period between subsequent scans. 21. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: means for identifying an upper signal strength level of the wireless network over the first RF band; and means for refraining from scanning for support by the wireless network of the second RF band when the detected signal strength is greater than the upper signal strength level. 22. The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising: means for determining that the second RF band is unsupported by the wireless network; and means for refraining from scanning on the second RF band while the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 23. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band is determined based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: a signal strength of the wireless network over the second RF band, a bandwidth of the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of spatial streams associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an angle of arrival of a signal from the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of connections associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an amount of interference detected over the second RF band, a detected error receiving a beacon from the wireless network over the second RF band, and a distance between an access point of the wireless network and the wireless station. 24. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for wireless communications storing code executable by a processor to cause a wireless station to: connect to a wireless network using a first radio frequency (RF) band; detect a signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band that is greater than a roaming threshold; perform a plurality of scans for support by the wireless network of a second RF band in response to the detected signal strength, each scan occurring when the signal strength of the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold; determine that the second RF band is supported by the wireless network and a supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band; and selectively connect to the wireless network using the second RF band based at least in part on the scanning and the supported throughput of the second RF band. 25. The computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to cause the wireless station to: perform each scan based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: an instantaneous signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band and a detected threshold change of the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band. 26. The computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to cause the wireless station to: limit a number of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a scan count constraint parameter while the detected signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 27. The computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to cause the wireless station to: perform one of the plurality of scans based at least in part on a defined scan delay period between subsequent scans. 28. The computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to cause the wireless station to: identify an upper signal strength level of the wireless network over the first RF band; and refrain from scanning for support by the wireless network of the second RF band when the detected signal strength is greater than the upper signal strength level. 29. The computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the code is further executable by the processor to cause the wireless station to: determine that the second RF band is unsupported by the wireless network; and refrain from scanning on the second RF band while the signal strength of the wireless network over the first RF band is greater than the roaming threshold. 30. The computer-readable medium of claim 24, wherein the supported throughput of the wireless network over the second RF band is determined based at least in part on one from the group consisting of: a signal strength of the wireless network over the second RF band, a bandwidth of the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of spatial streams associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an angle of arrival of a signal from the wireless network over the second RF band, a number of connections associated with the wireless network over the second RF band, an amount of interference detected over the second RF band, a detected error receiving a beacon from the wireless network over the second RF band, and a distance between an access point of the wireless network and the wireless station.",
-    "Methods and systems for providing consistency in noise reduction during speech and non-speech periods are provided. First and second signals are received. The first signal includes at least a voice component. The second signal includes at least the voice component modified by human tissue of a user. First and second weights may be assigned per subband to the first and second signals, respectively. The first and second signals are processed to obtain respective first and second full-band power estimates. During periods when the user's speech is not present, the first weight and the second weight are adjusted based at least partially on the first full-band power estimate and the second full-band power estimate. The first and second signals are blended based on the adjusted weights to generate an enhanced voice signal. The second signal may be aligned with the first signal prior to the blending. 1. A method for audio processing, the method comprising: receiving a first signal including at least a voice component and a second signal including at least the voice component modified by at least a human tissue of a user, the voice component being speech of the user, the first and second signals including periods when the speech of the user is not present; assigning a first weight to the first signal and a second weight to the second signal; processing the first signal to obtain a first power estimate; processing the second signal to obtain a second power estimate; utilizing the first and second power estimates to identify the periods when the speech of the user is not present; for the periods that have been identified to be when the speech of the user is not present, performing one or both of decreasing the first weight and increasing the second weight so as to enhance the level of the second signal relative to the first signal; and blending, based on the first weight and the second weight, the first signal and the second signal to generate an enhanced voice signal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: further processing the first signal to obtain a first full-band power estimate; further processing the second signal to obtain a second full-band power estimate; determining a minimum value between the first full-band power estimate and the second full-band power estimate; and based on the determination: increasing the first weight and decreasing the second weight when the minimum value corresponds to the first full-band power estimate; and increasing the second weight and decreasing the first weight when the minimum value corresponds to the second full-band power estimate. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the increasing and decreasing is carried out by applying a shift. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the shift is calculated based on a difference between the first full-band power estimate and the second full-band power estimate, the shift receiving a larger value for a larger difference value. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: prior to the increasing and decreasing, determining that the difference exceeds a pre-determined threshold; and based on the determination, applying the shift if the difference exceeds the pre-determined threshold. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal and the second signal are transformed into subband signals. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein, for the periods when the speech of the user is present, the assigning the first weight and the second weight is carried out per subband by performing the following: processing the first signal to obtain a first signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the subband; processing the second signal to obtain a second SNR for the subband; comparing the first SNR and the second SNR; and based on the comparison, assigning a first value to the first weight for the subband and a second value to the second weight for the subband, and wherein: the first value is larger than the second value if the first SNR is larger than the second SNR; the second value is larger than the first value if the second SNR is larger than the first SNR; and a difference between the first value and the second value depends on a difference between the first SNR and the second SNR. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal represents at least one sound captured by an internal microphone located inside an ear canal. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the internal microphone is at least partially sealed for isolation from acoustic signals external to the ear canal. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal represents at least one sound captured by an external microphone located outside an ear canal. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to the assigning, aligning the second signal with the first signal, the aligning including applying a spectral alignment filter to the second signal. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the assigning of the first weight and the second weight includes: determining, based on the first signal, a first noise estimate; determining, based on the second signal, a second noise estimate; and calculating, based on the first noise estimate and the second noise estimate, the first weight and the second weight. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the blending includes mixing the first signal and the second signal according to the first weight and the second weight. 14. A system for audio processing, the system comprising: a processor; and a memory communicatively coupled with the processor, the memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the processor, perform a method comprising: receiving a first signal including at least a voice component and a second signal including at least the voice component modified by at least a human tissue of a user, the voice component being speech of the user, the first and second signals including periods when the speech of the user is not present; assigning a first weight to the first signal and a second weight to the second signal; processing the first signal to obtain a first power estimate; processing the second signal to obtain a second power estimate; utilizing the first and second power estimates to identify the periods when the speech of the user is not present; for the periods that have been identified to be when the speech of the user is not present, performing one or both of decreasing the first weight and increasing the second weight so as to enhance the level of the second signal relative to the first signal; and blending, based on the first weight and the second weight, the first signal and the second signal to generate an enhanced voice signal. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises: further processing the first signal to obtain a first full-band power estimate; further processing the second signal to obtain a second full-band power estimate; determining a minimum value between the first full-band power estimate and the second full-band power estimate; and based on the determination: increasing the first weight and decreasing the second weight when the minimum value corresponds to the first full-band power estimate; and increasing the second weight and decreasing the first weight when the minimum value corresponds to the second full-band power estimate. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the increasing and decreasing is carried out by applying a shift. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the shift is calculated based on a difference of the first full-band power estimate and the second full-band power estimate, the shift receiving a larger value for a larger value difference. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising: prior to the increasing and decreasing, determining that the difference exceeds a pre-determined threshold; and based on the determination, applying the shift if the difference exceeds the pre-determined threshold. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the first signal and the second signal are transformed into subband signals. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein, for the periods when the speech of the user is present, the assigning the first weight and the second weight is carried out per subband by performing the following: processing the first signal to obtain a first signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the subband; processing the second signal to obtain a second SNR for the subband; comparing the first SNR and the second SNR; and based on the comparison, assigning a first value to the first weight for the subband and a second value to the second weight for the subband, and wherein: the first value is larger than the second value if the first SNR is larger than the second SNR; the second value is larger than the first value if the second SNR is larger than the first SNR; and a difference between the first value and the second value depends on a difference between the first SNR and the second SNR. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein the second signal represents at least one sound captured by an internal microphone located inside an ear canal. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the internal microphone is at least partially sealed for isolation from acoustic signals external to the ear canal. 23. The system of claim 14, wherein the first signal represents at least one sound captured by an external microphone located outside an ear canal. 24. The system of claim 14, further comprising, prior to assigning, aligning the second signal with the first signal, the aligning including applying a spectral alignment filter to the second signal. 25. The system of claim 14, wherein the assigning the first weight and the second weight includes: determining, based on the first signal, a first noise estimate; determining, based on the second signal, a second noise estimate; and calculating, based on the first noise estimate and the second noise estimate, the first weight and the second weight. 26. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having embodied thereon instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor, perform steps of a method, the method comprising: receiving a first signal including at least a voice component and a second signal including at least the voice component modified by at least a human tissue of a user, the voice component being speech of the user, the first and second signals including periods when the speech of the user is not present; determining, based on the first signal, a first noise estimate; determining, based on the second signal, a second noise estimate; assigning, based on the first noise estimate and second noise estimate, a first weight to the first signal and a second weight to the second signal; processing the first signal to obtain a first power estimate; processing the second signal to obtain a second power estimate; utilizing the first and second power estimates to identify the periods when the speech of the user is not present; for the periods that have been identified to be when the speech of the user is not present, performing one or both of decreasing the first weight and increasing the second weight so as to enhance the level of the second signal relative to the first signal; and blending, based on the first weight and the second weight, the first signal and the second signal to generate an enhanced voice signal.",
-    "A concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system with a container unit with an upper region located above and fluidly communicating with a lower region, the upper region having a container unit sealing and seating feature, the upper region having a container unit open mouth, and a rack unit that receives the container portion and which can have a stationary portion and a movable portion. 1. A concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system, comprising: a container unit with an upper region located above and fluidly communicating with a lower region, the upper region having a container unit sealing and seating feature, the upper region having a container unit open mouth; and a rack unit having a stationary portion and a movable portion, the movable portion having a length and a width that is sized to carry the container unit, the movable portion being movably connected to the stationary portion. 2. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 1, wherein the upper region of the container unit has a front wall, two opposite side walls, and a rear wall, wherein the rear wall is taller than the front wall and wherein the container unit sealing and seating feature comprise a raised seat that in located in an interface region between the upper region and the lower region and which raised seat run generally parallel to and is spaced away from the two opposite side walls and the rear wall leaving a lower gully around the raised seat, and wherein the upper region of the container unit has a larger cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area of the lower region of the container unit. 3. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 2, further comprising a detachable cover that detachably fits in the upper region of the container unit in the container unit open mouth to block the mouth and prevent egress of contents from the container. 4. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 3, wherein the detachable cover has a unit further comprises a front wall, two opposite side walls, and a rear wall which walls extend up from the bottom wall, wherein the rear wall is taller than the front wall, and wherein detachable cover has a lower edge that seats and seals on the raised seat of the container unit. 5. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 2, further comprising a generally horizontal rim extends from a top of the front wall of upper region of the container unit inwardly towards the back wall of the upper region. 6. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 1, further comprising a drainage valve positioned on the lower region of the container portion and wherein the lower region of the container unit has a front wall, two opposite side walls, and a rear wall extending up from a bottom wall, and wherein a drainage valve aperture is formed in the front wall of the lower region of the container unit which drainage valve aperture receives the drainage valve, and wherein a dam extends upwardly from the bottom wall and is spaced apart from an entrance of the drainage valve in the container unit. 7. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 1, further comprising suspension hooks affixed to the container unit. 8. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 1, wherein the movable portion comprising a rectangular base having two opposite side edges, a raised front wall, and two spaced apart side arms at opposite sides of the raised front wall that are spaced apart to receive the container unit therebetween, and wherein the stationary portion comprises a platform with two upraised and spaced apart guide rails adapted to slideably receive the rectangular base therein. 9. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 8, where the movable portion of the rack has retention hooks which engage with the container unit when the container unit is placed on the rack. 10. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 9, further comprising a latch to selective lock the position of the movable portion relative to the stationary portion in one of a retracted position and an extended position. 11. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 1, wherein the stationary portion of the rack comprises a back wall and two spaced apart sides, and wherein the movable portion comprising a rectangular base having two opposite side edges, a raised front wall, and two spaced apart side arms at opposite sides of the raised front wall that are spaced apart to receive the container unit therebetween, and wherein the movable portion is pivotally mounted at its sides to the sides of the stationary portion of the rack to allow pivoting of the movable portion relative to the stationary portion between a untipped position wherein the container unit's mouth is directed upwardly, and a tipped position wherein the container unit's mouth is directed at least partially downwardly. 12. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 11, further comprising latch to lock the position of the movable portion relative to the stationary portion in an untipped position. 13. A concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system, comprising: a container unit with an upper region located above and fluidly communicating with a lower region, the upper region having a container unit sealing and seating feature, the upper region having a container unit open mouth; a detachable cover that detachably fits in the upper region of the container unit in the container unit open mouth to block the mouth and prevent egress of contents from the container; and a rack unit having a stationary portion and a movable portion, the movable portion having a length and a width that is sized to carry the container unit, the movable portion being movably connected to the stationary portion, wherein the movable portion comprising a rectangular base having two opposite side edges, a raised front wall, and two spaced apart side arms at opposite sides of the raised front wall that are spaced apart to receive the container unit therebetween, and wherein the stationary portion comprises a platform with two upraised and spaced apart guide rails adapted to slideably receive the rectangular base therein. 14. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 13, where the movable portion of the rack has retention hooks which engage with the container unit when the container unit is placed on the rack. 15. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 13, further comprising a latch to selective lock the position of the movable portion relative to the stationary portion in one of a retracted position and an extended position. 16. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 13 further comprising a drainage valve positioned on the lower region of the container portion and wherein the lower region of the container unit has a front wall, two opposite side walls, and a rear wall extending up from a bottom wall, and wherein a drainage valve aperture is formed in the front wall of the lower region of the container unit which drainage valve aperture receives the drainage valve, and wherein a dam extends upwardly from the bottom wall and is spaced apart from an entrance of the drainage valve in the container unit. 17. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 14, where the rack has retention hooks which engage with the container unit when the container unit is placed on the rack. 18. A concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system, comprising: a container unit with an upper region located above and fluidly communicating with a lower region, the upper region having a container unit sealing and seating feature, the upper region having a container unit open mouth; a detachable cover that detachably fits in the upper region of the container unit in the container unit open mouth to block the mouth and prevent egress of contents from the container; and a rack unit having a stationary portion and a movable portion, the movable portion having a length and a width that is sized to carry the container unit, the movable portion being movably connected to the stationary portion, wherein the stationary portion of the rack comprises a back wall and two spaced apart sides, and wherein the movable portion comprising a rectangular base having two opposite side edges, a raised front wall, and two spaced apart side arms at opposite sides of the raised front wall that are spaced apart to receive the container unit therebetween, and wherein the movable portion is pivotally mounted at its sides to the sides of the stationary portion of the rack to allow pivoting of the movable portion relative to the stationary portion between a untipped position wherein the container unit's mouth is directed upwardly, and a tipped position wherein the container unit's mouth is directed at least partially downwardly. 19. The concrete mixing transport truck chute washout system of claim 18, further comprising latch to lock the position of the movable portion relative to the stationary portion in an untipped position.",
-    "A photographing apparatus includes a first processing unit, a second processing unit, and a third processing unit. The first processing unit to the external apparatus, executes a function other than sending of the photographing apparatus. The second processing unit to the external apparatus, executes a function relating to sending of the photographing apparatus. The third processing unit controls to allow exclusive execution of a function other than the sending by the first processing unit and execution of a function relating to the sending by the second processing unit in order to prevent the flaw from being caused by performing execution of a function other than the sending by the first processing unit and execution of a function relating to the sending by the second processing unit in parallel. 1. A photographing apparatus that sends an image to an external apparatus, comprising: a processor that: executes a first function is a function other than sending from the photographing apparatus to the external apparatus, executes a second function is a function relating to sending from the photographing apparatus to the external apparatus, and controls so as to allow exclusive execution of the first function and execution of the second function, in order to prevent flaw from being caused by performing execution of the first function and execution of the second function in parallel, wherein the processor controls to restrict or release execution of the second function at a timing different from a timing at which it is necessary to prevent the flaw. 2. The photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first function is a photographing function that creates a photographed image by conducting photographing processing on a captured image captured by an image capture unit, and wherein the second function is an automatic sending function that performs processing of automatically sending a photographed image captured by way of the photographing function to an external apparatus, and wherein the flaw is caused when the photographing processing and the processing of automatically sending are performed in parallel. 3. The photographing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the processor restricts execution of a processing of automatically sending at timing earlier than timing at which starts execution of a photographing function. 4. The photographing apparatus according to claim 3, wherein, when transitioning to a photographing standby state is detected, the processor performs control to restrict a processing of automatically sending, even when before the photographing processing. 5. The photographing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the processor releases restriction of a processing of automatically sending at a timing later than a timing at which ends execution of a photographing function. 6. The photographing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein, even when ending of the photographing processing is detected, the processor performs control to release the restriction of a processing of automatically sending after a predetermined lapse of time. 7. The photographing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the predetermined lapse of time is a time during which it is possible to prevent flaw caused in a case in which execution of the photographing processing is started continuously after ending of the photographing processing. 8. The photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor executes at least one of: control to stop a second function in order to execute a first function; and control to limit a second function in order to prioritize execution of the first function over execution of the second function. 9. The photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first function is an image processing function, wherein the second function is an automatic sending function of an image executed in parallel with the image processing function, and wherein the flaw refers to heat generated by executing high-load image processing and communication processing in parallel. 10. The photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first function is a sound playback function, wherein the second function is an automatic sending function of an image executed in parallel with the sound playback function, and wherein the flaw is noise generation due to a specific frequency clock used for executing communication processing by the automatic sending function. 11. The photographing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the flaw is competing of a physical volume of memory or logical competing of algorithm of software. 12. A sending control method executed in a photographing apparatus that sends an image to an external apparatus, comprising: a first processing of executing a function other than sending from the photographing apparatus to the external apparatus; a second processing of executing a function relating to sending from the photographing apparatus to the external apparatus; and control processing of allowing exclusive control execution of a function other than sending in the first processing and execution of a function relating to sending in the second processing in order to prevent flaw from being caused by performing execution of a function other than sending in the first processing and execution of a function relating to sending in the second processing in parallel, wherein the control processing controls to restrict or release execution of a function relating to sending in the second processing at a timing different from a timing at which it is necessary to prevent the flaw. 13. A non-transitory storage medium encoded with a computer-readable program that enables a computer, which controls a photographing apparatus to send an image to an external apparatus, to execute: a first execution function that executes a function other than sending from the photographing apparatus to the external apparatus; a second execution function that executes a function relating to sending from the photographing apparatus to the external apparatus; and a control function that allows exclusive control execution of a function other than sending by the first execution function and execution of a function relating to sending by the second execution function, in order to prevent flaw from being caused by performing execution of a function other than sending by the first execution function and execution of a function relating to sending by the second execution function in parallel, wherein the control function controls to restrict or release execution of a function relating to sending by the second execution function at a timing different from a timing at which it is necessary to prevent the flaw.",
-    "A method for producing a plurality of semiconductor components and a semiconductor component are disclosed. In an embodiment the method includes applying a semiconductor layer sequence on a substrate, structuring the semiconductor layer sequence by forming trenches thereby separating the semiconductor layer sequence into a plurality of semiconductor bodies and applying an insulating layer covering the trenches and vertical surfaces of the plurality of semiconductor bodies. The method further includes forming a plurality of tethers by structuring the insulating layer in regions covering the trenches, locally detaching the substrate from the plurality of semiconductor bodies, wherein the tethers remain attached to the substrate and selectively picking up each semiconductor body by separating the tethers from the substrate, wherein each semiconductor body comprises a portion of the semiconductor layer sequence. 1. A method for producing a plurality of semiconductor components each having a semiconductor body, the method comprising: applying a semiconductor layer sequence having a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer and an active region being disposed between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer on a substrate; forming a contact structure for electrically contacting the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer; structuring the semiconductor layer sequence by forming trenches separating the semiconductor bodies; applying an insulating layer covering the trenches and vertical surfaces of the semiconductor bodies; forming a plurality of tethers by structuring the insulating layer in regions covering the trenches; locally detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies, wherein the tethers remain attached to the substrate; and selectively picking up each semiconductor body by separating the tethers from the substrate, each semiconductor body comprising a portion of the first semiconductor layer, a portion of the second semiconductor layer and a portion of the active region together with an associated contact structure. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the plurality of tethers is carried out prior to locally detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies, and wherein the semiconductor bodies are held in place by the tethers during locally detaching the substrate. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the plurality of tethers comprises structuring the insulating layer such that tethers associated with different semiconductor bodies are disconnected. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the plurality of tethers comprises forming an anchor bar between the semiconductor bodies by structuring the insulating layer in the regions covering the trenches, and wherein the semiconductor bodies are connected to the anchor bar by the tethers. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein locally detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies comprises directional etching using a wet etchant, and wherein the tethers and the anchor bar are not underetched. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein structuring the semiconductor layer sequence comprises forming the trenches throughout the second semiconductor layer as well as the active region so that when the insulating layer is applied within the trenches, the insulating layer covers the first semiconductor layer, and wherein forming the plurality of tethers comprises forming the plurality of tethers such that the tethers cover the first semiconductor layer within the trenches. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a patterned surface and the semiconductor layer sequence is grown onto the patterned surface of the substrate such that the semiconductor layer sequence comprises a first patterned main surface reproducing the patterned surface of the substrate. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein structuring the semiconductor layer sequence comprises forming trenches throughout the semiconductor layer sequence such that the patterned surface of the substrate is partially exposed within the trenches, and wherein applying the insulating layer comprises penetrating insulating layer into the patterned substrate such that the tethers are anchored to the substrate. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein locally detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies comprises detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies by laser lift-off, and wherein the tethers remain at least partially attached to the substrate after detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein in locally detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies comprises detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies by etching, wherein the tethers remain at least partially attached to the substrate after detaching the substrate from the semiconductor bodies. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer sequence is grown onto a plane surface of the substrate, and wherein after forming the plurality of tethers and prior to selectively picking up each semiconductor body, first main surfaces of the semiconductor bodies facing the substrate are patterned by etching. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the contact structure is formed on a main surface of the semiconductor layer sequence facing away from the substrate, and wherein the contact structure comprises first contact areas, vias and second contact areas, the second contact areas being electrically connected to the second semiconductor layer, the vias being electrically connected to the first contact areas and extending from the main surface throughout the second semiconductor layer and the active region into the first semiconductor layer. 13. A semiconductor component: a light transmissive carrier; a semiconductor body disposed on the light transmissive carrier, the semiconductor body comprising a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer and an active region being arranged between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor body comprises a first patterned main surface facing the light transmissive carrier and a second main surface facing away from the carrier; a contact structure comprising a first contact area and a second contact area arranged on the second main surface, wherein the second contact area is electrically connected to the second semiconductor layer, and wherein the contact structure comprises a via, the via being electrically connected to the first contact area and extending from the second main surface throughout the second semiconductor layer and the active region into the first semiconductor layer; and an insulating layer covering a vertical surface of the semiconductor body, wherein the insulating layer comprises a tether or a remnant of the tether, wherein the semiconductor component is free of a growth substrate. 14. The semiconductor component according to claim 13, wherein the tether or the remnant of the tether is arranged sideways from the semiconductor body and is embedded in a connecting layer fixing the semiconductor body to the light transmissive carrier. 15. The semiconductor component according to claim 13, further comprising a first mirror layer and a second mirror layer, wherein the first mirror layer is arranged on a side of the semiconductor body facing the second main surface, wherein the second mirror layer is embedded into the light transmissive carrier, wherein the second mirror layer is arranged sideways from the semiconductor body, and wherein the first mirror layer and the second mirror layer are free of overlaps. 16. The semiconductor component according to claim 13, wherein the active region is configured to generate electromagnetic radiation during operation of the semiconductor component. 17. The semiconductor component according to claim 13, wherein phosphor particles are disposed within the light transmissive carrier or in a layer disposed on the light transmissive carrier. 18. A device comprising a plurality of the semiconductor components according to claim 13, wherein the light transmissive carriers of the semiconductor components (100) are formed as a single common light transmissive carrier. 19. A method for producing a plurality of semiconductor components, the method comprising: applying a semiconductor layer sequence on a substrate; structuring the semiconductor layer sequence by forming trenches thereby separating the semiconductor layer sequence into a plurality of semiconductor bodies; applying an insulating layer covering the trenches and vertical surfaces of the plurality of semiconductor bodies; forming a plurality of tethers by structuring the insulating layer in regions covering the trenches; locally detaching the substrate from the plurality of semiconductor bodies, wherein the tethers remain attached to the substrate; and selectively picking up each semiconductor body by separating the tethers from the substrate, wherein each semiconductor body comprises a portion of the semiconductor layer sequence.",
-    "The invention relates to a coating formulation for preparing medical coating, which coating formulation comprises (a) at least one multifunctional polymerizable compound according to a formula (I), wherein G is a residue of a polyfunctional compound having at least n functional groups, wherein each R1 and each R2 independently represents hydrogen or a group selected from substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbons which optionally contain one or more heteroatoms, and wherein n is an integer having a value of at least 2; and (b) at least one inhibitor. 1. A method of forming on a medical device or component a hydrophilic medical coating, the method comprising: (I) applying to at least one surface of the medical device or component a coating formulation which comprises: (a) at least one multifunctional polymerizable compound according to formula (1): wherein G is a polymer comprising at least one polyethylene glycol block and is a residue of a hydrophilic polyfunctional compound having at least n functional groups; wherein each R1 and each R2 independently represents hydrogen, wherein n is an integer having a value of 2-8, and wherein the multifunctional polymerizable compound according to formula (1) has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 500 to 10,000 g/mol; and (b) at least one free-radical photo-initiator; (II) allowing the coating formulation to cure by exposing, the formulation to electromagnetic radiation thereby activating the free-radical photo-initiator; and (III) obtaining a hydrophilic medical coating on the at least one surface of the medical device or component, the hydrophilic medical coating having a thickness of from 0.1-200 \u03bcm. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional polymerizable compound according to formula (1) has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 500 g/mol to 6000 g/mol or less. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional polyrnerizable compound according to formula (I) has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 500 g/mol to 2000 g/mol. 4. The method according to claim I, the coating formulation further comprising a functional. polymer (c). 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the functional polymer (c) is a hydrophilic polymer chosen from the group consisting of poly(lactams), polyurethanes, homo-and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylethers, maleic anhydride based copolymers, polyesters, vinylamines, polyethylene imines, polyethyleneoxides, poly(carboxylic acids), polyamides, polyanhydrides, polyphosphazenes, cellulosics, heparin, dextran, polypeptides, polysacharrides, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the functional polymer (c) is a polyelectrolyte chosen from the group consisting of polyacrylamide-co-acrylic acid sodium salt, polyacrylic acid sodium salt, polymethaerylic acid sodium salt, polyacrylamido-2-methyl-i-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt, poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid) sodium salt, polyacrylamide-co-dialkyl ammonium chloride), quaternized poly[bis-(2-ehloroethyl)ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] and poly(diallyidimethylammonium chloride), polyallylammonium phosphate, poly(diallylditnethylarnmonium chloride), poly(sodium trimethyleneoxyethylene sulfonate), poly(dimethyldodecyl(2-acrylainidoethyl) ammonium bromide), poly(2-N methylpyridiniumethylene iodine), polyvinylsulfonic acids, salts of poly(vinyl)pyridines, polyethyleneimines, and polylysines, and mixtures thereof. 7. The method according, to claim 4, wherein the functional polymer (c) is polyvinylpyrrolidone. 8. The method according to claim 1, the coating formulation further comprising a polar solvent. 9. The method to claim 1, wherein the medical device or component comprises a catheter, medical tubing, guidewire, a stent or a membrane. 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forming a lubricious medical coating by wetting the hydrophilic medical coating by applying a wetting fluid, the wetting fluid comprising an ionic compound, the ionic compound comprising a polyelectrolyte or a low molecular weight salt. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein n is 2 or 3. 12. The method according to claim 11, the coating formulation further comprising polyvinylpyrrolidone. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the multifunctional polymerizable compound according to formula (1) has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 500 g/mol to 6000 g/mol. 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the coating formulation is prepared 41 days or more prior to applying the coating formulation to at least one surface of the medical device or component. 15. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of preparing a coating formulation 41 days or more prior to applying the coating formulation to at least one surface of the medical device or component. 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the coating formulation is prepared 41 days or more prior to applying the coating formulation to at least one surface of the medical device or component. 17. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step of preparing a coating formulation 41 days or more prior to applying the coating formulation to at least one surface of the medical device or component. 18. A medical device or component comprising a hydrophilic medical coating formed by the method according to claim 1. 19. A medical device or component comprising a hydrophilic medical coating formed by the method according to claim 14. 20. A medical device or component comprising a hydrophilic medical coating formed by the method according to claim 17.",
-    "An LPF eliminates noise components from baseband signal obtained by performing a frequency conversion on the received signal on the basis of the received wireless transmission wave. A passband setting part sets the upper limit of frequency of passband in the LPF at a high frequency while a synchronization signal is not detected and at a low frequency after a synchronization signal is detected. 1. A receiving apparatus for demodulating a received signal obtained by receiving a wireless transmission wave which is modulated according to a series of data sequences including frames each having a synchronization signal, the receiving apparatus comprising: a frequency converting part for performing a frequency conversion on the received signal and obtaining a frequency converted signal including a baseband signal, a filter for eliminating high frequency noise components from the frequency converted signal and obtaining a high frequency noise eliminated signal, a frequency detector for performing a frequency detection on the high frequency noise eliminated signal and obtaining a frequency detection signal, a frequency offset detector for detecting a frequency offset occurring in the frequency converted signal on the basis of the frequency detection signal, a frequency correction part for sifting frequency of the frequency converted signal by the amount of the frequency offset, a synchronization detector for detecting the presence of the synchronization signal in each of said frames, and generating a synchronization detection signal which has a first level as far as the synchronization signal is not detected and has a second level when and after the synchronization signal is detected; and a passband setting part for setting an upper limit of frequency of a passband in the filter at a lower frequency within a time period in which the synchronization detection signal is kept at the second level than that within a time period in which the synchronization detection signal is kept at the first level. 2. The receiving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said filter is a transversal filter including 1st to nth (where the n denotes an integer of 2 or more) flip flops connected in cascade, 1st to nth coefficient multipliers for multiplying outputs from the 1st to nth flip flops by 1st to nth filter coefficients, an adder for outputting the addition result obtained by adding the multiplication results of each of the coefficient multipliers as the high frequency noise eliminated signal, wherein said passband setting part supplies each of the 1st to nth flip flops with a low frequency clock signal when the synchronization signal makes transition from the first level to the second level in each of said frames. 3. The receiving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said filter is a low pass filter including a transversal filter, wherein said passband setting part changes filter coefficients in said transversal filter when the synchronization signal makes transition from the first level to the second level in each of said frames. 4. A receiving method for a receiving apparatus comprising a frequency converting part for performing a frequency conversion on the received signal and obtaining a frequency converted signal including a baseband signal, a filter for eliminating high frequency noise components from the frequency converted signal and obtaining a high frequency noise eliminated signal, a frequency detector for performing a frequency detection on the high frequency noise eliminated signal and obtaining a frequency detection signal, and a frequency offset detector for detecting a frequency offset occurring in the frequency converted signal on the basis of the frequency detection signal, the receiving method comprising the steps of: detecting the presence of the synchronization signal in each frame, and generating a synchronization detection signal which has a first level as far as the synchronization signal is not detected and has a second level when and after the synchronization signal is detected, setting an upper limit of frequency of a passband in the filter at lower frequency within a time period in which the synchronization detection signal is kept at the second level than that within a time period in which the synchronization detection signal is kept at the first level.",
-    "Spin switch devices with voltage controlled magnetism in ultra-low power usage applications are disclosed. The spin switch devices may be configured to provide ultra-low power and ultra-high speed switching by directly controlling drain or gate electron spins via electric field induced magnetic anisotropy tuned with finite gate voltage. A lateral spin switch with voltage controlled magnetic drain is placed in an \u201cOFF\u201d or an \u201cON\u201d state by controlling the gate voltage to be equal to 0 or greater than 0 volts respectively. A vertical spin switch with voltage controlled magnetic gate is placed in an \u201cOFF\u201d or an \u201cON\u201d state by controlling a value of the gate voltage to be less than a threshold voltage or greater than the threshold voltage respectively. A voltage controlled complementary switch provides a very large gain by controlling a value of the gate voltage to be equal to 0 volts. 1. A switch comprising: at least three electrodes including source, drain, and gate electrodes; a source magnet having a magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)}, the source magnet being coupled to the source electrode; a drain magnet having a magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)}, the drain magnet being coupled to the drain electrode; a channel disposed between the source magnet and the drain magnet; and a gate disposed above the drain magnet, the gate being coupled to the gate electrode, wherein an angle formed between the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} is controlled by a voltage source Vg coupled to the gate electrode. 2. The switch of claim 1, wherein the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} have an anti-parallel direction in response to the voltage source Vg being equal to 0 volts, wherein the drain electrode is coupled to a ground reference, wherein the 0 volts corresponds to an OFF state. 3. The switch of claim 2, wherein a multiplication of the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} is equal to \u22121 in the OFF state. 4. The switch of claim 1, wherein the angle is approximately between 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees in response to the voltage source Vg being greater than 0 volts corresponding to an ON state. 5. The switch of claim 4, wherein a multiplication of the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} is equal to 0 in response to the angle being approximately equal to 90 degrees in the ON state. 6. The switch of claim 4, wherein the multiplication is equal to 1 in response to the angle being equal to 0 degrees in the ON state. 7. The switch of claim 1, wherein the gate comprises a MF/PZ layer formed by one of multiferroic (MF) and a piezoelectric (PZ) material, wherein the MF/PZ layer exerts an electrically modulated magnetic anitropy in response to the voltage source Vg being greater than 0 volts, wherein the electric field controlled change in interface magnetic anisotropy causes a change in magnetization of Ferromagnet (FM) or Magnetoelastic (ME) layer. 8. The switch of claim 1, wherein a value of conductance Gd,AP measured between the source electrode and the drain electrode is approximately equal to 0 mho in response to the voltage source Vg being equal to 0 volts and the drain electrode being coupled to a ground reference. 9. The switch of claim 1, wherein a value of conductance Gd,PD measured between the source electrode and the drain electrode is approximately \u2153rd of a conductance G in response to the angle being approximately equal to 90 degrees, wherein the conductance G is measured across the interface between the channel and the drain magnet. 10. The switch of claim 1, wherein a value of conductance Gd,PA measured between the source electrode and the drain electrode is approximately \u00bd of a conductance G in response to the angle being approximately equal to 0 degrees, wherein the conductance G is measured across the interface between the channel and the drain magnet. 11. The switch of claim 1, wherein a binary operating state of the switch is controlled by adjusting a value of the voltage source Vg. 12. The switch of claim 1, wherein the source magnet and the drain magnet is configured as a half-metallic ferromagnet. 13. A switch comprising: at least three electrodes including source, drain, and gate electrodes; a source magnet having an out-of-plane magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)}, the source magnet being coupled to the source electrode; a drain magnet having an out-of-plane magnetization vector \u2212{circumflex over (M)}, the drain magnet being coupled to the drain electrode; a channel layer disposed between the source magnet and the drain magnet, wherein bottom surfaces of the drain magnet and the source magnet are coplanar with a top surface of the channel layer; a floating gate magnet which comprises a Ferromagnet (FM) or, Magnetoelastic (ME) layer having a magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)}, the floating gate magnet layer being disposed below the channel layer; and a multiferroic (MF) or, a Piezoelectric (PZ) layer disposed below the floating gate magnet layer, the MF or, the PZ layer being coupled to the gate electrode, where the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} of the floating gate magnet is directly controlled by a voltage source Vg coupled to the gate electrode. 14. The switch of claim 13, wherein the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} have an anti-parallel direction in response to the voltage source Vg being less than or equal to a threshold voltage Vth, wherein the 0 volts corresponds to an OFF state. 15. The switch of claim 14, wherein a multiplication of the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} is equal to \u22121 in the OFF state. 16. The switch of claim 14, wherein the MF/PZ layer exerts an electrically modulated strain in response to the voltage source Vg being greater than the threshold voltage Vth, wherein the electrically modulated strain causes a change in the interfacial magnetic anisotropy of the FM or, the ME layer, thereby changing the state or, the direction of magnetism of the FM or, the ME layer depending on the choice between the PZ/ME and the MF/MF interface respectively. 17. The switch of claim 14, wherein a source-to-drain conductance Gsd is approximately equal to 0 mhos in the OFF state. 18. The switch of claim 13, wherein the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} are perpendicular to each other in response to the voltage source Vg exceeding a threshold voltage Vth, wherein the angle being equal to 90 degrees corresponds to an ON state. 19. The switch of claim 18, wherein the MF/PZ layer exerts an electrically modulated strain in response to the voltage source Vg being greater than the threshold voltage Vth, wherein the electrically modulated strain causes the angle to be equal to 90 degrees. 20. A switch comprising: a write unit including a E-field controlled MF/PZ layer formed by using one of multiferroic (MF) and piezoelectric (PZ) material, the MF/PZ layer coupled to a gate electrode and a first floating ferromagnetic layer (FM1) having a magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)}, wherein the FM1 layer is disposed on top of the MF/PZ layer; and a read unit including an exchange coupled ferromagnetic layers including the first FM having a magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the second FM having a magnetization vector \u2212{circumflex over (M)}, wherein the first FM and the second FM have a common insulator layer and a common second floating ferromagnetic layer (FM2) having a magnetization vector \u2212{circumflex over (m)}, wherein the FM1 and FM2 layers are separated by a configurable distance to enable magnetic dipolar coupling, wherein the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} is controlled by a voltage source Vg coupled to the gate electrode, wherein an angle formed between the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} and the magnetization vector \u2212{circumflex over (m)} is driven by the magnetization vector {circumflex over (m)} due to the magnetic dipolar coupling. 21. The switch of claim 20 wherein the FM2 layer being disposed on top of a non-metallic (NM) layer, the NM layer being coupled to an output electrode. 22. The switch of claim 20, wherein a direction of the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} is configured to be in-plane, wherein the angle is equal to 90 degrees in response to the voltage source Vg being equal to 0 volts, wherein voltage at the output electrode is 0 volts in response to the voltage source Vg being equal to 0 volts. 23. The switch of claim 20, wherein a direction of the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} is configured to be out-of-plane, wherein the angle is equal to 90 degrees in response to the voltage source Vg being greater than 0 volts, wherein voltage at the output electrode is 0 volts in response to the voltage source Vg being greater than 0 volts. 24. The switch of claim 20, wherein a direction of the magnetization vector {circumflex over (M)} is configured to be out-of-plane, wherein the angle is equal to 0 degrees in response to the voltage source Vg being equal to 0 volts, wherein voltage at the output electrode is very large in response to the voltage source Vg being equal to 0 volts.",
-    "A spectrometer with increased optical throughput and/or spectral resolution includes a plurality of interferometers coupled in parallel. An optical splitter divides a source light beam into a plurality of input beams and directs each of the input beams to a respective one of the plurality of interferometers. One or more detectors are optically coupled to receive a respective output from each of the plurality of interferometers and is configured to detect an interferogram produced as a result of the outputs. 1. A spectrometer, comprising: an optical splitter optically coupled to receive a source light beam and configured to divide the source light beam into a plurality of input beams; a plurality of interferometers coupled in parallel, each of the plurality of interferometers optically coupled to receive a respective one of the plurality of input beams and configured to direct the respective input beam along a respective optical path to produce a respective one of a plurality of outputs; and a detector optically coupled to receive the plurality of outputs and configured to detect an interferogram produced as a result of the plurality of outputs. 2. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the optical splitter includes at least one of an optical fiber splitter, a waveguide or a free-space optical component. 3. The spectrometer of claim 1, further comprising: an optical combiner optically coupled to receive the plurality of outputs and configured to combine the plurality of outputs to produce a combined output. 4. The spectrometer of claim 4, wherein the optical combiner is further configured to direct the combined output to a sample under test positioned between the optical combiner and the detector. 5. The spectrometer of claim 4, wherein the optical combiner includes at least one of an optical fiber combiner, a waveguide, a multi-mode interference hollow waveguide, or a free-space optical component. 6. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the detector includes a plurality of detectors, each optically coupled to receive a respective one of the plurality of outputs and configured to detect a respective one of a plurality of interferograms. 7. The spectrometer of claim 6, further comprising: a processor coupled to the plurality of detectors to receive the plurality of interferograms and configured to produce an overall interferogram as a sum of the plurality of interferograms to increase a signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrometer. 8. The spectrometer of claim 6, further comprising: a processor coupled to the plurality of detectors to receive the plurality of interferograms and configured to produce an overall interferogram as a concatenation of the plurality of interferograms. 9. The spectrometer of claim 1, further comprising: a source for producing the source light beam and configured to direct the source light beam to a sample under test positioned between the source and the optical splitter. 10. The spectrometer of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate, the plurality of interferometers formed in a surface of the substrate. 11. The spectrometer of 10, wherein the plurality of interferometers includes a moving mirror shared between the plurality of interferometers, and further comprising: an actuator coupled to the moving mirror for causing a displacement thereof that varies the respective optical path of each of the plurality of interferometers. 12. The spectrometer of claim 11, wherein the actuator is configured to displace the moving mirror to simultaneously vary the respective optical path of each of the plurality of interferometers. 13. The spectrometer of claim 11, wherein the actuator is configured to displace the moving mirror to vary a respective optical path difference of each of the plurality of interferometers. 14. The spectrometer of claim 13, wherein the moving mirror includes an array of flat surfaces. 15. The spectrometer of claim 11, wherein the actuator is a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) actuator. 16. The spectrometer of claim 11, wherein the plurality of interferometers are Michelson interferometers and each of the Michelson interferometers includes a respective beam splitter and a respective fixed mirror. 17. The spectrometer of claim 16, wherein the moving mirror includes an array of curved surfaces coupled together and each respective fixed mirror includes a respective curved surface. 18. The spectrometer of claim 16, wherein: the optical splitter is configured to direct the respective input beams towards the respective interferometers by causing the respective input beams to propagate perpendicular to a plane of the substrate and perpendicular to an optical axis of the spectrometer; and each of the plurality of interferometers further includes a respective angled mirror optically coupled to receive the respective input beam and direct the respective input beam along the optical axis. 19. The spectrometer of claim 16, wherein: each of the plurality of Michelson interferometers includes a respective first arm including the respective beam splitter and the respective fixed mirror and a respective second arm including the respective beam splitter and the moving mirror; and each of the plurality of Michelson interferometers has a respective optical path difference between the first arm and the second arm. 20. The spectrometer of claim 19, wherein the respective optical path difference of each of the plurality of Michelson interferometers is shifted with respect to an adjacent one of the plurality of Michelson interferometers to increase a resolution of the spectrometer. 21. The spectrometer of claim 11, wherein the plurality of interferometers are Fabry-Perot interferometers. 22. The spectrometer of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of interferometers includes two Fabry-Perot interferometers coupled in series in the respective optical path. 23. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of interferometers is one of a Michelson interferometer, a Fabry-Perot interferometer or a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. 24. The spectrometer of claim 1, further comprising: a respective modulator within each of the plurality of interferometers that is configured to vary the respective optical path of each of the plurality of interferometers. 25. The spectrometer of claim 24, wherein each modulator includes an electro-optic modulator or a thermo-optic modulator. 26. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the spectrometer is a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.",
-    "A semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor substrate, a dielectric layer, a buffer layer, at least one recess, and at least one conductor. The dielectric layer is present on the semiconductor substrate. The buffer layer is present between the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer. The recess extends into the semiconductor substrate through the dielectric layer and the buffer layer, in which the buffer layer has a removing rate with respect to an etching process for forming the recess. The removing rate of the buffer layer is between those of the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer. The conductor is present in the recess. 1. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a dielectric layer present on the semiconductor substrate; a buffer layer present between the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer; at least one recess extending into the semiconductor substrate through the dielectric layer and the buffer layer, wherein the buffer layer has a removing rate with respect to an etching process for forming the recess, and the removing rate of the buffer layer is between those of the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer; and at least one conductor present in the recess. 2. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the removing rate of the buffer layer is less than that of the semiconductor substrate. 3. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the removing rate of the buffer layer is greater than that of the dielectric layer. 4. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the recess is a through-substrate via (TSV). 5. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate has at least one trench therein, and the dielectric layer is present in the trench to form a shallow trench isolation structure. 6. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate is made of silicon, the buffer layer is made of silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (SiN) or combinations thereof, and the dielectric layer is made of an oxide material. 7. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a semiconductor substrate having at least one recess therein; a buffer layer present on the semiconductor substrate and having at least one opening therein; a dielectric layer present on the buffer layer and having at least one opening therein, wherein the opening of the dielectric layer, the opening of the buffer layer, and the recess of the semiconductor substrate communicate with each other, the buffer layer has an etch resistance to an etchant used to etch the recess, and the etch resistance of the buffer layer is between those of the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer; and at least one conductor present at least in the recess. 8. The semiconductor structure of claim 7, wherein the etch resistance of the buffer layer is greater than that of the semiconductor substrate. 9. The semiconductor structure of claim 7, wherein the etch resistance of the buffer layer is less than that of the dielectric layer. 10. The semiconductor structure of claim 7, wherein the recess is a through-substrate via (TSV). 11. The semiconductor structure of claim 7, wherein the semiconductor substrate is made of silicon, the buffer layer is made of silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (SiN), or combinations thereof, and the dielectric layer is made of an oxide material. 12-20. (canceled) 21. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the buffer layer is in contact with the semiconductor substrate. 22. The semiconductor structure of claim 21, wherein the dielectric layer is in contact with the buffer layer. 23. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, further comprising: an insulator present in the recess, wherein the recess is filled with a combination of the conductor and the insulator. 24. The semiconductor structure of claim 7, wherein the buffer layer is in contact with the semiconductor substrate. 25. The semiconductor structure of claim 24, wherein the dielectric layer is in contact with the buffer layer. 26. The semiconductor structure of claim 7, further comprising: an insulator present in the recess, wherein the recess is filled with a combination of the conductor and the insulator. 27. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a dielectric layer present on the semiconductor substrate and having a first opening; a buffer layer present between the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer and having a second opening; at least one recess extending into the semiconductor substrate and communicating with the first opening of the dielectric layer and the second opening of the buffer layer, wherein the buffer layer has a removing rate with respect to an etching process for forming the first opening, and the removing rate of the buffer layer is between those of the semiconductor substrate and the dielectric layer; and at least one conductor present in the recess. 28. The semiconductor structure of claim 27, wherein the removing rate of the buffer layer is less than that of the semiconductor substrate. 29. The semiconductor structure of claim 27, wherein the removing rate of the buffer layer is greater than that of the dielectric layer.",
-    "A lighting system for providing a lighting image a first substantially linear lighting structure of at least one lighting component of a plurality of lighting components and a second substantially linear lighting structure of the at least one lighting component of the plurality of lighting components. The first substantially linear lighting structure is configured to appear to intertwine with the second substantially linear lighting structure on at least one cross-over point of a plurality of cross-over points. At least one of the first substantially linear lighting structure appears to overlap the second substantially linear lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points and/or the second substantially linear lighting structure appears to overlap the first substantially linear lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points. 1. A lighting system comprising: a first substantially linear lighting structure of at least one lighting component of a plurality of lighting components; and a second substantially linear lighting structure of the at least one lighting component of the plurality of lighting components; wherein the first substantially linear lighting structure is configured to appear to intertwine with the second substantially linear lighting structure on at least one cross-over point of a plurality of cross-over points; wherein at least one of the first substantially linear lighting structure appears to overlap the second substantially linear lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points and/or the second substantially linear lighting structure appears to overlap the first substantially linear lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points. 2. The lighting system of claim 1, wherein the first substantially linear lighting structure includes at least one first light guide and the second substantially linear lighting structure includes at least one second light guide, wherein the at least one first light guide and the at least one second light guide includes at least one of a single assembly, or more than one assembly. 3. The lighting system of claim 2, wherein the first substantially linear lighting structure is disposed within at least one recessed portion of a plurality of recessed portions formed within the body of the second light guide; wherein the at least one recessed portion formed within the body of the second light guide is positioned at the at least one cross-over point; and wherein at least one of: the at least one first light guide appears to overlap the at least one second light guide, and the at least one second light guide appears to overlap the at least one first light guide. 4. The lighting system of claim 3, wherein the second substantially linear lighting structure is disposed within at least one recessed portion of a plurality of recessed portions formed within the body of the at least one first light guide; wherein the at least one recessed portion formed within the body of the at least one first light guide is positioned at the at least one cross-over point; and wherein at least one of: the at least one first light guide appears to overlap the at least one second light guide, and the at least one second light guide appears to overlap the at least one first light guide. 5. The lighting system of claim 1, further comprising: at least one first lighting structure implemented within at least one first light guide; and at least one second lighting structure implemented within at least one second light guide; wherein the at least one first lighting structure is configured to intertwine with the at least one second lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points; wherein at least one of: the at least one first lighting structure appears to overlap the at least one second lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points and/or the at least one second lighting structure appears to overlap the at least one first lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points. 6. The lighting system of claim 2, wherein the at least one first light guide comprises: an outer facing lens, an inner facing lens, a first end facing lens, a second end facing lens, a top surface, and a bottom surface; wherein the inner facing lens includes the at least one recessed portion and at least one non-recessed portion; wherein the inner facing lens, the first end facing lens, the second end facing lens, the top surface, and the bottom surface include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by at least one first light source towards at least one of: the outer facing lens, and an expanse of at least one channel of the first light guide. 7. The lighting system of claim 6, wherein the at least one recessed portion of the inner facing lens of the at least one first light guide comprises a rear facing wall and interior facing walls that include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by the at least one first light source towards at least one of: the outer facing lens, and the expanse of the at least one channel of the at least one first light guide. 8. The lighting system of claim 2, wherein the at least one second light guide comprises: an outer facing lens, an inner facing lens, a first end facing lens, a second end facing lens, a top surface, and a bottom surface; wherein the outer facing lens includes the at least one recessed portion and at least one non-recessed portion; wherein the first end facing lens, the second end facing lens, the top surface, the bottom surface, and a recessed portion of the outer facing lens include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by at least one second light source towards at least one of: a non-recessed portion of the outer facing lens, and an expanse of at least one channel of the at least one second light guide. 9. The lighting system of claim 8, wherein the at least one recessed portion of an outer facing lens of the at least one second light guide comprises a front facing wall and interior facing walls that include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by the at least one second light source towards at least one of: the inner facing lens, and the expanse of the at least one channel of the at least one second light guide. 10. A lighting method comprising: providing a first substantially linear lighting structure; providing a second substantially linear lighting structure, and providing an intertwining appearance between the first substantially linear lighting structure and the second substantially linear lighting structure on at least one cross-over point of a plurality of cross-over points, wherein at least one of the first linear vehicle lighting structure appears to overlap the second linear vehicle lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points and/or the second linear vehicle lighting structure appears to overlap the first linear vehicle lighting structure at the at least one cross-over point of the plurality of cross-over points. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: providing the first substantially linear lighting structure with at least one first light guide including at least one recessed portion of a plurality of recessed portions formed within a body of the at least one first light guide; and providing the second substantially linear lighting structure with at least one second light guide including at least one recessed portion of a plurality of recessed portions formed within a body of the at least one second light guide, wherein the at least one first light guide and the at least one second light guide includes at least one of a single assembly, or more than one assembly. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: providing the intertwining appearance between the first substantially linear lighting structure and the second substantially linear lighting structure includes at least one of: disposing the first substantially linear lighting structure within the at least one recessed portion formed within the body of the at least one second light guide that is positioned at the at least one cross-over point, wherein at least one of: the at least one first light guide appears to overlap the at least one second light guide, and the at least one second light guide appears to overlap the at least one first light guide. 13. The method of claim 11 further comprising: providing the intertwining appearance between the first substantially linear lighting structure and the second substantially linear lighting structure includes at least one of: disposing the second substantially linear lighting structure within the at least one recessed portion of the at least one first light guide, wherein at least one of: the at least one first light guide appears to overlap the at least one second light guide, and the at least one second light guide appears to overlap the at least one first light guide. 14. The lighting method of claim 11, further comprising: providing the intertwining appearance between the first substantially linear lighting structure and the second substantially linear lighting structure includes providing an outer facing lens, an inner facing lens, a first end facing lens, a second end facing lens, a top surface, and a bottom surface of the at least one first light guide, wherein the inner facing lens includes the at least one recessed portion and at least one non-recessed portion, wherein the inner facing lens, the first end facing lens, the second end facing lens, the top surface, and the bottom surface include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by at least one first light source towards at least one of: the outer facing lens, and an expanse of at least one channel of the at least one first light guide. 15. The lighting method of claim 11 further comprising: providing the intertwining appearance between the first substantially linear lighting structure and the second substantially linear lighting structure includes providing an outer facing lens, an inner facing lens, a first end facing lens, a second end facing lens, a top surface, and a bottom surface of the at least one second light guide, wherein the outer facing lens includes the at least one recessed portion and at least one non-recessed portion, wherein the first end facing lens, the second end facing lens, the top surface, the bottom surface, and a recessed portion of the outer facing lens include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by at least one second light source towards at least one of: a non-recessed portion of the outer facing lens, and an expanse of at least one channel of the at least one second light guide. 16. A lighting system for a vehicle, comprising: a daytime lighting structure implemented within a daytime light guide that includes at least one daytime running light of the vehicle; and a turn signal lighting structure implemented within a turn signal light guide that includes at least one turn signal light of the vehicle, wherein the daytime lighting structure is configured to intertwine with the turn signal lighting structure on at least one recessed portion of a plurality of recessed portions provided at the daytime light guide and the turn signal light guide, wherein at least one of: the daytime lighting structure appears to overlap the turn signal lighting structure, and the turn signal lighting structure appears to overlap the daytime lighting structure. 17. The lighting system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of recessed portions include at least one of: light reflective inner surfaces, and light absorbent inner surfaces to disallow light to be emitted from the recessed portions. 18. The lighting system of claim 16, wherein the at least one recessed portion of the daytime light guide is configured to accept the at least one recessed portion of the turn signal light guide within the at least one recessed portion of the turn signal light guide, and the at least one recessed portion of the turn signal light guide is configured to accept the at least one recessed portion of the daytime light guide within the at least one recessed portion of the daytime light guide. 19. The lighting system of claim 16, wherein the at least one recessed portion of the daytime light guide includes a rear facing wall and interior facing walls that include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by a day time running light towards at least one of: an outer facing lens, and an expanse of the at least one channel of the daytime light guide. 20. The lighting system of claim 16, wherein the at least one recessed portion of the turn signal light guide includes a front facing wall and interior facing walls that include reflective inner surfaces that are configured to reflect incident light emitted by at least one vehicle turn signal light source towards at least one of: an inner facing lens, and an expanse of the at least one channel of the turn signal light guide.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes at least one semiconductor fin, a gate electrode, at least one gate spacer, and a gate dielectric. The semiconductor fin includes at least one recessed portion and at least one channel portion. The gate electrode is present on at least the channel portion of the semiconductor fin. The gate spacer is present on at least one sidewall of the gate electrode. The gate dielectric is present at least between the channel portion of the semiconductor fin and the gate electrode. The gate dielectric extends farther than at least one end surface of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: at least one semiconductor fin comprising at least one recessed portion and at least one channel portion; a gate electrode present on at least the channel portion of the semiconductor fin; at least one gate spacer present on at least one sidewall of the gate electrode; and a gate dielectric present at least between the channel portion of the semiconductor fin and the gate electrode, wherein the gate dielectric extends farther than at least one end surface of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate dielectric extends farther than said at least one sidewall of the gate electrode. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the end surface of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin is separated from at least one sidewall of the gate spacer at a lateral distance, and the gate spacer has a width less than the lateral distance. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the end surface of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin is separated from at least one sidewall of the gate spacer at a lateral distance, and the gate spacer has a width greater than the lateral distance. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the end surface of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin is separated from at least one sidewall of the gate spacer at a lateral distance, and the gate spacer has a width substantially the same as the lateral distance. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising at least one epitaxy structure present on the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin and in contact with the channel portion of the semiconductor fin. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the gate dielectric has opposite inner sidewalls, the inner sidewalls and the end surface of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin define a recess, and the epitaxy structure is at least partially present in the recess. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin, the channel portion of the semiconductor fin, and the gate dielectric define a recess, and the epitaxy structure is at least partially present in the recess. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein a combination of the semiconductor fin, the gate dielectric, and the gate spacer define a recess therein, the recess has a first region and a second region, the first region has a width greater than that of the second region, and the epitaxy structure is at least partially present in the recess. 10. A semiconductor device comprising: at least one semiconductor fin comprising at least one recessed portion and at least one channel portion; a gate electrode present on at least the channel portion of the semiconductor fin; at least one gate spacer present on at least one sidewall of the gate electrode; a gate dielectric present at least between the channel portion of the semiconductor fin and the gate electrode, wherein a combination of the semiconductor fin, the gate dielectric, and the gate spacer define a recess therein, the recess has a first region and a second region, the first region has a width greater than that of the second region; and at least one epitaxy structure present on the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin and at least partially in the recess to be in contact with the channel portion of the semiconductor fin. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the gate spacer is in contact with the gate dielectric. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein an end surface of the gate dielectric is separated from at least one sidewall of the gate spacer at a lateral distance, and the gate spacer has a width greater than the lateral distance. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the epitaxy structure is present on at least one inner wall of the gate spacer. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the epitaxy structure is present on at least one inner wall of the gate dielectric. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the gate electrode is further present on a part of the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the gate spacer is present on a part of the channel portion of the semiconductor fin. 17.-20. (canceled) 21. A semiconductor device comprising: at least one semiconductor fin comprising at least one recessed portion and at least one channel portion; and a gate electrode overlying the channel portion of the semiconductor fin and the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 21, further comprising at least one epitaxy structure overlying the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin, wherein the gate electrode overlies the epitaxy structure. 23. The semiconductor device of claim 22, further comprising a gate dielectric present between the channel portion of the semiconductor fin and the gate electrode and present between the epitaxy structure and the gate electrode. 24. The semiconductor device of claim 21, further comprising: at least one epitaxy structure overlying the recessed portion of the semiconductor fin; and a gate dielectric having a sidewall in contact with the epitaxy structure and the channel portion of the semiconductor fin.",
-    "A wireless communication system includes a plurality of WTRUs and a network. The plurality of WTRUs are pre-configured so that N WTRUs are identified to be in a specific paging group. Each WTRU in the paging group is configured to monitor related paging channels with an interval longer than the desired paging cycle of the network, thereby reducing power consumption. Each WTRU in the specific paging group takes turns in monitoring related paging channels so that the DRX scheme of the specific paging group is equivalent to the desired DRX scheme of the network, thereby reducing the likelihood of network signaling being missed or delayed. 1. A method of managing discontinuous reception (DRX) in a wireless communication system which includes a plurality of wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) and a network, the method comprising: pre-configuring the plurality of WTRUs so that N WTRUs are identified to be in a specific paging group; at least one WTRU in the specific paging group sending an apply request associated with scheduled monitoring to the network; the network deciding a DRX setting for the specific paging group according to an amount of apply requests received from the specific paging group and a paging cycle of the network; and the N WTRUs in the specific paging group performing scheduled monitoring on a paging channel based on the DRX setting, wherein: at a given point of time when network signaling arrives according to the paging cycle of the network, A WTRUs among the N WTRUs in the specific paging group are configured to turn on for monitoring the paging channel and B WTRUs among the N WTRUs in the specific paging group are configured to turn off; A and B are positive integers; N is equal to a sum of A and B; and A is smaller than N. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the network sending the DRX setting to the N WTRUs in the specific paging group. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the network sending the DRX setting to the at least one WTRU in the specific paging group; and the at least one WTRU in the specific paging group sending the DRX setting to other WTRUs in the specific paging group. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein pre-configuring the plurality of WTRUs comprises: generating a unique group identification (ID) for the N WTRUs in the specific paging group. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the apply request associated with scheduled monitoring includes the unique group ID of the at least one WTRU in the specific paging group and an apply time interval. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: the network starting to decide the DRX setting for the specific paging group when the apply time interval has elapsed after receiving the apply request from the at least one WTRU in the specific paging group. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the apply request associated with scheduled monitoring includes the unique group ID of the at least one WTRU in the specific paging group and a group size. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: the network starting to decide the DRX setting for the specific paging group after having received all apply requests from the specific paging group as indicated by the group size. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the DRX setting includes a monitoring cycle and a start offset of each WTRU in the specific paging group; the monitoring cycle of each WTRU in the specific paging group is longer than the paging cycle of the network; and the start offset of each WTRU in the specific paging group indicate a start point of a corresponding monitoring cycle of each WTRU in the specific paging group. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein sending the apply request and deciding the DRX setting for the specific paging group are implemented in a radio resource control (RRC) layer or a non-access stratum (NAS) layer of the wireless communication system. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the N WTRUs in the specific paging group are characterized by at least one of following features: the N WTRUs have a low mobility or are stationary; the N WTRUs are located in proximity of each other; and the N WTRUs are used for a same application or for reporting relevant data. 12. A wireless communication system for managing DRX, comprising: a plurality of WTRUs pre-configured in a way so that N WTRUs are identified to be in a specific paging group, the N WTRUs configured to: send apply requests associated with scheduled monitoring; and perform scheduled monitoring on a paging channel based on a DRX setting; and a network configured to decide the DRX setting for the specific paging group according to an amount of apply requests received from the specific paging group and a paging cycle of the network, wherein: at a given point of time when network signaling arrives according to the paging cycle of the network, A WTRUs among the N WTRUs in the specific paging group are configured to turn on for monitoring the paging channel and B WTRUs among the N WTRUs in the specific paging group are configured to turn off; A and B are positive integers; N is equal to a sum of A and B; and A is smaller than N. 13. The wireless communication system of claim 12, wherein the network is further configured to pre-configure the plurality of WTRUs by assigning a unique group ID to the N WTRUs in the specific paging group. 14. The wireless communication system of claim 12, wherein the NWTRUs are configured to generate a unique group ID using a point-to-point (P2P) technology so as to be identified in the specific paging group. 15. The wireless communication system of claim 12, wherein: a monitoring cycle of each WTRU in the specific paging group is longer than the paging cycle of the network. 16. The wireless communication system of claim 12, wherein the N WTRUs in the specific paging group are characterized by at least one of following features: the N WTRUs have a low mobility or are stationary; the N WTRUs are located in proximity of each other; and the N WTRUs are used for a same application or for reporting relevant data.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to a system and method for visualizing and interacting with a three-dimensional scene according to one or more aspects of the disclosure. In some examples, a user may visualize a scene or any other environment representing three-dimensional data to allow for inspection, annotation, etc. of the scene in order to facilitate understanding of one or more events that occurred at the scene. The scene can also include the scene of an accident, building development, film set or location, or any other type of three-dimensional visualization of a real life scene. 1. A system for visualizing three-dimensional (3D) data, comprising: a conversion module configured to convert the 3D data into one or more mipmaps; a visualization module configured to display a photorealistic, three dimensional scene corresponding to the one or more mipmaps, the visualization module displaying the scene using fuzzy spheres without meshing, surfacing, and/or modeling the 3D data. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an annotation module configured to annotate the three-dimensional scene. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the annotation module is configured to provide at least one of: measurements within a scene; hotspots; text; snapshots, and DXF data. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the hotspots are displayed within the three-dimensional scene. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more mipmaps comprises a plurality of successive mipmaps of decreasing data density. 6. A system for annotating a three-dimensional visualization, comprising: a conversion module configured to convert three-dimensional data into one or more mipmaps; a visualization module configured to display a three dimensional scene corresponding to the one or more mipmaps, the visualization module further configured to display a measurement value corresponding to a distance between coordinates of two points among the point cloud data, the measurement value corresponding to a real life distance measurement of a scene corresponding to the three-dimensional data. 7. A system for annotating a three-dimensional visualization, comprising: a conversion module configured to convert three-dimensional data into one or more mipmaps; a visualization module configured to display a three dimensional scene corresponding to the one or more mipmaps, the visualization module further configured to display at least one hotspot within the visualization, the hotspot corresponding to a linked multimedia file and a coordinate of the three-dimensional data. 8. A system for annotating a three-dimensional visualization, comprising: a conversion module configured to convert three-dimensional data into one or more mipmaps; a visualization module configured to display a three dimensional scene corresponding to the one or more mipmaps, the visualization module further configured to display one or more line segment or vector obtained by the importation of a .dxf file that is displayed in the correct spatial orientation of the presented scene or environment.",
-    "An engine oil comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of an additive package, wherein the additive package comprises: (A) a friction modifier compound of the formula IV: wherein R is a linear or branched, saturated, unsaturated, or partially saturated hydrocarbyl group having about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms; and (B) at least one dispersant. 1. An engine oil comprising a major amount of a base oil and a minor amount of an additive package, wherein the additive package comprises: (A) a friction modifier compound of the formula IV: wherein R is a linear or branched, saturated, unsaturated, or partially saturated hydrocarbyl group having about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms; (B) at least one dispersant. 2-6. (canceled) 7. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein R has from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms. 8. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein R has from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms. 9-13. (canceled) 14. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the additive package further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, antifoam agents, molybdenum-containing compounds, titanium-containing compounds, phosphorus-containing compounds, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and diluent oils. 15. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a polyalkylene succinimide. 16. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene succinimide prepared from a polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of greater than 900. 17. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene succinimide prepared from a polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of from about 1200 to about 5000. 18. The engine oil of claim 15, wherein the at least one polyalkylene succinimide is post-treated with one or more compounds selected from boron compounds, anhydrides, aldehydes, ketones, phosphorus compounds, epoxides, and carboxylic acids. 19. The engine oil of claim 18, wherein the at least one polyisobutylene succinimide is post-treated with a boron compound and wherein the boron content of the engine oil is from about 200 to 500 ppm boron. 20. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene succinimide prepared from a polyisobutylene having greater than 50% terminal vinylidene. 21. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the at least one polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant is derived from an amine selected from trialkyleneaminetetramine and tetralkylene pentamine. 22. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein a total amount of dispersant is less than about 20 wt. % of a total weight of the engine oil. 23. The engine oil of claim 22, wherein the total amount of dispersant is in a range of from 0.1 wt. % to 15 wt. % of a total weight of the engine oil. 24-26. (canceled) 27. A method for improving thin film and/or boundary layer friction in an engine comprising the step of lubricating the engine with the engine oil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the improved thin film and boundary layer friction is determined relative to a same composition in the absence of the one or more friction modifier components. 28. (canceled) 29. The method of claim 27 for improving boundary layer friction in the engine. 30. (canceled) 31. The method of claim 27 for improving thin film friction in the engine. 32. (canceled) 33. The method of claim 27 for improving both thin film and boundary layer friction in the engine.",
-    "Fixtureless self-alignment and orientation of components during an assembly process, and self-aligning/self-orienting components for assembly. Self-alignment and self-orientation are provided by integrating complementary spatially-modulated magnetic arrays into components requiring alignment and/or orientation during an assembly process. In addition to providing self-alignment/self-orientation, the spatially-modulated magnetic arrays also provide selective component placement and/or assembly order. Final assembly can involve permanent mechanical or adhesive fasteners. 1. An assembly comprising a first component having integrated thereinto a first spatially-modulated magnetic array which is in magnetic proximity with a second spatially-modulated magnetic array complementary to the first spatially-modulated magnetic array, wherein the second spatially-modulated magnetic array is integrated into a second component which is attached to the first component by a permanent fastening means. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the permanent material fastening means is a mechanical fastener. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the permanent material fastening means is an adhesive.",
-    "A SIM card connector has an integrated SIM card tray ejection mechanism. The ejection mechanism is contained within the connector and includes a pushrod that is disposed in a slot adjacent a SIM card tray cavity. The pushrod is configured to apply a force against an ejector arm when the ejection mechanism is activated. In response, the ejector arm rotates about a pivot and applies an ejection force to the SIM card tray causing the tray to eject from the cavity. 1. A SIM card connector comprising: a connector base having a bottom surface, first and second opposing sidewalls, a rear wall extending between the first and second opposing sidewalls, the first and second sidewalls and rear wall extending from the bottom surface to define a recess; a cover coupled the connector base and disposed over the recess thereby defining a receiving opening sized and shaped to receive a SIM card; a plurality of electrical contacts configured to make contact with the SIM card; a slot disposed adjacent to and along a portion of the first sidewall; a pushrod disposed within the slot; and an ejector arm pivotably coupled to the connector base and configured to be actuated by the pushrod to eject the SIM card. 2. The SIM card connector of claim 1 wherein the SIM card is held within a tray that is received through the receiving opening. 3. The SIM card connector of claim 2 wherein the SIM card has a plurality of SIM card contacts that are configured to be coupled to the plurality of electrical contacts when the tray is in a latched position within the recess. 4. The SIM card connector of claim 1 wherein the plurality of electrical contacts are disposed in the bottom surface of the connector base and have a first end configured to make contact with the SIM card and a second end configured to couple to a circuit board. 5. The SIM card connector of claim 1 the pushrod has a head portion disposed adjacent the receiving opening and a contact portion disposed at an opposite end and configured to contact the ejector arm. 6. The SIM card connector of claim 1 wherein the pushrod is disposed in a slot extending from the bottom surface of the connector base into the recess. 7. The SIM card connector of claim 1 wherein the receiving opening is disposed within a front face of the connector base and the front face is configured to mate to a housing of an electronic device with a gasket such that a seal is formed between the connector and the housing of the electronic device. 8. The SIM card connector of claim 1 wherein the cover has spring arm configured to hold the pushrod in the slot. 9. The SIM card connector of claim 1 wherein the cover has one or more depressions to hold the ejector arm on the pin. 10. An integrated electrical connector assembly for forming electrical connections to a card, the connector assembly comprising: a connector enclosure having a receiving opening that communicates with a cavity formed to receive a tray configured to hold the card; a plurality of electrical contacts configured to make a plurality of electrical connections between the card and an external circuit board; a pushrod disposed adjacent to the cavity and configured to linearly translate parallel to the cavity; and an ejector arm disposed within the housing and configured to work in conjunction with the pushrod such that when the pushrod is translated in a first direction it contacts the ejector arm causing the ejector arm to rotate and eject the card out of the receiving opening. 11. The integrated electrical connector of claim 10 wherein the card is a SIM card that is held within a tray that is received within the cavity. 12. The integrated electrical connector of claim 10 wherein the pushrod has an enlarged head portion with a depression. 13. The integrated electrical connector of claim 10 wherein the ejector arm has a pushrod contact portion opposite a tray ejector portion and a hole disposed in-between, the hole configured to pivotably couple the ejector arm to the connector enclosure. 14. The integrated electrical connector of claim 10 wherein the connector enclosure is configured to mate to a housing of an electronic device with a gasket such that a seal is formed between the connector and the housing of the electronic device. 15. A SIM card connector comprising: a connector enclosure having a receiving opening that communicates with a cavity formed to receive a tray; a latch within the connector enclosure configured to secure the tray within the cavity when in a latched position; a plurality of electrical contacts disposed within the cavity and configured to make contact with a plurality of SIM card contacts when a SIM card is in the tray and the tray is in the latched position; and a tray ejection mechanism contained within the connector enclosure and configured to eject the tray when actuated causing the tray to protrude out of the receiving opening. 16. The SIM card connector of claim 15 wherein the tray ejection mechanism comprises a pushrod disposed in a slot that is parallel with the cavity and an ejector arm that is pivotably coupled to the connector enclosure such that when the pushrod is linearly translated in a first direction the pushrod hits the ejection arm causing the tray to be ejected. 17. The SIM card connector of claim 16 wherein the tray has a faceplate with an aperture and the pushrod is linearly translated by inserting a tool through the aperture. 18. The SIM card connector of claim 16 wherein the faceplate forms a portion of an exterior surface of an electronic device. 19. The SIM card connector of claim 15 wherein the latch protrudes from a sidewall of the cavity and secures the tray by fitting within a depression within the tray. 20. The SIM card connector of claim 15 wherein the connector enclosure is configured to be secured to a housing of an electronic device with a gasket.",
-    "A foldable ceiling ladder assembly for installation within a ceiling opening includes a concealment panel sized and shaped to substantially cover the ceiling opening when the ladder is in a stowed configuration; the concealment panel including a swingout door portion capable of pivotal rotation away from the ladder when in a deployed configuration to permit uninhibited foot access on the ladder rungs by the user for improved safety and for facilitating ease of ascending and descending the ladder. 1. A foldable ceiling ladder for installation within a ceiling opening defined by framing members, the ceiling ladder comprising: a. a ladder comprising a first ladder section hingedly attached to a second ladder section; each said first ladder section and said second ladder section comprising a pair of parallel rails connected to one another by a plurality of incrementally spaced rungs; said ladder having a deployed configuration wherein said first and ladder section and said second ladder section are aligned to form a continuous ladder, and a stowed configuration wherein said first ladder section and said second ladder section are foldable upon themselves above the ceiling opening when said ceiling ladder is not in use; b. mounting means for pivotally mounting said first ladder section to a framing member along a first axis of rotation; and c. a concealment panel sized and shaped to substantially cover the ceiling opening, said concealment panel having a first portion fixedly attached to said first ladder section in co-planar fashion, and a second portion in coplanar alignment with said first portion and parallel to said rails of said first ladder section when said ladder is in said stowed configuration, and out-of-plane with said fixed portion and non-parallel to said rails of said first ladder section when said ladder is in said deployed configuration, whereby pivoting of the second portion of said concealment panel away from said ladder permits uninhibited foot access to said ladder rungs by a user. 2. The ceiling ladder of claim 1, wherein said second portion of said concealment panel is pivotably mounted about said first axis of rotation. 3. The ceiling ladder of claim 1, wherein said second portion of said concealment panel is pivotably mounted to said first portion of said concealment panel about a second axis of rotation; said first axis of rotation and said second axis of rotation being parallel.",
-    "A data reading method for a rewritable non-volatile memory module is provided. The method includes performing an error correction decoding operation on an user data stream according to an error checking and correcting (ECC) code to generate a first decoded data stream; searching uncorrectable sub-data units from decoded sub-data units of the first decoded data stream; selecting a target sub-data unit from the uncorrectable sub-data units; adjusting the target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate an adjusted user data stream; and re-performing the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate a second decoded data stream; if the second decoded data stream has no error bit, transmitting the second decoded data stream as a corrected data stream to a host system. 1. A data reading method for a rewritable non-volatile memory module, the data reading method comprising: reading data from the rewritable non-volatile memory module, wherein the data comprises a user data stream and an error checking and correcting code set, the user data stream comprises a plurality of sub-data units, the error checking and correcting code set comprises a plurality of column error correcting codes and a plurality of row error correcting codes, the column error correcting codes respectively correspond to a plurality of column data segments in the sub-data units, the row error correcting codes respectively correspond to a plurality of row data segments in the sub-data units, the column data segments are arranged in a matrix form, and the row data segments are arranged in a matrix form; performing an error correction decoding operation on the user data stream according to the error checking and correcting code set to generate a first decoded data stream, wherein the first decoded data stream comprises a plurality of decoded sub-data units corresponding to at least a part of the sub-data units; searching at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit from the decoded sub-data units, selecting at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, adjusting the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate an adjusted user data stream, and re-performing the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate a second decoded data stream; and transmitting the second decoded data stream as a corrected data stream to a host system. 2. The data reading method according to claim 1, wherein the step of performing the error correction decoding operation on the user data stream according to the error checking and correcting code set to generate the first decoded data stream comprises decoding the column data segments and the row data segments according to the column error correcting codes and the row error correcting codes to acquire the decoded sub-data units. 3. The data reading method according to claim 2, further comprising: determining whether an error bit exists in the first decoded data stream; if the first decoded data stream has no error bit, transmitting the first decoded data stream as the corrected data stream to the host system; and if the first decoded data stream has the error bit, determining whether the number of uncorrectable column data segments of the column data segments or the number of unconectable row data segments of the row data segments are less than a predetermined value, wherein the step of searching the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit from the decoded sub-data units, selecting the at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, adjusting the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate the adjusted user data stream, and re-performing the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate the second decoded data stream is performed only when the number of the uncorrectable column data segments is less than the predetermined value or the number of the uncorrectable row data segments is less than the predetermined value. 4. The data reading method according to claim 3, further comprising: if neither the number of the uncorrectable column data segments nor the number of the uncorrectable row data segments is less than the predetermined value, transmitting an error message to the host system. 5. The data reading method according to claim 3, wherein the step of selecting the at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit comprises: applying a first uncorrectable sub-data unit of the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit as the at least one target sub-data unit according to one of the uncorrectable column data segments and one of the uncorrectable row data segments, wherein the first uncorrectable sub-data unit is included in a first column data segment among the column data segments and included in a first row data segment among the row data segments, a first column error correcting code corresponding to the first column data segment among the column error correcting codes is unable to correct the first column data segment, and a first row error correcting code corresponding to the first row data segment among the row error correcting codes is unable to correct the first row data segment. 6. The data reading method according to claim 5, wherein the step of adjusting the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate the adjusted user data stream comprises: performing a logical operation on the first uncorrectable sub-data unit with an adjusted data stream to adjust at least one bit of data in the first uncorrectable sub-data unit. 7. A memory control circuit unit for controlling a rewritable non-volatile memory module, the memory control circuit unit comprising: a host interface configured to couple to a host system; and a memory interface configured to couple to the rewritable non-volatile memory module; a memory management circuit coupled to the host interface and the memory interface; and an error checking and correcting circuit coupled to the memory management circuit, wherein the memory management circuit is configured to send a read command sequence to read data from the rewritable non-volatile memory module, the data comprises a user data stream and an error checking and correcting code set, the user data stream comprises a plurality of sub-data units, the error checking and correcting code set comprises a plurality of column error correcting codes and a plurality of row error correcting codes, the column error correcting codes respectively correspond to a plurality of column data segments in the sub-data units arranged in a matrix form, and the row error correcting codes respectively correspond to a plurality of row data segments in the sub-data units arranged in a matrix form; wherein the error checking and correcting circuit is configured to perform an error correction decoding operation on the user data stream according to the error checking and correcting code set to generate a first decoded data stream, wherein the first decoded data stream comprises a plurality of decoded sub-data units corresponding to at least a part of the sub-data units; wherein the error checking and correcting circuit is further configured to search at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit from the decoded sub-data units, select at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, adjust the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate an adjusted user data stream, and re-perform the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate a second decoded data stream, wherein the memory management circuit is further configured to transmit the second decoded data stream as a corrected data stream to the host system. 8. The memory control circuit unit according to claim 7, wherein when the error correction decoding operation is performed on the user data stream according to the error checking and correcting code set to generate the first decoded data stream, the error checking and correcting circuit is further configured to decode the column data segments and the row data segments by applying a block turbo code algorithm according to the column err or correcting codes and the row error correcting codes to acquire the decoded sub-data units. 9. The memory control circuit unit according to claim 8, wherein the error checking and correcting circuit is further configured to determine whether an error bit exists in the first decoded data stream, wherein if the first decoded data stream has no error bit, the memory management circuit is further configured to transmit the first decoded data stream as the corrected data stream to the host system, wherein if the first decoded data stream has the error bit, the error checking and correcting circuit is further configured to determine whether the number of uncorrectable column data segments of the column data segments or the number of uncorrectable row data segments of the row data segments are less than a predetermined value, wherein only when the number of the uncorrectable column data segments is less than the predetermined value or the number of the uncorrectable row data segments is less than the predetermined value, the error checking and correcting circuit searches the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit from the decoded sub-data units, selects the at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, adjusts the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate the adjusted user data stream, and re-performs the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate the second decoded data stream. 10. The memory control circuit unit according to claim 9, wherein if neither the number of the uncorrectable column data segments nor the number of the uncorrectable row data segments is less than the predetermined value, the memory management circuit is further configured to transmit an error message to the host system. 11. The memory control circuit unit according to claim 9, wherein when the at least one target sub-data unit is selected from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, the error checking and correcting circuit is further configured to apply a first uncorrectable sub-data unit of the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit as the at least one target sub-data unit according to one of the uncorrectable column data segments and one of the uncorrectable row data segments, wherein the first uncorrectable sub-data unit is included in a first column data segment among the column data segments and included in a first row data segment among the row data segments, a first column error correcting code corresponding to the first column data segment among the column error correcting codes is unable to correct the first column data segment, and a first row error correcting code corresponding to the first row data segment among the row error correcting codes is unable to correct the first row data segment. 12. The memory control circuit unit according to claim 11, wherein when the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream is adjusted to generate the adjusted user data stream, the error checking and correcting circuit is further configured to perform a logical operation on the first uncorrectable sub-data unit with an adjusted data stream to adjust at least one bit of data in the first uncorrectable sub-data unit 13. A memory storage apparatus comprising: a connection interface unit configured to couple to a host system; a rewritable non-volatile memory module; and a memory control circuit unit coupled to the connection interface unit and the rewritable non-volatile memory module, wherein the memory control circuit unit is configured to send a read command sequence to read data from the rewritable non-volatile memory module, the data comprises a user data stream and an error checking and correcting code set, the user data stream comprises a plurality of sub-data units, the error checking and correcting code set comprises a plurality of column error correcting codes and a plurality of row error correcting codes, the column error correcting codes respectively correspond to a plurality of column data segments in the sub-data units arranged in a matrix form, and the row error correcting codes respectively correspond to a plurality of row data segments in the sub-data units arranged in a matrix form; wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to perform an error correction decoding operation on the user data stream according to the error checking and correcting code set to generate a first decoded data stream, wherein the first decoded data stream comprises a plurality of decoded sub-data units corresponding to at least a part of the sub-data units; wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to search at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit from the decoded sub-data units, select at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, adjust the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate an adjusted user data stream, and re-perform the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate a second decoded data stream, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to transmit the second decoded data stream as a corrected data stream to the host system. 14. The memory storage apparatus according to claim 13, wherein when the error correction decoding operation is performed on the user data stream according to the error checking and correcting code to generate the first decoded data stream, the memory control circuit unit is further configured to decode the column data segments and the row data segments by applying a block turbo code algorithm according to the column error correcting codes and the row error correcting codes to acquire the decoded sub-data units. 15. The memory storage apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the memory control circuit unit is further configured to determine whether an error bit exists in the first decoded data stream, wherein if the first decoded data stream has no error bit, the memory control circuit unit is further configured to transmit the first decoded data stream as the corrected data stream to the host system, wherein if the first decoded data stream has the error bit, the memory control circuit unit is further configured to determine whether the number of uncorrectable column data segments of the column data segments and the number of uncorrectable row data segments of the row data segments are less than a predetermined value, wherein only when the number of the uncorrectable column data segments is less than the predetermined value or the number of the uncorrectable row data segments is less than the predetermined value, the memory control circuit unit searches the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit from the decoded sub-data units, selects the at least one target sub-data unit from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, adjusts the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream to generate the adjusted user data stream, and re-performs the error correction decoding operation on the adjusted user data stream to generate the second decoded data stream. 16. The memory storage apparatus according to claim 15, wherein if neither the number of the uncorrectable column data segments nor the number of the uncorrectable row data segments is less than the predetermined value, the memory control circuit unit is further configured to transmit an error message to the host system. 17. The memory storage apparatus according to claim 15, wherein when the at least one target sub-data unit is selected from the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit, the memory control circuit unit is further configured to apply a first uncorrectable sub-data unit of the at least one uncorrectable sub-data unit as the at least one target sub-data unit according to one of the uncorrectable column data segments and one of the uncorrectable row data segments, wherein the first uncorrectable sub-data unit is included in a first column data segment among the column data segments and included in a first row data segment among the row data segments, a first column error correcting code corresponding to the first column data segment among the column error correcting codes is unable to correct the first column data segment, and a first row error correcting code corresponding to the first row data segment among the row error correcting codes is unable to correct the first row data segment. 18. The memory storage apparatus according to claim 17, wherein when the at least one target sub-data unit in the first decoded data stream is adjusted to generate the adjusted user data stream, the memory control circuit unit is further configured to perform a logical operation on the first uncorrectable sub-data unit with an adjusted data stream to adjust at least one bit of data in the first uncorrectable sub-data unit",
-    "An electronically controlled internal damper includes: a main passage formed by a working fluid flowing through a main piston; a pilot passage formed by a working fluid as much as a predetermined amount discharged from a first pilot chamber and a second pilot chamber so as to maintain internal pressures of the first pilot chamber and the second pilot chamber to a predetermined level when pressures of the first pilot chamber and the second pilot chamber are increased beyond the predetermined level; and a bypass passage formed by a working fluid passing through the compression retainer and the rebound retainer symmetrically disposed above and under the main piston and a plurality of holes formed transversely to a vertical length direction of a spool rod. Accordingly, the electronically controlled internal damper is capable of implementing damping performance in both a soft mode and a hard mode with a relatively simple structure and increasing sealing performance while reducing rigidity. 1. An electronically controlled internal damper comprising: a main passage formed by a working fluid flowing through a main piston in which compression passages and rebound passages are alternately disposed; a pilot passage formed by a working fluid as much as a predetermined amount discharged from a first pilot chamber and a second pilot chamber so as to maintain internal pressures of the first pilot chamber and the second pilot chamber to a predetermined level when pressures of the first pilot chamber and the second pilot chamber are increased beyond the predetermined level, the first pilot chamber being formed by a compression retainer disposed above the main piston and a first housing disposed above the compression retainer, and the second pilot chamber being formed by a rebound retainer disposed under the main piston and a second housing disposed under the rebound retainer; and a bypass passage formed by a working fluid passing through the compression retainer and the rebound retainer symmetrically disposed above and under the main piston and a plurality of holes formed transversely to a vertical length direction of a spool rod, the bypass passage being formed by a working fluid flowing between a cylinder upper chamber and a cylinder lower chamber past the first pilot chamber and the second pilot chamber, wherein the spool rod penetrates in central portions of the main piston, the compression retainer, the rebound retainer, the first housing, and the second housing. 2. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein, during a rebound stroke, the main passage is formed by a working fluid that flows from an upper portion of the rebound passage of the main piston to a communication hole of the rebound retainer disposed on a bottom surface of the main piston and is discharged to the outside of the second housing through an upper space of the second housing disposed under the rebound retainer. 3. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein, during a compression stroke, the main passage is formed by a working fluid that flows from a lower portion of the compression passage of the main piston to a communication hole of the compression retainer disposed on a top surface of the main piston and is discharged to the outside of the first housing through a lower space of the first housing disposed above the compression retainer. 4. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein, during a rebound stroke, the bypass passage is formed by a working fluid that flows from an upper portion of the rebound passage of the main piston through a communication hole of the rebound retainer and passes through the spool rod across a reciprocating direction of a driven spool and is then discharged to the outside of the rebound retainer through the compression passage of the main piston and past a top surface of the rebound retainer. 5. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim I, wherein, during a compression stroke, the bypass passage is formed by a working fluid that flows from a lower portion of the compression passage of the main piston through a communication hole of the compression retainer and passes through the spool rod across the reciprocating direction of the driven spool and is then discharged to the outside of the compression retainer through the rebound passage of the main piston and past a top surface of the compression retainer. 6. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein, during a rebound stroke, the pilot passage is formed by a working fluid that flows from an upper portion of the compression passage of the main piston through a communication hole of the rebound retainer and passes through the spool rod across the reciprocating direction of the driven spool and is then discharged to the bottom outside of the second housing through the second pilot chamber that is the inner space of the second housing. 7. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein, during a compression stroke, the pilot passage is formed by a working fluid that flows from a lower portion of the compression passage of the main piston through a communication hole of the compression retainer and passes through the spool rod across the reciprocating direction of the driven spool and is then discharged to the top outside of the first housing through the first pilot chamber that is the inner space of the first housing. 8. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, further comprising: a piston assembly including the main piston in which the compression passages and the rebound passages are alternately disposed, the compression retainer disposed on a top surface of the main piston and including a plurality of communication holes respectively communicating with the compression passages, and the rebound retainer disposed on a bottom surface of the main piston and including communication holes respectively communicating with the rebound passages, wherein the spool rod penetrates in central portions of the main piston, the compression retainer, and the rebound retainer; and a housing assembly including a first housing and a second housing, wherein the first housing is disposed above the compression retainer, a bottom surface of the first housing is opened, an inner space of the first housing communicates with its top outside, the second housing is disposed under the rebound retainer, a top surface of the second housing is opened, and an inner space of the second housing communicates with its bottom outside. 9. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 8, further comprising: a first sealing member mounted on a top surface of the compression retainer and allowing a vertical reciprocation to some degree by a pressure of the working fluid while abutting sealingly a lower inner peripheral surface of the first housing such that the inner space of the first housing becomes the first pilot chamber; and a second sealing member mounted on a bottom surface of the rebound retainer and allowing a vertical reciprocation to some degree by a pressure of the working fluid while abutting sealingly an upper inner peripheral surface of the second housing such that the inner space of the second housing becomes the second pilot chamber. 10. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 8, wherein the first sealing member includes: a first compression disk disposed between the compression retainer and the first housing; and a first seal lip that is an elastic member connected to the first compression disk and contacting a lower inner peripheral surface of the first housing. 11. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 10, wherein a connection between the first compression disk and the first seal lip is performed by inserting a first coupling protrusion formed in the first seal lip into a first coupling slot formed in the first compression disk and having a first tapered surface, and the first tapered surface is gradually widened toward a bottom surface of the first sealing disk. 12. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 8, wherein the second sealing member includes: a second compression disk disposed between the rebound retainer and the second housing; and a second seal lip that is an elastic member connected to the second compression disk and contacting an upper inner peripheral surface of the second housing. 13. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 12, wherein a connection between the second compression disk and the second seal lip is performed by inserting a second coupling protrusion formed in the second seal lip into a second coupling slot formed in the second compression disk and having a second tapered surface, and the second tapered surface is gradually widened toward a top surface of the second sealing disk.",
-    "A hydrogen fueled powerplant including an internal combustion engine that drives a motor-generator, and has a two-stage turbocharger, for an aircraft. A control system controls the operation of the motor-generator to maintain the engine at a speed selected based on controlling the engine equivalence ratio. The control system controls an afterburner, an intercooler and an aftercooler to maximize powerplant efficiency. The afterburner also adds power to the turbochargers during high-altitude restarts. The turbochargers also include motor-generators that extract excess power from the exhaust. 1. A powerplant, comprising: an engine configured to react a first reactant with a gaseous stream of second reactant to produce energy and an exhaust stream, wherein the gaseous stream of second reactant is provided to the engine at a flow rate; a compressor configured to pressurize the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the engine; a turbine, wherein the compressor is driven in rotation by a driving force from the turbine, and wherein the turbine is propelled by the exhaust stream; and an electrical generator configured to be driven by energy extracted from the exhaust stream. 2. The powerplant of claim 1, and further comprising: an afterburner in the exhaust stream upstream of the turbine, and upstream of where energy is extracted from the exhaust stream for the generator, the afterburner being configured to react additional reactants in the exhaust stream; and a control system configured to control the amount of additional reactants reacted in the exhaust such that adequate energy is present in the exhaust stream to drive both the generator and the compressor at optimized levels. 3. The powerplant of claim 1, wherein the turbine is further configured to drive the generator using energy extracted from the exhaust stream. 4. The powerplant of claim 3, and further comprising a control system, wherein the generator is configured to apply variable levels of motive force on the turbine, and wherein the control system configured to control the variable motive force applied to the turbine by the generator. 5. The powerplant of claim 4, wherein the control system is configured to control the variable motive force applied to the turbine by the generator to control the flow rate of the gaseous stream of second reactant based on an operating condition of the engine such that an exhaust stream temperature is maintained below a temperature limit. 6. The powerplant of claim 4, wherein the generator is configured to operate as an electric motor, and wherein the control system is configured to restart the engine in at least some ambient conditions by controlling the variable motive force applied to the turbine by the generator such that the compressor is driven at a speed that provides for the gaseous stream of second reactant to be provided to the engine at a flow rate at or above a threshold level. 7. The powerplant of claim 6, wherein the control system is configured to control the variable motive force applied to the turbine by the generator to control the flow rate of the gaseous stream of second reactant based on an operating condition of the engine such that an exhaust stream temperature is maintained below a temperature limit. 8. A powerplant, comprising: a fuel cell configured to react a first reactant with a gaseous stream of second reactant to produce energy and an exhaust stream; a compressor configured to pressurize the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the power generation system; a turbine, wherein the compressor is driven in rotation by a driving force from the turbine, and wherein the turbine is propelled by the exhaust stream; a catalytic afterburner in the exhaust stream intermediate the power generation system and the turbine, the afterburner being configured to react reactants in the exhaust stream; and a control system configured to control the operation of the afterburner to power the turbine at a rate such that the compressor is driven at a speed that provides for the gaseous stream of second reactant to be provided to the power generation system at a flow rate appropriate to a rate at which the second reactant is being provided to the power generation system. 9. A powerplant, comprising: an engine configured to react a first reactant with a gaseous stream of second reactant to produce energy and an exhaust stream; a compressor configured to pressurize the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the power generation system; a turbine, wherein the compressor is driven in rotation by a driving force from the turbine, and wherein the turbine is propelled by the exhaust stream; an afterburner in the exhaust stream intermediate the power generation system and the turbine, the afterburner being configured to react reactants in the exhaust stream; and a control system configured to control the operation of the afterburner to power the turbine during a system cold start based on the temperature of the turbine.",
-    "A plan through a space having a near field and a far field is determined. Using a sensor device, measurements of the far field are obtained and stored in an electronic memory. A processor uses the measurements to determine the viability of each far field plan among a plurality of candidate far field plans. The processor also determines a flexibility score for each of the candidate far field plans and selects a composite plan comprising the viable far field plan having a highest flexibility score among the viable candidate far field plans. 1. A computer implemented method of determining a plan through a space comprising a near field and a far field, comprising: with a sensor device, obtaining measurements of said far field and storing said measurements in an electronic memory; with a processor, determining, based on said measurements of said far field, the viability of each far field plan among a plurality of candidate far field plans; with said processor, determining a flexibility score for each of said candidate far field plans; and with said processor, selecting a composite plan comprising a far field plan having the highest flexibility score among those candidate far field plans that have been determined to be viable. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: with a sensor device, obtaining measurements of said near field; and with said processor, determining, based on said measurements of said near field, the viability of each near field plan among a plurality of candidate near field plans; wherein said composite plan additionally comprises a viable near field plan that is compatible with said far field plan having the highest flexibility score. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: with said processor, determining the adjacency of said candidate far field plans, wherein a first of said candidate far field plans is adjacent to a second of said candidate far field plans if it is possible to transition directly from said first candidate far field plan to said second candidate far field plan after arrival at the boundary between said near field and said far field; and wherein said flexibility score is based upon any of: the number of intervening far field plans between a candidate far field plan and the nearest non-viable far field plan; the physical distance between a candidate far field plan and the nearest non-viable far field plan; and the number of far field plans adjacent to a candidate far field plan. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said composite plan comprises a trajectory for an autonomous vehicle; and wherein said near field and said far field comprise near and far regions along a driving surface. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said candidate far field plans comprise offset curves from a roadway centerline. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein said candidate near field plans comprise a set of candidate maneuvers; and wherein each candidate maneuver is a transition in said near field between a current microlane and a destination microlane selected from among all microlanes, including said current microlane. 7. An apparatus determining a plan through a space comprising a near field and a far field, comprising: a processor configured for determining, based on measurements taken with a sensor device obtaining measurements of said far field, the viability of each far field plan among a plurality of candidate far field plans; said processor configured for determining a flexibility score for each of said candidate far field plans; and said processor configured for selecting a composite plan comprising a far field plan having the highest flexibility score among those candidate far field plans that have been determined to be viable. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: said processor determining, based on measurements taken with a sensor device of said near field, the viability of each near field plan among a plurality of candidate near field plans; wherein said composite plan additionally comprises a viable near field plan that is compatible with said far field plan having the highest flexibility score. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: said processor configured for determining the adjacency of said candidate far field plans, wherein a first of said candidate far field plans is adjacent to a second of said candidate far field plans if it is possible to transition directly from said first candidate far field plan to said second candidate far field plan after arrival at the boundary between said near field and said far field; and wherein said flexibility score is based upon any of: the number of intervening far field plans between a candidate far field plan and the nearest non-viable far field plan; the physical distance between a candidate far field plan and the nearest non-viable far field plan; and the number of far field plans adjacent to a candidate far field plan. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said composite plan comprises a trajectory for an autonomous vehicle; and wherein said near field and said far field comprise near and far regions along a driving surface. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said candidate far field plans comprise offset curves from a roadway centerline. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said candidate near field plans comprise a set of candidate maneuvers; and wherein each candidate maneuver is a transition in said near field between a current microlane and a destination microlane selected from among all microlanes, including said current microlane. 13. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said candidate far field plans comprise segments of microlanes passing through said far field. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: said processor calculating a scalar traversability score for each of said microlanes in said far field and determining that the corresponding far field plan is viable if said traversability score is above a predetermined threshold; wherein said traversability score is based upon any of the roughness of a roadway surface along said microlanes, the curvature of said microlanes, and the presence or absence of any obstacles along said microlanes. 15. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: said processor setting said flexibility score to 0 for each non-viable far field plan, thereby eliminating said non-viable far field plans from further consideration; for each viable far field plan, said processor setting said flexibility score to one greater than the number of said candidate far field plans between said viable far field plan and a nearest impassable far field plan. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: for those instances when two or more far field plans share said highest flexibility score, said processor selecting a composite plan by comparing a quantitative cost of said candidate maneuver within said composite plan. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising: said processor using sensor measurements to discretely characterize the near field terrain on a grid of cells, wherein each cell within said grid of cells is evaluated using multiple criteria; said processor combining said multiple criteria to determine a maximum traversal speed for said cell; wherein the cost of each cell is inversely proportional to said traversal speed; and wherein said quantitative cost of said candidate maneuver is proportional to the sum, along said candidate maneuver, of the products of said cost of each cell and the length of said candidate maneuver within that cell. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein among composite plans comprising far field microlanes with equal flexibility scores, said processor selects the composite plan comprising the candidate maneuver with the lowest quantitative cost. 19. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: when evaluating each far field plan, said processor making a Boolean determination for the microlane within each far field plan; wherein a microlane is determined to be either passable or impassable and said flexibility score is determined for each of said far field plans based on said Boolean determination. 20. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: when evaluating each far field plan, said processor computing a scalar traversability score for the microlane within each far field plan. 21. A computer implemented two-stage planning method, comprising: a processor selecting a composite plan from among a set of candidate composite plans, wherein each candidate composite plan is formed from a union of a near field plan, selected from among a set of candidate near field plans, and a far field plan, selected from among a set of candidate far field plans. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: said processor obtaining measurements of near and far fields, wherein said near field is characterized by a high degree of fidelity in the measurements obtained and said far field is characterized by a relatively low degree of fidelity in the measurements obtained; said processor determining the viability of each of said candidate near field plans; said processor eliminating from consideration those near field plans determined to be non-viable, said processor performing the viability determination using said measurements of said near field; in parallel, said processor determining the adjacency of candidate far field plans, wherein said processor considers a first far field plan adjacent to a second far field plan if it is possible to transition directly from said first far field plan to said second far field plan upon arrival at a boundary between said near and far fields; said processor determining the viability of each candidate far field plan and eliminating from consideration those far field plans determined to be non-viable; said processor performing the viability determination using said measurements of said far field, wherein said viability of said candidate far field plans is thus determined based on the most easily resolved features of said far field; said processor determining a flexibility score for each of the far field plans determined to be viable, said flexibility score is computed as the distance between the far field plan and the nearest non-viable far field plan; and said processor selecting a composite plan that includes a viable near field pan and a far field plan with the highest flexibility score. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the near field extends along a roadway from a starting transverse line through a current position to a first transverse line though a first future position at a first future time, and where in the far field extends along the roadway from the first transverse line to a second transverse line through a second future position at a second future time.",
-    "A foldable table includes two runners and an injection mold table frame including a tabletop and a runner arrangement integrated with the tabletop. The tabletop includes a surrounding rim downwardly extended from a peripheral of the tabletop, wherein the runners are extended along two longitudinal sides of the tabletop to align with the surrounding rim. The runner arrangement includes a plurality of injection attachments integrally and spacedly extended from an inner side of the surrounding rim. A plurality of fasteners fasten at the injection attachments respectively through each of the runners to securely lock up the runners at the longitudinal sides of the tabletop respectively. 1. An injection mold tabletop, comprising: a supporting frame which comprises two runners each having a plurality of spaced apart through holes; a table frame, which comprises: a tabletop comprising two rim structures downwardly extended two longitudinal sides of said tabletop and defining two elongated runner cavities underneath said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively; a runner arrangement comprising a plurality of fastener molds integrated with said rim structure within said runner cavities, wherein each of said fastener molds has a fastening hole and defines a deformable surface within said fastening hole, wherein said through holes of said runners are aligned with said fastening holes of said fastener molds when said runners are disposed along said runner cavities respectively; and a plurality of fasteners fastening with said through holes of said fastener molds through said fastening holes of said fastener molds respectively, wherein said deformable surfaces of said fastener molds are deformed by said fasteners to securely lock up said runners at said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively. 2. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 1, wherein each of said fasteners has a fastener head with a diameter slightly larger than a diameter of said through hole of said runner, wherein said fastener body of said fastener passes through said through hole of said runner to engage with said fastening hole to ensure said fastener body is engaged with an entire length of said fastener mold so as to increase an attachment area between said fastener and said fastener mold. 3. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 1, wherein said rim structure comprises a surrounding rim downwardly extended from said peripheral of said tabletop and a bottom rim integrally and inwardly extended from a bottom edge of said surrounding rim to define said runner cavity along said surrounding rim and above said bottom rim, such that when said runner is disposed along said runner cavity, said runner is located between said peripheral of said tabletop and said bottom rim. 4. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 2, wherein said rim structure comprises a surrounding rim downwardly extended from said peripheral of said tabletop and a bottom rim integrally and inwardly extended from a bottom edge of said surrounding rim to define said runner cavity along said surrounding rim and above said bottom rim, such that when said runner is disposed along said runner cavity, said runner is located between said peripheral of said tabletop and said bottom rim. 5. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 1, wherein said fastener molds are made of the same material of said tabletop. 6. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 2, wherein said fastener molds are made of the same material of said tabletop. 7. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 4, wherein said fastener molds are made of the same material of said tabletop. 8. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 4, wherein said runner arrangement further comprising a plurality of upper reinforcing ribs for reinforcing the strength of said tabletop, wherein each of said upper reinforcing ribs has a top edge integrally extended to said bottom side of said tabletop, a bottom edge integrally extended to said fastener mold, and a side edge integrally extended to said inner side of said surrounding rim. 9. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 7, wherein said runner arrangement further comprising a plurality of upper reinforcing ribs for reinforcing the strength of said tabletop, wherein each of said upper reinforcing ribs has a top edge integrally extended to said bottom side of said tabletop, a bottom edge integrally extended to said fastener mold, and a side edge integrally extended to said inner side of said surrounding rim. 10. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 8, wherein said runner arrangement further comprising a plurality of lower reinforcing ribs for reinforcing the strength of said tabletop, wherein each of said lower reinforcing ribs has a top edge integrally extended to said fastener mold, a bottom edge integrally extended to said bottom rim, and a side edge integrally extended to said inner side of said surrounding rim. 11. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 9, wherein said runner arrangement further comprising a plurality of lower reinforcing ribs for reinforcing the strength of said tabletop, wherein each of said lower reinforcing ribs has a top edge integrally extended to said fastener mold, a bottom edge integrally extended to said bottom rim, and a side edge integrally extended to said inner side of said surrounding rim. 12. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 10, wherein said tabletop further comprises a table reinforcing rib transversely and integrally extended from said bottom side of said tabletop and is integrally extended between two of said upper reinforcing ribs at said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively. 13. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 11, wherein said tabletop further comprises a table reinforcing rib transversely and integrally extended from said bottom side of said tabletop and is integrally extended between two of said upper reinforcing ribs at said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively. 14. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 12, wherein said tabletop further comprises a plurality of corner reinforcing ribs integrally formed at corner portions of said tabletop respectively, wherein each of said corner reinforcing ribs is integrally extended to said bottom side of said tabletop and to said inner side of said surrounding wall to reinforce the strength of said tabletop at said corner portions thereof. 15. The injection mold tabletop, as recited in claim 13, wherein said tabletop further comprises a plurality of corner reinforcing ribs integrally formed at corner portions of said tabletop respectively, wherein each of said corner reinforcing ribs is integrally extended to said bottom side of said tabletop and to said inner side of said surrounding wall to reinforce the strength of said tabletop at said corner portions thereof. 16. A method of manufacturing an injection mold tabletop, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a tabletop by a mold injection process; (b) integrally forming two rim structures integrally and downwardly extended two longitudinal sides of said tabletop during said mold injection process, wherein two elongated runner cavities are formed underneath said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively; (c) integrally forming a plurality of fastener molds with said rim structure within said runner cavities during said mold injection process, wherein each of said fastener molds has a fastening hole and defines a deformable surface within said fastening hole; (d) disposing two runners along said runner cavities respectively, wherein each of said runners has a plurality of spaced apart through holes aligned with said fastening holes of said fastener molds when said runners are disposed along said runner cavities respectively; and (e) fastening said runners at said runner cavities respectively by a plurality of fasteners, by the steps of: (e.1) passing a fastener head of each of said fasteners through said through hole of said runner to engage with said fastening hole to ensure said fastener body is engaged with an entire length of said fastener mold; and (e.2) deforming said deformable surfaces of said fastener molds by said fastener heads of said fasteners when said fastener heads of said fasteners are engaged with said fastening holes of said fastener molds to securely lock up said runners at said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively. 17. The method, as recited in claim 16, wherein the step (b) further comprises the steps of: (b.1) during said mold injection process, integrally forming a surrounding rim to be downwardly extended from said peripheral of said tabletop; and (b.2) during said mold injection process, integrally forming a bottom rim to be integrally and inwardly extended from a bottom edge of said surrounding rim to define said runner cavity along said surrounding rim and above said bottom rim. 18. The method, as recited in claim 17, wherein the step (c) further comprises the steps of: (c.1) during said mold injection process, integrally forming a plurality of upper reinforcing ribs for reinforcing the strength of said tabletop, wherein each of said upper reinforcing ribs has a top edge integrally extended to said bottom side of said tabletop, a bottom edge integrally extended to said fastener mold, and a side edge integrally extended to said inner side of said surrounding rim; and (c.2) during said mold injection process, integrally forming a plurality of lower reinforcing ribs for reinforcing the strength of said tabletop, wherein each of said lower reinforcing ribs has a top edge integrally extended to said fastener mold, a bottom edge integrally extended to said bottom rim, and a side edge integrally extended to said inner side of said surrounding rim. 19. The method, as recited in claim 18, wherein the step (c) further comprises the steps of: (c.3) during said mold injection process, integrally forming a table reinforcing rib to be transversely and integrally extended from said bottom side of said tabletop and integrally extended between two of said upper reinforcing ribs at said longitudinal sides of said tabletop respectively; and (c.4) during said mold injection process, integrally forming a plurality of corner reinforcing ribs to be integrally formed at corner portions of said tabletop respectively, wherein each of said corner reinforcing ribs is integrally extended to said bottom side of said tabletop and to said inner side of said surrounding wall to reinforce the strength of said tabletop at said corner portions thereof. 20. The method, as recited in claim 16, wherein said fastener head of each of said fasteners has a diameter slightly larger than a diameter of said through hole of said runner.",
-    "A multilayer ceramic electronic component includes a ceramic body including an electrode structure including internal electrodes stacked to face each other with respective dielectric layers interposed therebetween and alternately exposed to first and second end surfaces thereof and ceramic bands enclosing regions spaced apart from the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure; and external electrodes covering the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and at least portions of surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure, respectively. 1. A multilayer ceramic electronic component comprising: a ceramic body including an electrode structure including internal electrodes stacked to face each other with respective dielectric layers interposed therebetween and alternately exposed to first and second end surfaces thereof and ceramic bands enclosing regions spaced apart from the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure; and external electrodes covering the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and at least portions of surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure, respectively. 2. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein when a thickness direction refers to a stacking direction of the internal electrodes, the external electrodes have a thickness less than that of the ceramic body in the thickness direction. 3. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein when a width direction refers to a direction perpendicular to both of a stacking direction of the internal electrodes and a length direction, the external electrodes have a width narrower than that of the ceramic body in the width direction. 4. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein the external electrodes cover an entirety of the surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure. 5. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein the ceramic body has an overlap region in which the internal electrodes adjacent to each other in an exposed direction of the internal electrodes overlap each other and margin regions formed at both ends of the overlap region, and the margin regions are formed in regions between the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and the ceramic bands in the ceramic body. 6. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein the ceramic body has an overlap region in which the internal electrodes adjacent to each other in an exposed direction of the internal electrodes overlap each other and margin regions formed at both ends of the overlap region, and the margin regions are formed from the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and include portions of regions in which the ceramic bands are formed in the ceramic body. 7. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein the internal electrodes are exposed to first and second surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure. 8. The multilayer ceramic electronic component of claim 1, wherein C<D, where C is a length of the extent of the external electrode along an upper surface of the electrode structure and D is a distance between the end surface of the electrode structure and the ceramic band. 9. A method of manufacturing a multilayer ceramic electronic component, comprising steps of: preparing a ceramic body including an electrode structure including internal electrodes stacked to face each other with respective dielectric layers interposed therebetween and alternately exposed to first and second end surfaces thereof and ceramic bands enclosing regions spaced apart from the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure; and forming external electrodes covering the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and at least portions of surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure, respectively. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein when a thickness direction refers to a stacking direction of the internal electrodes, the external electrodes have a thickness less than that of the ceramic body in the thickness direction. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein when a width direction refers to a direction perpendicular to both of a stacking direction of the internal electrodes and a length direction, the external electrodes have a width narrower than that of the ceramic body in the width direction. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the external electrodes cover the entirety of the surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein in the step of forming the external electrodes, an applying method or a plating method is used. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the ceramic body has an overlap region in which the internal electrodes adjacent to each other in an exposed direction of the internal electrodes overlap each other and margin regions formed at both ends of the overlap region, and the margin regions are formed in regions between the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and the ceramic bands in the ceramic body. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the ceramic body has an overlap region in which the internal electrodes adjacent to each other in an exposed direction of the internal electrodes overlap each other and margin regions formed at both ends of the overlap region, and the margin regions are formed from the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure and include portions of regions in which the ceramic bands are formed in the ceramic body. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the internal electrodes are exposed to first and second surfaces of the electrode structure connected to the first and second end surfaces of the electrode structure. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein C<D, where C is a length of the extent of the external electrode along an upper surface of the electrode structure and D is a distance between the end surface of the electrode structure and the ceramic band.",
-    "Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for controlling an electronic parking brake. The apparatus for controlling the electronic parking brake includes: a first detection unit that detects current wheel pulse counting signals when a vehicle rolls at a predetermined time interval for a predetermined time period after a parking operation for parking is clamped; a second detection unit that continuously receives the detected current wheel pulse counting signals at a predetermined time interval for a next time period after the predetermined time period and detects the continuously-cumulated current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; a determination unit that determines whether the detected current wheel pulse counting signals are predetermined target wheel pulse counting signals or determines whether the detected current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are predetermined target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; a driving unit that drives the electronic parking brake so as to re-clamp the parking operation if it is determined that the current wheel pulse counting signals are the target wheel pulse counting signals or the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are the target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; and a controller that transmits a first detection instruction to the first detection unit, transmits a second detection instruction to the second detection unit, transmits a determination instruction to the determination unit and transmits a driving instruction to the driving unit. 1. An apparatus for controlling an electronic parking brake, the apparatus comprising: a first detection unit that detects current wheel pulse counting signals when a vehicle rolls at a predetermined time interval for a predetermined time period after a parking operation for parking is clamped; a second detection unit that continuously receives the detected current wheel pulse counting signals at a predetermined time interval for a next time period after the predetermined time period and detects the continuously-cumulated current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; a determination unit that determines whether the detected current wheel pulse counting signals are predetermined target wheel pulse counting signals or determines whether the detected current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are predetermined target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; a driving unit that drives the electronic parking brake so as to re-clamp the parking operation if it is determined that the current wheel pulse counting signals are the target wheel pulse counting signals or the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are the target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; and a controller that transmits a first detection instruction to the first detection unit, transmits a second detection instruction to the second detection unit, transmits a determination instruction to the determination unit and transmits a driving instruction to the driving unit. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller further transmits a reset instruction to the second detection unit so as to reset the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals if the current wheel pulse counting signals are the target wheel pulse counting signals. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller further transmits a reset instruction to the first detection unit so as to reset the current wheel pulse counting signals if the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are the target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first detection unit further detects the current wheel pulse counting signals in real time while a turn-on state of the controller is maintained even when starting of a vehicle is turned off. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second detection unit further detects the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals in real time while a turn-on state of the controller is maintained even when starting of a vehicle is turned off. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit that communicates with a driver's portable mobile terminal device according to control of the controller, wherein, if the current wheel pulse counting signals are not the target wheel pulse counting signals, the communication unit transmits communication signals to the driver's portable mobile terminal device so that the driver's portable mobile terminal device identifies that a current parking state is unstable. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit that communicates with a driver's portable mobile terminal device according to control of the controller, wherein, if the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are not the target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals, the communication unit transmits communication signals to the driver's portable mobile terminal device so that the driver's portable mobile terminal device identifies that a current parking state is unstable. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit that communicates with a driver's portable mobile terminal device according to control of the controller, wherein, if the current wheel pulse counting signals are the target wheel pulse counting signals, the communication unit transmits communication signals to the driver's portable mobile terminal device so that the driver's portable mobile terminal device identifies that a current situation is a situation in which the parking operation is to be re-clamped. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit that communicates with a driver's portable mobile terminal device according to control of the controller, wherein, if the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are the target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals, the communication unit transmits communication signals to the driver's portable mobile terminal device so that the driver's portable mobile terminal device identifies that a current situation is a situation in which the parking operation is to be re-clamped. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a communication unit that communicates with a driver's portable mobile terminal device according to control of the controller, wherein the communication unit transmits communication signals to the driver's portable mobile terminal device so that the driver's portable mobile terminal device identifies that a current parking state is stable, when the parking operation is to be re-clamped. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first detection unit detects wheel pulse signals, and the second detection unit detects signals excluding the wheel pulse signals. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller performs a plurality of re-clamping operations. 13. A method of controlling an electronic parking brake, the method comprising: detecting current wheel pulse counting signals when a vehicle rolls at a predetermined time interval for a predetermined time period after a parking operation for parking is clamped, or receiving the detected current wheel pulse counting signals continuously at a predetermined time interval for a next time period after the predetermined time period and detecting the continuously-cumulated current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; determining whether the detected current wheel pulse counting signals are predetermined target wheel pulse counting signals or determining whether the detected current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are predetermined target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals; and if it is determined that the current wheel pulse counting signals are the target wheel pulse counting signals or the current wheel pulse cumulative counting signals are the target wheel pulse cumulative counting signals, driving the electronic parking brake so as to re-clamp the parking operation. 14. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the controller performs a plurality of re-clamping operations. 15. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the controller performs a plurality of re-clamping operations. 16. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the controller performs a plurality of re-clamping operations. 17. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the controller performs a plurality of re-clamping operations.",
-    "A method and apparatus for mitigating a phase anomaly in an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) output signal is disclosed. A plurality of codewords output by the ADC are received and information about an estimated level of interference between an output of the ADC and an input of the ADC due to the codeword is obtained for each codeword based on the logic values of bits in the codeword. In-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) corrections are obtained based on the information about the estimated level of interference, and applied to I and Q values obtained from the ADC output signal. 1. A method of mitigating a phase anomaly in an analogue-to-digital converter ADC output signal, the method comprising: receiving a plurality of codewords output by the ADC; obtaining, for each one of the plurality of codewords, information about an estimated level of interference between an output of the ADC and an input of the ADC due to the codeword based on the logic values of bits in the codeword; obtaining in-phase I and quadrature Q corrections based on the obtained information; and applying the I and Q corrections to I and Q values obtained from the ADC output signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining information about the estimated level of interference for each codeword comprises obtaining the information based on the Hamming weight of the codeword. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining information about the estimated level of interference for each codeword comprises: obtaining a weighted digit sum of the codeword by multiplying each bit of the codeword by a predetermined weighting factor for that bit and summing the weighted bits; and obtaining the information about the estimated level of interference based on the weighted digit sum. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining information about the estimated level of interference for each codeword further comprises: comparing each bit of the codeword to each corresponding bit of the preceding codeword output by the ADC, to determine the number of 0 to 1 bit transitions and the number of 1 to 0 bit transitions with respect to the preceding codeword; and obtaining the information about the estimated level of interference based on the number of 0 to 1 bit transitions, the number of 1 to 0 bit transitions, and the number of bits set to 1 in the current codeword. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining information about the estimated level of interference for each codeword further comprises: storing digit sum information about the number of bits set to 1 in each one of the plurality of codewords; and obtaining the information about the estimated level of interference due to the current codeword based on the stored digit sum information. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the information about the estimated level of interference for each codeword comprises a value representing a relative level of interference due to the codeword, and an estimated interfering signal comprises a plurality of said values obtained for the plurality of codewords wherein the I and Q corrections are obtained by sequentially scaling and phase-rotating the estimated interfering signal according to a predetermined amplitude scaling parameter and a predetermined phase rotation parameter. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: correlating the ADC output signal with a first reference signal to obtain the I and Q values from the ADC output signal, wherein phase-rotating the estimated interfering signal comprises generating a second reference signal that is phase-rotated with respect to the first reference signal by an angle determined by the predetermined phase rotation parameter, and correlating the estimated interfering signal with the second reference signal. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the I and Q corrections are obtained based on the correlation result of correlating the estimated interfering signal with the second reference signal. 9. Apparatus for mitigating a phase anomaly in an analogue-to-digital converter ADC output signal, the apparatus comprising: means for receiving a plurality of codewords output by the ADC and obtaining, for each one of the plurality of codewords, information about an estimated level of interference between an output of the ADC and an input of the ADC due to the codeword, based on the logic values of bits in the codeword; means for obtaining in-phase I and quadrature Q corrections based on the obtained information; and means for applying the I and Q corrections to I and Q values obtained from the ADC output signal. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means for obtaining the information about an estimated level of interference is a Hamming weight calculator. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means for obtaining the information about an estimated level of interference is arranged to obtain, for each codeword, a weighted digit sum of the codeword by multiplying each bit of the codeword by a predetermined weighting factor for that bit and summing the weighted bits, and obtain the information about the estimated level of interference based on the weighted digit sum. 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means for obtaining the information about an estimated level of interference is further arranged to: compare, for each codeword, each bit of the codeword to each corresponding bit of the preceding codeword output by the ADC, to determine the number of 0 to 1 bit transitions and the number of 1 to 0 bit transitions with respect to the preceding codeword, and obtain the information about the estimated level of interference based on the number of 0 to 1 bit transitions, the number of 0 to 1 bit transitions, and the number of bits set to 1 in the current codeword. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the means for obtaining the information about an estimated level of interference is further arranged to store digit sum information about the number of bits set to 1 in each one of the plurality of codewords, and obtain the information about the estimated level of interference for each codeword based on the stored digit sum information. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein; the information about an estimated level of interference comprises a value representing a relative level of interference due to the codeword, and an estimated interfering signal comprises a plurality of said values obtained for the plurality of codewords, the means for obtaining the I and Q corrections comprises means for scaling and means for phase-rotating the estimated interfering signal according to a predetermined amplitude scaling parameter and a predetermined phase rotation parameter, respectively, and the means for scaling and means for phase-rotating operate sequentially on the estimated interfering signal. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, comprising: a reference signal generator arranged to generate a first reference signal and a second reference signal that is phase-rotated with respect to the first reference signal by an angle determined by the predetermined phase rotation parameter; and a first correlator arranged to correlate the ADC output signal with the first reference signal to obtain the I and Q values of the ADC output signal; wherein the means for phase-rotating the estimated interfering signal includes a second correlator arranged to correlate the estimated interfering signal to the second reference signal, to apply the predetermined phase rotation to the estimated interfering signal.",
-    "An anti-folding leg assembly for a tabletop includes a leg frame for pivotally coupling at a bottom side of the tabletop to pivotally move between a folded position and an unfolded position, and an anti-folding arrangement including a table support having has a table coupling end adapted for pivotally coupling at the bottom side of the tabletop, and a leg support having a leg coupling end pivotally coupled at the leg frame. A pivot point is defined at a pivot connection between the table support and the leg support, and a centerline is defined between the table coupling end of the table support and the leg coupling end of the leg support when the leg frame is moved in the unfolded position, wherein the pivot point is located below the centerline when the leg frame is moved in the unfolded position. 1. An anti-folding leg assembly for a foldable table having a tabletop, comprising: at least a leg frame adapted for pivotally coupling at a bottom side of said tabletop to pivotally move between a folded position and an unfolded position; and at least an anti-folding arrangement, which is foldable to guide said leg frame between said folded position and said unfolded position, having one end adapted for pivotally coupling at said bottom side of said tabletop and an opposed end pivotally coupled at said leg frame, wherein when said leg frame is moved from said folded position to said unfolded position, said anti-folding arrangement is moved in a non-linear configuration between said tabletop and said leg frame for retaining said leg frame in said unfolded position. 2. The anti-folding leg assembly, as recited in claim 1, wherein said anti-folding arrangement comprises a table support and a leg support pivotally coupled with each other, wherein said table support is extended from said leg support in a non-linear manner when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position. 3. The anti-folding leg assembly, as recited in claim 2, wherein said table support has a table coupling end adapted for pivotally coupling at said bottom side of said tabletop and said leg support has a leg coupling end pivotally coupled at said leg frame. 4. The anti-folding leg assembly, as recited in claim 3, wherein said table support further has a first pivot end portion extended opposite to said table coupling end, and said leg support further has a second pivot end portion extended opposite to said leg coupling end, wherein said first and second pivot end portions of said table support and said leg support are pivotally coupled with each other. 5. The anti-folding leg assembly, as recited in claim 4, wherein said first and second pivot end portions of said table support and said leg support are overlapped with each other to define an overlapped section. 6. The anti-folding leg assembly, as recited in claim 2, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a locker slidably coupled at said table support and arranged to slide at said overlapped section to lock up said table support with said leg support. 7. The anti-folding leg assembly, as recited in claim 2, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a blocking member integrally and sidewardly extended from a top edge of said table support to form a L-shaped cross sectional blocking portion to block a further pivotal movement of said leg support when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position. 8. An anti-folding arrangement for a foldable table having a tabletop and a leg frame pivotally coupled at a bottom side of said tabletop to pivotally move between a folded position and an unfolded position, wherein said anti-folding arrangement comprises: a table support having has a table coupling end adapted for pivotally coupling at said bottom side of said tabletop; and a leg support having a leg coupling end adapted for pivotally coupling at said leg frame, wherein said table support and said leg support are pivotally connected with each other, wherein said table support is extended from said leg support in a non-linear manner when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position for retaining said leg frame in said unfolded position. 9. The anti-folding arrangement, as recited in claim 8, wherein said table support further has a first pivot end portion extended opposite to said table coupling end, and said leg support further has a second pivot end portion extended opposite to said leg coupling end, wherein said first and second pivot end portions of said table support and said leg support are pivotally coupled with each other. 10. The anti-folding arrangement, as recited in claim 9, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a locker slidably coupled at said table support, wherein said first and second pivot end portions of said table support and said leg support are overlapped with each other to define an overlapped section, wherein said locker is slid at said overlapped section to lock up said table support with said leg support. 11. The anti-folding arrangement, as recited in claim 8, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a blocking member integrally and sidewardly extended from a top edge of said table support to form a L-shaped cross sectional blocking portion to block a further pivotal movement of said leg support when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position. 12. A foldable table, comprising: a tabletop having a bottom side; at least a leg frame pivotally coupled at said bottom side of said tabletop to pivotally move between a folded position and an unfolded position; and at least an anti-folding arrangement, which is foldable to guide said leg frame between said folded position and said unfolded position, having one end pivotally coupled at said bottom side of said tabletop and an opposed end pivotally coupled at said leg frame, wherein when said leg frame is moved from said folded position to said unfolded position, said anti-folding arrangement is moved in a non-linear configuration between said tabletop and said leg frame for retaining said leg frame in said unfolded position. 13. The foldable table, as recited in claim 12, wherein said anti-folding arrangement comprises a table support and a leg support pivotally coupled with each other, wherein said table support is extended from said leg support in a non-linear manner when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position. 14. The foldable table, as recited in claim 13, wherein said table support has a table coupling end adapted for pivotally coupling at said bottom side of said tabletop and said leg support has a leg coupling end pivotally coupled at said leg frame. 15. The foldable table, as recited in claim 14, wherein said table support further has a first pivot end portion extended opposite to said table coupling end, and said leg support further has a second pivot end portion extended opposite to said leg coupling end, wherein said first and second pivot end portions of said table support and said leg support are pivotally coupled with each other. 16. The foldable table, as recited in claim 15, wherein said first and second pivot end portions of said table support and said leg support are overlapped with each other to define an overlapped section. 17. The foldable table, as recited in claim 13, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a locker slidably coupled at said table support and arranged to slide at said overlapped section to lock up said table support with said leg support. 18. The foldable table, as recited in claim 16, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a locker slidably coupled at said table support and arranged to slide at said overlapped section to lock up said table support with said leg support. 19. The foldable table, as recited in claim 13, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a blocking member integrally and sidewardly extended from a top edge of said table support to form a L-shaped cross sectional blocking portion to block a further pivotal movement of said leg support when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position. 20. The foldable table, as recited in claim 16, wherein said anti-folding arrangement further comprises a blocking member integrally and sidewardly extended from a top edge of said table support to form a L-shaped cross sectional blocking portion to block a further pivotal movement of said leg support when said leg frame is moved in said unfolded position.",
-    "A display panel and a fabrication method thereof are provided. The display panel includes a substrate, a plurality of thin film transistor devices, color filters having different colors and a plurality of auxiliary color filter patterns. The thin film transistor devices and the color filters are disposed in corresponding pixel regions of the substrate, and each color filter layer has an opening uncovering one corresponding thin film transistor device. The auxiliary color filter patterns are respectively disposed in the openings of the color filter layers, and the auxiliary color filter patterns have the same light transmission spectrum. 1. A display panel comprising: a first substrate having a first sub-pixel region and a second sub-pixel region; a plurality of thin film transistor (TFT) devices disposed on a surface of the first substrate and located respectively in the first sub-pixel region and the second sub-pixel region; a first color filter disposed on the surface of the first substrate of the first sub-pixel region, wherein the first color filter has a first opening at least partially corresponding to the thin film transistor device in the first sub-pixel region; a second color filter disposed on the surface of the first substrate of the second sub-pixel region, wherein the second color filter has a second opening at least partially corresponding to the thin film transistor device in the second sub-pixel region, and the first color filter and the second color filter have different light transmission spectra; and a plurality of auxiliary color filter patterns respectively disposed in the first openings and the second openings, wherein the auxiliary color filter patterns disposed in the first openings and the second openings have the same light transmission spectrum. 2. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of auxiliary color filter patterns are filled into the first openings and the second openings. 3. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein top surfaces of the auxiliary color filter patterns disposed in the first openings and the second openings, a first top surface of the first color filter and a second top surface of the second color filter are substantially coplanar. 4. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary color filter patterns are in contact with the thin film transistor devices respectively. 5. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein each of the thin film transistor devices comprises a gate electrode, a semiconductor channel layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode, and each of the auxiliary color filter patterns at least fully covers the semiconductor channel layer of the corresponding thin film transistor device. 6. The display panel according to claim 5, wherein each of the first color filter and the second color filter has a first contact hole at least partially uncovering the drain electrode respectively. 7. The display panel according to claim 6, further comprising an overcoat layer disposed on the surface of the first substrate, wherein the overcoat layer covers the first color filter, the second color filter and the auxiliary color filter patterns, and the overcoat layer has a plurality of second contact holes respectively connecting the first contact holes. 8. The display panel according to claim 7, further comprising a plurality of pixel electrodes disposed on the overcoat layer and disposed in the first sub-pixel region and the second sub-pixel region, wherein each of the pixel electrodes is electrically connected to the corresponding drain electrode through the first contact hole and the second contact hole. 9. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary color filter patterns has the same light transmission spectrum as the first color filter or the second color filter. 10. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the light transmission spectrum of the auxiliary color filter patterns is different from the light transmission spectrum of the first color filter and the light transmission spectrum of the second color filter, and a light transmission wavelength of the auxiliary color filter patterns is longer than a light transmission wavelength of the first color filter and a light transmission wavelength of the second color filter. 11. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the first color filter and the second color filter are selected from the group consisting of a red color filter, a green color filter, a blue color filter, a yellow color filter, a cyan color filter and a magenta color filter. 12. The display panel according to claim 1, wherein the auxiliary color filter pattern is selected from the group consisting of a red color filter, a green color filter, a blue color filter, a yellow color filter, a cyan color filter and a magenta color filter. 13. The display panel according to claim 12, wherein the auxiliary color filter pattern is the red filter. 14. The display panel according to claim 1, further comprising: a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate; a black matrix disposed on a surface of the second substrate; a common electrode disposed on the surface of the second substrate and the black matrix; and an opto-electrical medium layer interposed between the surface of the first substrate and the surface of the second substrate. 15. The display panel according to claim 14, wherein the opto-electrical medium layer comprises a liquid crystal layer. 16. The display panel according to claim 14, wherein the opto-electrical medium layer comprises an electroluminescent layer. 17. A method of fabricating display panel, comprising: providing a first substrate; forming a plurality of thin film transistor (TFT) devices on the first substrate, wherein the thin film transistor devices are respectively disposed in a first sub-pixel region and a second sub-pixel region of the first substrate; forming a first color filter in the first sub-pixel region of the first substrate, wherein the first color filter has a first opening at least partially corresponding to the thin film transistor device in the first sub-pixel region; forming a second color filter in the second sub-pixel region of the first substrate, wherein the second color filter has a second opening at least partially corresponding to the thin film transistor device in the second sub-pixel region, and the first color filter and the second color filter have different light transmission spectra; and forming a plurality of auxiliary color filter patterns in the first openings and the second openings, wherein the auxiliary color filter patterns disposed in the first openings and the second openings have the same light transmission spectrum. 18. The method of fabricating display panel according to claim 17, wherein the first color filter, the second color filter and the auxiliary color filter patterns are formed by exposure-and-development process. 19. The method of fabricating display panel according to claim 18, wherein the first color filter and the auxiliary color filter patterns disposed in the first openings are formed by a same exposure-and-development process, and a light transmission wavelength of the auxiliary color filter patterns and a light transmission wavelength of the first color filter layer are larger than a light transmission wavelength of the second color filter. 20. The method of fabricating display panel according to claim 17, wherein the auxiliary color filter patterns are formed by inkjet printing.",
-    "Using credit cards could be challenging when dealing with too many of them. We have a solution to use smaller credit cards link with a principal card. Mini-Dependent cards have limited amount of credit to help make using credits cards much simpler. The idea is to have a main credit card assigned to the head of an association and/or family. The principle can control the credit that is on a mini dependent and allows the individual to use limited credits from the principle without risking nearly as much as when a credit card gets lost or stolen. The amount of credits on a mini dependent can be set by the owner of Principle Credit Card. Example, a dependant credit card can be mounted inside fuel compartment of a vehicle for fueling, or can be mounted in a school student's wallet to facilitate using allowance. 1. utility (operability, beneficial utility, and practical utility), methods, designs, processes, developments, systems and ornamentals as have been described and shown. I claim micro entity status.",
-    "A fast response liquid crystal display panel includes a first comb electrode arranged on a surface of an upper substrate that is adjacent to a liquid crystal layer and a second comb electrode arranged on a surface of a lower substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer. The first comb electrode includes a plurality of first elongate electrodes that are parallel to and spaced from each other and the second comb electrode includes a plurality of second elongate electrodes that are parallel to and spaced from each other. The plurality of first elongate electrodes and the plurality of second elongate electrodes are parallel to each other in a lengthwise direction thereof and are shifted with respect to each other and alternate with each other in a widthwise direction thereof. Application of electric voltage to the first comb electrode and the second comb electrode causes the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer to undergo both splay deformation and twist deformation, increasing the deformation elastic constant of the liquid crystal molecules and making liquid crystal display panel speeding up the response time to perform a fast response. 1. A fast response liquid crystal display panel, comprising: an upper substrate, a lower substrate arranged opposite to the upper substrate, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, a first comb electrode arranged on a surface of the upper substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer, a first alignment film covering the upper substrate and the first comb electrode, a second comb electrode arranged on a surface of the lower substrate that is adjacent to the liquid crystal layer, and a second alignment film covering the lower substrate and the second comb electrode; the first comb electrode comprising a plurality of first elongate electrodes that are parallel to and spaced from each other, the second comb electrode comprising a plurality of second elongate electrodes that are parallel to and spaced from each other, the plurality of first elongate electrodes and the plurality of second elongate electrodes being parallel to each other in a lengthwise direction thereof and shifted with respect to each other and alternate with each other in a widthwise direction thereof; the liquid crystal layer involving horizontal alignment. 2. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of first elongate electrodes are arranged to equally spaced from each other and the plurality of second elongate electrodes are arranged to equally spaced from each other, a spacing distance between two adjacent ones of the first elongate electrodes being equal to a spacing distance between two adjacent ones of the second elongate electrodes, spacing distances between adjacent ones of the first elongate electrodes and the second elongate electrodes that are shifted with respect to each other and alternate with each other in the widthwise direction of the plurality of first elongate electrodes and the plurality of second elongate electrodes being identical. 3. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the plurality of first elongate electrodes and the plurality of second elongate electrodes both have a width of 1 \u03bcm-10 \u03bcm. 4. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the spacing distance between two adjacent ones of the first elongate electrodes and the spacing distance between adjacent ones of the second elongate electrodes are both 2 \u03bcm-20 \u03bcm. 5. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the widths of the plurality of first elongate electrodes and the plurality of second elongate electrodes are 2 \u03bcm-4 \u03bcm. 6. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the spacing distance between two adjacent ones of the first elongate electrodes and the spacing distance between adjacent ones of the second elongate electrodes are 4 \u03bcm-10 \u03bcm. 7. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first comb electrode and the second comb electrode are made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or an electrically conductive metal. 8. The fast response liquid crystal display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the upper substrate and the lower substrate is a thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate, which comprises gate lines, data lines, and TFTs, and the other one is a color filter (CF) substrate, which comprises a black matrix, a color filter, an over coat, and photo spacers.",
-    "A monitoring system includes at least one light sensor, at least one fastener and at least one controller. The light sensor is configured to detect light emitted by an operation lamp. The fastener wraps around the operation lamp, and it includes a light-shielding body. The light-shielding body has an accommodation groove and an inner surface. The inner surface is adjacent to the operation lamp. The accommodation groove is concavely formed at the inner surface. The light sensor is accommodated in the accommodation groove. The controller is electrically connected with the light sensor for determining a status of the machine according to the light detected by the light sensor. 1. A monitoring system for monitoring at least one machine, wherein each of the at least one machine has an operation lamp, the operation lamp is for emitting light at least when the machine is under operation, the monitoring system comprising: at least one light sensor configured to detecting the light emitted by the operation lamp; at least one fastener wrapping around the operation lamp, the fastener comprising a light-shielding body, wherein the light-shielding body has an accommodation groove and an inner surface, the inner surface is adjacent to the operation lamp, the accommodation groove is concavely formed at the inner surface, and the light sensor is accommodated in the accommodation groove; and at least one controller electrically connected with the light sensor for determining a status of the machine according to the light detected by the light sensor. 2. The monitoring system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one flexible structure disposed between the fastener and the lamp. 3. The monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein the light sensor comprises: a photoresistor for changing resistance in view of the brightness of the operation lamp of the machine; and a variable resistor serially connected with the photoresistor. 4. The monitoring system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one relay, wherein the number of the controller is plural, the controllers are electrically connected with the relay; and a server electrically connected with the relay. 5. The monitoring system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one wireless access point, wherein the number of the controller is plural, the controllers are connected with the wireless access point wirelessly; and a server electrically connected with the wireless access point. 6. The monitoring system according to claim 1, further comprising: a range finder configured to generate a signal based on a distance between the range finder and a tool of the machine; a deficiency determination unit electrically connected to the range finder to determine a deficiency of the tool based on the signal; and a lamp controller electrically connected to the deficiency determination unit to change an optical property of the light emitted by the operation lamp based on the determined deficiency of the tool. 7. The monitoring system of claim 6, further comprising: a tool holder configured to hold the tool, wherein one of the tool holder and the range finder is movable with respect to another of the tool holder and the range finder. 8. The monitoring system of claim 7, further comprising: a stator surrounding the tool holder or surrounded by the tool holder, wherein the range finder is stationary with respect to the stator, and wherein the tool holder is rotatable with respect to the stator. 9. The monitoring system of claim 8, wherein the range finder emits a light beam substantially along a radial direction or an axial direction of the stator. 10. The monitoring system of claim 8, further comprising: a rotation controller electrically connected to the tool holder to rotate the tool holder such that a plurality of the tools of the machine are sequentially moved to a position on a traveling path of a light beam emitted from the range finder. 11. The monitoring system of claim 7, further comprising: a rotor surrounding the tool holder or surrounded by the tool holder, wherein the range finder is stationary with respect to the rotor, and wherein the rotor is rotatable with respect to the tool holder. 12. The monitoring system of claim 11, wherein the range finder emits a light beam substantially along a radial direction or an axial direction of the rotor. 13. The monitoring system of claim 11, further comprising: a rotation controller electrically connected to the rotor to rotate the rotor such that a traveling path of a light beam emitted from the range finder is moved to a plurality of the tools of the machine sequentially. 14. The monitoring system of claim 7, further comprising: an elevating device configured to elevate the range finder with respect to the tool holder. 15. The monitoring system of claim 6, wherein the range finder is configured to output a digital signal based on whether a light beam emitted by the range finder is blocked, and wherein the deficiency determination unit is configured to determine the deficiency of the tool based on the digital signal. 16. The monitoring system of claim 6, wherein the range finder is configured to output an analog signal based on the distance between the range finder and the tool when a light beam emitted by the range finder is blocked by the tool, and wherein the deficiency determination unit is configured to determine the deficiency of the tool based on the analog signal.",
-    "A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator includes a piezoelectric layer disposed over a substrate, and a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer. A layer is disposed between the substrate and the piezoelectric layer. A silicon layer disposed between a first surface of the layer and a second surface of the piezoelectric layer. A first surface of the silicon layer has a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between the first surface of the silicon layer and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer. 1. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator structure, comprising: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface having a plurality of features; a piezoelectric layer disposed over the substrate, the piezoelectric layer having a first surface and a second surface; a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the plurality of electrodes configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer; and a layer disposed over the first surface of the substrate, the layer having a first surface and a second surface; and a silicon layer disposed between the first surface of the layer and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, the first surface of the silicon layer having a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between the first surface of the silicon layer and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, wherein the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves and reduce the incidence of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer. 2. A SAW resonator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer is disposed beneath the second surface of the silicon layer, the first surface of the layer having a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between the first surface of the layer and the second surface of the silicon layer. 3. A SAW resonator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the silicon layer has a thickness in the range of approximately 100 \u212b, to approximately \u03bb/3 where \u03bb is a wavelength of the surface acoustic waves generated in the piezoelectric layer. 4. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reflected acoustic waves destructively interfere with acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer. 5. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the silicon layer comprises polycrystalline silicon. 6. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the features in the first surface of the substrate are substantially pyramidal in shape. 7. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the features are substantially not in a regular pattern. 8. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the features have a height of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (\u00bc\u03bb) of a spurious mode. 9. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the features have a height in the range of approximately 0.25 \u03bcm to approximately 1.5 \u03bcm. 10. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the features have a height in the range of approximately 0.1 \u03bcm to approximately 2.50 \u03bcm. 11. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein the features have a plurality of heights, and each of the pluralities of heights is approximately a height in the range of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (\u00bc\u03bb) of one of the plurality of spurious modes. 12. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer comprises an oxide material. 13. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 12, wherein the oxide material comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2). 14. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first surface of the layer has a root-mean-square (RMS) variation in height of approximately 0.1 \u212b to approximately 10.0 \u212b. 15. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter comprising a plurality of SAW resonator structures, one or more of the plurality of SAW resonator structures comprising: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface having a plurality of features; a piezoelectric layer disposed over the substrate, the piezoelectric layer having a first surface and a second surface; a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the plurality of electrodes configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer; and a layer disposed over the first surface of the substrate, the layer having a first surface and a second surface; and a silicon layer disposed between the first surface of the layer and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, the first surface of the silicon layer having a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between the first surface of the silicon layer and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, wherein the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves and reduce the incidence of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer. 16. A SAW resonator as claimed in claim 15, wherein the layer is disposed beneath the second surface of the silicon layer, the first surface of the layer having a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between the first surface of the layer and the second surface of the silicon layer. 17. A SAW resonator as claimed in claim 15, wherein the silicon layer has a thickness in the range of approximately 100 \u212b to approximately \u03bb/3 where \u03bb is a wavelength of the surface acoustic waves generated in the piezoelectric layer. 18. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 15, wherein the reflected acoustic waves destructively interfere with acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer. 19. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 15, wherein the silicon layer comprises polycrystalline silicon. 20. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 15, wherein the reflected acoustic waves destructively interfere with acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer. 21. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 15, wherein the features in the first surface of the substrate are substantially pyramidal in shape. 22. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 21, wherein the features are substantially not in a regular pattern. 23. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 21, wherein the features have a height of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (\u00bc\u03bb) of a spurious mode. 24. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 23, wherein the features have a height in the range of approximately 0.25 \u03bcm to approximately 1.5 \u03bcm. 25. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 23, wherein the features have a height in the range of approximately 0.1 \u03bcm to approximately 2.50 \u03bcm. 26. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 23, wherein the features have a plurality of heights, and each of the pluralities of heights is approximately a height in the range of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (\u00bc\u03bb) of one of the plurality of spurious modes. 27. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 15, wherein the SAW filter is a ladder filter, comprising a plurality of SAW resonators structures. 28. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 15, wherein the layer comprises an oxide material. 29. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 28, wherein the oxide material comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2). 30. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 28, wherein the first surface of the layer has a root-mean-square (RMS) variation in height of approximately 1.0 \u212b to approximately 10.0 \u212b or less. 31. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 15, wherein two or more of the plurality of resonators are configured in a series and shunt configuration.",
-    "The invention discloses a GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel; during black screen, using a first global control signal to make a thirteenth N-type TFT conductive to raise a scan driving signal of each stage to high, using the first global control signal to make a twelfth N-type TFT conductive to pull down a voltage level of a second node, and pulling down a voltage level of a first node to avoid ineffective all-gate-on function; using a reset signal and a fourteenth N-type TFT to reset the second node to realize the normal output after awaking from black screen; during stop, setting a negative voltage as a pulse signal having same amplitude, phase and frequency as a touch signal, using a second global control signal to make the fifteenth N-type TFT conductive to output the negative voltage in pulse form to reduce cross-talk between the touch signal and a scan output end. 1. A gate driver on array (GOA) circuit for in-cell type touch display panel, which comprises: a plurality of cascade GOA units, N being a positive integer, the N-th stage GOA unit further comprising: a forward and backward scan control module, a first node pull-down control module, a second node control module, a second node reset module, a stop-duration output control module, a black-screen-duration output control module, and a normal-display-duration output control module; the black-screen-duration output control module further comprising: a thirteenth N-type thin film transistor (TFT); a gate and a source of the thirteenth N-type TFT both connected to a first global control signal, and a drain being connected to a scan output end; the first global control signal providing a constant positive voltage during black screen duration to make the thirteenth N-type TFT of GOA unit of each stage conductive so that the scan driving signals of each stage being raised to a high level voltage; the second node control module further comprising: a twelfth N-type TFT; a gate of the twelfth N-type TFT being connected to the first global control signal, a source connected to a negative voltage and a drain connected to a second node; during black screen duration, the twelfth N-type TFT of GOA unit of each stage being controlled by the first global control signal to become conductive, and the negative voltage providing a constant negative voltage during the black screen duration to pull down the voltage level of the second node; the second node reset module further comprising: a fourteenth N-type TFT; a gate and a source of the fourteenth N-type TFT being connected to a reset signal, a drain being connected to the second node; the reset signal providing a single positive voltage pulse signal when awakening from the black screen duration to make the fourteenth N-type TFT of GOA unit of each stage conductive so that the second node of GOA unit of each stage being reset to the high level; the stop-duration output control module further comprising: a fifteenth N-type TFT, a gate of the fifteenth N-type TFT connected to a second global control signal, a source connected to the negative voltage, and a drain being connected to the scan output end; the second global control signal providing a constant positive voltage during the stop duration to make the fifteenth N-type TFT of GOA unit of each stage conductive; the negative voltage providing a pulse signal the same as a touch signal in amplitude, phase and frequency during the stop duration so as to reduce the cross-talk between the touch signal and the scan output end. 2. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the forward and backward scan control module comprises: a first N-type TFT, a gate of the first N-type TFT being connected to a scan output end of the GOA unit of an (N\u22122)-th stage, a source connected to a forward scan signal, and a drain connected to a first node; and a second N-type TFT, a gate of the second N-type TFT being connected to a scan output end of the GOA unit of an (N+2)-th stage, a source being connected to a backward scan signal, and a drain connected to the first node; the first node pull-down control module further comprises: a fifth N-type TFT, a gate of fifth N-type TFT connected to the second node, a source connected to the negative voltage and a drain connected to the first node (Q(N)); and a eleventh N-type TFT, a gate of the eleventh N-type TFT connected to the scan output end of the GOA unit of the (N\u22122)-th stage, a source connected to the negative voltage and a drain connected to the second node; the second node control module further comprises: a third N-type TFT, a gate of the third N-type TFT connected to the forward scan signal, a source connected to an (m\u22121)-th clock signal set corresponding to the GOA unit of an (N\u22121)-th stage; a fourth N-type TFT, a gate of the fourth N-type TFT connected to the backward scan signal, a source connected to an (m+1)-th clock signal set corresponding to the GOA unit of the (N+1)-th stage, and a drain connected to the drain of the third N-type TFT; a sixth N-type TFT, a gate of the sixth N-type TFT connected to the first node, a source connected to the negative voltage, and a drain connected to the second node; a seventh N-type TFT, a gate of the seventh N-type TFT connected to a positive voltage, a source and a drain connected to the first node; and an eighth N-type TFT, a gate of the eighth N-type TFT connected to the drain of the third N-type TFT and the drain of the fourth N-type TFT, a source connected to the positive voltage, and a drain connected to the second node; and the normal-display-duration control module further comprises: a ninth N-type TFT, a gate of the ninth N-type TFT connected to the second node, a source connected to the negative voltage and a drain connected to the scan output end; and a tenth N-type TFT, a gate of the tenth N-type TFT connected to the first node, a source connected to an m-th clock signal set, and a drain connected to the scan output end. 3. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 2, further comprising: a first capacitor, the first capacitor having one end connected to the negative voltage and the other end connected to the second node; and a second capacitor, the second capacitor having one end connected to the gate of the tenth N-type TFT and the other end connected to the drain of the tenth N-type TFT. 4. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 2, wherein in the GOA unit of the first stage and the GOA unit of the second stage, the gates of the first N-type TFT and the eleventh N-type TFT are connected to a scan activation signal; in the GOA units of the last stage and the second last stage, the gate of the second N-type TFTs (T2) is connected to the scan activation signal. 5. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein during the black screen duration, the scan activation signal, the positive voltage and the first global control signal are all set to 5V; the reset signal, each clock signal set, the forward and backward scan signals, the negative voltage, and the second global control signal are all set to \u22125V. 6. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein during the normal display duration, the scan activation signal has a high level set as 10V and a low level set as \u22127V; the reset signal has a high level set as 10V and a low level set as \u22127V; the positive voltage is 10V; the negative voltage s \u22127V; the first global control signal and the second global control signal are both set as \u22127V; each clock signal set has a high level set as 10V and a low level set as \u22127V, and each clock signal set is delayed by a pulse width sequentially; during forward scanning duration, the forward scan signal is 10V and the backward scan signal is \u22127V; during the backward scanning duration, the forward scan signal is \u22127V and the backward scan signal is 10V. 7. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein during the stop duration, the scan activation signal is \u221211.5V; the reset signal is \u22127V; the positive voltage is 10V; each clock signal set has the same amplitude, phase and frequency and acts as touch signals, having a high level set to \u22127V and a low level set to \u221211.5V; the negative voltage is a pulse signal having the same amplitude, phase and frequency as each clock signal set, with a high level set to \u22127V and a low level set to \u221211.5V; the first global control signal is \u221211.5V and the second global control signal is 10V. 8. The GOA circuit for in-cell type touch display panel as claimed in claim 7, wherein The clock signal comprises four sets of clock signals: a first clock signal set, a second clock signal set, a third clock signal set and a fourth clock signal set; when the m-th clock signal set is the fourth clock signal set, the (m+1)-th clock signal set is the first clock signal set; when the m-th clock signal set is the first clock signal set, the (m\u22121)-th clock signal set is the fourth clock signal set.",
-    "A constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus capable of detecting a transient event of a voltage converter includes a specific comparator, a logic circuit, and a controller. The specific comparator generates a logic control signal to the logic circuit according to two resultant signals of the controller. The logic circuit generates a pulse control signal with an on-time pulse width to charge an output capacitor according to the logic control signal. The controller generates the two resultant signals to the specific comparator by generating a voltage ramp signal and amplifying an output voltage ripple signal based on a reference voltage, and detects the transient event to dynamically adjust the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal according to the amplified output voltage ripple signal. 1. A constant on-time pulse width control-based apparatus capable of detecting a transient event of a voltage converter, comprising: a specific comparator configured for generating a logic control signal to a logic circuit according to two resultant signals of a controller; the logic circuit, coupled to the specific comparator, configured for generating a pulse control signal with an on-time pulse width to charge an output capacitor of an output stage circuit of the voltage converter according to the logic control signal; and the controller, coupled to the specific comparator and the logic circuit, configured for generating the two resultant signals to the specific comparator by generating a voltage ramp signal and amplifying an output voltage ripple signal based on a reference voltage, and configured for detecting the transient event and adaptively adjusting the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal according to the amplified output voltage ripple signal. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller comprises: an error amplifier, coupled to an input of the specific comparator, configured for receiving the reference voltage and an output voltage signal to generate and amplify the output voltage ripple signal; and an estimation circuit, coupled to the error amplifier, for detecting the transient event to adaptively adjust the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal according to the amplified output voltage ripple signal. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the estimation circuit comprises: a threshold voltage generator, configured for generating a specific threshold voltage for the amplified output voltage ripple signal; and a comparator circuit, coupled to the threshold voltage generator, configured for comparing the amplified output voltage ripple signal with the specific threshold voltage to generate a control signal to adaptively adjust the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the threshold voltage generator comprises: a current source, coupled to a reference level; a resistor, coupled between the current source and the amplified output voltage ripple signal; and a capacitor, having a first end coupled to a ground level and a second end coupled to a node between the current source and the resistor and connected to an input of the first comparator; wherein the specific threshold voltage is generated at the second end of the capacitor according to the current source and the resistor. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the estimation circuit determines that the transient event occurs when the amplified output voltage ripple signal is higher than the specific threshold voltage if the specific threshold voltage is a high threshold voltage, or determines that the transient event occurs when the amplified output voltage ripple signal is lower than the specific threshold voltage if the specific threshold voltage is a low threshold voltage. 6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the estimation circuit comprises: a threshold voltage generator, configured for generating a specific threshold voltage for the amplified output voltage ripple signal; and a transconductance amplifier, coupled to the threshold voltage generator, configured for converting a voltage difference between the specific threshold voltage and the amplified output voltage ripple signal to generate a current signal for using the current signal as a source current or as a sink current for the logic circuit to dynamically extend or shorten the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal when the transient event is detected. 7. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the estimation circuit comprises: a current source; a transistor, having a control terminal coupled to the amplified output voltage ripple signal, a first terminal coupled to the current source, and a second terminal coupled to a current mirror; and the current mirror, coupled to the transistor, for mirroring a current as a source current for the logic circuit to dynamically extend or shorten the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal when the transient event is detected. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the estimation circuit further comprises: an operational amplifier, having a positive input for receiving the amplified output voltage ripple signal, a negative input coupled to the first terminal of the current source, and an output coupled to the control terminal of the transistor. 9. A constant on-time pulse width control-based method capable of detecting a transient event of a voltage converter, comprising: using a specific comparator to generate a logic control signal to a logic circuit according to two resultant signals; generating a pulse control signal with an on-time pulse width to charge an output capacitor of the voltage converter according to the logic control signal; generating the two resultant signals to the specific comparator by generating a voltage ramp signal and amplifying an output voltage ripple signal based on a reference voltage; and detecting the transient event and adaptively adjusting the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal according to the amplified output voltage ripple signal. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of detecting the transient event and adaptively adjusting the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal according to the amplified output voltage ripple signal comprises: generating a specific threshold voltage for the amplified output voltage ripple signal; and comparing the amplified output voltage ripple signal with the specific threshold voltage to generate a control signal to adaptively adjust the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of detecting the transient event and adaptively adjusting the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal according to the amplified output voltage ripple signal comprises: generating a specific threshold voltage for the amplified output voltage ripple signal; converting a voltage difference between the specific threshold voltage and the amplified output voltage ripple signal to generate a current signal; and using the current signal as a source current or as a sink current for the logic circuit to dynamically extend or shorten the on-time pulse width of the pulse control signal when the transient event is detected.",
-    "The present invention provides a method for forming a semiconductor device having a metal gate. The method includes firstly, a substrate is provided, and a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device are formed on the substrate, having a first gate trench and a second trench respectively. Next, a bottom barrier layer is formed in the first gate trench and a second trench. Afterwards, a first pull back step is performed, to remove parts of the bottom barrier layer, and a first work function metal layer is then formed in the first gate trench. Next, a second pull back step is performed, to remove parts of the first work function metal layer, wherein the topmost portion of the first work function metal layer is lower than the openings of the first gate trench and the second gate trench. 1. A method for forming a semiconductor device having a metal gate, comprising the following steps: providing a substrate, a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device being formed on the substrate, having a first gate trench and a second trench respectively; forming a bottom barrier layer in the first gate trench and the second trench; performing a first pull back step, to remove parts of the bottom barrier layer, and to form a U-shaped bottom barrier layer; forming a first work function metal layer in the first gate trench; performing a second pull back step, to remove parts of the first work function metal layer, wherein the topmost portion of the first work function metal layer is lower than the opening of the first gate trench; and forming a second work function metal layer in the first gate trench and in the second trench, wherein the topmost portion of the second work function metal layer, the opening of the first gate trench and the opening of the second trench are on the same level. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a high-k dielectric layer, and the bottom barrier layer and the high-k dielectric layer are partially removed simultaneously during the first pull back step. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a high-k dielectric layer, and only the bottom barrier layer and the high-k dielectric layer are partially removed during the first pull back step, but the high-k dielectric layer is not removed during the first pull back step. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a conductivity type of the first work function metal layer and a conductivity type of the second work function metal layer are complementary. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first work function metal layer is a p-type work function metal layer, and the second work function metal layer is an n-type work function metal layer. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising forming a top barrier layer on the second work function metal layer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the topmost portion of the top barrier layer, the opening of the first gate trench and the opening of the second trench are on the same level. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising forming a filling metal layer on the top barrier layer. 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the first work function metal layer is an n-type work function metal layer, and the second work function metal layer is a p-type work function metal layer. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming a filling metal layer on the second work function metal layer, the filling metal layer directly contacting the second work function metal layer.",
-    "An elastically deformable compressible polishing material having a functional and repeating pattern of lowered reservoirs and raised plateaus on the elastically deformable compressible polishing material, and a tool and method for making a functional and repeating pattern of lowered reservoirs and raised plateaus on an elastically deformable compressible polishing material and a method and system for removing strongly adhered foreign matter from a work surface, such that an operator can both measure and control polishing force and identify when to clean and/or discard the elastically deformable compressible polishing material, thus reducing costs, waste and operator fatigue while maximizing overall performance and value of the polishing operation. 1. A surface cleaning device comprising: an elastically deformable compressible polishing material capable of having created on at least one surface a plurality of lowered reservoirs, each lowered reservoir having at least one side and at least one bottom, and a plurality of raised plateaus; a tool having a plurality of raised areas for creating a portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs, and a plurality of lowered areas for creating a portion of the plurality of raised plateaus, on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material; the tool placed into contact at with the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material; and a compressive force applied to the tool and the elastically deformable compressible polishing material to create the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus form a repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material and wherein the plurality of raised plateaus are capable of collecting and removing strongly adhered foreign matter from a work surface while the plurality of lowered reservoirs are capable of remaining substantially free of strongly adhered foreign matter. 2. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are created during manufacture of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material. 3. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 2 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are refreshed by a user with the tool. 4. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 3 wherein the tool is on at least one surface a container capable of holding the elastically deformable compressible polishing material. 5. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are created during packaging of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material. 6. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 5 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are refreshed by a user with the tool. 7. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 6 wherein the tool is on at least one surface a container capable of holding the elastically deformable compressible polishing material. 8. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are created by a user of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material. 9. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 8 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are refreshed by the user with the tool. 10. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 9 wherein the tool is on at least one surface a container capable of holding the elastically deformable compressible polishing material. 11. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein a portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs are spaced apart approximately 1 millimeter from a center of a first lowered reservoir among the plurality of lowered reservoirs to a plurality of centers of the portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs in close proximity to the first lowered reservoir. 12. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein a portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs are spaced apart approximately 6 millimeters from a center of a first lowered reservoir among the plurality of lowered reservoirs to a plurality of centers of the portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs in close proximity to the first lowered reservoir. 13. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein a portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs are spaced apart between approximately 1 millimeters and 6 millimeters from a center of a first lowered reservoir among the plurality of lowered reservoirs to a plurality of centers of the portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs in close proximity to the first lowered reservoir. 14. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein said plurality of lowered reservoirs each having at least one side and at least one bottom further comprises the at least one side forming a right angle to the at least one bottom. 15. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein said plurality of lowered reservoirs each having at least one side and at least one bottom further comprises the at least one side forming an obtuse angle to the at least one bottom. 16. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs each having at least one side and at least one bottom further comprises the at least one side being approximately 1 mm in height from the at least one bottom to adjacent portions of the plurality of raised plateaus in close proximity thereto. 17. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 15 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs each having at least one side and at least one bottom, the at least one side being approximately 1 mm in height from the at least one bottom to the adjacent portions of the plurality of raised plateaus in close proximity thereto, further comprises the adjacent portions of the plurality of raised plateaus in close proximity thereto being approximately 1 millimeter wide. 18. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein a portion of the plurality of raised plateaus are spaced apart approximately 1 millimeter from a center of a first raised plateau among the plurality of raised plateaus to a plurality of centers of the portion of the plurality of raised plateaus in close proximity to the first raised plateau. 19. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein a portion of the plurality of raised plateaus are spaced apart approximately 6 millimeters from a center of a first raised plateau among the plurality of raised plateaus to a plurality of centers of the portion of the plurality of raised plateaus in close proximity to the first raised plateau. 20. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein a portion of the plurality of raised plateaus are spaced apart between approximately 1 millimeters and 6 millimeters from a center of a first raised plateau among the plurality of raised plateaus to a plurality of centers of the portion of the plurality of raised plateaus in close proximity to the first raised plateau. 21. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 wherein the elastically deformable compressible polishing material is removably affixed to an applicator. 22. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 21 wherein at least one surface of the applicator further comprises the tool. 23. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 22 further comprising: a liquid lubricant being applied to the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator, or to the work surface, or to both; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator being placed in contact with the work surface; a compressive force being applied to the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator being moved across the work surface while in contact with the work surface to remove strongly adhered foreign matter from the work surface; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator being removed from the work surface; visually inspecting the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus to determine whether a correct amount of compressive force was applied; visually inspecting the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus to determine if strongly adhered foreign matter have been removed from the work surface and collected on the plurality of raised plateaus; and if an incorrect amount of compressive force was applied, or if strongly adhered foreign matter is found on the plurality of raised plateaus, or both, then refreshing the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus. 24. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 23 wherein the applicator is a human hand containing the tool. 25. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 23 wherein the applicator is a porous material containing the tool. 26. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 23 wherein the applicator is a non-porous material containing the tool. 27. The surface cleaning device defined in claim 1 further comprising: a liquid lubricant being applied to the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator, or to the work surface, or to both; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface being placed in contact with the work surface; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface being moved across the work surface while in contact with the work surface to remove strongly adhered foreign matter from the work surface; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface being removed from the work surface; visually inspecting the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus to determine if strongly adhered foreign matter have been removed from the work surface and collected on the plurality of raised plateaus; and if strongly adhered foreign matter is found on the plurality of raised plateaus, then refreshing the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus. 28. A surface cleaning device comprising: an elastically deformable compressible polishing material capable of having created on at least one surface a plurality of lowered reservoirs, each lowered reservoir having at least one side and at least one bottom, and a plurality of raised plateaus; a tool having a plurality of raised areas for creating a portion of the plurality of lowered reservoirs, and a plurality of lowered areas for creating a portion of the plurality of raised plateaus, on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material; the tool placed into contact at with the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material; a compressive force being applied to the tool and the elastically deformable compressible polishing material to create the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus form a repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material and wherein the raised plateaus are capable of removing and collecting strongly adhered foreign matter from a work surface while the lowered reservoirs remain substantially free of strongly adhered foreign matter; a liquid lubricant being applied to the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator, or to the work surface, or to both; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface being placed in contact with the work surface; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface being moved across the work surface while in contact with the work surface to remove strongly adhered foreign matter from the work surface; the elastically deformable compressible polishing material having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface being removed from the work surface; visually inspecting the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus to determine if strongly adhered foreign matter have been removed from the work surface and collected on the plurality of raised plateaus; and if strongly adhered foreign matter is found on the plurality of raised plateaus, then refreshing the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus. 29. A surface cleaning method comprising: obtaining an elastically deformable compressible polishing means; obtaining a means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; placing the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus into contact at with the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; applying a compressive force to the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus and the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; and creating a repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means wherein the plurality of raised plateaus are capable of removing and collecting strongly adhered foreign matter from a work surface while the plurality of lowered reservoirs are capable of remaining substantially free of strongly adhered foreign matter. 30. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 29 wherein creating the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means occurs during manufacturing of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 31. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 30 further comprising a user refreshing the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means using the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 32. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 31 wherein means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means comprises at least one surface a container capable of holding the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 33. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 29 wherein creating the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means occurs during packaging of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 34. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 33 further comprising a user refreshing the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means using the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 35. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 34 wherein the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means comprises at least one surface a container capable of holding the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 36. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 29 wherein the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing material are created by a user using the means for creating the a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 37. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 36 further comprising a user refreshing the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means using the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 38. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 37 wherein the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means comprises at least one surface a container capable of holding the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 39. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 29 further comprising removably affixing the surface cleaning means to an applicator means. 40. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 39 wherein at least one surface of the applicator means comprises the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 41. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 40 further comprising: applying a liquid lubricant to the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means, or to the work surface, or to both; placing in contact with the work surface the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means; applying a compressive force to the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means; moving the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means across the work surface while maintaining contact with the work surface thereby removing and collecting strongly adhered foreign matter from a work surface; removing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means from the work surface; inspecting the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means; determining if a correct amount of compressive force was applied; determining if strongly adhered foreign matter have been removed from the work surface and collected on the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means and the plurality of lowered reservoirs have remained substantially free of strongly adhered foreign matter; and refreshing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface if an incorrect amount of compressive force was applied or if strongly adhered foreign matter are found on the plurality of raised plateaus. 42. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 41 wherein the applicator means is a human hand containing the means for creating the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 43. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 41 wherein the applicator means is a porous material containing the means for creating the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 44. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 41 wherein the applicator means is a non-porous material containing the means for creating the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means. 45. The surface cleaning method defined in claim 29 further comprising: applying a liquid lubricant to the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means, or to the work surface, or to both; placing in contact with a work surface the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface; moving the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface across the work surface while maintaining contact with the work surface thereby removing and collecting strongly adhered foreign matter from the work surface; removing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface from the work surface; inspecting the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface; determining if strongly adhered foreign matter have been removed from the work surface and collected on the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means and the plurality of lowered reservoirs have remained substantially free of strongly adhered foreign matter; and refreshing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface if strongly adhered foreign matter are found on the plurality of raised plateaus. 46. A surface cleaning method comprising: obtaining an elastically deformable compressible polishing means; obtaining a means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus on at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; placing the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus into contact at with the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; applying a compressive force to the means for creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; creating a plurality of lowered reservoirs and a plurality of raised plateaus in a repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means; applying a liquid lubricant to the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface that is removably affixed to the applicator means, or to the work surface, or to both; placing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface in contact with the work surface; moving the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface across the work surface while in contact with the work surface thereby removing and collecting strongly adhered foreign matter from a work surface; removing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface from the work surface; inspecting the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface; determining if strongly adhered foreign matter have collected on the plurality of raised plateaus on the at least one surface of the elastically deformable compressible polishing means while the plurality of lowered reservoirs have remained substantially free of strongly adhered foreign matter; and refreshing the elastically deformable compressible polishing means having the plurality of lowered reservoirs and the plurality of raised plateaus in the repeating pattern of shapes on the at least one surface if strongly adhered foreign matter are found on the plurality of raised plateaus.",
-    "A resistive memory device comprising: a memory cell having a programmable resistance representing stored data; and a read circuit configured to be connected to the memory cell via a first signal line and read the stored data, wherein the read circuit includes: a voltage controller configured to control a first voltage of the first signal line to be a constant voltage and output a signal to a sensing node; and a sense amplifier connected to the voltage controller via the sensing node, and configured to compare a sensing voltage of the sensing node with a reference voltage. 1. A resistive memory device comprising: a memory cell having a programmable resistance representing stored data; and a read circuit configured to be connected to the memory cell via a first signal line and read the stored data, wherein the read circuit includes: a voltage controller configured to control a first voltage of the first signal line to be a constant voltage and output a signal to a sensing node, the voltage controller comprising a clamping transistor including a first terminal connected to the first signal line, a second terminal connected to the sensing node, and a control terminal; and a sense amplifier connected to the voltage controller via the sensing node, and configured to compare a sensing voltage of the sensing node with a reference voltage. 2. The resistive memory device of claim 1, wherein the voltage controller comprises: an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) including a first input terminal configured to receive an input voltage, a second input terminal configured to receive the first voltage, and an output terminal coupled to the control terminal configured to output a control signal. 3. The resistive memory device of claim 2, wherein the OTA is configured to receive an OTA enable signal and enable based on the OTA enable signal. 4. The resistive memory device of claim 3, wherein the OTA comprises: a first transistor having a gate configured to receive the input voltage; a second transistor having a drain connected to the output terminal, and a gate configured to receive the first voltage; a third transistor connected to sources of the first and second transistors and having a gate configured to receive the OTA enable signal; and a current mirror connected to drains of the first and second transistors. 5. The resistive memory device of claim 3, wherein the OTA comprises: a first transistor having a source configured to receive the input voltage; a second transistor having a drain connected to a drain of the first transistor and the output terminal, and a gate configured to receive the first voltage; and a third transistor having a gate configured to receive the OTA enable signal and connected to a source of the second transistor. 6. The resistive memory device of claim 3, further comprising: a control logic configured to generate a precharge enable signal and the OTA enable signal; wherein: the read circuit further comprises a precharge unit configured to precharge the sensing node to a precharge voltage level in response to the precharge enable signal; the control logic is configured to activate the OTA enable signal when the precharge enable signal is activated and during a development period for the sensing node; and the sense amplifier is configured to sense the stored data based on a period during which the sensing voltage is discharged by the voltage controller. 7. The resistive memory device of claim 3, further comprising: a control logic configured to generate a discharge enable signal and the OTA enable signal; wherein: the read circuit further comprises a discharge unit configured to discharge the sensing node to be a ground voltage level; the control logic is configured to activate the OTA enable signal when the discharge enable signal is activated and during a development period for the sensing node; and the sense amplifier is configured to sense the stored data based on a period during which the sensing voltage is charged by the voltage controller. 8. The resistive memory device of claim 2, further comprising: a sensing controller configured to generate a sensing enable signal, wherein the sense amplifier is enabled based on the sensing enable signal. 9. The resistive memory device of claim 8, wherein the sensing controller comprises a resistor; a second OTA including a first input terminal configured to receive a ramp voltage, a second input terminal configured to receive a voltage of the resistor, and an output terminal configured to output a second control signal; a clamping transistor connected between the resistor and a second sensing node, including a control terminal coupled to the output terminal; a current generator configured to provide a reference current to the second sensing node; a comparator configured to compare a second sensing voltage of the second sensing node with a second reference voltage; and a pulse generator configured to generate a pulse signal as the sensing enable signal, in response to the comparator. 10. The resistive memory device of claim 9, wherein the sensing controller further comprises a precharge unit configured to precharge the second sensing voltage to a precharge voltage level. 11. The resistive memory device of claim 9, wherein the sensing controller further comprises a discharge unit configured to discharging the second sensing voltage to a ground voltage level. 12. The resistive memory device of claim 9, wherein the current generator is further configured to generate the reference current based on an activation time of the sensing enable signal. 13. The resistive memory device of claim 8, wherein the sensing controller comprises a clock generator or a plurality of delay units configured to control an activation time of the sensing enable signal. 14. The resistive memory device of claim 1, wherein the first signal line is a bit line. 15. A memory system, comprising: a resistive memory device and a memory controller configured to control the resistive memory device, wherein the resistive memory device comprises: a memory cell configured to store at least 2 bits of data in a programmable resistance; a read circuit configured to be connected to the memory cell via a first signal line and read the at least 2 bits of data, the read circuit including: a voltage controller configured to control a first voltage of the first signal line to be a constant voltage and output a signal to a sensing node, the voltage controller comprising a clamping transistor including a first terminal connected to the first signal line, a second terminal connected to the sensing node, and a control terminal; and a sense amplifier connected to the voltage controller via the sensing node and configured to compare a sensing voltage of the sensing node with a reference voltage; and a sensing controller configured to generate a sensing enable signal that is activated at reference times respectively corresponding to a plurality of threshold resistances for reading the at least 2 bits of data, and provide the sensing enable signal to the sense amplifier. 16. A resistive memory device comprising: a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell having a programmable resistance representing stored data; a read circuit; and a column decoder configured to selectively couple a selected memory cell of the memory cells to the read circuit; wherein the read circuit comprises a current control circuit configured to provide a constant current to a sense node based on the programmable resistance of the selected memory cell, the current control circuit being connected between the selected memory cell and the sense node. 17. The resistive memory device of claim 16, further comprising a sense amplifier configured to compare a voltage on the sense node to a reference voltage. 18. The resistive memory device of claim 16, further comprising: a control logic configured to generate a first control signal and a second control signal; and a precharge circuit configured to precharge the sense node to a precharge voltage in response to the first control signal; wherein: the current control circuit is configured to provide the constant current to the sense node in response to the second control signal; and the control logic is configured to activate the first control signal and second control signal during a precharge period. 19. The resistive memory device of claim 16, further comprising: a control logic configured to generate a first control signal and a second control signal; and a sense amplifier configured to be enabled in response to the first control signal; wherein: the current control circuit is configured to provide the constant current to the sense node in response to the second control signal; and the control logic is configured to activate the first control signal and second control signal during a development period. 20. The resistive memory device of claim 19, wherein the control logic is configured to generate the first control signal and the second control signal for multiple different time periods when reading multiple bits encoded in the programmable resistance of a memory cell.",
-    "A device for exhausting carbon dioxide includes: at least one carbon dioxide adsorber which is configured to be able to be electrically heated; and a heat radiating part of a heating device for heating an interior space. A carbon dioxide exhausting process is repeatedly performed. The carbon dioxide exhausting process includes: a first process of urging interior air to pass through the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space; a second process of urging interior air to pass sequentially through the carbon dioxide adsorber and the heat radiating part in a state that the carbon dioxide adsorber is electrically heated and to be exhausted to an exterior space; and a third process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the heat radiating part and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space after the second process. 1. A device for exhausting carbon dioxide comprising: at least one carbon dioxide adsorber which is configured to be able to be electrically heated; and a heat radiating part of a heating device for heating an interior space, wherein a carbon dioxide exhausting process for exhausting carbon dioxide of an interior space to an exterior space is repeatedly performed, and wherein the carbon dioxide exhausting process comprises: a first process of urging interior air to pass through the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space such that carbon dioxide contained in the interior air is adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber; a second process of urging interior air to pass sequentially through the carbon dioxide adsorber and the heat radiating part in a state that the carbon dioxide adsorber is electrically heated and to be exhausted to an exterior space such that carbon dioxide adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber is exhausted to the exterior space after the first process; and a third process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the heat radiating part and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space after the second process. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the carbon dioxide adsorber is provided in plural, and the carbon dioxide exhausting process is performed in the respective carbon dioxide adsorbers with a predetermined time interval. 3. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a temperature sensor detecting temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber; a first carbon dioxide concentration sensor detecting concentration of carbon dioxide of interior air before passing the carbon dioxide adsorber; and a second carbon dioxide concentration sensor detecting concentration of carbon dioxide of air being supplied to an interior space after passing the carbon dioxide adsorber, wherein transition between the first to the third processes is performed based on temperature change of the carbon dioxide adsorber which is detected by the temperature sensor and values of concentrations of carbon dioxide which are detected by the first and the second carbon dioxide concentration sensors. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein if the temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber becomes lower to reach a predetermined lower temperature limit while the third process is being performed, the third process is transited to the first process; if the concentrations of carbon dioxide which are detected by the first and the second carbon dioxide concentration sensors become equal while the first process is being performed, the first process is transited to the second process; and if the temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber becomes higher to reach a predetermined upper temperature limit while the second process is being performed, the second process is transited to the third process. 5. A device for exhausting carbon dioxide comprising: at least one carbon dioxide adsorber which is configured to be able to be electrically heated; and a condenser and an evaporator of an air-conditioning device, wherein a carbon dioxide exhausting process for exhausting carbon dioxide of an interior space to an exterior space is repeatedly performed, and wherein the carbon dioxide exhausting process comprises: a first process of urging interior air to pass sequentially through the evaporator and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space such that carbon dioxide contained in the interior air is adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber; a second process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the condenser and the carbon dioxide adsorber in a state that the carbon dioxide adsorber is electrically heated and to be exhausted to an exterior space such that carbon dioxide adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber is exhausted to the exterior space after the first process; and a third process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the condenser and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space after the second process. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the carbon dioxide adsorber is provided in plural, and the carbon dioxide exhausting process is performed in the respective carbon dioxide adsorbers with a predetermined time interval. 7. The device of claim 5, further comprising: a temperature sensor detecting temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber; a first carbon dioxide concentration sensor detecting concentration of carbon dioxide of interior air before passing the carbon dioxide adsorber; and a second carbon dioxide concentration sensor detecting concentration of carbon dioxide of air being supplied to an interior space after passing the carbon dioxide adsorber, wherein transition between the first to the third processes is performed based on temperature change of the carbon dioxide adsorber which is detected by the temperature sensor and values of concentrations of carbon dioxide which are detected by the first and the second carbon dioxide concentration sensors. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein if the temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber becomes lower to reach a predetermined lower temperature limit while the third process is being performed, the third process is transited to the first process; if the concentrations of carbon dioxide which are detected by the first and the second carbon dioxide concentration sensors become equal while the first process is being performed, the first process is transited to the second process; and if the temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber becomes higher to reach a predetermined upper temperature limit while the second process is being performed, the second process is transited to the third process. 9. A device for exhausting carbon dioxide comprising: at least one carbon dioxide adsorber which is configured to be able to be electrically heated; a heat radiating part of a heating device for heating an interior space; and a condenser and an evaporator of an air-conditioning device, wherein a carbon dioxide exhausting process for exhausting carbon dioxide of an interior space to an exterior space is repeatedly performed, wherein the carbon dioxide exhausting process comprises a first carbon dioxide exhausting process using the heat radiating part and a second carbon dioxide exhausting process using the condenser and the evaporator, wherein the first carbon dioxide exhausting process and the second carbon dioxide exhausting process is selectively performed, wherein the first carbon dioxide exhausting process comprises: a first process of urging interior air to pass through the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space such that carbon dioxide contained in the interior air is adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber; a second process of urging interior air to pass sequentially through the carbon dioxide adsorber and the heat radiating part in a state that the carbon dioxide adsorber is electrically heated and to be exhausted to an exterior space such that carbon dioxide adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber is exhausted to the exterior space after the first process; and a third process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the heat radiating part and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space after the second process, wherein the second carbon dioxide exhausting process comprises: a first process of urging interior air to pass sequentially through the evaporator and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space such that carbon dioxide contained in the interior air is adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber; a second process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the condenser and the carbon dioxide adsorber in a state that the carbon dioxide adsorber is electrically heated and to be exhausted to an exterior space such that carbon dioxide adsorbed to the carbon dioxide adsorber is exhausted to the exterior space after the first process; and a third process of urging exterior air to pass sequentially through the condenser and the carbon dioxide adsorber and then to be introduced into an interior space after the second process. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the carbon dioxide adsorber is provided in plural, and the carbon dioxide exhausting process is performed in the respective carbon dioxide adsorbers with a predetermined time interval. 11. The device of claim 9, further comprising: a temperature sensor detecting temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber; a first carbon dioxide concentration sensor detecting concentration of carbon dioxide of interior air before passing the carbon dioxide adsorber; and a second carbon dioxide concentration sensor detecting concentration of carbon dioxide of air being supplied to an interior space after passing the carbon dioxide adsorber, wherein transition between the first to the third processes is performed based on temperature change of the carbon dioxide adsorber which is detected by the temperature sensor and values of concentrations of carbon dioxide which are detected by the first and the second carbon dioxide concentration sensors. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein if the temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber becomes lower to reach a predetermined lower temperature limit while the third process is being performed, the third process is transited to the first process; if the concentrations of carbon dioxide which are detected by the first and the second carbon dioxide concentration sensors become equal while the first process is being performed, the first process is transited to the second process; and if the temperature of the carbon dioxide adsorber becomes higher to reach a predetermined upper temperature limit while the second process is being performed, the second process is transited to the third process.",
-    "In one possible embodiment, a contactor health monitor circuit is provided having a first operational amplifier connected at a first input to a line one primary side terminal of a contactor and connected at a second input to a line two primary side terminal of the contactor. The circuit also includes a second operational amplifier connected at a first input to a line one secondary side terminal of the contactor and connected at a second input to a line two secondary side terminal of the contactor. A summing amplifier is connected at a first input to an output of the first operational amplifier summed with an output of the second operation amplifier. 1. A contactor health monitor circuit comprising: a) a first diode connected at a terminal end to a line one primary side terminal of a contactor; b) a second diode connected at a terminal end to a line two primary side terminal of the contactor; c) a third diode connected at a terminal end to a line one secondary side terminal of the contactor; d) a fourth diode connected at a terminal end to a line two secondary side terminal of the contactor; e) an operational amplifier circuit; f) the first diode and the second diode being connected together so as to provide a summed output of the line one primary side contactor terminal and the line two primary side contactor terminal to a first input of the operational amplifier circuit; and g) the third diode and the fourth diode being connected together so as to provide a summed output of the line one secondary side contactor terminal and the line two secondary side contactor terminal to a second input of the operational amplifier circuit. 2. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode and the second diode are connected together so the signals from the line one primary side terminal and the line two primary side terminal combine without canceling. 3. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 1, wherein the third diode and the fourth diode are connected together so the signals from the line one secondary side terminal and the line two secondary side terminal combine without canceling. 4. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 1, wherein an output of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to an A/D converter input. 5. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 1, wherein the first diode and the second diode are connected together so the signals from the line one primary side terminal and the line two primary side terminal combine without canceling, and wherein the third diode and the fourth diode are connected together so the signals from the line one secondary side terminal and the line two secondary side terminal combine without canceling. 6. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 4, wherein an output of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to an A/D converter input. 7. A contactor health monitor circuit comprising: a) a first operational amplifier connected at a first input to a line one primary side terminal of a contactor and connected at a second input to a line two primary side terminal of the contactor; b) a second operational amplifier connected at a first input a line one secondary side terminal of the contactor and connected at a second input to a line two secondary side terminal of the contactor; and c) a summing amplifier having a first input connected to receive a sum of an output of the first operational amplifier and an output of the second operation amplifier. 8. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the summing amplifier has a second input connected to a reference voltage. 9. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the second input of the first operational amplifier is connected to a reference bias voltage. 10. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the second input of the second operational amplifier is connected to a reference bias voltage. 11. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the output of the summing amplifier is connected to an A/D converter input. 12. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the summing amplifier has a second input connected to a reference voltage, and wherein the second input of the first operational amplifier is connected to a reference bias voltage, and wherein the second input of the second operational amplifier is connected to a reference bias voltage. 13. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the output of the first operational amplifier is connected to an A/D converter input, wherein the output of the second operational amplifier is connected to an A/D converter input, and wherein an output of the summing amplifier is connected to an A/D converter input. 14. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 13, comprising: a) wherein the first input of the first operational amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line one primary side terminal of the contactor; b) wherein the second input of the first operational amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line two primary side terminal of the contactor, and connected to a reference bias voltage; c) wherein the first input of the second amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line one secondary side terminal of the contactor; and d) wherein the second input of the second amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line two secondary side terminal of the contactor, and connected to a reference bias voltage; and. e) wherein the summing amplifier has a second input connected to a reference voltage. 15. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, wherein the summing amplifier has a second input connected to a reference voltage, and wherein the second input of the first operational amplifier is connected to a reference voltage, and wherein the second input of the second operational amplifier is connected to a reference voltage, and wherein the output of the first operational amplifier is connected to a first A/D converter input, wherein the output of the second operational amplifier is connected to a second A/D converter input, and wherein an output of the summing amplifier is connected to a third A/D converter input. 16. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 15, comprising: a) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line one primary side terminal of the contactor and the first input of the first operational amplifier; b) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line two primary side terminal of the contactor and the second input of the first operational amplifier; c) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line one secondary side terminal of the contactor and the first input of the second operational amplifier; and d) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line two secondary side terminal of the contactor and the second input of the second operational amplifier. 17. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 7, comprising: a) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line one primary side terminal of the contactor and the first input of the first operational amplifier; b) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line two primary side terminal of the contactor and the second input of the first operational amplifier; c) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line one secondary side terminal of the contactor and the first input of the second operational amplifier; and d) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line two secondary side terminal of the contactor and the second input of the second operational amplifier. 18. A contactor health monitor circuit comprising: a) a first operational amplifier having a first input connected to receive a signal from a line one primary side terminal of a contactor, and having a second input connected to receive a signal from a line two primary side terminal of the contactor; b) a second operational amplifier having a first input connected to receive a signal from a line one secondary side terminal of the contactor, and having a second input connected to receive a signal from a line two secondary side terminal of the contactor; c) a summing amplifier having a first input connected to receive an output signal from the first operational amplifier summed with an output signal from the second operation amplifier, the summing amplifier having a second input connected to receive a signal from a reference voltage. 19. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 18, comprising: a) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line one primary side terminal and the first input of the first operational amplifier; b) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line two primary side terminal and the second input of the first operational amplifier; c) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line one secondary side terminal and the first input of the second operational amplifier; and d) an overvoltage protection circuit connected between the line two secondary side terminal of the contactor and the second input of the second operational amplifier. 20. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 19, comprising: a) a bias voltage connection at one of the first input of the first operational amplifier or the second input of the first operational amplifier; and b) a bias voltage connection at one of the first input of the second operational amplifier or the second input of the second operational amplifier. 21. The contactor health monitor circuit of claim 18, wherein the first input of the first operational amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line one primary side terminal of the contactor, and wherein the second input of the first operational amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line two primary side terminal of the contactor, and wherein the first input of the second amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line one secondary side terminal of the contactor, and wherein the second input of the second amplifier is connected via resistors and a diode overvoltage protection circuit to the line two secondary side terminal of the contactor.",
-    "Techniques for determining whether to allow access to a calendar invite and a meeting are disclosed. In this regard, a calendar invite and meeting message are received from a sender. A first time-to-live (TTL) value and a second TTL value associated with the calendar invite and meeting, respectively, are determined. A determination is made that the first and second TTL values have not been exceeded and, if they have not, allowing access to the calendar invite and the meeting. However, when the TTL values have been exceeded, denying access to the calendar invite and the meeting. 1. A system, comprising: a processor configured to: determine whether a current time is greater than an expiration time associated with a message, wherein the message includes an attachment comprising a meeting request, and wherein the expiration time is determined at least in part based on a time that a meeting entry is placed on a receiver's calendar; and delete the message when the current time is greater than the expiration time; and a memory coupled to the processor and configured to provide the processor with instructions. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: calculate the expiration time by adding a time-to-live value received with the message to a time the message was viewed. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the message is selected from the group consisting of: an e-mail, an instant message, an SMS message, a MMS message, a calendar invite, and a calendar meeting. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the message includes a first time-to-live value. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to: calculate the expiration time of the message by adding the first time-to-live value to a time the message was viewed. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the message includes a second time-to-live value. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to: calculate the expiration time of the message by adding the second time-to-live value to an end time of the meeting entry. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the second time-to-live value is a specific date on which the meeting entry is deleted. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the specific date is set by an administrator. 10. A method, comprising: determining whether a current time is greater than an expiration time associated with a message, wherein the message includes an attachment comprising a meeting request, and wherein the expiration time is determined at least in part based on a time that a meeting entry is placed on a receiver's calendar; and deleting the message when the current time is greater than the expiration time. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: calculating the expiration time by adding a time-to-live value received with the message to a time the message was viewed. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the message is selected from the group consisting of: an e-mail, an instant message, an SMS message, a MMS message, a calendar invite, and a calendar meeting. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the message includes a first time-to-live value. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: calculating the expiration time of the message by adding the first time-to-live value to a time the message was viewed. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the message includes a second time-to-live value. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: calculating the expiration time of the message by adding the second time-to-live value to an end time of the meeting entry. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the second time-to-live value is a specific date on which the meeting entry is deleted. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the specific date is set by an administrator. 19. A computer program product embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for: determining whether a current time is greater than an expiration time associated with a message, wherein the message includes an attachment comprising a meeting request, and wherein the expiration time is determined at least in part based on a time that a meeting entry is placed on a receiver's calendar; and deleting the message when the current time is greater than the expiration time. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, further comprising computer instructions for: calculating the expiration time by adding a time-to-live value received with the message to a time the message was viewed. 21. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the message is selected from the group consisting of: an e-mail, an instant message, an SMS message, a MMS message, a calendar invite, and a calendar meeting. 22. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the message includes a first time-to-live value. 23. The computer program product of claim 22, further comprising computer instructions for: calculating the expiration time of the message by adding the first time-to-live value to a time the message was viewed. 24. The computer program product of claim 22, wherein the message includes a second time-to-live value. 25. The computer program product of claim 24, further comprising computer instructions for: calculating the expiration time of the message by adding the second time-to-live value to an end time of the meeting entry. 26. The computer program product of claim 24, wherein the second time-to-live value is a specific date on which the meeting entry is deleted. 27. The computer program product of claim 26, wherein the specific date is set by an administrator.",
-    "The present invention provides a keyboard. The keyboard includes a circuit board, a key installing board, and a plurality of key switches, the circuit board is disposed opposite the key installing board, the key installing board is provided with a plurality of installation holes corresponding to the key switches, the plurality of key switches are movably clamped on the key installing board through the plurality of installation holes, each of the key switches comprises a conductor, the conductor extends in the direction of near the circuit board through an installation hole, the circuit board is provided with a plurality of connection terminals working with conductors of the plurality of key switches, the conductors of the plurality of key switches are contacted with the plurality of connected terminals of the circuit board. The key switches of the keyboard of the present invention are moveable, elongating use-life of the keyboard. 1. A keyboard, wherein the keyboard comprises a circuit board, a key installing board, and a plurality of key switches, the circuit board is disposed opposite the key installing board, the key installing board is provided with a plurality of installation holes corresponding to the key switches, the plurality of key switches are movably clamped on the key installing board through the plurality of installation holes, each of the key switches comprises a conductor, the conductor extends in the direction of near the circuit board through an installation hole, the circuit board is provided with a plurality of connection terminals working with conductors of the plurality of key switches, the conductors of the plurality of key switches are contacted with the plurality of connected terminals of the circuit board. 2. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein each of the connected terminals comprises a flat spring, the flat spring comprises a junction and a first abutment disposed opposite the junction, the junction of the flat spring is disposed on the circuit board, the first abutment of the flat spring is contacted with a conductor of a key switch. 3. The keyboard according to claim 2, wherein each of the connected terminals further comprises a first side plate and a second side plate disposed opposite the first side plate, the junction of the flat spring is connected between the first side plate and the second side plate, the flat spring further comprises a second abutment disposed opposite the junction, the second abutment is disposed on one side of the first abutment, and space between the first abutment and the circuit board is greater than space between the second abutment and the circuit board, the first side plate is provided with a first convex block, the second side plate is provided with a second convex block, the first convex block and the second convex block are against on the second abutment. 4. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of connection terminals are columnar structures, and a first end of each of the connection terminals is connected to the circuit board, the second end of each of the connection terminals is contacted with a conductor of a key switch. 5. The keyboard according to claim 4, wherein contact surfaces between the plurality of connection terminals and the plurality of conductors are bump surfaces. 6. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of connection terminals are columnar structures, a first end of each of the connection terminals is connected to the circuit board, a second end of each of the connection terminals is provided with a position limitation hole, the conductors of the plurality of key switches are disposed in position limitation holes of the connection terminals. 7. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein each of the key switches is provided with a light pipe, the circuit board is provided with a plurality of LED lights working with light pips, the light pip of each of the key switches above a LED light. 8. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the keyboard further comprises a pad plate, the pad plate is disposed between the key installing board and the circuit board, the pad plate is provided with a plurality of hollow holes working with the plurality of the installation holes, the circuit board is exposed from the plurality of hollow holes. 9. The keyboard according to claim 8, wherein the pad plate is made of plastic. 10. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the key installing board is connected to the circuit board through a plurality of bolts, and the plurality of bots support the key installing board. 11. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the conductors of the plurality of key switches are plated with gold. 12. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the circuit board is further provided with a waterproof pouch, the plurality of connection terminals are disposed in a holding cavity of the waterproof pouch. 13. The keyboard according to claim 12, wherein the waterproof pouch comprises a sidewall and a top plate, a first end of the sidewall is connected to the circuit board, the second end of the sidewall is connected to the top plates of the water proof pouch. 14. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the key switch comprises a top lid, at least one first clearance hole is disposed on the top lid of the key switch, the first clearance hole is connected to the key switch's chamber. 15. The keyboard according to claim 1, wherein the key switch comprises a bottom base, at least one second clearance hole is disposed on the bottom base of the key switch, the second clearance hole is connected to the key switch's chamber.",
-    "Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for modifying memory space allocation for inactive tasks. Information is maintained on computational resources consumed by tasks running in the computer system allocated memory space in the memory. The information on the computational resources consumed by the tasks is used to determine inactive tasks of the tasks. The allocation of the memory space allocated to at least one of the determined inactive tasks is modified. 1. A method, comprising: maintaining information on computational resources consumed by tasks running in a computer system allocated memory space in a memory, wherein the tasks are identified in a system task table; for each of a plurality of the tasks identified in the system task table, using the information on the computational resources consumed by the tasks to determine inactive tasks of the tasks; and modifying an allocation of the memory space allocated to at least one of determined inactive tasks. 2. (canceled) 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the computational resources for which information is maintained include a plurality of different computational resources, wherein there is a corresponding resource threshold for each of the different computational resources, and wherein the inactive tasks comprise the tasks whose computational resources consumed for each of the different computational resources falls below the corresponding resource threshold. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space for one of the inactive tasks comprises: copying content of the memory space allocated to the inactive task to storage; and deallocating at least a portion of the memory space allocated to the inactive task in response to copying the content to storage. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the system task table indicates the memory space allocated to each of the tasks indicated in the system task table; and wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory for the inactive task further comprises indicating in the system task table that no memory space is allocated to the inactive task. 6-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein further comprising: maintaining a task startup list indicating tasks allocated memory space upon system initialization; determining whether the inactive task having its allocation of the memory space modified is on the task startup list; and removing the inactive task determined to be on the task startup list from the task startup list. 10-11. (canceled) 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space comprises modifying the memory space indicted as allocated to the determined inactive task in the system task table, wherein the system task table indicates memory allocated to the determined inactive task after the modifying of the allocation of the memory space. 13. A computer program product for managing tasks in a memory of a computer system, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therein that executes to perform operations, the operations comprising: maintaining information on computational resources consumed by tasks running in the computer system allocated memory space in the memory, wherein the tasks are identified in a system task table; for each of a plurality of the tasks identified in the system task table, using the information on the computational resources consumed by the tasks to determine inactive tasks of the tasks; and modifying an allocation of the memory space allocated to at least one of determined inactive tasks. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computational resources for which information is maintained for each task includes at least one of read/write requests initiated by the task, a number of processor cycles used by the task, network requests initiated by the task, and functions invoked by the task, wherein using the information on the computational resources consumed by the tasks to determine inactive tasks comprises determining tasks whose computational resources consumed for at least one of the computational resources has fallen below a corresponding resource threshold for the computational resource. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computational resources for which information is maintained include a plurality of different computational resources, wherein there is a corresponding resource threshold for each of the different computational resources, and wherein the inactive tasks comprise the tasks whose computational resources consumed for each of the different computational resources falls below the corresponding resource threshold. 16. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space for one of the inactive tasks comprises: copying content of the memory space allocated to the inactive task to storage; and deallocating at least a portion of the memory space allocated to the inactive task in response to copying the content to storage. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the system task table indicates the memory space allocated to each of the tasks indicated in the system task table; and wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory for the inactive task further comprises indicating in the system task table that no memory space is allocated to the inactive task. 18. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space for one of the inactive tasks comprises: deallocating the memory space allocated to the inactive task; and removing indication of the inactive task for which the allocated memory space was modified in a system task table indicating tasks loaded into the memory. 19. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: determining whether available memory space has fallen below a memory threshold; and wherein the operations of the using the information to determine inactive tasks and the modifying the allocation of the memory space are performed in response to determining that the available memory space has fallen below the memory threshold. 20. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: maintaining a task startup list indicating tasks allocated memory space upon system initialization; determining whether the inactive task having its allocation of the memory space modified is on the task startup list; and removing the inactive task determined to be on the task startup list from the task startup list. 21. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise: maintaining a task startup list indicating tasks allocated memory space upon system initialization; rendering information to a user on the inactive tasks on the task startup list to enable the user to select from the inactive tasks to be removed from the task startup list; receiving user selection to remove at least one of the inactive tasks for which the information is rendered; and removing the user selected at least one of the inactive tasks from the task startup list. 22. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space comprises modifying the memory space indicted as allocated to the determined inactive task in the system task table, wherein the system task table indicates memory allocated to the determined inactive task after the modifying of the allocation of the memory space. 23. A system, comprising: a processor; a memory; a program executed by the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: maintaining information on computational resources consumed by tasks allocated memory space in the memory, wherein the tasks are identified in a system task table; for each of a plurality of the tasks identified in the system task table, using the information on the computational resources consumed by the tasks to determine inactive tasks of the tasks; and modifying an allocation of the memory space allocated to at least one of determined inactive tasks. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the computational resources for which information is maintained include a plurality of different computational resources, wherein there is a corresponding resource threshold for each of the different computational resources, and wherein the inactive tasks comprise the tasks whose computational resources consumed for each of the different computational resources falls below the corresponding resource threshold. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space for one of the inactive tasks comprises: copying content of the memory space allocated to the inactive task to storage; and deallocating at least a portion of the memory space allocated to the inactive task in response to copying the content to storage. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the system task table indicates the memory space allocated to each of the tasks indicated in the system task table; and wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory for the inactive task further comprises indicating in the system task table that no memory space is allocated to the inactive task. 27. The system of claim 23, wherein the operations further comprise: maintaining a task startup list indicating tasks allocated memory space upon system initialization; determining whether the inactive task having its allocation of the memory space modified is on the task startup list; and removing the inactive task determined to be on the task startup list from the task startup list. 28. The system of claim 23, wherein the modifying the allocation of the memory space comprises modifying the memory space indicted as allocated to the determined inactive task in the system task table, wherein the system task table indicates memory allocated to the determined inactive task after the modifying of the allocation of the memory space.",
-    "Provided herein are bitter taste receptor ligands, related agents, combinations, compositions, methods and systems for modulating release of a metabolic hormone in vitro and in vivo from cells of the GI tract of an individual. 1. (canceled) 2. A method to identify a GI bitter taste receptor ligand capable of modulating release of metabolic hormones associated to the GI system, the method comprising identifying a candidate ligand that binds to a GI bitter taste receptor based on a predicted GI bitter taste receptor structure; and, determining whether the candidate ligand modulates the level of at least one of the metabolic hormones associated with the GI system. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the GI bitter taste receptor is selected from the group consisting of: TAS2R38 and TAS2R47. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the at least one of the metabolic hormones associated with the GI system is selected from the group consisting of: cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY). 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the identifying step is followed by testing the identified candidate ligand in a bitter taste receptor activation assay. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the bitter taste receptor activation assay is selected from the group consisting of: detection of intracellular calcium ion, detection of gustducin/transducing, detection of activation of a phosphodiesterase, detection of alteration of potassium ion channel activity, and detection of hormone or neurotransmitter release. 7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the identifying step is preceded by predicting the structure of the GI bitter taste receptor. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the predicting step uses modeling of the GI bitter taste receptor. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the modeling is homology modeling. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the modeling comprises predicting structures of interhelical hydrogen bonds. 11. A method to modulate hormone release from a cell, the method comprising inducing a specific conformation of a GI bitter tastant receptor through binding of a GI bitter taste receptor ligand; detecting an increase or decrease of hormone release from a cell following the inducing; and modulating said increase or decrease through action of the GI bitter taste receptor ligand. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the GI bitter taste receptor ligand is selected from the group consisting of: Phenylthiocarbamide, Propylthiouracil, Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt, Epigallocatechin gallate, Hyperforin, Berberine chloride, Coptisine Chloride Allyl methyl sulfide, Rottlerin, Curcumin, Ellagic acid, Embelin and agonist derivatives thereof. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the GI bitter taste receptor is selected from the group consisting of: TAS2R38 and TAS2R47. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the hormone is selected from the group consisting of: cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY). 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the contacting step is preceded by identifying the GI bitter taste receptor ligand by the method according to claim 2. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the identifying step is followed by testing the identified candidate ligand in a bitter taste receptor activation assay. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the identifying step is preceded by predicting the structure of the GI bitter taste receptor. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the predicting step uses modeling of the GI bitter taste receptor. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the modeling is homology modeling. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the modeling comprises predicting structures of interhelical hydrogen bonds.",
-    "A method and system for assessing a situation using an unmanned vehicle is disclosed. An unmanned vehicle receives a transmission indicating a situation at a designated location, and then navigates to the designated location. The unmanned vehicle may reach the designated location via air or ground travel, or a combination thereof. The unmanned vehicle receives signals from a first subset of sensors indicating information concerning an environment at the designated location and from a second subset of sensors indicating information concerning one or more objects associated with the situation. The unmanned vehicle then sends one or more transmissions based on the received signals, facilitating rapid determination of the situation. 1. A method for assessing a situation using an unmanned vehicle comprising: receiving a transmission indicating a situation at a designated location; navigating to the designated location; receiving signals from a first subset of sensors indicating information concerning an environment at the designated location; receiving signals from a second subset of sensors indicating information concerning one or more objects associated with the situation; and issuing one or more transmissions based on the received signals from the first subset of sensors and the second subset of sensors. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information concerning the environment comprises information concerning one or more of the following: a temperature, wind speed, wind profile, terrain, and obstacles. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving instructions to obtain data concerning one or more areas surrounding the designated location; navigating to the one or more areas; and receiving signals from the first subset of sensors indicating information concerning an environment at the one or more areas surrounding the designated location. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the information concerning the one or more objects associated with the situation comprises one or more of the following: identification of the one or more objects, orientation of the one or more objects, and aid in determination of any contents within the one or more objects. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving signals from a third subset of sensors indicating a presence of a chemical or hazardous substance; and issuing one or more transmissions based on the received signals from the third subset of sensors. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: mapping the presence of the chemical or hazardous substance across a region within the designated location. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: estimating future movement of the chemical or hazardous substance based on the information concerning the environment and the information concerning the chemical or hazardous substance. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the first subset of sensors, the second subset of sensors, and the third subset of sensors are on-board the unmanned vehicle and include one or more of the following: Lidar, multispectral sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, a Global Positioning System (GPS), an inertial measurement unit, an altimeter, a proximity detection system, an automatic equipment identification system, a hot wheel and bearing detection system, and a railcar visible identification reader. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein issuing the one or more transmissions based on the received signals comprises continuously issuing transmissions as the signals are received. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein issuing the one or more transmissions based on the received signals comprises issuing the one or more transmissions to a control system. 11. The method of claim 5, further comprising: generating a map of the situation, the map including one or more of the following: indications of the ground terrain at the designated location, a location and an orientation of one or more objects at the designated location, and presence and location of a chemical or hazardous substance. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: receiving instructions to generate potential access paths to provide aid to the situation; and generating one or more access paths on the map based on the received signals, wherein generating the one or more paths comprises avoiding detected obstacles and chemical or hazardous substances. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the unmanned vehicle is a vehicle capable of navigating via air or ground to the designated location. 14. An unmanned vehicle for assessing a situation comprising: at least one propulsion unit, a first wing, a second wing, and a plurality of wheels connected to a body; a navigation module that provides a navigation process to generate flight-control signals for the unmanned vehicle; one or more sensor systems connected to the body; and a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored therein instructions executable to cause the unmanned vehicle to: receive a transmission indicating a situation at a designated location; navigate from a launch site to the designated location; receive signals from a first subset of sensors indicating information concerning an environment at the designated location; receive signals from a second subset of sensors indicating information concerning one or more objects associated with the situation; and issue one or more transmissions based on the received signals from the first subset of sensors and the second subset of sensors. 15. The unmanned vehicle of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive signals from a third subset of sensors indicating a presence of a chemical or hazardous substance; and issue one or more transmissions based on the received signals from the third subset of sensors. 16. The unmanned vehicle of claim 14, wherein the at least one propulsion unit comprises a propeller rotatable out of a compartment within the body via a connection to the body to power air and ground travel. 17. The unmanned vehicle of claim 14, wherein the one or more sensor systems include one or more of the following sensors: Lidar, multispectral sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, a Global Positioning System (GPS), an inertial measurement unit, an altimeter, a proximity detection system, an automatic equipment identification system, a hot wheel and bearing detection system, and a railcar visible identification reader. 18. A method for assessing conditions caused by a train accident using an unmanned vehicle, comprising: receiving a transmission indicating a train accident at a designated location; navigating to the designated location; receiving signals from a first subset of sensors indicating information concerning an environment at the designated location; receiving signals from a second subset of sensors indicating information concerning one or more objects associated with the situation; and issuing one or more transmissions based on the received signals from the first subset of sensors and the second subset of sensors. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more objects comprise one or more rail cars, and wherein receiving signals concerning the one or more objects comprises receiving signals identifying the one or more rail cars and providing an orientation of the one or more rail cars. 20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: receiving signals from a third subset of sensors indicating a presence of a chemical or hazardous substance; mapping the presence of the chemical or hazardous substance across a region; estimating future movement of the chemical or hazardous substance based on the information concerning the environment and the information concerning the chemical or hazardous substance; and issuing one or more transmissions including the received signals, mapped presence, and estimated future movement of the chemical or hazardous substance.",
-    "Semiconductor devices, FinFET devices and methods of forming the same are disclosed. One of the semiconductor devices includes a substrate, a gate over the substrate and a gate dielectric layer between the gate and the substrate. The gate dielectric layer includes an oxide-inhibiting layer having a dielectric constant greater than about 8 and being in an amorphous state. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a gate over the substrate; and a gate dielectric layer between the gate and the substrate and comprising an oxide-inhibiting layer having a dielectric constant greater than about 8 and being in an amorphous state. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the substrate has at least one fin extending in a first direction, and the gate extends in a second direction different from the first direction and is across the at least one fin. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a planar substrate. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the oxide-inhibiting layer comprises aluminum nitride, indium nitride, gallium nitride, thallium nitride or a combination thereof. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate dielectric layer further comprises a high-k layer between the oxide-inhibiting layer and the gate, and a dielectric constant of the high-k layer is greater than the dielectric layer of the oxide-inhibiting layer. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein the high-k layer is in a crystalline state. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate dielectric layer further comprises an oxide-based layer between the oxide-inhibiting layer and the substrate. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate comprises a silicon-containing material, a metal-containing material or a combination thereof. 9. A FinFET device, comprising: a substrate having at least one fin; a gate disposed across the at least one fin; and a gate dielectric layer between the gate and the at least one fin and comprising: an oxide-inhibiting layer having a dielectric constant greater than about 8 and being in an amorphous state; and a high-k layer having a dielectric constant greater than about 10 and being in a crystalline state. 10. The FinFET device of claim 9, wherein the oxide-inhibiting layer is in physical contact with the at least one fin. 11. The FinFET device of claim 9, wherein the oxide-inhibiting layer is not in physical contact with the at least one fin. 12. The FinFET device of claim 9, wherein the oxide-inhibiting layer comprises aluminum nitride, indium nitride, gallium nitride, thallium nitride or a combination thereof. 13. The FinFET device of claim 9, wherein the oxide-inhibiting layer is an oxide-free layer. 14. The FinFET device of claim 9, wherein the high-k layer comprises a lower high-k layer and an upper high-k layer, and a dielectric constant of the lower high-k layer is between the dielectric constant of the oxide-inhibiting layer and a dielectric constant of the upper high-k layer. 15. A method of forming a FinFET device, comprising: providing a substrate with at least one fin, a dummy gate across the at least one fin, and a dielectric layer aside the dummy gate; removing the dummy gate to form a trench in the dielectric layer; depositing an amorphous oxide-inhibiting layer having a dielectric constant greater than about 8 on a surface of the trench; performing a plasma treatment to the amorphous oxide-inhibiting layer; and forming a gate in the trench, wherein the method further comprises depositing a high-k layer having a dielectric constant greater than about 10 on the amorphous oxide-inhibiting layer after the step of performing the plasma treatment. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the amorphous oxide-inhibiting layer comprises aluminum nitride, indium nitride, gallium nitride, thallium nitride or a combination thereof. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the plasma treatment comprises using a nitrogen-containing gas and a hydrogen-containing gas. 18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising, after the step of depositing the high-k layer, performing an annealing step to the high-k layer, so that the high-k layer is transformed into a crystalline sate. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising, before the step of forming the amorphous oxide-inhibiting layer, forming an oxide-based layer at least on a surface of the at least one fin.",
-    "Provided is a FinFET device including a substrate having at least one fin, a gate stack, a spacer, a strained layer and a composite etching stop layer. The gate stack is across the at least one fin. The spacer is on a sidewall of the gate stack. The strained layer is in the substrate aside the gate stack. The composite etching stop layer is on the spacer and on the strained layer. Besides, the composite etching stop layer is thicker on the spacer but thinner on the strained layer. 1. A FinFET device, comprising: a substrate having at least one fin; a gate stack across the at least one fin; a spacer on a sidewall of the gate stack; a strained layer in the substrate aside the gate stack; and a composite etching stop layer on the spacer and on the strained layer, wherein the composite etching stop layer is thicker on the spacer but thinner on the strained layer, and wherein the the composite etching stop layer comprises a first etching stop layer aside the spacer and a second etching stop layer aside the first etching layer, and the first etching stop layer and the second etching stop layer comprise the same material. 2. The FinFET device of claim 1, wherein the first etching stop layer has an I-shape in cross-section; and the second etching stop layer has an L-shape in cross-section. 3. The FinFET device of claim 1, wherein the first etching stop layer has an L-shape in cross-section; and the second etching stop layer has an L-shape in cross-section. 4. The FinFET device of claim 3, wherein the first etching stop layer is thicker on the spacer but thinner on the strained layer, and the second etching stop layer has substantially the same thickness on the first etching layer. 5. The FinFET device of claim 1, wherein a bottom of the composite etching stop layer is higher than a bottom of the spacer. 6. The FinFET device of claim 1, wherein the composite etching stop layer comprises SiN, SiC, SiCN, SiON, SiCON or a combination thereof. 7. The FinFET device of claim 1, further comprising a silicide layer over the strained layer, wherein at least a portion of the composite etching stop layer is in physical contact with the silicide layer. 8. A FinFET device, comprising: a substrate having at least one fin; a gate stack across the at least one fin; a strained layer in the substrate aside the gate stack; a first etching stop layer aside the gate stack; a second etching stop layer aside the first etching stop layer; and a connector over and electrically connected to the strained layer, wherein a contact area between the connector and the second etching stop layer is greater than a contact area between the connector and the first etching stop layer, wherein the first etching stop layer and the second etching stop layer comprise the same material. 9. The FinFET device of claim 8, wherein the contact area between the connector and the first etching stop layer is zero. 10. The FinFET device of claim 8, wherein the first etching stop layer is thicker on a sidewall of the gate stack but thinner on the strained layer. 11. The FinFET device of claim 8, wherein the second etching stop layer has substantially the same thickness on the first etching layer. 12. The FinFET device of claim 8, wherein a bottom of the first etching stop layer is higher than a bottom of the gate stack. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. A method of forming a FinFET device, comprising: providing a substrate having a gate stack formed thereon and a strained layer formed therein; forming a first etching stop layer over the gate stack and the strained layer; partially removing the first etching stop layer; forming a second etching stop layer over the first etching stop layer; forming a dielectric layer over the second etching stop layer; and forming a connector through the dielectric layer and electrically connected to the strained layer, wherein the first etching stop layer and the second etching stop layer comprise the same material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of partially removing the first etching stop layer comprises performing an anisotropic etching process. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the step of partially removing the first etching stop layer is performed until a top of the gate stack is exposed. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the remaining first etching stop layer is thicker on a sidewall of the gate stack but thinner on a surface the strained layer after the step of partially removing the first etching stop layer. 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled)",
-    "A FinFET device and a method of forming the same are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments, a FinFET device includes a substrate having at least one fin, a gate stack across the at least one fin, a strained layer aside the gate stack and a silicide layer over the strained layer. The strained layer has a boron surface concentration greater than about 2E20 atom/cm3 within a depth range of about 0-5 nm from a surface of the strained layer. 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. A method of forming a FinFET device, comprising: providing a substrate having a gate stack formed thereon, a strained layer formed therein and a first dielectric layer formed aside the gate stack and over the strained layer; forming an opening through the first dielectric layer, the opening exposing the strained layer; performing a doping step to the strained layer to form a shallow doped region therein, wherein the shallow doped region and the strained layer have the same conductivity type; and forming a silicide layer on the strained layer after the doping step, wherein the method further comprises a pre-amorphous implant (PAI) step before or after the doping step, and the PAI step and the doping step are performed with different elements. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the shallow doped region is an amorphous region. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the doping step is a boron doping step or a phosphor doping step. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the boron doping step is performed at an energy of about 1 KeV to 2 KeV and a dose of about 2E15 atom/cm2 to 6E15 atom/cm2. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the phosphor doping step is performed at an energy of about 2 KeV to 5 KeV and a dose of about 2E15 atom/cm2 to 6E15 atom/cm2. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the doping step is an ion implantation process. 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the doping step is a plasma doping process. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the plasma doping process is performed by using about 0.1%-10% of a boron-containing gas and about 90%-99.9% of a dilution gas. 14. (canceled) 15. A method of forming a FinFET device, comprising: providing a substrate having a gate stack formed thereon, a strained layer formed therein and a first dielectric layer formed aside the gate stack and over the strained layer; forming an opening through the first dielectric layer, the opening exposing the strained layer; performing a boron doping step to the strained layer, the boron doping step causing a surface amorphization; forming a metal layer on the strained layer immediately after the boron doping step; and performing an annealing step to the substrate, wherein the boron doping step is performed at an energy of about 1 KeV to 2 KeV and a dose of about 2E15 atom/cm2 to 6E15 atom/cm2. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the boron doping step is an ion implantation process. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the boron doping step is a plasma doping process. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the plasma doping process is performed by using a boron-containing gas and a dilution gas in a ratio of about 0.1%-5% to 95%-99.9%. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the annealing step is performed at a temperature of about 850\u00b0 C. to 1,000\u00b0 C. 21. A method of forming a FinFET device, comprising: providing a substrate having a gate stack formed thereon, a strained layer formed therein and a first dielectric layer formed aside the gate stack and over the strained layer; forming an opening through the first dielectric layer, the opening exposing the strained layer; performing a boron doping step to the strained layer such that a boron surface concentration is at least about 2E20 atom/cm3 within a depth range of about 0-5 nm from a surface of the strained layer; and forming a silicide layer on the strained layer after the boron doping step. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the boron doping step is an ion implantation process. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the boron surface concentration of the strained layer is in a range from about 2E20 to 1E21 atom/cm3. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the boron doping step is a plasma doping process. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the boron surface concentration of the strained layer is in a range from about 1E21 to 5E21 atom/cm3.",
-    "An image sensor including a substrate, a trench isolation, a plurality of image sensing units, at least one phase detection unit, and an interconnection layer is provided. The trench isolation is in the substrate, and a plurality of active areas of the substrate are separated from each other by the trench isolation. The image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit are in the active areas arranged in an array, and a sensing area of the at least one phase detection unit is smaller than a sensing area of each of the image sensing units. The interconnection layer is disposed on the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit. In addition, a method of fabricating an image sensor is also provided. 1. An image sensor, comprising: a substrate; a trench isolation in the substrate, wherein a plurality of active areas of the substrate are separated from each other by the trench isolation; a plurality of image sensing units; at least one phase detection unit, wherein the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit are in the active areas arranged in an array, and a sensing area of the at least one phase detection unit is smaller than a sensing area of each of the image sensing units; an interconnection layer, disposed below the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit; and a shielding grid layer over the trench isolation, wherein the shielding grid layer comprises a plurality of openings having substantially a same area, the sensing area of each of the image sensing units is equal to the area of the openings, and the sensing area of the at least one phase detection unit is smaller than the area of the openings. 2. (canceled) 3. The image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the trench isolation comprises a plurality of first trench isolation patterns adjacent to each of the image sensing units and at least one second trench isolation pattern adjacent to the at least one phase detection unit, and an area occupied by the second trench isolation pattern is larger than an area occupied by the first trench isolation pattern. 4. The image sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a dielectric layer, disposed between the shielding grid layer and the trench isolation. 5. The image sensor according to claim 1, wherein a material of the shielding grid layer comprises tungsten or aluminum. 6. The image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 \u03bcm to about 3 \u03bcm. 7. The image sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of micro-lenses disposed over the shielding grid layer. 8. The image sensor according to claim 1, wherein the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit are photodiodes. 9. An image sensor, comprising: a substrate; a trench isolation in the substrate, wherein a plurality of active areas of the substrate are separated from each other by the trench isolation; a plurality of image sensing units; at least one phase detection unit, wherein the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit are in the active areas arranged in an array; a shielding grid layer, comprising a plurality shielding grid patterns, a plurality of first openings above the image sensing units, and a second opening above the at least one phase detection unit, wherein each of the first openings is separated from the second opening by the shielding grid patterns, a sensing area of each of the image sensing units is equal to an area of each of the first openings, and a sensing area of the at least one phase detection unit is smaller than an area of the second opening; and an interconnection layer, disposed below the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit. 10. The image sensor according to claim 9, wherein the shielding grid patterns are not overlapped with the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit. 11. The image sensor according to claim 9, wherein the trench isolation comprises a plurality of first trench isolation patterns adjacent to each of the image sensing units and at least one second trench isolation pattern adjacent to the at least one phase detection unit, and the shielding grid patterns completely shield the first trench isolation patterns and partially shield the at least one second trench isolation pattern. 12. The image sensor according to claim 9, further comprising a dielectric layer, disposed between the shielding grid layer and the trench isolation. 13. The image sensor according to claim 9, wherein a material of the shielding grid layer comprises tungsten or aluminum. 14. The image sensor according to claim 9, wherein the substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 \u03bcm to about 3 \u03bcm. 15. The image sensor according to claim 9, further comprising a plurality of micro-lenses disposed over the shielding grid layer. 16. The image sensor according to claim 9, wherein the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit are photodiodes. 17. A method of fabricating an image sensor, comprising: providing a substrate having a plurality of active areas separated from each other; forming a shallow trench isolation (STI) in the substrate, wherein the STI has a plurality of openings accommodating the active areas; forming a plurality of image sensing units and at least one phase detection unit in the openings, wherein a size of each of the image sensing units is larger than a size of the at least one phase detection unit; forming an interconnection layer under the substrate; after forming the STI, forming a trench isolation corresponding to the STI, wherein the trench isolation is located between two adjacent openings; patterning a shielding material layer to form a shielding grid layer over the substrate opposite to the interconnection layer. 18. The method of fabricating an image sensor according to claim 17, further comprising: forming the image sensing units and the at least one phase detection unit in the active areas. 19. The method of fabricating an image sensor according to claim 17, further comprising: forming a dielectric layer between the substrate and the shielding grid layer; and forming a plurality of micro-lenses over the shielding grid layer. 20. The method of fabricating an image sensor according to claim 17, wherein the interconnection layer comprises at least one trace layer, and/or a bonding substrate. 21. The image sensor according to claim 9, wherein the substrate is a silicon substrate, and a portion of the silicon substrate is located between the first openings and the image sensing units.",
-    "A field effect transistor includes a fin structure, having a sidewall, protruding from a substrate, and a device isolation structure on the substrate, the device isolation structure defining the sidewall of the fin structure, wherein the fin structure includes a buffer semiconductor pattern disposed on the substrate and a channel pattern disposed on the buffer semiconductor pattern, wherein the buffer semiconductor pattern has a lattice constant different from that of the channel pattern, and wherein the device isolation structure includes a gap-fill insulating layer, and includes an oxidation blocking layer pattern disposed between the buffer semiconductor pattern and the gap-fill insulating layer. 1-29. (canceled) 30. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a fin structure protruding from a substrate, the fin structure including a buffer semiconductor pattern and a channel pattern disposed on the buffer semiconductor pattern; forming an oxidation blocking layer on a sidewall of the fin structure; forming a preliminary gap-fill insulating layer on the oxidation blocking layer by using a flowable chemical vapor deposition (FCVD) process; and annealing the preliminary gap-fill insulating layer to form a gap-fill insulating layer on the oxidation blocking layer. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the buffer semiconductor pattern has an oxidation rate greater than that of the channel pattern. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising forming a buffer oxide layer on a sidewall of the fin structure by using a thermal oxidation process before forming the oxidation blocking layer. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein a portion of the buffer oxide layer is nitrided when annealing the preliminary gap-fill insulating layer. 34. The method of claim 30, wherein annealing the preliminary gap-fill insulating layer is performed by using at least one process selected from the group consisting of a wet annealing process in a temperature range of about 500\u00b0 C. to about 700\u00b0 C. and a nitrogen annealing process in a temperature range of about 600\u00b0 C. to about 800\u00b0 C. 35. The method of claim 30, further comprising: recessing the gap-fill insulating layer to expose a portion of the oxidation blocking layer; and removing the exposed portion of the oxidation blocking layer to form an oxidation blocking layer pattern. 36. The method of claim 30, wherein forming the preliminary gap-fill insulating layer comprises injecting a gas mixture containing a first precursor and a second precursor into a processing chamber, and wherein the first precursor includes silicon (Si) and the second precursor includes at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and a mixture thereof. 37. The method of claim 30, wherein the oxidation blocking layer obstructs oxygen movement from the preliminary gap-fill insulating layer to the buffer semiconductor pattern during the annealing step.",
-    "The invention relates to novel pharmaceutically-useful peptides, in particular cyclic peptides that are agonists of the AngII type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor). The invention further relates to the use of such peptides as medicaments, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to their production. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method of treating a subject having a condition in which selective agonism of the AT2 receptor is desired and/or required comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a cyclic peptide compound consisting of the amino acid sequence Xaa1-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala comprising a thioether-bridge linkage between the side chains of Abu/Ala at position 5 and Abu/Ala at position 8, and wherein Xaa1 is selected from the group consisting of Lys, Tyr, Asp, Ile, Asn and Ser. 22. The method according to claim 1, wherein said condition is (type II) diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, heart failure, infection, alopecia, anemia, cytopenia, neural disease, inflammation, fibrosis, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome or wound healing. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is a D-stereoisomer. 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is Lys. 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is Tyr. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is Asp. 27. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is Ile. 28. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is Asn. 29. The method according to claim 1, wherein Xaa1 is Ser. 30. The method according to claim 1, wherein position 5 is a D-stereoisomer of Ala. 31. The method according to claim 1, wherein position 8 is an L-stereoisomer of Ala. 32. The method according to claim 1, wherein position 5 is a D-stereoisomer of Ala and position 8 is an L-stereoisomer of Ala. 33. The method according to claim 1, wherein the peptide compound consists of an amino acid of Lys-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala (SEQ ID NO: 3) under the provision that the peptide does not contain two Abu (2-aminobutyric acid) residues. 34. The method according to claim 33, wherein Lys is a D-stereoisomer. 35. The method according to claim 1, wherein the peptide compound consists of an amino acid of Tyr-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala (SEQ ID NO: 5) under the provision that the peptide does not contain two Abu (2-aminobutyric acid) residues. 36. The method according to claim 1, wherein the peptide compound consists of an amino acid of Asp-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala (SEQ ID NO: 4) under the provision that the peptide does not contain two Abu (2-aminobutyric acid) residues. 37. The method according to claim 1, wherein the peptide compound consists of an amino acid of Ile-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala (SEQ ID NO: 6) under the provision that the peptide does not contain two Abu (2-aminobutyric acid) residues. 38. The method according to claim 1, wherein the peptide compound consists of an amino acid of Asn-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala (SEQ ID NO: 7) under the provision that the peptide does not contain two Abu (2-aminobutyric acid) residues. 39. The method according to claim 1, wherein the peptide compound consists of an amino acid of Ser-Asp-Arg-Val-Abu/Ala-Ile-His-Abu/Ala (SEQ ID NO: 15) under the provision that the peptide does not contain two Abu (2-aminobutyric acid) residues. 40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.",
-    "A cable connector assembly comprising: an electrical connector including a plug portion, a printed circuit board (PCB) electrically connected to the plug portion and fixed at a rear end of the plug portion, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp mounted on the PCB, a metal shell enclosing the PCB and having a receiving hole, and an optical element disposed on the plug portion in front of the LED lamp; and a cable electrically connected with the electrical connector; wherein the LED lamp has a curved sidewall facing the optical element and a rear sidewall facing the cable, an upper end of the LED lamp extending through the receiving hole of the metal shell. 1. A cable connector assembly comprising: an electrical connector including a plug portion, a printed circuit board (PCB) electrically connected to the plug portion and fixed at a rear end of the plug portion, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp mounted on the PCB, a metal shell enclosing the PCB and having a receiving hole, and an optical element disposed on the plug portion in front of the LED lamp; and a cable electrically connected with the electrical connector; wherein the LED lamp has a curved sidewall facing the optical element and a rear sidewall facing the cable, an upper end of the LED lamp extending through the receiving hole of the metal shell. 2. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 1, wherein the electrical connector further includes a frame body surrounding the sidewalls of the LED lamp and enclosed by the metal shell. 3. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 1, wherein the metal shell is bent to form a light barrier behind the receiving hole, the light barrier reflecting light emitted by the rear sidewall of the LED lamp forwardly toward the optical element. 4. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 3, wherein the receiving hole is profiled to conform with a peripheral shape of the LED lamps. 5. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 4, wherein the rear sidewall of the LED lamp lies in a plane perpendicular to the PCB. 6. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 5, wherein the receiving hole has a curved edge fitting tightly with the curved sidewall of the LED lamp and a straight edge fitting tightly with the rear sidewall of the LED lamp to reduce the gaps between the LED lamp and the receiving hole. 7. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 1, wherein the electrical connector further includes another LED lamp, and the LED lamps are symmetrically arranged on an upper surface and a lower surface of the PCB. 8. The cable connector assembly as described in claim 7, wherein the plug portion includes an insulative housing, a plurality of conductive terminals received in the insulative housing, and a mating shell disposed outside of the insulative housing. 9. A cable connector assembly comprising: an insulative housing defining a mating cavity; a plurality of contacts disposed in the housing with contacting sections exposed in the mating cavity forwardly communicating with an exterior in a front-to-back direction; a metallic front shell enclosing the housing; a light waveguide positioned upon the front shell; a printed circuit board located behind the housing and electrically and mechanically connected to the contacts around a front region thereof; a cable mechanically and electrically connected to a rear region of the printed circuit board; an LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamp positioned upon the printed circuit board between the front region and the rear region; a metallic rear shell enclosing the printed circuit board; a receiving hole formed in the rear shell; and a boot enclosing the rear shell; wherein said LED lamp extends through the receiving opening with an end exposed in a space between the rear shell and the boot to forwardly communicate with the light waveguide so as to have light, which is generated by the LED lamp, spread to the exterior via said light waveguide. 10. The cable connector assemble as claimed in claim 9, further including another LED lamp cooperating with said LED lamp to be positioned upon two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board to respectively optically couple with the light waveguide along the front-to-back direction. 11. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 9, wherein the rear shell provides a light barrier intimately located behind the receiving hole and extending into the space so as to direct light toward the light waveguide forwardly in a front-to-back direction. 12. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 9, further including a frame body located between the printed circuit board and the rear shell to surround the LED lamp for preventing light escaping. 13. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 9, wherein said boot seals the space for preventing light transmission except through said light waveguide. 14. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 13, wherein the light waveguide surrounds the front shell. 15. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 14, wherein the boot have a similar circumferential dimension and configuration in a coplanar manner but with two different axial dimensions. 16. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 9, wherein said optical element is forwardly exposed to the exterior. 17. A cable connector assembly comprising: an insulative housing defining a mating cavity; a plurality of contacts disposed in the housing with contacting sections exposed in the mating cavity forwardly communicating with an exterior in a front-to-back direction; a metallic front shell enclosing the housing; a printed circuit board located behind the housing and electrically and mechanically connected to the contacts around a front region thereof; a cable mechanically and electrically connected to a rear region of the printed circuit board; an LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamp positioned upon the printed circuit board between the front region and the rear region; a metallic rear shell enclosing the printed circuit board; a receiving hole formed in the rear shell; a boot enclosing the rear shell; and a light waveguide located in front of the LED lamp and around a front portion of the boot; wherein said LED lamp extends through the receiving opening with an end exposed in a space between the rear shell and the boot to forwardly communicate with the light waveguide so as to have light, which is generated by the LED lamp, spread to the exterior via said light waveguide. 18. The cable connector assemble as claimed in claim 17, wherein said light waveguide is forwardly exposed to the exterior. 19. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 18, wherein said light waveguide surrounds the front shell. 20. The cable connector assembly as claimed in claim 19, wherein said light waveguide and the boot have a similar circumferential configuration and dimension while with different axial dimensions.",
-    "A tool for catching an IC package comprises a main body, a plurality of operation arms and a plurality of clamping arms. The main body has a base and a plurality of lateral portions rotating relative to the base. The operation arms each extends upwardly from a top portion of a corresponding lateral portion. The clamping arms each extends downwardly from a lateral portion and is formed with a clasping portion at a free end thereof, the clasping portion has a latching slot. The operation arms bring the lateral portions to rotate inwardly and open the clamping arms. 1. A tool for catching an IC package comprising: a main body having a base and a pair of lateral portions rotating relative to the base, a pair of operation arms extending upwardly from top portions of the corresponding lateral portions, respectively; a pair of clamping arms extending downwardly from the corresponding lateral portions respectively, each of said clamping arms forming a clasping portion at a free end thereof; wherein during operation, the operation arms bring the lateral portions to rotate inwardly and open the clamping arms. 2. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein said pair of lateral portions are located on two sides of the base, and each of the lateral portions connects with the operation arm and the clamping arm. 3. The tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of the lateral portions connects with the base at the bottom, and the lateral portion and the base form a gap to provide a rotating space for the lateral portion. 4. The tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein an arrangement direction of the base and the lateral portions define a longitudinal direction, a width of the base is larger than a width of the lateral portion along the longitudinal direction. 5. The tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of the operation arms includes a first segment extending from the top of the lateral portion upwardly and inwardly along an inclined direction, a second segment extending from the top of the first segment upwardly and a third segment extending from the top of the second segment upwardly and outwardly along an inclined direction, the operation arm forms a notch opening outwardly by the first segment, the second segment and the third segment, the notch is for an operator to place fingers. 6. The tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein the clamping arm includes a connecting segment and a clasping portion located at an end of the connecting segment, the connecting segment includes a horizontal portion extending from a middle-lower part of the lateral portion outwardly and a vertical portion extending from the horizontal portion downwardly. 7. The tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein a thickness of the clasping portion is larger than the other part of the tool along a front-to-rear direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, the other part of the tool has a same thickness. 8. The tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein the clamping portion forms a holding slot which is adapted to receive a corresponding flange on a side of the IC package. 9. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the holding slot runs through the clasping portion along the front-to-rear direction. 10. A tool for loading/unloading an IC (Integrated Circuit) package comprising: a main body having a base and a pair of lateral portions extending on two opposite lateral sides of the base, respectively in a transverse direction, each of said lateral portions cooperating with the base to form at least an upstanding U-shaped configuration in a vertical direction perpendicular to said transverse direction; a pair of operation arms upwardly extending in the vertical direction from the lateral portions, respectively; a pair of clamping arms downwardly extending in the vertical direction from the lateral portions, respectively; wherein the operation arms are located on an inward position with regard to the corresponding pair of lateral portions along said transverse direction while the clamping arms are located on an outward position with regard to the corresponding pair of lateral portions along said transverse direction; wherein when the pair of operation arms move toward each other in the transverse direction, the corresponding U-shaped configurations are inwardly deformed and the clamping arms move away from each other in the transverse direction. 11. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein a bottom region of each upstanding U-shaped configuration functions as a fulcrum during deformation. 12. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein a narrowest position of said pair of operation arms is dimensioned to be less than one third of a widest position of the clamping arms. 13. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein the base extends upwardly in the vertical direction and terminates at a level around a lower end of the corresponding operation arm. 14. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein the operation arm extends from a first position of the corresponding lateral portion while the clamping arm extends from a second position of the corresponding lateral portion, said first position being higher than the second position in the vertical direction. 15. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein each of said clamping arms forms a clasping portion at a free end wherein an inward tip is located, and each of said clamping arms defines an upside-down L-shaped structure including a horizontal part unitarily extending transversely from the corresponding lateral portion, and a vertical part unitarily extending downwardly from the horizontal part with the inward tip formed at the free end of the vertical part. 16. The tool as claimed in claim 10, wherein the base provides holding areas on two opposite exterior surfaces in a front-to-back direction perpendicular to both said transverse direction and said vertical direction, and a width of said base in the transverse direction is larger than a thickness of either the operation arms or the clamping arms in the front-to-back direction. 17. An electrical connector assembly comprising: an electrical connector; an IC (Integrated Circuit) package received within the electrical connector; a tool for loading/unloading the IC package with regard to the connector, including: a main body generally defining at least an upstanding W-shaped configuration in a front view along a front-to-back direction and having a base and a pair of lateral portions extending on two opposite lateral sides of the base, respectively in a transverse direction perpendicular to said front-to-back direction; a pair of operation arms upwardly extending from the lateral portions, respectively, in a vertical direction perpendicular to both said front-to-back direction and said transverse direction; a pair of clamping arms downwardly extending in the vertical direction from the lateral portions, respectively; wherein the operation arms are located on an inward position with regard to the corresponding pair of lateral portions along said transverse direction while the clamping arms are located on an outward position with regard to the corresponding pair of lateral portions along said transverse direction; wherein when the pair of operation arms move toward each other in the transverse direction, the corresponding W-shaped configurations are deformed and the clamping arms move away from each other in the transverse direction; wherein the IC package includes a pair of flanges in the transverse direction, and the clamping arms grasp the flanges in the transverse direction during loading/unloading. 18. The electrical connector assembly as claimed in claim 17, wherein a narrowest position of said pair of operation arms is dimensioned to be less than one third of a widest position of the clamping arms. 19. The electrical connector assembly as claimed in claim 17, wherein said connector forms a pair of notches in two lateral side walls and in alignment with the flanges, respectively, in the transverse direction. 20. The electrical connector assembly as claimed in claim 17, wherein the operation arm extends from a first position of the corresponding lateral portion while the clamping arm extends from a second position of the corresponding lateral portion, said first position being different from and higher than the second position in the vertical direction.",
-    "A trigger dispenser (1) for liquids comprises a suction valve (30) and a delivery valve (60), separate from the suction valve (30). The dispenser (1) has a detachable stop (100), comprising a bottom (104) positioned rearwards of the delivery valve (60) to form an end stop abutment with this during the dispensing step. 1-10. (canceled) 11. Triggered dispensing device for a liquid, comprising: a frame; a pumping chamber and a piston sliding sealed in the pumping chamber along a piston axis, the chamber being provided of a bottom wall; a trigger operatively connected to the piston to move it; a suction pipe fluidly connectable to a container of the liquid to be dispensed, wherein the suction pipe comes out into the pumping chamber through a suction opening provided in the bottom wall; a dispensing pipe having extension along a dispensing axis, fluidly connected at an extremity to the pumping chamber through an inlet opening and, at the other extremity, fluidly connected with the outside environment; a suction valve suitable for regulating the flow of fluid between the suction pipe and the pumping chamber; a delivery valve, distinct from the suction valve, comprising a baffle outside the dispensing pipe, suitable for regulating the flow of fluids between the pumping chamber and the dispensing pipe; and a removable stop, comprising a bottom arranged behind the delivery valve, to create a stop for this during the dispensing phase. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the frame comprises a supporting wall annular with respect to the dispensing axis and the stop is fitted to the supporting wall. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the delivery valve comprises a connection wall annular with respect to the dispensing axis, inserted in the supporting wall of the frame and abutting on this, and wherein the stop comprises a cup element having a section superimposed axially and inserted in the connection wall. 14. The device of claim 11, wherein the stop comprises an annular arm, that extends radially outwards, folding over the frame. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the delivery valve has a free extremity of the connection wall which ends with an annular radial base crown, positioned axially up against the supporting wall of the frame, on which the annular arm folds. 16. The device of claim 11, wherein the inlet opening is surrounded, outside the dispensing pipe, by a crown surface, and wherein the baffle of the delivery valve, in the return phase, is abutting on the crown surface that surrounds the inlet opening of the dispensing pipe. 17. The device of claim 11, wherein the delivery valve comprises a sleeve protruding from the baffle along a delivery valve axis, on the opposite side respect to the dispensing pipe, to create a stop during the dispensing phase. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the delivery valve axis coincides with the dispensing axis. 19. The device of claim 11, wherein the delivery valve is made all in one piece. 20. The device of claim 11, comprising a cover to cover the internal components. 21. The device of claim 13, wherein the stop comprises an annular arm, that extends radially outwards, folding over the frame. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the delivery valve has a free extremity of the connection wall which ends with an annular radial base crown, positioned axially up against the supporting wall of the frame, on which the annular arm folds. 23. The device of claim 16, wherein the delivery valve comprises a sleeve protruding from the baffle along a delivery valve axis, on the opposite side respect to the dispensing pipe, to create a stop during the dispensing phase. 24. A method of making a triggered dispensing device for a liquid, comprising: applying a suction valve to a bottom wall of a chamber defined by the frame, wherein the suction valve is suitable for regulating the flow of fluid between a suction pipe and a pumping chamber defined by the frame, wherein the suction pipe is fluidly connectible to a container of the liquid to be dispensed, wherein the suction pipe comes out into the pumping chamber through a suction opening provided in the bottom wall; sealing a piston in the pumping chamber, wherein the piston is slidingly movable along a piston axis in the pumping chamber; operatively connecting a trigger to the piston to move the piston; providing a dispensing pipe defined by the frame having extension along a dispensing axis, wherein the dispensing pipe is fluidly connectible at an extremity to the pumping chamber through an inlet opening and, at the other extremity, fluidly connected with the outside environment; applying a delivery valve, distinct from the suction valve, comprising a baffle outside the dispensing pipe, to an intake of the dispensing pipe, wherein the delivery valve is suitable for regulating the flow of fluids between the pumping chamber and the dispensing pipe; and arranging a bottom of a removable stop behind the delivery valve, to create a stop for the delivery valve during the dispensing phase. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising applying a nozzle to an outlet end of the dispensing pipe. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the applying of the suction valve to the bottom wall comprises snap-coupling a stem of the suction valve to the bottom wall through a wall thickness thereof crossing a hole made through the wall thickness of the bottom wall. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising providing the frame with a wall having a crown surface which surrounds an inlet opening of the dispensing pipe wherein a front surface of the baffle of the delivery valve is positionable so as to abut with the crown surface. 28. The method of claim 24, further comprising providing the delivery valve with a connection wall projecting axially from a rear side of the baffle, and hooking a free annular end of the connection wall to a support wall of the frame. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising connecting the removable stop to a support wall of the frame rearwards of the delivery valve. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the connecting comprises snap-coupling the removable stop to the support wall.",
-    "The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of an auto-oxidatively cross-linking hybrid polymer, in particular an aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion, comprising the step of reacting in a mini-emulsion process one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers to form an addition polymer (also referred to as a vinyl polymer) in the presence of a modified auto-oxidatively crosslinkable (AOC) polymer which has been modified with terminal unsaturated groups of the formula \u2014C(R1)\u2550CH2 wherein R1 can be hydrogen, alkyl or aryl and wherein the modified AOC polymer is a hydrophobic polymer having an acid number between 5 to 30. In particular, the invention relates to a process comprising mixing one or more modified AOC polymers, one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers and one or more surfactants and forming a mini-emulsion in water and addition polymerizing the unsaturated monomers in the mini-emulsion to form a dispersion of hybrid particles of the modified auto-oxidatively crosslinkable polymer and the addition polymer. The invention further relates to the aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion obtainable by the process according to the invention, the use thereof for the manufacture of coating compositions, ink compositions or adhesives and to coating compositions comprising the hybrid polymer dispersion as a binder. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A process for the manufacture of an auto-oxidatively cross-linking hybrid polymer comprising the step of reacting in a mini-emulsion process, in the presence of a radical initiator and a surfactant, one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers to form an addition polymer, wherein the addition polymer is a vinyl polymer in the presence of a modified auto-oxidatively crosslinkable (AOC) polymer which is an alkyd resin comprising unsaturated fatty, wherein the AOC alkyd polymer is a hydrophobic alkyd polymer having an acid number from 5 to 20 mg KOH/g and an oil length of the resin between 40 and 95% , and wherein the modified AOC alkyd polymer is prepared by reaction of hydroxyl reactive groups on the AOC alkyd polymer with a compound comprising a terminal unsaturated group and isocyanate reactive groups. 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the average amount of the terminal unsaturated groups per molecule of the modified AOC polymer is more than 1. 18. The process according to claim 16, comprising the steps of: I. mixing: a) one or more modified AOC polymers, b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers, c) one or more surfactants II. forming a mini-emulsion in water of the mixture obtained in step I), III. adding a free radical initiator before, during and/or after step I), II) and/or IV), IV. addition polymerizing the unsaturated monomers in the mini-emulsion to form a dispersion of hybrid particles of the auto-oxidatively crosslinkable polymer and the addition polymer. 19. The process according to claim 16, comprising the steps of: I. mixing: a) one or more modified AOC polymer in an amount of 10 to 90 wt %, wherein the wt % is defined as the weight relative to the total weight of the mixture of the components in step (I) to (III), b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an amount of 10 to 90 wt %, c) one or more surfactants in an amount of 1 to 15 wt %, II. forming a mini-emulsion in water of the mixture obtained in step I), III. adding a free radical initiator before, during and/or after step I) , II) and/or IV), in an amount of 0.05 to 6 wt % (based on the weight of the unsaturated monomers), IV. addition polymerizing the unsaturated monomers in the mini-emulsion forming a dispersion comprising 30 to 70% by weight of solids. 20. The process according to claim 16, wherein in addition to the hydrophobic modified AOC polymer, the ethylenically unsaturated monomers comprise hydrophobic monomers. 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein the hydrophobic monomers are lauryl or stearyl acrylate or methacrylate. 22. The process according to claim 20, wherein the hydrophobic monomers are present in an amount of between 2 and 10 mol %, relative to the total unsaturated monomer content. 23. The process according to claim 16, wherein the amount of modified AOC polymer relative to the total of the modified AOC polymer and the vinyl polymer_is between 25 and 75 wt %. 24. The process according to claim 16, wherein the number average molecular weight of the modified AOC polymer is between 1000 and 50,000 and the oil length of the resin is between 20 and 95%. 25. An aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion obtained according to the process of claim 16 comprising 30 to 70% by weight of solids of hybrid polymer comprising: a. 10 to 90 wt % of the one or more modified AOC polymers, b. 10 to 90 wt % of an addition polymer. 26. The aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion according to claim 25, wherein the volatile organic compound (VOC) amount is less than 25 g/l. 27. The aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion according to claim 25, wherein the aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion is used in the manufacture of coating compositions, ink compositions or adhesives. 28. The hybrid polymer dispersion according to claim 25, wherein the hybrid polymer dispersion is a binder in a coating composition. 29. A substrate coated with the coating composition according to claim 28. 30. A substrate coated with the aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion of claim 25. 31. A substrate coated with the aqueous hybrid polymer dispersion of claim 26.",
-    "Patch cords include a communications cable that has a first conductor and a second conductor that form a first differential pair, and a third conductor and a fourth conductor that form a second differential pair and a plug that is attached to the communications cable. The plug includes a housing that receives the communications cable, first through fourth plug contacts that are within the housing, and a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board includes first through fourth conductive paths that connect the respective first through fourth conductors to respective ones of the first through fourth plug contacts. The plug further includes a first conductive shield that extends above a top surface of the printed circuit board that is disposed between the first differential pair and the second differential pair. 1. An RJ-45 communications plug, comprising: a housing; a printed circuit board within the housing; a lossy dielectric material between at least one side of the printed circuit board and the housing. 2. The RJ-45 communications plug of claim 1, wherein the lossy dielectric material comprises a carbon loaded foam. 3. The RJ-45 communications plug of claim 1, wherein the lossy dielectric material is injected within the housing. 4. The RJ-45 communications plug of claim 1, wherein the lossy dielectric material comprises an injectable and curable material. 5. The RJ-45 communications plug of claim 1, wherein the lossy dielectric material substantially fills the open area within the housing. 6. The RJ-45 communications plug of claim 1, in combination with a communications cable to provide a communications patch cord. 7. A patch cord comprising: a communications cable that includes eight conductors that are arranged as four differential pairs of conductors; and a plug that is attached to the communications cable, the plug comprising: a housing that receives the communications cable, the housing having a front surface, a top surface and a bottom surface, the housing including a plurality of slots that each have a front portion that extends along the front surface and a top portion that extends along the top surface; a printed circuit board that is at least partially within the housing, the printed circuit board including eight conductive paths that are electrically connected to the respective eight conductors of the communications cable; eight plug blades that are electrically connected to the respective eight conductive paths on the printed circuit board, each of the plug blades having a front surface that is exposed by the front portion of a respective one of the slots and a top portion that is exposed by the top portion of the respective slot; wherein a top surface of the printed circuit board defines an oblique angle with a plane defined by the top surfaces of the eight plug blades. 8. The patch cord of claim 7, wherein at least some of the plug blades comprise skeletal plug blades. 9. The patch cord of claim 7, wherein all eight conductors of the communications cable are terminated into the same side of the printed circuit board. 10. The patch cord of claim 9, wherein a front portion of the printed circuit board is angled towards the bottom surface of the housing, and wherein the eight conductors of the communications cable are terminated into a bottom side of the printed circuit board. 11. The patch cord of claim 9, wherein a front portion of the printed circuit board is angled towards the top surface of the housing, and wherein the eight conductors of the communications cable are terminated into a top side of the printed circuit board. 12. The patch cord of claim 7, wherein at least two of the conductors terminate into a front half of the printed circuit board and at least four of the conductors terminate into a back half of the printed circuit board.",
-    "A virtual viewpoint synthesis method and system, including: establishing a left viewpoint virtual view and a right viewpoint virtual view; searching for a candidate pixel in a reference view, and marking a pixel block in which the candidate pixel is not found as a hole point; ranking the found candidate pixels according to depth, and successively calculating a foreground coefficient and a background coefficient for performing weighted summation; enlarging the hole-point regions of the left viewpoint virtual view and/or the right viewpoint virtual view in the direction of the background to remove a ghost pixel; performing viewpoint synthesis on the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view; and filling the hole-points of a composite image. 1. A virtual viewpoint synthesis method, comprising: establishing a left viewpoint virtual view and a right viewpoint virtual view and obtaining (u, v) to (u+1, v) pixel blocks for a pixel with a coordinate of (u, v) in a virtual viewpoint, that is, I(u)=u+1); searching for a candidate pixel in a left viewpoint reference view using the left viewpoint virtual view, searching for a candidate pixel in a right viewpoint reference view using the right viewpoint virtual view, marking a pixel block in which a candidate pixel isn't found in the left viewpoint reference view and/or the right viewpoint reference view as a hole point; ranking the found candidate pixels according to depth, successively calculating a foreground coefficient and a background coefficient, and performing weighted summation according to the foreground coefficient and the background coefficient, and, not including the pixels in the weighted summation if difference between depth value of current pixel and depth value of an initial pixel in weighted summation exceeds a first predetermined threshold value; enlarging hole-point regions of the left viewpoint virtual view and/or the right viewpoint virtual view in the direction of background to remove a ghost pixel; performing viewpoint synthesis on the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view; and filling the hole-points of a composite image. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising: searching for a candidate pixel in the left viewpoint reference view using the left viewpoint virtual view, searching for a candidate pixel in the right viewpoint reference view using the right viewpoint virtual view, and marking the pixel block in which a candidate pixel isn't found in the left viewpoint reference view and/or the right viewpoint reference view as a hole point; and searching for a candidate pixel in a reference view and setting a first adjustable parameter; adding 1 to the first adjustable parameter for a new search if the pixel block in which a candidate parameter isn't found when the first adjustable parameter is a preset initial value; and marking the pixel block as a hole point if the pixel block in which a candidate pixel is still not found. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the foreground coefficient is calculated by wjf=|Ij(ur, t)\u2229 Ij(u)|; the background coefficient is calculated by wjb=|I(u)\u2229 Ij(ur, t)|\u2212wjf; wherein, Ij(ur, t)=ur\u2212t, ur+1+t) represents a pixel block in a reference viewpoint, t represents a second adjustable parameter, and Ij(u) represents a specific gravity which isn't covered by previous pixels in a pixel block of a virtual viewpoint; a formula for performing weighted summation according to the foreground coefficient and the background coefficient is as below: \ue89e Y \ue8a0 ( u ) = ? \ue89e ( w j f + \u03b1 j \u00d7 w j b ) \ue89e Y \ue8a0 ( j ) ? \ue89e ( w j f + \u03b1 j \u00d7 w j b ) , \ue89e ? \ue89e indicates text missing or illegible when filed wherein, \u03b1j controls pixel weights in a synthesis process according to depth values of pixels. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the hole-point regions of the left viewpoint virtual view and/or the right viewpoint virtual view are enlarged in the direction of the background to remove a ghost pixel, the method comprising: scanning the left viewpoint and/or right viewpoint virtual views line by line, recording an initial position of the hole point when scanning a hole point and then continuing to scan the views towards the right to find right boundary of the hole-point region; then, choosing a predetermined amount of pixels from the left and right boundaries outward in succession separately, and calculating average depth values of pixels which are respectively recorded as d_left and d_right; calculating a difference value between d_left and d_right; and then comparing the difference value between d_left and d_right to a second predetermined threshold value to determine enlarging direction of hole-point regions, wherein: if d_left-d_right is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, the hole-point region is enlarged towards the left; if d_left-d_right is less than the second predetermined threshold value, the hole-point region is enlarged towards the right; and if d_left-d_right equals to the second predetermined threshold value, the hole-point region isn't enlarged. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the viewpoint synthesis is performed on the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view, the method comprising: performing weighted summation according to distances between the virtual points and the right and left viewpoints when the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view both have pixel values; taking the pixel value directly when only one virtual image has a pixel value in the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view and the corresponding point of another virtual image is a hole point; and retaining the hole points when the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view are both hole points. 6. A virtual viewpoint synthesis system, comprising: a single viewpoint mapping module comprising an establishment unit, a selection unit and a control unit; a ghost pixel removal module; a viewpoint synthesis module; and a small hole-filling module; wherein: the establishment unit is used to establish a left viewpoint virtual view and a right viewpoint virtual view; in a virtual viewpoint, (u, v) to (u+1, v) pixel blocks for a pixel with a coordinate of (u, v) is obtained, that is, I(u)=u+1); the selection unit is used to search for a candidate pixel of the left viewpoint virtual view in the left viewpoint reference view and a candidate pixel of the right viewpoint virtual view in the right viewpoint reference view, and a pixel block in which a candidate pixel is not found in the left viewpoint virtual view and/or the right viewpoint virtual view is marked as a hole point; the control unit ranks the found candidate pixels according to depth, successively calculates a foreground coefficient and a background coefficient, and performs weighted summation according to the foreground coefficient and the background coefficient, and, if difference between depth value of current pixel and the depth value of an initial pixel in weighted summation exceeds a first predetermined threshold value, the pixels are not included in the weighted summation; the ghost pixel removal module is used to enlarge hole-point regions of the left viewpoint virtual view and/or the right viewpoint virtual view in direction of background to remove a ghost pixel; the viewpoint synthesis module is used to perform viewpoint synthesis on the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view; and the small hole-filling module is used to fill the hole-points of a composite image. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein: the selection unit is also used to search for a candidate pixel in a reference view and set a first adjustable parameter; when the first adjustable parameter is a preset initial value, 1 is added to the first adjustable parameter for a new search if the pixel block of a candidate parameter is not found; and the pixel block is marked as a hole point if the pixel block of candidate pixels is still not found. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein: the foreground coefficient is calculated by wjf=|Ij(ur, t)\u2229 Ij(u)|; the background coefficient is calculated by wjb=|I(u)\u2229 Ij(ur, t)|\u2212wjf; wherein, Ij(ur, t)=[ur\u2212t, ur+1+t) represents a pixel block in a reference viewpoint, t represents a second adjustable parameter, and Ij(u) represents a specific gravity which isn't covered by previous pixels in a pixel block of a virtual viewpoint; a formula for performing weighted summation according to the foreground coefficient and the background coefficient is as below: \ue89e Y \ue8a0 ( u ) = ? \ue89e ( w j f + \u03b1 j \u00d7 w j b ) \ue89e Y \ue8a0 ( j ) ? \ue89e ( w j f + \u03b1 j \u00d7 w j b ) , \ue89e ? \ue89e indicates text missing or illegible when filed wherein, \u03b1j controls pixel weights in a synthesis process according to depth values of pixels. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein: the ghost pixel removal module is also used to scan the left viewpoint and/or right viewpoint virtual views line by line; when a hole point is scanned, an initial position of the hole point is recorded and then the views continue to be scanned towards the right to find right boundary of the hole-point region; then, a predetermined amount of pixels is chosen from the left and right boundaries outward in succession separately, and average depth values of pixels which are respectively recorded as d_left and d_right are calculated; a difference value between d_left and d_right is calculated; and then the difference value between d_left and d_right is compared to a second predetermined threshold value to determine enlarging direction of hole-point regions: if d_left-d_right is greater than the second predetermined threshold value, the hole-point region is enlarged towards the left; if d_left-d_right is less than the second predetermined threshold value, the hole-point region is enlarged towards the right; and if d_left-d_right equals to the second predetermined threshold value, the hole-point region isn't enlarged. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein: when the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view both have pixel values, the viewpoint synthesis module is also used to perform weighted summation according to distances between the virtual points and the right and left viewpoints; when only one virtual image has a pixel value in the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view and the corresponding point of another virtual image is a hole point, the pixel value is taken directly; and when the left viewpoint virtual view and the right viewpoint virtual view are both hole points, the hole points are retained.",
-    "An erase method of a nonvolatile memory includes supplying an erase voltage to a substrate, supplying a selection word line voltage to word lines connected with a selected sub-block within a memory block of the nonvolatile memory, supplying a non-selection word line voltage to word lines connected with an unselected sub-block within the memory block during a first delay time from a point of time when the erase voltage is supplied, and thereafter floating the word lines connected with the unselected sub-block. 1. A method of erasing a nonvolatile memory device which includes a plurality of memory cell strings including a first memory cell string, the first memory cell string including a first ground selection transistor, a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells and a first dummy memory cell, the first ground selection transistor being connected to a source line, and the plurality of memory cells and the first dummy memory cell being stacked on or above a substrate in a direction that is perpendicular to the substrate, the method comprising: generating an erase voltage that begins to rise at a first time point, the erase voltage being supplied to a channel of the first memory cell string; supplying a first voltage to a ground selection line connected to the first ground selection transistor and a second voltage to a first dummy word line connected to the first dummy memory cell while the erase voltage rises from the first time point; then floating the ground selection line at a second time point that is later than the first time point; and floating the first dummy word line at a third time point that is later than the second time point. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein between the first time point and the third time point, the erase voltage continues to rise, the first voltage is supplied to the ground selection line between the first time point and the second time point, and the second voltage is supplied to the first dummy word line between the first time point and the third time point. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first dummy memory cell is disposed between the first ground selection transistor and the plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising supplying a plurality of third voltages to a plurality of word line connected to the plurality of memory cells respectively during the erase voltage being supplied to the channel of the first memory cell string. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a level of the first voltage and a level of the second voltage are equal to a level of a ground voltage. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the erase voltage is maintained at a target level from a fourth time point that is later than the third time point. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising floating a second dummy word line at the third time point, the second dummy word line being connected to a second dummy memory cell that is included in the first memory cell string. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising floating a second dummy word line after the second time point, the second dummy word line being connected to a second dummy memory cell that is included in the first memory cell string. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first memory cell string is connected to a first bit-line, the plurality of memory cell strings includes a second memory cell string that is connected to the first bit-line, and a second ground selection transistor included in the second memory cell string is connected to the ground selection line. 10. A method of erasing a nonvolatile memory device which includes a plurality of memory cell strings including a first memory cell string, the first memory cell string including a first ground selection transistor, a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells and a first dummy memory cell, the first ground selection transistor being connected to a source line, and the plurality of memory cells and the first dummy memory cell being stacked on or above a substrate in a direction that is perpendicular to the substrate, the method comprising: supplying an erase voltage that begins to rise at a first time point to the substrate; supplying a first voltage to a ground selection line connected to the first ground selection transistor and a second voltage to a first dummy word line connected to the first dummy memory cell while the erase voltage rises from the first time point; floating the ground selection line at a second time point that is later than the first time point; and floating the dummy word line at a third time point that is later than the second time point. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein between the first time point and the third time point, the erase voltage continues to rise, the first voltage is supplied to the ground selection line between the first time point and the second time point, and the second voltage is supplied to the first dummy word line between the first time point and the third time point. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first dummy memory cell is disposed between the first ground selection transistor and the plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising supplying a plurality of third voltages to a plurality of word line connected to the plurality of memory cells respectively during the erase voltage being supplied to the channel of the first memory cell string. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein a level of the first voltage and a level of the second voltage are equal to a level of a ground voltage. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the erase voltage is maintained at a target level from a fourth time point that is later than the third time point. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising floating a second dummy word line at the third time point, the second dummy word line being connected to a second dummy memory cell that is included in the first memory cell string. 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising floating a second dummy word line after the second time point, the second dummy word line being connected to a second dummy memory cell that is included in the first memory cell string. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the first memory cell string is connected to a first bit-line, the plurality of memory cell strings includes a second memory cell string that is connected to the first bit-line, and a second ground selection transistor included in the second memory cell string is connected to the ground selection line. 19. A nonvolatile memory device comprising: a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cell strings including a first memory cell string, the first memory cell string including a first ground selection transistor, a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells and a first dummy memory cell, the first ground selection transistor being connected to a source line, and the plurality of memory cells and the first dummy memory cell being stacked on or above a substrate in a direction that is perpendicular to the substrate; a voltage generator configured to generate an erase voltage supplied to a channel of the first memory cell string, the erase voltage rising from a first level; an address decoder configured to supply a first voltage to a ground selection line connected to the first ground selection transistor and a second voltage to a first dummy word line connected to the first dummy memory cell; a time register configured to store a first and a second time values; and a control logic configured to determine a first time point of floating the ground selection line based on the first time value and to determine a second time point of floating the dummy word line based on the second time value, configured to generate one or more control signals based on the first time point and the second time point, and configured to send the one or more control signals to the address decoder, wherein the address decoder is configured to float the ground selection line and the dummy word line in response to the one or more control signals while the erase voltage rises from the first level, and the second time point is later than the first time point. 20. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 19, wherein between the first time point and the third time point, the erase voltage continues to rise, the first voltage is supplied to the ground selection line between the first time point and the second time point, and the second voltage is supplied to the first dummy word line between the first time point and the third time point. 21. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 20, wherein the first dummy memory cell is disposed between the first ground selection transistor and the plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. 22. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 21, wherein the address decoder configured to supply a plurality of third voltages to a plurality of word line connected to the plurality of memory cells respectively during the erase voltage being supplied to the channel of the first memory cell string. 23. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 22, wherein the erase voltage is maintained at a target level from a fourth time point that is later than the third time point. 24. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 23, the address decoder configured to float a second dummy word line after the second time point, the second dummy word line being connected to a second dummy memory cell that is included in the first memory cell string. 25. The nonvolatile memory device of claim 24, wherein the first memory cell string is connected to a first bit-line, the plurality of memory cell strings includes a second memory cell string that is connected to the first bit-line, and a second ground selection transistor included in the second memory cell string is connected to the ground selection line. 26. A memory system comprising: a memory controller configured to provide a erase command and an address; and a memory cell array comprising a plurality of memory cell strings including a first memory cell string, the first memory cell string including a first ground selection transistor, a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells, a first dummy memory cell that is disposed between the first ground selection transistor and the plurality of nonvolatile memory cells and a second dummy memory cell, the first ground selection transistor being connected to a source line, and the plurality of memory cells, the first dummy memory cell and the second dummy memory cell being connected in series and stacked on or above a substrate in a direction that is perpendicular to the substrate, a voltage generator configured to generate an erase voltage in response to the erase command, the erase voltage being supplied to a channel of the first memory cell string corresponding to the address, the erase voltage rising from a first level; an address decoder configured to supply a first voltage to a ground selection line connected to the first ground selection transistor, to supply a second voltage to a first dummy word line connected to the first dummy memory cell and to supply a plurality of third voltages to a plurality of word lines connected to the plurality of memory cells respectively; a time register configured to store a first and a second time values; and a control logic configured to determine a first time point of floating the ground selection line based on the first time value and to determine a second time point of floating the dummy word line based on the second time value, configured to generate one or more control signals based on the first time point and the second time point, and configured to send the one or more control signals to the address decoder, wherein the address decoder is configured to float the ground selection line and the dummy word line in response to the one or more control signals while the erase voltage rises from the first level, and the second time point is later than the first time point. 27. The memory system of claim 26, wherein between the first time point and the third time point, the erase voltage continues to rise, the first voltage is supplied to the ground selection line between the first time point and the second time point, and the second voltage is supplied to the first dummy word line between the first time point and the third time point. 28. The memory system of claim 27, wherein the first memory cell string is connected to a first bit-line, the plurality of memory cell strings includes a second memory cell string that is connected to the first bit-line, and a second ground selection transistor included in the second memory cell string is connected to the ground selection line. 29. The memory system of claim 28, the address decoder configured to float a second dummy word line after the second time point, the second dummy word line being connected to the second dummy memory cell. 30. The memory system of claim 29, wherein the erase voltage is maintained at a target level from a fourth time point that is later than the third time point.",
-    "Liquid crystal molecules have a pretilt angle to the left-and-right direction in a plane perpendicular to the up-and-down direction, so that an end part of a first side as one side of a left side and a right side of the liquid crystal molecules is set closer to a backlight than an end part of a second side as the other side. Second edge parts of a black matrix adjacent to an upper side and a lower side of an opening have a straight line shape extending by inclination to mutually the same side in the left-and-right direction, so that an end part of the same side as a first side as one side of the left side and the right side of the second edge parts is positioned above the end part of the same side as the second side as the other side. 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a light source of which a light distribution characteristic in a left-and-right direction is wider than a light distribution characteristic in an up-and-down direction; and a liquid crystal panel in an IPS (In-Plane Switching) mode or an FFS (Fringe Field Switching) mode in which light from said light source is capable of passing, said liquid crystal panel including: a liquid crystal cell which includes a first transparent substrate, a second transparent substrate arranged between said first transparent substrate and said light source, liquid crystal molecules sandwiched between the substrates, and a black matrix having an opening through which light from said light source is capable of passing; a polarizer which is arranged on said light source side with respect to said liquid crystal cell and in which an absorption axis is aligned in said up-and-down direction; an analyzer which is arranged on a side opposite to said light source with respect to said liquid crystal cell and in which an absorption axis is aligned in said left-and-right direction; and a biaxial retardation film which is arranged between said polarizer and said liquid crystal cell, wherein said liquid crystal molecules have a pretilt angle to said left-and-right direction in a plane perpendicular to said up-and-down direction, so that an end part of a first side as one side of a left side and a right side of said liquid crystal molecules viewed from said analyzer side is set closer to said light source than an end part of a second side as the other side, first edge parts of said black matrix adjacent to a left side and a right side of said opening have a straight line shape extending in said up-and-down direction, and second edge parts of said black matrix adjacent to the upper side and the lower side of said opening have a straight line shape extending by inclination to mutually the same side with respect to said left-and-right direction, so that an end part of the same side as said first side as one side of the left side and the right side of said second edge parts viewed from said analyzer is positioned above an end part of the same side as said second side as the other side. 2. The liquid crystal display device according claim 1, wherein said pretilt angle is 0.5 degrees or above and 5 degrees or below, and an inclination angle of said second edge parts is 10 degrees or above and 60 degrees or below. 3. The liquid crystal display device according claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal cell further includes at least one of a gate wire and a common wire arranged partially along said second edge parts by avoiding said opening. 4. The liquid crystal display device according claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal cell further includes a pixel electrode and a common electrode each having a plurality of belt-shaped portions extending to said left-and-right direction by inclination at an angle of 5 degrees or above and 10 degrees or below, and either belt-shaped portions of said pixel electrode or belt-shaped portions of said common electrode are positioned between belt-shaped portions of a rest electrode. 5. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a light source; and a liquid crystal panel in an IPS (In-Plane Switching) mode or an FFS (Fringe Field Switching) mode in which light from said light source is capable of passing, said liquid crystal panel including: a liquid crystal cell which includes a first transparent substrate, a second transparent substrate arranged between said first transparent substrate and said light source, and liquid crystal molecules sandwiched between the substrates; a polarizer which is arranged on said light source side with respect to said liquid crystal cell and in which an absorption axis is aligned in an up-and-down direction; an analyzer which is arranged on a side opposite to said light source with respect to said liquid crystal cell and in which an absorption axis is aligned in a left-and-right direction; and a biaxial retardation film which is arranged between said polarizer and said liquid crystal cell, wherein said liquid crystal cell further includes at least one of a pixel electrode and a common electrode each having a plurality of belt-shaped portions extending to said up-and-down direction by inclination at an angle of 5 degrees or above and 10 degrees or below, and said liquid crystal molecules are negative liquid crystals. 6. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 5, wherein said liquid crystal cell further includes: a black matrix having an opening through which light from said light source is capable of passing; and a transmittance distribution region and a refractive index distribution region that cover said opening. 7. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a light source; and a liquid crystal panel in an IPS (In-Plane Switching) mode or an FFS (Fringe Field Switching) mode in which light from said light source is capable of passing, the liquid crystal panel including: a liquid crystal cell which includes a first transparent substrate, a second transparent substrate arranged between said first transparent substrate and said light source, and liquid crystal molecules sandwiched between the substrates; a polarizer which is arranged on said light source side with respect to said liquid crystal cell and in which an absorption axis is aligned in an up-and-down direction; an analyzer which is arranged on a side opposite to said light source with respect to said liquid crystal cell and in which an absorption axis is aligned in a left-and-right direction; and a biaxial retardation film which is arranged between said polarizer and said liquid crystal cell, wherein said liquid crystal cell further includes at least one of a pixel electrode and a common electrode each having a plurality of belt-shaped portions extending to said left-and-right direction by inclination at an angle of 5 degrees or above and 10 degrees or below, and said liquid crystal molecules are negative liquid crystals.",
-    "This invention relates to bis-azo colorants for use as bluing agents, laundry care compositions comprising bis-azo colorants that may serve as bluing agents, processes for making such bluing agents and laundry care compositions and methods of using the same. The bluing agents are generally comprised of at least two components: at least one chromophore component and at least one polymeric component. These bluing agents are advantageous in providing a whitening effect to fabrics, while not building up over time and causing undesirable blue discoloration to the treated fabrics. 1. A laundry care composition comprising a laundry care ingredient and from about 0.00001 wt % to about 0.5 wt % of a bluing agent, said bluing agent comprising: (a) at least one chromophore component that comprises a bis-azo colorant, and (b) at least one polymeric component selected from a polyalkyleneoxy and a capped polyalkyleneoxy; wherein said chromophore and said polymeric component are covalently bound to one another and wherein the bluing agent is; wherein R1 is selected from H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, polyalkyleneoxy and a capped polyalkyleneoxy; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyleneoxy, capped alkyleneoxy, polyalkyleneoxy and capped polyalkyleneoxy; R4 is selected from H, C(O)H and C(O)R5; wherein R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-7 alkyl, C6-10 aryl, and C7-11 arylalkyl; wherein said capping groups are independently selected from C(O)R5 and R5; wherein the A ring may be further substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C1-8 alkyl, C1-8 alkoxy, nitro and OR6; wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxyalkyl, a polyalkyleneoxy and a capped polyalkyleneoxy; wherein each M is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal cation, an ammonium ion and an alkaline earth metal cation. 2. A composition according to claim 1 in which in the bluing agent R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyleneoxy, and capped alkyleneoxy. 3. A composition according to claim 1 in which in the bluing agent, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-4 alkyl, and C1-4 alkoxy. 4. A composition according to claim 1 in which in the bluing agent, R1 is a polyoxyalkylene chain having from 2 to 100 repeating units. 5. A composition according to claim 4 in which in the bluing agent, R1 is a polyoxyalkylene chain having from 4 to 50 repeating units. 6. A laundry care composition according to claim 5, wherein the polyoxyalkylene chain comprises ethyleneoxide for at least 50% of the units. 7. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 wherein the bluing agent's chromophore exhibits an absorbance spectrum maximum in water of from about 560 nanometers to about 640 nanometers. 8. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 wherein the bluing agent exhibits an absolute hue angle in the range of 220\u00b0 to 320\u00b0. 9. A laundry care composition according to claim 5 wherein R2 is alkyl and R3 is selected from C1-4 alkyl and C1-4 alkoxy groups. 10. A laundry care composition according to claim 5 wherein R2 and R3 are C1-4 alkoxy groups. 11. A laundry care composition according to claim 9, wherein R4 is H or C(O)CH3. 12. A laundry care composition according to claim 10, wherein R4 is H or C(O)CH3. 13. A laundry care composition according to claim 3, wherein the A ring is substituted with another group selected from alkyl, alkoxy and OR1. 14. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising a first wash lipase. 15. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition additionally comprises dye transfer inhibiting agents selected from the group consisting of: (a) polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers; (b) polyamine N-oxide polymers; (c) copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole; (d) polyvinyloxazolidones; (e) polyvinylimidazoles; and (f) mixtures thereof. 16. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising a soil suspension polymer selected from the group consisting of: (a) amphiphilic alkoxylated polyamines; (b) amphiphilic graft co-polymers; (c) zwitterionic soil suspension polymer; and (d) mixtures thereof. 17. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition additionally comprises imine bleach boosting compounds having the general structure: where R6-R8 may be a hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring, alkyl and cycloalkyl radicals. 18. A laundry care composition according to claim 1 wherein the composition is a free-flowing solid particulate laundry detergent composition, a liquid laundry detergent composition or a liquid rinse-added fabric enhancer composition, optionally in unitized dose form.",
-    "Radio frequency identification (RFID) devices are provided including a contactless internal voltage generator configured to generate a rectification voltage responsive to a radio frequency (RF) input signal and an internal voltage responsive to the generated rectification voltage and a reference voltage; a clock generator configured to sense an amount of current to a sink path of the contactless internal voltage generator and to generate a clock signal using a variable resistance value, the variable resistance value based on the amount of current sensed; and an internal circuit driven by the internal voltage and the clock signal. 1. A radio frequency identification (RFID) device comprising: a first voltage regulator configured to generate a rectification voltage based on a radio frequency (RF) signal, and output a first voltage using the rectification voltage and a reference voltage; a second voltage regulator configured to generate a second voltage based on the first voltage and the reference voltage; a clock generator configured to sense current flowing via a sink path, and to generate a clock using the current; and a logic circuit configured to be driven by the second voltage and the clock, wherein the second voltage regulator includes a current sinker configured to drain the current to a ground; and wherein the sink path is a current path of the current sinker. 2. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the first voltage generator is a contactless voltage generator. 3. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the second voltage generator is a contact voltage generator. 4. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the first voltage regulator includes an RFID rectifier configured to generate the rectification voltage by rectifying the RF signal. 5. The RFID of claim 1, further comprising a reference voltage generator configured to generate the reference voltage. 6. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the first voltage regulator is configured to generate an induced voltage based on the RF signal, and to generate the rectification voltage using the induced voltage. 7. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the second voltage is lower than the first voltage. 8. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the current sinker is configured to drain the current to the ground when current consumption is less than a threshold. 9. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the second voltage regulator includes a comparator configured to maintain the second voltage. 10. The RFID of claim 1, wherein the logic circuit includes a data transceiver circuit associated with the RF signal. 11. A radio frequency identification (RFID) device comprising: a first voltage generator configured to generate a rectification voltage using a radio frequency (RF) signal, and to generate, based on an enable signal, a first voltage using the rectification voltage and a reference voltage; a second voltage generator configured to generate, based on the enable signal, a second voltage using a power supply voltage and the reference voltage; a clock generator configured to sense current flowing via a sink path, and to generate a clock using the current; and a logic circuit configured to be driven either by the first voltage and the clock or by the second voltage and the clock, wherein one of the first voltage generator and the second voltage generator includes a current sinker configured to drain the current to a ground; and wherein the sink path is a current path of the current sinker. 12. The RFID of claim 11: wherein the first voltage generator is a contactless voltage generator, and wherein the second voltage generator is a contact voltage generator. 13. The RFID of claim 11, wherein the second voltage regulator includes a comparator configured to maintain the second voltage. 14. The RFID of claim 11, further comprising a power switch configured to generate the enable signal based on one of the rectification voltage in a first mode and the power supply voltage in a second mode. 15. The RFID of claim 14: wherein in the first mode, the power switch is configured to enable the first voltage generator; and wherein in the second mode, the power switch is configured to enable the second voltage generator. 16. A radio frequency identification (RFID) device comprising: a first voltage regulator configured to generate a rectification voltage based on a radio frequency (RF) signal, and output a first voltage using the rectification voltage and a reference voltage; a second voltage regulator configured to generate a second voltage based on the first voltage and the reference voltage; a clock generator configured to sense current flowing via a sink path, and to generate a clock using the current; and a logic circuit configured to be driven by the second voltage and the clock, wherein the second voltage regulator includes a current sinker configured to drain the current to a ground, and a comparator configured to maintain the second voltage; wherein the sink path is a current path of the current sinker; and wherein the clock generator is configured to control a frequency of the clock based on amount of the current. 17. The RFID of claim 16, wherein the logic circuit includes an envelope detector configured to restore data of the RF signal. 18. The RFID of claim 16, wherein the clock generator is configured to generate the clock signal using a variable resistance value which is based on amount of the current. 19. The RFID of claim 16, further comprising an auto gain controller configured to mirror a path of the rectification voltage and a path of the second voltage, and to adjust amount of the current. 20. The RFID of claim 16, wherein the first voltage generator is a contactless voltage generator.",
-    "A mechanical system forming a cam follower or a rocker arm. The mechanical system includes a support element, a pin extending between two opposite ends along a first axis and supported by the support element, and a roller mounted on the pin, movable in rotation relative to the pin around the first axis and adapted to roll on a cam The support element includes a hollow cylindrical wall delimiting a cavity in which the pin and the roller are housed. The wall has two edges perpendicular to the first axis, wherein the two edges are joined together. 1. A mechanical system forming one of a cam follower or a rocker arm, the mechanical system comprising: a support element; a pin extending between two opposite ends along a first axis and supported by the support element; a roller mounted on the pin, movable in rotation relative to the pin around the first axis and adapted to roll on a cam; and a hollow cylindrical wall formed in the support element, the hollow cylindrical wall delimiting a cavity, the hollow cylindrical wall having two edges perpendicular to the first axis, and joined together, wherein the pin and the roller are housed within the cavity. 2. The mechanical system according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the cylindrical wall is substantially constant. 3. The mechanical system according to claim 1, wherein each of the two edges perpendicular to the first axis is equipped with an assembling feature for joining the edges together. 4. The mechanical system according to claim 3, wherein the assembling feature is integral with the cylindrical wall. 5. The mechanical system according to claim 3, the assembling feature further comprising tabs projecting from a first edge and recesses located on the second edge, the recesses having a hollow shape complementary to the shape of the tabs. 6. The mechanical system according to claim 1, wherein the two edges perpendicular to the first axis are welded together. 7. The mechanical system according claim 1, wherein the cylindrical wall includes two bores supporting the pin. 8. The mechanical system according to claim 1, further including an insert located inside the support element and configured for receiving one of a shaft or a plunger for moving the mechanical system. 9. The mechanical system according to claim 8, wherein the insert is a disc having radial protrusions housed inside cut-outs made in the cylindrical wall. 10. The mechanical system according to claim 8, the insert further comprising two holding portions, wherein the two holding portions support the pin. 11. The mechanical system according to claim 10, wherein the insert is assembled to the support element by punched deformations protruding inside the support element. 12. The mechanical system according to claim 11, wherein the mechanical system is an injection pump for a motor vehicle. 13. The mechanical system according to claim 11, wherein the mechanical system is a valve actuator for a motor vehicle. 14. A method for manufacturing a mechanical system comprising: a support element; a pin extending between two opposite ends along a first axis and supported by the support element; a roller mounted on the pin, movable in rotation relative to the pin around the first axis and adapted to roll on a cam; and a hollow cylindrical wall formed in the support element, the hollow cylindrical wall delimiting a cavity, the hollow cylindrical wall having two edges perpendicular to the first axis, the method comprising steps of: a) cutting a flat metal sheet to make the contours of the support element; b) rolling the sheet to obtain the cylindrical shape of the cylindrical wall; c) joining the two edges perpendicular to the first axis together; and d) mounting the roller on the support element; and e) housing the pin and roller within the cavity. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein step of joining the two edges perpendicular to the first axis together is accomplished by one of clamping or welding the two edges perpendicular to the first axis together.",
-    "This invention minimizes the needed space for a changer device for optical elements which can be mounted in front or in the back or on either fork side of telescopes. It implements a design whose profile is circular and centrosymmetric and gravitanionally neutral in respect to the path of light of the surrounding optical devices as well as an optimized mechanical depth. This is achieved by moving the centrosymmetrically arranged optical elements individually into the optical path i.e. the central opening of the changing device in contrary to prior art designs wherein the optical elements are mounted on a revolving disk whose axis of rotation is not congruent with the optical axis. The invention minimizes the obstructing area and shape of the changing device as well as the gravitational stress on surrounding structures by incorporating a design with minimal space requirements. 1: A changing device for optical elements comprising: an outer body which is circular and centrosymmetric with respect to a central opening (z-axis) that permits the passing through of light. one or more optical elements that are movably arranged (mounted) within said outer body. The optical elements call be moved manually or driven by one or more actuators into the center opening. 2: A changing device for optical elements according to claim 1 wherein the movable optical elements are arranged in one or more layers, placed behind each other in respect to the path of light (z-axis). 3: A changing device for optical elements according to claim 1 or 2 comprising either linear movement of the optical elements or rotary movement of levers on which the optical elements are mounted. 4: A changing device for optical elements according to claims 1-3 wherein the optical element's movement is made by one or more actuators. 5: A changing device for optical elements according to claim 1-3 comprising a cam-groove-disk for controlling the movement of the optical elements into the center opening. 6: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim comprising two planes of optical elements, controlled by one cam-groove-disk with a timing-groove on each side. 7: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim comprising three, four or five optical elements in one plane. 8: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim comprising either a rotational offset of the timing-grooves on each side of the disk of N\u03c0/F[rad] (F, N \u2208 N) where F is the number of holders for optical elements and N an integer multiple. or a complementary design wherein the two layers are rotated in respect to each other (rotational axis being the z-axis) by N\u03c0/F[rad] instead of an offset of the two timing-grooves. 9: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim comprising three, four, five, six, eight, or ten holders for optical elements. 10: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim wherein the outer diameter (the diameter responsible for the amount of light obstruction in the x-y-plane according to the conventions defined in this document) is less or equal 3.5 times the diameter of an individual optical element. 11: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim comprising the use of individual actuators for each optical element. 12: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim comprising the use of individual actuators for each axis of rotation of the holder-levers, thus two levers of different layers that share all axis of rotation are moved by one actuator. 13: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim, wherein the optical elements are selected from optical filters, polarizers, lenses, field flat-teners, wedges or prisms. 14: A changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim, which can be adjusted in a way that incoming light can pass through without interaction with one or more of the mounted optical elements in the same plane and without the need of an empty position of one or more holders for optical elements contrary to prior art filter wheels which need an opening in the rotating disk for the unaltered passing through of light which cannot be used for optical elements. 15: The usage of a changing device for optical elements according to any preceding claim on telescopes for earthbound as well as observation with telescopes mounted on air- and spacecrafts.",
-    "An apparatus for making patties with a ground food product includes a housing including an inlet for receiving the ground food product A mold plate is positioned at least partially within the housing and includes first and second mold cavities. The mold plate is rotatable about an axis to first and second mold positions. In the first mold position, the first mold cavity is positioned within the housing for receiving the ground food product and the second mold cavity is positioned outside the housing for removing a patty formed therein. In the second mold position, the second mold cavity is positioned within the housing for receiving the ground food product and the first mold cavity is positioned outside the housing for removing a patty formed therein. 1. An apparatus for making patties with a ground food product, comprising; a housing including an inlet for receiving the ground food product; a mold plate positioned at least partially within the housing and including first and second mold cavities, the mold plate being rotatable about an axis to first and second mold positions; wherein, in the first mold position, the first mold cavity is positioned within the housing for receiving the ground food product and the second mold cavity is positioned outside the housing for removing a patty formed therein; and wherein, in the second mold position, the second mold cavity is positioned within the housing for receiving the ground food product and the first mold cavity is positioned outside the housing for removing a patty formed therein. 2. The apparatus recited in claim 1, further comprising a patty elector that is rotatable about the axis relative to the mold plate and that is actuatable to eject patties from the first and second mold cavities when positioned outside the housing. 3. The apparatus recited in claim 2, wherein the patty ejector comprises a handle portion for grasping and manually rotating the patty ejector and for actuating the patty ejector to eject patties from the mold cavities. 4. The apparatus recited in claim 3, wherein the patty ejector further comprises an ejector paddle opposite the handle portion, the ejector paddle engaging and ejecting the patties formed in the first and second mold portions. 5. The apparatus recited in claim 4, wherein the patty ejector is pivotable transverse to the axis to elect the patties from the mold cavities. 6. The apparatus recited in claim 2, wherein the patty ejector comprises a mold actuator portion positioned between stop points on the mold plate, the patty ejector being movable relative to the mold plate to mold actuator positions between the stop points, wherein engagement between the mold actuator and the stop points causes the mold plate to rotate with the elector paddle. 7. The apparatus recited in claim 2, wherein the patty ejector comprises a mold actuator portion positioned in an arc-shaped notch in the mold plate that is bounded at opposite ends by stop points, wherein the mold actuator can move within the notch between the stop points relative to the mold plate when the patty ejector is rotated. 8. The apparatus recited in claim 2, wherein the patty ejector is rotatable in a first direction relative to the mold plate into engagement with a first portion of the mold plate, and wherein further rotational movement of the patty ejector in the first direction while engaging the first portion of the mold plate causes the mold plate to rotate relative to the housing to the first mold position, the patty ejector while in the first mold position being pivotable transverse to the axis to eject a patty from the second mold cavity positioned outside the housing; and wherein the patty ejector is rotatable in a second direction, opposite the first direction, relative to the mold plate into engagement with a second portion of the mold plate, and wherein further rotational movement of the patty ejector in the second direction while engaging the second portion of the mold plate causes the mold plate to rotate relative to the housing to the second mold position, the patty ejector while in the second mold position being pivotable transverse to the axis to eject a patty from the first mold cavity positioned outside the housing. 9. The apparatus recited in claim 1, wherein the patty ejector is configured to be positioned to eject a patty from the first mold cavity while the second mold cavity is filled with the ground food product, and wherein the patty ejector is configured to be positioned to eject a patty from the second mold cavity while the first mold cavity is filled with the ground food product. 10. The apparatus recited in claim 2, wherein the housing comprises a base plate and a cover plate that are connected to each other to define a chamber wherein the first mold cavity is positioned in the chamber when the mold plate is in the first mold position, and wherein the second mold cavity is positioned in the chamber when the mold plate is in the second mold position. 11. The apparatus recited in claim 10, wherein the base plate is correctable to a food processing apparatus to receive the ground food product and direct the ground food product into the chamber and into the mold cavity positioned therein. 12. The apparatus recited in claim 10, wherein the cover plate is constructed with a transparent material so that a user can view the mold cavity positioned in the chamber while it is being filled with the ground food product.",
-    "Aspects of the disclosure provide a power circuit that includes a first switch circuit in parallel with a second switch circuit. The first switch circuit and the second switch circuit are coupled to a first driving node, a second driving node, a source node and a drain node via interconnections. The power circuit receives a control signal between the first driving node and the second driving node to control a current flowing from the drain node to the source node through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit. In the power circuit, a first interconnection and a second interconnection of the interconnections are inductively coupled to balance the current flowing through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit. 1. A power circuit, comprising: a first switch circuit in parallel with a second switch circuit, the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit being coupled to a first driving node, a second driving node, a source node and a drain node via interconnections, the power circuit receiving a control signal between the first driving node and the second driving node to control a current flowing from the drain node to the source node through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit, wherein a first interconnection and a second interconnection of the interconnections are inductively coupled to balance the current flowing through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit. 2. The power circuit of claim 1, wherein the first interconnection is among first interconnections that interconnect the first switch circuit to the first driving node, the second driving node, the source node and the drain node, and the second interconnection is among second interconnections that interconnect the second switch circuit to the first driving node, the second driving node, the source node and the drain node. 3. The power circuit of claim 2, wherein the first interconnections have a corresponding third interconnection to the second interconnection, and parasitic inductances introduced by the first interconnection and the third interconnection are in a directly coupled state. 4. The power circuit of claim 3, wherein the second interconnections have a corresponding fourth interconnection to the first interconnection, the third interconnection and the fourth interconnection are inductively coupled. 5. The power circuit of claim 3, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a gate terminal of the first switch circuit to the first driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a drain terminal of the second switch circuit to the drain node. 6. The power circuit of claim 3, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a gate terminal of the first switch circuit to the first driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the second switch circuit to the source node. 7. The power circuit of claim 3, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the first switch circuit to the second driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a drain terminal of the second switch circuit to the drain node. 8. The power circuit of claim 3, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the first switch circuit to the second driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the second switch circuit to the source node. 9. The power circuit of claim 1, wherein the first interconnection and the second interconnection are among interconnections that interconnect the first switch circuit to the first driving node, the second driving node, the source node and the drain node. 10. The power circuit of claim 9, wherein parasitic inductances introduced by the first interconnection and the second interconnection are in an inversely coupled state. 11. The power circuit of claim 9, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a gate terminal of the first switch circuit to the first driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a drain terminal of the first switch circuit to the drain node. 12. The power circuit of claim 9, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a gate terminal of the first switch circuit to the first driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the first switch circuit to the source node. 13. The power circuit of claim 9, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the first switch circuit to the second driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a drain terminal of the first switch circuit to the drain node. 14. The power circuit of claim 9, wherein the first interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the first switch circuit to the second driving node, and the second interconnection interconnects a source terminal of the first switch circuit to the source node. 15. The power circuit of claim 1, wherein the first interconnection and the second interconnection are inductively coupled to balance transient current flowing through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit when the first and second switch circuits are switched on/off. 16. The power circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switch circuit includes a first SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor and the second switch circuit includes a second SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor. 17. The power circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switch circuit is on a first die and the second switch circuit is on a second die. 18. The power circuit of claim 17, wherein the first die and the second die are assembled in a package face to face. 19. An apparatus, comprising: a power circuit having a first switch circuit in parallel with a second switch circuit, the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit being coupled to a first driving node, a second driving node, a source node and a drain node via interconnections, the power circuit receiving a control signal applied between the first driving node and the second driving node to control a current flowing from the drain node to the source node through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit, wherein a first interconnection and a second interconnection in the interconnections are inductively coupled to balance the current flowing through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit. 20. A method, comprising: disposing a first switch circuit and a second switch circuit in parallel in a power circuit; coupling the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit to a first driving node, a second driving node, a source node and a drain node of the power circuit via interconnections, the power circuit receiving a control signal applied between the first driving node and the second driving node to control a current flowing from the drain node to the source node; and inductively coupling a first interconnection and a second interconnection in the interconnections to balance the current flowing through the first switch circuit and the second switch circuit.",
-    "A bonding device and bonding method for bonding an FPC film on a display panel through an anisotropic conductor attached to the display panel, the device including a panel supporting unit configured to support the display panel; a heating and pressurizing unit disposed on an upper area of the panel supporting unit and configured to pressurize and heat a compression area of the FPC film placed on an upper part of the anisotropic conductor towards the display panel, a film supporting unit disposed adjacent the panel supporting unit and configured to support the FPC film, and a film pre-heating unit provided in the film supporting unit and configured to pre-heat the FPC film. 1. A bonding device for bonding an FPC film on a display panel through an anisotropic conductor attached to the display panel, the device comprising: a panel supporting unit configured to support the display panel; a heating and pressurizing unit disposed on an upper area of the panel supporting unit and configured to pressurize and heat a compression area of the FPC film placed on an upper part of the anisotropic conductor towards the display panel; a film supporting unit disposed adjacent the panel supporting unit and configured to support the FPC film; and a film pre-heating unit provided in the film supporting unit and configured to pre-heat the FPC film. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the film pre-heating unit comprises: a heating unit; and a pre-heating temperature adjustment unit configured to adjust a heating temperature of the heating unit. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the film pre-heating unit is disposed to pre-heat a non-compression area of the FPC film. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the film pre-heating unit pre-heats a real lead that extends from the compression area to the non-compression area. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein a pre-heating temperature of the film pre-heating unit is lower than a heating temperature of the heating and pressurizing unit. 6. The device according to claim 2, wherein a pre-heating temperature of the film pre-heating unit is lower than a heating temperature of the heating and pressurizing unit. 7. The device according to claim 3, wherein a pre-heating temperature of the film pre-heating unit is lower than a heating temperature of the heating and pressurizing unit. 8. The device according to claim 4, wherein a pre-heating temperature of the film pre-heating unit is lower than a heating temperature of the heating and pressurizing unit. 9. A bonding method, which comprises: attaching an anisotropic conductor to a display panel; mounting the display panel on a panel supporting unit; mounting an FPC film on the film supporting unit and positioning a compression area of the FPC film on an upper part of the anisotropic conductor; pre-heating the FPC film mounted on the film supporting unit; and compressing the FPC film by heating and pressurizing the compression area of the FPC film. 10. The device according to claim 9, which further comprises, at the step of pre-heating the FPC film, pre-heating a non-compression area of the FPC film. 11. The device according to claim 10, which further comprises, at the step of pre-heating the FPC film, pre-heating a real lead that extends from the compression area to the non-compression area. 12. The method according to claim 9, which further comprises, at the step of pre-heating the FPC film, pre-heating the FPC film to a pre-heating temperature that is lower than a heating temperature of the FPC film at the step of compressing the FPC film. 13. The method according to claim 10, which further comprises, at the step of pre-heating the FPC film, pre-heating the FPC film to a pre-heating temperature that is lower than a heating temperature of the FPC film at the step of compressing the FPC film. 14. The method according to claim 11, which further comprises, at the step of pre-heating the FPC film, pre-heating the FPC film to a pre-heating temperature that is lower than a heating temperature of the FPC film at the step of compressing the FPC film.",
-    "A method, system and apparatus for making an interconnection between power cables and signal cables. A single electrical interface in mid- or backplane applications is introduced to accommodate a wide range of board thickness variations while maintaining a desired interface relationship, using a connector plug bushing, a male connector having a sliding fit with the bushing, a first coaxial connector plug, a female connector plug with a housing width sized to provide a sliding fit within the connector plug bushing inner opening, and a second coaxial connector plug in the free end of the female connector plug for connection to the power and signal cables. A constant impedance connector is used with the interconnection of the RF signal and power cables. 1. An apparatus for making an interconnection for power or signal cables, including RF signals having an operating frequency range of at least about 16 GHz to 40 GHz comprising: a connector plug bushing having an elongated body of a predetermined length between opposite ends, the body having an inner rectangular cross-section opening through the length thereof configured to receive connected male and female connector plugs; a male connector plug housing having a free first end and an opposite second end for connection to a coaxial cable, the male connector plug housing having an outer rectangular cross-section surface at a mid-portion with a width sized to provide a sliding fit within the connector plug bushing inner opening and an outwardly extending flange adjacent the second end, the male connector plug housing outer surface having a length from the flange less than the length of the bushing body, the male connector plug housing having a male portion with a width less than the width of the male connector plug housing outer surface extending therefrom to the male connector plug housing free end; a first coaxial connector plug in the free end of the male connector plug housing for connection to a power or signal cable, such as coaxial cable for RF signals having an operating range of at least about at least about 16 GHz to 40 GHz; a female connector plug housing having a free first end and an opposite second end for connection to a coaxial cable, the female connector plug housing having an outer rectangular cross-section surface extending to the female connector plug housing free end with a width sized to provide a sliding fit within the connector plug bushing inner opening and an outwardly extending flange adjacent the second end, the female connector plug housing outer surface having a length from the flange no greater than the difference between the length of the bushing body and the length of the male connector plug housing outer surface, the female connector plug housing having a female portion of a width less than the width of the female connector plug housing outer surface extending inward from the female connector plug housing free end and sized to receive the male portion of the male connector plug housing; a second coaxial connector plug in the free end of the female connector plug housing for connection to a power or signal cable, such as coaxial cable for RF signals having an operating range of at least 16 GHz to 40 GHz; wherein the free end of one of the male or female connector plug housing may be inserted into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from one end of the end of the connector plug bushing body until the flange on the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body; wherein the free end of the other of the male or female connector plug housing may be inserted into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the opposite end of the connector plug bushing body until the flange on the other of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body; and wherein the male portion of the male connector plug housing may be inserted into the female portion of the female connector plug housing and directly connecting the first and second coaxial connector plugs as a result of the insertion of the male and female connector plug housings into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing to create a connection through the connector plug bushing for power or signal cables, such as coaxial cables for RF signals having an operating range of at least 16 GHz to 40 GHz. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a structure receiving and securing the connector plug bushing. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein, a) the structure receiving and securing the connector plug bushing is a mid- or backplane board having an opening through a thickness of the board, and optionally including one or more additional openings horizontally or vertically arranged thereon, the opening being substantially rectangular and having rigid inward peripheral edges, the board optionally including electrical components mounted thereon; b) the connector plug bushing has an elongated body of a predetermined length between opposite ends sized to be received in the board openings orthogonal to the board, an outer rectangular cross-section slightly smaller than the board opening and an outwardly extending flange at one end thereof larger than the board opening, the bushing body further having at least one resilient outwardly extending tab along at least a portion of the length of and on one or more sides of the bushing body, the tab being sized to provide a friction fit against the edge of the board opening to hold the connector plug bushing within the board opening; c) wherein the connector plug bushing body may be inserted into an opening of the mid- or backplane board orthogonal to the board until the body outwardly extending flange contacts the board, the resilient outwardly extending tab on the bushing body providing a friction fit against the edge of the board opening to secure the connector plug bushing within the board opening; d) the free end of the one of the male or female connector plug housing may be inserted into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the end of the connector plug bushing body opposite the flange until the flange on the male or female connector plug housing having the clamp contacts the connector plug bushing body; and e) the free end of the other of the male or female connector plug housing may be inserted into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the flange end of the connector plug bushing body until the flange on the other of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein, a) the connector plug bushing has an edge, and further including a clamp on the one of the male or female connector plug housing for attachment to the edge on the connector plug bushing, the clamp having a free end with a hook biased for insertion onto the edge on the connector plug bushing; b) the free end of the one of the male or female connector plug housing having the clamp may be inserted into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the end of the connector plug bushing body opposite the flange until the flange on the male or female connector plug housing having the clamp contacts the connector plug bushing body and the hook is inserted onto the bushing body window edge; and c) the free end of the other of the male or female connector plug housing may be inserted into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the end of the connector plug bushing body having the flange until the flange on the other of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said first and second coaxial connector plugs form a constant impedance connection, each coaxial connector plug including: an inner contact of having an outer diameter and a free end, an outer contact having an inner diameter and a free end, said inner contact coaxial with said outer contact, said inner and outer contact free ends coincident with said connector free end; a fixed end attachable to a coaxial cable having a dielectric spacer between said inner and outer contacts, and extending up to said outer contact free end; said connector plug housings engaging and electrically connecting said plugs; wherein the inner and outer contacts of said plugs are shaped, and material for the dielectric spacers is chosen, such that when said connector plug housings engage said plugs along a central axis of the engaged connection the effective outer diameter of the inner contact referenced by \u201cd\u201d, the effective inner diameter of the outer contact referenced by \u201cD\u201d, and a relative dielectric constant of the medium therebetween referenced by \u03b5, satisfy the equation: Z=138(\u03b5)\u2212\u00bd log(D/d) where \u201cZ\u201d is the impedance, and the impedance is substantially constant throughout the central axis of said engaged connection; and wherein, on one connector plug, said inner contact free end projects beyond said outer contact free end. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said first coaxial connector plug includes a female connector having a free end and a fixed end, said female connector comprising: an outer contact having an inner diameter D1; an inner contact having an outer diameter d1; a portion of said inner contact extending beyond said outer contact at said female connector's free end and having a diameter d3; wherein said male connector is adapted to connect with said second coaxial connector plug including said female connector, said male connector having an inner contact with an outer diameter d2, an outer contact with an inner diameter D2, wherein a portion of said outer contact extends beyond said inner contact free end, said portion of said outer contact extending beyond said inner contact having an inner diameter D3; and such that when said male connector is at least partially engaged with said female connector, the ratios of the diameters: D1/d1, D2/d2, and D3/d3 are substantially equal. 7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein one of said outer contacts includes a tip having a variable radius, said radius increasing axially to a point of maximum radial length as said tip extends from a lower axial position towards said free end, then decreasing approximately linearly as said tip continues to extend from said point of maximum radial length to said free end. 8. A method of making an interconnection for power or signal cables, including RF signals having an operating range of at least 16 GHz to 40 GHz comprising: providing a connector plug bushing having an elongated body of a predetermined length between opposite ends, the body having an inner rectangular cross-section opening through the length thereof configured to receive connected male and female connector plugs; providing a male connector plug housing having a free first end and an opposite second end for connection to a coaxial cable, the male connector plug housing having an outer rectangular cross-section surface at a mid-portion with a width sized to provide a sliding fit within the connector plug bushing inner opening and an outwardly extending flange adjacent the second end, the male connector plug housing outer surface having a length from the flange less than the length of the bushing body, the male connector plug housing having a male portion with a width less than the width of the male connector plug housing outer surface extending therefrom to the male connector plug housing free end; providing in the free end of the male connector plug housing a first coaxial connector plug for connection to a power or signal cable, such as coaxial cable for RF signals having an operating range of at least 16 GHz to 40 GHz; providing a female connector plug housing having a free first end and an opposite second end for connection to a coaxial cable, the female connector plug housing having an outer rectangular cross-section surface extending to the female connector plug housing free end with a width sized to provide a sliding fit within the connector plug bushing inner opening and an outwardly extending flange adjacent the second end, the female connector plug housing outer surface having a length from the flange no greater than the difference between the length of the bushing body and the length of the male connector plug housing outer surface, the female connector plug housing having a female portion of a width less than the width of the female connector plug housing outer surface extending inward from the female connector plug housing free end and sized to receive the male portion of the male connector plug housing; providing in the free end of the female connector plug housing a second coaxial connector plug for connection to a power or signal cable, such as coaxial cable for RF signals having an operating range of at least 16 GHz to 40 GHz; inserting the free end of one of the male or female connector plug housing into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing until the flange on the one of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body; inserting the free end of the other of the male or female connector plug housing into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the opposite end of the connector plug bushing body until the flange on the other of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body; and inserting the male portion of the male connector plug housing into the female portion of the female connector plug housing and directly connecting the first and second coaxial connector plugs as a result of the insertion of the male and female connector plug housings into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing to create a connection through the mid- or backplane board for power or signal cables, such as coaxial cables for RF signals having an operating range of at least 16 GHz to 40 GHz. 9. The method of claim 8 further including providing a structure for receiving and securing the connector plug bushing, and inserting the connector plug bushing body into the structure. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein a) the structure receiving and securing the connector plug bushing is a mid- or backplane board having an opening through a thickness of the board, and optionally including one or more additional openings horizontally or vertically arranged thereon, the opening being substantially rectangular and having rigid inward peripheral edges, the board optionally including electrical components mounted thereon; and b) the connector plug bushing has an elongated body of a predetermined length between opposite ends sized to be received in the board openings orthogonal to the board, an outer rectangular cross-section slightly smaller than the board opening and an outwardly extending flange at one end thereof larger than the board opening, the bushing body further having at least one resilient outwardly extending tab along at least a portion of the length of and on one or more sides of the bushing body, the tab being sized to provide a friction fit against the edge of the board opening to hold the connector plug bushing within the board opening; and including: inserting the connector plug bushing body into an opening of the mid- or backplane board orthogonal to the board until the body outwardly extending flange contacts the board, the resilient outwardly extending tab on the bushing body providing a friction fit against the edge of the board opening to secure the connector plug bushing within the board opening; inserting the free end of the one of the male or female connector plug housing into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the end of the connector plug bushing body opposite the flange until the flange on the male or female connector plug housing having the clamp contacts the connector plug bushing body; and inserting the free end of the other of the male or female connector plug housing into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the flange end of the connector plug bushing body until the flange on the other of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the connector plug bushing has an edge, and further including providing a clamp on the one of the male or female connector plug housing for attachment to the edge on the connector plug bushing, the clamp having a free end having a hook biased for insertion onto the edge on the connector plug bushing, and including: inserting the free end of the one of the male or female connector plug housing having the clamp into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the end of the connector plug bushing body opposite the flange until the flange on the one of the male or female connector plug housing having the clamp contacts the connector plug bushing body; and inserting the free end of the other of the male or female connector plug housing into the inner opening of the connector plug bushing from the end of the connector plug bushing body having the flange until the flange on the other of the male or female connector plug housing contacts the connector plug bushing body. 12. The method of claim 8 including providing a constant impedance connector having said first and second coaxial connector plugs, each coaxial connector plug including: an inner contact of having an outer diameter and a free end, an outer contact having an inner diameter and a free end, said inner contact coaxial with said outer contact, said inner and outer contact free ends coincident with said connector free end; a fixed end attachable to a coaxial cable having a dielectric spacer between said inner and outer contacts, and extending up to said outer contact free end; said connector plug housings engaging and electrically connecting said plugs; wherein the inner and outer contacts of said plugs are shaped, and material for the dielectric spacers is chosen, such that when said connector plug housings engage said plugs, along a central axis of the engaged connection the effective outer diameter of the inner contact referenced by \u201cd\u201d, the effective inner diameter of the outer contact referenced by \u201cD\u201d, and a relative dielectric constant of the medium therebetween referenced by \u03b5, satisfy the equation: Z=138(\u03b5)\u2212\u00bd log(D/d) where \u201cZ\u201d is the impedance, and the impedance is substantially constant throughout the central axis of said engaged connection; and wherein, on one connector plug, said inner contact free end projects beyond said outer contact free end. 13. The method of claim 8 including providing a constant impedance connector wherein said first coaxial connector plug includes a female connector having a free end and a fixed end, said female connector comprising: an outer contact having an inner diameter D1; an inner contact having an outer diameter d1; a portion of said inner contact extending beyond said outer contact at said female connector's free end and having a diameter d3; wherein said male connector is adapted to connect with said second coaxial connector plug including said female connector, said male connector having an inner contact with an outer diameter d2, an outer contact with an inner diameter D2, wherein a portion of said outer contact extends beyond said inner contact free end, said portion of said outer contact extending beyond said inner contact having an inner diameter D3; and such that when said male connector is at least partially engaged with said female connector, the ratios of the diameters: D1/d1, D2/d2, and D3/d3 are substantially equal. 14. A constant impedance connector comprising: first and second coaxial connector plugs, each connector plug having an inner contact of an outer diameter and a free end, an outer contact having an inner diameter and a free end, said inner contact coaxial with said outer contact, said inner and outer contact free ends coincident with said connector free end; a fixed end attachable to a coaxial cable having a dielectric spacer between said inner and outer contacts, and extending up to said outer contact free end; said connector plugs engaging and in electrical communication; wherein the inner and outer contacts of said plugs are shaped, and material for the dielectric spacers is chosen, such that when said connector engages said plugs along a central axis of the engaged connection the effective outer diameter of the inner contact referenced by \u201cd\u201d, the effective inner diameter of the outer contact referenced by \u201cD\u201d, and a relative dielectric constant of the medium there between referenced by \u03b5, satisfy the equation: Z=138(\u03b5)\u2212\u00bd log(D/d) where \u201cZ\u201d is the impedance, and the impedance is substantially constant throughout the central axis of said engaged connection; wherein, on at least one connector plug, said inner contact free end projects beyond said outer contact free end; and wherein one of said outer contacts includes a tip having a variable radius, said radius increasing axially to a point of maximum radial length as said tip extends from a lower axial position towards said free end, then decreasing approximately linearly as said tip continues to extend from said point of maximum radial length to said free end. 15. A constant impedance connector including a male connector plug and a female connector plug, said female connector plug having a free end and a fixed end, said female connector plug comprising: an outer contact having an inner diameter D1; an inner contact having an outer diameter d1; a portion of said inner contact extending beyond said outer contact at said female connector's free end and having a diameter d3; wherein said male connector plug is adapted to connect with said female connector plug, said male connector plug having an inner contact with an outer diameter d2, an outer contact with an inner diameter D2, wherein a portion of said outer contact extends beyond said inner contact free end, said portion of said outer contact extending beyond said inner contact having an inner diameter D3; such that when said male connector is at least partially engaged with said female connector, the ratios of the diameters: D1/d1, D2/d2, and D3/d3 are substantially equal; and wherein an outer contacts of said male plug includes a tip having a variable radius, said radius increasing axially to a point of maximum radial length as said tip extends from a lower axial position towards said free end, then decreasing approximately linearly as said tip continues to extend from said point of maximum radial length to said free end.",
-    "A management apparatus includes a processor to collect resource usage quantities of one or more first site processes executed on an information processing apparatus of a first site, and the resource usage quantities of one or more second site processes executed on an information processing apparatus of a second site to which the processes of the first site are migrated, and to define, as resource control information, at least one of stopping any one or more of the second site processes and reducing resources allocated to any one or more of the second site processes corresponding to variations of the resource usage quantities of the first site processes and the second site processes, the resource usage quantities being collected by the processor. 1. A management apparatus comprising a processor: to collect resource usage quantities of one or more first site processes executed on an information processing apparatus of a first site, and the resource usage quantities of one or more second site processes executed on an information processing apparatus of a second site to which the first site processes are migrated; and to define, as resource control information, at least one of stopping any one or more of the second site processes and reducing resources allocated to any one or more of the second site processes corresponding to variations of the resource usage quantities of the first site processes and the second site processes, the resource usage quantities being collected by the processor. 2. The management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor defines the resource control information so that quantities of free resources of the information processing apparatus of the second site become equal to or larger than a total of the resource usage quantities of the first site processes. 3. The management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor calculates a resource usage rate of a resource usage quantity of each of the second site processes to a total of the resource usage quantities of the second site processes and defines, as the resource control information, stopping a second site process having the resource usage rate higher than other second site processes. 4. The management apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the processor defines, as the resource control information, reducing the resources allocated to each of the second site processes, corresponding to the resource usage rate of each of the second site processes. 5. The management apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the processor, when the resource usage quantity of any one of the second site processes after reducing the allocated resources becomes below a predetermined reference value, defines, as the resource control information, stopping the process having the resource usage rate higher than other second site processes. 6. The management apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to change the resource usage quantity allocated to each of the second site processes in accordance with the resource control information, and to migrate the first site processes to the information processing apparatus of the second site. 7. An information processing system comprising: a management apparatus; an information processing apparatus of a first site; and an information processing apparatus of a second site, the management apparatus including a processor: to collect resource usage quantities of one or more first site processes executed on the information processing apparatus of the first site, and the resource usage quantities of one or more second site processes executed on the information processing apparatus of a second site to which the first site processes are migrated; and to define, as resource control information, at least one of stopping any one or more of the second site processes and reducing resources allocated to any one or more of the second site processes corresponding to variations of the resource usage quantities of the first site processes and the second site processes, the resource usage quantities being collected by the processor. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a program for causing a management apparatus to execute a management process comprising: collecting resource usage quantities of one or more first site processes executed on an information processing apparatus of a first site, and the resource usage quantities of one or more second site processes executed on an information processing apparatus of a second site to which the first site processes are migrated; and defining, as resource control information, at least one of stopping any one or more of the second site processes and reducing resources allocated to any one or more of the second site processes corresponding to variations of the resource usage quantities of the first site processes and the second site processes, the resource usage quantities being collected by the management apparatus.",
-    "An electric ratchet wrench includes a driving member rotatably mounted in a body. A pawl device is pivotably mounted to the driving member. A ring gear is rotatably mounted around the driving member. A flexible transmission shaft includes a first end connected to a motor and a second end configured to switch between a meshing state meshed with the ring gear and a disengagement state disengaging from the ring gear. The motor drives the transmission shaft to rotate the driving member. The body can be manually driven to overcome a resistance which is larger than the torque outputted by the motor and which causes a tooth slippage phenomenon between the transmission shaft and the ring gear. 1. An electric ratchet wrench comprising: a body including a first end and a second end spaced from the first end along a first axis, with the first end of the body including an inner periphery having a toothed portion; a driving device mounted to the first end of the body, with the driving device including a driving member, a pawl device pivotably mounted to the driving member, and a ring gear rotatably mounted around the driving member, with the driving member including an end adapted for directly or indirectly driving a fastener, with the pawl device configured to selectively mesh with the toothed portion of the body, with the ring gear rotatable relative to the driving member in a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise direction, with the ring gear including an inner toothed portion on an inner periphery thereof and an end toothed portion on an end face thereof, and with the inner toothed portion of the ring gear configured to selectively mesh with the pawl device; a power device received in the second end of the body, with the power device including a motor; and a transmission device including a transmission shaft rotatably mounted to the body, with the transmission shaft including a first end connected to the motor, with the transmission shaft further including a second end configured to switch between a meshing state meshed with the end toothed portion of the ring gear and a disengagement state disengaging from the end toothed portion of the ring gear, wherein if a resistance smaller than a torque outputted by the motor is encountered while the driving member is driving a fastener, the transmission shaft is in the meshing state and drives the ring gear to rotate, and the driving member is rotated to continuously drive the fastener, and wherein if a large resistance larger than the torque outputted by the motor is encountered at a position while the driving member is driving the fastener, the transmission shaft is in the disengagement state and causes a tooth slippage phenomenon in which the transmission shaft repeatedly engages with and disengages from the end toothed portion of the ring gear, such that the ring gear cannot be rotated, the body is permitted to be manually rotated to overcome the large resistance and to forcibly drive the fastener through the position via the driving member, and the transmission shaft reengages with the ring gear after the fastener passes through the position. 2. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 1, with the body including a connection hole, with the transmission shaft received in the connection hole and rotatable about the first axis, with the second end of the transmission shaft including a gear normally meshed with the end toothed portion of the ring gear, with the gear of the transmission shaft switchable between the meshing state and the disengagement state, with the transmission shaft deviating from the first axis when the gear of the transmission shaft is in the disengagement state, such that the tooth slippage phenomenon occurs between the gear of the transmission shaft and the end toothed portion of the ring gear. 3. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 2, with the transmission shaft being flexible and including a first section and a second section arranged along the first axis, with the gear located on an end of the first section, with another end of the first section connected to an end of the second section, with another end of the second section connected to the motor, with the transmission device further including first and second bearings, with the first bearing mounted between the first and second sections, and with the second bearing mounted around the other end of the second section, wherein when the gear is in the disengagement state, the first section flexibly deforms relative to the second section of the transmission shaft to deviate away from the first axis. 4. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 3, with the transmission device further including a restraining member mounted in the first end of the body and receiving the first section of the transmission shaft, with the restraining member including a restraining groove extending in a radial direction perpendicular to the first axis, and with the transmission shaft extending through and restrained by the restraining groove, wherein the first section of the transmission shaft is restricted to deviate away from the first axis along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. 5. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 2, with the body including a handle adapted to be held by a user, with the handle located adjacent to the second end of the body and including a through-hole extending in a radial direction perpendicular to the first axis, with the through-hole extending in an outer periphery of the handle in a circumferential direction about the first axis, with the power device further including a power source and a control button, with the motor being a bidirectional motor and including a motor shaft, with the power source electrically connected to the motor for driving the motor shaft to rotate in the clockwise direction or the counterclockwise direction to thereby rotate the transmission shaft, with the control button received in the through-hole of the body and electrically connected to the motor, and with the control button operable to control rotation of the motor shaft of the motor in the clockwise direction or the counterclockwise direction. 6. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 5, further comprising a direction switching device including a direction switching rod extending through the driving member along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis, with the direction switching rod pivotable relative to the driving member between two positions respectively corresponding to a driving direction and a non-driving direction, with the pawl device including two primary pawls and a secondary pawl, with the two primary pawls configured to selectively mesh with the toothed portion of the body, and with the inner toothed portion of the ring gear configured to selectively mesh with the secondary pawl, wherein when the direction switching rod pivots between the two positions, an engagement status between each of the two primary pawls and the toothed portion of the body and an engagement status between the secondary pawl and the ring gear are changed to provide a direction switching function. 7. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 6, with each of the two primary pawls including first and second primary toothed section respectively located on opposite ends of a side of the primary pawl facing away from the driving member, with the first and second primary toothed sections configured to selectively mesh with the toothed portion of the body, with the secondary pawl including first and second secondary toothed sections respectively located on opposite ends of a side of the secondary pawl facing away from the driving member, and with the first and second secondary toothed sections configured to selectively engage with the inner toothed portion of the ring gear for joint rotation. 8. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 6, with the driving device further including first and second pins, with the driving member rotatably mounted in the body and rotatable about the second axis, with the first pin extending through the driving member, one of the two primary pawls, and the secondary pawl, permitting the one of the two primary pawls and the secondary pawl to jointly pivot relative to driving member about a third axis parallel to the second axis and defined by the first pin, with the second pin extending through the driving member and another of the two primary pawls, permitting the other of the two primary pawls to pivot relative to driving member about a fourth axis parallel to the second axis and defined by the second pin, with the second axis located between the third and fourth axes, with the two primary pawls located on a same level along the second axis, and with the secondary pawl located at a level different from the two primary pawls along the second axis and spaced from the second axis in a radial direction perpendicular to the second axis. 9. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 6, with the direction switching rod including a through-hole extending in a diametric direction perpendicular to the second axis, with the direction switching rod further including a receptacle spaced from the through-hole of the direction switching rod along the second axis, with the receptacle having an opening, with the direction switching device further including a primary pressing unit and a secondary pressing unit, with the primary pressing unit mounted in the through-hole of the direction switching rod and including two first pressing members and a first biasing element mounted between the two first pressing members and biasing the two first pressing members to respectively press against the two primary pawls, and with the secondary pressing unit mounted in the receptacle of the direction switching rod and including a second pressing member and a second biasing element biasing the second pressing member to press against the secondary pawl. 10. The electric ratchet wrench as claimed in claim 5, with the body including a head and an extension between the head and the handle, with the head located on the first end of the body, with the handle located between the extension and the second end of the body along the first axis, with the head including a driving hole and a transmission groove intercommunicated with the driving hole, with the driving hole including the inner periphery having the toothed portion, with the handle including a compartment receiving the power device, with the connection hole defined in the extension, with the handle of the body including the through-hole, and with the through-hole intercommunicated with the compartment.",
-    "A survival wristwatch includes a timepiece and a wristband that include integrated survival kit features for assisting a user with various survival tasks. The wristband includes a cord, or paracord, winding or braiding around a strap. The strap is uniquely designed to integrate with the cord and provide adjustability of the wristband. 1. A wristwatch comprising: a timepiece having a face for providing time; a wristband connected to the timepiece, the wristband including a first wristband portion and a second wristband portion, the first wristband portion having a first end connected to a first side of the timepiece and a second end connected to a first connection piece, and the second wristband portion comprising: a strap having a first strap end connected to a second side of the timepiece; a first length of strap extending from the first strap end and a second length of strap extending from the first strap end; a cord wound around at least a portion of the strap and forming a passageway therethrough, wherein the cord is wound around the strap in a braided manner; wherein the first length of strap extends along the entire passageway and exits through an end opening of the braided cord passageway, terminating outside of the passageway; wherein the second length of strap extends from the first strap end into the passageway and exits the passageway through an opening between the cord; wherein the second length of strap is selectively connectable to the first length of strap; and a second connection piece connected to the strap and adjustable along the length of the strap, the second connection piece connectable to the first connection piece. 2. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the strap is nylon. 3. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the first length of strap is selectively connectable to the second length of strap by way of a Velcro connection. 4. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the first wristband portion comprises a second strap connected to the first side of the timepiece and connected to the first connection piece. 5. The wristwatch of claim 4, wherein the first wristband portion further comprises a cord wound around the second strap. 6. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the first and second connection pieces comprise a first and second buckle piece connectable to one another. 7. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the first strap end of the strap comprises an eyelet. 8. The wristwatch assembly of claim 7, wherein the eyelet engages a pin assembly connected to the timepiece. 9. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the second length of strap is looped back into the passageway through the end opening of the cord passageway. 10. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the timepiece is analog. 11. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the cord is a paracord. 12. (canceled) 13. The wristwatch of claim 1, wherein the braided cord includes a zigzag configuration.",
-    "A pixel selection control method, driving circuit, display apparatus and electronic instrument are disclosed. A driving circuit includes a logic circuit configured to receive a reference signal associated with a line of pixels. The reference signal has a first logic level or a second logic level. The driving circuit also includes a switch circuit configured to receive the reference signal and an enable signal, and to provide the enable signal to the logic circuit when the reference signal is at the first logic level. A display apparatus may be provided that includes the driving circuit. 1. A display apparatus, comprising: a plurality of pixels including a first pixel and a second pixel, each of the first pixel and the second pixel having a light emitting element, a pixel capacitor, a driving transistor, and a sampling transistor; and a driving circuit configured to control the plurality of pixels, the driving circuit comprising: a first logic circuit configured to output a first control signal to the first pixel; a second logic circuit configured to output a second control signal to the second pixel; a first switching transistor configured to supply a part of an enable signal to an input terminal of the first logic circuit according to a first reference signal; and a second switching transistor configured to supply another part of the enable signal to an input terminal of the second logic circuit according to a second reference signal, wherein the first switching transistor has a gate terminal configured to receive the first reference signal, a second terminal configured to receive the enable signal, and a third terminal coupled to a first capacitor and the input terminal of the first logic circuit, and wherein the second switching transistor has a gate terminal configured to receive the second reference signal, a second terminal configured to receive the enable signal, and a third terminal coupled to a second capacitor and the input terminal of the second logic circuit. 2. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light emitting element is an organic EL device. 3. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the logic circuit comprises an AND gate. 4. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the switch circuit further comprises an inverter that provides the reference signal to the gate terminal of the transistor. 5. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sampling transistor is configured to supply a video signal to the pixel capacitor, and wherein the driving transistor is configured to flow a driving current to the light emitting element according to the video signal. 6. The display apparatus of claim 5, wherein the driving circuit is configured to supply a scan signal to a gate terminal of the sampling transistor. 7. An electronic apparatus comprising the display device according to the claim 1. 8. A display apparatus, comprising: a plurality of pixels including a first pixel and a second pixel, each of the first pixel and the second pixel having a light emitting element, a pixel capacitor, a driving transistor, and a sampling transistor; and a driving circuit configured to control the plurality of pixels, the driving circuit comprising: a first logic circuit configured to output a first control signal to the first pixel; a second logic circuit configured to output a second control signal to the second pixel; a first switching transistor configured to supply a first pulse of an enable signal to an input terminal of the first logic circuit according to a first reference signal; and a second switching transistor configured to supply a second pulse of the enable signal to an input terminal of the second logic circuit according to a second reference signal, wherein the first switching transistor has a gate terminal configured to receive the first reference signal, a second terminal configured to receive the enable signal, and a third terminal coupled to a first capacitor and the input terminal of the first logic circuit, and wherein the second switching transistor has a gate terminal configured to receive the second reference signal, a second terminal configured to receive the enable signal, and a third terminal coupled to a second capacitor and the input terminal of the second logic circuit. 9. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the light emitting element is an organic EL device. 10. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the logic circuit comprises an AND gate. 11. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the switch circuit further comprises an inverter that provides the reference signal to the gate terminal of the transistor. 12. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein the sampling transistor is configured to supply a video signal to the pixel capacitor, and wherein the driving transistor is configured to flow a driving current to the light emitting element according to the video signal. 13. The display apparatus of claim 12, wherein the driving circuit is configured to supply a scan signal to a gate terminal of the sampling transistor. 14. The display apparatus of claim 8, wherein a pulse width of the first pulse is shorter than a horizontal scan period. 15. An electronic apparatus comprising the display device according to the claim 8.",
-    "The heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration (1) includes a compressor (2) which compresses gases in a high-pressure regeneration line (6) of a regeneration heat exchanger (5) from which they emerge preheated via a high-pressure regenerator outlet line (9) which has a heat source (12) that superheats the gases, the latter being then transferred by an admission metering valve (24) operated by a metering valve actuator (25) into a transfer-expansion chamber (16) formed in particular by an expansion cylinder (13) and an expansion piston (15), the gases leaving the chamber (16) after having been expanded via an expanded gas exhaust line (26) and thanks to an exhaust valve (31) operated by an exhaust valve actuator (32) before being cooled down in a low-pressure regeneration line (7) of the regeneration heat exchanger (5). 1. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration (1), which comprises: At least one compressor (2) able to aspirate gases at a certain pressure via a compressor inlet line (3) and drive them out at a higher pressure in a compressor outlet line (4); At least one regeneration heat exchanger (5) comprised of at least one high-pressure regeneration line (6) and at least one low-pressure regeneration line (7), a first end (8) of said high-pressure line (6) being connected to the compressor outlet line (4) while the gases circulating in the low-pressure regeneration line (7) can surrender a portion of their heat to the gases circulating in the high-pressure regeneration line (6); At least one regenerator high-pressure outlet line (9) having a first end (10) connected to a second end (11) comprising the high-pressure regeneration line (6); At least one heat source (12) placed in any given location of the regenerator high-pressure outlet line (9) and which can superheat gases circulating in said line (9); At least one expansion cylinder (13), at least one end of which is closed by an expansion cylinder head (14) integrated in said cylinder (13) or attached to the latter, said cylinder (13) housing an expansion piston (15) with which it produces a tightness to form a transfer-expansion chamber (16) of variable volume, said piston (15) being able to move in said cylinder (13) and being directly or indirectly connected to a power output shaft (17) by mechanical transmission means (18) so as to impart to said shaft (17) a continuous rotation movement when said piston (15) performs reciprocating movements in the expansion cylinder (13); At least one admission line for hot gases (19), having a first end (20) connected to a second end (21) comprising the regenerator high-pressure outlet line (9), said admission line (19) having a second end (22) which passes through the expansion cylinder head (14) to empty into the expansion cylinder (13) via a mouth of the hot gas admission line (23); At least one admission metering valve (24) operated by a metering valve actuator (25), said valve (24) being able to open or block the mouth of the hot gas admission line (23); At least one exhaust line for the expanded gases (26), having a first end (27) which passes through the expansion cylinder head (14) to empty into the expansion cylinder (13) via a mouth of the expanded gas exhaust line (28), said exhaust line (26) also having a second end (29) connected to a first end (30) comprising the low-pressure regeneration line (7); At least one exhaust valve (31) operated by an exhaust valve actuator (32), said valve (31) being able to open or block the mouth of the expanded gas exhaust line (28); At least one engine outlet line (33) placed in a prolongation of a second end (34) comprising the low-pressure regeneration line (7), or combined with said second end (34) to constitute a single piece with the latter. 2. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the compressor (2) is two-stage and is comprised of a low-pressure compressor (35) whose outlet is connected to the inlet of a high-pressure compressor (36) via an intermediate compressor cooler (37). 3. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the power output shaft (17) drives the compressor (2) in rotation. 4. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the compressor inlet line (3) has a water injector (56) which can spray liquid water (57) into the gases circulating in said line (3) before said gases are admitted into a suction-delivery chamber (58) which is defined by the compressor (2) aspirating them. 5. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the compressor (2) defines a suction-delivery chamber (58) in which a water injector (56) empties, the latter being able to spray liquid water (57) into the gases admitted into said chamber (58) after said gases have been aspirated via the compressor inlet line (3) by said compressor (2). 6. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 4, wherein the compressor outlet line (4) has an air/water separator (59). 7. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 4, wherein the engine outlet line (33) has a condensation gas dryer (60). 8. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the compressor (2) has a compressor admission metering valve (66) whose opening and closing are controlled by a compressor admission metering valve actuator (67), said valve (66) being able to open and make a connection between the compressor inlet line (3) and a suction-delivery chamber (58) which is defined by the compressor (2). 9. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the high-pressure regeneration line (6) and the low-pressure regeneration line (7) are placed side by side for all or some of their length, the direction of circulation of the gases contained in the high-pressure regeneration line (6) being opposite the direction of circulation of the gases contained in the low-pressure regeneration line (7), the two said lines (6, 7) constituting a counterflow heat exchanger (41). 10. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the heat source (12) is a burner (38) composed of a fuel injector (39) and a combustion chamber (40). 11. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the heat source (12) is composed of a primary heat exchanger (46) which extracts heat from a universal heat source (47) to transmit said heat to the gases circulating in the high-pressure regenerator line (9) directly, or via a secondary heat transport circuit (48). 12. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the expansion cylinder head (14) has a pressure equalizing gate (49) which blocks or leaves open a line connecting the transfer-expansion chamber (16) and the hot gas admission line (19), said gate (49) being open if the pressure prevailing in the transfer-expansion chamber (16) is greater than that prevailing in the hot gas admission line (19), so that the gases pass from said chamber (16) to said line (19), the gate (49) being otherwise closed so that said gases cannot pass from said line (19) to said chamber (16) via said gate (49). 13. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the transfer-expansion chamber (16) has at least one temperature maintaining fuel injector (140). 14. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the transfer-expansion chamber (16) has at least one anti-NOx water injector (141). 15. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the expansion piston (15) is connected to the mechanical means of transmission (18) by an expansion piston rod (68) which passes through the expansion cylinder head (14), a seal being achieved between said rod (68) and said cylinder head (14) by rod sealing means (69). 16. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 15, wherein the rod sealing means (69) comprise an upper rod seal (70) and a lower rod seal (71), sufficiently spaced apart to form\u2014between the two said seals (70, 71)\u2014an oil circulation chamber (72) in which empties a cooling and lubrication oil supply line (73) and from which emerges a cooling and lubrication oil outlet line (74). 17. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 16, wherein the rod sealing means (69) cooperate with a rod guide collar (76) lodged inside or outside the oil circulation chamber (72). 18. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical means of transmission (18) are composed of a connecting rod (42), one of whose ends articulates directly or indirectly in the expansion piston (15) and the other end articulates about a crank (43) integrated with the power output shaft (17). 19. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the admission metering valve (24) and/or the exhaust valve (31) is guided directly or indirectly in a valve cage (50) housed in the expansion cylinder head (14), said cage (50) having a seat on which said valve (24, 31) can rest to form a seal, while said seat and/or the portion of the valve cage (50) guiding said valve (24, 31) is cooled by a valve cooling circuit (51) in which a heat transfer fluid circulates. 20. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 1, wherein the expansion piston (15) has piston sealing means (53). 21. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 20, wherein the piston sealing means (53) comprise: At least one continuous perforated ring (105), having an internal cylindrical ring surface (106), an external cylindrical ring surface (107) and two axial ring surfaces (108), said ring (105) being lodged in at least one annular groove (109) arranged in the expansion piston (15) while said ring (105) can move radially in the annular groove (109) without being able to exit from the latter; Ring sealing means (110) which produce a seal between each axial ring surface (108) and the annular groove (109), so that the latter defines with the continuous perforated ring (105) a pressure distribution chamber (119) connected by a transfer circuit (114) to a source of pressurized fluid (112); At least one calibrated orifice (111) passing entirely through the continuous perforated ring (105) in its radial thickness; At least one air cushion floating surface (116) of the continuous perforated ring (105), said floating surface (116) being arranged opposite the pressure distribution chamber (119). 22. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the piston sealing means (53) comprise at least one counterpressure cavity (115) which is not axially emergent and which is hollowed out at the external cylindrical ring surface (107) so that the surface of the external cylindrical ring surface (107) not occupied by said cavity (115) constitutes the air cushion floating surface (116). 23. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the piston sealing means (53) comprise a counterpressure cavity (115) which is composed of a counterpressure groove (117) of slight depth, more or less centered on the axial length of the external cylindrical ring surface (107), said counterpressure groove (117) being made on the entire circumference of said external cylindrical ring surface (107). 24. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 22, wherein the calibrated orifice (111) emerges into the counterpressure cavity (115). 25. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the calibrated orifice (111) emerges into the counterpressure cavity (115) by means of a pressure distribution cavity (125) hollowed out at the bottom of said counterpressure cavity (115). 26. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 25, wherein the pressure distribution cavity (125) is composed of a pressure distribution groove (126) more or less centered on the axial length of the external cylindrical ring surface (107), said pressure distribution groove (126) being made on the entire circumference of said external cylindrical ring surface (107). 27. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein at least one of the two axial edges of the external cylindrical ring surface (107) or the internal cylindrical ring surface (106) receiving the counterpressure cavity (115) terminates in an edge plating clearance (118). 28. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the ring sealing means (110) are composed of a ring sealing lip (121) integrated with the continuous perforated ring (105) on the one hand, and establishing a tight contact with the inside or the rim of the annular groove (109) on the other hand. 29. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the ring sealing means (110) are composed of a thinned axial portion (139) disposed near at least one of the axial ends of the continuous perforated ring (105), said portion (139) being integrated with the annular groove (109) in tight manner, and being sufficiently flexible to allow the diameter of the continuous perforated ring (105) to expand or decrease with respect to that of said groove (109). 30. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the continuous perforated ring (105) is made of a flexible material and comprises at least one circumferential annular spring (123) which tends to reduce the diameter of said ring (105). 31. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the pressure distribution chamber (119) houses means of diffusion of ring fluid (124) which force the ring fluid (113) coming from the pressure transfer circuit (114) to sweep the largest possible surface of the internal cylindrical ring surface (106) before escaping via the calibrated orifice (111). 32. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 31, wherein the means of diffusion of ring fluid (124) are composed of a diffusion plate (136) lodged at the bottom of the annular groove (106), at least one of the axial ends of said plate (136) being provided with at least one orifice or lateral groove of the diffusion plate (137) which forces the ring fluid (113) coming from the pressure transfer circuit (114) to empty into the pressure distribution chamber (119) by at least one of its axial ends. 33. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the annular groove (109) has a radial annular end stop (127) which limits the penetration of the continuous perforated ring (105) into said groove (109). 34. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the pressure transfer circuit (114) is composed of a pressure inlet pipe (128), parallel to the expansion cylinder (13) and integrated with the expansion piston (15), a first end of said pipe (128) emptying inside said piston (15) while the second end of said pipe (128) empties, via a bore of the pressure chamber (130) in which it can be displaced longitudinally and in tight manner, into a pressure chamber (129) connected to the source of pressurized fluid (112). 35. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 34, wherein the pressure inlet pipe (128) is connected to the pressure distribution chamber (119) by at least one radial pressure inlet line (131). 36. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 34, wherein the pressure chamber (129) is connected to the source of pressurized fluid (112) via a proportional pressure check valve which allows the ring fluid (113) to go from said source (112) to said chamber (129), but not from said chamber (129) to said source (112). 37. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 21, wherein the annular groove (109) houses an expansion spring (133) which bears against said groove (109) to exert a radial force on the internal cylindrical ring surface (106). 38. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claim 37, wherein the expansion spring (133) produces by contact a seal between the annular groove (109) and the continuous perforated ring (105). 39. Heat engine with transfer-expansion and regeneration according to claims 31 wherein the annular groove (109) houses an expansion spring (133) which bears against said groove (109) to exert a radial force on the internal cylindrical ring surface (106), and the expansion spring (133) is provided with at least one fluid diffusion orifice (134) and/or at least one fluid diffusion groove (135) so as to constitute with said orifice (134) and/or said groove (135) the means of diffusion of ring fluid (124).",
-    "Methods, systems, and products verify an identity claimed by a person. A signature, representing the presence of a device, is acquired. The signature is compared to a reference signature. Should the signature favorably compare to the reference signature, then the identity is verified. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a server, a request to verify an identity associated with a mobile device; sending, by the server, an interrogation instruction to the mobile device, the interrogation instruction instructing the mobile device to transmit an interrogation signal to a radio frequency tag; receiving, by the server, a radio-frequency identifier sent from the mobile device, the radio-frequency identifier received by the mobile device in response to transmission of the interrogation signal; and verifying, by the server, in response to receipt of the radio-frequency identifier, the identity associated with the mobile device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing a financial transaction in response to verification of the identity associated with the mobile device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising declining to verify the identity associated with the mobile device in response to the radio-frequency identifier failing to match an historical radio-frequency identifier previously sent from the mobile device. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving global positioning system information associated with the mobile device. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising comparing the global positioning system information to a verification requirement associated with the mobile device. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving multiple radio-frequency identifiers sent from the mobile device, the multiple radio-frequency identifiers received by the mobile device in response to the transmission of the interrogation signal. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising comparing the multiple radio-frequency identifiers to a verification requirement associated with the mobile device. 8. A system for verifying an identity, comprising: a processor; and a memory device, the memory device storing instructions, the instructions when executed causing the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving a request to verify an identity associated with a mobile device; sending an interrogation instruction to the mobile device, the interrogation instruction instructing the mobile device to transmit an interrogation signal to a radio frequency tag; receiving a radio-frequency identifier sent from the mobile device, the radio-frequency identifier received by the mobile device in response to transmission of the interrogation signal; retrieving an historical radio-frequency identifier previously sent from the mobile device; and verifying the identify associated with the mobile device in response to the radio-frequency identifier matching the historical radio-frequency identifier. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise processing a financial transaction in response to verification of the identity associated with the mobile device. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise declining to verify the identity associated with the mobile device in response to the radio-frequency identifier failing to match the historical radio-frequency identifier. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise receiving global positioning system information associated with the mobile device. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise comparing the global positioning system information to a verification requirement associated with the mobile device. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise receiving multiple radio-frequency identifiers sent from the mobile device, the multiple radio-frequency identifiers received by the mobile device in response to the transmission of the interrogation signal. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise comparing the multiple radio-frequency identifiers to a verification requirement associated with the mobile device. 15. A memory device storing executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising: receiving a request to verify an identity associated with a mobile device; sending an interrogation instruction to the mobile device, the interrogation instruction instructing the mobile device to transmit an interrogation signal to a radio frequency tag; receiving a radio-frequency identifier sent from the mobile device, the radio-frequency identifier received by the mobile device in response to transmission of the interrogation signal; retrieving an historical radio-frequency identifier previously sent from the mobile device; and verifying the identity associated with the mobile device in response to the radio-frequency identifier matching the historical radio-frequency identifier. 16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise processing a financial transaction in response to verification of the identity associated with the mobile device. 17. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise declining to verify the identity associated with the mobile device in response to the radio-frequency identifier failing to match the historical radio-frequency identifier. 18. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise receiving global positioning system information associated with the mobile device. 19. The memory device of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise comparing the global positioning system information to a verification requirement associated with the mobile device. 20. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise receiving multiple radio-frequency identifiers sent from the mobile device, the multiple radio-frequency identifiers received by the mobile device in response to the transmission of the interrogation signal.",
-    "Aspects include creating a profile for a user from user account data and a user activity log, searching an indexed repository for keywords matching elements from the user account data and the user activity log, and retrieving documents from the indexed repository that are identified based on the searching. Aspects further include creating a custom portal for the user that includes the documents. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A system, comprising: a memory having computer readable instructions; and a processor for executing the computer readable instructions, the computer readable instructions including: creating a profile for a user from user account data and a user activity log; searching an indexed repository for keywords matching elements from the user account data and the user activity log; retrieving documents from the indexed repository that are identified based on the searching; creating a custom portal for the user that includes the documents; and in response to determining the user has not opened a document in the custom portal within a threshold period of time, automatically removing the document from the custom portal for the user; monitoring activity conducted by the user at the custom portal; and in response to determining that the user has opened documents in the custom portal that share a common set of tags, prioritizing the listing of each of the documents in the custom portal based on the common set of tags. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further include: receiving a plurality of documents from user devices communicatively coupled to the indexed repository; adding tags to keywords in the plurality of documents; and storing the plurality of documents and corresponding tags in the indexed repository; wherein searching the indexed repository for the keywords is performed by searching an index of the tags in the repository. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further include: monitoring changes in the user account data and ongoing activities from the user activity log; and updating the custom portal for the user based on updated keyword searching responsive to the changes to the user account data and the ongoing activities. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein one of the changes in the user account data includes a change in role of the user with respect to an organization. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the instructions further include: comparing a listing of documents in the custom portal of the user to listings of documents in custom portals of other users; upon determining the custom portal of the user contains a minimum number of documents that are in common with another custom portal, generating a communication to the user, through the custom portal of the user, identifying a user of the other custom portal as having common interests with the user. 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the computer processor to perform: creating a profile for a user from user account data and a user activity log; searching an indexed repository for keywords matching elements from the user account data and the user activity log; retrieving documents from the indexed repository that are identified based on the searching; creating a custom portal for the user that includes the documents; in response to determining the user has not opened a document in the custom portal within a threshold period of time, automatically removing the document from the custom portal for the user; monitoring activity conducted by the user at the custom portal; and in response to determining that the user has opened documents in the custom portal that share a common set of tags, prioritizing the listing of each of the documents in the custom portal based on the common set of tags. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the program instructions executable by the processor further cause the computer processor to perform: receiving a plurality of documents from user devices communicatively coupled to the indexed repository; adding tags to keywords in the plurality of documents; and storing the plurality of documents and corresponding tags in the indexed repository; wherein searching the indexed repository for the keywords is performed by searching an index of the tags in the repository. 17. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the program instructions executable by the processor further cause the computer processor to perform: monitoring changes in the user account data and ongoing activities from the user activity log; and updating the custom portal for the user based on updated keyword searching responsive to the changes to the user account data and the ongoing activities. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein one of the changes in the user account data includes a change in role of the user with respect to an organization. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the program instructions executable by the processor further cause the computer processor to perform: comparing a listing of documents in the custom portal of the user to listings of documents in custom portals of other users; upon determining the custom portal of the user contains a minimum number of documents that are in common with another custom portal, generating a communication to the user, through the custom portal of the user, identifying a user of the other custom portal as having common interests with the user. 20. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention is to provide the mobile communication system which enables power consumption reduction for the mobile station with dual mode capability by unifying the location registration and paging processing for every mobile communication system. The mobile communication system is so arranged to perform location registration processing and paging processing for the mobile station by only one of radio communication systems. And the mobile station can access to any other radio communication systems. 1. A mobile station for a mobile communication system comprising a first communication system which comprises a first network node and a second communication system which comprises a second network node, the mobile station comprising: a receiver adapted to receive a paging message from a base station connected to the first network node which receives a request message from the second network node, wherein the second network node receives a voice call and responds to receipt of the voice call by sending the request message to the first network node; and a transmitter adapted to transmit, to the second network node, a message which responds to the paging message, when the mobile station has performed location registration to only the first communication system from among the first communication system and the second communication system, wherein the mobile station establishes a connection with the second network node, wherein a first radio technology of the first communication system is different from a second radio technology of the second communication system. 2. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the second radio technology of the second communication system is wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA). 3. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the second communication system further comprises a subscriber information storage, wherein the subscriber information storage stores information related to the first network node. 4. The mobile station according to claim 3, wherein the information related to the first network node indicates an association with the first network node. 5. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the mobile station transmits, to the first communication system, an unified request for the location registration to only the first communication system from among the first communication system and the second communication system. 6. The mobile station according to claim 1, wherein the paging message is transmitted after the location registration has been performed. 7. A mobile station for a mobile communication system comprising a first communication system which comprises a first network node and a second communication system which comprises a second network node, the mobile station comprising: a receiver adapted to receive a paging message from a base station connected to the first network node which receives a request message from the second network node, wherein the second network node receives a voice call and responds to receipt of the voice call by sending the request message to the first network node; and a transmitter adapted to transmit, to the second network node, a message which responds to the paging message, when the mobile station has performed location registration to the first communication system and has not performed location registration to the second communication system, wherein the mobile station establishes a connection with the second network node, wherein a first radio technology of the first communication system is different from a second radio technology of the second communication system. 8. The mobile station according to claim 7, wherein the second radio technology of the second communication system is wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA). 9. The mobile station according to claim 7, wherein the second communication system further comprises a subscriber information storage, wherein the subscriber information storage stores information related to the first network node. 10. The mobile station according to claim 9, wherein the information related to the first network node indicates an association with the first network node. 11. The mobile station according to claim 7, wherein the mobile station transmits, to the first communication system, an unified request for the location registration to only the first communication system from among the first communication system and the second communication system. 12. The mobile station according to claim 7, wherein the paging message is transmitted after the location registration has been performed. 13. A method for a mobile station in a mobile communication system comprising a first communication system which comprises a first network node and a second communication system which comprises a second network node, the method comprising: receiving a paging message from a base station connected to the first network node which receives a request message from the second network node, wherein the second network node receives a voice call and responds to receipt of the voice call by sending the request message to the first network node; and transmitting, to the second network node, a message which responds to the paging message, when the mobile station has performed location registration to only the first communication system from among the first communication system and the second communication system, wherein the mobile station establishes a connection with the second network node, wherein a first radio technology of the first communication system is different from a second radio technology of the second communication system. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the second radio technology of the second communication system is wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA). 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the second communication system further comprises a subscriber information storage, wherein the subscriber information storage stores information related to the first network node. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the information related to the first network node indicates an association with the first network node. 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein the mobile station transmits, to the first communication system, an unified request for the location registration to only the first communication system from among the first communication system and the second communication system. 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the paging message is transmitted after the location registration has been performed. 19. A method for a mobile station in a mobile communication system comprising a first communication system which comprises a first network node and a second communication system which comprises a second network node, the method comprising: receiving a paging message from a base station connected to the first network node which receives a request message from the second network node, wherein the second network node receives a voice call and responds to receipt of the voice call by sending the request message to the first network node; and transmitting, to the second network node, a message which responds to the paging message, when the mobile station has performed location registration to the first communication system and has not performed location registration to the second communication system, wherein the mobile station establishes a connection with the second network node, wherein a first radio technology of the first communication system is different from a second radio technology of the second communication system. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the second radio technology of the second communication system is wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA). 21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the second communication system further comprises a subscriber information storage, wherein the subscriber information storage stores information related to the first network node. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the information related to the first network node indicates an association with the first network node. 23. The method according to claim 19, wherein the mobile station transmits, to the first communication system, an unified request for the location registration to only the first communication system from among the first communication system and the second communication system. 24. The method according to claim 19, wherein the paging message is transmitted after the location registration has been performed.",
-    "Systems and methods for combining a plurality of transport streams into a single transport stream for transmission to, e.g., a single frequency network via a satellite. Embodiments provide receiving a plurality of original, e.g., MPEG-compliant, data streams, where each original data stream has its own timing information, combining the plurality of original data streams into a single combined data stream which is also, e.g., MPEG compliant, modulating the single combined data stream for uplink to a satellite, receiving a downlink transmission from the satellite, where the downlink transmission includes the single combined data stream, de-combining the single combined data stream into the plurality of original data streams, and passing respective original data steams to, e.g., one or more DVB-T modulators for broadcast into a single frequency network. 1. A method, comprising: receiving a plurality of data streams, each of the plurality of data streams having its own original timing information; combining the plurality of data streams into a single combined data stream, the single combined data stream comprising data carried by each of the plurality of data streams, wherein combining further comprises inserting, at a predetermined interval, new timing information comprising a first layer having a system clock reference (SCR) and a second layer having a snapshot of the SCR at which a most recent transport packet arrived for combining; and preparing the single combined data stream for uplink to a satellite. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the plurality of data streams comprises receiving the plurality of data streams wherein each of the plurality of data streams is provided in accordance with an asynchronous serial interface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the plurality of data streams comprises receiving the plurality of data streams wherein the timing information comprises GPS information. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein combining comprises re-encapsulating portions of packets from a given original data stream into newly-generated packets. 5. The method of claim 4, re-encapsulating portions of packets comprises re-encapsulating portions of packets wherein a new packet identifier (PID) is assigned to the each newly-generated packet. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising multiplexing together in one carrier transport stream the plurality of data streams and other, newly-generated data streams comprising the newly-generated packets. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising combining inband control information with both the newly-generated stream and the plurality of data streams. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining inband control information with the single combined data stream. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining inband control information with the single combined data stream wherein the inband control information is directed to one of a plurality of multiple transport receivers (MTRs). 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining inband control information with the single combined data stream wherein the inband control information is directed to a group of individual ones of a plurality of multiple transport receivers (MTRs). 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining inband control information with the single combined data stream wherein the inband control information is directed to one of a plurality of set top boxes (STBs). 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising synchronizing timing of the plurality of original data streams. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting and handling packet loss experienced by the single combined data stream. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting and handling packet loss experienced by the single combined data stream wherein packet loss information from all available combined data streams supports restoration of corrupted data. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a downlink transmission from the satellite, the downlink transmission including the single combined data stream; de-combining the single combined data stream into the plurality of original data streams; and passing respective original data steams to one or more target destinations. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein passing the respective original data steams to one or more target destinations comprises passing the respective original data steams to one or more target destinations comprising a digital video broadcast-terrestrial (DVB-T) modulator. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein passing the respective original data steams to one or more target destinations comprises passing the respective original data steams to one or more target destinations comprising a digital video broadcast-terrestrial (DVB-T) modulator wherein the DVB-T modulator is in communication with a single frequency network (SFN). 18. The method of claim 15, wherein passing the respective original data steams to one or more target destinations comprises passing the respective original data steams to one or more target destinations comprising a digital video broadcast-terrestrial (DVB-T) modulator wherein the DVB-T modulator is in communication with a multi frequency network (MFN). 19. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the plurality of data streams comprises receiving the plurality of data streams wherein each of the plurality of data streams has a packet structure compliant with MPEG protocol. 20. A system comprising: a digital transport formatter configured to, receive a plurality of data streams, each of the plurality of data streams having its own original timing information, combine the plurality of data streams into a single combined data stream, the single combined data stream comprising data carried by each of the plurality of data streams, wherein the digital transport formatter configured to combine the plurality of data streams further comprises the digital transport formatter configured to insert, at a predetermined interval, new timing information comprising a first layer having a system clock reference (SCR) and a second layer having a snapshot of the SCR at which a most recent transport packet arrived for combining, and prepare the single combined data stream for uplink to a satellite.",
-    "A computer software implemented method for transforming a first extract transform load (ETL) job having at least some unload transform load (UTL) portions. The method includes the following steps: (i) decomposing the first ETL job into an intermediate set of one or more jobs; and (ii) for each job of the intermediate set, transforming the job into a transactionally equivalent job to yield a final set of one or more jobs. The decomposing is performed so that each job of the intermediate jobs set is a Simple UTL job. The transforming is performed so that each job of the final set includes no UTL portions. 1. A method for transforming a first extract transform load (ETL) job having at least one unload transform load (UTL) portion, the method comprising: decomposing the first ETL job into an intermediate set of one or more Simple UTL jobs; for each Simple UTL job of the intermediate set, transforming the job into a transformationally equivalent job to yield a final set of one or more jobs that are a set of change-based transform load (CTL) job(s); and running the set of CTL job(s) on a source database to yield a target database; wherein: each Simple UTL job of the intermediate set jobs meets the following criteria: a single input action retrieves the contents of a single table, or view on a single table, in a database, contains no actions that operate on the entirety of data for a job, contains no actions that rely on ordering of data, and at least one output stage operates on a database. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one sort type action; and the decomposing includes removing the at least one sort type actions from the first ETL job. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one funnel type action; and the decomposing includes transforming the at least one funnel type action in the first ETL job into a continuous mode. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one join type action; and the decomposing includes transforming the at least one join type action in the first ETL job into at least one lookup action. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one merge type action; and the decomposing includes transforming the at least one merge type action in the first ETL job into at least one lookup action. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the transforming includes the following (not necessarily in the following order): replacing an input stage with a change capture stage programmed to receive change data from a database and to generate an output table including an indicator column that includes an indication of an insert type action or a delete type action; delivering at least one update type action on a source database as a delete type action followed by an insert type action; and performing at least one of the following: inserting a row in a target database table or deleting a row in a target database. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the first ETL job meets at least one UTL-qualifying-job characteristic; wherein: the UTL-qualifying-job characteristics include at least the following: the first ETL job includes no user defined actions; the first ETL job includes no aggregate type actions; and the first ETL job does not utilize any reject links from any merge type actions. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising: running the final set of one or more jobs that are not UTL jobs on a set of at least one source database tables to yield a set of at least one target database tables. 9. A computer program product method for transforming a first extract transform load (ETL) job having at least one unload transform load (UTL) portion, the computer program product comprising software stored on a software storage device in a non-transitory manner, the software comprising: first program instructions programmed to decompose the first ETL job into an intermediate set of one or more Simple UTL jobs; second program instructions programmed to, for each Simple UTL job of the intermediate set, transform the job into a transformationally equivalent job to yield a final set of one or more jobs that are a set of change-based transform load (CTL) job(s); and third program instructions programmed to run the set of CTL job(s) on a source database to yield a target database; wherein: each Simple UTL job of the intermediate set jobs meets the following criteria: a single input action retrieves the contents of a single table, or view on a single table, in a database, contains no actions that operate on the entirety of data for a job, contains no actions that rely on ordering of data, and at least one output stage operates on a database; and the software is stored on a software storage device in a manner less transitory than a signal in transit. 10. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one sort type action; and the first programming instructions are further programmed to remove the at least one sort type actions from the first ETL job. 11. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one funnel type action; and the first programming instructions are further programmed to transform the at least one funnel type action in the first ETL job into a continuous mode. 12. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one join type action; and the first programming instructions are further programmed to transform the at least one join type action in the first ETL job into at least one lookup action. 13. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein: the first ETL job includes at least one merge type action; and the first programming instructions are further programmed to transform the at least one merge type action in the first ETL job into at least one lookup action. 14. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein the second program instructions are further programmed to: replace an input stage with a change capture stage programmed to receive change data from a database and to generate an output table including an indicator column that includes an indication of an insert type action or a delete type action; deliver at least one update type action on a source database as a delete type action followed by an insert type action; and perform at least one of the following: inserting a row in a target database table or deleting a row in a target database. 15. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein the software further comprises: third program instructions programmed to determine that the first ETL job meets at least one UTL-qualifying-job characteristic; wherein: the UTL-qualifying-job characteristics include at least the following: the first ETL job includes no user defined actions; the first ETL job includes no aggregate type actions; and the first ETL job does not utilize any reject links from any merge type actions. 16. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein the software further comprises: third program instructions programmed to run the final set of one or more jobs that are not UTL jobs on a set of at least one source database tables to yield a set of at least one target database tables. 17. A computer system for transforming a first extract transform load (ETL) job having at least one unload transform load (UTL) portion, the computer system comprising: a processor(s) set; and a software storage device; wherein: the processor set is structured, located, connected or programmed to run software stored on the software storage device; and the software comprises: first program instructions programmed to decompose the first ETL job into an intermediate set of one or more Simple UTL jobs, second program instructions programmed to, for each Simple UTL job of the intermediate set, transform the job into a transformationally equivalent job to yield a final set of one or more jobs that a set of change-based transform load (CTL) job(s), and third program instructions programmed to run the set of CTL job(s) on a source database to yield a target database; wherein: each Simple UTL job of the intermediate set jobs meets the following criteria: a single input action retrieves the contents of a single table, or view on a single table, in a database, contains no actions that operate on the entirety of data for a job, contains no actions that rely on ordering of data, and at least one output stage operates on a database. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the second program instructions are further programmed to: replace an input stage with a change capture stage programmed to receive change data from a database and to generate an output table including an indicator column that includes an indication of an insert type action or a delete type action; deliver at least one update type action on a source database as a delete type action followed by an insert type action; and perform at least one of the following: inserting a row in a target database table or deleting a row in a target database. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the software further comprises: third program instructions programmed to determine that the first ETL job meets at least one UTL-qualifying-job characteristic; wherein: the UTL-qualifying-job characteristics include at least the following: the first ETL job includes no user defined actions; the first ETL job includes no aggregate type actions; and the first ETL job does not utilize any reject links from any merge type actions. 20. The system of claim 17 wherein the software further comprises: third program instructions programmed to run the final set of one or more jobs that are not UTL jobs on a set of at least one source database tables to yield a set of at least one target database tables.",
-    "A liquid cartridge includes a liquid chamber with a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the chamber. An actuator is movable between a first position in which the liquid outlet is closed, and a second position in which the liquid outlet is open. A detector is positioned in the chamber, and is movable from a restricted position to a released position in response to movement of the actuator from the first to the second position. The detector is movable from the released position to the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator from the second to the first position. 1. A liquid cartridge comprising: a liquid chamber; a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the liquid chamber to an exterior of the liquid chamber; an actuator being movable between a first position in which the liquid outlet is closed, and a second position in which the liquid outlet is open; a detector positioned in the chamber, the detector being movable from a restricted position to a released position in response to movement of the actuator from the first to the second position; and the detector being movable from the released position to the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator from the second to the first position. 2. The liquid cartridge of claim 1, further comprising: a restriction member configured to move between a release position in which the detector is movable to the released position, and an a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator. 3. The liquid cartridge of claim 2, wherein a part of the detector in the released position is positioned in a track of movement of the restriction member between the restrict position and the release position, and the restriction member is configured to apply a force to the restricted position to the part of the detector in response to movement of the restriction member from the restrict position to the release position. 4. The liquid cartridge of claim 2, further comprising: a front wall; a rear wall; wherein the liquid chamber is positioned between the front wall and the rear wall; and wherein the actuator is closer to the rear wall when the actuator is in the second position than when the actuator is in the first position. 5. The liquid cartridge of claim 1, wherein the detector includes a float, wherein when detector is in the restricted position the float is positioned lower than when the detector is in the released position, and wherein the float is submerged in fluid contained in the chamber when the detector is in the restricted position. 6. The liquid cartridge of claim 1, wherein the detector is rotatable around an axis. 7. The liquid cartridge of claim 6, wherein the detector comprises a first arm extending from the axis, and a detection portion detectable from an exterior of the liquid cartridge, the detection portion supported by the first arm. 8. The liquid cartridge of claim 7, wherein the detector includes a float and a second arm extending from the axis, and the float is supported by the second arm. 9. The liquid cartridge of claim 8, wherein the detection portion has a distance L1 that is shorter than the float has a distance L2 from the axis. 10. The liquid cartridge according to claim 8 further comprising a restriction member configured to move between a release position in which the detector is movable to the released position, and a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator, and the detector further comprises a contact portion; wherein when the actuator is in the first position, the restriction member is configured to contact the contact portion in the restriction position, wherein when the actuator is in the second position, the restriction member is configured to separate from the contact portion in the release position, and wherein the contact portion is configured to contact the contact portion in response to movement of the restriction portion from the release position to the restrict position. 11. The liquid cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the contact portion is disposed farther from the axis than the float from the axis. 12. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, further comprising a restriction member configured to move between a release position in which the detector is movable to the released position, and an a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator, wherein the restriction member is engaged with the actuator. 13. The liquid cartridge according to claim 12, the restriction member includes a first portion engaged with the actuator, and a second portion, wherein the second portion is configured to contact the contact portion in the restriction position, when the restriction member is in the restricted position, wherein the second portion is configured to separate from the contact portion in the release position when the restriction member is in the release position, and wherein the contact portion is configured to contact the contact portion in response to movement of the restriction portion from the release position to the restrict position. 14. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1 further comprising an urging member urging the actuator toward the first position. 15. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, further comprising: a front wall; a rear wall opposite the front wall; and at least one guide extending in an upward direction; wherein the guide is configured to guide movement of the detector from the restricted position toward the released position. 16. The liquid cartridge according to claim 15, wherein the actuator comprises a inclined surface that is inclined downwardly relative to a direction from the front wall toward the rear wall and a restriction member configured to move between a release position closer to the rear wall than the restriction position, in which the detector is movable to the released position, and a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position, wherein the restriction member is positioned above the inclined surface in the restriction position, wherein the restriction member is configured to separate from the inclined surface in the release position, and wherein the restriction member is configured to keep contact with the inclined surface during movement from the release position to the restrict position. 17. The liquid cartridge of claim 16, wherein the detector includes a float; wherein when detector is in the restricted position the float is positioned lower than when the detector is in the released position, wherein the float is submerged in fluid contained in the chamber when the detector is in the restricted position, wherein the float is formed with a cavity defining the inclined surface. 18. The liquid cartridge according to claim 15, wherein the actuator comprises a inclined surface that is inclined downwardly relative to a direction from the front wall toward the rear wall and a restriction member configured to move between an release position, closer to the rear wall than the restriction position, in which the detector is movable to the released position, and a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator, wherein the restriction member is positioned on the detector in the restricted position, wherein the restriction member is configured to separate from the inclined surface in the release position, and wherein the actuator is configured to keep contact with the inclined surface during movement from the first position to the second position. 19. The liquid cartridge according to claim 18, the restriction member is positioned on the detector positioned in the released position. 20. The liquid cartridge of claim 1, wherein the detector includes a weight, wherein when detector is in the first position the weight is positioned higher than when the detector is in the second position, and wherein the weight is submerged in fluid contained in the chamber when the detector is in the restricted position. 21. The liquid cartridge according to claim 20, further comprising: a restriction member configured to move between an release position in which the detector is movable to the released position, and an a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position in response to movement of the actuator, wherein the weight is movable between an upper position and a lower position that is lower relative to the upper position, and wherein the detector is movable from the restricted position to the released position in response to movement of the weight from the upper position to the lower position. 22. The liquid cartridge of claim 21 further comprising at least one guide extending in an upward direction, wherein the guide is configured to guide movement of the detector from the restricted position toward the released position. 23. The liquid cartridge according to claim 22, wherein the detector comprises a first arm extending from the axis, and a detection portion detectable from an exterior of the liquid cartridge, the detection portion is supported by the first arm, wherein the detector is rotatable around an axis, wherein the detector comprises a first arm extending from the axis and a second arm extending from the axis, wherein the weight contacts the second arm to position the detector in the restricted position. 24. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the restriction member is positioned below the weight and contacts the weight in the restrict position, and wherein the restriction member is configured to separate to the weight in the release position. 25. The liquid cartridge according to claim 24, wherein the weight is formed with a cavity facing downward, and the restriction member is positioned in the cavity. 26. The liquid cartridge according to claim 25, wherein the cavity includes a inclined surface that is inclined upwardly, and wherein the restriction member is positioned below the inclined surface and configured to move from the release position to the restrict position with keeping contact with the inclined surface. 27. The liquid cartridge according to claim 24 further comprising an urging member urging the restrict member toward the restrict position, wherein the cavity includes a inclined surface extending upward toward the rear wall, wherein the actuator is positioned above the inclined surface and configured to move from the first position to the second position with keeping contact with the inclined surface against urging force of the urging member. 28. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1 further comprising at least one inner wall disposed in the chamber and a restriction member configured to move between an release position in which the detector is movable to the released position, and an a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position; wherein the detector includes a float, wherein when detector is in the restricted position the float is positioned lower than when the detector is in the released position, and wherein the float is submerged in fluid contained in the chamber when the detector is in the released position, wherein the inner wall defining a particular area in which the float moves in the chamber, and extending along the movement of the float, wherein the inner wall is formed with an opening that communicates the particular area to an exterior of the particular area in the chamber, and wherein the float is configured to move so that the detector move away from the opening in a direction. 29. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, further comprising: a front wall; a rear wall opposite the front wall; a top wall between the front wall and the rear wall; a bottom wall opposite the top wall; the liquid outlet through the front wall; the liquid chamber defined by the walls, the detector being rotatable from the first position to the second position around an axis in the chamber, the detector including a detection portion positioned above the top wall, a first arm connecting the detection portion with the axis, a float positioned closer to the rear wall than the axis, a second arm connecting the float with the axis, a contact surface positioned below the axis and positioned closer to the front wall than the axis, a valve being movable between a first position in which the liquid outlet is blocked, and a second position in which the liquid outlet is open; an urging member urging the valve toward the first position; a restriction member disposed between the axis and the valve, the restriction member being configured to move with the valve, between an a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position, and an release position in which the float is positioned closer to the bottom wall than the float in the restricted position, wherein the contact surface is positioned in a track of movement of the restriction member between the restrict position and the release position in the released position. 30. The liquid cartridge according to claim 29, wherein the detection portion is disposed above the top wall and detectable from an exterior of the liquid cartridge. 31. A liquid cartridge comprising: a front wall; a rear wall; a liquid outlet through the front wall; a detector positioned in the chamber, the detector being movable between a restricted position and a released position; an actuator being movable between a first position and a second position in which the actuator is closer to the rear wall than when the actuator is in the first position; a restriction member being movable between a release position in which the detector is movable to the released position and a restrict position in which the restriction member contacts the detector to position the detector in the restricted position; wherein the restriction member is configured to move from the restrict position to the release position in response to movement of the actuator from the first position to the second position, and the restriction member is configured to move from the release position to the restrict position in response to movement of the actuator from the second position to the first position. 32. The liquid cartridge according to claim 31, wherein the actuator includes a valve being movable between the first position in which the liquid outlet is closed, and the second position in which the liquid outlet is open. 33. The liquid cartridge of claim 31, wherein a part of the detector is positioned in a track of movement of the restriction member between the restrict position and the release position in the released position, and the restriction member is configured to apply the force to the restricted position to the part of the detector in response to movement of the restriction member from the restrict position to the release position. 34. The liquid cartridge according to claim 31, wherein the liquid cartridge is detachably attachable to a liquid consuming apparatus including a release member being configured to move the actuator from the first position to the second position. 35. The liquid cartridge according to claim 31, wherein the liquid consuming apparatus is configured to detect a viscosity of the liquid in the chamber.",
-    "A method, system and computer readable media for route re-planning including generating enemy force movement predictions to be used during mission planning. During a mission, enemy force movements can be compared to the predictions. By using enemy force movement predictions for an initial comparison, the enemy force movements may only need to be compared to the own force mission plan if the enemy forces deviate from the predictions. When enemy force movement deviates from the predictions, new enemy force movement predictions can be generated. The new enemy force movement predictions can then be compared to the own force mission plan to determine if a route re-plan is needed. The route can be re-planned to determine a route that reduces or eliminates the chance of a lethal encounter with an enemy or threat. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A threat assessment system comprising: a processor coupled to a non-transitory computer readable medium bearing software instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations including: receiving an original mission plan and threat location data at the processor; comparing the threat location data for a threat to a stored time/space threat threshold corresponding to the threat, the stored time/space threshold including a threshold geographical area boundary, and determining, based on the comparison, whether a moving threat location has moved outside or moved within the threshold geographical area boundary; if the processor determines that the moving threat location has moved within the threshold geographical area boundary, maintaining the original mission plan; and if the processor determines that the moving threat location has moved outside the threshold geographical area boundary, assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the threshold geographical area boundary. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the threat location data is received wirelessly at the vehicle from a location remote from the vehicle during execution of the original mission plan. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold comprises: assessing own force survivability and generating, a reflexive response signal when own force is in immediate danger; generating, with the processor, new threat movement predictions; performing an updated multi-point survivability analysis with the processor using the new threat movement predictions as input, the multi-point survivability analysis including generating a new time/space threshold for the threat at each of a plurality of predetermined time In a mission timeline and including determining the lethality of a threat at a plurality of locations; determining, with the processor, whether a current mission plan is survivable based on the updated multi-point survivability analysis; and when the original mission plan is not survivable, generating a new mission plan Including a re-planned route for the vehicle, the re-planned route being a different route than an original route associated with the original mission plan. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the original mission plan Is generated by the processor according to a series of operations performed by the processor, the operations including: predicting initial threat movements; performing an initial multi-point survivability analysis using the initial threat movement predictions as input, the initial multi-point survivability analysis including generating the stored time/space threshold for the threat at each of a plurality of predetermined times in the original mission timeline and including determining the lethality of a threat at a plurality of locations; and generating the original mission plan including an original route for the vehicle. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the operations further include generating a warning display within the vehicle In response to the reflexive response signal. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the threat location data is obtained from the sensor system and the common operational picture database. 27. A method for threat assessment, the method comprising: comparing, by a processor programmed to perform threat assessment, threat location data for a moving threat to a stored time/space threat threshold corresponding to the threat, the stored time/space threshold Including a threshold geographical area boundary; determining, based on the comparison, whether the threat has moved outside the threshold geographical area boundary; and when the threat has moved outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold, assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising: repeating the comparing and the determining to determine whether the threat has moved outside or moved within the threshold geographical area boundary; and when, based on the repeating, the threat has moved within the corresponding time/space threat threshold, maintaining a current mission plan. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold comprises: assessing survivability of the current mission plan; and when the current mission plan is not survivable, generating a new mission plan including a re-planned mission route. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold comprises: generating, with the processor, new threat movement predictions; performing an updated multi-point survivability analysis with the processor using the new threat movement predictions as input; determining, with the processor, whether the current mission plan is survivable based on the updated multi-point survivability analysis; and when the current mission plan is not survivable, generating a new mission plan including a re-planned mission route. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the mission plan is generated by the processor according to a series of operations performed by the processor, the operations including: predicting initial threat movements; performing a multi-point survivability analysis; and generating an initial mission plan including a route. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the multi-point survivability analysis and the updated multi-point survivability analysis include determining the lethality of a threat at a plurality of locations. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein performing the multi-point survivability analysis and the survivability analysis Includes generating time/space thresholds for each threat at each of a plurality of predetermined times in a mission timeline. 34. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having software instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: comparing threat location data for a moving threat to a time/space threat threshold corresponding to the threat, the time/space threshold including a threshold geographical area boundary; determining whether the threat has moved outside the threshold geographical area boundary; and if the threat has moved outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold, assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold. 35. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, the operations further comprising maintaining a current mission plan if the threat has moved within the corresponding time/space threat threshold. 36. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the assessing the impact of the threat moving outside the corresponding time/space threat threshold comprises: generating, with the processor, new threat movement predictions; performing an updated multi-point survivability analysis with the processor using the new threat movement predictions as input; determining, with the processor, whether the current mission plan is survivable based on the updated multi-point survivability analysis; and when the current mission plan is not survivable, generating a new mission plan Including a re-planned, mission route. 37. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the operations further comprise: assessing, with the processor, own force survivability and generating a reflexive response signal when own force is in immediate danger. 38. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 35, wherein the mission plan is generated by the processor according to a series of operations performed by the processor, the operations including: predicting initial threat movements; performing a multi-point survivability analysis; and generating a mission route. 39. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the multi-point survivability analysis and the updated multi-point survivability analysis include determining the lethality of a threat at a plurality of locations. 40. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the threat location data is obtained from a database and/or a sensor system.",
-    "A riding lawn mower is provided with an electrical system. The electrical system includes a control module, transceiver modules, and a wiring system. The control module allows for programmably controlling electrical operations of the riding lawn mower. The transceiver modules are operably connected with respective devices of the riding lawn mower so as to communicate data between the respective devices and the control module. The wiring system comprising wires that electrically connect the transceiver modules with the control module/The wiring system includes a power wire that provide electrical power to the transceiver modules from the battery; and a data bus comprising a data wire that transmits data between the control module and the transceiver modules. 1. A riding lawn care vehicle comprising: a frame; an operator station operably coupled to the frame and configured to support an operator during operation of the riding lawn care vehicle; wheels operably coupled to the frame; a steering assembly operably coupled to the wheels to receive steering inputs provided by the operator; a control module for programmably controlling electrical operations of the riding lawn care vehicle; a plurality of transceiver modules separate from the control module, the transceiver modules being operably coupled between the control module and respective devices of the riding lawn care vehicle; and a data bus operably coupling the transceiver modules and the control module to enable two way communication between the respective devices and the control module, the transceiver modules each being operably coupled to the data bus in parallel, wherein the data bus is configured to carry a wakeup signal generated at a selected one of the respective devices to wakeup the control module. 2. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein the wakeup signal comprises a state change detectable on the data bus. 3. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 2, wherein the state change comprises a voltage change of a predetermined amount. 4. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 2, wherein the state change is generated by the transceiver module based on a predetermined condition indicative of a wakeup event at the selected one of the respective devices. 5. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein power is provided to the transceiver modules via the data bus. 6. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein power, two way data communication, and the wakeup signal are each provided via the data bus. 7. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, further comprising a cutting deck operably coupled to the frame and comprising one or more cutting blades. 8. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein each transceiver module comprises a switch and a transceiver configured to receive a request from the control module and to communicate data regarding status of the switch back to the control module via the data bus. 9. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein the control module is programmable to send requests to the transceiver modules and to perform predetermined functions based on responses to the requests. 10. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 9, wherein the requests comprise requests for status information of the respective devices corresponding to the transceiver modules. 11. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 10, wherein each transceiver module comprises a unique identifier, wherein each request comprises instructions and a request identifier which matches the unique identifier of one of the transceiver modules, and wherein in response to the request identifier of a request matching the unique identifier of a selected transceiver module, the selected transceiver module executes the instructions in the request. 12. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein the transceiver modules are removable. 13. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein the data bus is configured to receive at least one additional transceiver module without any modification to the data bus. 14. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein the control module is configured to communicate with the transceiver modules via the data bus asynchronously. 15. The riding lawn care vehicle of claim 1, wherein the selected one of the respective devices comprises a sensor, and wherein the sensor detects a triggering event to initiate the wakeup signal. 16. An electrical system for a riding lawn care vehicle, the electrical system comprising: a control module for programmably controlling electrical operations of the riding lawn care vehicle; a plurality of transceiver modules separate from the control module, the transceiver modules being operably coupled between the control module and respective devices of the riding lawn care vehicle; and a data bus operably coupling the transceiver modules and the control module to enable two way communication between the respective devices and the control module, the transceiver modules each being operably coupled to the data bus in parallel, wherein the data bus is configured to carry a wakeup signal generated at a selected one of the respective devices to wakeup the control module. 17. The electrical system of claim 16, wherein the wakeup signal comprises a state change detectable on the data bus. 18. The electrical system of claim 17, wherein the state change comprises a voltage change of a predetermined amount. 19. The electrical system of claim 17, wherein the state change is generated by the transceiver module based on a predetermined condition indicative of a wakeup event at the selected one of the respective devices. 20. The electrical system of claim 16, wherein power, two way data communication, and the wakeup signal are each provided via the data bus.",
-    "A system and method including a processor coupled to the non-volatile memory and a non-transitory medium connected to the processor wherein the processor is configured to select one of a flight path between two points or a point of departure and frequency of departure in the flight path from the point for an aircraft, wherein the flight path has at least two phases and a flight along the flight path or a departure constitutes one cycle. 1. A method of evaluating the effect of dust on aircraft engines, comprising: selecting one of a flight path between two points or a point of departure and frequency of departure in the flight path from the point for at least one aircraft engine, wherein the flight path has at least two phases and a flight along the flight path or a departure constitutes one cycle; providing a non-volatile memory having at least one database of dust parameters or dust types based on geographic locations; determining by retrieving from the database an average dust concentration value for the two points or the point or departure at ground level; determining by retrieving from the database an average dust concentration value for each phase of the flight path; determining air density for the at least one aircraft engine at each phase of the flight path; determining dust flow through individual components of the at least one aircraft engine per cycle based on the average dust concentration values and the air density; and adjusting service of the at least one aircraft engine based on the dust flow. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein each phase of the flight path includes at least one of taxi, take off, climb, descent, approach, or landing. 3. (canceled) 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the individual components include at least one of a variable bleed valve, high pressure compressor, a compressor bleed, a turbine system, or a combustor. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a dust type for the flight path. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the determining the dust type for the flight path further comprises determining at least one of a dust particle composition, a dust particle ratio, a dust particle concentration value, an average dust particle composition, or a range of dust particle composition. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a total dust load for the at least one aircraft engine per cycle. 8. A method of setting a maintenance schedule for an aircraft having at least one engine, comprising: selecting one of a flight path between two points or a point of departure and frequency of departure in the flight path from the point for the aircraft, wherein the flight path has at least two phases and a flight along the flight path or a departure constitutes one cycle; providing a non-volatile memory having at least one database of dust parameters or dust types based on geographic locations; determining by retrieving from the database an average dust concentration value for the two points or the point or departure at ground level; determining by retrieving from the database an average dust concentration value for each phase of the flight path; determining air density for the at least one aircraft engine at each phase of the flight path; determining dust flow through individual components of the at least one aircraft engine per cycle based on the average dust concentration values and the air density; and scheduling maintenance service of the aircraft based on the dust flow. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein each phase of the flight path includes at least one of taxi, take off, climb, descent, approach, or landing. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the individual components include at least one of a variable bleed valve, high pressure compressor, a compressor bleed, a turbine system, or a combustor. 12. The method of claim 8 further comprising determining a dust concentration for the flight path. 13. The method of claim 8 further comprising determining a total dust load for the at least one aircraft engine per cycle. 14. A system for modeling the effects of dust on at least one aircraft engine, comprising: a non-volatile memory having at least one database of dust parameters or dust types based on geographic locations; a processor coupled to the non-volatile memory; and a non-transitory medium connected to the processor wherein the processor is configured to select one of a flight path between two points or a point of departure and frequency of departure in the flight path from the point for an aircraft, wherein the flight path has at least two phases and a flight along the flight path or a departure constitutes one cycle; determine by retrieving from the database an average dust concentration value for the two points or the point or departure at ground level; determine by retrieving from the database an average dust concentration value for each phase of the flight path; determine air density for the at least one aircraft engine at each phase of the flight path; and determine dust flow through individual components of the at least one aircraft engine per cycle based on the average dust concentration values and the air density. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein each phase of the flight path includes at least one of taxi, take off, climb, descent, approach, or landing. 16. (canceled) 17. The system of claim 14 wherein the individual components include at least one of a variable bleed valve, high pressure compressor, a compressor bleed, a turbine system, or a combustor. 18. The system of claim 14 wherein the processor is further configured to determine a dust type for the flight path. 19. The system of claim 14 wherein the processor is further configured to determine a total dust load for the at least one aircraft engine per cycle. 20. The system of claim 14 wherein the database of dust parameters or dust type further comprises at least one of a dust particle composition, a dust particle ratio, a dust particle concentration value, an average dust particle composition, or a range of dust particle composition.",
-    "A voicemail notification indicates a caller has recorded a voicemail. The voicemail notification may be sent to any destination, such as a caller's device. The voicemail notification may be displayed in a communication log to visually indicate that the voicemail was recorded. A different notification may be sent and displayed to indicate the recipient retrieved the voicemail. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a server, a notification indicating a device has retrieved a voicemail, the device associated with a network address; receiving, by the server, a location associated with the device at which the voicemail was retrieved; and adding, by the server, an entry to an electronic database, the entry electronically associating the location at which the voicemail was retrieved to the network address associated with the device. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising retrieving an electronic voicemail retrieval icon. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising sending an electronic notification including the electronic voicemail retrieval icon to indicate the voicemail was retrieved. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising sending an electronic notification to the network address associated with the device, the electronic notification including the electronic voicemail retrieval icon to indicate the voicemail was retrieved. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising displaying the electronic voicemail retrieval icon in a communications log to indicate the device retrieved the voicemail. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending an indication to a different device, the different device associated with a user recording the voicemail, the indication indicating the voicemail was retrieved. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a date and a time associated with retrieval of the voicemail. 8. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing code that when executed causes the processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving a notification indicating a device has retrieved a voicemail, the device associated with a network address; receiving global positioning system information associated with the device retrieving the voicemail, the global positioning system information describing a retrieval location at which the device retrieved the voicemail; and adding an entry to an electronic database, the entry electronically associating the global positioning system information describing the retrieval location to the network address associated with the device. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a name associated with a recipient associated with the voicemail. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a name associated with a sender associated with the voicemail. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a name associated with the voicemail. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise retrieving an electronic voicemail retrieval icon. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise sending an electronic notification including the electronic voicemail retrieval icon to indicate the voicemail was retrieved. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the operations further comprise sending an electronic notification to the network address associated with the device, the electronic notification including the electronic voicemail retrieval icon to indicate the voicemail was retrieved. 15. A memory device storing instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform operations, the operations comprising: receiving a notification indicating a device has retrieved a voicemail, the device associated with a network address; receiving global positioning system information associated with the device retrieving the voicemail, the global positioning system information describing a retrieval location at which the device retrieved the voicemail; and adding an entry to an electronic database, the entry electronically associating the global positioning system information describing the retrieval location to the network address associated with the device. 16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a name associated with a recipient associated with the voicemail. 17. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a name associated with a sender associated with the voicemail. 18. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a name associated with the voicemail. 19. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise retrieving an electronic voicemail retrieval icon. 20. The memory device of claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise sending an electronic notification including the electronic voicemail retrieval icon to indicate the voicemail was retrieved.",
-    "Washing machine appliances and methods for operating washing machine appliances are provided. A method includes receiving a desired water temperature selection, and causing water to be flowed through a valve assembly to a nozzle, the nozzle operable to flow water into a tub of the washing machine appliance. The method further includes receiving, when the desired water temperature selection is an unregulated water temperature, an initial sensed water temperature from a temperature sensor, and causing the valve assembly to adjust a temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly when the desired water temperature selection is an unregulated water temperature and the initial sensed water temperature is below a predetermined temperature threshold. 1. A washing machine appliance, the washing machine appliance comprising: a cabinet; a tub disposed within the cabinet; a basket disposed within the tub and rotatable relative to the tub about a central axis; a nozzle operable to flow water into the tub; a valve assembly operable to regulate the flow of water to the nozzle, the valve assembly in fluid communication with a hot water source and a cold water source; a temperature sensor for sensing a water temperature; a control panel, the control panel comprising a water temperature selector; and a controller in communication with the valve assembly, the temperature sensor and the water temperature selector, the controller configured for: receiving a desired water temperature selection transmitted by the water temperature selector; causing water to be flowed through the valve assembly to the nozzle; receiving, when the desired water temperature selection is an unregulated water temperature, an initial sensed water temperature from the temperature sensor; and causing the valve assembly to adjust a temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly when the desired water temperature selection is an unregulated water temperature and the initial sensed water temperature is below a predetermined temperature threshold. 2. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly comprises adjusting a flow time for water from the hot water source through the valve assembly. 3. The washing machine appliance of claim 2, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly further comprises adjusting a flow time for water from the cold water source through the valve assembly. 4. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly comprises: calculating an initial ratio of hot water flow time to cold water flow time based on the initial sensed water temperature; and causing the valve assembly to flow hot water and cold water to the nozzle at the calculated initial ratio for an initial predetermined time period. 5. The washing machine appliance of claim 4, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly further comprises: receiving, after the initial predetermined time period, a subsequent sensed water temperature from the temperature sensor; calculating a subsequent ratio of hot water flow time to cold water flow time based on the subsequent sensed water temperature; causing the valve assembly to flow hot water and cold water to the nozzle at the calculated subsequent ratio for a subsequent predetermined time period. 6. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein the predetermined temperature threshold is between 55 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 7. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein the predetermined temperature threshold is between 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. 8. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein the desired water temperature selection is one of the unregulated water temperature or a regulated water temperature. 9. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein the desired water temperature selection is one of the unregulated water temperature, a regulated cold water temperature, a regulated warm water temperature, or a regulated hot water temperature. 10. The washing machine appliance of claim 9, wherein the regulated cold water temperature is between 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 68 degrees Fahrenheit, the regulated warm water temperature is between 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit, and the regulated hot water temperature is between 95 degrees Fahrenheit and 135 degrees Fahrenheit. 11. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is disposed within the tub. 12. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is a thermistor. 13. The washing machine appliance of claim 1, further comprising an additive dispenser, the additive dispenser in fluid communication with the nozzle. 14. A method for operating a washing machine appliance, the method comprising: receiving a desired water temperature selection; causing water to be flowed through a valve assembly to a nozzle, the nozzle operable to flow water into a tub of the washing machine appliance; receiving, when the desired water temperature selection is an unregulated water temperature, an initial sensed water temperature from a temperature sensor; and causing the valve assembly to adjust a temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly when the desired water temperature selection is an unregulated water temperature and the initial sensed water temperature is below a predetermined temperature threshold. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly comprises adjusting a flow time for water from the hot water source through the valve assembly. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly further comprises adjusting a flow time for water from the cold water source through the valve assembly. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly comprises: calculating an initial ratio of hot water flow time to cold water flow time based on the initial sensed water temperature; and causing the valve assembly to flow hot water and cold water to the nozzle at the calculated initial ratio for an initial predetermined time period. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein causing the valve assembly to adjust the temperature of the water flowed through the valve assembly further comprises: receiving, after the initial predetermined time period, a subsequent sensed water temperature from the temperature sensor; calculating a subsequent ratio of hot water flow time to cold water flow time based on the subsequent sensed water temperature; causing the valve assembly to flow hot water and cold water to the nozzle at the calculated subsequent ratio for a subsequent predetermined time period. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the predetermined temperature threshold is between 55 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the desired water temperature selection is one of the unregulated water temperature or a regulated water temperature.",
-    "The IHC ion source comprises an ion source chamber having a cathode and a repeller on opposite ends. The ion source chamber is constructed of a ceramic material having very low electrical conductivity. An electrically conductive liner may be inserted into the ion source chamber and may cover three sides of the ion source chamber. The liner may be electrically connected to the faceplate, which contains the extraction aperture. The electrical connections for the cathode and repeller pass through apertures in the ceramic material. In this way, the apertures may be made smaller than otherwise possible as there is no risk of arcing. In certain embodiments, the electrical connections are molded into the ion source chamber or are press fit in the apertures. Further, the ceramic material used for the ion source chamber is more durable and introduces less contaminants to the extracted ion beam. 1. An indirectly heated cathode ion source, comprising: an ion source chamber into which a gas is introduced, the ion source chamber constructed of an electrically insulating material and having a bottom, two opposite ends, and two sides; a cathode disposed on one of the two opposite ends of the ion source chamber; a repeller disposed at a second of the two opposite ends of the ion source chamber; an electrically conductive liner covering at least one of the bottom and the two sides of the ion source chamber; and a faceplate having an extraction aperture disposed opposite the bottom of the ion source chamber. 2. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the faceplate is electrically conductive, and the electrically conductive liner is in electrical contact with the faceplate. 3. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive liner is in electrical contact with the cathode. 4. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive liner is in electrical contact with the repeller. 5. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, further comprising a liner power supply, wherein the electrically conductive liner is in electrical contact with the liner power supply. 6. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, further comprising a first electrical connection passing through a first aperture in the ion source chamber to the cathode, and a second electrical connection passing through a second aperture in the ion source chamber to the repeller, wherein the first aperture and the second aperture are dimensioned such that the first electrical connection and the second electrical connection contacts the ion source chamber. 7. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, further comprising a first electrical connection passing through the ion source chamber to the cathode, and a second electrical connection passing through the ion source chamber to the repeller, wherein a first electrically conductive material and a second electrically conductive material are molded into the ion source chamber, wherein the first electrically conductive material and the second electrically conductive material form part of the first electrical connection and the second electrical connection, respectively. 8. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a ceramic material. 9. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 8, wherein the ceramic material comprises aluminum nitride. 10. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 8, wherein the ceramic material is selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, zirconium, yttrified-zirconium carbide, and zirconium oxide. 11. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive liner comprises three planar segments. 12. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive liner has a \u201cU\u201d shape. 13. An indirectly heated cathode ion source, comprising: an ion source chamber into which a gas is introduced, the ion source chamber constructed of a ceramic material and having a bottom, two opposite ends, and two sides; a cathode disposed on one of the two opposite ends of the ion source chamber; a repeller disposed at a second of the two opposite ends of the ion source chamber; an electrically conductive liner covering the bottom and two sides of the ion source chamber; and an electrically conductive faceplate having an extraction aperture disposed opposite the bottom of the ion source chamber and in electrical communication with the electrically conductive liner. 14. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 13, wherein the electrically conductive liner comprises three planar segments. 15. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 13, wherein the electrically conductive liner has a \u201cU\u201d shape. 16. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 13, wherein the ceramic material comprises aluminum nitride. 17. The indirectly heated cathode ion source of claim 13, wherein the ceramic material is selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, zirconium, yttrified-zirconium carbide, and zirconium oxide. 18. An apparatus for use with an indirectly heated cathode ion source, comprising: an ion source chamber constructed of an electrically insulating material and having a bottom, two opposite ends, and two sides; an electrically conductive liner covering at least one of the bottom and the two sides of the ion source chamber; and a faceplate having an extraction aperture disposed opposite the bottom of the ion source chamber. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the electrically conductive liner covers the bottom and the two sides of the ion source chamber.",
-    "A semiconductor device is disclosed. The semiconductor device can include a first dielectric layer disposed on a substrate; a set of bias lines disposed on the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed on the first dielectric layer and between the set of bias lines, wherein a thickness of the second dielectric layer is less than a thickness of the first dielectric layer; a patterned semiconductor layer disposed on portions of the second dielectric layer; and a set of devices disposed on the patterned semiconductor layer above the set of bias lines. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first dielectric layer disposed on a substrate; a set of bias lines disposed on the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer disposed on the first dielectric layer and between the set of bias lines, wherein a thickness of the second dielectric layer is less than a thickness of the first dielectric layer; a patterned semiconductor layer disposed on portions of the second dielectric layer; and a set of devices disposed on the patterned semiconductor layer above the set of bias lines. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the set of devices includes a transistor. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the set of bias lines includes: a first bias line with a first back-gate bias; and a second bias line with a second back-gate bias. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a set of oxide spacers disposed between the set of bias lines and the second dielectric layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first dielectric layer is between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and approximately 100 nm. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the second dielectric layer is between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and approximately 30 nm. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer includes a rare earth oxide (REO). 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a third dielectric layer positioned on each of the second dielectric layer and the set of bias lines, wherein a thickness of the third dielectric layer is less than the thickness of the first dielectric layer. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein the thickness of the third dielectric layer is between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and approximately 30 nm. 10. A semiconductor device comprising: a first dielectric layer positioned on a substrate, a set of bias lines positioned on the first dielectric layer, the set of bias lines including: a first bias line having a first back-gate bias, and a second bias line having a second back-gate bias; a second dielectric layer positioned on the first dielectric layer and between the set of bias lines, wherein an upper surface of the set of bias lines is substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the second bias line; a third dielectric layer positioned on each of the second dielectric layer and the set of bias lines, wherein a thickness of the third dielectric layer is less than a thickness of the first dielectric layer; a semiconductor layer positioned on the third dielectric layer; and a set of devices positioned on the semiconductor layer, wherein the set of devices includes a first transistor disposed above the first bias line and a second transistor disposed above the second bias line. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first dielectric layer includes a rare earth oxide (REO). 12. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the thickness of the first dielectric layer is between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and approximately 100 nm. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the thickness of the third dielectric layer is between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and approximately 30 nm. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein each of the first, second, and third dielectric layers includes an epitaxial oxide compound. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first bias line is doped oppositely from the second bias line. 16. A semiconductor device comprising: a first dielectric layer positioned on a substrate and having a thickness between approximately 10 nanometers (nm) and approximately 100 nm, a set of bias lines positioned on the first dielectric layer, the set of bias lines including: a first bias line having a first back-gate bias, and a second bias line having a second back-gate bias; a second dielectric layer positioned on the first dielectric layer and between the set of bias lines and having a thickness between approximately 10 nm and approximately 30 nm, wherein an upper surface of the set of bias lines is substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the second bias line, and wherein a thickness of the second dielectric layer is less than a thickness of the first dielectric layer; a third dielectric layer positioned on each of the second dielectric layer and the set of bias lines and having a thickness between approximately 10 nm and approximately 30 nm, wherein a thickness of the third dielectric layer is less than a thickness of the first dielectric layer; a semiconductor layer positioned on the third dielectric layer; and a set of devices positioned on the semiconductor layer, wherein the set of devices includes a first transistor disposed above the first bias line and a second transistor disposed above the second bias line. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein each of the first, second, and third dielectric layers includes an epitaxial oxide compound. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the each of the first, second, and third dielectric layers includes a rare earth oxide (REO). 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein a material composition of the first bias line is different form a material composition of the second bias line. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16, further comprising a set of oxide spacers disposed between the set of bias lines and the second dielectric layer.",
-    "The present invention relates to a Solanum lycopersicum seed designated 72-630 RZ. The present invention also relates to a Solanum lycopersicum plant produced by growing the 72-630 RZ seed. The invention further relates to methods for producing the tomato cultivar, represented by tomato variety 72-630 RZ. 1. A tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant designated 72-630 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514. 2. The plant as claimed in claim 1, which is grown from seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514. 3. A seed of the plant of claim 1. 4. A seed that is capable of growing into a plant of claim 1. 5. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for sexual reproduction. 6. A part of the plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein said part comprises a microspore, pollen, an ovary, an ovule, an embryo sac, or an egg cell. 7. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for vegetative reproduction. 8. A part as claimed in claim 7, said part comprises a cutting, a root, a stem, a cell, or a protoplast. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells from the tomato plant of claim 1. 10. The cell or protoplast of claim 8 derived from a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed, or a stem. 11. A method for producing a progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or with another Solanum lycopersicum plant, harvesting the resultant seed, and growing said seed. 12. A progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, wherein said progeny plant has genetic material for exhibiting the morphological and physiological characteristics as found in tomato variety 72-630 RZ; wherein the genetic information is as contained in a plant, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514. 13. A progeny of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514, wherein the morphological and physiological characteristics are as found in tomato variety 72-630 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514. 14. A progeny of a tomato plant as claimed in claim 12, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514, wherein the progeny is further modified in one or more other characteristics. 15. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by mutagenesis. 16. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by transformation with a transgene. 17. A method of producing an inbred tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-630 RZ, comprising the steps: a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-630 RZ by crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; and d) repeating step b) or c) for at least 3 more generations to produce an inbred Solanum lycopersicum plant derived from the hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-630 RZ. 18. An inbred tomato plant produced by the method of claim 17. 19. A method of producing a tomato fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to develop fruit; and (b) collecting a tomato fruit from the plant. 20. A fruit produced by the method of claim 19. 21. The fruit of claim 20, wherein the fruit is part of a food product, optionally in processed form. 22. A method for producing a seed of a 72-630 RZ -derived tomato plant comprising (a) crossing a plant of tomato variety 72-630 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42514, with itself or a second tomato plant, and (b) whereby seed of a 72-630 RZ-derived tomato plant forms. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising (c) crossing a plant grown from 72-630 RZ-derived tomato seed with itself or with a second tomato plant to yield additional 72-630 RZ-derived tomato seed, (d) growing the additional 72-630 RZ-derived tomato seed of step (c) to yield additional 72-630 RZ-derived tomato plants, and (e) repeating the crossing and growing of steps (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further 72-630 RZ-derived tomato plants. 24. A method of introducing a desired trait into a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-630 RZ comprising: a) crossing a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-630 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42514 with a second Solanum lycopersicum plant that comprises the desired trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with said parent plant of tomato variety 72-630 RZ, to produce backcross progeny and (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-630 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising: (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprises the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-630 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the parent plant is obtained by reverse breeding. 27. A method of determining the genotype of a plant of tomato variety 72-630 RZ, representative seed of which has been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42514, or a first generation progeny thereof, comprising obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and comparing said nucleic acids to a sample of nucleic acids obtained from a reference plant, and detecting a plurality of polymorphisms between the two nucleic acid samples, wherein the plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-630 RZ and/or give rise to the expression of any one or more, or all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-630 RZ as claimed in claim 1. 28. The method of claim 27 additionally comprising the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium, or transmitting the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms.",
-    "The present invention relates to the field of cancer immunotherapy. In particular, vaccines are administered in conjunction with high doses of cytokines to enhance an anti-tumor immune response. 1. A method for treating cancer comprising: a) administering to a host a composition containing a tumor antigen, fragment thereof or nucleic acid encoding the tumor antigen such that the host develops an immune response against the tumor antigen; and, b) subsequently administering to the host a high dose of a cytokine; whereby the combination of steps a) and b) provides an enhanced T cell response in the host relative to that which occurs following step a) alone. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the tumor antigen is administered as a polypeptide or peptide. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises a nucleic acid encoding a tumor antigen. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the nucleic acid is contained within a plasmid or a viral vector. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of poxvirus, adenovirus, retrovirus, herpesvirus, and adeno-associated virus. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the viral vector is a poxvirus selected from the group consisting of vaccinia, NYVAC, MVA, avipox, canarypox, ALVAC, ALVAC(2), fowlpox, and TROVAC. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the viral vector is a poxvirus selected from the group consisting of NYVAC, ALVAC, and ALVAC(2). 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the cytokine is IFN. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the cytokine is IFN-\u03b1. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the cytokine is IFN-\u03b12b. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of gp100, MART-1/Melan A, gp75/TRP-1, tyrosinase, NY-ESO-1, melanoma proteoglycan, a MAGE antigen, a BAGE antigen, a GAGE antigen, RAGE antigen, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V, p15, 13-catenin, MUM-1, cyclin dependent kinase-4, p21-ras, BCR-abl, p53, p185 HER2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, carcinoembryonic antigen, modified carcinoembryonic antigen, carcinoma-associated mutated mucins, an Epstein Barr Virus EBNA gene product, papilloma virus E7, papilloma virus E6, prostate specific antigen, prostate specific membrane antigen, KSA, kinesin 2, HIP-55, TGF\u03b2-1 anti-apoptotic factor, tumor protein D52, H1FT, an NY-BR antigen, fragments thereof, and derivatives thereof. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of gp100, MAGE-1, MAGE-2, MAGE-3, MAGE-4, MAGE-6, MAGE-12, MAGE-51, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, RAGE-1, NY-BR-1, NY-BR-62, NY-BR-75, NY-BR-85, NY-BR-87, and NY-BR-96. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the tumor antigen is gp100. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises an poxviral vector encoding a tumor antigen or a fragment thereof and the cytokine is a T cell activating cytokine. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein poxviral vector is an ALVAC vector and the T cell activating cytokine is IFN. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the T cell activating cytokine is IFN\u03b1. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the T cell activating cytokine is IFN\u03b12b. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein IFN\u03b12b is administered at at least 10 MU/m2/d IV at least two times per week for at least two weeks. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein IFN\u03b12b is administered at at least 10 MU/m2/d IV at least three times per week for at least two weeks. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein IFN\u03b12b is administered at at least 10 MU/m2/d IV at least four times per week for at least two weeks. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein IFN\u03b12b is administered at at least 10 MU/m2/d IV at least five times per week for at least two weeks. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein IFN\u03b12b is administered at at least 20 MU/m2/d IV at least five times per week for at least four weeks.",
-    "An image reading device includes a housing, a first support member, a reading unit, a movable member, and a flat cable. The housing defines an accommodating space between a bottom surface and a frame member facing the bottom surface. The first support member is supported by the housing and covers the accommodating space. The movable member holds the reading unit disposed in the accommodating space. The flat cable is connected to the reading unit at one end and an electrical part outside the accommodating space at the other end. The housing further includes a support wall protruding from the bottom surface toward the first support member and a cable receiving portion receiving a middle portion of the flat cable. The cable receiving portion is formed at a higher height level than a particular area of the bottom surface located between the support wall and the cable receiving portion. 1. An image reading device comprising: a housing including a bottom surface and a frame member that faces the bottom surface with a predetermined spacing therebetween, the housing defining an accommodating space between the bottom surface and the frame member; a first support member supported by the housing with an outer periphery of the first support member surrounded by the frame member, the first support member covering the accommodating space, the first support member being configured to support a document; a reading unit disposed in the accommodating space and extending in a first direction parallel to the first support member, the reading unit being configured to read an image on the document supported by the first support member; a movable member holding the reading unit, the movable member being configured to reciprocally move in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and a flat cable having one end connected to the reading unit, a middle portion disposed on the bottom surface, and the other end connected to an electrical part disposed outside the accommodating space, the flat cable being configured to follow reciprocating movement of the movable member, wherein the housing further includes a cable receiving portion formed in the bottom surface and receiving the middle portion of the flat cable thereon, and a support wall protruding from the bottom surface toward the first support member, extending along the cable receiving portion in the second direction, and supporting a location proximate to a portion of the outer periphery of the first support member, and wherein the cable receiving portion is formed at a higher height level than a particular area of the bottom surface located between the support wall and the cable receiving portion. 2. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein the particular area defines a groove portion, the groove portion being recessed between the cable receiving portion and the support wall and extending in the second direction. 3. The image reading device according to claim 2, wherein the groove portion surrounds the cable receiving portion. 4. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein the housing has a standing wall that protrudes from a vicinity of the cable receiving portion of the bottom surface toward the first support member and surrounds the cable receiving portion. 5. The image reading device according to claim 1, wherein the housing has a first discharge port formed therethrough such that the particular area communicates with the outside of the accommodating space. 6. The image reading device according to claim 5, wherein the particular area has a slope surface formed therein, and the slope surface slopes downward toward the first discharge port. 7. The image reading device according to claim 6, wherein the electrical part includes a control board disposed beneath the bottom surface, and the other end of the flat cable passes through a through-hole formed in the cable receiving portion and is connected to the control board, wherein the first discharge port is formed through the support wall in the first direction, and wherein the bottom surface has a second discharge port formed therein at a position that is further away from the flat cable than the first discharge port in the first direction. 8. The image reading device according to claim 1, further comprising: a metallic member mounted on the frame member; a ground part disposed in the accommodating space; and a ground spring configured to connect the metallic member to the ground part, wherein the ground spring is routed so as to bypass the support wall and the cable receiving portion. 9. The image reading device according to claim 1, further comprising: a cover supported by the housing such that the cover is movable between a closed position at which the cover covers the first support member and an open position at which the cover is spaced from the first support member; a conveyance unit provided on the cover, the conveyance unit being configured to convey document sheets one by one; and a second support member supported by the housing with a predetermined spacing from the first support member in the second direction, the second support member being contactable with the document sheets conveyed by the conveyance unit, wherein an outer edge of the first support member and an outer edge of the second support member that faces the outer edge of the first support member are bonded to the frame member using an adhesive tape, and the adhesive tape extends to a location proximate to the support wall. 10. The image reading device according to claim 9, wherein the adhesive tape extends to a position beyond the support wall in the first direction. 11. An image reading device comprising: a housing including a bottom surface and a frame member that faces the bottom surface with a predetermined spacing therebetween, the housing defining an accommodating space between the bottom surface and the frame member; a first support member supported by the housing with an outer periphery of the first support member surrounded by the frame member, the first support member covering the accommodating space, the first support member being configured to support a document; a reading unit disposed in the accommodating space and extending in a first direction parallel to the first support member, the reading unit being configured to read an image on the document supported by the first support member; a movable member holding the reading unit, the movable member being configured to reciprocally move in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and a flat cable having one end connected to the reading unit, a middle portion disposed on the bottom surface, and the other end connected to an electrical part disposed outside the accommodating space, the flat cable being configured to follow reciprocating movement of the movable member, wherein the housing further includes a cable receiving portion formed in the bottom surface and receiving the middle portion of the flat cable thereon, and a support wall protruding from the bottom surface toward the first support member, extending along the cable receiving portion in the second direction, and supporting a location proximate to a portion of the outer periphery of the first support member, and wherein the bottom surface includes a particular area that surrounds the cable receiving portion, the particular area of the bottom surface being formed at a lower height level than the cable receiving portion.",
-    "A liquid cartridge includes a chamber configured to store liquid therein, with a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the chamber. A detector is positioned in the chamber so as to be rotatable between a released position and a restricted position. The detector has a detection portion and a restriction portion with a first contact surface defining a first length. A restriction member includes a second contact surface that defines a second length greater than the first length. The restriction member is movable straightly between a first position in which the first and second contact surfaces contact one another, a second position in which the first and second contact surfaces do not contact one another, and a third position between the first and second positions in which the first and second contact surfaces contact one another. 1. A liquid cartridge comprising: a chamber configured to store liquid therein; a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the chamber; a detector positioned in the chamber, the detector being rotatable between a released position and a restricted position, the detector comprising a detection portion and a restriction portion having a first contact surface defining a first length; and a restriction member comprising a second contact surface defining a second length greater than the first length, the restriction member being movable straightly between a first position in which the first and second contact surfaces contact one another, a second position in which the first and second contact surfaces do not contact one another, and a third position between the first and second positions in which the first and second contact surfaces contact one another. 2. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the first contact surface is configured to slide relative to the second contact surface when the restriction member moves between the first position and the second position. 3. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second contact surfaces extends parallel to a movement direction of the restriction member. 4. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the first contact surface has a curved surface. 5. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the first contact surface has a first flat surface and the second contact surface has a second flat surface configured to contact the first flat surface. 6. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the first contact surface is configured to contact the second contact surface to move the detector toward the restricted position as the restriction member moves from the second position to the first position. 7. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the restriction member includes: a body that is configured to be exerted upon by a force from an exterior the liquid cartridge, and an extending portion extending toward an axis of the detector from the body of the restriction member, and wherein extending portion has the contact portion. 8. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, further comprising a valve configured to move between a closed position in which the valve closes the outlet and open position in which the valve opens the outlet, wherein the outlet is positioned below an axis of the detector, and wherein the restriction member is connected to the valve such that the restriction member is configured to move from the first position to the second position in response to movement of the valve from the closed position to the open position. 9. The liquid cartridge according to claim 6, wherein the rotation member is positioned between the front wall and the rear wall, and comprises a float having a smaller specific gravity than ink stored in the ink chamber, wherein the float is positioned between the axis of the rotation member and the rear wall in a particular direction toward the rear wall from the front wall, and wherein the contact portion of the rotation member is positioned below the axis of the rotation member when the rotation member is positioned in the released position. 10. The liquid cartridge according to claim 7, wherein the float is spaced apart from the chamber when the rotation member is positioned in the restricted position.\u201d 11. The liquid cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the contact portion of the rotation member is positioned below the restricted position of the rotation member when the rotation member is positioned in the released position. 12. The liquid cartridge according to claim 9, wherein the rotation member comprises an arm, and the detection portion is disposed on the arm. 13. The liquid cartridge according to claim 9, wherein the contact portion of the rotation member extends from the axis of the rotation member. 14. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, further comprising a valve configured to move between a closed position in which the valve closes the outlet and open position in which the valve opens the outlet, wherein the outlet is positioned below an axis of the rotation member, and wherein the restriction member is connected to the valve such that the restriction member is configured to move in a direction intersecting to a movement direction of the valve with a movement of the valve. 15. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1 comprising: a chamber configured to store liquid therein; a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the chamber, the outlet including an outlet body defining an inner space, and a first opening providing fluid communication between the inner space of the outlet body and the liquid chamber, and a second opening above the first opening; an actuator extending through the second opening into the liquid chamber; a seal disposed in the second hole around the actuator to prevent fluid flow from the liquid chamber to the inner space; a detector positioned in the chamber, the detector being rotatable between a released position and a restricted position in response to movement of the actuator, the detector comprising a detection portion and a contact portion having a first contact surface defining a first length; and a restriction member comprising a second contact surface defining a second length greater than the first length, the restriction member being movable straightly between a first position in which the first and second contact surfaces contact one another, a second position in which the first and second contact surfaces do not contact one another, and a third position between the first and second positions in which the first and second contact surfaces contact one another; wherein a half or more of a movable range of the contact portion of the detector is within a rotation angle \u03b8 of 135\u00b0<\u03b8<225\u00b0. 16. A liquid cartridge comprising: a chamber; a liquid outlet configured to supply liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the chamber; a detector positioned in the chamber, the rotation member comprising a contact portion and being rotatable between a released position and a restricted position; and a restriction member being movable straightly between a first position in which the detector is in the restricted position and a second position in which the detector is in the released position; and wherein a half or more of a movable range of the contact portion of the detector is included within one of a first rotation angle \u03b81 range and a second rotation angle \u03b82 range, the first rotation angle range \u03b8 is: \u03b81<45\u00b0 or \u03b81>315\u00b0, and the second rotation angle range \u03b82 is: 135\u00b0<\u03b82<225\u00b0.\u201d 17. The liquid cartridge according to claim 16, wherein an entire of the movable range of the contact portion of the rotation member is included within one of the first rotation angle range and the second rotation angle range. 18. The liquid cartridge according to claim 16, wherein the first rotation angle \u03b81 range is: \u03b81<45\u00b0. 19. The liquid cartridge according to claim 16, wherein the restriction member comprises a first contact surface configured to contact the contact portion of the detector when the restriction member is in the first position, and a second contact surface configured to contact the contact portion of the detector to move the detector from the released position to the restricted position when the restriction member moves from the second position to the first position 20. The liquid cartridge according to claim 19, wherein the first contact surface and the second contact surface define an angle greater than 90\u00b0, 21. The liquid cartridge according to claim 19, wherein the first restriction surface is configured to slide relative to the contact portion of the detector when the restriction member moves from the first position toward a third position that is between the first position and the second position, and wherein the when the restriction member is positioned in a particular position between the second position and the third position, the first restriction surface is configured to spaced apart from the contact portion of the rotation portion. 22. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the first restriction surface is parallel to a movement direction of the restriction member. 23. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein at least one of the restriction portion or of the rotation portion have a curved surface configured to contact another one of the contact portion. 24. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the contact portion of the rotation portion having a first flat surface and the restriction portion having a second flat surface configured to contact each other. 25. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the restriction member is configured to contact with the rotation member and configured to move the rotation member toward the restricted position in a prosess of the movement of the restriction member from the second position to the first position. 26. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the restriction member having a body that is configured to be exert the force from an exterior the liquid cartridge and an extending portion extending toward an axis of the rotation member from the body of the restriction member, and wherein extending portion has the contact portion. 27. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21 further comprising a valve configured to move between a closed position in which the valve closes the outlet and open position in which the valve opens the outlet, wherein the outlet is positioned below an axis of the rotation member, and wherein the restriction member is connected to the valve such that the restriction member is configured to move from the first position to the second position with a movement of the valve from the closed position to the open position. 28. The liquid cartridge according to claim 27, wherein the rotation member is positioned between the front wall and the rear wall, and comprises a float having a smaller specific gravity than ink stored in the ink chamber, wherein the float is positioned between the axis of the rotation member and the rear wall in a particular direction toward the rear wall from the front wall, and wherein the contact portion of the rotation member is positioned below the axis of the rotation member when the rotation member is positioned in the released position. 29. The liquid cartridge according to claim 28, wherein the float is spaced apart from the chamber when the rotation member is positioned in the restricted position. 30. The liquid cartridge according to claim 17, wherein the contact portion of the rotation member is positioned below the restricted position of the rotation member when the rotation member is positioned in the released position.",
-    "An obstacle detection apparatus according to an embodiment includes an on-vehicle camera (image capturing unit), an estimation unit, and a determination unit. The on-vehicle camera is provided on a vehicle and captures an image of surroundings of the vehicle. The estimation unit estimates an existence region with an obstacle existing therein in an image captured by the image capturing unit. The determination unit determines presence or absence of the obstacle based on brightness of the existence region. 1. An obstacle detection apparatus, comprising: an image capturing unit that is provided on a vehicle and captures an image of surroundings of the vehicle; an estimation unit that estimates an existence region with an obstacle existing therein in an image captured by the image capturing unit; and a determination unit that determines presence or absence of the obstacle based on brightness of the existence region. 2. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the estimation unit estimates a region near a vanishing point in the captured image as the existence region; and the determination unit determines that the obstacle is present in the existence region in a case where a brightness distribution of respective pixels of the existence region is concentrated within a specific range. 3. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a boundary detection unit that detects a boundary between ground and something other than the ground in the captured image based on brightness of respective pixels of the captured image, wherein: the estimation unit estimates a region above the boundary as the existence region in a case where the boundary is detected by the boundary detection unit; and the determination unit determines that the obstacle is present in the existence region in a case where brightness of respective pixels of the estimated existence region is approximately uniform. 4. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a range extension unit that extends a dynamic range of respective pixels of the existence region, wherein the determination unit determines that the obstacle is present in the existence region in a case where an edge is detected in the existence region with the dynamic range extended by the range extension unit. 5. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a color edge detection unit that detects a color edge based on a color difference between respective pixels of the existence region, wherein the determination unit determines that the obstacle is present in the existence region in a case where the color edge is detected in the existence region by the color edge detection unit. 6. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a color emphasis unit that applies color emphasis to respective pixels of the existence region. 7. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the estimation unit estimates a region indicating brightness greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold in the captured image as the existence region; and the determination unit determines that the obstacle is present in the existence region in a case where the existence region is moved depending on movement of the vehicle. 8. The obstacle detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the estimation unit estimates, as the estimation region, two regions with shapes similar to each other, wherein the regions indicates brightness greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold in the captured image, and the determination unit determines that the obstacle is present in the existence region in a case where the two existence regions are extended and brightness of both of the two existence regions are increased, depending on movement of the vehicle. 9. An obstacle detection method, comprising: capturing an image of surroundings of the vehicle; estimating an existence region with an obstacle existing therein in a captured image; and determining presence or absence of the obstacle based on brightness of the existence region.",
-    "Provided are a colored composition which can maintain good light fastness even when placed under an environment having a low oxygen concentration for a long period of time, a cured film, a color filter, a method for producing a color filter, a solid-state image sensor, and an image display device. The colored composition includes a dye multimer (A) and a solvent (B), in which the dye multimer (A) has a partial structure derived from a xanthene dye having a cationic moiety, and also has an anionic moiety, and the content of water in the colored composition is 0.01% by mass to 3.0% by mass. 1. A colored composition comprising a dye multimer (A) and a solvent (B), wherein the dye multimer (A) has a partial structure derived from a xanthene dye having a cationic moiety, and also has an anionic moiety, and the content of water in the colored composition is 0.01% by mass to 3.0% by mass. 2. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of toluene in the colored composition is 0.01 ppm to 13 ppm. 3. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the concentration of the sodium ion and the concentration of the potassium ion in the colored composition is 0.001 ppm to 11 ppm. 4. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the anionic moiety is a weakly nucleophilic anionic moiety. 5. The colored composition according to claim 1, further comprising a phthalocyanine pigment. 6. The colored composition according to claim 1, further comprising a photopolymerization initiator. 7. The colored composition according to claim 1, further comprising a curable compound. 8. The colored composition according to claim 1, which is used for forming a colored layer of a color filter. 9. A cured film fanned by curing the colored composition according to claim 1. 10. A method for producing a color filter, comprising: applying the colored composition according to claim 1 onto a support to form a colored composition layer; patternwise exposing the colored composition layer; and removing an unexposed area by development to form a colored pattern. 11. A method for producing a color filter, comprising: applying the colored composition according to claim 1 onto a support to form a colored composition layer, followed by curing, to form a colored layer; forming a photoresist layer on the colored layer; patterning the photoresist layer by exposure and development to obtain a resist pattern; and dry-etching the colored layer using the resist pattern as an etching mask. 12. A color filter having the cured film according to claim 9. 13. A solid-state image sensor comprising the color filter according to claim 12. 14. An image display device comprising the color filter according to claim 12.",
-    "Provided are a colored composition which enables the formation of a pattern having excellent heat resistance and excellent solubility in solvents and has inhibited color migration; and a cured film, a color filter, a method for producing a color filter, a solid-state image sensor, and an image display device, each of which uses the colored composition. The colored composition includes a polymer anion having a repeating unit containing a weakly nucleophilic anionic structure, and a dye having a cationic structure, in which the weakly nucleophilic anionic structure represents an anionic structure produced by dissociating an organic acid having a lower pKa value than the pKa value of sulfuric acid. 1. A colored composition comprising: a polymer anion having a repeating unit containing a weakly nucleophilic anionic structure; and a cation having a dye structure, wherein the weakly nucleophilic anionic structure represents an anionic structure produced by dissociating an organic acid having a lower pKa value than the pKa value of sulfuric acid. 2. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the repeating unit containing a weakly nucleophilic anionic structure is represented by General Formula (1): in which in General Formula (1), Q represents the main chain of the repeating unit, L represents a single bond or a divalent linking group, and Z is an anionic structure represented by General Formula (2-1), an anionic structure represented by General Formula (2-2), or an anionic structure represented by the following General Formula (2-3); *\u2014Y1-A1 General Formula (2-1) in General Formula (2-1), * represents a binding site to L in General Formula (1), Y1 represents a fluorinated alkylene group, and A1 represents SO3\u2212; *\u2014Y2-(A2)n General Formula (2-2) in General Formula (2-2), * represents a binding site to L in General Formula (1), and Y2 represents an anion including a boron atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a phosphorus atom; in the case where Y2 is a boron atom, n is 3, and A2's are each a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, or an aryl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group; in the case where Y2 is a carbon atom, n is 2, and A2's are each a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, an aryl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, an alkylsulfonyl group which may contain at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, or an arylsulfonyl group which may contain at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, and two A2's may be bonded to each other to form a ring; in the case where Y2 is a nitrogen atom, n is 1, and A2's are each an alkyl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, an aryl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, an alkylsulfonyl group which may contain at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, or an arylsulfonyl group which may contain at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group; and in the case where Y2 is a phosphorus atom, n is 1 or 3, and A2's are each an alkyl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, an aryl group containing at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, an alkylsulfonyl group which may contain at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group, or an arylsulfonyl group which may contain at least one of a fluorine atom and a cyano group); and in General Formula (2-3), * represents a binding site to L in General Formula (1), and R's each represent a cyano group or a fluorinated alkyl group. 3. The colored composition according to claim 2, wherein in the case where Z in General Formula (1) is represented by General Formula (2-1), L has a fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 4. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the cation having a dye structure has a polymerizable group. 5. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymer anion contains a repeating unit having an acid group. 6. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the colored composition further comprises a polymerizable compound. 7. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the colored composition further comprises a pigment other than the cation having a dye structure. 8. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the colored composition further comprises a photopolymerization initiator. 9. The colored composition according to claim 8, wherein the photopolymerization initiator is an oxime compound. 10. The colored composition according to claim 2, wherein Z in General Formula (1) is an anionic structure represented by General Formula (2-1), or an anionic structure produced by dissociating at least one group selected from a fluorinated alkylsulfonimide group and a fluorinated alkylsulfonemethide group. 11. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the cation having a dye structure has a dye structure selected from a dipyrromethene dye, a triarylmethane dye, a xanthene dye, a cyanine dye, and a squarylium dye. 12. The colored composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymer anion having the repeating unit containing a weakly nucleophilic anionic structure and the cation having a dye structure form a dye multimer. 13. The colored composition according to claim 1, which is used for formation of a colored layer of a color filter. 14. A cured film obtained by curing the colored composition according to claim 1. 15. A color filter comprising the cured film according to claim 14. 16. A method for producing a color filter, comprising: applying the colored composition according to claim 1 onto a support to form a colored composition layer; patternwise exposing the colored composition layer; and developing an unexposed area after the exposure. 17. A solid-state image sensor comprising the color filter according to claim 15. 18. An image display device comprising the color filter according to claim 15.",
-    "A reinforcing fiber and reinforced material, which includes a fiber having a first radical wave therein, wherein said first radical wave includes an amplitude of between about 0.5 to 1 cm and a wave run width of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cm, and a leading run and trailing run of at least about 0.75. 1. A reinforcing fiber, which includes: a polymer fiber having a first radical wave therein, wherein said first radical wave includes an amplitude of between about 0.5 to 1 cm and a wave run width of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cm, and a leading run and trailing run of at least about 0.75 cm, wherein said wave includes a leading edge and a trailing edge which are generally normal to said leading run and said trailing run and form part of generally square wave. 2. (canceled) 3. The reinforcing fiber of claim 1, wherein said polymer fiber cross-sectional width can preferably be between 0.2 to 0.3 cm. and a linear density between about 2500 to 4500 Denier. 4. The reinforcing fiber of claim 1, having a second radical wave therein, wherein said second radical wave includes an amplitude of between about 0.5 to 1 cm and a wave run width of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cm, and a leading run and trailing run of at least about 0.75, wherein said leading run of said first radical wave interconnects said trading run of said second radical wave. 5. The reinforcing fiber of claim 4, wherein at least of said leading run of said second radical wave and said trailing run of said first radical wave are separated by about 1.5 cm. 6. A reinforced material, which includes: a concrete material, a plurality of polymer fibers substantially uniformly distributed and randomly oriented in said matrix material, each said polymer fiber having a first radical wave therein, wherein said first radical wave includes an amplitude of between about 0.5 to 1 cm and a wave run width of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cm, and a leading run and trailing run of at least about 0.75, wherein said wave includes a leading edge and a trailing edge which are generally normal to said leading run and said trailing run and form part of square wave. 7. (canceled) 8. The reinforced material of claim 6, wherein said polymer fiber cross-sectional width can preferably be between 0.2 to 0.3 cm. and a linear density between about 2500 to 4500 Denier. 9. The reinforced material of claim 6, having a second radical wave therein, wherein said second radical wave includes an amplitude of between about 0.5 to 1 cm and a wave run width of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cm, and a leading run and trailing run of at least about 0.75, wherein said leading run of said first radical wave interconnects said trading run of said second radical wave. 10. The reinforced material of claim 9, wherein at least of said leading run of said second radical wave and said trailing run of said first radical wave are separated by about 1.5 cm.",
-    "Bacteriophage are provided, and methods of making and using the bacteriophage also are provided. 1. A method for reducing the number of viable bacteria species in tobacco, comprising: contacting tobacco with an effective amount of a composition comprising a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide has at least 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 95% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid having at least 99% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is isolated. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is comprised within a bacteriophage. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco is contacted with the composition prior to fermentation of the tobacco. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method reduces the level of TSNAs in the tobacco. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacterial species is selected from the group consisting of Carnobacteriaceae, Virgibacillus and Staphylococcus.",
-    "Oral pharmaceutical formulations containing ditosylate salts of 4-quinazolineamines are described as well as methods of using the same in the treatment of disorders characterized by aberrant erbB family PTK activity. 1. An oral pharmaceutical composition, comprising (i) an active ingredient selected from a compound of formula (II), or salts or solvates thereof, wherein said active ingredient is present at a concentration of 30-60 percent by weight; (ii) at least one binder wherein said binder is present at a concentration of 4 to 9 percent by weight; (iii) at least one disintegrant wherein the disintegrant is present in a range of 2 to 8 percent by weight; (iv) at least one lubricant wherein the at least one lubricant, is present in a range of 0.6 to 1.3 percent by weight; and (v) at least one diluent wherein the at least one diluent, is present in a range of 35 to 50 percent by weight. 2. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein at least one diluent is microcrystalline cellulose. 3. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one diluent, is present in a range of 40 to 46 percent by weight. 4. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein at least one lubricant is magnesium stearate. 5. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one lubricant, is present in a range of 0.8 to 1 percent by weight. 6. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein at least one disintegrant is sodium starch glycolate. 7. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the disintegrant is present in a range of 3.5 to 5 percent by weight. 8. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said active ingredient is the ditosylate salt of the compound of formula (II). 9. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 8 wherein said active ingredient is N-{3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine ditosylate monohydrate. 10. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said active ingredient is present in a range of 45-51 percent by weight. 11. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said active ingredient, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, and diluent are comprised within a core tablet composition. 12. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 wherein said oral composition additionally comprises a film coat. 13. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 wherein said film coat is present in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 percent by weight of the core tablet composition. 14. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 wherein said film coat is present in the range of 2.8 to 3.2 percent by weight of the core tablet composition. 15. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one binder is povidone. 16. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein said binder is present at a concentration of 5.5 to 7.5 percent by weight. 17. An oral pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) N-{3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine ditosylate monohydrate; (ii) povidone; (iii) sodium starch glycolate; (iv) microcrystalline cellulose; and (v) magnesium stearate. 18. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 17 wherein: (i) said N-{3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine ditosylate monohydrate is present in a range of 30 to 47 percent by weight; (ii) said povidone is present in a range of 4 to 9 percent by weight; (iii) said sodium starch glycolate is present in a range of 2 to 8 percent by weight; (iv) said microcrystalline cellulose is present in a range of 35 to 50 percent by weight; and (v) said magnesium stearate is present in a range of 0.6 to 1.3 percent by weight. 19. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 herein: (i) said N-{3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine ditosylate monohydrate is present in a range of 30 to 60 percent by weight; (ii) said povidone is present in a range of 4 to 9 percent by weight; (iii) said sodium starch glycolate is present in a range of 2 to 8 percent by weight; (iv) said microcrystalline cellulose is present in a range of 35 to 50 percent by weight; and (v) said magnesium stearate is present in a range of 0.6 to 1.3 percent by weight. 20. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 wherein: (i) said N-{3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine ditosylate monohydrate is present in a range of 42 to 48 percent by weight; (ii) said povidone is present in a range of 5.5 to 7.5 percent by weight; (iii) said sodium starch glycolate is present in a range of 3.5 to 5.5 percent by weight; (iv) said microcrystalline cellulose is present in a range of 40 to 46 percent by weight; and (v) said magnesium stearate, is present in a range of 0.8 to 1.2 percent by weight. 21. The oral pharmaceutical composition of claim 20 wherein: (i) said N-{3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methanesulphonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine ditosylate monohydrate is present in a range of 45 to 51 percent by weight; (ii) said povidone is present in a range of 5.5 to 7.5 percent by weight; (iii) said sodium starch glycolate is present in a range of 3.5 to 5.5 percent by weight; (iv) said microcrystalline cellulose is present in a range of 40 to 46 percent by weight; and (v) said magnesium stearate is present in a range of 0.8 to 1.2 percent by weight.",
-    "The present invention relates to a Solanum lycopersicum seed designated 72-190 RZ. The present invention also relates to a Solanum lycopersicum plant produced by growing the 72-190 RZ seed. The invention further relates to methods for producing the tomato cultivar, represented by tomato variety 72-190 RZ. 1. A tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant designated 72-190 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510. 2. The plant as claimed in claim 1, which is grown from seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510. 3. A seed of the plant of claim 1. 4. A seed that is capable of growing into a plant of claim 1. 5. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for sexual reproduction. 6. A part of the plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein said part comprises a microspore, pollen, an ovary, an ovule, an embryo sac, or an egg cell. 7. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for vegetative reproduction. 8. A part as claimed in claim 7, said part comprises a cutting, a root, a stem, a cell, or a protoplast. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells from the tomato plant of claim 1. 10. The cell or protoplast of claim 8 derived from a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed, or a stem. 11. A method for producing a progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or with another Solanum lycopersicum plant, harvesting the resultant seed, and growing said seed. 12. A progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, wherein said progeny plant has genetic material for exhibiting the morphological and physiological characteristics as found in tomato variety 72-190 RZ; wherein the genetic information is as contained in a plant, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510. 13. A progeny of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510, wherein the morphological and physiological characteristics are as found in tomato variety 72-190 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510. 14. A progeny of a tomato plant as claimed in claim 12, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510, wherein the progeny is further modified in one or more other characteristics. 15. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by mutagenesis. 16. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by transformation with a transgene. 17. A method of producing an inbred tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-190 RZ, comprising the steps: a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-759 RZ by crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; and d) repeating step b) or c) for at least 3 more generations to produce an inbred Solanum lycopersicum plant derived from the hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-190 RZ. 18. An inbred tomato plant produced by the method of claim 17. 19. A method of producing a tomato fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to develop fruit; and (b) collecting a tomato fruit from the plant. 20. A fruit produced by the method of claim 19. 21. The fruit of claim 20, wherein the fruit is part of a food product, optionally in processed form. 22. A method for producing a seed of a 72-190 RZ-derived tomato plant comprising (a) crossing a plant of tomato variety 72-190 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42510, with itself or a second tomato plant, and (b) whereby seed of a 72-190 RZ-derived tomato plant forms. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising (c) crossing a plant grown from 72-190 RZ-derived tomato seed with itself or with a second tomato plant to yield additional 72-190 RZ-derived tomato seed, (d) growing the additional 72-190 RZ-derived tomato seed of step (c) to yield additional 72-190 RZ-derived tomato plants, and (e) repeating the crossing and growing of steps (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further 72-190 RZ-derived tomato plants. 24. A method of introducing a desired trait into a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-190 RZ comprising: a) crossing a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-190 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42510 with a second Solanum lycopersicum plant that comprises the desired trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with said parent plant of tomato variety 72-190 RZ, to produce backcross progeny and (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-190 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising: (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprises the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-190 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the parent plant is obtained by reverse breeding. 27. A method of determining the genotype of a plant of tomato variety 72-190 RZ, representative seed of which has been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42510, or a first generation progeny thereof, comprising obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and comparing said nucleic acids to a sample of nucleic acids obtained from a reference plant, and detecting a plurality of polymorphisms between the two nucleic acid samples, wherein the plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-190 RZ and/or give rise to the expression of any one or more, or all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-190 RZ as claimed in claim 1. 28. The method of claim 27 additionally comprising the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium, or transmitting the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms.",
-    "A sheet conveying apparatus, including: a base body having a conveyor surface; a separating roller configured to rotate about a first rotation axis parallel to a width direction of the conveyor surface and to convey a sheet downstream in a conveyance direction orthogonal to the width direction; a separating piece opposed to the separating roller and configured to cooperate with the separating roller to separate sheets being conveyed one by one; an attachment member removably attached to the base body at a position at which the attachment member is opposed to the separating roller, so as to form a part of the conveyor surface; a holder holding the separating piece and supported by the attachment member so as to be movable toward and away from the separating roller; and a first urging member provided between the attachment member and the holder for urging the separating piece toward the separating roller. 1. A sheet conveying apparatus, comprising: a base body having a conveyor surface on which a sheet is conveyed; a separating roller configured to rotate about a first rotation axis parallel to a width direction of the conveyor surface and to convey the sheet downstream in a conveyance direction orthogonal to the width direction; a separating piece located so as to be opposed to the separating roller and configured to cooperate with the separating roller to separate sheets being conveyed one by one; an attachment member removably attached to the base body at a position at which the attachment member is opposed to the separating roller, so as to form a part of the conveyor surface; a holder holding the separating piece and supported by the attachment member so as to be movable toward and away from the separating roller; and a first urging member provided between the attachment member and the holder for urging the separating piece toward the separating roller. 2. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a roller held by the attachment member so as to be movable toward and away from the separating roller and so as to be rotatable about a second rotation axis parallel to the width direction; and a second urging member provided between the attachment member and the roller for urging the roller toward the separating roller. 3. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the second rotation axis is located upstream of a nip position in the conveyance direction at which the separating roller and the separating piece nip the sheet, and wherein the roller has an overlapping portion overlapping the separating piece as viewed from the width direction. 4. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 2, comprising a pair of rollers each as the roller, wherein one of the pair of rollers is disposed adjacent to one of widthwise opposite end portions of the separating piece while the other of the pair of rollers is disposed adjacent to the other of the widthwise opposite end portions of the separating piece. 5. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the pair of rollers are connected by a joint shaft, and the second urging member urges the joint shaft. 6. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a pair of arms supported by the attachment member so as to be movable toward and away from the separating roller, the pair of arms being disposed such that one of the pair of arms is adjacent to one of widthwise opposite end portions of the separating piece while the other of the pair of arms is adjacent to the other of the widthwise opposite end portions of the separating piece and such that the pair of arms are located upstream of a nip position in the conveyance direction at which the separating roller and the separating piece nip the sheet; and a third urging member provided between the attachment member and the pair of arms for urging the pair of arms toward the separating roller. 7. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the pair of arms are connected by a joint, and the third urging member urges the joint. 8. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a pair of arms supported by the attachment member so as to be movable toward and away from the separating roller, the pair of arms being disposed such that one of the pair of arms is adjacent to one of widthwise opposite end portions of the separating piece while the other of the pair of arms is adjacent to the other of the widthwise opposite end portions of the separating piece and such that the pair of arms are located upstream of a nip position in the conveyance direction at which the separating roller and the separating piece nip the sheet; and a third urging member provided between the attachment member and the pair of arms for urging the pair of arms toward the separating roller, wherein the first urging member, the second urging member, and the third urging member are located at a central portion of the attachment member in the width direction so as to be arranged along the conveyance direction. 9. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a film supported by the attachment member on an upstream side of a nip position in the conveyance direction at which the separating roller and the separating piece nip the sheet, the film extending downstream in the conveyance direction so as to approach the separating roller. 10. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the holder is supported by the attachment member so as to be pivotable about a pivot axis parallel to the width direction, wherein the attachment member has a shaft defining the pivot axis, wherein the holder has a shaft hole through which the shaft passes, wherein the shaft has a pair of flat surfaces formed on an outer circumferential surface thereof, the pair of flat surfaces being opposed to each other with the pivot axis interposed therebetween, and wherein the shaft hole has a cutout having a dimension larger than a distance between the pair of flat surfaces and smaller than an outer diameter of the shaft. 11. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the part of the conveyor surface formed by the attachment member extends from an upstream side of the separating roller in the conveyance direction to a downstream side of the separating roller in the conveyance direction. 12. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the base body includes a first body portion forming the conveyor surface and a second body portion opposed to the separating roller with the first body portion interposed therebetween, wherein the attachment member is removably attached to the second body portion, and wherein the separating roller is supported by the second body portion. 13. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the attachment member includes an engaging portion engaged with the second body portion and a fastened portion fastened to the second body portion. 14. The sheet conveying apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the conveyor surface is bent at a bent portion so as to define a first surface inclined downward toward the bent portion and a second surface inclined upward from the bent portion and extending toward a downstream side in the conveyance direction, and the attachment member is attached to the base body through an opening formed across the first surface and the second surface.",
-    "A manual mixer serves to facilitate mixing and agitating materials for use during surgery. For example, the manual mixer includes a body portion defining an interior area, a mixing assembly provided in the interior area of the body portion, a crank assembly for actuating the mixing assembly, and a valve assembly. The mixing assembly serves to mix and agitate the materials provided in the interior through rotation of a plunger portion and a spring attached thereto, and through upwards and downwards movement of the plunger portion in the interior area. Rotation of the crank assembly serves to rotate the plunger portion and the spring attached thereto, and effectuate upwards and downwards movement of the plunger portion. The valve assembly can be opened to facilitate dispensing of the materials from the interior area. 1. A manual mixer for mixing and agitating materials for use during surgery, the manual mixer comprising: a body portion having a sidewall portion defining an interior area; a mixing assembly provided in the interior area of the body portion, the mixing assembly including a plunger portion and a variable-diameter spring, the plunger portion including at least one seal for interfacing with the sidewall portion, and the plunger portion including a portion for securely engaging the spring, the variable-diameter spring including a first end portion, a second end portion, and a coil extending between the first end portion and the second end portion thereof, the coil having a variable diameter, the plunger portion being adapted to move upwardly and downwardly within the interior area; a cap portion attached to the sidewall portion of the body portion, the cap portion enclosing the interior area of the body portion, and the cap portion including an aperture that is at least partially threaded; and a stem portion extending through the partially-threaded aperture in the cap portion, the stem portion being interconnected with the plunger portion, and the stem portion being at least partially threaded, wherein threads of the partially-threaded stem portion and threads of the partially-threaded aperture engage one another, and wherein rotation of the stem portion simultaneously rotates the plunger portion and spring, and moves the plunger portion upwardly or downwardly within the interior area, the rotational movement of the plunger portion and variable-diameter spring, and upward and downward movement of the plunger portion serving to mix and agitate the materials provided in the interior area. 2. The manual mixer of claim 1, further comprising a crank assembly, the crank assembly including the stem portion, a crank portion, and a handle portion, the crank portion being connected to the stem portion, and the handle portion being connected to the crank portion, wherein rotation of the crank portion and the handle portion imparts rotational movement to the stem portion. 3. The manual mixer of claim 1, wherein the variable-diameter spring is expanded when the plunger portion is moved upwardly, and the variable-diameter spring is compressed when the plunger portion is moved downwardly. 4. The manual mixer of claim 3, wherein the variable-diameter spring has a maximum diameter and a minimum diameter, the maximum diameter being greater than the minimum diameter, the variable-diameter spring, when fully compressed, having a substantially smaller height than a spring having a uniform diameter equal to the maximum diameter. 5. The manual mixer of claim 1, further comprising a valve assembly, wherein the body portion includes an outlet port communicating with the valve assembly, the valve assembly including a plug movable between an open position permitting fluid communication through the valve assembly between the outlet port and the exterior of the manual mixer, and a closed position prohibiting fluid communication through the valve assembly between the outlet port and the exterior of the manual mixer. 6. The manual mixer of claim 5, wherein downward movement of the plunger portion compresses the materials provided in the interior area, and, when the plug of the valve assembly is in the open position, the compression of the materials via downward movement of the plunger portion forces the materials to exit the manual mixer through the outlet port and the valve assembly. 7. The manual mixer of claim 6, wherein the plunger portion includes an air release valve allowing the passage of air thereby during compression of the materials in the interior area. 8. The manual mixer of claim 1, wherein the materials mixed and agitated by the manual mixer include bone cement. 9. A manual mixer for mixing and agitating materials for use during surgery, the manual mixer comprising: a body portion including a sidewall portion, the sidewall portion defining an interior area, a portion of the interior area receiving the materials to be mixed and agitated; a plunger portion provided in the interior area, the plunger portion including at least one seal for preventing the passage of the material to be mixed and agitated, the plunger portion being moveable upwardly and downwardly within the interior area from between a first position and a second position, the first position being a maximum upward position of the plunger portion, and the second position being a maximum downward position of the plunger portion; a variable-diameter spring provided in the interior area, the variable-diameter spring including a first end, a second end, and a coil extending between the first end and the second end, the first end of the variable-diameter spring being connected to the plunger portion, the spring being expanded when the plunger portion is moved upwardly within the interior area, and the spring being compressed when the plunger portion is moved downwardly within the interior area; a cap portion for enclosing the interior area, the cap portion including an aperture therethrough that is at least partially threaded; and a stem portion extending through the partially-threaded aperture in the cap portion, the stem portion being interconnected with the plunger portion, the stem portion being at least partially threaded, wherein threads provided in the aperture and on the stem portion engage one another, and wherein rotational movement of the stem portion simultaneously rotates the plunger portion and the variable-diameter spring, and moves the plunger portion upwardly or downwardly within the interior area due to the interaction between the threads provided in the aperture and on the stern portion, the rotational movement of the plunger portion and variable-diameter spring, and upward and/or downward movement of the plunger portion serving to mix and agitate the materials provided in the interior area. 10. The manual mixer of claim 9, further comprising a crank assembly, the crank assembly including the stem portion, a crank portion, and a handle portion, the crank portion being connected to the stern portion, and the handle portion being connected to the crank portion, wherein rotation of the crank portion and the handle portion imparts rotational movement to the stem portion. 11. The manual mixer of claim 9, wherein the variable-diameter spring has a maximum diameter and a minimum diameter, the maximum diameter being greater than the minimum diameter, the variable-diameter spring, when fully compressed, having a substantially smaller height than a spring having a uniform diameter equal to the maximum diameter. 12. The manual mixer of claim 9, further comprising a valve assembly, wherein the body portion includes an outlet port communicating with the valve assembly, the valve assembly including a plug movable between an open position permitting fluid communication through the valve assembly between the outlet port and the exterior of the manual mixer, and a closed position prohibiting fluid communication through the valve assembly between the outlet port and the exterior of the manual mixer. 13. The manual mixer of claim 12, wherein downward movement of the plunger portion compresses the materials provided in the interior area, and, when the plug of the valve assembly is in the open position, the compression of the materials via downward movement of the plunger portion forces the materials to exit the manual mixer through the outlet port and the valve assembly. 14. The manual mixer of claim 13, wherein the plunger portion includes an air release valve allowing the passage of air thereby during compression of the materials in the interior area. 15. The manual mixer of claim 9, wherein the materials mixed and agitated by the manual mixer include bone cement. 16. A method of mixing and agitating materials using a manual mixer, the method comprising: providing the manual mixer having a body portion, a mixing assembly, and a stem portion, the body portion defining an interior area, the mixing assembly being provided in the interior area, and the stem portion being interconnected with a portion of the mixing assembly; removing the mixing assembly from the interior area; providing the materials to be mixed and agitated in the interior area; replacing the mixing assembly in the interior area; and rotating the stem portion to simultaneously rotate a plunger portion and a variable-diameter spring of the mixing assembly, and move the plunger portion upwardly or downwardly within the interior area, the rotation of the plunger portion and the variable-diameter spring, and upwards and/or downwards movement of the plunger portion serving to mix and agitate the materials provided in the interior area. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the plunger portion is moveable between a first position and a second position, the first position being a maximum upward position of the plunger portion, and the second position being a maximum downward position of the plunger portion, the variable-diameter spring being expanded when the plunger portion is moved upwardly within the interior area toward the first position, and the variable-diameter spring being compressed when the plunger portion is moved downwardly within the interior area toward the second position. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the variable-diameter spring has a maximum diameter and a minimum diameter, the maximum diameter being greater than the minimum diameter, the variable-diameter spring, when fully compressed, having a substantially smaller height than a spring having a uniform diameter equal to the maximum diameter. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the manual mixer includes a valve assembly, and the body portion includes an outlet port communicating with the valve assembly, the valve assembly including a plug movable between an open position permitting fluid communication through the valve assembly between the outlet port and the exterior of the manual mixer, and a closed position prohibiting fluid communication through the valve assembly between the outlet port and the exterior of the manual mixer. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein downward movement of the plunger portion compresses the materials provided in the interior area, and, when the plug of the valve assembly is in the open position, the compression of the materials via downward movement of the plunger portion forces the materials to exit the manual mixer through the outlet port and the valve assembly.",
-    "A rotor disc having an enlarged radially outer rim defining a circumferentially-extending dovetail groove for housing the root portion of a rotor blade. The groove has a groove axis and the groove is unsymmetrical about the groove axis. For example, the dovetail groove may have a restricted radially outer opening extending to an enlarged radially inner bulb profile having a pair of axially opposed curved surfaces and the opposing curved surfaces may unsymmetrical about the groove axis. 1. A rotor disc having an enlarged radially outer rim defining a circumferentially-extending dovetail groove for housing the root portion of a rotor blade, the groove having a groove axis wherein the groove is unsymmetrical about a radially-extending plane through the groove axis. 2. A rotor disc according to claim 1 wherein the dovetail groove has a restricted radially outer opening extending to an enlarged radially inner bulb profile having a pair of axially opposed curved surfaces. 3. A rotor disc according to claim 1 wherein the opposing curved surfaces are unsymmetrical about the radially-extending plane through the groove axis. 4. A rotor disc according to claim 2 wherein one of the opposing curved surfaces is a multi-radii surface whilst the other has a single radius and/or the radius of one of the opposing curved surfaces is greater than the radius (radii) of the other curved surface. 5. A rotor disc according to claim 2 wherein each curved surface has a respective radially outer section and radially inner section. 6. A rotor disc according to claim 5 wherein the radially outer sections and/or the radially inner sections of the curved surface are both/each unsymmetrical about the radially-extending plane through groove axis. 7. A rotor disc according to claim 1 further comprising a bridging section for connection to an adjacent rotor disc. 8. A rotor disc according to claim 7 wherein the bridging section extends from the radially outer rim such that its radially outer surface is radially outwards of the opening of the groove. 9. A rotor disc according to claim 7 wherein the dovetail groove has a restricted radially outer opening extending to an enlarged radially inner bulb profile having a pair of axially opposed curved surfaces and wherein the curved surface proximal the bridging section has a greater radius of curvature than the curved surface distal the bridging section. 10. A rotor disc according to claim 7 wherein the dovetail groove has a restricted radially outer opening extending to an enlarged radially inner bulb profile having a pair of axially opposed curved surfaces and wherein the curved surface distal the bridging section has a multi-radii profile. 11. A rotor disc according to claim 7 wherein: the dovetail groove has a restricted radially outer opening extending to an enlarged radially inner bulb profile having a pair of axially opposed curved surfaces; each curved surface has a respective radially outer section and radially inner section; and the radially inner sections of the curved surfaces each have a respective radius with the radially inner section of the curved surface proximal the bridging section having a greater radius than the curved surface distal the bridging section. 12. A rotor disc according to claim 7 wherein: the dovetail groove has a restricted radially outer opening extending to an enlarged radially inner bulb profile having a pair of axially opposed curved surfaces; each curved surface has a respective radially outer section and radially inner section; and the radially outer section of the curved surface distal the bridging section has a multi-radii surface. 13. A rotor disc according to claim 7 wherein a distance from the groove to an exterior surface of the rim proximal the bridging section is less than the distance from the groove to an exterior surface of the rim distal the bridging section. 14. A compressor drum comprising at least one rotor disc according to claim 1. 15. A compressor drum comprising two rotor discs according to claim 1, the two rotor discs arranged adjacent one another with the bridging sections joined. 16. A gas turbine engine comprising a rotor disc according to claim 1 and/or a compressor drum comprising at least one rotor disc.",
-    "An ingestible bolus for automatically monitoring location and physiological parameters including core temperature of ruminant animals. The location parameters are determined using magnetic field information and/or GPS data sensed by the sensors in the bolus and communicated along with a unique ID number and time stamp to a centralized location. A data center at the centralized location comprises a computing environment for analyzing the data received from the bolus and transfer the analyzed results including animal temperature, location to a user interface display. The temperature information is analyzed at the data center to determine the health status of the animal. 1. An ingestible bolus for monitoring a health status and geolocation of a ruminant animal, the bolus comprising: a location sensor for providing a geographic location information of the ruminant animal; a physiological sensor for monitoring at least one physiological parameter of the ruminant animal; a unique ID for identifying each of the ruminant animal; a Radio Frequency (RF) transponder module coupled with a RF antenna for receiving and transmitting the unique ID, geographic location information and physiological parameter to at least one of: a data center; another ingestible bolus and a remote device. 2. The ingestible bolus of claim 1, wherein said location sensor comprises a magnetic field sensor for providing a unique magnetic field signature corresponding to a geographic location of the ruminant animal. 3. The ingestible bolus of claim 1, wherein said location sensor comprises a Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor for determining GPS coordinates corresponding to a geographic location of the ruminant animal. 4. The ingestible bolus of claim 1, wherein said physiological sensor comprises a temperature sensor for measuring a core temperature of the ruminant animal. 5. The ingestible bolus of claim 1, wherein physiological sensor is selected from a group consisting of comprises a pressure sensor, vibration sensor, acceleration sensor and heat sensor 6. The ingestible bolus of claim 1, wherein the data center is configured to receive a plurality of information from the bolus and process the information based on a predefined algorithm to determine the unique ID, geographic location and physiological parameter of the ruminant animal. 7. The ingestible bolus of claim 1, wherein the remote device comprises at least one of a smartphone, mobile phone, PDA and a computer. 8. The ingestible bolus of claim 2, wherein the unique magnetic field signature is compared with the predefined WMM (World Magnetic Model) values stored in an operating system at the data center to identify the latitude/longitude of the present location of the ruminant animal. 9. A system for monitoring a health status of a ruminant animal, the system comprising: at least one ingestible bolus configured to be disposed within a stomach of the ruminant animal, wherein the ingestible bolus comprises: a magnetic field sensor module for providing a unique magnetic field signature corresponding to a geographic location of the ruminant animal; a temperature sensor module for monitoring a core temperature of the ruminant animal; a unique ID sensor module for providing a unique ID of the ruminant animal; a Radio Frequency (RF) transponder module coupled with a RF antenna for receiving and transmitting the plurality of information comprising the unique ID, magnetic field signature and core temperature; and a data center at a centralized location comprising a computing environment for processing the plurality of information received from the ingestible bolus based on predefined algorithm and outputting results comprising geographic location, health status associated with the unique ID of the ruminant animal on a user interface. 10. The system of claim 9, further comprises a remote device connected to the data center through a communication network. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the remote device comprises at least one of a smartphone, mobile phone, PDA and a computer. 12. The system of claim 9, further comprises a master device or a satellite device for receiving the plurality of information from a plurality of ingestible bolus and transferring the plurality of information to the data center. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the plurality of information is sequentially transferred between the plurality of ingestible bolus to reach the master device or a satellite device or to reach the data center. 14. The system of claim 9, further comprises a Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor module for determining GPS coordinates corresponding to a geographic location of the ruminant animal.",
-    "A method comprises depositing a first dielectric layer on a top surface of a substrate, implanting ions of a first conductivity type into the substrate, forming a first trench and a second trench in the substrate, forming a first gate in the first trench and a second gate in the second trench and forming a first drain/source region, a second drain/source region and a third drain/source region with the first conductivity type, wherein the first drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the first gate and the third drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the second gate. 1. A method comprising: depositing a first dielectric layer on a top surface of a substrate; implanting ions of a first conductivity type into the substrate; forming a first trench and a second trench in the substrate; forming a first gate in the first trench and a second gate in the second trench; and forming a first drain/source region, a second drain/source region and a third drain/source region with the first conductivity type, wherein: the first drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the first gate; and the third drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the second gate. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a channel region in the substrate, wherein the channel region, the first drain/source region, the second drain/source region and the third drain/source region share a same polarity. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the first drain/source region, the second drain/source region, the third drain/source region, the channel region, the first gate and the second gate form a junction-less metal oxide semiconductor transistor. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: connecting the first gate with the second gate to form a gate of the junction-less metal oxide semiconductor transistor. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a first etching process to the first dielectric layer to form a first opening and a second opening, wherein: a width of the first opening is equal to a width of the first trench; and a width of the second opening is equal to a width of the second trench. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: after the step of applying the first etching process to the first dielectric layer, applying a second etching to the substrate to form the first trench and the second trench. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein: a bottom surface of the first trench is level with a bottom surface of the second trench. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a thin dielectric layer on sidewalls and bottoms of the first trench and the second trench; depositing a gate electrode layer in the first trench and the second trench; applying a chemical mechanical polish process to the gate electrode layer until a top surface of the thin dielectric layer is exposed; and applying a third etching process to the gate electrode layer to form the first gate and the second gate, wherein the first gate and the second gate are rectangular in shape. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: depositing a second dielectric layer over the first gate and the second gate; and applying a fourth etching process to the second dielectric layer until top surfaces of the first gate and the second gate are exposed. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: forming silicide regions over the first drain/source region, the second drain/source region, the third drain/source region, the first gate and the second gate respectively; depositing an etch stop layer over the substrate, wherein the silicide region are embedded in the etch stop layer; and depositing a third dielectric layer over the etch stop layer. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: forming a plurality of contact plugs in the third dielectric layer and the etch stop layer. 12. A method comprising: implanting first ions into a substrate; forming a first trench and a second trench in the substrate; forming a first gate in the first trench and a second gate in the second trench; implanting second ions into the substrate to form a first drain/source region, a second drain/source region and a third drain/source region, wherein: the first ions and the second ions have a same conductivity type; the first drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the first gate; and the third drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the second gate; forming silicide regions over the first drain/source region, the second drain/source region, the third drain/source region, the first gate and the second gate respectively; and forming a plurality of contact plugs connected to the silicide regions. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: forming a channel region having a same conductivity type as the first drain/source region, wherein the channel region, the first drain/source region, the second drain/source region and the third drain/source region form a first junction-less transistor cell. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: forming a second junction-less transistor cell connected in parallel with the first junction-less transistor cell. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the second junction-less transistor cell and the first junction-less transistor cell share a same substrate. 16. A method comprising: implanting ions with a first conductivity type into a substrate to form a bulk semiconductor region; forming a first trench and a second trench in the bulk semiconductor region; forming a first gate in the first trench and a second gate in the second trench; forming a first drain/source region with the first conductivity type; forming a second drain/source region with the first conductivity type, wherein the first drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the first gate; forming a third drain/source region with the first conductivity type, the third drain/source region and the second drain/source region are formed on opposing sides of the second gate; and forming a channel region in the bulk semiconductor region, wherein the channel region, the first drain/source region, the second drain/source region and the third drain/source region share a same polarity. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: implanting ions to form the bulk semiconductor region with an implantation depth in a range from about 0.1 um to about 2 um. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: forming the first trench and the second trench in the bulk semiconductor region, wherein the first trench and the second trench are of a width in a range from about 10 nm to about 50 nm and a depth in a range from about 10 nm to about 300 nm. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: doping the first drain/sourcing region, the second drain/sourcing region and third drain/sourcing region to achieve a doping concentration in a range from about 1018/cm3 to about 1\u00d71021/cm3. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: coupling the first gate and the second gate together.",
-    "A product management device searches for a missing bar-code ID which is not present among bar-code IDs read by a reading section from among a list of bar-code IDs recorded, in advance, in a predetermined order, calculates a reading time of the missing bar-code ID using reading times associated with bar-code IDs before and after the missing bar-code ID, and instructs the outputting of image data of capture times by cameras of the product to which the missing bar-code ID is attached using the calculated reading time, the relative positions of the cameras, and a speed of a belt conveyor. 1. A product management device which manages products which are carried thereto in a predetermined order using a video recording device which records image data of images captured by a camera, the product management device comprising: a reading section which reads identification information of the product attached to a surface of the product and acquires read information in which the read identification information is associated with a reading time of the identification information; and a product search control section which acquires a list of items of the identification information recorded, in advance, in the predetermined order, searches for missing identification information which is identification information which is not present in the read information among the list of items of identification information, and calculates the reading time of the missing identification information using the reading times associated with the items of identification information before and after the missing identification information in the read information. 2. The product management device of claim 1, further comprising: a recorded video output instructing section which identifies a capture time by the camera of the product to which the missing identification information is attached using the reading time calculated by the product search control section, the relative position of the camera, and a speed of the product. 3. The product management device of claim 2, wherein the recorded video output instructing section instructs the video recording device to output the image data of the identified capture time. 4. The product management device of claim 1, wherein products are carried by a belt conveyor. 5. The product management device of claim 1, wherein the recorded video output instructing section identifies each of the capture times captured by a plurality of the cameras, and instructs the video recording device to output the image data of each of the capture times. 6. A product management method in a product management device which manages products which are carried thereto in a predetermined order using a video recording device which records image data of images captured by a camera, the method comprising: reading identification information of the product attached to a surface of the product and acquiring read information in which the read identification information is associated with a reading time of the identification information; acquiring a list of items of the identification information recorded, in advance, in the predetermined order and searching for missing identification information which is identification information which is not present in the read information among the list of items of identification information; and calculating the reading time of the missing identification information using the reading times associated with the items of identification information before and after the missing identification information in the read information. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: identifying a capture time by the camera of the product to which the missing identification information is attached using the reading time calculated in the calculating, the relative position of the camera, and a speed of the product. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the video recording device is instructed to output the image data of the identified capture time. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein each of the capture times captured by a plurality of the cameras is identified, and the video recording device is instructed to output the image data of each of the capture times.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a bit line structure on a substrate, the bit line structure having a polysilicon layer pattern doped with impurities, and a metal layer pattern on the polysilicon layer pattern, a first spacer surrounding and contacting a sidewall of the bit line structure, the first spacer having a constant thickness, and a capacitor contact structure on the substrate, an air gap being defined between the capacitor contact structure and the first spacer. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a bit line structure on a substrate, the bit line structure including: a polysilicon layer pattern doped with impurities, and a metal layer pattern on the polysilicon layer pattern; a first spacer surrounding and contacting a sidewall of the bit line structure, the first spacer having a constant thickness; and a capacitor contact structure on the substrate, an air gap being defined between the capacitor contact structure and the first spacer. 2. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first spacer includes silicon nitride. 3. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a bit line contact on the substrate, the bit line contact contacting a bottom of the bit line structure. 4. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the bit line contact includes polysilicon. 5. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bit line structure further includes a barrier layer pattern between the polysilicon layer pattern and the metal layer pattern, the barrier layer pattern including a metal nitride. 6. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a second spacer surrounding a lower sidewall of the capacitor contact structure. 7. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a third spacer surrounding an upper sidewall of the capacitor contact structure and contacting an upper sidewall of the first spacer. 8. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a gate structure buried at an upper portion of the substrate; and an impurity region at an upper portion of the substrate adjacent to the gate structure, the bit line structure being electrically connected to the impurity region. 9.-15. (canceled) 16. A semiconductor device, comprising: a bit line structure on a substrate, the bit line structure including: a polysilicon layer pattern doped with impurities, and a metal layer pattern on the polysilicon layer pattern; a first spacer surrounding and contacting a sidewall of the bit line structure; a capacitor contact structure on the substrate; and an air gap between the capacitor contact structure and the first spacer, the air gap being in direct contact with the first spacer. 17. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the first spacer is a single silicon nitride layer with a constant thickness. 18. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the first spacer is directly between the bit line structure and the air gap. 19. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the first spacer completely covers the sidewall of the bit line structure, a portion of the first spacer extends laterally to cover a portion of an upper surface of the substrate. 20. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 16, further comprising a second spacer surrounding a lower sidewall of the capacitor contact structure, the air gap being between the first and second spacer. 21. A semiconductor device, comprising: a bit line structure on a substrate, the bit line structure including: a polysilicon layer pattern doped with impurities, and a metal layer pattern on the polysilicon layer pattern; a first spacer including nitride on a sidewall of the bit line structure, the first spacer having a constant thickness at least on sidewalls of the polysilicon layer pattern and the metal layer pattern; and a capacitor contact structure on the substrate, an air gap being defined between the capacitor contact structure and the first spacer. 22. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first spacer surrounds and directly contacts the sidewall of the bit line structure. 23. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 21, wherein the first spacer continuously covers the entire sidewall of the bit line structure. 24. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising a second spacer surrounding a lower sidewall of the capacitor contact structure, the air gap being between the first and second spacers. 25. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 24, wherein the first and second spacers contact each other to define bottom and sidewalls of the air gap. 26. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 21, further comprising: a gate structure on the substrate; first and second impurity regions at upper portions of the substrate adjacent to the gate structure, the bit line structure being electrically connected to the first impurity region, and the capacitor contact structure being electrically connected to the second impurity region; and a capacitor on the capacitor contact structure. 27. The semiconductor device as claimed in claim 26, wherein the capacitor contact structure includes lower and upper capacitor contacts stacked on the substrate, the lower capacitor contact being electrically connected to the second impurity region.",
-    "Systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media for generating an immersive three-dimensional sound space for searching audio. The system generates a three-dimensional sound space having a plurality of sound sources playing at a same time, wherein each of the plurality of sound sources is assigned a respective location in the three-dimensional sound space relative to one another, and wherein a user is assigned a current location in the three-dimensional sound space relative to each respective location. Next, the system receives input from the user to navigate to a new location in the three-dimensional sound space. Based on the input, the system then changes each respective location of the plurality of sound sources relative to the new location in the three-dimensional sound space. 1. A method comprising: generating, via a processor, a three-dimensional sound space having a plurality of sound sources playing at a same time, wherein each of the plurality of sound sources is assigned a respective location in a three-dimensional sound space relative to one another; assigning a user a current location in the three-dimensional sound space relative to each respective location; receiving an input from the user to navigate to a new location from the current location in the three-dimensional sound space; and based on the input, changing each respective location of the plurality of sound sources relative to the new location in the three-dimensional sound space. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional sound space is generated based on a search request. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of sound sources is identified based on search criteria in the search request. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sound sources comprises at least one of an audio playback or a live communication session, and wherein a respective playback of each of the plurality of sound sources can be automatically adjusted. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional sound space is generated using three-dimensional audio spatialization, and wherein the three-dimensional sound space comprises a visual component having at least one of an image, a visual cue, or a video, the visual component being associated with at least one of the plurality of sound sources. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each respective location is assigned to a respective sound source from the plurality of sound sources based on a relationship between the plurality of sound sources. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a user selection of a sound source from the three-dimensional sound space to yield a selected sound source; and generating a new three-dimensional sound space based on sound sources related to the selected sound source. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the input is received via at least one of a mouse, a touch screen, a touchpad, a keyboard, a camera, a photo-capture device, a voice-input device, a motion capture device, a system state, a device state, a sensor, or an external event. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sound sources is dynamically arranged based on groupings, wherein the groupings are based on at least one of a topic, a relevance, a search request, an association, a term, a characteristic of a sound, a respective sound associated with each of the plurality of sound sources, or content. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional sound space is based on a three-dimensional particle system. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the three-dimensional particle system is rendered via a computing device and displayed via at least one of a monitor, a tablet computer, three-dimensional glasses, a hologram projection, a smartphone, or a gaming system. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a distance between the user and the plurality of sound sources is based on an apparent three-dimensional position of the user. 13. A system comprising: a processor; and a computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: generating, via a processor, a three-dimensional sound space having a plurality of sound sources playing at a same time, wherein each of the plurality of sound sources is assigned a respective location in a three-dimensional sound space relative to one another; assigning a user a current location in the three-dimensional sound space relative to each respective location; receiving an input from the user to navigate to a new location from the current location in the three-dimensional sound space; and based on the input, changing each respective location of the plurality of sound sources relative to the new location in the three-dimensional sound space. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the three-dimensional sound space is generated based on a search request. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the plurality of sound sources is identified based on search criteria in the search request. 16. A computer-readable device storing instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: generating, via a processor, a three-dimensional sound space having a plurality of sound sources playing at a same time, wherein each of the plurality of sound sources is assigned a respective location in a three-dimensional sound space relative to one another; assigning a user a current location in the three-dimensional sound space relative to each respective location; receiving an input from the user to navigate to a new location from the current location in the three-dimensional sound space; and based on the input, changing each respective location of the plurality of sound sources relative to the new location in the three-dimensional sound space. 17. The computer-readable device of claim 15, wherein the three-dimensional sound space is generated based on a search request. 18. The computer-readable device of claim 17, wherein the plurality of sound sources is identified based on search criteria in the search request.",
-    "A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface includes: a display module including a display panel; a substrate which is located under the display module and is spaced apart from the display module by a spacer layer; and a pressure electrode. An electrical signal, which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the substrate, is detected from the pressure electrode, and the capacitance changes depend on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate, such that the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 1. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; a substrate which is located under the display module and is spaced apart from the display module by a spacer layer; and a pressure electrode which is directly formed on the display module, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 2. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein the pressure electrode is directly formed on a bottom surface of the display module. 3. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 4. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is changed by the bending of the display module. 5. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein the pressure electrode constitutes a plurality of channels. 6. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; a substrate which is located under the display module and is spaced apart from the display module by a spacer layer; and a pressure electrode which is integrally formed with the display module, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 7. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein the pressure electrode is integrally formed with a bottom surface of the display module. 8. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 9. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is changed by the bending of the display module. 10. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein the pressure electrode constitutes a plurality of channels. 11. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; a substrate which is located under the display module and is spaced apart from the display module by a spacer layer; and a pressure electrode printed on the display module, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 12. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein the pressure electrode is printed on a bottom surface of the display module. 13. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 14. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is changed by the bending of the display module. 15. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein the pressure electrode constitutes a plurality of channels. 16. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; a substrate which is located under the display module and is spaced apart from the display module by a spacer layer; and a pressure electrode patterned on the display module, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 17. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein the pressure electrode is printed in the form of a pattern on the display module. 18. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein the pressure electrode is printed in the form of a pattern on a bottom surface of the display module. 19. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 20. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the substrate is changed by the bending of the display module.",
-    "The present invention relates to a Solanum lycopersicum seed designated 72-245 RZ. The present invention also relates to a Solanum lycopersicum plant produced by growing the 72-245 RZ seed. The invention further relates to methods for producing the tomato cultivar, represented by tomato variety 72-245 RZ. 1. A tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant designated 72-245 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511. 2. The plant as claimed in claim 1, which is grown from seed having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511. 3. A seed of the plant of claim 1. 4. A seed that is capable of growing into a plant of claim 1. 5. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for sexual reproduction. 6. A part of the plant as claimed in claim 5, wherein said part comprises a microspore, pollen, an ovary, an ovule, an embryo sac, or an egg cell. 7. A part of the plant of claim 1, wherein said part of the plant is suitable for vegetative reproduction. 8. A part as claimed in claim 7, said part comprises a cutting, a root, a stem, a cell, or a protoplast. 9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells from the tomato plant of claim 1. 10. The cell or protoplast of claim 8 derived from a leaf, pollen, an embryo, a cotyledon, a hypocotyl, a meristematic cell, a root, a root tip, an anther, a flower, a seed, or a stem. 11. A method for producing a progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, comprising crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or with another Solanum lycopersicum plant, harvesting the resultant seed, and growing said seed. 12. A progeny plant of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, wherein said progeny plant has genetic material for exhibiting the morphological and physiological characteristics as found in tomato variety 72-245 RZ; wherein the genetic information is as contained in a plant, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511. 13. A progeny of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant of claim 1, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511, wherein the morphological and physiological characteristics are as found in tomato variety 72-245 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511. 14. A progeny of a tomato plant as claimed in claim 12, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511, wherein the progeny is further modified in one or more other characteristics. 15. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by mutagenesis. 16. The progeny as claimed in claim 14, wherein the modification is effected by transformation with a transgene. 17. A method of producing an inbred tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-245 RZ, comprising the steps: a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-759 RZ by crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation; c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second Solanum lycopersicum plant; and d) repeating step b) or c) for at least 3 more generations to produce an inbred Solanum lycopersicum plant derived from the hybrid tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-245 RZ. 18. An inbred tomato plant produced by the method of claim 17. 19. A method of producing a tomato fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to develop fruit; and (b) collecting a tomato fruit from the plant. 20. A fruit produced by the method of claim 19. 21. The fruit of claim 20, wherein the fruit is part of a food product, optionally in processed form. 22. A method for producing a seed of a 72-245 RZ-derived tomato plant comprising (a) crossing a plant of tomato variety 72-245 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42511, with itself or a second tomato plant, and (b) whereby seed of a 72-245 RZ-derived tomato plant forms. 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising (c) crossing a plant grown from 72-245 RZ-derived tomato seed with itself or with a second tomato plant to yield additional 72-245 RZ-derived tomato seed, (d) growing the additional 72-245 RZ-derived tomato seed of step (c) to yield additional 72-245 RZ-derived tomato plants, and (e) repeating the crossing and growing of steps (c) and (d) for an additional 3-10 generations to generate further 72-245 RZ-derived tomato plants. 24. A method of introducing a desired trait into a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-245 RZ comprising: a) crossing a parent plant of hybrid tomato variety 72-245 RZ, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. 42511 with a second Solanum lycopersicum plant that comprises the desired trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with said parent plant of tomato variety 72-245 RZ, to produce backcross progeny and (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-245 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising: (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprises the desired trait and all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of said parent plant of tomato variety 72-245 RZ, when grown in the same environmental conditions. 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the parent plant is obtained by reverse breeding. 27. A method of determining the genotype of a plant of tomato variety 72-245 RZ, representative seed of which has been deposited under NCIMB Accession No. NCIMB 42511, or a first generation progeny thereof, comprising obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and comparing said nucleic acids to a sample of nucleic acids obtained from a reference plant, and detecting a plurality of polymorphisms between the two nucleic acid samples, wherein the plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-245 RZ and/or give rise to the expression of any one or more, or all, of the morphological and physiological characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) variety 72-245 RZ as claimed in claim 1. 28. The method of claim 27 additionally comprising the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium, or transmitting the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms.",
-    "Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphates having Fe2+ organic complexes and methods for their direct synthesis in the absence of a co-templating agent are described. Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate having Fe3+ located in extra-framework locations within the pores of cages of the crystal are described. They are prepared by calcining the Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminphosphates containing Fe2+ polyamine complexes. Methods of using the Fe-SAPO-34 having Fe3+ located in extra-framework locations within the pores of cages of the crystal in the treatment of exhaust gases are described. 1. An Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate, wherein the Fe is only present as Fe2+ when analyzed by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy and the Fe2+ is in extra-framework locations and the Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate has not been calcined. 2. The Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 1, wherein the Fe2+ is present in a polyamine complex. 3. The Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 2, wherein the Fe2+ is present in two environments when analyzed by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy, with one environment having an isomer shift at about 1.15 mm s\u22121 and another environment having an isomer shift at about 0.87 mm s\u22121. 4. The Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 3, wherein the Fe2+ in the phase having an isomer shift at about 1.15 mm s\u22121 represents over 50% of the Fe2+ in the Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate. 5. The Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 1, said silicoaluminophosphate having a solid state UV-Vis absorption spectrum with an absorbance maximum at about 550 nm. 6. An Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate that in its calcined state comprises Fe3+ or a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+, wherein the Fe3+ is present in an amount greater than or equal to 90% of the total amount of Fe in the calcined Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate, and the calcined Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate is substantially free from Fe0. 7. The calcined Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 6, wherein the Fe3+ is present in an amount greater than or equal to 95% of the total amount of Fe in calcined Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate. 8. A calcined Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 6, said silicoaluminophosphate having a solid state UV-Vis absorption spectra having a continual decrease in absorption from 450 nm to 700 nm. 9. The Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate of claim 6, wherein Fe\u22123 is present in the calcined solid at from greater than 0% to 5% based on the weight of the composition. 10. A method of preparing a Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate where the Fe is only present as Fe2+ when analyzed by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy and the Fe2+ is located in extra-framework locations, the method comprising forming a mixture of phosphoric acid, silica, aluminium hydroxide, water, an organic linear polyamine and an iron salt. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the mixture does not comprise a co-templating agent. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the organic linear polyamine is diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), or mixtures thereof. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the Fe-SAPO-34 silicoaluminophosphate formed has a purple color. 14. A method of reducing the levels of NOx in a exhaust gas, the method comprising contacting an exhaust gas with a catalyst of claim 10.",
-    "A method for determining a response time of a brake of at least one assigned axis of a multi-axis machine includes actuating the axis, switching the brake, and determining a response time between a switching point in time and a response point in time at which a motion state of the axis changes. The method may further include opposing actuation of the axis while the brake is closed, and detecting a mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis. A method of operating or monitoring a multi-axis machine includes determining a response time and/or detecting mechanical play, and operating the machine or triggering a fault response based on the response time or mechanical play. 1. A method for determining a response time of a brake of at least one assigned axis of a multi-axis machine, the method comprising: actuating the at least one assigned axis; switching the brake; and determining a response time between a switching point in time and a response point in time at which a motion state of the axis changes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-axis machine is one of a robot or a machine tool. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the brake is switched from an opened state to a closed state, and wherein the response point in time is a point in time at which the rotational speed of the assigned axis is reduced by more than approximately 1 percent relative to the rotational speed at the switching point in time, or at which the assigned axis stops. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the brake is switched from an opened state to a closed state, and the response point in time is a point in time at which the torque necessary to maintain the velocity increases by more than approximately 1 percent. 5. Method of claim 1, wherein the brake is switched from a closed state to an opened state, and the response point in time is a point in time at which the axis begins to move. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting a change of the motion state of the axis with a position, velocity, or acceleration detection device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the switching point in time is a point in time at which a switching of the brake is triggered or detected by at least one of a signaling device or an energy technology device. 8. A method for determining a mechanical play of a brake of at least one assigned axis of a multi-axis machine, the method comprising: opposing actuation of the at least one assigned axis while the brake is closed; and detecting a mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the multi-axis machine is one of a robot or a machine tool. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein: opposing actuation comprises actuating the axis several times while the brake is closed; and detecting the mechanical play comprises determining a total mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis from individual mechanical plays which are detected during the several actuations. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the axis is actuated by a motor with at least one of a specified velocity or a specified force. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the axis is actuated by the motor with at least one of a specified rotational speed, or a specified torque. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the force is specified as at least one of: a function of friction; a function of a gravitational force; or based on a nominal force of the brake. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the force is model-based or based on a specified actuation. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein specifying the force as a function of a gravitational force comprises specifying the force as a function of the machine position. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the nominal force of the brake is a maximum nominal force. 17. A method of operating a multi-axis machine, the method comprising: determining at least one of a response time or a mechanical play of a brake associated with at least one axis of the machine, wherein: determining the response time comprises: actuating the at least one assigned axis, switching the brake, and determining the response time between a switching point in time and a response point in time at which a motion state of the axis changes, and wherein determining the mechanical play comprises: opposing actuation of the at least one assigned axis while the brake is closed, and detecting the mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis; and operating the multi-axis machine taking into account at least one of the determined response time or the determined mechanical play. 18. A method for monitoring a multi-axis machine, the method comprising: determining at least one of a response time or a mechanical play of a brake associated with at least one axis of the machine, wherein: determining the response time comprises: actuating the at least one assigned axis, switching the brake, and determining the response time between a switching point in time and a response point in time at which a motion state of the axis changes, and wherein determining the mechanical play comprises: opposing actuation of the at least one assigned axis while the brake is closed, and detecting the mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis; and triggering a fault response when at least one of the determined response time or the determined mechanical play lies outside of a specified range. 19. A controller for operating or monitoring a multi-axis machine, wherein the machine includes at least one assigned axis and an associated brake, the controller having programming code stored on a non-transitory machine readable data medium, the programming code configured to, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to: determine at least one of a response time or a mechanical play of the brake of the at least one axis of the machine, wherein: determining the response time comprises: actuating the at least one assigned axis, switching the brake, and determining the response time between a switching point in time and a response point in time at which a motion state of the axis changes, and wherein determining the mechanical play comprises: opposing actuation of the at least one assigned axis while the brake is closed, and detecting the mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis; and then take at least one of the following actions: trigger a fault response when at least one of the determined response time or the determined mechanical play lies outside of a specified range, or operate the multi-axis machine taking into account at least one of the determined response time or the determined mechanical play. 20. A computer program product for use with a multi-axis machine, wherein the machine includes at least one assigned axis and an associated brake, the computer program product having programming code stored on a non-transitory machine readable data medium, the programming code configured to, when executed by a controller, cause the controller to: determine at least one of a response time or a mechanical play of the brake of the at least one axis of the machine, wherein: determining the response time comprises: actuating the at least one assigned axis, switching the brake, and determining the response time between a switching point in time and a response point in time at which a motion state of the axis changes, and wherein determining the mechanical play comprises: opposing actuation of the at least one assigned axis while the brake is closed, and detecting the mechanical play between opposing maximum deflections of the axis; and then take at least one of the following actions: trigger a fault response when at least one of the determined response time or the determined mechanical play lies outside of a specified range, or operate the multi-axis machine taking into account at least one of the determined response time or the determined mechanical play.",
-    "An optical image stabilizer including an offset remover configured to remove a direct current offset of an angular velocity signal and output a corrected angular velocity signal; an idle state determiner configured to determine a moving-state or an idle state of the optical image stabilizer based on the corrected angular velocity signal; a switching filter configured to filter the corrected angular velocity signal using a second filter during a stabilization time and subsequently filter the corrected angular velocity signal using a first filter switched from the second filter when the optical image stabilizer is in the moving-state; and an integrator configured to integrate the filtered corrected angular velocity signal from the switching filter to output an angular position signal. 1. An optical image stabilizer comprising: an offset remover configured to remove a direct current offset of an angular velocity signal and output a corrected angular velocity signal; an idle state determiner configured to determine a moving-state or an idle state of the optical image stabilizer based on the corrected angular velocity signal; a switching filter configured to filter the corrected angular velocity signal using a second filter during a stabilization time and subsequently filter the corrected angular velocity signal using a first filter switched from the second filter when the optical image stabilizer is in the moving-state; and an integrator configured to integrate the filtered corrected angular velocity signal from the switching filter to output an angular position signal. 2. The optical image stabilizer of claim 1, wherein the first and second filters are high pass filters having different cut-off frequencies. 3. The optical image stabilizer of claim 1, wherein the switching filter is configured to filter the corrected angular velocity signal using the first filter when the optical image stabilizer is in the idle state. 4. The optical image stabilizer of claim 1, wherein the offset remover is configured to estimate a bias offset included in the angular velocity signal and update the direct current offset with the estimated bias offset when the optical image stabilizer is in the idle state. 5. The optical image stabilizer of claim 1, wherein the second filter has a cut-off frequency higher than that of the first filter. 6. The optical image stabilizer of claim 1, wherein the switching filter is configured to set a state value of the first filter based on a state value of the second filter at the time of switching the second filter to the first filter after filtering the corrected angular velocity signal using the second filter. 7. The optical image stabilizer of claim 1, wherein the idle state determiner is configured to low-pass-filter the corrected angular velocity signal and determine whether the optical image stabilizer is in the moving state or idle state, based on the low-pass-filtered corrected angular velocity signal. 8. A camera module comprising: an offset remover configured to remove a direct current offset of an angular velocity signal and output a corrected angular velocity signal; an idle state determiner configured to determine a movement state or idle state of the camera module based on the corrected angular velocity signal; a switching filter configured to filter the corrected angular velocity signal using a second filter during a stabilization time and subsequently filtering the corrected angular velocity signal using a first filter switched from the second filter, when the camera module is in the moving-state; an integrator configured to integrate the filtered corrected angular velocity signal from the switching filter to output an angular position signal; a lens controller configured to output a control signal based on the corrected angular position signal; and a lens module configured to adjust a position of a lens barrel according to the control signal. 9. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the first and second filters are high pass filters having different cut-off frequencies. 10. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the switching filter is configured to filter the corrected angular velocity signal using the first filter when the camera module is in the idle state. 11. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the offset remover configured to estimate a bias offset of the angular velocity signal and update the direct current offset with the estimated bias offset when the camera module is in the idle state. 12. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the second filter has a cut-off frequency higher than a cut-off frequency of the first filter. 13. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the switching filter is configured to set a state value of the first filter based on a state value of the second filter at the time of switching the second filter into the first filter, after filtering the corrected angular velocity signal using the second filter. 14. The camera module of claim 8, wherein the idle state determiner is configured to low-pass-filter the corrected angular velocity signal and determine whether the camera module is in the movement state or idle state based on the low-pass-filtered corrected angular velocity signal.",
-    "Application developers can request to have their applications registered for use with a content delivery platform. The operator of the content delivery platform establishes perimeters defining geographic areas, and maintains records reserving particular areas for delivery of content associated with particular sponsors. Registered applications running on mobile devices can request content from the content delivery platform. Based at least in part on the request, the content delivery platform can identify a target location, which may be the location of the mobile device, or some other location indicated in the request. A mobile device can be provided content based on the relationship of the target location to the geographic areas, so that a registered application running on a mobile device with a target location contained within a geographic area assigned to a particular sponsor will receive content related to that sponsor. 1. A method comprising: registering an application program for having content of a designated content provider delivered to one or more application program instances thereby designating the application program as a registered application program; receiving, from the registered application program, a request to obtain an interest in a designated geographic area for having content of the designated content provider delivered to the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed a boundary defining the designated geographic area; after it is determined that the interest in the designated geographic area is to be granted to the registered application program, storing a reservation associating the designated geographic area with the registered application program; restricting content delivery to the one or more application program instances to being content of the designated content provider after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area; and after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area, causing content of the designated content provider to be provided for use by the one or more application program instances. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein restricting content delivery to the one or more application program instances includes restricting content delivery after receiving the request to obtain the interest in the designated geographic area. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the request to obtain the interest in the designated geographic area includes receiving perimeter definitions that at least partially define the designated geographic area. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the perimeter definitions that at least partially define the designated geographic area comprises a latitude, a longitude, and a radius. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the perimeter definitions are content provider established. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the designated content provider, registered application program content thereof, wherein causing the registered application program content associated of the designated content provider to be provided for use by the one of more application program instances includes causing at least a portion of said received registered application program content to be provided for use by the one or more application program instances. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of a user or a developer of the registered application program is the designated content provider. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein an entity representing the object of interest is the designated content provider. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the registered application program is the of the designated content provider. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the designated content provider, one or more designated times, wherein causing the registered application program content of the designated content provider to be provided for use by the one or more application program instances includes causing the registered application program content to be provided for use by the one or more application program instances during the one or more designated times. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein restricting content delivery to the one or more application program instances includes restricting content delivery to being content to be delivered during the one or more designated times. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the request to obtain the interest in the designated geographic area includes receiving one or more designated times for having content of the designated content provider delivered to the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area during the one or more designated times. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the request to obtain the interest in the designated geographic area includes receiving a value representing a specified length of time for having content of the designated content provider delivered to the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area and has remained within the designated geographic area for the specified length of time. 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing, to a mobile device, the registered application program. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying, on a mobile device, at least a portion of the registered application program content of the designated content provider in response to the causing. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein displaying at least a portion of the registered application program content includes displaying at least a portion of the registered application program content via the one or more application program instances. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the request to obtain the interest in the designated geographic area includes receiving the request on a mobile device. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the registered application program is being executed on the mobile device. 19. A system comprising: memory; a communications interface operably coupled to the memory; and at least one processor operably coupled to the memory and the communications interface, the processor configured to execute a program of instructions, the program of instructions comprising: at least one instruction for registering an application program for having content of the designated content provider delivered to one or more application program instances thereby designating the application program as a registered application program; at least one instruction for receiving, from the registered application program, a request to obtain an interest in a designated geographic area for having content of a designated content provider ors delivered to the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed a boundary defining the designated geographic area; at least one instruction for storing a reservation associating the designated geographic area with the registered application program after it is determined that the interest in the designated geographic area is to be granted to the registered application program; at least one instruction for restricting content delivery to the one or more application program instances to being content of the designated content provider after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area; and at least one instruction for causing content of the designated content provider to be provided for use by the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium tangibly embodying a program of computer executable instructions, the program of instructions comprising: at least one instruction for registering an application program for having content of a designated content provider delivered to one or more application program instances thereby designating the application program as a registered application program; at least one instruction for receiving, from the registered application program, a request to obtain an interest in the designated geographic area for having content of the designated content provider delivered to the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area; at least one instruction for storing a reservation associating the designated geographic area with the registered application program after it is determined that the interest in the designated geographic area is to be granted to the registered application program; at least one instruction for restricting content delivery to the one or more application program instances to being content of the designated content provider after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area; and at least one instruction for causing content of the designated content provider to be provided for use by the one or more application program instances after it is determined that the object of interest has crossed the boundary defining the designated geographic area.",
-    "Various cutting systems using a handheld electrically powered rotary cutting tool are described. The systems include a wheeled base having provisions for receiving and removably engaging an electric cutting tool. The systems also include an upwardly extending handle and provisions for collecting dust and debris during a cutting operation. 1. A cutting system comprising: a wheeled base unit having (i) provisions for receiving and removably engaging a handheld electric rotary cutting tool, and (ii) provisions for adjustably positioning the cutting tool relative to the wheeled base; a handle assembly secured to the base unit; provisions on the wheeled base unit for collecting dust and debris resulting from a cutting operation. 2. The cutting system of claim 1 further comprising: a handheld electric rotary cutting tool. 3. The cutting system of claim 2 wherein the electric cutting tool includes (i) a housing, (ii) an electrically powered motor disposed in the housing, (iii) a rotatable shaft powered by the motor and transversely oriented to an axis of the motor, and (iv) actuation controls for controlling operation of the tool, the actuation controls accessible along the housing of the tool. 4. The cutting system of claim 1 wherein the wheeled base has at least one front wheel and at least one swiveling rear wheel, wherein the rear wheel is positionable about a vertical axis. 5. The cutting system of claim 4 further comprising: at least one removable wheel lock carriage configured to slidably engage a swiveling rear wheel and upon engagement therewith, affix the rear wheel to a stationary position relative to its vertical axis. 6. The cutting system of claim 1 wherein the provisions for receiving and removably engaging the handheld electric rotary cutting tool include an inclination assembly selectively positionable between a first position in which upon receipt and engagement of the handheld electric rotary cutting tool therein a blade of the tool is oriented vertically, and a second position in which the blade of the tool is oriented at an angle of 15\u00b0 from the first position, toward a horizontal orientation. 7. A cutting system comprising: a base unit having at least one wheel and provisions for receiving and removably engaging a handheld electric rotary cutting tool including a powered shaft rotatable in a first direction, wherein the provisions (i) enable the cutting tool to be engaged relative to the base unit in a first position such that upon rotation of the powered shaft of the cutting tool in the first direction, the shaft rotates in an up-cut direction and (ii) also enable the cutting tool to be engaged relative to the base unit in a second position such that upon rotation of the powered shaft of the cutting tool in the first direction, the shaft rotates in a down-cut direction; a handle assembly secured to the base unit. 8. The cutting system of claim 7 further comprising a handheld electric rotary cutting tool including (i) a housing, (ii) an electrically powered motor disposed in the housing, (iii) a rotatable shaft powered by the motor and transversely oriented to an axis of the motor, and (iv) actuation controls for controlling operation of the tool, the actuation controls accessible along the housing of the tool. 9. The cutting system of claim 7 wherein the base unit has at least one front wheel and at least one swiveling rear wheel, wherein the rear wheel is positionable about a vertical axis. 10. The cutting system of claim 9 further comprising: at least one removable wheel lock carriage configured to slidably engage a swiveling rear wheel and upon engagement therewith, affix the rear wheel to a stationary position relative to its vertical axis. 11. The cutting system of claim 7 wherein the base unit further includes provisions for collecting dust and debris resulting from a cutting operation. 12. The cutting system of claim 7 wherein the provisions for receiving and removably engaging the handheld electric rotary cutting tool include an inclination assembly selectively positionable between a first position in which upon receipt and engagement of the handheld electric rotary cutting tool therein a blade of the tool is oriented vertically, and a second position in which the blade of the tool is oriented at an angle of 15\u00b0 from the first position, toward a horizontal orientation. 13. A cutting system comprising: a base unit having at least one wheel and provisions for receiving and removably engaging a handheld electric rotary cutting tool having a powered shaft in either (i) a first position such that upon rotation of the powered shaft of the cutting tool in a first direction, the shaft rotates in an up-cut direction, or (ii) a second position such that upon rotation of the powered shaft of the cutting tool in the first direction, the shaft rotates in a down-cut direction; a first dust and debris collection system positioned on the base unit to collect dust and debris from the cutting tool when the cutting tool is engaged to the base unit and in the first position; a second dust and debris collection system positioned on the base unit to collect dust and debris from the cutting tool when the cutting tool is engaged to the base unit and in the second position. 14. The cutting system of claim 13 further comprising a handheld electric rotary cutting tool including (i) a housing, (ii) an electrically powered motor disposed in the housing, (iii) a rotatable shaft powered by the motor and transversely oriented to an axis of the motor, and (iv) actuation controls for controlling operation of the tool, the actuation controls accessible along the housing of the tool. 15. The cutting system of claim 13 wherein the base unit has at least one front wheel and at least one swiveling rear wheel, wherein the rear wheel is positionable about a vertical axis. 16. The cutting system of claim 15 further comprising: at least one removable wheel lock carriage configured to slidably engage a swiveling rear wheel and upon engagement therewith, affix the rear wheel to a stationary position relative to its vertical axis. 17. The cutting system of claim 13 wherein the provisions for receiving and removably engaging the handheld electric rotary cutting tool include an inclination assembly selectively positionable between a first position in which upon receipt and engagement of the handheld electric rotary cutting tool therein a blade of the tool is oriented vertically, and a second position in which the blade of the tool is oriented at an angle of 15\u00b0 from the first position, toward a horizontal orientation.",
-    "A complex particle including a core particle and a shell particle, wherein the shell particle is disposed on the core particle, wherein the core particle includes an organic material or an inorganic material as a primary component and the shell particle includes the other of the organic material and the inorganic material as a primary component, wherein an average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 80 nanometers and less than or equal to about 300 nanometers, a coefficient of variation of an average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 2% and less than or equal to about 10%, an average particle diameter of the shell particle is greater than or equal to about 5 nanometers and less than or equal to about 30 nm, a ratio of the average particle diameter of the shell particle relative to the average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 0.016 and less than or equal to about 0.25, an average particle diameter of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 90 nanometers and less than or equal to about 350 nanometers, a ratio of multipliers a volume resistance and a sheet resistance of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 0.7 and less than or equal to about 1.4, wherein the ratio of multipliers is a ratio of \u03b21/\u03b22, wherein \u03b21 is an exponent in an expression of the volume resistance according to the formula \u03c1v=\u03b11\u00b710\u03b21 and wherein \u03b22 is an exponent in an expression of the sheet resistance according to the formula \u03c1s=\u03b12\u00b710\u03b22 and wherein a change of a number of shell particles present on the core particle before and after ultrasonic irradiation of a dispersion liquid of the complex particle including about 1 weight percent of the complex particle dispersed in water, is greater than or equal to about 0.5% and less than or equal to about 5%\u03c1v\u03c1s. 1. A complex particle comprising: a core particle and a shell particle, wherein the shell particle is disposed on the core particle, wherein the core particle comprises an organic material or an inorganic material as a primary component and the shell particle comprises the other of the organic material and the inorganic material as a primary component, wherein an average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 80 nanometers and less than or equal to about 300 nanometers, a coefficient of variation of an average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 2% and less than or equal to about 10%, an average particle diameter of the shell particle is greater than or equal to about 5 nanometers and less than or equal to about 30 nanometers, a ratio of the average particle diameter of the shell particle relative to the average particle diameter of the core particle is greater than or equal to about 0.016 and less than or equal to about 0.25, an average particle diameter of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 90 nanometers and less than or equal to about 350 nanometers, a ratio of multipliers a volume resistance and a sheet resistance of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 0.7 and less than or equal to about 1.4, wherein the ratio of multipliers is a ratio of \u03b21/\u03b22, wherein \u03b21 is an exponent in an expression of the volume resistance according to the formula \u03c1v=\u03b11\u00b710\u03b21 and wherein \u03b22 is an exponent in an expression of the sheet resistance according to the formula \u03c1s=\u03b12\u00b710\u03b22, and wherein a change of a number of shell particles present on the core particle before and after ultrasonic irradiation of a dispersion liquid of the complex particle including about 1 weight percent of the complex particle dispersed in water, using a power of about 110 Watts and a frequency of about 31 kiloHertz for about 30 minutes, is greater than or equal to about 0.5% and less than or equal to about 5%. 2. The complex particle of claim 1, wherein a relative permittivity of the complex particle is greater than or equal to about 2 and less than or equal to about 300. 3. The complex particle of claim 1, wherein a percentage of a surface of the core particle which is coated with the shell particle is greater than or equal to about 5% and less than about 68%, based on a total surface area of the core particle. 4. The complex particle of claim 1, wherein the core particle comprises an organic material and the shell particle comprises an inorganic material. 5. The complex particle of claim 4, wherein the shell particle further comprises an organic material. 6. The complex particle of claim 4, wherein the inorganic material comprises silica, titania, cerium oxide, strontium titanate, or a combination thereof. 7. The complex particle of claim 1, wherein the core particle comprises an inorganic material and the shell particle comprises an organic material. 8. The complex particle of claim 7, wherein the shell particle of the complex particle comprises an inorganic material. 9. The complex particle of claim 7, wherein the inorganic material comprises silica, titania, cerium oxide, strontium titanate, or combination thereof. 10. The complex particle of claim 7, further comprising an inorganic material layer coating on a surface of the core particle and on a surface of the shell particle. 11. An additive for a toner, the additive comprising the complex particle of claim 1. 12. A method of preparing a complex particle including a core particle and a shell particle, the method comprising: providing a mixture comprising an organic particle and separately providing a mixture comprising an inorganic particle; combining the mixture comprising the organic particle and the mixture comprising the inorganic particle to form a dispersion liquid; adding an acid to the dispersion liquid until the dispersion liquid has an isoelectric point of an inorganic material of the inorganic core particle; and then heating the dispersion liquid to form a particle adhesion body comprising the inorganic particle on the organic particle; and adding a silane coupling agent to the heated dispersion liquid to prepare the complex particle.",
-    "A ventilated brake disk for a motor vehicle has a rotor provided with two disks having respective inner faces, which are axially spaced apart and are joined to each other through a plurality of pins; the radially outermost end areas of the two faces axially define between them an annular passage, which houses the wavy intermediate portion of a wire damping element; this intermediate portion is elastically deformed in a direction parallel to the axis of the rotor so as to be forced against the disks; at its opposite ends, the wire damping element ends with two fastening portions which are radially inwardly bent with respect to the intermediate portion and are hooked to respective pins. 1. A ventilated brake disk for a motor vehicle, comprising: a rotor comprising two disks, coaxial along an axis and having respective faces, which are axially spaced apart and are joined to each other by means of a plurality of pins, tangentially defining between them a plurality of channels; the radially outermost end areas of said faces axially defining an annular passage between them, where said channels come out; at least one wire damping element made of elastically deformable material and comprising an intermediate portion which is arranged in said annular passage, has a wavy profile and is elastically deformed in the direction parallel to said axis so as to be forced against said faces; wherein, at its opposite ends, said wire damping element ends with respective fastening portions which are radially inwardly bent with respect to said intermediate portion to engage at least a channel and rest against respective pins in the tangential direction. 2. A brake disk according to claim 1, wherein said fastening portions are exclusively coupled to said rotor. 3. A brake disk according to claim 2, wherein said fastening portions are exclusively coupled to said pins. 4. A brake disk according to claim 1, wherein said wire damping element has a constant cross section along its entire length. 5. A brake disk according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said fastening portions is hook-shaped, so as to terminate with a tip directed radially outward, and is wound around a radially inner end of said corresponding pin. 6. A brake disk according to claim 5, wherein both said fastening portions are hook-shaped. 7. A brake disk according to claim 1, wherein the brake is defined by said rotor and by said wire damping element; and wherein said wire damping element is wound around said rotor by an angle close to 360\u00b0. 8. A brake disk according to claim 1, wherein said intermediate portion consists of a plurality of waves whose tips directly rest onto said faces.",
-    "A first insulating film is applied onto a joining face of a semiconductor device including a connection terminal on a joining face, and the connection terminal is embedded inside the first insulating film. The second insulating film is formed on a joining target face of a joining target, which includes a connection target terminal on the joining target face, and the connection target terminal is embedded inside the second insulating film. The semiconductor device and the joining target are joined together by applying pressure and causing the semiconductor device and the joining target to make contact with each other. 1. A semiconductor device mounting method comprising: applying a first insulating film onto a joining face of a semiconductor device having a connection terminal on the joining face, and embedding the connection terminal inside the first insulating film; applying a second insulating film onto a joining target face of a joining target having a connection target terminal on the joining target face, and embedding the connection target terminal inside the second insulating film; and applying pressure that causes the connection terminal and the connection target terminal to contact each other, and joining the semiconductor device to the joining target. 2. A semiconductor device mounting method comprising: applying a first insulating film onto a joining face of a semiconductor device having a connection terminal on the joining face, and embedding the connection terminal inside the first insulating film; exposing a leading end of the connection terminal by eliminating a portion of the first insulating film covering the leading end of the connection terminal; and applying pressure that causes a connection target terminal of a joining target that includes the connection target terminal on a joining target face to contact the connection terminal, and joining the semiconductor device to the joining target. 3. The mounting method of claim 2, further comprising, prior to the joining the semiconductor device and the joining target together: applying a second insulating film onto the joining target face of the joining target and embedding the connection target terminal inside the second insulating film; and exposing a leading end of the connection target terminal by eliminating a portion of the second insulating film covering the leading end of the connection target terminal. 4. The mounting method of claim 3, wherein the portion of the first insulating film covering the leading end of the connection terminal, and the portion of the second insulating film covering the leading end of the connection target terminal, are eliminated using laser light. 5. The mounting method of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor device includes a first alignment mark on the joining face, and the first alignment mark is covered by the first insulating film when the first insulating film is being applied onto the joining face; wherein the joining target includes a second alignment mark on the joining target face, and the second alignment mark is covered by the second insulating film when the second insulating film is being applied onto the joining target face; prior to the joining the semiconductor device and the joining target together: eliminating a portion of the first insulating film covering the first alignment mark; and eliminating a portion of the second insulating film covering the second alignment mark; and wherein the joining the semiconductor device and the joining target together, alignment of the semiconductor device with the joining target is performed by imaging the first alignment mark and the second alignment mark. 6. The mounting method of claim 5, further comprising, prior to the joining the semiconductor device and the joining target together: filling an opening formed by eliminating the portion of the first insulating film covering the first alignment mark with an insulator having higher light transmissivity than the first insulating film; and filling an opening formed by eliminating the portion of the second insulating film covering the second alignment mark with an insulator having higher light transmissivity than the second insulating film. 7. The mounting method of claim 1, wherein: the first insulating film includes a first layer that is disposed at a base side of the connection terminal and that contains filler, and a second layer that is disposed at a leading end side of the connection terminal and that has a lower content of filler than the first layer or does not contain filler; and the second insulating film includes a third layer that is disposed at a base side of the connection target terminal and that contains filler, and a fourth layer that is disposed at a leading end side of the connection target terminal and that has a lower content of filler than the third layer or does not contain filler. 8. The mounting method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to the joining the semiconductor device and the joining target together: forming a plurality of first recesses in portions of the first insulating film corresponding to portions surrounding the connection terminal. 9. The mounting method of claim 8, further comprising, prior to the joining the semiconductor device and the joining target together: forming a plurality of second recesses in portions of the second insulating film corresponding to portions surrounding the connection target terminal, wherein each of the first recesses and each of the second recesses are disposed such that the respective first recesses are not superimposed on the respective second recesses when the semiconductor device and the joining target have been joined together. 10. The mounting method of claim 8, wherein: among the plurality of first recesses, sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to an outer peripheral portion of the semiconductor device are smaller than sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to a central portion of the semiconductor device. 11. The mounting method of claim 9, wherein: among the plurality of second recesses, sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to an outer peripheral portion of the semiconductor device are smaller than sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to a central portion of the semiconductor device. 12. The mounting method of claim 9, wherein: among the plurality of first recesses, sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to an outer peripheral portion of the semiconductor device are smaller than sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to a central portion of the semiconductor device; and among the plurality of second recesses, sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to an outer peripheral portion of the semiconductor device are smaller than sizes of each of the recesses formed in a region corresponding to a central portion of the semiconductor device. 13. The mounting method of claim 8, wherein: the plurality of respective first recesses are formed by eliminating a surface portion of the first insulating film using laser light. 14. The mounting method of claim 9, wherein: the plurality of respective second recesses are formed by eliminating a surface portion of the second insulating film using laser light. 15. The mounting method of claim 1, wherein: a thickness of the first insulating film is equal to a height of the connection terminal or is thicker than the height of the connection terminal; a thickness of the second insulating film is equal to a height of the connection target terminal or is thicker than the height of the connection target terminal; and a summed thickness of a thickness of a portion of the first insulating film covering a leading end of the connection terminal and a thickness of a portion of the second insulating film covering a leading end of the connection target terminal is thinner than a smaller height out of the height of the connection terminal and the height of the connection target terminal.",
-    "A magneto-resistive (MR) sensor protection circuit is disclosed, for the protection of an MR sensor. The MR sensor may have a safe operating voltage range, a normal operating voltage range within the safe operating voltage range, and two terminals coupled to a read channel circuit, including a positive terminal and a negative terminal. The MR sensor protection circuit may have positive and negative protection threshold voltage ranges. The MR sensor protection circuit may also have a plurality of N-channel field-effect transistors (NFETs) that are coupled to the positive terminal and to the negative terminal, and configured to, in response to a voltage between the two terminals being within either the positive or the negative protection threshold voltage range, limit the voltage between the terminals by shunting current between the positive terminal and the negative terminal. 1. A data storage device comprising: a magnetic recording medium configured to contain stored data; an MR sensor having a safe operating voltage range, a normal operating voltage range within the safe operating voltage range, and two terminals coupled to a read channel circuit, including a positive terminal and a negative terminal, the MR sensor configured to read the stored data from the magnetic recording medium; and an MR sensor protection circuit having: a positive protection threshold voltage range outside of and above the normal operating voltage range and within the safe operating voltage range; a negative protection threshold voltage range outside of and below the normal operating voltage range and within the safe operating voltage range; a first N-channel field-effect transistor (NFET) that is coupled to the positive terminal and to the negative terminal, and configured to, in response to a voltage between the two terminals being within the positive protection threshold voltage range, limit the voltage between the terminals by shunting current between the positive terminal and the negative terminal, and; a second NFET that is coupled to the positive terminal and to the negative terminal, and configured to, in response to the voltage between the two terminals being within the negative protection threshold voltage range, limit the voltage between the terminals by shunting current between the positive terminal and the negative terminal. 2. The data storage device of claim 1, wherein the first NFET has a gate and a drain coupled to the positive terminal, and a source coupled to the negative terminal. 3. The data storage device of claim 2, wherein the second NFET has a source coupled to the positive terminal, and gate and a drain coupled to the negative terminal. 4. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein a body of the first NFET and a body of the second NFET are coupled to respective bias voltage sources. 5. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein a body of the first NFET and a body of the second NFET are coupled to a bias voltage source. 6. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein a body of each NFET is coupled to at least one member of a group consisting of: the positive terminal, the negative terminal, a first bias voltage source and a second bias voltage source. 7. The data storage device of claim 5, wherein the body of each NFET is coupled to at least one member of a group consisting of: the positive terminal, the negative terminal, a bias voltage source. 8. The data storage device of claim 3, wherein the first NFET has leakage characteristics and a threshold voltage resulting from a set of design and manufacturing process parameters, and the second NFET has different leakage characteristics and a different threshold voltage resulting from a different set of design and manufacturing process parameters. 9. The data storage device of claim 4, wherein the first NFET and the second NFET are symmetrical and are located on a silicon-on-insulator (SOT) substrate. 10. The data storage device of claim 4, wherein the first NFET and the second NFET are symmetrical and are located on a triple well substrate. 11. The data storage device of claim 3, further comprising a bipolar PN diode structure coupled in a forward-biased orientation from the positive terminal to the negative terminal, and configured to, in response to the voltage between the terminals being outside of the normal operating voltage range, limit the voltage between the terminals by shunting current between the positive terminal and the negative terminal. 12. The data storage device of claim 5, further comprising: a series-coupled plurality of PN diodes, each coupled in a forward-biased orientation from the negative terminal to a node common to the body of the first NFET and the body of the second NFET, and; a PN diode coupled in a reverse-biased orientation from the negative terminal to a node common to the body of the first NFET and the body of the second NFET. 13. The data storage device of claim 3, further comprising a plurality of MR sensors, each having a corresponding MR sensor protection circuit including NFETs, wherein a body of each NFET is connected to a common voltage node.",
-    "A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface includes: a display module and a pressure electrode. The display module includes a display panel and a reference potential layer. An electrical signal, which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer, is detected from the pressure electrode and the capacitance changes depend on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer, such that the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 1. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; and a pressure electrode which is directly formed on the display module, wherein the display module comprises a reference potential layer therein, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 2. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein the pressure electrode is directly formed on a bottom surface of the display module. 3. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 4. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is changed by the bending of the display module. 5. The touch input device of claim 1, wherein the pressure electrode constitutes a plurality of channels. 6. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; and a pressure electrode which is integrally formed with the display module, wherein the display module comprises a reference potential layer therein, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 7. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein the pressure electrode is integrally formed with a bottom surface of the display module. 8. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 9. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is changed by the bending of the display module. 10. The touch input device of claim 6, wherein the pressure electrode constitutes a plurality of channels. 11. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; and a pressure electrode printed on the display module, wherein the display module comprises a reference potential layer therein, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of a relative distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 12. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein the pressure electrode is printed on a bottom surface of the display module. 13. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 14. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is changed by the bending of the display module. 15. The touch input device of claim 11, wherein the pressure electrode constitutes a plurality of channels. 16. A touch input device capable of detecting a pressure of a touch on a touch surface, the touch input device comprising: a display module comprising a display panel; and a pressure electrode patterned on the display module, wherein the display module comprises a reference potential layer therein, wherein an electrical signal which is changed according to a capacitance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is detected from the pressure electrode, wherein the capacitance changes depending on a change of relative distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer, and wherein the pressure of the touch is detected based on the capacitance. 17. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein the pressure electrode is printed in the form of a pattern on the display module. 18. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein the pressure electrode is printed in the form of a pattern on a bottom surface of the display module. 19. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein the pressure electrode is formed by positioning a mask having a through-hole corresponding to a pattern of the pressure electrode, and then by spraying a conductive material. 20. The touch input device of claim 16, wherein, when the pressure is applied, the display module is bent, and wherein the distance between the pressure electrode and the reference potential layer is changed by the bending of the display module.",
-    "A compression cord sleeve bundles a flexible elongated cord, such as cables, electrical cords, or wires, for storage or transportation. The compression cord sleeve includes a tubular sleeve body and a handle. The tubular sleeve body compresses around the flexible elongated cord in order to prevent the flexible elongated cord from unraveling or uncoiling. The tubular sleeve body is manipulated around a coiled or wrapped flexible elongated cord such that the tubular sleeve body compresses the coiled or wrapped flexible elongated cord radially. The handle allows a user to grasp the compression cord sleeve for ease of transportation. 1. A compression cord sleeve comprises: a tubular sleeve body; a handle; the tubular sleeve body comprises a first open end and a second open end; the handle comprises a first handle end and a second handle end; the tubular sleeve body being radially elastic; the first open end being opposite to the second open end along the tubular sleeve body; the handle being positioned across the first open end; the first handle end and the second handle end being diametrically opposed to each other around the first open end; and the first handle end and the second handle end being permanently fixed to the tubular sleeve body. 2. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the handle is elastic. 3. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, comprises: an additional handle; the additional handle comprises a first additional handle end and a second additional handle end; the first additional handle end and the second additional handle end being diametrically opposed to each other around the second open end; and the first additional handle end and the second additional handle end being removably fastened to the tubular sleeve body. 4. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the additional handle is elastic. 5. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the additional handle is made of an elastane material. 6. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, wherein an un-stretched diameter of the tubular sleeve body is between three to four inches. 7. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, wherein a stretched diameter of the tubular sleeve body is between eight to ten inches. 8. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, wherein a length of the tubular sleeve body is between sixteen and twenty-four inches. 9. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tubular sleeve body is made of an elastane material. 10. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the handle is made of an elastane material. 11. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, comprises: a labeling tag; and the labeling tag being mounted onto the tubular sleeve body. 12. The compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, comprises: a labeling tag; and the labeling tag being mounted onto the handle. 13. A method of use for the compression cord sleeve, as claimed in claim 1, comprises the steps of: providing a flexible elongated cord; providing a packaging arm, wherein the packaging arm comprises a grasping end and a free end; bundling the flexible elongated cord into a condensed configuration, wherein the condensed configuration comprises a first peripheral end and a second peripheral end; attaching the handle to the grasping end; inverting the tubular sleeve body by forcing the handle and the grasping end through the first open end, through the tubular sleeve body, through the second open end and by then pulling the second open end towards the free end; attaching the first peripheral end to the grasping end; reverting the tubular sleeve body by forcing the grasping end and the first peripheral end through the first open end, through the tubular sleeve body, through the second open end and by then pulling the second open end towards the second peripheral end; and detaching the grasping end from the first peripheral end.",
-    "As disclosed herein a method, executed by a computer, includes receiving, from a user, a request for access to a shared system, wherein the request comprises a user identifier and a user password corresponding to the user, and determining privileges corresponding to the shared system using the user identifier. The method further includes requesting, from an identity manager, a shared identifier and a shared password corresponding to the shared system, receiving, from the identity manager, the shared identifier and the shared password, and using the shared identifier and the shared password to enable the user to use the shared system. A computer system, and a computer program product corresponding to the above method are also disclosed herein. 1. A method executed by one or more processors, the method comprising: receiving, from one or more users, a request for access to a shared system, wherein the request comprises a shared system identifier that indicates the shared system for which access is being requested, a shared user identifier, and a user identifier and a user password corresponding to the one or more users; determining if the one or more users are authorized to access the shared system by confirming the user identifier of each of the one or more users includes at least the same level of authorization as the shared user identifier and one or more of: confirming the one or more users are included in an authorized user list, and confirming the one or more users are a member of an authorized user group, responsive to determining that the one or more users are authorized to access the shared system, requesting, from an identity manager, the shared user identifier and a shared password corresponding to the shared system; receiving, from the identity manager, the shared user identifier and the shared password, and providing the shared user identifier to each of the one or more users, and automatically authenticating each of the one or more users on the shared system using the shared user identifier and the shared password; using the shared user identifier and the shared password of each of the one or more users to enable the one or more users to use the shared system, wherein the shared password is not provided to the any of the one or more users; and retaining details corresponding to the request for access to the shared system by the one or more users in one or more logs, analyzing the one or more logs to determine that a particular user of the shared system is accessing the shared system without following a required protocol to gain access, prohibiting access to the shared system by the particular user by terminating an active session of the particular user, and sending an alert to a security administrator, wherein the alert comprises one or more of login time of the particular user, connection client information corresponding to the particular user, and activity of the particular user.",
-    "A filter cartridge having an endplate formed of polyurethane having a varying hardness is described. A first portion of the endplate is harder than a second portion of the endplate. The first portion of the endplate helps support the filter media of the filter element and maintain the shape of the filter element. The second, softer portion creates a seal between the filter element and a filter housing when the filter element is installed in the filter housing. The first portion and separate portions may be formed from different types of polyurethane or from the same type of polyurethane having a varying composition as a function of the radial distance of the endplate. 1. A filter cartridge, comprising: a filter media; a first endplate secured to the filter media and sealing a clean side of the filter media from a dirty side of the filter media; and a second endplate secured to the filter media and sealing the clean side of the filter media from the dirty side of the filter media, the second endplate including a hard section and a compressible section, the hard section having a first hardness, the compressible section having a second hardness, the first hardness being greater than the second hardness, the compressible section configured to provide a sealing surface between the second endplate and a component of a filtration system when the filter cartridge is installed in the filtration system. 2. The filter cartridge of claim 1, wherein the hard section is made from a first polyurethane, and the compressible section is made from a second polyurethane, wherein the first polyurethane is harder than the second polyurethane. 3. The filter cartridge of claim 2, wherein the second polyurethane is overmolded onto a portion of the first polyurethane to form the compressible section. 4. The filter cartridge of claim 2, wherein the second polyurethane is a foamed polyurethane. 5. The filter cartridge of claim 1, wherein the second endplate further comprises a gradient section positioned between the hard section and the compressible section, the gradient section having a variable hardness across a radial length of the gradient section from the first hardness to the second hardness. 6. The filter cartridge of claim 5, wherein the variable hardness varies in a linear fashion across the radial length of the gradient section. 7. The filter cartridge of claim 5, wherein the gradient section is formed of a polyurethane having a constant mix percentage of a isocyanate and variable mix percentages of a first polyol and a second polyol. 8. The filter cartridge of claim 7, wherein the hard section is formed of the polyurethane having the constant mix percentage of the isocyanate a first mix percentage of the first polyol, wherein the constant mix percentage and the first mix percentage total one hundred percent. 9. The filter cartridge of claim 8, wherein the compressible section is formed of the polyurethane having the constant mix percentage of the isocyanate and a second mix percentage of the second polyol, wherein the constant mix percentage and the second mix percentage total one hundred percent. 10. The filter cartridge of claim 1, wherein the second endplate includes a central opening. 11. The filter cartridge of claim 10, wherein the compressible section is adjacent to the central opening. 12. The filter cartridge of claim 1, wherein the first endplate and the second endplate are overmolded onto the filter media. 13. A filtration system comprising: a housing having a component; the filter cartridge of claim 1 installed within the housing, wherein the compressible section of the second endplate of the filter cartridge abuts against the component to form a seal. 14. A method of manufacturing an endcap of a filter cartridge, the method comprising: creating a mold for the endcap, wherein the mold includes a first section and a second section; injecting polyurethane into the first section and the second section of the mold to form the endcap, the polyurethane injected into the first section has a first hardness when cured, the polyurethane injected into the second section has a second hardness when cured, wherein the first hardness is greater than the second hardness. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the injecting polyurethane includes: injecting a first type of polyurethane having the first hardness into the first section; forming a tab of the first type of polyurethane; and injecting a second type of polyurethane having the second hardness into the second section such that the second type of polyurethane is overmolded on the tab. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the mold further includes a third section positioned between the first section and the second section, and wherein the injecting polyurethane includes: injecting a mixture of an isocyanate at a constant mix percentage and a first polyol at a first mix percentage into the first section, wherein the constant mix percentage and the first mix percentage total one hundred percent; injecting a mixture of the isocyanate at the constant mix percentage, the first polyol, and a second polyol into the third section, wherein the mix percentages of the first polyol and second polyol vary according to a linear equation from a time in which none of the second polyol is being used until none of the first polyol is being injected; and injecting a mixture of the isocyanate at the constant mix percentage and the second polyol at a second mix percentage into the second section, wherein the constant mix percentage and the first mix percentage total one hundred percent.",
-    "Systems and methods of continuous operation of a urea-SCR system at low temperatures (200-350\u00b0 C.) in the presence of high SOx containing flue gas are described. The methods comprise introducing a solution of urea and an NO2 forming compound, preferably an alkaline earth metal nitrate, into an exhaust stream before the exhaust stream contacts an SCR catalyst. 1. A system comprising: (a) a solution comprising urea and at least one NO2 forming compound, wherein the at least one NO2 forming compound comprises: (i) a metal salt of a nitrate; (ii) a mixture of a metal containing compound and N2O4, N2O5, or mixtures thereof; or (iii) mixtures of (i) and (ii), (b) an SCR catalyst, (c) flue gas upstream of the SCR catalyst and comprising SOx at a concentration of 20 ppm or greater, and (d) a device for introducing the solution into a flue gas stream prior to the flue gas coming in contact with an SCR catalyst, where the introduction of the solution allows for the continuous operation of the system at temperatures in the range of about 250 to about 350\u00b0 C. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one NO2 forming compound is a metal salt of a nitrate. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the metal salt of a nitrate is an alkaline earth metal nitrate, iron nitrate, manganese nitrate or mixtures thereof. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the metal salt of a nitrate is calcium nitrate or magnesium nitrate. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the metal salt of a nitrate comprises calcium nitrate. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the solution comprising urea and at least one NO2 forming compound comprises Ca(NO3)2.4[OC(NH2)2], 5Ca(NO3)2.NH4NO3.10H2O or mixtures thereof. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the metal containing compound is a metal salt. 8. The system of claim 2, wherein the metal salt is an alkaline earth metal salt, an iron salt, a manganese salt or mixtures thereof. 9. A method for reducing the amount of SO3 in a flue gas, said method comprising introducing a solution comprising urea and at least one NO2 forming compound into a flue gas stream prior to the flue gas coming in contact with an SCR catalyst, wherein the at least one NO2 forming compound comprises: (i) a metal salt of a nitrate; (ii) a mixture of a metal containing compound and N2O4, N2O5, or mixtures thereof; or (iii) mixtures of (i) and (ii). 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the flue gas contacts the SCR catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 350\u00b0 C. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said method also reduces the amount of phosphate. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the at least one NO2 forming compound is a metal salt of a nitrate. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the metal salt of a nitrate is an alkaline earth metal nitrate, iron nitrate, manganese nitrate or mixtures thereof. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the metal salt of a nitrate is calcium nitrate or magnesium nitrate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the metal salt of a nitrate comprises calcium nitrate. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the solution comprising urea and at least one NO2 forming compound comprises Ca(NO3)2.4[OC(NH2)2], 5Ca(NO3)2.NH4NO3.10H2O or mixtures thereof. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein the metal containing compound is a metal salt. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the metal salt is an alkaline earth metal salt, an iron salt, a manganese salt or mixtures thereof. 19. A method for reducing the formation of ammonium bisulphate in a urea-SCR system, the method comprising introducing a solution comprising urea and at least one NO2 forming compound into a flue gas stream prior to the flue gas coming in contact with an SCR catalyst, wherein the at least one NO2 forming compound comprises: (i) a metal salt of a nitrate; (ii) a mixture of a metal containing compound and N2O4, N2O5, or mixtures thereof; or (iii) mixtures of (i) and (ii). 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the flue gas comprises SOx at a concentration of 20 ppm or greater prior to the flue gas coming in contact with the SCR catalyst, and the flue gas contacts the SCR catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 350\u00b0 C.",
-    "The present invention relates to wood laminate panels, a system of two or more panels joined permanently together, the method of making the panels and the fabrication of object with the panels. The wood laminate panel comprises an elongated body having a longitudinal axis and extending a length thereof, the body having an arcuate cross-section in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and comprising first and second spaced apart edge surfaces extending along the length of the elongated body and each including a joint, the attachment joint having a shape that is complementary to that of the second edge surface such that the wood laminate panel is permanently jointable with an adjacent identical laminate panel through an engagement of adjacent complementary edge surfaces. 1. A wood laminate panel comprising: an elongated body having a longitudinal axis and extending a length thereof, the body having an arcuate cross-section in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis defined by: a first and second spaced apart curved surfaces, the first surface being concave and the second surface being convex, first and second spaced apart edge surfaces interconnecting longitudinal ends of the first and second curved surfaces; wherein the first and the second spaced apart surface edges extend along the length of the elongated body and each include an attachment joint, the attachment joint of the first spaced apart surface edge having a shape that is complementary to that of a second spaced apart edge surface of a second wood laminate panel such that the wood laminate panel is permanently bonded with the second laminate panel through an engagement of adjacent complementary edge surfaces and such that the first and second spaced apart curved surfaces extend continuously from the attachment joint. 2. The wood laminate panel of claim 1, wherein the first and second spaced apart surface edges include at least one male profile and a complementary female profile respectively adapted to fit one into the other and jointable with the adjacent identical laminate panel. 3. The wood laminate panel of claim 1, wherein the least one male profile and the complementary female profile are a finger joint comprising two male profiles and at least two female profiles. 4. The wood laminate panel of claim 1, wherein the arcuate cross-section is semi-circular. 5. The wood laminate panel of claim 4, wherein the semi-circular cross-section has an arc-length of less than or equal to 180\u00b0. 6. The wood laminate panel of claim 5, wherein the arc-length is selected from the group consisting of 45\u00b0, 90\u00b0, 120\u00b0, and 180\u00b0. 7. The wood laminate panel of claim 6, wherein the arc-length is 120\u00b0. 8. The wood laminate panel of claim 1, wherein the length of the panel is 8 feet. 9. A system of wood laminate products, the system comprising: at least a first and a second wood laminate panel, the first and the second wood laminate panel each comprising first and second spaced apart curved surfaces, each of the first and second spaced apart curved surfaces having an axial edge surface including an attachment joint that is complementary with the attachment joint of the other wood laminate panel, wherein the attachment joint permanently bonding the first and the second wood laminate panel together through an engagement of the axial edge surfaces and extending the first and second spaced apart curved surfaces. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the wood laminate panel has a semi-circular cross-section with an arc-length of less than or equal to 180\u00b0. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the wood laminate panel has an arc-length of selected from the group consisting of 45\u00b0, 90\u00b0, 120\u00b0, and 180\u00b0. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a third wood laminate panel, wherein the first and the second and the third wood laminate panel each panel has the arc-length of 120\u00b0, and are joined to produce a cylindrical cross-section. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the first and the second wood laminate panels are attached to produce an S cross-section. 14. A method of producing an axially jointable edge surface wood laminate panel comprising providing a plurality of softwood veneer sheets; preparing the veneer sheets in a cross-ply arrangement; providing an adhesive; applying the adhesive to at least three of the veneer sheets; aligning the at least three veneer sheets to produce a multilayer adhered flat panel; pressing the multilayered adhered flat panel into or with an arcuate form to produce a semi-cylindrical panel having two axial edge surfaces; and profiling the two axial edge surfaces of the semi-cylindrical panel along length of the at least three veneer sheets to produce the jointable wood laminate panel comprising complementary axially jointable edge surfaces. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the profiling of the two axial edge surfaces include at least one male profile and a complementary female profile respectively adapted to fit one into the other and jointable with the adjacent identical laminate panel. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the least one male profile and the complementary female profile are a finger joint comprising two male profiles and at least two female profiles. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the softwood veneer sheets have a thickness \u215b\u2033. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the softwood is selected from the group consisting of hemlock, amabilis fir, Douglas fir, SPF and combinations thereof. 19. A method of producing a wood laminate object comprising the steps of providing a plurality of wood laminate panels of claim 1, each having an axial length, and permanently jointing a first axial edge surface of a first panel to a second axial edge surface of a second panel. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein jointing the first axial edge surface to the second axial edge surface is with an axial offset of at least 20% of the length of the panel. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the panels have an arc length of 120\u00b0. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising permanently jointing the first and the second panels together to produce an arc length of 240\u00b0. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein permanently jointing a third axial edge surface of a third panel to a non-jointed first and second axial edge surface with an axial offset of at least 20% of the length. 24. The method of claim 19, further comprising permanently jointing the first and the second panels together to produce an S-shaped cross section. 25. The method of claim 20, further comprising permanently jointing a third axial edge surface of a third panel to a non-jointed first axial edge surface and a fourth axial edge surface of a fourth panel to a non-jointed second axial edge surface to producing a tear drop shaped cross-sectional member.",
-    "A testing apparatus is to test a solar cell. A movable stage has a holding surface on which the solar cell is held. A pump light irradiating unit emits pump light LP1 in a direction toward the holding surface. Four reference sample parts are provided on a part of the holding surface. The reference sample parts each radiate a terahertz wave in response to irradiation with the pump light from the pump light irradiating unit. A terahertz wave detecting unit detects the terahertz wave radiated from each reference sample part. A stage driving mechanism is a displacement mechanism that displaces an optical path of the pump light relative to the holding surface by moving the movable stage. 1. A testing apparatus that tests a test object comprising: a holder having a holding surface on which said test object is held; a first irradiating unit that emits pump light in a direction toward said holding surface; one or more reference sample parts provided on a part of said holding surface, said one or more reference sample parts each radiating an electromagnetic wave in response to irradiation with said pump light from said first irradiating unit; a detecting unit that detects said electromagnetic wave; and a displacement mechanism that displaces an optical path of said pump light relative to said holding surface. 2. The testing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a second irradiating unit that irradiates said detecting unit with probe light, wherein said detecting unit includes a detector that generates a current responsive to the electric field intensity of said electromagnetic wave incident on said detector in response to irradiation with said probe light from said second irradiating unit. 3. The testing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a height position measuring unit provided adjacent to said holding surface relative to said holder, said height position measuring unit measuring the height positions of said reference sample parts each provided in three or more different places on said holding surface. 4. The testing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said one or more reference sample parts contain a semiconductor bulk crystal including at least one of indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and monocrystalline silicon. 5. A method of testing a test object comprising the steps of: (a) holding a test object on a holding surface of a holder; (b) emitting pump light toward a reference sample part provided on a part of said holding surface; (c) detecting an electromagnetic wave radiated from said reference sample part in response to irradiation with said pump light; and (d) displacing an optical path of said pump light relative to said holding surface.",
-    "In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to an integrated circuit having a device. The device has a first raised source/drain area arranged over a first source/drain region of a substrate, and a second raised source/drain area arranged over a second source/drain region of the substrate. A first gate stack has a dielectric layer positioned over the substrate and an overlying conductive layer. The first gate stack is laterally between the first raised source/drain area and the second raised source/drain area. Sidewall spacers are located over the dielectric layer and laterally between the first gate stack and the first raised source/drain area and the second raised source/drain area. 1. A device, comprising: a first raised source/drain area arranged over a first source/drain region of a substrate; a second raised source/drain area arranged over a second source/drain region of the substrate; a first gate stack positioned over the substrate and comprising a dielectric layer and an overlying conductive layer, wherein the first gate stack is laterally between the first raised source/drain area and the second raised source/drain area; and sidewall spacers located over the dielectric layer and laterally between the first gate stack and the first raised source/drain area and the second raised source/drain area. 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a second gate stack comprising a second dielectric layer positioned over the substrate and an overlying second conductive layer, wherein the second gate stack is located along a side of the second raised source/drain area that opposes the first gate stack. 3. The device of claim 2, further comprising: a photodiode implantation area arranged within the substrate at a location separated from the second raised source/drain area by the second gate stack, wherein the photodiode implantation area has a doping type that is different than that of the substrate underlying the photodiode implantation area. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the second dielectric layer continuously extends from the second raised source/drain area to over the photodiode implantation area. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein the photodiode implantation area contacts the second source/drain region. 6. The device of claim 2, further comprising: a third gate stack separated from the first gate stack by the first raised source/drain area, wherein the second raised source/drain area is electrically coupled to a gate contact directly overlying the third gate stack. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the first raised source/drain area and the first source/drain region have a dopant concentration that is in a range of between approximately 1\u00d71019/cm3 to and approximately 8\u00d71020/cm3. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region have depths that are less than approximately 100 nm below an upper surface of the substrate. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region have depths that are in a range of between approximately 50 nm and approximately 100 nm below an upper surface of the substrate. 10. A device, comprising: a photodiode implantation area arranged within a substrate; a pinning implantation area arranged within the substrate over the photodiode implantation area and configured to drive charge collected in the photodiode implantation area to a floating node comprising a first raised source/drain area laterally positioned between a first gate stack and a second gate stack; a source follower configured to detect a charge level within the floating node, wherein the source follower comprises a third gate stack separated from the second gate stack by a second raised source/drain area; and an electrical connection extending between the floating node and the third gate stack. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the first raised source/drain area is arranged over a first source/drain region of the substrate, and the second raised source/drain area is arranged over a second source/drain region of the substrate. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the first gate stack and the second gate stack respectively comprise: a dielectric layer positioned over the substrate; and a conductive layer arranged over the dielectric layer. 13. The device of claim 12, further comprising: a sidewall spacer located over the dielectric layer and laterally between the first gate stack and the first raised source/drain area. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the dielectric layer continuously extends along the substrate from below the first gate stack to over the photodiode implantation area. 15. The device of claim 10, wherein the electrical connection comprises one or more additional contacts overlying the first raised source/drain area and the third gate stack. 16. The device of claim 10, further comprising: a reset transistor comprising the second gate stack and configured to reset the photodiode implantation area between exposure periods by removing charge from the photodiode implantation area; and a row select transistor comprising a fourth gate stack separated from the third gate stack by a third raised source/drain area and configured to selectively provide access to an output of the source follower. 17. A device, comprising: a photodiode implantation area arranged within a substrate; a floating node comprising a first raised source/drain area positioned over the substrate at a location laterally between a first gate stack and a second gate stack, wherein the floating node is laterally separated from the photodiode implantation area by the first gate stack; and a source follower configured to detect a charge level within the floating node, wherein the source follower comprises a third gate stack separated from the second gate stack by a second raised source/drain area. 18. The device of claim 17, further comprising: an electrical connection extending between the first raised source/drain area and the third gate stack. 19. The device of claim 17, wherein the first gate stack, the second gate stack, and the third gate stack respectively comprise: a dielectric layer positioned over the substrate; and a conductive layer arranged over the dielectric layer. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the dielectric layer within the first gate stack continuously extends along the substrate from below the conductive layer to over the photodiode implantation area.",
-    "A portable radio-frequency identifier (RFID) reading terminal can comprise a microprocessor, a memory, an RFID reading device, and a display. The portable RFID reading terminal can be configured to display a scan trace provided by a line comprising a plurality of time varying points. Each point can be defined by a projection of a radio frequency (RF) signal coverage shape of the RFID reading device onto a chosen plane at a given moment in time. 1. A method comprising: outputting a radio-frequency (RF) signal from an radio-frequency identifier (RFID) reader; displaying a scan trace in response to the outputting the RF signal, wherein the scan trace comprises a plurality of points recorded over a period of time that thereby defines a path of a projection of the RF signal transmitted by the RFID antenna over the period of time in a spatial area. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising reconciling, by reading RFID tags attached to items, an inventory of items stored in a facility against at least one of: an expected inventory list and an expected count of items. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving, by the RFID reader from an external computer, at least one of: the expected inventory list and the expected count of items. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising receiving via the user interface at least one of the expected inventory list and the expected count of items. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising receiving via the two-dimensional imager at least one of the expected inventory list and the expected count of items. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving from an external memory device at least one of: (1) the expected inventory list and (2) the expected count of items. 7. The method of claim 3, further comprising transmitting, to a second external computer, at least one of: a list of read RFID tags and a count of read RFID tags. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying the scan trace on a display of the RFID reader. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each point is defined by a projection of a coverage shape of an RF signal transmitted by the RFID antenna onto the plane at a given moment in time, and wherein a spatial position of the coverage shape of the RF signal is determined based on a known position and orientation of the RF antenna relatively to a position of a field of view of the two-dimensional imager. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein each point is defined by a projection of a coverage shape of an RF signal transmitted by the RFID antenna onto a plane at a given moment in time, wherein a distance to an object is measured using a two-dimensional imager; and wherein a projection of the RF signal coverage shape determined and displayed onto the plane defined by a physical structure. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein each point is defined by a projection of a coverage shape of an RF signal transmitted by the RFID antenna onto a plane at a given moment in time, and wherein a change of a spatial position and orientation of the RF signal coverage shape is determined based on proper acceleration values received from at least one accelerometer. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying at least one of the following: a quantity of scanned items, a quantity of items which have not be scanned yet, and a total quantity of items to be scanned. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying an indicator of a ratio of quantity of scanned items to a total quantity of items to be scanned. 14. Thy method of claim 1, further comprising displaying the scan trace overlaid over an image of a physical structure. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising receiving the image of the physical structure from a camera on the RFID reader. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a description of a physical structure; creating an image of the physical structure based on the description; and displaying the scan trace is displayed overlaid over the image of the physical structure. 17. The method of claim 1, further comprising acquiring, using a two-dimensional imager, an image of a physical structure; and displaying the scan trace overlaid over the image of the physical structure. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying an indicator of an RF signal coverage over the scan trace overlaid over an image of a physical structure. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying an indicator of an RF signal coverage over a current position within the scan trace. 20. An radio-frequency identifier (RFID) reader comprising: a radio frequency (RF) antenna that outputs an RF signal; wherein a scan trace is displayed in response to the outputting the RF signal, wherein the scan trace comprises a plurality of points recorded over a period of time that thereby defines a path of a projection of the RF signal transmitted by the RFID antenna over the period of time in a spatial area.",
-    "An automated process for equalizing an audio system and an apparatus for implementing the process. An audio system includes a microphone unit, for receiving the sound waves radiated from a plurality of speakers, acoustic measuring circuitry, for calculating frequency response measurements; a memory, for storing characteristic data of the loudspeaker units and further for storing the frequency response measurements; and equalization calculation circuitry, for calculating an equalization pattern responsive to the digital data and responsive to the characteristic data of the plurality of loudspeaker units. Also described is an automated equalizing system including a acoustic measuring circuitry including a microphone for measuring frequency response at a plurality of locations; a memory, for storing the frequency responses at the plurality of locations; and equalization calculation circuitry, for calculating, from the frequency responses, an optimized equalization pattern. 1. A process for generating audio parameters for an audio system having a loudspeaker and a microphone, said audio system operating in a listening space, said process comprising: moving the microphone to different locations in the listening space; receiving, by said microphone, sound waves radiated by the loudspeaker as the microphone is moved to different locations in the listening space; responsive to said receiving, measuring a plurality of acoustic profiles as the microphone is moved to different locations in the listening space; performing a closeness test to determine if the acoustic profiles were measured at locations that are too close together; and in the event that the closeness test determines that the acoustic profiles were measured at locations that are too close together, generating a message. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the message instructs a user to move to a different location. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the message is radiated as sound waves from the loudspeaker. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the plurality of acoustic profiles comprise a plurality of frequency responses. 5. The process of claim 1, wherein the closeness test comprises comparing a first one of the acoustic profiles to a second one of the acoustic profiles to determine a difference between the first one of the acoustic profiles and the second one of the acoustic profiles. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of receiving sound waves comprises: receiving, by said microphone, sound waves radiated by the loudspeaker at each of the plurality of locations. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of measuring a plurality of acoustic profiles comprises: measuring a corresponding acoustic profile for each of the plurality of locations. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of receiving sound waves comprises receiving bursts of test tones from the loudspeaker, and wherein the step of measuring a plurality of acoustic profiles comprises calculating an acoustic profile for each tone burst. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the step of measuring a plurality of acoustic profiles comprises calculating a frequency response for each tone burst. 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising combining the acoustic profiles to generate a combined acoustic profile for the listening space; comparing the combined acoustic profile with a desired acoustic profile; and determining audio parameters that cause the loudspeaker to radiate the desired acoustic profile. 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the step of combining the acoustic profiles comprises averaging the acoustic profiles, such that the combined acoustic profile is an average acoustic profile for the listening space. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein determining the audio parameters comprises determining an equalization pattern that causes the loudspeaker to radiate the desired acoustic profile. 13. The process of claim 1, further comprising determining, using the plurality of acoustic profiles, audio parameters that are appropriate to achieve a desired acoustic profile from the loudspeaker. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the audio parameters comprise data describing digital filters. 15. The process of claim 1, further comprising measuring, by the audio system, ambient noise in listening space; and determining if the ambient noise exceeds a predetermined threshold; and if the ambient noise exceeds the predetermined threshold, generating a message the instructs a user to reduce the ambient noise. 16. A process for generating audio parameters for an audio system having a loudspeaker and a microphone, said audio system operating in a listening space, said process comprising: moving the microphone to different locations in the listening space; receiving, by said microphone, sound waves radiated by the loudspeaker as the microphone is moved to different locations in the listening space; responsive to said receiving, measuring a plurality of frequency responses as the microphone is moved to different locations in the listening space; performing a closeness test to determine if the frequency responses were measured at locations that are too close together; and in the event that the closeness test determines that the frequency responses were measured at locations that are too close together, generating a message. 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the message instructs a user to move to a different location. 18. The process of claim 16, wherein the message is radiated as sound waves from the loudspeaker. 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the closeness test comprises comparing a first one of the frequency responses to a second one of the frequency responses to determine a difference between the first one of the frequency responses and the second one of the frequency responses. 20. The process of claim 16, wherein the step of receiving sound waves comprises: receiving, by said microphone, sound waves radiated by the loudspeaker at each of the plurality of locations. 21. The process of claim 16, wherein the step of measuring a plurality of frequency responses comprises: measuring a corresponding frequency response for each of the plurality of locations. 22. The process of claim 16, wherein the step of receiving sound waves comprises receiving bursts of test tones from the loudspeaker, and wherein the step of measuring a plurality of frequency responses comprises calculating a frequency response for each tone burst. 23. The process of claim 16, further comprising combining the frequency responses to generate a combined frequency response for the listening space; comparing the combined frequency response with a desired frequency response; and determining audio parameters that cause the loudspeaker to radiate the desired frequency response. 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the step of combining the frequency responses comprises averaging the frequency responses, such that the combined frequency response is an average frequency response for the listening space. 25. The process of claim 23, wherein determining the audio parameters comprises determining an equalization pattern that causes the loudspeaker to radiate the desired frequency response 26. The process of claim 16, further comprising determining, using the plurality of frequency responses, audio parameters that are appropriate to achieve a desired frequency response from the loudspeaker. 27. The process of claim 26, wherein the audio parameters comprise data describing digital filters. 28. The process of claim 16, further comprising measuring, by the audio system, ambient noise in listening space; and determining if the ambient noise exceeds a predetermined threshold; and if the ambient noise exceeds the predetermined threshold, generating a message the instructs a user to reduce the ambient noise.",
-    "An optical device includes a light-shielding layer and a microlens array. The light-shielding layer includes a plurality of openings. The microlens array is divided into a plurality of microlenses corresponding to the respective plurality of openings. A refractive index of the microlens array is variable so that light is incident on the microlenses is focused on the respective plurality of openings. A portion where light is focused includes a central position of the corresponding opening. 1. An optical device comprising: a light-shielding layer including a plurality of openings; and a microlens array divided into a plurality of microlenses corresponding to the respective plurality of openings, a refractive index of the microlens array being variable so that light is incident on the microlenses is focused on the respective plurality of openings, wherein a portion where light is focused includes a central position of the corresponding opening. 2. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein a direction of the light emitted from the plurality of microlenses and being incident on the respective plurality of openings is inclined to the direction perpendicular to the light-shielding layer. 3. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index for one of the plurality of microlenses being variable independently. 4. The optical device according to claim 3, further comprising a tilt sensor configured to detect a tilt of the optical device, wherein the refractive index is varied according to the tilt detected by the tilt sensor. 5. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein the microlens array includes: control electrodes formed so as to correspond to the openings for the respective microlenses; a common electrode arranged opposite to the control electrodes; and a liquid-crystal layer sealed between the common electrode and the control electrodes, wherein a refractive index of the liquid-crystal layer is changed according to a voltage applied by the control electrodes and the common electrode. 6. The optical device according to claim 5, wherein the liquid-crystal layer is an ultraviolet-curing liquid-crystal layer, and alignment in the liquid-crystal layer is controlled by irradiation with ultraviolet rays. 7. The optical device according to claim 5, wherein each of the openings has a circular shape, an elliptic shape, or a shape symmetric with reference to an array of the openings. 8. The optical device according to claim 5, wherein each of the openings has an elliptic shape, each of the control electrodes has an opening shaped to correspond to each of the openings, and an alignment axis for liquid-crystal molecules in the liquid-crystal layer coincides with an elliptic minor axis of the opening in each of the control electrodes. 9. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein the openings are arranged in a square array or a hexagonal array. 10. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein the microlens array is a gradient index microlens array. 11. A head mounted display device comprising: the optical device according to claim 1; and a video panel formed at a back surface of the microlens array to allow image rays to enter the optical device. 12. An imaging device comprising: the optical device according to claim 1; and an image sensor configured to receive light beams emitted from the optical device.",
-    "An image forming apparatus includes: a latent image forming unit that forms a latent image on a latent image bearer with light from a light source; and a correction data generating unit that includes: an acquiring unit that acquires, for each position, a correction value of an intensity of the light source to equalize a density distribution of a latent image; a quantizing unit that generates a correction data for each position by quantizing a correction value for each position; and an excessive correction suppressing unit that outputs the correction data after reducing an amount of change from an immediately preceding latent image formation position, with respect to a position at which an absolute value of a restored value indicating a correction amount and generated based on the correction data exceeds an absolute value of the correction value. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a latent image bearer; a latent image forming unit that includes a light source that emits light with intensity corresponding to image data, and forms a latent image on the latent image bearer with the light from the light source; a correction data generating unit that generates correction data of an intensity of the light source for each position on the latent image bearer; and a correcting unit that corrects the intensity of the light source by a correction amount based on the correction data when the latent image forming unit forms a latent image, wherein the correction data generating unit includes: an acquiring unit that acquires, for each position, a correction value of an intensity of the light source to equalize a density distribution of a latent image; a quantizing unit that generates the correction data for each position by quantizing the correction value for each position; a restoring unit that generates a restored value indicating the correction amount based on the correction data; and an excessive correction suppressing unit that outputs the correction data after reducing an amount of change from an immediately preceding latent image formation position, with respect to a position at which an absolute value of the restored value exceeds an absolute value of the correction value. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the excessive correction suppressing unit outputs the correction data after making the amount of change from the immediately preceding latent image formation position zero, with respect to the position at which the absolute value of the restored value exceeds the absolute value of the correction value. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the correction data generating unit further includes a difference calculating unit that generates, for each position, difference data indicating a difference from a correction value at each position, from a correction value at an immediately preceding latent image formation position, and the quantizing unit generates the correction data for each position by quantizing the difference data. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the quantizing unit generates the correction data with a limitation on an upper limit of an absolute value of an amount of change from an immediately preceding latent image formation position. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the correction data generating unit further includes an excessive correction determining unit that determines whether the absolute value of the restored value exceeds the absolute value of the correction value, and generates flag data of 1 for a position at which the absolute value of the restored value does not exceed the absolute value of the correction value and flag data of 0 for a position at which the absolute value of the restored value exceeds the absolute value of the correction value, and the excessive correction suppressing unit multiplies the correction data by the flag data for each position. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a non-volatile correction data storage unit that stores therein the correction data for each position, wherein when the latent image forming unit forms a latent image, the correcting unit reads the correction data corresponding to a latent image formation position from the correction data storage unit and corrects the intensity of the light source. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the correction data generating unit is implemented by causing a processor to execute a program, and is configured to transfer and write the correction data to the correction data storage unit. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the correction data generating unit updates the correction data when a mechanical configuration of one of the latent image bearer and the latent image forming unit is adjusted. 9. A correction data generation method implemented by an image forming apparatus including: a latent image bearer; a latent image forming unit that includes a light source that emits light with intensity corresponding to image data, and forms a latent image on the latent image bearer with the light from the light source; and a correcting unit that corrects the intensity of the light source by a correction amount based on correction data when the latent image forming unit forms a latent image, the correction data generation method being for generating the correction data of the intensity of the light source for each position on the latent image bearer, and comprising: acquiring, by a correction data generating unit, a correction value of the intensity of the light source to equalize a density distribution of a latent image, for each position; generating, by the correction data generating unit, the correction data for each position by quantizing the correction value for each position; generating, by the correction data generating unit, a restored value indicating the correction amount based on the correction data; and outputting, by the correction data generating unit, the correction data after reducing an amount of change from an immediately preceding latent image formation position, with respect to a position at which an absolute value of the restored value exceeds an absolute value of the correction value.",
-    "Techniques are disclosed relating to reducing power consumption in dual-SIM devices. In some embodiments, a UE includes at least two SIMs, including a home SIM and a configurable SIM. In this embodiment, the UE is configured to register, using a first protocol stack, the configurable SIM with a local network. In these embodiments, the UE is configured to determine if the local network is an available network for the home SIM. In these embodiments, the UE is configured to register, using the first protocol stack, the home SIM with the local network in response to determining that the local network is an available network for the home SIM. In these embodiments, the UE is configured to monitor, using the first protocol stack, for pages for each of the home SIM using the identifier of the home SIM and the configurable SIM using the identifier of the configurable SIM. 1. An apparatus, comprising: one or more processing elements for operating in conjunction with at least two subscriber identity modules (SIMs) comprising a home SIM and a configurable SIM, wherein the one or more processing elements are configured to: register, using a first protocol stack, the configurable SIM with a local network using an identifier of the configurable SIM; determine if the local network is an available network for the home SIM; register, using the first protocol stack, the home SIM with the local network in response to determining that the local network is an available network for the home SIM, wherein registering the home SIM uses the identifier of the home SIM; and monitor, using the first protocol stack, for pages for each of the home SIM using the identifier of the home SIM and the configurable SIM using the identifier of the configurable SIM. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to execute the first protocol stack and no other protocol stacks for a radio access technology (RAT) associated with the first protocol stack during a time interval that begins with successful registration of the first protocol stack and ends subsequent to monitoring for pages for each of the home SIM and the configurable SIM. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is a user equipment device (UE) that further comprises: at least two antennas; at least one transmitter; at least two receivers; and circuitry configured to receive or implement the home SIM and the configurable SIM. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to: register, using a second, different protocol stack, the home SIM with a different network in response to determining that the local network is not an available network for the home SIM. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, for registration of the configurable SIM, the local network is selected in response to user input. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to monitor for pages for each of the home SIM and the configurable SIM on a DRX cycle having a DRX wakeup time, wherein the DRX wakeup time is scheduled based on the identifier of the home SIM. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the apparatus is configured to calculate a page monitoring location for the configurable SIM based on the identifier of the configurable SIM. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the calculated page monitoring location for the configurable SIM occurs during the DRX wakeup time, wherein decoding of pages of the configurable SIM occurs during the DRX wakeup time. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the calculated page monitoring location for the configurable SIM does not occur during the DRX wakeup time, wherein the apparatus is configured to schedule page monitoring at the calculated page monitoring location and is configured to perform offline decoding of the page to reduce wakeup time of the configurable SIM for page monitoring. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to disable background scans for higher priority networks for the home SIM. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to execute a second protocol stack to maintain an idle DRX cycle on an existing network to listen for pages using an identifier of the home SIM until the UE registers the home SIM with the local network. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the configurable SIM is an eSIM; and wherein the local network is a roaming network for the home SIM. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein one or more of the home SIM and the configurable SIM is an eSIM. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that are executable by a computing device to perform operations comprising: registering, using a first protocol stack, a configurable SIM of the computing device with a local network using an identifier of the configurable SIM; determining if the local network is an available network for a home SIM of the computing device; registering, using the first protocol stack, the home SIM with the local network in response to determining that the local network is an available network for the home SIM, wherein registering the home SIM uses the identifier of the home SIM; and monitoring, using the first protocol stack, for pages for each of the home SIM using the identifier of the home SIM and the configurable SIM using the identifier of the configurable SIM. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise: registering, using a second, different protocol stack, the home SIM with a different network in response to determining that the local network is not an available network for the home SIM. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein, in registering the configurable SIM, the local network is selected in response to user input. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise: disabling background scans for higher priority networks after registration of the home SIM. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise executing a second protocol stack to maintain an idle DRX cycle on an existing network to listen for pages using an identifier of the home SIM until registration of the home SIM with the local network. 19. An apparatus, comprising: one or more processing elements for operating in conjunction with at least two subscriber identity modules (SIMs) comprising a home SIM and a configurable SIM, wherein the one or more processing elements are configured to: register, using a first protocol stack, the configurable SIM with a local network using an identifier of the configurable SIM; determine if the local network is an available network for the home SIM; and automatically register, using the first protocol stack, the home SIM with the local network in response to determining that the local network is an available network for the home SIM, wherein registering the home SIM uses the identifier of the home SIM. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the apparatus is further configured to disable background scans for higher priority networks after registration of the home SIM.",
-    "A gear selector actuator (1) is provided with an electric linear drive that is accommodated in a housing (2) that is closed on an axial side by a cover (3) that has an opening (4) for an actuation element. The actuation element is held on the cover (3) and the housing (2) has a cap (5) covering an installation opening of the housing and securing the actuation element. 1. A gear selector actuator, comprising an electric linear drive that is accommodated in a housing that is closed on an axial side by a cover that has an opening for an actuation element that is held on the cover, the housing has an installation opening and a cap covers the installation opening and secures the actuation element. 2. The gear selector actuator according to claim 1, wherein the cap has, on an inner side thereof, a projection that is clamped in an installed state in a groove of the cover in which the actuation element is accommodated. 3. The gear selector actuator according to claim 1, wherein the actuation element is constructed as a Bowden cable having an end with a fitting. 4. The gear selector actuator according to claim 1, wherein the cap has a securing element that is accommodated in an undercut of the cover and prevents detachment of the cap from the cover. 5. The gear selector actuator according to claim 4, wherein the securing element comprises an anchor that has a connecting piece with projections extending from two sides. 6. The gear selector actuator according to claim 5, wherein the undercut has a passage opening for the connecting piece and is covered in an installed state by the housing. 7. The gear selector actuator according to claim 6, wherein the securing element extends approximately perpendicular from a longitudinal axis of the cap. 8. The gear selector actuator according to claim 1, wherein the cap comprises a flexible plastic material. 9. The gear selector actuator according to claim 1, wherein the cap has, on an end thereof opposite the cover, a projection that extends in a longitudinal direction and engages behind the housing in an installed state. 10. The gear selector actuator according to claim 1, wherein the installation opening is constructed as an elongated hole that is arranged on an axial end of the housing and has a contact surface for the cap.",
-    "A tunable filter using Love waves includes an inductance for band extension connected to each of piezoelectric resonators, variable capacitances are connected to the piezoelectric resonator, the piezoelectric resonators each include a LiNbO3 substrate and an IDT electrode, and a pass band and an attenuation region are positioned in a frequency region on a lower frequency side relative to a value obtained by a calculation in which an acoustic velocity of a low-velocity transversal wave propagating in the LiNbO3 substrate is divided by a wave length defined by a period of the IDT electrode. 1. A tunable filter comprising: a piezoelectric resonator; an inductance for band extension connected to the piezoelectric resonator; and a variable capacitance connected to the piezoelectric resonator; wherein the tunable filter uses Love waves; the piezoelectric resonator includes a LiNbO3 substrate and an IDT electrode provided on the LiNbO3 substrate; and a pass band and an attenuation region are present in a frequency region on a lower frequency side relative to a value obtained by a calculation in which an acoustic velocity of a low-velocity transversal wave propagating in the LiNbO3 substrate is divided by a wave length defined by a period of the IDT electrode. 2. The tunable filter according to claim 1, further comprising: an input terminal; and an output terminal; wherein the piezoelectric resonator includes a first piezoelectric resonator that includes an elastic wave resonator and is provided in a serial arm that connects the input terminal to the output terminal, and a second piezoelectric resonator that includes an elastic wave resonator and is provided in a parallel arm that connects the serial arm to a ground potential; the inductance for band extension includes a first inductance that is connected to the first piezoelectric resonator and extends a relative band of the first piezoelectric resonator, and a second inductance that is connected to the second piezoelectric resonator and extends a relative band of the second piezoelectric resonator; and the variable capacitance includes a first variable capacitance that is connected to the first piezoelectric resonator and defines a first variable resonance circuit along with the first piezoelectric resonator and the first inductance, and a second variable capacitance that defines a second variable resonance circuit along with the second piezoelectric resonator and the second inductance. 3. The tunable filter according to claim 1, wherein the IDT electrode includes a Pt film, and in a case where a film thickness of the Pt film is taken as H(\u03bb) and Euler angles of the LiNbO3 substrate are taken as (\u03c6, \u03b8, \u03c8), \u03b8 falls within a range of \u221264960\u00d7H3+19831\u00d7H2\u22122068.4\u00d7H+169.7\u221210\u00b0 to \u221264960\u00d7H3+19831\u00d7H2\u22122068.4\u00d7H+169.7+6\u00b0, \u03c6 falls within a range of \u221227\u00b0 to +27\u00b0, and \u03c8 falls within a range of \u221247\u00b0 to +47\u00b0. 4. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the IDT electrode includes a Pt film, and in a case where a film thickness of the Pt film is taken as H(\u03bb) and Euler angles of the LiNbO3 substrate are taken as (\u03c6, \u03b8, \u03c8), \u03b8 falls within a range of \u221264960\u00d7H3+19831\u00d7H2\u22122068.4\u00d7H+169.7\u221210\u00b0 to \u221264960\u00d7H3+19831\u00d7H2\u22122068.4\u00d7H+169.7+6\u00b0, \u03c6 falls within a range of \u221227\u00b0 to +27\u00b0, and \u03c8 falls within a range of \u221247\u00b0 to +47\u00b0. 5. The tunable filter according to claim 3, wherein the thickness H of the Pt film is equal to or greater than about 0.023\u03bb. 6. The tunable filter according to claim 4, wherein the thickness H of the Pt film is equal to or greater than about 0.023\u03bb. 7. The tunable filter according to claim 1, wherein in a case where a thickness of the IDT electrode is taken as H(\u03bb) and a ratio P/PPt of a density P of the IDT electrode to a density PPt of Pt is taken as A, among the Euler angles (\u03c6, \u03b8, \u03c8), \u03b8 falls within a range of \u221264960\u00d7(H/A)3+19831\u00d7(H/A)2\u22122068.4\u00d7H/A+169.7\u221210\u00b0 to \u221264960\u00d7(H/A)3+19831\u00d7(H/A)2\u22122068.4\u00d7(H/A)+169.7+6\u00b0, \u03c6 falls within a range of \u221227\u00b0 to +27\u00b0, and \u03c8 falls within a range of \u221247\u00b0 to +47\u00b0. 8. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the first inductance includes a first parallel inductance connected in parallel to the first piezoelectric resonator. 9. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the first inductance includes a first serial inductance connected in series to the first piezoelectric resonator. 10. The tunable filter according to claim 6, wherein the first inductance includes a first serial inductance connected in series to the first piezoelectric resonator. 11. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the second inductance includes a second serial inductance connected in series to the second piezoelectric resonator. 12. The tunable filter according to claim 8, wherein the second inductance includes a second serial inductance connected in series to the second piezoelectric resonator. 13. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the second inductance includes a second parallel inductance connected in parallel to the second piezoelectric resonator. 14. The tunable filter according to claim 11, wherein the second inductance includes a second parallel inductance connected in parallel to the second piezoelectric resonator. 15. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the first variable capacitance includes at least one of a first serial variable capacitance connected in series to the first piezoelectric resonator and a first parallel variable capacitance connected in parallel to the first piezoelectric resonator. 16. The tunable filter according to claim 8, wherein the first variable capacitance includes at least one of a first serial variable capacitance connected in series to the first piezoelectric resonator and a first parallel variable capacitance connected in parallel to the first piezoelectric resonator. 17. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the second variable capacitance includes at least one of a second serial variable capacitance connected in series to the second piezoelectric resonator and a second parallel variable capacitance connected in parallel to the second piezoelectric resonator. 18. The tunable filter according to claim 8, wherein the second variable capacitance includes at least one of a second serial variable capacitance connected in series to the second piezoelectric resonator and a second parallel variable capacitance connected in parallel to the second piezoelectric resonator. 19. The tunable filter according to claim 2, wherein the first and second piezoelectric resonators are provided on the same LiNbO3 substrate. 20. The tunable filter according to claim 8, wherein the first and second piezoelectric resonators are provided on the same LiNbO3 substrate.",
-    "A lens module, including: a first lens including a first conical surface based on an optical axis and a first flat surface extending in a vertical direction with respect to the optical axis; and a second lens including a second conical surface based on an optical axis and a second flat surface extending in a vertical direction with respect to the optical axis, wherein the first conical surface and the first flat surface are connected by a first curved surface having a first radius, and the second conical surface and the second flat surface are connected by a second curved surface having a second radius. 1. A lens module, comprising: a first lens including a first primary flat surface extending in a vertical direction with respect to an optical axis and a first secondary flat surface having a different height from the first primary flat surface; and a second lens including a second primary flat surface extending in a vertical direction with respect to the optical axis and a second secondary flat surface having a different height from the second primary flat surface, wherein the first primary flat surface and the first secondary flat surface are connected by a first curved surface having a first radius, and the second primary flat surface and the second secondary flat surface are connected by a second curved surface having a second radius. 2. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the first radius and the second radius have the same length. 3. The lens module of claim 1, wherein the first radius and the second radius have different lengths. 4. A lens module, comprising: a first lens including a first flat surface extending in a vertical direction with respect to an optical axis, a first vertical surface extending vertically in the optical direction with respect to the first flat surface, and a first curved surface connecting the first flat surface to the first vertical surface and having a first radius; and a second lens including a second flat surface extending in a vertical direction with respect to the optical axis, a second vertical surface extending vertically in the optical direction with respect to the second flat surface, and a second curved surface connecting the second flat surface to the second vertical surface and having a second radius, wherein the first lens and the second lens are aligned by contact between the first curved surface and the second curved surface. 5. The lens module of claim 4, wherein the first radius and the second radius have the same length. 6. The lens module of claim 4, wherein the first radius and the second radius have different lengths. 7. The lens module of claim 4, wherein both of the first curved surface and the second curved surface have a convex shape. 8. The lens module of claim 4, wherein the first curved surface has a convex shape or a concave shape, and the second curved surface has a concave shape or a convex shape different from that of the first curved surface.",
-    "At the inner side adhesion portion 28, a portion of the inner side vertical wall portion 22 is formed so as to be recessed to an inner side. An inclination angle \u03b82 of the inner side adhesion portion 28 with respect to a vehicle up-and-down direction is set to be greater than an inclination angle \u03b81 of the inner side vertical wall portion 22. At the outer side adhesion portion 38, a portion of the outer side vertical wall portion 32 is formed so as to be recessed to the inner side. An inclination angle \u03b84 of the outer side adhesion portion 38 with respect to the vehicle up-and-down direction is set to be greater than an inclination angle \u03b83 of the outer side vertical wall portion 32. 1. A panel member joining structure, comprising: a first panel member including a pair of inner side vertical wall portions that are disposed in opposition to one another; a second panel member including a pair of outer side vertical wall portions that are disposed in opposition to one another and an outer side connection portion that connects ends at one side of the pair of outer side vertical wall portions, the second panel member being placed along outer sides of the inner side vertical wall portions of the first panel member, from ends at another side of the pair of outer side vertical wall portions, and the pair of outer side vertical wall portions being disposed at the outer sides of the pair of inner side vertical wall portions; an inner side adhesion portion at which a portion of the inner side vertical wall portions is formed in a protruding shape or a recess shape such that an inclination angle of the inner side adhesion portion with respect to a direction of placement of the second panel member is greater than an inclination angle of the inner side vertical wall portions; an outer side adhesion portion at which a portion of the outer side vertical wall portions is formed in whichever of a protruding shape or a recess shape is the same direction as the inner side adhesion portion such that an inclination angle of the outer side adhesion portion with respect to the direction of placement of the second panel member is greater than an inclination angle of the outer side vertical wall portions, the outer side adhesion portion being superimposed on the inner side adhesion portion; and an adhesive layer that adheres an outer face of the inner side adhesion portion to an inner face of the outer side adhesion portion. 2. The panel member joining structure according to claim 1, wherein the first panel member further includes an inner side connection portion that connects ends at one side of the pair of inner side vertical wall portions to one another. 3. The panel member joining structure according to claim 1, further comprising first flange portions that project in divergent directions from one another from ends at another side of the pair of inner side vertical wall portions of the first panel member. 4. The panel member joining structure according to claim 1, further comprising second flange portions that project in divergent directions from one another from the ends at the other side of the pair of outer side vertical wall portions of the second panel member.",
-    "In a liquid level detector, a first clearance may expand as at least one of a rotator and a supporter swells with a target liquid. The first clearance may be a smaller one of an inner clearance between an inner circumference side of a first guide rail and an inner circumference portion and an outer clearance between an outer circumference side of the first guide rail and the outer circumference portion, in a state where the rotator and the supporter are not swelled with the target liquid. A second clearance may contract to become smaller than the first clearance as at least one of the rotator and the supporter swells with the target liquid. The second clearance may be a larger one of the inner clearance and the outer clearance in the state where the rotator and the supporter are not swelled with the target liquid. 1. A liquid level detector comprising: a float; an arm attached to the float and configured to convert a vertical motion of the float into a rotary motion of the arm; a rotator configured of a first resin and fixed to the arm; a sensor configured to detect the rotary motion of the arm; and a supporter configured of a second resin having a swelling ratio relative to a target liquid that is different from a swelling ratio of the first resin of the rotator relative to the target liquid, and rotatably supporting the rotator on the sensor, the target liquid being a detection target, wherein the supporter comprises a first guide rail for the rotator, the first guide rail extending along a rotation direction of the arm, the rotator comprises: an inner circumference portion disposed along an inner circumference of the first guide rail; and an outer circumference portion disposed along an outer circumference of the first guide rail, an inner clearance is a clearance between an inner circumference side of the first guide rail and the inner circumference portion, an outer clearance is a clearance between an outer circumference side of the first guide rail and the outer circumference portion, a first clearance expands as at least one of the rotator and the supporter swells with the target liquid, the first clearance being a smaller one of the inner clearance and the outer clearance in a state where the rotator and the supporter are not swelled with the target liquid, and a second clearance contracts to become smaller than the first clearance as at least one of the rotator and the supporter swells with the target liquid, the second clearance being a larger one of the inner clearance and the outer clearance in the state where the rotator and the supporter are not swelled with the target liquid. 2. The liquid level detector as in claim 1, wherein the swelling ratio of the rotator relative to the target liquid is higher than the swelling ratio of the supporter relative to the target liquid, the first clearance is the outer clearance, and the second clearance is the inner clearance. 3. The liquid level detector as in claim 2, wherein the supporter further comprises a second guide rail for the arm, the second rail extending along the rotation direction of the arm, the arm comprises a curved part configured of a material having a low swelling ratio relative to the target liquid and curving along the second guide rail, a third clearance is larger than the first clearance and smaller than the second clearance, the third clearance being a clearance between the second guide rail and the curved part in the state where the rotator and the supporter are not swelled with the target liquid, and a minimum clearance among the first clearance, the second clearance and the third clearance shifts in an order of the first clearance, the third clearance, and the second clearance as at least one of the rotator and the supporter swells with the target liquid. 4. The liquid level detector as in claim 3, wherein the arm is configured of a metal material that hardly swells relative to the target liquid. 5. The liquid level detector as in claim 1, wherein the supporter further comprises a second guide rail for the arm, the second rail extending along the rotation direction of the arm, the arm comprises a curved part configured of a material having a low swelling ratio relative to the target liquid and curving along the second guide rail, a third clearance is larger than the first clearance and smaller than the second clearance, the third clearance being a clearance between the second guide rail and the curved part in the state where the rotator and the supporter are not swelled with the target liquid, and a minimum clearance among the first clearance, the second clearance and the third clearance shifts in an order of the first clearance, the third clearance, and the second clearance as at least one of the rotator and the supporter swells with the target liquid. 6. The liquid level detector as in claim 1, wherein the first resin is polyphenylene sulfide, the second resin is polyacetal, the target liquid is fuel of a vehicle, and the first clearance is the outer clearance, and the second clearance is the inner clearance. 7. The liquid level detector as in claim 1, wherein the target liquid is fuel of an automobile.",
-    "An authentication request is generated when a user of a client device attempts to initiate a user session with an application managed by a service provider. An authentication response is generated based on credentials received from the user. The authentication response includes an assertion on behalf of the user. A delivery resource locator for the assertion is rewritten to a resource locator of a proxy in order to redirect the assertion to the proxy. The authentication response is sent to the client device together with the resource locator of the proxy in order to cause the client device to send the assertion to the proxy that decodes the re-written resource locator and sends the assertion to the service provider. 1. A method comprising: based on an authentication request generated in response to a user of a client device attempting to initiate a user session with a service provider and the user session being directed to a proxy server, sending, by the proxy server, an assertion on behalf of the user to the service provider; receiving, at the proxy server, service provider content from the service provider; rewriting, by the proxy server, the service provider content to cause the client device to access the service provider content through the proxy server; and sending, by the proxy server, rewritten service provider content to the client device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein rewriting comprises rewriting the service provider content to a web page at a resource locator served by the proxy server, and wherein sending comprises sending the resource locator to the client device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the service provider content comprises content generated by one or more service provider applications. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from an identity provider, a session cookie used to authenticate the user session. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising analyzing the assertion to determine whether the user session is authenticated. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from the service provider, an access grant indicating that the user is to be given access to the service provider. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from the client device, resource requests for the service provider content, and forwarding the resource requests to the service provider. 8. An apparatus comprising: a network interface unit configured to send and receive communications over a network; a processor coupled to the network interface unit, wherein the processor is configured to: on the basis of an authentication request generated in response to a user of a client device attempting to initiate a user session with a service provider and the user session being directed to a proxy server, send an assertion on behalf of the user to the service provider; receive service provider content from the service provider; rewrite the service provider content to cause the client device to access the service provider content through the proxy server; and send rewritten service provider content to the client device. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to rewrite the service provider content to a web page at a resource locator served by the proxy server, and wherein the processor is configured to send the resource locator to the client device. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the service provider content comprises content generated by one or more service provider applications. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to receive, from an identity provider, a session cookie used to authenticate the user session. 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to analyze the assertion to determine whether the user session is authenticated. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to receive, from the service provider, an access grant indicating that the user is to be given access to the service provider. 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to receive, from the client device, resource requests for the service provider content, and forward the resource requests to the service provider. 15. One or more non-transitory computer readable storage media encoded with software comprising computer executable instructions, and when the software is executed, operable to: send, by a proxy server, an assertion on behalf of a user to a service provider after an authentication request is generated in response to the user of a client device attempting to initiate a user session with the service provider and the user session is directed to the proxy server; receive, at the proxy server, service provider content from the service provider; rewrite, by the proxy server, the service provider content to cause the client device to access the service provider content through the proxy server; and send, by the proxy server, rewritten service provider content to the client device. 16. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the instructions operable to rewrite comprises instructions operable to rewrite the service provider content to a web page at a resource locator served by the proxy server, and wherein the instructions operable to send comprises instructions operable to send the resource locator to the client device. 17. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the service provider content comprises content generated by one or more service provider applications. 18. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further operable to: analyze the assertion to determine whether the user session is authenticated. 19. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further operable to: receive, from the service provider, an access grant indicating that the user is to be given access to the service provider. 20. The computer readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the instructions are further operable to: receive, from the client device, resource requests for the service provider content, and forward the resource requests to the service provider.",
-    "An information processing apparatus predicts, based on a geometric model of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object in an image in which the object is captured by a capturing device. Furthermore, the information processing apparatus searches a two-dimensional image in which the object is captured by the capturing device for a measurement data feature that corresponds to a model feature of the geometric model, and evaluates, using the two-dimensional image, an image degradation with respect to the found measurement data feature. The information processing apparatus calculates, based on the predicted image degradation and the evaluated image degradation, the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature, and collates, based on this accuracy, the geometric model and the object in the two-dimensional image. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: a prediction unit configured to predict, based on a geometric model representing a shape of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object to be measured in an image in which the object to be measured is captured by a capturing device; a searching unit configured to search a two-dimensional image in which the object to be measured is captured by the capturing device for a measurement data feature that corresponds to a model feature of the geometric model; an evaluation unit configured to evaluate, using the two-dimensional image, an image degradation with respect to the measurement data feature found by the searching unit; a calculation unit configured to calculate, based on the image degradation predicted by the prediction unit and the image degradation evaluated by the evaluation unit, an accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature; and a collation unit configured to collate, based on the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature, the geometric model and the object to be measured in the two-dimensional image. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image degradation is an image degradation that is caused by image spread due to blurring and/or defocusing of the two-dimensional image. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation unit evaluates the image degradation by applying an error function to the measurement data feature of the two-dimensional image. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the prediction unit predicts the image degradation based on the geometric model, a given position and orientation of the object to be measured, change in relative position and orientation between the object to be measured and the capturing device, and an internal parameter of the capturing device. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the prediction unit obtains an image degradation at a coordinate position of a model feature of an image that is obtained in advance by capturing the object to be measured or an object that simulates the object to be measured, the image degradation occurring when the geometric model is projected onto the image obtained in advance. 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the prediction unit obtains an image degradation based on a CG image generated by two-dimensionally projecting the geometric model of the object to be measured. 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calculation unit calculates the accuracy so as to take a higher value the closer a degree of the image degradation predicted by the prediction unit and a degree of the image degradation evaluated by the evaluation unit are to each other. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the collation unit selects a correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature based on the accuracy. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the collation unit selects a correspondence for which a higher accuracy has been calculated by the calculation unit with priority. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the collation unit sets a weight relating to the measurement data feature based on the accuracy. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the collation unit is a unit configured to calculate a position and/or an orientation of the object to be measured in a three-dimensional space. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: the capturing device; and an acquiring unit configured to acquire the two-dimensional image obtained by the capturing device capture capturing the object to be measured. 13. An information processing apparatus comprising: a prediction unit configured to predict, based on a geometric model representing a shape of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object to be measured in an image in which the object to be measured is captured by a capturing device; an obtaining unit configured to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of a three-dimensional measurement point on a surface of the object to be measured; an evaluation unit configured to evaluate, based on the three-dimensional coordinates obtained by the obtaining unit, an image degradation at a position of a point group projected onto a two-dimensional image captured by the capturing device; a searching unit configured to search for a correspondence between the three-dimensional measurement point and a model feature of the geometric model; a calculation unit configured to calculate, based on the image degradation predicted by the prediction unit and the image degradation evaluated by the evaluation unit, an accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the three-dimensional measurement point; and a collation unit configured to collate, based on the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the three-dimensional measurement point, the geometric model and three-dimensional measurement points representing the shape of the object to be measured. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising: a measurement device configured to measure the three-dimensional coordinates of the three-dimensional measurement point, wherein the obtaining unit obtains the three-dimensional coordinates from the measurement device. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a control unit configured to control a robot arm based on an estimation result of a position and an orientation of the object to be measured that is estimated by the collation unit. 16. A control method of an information processing apparatus comprising: predicting, based on a geometric model representing a shape of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object to be measured in an image in which the object to be measured is captured by a capturing device; searching a two-dimensional image in which the object to be measured is captured by the capturing device for a measurement data feature that corresponds to a model feature of the geometric model; evaluating, using the two-dimensional image, an image degradation with respect to the found measurement data feature; calculating, based on the predicted image degradation and the evaluated image degradation, an accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature; and collating, based on the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature, the geometric model and the object to be measured in the two-dimensional image. 17. A control method of an information processing apparatus comprising: predicting, based on a geometric model representing a shape of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object to be measured in an image in which the object to be measured is captured by a capturing device; obtaining three-dimensional coordinates of a three-dimensional measurement point on a surface of the object to be measured; evaluating, based on the obtained three-dimensional coordinates, an image degradation at a position of a point group projected onto a two-dimensional image captured by the capturing device; searching for a correspondence between the three-dimensional measurement point and a model feature of the geometric model; calculating, based on the predicted image degradation and the evaluated image degradation, an accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the three-dimensional measurement point; and collating, based on the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the three-dimensional measurement point, the geometric model and three-dimensional measurement points representing the shape of the object to be measured. 18. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored therein a program for causing a computer to execute a method including: predicting, based on a geometric model representing a shape of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object to be measured in an image in which the object to be measured is captured by a capturing device; searching a two-dimensional image in which the object to be measured is captured by the capturing device for a measurement data feature that corresponds to a model feature of the geometric model; evaluating, using the two-dimensional image, an image degradation with respect to the found measurement data feature; calculating, based on the predicted image degradation and the evaluated image degradation, an accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature; and collating, based on the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the measurement data feature, the geometric model and the object to be measured in the two-dimensional image. 19. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored therein a program for causing a computer to execute a method including: predicting, based on a geometric model representing a shape of an object to be measured, an image degradation of the object to be measured in an image in which the object to be measured is captured by a capturing device; obtaining three-dimensional coordinates of a three-dimensional measurement point on a surface of the object to be measured; evaluating, based on the obtained three-dimensional coordinates, an image degradation at a position of a point group projected onto a two-dimensional image captured by the capturing device; searching for a correspondence between the three-dimensional measurement point and a model feature of the geometric model; calculating, based on the predicted image degradation and the evaluated image degradation, an accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the three-dimensional measurement point; and collating, based on the accuracy of the correspondence between the model feature and the three-dimensional measurement point, the geometric model and three-dimensional measurement points representing the shape of the object to be measured.",
-    "A device for determining the distance between two points on a surface or surfaces in 3-dimensional space, regardless of the orientation of the points relative to the device, provided an unobstructed line-of-sight between the device and both points. The device includes two distance measuring range finders that are joined by a hinge. The hinge includes a rotary encoder for measuring the angular displacement of the two sensors. By utilizing the distance measurements that each range finder relays, as well as the angular displacement measured by the rotary encoder, the microcontroller determines the final length between the two points and displays it through a display screen. 1. A device for providing point-to-point distance measurement between any two points on a surface or surfaces in 3-Dimensions comprising: two laser distance measuring rangefinders, a rotary encoder that measures the relative angular displacement of the two rangefinders; and a processor configured to receive data from the two laser distance measuring rangefinders and the rotary encoder and determine a distance between two points based on the received data. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein each rangefinder comprises at least a wave transmitter that emits a frequency wave and a wave receiver that receives and analyzes the backscattered wave. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein each rangefinder relays information of distance measurement to the processor. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the rotary encoder relays information of angular displacement measurement of the two rangefinders relative to one another to the processor. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein each rangefinder is positioned within a respective hollow enclosure and the processor is in the form of a microcontroller within at least one of the hollow enclosures. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the processor relays a final calculation of point-to-point distance to a display screen. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the display screen is positioned on one of the hollow enclosures. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the processor draws power from a battery or an external power source. 9. The system of claim 1 including an optional mounting device such that the system may be connected to a tripod in order to stabilize the device during operation and to promote ease of use. 10. A method of determining the point-to-point distance measurement between two points on a surface or surfaces, comprising: measuring a distance from a first laser distance measurement rangefinder to a first of the two points; measuring a distance from a second laser distance measurement rangefinder to a second of the two points; measuring an angle between the first and second rangefinders utilizing a rotary encoder; and calculating the point-to-point distance based on the measured distances and angle. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the calculation of the final point-to-point distance involves a mathematical calculation including a variation of the Cosine Law. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising calculating one or more of an arc length, a surface area, or a volume based on the measured distances and angle.",
-    "A unitary tray for operably supporting a fiber-optic module is disclosed. The tray includes a guide base and guide rails that define a central channel sized to accommodate the fiber-optic module. The fiber-optic module can be slid into a central module position from the back or the front of the tray, and then locked in the central module position. Opposing unitary side guides with slotted channels can be used to form a drawer that holds one or more of the trays. The drawers can be used to form fiber-optic equipment such as an interconnection unit that supports the modules and that allows for conveniently making multiple optical fiber interconnections. 1. A tray for operably supporting a fiber-optic module that has a central axis and alignment rails, the tray comprising: a base having front and back ends, a top side and opposite edges; parallel guide rails adjacent the edges that define a central open channel sized to accommodate the fiber-optic module; front and back insertion guides respectively formed in the parallel guide rails and configured to receive, support and align the fiber-optic module within the central open channel; central guiding features formed on opposing inside surfaces of the parallel guide rails between the front and back insertion guides, the central guiding features being configured to receive the fiber-optic module and guide the fiber-optic module to a central module position within the tray; and wherein the tray is formed as a unitary, molded structure from a single piece of material. 2. The tray according to claim 1, further comprising a fiber-optic module locking feature formed on one of the guide rails and configured to operably engage a portion of the fiber-optic module to lock the module in the center module position. 3. The tray according to claim 1, further comprising front and back access openings formed in the base. 4. The tray according to claim 1, wherein the front and back insertion guides are configured so that the fiber-optic module can be lowered onto either the front or back insertion guide from the front side of the base and then slid into the central module position. 5. The tray according to claim 1, further comprising flexures formed on the respective edges of the base. 6. A drawer for fiber-optic equipment, comprising: the tray of claim 5; and first and second opposing unitary side guides configured to slidingly engage the edges of the tray. 7. The drawer according to claim 6, wherein each of the side guides includes at least one channel, and wherein the side guides are configured so that the edges of the tray are slidingly engaged by the respective channels of the opposing side guides. 8. The drawer according to claim 7, wherein each channel includes a plurality of slots, and wherein the flexure engages one of the slots to define a corresponding plurality of tray positions relative to the side guides. 9. The drawer according to claim 7, further comprising multiple trays and a housing having an interior that contains the side guides and the multiple trays. 10. A tray for operably supporting a fiber-optic module that has a central axis and alignment rails, the tray comprising: a flat and generally rectangular base having front and back ends, a top side, and opposite edges; a pair of substantially parallel guide rails extending upwardly from the base and residing inboard of the edges, the guide rails having front and back ends and inside surfaces that define, along with a central portion of the base, a central open channel having a central axis and sized to accommodate the fiber-optic module; front and back insertion guides respectively formed in the inside surfaces of the guide rails adjacent the front and back ends and configured to receive and support the fiber-optic module alignment rails and substantially align the central axis of the alignment module with the central axis of the central open channel; central guiding features formed on the inside surfaces of the guide rails between the front and back insertion guides, the central guiding features being configured to receive the alignment rails of the fiber-optic module and guide the fiber-optic module to a central position within the tray; and wherein the tray is formed as a unitary structure. 11. The tray according to claim 10, further comprising a fiber-optic-module locking feature formed on one of the guide rails between the front insertion guide and the central guiding features, the fiber-optic-module locking feature being configured to operably engage a portion of the fiber-optic module to lock the module in a center module position. 12. The tray according to claim 10, further comprising the fiber-optic module. 13. The tray according to claim 10, wherein the front and back insertion guides each include ledges upon which the alignment rails rest when the fiber-optic module is inserted into the tray from the top side at the front end or the back end of the tray, respectively. 14. The tray according to claim 10, further comprising tongues formed on the respective edges of the base, the tongues having formed therein respective flexures. 15. A drawer for fiber-optic equipment, comprising: the tray of claim 14; and first and second opposing unitary side guides, each having at least one channel configured to receive and slidingly engage the tongues of the tray, with each channel having front, center and rear slots configured to operably engage at least a portion of the flexure so that the tray can be locked in either a front tray position, a center tray position or a back tray position relative to the side guides and unlocked from a given one of the tray positions by flexing the flexure. 16. The drawer according to claim 15, wherein each flexure has a front-position detent and a rear-position detent, with a locking detent therebetween. 17. The drawer according to claim 16, wherein the side guides include multiple channels and the drawer supports multiple trays. 18. The drawer according to claim 17, further comprising the fiber-optic modules operably arranged one in each of the trays, with each module having a plurality of front-end adapters and a single multi-fiber back end adapter. 19. The drawer of claim 18, further comprising one or more jumpers operably connected to the corresponding one or more front-end adapters and a multi-fiber fiber-optic cable operably connected to the back-end multi-fiber connector. 20. The drawer of claim 18, further comprising a housing having an interior that operably supports the drawer to form an interconnection equipment unit. 21. A tray for operably supporting a fiber-optic module having alignment rails, comprising: a flat, rectangular base having front and back ends, a top side, and opposite edges; parallel guide rails adjacent the edges that define, along with a portion of the base, a central open channel having a central axis and sized to accommodate the fiber-optic module; front and back insertion guides respectively formed in the parallel guide rails and configured to receive the fiber-optic module from the top side and support and align the fiber-optic module within the central open channel; slots formed on opposing inside surfaces of the parallel guide rails between the front and back insertion guides, the slots running in the axial direction and being configured to receive the alignment rails of the fiber-optic module and guide the fiber-optic module to a central module position within the tray. 22. The tray according to claim 21, wherein each slot is defined by top and bottom offset corrugations. 23. The tray according to claim 21, wherein each edge of the base includes a flexure defined therein. 24. The tray of claim 21, further comprising the module. 25. A drawer for fiber-optic equipment, comprising: the tray of claim 24; and first and second opposing unitary side guides each having at least one channel configured to receive and slidingly engage the tongues of the tray and to operably engage the respective flexures to releasably lock the tray a plurality of different tray positions relative to the side guides.",
-    "The present application generally relates to the use of metabolites of ginger and analogs thereof for the treatment and prevention of diseases, including but not limited to, cancer. 1)-3) (canceled) 4) A method of preventing and/or treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising the steps of: administering to said subject a prevention effective amount and/or a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the formula: wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 2, 4, 6 and combinations thereof. 5) The method of claim 4 wherein the step of administering a compound having said formula includes the step of including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate of said formula. 6) The method of claim 4, wherein said compound is in an isolated or purified form. 7)-16) (canceled)",
-    "A fixing device includes a fixing rotator and an opposed rotator pressed against the fixing rotator to form a fixing nip therebetween. A primary heater is disposed opposite the fixing rotator in a circumferential span of the fixing rotator other than the fixing nip in a circumferential direction of the fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator. A heat shield is interposed between the primary heater and the fixing rotator and disposed outboard from at least a decreased size recording medium conveyance span of the fixing rotator spanning in an axial direction of the fixing rotator where a recording medium having a decreased size in the axial direction of the fixing rotator is conveyed. The heat shield shields the fixing rotator from the primary heater. A secondary heater is mounted on the heat shield to heat the fixing rotator. 1. A fixing device comprising: a fixing rotator rotatable in a predetermined direction of rotation; an opposed rotator pressed against the fixing rotator to form a fixing nip therebetween, through which a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed; a primary heater disposed opposite the fixing rotator in a circumferential span of the fixing rotator other than the fixing nip in a circumferential direction of the fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator; a heat shield interposed between the primary heater and the fixing rotator and disposed outboard from at least a decreased size recording medium conveyance span of the fixing rotator spanning in an axial direction of the fixing rotator where the recording medium having a decreased size in the axial direction of the fixing rotator is conveyed, the heat shield to shield the fixing rotator from the primary heater; and a secondary heater mounted on the heat shield to heat the fixing rotator. 2. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the primary heater includes a supplementary heat generator disposed outboard from the decreased size recording medium conveyance span in the axial direction of the fixing rotator, and wherein the secondary heater is disposed outboard from the supplementary heat generator in the axial direction of the fixing rotator. 3. The fixing device according to claim 2, wherein the heat shield exposes the supplementary heat generator of the primary heater to the fixing rotator. 4. The fixing device according to claim 3, wherein the heat shield includes a slope tilted to gradually decrease a shield area of the heat shield that shields the fixing rotator from the primary heater toward a center of the fixing rotator in the axial direction thereof. 5. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the secondary heater includes: a first heat generation portion; and a second heat generation portion separated from the first heat generation portion. 6. The fixing device according to claim 5, further comprising a voltage application circuit to energize the first heat generation portion separately from the second heat generation portion. 7. The fixing device according to claim 5, wherein the first heat generation portion is isolated from the second heat generation portion with an interval therebetween in the axial direction of the fixing rotator. 8. The fixing device according to claim 5, wherein the second heat generation portion is disposed outboard from the first heat generation portion in the axial direction of the fixing rotator. 9. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the secondary heater includes a laminated heat generator contoured along a surface of the heat shield. 10. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the secondary heater includes a stationary heat generator. 11. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the heat shield is contoured along an inner circumferential surface of the fixing rotator. 12. The fixing device according to claim 1, further comprising a nip formation pad to press against the opposed rotator via the fixing rotator. 13. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the fixing rotator includes a flexible endless belt. 14. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the opposed rotator includes a pressure roller. 15. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the primary heater includes a halogen heater. 16. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming device to form a toner image; and a fixing device disposed downstream from the image forming device in a recording medium conveyance direction to fix the toner image on a recording medium, the fixing device including: a fixing rotator rotatable in a predetermined direction of rotation; an opposed rotator pressed against the fixing rotator to form a fixing nip therebetween, through which the recording medium bearing the toner image is conveyed; a primary heater disposed opposite the fixing rotator in a circumferential span of the fixing rotator other than the fixing nip in a circumferential direction of the fixing rotator to heat the fixing rotator; a heat shield interposed between the primary heater and the fixing rotator and disposed outboard from at least a decreased size recording medium conveyance span of the fixing rotator spanning in an axial direction of the fixing rotator where the recording medium having a decreased size in the axial direction of the fixing rotator is conveyed, the heat shield to shield the fixing rotator from the primary heater; and a secondary heater mounted on the heat shield to heat the fixing rotator. 17. A fixing method comprising: receiving a print job; energizing a primary heater to heat a fixing rotator; determining that a width of a recording medium is greater than a predetermined width; energizing a secondary heater to heat the fixing rotator; determining that a warm-up time has elapsed; detecting a preset temperature of the fixing rotator; rotating the fixing rotator at a preset linear velocity; and conveying the recording medium to the fixing rotator.",
-    "A method and a user equipment (UE) are provided for transmitting uplink data in a wireless communication system. Uplink data is mapped to resource elements corresponding to a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) in a UE-specific aperiodic sounding reference signal (SRS) subframe. The UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe includes a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbol reserved for an aperiodic SRS. The aperiodic SRS is transmitted in the reserved SC-FDMA symbol when triggered by a base station. The uplink data is not mapped to the SC-FDMA symbol reserved for the aperiodic SRS regardless of whether the aperiodic SRS is transmitted in the reserved SC-FDMA symbol or not. The mapped uplink data is transmitted to the base station via the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 1. A method for transmitting, by a user equipment (UE), uplink data in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: mapping uplink data to resource elements corresponding to a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) in a UE-specific aperiodic sounding reference signal (SRS) subframe, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe includes a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbol reserved for an aperiodic SRS, wherein the aperiodic SRS is transmitted in the reserved SC-FDMA symbol when triggered by a base station, and wherein the uplink data is not mapped to the SC-FDMA symbol reserved for the aperiodic SRS regardless of whether the aperiodic SRS is transmitted in the reserved SC-FDMA symbol or not; and transmitting the mapped uplink data to the base station via the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the aperiodic SRS is not transmitted to the base station in the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the aperiodic SRS is transmitted to the base station in the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe is one of a plurality of UE-specific subframes configured by a UE-specific aperiodic SRS parameter. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS parameter indicates a periodicity and an offset of the plurality of UE-specific SRS subframes. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS parameter is given by a higher layer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the SC-FDMA symbol reserved for the aperiodic SRS is a last SC-FDMA symbol of the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the PUSCH is subject to rate matching except the SC-FDMA symbol reserved for the aperiodic SRS, and wherein the rate matching is performed by determining, by the UE, a number of coded modulation symbols. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the number of coded modulation symbols is determined based on a number of SC-FDMA symbols per subframe for the PUSCH. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the number of SC-FDMA symbols per subframe for the PUSCH is determined based on Equation: NsymbPUSCH-initial=(2\u00b7(NsymbUL\u22121)\u2212NSRS) where NsymbUL denotes a number of SC-FDMA symbols in each slot in the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe, and NSRS=1. 11. A user equipment (UE) comprising: a memory; a radio frequency (RF) unit; and a processor coupled to the memory and the RF unit, and configured to: map uplink data to resource elements corresponding to a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) in a UE-specific aperiodic sounding reference signal (SRS) subframe, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe includes a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbol reserved for an aperiodic SRS, wherein the aperiodic SRS is transmitted in the reserved SC-FDMA symbol when triggered by a base station, and control the RF unit to transmit the mapped uplink data to the base station via the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 12. The UE of claim 11, wherein the aperiodic SRS is not transmitted to the base station in the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 13. The UE of claim 11, wherein the aperiodic SRS is transmitted to the base station in the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 14. The UE of claim 11, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe is one of a plurality of UE-specific subframes configured by a UE-specific aperiodic SRS parameter. 15. The UE of claim 14, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS parameter indicates a periodicity and an offset of the plurality of UE-specific SRS subframes. 16. The UE of claim 14, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic SRS parameter is given by a higher layer. 17. The UE of claim 11, wherein the SC-FDMA symbol reserved for the aperiodic SRS is a last SC-FDMA symbol of the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe. 18. The UE of claim 11, wherein the PUSCH is subject to rate matching except the SC-FDMA symbol reserved for the aperiodic SRS, and wherein the rate matching is performed by determining, by the UE, a number of coded modulation symbols. 19. The UE of claim 18, wherein the number of coded modulation symbols is determined based on a number of SC-FDMA symbols per subframe for the PUSCH. 20. The UE of claim 19, wherein the number of SC-FDMA symbols per subframe for the PUSCH is determined based on Equation: NsymbPUSCH-initial=(2\u00b7(NsymbUL\u22121)\u2212NSRS) where NsymbUL denotes a number of SC-FDMA symbols in each slot in the UE-specific aperiodic SRS subframe, and NSRS=1.",
-    "This invention (LEVIA) is a new preservative free veterinary formulation, composed of 7.5% Levamisole HCl and 1% Ivermectin. This unique combination provides a very effective anthelmintic effect against, animal pests and endoparasites. In addition, this formula may be used for combating, killing and/or controlling: 1\u2014Adult and immature gastro intestinal round worms; 2\u2014Lung worms, eye worms and warble fly larvae; 3\u2014Helps in treatment of Sarcoptes and Psoroptes Scabies (mange mites) and control of Sucking Lice. This invention provides an improved method for the treatment of helminthiasis in mammals, particularly in: bovines, caprines, equines, ovines, canines and felines. 1. LEVIA is a new colorless, preservative free sterile veterinarian solution, adapted to be subcutaneously injected into animals, this formulation comprises of: a. an effective amount of 7.5% Levamisole HCl; b. an effective amount of at least 1% Ivermectin; c. a pharmaceutically acceptable system of Propylene glycol C3H802 (mwt 76.1) as a solvent wherein the system provides for acceptable storage stability for both the Levamisole HCl and the Ivermectin and wherein the system provides for a viscosity which is suitable for injection; and wherein the system contains 7% water for injection. 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein 7.5% Levamisole HCl salt is present in an amount sufficient to deliver a maximum dose of 2 mL where each one mL contains 75 mg/mL and the recommended dose between 1 to 2 mL/50 kg chattels bodyweight. A second and final dose could be needed after 21 days from the first dose. 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the 1% Ivermectin is present in an amount sufficient to deliver a dose of at least 10 mg/ml. Each one mL contains 10 mg/mL and the recommended dose is between 1 to 2 mL/50 kg animal bodyweight. A second and final dose could be needed 21 days from the first dose 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the solvents used are propylene glycol and water for injection, where 7% of the liquid used in this invention is water for injection and the remaining to make up the total volume is propylene glycol. 5. The formulation of claim 1 contains no preservative, no additives or any other excipients. 6. This subcutaneous solution is pyrogen free and sterile. 7. The formulation of claim 1 wherein the Levamisole HCl be an effective amount of at least 7.5% and Ivermectin its concentration is about 1% (w/v); the solvent is Propylen glycol and its concentration is between 90-93% (v/v), and this percentage acts as a preservative for this formulation, and water for injection is used as remaining quantity to make up the total volume, which is 7% (v/v). 8. This new formulation of any one of claims 1-5 wherein the 7.5% Levamisole HCl (w/v) and wherein the 1% Ivermectin (w/v) concentration has a unique physical specifications, such as; The density of the final formulation is 1.05\u00b10.004 at 28\u00b0 C., pH is around 3.50\u00b10.5, kinetic viscosity 23.90\u00b11.08 milli pascal-second (mPa\u00b7s) and 25.07\u00b11.17 (mPa\u00b7s). 9. Levia is a method for preventing or treating internal parasite infestations in animals, which comprises of parentral administration to an animal, with an effective amount of the formulation of claim 1. 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the formulation is injected subcutaneously. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the parasites are Adult and Immature gastro intestinal round worms, lung worms, eye worms and warble larvae. 12. The method of claim 10, the Sucking Lice and mange mites (Sarcoptes and Psoroptes Scabies). 13. The method for producing the formulation of claim 1, comprising the steps of: a. Dissolving the 1% Ivermectin with a suitable solvent, which is propylene glycol. This solvent represents around 92% from the whole formula. b. In a separate vessel, adding and dissolving 7.5% Levamisole HCl in known amount of water for injection, about (7.0%). c. Adding Levamisole HCl solution to Ivermectin bulk solution with mixing speed of (150 rpm at 30\u00b0 C. in this step only). d. Optionally, bringing the batch to Total volume with added propylene glycol and mixing; thereby producing the formulation. e. Temperature must be maintained at 25\u00b0 C. in all steps except step 13d. f. The final formulation filled under aseptic conditions and nitrogen gas and then packaged into an air-tight container suitable for injection. This should stay suitably preserved through the shelf life of the product, which is around three years.",
-    "A current generator for a swimming system may include multiple entrainment pumps that discharge a flow of water into a pool. The entrainment pumps may each have a nozzle, a venturi and an entrainment inlet. In use, the flow of water from the nozzle into the venturi causes water at the entrainment inlet to flow into the venturi along with water from the nozzle. Each entrainment pump is arranged such that the fluid that flows out of the venturi passage is directed within a main passage, and the flow from multiple venturis may be combined and may be directed at least partially against the force of gravity before that fluid is directed out of the main passage outlet and into the pool. In at least some implementations, the fluid flows for at least one foot between the venturi and the main passage outlet. 1. A current generator for a swimming system having a main volume for a swimmer and a main passage in which water flows from the current generator to an outlet of the main passage that leads to the main volume, comprising: multiple entrainment pumps, each having: a nozzle having a nozzle inlet adapted to receive a supply of pressurized fluid and a nozzle outlet, a venturi having a passage aligned with the nozzle and through which liquid discharged from the nozzle outlet flows, the venturi having a venturi outlet from which fluid flows out of the venturi passage, and an entrainment inlet open to the area outboard of the manifold and communicating with the venturi passage, wherein the flow of liquid from the nozzle outlet into the venturi creates a pressure drop at the entrainment inlet and fluid in the area of the entrainment inlet is drawn through the entrainment inlet and entrained with the liquid in the venturi to flow through the venturi and out of the venturi outlet, each entrainment pump being arranged such that the fluid that flows out of the venturi passage is directed within the main passage at least partially against the force of gravity before that fluid is directed out of the main passage outlet and into the main volume. 2. The current generator of claim 1 wherein the nozzle is lower than the venturi outlet with respect to the direction of the force of gravity. 3. The current generator of claim 1 wherein venturi outlets are located to provide at least one foot of travel of the fluid against the force of gravity within the main passage. 4. The current generator of claim 2 wherein each venturi includes a passage that is oriented parallel to the direction of the force of gravity or within 45 degrees of parallel to the direction of the force of gravity. 5. The current generator of claim 4 which includes a housing that defines at least part of the main passage and wherein the housing includes a flow director that is provided in the main passage to transition the flow from a first direction from the entrainment pumps to a second direction generally parallel to the main passage outlet. 6. The current generator of claim 1 wherein the entrainment inlet of at least one entrainment pump is located at a different height than the entrainment inlet of another entrainment pump. 7. The current generator of claim 1 wherein the entrainment pumps are provided in at least two arrays and wherein the entrainment inlets of a first array are located at a different height than the entrainment inlets of a second array. 8. The current generator of claim 7 wherein the first array is located at an inboard side adapted to be located nearer a supply of liquid in a pool with which the current generator is used and the second array is located further from the supply of liquid than the first array, and wherein the entrainment inlets of the first array are located higher than the entrainment inlets of the second array. 9. A swimming system, comprising: a pool including a main volume adapted to contain a liquid, and a main passage having an outlet leading to the main volume; a primary pump having an outlet from which liquid is discharged under pressure; a manifold having at least one inlet communicated with the primary pump outlet and multiple outlets from which the pressurized liquid is discharged; multiple entrainment pumps associated with the manifold with one entrainment pump provided for each outlet, each entrainment pump having: a nozzle having a nozzle inlet communicating with and receiving pressurized liquid from a respective one of the manifold outlets and a nozzle outlet, a venturi having a passage aligned with the nozzle and through which liquid discharged from the nozzle outlet flows, the venturi having a venturi outlet from which fluid flows out of the venturi passage, and an entrainment inlet open to the area outboard of the manifold and communicating with the venturi passage, wherein the flow of liquid from the nozzle outlet into the venturi creates a pressure drop at the entrainment inlet and fluid in the area of the entrainment inlet is drawn through the entrainment inlet and entrained with the liquid in the venturi to flow through the venturi and out of the venturi outlet, each entrainment pump being arranged so that fluid that flows out of the venturi passage is directed within the main passage at least partially against the force of gravity and the direction of the fluid is changed within the main passage before the fluid exits the main passage through the main passage outlet. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the entrainment pumps are arranged so that the nozzle is lower than the venturi outlet with respect to the direction of the force of gravity. 11. The system of claim 9 wherein the main passage includes an inlet through which liquid from the supply of liquid in the pool may enter the main passage, and wherein the entrainment pumps are at least partially received within the main passage. 12. The system of claim 9 wherein each venturi includes a passage along an axis and the axis is oriented parallel to the direction of the force of gravity or within 30 degrees of parallel to the direction of the force of gravity. 13. The system of claim 10 wherein the venturi outlets are arranged at least one foot from the main passage outlet. 14. The system of claim 10 wherein the main passage outlet is oriented perpendicular to the direction of the force of gravity or within 30 degrees of perpendicular to the direction of the force of gravity. 15. The system of claim 14 which also includes at least one flow director within the passage and arranged to transition the flow from a first direction from the entrainment pumps to a second direction generally parallel to the main passage outlet. 16. The system of claim 9 wherein the entrainment inlet of at least one entrainment pump is located at a different height than the entrainment inlet of another entrainment pump. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein a first entrainment pump is located at an inboard side of the main passage nearer the main volume and at least one entrainment pump is located further from the main volume than the first entrainment pump, and wherein the entrainment inlet of the first entrainment pump is located higher than the entrainment inlet of the second entrainment pump. 18. The system of claim 9 which also includes a valve located between the primary pump and the entrainment pumps to reduce the flow rate of liquid delivered to the entrainment pumps. 19. A current generator for a swimming system, comprising: a housing defining a main passage including an open space that is communicated with a main passage outlet; multiple entrainment pumps each entrainment pump having a nozzle with a nozzle outlet, a venturi having a passage through which liquid discharged from the nozzle outlet flows, the venturi having a venturi outlet from which fluid flows out of the venturi passage, and an entrainment inlet communicating with the venturi passage, wherein the flow of liquid from the nozzle outlet into and through the venturi passage creates a pressure drop at the entrainment inlet that draws in fluid that is in the area of the entrainment inlet and entrains that with the liquid flowing through the venturi passage, the entrainment pumps being arranged so that fluid that flows out of multiple venturi passages flows into the open space of the main passage so that the fluid flows out of said multiple venturis may at least partially merger before flowing through the main passage outlet. 20. The current generator of claim 19 wherein the open space is upstream of a flow director received in the main passage and arranged to change the direction of fluid flow within the main passage before the fluid exits the main passage outlet. 21. The current generator of claim 20 wherein at least a portion of the main passage is arranged for fluid flow therein in a direction opposite to the direction of the force of gravity or within 45 degrees of being opposite to the direction of the force of gravity. 22. The current generator of claim 19 wherein the venturi outlets of said multiple entrainment pumps are arranged to discharge fluid into the main passage at least one foot from the main passage outlet.",
-    "Methods of forming a hardmask material film are provided. The methods may include preparing a substrate including a first region that includes first patterns with a first density and a second region that includes second patterns with a second density that is lower than the first density or is free of patterns, forming a first hardmask material film in gaps between the first patterns and on surfaces of the first region and the second region, performing a heat treatment on the first hardmask material film such that solvent solubility of portions of the first hardmask material film in the gaps between the first patterns becomes different from solvent solubility of portions of the first hardmask material film outside the gaps, removing the first hardmask material film formed on the surfaces of the first region and the second region such that the portions of the first hardmask material film in the gaps at least partially remain in the gaps, and forming a second hardmask material film on the surfaces of the first region and the second region. 1. A method of forming a hardmask material film, the method comprising: preparing a substrate including a first region that includes first patterns with a first density and a second region that includes second patterns with a second density that is lower than the first density or is free of patterns; forming a first hardmask material film in gaps between the first patterns and on surfaces of the first region and the second region; performing a heat treatment on the first hardmask material film such that solvent solubility of portions of the first hardmask material film in the gaps between the first patterns becomes different from solvent solubility of portions of the first hardmask material film outside the gaps; removing the first hardmask material film formed on the surfaces of the first region and the second region such that the portions of the first hardmask material film in the gaps at least partially remain in the gaps; and forming a second hardmask material film on the surfaces of the first region and the second region. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein in the performing of the heat treatment on the first hardmask material film, heat is transferred to the first hardmask material film through the substrate. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein in the performing of the heat treatment on the first hardmask material film, a heat source configured to apply heat to the substrate is disposed on an opposite side of the first hardmask material film with respect to the substrate. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein, after the performing of the heat treatment on the first hardmask material film, the portions of the first hardmask material film in the gaps between the first patterns are cured and the portions of the first hardmask material film outside the gaps between the first patterns are not cured. 5.-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first hardmask material film and the second hardmask material film are substantially a same material film. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first patterns comprise hole patterns or line and space patterns which extend in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein an upper surface of the second hardmask material film in the first region and an upper surface of the second hardmask material film in the second region are substantially coplanar. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein immediately before the heat treatment is performed on the first hardmask material film, an upper surface of the first hardmask material film in the first region and an upper surface of the first hardmask material film in the second region are not coplanar. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the upper surface of the second hardmask material film after performing the heat treatment is more flat than an upper surface of the first hardmask material film before the heat treatment is performed on the first hardmask material film. 14.-17. (canceled) 18. A method of forming a hardmask material film, the method comprising: preparing a substrate including a first region that includes recesses and a second region that has a flat upper surface, the upper surface of the second region and an upper surface of the first region are substantially coplanar; forming a first hardmask material film in the recesses of the first region and on the upper surfaces of the first region and the second region such that a free surface of the first hardmask material film in the second region is higher than a free surface of the first hardmask material film in the first region; curing the first hardmask material film in the recesses of the first region; removing the first hardmask material film formed on the upper surfaces of the first region and the second region; and forming a second hardmask material film on the upper surfaces of the first region and the second region, a height difference between free surfaces of the second hardmask material film in the first region and the second region is less than a height difference between the free surfaces of the first hardmask material film in the first region and the second region. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the curing of the first hardmask material film comprises applying heat to the first hardmask material film in the recesses. 20.-23. (canceled) 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the removing of the first hardmask material film comprises applying a solvent, which is capable of dissolving the first hardmask material film, on the upper surfaces of the first region and the second region. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the applying of the solvent comprises: performing a first removal operation comprising dissolving and removing the first hardmask material film; and performing a second removal operation comprising removing a residue remaining on the first hardmask material film, wherein the first removal operation and the second removal operation are performed while rotating the substrate, and a rotational speed of the second removal operation is faster than a rotational speed of the first removal operation. 26.-27. (canceled) 28. The method of claim 18, wherein a height difference between the free surfaces of the second hardmask material film in the first region and the second region is about 50 \u212b or less. 29. (canceled) 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the removing of the first hardmask material film is performed until the flat upper surface of the second region is exposed. 31.-33. (canceled) 34. A method of forming a mask layer comprising: forming a first mask material on a substrate, the substrate including recesses in a surface and the first mask material being formed in the recesses; selectively curing portions of the first mask material that are in the recesses; removing non-cured portions of the first mask material from the substrate; and forming a second mask material on the surface of substrate that includes the cured portions of the first mask material. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the surface is a first surface, and the substrate includes a second surface opposite the first surface, and wherein selectively curing the portions of the first mask material comprises applying heat to the second surface of the substrate. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein removing the non-cured portions of the first mask material comprises performing a rinse process using a solvent. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the cured portions of the first mask material and the non-cured portions of the first mask material have different solubility in the solvent. 38. The method of claim 36, wherein removing the non-cured portions of the first mask material comprises performing the rinse process until the surface of the substrate is exposed.",
-    "A malware detection system based on stored data that analyzes an electronic message for threats by comparing it to previously received messages in a message archive or to a contacts list. Threat protection rules may be generated dynamically based on the message and contacts history. A message that appears suspicious may be blocked, or the system may insert warnings to the receiver not to provide personal information without verifying the message. Threat checks may look for unknown senders, senders with identities that are similar to but not identical to previous senders or to known contacts, or senders that were added only recently as contacts. Links embedded in messages may be checked by comparing them to links previously received or to domain names of known contacts. The system may flag messages as potential threats if they contradict previous messages, or if they appear unusual compared to the patterns of previous messages. 1. A malware detection system based on stored data, comprising: a threat protection and detection system executable on a client or server computer or set of client or server computers, wherein the threat protection and detection system comprises a messaging system database comprising an archive of electronic messages, wherein said archive of electronic messages comprises electronic messages previously sent, received or drafted, a contacts list, and summary data derived from said archive of electronic messages and said contacts list, wherein said summary data consolidates information from said message archive of electronic messages and said contacts list and, a message filter coupled to said messaging system database, and configured to receive an electronic message comprising one or more message parts, said one or more message parts comprising a sender information, one or more receivers information, a message contents, a subject line, one or more attachments, one or more links to websites, a message thread; determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat, based on an analysis of said one or more message parts, and said messaging system database; if said electronic message represents a potential threat, perform one or more of block access to said electronic message or to one or more of said message parts; and, transform said electronic message to provide a warning to a user who attempts to access said electronic message or attempts to access one or more of said one or more message parts, wherein said transform said electronic message to provide said warning comprises one or more of insert text or graphics warning about a potential threat into the subject line of said electronic message and into the message contents of said electronic message, and, transform a link to a website from said electronic message to a protected link, wherein clicking said protected link one or more of shows a website warning to said user before connecting to said website, and, calculates a website maturity score, and if said website maturity score is below a threshold, displays a warning message to said user before connecting to said website. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat is further based on an analysis of one or more external databases. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said archive of electronic messages does not contain a previous communication with said sender. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said sender does not appear in said contacts list. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if a length of time said sender has been in said contacts list is below a threshold value. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said sender has a sender identity that matches an identity of an entity in said contacts list; and, said entity in said contacts list is not associated with a known source of messages. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said entity in said contacts list is a distribution list. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said sender has a sender identity that is similar to, but not identical to, an identity of a person or organization in said contacts list. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said sender identity is considered to be similar to, but not identical to, an identity of a person or organization in said contacts list if a distance metric between said sender identity and said identity of said person or organization in said contacts list is below a threshold value and greater than zero. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein said sender identity comprises one or more of a sender email address; a domain name of said sender email address; a portion of said domain name of said sender email address; a display name of said sender email address; and, a biometric identifier of said sender. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein said biometric identifier comprises one or more of a fingerprint, a palm print, a voice print, a facial image, and an eye scan. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said sender has an identity that is similar to, but not identical to, an identity of a person or organization that was a sender or a receiver of a message in said archive of electronic messages. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises said electronic message contains a link to a website, wherein said website has a website identity that is similar to, but not identical to, a website identity referenced in a message in said archive of electronic messages. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein said website identity referenced in a message in said archive of electronic messages is a domain identity associated with said sender of said message in said archive of electronic messages. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said electronic message contradicts a message in said archive of electronic messages. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said contradicts a message in said archive of electronic messages comprises said electronic message provides an account identity into which said user is directed to transfer funds; and, said message in said archive of electronic messages provides a different account identity into which said user is directed to transfer funds. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein said determine whether said electronic message represents a potential threat comprises classify said electronic message as a potential threat if said electronic message asks said user to perform an action; and, no previous message in said archive of electronic messages from the same sender as said electronic message requests said user to perform said action. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The system of claim 1, wherein said website warning comprises a warning to said user not to provide personal information to said website. 21. (canceled) 22. The system of claim 1, wherein said website maturity score is calculated based on one or more of an elapsed time since a domain associated with said website was registered; and, a registration length of time for which said domain was registered. 23. The system of claim 1, wherein said website maturity score is calculated based on an elapsed time since measured traffic to or from said website exceeded a traffic threshold value. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein said message filter is further configured to identify personal, sensitive, or confidential information in said one or more message parts; and, transform said electronic message to protect said personal, sensitive, or confidential information if said personal, sensitive, or confidential information is present in said one or more message parts. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein said personal, sensitive, or confidential information is identified using natural language processing. 26. The system of claim 24, wherein said personal, sensitive, or confidential information is identified by tags inserted into said electronic message by said sender. 27. The system of claim 24, wherein said transform said electronic message to protect said personal, sensitive, or confidential information comprises transform said personal, sensitive, or confidential information into an encoded form. 28. The system of claim 24, wherein said transform said electronic message to protect said personal, sensitive, or confidential information comprises determine whether each of said one or more receivers is authorized to receive said personal, sensitive, or confidential information; and, warn said sender or remove a receiver from said electronic message if said receiver of said one or more receivers is not authorized to receive said personal, sensitive, or confidential information, or warn said sender and remove said receiver from said electronic message. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein said remove said receiver from said electronic message further comprises identify an alternate email address for said receiver, wherein said alternate email address is authorized to receive said personal, sensitive, or confidential information; and, add said alternate email address as a new receiver of said electronic message. 30. The system of claim 1, further comprising wherein said electronic message further comprises a recipient information; and, a resource or a reference to said resource; a reference rewriting module that replaces said resource or said reference to said resource with a protected reference to said resource, to form a protected message; an authorization subsystem configured to determine whether said user is an authorized user who is permitted to use said protected reference to access said resource; and, a secure resource access subsystem configured to provide said authorized user with secure access to said resource via a security mechanism that mitigates one or more potential threats from said resource; wherein said recipient of said electronic message creates a copy of said protected reference; and, use of said protected reference or of said copy of said protected reference by said user to access said resource automatically causes said authorization subsystem to determine whether said user is said authorized user; and, if said user is said authorized user, said secure resource access subsystem to provide said authorized user with said secure access to said resource via said security mechanism; and, if said user is not said authorized user, said secure resource access subsystem to block access to said resource for said user.",
-    "A method for assembling a wind turbine includes: unloading a nacelle and hub from a truck; connecting the nacelle and hub to a carriage of an elevator in a vertical position; connecting blades to the hub, thereby forming a rotor; raising the carriage, nacelle, and rotor along a tower to a top of the tower; and pivoting the carriage, nacelle, and rotor to a horizontal position at the top of the tower. 1. A method for assembling a wind turbine, comprising: connecting a nacelle and hub to a carriage of an elevator in vertical position: connecting blades to the hub, thereby forming a rotor; raising the carriage, nacelle, and rotor along a tower to a top of the tower; and pivoting the carriage, nacelle, and rotor to a horizontal position at the top of the tower. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the carriage, nacelle, and rotor are raised by operating a drive motor of the carriage. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the carriage, nacelle, and rotor are raised by operating a winch located at a base of the tower and having load line connected to the carriage. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising engaging a fastener with the carriage when the carriage, nacelle, and rotor arrive at the top of the tower and before pivoting. 5. A method for assembling a wind turbine, comprising: unloading a nacelle and hub from a truck; loading the nacelle and hub on to a platform of an elevator in a horizontal position; raising the platform, nacelle, and hub along a tower to a top of the tower; after raising, conveying the nacelle and hub from the platform to the top of he tower; and connecting blades to the hub.",
-    "An electronic device and authentication processing method for operating the electronic device is provided. The authentication processing method includes transmitting to an external server credential information input in the electronic device through a user interface, receiving an authentication request of the credential information, processing the authentication request based on the credential information stored in the electronic device, or determining whether to transmit the authentication request through the communication module based on the credential information stored in the external server. 1. A method for operating an electronic device, the method comprising: transmitting to an external server, by at least one processor of the electronic device, credential information input in the electronic device through a communication module; receiving an authentication request of the credential information by at least one processor of the electronic device, through a user interface; verifying, by the at least one processor of the electronic device, change enable/disable information stored in the electronic device, in response to credential information stored in the external server being changed; processing the authentication request by the at least one processor of the electronic device, based on at least a part of the change enable/disable information and the credential information stored in the electronic device; or determining, by the at least one processor of the electronic device, to transmit the authentication request through the communication module based on the credential information stored in the external server. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein processing the authentication request comprises: requesting a local authentication procedure based on the credential information stored in the electronic device, if the change enable/disable information indicating whether or not the credential information has changed indicates that a non-change state of a remote authentication information currently exists. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining whether to transmit the authentication request comprises: requesting a remote authentication procedure based on the credential information stored in the external server, if the local authentication procedure fails. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: outputting a specific guide information, if the remote authentication procedure fails. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising: granting a requested function access, if the remote authentication procedure succeeds. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising: granting a requested function access and requesting a remote authentication procedure based on the credential information stored in the external server, if the local authentication procedure succeeds. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: setting a state value of the change enable/disable information to a value indicating a change state of remote authentication information, if the remote authentication procedure fails. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing a remote authentication procedure, if the change enable/disable information indicates a change state of remote authentication information and if a network is an available; or performing a local authentication procedure, if the change enable/disable information indicates the change state of the remote authentication information and if a network is an unavailable. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: granting a function access and setting the change enable/disable information to a value indicating a non-change state of remote authentication information, if the remote authentication procedure succeeds. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: limiting a function access and controlling an output of guide information associated with an information change, if the remote authentication procedure fails. 11. An electronic device comprising: a communication module; a user interface; a memory; and at least one processor configured to be electrically connected with the communication module, the user interface, and the memory, wherein the memory stores instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to transmit credential information of the electronic device to an external server through the communication module, to receive an authentication request of the credential information through the user interface, to verify change enable/disable information, stored in the memory, on whether credential information stored in the external server is changed, to process the authentication request based on at least a part of the change enable/disable information and the credential information stored in the electronic device, or to determine to transmit the authentication request through the communication module based on the credential information stored in the external server. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor requests a local authentication procedure based on the credential information stored in the electronic device if the change enable/disable information indicating whether the credential information is changed indicates a non-change state of remote authentication information. 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the processor requests a remote authentication procedure based on the credential information stored in the external server if the local authentication procedure fails. 14. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the processor outputs a specific guide information if the remote authentication procedure fails. 15. The electronic device of claim 13, wherein the processor grants a requested function access if the remote authentication procedure succeeds. 16. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the processor grants a requested function access and requests a remote authentication procedure based on the credential information stored in the external server if the local authentication procedure succeeds. 17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the processor sets a state value of the change enable/disable information to a value indicating a change state of remote authentication information if the remote authentication procedure fails. 18. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor performs a remote authentication procedure if the change enable/disable information indicates a change state of remote authentication information and if a network is an available or performs a local authentication procedure if the change enable/disable information indicates the change state of the remote authentication information and if a network is an unavailable. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the processor grants a function access and sets the change enable/disable information to a value indicating a non-change state of remote authentication information if the remote authentication procedure succeeds. 20. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the processor limits a function access and outputs guide information associated with an information change if the remote authentication procedure fails.",
-    "A communication apparatus performs communication in a manner such that communication with a first base station apparatus using a first frequency band and communication with a second base station apparatus using a second frequency band are switched on a per-subframe basis, obtains, from the first base station apparatus, specification information that specifies a subframe in which the first frequency band should be used and a subframe in which the second frequency band should be used among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, and performs control on the basis of the specification information to communicate with the first base station apparatus in the subframe in which the first frequency band should be used and with the second base station apparatus in the subframe in which the second frequency band should be used. 1. A communication apparatus, comprising: a communication unit configured to perform communication in a manner such that communication with a first base station apparatus using a first frequency band and communication with a second base station apparatus using a second frequency band are switched on a per-subframe basis; an obtaining unit configured to obtain specification information from the first base station apparatus, the specification information specifying, among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, a subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and a subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used; and a control unit configured to control the communication unit, on the basis of the specification information, to communicate with the first base station apparatus in the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used, and to communicate with the second base station apparatus in the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used. 2. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a storage unit configured to store information of at least two different patterns that specify, among the plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used, wherein the obtaining unit obtains, from the first base station apparatus, information that specifies which of the at least two patterns is to be used as the specification information. 3. The communication apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the storage unit further stores, as candidates for the at least two patterns, information of a plurality of different patterns that specify, among the plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used, and the obtaining unit obtains, from the first base station apparatus, information indicating which of the candidates are used as the at least two patterns. 4. The communication apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the obtaining unit obtains, from the first base station apparatus, at least one of information indicating in which subframe the first frequency band is to be used and information indicating in which subframe the second frequency band is to be used with respect to each of the at least two patterns. 5. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a transmission unit configured to transmit a confirmation signal containing information related to the specification information to the first base station apparatus. 6. The communication apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a determination unit configured to determine whether the specification information has been obtained from the first base station apparatus, wherein the transmission unit transmits the confirmation signal to the first base station apparatus when it has been determined that the specification information has been obtained from the first base station apparatus. 7. The communication apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the transmission unit transmits the confirmation signal via a physical uplink control channel. 8. The communication apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the control unit starts control over the communication unit on the basis of the specification information after a predetermined time period has elapsed since transmission of the confirmation signal. 9. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit starts control over the communication unit on the basis of the specification information after a predetermined time period has elapsed since obtainment of the specification information from the first base station apparatus. 10. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit controls the communication unit to communicate with the first base station apparatus using the first frequency band in a first predetermined subframe. 11. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit controls the communication unit to communicate with the second base station apparatus using the second frequency band in a second predetermined subframe. 12. The communication apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first base station apparatus is wiredly or wirelessly connected to the second base station apparatus, and a signal transmitted from the communication apparatus to the second base station apparatus using the second frequency band is transferred to the first base station apparatus, and a signal to be transmitted to the communication apparatus in the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used is transmitted from the first base station apparatus to the second base station apparatus and transmitted from the second base station apparatus to the communication apparatus in the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used. 13. A base station apparatus that is included in a wireless communication system and communicates with a communication apparatus using a first frequency band, the wireless communication system also including the communication apparatus that performs communication while switching between the first frequency band and a second frequency band on a per-subframe basis, and another base station apparatus that communicates with the communication apparatus using the second frequency band, the base station apparatus comprising: a notification unit configured to notify the communication apparatus and the other base station apparatus of specification information that specifies, among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, a subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band and a subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the second frequency band; and a communication unit configured to communicate with the communication apparatus using the subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band as specified by the specification information. 14. The base station apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising a storage unit configured to store information of at least two different patterns that specify, among the plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used, wherein the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of information that specifies which of the at least two patterns is to be used as the specification information. 15. The base station apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the storage unit further stores, as candidates for the at least two patterns, information of a plurality of different patterns that specify, among the plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used, and the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of information indicating which of the candidates are used as the at least two patterns. 16. The base station apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of at least one of information indicating in which subframe the first frequency band is to be used and information indicating in which subframe the second frequency band is to be used with respect to each of the at least two patterns. 17. The base station apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of the specification information indicating that the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band in a first predetermined subframe with respect to all of the at least two patterns. 18. The base station apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of the specification information indicating that the communication apparatus is to use the second frequency band in a second predetermined subframe with respect to all of the at least two patterns. 19. The base station apparatus according to claim 13, further comprising a receiving unit configured to receive, from the communication apparatus, a confirmation signal representing a confirmation that the specification information has been received, wherein when the confirmation signal is not received within a predetermined time period since notification of the specification information to the communication apparatus, the notification unit re-notifies the communication apparatus of the specification information. 20. The base station apparatus according to claim 19, wherein when the confirmation signal is received without notification of the specification information to the communication apparatus, the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of the specification information to which the communication apparatus is to conform. 21. The base station apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the confirmation signal contains information related to specification information notified to the communication apparatus, and when the information related to specification information notified via the confirmation signal is not information related to the specification information to which the communication apparatus is to conform, the notification unit notifies the communication apparatus of the specification information to which the communication apparatus is to conform. 22. The base station apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the notification unit notifies the other base station apparatus of the specification information after the confirmation signal has been received from the communication apparatus. 23. The base station apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the communication unit starts communication with the communication apparatus on the basis of the specification information after a predetermined time period has elapsed since reception of the confirmation signal from the communication apparatus. 24. The base station apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the communication unit starts communication with the communication apparatus on the basis of the specification information after a predetermined time period has elapsed since notification of the specification information. 25. The base station apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the other base station apparatus is wiredly or wirelessly connected to the base station apparatus, and the communication unit transmits to the other base station apparatus at least a part of a signal addressed to the communication apparatus, and/or receives from the other base station apparatus a signal that has been transmitted from the communication apparatus to the other base station apparatus using the second frequency band. 26. The base station apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the communication unit gives notice of the specification information via a physical downlink control channel. 27. A method of controlling a communication apparatus including communication unit configured to perform communication in a manner such that communication with a first base station apparatus using a first frequency band and communication with a second base station apparatus using a second frequency band are switched on a per-subframe basis, the method comprising: obtaining specification information from the first base station apparatus, the specification information specifying, among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, a subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and a subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used; and controlling the communication unit, on the basis of the specification information, to communicate with the first base station apparatus in the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used, and to communicate with the second base station apparatus in the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used. 28. A method of controlling a base station apparatus that is included in a wireless communication system and communicates with a communication apparatus using a first frequency band, the wireless communication system also including the communication apparatus that performs communication while switching between the first frequency band and a second frequency band on a per-subframe basis, and another base station apparatus that communicates with the communication apparatus using the second frequency band, the method comprising: notifying the communication apparatus and the other base station apparatus of specification information that specifies, among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, a subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band and a subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the second frequency band; and communicating with the communication apparatus using the subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band as specified by the specification information. 29. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program that causes a computer included in a communication apparatus to execute a method for controlling the communication apparatus, the communication apparatus including communication unit configured to perform communication in a manner such that communication with a first base station apparatus using a first frequency band and communication with a second base station apparatus using a second frequency band are switched on a per-subframe basis, the method comprising: obtaining specification information from the first base station apparatus, the specification information specifying, among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, a subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used and a subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used; and controlling the communication unit, on the basis of the specification information, to communicate with the first base station apparatus in the subframe in which the first frequency band is to be used, and to communicate with the second base station apparatus in the subframe in which the second frequency band is to be used. 30. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer included in a base station apparatus to execute a method for controlling the base station apparatus, the base station apparatus being included in a wireless communication system and communicating with a communication apparatus using a first frequency band, the wireless communication system also including the communication apparatus that performs communication while switching between the first frequency band and a second frequency band on a per-subframe basis, and another base station apparatus that communicates with the communication apparatus using the second frequency band, the method comprising: notifying the communication apparatus and the other base station apparatus of specification information that specifies, among a plurality of subframes included in one or more frames, a subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band and a subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the second frequency band; and communicating with the communication apparatus using the subframe in which the communication apparatus is to use the first frequency band as specified by the specification information.",
-    "A spinal correction system for implantation in a patient, the system including a reciprocating adjuster and/or a resistance adjuster coupled to a stabilizing member, for example. The resistance adjuster includes a potential energy drive, a slide unit, and a resistance unit. The reciprocating adjuster includes a piston unit, a transfer unit coupled to the piston unit, and a return mechanism. 1. (canceled) 2. A spinal correction system for implantation in a patient, the system comprising: a correction anchor configured to be secured to a vertebra in a defect area of a spine; a stabilizing member configured to be secured against translation at the defect area of the spine; a reciprocating adjuster coupled to the stabilizing member, the reciprocating adjuster including: a cap displaceable between a first position and a second position; a return mechanism for returning the cap from the second position to the first position; and a transfer unit coupled to the cap such that displacement of the cap in the first direction causes the transfer unit to be displaced in a second direction; and a connector extending from the reciprocating adjuster to define an effective length between the reciprocating adjuster and the correction anchor, the connector having a first end configured to be coupled to the transfer unit and a second end configured to be coupled to the correction anchor such that displacement of the transfer unit causes shortening of the effective length of the connector. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the transfer unit includes a roller and a drive shaft. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein displacement of the roller winds the connector about the roller. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the roller is a one-way drive clutch. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the one-way drive clutch includes grooves or ridges. 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the return mechanism includes a spring.",
-    "A wire harness including: a trunk line; a single-sided self-adhesive sheet which is bonded to itself across the trunk line to superimpose a pair of edge portions along the trunk line on each other so that the trunk line can be covered with the single-sided self-adhesive sheet; and a branch line which is made to diverge from the middle of the trunk line so as to be inclined to the trunk line, and which is sandwiched by and covered with the single-sided self-adhesive sheet and led out from between the pair of edge portions. 1. A wire harness comprising: a trunk line; a single-sided adhesive sheet which is bonded to itself across the trunk line to superimpose a pair of edge portions along the trunk line on each other so that the trunk line is covered with the single-sided adhesive sheet; and a branch line which is made to diverge from the middle of the trunk line so as to be inclined to the trunk line, and which is sandwiched by and covered with the single-sided adhesive sheet and led out from between the pair of edge portions, wherein: an angle formed between a covered branch line portion of the branch line and the trunk line is smaller than an angle formed between an outside branch line of the branch line and the pair of edge portions, the covered branch line portion being sandwiched by and covered with the single-sided adhesive sheet, the outside branch line being led out from between the pair of edge portions and exposed from the single-sided adhesive sheet. 2. A wire harness according to claim 1, wherein: a covered branch line portion of the branch line made to diverge from the trunk line to be inclined at an acute angle to the trunk line has a U-turn shape folded portion which extends along the trunk line and more frontward than a branch line divergence start position. 3. A wire harness according to claim 1, wherein: the single-sided adhesive sheet which is bonded to itself to cover the trunk line and a covered branch line portion of the branch line is folded along a folding line parallel with the trunk line.",
-    "A surgical hook insertion device includes an elongate body defining a lumen therethrough and an actuation assembly. The elongate body has a retaining portion configured and dimensioned to releasably retain a laminar hook therein. The actuation assembly includes an actuation rod and an actuator member. The actuation rod is slidably disposed within the lumen of the elongate body. The actuator member is operatively coupled with the actuation rod and is slidably mounted on the elongate body, wherein the actuation assembly is transitionable between a first position in which a portion of the actuation rod engages the laminar hook releasably disposed in the retaining portion and a second position in which the actuation rod disengages the laminar hook. 1. (canceled) 2. A method of stabilizing a spine comprising: positioning a laminar hook on a retaining portion of a surgical hook insertion device by linearly inserting a guide protrusion of the retaining portion into a groove defined in the laminar hook, such that an acute angle defined by a guide protrusion axis of the guide protrusion and a longitudinal axis defined by the surgical hook insertion device is a fixed angle while the laminar hook is slidably released along an axis from the hook retaining portion; releasably securing the laminar hook on the retaining portion of the surgical hook insertion device by transitioning an actuation rod from a first position in which the actuation rod is disengaged from the laminar hook to a second position in which a portion of the actuation rod is engaged with the laminar hook; positioning the laminar hook adjacent a bone of the spine; implanting a bone screw into the bone through the laminar hook; inserting a connecting rod into a connecting rod slot in the bone screw; and locking the connecting rod in the connecting rod slot in the bone screw. 3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising bending the connecting rod prior to inserting the connecting rod into the connecting rod slot in the bone screw. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein bending the connecting rod includes bending the connecting rod to conform to a desired contour of the spine. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein releasably securing the laminar hook on the retaining portion of the surgical hook insertion device includes transitioning the actuation rod from the first position in which the portion of the actuation rod is disengaged from a recess defined in an arched portion of the laminar hook to the second position in which the actuation rod is engaged with the recess of the arched portion of the laminar hook. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein positioning the laminar hook adjacent the bone includes positioning the arched portion of the laminar hook on an undersurface of a lamina of the spine. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein positioning the laminar hook adjacent the bone includes positioning the arched portion of the laminar hook around a pedicle of the spine. 8. The method according to claim 2, wherein implanting the bone screw to the bone through the laminar hook includes inserting the bone screw through a threaded bore defined in a head portion of the laminar hook. 9. A method of stabilizing a spine comprising: positioning a laminar hook on a retaining portion of a surgical hook insertion device by linearly inserting a guide protrusion of the retaining portion into a groove defined in the laminar hook, such that the guide protrusion is rotationally fixed with respect to a longitudinal axis of the surgical hook insertion device while the laminar hook is translatably released from the hook retaining portion of the surgical hook insertion device; securing the laminar hook on the retaining portion of the surgical hook insertion device by transitioning an actuation rod from a first position in which the actuation rod is disengaged from the laminar hook and a second position in which a portion of the actuation rod is engaged with the laminar hook; positioning the laminar hook on a bone of the spine; securing a bone screw to the bone through the laminar hook; inserting a connecting rod into a connecting rod slot in the bone screw; and locking the connecting rod in the connecting rod slot in the bone screw. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising bending the connecting rod prior to inserting the connecting rod into the connecting rod slot in the bone screw. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein bending the connecting rod includes bending the connecting rod to conform to a desired contour of the spine. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein securing the laminar hook on the retaining portion of the surgical hook insertion device includes transitioning the actuation rod from the first position in which the portion of the actuation rod is disengaged from a recess defined in an arched portion of the laminar hook to the second position in which the actuation rod is engaged with the recess of the arched portion of the laminar hook. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein positioning the laminar hook adjacent the bone includes positioning the arched portion of the laminar hook on an undersurface of a lamina of the spine. 14. The method according to claim 12, wherein positioning the laminar hook adjacent the bone includes positioning the arched portion of the laminar hook around a pedicle of the spine. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein securing the bone screw to the bone through the laminar hook includes inserting the bone screw through a threaded bore defined in a head portion of the laminar hook.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a device substrate includes a multilayer film that includes a film constituting a device element and is disposed on a substrate. A main face on which the device element is disposed includes a patterning region on which a resist is to be applied during an imprint process, and a bevel region provided as a region from a peripheral edge portion of the patterning region to an end portion of the device substrate. The bevel region includes a region where an upper surface of the bevel region becomes lower toward the end portion of the device substrate relative to an upper surface of the patterning region. The upper surface of the bevel region has an inclination angle of 10\u00b0 or more and 90\u00b0 or less with respect to the upper surface of the patterning region, at a boundary between the patterning region and the bevel region. 1. A device substrate comprising a multilayer film that includes a film constituting a device element and is disposed on a substrate, wherein a main face of the device substrate on which the device element is disposed includes a patterning region on which a resist is to be applied during an imprint process, and a bevel region provided as a region from a peripheral edge portion of the patterning region to an end portion of the device substrate, the bevel region includes a region where an upper surface of the bevel region becomes lower toward the end portion of the device substrate relative to an upper surface of the patterning region, and the upper surface of the bevel region has an inclination angle of 10\u00b0 or more and 90\u00b0 or less with respect to the upper surface of the patterning region, at a boundary between the patterning region and the bevel region. 2. The device substrate according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface of the patterning region is flat. 3. The device substrate according to claim 1, wherein a distance from the peripheral edge portion of the patterning region to the end portion of the device substrate is 3 mm or less. 4. The device substrate according to claim 1, wherein the multilayer film at part present on the bevel region is in a state excluding one or more layer films, which include an uppermost layer film, of the multilayer film at part present on the patterning region. 5. The device substrate according to claim 4, wherein the uppermost layer film of the multilayer film is a mask film, the patterning region is provided with the mask film, and the bevel region is riot provided with the mask film. 6. The device substrate according to claim 5, wherein the mask film is formed of a carbon film. 7. The device substrate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is formed of a wafer. 8. The device substrate according to claim 7, wherein the wafer is formed of a semiconductor wafer, glass wafer, or ceramic wafer. 9. A method of manufacturing a device substrate, the method comprising: forming a first film on an entire surface of a device substrate in which a multilayer film including a film constituting a device element is disposed on a substrate; removing the first film at part present on a bevel region that is provided as a region from a peripheral edge portion of a patterning region to an end portion of the device substrate, the patterning region being provided as a region on which a resist is to be applied during an imprint process of the device substrate; and planarizing an upper surface of the first film at part present on the patterning region. 10. The method manufacturing a device substrate according to claim 9, wherein the planarizing of the upper surface of the first film includes dropping a resist onto the first film, placing a blank template including no rugged patterns, with respect to the first film through the resist, such that there is a predetermined distance between the blank template and the first film, and curing the resist in this state, and etching back an entire surface of the device substrate by use of dry etching. 11. The method of manufacturing a device substrate according to claim 9, wherein the removing of the first film is performed by use of a bevel CMP method, bevel RIE, Edge Bead Removal, or peripheral light exposure. 12. The method of manufacturing a device substrate according to claim 9, wherein the first film is formed of a mask film. 13. The method of manufacturing a device substrate according to claim 12, wherein the mask film is formed c carbon film. 14. The method of manufacturing a device substrate according to claim 9, wherein the substrate is formed of a wafer. 15. The method of manufacturing a device substrate according to claim 14, wherein the wafer is formed of a semiconductor wafer, glass wafer, or ceramic wafer. 16. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming a first film on an entire surface of a device substrate in which a multilayer film including a film constituting a device element is disposed on a substrate; removing the first film at part present on a bevel region that is provided as a region from a peripheral edge portion of a patterning region to an end portion of the device substrate, the patterning region being provided as a region on which a resist is to be applied during an imprint process of the device substrate; planarizing an upper surface of the first film at part present on the patterning region; dropping a first resist onto the first film; placing a first template formed with rugged patterns, with respect to the first film through the first resist, such that there is a predetermined distance between the first template and the first film, and curing the first resist in this state and to form a resist pattern; and processing the multilayer film through the resist pattern serving as a mask. 17. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the planarizing of the upper surface of the first film includes dropping a second resist onto the first film, placing a blank template including no rugged patterns, with respect to the first film through the second resist, such that there is a predetermined distance between the blank template and the first film, and curing the second resist in this state, and etching back an entire surface of the device substrate by use of dry etching. 18. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the removing of the first film is performed by use of a bevel CMP method, bevel RIE, Edge Bead Removal, or peripheral light exposure. 19. The method manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 16, wherein the first film is formed of a mask film. 20. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 19, wherein the mask film is formed of a carbon film.",
-    "A gas sensor includes a gas sensor element, a metallic shell, and a tubular protector fixed at a front side of the metallic shell. A front end of the gas sensor element faces an internal space formed between an inner surface of the protector and an inner surface of the metallic shell. The protector includes: a fixing portion surrounding the front side of the metallic shell and fixed to the metallic shell; a space partition portion extending radially and having inner gas introduction holes communicating with the internal space; a side wall connected to a radially inner side of the space partition portion; and a bottom wall formed on a front side of the side wall with an inner gas discharge hole. The gas sensor element is located rearward relative to an inner surface of an inner gas introduction hole located on the frontmost side. 1. A gas sensor comprising: a gas sensor element extending in an axial direction and having a gas detection portion on a front side thereof; a tubular metallic shell surrounding a periphery of the gas sensor element and holding the gas sensor element; and a tubular protector fixed to a front side of the metallic shell, wherein the front side of the gas sensor element faces an internal space formed between an inner surface of the protector and an inner surface of the metallic shell, the protector includes: a fixing portion that externally surrounds the front side of the metallic shell and is fixed to the metallic shell; a space partition portion that extends radially inward from a front end of the fixing portion, and has inner gas introduction holes communicating with the internal space; a side wall that is connected to a radially inner side of the space partition portion, and extends frontward relative to the space partition portion; and a bottom wall that is formed on a front side of the side wall, and has an inner gas discharge hole opened therethrough, and the gas sensor element is located rearward relative to an inner surface side of an inner gas introduction hole located on a frontmost side among the inner gas introduction holes. 2. The gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein a radially innermost portion of the inner surface of the metallic shell that faces the internal space is located radially outward relative to a center of the inner gas introduction hole. 3. The gas sensor according to claim 1, wherein an inner diameter of a rear end portion of the side wall of the protector is smaller than a largest dimension at a front end of the gas sensor element. 4. The gas sensor according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one tubular outer protector surrounding a radial periphery of the protector with a gap between the outer protector and the protector, wherein the outer protector includes an outer gas introduction hole through which the target gas is introduced into the internal space, and a circle-equivalent diameter of each inner gas introduction hole is 0.5 or more of a circle-equivalent diameter of the outer gas introduction hole. 5. The gas sensor according to claim 2, wherein an inner diameter of a rear end portion of the side wall of the protector is smaller than a largest dimension at a front end of the gas sensor element. 6. The gas sensor according to claim 2, further comprising: at least one tubular outer protector surrounding a radial periphery of the protector with a gap between the outer protector and the protector, wherein the outer protector includes an outer gas introduction hole through which the target gas is introduced into the internal space, and a circle-equivalent diameter of each inner gas introduction hole is 0.5 or more of a circle-equivalent diameter of the outer gas introduction hole. 7. The gas sensor according to claim 3, further comprising: at least one tubular outer protector surrounding a radial periphery of the protector with a gap between the outer protector and the protector, wherein the outer protector includes an outer gas introduction hole through which the target gas is introduced into the internal space, and a circle-equivalent diameter of each inner gas introduction hole is 0.5 or more of a circle-equivalent diameter of the outer gas introduction hole.",
-    "Disclosed are a nanowire bundle array performing optical haze control for enhancing optical characteristics of optoelectronic device systems and optical systems, an ultrahigh-performance broadband optical film, and a method of manufacturing the same. 1. A nanowire bundle array, comprising a nanowire assembly composed of at least one nanowire and having morphology configured such that a width of the nanowire assembly is gradually decreased from one end of the nanowire assembly to the other end of the nanowire assembly, wherein a plurality of nanowire assemblies is spaced from each other by a predetermined interval in the nanowire bundle array and the nanowire bundle array controls a path of incident light by controlling the morphology. 2. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein the morphology is formed through self-aggregation by capillary force between any one of the at least one nanowire and other nanowires. 3. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 2, wherein the morphology is formed by some of the nanowires aggregated while being bent toward each other through capillary force induced by surface tension of a fluid between the nanowires. 4. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein the nanowire bundle array has optical haze by controlling scattering of the light based on morphology comprising a plurality of nano-voids and a plurality of nano-ridges. 5. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein the morphology comprises a funnel structure as a nanowire assembly unit composed of the at least one nanowire, and the funnel structure is formed on a microscale and a plurality of funnel structures is spaced from each other on a microscale distance. 6. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein, in the morphology, any one of the at least one nanowire is titled in a certain direction and supported by and bonded to other nanowires. 7. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein, in the morphology, at least one nanowire in a bent state is bonded with other nanowires. 8. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein, in the morphology, the at least one nanowire at an upper part of the nanowire assembly is aggregated, and the nanowires at a lower part of the nanowire assembly are spaced from each other. 9. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein the nanowire assembly is separatively attached to an upper part of an adhesive substrate. 10. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein the nanowire bundle array increases efficiency of at least one of an optoelectronic device, a photothermal device, and an optical device by controlling transmittance and diffusion of the light. 11. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein the at least one nanowire is made of any one of alumina (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). 12. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein a length of each of the at least one nanowire is 100 nm to 50 \u03bcm. 13. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of each of the at least one nanowire is 10 nm to 70 nm. 14. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein an interval between the nanowires is 500 nm or less. 15. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 1, wherein a height of the nanowire assembly is 100 nm to 30 \u03bcm. 16. A nanowire bundle array, comprising a base substrate; and nanowire assemblies spaced from each other by a predetermined interval on the base substrate, wherein the nanowire assemblies comprise at least one nanowire and the nanowire bundle array has morphology configured such that a width of the nanowire bundle array gradually decreases from one end of the nanowire bundle array contacting the base substrate to the other end of the nanowire bundle array. 17. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 16, wherein the morphology is formed through self-aggregation by capillary force between any one of the at least one nanowire and other nanowires. 18. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 16, wherein, in the morphology, the nanowires at an upper part of the nanowire assembly are aggregated, and the nanowires at a lower part of the nanowire assembly are spaced from each other. 19. The nanowire bundle array according to claim 16, wherein the nanowire bundle array increases efficiency of at least one of an optoelectronic device, a photothermal device, and an optical device by controlling transmittance and diffusion of the light. 20. A method of manufacturing a nanowire bundle array, the method comprising: electrolytically polishing a base substrate; forming at least one nanowire on the base substrate by anodizing the base substrate; expanding pores of the at least one nanowire; and forming a nanowire assembly having a morphology configured such that a width of the nanowire assembly gradually decreases from one end of the nanowire assembly to the other end of the nanowire assembly, by controlling self-aggregation of the at least one nanowire having the expanded pores.",
-    "A spinal correction system for implantation in a patient, the system including a reciprocating adjuster and/or a resistance adjuster coupled to a stabilizing member, for example. The resistance adjuster includes a potential energy drive, a slide unit, and a resistance unit. The reciprocating adjuster includes a piston unit, a transfer unit coupled to the piston unit, and a return mechanism. 1. (canceled) 2. A spinal correction system for implantation in a patient, the system comprising: a correction anchor configured to be secured to a vertebra in a defect area of a spine; a stabilizing member configured to be secured against translation at the defect area of the spine; a reciprocating adjuster coupled to the stabilizing member, the reciprocating adjuster including: a piston unit displaceable in a first direction; and a dual roller clutch mechanism coupled to the piston unit such that displacement of the piston unit in the first direction causes a rotational force on the dual roller clutch mechanism; and a connector extending from the reciprocating adjuster to define an effective length between the reciprocating adjuster and the correction anchor, the connector having a first end configured to be coupled to the dual roller clutch mechanism and a second end configured to be coupled to the correction anchor such that displacement of the dual roller clutch mechanism causes shortening of the effective length of the connector. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the dual roller clutch mechanism includes an outer one-way roller clutch and an inner one-way roller clutch. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the reciprocating adjuster further includes a drive linkage coupling the piston unit to the outer one-way roller clutch. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein displacement of the piston unit in the first direction causes a first rotational force on the outer one-way roller clutch. 6. The system of claim 3, wherein displacement of the piston unit in a second direction opposite the first direction causes a second rotational force on the outer one-way roller clutch. 7. The system of claim 3, wherein the inner one-way roller clutch includes at least one stop feature. 8. The system of claim 7, further including a magnetic latch assembly configured to selectively activate the reciprocating adjuster. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the magnetic latch assembly includes: a latch magnet; and a stop member configured to engage the at least one stop feature of inner one-way roller clutch. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein disengagement of the stop member from the at least one stop feature permits the piston unit to be displaced in the first direction.",
-    "A cell protection system includes a charge control MOSFET 21, a charge current detection MOSFET 23, a discharge control MOSFET 20, a discharge current detection MOSFET 22, a charge current detection resistance 19, a discharge current detection resistance 16 and a control circuit. The MOSFET 23 has a drain and a gate common with the MOSFET 21. The MOSFET 20 has a drain common with the MOSFET 21. The MOSFET 22 has a drain and a gate common with the MOSFET 20. The resistances 19 and 16 are provided in correspondence to the MOSFETs 23 and 22, respectively. The control circuit generates a gate control signal for the MOSFETs 21 and 23 by using the resistance 19 and generates a gate control signal for the MOSFETs 20 and 22 by using the resistance 16. 1. A cell protection system comprising: a charge control MOSFET; a charge current detection MOSFET having a drain and a gate which are common with the charge control MOSFET and having a cell ratio which is different from that of the charge control MOSFET; a discharge control MOSFET having a drain common with the charge control MOSFET; a discharge current detection MOSFET having a drain and a gate which are common with the discharge control MOSFET and having a cell ratio which is different from that of the discharge control MOSFET; a charge current detection resistance provided in correspondence to the charge current detection MOSFET; a discharge current detection resistance provided in correspondence to the discharge current detection MOSFET; an charge current detection ADC (Analog/Digital Converter) provided in correspondence to the charge current detection MOSFET and connected with the charge current detection resistance; a discharge current detection ADC provided in correspondence to the discharge current detection MOSFET and connected with the discharge current detection resistance; and a control circuit configured to generate a control signal which is supplied to gates of the charge control MOSFET and the charge current detection MOSFET according to a voltage value of the charge current detection ADC, and to generate a control signal which is supplied to gates of the discharge control MOSFET and the discharge current detection MOSFET according to a voltage value of the discharge current detection ADC. 2. The cell protection system according to claim 1, wherein the control circuit further comprises: a control section connected with the charge current detection ADC and the discharge current detection ADC, and wherein the control section is connected with the gates of the charge control MOSFET, the charge current detection MOSFET, the discharge control MOSFET and the discharge current detection MOSFET. 3. The cell protection system according to claim 1, wherein the charge control MOSFET, the charge current detection MOSFET, the discharge control MOSFET and the discharge current detection MOSFET are loaded on one chip. 4. The cell protection system according to claim 3, wherein the one chip is of a CSP (Chip Size Package) configuration. 5. The cell protection system according to claim 2, wherein the control section, the charge current detection ADC, the discharge current detection ADC, the charge current detection resistance and the discharge current detection resistance are loaded on one chip. 6. The cell protection system according to claim 2, wherein the control section, the charge current detection ADC, the discharge current detection ADC, the charge current detection resistance, the discharge current detection resistance, the charge control MOSFET, the charge current detection MOSFET, the discharge control MOSFET and the discharge current detection MOSFET are loaded on one chip. 7. The cell protection system according to claim 1, wherein the charge current detection MOSFET comprises a plurality of MOSFETs which are different from the charge control MOSFET in the cell ratio, and wherein the discharge current detection MOSFET comprises a plurality of MOSFETs which are different from the discharge control MOSFET in the cell ratio. 8. The cell protection system according to claim 7, wherein the charge current detection resistance is provided in correspondence to the plurality of MOSFETs of the charge current detection MOSFET, and wherein the discharge current detection resistance is provided in correspondence to the plurality of MOSFETs of the discharge current detection MOSFET. 9. The cell protection system according to claim 8, wherein the control circuit further comprises: a charge current detection ADC (Analog/Digital Converter) provided in correspondence to a plurality of MOSFETs of the charge current detection MOSFET and connected with the charge current detection resistance; and a discharge current detection ADC provided in correspondence to a plurality of MOSFETs of the discharge current detection MOSFET and connected with the discharge current detection resistance, and wherein the number of sets of the charge current detection resistance and the charge current detection ADC is one, and the number of sets of the discharge current detection resistance and the discharge current detection ADC is one. 10. The cell protection system according to claim 7, wherein the charge current detection MOSFET contains a first MOSFET and a second MOSFET, wherein the first MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the charge control MOSFET, wherein the second MOSFET has a drain which is common with the charge control MOSFET and has the drain and a source which are common with the first MOSFET, wherein the discharge current detection MOSFET contains a third MOSFET and a fourth MOSFET, wherein the third MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the discharge control MOSFET, and wherein the fourth MOSFET has a drain which is common with the discharge control MOSFET, and the drain and a source which are common with the third MOSFET. 11. The cell protection system according to claim 7, wherein the charge current detection MOSFET comprises a first MOSFET and a second MOSFET, wherein the first MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the charge control MOSFET, wherein the second MOSFET has a drain which is common with the charge control MOSFET and has the drain and a source which are common with the first MOSFET, wherein the discharge current detection MOSFET contains a third MOSFET and a fourth MOSFET, wherein the third MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the discharge control MOSFET, and wherein the fourth MOSFET has a drain which is common with the discharge control MOSFET, and has the drain and a source which are common with the third MOSFET. 12. The cell protection system according to claim 7, wherein the charge current detection resistance comprises a plurality of resistances, and the discharge current detection resistance comprises a plurality of resistances, wherein the plurality of resistances of the charge current detection resistance are provided in correspondence to the plurality of MOSFETs of the charge current detection MOSFET, and wherein the plurality of resistances of the discharge current detection resistance are provided in correspondence to the plurality of MOSFETs of the discharge current detection MOSFET. 13. The cell protection system according to claim 12, wherein the control circuit further comprises: a plurality of charge current detection ADCs (Analog/Digital Converter) provided in correspondence to the plurality of MOSFETs of the charge current detection MOSFET and connected with the plurality of resistances of the charge current detection resistance; and a plurality of discharge current detection ADCs provided in correspondence to the plurality of MOSFETs of the discharge current detection MOSFET and connected with the plurality of resistances of the discharge current detection resistance, wherein the number of sets of the charge current detection resistance and the charge current detection ADC is plural, and wherein the number of sets of the discharge current detection resistance and the discharge current detection ADC is plural. 14. The cell protection system according to claim 7, wherein the charge current detection MOSFET comprises a first MOSFET and a second MOSFET, wherein the first MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the charge control MOSFET, wherein the second MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the charge control MOSFET, and has a drain and a gate which are common with the first MOSFET, wherein the discharge current detection MOSFET comprises a third MOSFET and a fourth MOSFET, wherein the third MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the discharge control MOSFET, and wherein the fourth MOSFET has a drain and a gate which are common with the discharge control MOSFET, and has a drain and a source which are common to with the third MOSFET.",
-    "A diode includes: a p-type semiconductor substrate; an n-type semiconductor layer; a p-type isolation region formed to surround a predetermined region of the n-type semiconductor layer on the p-type semiconductor substrate; an n-type buried layer formed across the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer within the predetermined region; an n-type collector wall formed in the n-type semiconductor layer; a p-type anode region and a plurality of n-type cathode regions formed in a diode formation region; and a p-type guard ring formed to surround the diode formation region in a region between the diode formation region of the surface layer of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type isolation region. A transistor for reducing a leakage current is formed by the p-type anode region, the p-type guard ring, and an n-type semiconductor between the p-type anode region and the p-type guard ring. 1. A diode, comprising: a p-type semiconductor substrate; an n-type semiconductor layer formed on the p-type semiconductor substrate; a p-type isolation region formed to surround a predetermined region of the n-type semiconductor layer on the p-type semiconductor substrate; a p-type anode region and a plurality of n-type cathode regions formed in a diode formation region, which is within the predetermined region in a surface layer of the n-type semiconductor layer; and a p-type guard ring formed in a region between the diode formation region of the surface layer of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type isolation region, the p-type guard ring being electrically connected to the plurality of n-type cathode regions, wherein a transistor for reducing a leakage current is formed by the p-type anode region, the p-type guard ring, and an n-type semiconductor between the p-type anode region and the p-type guard ring. 2. The diode of claim 1, wherein the p-type guard ring is formed to surround the diode formation region. 3. The diode of claim 1, further comprising an n-type buried layer formed across the p-type semiconductor substrate and the n-type semiconductor layer within the predetermined region, and wherein the n-type buried layer has an impurity concentration higher than an impurity concentration of the n-type semiconductor layer. 4. The diode of claim 2, further comprising an n-type buried layer formed across the p-type semiconductor substrate and the n-type semiconductor layer within the predetermined region, and wherein the n-type buried layer has an impurity concentration higher than an impurity concentration of the n-type semiconductor layer. 5. The diode of claim 3, further comprising an n-type collector wall formed in the n-type semiconductor layer, wherein the n-type collector wall stands on the n-type buried layer toward a surface of the n-type semiconductor layer to surround the predetermined region of the n-type semiconductor layer, and has an impurity concentration higher than the impurity concentration of the n-type semiconductor layer, wherein the p-type guard ring is formed to surround the diode formation region in a region between the n-type collector wall and the p-type isolation region, and wherein the n-type semiconductor comprises the n-type semiconductor layer and the n-type collector wall. 6. The diode of claim 4, further comprising an n-type collector wall formed in the n-type semiconductor layer, wherein the n-type collector wall stands on the n-type buried layer toward a surface of the n-type semiconductor layer to surround the predetermined region of the n-type semiconductor layer, and has an impurity concentration higher than the impurity concentration of the n-type semiconductor layer, wherein the p-type guard ring is formed to surround the diode formation region in a region between the n-type collector wall and the p-type isolation region, and wherein the n-type semiconductor comprises the n-type semiconductor layer and the n-type collector wall. 7. The diode of claim 3, wherein a longitudinal parasitic PNP transistor is formed by the p-type anode region, the p-type semiconductor substrate, and the n-type semiconductor layer and the n-type buried layer between the p-type anode region and the p-type semiconductor substrate, and wherein a transverse parasitic PNP transistor is formed by the p-type anode region, the p-type isolation region, and the n-type semiconductor layer and the n-type collector between the p-type anode region and the p-type isolation region. 8. The diode of claim 7, wherein a current amplification factor of the transverse parasitic PNP transistor is higher than a current amplification factor of the longitudinal parasitic PNP transistor. 9. The diode of claim 7, wherein a current amplification factor of the transistor for reducing a leakage current is higher than a current amplification factor of the longitudinal parasitic PNP transistor. 10. The diode of claim 1, wherein a diode structure including the p-type anode region and the n-type cathode regions is formed in the diode formation region, the diode structure having an n-channel DMIS transistor structure. 11. The diode of claim 10, wherein the diode structure comprises: the p-type anode region formed in the surface layer of the n-type semiconductor layer; an n-type region and a p-type contact region formed in a surface layer of the p-type anode region; the n-type cathode regions formed in the surface layer of the n-type semiconductor layer and disposed to be spaced apart from both sides of the p-type anode region; an n-type contact region formed in surface layers of the n-type cathode regions; a gate insulating film formed on a surface of the n-type semiconductor layer in a region between the n-type region and the n-type contact region; and a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating film and electrically connected to the p-type anode region. 12. A signal output circuit, comprising: an output terminal; a diode of claim 1, wherein an anode of the diode is connected to the output terminal; and a switching element connected between a cathode of the diode and a ground.",
-    "Multi-layered golf balls having a core made of a foamed composition, preferably polyurethane foam, are provided. The ball includes a dual-layered core having a foam inner core (center) and surrounding outer core layer. The outer core layer may be made from a non-foamed thermoset material such as polybutadiene rubber. The ball further includes an inner cover, preferably made from an ionomer composition comprising an O/X-type acid copolymer, wherein O is \u03b1-olefin, and X is a C3-C8 \u03b1,\u03b2-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. The outer cover may be made from a non-foamed thermoset or thermoplastic material such as polyurethane. Preferably, the specific gravity of the inner cover is greater than the specific gravity of the outer core, which is greater than the specific gravity of the inner core. The finished ball has good distance and low-spin properties. 1. A multi-layered golf ball, comprising: a core assembly comprising: i) an inner core layer comprising a foamed composition, the inner core layer having a diameter in the range of about 0.100 to about 1.100 inches and a specific gravity (SGinner) and a center hardness (Hinner core center); and ii) an outer core layer comprising a non-foamed thermoset or thermoplastic composition, the outer core layer being disposed about the inner core layer and having a thickness in the range of about 0.100 to about 0.750 inches and a specific gravity (SGouter) and an outer surface hardness (Houter surface of OC); and a multi-layered cover comprising: i) an inner cover layer comprising a non-foamed thermoplastic ionomer composition having a specific gravity (SGinner cover), the ionomer composition comprising an O/X-type acid copolymer, wherein O is \u03b1-olefin, and X is a C3-C8\u03b1,\u03b2-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; and ii) an outer cover layer comprising a non-foamed thermoset or thermoplastic composition, wherein the SGinner cover>SGouter core>SGcenter and the Hinner core center is in the range of about 10 to about 60 Shore C and the Houter surface of OC is in the range of about 65 to about 96 Shore C to provide a positive hardness gradient across the core assembly. 2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the O of the O/X-type acid copolymer is selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene, and X is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid. 3. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein the O of the O/X-type acid copolymer is ethylene and the X is methacrylic acid or acrylic acid. 4. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the O/X-type acid copolymer contains acid groups and 30 to 70% of the acid groups are neutralized. 5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the O/X-type acid copolymer contains acid groups and greater than 70% of the acid groups are neutralized. 6. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the ionomer composition further comprises fatty acids or salts of fatty acids. 7. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the ionomer composition comprises a blend of O/X-type acid copolymers, wherein O is \u03b1-olefin, and X is a C3-C8 \u03b1,\u03b2-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. 8. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the foamed composition is a foamed polyurethane composition. 9. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the outer core layer comprises a thermoset rubber selected from the group consisting of polybutadiene, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyalkenamers, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polystyrene elastomers, copolymers of isobutylene and p-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene and p-alkylstyrene, copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinated isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and mixtures thereof. 10. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the outer core layer comprises a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of partially-neutralized ionomers; highly-neutralized ionomers; polyesters; polyamides; polyamide-ethers, polyamide-esters; polyurethanes, polyureas; fluoropolymers; polystyrenes; polypropylenes; polyethylenes; polyvinyl chlorides; polyvinyl acetates; polycarbonates; polyvinyl alcohols; polyester-ethers; polyethers; polyimides, polyetherketones, polyamideimides; and mixtures thereof.",
-    "Described herein is a system and method of use for a vehicle diagnostic distributed database. One or more central servers are configured with a database containing diagnostic information pertaining to vehicles and relative to input received by the central server/s from client devices. The central server is configured to upload and download information with in-vehicle and external to vehicle diagnostic systems. These tasks are performed by first having the central server/s broadcast a message over open airways (for example, FM sidebands) to all potential client devices of interest. The message contains information identifying specific characteristics of client devices that should respond and further information about the information that is desired to be uploaded to the central server/s or for downloaded to the clients of interest. If clients meet the broadcast criteria, they then establish two-way communication with the central server/s and fulfill the request. 1. A system to create, manage and utilize a vehicle diagnostic distributed database comprising: a) at least one central server operable on one or more computers configured with at least: i) a radio transmitter configured to broadcast a query; ii) a first radio transceiver configured to perform two-way communications with the one or more client devices; and iii) a query engine configured to generate a query containing: (1) a selection criteria for client devices of interest; and (2) a request to at least one of upload information to the central server and download information from the at least one central server; and b) the one or more client device configured with at least: i) a broadcast radio receiver configured to receive broadcasts from the at least one central server station; ii) a second radio transceiver configured to perform two-way communications with the first radio transceiver in the at least one central server; and iii) a computer processor configured to receive a query from the broadcast radio transmitter and evaluate if the client device meets the selection criteria and if so, establish two-way communication, using the second radio transceiver, with the at least one central server, and perform the request. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the query is a request to upload information that is specific for a particular vehicle type or component and related to known vehicle events or situations and comprises one or more of: a) vehicle component replacement and maintenance records; b) vehicle sensor data referenced in space and time; and c) environmental data referenced in space and time. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one central server is further configured to develop at least one of patterns and indices to predict vehicle events and identify situations based on information, from the one or more client devices, that was previously uploaded to the at least one central server. 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the query engine generates a bulletin apprising clients of interest on the availability for download of, one or more of patterns and indices and instructions for the usage of the one or more patterns and indices and the radio transmitter broadcasts the query. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the clients of interest establish communication with the at least one central servers using the second radio transceiver and download the patterns and indices to predict events and identify situations. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the selection criteria comprises at least one of make, model, year of manufacturer and optional equipment of a vehicle. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the selection criteria comprises at least one of a geographic region, a climate zone, and within a political boundary. 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the request is for GPS traces along roads a client vehicle has traversed. 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the at least one server receives the requested GPS traces and is configured to update road geometry based on the GPS traces. 10. The system of claim 3 wherein the identified events and situations are one or more of: a) a vehicle accident occurring or having occurred. b) hazardous driving conditions; c) hazardous or illegal driving by a current driver of a vehicle; and d) required vehicle maintenance. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one client device is one or more of a: a) vehicle; b) satellite server or service; and c) mobile device. 12. The system of claim 10 wherein an assessment for damage or repair costs is made for the identified event or situation. 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the database comprises at least one: a) vehicle driving situations; b) vehicle driving patterns and indicators; c) vehicle components and maintenance records; d) sensor data referenced in space and time; and e) remote environmental data referenced in space and time. 14. A communication system used to operate a distributed vehicle diagnostic database comprising: a) one or more computer based servers configured with at least: i) a broadcast radio transmitter; ii) a first radio transceiver; and b) one or more client devices configured with at least: i) a broadcast radio receiver; ii) a second radio transceiver; wherein the one or more computer based servers transmits, using the broadcast radio transmitter, a request to one or more of upload and download information and further containing selection criteria, and the one or more client devices: a) listen for and receive the transmission, utilizing the broadcast radio receiver; b) determines whether the selection criteria are met; and c) if the selection criteria are met, establish communication between the first and second radio transceivers and perform the request. 15. A communication method used to operate a distributed vehicle diagnostic database comprising: a) broadcasting a radio transmission, using a radio transmitter that is part of a central server wherein the broadcast contains a query or bulletin including a client selection criteria, b) listening for and receiving the broadcast, utilizing the broadcast radio receiver that is part of a client device and determining whether the client device meets the client selection criteria, and if the client device meets the client selection criteria, establish communication between a first radio transceiver that is part of the client device and second radio transceivers that is part of the one or more central servers, and moving information between the one or more computer servers and the client device that meets the client selection criteria. 16. Then communication method of claim 15 wherein the information to upload or download comprises one or more of: a) driving situations; b) driving patterns and indicators; c) vehicle components and maintenance records; d) sensor data referenced in space and time; and e) remote environmental data referenced in space and time. 17. The communication method of claim 15 wherein the client device is one of a: a) vehicle; b) satellite server or service; and c) mobile device. 18. The communication method of claim 15 wherein the client transceiver of the one or more client devices is configured to also act as a repeater transmitting information to another client device which in turn can repeat the information and further transmit to yet another client or one or more of the computer based servers.",
-    "The present invention relates to improvements in compositions containing peptides that are ligands of the GHS receptor, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, methods for preparing such compositions, and methods of using such compositions to treat mammals. In particular, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pamoate salt of H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2, which is a ligand of the GHS receptor and in which, after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration to a subject, the peptide forms an in situ depot at physiological pH that is slowly dissolved and released into the body fluid and bloodstream. The present invention may further comprise an organic component such as dimethylacetamide (DMA) or polyethylene glycol with an average molecular weight of lower than 1000. 1-2. (canceled) 3. A pharmaceutical composition of a clear solution, a gel or a semi-solid, or a suspension, comprising a peptide selected from the group consisting of: H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-3Pal-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-4Pal-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Orn-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bip-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Thr(Bzl)-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Pff-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Taz-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-Dip-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bpa-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Bpa-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-3Pal-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-4Pal-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-3Pal-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bip-D-Trp-Phe-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Thr(Bzl)-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Pff-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Taz-NH2; H-Inp-D-Dip-D-Trp-Phe-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Dip-Phe-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Bal-Phe-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-3Pal-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-2Thi-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Phe-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Taz-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Taz-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Taz-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-Taz-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-2Thi-Lys-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-Apc-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-2Thi-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-2Thi-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-1Nal-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-2Nal-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-1Nal-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-1Nal-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-2Nal-Phe-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-1Nal-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-2Nal-Phe-Lys-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Taz-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-2Thi-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-Taz-NH2; H-Apc-D-2Nal-D-Trp-2Thi-NH2; H-Apc-D-2Nal-D-Trp-Taz-NH2; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Taz-Apc-NH2; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Taz-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-1Nal-D-Trp-Taz-Apc-NH2; H-Apc-D-Bal-D-Trp-Taz-Apc-NH2; H-Inp-D-2Nal-D-Trp(\u03a8)-Pim; H-Inp-D-1Nal-D-Trp(\u03a8)-Pim; H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp(\u03a8)-Pim; H-Aib-D-Ser(Bzl)-D-Trp(\u03a8)-Pim; and H-Inp-D-Trp-D-2Nal(\u03a8)-Pim; in a pamoate salt form, further comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG). 4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein said peptide is H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2. 5-8. (canceled) 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein said PEG has an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 10,000. 10. (canceled) 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein said peptide is dissolved in a PEG200 or PEG400 aqueous solution, in which the volume-to-volume ratio of PEG to water is from about 1:9 to about 1:1. 12. (canceled) 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein the weight-to-volume concentration of said peptide is between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 2000 mg/mL. 14. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein the pH of said composition is between about 3.0 and about 8.0. 15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein said pamoate salt of H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2 is dissolved in a PEG400/aqueous solution, in which the volume-to-volume ratio of PEG400 to water is about 1:1, and in which the weight-to-volume concentration of the peptide is about 200 mg/mL. 16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein said pamoate salt of H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2 is dissolved in a PEG200/aqueous solution, in which the volume-to-volume ratio of PEG200 to water is about 1:1, and in which the weight-to-volume concentration of the peptide is about 200 mg/mL. 17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein said pamoate salt of H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2 is dissolved in a PEG400/PBS solution, in which the volume-to-volume ratio of PEG400 to PBS is about 1:1, and in which the weight-to-volume concentration of the peptide is about 300 mg/mL. 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein said pamoate salt of H-Inp-D-Bal-D-Trp-Phe-Apc-NH2 is dissolved in a PEG400 saline solution, in which the volume-to-volume ratio of PEG400 to saline solution is about 1:1, and in which the weight-to-volume concentration of the peptide is about 300 mg/mL. 19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising a preservative, wherein said preservative is selected from the group consisting of m-cresol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, and methyl paraben. 20. (canceled) 21. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19, wherein said preservative is present in a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL. 22. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising an isotonic agent, wherein said isotonic agent is present in a concentration from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL. 23. (canceled) 24. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising a stabilizer, wherein said stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, arginine and histidine. 25. (canceled) 26. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising a surfactant. 27. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising a chelating agent. 28. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising a buffer, wherein said buffer is selected from the group consisting of Tris, ammonium acetate, sodium acetate, glycine, aspartic acid, and Bis-Tris. 29. (canceled) 30. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3 further comprising a divalent metal. 31. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 30, wherein said divalent metal is zinc.",
-    "Techniques are disclosed for prevention or treatment of physiological shock by administering a specific therapeutic agent, which is able to use smaller volumes of reagent to achieve complete inhibition, than other previously described techniques. 1. A method for reducing insulin resistance in physiological shock comprising: administering to a peritoneum of an individual a therapeutic dose of any combination of one or more of: pancreatic digestive enzyme inhibitor, cytotoxic mediator inhibitor, and antibacterial agent. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to the individual a therapeutic dose of a MMP inhibitor. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the MMP inhibitor includes doxycycline. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the MMP inhibitor is administered through an i.v. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the MMP inhibitor is administered directly into the lumen of the intestine. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering to an intestine of the individual a therapeutic dose of one or more of: serine protease inhibitor and lipase inhibitor. 7. A method for reducing mortality after shock, the method comprising: administering to a peritoneum of an individual a therapeutic dose of any combination of one or more of: pancreatic digestive enzyme inhibitor, cytotoxic mediator inhibitor, and antibacterial agent. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising administering to the individual a therapeutic dose of a MMP inhibitor. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising administering to an intestine of the individual a therapeutic dose of one or more of: a serine protease inhibitor and a lipase inhibitor. 10. A method for prevention of organ fusion in the peritoneum, the method comprising: administering to the peritoneum of an individual a therapeutic dose of any combination of one or more of: pancreatic digestive enzyme inhibitor, cytotoxic mediator inhibitor, and antibacterial agent. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising administering to the individual a therapeutic dose of a MMP inhibitor. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising administering to an intestine of the individual a therapeutic dose of one or more of: a serine protease inhibitor and a lipase inhibitor. 13. A method for prevention of organ fusion, the method comprising: administering a therapeutic dose of any combination of one or more of: pancreatic digestive enzyme inhibitor, cytotoxic mediator inhibitor, and antibacterial agent. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising administering to the individual a therapeutic dose of a MMP inhibitor. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising administering a therapeutic dose of one or more of: a serine protease inhibitor and a lipase inhibitor. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the administering takes place in the intercostal space. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the administering takes place in the pericardium.",
-    "A modular crypt structure comprising a frame, a module insert defining a chamber and a closure panel and methods of constructing the same are disclosed. The chamber functions as a crypt module and is adapted to receive bodily remains or portions thereof. The chamber is closed by attaching a closure panel, such as a stone crypt front to the frame, thereby encapsulating bodily remains The modular crypt structure may comprise a plurality of chambers, thereby providing a plurality of crypt modules, and the frame may comprise a plurality of horizontal bars and a plurality of vertical bars. A method of constructing a modular crypt structure comprises erecting a frame, providing at least one module insert, configuring the insert to define a chamber adapted to receive bodily remains, and closing the crypt module. 1-17. (canceled) 18. A method for constructing a modular crypt comprising the steps of: erecting a frame defining a plurality of individual crypt modules; providing at least one module insert to be supported by the frame; configuring said insert such that the insert defines a chamber having at least one open end adapted to receive bodily remains or portions thereof; positioning the module insert substantially within one of the plurality of individual crypt modules of the frame; and attaching a closure panel to the frame such that the closure panel is configured to close the chamber at an end associated with the at least one opened end of said chamber. 19. The method of constructing a modular crypt of claim 18, wherein the step of closing the chamber comprises the step of attaching a closure panel to the frame at an end of the frame associated with the at least one opened end of the chamber. 20. The method of constructing a modular crypt of claim 18, wherein the step of erecting a frame comprises: providing a plurality of vertical bars; providing a plurality of horizontal bars; providing a plurality of support beams; aligning the vertical bars horizontally and the horizontal bars vertically such that the vertical bars and horizontal bars intersect; and fanning a platform by arranging the support beams such that they intersect the vertical bars in a horizontal plane; wherein, the step of positioning the module insert in the frame comprises positioning the module insert on the platform. 21. The method of constructing a modular crypt of claim 18, further comprising the steps of: providing a plurality of walls and a roof; erecting the walls around sides of the frame; and positioning the roof above the frame. 22. A method of encapsulating bodily remains comprising the steps of: erecting a frame defining a plurality of individual crypt modules; providing at least one module insert; configuring said insert such that the insert defines a chamber; positioning the module insert substantially within one of the plurality of individual crypt modules of the frame; inserting bodily remains or portions thereof into the chamber; and closing the chamber at an end associated with the at least one open end of said chamber. 23. The method of encapsulating bodily remains of claim 22, wherein the step of closing the chamber comprises the step of attaching a closure panel to the frame at an end of the frame associated with the at least one opened end of the chamber. 24. The method of encapsulating bodily remains of claim 23, wherein the step of closing the crypt module further comprises the step of providing a sealing cap in the chamber near the open end of the chamber. 25. The method of encapsulating bodily remains of claim 22, wherein the step of erecting a frame comprises: providing a plurality of vertical bars; providing a plurality of horizontal bars; providing a plurality of support beams; aligning the vertical bars horizontally and the horizontal bars vertically such that the vertical bars and horizontal bars intersect; and forming a platform by arranging the support beams such that they intersect the vertical bars in a horizontal plane; wherein the step of positioning the module insert in the frame comprises positioning the module insert on the platform. 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the chamber is adapted to receive a casket or coffin configured to store non-cremated, full body remains. 27. The method of claim 18, wherein each of the plurality of crypt modules has at least one vertically adjacent crypt module at a left side or a right side thereof and at least one horizontally adjacent crypt module positioned at the top side or bottom side thereof. 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the frame comprises a plurality of horizontal bars vertically aligned with one another, a plurality of vertical bars horizontally aligned with one another, and a plurality of support beams, wherein the horizontal bars intersect the vertical bars, and the support beams intersect the horizontal bars in a horizontal plane, thereby forming at least one platform. 29. The method of claim 18, further comprising coupling a plurality of wall support bars to a first side and a second side of the frame. 30. The method of claim 18, further comprising attaching a trim plate to a bottom portion of the frame. 31. The method of claim 18, further comprising attaching a crypt sealing cap to the module insert at an end adjacent to the at least one end of said chamber. 32. The method of claim 22, wherein the chamber is adapted to receive a casket or coffin configured to store non-cremated, full body remains. 33. The method of claim 22, wherein each of the plurality of crypt modules has at least one vertically adjacent crypt module at a left side or a right side thereof and at least one horizontally adjacent crypt module positioned at the top side or bottom side thereof. 34. The method of claim 22, wherein the frame comprises a plurality of horizontal bars vertically aligned with one another, a plurality of vertical bars horizontally aligned with one another, and a plurality of support beams, wherein the horizontal bars intersect the vertical bars, and the support beams intersect the horizontal bars in a horizontal plane, thereby forming at least one platform. 35. The method of claim 22, further comprising coupling a plurality of wall support bars to a first side and a second side of the frame. 36. The method of claim 22, further comprising attaching a trim plate to a bottom portion of the frame. 37. The method of claim 22, further comprising attaching a crypt sealing cap to the module insert at an end adjacent to the at least one end of said chamber.",
-    "An electromagnetic brake includes a hub disposed about a shaft and configured for rotation with the shaft about a rotational axis. An electromagnet assembly is fixed against rotation about the axis and includes a housing defining axially extending, radially spaced inner and outer poles and a brake plate extending radially therebetween. A conductor is disposed between the poles on one side of the brake plate. An armature is disposed on the other side of the brake plate and coupled to a body driven by the shaft. The electromagnet assembly, armature and hub form an electromagnetic circuit when the conductor is energized urging the armature towards the brake plate. A portion of the magnetic flux in the circuit travels radially inwardly across a first radial air gap from the inner pole to the hub and then radially outwardly across a second radial air gap from the hub to the brake plate. 1. An electromagnetic brake, comprising: a hub configured to be disposed about a shaft and configured for rotation with the shaft about a rotational axis; an electromagnet assembly fixed against rotation about the rotational axis and including a housing defining axially extending, radially spaced inner and outer poles and a brake plate extending radially between the inner and outer poles; and a conductor disposed within the housing between the inner and outer poles on a first side of the brake plate; and, an armature configured for coupling to a body that is rotabably driven by the shaft, the armature disposed on a second side of the brake plate opposite the conductor; wherein the electromagnet assembly, the armature and the hub form an electromagnetic circuit when current is supplied to the conductor to urge the armature towards engagement with the brake plate, a portion of the magnetic flux in the electromagnetic circuit travelling radially inwardly across a first radial air gap from the inner pole of the housing of the electromagnet assembly to the hub and then radially outwardly across a second radial air gap from the hub to the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly. 2. The electromagnetic brake of claim 1 wherein the hub includes a first end configured to engage a first bearing disposed about the shaft and a second end configured to engage a second bearing disposed about the shaft. 3. The electromagnetic brake of claim 2 wherein the first and second bearings comprise rolling bearings and the first end of the hub is configured to engage an inner race of the first bearing and the second end of the hub is configured to engage an inner race of the second bearing, the inner races of the first and second bearings configured to rotate with the shaft. 4. The electromagnetic brake of claim 1 wherein the hub has a first portion disposed radially inwardly of the inner pole of the housing of the electromagnet assembly and a second portion disposed radially inwardly of the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly, an outer diameter of the first portion different than an outer diameter of the second portion. 5. The electromagnetic brake of claim 4 wherein the outer diameter of the second portion of the hub is less than the outer diameter of the first portion of the hub. 6. The electromagnetic brake of claim 4 wherein the outer diameter of the first portion of the hub is greater than an inner diameter of the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly. 7. The electromagnetic brake of claim 4 wherein the hub has a third portion disposed radially inwardly of the armature, an outer diameter of the third portion different than the outer diameter of the first portion and the outer diameter of the second portion. 8. The electromagnetic brake of claim 7 wherein the outer diameter of the third portion is less than the outer diameter of the first portion and the outer diameter of the second portion. 9. The electromagnetic brake of claim 1 wherein the hub has a first portion disposed radially inwardly of the inner pole of the housing of the electromagnet assembly and a second portion disposed radially inwardly of the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly, an outer diameter of the first portion equal to an outer diameter of the second portion. 10. The electromagnetic brake of claim 9 wherein the hub has a third portion disposed radially inwardly of the armature, an outer diameter of the third portion different than the outer diameter of the first portion and the outer diameter of the second portion 11. A power transmission assembly, comprising: a shaft configured for rotation about a rotational axis; a body that is rotabably driven by the shaft about the rotational axis; and, an electromagnetic brake including a hub configured to be disposed about the shaft and configured for rotation with the shaft about the rotational axis; an electromagnet assembly fixed against rotation about the rotational axis and including a housing defining axially extending, radially spaced inner and outer poles and a brake plate extending radially between the inner and outer poles; and a conductor disposed within the housing between the inner and outer poles on a first side of the brake plate; and, an armature coupled to the body, the armature disposed on a second side of the brake plate opposite the conductor; wherein the electromagnet assembly, the armature and the hub form an electromagnetic circuit when current is supplied to the conductor to urge the armature towards engagement with the brake plate, a portion of the magnetic flux in the electromagnetic circuit travelling radially inwardly across a first radial air gap from the inner pole of the housing of the electromagnet assembly to the hub and then radially outwardly across a second radial air gap from the hub to the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly. 12. The power transmission assembly of claim 11 wherein the hub includes a first end configured to engage a first bearing disposed about the shaft and a second end configured to engage a second bearing disposed about the shaft. 13. The power transmission assembly of claim 12 wherein the first and second bearings comprise rolling bearings and the first end of the hub is configured to engage an inner race of the first bearing and the second end of the hub is configured to engage an inner race of the second bearing, the inner races of the first and second bearings configured to rotate with the shaft. 14. The power transmission assembly of claim 11 wherein the hub has a first portion disposed radially inwardly of the inner pole of the housing of the electromagnet assembly and a second portion disposed radially inwardly of the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly, an outer diameter of the first portion different than an outer diameter of the second portion. 15. The power transmission assembly of claim 14 wherein the outer diameter of the second portion of the hub is less than the outer diameter of the first portion of the hub. 16. The power transmission assembly of claim 14 wherein the outer diameter of the first portion of the hub is greater than an inner diameter of the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly. 17. The power transmission assembly of claim 14 wherein the hub has a third portion disposed radially inwardly of the armature, an outer diameter of the third portion different than the outer diameter of the first portion and the outer diameter of the second portion. 18. The power transmission assembly of claim 17 wherein the outer diameter of the third portion is less than the outer diameter of the first portion and the outer diameter of the second portion. 19. The power transmission assembly of claim 11 wherein the hub has a first portion disposed radially inwardly of the inner pole of the housing of the electromagnet assembly and a second portion disposed radially inwardly of the brake plate of the housing of the electromagnet assembly, an outer diameter of the first portion equal to an outer diameter of the second portion. 20. The power transmission assembly of claim 11 wherein the body comprises a carrier in a planetary gear system.",
-    "A terminal receives contents to be written on a note by a user, a server stores and manages print data generated by a plurality of users and outputs the print data to an image forming apparatus which outputs the print data in the form of an adhesive note. The image forming apparatus includes a de-curl unit for correcting the curl of a recording medium and causes the recording medium on which printing is performed to be popped out through an outlet. The server communicates with a plurality of terminals and includes a control unit which generates a virtual conference space by assigning a storage address to the virtual conference space when a request of generating a virtual conference space and identification information on an image forming apparatus to be used in the virtual conference space from among the plurality of terminals is received. 1. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a thermal head including a heat generating element; a platen roller provided such that a printing nip is formed between the platen roller and the thermal head and the platen roller is configured to support transfer of a recording medium passing through the printing nip; and a de-curl unit including a first de-curl roller configured to correct a curl of the recording medium by imparting a curve on the recording medium in an opposite direction to the curl of the recording medium. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the de-curl unit further includes a second de-curl roller which increases a curving amount imparted by the first de-curl roller. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the de-curl unit is provided upstream of the thermal head and platen roller along a moving direction of the recording medium. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the de-curl unit is provided downstream of the thermal head and platen roller along a moving direction of the recording medium. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the platen roller and the second de-curl roller are provided to be movable with respect to the first de-curl roller. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the platen roller and the second de-curl roller are provided to be rotatable about a common hinge axis. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising: a fixed frame; and a rotary frame provided to be rotatable with respect to the fixed frame, wherein: the platen roller and the second de-curl roller are provided in the rotary frame, and the first de-curl roller is provided in the fixed frame. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the first de-curl roller and the second de-curl roller are provided to be rotated by a friction force with the recording medium. 9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the platen roller rotates in a first direction, the first de-curl roller rotates in a second direction opposite to the first direction, and the second de-curl roller rotates in the first direction. 10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the second de-curl roller is provided to be movable to reduce pressure applied to the recording medium when printing is not performed. 11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a recording medium mounting unit configured to store the recording medium in a state of being wound in a roll form. 12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recording medium includes an adhesive layer and a release layer. 13. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a housing including an outlet; a thermal head configured to generate heat and to perform printing on a recording medium; a platen roller configured to press the thermal head; a discharge guide unit configured to bend the recording medium so that an elastic force is accumulated in the recording medium, and a cutter configured to cut the recording medium in a state where the elastic force is accumulated in the recording medium. 14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the discharge guide unit includes a guide surface configured to bend the recording medium while guiding a leading end of the recording medium to the outlet. 15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the guide surface is a curved surface. 16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the guide surface is provided to be concave toward the recording medium. 17. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein: the discharge guide unit is positioned such that the recording medium enters a first portion of the discharge guide unit traveling along a first moving direction, and the outlet is positioned such that the recording medium enters the outlet to exit the housing traveling along a second moving direction which deviates from the first moving direction of the recording medium. 18. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the discharge guide unit is integrated with the housing. 19. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein: the housing includes an upper housing and a lower housing, and the discharge guide unit is integrated with the upper housing. 20. The image forming apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the recording medium includes an adhesive layer and a release layer. 21. A note printing method for printing note information input to a terminal, the note printing method comprising: displaying a note window for receiving note information from a user; receiving the note information; transmitting the note information and a print request of the note information to an image forming apparatus configured to print the note information on a recording medium with an adhesive layer provided on a first side which is opposite of a second side of the recording medium on which the note information is to be printed; and transmitting identification information of the image forming apparatus to a server configured to generate a virtual conference space based on the identification information of the image forming apparatus. 22. The note printing method according to claim 21, wherein the transmitting of the note information and the print request includes: connecting the image forming apparatus and the terminal using a Bluetooth communication, and releasing the connection according to completion of printing of the note information or when a reference time is exceeded. 23. The note printing method according to claim 21, wherein the transmitting of the note information and the print request includes: connecting the image forming apparatus and the terminal using a Bluetooth communication, and releasing the connection when a transmission of print data corresponding to the note information is completed. 24. The note printing method according to claim 21, wherein the transmitting of the note information and the print request includes: connecting the terminal to a master terminal through a W-Fi communication or a W-Fi Direct communication, the master terminal being connected to the image forming apparatus using a Bluetooth communication, and transmitting the note information and the print request from the terminal to the image forming apparatus through the master terminal. 25. The note printing method according to claim 21, wherein the transmitting of the note information and the print request includes: connecting the image forming apparatus and the terminal using a Bluetooth communication, and releasing the connection when printing of the note information is completed. 26. The note printing method according to claim 21, further comprising: receiving a selection from the user indicating a size of recording medium; and transmitting the selection of the user to the image forming apparatus. 27. The note printing method according to claim 21, further comprising: receiving a selection of the user indicating a relationship between a position of the adhesive layer applied to the first side of the recording medium and a printing position of the note information; and transmitting the selection of the user to the image forming apparatus. 28. The note printing method according to claim 21, further comprising: receiving a request to generate the virtual conference space; and transmitting the request to generate the virtual conference space to the server. 29. The note printing method according to claim 28, wherein the receiving of the request to generate the virtual conference space includes: displaying on a display unit of the terminal a list of available image forming apparatuses; receiving an input for a selection of the image forming apparatus from the user; and displaying a message on the display unit confirming whether there is a request to generate the virtual conference space using the selected image forming apparatus. 30. The note printing method according to claim 28, wherein the receiving of the request to generate the virtual conference space includes: displaying on a display unit of the terminal a list of conference attendee candidates and a list of available image forming apparatuses; and receiving an input for a selection of a conference attendee among the list of conference attendee candidates and an input for a selection of an image forming apparatus to be used among the list of available image forming apparatuses. 31. The note printing method according to claim 28, further comprising: receiving note information from another terminal connected to the virtual conference space; and receiving an input of a relationship between the note information received by the terminal and the note information received from the another terminal. 32. The note printing method according to claim 31, further comprising: displaying the note information received by the terminal and the note information from the another terminal on a display unit of the terminal. 33. The note printing method according to claim 31, further comprising: generating a report based on the relationship between the note information received by the terminal and the note information from the another terminal. 34. The note printing method according to claim 31, further comprising: displaying a screen on the terminal for creating a report. 35. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium which stores at least one program, wherein the at least one program includes at least one command to perform: displaying a note window on a display unit for receiving note information from a user, receiving the note information, transmitting the note information and a print request of the note information to an image forming apparatus configured to print the note information on a recording medium with an adhesive layer provided on a first side which is opposite of a second side of the recording medium on which the note information is to be printed, and transmitting identification information of the image forming apparatus to a server configured to generate a virtual conference space based on the identification information of the image forming apparatus.",
-    "Retention mechanisms for bicycle drive trains are disclosed. In some embodiments, a retention mechanism may include a backplate having at least one spur, at least one chain ring coupled to the backplate, and a slider coupled to the spur. The slider may be positioned between the at least one chain ring and a bicycle chain, and may include at least one track and at least one chain guide (e.g., an O-ring or ring component) seated in the track. The at least one chain guide may be configured to rotate about the track while applying tension to the bicycle chain so as to reduce friction and/or dampen noise. 1. A retention mechanism for a bicycle drive train, the retention mechanism comprising: a backplate having at least one spur; at least one chain ring coupled to the backplate; and a slider coupled to the at least one spur, the slider comprising: at least one track; and at least one O-ring seated in the at least one track, the at least one O-ring being configured to apply tension to a bicycle chain insertable between the at least one track and the at least one chain ring. 2. The retention mechanism of claim 1, wherein the at least one O-ring is configured to rotate about the at least one track when applying tension to the bicycle chain. 3. The retention mechanism of claim 1, wherein the at least one track comprises a single track. 4. The retention mechanism of claim 3, wherein the at least one O-ring comprises a single O-ring. 5. The retention mechanism of claim 4, wherein the at least one chain ring comprises a single chain ring, and wherein the single chain ring is operative to drive the bicycle chain onto the single track and the single O-ring. 6. The retention mechanism of claim 1, wherein the at least one chain ring comprises first and second chain rings, wherein the at least one track comprises first and second tracks, and wherein the at least one O-ring comprises first and second O-rings. 7. The retention mechanism of claim 6, wherein the first O-ring is seated in the first track. 8. The retention mechanism of claim 7, wherein the second O-ring is seated in the second track. 9. The retention mechanism of claim 8, wherein the first track and the first O-ring are shifted in position from the second track and the second O-ring in a particular direction. 10. The retention mechanism of claim 7, wherein the first chain ring is operative to drive the bicycle chain onto the first track and the first O-ring. 11. The retention mechanism of claim 10, wherein the second chain ring is operative to drive the bicycle chain onto the second track and the second O-ring. 12. A slider for a bicycle chain, the slider comprising: an inner slider component; an outer slider component adjacent the inner slider component; at least one track disposed between the inner and outer slider components; and at least one ring component disposed around the at least one track, the at least one ring component operative to apply tension to the bicycle chain during rotation of a bicycle chain ring. 13. The slider of claim 12, wherein the at least one ring component is configured to rotate about the at least one track when applying tension to the bicycle chain. 14. The slider of claim 12 further comprising a fastener passage. 15. The slider of claim 14 further comprising a fastener disposed through the fastener passage, the fastener operative to couple to a portion of a spur of a backplate. 16. The slider of claim 12, wherein the at least one ring component comprises an O-ring. 17. The slider of claim 12, wherein the at least one track comprises a single track, and wherein the at least one ring component comprises a single ring component. 18. The slider of claim 12, wherein the at least one track comprises first and second tracks, and wherein the at least one ring component comprises first and second ring components. 19. The slider of claim 18, wherein the first ring component is seated in the first track. 20. The slider of claim 19, wherein the second ring component is seated in the second track. 21. The slider of claim 20, wherein the first track and the first ring component are positioned adjacent to the second track and the second ring component.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to methods, systems, hydraulic fluids and additives for reducing the rate of surface current degradation for components in a hydraulic system, wherein the hydraulic system is exposed to phosphate-ester-based hydraulic fluid. 1. An hydraulic fluid for use in an hydraulic fluid system, said hydraulic fluid comprising: a phosphate-ester-based hydraulic fluid comprising an additive, with said additive comprising a redox couple. 2. The hydraulic fluid of claim 1, wherein the hydraulic fluid comprises a phosphate-ester-based hydraulic fluid. 3. The hydraulic fluid of claim 1, wherein the redox couple is provides a path for both oxidation currents and reduction currents in an hydraulic system. 4. The hydraulic fluid of claim 1, wherein the redox couple comprises a metallocene couple. 5. The hydraulic fluid of claim 1, wherein the redox couple comprises a sandwich compound having the formula: M(Ar)2+/0, where M is a transition metal, and Ar is an aryl compound. 6. The hydraulic fluid of claim 1 wherein the redox couple comprises a metallocene couple having the formula: M(Cp)2+/0, where M is a transition metal, and Cp is a cyclopentadiene-containing compound. 7. The hydraulic fluid of claim 1, wherein the redox couple is selected from the group consisting of: Fe(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(cyclopentadiene)20; Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)20; Ni(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Ni(cyclopentadiene)20; Co(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Co(cyclopentadiene)20; decamethylferricinum+ and decamethylferrocene0; and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)20. 8. An object comprising the hydraulic fluid of claim 1. 9. An hydraulic fluid comprising a redox couple. 10. The hydraulic fluid of claim 9, wherein the redox couple provides a preferential path for both oxidation currents and reduction currents in an hydraulic system. 11. The hydraulic fluid of claim 9, wherein the redox couple comprises a metallocene couple. 12. The hydraulic fluid of claim 9, wherein the redox couple comprises a sandwich compound having the formula: M(Ar)2+/0, where M is a transition metal, and Ar is an aryl compound. 13. The hydraulic fluid of claim 9 wherein the redox couple comprises a metallocene couple having the formula: M(Cp)2+/0, where M is a transition metal, and Cp is a cyclopentadiene-containing compound. 14. The hydraulic fluid of claim 9, wherein the redox couple is selected from the group consisting of: Fe(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(cyclopentadiene)20; Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)20; Ni(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Ni(cyclopentadiene)20; Co(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Co(cyclopentadiene)20; decamethylferricinum+ and decamethylferrocene0; and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)20. 15. A method for reducing rate of surface current induced degradation for components in an hydraulic system, the method comprising the step of: adding an hydraulic fluid to the hydraulic system, said hydraulic fluid comprising an additive, said additive comprising: a redox couple. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said redox couple provides a path for both oxidation currents and reduction currents in the hydraulic system. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the redox couple comprises a metallocene couple. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the redox couple comprises a sandwich compound of the formula: M(Ar)2+/0, where M is a transition metal, and Ar is an aryl compound. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the redox couple comprises a metallocene couple having the formula: M(Cp)2+/0, where M is a transition metal, and Cp is a cyclopentadiene-containing compound. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the redox couples are selected from the group consisting of: Fe(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(cyclopentadiene)20; Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)20; Ni(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Ni(cyclopentadiene)20; Co(cyclopentadiene)2+ and Co(cyclopentadiene)20; decamethylferricinum+ and decamethylferrocene0; and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)2+ and Fe(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)20.",
-    "A telescopic boom extension device includes a cylinder-boom coupling mechanism, an inter-boom fixing mechanism, and a driving mechanism that drives the foregoing two. The driving mechanism has a hydraulic supply part and a drive source generation part. The hydraulic supply part includes an AOH and is provided at a cylinder tube of a telescopic boom. The hydraulic supply part supplies operating oil selectively to actuators driving a B pin and a C pin. The drive source generation part includes an air hose and supplies compressed air to the AOH. The air hose is wound around a hose reel in an unrollable manner. 1. A telescopic boom extension device comprising: a telescopic boom that includes a base boom, an intermediate boom inserted into the base boom, and a top boom inserted into the intermediate boom, one of the booms adjacent to each other being placed slidably relative to the other boom; a single extension cylinder that includes a cylinder tube and a cylinder rod and that is built into the telescopic boom along a longitudinal direction of the booms while the cylinder rod is coupled to the base boom; a cylinder-boom coupling mechanism that includes a first hydraulic actuator configured to engage selectively with the top boom or the intermediate boom to couple the engaged boom to the cylinder tube; an inter-boom fixing mechanism that includes a second hydraulic actuator configured to couple the adjacent booms to regulate relative sliding of the booms and to decouple specific coupled booms when necessary; and a driving mechanism configured to drive the cylinder-boom coupling mechanism and the inter-boom fixing mechanism, wherein the driving mechanism includes: a hydraulic supply part that is provided at the cylinder tube to supply operating oil selectively to the first hydraulic actuator or the second hydraulic actuator; and a drive source generation part that includes a pneumatic supply part configured to supply a pneumatic pressure and that is configured to generate the operating oil under a predetermined pressure at the hydraulic supply part based on the pneumatic pressure. 2. The telescopic boom extension device according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic supply part includes an air over hydraulic booster (AOH), and the drive source generation part includes a pneumatic supply unit connected to the AOH. 3. The telescopic boom extension device according to claim 2, wherein the hydraulic supply part includes a pair of the AOHs arranged symmetrically with respect to the cylinder tube. 4. The telescopic boom extension device according to claim 2, wherein the pneumatic supply unit includes: a pneumatic hose configured to connect the pneumatic source and the AOH; and a hose reel. 5. The telescopic boom extension device according to claim 2, wherein the AOH includes an air cylinder including an air piston and an air tube, wherein the air piston is slidable relative to the air tube without being biased in any direction.",
-    "A method and apparatus for machining a part for an assembly. First sensor data is acquired for a surface of a first part from a first sensor system. Second sensor data is acquired for a set of existing holes in a second part from a second sensor system. A surface model of the surface of the first part is generated using the first sensor data. First offset data is computed based on a nominal model of a third part that is nominally positioned relative to the surface model within a three-dimensional virtual environment. Second offset data is computed for the set of existing holes using the second sensor data. Overall offset data is generated using the first and second offset data, wherein the overall offset data is used to drill a set of holes in the third part for use in fastening the third part to the second part. 1. A computer-implemented method for machining a part for an assembly, the method comprising: acquiring first sensor data for a surface of a first part from a first sensor system; acquiring second sensor data for a set of existing holes in a second part from a second sensor system; generating a surface model of the surface of the first part using the first sensor data; computing first offset data based on a nominal model of a third part that is nominally positioned relative to the surface model within a three-dimensional virtual environment; computing second offset data for the set of existing holes using the second sensor data; and generating overall offset data using the first offset data and the second offset data, wherein the overall offset data is used to drill a set of holes in the third part for use in fastening the third part to the second part. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein computing the first offset data comprises: identifying an actual location of a most protruding point on each portion of the surface model of the first part that interfaces with the nominal model of the third part; and computing a distance between the actual location and a nominal location of the most protruding point on the each portion of the surface model of the first part that interfaces with the nominal model of the third part. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein computing the first offset data further comprises: applying a selected factor to each distance computed based on a geometry of the nominal model of the third part to generate a first x-axis offset and a first y-axis offset for each hole of the set of holes that is to be drilled in the third part. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein computing the second offset data comprises: computing the second offset data for the set of existing holes by measuring a difference between a nominal location and an actual location for each existing hole of the set of existing holes. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising: generating a hole location file for a machining process using the overall offset data. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5 further comprising: generating an input for a computer numerical control device using the hole location file; and controlling the computer numerical control device to drill the set of holes in the third part using the input. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein generating the hole location file comprises: generating the hole location file in an XML format. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein acquiring the first sensor data comprises: receiving the first sensor data for the surface of the first part from a laser imaging system at a processor in communication with the laser imaging system. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein acquiring the second sensor data comprises: receiving the second sensor data for the set of existing holes in the second part from a laser imaging system at a processor in communication with the laser imaging system. 10. A method for assembling a fitting, a stringer, and a structure associated with a body of an aircraft, the method comprising: imaging a surface of the stringer using a first laser imaging system to generate first point cloud data; imaging a set of existing holes in the structure using a second laser imaging system to generate second point cloud data; generating a surface model of the surface of the stringer using the first point cloud data; computing first offset data based on a nominal model of the fitting that is nominally positioned relative to the surface model within a three-dimensional virtual environment; computing second offset data for the set of existing holes in the structure associated with the body; generating overall offset data using the first offset data and the second offset data; and drilling a set of holes in the fitting based on the overall offset data. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: joining the fitting, the stringer, and the structure. 12. An apparatus for machining a structure for an assembly, the apparatus comprising: a part modeler implemented in a computer system that is in communication with a first sensor system and a second sensor system, wherein the part modeler acquires first sensor data for a surface of a first part from the first sensor system and second sensor data for a set of existing holes in a second part from the second sensor system; and wherein the part modeler generates a surface model of the surface of the first part using the first sensor data; and an offset data generator implemented in the computer system, wherein the offset data generator computes first offset data based on a nominal model of a third part that is nominally positioned relative to the surface model of the surface of the first part within a three-dimensional virtual environment, computes second offset data for the set of existing holes in the second part, and generates overall offset data using the first offset data and the second offset data, wherein the overall offset data is used to drill a set of holes in the third part for use in fastening the third part to the second part. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first offset data includes: a first x-axis offset and a first y-axis offset for each hole of the set of holes to be drilled in the third part. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein a position for the third part with respect to a z-axis is considered fixed. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the second offset data includes: a second x-axis offset and a second y-axis offset for the each hole of the set of holes to be drilled in the third part. 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the offset data generator generates a hole location file for a machining process using the overall offset data. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the hole location file is in an XML format. 18. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising: a computer numerical control device that receives an input created based on the hole location file and drills the set of holes in the third part using the input. 19. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: the first sensor system; and the second sensor system. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein each of the first sensor system and the second sensor system is a laser imaging system.",
-    "A computing device for a vehicle exterior light control system is described. The computing device includes one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to automatically operate vehicle headlights responsive to a location of the vehicle. 1. A computing device for a vehicle exterior light control system, the computing device comprising one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to automatically operate vehicle headlights responsive to a location of the vehicle in or approaching an area of undulating or rolling terrain where a distance between adjacent peaks is below a predetermined minimum threshold. 2. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the relatively lower-visibility radius terrain area is a curved section of a two-way road extending around a forested area. 3. A computing device for a vehicle exterior light control system, the computing device comprising one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to automatically operate vehicle headlights responsive to a location of the vehicle in a location including a curved section of a two-way road extending around a base of a mountain or hill. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. A computing device for a vehicle exterior light control system, the computing device comprising one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to: enable a user to designate a location as a relatively lower-visibility radius terrain area, and automatically operate vehicle headlights responsive to a presence of the vehicle in the location. 7. A vehicle including a computing device in accordance with claim 1. 8. A computing device configured for controlling exterior lights on a vehicle, the computing device comprising one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to enable a user to designate a location as a \u201clight operating location\u201d in which one or more exterior vehicle lights are automatically operated responsive to a presence of the vehicle in the light operating location. 9. The computing device of claim 8 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to enable the user to delete a previously designated \u201clight operating location\u201d. 10. A computing device configured for controlling exterior lights on a vehicle, the computing device comprising one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to enable the user to designate a set of coordinates which are all located inside a parking structure as a \u201clight operating location\u201d in which one or more exterior vehicle lights are automatically operated responsive to a presence of the vehicle in the light operating location. 11. A method of controlling vehicle exterior lights comprising the steps of: receiving a user-designation of a location as a \u201clight operating location\u201d in which one or more exterior vehicle lights are automatically operated responsive to a presence of the vehicle in the light operating location; and automatically operating one or more exterior vehicle lights responsive to a presence of the vehicle in the user-designated light operating location. 12. The computing device of claim 8 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to enable the user to designate a selected stretch of road as a \u201cheadlight operating location\u201d. 13. The computing device of claim 8 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to enable the user to designate a location as a \u201chazard light operating location\u201d. 14. A vehicle including a computing device in accordance with claim 8.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatus for viewing electronic information gathered and transmitted by a predictive failure device. More specifically, the present disclosure presents methods and apparatus for viewing processed data related to the performance of a cooling unit. In some embodiments, the predictive failure interfacing device may provide current and continuous data from a cooling device and/or components thereof to a user. In some aspects, the interface may further prompt and allow a user to request actions based on the predictive failure information. 1. A predictive failure device interface for a cooling apparatus comprising: a communications network access device configured to access a server in logical communication with a digital communications network; and executable software stored on the communications network access device and executable on demand, the software operative with the communications network access device to cause the network access device to: receive data for a predefined quality set from a predictive failure device, wherein the predictive failure device comprises a monitoring mechanism configured to monitor the predefined quality set of the cooling apparatus, wherein the predefined quality set comprises characteristics indicative of an effectiveness of at least one component of the cooling apparatus; and provide data for the predefined quality set. 2. The predictive failure device interface of claim 1, wherein the network access device is further caused to: analyze the data, wherein the analysis determines the effectiveness of the at least one component of the cooling apparatus; provide the analysis; and transmit the analysis to an external storage device. 3. The predictive failure device interface of claim 2, wherein the network access device is further caused to: prompt a requested action in response to the analysis; receive the requested action; and transmit the requested action to an external device, wherein the external device is configured to execute the requested action.",
-    "The embodiments herein achieve a system including a first mobile device; a second mobile device; a garment device; and a control unit. The garment device includes a first connection unit formed in a first area corresponding to a position on which the first mobile device is worn, a second connection unit formed at a position on which the second mobile device is worn, and a fabric cable electrically connected with the first connection unit and the second connection unit. Further, the control unit is configured to control one of a charging of the second mobile device from the first mobile device, and a charging of the first mobile device from the second mobile device based on a charging direction, wherein the charging direction is determined based on a battery information of one of the first mobile device and the second mobile device. 1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. A system comprising: a garment device; and a control unit included within a first mobile device, wherein the garment device includes a first connection unit formed in a first area corresponding to a position on which the first mobile device is placed, a second connection unit formed at a position on which a second mobile device is placed, and a fabric cable electrically connected with the first connection unit and the second connection unit, wherein the control unit is configured to control one of a charging of the second mobile device from the first mobile device, and a charging of the first mobile device from the second mobile device based on a charging direction through the fabric cable, and wherein the charging direction is determined based on a battery information of one of the first mobile device and the second mobile device. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein when at least one of the first mobile and the second mobile device satisfies a proximity condition for a corresponding area between the first area and the second area, the control unit is configured to control at least one of the first mobile device and the second mobile device to execute a charging related application. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein when the first mobile device and the second mobile device satisfy a proximity condition for the first area and the second area, the garment device sets a charging standby mode for the first mobile device and second mobile device. 13. (canceled) 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the first area is corresponding to the position on which the first mobile device is worn. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the second area is corresponding to the position on which the second mobile device is worn. 16. A system comprising: a first mobile device having a control unit; a second mobile device; and a garment device; wherein the garment device includes a first connection unit formed in a first area corresponding to a position on which a first mobile device is placed, a second connection unit formed at a position on which a second mobile device is placed, and a fabric cable electrically connected with the first connection unit and the second connection unit, wherein the control unit is configured to control one of a charging of the second mobile device from the first mobile device, and a charging of the first mobile device from the second mobile device based on a charging direction through the fabric cable, and wherein the charging direction is determined based on a battery information of one of the first mobile device and the second mobile device. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first and second mobile devices includes a display, which displays an execution screen of the charging related application. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the execution screen includes at least one of a battery charging information and a battery use quantity information. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein each of the first mobile device and the second mobile device includes an input unit which receives a user input related to the charging. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first mobile device and the second mobile device receives a user input related to at least one of a setting and release of a charging standby mode, a setting and release of a charging activation mode, and a setting and release of a charging through the input unit. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. The system of claim 10, wherein the garment device is formed of only passive element. 25. The system of claim 10, wherein the second connection unit includes a coil, and the control unit controls the first mobile unit to increase charging voltage so as to confirm a wireless charging standard between the second mobile unit and the second connection unit when the second mobile unit is charged from the first mobile unit. 26. The system of claim 16, wherein the garment device is formed of only passive element. 27. The system of claim 16, wherein the second connection unit includes a coil, and the control unit controls the first mobile unit to increase charging voltage so as to confirm a wireless charging standard between the second mobile unit and the second connection unit when the second mobile unit is charged from the first mobile unit.",
-    "A capacitive touch sensor is described. The touch sensor includes a sensor grid that includes a trace that has a trace start point and end point, is electrically conductive between the trace start point and the trace end point, is formed in one or more pairs of trace cells that each include a first trace cell and a second trace cell that is rotationally symmetrical to the first trace cell. The trace start point and the trace end point define a trace axis. A trace direction is defined from the trace start point to the trace end point. A trace-perpendicular direction is defined as being perpendicular to the trace direction. A segment of the trace that is formed in the first trace cell includes a first portion, a second portion, a third portion, a fourth portion, a fifth portion, a sixth portion, a seventh portion, and an eighth portion. 1. A projected capacitive touch sensor, comprising: a sensor grid that includes a trace that (i) has a trace start point and a trace end point, (ii) is electrically conductive between the trace start point and the trace end point, and (iii) is formed in one or more pairs of trace cells that each include a first trace cell and a second trace cell that is rotationally symmetrical to the first trace cell, wherein the trace start point and the trace end point define a trace axis, wherein a trace direction is defined from the trace start point to the trace end point, wherein a trace-perpendicular direction is defined as being perpendicular to the trace direction, wherein a segment of the trace that is formed in the first trace cell comprises: a first portion of the trace that starts at a first point on the trace axis and that is formed in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a second portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the first portion and that is formed in a direction opposite the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a third portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the second portion and that is formed in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a fourth portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the third portion and that is formed in the trace direction and in a direction opposite the trace-perpendicular direction; a fifth portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the fourth portion and that is formed in the trace direction and the trace-perpendicular direction; a sixth portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the fifth portion and that is formed in the trace direction and the direction opposite trace-perpendicular direction; a seventh portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the sixth portion and that is formed in the direction opposite the trace direction and the direction opposite trace-perpendicular direction; and an eighth portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the seventh portion, that ends at a second point on the trace axis, and that is formed in the trace direction and the direction opposite trace-perpendicular direction. 2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein a width of the trace is between one micrometer and twenty micrometers. 3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the sensor grid includes: additional traces that each have trace axes that are approximately parallel to the trace axis of the trace. 4. The sensor of claim 1, comprising wherein the sensor grid includes: additional traces that each (i) have trace axes that are approximately perpendicular to the trace axis of the trace and (ii) are radially symmetrical to the trace. 5. A projected capacitive touch sensor, comprising: a sensor grid (a) that includes a trace that (i) has a trace start point and a trace end point, (ii) is electrically conductive between the trace start point and the trace end point, and (iii) is formed in one or more pairs of trace cells that each include a first trace cell and a second trace cell that is rotationally symmetrical to the first trace cell and (b) that includes additional traces that each (i) have trace axes that are approximately perpendicular to the trace axis of the trace and (ii) are radially symmetrical to the trace, wherein the trace start point and the trace end point define a trace axis, wherein a trace direction is defined from the trace start point to the trace end point, wherein a trace-perpendicular direction is defined as being perpendicular to the trace direction, wherein a segment of the trace that is formed in the first trace cell comprises: a first portion of the trace that starts at a first point on the trace axis and that is formed in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a second portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the first portion and that is formed in a direction opposite the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a third portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the second portion and that is formed in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a fourth portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the third portion, that ends at a second point on the trace axis, and that is formed in the trace direction and in a direction opposite the trace-perpendicular direction. 6. The sensor of claim 5, wherein a width of the trace is between one micrometer and twenty micrometers. 7. The sensor of claim 5, wherein the sensor grid includes: additional traces that each have trace axes that are approximately parallel to the trace axis of the trace. 8. (canceled) 9. The sensor of claim 5, wherein a length of the fourth portion is at least twice a length of the first portion, the second portion, or the third portion. 10. A projected capacitive touch sensor, comprising: a sensor grid (a) that includes a trace that (i) has a trace start point and a trace end point, (ii) is electrically conductive between the trace start point and the trace end point, and (iii) is formed in one or more pairs of trace cells that each include a first trace cell and a second trace cell that is rotationally symmetrical to the first trace cell and (b) that includes additional traces that each (i) have trace axes that are approximately perpendicular to the trace axis of the trace and (ii) are radially symmetrical to the trace, wherein the trace start point and the trace end point define a trace axis, wherein a trace direction is defined from the trace start point to the trace end point, wherein a trace-perpendicular direction is defined as being perpendicular to the trace direction, wherein a segment of the trace that is formed in the first trace cell comprises: a first portion of the trace that starts at a first point on the trace axis and that is formed in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a second portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the first portion and that is formed in the trace direction and in a direction that is opposite the trace-perpendicular direction; a third portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the second portion and that is formed in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a fourth portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the third portion, that ends at a second point on the trace axis, and that is formed in the trace direction and in the direction opposite the trace-perpendicular direction. 11. The sensor of claim 10, wherein a width of the trace is between one micrometer and twenty micrometers. 12. The sensor of claim 10, wherein sensor grid includes: additional traces that each have trace axes that are approximately parallel to the trace axis of the trace. 13. (canceled) 14. A projected capacitive touch sensor, comprising: a sensor grid that includes a trace that (i) has a trace start point and a trace end point, (ii) is electrically conductive between the trace start point and the trace end point, and (iii) is formed in one or more pairs of trace cells that each include a first trace cell and a second trace cell that is rotationally symmetrical to the first trace cell, wherein the trace start point and the trace end point define a trace axis, wherein a trace direction is defined from the trace start point to the trace end point, wherein a trace-perpendicular direction is defined as being perpendicular to the trace direction, wherein a segment of the trace that is formed in the first trace cell comprises: a first curved portion of the trace that starts at a first point on the trace axis and that is concave in a direction opposite the trace direction; a second curved portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the first curved portion and that is convex in a direction opposite the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a third curved portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the second curved portion and that is concave in the trace-perpendicular direction; a fourth curved portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the third curved portion and that is convex in the trace direction and in the trace-perpendicular direction; a fifth curved portion of the trace that starts at an end point of the fourth curved portion, that ends at a second point on the trace axis and that is concave in the trace direction. 15. The sensor of claim 14, wherein a width of the trace is between one micrometer and twenty micrometers. 16. The sensor of claim 14, wherein the sensor grid includes: additional traces that each have trace axes that are approximately parallel to the trace axis of the trace. 17. The sensor of claim 14, wherein the sensor grid includes: additional traces that each (i) have trace axes that are approximately perpendicular to the trace axis of the trace and (ii) are radially symmetrical to the trace. 18. The sensor of claim 14, wherein the first curved portion, the second curved portion, the third curved portion, the fourth curved portion, and the fifth curved portion are arcs with a same radius. 19. The sensor of claim 14, wherein: the first curved portion, the third curved portion, and the fifth curved portion are arcs with a first radius, and the second curved portion and the fourth curved portion are arcs with a second radius that is greater than the first radius. 20. The sensor of claim 14, wherein: the first curved portion, the third curved portion, and the fifth curved portion are arcs with a first radius.",
-    "A system (and method) includes at least one traffic server to receive traffic information reports transmitted from vehicles located on a traffic network serviced by the at least one traffic server. The traffic network is segmented into a plurality of predefined links, each predefined link associated with a priority level, a reporting latency, and an identification code. An onboard unit in a vehicle transmits traffic information reports to the at least one traffic server. The onboard unit is configured: to determine a current location of the vehicle; based on the current location, to determine on which of a link of the predefined links in the traffic network the vehicle is currently located; to determine a link identification code that corresponds to the link on which the vehicle is currently located; and to generate a traffic data packet to be potentially transmitted by the onboard unit to the at least one traffic server. The determined link identification code serves as indicia of location in the traffic data packet. 1. A system, comprising: at least one traffic server to receive traffic information reports transmitted from vehicles located on a traffic network serviced by said at least one traffic server, said traffic network being segmented into a plurality of predefined links, each predefined link associated with a priority level, a reporting latency, and an identification code; and an onboard unit in a vehicle to transmit traffic information reports to said at least one traffic server, said onboard unit configured: to determine a current location of said vehicle; based on said current location, to determine on which of a link of said predefined links in said traffic network said vehicle is currently located; to determine a link identification code that corresponds to said link on which said vehicle is currently located; and to generate a traffic data packet to be potentially transmitted by said onboard unit to said at least one traffic server, wherein said determined link identification code serves as an indicia of location in said traffic data packet. 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein each link of said plurality of predefined links is defined as a set of four GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates, and wherein said onboard unit uses a geo-fencing calculation based on said four GPS coordinates to determine on which link said vehicle is currently located. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein said traffic data packet further includes an entry time into said link and an exit time from said link. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein said onboard unit is further configured: to determine a potential transmission time for said traffic data packet to be transmitted to the at least one traffic server, as based on said latency of said identified link; to determine a probability level for the traffic data packet, as based on said priority level of said identified link; and to store said traffic data packet in a transmission queue, wherein traffic data packets are stored in said transmission queue in an ordering of potential transmission times for each stored traffic data packet. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein said onboard unit is further configured: when a current time matches a potential transmission time for one of said traffic data packets stored in said transmission queue, to generate an output from a random number generator having parameters set for a priority level of the identified link associated with the traffic data packet with the potential transmission time; to compare said random number generator output with said probability level for said traffic data packet; and, based on said comparing, either to drop said data packet from said transmission queue or to make a transmission to said at least one traffic server of said traffic data packet along with other traffic data packets stored in said transmission queue up to a transmission length not to exceed a predetermined length based on a quantum charge for transmissions. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said onboard unit is configured with a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) system and wherein said onboard unit, prior to making a transmission report to said at least one traffic server, communicates using said V2V system to aggregate data for said transmission report with data from one or more other vehicles. 7. A method, comprising: in an onboard unit installed in a vehicle, determining that said vehicle has entered onto a link of a plurality of network traffic links; determining an identification of said link; determining an entry time and an exit time of said vehicle for said determined link; generating a traffic data report packet including an identification of said link and said entry and exit times; assigning to said traffic data report packet: a potential transmission time for potentially making a transmission of said traffic data report packet; and a probability value assigned to said traffic data report packet as based on a priority of said identified link; and storing said generated traffic data report in a transmission queue along with said assigned potential transmission time and said probability value, wherein said onboard unit stores and maintains said generated traffic data report packet in said transmission queue with other traffic data report packets in a sequence in accordance with potential transmission times of said other traffic data report packets. 8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: whenever a current time matches a potential transmission time for any of said traffic data report packets stored in said transmission queue, said onboard unit generates an output value from a random number generator having parameters set in accordance with a priority value of a traffic link of said traffic data report packet with said potential transmission time; and based on a comparison of said generated output value with the probability value assigned to said traffic data report packet, said onboard unit executes one of: drops said traffic data report packet from said transmission queue; and makes a transmission to a traffic center server via a communication link of said traffic data report packet, said transmission including other traffic data report packets in said transmission queue, up to a preset transmission length based on a quantum cost of transmission via said communication link. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said onboard unit has a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system capability to communicate with onboard units of other vehicles, said method further comprising using said V2V system to aggregate traffic data report packets from at least one other vehicle in said transmission to said traffic center server. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said potential transmission time is based on a latency assigned to said identified link, based on a priority of said identified link in said traffic network. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein said onboard unit is GPS-capable, wherein each link of said plurality of network traffic links is defined as a set of four global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, and wherein said onboard unit uses a geo-fencing calculation to determine on which link said vehicle is currently located. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein said identified link in said traffic report packet is identified using an identification code. 13. The method of claim 7, as embodied in a set of computer-readable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory device. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said non-transitory memory device comprises a non-transitory memory device on one of: said onboard unit; and a network server that provides said set of instructions as an update for onboard units located in said traffic network. 15. An apparatus, comprising: a processor; a transceiver; and at least one non-transitory memory device, wherein at least one said non-transitory memory device stores a set of instructions to permit said apparatus to function as an onboard unit on a vehicle by: determining a current location of a vehicle in which said onboard unit is installed; determining, using said current location, that said vehicle has entered onto a specific network link of a plurality of previously-defined network links of a traffic network and identifying a link identification code corresponding to said specific network link; identifying a time of entry into said specific network link and a time of exit from said specific network link; generating a traffic data report packet including said link identification code and said entry and exit times; assigning a potential transmission time and a probability value to said traffic data report packet, said potential transmission time and said probability value based on a predefined priority of said specific network link in said traffic network; and storing, in a transmission queue, said traffic data report packet along with said assigned potential transmission time and said assigned probability value. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said traffic data report packet is stored and maintained in said transmission queue with other traffic data report packets in a sequence according to potential transmission times. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein, whenever a current time matches a potential transmission time of any of said traffic data report packets stored in said transmission queue, said onboard unit generates an output value from a random number generator having parameters set in accordance with a priority value of a traffic link of said traffic data report packet with said potential transmission time; and based on a comparison of said generated output value with the probability value assigned to said traffic data report packet, said onboard unit executes one of: drops said traffic data report packet from said transmission queue; and makes a transmission to a traffic center server via a communication link of said traffic data report packet, said transmission including other traffic data report packets in said transmission queue, up to a preset transmission length based on a quantum cost of transmission via said communication link. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said onboard unit has a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system capability to communicate with onboard units of other vehicles, said method further comprising using said V2V system to aggregate traffic data report packets from at least one other vehicle in said transmission to said traffic center server. 19. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a Global Positioning System (GPS) circuit, and wherein each link of said plurality of previously-defined network links of set traffic network is defined as a set of four GPS coordinates, and wherein said determining that said vehicle has entered into a specific network link comprises a geo-fencing method using GPS coordinates. 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said set of instructions can be selectively uploaded onto said apparatus and can selectively be updated.",
-    "Testing a data coherency algorithm of a multi-processor environment. The testing includes implementing a global time incremented every processor cycle and used for timestamping; implementing a transactional execution flag representing a processor core guaranteeing the atomicity and coherency of the currently executed instructions; implementing a transactional footprint, which keeps the address of each cache line that was used by the processor core; implementing a reference model, which operates on every cache line and keeps a set of timestamps for every cache line; implementing a core observed timestamp representing a global timestamp, which is the oldest construction date of data used before; implementing interface events; and reporting an error whenever a transaction end event is detected and any cache line is found in the transactional footprint with an expiration date that is older than or equal to the core observed time. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A computer system for testing a data coherency algorithm of a multi-processor environment, wherein a simulated multi-processor environment containing a private cache hierarchy and simulation drivers for other components of the multi-processor environment is provided, the computer system comprising: a memory; and a processor in communications with the memory, wherein the computer system is configured to perform a method, said method comprising: implementing a global time incremented on a processor cycle and used for timestamping; implementing a transactional execution flag representing a processor core guaranteeing atomicity and coherency of currently executed instructions; implementing a transactional footprint, the transactional footprint keeping an address of each cache line that was used by the processor core, while the processor core is guaranteeing the atomicity and coherency of a transaction; implementing a reference model, the reference model operating on a cache line and keeping a set of timestamps for the cache line, the set comprising a construction date representing a first global timestamp when new data arrives at the private cache hierarchy, and an expiration date representing a second global timestamp when the private cache hierarchy is hit by a cross-invalidation; implementing a core observed timestamp representing a global timestamp, which is an oldest construction date of data used before; implementing interface events that monitor at least one of: a fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment to update the construction date; a fetch return from an L1 cache to the processor core to update the core observed timestamp; a cross-invalidate from the simulated multi-processor environment to update the expiration date; a transaction start instruction being executed by the processor core to update the transactional execution flag and clear the transactional footprint; or a transaction end instruction being executed by the processor core to perform the checking; and reporting an error based on detecting a transaction end event and finding a cache line in the transactional footprint with an expiration date that is older than or equal to a core observed time. 15. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the set further comprises a potential construction date representing a third global timestamp when new data arrives at the private cache hierarchy, and a confirmed construction date representing a fourth global timestamp confirming usage of new data by the processor core; and wherein the interface events further monitor at least one of: a fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment to update the potential construction date; or a fetch return from an L2 cache to the L1 cache to update the confirmed construction date. 16. The computer system according to claim 15, wherein the method comprises reporting an error based on data being used with an expiration date that is older than or equal to the core observed time. 17. A computer program product for testing a data coherency algorithm of a multi-processor environment, wherein a simulated multi-processor environment containing a private cache hierarchy and simulation drivers for other components of the multi-processor environment is provided, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method comprising: implementing a global time incremented on a processor cycle and used for timestamping; implementing a transactional execution flag representing a processor core guaranteeing atomicity and coherency of currently executed instructions; implementing a transactional footprint, the transactional footprint keeping an address of each cache line that was used by the processor core, while the processor core is guaranteeing the atomicity and coherency of a transaction; implementing a reference model, the reference model operating on a cache line and keeping a set of timestamps for the cache line, the set comprising a construction date representing a first global timestamp when new data arrives at the private cache hierarchy, and an expiration date representing a second global timestamp when the private cache hierarchy is hit by a cross-invalidation; implementing a core observed timestamp representing a global timestamp, which is an oldest construction date of data used before; implementing interface events that monitor at least one of: a fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment to update the construction date; a fetch return from an L1 cache to the processor core to update the core observed timestamp; a cross-invalidate from the simulated multi-processor environment to update the expiration date; a transaction start instruction being executed by the processor core to update the transactional execution flag and clear the transactional footprint; or a transaction end instruction being executed by the processor core to perform the checking; and reporting an error based on detecting a transaction end event and finding a cache line in the transactional footprint with an expiration date that is older than or equal to a core observed time. 18. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the set further comprises a potential construction date representing a third global timestamp when new data arrives at the private cache hierarchy, and a confirmed construction date representing a fourth global timestamp confirming usage of new data by the processor core; and wherein the interface events further monitor at least one of: a fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment to update the potential construction date; or a fetch return from an L2 cache to the L1 cache to update the confirmed construction date. 19. The computer program product according to claim 18, wherein the method further comprises reporting an error based on data being used with an expiration date that is older than or equal to the core observed time. 20. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises based on the transaction end instruction, setting the transactional execution flag to false. 21. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment, updating the construction date in the reference model with the global time. 22. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the L1 cache to the processor core, checking for the transactional execution flag. 23. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the L1 cache to the processor core, adding a cache line to the transactional footprint. 24. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the L1 cache to the processor core, updating the core observed timestamp with the construction date. 25. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises based on a cross-invalidate from the simulated multi-processor environment, updating the expiration date in the reference model with the global time. 26. The computer system according to claim 14, wherein the method further comprises based on the transaction end instruction, setting the transactional execution flag to false. 27. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment, updating the construction date in the reference model with the global time. 28. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the L1 cache to the processor core, checking for the transactional execution flag. 29. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the L1 cache to the processor core, adding a cache line to the transactional footprint. 30. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises based on a fetch return from the L1 cache to the processor core, updating the core observed timestamp with the construction date. 31. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the method further comprises based on a cross-invalidate from the simulated multi-processor environment, updating the expiration date in the reference model with the global time. 32. The computer program product according to claim 18, wherein the method further comprises based on the fetch return from the simulated multi-processor environment, updating the potential construction date in the reference model with the global time. 33. The computer program product according to claim 18, wherein the method further comprises based on a missed fetch return from the L2 cache to the L1 cache, updating the confirmed construction date in the reference model with the potential construction date of the cache line.",
-    "A method of compiling a program that executes a plurality of unit processes in parallel, the method includes: replacing a load instruction of a volatile variable, the volatile variable being a variable included in the program and having a possibility of being overwritten by another unit process, with a beginning load instruction indicating a beginning of a range of transactionization and a load, and an end instruction indicating an ending of the range of the transactionization; moving the beginning load instruction before a position of the load instruction of the volatile variable in the program by instruction scheduling; and generating a beginning instruction indicating a beginning of a range of the transactionization and a load instruction of the volatile variable from the moved beginning load instruction. 1. A method of compiling a program that executes a plurality of unit processes in parallel, the method comprising: replacing a load instruction of a volatile variable, the volatile variable being a variable included in the program and having a possibility of being overwritten by another unit process, with a beginning load instruction indicating a beginning of a range of transactionization and a load, and an end instruction indicating an ending of the range of the transactionization; moving the beginning load instruction before a position of the load instruction of the volatile variable in the program by instruction scheduling; and generating a beginning instruction indicating a beginning of a range of the transactionization and a load instruction of the volatile variable from the moved beginning load instruction. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving moves the beginning load instruction to a preceding merge basic block. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving moves the beginning load instruction to a beginning of a basic block. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moving moves the beginning load instruction such that a predetermined number of instructions are included between the beginning load instruction and the end instruction. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transactionization is executed by a hardware transactional memory. 6. A non-transitory storage medium storing a compiling program for causing a computer to execute a process compiling a program that executes a plurality of unit processes in parallel, the process comprising: replacing a load instruction of a volatile variable, the volatile variable being a variable included in the program and having a possibility of being overwritten by another unit process, with a beginning load instruction indicating a beginning of a range of transactionization and a load, and an end instruction indicating an ending of the range of the transactionization; moving the beginning load instruction before a position of the load instruction of the volatile variable in the program by instruction scheduling; and generating a beginning instruction indicating a beginning of a range of the transactionization and a load instruction of the volatile variable from the moved beginning load instruction. 7. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 6, wherein the moving moves the beginning load instruction to a preceding merge basic block. 8. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 6, wherein the moving moves the beginning load instruction to a beginning of a basic block. 9. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the moving moves the beginning load instruction such that a predetermined number of instructions are included between the beginning load instruction and the end instruction. 10. The non-transitory storage medium according to claim 1, wherein the transactionization is executed by a hardware transactional memory. 11. An apparatus comprising: a memory configured to store a program that executes a plurality of unit processes in parallel as a target for compiling; and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: replace a load instruction of a volatile variable, the volatile variable being a variable included in the program and having a possibility of being overwritten by another unit process, with a beginning load instruction indicating a beginning of a range of transactionization and a load, and an end instruction indicating an ending of the range of the transactionization; move the beginning load instruction before a position of the load instruction of the volatile variable in the program by instruction scheduling; and generate a beginning instruction indicating a beginning of a range of the transactionization and a load instruction of the volatile variable from the moved beginning load instruction. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to move the beginning load instruction to a preceding merge basic block. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to move the beginning load instruction to a beginning of a basic block. 14. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to move the beginning load instruction such that a predetermined number of instructions are included between the beginning load instruction and the end instruction. 15. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the transactionization is executed by a hardware transactional memory.",
-    "A food composition that includes at least the following essential nutrients: water, choline, omega-3, omega-6, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, arginine; vitamin A; vitamin C; calcium; iron; vitamin D; vitamin E; vitamin K; thiamin; riboflavin; niacin; vitamin B6; folate; vitamin B12; biotin; pantothenic acid; phosphorus; iodine; magnesium; zinc; selenium; copper; manganese; chromium; molybdenum; and chloride. 1. A food composition comprising the following essential nutrients: water, choline, omega-3, omega-6, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, arginine, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and chloride. 2. The food composition of claim 1 comprising approximately the following amounts of the essential nutrients: Water (mL) 1-500 Choline (mg) 1-1,000 Omega-3 (mg) 1-5,000 Omega-6 (mg) 1-5,000 Leucine, isoleucine, 1-100 lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, arginine (to yield dietary protein in grams) Vitamin A (IU) 1,000-3,500 Vitamin C (mg) 15-45 Calcium (mg) 250-750 Iron (mg) 9 Vitamin D (IU) 100-400 Vitamin E (IU) 10-30 Vitamin K (mcg) 10-80 Thiamin (mg) 0.25-1.5 Riboflavin (mg) 0.4-1.7 Niacin (mg) 3-20 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.5-2 Folate (mcg) 100-400 Vitamin B12 (mcg) 1-6 Biotin (mcg) 50-300 Pantothenic acid (mg) 1-10 Phosphorus (mg) 100-1,000 Iodine (mcg) 25-150 Magnesium (mg) 50-400 Zinc (mg) 1-15 Selenium (mcg) 10-70 Copper (mg) 0.25-2 Manganese (mg) 0.1-2 Chromium (mcg) 10-120 Molybdenum (mcg) 10-75 Chloride (mg) 500-3,400 3. The food composition of claim 2 comprising approximately the following amounts of the essential nutrients: Water (mL) 300 Choline (mg) 100 Omega-3 (gm) 1,500 Omega-6 (gm) 1,500 Leucine, isoleucine, 25 lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, arginine (as dietary protein in grams) Vitamin A (IU) 2,500 Vitamin C (mg) 30 Calcium (mg) 500 Iron (mg) 9 Vitamin D (IU) 200 Vitamin E (IU) 15 Vitamin K (mcg) 40 Thiamin (mg) 0.75 Riboflavin (mg) 0.85 Niacin (mg) 10 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1 Folate (mcg) 200 Vitamin B12 (mcg) 3 Biotin (mcg) 150 Pantothenic acid (mg) 5 Phosphorus (mg) 500 Iodine (mcg) 75 Magnesium (mg) 200 Zinc (mg) 7.5 Selenium (mcg) 35 Copper (mg) 1 Manganese (mg) 1 Chromium (mcg) 60 Molybdenum (mcg) 37.5 Chloride (mg) 1,700 4. The food composition of claim 2 further comprising from 200-500 kcal. 5. The food composition of claim 4 comprising 350 kcal. 6. The food composition of claim 1 comprising one or more carbohydrate sources selected from the group of carbohydrate sources consisting of rice, brown sugar, white sugar, turbinado sugar, oats, apples, tomato, fructose, lactose, buttermilk, maltodextrin, corn starch, carrot, instant rice, red bell peppers, durum wheat flour, mushroom, potato, spinach, sweet corn, molasses, and beets. 7. The food composition of claim 1 comprising one or more protein sources selected from the group of protein sources consisting of textured vegetable protein, milk protein isolate, non-fat dry milk, milk protein (concentrate), whole milk powder, oat protein, mozzarella cheese, whey protein, yeast extract, red beans, chicken, parmesan cheese, dehydrated cheddar cheese, Vermont cheddar cheese, blue cheese, and peanut flour. 8. The food composition of claim 1 comprising one or more fat sources selected from the group of fat sources consisting of rice bran oil, butter, buttermilk, extra virgin olive oil, butter oil, sweet cream solids, ghee, flax, high-oleic safflower oil, and sesame oil. 9. The food composition of claim 1 comprising one or more fiber sources selected from the group of fiber sources consisting of hulled hemp seeds, oat fiber, cellulose gum and carrageenan.",
-    "A sheath member has a cylindrical and flexible main body to accommodate an electric wire and a deformation restricting portion molded on an outer peripheral side of the main body and extending over a predetermined shape maintaining range such that the main body is maintained in a desired routing shape. 1. A sheath member comprising: a cylindrical and flexible main body to accommodate an electric wire; and a deformation restricting portion molded on an outer peripheral side of the main body and extending over a predetermined shape maintaining range along a longitudinal direction of the main body such that the main body is maintained in a desired routing shape, wherein the main body comprises a first body portion and a second body portion that are formed as separate pieces, and wherein the deformation restricting portion extends to bridge the first body portion and the second body portion. 2. The sheath member according to claim 1, wherein the shape maintaining range includes a bent section of the main body. 3. The sheath member according to claim 1, wherein the deformation restricting portion has an outer shape corresponding to a shape of a contacting object that is brought into contact with the sheath member when the electric wire is routed. 4. The sheath member according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the deformation restricting portion in a first direction in a cross section of the deformation restricting portion is greater than the thickness in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction.",
-    "A tailgate gap barrier for engaging a portion of a tailgate of a truck and cover the gap between the bed of the truck and the tailgate is disclosed. The barrier has an elongate body and at least one leg extending substantially perpendicularly from the bottom face of the body. 1. A tailgate gap barrier for engaging a portion of a tailgate of a truck and cover the gap between the bed of the truck and the tailgate, the gap having a gap width, a gap depth, and a gap length, the tailgate gap comprising: an elongate body having a top face, a bottom face, and a length; at least one leg extending substantially perpendicularly from the bottom face, the at least one leg positionable therein the gap; an anchor attached to a distal portion of the at least one leg, the anchor engageable with a portion of the tailgate to retain the tailgate gap barrier in engagement with the portion of the tailgate of the truck such that it substantially covers the gap. 2. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the leg of the anchor is at least as long as the gap depth when the tailgate is in the closed position. 3. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the at least one leg spans substantially the entire length of the body. 4. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the at least one leg comprises a plurality of legs. 5. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the at least one leg is biased against a portion of the tailgate and a portion of the truck such that the tailgate gap barrier remains taught against the tailgate and the bed of the truck whether the tailgate is in a closed or open position. 6. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the length of the body is substantially similar to the gap length. 7. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the body is substantially monolithic. 8. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the top face of the elongate body defines a central longitudinal recess facilitating bending the body along its length when the tailgate is in a closed position. 9. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the anchor comprises a pair of legs extending at an angle toward the bottom face of body and wherein the legs are resilient to enable biasing of the gap barrier against the tailgate and the bed of the truck whether the tailgate is in a closed or open position. 10. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 9, wherein the angle is between about 30 degrees and about 55 degrees. 11. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 9, wherein the angle is approximately 45 degrees. 12. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the barrier comprises a rubber and plastic compound. 13. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 12, wherein the barrier is formed by extrusion. 14. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, wherein the top face of the body slopes from a center outwardly along the length of the body. 15. The tailgate gap barrier of claim 1, further comprises an anti ultra violet additive.",
-    "A display fixture divider includes a bottom support plate including a main portion having a front edge, a non-linear back edge, a first side and an opposing second side. The non-linear back edge includes a first section that extends backwardly from a back of the first side and intersects with a second section that extends backwardly from a back of the second side. A first wire member includes at least two legs separated by a bend and mounted to the first side of the main portion. A second wire member includes at least two legs separated by a bend and mounted to the second side of the main portion. 1. A display fixture divider comprising: a bottom support plate including a main portion having a front edge, a non-linear back edge, a first side and an opposing second side, wherein the non-linear back edge includes a first section that extends backwardly from a back of the first side and intersects with a second section that extends backwardly from a back of the second side at a point; a first wire member including at least two legs separated by a bend and being mounted to the first side of the main portion; and a second wire member including at least two legs separated by a bend and being mounted to the second side of the main portion. 2. The display fixture divider of claim 1, wherein the first wire member comprises a first end mounted in proximity to a back of the first side of the main portion and a second end mounted in proximity to a front of the first side of the main portion and wherein the second wire member comprises a first end mounted in proximity to a back of the second side of the main portion and a second end mounted in proximity to a front of the second side of the main portion, wherein a first leg of the first wire member and a first leg of the second wire member are oriented substantially vertical relative to the main portion of the bottom support plate that is substantially horizontal and a second leg of the first wire member and a second leg of the second wire member are oriented at an acute angle relative to the main portion of the bottom support plate. 3. The display fixture divider of claim 1, further comprising a bracket that mounts the display fixture divider to a back wall of a gondola, the bracket including a first arm and a second arm separated by a bend, wherein each of the first arm and the second arm have at least one through slot. 4. The display fixture divider of claim 3, wherein the bracket further comprises a first extension that extends from an end of the first arm and a second extension that extends from an end of the second arm, wherein the first extension is attached to the first wire member and the second extension is attached to the second wire member. 5. The display fixture divider of claim 3, wherein the first arm of the bracket is in alignment with the first section of the non-linear back edge of the bottom support plate and the second arm of the bracket is in alignment with the second section of the non-linear back edge of the bottom support plate. 6. The display fixture divider of claim 1, wherein the bottom support plate further includes a first side portion integrally formed with the first side of the main portion and extending substantially vertical relative to the main portion and a second side portion integrally formed with the second side of the main portion and extending substantially vertical relative to the main portion. 7. The display fixture divider of claim 6, wherein the first and second ends of the first wire member are mounted to the first side portion and the first and second ends of the second wire member are mounted to the second side portion. 8. The display fixture divider of claim 1, wherein the front edge comprises a linear front edge connecting the first side of the main portion to the second side of the main portion. 9. A display fixture divider comprising: a bottom support plate including a main portion having a front edge, a back edge, a first side and an opposing second side, wherein the back edge of the main portion is non-linear and includes a first section that extends backwardly from a back of the first side and intersects with a second section that extends backwardly from a back of the second side at a point; a first wire member including at least two legs separated by a bend, the first wire member having a first end mounted in proximity to the back of the first side of the main portion and a second end mounted in proximity to a front of the first side of the main portion; a second wire member including at least two legs separated by a bend, the second wire member having a first end mounted in proximity to the back of the second side of the main portion and a second end mounted in proximity to a front of the second side of the main portion; and a bracket that couples the display fixture divider to a back wall of a gondola, the bracket including a first arm and a second arm separated by a bend, wherein each of the first arm and the second arm have at least one through slot. 10. (canceled) 11. The display fixture divider of claim 9, wherein the first arm of the bracket is in alignment with the first section of the non-linear back edge of the bottom support plate and the second arm of the bracket is in alignment with the second section of the non-linear back edge of the bottom support plate. 12. The display fixture divider of claim 9, wherein the bracket further comprises a first extension that extends from an end of the first arm and a second extension that extends from an end of the second arm, wherein the first extension is attached to the first wire member and the second extension is attached to the second wire member. 13. The display fixture divider of claim 9, wherein a first leg of the first wire member and a first leg of the second wire member are oriented substantially vertical relative to the main portion of the bottom support plate that is substantially horizontal and a second leg of the first wire member and a second leg of the second wire member are oriented at an acute angle relative to the main portion of the bottom support plate. 14. The display fixture divider of claim 9, wherein the bottom support plate further includes a first side portion integrally formed with the first side of the main portion and extending substantially vertical relative to the main portion and a second side portion integrally formed with the second side of the main portion and extending substantially vertical relative to the main portion. 15. The display fixture divider of claim 14, wherein the first and second ends of the first wire member are mounted to the first side portion and the first and second ends of the second wire member are mounted to the second side portion. 16. The display fixture divider of claim 9, wherein the front edge comprises a linear front edge connecting the first side of the main portion to the second side of the main portion. 17. A method of displaying merchandise, the method comprising: obtaining a divider comprising a bottom support plate having a front edge, a non-linear back edge, a first side and a second side, a first wire member being attached to the first side of the bottom support plate and a second wire member being attached to the second side of the bottom support plate, wherein the non-linear back edge of the main portion includes a first section that extends from a back of the first side and intersects with a second section that extends from a back of the second side at a point; determining whether to orient the divider so that the first wire member is closer to an aisle defined by a gondola than the second wire member is to the aisle and the second section of the non-linear back edge abuts a back wall of the gondola or to orient the divider so that the second wire member is closer to the aisle than the first wire member is to the aisle and the first section of the non-linear back edge abuts the back wall of the gondola, wherein the determination is based on a direction of foot traffic in the aisle; and mounting the divider to a back wall of the gondola by fastening one of two arms of a bracket that is attached to the first and second wire members, wherein the bracket includes a first arm and a second arm separated from each other by a bend. 18. The method of claim 17, loading the divider with merchandise for display. 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the first section of the back edge is in alignment with the first arm of the bracket and wherein the second section of the back edge is in alignment with the second arm of the bracket.",
-    "An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material and a hole transport material represented by general formula (1) shown below in a single layer. Titanyl phthalocyanine contained as the charge generating material exhibits a main peak at a Bragg angle 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0=27.2\u00b0 in a CuK\u03b1 characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum and satisfies either (B) or (C), shown below, in a differential scanning calorimetry spectrum. (B) A peak is not present in a range from 50\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C., other than a peak resulting from vaporization of adsorbed water. (C) A peak is not present in a range from 50\u00b0 C. to 270\u00b0 C., other than a peak resulting from vaporization of adsorbed water, and a peak is present in a range from 270\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer located either directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin in the same layer, the charge generating material includes titanyl phthalocyanine, the titanyl phthalocyanine exhibits a main peak at a Bragg angle 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0=27.2\u00b0 in a CuK\u03b1 characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum and satisfies either (B) or (C), shown below, in a differential scanning calorimetry spectrum: (B) a peak is not present in a range from 50\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C., other than a peak resulting from vaporization of adsorbed water; (C) a peak is not present in a range from 50\u00b0 C. to 270\u00b0 C., other than a peak resulting from vaporization of adsorbed water, and a peak is present in a range from 270\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C. and the hole transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (1) shown below where, in the general formula (1), R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 each represent, independently of one another, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, a halogen atom, or a hydrogen atom, and n1 and n2 each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 4. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein in the general formula (1), R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6, or a hydrogen atom. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the titanyl phthalocyanine does not exhibit a peak at a Bragg angle 2\u03b8\u00b10.2\u00b0=26.2\u00b0 in the CuK\u03b1 characteristic X-ray diffraction spectrum. 4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the photosensitive layer further includes at least one of tetrahydrofuran and toluene. 5. A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. 6. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image bearing member; a charging section that charges a surface of the image bearing member; a light exposure section that forms an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image bearing member by exposing the surface of the image bearing member to light after the surface of the image bearing member is charged by the charging section; a developing section that develops the electrostatic latent image into a toner image; and a transfer section that transfers the toner image onto a transfer target from the image bearing member, wherein the charging section has a positive charging polarity, and the image bearing member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein after transfer to the transfer target is complete for a given region of the image bearing member, the region of the image bearing member is recharged by the charging section without being subjected to static elimination or blade cleaning, or after being subjected to only one of static elimination and blade cleaning, and a process speed of the image bearing member is at least 120 mm/s.",
-    "A system and method for improving storage system performance by maintaining data integrity during bulk export to a cloud system is provided. A backup host reads a selected volume from the storage system via an I/O channel. The storage system remains online during bulk export and tracks I/O to the selected volume in a tracking log. The backup host compresses, encrypts, and calculates a checksum for each data block of the volume before writing a corresponding data object to export devices and sending a checksum data object to the cloud system. The devices are shipped to the cloud system, which imports the data objects and calculates a checksum for each. The storage system compares the imported checksums with the checksums in the checksum data object, and adds data blocks to the tracking log when errors are detected. An incremental backup is performed based on the contents of the tracking log. 1. A method, comprising: entering, by a storage controller, tracked input/output (I/O) into a tracking log while a volume maintained by the storage controller is exported as a first set of objects to a bulk export storage device for transport to a cloud storage system, wherein the first set of objects corresponds to a first set of checksums determined during export of the volume; receiving, by the storage controller, a second set of checksums corresponding to a second set of objects from the cloud storage system, the second set of checksums being determined during import of the volume at the cloud storage service from the bulk export storage device; comparing, by the storage controller, the received second set of checksums to the first set of checksums; and adding, by the storage controller, identification of a subset of data from the volume to the tracking log, the subset of data corresponding to an object, from the volume, determined to have a checksum present in the first set of checksums but missing from the second set of checksums based on the comparison. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the exporting further comprises: exporting, by the storage controller, the volume via an I/O channel of the storage controller. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: selecting, by the storage controller, the volume for the export to the bulk export storage device; sending, by the storage controller, metadata describing the selected volume in response to a query from a backup host to identify the selected volume; and sending, by the storage controller via the I/O channel, a first set of data extents, corresponding to the first set of objects, from the selected volume to the backup host for the export to the bulk export storage device, wherein the backup host performs encryption and/or compression to the first set of objects for storage in the bulk export storage device. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the backup host determines the first set of checksums in response to the storage controller sending the first set of data extents to the backup host. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing, by the storage controller, an incremental synchronization to the cloud storage system that includes the tracked I/O and the identification of the subset of data based on the comparison. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the comparing further comprises: requesting, by the storage controller, an object comprising the first set of checksums from the cloud storage system based on the cloud storage system providing an import complete status in response to a completion status query; and receiving, by the storage controller, the object comprising the first set of checksums, in response to the request, for comparison to the second set of checksums. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second sets of checksums are created using a same hashing algorithm. 8. A non-transitory machine readable medium having stored thereon instructions for performing a method comprising machine executable code which when executed by at least one machine, causes the machine to: enter tracked input/output (I/O) to the machine into a tracking log while a volume maintained by the machine is exported as a first set of objects to a bulk export storage device for transport to a cloud storage system, wherein the first set of objects corresponds to a first set of checksums determined during export of the volume; receive a second set of checksums corresponding to a second set of objects from the cloud storage system, the second set of checksums being determined during import of the volume at the cloud storage service from the bulk export storage device; compare the received second set of checksums to the first set of checksums; and add identification of a subset of data from the volume to the tracking log, the subset of data corresponding to an object, from the volume, determined to have a checksum present in the first set of checksums but missing from the second set of checksums based on the comparison. 9. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, further comprising machine executable code that causes the machine to: export the volume via an I/O channel of the machine. 10. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 9, further comprising machine executable code that causes the machine to: select the volume for the export to the bulk export storage device; send metadata describing the selected volume in response to a query from a backup host to identify the selected volume; and send, via the I/O channel, a first set of data extents, corresponding to the first set of objects, from the selected volume to the backup host for the export to the bulk export storage device, wherein the backup host performs encryption and/or compression to the first set of objects for storage in the bulk export storage device. 11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the backup host determines the first set of checksums in response to the machine sending the first set of data extents to the backup host. 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, further comprising machine executable code that causes the machine to: perform an incremental synchronization to the cloud storage system that includes the tracked I/O and the identification of the subset of data based on the comparison. 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, further comprising machine executable code that causes the machine, as part of the comparison, to: request an object comprising the first set of checksums from the cloud storage system based on the cloud storage system providing an import complete status in response to a completion status query; and receive the object comprising the first set of checksums, in response to the request, for comparison to the second set of checksums. 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 8, wherein the first and second sets of checksums are created using a same hashing algorithm. 15. A computing device comprising: a memory containing machine readable medium comprising machine executable code having stored thereon instructions for performing a method of maintaining data integrity during bulk export; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the processor to: enter tracked input/output (I/O) into a tracking log while a volume maintained by the computing device is exported as a first set of objects to the bulk export storage device for transport to a cloud storage system, wherein the first set of objects corresponds to a first set of checksums determined during export of the volume; receive a second set of checksums corresponding to a second set of objects from the cloud storage system, the second set of checksums being determined during import of the volume at the cloud storage service from the bulk export storage device; compare the received second set of checksums to the first set of checksums; and add identification of a subset of data from the volume to the tracking log, the subset of data corresponding to an object, from the volume, determined to have a checksum present in the first set of checksums but missing from the second set of checksums based on the comparison. 16. The computing device of claim 15, the machine executable code further causing the processor to: export the volume via an I/O channel of the computing device. 17. The computing device of claim 16, the machine executable code further causing the processor to: select the volume for the export to the bulk export storage device; send metadata describing the selected volume in response to a query from a backup host to identify the selected volume; and send, via the I/O channel, a first set of data extents, corresponding to the first set of objects, from the selected volume to the backup host for the export to the bulk export storage device, wherein the backup host performs encryption and/or compression to the first set of objects for storage in the bulk export storage device. 18. The computing device of claim 17, wherein: the backup host determines the first set of checksums in response to the computing device sending the first set of data extents to the backup host, and the first and second sets of checksums are created using a same hashing algorithm. 19. The computing device of claim 15, the machine executable code further causing the processor to: perform an incremental synchronization to the cloud storage system that includes the tracked I/O and the identification of the subset of data based on the comparison. 20. The computing device of claim 15, the machine executable code further causing the processor to: request an object comprising the first set of checksums from the cloud storage system based on the cloud storage system providing an import complete status in response to a completion status query; and receive the object comprising the first set of checksums, in response to the request, for comparison to the second set of checksums.",
-    "A method of processing force signals from plural force platforms includes, in a computer, in an initialization process, receiving data distinguishing the plural platforms, monitoring force data signals from each of the plural platforms, and identifying each of the plural platforms to a force platform data process application by a sequence of received above-threshold force data signals. The method further includes, subsequent to the initialization process, processing subsequent force data signals according to the identification of each of the plural force platforms. The distinguishing data can include data retrieved from nonvolatile memory of each of the plural force platforms, such as a platform serial number, calibration data, and force platform capacity. A force platform system includes one or more force platforms and force platform signal conditioning circuitry connected to the one or more force platforms. The signal conditioning circuitry may include a separate signal conditioner connected to each force platform. 1.-16. (canceled) 17. A method of simultaneously starting actions of devices connected to a host, the method comprising: repeatedly transmitting a start of frame signal to the connected devices, the start of frame signal being received by the connected devices at the same time; in the host: determining a starting frame number; and issuing a start command to the connected devices, the start command including the determined starting frame number; and in the connected devices: inspecting the received start of frame signal to determine an associated frame number; receiving the start command; and upon receipt of the start command, starting an action of the devices in response to the associated frame number being equal to the determined starting frame number. 18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the devices are connected to the host via a USB connection. 19. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein issuing a start command comprises serially issuing start commands, each of the start commands being addressed to one of the connected devices and including the starting frame number. 20. The method as claimed in claim 19, wherein determining the starting frame number comprises determining the associated frame number of the start of frame signal as one that will be transmitted after all serially issued start commands have reached the connected devices. 21. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein starting an action of the devices comprises starting data acquisition with the devices. 22. An electronic device connected to a host, the device comprising electronics configured to: repeatedly receive a start of frame signal; inspect the received start of frame signal to determine an associated frame number; receive a start command issued by the host, the start command including a starting frame number determined by the host; and upon receipt of the start command, start an action of the device in response to the associated frame number being equal to the starting frame number. 23. A system for simultaneously starting actions of devices, the system comprising: plural devices connected to a host, the devices comprising electronics configured to: repeatedly receive a start of frame signal, the start of frame signal being received by the connected devices at the same time; inspect the received start of frame signal to determine an associated frame number; receive a start command issued by the host, the start command including a starting frame number determined by the host; and upon receipt of the start command, start an action of the devices in response to the associated frame number being equal to the starting frame number. 24. The system as claimed in claim 23, wherein the issued start command comprises serially issued start commands, each of the start commands being addressed to one of the connected devices and including the starting frame number. 25. The system as claimed in claim 24, wherein the host determines the starting frame number by determining the associated frame number of the start of frame signal as one that will be transmitted after all serially issued start commands have reached the connected devices. 26. The system as claimed in claim 23, wherein the action of the devices includes data acquisition with the devices. 27.-36. (canceled)",
-    "It is an object to provide a power semiconductor module having a case shared for base plates of different sizes and having a high-stability base plate. The power semiconductor module according to the present invention includes: a base plate; an insulating substrate disposed on a first main surface of the base plate; a semiconductor chip disposed on an insulating substrate; a case for enclosing the base plate except a second main surface of the base plate facing the first main surface, the insulating substrate, and the semiconductor chip; and a spacer provided between the outer periphery of the base plate and the inner periphery of the case and in contact with both. The spacer has a bonding surface with a side surface of the base plate and the first main surface in the contact with the outer periphery of the base plate. 1. A power semiconductor module comprising: a base plate; an insulating substrate disposed on a first main surface of said base plate; a semiconductor chip disposed on said insulating substrate; a case for enclosing said base plate except a second main surface of said base plate facing said first main surface, said insulating substrate, and said semiconductor chip; and a spacer provided between an outer periphery of said base plate and an inner periphery of said case and in contact with both, wherein said spacer includes a bonding surface with a side surface of said base plate and said first main surface in the contact with said outer periphery of said base plate. 2. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, wherein said spacer is bonded to said base plate with an adhesive in said bonding surface. 3. The power semiconductor module according to claim 2, wherein said spacer has an uneven shape in at least one surface of said bonding surface. 4. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, wherein said spacer is joined to said base plate with an insulating screw in said bonding surface. 5. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, further comprising a control substrate of said semiconductor chip above said semiconductor chip within said case. 6. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, wherein said spacer is bonded to said case in two or more surfaces. 7. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, wherein said spacer is made of ceramic. 8. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, wherein said spacer is made of rubber. 9. The power semiconductor module according to claim 1, wherein said spacer is made of a porous material.",
-    "The present invention relates to a beneficial treatment of tumours in patients suffering from NSCLC, and to a clinical marker useful as predictive variable of the responsiveness of tumours in patients suffering from NSCLC. The present invention further relates to a method for selecting patients likely to respond to a given therapy, wherein said method optionally comprises the use of a specific clinical marker. The present invention further relates to a method for delaying disease progression and/or prolonging patient survival of NSCLC patients, wherein said method comprises the use of a specific clinical marker. 1. A method for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in a patient who has received prior treatment with an anti-tumour therapy other than with nintedanib, which method comprises treating said patient with a treatment regimen comprising the administration of nintedanib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the patient to be treated is selected for treatment on the basis of having shown progression of the cancer within a period of 9 months or less after the initiation of said prior treatment. 2. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said prior treatment with an anti-tumour therapy other than with nintedanib is a monotherapeutic treatment with a platinum compound, or a combination treatment of a platinum compound with one or more further therapeutic agents other than nintedanib. 3. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt is nintedanib esylate. 4. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the treatment regimen comprising the administration of nintedanib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a combination treatment regimen with an anti-cancer drug selected from the group consisting of docetaxel, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, pralatrexate, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.",
-    "The present invention relates to novel tigecycline compositions with improved stability in both solid and solution states and processes for making these compositions. These compositions comprise tigecycline, a suitable carbohydrate, and an acid or buffer. 1-75. (canceled) 76. A composition consisting essentially of tigecycline, a carbohydrate, and an acid, wherein the molar ratio of tigecycline to lactose is between about 1:1.6 to about 1:3.3, and the pH of the composition in a solution is between about 4.0 and about 5.0, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid, and the composition further comprises tigecycline epimer in an amount that is not more than 2.56% as measured after storage of the composition at about 40\u00b0 C. and 75% relative humidity for not more 39 days. 77. The composition of claim 76, wherein the composition is lyophilized. 78. The composition according to claim 76 further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. 79. The composition according to claim 78, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is water, a saline, Lactated Ringer's Injection solution, or dextrose solution. 80. The composition of claim 76, wherein the pH of the composition in a solution is between 4.2 and about 4.8. 81. The composition of claim 76, wherein the carbohydrate is lactose. 82. A composition prepared in accord with a process comprising combining lactose with tigecycline and water to form a solution; reducing the pH of the solution with hydrochloric acid to between about 4.0 and about 5.0; and lyophilizing the solution to dryness to prepare a lyophilized composition; wherein the lactose is capable of reducing epimer formation of tigecycline whereby the lyophilized composition further comprises tigecycline epimer in an amount that is not more than 2.56% as measured after storage of the lyophilized composition at about 40\u00b0 C. and 75% relative humidity for not more 39 days, and the molar ratio of tigecycline to lactose is between about 1:1.6 to about 1:3.3. 83. The composition of claim 82 further comprising combining the composition with a saline, Lactated Ringer's Injection solution or dextrose solution. 84. The composition of claim 82, wherein a solid is formed. 85. The composition of claim 82, wherein the pH of the solution is reduced to between about 4.2 and about 4.8.",
-    "Modulation patterns for surface scattering antennas provide desired antenna pattern attributes such as reduced side lobes and reduced grating lobes. 1.-58. (canceled) 59. The method of claim 68, further comprising: adjusting the surface scattering antenna to the identified antenna configuration. 60. The method of claim 68, further comprising: operating the surface scattering antenna in the identified antenna configuration. 61. The method of claim 68, further comprising: storing the identified antenna configuration in a storage medium. 62.-67. (canceled) 68. A method, comprising: discretizing a hologram function for a surface scattering antenna that defines an aperture, where the discretizing includes identifying a discrete plurality of locations on the aperture for a discrete plurality of scattering elements of the surface scattering antenna and identifying a discrete set of states for each of the scattering elements corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each of the locations of the scattering elements; and identifying an antenna configuration that reduces artifacts attributable to the discretizing, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes dithering the discretized hologram function. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the dithering of the discretized hologram function includes, for each location in the plurality of locations: selecting a virtual displacement for the location; identifying a virtual location corresponding to the location plus the virtual displacement; and selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to the hologram function evaluated at the virtual location. 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the virtual displacements are random virtual displacements. 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the random virtual displacements have a standard deviation greater than one-fifth of a lattice spacing of the plurality of locations. 72. The method of claim 70, wherein the random virtual displacements have a standard deviation greater than one-half of a lattice spacing of the plurality of locations. 73. The method of claim 69, wherein the virtual displacements are non-random virtual displacements that vary gradually across the aperture. 74. The method of claim 69, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes, for each scattering element in the plurality of scattering elements: identifying a state for the scattering element selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location of the scattering element. 75. The method of claim 68, wherein the dithering of the discretized hologram function includes, for each location in the plurality of locations: selecting a function noise amount corresponding to the location; and selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to a sum of the hologram function evaluated at the location and the function noise amount. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the function noise amounts have a standard deviation greater than 10% of a difference between a maximum function value of discrete set of function values and a minimum function value of the discrete set of function values. 77. The method of claim 75, wherein the function noise amounts have a standard deviation greater than 25% of a difference between a maximum function value of discrete set of function values and a minimum function value of the discrete set of function values. 78. The method of claim 75, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes, for each scattering element in the plurality of scattering elements: identifying a state for the scattering element selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location of the scattering element. 79.-168. (canceled) 169. A system, comprising: a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements that are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; a storage medium on which a set of antenna configurations corresponding to a set of hologram functions is written, each antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of the respective hologram function; and control circuitry operable to read antenna configurations from the storage medium and adjust the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configurations; wherein at least one antenna configuration is a dithered discretization of the respective hologram function. 170. The system of claim 169, wherein the dithered discretization is obtained by an algorithm that includes, for each location in the plurality of locations: selecting a virtual displacement for the location; identifying a virtual location corresponding to the location plus the virtual displacement; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to the respective hologram function evaluated at the virtual location; and identifying a state for the adjustable scattering element at the location, the identified state being selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location. 171. The system of claim 170, wherein the virtual displacements are random virtual displacements. 172. The system of claim 171, wherein the random virtual displacements have a standard deviation greater than one-fifth of a lattice spacing of the plurality of locations. 173. The system of claim 171, wherein the random virtual displacements have a standard deviation greater than one-half of a lattice spacing of the plurality of locations. 174. The system of claim 170, wherein the surface scattering antenna defines an aperture and the virtual displacements are non-random virtual displacements that vary gradually across the aperture. 175. The system of claim 169, wherein the dithered discretization is obtained by an algorithm that includes, for each location in the plurality of locations: selecting a function noise amount corresponding to the location; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to a sum of the respective hologram function evaluated at the location and the function noise amount; and identifying a state for the adjustable scattering element at the location, the identified state being selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location. 176. The system of claim 175, wherein the function noise amounts have a standard deviation greater than 10% of a difference between a maximum function value of discrete set of function values and a minimum function value of the discrete set of function values. 177. The system of claim 175, wherein the function noise amounts have a standard deviation greater than 25% of a difference between a maximum function value of discrete set of function values and a minimum function value of the discrete set of function values. 178.-259. (canceled) 260. The method of claim 266, further comprising: operating the antenna in the antenna configuration. 261.-265. (canceled) 266. A method of controlling a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements, comprising: reading an antenna configuration from a storage medium, the antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of a hologram function; and adjusting the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configuration; wherein the adjustable scattering elements are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; and wherein the antenna configuration is a dithered discretization of the hologram function. 267. The method of claim 266, wherein the dithered discretization is obtained by an algorithm that includes, for each location in the plurality of locations: selecting a virtual displacement for the location; identifying a virtual location corresponding to the location plus the virtual displacement; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to the hologram function evaluated at the virtual location; and identifying a state for the adjustable scattering element at the location, the identified state being selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location. 268. The method of claim 267, wherein the virtual displacements are random virtual displacements. 269. The method of claim 268, wherein the random virtual displacements have a standard deviation greater than one-fifth of a lattice spacing of the plurality of locations. 270. The method of claim 268, wherein the random virtual displacements have a standard deviation greater than one-half of a lattice spacing of the plurality of locations. 271. The method of claim 267, wherein the surface scattering antenna defines an aperture and the virtual displacements are non-random virtual displacements that vary gradually across the aperture. 272. The method of claim 266, wherein the dithered discretization is obtained by an algorithm that includes, for each location in the plurality of locations: selecting a function noise amount corresponding to the location; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to a sum of the hologram function evaluated at the location and the function noise amount; and identifying a state for the adjustable scattering element at the location, the identified state being selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location. 273. The method of claim 272, wherein the function noise amounts have a standard deviation greater than 10% of a difference between a maximum function value of discrete set of function values and a minimum function value of the discrete set of function values. 274. The method of claim 272, wherein the function noise amounts have a standard deviation greater than 25% of a difference between a maximum function value of discrete set of function values and a minimum function value of the discrete set of function values. 275.-355. (canceled)",
-    "An audio system includes a docking cradle for receiving and supporting a portable device. The docking cradle includes an interface for providing a connection for receiving audio content from the portable device. The docking cradle is configured to be wirelessly coupled to a first speaker package for transmitting wireless signals containing audio content between the docking cradle and the first speaker package. 1. An audio system comprising: a docking cradle for receiving and supporting a portable device, the docking cradle comprising: an interface for providing a connection for receiving audio content from the portable device, wherein the docking cradle is configured to be wirelessly coupled to a first speaker package for transmitting wireless signals containing audio content between the docking cradle and the first speaker package. 2. The audio system of claim 1, further comprising the portable device, wherein the portable device is a handheld media device. 3. The audio system of claim 1, further comprising the portable device, wherein the portable device is configured for playback of audio content. 4. The audio system of claim 3, wherein the portable device is configured for playback of audio content through earphones. 5. The audio system of claim 1, wherein the interface comprises an electrical connector for providing a hard wired electrical connection for receiving audio content from the portable device. 6. The audio system of claim 1, further comprising the first speaker package, wherein the first speaker package comprises: a housing; a first speaker included in the housing for producing audible signals from audio content received from the docking cradle; and a first transceiver integrated in the housing for transmitting signals including audio content over one or more wireless network links. 7. The audio system of claim 6, further comprising a second, remote speaker package, the remote speaker package comprising: a second speaker; and a second transceiver configured to receive signals including audio content from the first transceiver. 8. The audio system of claim 7, wherein the remote speaker is configured to wirelessly relay audio content received by the second transceiver to one or more other remote speakers beyond the transmission range of the first transceiver. 9. An audio system comprising a housing; a docking cradle integrated into the housing and configured for receiving and supporting a portable device, the docking cradle comprising: an interface for providing a connection for receiving audio content from the portable device; and a first transceiver integrated into the housing for transmitting the audio content received from the portable device to a remote speaker package for playback of the audio content at the remote speaker package. 10. The audio system of claim 9, further comprising a first speaker included in the housing for producing audible signals from the audio content received via the first transceiver. 11. The audio system of claim 9, further comprising the remote speaker package, the remote speaker package comprising: a speaker; and a second transceiver configured to receive audio content from the first transceiver. 12. The audio system of claim 11, wherein the remote speaker is configured to wirelessly relay audio content received by the second transceiver to one or more other remote speakers beyond the transmission range of the first transceiver. 13. The audio system of claim 9, further comprising power supply circuitry included in the housing, wherein the power supply circuitry is configured for charging a power source included in the portable device. 14. The audio system of claim 9, further comprising the portable device, wherein the portable device is a handheld media device. 15. The audio system of claim 9, further comprising the portable device, wherein the portable device is configured for playback of audio content. 16. The audio system of claim 15, wherein the portable device is configured for playback of audio content through earphones. 17. The audio system of claim 9, wherein the interface comprises an electrical connector for providing a hard wired electrical connection for receiving audio content from the portable device. 18. An audio system comprising: a first speaker package; and a docking cradle coupled to the first speaker package and configured for receiving and supporting a portable device, the docking cradle comprising: an interface for providing a connection for receiving audio content from the portable device, wherein the first speaker package comprises: a housing; a first transceiver coupled to the housing for transmitting audio content received from the portable device to a remote speaker package for playback of the audio content at the remote speaker package; and a first speaker included in the housing for producing audible signals from the audio content. 19. The audio system of claim 18, further comprising the portable device, wherein the portable device is a handheld media device (portable audio playback device (e.g., \u201ciPod\u00ae player\u201d)). 20. The audio system of claim 18, further comprising the portable device, wherein the portable device is configured for playback of audio content. 21. The audio system of claim 18, wherein the interface comprises an electrical connector for providing a hard wired electrical connection for receiving audio content from the portable device. 22. The audio system of claim 18, wherein the portable device is powered by rechargeable batteries, and wherein the docking cradle is configured to enable charging of the rechargeable batteries while the portable device is inserted in the docking cradle. 23. The audio system of claim 18, wherein the docking cradle is wirelessly coupled to the speaker package. 24. The audio system of claim 23, wherein the docking cradled is wirelessly coupled to the speaker package via an RF wireless methodology. 25. The audio system of claim 18, further comprising a remote control to control the operation of one or more system components including the portable device and the speaker package. 26. The audio system of claim 25, wherein the remote control is configured to send commands directly to the portable device. 27. The audio system of claim 25, wherein the remote control is configured to send commands to the speaker package that are passed to the portable device. 28. The audio system of claim 18, wherein the first transceiver complies with a plurality of wireless communication protocols to transmit audio content. 29. The audio system of claim 18, wherein the first transceiver is configured to transmit signals that contain audio content over a plurality of wireless links. 30. The audio system of claim 18, further comprising the remote speaker package, the remote speaker package comprising: a second speaker; and a second transceiver configured to receive audio content from the first transceiver, wherein the remote speaker is configured to wirelessly relay audio content received by the second transceiver to one or more other remote speakers beyond the transmission range of the first transceiver.",
-    "Configurations and methods of wireless power transmission using a laptop computer may include a transmitter and/or a receiver embedded in the laptop screen. The embedded transmitter may emit RF waves for the generation of pockets of energy that may be utilized by receivers in peripheral devices for charging or powering. Meanwhile, the receiver embedded in the laptop computer may collect RF waves from a separate transmitter for charging or powering the laptop computer. 1. A laptop computer comprising: a screen portion comprising a screen layer and a transmitter layer, wherein the transmitter layer comprises at least two or more antennas configured to transmit power waves that converge to form constructive interference in a proximity of a receiver; and a communication component configured to communicate with the receiver. 2. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the communications component is configured to receive a power requirement from the receiver. 3. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the communications component is configured to receive data selected from the group consisting of a battery level, a device identifier, a user identifier, and an indication of power consumption. 4. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the at least two antennas comprise a flat antenna, a patch antenna, or a dipole antenna. 5. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the screen portion further comprises frame having a back-light layer and a screen display layer, and the transmitter is positioned between the frame and the back-light layer. 6. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the power waves are selected from a group consisting of electromagnetic waves, radio waves, microwaves, acoustics, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance. 7. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the transmitter is a substantially planar layer. 8. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the transmitter is positioned on a frame of the screen portion. 9. The laptop computer according to claim 1, wherein the transmitter is adjacent a back-light layer of the screen portion. 10. A computer system comprising: a screen portion comprising a screen layer; two or more antennas in the screen portion that are configured to transmit power waves that converge to form constructive interference in a proximity of a receiver; and a communications component configured to communicate with the receiver. 11. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the computer system is a laptop computer, desktop computer, or a notebook computer. 12. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the computer system is a tablet computer or a smart phone. 13. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the communications component is configured to receive a power requirement from the receiver. 14. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the communications component is configured to receive data selected from the group consisting of a battery level, a device identifier, a user identifier, and an indication of power consumption. 15. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two antennas comprise a flat antenna, a patch antenna, or a dipole antenna. 16. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two antennas are positioned between a frame and a back-light layer. 17. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the power waves are selected from a group consisting of electromagnetic waves, radio waves, microwaves, acoustics, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance. 18. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two antennas comprise a substantially planar layer. 19. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two antennas are positioned on a frame of a screen portion. 20. The computer system according to claim 10, wherein the at least two antennas are adjacent a back-light layer of a screen portion.",
-    "The present invention relates to a temperature enhanced pressure swing adsorption (TEPSA) process for removing at least two components including a less strongly adsorbed component and a more strongly adsorbed component from a gas mixture, said process comprising using one single heater and at least two adsorber vessels, in each of which repeated cycles comprising an adsorption phase and subsequent regeneration phases. 1. A temperature enhanced pressure swing adsorption (TEPSA) process using the apparatus according to claim 10, the process for removing at least two components including a less strongly adsorbed component and a more strongly adsorbed component from the gas mixture, wherein repeated cycles comprising an adsorption phase and subsequent regeneration phases are performed in each of the adsorber vessels as follows: in the adsorption phase said gas mixture is passed in a first direction through the adsorbent bed contained in the adsorber vessel, so that said gas mixture is purified by the adsorption of said at least two components in the adsorbent bed, in a first regeneration phase a hot regeneration gas having a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 20\u00b0 C. to 100\u00b0 C., is passed through the adsorbent bed in a flow direction opposite to the flow direction during the adsorption phase, and in a second regeneration phase a cool regeneration gas having a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 5\u00b0 C. to 65\u00b0 C. is passed through the adsorbent bed in a flow direction opposite to the flow direction during the adsorption phase, wherein the hot regeneration gas is provided to each of the adsorber vessels by passing regeneration gas from the source of the regeneration gas to said one single heater where the regeneration gas is heated up, and passing the hot regeneration gas leaving the one single heater to the respective vessel through the single line from the one single heater to the junction having a length, X, between 1 m and 9 m, and the cool regeneration gas is provided to each of the adsorber vessels by directing regeneration gas from the source of the regeneration gas to the respective vessel by-passing the one single heater. 2. (canceled) 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the hot regeneration gas in the first regeneration phase has a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 20\u00b0 C. to 70\u00b0 C. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the cool regeneration gas in the second regeneration phase has a target temperature which is selected to be any temperature in the range from 10\u00b0 C. to 55\u00b0 C. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the difference of the target temperatures of the hot regeneration gas in the first regeneration phase and the cool regeneration gas in the second regeneration phase is 15\u00b0 C. or more. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the peak temperature of the hot regeneration gas in the first regeneration phase is 45\u00b0 C. or more. 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the first regeneration phase takes place for 20 min or less. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the second regeneration phase takes place for 80 min or less. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the overall regeneration cycle time (on-line time) is 120 min or less. 10. Apparatus for use in a temperature enhanced pressure swing adsorption (TEPSA) process, the apparatus comprising one single heater and at least two adsorber vessels, wherein each adsorber vessel comprises an inlet for a gas mixture to be purified and an outlet for purified gas separated by a flow path including a flow chamber containing an adsorbent bed, an inlet and an outlet for regeneration gas separated by a flow path including said flow chamber, the apparatus further comprising lines connecting a source of the gas mixture to be purified with the inlets for the gas mixture of each adsorber vessel, a line connecting the one single heater with a source of regeneration gas, lines connecting the one single heater with the inlet for regeneration gas of each adsorber vessel, and a by-pass line for connecting the source of regeneration gas with the inlet of each absorber vessel for regeneration gas, where said by-pass line by-passes the one single heater, wherein a single line from the one single heater is joined at a junction with the by-pass line, the junction feeding a single, common regeneration gas line before this common regeneration gas line is split to individual lines leading to each inlet for regeneration gas of each respective adsorber vessel; and wherein the length, X, of the single line from the one single heater to the junction with the by-pass line is between 1 m and 9 m. 11-13. (canceled) 14. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the total length, Y, of the line between the junction and the inlet for the regeneration gas of each adsorber vessel is not more than 6 m. 15. (canceled) 16. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the single line from the one single heater to the junction with the by-pass line is insulated.",
-    "A server is configured to communicate with each of a plurality of makeup assisting terminals through a communication network, and includes a makeup collector that accumulates applied makeup information transmitted from each of the makeup assisting terminals, the applied makeup information indicating makeup selected by a user of the makeup assisting terminal to be applied in a makeup application and a makeup analyzer that analyzes the accumulated applied makeup information. 1. A server configured to communicate with each of a plurality of makeup assisting terminals through a communication network, the server including a processor that executes instructions and a memory that stores the instructions and configured to: accumulate applied makeup information transmitted from each of the plurality of makeup assisting terminals, the applied makeup information indicating makeup selected by a user of the makeup assisting terminal to be applied in a makeup application; and analyze the accumulated applied makeup information. 2. The server according to claim 1, further configured to group the applied makeup information and to determine, for each applied makeup information group, a representative makeup pattern. 3. The server according to claim 2, wherein the makeup analyzer sets priority on the representative makeup patterns in a descending order of the number of items of corresponding applied makeup information. 4. The server according to claim 2, wherein the makeup analyzer sets priority on the representative makeup patterns in a reverse chronological order of an average time at which the corresponding applied makeup information has been received. 5. The server according to claim 2, wherein the makeup analyzer sets priority on the representative makeup patterns in a descending order of a rate of increase in the number of corresponding applied makeup information items.",
-    "A computed tomography (CT) apparatus includes a data acquirer configured to acquire a first image corresponding to a first time point, a second image corresponding to a second time point, and a third image corresponding to a third time point based on a result of a CT scan on an object; an image reconstructor configured to acquire motion information of the object based on an amount of movement of the object between the first and second images and an amount of movement of the object between the first and third images, and obtain a target image by correcting at least one of the first, second and third images based on the motion information; and a display configured to display the target image. 1. A computed tomography (CT) apparatus comprising: a data acquirer configured to acquire a first image corresponding to a first time point, a second image corresponding to a second time point, and a third image corresponding to a third time point based on a result of a CT scan on an object; an image reconstructor configured to acquire motion information of the object based on an amount of movement of the object between the first and second images and an amount of movement of the object between the first and third images, and obtain a target image by correcting at least one of the first, second and third images based on the motion information; and a display configured to display the target image. 2. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and the image reconstructor is configured to obtain the target image by correcting the first image in an image domain. 3. The CT apparatus of claim 2, wherein the image reconstructor is configured to obtain the target image by warping the first image in the image domain based on the motion information. 4. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and the image reconstructor is further configured to reconstruct the first image by backprojecting raw data acquired during a time interval between the first time point and the third time point and obtain the target image by correcting the first image in an image domain based on the motion information. 5. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and the image reconstructor is configured to correct the first image by perform warping during back-projection of raw data acquired during a time interval between the first time point and the third time point based on the motion information, and obtain the target image. 6. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image reconstructor is configured to reconstruct the first through third images by using a half reconstruction technique. 7. The CT apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a CT gantry configured to emit an X-ray toward the object, wherein an interval between the first and second time points and an interval between the first and third time points respectively correspond to time during which the CT gantry rotates by an angle corresponding to (180 degrees+a fan angle)/2. 8. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and wherein the image reconstructor is configured to acquire the motion information by estimating motions of the object during intervals between the first and second time points and between the first and third time points based on the amount of movement of the object between the first and second images and the amount of movement of the object between the first and third images, respectively. 9. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first time point is determined based on an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. 10. The CT apparatus of claim 1, wherein the motion information comprises a motion vector field acquired using at least one from among block matching, non-rigid registration, and vector flow. 11. A method of reconstructing a computed tomography (CT) image, the method comprising: acquiring a first image corresponding to a first time point, a second image corresponding to a second time point, and a third image corresponding to a third time point based on a result of a CT scan on an object; acquiring motion information of the object based on an amount of movement of the object between the first and second images and an amount of movement of the object between the first and third images and obtaining a target image by correcting at least one of the first, second and third images based on the motion information; and displaying the target image. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and the obtaining comprises obtaining the target image by correcting the first image in an image domain. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the obtaining the target image by correcting the first image in the image domain comprises warping the first image in the image domain based on the motion information. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and the obtaining comprises reconstructing the first image by backprojecting raw data acquired during a time interval between the first time point and the third time point and obtaining the target image by correcting the first image based on the motion information. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the first time point follows the second time point and precedes the third time point, and the obtaining comprises correcting the first image by warping during back-projection of raw data acquired during a time interval between the first time point and the third time point based on the motion information and obtaining the target image. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the obtaining comprises reconstructing the first through third images by using a half reconstruction technique. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein an interval between the first and second time points and an interval between the first and third time points respectively correspond to time during which the CT gantry rotates by an angle corresponding to (180 degrees+a fan angle)/2. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the acquiring the motion information comprises acquiring the motion information by estimating motions of the object during intervals between the first and second time points and between the first and third time points based on the amount of movement of the object between the first and second images and the amount of movement of the object between the first and third images, respectively. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the first time point is determined based on an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the motion information comprises a motion vector field acquired using at least one from among block matching, non-rigid registration, and vector flow. 21. The method of claim 11, further comprising displaying a screen comprising the target image. 22. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program comprising instructions, which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of claim 11. 23. An apparatus for processing a medical image, the apparatus comprising: an image processor configured to acquire a plurality of images of an object respectively captured at different time points based on a result of a CT scan on the object, and configured to correct a target image of the object, among the plurality of images, based on estimated motion of the object between the target image and at least one image adjacent to the target image; and a display configured to display the corrected target image.",
-    "This invention provides methods of using phagocytic cells alone or in combination with non-phagocytic cells in the diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring of prenatal or pregnancy-related diseases or conditions. The invention also provides methods of using phagocytic cells alone or in combination with non-phagocytic cells to identify markers of prenatal or pregnancy-related diseases or conditions. 1. A method for diagnosing or aiding in the diagnosis of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition, or assessing the risk of developing the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition, or prognosing or aiding in the prognosis of the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition, in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells or a population of phagocytic cells having a DNA content more than 2n (>2n phagocytic cells); b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of phagocytic cells having a DNA content of 2n (=2n phagocytic cells) or a population of non-phagocytic cells; c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the difference is indicative of the presence of said disease or condition, or the risk of developing said disease or condition, or the prognosis of said disease or condition, in the subject. 2. A method for assessing the efficacy of a treatment for a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition, or monitoring the progression or regression of the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition, or identifying a compound capable of ameliorating or treating the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition, in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells or a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject at a first time point; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells or a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject at the first time point; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of phagocytic cells or a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject at a second time point; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells or a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject at the second time point; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; and c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference is indicative of the efficacy of the treatment for said disease or condition, or the progression or regression of said disease or condition, or indicates that the compound is capable of ameliorating or treating said disease or condition, in the subject. 3. A method for diagnosing or aiding in the diagnosis of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells; b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells; and c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the difference is indicative of the presence of said disease or condition in the subject. 4. A method for assessing the risk of developing a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells; b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells; and c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the difference is indicative of the risk of developing said disease or condition in the subject. 5. A method for prognosing or aiding in the prognosis of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells; b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells; and c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the identified difference is indicative of the prognosis of said disease or condition in the subject. 6. A method for assessing the efficacy of a treatment for a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells from the subject before the treatment; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject before the treatment; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of phagocytic cells from the subject after the treatment; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject after the treatment; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; and c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference is indicative of the efficacy of the treatment for said disease or condition in the subject. 7. A method for monitoring the progression or regression of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells from the subject at a first time point; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject at the first time point; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of phagocytic cells from the subject at a second time point; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject at the second time point; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; and c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference is indicative of the progression or regression of said disease or condition in the subject. 8. A method for identifying a compound capable of ameliorating or treating a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells from the subject before administering the compound to the subject; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject before administering the compound to the subject; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of phagocytic cells from the subject after the administration of the compound; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of non-phagocytic cells from the subject after the administration of the compound; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; and c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference indicates that the compound is capable of ameliorating or treating said disease or condition in the subject. 9. A method for diagnosing or aiding in the diagnosis of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of phagocytic cells having a DNA content more than 2n (>2n phagocytic cells); b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of phagocytic cells having a DNA content of 2n (=2n phagocytic cells); and c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the difference is indicative of the presence of said disease or condition in the subject. 10. A method for assessing the risk of developing a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of >2n phagocytic cells; b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells; and c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the difference is indicative of the risk of developing said disease or condition in the subject. 11. A method for prognosing or aiding in the prognosis of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of >2n phagocytic cells; b) determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells; and c) identifying a difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers, wherein the difference is indicative of the prognosis of said disease or condition in the subject. 12. A method for assessing the efficacy of a treatment for a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject before the treatment; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells from the subject before the treatment; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject after the treatment; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells from the subject after the treatment; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; and c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference is indicative of the efficacy of the treatment for said disease or condition in the subject. 13. A method for monitoring the progression or regression of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject at a first time point; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells from the subject at the first time point; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject at a second time point; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells from the subject at the second time point; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; and c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference is indicative of the progression or regression of said disease or condition in the subject. 14. A method for identifying a compound capable of ameliorating or treating a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising: a) determining a first profile of one or more markers of the disease or condition from a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject before administering the compound to the subject; determining a second profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells from the subject before administering the compound to the subject; identifying a first difference between the first and second profiles of at least one or more of said markers; b) determining a third profile of the one or more markers from a population of >2n phagocytic cells from the subject after the administration of the compound; determining a fourth profile of at least one of the one or more markers from a population of =2n phagocytic cells from the subject after the administration of the compound; identifying a second difference between the third and fourth profiles of at least one or more of said markers; c) identifying a difference between the first difference and the second difference, wherein the identified difference indicates that the compound is capable of ameliorating or treating said disease or condition in the subject. 15. The method of any one of the claims 3-8, wherein at least one of the one or more markers is up-regulated or activated in the phagocytic cells compared to the non-phagocytic cells. 16. The method of any one of the claims 3-8, wherein at least one of the one or more markers is down-regulated or inhibited in the phagocytic cells compared to the non-phagocytic cells. 17. The method of any one of the claims 9-14, wherein at least one of the one or more markers is up-regulated or activated in the >2n phagocytic cells compared to the =2n phagocytic cells. 18. The method of any one of the claims 9-14, wherein at least one of the one or more markers is down-regulated or inhibited in the >2n phagocytic cells compared to the =2n phagocytic cells. 19. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, wherein the first profile or the second profile comprises the absence of at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 20. The method of any one of the claims 6-8 and 12-14, wherein the third profile or the fourth profile comprises the absence of at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 21. The method of any one of the claims 3-8, further comprising lysing the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells before a). 22. The method of any one of the claims 3-8 and 21, further comprising extracting the cellular contents from the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells before a). 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cellular contents of the phagocytic cells comprise viable diseased cells, dead diseased cells, apoptotic diseased cells, circulating tumor cells, infectious agents, fetal cells, trophoblasts, or fragments thereof. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition is present in the cellular contents of the phagocytic cells. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more markers of said disease or condition are not present in the cellular contents of the non-phagocytic cells. 26. The method of any one of the claims 3-8, wherein the phagocytic cells express at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 27. The method of any one of the claims 9-14, further comprising lysing the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells before a). 28. The method of any one of the claims 9-14 and 27, further comprising extracting cellular contents from the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells before a). 29. The method of claim 28, wherein at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition is present in the cellular contents of the >2n phagocytic cells. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the one or more markers of said disease or condition are not present in the cellular contents of the =2n phagocytic cells. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the cellular contents of the >2n phagocytic cells comprise viable diseased cells, dead diseased cells, apoptotic diseased cells, circulating tumor cells, infectious agents, fetal cells, trophoblasts, or fragments thereof. 32. The method of any one of the claims 9-14, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells express at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 33. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, further comprising comparing the identified difference of c) to a repository of one or more known markers of said disease or condition. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the repository is obtained by data mining. 35. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, wherein the phagocytic cells are professional phagocytic cells, non-professional phagocytic cells, or mixtures thereof. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the professional phagocytic cells are neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, foam cells, mast cells, eosinophils, or mixtures thereof. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the non-professional phagocytic cells are epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, or mixtures thereof. 38. The method of any one of the claims 3-8, wherein the non-phagocytic cells are T cells, B cells, null cells, basophils, or mixtures thereof. 39. The method of any one of the claims 3-8, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated from a bodily fluid sample, tissues, or cells of the subject. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the bodily fluid sample is blood, urine, stool, saliva, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, cystic fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the first trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the second trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the third trimester, maternal blood, amniotic fluid, chorionic villus sample, fluid from a preimplantation embryo, maternal urine, maternal saliva, placental sample, fetal blood, lavage and cervical vaginal fluid, interstitial fluid, or ocular fluid. 41. The method of claim 39, wherein the cells are white blood cells. 42. The method of any one of the claims 39-41, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated using antibodies. 43. The method of any one of the claims 39-41, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated by flow cytometry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, filtration, gradient-based centrifugation, elution, microfluidics, magnetic separation technique, fluorescent-magnetic separation technique, nanostructure, quantum dots, high throughput microscope-based platforms, or a combination thereof. 44. The method of any one the claims 39-41, wherein the phagocytic cells are isolated by using a product secreted by the phagocytic cells. 45. The method of any one the claims 39-41, wherein the phagocytic cells are isolated by using a cell surface target on the surface of the phagocytic cells. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the target is expressed by the phagocytic cells. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein the target is not expressed by the phagocytic cells. 48. The method of claim 45, wherein the target is a marker of said disease or condition. 49. The method of any one of the claims 39-41, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated using a ligand that binds to a molecular receptor expressed on the plasma membranes of white blood cells. 50. The method of any one of the claims 9-14, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells are isolated from a bodily fluid sample, tissues, or cells of the subject. 51. The method of any one of the claims 9-14, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells are isolated from a population of phagocytic cells. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells are isolated from the population of phagocytic cells by flow cytometry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, filtration, gradient-based centrifugation, elution, microfluidics, magnetic separation technique, fluorescent-magnetic separation technique, nanostructure, quantum dots, high throughput microscope-based platform, or a combination thereof. 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the population of phagocytic cells is isolated from a bodily fluid sample, tissues, or cells of the subject. 54. The method of claim 50 or 53, wherein the bodily fluid sample is blood, urine, stool, saliva, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, cystic fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the first trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the second trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the third trimester, maternal blood, amniotic fluid, chorionic villus sample, fluid from a preimplantation embryo, maternal urine, maternal saliva, placental sample, fetal blood, lavage and cervical vaginal fluid, interstitial fluid, or ocular fluid. 55. The method of claim 50 or 53, wherein the cells are white blood cells. 56. The method of any one of the claims 51 and 53-55, wherein the population of phagocytic cells is isolated using antibodies. 57. The method of any one of the claims 51 and 53-55, wherein the population of phagocytic cells is isolated by flow cytometry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, filtration, gradient-based centrifugation, elution, microfluidics, magnetic separation technique, fluorescent-magnetic separation technique, nanostructure, quantum dots, high throughput microscope-based platform, or a combination thereof. 58. The method of any one of the claims 50-52, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells are isolated by using a product secreted by the phagocytic cells. 59. The method of any one of the claims 50-52, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells are isolated by using a cell surface target on the surface of the phagocytic cells. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the target is expressed by the phagocytic cells. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the target is not expressed by the phagocytic cells. 62. The method of claim 59, wherein the target is a marker of said disease or condition. 63. The method of any one of the claims 50-52, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells are isolated using a ligand that binds to a molecular receptor expressed on the plasma membranes of white blood cells. 64. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, wherein the one or more markers are nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, metabolites, or combinations thereof. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the nucleic acids are nucleotides, oligonucleotides, DNAs, RNAs, or DNA-RNA hybrids. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the DNAs are double-stranded DNAs, single-stranded DNAs, multi-stranded DNAs, complementary DNAs, genomic DNAs, or non-coding DNAs. 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the RNAs are messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs), or small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). 68. The method of claim 64, wherein the proteins are amino acids, peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, cytokines, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, or hormones. 69. The method of claim 64, wherein the lipids are fatty acids, neutral fats, phosphatides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, glycolipids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, polyketides, choline glycerophospholipid, ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, lyso-choline glycerophospholipid, lyso-ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidic acid, lyso-phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, free fatty acids, prostaglandins, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, acyl-CoA, acylcarnitine, oxysterol, ceramide, cardiolipin, sphingoid base-1-phosphate, shingosine, lyso-sphingomyelin, gangliosides, plasmalogen, sulfatide, low density lipoproteins (LDLs), very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), high density lipoproteins (HDLs), sphingoid base-1-phosphates, or derivatives thereof. 70. The method of claim 64, wherein the carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, or derivatives thereof. 71. The method of claim 64, wherein the metabolites are primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, organic metabolites, inorganic metabolites, prostaglandins, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids, steroids, bile acids, vitamins, or derivatives thereof. 72. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, wherein the profile is a nucleic acid profile, a protein profile, a lipid profile, a carbohydrate profile, a metabolite profile, or a combination thereof. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the profile is determined by a qualitative assay, a quantitative assay, or a combination thereof. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the quantitative assay uses sequencing, direct sequencing, random shotgun sequencing, Sanger dideoxy termination sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, pyrosequencing, capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, duplex sequencing, cycle sequencing, single-base extension sequencing, solid-phase sequencing, high-throughput sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing, emulsion PCR, sequencing by reversible dye terminator, paired-end sequencing, near-term sequencing, exonuclease sequencing, sequencing by ligation, short-read sequencing, single-molecule sequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, real-time sequencing, reverse-terminator sequencing, nanopore sequencing, 454 sequencing, Solexa Genome Analyzer sequencing, SOLiD\u00ae sequencing, MS-PET sequencing, mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, quantitative PCR, real-time PCR, fluorescence assay, colorimetric assay, chemiluminescent assay, or a combination thereof. 75. The method of claim 72, wherein the nucleic acid profile is a genotypic profile, a single nucleotide polymorphism profile, a gene mutation profile, a gene copy number profile, a DNA methylation profile, a DNA acetylation profile, a chromosome dosage profile, a gene expression profile, or a combination thereof. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein the nucleic acid profile is determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, sequencing analysis, electrophoretic analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, Northern blot analysis, quantitative PCR, reverse-transcriptase-PCR analysis (RT-PCR), allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization analysis, comparative genomic hybridization, heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing gradient gel electrophisis (DGGE), RNAase mismatch analysis, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), surface plasmon resonance, Southern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), microarray, comparative genomic hybridization, karyotyping, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent Fragments (QMPSF), microscopy, methylation specific PCR (MSP) assay, HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR (HELP) assay, radioactive acetate labeling assays, colorimetric DNA acetylation assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with microarray (ChIP-on-chip) assay, restriction landmark genomic scanning, Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP), molecular break light assay for DNA adenine methyltransferase activity, chromatographic separation, methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme analysis, bisulfite-driven conversion of non-methylated cytosine to uracil, methyl-binding PCR analysis, or a combination thereof. 77. The method of claim 75, wherein the nucleic acid profile is determined by a sequencing technique selected from the group consisting of direct sequencing, random shotgun sequencing, Sanger dideoxy termination sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, pyrosequencing, capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, duplex sequencing, cycle sequencing, single-base extension sequencing, solid-phase sequencing, high-throughput sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing, emulsion PCR, sequencing by reversible dye terminator, paired-end sequencing, near-term sequencing, exonuclease sequencing, sequencing by ligation, short-read sequencing, single-molecule sequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, real-time sequencing, reverse-terminator sequencing, nanopore sequencing, 454 sequencing, Solexa Genome Analyzer sequencing, SOLiD\u00ae sequencing, MS-PET sequencing, mass spectrometry, and a combination thereof. 78. The method of claim 72, wherein the protein profile is a protein expression profile, a protein activation profile, or a combination thereof. 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the protein profile is determined by an immunohistochemistry assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in situ hybridization, chromatography, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), radioimmunoassays, microscopy, microfluidic chip-based assays, surface plasmon resonance, sequencing, Western blotting assay, or a combination thereof. 80. The method of claim 78, wherein the protein activation profile comprises determining a phosphorylation state, an ubiquitination state, a myristoylation state, a conformational state, or a combination thereof of the one or more markers. 81. The method of claim 72, wherein the lipid profile is determined by chromatography, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), radioimmunoassays, microfluidic chip-based assay, detection of fluorescence, detection of chemiluminescence, or a combination thereof. 82. The method of claim 72, wherein the carbohydrate profile is determined by chromatography, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, fluorescent assay, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), radioimmunoassay, microfluidic chip-based assay, detection of fluorescence, detection of chemiluminescence, or a combination thereof. 83. The method of any one the claims 3-14, wherein the subject has at least two diseases or conditions. 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the subject has at least one prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition. 85. The method of claim 83, wherein the subject has at least one disease or condition that is not a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition. 86. The method of any one the claims 3-14, wherein the subject is a mammal. 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the subject is a human. 88. The method of any one the claims 3-14, wherein the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of congenital birth defects, Rhesus disease, hemolytic disease of the newborn, beta-thalassemia, sex determination, a hereditary Mendelian genetic disorder, chromosomal aberrations, a fetal chromosomal aneuploidy, fetal chromosomal trisomy, fetal chromosomal monosomy, trisomy 8, trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrom), trisomy 16, trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), X-chromosome linked disorders, trisomy X (XXX syndrome), monosomy X (Turner syndrome), XXY syndrome, XYY syndrome, XYY syndrome, XXXY syndrome, XXYY syndrome, XYYY syndrome, XXXXX syndrome, XXXXY syndrome, XXXYY syndrome, XXYYY syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, fetal growth restriction, cystic fibrosis, a hemoglobinopathy, fetal death, fetal alcohol syndrome, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, Klinefelter syndrome, dup(17)(p11.2p1.2) syndrome, endometriosis, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, dup(22)(q11.2q11.2) syndrome, cat eye syndrome, cri-du-chat syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, Smith-Magenis syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Alagille syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, steroid sulfatase deficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, microphthalmia with linear skin defects, adrenal hypoplasia, glycerol kinase deficiency, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, testis-determining factor on Y, azospermia (factor a), azospermia (factor b), azospermia (factor c), 1p36 deletion, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, adrenal hyperplasia, Fanconi anemia, spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, Robertsonian translocation, Angelman syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, ataxia telangieltasia, open spina bifida, neural tube defects, ventral wall defects, small-for-gestational-age, congenital cytomegalovirus, achondroplasia, Marfan's syndrome, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital toxoplasmosis, biotinidase deficiency, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, medium-chain acyl Co-A dehydrogenase deficiency, structural birth defects, heart defects, abnormal limbs, club foot, anencephaly, arhinencephaly/holoprosencephaly, hydrocephaly, anophthalmos/microphthalmos, anotia/microtia, transposition of great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation of aorta, cleft palate without cleft lip, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, oesophageal atresia/stenosis with or without fistula, small intestine atresia/stenosis, anorectal atresia/stenosis, hypospadias, indeterminate sex, renal agenesis, cystic kidney, preaxial polydactyly, limb reduction defects, diaphragmatic hernia, blindness, cataracts, visual problems, hearing loss, deafness, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Rett syndrome, lysosomal disorders, cerebral palsy, autism, aglossia, albinism, ocular albinism, oculocutaneous albinism, gestational diabetes, Arnold-Chiari malformation, CHARGE syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, brachydactlia, aniridia, cleft foot and hand, heterochromia, Dwarnian ear, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa, Gorham's disease, Hashimoto's syndrome, hydrops fetalis, hypotonia, Klippel-Feil syndrome, muscular dystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, progeria, Smith Lemli Opitz symdrom, chromatelopsia, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, omphalocele, gastroschisis, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, pre-term labor, premature birth, miscarriage, delayed intrauterine growth, ectopic pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, morning sickness, and likelihood for successful induction of labor. 89. The method of any one the claims 3-14, wherein the difference is greater than a 1-fold difference. 90. The method of claim 89, wherein the difference is at least 1.05-fold, 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, or 10-fold difference. 91. A method for identifying one or more markers for a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition comprising: a) determining a first profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a subject having said disease or condition; determining a second profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a first set of differences between the first and second profiles, wherein the first set of differences is specific to the first profile relative to the second profile; b) determining a third profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a control subject not having said disease or condition; determining a fourth profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from the control subject not having said disease or condition; identifying a second set of differences between the third and fourth profiles, wherein the second set of differences is specific to the third profile relative to the fourth profile; c) identifying one or more analytes specific to the first set of differences relative to the second set of differences, the identified analytes being markers of said disease or condition. 92. The method of claim 91, further comprising: d) obtaining a fifth profile of analytes from cells or tissues affected by said disease or condition in the subject having said disease or condition; obtaining a sixth profile of analytes from cells or tissues not affected by said disease or condition in the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a third set of differences between the fifth and sixth profiles, wherein the third set of differences is specific to the fifth profile relative to the sixth profile; and e) identifying at least one of the one or more markers of c) present in the third set of differences. 93. A method for identifying one or more markers of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition comprising: a) determining a first profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a subject having said disease or condition; determining a second profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a control subject not having said disease or condition; identifying a first set of differences between the first and second profiles, wherein the first set of differences is specific to the first profile relative to the second profile; b) determining a third profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from the subject having said disease or condition; determining a fourth profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from the control subject not having said disease or condition; identifying a second set of differences between the third and fourth profiles, wherein the second set of differences is specific to the third profile relative to the fourth profile; c) identifying one or more analytes specific to the first set of differences relative to the second set of differences, the identified analytes being markers of said disease or condition. 94. The method of claim 93, further comprising: d) obtaining a fifth profile of analytes from cells or tissues affected by said disease or condition in the subject having said disease or condition; obtaining a sixth profile of analytes from cells or tissues not affected by said disease or condition in the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a third set of differences between the fifth and sixth profiles, wherein the third set of differences is specific to the fifth profile relative to the sixth profile; and e) identifying at least one of the one or more markers of c) present in the third set of differences. 95. A method for identifying one or more markers of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition comprising: a) determining a first profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a subject having said disease or condition; obtaining a second profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a control subject not having said disease or condition by data mining; identifying a first set of differences between the first and second profiles, wherein the first set of differences is specific to the first profile relative to the second profile; b) determining a third profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from the subject having said disease or condition; obtaining a fourth profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from a control subject not having said disease or condition by data mining; identifying a second set of differences between the third and fourth profiles, wherein the second set of differences is specific to the third profile relative to the fourth profile; and c) identifying one or more analytes specific to the first set of differences relative to the second set of differences, the identified analytes being markers of said disease or condition. 96. The method of claim 95, further comprising: d) obtaining a fifth profile of analytes from cells or tissues affected by said disease or condition by data mining; obtaining a sixth profile of analytes from cells or tissues not affected by said disease or condition by data mining; identifying a third set of differences between the fifth and sixth profiles, wherein the third set of differences is specific to the fifth profile relative to the sixth profile; and e) identifying at least one of the one or more markers of c) present in the third set of differences. 97. A method for identifying one or more markers of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition comprising: a) determining a first profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a subject having said disease or condition; determining a second profile of analytes from non-phagocytic cells from the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a first set of differences between the first and second profiles, wherein the first set of differences is specific to the first profile relative to the second profile; b) determining a third profile of analytes from cells or tissues affected by said disease or condition from the subject having said disease or condition; determining a fourth profile of analytes from cells or tissues not affected by said disease or condition from the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a second set of differences between the third and fourth profiles, wherein the second set of differences is specific to the third profile relative to the fourth profile; c) identifying one or more analytes present in both the first set of differences and the second set of differences, the identified analytes being markers of said disease or condition. 98. The method of claim 97, further comprising: d) determining a fifth profile of analytes from phagocytic cells from a control subject not having said disease or condition; identifying a third set of differences between the first and fifth profiles, wherein the third set of differences is specific to the first profile relative to the fifth profile; e) identifying at least one of the one or more markers of c) present in the third set of differences. 99. A method for identifying one or more markers of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition comprising: a) determining a first profile of analytes from >2n phagocytic cells from a subject having said disease or condition; determining a second profile of analytes from =2n phagocytic cells from the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a first set of differences between the first and second profiles, wherein the first set of differences is specific to the first profile relative to the second profile; b) determining a third profile of analytes from >2n phagocytic cells from a control subject not having said disease or condition; determining a fourth profile of analytes from =2n phagocytic cells from the control subject not having said disease or condition; identifying a second set of differences between the third and fourth profiles, wherein the second set of differences is specific to the third profile relative to the fourth profile; and c) identifying one or more analytes specific to the first set of differences relative to the second set of differences, the identified analytes being markers of said disease or condition. 100. The method of claim 99, further comprising: d) obtaining a fifth profile of analytes from cells or tissues affected by said disease or condition from the subject having said disease or condition; obtaining a sixth profile of analytes from cells or tissues not affected by said disease or condition from the subject having said disease or condition; identifying a third set of differences between the fifth and sixth profiles, wherein the third set of differences is specific to the fifth profile relative to the sixth profile; and e) identifying at least one of the one or more markers of c) present in the third set of differences. 101. The method of any one of the claims 91-98, further comprising lysing the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells before a). 102. The method of any one of the claims 91-98 and 101, further comprising extracting the cellular contents from the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells before a). 103. The method of claim 102, wherein the cellular contents of the phagocytic cells comprise viable diseased cells, dead diseased cells, apoptotic diseased cells, circulating tumor cells, infectious agents, fetal cells, trophoblasts, or fragments thereof. 104. The method of any one of the claims 99-100, further comprising lysing the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells before a). 105. The method of any one of the claims 99-100 and 104, further comprising extracting cellular contents from the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells before a). 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the cellular contents of the >2n phagocytic cells comprise viable diseased cells, dead diseased cells, apoptotic diseased cells, circulating tumor cells, infectious agents, fetal cells, trophoblasts, or fragments thereof. 107. The method of any one of the claims 91-100, wherein the first profile or the second profile comprises the absence of at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 108. The method of any one of the claims 91-100, wherein the third profile or the fourth profile comprises the absence of at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 109. The method of any one of the claims 92, 94, 96, 98, and 100, wherein the fifth profile comprises the absence of at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 110. The method of any one of the claims 92, 94, 96, and 100, wherein the sixth profile comprises the absence of at least one of the one or more markers of said disease or condition. 111. The method of any one of the claims 91-100, wherein the phagocytic cells are professional phagocytic cells, non-professional phagocytic cells, or mixtures thereof. 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the professional phagocytic cells are neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, foam cells, mast cells, eosinophils, or mixtures thereof. 113. The method of claim 111, wherein the non-professional phagocytic cells are epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, or mixtures thereof. 114. The method of any one of the claims 91-98, wherein the non-phagocytic cells are T cells, B cells, null cells, basophils, or mixtures thereof. 115. The method of any one of the claims 91-98, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated from a bodily fluid sample, tissues, or cells of the subject. 116. The method of claim 115, wherein the bodily fluid sample is blood, urine, stool, saliva, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, cystic fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the first trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the second trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the third trimester, maternal blood, amniotic fluid, chorionic villus sample, fluid from a preimplantation embryo, maternal urine, maternal saliva, placental sample, fetal blood, lavage and cervical vaginal fluid, interstitial fluid, or ocular fluid. 117. The method of claim 115, wherein the cells are white blood cells. 118. The method of any one of the claims 115-117, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated using antibodies. 119. The method of any one of the claims 115-117, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated by flow cytometry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, filtration, gradient-based centrifugation, elution, microfluidics, magnetic separation technique, fluorescent-magnetic separation technique, nanostructure, quantum dots, high throughput microscope-based platform, or a combination thereof. 120. The method of any one the claims 115-117, wherein the phagocytic cells are isolated by using a product secreted by the phagocytic cells. 121. The method of any one the claims 115-117, wherein the phagocytic cells are isolated by using a cell surface target on the surface of the phagocytic cells. 122. The method of claim 121, wherein the target is expressed by the phagocytic cells. 123. The method of claim 121, wherein the target is not expressed by the phagocytic cells. 124. The method of claim 121, wherein the target is a marker of the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition. 125. The method of any one of the claims 115-117, wherein the phagocytic cells and the non-phagocytic cells are isolated using a ligand that binds to a molecular receptor expressed on the plasma membranes of white blood cell populations. 126. The method of any one of the claims 99-100, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells are isolated from a bodily fluid sample, tissues, or cells of the subject. 127. The method of any one of the claims 99-100, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells are isolated from a population of phagocytic cells. 128. The method of claim 127, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells and the =2n phagocytic cells are isolated from a population of phagocytic cells by flow cytometry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, filtration, gradient-based centrifugation, elution, microfluidics, magnetic separation technique, fluorescent-magnetic separation technique, nanostructure, quantum dots, high throughput microscope-based platform, or a combination thereof. 129. The method of any one of the claims 126-128, wherein the population of phagocytic cells is isolated from a bodily fluid sample, tissues, or cells of the subject. 130. The method of claim 126 or 129, wherein the bodily fluid sample is blood, urine, stool, saliva, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, cystic fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the first trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the second trimester, fluid obtained from a pregnant woman in the third trimester, maternal blood, amniotic fluid, chorionic villus sample, fluid from a preimplantation embryo, maternal urine, maternal saliva, placental sample, fetal blood, lavage and cervical vaginal fluid, interstitial fluid, or ocular fluid. 131. The method of claim 126 or 129, wherein the cells are white blood cells. 132. The method of any one of the claims 127 and 129-131, wherein the population of phagocytic cells is isolated using antibodies. 133. The method of any one of the claims 127 and 129-131, wherein the population of phagocytic cells is isolated by flow cytometry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, filtration, gradient-based centrifugation, elution, microfluidics, magnetic separation techniques, fluorescent-magnetic separation, nanostructures, quantum dots, high throughput microscope-based platform, or combinations thereof. 134. The method of any one of the claims 126-128, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells are isolated by using a product secreted by the >2n phagocytic cells. 135. The method of any one of the claims 126-128, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells are isolated by using a cell surface target on the surface of phagocytic cells. 136. The method of claim 135, wherein the target is expressed by the phagocytic cells. 137. The method of claim 135, wherein the target is not expressed by the phagocytic cells. 138. The method of claim 135, wherein the target is a marker of said disease or condition. 139. The method of any one of the claims 126-128, wherein the >2n phagocytic cells are isolated using a ligand that binds to a molecular receptor expressed on the plasma membranes of white blood cell populations. 140. The method of any one of the claims 91-100, wherein the one or more markers are nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, metabolites, or combinations thereof. 141. The method of any one of the claims 91-100, wherein the analytes are nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, metabolites, or combinations thereof. 142. The method of claim 140 or 141, wherein the nucleic acids are nucleotides, oligonucleotides, DNAs, RNAs, or DNA-RNA hybrids. 143. The method of claim 142, wherein the DNAs are double-stranded DNAs, single-stranded DNAs, multi-stranded DNAs, complementary DNAs, genomic DNAs or non-coding DNAs. 144. The method of claim 142, wherein the RNAs are messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs), or small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). 145. The method of claim 140 or 141, wherein the proteins are amino acids, peptides, enzymes, antigens, antibodies, cytokines, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, or hormones. 146. The method of claim 140 or 141, wherein the lipids are fatty acids, neutral fats, phosphatides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, glycolipids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, polyketides, choline glycerophospholipid, ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, lyso-choline glycerophospholipid, lyso-ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidic acid, lyso-phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, free fatty acids, prostaglandins, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, acyl-CoA, acylcarnitine, oxysterol, ceramide, cardiolipin, sphingoid base-1-phosphate, shingosine, lyso-sphingomyelin, gangliosides, plasmalogen, sulfatide, low density lipoproteins (LDLs), very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), high density lipoproteins (HDLs), sphingoid base-1-phosphates or derivatives thereof. 147. The method of claim 140 or 141, wherein the carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, or derivatives thereof. 148. The method of claim 140 or 141, wherein the metabolites are primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, organic metabolites, inorganic metabolites, prostaglandins, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids, steroids, bile acids, vitamins, or derivatives thereof. 149. The method of any one of the claims 91-100, wherein the profile is a nucleic acid profile, a protein profile, a lipid profile, a carbohydrate profile, a metabolite profile, or a combination thereof. 150. The method of claim 149, wherein the profile is determined by a qualitative assay, a quantitative assay, or a combination thereof. 151. The method of claim 150, wherein the quantitative assay uses sequencing, direct sequencing, random shotgun sequencing, Sanger dideoxy termination sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, pyrosequencing, capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, duplex sequencing, cycle sequencing, single-base extension sequencing, solid-phase sequencing, high-throughput sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing, emulsion PCR, sequencing by reversible dye terminator, paired-end sequencing, near-term sequencing, exonuclease sequencing, sequencing by ligation, short-read sequencing, single-molecule sequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, real-time sequencing, reverse-terminator sequencing, nanopore sequencing, 454 sequencing, Solexa Genome Analyzer sequencing, SOLiD\u00ae sequencing, MS-PET sequencing, mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, quantitative PCR, real-time PCR, fluorescence assay, colorimetric assay, chemiluminescent assay, or a combination thereof. 152. The method of claim 149, wherein the nucleic acid profile is a genotypic profile, a single nucleotide polymorphism profile, a gene mutation profile, a gene copy number profile, a DNA methylation profile, a DNA acetylation profile, a chromosome dosage profile, a gene expression profile, or a combination thereof. 153. The method of claim 152, wherein the nucleic acid profile is determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, sequencing analysis, electrophoretic analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, Northern blot analysis, reverse-transcriptase-PCR analysis (RT-PCR), quantitative PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization analysis, comparative genomic hybridization, heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing gradient gel electrophisis (DGGE), RNAase mismatch analysis, mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Southern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), microarray, comparative genomic hybridization, karyotyping, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent Fragments (QMPSF), microscopy, methylation specific PCR (MSP) assay, HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR (HELP) assay, radioactive acetate labeling assays, colorimetric DNA acetylation assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with microarray (ChIP-on-chip) assay, restriction landmark genomic scanning, Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP), molecular break light assay for DNA adenine methyltransferase activity, chromatographic separation, methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme analysis, surface plasmon resonance, bisulfite-driven conversion of non-methylated cytosine to uracil, methyl-binding PCR analysis, or a combination thereof. 154. The method of claim 152, wherein the nucleic acid profile is determined by a sequencing technique selected from direct sequencing, random shotgun sequencing, Sanger dideoxy termination sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, pyrosequencing, capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, duplex sequencing, cycle sequencing, single-base extension sequencing, solid-phase sequencing, high-throughput sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing, emulsion PCR, sequencing by reversible dye terminator, paired-end sequencing, near-term sequencing, exonuclease sequencing, sequencing by ligation, short-read sequencing, single-molecule sequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, real-time sequencing, reverse-terminator sequencing, nanopore sequencing, 454 sequencing, Solexa Genome Analyzer sequencing, SOLiD\u00ae sequencing, MS-PET sequencing, mass spectrometry, and a combination thereof. 155. The method of claim 149, wherein the protein profile is a protein expression profile, a protein activation profile, or a combination thereof. 156. The method of claim 155, wherein the protein activation profile comprises determining a phosphorylation state, an ubiquitination state, a myristoylation state, or a conformational state of the one or more markers. 157. The method of claim 155, wherein the protein profile is determined by an immunohistochemistry assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chromatography, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), radioimmunoassays, surface plasmon resonance, microfluidic chip-based assays, Western blotting assay, or a combination thereof. 158. The method of claim 155, wherein the lipid profile is determined by chromatography, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), radioimmunoassays, microfluidic chip-based assays, detection of fluorescence, detection of chemiluminescence, or a combination thereof. 159. The method of claim 155, wherein the carbohydrate profile is determined by chromatography, liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, fluorescent assay, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced laser deorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), radioimmunoassays, microfluidic chip-based assays, detection of fluorescence, detection of chemiluminescence, or a combination thereof. 160. The method of any one the claims 91-100, wherein the subject is a mammal. 161. The method of claim 160, where in the subject is a human. 162. The method of any one the claims 91-100, wherein the prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of congenital birth defects, Rhesus disease, hemolytic disease of the newborn, beta-thalassemia, sex determination, a hereditary Mendelian genetic disorder, chromosomal aberrations, a fetal chromosomal aneuploidy, fetal chromosomal trisomy, fetal chromosomal monosomy, trisomy 8, trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrom), trisomy 16, trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), X-chromosome linked disorders, trisomy X (XXX syndrome), monosomy X (Turner syndrome), XXY syndrome, XYY syndrome, XYY syndrome, XXXY syndrome, XXYY syndrome, XYYY syndrome, XXXXX syndrome, XXXXY syndrome, XXXYY syndrome, XXYYY syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, fetal growth restriction, cystic fibrosis, a hemoglobinopathy, fetal death, fetal alcohol syndrome, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, Klinefelter syndrome, dup(17)(p11.2p1.2) syndrome, endometriosis, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, dup(22)(q11.2q11.2) syndrome, cat eye syndrome, cri-du-chat syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, Smith-Magenis syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Alagille syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, steroid sulfatase deficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, microphthalmia with linear skin defects, adrenal hypoplasia, glycerol kinase deficiency, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, testis-determining factor on Y, azospermia (factor a), azospermia (factor b), azospermia (factor c), 1p36 deletion, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, adrenal hyperplasia, Fanconi anemia, spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, Robertsonian translocation, Angelman syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, ataxia telangieltasia, open spina bifida, neural tube defects, ventral wall defects, small-for-gestational-age, congenital cytomegalovirus, achondroplasia, Marfan's syndrome, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital toxoplasmosis, biotinidase deficiency, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, medium-chain acyl Co-A dehydrogenase deficiency, structural birth defects, heart defects, abnormal limbs, club foot, anencephaly, arhinencephaly/holoprosencephaly, hydrocephaly, anophthalmos/microphthalmos, anotia/microtia, transposition of great vessels, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation of aorta, cleft palate without cleft lip, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, oesophageal atresia/stenosis with or without fistula, small intestine atresia/stenosis, anorectal atresia/stenosis, hypospadias, indeterminate sex, renal agenesis, cystic kidney, preaxial polydactyly, limb reduction defects, diaphragmatic hernia, blindness, cataracts, visual problems, hearing loss, deafness, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Rett syndrome, lysosomal disorders, cerebral palsy, autism, aglossia, albinism, ocular albinism, oculocutaneous albinism, gestational diabetes, Arnold-Chiari malformation, CHARGE syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, brachydactlia, aniridia, cleft foot and hand, heterochromia, Dwarnian ear, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa, Gorham's disease, Hashimoto's syndrome, hydrops fetalis, hypotonia, Klippel-Feil syndrome, muscular dystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, progeria, Smith Lemli Opitz symdrom, chromatelopsia, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, omphalocele, gastroschisis, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, pre-term labor, premature birth, miscarriage, delayed intrauterine growth, ectopic pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, morning sickness, and likelihood for successful induction of labor. 163. The method of any one the claims 91-100, wherein the difference is greater than a 1-fold difference. 164. The method of claim 163, wherein the difference is at least 1.05-fold, 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, or 10-fold difference. 165. The method of claim 3 or 9, further comprising determining at least one diagnostic parameter of said disease or condition. 166. The method of claim 165, wherein the diagnostic parameter is determined by physical inspection, visual inspection, biopsy, scanning, histology, radiology, imaging, ultrasound, use of a commercial kit, genetic testing, immunological testing, analysis of bodily fluids, or monitoring neural activity. 167. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, wherein the one or more markers are selected from the group of markers of a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition referred to in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,258,540, 6,664,056, 7,235,359, and 7,645,576, United States Patent Application Publications 20020045176, 20040137452, 20050164241, 20060019278, 20060252068, 20060252071, 20060257901, 20070141625, 20070218469, 20070275402, 20090155776, 20090162842, 20090170102, 20090317797, 20100120056, 20100120076, and 20100137263 and International Patent Application Publications WO/2006/026020, WO/2002/068685, WO/2005/111626, WO/2009/055487, WO/2009/001392, and WO/2008/014516. 168. The method of any one of the claims 3-14, wherein the one or more markers comprise at least one or more of the markers identified by the methods of any one the claims 91-100. 169. A kit comprising a plurality of marker detection agents that detect at least one or more of the markers identified by the methods of any one of the claims 91-100. 170. A method of treating or preventing a prenatal or pregnancy-related disease or condition in a subject comprising administering to said subject an agent that modulates the activity or expression of at least one or more of the markers identified by the methods of any one the claims 91-100.",
-    "In embodiments of a flexible display extendable assembly, an extendable assembly includes a slideable display guide integrated in a first housing part of an extendable electronic device. The extendable electronic device includes a flexible display that slide-engages into the first housing part of the extendable electronic device. The extendable assembly includes an extendable mechanism that is coupled in a second housing part of the extendable electronic device and to the slideable display guide. The first and second housing parts of the extendable electronic device slide-engage relative to each other. The extendable mechanism is implemented to extend as the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other, and also to retract as the first and second housing parts slide together relative to each other. 1. An extendable assembly, comprising: a slideable display guide integrated in a first housing part of an extendable electronic device that includes a flexible display; and an extendable mechanism coupled in a second housing part of the extendable electronic device and to the slideable display guide, the first and second housing parts of the extendable electronic device configured to slide-engage relative to each other, the extendable mechanism configured to extend as the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other, and the extendable mechanism further configured to retract as the first and second housing parts slide together relative to each other, a first section of the flexible display configured to retract into the first housing part, the first section of the flexible screen display being flat and parallel to a second section of the flexible display when the first and second housing parts slide together relative to each other into a closed position. 2. The extendable assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the extendable mechanism comprises a rack-and-pinion mechanism configured to extend in both of the first and second housing parts of the extendable electronic device when the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other. 3. An extendable assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the first section of the flexible display extends from the first housing part of the extendable electronic device when the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other. 4. An extendable assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the first section of the flexible display is retractable to slide-engage into the first housing part of the extendable electronic device when the first section of the flexible display is not activated for display. 5. An extendable assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the extendible electronic device further comprises a flexible backlight configured to illuminate the flexible display, the flexible backlight further configured to extend from and retract into the first housing part of the extendable electronic device under the flexible display. 6. An extendable assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the flexible display is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) flexible display. 7. An extendable assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the extendable electronic device is one of: a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or a gaming device. 8. An extendable electronic device, comprising: a flexible display configured to extend from and retract into a first housing part of the extendable electronic device, the flexible display connected to a slideable display guide integrated in the first housing part of the extendable electronic device; and an extendable mechanism coupled in a second housing part of the extendable electronic device and to the slideable display guide, the first and second housing parts configured to slide-engage relative to each other, a first section of the flexible display configured to retract into the first housing part, the first section of the flexible display being flat and parallel to a second section of the flexible display when the first and second housing parts slide together relative to each other into a closed position of the extendable electronic device. 9. An extendable electronic device as recited in claim 8, wherein the extendable mechanism comprises a rack-and-pinion mechanism configured to extend in both of the first and second housing parts of the extendable electronic device when the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other. 10. An extendable electronic device as recited in claim 8, wherein the first section of the flexible display is retractable to slide-engage into the first housing part of the extendable electronic device when the section of the flexible display is not activated for display. 11. An extendable electronic device as recited in claim 8, wherein the first section of the flexible display extends from the first housing part of the extendable electronic device when the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other. 12. An extendable electronic device as recited in claim 8, further comprising a flexible backlight configured to illuminate the flexible display, the flexible backlight further configured to extend from and retract into the first housing part of the extendable electronic device under the flexible display. 13. An extendable electronic device as recited in claim 8, wherein the flexible display is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) flexible display. 14. An extendable electronic device as recited in claim 8, wherein the extendable electronic device is one of: a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or a gaming device. 15. A mobile communication device comprising: a wireless communication interface; a processor and memory system coupled to the wireless communication interface and to a flexible display; and the flexible display configured to extend from and retract into a first housing part of the mobile communication device, the flexible display connected to a slideable display guide integrated in the first housing part of the extendable electronic device; and an extendable mechanism coupled in a second housing part of the mobile communication device and to the slideable display guide, the first and second housing parts configured to slide-engage relative to each other, a first section of the flexible display configured to retract into the first housing part, the first section of the flexible display being flat and parallel to a second section of the flexible display when the first and second housing parts slide together relative to each other into a closed position of the mobile communication device. 16. A mobile communication device as recited in claim 15, wherein the extendable mechanism comprises a rack-and-pinion mechanism configured to extend in both of the first and second housing parts of the mobile communication device when the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other. 17. A mobile communication device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first section of the flexible display is retractable to slide-engage into the first housing part of the mobile communication device when the section of the flexible display is not activated for display. 18. A mobile communication device as recited in claim 15, wherein the first section of the flexible display extends from the first housing part of the mobile communication device when the first and second housing parts slide apart relative to each other. 19. A mobile communication device as recited in claim 15, further comprising a flexible backlight configured to illuminate the flexible display, the flexible backlight further configured to extend from and retract into the first housing part of the mobile communication device under the flexible display. 20. A mobile communication device as recited in claim 15, wherein the flexible display is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) flexible display.",
-    "A winding device suitable for winding at least one strip on a mandrel. According to one embodiment the winding device includes a pressure assembly configured to press a strip against the surface of the mandrel when winding the strip. The pressure assembly comprises a first pressure unit which is coupled to and rotates together with the mandrel from a first winding position to a second winding position while the first pressure unit presses on the strip. The pressure assembly further comprises a second pressure unit that is attached to the first pressure unit, and that is configured for pressing on the strip when the first pressure unit reaches the second winding position, allowing forward movement of the strip in the winding direction when the mandrel rotates. 1. An apparatus for winding a strip comprising: a rotatable motor driven mandrel, the mandrel having an outer surface for supporting the strip, a pressure assembly comprising: a first pressure unit that is coupled to and rotates together with the mandrel in a winding direction between a first winding position and a second winding position, the first pressure unit being configured to press down on a first portion of the strip as the mandrel and first pressure unit move from the first winding position to the second winding position, a second pressure unit that is attached to and rotates with the first pressure unit, the second pressure unit configured to press down on a second portion of the strip down against the outer surface of the mandrel after the first pressure unit reaches the second winding position, allowing forward movement of the strip in the winding direction when the mandrel rotates, the first pressure unit configured to stop pressing down on the first portion of the strip when the second pressure unit acts to press down on the second portion of the strip. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second pressure unit is arranged ahead of the first pressure unit in the winding direction. 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the second pressure unit includes a roller. 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second pressure unit further comprises a guide element configured to guide the strip towards the outer surface of the mandrel. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second pressure unit comprises a brake that is configured to interact with the mandrel upon the first pressure unit reaching the second winding position to prevent the second pressure unit from rotating in a direction opposite the winding directing when the first pressure unit stops pressing down on the first portion of the strip, the brake allowing the mandrel to rotate in the winding direction. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the mandrel is rotatable only in the winding direction. 7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the brake is a pinion gear coupled with a ring gear arranged in the mandrel. 8. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second pressure unit comprises a drive assembly attached to the first pressure unit and that is operable to move the roller between a first position and a second, in the first position the roller is arranged to not press down on the second portion of the strip, in the second position the roller being arranged to press the second portion of the strip down against the mandrel. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first pressure unit is capable of being coupled to and decoupled from the mandrel, the first pressure unit comprising a pin that is moveable into and out of a housing located in the mandrel by an actuator assembly, when the pin is located inside the housing the first pressure unit rotates with the mandrel, when the pin is not located in the housing the first pressure unit does not rotate with mandrel. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising an actuator assembly that is operably coupled to the first pressure unit to cause the first pressure unit to press down on the first portion of the strip when the pin is moved into the housing of the mandrel, and to cause the first pressure unit not to press down on the first portion of the strip when the pin is moved out of the housing of the mandrel. 11. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first pressure unit comprises a plurality of jaws arranged along a length of the first pressure unit, the apparatus further including an actuator assembly operably coupled to the plurality of jaws to cause the jaws to press down on the first portion of the strip when the pin is moved into the housing of the mandrel, and to cause the jaws not to press down on the first portion of the strip when the pin is moved out of the housing of the mandrel. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the actuator assembly is configured to simultaneously move the pin and jaws. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein one or more of the plurality of jaws is individually removable from the first pressure unit. 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a first side plate and a second side plate, each of the first and second side plates including an upper side and a lower side that are connect by a hinge connection, in a first position each of the upper and lower sides of the first and second side plates are closed around respective first and second ends of the mandrel, in a second position each of the upper and lower sides of the first and second side plates do not close around the respective first and second ends of the mandrel, the pressure assembly being located between the first and second side plates, the first and second side plates respectively including first and second tracks arranged surrounding the mandrel when the first and second side plates are in the first position, the pressure assembly comprising first and second rolling elements attached to the first pressure unit which are respectively housed within the first and second tracks, the rolling elements allowing rotation of the first pressure unit with respect to the mandrel. 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressure assembly includes a recovery assembly configured to move the pressure assembly from the second winding position to the first winding position. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the recovery assembly is attached to the first pressure unit. 17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the pressure assembly includes a recovery assembly configured to move the pressure assembly from the second winding position to the first winding position, the recovery assembly having first and second ends that are respectively supported on the first and second side plates, the first end of the recovery assembly having a motor driven pinion gear that is engageable with meshing elements arranged on the first side plate, when rotated the pinion gear drives the pressure assembly from the first winding position to the second winding position. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the meshing elements are comprised in a chain arranged on the first side plate and that at least partially circumscribes the mandrel. 19. The apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising first and second hydraulic actuators, the first hydraulic actuator having a first and second ends that are respectively attached to the upper and lower sides of the first side plate, the first hydraulic actuator configured to cause the upper and lower sides of the first side plate to move between the first and second positions, the second hydraulic actuator having a first and second ends that are respectively attached to the upper and lower sides of the second side plate, the second hydraulic actuator configured to cause the upper and lower sides of the second side plate to move between the first and second positions. 20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the first and second hydraulic actuators are positioned adjacent the respective hinge connections of the first and second side plates. 21. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each of the upper and lower sides of the first and second side plates has a locking attachment for locking the upper and lower sides in the first position.",
-    "Determine the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal to derive the voltage value of the alternating current voltage when the power supply is in the peak power working status. The voltage value of the alternating current voltage is determined as high if the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is lower than the predetermined duty cycle. At this time, the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller is suppressed to protect the transistor switch, and the power supply can still provide the load apparatus with enough power. The power supply does not need any alternating current voltage detection circuit. The voltage value of the alternating current voltage is derived by determining the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal. 1. A power supply apparatus comprising: a pulse width modulation controller comprising a limit detection voltage and outputting a pulse width modulation signal; and a transistor switch turned on or turned off according to the pulse width modulation signal, wherein when the power supply apparatus is in a first working status, the limit detection voltage is equal to a first voltage; wherein when a duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is not less than a predetermined value and the power supply apparatus switches to a second working status, the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller is equal to a second voltage; when the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is less than the predetermined value and the power supply apparatus switches to the second working status, the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller is less than the second voltage. 2. The power supply apparatus in claim 1, wherein the power supply apparatus is applied to a load apparatus electrically connected to the power supply apparatus; the power supply apparatus provides the load apparatus with a power to drive the load apparatus. 3. The power supply apparatus in claim 1, further comprising: a transformer comprising a primary side winding and a secondary side winding, the primary side winding electrically connected to the transistor switch; a secondary side diode electrically connected to the secondary side winding; and an output side capacitor electrically connected to the secondary side diode, wherein when the transistor switch is turned on, the primary side winding stores an energy, so that a primary side current flowing through the primary side winding and the transistor switch is increased; when the transistor switch is turned off, the energy stored in the transformer is released to the output side capacitor through the secondary side winding and the secondary side diode. 4. The power supply apparatus in claim 3, further comprising: a rectifying circuit electrically connected to the primary side winding, wherein the power supply apparatus is applied to an alternating current voltage supply apparatus electrically connected to the power supply apparatus; the alternating current voltage supply apparatus sends an alternating current voltage to the power supply apparatus; the rectifying circuit rectifies the alternating current voltage to obtain a rectified voltage; the rectifying circuit sends the rectified voltage to the primary side winding. 5. The power supply apparatus in claim 1, wherein when the power supply apparatus is in the first working status, the power supply apparatus outputs a normal power; when the power supply apparatus is in the second working status, the power supply apparatus outputs a peak power; the peak power is greater than the normal power. 6. The power supply apparatus in claim 2, wherein when the load apparatus is just started or a load of the load apparatus is increased, the power supply apparatus enters a peak power working status; the load apparatus is a motor type electronic apparatus; the predetermined value is 33%. 7. The power supply apparatus in claim 3, further comprising: a detection resistor electrically connected to the pulse width modulation controller and the transistor switch, wherein the primary side current flows through the detection resistor to generate a detection voltage; the pulse width modulation controller detects the detection voltage; when the detection voltage is greater than the limit detection voltage, the pulse width modulation controller turns off the transistor switch. 8. The power supply apparatus in claim 1, wherein when the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is less than the predetermined value and the power supply apparatus switches to the second working status, the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller is equal to the first voltage. 9. A power processing method applied to a power supply, the power supply comprising a pulse width modulation controller and a transistor switch, the pulse width modulation controller outputting a pulse width modulation signal to the transistor switch to turn on or turn off the transistor switch, the power processing method comprising: a. when the power supply is in a peak power working status, the pulse width modulation controller determining a duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal; and b. when the power supply is in the peak power working status and the pulse width modulation controller determines that the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is less than a predetermined duty cycle, the pulse width modulation controller controlling that a limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller is less than a peak limit detection voltage. 10. The power processing method in claim 9, wherein the power processing method is applied to a load apparatus electrically connected to the power supply; the power supply provides the load apparatus with a power to drive the load apparatus. 11. The power processing method in claim 9, wherein the power supply further comprises a transformer; the transformer comprises a primary side winding and a secondary side winding; the primary side winding is electrically connected to the transistor switch; when the transistor switch is turned on, the primary side winding stores an energy, so that a primary side current flowing through the primary side winding and the transistor switch is increased. 12. The power processing method in claim 11, wherein the power supply further comprises a secondary side diode and an output side capacitor; the secondary side diode is electrically connected to the secondary side winding; the output side capacitor is electrically connected to the secondary side diode; when the transistor switch is turned off, the energy stored in the transformer is released to the output side capacitor through the secondary side winding and the secondary side diode. 13. The power processing method in claim 11, wherein the power processing method is applied to an alternating current voltage supply apparatus electrically connected to the power supply; the alternating current voltage supply apparatus sends an alternating current voltage to the power supply; the power supply further comprises a rectifying circuit electrically connected to the primary side winding; the rectifying circuit rectifies the alternating current voltage to obtain a rectified voltage; the rectifying circuit sends the rectified voltage to the primary side winding. 14. The power processing method in claim 9, wherein when the power supply is in a normal working status, the power supply outputs a normal power; when the power supply is in the peak power working status, the power supply outputs a peak power; the peak power is greater than the normal power. 15. The power processing method in claim 10, wherein when the load apparatus is just started or a load of the load apparatus is increased, the power supply enters the peak power working status; the load apparatus is a motor type electronic apparatus; the predetermined duty cycle is 33% conduction. 16. The power processing method in claim 11, wherein the power supply further comprises a detection resistor electrically connected to the pulse width modulation controller and the transistor switch; the primary side current flows through the detection resistor to generate a detection voltage; the pulse width modulation controller detects the detection voltage; when the detection voltage is greater than the limit detection voltage, the pulse width modulation controller turns off the transistor switch. 17. The power processing method in claim 9, further comprising: c. when the power supply is in the peak power working status and the pulse width modulation controller determines that the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is not less than the predetermined duty cycle, the pulse width modulation controller increasing the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller as the peak limit detection voltage. 18. The power processing method in claim 9, wherein when the power supply is in a normal working status, the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller is a normal limit detection voltage; in step b, when the power supply is in the peak power working status and the pulse width modulation controller determines that the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal is less than the predetermined duty cycle, the pulse width modulation controller is configured to keep the limit detection voltage of the pulse width modulation controller as the normal limit detection voltage.",
-    "Modulation patterns for surface scattering antennas provide desired antenna pattern attributes such as reduced side lobes and reduced grating lobes. 1.-58. (canceled) 59. The method of claim 79, further comprising: adjusting the surface scattering antenna to the identified antenna configuration. 60. The method of claim 79, further comprising: operating the surface scattering antenna in the identified antenna configuration. 61. The method of claim 79, further comprising: storing the identified antenna configuration in a storage medium. 62.-78. (canceled) 79. A method, comprising: discretizing a hologram function for a surface scattering antenna that defines an aperture, where the discretizing includes identifying a discrete plurality of locations on the aperture for a discrete plurality of scattering elements of the surface scattering antenna and identifying a discrete set of states for each of the scattering elements corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each of the locations of the scattering elements; and identifying an antenna configuration that reduces artifacts attributable to the discretizing, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes applying an error diffusion algorithm to the discretized hologram function. 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the plurality of locations is a sequence of locations, and the applying of the error diffusion algorithm includes, for each location in the sequence of locations: identifying an error, if any, accumulated at the location from one or more locations earlier in the sequence of locations; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to a sum of the hologram function evaluated at the location and the accumulated error; identifying a new error equal to the selected function value minus the sum of the hologram function evaluated at the location and the accumulated error; and accumulating the new error at one or more locations, if any, later in the sequence of locations. 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the plurality of scattering elements is a one-dimensional plurality of scattering elements, and the sequence of locations is a sequence of locations of adjacent scattering elements. 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations later in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at a next location in the sequence of locations. 83. The method of claim 80, wherein the plurality of scattering elements is a two-dimensional plurality of scattering elements. 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the two-dimensional plurality of scattering elements is arranged in rows, and the sequence of locations is a row-by-row sequence of locations of adjacent scattering elements in each row. 85. The method of claim 84, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations later in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at a next location in the sequence of locations. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein: if the location is at an end of one of the rows of scattering elements, the accumulating of the new error at the next location in the sequence locations is an accumulating of zero error at the next location in the sequence of locations. 87. The method of claim 84, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at multiple locations in a two-dimensional neighborhood of the location. 88. The method of claim 84, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a plurality of one-dimensional waveguides supporting the two-dimensional plurality of scattering elements, and the rows coincide with the plurality of one-dimensional waveguides. 89. The method of claim 84, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a plurality of one-dimensional waveguides supporting the two-dimensional plurality of scattering elements, and the rows are perpendicular to the plurality of one-dimensional waveguides. 90. The method of claim 84, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a waveguide supporting a waveguide mode, and the rows correspond to a set of constant phase fronts of the waveguide mode. 91. The method of claim 84, wherein the rows correspond to a set of contours of the hologram function. 92. The method of claim 80, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes, for each scattering element in the plurality of scattering elements: identifying a state for the scattering element selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location of the scattering element. 93.-177. (canceled) 178. A system, comprising: a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements that are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; a storage medium on which a set of antenna configurations corresponding to a set of hologram functions is written, each antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of the respective hologram function; and control circuitry operable to read antenna configurations from the storage medium and adjust the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configurations; wherein at least one antenna configuration is an error-propagated discretization of the respective hologram function. 179. The system of claim 178, wherein the error-propagated discretization is obtained by an algorithm that includes, for each location in a sequence of the plurality of locations: identifying an error, if any, accumulated at the location from one or more locations earlier in the sequence of locations; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to a sum of the respective hologram function evaluated at the location and the accumulated error; identifying a state for the adjustable scattering element at the location, the identified state being selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location; identifying a new error equal to the selected function value minus the sum of the respective hologram function evaluated at the location and the accumulated error; and accumulating the new error at one or more locations, if any, later in the sequence of locations. 180. The system of claim 179, wherein the plurality of adjustable scattering elements is a one-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements, and the sequence of locations is a sequence of locations of adjacent scattering elements. 181. The system of claim 180, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations later in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at a next location in the sequence of locations. 182. The system of claim 179, wherein the plurality of adjustable scattering elements is a two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements. 183. The system of claim 182, wherein the two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements is arranged in rows, and the sequence of locations is a row-by-row sequence of locations of adjacent scattering elements in each row. 184. The system of claim 183, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations later in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at a next location in the sequence of locations. 185. The system of claim 184, wherein: if the location is at an end of one of the rows of scattering elements, the accumulating of the new error at the next location in the sequence locations is an accumulating of zero error at the next location in the sequence of locations. 186. The system of claim 183, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at multiple locations in a two-dimensional neighborhood of the location. 187. The system of claim 183, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a plurality of one-dimensional waveguides supporting the two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements, and the rows coincide with the plurality of one-dimensional waveguides. 188. The system of claim 183, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a plurality of one-dimensional waveguides supporting the two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements, and the rows are perpendicular to the plurality of one-dimensional waveguides. 189. The system of claim 183, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a waveguide supporting a waveguide mode, and the rows correspond to a set of constant phase fronts of the waveguide mode. 190. The system of claim 183, wherein the rows correspond to a set of contours of the respective hologram function. 191.-259. (canceled) 260. The method of claim 275, further comprising: operating the antenna in the antenna configuration. 261.-274. (canceled) 275. A method of controlling a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements, comprising: reading an antenna configuration from a storage medium, the antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of a hologram function; and adjusting the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configuration; wherein the adjustable scattering elements are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; and wherein the antenna configuration is an error-propagated discretization of the hologram function. 276. The method of claim 275, wherein the error-propagated discretization is obtained by an algorithm that includes, for each location in a sequence of the plurality of locations: identifying an error, if any, accumulated at the location from one or more locations earlier in the sequence of locations; selecting a function value from the discrete set of function values, the selected value being that value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to a sum of the respective hologram function evaluated at the location and the accumulated error; identifying a state for the adjustable scattering element at the location, the identified state being selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location; identifying a new error equal to the selected function value minus the sum of the respective hologram function evaluated at the location and the accumulated error; and accumulating the new error at one or more locations, if any, later in the sequence of locations. 277. The method of claim 276, wherein the plurality of adjustable scattering elements is a one-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements, and the sequence of locations is a sequence of locations of adjacent scattering elements. 278. The method of claim 277, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations later in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at a next location in the sequence of locations. 279. The method of claim 276, wherein the plurality of adjustable scattering elements is a two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements. 280. The method of claim 279, wherein the two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements is arranged in rows, and the sequence of locations is a row-by-row sequence of locations of adjacent scattering elements in each row. 281. The method of claim 280, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations later in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at a next location in the sequence of locations. 282. The method of claim 281, wherein: if the location is at an end of one of the rows of scattering elements, the accumulating of the new error at the next location in the sequence locations is an accumulating of zero error at the next location in the sequence of locations. 283. The method of claim 280, wherein the accumulating of the new error at one or more locations in the sequence of locations is an accumulating of the new error at multiple locations in a two-dimensional neighborhood of the location. 284. The method of claim 280, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a plurality of one-dimensional waveguides supporting the two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements, and the rows coincide with the plurality of one-dimensional waveguides. 285. The method of claim 280, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a plurality of one-dimensional waveguides supporting the two-dimensional plurality of adjustable scattering elements, and the rows are perpendicular to the plurality of one-dimensional waveguides. 286. The method of claim 280, wherein the surface scattering antenna includes a waveguide supporting a waveguide mode, and the rows correspond to a set of constant phase fronts of the waveguide mode. 287. The method of claim 280, wherein the rows correspond to a set of contours of the respective hologram function. 288.-355. (canceled)",
-    "A document processing system and method includes a display, and an embedded controller that includes a BLUETOOTH low energy network interface that is configured for communications with mobile computing devices. When a mobile computing device of a user approaches to within a threshold distance of the document processing system, the user can be presented with directions to the document processing system or service related information about the document processing system. With the mobile computing device is within close proximity of the document processing system, the embedded controller sends the user interface of the document processing system to the mobile computing device for display to the user. The distance between the mobile computing device and the document processing system can be approximated using the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of BLUETOOTH low energy communications received from the mobile computing device by the document processing system. 1. A document processing system, comprising: an embedded controller including a processor, a memory in data communication with the processor, and a network interface in communication with the processor, the memory operable for storage of data and instructions, and the network interface configured for data communication with a user computing device; the network interface configured to receive user interface data corresponding to a rendering of a document processing system user interface from the embedded controller; wherein the embedded controller is configured to determine if the user computing device is in proximity to the document processing system and selectively send the user interface data to the user computing device via the network interface based at least in part on the proximity of the user computing device to the document processing system, wherein the embedded controller is configured to wirelessly receive a document processing instruction from the user computer device; and wherein the embedded controller is configured to commence a document processing operation in accordance with a received document processing intruction. 2. The document processing system of claim 1, wherein the embedded controller is further configured to transmit a universally unique identifier via the network interface, receive a communication from the user computing device in response to the transmitted universally unique identifier, determine a received signal strength indication of the communication received from the user computing device, and determine an approximate distance to the user computing device based at least in part on the received signal strength indication. 3. The document processing system of claim 1, wherein the network interface is a BLUETOOTH low energy network interface. 4. The document processing system of claim 1, wherein user computing device is selected from the group consisting of mobile computing device, a mobile phone, a smart phone, a pad-based computing device, a laptop, a heads up display device, a head mounted display device, a glasses-based computing device, and a smart watch. 5. The document processing system of claim 1, wherein the embedded controller is further configured to cease sending user interface data to the user computing device based at least in part on an increase in distance between the user computing device and the document processing system. 6. The document processing system of claim 1, wherein when the user computing device and the document processing system are within a threshold distance, one or more of the embedded controller or the user computing device is further configured to provide, on the user computing device, direction information to the document processing system. 7. The document processing system of claim 6, wherein the embedded controller is further configured to send service information about the document processing system to the user computing device based on an decrease in distance between the user computing device and the document processing system. 8. The document processing system of claim 7, wherein the embedded controller is configured to receive a user selection from the user computing device to set the language for the user interface without affecting the language used on a front panel display of the document processing system. 9. The document processing system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the embedded controller or the user computing device is configured to use a customized user interface without affecting the user interface on a front panel display of the document processing system. 10. The document processing system of claim 1, further comprising: a sensor in communication with the embedded controller that is configured to sense the distance between the user computing device and the document processing system. 11. A method comprising: sensing if a mobile computing device is in proximity to a document processing device in accordance with a wireless data interface; and selectively sending user interface data corresponding to a rendering of a document processing system user interface to the mobile computing device via the wireless data interface to display a user interface for operating the document processing device on the mobile computing device; wherein the user interface data is selectively sent based at least in part on the proximity of the mobile computing device to the document processing system; receiving a document processing instruction from the mobile computing device via the wireless data interface; and commencing a document processing operation in accordance with a received document processing instruction. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: transmitting at least a universally unique identifier from a BLUETOOTH low energy interface of the document processing device; receiving, in response to the transmitting operation, a response from the mobile computing device; determining a received signal strength indication of the received response; approximating a distance to the mobile computing device based at least in part on the received signal strength indication. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: determining an increase in the distance between the document processing device and the mobile computing device; and ceasing sending the user interface data based at least in part on the increase in distance. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: determining that the mobile computing device is within a threshold distance of the document processing device; and providing, on the user computing device, one or more of directional information to the document processing system, or service related information about the document processing device. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the mobile computing device is selected from the group consisting of a mobile phone, a smart phone, a pad-based computing device, a laptop, a heads up display device, a head mounted display device, a glasses-based computing device, and a smart watch. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: receiving a user selection of a language to use on the user interface on the mobile computing device without affecting the language used on a front panel display of the document processing device. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising: presenting a customized user interface on the mobile computing device without affecting the user interface on a front panel display of the document processing device. 18. A document processing device, comprising: a printer configured to print documents received from a user; a network interface configured to transmit and receive BLUETOOTH low energy communications with a mobile computing device of the user and determine a received signal strength indication of a received BLUETOOTH low energy communication; a display configured to display a user interface for controlling the document processing device by the user; a processor configured to selectively send user interface data, corresponding to a rendering of the user interface on a display on the mobile computing device, via the network interface based at least in part on the received signal strength indication; wherein the processor is configured to wirelessly receive a document processing instruction from the user computer device; and wherein the processor is configured to commence a document processing operation in accordance with a received document processing instruction. 19. The document processing device of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to send, to the mobile computing device, one or more of directional information to the document processing system, or service related information about the document processing device, when the mobile computing device is within a threshold distance of the document processing device based at least in part on the received signal strength indication. The document processing device of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to send user interface data to the mobile computing device that includes one or more of a different language than used on the display or a customized user interface, without affecting either the language or the look and feel of the user interface used on the display. 20. The document processing device of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to send user interface data to the mobile computing device that includes one or more of a different language than used on the display or a customized user interface, without affecting either the language or the look and feel of the user interface used on the display.",
-    "Disclosed is a biometric authentication system. The system comprises a biometric image sensor in an operative position with respect to a mechanical switch on a host electronic device and configured to sense biometric characteristics of a biometric object while the biometric object is operating the mechanical switch, the operating of the mechanical switch providing at least one of input and control to the host electronic device; and wake on event logic cooperating with at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device and configured to at least delay any response by the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device that increases power consumption by either the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device, beyond that needed for the performance, by at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device, of a bona fides analysis of an object being sensed while operating the mechanical switch, until a positive completion of the bona fides analysis determines that the object being sensed is an object desired to be sensed to perform a user authentication. 1. A biometric authentication system comprising: a biometric image sensor in an operative position with respect to a mechanical switch on a host electronic device and configured to sense biometric characteristics of a biometric object while the biometric object is operating the mechanical switch, the operating of the mechanical switch providing at least one of input and control to the host electronic device; and wake on event logic cooperating with at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device and configured to at least delay any response by the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device that increases power consumption by either the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device, beyond that needed for the performance, by at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device, of a bona fides analysis of an object being sensed while operating the mechanical switch, until a positive completion of the bona fides analysis determines that the object being sensed is an object desired to be sensed to perform a user authentication. 2. The biometric authentication system of claim 1 further comprising: the wake on event logic configured to complete a wake on event power-up or power-on sequence for at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device in response to a positive outcome of the bona fides analysis. 3. The biometric authentication system of claim 1 further comprising: the biometric comprising a fingerprint and the bona fides analysis determining whether the object being sensed comprises a finger of a live human being. 4. The biometric authentication system of claim 1, further comprising: the biometric image sensor comprising: a sensor substrate comprising a flexible material having sensor elements formed in or on the flexible material and configured to deform enough to operate the mechanical switch. 5. The biometric authentication system of claim 2 further comprising: the bona fides analysis comprising an analysis of a partial fingerprint image in contact with or in the vicinity of the biometric image sensor. 6. The biometric authentication system of claim 4 further comprising: the wake on event logic is configured to cause the commencement of the bona fides analysis when the wake on event logic senses an object in the vicinity of the sensor elements. 7. The biometric authentication system of claim 4 further comprising: the wake on event logic is configured to cause the commencement of the bona fides analysis when the wake on event logic senses an object in contact with the sensor elements and before the button is depressed. 8. The biometric authentication system of claim 4 further comprising: the wake on event logic is configured to cause the commencement of the bona fides analysis when the wake on event logic senses an object in contact with the sensor elements and upon or after the button being depressed. 9. A biometric authentication method comprising: using a biometric image sensor in an operative position with respect to a mechanical switch on a host electronic device to sense biometric characteristics of a biometric object while the biometric object is operating the mechanical switch, the operating of the mechanical switch providing at least one of input and control to the host electronic device; and using wake on event logic, cooperating with at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device, to at least delay any response by the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device that increases power consumption by either the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device, beyond that needed for the performance, by at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device, of a bona fides analysis of the biometric object being sensed while operating the mechanical switch, until a positive completion of the bona fides analysis determines that the object being sensed is an object desired to be sensed to perform a user authentication. 10. The biometric authentication system of claim 1 wherein the biometric image sensor is incorporated into a user authentication apparatus providing user authentication for controlling access to one of an electronic user device or an electronically provided service. 11. A machine readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform a method, the method comprising: using a biometric image sensor in an operative position with respect to a mechanical switch on a host electronic device to sense biometric characteristics of a biometric object while the biometric object is operating the mechanical switch, the operating of the mechanical switch providing at least one of input and control to the host electronic device; and using wake on event logic, cooperating with at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device, to at least delay any response by the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device that increases power consumption by either the biometric image sensor or the host electronic device, beyond that needed for the performance, by at least one of the biometric image sensor and the host electronic device, of a bona fides analysis of the biometric object being sensed while operating the mechanical switch, until a positive completion of the bona fides analysis determines that the object being sensed is an object desired to be sensed to perform a user authentication. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the electronic user device comprises at least one of a portable phone and a computing device. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the electronically provided service comprises at least one of providing access to a web site or to an email account. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the biometric image sensor is incorporated into a user authentication apparatus providing user authentication for controlling an online transaction. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the user authentication apparatus is in replacement of at least one of a user password or personal identification number. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the user authentication apparatus is incorporated into an apparatus providing user authentication for controlling access to a physical location. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein the user authentication apparatus is incorporated into an apparatus providing user authentication demonstrating the user was present at a certain place at a certain time. 18. The method of claim 11 wherein the user authentication apparatus is incorporated into an apparatus providing at least one of a finger motion user input or navigation input to a computing device. 19. The method of claim 11 wherein the user authentication apparatus is incorporated into an apparatus providing authentication of the user to a user device and the performance of at least one other task by the user device specific to the particular finger of the user. 20. The method of claim 11 wherein the user authentication apparatus is incorporated into an apparatus providing user authentication for purposes of making an on-line transaction non-repudiatable.",
-    "A liquid crystal touch panel including an array and a color filter substrate disposed oppositely, wherein, on the array substrate, a common electrode layer and a planarization layer are disposed sequentially; the common electrode layer is divided into multiple self-capacitance electrodes; on the planarization layer, multiple electrode leads are provided; an insulation protective layer covers on the multiple electrode leads; between the array substrate and the color filter substrate, a main and an auxiliary post spacer having a same height are provided; first terminals of the main and the auxiliary post spacer are connected with the color filter substrate; a second terminal of the main post spacer abuts on the insulation protective layer, and right opposite to the electrode lead; a second terminal of the auxiliary post space is floating above the insulation protective layer and right opposite to a region without the electrode lead. 1. A liquid crystal touch panel comprising an array substrate and a color filter substrate which are disposed oppositely, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the array substrate and the color filter substrate, wherein, on the array substrate, a common electrode layer and a planarization layer are disposed sequentially; the common electrode layer is divided into multiple self-capacitance electrodes which are isolated with each other; on the planarization layer, multiple electrode leads are provided; the multiple electrode leads and the multiple self-capacitance electrodes are electrically connected one by one, and the multiple electrode leads are covered with an insulation protective layer; and between the array substrate and the color filter substrate, a main post spacer and an auxiliary post spacer having a same height are provided; first terminals of the main post spacer and the auxiliary post spacer are connected with the color filter substrate; a second terminal of the main post spacer abuts on the insulation protective layer, and is right opposite to the electrode lead; a second terminal of the auxiliary post space is floating above the insulation protective layer and is right opposite to a region without providing the electrode lead. 2. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 1, wherein, a black matrix is disposed on the color filter substrate, and the main post spacer and the auxiliary post spacer are formed on the black matrix. 3. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 2, wherein, a color photoresist is disposed on the color filter substrate; the color photoresist includes a red photoresist, a green photoresist and a blue photoresist; the red photoresist, the green photoresist and the blue photoresist are separated each other by the black matrix. 4. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 2, wherein, the multiple electrode leads are disposed right opposite to the black matrix. 5. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 4, wherein, the multiple self-capacitance electrodes which are isolated with each other are arranged as a matrix, the electrode lead is electrically connected with a corresponding self-capacitance electrode by a through hole in the planarization layer. 6. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 5, wherein, the electrode lead that disposed with the main post spacer above includes a first region right opposite to the main post spacer, and a width of the first region is greater than a width of the second terminal of the main post spacer. 7. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 1, wherein, the electrode lead that disposed with the main post spacer above includes a first region right opposite to the main post spacer, and a width of the first region is greater than a width of the second terminal of the main post spacer. 8. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 7, wherein, the electrode lead that disposed with the main post spacer above further includes a second region outside the first region, and a width of the second region is not greater than the width of the second terminal of the main post spacer. 9. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 7, wherein, a cross section of each of the main post spacer and the auxiliary post spacer is a circular shape. 10. The liquid crystal touch panel according to claim 9, wherein, a diameter of the first terminal of the main post spacer is greater than a diameter of the second terminal of the main post spacer, and a diameter of the first terminal of the auxiliary post spacer is greater than a diameter of the second terminal of the auxiliary post spacer. 11. A liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal panel and a backlight module, wherein the liquid crystal panel and the backlight module are disposed oppositely, the backlight module provides a display light source to the liquid crystal panel such that the liquid crystal panel can display an image; wherein, the liquid crystal panel is a liquid crystal touch panel comprising an array substrate and a color filter substrate which are disposed oppositely, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the array substrate and the color filter substrate, wherein, on the array substrate, a common electrode layer and a planarization layer are disposed sequentially; the common electrode layer is divided into multiple self-capacitance electrodes which are isolated with each other; on the planarization layer, multiple electrode leads are provided; the multiple electrode leads and the multiple self-capacitance electrodes are electrically connected one by one, and the multiple electrode leads are covered with an insulation protective layer; and between the array substrate and the color filter substrate, a main post spacer and an auxiliary post spacer having a same height are provided; first terminals of the main post spacer and the auxiliary post spacer are connected with the color filter substrate; a second terminal of the main post spacer abuts on the insulation protective layer, and is right opposite to the electrode lead; a second terminal of the auxiliary post space is floating above the insulation protective layer and is right opposite to a region without providing the electrode lead. 12. The liquid crystal display according to claim 11, wherein, a black matrix is disposed on the color filter substrate, and the main post spacer and the auxiliary post spacer are formed on the black matrix. 13. The liquid crystal display according to claim 12, wherein, a color photoresist is disposed on the color filter substrate; the color photoresist includes a red photoresist, a green photoresist and a blue photoresist; the red photoresist, the green photoresist and the blue photoresist are separated each other by the black matrix. 14. The liquid crystal display according to claim 12, wherein, the multiple electrode leads are disposed right opposite to the black matrix. 15. The liquid crystal display according to claim 14, wherein, the multiple self-capacitance electrodes which are isolated with each other are arranged as a matrix, the electrode lead is electrically connected with a corresponding self-capacitance electrode by a through hole in the planarization layer. 16. The liquid crystal display according to claim 15, wherein, the electrode lead that disposed with the main post spacer above includes a first region right opposite to the main post spacer, and a width of the first region is greater than a width of the second terminal of the main post spacer. 17. The liquid crystal display according to claim 11, wherein, the electrode lead that disposed with the main post spacer above includes a first region right opposite to the main post spacer, and a width of the first region is greater than a width of the second terminal of the main post spacer. 18. The liquid crystal display according to claim 17, wherein, the electrode lead that disposed with the main post spacer above further includes a second region outside the first region, and a width of the second region is not greater than the width of the second terminal of the main post spacer. 19. The liquid crystal display according to claim 17, wherein, a cross section of each of the main post spacer and the auxiliary post spacer is a circular shape. 20. The liquid crystal display according to claim 19, wherein, a diameter of the first terminal of the main post spacer is greater than a diameter of the second terminal of the main post spacer, and a diameter of the first terminal of the auxiliary post spacer is greater than a diameter of the second terminal of the auxiliary post spacer.",
-    "An ophthalmic device capable of obtaining B-scan graphical images at high speed while eliminating positional displacement due to movement of a subject eye. The device includes: anterior eye image obtaining means configured to obtain an image of an anterior eye of a subject eye; eye fundus image obtaining means configured to obtain an image of an eye fundus of the subject eye; and control means configured to detect a moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image using means configured to calculate correlation between a moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image and a moving distance in the eye fundus image, and to control a position for imaging of the eye fundus image based on the detected moving distance of the subject eye and the calculated correlation. 1. An ophthalmic device comprising: anterior eye image obtaining means configured to obtain an image of an anterior eye of a subject eye; eye fundus image obtaining means configured to obtain an image of an eye fundus of the subject eye; and correlation calculating means configured to calculate correlation between a moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image and a moving distance in the eye fundus image. 2. The ophthalmic device according to claim 1, wherein the eye fundus image obtaining means includes at least two eye fundus image obtaining means each configured to obtain an image of the eye fundus of the subject eye, and the correlation calculating means calculates correlation between the moving distance of the subject eye obtained by the anterior eye image obtaining means and a moving distance in the eye fundus image taken by one of the at least two eye fundus image obtaining means. 3. The ophthalmic device according to claim 1, additionally comprising control means configured to control a position for imaging of the eye fundus image by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means based on the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image using the correlation calculated by the correlation calculating means and/or the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the eye fundus image obtained by the eye fundus image obtaining means. 4. The ophthalmic device according to claim 2, additionally comprising control means configured to control a position for imaging of the eye fundus image by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means based on the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image using the correlation calculated by the correlation calculating means and/or the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the eye fundus image obtained by the eye fundus image obtaining means. 5. The ophthalmic device according to claim 1, additionally comprising positional displacement correction means configured to perform correction of positional displacement of the eye fundus image after imaging by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means based on the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image using the correlation calculated by the correlation calculating means and/or the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the eye fundus image obtained by the eye fundus image obtaining means. 6. The ophthalmic device according to claim 2, additionally comprising positional displacement correction means configured to perform correction of positional displacement of the eye fundus image after imaging by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means based on the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the moving distance of the subject eye in the anterior eye image using the correlation calculated by the correlation calculating means and/or the moving distance of the eye fundus image calculated from the eye fundus image obtained by the eye fundus image obtaining means. 7. The ophthalmic device according to claim 1, wherein the correlation calculating means includes calculating means configured to obtain a plurality of anterior eye images and a plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means) for a predetermined time period, and to calculate correlation between a moving distance of the subject eye and a moving distance in the eye fundus image (due to the movement of the subject eye) from the plurality of obtained anterior eye images and the plurality of obtained eye fundus images. 8. The ophthalmic device according to claim 2, wherein the correlation calculating means includes calculating means configured to obtain a plurality of anterior eye images and a plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means) for a predetermined time period, and to calculate correlation between a moving distance of the subject eye and a moving distance in the eye fundus image (due to the movement of the subject eye) from the plurality of obtained anterior eye images and the plurality of obtained eye fundus images. 9. The ophthalmic device according to claim 3, wherein the correlation calculating means includes calculating means configured to obtain a plurality of anterior eye images and a plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means) for a predetermined time period, and to calculate correlation between a moving distance of the subject eye and a moving distance in the eye fundus image (due to the movement of the subject eye) from the plurality of obtained anterior eye images and the plurality of obtained eye fundus images. 10. The ophthalmic device according to claim 4, wherein the correlation calculating means includes calculating means configured to obtain a plurality of anterior eye images and a plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means) for a predetermined time period, and to calculate correlation between a moving distance of the subject eye and a moving distance in the eye fundus image (due to the movement of the subject eye) from the plurality of obtained anterior eye images and the plurality of obtained eye fundus images. 11. The ophthalmic device according to claim 7, wherein when obtaining and recording the plurality of anterior eye images and the plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means), the correlation calculating means also records time of the obtaining. 12. The ophthalmic device according to claim 8, wherein when obtaining and recording the plurality of anterior eye images and the plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means), the correlation calculating means also records time of the obtaining. 13. The ophthalmic device according to claim 9, wherein when obtaining and recording the plurality of anterior eye images and the plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means), the correlation calculating means also records time of the obtaining. 14. The ophthalmic device according to claim 10, wherein when obtaining and recording the plurality of anterior eye images and the plurality of eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means), the correlation calculating means also records time of the obtaining. 15. The ophthalmic device according to claim 7, wherein the correlation calculating means obtains the anterior eye images and the eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means) at the same time at at least two different times. 16. The ophthalmic device according to claim 11, wherein the correlation calculating means obtains the anterior eye images and the eye fundus images (by the at least one eye fundus image obtaining means) at the same time at at least two different times. 17. The ophthalmic device according to claim 1, wherein the eye fundus image obtaining means is any one of a fundus camera, an SLO, and an OCT. 18. The ophthalmic device according to claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic device is an OCT imaging device for ophthalmology including a fundus camera or an SLO as means of obtaining a front image of the eye fundus.",
-    "Systems and methods for use in association with a master entity index system may allow data records to be grouped together into various entities, where each of the entities may represent a logical or physical item. These entities may also be associated with one another in a manner such that relationships between entities may likewise be represented. In one embodiment, an interface may be provided for use in conjunction with the master entity index system such that these various entities and relationships may be better managed, manipulated or visualized. This interface may allow a user to search for or otherwise obtain an entity, where a representation of this entity and one or more associated entities may be presented to the user along with representations of the relationships between these entities. 1-13. (canceled) 14. A method for displaying and configuring associations between data records, comprising: presenting a user with an interface for use with a system, wherein the system is operable to associate data records as entities according to a set of entity types and establish relationships between a first entity and one or more second different entities and the relationships are defined according to a set of relationship types, wherein the relationship provides a link to enable retrieval of the one or more second entities based on the first entity, the interface operable to: search for a first entity using one or more search criteria; display a first entity representation corresponding to the first entity; display one or more second entity representations, each second entity representation representing a corresponding second entity; offer for selection a set of relationships for a first entity representation and one of the second entity representations selected by a user, wherein each defined relationship designates a first entity type and a second different entity type and said offering includes: validating relationships to include in the set of relationships by checking the first and second entity types designated by defined relationships against corresponding entity types of the first and second entities represented by the first and selected second entity representations, wherein each relationship of the offered set of relationships is valid and designates first and second entity types that are of the entity types of the first and second represented entities; and establish a relationship selected from the offered set of relationships between those represented entities. 15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the interface is operable to display a set of relationship representations, each relationship representation representing a relationship between the first entity and one of the one or more second entities. 17-18. (canceled) 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the interface is operable to allow a user to select a relationship representation for deletion, wherein a relationship represented by the selected relationship representation is deleted. 20. A computer readable memory device for associating data records, comprising instructions translatable for: presenting a user with an interface for use with a system, wherein the system is operable to associate data records as entities according to a set of entity types and establish relationships between a first entity and one or more second different entities and the relationships are defined according to a set of relationship types, wherein the relationship provides a link to enable retrieval of the one or more second entities based on the first entity, the interface operable to: search for a first entity using one or more search criteria; display a first entity representation corresponding to the first entity; display one or more second entity representations, each second entity representation representing a corresponding second entity; offer for selection a set of relationships for a first entity representation and one of the second entity representations selected by a user, wherein each defined relationship designates a first entity type and a second different entity type and said offering includes: validating relationships to include in the set of relationships by checking the first and second entity types designated by defined relationships against corresponding entity types of the first and second entities represented by the first and selected second entity representations, wherein each relationship of the offered set of relationships is valid and designates first and second entity types that are of the entity types of the first and second represented entities; and establish a relationship selected from the offered set of relationships between those represented entities. 21. (canceled) 22. The computer readable memory device of claim 20, wherein the interface is operable to display a set of relationship representations, each relationship representation representing a relationship between the first entity and one of the one or more second entities. 23-24. (canceled) 25. The computer readable memory device of claim 22, wherein the interface is operable to allow a user to select a relationship representation for deletion, wherein a relationship represented by the selected relationship representation is deleted. 26. A system for displaying and configuring associations between data records, comprising: one or more information sources, each information source comprising a computer readable medium; and a master entity index system comprising a processor and operable for: presenting a user with an interface, wherein the master entity index system is operable to associate data records as entities according to a set of entity types and establish relationships between a first entity and one or more second different entities and the relationships are defined according to a set of relationship types, wherein the relationship provides a link to enable retrieval of the one or more second entities based on the first entity, the interface operable to: search for a first entity using one or more search criteria; display a first entity representation corresponding to the first entity; display one or more second entity representations, each second entity representation representing a corresponding second entity; offer for selection a set of relationships for a first entity representation and one of the second entity representations selected by a user, wherein each defined relationship designates a first entity type and a second different entity type and said offering includes: validating relationships to include in the set of relationships by checking the first and second entity types designated by defined relationships against corresponding entity types of the first and second entities represented by the first and selected second entity representations, wherein each relationship of the offered set of relationships is valid and designates first and second entity types that are of the entity types of the first and second represented entities; and establish a relationship selected from the offered set of relationships between those represented entities. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the interface is operable to display a set of relationship representations, each relationship representation representing a relationship between the first entity and one of the one or more second entities. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the interface is operable to allow a user to select a relationship representation for deletion, wherein the master entity index system deletes a relationship represented by the selected relationship representation.",
-    "A remote plasma generator includes a body, a driver, and a protection tube. The body includes a gas injection port, a plasma exhaust port, and a plasma generation pipe through which discharge gas or plasma flow. The driver is coupled to the body and generates a magnetic field and plasma in the body. The protection tube is at an inner side of the plasma generation pipe to protect the plasma generation pipe from plasma. 1. A remote plasma generator, comprising: a body including a gas injection port, a plasma exhaust port, and a plasma generation pipe through which discharge gas or plasma flow; a driver, coupled to the body, to generate a magnetic field and plasma in the body; and a protection tube, at an inner side of the plasma generation pipe, to protect the plasma generation pipe from plasma. 2. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a protection layer at a portion of an inner side of the body except for the inner side of the plasma generation pipe. 3. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 2, wherein the protection layer includes a coating layer having plasma corrosion resistance. 4. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protection tube includes yttrium oxide. 5. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein a tolerance between the protection tube and the plasma generation pipe is about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm. 6. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: an adhesive layer between the plasma generation pipe and the protection tube. 7. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 6, wherein the protection tube includes: a first bent portion extending from at least one of two end portions of the protection tube in a first direction and covering an end of the adhesive layer; and a second bent portion extending in a second direction crossing the first direction of the first bent portion. 8. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 6, wherein the protection tube includes: a first bent portion extending from at least one of two end portions of the protection tube in a first direction and covering an end of the adhesive layer; and a protection ring at an end of the first bent portion. 9. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 6, further comprising: a protection ring at least one of two end portions of the protection tube and covering an end of the adhesive layer, wherein the protection ring has an outer circumference with a stepped portion and extends in a direction crossing a main surface thereof. 10. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 6, wherein the adhesive layer includes a silicone adhesive. 11. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a cooling channel formed in the body to circulate a cooling medium, wherein the cooling channel has a first side connected to a cooling medium supply source and a second side connected to a cooling medium recovery device. 12. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 11, further comprising: a temperature sensor to measure a temperature of the protection tube; and a controller to receive a temperature signal from the temperature sensor and apply control signals to the cooling medium supply source and the cooling medium recovery device. 13. A remote plasma generator, comprising: a body including a gas injection port and a plasma exhaust port; a driver electrode, fixed to the body, to receive an alternating-current (AC) voltage and to generate plasma in the body; a ground electrode fixed to the body and interposed between the driver electrode and the plasma exhaust port; and a protection layer to protect an inner side of the body from plasma. 14. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 13, wherein the protection layer includes yttrium oxide. 15. The remote plasma generator as claimed in claim 14, further comprising: an adhesive layer between the body and the protection layer. 16. An apparatus for a plasma generator, comprising: a pipe to transfer gas or plasma; and a protection layer on an inner surface the pipe, wherein the protection layer separates the inner surface of the pipe from the gas or plasma and includes a first portion extending in a first direction substantially parallel to the inner surface of the pipe and a second portion crossing the first direction, the second portion overlapping an end of the pipe and an end of a body adjacent to the end of the pipe, the protection layer including a material resistant to corrosion from the gas or plasma. 17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the material includes yttrium oxide. 18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: a third portion contacting the second portion of the protection layer, wherein the third portion extends from the end of the second portion of the protection layer in the first direction. 19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 18, wherein the third portion is integrally formed with the second portion. 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 18, wherein the third portion is a ring contacting the second portion of the protection layer.",
-    "An example accessory can be attached to an information processing device. The accessory includes a housing, a movable operation section, and a movable portion. An inside of the housing is visible from an outside thereof through at least a portion thereof. At least a portion of the operation section is exposed on the outside of the housing. The movable portion is placed at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing. A position and/or an attitude of the movable portion changes in response to the operation section being operated. 1. An accessory which can be attached to an information processing device, the accessory comprising: a housing of which an inside is visible from an outside thereof through at least a portion thereof; a movable operation section at least a portion of which is exposed on the outside of the housing; and a movable portion placed at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing, wherein a position and/or an attitude of the movable portion changes in response to the operation section being operated. 2. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein: a portion of the housing has an opening; and the movable portion is placed at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the opening portion of the housing. 3. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein the movable portion includes an identification portion in an area that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing, wherein the identification portion is distinguishable from other portions. 4. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the area of the movable portion that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing is formed by a member that can be identified by an infrared camera. 5. The accessory according to claim 1, further comprising a connecting portion for connecting the housing with the information processing device so that the portion of the housing is covered by the information processing device to which the accessory is attached. 6. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein the movable portion moves, in response to the operation section being operated, in at least one of an up-down direction, a left-right direction and a front-rear direction as seen through the portion of the housing. 7. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein the operation section and the movable portion are configured as an integral part. 8. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein on the inside of the housing, a predetermined marker is provided at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing, wherein the position at which the movable portion is provided is different from the position at which the marker is provided. 9. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein: the operation section includes a first operation member and a second operation member that can be operated independently of each other; the first operation member and the second operation member are arranged in line with each other in a front-rear direction as seen through the portion of the housing; the movable portion includes a first movable portion of which a position and/or an attitude changes in response to the first operation member being operated, and a second movable portion of which a position and/or an attitude changes in response to the second operation member being operated; and the first movable portion is displaced from the second movable portion as seen through the portion of the housing. 10. The accessory according to claim 1, wherein: the operation section is configured to be rotatable; and the movable portion rotates in accordance with rotation of the operation section, and a shape and/or a design pattern of the movable portion as seen through the portion of the housing changes as the movable portion rotates. 11. An information processing system including an information processing device having a camera, and an accessory which can be attached to the information processing device, wherein: the accessory includes: a housing of which an inside is visible from an outside thereof through at least a portion thereof; a movable operation section at least a portion of which is exposed on the outside of the housing; and a movable portion placed at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing, wherein a position and/or an attitude of the movable portion changes in response to the operation section being operated; the accessory is attached to the information processing device at such a position that the camera can capture an image of the inside of the housing through the portion of the housing; and one or more processor of the information processing system: determines an operation performed on the operation section based on a camera image captured by the camera and including an image of the movable portion; and performs a predetermined process based on the determined operation. 12. The information processing system according to claim 11, wherein: the processor determines whether or not the operation section is operated based on the camera image; and the processor performs a predetermined process based on whether or not the operation section is operated. 13. The information processing system according to claim 11, wherein: the processor calculates an amount of operation performed on the operation section based on the camera image; and the processor performs a predetermined process based on the amount of operation. 14. The information processing system according to claim 11, wherein: on the inside of the housing, a predetermined marker is provided at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing, wherein the position at which the movable portion is provided is different from the position at which the marker is provided; and the processor recognizes the predetermined marker in the camera image to determine an operation performed on the operation section based on at least one of a position, a direction and a shape of an image of the movable portion with respect to the marker in the camera image. 15. An information processing system comprising an information processing device having a camera, and an accessory which can be attached to the information processing device, wherein: the accessory includes a housing of which an inside is visible from an outside thereof through at least a portion thereof; on the inside of the housing, a predetermined marker is provided at a position inside the housing that is visible from the outside of the housing through the portion of the housing; the accessory can be attached to the information processing device at such a position that the camera can capture an image of the inside of the housing through the portion of the housing; and one or more processor of the information processing system: recognizes the predetermined marker in the camera image obtained by the camera; and performs a predetermined process based on the marker recognition result. 16. The information processing system according to claim 15, wherein the processor performs a different process depending on a type of the marker recognized. 17. An information processing system to which an accessory can be attached, wherein: the information processing system includes a camera; one or more processor of the information processing system: with the accessory attached thereto, recognizes a predetermined marker in a camera image obtained by the camera; and performs a predetermined process based on the marker recognition result.",
-    "A method for performing communication by a cellular base station in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes performing channel contention for occupying a channel of an unlicensed band, if the channel of the unlicensed band is occupied, the cellular base station transmits a first message including information about a time period in which the channel of the unlicensed band is usable, to at least one first User Equipment (UE) that performs communication in the channel of the unlicensed band using a first communication scheme, and communicating with a second UE using a second communication scheme different from the first communication scheme in the channel of the unlicensed band during a time period corresponding to the time period information. The second communication scheme corresponds to a cellular communication scheme, and the first message is transmitted to the at least one first UE based on the first communication scheme. 1. A method for performing communication by a base station in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting, to a first user equipment (UE) performing communication in a channel of an unlicensed band, a first message including information on a time period for reserving the channel of the unlicensed band, based on a Wi-Fi communication scheme; receiving, from the first UE, a second message in response to the first message; and performing communication with a second UE during the time period in the reserved channel of the unlicensed band, based on a cellular communication scheme. 2. The method of claim 1, before transmitting the first message, further comprising: performing channel contention for occupying the channel of the unlicensed band. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing communication with the second UE during the time period in another channel of a cellular band as a primary channel based on the cellular communication scheme, wherein the channel of the unlicensed band is used as a secondary channel for the communication with the second UE during the time period. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the cellular communication scheme to be used for communication with the second UE during the time period in the channel of the unlicensed band based on at least one of environment condition or traffic load of the wireless communication system. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second message includes at least one of a channel number of the unlicensed band, frequency information for the channel of the unlicensed band, bandwidth information for the channel of the unlicensed band, or information about the time period. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first message corresponds to one of a request to send (RTS) control frame, a clear to send (CTS) control frame in which an address of the base station is set as a destination address, or a frame including a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) header without a payload. 7. A method for performing communication by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting a first message including information about an unlicensed band supported by the UE, to a base station based on a cellular communication scheme; receiving a second message including an allocated channel of the unlicensed band, from the base station; and performing communication with the base station during a time period in the allocated channel of the unlicensed band using the cellular communication scheme, wherein the time period is reserved in the allocated channel of the unlicensed band based on a Wi-Fi communication scheme by the base station. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: performing communication with the base station during the time period in another channel of a cellular band as a primary channel based on the cellular communication scheme, wherein the channel of the unlicensed band is used as a secondary channel for the communication with the second UE during the time period. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the unlicensed band is indicated by a center frequency information and bandwidth information of the unlicensed band. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein information about the time period is transmitted to at least one second UE that uses the channel of the unlicensed band, by the base station, and communication for the at least one second UE is interrupted for the time period. 11. A base station in a wireless communication system, the base station comprising: a first communication entity configured to perform communication using a Wi-Fi communication scheme; a second communication entity configured to perform communication using a cellular communication scheme; and a controller configured to: control the first communication entity to: transmit, to a first user equipment (UE) performing communication in a channel of an unlicensed band, a first message including information on a time period for reserving the channel of the unlicensed band, and receive, from the first UE, a second message in response to the first message, and control the second communication entity to perform communication with a second UE during the time period in the reserved channel of the unlicensed band. 12. The base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to perform channel contention for occupying the channel of the unlicensed band. 13. The base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to control the second communication entity to perform communication with the second UE during the time period in another channel of a cellular band as a primary channel, and wherein the channel of the unlicensed band is used as a secondary channel for the communication with the second UE during the time period. 14. The base station of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to determine the cellular communication scheme to be used for communication with the second UE during the time period in the channel of the unlicensed band based on at least one of environment condition or traffic load of the wireless communication system. 15. The base station of claim 11, wherein the second message includes at least one of a channel number of the unlicensed band, frequency information for the channel of the unlicensed band, bandwidth information for the channel of the unlicensed band, or information about the time period. 16. The base station of claim 11, wherein the first message corresponds to one of a request to send (RTS) control frame, a clear to send (CTS) control frame in which an address of the base station is set as a destination address, or a frame including a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) header without a payload. 17. A user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the UE comprising: an entity configured to transmit a first message including information about an unlicensed band supported by the UE, to a base station based on a cellular communication scheme; and a controller configured to: receive a second message including an allocated channel of the unlicensed band, from the base station, and perform communication with the base station during a time period in the allocated channel of the unlicensed band using the cellular communication scheme, wherein the time period is reserved in the allocated channel of the unlicensed band based on a Wi-Fi communication scheme by the base station. 18. The UE of claim 17, wherein the controller is further configured to perform communication with the base station during the time period in another channel of a cellular band as a primary channel based on the cellular communication scheme, and wherein the channel of the unlicensed band is used as a secondary channel for the communication with the second UE during the time period. 19. The UE of claim 17, wherein the unlicensed band is indicated by a center frequency information and bandwidth information of the unlicensed band. 20. The UE of claim 17, wherein information about the time period is transmitted to at least one second UE that uses the channel of the unlicensed band, by the base station, and communication for the at least one second UE is interrupted for the time period.",
-    "A plug connector assembly (1) includes: a mating member (10) for receiving a mating connector; a printed circuit board (20) electrically connected with the mating member; an outer shell (60) enclosing the printed circuit board; a light member mounted on the printed circuit board; and a light pipe (50) mounted on the printed circuit board to transmit light emitted from the light member to an outer side of the outer shell; wherein the outer shell comprises at least one supporting member (624) extending inwardly to support the printed circuit board in order to prevent the printed circuit board from movement during mounting the light pipe to the printed circuit board. 1. A plug connector assembly comprising: a mating member for receiving a mating connector; a printed circuit board electrically connected with the mating member; an outer shell enclosing the printed circuit board; a light member mounted on the printed circuit board; and a light pipe mounted on the printed circuit board to transmit light emitted from the light member to an outer side of the outer shell; wherein the outer shell comprises at least one supporting member extending inwardly to support the printed circuit board in order to prevent the printed circuit board from movement during mounting the light pipe to the printed circuit board. 2. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the outer shell comprises an upper shell and a lower shell latched with the upper shell. 3. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the printed circuit board comprises a top face, a bottom face opposite to the top face, and a pair of side faces connected with the top and the bottom faces, the light member and the light pipe mounted on the top face. 4. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein the lower shell comprises a bottom wall and a pair of side walls extending upwardly from opposite sides of the bottom wall, respectively, each of the side wall comprising a connecting beam extending inclined and inwardly and a soldering portion extending from a free end of the connecting beam and parallel to the side walls of the bottom wall, each of the side faces of the printed circuit board comprising a soldering area, the soldering portions soldered with the soldering areas respectively to keep the printed circuit board in a middle portion of the outer shell. 5. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein the soldering portions are soldered with the soldering areas prior to mounting the light pipe onto the printed circuit board. 6. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein there are a pair of supporting members, each of the supporting members vertically extending from a corresponding soldering portion to support the bottom face of the printed circuit board. 7. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 3, wherein the printed circuit board defines a pair of mounting holes extending through the top and bottom faces of the printed circuit board, and the light pipe comprises a pair of mounting posts extending downwardly to interference fit with the mounting holes to fix the light pipe to the printed circuit board. 8. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein the upper shell defines a though hole, and the light pipe comprises a guide post extending upwardly and received in the through hole. 9. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the mating member comprises a front mating end and a rear mating end, and the lower shell comprises a mating portion enclosing and soldered to an outer side of the rear mating end. 10. The plug connector assembly as recited in claim 9, further comprising an outer molding over-moldered with the outer shell. 11. A plug connector comprising: a mating member including an insulative housing defining a receiving cavity, which forwardly communicates with an exterior in a front-to-back direction, and enclosed within a metallic front shell, a plurality of contacts disposed in the housing with front mating sections extending into the receiving cavity and rear connecting sections along the front-to-back direction; a printed circuit board positioned behind the housing in the front-to-back direction, and including along the front-to-back direction a front region where the connecting sections are soldered and a rear region, said printed circuit board defining two opposite surfaces in a vertical direction perpendicular to said front-to-back direction, said printed circuit board extending rearwardly behind the housing; a cable located behind the printed circuit board and including wires electrically and mechanically connected to the rear region of the printed circuit board; a light emitting device mounted upon one of said two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board; a light waveguide mounted upon said one of the two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board and essentially covering the light emitting device in the vertical direction; a metallic rear shell enclosing both two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board; wherein said rear shell forms a supporting member abutting against the other of said two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board for supporting the printed circuit board during mounting the light waveguide upon said one of the two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board. 12. The plug connector as claimed in claim 11, wherein said rear shell forms a through hole through which the light waveguide extends in the vertical direction. 13. The plug connector as claimed in claim 12, further including an outer molding shielding the rear shell, wherein said light waveguide extends through the outer molding to be exposed to the exterior in the vertical direction. 14. The plug connector as claimed in claim 12, wherein said rear shell includes in the vertical direction opposite first and second parts assembled to each other in the vertical direction to respectively shield said one and said other of the two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board, and wherein the supporting member is formed on the second parts which shield the other of said two opposite surfaces in the vertical direction while the through hole is formed in said first part which shield said one of the two opposite surfaces in the vertical direction. 15. The plug connector as claimed in claim 12, wherein the rear shell is assembled with the front shell. 16. The plug connector as claimed in claim 11, wherein via supporting from the supporting member, the printed circuit board operates in a manner of a restrained beam type. 17. The plug connector as claimed in claim 11, wherein said supporting member is positioned adjacent to one lateral side edge of the printed circuit board. 18. The plug connector as claimed in claim 11, wherein said rear shell further includes a soldering portion unitarily formed associatively with the supporting member and soldered upon a side edge of the printed circuit board in a transverse direction perpendicular to both said front-to-back direction and said vertical direction. 19. A plug connector comprising: a mating member including an insulative housing defining a receiving cavity, which forwardly communicates with an exterior in a front-to-back direction, and enclosed within a metallic front shell, a plurality of contacts disposed in the housing with front mating sections extending into the receiving cavity and rear connecting sections along the front-to-back direction; a printed circuit board positioned behind the housing in the front-to-back direction, and including along the front-to-back direction a front region where the connecting sections are soldered and a rear region, said printed circuit board defining two opposite surfaces in a vertical direction perpendicular to said front-to-back direction, said printed circuit board extending rearwardly behind the housing; a cable located behind the printed circuit board and including wires electrically and mechanically connected to the rear region of the printed circuit board; a light emitting device mounted upon one of said two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board; a light waveguide mounted upon said one of the two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board and essentially covering the light emitting device in the vertical direction; a metallic rear shell enclosing both two opposite surfaces of the printed circuit board; wherein said rear shell includes a soldering portion soldered to the printed circuit board to support the printed circuit board during mounting the light waveguide upon the printed circuit board so as to have said printed circuit board operate in a manner of a fixed beam type. 20. The plug connector as claimed in claim 19, wherein the soldering portion is positioned adjacent to one lateral side edge of the printed circuit board in a transverse direction perpendicular to both said front-to-back direction and said vertical direction.",
-    "Compression molding of metals is used to make microchannel heat exchangers. Heat transfer can be improved by employing controlled microchannel surface roughness. Flux-free bonding is achieved using a eutectic thin-film intermediate layer. Seals are leak-tight, mechanically strong, and uniform across multiple contact areas. The metal heat exchangers may be mass-produced inexpensively, and are useful for applications including the cooling of computer chips and other high-power electronic devices, air conditioning, refrigeration, condenser plates, radiators, fuel cell heat management, and instant water heating. 1. A process for making a metal microchannel heat exchanger, said process comprising: forming one or more open microchannels on a surface of a first homogeneous metal piece, wherein at least one of the microchannels has a width between about 30 \u03bcm and about 1000 \u03bcm, and a depth between about 30 \u03bcm and about 1000 \u03bcm; providing a second homogeneous metal piece that, when bonded to the first metal piece, will convert one or more open microchannels on the first metal piece into one or more closed microchannels, wherein the one or more closed microchannels are adapted to transport liquid without substantial leakage; providing a eutectic layer or eutectic precursor layer at one or more of the following locations: a surface of the first metal piece, a surface of the second metal piece, or between the first and second metal pieces; simultaneously applying pressure to and heating the first and second metal pieces, wherein: the pressure pushes the first and second metal pieces toward each other, with the eutectic layer or eutectic precursor layer between the first and second metal pieces; the pieces are heated to a temperature at which the eutectic layer or eutectic precursor layer melts, or at which the eutectic layer or eutectic precursor layer interacts with the metal pieces to form a molten eutectic composition between the first and second metal pieces; and the temperature to which the metal pieces are heated is sufficiently below the melting temperature of the first and second metal pieces that no substantial deformation of the one or more microchannels occurs; cooling the first and second metal pieces to a temperature substantially below the eutectic melting temperature, while maintaining the pressure during at least a portion of said cooling; such that the first and second metal pieces fuse together; such that the one or more open microchannels are converted into one or more closed microchannels, wherein the one or more closed microchannels are adapted to transport liquid without substantial leakage; and wherein no substantial blockage of the one or more closed microchannels occurs as a result of said heating, applying pressure, and cooling; and wherein: the one or more closed microchannels are enclosed entirely by the fused first and second metal pieces and eutectic layer; whereby the fused first and second homogeneous pieces and eutectic layer, together with the enclosed one or more closed microchannels, form a microchannel heat exchanger. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger is capable of withstanding an internal pressure in the one or more closed microchannels of 100 atmospheres or greater. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said microchannel-forming step comprises compression molding of one or both metal pieces with a refractory metal mold insert. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one of the closed microchannels has a surface roughness between about 3 \u03bcm and about 15 \u03bcm. 5. A metal microchannel heat exchanger produced by the process of claim 1. 6. The metal microchannel heat exchanger of claim 5, wherein said first and second homogeneous metal pieces are brazed to one another by said eutectic layer. 7. The metal microchannel heat exchanger of claim 5, wherein the one or more closed microchannels comprise a plurality of substantially parallel microchannels. 8. The metal microchannel heat exchanger of claim 7, wherein the plurality of substantially parallel microchannels as supplied by a common fluid supply channel. 9. The metal microchannel heat exchanger of claim 5, wherein the one or more closed microchannels comprise a meandering microchannel. 10. The metal microchannel heat exchanger of claim 5, wherein the one or more closed microchannels discharge into a fluid drain plenum. 11. The metal microchannel heat exchanger of claim 10, wherein the one or more closed microchannels comprise at least one microchannel that discharges into the fluid drain plenum via a fluidic transition that widens outward from an end of the at least one microchannel. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the eutectic layer or eutectic precursor layer comprises a eutectic nanocomposite thin film. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein a domain size of the eutectic nanocomposite thin film is in a range from about 100 nm to about 400 nm. 14. The process of claim 12, wherein flux-free bonding of the first and second metal pieces is achieved using the eutectic nanocomposite thin film.",
-    "A method for creating an announcement stream for a geographic region is provided. The method receives, at a designated computer system, characterizing metadata for a first audio/video stream; analyzes a second audio/video stream to obtain characterizing metadata for the second video stream; compares, with the computer system, the characterizing metadata for the first video stream to the characterizing metadata for the second video stream to generate offset data; and calculates timing information corresponding to segment boundaries for the second video stream using the offset data. 1. A system for processing video stream data, comprising: a marking station, configured to parse a reference video stream and to store data for the reference video stream, wherein the reference video stream comprises a plurality of video frames; and a comparison station, configured to receive reference video stream data, parse and store data for a video stream of interest, compare the reference video stream data to data for the video stream of interest, determine a plurality of segment boundaries for the video stream of interest based upon the comparison, and transmit announcement data comprising at least the determined plurality of segment boundaries to a plurality of video services receivers. 2. The system for processing video stream data of claim 1, wherein the data for the video stream of interest comprises: first timing information corresponding to each of the plurality of video frames; average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames; and second timing information corresponding to each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries for the video stream of interest. 3. The system for processing video stream data of claim 2, wherein the marking station is further configured to associate the first timing information with the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames. 4. The system for processing video stream data of claim 3, wherein the comparison station compares the reference video stream data to data for the video stream of interest by: subtracting the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames of the video stream of interest from the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames of the reference video stream to obtain a plurality of results; summing an absolute value of each of the plurality of results, for each of the plurality of video frames, to obtain a summed value; and when the summed value is lower than a threshold value, generating offset timing values by subtracting timing information for the video stream of interest from timing information for the reference video stream; and determining the plurality of segment boundaries utilizing the offset timing values. 5. The system for processing video stream data of claim 2, wherein the first timing information and the second timing information comprise a respective Program Clock Reference (PCR) value for each of the plurality of video frames and for each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries. 6. The system for processing video stream data of claim 2, wherein the first timing information and the second timing information comprise a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) value for each of the plurality of video frames and for each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries. 7. The system for processing video stream data of claim 1, wherein the comparison station is further configured to: begin the comparing at an individual video frame of the video stream of interest, wherein the individual video frame of the video stream of interest comprises timing information that is earlier in time than the timing information for the individual video frame of the reference video stream which comprises the earliest timing information for the reference video stream. 8. The system for processing video stream data of claim 1, wherein the comparison station is further configured to compare the reference video stream data to the data for the video stream of interest in a time-forward direction, by: comparing individual video frames sequentially, beginning with a first video frame of the reference video stream associated with first timing information that is earliest in time for the reference video stream, and a first video frame of the video stream of interest associated with timing information that is earliest in time for the video stream of interest; progressing frame-by-frame during the comparing process, from earlier timing information to later timing information, and completing the comparing process with the individual video frames associated with timing information that is latest in time. 9. The system for processing video stream data of claim 1, wherein the comparison station is further configured to compare the reference video stream data to the data for the video stream of interest in a time-reverse direction, by: comparing individual video frames sequentially, beginning with a first video frame of the reference video stream associated with first timing information that is latest in time for the reference video stream, and a first video frame of the video stream of interest associated with timing information that is latest in time for the video stream of interest; progressing frame-by-frame during the comparing process, from later timing information to earlier timing information, and completing the comparing process with the individual video frames associated with timing information that is earliest in time. 10. A system for processing video stream data, comprising: a system memory element; a communication module, configured to receive a reference video stream and a video stream of interest; and at least one processor, communicatively coupled to the system memory element and the communication module, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: parse a reference video stream to obtain reference video stream data, wherein the reference video stream comprises a plurality of video frames; parse a video stream of interest to obtain video stream of interest data; compare the reference video stream data to the video stream of interest data; determine a plurality of segment boundaries for the video stream of interest based on the comparison; and transmit announcement data comprising at least the determined plurality of segment boundaries to at least one video services receiver. 11. The system for processing video stream data of claim 10, wherein the data for the video stream of interest comprises: first timing information corresponding to each of the plurality of video frames; average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames; and second timing information corresponding to each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries for the video stream of interest. 12. The system for processing video stream data of claim 11, wherein the marking station is further configured to associate the first timing information with the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames. 13. The system for processing video stream data of claim 12, wherein the comparison station compares the reference video stream data to data for the video stream of interest by: subtracting the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames of the video stream of interest from the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames of the reference video stream to obtain a plurality of results; summing an absolute value of each of the plurality of results, for each of the plurality of video frames, to obtain a summed value; and when the summed value is lower than a threshold value, generating offset timing values by subtracting timing information for the video stream of interest from timing information for the reference video stream; and determining the plurality of segment boundaries utilizing the offset timing values. 14. The system for processing video stream data of claim 11, wherein the first timing information and the second timing information comprise a respective Program Clock Reference (PCR) value for each of the plurality of video frames and for each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries. 15. The system for processing video stream data of claim 11, wherein the first timing information and the second timing information comprise a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) value for each of the plurality of video frames and for each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries. 16. A method for creating an announcement stream, the apparatus comprising: receiving, by a communication module via a data communication network, a video stream of interest and metadata associated with a reference video stream; analyzing, by at least one processor, the video stream of interest to obtain video stream of interest data; comparing the reference video stream data to the video stream of interest data; determining a plurality of segment boundaries for the video stream of interest, based on the comparing; and transmitting, by the communication module via the data communication network, the announcement stream comprising at least the determined plurality of segment boundaries. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the video stream of interest data comprises: first timing information corresponding to each of the plurality of video frames; average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames; and second timing information corresponding to each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries for the video stream of interest; and wherein the method further comprises associating the first timing information with the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein comparing the reference video stream data to the video stream of interest data further comprises: subtracting the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames of the video stream of interest from the average luminance values for each of the plurality of video frames of the reference video stream to obtain a plurality of results; summing an absolute value of each of the plurality of results, for each of the plurality of video frames, to obtain a summed value; and when the summed value is lower than a threshold value, generating offset timing values by subtracting timing information for the video stream of interest from timing information for the reference video stream; and determining the plurality of segment boundaries utilizing the offset timing values. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first timing information and the second timing information comprise a respective Program Clock Reference (PCR) value for each of the plurality of video frames and for each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the first timing information and the second timing information comprise a Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) value for each of the plurality of video frames and for each of the plurality of marked segment boundaries.",
-    "Modulation patterns for surface scattering antennas provide desired antenna pattern attributes such as reduced side lobes and reduced grating lobes. 1.-58. (canceled) 59. The method of claim 356, further comprising: adjusting the surface scattering antenna to the identified antenna configuration. 60. The method of claim 356, further comprising: operating the surface scattering antenna in the identified antenna configuration. 61. The method of claim 356, further comprising: storing the identified antenna configuration in a storage medium. 62.-92. (canceled) 93. The method of claim 356, wherein the altering of the Fourier spectrum of the discretized hologram function includes, for each location in the plurality of scattering locations: identifying a first contribution of the location to one or more desired spatial Fourier components of the discretized hologram function; identifying a second contribution of the location to one or more undesired spatial Fourier components of the discretized hologram function; and selecting a function value for the location from the discrete set of functions values, where the selected value equals: a value in the discrete set of function values that is closest to the hologram function evaluated at the location, if the ratio of the first contribution to the second contribution is greater than a selected amount; or a minimum value in the discrete set of function value, if the ratio of the first contribution to the second contribution is less than or equal to a selected amount. 94. The method of claim 93, wherein the one or more desired spatial Fourier components are fundamental spatial Fourier components of the discretized hologram function. 95. The method of claim 93, wherein the one or more undesired spatial Fourier components include a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretized hologram at a non-evanescent spatial frequency. 96. (canceled) 97. The method of claim 93, wherein the one or more undesired spatial Fourier components include a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretized hologram at a evanescent spatial frequency that is aliased to a non-evanescent spatial frequency by the discretizing of the discrete plurality of locations. 98. The method of claim 93, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes, for each scattering element in the plurality of scattering elements: identifying a state for the scattering element selected from the discrete set of states and corresponding to the selected function value for the location of the scattering element. 99. The method of claim 356, wherein the altering of the Fourier spectrum of the discretized hologram function includes: altering the hologram function by replacing a fundamental spatial Fourier component of the hologram function with a plurality of spatial Fourier components. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the plurality of spatial Fourier components is a discrete set of Fourier components within a selected spatial frequency bandwidth around a fundamental spatial frequency corresponding to the fundamental spatial Fourier component. 101. The method of claim 99, wherein the plurality of spatial Fourier components is a continuous spectrum of Fourier components within a selected spatial frequency bandwidth around a fundamental spatial frequency corresponding to the fundamental spatial Fourier component. 102.-105. (canceled) 106. The method of claim 356, wherein the altering of the Fourier spectrum of the discretized hologram function includes: altering the discretized hologram function by selectively reducing a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretized hologram function. 107. The method of claim 106, wherein the selectively reducing includes selectively eliminating the harmonic spatial Fourier component. 108. The method of claim 106, wherein the selectively-reduced harmonic spatial Fourier component is a harmonic spatial Fourier component at a non-evanescent spatial frequency. 109. (canceled) 110. The method of claim 106, wherein the selectively-reduced harmonic spatial Fourier component is a harmonic spatial Fourier component at a evanescent spatial frequency that is aliased to a non-evanescent spatial frequency by the discretizing of the discrete plurality of locations. 111.-190. (canceled) 191. The system of claim 357, wherein the adjustable scattering elements are adjustable between a discrete set of states including a minimum state, and Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization of the respective hologram function includes one or more scattering elements set to the minimum state to reduce their disproportional contribution to one or more undesired spatial Fourier components of the discretization of the respective hologram function. 192. The system of claim 191, wherein the one or more undesired spatial Fourier components include a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretization at a non-evanescent spatial frequency. 193. (canceled) 194. The system of claim 191, wherein the one or more undesired spatial Fourier components include a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretization at an evanescent spatial frequency that is aliased to a non-evanescent spatial frequency by the discretization. 195. The system of claim 357, wherein the Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization of the respective hologram function is a discretization of an altered hologram function that replaces a fundamental spatial Fourier component of the respective hologram function with a plurality of spatial Fourier components. 196. The system of claim 195, wherein the plurality of spatial Fourier components is a discrete set of Fourier components within a selected spatial frequency bandwidth around a fundamental spatial frequency corresponding to the fundamental spatial Fourier component. 197. The system of claim 195, wherein the plurality of spatial Fourier components is a continuous spectrum of Fourier components within a selected spatial frequency bandwidth around a fundamental spatial frequency corresponding to the fundamental spatial Fourier component. 198.-201. (canceled) 202. The system of claim 357, wherein the Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization of the respective hologram function is an altered discretization of the respective hologram function that selectively reduces a harmonic spatial Fourier components of the discretization of the respective hologram function. 203. The system of claim 202, wherein the altered discretization that selectively reduces the harmonic spatial Fourier components is an altered discretization that selectively eliminates the harmonic spatial Fourier component. 204. The system of claim 202, wherein the selectively-reduced harmonic spatial Fourier component is a harmonic spatial Fourier component at a non-evanescent spatial frequency. 205. (canceled) 206. The system of claim 202, wherein the selectively-reduced harmonic spatial Fourier component is a harmonic spatial Fourier component at a evanescent spatial frequency that is aliased to a non-evanescent spatial frequency by the discretization. 207.-259. (canceled) 260. The method of claim 358, further comprising: operating the antenna in the antenna configuration. 261.-287. (canceled) 288. The method of claim 358, wherein the adjustable scattering elements are adjustable between a discrete set of states including a minimum state, and the antenna configuration includes one or more scattering elements set to the minimum state to reduce their disproportional contribution to one or more undesired spatial Fourier components of the discretization of the hologram function. 289. The method of claim 288, wherein the one or more undesired spatial Fourier components include a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretization at a non-evanescent spatial frequency. 290. (canceled) 291. The method of claim 288, wherein the one or more undesired spatial Fourier components include a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretization at an evanescent spatial frequency that is aliased to a non-evanescent spatial frequency by the discretization. 292. The method of claim 358, wherein the Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization is a discretization of an altered hologram function that replaces a fundamental spatial Fourier component of the hologram function with a plurality of spatial Fourier components. 293. The method of claim 292, wherein the plurality of spatial Fourier components is a discrete set of Fourier components within a selected spatial frequency bandwidth around a fundamental spatial frequency corresponding to the fundamental spatial Fourier component. 294. The method of claim 292, wherein the plurality of spatial Fourier components is a continuous spectrum of Fourier components within a selected spatial frequency bandwidth around a fundamental spatial frequency corresponding to the fundamental spatial Fourier component. 295.-298. (canceled) 299. The method of claim 358, wherein the Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization is an altered discretization of the hologram function that selectively reduces a harmonic spatial Fourier component of the discretization of the hologram function. 300. The method of claim 299, wherein the altered discretization that selectively reduces the harmonic spatial Fourier components is an altered discretization that selectively eliminates the harmonic spatial Fourier component. 301. The method of claim 299, wherein the selectively-reduced harmonic spatial Fourier component is a harmonic spatial Fourier component at a non-evanescent spatial frequency. 302. (canceled) 303. The method of claim 299, wherein the selectively-reduced harmonic spatial Fourier component is a harmonic spatial Fourier component at a evanescent spatial frequency that is aliased to a non-evanescent spatial frequency by the discretization. 304.-355. (canceled) 356. A method, comprising: discretizing a hologram function for a surface scattering antenna that defines an aperture, where the discretizing includes identifying a discrete plurality of locations on the aperture for a discrete plurality of scattering elements of the surface scattering antenna and identifying a discrete set of states for each of the scattering elements corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each of the locations of the scattering elements; and identifying an antenna configuration that reduces artifacts attributable to the discretizing, wherein the identifying of the antenna configuration includes altering a Fourier spectrum of the discretized hologram function. 357. A system, comprising: a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements that are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; a storage medium on which a set of antenna configurations corresponding to a set of hologram functions is written, each antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of the respective hologram function; and control circuitry operable to read antenna configurations from the storage medium and adjust the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configurations; wherein at least one antenna configuration is a Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization of the respective hologram function. 358. A method of controlling a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements, comprising: reading an antenna configuration from a storage medium, the antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of a hologram function; and adjusting the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configuration; wherein the adjustable scattering elements are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; and wherein the antenna configuration is a Fourier-spectrum-altered discretization of the hologram function.",
-    "A cable with circuitry that enables the cable to communicate data in one of at least two different signal modes of operation is presented. In a first signal mode, the cable enables data communication between the circuitry and either a source device or a sink device. The first signal mode can be used either to communicate properties of the cable itself or of a signal passing through the cable to either the source device or the sink device. In a second signal mode, the cable enables data communication between the source device and the sink device. The second signal mode can be used to communicate data in accordance with a predetermined protocol. 1. A method for communicating data between a transmitter of a first device and a receiver of a second device over a cable, the method comprising: communicating first data in a first signal mode of the cable between a circuit of the cable and either the transmitter or the receiver, the cable configured to couple with the transmitter at one end and with the receiver at another end, and includes a set of conductors, wherein the first data comprises information associated with at least one characteristic of the cable; transitioning the cable from the first signal mode to a second signal mode by turning on or off a switch of the cable that in the first signal mode couples either the transmitter or the receiver with the circuit through one or more conductors of the set of conductors and in the second signal mode couples the transmitter and the receiver through the set of conductors; and communicating second data in the second signal mode between the transmitter and the receiver over one or more conductors of the set of conductors. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising transitioning from the second signal mode to the first signal mode by turning off or on the switch. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising performing the transitioning from the second signal mode to the first signal mode on a predetermined time interval. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein transitioning the cable from the second signal mode to the first signal mode comprises disconnecting at least one conductor of the set of conductors connecting the transmitter and the receiver. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first data includes information derived from a measurement of at least one property of a signal passing through the set of conductors. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one property of the signal passing through the set of conductors includes at least one of: voltage level, current level, power of the signal, frequency components of the signal, attenuation components of the signal, and a degree of skewing of the signal. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one characteristic of the cable includes at least one of: impedance, length, operable frequency range, electromagnetic interference, and common-mode radiation. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising storing the first data in a memory of the circuit during manufacturing of the cable. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising passing a voltage signal carrying the second data through a voltage regulator to convert a voltage level of the voltage signal from a first level to a second level. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the switch comprises a plurality of switching elements, and the method further comprises transitioning the plurality of switching elements between a configuration for the first signal mode and a configuration for the second signal mode. 11. A method of operation of a circuit of a cable comprising a set of conductors that extend from one end of the cable configured to couple with a transmitter to another end of the cable configured to couple with a receiver, comprising: controlling a switch of the cable, to transition an operation mode of the cable between a first signal mode and a second signal mode, for the first signal mode, the controlling causing a signal path to be established via the set of conductors to communicate first data between the circuit and either the transmitter or the receiver, wherein the first data comprises information associated with at least one characteristic of the cable, and for the second signal mode, the controlling causing another signal path to be established via the set of conductors to communicate second data between the transmitter and the receiver. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first data includes information derived from a measurement of at least one property of a signal passing through the set of conductors. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one property of the signal passing through the set of conductors includes at least one of: voltage level, current level, power of the signal, frequency components of the signal, attenuation components of the signal, and a degree of skewing of the signal. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one characteristic of the cable includes at least one of: impedance, length, operable frequency range, measured degree of crosstalk between the set of conductors, electromagnetic interference, and common-mode radiation. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising storing the first data in a memory of the circuit during manufacturing of the cable. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising passing a voltage signal carrying the second data through a voltage regulator to convert a voltage level of the voltage signal from a first level to a second level. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the controlling of the switch comprising controlling a plurality of switching elements of the cable, wherein at least one of the plurality of switching elements is arranged to control whether or not a voltage signal is interrupted between the transmitter and the receiver, and another of the plurality of switching elements is arranged to control whether or not a control signal is interrupted between the transmitter and the receiver. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the controlling of the switch comprising causing a high impedance state between the circuit and a control bus conductor of the set of conductors during the second signal mode. 19. A non-transitory computer readable medium having embedded thereon a program, the program being executable by a processor for performing a method for communicating data between a transmitter of a first device and a receiver of a second device over a cable, the method comprising: communicating first data in a first signal mode of the cable between a circuit of the cable and either the transmitter or the receiver, the cable configured to couple with the transmitter at one end and the receiver at another end via a set of conductors of the cable, wherein the first data comprises information associated with at least one characteristic of the cable; transitioning the cable from the first signal mode to a second signal mode by turning on or off a switch of the cable; and communicating second data in the second signal mode between the transmitter and the receiver.",
-    "We provide a process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with hydrogen and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst; wherein a conjunct polymer content is decreased in the spent acidic ionic liquid to produce regenerated acidic ionic liquid. We also provide a process for making an alkylate gasoline blending component, comprising: a) alkylating a mixture of isoparaffins and olefins using an acidic ionic liquid and an alkyl halide or a hydrogen halide, wherein a conjunct polymer accumulates in a spent acidic ionic liquid; and b) feeding the spent acidic ionic liquid and a hydrogen, and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst, to a regeneration reactor operated under selected hydrogenation conditions to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid that is used for the alkylating, wherein the conjunct polymer in the regenerated acidic ionic liquid is decreased by at least 50 wt %. 1. A process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with a hydrogen and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst; wherein a content of a conjunct polymer is decreased in the spent acidic ionic liquid to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting occurs at a temperature from 100\u00b0 C. to 350\u00b0 C. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting occurs in a vessel with an agitation rate of 50 to 2500 rpm. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the contacting occurs in a vessel under a pressure of 50 to 5000 psig (446 to 34600 kpa). 5. The process of claim 1, wherein a contacting time is from 2 to 50 hours. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the spent acidic ionic liquid comprises greater than 3 wt % of the conjunct polymer. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the regenerated acidic ionic liquid comprises less than 1.5 wt % of the conjunct polymer. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the spent acidic ionic liquid comprises less than 10,000 wppm corrosion metals. 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the regenerated acidic ionic liquid is effective for catalyzing a hydrocarbon conversion selected from the group consisting of an alkylation, a polymerization, a dimerization, an oligomerization, an acylation, a hydrocracking, a metathesis, a copolymerization, an isomerization, a carbonylation, a hydroformylation, a dehalogenation, a dehydration, a disproportionation, a transalkylation, and combinations thereof. 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the spent acidic ionic liquid comprises a metal halide. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the spent acidic ionic liquid is a chloroaluminate or a bromoaluminate. 12. The process of claim 1, wherein the spent acidic ionic liquid comprises an unsubstituted or partly alkylated ammonium ion. 13. The process of claim 1, wherein paraffinic light gases are formed during the contacting. 14. The process of claim 1, wherein an extracted conjunct polymer naphtha, having between 5 and 30 carbon atoms, is produced by the contacting. 15. The process of claim 1, wherein no drying or reducing of the spent acidic ionic liquid is done before the contacting. 16. The process of claim 1, wherein no solids are added or formed in a vessel used for the contacting. 17. The process of claim 1, wherein an amount of a hydrogen chloride in the spent acidic ionic liquid is maintained at a level that increases a rate of decrease of the content of the conjunct polymer. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein a vessel previously containing a solid hydrogenation catalyst is emptied of the solid hydrogenation catalyst and reused for the contacting. 19. An apparatus that is used for performing the process of claim 1, comprising: a vessel comprising an inlet for introducing the hydrogen, a second inlet for introducing the spent acidic ionic liquid, an equipment that provides mixing of the hydrogen and the spent acidic ionic liquid, a vent, no separately added hydrogenation catalyst, and an outlet for removing the regenerated acidic ionic liquid. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, additionally comprising a particulate filter having no hydrogenation activity in the vessel. 21. The apparatus of claim 19, additionally comprising a back-pressure regulator that maintains an amount of a hydrogen chloride in the spent acidic ionic liquid at a level that increases a rate of decrease of the content of the conjunct polymer. 22. A process for making an alkylate gasoline blending component, comprising: a. alkylating a mixture of one or more C4-C7 isoparaffins and one or more C2-C6 olefins in a presence of an acidic ionic liquid and an alkyl halide or a hydrogen halide, to produce the alkylate gasoline blending component, wherein a conjunct polymer is accumulated in a spent acidic ionic liquid; b. feeding the spent acidic ionic liquid and a hydrogen, and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst, to a regeneration reactor operated under hydrogenation conditions including a temperature from 100\u00b0 C. to 350\u00b0 C. and a pressure from 50 to 5000 psig (446 to 34600 kpa), wherein a content of the conjunct polymer is decreased by at least 50 wt % in the spent acidic ionic liquid and the spent acidic ionic liquid becomes a regenerated acidic ionic liquid that is used as a catalyst for the alkylating. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein an amount of a hydrogen chloride in the spent acidic ionic liquid is maintained at a level that increases a rate of decrease of the content of the conjunct polymer.",
-    "A device and method for cleaning producer gas includes a filter bed housing and a microwave chamber. The filter bed housing comprises an inlet for carbon-based material and a spent carbon outlet. The microwave chamber comprises a permeable top and wave guides around the perimeter through which microwaves can be introduced into the device using magnetrons. The method comprises using the device by filling the filter bed housing with carbon-based material, introducing microwaves into the microwave chamber using the magnetrons and wave guides, passing the gas through carbon-based material in the filter bed chamber, the microwave chamber, the gas permeable top and the gas outlet. 1. A method of cleaning gas comprising: Using a gas cleaning device said device comprising: A filter bed housing open to a microwave chamber, said filter bed housing having an inlet for carbon-based material, a spent carbon outlet and a gas inlet; Said microwave chamber comprising: a gas permeable top, a perimeter, wave guides located around the perimeter through which microwaves can be introduced into the microwave chamber, and a magnetron and an isolator attached to each wave guide; and A gas outlet; and Filling the filter bed housing with carbon-based material; Introducing microwaves into the microwave chamber using the magnetrons and wave guides; and Passing a gas through the gas inlet, the carbon-based material in the filter bed chamber, the microwave chamber, the gas permeable top and the gas outlet. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising filling the filter bed housing using the feed auger assembly connected to the filter bed housing. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising removing spent carbon using a residue extraction auger assembly attached to the spent carbon outlet. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising concentrating a microwave field within the device using microwaves supplied by magnetrons. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising maintaining levels of carbon-based material using the residue extraction auger assembly attached to the spent carbon outlet. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising refilling and maintaining a level of carbon-based material using a feed auger assembly connected to the filter bed housing. 7. The method of claim 1, the gas permeable top further comprising microwave absorbing material. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the microwave absorbing material of the gas permeable top comprises ceramic tiles impregnated with a material that catalyzes conversion of microwave energy into heat energy. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable top further comprises ceramic tiles vertically aligned, parallel to one another. 10. The method of claim 1, said device further comprising a lining on the interior wall wherein the lining is silica carbide and aluminum oxide or carbon and aluminum oxide. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein each wave guide of said device is on a different vertical plane. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising siphoning purified gas from the device. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon-based material is activated carbon. 14. A method of cleaning gas comprising: Using a gas cleaning device, said device comprising: A filter bed tube, the filter bed tube having an inlet for carbon-based material, a spent carbon outlet and a gas inlet; A microwave chamber tube connected to the filter bed tube, said microwave chamber tube comprising: a gas permeable top, an interior lined with microwave absorbing materials, wave guides located around the perimeter through which microwaves can be introduced into the microwave chamber tube, and a magnetron and an isolator attached to each wave guide; and Filling the filter bed tube with carbon-based material; Introducing microwaves into the microwave chamber tube using the magnetrons and wave guides; Passing gas through the gas inlet, the carbon-based material in the filter bed tube, the microwave chamber tube and the gas permeable top. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the gas permeable top further comprises microwave absorbing material. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the microwave absorbing material of the gas permeable top comprises ceramic tiles impregnated with a material that catalyzes conversion of microwave energy into heat energy. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the gas permeable top further comprises ceramic tiles vertically aligned, parallel to one another. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the filter bed tube and microwave chamber tubes are non-cylindrical tubes. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising siphoning purified gas from the device. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the carbon-based material is activated carbon. 21. A method of cleaning gas comprising: Using a gas cleaning device said device comprising: A filter bed housing open to a microwave chamber, said filter bed housing having an inlet for carbon-based material, a spent carbon outlet and a gas inlet; Said microwave chamber comprising: a perimeter, wave guides located around the perimeter through which microwaves can be introduced into the microwave chamber, and a magnetron and an isolator attached to each wave guide; A first catalytic chamber attached to the microwave chamber opposite to the filter bed housing; and Filling the filter bed housing with carbon-based material; Introducing microwaves into the microwave chamber using the magnetrons and wave guides; Passing a gas through the gas inlet, the carbon-based material in the filter bed chamber, the microwave chamber and the first catalytic chamber; and Collecting purified gas from the device. 22. The method of claim 21, the first catalytic chamber further comprising microwave absorbing material. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the microwave absorbing material of the first catalytic chamber comprises ceramic tiles impregnated with a material that catalyzes conversion of microwave energy into heat energy. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the first catalytic chamber further comprises ceramic tiles vertically aligned, parallel to one another. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the carbon-based material is activated carbon. 26. A method of cleaning gas comprising: Using a gas cleaning device, said device comprising: A filter bed tube, the filter bed tube having an inlet for carbon-based material, a spent carbon outlet and a gas inlet; A microwave chamber tube connected to the filter bed tube, said microwave chamber tube comprising: an interior lined with microwave absorbing materials, wave guides located around the microwave chamber tube through which microwaves can be introduced into the microwave chamber tube, and a magnetron and an isolator attached to each wave guide; and A first catalytic chamber attached to the microwave chamber opposite to the filter bed tube; A gas outlet connected to the first catalytic chamber; and Filling the filter bed tube with carbon-based material; Introducing microwaves into the microwave chamber tube using the magnetrons and wave guides; and Passing gas through the gas inlet, the carbon-based material in the filter bed tube, the microwave chamber tube, the first catalytic chamber and the gas outlet. 27. The method of claim 26, the first catalytic chamber further comprising microwave absorbing material. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the microwave absorbing material of the first catalytic chamber comprises ceramic tiles impregnated with a material that catalyzes conversion of microwave energy into heat energy. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the first catalytic chamber further comprises ceramic tiles vertically aligned, parallel to one another. 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the filter bed tube and microwave chamber tubes are non-cylindrical tubes.",
-    "A spinal stabilization system includes a connecting rod, a rod bending device, and a plurality of bone screws. The connecting rod includes an elongate round portion, an elongate head portion and a neck portion connecting the elongate round portion with the elongate head portion. The rod bending device includes an elongate body defining an aperture configured and dimensioned to receive the connecting rod therethrough in a single orientation. The bone screws include a housing portion and a screw shaft distally extending from the housing portion. The housing portion includes an inner housing and an outer housing slidably surrounding at least a portion of the inner housing. The inner housing defines a slot configured and dimensioned to releasably secure the elongate round portion of the connecting rod therein. The outer housing is movable relative to the inner housing between an unlocked state and a locked state. 1. (canceled) 2. A spinal stabilization system comprising: a bone screw including a housing defining a slot; and a connecting rod formed as a unitary construct, the connecting rod including: an elongate round section configured to be received in the slot of the bone screw; an elongate head portion; and a neck portion connecting the elongate round section to the elongate head portion, wherein a cross-section of the connecting rod is asymmetric about a first axis of the connecting rod. 3. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the elongate head portion has a non-circular cross-section. 4. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the neck portion defines a pair of concave sides joining the elongate head portion to the elongate round section. 5. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the cross-section of the connecting rod is symmetric about a second axis transverse to the first axis. 6. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the neck portion is narrower than the elongate round section. 7. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the elongate head portion, the elongate round section, and the neck portion are monolithically formed. 8. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the elongate round section, the elongate head portion, or the neck portion is formed from a biocompatible material. 9. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein at least one of the elongate round section, the elongate head portion, or the neck portion is formed from a material selected from a group consisting of titanium, titanium alloy, cobalt-chrome alloy, and stainless steel. 10. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the housing includes an inner housing and an outer housing selectively positionable relative to the inner housing to lock the connecting rod positioned within the slot defined in the inner housing. 11. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 2, wherein the neck portion and the elongate head portion extend away from the housing when the elongate round section is disposed in the slot. 12. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 3, wherein the elongate head portion has a substantially rectangular cross-section. 13. A spinal stabilization system comprising: a connecting rod including an elongate round portion, an elongate head portion, and a neck portion connecting the elongate round portion with the elongate head portion, the connecting rod including a cross-section asymmetric about an axis of the connecting rod; and a bone screw including a housing portion and a screw shaft extending distally from the housing portion, the housing portion defining a slot dimensioned to releasably secure the elongate round portion of the connecting rod therein, wherein the elongate head portion extends away from the housing when the elongate round portion is disposed in the slot of the housing. 14. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 13, wherein the elongate head portion of the connecting rod has a non-circular cross-section. 15. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 14, wherein the elongate head portion includes a planar surface. 16. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 14, wherein the elongate head portion of the connecting rod has a substantially rectangular cross-section. 17. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 13, wherein the neck portion is narrower than the elongate round portion. 18. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 13, wherein the connecting rod is monolithically formed. 19. The spinal stabilization system of claim 13, further comprising a plurality of bone screws. 20. The spinal stabilization system of claim 13, wherein the housing portion of the bone screw includes an inner housing and an outer housing slidably surrounding at least a portion of the inner housing, the inner housing defining the slot, wherein the outer housing is movable relative to the inner housing between an unlocked state in which the elongate round portion of the connecting rod is releasable from the slot defined in the inner housing and a locked state in which the connecting rod is secured in the slot. 21. A spinal stabilization system comprising: a connecting rod including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion including an elongate round portion, an elongate head portion including a planar surface, and a neck portion connecting the elongate round portion with the elongate head portion, the second portion including a circular rod coupled to the elongate round portion, the first portion of the connecting rod having a cross-section asymmetric about an axis of the first portion; and a bone screw including a housing portion and a screw shaft extending distally from the housing portion, the housing portion defining a slot configured to releasably secure the connecting rod therein, wherein the elongate head portion extends away from the inner housing when the elongate round portion is disposed in the slot of the inner housing. 22. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 21, wherein the connecting rod further includes a transition portion connecting the first and second portions, the transition portion being longitudinally tapered. 23. The spinal stabilization system according to claim 22, wherein the transition portion includes a first end having a cross-section substantially identical to a cross-section of the first portion, and a second end having a cross-section substantially identical to a cross-section of the second portion.",
-    "An optical device includes a glass plate, a movable section that supports the glass plate, a shaft section that supports the movable section so as to be swingable around the swing axis, a support section that supports the shaft section, a permanent magnet that is provided in the movable section and is thinner than the glass plate, and a pair of coils that are disposed opposite to each other with the permanent magnet interposed therebetween. The movable section includes thin wall portions that are thinner than the glass plate. The permanent magnet is disposed in the thin wall portions. In side view, the surface of each of the coils on the permanent magnet side is located between both the main surfaces of the glass plate. 1. An optical device, comprising: a plate-shaped optical section that has a light incidence surface on which light is incident; a movable section that supports the optical section; a shaft section that supports the movable section so as to be swingable around a swing axis; a support section that supports the shaft section; a permanent magnet that is provided in the movable section and has a smaller thickness than a thickness of the optical section; and a pair of coils that are disposed opposite to each other with the permanent magnet interposed therebetween and that generate a magnetic field to act on the permanent magnet, wherein the movable section includes a thin wall portion having a smaller thickness than the thickness of the optical section, the permanent magnet is disposed in the thin wall portion, and when seen from a direction perpendicular to a plate thickness direction of the optical section, a surface of each of the pair of coils facing the permanent magnet is located between a pair of main surfaces of the optical section. 2. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein a center of the shaft section in the plate thickness direction and a center of the permanent magnet in the plate thickness direction are located within the same plane perpendicular to the plate thickness direction of the optical section. 3. The optical device according to claim 2, wherein the same plane crosses a center of the optical section in the plate thickness direction. 4. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein each of the movable section and the shaft section contains a resin material. 5. The optical device according to claim 1, further comprising: a first holding section that is fixed to the support section and holds one of the coils; and a second holding section that is fixed to the support section and holds the other coil, wherein the support section is interposed between the first and second holding sections. 6. The optical device according to claim 5, wherein each of the first and second holding sections is a non-magnetic material. 7. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein a surface of each of the pair of coils facing the permanent magnet is spaced apart from the permanent magnet in the plate thickness direction. 8. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein the light is transmitted through the optical section. 9. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 1, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 10. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 2, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 11. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 3, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 12. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 4, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 13. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 5, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 14. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 6, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 15. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 7, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device. 16. An image display device, comprising: the optical device according to claim 8, wherein a position of each pixel displayed by irradiation of the light is shifted by spatially modulating light in the optical device.",
-    "A projector includes a light source, liquid crystal panels that modulate light emitted from the light source, a dichroic prism that combines modulated light fluxes modulated by the liquid crystal panels with one another into video light and outputs the video light, and a pixel shift device that changes the optical path of the video light output from the dichroic prism. The pixel shift device includes a glass plate on which the video light is incident and an electromagnetic actuator that causes the glass plate to swing. The electromagnetic actuator is arranged in a position outside the dichroic prism and different from the positions of the liquid crystal panels when viewed along the optical axis of the video light. 1. An image display apparatus comprising: a light source configured to emit light; a first spatial light modulator configured to modulate the light emitted from the light source into first modulated light; a second spatial light modulator configured to modulate the light emitted from the light source into second modulated light; a light combining element configured to combine the first modulated light and the second modulated light into combined light and to output the combined light; and an optical path controller configured to change an optical path of the combined light output from the light combining element, wherein the optical path controller includes: an optical section having a light incident surface on which the combined light is incident; and an electromagnetic actuator configured to displace the optical section, and wherein the electromagnetic actuator is arranged outside the light combining element and in a position that is offset from positions of the first spatial light modulator and the second spatial light modulator when viewed along an optical axis of the combined light output from the light combining element. 2. The image display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the position of the electromagnetic actuator is rotated from a position the first spatial light modulator around the optical axis of the combined light by an angle greater than or equal to 45\u00b0 but smaller than or equal to 135\u00b0 when viewed along the optical axis of the combined light output from the light combining element. 3. The image display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light combining element includes: a first light incident surface on which the first modulated light is incident, a second light incident surface on which the second modulated light is incident, and a light exiting surface through which the combined light exits, and the position of the electromagnetic actuator is outside a surface of the light combining element other than the first light incident surface when viewed along the optical axis of the combined light output from the light combining element. 4. The image display apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: a third spatial light modulator configured to modulate the light emitted from the light source into third modulated light, wherein the light combining element has a third light incident surface facing the first light incident surface and on which the third modulated light is incident, and the position of the electromagnetic actuator is outside a surface of the light combining element other than the first light incident surface and the third light incident surface when viewed along the optical axis of the combined light output from the light combining element. 5. The image display apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first light incident surface and the third light incident surface are arranged in a first direction that differs from a second direction in which the optical section and the electromagnetic actuator are arranged when viewed along the optical axis of the combined light output from the light combining element. 6. The image display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the light combining element further comprises a dichroic prism. 7. The image display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the optical path controller includes: a movable section that supports the optical section, a shaft that pivotably supports the movable section around a swing axis, and a support that supports the shaft, and the electromagnetic actuator includes: a permanent magnet provided in the movable section, and a coil that is disposed so as to face the permanent magnet and the movable section and produces a magnetic field acting on the permanent magnet. 8. The image display apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the support has a recess opening toward a surface facing the light combining element. 9. The image display apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the support has a recess opening toward a surface facing away from the light combining element. 10. The image display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a holding section holding the first spatial light modulator via magnetism. 11. An image display apparatus comprising: a light source; liquid crystal panels configured to modulate light emitted from the light source; a dichroic prism configured to combine modulated light fluxes modulated by the liquid crystal panels into video light, and to output the video light; and a pixel shift device configured to change an optical path of the video light output from the dichroic prism, wherein the pixel shift device includes: a glass plate onto which the video light is incident; and an electromagnetic actuator configured to swing the glass plate; and wherein the electromagnetic actuator is outside of the dichroic prism and in a position that is offset from positions of the liquid crystal panels relative to the optical axis of the video light.",
-    "By monitoring pressure transients in a liquid within a liquid distribution system using only a single sensor, events such as the opening and closing of valves at specific fixtures are readily detected. The sensor, which can readily be coupled to a faucet bib, transmits an output signal to a computing device. Each such event can be identified by the device based by comparing characteristic features of the pressure transient waveform with previously observed characteristic features for events in the system. These characteristic features, which can include the varying pressure, derivative, and real Cepstrum of the pressure transient waveform, can be used to select a specific fixture where a valve open or close event has occurred. Flow to each fixture and leaks in the system can also be determined from the pressure transient signal. A second sensor disposed at a point disparate from the first sensor provides further event information. 1. A method comprising: monitoring water pressure at one or more locations of a water distribution system of a building using one or more pressure sensors to produce one or more pressure signals, the building comprising two or more water appliances coupled to the water distribution system; and using the one or more pressure signals to determine that a first water appliance of the two or more water appliances is consuming water and to determine a first individual water usage amount for the first water appliance. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: using the one or more pressure signals to determine that a second water appliance of the two or more water appliances is consuming water and to determine a second individual water usage amount for the second water appliance. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: determining the first individual water usage amount and the second individual water usage amount when the first and second water appliances are consuming water simultaneously; and determining the first individual water usage amount and the second individual water usage amount when the first and second water appliances are consuming water separately. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: using the one or more pressure signals to determine a total water usage amount for the water distribution system. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: using the one or more pressure signals to detect a leak in the water distribution system. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving flow volume information from a flow volume meter that measures an aggregate value of total water flow for the water distribution system; and using the flow volume information to calibrate using the one or more pressure signals to determine individual water usage amounts of the two or more water appliances. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the one or more locations of the water distribution system are not located in the water distribution system between a water source and the first water appliance. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the one or more locations of the water distribution system are located at one or more end points of the water distribution system. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the two or more water appliances comprise at least two of: a faucet, a bathroom sink, a toilet, a kitchen sink, a bathtub, a dishwasher, a shower, a hot water heater, or a clothing washing machine. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first water appliance of the two or more water appliances comprises a reservoir with a reservoir valve that opens automatically if a level of the water in the reservoir drops below a predefined level; and the method further comprises: detecting a leak from the reservoir by identifying one or more characteristics in the one or more pressure signals. 11. A system comprising: one or more pressure sensors configured to monitor water pressure at one or more locations of a water distribution system of a building to produce one or more pressure signals, the building comprising two or more water appliances coupled to the water distribution system; and a processing system configured to use the one or more pressure signals to determine that a first water appliance of the two or more water appliances is consuming water and to determine a first individual water usage amount for the first water appliance. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein: the processing system is further configured to use the one or more pressure signals to determine that a second water appliance of the two or more water appliances is consuming water and to determine a second individual water usage amount for the second water appliance. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein: the processing system is further configured to: determine the first individual water usage amount and the second individual water usage amount when the first and second water appliances are consuming water simultaneously; and determine the first individual water usage amount and the second individual water usage amount when the first and second water appliances are consuming water separately. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein: the processing system is further configured to use the one or more pressure signals to determine a total water usage amount for the water distribution system. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein: the processing system is further configured to use the one or more pressure signals to detect a leak in the water distribution system. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein: the processing system is further configured to: receive flow volume information from a flow volume meter that measures an aggregate value of total water flow for the water distribution system; and use the flow volume information to calibrate the processing system for using the one or more pressure signals to determine individual water usage amounts of the two or more water appliances. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein: the one or more locations of the water distribution system are not located in the water distribution system between a water source and the first water appliance. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein: the one or more locations of the water distribution system are located at one or more end points of the water distribution system. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein: the two or more water appliances comprise at least two of: a faucet, a bathroom sink, a toilet, a kitchen sink, a bathtub, a dishwasher, a shower, a hot water heater, or a clothing washing machine. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein: the first water appliance of the two or more water appliances comprises a reservoir with a reservoir valve that opens automatically if a level of the water in the reservoir drops below a predefined level; and the processing system is further configured to detect a leak from the reservoir by identifying one or more characteristics in the one or more pressure signals.",
-    "The disclosure relates to a node in a wireless communication arrangement, the node comprising an antenna arrangement that comprises a first and second inverted F antenna. The inverted F antennas comprise a corresponding first and second feed connection, first and second ground connection and a corresponding first and second radiating element mainly extending from the respective ground connection along a corresponding first and second longitudinal extension. The inverted F antennas are arranged on, or in, a plane. Furthermore, the first and second radiating elements are extending in opposite directions along their respective longitudinal extensions from the respective ground connections, the first longitudinal extension and the second longitudinal extension being mutually parallel. The closest distance between the first radiating element and the second radiating element exceeds 0.4*\u03bb0, where \u03bb0 is the wavelength for the center frequency of the frequency band for which the inverted F antennas are intended. 1. A node in a wireless communication arrangement, the node comprising: an antenna arrangement comprising: a base having a top side lying in a first plane and an opposite bottom side lying in a second plane parallel with the first plane; a first inverted F antenna; and a second inverted F antenna, wherein the first inverted F antenna comprises a first feed connection, a first ground connection and a first radiating element being positioned above the top side of the base and mainly lying in a third plane that is parallel with and spaced apart from the top side of the base, the first feed connection electrically connected to the first radiating element and extending along a line that is perpendicular with the top side of the base, the second inverted F antenna comprises a second feed connection, a second ground connection and a second radiating element being positioned above the top side of the base and lying in said third plane, the second feed connection electrically connected to the second radiating element and extending along a line that is perpendicular with the top side of the base, the first ground connection lies mainly on a fourth plan that is perpendicular with the first and second planes, the second ground connection lies mainly on a fifth plan that is perpendicular with the first and second planes, and the fifth plan is spaced apart from the fourth plane. 2. The node according to claim 1, wherein the first inverted F antenna comprises a first upper radiating element and that the second inverted F antenna comprises a second upper radiating element. 3. The node according to claim 1, wherein each radiating element runs parallel to the first plane. 4. The node according to claim 1, wherein the base comprises an electrically conducting ground plane positioned on a dielectric material. 5. The node according to claim 4, wherein each feed connection is running to the corresponding radiating element through a corresponding aperture in the ground plane. 6. The node according to claim 1, wherein the shortest distance between the first radiating element and the second radiating element exceeds 0.4*\u03bb0, where \u03bb0 is the wavelength for the centre frequency of a frequency band for which the first and second inverted F antennas are intended. 7. An antenna arrangement, comprising: a first inverted F antenna; and a second inverted F antenna, the first inverted F antenna comprising a first feed connection, a first ground connection and a first radiating element mainly extending from the first ground connection along a first longitudinal extension, the second inverted F antenna comprising a second feed connection, a second ground connection and a second radiating element mainly extending from the second ground connection along a second longitudinal extension, the first inverted F antenna and the second first inverted F antenna being arranged on, or in, a plane, and the first radiating element and the second radiating element extending in opposite directions along their respective longitudinal extensions from the respective ground connections. 8. The antenna arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the first inverted F antenna comprises a first upper radiating element and that the second inverted F antenna comprises a second upper radiating element. 9. The antenna arrangement according to claim 7, wherein each radiating element runs parallel to the plane. 10. The antenna arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the plane is in the form of an electrically conducting ground plane positioned on a dielectric material. 11. The antenna arrangement according to claim 10, wherein each feed connection is running to the corresponding radiating element through a corresponding aperture in the ground plane. 12. The antenna arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the antenna arrangement comprises planar inverted F antennas and a partially surrounding ground plane, where the inverted F antennas and the ground plane are arranged in a plane. 13. The antenna arrangement according to claim 12, wherein the inverted F antennas and the ground plane either are etched from an initial copper layer that is positioned on a dielectric material, or are formed from sheet metal parts that are positioned on a carrier material. 14. The antenna arrangement according to claim 7, the shortest distance between the first radiating element and the second radiating element exceeds 0.4*\u03bb0, where \u03bb0 is the wavelength for the center frequency of a frequency band for which the first and second inverted F antennas are intended.",
-    "Embodiments include method, systems and computer program products for dynamic source code generation. In some embodiments, a request comprising data may be received. Parsed natural language may be generated using the data. Knowledgebase data may be obtained. Source code may be generated based on the parsed natural language and the knowledgebase data. The generate source code may be transmitted in response to the request. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving a request comprising data; generating parsed natural language and metadata associated with the parsed natural language using the data; obtaining knowledgebase data, wherein the knowledgebase data comprises at least one weighted mapping of natural language and source code, and the weighting corresponds to at least one of a date that the knowledgebase data was published, a reputation or ranking of a publisher of the knowledgebase data, and a rating of the knowledgebase data by users; generating source code based on the parsed natural language and the knowledgebase data by applying machine learning to the parsed natural language and the metadata using the knowledgebase data; and transmitting the generated source code in response to the request. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data is a natural language problem statement. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein obtaining knowledgebase data further comprises: obtaining the knowledgebase data from a datastore. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein generating the source code further comprises: generating the source code by applying machine learning to the parsed natural language using the knowledgebase data. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the request comprises an indication of a programming language for the source code. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the source code further comprises: transmitting the source code to a datastore; and transmitting a notification in response to the request indicating a location of the source code. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: processing the data to obtain a natural language problem statement. 8. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method comprising: receiving a request comprising data; generating parsed natural language and metadata associated with the parsed natural language using the data; obtaining knowledgebase data, wherein the knowledgebase data comprises at least one weighted mapping of natural language and source code, and the weighting corresponds to at least one of a date that the knowledgebase data was published, a reputation or ranking of a publisher of the knowledgebase data, and a rating of the knowledgebase data by users; generating source code based on the parsed natural language and the knowledgebase data by applying machine learning to the parsed natural language and the metadata using the knowledgebase data; and transmitting the generated source code in response to the request. 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the data is a natural language problem statement. 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein obtaining knowledgebase data further comprises: obtaining the knowledgebase data from a datastore. 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein generating the source code further comprises: generating the source code by applying machine learning to the parsed natural language using the knowledgebase data. 12. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the request comprises an indication of a programming language for the source code. 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein transmitting the source code further comprises: transmitting the source code to a datastore; and transmitting a notification in response to the request indicating a location of the source code. 14. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: processing the data to obtain a natural language problem statement. 15. A system, comprising: a processor in communication with one or more types of memory, the processor configured to: receive a request comprising data; generate parsed natural language and metadata associated with the parsed natural language using the data; obtain knowledgebase data, wherein the knowledgebase data comprises at least one weighted mapping of natural language and source code, and the weighting corresponds to at least one of a date that the knowledgebase data was published, a reputation or ranking of a publisher of the knowledgebase data, and a rating of the knowledgebase data by users; generate source code based on the parsed natural language and the knowledgebase data by applying machine learning to the parsed natural language and the metadata using the knowledgebase data; and transmit the generated source code in response to the request. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the data is a natural language problem statement. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein, to obtain knowledgebase data, the processor is further configured to: obtain the knowledgebase data from a datastore. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein, to generate the source code, the processor is further configured to: generate the source code by applying machine learning to the parsed natural language using the knowledgebase data. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the request comprises an indication of a programming language for the source code. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein, to transmit the source code, the processor is further configured to: transmit the source code to a datastore; and transmit a notification in response to the request indicating a location of the source code.",
-    "A gearbox system for a dual coaxial counter rotating rotor assembly includes an input shaft to input a first torque into the gearbox system and a transfer shaft operably connected to the input shaft to transfer the first torque therethrough. Two gear sets are operably connected to the transfer shaft. Each gear set includes a first output gear to transfer a second torque acting in a first direction to a first rotor of a rotor assembly and a second output gear to transfer the second torque acting in a second direction opposite the first direction to a second rotor of the rotor assembly. The second torque transferred by each gear set of the two gear sets is substantially equal. 1. A rotary wing aircraft, comprising: an airframe; a rotor assembly including a first rotor rotatable about a rotor axis in a first direction and a second rotor coaxial with the first rotor and rotatable about the rotor axis in a second direction opposite the first direction; and a drive system including plural engines outputting torque and a gearbox assembly to reduce torque produced from one or more of the engines to a reduced torque and to transfer the reduced torque to the rotor assembly, the gearbox assembly comprising: an input shaft to input the torque into the gearbox assembly; an input bevel shaft operably connected to the input shaft to transfer the torque therethrough; and two gear sets operably connected to the input bevel shaft, each gear set including first and second intermediate shafts, the first intermediate shaft having a first intermediate idler meshed with a transfer gear of the input bevel shaft and a first output pinion to transfer the reduced torque to the first rotor, and the second intermediate shaft having a first intermediate gear meshed with the first intermediate idler and a second output pinion to transfer the reduced torque to the second rotor. 2. The rotary wing aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the first output pinion and the second output pinion have axes of revolution parallel to an input bevel shaft axis. 3. The rotary wing aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the rotor assembly further comprises: a first bull gear operably connected to the first rotor via a first rotor shaft; and a second bull gear operably connected to the second rotor via a second rotor shaft coaxial with the first rotor shaft. 4. The rotary wing aircraft according to claim 3, wherein the first output pinion is meshed with the first bull gear and the second output pinion is meshed with the second bull gear. 5. The rotary wing aircraft according to claim 3, wherein the second rotor shaft is located inside of the first rotor shaft. 6. The rotary wing aircraft according to claim 1, further comprising a propeller assembly including: a propeller output gear operably connected to the input bevel shaft to drive a propeller output shaft; and a propeller operably connected to the propeller output shaft to provide translational thrust for the aircraft. 7. A gearbox assembly of a rotary wing aircraft, the gearbox assembly comprising: an input shaft; an input bevel shaft operably connected to the input shaft to transfer torque input by the input shaft therethrough; and two gear sets operably connected to the input bevel shaft, each gear set including first and second intermediate shafts, the first intermediate shaft having a first intermediate idler meshed with a transfer gear of the input bevel shaft and a first output pinion to transfer reduced torque, which is reduced from the torque input by the input shaft, to the first rotor, and the second intermediate shaft having a first intermediate gear meshed with the first intermediate idler and a second output pinion to transfer the reduced torque to the second rotor. 8. The gearbox assembly according to claim 7, wherein the first output pinion and the second output pinion have axes of revolution parallel to an input bevel shaft axis. 9. The gearbox assembly according to claim 7, further comprising a propeller assembly including: a propeller output gear operably connected to the input bevel shaft to drive a propeller output shaft; and a propeller operably connected to the propeller output shaft to generate translational thrust. 10. The gearbox assembly according to claim 7, further comprising a second intermediate gear set for association with at least one of an additional engine and additional torque splitting.",
-    "A method of making a semiconductor structure is provided including providing a plurality of fins on a semiconductor substrate; depositing a layer containing silicon dioxide on the plurality of fins and on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; depositing a photoresist layer on one or more but less than all of the plurality of fins; etching the layer of silicon dioxide off of one or more of the plurality of fins on which the photoresist layer had not been deposited; stripping the photoresist layer; depositing a layer of pure boron on one or more of the plurality of fins on which a photoresist had not been deposited; and depositing a silicon nitride liner step on the plurality of fins. A partial semiconductor device fabricated by said method is also provided. 1. A method of making a semiconductor structure comprising: providing a plurality of fins on a semiconductor substrate; depositing a layer comprising silicon dioxide on the plurality of fins and on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; depositing a photoresist layer on one or more but less than all of the plurality of fins; etching the layer of silicon dioxide off of one or more of the plurality of fins on which the photoresist layer had not been deposited; stripping the photoresist layer; depositing a layer of pure boron on one or more of the plurality of fins on which a photoresist had not been deposited; and depositing a silicon nitride liner step on the plurality of fins. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing a layer of pure boron comprises performing chemical-vapor deposition. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the silicon dioxide comprises phosphocilicate glass. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein a thickness of the layer of pure boron is less than 1 nm. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: depositing a layer of sacrificial oxide on the silicon nitride liner; recessing a portion of the layer of sacrificial oxide to expose a tip of the plurality of fins wherein the portion is less than all; removing the silicon nitride liner from the tip of the plurality of fins; removing a portion of the layer of phosphosilicate glass without removing a remainder of the layer of phosphosilicate glass and removing a portion of the layer of pure boron and without removing a remainder of the layer of pure boron, wherein the portion of the layer of phosphosilicate glass and the portion of the layer of pure boron are on the tip of the plurality of fins; and annealing the remainder of the layer of phosphosilicate glass and the remainder of the layer of pure boron to form a plurality of doped wells in the semiconductor substrate. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the plurality of doped wells comprise super steep retrograde wells. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein removing a portion of the layer of pure boron comprises cleaning the tip of the plurality of fins with nitric acid and etching the tip of the plurality of fins with hydrofluoric acid. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein annealing the remainder of the layer of pure boron comprises heating the plurality of fins to a temperature for a period of time, wherein the temperature is between 700\u00b0 C. and 1,100\u00b0 C. and the period of time is between 1 ms and 200 min. 9. The method of claim 2 wherein performing chemical vapor deposition comprises using diborane as a gas source and hydrogen as a carrier gas. 10. The method of claim 2 wherein performing chemical vapor deposition comprises depositing pure boron at a temperature and the temperature is between 400\u00b0 C. and 950\u00b0 C. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein a distance between two adjacent fins before depositing the layer of silicon dioxide thereupon is 18 nm or less. 12. A method of making a semiconductor structure comprising: providing a plurality of fins on a semiconductor substrate; depositing a layer of phosphosilicate glass on the plurality of fins and on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; depositing a photoresist layer on one or more but less than all of the plurality of fins; etching the phosphosilicate glass layer off of one or more of the plurality of fins on which the photoresist layer had not been deposited; stripping the photoresist layer; depositing a layer of pure boron on one or more of the plurality of fins on which a photoresist had not been deposited wherein depositing comprises performing chemical-vapor deposition using diborane as a gas source and hydrogen as a carrier gas at a temperature and the temperature is between 400\u00b0 C. and 950\u00b0 C.; and depositing a silicon nitride liner step on the plurality of fins. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising: depositing a layer of sacrificial oxide on the silicon nitride liner; recessing a portion of the layer of sacrificial oxide to expose a tip of the plurality of fins wherein the portion is less than all; removing the silicon nitride liner from the tip of the plurality of fins; removing a portion of the layer of phosphosilicate glass without removing a remainder of the layer of phosphosilicate glass and removing a portion of the layer of pure boron and without removing a remainder of the layer of pure boron, wherein the portion of the layer of phosphosilicate glass and the portion of the layer of pure boron are on the tip of the plurality of fins and wherein removing a portion of the layer of pure boron comprises cleaning the tip of the plurality of fins with nitric acid and etching the tip of the plurality of fins with hydrofluoric acid; and annealing the remainder of the layer of phosphosilicate glass and the remainder of the layer of pure boron to form a plurality of doped wells in the semiconductor substrate comprising super steep retrograde wells. 14. A partial semiconductor structure comprising: a plurality of fins comprising sidewalls; a layer of pure boron on one or more of a first plurality of sidewalls; a first silicon nitride liner on the layer of pure boron; and a layer of oxide between the plurality of fins. 15. The partial semiconductor structure of claim 14 wherein a tip of the plurality of fins is exposed above a top of the layer of oxide. 16. The partial semiconductor structure of claim 15 wherein the tips of the fins are not covered by the layer of pure boron. 17. The partial semiconductor substrate of claim 14 further comprising: a layer of phosphosilicate glass on one or more of a second plurality of sidewalls; and a silicon nitride liner on the layer of phosphosilicate glass. 18. The partial semiconductor structure of claim 17 wherein a tip of the plurality of fins is exposed above a top of the layer of oxide. 19. The partial semiconductor structure of claim 15 wherein the tips of the fins are not covered by the layer of pure boron. 20. The partial semiconductor structure of claim 19 wherein the tips of the fins are not covered by the layer of phosphosilicate glass.",
-    "A makeup assisting apparatus includes an image acquirer that acquires a face image, a facial part acquirer that acquires a face portion area from the image, a facial makeup selector that selects facial makeup for each of the facial parts, the facial makeup comprising a way of applying the facial makeup, a skin condition acquirer that acquires a skin condition of the face and a skin correction makeup selector that selects skin correction makeup or skin care based on the skin condition, the skin correction makeup being a way of applying the skin correction makeup, and the skin care being a way of applying basic skin care. A makeup presenter presents, to a user, the selected facial makeup in association with a corresponding area of the portion of the face and presents the selected skin correction makeup or skin care. 1. A makeup assisting apparatus including a processor that executes instructions and a memory that stores the instructions and configured to: connect to a skin care equipment; acquire a captured image of a face; acquire an area of a portion of the face from the image; select facial makeup, for each of the portions of the face, the facial makeup being a way of applying the facial makeup; acquire a skin condition of the face; select skin correction makeup or skin care based on the skin condition, the skin correction makeup being a way of applying the skin correction makeup, and the skin care being a way of applying basic skin care; and present, to a user, the selected facial makeup in association with a corresponding area of the portion of the lace and present the selected skin correction makeup or skin care. 2. The makeup assisting apparatus according to claim 1, further configured to: present, to the user, a way of using the skin care equipment. 3. The makeup assisting apparatus according to claim 2, fUrther comprising an equipment information acquirer that acquires equipment information of the skin care equipment, from the skin care equipment. 4. The makeup asisting apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising an equipment information acquirer that acquires equipment information of the skin care equipment from the Internet.",
-    "A method of and system for facilitating a captioned conversation between a hard of hearing user using a hard of hearing user's captioned device and a hearing user, the method including the steps of establishing communication between the captioned device and a hard of hearing user's phone device that is independent of the captioned device, and establishing communication between the captioned device and a relay for communicating a text communication from the relay to the captioned device, the text communication including a text transcript corresponding to a hearing user's voice signal transmitted to the hard of hearing user's phone device from a hearing user's phone device. 1. A method of facilitating a captioned conversation between a hard of hearing user using a hard of hearing user's captioned device and a hearing user, the method comprising the steps of: establishing communication between the captioned device and a hard of hearing user's phone device that is independent of the captioned device; and establishing communication between the captioned device and a relay for communicating a text communication from the relay to the captioned device, the text communication comprising a text transcript corresponding to a hearing user's voice signal transmitted to the hard of hearing user's phone device from a hearing user's phone device; and routing the hearing user's voice signal from the hearing user's phone device to the relay through the captioned device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein establishing communication between the captioned device and the relay includes receiving, at the captioned device, the text communication from the relay. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein receiving the text communication from the relay includes receiving the text communication at the captioned device directly from the relay without passing through the hard of hearing user's phone device. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the hard of hearing user's phone device is a cellular phone device. 5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying the text transcript as a text caption on a display of the captioned device. 7. A communication system, comprising: a relay configured to: receive a hearing user's voice signal from a captioned device while the captioned device is in communication with a hard of hearing user's cellular phone device that is independent of the captioned device, the hearing user's voice signal originating at a hearing user's phone device in a call with the hard of hearing user's cellular phone device; and transmit a text communication comprising a text transcription corresponding to the hearing user's voice signal to the captioned device for display to a hard of hearing user. 8. The communication system of claim 7, wherein the relay is further configured to transmit the text communication directly to the captioned device without passing through the hard of hearing user's phone device. 9. The communication system of claim 7, wherein the relay is further configured to transmit the text communication to the captioned device via a wireless communication link. 10. A communication system, comprising: a hard of hearing user's wireless phone device configured to: establish communication with a captioned device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's phone device; receive a hearing user's voice signal originating at a hearing user's phone device; provide the hearing user's voice signal to a relay configured to generate a text communication comprising a text transcription corresponding to the hearing user's voice signal; receive a hard of hearing user's voice signal; transmit the hard of hearing user's voice signal to the hearing user's phone device; and transmit the hearing user's voice signal to the captioned device; wherein the hard of hearing user's phone device is usable independent of the captioned device to facilitate a voice conversation with a hearing user using the hearing user's device. 11. The communication system of claim 10, wherein the hard of hearing user's phone device is further configured to provide the hearing user's voice signal to the relay by providing the hearing user's voice signal to the captioned device which transmits the hearing user's voice signal to the relay. 12. The communication system of claim 10, wherein the hard of hearing user's phone device is a cellular phone device. 13. (canceled) 14. The communication system of claim 10 wherein communication is established by coupling the hard of hearing user's phone device to the captioned device. 15. The communication system of claim 14 wherein the coupling includes physically coupling the hard of hearing user's cellular device to the captioned device. 16. The communication system of claim 15 wherein the coupling includes forming an electrical connection between the hard of hearing user's phone device and the captioned device. 17. The communication system of claim 14 wherein the coupling includes establishing an acoustic coupling between the hard of hearing user's phone device and the captioned device. 18. The communication system of claim 10 wherein an action is required from the hard of hearing user to establish communication between the phone device and the captioned device. 19. The communication system of claim 10 wherein the captioned device is configured to receive the text communication from the relay directly and without passing through the hard of hearing user's phone device. 20. The communication system of claim 10 wherein the captioned device is further configured to establish a first communication link directly with the relay for routing the hearing user's voice signal to the relay. 21. The communication system of claim 10 wherein the step of receiving a hearing user's voice signal originating at a hearing user's phone device includes receiving the hearing user's voice signal via a first communication link, the captioned device receiving the text communication from the relay on a second communication link that is independent of the first communication link. 22. The communication system of claim 21 wherein the second communication link is a wireless communication link. 23. A communication system comprising: a hard of hearing user's captioned device, the captioned device including a display screen and a processor, the captioned device configured to: establish communication with a hard of hearing user's wireless phone device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; receive a hearing user's voice signal originating at a hearing user's phone device used by a hearing user from the hard of hearing user's phone device; establish a first communication link with a relay; route the hearing user's voice signal via the first communication link to the relay for transcription; receive a text communication originating at the relay and directly from the relay without passing through the hard of hearing user's wireless phone device, the text communication corresponding to a transcription of the hearing user's voice signal; and display a text caption corresponding the text communication on the display of the hard of hearing user's captioned device. 24. The communication system of claim 23 wherein the text communication is received via the first communication link from the relay. 25. The communication system of claim 23 wherein the captioned device establishes communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device via an acoustic coupling. 26. The communication system of claim 23 wherein the captioned device establishes communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device via an electrical connection. 27. The communication system of claim 23 wherein the hard of hearing user's wireless phone device can be used independently of the captioned device to facilitate voice communications with any of a plurality of hearing user's devices. 28. The communication system of claim 23 wherein the captioned device is configured to receive the text communication originating at the relay while the wireless phone device is being used to facilitate a voice communication with a hearing user using the hearing user's phone device. 29. The communication system of claim 23 wherein the first communication link does not pass through the hard of hearing user's wireless phone device. 30. The communication system of claim 27 wherein the hard or hearing user's wireless phone device is a cellular phone device and wherein the cellular phone device receives the hearing user's voice signal directly from the hearing user's device and communicates data directly to the captioned device.",
-    "A pipe pulling technique where an adaptor is attached to the end of the pipe prior to the pipe being pulled underground, for example through a drilled hole. Attaching the adaptor to the pipe end prior to the pipe being pulled underground is faster and reduces danger to workers compared to the conventional process of attaching the adaptor to the end of the pipe after the pipe has been pulled underground. 1-3. (canceled) 4. A method of pulling a pipe underground beneath an obstacle from a first side to a second side of the obstacle, comprising: at the first side, attaching an adaptor to an end of the pipe, the adaptor being configured to connect to a pipeline component at the second side; at the first side, attaching a pull head to the adaptor; pulling the pipe underground from the first side to the second side by applying a pulling force to the pull head from the second side; at the second side, removing the pull head; at the second side, connecting the pipeline component to the adaptor; and wherein the adaptor is a pipe adaptor and the pipeline component is a second pipe. 5. A method of pulling a plastic pipe underground beneath an obstacle from a first side to a second side of the obstacle, comprising: at the first side, fusing a first end of a plastic pipe adaptor to an end of the plastic pipe, a second end of the plastic pipe adaptor being configured to connect to an end of a second plastic pipe; at the first side, attaching a pull head to the plastic pipe adaptor after the plastic pipe adaptor is fused to the end of the plastic pipe; thereafter pulling the pipe underground from the first side to the second side by applying a pulling force to the pull head from the second side; at the second side, removing the pull head; and at the second side, connecting the end of the second pipe to the second end of the plastic pipe adaptor after removing the pull head. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein connecting the end of the second pipe to the second end of the plastic pipe adaptor comprises inserting the end of the second pipe onto the second end of the plastic pipe adaptor. 7. A pull head used to pull a pipe underground beneath an obstacle from a first side to a second side of the obstacle, comprising: a pull head collar with at least first and second shell pieces that are detachably connectable to one another, the at least first and second shell pieces are sized to surround an end of the pipe when the at least first and second shell pieces are connected together; each of the at least first and second shell pieces includes an interior surface and a channel is formed on the interior surface of each of the at least first and second shell pieces, wherein when the at least first and second shell pieces are connected together the channels of the at least first and second shell pieces align with one another to form a substantially continuous circumferential channel that in use receives a flange on the pipe; and a pull head cap at first ends of the at least first and second shell pieces when the at least first and second shell pieces are connected together, wherein in use the pull head cap connects to a pull line that applies a pulling force to the pull head. 8. The pull head of claim 7, wherein each of the at least first and second shell pieces includes a flange adjacent to the first end thereof, wherein when the at least first and second shell pieces are connected together the flanges of the at least first and second shell pieces align with one another to form a substantially continuous circumferential flange; the pull head cap defines a circumferential channel that receives the substantially continuous circumferential flange. 9. The pull head of claim 8, wherein the interior surface of each of the at least first and second shell pieces includes a friction enhancement section adjacent to second ends of the at least first and second shell pieces. 10. The pull head of claim 7, wherein the pull head cap comprises pull head cap pieces that are integrally formed with the at least first and second shell pieces.",
-    "A wireless transmission system includes: a communication unit for transmission; and a communication unit for reception. The communication units for transmission and reception are housed in a housing of the same electronic apparatus, or the communication unit for transmission is housed in a housing of first electronic apparatus and the communication unit for reception is housed in a housing of second electronic apparatus and a wireless signal transmission path enabling wireless information transmission between the communication units is formed between the communication units when the first and the second electronic apparatus are disposed at given positions to be integrated with each other. The communication unit for transmission includes a first carrier signal generating unit and a first frequency converter, and the communication unit for reception includes a second carrier signal generating unit, and a second frequency converter. 1. A transmission system comprising: a first communication device configured to generate a carrier wave and to modulate information onto said carrier wave, a modulated carrier wave being said carrier wave modulated with said information; a second communication device configured to receive said modulated carrier wave from said first communication device and to extract said information from said modulated carrier wave, said first communication device and said second communication device being within a housing of an electronic apparatus; a transmission path configured to transfer said modulated carrier wave from said first communication device to said second communication device, said transmission path being within said housing of the electronic apparatus, wherein said transmission path is a dielectric material, and said dielectric material includes a polymer or resin. 2. A transmission system comprising: a transmission path configured to transfer a modulated carrier wave from a first communication device to a second communication device, wherein said transmission path is a dielectric material, and said dielectric material includes a polymer or resin. 3. The transmission system according to claim 2, wherein the polymer or resin touches the first communication device and the second communication device. 4. The transmission system according to claim 2, wherein the first communication is within a housing of an electronic apparatus. 5. The transmission system according to claim 4, wherein the second communication is within another housing. 6. The transmission system according to claim 4, wherein the second communication is within the housing. 7. The transmission system according to claim 4, wherein the transmission path is within the housing. 8. The transmission system according to claim 2, wherein the transmission path is between a first antenna and a second antenna, the second antenna being configured to receive the modulated carrier wave from the first antenna. 9. The transmission system according to claim 8, wherein a space is between the first antenna and the second antenna. 10. The transmission system according to claim 8, wherein the first antenna is configured to radiate the modulated carrier wave from the first communication device to the second antenna. 11. The transmission system according to claim 8, wherein the second communication device is configured to receive the modulated carrier wave from the first antenna. 12. The transmission system according to claim 2, wherein the modulated carrier wave is a millimeter wave. 13. The transmission system according to claim 2, further comprising: a solid-state imaging device mounted onto an imaging board, the second communication device is mounted onto the imaging board. 14. The transmission system according to claim 2, wherein the first communication device is configured to generate a carrier wave and to modulate information onto the carrier wave. 15. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the second communication device is configured to receive the modulated carrier wave from the first communication device and to extract the information from the modulated carrier wave. 16. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the first communication device is configured to use amplitude modulation to modulate the information onto the carrier wave. 17. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the first communication device is configured to use vector modulation to modulate the information onto said carrier wave. 18. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the first communication device is configured to use amplitude shift keying to modulate the information onto the carrier wave. 19. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the first communication device is configured to use frequency shift keying to modulate the information onto the carrier wave. 20. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the first communication device is configured to use phase shift keying to modulate the information onto the carrier wave. 21. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the first communication device is configured to use amplitude phase shift keying to modulate the information onto the carrier wave. 22. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein a carrier frequency of the modulated carrier wave is higher than a frequency of the information. 23. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein the modulated carrier wave is the carrier wave modulated with information. 24. The transmission system according to claim 14, wherein a carrier frequency of the modulated carrier wave is higher than a frequency of the information.",
-    "A bat holder is provided. The bat holder includes a cup and a stand. The cup includes a bottom, a sidewall extending upwards from the bottom, and a top rim forming an opening leading into an internal portion of the cup. The internal portion of the cup is sized to receive a hitting end of a bat. The stand is secured to the cup and supports the cup in an upright position when resting on surface. The hitting end of a bat may be placed within the cup and the bat is supported in a substantially vertical position. 1. A bat holder comprising: a cup comprising a bottom, a sidewall extending upwards from the bottom, and a top rim forming an opening leading to an internal portion of the cup; and a stand secured to the cup and operable to support the cup in an upright position when resting on a surface, wherein the internal portion is sized to receive a hitting end of a bat within so that the cup retains the bat in a substantially vertical position. 2. The bat holder of claim 1, wherein the stand comprises a base plate and a support post extending vertically from the base plate, wherein the bottom of the cup is secured to the support post. 3. The bat holder of claim 2, wherein the support post comprises a bottom end releasably secured to the base plate and a top end releasably secured to the bottom of the cup. 4. The bat holder of claim 3, wherein the base plate comprises a base opening to receive the bottom end of the support post and the bottom of the cup comprises a cup opening to receive the top end of the support post. 5. The bat holder of claim 4, wherein the support post comprises a lock latch radially extending from the bottom end and the base comprises a latch slot radially extending from the base opening and sized to receive the lock latch, wherein the latch slot leads to a base lock channel perpendicular to the latch slot, extending along at least a portion of a circumference of the base opening and sized to receive and retain the lock latch within. 6. The bat holder of claim 4, wherein the support post comprises a lock latch radially extending from the top end and the cup comprises a latch slot radially extending from the cup opening sized to receive the lock latch, wherein the latch slot leads to a cup lock channel perpendicular to the latch slot, extending along at least a portion of a circumference of the cup opening and sized to receive and retain the lock latch within. 7. The bat holder of claim 2, further comprising a plurality of rubber pegs extending from a bottom surface of the base plate. 8. The bat holder of claim 1, further comprising: a side housing secured to the sidewall of a cup; a cam comprising a lobe and a recess, wherein the cam is rotatably mounted within the side housing so that a portion of the cam is protruding into the internal portion of the cup; and a spring biasing the recess of the cam within the internal portion, wherein the cam is rotatable to a position wherein the lobe is protruding into the internal portion against the bias of the spring. 9. The bat holder of claim 8, further comprising: a pivot pin comprising a top end and a bottom end, wherein the top end and the bottom end are each secured to a portion of the sidewall; and a cam bushing disposed within the cam, wherein the pivot pin runs through the cam bushing, wherein the spring comprises a torsion spring comprising a first terminating end secured to the cam bushing and a second terminating end secured to the side housing. 10. The bat holder of claim 8, wherein the cam comprises a rubber material.",
-    "A communication system including a hard of hearing user's captioned device, the captioned device including a display screen and a processor. The processor in the captioned device is configured to: establish communication with a hard of hearing user's phone device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's captioned device, receive a text communication originating at a relay, the text communication corresponding to a transcription of the hearing user's voice signal, and display a text caption corresponding to the text communication on the display of the hard of hearing user's captioned device. 1. A communication system comprising: a hard of hearing user's captioned device, the captioned device including a display screen and a processor, the processor in the captioned device configured to: establish communication with a hard of hearing user's phone device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; receive a text communication originating at a relay, the text communication corresponding to a transcription of the hearing user's voice signal; and display a text caption corresponding to the text communication on the display of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; wherein at least one of the captioned device and the hard of hearing user's phone device is configured to establish a first communication link directly with the relay for routing the hearing user's voice signal to the relay. 2. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device routes the hearing user's voice signal from the hard of hearing user's phone device to the relay. 3. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device is configured to receive the text communication directly from the relay without passing through the hard of hearing user's phone device. 4. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device establishes communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device via an acoustic coupling to the hard of hearing user's phone device. 5. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device is configured to establish communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device in response to a user input. 6. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device further comprises a button and wherein the captioned device is further configured to receive the hearing user's voice signal responsive to a detection of a user selecting the button. 7. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device comprises a communication connection configured to establish the communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device. 8. The communication system of claim 7 wherein the communication connection includes at least one of an acoustic coupling to the phone device and an electrical connection to the phone device. 9. The communication system of claim 7 wherein the communication connection includes an electrical connection between the phone device and the captioned device. 10. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device further comprises an input device configured to detect a selection of a caption option, wherein the processor is configured to establish the communication link to the relay responsive to selection of the caption button and to transmit the hearing user's voice signal to the relay after the communication link is established. 11. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device includes an activation button which, when selected, initiates a communication link with the relay and transmission of the hearing user's voice signal to the relay for transcription into text. 12. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device establishes communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device such that the hearing user's voice signal is received at the captioned device. 13. The communication system of claim 1 wherein an action from the hard of hearing user establishes communication between the hard of hearing user's phone device and the captioned device. 14. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the hard of hearing user's phone device can be used independently of the captioned device to facilitate a voice conversation with a hearing user using the hearing user's device. 15. (canceled) 16. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device establishes the first communication link with the relay. 17. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device receives the text communication from the relay on the first communication link. 18. The communication system of claim 1 wherein the captioned device receives the text communication from the relay on a second communication link that is independent of the first communication link. 19. The communication system of claim 18 wherein the second communication link is a wireless communication link. 20. The communication system of claim 18 wherein the captioned device receives the text communication directly via the second communication link without passing through the hard of hearing user's phone device. 21. The communication system of claim 18 wherein the second communication link is a cellular communication link. 22. The communication system of claim 1 The communication system of claim 1 wherein the hard of hearing user's phone device is a hard of hearing user's cellular phone device. 23. The communication system of claim 22 wherein the hard of hearing user's cellular phone device can be used independent of the captioned device to facilitate a voice conversation with a hearing user using the hearing user's device. 24. The communication system of claim 22 wherein the step of establishing communication includes coupling the hard of hearing user's cellular phone device to the captioned device. 25. The communication system of claim 24 wherein the step of coupling the hard of hearing user's cellular device to the captioned device includes physically coupling the hard of hearing user's cellular device to the captioned device. 26. The communication system of claim 25 wherein the step of coupling the hard of hearing user's cellular phone device to the captioned device includes forming an electrical connection between the hard of hearing user's phone device and the captioned device. 27. The communication system of claim 25 wherein the step of coupling the hard of hearing user's cellular phone device to the captioned device includes establishing an acoustic coupling between the hard of hearing user's phone device and the captioned device. 28. A communication system comprising: a hard of hearing user's captioned device, the captioned device including a display screen and a processor, the processor of the captioned device configured to: establish communication with a hard of hearing user's phone device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; receive a text communication originating at a relay, the text communication corresponding to a transcription of the hearing user's voice signal; and display a text caption corresponding to the text communication on the display of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; wherein the captioned device further comprises an input device configured to detect a selection of a caption option, wherein the processor is configured to establish a communication link to the relay responsive to selection of the caption button and to transmit the hearing user's voice signal to the relay after the communication link is established. 29. A communication system comprising: a hard of hearing user's captioned device, the captioned device including a display screen and a processor, the captioned device configured to: establish communication with a hard of hearing user's wireless phone device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; receive a hearing user's voice signal originating at a hearing user's phone device from the hard of hearing user's phone device; establish a first communication link with a relay; route the hearing user's voice signal via the first communication link to the relay for transcription; receive a text communication originating at the relay on a second communication link that is separate from the first communication link, the text communication corresponding to a transcription of the hearing user's voice signal; and display a text caption corresponding to the text communication on the display. 30. A communication system, comprising: a hard of hearing user's captioned device, the captioned device including a display screen and a processor, the processor of the captioned device configured to: establish communication with a hard of hearing user's phone device that is independent of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; receive a text communication originating at a relay, the text communication corresponding to a transcription of the hearing user's voice signal; and display a text caption corresponding to the text communication on the display of the hard of hearing user's captioned device; wherein the captioned device establishes communication with the hard of hearing user's phone device such that the hearing user's voice signal is received at the captioned device.",
-    "A mobile device includes a touchscreen with a display area and an area to receive a finger touch; a touch sensor to receive a finger touch and provide the touch signal to a control module within the mobile device. The touch signal may one or more of: a static finger touch, a finger touch and a finger slide, a finger slide, a finger slide and a stop finger movement, and a finger slide and a finger up motion from the touchscreen; and the control module includes a state machine programmed to respond to the one or more touch signals to one of: increase the FPS, decrease the FPS, or not change the FPS. 1. A mobile device comprising: a touchscreen having a display area and an area to receive a finger touch; a touch sensor to receive a finger touch and provide the touch signal to a control module within the mobile device; wherein the touch signal is one or more of: a static finger touch, a finger touch and a finger slide, a finger slide, a finger slide and a stop finger movement, and a finger slide and a finger up motion from the touchscreen; and, wherein the control module includes a state machine programmed to respond to the one or more touch signals to one of: increase the FPS, decrease the FPS, or not change the FPS. 2. A system comprising: a touch sensitive surface on a device, the touch sensitive surface producing a touch signal upon interaction with one or more fingers; one or more processors to receive the touch signal and process the touch signal depending on the type of touch signal: wherein the touch signal is one or more of: a static finger touch, a finger touch and a finger slide, a finger slide, a finger slide and a stop finger movement, and a finger slide and a finger up motion from the touchscreen; a state machine programmed to respond to the one or more touch signals and, one of: increase the FPS, decrease the FPS, and not change the FPS. 3. A method of controlling a mobile device comprising the steps of: detecting, on a touchscreen having a display, a touch event by one of more fingers; the touch event being provided to a control module; wherein the control module is programmed with a state machine to detect one or more of: a static finger touch, a finger touch and a finger slide, a finger slide, a finger slide and a stop finger movement, and a finger slide and a finger movement up from the touchscreen; and wherein, in response to detecting, the control module causes one of: increasing the FPS, decreasing the FPS, and not changing the FPS. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of providing a touch holdoff period, and the further step of determining whether a touch event occurred within or outside of the holdoff period; and, based on whether within or outside the holdoff period, decreasing or not decreasing the FPS. 5. The method of claim 3, further comprising the step of providing at least two categories of commands with respect to one or more user interactions and wherein a first category of commands causes and increase in FPS and wherein a second category of commands causes the FPS to not be increased. 6. The mobile device of claim 1, wherein the programmed state machine operates under one or more of the following rules: every time a finger leaves the screen, when in a \u2018No/Static Touch\u2019 state, the PS parameter should change to PSUp for a period of HUp; in the event an additional finger leaves the screen when in \u2018Finger Up\u2019 state, the PS parameter should remain to PSUp, and the counter for HUp should be reset; once the holdoff period of HUp is over, the state machine should return to \u201cNo/Static Touch\u2019. The PS parameter should return to PSOriginal; during \u2018Finger Up\u2019, in case Motion is detected for 1 or more fingers, \u2018Motion\u2019 state should be triggered and PS parameter should change to PSMotion; in \u2018Motion\u2019 state, once fingers stop moving, the state machine should go into the \u2018Motion Stopped\u2019 mode; once in \u2018Motion Stopped\u2019 state, the PS parameter should change to PSMotion for a period of HMotion; in the event an additional finger touches the screen when in \u2018Motion Stopped\u2019, the state should remain \u2018Motion Stopped\u2019; in the event that a finger leaves the screen when in \u2018Motion Stopped\u2019 AND after a period of time defined in THFingerMotion, state should change to \u2018Motion Stopped & Finger Up\u2019. The PS Parameter should change to the minimum value between PSMotion and PSUp, for a period of the maximal time between remaining HMotion and HUp; in the event that Motion starts for 1 or more fingers during \u2018Motion Stopped\u2019 or \u2018Motion Stopped & Finger Up\u2019 states, the state should change to \u2018Motion\u2019; once the holdoff period of HMotion (or maximal time between remaining HMotion and HUp) is over, the state machine should either return to \u2018No/Static Touch\u2019 state. The PS parameter should return to PSOriginal; and, physical keys should be treated the same as Static Touch.",
-    "Modulation patterns for surface scattering antennas provide desired antenna pattern attributes such as reduced side lobes and reduced grating lobes. 1.-58. (canceled) 59. The method of claim 111, further comprising: adjusting the surface scattering antenna to the identified antenna configuration. 60. The method of claim 111, further comprising: operating the surface scattering antenna in the identified antenna configuration. 61. The method of claim 111, further comprising: storing the identified antenna configuration in a storage medium. 62.-110. (canceled) 111. A method, comprising: discretizing a hologram function for a surface scattering antenna that defines an aperture, where the discretizing includes identifying a discrete plurality of locations on the aperture for a discrete plurality of scattering elements of the surface scattering antenna and identifying a discrete set of states for each of the scattering elements corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each of the locations of the scattering elements; and identifying an antenna configuration that reduces artifacts attributable to the discretizing, wherein the hologram function corresponds to a selected antenna pattern having a main beam with a selected direction and phase, and the identifying of the antenna configuration includes: altering the hologram function to correspond to a new antenna pattern having a new main beam with an new direction and phase, the new direction and phase being selected to optimize a desired cost function for the new antenna pattern. 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the cost function maximizes a gain of the surface scattering antenna, maximizes a directivity of the surface scattering antenna, minimizes a half-power beamwidth of the new main beam, minimizes a height of a highest side lobe relative to the new main beam of the new antenna pattern, or minimizes a height of a highest grating lobe relative to the new main beam of the new antenna pattern. 113.-116. (canceled) 117. The method of claim 111, wherein the new direction is equal to the selected direction. 118. The method of claim 111, wherein the new direction is selected from a range of directions forming angles with the selected direction that are within a selected angular tolerance. 119. The method of claim 118, wherein the angular tolerance is less than 10% of a half-power beamwidth of the main beam. 120. The method of claim 118, wherein the angular tolerance is less than 25% of a half-power beamwidth of the main beam. 121. (canceled) 122. The method of claim 111, wherein the new phase is equal to the selected phase. 123. The method of claim 111, wherein the new phase is selected from a a range of phases. 124.-206. (canceled) 207. A system, comprising: a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements that are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; a storage medium on which a set of antenna configurations corresponding to a set of hologram functions is written, each antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of the respective hologram function; and control circuitry operable to read antenna configurations from the storage medium and adjust the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configurations; wherein at least one antenna configuration is a discretization of an altered hologram function corresponding to a new antenna pattern having a new main beam with a new beam direction or phase different than an original beam direction or phase for an original main beam of an original antenna pattern corresponding to the respective hologram function, the new beam direction or phase optimizing a desired cost function for the antenna configuration. 208. The system of claim 207, wherein the cost function maximizes a gain of the surface scattering antenna, maximizes a directivity of the surface scattering antenna, minimizes a half-power beamwidth of the new main beam, minimizes a height of a highest side lobe relative to the new main beam of the new antenna pattern, or minimizes a height of a highest grating lobe relative to the new main beam of the new antenna pattern. 209.-212. (canceled) 213. The system of claim 207, wherein the new beam direction is equal to the original beam direction. 214. The system of claim 207, wherein the new beam direction is selected from a range of directions forming angles with the original direction that are within a selected angular tolerance. 215. The system of claim 214, wherein the angular tolerance is less than 10% of a half-power beamwidth of the original main beam. 216. The system of claim 214, wherein the angular tolerance is less than 25% of a half-power beamwidth of the original main beam. 217. (canceled) 218. The system of claim 207, wherein the new phase is equal to the original phase. 219. The system of claim 207, wherein the new phase is selected from a a range of phases. 220.-259. (canceled) 260. The method of claim 304, further comprising: operating the antenna in the antenna configuration. 261.-303. (canceled) 304. A method of controlling a surface scattering antenna with a plurality of adjustable scattering elements, comprising: reading an antenna configuration from a storage medium, the antenna configuration being selected to reduce artifacts attributable to a discretization of a hologram function; and adjusting the plurality of adjustable scattering elements to provide the antenna configuration; wherein the adjustable scattering elements are adjustable between a discrete set of states corresponding to a discrete set of function values at each location in a plurality of locations for the plurality of adjustable scattering elements; and wherein the antenna configuration is a discretization of an altered hologram function corresponding to a new antenna pattern having a new main beam with a new beam direction or phase different than an original beam direction or phase for an original main beam of an original antenna pattern corresponding to the hologram function, the new beam direction or phase optimizing a desired cost function for the antenna configuration. 305. The method of claim 304, wherein the cost function maximizes a gain of the surface scattering antenna, maximizes a directivity of the surface scattering antenna, minimizes a half-power beamwidth of the new main beam, minimizes a height of a highest side lobe relative to the new main beam of the new antenna pattern, or minimizes a height of a highest grating lobe relative to the new main beam of the new antenna pattern. 306.-309. (canceled) 310. The method of claim 304, wherein the new beam direction is equal to the original beam direction. 311. The method of claim 304, wherein the new beam direction is selected from a range of directions forming angles with the original direction that are within a selected angular tolerance. 312. The method of claim 311, wherein the angular tolerance is less than 10% of a half-power beamwidth of the original main beam. 313. The method of claim 311, wherein the angular tolerance is less than 25% of a half-power beamwidth of the original main beam. 314. (canceled) 315. The method of claim 304, wherein the new phase is equal to the original phase. 316. The method of claim 304, wherein the new phase is selected from a a range of phases. 317.-355. (canceled)",
-    "The present invention provides a system and methods for notifying first responders of a security crisis or threat. The alarm system can be scaled to allow the alarm system to be used effectively in facilities of differing sizes and layouts. The system is also flexible, enabling the system to integrate with currently existing systems or to operate with new devices. 1. A security threat alarm system for notifying a monitoring organization of a security threat comprising: a plurality of alarm actuation devices, said plurality of alarm actuation devices being located in the same building, wherein each of said plurality of alarm actuation devices is capable of being actuated upon the existence of a security threat and each of said plurality of alarm actuation devices is capable of providing a location signal indicating the location in the building of the one of the plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated; at least one indicator, said at least one indicator being located in the same building, wherein when one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices is actuated, said indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated; a controller, said controller coupled to said plurality of alarm actuation devices and coupled to said at least one indicator, said controller being capable of receiving a location signal from one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices upon actuation and determining the location of the one or more of the plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated, said controller being capable of controlling said at least on indicator to notify said at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated; a transmitter, said transmitter coupled to said controller, said transmitter being capable of transmitting said location signal received from said controller upon actuation of said one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices; wherein upon actuation of said one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices, a location signal is sent to said controller, said controller determines the location in the building of the one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated, and said controller instructs the transmitter to transmit a notification of the location of the one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated to a monitoring organization, thereby informing said monitoring organization of the location in the building of the alarm actuation device that has been actuated. 2. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, further comprising wherein said monitoring organization forwards said notification of the location of the one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated to at least one first responder. 3. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein said plurality of alarm actuation devices comprises at least one pull down device. 4. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein said plurality of alarm actuation devices comprises at least one push button device. 5. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein said plurality of alarm actuation devices comprises at least one alarm actuation device is a pendant device. 6. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein the said at least one indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated through a pre-recorded message. 7. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein the said at least one indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated through a strobe light. 8. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein the said at least one indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated through a horn. 9. The security threat alarm system of claim 1, wherein said transmitter is configured to transmit to a server, a signal pertaining to the area near the one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated. 10. The security threat alarm system of claim 9, wherein said signal includes audio and video information and said audio and video information is available to at least one first responder from said server when one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated. 11. A method for notifying a monitoring organization of a security threat, using a security threat alarm system comprising in the same building a plurality of alarm actuation devices capable of providing a location signal and capable of being actuated, a controller, a transmitter, and at least one indicator capable of notifying at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated, comprising the steps of: a) locating said plurality of alarm actuation devices in the same building; b) monitoring said plurality of alarm actuation devices to determine if at least one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices is actuated; c) upon actuation, receiving a location signal to determine where in the building said one or more of the plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated; d) transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization: and e) notifying at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated. 12. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, further comprising the step of forwarding said notification of location to at least one first responder. 13. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein said plurality of alarm actuation devices comprises at least one pull down device. 14. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein said plurality of alarm actuation devices comprises at least one push button device. 15. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein said plurality of alarm actuation devices comprises at least one alarm actuation device is a pendant device. 16. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein the said at least one indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated through a pre-recorded message. 17. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein the said at least one indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated through a strobe light. 18. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein the said at least one indicator notifies at least one occupant of said building that one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated through a horn. 19. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 11, wherein said transmitter is configured to transmit to a server, a signal pertaining to the area near the one or more of said plurality of alarm actuation devices that has been actuated. 20. The method of transmitting a notification of location to a monitoring organization of a security threat of claim 19, wherein said signal includes audio and video information and said audio and video information is available to at least one first responder from said server when one of said plurality of alarm actuation devices has been actuated.",
-    "The present disclosure relates to novel dosage forms of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors. 1.-28. (canceled) 29. A modified release oral dosage form comprising: (a) an immediate release febuxostat component, the immediate release component comprising a first portion of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and (b) a delayed release febuxostat component, the delayed release component comprising a second portion of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and a coating layer which prevents release of the second portion of febuxostat, wherein the coating layer begins to dissolve at a pH of about 5.0 to 6.8, wherein febuxostat is the only active agent in the modified release oral dosage form, and wherein the weight ratio of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt in the immediate release febuxostat component to the febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt in the delayed release febuxostat component is about 1:9 to about 4:6 based on the weight of the febuxostat; wherein the modified release oral dosage form produces a median time to peak concentration (Tmax) of febuxostat of equal or greater than about 3 hours in the fed state when administered to a subject, and maintains in the subject a plasma concentration of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof greater than about 0.1 \u03bcg/mL for a period of from about 5 hours to about 24 hours in a day and wherein the oral dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a pill, a tablet, and a capsule. 30. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein a single administration of a 80 mg of febuxostat in the oral dosage form to the subject inhibits greater than 80% of xanthine oxidase for a period of greater than 16 hours. 31. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the ratio of febuxostat in the immediate release febuxostat component to the febuxostat in the delayed release febuxostat component is about 2:8 to about 4:6. 32. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the delayed release febuxostat composition comprises a delayed release enteric polymer layer encapsulating the delayed release febuxostat composition containing febuxostat. 33. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the coating layer begins to dissolve at a pH of about 5.5 to 6.8 34. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the coating layer allows for release of the febuxostat in an adult human subject's proximal intestine and distal intestine and minimizes febuxostat exposure in the colon. 35. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein a single administration of 80 mg of febuxostat in the oral dosage form of to an adult human subject produces in the subject a half-life of febuxostat at least about 1.5 times greater than a half-life of febuxostat from a single administration of 80 mg of febuxostat in an immediate release oral dosage form to an adult human subject. 36. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the modified release oral dosage form produces in the subject a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of febuxostat between about 0.8 \u03bcg/mL to about 1.7 \u03bcg/mL. 37. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the coating layer is an enteric coating having a solubility at pH levels greater than or equal to 6.8. 38. The oral dosage form of claim 29, wherein the modified release oral dosage form produces the median time to peak concentration (Tmax) of febuxostat of about 3 hours to about 9 hours. 39. A modified release oral dosage form comprising: (a) an immediate release febuxostat component, the immediate release component comprising a first portion of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and (b) a delayed release febuxostat component, the delayed release component comprising a second portion of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and a coating layer which prevents release of the second portion of febuxostat, wherein the coating layer allows for release of the febuxostat in an adult human subject's proximal intestine and distal intestine, wherein febuxostat is the only active agent in the modified release oral dosage form and the modified release oral dosage form contains 40 to 240 mg febuxostat, and wherein the weight ratio of febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt in the immediate release febuxostat component to the febuxostat or pharmaceutically acceptable salt in the delayed release febuxostat component is about 1:9 to about 4:6 based on the weight of the febuxostat, so that when ingested orally by a human subject, the dosage form induces inhibition greater than 80% of xanthine oxidase for a period greater than an immediate release composition comprising the same amount of febuxostat, and while maintaining a Cmax in the subject that is lower than a Cmax produced by the immediate release composition comprising the same amount of febuxostat, wherein the oral dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a pill, a tablet, and a capsule. 40. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the ratio of febuxostat in the immediate release febuxostat component to the febuxostat in the delayed release febuxostat component is about 2:8 to about 4:6. 41. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the delayed release febuxostat composition comprises a delayed release enteric polymer layer encapsulating the delayed release febuxostat composition containing febuxostat. 42. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the coating layer begins to dissolve at a pH of about 5 to 6.8 43. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the coating layer minimizes febuxostat exposure in the colon. 44. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein a single administration of 80 mg of febuxostat in the oral dosage form of to an adult human subject produces in the subject a half-life of febuxostat at least about 1.5 times greater than a half-life of febuxostat from a single administration of 80 mg of febuxostat in an immediate release oral dosage form to an adult human subject. 45. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the modified release oral dosage form produces in the subject a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of febuxostat between about 0.8 \u03bcg/mL to about 1.7 \u03bcg/mL. 46. The oral dosage form of claim 45, wherein the modified release oral dosage form produces the median time to peak concentration (Tmax) of febuxostat of about 3 hours to about 9 hours. 47. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the coating layer is an enteric coating having a solubility at pH levels greater than or equal to 6.8. 48. The oral dosage form of claim 39, wherein the modified release oral dosage form contains 40 to 80 mg febuxostat.",
-    "A storage container for a storage and delivery station for drugs is provided. The storage container includes a retainer for preventing a multiple drug portions from being delivered simultaneously. The storage container includes a housing that surrounds a receiving chamber and has a circular cylindrical section and a base surface, and a separating device disposed rotatably in the circular cylindrical section and having multiple projections and channels. Each projection has a surface, the uppermost points of the surface defining an upper receiver boundary plane. The storage container also includes a retainer with a fastening section and a retaining section, the retaining section preventing entry of the drug portions into a channel aligned with a delivery opening, and at least one cam for removing drug portions from the retaining section, the cam being movable above the upper receiver boundary plane over the retaining section. 1. A storage container for a storage and delivery station for drug portions, comprising: a housing surrounding a receiving chamber for drug portions and having a circular cylindrical section and a base surface, the base surface having a delivery opening; a separating device rotatably disposed in the circular cylindrical section of the housing, the separating device having a plurality of projections spaced apart from one another and defining channels configured to receive drug portions between the projections, each projection having a surface adjacent to the receiving chamber for drug portions, the uppermost points of the adjacent surfaces of the projections defining an upper receiver boundary plane; a retainer having a fastening section and a retaining section, wherein the retaining section is disposed above the delivery opening and above the upper receiver boundary plane, the retainer configured to prevent entry of the drug portions into a channel aligned with the delivery opening, and at least one cam for removing drug portions from the retaining section, wherein the cam is movable above the upper receiver boundary plane over the retaining section. 2. The storage container of claim 1, wherein the at least one cam is disposed on an external circumference of a central part of the separating device. 3. The storage container of claim 1, wherein the at least one cam has a planar surface. 4. The storage container of claim 1, wherein the at least one cam has at least one angled end face. 5. The storage container of claim 1, wherein the separating device has a coaxial recess disposed above the channels. 6. The storage container of claim 5, wherein at least one cam configured as a rolling element is disposed in the coaxial recess. 7. The storage container of claim 6, wherein the rolling element is spherical. 8. The storage container of claim 6, wherein the rolling element is barrel-shaped. 9. The storage container of claim 6, wherein the rolling element is roller-shaped. 10. The storage container of claim 1, wherein the radial end faces of the retaining section of the retainer are flattened. 11. A storage container for drug portions, comprising: a housing, the housing comprising: a receiving chamber; a circular cylindrical section; and a delivery opening; a separating device rotatably disposed in the circular cylindrical section of the housing, the separating device comprising: a plurality of radially spaced projections, uppermost points of the projections defining an upper receiver boundary plane; and a plurality of radially spaced channels, each channel disposed between two adjacent projections and configured to receive a drug portion; a retainer comprising: a fastening section; and a retaining section, the retaining section configured to prevent entry of the drug portions into any of the plurality of channels that is aligned with the delivery opening; and at least one cam configured to remove drug portions from the retaining section. 12. The storage container of claim 11, the housing further comprising a base surface, wherein the base surface includes the delivery opening. 13. The storage container of claim 11, wherein each projection has a surface adjacent to the receiving chamber, the uppermost points of the adjacent surfaces of the projections defining the upper receiver boundary plane. 14. The storage container of claim 11, wherein the retaining section is disposed above the delivery opening and above the upper receiver boundary plane. 15. The storage container of claim 11, wherein the at least one cam is disposed on an external circumference of a central part of the separating device. 16. The storage container of claim 11, wherein the at least one cam has at least one of a planar surface and an angled end face. 17. The storage container of claim 11, wherein the at least one cam is configured to be movable above the upper receiver boundary plane over the retaining section. 18. The storage container of claim 11, wherein the at least one cam is configured as a rolling element comprising one of a spherical shape, a barrel shape and a roller shape. 19. The storage container of claim 11, wherein the at least one cam is configured as a rolling element disposed in a coaxial recess of the separating device, the coaxial recess disposed above the channels. 20. A drug portion storage and delivery station container, comprising: a housing, comprising: a receiving chamber configured to hold a plurality of drug portions; a circular cylindrical section; and a base surface having a delivery opening; a separating device rotatably disposed in the circular cylindrical section of the housing, the separating device comprising: a central portion having a coaxial recess disposed above the channels; a plurality of radially spaced projections, each projection having a top surface adjacent to the receiving chamber, the top surfaces defining a receiver boundary plane; and a plurality of radially spaced channels defined by the projections, each channel disposed between two adjacent projections and configured to receive one or more drug portions; a retainer comprising: a fastening section; and a retaining section disposed above both the delivery opening and the receiver boundary plane, wherein the retainer is configured to prevent entry of the drug portions from the receiving chamber into a channel when the channel is aligned with the delivery opening; and at least one cam configured to remove drug portions from the retaining section, the at least one cam configured as a rolling element disposed in the coaxial recess.",
-    "A subject-matter of the invention are betaines with a special fatty acid chain distribution, for example based on palm kernel oil, the palm kernel oil comprising an enhanced content of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. 1. A fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of the general formula I: wherein: n=1 to 10, and R1CO=mixture of acyl radicals of a palm kernel oil, wherein the mixture of the acyl radicals exhibits an oleic acid acyl radicals content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 12% by weight to 21% by weight. 2. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein, in formula I, n=2 to 5. 3. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein, in formula I, n=3. 4. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein the mixture of the acyl radicals exhibits an oleic acid acyl radicals content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 13% by weight to 17% by weight. 5. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein the mixture of the acyl radicals exhibits an oleic acid acyl radicals content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 14% by weight to 15% by weight. 6. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein, in formula I, n=2 to 5 and the mixture of the acyl radicals exhibits an oleic acid acyl radicals content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 13% by weight to 17% by weight. 7. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein, in formula I, n=3 and the mixture of the acyl radicals exhibits an oleic acid acyl radicals content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 14% by weight to 15% by weight. 8. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein the mixture of acyl radicals of the palm kernel oil exhibits a linoleic acid acyl radicals (C18:2) content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 1.5% by weight to 4% by weight. 9. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein the mixture of acyl radicals of the palm kernel oil exhibits a linoleic acid acyl radicals (C18:2) content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 2% by weight to 3.5% by weight. 10. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein the mixture of acyl radicals of the palm kernel oil exhibits a linoleic acid acyl radicals (C18:2) content, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 2.5% by weight to 3% by weight. 11. The fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1, wherein the mixture of acyl radicals of the palm kernel oil exhibits a content of oleic acid acyl radicals, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 12% by weight to 21% by weight and a content of linoleic acid acyl radicals, based on all acyl radicals of the mixture, of 2% by weight to 4% by weight. 12. An aqueous solution comprising the fatty acid amidoalkyl betaine of claim 1. 13. The aqueous solution of claim 12, wherein said aqueous solution comprises fatty acid amidoalkyl betaines in an amount of 15% by weight to 55% by weight. 14. The aqueous solution of claim 12, wherein said aqueous solution comprises fatty acid amidoalkyl betaines in an amount of 21% by weight to 49% by weight. 15. The aqueous solution of claim 12, wherein said aqueous solution comprises fatty acid amidoalkyl betaines in an amount of 31% by weight to 39% by weight. 16. The aqueous solution of claim 4, wherein said aqueous solution exhibits a pH in a range from 3.6 to 7.9. 17. The aqueous solution of claim 4, wherein said aqueous solution exhibits a pH in a range from 4.1 to 6.9. 18. The aqueous solution of claim 12, wherein said aqueous solution comprises free fatty acids. 19. The aqueous solution of claim 12, wherein said aqueous solution comprises glycerol. 20. The aqueous solution of claim 12, wherein said aqueous solution comprises an additional surfactant.",
-    "Shared workspaces with selective content item synchronization. In one embodiment, for example, a method performed at a personal computing device comprises: displaying an actionable shared workspace launcher icon for a shared workspace accessible by a user account held with a content management system; downloading metadata pertaining to the shared workspace from the content management system; downloading one or more content item blocks for a particular content item belonging to the shared workspace from a content item server of the content management system; storing the one or more content item blocks at the personal computing device; and responsive to an activation of an actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the particular content item is currently configured for offline access. 1. A method for providing shared content item workspaces with selective content item synchronization, the method comprising: at a personal computing device comprising one or more processors and storage media storing one or more computer programs executed by the one or more processors to perform the method, performing operations comprising: displaying, on a desktop graphical user interface provided by an operating system of the personal computing device, an actionable shared workspace launcher icon for a shared workspace, the shared workspace accessibly by a user account held with a content management system; downloading metadata pertaining to the shared workspace from a control server of the content management system, the metadata comprising a name of each of one or more content items belonging to the shared workspace; responsive to an activation of the actionable shared workspace launcher icon for the shared workspace, displaying, within a window displayed on the desktop graphical user interface, a corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items, the corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items indicating the name of the content item and indicating that the content item is currently not configured for offline access; downloading one or more content item blocks for a particular content item, of the one or more content items, from a content item server of the content management system; storing the one or more content item blocks at the personal computing device; and responsive to an activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the particular content item is currently configured for offline access. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the metadata further comprises one or more identifiers of the one or more content item blocks; and the operation of downloading the one or more content item blocks from the content item server comprises the operation of providing the one or more identifiers of the one or more content item blocks in a network request of the content item server. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: each of the one or more content items is a content item folder or a content item file; and the operation of displaying, within the window, a corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items comprises the operation of displaying, within the window, a corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items indicating whether the content item is a content item folder or a content item file. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the particular content item is a particular content item folder; the one or more content item blocks belong to one or more content item files contained in the particular content item folder; and the metadata indicates the one or more content item files contained in the particular content item folder. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, of the one or more content items, comprises a user selecting a selectable item, of a list of one or more selectable items, displayed within the window, the selectable item representing an option to configure the particular content item for offline access. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item is a first activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item; and responsive to a second activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, deleting the one or more content item blocks from the personal computing device, and updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the content item is currently not configured for offline access. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: while the operation of downloading the one or more content item blocks from the content item server is being performed, updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the downloading operation is currently being performed. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the operations of downloading the one or more content item blocks for the particular content item from the content item server, and storing the one or more content item blocks at the personal computing device, are performed prior to the activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the operations of downloading the one or more content item blocks for the particular content item from the content item server, and storing the one or more content item blocks at the personal computing device, are performed while the particular content item is not configured for offline access according to metadata associated with the particular content item and stored at the personal computing device. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to detecting an event pertaining to an amount of available data storage space at the personal computing device, automatically switching a configuration of the particular content item from (a) configured for offline access to (b) not configured for offline access; and responsive to determining that the particular content item has not been accessed since the configuration of the particular content item was switched from (a) to (b), automatically deleting the one or more content item blocks from the personal computing device. 11. A personal computing device comprising: one or more processors; and storage media storing one or more computer programs for execution by the one or more processors, one or more computer programs comprising instructions for: displaying, on a desktop graphical user interface provided by an operating system of the personal computing device, an actionable shared workspace launcher icon for a shared workspace, the shared workspace accessible by a user account held with a content management system; downloading metadata pertaining to the shared workspace from a control server of the content management system, the metadata comprising a name of each of one or more content items belonging to the shared workspace; responsive to an activation of the actionable shared workspace launcher icon for the shared workspace, displaying, within a window displayed on the desktop graphical user interface, a corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items, the corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items indicating the name of the content item and indicating that the content item is currently not configured for offline access; downloading one or more content item blocks for a particular content item, of the one or more content items, from a content item server of the content management system; storing the one or more content item blocks at the personal computing device; and responsive to an activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the particular content item is currently configured for offline access. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein: the metadata further comprises one or more identifiers of the one or more content item blocks; and the instructions for downloading the one or more content item blocks from the content item server comprise instructions for providing the one or more identifiers of the one or more content item blocks in a network request of the content item server. 13. The device of claim 11, wherein: each of the one or more content items is a content item folder or a content item file; and the instructions for displaying, within the window, a corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items comprise instructions for displaying, within the window, a corresponding actionable file system icon for each of the one or more content items indicating whether the content item is a content item folder or a content item file. 14. The device of claim 11, wherein: the particular content item is a particular content item folder; the one or more content item blocks belong to one or more content item files contained in the particular content item folder; and the metadata indicates the one or more content item files that are contained in the particular content item folder. 15. The device of claim 11, wherein the activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, of the one or more content items, comprises a user selecting a selectable item, of a list of one or more selectable items, displayed within the window, the selectable item representing an option to configure the particular content item for offline access. 16. The device of claim 11, wherein: the activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item is a first activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item; and responsive to a second activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item, deleting the one or more content item blocks from the personal computing device, and updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the content item is currently not configured for offline access. 17. The device of claim 11, the one or more computer programs further comprising instructions for: while downloading the one or more content item blocks from the content item server, updating display of the corresponding actionable file system icon for the particular content item to indicate that the downloading is currently being performed. 18. The device of claim 11, the one or more computer programs further comprising instructions for downloading the one or more content item blocks for the particular content item from the content item server, and storing the one or more content item blocks at the personal computing device, prior to the activation of the actionable file system icon corresponding to the particular content item. 19. The device of claim 11, the one or more computer programs further comprising instructions for downloading the one or more content item blocks for the particular content item from the content item server, and storing the one or more content s at the personal computing device, while the particular content item is not configured for offline access according to metadata associated with the particular content item and stored at the personal computing device. 20. The device of claim 11, the one or more computer programs further comprising instructions for: responsive to detecting an event pertaining to an amount of available data storage space at the personal computing device, automatically switching a configuration of the particular content item from (a) configured for offline access to (b) not configured for offline access; and responsive to determining that the particular content item has not been accessed since the configuration of the particular content item was switched from (a) to (b), automatically deleting the one or more content item blocks from the personal computing device.",
-    "Provided herein is a display apparatus including a plurality of post spacers positioned between an upper substrate and lower substrate, at least some of the plurality of post spacers provided with through-holes in bodies thereof. 1. A display apparatus comprising a plurality of post spacers positioned between an upper substrate and lower substrate, wherein at least some of the plurality of post spacers are provided with through-holes in bodies thereof, the through-holes of some of the post spacers having different diameters or directions from through-holes of the other post spacers. 2. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein, of among the post spacers provided with the through-holes in bodies thereof, a diameter of a through-hole of a post spacer close to a liquid crystal filling position is greater than a diameter of a through-hole of a post spacer far away from the liquid crystal filling position. 3. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein, of among the post spacers provided with the through-holes in bodies thereof, a diameter of a through-hole of a post spacer close to a liquid crystal filling position is smaller than a diameter of a through-hole of a post spacer far away from the liquid crystal filling position. 4. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein, of among the post spacers provided with the through-holes in bodies thereof, a greater number of through-holes are formed in a post spacer close to a liquid crystal filling position than the number of through-holes in a post spacer far away from the liquid crystal filling position. 5. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein, of among the post spacers provided with the through-holes in bodies thereof, a smaller number of through-holes are formed in a post spacer close to a liquid crystal filling position than the number of through-holes in a post spacer far away from the liquid crystal filling position. 6. The display apparatus of claim 1, wherein a direction of the through-hole is formed to correspond to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled. 7. A method of forming a plurality of post spacers between an upper substrate and lower substrate in a display apparatus, the method comprising: applying a resin layer on an upper portion of the upper substrate or the lower substrate; arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies on an upper portion of the resin layer; applying a resin layer again on an upper portion of the resin layer where the plurality of through-hole forming bodies have been arranged; exposing the applied resin layer to light using a mask; removing areas other than areas where post spacers are to be formed from the applied resin layer; and removing the plurality of through-hole forming bodies from the areas where the post spacers are to be formed. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, a through-hole forming body having a greater diameter is arranged close to a liquid crystal filling position than a through-hole forming body having a smaller diameter. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, a through-hole forming body having a greater diameter is arranged far away from a liquid crystal filling position than a through-hole forming body having a smaller diameter. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, a greater number of through-hole forming bodies are arranged close to a liquid crystal filling position than the number of through-hole forming bodies far away from the liquid crystal filling position such that a greater number of through-holes are formed in a post spacer close to a liquid crystal filling position than the number of through-holes in a post spacer far away from the liquid crystal filling position. 11. The method of claim 7 wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, a greater number of through-hole forming bodies are arranged far away from a liquid crystal filling position than the number of through-hole forming bodies close to the liquid crystal filling position such that a greater number of through-holes are formed in a post spacer far away from the liquid crystal filling position than the number of through-holes in a post spacer close to the liquid crystal filling position. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising, further arranging at least one through-hole forming body on an upper portion of the applied resin layer; and applying a resin layer again on an upper portion of the resin layer where the at least one through-hole forming body has been arranged, wherein the above additional steps are repeated at least once before exposing the applied resin layer to light using a mask, so as to form through-holes having different heights. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, the through-holes forming bodies are arranged in a direction corresponding to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, the through-holes forming bodies are arranged in a direction corresponding to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, the through-holes forming bodies are arranged in a direction corresponding to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, the through-holes forming bodies are arranged in a direction corresponding to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, the through-holes forming bodies are arranged in a direction corresponding to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein at the step of arranging a plurality of through-hole forming bodies, the through-holes forming bodies are arranged in a direction corresponding to a direction in which liquid crystal spreads when being filled.",
-    "A push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit includes an output node, a word line, a first bit line, and a second bit line. A first resistive random access memory device is connected between the first bit line and the output node and a second resistive random access memory device is connected between the output node and the second bit line. A first programming transistor has a gate connected to the word line, a drain connected to the output node, and a source. A second programming transistor has a gate connected to the word line, a drain connected to the source of the first programming transistor, and a source. The first and second programming transistors have the same pitch, the same channel length, and the same gate dielectric thickness, the gate dielectric thickness chosen to withstand programming and erase potentials encountered during operation of the push-pull ReRAM cell circuit. 1. A push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit comprising: an output node; a word line; a first bit line; a second bit line; a first resistive random access memory device connected between the first bit line and the output node; a second resistive random access memory device connected between the output node and the second bit line; a first programming transistor having a gate connected to the word line, a drain connected to the output node, and a source; and a second programming transistor having a gate connected to the word line, a drain connected to the source of the first programming transistor, and a source, wherein the first and second programming transistors have the same pitch, the same channel length, and the same gate dielectric thickness, the gate dielectric thickness of the first and second programming transistors chosen to withstand programming and erase potentials encountered during operation of the push-pull ReRAM cell circuit. 2. The push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit of claim 1 wherein: the push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit is fabricated on an integrated circuit having input/output transistors; and the thickness of the gate dielectric of the first and second programming transistors is the same as the thickness of the gate dielectric of the input/output transistors. 3. The push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit of claim 2, further comprising: at least one switch transistor having a gate connected to the output node, a drain connected to a first logic net node and a source connected to a second logic net node; and wherein the switch transistor has the same pitch, channel length, and gate dielectric thickness as the first and second programming transistors. 4. The push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit of claim 1 wherein: the push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit is fabricated on an integrated circuit having logic transistors; and the thickness of the gate dielectric of the first and second programming transistors is larger than the thickness of the gate dielectric of the logic transistors. 5. The push-pull resistive random access memory cell circuit of claim 4, further comprising: at least one switch transistor having a gate connected to the output node, a drain connected to a first logic net node and a source connected to a second logic net node; and wherein the switch transistor has the same pitch, channel length, and gate dielectric thickness as the first and second programming transistors.",
-    "The disclosure includes a process and an apparatus for delivering a gob of molten glass into a blank mold. The apparatus includes a loading funnel holder that defines at least one opening, and a split loading funnel rotatably carried by the funnel holder. The split loading funnel includes two or more individual funnel segments that together provide an outlet of the funnel having an exit plane, each of the individual funnel segments having a lower portion that includes a concave interior guide surface. The two or more individual funnel segments are coupled together so that the interior guide surfaces of the individual funnel segments cooperate to define a guide passage extending along a longitudinal axis and terminating at the outlet. 1. An apparatus for delivering a gob of molten glass into a blank mold, the apparatus including: a loading funnel holder that defines at least one opening; and a split loading funnel rotatably carried by the funnel holder, the split loading funnel comprising two or more individual funnel segments that together provide an outlet of the funnel having an exit plane, each of the individual funnel segments having a lower portion that includes a concave interior guide surface, and wherein the two or more individual funnel segments are coupled together so that the interior guide surfaces of the individual funnel segments cooperate to define a guide passage extending along a longitudinal axis and terminating at the outlet. 2. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, further comprising a funnel mount rotatably received in the at least one opening of the loading funnel holder to rotatably mount the funnel to the funnel holder, wherein the funnel mount includes a circular frame and two opposed, spaced apart legs depending from the circular frame, each of the two opposed legs having a shoulder and a pair of elongated ridges that define a vertical groove extending downward from the shoulder. 3. The apparatus set forth in claim 2, wherein the split loading funnel comprises: a first funnel segment that includes a lower portion and a lateral flange extending from each side of the lower portion, wherein the lower portion of the first funnel segment has a first concave interior guide surface; a second funnel segment that includes a lower portion and a lateral flange extending from each side of the lower portion, wherein the lower portion of the second funnel segment has a second concave interior guide surface; a pair of mounting blocks, one of the mounting blocks securing one of the lateral flanges extending from the lower portion of the first funnel segment to one of the lateral flanges extending from the lower portion of the second funnel segment, and the other of the mounting blocks securing the other lateral flange extending from the lower portion of the first funnel segment to the other lateral flange extending from the lower portion of the second funnel segment, and wherein each of the mounting blocks has a protruding vertical guide and a protruding horizontal stop located above the guide, the protruding vertical guides of the mounting blocks being received in the vertical grooves of the depending legs of the funnel mount such that the stops of the mounting blocks rest against the shoulders of the depending legs. 4. The apparatus set forth in claim 3, wherein the mounting blocks are tapered to angle the first and second interior guide surfaces towards one another so that a cross-sectional area of the guide passage progressively decreases down the longitudinal axis towards the exit. 5. The apparatus set forth in claim 3, wherein a cross-sectional profile of the first concave interior guide surface and a cross-sectional profile of the second concave interior guide surface are the same. 6. The apparatus set forth in claim 3, wherein a cross-sectional profile of the first concave interior guide surface and a cross-sectional profile of the second concave interior guide surface are different. 7. The apparatus set forth in claim 1, wherein the loading funnel holder includes a body that defines the at least one opening, the body of the loading funnel holder having a radially inwardly extending ledge disposed about a circumference of the at least one opening, the radially inwardly extending ledge having a top surface. 8. The apparatus set forth in claim 7, wherein the split loading funnel comprises: a first funnel segment that includes a lower portion and a lateral flange extending from each side of the lower portion, wherein the lower portion of the first funnel segment has a first concave interior guide surface; a second funnel segment that includes a lower portion and a lateral flange extending from each side of the lower portion, wherein the lower portion of the second funnel segment has a second concave interior guide surface; and a pair of mounting blocks, one of the mounting blocks securing one of the lateral flanges extending from the lower portion of the first funnel segment to one of the lateral flanges extending from the lower portion of the second funnel segment, and the other of the mounting blocks securing the other lateral flange extending from the lower portion of the first funnel segment to the other lateral flange extending from the lower portion of the second funnel segment, and wherein each of the mounting blocks includes a generally rectangular portion positioned between the opposed confronting lateral flanges of the funnel segments and a semi-cylindrical portion extending from a radially outward end of the rectangular portion, the semi-cylindrical portion of each mounting block having an axially facing locating surface located against the top surface of the radially inwardly extending ledge of the body of the funnel holder. 9. The apparatus set forth in claim 8, wherein the mounting blocks are tapered to angle the first and second interior guide surfaces towards one another so that a cross-sectional area of the guide passage progressively decreases down the longitudinal axis towards the exit. 10. The apparatus set forth in claim 8, wherein a cross-sectional profile of the first concave interior guide surface and a cross-sectional profile of the second concave interior guide surface are different. 11. A process for delivering a gob of molten glass from a gob delivery system to a blank mold, the process comprising: providing an apparatus that includes a split, rotatable, loading funnel carried by a funnel holder and having two or more individual funnel segments that are arranged relative to one another to cooperatively define a guide passage having a longitudinal axis; locating the funnel above a mold cavity of a blank mold so that the guide passage is vertically aligned with the mold cavity; delivering a gob of molten glass from a deflector to the mold cavity through the guide passage of the funnel, the deflector having a chute that includes a base and two side walls extending outwardly from the base; and moving the funnel away from the mold cavity after the gob of molten glass has been introduced to the mold cavity. 12. The process set forth in claim 11, further comprising: rotating the funnel to index the guide passage of the funnel relative to the chute of the deflector.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention provide a device and method for controlling sway of a trailer utilizing a global positioning system (GPS) device to detect a speed of a vehicle, a rate gyro to detect a sway angle of the vehicle, and a controller coupled to the GPS device and the rate gyro. The GPS and the rate gyro provide the speed and the sway angle to the controller and the controller outputs a brake command if either a first condition is satisfied or a second condition is satisfied. 1. A device for controlling the sway of a vehicle comprising: a global positioning system (GPS) receiver operable to detect a speed of the vehicle; a rate gyro operable to detect sway of the vehicle; a voltage regulator coupled to the rate gyro; a controller coupled to the voltage regulator, the GPS receiver, and the rate gyro; wherein the GPS receiver and the rate gyro provide speed information and sway information to the controller; and wherein the controller outputs a brake command: if the speed of the vehicle is above a first predetermined threshold and sway of the vehicle in only a first lateral direction is above a second predetermined threshold and the brake command is to apply the brakes of the vehicle for a first predetermined period of time; if the speed of the vehicle is below the first predetermined threshold and sway of the vehicle in a first lateral direction and a second lateral direction opposite the first direction is above a third predetermined threshold and the brake command is to apply the brakes for a second predetermined period of time. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined threshold is 75 kilometers per hour. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the second predetermined threshold is 2.5 degrees per second. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the first and second predetermined periods of time are different. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the first and second predetermined periods of time are the same and are 2 seconds. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the third predetermined threshold is 2.5 degrees per second. 7. A device for controlling sway of a trailer comprising: a housing including; a global positioning system (GPS) device to detect a speed of the trailer; a rate gyro to detect sway of the trailer; and a controller coupled to the GPS device and the rate gyro; wherein the GPS device and the rate gyro provide the speed and the sway angle to the controller; and wherein the controller outputs a brake command if a first condition is satisfied and a second condition is satisfied. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the first condition is satisfied if the speed is above a speed threshold. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the speed threshold is 75 kilometers per hour. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the second condition is satisfied if the sway is above a sway threshold in only a first lateral direction. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the speed threshold is 75 kilometers per hour and the second condition is satisfied if the sway in the first lateral direction is greater than 2.5 degrees per second. 12. The device of claim 7, wherein the first condition is satisfied if the speed is below a speed threshold. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the speed threshold is 75 kilometers per hour. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the second condition is satisfied if the sway is measured in only a first lateral direction and a second lateral direction opposite the first lateral direction is above the sway threshold. 15. The device of claim 12 wherein the speed threshold is 75 kilometers per hour and the second condition is satisfied if the sway is measured in both the first and second lateral directions is greater than 2.5 degrees per second. 16. A method for controlling sway of a trailer comprising: detecting a speed of a trailer; detecting an angular speed of the trailer; and sending a first signal, by a controller, to trigger trailer brake system 54 if a first condition is satisfied and a second condition is satisfied. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the first condition is satisfied if the speed of the trailer is above a speed threshold and the second condition is satisfied if the angular speed of the trailer is above a sway threshold in only a first direction. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the speed threshold is 75 kilometers per hour and the sway threshold is 2.5 degrees per second. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the first condition is satisfied if the speed of the trailer is below a speed threshold and the second condition is satisfied if the angular speed of the trailer is above a sway threshold in first and second opposing lateral directions. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the speed threshold is 75 kilometers per hour and the sway threshold is 2.5 degrees per second.",
-    "A single pixel sensor is provided, comprising a photo sensor configured to convert light into proportional signals; a charge storage configured to accumulate, repeatedly, a plurality of the signals converted by the photosensor; a first transistor coupled between a pixel voltage terminal and the photosensor; a second transistor coupled between the photosensor and the charge storage; and a readout circuit coupled between the charge storage and an output channel, wherein: the single pixel sensor is configured to carry out the repeated accumulations of signals multiple times per each readout by the readout circuit, the single pixel sensor is configured to synchronously convert reflections of light emitted by an associated illuminator or to convert light emitted by non-associated flickering light sources, and wherein the single pixel sensor is backside illuminated by the light. 1. An imaging system comprising a pulsed illuminator and at least one gated imaging array comprising a plurality of single pixel sensors, wherein at least one of the single pixel sensors comprises: a photosensor configured to convert light into proportional signals; a charge storage configured to accumulate, repeatedly, a plurality of the signals converted by the photosensor; a first transistor coupled between a pixel voltage terminal and the photosensor; a second transistor coupled between the photosensor and the charge storage; and a readout circuit coupled between the charge storage and an output channel, wherein: the single pixel sensor is configured to carry out the repeated accumulations of signals multiple times per each readout by the readout circuit, the single pixel sensor is configured to synchronously convert at least one of: reflections of light emitted by the illuminator, light emitted by non-associated flickering light sources, and ambient light, and the imaging system further comprises at least one spectral filter associated with the at least one imaging array. 2. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the first transistor is configured to control a resetting of the photosensor and the second transistor is configured to control a transfer of the accumulated signal to the charge storage. 3. The imaging system of claim 2, wherein the first transistor is configured to reset the photosensor prior to each signal accumulation period and the second transistor is configured to transfer at least a portion of the accumulated signal from the photosensor to the charge storage. 4. The imaging system of claim 2, wherein the first transistor is further configured to prevent blooming of the photosensor by resetting the photosensor upon detection of signal leakage from adjacent pixel sensors. 5. The imaging system of claim 1, further comprising a reset transistor coupled between the charge storage and the pixel voltage terminal and configured to reset the charge pixel storage after at least one signal readout and/or at beginnings of signal accumulation periods. 6. The imaging system of claim 1, further comprising a voltage controlling element connected to the charge storage and configured to determine a signal level in the charge storage. 7. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the photosensor is a pinned Photo-Diode (PD). 8. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the charge storage is a Floating Diffusion (FD). 9. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the at least one single pixel sensor is backside illuminated and has a pitch of 5 \u03bcm or smaller. 10. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the at least one single pixel sensor is in SWIR (short wave infrared). 11. The imaging system of claim 1, wherein the at least one spectral filter comprises a pixelated pattern comprising NIR (near infrared) and RGB (red, green and blue) filtering elements positioned in front of individual pixels. 12. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein the NIR and RGB filtering elements are implemented as respective BPF (bandpass filters). 13. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein the RGB filtering elements comprise at least a single filter element that is implemented with a NIR cutoff. 14. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein the pixelated pattern is a 2\u00d72 pattern with respect to the single pixel sensors of the at least one gated imaging array. 15. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein the pixelated pattern is a 4\u00d74 pattern with respect to the single pixel sensors of the at least one gated imaging array. 16. A single pixel sensor comprising: a photosensor configured to convert light into proportional signals; a charge storage configured to accumulate, repeatedly, a plurality of the signals converted by the photosensor; a first transistor coupled between a pixel voltage terminal and the photosensor; a second transistor coupled between the photosensor and the charge storage; and a readout circuit coupled between the charge storage and an output channel, wherein: the single pixel sensor is configured to carry out the repeated accumulations of signals multiple times per each readout by the readout circuit, and the single pixel sensor is configured to synchronously convert reflections of light emitted by an associated illuminator or to convert light emitted by non-associated flickering light sources. 17. The single pixel sensor of claim 15, wherein the first transistor is configured to control a resetting of the photo sensor and the second transistor is configured to control a transfer of the accumulated signal to the charge storage. 18. The single pixel sensor of claim 16, wherein the first transistor is configured to reset the photo sensor prior to each signal accumulation period and the second transistor is configured to transfer at least a portion of the accumulated signal from the photo sensor to the charge storage. 19. The single pixel sensor of claim 16, wherein the first transistor is further configured to prevent blooming of the photosensor by resetting the photosensor upon detection of signal leakage from adjacent pixel sensors. 20. The single pixel sensor of claim 15, further comprising a reset transistor coupled between the charge storage and the pixel voltage terminal and configured to reset the charge pixel storage at beginnings of signal accumulation periods. 21. The single pixel sensor of claim 15, further comprising a voltage controlling element connected to the charge storage and configured to determine a signal level in the charge storage. 22. The single pixel sensor of claim 15, wherein the photosensor is a pinned Photo-Diode (PD) and the charge storage is a Floating Diffusion (FD). 23. The single pixel sensor of claim 15, configured as a backside illuminated sensor and having a pitch of 5 \u03bcm at most. 24. The single pixel sensor of claim 15, configured as a hybrid structure sensor operating in SWIR and optionally in visible range, wherein the photosensor is implemented in an InGaAs layer. 25. A method comprising: accumulating, repeatedly, in a charge storage of a single pixel sensor, a plurality of signals that are proportionally converted by a photosensor from corresponding light, wherein the single pixel sensor is backside illuminated by the light, controlling a resetting of the photosensor by a first transistor coupled between a pixel voltage terminal and the photosensor, controlling a transfer of the accumulated signal to the charge storage by a second transistor coupled between the photosensor and the charge storage, and configuring the single pixel sensor to carry out the repeated accumulations of signals multiple times per each readout of the charge storage by a pixel readout circuit, wherein the single pixel sensor is configured to synchronously convert reflections of light emitted by an associated illuminator or to convert light emitted by non-associated flickering light sources. 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising: controlling, by the first transistor, a resetting of the photosensor prior to each signal accumulation period, and transferring, by the second transistor, at least a portion of the accumulated signal from the photosensor to the charge storage. 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising preventing blooming of the photosensor by resetting the photosensor upon detection of signal leakage from adjacent pixel sensors. 28. The method of claim 24, further comprising resetting the charge pixel storage at beginnings of signal accumulation periods by a reset transistor coupled between the charge storage and the pixel voltage terminal. 29. The method of claim 24, further comprising determining a signal level in the charge storage by a voltage controlling element connected to the charge storage.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a focused ion beam apparatus equipped with a gas field ion source that can produce a focused ion beam for a long period of time by stably and continuously emitting ions from the gas field ion source having high luminance, along an optical axis of an ion-optical system for a long period of time. In the focused ion beam apparatus equipped with a gas field ion source having an emitter for emitting ions, the emitter has a shape in which sharpened iridium is fixed to dissimilar wire. 1. A focused ion beam apparatus at least equipped with a gas field ion source having an emitter for emitting ions, wherein the emitter has a shape in which sharpened iridium is fixed to dissimilar wire. 2. The focused ion beam apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the dissimilar metal wire is made of any one of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, and niobium. 3. The focused ion beam apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the emitter has a pyramidal structure of which an apex is composed of one iridium atom in a <210> orientation surrounded by one {100} facet and two {111} facets, at a sharpened free end. 4. The focused ion beam apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein the emitter has a pyramidal structure of which an apex is composed of one iridium atom in a <210> orientation surrounded by one {100} facet and two {111} facets, at a sharpened free end.",
-    "We provide a segmented reactor for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid via hydrogenation and hydrocracking, comprising: no solid hydrogenation catalyst; a gas inlet for feeding a gas feed comprising a hydrogen; a liquid inlet for feeding a spent acidic ionic liquid; partitions along an axis of the reactor that create segments, wherein each segment functions as a bubble column reactor; and an outlet from which a regenerated acidic ionic liquid flow out of the segmented reactor. We also provide a process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with hydrogen and without an addition of a solid hydrogenation catalyst in the segmented reactor. 1. A segmented reactor for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid via a hydrogenation and a hydrocracking, comprising: no solid hydrogenation catalyst; a gas inlet for feeding a gas feed comprising a hydrogen; a liquid inlet for feeding a spent acidic ionic liquid; partitions along an axis of the segmented reactor that create segments, wherein each segment functions as a bubble column reactor; and an outlet from which a regenerated acidic ionic liquid flows out of the segmented reactor. 2. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the axis is vertical. 3. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the gas inlet and the liquid inlet are at the bottom of the segmented reactor and the outlet is above the bottom of the segmented reactor. 4. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the gas feed and the spent acidic ionic liquid flow upwardly through the segmented reactor and do not flow back from an upper segment to a lower segment in the segmented reactor. 5. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein openings in the partitions provide a high gas-liquid velocity of at least 10 mm/s. 6. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the partitions in the segmented reactor provide an overall plug flow pattern in the reactor. 7. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the partitions are the only internals in the segmented reactor. 8. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the partitions are perforated plates. 9. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the partitions have openings that are 0.1 to 2.5 cm in diameter. 10. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein a layer of a particulate filter medium that is 2.5 to 15 cm thick and having a pore size greater than 0.005 cm is placed at the top of one or more of the partitions , wherein the layer removes solid impurities in the system and improves the dispersion of gas bubbles. 11. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the partitions distribute gas bubbles uniformly across an entire cross-section of the segmented reactor. 12. The segmented reactor of claim 1, wherein the partitions are inserted into a conventional bubble column reactor. 13. The segmented reactor of claim 1, additionally comprising a vent at the top of the segmented reactor that collects paraffinic light gases that are formed during a contacting of the hydrogen and the spent acidic ionic liquid. 14. The segmented reactor of claim 1, additionally comprising a level control valve or a lateral effluent outlet, which maintains a steady level of a liquid in the segmented reactor. 15. The segmented reactor of claim 1, additionally comprising a temperature controller that maintains a temperature in the segmented reactor from 100\u00b0 C. to 350\u00b0 C. 16. The segmented reactor of claim 1, additionally comprising a pressure controller that maintains a pressure in the segmented reactor from 50 to 5000 psig (446 to 34600 kpa). 17. The segmented reactor of claim 1, additionally comprising a fluid connection between the outlet that elutes the regenerated acidic ionic liquid and an alkylation reactor outlet, wherein an extracted conjunct polymer naphtha produced in the segmented reactor is mixed with an alkylate gasoline made in an alkylation reactor, to make a blended alkylate gasoline. 18. The segmented reactor of claim 1, additionally comprising a recycle loop that feeds the regenerated acidic ionic liquid back to a hydrocarbon conversion reactor that produced the spent acidic ionic liquid. 19. A process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid via a hydrogenation and a hydrocracking, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with a hydrogen and without an addition of a solid hydrogenation catalyst in a segmented reactor comprising multiple segments wherein each of the multiple segments functions as a bubble column reactor; and wherein a concentration of a conjunct polymer in the spent acidic ionic liquid is decreased to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid. 20. The process of claim 19, wherein paraffinic light gases are formed during the contacting.",
-    "An apparatus includes a first circuit configured to receive one or more requests from a plurality of cores. Each of the one or more requests is to enter or to exit one of a plurality of power-down modes. The first circuit further selects one or more of the cores to enter or to exit the requested power-down mode or modes based on inrush current information associated with the power-down modes. A second circuit is configured to effect entering or exiting the requested power-down mode or modes in the selected one or more of the cores. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first circuit configured to receive one or more requests from a plurality of cores, each of the one or more requests being to enter or to exit one of a plurality of power-down modes, and select one or more of the cores to enter or to exit the requested power-down mode or modes based on inrush current information associated with the power-down modes; and a second circuit configured to effect entering or exiting the requested power-down mode or modes in the selected one or more of the cores. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first circuit is further configured to select additional one or more of the cores independent of the power-down modes, and wherein the second circuit is further configured to effect entering or exiting the power-down mode or modes requested by the additional one or more of the cores. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first circuit is further configured to select the additional one or more of the cores based on priorities independent of the power-down modes and within an inrush current budget. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first circuit is further configured to select the one or more of the cores based on an inrush current budget. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a number of the one or more of the cores selected is based on the inrush current budget. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first circuit is further configured to assign a priority to each of the cores and configured to select the one or more of the cores based on the assigned priorities. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first circuit is further configured to assign the priorities to each of the cores based on priorities of the power-down modes. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the priorities of the power-down modes are programmable. 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first circuit is further configured to increase priorities of unselected ones of the cores, and configured to select another one or more of the cores based on the increased priorities of the unselected ones of the cores. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the inrush current information associated with the power-down modes is programmable. 11. An method to manage power, comprising receiving one or more requests from a plurality of cores, each of the one or more requests being to enter or to exit one of a plurality of power-down modes; selecting one or more of the cores to enter or to exit the requested power-down mode or modes based on inrush current information associated with the power-down modes; and entering or exiting the requested power-down mode or modes in the selected one or more of the cores. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising selecting additional one or more of the cores independent of the power-down modes; and entering or exiting the power-down mode or modes requested by the additional one or more of the cores. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the selecting the additional one or more of the cores is based on priorities independent of the power-down modes and within an inrush current budget. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the selecting the one or more of the cores is based on an inrush current budget. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a number of the one or more of the cores selected is based on the inrush current budget. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising assigning a priority to each of the cores, wherein the selecting the one or more of the cores is based on the assigned priorities. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the assigning the priorities to each of the cores is based on priorities of the power-down modes. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the priorities of the power-down modes are programmable. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising increasing priorities of unselected ones of the cores; and selecting another one or more of the cores based on the increased priorities of the unselected ones of the cores. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the inrush current information associated with the power-down modes is programmable. 21. An apparatus, comprising: a first circuit configured to receive a plurality of requests from a plurality of cores, each of the requests being to enter or to exit one of a plurality of power-down modes; and select ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently; and a second circuit configured to effect entering or exiting the requested power-down modes in the selected ones of the cores. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first circuit is further configured to select the ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently based on an inrush current budget. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the first circuit is further configured to select the ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently based on inrush current information associated with the power-down modes. 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first circuit is further configured to select the ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently based on priorities of the cores. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first circuit is further configured to assign the priorities to each of the cores based on priorities of the power-down modes. 26. An method to manage power, comprising receiving a plurality of requests from a plurality of cores, each of the requests being to enter or to exit one of a plurality of power-down modes; and selecting ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently; and entering or exiting the requested power-down modes in the selected ones of the cores. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the selecting the ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently is based on an inrush current budget. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the selecting the ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently is based on inrush current information associated with the power-down modes. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the selecting the ones of the cores to enter or to exit different power-down modes concurrently is based on priorities of the cores. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the priorities of the cores are based on priorities of the power-down modes.",
-    "In general, the subject matter described in this disclosure can be embodied in methods, systems, and program products for detecting motion in images. A computing system receives first and second images that were captured by a camera. The computing system generates, using the images, a mathematical transformation that indicates movement of the camera from the first image to the second image. The computing system generates, using the first image and the mathematical transformation, a modified version of the first image that presents the scene that was captured by the first image from a position of the camera when the second image was captured. The computing system determines a portion of the first image or second image at which a position of an object in the scene moved, by comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image. 1. A computer-implemented method for detecting motion in images, comprising: receiving, by a computing system, a first image that was captured by a camera; receiving, by the computing system, a second image that was captured by the camera; generating, by the computing system and using the first image and the second image, a mathematical transformation that indicates movement of the camera from the first image to the second image with respect to a scene that is reflected in the first image and the second image; generating, by the computing system and using the first image and the mathematical transformation, a modified version of the first image that presents the scene that was captured by the first image from a position of the camera when the second image was captured, wherein a position of the camera when the first image was captured is different from the position of the camera when the second image was captured; and determining, by the computing system, a portion of the first image or second image at which a position of an object in the scene moved, by comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the second image is an image that the camera captured in a series of images after the camera captured the first image in the series of images. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image includes identifying a pixel difference between the modified version of the first image and the second image. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image includes: calculating, by the computing system, a spatial gradient of the first image or the second image to identify a portion of the first image or the second image at which an edge of an object is present; identifying, by the computing system, a pixel difference between the modified version of the first image and the second image; and determining, by the computing system, a portion of the first image or the second image at which a moving edge of the object is present, as a result of (i) the calculated spatial gradient indicating that the edge of the object is present in the portion of the first image or the second image, and (ii) there being an identified pixel difference between the modified version of the first image and the second image at the portion of the first image. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, by the computing system, a grid of multiple regions of the first image or the second image at which to analyze for movement, wherein the grid of multiple regions includes a plurality of rows, with each row including a plurality of the multiple regions; and determining, by the computing system and for more than one of the multiple regions, a value that identifies computed motion of the respective region, wherein determining the portion of the first image or the second image at which the position in the object in the scene moved comprises determining a value that identifies computed motion for a particular region of the multiple regions. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein all of the regions in the grid of multiple regions are the same size and shape. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising: generating, by the computing system, a value that identifies a general level of movement between the first image and the second image by combining at least some of the values that identified the computed motion for respective regions. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the computing system, a sequence of images that includes at least the first image and the second image, in addition to multiple other images; determining, by the computing system, a level of movement reflected by the first image or the second image based on the comparison of the modified version of the first image to the second image; and determining, by the computing system and based on the determined level of movement reflected by the first image or the second image, to: (i) maintain the first image or the second image in computer storage, at least until user input removes the first image or the second image from the computer storage, and (ii) remove at least one of the multiple other images from storage, without receipt of user input that specifies that the at least one of the multiple other images is to be removed from storage. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the mathematical transformation that indicates movement of the camera includes a homography transform matrix. 10. One or more non-transitory computer-readable devices including instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause performance of operations that include: receiving, by a computing system, a first image that was captured by a camera; receiving, by the computing system, a second image that was captured by the camera; generating, by the computing system and using the first image and the second image, a mathematical transformation that indicates movement of the camera from the first image to the second image with respect to a scene that is reflected in the first image and the second image; generating, by the computing system and using the first image and the mathematical transformation, a modified version of the first image that presents the scene that was captured by the first image from a position of the camera when the second image was captured, wherein a position of the camera when the first image was captured is different from the position of the camera when the second image was captured; and determining, by the computing system, a portion of the first image or second image at which a position of an object in the scene moved, by comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image. 11. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 10, wherein the second image is an image that the camera captured in a series of images after the camera captured the first image in the series of images. 12. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 10, wherein comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image includes identifying a pixel difference between the modified version of the first image and the second image. 13. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 10, wherein comparing the modified version of the first image to the second image includes: calculating, by the computing system, a spatial gradient of the first image or the second image to identify a portion of the first image or the second image at which an edge of an object is present; identifying, by the computing system, a pixel difference between the modified version of the first image and the second image; and determining, by the computing system, a portion of the first image or the second image at which a moving edge of the object is present, as a result of (i) the calculated spatial gradient indicating that the edge of the object is present in the portion of the first image or the second image, and (ii) there being an identified pixel difference between the modified version of the first image and the second image at the portion of the first image. 14. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 10, further comprising: identifying, by the computing system, a grid of multiple regions of the first image or the second image at which to analyze for movement, wherein the grid of multiple regions includes a plurality of rows, with each row including a plurality of the multiple regions; and determining, by the computing system and for more than one of the multiple regions, a value that identifies computed motion of the respective region, wherein determining the portion of the first image or the second image at which the position in the object in the scene moved comprises determining a value that identifies computed motion for a particular region of the multiple regions. 15. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 14, wherein all of the regions in the grid of multiple regions are the same size and shape. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 14, further comprising: generating, by the computing system, a value that identifies a general level of movement between the first image and the second image by combining at least some of the values that identified the computed motion for respective regions. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 10, further comprising: receiving, by the computing system, a sequence of images that includes at least the first image and the second image, in addition to multiple other images; determining, by the computing system, a level of movement reflected by the first image or the second image based on the comparison of the modified version of the first image to the second image; and determining, by the computing system and based on the determined level of movement reflected by the first image or the second image, to: (i) maintain the first image or the second image in computer storage, at least until user input removes the first image or the second image from the computer storage, and (ii) remove at least one of the multiple other images from storage, without receipt of user input that specifies that the at least one of the multiple other images is to be removed from storage. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable devices of claim 10, wherein the mathematical transformation that indicates movement of the camera includes a homography transform matrix.",
-    "A wide bandwidth multiplexer (MUX) is provided that performs carrier aggregation. The MUX combines at least a first LC filter that acts as a low band filter, at least a first composite filter that acts as a middle band filter, and at least one other LC or composite filter that acts as a high band filter. The wide bandwidth MUX has low insertion loss and provides sufficient attenuation at adjacent edges of adjacent pass bands to prevent overlap between adjacent pass bands. 1. A wide-bandwidth multiplexer (MUX) comprising: an input terminal connected to an antenna; a low band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a first frequency range, the low band filter being an LC filter having at least one inductor (L) and one capacitor (C); a middle band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a second frequency range that is higher than the first frequency range, the middle band filter being a composite filter having at least one acoustic resonator device and at least one inductor; and a high band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a third frequency range that is higher than the second frequency range, the high band filter being one of an LC filter having at least one inductor and one capacitor and a composite filter having at least one inductor, one capacitor and one acoustic resonator device. 2. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 1, wherein the MUX is an ultra-wide-bandwidth MUX, wherein the first frequency range has a lowest frequency that is more than 8% below a center frequency of the second frequency range, and wherein the third frequency range has a highest frequency that is more than 8% above the center frequency of the second frequency range. 3. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 2, wherein the first frequency range ranges from approximately 700 megahertz (MHz) to approximately 960 MHz, and wherein the second frequency range ranges from approximately 1710 MHz to approximately 2170 MHz, and wherein the third frequency range ranges from approximately 2300 MHz to approximately 2690 MHz. 4. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 3, wherein the pass band of the middle band filter is a dual pass band that further includes a fourth frequency range ranging from approximately 1427.9 MHz to approximately 1511 MHz. 5. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 3, wherein said at least one of the acoustic resonator devices comprises one of a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator device and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator device. 6. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 5, wherein at least one of the acoustic resonator devices comprises at least one of a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) device or a solidly mounted resonator (SMR) device. 7. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 2, wherein the low band filter comprises at least a first LC circuit branch, the first LC circuit branch including at least a first inductor and a first capacitor connected in series, a first end of the first LC circuit branch being connected to a first circuit node of the low band filter, a second end of the first LC circuit branch being connected to electrical ground. 8. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 7, wherein the low band filter further comprises at least a second inductor having a first terminal connected to the input node and a second terminal connected to the first circuit node. 9. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 8, wherein the low band filter further comprises at least a third inductor having a first terminal connected to the first circuit node and a second terminal connected to a first output terminal of the MUX. 10. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 8, wherein the low band filter further comprises at least a third inductor having a first terminal connected to the first circuit node and a second terminal connected to a second circuit node. 11. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 10, wherein the low band filter further comprises at least a second circuit branch having at least a fourth inductor and a second capacitor, the fourth inductor having a first terminal connected to the second circuit node and a second terminal to a first terminal of the second capacitor, the second capacitor having a second terminal that is connected to electrical ground. 12. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 7, wherein the middle band filter includes a plurality of acoustic resonator devices and a plurality of inductors. 13. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 12, wherein the high band filter is a composite filter that includes at least one acoustic resonator device and a plurality of inductors. 14. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 2, wherein the middle band filter includes at least first and second inductors and at least first and second acoustic resonator devices, the first inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the input terminal of the MUX and a second terminal that is connected to a first circuit node of the middle band filter, the first acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the second inductor, a second terminal of the second inductor being connected to electrical ground, the second acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to a second circuit node of the middle band filter. This idea should be included: Where inductors 117f, 117g, 117h parallel-connected to resonators 116a,116c and 116e that extend bandwidth of the composite middle band filter (FIG. 4). These parallel inductors are crucial for achieving wide-bandwidth and in forming second passband (at 1427.9-1511 MHz). 15. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 14, wherein the high band filter includes at least third and fourth inductors and a first capacitor. 16. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 15, wherein the high band filter includes at least the third and fourth inductors, the first capacitor, and at least a third acoustic resonator device, and wherein the third acoustic resonator device improves a steepness of the high band filter. 17. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 16, wherein the high band filter further includes at least a fifth inductor and a second capacitor, the third inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the input terminal of the MUX and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the first capacitor, a second terminal of the first capacitor being connected to a first circuit node of the high band filter, a first terminal of the fourth inductor being connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter and a second terminal of the fourth inductor being connected to electrical ground, a first terminal of the second capacitor being connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter and a second terminal of the second capacitor being connected to electrical ground. 18. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 17, wherein a first terminal of the fifth inductor is connected to the first circuit node of the third pass band circuit and a second terminal of the fifth inductor is connected to a first terminal of the second capacitor, a second terminal of the second capacitor being connected to a second circuit node of the third pass band filter, a first terminal of the third acoustic resonator device being connected to the second circuit node of the high band filter. 19. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 17, wherein a first terminal of the second capacitor is connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter and a second terminal of the second capacitor is connected to a first terminal of the fifth inductor, a second terminal of the fifth inductor being connected to a second circuit node of the high band filter, a first terminal of the third acoustic resonator device being connected to the second circuit node of the high band filter. 20. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 16, wherein the high band filter further includes at least a fourth acoustic resonator device, a fifth inductor and a second capacitor, the third inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the input terminal of the MUX and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the first capacitor, the first capacitor having a second terminal that is connected to a first circuit node of the third pass band filter, the third acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the fourth inductor, the second terminal of the fourth inductor being connected to electrical ground, a first terminal of the second capacitor being connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter, the second terminal of the second capacitor being connected to a second circuit node of the high band filter, a first terminal of the fourth acoustic resonator device being connected to the second circuit node of the high band filter, a second terminal of the fourth acoustic resonator device being connected to a first terminal of the fifth inductor, a second terminal of the fifth inductor being connected to electrical ground. 21. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 14, wherein the middle band filter further includes at least third and fourth inductors connected in parallel to one another, the third inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to electrical ground, the fourth inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the second circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to electrical ground. 22. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 1, wherein the low band filter is one of a lowpass filter and a bandpass filter. 23. The wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 1, wherein the high band filter is one of a highpass filter and a bandpass filter. 24. An ultra-wide-bandwidth multiplexer (MUX) for performing carrier aggregation (CA) of signals having frequencies that are within one of a first, second and third frequency range, wherein the first frequency range has a lowest frequency that is more than 8% below a center frequency of the second frequency range, and wherein the third frequency range has a highest frequency that is more than 8% above the center frequency of the second frequency range, the MUX comprising: an input terminal connected to an antenna; a low band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a first frequency range, the low band filter being an LC filter having at least a first inductor (L) and first capacitor (C); a middle band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a second frequency range that is higher than the first frequency, the middle band filter being a composite filter having at least first and second acoustic resonator devices and at least second and third inductors; and a high band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a third frequency range that is higher than the second frequency, the high band filter being a composite filter having at least second and third capacitors, a third acoustic resonator device and fourth and fifth inductors. 25. The ultra-wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 24, wherein the second inductor has a first terminal that is connected to the input terminal of the MUX and a second terminal that is connected to a first circuit node of the middle band filter, the first acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the third inductor, a second terminal of the third inductor being connected to electrical ground, the second acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to a second circuit node of the middle band filter. 26. The ultra-wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 25, wherein the fourth inductor has a first terminal that is connected to the input terminal of the MUX and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the second capacitor, the second capacitor having a second terminal that is connected to a first circuit node of the high band filter, the third acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter. 27. The ultra-wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 25, wherein the fourth inductor has a first terminal that is connected to the input terminal of the MUX and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the second capacitor, the second capacitor having a second terminal that is connected to a first circuit node of the high band filter, wherein the fifth inductor has a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the high band filter and a second terminal that is connected to a first terminal of the third capacitor, the third capacitor having a second terminal that is connected to a second circuit node of the high band filter, the third acoustic resonator device having a first terminal that is connected to the second circuit node of the high band filter. 28. The ultra-wide-bandwidth MUX of claim 25, wherein the middle band filter further includes at least sixth and seventh inductors connected in parallel to one another, the sixth inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the first circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to electrical ground, the seventh inductor having a first terminal that is connected to the second circuit node of the middle band filter and a second terminal that is connected to electrical ground. 29. A wide-bandwidth multiplexer (MUX) comprising: an input terminal connected to an antenna; a low band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a first frequency range that ranges from approximately 700 megahertz (MHz) to approximately 960 MHz, the low band filter being an LC filter having at least one inductor (L) and one capacitor (C); a middle band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a second frequency range that is higher than the first frequency, wherein the second frequency range is a dual frequency range that includes frequencies ranging from approximately 1710 MHz to approximately 2170 MHz and frequencies ranging from approximately 1427.9 MHz to approximately 1511 MHz, the middle band filter being a composite filter having at least one acoustic resonator device and at least one inductor; and a high band filter connected to the input terminal and having a pass band of a third frequency range that is higher than the second frequency, wherein the third frequency range ranges from approximately 2300 MHz to approximately 2690 MHz, the high band filter being one of an LC filter having at least one inductor and one capacitor and a composite filter having at least one inductor, one capacitor and one acoustic resonator device.",
-    "A variety of molded bodies having high weatherability, impact resistance, designability, and the like, and a polyorganosiloxane latex and a graft copolymer used as the raw materials therefor are provided, where the polyorganosiloxane latex has a mass average particle diameter (Dw) of a polyorganosiloxane particle of 100 to 200 nm, and a ratio of the mass average particle diameter (Dw) to a number average particle diameter (Dn) (Dw/Dn) of 1.0 to 1.7. A polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer (g) obtained by polymerizing one or more vinyl-based monomers in the presence of the latex. A graft copolymer (G) is obtained by graft polymerizing one or more vinyl-based monomers in the presence of the copolymer. A thermoplastic resin composition includes the graft copolymer (G) and a thermoplastic resin (Ha) except for the graft copolymer (G). A molded body is obtained by molding the resin composition. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A method of preparing a polyorganosiloxane latex, where a polyorganosiloxane particle of the latex has a mass average particle diameter (Dw) of 100 to 200 nm, and where a ratio (Dw/Dn) of the mass average particle diameter (Dw) to a number average particle diameter (Dn) is 1.0 to 1.7, the method comprising: dropping an emulsion (B) comprising an organosiloxane, an emulsifier, and water into a water-based medium (A) comprising water, an organic acid catalyst, and an inorganic acid catalyst; and polymerizing the organosiloxane, wherein: a total amount of the organic acid catalyst and the emulsifier is 0.5 to 6 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the organosiloxane, the water-based medium (A) is at a pH within the range of 0 to 1.2 when measured at 25\u00b0 C., and the dropping of the emulsion (B) is at a rate such that an amount of the organosiloxane fed is 0.5 parts by mass/min or less when a total amount of the organosiloxane to be used is 100 parts by mass. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein a standard deviation of the mass average particle diameter (Dw) of the polyorganosiloxane particle is 0 to 80. 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein a proportion of the polyorganosiloxane particles having a particle diameter of less than 50 nm is 5% by mass or less based on the total amount of the particles, and wherein a proportion of the polyorganosiloxane particles having a particle diameter of 300 nm or more is 20% by mass or less based on the total amount of the particles. 24. The method according to claim 21, wherein the polyorganosiloxane particle has a mass average particle diameter (Dw) of 100 to 190 nm. 25. A method of preparing a polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer comprising: preparing by the method according to claim 21 the polyorganosiloxane latex, and polymerizing one or more vinyl-based monomers in the presence of the polyorganosiloxane latex. 26. The method of claim 25, where a particle of the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer has a mass average particle diameter (Dw) of 110 nm to 800 nm, and a ratio (Dw/Dn) of the mass average particle diameter (Dw) to a number average particle diameter (Dn) is 1.0 to 2.0. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the vinyl-based monomer is an acrylic acid ester. 28. A method of preparing a graft copolymer (G) comprising: preparing by the method according to claim 25 the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer, and graft polymerizing one or more vinyl-based monomers in the presence of the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein a molded body obtained by molding the following composition exhibits performance (1) and (2) when evaluated under the following test piece production conditions and Charpy impact strength measurement conditions: (1) a Charpy impact strength at 23\u00b0 C. of 6 kJ/m2 or more, and (2) a diffuse reflectance of 5% or less; Test Piece Production Conditions: (a) 33 parts by mass of the graft copolymer (G), (b) 9 parts by mass of an acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer comprising 25% by mass of an acrylonitrile unit and 75% by mass of a styrene unit and having a reduced viscosity (\u03b7sp/c) of 0.40 dL/g in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of 0.2 g/dL at 25\u00b0 C., (c) 9 parts by mass of an acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer comprising 28% by mass of an acrylonitrile unit and 72% by mass of a styrene unit and having a reduced viscosity of 0.62 dL/g in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of 0.2 g/dL at 25\u00b0 C., (d) 50 parts by mass of an acrylonitrile-styrene-N-phenylmaleimide copolymer comprising 22% by mass of an acrylonitrile unit, 55% by mass of a styrene unit, and 23% by mass of an N-phenylmaleimide unit and having a reduced viscosity of 0.40 dL/g in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of 0.2 g/dL at 25\u00b0 C., (e) 0.5 parts by mass of ethylenebisstearylamide, (f) 0.03 parts by mass of silicone oil, and (g) 0.05 parts by mass of carbon black; where the materials (a) to (g) above are blended and kneaded using a volatilizing extruder (TEX-30\u03b1 made by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.) the barrel of which is heated to a temperature of 260\u00b0 C. to obtain pellets; the pellets are molded using a 4-ounce injection molding machine (made by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.) under conditions of a cylinder temperature of 260\u00b0 C. and a mold temperature of 60\u00b0 C. to obtain a test piece 1 with a length of 80 mm, a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 4 mm; and a plate-like molded body 2 (a length of 100 mm, a width of 100 mm and a thickness of 2 mm) is obtained in the same manner as above in conditions of a cylinder temperature of 260\u00b0 C., a mold temperature of 60\u00b0 C., and an injection rate of 5 g/sec; Charpy Impact Strength Measurement Conditions: measurement is conducted on a V-notched test piece 1 that is left under a 23\u00b0 C. atmosphere for 12 hours or more by a method according to ISO 179; Diffuse Reflectance Measurement Conditions: a 50 nm aluminum film is formed (through a direct deposition) on the surface of the molded body 2 by a vacuum deposition method (VPC-1100 made by ULVAC-PHI, Inc.) under conditions of a degree of vacuum of 6.0\u00d710\u22123 Pa and a film forming rate of 10 angstroms/sec; and a diffuse reflectance (%) of the obtained molded body is measured using a reflectance meter (TR-1100AD made by Tokyo Denshoku Co., Ltd.). 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the graft copolymer (G) comprises 5 to 25% by mass of a polyorganosiloxane based on 100% by mass of a polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer, wherein the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer is graft polymerized with a mixture of a vinyl cyanide-based monomer and an aromatic vinyl-based monomer, wherein the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer has a mass average particle diameter (Dw) of 120 to 200 nm, wherein a proportion of a particle having a particle diameter of 100 nm or less is 15% by mass or less based on the total amount of the particle, and wherein a proportion of the particle having a particle diameter of 400 nm or more is 1% by mass or less based on the total amount of the particle. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the polyorganosiloxane contains 0.5 to 5 parts by mass of a component derived from a siloxane-based crosslinking agent based on 100 parts by mass of the organosiloxane. 32. A method of producing a thermoplastic resin composition (Ia) comprising blending a composition containing the graft copolymer (G) according to claim 29 with a thermoplastic resin (Ha) except for the graft copolymer (G). 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the thermoplastic resin (Ha) is a copolymer comprising 0 to 40% by mass of a vinyl cyanide-based monomer unit, 40 to 80% by mass of an aromatic vinyl-based monomer unit, and 0 to 60% by mass of another monomer unit whose monomer is copolymerizable with these monomers. 34. A method of producing a molded body comprising molding the thermoplastic resin composition (Ia) produced according to the method of claim 32. 35. A method of producing a lamp housing for vehicle lighting having a molded body comprising molding the thermoplastic resin composition (Ia) produced according to the method of claim 32. 36. The method of claim 28, wherein a molded body obtained by molding the following composition exhibits performance (1) and (2) when evaluated under the following test piece production conditions and Charpy impact strength measurement conditions: (1) L* is 24 or less, and (2) a Charpy impact strength at \u221230\u00b0 C. is 6 kJ/m2 or more; Test Piece Production Conditions: (a) 42 parts by mass of the graft copolymer (G), (b) 58 parts by mass of an acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer comprising 34% by mass of an acrylonitrile unit and 66% by mass of a styrene unit and having a reduced viscosity (\u03b7sp/c) of 0.62 dL/g in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of 0.2 g/dL at 25\u00b0 C., (c) 0.3 parts by mass of ethylenebisstearylamide, and (d) 0.5 parts by mass of carbon black; these four materials (a) to (d) above are blended and kneaded using a volatilizing extruder (made by Ikegai Corp., PCM-30) the barrel of which is heated to a temperature of 230\u00b0 C. to obtain pellets; the pellets are molded using a 4-ounce injection molding machine (made by The Japan Steel Works, Ltd.) under conditions of a cylinder temperature of 230\u00b0 C. and a mold temperature of 60\u00b0 C. to obtain a test piece 3 (a length of 80 mm, a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 4 mm) and a tensile test piece 4 (a length of 170 mm, a width of 20 mm and a thickness of 4 mm); Charpy Impact Strength Measurement Conditions: measurement is conducted on a V-notched test piece 3 that is left under a \u221230\u00b0 C. atmosphere for 12 hours or more by a method according to ISO 179; L* Measurement Conditions: L* is measured for the tensile test piece 4 using a spectrophotometer CM-508D made by Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc. on a side opposite to a gate. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the graft copolymer (G) comprises 15 to 80% by mass of polyorganosiloxane based on 100% by mass of a polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer, wherein a mixture of a vinyl cyanide-based monomer and an aromatic vinyl-based monomer is graft polymerized with the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer, wherein the polyorganosiloxane-containing vinyl-based copolymer has a mass average particle diameter (Dw) of 110 to 250 nm, wherein a proportion of a particle having a particle diameter less than 100 nm is 20% by mass or less based on the total amount of the particle, and wherein a proportion of the particle diameter of 300 nm or more is 20% by mass or less based on the total amount of the particle. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the polyorganosiloxane contains 0.5 to 3 parts by mass of a component derived from a siloxane-based crosslinking agent based on 100 parts by mass of the organosiloxane. 39. A method of producing a thermoplastic resin composition (Ib) comprising blending a composition having the graft copolymer (G) according to claim 37 and a thermoplastic resin (Hb) except for the graft copolymer (G). 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the thermoplastic resin (Hb) is a copolymer comprising 0 to 40% by mass of a vinyl cyanide-based monomer unit, 40 to 80% by mass of an aromatic vinyl-based monomer unit, and 0 to 60% by mass of another vinyl-based monomer unit whose monomer is copolymerizable with these monomers. 41. A method of producing a molded body comprising molding the thermoplastic resin composition (Ib) produced according to the method of claim 39.",
-    "Nonwoven safety garments are described. Features of the stitching of some embodiments limit the number of particulates emitted from seams between cut edges. Attachments features may be included on the garments to enable secure, external attachment of measuring equipment. Doffing features, such as loops, are provided to help the wearer safely remove the garment, either by helping her pull off part or all of the garment or by starting to separate closure devices, while avoiding contact between the wearer's hands and head, neck or body. In some embodiments, a re-positionable elastic closure on a neck flap covers the neck up to the bottom of a face mask or respirator, and a grasping tab helps the wearer safely open the re-positionable closure and the neck flap without contacting his or her neck or the interior of the garment, thereby avoiding a personal contamination event (PCE). 1. A nonwoven safety garment for protecting against radiological, light splash, or biological hazards, comprising: a garment having an inside and an outside and covering substantially all of the wearer; an integrated hood including an edge that defines a face opening; a closure that openably closes the garment, a first end of said closure being disposed adjacent the hood face opening; a neck flap attached to a first side of the face opening of said hood, the neck flap bearing one part of a two-part attachment device, the second part of the two-part attachment device being disposed on a second side of the face opening opposite the first side of said hood, wherein the neck flap defines the bottom of the face opening and inhibits the closure from opening when the first part and the second part of the two-part attachment device are in contact, the neck flap including a grasping tab portion disposed two-part adjacent the attachment device, the grasping tab portion defining a portion for the user to grasp and open the neck closure; and two or more doffing loops positioned and attached to the outside of the garment with sufficient strength such that a wearer can pull on one or more of the doffing loops to doff at least a portion of the garment, each doffing loop attached to the outside of the garment and forming a portion through which a user may insert a digit to grasp the doffing loop, one of said two or more doffing loops being attached to the integrated hood, another of said two or more doffing loops being attached to a chest area of the garment adjacent to the first end of the closure; wherein movement of the neck flap away from the second side of the face opening by a user and movement of the doffing loop attached to the integrated hood away from the chin of the user opens the closure while permitting the user's hands to remain away from the neck of the user in order to avoid contact; wherein movement of the doffing loop attached to the chest area of the garment away from the closure further opens the closure; and wherein at least a portion of the neck flap is constructed from a stretch non-woven material. 2. The nonwoven safety garment as in claim 1, further comprising: at least one or more additional doffing loops being attached to the integrated hood, the first of said hood doffing loops being disposed adjacent the face opening of said hood, while the second of said hood doffing loops being disposed adjacent the face opening on the opposing side of the face opening from the first hood doffing loop, and wherein movement of the first and second hood doffing loops away from one another further opens the closure. 3. The nonwoven safety garment as in claim 1, comprising: at least one or more additional doffing loops being attached to the chest area of the garment adjacent to the first and of said closure, the first of said chest doffing loops being disposed on a first chest area, while the second of said chest doffing loops being disposed on a second chest area on the opposing side of the closure than the first chest doffing loop, and wherein movement of the first and second chest doffing loops in opposing directions further opens the closure. 4. The nonwoven safety garment as in claim 1, wherein the stretch non-woven material from which a portion of the neck flap has multi-directional stretching characteristics. 5. A nonwoven disposable safety garment for protecting against radiological, light splash, or biological hazards, comprising: a garment having an interior and an exterior covering substantially all of the wearer; an integrated hood including an edge that defines a face opening; a closure that openably closes the garment, a first end of the closure being disposed adjacent the hood face opening; a neck flap attached to a first side of the face opening, the neck flap bearing one part of a two-part attachment device, the second part of said two-part attachment device being on a second side of the face opening opposite the first side, wherein the neck flap defines the bottom of the face opening and inhibits the closure from opening when the first part and the second part of the two-part attachment device are in contact; and one or more removal features positioned and attached to the exterior of the garment, each said removal features having sufficient strength such that a wearer can pull on one or more of the removal features to doff at least a portion of the garment, each said removal feature being attached to the exterior of the garment; wherein movement of the neck flap away from the second side of the face opening by the wearer and movement of one or more of the removal features by the wearer opens the closure while avoiding the wearer's hands from contacting his or her neck; and wherein at least a portion of the neck flap is constructed from a non-woven fabric. 6. The garment of claim 5, wherein the garment covers substantially all of the wearer. 7. The garment of claim 5, wherein the one or more removal features include two removal features being attached to a chest area of the garment adjacent to the first end of the closure on opposing sides of the enclosure, and wherein movement of the chest removal features away from each other further opens the closure. 8. The garment of claim 7, wherein movement of the neck flap away from the second side of the face opening, movement of the removal features attached to the integrated hood away from one another, and movement of the removal features attached to the chest area of the garment away from one another fully open the closure without a user's hands contacting the inside of the garment. 9. The garment of claim 5, wherein the one or more removal features include two removal features being attached to the integrated hood with each being disposed on opposing sides of the hood face opening. 10. The garment of claim 5, wherein the one or more removal features include two removal features being attached to a chest area of the garment and two removal features being attached to the integrated hood. 11. The garment of claim 5, wherein the neck flap includes a grasping tab portion, the grasping tab portion defining a portion for the user to grasp and open the neck closure. 12. The garment of claim 5, wherein a portion of the hood adjacent the face opening is constructed from a multi-dimensional stretch non-woven material. 13. A method of making a safety garment for protecting against radiological, light splash, or biological hazards, comprising the acts of: connecting portions of at least one sheet of nonwoven material to define a garment that has an interior and an exterior, covers substantially all of a wearer, an integrated hood that defines a face opening, and a closure that openably closes the garment to permit entry and exit by the wearer, a first end of said closure being disposed adjacent to the hood face opening; forming a neck flap extending from a first side of the face opening, the neck flap bearing one part of a two-part attachment device, the second part of the two-part attachment device being disposed on a second side of the face opening opposite the first side, wherein the neck flap defines the bottom of the face opening and inhibits the closure from opening when the first part and the second part of the two-part attachment device are in contact, and wherein at least a portion of the neck flap is constructed from a stretch non-woven material; and attaching one or more removal features to the exterior of the garment with sufficient strength such that the wearer can pull on one or more of the removal features to doff at least a portion of the garment, each removal feature including a portion that may be grasped by a user, wherein the removal features and the neck flap are positioned to allow a user to open the closure by pulling on the neck flap, one or more removal features, or the neck flap and one or more removal features, while keeping the wearer's hands from coming into contact with the head, neck or body of the wearer or the interior of the garment. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a portion of the hood adjacent the face opening is constructed from a multi-dimensional stretch non-woven material. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the neck flap includes a grasping tab portion, the grasping tab portion defining a portion for the user to grasp and open the neck closure. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one removal feature is a doffing loop. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more removal feature is attached to at least one of the integrated hood and a chest area of the garment adjacent the first end of the closure. 18. A method of removing a nonwoven safety garment for radiological, light splash, or biological hazard protection, comprising the acts of: grasping and pulling a neck flap attached to a first side of an integrated hood and defining a face opening, the neck flap bearing one part of a two-part attachment device, the second part of the attachment device being on a second side of the face opening opposite the first side, the neck flap defining the bottom of the face opening; initially opening a garment closure through which a user dons the garment, a first end of the closure being adjacent to the face opening, said initially opening resulting from grasping and pulling two first removal features attached to the exterior of the integrated hood. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: further opening the garment closure to an extent greater than that achieved by said initially opening, said further opening resulting from grasping and pulling two second removal features attached to the chest area of the garment adjacent to the first end of the closure. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of the neck flap is constructed from a multi-dimensional stretch non-woven material.",
-    "A multi-waveband OFDM receiver and a frequency offset compensation method and system are disclosed. The method includes: performing single waveband frequency offset estimation on an optical comb line of each order; classifying the optical comb lines into a low mutation optical comb line and a high mutation optical comb line; performing joint frequency offset estimation on the low mutation optical comb line; and performing compensation for a frequency offset of a radio frequency drive signal by using an estimated joint frequency offset. The present invention improves accuracy and reliability of the frequency offset estimation of the radio frequency drive signal, so that the degree of the compensation for the frequency offset of the radio frequency drive signal is more comprehensive and accurate. 1. A frequency offset compensation method for use to compensate for a frequency offset of a radio frequency drive signal of an optical comb generator of a multi-waveband OFDM receiver, the method comprising: S1: performing single waveband frequency offset estimation on an optical comb line of each order to obtain an estimated single waveband frequency offset of the optical comb line of each order, wherein the optical comb line is a spectral line of an optical frequency comb; S2: classifying, according to a mutation threshold of a curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line and that changes with time, an optical comb line whose mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is less than the mutation threshold as a low mutation optical comb line, and an optical comb line whose mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is greater than the mutation threshold as a high mutation optical comb line; S3: performing joint frequency offset estimation by using the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the low mutation optical comb line of each order, to obtain an estimated joint frequency offset; and S4: performing compensation for the frequency offset of the radio frequency drive signal by using the estimated joint frequency offset. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein after S4, the method further comprises: repeating S1 through S4. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein S1 comprises: performing single waveband phase estimation by using the optical comb line of each order and a beat frequency signal of a corresponding signal waveband, to obtain phase information of the optical comb line of each order; and taking a time derivative and performing time averaging on a phase of a training symbol in the phase information of the optical comb line of each order separately to obtain the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the optical comb line of each order. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein: in S2, the mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line of each order and that changes with time indicates a quantity of mutations of a curve of a frequency offset that is of the optical comb line of each order per unit time and that changes with time; and a value range of the mutation threshold of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is greater than two mutations in a frame and less than half of a quantity of information symbols comprised in a frame. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein S2 comprises: when classification of the low mutation optical comb line and the high mutation optical comb line is performed for the first time, if a mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line of each order and that changes with time is greater than the mutation threshold of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line and that changes with time, classifying a zero-order optical comb line and \u00b11-order optical comb lines as low mutation optical comb lines, and classifying optical comb lines of other orders as high mutation optical comb lines. 6. The method according to claim 3, wherein after S2, the method further comprises: performing phase unwrapping on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the high mutation optical comb line of each order by using the phase information of the low mutation optical comb line; and repeating S1 and S2 by using a single waveband phase, which is obtained by performing the phase unwrapping on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the high mutation optical comb line of each order by using the phase information of the low mutation optical comb line, as the phase of the training symbol in the phase information of a corresponding optical comb line. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein S3 comprises: performing weighted average on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the low mutation optical comb line of each order to obtain the estimated joint frequency offset. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein performing weighted average on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the low mutation optical comb line of each order to obtain the estimated joint frequency offset comprises: performing weighted average on a difference between estimated single waveband frequency offsets of adjacent low order optical comb lines in the low mutation optical comb lines of orders to obtain the estimated joint frequency offset. 9. A frequency offset compensation system, comprising: a frequency offset estimation module, configured to perform single waveband frequency offset estimation on an optical comb line of each order to obtain an estimated single waveband frequency offset of the optical comb line of each order, wherein the optical comb line is a spectral line of an optical frequency comb; a mutation level estimation classification module, configured to classify, according to a mutation threshold of a curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line and that changes with time, an optical comb line whose mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is less than the mutation threshold as a low mutation optical comb line, and an optical comb line whose mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is greater than the mutation threshold as a high mutation optical comb line; a joint frequency offset estimation module, configured to perform joint frequency offset estimation by using the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the low mutation optical comb line of each order, to obtain an estimated joint frequency offset; and a frequency offset compensation module for a radio frequency drive signal, configured to perform compensation for a frequency offset of a radio frequency drive signal by using the estimated joint frequency offset. 10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the frequency offset estimation module is configured to: perform single waveband phase estimation by using the optical comb line of each order and a beat frequency signal of a corresponding signal waveband, to obtain phase information of the optical comb line of each order; and take a time derivative and perform time averaging on a phase of a training symbol in the phase information of the optical comb line of each order separately to obtain the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the optical comb line of each order. 11. The system according to claim 9, wherein: the mutation level estimation classification module is configured to use a quantity of mutations of a curve of a frequency offset that is of the optical comb line of each order per unit time and that changes with time as the mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line of each order and that changes with time; and a value range of the mutation threshold of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is greater than two mutations in a frame and less than half of a quantity of information symbols comprised in a frame. 12. The system according to claim 9, wherein when the mutation level estimation classification module performs classification of the low mutation optical comb line and the high mutation optical comb line for the first time, if a mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line of each order and that changes with time is greater than the mutation threshold of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line and that changes with time, a zero-order optical comb line and \u00b11-order optical comb lines are classified as low mutation optical comb lines, and optical comb lines of other orders are classified as high mutation optical comb lines. 13. The system according to claim 10, wherein the frequency offset compensation system further comprises: a phase unwrapping module, configured to perform phase unwrapping on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the high mutation optical comb line of each order by using the phase information of the low mutation optical comb line, wherein a single waveband phase obtained by performing the phase unwrapping on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the high mutation optical comb line of each order by using the phase information of the low mutation optical comb line is used as the phase of the training symbol in the phase information of a corresponding optical comb line and is sent to the frequency offset estimation module for single waveband frequency offset estimation. 14. The system according to claim 9, wherein the joint frequency offset estimation module is configured to perform weighted average on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the low mutation optical comb line of each order to obtain the estimated joint frequency offset. 15. The system according to claim 14, wherein the joint frequency offset estimation module is configured to perform weighted average on a difference between estimated single waveband frequency offsets of adjacent low order optical comb lines in the low mutation optical comb lines of orders to obtain the estimated joint frequency offset. 16. A frequency offset compensation system, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, the at least one processor being configured to: perform single waveband frequency offset estimation on an optical comb line of each order to obtain an estimated single waveband frequency offset of the optical comb line of each order, wherein the optical comb line is a spectral line of an optical frequency comb, classify, according to a mutation threshold of a curve of a single waveband frequency offset that is of the optical comb line and that changes with time, an optical comb line whose mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is less than the mutation threshold as a low mutation optical comb line, and an optical comb line whose mutation level of the curve of a single waveband frequency offset that changes with time is greater than the mutation threshold as a high mutation optical comb line, perform joint frequency offset estimation by using the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the low mutation optical comb line of each order, to obtain an estimated joint frequency offset, and perform compensation for the frequency offset of the radio frequency drive signal by using the estimated joint frequency offset. 17. The frequency offset compensation system of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: perform phase unwrapping on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the high mutation optical comb line of each order by using the phase information of the low mutation optical comb line, wherein a single waveband phase obtained by performing the phase unwrapping on the estimated single waveband frequency offset of the high mutation optical comb line of each order by using the phase information of the low mutation optical comb line is used as the phase of the training symbol in the phase information of a corresponding optical comb line and is sent to the frequency offset estimation module for single waveband frequency offset estimation.",
-    "A method, device and system for controlling web page access. The method includes receiving an access request message of a user, obtaining an Internet access account of the user according to the access request message, obtaining a corresponding user rank identifier according to the Internet access account, and sending the access request message with the user rank identifier to a content provider server, so that the content provider server returns corresponding web page information to the user according to the user rank identifier. 1. A method performed by a deep packet inspection device on a network for controlling web page access, comprising: receiving an access request message of a user, wherein the access request message includes a web page address of a web page that the user intends to access and user information of the user; obtaining an Internet access account of the user according to the user information; assigning to the access request message a user rank identifier selected from a plurality of preset user rank identifiers according to the Internet access account; and sending the access request message with the assigned user rank identifier to a content provider server to request the content provider server to return corresponding web page content to the user according to the user rank identifier and the web page address. 2. The method for controlling web page access according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the Internet access account of the user comprises: obtaining an Internet Protocol (IP) address from the access request message; and searching a first correspondence list according to the obtained IP address to find the corresponding Internet access account of the user, wherein the first correspondence list contains data regarding a correspondence between IP addresses and Internet access accounts, and wherein the first correspondence list is stored in the deep packet inspection device or is obtained from an authorization authentication accounting (AAA) server. 3. The method for controlling web page access according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the internet access account of the user comprises: obtaining an identity authentication information of the user from the access request message; and searching a second correspondence list according to the obtained identity authentication information to find the corresponding Internet access account of the user, wherein the second correspondence list contains data regarding a correspondence between identity authentication information and Internet access accounts, and wherein the second correspondence list is stored in the deep packet inspection device or obtained from the AAA server. 4. The method for controlling web page access according to claim 2, wherein obtaining the user rank identifier of the user comprises: searching a third correspondence list that contains data regarding a correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; and finding the user rank identifier corresponding to the Internet access account, wherein the third correspondence list is pre-stored in the deep packet inspection device. 5. The method for controlling web page access according to claim 2, wherein obtaining the user rank identifier of the user comprises: sending a first query request with the Internet access account to a user ranking device; and receiving the user rank identifier returned, according to the Internet access account, by the user ranking device. 6. The method for controlling web page access according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the user rank identifier of the user comprises: searching the third correspondence list containing data regarding the correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; and finding the user rank identifier corresponding to the Internet access account, wherein the third correspondence list is pre-stored in the deep packet inspection device. 7. The method for controlling web page access according to claim 1, wherein obtaining the user rank identifier of the user comprises: sending a second query request with the Internet access account to the user ranking device; and receiving the user rank identifier returned, according to the Internet access account, by the user ranking device. 8. A deep packet inspection device, comprising: a memory; and a computer processor coupled to the memory, wherein the computer processor is configured to: receive an access request message of a user, wherein the access request message includes a web page address of a web page that the user intends to access and user information of the user; obtain an Internet access account of the user according to the user information; assign to the access request message a user rank identifier of the user according to the Internet access account; and send the access request message with the assigned user rank identifier to a content provider server to request the content provider server to return corresponding web page content to the user according to the user rank identifier and the web page address. 9. The deep packet inspection device according to claim 8, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: obtain an Internet Protocol (IP) address from the access request message; search, according to the obtained IP address, a first correspondence list that contains data regarding a correspondence between IP addresses and Internet access accounts, wherein the first correspondence list is stored in the deep packet inspection device or is obtained from an authentication server; and find the corresponding Internet access account of the user. 10. The deep packet inspection device according to claim 8, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: obtain an identity authentication information of the user from the access request message; search, according to the obtained identity authentication information, a second correspondence list that contains data regarding a correspondence between identity authentication information and Internet access accounts, wherein the second correspondence list is stored in the deep packet inspection device or obtained from an authentication server; and find the corresponding Internet access account of the user. 11. The deep packet inspection device according to claim 9, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: send a first query request with the Internet access account to a user ranking device; and receive the user rank identifier returned, according to the Internet access account, by the user ranking device. 12. The deep packet inspection device according to claim 9, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: store a third correspondence list regarding a correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; search the third correspondence list regarding the correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; and find the user rank identifier corresponding to the Internet access account. 13. The deep packet inspection device according to claim 8, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: send a second query request with the Internet access account to the user ranking device; and receive the user rank identifier returned, according to the Internet access account, by the user ranking device. 14. The deep packet inspection device according to claim 8, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: store the third correspondence list regarding the correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; search the third correspondence list regarding the correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; and find the user rank identifier corresponding to the Internet access account. 15. A system for controlling web page access, comprising: a deep packet inspection device; and a content provider server coupled to the deep packet inspection device, wherein the deep packet inspection device comprises: a memory; and a computer processor coupled to the memory, wherein the computer processor is configured to: receive an access request message of a user, wherein the access request message includes a web page address of a web page that the user intends to access and user information of the user, wherein the user information comprises at least one of address information and identity authentication information of the user; obtain an Internet access account of the user according to the user information; obtain a user rank identifier of the user according to the Internet access account; include the user rank identifier obtained in the access request message; and send the access request message with the user rank identifier to a content provider server to request the content provider server to return corresponding web page content to the user according to the user rank identifier and the web page address, wherein the content provider server is configured to: receive the access request message, wherein the access request message includes the web page address that the user intends to access and the user rank identifier of the user; obtain the user rank identifier from the access request message received; filter, according to the user rank identifier obtained, content in the web page corresponding to the web page address; and return filtered web page content to the user. 16. The system for controlling web page access according to claim 15, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: obtain an Internet Protocol (IP) address from the access request message; search, according to the obtained IP address, a first correspondence list that contains data regarding a correspondence between IP addresses and Internet access accounts, wherein the first correspondence list is stored in the deep packet inspection device or obtained from an authentication server; and find the corresponding Internet access account of the user. 17. The system for controlling web page access according to claim 15, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: obtain the identity authentication information of the user from the access request message; search, according to the obtained identity authentication information, a second correspondence list that contains data regarding a correspondence between identity authentication information and Internet access accounts, wherein the second correspondence list is stored in the deep packet inspection device or obtained from the authentication server; and find the corresponding Internet access account of the user. 18. The system for controlling web page access according to claim 15, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: send a first query request with the Internet access account to a user ranking device; and receive the user rank identifier returned, according to the Internet access account, by the user ranking device. 19. The system for controlling web page access according to claim 15, wherein the computer processor is further configured to: store the third correspondence list regarding a correspondence between Internet access accounts and user rank identifiers; search the third correspondence list; and find the user rank identifier corresponding to the Internet access account.",
-    "The present invention provides a sport luggage that is collapsible for storage, transport, shipping and/or handling purposes. In a preferred first embodiment, the present invention provides a collapsible sport luggage comprising a main luggage case defining an interior compartment, said case comprising: a soft collapsible front portion, first and second collapsible side portions, a bottom portion with wheels attached thereto, a rear portion with a structural frame, and a collapsible assembly within the interior compartment of the case that allows the case to transform between a collapsed position and an open, set-up position, said assembly comprising a first brace secured to the structural frame, a floor panel releasably attachable to the bottom portion of the case between support feet attached to the bottom portion of the case, and a second brace releasably attachable to the structural frame. 1. A collapsible sport luggage comprising a main luggage case defining an interior compartment, said case comprising: a soft collapsible front portion, first and second collapsible side portions, a bottom portion with wheels attached thereto, a rear portion with a structural frame, and a collapsible assembly within the interior compartment of the case that allows the case to transform between a collapsed position and an open, set-up position, said assembly comprising a first brace secured to the structural frame, a floor panel releasably attachable to the bottom portion of the case between support feet attached to the bottom portion of the case, and a second brace releasably attachable to the structural frame. 2. A collapsible sport luggage comprising a main luggage case defining an interior compartment, said case comprising: a soft collapsible front portion, first and second collapsible side portions, a bottom portion with wheels attached thereto, a rear portion with a structural frame, flexible support braces that are each held in the interior compartment between separate holders, and a floor panel that is releasably attachable to the bottom portion of the case between support feet attached to the bottom portion of the case. 3. A collapsible sport luggage comprising a main luggage case defining an interior compartment, said case comprising: a soft collapsible front portion, first and second collapsible side portions, a bottom portion with wheels attached thereto, a rear portion with a structural frame, flexible support braces that are each held in the interior compartment between separate rotatable tubes at an upper end thereof and separate holders at a lower end thereof, and a floor panel that is releasably attachable to the bottom portion of the case between support feet attached to the bottom portion of the case.",
-    "A computing device determines a first table included in a plurality of tables, wherein the plurality of tables are included in the database. The computing device determines a dependency corresponding to the first table, wherein the dependency identifies a second table that is included in the plurality of tables. The computing device determines a distribution corresponding to the dependency, wherein the distribution identifies a correlation corresponding to the first table and to the second table. The computing device analyzes the correlation to determine a group of data values of the first table and the second table. The computing device selects a subset of data values from the group of data values. The computing device populates a sample with the subset. 1. A method for creating a sample database based on representative sampling of a database, the method comprising: receiving a predetermined importance value indicating a relative importance of one or more of a plurality of tables associated with the database; determining a first table included in the one or more of the plurality of tables; determining a dependency corresponding to the first table, based on at least one of identifying a first foreign key of the first table and identifying a second table comprising a first primary key that is referenced by the first foreign key and identifying a second primary key of the first table and identifying the second table comprising a second foreign key referencing the second primary key, wherein the second table is included in the one or more of the plurality of tables; determining a distribution corresponding to the dependency, wherein the distribution identifies a correlation corresponding to the first table and to the second table, and the correlation identifies a data value included in the first table which corresponds to a data value included in the second table; analyzing the distribution to determine a group of data values of the first table and the second table, wherein the group of data values comprises a plurality of data values corresponding to a correlation of each distribution identified as important by the predetermined importance value, and the group of data values further comprises a plurality of data values corresponding to a first correlation of a first distribution and a second correlation of a second distribution; selecting a subset of data values from the group of data values, wherein the selecting comprises receiving a predetermined sampling rate and selecting the subset of data values from the group of data values in a proportion indicated by the predetermined sampling rate and the selected subset of data values includes at least one data value from the group of data values; and creating a sample database populated with the subset of data values, wherein the sample comprises a third table that includes data included in the one or more of the plurality of tables.",
-    "The disclosure is directed to methods and uses of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof against Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). Specifically, the disclosure is direct to the use of anti-Ang2 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof for treating ischemia. The methods disclosed are useful for reducing microvascular permeability, increasing microvascular perfusion, reducing inflammation in a tissue, and treating or ameliorating diseases associated with ischemia and/or reperfusion injury. The disclosed methods are also useful for protecting solid organ transplant tissue and treating or preventing chronic tissue transplant rejection. 1.-5. (canceled) 6. A method for protecting a solid organ transplant tissue, comprising administering an effective amount of an anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to an allograft. 7.-11. (canceled) 12. A method for treating or ameliorating myocardial ischemia, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to a subject in need thereof. 13. A method for treating an IRI-induced inflammatory response in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to the subject in need thereof. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof neutralizes Ang-2. 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof preferentially binds Ang-2 over Ang-1. 17. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an antibody that binds to and neutralizes Ang-2, but does not bind to Ang-1. 18.-37. (canceled) 38. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof neutralizes Ang-2. 39. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof preferentially binds Ang-2 over Ang-1. 40. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an antibody that binds to and neutralizes Ang-2, but does not bind to Ang-1. 41. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof neutralizes Ang-2. 42. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof preferentially binds Ang-2 over Ang-1. 43. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-Ang2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an antibody that binds to and neutralizes Ang-2, but does not bind to Ang-1.",
-    "An outboard motor includes a cooling water passage structure, in which a combustion chamber periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the combustion chamber and an exhaust port periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the exhaust port are formed in the cylinder head, a cylinder periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the cylinder is formed in the cylinder block, and an exhaust passage periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the exhaust passage is formed around the exhaust passage. The water jackets are connected such that the cooling water from the water passage will flow through the combustion chamber periphery water jacket, the exhaust port periphery water jacket, the cylinder periphery water jacket, and the exhaust passage periphery water jacket in order. 1. A cooling water passage structure of an outboard motor comprising: a four-stroke engine; an intake unit having an intake port configured to take in water from an underwater; and a water passage configured to supply the water taken in through the intake unit to the four-stroke engine as cooling water, wherein the four-stroke engine includes a cylinder block in which a cylinder is formed by extending in a horizontal direction, a cylinder head fixed to the cylinder block so as to cover the cylinder, configured to form a combustion chamber together with the cylinder, and provided with an exhaust port configured to discharge exhaust gas in communication with the combustion chamber, and an exhaust passage connected to the exhaust port so as to lead the exhaust gas to outside the engine, wherein a combustion chamber periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the combustion chamber and an exhaust port periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the exhaust port are formed in the cylinder head, a cylinder periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the cylinder is formed in the cylinder block, and an exhaust passage periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the exhaust passage is formed around the exhaust passage, and wherein the water jackets are connected such that the cooling water from the water passage will flow through the combustion chamber periphery water jacket, the exhaust port periphery water jacket, the cylinder periphery water jacket, and the exhaust passage periphery water jacket in order. 2. The cooling water passage structure of an outboard motor according to claim 1, wherein plural cylinder assemblies each equipped with the cylinder, the combustion chamber, and the exhaust port are arranged side by side in a vertical direction in the cylinder block and under the cylinder head, the exhaust passage is connected to the respective exhaust ports of the plural cylinder assemblies, and the combustion chamber periphery water jacket is configured to cause the cooling water to flow around the respective combustion chambers of the plural cylinder assemblies in sequence, the exhaust port periphery water jacket is configured to cause the cooling water to flow around the respective exhaust ports of the plural cylinder units in sequence, and the cylinder periphery water jacket is configured to cause the cooling water to flow around the respective cylinders of the plural cylinder units in sequence. 3. The cooling water passage structure of an outboard motor according to claim 1, wherein the cylinder periphery water jacket and the exhaust passage periphery water jacket are connected in parallel and configured into a separate circuit. 4. The cooling water passage structure of an outboard motor according to claim 2, wherein in the combustion chamber periphery water jacket, the cooling water flows into a side of a lowermost cylinder assembly and flows upward to a side of an uppermost cylinder assembly, and on the other hand, in the exhaust port periphery water jacket, the cooling water from the combustion chamber periphery water jacket on the side of the uppermost cylinder assembly flows into the side of the uppermost cylinder assembly and flows downward to the side of the lowermost cylinder assembly. 5. The cooling water passage structure for an outboard motor according to claim 2, wherein the exhaust passage is formed integrally with the cylinder block and equipped with an exhaust manifold to gather the exhaust gas discharged from the respective exhaust ports of the plural cylinder assemblies, and a catalyst storage chamber communicated with the exhaust manifold to store catalyst, and wherein in the exhaust passage periphery water jacket, an exhaust manifold periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around the exhaust manifold and a catalyst periphery water jacket through which the cooling water flows around catalyst are provided so as to be communicated with each other, and the exhaust manifold has a portion located adjacent to the catalyst periphery water jacket. 6. The cooling water passage structure for an outboard motor according to claim 5, wherein the catalyst is composed of a catalyst carrier having an exhaust purification function contained in a catalyst tube, and the catalyst periphery water jacket is formed by a gap provided between an inner wall surface of the catalyst storage chamber in the cylinder block and an outer side surface of the catalyst tube. 7. The cooling water passage structure for an outboard motor according to claim 5, wherein in the cylinder block, the catalyst periphery water jacket is formed around the catalyst, and the cylinder periphery water jacket is formed around the cylinder, in which only the catalyst periphery water jacket is formed in a region outside the cylinder in the cylinder block in a width direction of the outboard motor, at a portion corresponding to a largest diameter portion of the catalyst along a radial direction of the cylinder.",
-    "A holder for a disposable beverage cup has an associated game and is formed by a band of a substrate material such as card-board in frusto-conical shape when expanded to surround a wall of the cup. Printed game data on the substrate material provides access to symbols of a lottery game to be played by a player either by removing a covering or by accessing a web site using a printed code. Preferably the symbols of the lottery game are applied onto a front flat panel of the substrate and there is provided a covering material which is either a window or scratch-off material over the game data which hides the game data and is spaced from side edges of the flat front panel. 1. A holder for a cup with an associated game playable by a player comprising: a band of a substrate material shaped and arranged to surround a wall of the cup so that the cup can be carried by the player using the holder; printed game data carried on the substrate material, the game data being arranged to provide access to symbols of a game to be played by a player; and printed game information carried on the substrate material, the game information being arranged to provide information for the player relating to the game. 2. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the printed game data is arranged to provide access to the game symbols which are located at a web site accessible by the player. 3. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the symbols of the lottery game to be played by a player are applied onto the substrate and there is provided a covering material over the game data which hides the game data and is arranged to allow the covering to be removed. 4. The cup holder according to claim 3 where in the symbols are covered by one or more break-open windows. 5. The cup holder according to claim 4 wherein the substrate is defined by two layers with a top one of the layers defining a break-open window and a bottom one of the layers or the back side of the top layer having the symbols thereon. 6. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the covering material comprises a layer of a scratch-off material. 7. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the covering material comprises a layer of a scratch-off material under a break open window. 8. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the game data is carried on the substrate. 9. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the game data is carried on a label applied on the substrate. 10. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the band is frusto-conical. 11. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the band has ends which are overlapped and connected. 12. The cup holder according to claim 1 wherein the band is folded flat to form a flat front panel and a flat rear panel. 13. The cup holder according to claim 12 wherein the game data printed only on the front panel. 14. The cup holder according to claim 12 wherein the game information is printed on the rear panel. 15. The cup holder according to claim 12 wherein the front and rear panels are connected at edges thereof along perforated or scored fold lines. 16. The cup holder according to claim 12 wherein each of the front and rear panels has an arched top and bottom edge so that when expanded into a frusto-conical shape the top and bottom edges are circular. 17. The cup holder according to claim 16 wherein the game data is printed in straight lines across the front panel. 18. The cup holder according to claim 16 wherein the game data spaced from side edges of front panel.",
-    "An inclination of a first unit is detected based on an output from a first acceleration sensor provided in a first unit of a controller, and an inclination of a second unit is detected based on an output from a second acceleration sensor provided in a second unit separate from the first unit. A difference between the inclinations of the first unit and the second unit is detected, and game control is performed using the detected difference. Thus, with a game apparatus using a plurality of acceleration sensors or a plurality of sensors capable of detecting a motion or a posture, a dynamic play is made possible with a high degree of freedom of motion and an intuitive motion input is realized. 1.-9. (canceled) 10. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a game program for executing game processing using an output from a first sensor provided in a first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the first housing and an output from a second sensor provided in a second housing separate from the first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the second housing, the game program causing a computer of a game apparatus to perform processing comprising: (a) detecting a motion state of the first housing based on an output from the first sensor, wherein the motion state is in a first state when the output from the first sensor exceeds a first threshold value; (b) detecting a motion state of the second housing in response to the motion state of the first housing detected in (a) being in the first state; (c) determining whether or not the first and second housings are simultaneously moved based on the detected motion states in (a) and (b); and (d) executing a first game processing based on a determination that the first and second housings are simultaneously moved. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein the first and second housings are determined to be simultaneously moved when the motion state of the second housing is detected within a predetermined time period which is counted from a timing relative to the detection of the motion state of the first housing. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein when the processing in (b) does not detect a motion state of the second housing in response to the motion state of the first housing detected in (a) being in the first state, the computer of the game apparatus performs a second game processing which is different from the first game processing. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein when the first and second housings are determined to be simultaneously moved, the computer of the game apparatus executes the first game processing based on a strength of the detected motion of the first housing and a strength of the detected motion of the second housing. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein detecting the motion state of the first housing in (a) includes detecting a first motion direction representing a direction related to at least two axial directions in which the first housing was moved based on an output from the first sensor; wherein detecting the motion state of the second housing in (b) includes detecting a second motion direction representing a direction related to at least two axial directions in which the second housing was moved based on an output from the second sensor; wherein the computer further performs: (e) determining a synthesized direction by synthesizing the first motion direction and the second motion direction; and (f) executing a second game processing based on the determination in (e) of the synthesized direction. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, the processing further comprising: (e) determining whether or not the second housing was moved within a predetermined time period before the first housing based on (a), (b); (f) executing the first game processing based on a determination that the second housing was moved within a predetermined time period before the first housing was moved; and (g) executing a second game processing different than the first game processing based on a determination that the second housing was not moved within a predetermined time period before the first housing was moved. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein detecting the motion state of the first housing in (a) includes detecting a first motion direction representing a direction related to at least two axial directions in which the first housing was moved based on an output from the first sensor; wherein detecting the motion state of the second housing in (b) includes detecting a second motion direction representing a direction related to at least two axial directions in which the second housing was moved based on an output from the second sensor; wherein the computer performs processing further comprising: (e) determining whether or not the first motion direction and the second motion direction fulfill a predetermined relationship; and (f) executing a second game processing, based on the motion direction and/or a motion strength of at least one of the first housing and the second housing, when the first motion direction and the second motion direction fulfill the predetermined relationship. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 16, wherein the second game processing is based on the motion direction and the motion strength of both of the first housing and the second housing. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 10, wherein detecting the motion state of the first housing in (a) includes detecting a first motion direction representing a direction related to at least two axial directions in which the first housing was moved based on an output from the first sensor; wherein detecting the motion state of the second housing in (b) includes detecting a second motion direction representing a direction related to at least two axial directions in which the second housing was moved based on an output from the second sensor; wherein the computer performs processing further comprising: (e) determining whether or not the first motion direction and the second motion direction fulfill a predetermined relationship; and (f) causing a game object to perform a specific motion if the determination in (e) is affirmative. 19. A game apparatus configured to execute game processing using an output from a first sensor provided in a first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the first housing and an output from a second sensor provided in a second housing separate from the first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the second housing, the game apparatus comprising: a processing system, including a computer processor, the processing system configured to: (a) detect a motion state of the first housing based on an output from the first sensor, wherein the motion state is in a first state when the output from the first sensor exceeds a first threshold value; (b) detect a motion state of the second housing in response to the motion state of the first housing detected in (a) being in the first state; (c) determine, based on (a) and (b), whether or not a timing at which the motion of the first housing is detected and a timing at which the motion of the second housing is detected fulfill a predetermined relationship; and (d) execute game processing, if the determination in (c) is affirmative, based on a motion direction and/or a motion strength of at least one of the first housing and the second housing. 20. A game apparatus configured to execute game processing using an output from a first sensor provided in a first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the first housing and an output from a second sensor provided in a second housing separate from the first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the second housing, the game apparatus comprising: a processing system, including a computer processor, the processing system configured to: (a) detect a motion state of the first housing based on an output from the first sensor, wherein the motion state is in a first state when the output from the first sensor exceeds a first threshold value; (b) detect a motion state of the second housing in response to the motion state of the first housing detected in (a) being in the first state; (c) determine, based on (a) and (b), whether or not a timing at which the motion of the first housing is detected and a timing at which the motion of the second housing is detected fulfill a predetermined relationship; and (d) execute game processing, if the determination in (c) is affirmative, based on a motion direction and a motion strength of both of the first housing and the second housing. 21. A method for executing game processing using an output from a first sensor provided in a first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the first housing and an output from a second sensor provided in a second housing separate from the first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the second housing, the method comprising: (a) detecting a motion state of the first housing based on an output from the first sensor, wherein the motion state is in a first state when the output from the first sensor exceeds a first threshold value; (b) detecting a motion state of the second housing in response to the motion state of the first housing detected in (a) being in the first state; (c) determining whether or not the first and second housings are simultaneously moved based on the detected motion states in (a) and (b); and (d) executing a game processing based on a determination that the first and second housings are simultaneously moved. 22. A game apparatus configured to execute game processing using an output from a first sensor provided in a first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the first housing and an output from a second sensor provided in a second housing separate from the first housing and capable of detecting a motion of the second housing, the game apparatus comprising: a processing system, including a computer processor, the processing system configured to: (a) detect a motion state of the first housing based on an output from the first sensor, wherein the motion state is in a first state when the output from the first sensor exceeds a first threshold value; (b) detect a motion state of the second housing in response to the motion state of the first housing detected in (a) being in the first state; (c) determine whether or not the first and second housings are simultaneously moved based on the detected motion states in (a) and (b); and (d) execute a game processing based on a determination that the first and second housings are simultaneously moved.",
-    "A system and method for implementing a database system is presented. A database system comprises a load balancer and a database partitioned into a first and second shard. Coupled to the load balancer are a first plurality of database servers and a second plurality of database servers. Each of the first plurality of database servers contains a copy of the first shard of the database. Each of the second plurality of database servers contains a copy of the second shard of the database. Queries are sent to a database server in the first plurality of database servers based on a suitability score of the database server determined by characteristics of each server and a current status of each server, where the query is sent to the server in the first plurality with the highest suitability score. Other embodiments also are disclosed. 1. A system comprising: a load balancer; a database partitioned into at least a first shard and a second shard; a first plurality of database servers coupled to the load balancer, each database server in the first plurality of database servers hosting a copy of the first shard of the database; and a second plurality of database servers coupled to the load balancer, each database server in the second plurality of database servers hosting a copy of the second shard of the database; wherein: the load balancer is arranged to: retrieve server information for each database server in the first plurality of database servers and for each database server in the second plurality of database servers; determine a suitability score for each database server in the first plurality of database servers and for each database server in the second plurality of database servers based on the server information; and send incoming instructions to a selected database server from the first plurality of database servers or the second plurality of database servers, using load balancing techniques; each database server in the first plurality of database servers is configured to process at least one first instruction of the incoming instructions and send queries of the first shard of the database to only a first specific database server in the first plurality of database servers based on the suitability score of the first specific database server; and each database server in the second plurality of database servers is configured to process at least one second instruction of the incoming instructions and send queries of the second shard of the database to only a second specific database server in the second plurality of database servers based on the suitability score of the second specific database server. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein: the database is further partitioned into a third shard; the system further comprises: a third plurality of database servers coupled to the load balancer, each database server in the third plurality of database servers hosting a copy of the third shard of the database; a first server set comprising one database server from the first plurality of database servers, one database server from the second plurality of database servers, and one database server from the third plurality of database servers; and a second server set comprising one database server from the first plurality of database servers, one database server from the second plurality of database servers, and one database server from the third plurality of database servers; the load balancer is arranged to send the incoming instructions to a database server selected from one of the first plurality of database servers, the second plurality of database servers, or the third plurality of database servers, using the load balancing techniques; the load balancer is arranged to retrieve server information for each database server in the third plurality of database servers; the load balancer is arranged to determine a suitability score for each database server in the third plurality of database servers; each database server in the first server set is configured to send queries to only first other database servers in the first server set based on the suitability scores of the first specific database server; each database server in the second server set is configured to send queries to only second other database servers in the second server set based on the suitability score of the second specific database server; and each database server in the third server set is configured to send queries to only third other database servers in the third server set based on the suitability score of the third specific database server. 3. The system of claim 2 wherein: each database server in the first plurality of database servers is a member of only one server set of the first, second, and third server sets; each database server in the second plurality of database servers is a member of only one server set of the first, second, and third server sets; and each database server in the third plurality of database servers is a member of only one server set of the first, second, and third server sets. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the load balancer is further configured to: receive a first query result from one of the database servers in the first plurality of database servers; receive a second query result from one of the database servers in the second plurality of database servers; aggregate the first query result and the second query result; and present the aggregated query result to a requestor. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein: presenting the aggregated query result comprises sending the aggregated query result with markup language arranged to display the aggregated query result as a web page. 6. The system of claim 4 wherein: presenting the aggregated query result comprises sending the aggregated query result with markup language arranged to display the aggregated query result using a mobile app. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the database is partitioned as a horizontal partition. 8. A method comprising: sending a first incoming instruction to a database server selected from a first plurality of database servers or a second plurality of database servers, using load balancing techniques, the first and second plurality of database servers are part of a database; processing the first incoming instruction to extract a first query in a database server belonging to a first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers; retrieving server information for each database server in the first plurality of database servers and for each database server in the second plurality of database servers; determining a suitability score for each database server in the first plurality of database servers and for each database server in the second plurality of database servers based on the server information for each such database server; sending the first query from the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers to a first selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers using the suitability score of the selected database server; executing the first query in both the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers and the first selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers; sending a second incoming instruction to a database server selected from the first plurality of database servers or the second plurality of database servers, using the load balancing techniques; processing the second incoming instruction to extract a second query in a database server belonging to a second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers; sending the second query from the database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers to a second selected database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers; and executing the second query in both the database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers and the second selected database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers; wherein: each database server in the first plurality of database servers hosts a copy of a first shard of the database; each database server in the second plurality of database servers hosts a copy of a second shard of the database; each database server in the first plurality of database servers belongs to either the first server set or the second server set; and each database server in the second plurality of database servers belongs to either the first server set or the second server set. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising: receiving a first shard query result from the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers and a second shard query result from the first selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers using the suitability score; aggregating the first shard query result with the second shard query result to create an aggregated query result; and presenting the aggregated query result to a requestor. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein: presenting the aggregated query result comprises placing the aggregated query result with markup language arranged to display the aggregated query result on a web browser. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein: the server information comprises: specification information for each server in the set of servers; server state information; and server load information. 12. A method comprising: sending a first incoming instruction to a database server selected from a first plurality of database servers, a second plurality of database servers, or a third plurality of database servers, using load balancing techniques, the first, second, and third plurality of database servers are part of a database; retrieving server information for each database server in a cluster of database servers comprising the first, second, and third plurality of database servers; determining a suitability score for each database server in the cluster of database servers based on the server information for each such database server; processing the first incoming instruction to extract a first query in a database server belonging to a first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers; sending the first query from the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers to a first selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers using the suitability score of the first selected database server; sending the first query from the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers to a second selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the third plurality of database servers using the suitability score of the second selected database server; executing the first query in the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers, the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers, and the second selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the third plurality of database servers; sending a second incoming instruction to a database server selected from the first plurality of database servers, the second plurality of database servers, or the third plurality of database servers, using the load balancing techniques; processing the second incoming instruction to extract a second query in a database server belonging to a second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers; and sending the second query from the database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers to a third selected database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers using the suitability score of the third selected database server; sending the second query from the database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers to a fourth selected database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the third plurality of database servers using the suitability score of the fourth selected database server; and executing the second query in the database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers, the third selected database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers, and the fourth selected database server belonging to the second server set and selected from the third plurality of database servers; wherein: each database server in the first plurality of database servers hosts a copy of a first shard of the database; each database server in the second plurality of database servers hosts a copy of a second shard of the database; each database server in the third plurality of database servers hosts a copy of a third shard of the database; each database server in the first plurality of database servers belongs to either the first server set or the second server set; each database server in the second plurality of database servers belongs to either the first server set or the second server set; and each database server in the third plurality of database servers belongs to either the first server set or the second server set. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising: receiving a first shard query result from the database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the first plurality of database servers, a second shard query result from the first selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the second plurality of database servers using the suitability score, and a third shard query result from the second selected database server belonging to the first server set and selected from the third plurality of database servers using the suitability score; aggregating the first shard query result with the second shard query result and with the third shard query result to create an aggregated query result; and presenting the aggregated query result to a requestor. 14. A method comprising: receiving a request; retrieving server information for each database server in a cluster of database servers; determining a suitability score for each database server in the cluster of database servers based on the server information of each such database server; forwarding the request to the first database server and the second database server based on the suitability score of the first and second database servers, wherein the first database server belongs to a first shard of the database and the second database server belongs to a second shard of the database; aggregating results from the first database server and the second database server; and presenting the aggregated result in response to the request. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: forwarding the request to a third database server based on the suitability score of the third database server, wherein the third database server belongs to a third shard of the database, and wherein the cluster of database servers comprise the third database server; and aggregating results from the third database server with the results from the first database server and the second database server. 16. The method of claim 14 wherein: the server information comprises: specification information for each database server in the cluster of database servers; server state information; and server load information. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein: the server information is arranged to be updated at least once every 10 seconds. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein: presenting the aggregated result comprises placing the aggregated result with markup language arranged to display the aggregated result on a web browser; and transmitting the aggregated result and the markup language to a requestor. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein: presenting the aggregated result comprises placing the aggregated result with markup language arranged to display the aggregated result via a mobile app; and transmitting the aggregated result and the markup language to a requestor. 20. The method of claim 14 further comprising: forwarding the request to a third database server based on the suitability score of the third database server, wherein the third database server belongs to a third shard of the database, and wherein the cluster of database servers comprise the third database server; and aggregating results from the third database server with the results from the first database server and the second database server; wherein the server information comprises: specification information for each database server in the cluster of database servers; server state information; and server load information; and the server information is arranged to be updated at least once every 10 seconds; presenting the aggregated result comprises placing the aggregated result with markup language arranged to display the aggregated result on a web browser; and transmitting the aggregated result and the markup language to a requestor.",
-    "A gas turbine engine optimization control device estimates a specific fuel consumption using a given control parameter of a variable mechanism, determines a change between a specific fuel consumption estimation value by the control parameter of the variable mechanism in a previous operation period and a specific fuel consumption estimation value by the control parameter of the variable mechanism in this operation period, determines a new control parameter of the variable mechanism with which the specific fuel consumption estimation value approaches a minimum, adds the new control parameter of the variable mechanism to a preset control parameter initial value, and sets the addition value to be a control parameter command value of the variable mechanism in a next operation period. 1. A gas turbine engine optimization control device comprising: a specific fuel consumption estimation operation section that estimates a specific fuel consumption using a sensor feedback value of a control parameter of a variable mechanism given for each predetermined operation period; a control parameter reoperation section that determines a change between a specific fuel consumption estimation value based on a sensor feedback value of the control parameter of the variable mechanism in a previous operation period and a specific fuel consumption estimation value based on a sensor feedback value of the control parameter of the variable mechanism in this operation period, and determines a new control parameter command value of the variable mechanism with which the specific fuel consumption estimation value approaches a minimum; and a control parameter command value operation section that adds the new control parameter command value of the variable mechanism determined by the control parameter reoperation section to a preset control parameter initial value of the variable mechanism, and outputs the value as a control parameter command value of the variable mechanism in a next operation period. 2. The gas turbine engine optimization control device according to claim 1, wherein a low-pressure turbine variable stator vane angle is used as the control parameter of the variable mechanism. 3. The gas turbine engine optimization control device according to claim 1, wherein any of an exhaust nozzle area, a compressor variable stator vane angle, a high-pressure turbine case cooling air flow rate, a low-pressure turbine case cooling air flow rate, a high-pressure turbine variable stator vane angle, a fan bypass area, an extraction force, and extraction steam is used as the control parameter of the variable mechanism.",
-    "A screen canopy for a zero turn mower protects the user from insects and flying debris while operating the mower. The canopy is lightweight and easily installed, but sturdy enough to prevent damage when moving closely past trees, hedges, and other vegetation. 1. A screen canopy, comprising two posts having a top and a bottom; said bottoms of the posts being attached to a riding lawn mower behind a driver's seat; two curved frames; said curved frames extending from said top of the posts to an area around the pedals of the riding lawn mower; and a plurality of panels; said panels being made of mesh and covering the posts and frames to form an enclosure. 2. The screen canopy of claim 1, wherein said mesh is fine enough to repel insects and flying debris. 3. The screen canopy of claim 1, wherein said curved frames follow a 120 degree arc from said top of the posts to the area around the pedals of the riding lawn mower. 4. The screen canopy of claim 2, wherein said curved frames follow a 120 degree arc from said top of the posts to the area around the pedals of the riding lawn mower. 5. The screen canopy of claim 1, wherein the screen canopy is removable and is configured to easily fold upon itself after removal such that said canopy may be stored compactly. 6. The screen canopy of claim 2, wherein the screen canopy is removable and is configured to easily fold upon itself after removal such that said canopy may be stored compactly. 7. The screen canopy of claim 1, further comprising an opening; said opening being formed on a side wall of the enclosure by securing the mesh to the post and upper part of the frame on one side with zippers or similar closures. 8. The screen canopy of claim 2, further comprising an opening; said opening being formed on a side wall of the enclosure by securing the mesh to the post and upper part of the frame on one side with zippers or similar closures. 9. The screen canopy of claim 1, further comprising means for attaching said screen canopy to said riding lawn mower as an aftermarket accessory. 10. The screen canopy of claim 1, wherein the screen canopy is attached to the riding law mower as original equipment by a manufacturer of the riding lawn mower. 11. The screen canopy of claim 2, further comprising means for attaching said screen canopy to said riding lawn mower as an aftermarket accessory. 12. The screen canopy of claim 2, wherein the screen canopy is attached to the riding law mower as original equipment by a manufacturer of the riding lawn mower. 13. The screen canopy of claim 1, wherein the posts and frames are manufactured from a rigid, lightweight, and durable material which is corrosion resistant, such as plastic or aluminum alloy. 14. The screen canopy of claim 1, wherein the mesh is preferably manufactured from a flexible, durable material such as nylon. 15. The screen canopy of claim 2, wherein the posts and frames are manufactured from a rigid, lightweight, and durable material which is corrosion resistant, such as plastic or aluminum alloy. 16. The screen canopy of claim 2, wherein the mesh is preferably manufactured from a flexible, durable material such as nylon.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and a device for configuring a data transmission resource and relate to the communications field. The solution includes: configuring, by a network device, a first transmission resource and a second transmission resource for UE, and configuring, for the UE, a resource of a PUCCH corresponding to a physical downlink control channel in the second transmission resource; and receiving a PUCCH sent by the user equipment, and when the received PUCCH carries negative acknowledgement information, retransmitting, by using a PDSCH of the first transmission resource, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource, and indicating, by using signaling of a physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 1. A method for configuring a data transmission resource, the method comprising: configuring, by a network device, a first transmission resource and a second transmission resource for user equipment (UE), wherein carrier frequencies of the first transmission resource and the second transmission resource are different; configuring, by the network device for the UE, a resource of a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) corresponding to a physical downlink control channel in the second transmission resource, wherein the resource of the PUCCH is located on an uplink carrier corresponding to a downlink carrier of the first transmission resource, wherein the resource of the PUCCH is acquired by the UE according to a signaling indication or higher layer signaling of at least one physical downlink control channel in the physical downlink control channel, wherein the PUCCH is used to carry answer information sent by the UE for data that is carried in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the second transmission resource; and receiving, by the network device, the PUCCH sent by the UE, wherein when information carried in the PUCCH is negative acknowledgement information, the negative acknowledgement information is the answer information sent by the UE for the data that is carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource, retransmitting, by the network device by using a PDSCH of the first transmission resource, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource, and indicating, by using signaling of a physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein indicating, by using signaling of a physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource comprises: indicating, by using control information carried in the physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is the retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein indicating, by using signaling of a physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource comprises: indicating, by performing scrambling on the physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource by using a virtual cell identity or a scrambling code, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is the retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein indicating, by using signaling of a physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource comprises: indicating, by performing, by using an identity of the UE, scrambling on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of control information carried in the physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is the retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein before retransmitting, by the network device by using a PDSCH of the first transmission resource, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource, the method further comprises: acquiring, by the network device, according to the negative acknowledgement information, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein configuring, by the network device for the UE, a resource of a PUCCH corresponding to a physical downlink control channel in the second transmission resource comprises: configuring, by the network device for the UE, a resource of a PUCCH corresponding to part of physical downlink control channels in the second transmission resource. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the network device is a first network device; the first transmission resource is a transmission resource used by the first network device and the UE; and the second transmission resource is a transmission resource used by a second network device and the UE. 8. A network device, comprising: a processor, configured to: configure a first transmission resource and a second transmission resource for user equipment (UE), wherein carrier frequencies of the first transmission resource and the second transmission resource are different, and configure, for the UE, a resource of a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) corresponding to a physical downlink control channel in the second transmission resource, wherein the resource of the PUCCH is located on an uplink carrier corresponding to a downlink carrier of the first transmission resource, wherein the resource of the PUCCH is acquired by the UE according to a signaling indication or higher layer signaling of at least one physical downlink control channel in the physical downlink control channel, wherein the PUCCH is used to carry answer information sent by the UE for data that is carried in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the second transmission resource; a receiver, configured to receive the PUCCH sent by the UE, wherein when information carried in the PUCCH is negative acknowledgement information, the negative acknowledgement information is the answer information sent by the UE for the data that is carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource; and a transmitter, configured to: retransmit, by using a PDSCH of the first transmission resource, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource, and indicate, by using signaling of a physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 9. The network device according to claim 8, wherein the transmitter is configured to: indicate, by using control information carried in the physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is the retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 10. The network device according to claim 8, wherein the transmitter is configured to: indicate, by performing scrambling on the physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource by using a virtual cell identity or a scrambling code, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is the retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 11. The network device according to claim 8, wherein the transmitter is configured to: indicate, by performing, by using an identity of the UE, scrambling on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of control information carried in the physical downlink control channel of the first transmission resource, to the UE that the data transmitted by the PDSCH of the first transmission resource is the retransmitted data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 12. The network device according to claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to: before the transmitter transmits, by using a PDSCH of the first transmission resource, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource, acquire, according to the negative acknowledgement information, the data carried in the PDSCH of the second transmission resource. 13. The network device according to claim 8, wherein the processor is configured to: configure, for the UE, a resource of a PUCCH corresponding to part of physical downlink control channels in the second transmission resource. 14. The network device according to claim 8, wherein: the network device is a first network device; the first transmission resource is a transmission resource used by the first network device and the UE; and the second transmission resource is a transmission resource used by a second network device and the UE.",
-    "A fixing device includes a nip formation pad to form a fixing nip between a first fixing rotator and a second fixing rotator, through which a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed. The nip formation pad includes a first planar face, a second planar face disposed downstream from the first planar face in a recording medium conveyance direction and being parallel to the first planar face, and a joint face bridging the first planar face and the second planar face. The joint face includes a first curved portion adjoining the first planar face and having a first curvature in a first direction in which a circumferential face of the second fixing rotator is curved and a second curved portion adjoining the second planar face and having a second curvature in a second direction opposite the first direction. 1. A fixing device comprising: a flexible, first fixing rotator rotatable in a predetermined direction of rotation; a second fixing rotator disposed opposite the first fixing rotator and including an elastic layer; a heater to heat one of the first fixing rotator and the second fixing rotator; and a nip formation pad to press against the second fixing rotator via the first fixing rotator to form a fixing nip between the first fixing rotator and the second fixing rotator, the fixing nip through which a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed, the nip formation pad including: a first planar face; a second planar face disposed downstream from the first planar face in a recording medium conveyance direction and being parallel to the first planar face; and a joint face bridging the first planar face and the second planar face, the joint face including: a first curved portion adjoining the first planar face and having a first curvature in a first direction in which a circumferential face of the second fixing rotator is curved; and a second curved portion adjoining the second planar face and having a second curvature in a second direction opposite the first direction. 2. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first planar face, the joint face, and the second planar face are arranged in the recording medium conveyance direction to define the fixing nip. 3. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first curvature of the first curved portion is greater than a third curvature of the circumferential face of the second fixing rotator. 4. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first planar face adjoins the first curved portion to share a first common tangent and the second planar face adjoins the second curved portion to share a second common tangent. 5. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first curved portion adjoins the second curved portion to share a third common tangent. 6. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein each of the first curved portion and the second curved portion defines a cylindrical surface. 7. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first planar face defines an entry to the fixing nip through which the recording medium enters the fixing nip. 8. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the second planar face defines an exit of the fixing nip through which the recording medium is ejected from the fixing nip. 9. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the second curved portion is disposed downstream from a rotation axis of the second fixing rotator in the recording medium conveyance direction to increase a compression rate of the elastic layer of the second fixing rotator. 10. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first curved portion is curved along the circumferential face of the second fixing rotator. 11. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first curved portion is recessed relative to the circumferential face of the second fixing rotator and the second curved portion projects toward the circumferential face of the second fixing rotator. 12. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the nip formation pad further includes a guide face adjoining and being disposed downstream from the second planar face in the recording medium conveyance direction, the guide face to direct the recording medium toward the second fixing rotator. 13. The fixing device according to claim 12, wherein the guide face is recessed relative to the second fixing rotator. 14. The fixing device according to claim 12, wherein the guide face is planar to share an identical plane with the second planar face. 15. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first planar face and the second planar face are aligned along a direction substantially perpendicular to a hypothetical line defined by a rotation axis of the first fixing rotator and a rotation axis of the second fixing rotator. 16. The fixing device according to claim 15, wherein the rotation axis of the second fixing rotator and the first planar face of the nip formation pad define a perpendicular that intersects the first planar face at an intersection, and wherein the second curved portion is downstream from the intersection in the recording medium conveyance direction. 17. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the nip formation pad further includes a round portion disposed downstream from the second planar face in the recording medium conveyance direction, the round portion having an increased curvature to bend the first fixing rotator in a direction in which the first fixing rotator separates from the second fixing rotator. 18. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the first fixing rotator includes an endless belt and the second fixing rotator includes a roller. 19. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming device to form a toner image; and a fixing device disposed downstream from the image forming device in a recording medium conveyance direction to fix the toner image on a recording medium, the fixing device including: a flexible, first fixing rotator rotatable in a predetermined direction of rotation; a second fixing rotator disposed opposite the first fixing rotator and including an elastic layer; a heater to heat one of the first fixing rotator and the second fixing rotator; and a nip formation pad to press against the second fixing rotator via the first fixing rotator to form a fixing nip between the first fixing rotator and the second fixing rotator, the fixing nip through which the recording medium bearing the toner image is conveyed, the nip formation pad including: a first planar face; a second planar face disposed downstream from the first planar face in the recording medium conveyance direction and being parallel to the first planar face; and a joint face bridging the first planar face and the second planar face, the joint face including: a first curved portion adjoining the first planar face and having a first curvature in a first direction in which a circumferential face of the second fixing rotator is curved; and a second curved portion adjoining the second planar face and having a second curvature in a second direction opposite the first direction.",
-    "A replaceable paper-based touch book introduces interactivity to printed books. The replaceable paper-based touch book is a very useful learning tool that aims to attach learners with traditionally printed books. The replaceable paper-based touch book allows learners to use three senses in the learning process: touch, vision and hearing. Using multiple senses highly accelerates the learning curve, and dramatically increases information retention strength. Furthermore, by being replaceable, many different replaceable books are able to be used with the device. 1. A device comprising: a. a cover configured to receive a booklet; b. a booklet identifying mechanism for determining the booklet received by the cover; c. one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a page of the booklet that a user touches; d. a page identification sensor for determining the page the user touches; and e. a mechanism to provide feedback based on the page touched and the location on the page. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the booklet identifying mechanism comprises an RFID reader configured for reading an RFID tag of the booklet. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the booklet identifying mechanism comprises a scanning device configured for scanning identification information of the booklet. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein the booklet identifying mechanism comprises an interface configured to enable a user to input identifying information of the booklet. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the cover further comprises a mechanism for securing the booklet within the cover. 6. The device of claim 5 wherein the mechanism for securing the booklet within the cover includes a folded edge of the cover. 7. The device of claim 5 wherein the mechanism for securing the booklet within the cover includes one or more magnets contained within the cover configured for coupling with one or more metal components of the booklet. 8. The device of claim 1 further comprising a program stored within a memory of the cover to retrieve sound files corresponding to a part of a page being touched. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein labels are counted in proximity to the page identification sensor to determine a page touched. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein an RFID tag is embedded within each page of the booklet, and an RFID reader is embedded within the cover. 11. The device of claim 1 wherein each page includes a partially reflexive label for reflecting electromagnetic waves, and a reflection quantity is detected and used to determine a page. 12. A method of utilizing a replaceable paper-based touch booklet comprising: a. securing a cover on a booklet; b. determining a content of the booklet; c. sensing a touch; d. processing the touch; e. determining a page of the booklet that received the touch by sensing and identifying all pages proximate a page identification sensor and determining which of the detected pages is ranked highest in a precedence scheme; f. retrieving a feedback file corresponding with a location and a page of the touch; and g. playing the feedback file. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein determining the content of the booklet comprises using an RFID reader within the cover to read an RFID tag of the booklet. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein determining the content of the booklet comprises using a scanning device to scan identification information of the booklet. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein determining the content of the booklet comprises using an interface to input identifying information of the booklet. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein securing the cover on the booklet includes placing the booklet within folded edges of the cover. 17. The method of claim 12 wherein securing the cover on the booklet includes utilizing one or more magnets contained within the cover configured for coupling with one or more metal components of the booklet. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein a program is stored within a memory of the cover to retrieve sound files corresponding to a part of a page being touched. 19. The method of claim 12 wherein labels are counted in proximity to the page identification sensor to determine a page touched. 20. The method of claim 12 wherein an RFID tag is embedded within each page of the booklet, and an RFID reader is embedded within the cover. 21. The method of claim 12 wherein each page of the booklet includes a partially reflexive label for reflecting electromagnetic waves, and a reflection quantity is detected and used to determine a page. 22. A system comprising: a. reading material; b. a cover configured to receive the reading material; c. an identifying mechanism for determining the reading material received by the cover; d. one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a page of the reading material that a user touches; e. a page identification sensor for determining the page the user touches; and f. a mechanism to provide feedback based on the page touched and the location on the page. 23. The system of claim 22 wherein the identifying mechanism comprises an RFID reader configured for reading an RFID tag of the reading material. 24. The system of claim 22 wherein the identifying mechanism comprises a scanning device configured for scanning identification information of the reading material. 25. The system of claim 22 wherein the identifying mechanism comprises an interface configured to enable a user to input identifying information of the reading material. 26. The system of claim 22 wherein the cover further comprises a mechanism for securing the reading material within the cover. 27. The system of claim 26 wherein the mechanism for securing the reading material within the cover includes a folded edge of the cover. 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the mechanism for securing the reading material within the cover includes one or more magnets contained within the cover configured for coupling with one or more metal components of the reading material. 29. The system of claim 22 further comprising a program stored within a memory of the cover to retrieve sound files corresponding to a part of a page being touched. 30. The system of claim 22 wherein labels are counted in proximity to the page identification sensor to determine a page touched. 31. The system of claim 22 wherein an RFID tag is embedded within each page of the reading material, and an RFID reader is embedded within the cover. 32. The system of claim 22 wherein each page includes a partially reflexive label for reflecting electromagnetic waves, and a reflection quantity is detected and used to determine a page.",
-    "A vehicle control apparatus for performing control such that a vehicle follows a preceding vehicle, includes: a calculating unit that calculates a target time for an inter-vehicle distance deviation which is obtained by subtracting a target inter-vehicle distance from a measurement value of the inter-vehicle distance between the vehicle and the preceding vehicle to be substantially 0; a correction unit that calculates a correction deceleration larger than a target deceleration in a case where the inter-vehicle distance deviation provides a deviation corresponding to a position of the vehicle closer to the preceding vehicle than a position where the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0; and a control unit that controls a deceleration of the vehicle at a deceleration jerk according to a magnitude of the correction deceleration such that, when the target time comes, the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0. 1. A vehicle control apparatus for performing control such that a vehicle follows a preceding vehicle, comprising: a calculating unit that calculates a target time for an inter-vehicle distance deviation which is obtained by subtracting a target inter-vehicle distance from a measurement value of the inter-vehicle distance between the vehicle and the preceding vehicle to be substantially 0; a correction unit that calculates a correction deceleration larger than a target deceleration in a case where the inter-vehicle distance deviation provides a deviation corresponding to a position of the vehicle closer to the preceding vehicle than a position where the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0; and a control unit that controls a deceleration of the vehicle at a deceleration jerk according to a magnitude of the correction deceleration such that, when the target time comes, the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0. 2. The vehicle control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: in a case where the inter-vehicle distance deviation provides a first deviation corresponding to the position of the vehicle closer to the preceding vehicle than the position where the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0, the correction unit calculates a first correction deceleration larger than the target deceleration, and the control unit controls the deceleration of the vehicle at a deceleration jerk according to the first correction deceleration and larger than a deceleration jerk according to the target deceleration, such that, when the target time comes, the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0. 3. The vehicle control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: in a case where the inter-vehicle distance deviation provides a second deviation corresponding to the position of the vehicle closer to the preceding vehicle than the position where the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0 and corresponding to a position of the vehicle farther from the preceding vehicle than a position where the first deviation is obtained, the correction unit calculates a second correction deceleration smaller than the first correction deceleration, and the control unit controls the deceleration of the vehicle at a deceleration jerk according to the second correction deceleration and smaller than the deceleration jerk according to the first target deceleration, such that, when the target time comes, the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0. 4. The vehicle control apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an acquiring unit that acquires information on a driving torque to drive the vehicle in a traveling direction, wherein the control unit controls the deceleration of the vehicle such that, in a case where the vehicle automatically stops without any operation of a driver, braking torque to brake the vehicle exceeds the driving torque. 5. The vehicle control apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a storage unit that stores a driving torque of the vehicle immediately before stopping, wherein the control unit controls the deceleration of the vehicle such that, in a case where the vehicle automatically stops without any operation of a driver, braking torque to decelerate the vehicle exceeds the driving torque of the vehicle immediately before stopping. 6. A vehicle control system comprising: a radar device that detects target information on a position of a preceding vehicle and relative speed to the preceding vehicle; and a vehicle control apparatus including: a calculating unit that calculates a target time for an inter-vehicle distance deviation which is obtained by subtracting a target inter-vehicle distance from a measurement value of the inter-vehicle distance between the vehicle and the preceding vehicle to be substantially 0; a correction unit that calculates a correction deceleration larger than a target deceleration in a case where the inter-vehicle distance deviation provides a deviation corresponding to a position of the vehicle closer to the preceding vehicle than a position where the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0; and a control unit that controls the deceleration of the vehicle at a deceleration jerk according to the magnitude of the correction deceleration such that, when the target time comes, the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0. 7. A vehicle control method of performing control such that a vehicle follows a preceding vehicle, comprising: calculating a target time for an inter-vehicle distance deviation which is obtained by subtracting a target inter-vehicle distance from a measurement value of the inter-vehicle distance between the vehicle and the preceding vehicle to be substantially 0; calculating a correction deceleration larger than a target deceleration in a case where the inter-vehicle distance deviation provides a deviation corresponding to a position of the vehicle closer to the preceding vehicle than a position where the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0; and controlling the deceleration of the vehicle at a deceleration jerk according to the magnitude of the correction deceleration such that, when the target time comes, the inter-vehicle distance deviation is substantially 0. 8. A vehicle control apparatus for performing control such that a vehicle follows a preceding vehicle, comprising: an acquiring unit that acquires information on a driving torque to drive the vehicle in a traveling direction; and a control unit that controls the deceleration of the vehicle such that, in a case where the vehicle automatically stops without any operation of a driver of the vehicle, braking torque to brake the vehicle exceeds the driving torque.",
-    "Headwear reduces radiation exposure with a brim on a top crown that generally surrounds the head. The brim is above a bottom of the crown to avoid interfering with the ears, face, and/or adjustment strap of the cap, which may be of critical importance for those needing protection from sunlight. Brims are positionable a half-inch or more above the bottom of the crown and may completely or partially extend about the crown. Brims may extend at an angle of 20-degrees or more to provide clearance for the ears, face, and any adjustment structure. Brims may be integral with or nondestructively removable from the crown and may include bands or cut-outs for existing brims, bills, or adjustment structures for fitting of hats to which removable brims are added. Headwear may be rigid or a flexible canvas. 1. An apparatus for providing comfortable radiation shading, the apparatus comprising: a brim having an inner perimeter shaped to seat on a crown of a hat worn on a human head; and a band configured to lay on a bill of the hat, wherein the band connects at both ends to the brim. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the brim is opaque, flexible, and over two inches in width. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the brim and the band are non-destructively removable from the crown, wherein the band has a lesser width than the brim, and wherein the band and the brim completely surround the hat. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the brim and the band are sized and shaped to seat the brim on the hat over one inch above a vertical bottom of the hat so as to avoid ears of a wearer of the hat and an adjuster of the hat.",
-    "The disclosure describes trench-confirmable geothermal reservoirs that can snugly abut trench walls (that may be of virgin, compacted earth) for facilitating heat exchange and flow liquid from one lower end to an opposing top end, and vice versa, depending on desired heat exchange. The direction can be reversed for summer and winter heat/cooling configurations. A series of the reservoirs may be used for appropriate heat transfer. The water volume of the reservoirs is relatively large and slow moving for good earth heat conduction. 1. A geothermal heat exchanger for a ground trench, comprising: at least one substantially rectangular reservoir body having external flexible walls and is configured to selectively heat or cool liquid therein, depending on flow direction therethrough, the reservoir body having width, height, and length dimensions, wherein the width dimension is between 1-12 inches and the length dimension is between 10-100 feet, wherein the reservoir body has at least one inlet port on an upper end portion and at least one exit port on an opposing lower end portion that is longitudinally spaced apart from the at least one inlet port on the upper end portion in the length dimension, and wherein the reservoir body is sufficiently flexible to be rolled and/or folded for shipment. 2. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the width dimension is between about 4-6 inches, and wherein the length dimension is at least two times greater than the height dimension. 3. The heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising a length of pipe or conduit that extends a distance inward into the reservoir body from the inlet and exit ports, each with open free ends sized and configured to be under liquid level during operation to facilitate cross flow. 4. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the substantially rectangular reservoir body has four spaced apart external flexible side walls bounding a rectangular chamber, including (i) opposing front and back walls as long sides of the chamber defining the length dimension of the reservoir body and (ii) opposing left and right end walls as short sides of the chamber defining the width dimension of the reservoir body, and wherein the reservoir body is configured to expand from a pre-installation shape to a liquid-filled post-installation shape and retain the filled shape during operation over successive closed loop water flow heat exchange cycles. 5. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the inlet and exit ports comprise pipe or conduit fittings that engage pipe or conduit in a closed geothermal loop that extends into a residence or building and is adapted to be in fluid communication with a water source heat pump or water-cooled condenser. 6. The heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising at least one substantially rigid elongate external support member that is attached to the reservoir body and has increased rigidity relative to the reservoir body, wherein the at least one substantially rigid external support member comprises a vertical beam, rib or rod attached to one or both of the ends of the rectangular body and extending a distance thereabove. 7. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the reservoir body is sized and configured to reside in a horizontal trench at a depth below ground surface of between 2-6 feet, wherein the reservoir body external flexible walls include primary front and rear walls and a bottom wall that expand outward to conform to respective sidewalls and a bottom of a trench of compacted virgin earth, and wherein the reservoir body width dimension is between about 4-6 inches, and wherein the length dimension is at least two times greater than the height dimension. 8. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the external flexible walls are defined by a thin, water-impermeable material. 9. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the width dimension is between about 4-6 inches and the height dimension is between about 2-6 feet. 10. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the width dimension is between about 4-6 inches, the height dimension is between about 2-4 feet, and the length width dimension is between about 20-30 feet. 11. The heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of spaced apart internal partitions alternating to define upper and lower reduced open flow spaces along the length dimension of the reservoir body. 12. The heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising a thin, flexible external cover that holds at least a portion of the reservoir body therein, and wherein the cover abuts the flexible walls of the reservoir body and can expand outwardly in response to filling of the reservoir body. 13. The heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising a jig comprising an upper rigid rectangular frame with downwardly extending sidewalls enclosing an upper portion of the reservoir body and releasably attached to an upper surface of the reservoir body to suspend a major portion of the reservoir body below the rectangular frame of the jig, wherein the jig terminates at the rectangular frame and leaves the bottom of the reservoir body exposed and free. 14. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the reservoir body is configured to hold at least about 100 gallons of circulating liquid associated with a ground loop, wherein the reservoir body length is about 25 feet, the width is between about 4-6 inches, and the height is about 2 feet. 15. The heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the at least one reservoir body is a plurality of spaced apart reservoir bodies in fluid communication. 16. The heat exchange of claim 1, wherein the plurality of reservoir bodies have a fluid capacity of about 200-400 gallons for about a 2 ton heat system. 17. A geothermal closed loop heat exchange system, comprising: a plurality of geothermal heat exchange reservoirs in fluid communication, each reservoir having at least one inlet port and at least one exit port, residing in a horizontal trench a distance below ground surface, wherein the heat exchange reservoirs have front and rear primary external flexible walls with a shape that changes from a pre-installation shape to have an expanded liquid-filled shape in the horizontal trench such that at least the front and rear primary external flexible walls expand outward to conform to respective adjacent trench walls; a heat pump or water condenser in communication with the geothermal heat exchange reservoirs; and a closed loop flow path having a flow direction connecting the inlet port and the exit port of the reservoirs to the heat pump or water condenser to define a closed loop flow path for the geothermal heat exchange system, wherein the closed loop flow path is configured to operate in a first direction where liquid enters the inlet port and leaves through the exit port to geothermally heat liquid flowing therethrough and operate in an opposing second direction where liquid enters the exit port and leaves through the inlet port to geothermally cool liquid flowing therethrough. 18. The geothermal closed loop heat exchange system of claim 17, wherein the at least one reservoir is substantially rectangular with the front and rear primary walls configured as opposing long sides of the reservoir connected with left and right end walls configured as opposing short sides, the short sides defining a reservoir width dimension of between 1-12 inches and a length dimension that is between about 10-100 feet, and wherein the inlet port and exit ports reside on opposing longitudinally spaced apart end portions of the reservoir, one at an upper portion and the other at a lower portion. 19. The geothermal closed loop heat exchange system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of reservoir bodies have a fluid capacity of about 200-400 gallons for about a 2 ton heat system. 20. A method of geothermal heat transfer, comprising: flowing water from a pump associated with a heat exchanger or water-cooled condenser in a closed geothermal loop having a reversible flow direction with flow in a first direction during summer and in an opposing second direction during winter so that the water flows through a plurality of flexible or semi-flexible geothermal heat exchanger reservoirs in fluid communication with each other in either the first or second direction, depending on a summer or winter flow direction, the reservoirs having a width dimension that is between about 1-12 inches, a height dimension that is between 1-4 feet and a length dimension that is between about 10-100 feet, wherein the height dimension is greater than the width dimension and a length dimension is greater than the height dimension, wherein the reservoirs reside in one or more horizontal compacted soil trenches a distance below ground surface with primary rear and front walls that snugly contact and conform to a trench wall shape thereat, and wherein the flexible or semi-flexible reservoirs are sufficiently flexible so as to be unable to hold an operative shape outside the trench without structural support.",
-    "Provided is a system for attaching an external hard drive to a portable or laptop computer. The system comprises a laptop case with a built-in hard drive enclosure. The case also includes a SATA to USB converter for interfacing between the hard drive and the laptop. The hard drive enclosure may be sized to accommodate a 2.5 inch hard drive of various dimensions. The hard drive enclosure may have sloped sides to limit snagging and/or catching. 1. A laptop case, comprising: a. a top hardshell including a hard drive enclosure; b. an adapter for interfacing between a hard drive and a laptop; and c. a bottom hardshell. 2. The case of claim 1, wherein the hard drive enclosure is sized to accommodate a 2.5 inch hard drive. 3. The case of claim 2, wherein the height of the hard drive enclosure is between 5 mm and 9.5 mm. 4. The case of claim 1, wherein the adapter comprises two interfaces, and wherein the bottom hardshell comprises slots to accommodate the inserting of one of the two interfaces into a port of the laptop. 5. The case of claim 4, wherein the port is a USB port. 6. The case of claim 1, further comprising sloped sides between the hard drive enclosure and the rest of the top hardshell. 7. The case of claim 1, wherein the adapter is a SATA to USB adapter. 8. A top hardshell of a laptop case, comprising: a. a shell; b. means for temporarily attaching the shell to a laptop; c. means for holding a hard drive; and d. means for interfacing between the hard drive and the laptop. 9. The top hardshell of claim 8, wherein the means for temporarily attaching the shell to a laptop comprises a rib running along the entire edge of the top hardshell. 10. The top hardshell of claim 8, wherein the means for temporarily attaching the shell to a laptop comprises one or more tabs. 11. The top hardshell of claim 8, wherein the means for holding a hard drive is sized to accommodate a 2.5 inch hard drive. 12. The top hardshell of claim 11, wherein the means for holding a hard drive is sized to accommodate a hard drive with a height between 5 mm and 9.5 mm. 13. The top hardshell of claim 8, wherein the means for interfacing comprises a SATA to USB adapter. 14. The top hardshell of claim 8, further comprising sloped sides between the shell and the means for holding.",
-    "Provided herein is a digital x-ray detector wherein a plurality of sensing pixels are formed in a matrix structure, and wherein a pin structure positioned in an odd number line and a pin structure positioned in an even number line are not formed in the same process, thereby preventing a line detect by a particle. 1. A method for manufacturing a digital x-ray detector wherein a plurality of sensing pixels are formed in a matrix structure, the method comprising: forming a thin film transistor on every sensing pixel area on an upper portion of a substrate; forming a first pin structure on each source electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in an odd number line; forming a first protective layer that covers an upper portion of the substrate where the first pin structures are formed; forming, on the first protective layer, a first data hole line that exposes a drain electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in the same odd number line in a row, a first bias hole line that exposes an upper electrode of the first pin structure positioned in the same odd number line in a row, a second data hole line that exposes a drain electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in the same even number line in a row, and a second pin structure hole that exposes a source electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in an even number line; forming a first data wire inside the first data hole line, and forming a first bias wire inside the first bias hole line; forming a second pin structure to be electrically connected to a source electrode of each thin film transistor exposed inside the second pint structure hole; forming a second protective layer that covers an upper portion of a substrate where the first data wire, first bias wire and second pin structure are formed; forming, on the second protective layer, a second data hole line that exposes a drain electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in the same even number line in a row and a second bias hole line that exposes an upper electrode of the second pin structure positioned in the same line in a row; and forming a second data wire inside the second data hole line and forming a second bias wire inside the second bias hole line. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a light shield film that shields an upper portion of an active layer of the thin film transistor on an upper portion of the second protective layer, after the forming of a second protective layer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the light shield film is formed in the shape of a plurality of lines that shield the upper portion of the active layer of each thin film transistor positioned in the same odd number line and same even number line in a row. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the light shield film is formed at the same step with the second data wire and second bias wire. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the light shield film is formed at the same step with the second data and second bias wire. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a third protective layer that covers an upper portion of a substrate where the second data wire and first bias wire are formed. 7. The method of claim 2, further comprising forming a third protective layer that covers an upper portion of a substrate where the second data wire and first bias wire are formed. 8. The method of claim 3, further comprising forming a third protective layer that covers an upper portion of a substrate where the second data wire and first bias wire are formed. 9. The method of claim 4, further comprising forming a third protective layer that covers an upper portion of a substrate where the second data wire and first bias wire are formed. 10. The method of claim 5, further comprising forming a third protective layer that covers an upper portion of a substrate where the second data wire and first bias wire are formed. 11. A digital x-ray detector where a plurality of units of sensing pixels are formed in a matrix structure, the detector comprising: a thin film transistor formed on every sensing pixel area on an upper portion of a substrate; a first pin structure formed on each source electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in an odd number line; a second pin structure formed on each source electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in an even number line; a first data wire that connects a drain electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in the same odd number line in a row; a second data wire that connects a drain electrode of a thin film transistor positioned in the same even number line in a row; a first bias wire that connects an upper electrode of the first pin structure positioned in the same odd number line in a row; a second bias wire that connects an upper electrode of the second pin structure positioned in the same even number line in a row; and a first protective layer that covers an upper portion of the substrate where the thin film transistor and first pin structure are formed, wherein the second pin structure is formed inside a hole formed in the first protective layer. 12. The digital x-ray detector of claim 11, wherein the first data wire and first bias wire are formed inside a hole line formed in the first protective layer. 13. The digital x-ray detector of claim 11, further comprising a second protective layer formed on an upper portion of the first protective layer, wherein the second data wire is formed inside a hole line formed to penetrate the first protective layer and second protective layer, and the second bias wire is formed inside a hole line formed in the second protective layer. 14. The digital x-ray detector of claim 13, wherein a light shield film that shields an upper portion of an active layer of the thin film transistor is further formed on an upper portion of the second protective layer. 15. The digital x-ray detector of claim 14, wherein the light shield film is formed in the shape of a plurality of lines that shield the upper portion of the active layer of the thin film transistor positioned in the same odd number line and the same even number line in a row. 16. The digital x-ray detector of claim 13, further comprising a third protective layer formed on an upper portion of the second protective layer. 17. The digital x-ray detector of claim 14, further comprising a third protective layer formed on an upper portion of the second protective layer. 18. The digital x-ray detector of claim 15, further comprising a third protective layer formed on an upper portion of the second protective layer.",
-    "A loudspeaker includes an enclosure including a resonance chamber and an acoustic emission aperture for communication of the resonance chamber with the outside, and a plurality of speaker units including a first speaker unit arranged in a first direction and a second speaker unit arranged in a second direction, and the plurality of speakers being accommodated in the enclosure in a non-coaxial arrangement. Front slit spaces of the plurality of speaker units are in communication with the resonance chamber. 1. A loudspeaker comprising: an enclosure including a resonance chamber and a main acoustic emission aperture for communication of the resonance chamber outside the enclosure; and a plurality of speaker units, each speaker unit comprising a speaker, the plurality of speaker units including a first speaker unit arranged in a first direction and a second speaker unit arranged in a second direction, the plurality of speaker units being accommodated in the enclosure in a non-coaxial arrangement, wherein front slit spaces of the plurality of speaker units are in communication with the resonance chamber. 2. The loudspeaker of claim 1, wherein the plurality of speaker units are arranged in a non-coaxial force-moment compensation arrangement. 3. The loudspeaker of claim 1, wherein the enclosure comprises: a first baffle in which the first speaker unit is disposed; and a second baffle in which the second speaker unit is disposed, wherein the first baffle and the second baffle form a step with respect to each other in the first direction. 4. The loudspeaker of claim 1, further comprising a duct configured to connect the resonance chamber to the main acoustic emission aperture. 5. The loudspeaker of claim 1, further comprising a passive radiator installed in the main acoustic emission aperture. 6. The loudspeaker of claim 1, further comprising an attenuator arranged in a plurality of communication apertures connecting the front slit spaces and the resonance chamber and configured to apply an acoustic resistance. 7. The loudspeaker of claim 1, wherein at least two back chambers of the plurality of speaker units communicate with each other. 8. The loudspeaker of claim 1, wherein each of back chambers of the plurality of speaker units includes at least one of: a sealed enclosure structure, a vented enclosure structure, or a passive radiator type enclosure structure. 9. The loudspeaker of claim 1, wherein the plurality of speaker units comprise a first speaker group including speaker units arranged at one side of the resonance chamber and a second speaker group including speaker units arranged at another side of the resonance chamber, wherein back chambers of the first speaker group communicate with one another, and back chambers of the second speaker group communicate with one another. 10. The loudspeaker of claim 1, further comprising first and second acoustic emission apertures in communication with the main acoustic emission aperture, the resonance chamber comprises first and second resonance chambers, and the plurality of speaker units comprise: a first speaker group including speaker units having front slit spaces in communication with the first resonance chamber; and a second speaker group including speaker units having front slit spaces in communication with the second resonance chamber. 11. The loudspeaker of claim 10, wherein back chambers of the first speaker group communicate with one another, and back chambers of the second speaker group communicate with one another. 12. The loudspeaker of claim 10, wherein the enclosure further comprises an additional chamber configured to communicate with back chambers of the first and second speaker groups. 13. A loudspeaker comprising: a plurality of speaker units, each speaker unit comprising a speaker, said plurality of speaker units arranged in a non-coaxial structure; and an enclosure configured to accommodate the plurality of speaker units, wherein the enclosure comprises: an acoustic emission aperture; and a band-pass amplifier configured to communicate with front slit spaces of the plurality of speaker units, to band-pass amplify a sound emitted from the plurality of speaker units, and to emit the sound via the acoustic emission aperture. 14. The loudspeaker of claim 13, wherein the band-pass amplifier comprises: a resonance chamber configured to communicate with the front slit spaces; and a duct configured to connect the resonance chamber and the acoustic emission aperture. 15. The loudspeaker of claim 13, wherein the band-pass amplifier comprises: a resonance chamber configured to communicate with the front slit spaces and the acoustic emission aperture; and a passive radiator installed in the acoustic emission aperture. 16. The loudspeaker of claim 13, wherein the plurality of speaker units are disposed in a non-coaxial force-moment compensation arrangement. 17. The loudspeaker of claim 13, further comprising an attenuator disposed in a plurality of communication apertures connecting the front slit spaces and the resonance chamber and configured to apply an acoustic resistance. 18. The loudspeaker of claim 13, wherein at least two back chambers of the plurality of speaker units communicate with each other. 19. The loudspeaker of claim 13, wherein the enclosure further comprises an additional chamber configured to communicate with back chambers of the plurality of speaker units.",
-    "Provided is an electronic device including a semiconductor memory. The semiconductor memory may include: an interlayer dielectric layer formed over a substrate including first and second areas; a first contact plug contacted with the substrate through the interlayer dielectric layer of the second area; an anti-peeling layer formed over the interlayer dielectric layer including the first contact plug; a second contact plug contacted with the substrate through the anti-peeling layer and the interlayer dielectric layer in the first area; and a variable resistance pattern contacted with the second contact plug. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for fabricating an electronic device including a semiconductor memory, comprising: forming a first interlayer dielectric layer over a substrate, and to cover, at least first and second areas of the substrate; forming a first contact plug over the substrate to pass through the first interlayer dielectric layer of the second area; forming an anti-peeling layer over the first interlayer dielectric layer including the first contact plug to cover the first contact plug; after forming the anti-peeling layer covering the first contact plug, forming a second contact plug over the substrate to pass through the anti-peeling layer and the first interlayer dielectric layer in the first area; and subsequently forming a variable resistance pattern over the second contact plug and above the anti-peeling layer, wherein the anti-peeling layer includes a stacked structure of a passivation layer and an adhesive layer. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first and second contact plugs having different heights from each other. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the anti-peeling layer includes nitride, oxide, or silicon. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the passivation layer includes an insulating material. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the adhesive layer includes silicon. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the forming of the second contact plug includes: forming a contact hole to pass through the anti-peeling layer and the first interlayer dielectric layer; burying a conductive material in the contact hole; and patterning the conductive material on the first interlayer dielectric layer. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the patterning of the conductive material is performed through an overall etching process or chemical mechanical polishing process. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the patterning of the conductive material for forming the second contact plug is performed above the anti-peeling layer in the second area of the substrate so that the first contact plug underneath the anti-peeling layer is insulated the patterning of the conductive material. 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the forming of the variable resistance pattern includes: forming a variable resistance layer over the anti-peeling layer including the second contact plug; and etching the variable resistance layer so as to form the variable resistance pattern over the second contact plug while isolating the first contact plug that is covered by the anti-peeling layer from an impact of patterning the variable resistance layer. 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the adhesive layer is etched in the forming of the variable resistance pattern. 31. The method of claim 21, further including, after the forming of the variable resistance pattern: forming a second interlayer dielectric layer over the anti-peeling layer so as to fill the space between the variable resistance patterns; forming a third contact plug over the variable resistance pattern to pass through the second interlayer dielectric layer of the first area; forming a fourth contact plug over the first contact plug to pass through the second interlayer dielectric layer and the anti-peeling layer in the second area; and forming a conductive line and a metal wiring to be contacted with the third and fourth contact plugs, respectively. 32. An electronic device comprising a semiconductor memory unit that comprises: a substrate including first and second areas, the first area including a switching element; a first interlayer dielectric layer formed over the substrate to cover the first and second areas; first and second contact plugs formed to pass through the first interlayer dielectric layer in the second area and the first area, respectively, the first and second contact plugs having different heights from each other; an anti-peeling layer formed over the first contact plug and located on sides of the second contact plug; and a variable resistance pattern contacted with and formed over the second contact plug and above the anti-peeling layer. 33. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the height of the second contact plug is greater than that of the first contact plug. 34. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the anti-peeling layer includes nitride, oxide, or silicon. 35. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the anti-peeling layer includes two layers. 36. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the variable resistance pattern has a width as same as that of the second contact plug. 37. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the variable resistance pattern has a width greater than that of the second contact plug. 38. The electronic device of claim 32, wherein the variable resistance pattern includes a magnetic tunnel junction including two magnetic layers and a tunnel barrier layer interposed between the two magnetic layers. 39. The electronic device of claim 32, further including: a third contact plug formed over the variable resistance pattern of the first area; and a conductive line formed over the third contact plug and coupled to the variable resistance pattern through the third contact plug. 40. The electronic device of claim 32, further comprising: a metal wiring of the second area; and a fourth contact plug for coupling the metal wiring to the first contact plug.",
-    "A system, method and device for adjusting a communication parameter for a network communicating with a communication device are provided. The method comprises: monitoring for a condition relating to a first network that has been in communication with the communication device; and determining whether an adjustment is to be implemented on a communication parameter of a second communication network that has been in communication with the communication device based on the condition and if so, implementing the adjustment to the communication parameter for the second communication network. 1. A method of adjusting communication parameters for networks communicating with a communication device, the method comprising: monitoring for a condition relating to a first network communicating with the communication device; and in response to determining that an adjustment is to be implemented on a communication parameter of a second network communicating with the communication device based on the condition, implementing the adjustment to the communication parameter for the second network; wherein the condition relates to communication frequencies used in the first network and communication frequencies used by the communication device for communications to the second network; and wherein the adjustment comprises reducing a transmission power level for communications sent by the communication device to the second network following a back-off scheme. 2. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first network is a cellular communication network and the second network is a wireless local area network (WLAN). 3. (canceled) 4. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 1, wherein: reducing the transmission power level enables the communication device to comply with a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit for transmissions sent from the communication device. 5. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 2, wherein: reducing the transmission power level comprises reducing the transmission power level based on a transmission band associated with the cellular communication network. 6. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: monitoring for a second condition relating to the first network communicating with the communication device; and in response to determining that a further adjustment is to be made to the communication parameter of the second network communicating with the communication device based on the second condition, implementing the further adjustment to the communication parameter for the second network. 7. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 6, wherein: the second condition is a loss of the connection to the first network; and implementing the further adjustment comprises increasing the transmission power level for communications sent by the communication device to the second network. 8. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 6, wherein: implementing the further adjustment comprises changing a channel for communications sent by the communication device to the second network. 9. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 6, wherein: implementing the further adjustment comprises periodically placing communications sent by the communication device to the second network in a sleep mode. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the communication device is an access point (AP) in the WLAN. 12. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the communication device is a station in the WLAN and is communicating with a second communication device that is an access point (AP) for the WLAN; data for a first adjustment level for the reduction in the transmission power level is provided to the communication device; and the communication device selects either the first adjustment or the second adjustment level as the adjustment for communications sent by the communication device to the WLAN. 13. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 10, wherein: the communication device selects the greater reduction provided by either the first adjustment level or the second adjustment level as the adjustment for communications sent by the communication device to the WLAN. 14. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 6, wherein: second condition is determination of the communication device being at a predetermined location. 15. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 6, wherein: second condition is determination of the communication device being in a predetermined orientation. 16. The method of adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 12, further comprising: providing updated data for a first adjustment level for the reduction reflecting a further adjustment level conforming to a new regulatory requirement. 17. (canceled) 18. A system for adjusting communication parameters for networks communicating with a communication device, the system comprising: a processor; a memory module for storing instructions for execution on the processor; and a monitoring module for providing instructions for execution on the processor to monitor for a condition relating to a first network communicating with the communication device; in response to determining that an adjustment is to be made to a communication parameter of a second network communicating with the communication device based on a condition, implement the adjustment to the communication parameter for the second network; wherein the condition relates to communication frequencies used in the first network and communication frequencies used by the device for communications to the second; and, wherein the adjustment comprises reducing a transmission power level for communications sent by the communication device to the second network following a back-off scheme. 19. The system for adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 18, wherein: the first network is cellular communication network and the second network is wireless local area network (WLAN). 20. The system for adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 18, wherein the monitoring module provides further instructions for execution on the processor to: monitor for a second condition relating to the first network that has been in communication with the communication device; and in response to determining that a further adjustment is to be made to the communication parameter of the second network communicating with the communication device based on the second condition, implement the further adjustment to the communication parameter for the second network. 21. The system for adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 18, wherein: reducing the transmission power level for communications sent by the communication device over the second network enables the communication device to comply with a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit for transmissions sent from the communication device. 22. The system for adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 19, wherein: reducing the transmission power level comprises reducing the transmission power level based on a transmission band associated with the cellular communication network. 23. The system for adjusting communication parameters for networks as claimed in claim 20, wherein: the second condition is a loss of the connection to the first network; and the further adjustment is implemented by increasing the transmission power level for communications sent by the communication device to the second network.",
-    "An NPC converter is controlled by estimating current flow during the short vector periods of a space vector modulation drive signal. The current estimation is used to close a first order inner current regulator loop that steers current to either the upper capacitor or the lower capacitor of a DC link. An outer voltage regulator measures the voltage imbalance across the capacitors and drives the inner current loop. By managing the associated duty cycle of each vector a bias current is formed that balances the capacitor voltages. 1. A converter, comprising: a neutral point clamped (NPC) converter module comprising: a plurality of phase legs, each phase leg comprising a plurality of switches coupled in series with one another between a first node and a second node, each phase leg further comprising an AC node positioned between two adjacent switches; a current sensor coupled to each AC node and configured to measure an amount of current flowing into, or out of, each respective AC node; and a controller, coupled to the NPC converter module and the current sensor, configured to: generate a space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) signal to control a respective on/off condition of each of the plurality of switches as a function of: a short vector current signal generated as a function of a value of the current sensed at the respective AC nodes during short vector periods of the SVPWM signal; and a respective voltage differential between a first voltage on the first node and a second voltage on the second node, each with respect to a third node. 2. The converter of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to: adjust a modulation index signal as a function of the short vector current signal. 3. The converter of claim 1, wherein the controller further comprises: a proportional integrator (PI) current regulator configured to generate a voltage command signal as a function of the short vector current signal; and a space vector PWM modulator configured to receive the voltage command signal and generate the SVPWM signal as a function thereof. 4. The converter of claim 3, wherein the controller further comprises: a proportional integrator (PI) voltage regulator configured to output a current regulator command signal; and a difference module configured to output a difference value representing a difference between the short vector current signal and the current regulator command signal, wherein the PI current regulator is further configured to generate the voltage command signal as a function of the difference value. 5. The converter of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to generate each cycle of the SVPWM signal to start and end with a positive short vector portion and to include two negative short vector portions of equal duration in the middle of the cycle. 6. The converter of claim 5, wherein the controller is further configured to adjust a time duration of one or more of the positive and negative short vector portions of the SVPWM signal as a function of the short vector current signal. 7. A method of operating a multi-level neutral point clamped converter comprising: measuring AC current flowing in the converter; generating a short vector current signal representing a component of the measured AC current during a short vector period of a space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) driving signal; measuring a voltage difference between respective voltages on each of two capacitors in a DC link portion of the converter; and modifying the SVPWM driving signal as a function of the generated short vector current signal and the measured voltage difference. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: adjusting a modulation index signal as a function of the short vector current signal. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: generating a current regulator command signal as a function of the short vector current signal; and and generating the SVPWM signal as a function of the current regulator command signal. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: generating a difference value representing a difference between the short vector current signal and the current regulator command signal; and generating the voltage command signal as a function of the difference value. 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising generating each cycle of the SVPWM signal to start and end with a positive short vector portion and to include two negative short vector portions of equal duration in the middle of the cycle. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising adjusting adjust a time duration of one or more of the positive and negative short vector portions of the SVPWM signal as a function of the short vector current signal. 13. A non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processing apparatus, cause the processing apparatus to implement a method of operating a multi-level neutral point clamped converter, the method comprising: measuring AC current flowing in the converter; generating a short vector current signal representing a component of the measured AC current during a short vector period of a space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) driving signal; measuring a voltage difference between respective voltages on each of two capacitors in a DC link portion of the converter; and modifying the SVPWM driving signal as a function of the generated short vector current signal and the measured voltage difference. 14. The computer readable media of claim 13, the method further comprising: adjusting a modulation index signal as a function of the short vector current signal. 15. The computer readable media of claim 13, the method further comprising: generating a current regulator command signal as a function of the short vector current signal; and and generating the SVPWM signal as a function of the current regulator command signal. 16. The computer readable media of claim 15, the method further comprising: generating a difference value representing a difference between the short vector current signal and the current regulator command signal; and generating the voltage command signal as a function of the difference value. 17. The computer readable media of claim 13, the method further comprising generating each cycle of the SVPWM signal to start and end with a positive short vector portion and to include two negative short vector portions of equal duration in the middle of the cycle. 18. The computer readable media of claim 17, the method further comprising adjusting adjust a time duration of one or more of the positive and negative short vector portions of the SVPWM signal as a function of the short vector current signal.",
-    "Disclosed is an integrated circuit arrangement including a two sided circuit board, having a first surface and a second surface. A plurality of electrical conductors is incorporated as part of the two sided circuit board. An array of through holes extend through the first surface and the second surface, arranged in a pattern and are configured to provide a common electrical connection area, wherein the common electrical connection area is associated with a portion of a particular one of the plurality of electrical conductors. 1. An integrated circuit comprising: a two sided circuit board, having a first surface and a second surface; a plurality of electrical conductors being incorporated as part of the two sided circuit board; an array of through holes including a plurality of individual through holes which extend through the first surface and the second surface, arranged in a pattern and configured to provide a common electrical connection area, wherein the array of through holes which include the plurality of individual through holes configured to provide the common electrical connection area are each is associated with a same portion of a particular one of the plurality of electrical conductors. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1 further including a second array of through holes including a plurality of individual through holes which extend through the first surface and the second surface, arranged in a pattern and configured to provide a second common electrical connection area, wherein the second array of through holes which include the second plurality of individual through holes configured to provide the second common electrical connection area are each is associated with another same portion of the particular one of the plurality of electrical conductors, wherein the particular one of the plurality of electrical conductors is a crossover structure with which the array of through holes, and the second array of through holes form a common electrical path, and wherein the crossover structure is located on a side of the two sided circuit board opposite a conductive trace on the two sided circuit board that is desired to avoid being shorted by the crossover structure. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the array of through holes are filled with a conductive material. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the through holes of the array of through holes are of a same diameter and positioned in an arrangement of at least three rows by three columns. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 4 wherein a distance between the through holes of the array of through holes is substantially double the diameter of the through holes. 6. The integrated circuit of claim 2 wherein at least one of the through holes of at least one of the array and the second array is of a diameter different than other through holes of the array and the second array. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 1 wherein the two sided circuit board includes a hydrophilic substrate and a hydrophobic area located on one of the first surface and the second surface of the two-sided circuit board. 8. The integrated circuit of claim 7 wherein the hydrophobic area is one of a hydrophobic layer and a plurality of hydrophobic dots corresponding to the through holes. 9. An integrated circuit comprising: a two sided circuit board having a first surface and a second surface; a plurality of electrical conductors incorporated as part of the two sided circuit board; a first array of through holes, which include a plurality of individual through holes, which extend through the first surface and the second surface, the first array of through holes arranged in a pattern and configured to provide a first common electrical connection area; a second array of through holes, which include a plurality of individual through holes, which extend through the first surface and the second surface, the second array of through holes arranged in a pattern and configured to provide a second common electrical connection area; and a crossover structure electrically connected to the first array of through holes and the second array of through holes, on one of the first surface and the second surface of the circuit board, wherein the first array of through holes, and the second array of through holes form an electrically conductive path for the crossover structure, wherein the crossover structure is located on a side of the two sided circuit board opposite a conductive trace of the two sided circuit board that is desired to avoid being shorted by the crossover structure. 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein the first and second array of through holes are filled with a conductive material. 11. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein the through holes of the first and the second array of through holes are each of a same diameter and positioned in an arrangement of at least three rows by three columns. 12. The integrated circuit of claim 11 wherein the distance between the through holes of the array of through holes is substantially double the diameter of the through holes. 13. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein the through holes of the first and second array are filled with a conductive material from the first surface and the second surface. 14. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein the two sided circuit board includes a hydrophilic substrate and a hydrophobic area located on one of the first surface and the second surface of the two-sided circuit board. 15. The integrated circuit of claim 14 wherein the hydrophobic area is one of a hydrophobic layer and at least one hydrophobic dot corresponding to the through holes. 16. A method of configuring a two sided circuit board having a first surface and a second surface, the method comprising: generating a first array of through holes, which include a plurality of individual through holes, which extend through the first surface and the second surface, arranged in a pattern and configured to provide a first common electrical connection area; generating a second array of through holes, which include a plurality of individual through holes, which extend through the first surface and the second surface, arranged in a pattern and configured to provide a second common electrical connection area; incorporating a conductive material into the first array of through holes and the second array of through holes sufficient to provide conductive paths within the through holes from the first surface to the second surface; wherein the first and second common electrical connection areas are associated with an electrical conductor acting as a crossover structure, wherein the crossover structure, the first array of through holes, and the second array of through holes form a common electrical path, wherein the crossover structure is located on a side of the two sided circuit board opposite a conductive trace of the two sided circuit board that is desired to avoid being shorted. 17. The method according to claim 16 further including filling the through holes of the first and second array with a conductive material from the first surface and the second surface. 18. The method according to claim 16 further including providing the two sided circuit board with a hydrophilic substrate and a hydrophobic area located on one of the first surface and the second surface of the two-sided circuit board. 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the hydrophobic area is one of a hydrophobic layer and at least one hydrophobic dots corresponding to the through holes.",
-    "The present invention relates to an antenna, which includes a feeding part and a radiating part. By using the feeding part and the radiating part that are perpendicular to each other and use dielectric substrates, not only a volume of a normal radiation antenna is reduced, but also a substrate integrated waveguide directly radiates energy outwards, thereby improving operating bandwidth of the antenna. 1. An antenna, comprising: a feeding part, comprising, a first dielectric substrate, wherein a surface of the first dielectric substrate is covered with a metal layer, and an end of the first dielectric substrate is an input port of the feeding part, multiple parallel plated-through holes disposed on the first dielectric substrate, wherein an arrangement direction of the plated-through holes is perpendicular to an end face of the first dielectric substrate, and the multiple parallel plated-through holes are arranged along sides, except a side at which the input port is located, of the first dielectric substrate, and a coupling groove disposed in a part that is of the first dielectric substrate and that is close to an end opposite to the input port, a bottom of the coupling groove is the surface of the first dielectric substrate, a groove wall is a section of the metal layer, and the coupling groove is located inside space formed by an arrangement of the plated-through holes; and a radiating part, comprising, a second dielectric substrate, wherein a surface of the second dielectric substrate is covered with a metal layer, and an end of the second dielectric substrate is a radiation port, a row of parallel plated-through holes disposed on either side that is of the second dielectric substrate and that is adjacent to the radiation port, wherein an arrangement direction of the plated-through holes is perpendicular to an end face of the second dielectric substrate, and an end, opposite to the radiation port, of the second dielectric substrate connected to the part, at which the coupling groove is disposed, of the first dielectric substrate, and covers the coupling groove. 2. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein a distance, on a direction of a long side of the coupling groove, between a centerline of long sides of the coupling groove and plated-through holes arranged at a side opposite to the side at which the input port is located is a quarter of a dielectric waveguide wavelength of a center frequency of the antenna. 3. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein a centerline of short sides of the coupling groove is superposed with a thickness centerline of the second dielectric substrate. 4. The antenna according to claim 2, wherein a centerline of short sides of the coupling groove is superposed with a thickness centerline of the second dielectric substrate. 5. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein a length of a short side of the second dielectric substrate is greater than one half of an operating wavelength of the antenna. 6. The antenna according to claim 2, wherein a length of a short side of the second dielectric substrate is greater than one half of an operating wavelength of the antenna. 7. The antenna according to claim 3, wherein a length of a short side of the second dielectric substrate is greater than one half of an operating wavelength of the antenna. 8. The antenna according to claim 1, wherein an electric field mode of the coupling groove is the same as a dominant mode in the radiating part. 9. The antenna according to claim 2, wherein an electric field mode of the coupling groove is the same as a dominant mode in the radiating part. 10. The antenna according to claim 3, wherein an electric field mode of the coupling groove is the same as a dominant mode in the radiating part.",
-    "An image processing apparatus includes a moving image accepting unit, a detecting unit, an image extracting unit, a screen creating unit, a selection accepting unit, and an image output unit. The screen creating unit creates an operation screen for each of the scenes. The operation screen displays frame images in a list. The frame images constitute each of the scenes extracted by the image extracting unit. The selection accepting unit accepts a selection of a representative image in the operation screen created by the screen creating unit. The representative image represents the scenes among the frame images displayed in the list. The image output unit outputs the representative image accepted by the selection accepting unit. 1. An image processing apparatus comprising: a moving image accepting unit that accepts an input of moving image data, the moving image data including image data and voice data, the image data showing a plurality of images aligned chronologically, the voice data showing a plurality of voices corresponding the plurality of images; a detecting unit that detects one or more sample points as a reference sample point in accepted moving image data, the accepted moving image data being the moving image data accepted by the moving image accepting unit, a voice volume of the voice increasing equal to or more than a predetermined reference voice volume difference at the reference sample point with respect to a voice volume of a voice corresponding to an immediately previous sample point; an image extracting unit that extracts images by a predetermined count of samples at the respective reference sample points detected by the detecting unit from the accepted moving image data as frame images, the images including reference images corresponding to the reference sample points and being aligned chronologically, the frame images constituting a scene corresponding to the reference sample point; a screen creating unit that creates an operation screen for each of the scenes, the operation screen displaying the frame images in a list, the frame images constituting each of the scenes extracted by the image extracting unit; a selection accepting unit that accepts a selection of a representative image in the operation screen created by the screen creating unit, the representative image representing the scenes among the frame images displayed in the list; and an image output unit that outputs the representative image accepted by the selection accepting unit. 2. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a first accepting unit that accepts an input of the reference voice volume difference by a user. 3. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image extracting unit extracts images corresponding to sample points going back to a past from the reference sample point in units of predetermined reference times and/or images corresponding to sample points progressing to a future from the reference sample point in units of the reference times as the frame images. 4. The image processing apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising a second accepting unit that accepts an input of the reference time by a user. 5. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a third accepting unit that accepts an input of the count of samples by a user. 6. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth accepting unit that accepts inputs of a start time and a finishing time by a user; wherein the detecting unit detects the reference sample point in the moving image data, the detection being performed in a period from the start time accepted by the fourth accepting unit until the finishing time accepted by the fourth accepting unit in the accepted moving image data. 7. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the detecting unit halts a detection of the reference sample point whenever a count of the detected reference sample points reaches a count of restrictions; and the detecting unit causes a user to select whether to resume the detection of the reference sample point from now or not, when the user selects the resumption of the detection of the reference sample point, the detecting unit resuming the detection of the subsequent reference sample point, meanwhile, when the user selects not to resume the detection of the reference sample point, the detecting unit terminating the detection of the reference sample point. 8. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the operation screen is configured to accept a non-selection instruction instructing not to select the representative image; and the selection accepting unit does not accept the selection of the representative image when the non-selection instruction is input to the operation screen, the representative image representing the scenes corresponding to the operation screen. 9. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image output unit outputs the respective representative images accepted by the selection accepting unit located by a predetermined layout. 10. The image processing apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising a location accepting unit that accepts an input of the layout by a user. 11. The image processing apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising: an image accepting unit that accepts a selection of the target representative image to be individually output among the respective representative images accepted by the selection accepting unit; wherein the image output unit individually outputs the representative image accepted by the image accepting unit. 12. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image output unit converts a size of the representative image into a predetermined output size and outputs the representative image. 13. The image processing apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising: a size storage unit that preliminary stores a resolution of an image and an optimum size made correspond to one another, the optimum size being a size of an image optimal for outputting the image with the resolution; wherein the output size is determined as the optimum size made correspond to a resolution of the representative image and stored in the size storage unit. 14. The image processing apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising: a size accepting unit that accepts an input of a desired size for outputting the representative image; wherein the image output unit determines the desired size accepted by the size accepting unit as the output size. 15. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the operation screen includes an entry field for a scene character string, the scene character string being a character string expressing the scene corresponding to the operation screen; and the image output unit makes the representative image and the scene character string correspond to one another, the image output unit outputting the representative image and the scene character string, the representative image representing the scenes, the scene character string having been input to the entry field in the operation screen corresponding to the scene. 16. The image processing apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising: a voice extraction unit that extracts a predetermined count of voices at the respective reference sample points detected by the detecting unit from the accepted moving image data as representative voices, the predetermined count of voices including reference voices corresponding to the reference sample points and being continuous chronologically, the representative voice representing the scenes corresponding to the reference sample points; and a character string recognizing unit that inputs a character string to the entry field in the operation screen corresponding to the scene corresponding to each of the representative voices, the character string being recognized by performing a predetermined voice recognition process on the respective representative voices extracted by the voice extraction unit. 17. The image processing apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising a position accepting unit that accepts an input of an output position of the scene character string relative to the representative image from a user when the image output unit outputs the representative image and the scene character string made correspond to one another, the representative image representing the scenes, the scene character string corresponding to the scene. 18. The image processing apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the relative output position includes a position overlapped with the representative image. 19. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a change accepting unit that accepts a selection of the target representative image to be changed among the respective representative images accepted by the selection accepting unit; wherein the selection accepting unit accepts a reselection of the representative image among the frame images displayed in a list in the operation screen when the change accepting unit accepts the target representative image to be changed, the operation screen being used to select the target representative image to be changed. 20. The image processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an image reading unit that reads an image formed on a paper sheet; a change instruction accepting unit that accepts an input of a change instruction, the change instruction changing any of the representative images among the respective representative images accepted by the selection accepting unit; and a selected paper sheet output unit that outputs a selection paper sheet when the change instruction accepting unit accepts the change instruction, the selection paper sheet being a paper sheet on which selection list images are formed, the respective representative images, selection fields, and identification information of the operation screen are made correspond in the selection list images, the respective representative images being accepted by the selection accepting unit, a predetermined selection mark being writable to the selection fields, the identification information being used to select the respective representative images; wherein assuming that the image reading unit reads the selection list images formed on the selection paper sheet, when the selection field for the selection list image to which the selection mark has been written is present, the selection accepting unit accepts a reselection of the representative image among the frame images displayed in a list in the operation screen, the operation screen being identified by the identification information, the identification information made correspond to the selection field for the selection list image.",
-    "A liquid cartridge includes a liquid chamber with a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the liquid chamber. A body is positioned in the chamber and is movable between a first position wherein movement of the body is restricted, and a second position wherein the body is movable along a movement path between the first and second positions. The body has a plurality of sides. A detector is positioned in the chamber and is movable in response to movement of the body between the first and second positions. The body defines a plurality openings that extend into the body through at least two sides of the body. A plurality of resist surfaces are formed by the plurality of openings, and the resist surfaces are configured to resist movement of the body between the first and second positions. 1. A liquid cartridge comprising: a liquid chamber; a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the liquid chamber; a body positioned in the chamber being movable between a first position wherein movement of the body is restricted, and a second position wherein the body is movable along a movement path between the first and second positions, the body having a plurality of sides; a detector positioned in the chamber movable in response to movement of the body between the first and second positions; a plurality openings defined in the body and extending into the body through at least two sides of the body; a plurality of resist surfaces formed by the plurality of openings, the resist surfaces being configured to resist movement of the body between the first and second positions. 2. The liquid cartridge of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sides of the body include: an upper side; a lower side spaced apart from the lower side; a front side extending between the upper side and the lower side, the outlet extending through the front side; and a rear side spaced apart from the front side extending between the upper side and the lower side, wherein the liquid chamber liquid is positioned between the front and rear sides and the upper and lower sides. 3. The liquid cartridge of claim 2, wherein the body is a float having a lower specific gravity than ink stored in the ink chamber, and wherein the first position is lower than the second position. 4. The liquid cartridge of claim 2, wherein the body is a weight having a higher specific gravity than ink stored in the ink chamber, and wherein the first position is higher than the second position. 5. The liquid cartridge of claim 2, wherein the body includes: a first side surface; a second side surface spaced apart from the first side surface; a rear surface extending between the first and second side surfaces, the rear surface facing the rear side; a front surface extending between the first and second side surfaces, the front surface facing the front side; wherein at least one of the first side surface, the second side surface and the rear surface define the plurality of openings. 6. The liquid cartridge of claim 5, wherein the plurality of openings extend through the first side surface, the second side surface and the rear surface. 7. The liquid cartridge of claim 5, wherein the first side surface and the second side surface each define at least one of the plurality of openings. 8. The liquid cartridge of claim 5, wherein plurality of openings extend through the body from the first side surface to the second side surface. 9. The liquid cartridge of claim 5, wherein the rear surface defines the plurality of openings. 10. The liquid cartridge of claim 5, wherein the plurality of openings extend through the first side surface, the second side surface and the front surface. 11. The liquid cartridge of claim 5, wherein the plurality of openings extend through the first side surface, the second side surface, the rear surface, and the front surface. 12. The liquid cartridge according to claim 2, wherein the body defines a plurality of fins spaced apart from one another, each of fins extending in a direction that intersects the movement path of the body, each of the fins having the resist surfaces. 13. The liquid cartridge according to claim 3, a first arm extending between an axis and the detector, wherein the first arm is rotatable around the axis, a second arm extending between the axis and the float, wherein the second arm is rotatable around the axis. 14. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the resist surfaces are flat surfaces extending parallel to each other. 15. The liquid cartridge according to claim 5, wherein the body includes a rear portion disposed at the rear surface, wherein the rear portion of the body defines a plurality of fins spaced apart from one another, each of fins extending in a direction that intersects the movement path of the body, each of the fins having the resist surfaces; wherein the body includes a front portion disposed at the front surface, and wherein the body further comprises a connector that connects the front portion of the body with the plurality of fins. 16. The liquid cartridge according to claim 15, wherein a width of the connector is smaller than a width of the fins. 17. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, an valve being movable between a first position in which the liquid outlet is closed, and a second position in which the liquid outlet is open; the detector being movable from a first position and a second position in response to movement of the valve from the closed to the open position; the detector being movable from a first position and a second position in response to movement of the actuator from the closed to the open position; and the detector being movable from the second position to the first position in response to movement of the valve from the open to the closed position. 18. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1 further comprising at least one guide extending parallel to the movement path, wherein the guide contacts the body. 19. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the body defines a cavity that includes an inclined surface, wherein the valve includes a restriction member configured to contact the inclined surface. 20. The liquid cartridge according to claim 1, wherein the body is biased in the first position. 21. A liquid cartridge comprising: a liquid chamber; a liquid outlet configured to supply the liquid from an interior of the chamber to an exterior of the liquid chamber; a detector; means for moving the detector between a first position and a second position. 22. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the means for moving the detector includes means for resisting movement of the means for moving the body between the first and second positions. 23. The liquid cartridge according to claim 21, wherein the means for moving the detector includes means for resisting movement of the means for moving the body within fluid contained in the liquid chamber.",
-    "Described embodiments include a portable electronic device. The device includes a shell housing components of the portable electronic device having a heat-generating component. The device includes a heat-rejection element located at an exterior surface of the shell. The heat-rejection element is configured to reject heat received from the heat-generating component into an environment in thermal contact with the heat-rejection element. The device includes a controllable thermal coupler configured to regulate heat transfer to the heat-rejection element. The device includes a proximity sensor configured to determine a location of a user touch to the shell relative to the location of the heat-rejection element. The device includes a thermal manager configured to regulate heat transfer by the controllable thermal coupler to the heat-rejection element in response to the determined location of the user touch relative to the location of the heat-rejection element. 1.-76. (canceled) 77. A method of limiting exterior temperatures encountered by a user of a portable electronic device housed by a shell, the method comprising: determining a location of a user touch to the shell relative to a location of a heat-rejection element located at an exterior surface of the shell, the heat-rejection element configured to reject heat received from a heat-generating component of the electronic device into an environment in thermal contact with the heat-rejection element; selecting a heat rejection strategy responsive to the determined location of the user touch relative to the location of the heat-rejection element; and regulating heat transfer from the heat-generating component to the heat-rejection element in accordance with the selected heat-rejection strategy. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein the determining includes determining a location and duration of a user touch to the shell relative to a location of a heat-rejection element located at an exterior surface of the shell. 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the selecting includes selecting a heat rejection strategy responsive to the determined location and duration of the user touch relative to the location of the heat-rejection element. 80. The method of claim 77, wherein the determining includes determining if a location of a user touch to the shell relative to a location of a heat-rejection element located at an exterior surface of the shell is within a zone of possible heat discomfort. 81. The method of claim 77, wherein the selecting includes selecting a heat rejection strategy decreasing heat rejection by the heat-rejection element if the determined location of the user touch relative to the location of the heat-rejection element is within a zone of possible heat discomfort. 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the zone of possible heat discomfort relative to the location of the heat-rejection element is less than about 25 mm. 83. The method of claim 81, wherein the zone of possible heat discomfort relative to the location of the heat-rejection element is less than about 15 mm. 84. The method of claim 81, wherein the zone of possible heat discomfort is in contact with the heat-rejection element. 85. The method of claim 77, wherein the selecting includes selecting a heat rejection strategy increasing heat rejection by the heat-rejection element if the determined location of the user touch relative to the location of the heat-rejection element is not within a zone of possible heat discomfort. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the selecting includes selecting a heat rejection strategy limiting a surface temperature of the heat-rejection element to a predetermined temperature if the determined location of the user touch relative to the location of the heat-rejection element is within a zone of possible heat discomfort. 87. A system for limiting exterior temperatures encountered by a user of a portable electronic device, the system comprising: means for determining if a location of a user touch to a shell of the portable electronic device relative to a location of a heat-rejection element located at an exterior surface of the shell is within a zone of possible heat discomfort, the heat-rejection element configured to reject heat received from a heat-generating component of the portable electronic device into an environment in thermal contact with the heat-rejection element; means for selecting a heat rejection strategy responsive to the determined location of the user touch within a zone of possible heat discomfort; and means for limiting a heat transfer from the heat-generating component of the portable electronic device to the heat-rejection element in accordance with the selected heat-rejection strategy.",
-    "A method and system for synchronization and distribution of configuration cross cluster without blocking are provided herein. The method includes: responsive to detecting a node in the group of nodes of a distributed system becoming inactive, recording current operations database version as a node version of the inactive node; initiating a removal of the inactive node from the group of nodes; maintaining the version of the operations database unchanged until the inactive node is removed; enabling a change of the database version once the removal of the inactive node is completed; sending a join request once the inactive node wishes to rejoin; obtaining a list of operation objects for synchronization of the rejoining node; and accepting the rejoining node to the group, only whenever the joining node is at a same state as the nodes group, otherwise, repeating the sending of the join request until the synchronization is completed. 1. A method comprising: detecting a node in a group of nodes of a distributed system, becoming an inactive node; recording a current operations version of the group of nodes, responsive to the detecting of the inactive node; initiating a removal of the inactive node from the group of nodes; maintaining the group of nodes at the current operations version until the removal of the inactive node is completed; enabling a change of the current operations version into an updated operations version once the removal of the inactive node is completed; receiving a join request initiated by the inactive node; obtaining a list of operation objects required for synchronization of the inactive node by comparing the recorded current operations version to the updated operations version; synchronizing an operational state of the inactive node based on the obtained list of operation objects; and accepting the inactive node back to the group of nodes only when the operational state of the inactive node is identical to the operational state of the group of nodes, otherwise, repeating the obtaining and the synchronizing. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the synchronizing of the inactive node is carried out while enabling further updating of the updated operations version until the synchronizing is completed. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the further updating of the updated operations is responsive to cluster operations carried out by the group of nodes. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the synchronizing of the inactive node comprises identifying configuration changes and applying a subset of the identified changed to the inactive node. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the accepting of the inactive node back to the group of nodes is carried out based on a decision session, wherein the nodes of the group of nodes are operationally locked during the decision session. 6. A system comprising: a group of nodes in a distributed system; and a nodes group manager executed by a computer processor configured to: detect a node in the group of nodes becoming an inactive node; record a current operations version of the group of nodes, responsive to the detecting of the inactive node; initiate a removal of the inactive node from the group of nodes; maintain the group of nodes at the current operations version until the removal of the inactive node is completed; enable a change of the current operations version into an updated operations version once the removal of the inactive node is completed; receive a join request initiated by the inactive node; obtain a list of operation objects required for synchronization of the inactive node by comparing the recorded current operations version to the updated operations version; synchronize an operational state of the inactive node based on the obtained list of operation objects; and accept the inactive node back to the group of nodes only when the operational state of the inactive node is identical to the operational state of the group of nodes, otherwise, repeating the obtaining and the synchronizing. 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the synchronizing of the inactive node is carried out while enabling further updating of the updated operations version until the synchronizing is completed. 8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the further updating of the updated operations is responsive to cluster operations carried out by the group of nodes. 9. The system according to claim 6, wherein the synchronizing of the inactive node comprises identifying configuration changes and applying a subset of the identified changed to the inactive node. 10. The system according to claim 6, wherein the accepting of the inactive node back to the group of nodes is carried out based on a decision session, wherein the nodes of the group of nodes are operationally locked during the decision session. 11. The system according to claim 6, wherein the nodes group manager is implemented on a backend server. 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the nodes group manager controls the nodes via an assistant server assistant being a process running on the nodes and controlled by the backend server. 13. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising a set of instructions that when executed cause at least one processor to: detect a node in the group of nodes becoming an inactive node; record a current operations version of the group of nodes, responsive to the detecting of the inactive node; initiate a removal of the inactive node from the group of nodes; maintain the group of nodes at the current operations version until the removal of the inactive node is completed; enable a change of the current operations version into an updated operations version once the removal of the inactive node is completed; receive a join request initiated by the inactive node; obtain a list of operation objects required for synchronization of the inactive node by comparing the recorded current operations version to the updated operations version; synchronize an operational state of the inactive node based on the obtained list of operation objects; and accept the inactive node back to the group of nodes only when the operational state of the inactive node is identical to the operational state of the group of nodes, otherwise, repeating the obtaining and the synchronizing. 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 13, wherein the synchronizing of the inactive node is carried out while enabling further updating of the updated operations version until the synchronizing is completed. 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 13, wherein the further updating of the updated operations is responsive to cluster operations carried out by the group of nodes. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 13, wherein the synchronizing of the inactive node comprises identifying configuration changes and applying a subset of the identified changed to the inactive node. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 13, wherein the accepting of the inactive node back to the group of nodes is carried out based on a decision session, wherein the nodes of the group of nodes are operationally locked during the decision session.",
-    "A mobile terminal has a touch screen and a sensor configured to sense a change of an orientation of this mobile terminal. CPU of this mobile terminal is configured to, when the sensor senses a change of the orientation of the mobile terminal, determine whether or not a two-point long touch operation is being performed on the touch screen. CPU is configured to, when it is determined that a two-point long touch operation is not being performed, turn a display orientation of an image based on a sensing result of the sensor. CPU is configured to, when it is determined that a two-point long touch operation is being performed, forbid such turning until the orientation of the mobile terminal is changed next time. 1. A mobile terminal, comprising: a touch screen configured to display an image and receive a touch operation relevant to the image; a sensor configured to sense a change of an orientation of the mobile terminal; a storage unit configured to store a control program; and at least one processor configured to execute the control program, the at least one processor being configured to determine whether or not a specific touch operation is being performed on the touch screen, when the sensor senses the change of the orientation of the mobile terminal, turn a display orientation of the image based on a sensing result of the sensor when it is determined that the specific touch operation is not being performed, and not turn the display orientation of the image when it is determined that the specific touch operation is being performed. 2. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein, when it is determined that the specific touch operation is being performed, the at least one processor is configured not to turn the display orientation of the image until the orientation of the mobile terminal is changed next time. 3. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, the at least one processor further being configured to, when the change of the orientation of the mobile terminal is a change from a lateral orientation to a vertical orientation, determine whether the display orientation of the image is in line with or intersects the orientation of the mobile terminal, wherein when it is determined that the display orientation of the image is in line with the orientation of the mobile terminal, the at least one processor is configured not to turn the display orientation of the image regardless of whether or not the specific touch operation is being performed on the touch screen. 4. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein, when the change of the orientation of the mobile terminal is a change from the vertical orientation to the lateral orientation, the at least one processor is configured to determine whether or not the specific touch operation is being performed on the touch screen regardless of whether the display orientation of the image is in line with or intersects the orientation of the mobile terminal. 5. The mobile terminal according to claim 3, wherein, when the change of the orientation of the mobile terminal is a change from the lateral orientation to the vertical orientation and when it is determined that the display orientation of the image intersects the orientation of the mobile terminal, the at least one processor is configured to determine whether or not the specific touch operation is being performed on the touch screen. 6. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the specific touch operation includes an operation distinguishable from any of a tap operation, a double tap operation, a long touch operation on one point, a sliding operation, a flick operation, and a pinching operation. 7. The mobile terminal according to claim 1, wherein the specific touch operation includes a long touch operation on at least two points. 8. A display orientation control method for controlling a display orientation of an image displayed on a touch screen of a mobile terminal, configured to display an image and receive a touch operation relevant to the image, the display orientation control method comprising: sensing a change of an orientation of the mobile terminal, determining whether or not a specific touch operation is being performed on the touch screen when the change of the orientation of the mobile terminal is sensed, turning a display orientation of the image based on a sensing result when it is determined that the specific touch operation is not being performed, and not turning the display orientation of the image when it is determined that the specific touch operation is being performed.",
-    "A talking book with a screen includes an interactive book that allows a user to press on a page and have words read aloud and a screen which is able to be used in conjunction with the talking book. The screen is able to be embedded with the talking book, or the screen is a separate device such as a tablet. The screen is able to play videos and provide other interactivity with the talking book. 1. A device comprising: a. a cover configured to receive a book and a portable computing device; b. a book identifying mechanism for determining the book received by the cover; c. one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a page of the book that a user touches; d. a page identification sensor for determining the page the user touches; and e. a mechanism to provide feedback based on the page touched and the location on the page. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the side of the cover configured to receive the portable computing device includes the one or more touch sensors. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the side of the cover configured to receive the portable computing device does not include the one or more touch sensors. 4. The device of claim 1 further comprising an orientation sensor configured for determining the orientation of the book. 5. The device of claim 4 wherein the orientation of the book affects the one or more touch sensors by indicating the feedback based on the orientation of the book. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the orientation of the book is determined by an accelerometer in the portable computing device. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the user inputs the orientation of the book. 8. The device of claim 1 wherein the portable computing device and the cover communicate. 9. A method of utilizing a replaceable paper-based touch book comprising: a. securing a book within a cover; b. securing a portable computing device within the cover; c. determining a content of the book; d. sensing a touch; e. processing the touch; f. determining a page of the book that received the touch by sensing and identifying all pages proximate a page identification sensor and determining which of the detected pages is ranked highest in a precedence scheme; g. retrieving a feedback file corresponding with a location and a page of the touch; and h. playing the feedback file. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising identifying the book using a book identifying mechanism. 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising determining the orientation of the book using an orientation sensor. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the orientation of the book affects the one or more touch sensors by indicating the feedback based on the orientation of the book. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the orientation of the book is determined by an accelerometer in the portable computing device. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the user inputs the orientation of the book. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the portable computing device and the cover communicate. 16. A system comprising: a. a portable computing device; b. reading material; c. a cover configured to receive the portable computing device and the reading material; d. an identifying mechanism for determining the reading material received by the cover; e. one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a page of the reading material that a user touches; and f. a page identification sensor for determining the page the user touches. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the portable computing device plays a feedback file based on the one or more touch sensors. 18. The system of claim 16 wherein the portable computing device displays additional content related to the reading material, wherein the additional content is selected from the group consisting of videos, prizes, purchase information and games. 19. The system of claim 16 wherein the side of the cover configured to receive the portable computing device includes the one or more touch sensors. 20. The system of claim 16 wherein the side of the cover configured to receive the portable computing device does not include the one or more touch sensors. 21. The system of claim 16 further comprising an orientation sensor configured for determining the orientation of the book. 22. The system of claim 21 wherein the orientation of the book affects the one or more touch sensors by indicating the feedback based on the orientation of the book. 23. The system of claim 16 wherein the orientation of the book is determined by an accelerometer in the portable computing device. 24. The system of claim 16 wherein the user inputs the orientation of the book. 25. The system of claim 16 wherein the portable computing device and the cover communicate.",
-    "A computer system identifies an electronic conversation between a plurality of participants. The computer system identifies the plurality of participants. The computer system determines whether the plurality of participants match a specific list of participants that have been predetermined to be of interest to a user. In response to determining that the plurality of participants engaged in the electronic conversation matches the predetermined list of participants of interest to the user, the computer system notifies the user of the electronic conversation. 1. A method for notifying a user of an electronic conversation, the method comprising: identifying, by one or more computer processors, an electronic conversation between a plurality of participants, wherein identifying the electronic conversation between the plurality of participants comprises: querying a server computer for information indicating that a contact of the user, located in the specific list of participants, is engaged in conversation; and receiving from the server computer information that the contact is engaged in conversation; identifying, by one or more computer processors, the plurality of participants, wherein identifying the plurality of participants comprises: identifying, by one or more computer processors, a privacy status of a participant from the plurality of participants; determining, by one or more computer processors, if the privacy status does not allow information regarding the participant to be disseminated to a user; and in response to determining if the privacy status does not allow information regarding the participant to be disseminated to a user, removing the participant from the plurality of participants; determining, by one or more computer processors, a current duration of the electronic conversation; determining, by one or more computer processors, a specific time of the electronic conversation; determining, by one or more computer processors, if the specific time of the electronic conversation is within an established range of time; determining, by one or more computer processors, if the current duration meets or exceeds a threshold duration; determining, a physical location of a participant from the plurality of participants; determining, a distance between the participant and another participant from the plurality of participants; determining, by one or more computer processors, if the distance between the participant and the other participant meets or exceeds a threshold; determining, by one or more computer processors, whether the plurality of participants match a specific list of participants that have been predetermined to be of interest to a user, wherein determining whether the plurality of participants match the specific list of participants comprises: querying a computer of a participant from the plurality of participants for one or more contacts of the participant, wherein one of the one or more contacts is the user, identifying, by one or more computer processors, a list of participants of interest to the user, and comparing, by one or more computer processors, the list to the plurality of participants; and identifying metadata for a participant from the plurality of participants, wherein the metadata identifies the user as having the participant in at least one list of participants of interest to the user, and comparing, by one or more computer processors, the at least one list of participants to the plurality of participants; and in response to determining that the plurality of participants engaged in the electronic conversation matches the predetermined list of participants of interest to the user, notifying the user of the electronic conversation.",
-    "Methods, devices, arrays and systems for reducing standby power for a floating body memory array. One method includes counting bits of data before data enters the array, wherein the counting includes counting at least one of: a total number of bits at state 1 and a total number of all bits; a total number of bits at state 0 and the total number of all bits; or the total number of bits at state 1 and the total number of bits at state 0. This method further includes detecting whether the total number of bits at state 1 is greater than the total number of bits at state 0; setting an inversion bit when the total number of bits at state 1 is greater than the total number of bits at state 0; and inverting contents of all the bits of data before writing the bits of data to the memory array when the inversion bit has been set. 1. A method of reducing standby power for a floating body memory array having a plurality of floating body memory cells storing charge representative of data, said method comprising: counting bits of data before data enters the array, wherein said counting comprises counting at least one of: a total number of bits at state 1 and a total number of all bits; a total number of bits at state 0 and the total number of all bits; or the total number of bits at state 1 and the total number of bits at state 0; detecting whether the total number of bits at state 1 is greater than the total number of bits at state 0; setting an inversion bit when the total number of bits at state 1 is greater than the total number of bits at state 0; and inverting contents of all the bits of data before writing the bits of data to the memory array when the inversion bit has been set. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said floating body memory cells comprise bi-stable SRAM floating body memory cells. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising outputting contents of the bits of data from the memory array, wherein said method further comprising inverting the bits of data from the memory array prior to said outputting when the inversion bit has been set. 4. A system for reducing standby power, said system comprising: a memory array comprising a plurality of floating body memory cells configured to store charge representative of data; a controller configured to control operations of said system; an inversion bit configured to be set to indicate when an inversion of bit data has been performed; a counter and detector configured to count bits of the data before the data enters the array, wherein said counting comprises counting at least one of: a total number of bits at state 1 and a total number of all bits; a total number of bits at state 0 and the total number of all bits; or the total number of bits at state 1 and the total number of bits at state 0, and to detect whether the total number of bits at state 1 is greater than the total number of bits at state 0; wherein when the total number of bits at state 1 is greater than the total number of bits at state 0, said controller sets said inversion bit; and contents of all the bits of data are inverted before writing the bits of data to the memory array when the inversion bit has been set. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising a page buffer that receives said data from said counter and detector, buffers said data, and inputs said data to said memory array. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein said inversion bit is checked by said controller, prior to reading the data out of said array, wherein said inversion bit has been set, the data from the memory array is inverted to restore the data to its state prior to the previous inversion. 7. The system of claim 4, configured so that multiple pages, words or bytes of data can share said inversion bit, wherein upon identifying the need to perform a data inversion, any subsets of the data having been previously written to the array are inverted by reading back the subsets having been previously written, inverting and rewriting the subsets back to the array. 8. A method of reducing standby power for a floating body memory array having a plurality of floating body memory cells arranged in a column and row configuration for storing charge representative of data, said method comprising: identifying at least one row or column of cells storing data that is no longer needed; and setting each of said cells in said at least one row or column to state 0. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said at least one row or column stores data redundantly. 10. A method of reducing standby power for a floating body memory array having a plurality of floating body memory cells configured with DNWell nodes that can be powered to maintain a high potential in the floating body by a vertical bipolar holding mechanism, said method comprising: performing at least one of: periodically pulsing a source line of the array; periodically pulsing a bit line of the array; periodically floating the source line; or periodically floating the bit line; wherein said periodically pulsing comprises cyclically applying a pulse of positive voltage to said source line or bit line to turn off the vertical bipolar holding mechanism; and removing said positive voltage between said pulses to turn on said vertical bipolar holding mechanism. 11-14. (canceled) 15. A semiconductor memory array configured for reducing standby power, said array comprising: a plurality of floating body memory cells configured to store charge representative of data; and at least two floating body cells serially connected to form a reference cell; wherein current conducted through said at least one of said plurality of floating body memory cells is reduced to a fraction of said current when passing through said reference cell. 16. The array of claim 15, wherein said at least two floating body cells of said reference cell are set to state 1. 17. The array of claim 15, wherein said reference cell is used for at least one of: a current reference, a voltage reference or a monitor of transient response to bit line discharge. 18. A semiconductor memory array configured for reducing standby power, said array comprising: a plurality of floating body memory cells configured to store charge representative of data; and at least two more of said floating body memory cells interconnected by a segmented source line to form a reference cell. 19. The array of claim 18, comprising: a plurality of said reference cells connected in a dedicated column or row of said array and to different rows or columns of said floating body memory cells configured to store charge representative of data; and a dedicated reference bit line connected to said plurality of reference cells. 20. The array of claim 18, comprising: a plurality of said reference cells connected to different rows or columns of said floating body memory cells configured to store charge representative of data; and source isolation devices connected between said reference cells. 21. The system of claim 4, wherein said the total number of bits is the total of number of bits in a byte or in a word. 22. The method of claim 8, wherein said at least one row or column is selected from the group consisting of: one or more dummy columns, one or more dummy rows, one or more dummy rows and columns, one or more redundant columns, one or more redundant rows, one or more redundant rows and columns, and one or more redundant blocks. 23. The method of claim 10, further comprising tracking voltage of at least one floating body of at least one of said floating body memory cells using at least one reference cell to ensure that the vertical bipolar holding mechanism is restored before said at least one floating body previously set at state 1 drops below a predetermined transition voltage level. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein a first level detector is provided to detect a high floating body potential by the reference cell and a second level detector is provided to detect a low floating body potential by the reference cell.",
-    "Substrates, surfaces, assemblies, kits, compositions, and methods are provided for forming touch screens and other appliance surfaces exhibiting good hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, and abrasion resistance. Methods are provided for increasing a population density of hydroxyl groups on a touch surface of a touch screen substrate without affecting the compressive strength of the back surface. The treated touch surface of the substrate can then be coated with a coating that includes an organo-metalic and/or silane, for example, a fluorosilane such as a perfluoropolyether alkoxysilane. A substrate can retain its compressive resistance to breakage by impact applied to the touch surface while minimizing any decrease in compressive strength against impact against the touch surface. Examples of such substrates include touch screens for mobile and desktop electronic devices, components of 3D display devices, and components for electrowetting display devices. 1. A micro-sized or nano-sized object coated with a perfluoropolyether silane composition consisting of a perfluoropolyether silane and optionally a non-volatile fluorinated oil, the perfluoropolyether silane having the formula: Rf\u2014CH2\u2014Ow\u2014R\u2014Si(Y)3 wherein Rf represents a K type perfluoropolyether or a Y type perfluoropolyether, Y represents a hydrolysable group independently selected from a chloro group, an alkoxy group, an acyloxy group, and an aryloxy group, R represents an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and w is 0 or 1. 2. The micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 1, wherein the object is a powder or a fiber. 3. A coating comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 1, wherein the object is in the coating, at a surface of the coating, or both. 4. The micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 1, wherein the perfluoropolyether silane composition consists of the perfluoropolyether silane and the non-volatile fluorinated oil. 5. An article comprising a rough surface that is coated, at least in part, by a coating composition comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 1, wherein the rough surface has a repeating or random topography, a relief, an impression, a texture, a pattern, a design, a feature, or a combination thereof. 6. An article comprising a rough surface that is coated, at least in part, by a coating composition comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 1, wherein the rough surface has a pattern. 7. A surface comprising the coating of claim 3, wherein the surface exhibits a contact angle to water of 170\u00b0 or greater. 8. A micro-sized or nano-sized object coated with a perfluoropolyether silane composition consisting of a perfluoropolyether silane and optionally a non-volatile fluorinated oil, the perfluoropolyether silane having the formula: Rf\u2014CH2\u2014R\u2014Si(Y)3 wherein Rf represents a K type perfluoropolyether or a Y type perfluoropolyether, Y represents a hydrolysable group independently selected from a chloro group, an alkoxy group, an acyloxy group, and an aryloxy group, and R represents an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 9. The micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 8, wherein the object is a powder or a fiber. 10. A coating comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 8, wherein the object is in the coating, on a surface of the coating, or both. 11. The micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 8, wherein the perfluoropolyether silane composition consists of the perfluoropolyether silane and the non-volatile fluorinated oil. 12. An article comprising a rough surface that is coated, at least in part, by a coating composition comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 8, wherein the rough surface has a repeating or random topography, a relief, an impression, a texture, a pattern, a design, a feature, or a combination thereof. 13. An article comprising a rough surface that is coated, at least in part, by a coating composition comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 8, wherein the rough surface has a pattern. 14. A surface comprising the coating of claim 10, wherein the surface exhibits a contact angle to water of 170\u00b0 or greater. 15. A micro-sized or nano-sized object coated with a perfluoropolyether silane composition consisting of a perfluoropolyether silane and a non-volatile fluorinated oil, the perfluoropolyether silane having the formula: Rf\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014R\u2014Si(Y)3 wherein Rf represents a K type perfluoropolyether or a Y type perfluoropolyether, Y represents a hydrolysable group independently selected from a chloro group, an alkoxy group, an acyloxy group, and an aryloxy group, and R represents an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. 16. The micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 15, wherein the object is a powder or a fiber. 17. A coating comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 15, wherein the object is in the coating, at a surface of the coating, or both. 18. An article comprising a rough surface that is coated, at least in part, by a coating composition comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 15, wherein the rough surface has a repeating or random topography, a relief, an impression, a texture, a pattern, a design, a feature, or a combination thereof. 19. An article comprising a rough surface that is coated, at least in part, by a coating composition comprising the micro-sized or nano-sized object of claim 15, wherein the rough surface has a pattern. 20. A surface comprising the coating of claim 17, wherein the surface exhibits a contact angle to water of 170\u00b0 or greater.",
-    "The present invention extends to methods, systems, and computer program products for tracking objects within a dynamic environment for improved localization. Sensing devices are utilized to gather data about a vehicle's environment. In cases where the sensor data has become degraded, such as data indicating that lane lines have become degraded, obscured, or nonexistent, the vehicle computer system uses previously detected sensor data to estimate the speed and direction of travel of moving objects. The computer system then estimates the location of the moving objects after a specified period of time based on the estimated speed and direction of the moving object. The computer system utilizes this information to localize the vehicle within the dynamic environment and to control the configuration of the vehicle. 1. A method for tracking objects within a dynamic environment for improved localization, the method comprising: detecting that sensor data for objects within the dynamic environment has degraded; estimating a speed and direction of travel for moving objects from previously detected sensor data; estimating a location of moving objects after a specified period of time, including for each moving object calculating a new position of the moving object based on an initial position and an initial velocity of the moving object, and the specified period of time: localizing a vehicle within the dynamic environment; and using the localization to control a configuration of the vehicle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting that sensor data for objects within the dynamic environment has degraded comprises detecting that lane lines on a roadway have become one or more of: degraded, obscured or nonexistent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein using the localization to control a configuration of the vehicle comprises using localization to control one or more of: acceleration, speed, or direction for the vehicle. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein localizing a vehicle within the dynamic environment comprises localizing the vehicle within the dynamic environment within a specified confidence interval. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein localizing the vehicle within the dynamic environment comprises calculating the configuration of the vehicle to maintain safe operation of the vehicle. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein using the localization to control the configuration of the vehicle comprises utilizing the vehicle control system to place the vehicle in a safe configuration. 7. A method for use at a vehicle computer system, the computer system including one or more processors and system memory, the method for tracking objects within a dynamic environment for improved localization, the method comprising the processor: detecting that sensor data for objects within the dynamic environment has degraded, the sensor data having been gathered by a plurality of sensors at the vehicle, the sensor data indicating the configuration of objects within the dynamic environment, the objects including one or more static objects and one or more dynamic objects; in response to detecting that the sensor data has become degraded, for each of the one or more dynamic objects: estimating a speed and direction of travel for the dynamic object from previously detected sensor data; and estimating a location of the dynamic object after a specified period of time, including calculating a new position for the dynamic object based on an initial position and an initial velocity of the dynamic object, and the specified period of time; using a localization to control a configuration of the vehicle within the dynamic environment. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising obtaining the sensor data from one or more sensors, the one or more sensors selected from among: a camera, a global positioning systems (GPS), a LIDAR, a radar, an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, and a inertial measurement unit (IMU). 9. The method of claim 7, wherein detecting that sensor data for objects within the dynamic environment has degraded comprises detecting that lane lines on a roadway have become one or more of: degraded, obscured, or nonexistent. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein using a localization to control the configuration of the vehicle within the dynamic environment comprises localizing the vehicle within the dynamic environment within a specified confidence interval. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein using a localization to control the configuration of the vehicle within the dynamic environment comprises indicating that there was a fault in using the localization to control the configuration of the vehicle. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein estimating a speed and direction of travel for the dynamic object from previously detected sensor data comprises identifying an object that is traveling in essentially the same direction as the vehicle. 13. The method of claim 7, wherein estimating a speed and direction of travel for the dynamic object from previously detected sensor data comprises identifying an object that is traveling in essentially the opposite direction as the vehicle. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 7, further comprising, creating a map of the dynamic environment of the vehicle wherein the map is based on at least one of: a lane marking on the road, a geographic location of the vehicle, and a predetermined map of the road. 16. (canceled) 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising localizing the vehicle within the dynamic environment based on the estimated locations for the one or more dynamic objects, including calculating a configuration for the vehicle to maintain safe autonomous operations in a roadway environment. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The computer system of claim 21, further comprising the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to obtain the sensor data for the objects within the dynamic environment from one or more sensors, the one or more sensors selected from among: a camera, a global positioning systems (GPS), a LIDAR, a radar, an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, and a inertial measurement unit (IMU). 21. A computer system, the computer system comprising: one or more processors; system memory coupled to the one or more processors, the system memory storing instructions that are executable by the one or more processors; and the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to track objects within a dynamic environment, including the following: detect that sensor data for objects within the dynamic environment has degraded; estimate a speed and direction of travel for moving objects from previously detected sensor data; estimate a location of moving objects after a specified period of time; localize a vehicle within the dynamic environment within a specified confidence interval; and use the localization to control a configuration of the vehicle. 22. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to use the localization to control a configuration of the vehicle comprises the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to indicate that there was a fault in using the localization to control the configuration of the vehicle within the dynamic environment. 23. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to use the localization to estimate a speed and direction of travel for moving objects from previously detected sensor data comprises the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to identify an object that is traveling in essentially the opposite direction as the vehicle. 24. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to estimate a location of moving objects after a specified period of time comprises the one or more processors executing the instructions stored in the system memory to, for each moving object, calculate a new position of the moving object based on an initial position and an initial velocity of the moving object, and the specified period of time.",
-    "An underbody structure of a vehicle may include a side seal, a tunnel member, and a rear side member, all of which extend in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle, in which at least one of the side seal, the tunnel member, and the rear side member may include a plurality of first coupling sections, which is coupled to transverse members of the vehicle that extend in a transverse direction of the vehicle, and a plurality of first non-coupling sections, which is not coupled to the members arranged in the transverse direction of the vehicle, and the first coupling sections and the first non-coupling sections may have different thicknesses. 1. An underbody structure of a vehicle, comprising: a side seal, a tunnel member, and a rear side member, all of which extend in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle, wherein at least one of the side seal, the tunnel member, and the rear side member includes a plurality of first coupling sections, which is coupled to transverse members of the vehicle that extend in a transverse direction of the vehicle, and a plurality of first non-coupling sections, which is not coupled to the members arranged in the transverse direction of the vehicle, and wherein the first coupling sections and the first non-coupling sections have different thicknesses. 2. The underbody structure according to claim 1, wherein the transverse members of the vehicle include a seat-front cross member, a seat-rear cross member, and an intermediate cross member, wherein at least one of the seat-front cross member, the seat-rear cross member, and the intermediate cross member includes a plurality of second coupling sections, which is coupled to the longitudinal members of the vehicle, and a plurality of second non-coupling sections, which is not coupled to the members arranged in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, and wherein the second coupling sections and the second non-coupling sections have different thicknesses. 3. The underbody structure according to claim 1, wherein the transverse members of the vehicle include a dash lower member, a seat-front cross member, and a seat-rear cross member, and wherein the side seal includes: a first side seal section configured as a front end portion and coupled to the dash lower member; a second side seal section extending rearward from the first side seal section; a third side seal section extending rearward from the second side seal section and coupled to the seat-front cross member; a fourth side seal section extending rearward from the third side seal section; a fifth side seal section extending rearward from the fourth side seal section and coupled to the seat-rear cross member; and a sixth side seal section extending rearward from the fifth side seal section, and wherein the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth side seal sections have different thicknesses. 4. The underbody structure according to claim 3, wherein the second side seal section and the fourth side seal section have a same thickness, a thickness of the first side seal section and the sixth side seal section is smaller than the thickness of the second side seal section and the fourth side seal section, and a thickness of the third side seal section and the fifth side seal section is greater than the thickness of the second side seal section and the fourth side seal section. 5. The underbody structure according to claim 1, wherein the transverse members of the vehicle include a dash lower member, a seat-front cross member, a seat-rear cross member, and an intermediate cross member, wherein the tunnel member includes: a first tunnel member section configured as a front end portion of the tunnel member and coupled to the dash lower member; a second tunnel member section extending rearward from the first tunnel member section; a third tunnel member section extending rearward from the second tunnel member section and coupled to the seat-front cross member; a fourth tunnel member section extending rearward from the third tunnel member section; a fifth tunnel member section extending rearward from the fourth tunnel member section and coupled to the seat-rear cross member; a sixth tunnel member section extending rearward from the fifth tunnel member section; and a seventh tunnel member section extending rearward from the sixth tunnel member section and coupled to the intermediate cross member, and wherein the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh tunnel member sections have different thicknesses. 6. The underbody structure according to claim 5, wherein the second tunnel member section, the fourth tunnel member section, and the seventh tunnel member section have a same thickness, a thickness of the first tunnel member section and the sixth tunnel member section is smaller than the thickness of the second tunnel member section, the fourth tunnel member section, and the seventh tunnel member section, and a thickness of the third tunnel member section and the fifth tunnel member section is greater than the thickness of the second tunnel member section, the fourth tunnel member section, and the seventh tunnel member section. 7. The underbody structure according to claim 1, wherein the transverse members of the vehicle include an intermediate cross member, a first rear cross member, and a second rear cross member, wherein the rear side member includes: a seventh rear side member section configured as a front end portion of the rear side member and coupled to the intermediate cross member; an eighth rear side member section extending rearward from the seventh rear side member section; a ninth rear side member section extending rearward from the eighth rear side member section and coupled to the first rear cross member; a tenth rear side member section extending rearward from the ninth rear side member section; an eleventh rear side member section extending rearward from the tenth rear side member section and coupled to the second rear cross member; and a twelfth rear side member section extending rearward from the eleventh rear side member section, and wherein the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth rear side member sections have different thicknesses. 8. The underbody structure according to claim 7, wherein the seventh rear side member section, the tenth rear side member section, and the eleventh rear side member section have a same thickness, a thickness of the eighth rear side member section and the ninth rear side member section is greater than the thickness of the seventh rear side member section, the tenth rear side member section, and the eleventh rear side member section, and a thickness of the twelfth rear side member section is smaller than the thickness of the seventh rear side member section, the tenth rear side member section, and the eleventh rear side member section. 9. The underbody structure according to claim 2, wherein the longitudinal members of the vehicle include a center side member and a tunnel side member, and wherein the seat-front cross member includes: an A-seat-front cross member section configured as an outer end of the vehicle body and coupled to the side seal; a B-seat-front cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the A-seat-front cross member section and coupled to the center side member; a C-seat-front cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the B-seat-front cross member section; and a D-seat-front cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the C-seat-front cross member section and coupled to the tunnel side member, and wherein the A-seat-front cross member, B-seat-front cross member, C-seat-front cross member, and D-seat-front cross member sections have different thicknesses. 10. The underbody structure according to claim 9, wherein the B-seat-front cross member section and the D-seat-front cross member section have a same thickness, a thickness of the A-seat-front cross member section is greater than the thickness of the B-seat-front cross member section and the D-seat-front cross member section, and a thickness of the C-seat-front cross member section is smaller than the thickness of the B-seat-front cross member section and the D-seat-front cross member section. 11. The underbody structure according to claim 2, wherein the longitudinal members of the vehicle include a center side member and a tunnel side member, and wherein the seat-rear cross member includes: an A-seat-rear cross member section configured as an outer end of the vehicle body and coupled to the side seal; a B-seat-rear cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the A-seat-rear cross member section and coupled to the center side member; a C-seat-rear cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the B-seat-rear cross member section; and a D-seat-rear cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the C-seat-rear cross member section and coupled to the tunnel side member, and wherein the A-seat-rear cross member, B-seat-rear cross member, C-seat-rear cross member, and D-seat-rear cross member sections have different thicknesses. 12. The underbody structure according to claim 11, wherein the B-seat-rear cross member section and the D-seat-rear cross member section have a same thickness, a thickness of the A-seat-rear cross member section is greater than the thickness of the B-seat-rear cross member section and the D-seat-rear cross member section, and a thickness of the C-seat-rear cross member section is smaller than the thickness of the B-seat-rear cross member section and the D-seat-rear cross member section. 13. The underbody structure according to claim 2, wherein the longitudinal members of the vehicle include a center side member and a tunnel side member, wherein the intermediate cross member includes: an A-intermediate cross member section configured as an outer end of the vehicle body and coupled to the side seal; a B-intermediate cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the A-intermediate cross member section and coupled to the center side member; a C-intermediate cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the B-intermediate cross member section; a D-intermediate cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the C-intermediate cross member section and coupled to the tunnel side member; and an E-intermediate cross member section extending inward of the vehicle from the D-intermediate cross member section and coupled to the tunnel member, and wherein the A-intermediate cross member, B-intermediate cross member, C-intermediate cross member, D-intermediate cross member, and E-intermediate cross member sections have different thicknesses. 14. The underbody structure according to claim 13, wherein the B-intermediate cross member section and the D-intermediate cross member section of the intermediate cross member have a same thickness, a thickness of the A-intermediate cross member section and the E-intermediate cross member section is greater than the thickness of the B-intermediate cross member section and the D-intermediate cross member section, and a thickness of the C-intermediate cross member section is smaller than the thickness of the B-intermediate cross member section and the D-intermediate cross member section.",
-    "A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a semiconductor substrate having a first region and a second region, forming a first dielectric layer over the semiconductor substrate, forming a first metal layer over the first dielectric layer, the first metal layer having a first work function, removing at least a portion of the first metal layer in the second region, and thereafter, forming a semiconductor layer over the first metal layer in the first region and over the at least partially removed first metal layer in the second region. The method further includes removing the semiconductor layer and forming a second metal layer on the first metal layer in the first region and on the at least partially removed first metal layer in the second region, the second metal layer having a second work function that is different than the first work function. 1. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprising: providing a semiconductor substrate having a first region and a second region; forming a first dielectric layer over the semiconductor substrate; forming a first metal layer over the first dielectric layer, the first metal layer having a first work function; removing at least a portion of the first metal layer in the second region; thereafter, forming a semiconductor layer over the first metal layer in the first region and over the at least partially removed first metal layer in the second region; removing the semiconductor layer; and forming a second metal layer on the first metal layer in the first region and on the at least partially removed first metal layer in the second region, the second metal layer having a second work function that is different than the first work function. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, forming a first gate stack in the first region and a second gate stack in the second region. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising, forming a second dielectric over the semiconductor layer and semiconductor substrate, then removing a portion of the second dielectric over the semiconductor layer. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the removing the semiconductor layer comprises removing the semiconductor layer from the first gate stack thereby forming a first trench and from the second gate stack thereby forming a second trench. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: forming a barrier metal layer over the second metal layer in the first and second trenches; forming a filler metal layer over the barrier metal layer in the first and second trenches; and thereafter, performing a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to planarize and remove the various layers outside of the first trench of the first gate stack and outside of the second trench of the second gate stack. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the semiconductor layer includes a polysilicon (poly) layer and wherein the removing the semiconductor layer is performed without patterning to separate the first gate stack and the second gate stack. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first work function includes an N-metal work function and wherein the second work function includes a P-metal work function. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming an interfacial layer between the semiconductor substrate and the first dielectric material; forming a first capping layer between the first dielectric layer and the first metal layer in the first region; and forming a second capping layer between the interfacial layer and the first dielectric layer in the second region. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the interfacial layer includes silicon oxide, the first dielectric includes hafnium oxide, the first capping layer includes lanthanum oxide, and the second capping layer includes aluminum oxide. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the partially removed first metal layer in the second region includes a thickness ranging from about 30 to about 60 angstrom (A). 11. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprising: forming a first dielectric layer over a semiconductor substrate, the semiconductor substrate having a first region and a second region; forming a first metal layer over the first dielectric layer, the first metal layer having a first work function; removing at least a portion of the first metal layer in the second region; and forming a second metal layer on the first metal layer in the first trench and on the at least partially removed first metal layer in the second trench, the second metal layer having a second work function that is different than the first work function. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising, after forming the first metal layer and before forming the second metal layer, forming a semiconductor layer over the first metal layer in the first region and over the at least partially removed first metal layer in the second region. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising, before forming the second metal layer, removing the semiconductor layer. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the first work function includes an N-metal work function and wherein the second work function includes a P-metal work function. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising, forming an interfacial layer between the semiconductor substrate and the first dielectric material. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising, forming a first capping layer between the first dielectric layer and the first metal layer in the first region. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising, forming a second capping layer between the interfacial layer and the first dielectric layer in the second region. 18. A method comprising: forming a first dielectric layer over a substrate, the substrate having a first region and a second region adjacent to the first region; forming a capping layer over the first dielectric layer in the first region; forming a first metal layer over the first dielectric layer in both the first region and the second region; reducing a thickness of the first metal layer in the second region while leaving the first metal layer over the first region substantially intact; and forming a second metal layer over the first metal layer, the second metal layer having a different work function than the first metal layer. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first capping layer includes lanthanum oxide. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the first dielectric layer includes hafnium oxide, hafnium silicon oxide, hafnium silicon oxynitride, hafnium tantalum oxide, hafnium titanium oxide, hafnium zirconium oxide, hafnium lanthanum oxide, hafnium lutetium oxide, or combinations thereof.",
-    "Systems and methods for mounting and controlling a motor on a kayak are disclosed. A motor may be mounted to a kayak by a single interface on the kayak and rotated using foot pegs. The control system provides for responsive input and automatic directional stabilization of the motor. 1. A motor control system for controlling a motor on a watercraft, the system comprising: a motor steering apparatus comprising a first peg linkage; a motor mount apparatus configured to be disposed rearward of an operator of the watercraft; and an electrical unit comprising a motor throttle control, wherein at least a portion of the first peg linkage and the motor throttle control are configured to be located forward of the operator. 2. The motor control system of claim 1, the motor mount apparatus comprising: an elbow comprising a rearward projection defining a rearward portion of a cavity and a downward projection defining a downward portion of the cavity, the rearward projection configured to couple to a motor, and the downward projection configured to extend through an opening in the watercraft; an upper ring, the upper ring defining an upper through hole, the upper through hole configured to receive the downward projection of the elbow, a top surface of the upper ring configured to abut the elbow, and a bottom surface of the upper ring configured to abut a surface of the watercraft; and a lower ring, the lower ring defining a lower through hole, the lower through hole configured to receive the downward projection of the elbow, a top surface of the lower ring configured to abut a surface of the watercraft, and a bottom surface of the lower ring configured to abut a fastening device, wherein the downward projection extends past the lower ring and is configured to receive the fastening device, thereby securing the lower plate, the upper plate, and the elbow to the watercraft. 3. The motor control system of claim 1, the motor steering apparatus comprising: a stabilizing member having a starting position and configured to couple with the first peg linkage; a rotational member having a starting rotational position and coupled with the stabilizing member, the rotational member configured to couple with a motor so that displacement of the stabilizing member in a first direction rotates the rotational member in a first rotation direction, wherein rotation of the rotational member in the first rotation direction rotates the motor in a first motor rotation direction; and a stabilizing spring coupled with the rotational member, wherein, upon decreasing a first pressure applied to the first peg linkage, the stabilizing spring rotates the rotational member in the second rotation direction and displaces the stabilizing member in a second direction opposite the first direction, and wherein, upon removing the first pressure applied to the first peg linkage, the stabilizing spring rotates the rotational member to the starting rotational position and displaces the stabilizing member to the starting position. 4. The motor control system of claim 3, the motor steering apparatus further comprising: a second stabilizing member coupled with the rotational member, the second stabilizing member having a second starting position and configured to couple with a second peg linkage, wherein displacement of the second stabilizing member in the first direction rotates the rotational member in a second rotation direction that is opposite the first rotation direction, and wherein rotation of the rotational member in the second rotation direction rotates the motor in a second motor rotation direction that is opposite the first motor rotation direction; and a second stabilizing spring coupled with the rotational member, wherein, upon decreasing a second pressure applied to the second peg linkage, the second stabilizing spring rotates the rotational member in the first rotation direction and displaces the second stabilizing member in the second direction, and wherein, upon removing the second pressure applied to the second peg linkage, the second stabilizing spring rotates the rotational member to the starting rotational position and displaces the second stabilizing member to the second starting position. 5. The motor control system of claim 4, the motor steering apparatus further comprising: a cable coupled with the rotational member and comprising a first end and a second end, wherein the first end couples with the stabilizing member and the second stabilizing spring, and the second end couples with the second stabilizing member and the stabilizing spring, wherein applying the first pressure to the first peg linkage causes a first change in mechanical energy stored in the first stabilizing spring, and wherein applying the second pressure to the second peg linkage causes a second change in mechanical energy stored in the second stabilizing spring. 6. The motor control system of claim 5, further comprising: a frame configured to support the stabilizing member, the second stabilizing member, the rotational member, the stabilizing spring, and the second stabilizing spring, and wherein the frame is further configured to couple to a watercraft. 7. The motor control system of claim 6, wherein the frame is configured to couple to a watercraft at a single coupling location. 8. The motor control system of claim 7, wherein the frame is configured to couple to an off-the-shelf watercraft wherein the off-the-shelf watercraft is modified with a single hole. 9. The motor control system of claim 8, wherein the watercraft is a kayak. 10. The motor control system of claim 9, further comprising a wiring harness configured for quick connection and quick disconnection of the motor outside the kayak to an electrical unit inside the kayak. 11. The motor control system of claim 10, wherein the kayak further comprises a seat in a cockpit, and the electrical unit comprises a motor throttle control. 12. The motor control system of claim 6, further comprising: a first peg; and a second peg, wherein the first peg linkage links the first peg to the stabilizing member, and wherein the second peg linkage links the second peg to the second stabilizing member. 13. The motor control system of claim 12, wherein the first and second pegs are foot pegs configured to prevent slack in the first and second peg linkages. 14. The motor control system of claim 3, the motor steering apparatus further comprising at least one pin stop configured to limit the angle through which the rotational member may be rotated. 15. The motor control system of claim 14, wherein the rotational member comprises a pulley, the pulley having at least one pin groove configured to communicate with the at least one pin stop to limit the angle through which the pulley may be rotated. 16. The motor control system of claim 3, further comprising a motor drop shaft coupled to the rotational member. 17. The motor control system of claim 16, further comprising a motor coupled to the motor drop shaft. 18. The motor control system of claim 17, wherein the motor is an electric outboard. 19. A motor control system for controlling a motor on a watercraft, the system comprising: a motor steering apparatus comprising a watercraft peg linkage; a motor mount apparatus configured to be disposed rearward of an operator of the watercraft and having an elbow, an upper ring, and a lower ring, the elbow comprising a rearward projection defining a rearward portion of a cavity and a downward projection defining a downward portion of the cavity, the rearward projection configured to couple to a motor, and the downward projection configured to extend through an opening in the watercraft, the upper ring defining an upper through hole, the upper through hole configured to receive the downward projection of the elbow, a top surface of the upper ring configured to abut the elbow, and a bottom surface of the upper ring configured to abut a surface of the watercraft, and the lower ring defining a lower through hole, the lower through hole configured to receive the downward projection of the elbow, a top surface of the lower ring configured to abut a surface of the watercraft, and a bottom surface of the lower ring configured to abut a fastening device; and an electrical unit comprising a motor throttle control. 20. A motor control system for controlling a motor on a watercraft, the system comprising: a motor steering apparatus comprising a watercraft peg linkage, a stabilizing member, a rotational member, and a stabilizing spring, the stabilizing member having a starting position and configured to couple with the watercraft peg linkage, the rotational member having a starting rotational position and coupled with the stabilizing member, the rotational member configured to couple with a motor so that displacement of the stabilizing member in a first direction rotates the rotational member in a first rotation direction, wherein rotation of the rotational member in the first rotation direction rotates the motor in a first motor rotation direction, the stabilizing spring being coupled with the rotational member, wherein upon decreasing a first pressure applied to the watercraft peg linkage, the stabilizing spring rotates the rotational member in the second rotation direction and displaces the stabilizing member in a second direction opposite the first direction, and wherein upon removing the first pressure applied to the watercraft peg linkage, the stabilizing spring rotates the rotational member to the starting rotational position and displaces the stabilizing member to the starting position; a motor mount apparatus configured to be disposed rearward of an operator of the watercraft; and an electrical unit comprising a motor throttle control.",
-    "A fork carriage for an industrial truck, which has a load-side main metal sheet, a fork-side main metal sheet and a driver-side main metal sheet, which are connected to a box-shaped fork carriage body with six flat sides, wherein the fork-side main metal sheet has two connecting interfaces for two fork prongs, the load-side main metal sheet has laterally two folded side plates, on each of which a kinematics interface is arranged, and the driver-side main metal sheet has a folded cover plate. 1. A fork carriage for an industrial truck, the fork carriage comprising: a fork-side main metal sheet comprising two connecting interfaces, wherein each of the connecting interfaces are each configured to receive a fork prong; a load-side main metal sheet comprising two laterally folded side plates; a kinematics interface mounted on the laterally folded side plates; and a driver-side main metal sheet comprising a folded cover plate, wherein the driver-side main metal sheet, the load-side main metal sheet, and the fork-side main metal sheet are connected to form a box like shape. 2. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein the main metal sheets form a box-shaped hollow body. 3. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein the kinematics interface is a plurality of rollers. 4. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein the driver-side main metal sheet comprises a through hole to a lift cylinder space arranged in the fork carriage. 5. The fork carriage of claim 4, wherein the driver-side main metal sheet comprises a lift cylinder plate, which is folded in the same direction of the cover plate. 6. The fork carriage of claim 5, further comprising a lift cylinder metal sheet, wherein the lift cylinder metal sheet comprises an L shape and delimits the lift cylinder space together with the lift cylinder plate. 7. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein the load-side main metal sheet comprises an angled floor plate, which is folded in the same direction of the side plates. 8. The fork carriage of claim 7, wherein the floor plate comprises at least one projection on its free end. 9. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein the fork-side main metal sheet comprises a U-shaped contour, wherein one arm is connected to the load-side main metal sheet and the other arm is connected to the driver-side main metal sheet. 10. The fork carriage of claim 9, wherein the floor plate of the load-side main metal sheet is connected to the arm of the fork-side main metal sheet, which is connected to the driver-side main metal sheet. 11. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein the load-side main metal sheet has a ledge extending between the side plates on a load-side of the fork carriage. 12. The fork carriage of claim 1, wherein each of the connecting interfaces is a recess formed by the inward folding of the connecting plate.",
-    "A method of performing a cleaning cycle for a water supply system having a valve. The method includes determining whether the cleaning cycle is necessary in a central controller located remotely from the water supply system; and when cleaning is necessary, sending a signal from the central controller to a local controller located within the water supply system to activate a heating element within the water supply system to heat an internal waterway of the water supply system to a temperature configured to clean the internal waterway. 1. (canceled) 2. A method of performing a cleaning cycle for a water supply system for washing, showering, or bathing, the water supply system having a valve for controlling the flow of water therethrough, the method comprising: determining whether the cleaning cycle is necessary in a central controller located remotely from the water supply system; and when cleaning is necessary, sending a signal from the central controller to a local controller located within the water supply system to activate a heating element within the water supply system to heat an internal waterway of the water supply system to a temperature configured to clean the internal waterway. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: monitoring a heating level in the internal waterway during the cleaning cycle using a sensor; and providing feedback from the sensor to the local controller regarding the heating level. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising deactivating the heating element once the heating level reaches the temperature. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the local controller prevents the valve from being opened until the heating level reaches a safe operating temperature. 6. The method of claim 3, further comprising deactivating the heating element after the heating level reaches the temperature for a period of time. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the central controller is programmable through a user interface to vary the schedule of the cleaning cycles. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating element is located in a body of the valve and the internal waterway is part of the valve, and wherein the local controller is coupled to the body of the valve. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the body of the valve has a thermal mass that allows the heating element to heat the internal waterway of the water supply system to the temperature using no more than 50 watts. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating element is located in a body of the water supply system located between the valve and an outlet of the water delivery device. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a plurality of water supply systems with each water supply system having a local controller, a heating element located therein, and an internal waterway located therein; determining whether a cleaning cycle is necessary in each of the plurality of water supply systems in the central controller that is located remotely from each water supply system of the plurality of water supply systems; and when cleaning is necessary, sending a signal from the central controller to the local controller of each water supply system to be cleaned to activate the associated heating element to heat the associated internal waterway to the temperature. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the water supply system includes a user interface that is separate from the central controller and is configured to activate the heating element to clean the internal waterway to an input temperature for an input period of time. 13. A method of performing a cleaning cycle for a water supply system for washing, showering, or bathing, the water supply system having a valve for controlling the flow of water therethrough, the method comprising: determining whether the cleaning cycle is necessary in a controller associated with the water supply system; when cleaning is necessary, the controller activates a heating element within the water supply system to heat a water contacting surface within the water supply system to a temperature configured to clean the water contacting surface; and preventing the valve of the water supply system from being opened while the heating element is activated. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: monitoring a heating level of the water contacting surface during the cleaning cycle using a sensor; and providing feedback from the sensor to the controller regarding the heating level. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the valve is disabled for a period of time after the heating element has been deactivated to allow the water contacting surface to cool down to a safe temperature for use. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the water supply system is selected from the group consisting of a faucet, a shower head, a plumbing fitting, a plumbing fixture, a water tap, and a tub spout. 17. A method of performing a cleaning cycle for a water supply system for washing, showering, or bathing, the water supply system having a valve for controlling the flow of water therethrough, the method comprising: activating a heating element within the water supply system to heat a water contacting surface within the water supply system to a temperature configured to clean the water contacting surface; deactivating the heating element; and disabling the valve of the water supply system for a period of time after deactivating the heating element to allow the water contacting surface to cool down to a safe temperature for use. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the temperature of the water contacting surface is monitored using a temperature sensor. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising determining whether the cleaning cycle is necessary in a controller associated with the water supply system and when cleaning is necessary, the controller activates the heating element. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the controller communicates with the temperature sensor and enables/disables the valve based on the temperature of the water contacting surface. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the water supply system includes a user interface that is configured to activate the heating element to clean the internal waterway to an input temperature for an input period of time.",
-    "An aspect of the disclosure includes a method, a system and a computer program product for determining allocation of virtual machines to computer servers. The method including generating a list of virtual machines (VMs) instances configured to run on a network. A plurality of equivalence sets of VMs is selected. A plurality of starting sets is generated from the equivalence sets of VMs. Combinations are generated of packing solutions of the equivalent sets to a plurality of computer servers. A resource capacity is determined of a first computer server. A first allocation of the starting sets is provided based on the combinations of packing solutions. A second allocation each VM instance is provided based on a colocation parameter and an anti-colocation parameter. Each VM instance is migrated to one of the computer servers based on the second allocation. The state of a computer server is changed after the migration. 1. A method for determining allocation of virtual machines to a plurality of computer servers, comprising: identifying a plurality of virtual machine (VM) instances configured to run on a network, each VM instance being associated with a respective network resource size requirement; determining a plurality of VM equivalence sets of VMs, each VM equivalence set comprising a respective subset of the plurality of VM instances, the respective network resource size requirement associated with each VM instance in the respective subset being at least substantially identical; partitioning the plurality of computer servers into a plurality of server equivalence sets, each server equivalence set comprising a respective subset of the plurality of servers, each server in a same server equivalence set having a logically equivalent computational capacity; generating a plurality of starting sets from the plurality of VM equivalence sets, each starting set representing all possible combinations of a selected number of individual VM instances from a corresponding VM equivalence set; generating packing solution combinations of the plurality of VM equivalence sets for the plurality of computer servers, wherein each of the packing solution combinations comprises only a respective set of concrete VM instances, and wherein the plurality of VM instances comprises each respective set of concrete VM instances; determining a maximum resource capacity of a first computer server of the plurality of computer servers; determining a first packing solution combination having a cumulative resource requirement size value that is less than or equal to the maximum resource capacity of the first computer server; selecting a first subset of the plurality of VM instances that corresponds to the first packing solution combination, wherein each VM instance in the first subset corresponds to a respective VM equivalence set, and wherein at least two VM instances in the first subset are selected based at least in part on at least one of a colocation parameter or an anti-colocation parameter; allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances to the first computer server, wherein allocating the first subset comprises migrating at least one VM instance in the first subset from a second computer server of the plurality of computer servers; and changing a state of the second computer server after the migration. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of VM equivalence sets includes determining a first VM equivalence set comprising a first respective subset of VM instances associated with a first network resource size requirement and a second VM equivalence set comprising a second respective subset of VM instances associated with a second network resource requirement that is different than the first network resource size requirement. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising sorting the plurality of server equivalence sets based on the logically equivalent computing capacity prior to allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first packing solution combination comprises iterating on a sorted list of a largest packing solution combination to a smallest packing solution combination. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first packing solution combination is the largest packing solution combination and the first computer server has a largest computing capacity of the plurality of computer servers. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances is further based on load balancing using an actual runtime resource consumption for each VM instance in the first subset. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the colocation parameter is a hard colocation parameter that is satisfied by allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances to the first computer server. 8. A system for determining allocation of virtual machines to a plurality of computer servers, comprising: at least one processing device disposed in at least computing device coupled to a network; and a storage device having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the at least one processing device, cause the system to: identify a plurality of virtual machine (VM) instances configured to run on the network, each VM instance being associated with a respective network resource size requirement; determine a plurality of VM equivalence sets of VMs, each VM equivalence set comprising a respective subset of the plurality of VM instances, the respective network resource size requirement associated with each VM instance in the respective subset being at least substantially identical; partition the plurality of computer servers into a plurality of server equivalence sets, each server equivalence set comprising a respective subset of the plurality of servers, each server in a same server equivalence set having a logically equivalent computational capacity; generate a plurality of starting sets from the plurality of VM equivalence sets, each starting set representing all possible combinations of a selected number of individual VM instances from a corresponding equivalence set; generate packing solution combinations of the plurality of VM equivalence sets for the plurality of computer servers, wherein each of the packing solution combinations comprises only a respective set of concrete VM instances, and wherein the plurality of VM instances comprises each respective set of concrete VM instances; determine a maximum resource capacity of a first computer server of the plurality of computer servers; determine a first packing solution combination having a cumulative resource requirement size value that is less than or equal to the maximum resource capacity of the first computer server; select a first subset of the plurality of VM instances that corresponds to the first packing solution combination, wherein each VM instance in the first subset corresponds to a respective VM equivalence set, and wherein at least two VM instances in the first subset are selected based at least in part on at least one of a colocation parameter or an anti-colocation parameter; allocate the first subset of the plurality of VM instances to the first computer server, wherein allocating the first subset comprises migrating at least one VM instance in the first subset from a second computer server of the plurality of computer servers; and change a state of the second computer server after the migration. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein determining the plurality of VM equivalence sets includes determining a first VM equivalence set comprising a first respective subset of VM instances associated with a first network resource size requirement and a second VM equivalence set comprising a second respective subset of VM instances associated with a second network resource size requirement that is different than the first network resource size requirement. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processing device, further cause the system to sort the plurality of server equivalence sets based on the logically equivalent computing capacity prior to allocating the first sub set of the plurality of VM instances. 11. The system of claim 8, wherein determining the first packing solution combination comprises iterating on a sorted list of a largest packing solution combination to a smallest packing solution combination. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first packing solution combination is the largest packing solution combination and the first computer server has a largest computing capacity of the plurality of computer servers. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances is further based on load balancing using an actual runtime resource consumption for each VM instance in the first subset. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the colocation parameter is a hard colocation parameter that is satisfied by allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances to the first computer server. 15. A computer program product for determining allocation of virtual machines to a plurality of computer servers on a network, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program code readable/executable by a processor to perform a method comprising: identifying a plurality of virtual machine (VM) instances configured to run on the network, each VM instance being associated with a respective network resource size requirement; determining a plurality of VM equivalence sets of VMs, each VM equivalence set comprising a respective subset of the plurality of VM instances, the respective network resource size requirement associated with each VM instance in the respective subset being at least substantially identical; partitioning a plurality of computer servers into a plurality of server equivalence sets, each server equivalence set comprising a respective subset of the plurality of servers, each server in a same server equivalence set having a logically equivalent computational capacity; generating a plurality of starting sets from the plurality of VM equivalence sets, each starting set representing all possible combinations of a selected number of individual VM instances from a corresponding VM equivalence set; generating packing solution combinations of the plurality of VM equivalence sets from the plurality of computer servers, wherein each of the packing solution combinations comprises only a respective set of concrete VM instances, and wherein the plurality of VM instances comprises each respective set of concrete VM instances; determining a maximum resource capacity of a first computer server of the plurality of computer servers; determining a first packing solution combination having a cumulative resource requirement size value that is less than or equal to the maximum resource capacity of the first computer server; selecting a first subset of the plurality of VM instances that corresponds to the first packing solution combination, wherein each VM instance in the first subset corresponds to a respective VM equivalence set, and wherein at least two VM instances in the first subset are selected based at least in part on at least one of a colocation parameter or an anti-colocation parameter; allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances to the first computer server, wherein allocating the first subset comprises migrating at least one VM instance in the first subset from a second computer server of the plurality of computer servers; and changing a state of the second computer server after the migration. 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein determining the plurality of VM equivalence sets includes determining a first VM equivalence set comprising a first respective subset of VM instances associated with a first network resource size requirement and a second VM equivalence set comprising a second respective subset of VM instances associated with a second network resource requirement that is different than the first network resource size requirement. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, the method further comprising sorting the plurality of server equivalence sets based on the logically equivalent computing capacity prior to allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances. 18. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein determining the first packing solution combination comprises iterating on a sorted list of a largest packing solution combination to a smallest packing solution combination, and the first packing solution combination is the largest packing solution combination and the first computer server has a largest computing capacity of the plurality of computer servers. 19. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein allocating the first subset of the plurality of VM instances is further based on load balancing using an actual runtime resource consumption for each VM instance in the first subset. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the first computer server and the second computer server are included in a same server equivalence set.",
-    "An integrated data and security cable couples to a portable information handling system with pins engaged at pin guides formed in the system housing on opposing sides of a data port. At least one pin selectively locks and unlocks in the pin guide to secure the system to a fixture, such as a desktop. The locking pin releases from the cable side with a key or combination or, alternatively, releases from the information handling system, such as under control of an embedded controller or other security system. 1. A portable information handling system comprising: a housing; a processor disposed in the housing and operable to execute instructions to process information; a memory disposed in the housing and interfaced with the processor, the memory operable to store the information; a display disposed in the housing and interfaced with the processor and memory, the display operable to present the information as visual images; a data port disposed at one side of the housing and configured to accept a data cable connector; first and second pin guides disposed at the housing on opposing sides of the data port; a pin lock disposed in at least one of the first and second pin guides, the pin lock configured to selectively lock and unlock at a pin inserted into the at least one of the first and second pin guides; and a lock controller integrated in the housing and interfaced with the pin lock, the lock controller operable to selectively lock and unlock the pin lock based at least in part on information communicated through the data port. 2. The portable information handling system of claim 1 further comprising a docking cable having a data port connector disposed between first and second pins, the data port connector configured to engage the data port and at least one of the pins configured to engage the pin lock. 3. The portable information handling system of claim 2 wherein the first and second pins are positioned symmetrically relative to the data port connector so that the docking cable connects to the information handling system in reversible orientations. 4. The portable information handling system of claim 3 wherein the data port connector comprises a USB Type C connector. 5. The portable information handling system of claim 1 wherein the information communicated through the data port comprises a command sent from a server to the lock controller. 6. The portable information handling system of claim 1 wherein the information communicated through the data port comprises a password stored at a docking station interfaced with the data port. 7. The portable information handling system of claim 1 wherein the information communicated through the data port comprises biometric information. 8. The portable information handling system of claim 1 wherein the information communicated through the data port comprises a password stored in a near field communication device. 9. A method for securing a portable information handling system, the method comprising: coupling a data connector cable to a data port disposed at the housing of the portable information handling system; securing the data connector cable to the housing with first and second pins disposed on opposing sides of the data cable connector and aligned to insert into pin guides; locking at least one of the first and second pins to a pin lock integrated in the housing; and selectively unlocking the pin lock based at least in part on information communicated through the data port and data connector cable. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein locking at least one of the first and second pins further comprises: detecting insertion of the at least one of the first and second pins into the pin guides; and locking the at least one of the first and second pins in response to information communicated through the data port and data connector cable. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: removing the data connector cable from the housing; reversing the data connector cable relative to the housing; and inserting the data cable connector into the data port, the first and second pins inserting into the pin guides symmetrical to the data port. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the data port comprises a USB Type C port. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the information comprises a user password. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the information comprises a user biometric information. 15. An integrated data cable and security cable for coupling a portable information handling system in place comprising: a lock portion having a locking pin and an alignment pin disposed on opposing sides of a data cable connector housing portion; a data cable connector disposed in the cable connector housing portion and having a data cable; a security cable coupling to the lock portion; and a cover fit disposed the lock portion and coupled to the lock portion to trap the data cable connector in the data cable connector housing portion. 16. The integrated data cable and security cable of claim 15 wherein the cover and lock portion provide a rotational guide to rotate the data cable connector relative to the lock portion. 17. The integrated data cable and security cable of claim 15 wherein the security cable couples to the lock portion in a rotational guide to rotate the lock portion relative to the security cable. 18. The integrated data cable and security cable of claim 15 wherein the data cable connector comprises a USB Type C connector. 19. The integrated data cable and security cable of claim 15 wherein the locking pin and alignment pin are symmetrically placed relative to the data cable connector. 20. The integrated data cable and security cable of claim 15 further comprising a keyed lock in the locking portion operable to move the locking pin in an unlock direction.",
-    "A talking notebook includes a notebook that allows a user to take notes and press on a page to have words read aloud and a screen which is able to be used in conjunction with the notebook. The screen is able to be embedded with the notebook, or the screen is a separate device such as a tablet. The screen is able to play videos and provide other interactivity with the notebook. 1. A device comprising: a. a notebook; b. a portable computing device; c. a cover configured for receiving the notebook and the portable computing device; and d. a smart pen configured for writing physical content in the notebook and simultaneously sending information to the portable computing device so that digital content equivalent to the physical content is stored on the portable computing device. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the physical content is written with ink or graphite. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the cover is further configured to receive a textbook. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein the portable computing device and the cover communicate. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the cover further includes: a book identifying mechanism for determining the notebook received by the cover; one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a page of the notebook that a user touches; and a page identification sensor for determining the page the user touches. 6. The device of claim 5 wherein the book identifying mechanism includes an RFID reader. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the digital content is stored on the same page as the physical content written in the notebook. 8. The device of claim 7 wherein the digital content is stored on the same page as the physical content written in the notebook using the one or more touch sensors to determine where on the page to store the digital content. 9. A method of utilizing a digital note taker comprising: a. securing a book within a cover; b. securing a portable computing device within the cover; c. writing in the book utilizing a smart pen configured for writing physical content in the book and simultaneously sending information to the portable computing device so that digital content equivalent to the physical content is stored on the portable computing device. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the book is a notebook or a textbook. 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising determining a content of the book; sensing a touch; processing the touch; and determining a page of the book that received the touch by sensing and identifying all pages proximate a page identification sensor and determining which of the detected pages is ranked highest in a precedence scheme. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein determining the content of the book includes utilizing an RFID reader. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the digital content is stored on the same page as the physical content written in the book. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the digital content is stored on the same page as the physical content written in the book using the one or more touch sensors to determine where on the page to store the digital content. 15. The method of claim 16 wherein the portable computing device displays additional content related to the book, wherein the additional content is selected from the group consisting of videos, prizes, purchase information and games. 16. A system comprising: a. a portable computing device; b. a book; c. a cover configured to receive the portable computing device and the book; d. an identifying mechanism for determining the book received by the cover; e. one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a page of the book that a user touches; f. a page identification sensor for determining the page the user touches; and g. a smart pen configured for writing physical content in the book and simultaneously sending information to the portable computing device so that digital content equivalent to the physical content is stored on the portable computing device. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the book is a notebook or a textbook. 18. The system of claim 16 wherein the digital content is stored on the same page as the physical content written in the book. 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the digital content is stored on the same page as the physical content written in the book using the one or more touch sensors to determine where on the page to store the digital content. 20. The system of claim 16 wherein the portable computing device displays additional content related to the book, wherein the additional content is selected from the group consisting of videos, prizes, purchase information and games.",
-    "A memory access apparatus includes a read-write module and a processing module. The read-write module is configured to store an error detecting code in an (M+2)th DRAM in the memory row, and store the error correcting code in a Zth DRAM in the memory row, where Z is a positive integer, 1\u2266Z\u2266(M+1), and error correcting codes in consecutive (M+1) memory rows are stored in different DRAMs. The processing module is configured to calculate one group of error detecting code for each SCBC in a memory row, and calculate one group of error correcting code for all SCBCs in a memory row. 1. A memory access apparatus for a message-type memory module, wherein the memory module comprises (M+2) dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), wherein M is equal to mth power of 2, m is a positive integer, data accessed in one read-write cycle and stored in each DRAM forms a single chip burst cluster (SCBC), and the SCBCs accessed in one read-write cycle of all the DRAMs form a memory row; and the apparatus comprises: a read-write module, configured to store a to-be-stored SCBC to a current memory row of a corresponding DRAM of the to-be-stored SCBC within a current read-write cycle, wherein an (M+2)th DRAM is not used to store the SCBC; and a processing module, configured to: calculate an error detecting code for each SCBC in one memory row respectively, and calculate an error correcting code for all the SCBCs in one memory row; wherein the read-write module is further configured to: store the calculated detecting codes in the (M+2)th DRAM of the memory row; and store, the calculated error correcting code of the memory row in a Zth DRAM, wherein Z is a positive integer, 1\u2266Z\u2266(M+1), and error correcting codes in consecutive (M+1) memory rows are stored in different DRAMs. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing module is further configured to: instruct the read-write module to read a required SCBC and a corresponding error detecting code from the current memory row when a read memory access request is received, check the read SCBC according to the error detecting code, and determine whether there are SCBCs with error; when it is determined that there are SCBC with error, acquire a quantity of SCBCs with error; and if there is only one SCBC with error, instruct the read-write module to read all data of the current memory row, and recover the SCBC with error according to an error correcting code and other SCBCs without error in the current memory row. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing module is further configured to: determine whether a quantity of second SCBCs to-be-written X is less than or equal to M/2 when a write memory access request is received; and if X is less than or equal to M/2, instruct the read-write module to read X first SCBCs stored in X DRAMs into which the second SCBCs are to be written, and X first error detecting codes of the X first SCBCs and a first error correcting code of current memory row; determine, according to the X first error detecting codes, whether there is a first SCBC with error; and when there is no first SCBC with error, calculate second error detecting codes for the X second SCBCs, calculate a second error correcting code according to the first error correcting code, the X first SCBCs, and the X second SCBCs, and instruct the read-write module to write the X second SCBCs, the second error correcting codes, and the second error detecting codes into corresponding DRAMs. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing module is further configured to: determine whether a quantity of second SCBCs to-be-written X is less than or equal to M/2 when a write memory access request is received; and if X is greater than M/2, instruct the read-write module to read first SCBCs stored in (M\u2212X) DRAMs into which the second SCBCs should not be written, first error detecting code of the first SCBCs and a first error correcting code of the current memory row; determine, according to the first error detecting codes, whether there is a first SCBC with error; and when there is no first SCBC with error, calculate second error detecting codes for the X second SCBCs, calculate a second error correcting code according to (M\u2212X) first SCBCs and the X second SCBCs, and instruct the read-write module to write the X second SCBCs, the second error correcting code, and the second error detecting codes into corresponding DRAMs. 5. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the processing module is further configured to: when it is determined that there are first SCBCs with error, acquire a quantity of the first SCBCs with error; and if there is only one first SCBC with error, instruct the read-write module to read all data of the memory row, and recover the first SCBC with error according to the first error correcting code and one or more other SCBCs without error in the memory row. 6. A memory access method for a message-type memory module, wherein the memory module comprises (M+2) dynamic random access memories DRAMs, wherein M is equal to mth power of 2, m is a positive integer, data accessed in one read-write cycle and stored in each DRAM forms a single chip burst cluster (SCBC), and the SCBCs accessed in one read-write cycle of all the DRAMs form a memory row; and the method comprises: storing a to-be-stored SCBC to a current memory row of a corresponding DRAM of the to-be-stored SCBC within a current read-write cycle, wherein an (M+2)th DRAM is not used to store the SCBC; calculating an error detecting code for each SCBC in a memory row respectively, and calculating an error correcting code for all the SCBCs in one memory row; and storing the calculated error detecting codes in an (M+2)th DRAM of the memory row; and storing the calculated error correcting code of the memory row in a Zth DRAM, wherein Z is a positive integer, 1\u2266Z\u2266(M+1), and error correcting codes in consecutive (M+1) memory rows are stored in different DRAMs. 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: reading a required SCBC and a corresponding error detecting code from the current memory row when a read memory access request is received; checking the read SCBCs according to the error detecting codes; determining whether there are SCBCs with error; acquiring a quantity of SCBCs with error when it is determined that there are SCBC with error; reading all data of the memory row if there is only one SCBC with error, and recovering the SCBC with according to an error correcting code in the memory row and one or more other SCBCs in which no error occurs in the memory row. 8. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: determining whether a quantity of second SCBCs to-be-written X is less than or equal to M/2 when a write memory access request is received; and if X is less than or equal to M/2, reading X first SCBCs stored in X DRAMs into which the second SCBCs are to be written, and and X first error detecting codes of the X first SCBCs and a first error correcting code of current memory row; determining, according to the X first error detecting codes, whether there is a first SCBC with error; and when there is no first SCBC with error, calculating second error detecting codes for the X second SCBCs, calculating a second error correcting code according to the first error correcting code, the X first SCBCs, and the X second SCBCs, and writing the X second SCBCs, the second error correcting codes, and the second error detecting codes into corresponding DRAMs. 9. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: determining whether a quantity of second SCBCs to-be-written X is less than or equal to M/2 when a write memory access request is received; and if X is greater than M/2, reading first SCBCs stored in (M\u2212X) DRAMs into which the second SCBCs should not be written, first error detecting code of the first SCBCs and a first error correcting code of the current memory row; determining, according to the first error detecting code, whether there is a first SCBC with error; and when there is no first SCBC with error, calculating second error detecting codes for the X second SCBCs, calculating a second error correcting code according to (M\u2212X) first SCBCs and the X second SCBCs, and writing the X second SCBCs, the second error correcting code, and the second error detecting codes into corresponding DRAMs. 10. The method according to claim 8, after the determining whether there are first SCBCs with error, further comprising: acquiring a quantity of the first SCBCs with error; and if there is only one first SCBC with error, reading all the data of the memory row, and recovering the first SCBC with error according to the first error correcting code and one or more other SCBCs without error in the memory row. 11. A memory access system comprising: the memory module comprises (M+2) dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), wherein M is equal to mth power of 2, m is a positive integer, data accessed in one read-write cycle and stored in each DRAM forms a single chip burst cluster (SCBC), and the SCBCs accessed in one read-write cycle of all the DRAMs form a memory row; a memory controller, configured to: store a to-be-stored SCBC to a current memory row of a corresponding DRAM of the to-be-stored SCBC within a current read-write cycle, wherein an (M+2)th DRAM is not used to store the SCBC; calculate an error detecting code for each SCBC in one memory row respectively, and calculate an error correcting code for all the SCBCs in one memory row; store the calculated detecting codes in the (M+2)th DRAM of the memory row; and store, the calculated error correcting code of the memory row in a Zth DRAM, wherein Z is a positive integer, 1\u2266Z\u2266(M+1), and error correcting codes in consecutive (M+1) memory rows are stored in different DRAMs. 12. The system according to claim 10, the memory controller further configured to: instruct the read-write module to read a required SCBC and a corresponding error detecting code from the current memory row when a read memory access request is received, check the read SCBC according to the error detecting code, and determine whether there are SCBCs with error; when it is determined that there are SCBC with error, acquire a quantity of SCBCs with error; and if there is only one SCBC with error, instruct the read-write module to read all data of the current memory row, and recover the SCBC with error according to an error correcting code and other SCBCs without error in the current memory row. 13. The system according to claim 11, the memory controller further configured to: determine whether a quantity of second SCBCs to-be-written X is less than or equal to M/2 when a write memory access request is received; and if X is less than or equal to M/2, instruct the read-write module to read X first SCBCs stored in X DRAMs into which the second SCBCs are to be written, and X first error detecting codes of the X first SCBCs and a first error correcting code of current memory row; determine, according to the X first error detecting codes, whether there is a first SCBC with error; and when there is no first SCBC with error, calculate second error detecting codes for the X second SCBCs, calculate a second error correcting code according to the first error correcting code, the X first SCBCs, and the X second SCBCs, and instruct the read-write module to write the X second SCBCs, the second error correcting codes, and the second error detecting codes into corresponding DRAMs. 14. The system according to claim 11, wherein the memory controller is further configured to: determine whether a quantity of second SCBCs to-be-written X is less than or equal to M/2 when a write memory access request is received; and if X is greater than M/2, instruct the read-write module to read first SCBCs stored in (M\u2212X) DRAMs into which the second SCBCs should not be written, first error detecting code of the first SCBCs and a first error correcting code of the current memory row; determine, according to the first error detecting codes, whether there is a first SCBC with error; and when there is no first SCBC with error, calculate second error detecting codes for the X second SCBCs, calculate a second error correcting code according to (M\u2212X) first SCBCs and the X second SCBCs, and instruct the read-write module to write the X second SCBCs, the second error correcting code, and the second error detecting codes into corresponding DRAMs. 15. The system according to claim 13, after determine whether there is first SCBCs with error, the memory controller, further configured to: acquire a quantity of the first SCBCs with error; and if there is only one first SCBC with error, instruct the read-write module to read all data of the memory row, and recover the first SCBC with error according to the first error correcting code and one or more other SCBCs without error in the memory row.",
-    "Provided is a semiconductor device having first and second gate electrodes. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, an active region extending in a first direction on the substrate, a first gate electrode crossing the active region and extending in a second direction, and a second gate electrode extending in the second direction on the first gate electrode, wherein the first gate electrode has a first width in the first direction, and wherein the second gate electrode has a second width in the first direction, the second width being less than the first width. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; an active region extending in a first direction on the substrate; a first gate electrode on the substrate, the first gate electrode crossing the active region and extending in a second direction, the first gate electrode having a first width in the first direction; and a second gate electrode on the first gate electrode, the second gate electrode extending in the second direction, the second gate electrode having a second width in the first direction, the second width being less than the first width; and a gate dielectric layer covering the both sides of the first gate electrode, wherein a bottom of the first gate electrode is on the gate dielectric layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first gate electrode includes a different material than a material of the second gate electrode. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the second gate electrode includes a material having a resistivity that is less than a resistivity of the first gate electrode. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a first spacer on the first gate electrode, wherein the first spacer is positioned at both sides of the second gate electrode. 5-7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein an uppermost surface of the gate dielectric layer is below the second gate electrode. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a first spacer on an upper surface of the first gate electrode; and a second spacer on the substrate, wherein the first spacer is positioned at both sides of the second gate electrode between the second spacer and the second gate electrode, a portion of the gate dielectric layer is between the second spacer and the first gate electrode, and an uppermost surface of the gate dielectric layer contacts a bottom of the first spacer. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first gate electrode includes a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer, the first conductive layer includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion extends parallel to an upper surface of the substrate, and the second portion extends in a vertical direction from the upper surface of the substrate. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first and second conductive layers has a line shape extending in a direction. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the second gate electrode includes substantially the same material as at least one of the first and second conductive layers. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a source/drain region on the active region at both sides of the first and second gate electrodes, the source/drain region including a silicon germanium epitaxial layer; and a contact plug on the source/drain region. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the active region includes a fm-type active region. 16.-17. (canceled) 18. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate having an active region; a first gate electrode on the active region; a gate dielectric layer between the active region and the first gate electrode, a portion of the gate dielectric layer extending along a sidewall of the first gate electrode; a second gate electrode on the first gate electrode; and a first spacer positioned at a sidewall of the second gate electrode, the first spacer being on an upper portion of the first gate electrode. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 18, wherein a bottom surface of the first spacer contacts an upper surface of the gate dielectric layer. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 18, further comprising: a second spacer on the substrate at a sidewall of the first spacer, wherein a lower portion of the second spacer contacts a sidewall of the gate dielectric layer, the first gate electrode has a first width, and the second gate electrode has a second width that is less than the first width. 21.-28. (canceled) 29. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; an active region extending in a first direction on the substrate, the active region being one of formed on the substrate and defined by trenches formed in the substrate; a first gate electrode on the active region, the first gate electrode extending in a second direction that crosses the first direction; a gate dielectric layer between the first gate electrode and the active region; a first spacer including two first spacer structures on top of an upper surface of the first gate electrode and spaced apart from each other in the first direction; and a second gate electrode on the first gate electrode between the two first spacer structures. 30. The semiconductor device of claim 29, further comprising: a second spacer on the active region, wherein the second spacer includes two second spacer structures spaced apart from each other in the first direction, and the first spacer structures, the gate dielectric layer, the first gate electrode, and the second gate electrode are between the two second spacer structures. 31. The semiconductor device of claim 30, wherein a dielectric constant of the first spacer is less than a dielectric constant of the second spacer. 32. The semiconductor device of claim 29, wherein the two first spacer structures are in direct contact with an upper surface of the gate dielectric layer, or the two first spacer structures are in direct contact with a side surface of the gate dielectric layer. 33. The semiconductor device of claim 29, wherein the active region includes a fin-type active region.",
-    "A bicycle electrical system is provided with a first electric component, a second electric component, a first wireless communication unit, a first power source, and a second wireless communication unit. The first wireless communication unit and the first power source are electrically connected to at least the first electric component. The second wireless communication unit is electrically connected to at least the second electric component. The first electric component can communicate with the first wireless communication unit. The second electric component can communicate with the second wireless communication unit. At least the first wireless communication unit and the second wireless communication unit are attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 1. A bicycle electrical system comprising: a first electric component; a second electric component; a first wireless communication unit; a first power source; and a second wireless communication unit; the first wireless communication unit and the first power source being electrically connected to at least the first electric component, the second wireless communication unit being electrically connected to at least the second electric component, the first electric component configured to communicate with the first wireless communication unit, the second electric component configured to communicate with the second wireless communication unit, and at least the first wireless communication unit and the second wireless communication unit are configured to be attached to a bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 2. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first wireless communication unit is electrically connected to the first electric component via a first signal line, and the second wireless communication unit is electrically connected to the second electric component via a second signal line. 3. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first power source is configured to be attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 4. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 3, wherein the first power source, the first wireless communication unit, and the second wireless communication unit are configured to be attached to different positions of the bicycle. 5. The bicycle electrical system as recited in the claim 3, wherein the first power source as well as the first wireless communication unit, and the second wireless communication unit are configured to be attached to different positions of the bicycle. 6. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first power source is attached to the first electric component or the second electric component. 7. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 6, wherein the first power source is attached to the first electric component, and the first power source is electrically connected to the second electric component. 8. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a second power source that is electrically connected to at least the second electric component. 9. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 8, wherein the second power source is configured to be attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 10. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 9, wherein the first power source, the second power source, the first wireless communication unit, and the second wireless communication unit are configured to be attached to different positions of the bicycle. 11. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 9, wherein the first power source as well as the first wireless communication unit, and the second power source as well as the second wireless communication unit are configured to be attached to different positions of the bicycle. 12. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 8, wherein the second power source is attached to the first electric component or the second electric component. 13. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 5, comprising: a first housing that houses at least a part of at least the first wireless communication unit and at least a part of the first power source; and a second housing that houses at least a part of at least the second wireless communication unit; the first housing and the second housing being configured to be attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 14. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein the first wireless communication unit comprises a first connecting part and a first housing portion, the first power source comprises a second connecting part and a second housing portion, and the first connecting part and the second connecting part are joined to supply power from the first power source to the first wireless communication unit, and the first housing includes the first housing portion and the second housing portion. 15. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 14, further comprising a second power source electrically connected to at least the second electric component, and the second housing houses at least the second wireless communication unit and the second power source. 16. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 15, wherein the second wireless communication unit comprises a third connecting part and a third housing portion, the second power source comprises a fourth connecting part and a fourth housing portion, and the third connecting part and the fourth connecting part are joined to supply power from the second power source to the second wireless communication unit, and the second housing includes the third housing portion and the fourth housing portion. 17. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein the first housing and the second housing have substantially the same shape. 18. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a frame main body of the bicycle. 19. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 18, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a chain stay of the bicycle. 20. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 18, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a seat tube of the bicycle. 21. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a seatpost of the bicycle. 22. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a front fork of the bicycle. 23. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a hub assembly of the bicycle. 24. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein at least one of the first housing and the second housing is configured to be attached to a suspension device of the bicycle. 25. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein the first housing and the second housing are configured to be detachably attached to the bicycle. 26. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 13, wherein the first housing and the second housing are configured to be attached to the bicycle by an attaching member. 27. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 26, wherein the attaching member comprises at least one of an adhesive, a screw, a cable tie, or a double-sided tape. 28. A bicycle electrical system comprising: a first electric component; and a first wireless communication unit, the first wireless communication unit being electrically connected to the first electric component, the first electric component being communicable with the first wireless communication unit, and the first wireless communication unit being configured to be detachably attached to the first electric component. 29. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 28, wherein the first electric component comprises a first base member that is configured to be attached to the bicycle, and the first wireless communication unit is configured to be detachably attached to the first base member. 30. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 28, further comprising a first power source attached to the first electric component. 31. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 30, wherein the first electric component comprises a first base member that is configured to be attached to the bicycle, and the first power source is configured to be detachably attached to the first base member. 32. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 28, wherein the first wireless communication unit is electrically connected to the first electric component via a first signal line. 33. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 28, further comprising a second electric component; and a second wireless communication unit that is electrically connected to the second electric component, the second electric component being configured to communicate with the second wireless communication unit, and the second wireless communication unit being configured to be detachably attached to the second electric component. 34. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 33, wherein the second electric component comprises a second base member that is configured to be attached to the bicycle, and the second wireless communication unit is configured to be detachably attached to the second base member. 35. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 33, comprising a second power source that is attached to the second electric component. 36. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 35, wherein the second electric component comprises a second base member that can be attached to the bicycle, and the second power source is detachably attached to the second base member. 37. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 33, wherein the second wireless communication unit is electrically connected to the second electric component via a second signal line. 38. A bicycle electrical system comprising: a first electric component; a second electric component; a first wireless communication unit; a first power source; and a second wireless communication unit; the first wireless communication unit and the first power source being electrically connected to at least the first electric component, the second wireless communication unit being electrically connected to at least the second electric component, the first electric component being configured to communicate with the first wireless communication unit, the second electric component configured to communicate with the second wireless communication unit, the first wireless communication unit and the first power source are attached to the first electric component, and the second wireless communication unit being configured to be attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 39. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 38, further comprising: an operating unit, and a third wireless communication unit which transmits a gear changing signal wirelessly to at least one of the first wireless communication unit and the second wireless communication unit, the third wireless communication unit being configured to be attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 40. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 39, comprising a third power source that is electrically connected to at least the operating unit. 41. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 40, further comprising a third housing that houses at least a part of the third wireless communication unit and at least a part of the third power source, and the third housing being configured to be attached to the bicycle without interposing the first electric component and the second electric component. 42. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 41, wherein the first housing, the second housing, and the third housing are substantially the same shape. 43. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the second electric component comprises a second actuator that is operated based on a signal from the second wireless communication unit. 44. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first electric component comprises a first actuator that is operated based on a signal from the first wireless communication unit. 45. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the second electric component comprises a second storage unit, and information stored in the second storage unit is updated based on a communication with the second wireless communication unit. 46. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein the first electric component comprises a first storage unit, and information stored in the first storage unit is updated based on a communication with the first wireless communication unit. 47. The bicycle electrical system as recited in of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and the second electric components is an electric transmission. 48. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 47, wherein one of the first and the second electric component is an electric front derailleur, and the other of the first and the second electric components is an electric rear derailleur. 49. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and the second electric components is an electric seatpost. 50. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and the second electric components is an electric suspension. 51. The bicycle electrical system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and the second electric components is a drive unit comprising a motor for assisting a human power drive force which is inputted to a crank.",
-    "A system for optically inspection one or more samples includes a sample stage, a laser system configured for illuminating a portion of the surface of the one or more samples disposed on the sample stage, and a detector configured to receive at least a portion of illumination reflected from the surface of the sample. The laser system includes an NLO crystal annealed within a selected temperature range. In addition, the NLO crystal is passivated with at least one of hydrogen, deuterium, a hydrogen-containing compound or a deuterium-containing compound to a selected passivation level. Further, the laser system includes a light source configured to generate light of a selected wavelength. The light source is configured to transmit light through the NLO crystal. The laser system includes a crystal housing unit configured to house the NLO crystal. 1. A system for optically inspecting one or more samples, comprising: a sample stage; a laser system configured for illuminating a portion of the surface of the one or more samples disposed on the sample stage; and a detector configured to receive at least a portion of illumination reflected from the surface of the sample, wherein the laser system comprises: an NLO crystal, the NLO crystal annealed within a selected temperature range, the NLO crystal passivated with at least one of hydrogen, deuterium, a hydrogen-containing compound or a deuterium-containing compound to a selected passivation level; at least one light source configured to generate light of a selected wavelength, the light source further configured to transmit light through the NLO crystal; and a crystal housing unit configured to house the NLO crystal. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a computing system communicatively coupled to the detector, the computing system configured to acquire information regarding at least a portion of illumination received by the detector, the computing system further configured to determine the presence or absence of at least one defect of the sample utilizing information regarding at least a portion of illumination received by the detector. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the NLO crystal exhibits one or more absorption bands in at least one of IR, visible, or UV bands, wherein the intensity of the absorption band is a function of a number of OH bonds of the NLO crystal, the absorption band having an intensity at or above a selected level. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser emits light at one or more wavelengths within the range of 193 to 266 nm. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser system comprises at least one laser having at least one diode pumped solid state (DPSS) source. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the laser system comprises at least one laser having at least one fiber IR source. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured for dark-field inspection. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured for bright-field inspection. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises an unpatterned wafer. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises a patterned wafer. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises at least one of a reticle or photomask. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises: one or more illumination optics configured to direct illumination from the laser system along an illumination path to the surface of the sample. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises: one or more collection optics configured to direct illumination reflected from the surface of the sample along a detection path to the detector. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the at least one of hydrogen, deuterium, a hydrogen-containing compound and a deuterium-containing compound of the passivating gas is in a range of 5 to 10%. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the passivating gas comprises a mixture of hydrogen, deuterium and an inert gas. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the passivating gas includes at least one inert gas mixed with at least one of hydrogen, deuterium, a hydrogen-containing compound or a deuterium-containing compound. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the passivating gas is non-oxygenated. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the NLO crystal is annealed at a temperature between 300\u00b0 and 350\u00b0 C. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of dangling bonds or broken bonds are repaired within the NLO crystal with the passivating gas. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the NLO crystal comprises: at least one of Beta-Barium Borate (BBO), Lithium Triborate (LBO), Lithium Tetraborate (LTB), Cesium Lithium Borate (CLBO), or Cesium Borate (CBO). 21. A system for optically inspecting one or more samples, comprising: a sample stage; a laser system configured for illuminating a portion of the surface of the one or more samples disposed on the sample stage; and a detector configured to receive at least a portion of illumination reflected from the surface of the sample, wherein the laser system comprises: an NLO crystal, the NLO crystal passivated with at least one of hydrogen, deuterium, a hydrogen-containing compound or a deuterium-containing compound to a selected passivation level; at least one light source configured to generate light of a selected wavelength, the light source further configured to transmit light through the NLO crystal; and a crystal housing unit configured to house the NLO crystal. 22. A system for optically inspecting one or more samples, comprising: a sample stage; a laser system configured for illuminating a portion of the surface of the one or more samples disposed on the sample stage; and a detector configured to receive at least a portion of illumination reflected from the surface of the sample, wherein the laser system comprises: an NLO crystal, the NLO crystal having at least one of dangling bonds or broken bonds repaired with a passivating gas, the passivating gas including at least one of hydrogen, deuterium, a hydrogen-containing compound or a deuterium-containing compound; at least one light source configured to generate light of a selected wavelength, the light source further configured to transmit light through the NLO crystal; and a crystal housing unit configured to house the NLO crystal.",
-    "Methods of promoting bone healing or regeneration by locally administering insulin mimetic agents to patients in need thereof and new uses of insulin-mimetic compounds for accelerating bone-healing processes are disclosed. Bone injury treatment and void filler devices, products and kit suitable for local administration of insulin-mimetic, agents or compositions thereof to patients in need of such treatment are also disclosed. 1-12. (canceled) 13. A bone regeneration material for bone fusion or void filling, comprising an osteoconductive carrier and an active ingredient consisting of a therapeutically effective amount of an insulin-mimetic zinc or manganese compound. 14. The material according to claim 13, wherein said osteoconductive carrier is selected from the group consisting of autograft material, allograft material, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, xenograft materials, alloplastic graft biomaterials, and orthopedic biocomposites. 15. An orthopedic or spinal implant, comprising at least one bone-contacting surface comprising an active ingredient consisting of an insulin-mimetic, zinc or manganese compound or composition thereof. 16. The orthopedic or spinal implant of claim 15, wherein the orthopedic implant is selected from the group consisting of screws, plates, rods, k-wires, pins, hooks, anchors, intramedullary devices, pedicle screws, pedicle hooks, spinal fusion cages, spinal fusion plates, prostheses, and porous metal. 17. The orthopedic or spinal implant of claim 16, wherein said implant is made from a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, alloys thereof, tantalum, alloys thereof, cobalt chrome alloys, steel alloys, and combinations thereof. 18. The orthopedic or spinal implant of claim 17, wherein said steel alloy is a stainless steel. 19. The orthopedic or spinal implant of claim 16, wherein said implant is made from a polymeric material. 20. The orthopedic or spinal implant of claim 19, wherein said polymeric material comprises a polymer selected from polyglycolic acid (PGA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonates (PC), poly(ortho esters) (POEs), and combinations thereof. 21. A method of enhancing spinal fusion in a spinal fusion surgical procedure, the method comprising the steps of: exposing a portion of each of adjacent vertebrae; and placing the bone regeneration material of claim 13 within an area between the exposed portions of the adjacent vertebrae and in contact with the exposed portions of both vertebrae, wherein said osteoconductive carrier of said bone regeneration material comprises a supplementary bone tissue material or synthetic bone void filler; wherein the insulin-mimetic zinc or manganese compound is in an amount effective to increase the rate of fusion of the two vertebrae with the bone tissue material. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said bone tissue material or said bone void filler is combined with said insulin mimetic zinc or manganese compound in a formulation suitable for implantation. 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein said bone regeneration material further comprises a surgically acceptable carrier. 24. The method of claim 23, characterized in that said bone regeneration material is a calcium sulfate pellet comprising said insulin-mimetic zinc or manganese compound. 25. The method according to claim 21, wherein said supplementary bone tissue is selected from the group consisting of autograft bone tissue, allograft bone tissue, xenograft bone tissue, and orthopedic biocomposite material. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the synthetic bone void filler is a ceramic bone-graft substitute. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the method is posterior fusion, said exposing step comprises decortication of the native host bone of the lamina or lateral masses to form a prepared area, and said placing step comprises packing a bone grafting mixture comprising the supplementary bone tissue material or a synthetic bone void filler and said insulin-mimetic zinc or manganese compound over the prepared area to induce segmental fusion. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the method is posterolateral fusion, said exposing step comprises decortication of the side of the facet joints and one or more transverse processes to form a prepared area, and said placing step comprises packing a bone grafting mixture comprising the supplementary bone tissue material or a synthetic bone void filler and said insulin-mimetic zinc or manganese compound over the prepared area to induce segmental fusion. 29. The method according to claim 21, wherein said placing step comprises implanting an interbody device with a central chamber packed with said supplementary bone tissue material or said synthetic bone void filler and said insulin-mimetic zinc or manganese compound to enhance fusion between the vertebral bodies of the anterior column of the spine. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said placing step is performed after an exposing step comprising an anterior discectomy or an anterior decompression or an anterior corpectomy.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a data transmission method, a base station, and user equipment, where the method includes: receiving bundling capability information sent by user equipment, where the Bundling capability information includes: information used to indicate that the user equipment has a capability of transmitting first data for M times, where M is a maximum quantity of transmission times that is supported by the user equipment for the first data, and M\u22672; and performing transmission of the first data with the user equipment for N times according to the Bundling capability information, where N\u2266M. 1. A data transmission method, comprising: receiving bundling capability information sent by user equipment, wherein the Bundling capability information comprises: information used to indicate that the user equipment has a capability of transmitting first data for M times, wherein M is a maximum quantity of transmission times that is supported by the user equipment for the first data, and M\u22672; and performing transmission of the first data with the user equipment for N times according to the Bundling capability information, wherein N\u2266M. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the Bundling capability information comprises physical random access channel PRACH Bundling capability information; the first data comprises a preamble; and the performing transmission of the first data with the user equipment for N times comprises: receiving, for N times, the preamble sent by the user equipment. 3. The method according to claim 2, before the receiving, for N times, the preamble sent by the user equipment, comprising: configuring a PRACH resource Bundling parameter for the user equipment, wherein the PRACH resource Bundling parameter comprises at least one of the following parameters: at least one quantity of transmission times, a PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, a preamble corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, and a start location of the PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, wherein each quantity of transmission times is less than or equal to M; and sending the PRACH resource Bundling parameter to the user equipment, wherein: the at least one quantity of transmission times is used by the user equipment to select one from the at least one quantity of transmission times as N. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein: the start location of each PRACH resource is a subframe that starts from a system frame number 0 and has a PRACH resource; PRACH resources are adjacent subframes that start from the start location and have PRACH resources and whose quantity is equal to a quantity of transmission times that is corresponding to the PRACH resources, wherein the PRACH resources are periodically configured; and each quantity of transmission times is corresponding to at least one preamble. 5. A data transmission method, comprising: sending bundling capability information to a base station, wherein the Bundling capability information comprises: information used to indicate that user equipment has a capability of transmitting first data for M times, wherein M is a maximum quantity of transmission times that is supported by the user equipment for the first data, and M\u22672; and performing transmission of the first data with the base station for N times according to the Bundling capability information, wherein N\u2266M. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein: the Bundling capability information comprises physical random access channel PRACH Bundling capability information; the first data comprises a preamble; and the performing transmission of the first data with the base station for N times comprises: sending the preamble to the base station for N times. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein before the sending the preamble to the base station for N times, the method comprises: receiving a PRACH resource Bundling parameter sent by the base station, wherein the PRACH resource Bundling parameter comprises at least one of the following parameters: at least one quantity of transmission times, a PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, a preamble corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, and a start location of the PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, wherein each quantity of transmission times is less than or equal to M; and selecting N from the at least one quantity of transmission times according to the PRACH resource Bundling parameter; and the sending the preamble to the base station for N times comprises: sending, to the base station for N times according to N, a preamble corresponding to N. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein: the start location of each PRACH resource is a subframe that starts from a system frame number 0 and has a PRACH resource; PRACH resources are adjacent subframes that start from the start location and have PRACH resources and whose quantity is equal to a quantity of transmission times that is corresponding to the PRACH resources, wherein the PRACH resources are periodically configured by the base station; and each quantity of transmission times is corresponding to at least one preamble. 9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the sending, to the base station for N times according to N, a preamble corresponding to N comprises: sending, for N times according to N, the preamble on a PRACH resource corresponding to N; or sending, for N times according to N, the preamble on a PRACH resource except a PRACH resource corresponding to N. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the sending Bundling capability information to a base station comprises: sending, to the base station, Bundling capability information carried in a feature group indicator; or sending, to the base station, Bundling capability information carried in capability information. 11. A base station, comprising: a memory, a processor, a receiver, and a transmitter, wherein: the memory is configured to store code of a data transmission method; the processor is configured to execute the code stored in the memory and control the receiver to receive bundling capability information sent by user equipment, wherein the Bundling capability information indicates a Bundling capability supported by the user equipment; and the processor is further configured to control, according to the Bundling capability information received by the receiver, the receiver or the transmitter to perform data transmission with the user equipment. 12. The base station according to claim 11, wherein: the Bundling capability information received by the receiver comprises physical random access channel PRACH Bundling capability information; first data comprises a preamble; and the receiver is configured to receive, for N times, the preamble sent by the user equipment. 13. The base station according to claim 12, wherein: the processor is further configured to execute the code stored in the memory and configure a PRACH resource Bundling parameter for the user equipment, wherein the PRACH resource Bundling parameter comprises at least one of the following parameters: at least one quantity of transmission times, a PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, a preamble corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, and a start location of the PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, wherein each quantity of transmission times is less than or equal to M; and the transmitter is configured to send the PRACH resource Bundling parameter to the user equipment, wherein: the at least one quantity of transmission times is used by the user equipment to select one from the at least one quantity of transmission times as N. 14. The base station according to claim 13, wherein: the start location of each PRACH resource is a subframe that starts from a system frame number 0 and has a PRACH resource; PRACH resources are adjacent subframes that start from the start location and have PRACH resources and whose quantity is equal to a quantity of transmission times that is corresponding to the PRACH resources, wherein the PRACH resources are periodically configured; and each quantity of transmission times is corresponding to at least one preamble. 15. User equipment, comprising: a memory, a processor, a transmitter, and a receiver, wherein: the memory is configured to store code of a data transmission method; the processor is configured to execute the code stored in the memory and control the transmitter to send bundling capability information to a base station; and the processor is further configured to control, according to the Bundling capability information sent by the transmitter, the receiver or the transmitter to perform data transmission with the base station. 16. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein: the Bundling capability information sent by the transmitter comprises physical random access channel PRACH Bundling capability information; the first data comprises a preamble; and the transmitter is configured to send the preamble to the base station for N times. 17. The user equipment according to claim 16, wherein: the receiver is configured to receive a PRACH resource Bundling parameter sent by the base station, wherein the PRACH resource Bundling parameter comprises at least one of the following parameters: at least one quantity of transmission times, a PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, a preamble corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, and a start location of the PRACH resource corresponding to each quantity of transmission times, wherein each quantity of transmission times is less than or equal to M; N is selected from the at least one quantity of transmission times according to the PRACH resource Bundling parameter; and the transmitter is configured to send, to the base station for N times according to N, a preamble corresponding to N. 18. The user equipment according to claim 17, wherein: the start location of each PRACH resource is a subframe that starts from a system frame number 0 and has a PRACH resource; PRACH resources are adjacent subframes that start from the start location and have PRACH resources and whose quantity is equal to a quantity of transmission times that is corresponding to the PRACH resources, wherein the PRACH resources are periodically configured by the base station; and each quantity of transmission times is corresponding to at least one preamble. 19. The user equipment according to claim 17, wherein: the transmitter is configured to: send, for N times according to N, the preamble on a PRACH resource corresponding to N; or send, for N times according to N, the preamble on a PRACH resource except a PRACH resource corresponding to N. 20. The user equipment according to claim 15, wherein: the transmitter is configured to: send, to the base station, Bundling capability information carried in a feature group indicator; or send, to the base station, Bundling capability information carried in capability information.",
-    "An antenna structure includes four induction antennas which have the same structure, are connected in parallel and are disposed to be overlapped. The induction antennas include an external upper section arranged on a first quadrant of a first layer, an internal upper section connected to the external upper section and arranged on a second quadrant of the first layer, an internal lower section connected to the internal upper section and arranged on a third quadrant of a second layer arranged on a lower part of the first layer, and an external lower section connected to the internal lower section and arranged on a fourth quadrant of the second layer. An RF power is supplied to one end of the external upper section, and the other end of the external lower section is grounded. 1. An antenna structure for plasma generation, comprising: two induction antennas which have the same structure, are connected in parallel with one another, and are disposed to be overlapped, wherein the induction antennas comprises: an external upper section disposed over a first quadrant and a second quadrant of a first layer; an internal upper section connected to the external upper section and disposed over a third quadrant and a fourth quadrant of the first layer; an internal lower section connected to the internal upper section and disposed over a first quadrant and a second quadrant of a second layer disposed at a lower part of the first layer; and an external lower section connected to the internal lower section and disposed over a third quadrant and a fourth quadrant of the second layer, wherein one end of the external upper section is supplied with an RF power, and the other end of the external lower section is grounded. 2. The antenna structure of claim 1, further comprising: an upper branch connecting the other end of the external upper section and one end of the internal upper section; a vertical branch connecting the other end of the internal upper section and one end of the internal lower section; and a lower branch connecting the other end of the internal lower section and one end of the external lower section.",
-    "The present invention provides a solid state image sensor including a pixel array having a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the plurality of pixels including a photoelectric conversion device and a microlens configured to guide incident light to the photoelectric conversion device, the microlens having a lower surface, on an exit side of the incident light, which has a convex shape with respect to the photoelectric conversion device, with a vertex of the convex shape shifting from a center position of the microlens to a central side of the pixel array. 1. A solid state image sensor comprising a pixel array having a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the plurality of pixels including a photoelectric conversion device and a microlens configured to guide incident light to the photoelectric conversion device, the microlens having a lower surface, on an exit side of the incident light, which has a convex shape with respect to the photoelectric conversion device, with a vertex of the convex shape shifting from a center position of the microlens to a central side of the pixel array. 2. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein a material forming the microlens has a higher refractive index than a material in contact with the lower surface between the microlens and the photoelectric conversion device. 3. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the microlens has an upper surface, on an incident side of the incident light, which has a convex shape with respect to the incident side of the incident light. 4. The sensor according to claim 3, wherein a refractive power of the lower surface of the microlens is larger than a refractive power of the upper surface. 5. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the microlens has an upper surface, on an incident side of the incident light, which has a planar shape. 6. The sensor according to claim 5, wherein an antireflection film which reduces reflection of the incident light on the upper surface is formed on the upper surface of the microlens. 7. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the microlens includes a microlens provided in a peripheral region surrounding a central region including a center of the pixel array. 8. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the microlens comprises a color filter material. 9. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein an angle defined between a straight line defining a virtual plane in contact with an upper surface of the microlens on the incident side of the incident light at an end portion on a central side of the pixel array and a straight line connecting the end portion on the central side of the pixel array and a center of the photoelectric conversion device is 90\u00b0 or less. 10. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising a wiring layer on which wirings are formed, wherein the microlens is provided at least on an uppermost layer on the incident side of the incident light or between the uppermost layer and the wiring layer. 11. A method of manufacturing a solid state image sensor comprising a pixel array having a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the plurality of pixels including a photoelectric conversion device and a microlens configured to guide incident light to the photoelectric conversion device, the method comprising: coating a substrate for formation of the pixel array with a photoresist; forming a concave portion in the photoresist by exposing the photoresist using a mask for formation of the microlens; and forming the microlens which is formed from a lens material having a higher refractive index than the photoresist by filling the concave portion with the lens material and has a convex shape with respect to the photoelectric conversion device, wherein a vertex of the convex shape shifts from a center position of the microlens to a central side of the pixel array. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the mask includes a mask exhibiting a continuous tone change. 13. A method of manufacturing a solid state image sensor comprising a pixel array having a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the plurality of pixels including a photoelectric conversion device and a microlens configured to guide incident light to the photoelectric conversion device, the method comprising: forming a first lens material on a substrate for formation of the pixel array; coating the first lens material with a photoresist; forming a concave portion in the photoresist by exposing the photoresist by using a mask for formation of the microlens; transferring the concave portion to the first lens material by etching the first lens material by using the photoresist in which the concave portion is formed as an etching mask; and forming the microlens which is formed from a second lens material having a higher refractive index than the first lens material by filling a concave portion transferred to the first lens material with the second lens material and has a convex shape with respect to the photoelectric conversion device, wherein a vertex of the convex shape shifts from a center position of the microlens to a central side of the pixel array. 14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising planarizing a surface of the second lens material by polishing the surface of the second lens material. 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the etching includes dry etching. 16. An image capturing system comprising: a solid state image sensor; and a signal processing unit configured to process a signal output from the solid state image sensor, wherein the solid state image sensor includes a solid state image sensor including a pixel array having a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each of the plurality of pixels includes a photoelectric conversion device and a microlens configured to guide incident light to the photoelectric conversion device, and the microlens has a lower surface, on an exit side of the incident light, which has a convex shape with respect to the photoelectric conversion device, with a vertex of the convex shape shifting from a center position of the microlens to a central side of the pixel array.",
-    "There is disclosed apparatus and methods of multicasting in a shared address space. A shared memory address space may include two or more multicast portions. Each multicast portion may be associated with a respective end point and with at least one other multicast portion. Data units may be transmitted to at least some of the end points via memory-mapped I/O into the shared memory address space. When a destination address of a data unit is in a first multicast portion associated with a first end point, the data unit may be transmitted to the first end point, revised to specify a destination address in a second multicast portion associated with the first multicast portion, and transmitted to a second end point associated with the second multicast portion. 1-19. (canceled) 20. A switch for multicasting, the switch comprising: a first port providing a connection between the switch and a first end point; a second port providing a connection between the switch and a second end point; a buffer structured to receive and temporarily store data units having a destination address; a shared address space comprising: a first gross address portion associated with the first end point, wherein the first gross address portion comprises: a first individual portion unique to the first end point; and a first multicast portion used for a first multicast group that includes the first end point and the second end point; a second gross address portion associated with the second end point, wherein the second gross address portion comprises: a second individual portion unique to the second end point; and a second multicast portion used for a second multicast group that includes the second end point and at least one other end point; and logic that causes a first data unit having a destination address in the first individual portion to be forwarded for transmission out the first port only and that causes a second data unit having a second destination address in the first multicast portion to be forwarded for transmission out of the first port and second port. 21. The switch of claim 20, wherein the at least one other end point includes the first end point and a third end point. 22. The switch of claim 20, wherein the at least one other end point includes a third end point and not the first end point. 23. The switch of claim 20, wherein the second data unit is transmitted out of the first and second port by employing the logic to execute the following: causing the second data unit to be transmitted out of the first port; after the second data unit has been transmitted out of the first port, maintaining the second data unit in the buffer; replacing the second destination address of the second data unit with an address in the first multicast portion; and causing the second data unit with the address in the first multicast portion to be transmitted out of the second port. 24. The switch of claim 20, wherein the logic causes the first and second data units to be transmitted through the first port and the second port via a memory-mapped I/O into the shared memory address space. 25. The switch of claim 20, wherein the first port and the second port are connected with a PCI Express communication bus. 26. The switch of claim 20, wherein the first gross address portion further comprises a first broadcast portion used for a first broadcast group that includes all end points connected to the switch. 27. The switch of claim 26, wherein the first individual portion, the first multicast portion, and the first broadcast portion do not overlap with one another. 28. The switch of claim 20, wherein the shared address space is contiguous and wherein the first gross address space and second gross address space are contiguous. 29. The switch of claim 20, wherein the first gross address portion has a first size, wherein the second gross address portion has a second size, and wherein the first size is equal to the second size. 30. A method of multicasting with a switch, the method comprising: connecting a first port of the switch with a first end point; connecting a second port of the switch with a second end point; structuring a buffer of the switch to receive and temporarily store data units having a destination address; providing a shared address space with a first gross address portion and a second gross address portion, wherein the first gross address portion is associated with the first end point and comprises a first individual portion unique to the first end point as well as a first multicast portion used for a first multicast group that includes the first end point and a second end point, wherein the second gross address portion is associated with the second end point and comprises a second individual portion unique to the second end point as well as a second multicast portion used for a second multicast group; utilizing logic of the switch to cause a first data unit having a destination address in the first individual portion to be forwarded for transmission out of the first port only; and utilizing the logic of the switch to cause a second data unit having a second destination address in the first multicast portion to be forwarded for transmission out of the first port and the second port. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the second multicast group includes the second end point and at least one other end point. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising: transmitting the second data unit out of the first port; after the second data unit has been transmitted out of the first port, storing the second data unit in the buffer; while the second data unit is stored in the buffer, replacing the second destination address of the second data unit with an address in the first multicast portion; transmitting the second data unit with the address in the first multicast portion out of the second port; and after the second data unit has been transmitted out of the second port, removing the second data unit from the buffer. 33. The method of claim 30, further comprising: employing a memory-mapped I/O to transmit the first and second data units through the first and second ports, respectively, into the shared memory address space. 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the first port and second port are connected with a PCI Express communication bus. 35. The method of claim 30, wherein the first gross address portion further comprises a first broadcast portion used for a first broadcast group that includes all end points connected to the switch. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the first broadcast portion does not overlap with the first multicast portion. 37. The method of claim 30, wherein a size of the first gross address portion is variable. 38. A multicasting system, comprising: a buffer structured to receive and store data units having a destination address; a shared address space comprising: a first gross address portion associated with a first end point, wherein the first gross address portion comprises: a first individual portion unique to the first end point; and a first multicast portion used for a first multicast group that includes the first end point and a second end point; a second gross address portion associated with the second end point, wherein the second gross address portion comprises: a second individual portion unique to the second end point; and a second multicast portion used for a second multicast group that includes the second end point and at least one other end point; and logic that causes a first data unit having a destination address in the first individual portion to be transmitted to the first end point only and that causes a second data unit having a second destination address in the first multicast portion to be transmitted to both the first end point and the second end point. 39. The system of claim 38, further comprising: a first port connected with the first end point; a second port connected with the second end point; and a PCI Express communication bus in communication with both the first port and the second port. 40. A switch for multicasting, the switch comprising: a buffer structured to receive and temporarily store data units having a destination address; and a shared address space comprising: a first set of addresses assigned to a first gross address portion associated with a first end point, wherein the first set of addresses are sub-divided into addresses assigned to a first individual portion unique to the first endpoint and addresses assigned to a first multicast portion used for a first multicast group; a second set of addresses assigned to a second gross address portion associated with a second end point, wherein the second set of addresses are sub-divided into addresses assigned to a second individual portion unique to the second endpoint and addresses assigned to a second multicast portion used for a second multicast group. 41. The switch of claim 40, wherein the second set of addresses are adjacent to the first set of addresses in the shared address space. 42. The switch of claim 40, wherein the second set of addresses are not adjacent to the first set of addresses in the shared address space. 43. The switch of claim 40, wherein the addresses assigned to the first multicast portion are adjacent to the addresses assigned to the first individual portion. 44. The switch of claim 40, wherein the addresses assigned to the first multicast portion are adjacent to the addresses assigned to the second multicast portion. 45. The switch of claim 40, wherein the shared address space further comprises a third set of addresses assigned to a third gross address portion associated with a third end point, wherein the third set of addresses are sub-divided into addresses assigned to a third individual portion unique to the third endpoint and addresses assigned to a third multicast portion used for a third multicast group.",
-    "The invention relates to the use of angiogenin, or a fragment or variant thereof, to treat diseases or conditions characterised by neuronal injury or death, or axonal degeneration, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The invention also describes a plurality of mutations of the human angiogenin gene which are associated with a neurodegenerative disease phenotype, and particularly a ALS phenotype. Also described is a method of assessing whether an individual is afflicted with, or generically predisposed to develop, a disease or condition characterised by neuronal injury or death, or to axonal degeneration. 1.-12. (canceled) 13. A nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 7 consecutive nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising: SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 and 4 to 7, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is detectably labeled. 14. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 13 consisting essentially of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group comprising: SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 and 4 to 7. 15.-20. (canceled) 21. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 13, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule. 22. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 13, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is isolated. 23. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 13, wherein the nucleic acid comprises at least 14 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 and 4 to 7. 24. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 13, wherein the nucleic acid comprises up to 400 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 and 4 to 7. 25. A nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 7 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:17, including the nucleotide position corresponding to nucleotide position number 191, 107, 121, 164, 189, and 208 relative to SEQ ID NO:17, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is detectably labeled. 26. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule. 27. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is isolated. 28. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid comprises at least 14 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:17. 29. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid comprises up to 400 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:17. 30. A kit for assessing whether an individual is afflicted with, or genetically predisposed to develop, a disease or condition characterized by neuronal injury or death, or axonal degeneration, comprising at least one nucleic acid according to claim 13.",
-    "A method for operating a particle beam microscope includes: setting a potential of a particle source; setting a potential of an object; directing a particle beam onto the object; focusing the particle beam using a particle-optical lens; providing a dependence between a value of an excitation of the particle-optical lens and a value of the potential of the object; changing a manipulated variable with the aid of an actuating element actuatable by a user; and setting the excitation of the particle-optical lens in a manner dependent on the manipulated variable. In a first mode of operation, the potential of the object is set on the basis of the excitation of the particle-optical lens in accordance with the dependence between the value of the excitation of the particle-optical lens and the value of the potential of the object. 1. A method, comprising: setting an electric potential of a particle source of a particle beam microscope; setting an electric potential of an object; generating a particle beam of particles emitted by the particle source; directing the particle beam onto the object; using a particle-optical lens to focus the particle beam; providing a dependence between a value of an excitation of the particle-optical lens and a value of the electric potential of the object; using an actuating element to change a manipulated variable, the actuating element being actuatable by a user; and setting the excitation of the particle-optical lens in a manner dependent on the manipulated variable, wherein, in a first mode of operation, the electric potential of the object is set on the basis of the excitation of the particle-optical lens in accordance with the dependence between the value of the excitation of the particle-optical lens and the value of the electric potential of the object. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising providing the dependence between the value of the excitation of the particle-optical lens and the value of the electric potential of the object so that the particle beam, in each case of various given values of the excitation of the particle-optical lens, is focused to the best possible extent onto the object. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dependence between the value of the excitation of the particle-optical lens and the value of the electric potential of the object is representable as a function having a function value representing the electric potential of the object, and the function has at least one argument comprising the excitation of the particle-optical lens. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the argument of the function further comprise the electric potential of the particle source. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the first mode of operation, the electric potential of the particle source is set so that the difference between the electric potential of the particle source and the electric potential of the object remains constant in the case of changes in the electric potential of the object. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the first mode of operation, the electric potential of the particle source remains constant in the case of changes in the electric potential of the object. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising switching into a second mode of operation of the particle beam microscope, wherein, in the second mode of operation, the electric potential of the object is kept constant when the excitation of the particle-optical lens is changed. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting particles of the particle beam which have interacted with the object; and/or detecting particles and/or radiation which emanate from the object due to the particle beam being incident on the object. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: directing the particle beam onto a multiplicity of locations at the object; and generating an image of the object from detection signals from a detector used when detecting. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising changing the manipulated variable based on an analysis of detection signals from a detector used when detecting. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the manipulated variable is changed in the first mode of operation until an image generated from the detection signals has a predetermined contrast. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the manipulated variable is changed based an analysis of the image generated from the detection signals. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein analyzing the image comprises using image processing software to automatedly analyze the image. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the manipulated variable is changed in the second mode of operation until an image generated from the detection signals has a predetermined sharpness. 15. A particle beam microscope, comprising: a particle source configured to generate a particle beam; an object holder; a particle-optical lens; a control element configured to output a control signal in a manner dependent on an actuation by a user; and a controller configured so that, in a first mode of operation, the controller is configured to set: a potential of the particle source; an excitation of the particle-optical lens in a manner dependent on the control signal; and a potential of the object holder in a manner dependent on the excitation of the particle-optical lens and/or in a manner dependent on the control signal. 16. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, wherein, in the first mode of operation, the controller is configured to set the potential of the object holder in a manner dependent on the potential of the particle source. 17. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, wherein the dependence between the excitation of the particle-optical lens and the electric potential of the object holder is configured so that the particle beam, for each case of various given excitations of the particle-optical lens, is focused to the best possible extent on an object when held by the object holder. 18. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, further comprising an input apparatus configured to enter a value for the potential of the particle source. 19. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, wherein the controller comprises a memory which, in each case of a multiplicity of combinations of values for the excitation of the particle-optical lens and values for the potential of the particle source, contains at least one value for the potential of the object holder. 20. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, wherein the controller comprises a device configured to calculate a value for the potential of the object holder on the basis of a value of the excitation of the particle-optical lens and a value of the potential of the particle source. 21. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, wherein the controller has a second mode of operation in which the controller is configured to keep the potential of the object holder constant when the excitation of the particle-optical lens is changed and/or when the control signal is changed. 22. The particle beam microscope of claim 21, further comprising an input element configured so that actuating the input element causes the particle beam microscope to switch: a) from the first mode of operation to the second mode of operation; and/or b) from the second mode of operation to the first mode of operation. 23. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, wherein the particle-optical lens comprises a condenser lens and/or an objective lens. 24. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, further comprising a detector configured to detect: a) particles of the particle beam which have interacted with an object when held by the object holder; and/or b) particles and/or radiation emanating from the object on account of the particle beam incident on the object. 25. The particle beam microscope of claim 15, further comprising a deflection device configured to scan the particle beam over an object when held by the object holder. 26. A method, comprising: directing a particle beam generated by a particle source of a particle beam microscope onto an object; using a particle-optical lens to focus the particle beam; providing a dependence between a value of an excitation of the particle-optical lens and a value of an electric potential of the object; using an actuating element to change a manipulated variable, the actuating element being actuatable by a user; and setting the excitation of the particle-optical lens in a manner dependent on the manipulated variable, wherein, in a first mode of operation, the electric potential of the object is set on the basis of the excitation of the particle-optical lens in accordance with the dependence between the value of the excitation of the particle-optical lens and the value of the electric potential of the object.",
-    "A method of transmitting a data frame by a station in a wireless local area network (WLAN), A station obtains a transmission opportunity (TXOP) for a bandwidth. The TXOP indicates an interval of time during which the station has a right to initiate frame exchange sequences onto a wireless medium. The station selects a transmit bandwidth parameter of a non-initial data unit of a plurality of data units from available bandwidth parameters. The available bandwidth parameters include a first available bandwidth parameter which is same as a transmit bandwidth parameter of a preceding data unit of the plurality of data units and a second available bandwidth parameter which is narrower than a transmit bandwidth parameter of the preceding data unit. The station transmits, during the TXOP, the non-initial data unit according to the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit. 1. A method of transmitting a data frame by a station in a wireless local area network, the method comprising: obtaining, by the station, a transmission opportunity (TXOP) for a bandwidth, the TXOP indicating an interval of time during which the station has a right to initiate frame exchange sequences onto a wireless medium; selecting, by the station, a transmit bandwidth parameter of a non-initial data unit of a plurality of data units from available bandwidth parameters, wherein the available bandwidth parameters include a first available bandwidth parameter which is same as a transmit bandwidth parameter of a preceding data unit of the plurality of data units and a second available bandwidth parameter which is narrower than a transmit bandwidth parameter of the preceding data unit; and transmitting, by the station during the TXOP, the non-initial data unit according to the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the station is an Access Point (AP) station. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the station is a non-Access Point (non-AP) station. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the station, whether a certain condition in the TXOP has been met to select the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit from the available bandwidth parameters. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining the TXOP comprises: obtaining, by the station, the TXOP for a bandwidth greater than 20 MHz. 6. A station configured to transmit a data frame in a wireless local area network, the station comprising: a transceiver; and a processor operatively connected to the transceiver and configured to: obtain a transmission opportunity (TXOP) for a bandwidth, the TXOP indicating an interval of time during which the station has a right to initiate frame exchange sequences onto wireless medium; select a transmit bandwidth parameter of a non-initial data unit of a plurality of data units from available bandwidth parameters, wherein the available bandwidth parameters include a first available bandwidth parameter which is same as a transmit bandwidth parameter of a preceding data unit of the plurality of data units and a second available bandwidth parameter which is narrower than a transmit bandwidth parameter of the preceding data unit; and transmit, during the TXOP, the non-initial data unit according to the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit. 7. The station of claim 6, wherein the station is an Access Point (AP) station. 8. The station of claim 6, wherein the station is a non-Access Point (non-AP) station. 9. The station of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to determine whether a certain condition in the TXOP has been met to select the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit from the available bandwidth parameters. 10. The station of claim 6, when obtaining the TXOP the processor is further configured to: obtain the TXOP for a bandwidth greater than 20 MHz. 11. A method of transmitting a data frame by a station in a wireless local area network, the method comprising: obtaining, by the station, a transmission opportunity (TXOP) for a bandwidth, the TXOP indicating an interval of time during which the station has a right to initiate frame exchange sequences onto wireless medium; setting, by the station, a transmit bandwidth parameter of a non-initial data unit of a plurality of data units to be same or narrower than a transmit bandwidth parameter of a preceding data unit of the plurality of data units; and transmitting, by the station during the TXOP, the non-initial data unit according to the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the station is an Access Point (AP) station. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the station is a non-Access Point (non-AP) station. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining, by the station, whether a certain condition in the TXOP has been met to set the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of obtaining the TXOP comprises: obtaining, by the station, the TXOP for a bandwidth greater than 20 MHz. 16. A station configured to transmit a data frame in a wireless local area network, the station comprising: a transceiver; and a processor operatively connected to the transceiver and configured to: obtaining a transmission opportunity (TXOP) for a bandwidth, the TXOP indicating an interval of time during which the station has a right to initiate frame exchange sequences onto wireless medium; setting, by the station, a transmit bandwidth parameter of a non-initial data unit of a plurality of data units to be same or narrower than a transmit bandwidth parameter of a preceding data unit of the plurality of data units; and transmitting, by the station during the TXOP, the non-initial data unit according to the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit. 17. The station of claim 16, wherein the station is an Access Point (AP) station. 18. The station of claim 16, wherein the station is a non-Access Point (non-AP) station. 19. The station of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to determine whether a certain condition in the TXOP has been met to select the transmit bandwidth parameter of the non-initial data unit from the available bandwidth parameters. 20. The station of claim 16, wherein when obtaining the TXOP, the processor is further configured to obtain the TXOP for a bandwidth greater than 20 MHz.",
-    "A multimodal sensing system includes various devices that work together to automatically classify an action. A video camera captures a sequence of digital images. At least one other sensor device captures other sensed data (e.g., motion data). The system will extract video features from the digital images so that each extracted image feature is associated with a time period. It will extract other features from the other sensed data so that each extracted other feature is associated with a time period. The system will fuse a group of the extracted video features and a group of the extracted other features to create a fused feature representation for a time period. It will then analyze the fused feature representation to identify a class, access a data store of classes and actions to identify an action that is associated with the class, and save the identified action to a memory device. 1. A multimodal action classification system, comprising: a video camera; at least one sensor device that comprises one or more of the following: a microphone, a motion sensor, a positional sensor, or a temperature sensor; a processing device; a data store of classes and actions; and a computer-readable memory device containing programming instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processing device to: receive, from the video camera, a sequence of digital images, wherein each of the digital images is associated with a time stamp, receive, from the at least one sensor device, other sensed data, wherein each item of other sensed data is associated with a time stamp, extract a plurality of video features from the sequence of digital images so that each extracted image feature is associated with a time period, extract a plurality of other features from the other sensed data so that each extracted other feature is associated with the time period, fuse a group of the extracted video features having time stamps corresponding to the time period and a group of the extracted other features having time stamps corresponding to the time period to create a fused feature representation, analyze the fused feature representation to identify a class that applies to both the extracted video features and the extracted other features, access the data store of classes and actions to identify an action that is associated with the class, and save the identified action to a computer readable memory device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions that are configured to cause the processing device to fuse the group of extracted video features comprises instructions to use a multi-layer long-short-term memory network to create the fused feature representation. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the multi-layer long-short-term memory network comprises: a first set of layers, wherein each layer in the first set is configured to independently operate on a single data modality, and wherein the first set of layers is configured to generate a set of per-modality features; and a second set of layers configured to receive the per-modality features from the first set of layers and generate the fused feature representation as a set of fused features across data modalities. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions that are configured to cause the processing device to extract the video features and extract other features comprise instructions to: use at least one deep network to learn a set of video features and other features to extract, wherein the deep network comprises one or more of the following: a neural network, a convolutional neural network, an autoencoder, a Boltzmann machine, a long-short-term memory network, a convolutional neural network cascaded with a long-short-term memory network, an end-to-end deep neural network or a belief network; and when extracting the video features and the other features, extract features corresponding to those of the learned set. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising additional programming instructions that are configured to cause the processing device to temporally aggregate the extracted video features and the extracted other features across a plurality of video clips prior to the fusing. 6. The system of claim 5, further comprising additional programming instructions that are configured to cause the processing device to, after the temporal aggregation and prior to the fusing, model temporal characteristics of the extracted video features and modeling temporal characteristics of the extracted other features. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions to create the fused feature representation comprise instructions to build a joint temporal model that jointly models temporal characteristics of the extracted video features and temporal characteristics of the extracted other features. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the video camera comprises a first transmitter that, in operation, will transmit the sequence of digital images to the processing device. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor device comprises: a wearable device having a motion sensor that is configured to capture the other sensed data as motion data, and a second transmitter that, in operation, will transmit the motion data to the processing device. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising additional instructions that are configured to cause the processing device to: output the identified action via a user interface of an electronic device; access the data store to identify a subsequent action step that corresponds to the action, wherein the subsequent action step comprises a step in sequence of known actions; and output the subsequent action step via a user interface of a computing device. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions to fuse the extracted video features and the extracted other features to create the fused feature representation comprise instructions to use a long-short-term memory network having a first hidden layer and a second hidden layer so that: the first hidden layer independently identifies temporal trends in the extracted video features and the extracted motion features; and the second hidden layer uses the identified temporal trends to identify temporal correlations across modalities and performs the fusion. 12. A method of using a multimodal sensing system to automatically recognize an action, the method comprising: operating a video camera to capture a sequence of digital images; operating at least one sensor device to capture other sensed data; and by a processing device, executing programming instructions that cause the processing device to: receive, from the video camera, the sequence of digital images, wherein each of the digital images is associated with a time stamp, receive, from the at least one sensor device, the other sensed data, wherein each item of other sensed data is associated with a time stamp, extract a plurality of video features from the sequence of digital images so that each extracted image feature is associated with a time period, extract a plurality of other features from the other sensed data so that each extracted other feature is associated with the time period, fuse a group of the extracted video features having time stamps corresponding to the time period and a group of the extracted other features having time stamps corresponding to the time period to create a fused feature representation, analyze the fused feature representation to identify a class that applies to both the extracted video features and the extracted other features, access a data store of classes and actions to identify an action that is associated with the class, and save the identified action to a computer readable memory device. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one other sensor device comprises one or more of the following: a microphone, a motion sensor, a positional sensor, or a temperature sensor. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein fusing the group of extracted video features comprises using a multi-layer long-short-term memory network to create the fused feature representation. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the multi-layer long-short-term memory network comprises: a first set of layers, wherein each layer in the first set is configured to independently operate on a single data modality, and wherein the first set of layers is configured to generate a set of per-modality features; and a second set of layers configured to receive the per-modality features from the first set of layers and generate the fused feature representation as a set of fused features across data modalities. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: using at least one deep network to learn a set of video features and other features to extract, wherein the deep network comprises one or more of the following: a neural network, a convolutional neural network, an autoencoder, a Boltzmann machine, a long-short-term memory network, a convolutional neural network cascaded with a long-short-term memory network, an end-to-end deep neural network or a belief network; and when extracting the video features and the other features, extracting features corresponding to those of the learned set. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising, by the processing device, temporally aggregating the extracted video features and the extracted other features across a plurality of video clips prior to the fusing. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising, by the processing device after the temporal aggregation and prior to the fusing, modeling temporal characteristics of the extracted video features and modeling temporal characteristics of the extracted other features. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the instructions to create the fused feature representation comprise instructions to build a joint temporal model that jointly models temporal characteristics of the extracted video features and modeling temporal characteristics of the extracted other features. 20. The method of claim 12, further comprising: by the video camera, capturing the sequence of digital images; and using a first transmitter to transmit the sequence of digital images to the processing device. 21. The method of claim 12, further comprising: by a wearable electronic device that includes the at least one sensor device, using a motion sensor to capture the other sensed data as motion data; and using a second transmitter to transmit the motion data to the processing device. 22. The method of claim 12, further comprising, by the processing device: outputting the identified action via a user interface of an electronic device; accessing the data store to identify a subsequent action step that corresponds to the action, wherein the subsequent action step comprises a step in sequence of known actions; and outputting the subsequent action step via a user interface of a computing device. 23. The method of claim 12, wherein fusing the extracted video features and the extracted other features to create the fused feature representation comprises using a long-short-term memory network having a first hidden layer and a second hidden layer so that: the first hidden layer independently identifies temporal trends in the extracted video features and the extracted motion features; and the second hidden layer uses the identified temporal trends to identify temporal correlations across modalities and performs the fusion. 24. A multimodal action classification system, comprising: a video camera; at least one sensor device; a processing device; a data store of classes and actions; and a computer-readable memory device containing programming instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processing device to: receive, from the video camera, a sequence of digital images, receive, from the at least one sensor device, other sensed data, extract a plurality of video features from the sequence of digital images so that each extracted image feature is associated with a time period, extract a plurality of other features from the other sensed data so that each extracted other feature is associated with the time period, fuse a group of the extracted video features corresponding to the time period and a group of the extracted other features corresponding to the time period to create a fused feature representation, analyze the fused feature representation to identify a class that applies to both the extracted video features and the extracted other features, access the data store of classes and actions to identify an action that is associated with the class, and save the identified action to a computer readable memory device.",
-    "One embodiment provides a guide comb having a holdable extension including: a central portion including; a plurality of teeth extending at one end thereof; and the holdable extension extending from an opposite end with respect to the plurality of teeth; wherein a lower face of the central portion includes an attachment mechanism to reversibly secure a hair clipper. Other aspects are described and claimed. 1. A guide comb having a holdable extension, comprising: a central portion comprising; a plurality of teeth extending at one end thereof; and the holdable extension extending from an opposite end with respect to the plurality of teeth; wherein a lower face of the central portion includes an attachment mechanism to reversibly secure a hair clipper. 2. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension is flexible. 3. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension is composed of plastic. 4. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension extends from a rear end of the central portion of the guide comb. 5. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension is attached to the lower face of the central portion of the guide comb. 6. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension extends from the attachment mechanism. 7. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension comprises an open-style holdable extension having a curved portion. 8. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 7, wherein a rear portion of the open-style holdable extension is attachable to a receiving portion located on the hair clipper. 9. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 1, wherein the holdable extension comprises a closed-style holdable extension having a finger loop. 10. The guide comb having the holdable extension of claim 9, wherein the finger loop contains padding surrounding an inner portion of the finger loop. 11. A kit, comprising: a hair clipper; a variety of guide combs having a plurality of teeth extending at one end thereof, wherein each of the variety of guide combs has different sized teeth; the variety of guide combs, further comprising: a central portion comprising; the plurality of teeth extending at one end thereof; and a holdable extension extending from an opposite end with respect to the plurality of teeth; wherein a lower face of the central portion includes an attachment mechanism to reversibly secure the hair clipper. 12. The kit of claim 11, wherein the holdable extension is flexible. 13. The kit of claim 11, wherein the holdable extension is composed of plastic. 14. The kit of claim 11, wherein the holdable extension extends from a rear end of the central portion of the guide comb. 15. The kit of claim 11, wherein the holdable extension extends from the attachment mechanism. 16. The kit of claim 11, wherein the holdable extension comprises an open-style holdable extension having a curved portion. 17. The kit of claim 16, wherein a rear portion of the open-style holdable extension is attachable to a receiving portion located on the hair clipper. 18. The kit of claim 11, wherein the holdable extension comprises a closed-style holdable extension having a finger loop. 19. The kit of claim 18, wherein the finger loop contains padding surrounding an inner portion of the finger loop. 20. A method of manufacturing a guide comb having a holdable extension, comprising: producing a guide comb comprising an attachment part and a holdable extension, wherein the attachment part secures a hair clipper.",
-    "The present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for acquiring downlink quality information, which relate to the communications field and are used to resolve a problem in the prior art that a base station cannot learn interference caused by a UE to a neighboring cell. The method provided in the present invention includes: measuring the downlink quality information; and reporting the downlink quality information to a network-side device. The present invention is applicable to the communications field, and is used for acquiring the downlink quality information by the base station. 1. A method for acquiring downlink quality information, comprising: measuring the downlink quality information; and reporting the downlink quality information to a network-side device; wherein the measuring the downlink quality information specifically comprises: measuring a downlink of a primary cell and a downlink of a neighboring cell, and acquiring at least one type of downlink quality information of the primary cell and downlink quality information of the neighboring cell; wherein the reporting the downlink quality information to a network-side device comprises: sending the downlink quality information to a base station; or sending the downlink quality information to a radio network controller (RNC), so that the RNC forwards the downlink quality information to a base station. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measuring a downlink of a primary cell and a downlink of a neighboring cell comprises: measuring downlink transmission pathloss information of the primary cell, and/or measuring downlink pathloss information of the neighboring cell; or measuring information about a pathloss difference between the downlink of the primary cell and the downlink of the neighboring cell. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the downlink quality information is sent to the base station, the sending the downlink quality information to a base station comprises: adding the downlink quality information into an enhanced uplink protocol data unit MAC-i PDU, and sending the MAC-i PDU to the base station; or adding the downlink quality information into a scheduling information (SI) packet, and sending the SI packet to the base station. 4. The method according to claim 1, after the reporting the downlink quality information to a network-side device, the method further comprises: receiving power control information that is sent by the base station according to the downlink quality information, and determining an uplink channel transmit power according to the power control information. 5. The method according to claim 4, after the receiving power control information that is sent by the base station, and determining an uplink channel transmit power according to the power control information, the method further comprises: sending uplink data to the base station by using the uplink channel transmit power, which specifically comprises: determining a maximum power offset according to the uplink channel transmit power, wherein the maximum power offset is a maximum ratio of the current uplink channel transmit power of the UE to the control channel transmit power; and performing enhanced dedicated channel transport format combination (E-TFC) selection according to the maximum power offset so as to determine a transport format of the uplink data, and transmitting the uplink data in the determined transport format. 6. A method for acquiring downlink quality information, comprising: acquiring, by a base station, downlink quality information sent by user equipment (UE), wherein the downlink quality information comprises at least one type of downlink quality information of a primary cell and downlink quality information of a neighboring cell; wherein the acquiring downlink quality information comprises: receiving the downlink quality information reported by the UE; or receiving downlink quality information sent by a radio network controller (RNC). 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the acquiring, by a base station, downlink quality information sent by UE specifically comprises: acquiring downlink transmission pathloss information of the primary cell, and/or acquiring downlink Pathloss information of the neighboring cell; or acquiring information about a pathloss difference between downlink pathloss information of the primary cell and downlink pathloss information of the neighboring cell. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the receiving the downlink quality information reported by the UE comprises: receiving an enhanced uplink protocol data unit MAC-i PDU reported by the UE, wherein the MAC-i PDU carries the downlink quality information; and acquiring the downlink quality information from the MAC-i PDU. 9. The method according to claim 6, after the acquiring, by a base station, downlink quality information sent by user equipment UE, the method further comprises: determining power control information according to the downlink quality information, and sending the power control information to the UE, so that the UE determines an uplink channel transmit power according to the power control information. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: setting instruction signaling at an upper layer, and sending the instruction signaling to the UE, wherein the instruction signaling is used to instruct the UE to determine, when the power control information is not acquired at a current transmission time interval (TTI), the uplink channel transmit power according to power control information that is previously acquired. 11. An apparatus for acquiring downlink quality information, comprising: a processor, configured to measure the downlink quality information; and a transmitter, configured to report the downlink quality information measured by the processor to a network-side device; wherein the processor is configured to: measure a downlink of a primary cell and a downlink of a neighboring cell, and acquire at least one type of downlink quality information of the primary cell and downlink quality information of the neighboring cell; and the transmitter is configured to send the downlink quality information to a base station; or the transmitter is configured to send the downlink quality information to a radio network controller (RNC), so that the RNC forwards the downlink quality information to a base station. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the processor is configured to: measure downlink transmission pathloss information of the primary cell, and/or measure downlink pathloss information of the neighboring cell: or the processor is configured to measure information about a pathloss difference between the downlink of the primary cell and the downlink of the neighboring cell. 13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the transmitter is configured to: when sending the downlink quality information to the base station, add the downlink quality information into an enhanced uplink protocol data unit MAC-I PDU and send the MAC-I PDU to the base station, or add the downlink quality information into a scheduling information (SI) packet and send the SI packet to the base station. 14. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising: a receiver, configured to receive power control information that is sent by the base station according to the downlink quality information; and the processor is configured to determine an uplink channel transmit power according to the power control information received by the receiving unit. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the transmitter is further configured to send uplink data to the base station by using the uplink channel transmit power determined by the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: determine a maximum power offset according to the uplink channel transmit power determined by the processor; perform enhanced dedicated channel transport format combination (E-TFC) selection according to the maximum power offset so as to determine a transport format of the uplink data; and the transmitter is configured to transmit the uplink data in the determined transport format, wherein the maximum power offset is a maximum ratio of the current uplink channel transmit power of the UE to the control channel transmit power. 16. An apparatus for acquiring downlink quality information, comprising: a processor, configured to acquire downlink quality information sent by user equipment (UE), wherein the downlink quality information comprises at least one type of downlink quality information of a primary cell and downlink quality information of a neighboring cell; and a receiver configured to receive the downlink quality information reported by the UE; or to receive downlink quality information sent by a radio network controller (RNC). 17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the processor is configured to: acquire downlink transmission pathloss information of the primary cell, and/or acquire downlink pathloss information of the neighboring cell; or the processor is configured to acquire information about a pathloss difference between downlink pathloss information of the primary cell and downlink pathloss information of the neighboring cell. 18. The apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the receiver is configured to receive an enhanced uplink protocol data unit MAC-i PDU reported by the UE, wherein the MAC-i PDU carries the downlink quality information; and the processor is configured to acquire the downlink quality information from the MAC-i PDU received by the first receiving module. 19. The apparatus according to claim 16, further comprising a transmitter, wherein the processor is configured to determine power control information according to the downlink quality information acquired by the processor; and the transmitter is configured to send the power control information determined by the processor to the UE, so that the UE determines an uplink channel transmit power according to the power control information. 20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the processor is further configured to set instruction signaling at an upper layer; and the transmitter is further configured to send the instruction signaling determined by the processor to the UE, wherein the instruction signaling is used to instruct the UE to determine, when the power control information is not acquired at a current transmission time interval (TTI), the uplink channel transmit power according to power control information that is previously acquired.",
-    "A detection and warning system is provided for a railroad crossing. The system comprises a sensor configured to be mounted on an underside of a gate arm of a railroad crossing gate to detect a presence of a vehicle or other object that is obstructing the railroad crossing. The system further comprises a communication interface coupled to the sensor. In response to a detection of the vehicle or the other object, the communication interface to relay a warning signal indicative of a possible collision on the railroad crossing with the vehicle or the other object. 1. A detection and warning system for a railroad crossing, the system comprising: a sensor configured to be mounted on an underside of a gate arm of a railroad crossing gate to detect a presence of a vehicle or other object that is obstructing the railroad crossing; and a communication interface coupled to the sensor, wherein in response to a detection of the vehicle or the other object, the communication interface relays to a locomotive approaching the railroad crossing a warning signal indicative of a possible collision on the railroad crossing with the vehicle or the other object. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a touch sensor capable of detecting an object in response to an event of contact with the vehicle or the other object. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the touch sensor is an edge touch sensor. 4. The system of claim 1, further including: a sensing strip configured to be mounted on the underside of the gate arm of the railroad crossing gate, wherein a plurality of pairs of a positive sensor strip and a negative sensor strip are provided side-by-side from an array of edge crush collision sensors, and wherein a first terminal connects all the positive sensor strips to a controller and a second terminal connects all the negative sensor strips to a ground GND. 5. The system of claim 4, further including: a sensing circuit coupled to the sensing strip to detect an event of contact being made between the vehicle or the object and the sensing strip of the sensor. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the sensing circuit is configured to operate in a fail-safe mode in that a reduce speed command is broadcast to all oncoming trains in case of a transmit condition when a collision or a circuit compromise is detected and no command is broadcast in case of a do not transmit condition when no collision is detected or the sensing circuit is functioning properly. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the communication interface to wirelessly relay the warning signal to a wireless control interface of a locomotive engine. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the warning signal defines an advance notice of a possible collision to a locomotive engine operator. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the communication interface includes a track circuit to encode the warning signal for sending a warning to a locomotive engine. 10. A method of detecting a vehicle or other object in a railroad crossing and providing a warning, the method comprising: detecting a presence of the vehicle or the other object in the railroad crossing with a sensor configured to be mounted on an underside of a gate arm of a railroad crossing gate; and relaying a warning signal using a communication interface coupled to the sensor in response to detecting the presence of the vehicle or the other object, the warning signal indicative of a possible collision on the railroad crossing with the vehicle or the other object. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting a presence of the vehicle or the other object further comprising: detecting with a touch sensor an object in response to an event of contact with the vehicle or the other object. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the touch sensor is an edge touch sensor. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting a presence of the vehicle or the other object further comprising: using a sensing strip configured to be mounted on the underside of the gate arm of the railroad crossing gate. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein detecting a presence of the vehicle or the other object further comprising: using a sensing circuit that is configured to operate in a fail-safe mode in that a reduce speed command is sent to all oncoming trains. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein using a communication interface further comprising: wirelessly relaying the warning signal to a wireless control interface of a locomotive engine, wherein the warning signal defines an advance notice of a possible collision to a locomotive engine operator. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the communication interface includes a track circuit to encode the warning signal for sending a warning to the locomotive engine. 17. A detection and warning system for a railroad crossing, the system comprising: an edge touch sensor coupled to a sensing strip and a sensing circuit; wherein the sensing strip is configured to be mounted on an underside of a gate arm of a railroad crossing gate, and wherein the sensing strip is coupled to the sensing circuit to detect an event of contact being made between a vehicle or other object and the sensing strip of the edge touch sensor; and a wireless communication interface coupled to the edge touch sensor, wherein in response to a detection of the event of contact, the wireless communication interface wirelessly relays to a wireless control interface of a locomotive engine of a train approaching the railroad crossing a warning to a locomotive engineer to stop the train before the crossing. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the sensing circuit is configured to operate in a fail-safe mode in that a reduce speed command is broadcast to all oncoming trains. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the wireless communication interface is configured to wirelessly relay to the wireless control interface a warning signal for applying the brakes of the train automatically without waiting or involving the locomotive engineer. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein a computer of the train automatically calculates a braking curve and slows the train down without an input from the locomotive engineer.",
-    "A hinge for a hood of a vehicle includes a first bracket, a member coupled to and rotatable relative to the first bracket, and a second bracket coupled to and rotatable relative to the member. An actuator includes a base connected to the first bracket and a rod moveable relative to the base. The rod moves from a retracted position to an extended position in contact with the second bracket. 1. A hinge for a hood of a vehicle, the hinge comprising: a first bracket; a member coupled to and rotatable relative to the first bracket; a second bracket coupled to and rotatable relative to the member; and an actuator including a base connected to the first bracket and a rod moveable relative to the base from a retracted position to an extended position in contact with the second bracket. 2. The hinge as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a frangible joint between the second bracket and the member. 3. The hinge as set forth in claim 2 wherein the frangible joint is configured to break as the rod moves to the extended position. 4. The hinge as set forth in claim 2 further comprising a rotatable joint between the second bracket and the member spaced from the frangible joint. 5. The hinge as set forth in claim 2 wherein the frangible joint is at least one of a rivet, a weld, and/or a metal-to-metal clinched joint engaging the second bracket and the member. 6. The hinge as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first bracket includes a flange fixed to the base of the actuator. 7. The hinge as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a rotatable joint between the member and the second bracket and a link spaced from the rotatable joint and extending from the member to the second bracket for limiting rotation of the second bracket relative to the member. 8. The hinge as set forth in claim 7 wherein the link is rotatable relative to the member and the second bracket. 9. The hinge as set forth in claim 1 wherein the second bracket includes a connecting feature for connecting to the hood. 10. The hinge as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first bracket includes a connecting feature for connecting to a structure of the vehicle. 11. The hinge as set forth in claim 1 wherein the activator includes a pyrotechnic charge between the base and the rod. 12. A pedestrian impact system comprising: a sensor; a hinge including a first bracket, a member coupled to the first bracket, and a second bracket rotatably coupled to the member; an actuator fixed to the first bracket and moveable to an extended position in contact with the second bracket; and a controller in communication with the sensor and the actuator. 13. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 12 wherein the controller is configured to activate the actuator to move the actuator to the extended position. 14. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 12 wherein the actuator includes a base connected to the member and a rod movable from a retracted position to the extended position in contact with the second bracket. 15. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 14 wherein the actuator includes a pyrotechnic charge between the base and the rod and the controller is configured to activate the pyrotechnic charge to move the rod to the extended position. 16. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 12 further comprising a frangible joint between the second bracket and the member. 17. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 12 wherein the first bracket includes a flange fixed to the base of the actuator. 18. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 12 wherein the second bracket includes a connecting feature for connecting to the hood. 19. The pedestrian impact system as set forth in claim 12 wherein the first bracket includes a connecting feature for connecting to a structure of the vehicle.",
-    "An LCD device according to a group of embodiments comprises: an array substrate, on which signal and scanning lines and pixel electrodes are arrayed and a resin film is provided; a counter substrate; a liquid-crystal layer interposed between the array and counter substrates; and rib-shaped protrusions, which are arranged on the array substrate within a viewing area so as to respectively run along the signal lines and to respectively cover the signal lines, and which are formed by a resin layer of first resin film as integral with the first resin film, and top parts of the rib-shaped protrusions being distanced from inner face of the counter substrate. 1. A liquid-crystal display (LCD) device comprising: an array substrate, on which signal and scanning lines and pixel electrodes are arrayed and a resin film is provided; a counter substrate; a liquid-crystal layer interposed between the array and counter substrates; and rib-shaped protrusions, which are arranged on the array substrate within a viewing area so as to respectively run along the signal lines and to respectively cover the signal lines, and which are formed by a resin layer of first resin film as integral with the first resin film, and top parts of the rib-shaped protrusions being distanced from inner face of the counter substrate. 2. The LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the rib-shaped protrusions are abutted on counter protrusions arranged on the counter substrate so as to form spacers between the substrates. 3. The LCD device according to claim 1, wherein the counter protrusions are arranged in light-shielded areas within the viewing area and are elongated in a direction along the scanning lines. 4. The LCD device according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of protrusion height of the rib-shaped protrusions covering the signal lines, with respect to thickness of the liquid-crystal layer at regions of the pixel electrodes on flat areas within pixel-dot apertures, is in a range of 15% to 70%. 5. The LCD device according to claim 1, wherein common electrodes are arranged in the array substrate, to be nearer to inner surface of the substrate than the first resin film forming the rib-shaped protrusions. 6. An LCD comprising first and second substrates and a liquid-crystal layer interposed between the substrates; the first substrate comprising: first transparent substrate; signal lines that are arrayed with an interval in a first direction; scanning lines that are arrayed with an interval in a second direction that intersects the first direction; switching elements, each of which is electrically connected with one of the scanning lines and with one of the signal lines; and first resin film that at least covers the switching elements and the signal lines; the second substrate comprising second transparent substrate and second resin film; wherein a first gap, which is a distance between the first resin film and the second transparent substrate at regions overlapped with the signal lines, is smaller than a second gap (D1) that is a distance between the first resin film and the second transparent substrate at regions overlapped with the pixel electrodes. 7. The LCD device according to claim 6, further comprising: common electrodes, by which the first resin film is at least partly covered; and a third resin film that is arranged at least in regions, in which the common electrodes are overlapped with the pixel electrodes, so as to be interposed between the common electrodes on one hand and the pixel electrodes on another hand. 8. The LCD device according to claim 7, the second substrate further having the second resin film, wherein the liquid-crystal layer is interposed between the first resin film and the second resin film, except for sites, at which spacers for defining gaps between the substrates are formed, if and when such spacers are formed. 9. The LCD device according to claim 8, wherein each of the switching elements is arranged in vicinity of respective one of the scanning lines and is connected thereto. 10. The LCD device according to claim 9, wherein regions forming the first gap are arranged along the signal lines, at least throughout regions sandwiching the flat area of each of the pixel-dot apertures. 11. The LCD device according to claim 10, wherein an end portion of each of pixel dots, which are elongated in a direction of the signal lines, is provided with a conduction area, through which the switching element and the pixel electrode are electrically connected; in respect of at least some of the pixel dots, the conduction area is sandwiched in a direction along the scanning lines by first and second regions; through the first region, a region forming the first gap runs in a direction of the signal line; and at the second region, a distance between the substrates is larger than the first gap and smaller than the second gap. 12. A manufacturing method of the liquid-crystal display (LCD) device according to claim 11, comprising: forming a resin layer that forms the first gap, simultaneously with the resin film in remaining areas, by applying of light curable resin on the array substrate and subsequent half-tone exposure or by ink-jet technique.",
-    "An electrical power supply arrangement includes a solar power device that converts sunlight into DC electrical power. A DC load runs on the DC current electrical power. The DC load may be controlled or adjusted to consume a maximum amount of the electrical output of the solar power device. A DC-to-AC converter converts the DC electrical power into AC electrical power. A controller enables the DC-to-AC converter to receive a portion of the DC current electrical power from the solar power device only if all of the DC current electrical power cannot be consumed by the DC load. 1. An electrical power supply arrangement comprising: a solar power device configured to convert sunlight into DC electrical power; an adjustable DC load configured to run on the DC current electrical power; an electrical output sensing device configured to sense a level of electrical output of the solar power device; and a controller coupled to each of the adjustable DC load and the electrical output sensing device, the controller being configured to: receive a signal from the electrical output sensing device; adjust the DC loads such that the DC loads consumes a maximum amount of the electrical output of the solar power device, the adjusting of the DC load being dependent upon the received signal; and if the DC load cannot consume all of the electrical output of the solar power device, then cause a remaining portion of the electrical output of the solar power device to be converted into AC electrical power. 2. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the solar power device comprises a solar photovoltaic device. 3. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the electrical output sensing device comprises a power meter. 4. The arrangement of claim 1 wherein the adjustable DC load comprises an HVAC system. 5. The arrangement of claim 4 wherein the HVAC system comprises a circulation fan, the controller being configured to use power from the solar power device to operate the circulation fan while heating and cooling is not needed. 6. The arrangement of claim 4 wherein the HVAC system comprises a compressor, the controller being configured to use power from the solar power device to operate the compressor in a dehumidification mode while heating and cooling is not needed. 7. The arrangement of claim 4 wherein the controller is configured to use power from the solar power device to perform overheating or overcooling with the HVAC system beyond a set temperature of the HVAC system, the set temperature having been set by a human user. 8. The arrangement of claim 1 further comprising a battery configured to supplement the DC electrical power provided by the solar power device. 9. An electrical power supply method, comprising the steps of: converting sunlight into DC electrical power by use of a solar power device; providing the DC current electrical power to a plurality of adjustable DC loads; sensing a level of electrical output of the solar power device; and adjust each of the DC loads such that the DC loads conjointly consume a maximum amount of the electrical output of the solar power device, the adjusting of the DC loads being dependent upon the level of electrical output of the solar power device. 10. The method of claim 9 comprising the further step, if the DC loads cannot consume all of the electrical output of the solar power device, of converting a remaining portion of the electrical output of the solar power device into AC electrical power. 11. The method of claim 9 comprising the further step of determining a respective portion of the electrical output of the solar power device to be consumed by each of the loads. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the determining step is performed by use of an algorithm or a lookup table. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the determining step includes controlling a rate of change of an aggregate consumption of the electrical output of the solar power device by the loads such that the rate of change does not exceed a threshold rate of change. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein each of the loads includes a processor, the determining step including the processors of the loads communicating with each other. 15. An electrical power supply arrangement comprising: a solar power device configured to convert sunlight into DC electrical power; a DC load configured to run on the DC current electrical power; a DC-to-AC converter configured to convert the DC electrical power into AC electrical power; and a controller configured to enable the DC-to-AC converter to receive a portion of the DC current electrical power from the solar power device only if all of the DC current electrical power cannot be consumed by the DC load. 16. The arrangement of claim 15 wherein the solar power device comprises a solar photovoltaic device. 17. The arrangement of claim 15 further comprising an AC-to-DC power supply configured to supply DC electrical power to the DC load if sunlight is not available to the solar power device. 18. The arrangement of claim 15 further comprising a DC power bus interconnecting the solar power device and the DC load. 19. The arrangement of claim 15 wherein the DC load comprises an appliance. 20. The arrangement of claim 19 wherein the appliance comprises HVAC equipment.",
-    "A multiband antenna includes a conductive connecting member, an external conductor, and a conductor frame. The conductive connecting member is disposed on a non-metallic region of an electronic device. The external conductor is disposed on an external surface of the electronic device from a first connecting terminal connected to an end of the conductive connecting member to first and second path terminals, respectively, located opposite to each other. The conductor frame is connected to the first and second path terminals and a ground of a substrate. The external conductor includes a first external radiation conductor disposed between the first path terminal and the first connecting terminal, and a second external radiation conductor integrally formed with the first external radiation conductor and disposed between the second path terminal and the first connecting terminal. 1. A multiband antenna, comprising: a conductive connecting member disposed on a non-metallic region of an electronic device; an external conductor disposed on an external surface of the electronic device from a first connecting terminal connected to an end of the conductive connecting member to first and second path terminals, respectively, located opposite to each other; and a conductor frame connected to the first and second path terminals and a ground of a substrate, wherein the external conductor comprises a first external radiation conductor disposed between the first path terminal and the first connecting terminal; and a second external radiation conductor integrally formed with the first external radiation conductor and disposed between the second path terminal and the first connecting terminal. 2. The multiband antenna of claim 1, further comprising: a first impedance matching unit comprising one end connected to a feed node of a circuit unit mounted on the substrate and another end connected to the conductive connecting member. 3. The multiband antenna of claim 1, wherein the first external radiation conductor comprises an electrical length different from an electrical length of the second external radiation conductor. 4. The multiband antenna of claim 1, wherein the conductive connecting member has an electrical length shorter than an electrical length of the first external radiation conductor or the second external radiation conductor. 5. The multiband antenna of claim 1, wherein the conductive connecting member is connected to the external conductor to be integrally formed with the external conductor. 6. The multiband antenna of claim 2, further comprising: a second impedance matching unit disposed between the conductive connecting member and the first connecting terminal. 7. The multiband antenna of claim 1, wherein the external conductor is integrally formed with the conductor frame. 8. The multiband antenna of claim 1, wherein the conductor frame comprises: a first conductor region connected to a first path terminal of the first external radiation conductor and a first ground node of a circuit unit mounted on the substrate; and a second conductor region connected to a second path terminal of the second external radiation conductor and a second ground node of the circuit unit. 9. The multiband antenna of claim 2, further comprising: a third impedance matching unit disposed between both ends of the conductive connecting member and the ground of the substrate. 10. An electronic device, comprising: a substrate comprising a circuit unit; a first impedance matching unit comprising an end connected to a feed node of the circuit unit; a conductive connecting member disposed on a non-metallic region of the electronic device and comprising an end connected to another end of the first impedance matching unit; an external conductor disposed on an external surface of the electronic device from a first connecting terminal connected to another end of the conductive connecting member to first and second path terminals, respectively, located opposite to each other; a conductor frame connected to the first and second path terminals of the external conductor and a ground of the substrate; and a display panel configured to display information from the circuit unit, wherein the external conductor comprises a first external radiation conductor disposed between the first path terminal of the external conductor and the first connecting terminal to produce a first frequency band, and a second external radiation conductor integrally formed with the first external radiation conductor and disposed between the second path terminal of the external conductor and the first connecting terminal to produce a second frequency band different from the first frequency band. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the first external radiation conductor comprises an electrical length different from an electrical length of the second external radiation conductor. 12. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the conductive connecting member comprises an electrical length shorter than an electrical length of the first external radiation conductor or the second external radiation conductor. 13. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the conductive connecting member is connected to the external conductor to be integrally formed with the external conductor. 14. The electronic device of claim 10, further comprising: a second impedance matching unit disposed between the conductive connecting member and the first connecting terminal. 15. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the external conductor is integrally formed with the conductor frame. 16. The electronic device of claim 10, further comprising: contact conductor lines connecting a metallic region of the conductor frame and a metallic region of the substrate to each other. 17. The electronic device of claim 10, further comprising: a switching device configured to select at least one of the contact conductor lines between the metallic region of the substrate and the conductor frame. 18. A multiband antenna, comprising: a conductive connecting member disposed on a non-metallic region of an electronic device; and an external conductor disposed on an external surface of the electronic device, from a first connecting terminal connected to an end of the conductive connecting member to first and second path terminals, respectively, located opposite to each other, the external conductor comprising a first external radiation conductor defining a first current path between the first path terminal and the first connecting terminal to produce a first frequency band, and a second external radiation conductor integrally formed with the first external radiation conductor and defining a second current path between the second path terminal and the first connecting terminal to produce a second frequency band, different from the first frequency band. 19. The multiband antenna of claim 18, further comprising: a first impedance matching unit in a feed line between a circuit unit mounted on a substrate and the conductive connecting member. 20. The multiband antenna of claim 19, wherein a current output from the circuit unit of the substrate forms a first current path flowing into a ground of the substrate through the feed line, the first impedance matching unit, the conductive connecting member, and the first external radiation conductor. 21. The multiband antenna of claim 20, wherein the current output from the circuit unit of the substrate forms a second current path flowing into the ground of the substrate through the feed line, the first impedance matching unit, the conductive connecting member, and the second external radiation conductor. 22. The multiband antenna of claim 18, further comprising: a conductor frame connecting each of the first and second path terminals of the external conductor to respective grounds of the substrate. 23. A multiband antenna, comprising: a conductive connecting member disposed on a region of an electronic device and connected at one end to a circuit unit mounted on a substrate through a feed line; a external conductor disposed on an external surface of the electronic device, from a first connecting terminal connected to another end of the conductive connecting member to first and second path terminals, respectively, disposed at opposite locations from each other; and a conductor frame connecting the first and second path terminals of the external conductor to grounds of the substrate, wherein the external conductor comprises a first external radiation conductor defining a first current path between the first path terminal and the first connecting terminal to produce a first frequency band, and a second external radiation conductor integrally formed with the first external radiation conductor and defining a second current path between the second path terminal and the first connecting terminal to produce a second frequency band, different from the first frequency band, and wherein the conductive connecting member is disposed on a same layer as the conductor frame in an air space, and a non-metallic region of the conductor frame is disposed between a cover and a display of the electronic device, integrally formed with the external conductor. 24. The multiband antenna of claim 23, further comprising: a first impedance matching unit in a feed line between the circuit unit mounted on a substrate and the conductive connecting member; a second impedance matching unit between the conductive connecting member and the external conductor; and a third impedance matching unit between both ends of the conductive connecting member and one of the grounds of the substrate. 25. The multiband antenna of claim 23, wherein an electrical length of the first radiation conductor is different from an electrical length of the second conductor to produce the first and second frequency bands between the first and the second radiation conductors. 26. The multiband antenna of claim 23, wherein the electrical length of the first external radiation conductor or the second external radiation conductor, respectively, is longer than the electrical length of the conductive connecting member to produce different frequency bands between the first external radiation conductor and the second external radiation conductor.",
-    "A valve position indicator/method comprising a main rotation axle operably connected with a valve. Repositioning the valve provides rotation of the main axle with a main axle disc with at least one tooth for cooperation with a gear wheel. The main axle disc has a toothless portion substantially not interfering with the gear wheel. The at least one tooth provides a rotation of the gear wheel and the toothless portion provides no rotation of the gear wheel upon rotation of the main axle disc. The gear wheel is on a secondary axle with an indication means. 1. A valve position indicator comprising a main rotation axle operably connected with said valve, wherein a repositioning of said valve provides a rotation of said main axle, said main axle being provided with a main axle disc comprising at least one tooth for cooperation with a gear wheel comprising a plurality of teeth evenly distributed along its circumference, said main axle disc further comprising along part of its circumference a toothless portion substantially not interfering with said gear wheel, such that said at least one tooth provides a rotation of said gear wheel and said toothless portion provides no rotation of said gear wheel upon rotation of said main axle disc; said gear wheel being provided on a secondary axle and wherein an indication means is operably connected with said second axle for providing an indication of a position of said valve, wherein said valve position indicator further comprises two sets of mutually cooperating main rotation axle, main axle disc, gear wheel and indication means; a first set being embodied for indicating an open position of said valve, and a second set being embodied for indicating a closed position of said valve. 2. A valve position indicator according to claim 1, wherein said main rotation axle, said main axle disc and said gear wheel are housed in a common housing. 3. A valve position indicator according to claim 2, said indication means being housed in said housing as well, said housing comprising a window for providing visibility to said indication means. 4. A valve position indicator according to claim 1, wherein a circumferential edge of said main axle disc is positioned within a space defined by two consecutive teeth of said gear wheel for hindering a rotational movement of said gear wheel. 5. A valve position indicator according to claim 4, wherein said main axle and said main axle disc are positionable in a mutually connected position and a mutually disconnected position, such that in said mutually disconnected position a rotation of said main axle yields no rotation of said main axle disc and vice versa. 6. A valve position indicator according to claim 1, wherein said indication means is rotated over at least 10\u00b0 when said tooth provided on said main axle disc is rotated and interacts with said gear wheel. 7. A valve position indicator according to claim 1, wherein said main axle disc comprising said tooth is embodied as a Geneva wheel. 8. A method for using a valve position indicator according to claim 1, said method comprising the steps of coupling said main axle with a valve actuating mechanism, and actuating said valve actuating mechanism so as to induce a rotational movement of said main axle, wherein said indication means is rotated so as to provide an indication of a position of said valve. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said valve position indicator is comprised in a housing with a window for providing visibility to said indication means if said valve is in a predetermined position. 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein said main axle disc is disconnectable with respect to said main axle, such that in a connected state a rotation of said main axle induces a rotation of said main axle disc and vice versa, and in a disconnected state a rotation of said main axle induces no rotation of said main axle disc and vice versa. 11. A method according to claim 10, further comprising a step of disconnecting said main axle disc from said main axle, a step of actuating said valve actuating mechanism for bringing said valve into a closed position, a step of bringing said indication means into a position that resembles a closed position of said valve, and a step of connecting said main axle disc to said main axle. 12. A method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of disconnecting said main axle disc from said main axle, a step of actuating said valve actuating mechanism for bringing said valve into a fully opened position, a step of bringing said indication means into a position that resembles a fully opened position of said valve, and a step of connecting said main axle disc to said main axle. 13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising a step for setting a first indication means to indicate a fully closed position of said valve and a further step for setting a second indication means to indicate a fully opened position of said valve. 14. A valve position indicator according to claim 6, wherein said indication means is rotated over at least 15\u00b0 when said tooth provided on said main axle disc is rotated and interacts with said gear wheel. 15. A valve position indicator according to claim 6, wherein said indication means is rotated over at least 20\u00b0 when said tooth provided on said main axle disc is rotated and interacts with said gear wheel. 16. A valve position indicator according to claim 6, wherein said indication means is rotated over at least 24\u00b0 when said tooth provided on said main axle disc is rotated and interacts with said gear wheel. 17. A valve position indicator according to claim 6, wherein said indication means is rotated over at least 36\u00b0 when said tooth provided on said main axle disc is rotated and interacts with said gear wheel. 18. A valve position indicator according to claim 6, wherein said indication means is rotated over at least 45\u00b0 when said tooth provided on said main axle disc is rotated and interacts with said gear wheel.",
-    "An electronic device and/or a method of sealing said device are configured for ease of installation and use. The electronic device has a housing having a recess, a cover concealing the recess and having walls extending circumferentially around the cover and having a channel formed in the outer surface thereof, and at least two through-holes formed through the channel, and an O-ring having a body with at least two tethers each of which passes through a respective hole in the cover. 1. A method of sealing an electronic device, comprising the steps of: providing a housing presenting an opening bounded by circumferential walls; providing a cover having walls extending circumferentially around the cover and positionable within the recess at a location inboard of the housing walls, the walls of the cover having a channel extending around an outer perimeter of the cover walls and at least two holes formed therethrough from an inner surface of the channel; providing an O-ring having a body and at least two tethers extending inwardly from the body; inserting the tethers on the O-ring through corresponding holes in the walls of the cover; stretching the O-ring body around the walls of the channel; and placing the cover over the opening so that the O-ring creates a seal between the walls of the housing and the walls of the cover. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a first tether is positioned at an opposite leg of the O-ring body as a second tether and a first hole is positioned at an opposite side of the cover as a second hole, and further comprising the step of inserting the first tether into the first hole and inserting the second tether into the second hole. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a third tether is positioned at an opposite leg of the O-ring body as a fourth tether and a third hole is positioned at art opposite side of the body as a fourth hole, and further comprising the step of inserting the third tether into the third hole and the fourth tether into the fourth hole, 4. The method of claim 4, wherein the cover is rectangular and the O-ring body has an at least generally rectangular shape when in its relaxed state. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the O-ring body has first and second opposed relatively long legs and first and second opposed relatively short legs, wherein the cover has first and second opposed relatively long walls and third and fourth opposed relatively short walls, wherein the first and second tethers extend inwardly from the respective long legs of the O-ring body and are of a first cross-sectional shape that matches that of corresponding holes in the associated long walls of the cover, and wherein third and fourth tethers extend inwardly from the respective short legs of the O-ring body and are of a second cross-sectional shape that matches that of corresponding holes in associated short walls of the cover and that is different from the first cross-sectional shape, and further comprising aligning like-shape tethers of the O-ring with like-shaped holes in the walls of the cover prior to the inserting step. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of inserting a locking barb of each tether through a corresponding hole in the cover, the locking barb having a larger cross-sectional area than that of the hole. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of trimming a distal end of each tether while leaving the locking barb intact. 8. An electronic device comprising: a housing having a recess bounded by circumferential walls; a cover concealing the recess and having walls extending circumferentially around the cover and into the recess at a location inboard of the housing walls and having a channel formed in an outer surface thereof, at least two through-holes being formed through the walls from an inner surface of the channel; and an O-ring having a body with at least two tethers each of which passes through a respective hole in the cover, the O-ring body being mounted in the channel and sealing against the walls of the housing. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein each of the tethers has a locking barb located between the body and an inner distal end of the tether and having a cross-sectional area greater than that of the corresponding hole. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein each tether further comprises a leader extending from the locking barb to the inner distal end of the tether. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the cover is rectangular and the O-ring body has an at least generally rectangular shape when in a relaxed state thereof. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the O-ring body has first and second opposed relatively long legs and first and second opposed relatively short legs, wherein the cover has first and second opposed relatively long walls and third and fourth opposed relatively short walls, wherein the tethers include first and second tethers that extend inwardly from the respective long legs of the O-ring body and that are of a first cross-sectional shape that matches that of corresponding holes in the associated long walls of the cover, and wherein the tethers include third and fourth tethers that extend inwardly from the respective short legs of the O-ring body and that are of a second cross-sectional shape that is different from the first cross-sectional shape and that matches that of corresponding holes in the associated short walls of the cover. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth tethers are evenly spaced around the O-ring. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein corners of the O-ring body are molded to conform to corners of the cover walls. 15. An O-ring for sealing a cover of an electronics device to a housing of the electronics device, the O-ring comprising: a body being formed of an elastomeric material, the body forming a loop and being configured to be mounted in an outer peripheral channel formed in circumferential sidewalls of the cover and to seal against inner surfaces of circumferential sidewalls of the housing; and at least two tethers formed integrally with the body and extending inwardly from opposite sides of the body, each tether being configured to be inserted through a through-hole extending inwardly from the channel in the cover walls. 16. The O-ring of claims 15, wherein each of the tethers has a locking barb located between the body and an inner distal end of the tether and having a cross-sectional area greater than that of the corresponding hole in the cover wall. 17. The O-ring of claim 16, wherein each tether further comprises a leader extending from the locking barb to the inner distal end of the tether. 18. The O-ring of claim 15, wherein the O-ring body has an at least generally rectangular shape when in a relaxed state thereof. 19. The O-ring of claim 18, wherein the O-ring body has first and second opposed relatively long legs and first and second opposed relatively short legs, wherein the tethers include first and second tethers that extend inwardly from the respective long legs of the O-ring body and that are of a first cross-sectional shape, and wherein the tethers include third and fourth tethers that extend inwardly from the respective short legs of the O-ring body and that are of a second cross-sectional shape that is different than the first cross-sectional shape. 20. The O-ring of claim 15, wherein the corners of the O-ring body are molded to conform to corners of the cover walls.",
-    "A multilevel cache-based data read/write method and a computer system. The method includes acquiring a query address of a physical memory data block in which data is to be read/written, acquiring a cache location attribute of the physical memory data block, querying whether a cache is hit until one cache is hit or all caches are missed, where the querying is performed according to the query address in descending order of levels of caches storable for the physical memory data block, and the levels of the caches are indicated by the cache location attribute, and if one cache is hit, reading/writing the data in the query address of the physical memory data block in the hit cache; or, if all caches are missed, reading/writing the data in the query address of the physical memory data block in a memory. 1. A cache-based data read/write method applied in a computer system, wherein the computer system comprises a processor, a memory and a plurality of cache memories organized in a hierarchy, and wherein the cache-based data read/write method comprises: acquiring a first query address by the processor, wherein the first query address indicates a first physical memory data block in which data is to be read/written; acquiring a first cache location attribute of the first physical memory data block, wherein where the first cache location attribute indicates a level in levels of caches storable for the first physical memory data block; querying whether the level of cache is hit until one level of cache is hit or all levels of caches are missed, wherein the querying is performed according to the first query address in descending order of levels of caches storable for the first physical memory data block, and wherein the highest level of cache is indicated in the first cache location attribute; and reading/writing the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in a hit level of cache when one level of cache is hit; and reading/writing the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the memory when all levels of caches are missed. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first cache location attribute identifies a highest level in levels of caches storable for the first physical memory data block. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first cache location attribute is set in a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for the first physical memory data block according to an access status of the first physical memory data block, and wherein the method further comprises querying, according to attribute information that corresponding to physical memory data blocks and stored in the TLB, the first cache location attribute corresponding to the first query address, wherein the TLB stores the attribute information of a physical memory data block, and wherein the attribute information comprises a correspondence between a query address of the physical memory data block and a cache location attribute of the physical memory data block. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first cache location attribute is set in a system register for the first physical memory data block according to the access status of the first physical memory data block, and wherein the method further comprises: reading the cache location attribute stored in the system register; and using the cache location attribute as the first cache location attribute of the first physical memory data block, wherein the system register is used to store the cache location attribute. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein reading/writing the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the hit level of cache comprises reading/writing the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the hit level of cache using a direct data path to the hit level of cache. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein reading/writing the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the memory comprises reading/writing the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the memory using a direct data path to the memory. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein during data reading, the method further comprises: refilling, with to-be-read data, a level of cache whose level is higher than the hit level of cache is among the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute when the hit level of cache is a non-highest level in the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein during data reading, the method further comprises: skipping refilling another cache with data when the hit level of cache is the highest level in the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein during data reading, the method further comprises: refilling, with to-be-read data, a storable cache indicated by the first cache location attribute when all levels of caches are missed. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein during data writing, after writing the data in the first physical memory data block in the hit level of cache, the method further comprises initiating a shared data consistency request to another cache whose level is not greater than the level of the hit cache among the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute when the written data is shared data. 11. A computer system having a plurality of cache memories organized in a hierarchy, comprising: a processor; and a memory coupled to the processor and the plurality of cache memories organized in the hierarchy, wherein the processor is configured to: acquire a first query address, wherein the first query address is used to indicate a first physical memory data block in which data is to be read/written; acquire a first cache location attribute of the first physical memory data block, where the first cache location attribute indicates a level in levels of caches storable for the first physical memory data block; query whether the level of cache is hit until one level of cache is hit or all levels of caches are missed, wherein the querying is performed according to the first query address in descending order of levels of caches storable for the first physical memory data block, and wherein the highest level of cache is indicated in the first cache location attribute; and read/write the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in a hit level of cache when one level of cache is hit; and read/write the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the memory when all levels of caches are missed. 12. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein the first cache location attribute identifies a highest level in levels of caches storable for the first physical memory data block. 13. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein the first cache location attribute is set in a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for the physical memory data block according to an access status of the first physical memory data block, and wherein the processor is further configured to query, according to attribute information that corresponds to physical memory data blocks and stored in the TLB, the first cache location attribute corresponding to the first query address, wherein the TLB stores the attribute information of a physical memory data block, and wherein the attribute information comprises a correspondence between a query address of the physical memory data block and a cache location attribute of the physical memory data block. 14. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein the first cache location attribute is set in a system register for the first physical memory data block according to the access status of the first physical memory data block, and wherein the processor is further configured to: read the cache location attribute stored in the system register; and use the cache location attribute as the first cache location attribute of the first physical memory data block, wherein the system register is used to store the cache location attribute. 15. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to read/write the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the hit level of cache using a direct data path to the hit level of cache. 16. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to read/write the data in the first query address of the first physical memory data block in the memory using a direct data path to the memory. 17. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein during data reading, the processor is further configured to: refill, with to-be-read data, a level of cache whose level is higher than the hit level of cache is among the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute when a level of the hit cache is a non-highest level in the levels of the enterable caches, indicated by the cache location attribute. 18. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein during data reading, the processor is further configured to: skip refilling another cache with data when the hit level of hit cache is the highest level in the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute. 19. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein during data reading, the processor is further configured to: refill, with to-be-read data, a storable cache indicated by the first cache location attribute when all levels of caches are missed. 20. The computer system according to claim 11, wherein during data writing, the processor is further configured to initiate a shared data consistency request to another cache whose level is not greater than the level of the hit cache among the levels of caches storable, indicated by the first cache location attribute when the written data is shared data.",
-    "Provided is an oxide with a novel crystal structure, an oxide with high crystallinity, or an oxide with low impurity concentration. An oxide has a hexagonal atomic arrangement in the case of a single crystal. The oxide has a homologous structure of indium, an element M (aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin), and zinc. The oxide has a lattice point group observed through an analysis of a first region in a transmission electron microscopy image of a top surface of the oxide. In a Voronoi diagram having a plurality of Voronoi regions obtained through a Voronoi analysis of the lattice point group, a proportion of hexagonal Voronoi regions is higher than or equal to 78% and lower than or equal to 100%. 1. An oxide comprising: a homologous structure comprising indium, an element M, and zinc, wherein the element M is one of aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin, wherein the oxide includes a hexagonal atomic arrangement in the case of a single crystal, wherein the oxide includes a lattice point group observed through an analysis of a first region in a transmission electron microscopy image of a top surface of the oxide, and wherein a proportion of hexagonal Voronoi regions to all Voronoi regions in a Voronoi diagram obtained through a Voronoi analysis of the lattice point group is higher than or equal to 78% and lower than or equal to 100%. 2. The oxide according to claim 1, wherein the first region is subjected to fast Fourier transform to obtain a first image, wherein the first image is subjected to mask processing except for a range from 2.8 nm\u22121 to 5.0 nm\u22121 to obtain a second image, wherein the second image is subjected to inverse fast Fourier transform to obtain a third image, wherein noise is removed from the third image to obtain a fourth image, and wherein lattice points included in the lattice point group are points with maximal luminance in the fourth image. 3. The oxide according to claim 2, wherein luminance within a 0.05-nm radius in the third image is averaged to remove the noise. 4. The oxide according to claim 3, wherein a first step of extracting a second point with highest luminance within a 0.22-nm radius from a first point and a second step of extracting a third point with highest luminance within a 0.22-nm radius from the second point are repeated until a point with highest luminance is fixed as one of the points with maximal luminance, and wherein the others of the points with maximal luminance are determined in a manner similar to that for the one of the points with maximal luminance using a point more than 0.22 nm away from the one of the points with maximal luminance as the first point. 5. An oxide comprising: a homologous structure comprising indium, an element M, and zinc, wherein the element M is one of aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin, wherein the oxide includes a hexagonal atomic arrangement in the case of a single crystal, wherein the oxide includes a lattice point group observed through an analysis of a first region in a transmission electron microscopy image of a top surface of the oxide, wherein the lattice point group comprises lattice points comprising a first lattice point, and second to seventh lattice points adjacent to the first lattice point, wherein to obtain a strain rate, a regular hexagon in which a distance between a center point and a vertex is an average distance between the first lattice point and each of the second to seventh lattice points is provided such that the center point overlaps with the first lattice point; the regular hexagon is rotated around the center point such that an average deviation amount between the vertex of the regular hexagon and each of the second to seventh lattice points becomes as small as possible; and the average deviation amount is divided by the distance between the center point and the vertex of the regular hexagon, and wherein an average strain rate in the first region is less than 0.2. 6. The oxide according to claim 5, wherein the first region is subjected to fast Fourier transform to obtain a first image, wherein the first image is subjected to mask processing except for a range from 2.8 nm\u22121 to 5.0 nm\u22121 to obtain a second image, wherein the second image is subjected to inverse fast Fourier transform to obtain a third image, wherein noise is removed from the third image to obtain a fourth image, and wherein the lattice points included in the lattice point group are points with maximal luminance in the fourth image. 7. The oxide according to claim 6, wherein luminance within a 0.05-nm radius in the third image is averaged to remove the noise. 8. The oxide according to claim 7, wherein a first step of extracting a second point with highest luminance within a 0.22-nm radius from a first point and a second step of extracting a third point with highest luminance within a 0.22-nm radius from the second point are repeated until a point with highest luminance is fixed as one of the points with maximal luminance, and wherein the others of the points with maximal luminance are determined in a manner similar to that for the one of the points with maximal luminance using a point more than 0.22 nm away from the one of the points with maximal luminance as the first point. 9. An oxide comprising: indium, an element M, and zinc, wherein the element M is one of aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin, wherein a crystal structure in the oxide is capable of having a homologous structure, wherein the oxide includes a plurality of flat-plate-like crystal regions, wherein c-axes of the plurality of flat-plate-like crystal regions are approximately parallel to a normal vector of a top surface of the oxide, wherein an average size of the plurality of flat-plate-like crystal regions in a direction parallel to the top surface of the oxide is larger than 3 nm in a transmission electron microscopy image of a cross section of the oxide taken along a plane perpendicular to the top surface, and wherein no clear grain boundary is observed between the plurality of flat-plate-like crystal regions. 10. A manufacturing method of an oxide, comprising the steps of: supplying a sputtering gas containing at least one of oxygen and a rare gas to a deposition chamber; giving a potential difference between a target and a substrate to generate plasma containing an ion of the sputtering gas in the vicinity of the target and to accelerate the ion of the sputtering gas toward the target, wherein the target comprises indium, zinc, an element M, and oxygen, wherein the element M is one of aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin, wherein the target comprises a region with a polycrystalline structure, and wherein the target comprises a cleavage plane; making the accelerated ion of the sputtering gas collide with the target, so that bond cut occurs from an end portion of the cleavage plane, wherein the bond cut is promoted when a charge from the plasma is received; separating a plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles of a compound containing a plurality of elements, atoms contained in the target, and aggregates of the atoms contained in the target from the target by the collision of the accelerated ion, wherein the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles receive negative charges from oxygen ions and have their surfaces negatively charged while flying in the plasma; depositing one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles over the substrate with its flat plane facing the substrate; depositing another one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles over a region apart from the one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles over the substrate while repelling the one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles; depositing the atoms and the aggregates of the atoms in a gap between the one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles and the another one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles; and filling the gap between the one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles and the another one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles with the atoms and the aggregates of the atoms that cause a lateral growth. 11. The manufacturing method of an oxide, according to claim 10, wherein a direction of an a-axis of the one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles over the substrate is different from a direction of an a-axis of the another one of the plurality of crystalline flat-plate-like particles over the substrate. 12. The manufacturing method of an oxide, according to claim 10, wherein the oxide is formed over a surface of an amorphous structure.",
-    "Sugarcane-based packaging for consumer products is provided. More particularly, packaging for consumer products comprising a sugarcane-based resin and at least one of a post-consumer recycled resin, a post-industrial recycled resin, a virgin petroleum-based resin, and combinations thereof is provided. 1. A container comprising between about 0.1% to about 80% sugarcane-based resin, between about 20% to about 99.9% of at least one of a post-consumer recycled resin, post-industrial recycled resin, and a virgin petroleum-based resin, and combinations thereof, and optionally between about 0.0% and about 2.5% colorant. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the container comprises between about 5% to about 80% sugarcane-based resin, between about 20% to about 95% of at least one of a post-consumer recycled resin, post-industrial recycled resin, and a virgin petroleum-based resin, and combinations thereof, and optionally between about 0.0% and about 2.5% colorant. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the container comprises between about 25% to about 80% sugarcane-based resin, between about 20% to about 75% of at least one of a post-consumer recycled resin, post-industrial recycled resin, and a virgin petroleum-based resin, and combinations thereof, and optionally between about 0.0% and about 2.5% colorant. 4. The container of claim 1, wherein the sugarcane-based resin, the post-consumer recycled resin, the post-industrial recycled resin, and the virgin petroleum-based resin are each independently selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein the container comprises about 49% sugarcane-based resin, about 49% post-consumer resin, and about 2% colorant.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for detecting methylation of the bowel-cancer-specific methylation marker GPM6A (NM_201591, glycoprotein M6A) gene in order to diagnose bowel cancer, and more specifically relates to a method for providing information for diagnosing bowel cancer by detecting the methylation of a bowel-cancer-specific marker gene that is specifically methylated in bowel cancer cells. The method for detecting methylation and a diagnostic composition, kit and nucleic-acid chip according to the present invention can be used to advantage in diagnosing bowel cancer more accurately and quickly than by normal methods as they permit bowel cancer to be diagnosed at the initial genetic transformation step and so allow early diagnosis. 1. A method for detecting CpG methylation of GPM6A (glycoprotein M6A) gene, the method comprising the steps of: (a) isolating genomic DNA from a clinical sample; (b) treating the genomic DNA or a fragment thereof with bisulfite; and (c) determining hypermethylation of the CpG of GPM6A gene in the bisulfite-treated genomic DNA or fragment thereof from step (b) by using primer(s) to amplify a methylated CpG of the bisulfite-treated GPM6A gene. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step (c) is performed by detecting methylated CpG of the promoter or the CpG of the first intron of GPM6A gene. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first intron of GPM6A gene has a sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the detection of methylation is performed by a method selected from the group consisting of PCR, methylation-specific PCR, real-time methylation-specific PCR, PCR assay using a methylation DNA-specific binding protein, quantitative PCR, DNA chip-based assay, pyrosequencing, and bisulfite sequencing. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the clinical sample is selected from the group consisting of a tissue, cell, blood, blood plasma, serum, feces, and urine from a patient suspected of cancer or a subject to be diagnosed. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the primer(s) comprises at least one or more CpG dinucleotide in a region which hybridizes to the methylated CpG of GPM6A. 7. The method of claim 1, the primer(s) for amplifying a methylated CpG of GPM6A comprising sequence(s) having a homology of 50% or more with sequence(s) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 16 to 19 and 24 to 69. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the presence/absence or a change in the base sequence of product is detected by probe(s) capable of hybridizing with a methylated CpG of GPM6A comprising at least one or more CpG dinucleotide in a region which hybridizes to the methylated CpG of GPM6A. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the presence/absence or a change in the base sequence of product is detected by probe(s) comprising sequence(s) having a homology of 50% or more with sequence(s) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 70-92.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes: a first external terminal which receives an input voltage; a second external terminal which outputs a switch voltage; a third external terminal connected to a first ground; a fourth external terminal connected to a second ground; a first internal switch element formed on a semiconductor substrate to be connected between the first and second external terminals; a second internal switch element formed on the semiconductor substrate to be connected between the second external terminal and the third external terminal; and a control circuit connected to the fourth external terminal to drive at least one of the first internal switch element and the second internal switch element. The semiconductor substrate is electrically connected with the third external terminal rather than the fourth external terminal, and parasitic elements accompanied between the semiconductor substrate and each of the first internal switch element and the second internal switch element. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first external terminal which receives an input voltage; a second external terminal which outputs a switch voltage; a third external terminal connected to a first ground; a fourth external terminal connected to a second ground; a first internal switch element formed on a semiconductor substrate to be connected between the first external terminal and the second external terminal; a second internal switch element formed on the semiconductor substrate to be connected between the second external terminal and the third external terminal; and a control circuit connected to the fourth external terminal to drive at least one of the first internal switch element and the second internal switch element, wherein the semiconductor substrate is electrically connected with the third external terminal rather than the fourth external terminal, and parasitic elements accompanied between the semiconductor substrate and each of the first internal switch element and the semiconductor substrate. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a substrate contact region for establishing electrical connection with the third external terminal is formed on the semiconductor substrate in a position which is near the first internal switch element and far from the second internal switch element. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the first internal switch element is a first NMOSFET (N-channel type Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) having a drain connected to the first external terminal, and a source and a back gate, both of which are connected to the second external terminal. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein a first parasitic capacitor accompanied between the drain of the first NMOSFET and the substrate contact region acts as an input capacitor connected between the first external terminal and the third external terminal. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the second internal switch element is a second NMOSFET having a drain connected to the second external terminal, and a source and a back gate, both of which are connected to the third external terminal. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the second internal switch element is a diode having a cathode connected to the second external terminal and an anode connected to the third external terminal. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 5, wherein a second parasitic capacitor and a parasitic resistor accompanied between the drain of the second NMOSFET or the cathode of the diode and the substrate contact region act as an RC filter connected between the second external terminal and the third external terminal. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is formed in a well which is electrically separated from the semiconductor substrate and electrically connected with the fourth external terminal. 9. A switching power supply comprising: a semiconductor device of claim 1; and a rectifying/smoothing part which rectifies and smooths the switch voltage output from the semiconductor device to generate an output voltage. 10. An electronic apparatus comprising: a switching power supply of claim 9.",
-    "A modular cabin segment for a vehicle includes a first lateral segment module accommodating a first toilet arrangement with a toilet compartment, a second lateral segment module, and at least one central module, wherein in each case an outer lateral face of the first segment module and of the second lateral segment module is designed to adapt in each case to an inner wall of a cabin of the vehicle so as to correspond to the aforesaid. At least one of the modules includes a cabin attendant seat that on one side is held on the at least one module so that it can be pivoted on an axis. In this manner very good integration of many different functions in the manner of a construction kit is achieved in order to be able to accommodate a greater number of passenger seats elsewhere within the limited space provided in a cabin. 1. A modular cabin segment for a vehicle, comprising: a first lateral segment module accommodating a first toilet arrangement with at least one toilet compartment; a second lateral segment module; and at least one central module, wherein an outer lateral face of the first segment module and of the second lateral segment module are configured to snugly fit in each case to an inner wall of a cabin of the vehicle so as to correspond to the inner wall, wherein the second lateral segment module is a galley module, wherein the at least one central module is arranged between the first lateral segment module and the second lateral segment module and accommodates a second toilet arrangement with at least one toilet compartment, and further comprising a partition wall arranged between a first toilet compartment and an adjacent second toilet compartment, wherein the partition wall is movably held and is configured to be brought to an opening position in which separation between the first toilet compartment and the second toilet compartment is canceled. 2. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein at least one of the modules comprises at least one cabin attendant seat supported on the at least one module on one side so that the at least one cabin attendant seat is pivotable on an axis. 3. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein a cabin attendant seat is supported on the at least one module in such a manner that the cabin attendant seat is pivotable either in front of a toilet arrangement or in front of a storage compartment. 4. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein the second lateral segment module comprises at least one parking space for a cabin trolley and at least one storage compartment for accommodating objects. 5. The cabin segment of claim 4, wherein the at least one parking space comprises dimensions that allow to accommodate a wheelchair in a folded state thereof. 6. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein the second toilet arrangement is arranged on a side of the central module, which side faces the first toilet arrangement. 7. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein the second toilet arrangement extends across the entire width of the at least one central module. 8. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein the at least one central module comprises at least one parking space for at least one cabin trolley and at least one storage compartment, and wherein a cabin attendant seat is supported on the at least one central module in such a manner that the cabin attendant seat is pivotable in front of an access opening of the second toilet arrangement. 9. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein at least part of the central module and the lateral segment module are interconnected in the form of an enlarged lateral segment module. 10. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein the second toilet arrangement has at least one toilet compartment comprising a urinal, said toilet compartment being arranged in a transverse direction beside the at least one storage compartment. 11. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein the partition wall comprises first and second individual partition wall segments that are movably held. 12. The cabin segment of claim 11, wherein the first partition wall segment is configured to be folded to a first sidewall of the first toilet compartment, while the second partition wall segment is configured to be pivoted into a region that is not situated in the first toilet compartment or in the second toilet compartment. 13. The cabin segment of claim 1, wherein a direction of extension of the first toilet compartment and a direction of extension of the second toilet compartment are arranged so as to be essentially perpendicular to each other. 14. A cabin for a vehicle, comprising at least one cabin segment, the cabin segment comprising: a first lateral segment module accommodating a first toilet arrangement with at least one toilet compartment; a second lateral segment module; and at least one central module, wherein an outer lateral face of the first segment module and of the second lateral segment module are configured to snugly fit in each case to an inner wall of a cabin of the vehicle so as to correspond to the inner wall, wherein the second lateral segment module is a galley module, wherein the at least one central module is arranged between the first lateral segment module and the second lateral segment module and accommodates a second toilet arrangement with at least one toilet compartment, and further comprising a partition wall arranged between a first toilet compartment and an adjacent second toilet compartment, wherein the partition wall is movably held and is configured to be brought to an opening position in which separation between the first toilet compartment and the second toilet compartment is canceled. 15. A vehicle comprising a cabin, the cabin comprising: at least one cabin segment, the cabin segment comprising: a first lateral segment module accommodating a first toilet arrangement with at least one toilet compartment; a second lateral segment module; and at least one central module, wherein an outer lateral face of the first segment module and of the second lateral segment module are configured to snugly fit in each case to an inner wall of a cabin of the vehicle so as to correspond to the inner wall, and wherein the second lateral segment module is a galley module, wherein the at least one central module is arranged between the first lateral segment module and the second lateral segment module and accommodates a second toilet arrangement with at least one toilet compartment, and further comprising a partition wall arranged between a first toilet compartment and an adjacent second toilet compartment, wherein the partition wall is movably held and is configured to be brought to an opening position in which separation between the first toilet compartment and the second toilet compartment is canceled. 16. The vehicle of claim 15, wherein the vehicle is an aircraft.",
-    "A printing apparatus includes: a liquid ejecting module having a plurality of liquid ejecting heads; a driving substrate mounted with a driving circuit that generates a driving signal; a control unit that generates an ejection control signal; and a relay substrate. The driving signal is transferred from the driving substrate to the relay substrate via a first wire, and the driving signal is transferred from the relay substrate to the liquid ejecting module via a second wire. The ejection control signal is transferred from the control unit to the liquid ejecting module via a third wire. 1. A liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: a line head having a plurality of liquid ejecting heads each having an ejecting section for ejecting liquid; a driving circuit that generates a driving signal that drives the ejecting section; a control unit that generates an ejection control signal that controls supply of the driving signal to the ejecting section; a relay substrate that relays transfer of the driving signal from the driving circuit to the line head; a first wire via which the driving circuit and the relay substrate are electrically connected to each other and the driving signal is transferred; a second wire via which the relay substrate and the line head are electrically connected to each other and the driving signal is transferred; and a third wire via which the control unit and the line head are electrically connected to each other and the ejection control signal is transferred. 2. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the relay substrate is provided in a frame to which the driving circuit and the control unit are attached. 3. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the frame is located between the driving circuit and the line head and between the control unit and the line head, and the relay substrate is provided on a side of the line head. 4. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit has a transmitting section that converts the ejection control signal into a differential signal and outputs the differential signal to the line head, and the line head has a receiving section that receives the differential signal and reversely converts the differential signal into the ejection control signal. 5. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second wire is detachable from and attachable to the relay substrate via a first connector. 6. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the third wire is detachable from and attachable to the line head via a second connector. 7. The liquid ejecting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the third wire is capable of transferring the ejection control signal at 3 Gbps or higher. 8. A signal supply apparatus for supplying, with a line head having a plurality of liquid ejecting heads each having an ejecting section for ejecting liquid, a driving signal that drives the ejecting section and an ejection control signal that controls supply of the driving signal to the ejecting section, the signal supply apparatus comprising: a driving circuit that generates the driving signal; a control unit that generates the ejection control signal; and a relay substrate that relays transfer of the driving signal from the driving circuit to the line head, wherein the driving signal is transferred from the driving circuit to the relay substrate via a first wire, the driving signal is transferred from the relay substrate to the line head via a second wire, and the ejection control signal is transferred from the control unit to the line head via a third wire.",
-    "Method and arrangement in a network control node, for performing access control of a mobile node in a handover from a source cell to a target subscriber group cell. The method comprises obtaining a network based allowed subscriber group list, receiving a target subscriber group identification, checking if the target subscriber group identification is comprised in the obtained network based allowed subscriber group list. If it is, information from a target network control node is obtained, verifying that the received subscriber group identification corresponds to the target subscriber group cell. Still further, the method comprises granting the mobile node access to the target subscriber group cell. Also, a method and arrangement in a target network control node, for assisting a network control node in performing access control for a mobile node in a handover from a source cell to a target subscriber group cell is provided. 1. A method in a network control node for performing access control for a mobile node in a handover from a source cell to a target subscriber group cell, wherein the network control node, the source cell and the target subscriber group cell are comprised in a communication network, the method comprising: obtaining a network based allowed subscriber group list, associated with the mobile node, receiving a target subscriber group identification, checking if the target subscriber group identification is comprised in the obtained network based allowed subscriber group list, if the target subscriber group identification is comprised in the obtained network based allowed subscriber group list, obtaining information from a target network control node associated with the target subscriber group cell, wherein the information is indicative that the received target subscriber group identification corresponds to the target subscriber group cell, and upon obtaining the information indicating that the received target subscriber group identification corresponds to the target subscriber group cell, granting the mobile node access to the target subscriber group cell. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the network control node is a core network control node, represented by an entity comprised in the group: Mobility Management Entity \u201cMME\u201d, Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node \u201cSGSN\u201d and/or Mobile Switching Centre \u201cMSC\u201d. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the network control node is a source network control node, represented by a Radio Access Network. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the target subscriber group cell is a Closed Subscriber Group cell \u201cCSG cell\u201d and wherein the received target subscriber group identification is a Closed Subscriber Group ID \u201cCSG ID\u201d. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the network based allowed subscriber group list associated with the mobile node is obtained from a Home Subscriber Server \u201cHSS\u201d. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein obtaining information from a target network control node comprises sending a request for handover, comprising of a subscriber group identification, associated with the target subscriber group cell from the network control node to the target network control node and receiving a response to the sent request for handover, from the target network control node, which response comprises information indicative that the subscriber group identification corresponds to a subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the target network control node is represented by a Radio Access Network. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises: checking if a time limit value associated with the mobile node is exceeded, by performing a comparison with a time measurement value, and if it is, rejecting the mobile node access to the target subscriber group cell. 9. A network control node for performing access control for a mobile node in a handover from a source cell to a target subscriber group cell, wherein the network control node, the source cell and the target subscriber group cell are comprised in a communication network, the network control node comprising a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby the network control node is configured to: obtain a network based allowed subscriber group list associated with the mobile node, receive a target subscriber group identification, check if the target subscriber group identification is comprised in the obtained network based allowed subscriber group list, obtain information from a target network control node, which target network control node is associated with the target subscriber group cell, wherein the information is indicative that the received target subscriber group identification corresponds to the target subscriber group cell, and upon obtaining the information indicating that the received target subscriber group identification corresponds to the target subscriber group cell, grant the mobile node access to the target subscriber group cell. 10. A method in a target network control node, for assisting a network control node in performing access control for a mobile node in a handover from a source cell to a target subscriber group cell, which target subscriber group cell is associated with the target network control node, wherein the network control node, the target network control node and the target subscriber group cell being comprised in a communication network, the method comprising: receiving a request for handover, comprising a subscriber group identification, associated with the target subscriber group cell from the network control node, and sending a response to the received request for handover to the network control node, which response is indicative that the received subscriber group identification corresponds to a subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: comparing the received subscriber group identification with the subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell, and wherein the response sent to the network control node comprises information indicating that the received subscriber group identification corresponds to the subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the response sent to the network control node comprises the subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell. 13. A target network control node for assisting a network control node in performing access control for a mobile node in a handover from a source cell to a target subscriber group cell, which target subscriber group cell is associated with the target network control node, wherein the network control node, the target network control node and the target subscriber group cell being comprised in a communication network, the target network control node comprising a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby the target network control node is configured to: receive a request for handover, comprising a subscriber group identification, associated with the target subscriber group cell from the network control node, and send a response to the received request for handover to the network control node, which response is indicative that the received subscriber group identification corresponds to a subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell. 14. The target network control node of claim 13, wherein said memory contains instructions executable by said processor whereby the target network control node is configured to compare the received subscriber group identification with the subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell, and wherein the response sent to the network control node comprises information indicating that the received subscriber group identification corresponds to the subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell. 15. The target network control node of claim 13, wherein the response sent to the network control node comprises the subscriber group identity of the target subscriber group cell.",
-    "A composition and method for producing the same are provided. The composition includes transition metal oxides adhered to a surface of a cerium oxide support, and can additionally include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal promotors. The method includes incipient wetness impregnation of the support with metal salt in solution, and can include impregnation with a metal chelator salt. The composition can be useful as a catalyst for the reduction of noxious gases in combustion exhaust streams. The composition can be of particular use as a component of an automobile catalytic converter, for the specific catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen gas. 1. A method for fabricating a catalyst comprising: contacting a substrate containing ceria with a solution containing catalytic cations; and contacting the substrate with a solution containing promoter cations; wherein the catalytic cations consist of transition metal cations, post-transition metal cations, or a combination thereof, and the promoter cations consist of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations or a combination thereof. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalytic cations consist of Period 4 transition metal cations. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalytic cations consist of iron, copper, or cobalt cations, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein contacting a substrate with a solution containing catalytic cations is repeated at least one time. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the promoter cations consist of alkali metal cations. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the solution containing catalytic cations comprises at least one chelator. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the at least one chelator forms a chelation complex with catalytic cation having a net negative charge. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the at least one chelator comprises EDTA. 9. A catalyst comprising: a substrate that includes ceria; catalytic cations bound to substrate surfaces; and promoter cations bound to substrate surfaces; wherein the catalytic cations consist of transition metal cations, post-transition metal cations, or a combination thereof, and the promoter cations consist of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations or a combination thereof. 10. The catalyst of claim 9 wherein the catalytic cations consist of Period 4 transition metal cations. 11. The catalyst of claim 10 wherein the catalytic cations consist of iron, copper, or cobalt cations, or a combination thereof. 12. The catalyst of claim 9 wherein at least 30% of catalytic cations are able to undergo two or more reduction/oxidation cycles at reduction temperatures not to exceed 550\u00b0 C. 13. The catalyst of claim 9 which catalyzes reduction of nitric oxide. 14. The catalyst of claim 9 which catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide or propylene. 15. The catalyst of claim 9 which catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide by hydrogen gas. 16. The catalyst of claim 9 having N2 selectivity of greater than about 67%. 17. The catalyst of claim 9 having N2 selectivity greater than about 90%. 18. The catalyst of claim 9 wherein catalytic cations have a loading density of \u02dc0.1-1.5% by weight, promoter cations consist essentially of alkali metal cations, and promoter cations are present in stoichiometric ratio to catalytic cations which falls within a range of about 1:2 to 6:1, inclusive. 19.-28. (canceled)",
-    "A method for manufacturing a highly reliable semiconductor device is provided. The method includes the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor film at a first temperature; processing the oxide semiconductor film into an island shape; not performing a process at a temperature higher than the first temperature, but depositing a material to be source and drain electrodes by a sputtering method; processing the material to form the source and drain electrodes; forming a protective insulating film, and then forming a first barrier film; adding excess oxygen or oxygen radicals to the protective insulating film through the first barrier film; performing heat treatment at a second temperature lower than 400\u00b0 C. to diffuse the excess oxygen or oxygen radicals into the oxide semiconductor film; and removing part of the first barrier film and part of the protective insulating film by wet etching, and then forming a second barrier film. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor film at a first temperature; processing the oxide semiconductor film into an island shape; then, not performing a process at a temperature higher than the first temperature, but depositing a material to be a source electrode and a drain electrode by a sputtering method over the oxide semiconductor film; processing the material to form the source electrode and the drain electrode; then, forming a protective insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film, the source electrode and the drain electrode, then forming a first barrier film over the protective insulating film; adding excess oxygen or an oxygen radical to the protective insulating film through the first barrier film; performing heat treatment at a second temperature lower than 400\u00b0 C. to diffuse the excess oxygen or the oxygen radical into the oxide semiconductor film; removing the first barrier film or a part of the first barrier film, and a part of the protective insulating film by wet etching; and then forming a second barrier film over the protective insulating film. 2. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the first barrier film is an indium tin oxide film, an indium tin silicon oxide film, or an indium oxide film. 3. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the second barrier film is a silicon nitride oxide film or a silicon nitride film. 4. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor film has a layered structure of a first oxide semiconductor film having an atomic ratio of In:M:Zn=4:\u03b11 (1.5\u2266\u03b11\u22662.5):\u03b12 (2.5\u2266\u03b12\u22663.5) and a second oxide semiconductor film having an atomic ratio of In:M:Zn=1:\u03b21 (0.8\u2266\u03b21\u22661.2):\u03b22 (0.8\u2266\u03b22\u22661.2), and wherein M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin. 5. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor film includes a CAAC-OS. 6. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the second temperature is lower than 375\u00b0 C. 7. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the second temperature is higher than or equal to 340\u00b0 C. and lower than or equal to 360\u00b0 C. 8. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the protective insulating film has a layered structure including a first protective insulating film and a second protective insulating film over the first protective insulating film, and wherein a part of the second protective insulating film is removed by wet etching. 9. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor film at a first temperature; processing the oxide semiconductor film into an island shape; then, not performing a process at a temperature higher than the first temperature, but depositing a material to be a source electrode and a drain electrode by a sputtering method; processing the material to form the source electrode and the drain electrode; then, forming a protective insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film, the source electrode and the drain electrode, forming a metal oxide film as a first barrier film over the protective insulating film by a sputtering method to add excess oxygen or an oxygen radial to the protective insulating film; and performing heat treatment at a second temperature lower than 400\u00b0 C. to diffuse the excess oxygen or the oxygen radical into the oxide semiconductor film. 10. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 9, wherein the metal oxide film is an aluminum oxide film, a hafnium oxide film, or an yttrium oxide film. 11. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 9, wherein the oxide semiconductor film has a layered structure of a first oxide semiconductor film having an atomic ratio of In:M:Zn=4:\u03b11 (1.5\u2266\u03b11\u22662.5):\u03b12 (2.5\u2266\u03b12\u22663.5) and a second oxide semiconductor film having an atomic ratio of In:M:Zn=1:\u03b21 (0.8\u2266\u03b11\u22661.2):\u03b22 (0.8\u2266\u03b22\u22661.2), and wherein M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin. 12. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 9, wherein the oxide semiconductor film includes a CAAC-OS. 13. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 9, wherein the second temperature is lower than 375\u00b0 C. 14. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 9, wherein the second temperature is higher than or equal to 340\u00b0 C. and lower than or equal to 360\u00b0 C. 15. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 9, wherein the protective insulating film has a layered structure including a first protective insulating film and a second protective insulating film over the first protective insulating film, and wherein a part of the second protective insulating film is removed by wet etching. 16. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor film at a first temperature; processing the oxide semiconductor film into an island shape; after processing the oxide semiconductor film, depositing a material to be a source electrode and a drain electrode over the oxide semiconductor film by a sputtering method; processing the material to form the source electrode and the drain electrode; forming a first protective insulating film and a second protective insulating film over the oxide semiconductor film, the source electrode, and the drain electrode; heating the first protective insulating film and the second protective insulating film at a second temperature higher than the first temperature; after heating the first protective insulating film and the second protective insulating film, forming a first barrier film over the second protective insulating film; adding excess oxygen or an oxygen radical to the second protective insulating film through the first barrier film; after adding the excess oxygen or the oxygen radical, removing a part of the first barrier film and a part of the second protective insulating film by wet etching; and after removing the part of the first barrier film and the part of the second protective insulating film, forming a second barrier film over the second protective insulating film at a third temperature higher than the first temperature, wherein one of or both the second temperature and the third temperature is/are the highest in a process of the steps. 17. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 16, wherein the oxide semiconductor film has a layered structure of a first oxide semiconductor film having an atomic ratio of In:M:Zn=4:\u03b11 (1.5\u2266\u03b11\u22662.5):\u03b12 (2.5\u2266\u03b12\u22663.5) and a second oxide semiconductor film having an atomic ratio of In:M:Zn=1:\u03b21 (0.8\u2266\u03b11\u22661.2):\u03b22 (0.8\u2266\u03b22\u22661.2), and wherein M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin. 18. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 16, wherein the oxide semiconductor film includes a crystal part, and wherein the crystal part has c-axis alignment. 19. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 16, wherein the first temperature is lower than 340\u00b0 C. 20. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 16, wherein the first temperature is higher than or equal to 100\u00b0 C. and lower than or equal to 200\u00b0 C. 21. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 16, wherein the second temperature is lower than 375\u00b0 C. 22. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, according to claim 16, wherein the second temperature is higher than or equal to 340\u00b0 C. and lower than or equal to 360\u00b0 C.",
-    "A drive control circuit which restores holding force when a vibrator and a driven body have been left at a standstill for a long time period and when they are used in a high-humidity environment. A drive circuit outputs an alternating-current signal, which is to be applied to an electro-mechanical energy conversion element, based on an output from a control unit. The control circuit controls the drive circuit with first timing such that elliptical motion produced in the vibrator takes a path of which a component parallel to a driving direction of the driven body is large as compared to such a path that a speed at which the driven body is driven is the maximum. The first timing is different from second timing with which relative positions of the vibrator and the driven body are changed. 1. A drive control circuit that drives one or a plurality of vibrators each having an electro-mechanical energy conversion element and a driving unit that comes into contact with a driven body, and moving the driven body and the driving unit relatively to each other through elliptical motion produced in the driving unit by application of an alternating-current signal to the electro-mechanical energy conversion element, comprising: a control unit; and a drive circuit configured to output the alternating-current signal, which is to be applied to the electro-mechanical energy conversion element, based on an output from said control unit, wherein with first timing, said control unit controls said drive circuit such that the elliptical motion takes a path of which a component parallel to a driving direction of the driven body is large as compared to such a path that a speed at which the driven body is driven is the maximum, and the first timing is different from second timing with which relative positions of the driving unit and the driven body are changed. 2. The drive control circuit according to claim 1, wherein in driving the plurality of vibrators, said control unit controls said drive circuit with the first timing such that one of the plurality of vibrators is brought to a standstill, and the elliptical motion produced in the driving units of the rest of the vibrators take a path of which a component parallel to the driving direction of the driven body is large. 3. The drive control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first timing is later than turning-on of power supply to the drive control circuit and earlier than relative movement of the vibrator and the driven body. 4. The drive control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first timing is earlier than turning-off of power supply to the drive control circuit. 5. The drive control circuit according to claim 1, wherein the first timing corresponds to a time at which a predetermined time period has elapsed with relative positions of the vibrator and the driven body unchanged. 6. The drive control circuit according to claim 1, further comprising detection unit for detecting a position of the driven body, wherein the first timing is later than said detection unit detecting the driven body having moved to a target position. 7. A driving method for driving one or a plurality of vibrators each having an electro-mechanical energy conversion element and a driving unit that comes into contact with a driven body, and moving the driven body and the driving unit relatively to each other through elliptical motion produced in the driving unit by application of an alternating-current signal to the electro-mechanical energy conversion element, comprising: a step of, with timing different from timing with which relative positions of the driving unit and the driven body are changed, providing driving control using a drive control circuit to drive the vibrator such that the elliptical motion takes a path of which a component parallel to a driving direction of the driven body is large as compared to such a path that a speed at which the driven body is driven is the maximum. 8. The driving method according to claim 7, wherein in driving the plurality of vibrators, one of the plurality of vibrators is brought to a standstill, and the elliptical motion produced in the driving units of the rest of the vibrators take a path of which a component parallel to the driving direction of the driven body is large. 9. A vibration-type driving apparatus comprising: one or a plurality of vibrators each configured to have an electro-mechanical energy conversion element and an elastic body with a first side to which the electro-mechanical energy conversion element is joined, and have a projecting portion provided on a second side opposite to the first side; a driven body configured to come into pressure contact with the projecting portion; and a drive control circuit configured to drive said vibrator, wherein elliptical motion is produced in the projecting portion to move said vibrator and said driven body relatively to each other, and said drive control circuit comprises: a control unit; and a drive circuit that outputs an alternating-current signal, which is to be applied to the electro-mechanical energy conversion element so as to excite the elliptical motion in the projecting portion, based on an output from the control unit, wherein with first timing, the control unit controls the drive circuit such that the elliptical motion takes a path of which a component parallel to a driving direction of said driven body is large as compared to such a path that a speed at which said driven body is driven is the maximum, and the first timing is different from second timing with which relative positions of said vibrator and said driven body are changed. 10. An image pickup apparatus comprising: a vibration-type driving apparatus; a lens configured to be driven by a driven body of said vibration-type driving apparatus; an image pickup device configured to be provided at a location which light having passed through said lens forms an image, wherein said vibration-type driving apparatus comprises: one or a plurality of vibrators that comprises an electro-mechanical energy conversion element and an elastic body that has a first side to which the electro-mechanical energy conversion element is joined, and has a projecting portion on a second side opposite to the first side; a driven body that comes into pressure contact with the projecting portion; and a drive control circuit that drives the vibrator, wherein elliptical motion is produced in the projecting portion to move the vibrator and the driven body relatively to each other, and the drive control circuit comprises: a control unit; and a drive circuit that outputs an alternating-current signal, which is to be applied to the electro-mechanical energy conversion element so as to excite the elliptical motion in the projecting portion, based on an output from the control unit, wherein with first timing, the control unit controls the drive circuit such that the elliptical motion takes a path of which a component parallel to a driving direction of the driven body is large as compared to such a path that a speed at which the driven body is driven is the maximum, and the first timing is different from second timing with which relative positions of the vibrator and the driven body are changed.",
-    "A vehicle body structure includes a first panel, a second panel, a pulse detection sensor and a gap reduction member. The first panel has a first main section and a sensor installation location that is spaced apart from the first main section. The second panel has a second main section that is spaced apart from the first main section of the first panel and defines a gap therebetween. The pulse detection sensor is attached to the first panel at the sensor installation location. The gap reduction member is installed to the first main section of the first panel. The gap reduction member extends from the first main section toward the second main section within the gap. 1. A vehicle body structure comprising: a first panel having a first main section and a sensor installation location that is spaced apart from the first main section; a second panel having a second main section being spaced apart from the first main section of the first panel and defining a gap therebetween; a pulse detection sensor attached to the first panel at the sensor installation location; and a gap reduction member installed to the first main section of the first panel, the gap reduction member extending from the first main section toward the second main section within the gap. 2. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap between the second main section and the first main section of the first panel defines a first distance measured between the first main section and the second main section. 3. The vehicle body structure according to claim 2, wherein the gap reduction member has a first end and a second end, the first end being fixed to the first main section, the second end being spaced apart from the second main section, the gap reduction member defining a first length measured from the first end to the second end, the first length being less than the first distance. 4. The vehicle body structure according to claim 2, wherein the gap reduction member has a first end and a second end, the first end being fixed to the first main section, the second end being pressed against the second main section, the gap reduction member defining a first length measured from the first end to the second end, the first length being equal to the first distance. 5. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap reduction member attaches to the first main section via mechanical fasteners. 6. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap reduction member includes a dovetail section and the first main section defines a slot with the dovetail section being installed to the slot. 7. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap reduction member is fitted between the first main section and the second main section such that the gap reduction member contacts both the first main section and the second main section. 8. The vehicle body structure according to claim 7, wherein the second panel, the first panel, the gap reduction member and the pulse detection sensor are configured and arranged such that in response to a predetermined level of force being applied to at least one of the first panel and the second panel, movement of the at least one of the first panel and the second panel toward the other of the first panel and the second panel causes the pulse detection sensor to detect the predetermined level of force. 9. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap reduction member has a first end installed to the first main section and a second end that is located adjacent to the second main section of the second panel in a non-contacting relationship relative to the second main section of the second panel. 10. The vehicle body structure according to claim 9, wherein the second panel, the first panel, the gap reduction member and the pulse detection sensor are configured and arranged such that in response a predetermined level of contacting force being applied to the second panel, the predetermined level of force is transmitted through the gap reduction member to the first panel such that the predetermined level of force is detected by the pulse detection sensor. 11. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the controller further defines a force contact response system. 12. The vehicle body structure according to claim 11, wherein the force contact response system includes an airbag system having at least one airbag, a triggering device and the pulse detection sensor, the pulse detection sensor and the triggering device being configured such that in response to the pulse detection sensor detecting a predetermined level of force being applied to one of the first panel and the second panel, the triggering device causes the airbag to inflate. 13. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the gap reduction member is made of a material selected from a material consisting of one of the following: an injection molded material and a light-weight rigid foam material. 14. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the first panel is an inner body panel and a second panel is an outer body panel that together define a side wall section of the vehicle. 15. The vehicle body structure according to claim 1, wherein the first panel and the second panel being rigidly connected to one another at locations spaced apart from the gap reduction member. 16. A vehicle body structure comprising: an inner panel having a plurality of first attachment locations, a main inner section and a sensor installation location that is spaced apart from the first main section; an outer panel having a plurality of second attachment locations that are rigidly coupled to corresponding ones of the first attachment locations of the inner panel and a second main section defining a wall section of a vehicle, with the second main section being spaced apart from the first main section of the inner panel defining a gap therebetween; a pulse detection sensor attached to the inner panel at the sensor installation location; an airbag assembly installed within the vehicle and connected to the pulse detection sensor; and a gap reduction member installed to the first main section of the inner panel, the gap reduction member extending from the first main section toward the second main section within the gap. 17. The vehicle body structure according to claim 16, wherein the gap reduction member is fitted between the first main section and the second main section such that the gap reduction member contacts both the first main section and the second main section. 18. The vehicle body structure according to claim 17, wherein the outer panel, the inner panel, the gap reduction member and the pulse detection sensor are configured and arranged such that in response to a predetermined level of force contacting the outer panel, movement of the outer panel toward the inner panel causes the pulse detection sensor to detect the predetermined level of force. 19. The vehicle body structure according to claim 16, wherein the gap reduction member has a first end installed to the first main section and a second end that is located adjacent to the second main section of the outer panel in a non-contacting relationship relative to the second main section of the outer panel. 20. The vehicle body structure according to claim 19, wherein the outer panel, the inner panel, the gap reduction member and the pulse detection sensor are configured and arranged such that in response to a predetermined level of force contacting the outer panel, the outer panel contacts the gap reduction member and causes the pulse detection sensor to detect the predetermined level of force.",
-    "The disclosure generally relates to methods and devices for removing a blockage from an anatomical passageway, for example thrombus or clot from a blood vessel. Devices and methods are provided for removing a blockage from an anatomical passageway. For example, a braided funnel is provided that may be placed adjacent a blockage. The braided funnel may be attached to an elongate tube and the blockage may be aspirated through the tube. 1. A funnel catheter for aspirating a blockage from an anatomical passageway, comprising: an elongate tube defining a longitudinal axis, a proximal tube end, a distal tube end, and a lumen along the longitudinal axis from the proximal tube end to the distal tube end, the proximal tube end being adapted to attach to an aspiration device; a braided funnel defining an interior volume and having a proximal funnel portion and a distal funnel portion, the proximal funnel portion being attached to the distal tube end with the lumen in fluid communication with the interior volume, the proximal funnel portion being funnel-shaped with a smallest diameter proximate the distal tube end, the distal funnel portion defining a distal funnel end terminating with a radially outward flare; a cover on the proximal funnel portion but not on the distal funnel portion; wherein the outward flare engages the inside of the anatomical passageway thereby causing the distal funnel portion to axially bunch up against the cover and have an increased radial compression strength relative to an un-bunched configuration. 2. The funnel catheter of claim 1 wherein the distal funnel end of the braided funnel comprises closed braid ends. 3. The funnel catheter of claim 1 wherein the distal portion of the braided funnel comprises open wire terminations. 4. The funnel catheter of claim 1 wherein the cover completely covers the proximal funnel portion. 5. The funnel catheter of claim 1 wherein the proximal funnel portion ends at a first plane that is transverse to the longitudinal axis, the covering terminating at the first plane. 6. The funnel catheter of claim 1 wherein the distal funnel portion terminates at a second plane that is transverse to the longitudinal axis. 7. The funnel catheter of claim 1 wherein the proximal funnel portion ends at a first plane that is transverse to the longitudinal axis, the covering terminating at the first plane, and wherein the distal funnel portion terminates at a second plane that is transverse to the longitudinal axis. 8. A method of using a funnel catheter, comprising: inserting a funnel catheter into an anatomical passageway, the funnel catheter comprising: an elongate tube defining a longitudinal axis, a proximal tube end, a distal tube end, and a lumen along the longitudinal axis from the proximal tube end to the distal tube end; a braided funnel defining an interior volume and having a proximal funnel portion and a distal funnel portion, the proximal funnel portion being attached to the distal tube end with the lumen in fluid communication with the interior volume, the proximal funnel portion being funnel-shaped with a smallest diameter proximate the distal tube end, the distal funnel portion defining a distal funnel end defining a distal braid end; a cover on the proximal funnel portion but not on the distal funnel portion; and, pushing the elongate tube such that the distal funnel end engages the inside of the distal anatomical passageway causing the distal portion to axially bunch-up against the cover and have an increased radial compression strength relative to an un-bunched configuration. 9. The method of claim 8, the distal braid end defining a radially outward flare. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the bunch-up forms a ring-like structure. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the distal braid end comprises open wire terminations. 12. A method of using a funnel catheter, comprising: inserting a funnel catheter into an anatomical passage way, the funnel catheter comprising: an elongate tube defining a longitudinal axis, a proximal tube end, a distal tube end, and a lumen along the longitudinal axis from the proximal tube end to the distal tube end; a braided funnel defining an interior volume and having a proximal funnel portion and a distal funnel portion, the proximal funnel portion being attached to the distal tube end with the lumen in fluid communication with the interior volume, the proximal funnel portion being funnel-shaped with a smallest diameter proximate the distal tube end, the distal funnel portion defining a distal funnel end terminating with a distal braid end; a cover on the proximal funnel portion and attached thereto; and, a sheath, the braided funnel and the elongate tube disposed within the sheath; wherein the proximal funnel portion ends at a first plane that is transverse to the longitudinal axis, the covering terminating at a first plane, and wherein the distal funnel portion terminates at a second plane that is transverse to the longitudinal axis; and, pushing the braided funnel and the distal tube end out of the sheath, the distal funnel end engaging the inside of the anatomical passage causing the distal funnel portion to axially bunch-up against the cover into a ring-like structure and have an increased radial compression strength relative to an un-bunched configuration. 13. The method of claim 12, the distal funnel end defining a radially outward flare. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the distal portion of the braided funnel comprises close braid ends. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the distal funnel end of the braided funnel comprises open wire terminations. 16. The method of claim 12 wherein the proximal funnel portion has an outer surface and the cover completely covers the outer surface. 17. The method of claim 12 comprising positioning the braided funnel proximate a thrombus and aspirating the thrombus through the lumen. 18. The method of claim 12 comprising constraining the braided funnel and the distal tube within the sheath. 19. The method of claim 12 comprising withdrawing the funnel catheter from the anatomical passageway. 20. The method of claim 12 comprising: positioning the funnel proximate a thrombus and aspirating the thrombus through the lumen; constraining the braided funnel within the sheath; and, withdrawing the funnel catheter from the anatomical passageway.",
-    "A piezoelectric bone conduction receiver and a portable electronic device are disclosed. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver comprises: a piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit functioning as an acoustic vibration element, a piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit connected with the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit, and a driving signal switching module, wherein the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit comprises at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules which can be independently driven in operation, the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules are connected to the driving signal switching module which is connected with the piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit, and the driving signal switching module is configured to control phases of piezoelectric driving signals output by the piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit to the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules, so that the phases of the piezoelectric driving signals received by the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules are same or opposite. 1. A piezoelectric bone conduction receiver, comprising: a piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit functioning as an acoustic vibration element, and a piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit connected with the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit, wherein the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver further comprises a driving signal switching module, the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit comprises at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules which can be independently driven in operation, the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules are connected with the driving signal switching module which is further connected with the piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit, and the driving signal switching module is configured to control phases of piezoelectric driving signals output by the piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit to the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules, so that the phases of the piezoelectric driving signals received by the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules are same or opposite. 2. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 1, wherein the driving signal switching module is an analog switch. 3. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 2, wherein the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit comprises a first piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module and a second piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module driven independently from the first piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module, and wherein a positive signal input terminal and a negative signal input terminal of each of the first piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module and the second piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module are connected with the analog switch, and the analog switch is configured to switch the phases of the piezoelectric driving signals received by the first and second piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules between a first relationship, in which the positive signal input terminal and the negative signal input terminal of the first piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module are respectively connected with the positive signal input terminal and the negative signal input terminal of the second piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module, and a second relationship, in which the positive signal input terminal and the negative signal input terminal of the first piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module are respectively connected with the negative signal input terminal and the positive signal input terminal of the second piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module. 4. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 1, wherein the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules each comprise: a piezoelectric material coated with an upper electrode layer and a lower electrode layer at opposite sides thereof, a circuit board, and a thin or flexible circuit configured to interconnect the upper and lower electrode layers with the circuit board. 5. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 4, wherein the piezoelectric material of the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving module is selected from a piezoelectric ceramic material or a piezoelectric organic polymer material. 6. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 4, wherein the piezoelectric material forms a single-layer structure, a double-layer composite structure or a multi-layer composite structure. 7. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 4, wherein the flexible circuit is a silver conductive adhesive, lead wires, a Flexible Printed Circuit or a flexible conductive strip, and a contact resistance of the flexible circuit is less than 5 \u03a9. 8. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 2, wherein the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules each comprises: a piezoelectric material coated with an upper electrode layer and a lower electrode layer at opposite sides thereof, a circuit board, and a thin or flexible circuit configured to interconnect the upper and lower electrode layers with the circuit board. 9. The piezoelectric bone conduction receiver of claim 3, wherein the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules each comprises: a piezoelectric material coated with an upper electrode layer and a lower electrode layer at opposite sides thereof, a circuit board, and a thin or flexible circuit configured to interconnect the upper and lower electrode layers with the circuit board. 10. A portable electronic device, comprising a piezoelectric bone conduction receiver, wherein the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver comprises: a piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit functioning as an acoustic vibration element, and a piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit connected with the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit, wherein the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver further comprises a driving signal switching module, the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving unit comprises at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules which can be independently driven in operation, the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules are connected with the driving signal switching module which is further connected with the piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit, and the driving signal switching module is configured to control phases of piezoelectric driving signals output by the piezoelectric driving and signal processing circuit to the at least two piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules, so that the phases of the piezoelectric driving signals received by the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules are same or opposite. 11. The portable electronic device of claim 10, wherein the piezoelectric bone conduction receiver driving modules can be disposed under a bottom surface of a display screen or a glass protective screen cover of the portable electronic device.",
-    "Provided is a compound represented by the following general formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. This novel compound has a glycogen-synthase activation ability, but activates a receptor PPAR to a low degree and is highly safe. In the formula, Ar is an aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; and Ar2 is represented by any one of the following rings and the like. 1. A compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein Ar is an aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; Ar2 is represented by any one of the following rings these rings may have a substituent, and the substituent is selected from the group consisting of acetamido, aminocarbonyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, a halogen, hydroxyl-lower alkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, phenoxy, phenyl, a formyl group, a cyano group, a cyanoalkyl group, a hydroxyiminomethyl group, a hydroxyamidino group, an amino group, an aminoalkyl group, an alkylaminoalkyl group, a dialkylaminoalkyl group, lower alkoxy, and trifluoro-methoxy; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, a halogen, hydroxy, a hydroxyl-lower alkyl group, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cyano, and nitro; R4 is an amino acid residue bonded to C(O) through a nitrogen atom of the amino acid; R5 is a cyanoalkyl group or \u2014CD3, or is represented by any one of the following substituents R6 is hydrogen, a lower alkyl group, a cyanoalkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, or an alkoxyalkyl group, or is represented by any one of the following substituents R7 and R8 are each a cyanoalkyl group, a formyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a hydroxyiminomethyl group; R9 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 0, 1, or 2; and s is 0, 1, or 2. 2. A compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein Ar is an aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; Ar2 is represented by any one of the following rings these rings may have a substituent, and the substituent is selected from the group consisting of acetamido, aminocarbonyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, a halogen, hydroxyl-lower alkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkyl, phenoxy, phenyl, lower alkoxy, and trifluoro-methoxy; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, a halogen, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cyano, and nitro; R4 is an amino acid residue bonded to C(O) through a nitrogen atom of the amino acid; R5 is \u2014CH2CN or \u2014CD3, or is represented by any one of the following substituents R6 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 0, 1, or 2; and s is 0, 1, or 2. 3. The compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar is a phenyl group, and R4 represents a proline residue bonded to C(O) through a nitrogen atom of the proline. 4. The compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar is a phenyl group, R4 represents a proline residue bonded to C(O) through a nitrogen atom of the proline, and Ar2 is represented by any one of the following rings 5. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 6. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 2 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 7. The compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar is an aromatic carbocyclic ring. 8. The compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar is a heterocyclic ring. 9. The compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar2 is represented by 10. The compound according to claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar2 is represented by 11. The compound according to claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar2 is represented by 12. The compound according to claim 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar2 is represented by 13. The compound according to claim 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ar2 is represented by 14. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 15. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 16. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 9 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 17. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 10 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 18. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 11 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 19. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 12 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 20. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: the compound according to claim 13 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.",
-    "An airbag system includes an airbag having a main portion having a first periphery. The main portion is inflatable in an inflation direction to a first thickness. An extension extends from the main portion and has a second periphery spaced from the first periphery. The extension is inflatable in the inflation direction to a second thickness. The first periphery and the second periphery define a gap therebetween. A depression is disposed between the main portion and the extension at the gap and the depression has a third thickness in the inflation direction less than the first thickness and the second thickness. The extension and the depression may receive a head of an occupant during an oblique impact, in which the head of the occupant may avoid the main portion of the airbag. 1. An airbag comprising: a main portion having a first periphery and being inflatable in an inflation direction to a first thickness; an extension being inflatable in the inflation direction to a second thickness, the extension extending from the main portion and having a second periphery spaced from the first periphery defining a gap therebetween; a depression disposed between the main portion and the extension at the gap and having a third thickness in the inflation direction less than the first thickness and the second thickness; and a front panel, a back panel, and a plurality of tethers spaced from each other and extending from the front panel to the back panel at the depression, the tethers restricting inflation of the airbag at the depression to the third thickness. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the depression and the main portion each present an impact surface transverse to the inflation direction, the impact surface of the main portion being larger than the impact surface of the depression. 5. The airbag as set forth in claim 4, wherein the extension includes an impact surface transverse to the inflation direction, the impact surface of the main portion being larger than the impact surface of the extension. 6. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the gap is v-shaped. 7. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a tether extending from the main portion to the extension, and a tether release engaged with the tether. 8. The airbag as set forth in claim 7, wherein the tether release includes a cutter configured to cut the tether in response to a sensed vehicle oblique impact. 9. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a frangible connector extending from the main portion to the extension, the frangible connector being frangible relative to the extension. 10. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the extension is cantilevered from the main portion. 11. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second thickness is less than the first thickness. 12. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the extension is smaller than the main portion. 13. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, further comprising an inflation chamber extending through the main portion, the depression, and the extension portion. 14. An airbag system comprising: a main portion having a first periphery and being inflatable in an inflation direction to a first thickness; an extension being inflatable in the inflation direction to a second thickness, the extension extending from the main portion and having a second periphery spaced from the first periphery defining a gap therebetween; a depression disposed between the main portion and the extension at the gap and having a third thickness in the inflation direction less than the first thickness and the second thickness; and a controller programmed to inflate the extension in response to a sensed vehicle oblique impact; and a tether extending from the main portion to the extension, and a tether release engaged with the tether. 15. The airbag as set forth in claim 14, wherein the gap is v-shaped. 16. The airbag as set forth in claim 14, further comprising a restraining device at the depression. 17. (canceled) 18. The airbag system as set forth in claim 14, wherein the tether release includes a cutter configured to cut the tether in response to the sensed vehicle oblique impact. 19. (canceled) 20. The airbag system as set forth in claim 14, further comprising an inflator in fluid communication with the airbag. 21. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the tethers are arranged in rows. 22. The airbag as set forth in claim 1, wherein the tethers at least in part define a valley of the depression.",
-    "A clamp assembly includes a body member having a first and second ends. A cable groove is formed in the body member between the first and second ends thereof to receive a conductor. A keeper is connected to the body member and has a lower surface to engage the conductor received in the cable groove. A threaded fastener connects the keeper to the body member. A biasing member is disposed between the keeper and the body member on the threaded fastener to bias the keeper in a direction away from the body member. 1. A clamp assembly, comprising: a body member having first and second ends; a keeper connected to the body member having a surface to engage a conductor and a chamber; a fastener connecting the keeper to the body member; a coil spring disposed between the keeper and the body member around the threaded fastener biasing the keeper away from the body member; and a nut disposed in the chamber receiving the fastener, wherein the chamber has a shape corresponding to the nut to substantially prevent rotational and axial movement of the nut therein. 2. The clamp assembly of claim 1, wherein the body includes a substantially linear cable groove receiving the conductor. 3. The clamp assembly of claim 1, wherein the coil spring is a helical tapered coil spring. 4. The clamp assembly of claim 1, wherein a washer on the fastener abuts a substantially V-shaped outer surface of the body member. 5. The clamp assembly of claim 1, wherein the body member includes a substantially oval shaped fastener opening. 6. A clamp assembly, comprising: a body member having first and second ends; a cable groove formed in the body member; a keeper configured to engage a conductor received in the cable groove having an upper surface with a plurality of upwardly extending protrusions; a threaded fastener connecting the keeper to the body member; an internally threaded nut disposed in a chamber in the keeper receiving the fastener; and a biasing member biasing the keeper away from the body member. 7. The clamp assembly of claim 6, wherein the nut is fixed in the chamber and the chamber has a shape corresponding to the nut to substantially prevent rotational and axial movement of the nut therein. 8. The clamp assembly of claim 6, wherein a washer on the fastener abuts an outer surface of the body member. 9. The clamp assembly of claim 8, wherein the outer surface of the body member abutted by the washer is substantially V-shaped to facilitate movement of the keeper during installation. 10. The clamp assembly of claim 6, wherein the biasing member includes a coil spring. 11. The clamp assembly of claim 10, wherein the first end of the coil spring abuts the body member and the second end abuts the nut. 12. The clamp assembly of claim ii, wherein a fastener opening in the body member receiving the fastener is substantially oval shaped. 13. The clamp assembly of claim 12, wherein a counterbore is formed around the fastener opening to receive the first end of the coil spring. 14. The clamp assembly of claim 6, wherein the coil spring has a first end and a second end coaxial with the fastener. 15. The clamp assembly of claim 6, wherein the plurality of protrusions are connectable to a lifting eye. 16. A clamp assembly, comprising: a body member having a first end, a second end, and a fastener opening; a cable groove formed in the body member to receive a conductor; a keeper connected to the body member to engage the conductor received in the cable groove; a fastener connecting the keeper to the body member and extending through the fastener opening; a biasing member disposed between the keeper and the body member on the threaded fastener; and a counterbore extending coaxially around the fastener opening receiving a first end of the biasing member. 17. A clamp assembly, comprising: a body member having first and second ends; a cable groove formed in the body member between the first and second ends thereof to receive a conductor; a keeper connected to the body member to engage the conductor received in the cable groove; a threaded fastener connecting the keeper to the body member; a biasing member biasing the keeper away from the body member; and a washer on the fastener abuting a substantially V-shaped outer surface of the body member. 18. The clamp assembly of claim 17, wherein a nut is positioned in a portion of the keeper having a shape corresponding to the nut to substantially prevent rotational and axial movement of the nut therein. 19. The clamp assembly of claim 18, wherein the biasing member includes a coil spring. 20. The clamp assembly of claim 19, wherein a first end of the coil spring abuts the body member and a second end abuts the nut.",
-    "A method, executed by one or more processors, includes receiving a message that is addressed to a user, determining, via one or more sensors, whether the user is occupied with an attention critical situation, and conducting a user-directed response process responsive to determining that the user is not occupied with an attention critical situation. In some embodiments, the user-directed response process includes conducting a text substitution process on the message, presenting an abbreviated version of the message and a list of response options to the user, determining a response option that is selected by the user, and sending a response to the message that corresponds to the response option that is selected by the user. In some embodiments, the list of response options includes a plurality of message-dependent formulated responses, a null response, and a spoken response. A corresponding apparatus and computer program product are also disclosed herein. 1. A method, executed by one or more processors, the method comprising: receiving a message that is addressed to a user; determining whether the message is ignorable; ignoring the message responsive to determining that the message is ignorable; determining, via one or more sensors, whether the user is currently operating a vehicle; automatically sending a message response in response to determining that the user is currently operating a vehicle and the message is not ignorable; responsive to determining that the user is not currently operating a vehicle and the message is not ignorable, conducting a user-directed response process comprising: conducting a text substitution process on the message to produce an abbreviated version of the message, presenting the abbreviated version of the message and a list of response options to the user, determining a response option that is selected by the user, sending a response to the message that corresponds to the response option that is selected by the user, and wherein the list of response options includes a plurality of message-dependent formulated responses and the response to the message includes an estimated time of arrival for the user.",
-    "According to an embodiment, an image forming apparatus includes a fusing device, a cooling device, and a processor. The fusing device includes a fusing member and a pressure member, the fusing member being heated by a heat source. The fusing device conveys a sheet, the sheet being heated and pressed between the fusing member and the pressure member. The processor causes the cooling device to perform the cooling process to cool the fusing member every predetermined timing when the image erasing process is performed. 1. An image forming apparatus that performs an image forming process to form an image on a sheet, and performs an image erasing process to erase an image formed on a sheet, comprising: a fusing device including a fusing member and a pressure member, the fusing member being heated by a heat source, the fusing device conveying a sheet, the sheet being heated and pressed between the fusing member and the pressure member, the fusing device fusing the image into the sheet when the image forming process is performed, the fusing device erasing an image formed on the sheet when the image erasing process is performed; a cooling device that performs a cooling process to cool the fusing member of the fusing device; and a processor that causes the cooling device to perform the cooling process every predetermined timing when the image erasing process is performed. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined timing is determined at least one of the number of sheets from which images are erased, elapsed time after the image erasing process is started, and temperature of the fusing member of the fusing device. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor causes the cooling device to continue the uncompleted cooling process when the cooling process started before performing the image erasing process is not completed, and causes the fusing device to perform the image erasing process after the cooling process is completed. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein an image to be erased by the fusing device is formed on a sheet by using a recording material, the recording material being erasable at a predetermined erasing temperature or more, when performing the image erasing process, the processor controls the heat source to heat the fusing member at the erasing temperature or more, and when performing the image erasing process without stopping, the processor controls the heat source every predetermined timing to decrease temperature of the fusing member below the erasing temperature, and causes the cooling device to perform the cooling process. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cooling process includes a first cooling process performed at the predetermined timing, the predetermined timing being timing at which the total number of sheets from which images are erased reaches a predetermined threshold number, and a second cooling process performed at the predetermined timing, the predetermined timing being timing at which the image erasing process is completed. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: a control panel that receives an instruction to perform the image erasing process, wherein the processor detects, when the control panel receives the instruction to perform the image erasing process, if the cooling process is uncompleted or not, and determines, if the processor detects that the cooling process is uncompleted, if the uncompleted cooling process is the first cooling process or the second cooling process. 7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein if the processor determines that the uncompleted cooling process is the first cooling process, the processor causes the cooling device to continue the first cooling process, after the temperature of the fusing member drops below a predetermined target temperature in the first cooling process, causes the cooling device to complete the first cooling process, and after the first cooling process is completed, based on the received instruction to perform the image erasing process, causes the fusing device to perform the image erasing process. 8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein if the processor determines that the uncompleted cooling process is the second cooling process, the processor causes the cooling device to finish the second cooling process, and after the second cooling process is finished, based on the received instruction to perform the image erasing process, causes the fusing device to perform the image erasing process. 9. An erasing apparatus that performs an image erasing process to erase an image formed on a sheet by using a recording material, the recording material being erasable at a predetermined erasing temperature or more, comprising: an erasing device including a heating member heated by a heat source, the heating member heating the sheet to erase the image; a cooling device that performs a cooling process to cool the heating member of the erasing device; and a processor that, when the image erasing process is performed, controls the heat source to heat the heating member at the erasing temperature or more, and controls the heat source every predetermined timing to decrease temperature of the heating member below the erasing temperature, and causes the cooling device to perform the cooling process. 10. The erasing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the predetermined timing is determined at least one of the number of sheets from which images are erased, elapsed time after the image erasing process is started, and temperature of the heating member of the erasing device. 11. The erasing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the processor causes the cooling device to continue the uncompleted cooling process when the cooling process started immediately before performing the image erasing process is not completed, and causes the erasing device to perform the image erasing process after the cooling process is completed. 12. A control method for an erasing apparatus that performs an image erasing process to erase an image formed on a sheet by using a recording material, the recording material being erasable at a predetermined erasing temperature or more, comprising: erasing the image by an erasing device including a heating member heated by a heat source; controlling the heat source to heat the heating member at the erasing temperature or more when the image erasing process is performed controlling the heat source every predetermined timing to decrease temperature of the heating member below the erasing temperature, and controlling a cooling device to perform a cooling process to cool the heating member of the erasing device",
-    "Certain embodiments provide a self-power feeding type display device including a reflection unit, a power generation unit, and a power storage unit. The reflection unit reflects light in a first band. The power generation unit absorbs light in a second band different from the first band and generates power. The power storage unit stores power generated in the power generated in the power generation unit. The self-power feeding type display device is a display device configured by arranging a plurality of reflection pixels obtained by laminating the reflection unit and the power generation unit. 1. A self-power feeding type display device comprising: a plurality of reflection pixels including a reflection unit configured to reflect light in a first band and a power generation unit configured to absorb light in a second band different from the first band and generate power, the plurality of reflection pixels being configured by laminating the reflection unit and the power generation unit; and a power storage unit configured to store power generated in the power generation unit. 2. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the reflection units take a shape of one sheet, and a plurality of the power generation units take a shape of one sheet. 3. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of reflection units and the plurality of power generation units is provided on or over the power storage unit taking a shape of one sheet. 4. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of reflection units are laminated on the plurality of power generation units. 5. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of power generation units are laminated on the plurality of reflection units. 6. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of the reflection units comprise a cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which the first band is changed by applying an electric field, and one pair of transparent electrodes configured to form the electric field in the cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 7. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of the power generation units comprises an organic solar battery layer. 8. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of reflection pixels comprise a red color reflection pixel configured to reflect red color light, a green color reflection pixel configured to reflect green color light, and a blue color reflection pixel configured to reflect blue color light. 9. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 8, wherein the power generation unit included in the red color reflection pixel is a cyan color power generation unit configured to absorb cyan color light and generate power, the power generation unit included in the green color reflection pixel is a magenta color power generation unit configured to absorb magenta color light and generate power, and the power generation unit included in the blue color reflection pixel is a yellow color power generation unit configured to absorb yellow color light and generate power. 10. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 1, further comprising: a sensor unit configured to receive light and generate an electric signal according to a light quantity of the received light; and a control unit configured to control the power storage unit according to the electric signal generated in the sensor unit, wherein the self-power feeding type display device is configured by arranging the plurality of the reflection pixels and a sensor pixel having the sensor unit. 11. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 10, wherein the control unit controls the power storage unit to supply the power stored in the power storage unit to the reflection unit on the basis of a voltage change of the electric signal generated in the sensor unit, and the first band in the reflection unit is changed by power supplied from the power storage unit. 12. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 10, wherein a plurality of the reflection units take a shape of one sheet, and a plurality of the power generation units take a shape of one sheet. 13. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of reflection units and the plurality of power generation units is provided on or over the power storage unit taking a shape of one sheet. 14. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of reflection units are laminated on the plurality of power generation units. 15. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of power generation units are laminated on the plurality of reflection units. 16. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 12, wherein the plurality of reflection units comprise a cholesteric liquid crystal layer in which the first band is changed by applying an electric field, and one pair of transparent electrodes configured to form the electric field in the cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 17. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of power generation units comprises an organic solar battery layer. 18. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 10, wherein the plurality of reflection pixels comprise a red color reflection pixel configured to reflect red color light, a green color reflection pixel configured to reflect green color light, and a blue color reflection pixel configured to reflect blue color light. 19. The self-power feeding type display device according to claim 18, wherein the power generation unit included in the red color reflection pixel is a cyan color power generation unit configured to absorb cyan color light and generate power, the power generation unit included in the green color reflection pixel is a magenta color power generation unit configured to absorb magenta color light and generate power, and the power generation unit included in the blue color reflection pixel is a yellow color power generation unit configured to absorb yellow color light and generate power.",
-    "An electronic device includes at least one processor and a storage device that stores one or more programs. When the at least one processor executes the one or more programs, the at least one processor is caused to: obtain sensing data from a sensing unit of a covering device, wherein the sensing data includes a bending position of the covering device and a bending degree of the bending position; determine an operation received by the covering device according to the sensing data; and trigger corresponding processing of the electronic device according to the received operation. 1. An electronic device comprising: at least one processor; a storage device that stores one or more programs that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: obtain sensing data from a sensing unit of a covering device, wherein the sensing data comprises a bending position of the covering device and a bending degree of the bending position; determine an operation received by the covering device according to the sensing data; and trigger corresponding processing of the electronic device according to the received operation. 2. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the received operation comprises an opening operation, a closing operation, a page-turning operation, and/or a folding operation, and each of the operations corresponds to a different data range of the sensing data. 3. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: determine the received operation is the opening operation when a bending degree of a middle position of the covering device is within a first predetermined data range; and determine the received operation is the closing operation when the bending degree of the middle position is within a second predetermined data range, wherein the second predetermined data range is different from the first predetermined data range. 4. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: determine the received operation is the page-turning operation when a bending degree of a left position or a bending degree of a right position of the covering device is within a third predetermined data range; and determine the received operation is the folding operation when a bending degree of a first predetermined position of the left position or a bending degree of a second predetermined position of the right position of the covering device is within a fourth predetermined data range, wherein the fourth predetermined data range is different from the third predetermined data range. 5. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: activate a display device of the electronic device when the received operation is the opening operation; inactivate the display device of the electronic device when the received operation is the closing operation; trigger page-turning operation for content currently displayed on the display device of the electronic device when the received operation is the page-turning operation; and remark or share the content currently displayed on the display device of the electronic device when the received operation is the folding operation. 6. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: activate a display device of the covering device when the received operation is the opening operation and/or the display device of the electronic device is in an upside down state. 7. The electronic device according to claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: inactivate the display device of the electronic device if the display device of the covering device is activated. 8. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: activate both the display device of the electronic device and the display device of the covering device when the received operation is the opening operation, wherein both the electronic device and the display device of the covering device are located on an internal surface of the covering device; and inactivate the display device of the electronic device and the display device of the covering device when the received operation is the closing operation. 9. The electronic device according to claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: activate or inactivate the display device of the covering device according to a signal of touching a first predetermined key. 10. The electronic device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further caused to: Switch display content between the display device of the electronic device and the display device of the covering device according to a signal of touching a second predetermined key. 11. A covering device comprising a sensing unit, wherein the sensing unit senses a bending position of the covering device and a bending degree of the bending position. 12. The covering device according to claim 11, wherein the sensing unit comprises a bending sensor and a size of the bending sensor is same as a size of the covering device. 13. The covering device according to claim 12, further comprising a display device. 14. The covering device according to claim 13, wherein the display device is a hard display or a flexible display. 15. The covering device according to claim 13, wherein the display device is disposed on an external surface or an internal surface of the covering device. 16. The covering device according to claim 11, wherein the sensing unit comprises a first bending sensor, a second bending sensor, and a third bending sensor, the first bending sensor is disposed at a middle position of the covering device and is used to sense the bending degree of the middle position, the second bending sensor is disposed at a left position of the covering device and is used to sense the bending degree of the left position, the third bending sensor is disposed at a right position of the covering device and is used to sense the bending degree of the right position. 17. The covering device according to claim 16, wherein the middle position, the left position, and the right position are defined based on a middle line of the covering device. 18. The covering device according to claim 16, wherein each of the second bending sensor and the third bending sensor is a gravity sensor or a gyroscope sensor.",
-    "A structural engineered wood rim board corner system for light frame construction involves two intersecting structural engineered wood rim boards each having a cavity on an exterior angle side of the intersection and an auxiliary corner support having two arms, each within a respective one of the cavities, is disclosed. A corresponding light frame construction corner forming method is also disclosed. 1. A structural engineered wood rim board corner system for light frame construction comprising: A) two structural engineered wood rim boards, wherein i) each of the two structural engineered wood rim boards is made up of a pair of flanges connected by a web so as to form a recessed cavity in-between the flanges on one side and on an opposite side of the structural engineered wood rim boards the pair of flanges and web form a surface that is substantially flat, ii) the width of the web of each of the two structural engineered wood rim boards is at least 50% of the overall width of the structural engineered wood rim boards, iii) the two engineered wood rim boards are abutted relative to each other at corresponding ends so as to form an angled intersection, with the cavity being on an exterior angle portion of the intersection; and B) an auxiliary corner support made up of two arms oriented at an angle relative to each other corresponding to the angled intersection, wherein i) the auxiliary corner support has a width substantially equal to the width of the web, ii) one of the two arms of the auxiliary corner support is within one of the cavities and the other of the two arms is within the other cavity, and iii) each of the two arms abut and are affixed to their corresponding webs, so as to concurrently (1) maintain the two engineered wood rim boards at an orientation relative to each other corresponding to the angle, and (2) assist the web in transferring a load applied to the upper flanges near the corner to a part of the structure below the lower flanges while resisting spreading of the corresponding ends of the two engineered wood rim boards at the angled intersection. 2. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 1, wherein the auxiliary corner support is metal. 3. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 2 wherein the auxiliary corner support further comprises: a hinge connection interconnecting the two arms. 4. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 2 wherein the angle of the auxiliary corner support was formed by bending. 5. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 2 wherein the angle of the auxiliary corner support is maintained at a fixed angle by a weld. 6. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 2 wherein the angled intersection of the two engineered wood rim boards is formed as a mitered corner joint. 7. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 2 further comprising: at least one of a hip rafter or a valley rafter positioned over the auxiliary corner support. 8. The structural engineered wood rim board corner system of claim 1, wherein the at least one flange of the two structural engineered wood rim boards is made of one of: dimensional lumber, laminated veneer lumber (\u201cLVL\u201d), parallel strand lumber (\u201cPSL\u201d), laminated strand lumber (\u201cLSL\u201d), oriented strand lumber (\u201cOSL\u201d), oriented strand board (\u201cOSB\u201d), glue laminated timber (\u201cgluelam\u201d), a composite wood product, advance framing lumber (\u201cAFL\u201d) or cross laminated timber (\u201cCLT\u201d). 9. A method performed as part of light frame construction comprising: A) abutting two structural engineered wood rim boards relative to each other at corresponding ends at an angle of intersection so as to form a corner for the light frame construction, wherein i) each of the two structural engineered wood rim boards is made up of a pair of flanges connected by a web so as to form a recessed cavity in-between the flanges on one side and, on an opposite side of the structural engineered wood rim boards, ii) the pair of flanges and web form a surface that is substantially flat, iii) the width of the web of each of the two structural engineered wood rim boards is at least 50% of the overall width of the structural engineered wood rim boards, and iv) the recessed cavity is on an exterior angle portion of the intersection; B) attaching an auxiliary corner support, having two arms, to the two structural engineered wood rim boards, wherein i) the auxiliary corner support has a width substantially equal to the width of the web, ii) one of the two arms of the auxiliary corner support is within one of the cavities and the other of the two arms of the auxiliary corner support is within the other cavity, and iii) each of the two arms abut and are affixed to their corresponding webs; C) in combination, the two structural engineered wood rim boards and the auxiliary corner support i) maintaining the two engineered wood rim boards at an orientation relative to each other corresponding to the angle, ii) assisting the respective webs in transferring a load, applied to at least an upper flange of at least one of the two structural engineered wood rim boards near the corner, to a part of the light frame construction below the combination, and iii) resisting spreading of the corresponding ends of the two engineered wood rim boards at the corner. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the abutting comprises: bringing the two structural engineered wood rim boards together such that the angle of intersection is a right angle. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the abutting comprises: bringing the two structural engineered wood rim boards together such that the angle of intersection is other than a right angle. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the auxiliary corner support includes a hinge between the two arms, and wherein, prior to the attaching the auxiliary corner support the method further comprises: adjusting an angle between the two arms to correspond to the angle of intersection of the corner. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the auxiliary corner support includes a hinge between the two arms, and wherein, prior to the attaching the auxiliary corner support the method further comprises: adjusting an angle between the two arms to correspond to the angle of intersection of the corner. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the auxiliary corner support is a metal, the method further comprising: forming the auxiliary corner support by bending the metal. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the auxiliary corner support is a metal, the method further comprising: forming the auxiliary corner support by welding the metal.",
-    "Disclosed is a fuel processor. The fuel processor includes: a steam reformer unit configured to be disposed at an upper portion in a casing; a heat exchanger unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the steam reformer unit; a high temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the heat exchanger unit; a low temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed while enclosing an outer portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit; and a heat exchange chamber configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit and exchange heat between reformed gas and a heat exchange fluid supplied through a channel part formed to drain the reformed gas and combustion gas and supply the heat exchange fluid. 1. A fuel processor, comprising: a steam reformer unit configured to be disposed at an upper portion in a casing; a heat exchanger unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the steam reformer unit; a high temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the heat exchanger unit; a low temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed while enclosing an outer portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit; and a heat exchange chamber configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit and exchange heat between reformed gas and a heat exchange fluid supplied through a channel part formed to drain the reformed gas and combustion gas and supply the heat exchange fluid. 2. The fuel processor of claim 1, wherein the steam reformer unit includes: a burner housing configured to be inserted from a center of an upper portion of the casing and extending in a length direction; a burner unit configured to be installed at an upper portion in the burner housing and generating flame downward from the upper portion of the casing; and a steam reforming unit configured to form the burner housing as a concentric circle and has a reaction catalyst formed therein. 3. The fuel processor of claim 2, wherein the burner housing extends relatively shorter than a lower end of the steam reforming unit. 4. The fuel processor of claim 2, wherein the steam reforming unit has a thickness decreasing toward a radial direction of the casing. 5. The fuel processor of claim 2, wherein the steam reforming unit is formed between unit steam reforming units, respectively, in a length direction of the casing and is provided with a channel through which steam moves. 6. The fuel processor of claim 2, further comprising: a steam heating chamber configured to be disposed to face the lower portion of the steam reformer unit and be provided with an opening into which high temperature flame generated at the burner unit is introduced to stay steam heated by the burner unit therein for a predetermined time without directly moving the steam to the steam reforming unit after the steam is introduced through the opening. 7. The fuel processor of claim 6, wherein the steam heating chamber further includes an extending pipe configured to extend toward the steam reforming unit along a circumferential direction. 8. The fuel processor of claim 2, wherein the steam reformer unit further includes a condensed water storage chamber configured to store condensed water generated by exchanging heat with the steam supplied to the steam reforming unit. 9. The fuel processor of claim 6, wherein the condensed water storage chamber is disposed at a lower portion of the steam heating chamber. 10. The fuel processor of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger unit includes: an air inlet configured to extend from an outer side of the heat exchanger unit to an inner side thereof to be supplied with outer air so as to supply high temperature heating air to the burner unit; and an air outlet configured to extend from the inner side of the heat exchanger unit to the outer side thereof while being upwardly spaced apart from the air inlet to supply the outer air introduced through the air inlet to the burner unit after the outer air is heat-exchanged with the steam. 11. The fuel processor of claim 10, wherein the heat exchanger unit is a shell and tube type. 12. The fuel processor of claim 10, wherein the reformed gas moving to the heat exchanger unit falls to a predetermined temperature by exchanging heat with the outer air supplied through the air inlet. 13. A fuel processor, comprising: a steam reformer unit configured to be disposed at an upper portion in a casing; a heat exchanger unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the steam reformer unit; a high temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the heat exchanger unit; a low temperature shift reforming unit configured to be disposed while enclosing an outer portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit; a heat exchange coil unit configured to be disposed between the high temperature shift reforming unit and the low temperature shift reforming unit and have a fluid for heat exchange supplied to an inside thereof to prevent the high temperature shift reforming unit from overheating; and a heat exchange chamber configured to be disposed at a lower portion of the high temperature shift reforming unit and exchange heat between reformed gas and a heat exchange fluid supplied through a channel part formed to drain the reformed gas and combustion gas and supply the heat exchange fluid. 14. The fuel processor of claim 13, wherein the heat exchange chamber encloses a reformed gas channel part through which the reformed gas moves.",
-    "A semiconductor device disclosed herein includes a semiconductor substrate, a first main electrode in contact with a front surface of the semiconductor substrate, a second main electrode, a rear electrode in contact with a rear surface of the semiconductor substrate, a first capacitor electrode located on the front surface, a first insulating film located on the first capacitor electrode and a second capacitor electrode located on the first insulating film. The first insulated gate type switching element is provided between the first main electrode and the rear electrode. The second insulated gate type switching element is provided between the second main electrode and the rear electrode. One of the first main electrode and the second main electrode is electrically connected to the first capacitor electrode, and the other of the first main electrode and the second main electrode is electrically connected to the second capacitor electrode. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a first main electrode and a second main electrode which are in contact with a front surface of the semiconductor substrate; a rear electrode being in contact with a rear surface of the semiconductor substrate; a first capacitor electrode located on the front surface; a first insulating film located on the first capacitor electrode; a second capacitor electrode located on the first insulating film, wherein the first main electrode and the second main electrode are in contact with the front surface in ranges different from each other, a first insulated gate type switching element is provided in a portion of the semiconductor substrate located between the first main electrode and the rear electrode, a second insulated gate type switching element is provided in a portion of the semiconductor substrate located between the second main electrode and the rear electrode, an area of the first insulated gate type switching element at the front surface is larger than an area of the second insulated gate type switching element at the front surface, one of the first main electrode and the second main electrode is electrically connected to the first capacitor electrode, and the other of the first main electrode and the second main electrode is electrically connected to the second capacitor electrode. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a second insulating film is interposed between the first capacitor electrode and the front surface, and a capacitor region being electrically connected to the other is provided in a part of the semiconductor substrate facing the first capacitor electrode via the second insulating film.",
-    "A computing device for a vehicle fluid replacement monitoring system is provided. The computing device includes one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to receive an indication of a \u201cfluid-empty\u201d condition in a fluid reservoir; receive an indication of a \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition occurring in the fluid reservoir after the \u201cfluid-empty\u201d condition; acquire, responsive to receiving the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition, information relating to the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition; and store, in a memory, the information relating to the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition. 1. A computing device for a vehicle fluid replacement monitoring system, the computing device comprising: one or more processors for controlling operation of the computing device, and a memory for storing data and program instructions usable by the one or more processors, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to: receive an indication of a \u201cfluid-empty\u201d condition in a fluid reservoir; receive an indication of a \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition occurring in the fluid reservoir after the \u201cfluid-empty\u201d condition; acquire, responsive to receiving the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition, information indicative of a location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received; and store, in a memory, the information indicative of a location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received relating to the \u201cfluid present\u201d condition. 2. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to correlate the information relating to the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition. 3. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to: compare the information indicative of the location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received with coordinates or other location information relating to points of interest; and determine if the information indicative of the location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received matches information relating to the points of interest. 4. A fluid replacement monitoring system for a vehicle comprising a computing device in accordance with claim 1. 5. The system of claim 3 wherein the points of interest include any of a vehicle owner's home, an approved vehicle service facility, and a third party service facility. 6. (canceled) 7. The computing device of claim 3 wherein, the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to, if there is a match between the information indicative of the location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received and location information relating to the points of interest, integrate location information relating to the points of interest with the information indicative of the location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received. 8. The computing device of claim 7 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to, if additional information relating to the location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received is available, integrate the additional information with the information indicative of the location of the vehicle when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received. 9. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to acquire, responsive to receiving the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition, information indicative of a calendar date when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received. 10. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to acquire, responsive to receiving the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition, information indicative of a time of day when the indication of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition was received. 11. The computing device of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory to maintain, in a memory and for each type of fluid for which an indication of a \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition is received, a running total of a number of \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition occurrences detected in an associated fluid reservoir. 12. A vehicle including a computing device in accordance with claim 1. 13. A method of monitoring vehicle fluid changes, comprising steps of: detecting, in a vehicle fluid reservoir, a \u201cfluid-empty\u201d condition; detecting, in the fluid reservoir, a \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition occurring after the \u201cfluid-empty\u201d condition; acquiring, after detection of the \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition, location information relating to the detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition; and storing, in a memory, the location information relating to the detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the step of, prior to the step of storing the information relating to the detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition, correlating the information relating to the detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition. 15. The method of claim 17 further comprising the step of, if additional information relating to the location information is available, integrating the additional information with the location information. 16. The method of claim 17 wherein the points of interest include any of a vehicle owner's home, an approved vehicle service facility, and a third party service facility. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising the steps of: comparing location information relating to a detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition with location information relating to points of interest; and if the location information relating to the detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition matches the location information relating to any of the points of interest, integrating the matching point of interest location information with the location information relating to the detected \u201cfluid-present\u201d condition.",
-    "A method for dispensing epoxy comprising the step of degassing an epoxy. The method further comprises the step of associating the epoxy with an epoxy injector comprising a dispensing end. The method further comprises the step of a computer receiving data representative of a selected container to receive the epoxy. The method further comprises the step of a computer determining a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount, based on the received data. The method further comprises the step of a computer causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy, via the dispensing end, at the determined dispensing rate. The method further comprises the step of a computer causing a dispensing arm, supporting the dispensing end, to retract the dispensing end while the epoxy injector is dispensing the epoxy. The method further comprises the step of curing the dispensed epoxy. 1. A method for dispensing epoxy, the method comprising the steps of: degassing an epoxy; wherein the step of degassing comprises centrifuging the epoxy and vacuum degassing the epoxy; associating the epoxy with an epoxy injector comprising a dispensing end; receiving data from a computer that is representative of a selected container to receive the epoxy; determining a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount, based on the data received by a computer; causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy, via the dispensing end, at the determined dispensing rate as determined by a computer; causing a dispensing arm, supporting the dispensing end, to retract the dispensing end while the epoxy injector is dispensing the epoxy as determined by a computer; and curing the dispensed epoxy. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of centrifuging the epoxy is performed for a first length of time and vacuum degassing the epoxy for a second length of time. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the dispensing end dispensing end of the epoxy injector comprises a dispensing needle and a supporting arm configured to support the dispensing needle. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of curing the dispensed epoxy comprises the steps of: heating the dispensed epoxy at first temperature for a first predetermined amount of time; and heating the dispensed epoxy at a second temperature for a second predetermined amount of time; wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of the computer causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy comprises the computer causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy at a constant dispense rate by adjusting air pressure in the epoxy injector to correspond to a change in viscosity of the epoxy. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of the computer causing the dispensing arm to retract the dispensing end comprises: the computer determining a variable retraction rate based on a shape of a cavity of the selected container; and the computer causing the dispensing arm to retract the dispensing end at the determined variable retraction rate. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of the computer determining the dispensing rate and the dispensing amount based on a shape of a cavity of the selected container. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of the computer determining a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount comprises the computer accessing a database to identify a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount associated with the selected container. 9. The method of injecting a defined and controlled amount of epoxy into a designated area, the method comprising: initiating an epoxy dispensing sequence, wherein the epoxy dispensing sequence comprises activating means configured to activate a computer, degassing an epoxy; wherein the step of degassing comprises centrifuging the epoxy for a first length of time and vacuum degassing the epoxy for a second length of time; associating the epoxy with an epoxy injector comprising a dispensing end; receiving data from a first computer that is representative of a selected container to receive the epoxy; determining a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount, based on the received data as determined by a second computer; causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy, via the dispensing end, at the determined dispensing rate into the designated area as determined by a third computer; causing a dispensing arm, supporting the dispensing end, to retract the dispensing end while the epoxy injector is dispensing the epoxy as determined by a fourth computer; and curing the dispensed epoxy. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein initiating an epoxy dispensing sequence is performed by a user. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the activating means is a pedal. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the dispensing end of the epoxy injector comprises a dispensing needle and a supporting arm configured to support the dispensing needle. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of curing the dispensed epoxy comprises the steps of: heating the dispensed epoxy at first temperature for a first predetermined amount of time; and heating the dispensed epoxy at a second temperature for a second predetermined amount of time; wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy comprises the computer causing the epoxy injector to dispense the determined dispensing amount of epoxy at a constant dispense rate by adjusting air pressure in the epoxy injector to correspond to a change in viscosity of the epoxy. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of the computer causing the dispensing arm to retract the dispensing end comprises: the computer determining a variable retraction rate based on a shape of a cavity of the selected container; and the computer causing the dispensing arm to retract the dispensing end at the determined variable retraction rate. 16. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of the computer determining the dispensing rate and the dispensing amount based on a shape of a cavity of the selected container. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of the computer determining a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount comprises the computer accessing a database to identify a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount associated with the selected container. 18. A system for dispensing epoxy, comprising: an epoxy injector comprising a dispensing needle and a supporting arm configured to support the dispensing needle; an epoxy degasser configured to degas the epoxy, wherein the epoxy degasser comprises a centrifuge and a vacuum degasser; and at least one processor, at least one computer-readable tangible storage device, and program instructions stored on the at least one storage device for execution by the at least one processor, the program instructions comprising: first program instructions configured to receive data representative of a selected container to receive epoxy; second program instructions configured to determine a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount, based on the received data; third program instructions configured to cause the determined dispensing amount of epoxy to be dispensed, through the dispensing end, at the determined dispensing rate; and fourth program instructions configured to cause the support arm to retract the dispensing end while epoxy is being dispensed through the dispensing end. 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising: a first epoxy curing device configured to cure the epoxy at a first temperature; and a second epoxy curing device configured to cure the epoxy at a second temperature. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the third program instructions are further configured to cause the determined dispensing amount of epoxy to be dispensed at a constant dispense rate by causing an air pressure to adjust according to a change in viscosity of the epoxy. 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the fourth program instructions are further configured to: determine a variable retraction rate based on a shape of a cavity of the selected container; and cause the support arm to retract the dispensing end at the determined variable retraction rate. 22. The system of claim 18, wherein the second program instructions are further configured to determine the dispensing rate and the dispensing amount based on a shape of a cavity of the selected container. 23. The system of claim 18, wherein the second program instructions are further configured to access a database to identify a dispensing rate and a dispensing amount associated with the selected container.",
-    "A zoom lens system includes a positive first lens group, a negative second lens group, a positive third lens group and a positive fourth lens group, in that order from the object side. Upon zooming from the short to long focal length extremities, each of the first through fourth lens groups move along the optical axis thereof. The following conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied: 1.05<ft/f1<1.75 (1), and 3.7<M3t/M3w<6.3 (2), wherein f1 designates the focal length of the first lens group, ft designates the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the long focal length extremity, and M3t and M3w designate the lateral magnifications of the third lens group when focusing on an object at infinity at the long and short focal length extremities, respectively. 1. A zoom lens system comprising a positive first lens group, a negative second lens group, a positive third lens group and a positive fourth lens group, in that order from the object side, wherein upon zooming from the short focal length extremity to the long focal length extremity, each of said first through fourth lens groups move along the optical axis thereof, and wherein the following conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied: 1.05<ft/f1<1.75 (1), and 3.7<M3t/M3w<6.3 (2), wherein f1 designates the focal length of said first lens group, ft designates the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the long focal length extremity, M3t designates the lateral magnification of said third lens group when focusing on an object at infinity at the long focal length extremity, and M3w designates the lateral magnification of said third lens group when focusing on an object at infinity at the short focal length extremity. 2. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein the following condition (3) is satisfied: 0.27<\u03943Gx/(ymax*(ft/fw))<0.60 (3), wherein \u03943Gx designates the movement amount of said third lens group along the optical axis upon zooming from the short focal length extremity to the long focal length extremity, ymax designates the maximum image height, ft designates the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the long focal length extremity, and fw designates the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the short focal length extremity. 3. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein said third lens group comprises a positive lens element; a cemented lens having a positive lens element and a negative lens element; and a positive lens element having at least one aspherical surface formed thereon, in that order from the object side, and wherein the following condition (4) is satisfied: 20<\u03bd32\u2212\u03bd33<45 (4), wherein \u03bd32 designates the Abbe number, with respect to the d-line, of the positive lens element of the cemented lens provided within said third lens group, and \u03bd33 designates the Abbe number, with respect to the d-line, of the negative lens element of the cemented lens provided within said third lens group. 4. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein the following condition (5) is satisfied: \u22128.8<ft/f2<\u22125.8 (5), wherein f2 designates the focal length of said second lens group, and ft designates the focal length of the entire zoom lens system at the long focal length extremity. 5. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein the following condition (6) is satisfied: 2.6<M2t/M2w<4.2 (6), wherein M2t designates the lateral magnification of said second lens group when focusing on an object at infinity at the long focal length extremity, and M2w designates the lateral magnification of said second lens group when focusing on an object at infinity at the short focal length extremity. 6. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein said second lens group comprises a negative lens element, a negative lens element, and a positive lens element, in that order from the object side, wherein the following conditions (7) and (8) are satisfied: n21>1.8 (7), and 20<\u03bd22\u2212\u03bd23<45 (8), wherein n21 designates the refractive index, at the d-line, of the negative lens element on the object side provided within said second lens group, \u03bd22 designates the Abbe number, with respect to the d-line, of the negative lens element on the image side provided within said second lens group, and \u03bd23 designates the Abbe number, with respect to the d-line, of the positive lens element provided within said second lens group. 7. The zoom lens system according to claim 6, wherein said third lens group comprises a positive lens element closest to the image side, and wherein each of the negative lens element provided on the image side within said second lens group and the positive lens element provided closest to the image side within said third lens group is a plastic lens element. 8. The zoom lens system according to claim 6, wherein said third lens group comprises a positive lens element closest to the image side, and wherein each of the positive lens element provided within said second lens group and the positive lens element provided closest to the image side within said third lens group is a glass-molded lens element. 9. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein the following condition (9) is satisfied: 0.06<D1/f1<0.13 (9), wherein D1 designates the thickness of said first lens group, and f1 designates the focal length of said first lens group. 10. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein said first lens group comprises a negative lens element and a positive lens element, in that order from the object side, wherein the following condition (10) is satisfied: 25<\u03bd12\u2212\u03bd11<45 (10), wherein \u03bd11 designates the Abbe number, with respect to the d-line, of the negative lens element provided within said first lens group, and \u03bd12 designates the Abbe number, with respect to the d-line, of the positive lens element provided within said first lens group. 11. The zoom lens system according to claim 1, wherein said fourth lens group comprises a positive single lens element, and wherein said positive single lens element constitutes a focusing lens group which moves in the optical axis direction during focusing.",
-    "A smart phone used by an end user includes a positioning circuit; a computer readable memory; and an app resident on the computer readable memory. The app is configured to cause the positioning circuit periodically to determine a preferred location of the smart phone and transmit the preferred location to a remote server via a network. The app executes a plurality of local rules based on the preferred location and receives location-specific content that is selected based on the preferred location from the server via the network. The location-specific content is presented to the end user. A software development kit for generating a smart phone app facilitates quick app generation. 1. A smart phone used by an end user, comprising: (a) a positioning circuit; (b) a computer readable memory; and (c) an app resident on the computer readable memory and configured to: (i) periodically cause the positioning circuit to determine a preferred location of the smart phone; (ii) transmit the preferred location to a remote server via a network; (iii) execute a plurality of local rules based on the preferred location; (iv) receive location-specific content that is selected based on the preferred location from the server via the network; and (v) present the location-specific content to the end user. 2. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the positioning circuit comprises a GPS chipset. 3. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the app is configured to: (a) download from the server a first set of business rules that are specific to the preferred location and the phone app; (b) execute the first set of business rules; (c) download from the server a second set of business rules that are specific to a second location when the smart phone has moved from the preferred location to the second location; and (d) execute the second set of business rules when the smart phone is within a predetermined range of the second location. 4. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the positioning circuit is configured to determine the preferred location based on triangulation between cell phone towers. 5. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the positioning circuit is configured to determine the preferred location based on communication with short distance wireless communication devices. 6. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein when the app periodically causes the positioning circuit to determine a location of the smart phone, the app will detect a plurality of locations that each comprise a latitude, a longitude and a position radius associated therewith, and where the app selects a location of the plurality of locations with the shortest radius as the preferred location. 7. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the app is further configured to determine if the smart phone has moved to a new location that is a distance greater than a predetermined threshold and upon detecting that the smart phone has moved to the new location, transmit the new location to the remote server. 8. The smart phone of claim 7, wherein the smart phone receives new location-specific content from the remote server when the smart phone has moved to the new location. 9. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the location-specific content comprises content from a list of content types consisting of: an electronic coupon that is redeemable at a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; an advertising video about a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; a visual advertisement about a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; an audible advertisement about a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; and combinations thereof. 10. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the location-specific content comprises content that is specific to a location during a predefined period of time. 11. The smart phone of claim 10, wherein the location-specific and time-specific content comprises: (a) a coupon that is redeemable at a preselected store during a preselected time range; and (b) a notification that the coupon has been posted to the smart phone. 12. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the app is configured to change location determining frequency when the preferred location is within a predetermined action zone. 13. The smart phone of claim 1, wherein the app is configured to display the preferred location on the smart phone. 14. The smart phone of claim 12, wherein the location determining frequency is reduced when the predetermined action zone is an area outside of a predetermined range from a selected location, thereby reducing battery discharge rate of the smart phone and reducing impact on server resources. 15. The smart phone of claim 12, wherein the location determining frequency is increased when the predetermined action zone is an area inside a store, thereby enabling tracking of the smart phone within the store. 16. A method of interacting with a smart phone, comprising the steps of: (a) generating a set of business rules that set forth a course of actions that are based on a location of the smart phone; (b) coupling the set of business rules to a smart phone locating engine and an inclusion/exclusion zone engine so as to generate a phone app; (c) downloading the phone app from a server to the smart phone; (d) executing a consent process that receives input from an end user indicating that the end user consents to the smart phone being located by the customer; (e) periodically employing the smart phone locating engine to determine a plurality of locations for the smart phone, in which each location includes at least a latitude, a longitude and a precision indicator; (f) selecting a preferred location from the plurality of locations wherein the precision indicator of the preferred location indicates that the preferred location is the most precise of the plurality of locations; (g) applying the business rules to the preferred location and executing the course of actions based on the preferred location; (h) employing the inclusion/exclusion zone engine to determine when the smart phone is in an action zone; and when the smart phone is in an action zone, delivering location-specific content to the phone. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the action zone comprises an inclusion zone. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of periodically employing the phone locating engine to determine a plurality of locations for the smart phone is performed at a frequency that depends on at least one sensed characteristic associated with the smart phone. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein when the sensed characteristic that the smart phone is inside the action zone, then the frequency is relatively high; and wherein when the sensed characteristic is that the smart phone is outside the action zone, then the frequency is relatively low. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of storing on the server a plurality of locations of the smart phone over time and associating actions taken by the smart phone with corresponding locations of the smart phone. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the steps of: (a) analyzing the plurality of locations of the smart phone and the associated actions; and (b) dynamically changing the set of business rules that set forth the course of actions based thereon. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the location-specific content comprises content from a list of content types consisting of: an electronic coupon that is redeemable at a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; an advertising video about a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; a visual advertisement about a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; an audible advertisement about a business within a predetermined range of the smart phone; and combinations thereof. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the location-specific content comprises content that is specific to a location during a predetermined period of time. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the location-specific and time-specific content comprises a coupon that is redeemable at a preselected store during a preselected time range. 25. The method of claim 16, further comprising the steps of: (a) detecting when the smart phone is approaching an area of limited cellular service connectability; and (b) downloading the set of business rules to the smart phone when the smart phone is approaching an area of limited cellular service connectability. 26. The method of claim 16, further comprising the steps of: (a) at the server, determining when at least a predetermined number of smart phones are within a predetermined distance of the preferred location; (b) when the predetermined number of smart phones are within the predetermined distance of the preferred location, then querying each of the smart phones to determine if each smart phone user desires to participate in a group activity; and (c) to each smart phone that indicates to the server that it agrees to participate in the group activity, transmit content specific to the group activity.",
-    "A sheet conveying device includes a conveying unit configured to convey sheets along a predetermined conveyance path, and a cover member disposed at a position covering the conveying unit and constituting one of exterior surfaces of the sheet conveying device. The cover member includes a first base portion constituting one of the exterior surfaces, a second base portion facing the first base portion across a space, and a plurality of linking portions provided between the first base portion and the second base portion and linking to both the first base portion and the second base portion. The first base portion, the second base portion, and the plurality of linking portions are integrally formed of a resin material into one piece. The second base potion includes a plurality of ribs protruding from a surface of the second base portion opposite to the first base portion. 1. A sheet conveying device comprising: a conveying unit configured to convey sheets along a predetermined conveyance path; and a cover member disposed at a position covering the conveying unit, and constituting one of exterior surfaces of the sheet conveying device, the cover member including: a first base portion constituting one of the exterior surfaces; a second base portion facing the first base portion across a space; and a plurality of linking portions provided between the first base portion and the second base portion and linking to both the first base portion and the second base portion, the first base portion, the second base portion, and the plurality of linking portions being integrally formed of a resin material into one piece, wherein the second base potion includes a plurality of ribs protruding from a surface of the second base portion opposite to the first base portion. 2. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the first base portion further includes an outer surface that is one of the exterior surfaces of the sheet conveying device, an inner surface opposite to the outer surface, and a plurality of ribs protruding from the inner surface. 3. The sheet conveying device according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of ribs formed on the first base portion is continuous with a corresponding one of the plurality of ribs formed on the second base portion. 4. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the linking portions are disposed at three places of four places in four directions surrounding a space between the first base portion and the second base portion, and no linking portion is provided at a remaining place of the four places. 5. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the conveying unit further includes a separation unit configured to separate sheets into individual sheets and to sequentially feed the individual sheets toward a downstream side in a sheet conveyance direction in which the sheets are conveyed, wherein the cover member is disposed at a position covering the separation unit, and wherein the second base portion is formed on each side of the separation unit in a sheet width direction that is orthogonal to the sheet conveyance direction. 6. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the first base portion further includes a first plate-shaped portion, wherein each of the linking portions further includes a second plate-shaped portion extending from the first plate-shaped portion, and wherein the second plate-shaped portion is formed thinner than the first plate-shaped portion. 7. The sheet conveying device according to claim 6, wherein the second base portion further includes a third plate-shaped portion, wherein each of the linking portions further includes a fourth plate-shaped portion extending from the third plate-shaped portion, and wherein the second plate-shaped portion is formed thinner than the fourth plate-shaped portion. 8. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of ribs formed on the second base portion define a space serving as a conveyance path for the conveying unit to convey sheets. 9. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the second base portion has a shape partially curving toward the first base portion such that the second base portion has a gap to the first base portion being smaller at one position than at another position. 10. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the second base portion is shaped such that the second base portion has a dimension in a sheet width direction larger at one portion that at another portion, the sheet width direction being orthogonal to a sheet conveyance direction in which the sheets are conveyed. 11. The sheet conveying device according to claim 1, wherein the first base portion, the second base portion, and the linking portions form a box-shaped portion that has an opening on one side, the space between the first base portion and second base portion being a space inside of the box-shaped portion. 12. The sheet conveying device according to claim 11, wherein, of the second base portion and the linking portions, portions forming inner surfaces of the box-shaped portion are inclined such that the space inside of the box-shaped portion becomes greater toward the opening. 13. An image reading device comprising: a conveying unit configured to convey a sheet along a predetermined conveyance path; a reading unit configured to read an image on the sheet conveyed by the conveying unit; and a cover member disposed at a position covering the conveying unit, and constituting one of exterior surfaces of the image reading device, the cover member including a first base portion constituting one of the exterior surfaces, a second base portion facing the first base portion across a space, and a plurality of linking portions provided between the first base portion and the second base portion and linking to both the first base portion and the second base portion, the first base portion, the second base portion, and the plurality of linking portions being integrally formed of a resin material into one piece, wherein the second base portion includes a plurality of ribs protruding from a surface of the second base portion opposite to the first base portion.",
-    "A method of detecting a predisposition to, or the incidence of, colorectal cancer in a fecal sample comprises, in a first step (a), detecting the presence of blood in the fecal sample, wherein detection of the presence of blood is indicative of a predisposition to, or the incidence of, colorectal cancer. The method additionally comprises, in second step (b), detecting an epigenetic modification in the DNA contained within the fecal sample, wherein detection of the epigenetic modification is indicative of a predisposition to, or the incidence of, colorectal cancer. Based upon a positive result obtained in either (a) or (b) or in both (a) and (b) a predisposition to, or the incidence of, colorectal cancer is detected. Related methods and kits involve detecting an epigenetic modification in a number of specific genes. 1.-81. (canceled) 82. A combination of systems comprising: (a) a system comprising one or more components for detecting hemoglobin present in a fecal sample, and (b) a system comprising one or more components for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within a fecal sample. 83. The combination of claim 82, wherein the system for detecting hemoglobin present in the fecal sample comprises as a component an antibody that binds to human hemoglobin present in the fecal sample. 84. The combination of claim 82, wherein the system for detecting hemoglobin present in the fecal sample comprises as a component a chromogenic reagent that produces a color change if hemoglobin is present in the fecal sample. 85. The combination of claim 82, wherein the system for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample comprises as components primers that hybridize to NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample after the DNA has been treated with a chemical reagent that selectively modifies either the methylated or non-methylated form of CpG dinucleotide motifs to produce modified DNA in the sample, wherein the primers hybridize to the modified NDRG4 DNA and may be utilized to amplify the modified NDRG4 DNA to produce a detectable amplicon. 86. The combination of claim 85, wherein the system for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample further comprises as a component a probe that hybridizes to the detectable amplicon. 87. The combination of claim 86, wherein the primers comprise a forward primer comprising SEQ ID NO:7 and a reverse primer comprising SEQ ID NO:8, and the probe comprises SEQ ID NO:9. 88. A combination of kits, the combination comprising: (a) a kit comprising one or more components for detecting hemoglobin present in a fecal sample, and (b) a kit comprising one or more components for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within a fecal sample. 89. The combination of claim 88, wherein the kit for detecting hemoglobin present in the fecal sample comprises as a component an antibody that binds to human hemoglobin present in the fecal sample. 90. The combination of claim 88, wherein the kit for detecting hemoglobin present in the fecal sample comprises as a component a chromogenic reagent that produces a color change if hemoglobin is present in the fecal sample. 100. The combination of claim 88, wherein the kit for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample comprises as components primers that hybridize to NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample after the DNA has been treated with a chemical reagent that selectively modifies either the methylated or non-methylated form of CpG dinucleotide motifs to produce modified DNA in the sample, wherein the primers hybridize to the modified NDRG4 DNA and may be utilized to amplify the modified NDRG4 DNA to produce a detectable amplicon. 101. The combination of claim 100, wherein the kit for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample further comprises as a component a probe that hybridizes to the detectable amplicon. 102. The combination of claim 101, wherein the primers comprise a forward primer comprising SEQ ID NO:7 and a reverse primer comprising SEQ ID NO:8, and the probe comprises SEQ ID NO:9. 103. A combination of tests comprising: (a) a test comprising one or more components for detecting hemoglobin present in a fecal sample, and (b) a test comprising one or more components for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within a fecal sample. 104. The combination of claim 103, wherein the test for detecting hemoglobin present in the fecal sample comprises as a component an antibody that binds to human hemoglobin present in the fecal sample. 105. The combination of claim 103, wherein the test for detecting hemoglobin present in the fecal sample comprises as a component a chromogenic reagent that produces a color change if hemoglobin is present in the fecal sample. 106. The combination of claim 103, wherein the test for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample comprises as components primers that hybridize to NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample after the DNA has been treated with a chemical reagent that selectively modifies either the methylated or non-methylated form of CpG dinucleotide motifs to produce modified DNA in the sample, wherein the primers hybridize to the modified NDRG4 DNA and may be utilized to amplify the modified NDRG4 DNA to produce a detectable amplicon. 107. The combination of claim 106, wherein the test for detecting methylation in the promoter of NDRG4 in DNA contained within the fecal sample further comprises as a component a probe that hybridizes to the detectable amplicon. 108. The combination of claim 107, wherein the primers comprise a forward primer comprising SEQ ID NO:7 and a reverse primer comprising SEQ ID NO:8, and the probe comprises SEQ ID NO:9.",
-    "Provided are semiconductor packages having through electrodes and methods of fabricating the same. The method may include may include forming a wafer-level package including first semiconductor chips stacked on a second semiconductor chip, forming a chip-level package including fourth semiconductor chips stacked on a third semiconductor chip stacking a plurality of the chip-level packages on a back surface of the second semiconductor substrate of the wafer-level package, polishing the first mold layer of the wafer-level package and the first semiconductor chips to expose a first through electrodes of the first semiconductor chip, and forming outer electrodes on the polished first semiconductor chips to be connected to the first through electrodes, respectively. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first semiconductor package comprising: a first chip comprising a first active layer at a first front side of the first chip; a second chip comprising a second active layer at a second front side of the second chip, the first and the second chips being stacked so that the first active layer faces the second active layer; and a mold layer disposed between the first and the second chips; and a second semiconductor package comprising: a third chip comprising a third active layer at a third front side of the third chip; and a fourth chip comprising a fourth active layer at a fourth front side of the fourth chip, the third and the fourth chips being stacked so that the third active layer faces the fourth active layer; wherein a third back side of the third chip faces a second back side of the second chip. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first chip further comprises first through electrodes, the second chip further comprises second through electrodes, the third chip further comprises third through electrodes, and the fourth chip further comprises fourth through electrodes. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2 further comprising a plurality of electrodes which connect the second through electrodes and the third through electrodes. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, wherein the first chip has a first width and the second chip has a second width that is longer than the first width. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the fourth chip has a fourth width and the third chip has a third width that is longer than the fourth width. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the substrate of the second chip and a CTE of the mold layer are within an order of magnitude. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the substrate of the second chip and a CTE of the mold layer is in a range from 1 to 3. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1 further comprising first connection electrodes electrically connecting the first and the second active layers. 9. A semiconductor device comprising: a first semiconductor package comprising: a first chip comprising a first active layer at a first front side of the first chip; a second chip comprising a second active layer at a second front side of the second chip, the second chip being stacked on the first chip; and a mold layer disposed between the first and the second chips; and a second semiconductor package comprising: a third chip comprising a third active layer at a third front side of the third chip; and a fourth chip comprising a fourth active layer at a fourth front side of the fourth chip, the fourth chip being stacked on the third chip; wherein a third back side of the third chip faces a second back side of the second chip and wherein the first chip has a first width and the second chip has a second width that is longer than the first width. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the fourth chip has a fourth width and the third chip as a third width that is longer than the fourth width.",
-    "An antenna structure includes four induction antennas which have the same structure, are connected in parallel and are disposed to be overlapped. The induction antennas include an external upper section arranged on a first quadrant of a first layer, an internal upper section connected to the external upper section and arranged on a second quadrant of the first layer, an internal lower section connected to the internal upper section and arranged on a third quadrant of a second layer arranged on a lower part of the first layer, and an external lower section connected to the internal lower section and arranged on a fourth quadrant of the second layer. An RF power is supplied to one end of the external upper section, and the other end of the external lower section is grounded. 1. A plasma generating device comprising: The plasma generating device is a vacuum container; a dielectric unit disposed at a part of the vacuum container; and an antenna structure for plasma generation disposed on the dielectric unit comprises, wherein the antenna structure includes four induction antennas which have the same structure, are connected in parallel with one another, and are disposed to be overlapped, wherein the induction antennas comprises: an external upper section disposed on a first quadrant of a first layer; an internal upper section connected to the external upper section and disposed on a second quadrant of the first layer; an internal lower section connected to the internal upper section and disposed on a third quadrant of a second layer disposed at a lower part of the first layer; and an external lower section connected to the internal lower section and disposed on a fourth quadrant of the second layer, and wherein one ends of the external upper sections are supplied with an RF power and the other ends of the external lower sections are grounded. 2. The plasma generating device of claim 1, wherein the antenna structure comprises a first antenna structure and a second antenna structure, the second antenna structure being disposed in the first antenna structure. 3. The plasma generating device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric unit comprises a plurality of dielectric portions spaced apart from one other and the antenna structure comprises a plurality of antenna structures spaced apart from one other, the antenna structures being disposed on the dielectric portions each corresponding to the antenna structures.",
-    "In order to improve steering operation operability during cornering while maintaining a driver holding property, a seat apparatus is provided with: a seat back frame; a cornering sensor for detecting a cornering direction of a vehicle; and a control unit that controls the seat back frame on the basis of the result of detection by the cornering sensor. The seat back frame is provided with: left and right side frames disposed on both sides of the seat back frame; a back plate disposed between the left and right side frames; and a swinging mechanism for swinging the back plate with respect to the direction of movement of the vehicle. The control unit controls the swinging mechanism such that, upon detection of a cornering direction of the vehicle by the cornering sensor, the inner one of the sides of the back plate with respect to the cornering direction is positioned rearward of the outer one of the sides with respect to the cornering direction. 1. A seat apparatus to be mounted on a vehicle, comprising; a seat cushion frame; a seat back frame which is arranged so as to stand from a back end part of the seat cushion frame; a cornering sensor which detects a cornering direction of the vehicle; and a control unit which controls the seat back frame on a basis of a detection result obtained by the cornering sensor, wherein the seat back frame includes; left and right side frames which are respectively arranged at two side parts of the seat back frame so as to extend in a vertical direction and which are connected to the seat cushion frame; an adjustment member which is arranged between the left and right side frames, the adjustment member including first and second side parts each extending in a width direction of the seat apparatus; and a swing mechanism which swings the adjustment member inside the left and right side frames with respect to a traveling direction of the vehicle, and wherein the control unit controls the swing mechanism so that, of the first and second side parts of the adjustment member, an inner side part which is inside with respect to the cornering direction is located backward comparing to an outer side part which is outside with respect to the cornering direction when the cornering direction of the vehicle is detected by the cornering sensor, 2. The seat apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit controls the swing mechanism to move both (i) the first side part of the adjustment member and (ii) the second side part of the adjustment member, in mutually opposite directions based on the detection result obtained by the cornering sensor, such that the inner side part is moved to a position backward of a reference position while the outer side part is moved to a position forward of the reference position. 3. The seat apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the swing mechanism includes: a first connection unit which connects one of the left and right side frames and one side part of the adjustment member; a first drive source which swings the one side part of the adjustment member in the front-back direction by moving the first connection unit; a second connection unit which connects the other of the left and right side frames and the other side part of the adjustment member; and a second drive source which swings the other side part of the adjustment member in the front-back direction by moving the second connection unit, and wherein the control unit controls the swing mechanism by controlling at least one of the first drive source and the second drive source. 4. The seat apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first connection unit is provided with a link unit which swings one side part of the adjustment member by being rotated by the first drive source, and the second connection unit is provided with a link unit which swings the other side part of the adjustment member by being rotated by the second drive source. 5. The seat apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cornering sensor is a steering angle sensor which detects a steering angle of a steering of the vehicle. 6. The seat apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cornering sensor is a navigation system installed in the vehicle. 7. The seat apparatus according to claim 3, wherein a drive shaft of the first drive source and a drive shaft of the second drive source are located inside the left and right side frames. 8. The seat apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first connection unit is connected with the adjustment member outside of an outer circumference of the first drive source when seen from above, and the second connection unit is connected with the adjustment member outside of an outer circumference of the second drive source when seen from above. 9. A seat apparatus to be mounted on a vehicle, comprising: a seat frame; a vehicle speed sensor which detects a speed of the vehicle; a cornering sensor which detects a cornering direction of the vehicle; and a control unit which controls the seat frame on a basis of a detection result obtained by the cornering sensor, wherein the seat frame includes: left and right side frames; an adjustment member which is arranged between the left and right side frames, the adjustment member including first and second side parts each extending in a width direction of the seat apparatus; and a swing mechanism which swings the adjustment member with respect to a traveling direction of the vehicle, and wherein the control unit adjusts a posture of an occupant by controlling the swing mechanism so that, of the first and second side parts of the adjustment member, an outer side part which is outside with respect to the corneX'ing direction receives a larger load from an occupant comparing to an inner side part which is inside with respect to the cornering direction when a calculated lateral acceleration is a predetermined value or greater, the calculated lateral acceleration being calculated from a detection result obtained by the cornering sensor and a detection result obtained by the vehicle speed sensor. 10. A seat apparatus to be mounted on a vehicle, comprising; a seat frame; a cornering sensor which detects a cornering direction of the vehicle; and a control unit which controls the seat frame on a basis of a detection result obtained by the cornering sensor, wherein the seat frame includes: left and right side frames; an adjustment member which is arranged between the left and right side frames, the adjustment member including first and second side parts each extending in a width direction of the seat apparatus; and a swing mechanism which swings the adjustment member with respect to a traveling direction of the vehicle, and wherein the control unit controls the swing mechanism so that, of the first and second side parts of the adjustment member, an outer side part which is outside with respect to the cornering direction receives a larger load from an occupant comparing to an inner side part which is inside with respect to the cornering direction when the cornering direction of the vehicle is detected by the cornering sensor. 11. the seat apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the control unit controls the swing mechanism to move both (i) the first side part of the adjustment member and (ii) the second side part of the adjustment member, in mutually opposite directions based on the detection result obtained by the cornering sensor I such that the inner side part is moved to a position relative to a reference position so as to depart from an occupant while the outer side part is moved to a position relative to the reference position so as to approach to the occupant. 12. The seat apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the swing mechanism includes; a first connection unit which connects one of the left and right side frames and one side part of the adjustment member; a first drive source which swings the one side part of the adjustment member by moving the first connection unit; a second connection unit which connects the other of the left and right side frames and the other side part of the adjustment member; and a second drive source which swings the other side part of the adjustment member by moving the second connection unit and wherein the control unit controls the swing mechanism by controlling at least one of the first drive source and the second drive source. 13. The seat apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the first connection unit is provided with a. link unit which swings one side part of the adjustment member by being rotated by the first drive source, and the second connection unit is provided with a link unit which swings the other side part of the adjustment member by being rotated by the second drive source. 14. The seat apparatus according to claim 10 I wherein the cornering sensor is a steering angle sensor which detects a 6tee\u02dcing angle of a steering of the vehicle. 15. The seat apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the cornering sensor is a navigation system installed in the vehicle. 16. The seat apparatus according to claim 12, wherein a drive shaft of the first drive source and a drive shaft of the second drive source are located inside the left and right side frames. 17. The seat apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the first connection unit is connected with the adjustment member outside of an outer circumference of the first drive source when seen from above, and the second connection unit is connected with the adjustment member outside of an outer circumference of the second drive source when seen from above. 18. The seat apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the seat frame is a seat back frame, and the seat back frame includes the adjustment member.",
-    "Presently described is a decompilation method of operation and system for parsing executable code, identifying and recursively modeling data flows, identifying and recursively modeling control flow, and iteratively refining these models to provide a complete model at the nanocode level. The nanocode decompiler may be used to determine if flaws, security vulnerabilities, or general quality issues exist in the code. The nanocode decompiler outputs in a standardized, human-readable intermediate representation (IR) designed for automated or scripted analysis and reporting. Reports may take the form of a computer annotated and/or partially human annotated nanocode listing in the above-described IR. Annotations may include plain English statements regarding flaws and pointers to badly constructed data structures, unchecked buffers, malicious embedded code or \u201ctrap doors,\u201d and the like. Annotations may be generated through a scripted analysis process or by means of an expert-enhanced, quasi-autonomous system. 1. A method of analyzing executable software code by decompiling said executable code, comprising: parsing said executable code to identify one or more data flows; recursively: discovering a fitting data flow model; optimizing said fitting data flow model to form a refined data flow model; propagating said refined data flow model until substantially all data variables are modeled; and expressing said refined data flow model in an intermediate representation; parsing said executable code to identify one or more control flows; recursively: discovering a fitting control flow model comprising one or more control branches; optimizing said fitting control flow model to form a refined control flow model; propagating said refined control flow model until substantially all said control branches are modeled; and expressing said refined control flow model in an intermediate representation; wherein said refined data flow model and said refined control flow model express a complete nanocode model of said executable software code in said intermediate representation. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising translating said intermediate representation into a high-level language. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising analyzing said nanocode model. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said analyzing further comprises: comparing said nanocode model to a reference nanocode model; forming a report listing differences; flagging said differences according to risk severity inherent therein. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said analyzing further comprises: performing one or more analytic tasks using one or more corresponding pre-defined task scripts, said task scripts comprising a plurality of search, control, and/or data instructions to be executed by a control process and producing a result; and forming a report based on said results of said scripts. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said task scripts comprise pre-existing scripts and scripts adapted from previous uses. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said report comprises plain language statements and one or more optional nanocode model annotations. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said intermediate representation is the Dil Intermediate Language (DIL). 9. An apparatus for analyzing executable software code by decompiling said executable code, comprising: first means for parsing said executable code to identify one or more data flows; means for recursively: discovering a fitting data flow model; optimizing said fitting data flow model to form a refined data flow model; propagating said refined data flow model until substantially all data variables are modeled; and expressing said refined data flow model in an intermediate representation; second means for parsing said executable code to identify one or more control flows; means for recursively: discovering a fitting control flow model comprising one or more control branches; optimizing said fitting control flow model to form a refined control flow model; propagating said refined control flow model until substantially all said control branches are modeled; and expressing said refined control flow model in an intermediate representation; wherein said refined data flow model and said refined control flow model express a nanocode model of said executable software code in said intermediate representation. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising means for translating said intermediate representation into a high-level language. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising means for analyzing said nanocode model. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said means for analyzing further comprises: comparing said nanocode model to a reference nanocode model; forming a report listing differences; flagging said differences according to risk severity inherent therein. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said means for analyzing further comprises: performing one or more analytic tasks using one or more corresponding pre-defined task scripts, said task scripts comprising a plurality of search, control, and/or data instructions to be executed by a control process and producing a result; and forming a report based on said results of said scripts. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said task scripts comprise pre-existing scripts and scripts adapted from previous uses. 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said report comprises plain language statements and one or more optional nanocode model annotations. 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said intermediate representation is the Dil Intermediate Language (DIL). 17. A computer system for use in analyzing executable software code by decompiling said executable code, comprising computer instructions for: parsing said executable code to identify one or more data flows; recursively: discovering a fitting data flow model; optimizing said fitting data flow model to form a refined data flow model; propagating said refined data flow model until substantially all data variables are modeled; and expressing said refined data flow model in an intermediate representation; parsing said executable code to identify one or more control flows; recursively: discovering a fitting control flow model comprising one or more control branches; optimizing said fitting control flow model to form a refined control flow model; propagating said refined control flow model until substantially all said control branches are modeled; and expressing said refined control flow model in an intermediate representation; wherein said refined data flow model and said refined control flow model express a nanocode model of said executable software code in said intermediate representation. 18. The computer system of claim 17, further comprising computer instructions for translating said intermediate representation into a high-level language. 19. The computer system of claim 17, further comprising computer instructions for analyzing said nanocode model. 20. The computer system of claim 19, wherein said computer instructions for analyzing further comprise computer instructions for: comparing said nanocode model to a reference nanocode model; forming a report listing differences; flagging said differences according to risk severity inherent therein. 21-40. (canceled)",
-    "Resistive RAM (RRAM) devices having increased uniformity and related manufacturing methods are described. Greater uniformity of performance across an entire chip that includes larger numbers of RRAM cells can be achieved by uniformly creating enhanced channels in the switching layers through the use of radiation damage. The radiation, according to various described embodiments, can be in the form of ions, electromagnetic photons, neutral particles, electrons, and ultrasound. 1-62. (canceled) 63. A resistive random-access memory device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a switching region that is between the first and second electrodes and comprises one or more enhanced mobility pathway structures in an otherwise solid material that have been formed in a process of fabricating the device and extend at respective locations in the switching region; wherein said enhanced mobility pathway structures: are configured to provide enhanced mobility of charged species; have respective electrical resistances that vary with a switching voltage applied between the first and second electrodes; and comprise damage in the switching region caused by ion implantation in which a key portion of the ions impinging on the switching region have passed through and exited the switching region. 64. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein said enhanced mobility pathway structures are formed absent an application of a voltage across to the switching region equal to or greater than a breakdown voltage. 65. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein a predominant peak in a distribution profile of ions implanted in said ion implantation is outside the switching region. 66. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein said ion implantation causes substantial collision events throughout a thickness of the switching region. 67. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein said ion implantation is through the first and second electrodes. 68. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein one of the electrodes comprises a first portion through which said ion implantation has taken place and a thickening portion formed subsequently. 69. The resistive memory device of claim 63 including an underlying substrate having a primary planar upper surface, wherein a first planar interface between the first electrode and the switching region and a second planar interface between the switching region and the second electrode are non-parallel with the primary planar upper surface of the underlying substrate. 70. The resistive memory device of claim 63 in which the switching region has a thickness in a direction from one to the other of the electrodes and comprises defects in the switching region caused by said ion implantation, which defects are approximately uniformly distributed across the thickness of the switching region. 71. The resistive memory device of claim 63 including at least one of (i) a barrier layer formed between the switching region and the first electrode and functionally disrupted by said ion implantation and (ii) a barrier layer formed between the switching region and the second electrode and functionally disrupted by said ion implantation. 72. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein the switching region has a built-in stress and the ion implantation increases the stress in the switching region and facilitates creation of said enhanced mobility pathway structures. 73. The resistive memory device of claim 63 wherein the switching region comprises at least one of large atomic mass atoms and mismatched material layers causing said built-in stress. 74. A method of fabricating a resistive random-access memory device comprising: forming a first electrode; forming a switching layer; forming a second electrode such that the layer is between the first and second electrodes; and carrying out ion implantation in which a portion of the ions both enter and exit the switching layer and thereby facilitate forming, in the process of fabricating the device, one or more enhanced mobility pathways structures that provide enhanced mobility of charged species such that resistance between said first and second electrodes through the switching layer can be increased and decreased by applying a switching voltage between the first and second electrodes. 75. The method of claim 74 wherein a majority of the ions entering the switching layer in said ion implantation exit the switching layer. 76. The method of claim 74 wherein the ion implantation causes collision events and the majority of the collision events occurs in locations outside the switching layer. 77. The method of claim 74 wherein the ion implantation functionally disrupts at least one of a barrier layer formed between the switching layer and the first electrode and a barrier layer formed between the switching layer and the second electrode. 78. The method of claim 74 wherein a first planar interface between the first electrode and the switching layer and a second planar interface between the switching layer and the second electrode are approximately normal with a primary planar upper surface of an underlying substrate. 79. The method of claim 74 wherein the implanting of ions is primarily in a direction that is normal to the primary planar upper surface of the underlying substrate. 80. A resistive random-access memory device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a switching region that is between the first and second electrodes and comprises one or more enhanced mobility pathway structures that extend at respective locations in the switching region and are configured to provide enhanced mobility of charged species and have electrical resistances that vary with a switching voltage applied between the first and second electrodes across the one or more pathway structures; wherein said enhanced mobility pathway structures comprise intentional damage to the switching region caused by electromagnetic irradiation directed into the switching region; and wherein said switching region has a thickness in a direction from one of the electrodes to the other, and said damage to the switching region is substantially uniformly distributed over the thickness of the switching region. 81. The resistive memory device of claim 80 wherein the electromagnetic irradiation includes Gamma or X-rays having energy ranging from about 3 KeV to about 100 KeV. 82. The resistive memory device of claim 80 wherein the electromagnetic irradiation includes X-rays having energy ranging from about 20 KeV to about 30 KeV. 83. The resistive memory device of claim 80 wherein the electromagnetic irradiation includes X-rays having energy ranging from about 25 KeV to about 27 KeV. 84. The resistive memory device of claim 80 further comprising a plurality of three or more switching layers and electrodes stacked in a direction of the irradiation such that the irradiation has passed through the entire stack. 85. The resistive memory device of claim 80 further including an array of laterally spaced stacks each comprising plural switching regions each flanked by respective first and second electrodes, wherein the stacks are interconnected by electrical lines and form an integrated circuit memory structure. 86. The resistive memory device of claim 80 further comprising a radiation barrier layer formed below the first electrode in the direction of said irradiation, which radiation barrier layer is configured to protect regions below said barrier layer from exposure to the electromagnetic irradiation. 87. The resistive memory device of claim 80 including at least one of (i) a barrier layer formed between the switching region and the first electrode and functionally disrupted by said electromagnetic irradiation and (ii) a barrier layer formed between the switching region and the second electrode and functionally disrupted by said electromagnetic irradiation. 88. The resistive memory device of claim 80 including an underlying substrate having a primary planar surface, wherein a first planar interface between the first electrode and switching region and a second planar interface between the switching region and the second electrode are approximately normal to the primary planar upper surface of the underlying substrate. 89. A method of fabricating a resistive random-access memory device comprising: forming a first electrode; forming a switching region; forming a second electrode such that the switching region is positioned between the first and second electrodes; and damaging the switching region by directing energy impinging on the switching region such that a significant amount of the impinging energy exits the switching region in the course of fabricating the device thereby facilitating forming one or more enhanced mobility pathways structures that provide enhanced mobility of charged species such that resistance between said first and second electrodes through the switching layer can be increased and decreased by applying a switching voltage between the first and second electrodes. 90. The method of claim 89 wherein the directed energy is in the form of one or more of ions, electrons, X-rays, gamma rays, light including UV and light, and ultrasound. 91. The method of claim 89 wherein the damaging causes collision events, and the majority of the collision events occurs in after the radiation energy exits the switching region. 92. The method of claim 89 wherein the directed energy functionally disrupts at least one of a barrier layer formed between the switching region and the first electrode and a barrier layer formed between the switching region and the second electrode.",
-    "There is described a method for increasing the maximal tolerated dose and thus the efficacy of an acetyl choline esterase inhibitor (AChEI) in a patient suffering from an Alzheimer type dementia by decreasing concomitant adverse effects by administration of said AChEI in combination with a non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent, whereby an enhanced acetyl choline esterase inhibition in the CNS of said patient is achieved and alleviation of the symptoms of Alzheimer type dementia in said patient is thereby improved to a greater extent. The use of a non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of Alzheimer type dementia in combination with an acetyl choline esterase inhibitor (AChEI) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising (a) a 5HT3 receptor antagonist, a dopamine antagonist, a H1-receptor antagonist, a cannabinoid agonist, aprepitant or casopitant as an antiemetic agent and (b) an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor are also described. 1-23. (canceled) 24. A method for increasing the efficacy of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) in a patient with Alzheimer type dementia, comprising administering to said patient a non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent in combination with said AChEI selected from the group consisting of tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, said AChEI being administered at a dose level greater than a maximal tolerated dose in said patient of said AChEI when used alone for therapy of Alzheimer type dementia. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said dose level is 1.1 times or greater than the maximal tolerated dose of said AChEI used in current AChEI therapy of Alzheimer type dementia. 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said dose level is 4 times greater than the maximal tolerated dose of said AChEI used in current AChEI therapy of Alzheimer type dementia. 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein said dose level is 6 times greater than the maximal tolerated dose of said AChEI used in current AChEI therapy of Alzheimer type dementia. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein said non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent is selected from the group consisting of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, H1 histamine receptor antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists and cannabinoid agonists. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, lerisetron, ramosetron, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said dopamine antagonist is selected from group consisting of domperidone, metoclopramide, bromopride, clebopride, alizapride, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein said HI histamine receptor antagonist is meclizine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein said cannabinoid agonist is dronabinol or nabilone. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein said NK1 receptor antagonist is aprepitant or casopitant. 34. The method of claim 24, wherein said AChEI is selected from the group consisting of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 35. The method of claim 24, wherein said non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; and said AChEI is donepezil or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, lerisetron, ramosetron, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. 37. The method of claim 24, wherein said non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent is administered at a dose from 50% to 300% of currently recommended dose for antiemetic therapy. 38. A method for increasing the efficacy of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) in a patient with Alzheimer type dementia, comprising administering to said patient a combination comprising: (a) a non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent; and (b) donepezil or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof being administered at a dose level 6 times greater than a maximal tolerated dose in said patient of said donepezil when used alone for therapy of Alzheimer type dementia. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is granisetron or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, administered at a daily dose, of from 1 mg to 6 mg. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the daily dose of granistetron or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is administered orally or parenterally. 42. The method of claim 41, wherein said parenteral administration is transdermal. 43. The method of claim 24 or 38, wherein said AChEI is administered orally or parenterally. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein said parenteral administration is transdermal. 45. The method of claim 38, wherein said combination is orally administered in an IR dosage unit form comprising from 0.5 mg to 3 mg of said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and from 15 mg to 60 mg of said donepezil, in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier. 46. The method of claim 24, wherein the non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent and the AChEI are administered together or separately, in a unit form selected from the group consisting of a tablet, a capsule, a liquid solution, an oral suspension, and a transdermal patch. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent and the AChEI are both in immediate release (IR) or extended release (ER) form, or one of the non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent or the AChEI is in IR form and the other is in ER form. 48. The method of claim 38, wherein the non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent and the donepezil are administered together or separately, in a unit form selected from the group consisting of a tablet, a capsule, a liquid solution, an oral suspension, and a transdermal patch. 49. The method of claim 46, wherein the non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent and the donepezil are both in immediate release (IR) or extended release (ER) form, or one of the non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent or the donepezil is in IR form and the other is in ER form. 50. A composition comprising a non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent and an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) selected from the group consisting of tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein said AChEI being present at a dose level greater than a maximal tolerated dose in a patient of said AChEI when used alone for therapy of Alzheimer type dementia. 51. The composition of claim 50, wherein said non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent is selected from the group consisting of a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, a dopamine antagonist, an H1 histamine receptor antagonists, a NK1 receptor antagonist, and a cannabinoid agonist. 52. The composition of claim 51, wherein said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is selected from group consisting of ondansetron, granisetron, granisetron, tropisetron, lerisetron, ramosetron, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. 53. The composition of claim 51, wherein said dopamine antagonist is selected from group consisting of domperidone, metoclopramide, bromopride, clebopride, alizapride, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. 54. The composition of claim 51, wherein said HI histamine receptor antagonist is meclizine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 55. The composition of claim 51, wherein said cannabinoid agonist is dronabinol or nabilone. 56. The composition of claim 51, wherein said NK1 receptor antagonist is aprepitant or casopitant. 57. The composition of claim 50, wherein said AChEI is selected from the group consisting of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 58. The composition of claim 50, wherein said non-anticholinergic antiemetic agent is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; and said AChEI is donepezil or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 59. The composition of claim 58, wherein said donepezil or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, is present at a dose level 6 times greater than the maximal tolerated dose of said donepezil used in current therapy of Alzheimer type dementia 60. The composition of claim 58, wherein said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is granisetron or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 61. The composition of claim 60, wherein said granisetron is administered at a daily dose of from 1 mg to 6 mg. 62. The composition of claim 58, wherein said donepezil is administered orally or parenterally. 63. The composition of claim 58, wherein said composition is an IR dosage unit form comprising from 0.5 mg to 3 mg of said 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and from 15 mg to 60 mg of said AChEI, in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier.",
-    "When necessary process times in a reception apparatus for a determination on a change area, a determination on the color of the change area, and a decoding of bit data stream exceed a predetermined time from a frame acquiring timing, and a process delay would occur, an image generator acquires a frame. In addition, a decoder temporarily stores the frame in a memory, and thereafter at a predetermined timing performs the determination on the change area, the determination on the color of the change area, and the decoding of the bit data stream. 1. A decoding apparatus comprising: an acquiring unit configured to continuously acquire images that contain visible lights changing in time-series; a first decoding unit configured to sequentially decode information from the visible lights contained in the images continuously acquired by the acquiring unit; a record controlling unit configured to continuously record, in a memory, the images acquired by the acquiring unit based on an acquiring speed of the acquiring unit or a process speed by the first decoding unit; and a second decoding unit configured to sequentially decode the information from the visible lights contained in the images recorded in the memory. 2. The decoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the change in time-series occurs cyclically; and the record controlling unit is configured to record, in the memory, the images corresponding to at least a cycle of the cyclical change. 3. The decoding apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a capability recording unit configured to record a capability comprising at least one of the acquiring speed of the acquiring unit and the decoding capability of the first decoding unit, wherein the record controlling unit is configured to acquire the acquiring speed of the acquiring unit or the process speed of the first decoding unit, based on the capability stored in the capability recording unit. 4. The decoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first decoding unit sequentially decodes the information without storing in the memory from the images acquired continuously by the acquiring unit; and the second decoding unit sequentially decodes the information of the images stored in the memory and acquired continuously by the acquiring unit. 5. The decoding apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the record controlling unit, based on the acquiring speed of the acquiring unit or the process speed of the first decoding unit, determines that a delay has occurred in processing, the record controlling unit continuously stores in the memory the image acquired by the acquiring unit. 6. A decoding method comprising: an acquiring step of continuously acquiring images that contain visible lights changing in time-series; a first decoding step of sequentially decoding information from the visible lights contained in the images continuously acquired in the acquiring step; a record controlling step of continuously recording, in a memory, the images acquired in the acquiring step based on an acquiring speed of the acquiring step or a process speed by the first decoding-step; and a second decoding step of sequentially decoding the information from the visible lights contained in the images recorded in the record controlling step. 7. The decoding method according to claim 6, wherein: the change in time-series occurs cyclically; and in the record controlling step, the images corresponding to at least a cycle of the cyclical change are stored in the memory. 8. The decoding method according to claim 6, wherein: at least either the acquiring capability in the acquiring step or the decoding capability of the first decoding step is stored in a predetermined memory; and in the record controlling step, the acquiring speed of the acquiring step or the process speed by the first decoding step is acquired based on the capability stored in the predetermined memory. 9. The decoding method according to claim 6, wherein the predetermined speed is a rate of the change in time-series. 10. The decoding method according to claim 6, wherein the first decoding step of sequentially decoding the information without storing in the memory from the images acquired continuously by the acquiring step; and the second decoding step of sequentially decoding the information of the images stored in the memory and acquired continuously by the acquiring step. 11. The decoding method according to claim 6, wherein in the record controlling step, when determination is made that that a delay occurs in processing based on the acquiring speed of the acquiring step or the process speed by the decoding step, the images acquired in the acquiring step are recorded continuously in the memory. 12. A non-transitory computer readable recording medium having stored therein a program that causes a computer to function as: an acquiring unit configured to continuously acquire images that contain visible lights changing in time-series; a first decoding unit configured to sequentially decode information from the visible lights contained in the images continuously acquired by the acquiring unit; and a record controlling unit configured to continuously record, in a memory, the images acquired by the acquiring unit based on an acquiring speed of the acquiring unit or a process speed by the decoding unit; and a second decoding unit configured to sequentially decode the information from the visible lights contained in the images recorded in the memory. 13. The non-transitory recording medium according to claim 12, wherein: the change in time-series occurs cyclically; and the record controlling unit is configured to record, in the memory, the images corresponding to at least a cycle of the cyclical change. 14. The non-transitory recording medium according to claim 12, wherein the predetermined speed is a rate of the change in time-series.",
-    "A state of network connectivity of a network interface can be determined by transmitting, via a network interface, requests having respective destinations. A computing device can determine that respective results corresponding to the requests include at least some inconsistent results. A further request can be transmitted having a respective destination. A state of network connectivity of the network interface can be determined based at least in part on a result corresponding to the further request and at least one of the inconsistent results. Destinations can be selected based on respective priority values. An indication can be transmitted of a destination that does not correspond to the state of network connectivity. 1. A system comprising: at least one processor; a network interface communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: transmitting, via the network interface, a plurality of requests having respective destinations; determining that respective results corresponding to the requests include at least some inconsistent results; transmitting, via the network interface, a further request having a respective destination; and determining a state of network connectivity of the network interface based at least in part on a result corresponding to the further request and at least one of the inconsistent results. 2. The system as claim 1 recites, the operations further comprising: determining that at least a selected result of the respective results corresponding to the requests is consistent with the result corresponding to the further request; and determining the state of network connectivity based at least in part on the selected result and the result corresponding to the further request. 3. The system as claim 1 recites, wherein at least a selected result of the respective results corresponding to the requests indicates that the respective request successfully reached the respective destination. 4. A system as claim 1 recites, the operations further comprising receiving, via the network interface, a first response corresponding to a first request of the plurality of requests and determining the respective result of the results corresponding to the requests based at least in part on the first response. 5. A system as claim 1 recites, further comprising: a wireless network interface; and an antenna communicatively coupled to the wireless network interface; wherein the operations further comprise operating the wireless network interface at a power level corresponding to the state of network connectivity of the network interface. 6. A system as claim 1 recites, wherein a first request of the plurality of requests comprises a selected resource name and the operations further comprise: receiving, via the network interface, a first response corresponding to the first request, the first response including content; and comparing the content to reference content to provide the respective result of the results corresponding to the requests, wherein the respective result indicates whether the content corresponds to the reference content. 7. A method, comprising, under control of a processor: selecting a first destination indication of a plurality of destination indications, wherein at least some destination indications of the plurality of destination indications correspond to respective priority values and the selecting is based at least in part on at least one of the priority values; determining a first group of destination indications of the plurality of destination indications, the first group omitting the first destination indication; determining respective revised priority values of at least one of the destination indications of the first group of destination indications based at least in part on at least one of the priority values; selecting a second destination indication from the first group of destination indications based at least in part on the revised priority values; querying, via a network interface communicatively coupled with the processor, a first destination corresponding to the first destination indication to provide a first result; and determining a state of network connectivity of the network interface based at least in part on the first result. 8. A method as claim 7 recites, further comprising: querying a second destination corresponding to the second destination indication to provide a second result; and determining the state of network connectivity of the network interface further based at least in part on the second result. 9. A method as claim 8 recites, further comprising: determining that the first result and the second result are inconsistent; determining a second group of destination indications of the first group of destination indications, the second group omitting the second destination indication; determining respective second revised priority values of at least one of the destination indications of the second group of destination indications based at least in part on at least one of the priority values or at least one of the revised priority values; and selecting a third destination indication from the second group of destination indications based at least in part on the second revised priority values. 10. A method as claim 9 recites, further comprising: querying a third destination corresponding to the third destination indication to provide a third result; and determining the state of network connectivity of the network interface further based at least in part on the third result. 11. A method as claim 10 recites, wherein: the first destination indication corresponds to a first network address and the second destination indication corresponds to the first network address; the first destination indication corresponds to a second network address and the third destination indication corresponds to the second network address; or the second destination indication corresponds to a third network address and the third destination indication corresponds to the third network address. 12. A method as claim 7 recites, further comprising: determining the respective revised priority values by normalizing the respective priority values of the destination indications of the first group based at least in part on a sum of the respective priority values of the destination indications of the first group. 13. A method as claim 7 recites, further comprising: receiving, via the network interface, respective priority values of the at least some destination indications. 14. At least one computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor of a computer, configure the computer to perform acts comprising: querying a first destination to provide a first result; querying a second destination to provide a second result; querying a third destination to provide a third result; determining a state of network connectivity based at least in part on at least the first result, the second result, or the third result; determining, based at least in part on at least the first result, the second result, or the third result, that a selected destination of the first, second, and third destinations does not correspond to the state of network connectivity; and transmitting an indication of the selected destination via a network. 15. The at least one computer-readable medium as claim 14 recites, the acts further comprising, before transmitting the indication of the selected destination: determining that the state of network connectivity indicates one or more characteristics of network connectivity outside selected parameters; storing information of the selected destination in a computer storage medium to provide stored information; and determining the indication of the selected destination based at least in part on the stored information. 16. The at least one computer-readable medium as claim 14 recites, the acts further comprising: determining local-network-specific information of the network; and transmitting the local-network-specific information in association with the indication of the selected destination. 17. The at least one computer-readable medium as claim 16 recites, wherein the local-network-specific information includes a wireless network identifier and the acts further comprise receiving the wireless network identifier via a wireless network interface. 18. The at least one computer-readable medium as claim 14 recites, the acts further comprising: determining information of an inconsistency between the state of network connectivity and at least the first result, the second result, or the third result; and transmitting the information of the inconsistency in association with the indication of the selected destination. 19. The at least one computer-readable medium as claim 14 recites, the acts further comprising: determining, based at least in part on at least the first result, the second result, or the third result, a first group of nonresponsive destinations of the first, second, and third destinations; and transmitting an indication of the first group via the network. 20. The at least one computer-readable medium as claim 14 recites, the acts further comprising: determining that the first result and the second result are inconsistent; determining that the third result is consistent with either the first result or the second result; and determining the state of network connectivity based on the third result.",
-    "A system, apparatuses and methods are provided to download and process data and other content streamed over a wide area network using one or more dynamically fetched, material specific, data handlers (e.g., download assistants). A download assistant fetches a data stream from a remote location and processes the streamed data iteratively using buffers and multi-threaded processes through the decoder (e.g., codec), allowing source material-specific processing of the data as it is streamed from one or more download sources as well as content-indifferent and platform-indifferent decoding. To minimize versioning issues, payload construction for secure delivery is simplified to packing and encrypting a directory tree containing any number of files or other digital media into an archive and, when needed, dividing a payload into multiple files or archives with a descriptor that lists the archives. 1. A method of preparing encrypted content for delivery to users, content being stored at a server for delivery to users upon request and encrypted, comprising: storing a plurality of download assistants and a plurality of codecs; receiving a request for selected content from a user; generating a manifest comprising a listing of each file in a payload needed to fulfill an order to deliver the selected content to the user and an order number to identify the order; selecting a download assistant from among the plurality of download assistants to facilitate the fulfillment of the order, and a selecting a codec from among the plurality of codecs; transmitting to the user a link corresponding to the selected download assistant for accessing the selected download assistant; providing the download assistant with the manifest, a link to the selected codec, and a link to the payload; loading the selected codec into the download assistant; and streaming the payload to iteratively place content from each file in the manifest into buffers via the selected download assistant, and decrypting and unpacking the buffers via the selected codec to provide the selected content to the user. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the streaming comprises employing separate threads for the selected download assistant and the selected codec, respectively, to stream each file in the manifest into buffers, and to decrypt and unpack the buffers. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of download assistants comprises at least two different download assistants for managing at least one of different platforms, different user devices, different operating systems, different methods of rendering content for the user, and different types of content. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of codecs comprises at least two different codecs to handle at least one of different types of content, and different methods of rendering content for the user. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the payload for the selected content is prepared for storage on the server by packing and encrypting a directory structure containing at least one of a file and digital media into an archive. 6. A method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising dividing the payload into multiple archives with a descriptor that lists the archives when the at least one of a file and digital media exceed a selected size limit. 7. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the streaming further comprises employing the descriptor to facilitate unpacking the buffers. 8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the selected codec is a dynamic link library (DLL). 9. A method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising associating a token corresponding to the selected download assistant with the order number, wherein providing the download assistant with the manifest, a link to the selected codec, and a link to the payload occurs upon verification of the download assistant using the token. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a secure download API is used instead of selecting a download assistant, and the streaming employs the download API instead of the selected download assistant.",
-    "The invention relates to a device for processing a workpiece, said device including the following features: a punch on one side of the workpiece, a die on the opposite side of the workpiece, and a conductive electric heating system for generating an electric current that flows through the workpiece starting from a component situated on one side of the workpiece outside of the punch to a component situated on the opposite side of the workpiece outside of the die. 1. A device for processing a workpiece, the device comprising: a punch on one side of the workpiece; a die on a side of the workpiece opposite the punch; a first component situated on one side of the workpiece outside of the punch, the first component a sleeve made of an electrically well-conducting material surrounding the punch and operable to be placed on the workpiece, the sleeve serving as a blank holder and at the same time as an electrode; a second component situated within the die on an opposite side of the workpiece, the second component a counterholder made of an electrically well-conducting material insertable into a bore of the die, the counterholder operable to be displaced downward corresponding to the downward movement of the punch; and a conductive electric heating system for generating an electric current which flows one of completely and predominantly through the workpiece, starting from the first component to the second component. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein an inner face of the bore of the die is lined with at least one of an electrically insulating material and a heat insulating material. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein an inner face of the sleeve is lined with at least one of an electrically insulating material and a heat insulating material. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the punch can be driven around its longitudinal axis and includes a thread molder for forming a thread in an inner face of the collar.",
-    "A costume wing, and a kit for producing a costume wing, having an internal structure mechanically capable of movement to simulate the flapping or spreading of wings, and an interchangeable external decorative cover. 1. A costume wing comprising a harness configured to be worn by a user, a hinge attached to the harness, an elongate member attached to the hinge at a first end, a swing arm comprising an upper end region and a lower end, the upper end region pivotally attached to a second end of the elongate member, and an actuating cord, the actuating cord being attached to the upper end region and extending to the harness, such that the user may actuate the actuating cord and rotate the swing arm about the second end of the elongate member. 2. The costume wing of claim 1 wherein the hinge allows pivotal movement of the wing substantially orthogonal to the rotation of the swing arm. 3. The costume wing of claim 1 wherein a boom is mounted to the hinge and the elongate member to fix an angle between the hinge and the elongate member. 4. The costume wing of claim 4 wherein the boom may be mounted to the elongate member at discrete points along the boom. 5. The costume wing of claim 1 wherein a portion of the actuating cord is encased in a plastic sheath. 6. The costume wing of claim 5 wherein the plastic sheath is mounted on the elongate member. 7. The costume wing of claim 1 wherein a protective loop or rod is attached to the second end, wherein the protective loop or rod is configured to prevent engagement of the swing arm with a wing cover. 8. The costume wing of claim 3 wherein the boom has a set of holes passing through the boom at discrete points along the boom. 9. The costume wing of claim 8 wherein there are from 1 to 6 holes. 10. The costume wing of claim 8 wherein there are from 1 to 5 holes. 11. The costume wing of claim 8 wherein there are from 1 to 4 holes. 12. The costume wing of claim 1 wherein a ring configured for gripping is attached to an end of the actuating cord. 13. A method of producing a costume wing comprising: preparing a harness, mounting two symmetrically disposed hinges to the harness, mounting to each hinge a boom and an elongate member at a first end, reversibly securing the boom to the elongate member at a discrete point along the boom, pivotally attaching a swing arm to the elongate member at a second end of the elongate member, and attaching an actuating cord to the swing arm. 14. A method of displaying a fanciful costume wing comprising donning the costume wing of claim 1 and placing a cloth covering over the costume wing. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising actuating the actuating cord in a first manner and/or to a first position comprising moving the costume wing from a position of about 90 degrees behind the user that has donned the costume wing to a position to the side of the user. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising actuating the actuation cord in a second manner and/or to a second position causing the swing arm to pivot. 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the fanciful costume wing is a fairy wing. 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the fanciful costume wing is an animal wing. 19. The method of claim 14 wherein the fanciful costume wing is a mythological creature wing. 20. A kit for producing a costume wing with interchangeable external covers, comprising the wing according to claim 1 and one or more interchangeable external covers.",
-    "The main object of the present invention is to provide an all solid state battery in which compatibility between battery performance and safety is intended. The present invention attains the object by providing an all solid state battery comprising a cathode layer containing a cathode active material, an anode layer containing an anode active material, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the cathode layer and the anode layer, containing a first sulfide solid electrolyte material, characterized in that a ratio of ion resistance of the whole all solid state battery to ion resistance of the solid electrolyte layer is 3.8 or less, and the ion resistance of the solid electrolyte layer is 7.6 \u03a9\u00b7cm2 or more and 16 \u03a9\u00b7cm2 or less. 1. An all solid state battery comprising a cathode layer containing a cathode active material, an anode layer containing an anode active material, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the cathode layer and the anode layer, containing a first sulfide solid electrolyte material; wherein a ratio of ion resistance of the whole all solid state battery to ion resistance of the solid electrolyte layer is 3.8 or less, and the ion resistance of the solid electrolyte layer is 7.6 \u03a9\u00b7cm2 or more and 16 \u03a9\u00b7cm2 or less. 2. The all solid state battery according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the cathode layer and the anode layer further contains a second sulfide solid electrolyte material. 3. The all solid state battery according to claim 2, wherein the first sulfide solid electrolyte material and the second sulfide solid electrolyte material are different materials. 4. The all solid state battery according to claim 2, wherein an ion conductance of the second sulfide solid electrolyte material is larger than an ion conductance of the first sulfide solid electrolyte material.",
-    "A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat includes a thermoplastic peripheral structural frame for attachment to a seat assembly and a thermoplastic diaphragm overmolded onto a forward face of the frame. An aircraft passenger seat and a method of constructing a passenger seatback is also disclosed. 1. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat, comprising: (a) a thermoplastic peripheral structural frame for attachment to a seat assembly; and (b) a thermoplastic diaphragm overmolded onto a forward face of the frame. 2. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material of the frame comprises carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether Ketone (PEEK). 3. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material of the diaphragm comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) reinforced glass fiber. 4. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic material of the frame comprises carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether Ketone (PEEK) and the thermoplastic material of the diaphragm comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) reinforced glass fiber. 5. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat according to claim 1, wherein the frame is formed of two injection-molded halves joined together to form a unitary frame structure. 6. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat according to claim 5, wherein the injection-molded frame halves comprise an aft section and a forward section. 7. A thermoplastic seatback for a passenger seat according to claim 5, wherein the two injection-molded frame halves are joined together by friction-welding. 8. An aircraft passenger seat, comprising: (a) a seat base, a seat bottom carried on the seat base and at least one armrest; (b) a seatback mounted on the seat base aft of the seat bottom, and comprising: (i) a thermoplastic peripheral structural frame for attachment to a seat assembly; and (ii) a thermoplastic diaphragm overmolded onto a forward face of the frame. 9. An aircraft passenger seat according to claim 8, wherein the thermoplastic material of the frame comprises carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether Ketone (PEEK) and the thermoplastic material of the diaphragm comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) reinforced glass fiber. 10. An aircraft passenger seat according to claim 9, wherein the frame is formed of two injection-molded halves joined together to form a unitary frame structure. 11. An aircraft passenger seat according to claim 9, wherein the injection-molded frame halves comprise an aft section and a forward section. 12. An aircraft passenger seat according to claim 10, wherein the two injection-molded frame halves are joined together by friction-welding. 13. An aircraft passenger seat according to claim 8, wherein the thermoplastic material of the frame comprises carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether Ketone (PEEK) and the thermoplastic material of the diaphragm comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) reinforced glass fiber, the frame is formed of two injection-molded halves joined together to form a unitary frame structure, and the two injection-molded frame halves are joined together by friction-welding. 14. A method of constructing a seatback for a passenger seat, comprising the steps of: (a) forming a thermoplastic peripheral structural frame for attachment to a seat assembly; (b) thermoforming a thermoplastic diaphragm; and (c) overmolding the diaphragm onto a forward face of the frame. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein step of forming the frame includes the steps of separately forming an aft frame section and a forward frame section and thereafter joining the aft frame section and forward frame section to form a unitary frame structure. 16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the step of joining the aft frame section and forward frame section comprises friction-welding.",
-    "A wireless communication assembly includes a first support member carrying a baseband processor and a radio processor, and defining a first mounting surface including a first pair of electrical contacts. The first support member has a first pair of electrical connections between the radio processor and the first electrical contacts. The assembly also includes a second support member carrying an antenna and defining a second mounting surface including a second pair of electrical contacts. The second support member has a second pair of electrical connections between the antenna and the second electrical contacts. The second mounting surface is configured to engage the first mounting surface to rigidly couple the first and second support members and to bring the first pair of electrical contacts into contact with the second pair of electrical contacts for electrically connecting the radio processor and the antenna via the first and second pairs of electrical connections. 1-29. (canceled) 30. A wireless communication assembly, comprising: a first support member carrying a baseband processor and a radio processor connected to the baseband processor; the first support member defining a first mounting surface including a first pair of electrical contacts; the first support member having a first pair of electrical connections between the radio processor and the first pair of electrical contacts; and a second support member carrying an antenna and defining a second mounting surface including a second pair of electrical contacts; the second support member having a second pair of electrical connections between the antenna and the second pair of electrical contacts; the second mounting surface configured to engage with the first mounting surface to rigidly couple the first and second support members and to bring the first pair of electrical contacts into contact with the second pair of electrical contacts for electrically connecting the radio processor and the antenna via the first and second pairs of electrical connections. 31. The wireless communication assembly of claim 30, wherein the radio processor is carried on a side of the first support member opposite the first mounting surface. 32. The wireless communication assembly of claim 31, the first pair of electrical connections comprising vias extending through the first support member, from the side of the first support member carrying the radio processor to the first mounting surface. 33. The wireless communication assembly of claim 32, wherein the vias are orthogonal to the side of the first support member carrying the radio processor. 34. The wireless communication assembly of claim 30, wherein the antenna is carried on a side of the second support member opposite the second mounting surface. 35. The wireless communication assembly of claim 33, the second pair of electrical connections comprising vias extending through the second support member, from the side of the second support member carrying the antenna to the second mounting surface. 36. The wireless communication assembly of claim 35, wherein the vias are orthogonal to the side of the second support member carrying the antenna. 37. The wireless communication assembly of claim 36, the second pair of electrical contacts comprising solder bumps forming a ball grid array (BGA). 38. The wireless communication assembly of claim 30, the first support member comprising a multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) and including: a reserved internal layer for an integrated antenna; and an additional electrical connection between the radio processor and the reserved internal layer. 39. An antenna component for a wireless communications assembly, comprising: an antenna support member carrying an antenna and defining a mounting surface including a pair of electrical contacts; the antenna support member having a pair of electrical connections between the antenna and the pair of electrical contacts; the mounting surface configured to engage with a corresponding mounting surface of a base component of the wireless communications assembly, to rigidly couple the antenna support member with the base component, and to bring the pair of electrical contacts into contact with a corresponding pair of electrical contacts on the base component for electrically connecting a radio processor carried by the base component with the antenna via the pair of electrical connections. 40. The antenna component of claim 39, wherein the antenna is carried on a side of the antenna support member opposite the mounting surface. 41. The antenna component of claim 40, the pair of electrical connections comprising vias extending through the antenna support member, from the side of the antenna support member carrying the antenna to the mounting surface. 42. The antenna component of claim 41, wherein the vias are orthogonal to the side of the antenna support member carrying the antenna. 43. The antenna component of claim 42, the pair of electrical contacts comprising solder bumps forming a ball grid array (BGA). 44. A base component for a wireless communications assembly, comprising: a base support member carrying a baseband processor and a radio processor connected to the baseband processor, and defining a mounting surface including a pair of electrical contacts; the base support member having a pair of electrical connections between the radio processor and the pair of electrical contacts; the mounting surface configured to engage with a corresponding mounting surface of an antenna component of the wireless communications assembly, to rigidly couple the antenna component with the base support member, and to bring the pair of electrical contacts into contact with a corresponding pair of electrical contacts on the antenna component for electrically connecting the radio processor with an antenna carried by the antenna component via the pair of electrical connections. 45. The base component of claim 44, wherein the radio processor is carried on a side of the base support member opposite the mounting surface. 46. The base component of claim 45, the pair of electrical connections comprising vias extending through the base support member, from the side of the base support member carrying the radio processor to the mounting surface. 47. The base component of claim 46, wherein the vias are orthogonal to the side of the base support member carrying the radio processor. 48. The base component of claim 44, the base support member comprising a multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) and including: a reserved internal layer for an integrated antenna; and an additional electrical connection between the radio processor and the reserved internal layer.",
-    "An ambidextrous or hand specific glove with a widened cuff area to aid in donning or doffing the glove is disclosed, together with a former for fabricating the glove and a method of fabricating the same. The glove may further include a bead on the cuff to resist tearing when the glove is put on or taken off. The glove may be fabricated on a continuous, automated chain machine or a batch or semi-batch machine. While the cuff region on the former for fabricating the glove is elliptical in cross-section and is flared, the region of the former on which the end of the glove is fabricated is circular in cross-section and thus allows the beading process to be successfully undertaken. The thumb region and finger regions of the glove may each be provided with a flexible hinge region that enables a user to more easily bend their thumb and fingers. 1. A glove comprising: a palm region; a digit region extending outwardly from a first end of the palm region; wherein the digit region includes a thumb region and one or more finger regions; a wrist region extending outwardly from a second end of the palm region and generally in an opposite direction to the digit region; an end of the wrist region comprising a cuff that is disposed a distance remote from the palm region; and wherein the wrist region gradually increases in width from a first width proximate the palm region to a second width proximate the cuff; and a hinge region defined in one or more of the thumb region and finger regions. 2. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the hinge region includes one or more folds defined in the one or more of the thumb region and finger regions. 3. The glove as defined in claim 2, wherein the thumb region and the finger regions each have a longitudinal axis extending from a tip of the thumb region or the finger region to the palm region, and the one or more folds are oriented generally at right angles to the longitudinal axis.4. 4. The glove as defined in claim 2, wherein the thumb region and the finger regions each have a circumference; and the one or more folds extend partially around the circumference. 5. The glove as defined in claim 4, wherein the one or more folds extend for less than have of the circumference of the thumb region or finger region. 6. The glove as defined in claim 4, wherein the thumb region and the finger regions each have a circumference; and the one or more folds extend entirely around the circumference. 7. The glove as defined in claim 1, further comprising flocking or a lining provided on an interior surface of some or all of the digit regions, palm region, and wrist region of the glove. 8. The glove as defined in claim 2, further comprising an elastomeric band seated within at least some of the one or more folds. 9. The glove as defined in claim 1, further comprising: a second hinge region provided in one or more of the thumb region and the finger regions of the glove; wherein the second hinge region is spaced a distance longitudinally away from the hinge region; and a smooth zone provided in the glove between the hinge region and second hinge region; wherein the smooth zone is free of any folds. 10. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the hinge region includes at least two folds and a trough located between the two folds. 11. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the hinge region is defined in only a back surface of one or more of the thumb region and finger regions of the glove; wherein the hinge region originates a distance away from an upper end of the palm region; and wherein the hinge region comprises at least two folds having a gripping surface adapted to grip a back of the user's digit received in the one of the thumb or finger regions; and the at least two folds are disposed generally at right angles to a longitudinal axis where the longitudinal axis extends from a tip of the thumb or finger region to the palm region. 12. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the hinge region is generally C-shaped in cross-section. 13. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein each of the thumb region and finger regions has a length defined between a tip thereof and an upper end of the palm region of the glove; and wherein the hinge region extends for approximately two-thirds to three-quarters of the length. 14. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the thumb region and finger regions each define an interior cavity into which one of the user's digits is received; and wherein the hinge region includes at least two elastomeric bands that are positioned to project for a distance into the interior cavity. 15. The glove as defined in claim 14, wherein the at least two bands are generally C-shaped when viewed from a tip end of the respective thumb region or finger region. 16. The glove as defined in claim 14, wherein the thumb region or finger region further includes a smooth zone disposed opposite the hinge region; and wherein the smooth zone is substantially free of elastomeric bands that project into the interior cavity; and wherein the smooth zone is adapted to be disposed adjacent a front surface and front portions of the sides of the user's digit received in the one of the respective thumb region or finger region. 17. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the hinge region includes a plurality of alternating gripping bands and troughs. 18. The glove as defined in claim 17, wherein each of the gripping bands has a length measured from a first adjacent trough to a second adjacent trough; and wherein the length of each of the gripping bands is adapted to increase when the user's digit is bent; and is adapted to decrease in size and return to an unstretched length when the user's digit is moved from a bent position to a straight position. 19. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the digit region comprises an index finger region, a middle finger region, a ring finger region, and a little finger region; and wherein the glove is an ambidextrous glove and the thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger regions are all aligned along a common axis. 20. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the digit region comprises an index finger region, a middle finger region, a ring finger region, and a little finger region; and wherein the glove is a hand-specific glove and the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger regions are all aligned along a common axis and the thumb region is offset relative to the common axis. 21. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the cuff is a rolled cuff. 22. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the glove is fabricated from nitrile or latex and at least part a first section of the wrist region adjacent the palm region is adapted to be positioned in abutting contact with a hand and a wrist of the wearer; and wherein a second section of the wrist region that includes the cuff is adapted to be spaced an increasing distance away from a wrist and forearm of the wearer of the glove as one moves from the palm region to the cuff. 23. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the wrist region includes a first section and a second section; and the first section originates proximate the palm region and extends outwardly for a distance therefrom; and the second section originates at an end of the first section and extends outwardly for a distance therefrom; and wherein the first section gradually increases in width and is narrowest proximate the palm region and is widest proximate the second section; and wherein the second section of the wrist region is of a substantially constant width; and that substantially constant width is equal in size to a widest portion of the first section of the wrist region. 24. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the glove is fabricated on a substantially continuous automated chain machine or on a batch machine or on a semi-batch machine. 25. The glove as defined in claim 1, wherein the cuff includes a bead provided at an end of the wrist region, wherein the bead is of a greater thickness than a remaining portion of the wrist region.",
-    "Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing semiconductor devices. A semiconductor device includes a metal gate electrode stacked on a semiconductor substrate with a gate insulation layer disposed therebetween, spacer structures disposed on the semiconductor substrate at both sides of the metal gate electrode, source/drain regions formed in the semiconductor substrate at the both sides of the metal gate electrode, and an etch stop pattern including a bottom portion covering the source/drain regions and a sidewall portion extended from the bottom portion to cover a portion of sidewalls of the spacer structures, in which an upper surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern is positioned under an upper surface of the metal gate electrode. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate, the substrate including source and drain regions; a gate structure on a part of the substrate between the source and drain regions, the gate structure including a gate insulation pattern and a metal gate electrode stacked on the substrate; spacers on the substrate at a sidewall of the gate structure, the spacers including a first spacer covering the sidewall of the gate structure and a second spacer at a side of the first spacer; an etch stop pattern including a bottom portion on the source and drain regions and a sidewall portion extending from the bottom portion to cover at least a part of a side of the second spacer; a sacrificial insulation pattern on the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern; and a gap fill insulation pattern on an upper surface of the sacrificial insulation pattern, an upper surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern being substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the sacrificial insulation pattern, and an upper surface of the gate structure being substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the gap fill insulation pattern. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern form an extended gap region on the source and drain regions, the sacrificial insulation pattern fills the extended gap region on the source and drain regions, and the sacrificial insulation pattern directly contacts a side surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern are lower than the upper surface of the gate structure, and the gap fill insulation pattern directly contacts all of the upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer covering the upper surfaces of the gate structure and the sacrificial insulation pattern; and a contact plug penetrating the interlayer dielectric layer, the gap fill insulation pattern and the etch stop pattern to connect to one of the source and drain regions. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the contact plug is formed of at least one of cobalt, titanium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, and titanium aluminum nitride. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 4, further comprising: a silicide layer connected to the contact plug, wherein the silicide layer is on a surface of the source and drain regions, and the silicide layer is formed of at least one of a cobalt silicide layer, a titanium silicide layer, a nickel silicide layer, and a tungsten silicide layer. 7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the gate structure and the source and drain regions constitute a NMOS transistor. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the source and drain regions protrude over a surface of the substrate at both sides of the gate structure. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern form an extended gap region on the source and drain regions, the sacrificial insulation pattern fills the extended gap region on the source and drain regions, and the sacrificial insulation pattern directly contacts a side surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern are lower than the upper surface of the gate structure, and the gap fill insulation pattern directly contacts all the upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 8, wherein the source and drain regions are formed of at least one of silicon germanium and silicon carbide. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 8, further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer covering the upper surfaces of the gate structure and the sacrificial insulation pattern; and a contact plug penetrating the interlayer dielectric layer, the gap fill insulation pattern, and the etch stop pattern to connect to one of the source and drain regions. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the contact plug is formed of at least one of cobalt, titanium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, and titanium aluminum nitride. 14. The semiconductor device of claim 12, further comprising: a silicide layer connected to the contact plug, wherein the silicide layer is on a surface of the source and drain regions, and the silicide layer is formed of at least one of a cobalt silicide layer, a titanium silicide layer, a nickel silicide layer, and a tungsten silicide layer. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the gate structure and the source and drain regions constitute a PMOS transistor. 16. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate, the substrate including source and drain regions; a gate structure on a part of the substrate between source and drain regions, the substrate including a gate insulation pattern and a metal gate electrode stacked on the substrate; spacers on the substrate at a sidewall of the gate structure, the spacers including a first spacer covering the sidewall of the gate structure and a second spacer at a side of the first spacer; an etch stop pattern including a bottom portion on the source and drain regions and a sidewall portion extending from the bottom portion to cover at least a part of a side of the second spacer; a sacrificial insulation pattern on the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern; and a gap fill insulation pattern on an upper surface of the sacrificial insulation pattern, an upper surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern being substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the sacrificial insulation pattern, an upper surface of the gate structure being substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the gap fill insulation pattern, and the source and drain regions protrude from inside the substrate to over a surface of the substrate at both sides of the gate structure. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern form an extended gap region on the source and drain regions. the sacrificial insulation pattern fills the extended gap region on the source and drain regions, and the sacrificial insulation pattern directly contacts a side surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern are lower than the upper surface of the gate structure, and the gap fill insulation pattern directly contacts all of the upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the source and drain regions are formed of at least one of silicon germanium and silicon carbide. 20. The semiconductor device of claim 16, further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer covering upper surfaces of the gate structure and the sacrificial insulation pattern; and a contact plug penetrating the interlayer dielectric layer, the gap fill insulation pattern and the etch stop pattern to connect to one of the source and drain regions. 21. The semiconductor device of claim 20, wherein the contact plug is formed of at least one of cobalt, titanium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, and titanium aluminum nitride. 22. The semiconductor device of claim 20, further comprising: a silicide layer connected to the contact plug on the surface of the source and drain region, wherein the silicide layer is formed at least one of a cobalt silicide layer, a titanium silicide layer, a nickel silicide layer, and a tungsten silicide layer. 23. The semiconductor device of claim 16, further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer covering the upper surfaces of the gate structure and the sacrificial insulation pattern; a contact plug penetrating the interlayer dielectric layer, the gap fill insulation pattern, and the etch stop pattern to connect to one of the source and drain regions; and a silicide layer connected to the contact plug, wherein the silicide layer is on a surface of the source and drain regions, the silicide layer is between an upper portion of the source and drain regions and the etch stop pattern. 24. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein the gate structure and the source and drain regions constitute a PMOS transistor. 25. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate including an active region defined by a device isolation layer in a trench; source and drain regions on the active region; a gate structure on the active region between source and drain regions, the gate structure including a metal gate electrode on a gate insulation pattern; spacers on the substrate at a sidewall of the gate structure, the spacers including a first spacer covering the sidewall of the gate structure and a second spacer at a side of the first spacer; an etch stop pattern including a bottom portion on the source and drain regions and a sidewall portion extending from the bottom portion to cover at least a part of a side of the second spacer; a sacrificial insulation pattern on the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern; and a gap fill insulation pattern on an upper surface of the sacrificial insulation pattern, an upper surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern being substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the sacrificial insulation pattern, an upper surface of the gate structure being substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the gap fill insulation pattern, and the source and drain region protruding to over a surface of the substrate at both sides of the gate structure. 26. The semiconductor device of claim 25, wherein the bottom portion and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern form an extended gap region on the source and drain regions, the sacrificial insulation pattern fills the extended gap region on the source and drain regions, and the sacrificial insulation pattern directly contacts a side surface of the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 27. The semiconductor device of claim 25, wherein upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern are lower than the upper surface of the gate structure, and the gap fill insulation pattern directly contacts all of the upper surfaces of the first spacer, the second spacer and the sidewall portion of the etch stop pattern. 28. The semiconductor device of claim 25, wherein the source and drain regions are formed of at least one of silicon germanium and silicon carbide. 29. The semiconductor device of claim 25, further comprising: an interlayer dielectric layer covering the upper surfaces of the gate structure and the sacrificial insulation pattern; a contact plug penetrating the interlayer dielectric layer, the gap fill insulation pattern, and the etch stop pattern to connect to one of the source and drain regions; and a silicide layer connected to the contact plug on the surface of the source and drain regions, wherein the contact plug is formed of at least one of cobalt, titanium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, and titanium aluminum nitride, the silicide layer extends from the active region to contact the device isolation layer, and the silicide layer is formed at least one of a cobalt silicide layer, a titanium silicide layer, a nickel silicide layer, and a tungsten silicide layer.",
-    "In an outboard motor equipped with a V-type four-cycle engine provided with a left bank extending leftward and obliquely rearward and a right bank extending rightward and obliquely rearward, a drive shaft is perpendicularly disposed in the outboard motor body so as to transmit a driving force from the engine to a propeller disposed below the engine, and center positions of the left side exhaust passage and the right side exhaust passage are positioned forward than the drive shaft in a front-and-rear direction in an advancing direction of the outboard motor. 1. An outboard motor comprising: an outboard motor body equipped with a V-type four-cycle engine provided with a left bank extending leftward and obliquely rearward and a right bank extending rightward and obliquely rearward; and a mount member disposed to a front side portion of the outboard motor body to be detachably and adapted to support the outboard motor body to be rotatable in a horizontal direction through a steering shaft, the V-type four-stroke engine including: a cylinder block in which a cylinder extends in a horizontal direction thereof; a cylinder block fixed to the cylinder block to form a combustion chamber together with the cylinder so as to cover the cylinder, and which is formed with an intake port communicating with the combustion chamber of the engine on an inner side of the outboard motor width direction than a cylinder axis and an exhaust port communicating with the combustion chamber of the engine on an outer side of the outboard motor width direction than the cylinder axis; and a crankcase in which the crank shaft is housed, wherein the left bank and the right bank are formed by the cylinder block and the cylinder head, in which the left bank is formed, on the outer side of the outboard motor width direction than the cylinder, with a left side exhaust passage communicated with the exhaust port formed to the left bank and provided therein with a catalyst, and the right bank is formed, on the outer side of the outboard motor width direction than the cylinder, with a right side exhaust passage communicated with the exhaust port formed to the right bank and provided therein with a catalyst, and wherein a drive shaft is perpendicularly disposed in the outboard motor body so as to transmit a driving force from the engine to a propeller disposed below the engine, and center positions of the left side exhaust passage and the right side exhaust passage are positioned forward than the drive shaft in a front-and-rear direction in an advancing direction of the outboard motor. 2. The outboard motor according to claim 1, wherein the drive shaft of the outboard motor body is disposed in a manner offset rearward in the front-and-rear direction of the outboard motor with respect to the crank shaft of the V-type four-stroke engine, and the center positions of the left side exhaust passage and the right side exhaust passage are provided to a position between the steering shaft and the drive shaft in the front-and-rear direction of the outboard motor. 3. The outboard motor according to claim 1, wherein a left bank side cylinder and a right bank side cylinder of the V-type four-stroke engine are formed to the cylinder block together with a rear half section of a crank chamber housing the crank shaft, and the left side exhaust passage and the right side exhaust passage are formed integrally.",
-    "An athletic training system and method for maintaining the head of an individual in an upright position. The system may include an head member that attaches to the head, a torso member that attached to the body and a connecting member that connects and applies a degree of tension between the body member and head member such that the ability of the head to pivot forward and/or downward are limited. The athletic training device may thereby promote improved athletic technique and form including ball handling skills, court awareness, tackling posture, coordination, and cognition. 1. A device comprising: an adjustable head strap for attaching to the head of an individual; an adjustable torso strap for attaching to the torso of the individual; and an adjustable connector strap connecting the adjustable head strap and the adjustable torso strap, wherein the adjustable head strap is to limit the ability of the head to pivot in a forward direction. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the adjustable head strap includes: a substantially elongated member; and one or more fasteners attached to the substantially elongated member. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the one or more fasteners are complimentary to secure the adjustable head strap around the head of the individual. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the adjustable head strap allows the head to rotate from side to side. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the adjustable torso strap includes: a substantially elongated member; and one or more fasteners attached to the substantially elongated member. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the one or more fasteners are complimentary to secure the adjustable torso strap around the waist or chest of the individual. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the adjustable connector strap includes: a substantially elongated member; and at least one adjustment component. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein the at least one adjustment component is to adjust the length or tension of the substantially elongated member. 9. A device comprising: a head member to attach to the head of an individual; a torso member to attach to the torso of the individual; and a connector member connecting the head member and the torso member, wherein the head member is to limit the ability of the head to pivot in a forward direction. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein one or more of the head member, the torso member and the connector member are adjustable. 11. The device according to claim 9, wherein the head member includes: a substantially elongated and resilient strap; and one or more fasteners attached to the substantially elongated and resilient strap. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the one or more fasteners are complimentary to secure the head member around the head of the individual. 13. The device according to claim 9, wherein the head member allows the head to rotate from side to side. 14. The device according to claim 9, wherein the torso member includes: a substantially elongated and resilient strap; and one or more fasteners attached to the substantially elongated and resilient strap. 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein the one or more fasteners are complimentary to secure the torso member around the waist or chest of the individual. 16. The device according to claim 9, wherein the connector member includes: a substantially elongated member; and at least one adjustment member. 17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one adjustment member is to adjust the length or tension of the substantially elongated member. 17. A method comprising: securely attaching a head member to the head of an individual; attaching a torso member to the torso of the individual; and attaching a connector member between the head member and the torso member such that the limits the ability of the head to pivot in a forward direction. 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising adjusting one or more of the head member, the torso member and the connector member. 20. The device according to claim 9, wherein the head member head member is securely attached around the head of the individual, and the torso member is securely attached around the waist or chest of the individual.",
-    "A resin dispenser for nano-imprinting includes a housing including a lower chamber in which a resin is filled, a slit defined in a lower part of the lower chamber and through which the resin is discharged, and an upper chamber in which a pressure-applying fluid is filled, and a membrane separating the lower and upper chambers from each other, and of which an edge is fixed on a middle part of the housing, where the fluid is configured to apply the pressure to the membrane and protrude the membrane toward the slit of the lower chamber. 1. A resin dispenser for nano-imprinting, comprising: a housing in which a slit is defined in a lower part of the housing; a shape-memory alloy film which is fixed on an upper surface of the housing; and a power source which supplies power to the shape-memory alloy film. 2. The resin dispenser of claim 1, wherein the shape-memory alloy film includes a nickel-titanium alloy. 3. The resin dispenser of claim 1, wherein a width W of the slit satisfies the following Equation. W \u2264 \u221a ( \u03d2 pg ) where \u03b3 is a surface tension of the resin, \u03c1 is a density of the resin, and g is an acceleration of gravity 4. The resin dispenser of claim 1, further comprising a resin supply pump which is connected to the housing. 5. The resin dispenser of claim 1, further comprising an insulating sheet disposed between the upper surface of the housing and the shape-memory alloy film.",
-    "A lens driving module for driving a lens along an optical axis is provided. The lens driving module includes a stator having a hollow cylindrical shape through which the optical axis passes through and including coils, a rotator having a hollow shape through which the optical axis passes, mounted on an outer side of the stator, capable of rotating with respect to the stator with the optical axis as a center line, and including magnets facing the coils, and at least one of rotation connecting members connecting the rotator to the stator such that the rotator may rotate with respect to the stator to maintain a gap between the coils and the magnets. 1. A lens driving module for driving a lens along an optical axis, the lens driving module comprising: a stator having a hollow cylindrical shape through which the optical axis passes and including coils; a rotator having a hollow cylindrical shape through which the optical axis passes, placed on an outer side of the stator, capable of rotating with respect to the stator with the optical axis as a center line, and including magnets facing the coils; and a rotation connecting unit connecting the rotator to the stator such that the rotator rotates with respect to the stator to maintain a gap between the coils and the magnets. 2. The lens driving module of claim 1, wherein the rotator further comprises a driving force transfer unit configured to transfer a driving force to a barrel on an outer side of the rotator. 3. The lens driving module of claim 1, wherein the coils are arranged on an outer peripheral surface of the stator along a circumferential direction, and the magnets are arranged on an inner peripheral surface of the rotator along the circumferential direction. 4. The lens driving module of claim 1, wherein the coils and the magnets are spaced apart from each other in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 5. The lens driving module of claim 1, wherein the coils are fixed to the stator through bonding. 6. The lens driving module of claim 1, wherein a detection sensor detecting a rotational angle of the stator is arranged inside the coil. 7. The lens driving module of claim 1, wherein the rotation connecting unit comprises an inner supporting unit fixed to the stator, an outer supporting unit fixed to the rotator, and rotation members arranged between the inner supporting unit and the outer supporting unit. 8. A lens driving module for driving a lens along an optical axis, the lens driving module comprising: a stator having a hollow cylindrical shape through which the optical axis passes and including coils; a rotator having a hollow shape through which the optical axis passes, placed outside the stator, capable of rotating with respect to the stator with the optical axis as a center line, spaced apart from the stator along the optical axis, and including magnets facing the coils; a rotation connecting member connecting the rotator to the stator such that a gap is maintained between the rotator and the stator along the optical axis; and a gap maintaining unit to maintain a gap between the rotator and the optical axis in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 9. The lens driving module of claim 8, further comprising a base on an inner side of the stator and the rotator and fixing and supporting the stator. 10. The lens driving module of claim 8, wherein the gap maintaining unit comprising a first movement limiting unit arranged on the stator to limit a movement of the rotation connecting unit in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis and a second movement limiting unit arranged on the rotator to limit a movement of the rotation connecting unit in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 11. The lens driving module of claim 9, wherein the gap maintaining unit comprises a movement limiting member between the base and the rotator. 12. The lens driving module of claim 8, wherein the stator comprises teeth, and wherein the coils are wound on the teeth. 13. The lens driving module of claim 8, wherein the stator comprises a contact member contacting the rotation connecting member and a coil supporting member supporting the coil, and the rotator comprises a contact member contacting the rotation connecting member and a magnet supporting member supporting the magnet. 14. The lens driving module of claim 13, wherein a material of the contact member of the stator and the contact member of the rotator is different from that of the coil supporting member and the magnet supporting member. 15. The lens driving module of claim 14, wherein the contact member of the stator and the coil supporting member are combined in a tight-fit manner 16. The lens driving module of claim 8, wherein the coils and the magnets are spaced apart from each other along the optical axis. 17. The lens driving module of claim 8, wherein the coils and the magnets are spaced apart from each other in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. 18. The lens driving module of claim 17, wherein the rotator further comprises an inner insertion unit extending in a direction parallel with the optical axis and inserted into the inner side of the stator, and the gap maintaining unit comprises a movement limiting member between the inner insertion unit and the stator. 19. The lens driving module of claim 9, wherein the base comprises a body unit extending in a direction parallel with the optical axis and a wing unit extending from the body unit in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis, and a second magnet that provides a magnetic force to the rotator in a direction in which a gap between the coil and the magnet increases, the second magnet is arranged on the wing unit. 20. The lens driving module of claim 19, wherein the gap maintaining unit comprises movement limiting members between the rotator and the body and between the rotator and the wing unit.",
-    "In some implementations, a mobile device can transmit traffic information to a server for analysis. The traffic information can include movement information including detected stops and durations of detected stops. The traffic information can be analyzed to detect traffic patterns that indicate locations of stop signs and/or stop lights. The traffic information can be analyzed to determine durations of stops at stop signs and/or stop lights. The durations of stops can be associated with a time of day and/or day of the week. In some implementations, navigational routes can be determined based stop sign and/or stop light information, including the delays attributable to detected stop signs and/or stop lights. 1-21. (canceled) 22. A method comprising: on a computing device: receiving a start location and a destination location; determining routes between the start location and the destination location; identifying stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes; determining delays attributable to stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes; determining travel times for routes based on the delays attributable to stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes; and presenting a suggested departure time determined based on the stop sign and stop light information. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the suggested departure time is determined based on an analysis of data representing times at which stop lights turn green and allow traffic through respective intersections. 24. The method of claim 22 comprising determining a departure time that will result in a trip along one of the routes with fewest or shortest stops, relative to other routes and departure times. 25. The method of claim 22 comprising receiving user input specifying a start location and a destination location for a route. 26. The method of claim 22 comprising adding the delays attributable to the stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes to the travel times calculated based on distance and speed for each route to determine which route has the shortest travel times at different departure times. 27. The method of claim 22 wherein identifying stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes comprises receiving information describing attributes of the stop signs and stop lights. 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the attributes of the stop signs and stop lights are determined based on: receiving traffic information; analyzing the traffic information to identify traffic patterns attributable to stop signs or stop lights; and determining attributes of stop signs and stop lights based on the traffic information and the identified stop sign traffic patterns and stop light traffic patterns. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the determined attributes include locations of stop signs or stop lights. 30. The method of claim 28 wherein the delays attributable to stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes are determined based on the determined attributes of the stop signs and stop lights. 31. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes operations comprising: receiving a start location and a destination location; determining routes between the start location and the destination location; identifying stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes; determining delays attributable to stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes; determining travel times for routes based on the delays attributable to stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes; and presenting a suggested departure time determined based on the stop sign and stop light information. 32. The computer-readable medium of claim 31 wherein the suggested departure time is determined based on an analysis of data representing times at which stop lights turn green and allow traffic through respective intersections. 33. The computer-readable medium of claim 31, the operations comprising determining a departure time that will result in a trip along one of the routes with fewest or shortest stops, relative to other routes and departure times. 34. The computer-readable medium of claim 31, the operations comprising receiving user input specifying a start location and a destination location for a route. 35. The computer-readable medium of claim 31, the operations comprising adding the delays attributable to the stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes to the travel times calculated based on distance and speed for each route to determine which route has the shortest travel times at different departure times. 36. The computer-readable medium of claim 31 wherein identifying stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes comprises receiving information describing attributes of the stop signs and stop lights. 37. The computer-readable medium of claim 36 wherein the attributes of the stop signs and stop lights are determined based on: receiving traffic information; analyzing the traffic information to identify traffic patterns attributable to stop signs or stop lights; and determining attributes of stop signs and stop lights based on the traffic information and the identified stop sign traffic patterns and stop light traffic patterns. 38. The computer-readable medium of claim 37 wherein the determined attributes include locations of stop signs or stop lights. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 37 wherein the delays attributable to stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes are determined based on the determined attributes of the stop signs and stop lights. 40. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a computer-readable medium including one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes operations comprising: receiving a start location and a destination location; determining routes between the start location and the destination location; identifying stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes; determining delays attributable to stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes; determining travel times for routes based on the delays attributable to stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes; and presenting a suggested departure time determined based on the stop sign and stop light information. 41. The system of claim 40 wherein the suggested departure time is determined based on an analysis of data representing times at which stop lights turn green and allow traffic through respective intersections. 42. The system of claim 40, the operations comprising determining a departure time that will result in a trip along one of the routes with fewest or shortest stops, relative to other routes and departure times. 43. The system of claim 40, the operations comprising receiving user input specifying a start location and a destination location for a route. 44. The system of claim 40, the operations comprising adding the delays attributable to the stop signs or stop lights along the determined routes to the travel times calculated based on distance and speed for each route to determine which route has the shortest travel times at different departure times. 45. The system of claim 40 wherein identifying stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes comprises receiving information describing attributes of the stop signs and stop lights. 46. The system of claim 45 wherein the attributes of the stop signs and stop lights are determined based on: receiving traffic information; analyzing the traffic information to identify traffic patterns attributable to stop signs or stop lights; and determining attributes of stop signs and stop lights based on the traffic information and the identified stop sign traffic patterns and stop light traffic patterns. 47. The system of claim 46 wherein the determined attributes include locations of stop signs or stop lights. 48. The system of claim 46 wherein the delays attributable to stop signs and stop lights along the determined routes are determined based on the determined attributes of the stop signs and stop lights.",
-    "A ceiling fan with an oscillating mechanism includes a clutch member for adjusting the angle of oscillation according to a user's need. When the motor is actuated, the rotating torque induced by the motor and the transmission mechanism is less than the rotational resistance of the clutch member such that the motor may drive the fan to oscillate. Further, when the user applies an external rotational force greater than the rotational resistance of the clutch member, the user can swing the fan to any angle as desired without rotating or shifting other members except the fan and the fan suspension tube. In this manner, undesired damage of the mechanism or motor due to inappropriately applied external force can be avoided efficiently. 1. An oscillating mechanism, comprising: a driving shaft; a crank plate having one end connected pivotally to the driving shaft; a connecting rod having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is connected pivotally to the other end of the crank plate; a spindle link having a head end connected pivotally to the second end of the connecting rod, and a tail end; a suspension tube having a top end connected to the tail end of the spindle link; and a clutch member having at least one wave washer disposed between the spindle link and the suspension tube, wherein the clutch member includes two wave washers and two flat washers, the two wave washers are disposed between the two flat washers. 2. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein, and the clutch member is fitted on the spindle link. 3. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the head end of the spindle link is provided with a transverse cut-out at one side of an end face thereof. 4. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising two wave washers, two flat washers, and one locking screw, the first end of the connecting rod is held between the two wave washers; the two flat washers are respectively disposed on the upper side and the lower side of the two wave washers; and the locking screw is disposed to penetrate through the two wave washers, the two flat washers and the first end of the connecting rod and is screwed onto the other end of the crank plate. 5. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a motor base on which a motor is mounted, and a spindle base fixed to the motor base; wherein the spindle base includes a bearing collar through which the spindle link penetrates and connects to the top end of the suspension tube. 6. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 5, wherein the spindle base is a U-shaped base having a base plate, and two limiting screws are screwed onto the upper surface of the base plate; a stop block is transversely disposed on the end face of the head end of the spindle link and is arranged to reciprocate between the two limiting screws along with the rotation of the spindle link. 7. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 6, wherein the suspension tube has a baffle plate provided on the top, and one of the two limiting screws is a longer screw extending through the base plate of the spindle base, the longer screw has a downwardly protruding abutting segment configured to stop the baffle plate from rotating beyond 360 degrees when the suspension tube is in a free state. 8. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clutch member provides a rotational resistance such that when the driving shaft rotates the crank plate to move the connecting rod to rotate the spindle link, whereby the spindle link induces a rotating torque that is less than the rotational resistance of the clutch member, and thus the spindle link moves the suspension tube to rotate. 9. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the suspension tube runs freely when the suspension tube is subjected to an external rotational force greater than the rotational resistance of the clutch member. 10. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second end of the connecting rod has an oval slot, the head end of the spindle link is provided with an axially extending raised post, and the raised post is placed in the oval slot. 11. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 10, further comprising a sleeve, and the raised post is fitted with the sleeve. 12. The oscillating mechanism as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a fan device connected to a bottom end of the suspension tube. 13. A ceiling fan, comprising: a transmission mechanism including a driving shaft, a crank plate having one end connected pivotally to the driving shaft, and a connecting rode having a first end connected pivotally to the other end of the crank plate, and a second end; a clutch member connecting to a fan suspension tube; a spindle link coupling the transmission mechanism with the clutch member; wherein the clutch member provides a rotational resistance; when the driving shaft rotates the crank plate to move the connecting rod so as to rotate the spindle link, whereby the spindle link induces a rotating torque that is less than the rotational resistance of the clutch member; and thus the spindle link moves the fan suspension tube to rotate; and a fan device connected to a bottom end of the suspension tube. 14. The ceiling fan as claimed in claim 13, wherein the clutch member includes at least one wave washer disposed between the spindle link and the fan suspension tube. 15. The ceiling fan as claimed in claim 13, wherein the fan suspension tube runs freely when the fan suspension tube is subjected to an external rotational force greater than the rotational resistance of the clutch member. 16. The ceiling fan as claimed in claim 13, wherein the second end of the connecting rod has an oval slot, a head end of the spindle link is provided with an axially extending raised post, and the raised post is placed in the oval slot. 17. An oscillating mechanism, comprising: a driving shaft; a crank plate having one end connected pivotally to the driving shaft; a connecting rod having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is connected pivotally to the other end of the crank plate; two wave washers; two flat washers; and one locking screw; wherein the first end of the connecting rod is held between the two wave washers, the two flat washers are respectively disposed on the upper side and the lower side of the two wave washers, and the locking screw is configured to fix the connecting rod between the wave washers. 18. The ceiling fan as claimed in claim 17, further comprising a clutch member having at least one wave washer disposed between the spindle link and the suspension tube. 19. The ceiling fan as claimed in claim 18, wherein the clutch member includes the two wave washers and the two flat washers, the two wave washers are disposed between the two flat washers, and the clutch member is fitted on the spindle link.",
-    "Techniques are described for using a tank containing consumable and vaporizing elements. A system can include a tank having at least one outer side wall, a top wall, and a bottom wall. The tank can include a consumable fluid reservoir adapted to receive at least a consumable fluid, a heating element extending through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir, and an air chamber extending through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir. The system can also include a mouthpiece adapter and a power connection. 1. A system, comprising: a tank, the tank having at least one outer side wall, a top wall, and a bottom wall; a consumable fluid reservoir of the tank adapted to receive at least a consumable fluid; a heating element of the tank extending through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir; an air chamber of the tank extending through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir; a mouthpiece adapter extending away from the top wall of the tank, the mouthpiece adapter in fluid communication with the air chamber and configured to couple with a mouthpiece for drawing fluid from the air chamber; and a power connection extending away from the bottom wall of the tank, the power connection in electrical communication with at least the heating element and configured to couple with a battery. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a bottom section configured to removably couple with the tank over the bottom wall, the power connection extending from the bottom section. 3. The system of claim 2, further comprising an adjustable bottom inlet of the bottom section in fluid communication with the air chamber. 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a top section configured to removably couple with the tank over the top wall, the mouthpiece adapter extending from the top section. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising an interchangeable filter between the air chamber and at least a portion of the mouthpiece adapter. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a wick of the tank in fluid communication with the consumable fluid reservoir. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising an interchangeable cover configured to surround at least a portion of the at least one outer side wall. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising: a bottom section configured to removably couple with the tank over the bottom wall; and a top section configured to removably couple with the tank over the top wall, the interchangeable cover is retained about the at least one outer side wall through contact with at least one of the bottom section and the top section. 9. A method of making a disposable consumable container for a vaporizing device, comprising: providing a tank, the tank having at least one outer side wall, and a bottom wall, the tank including at least a consumable fluid reservoir adapted to receive at least one consumable fluid, the bottom wall having an electrical interface; installing at least a heating element and an air chamber through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir, the heating element in electrical communication with the electrical interface; providing the at least one consumable fluid in the consumable fluid reservoir; and installing a top wall to permanently seal the tank, the top wall having a vapor interface for fluid communication with the air chamber. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising installing a mouthpiece adapter in fluid communication with the vapor interface. 11. The method of claim 10, the tank configured to removably couple with a top tank ring in fluid communication with the vapor interface. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising installing an interchangeable filter between the vapor interface and the top tank ring. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising installing a power connection in electrical communication with the electrical interface. 14. The method of claim 13, the tank configured to removably couple with a bottom tank ring in electrical communication with the electrical interface. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising installing a wick in fluid communication with the at least one consumable fluid. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising installing an interchangeable cover around the at least one outer side wall. 17. A method of using a vaporizing device, comprising: providing a tank, the tank having at least one outer side wall, a bottom wall, and a top wall, the tank including at least a consumable fluid reservoir containing a consumable fluid, the tank including an air chamber through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir and in fluid communication with a vapor interface of the top wall, and the tank including a heating element through at least a portion of the consumable fluid reservoir and in electrical communication with an electrical interface of the bottom wall; attaching a mouthpiece in fluid communication with the vapor interface; and attaching a battery in electrical communication with the electrical interface. 18. Method of claim 17, further comprising providing power to the heating element from the battery. 19. Method of claim 17, further comprising attaching an interchangeable cover around at least a portion of the at least one outer side wall. 20. Method of claim 17, further comprising providing an interchangeable filter between the vapor interface and the mouthpiece.",
-    "A mobile terminal receives a packet transmitted by a printing apparatus, and specifies the distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the received packet. The mobile terminal transmits a print instruction for print data if it is determined that the specified distance satisfies a predetermined condition. 1. A printing system having a printing apparatus, a server, and a mobile terminal, the printing apparatus comprising a first transmission unit configured to transmit a packet, the server comprising a storage unit configured to store print data, and the mobile terminal comprising: a reception unit configured to receive the packet transmitted by the first transmission unit; a specification unit configured to specify a distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the packet received by the reception unit; a first determination unit configured to determine whether or not the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies a predetermined condition; and a second transmission unit configured to, in a case where the first determination unit determines that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, transmit a print instruction for the print data to the server, wherein in a case where the server receives the print instruction, the server transmits the print data to the printing apparatus. 2. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein identification information regarding the printing apparatus is included in the packet transmitted by the first transmission unit, the mobile terminal further comprises a second determination unit configured to determine whether or not the identification information included in the packet received by the reception unit indicates a predetermined printing apparatus, and in a case where the second determination unit determines that the identification information indicates the predetermined printing apparatus, and furthermore the first determination unit determines that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, the second transmission unit transmits the print instruction to the server. 3. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein in a case where the distance specified by the specification unit is shorter than a predetermined distance, the first determination unit determines that the distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 4. The printing system according to claim 1, wherein the packet is a Bluetooth Low Energy advertise packet. 5. A printing system having a printing apparatus and a mobile terminal, the printing apparatus comprising: a first transmission unit configured to transmit a packet; and a storage unit configured to store print data, and the mobile terminal comprising: a reception unit configured to receive the packet transmitted by the first transmission unit; a specification unit configured to specify a distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the packet received by the reception unit; a first determination unit configured to determine whether or not the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies a predetermined condition; and a second transmission unit configured to, in a case where the first determination unit determines that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, transmit a print instruction for the print data to the printing apparatus, wherein in a case where the printing apparatus receives the print instruction, the printing apparatus executes printing that is based on the print data. 6. The printing system according to claim 5, wherein identification information regarding the printing apparatus is included in the packet transmitted by the first transmission unit, the mobile terminal further comprises a second determination unit configured to determine whether or not the identification information included in the packet received by the reception unit indicates a predetermined printing apparatus, and in a case where the second determination unit determines that the identification information indicates the predetermined printing apparatus, and furthermore the first determination unit determined that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, the second transmission unit transmits the print instruction to the printing apparatus. 7. The printing system according to claim 5, wherein in a case where the distance specified by the specification unit is shorter than a predetermined distance, the first determination unit determines that the distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 8. The printing system according to claim 5, wherein the packet is a Bluetooth Low Energy advertise packet. 9. A mobile terminal capable of communicating with a server that stores print data, the mobile terminal comprising: a reception unit configured to receive a packet transmitted by a printing apparatus; a specification unit configured to specify a distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the packet received by the reception unit; a first determination unit configured to determine whether or not the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies a predetermined condition; and a transmission unit configured to, in a case where the first determination unit determines that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, transmit a print instruction for the print data to the server. 10. The mobile terminal according to claim 9, wherein identification information regarding the printing apparatus is included in the packet, the mobile terminal further comprises a second determination unit configured to determine whether or not the identification information included in the packet received by the reception unit indicates a predetermined printing apparatus, and in a case where the second determination unit determines that the identification information indicates the predetermined printing apparatus, and furthermore the first determination unit determines that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, the transmission unit transmits the print instruction to the server. 11. The mobile terminal according to claim 9, wherein in a case where the distance specified by the specification unit is shorter than a predetermined distance, the first determination unit determines that the distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 12. The mobile terminal according to claim 9, wherein the packet is a Bluetooth Low Energy advertise packet. 13. A mobile terminal capable of communicating with a printing apparatus that stores print data, the mobile terminal comprising: a reception unit configured to receive a packet transmitted by the printing apparatus; a specification unit configured to specify a distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the packet received by the reception unit; a first determination unit configured to determine whether or not the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies a predetermined condition; and a transmission unit configured to, in a case where the first determination unit determines that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, transmit a print instruction for the print data to the printing apparatus. 14. The mobile terminal according to claim 13, wherein identification information regarding the printing apparatus is included in the packet, the mobile terminal further comprises a second determination unit configured to determine whether or not the identification information included in the packet received by the reception unit indicates a predetermined printing apparatus, and in a case where the second determination unit determines that the identification information indicates the predetermined printing apparatus, and furthermore the first determination unit determined that the distance specified by the specification unit satisfies the predetermined condition, the transmission unit transmits the print instruction to the printing apparatus. 15. The mobile terminal according to claim 13, wherein in a case where the distance specified by the specification unit is shorter than a predetermined distance, the first determination unit determines that the distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 16. The mobile terminal according to claim 13, wherein the packet is a Bluetooth Low Energy advertise packet. 17. A control method executed in a mobile terminal capable of communicating with a server that stores print data, the control method comprising: receiving a packet transmitted by a printing apparatus; specifying a distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the received packet; determining whether or not the specified distance satisfies a predetermined condition; and transmitting a print instruction for the print data to the server in a case where it is determined that the specified distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 18. The control method according to claim 17, wherein identification information regarding the printing apparatus is included in the packet, the control method further comprises determining whether or not the identification information included in the received packet indicates a predetermined printing apparatus, and the print instruction is transmitted to the server in a case where it is determined that the identification information indicates the predetermined printing apparatus, and furthermore it is determined that the specified distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 19. The control method according to claim 17, wherein in a case where the specified distance is shorter than a predetermined distance, it is determined that the distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 20. The control method according to claim 17, wherein the packet is a Bluetooth Low Energy advertise packet. 21. A control method executed in a mobile terminal capable of communicating with a printing apparatus that stores print data, the control method comprising: receiving a packet transmitted by the printing apparatus; specifying a distance between the mobile terminal and the printing apparatus based on the received packet; determining whether or not the specified distance satisfies a predetermined condition; and transmitting a print instruction for the print data to the printing apparatus in a case where it is determined that the specified distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 22. The control method according to claim 21, wherein identification information regarding the printing apparatus is included in the packet, the control method further comprises determining whether or not the identification information included in the received packet indicates a predetermined printing apparatus, and the print instruction is transmitted to the printing apparatus in a case where it is determined that the identification information indicates the predetermined printing apparatus, and furthermore it is determined that the specified distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 23. The control method according to claim 21, wherein in a case where the specified distance is shorter than a predetermined distance, it is determined that the distance satisfies the predetermined condition. 24. The control method according to claim 21, wherein the packet is a Bluetooth Low Energy advertise packet.",
-    "A device has a base with a mounting surface with a length and a stack, the stack having a diameter smaller than the length and fastened to the mounting surface. The stack may have a plurality of stack conductive layers in addition to a plurality of insulating layers that separate each of the plurality of stack conductive layers. The stack conductive layers may be separated in a manner that aligns them with corresponding printed circuit board conductive layers when the stack portion of the device is inserted into an aperture in a printed circuit board. 1. An assembly, comprising: a printed circuit board having: a back side, a first number of insulating layers, a second number of printed circuit board conductive layers, at least two conductive vias that penetrate into the printed circuit board, and a plurality of apertures, each substantially concentric with a respective one of the conductive vias and which partially penetrates the printed circuit board from the back side, wherein at least two of the plurality of apertures have an upper region having a first diameter and a lower region having a second diameter, the first diameter being smaller than the second diameter; and a device having: a base with a mounting surface with a length; and a plurality of stacks on the base, each stack with: one or more diameters, each diameter smaller than the length and fastened to the mounting surface, a plurality of stack conductive layers made substantially of copper, wherein at least one stack conductive layer in the plurality of stack conductive layers further comprises a stack conductive assembly having a top disk, a bottom disk, and an expansive element positioned between and attached to the top disk and the bottom disk, the expansive element being selected from a group consisting of a plurality of spheres, a plurality of cylinders, a plurality of flexible ribbons, and a plurality of fins, and a plurality of insulating layers separating each of the plurality of stack conductive layers in a manner configured to align the plurality of stack conductive layers with corresponding printed circuit board conductive layers in the printed circuit board when the stack is inserted into one of the apertures in the printed circuit board, wherein at least a first stack of the plurality of stacks includes: an upper stack region with a third diameter and a first edge; and a lower stack region with a fourth diameter larger than the third diameter of the upper stack region, a second edge, and an interfacial surface, the interfacial surface being located at a boundary position between one of the plurality of stack conductive layers and one of the plurality of insulating layers, the at least first stack having: a corner where the first edge meets the interfacial surface, and a shoulder where the second edge of the lower stack region meets the interfacial surface, wherein at least a second stack of the plurality of stacks includes: an upper stack region with a fifth diameter and a first edge; a lower stack region with a sixth diameter larger than the fifth diameter of the upper stack region, a second edge, and an interfacial surface, the at least second stack having: a corner where the first edge meets the interfacial surface, and a shoulder where the second edge of the lower stack region meets the interfacial surface, and a stepped layer having: an upper layer part with the fifth diameter and the first edge of the upper stack region, a lower layer part with the sixth diameter and the second edge of the lower stack region, and the interfacial surface, wherein the stepped layer is one of the plurality of stack conductive layers, the plurality of stacks on the device being positioned to concentrically penetrate respective ones of the at least two apertures in the printed circuit board, wherein at least one of the plurality of stack conductive layers of at least one of the stacks makes electrical contact with at least one printed circuit board conductive layer in the printed circuit board.",
-    "A portable generator housing is operable to house a generator. An enclosure of the portable generator housing includes a bottom, a top, and a movable side. The movable side may be removably connected with the top. The movable side is configured to move between a first position where a top edge of the movable side is adjacent to the top and a second position where the top edge of the movable side is in communication with a ground adjacent to the bottom. 1. A portable generator housing comprising: an enclosure including: a bottom; a top; and a movable side removably connected with the top, where the movable side is configured to move between a first position where a top edge of the movable side is adjacent to the top and a second position where the top edge of the movable side is in communication with a ground adjacent to the bottom. 2. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where the movable side includes a bottom edge permanently affixed to the bottom. 3. The portable generator housing of claim 2, where the movable side is configured to move between the first position and the second position by pivoting along a line formed where the bottom edge of the movable side is permanently affixed to the bottom. 4. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where in the first position, the movable side is substantially vertically oriented. 5. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where in the second position, the movable side is substantially horizontally oriented. 6. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where the movable side forms a flat or rounded ramp from the ground adjacent to the bottom. 7. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where the movable side includes at least one groove extending from the top edge to the bottom edge and configured to fit a wheel of a portable generator. 8. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where the enclosure is sufficiently weatherproof for a portable generator. 9. The portable generator housing of claim 1, where the bottom has grooves for guiding wheels on a portable generator when the portable generator is moved into or out of the enclosure. 10. A portable generator housing comprising: an enclosure configured to removably receive a portable generator; and a quick connection module connected to the enclosure and configured to facilitate a transfer of at least one of fuel, power, or data between the quick connection module and the portable generator housing. 11. The portal generator housing of claim 10, where the enclosure is positioned adjacent to a building, wherein the quick connection module is permanently affixed to the portable generator housing and configured to facilitate a transfer of at least one of fuel, power, or data between the housing and the building. 12. A portable generator housing comprising: an enclosure including: a bottom; a top; a plurality of sides; and a control panel connected to the enclosure and configured to control the operation of a portable generator removably positioned within the enclosure. 13. The portable generator housing of claim 12, further comprising: a sensor that sends a signal to the control panel upon detection that the portable generator housing has been opened. 14. The portable generator housing of claim 13, where the control panel is configured to shut down the portable generator when the control panel receives the signal. 15. The portable generator housing of claim 13, where the control panel is configured to initiate an audio or visual alert when the control panel receives the signal. 16. The portable generator housing of claim 12, further comprising: a light positioned adjacent to an interior surface of the top, the bottom, or one of the sides, where the control panel configured to power the light when the control panel receives the signal. 17. The portable generator housing of claim 12, further comprising: at least one light, where the control panel is configured to control the operation of the at least one light. 18. The portable generator housing of claim 17, where the operation of the at least one light is programmed by the control panel. 19. The portable generator housing of claim 12, further comprising a solar panel connected to the housing and configured to provide power to a battery within the housing. 20. The portable generator housing of claim 19, where the battery is a battery for starting the portable generator.",
-    "A clip light device and mounting which provide the means and method for securing the device to a mountings manufactured to accommodate the clip easily, quickly, comfortably, securely, and in an aesthetically pleasing manner. The invention overcomes the limitations of existing battery powered clip light devices and headlamps by utilizing advanced rechargeable batteries, strong micro Light Emitting Diodes (micro-LED) lights, easy recharging via pinout, and novel method attaching the device. 1. A lighting device and mounting comprising: a clip fight device comprising: a circuit board and circuitry, multiple micro Light Emitting Diode (micro-LED), reflectors, a high performance rechargeable battery, a in out for recharging, a power indicator, a power switch, a user control, a transparent, or translucent inner cover, a housing for aforementioned components comprising of a front housing with windows for lights and back housing with housing raised corrugation for improved grip, a clip with raised corrugation for grip and attachment to mounting; and a mounting comprising: a slot or pocket that accommodates clip and dimensions that snugly accept the clip and back housing surfaces. 2. A method of attaching a clip light device and mounting of claim 1, the method comprising: attachment of the clip light device to mounting by sliding the clip on the back housing of the clip light device into a slot within the mounting; and wherein utilizing the clips mechanical energy to secure clip light device firmly; and wherein raised corrugations on clip light device to further secure clip; and wherein raised corrugations on the clip increase grip; and 3. A method of attaching a clip light device and mounting of claim 1, the method comprising: attachment of the clip light device to mounting by sliding the clip on the back housing of the clip light device into a slot within the mounting; and wherein utilizing the clips mechanical energy to secure clip light device firmly; and wherein raised corrugations on clip light device to further secure clip; and wherein raised corrugations on the clip increase grip; and wherein the clip light device attaches to a mounting that has been manufactured into articles of apparel, such as, headbands, hats, coats and pet harnesses. 4. A method of attaching a clip light device and mounting of claim 1, the method comprising: attachment of the clip light device to mounting by sliding the clip on the back housing of the clip light device into a slot within the mounting; and wherein utilizing the clips mechanical energy to secure clip light device firmly; and wherein raised corrugations on clip tight device to further secure clip; and wherein the lighting device attaches to a portable mounting which attaches to surfaces in a semi-permanent fashion, such as on a baby carriage.",
-    "A device for the accumulation and release of products arranged within containers comprises a main accumulation unit with a reception opening and a first delivery opening, the containers being guided between the openings. The device is provided with a second accumulation unit operationally in communication with the main unit and having a second delivery opening. The device uses an actuator for selectively moving containers loaded with products from the main accumulation unit to the second unit, in order to selectively by-pass the first delivery opening and enable containers to be unloaded at the second delivery opening provided in the second accumulation unit. 1. A device for the accumulation and release of products (P), comprising: a main accumulation unit (2) with a reception opening (4) and a first delivery opening (6) of said products, a plurality of containers (7) movably guided inside said main accumulation unit (2) between said reception opening (4) and said first delivery opening (6) along a first trajectory (8), each container (7) being provided with a plurality of supporting surfaces (9) to contain products, said first trajectory (8) extending in a closed loop and including a first and a second trajectory portion (8\u2032, 8\u2033) extending from each other, along the first portion (8\u2032) of trajectory extending from the reception opening (4) in the direction of said first delivery opening (6) moving the containers (7) loaded with products, while along the second portion (8\u2033) of trajectory extending from said first delivery opening (6) towards the reception opening (4) moving the containers (7), emptied of products, actuating means being provided to drive the movement of said containers (7) in the main accumulation unit (2) so as to present in sequence each container (7) to be filled to the reception opening (4), in order to load incoming products onto the respective supporting surfaces of the container and to convey the previously filled containers (7) to the first delivery opening, in order to release respective products exiting the main accumulation unit (2), said actuating means comprising first and second distinct driving means (20, 21) associated respectively in sequence with one container (7) after another of each pair of containers (7) identifiable in said plurality of containers, so that both of said containers (7) are conveyed one after the other away from and towards said reception opening (4) and/or said first delivery opening (6) of the main accumulation unit (2) with movements independent of each other, at least one second accumulation unit (10) operationally in communication with the main accumulation unit (2) and extending along a second trajectory (11) on which there is provided a second delivery opening (13), said second trajectory (11) extending between a first end (11\u2032) in which it is operationally connected to the first portion (8\u2032) of the first trajectory (8) of the main accumulation unit (2), to enable the passage of containers (7) loaded with products from the main accumulation unit (2) to at least said second accumulation unit (10), and a second end (11\u2033) in which it is operationally connected to the second portion (8\u2033) of the first trajectory of the main accumulation unit, to enable the transfer into the main accumulation unit (2) of containers (7) already emptied into at least said second accumulation unit (10) through the second delivery opening (13), to be conveyed back to the reception opening (4), said second delivery opening (13) of at least said second accumulation unit (10) is located along said second trajectory (11) between said first and second ends (11\u2032, 11\u2033), the device (1) further comprises actuating means (14) provided at the first end (11\u2032) of said second trajectory (11) capable of selectively moving containers (7) loaded with products from the main accumulation unit (2) to at least the second accumulation unit (10), in order selectively to by-pass the first delivery opening (6) and enable containers (7) to be unloaded at the second delivery opening (13) of at least said second accumulation unit (10). 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said actuating means (14) comprise at least one pair of pusher devices (61, 62) that can be associated in sequence with one container (7) after another of each pair of containers of the plurality of containers, to move one and/or the other of said containers (7) towards the first (6) and/or the second delivery opening (13) respectively, in order to unload the products (P) from the main accumulation unit (2) and/or from at least the second accumulation unit (10). 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein said pusher devices (61, 62) are movably guided, connected together, along a linear translation path, each device comprising at least one respective pusher member (61a,b; 62a,b), driven in a transverse direction to said translation path between a non-operating position of disengagement from the respective container (7) and an operating position of engagement with the respective container (7), to convey the latter along said translation path, said pusher members (61a,b; 62a,b) being driven independently of each other in the respective movements between the said positions. 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein said pusher devices are driven along said path by a motorized linear actuator element (80) and said translation path extends so as to straddle said first end (11\u2032) between the main accumulation unit (2) and at least said second accumulation unit (10), with an extension such as to enable said pusher devices (61, 62) to transfer containers (7) from the first portion (8\u2032) of trajectory of the main accumulation unit (2) to the trajectory (11) of at least said second accumulation unit. 5. The device according to claim 4, wherein: the first portion (8\u2032) of the first trajectory (8) of the main accumulation unit comprises a first straight branch (8c) extending in a first direction until near said first end (11\u2032) and is connected in operational extension to a second branch (8b) of said first trajectory (8) extending perpendicularly to the first branch (8c) in the direction of the first delivery opening (6), a third branch (11a) of the second trajectory (11) of at least said second accumulation unit (10) extends from said first end (11\u2032) in straight alignment with the first branch (8c), the second branch (8b) remaining interposed between the first (8c) and the third branch (11a) and directed perpendicularly thereto, the pusher devices (61, 62) being movable along said translation path parallel with the direction of development of said first (8c) and third branches (11a), the pusher members (61a,b; 62a,b) of the respective pusher devices (61, 62) being driven in a direction perpendicular to the direction of said translation path. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein said pusher devices (61, 62) are arranged to move each pair of containers (7) accumulated in the first branch (8c) into an operating condition in which one container (7) of the pair is transferred onto the third branch (11a) of the second accumulation unit (10) in order to be unloaded through the second delivery opening (13) and the other container (7) of the pair is moved onto the second branch (8b) in order to be unloaded through the first delivery opening (6) of the main accumulation unit (2). 7. The device according to claim 5, wherein said pusher devices (61, 62) are arranged so as to move both containers (7) of each pair of containers accumulated in the first branch (8c) onto the third branch of trajectory (11a) in order to be unloaded through the second delivery opening (13) of at least the second accumulation unit (10), by-passing the first delivery opening (6) of the main accumulation unit (2). 8. The device according to claim 5, wherein said pusher devices (61, 62) are arranged to move in sequence each container (7) of each pair of containers accumulated on the first branch (8c) onto the second branch (8b), in order to feed said containers (7) in sequence exclusively to the first delivery opening (6) of the main accumulation unit, with no transfer of containers into the second accumulation unit. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first and second drive means (20, 21) comprise motorized transport chains. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein said first and second drive means (20, 21) comprise respectively at least one first (21a, 21b; 21c, 21d) and at least one second (31a, 31b; 31c, 31d) pair of chains in a closed loop, the chains of each pair being provided with respective support means (26, 36) capable of cooperating with respective supporting counter-means (27) provided on each of said containers (7) to transport the latter along at least part of the operating branches of said chains, so that containers (7) filled with products are driven, one after the other, by one pair of chains and the other, with one container (7) moving independently in relation to the other, away from and towards said first delivery opening (6), in the main accumulation unit (2), to release products (P) from the accumulation device, or away from and towards said reception opening (4) to load products into the containers. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first and second drive means are further provided in the second accumulation unit to drive the movement of said containers (7) so as to present in sequence each container, arriving from the main accumulation unit (2), to the second delivery opening (13), in order to release respective rows of products (P) exiting the second accumulation unit, and to drive the unloaded containers (7) towards the main accumulation unit (2) in order to place them along a portion of trajectory (11) directed towards the reception opening (4) of the main accumulation unit. 12. The device according to claim 1, comprising first and second transporting means (42) active on the containers (7) in transit along the trajectories of the main accumulation unit (2) and second accumulation unit (10) not affected by the first and second drive means (20, 21), in order to accumulate the containers filled with products in a position abutting each other along said first (8c) and third branch (11a), respectively, and to accumulate the containers unloaded of products in a position abutting each other along the respective portions of trajectories (8, 11) extending downstream of the first (6) and the second delivery opening (13) of the main accumulation unit (2) and the second accumulation unit (10), respectively. 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein said transport means (42) comprise two pairs of chains (43), each pair extending parallel with and spaced from the other pair, closed in a loop coaxially to each other and provided with idler rollers (46) pivoted on chain pins (47) capable of supporting respective opposing lateral ends of each container (7). 14. The device according to claim 12, further comprising stop means (49a) near the second end (11\u2033) of said second trajectory (11) of the second accumulation unit (10), said stop means (49a) being operable between a first operating condition in which they are active on the containers (7) to stop them abutting each other, following the continuous movement of the corresponding transporting means (42), and a second non-operating condition in which they are disengaged from the containers (7) to allow the passage thereof from the second accumulation unit (10) to the main accumulation unit (2) at the end (11\u2033) connecting the respective trajectories (8, 11). 15. The device according to claim 14, wherein said stop means (49a) are operated between said first and second condition so that the passage of a container (7) unloaded of products and accumulated in the second accumulation unit (10) does not interfere with the passage of unloaded containers from the first delivery opening (6) of the main accumulation unit conveyed towards the reception opening (4). 16. The device according to claim 3, wherein each of said pusher members is provided with a respective terminal (71) connected to the rod of a respective pneumatic cylinder actuator of the corresponding pusher device (61, 62), said terminal having a recess (76) capable of forming a positive-locking fit with a respective block (77) mounted on the respective lateral flank of the container (7), so that, by means of reciprocal engagement of the block and recess, the pusher device and the corresponding container are connected in translation. 17. The device according to claim 1, wherein said containers (7) are provided for the containment of products (P) arranged in rows.",
-    "An apparatus and a method are provided. The apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive a signal over channels, a channel estimator configured to estimate the channels as first channel estimates; and a processor configured to compress the channel estimates to reduce buffer size. The method includes receiving a signal over channels by a receiver, estimating, by a channel estimator, the channels as a first channel estimate; and compressing, by a processor, the channel estimates to reduce buffer size. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a receiver configured to receive a signal over channels; a channel estimator configured to estimate the channels as first channel estimates; and a processor configured to: select a predetermined subset of the first channels estimated as decimated channels; generate second channel estimates as predicted channel estimates of the first channel estimates using the decimated channels; compute channel estimation errors between the first channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates; compress the channel estimation errors; and buffer the decimated channel estimates and the compressed channel estimation errors. 2. (canceled) 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first channel estimates are represented as a vector spanning several dimensions including frequency, time, and space, wherein frequency includes subcarriers, wherein time includes symbol index, and wherein space includes transmit and receive antennas. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the decimated channel estimates are based on a predetermined representation including fixed point with a bit-width, pseudo floating point, and block pseudo floating point, and wherein the decimated channel estimates may be uniformly spaced or non-uniformly spaced. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to generate second channel estimates as predicted channel estimates of the first channel estimates by linear interpolation, first order linear interpolation, nth order polynomial interpolation, minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation, or extrapolation. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the predicted channel estimates are represented with a predetermined finite precision, where the predetermined finite precision may be higher than that of the original channel estimates. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to compute channel estimation errors between the first channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates by determining differences between the first channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to compute channel estimation errors between the first channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates by rounding and saturating channel estimation errors represented in fixed point with a bit-width that exceeds a maximum representation range with the bit-width. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to compress the channel estimation errors by encoding the channel estimation errors using a predetermined representation, wherein the predetermined representation includes fixed point with a bit-width, pseudo floating point with n bits for real and imaginary part mantissas and m bits for an exponent shared between the real and the imaginary mantissas, quantization compression, lossless compression, lossy compression. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to buffer the decimated channel estimates and the compressed channel estimation errors by buffering the decimated channel estimates in a different representation than the original channel estimates by varying bit width or changing fixed/floating point to floating/fixed point, including block pseudo floating point (BPFLP), and the compressed channel estimates may be stored with a different representation depending on prediction error statistics, bit width, floating point, including BPFLP, or distance with respect to the decimated channel estimates. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: compute the predicted channel estimates; and approximate the first channel estimates using the predicted channel estimates and the compressed channel estimation errors. 12. A method, comprising: receiving a signal over channels by a receiver; estimating, by a channel estimator, the channels as a first channel estimate; compressing, by a processor, the channel estimates to reduce buffer size; selecting a predetermined subset of the estimated channels as decimated channels by the processor; generating second channel estimates as predicted channel estimates of the first channel estimates by the processor using the decimated channels; computing channel estimation errors between the first channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates by the processor; compressing the channel estimation errors by the processor; and buffering the decimated channel estimates and the compressed channel estimation errors by the processor. 13. (canceled) 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the first channel estimates are represented as a vector spanning several dimensions including frequency, time, and space, wherein frequency includes subcarriers, wherein time includes symbol index, and wherein space includes transmit and receive antennas. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the decimated channel estimates are based on a predetermined representation including fixed point with a bit-width, pseudo floating point, and block pseudo floating point, and wherein the decimated channel estimates may be uniformly spaced or non-uniformly spaced. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein generating the predicted channel estimates is comprised of generating the predicted channel estimates by linear interpolation, first order linear interpolation, nth order polynomial interpolation, minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation, or extrapolation. 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the predicted channel estimates are represented with a predetermined finite precision, where the predetermined finite precision may be higher than that of the original channel estimates. 18. The method of claim 12, wherein computing channel estimation errors is comprised of computing channel estimation errors by determining differences between the original channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates. 19. The method of claim 12, wherein computing channel estimation errors is comprised of rounding and saturating channel estimation errors represented in fixed point with a bit-width that exceeds a maximum representation range with the bit-width. 20. A method, comprising: receiving a signal over channels by a receiver; estimating the channels as first channel estimates by a processor; selecting a predetermined subset of the estimated channels as decimated channels by the processor; generating second channel estimates as predicted channel estimates of the first channel estimates by the processor using the decimated channels; computing channel estimation errors between the first channel estimates and the predicted channel estimates by the processor; compressing the channel estimation errors by the processor; buffering the decimated channel estimates and the compressed channel estimation errors by the processor; computing the predicted channel estimates by the processor; and approximating the first channel estimates by the processor using the predicted channel estimates and the compressed channel estimation errors.",
-    "Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and processes to secure internal services in a distributed environment. A service call initiated by a client process of a client is intercepted. In this example, the service call is a request for an internal service provided by a server deployed in a target appliance. The client is deployed in a source appliance. The service call includes an identifier, and the identifier identifies the internal service. If one or more rules are specified for the identifier, a service packet is generated by multiplexing client information associated with the client process as well as information in the service call. The service packet is forwarded to the target appliance. 1. A method comprising: intercepting a service call initiated by a client process of a client, wherein the client is deployed in a source appliance, the service call is a request for provision of an internal service by a server deployed in a target appliance, the service call comprises an identifier, and the identifier identifies the internal service; determining whether one or more rules of a plurality of rules are specified for the identifier; and in response to a determination that the one or more rules are specified for the identifier, generating a service packet by multiplexing client information and information specified in the service call, and forwarding the service packet to the target appliance. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessing source kernel memory of the source appliance; and retrieving the client information from source kernel memory, wherein the client information comprises one or more client process properties of a plurality of client process properties associated with the client process. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: intercepting the service packet forwarded to the target appliance; demultiplexing the service packet to retrieve the client information; processing one or more attributes of at least one rule using the client information; and forwarding the service call to the server, if the processing indicates that the forwarding the service call is allowable. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of client process properties comprise a user context, a user group context, a client program name, a parent process name, or a terminal type. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein each rule of the one or more rules comprises one or more attributes, and each attribute of the one or more attributes corresponds to a client process property of the plurality of client process properties. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: forwarding the service call to the server if no rule is specified for the identifier. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the processing comprises determining whether each attribute of at least one rule matches a corresponding client process property. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more rules are part of a rule set, the rule set is part of a source service call filter module, and a target service call filter module, the source kernel comprises a multiplexing module that performs the multiplexing, and the target kernel comprises a demultiplexing module that performs the demultiplexing. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: accessing the rule set to determine whether the internal service identified by the identifier is unprotected or protected. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the internal service is protected if the rule set comprises at least one rule of the plurality of rules for the identifier specified in the service call, and the internal service is unprotected if the rule set does not comprise at least one rule of the plurality of rules for the identifier specified in the service call. 11. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing program instructions executable to: intercept a service call initiated by a client process of a client, wherein the client is deployed in a source appliance, the service call is a request for provision of an internal service by a server deployed in a target appliance, the service call comprises an identifier, and the identifier identifies the internal service; determine whether one or more rules of a plurality of rules are specified for the identifier; and in response to a determination that the one or more rules are specified for the identifier, generate a service packet by multiplexing client information and information specified in the service call, and forward the service packet to the target appliance. 12. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 11, further comprising: accessing source kernel memory of the source appliance; and retrieving the client information from source kernel memory, wherein the client information comprises one or more client process properties of a plurality of client process properties associated with the client process, and the plurality of client process properties comprise a user context, a user group context, a client program name, a parent process name, or a terminal type. 13. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim of claim 12, further comprising: intercepting the service packet forwarded to the target appliance; demultiplexing the service packet to retrieve the client information; processing one or more attributes of at least one rule using the client information; and forwarding the service call to the server, if the processing indicates that the forwarding the service call is allowable. 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim of claim 13, wherein each rule of the one or more rules comprises one or more attributes, and each attribute of the one or more attributes corresponds to a client process property of the plurality of client process properties. 15. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim of claim 14, wherein the processing comprises determining whether each attribute of at least one rule matches a corresponding client process property. 16. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a memory coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the memory stores program instructions executable by the one or more processors to: intercept a service call initiated by a client process of a client, wherein the client is deployed in a source appliance, the service call is a request for provision of an internal service by a server deployed in a target appliance, the service call comprises an identifier, and the identifier identifies the internal service; determine whether one or more rules of a plurality of rules are specified for the identifier; and in response to a determination that the one or more rules are specified for the identifier, generate a service packet by multiplexing client information and information specified in the service call, and forward the service packet to the target appliance. 17. The system of claim 16, further comprising: accessing source kernel memory of the source appliance; and retrieving the client information from source kernel memory, wherein the client information comprises one or more client process properties of a plurality of client process properties associated with the client process, and the plurality of client process properties comprise a user context, a user group context, a client program name, a parent process name, or a terminal type. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising: intercepting the service packet forwarded to the target appliance; demultiplexing the service packet to retrieve the client information; processing one or more attributes of at least one rule using the client information; and forwarding the service call to the server, if the processing indicates that the forwarding the service call is allowable. 19. The system of claim of claim 18, wherein each rule of the one or more rules comprises one or more attributes, and each attribute of the one or more attributes corresponds to a client process property of the plurality of client process properties. 20. The system of claim of claim 19, wherein the processing comprises determining whether each attribute of at least one rule matches a corresponding client process property.",
-    "Methods are disclosed for decreasing calorie intake, food intake, and appetite in a subject. The methods include peripherally administering PYY or an agonist thereof and GLP-1 or an agonist thereof to the subject, simultaneously or sequentially, thereby decreasing the calorie intake of the subject. 1. A method for decreasing calorie intake or food intake in a subject, for preventing or reducing weight gain or inducing weight loss in a subject, or controlling any one or more of appetite, satiety, and hunger in a subject comprising peripherally administering a therapeutically effective amount of Peptide YY (PYY) or an agonist thereof and a therapeutically effective amount of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or an agonist thereof to the subject. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. A method for alleviating a condition or disorder in a subject which can be alleviated by reducing nutrient availability, which comprises peripherally administering a therapeutically effective amount of PYY or an agonist thereof and a therapeutically effective amount of GLP-1 or an agonist thereof to the subject. 9. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PYY or agonist thereof and the GLP-1 or agonist thereof are administered simultaneously or sequentially. 10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PYY and the GLP-1 are administered via different routes. 11. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subject is overweight or obese. 12. (canceled) 13. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subject is diabetic. 14. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein peripheral administration comprises subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, transdermal or sublingual administration. 15. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein peripherally administering PYY or the agonist thereof comprises administering about 45 to about 135 pmol per kilogram body weight of the subject. 16. (canceled) 17. A method as claimed in claim 15, wherein peripherally administering PYY or the agonist thereof comprises administering about 45 to about 135 pmol per kilogram body weight of the subject at least 30 minutes prior to a meal. 18. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein peripherally administering the therapeutically effective amount of PYY or the agonist thereof comprises administering PYY or an agonist thereof to the subject in a multitude of doses, wherein each dose in the multitude of doses comprises administration of about 0.5 to about 135 pmol per kilogram of body weight at least about 30 minutes prior to a meal. 19. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PYY or the agonist thereof is administered in an amount sufficient to decrease calorie intake for a period of at least about 2 hours. 20. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the PYY or the agonist thereof is administered in an amount sufficient to decrease calorie intake for a period of about 2 to 12 hours. 21. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PYY or agonist thereof is administered peripherally at a dose of 0.1 to 3.2 nmoles per kg body weight of the subject. 22. (canceled) 23. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the GLP-1 or agonist thereof is administered peripherally at a dose of 0.1 to 3.2 nmoles per kg body weight of the subject. 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. (canceled) 31. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the GLP-1 agonist is exendin-4 or a derivative thereof that is a GLP-1 agonist. 32. A method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of amfepramone (diethylpropion), phentermine, mazindol, phenylpropanolamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, or fluoxetine. 33. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the subject is human. 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. (canceled) 38. (canceled) 39. (canceled) 40. (canceled) 41. (canceled) 42. (canceled) 43. (canceled) 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising PYY or an agonist thereof and GLP-1 or an agonist thereof, in admixture or in conjunction with a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. 45. (canceled) 46. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 44, which comprises 30 nmoles or more of PYY or an agonist thereof. 47. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 46, which comprises from 20 to 60 nmoles of PYY or an agonist thereof. 48. (canceled) 49. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 44, which comprises PYY or an agonist thereof in an amount suitable for administration peripherally in an amount of 0.1 to 3.2 nmoles per kg body weight of the subject. 50. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 49, in unit dosage form. 51. A method as defined in claim 1, which comprises administering PYY or an agonist thereof subcutaneously at a dose of 10 nmoles or more to the subject of the method. 52. A method as claimed in claim 51, wherein from 20 to 60 nmoles of PYY or an agonist thereof are administered. 53. (canceled) 54. (canceled) 55. (canceled) 56. (canceled) 57. (canceled) 58. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PYY or agonist thereof is PYY3-36. 59. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the PYY or agonist thereof is modified by one or more of amidation, glycosylation, acylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, cyclization, lipidization, or pegylation.",
-    "An in-memory database system includes database table stored in system memory. The database table comprises a plurality of rows including a particular row. Data corresponding to each row is stored entirely in the system memory. The database table comprises a first version of the particular row having a first valid time, and a second version having a second valid time. Index(es) are associated with the database table. Each index is implemented as a lock-free data structure and references the plurality of rows, including referencing the first and second versions of the particular row. A first transaction acting on the first version of the particular row is executed. The first version of the particular row is visible to the first transaction based on the first valid time and the second version of the particular row being not visible to the first transaction based on the second valid time. 1. A computer system, comprising: one or more processors; a system memory; and one or more computer-readable media having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to implement an in-memory database system that includes a database stored entirely in the system memory, the computer-executable instructions including instructions that are executable to configure the computer system to perform at least the following: store a database table in the system memory, the database table comprising a plurality of rows including a particular row, data corresponding to each row being stored entirely in the system memory, the database table comprising a first version of the particular row having a first valid time and a second version of the particular row having a second valid time; associate one or more indexes with the database table, each index being implemented as a lock-free data structure and referencing the plurality of rows, including referencing the first version of the particular row and the second version of the particular row; and execute a first transaction acting on the first version of the particular row, the first version of the particular row being visible to the first transaction based at least on the first valid time and the second version of the particular row being not visible to the first transaction based at least on the second valid time. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the first version of the particular row is visible to the first transaction based at least on the first valid time overlapping a transaction lifetime of the first transaction, and the second version of the particular row is not visible to the first transaction based at least on the second valid time not overlapping the transaction lifetime of the first transaction. 3. The computer system of claim 1, the computer-executable instructions including also instructions that are executable to configure the computer system to execute a second transaction acting on the second version of the particular row, the second version of the particular row being visible to the second transaction based at least on the second valid time and the first version of the particular row being not visible to the second transaction based at least on the first valid time. 4. The computer system of claim 3, wherein the second version of the particular row is visible to the second transaction based at least on the second valid time overlapping a transaction lifetime of the second transaction, and the first version of the particular row is not visible to the second transaction based at least on the first valid time not overlapping the transaction lifetime of the second transaction 5. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the one or more indexes are stored in the system memory. 6. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the one or more indexes comprise one or more of a hash set, a skip list, and a tree structure. 7. The computer system of claim 1, the computer-executable instructions including also instructions that are executable to configure the computer system to store a record of a plurality of transactions, including the first transaction, in a transaction map. 8. The computer system of claim 1, the computer-executable instructions including also instructions that are executable to configure the computer system to execute a garbage collection process that marks rows as garbage. 9. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the garbage collection process marks old versions of rows tracked in a committed transaction's log as garbage and marks new versions of rows tracked in an aborted transaction's log a garbage. 10. The computer system of claim 1, the computer-executable instructions including also instructions that are executable to configure the computer system to persist log changes associated with the database table to a durable storage medium. 11. A method, implemented at a computer system, that includes one or more processors and a system memory, for implementing an in-memory database system that includes a database stored entirely in the system memory, the method comprising: storing a database table in the system memory, the database table comprising a plurality of rows including a particular row, data corresponding to each row being stored entirely in the system memory, the database table comprising a first version of the particular row having a first valid time and a second version of the particular row having a second valid time; associating one or more indexes with the database table, each index being implemented as a lock-free data structure and referencing the plurality of rows, including referencing the first version of the particular row and the second version of the particular row; and executing a first transaction acting on the first version of the particular row, the first version of the particular row being visible to the first transaction based at least on the first valid time and the second version of the particular row being not visible to the first transaction based at least on the second valid time. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first version of the particular row is visible to the first transaction based at least on the first valid time overlapping a transaction lifetime of the first transaction, and the second version of the particular row is not visible to the first transaction based at least on the second valid time not overlapping the transaction lifetime of the first transaction. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising executing a second transaction acting on the second version of the particular row, the second version of the particular row being visible to the second transaction based at least on the second valid time and the first version of the particular row being not visible to the second transaction based at least on the first valid time. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second version of the particular row is visible to the second transaction based at least on the second valid time overlapping a transaction lifetime of the second transaction, and the first version of the particular row is not visible to the second transaction based at least on the first valid time not overlapping the transaction lifetime of the second transaction 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more indexes are stored in the system memory. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more indexes comprise one or more of a hash set, a skip list, and a tree structure. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising storing a record of a plurality of transactions, including the first transaction, in a transaction map. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising executing a garbage collection process that marks rows as garbage. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the garbage collection process marks old versions of rows tracked in a committed transaction's log as garbage and marks new versions of rows tracked in an aborted transaction's log a garbage. 20. A computer program product comprising one or more hardware storage devices having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by one or more processors of a computer system to implement an in-memory database system that includes a database stored entirely in system memory of the computer system, the computer-executable instructions including instructions that are executable to configure the computer system to perform at least the following: store a database table in the system memory, the database table comprising a plurality of rows including a particular row, data corresponding to each row being stored entirely in the system memory, the database table comprising a first version of the particular row having a first valid time and a second version of the particular row having a second valid time; associate one or more indexes with the database table, each index being implemented as a lock-free data structure and referencing the plurality of rows, including referencing the first version of the particular row and the second version of the particular row; and execute a first transaction acting on the first version of the particular row, the first version of the particular row being visible to the first transaction based at least on the first valid time and the second version of the particular row being not visible to the first transaction based at least on the second valid time.",
-    "When a relay station load, which is the load of communications with radio terminals (300E-300G), of a relay node (200) exceeds a load allowable amount, which is determined according to the load of a radio base station (100A), the relay node transmits a handover request, which requests permission for a relay handover, to the radio base station (100A) and performs a relay handover if the relay node receives a handover command which instructs a relay handover. 1. A radio relay station that communicates with a first radio base station as a connection destination, communicates with at least one radio terminal, and thereby relays data to be exchanged between the first radio base station and the radio terminal, comprising: a controller configured to: transmit, to the first radio base station, load notification request requesting a notification of a load of a second radio base station, wherein the load indicates a load of connection of the second radio base station; control a handover of the radio terminal based on the load of the second radio base station notified by the first radio base station; transmit, to the first radio base station, a handover request for executing the handover of the radio terminal to the second radio base station; and instruct, to the radio terminal, the handover to the second radio base station a response message indicating that the handover request is allowed, wherein the load notification request includes identifier of cell of the second radio base station, and the handover request includes the identifier of the cell of the second radio base station. 2. A control method of a radio relay station that communicates with a first radio base station as a connection destination, communicates with at least one radio terminal, and thereby relays data to be exchanged between the first radio base station and the radio terminal, comprising: transmitting, to the first radio base station, load notification request requesting a notification of a load of a second radio base station, wherein the load indicates a load of connection of the second radio base station; controlling a handover of the radio terminal based on the load of the second radio base station notified by the first radio base station; transmitting, to the first radio base station, a handover request for executing the handover of the radio terminal to the second radio base station; and instructing, to the radio terminal, the handover to the second radio base station a response message indicating that the handover request is allowed, wherein the load notification request includes identifier of cell of the second radio base station, and the handover request includes the identifier of the cell of the second radio base station.",
-    "Computer-implemented techniques involve detecting, by a server having one or more processors, a first cellular connection between a computing device and a first cellular network of a first cellular carrier associated with a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), detecting, by the server, an outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier, in response to detecting the outage of the first cellular network, determining, by the server, an alternate communication channel by which to communicate with the computing device, and transmitting, by the server, a carrier switch instruction to the computing device via the alternate communication channel, wherein receipt of the carrier switch instruction causes the computing device to: (i) terminate the first cellular connection and (ii) initiate a second cellular connection with another cellular network of different second cellular carrier associated with the MVNO. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: detecting, by a server having one or more processors, a first cellular connection between a computing device and a first cellular network of a first cellular carrier associated with a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO); detecting, by the server, an outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier; in response to detecting the outage of the first cellular network, determining, by the server, an alternate communication channel by which to communicate with the computing device; and transmitting, by the server, a carrier switch instruction to the computing device via the alternate communication channel, wherein receipt of the carrier switch instruction causes the computing device to control its communication device to: (i) terminate the first cellular connection, and (ii) initiate a second cellular connection with another cellular network of a different second cellular carrier associated with the MVNO, wherein upon initiating the second cellular connection, the computing device is simultaneously connected to both (a) the server via the alternate communication channel (b) the other cellular network of the different second cellular carrier via the second cellular connection. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein detecting the outage includes determining, by the server, an expected future outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the alternate communication channel is a different second cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the different second cellular network is a lesser generation cellular network than the first cellular network. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the different second cellular network is associated with a short message service (SMS) communication channel. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the alternate communication channel is a WiFi communication channel. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising detecting, by the server, that the other cellular network of the different second cellular carrier is not affected by the outage. 8. A server comprising a memory having a set of instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors of the server, cause the server to perform operations comprising: detecting a first cellular connection between a computing device and a first cellular network of a first cellular carrier associated with a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO); detecting an outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier; in response to detecting the outage of the first cellular network, determining an alternate communication channel by which to communicate with the computing device; and transmitting a carrier switch instruction to the computing device via the alternate communication channel, wherein receipt of the carrier switch instruction causes the computing device to control its communication device to: (i) terminate the first cellular connection, and (ii) initiate a second cellular connection with another cellular network of a different second cellular carrier associated with the MVNO, wherein upon initiating the second cellular connection, the computing device is simultaneously connected to both (a) the server via the alternate communication channel (b) the other cellular network of the different second cellular carrier via the second cellular connection. 9. The server of claim 8, wherein detecting the outage includes determining, by the server, an expected future outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 10. The server of claim 8, wherein the alternate communication channel is a different second cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 11. The server of claim 10, wherein the different second cellular network is a lesser generation cellular network than the first cellular network. 12. The server of claim 11, wherein the different second cellular network is associated with a short message service (SMS) communication channel. 13. The server of claim 8, wherein the alternate communication channel is a WiFi communication channel. 14. The server of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise detecting, by the server, that the other cellular network of the different second cellular carrier is not affected by the outage. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having a set of instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors of a server, cause the server to perform operations comprising: detecting a first cellular connection between a computing device and a first cellular network of a first cellular carrier associated with a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO); detecting an outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier; in response to detecting the outage of the first cellular network, determining an alternate communication channel by which to communicate with the computing device; and transmitting a carrier switch instruction to the computing device via the alternate communication channel, wherein receipt of the carrier switch instruction causes the computing device to control its communication device to: (i) terminate the first cellular connection, and (ii) initiate a second cellular connection with another cellular network of different a different second cellular carrier associated with the MVNO wherein upon initiating the second cellular connection, the computing device is simultaneously connected to both (a) the server via the alternate communication channel (b) the other cellular network of the different second cellular carrier via the second cellular connection. 16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein detecting the outage includes determining, by the server, an expected future outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 17. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the alternate communication channel is a different second cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 18. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the different second cellular network is a lesser generation cellular network than the first cellular network. 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the different second cellular network is associated with a short message service (SMS) communication channel. 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the alternate communication channel is a WiFi communication channel. 21. A mobile computing device, comprising: a memory configured to store a set of instructions; a communication device configured to transmit and receive information; and one or more processors configured to execute the set of instructions, which causes the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: controlling the communication device to establish a first cellular connection with a first cellular network of a first cellular carrier associated with a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO); receiving, by the communication device via an alternate communication channel, a carrier switch instruction indicative of a detected outage of at least the first cellular network of the first cellular carrier; and in response to receiving the carrier switch instruction, controlling the communication device to: (i) terminate the first cellular connection, and (ii) initiate a second cellular connection with another cellular network of a different second cellular carrier associated with the MVNO wherein upon initiating the second cellular connection, the mobile computing device is simultaneously connected to both (a) the server via the alternate communication channel (b) the other cellular network of the different second cellular carrier via the second cellular connection. 22. The mobile computing device of claim 21, wherein the alternate communication channel is a WiFi communication channel. 23. The mobile computing device of claim 21, wherein the alternate communication channel is a lesser generation cellular network of the first cellular carrier. 24. The mobile computing device of claim 21, wherein the alternate communication channel is a different cellular network of the first cellular carrier that is associated with a short message service (SMS) communication channel.",
-    "Radiation therapy of a lesion within a patient is guided to take into account movement of the lesion caused by respiration and/or cardiac effects by using MRI or other imaging system suitable for locating the lesion to image the patient while on the treatment support and using a PET detection system responsive to a radiation source preferentially taken up by the lesion and registered with the MRI so as to monitor movement of the lesion in real time and thus guide the beam of the RT. 1. A method for radiation therapy of a patient comprising: locating a patient on a patient support device, the patient having a lesion requiring radiation therapy; while the patient is on the patient support device using a first imaging system to obtain one or more first images of a location of the lesion within the patient; while the patient is on the patient support device using a source of radiation therapy on a gantry to apply a controlled guided beam of radiation to the lesion by rotation of the source around an axis passing through the lesion; applying to the patient a suitable radioisotope for PET imaging of gamma radiation emitted by the lesion; providing a plurality of PET detectors lying in a circular array around the lesion for detecting the gamma emissions to generate a PET image; during the application of the radiation therapy obtaining images of the lesion or a location on the body of the patient correlated with the lesion using the array of PET detectors responsive to the emitted gamma radiation so as to determine movement of the lesion which occurs during the radiation therapy; registering the images of the lesion obtained by the PET detectors with said one or more images obtained by the imaging system; and controlling the dose applied by the source of radiation in response to the movement of the lesion detected by the PET detectors. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the PET detectors are of sufficient size and in appropriate position to allow both ends of the coincident beams of gamma radiation to be detected at the same time. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the PET detectors are positioned so that the radiation beam from the source has unimpeded access to the patient at all times during gantry rotation. 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the array of PET detectors substantially wholly surrounds the lesion of the patient omitting only the PET detectors over an area sufficient to allow penetration of the beam from the source. 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the circular array of PET detectors lies in a plane which is inclined relative to a radial plane of the axis of rotation of the source on the gantry. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the array of PET detectors is maintained stationary during PET imaging. 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the PET detectors form a complete circle wherein the radiation source is off when rotation of the gantry would bring the high energy radiation beam into collision with the PET detectors. 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein high resolution images in both the PET image and the first image are obtained using breath holding or respiratory gating. 9. The method according to claim 1 wherein, in subsequent treatment procedures, the PET image is acquired just prior to treatment to verify the size and location of the lesion relative to previous treatments. 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the PET images is obtained simultaneously with the imaging by the first imaging system. 11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the registration of the images is carried out geometrically by physical points on the imaging systems or on the patient support device or in or on the patient 12. The method according to claim 1 wherein the registration of the images is carried out by image comparison techniques. 13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the control of the radiation therapy system is carried out in real time in response to real time images obtained by the PET imaging system. 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the control of the radiation therapy system is carried out by halting the dose whenever the lesion is detected to have moved beyond a predetermined allowable position. 15. The method according to claim 1 wherein the control of the radiation therapy system is carried out by controlling a focused position of a beam of the radiation therapy system in dependence on the movement of the lesion, wherein the beam is rotated around an axis and wherein the focused position is moved in a radial or an axial direction. 16. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first imaging system is MRI and wherein a magnet of the MRI is moved away from the patient support device so as to allow the radiation therapy. 17. The method according to claim 16 wherein the radiation source and the patient support device are located in a room shielded to prevent release of the radiation and wherein the room includes a door through which a magnet moves to remove the magnet from the room during the therapy. 18. The method according to claim 1 including moving the patient from the first imaging system to the radiation therapy system without moving the patient position relative to the patient support device. 19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the PET imaging system operates in constant mode. 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein there is provided a marker on the patient and wherein gamma camera imaging system monitors the movement of this marker to assist in controlling the guidance of a beam of the radiation therapy system in response to the movement of the body of the patient. 21. The method according to claim 1 wherein sets of images of the PET imaging system and the first imaging system are fused together such that the observed PET image demonstrates all the features of the first image of the first imaging system and these can be employed to guide in real time radiation treatment of patient lesions including cancer tumours. 22. The method according to claim 1 including moving the patient from the first imaging system to the radiation therapy system with moving the patient position relative to the patient support device but using multi-imaging modality markers to co-register all images to the patient. 23. The method according to claim 1 including elevating the patient support device at the head end so that the angle of the beam relative to the table top and hence the patient is variable from the conventional 90\u00b0. 24. The method according to claim 1 wherein the incident angle of the high energy beam relative to the beam of gamma rays from the radioactive substance embedded in the lesion is varied to provide optimal imaging of the lesion.",
-    "A thin film transistor array panel includes: a gate wiring layer disposed on a substrate; an oxide semiconductor layer disposed on the gate wiring layer; and a data wiring layer disposed on the oxide semiconductor layer, in which the data wiring layer includes a main wiring layer including copper and a capping layer disposed on the main wiring layer and including a copper alloy. 1. A manufacturing method of a thin film transistor array panel, comprising: forming a gate line on a substrate comprising a wiring part and a channel part; forming a gate insulating layer covering the gate line; forming an oxide semiconductor layer, a first metal layer, and a second metal layer on the gate insulating layer; forming a first photo resist pattern having an opening disposed at a portion corresponding to the channel part on the second metal layer; forming a data wiring layer comprising a barrier layer and a main wiring layer disposed on the barrier layer by etching the first metal layer and the second metal layer together by using the first photo resist pattern as a mask; removing the first photo resist pattern; forming a second photo resist pattern covering the data wiring layer; and etching the oxide semiconductor layer by using the second photo resist pattern as a mask. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first metal layer comprises a copper alloy and the second metal layer comprises copper. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the first metal layer is made of an alloy of at least one of vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), tantalum (Ta), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), niobium (Nb), and nickel (Ni) and copper. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the material forming the alloy with copper of the first metal layer has the content of about 25 at % or more. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: forming a third metal layer after forming the second metal layer on the gate insulating layer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein: the third metal layer comprises a copper alloy. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: forming a capping layer on the main wiring layer by etching the third metal layer together when the first metal layer and the second metal layer are wet-etched by using the first photo resist pattern as a mask.",
-    "A fixing belt according to the present invention has an endless shape and includes a base layer made of a heat-resistant resin; an elastic layer made of an elastic material; and a releasing layer which are stacked on one another in this order in which: the loss tangent tan \u03b4 of the elastic material at 20 Hz is 0.1 or smaller; and the fixing belt is mounted in a fixing device in the state where the belt is rotatably supported by two or more rollers including a heating roller, whereby favorable fixation performance and favorable separativeness relative to a recording medium can be achieved even in high speed image formation of an electrophotographic process. 1. A fixing belt comprising: a base layer comprising a heat-resistant resin; an elastic layer comprising an elastic material; and a releasing layer, the base layer, the elastic layer and the releasing layer being sequentially stacked on one another, the fixing belt having an endless form and being to be rotatably supported by two or more rollers including a heating roller, wherein the elastic material has a loss tangent tan \u03b4 of 0.1 or smaller, the loss tangent tan \u03b4 being a ratio of a loss modulus relative to a storage modulus at 20 Hz. 2. The fixing belt according to claim 1, wherein the tan \u03b4 is greater than 0.01. 3. The fixing belt according to claim 1, wherein: the heat-resistant resin is polyimide; the elastic material is a silicone rubber; and the releasing layer comprises a perfluoro-alkoxy fluororesin. 4. A fixing device comprising: the fixing belt according to claim 1 having an endless form; two or more rollers rotatably supporting the fixing belt, the two or more rollers including a heating roller for applying heat to the fixing belt; and a pressure roller disposed to be relatively biased against one of the rollers with the fixing belt therebetween. 5. The fixing device according to claim 4, wherein the fixing belt rotatably supported by the rollers has a tensile force of 45 N or smaller. 6. The fixing device according to claim 4, wherein, among the rollers, the roller disposed to be biased by the pressure roller has a roller diameter of 45 mm or greater. 7. The fixing device according to claim 4, wherein a separation angle of a recording medium subjected to fixation is 67 to 85 degrees. 8. An image forming apparatus comprising the fixing device according to claim 4 configured to heat and press an unfixed toner image formed by an electrophotographic process on a recording medium to fix the unfixed toner image to the recording medium. 9. An image formation method comprising fixing an unfixed toner image formed by an electrophotographic process on a recording medium to the recording medium by heating and pressing the unfixed toner image by the fixing device according to claim 4. 10. The image formation method according to claim 9, wherein a fixation rate of the fixing device is 60 sheets per minute or higher for recording mediums of A4 size.",
-    "A method including receiving, from a mobile device, a payment method and a payment amount. The method also can include validating the payment amount. The method additionally can include generating a gift card for the payment amount. The gift card can include a gift card identifier. The method further can include sending the gift card identifier to the mobile device. The method additionally can include facilitating displaying the gift card identifier on the mobile device. The gift card can be devoid of being generated as part of a gift-card purchase transaction. Other embodiments are provided. 1. A system comprising: a payment module configured to be executed on a mobile device and further configured to receive a payment method and a payment amount; and a retailer payment system configured to communicate with the payment module on the mobile device; and wherein: the retailer payment system is further configured to: receive the payment method and the payment amount from the payment module; at least partially validate the payment amount; and generate a gift card for the payment amount, the gift card comprising a gift card identifier; the payment module is further configured to: receive the gift card identifier from the retailer payment system; and facilitate display of the gift card identifier on a screen of the mobile device; and the gift card is devoid of being generated as part of a gift-card purchase transaction. 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a point-of-sale system, wherein: the point-of-sale system is configured to receive the gift card identifier displayed on the screen of the mobile device. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein: the point-of-sale system comprises a scanner; the payment module is further configured to: generate a barcode corresponding to the gift card identifier; and facilitate display of the barcode on the screen of the mobile device; and the point-of-sale system is configured to scan the barcode using the scanner. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein: the point-of-sale system is further configured to redeem the gift card. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein: the payment module is further configured to: receive at least one customer credential; send the at least one customer credential to the retailer payment system; receive at least one approved payment method from the retailer payment system; and display the at least one approved payment method from the retailer payment system; the retailer payment system is further configured to: determine the at least one approved payment method based at least in part on the at least one customer credential; and the at least one approved payment method comprises the payment method. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein: the gift card comprises a new gift card. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein: the retailer payment system is further configured to: encrypt the gift card identifier to generate an encrypted gift card identifier; and send the encrypted gift card identifier to the mobile device; the payment module configured to receive the gift card identifier from the retailer payment system further comprises the payment module configured to receive the encrypted gift card identifier from the retailer payment system; and the payment module is further configured to decrypting the encrypted gift card identifier. 8. A method comprising: receiving, from a mobile device, a payment method and a payment amount; validating the payment amount; generating a gift card for the payment amount, wherein the gift card comprises a gift card identifier; sending the gift card identifier to the mobile device; and facilitating displaying the gift card identifier on the mobile device, wherein: the gift card is devoid of being generated as part of a gift-card purchase transaction. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising: receiving the gift card identifier at a point-of-sale system. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein: receiving the gift card identifier at the point-of-sale system comprises: scanning a barcode displayed on the mobile device. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein: receiving the gift card identifier at the point-of-sale system comprises: receiving a number corresponding to the gift card identifier. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising: redeeming the gift card at the point-of-sale system. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein: validating the payment amount comprises: facilitating a user-identity authentication procedure. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein: the gift card comprises a new gift card. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein: sending the gift card identifier to the mobile device comprises: encrypting the gift card identifier to generate an encrypted gift card identifier; sending the encrypted gift card identifier to the mobile device; and decrypting the encrypted gift card identifier at the mobile device. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein: facilitating displaying the gift card identifier on the mobile device comprises: generating a barcode corresponding to the gift card identifier; and facilitating displaying the barcode on a screen of the mobile device. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein: facilitating displaying the gift card identifier on the mobile device comprises: facilitating displaying a number corresponding to the gift card identifier on a screen of the mobile device. 18. The method of claim 8 further comprising: before receiving the payment method: receiving at least one customer credential from the mobile device; determining at least one approved payment method based at least in part on the at least one customer credential; and sending the at least one approved payment method to the mobile device for display on a screen of the mobile device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein: the at least one approved payment method comprises the payment method. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein: receiving the at least one customer credential from the mobile device comprises: receiving the at least one customer credential in an encrypted format; and decrypting the at least one customer credential in the encrypted format.",
-    "The invention relates to a coated medical device for rapid delivery of a therapeutic agent to a tissue in seconds to minutes. The medical device has a layer overlying the exterior surface of the medical device. The layer contains a therapeutic agent, a contrast agent, and an additive. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A balloon catheter for delivering a therapeutic agent to a target site in a blood vessel, the balloon catheter comprising a coating layer overlying an exterior surface of a balloon of the balloon catheter, the coating layer comprising a therapeutic agent and at least one first additive, wherein: the balloon catheter is a scoring balloon catheter; the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel, rapamycin, beta-lapachone, biologically active vitamin D, and combinations thereof; and the at least one first additive comprises a PEG fatty ester selected from the group consisting of PEG laurates, PEG oleates, PEG stearates, PEG glyceryl laurates, PEG glyceryl oleates, PEG glyceryl stearates, PEG sorbitan monolaurates, PEG sorbitan monooleates, PEG sorbitan stearates, PEG sorbitan laurates, PEG sorbitan oleates, PEG sorbitan palmitates, and combinations thereof. 22. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the coating layer is dried. 23. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the coating layer further comprises a contrast agent chosen from iobitridol, iohexol, iomeprol, iopamidol, iopentol, iopromide, ioversol, ioxilan, iotrolan, iodixanol, and ioxaglate, and their derivatives. 24. The balloon catheter of claim 23, wherein the coating layer consists essentially of the therapeutic agent, the contrast agent, and the at least one first additive. 25. The balloon catheter of claim 23, wherein the coating layer further comprises a hydrophilic second additive selected from the group consisting of polyglyceryl-10 oleate, p-isononylphenoxypolyglycidol, L-ascorbic acid, D-glucoascorbic acid, tromethamine, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, meglumine, glucamine, glucoheptonic acid, glucomic acid, hydroxyl ketone, hydroxyl lactone, gluconolactone, glucoheptonolactone, glucooctanoic lactone, gulonic acid lactone, mannoic lactone, ribonic acid lactone, lactobionic acid, glucosamine, glutamic acid, benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, lysine acetate, gentisic acid, lactobionic acid, lactitol, sorbitol, glucose, ribose, arabinose, lyxose, xylose, fructose, mannose, glucitol, glucopyranose phosphate, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, xylitol, 2-ethoxyethanol, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, cyclodextrin, sorbitol, (2-hydroxypropyl)-cyclodextrin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, retinoic acid, lysine acetate, gentisic acid, catechin, catechin gallate, tiletamine, ketamine, propofol, lactic acids, acetic acid, and salts of any of the foregoing organic acids or amines. 26. The balloon catheter of claim 25, wherein the hydrophilic second additive is selected from the group consisting of polyglyceryl-10 oleate, p-isononylphenoxypolyglycidol, gluconolactone, sorbitol, lactobionic acid, and N-octanoyl-N-methylglucamine. 27. The balloon catheter of claim 25, wherein the hydrophilic second additive is selected from the group consisting of gluconolactone, sorbitol, lactobionic acid, N-octanoyl-N-methylglucamine, and combinations thereof. 28. The balloon catheter of claim 25, wherein the at least one first additive is PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate and the hydrophilic second additive is selected from the group consisting of gluconolactone, sorbitol, lactobionic acid, N-octanoyl-N-methylglucamine, and combinations thereof. 29. The balloon catheter of claim 25, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel, rapamycin, and combinations thereof. 30. The balloon catheter of claim 23, wherein the coating layer further comprises a hydrophobic second additive selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, vegetable oil, flower oil, animal oil, coconut oil, palm oil, olive oil, peanut oil, fish oil, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, eicosanoic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, tocotrienol, butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, lignoceric acid, natural or synthetic phospholipids, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, alpha tocoferol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamines phosphatidylglycerols, sphingolipids, prostaglandins, gangliosides, neobee, and niosomes. 31. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the at least one first additive is selected from the group consisting of PEG glyceryl oleates, PEG glyceryl stearates, PEG sorbitan stearates, PEG sorbitan monolaurates, and PEG sorbitan monooleates. 32. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the at least one first additive is selected from the group consisting of PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate, PEG-20 sorbitan monopalmitate, PEG-20 sorbitan monostearate, PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate, and combinations thereof. 33. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the at least one first additive is selected from the group consisting of PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate and PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate. 34. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein: the therapeutic agent is paclitaxel; and the at least one first additive is PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate. 35. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein: the therapeutic agent is paclitaxel; and the at least one first additive is PEG-20 sorbitan monopalmitate. 36. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein: the therapeutic agent is rapamycin; and the at least one first additive is PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate. 37. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein: the therapeutic agent is rapamycin; and the at least one first additive is PEG-20 sorbitan monopalmitate. 38. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the concentration of the therapeutic agent in the coating layer is from 1 \u03bcg/mm2 to 20 \u03bcg/mm2. 39. The balloon catheter of claim 21, wherein the ratio by weight of the at least one first additive to the therapeutic agent in the coating layer is from about 0.1 to 5. 40. The balloon catheter of claim 21, further comprising a top layer overlying the coating layer, wherein the top layer prevents loss of the therapeutic agent during transit through a body to the blood vessel.",
-    "A hair straightener includes a power cord, a control circuit board, an upper shell, a bottom shell, an electric hot plate and a heat-conductive brush head. The upper shell and the bottom shell are fastened together with a first accommodation chamber defined therein. The bottom shell defines an opening. The control circuit board, the electric hot plate and the heat-conductive brush head are accommodated in the first accommodation chamber. The heat-conductive brush head has a heat-transfer plate attached to the back side thereof. The electric hot plate is mounted on the heat-transfer plate. The heat-conductive brush head has a plurality of heat-transfer brush teeth located on the front side thereof. 1. A hair straightener, comprising: an upper shell and a bottom shell fastened together with a first accommodation chamber defined therein, said bottom shell comprising an opening located on one end thereof, said upper shell providing an button; a control circuit board mounted inside said first accommodation chamber; an electric hot plate mounted inside said first accommodation chamber; a heat-conductive brush head mounted in said first accommodation chamber, said heat-conductive brush head comprising a front side, an back side and a plurality of heat-transfer brush teeth forwardly extended from the front side thereof, each said heat-transfer brush tooth having a free end thereof extended out of said opening of said bottom shell and terminating in a heat insulation tip, the heat-conductive brush head having a heat-transfer plate, said heat-transfer plate fixedly mounted on the back side of said heat-conductive brush and fixedly supporting said electric hot plate on a back side thereof; and a power cord; wherein said button, said electric hot plate and said power cord are respectively electrically coupled to said control circuit board. 2. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, wherein said heat-conductive brush head further comprises a plurality of anti-scald brush teeth forwardly extended from the front side thereof around the plurality of heat-transfer brush teeth. 3. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an electric hot plate gland cover disposed inside said first accommodation chamber and fixedly covered on the back side of said heat-conductive brush head; said electric hot plate is set between said electric hot plate gland cover and said heat-conductive brush head. 4. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a heat insulation cover disposed inside said first accommodation chamber and connected with said heat-conductive brush head to define a second accommodation chamber therein; said heat-transfer plate, said electric hot plate and said electric hot plate gland cover are accommodated in said second accommodation chamber. 5. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, wherein said upper shell comprises an ornamental frame mounted around the periphery thereof; said button is fixedly mounted on said ornamental frame. 6. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a temperature indicator and a temperature probe, wherein said temperature probe is mounted in said heat-transfer plate and electrically coupled to said control circuit board; said upper shell comprises a groove located on an outside wall thereof; said temperature indicator is fixedly mounted in said groove of said upper shell and electrically coupled to said control circuit board. 7. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, wherein said bottom shell has one end thereof terminating in a handheld end and disposed remote from said opening; said heat-conductive brush head comprises an anti-scald strip disposed adjacent to said handheld end of said bottom shell. 8. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, wherein said heat-conductive brush head and said opening respectively have an oval shape; said heat insulation tip of each said heat-transfer brush tooth is a silicon rubber heat insulation tip. 9. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of heat-transfer brush teeth comprises multiple rows of first said heat-transfer brush teeth and multiple row of second said heat-transfer brush teeth, the lengths of said second said heat-transfer brush teeth that extend out of said opening being shorter than the lengths of said first said heat-transfer brush teeth that extend out of said opening, each said row of said second said heat-transfer brush teeth being disposed between two said rows of said first said heat-transfer brush teeth. 10. The hair straightener as claimed in claim 1, wherein said heat-conductive brush head comprises a convex surface portion located on a front middle part thereof.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide methods, computer program products, and systems for suggesting uniform resource locators located at previously unknown hosts to users. Embodiments of the present invention can be used to record uniform resource locators (URLs) associated with web resources accessed by a user and usage details pertaining to the user's usage of the web resources. Responsive to receiving a request to access a hostname not stored in the recorded URLs, embodiments of the present invention can be used to receive URLs associated with web resources available at the hostname and assign weight values to the received URLs based, at least in part, on the usage details and a similarity between the received URLs and the recorded URLs. Embodiments of the present invention can then be used to generate a URL suggestion from the received URLs based, at least in part, on the assigned weight values. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: recording uniform resource locators (URLs) associated with web resources accessed by a user and usage details pertaining to the user's usage of the web resources, wherein the usage details comprise browsing history of a user, an amount of time spent accessing one or more URLs, frequency with which the one or more URLs are accessed, and duration between accessing the one or more URLs; responsive to receiving a request to access a hostname not stored in the recorded URLs from a partial URL typed by the user into an address bar of a web browser, receiving URLs associated with web resources available at the hostname; assigning weight values to the received URLs based, at least in part, on the usage details and a similarity between the received URLs and the recorded URLs, wherein the similarity between the received URLs and the recorded URLs is based on a number of shared characters; and generating a URL suggestion from the received URLs based, at least in part, on the assigned weight values, wherein the generated URL suggestion is displayed to the user in the address bar of the web browser; wherein assigning weight values to the received URLs based, at least in part, on the usage details and a similarity between the received URLs and the recorded URLs comprises: ranking the received URLs according to their respective similarities to the recorded URLs, determining a subset of the received URLs based on their respective rankings, ranking the received URLs in the determined subset based on the usage details of their respectively similar recorded URLs, and assigning weight values to the received URLs in the determined subset based on their respective rankings in the subset.",
-    "A system including an implantable medical device (IMD) configured to be programmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) settings for use during an MRI scan, a server configured to receive MRI settings associated with the IMD, and configured to store the MRI settings associated with the IMD, and a portable retrieval programmer. The portable retrieval programmer includes a housing configured for portability by a user, a first communication module in the housing configured to communicate with the server to retrieve the MRI settings associated with the IMD, and a device communication module connectible to and disconnectible from the housing and configured to communicate with the IMD to retrieve the identity data and program the IMD with the MRI settings. 1. A system comprising: an implantable medical device (IMD) configured to be programmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) settings for use during an MRI scan and the IMD storing identity data that uniquely identifies the IMD or a patient having the IMD; a server configured to receive MRI settings associated with the IMD, and configured to store the MRI settings associated with the IMD; and a portable retrieval programmer comprising: a housing configured for portability by a user; a first communication module in the housing configured to communicate with the server to retrieve the MRI settings associated with the IMD; a device communication module connectible to and disconnectible from the housing and configured to communicate with the IMD to retrieve the identity data and program the IMD with the MRI settings; and a power source in the housing configured to supply power for components of the programmer. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the portable retrieval programmer is configured to be used with an additional device communication module provided by a manufacturer different from a manufacturer of the programmer, whereby the portable retrieval programmer can be connected to the device communication module or alternately can be connected to the additional device communication module in order to interface with the IMD or alternatively another IMD made by a manufacturer different than the manufacturer of the IMD. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the first communication module of the portable retrieval programmer is configured for communication with the server over one of a pervasive wireless network and a wired network. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the device communication module of the portable retrieval programmer is configured for inductive communication with the IMD. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the device communication module of the portable retrieval programmer is configured for radio frequency communication with the IMD. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the portable retrieval programmer is further configured to program the IMD with post-MRI settings. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the portable retrieval programmer is further configured to perform a device check on the IMD. 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the portable retrieval programmer is further configured to send information to an electronic medical record, a health care professional, or both, wherein the information includes a summary of changes to IMD settings and device check data. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the retrieval programmer is further configured to perform safety checks before an MRI scan. 10. A system comprising: an implantable medical device (IMD) configured to be programmed with IMD settings; and a server configured to receive values for a device prescription comprising the IMD settings associated with the IMD or patient,; and a retrieval programmer, wherein the retrieval programmer comprises: a first communication module configured to communicate with the server to retrieve the IMD settings that are associated with the IMD; and a device communication module configured to communicate with the IMD and program the IMD with the IMD settings; wherein the retrieval programmer is configured to initiate contact with the server to retrieve the IMD settings. 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the first communication module of the retrieval programmer is configured for communication with the server over a pervasive wireless network. 12. The system of claim 10 wherein the first communication module of the retrieval programmer is configured for communication with the server over a wired network. 13. The system of claim 10 wherein the device communication module of the retrieval programmer is configured for inductive communication with the IMD. 14. The system of claim 10 wherein the device communication module comprises a removable and replaceable connection to the retrieval programmer. 15. The system of claim 10 wherein the device communication module of the retrieval programmer is configured for radio frequency communication with the IMD. 16. The system of claim 10, the retrieval programmer further comprising a housing configured for portability by a user, wherein a power source is provided in the housing. 17. The system of claim 10 wherein the retrieval programmer is further configured to program the IMD with post-MRI settings. 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the retrieval programmer is further configured to perform a device check on the IMD. 19. A system comprising: an implantable medical device (IMD) configured to be programmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) settings for use during an MRI scan and the IMD storing identity data that uniquely identifies the IMD or a patient having the IMD; a server configured to receive MRI settings associated with the IMD from a device clinic programmer, and configured to store the MRI settings associated with the IMD at a first time; and a tablet computer comprising: a first communication module configured to communicate with the server to retrieve the MRI prescription associated with the IMD at a second time later than the first time, wherein the first communication module initiates contact with the server; a power source configured to supply power for components of the tablet computer, an interface module connectible to and disconnectible from the tablet computer and configured to communicate with the IMD to retrieve the identity data and program the IMD with the MRI settings. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the interface module comprises a connector portion configured to engage a mating connector of the tablet computer, and a wand portion configured to communicate with the IMD.",
-    "Systems and methods for omnidirectional application navigation are provided. In example embodiments, a navigation icon associated with a first user interface context is caused to be displayed on a device. A change is sensed, by a device, of a change from the first user interface context to a second user interface context. A graphics database is accessed. From the graphics database, a graphic which is associated with the second user interface context is identified. Responsive to the change from the first user interface context to the second user interface context, the navigation icon is changed using the identified graphic from the graphics database. 1. A computer-implemented system, comprising: a navigation node, associated with a first user interface context and a second user interface context and sensitive to at least one user gesture applied to a screen of a device at a display position of the navigation node; a display mechanism, to: cause, via at least one processor, display, on the screen of the device, of the navigation node associated with the first user interface context as a first icon and display of the navigation node associated with the second user interface context as a second icon different than the first icon; define an input region, inside which the at least one user gesture actuates the navigation node; a graphic icon database, containing icons to be displayed by the display mechanism; and a context database, containing respective contextual data associated with the at least one user gesture, wherein the contextual data comprises: a first navigation action to be triggered in response to actuation of the navigation node when displayed as the first icon in the first user interface context, the first navigation action comprising a navigation from a first content page of an application to access a second content page of the application; a second navigation action to be triggered in response to actuation of the navigation node when displayed as the second icon in the second user interface context; the display mechanism further configured to: cause display, on the screen of the device, of the navigation node as the first icon according to the first user interface context concurrently with display of the first content page of the application, wherein a first user gesture corresponds to (i) a first non-navigation action defined by the application when applied to a display position of a portion of the first content page and (ii) the first navigation action when applied to the input region to actuate the navigate node to trigger access of the second content page of the application; and cause display, on the screen of the device, of the navigation node as the second icon according to the second user interface context concurrently with display of the second content page of the application. 2. The computer-implemented system of claim 1: wherein the display mechanism further controls the display position of the navigation node on the screen of the device and moves the display position of the navigation node away from an original position to follow the user gesture. 3. The computer-implemented system of claim 1, further comprising: a context changer which, in response to a respective user gesture triggering a particular navigation action, accesses the context database and updates a current user interface context of the navigation node. 4. The computer-implemented system of claim 3, further comprising: a content page database containing content page data, wherein the content page data includes page indexes; and the context changer, further to perform the particular navigation action by switching from the first content page with a first page index to the second content page with a second page index, and by causing the display mechanism to display the second content page. 5. A method, comprising: causing display, on a device, of a navigation node as a first icon associated with a first user interface context for a first content page of an application; sensing, by the device, user input, applied to a display position of the navigation node, for triggering a change from the first user interface context to a second user interface context for a second content page of the application, the user input corresponding to a non-navigation action when applied to a portion of the first content page; accessing a graphics database; identifying a graphic from the graphics database which is associated with the second user interface context; and responsive to the change from the first user interface context to the second user interface context, changing a visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified graphic from the graphics database. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: controlling the display position of the navigation node on a screen of the device; sensing, via the device, the user input indicative of a direction; and moving the display position of the navigation node away from an original position to follow the user input. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: navigating from the first content page to the second content page, based on the user input indicative of the direction. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: moving the display position of the navigation node back to the original position after navigating to the second content page. 9. The method of claim 5, where the identified graphic from the graphics database is a second icon different than the first icon; and where changing the visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified graphic comprises: replacing a current visual appearance of the navigation node with the second icon. 10. The method of claim 5, further comprising: sensing, via the device, a user input indicative of a direction; detecting whether the user input is located within an input region defined for actuating the navigation node based on the user input; and navigating to the second content page, based on the user input indicative of the direction, upon detection that the user input is located within the input region. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: sensing a screen resolution of the device; modifying a display size of the navigation node based on the screen resolution of the device; and modifying a display size of the input region based on the screen resolution of the device. 12. The method of claim 5, where the navigation node is a virtual joystick. 13. The method of claim 5, where the navigation node comprises a base icon and a first graphic overlay, where the identified graphic from the graphics database is a second graphic overlay, where changing the visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified graphic comprises: removing the first graphic overlay from the base icon and superimposing the second graphic overlay onto the base icon. 14. A computer-implemented system, the system comprising: a processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, configure the system to perform operations comprising: causing display, on a device, of a navigation node as a first icon associated with a first user interface context for a first content page of an application; sensing, by the device, a user input, applied to a display position of the navigation node, for triggering a change from the first user interface context to a second user interface context for a second content page of the application, the user input corresponding to a non-navigation action when applied to a portion of the first content page; accessing a graphics database; identifying a graphic from the graphics database which is associated with the second user interface context; and responsive to the change from the first user interface context to the second user interface context, changing a visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified graphic from the graphics database. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise: sensing, via the device, the user input indicative of a direction; and navigating to the second content page, based on the user input indicative of the direction. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise: controlling a display position of the navigation node on a screen of the device; and moving the display position of the navigation node away from an original position to follow the user input. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the operations further comprise: moving the display position of the navigation node back to the original position after navigating to the second content page. 18. The system of claim 14, where the identified graphic from the graphics database is a second icon; and where changing the visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified graphic comprises: replacing the first icon with the second icon. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the operations further comprise: sensing, via the device, a user input indicative of a direction; detecting whether the user input is located within an input region; and navigating to a second screen, based on the user input indicative of the direction, upon detection that the user input is located within the input region. 20. A machine readable medium, including instructions, which when performed by a machine, causes the machine to perform the operations comprising: causing display, on a device, of a navigation node as a first graphic associated with a first user interface context for a first content page of an application; sensing, by the device, a user input, applied to a display position of the navigation node, for triggering a change from the first user interface context to a second user interface context for a second content page of the application, the user input corresponding to a non-navigation action when applied to a portion of the first content page; accessing a graphics database; identifying a second graphic from the graphics database which is associated with the second user interface context; and responsive to the change from the first user interface context to the second user interface context, changing a visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified second graphic from the graphics database. 21. The machine readable medium of claim 20, wherein the operations further comprise: sensing, via the device, a user input indicative of a direction; and navigating to the second content page, based on the user input indicative of the direction. 22. The machine readable medium of claim 21, wherein the operations further comprise: controlling a display position of the navigation node on a screen of the device; and moving the display position of the navigation node away from an original position to follow the user input; where the identified second graphic from the graphics database is a second icon, and where changing the visual appearance of the navigation node based in part on the identified second graphic comprises: replacing the first graphic with the second icon. 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled)",
-    "A talking notebook with projection includes a notebook that allows a user to take notes and press on a page to have words read aloud and a screen which is able to be used in conjunction with the notebook. The screen is able to be embedded with the notebook, or the screen is a separate device such as a tablet. The screen is able to play videos and provide other interactivity with the notebook. The talking notebook is also able to project content to a board such as a digital classroom board. By projecting content to a board, the content of the talking notebook is able to be shared easily with many people. 1. A system comprising: a. a digital board configured for displaying content; b. one or more student devices configured for communicating with the digital board; and c. a teacher device configured for communicating with the digital board and the one or more student devices. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the teacher device is configured to send a command to the digital board, and the digital board is configured to send a second command to the one or more student devices to retrieve a page of notes from the one or more student devices to the board. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the teacher device is configured to send a command directly to the one or more student devices to retrieve a page of notes from the one or more student devices to the digital board. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the teacher device is configured for pulling information from the one or more student devices and sending the information to the digital board. 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the one or more student devices are configured for sending and receiving the content to and from the digital board. 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the teacher device is configured to enable the one or more student devices to have access to the board. 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the teacher device displays icons representing the one or more student devices. 8. The system of claim 7 wherein each icon of the icons includes an image of a student. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the teacher device is configured to send information to the one or more student devices. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the information sent from the teacher device to the one or more student devices is locked so that a student is not able to edit the information. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the one or more student devices each comprise: i. a notebook; ii. a portable computing device; iii. a cover configured for receiving the notebook and the portable computing device; and iv. a smart pen configured for writing physical content in the notebook and simultaneously sending information to the portable computing device so that digital content equivalent to the physical content is stored on the portable computing device. 12. A method of utilizing a digital board comprising: a. accessing digital notes stored on one or more student devices using a teacher device; and b. displaying the digital notes on a digital board. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising sending a command from the teacher device to the digital board, and sending a second command to the one or more student devices to retrieve the digital notes from the one or more student devices to the board. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein further comprising sending a command directly from the teacher device to the one or more student devices to retrieve a page of notes from the one or more student devices to the digital board. 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising pulling information from the one or more student devices and sending the information to the digital board. 16. The method of claim 12 further comprising sending and receiving the content to and from the digital board using the one or more student devices. 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising enabling the one or more student devices to have access to the board. 18. The method of claim 12 further comprising sending information to the one or more student devices from the teacher device. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the information sent from the teacher device to the one or more student devices is locked so that a student is not able to edit the information. 20. The method of claim 12 wherein the one or more student devices each comprise: i. a notebook; ii. a portable computing device; iii. a cover configured for receiving the notebook and the portable computing device; and iv. a smart pen configured for writing physical content in the notebook and simultaneously sending information to the portable computing device so that digital content equivalent to the physical content is stored on the portable computing device. 21. A device comprising: a. a transmitter/receiver configured for receiving digital notes stored on one or more student devices; and b. a display configured for displaying the digital notes. 22. The device of claim 21 wherein the transmitter/receiver is configured to receive a command from a teacher device and send a second command to the one or more student devices to retrieve the digital notes from the one or more student devices. 23. The device of claim 21 further comprising a mechanism to grant or deny access to the board. 24. The device of claim 21 wherein the one or more student devices each comprise: i. a notebook; ii. a portable computing device; iii. a cover configured for receiving the notebook and the portable computing device; and iv. a smart pen configured for writing physical content in the notebook and simultaneously sending information to the portable computing device so that digital content equivalent to the physical content is stored on the portable computing device.",
-    "A closeable container cap device that is adapted to releasably connect to litter containers such that when the closeable container cap is screwed on to the litter container opening, the closeable container cap allows for the controllable dispensing of litter from litter container. 1. A closeable container cap comprising: a housing portion configured to provide an attachment with a container, said housing portion having a housing side wall, said housing portion including a housing cavity extending the full length of said housing portion, said housing cavity having a generally circular cross-sectional shape, said housing side wall including a housing aperture; and, a rotatable top portion configured to controllably dispense contents from the container when said closeable container cap is connected to the container, said rotatable top portion including a top portion side wall and a top wall, said rotatable top portion including a top portion cavity having an opening in a base of said rotatable top portion and which top portion cavity terminates at a bottom side of said top wall, a top surface of said top wall including a handle that extends upwardly from said top surface, said outer surface of said top portion side wall having a generally circular cross-sectional shape, a diameter of said outer surface of said top portion side wall is less than a diameter of said housing cavity such that said rotatable top portion can be at least partially positioned in said housing cavity and be at least partially rotated in said housing cavity between an open position and a closed position, said top portion side wall including a top portion aperture, said top portion aperture at least partially aligning with said housing aperture when said rotatable top portion is rotated to said open position, said top portion aperture unaligned with said housing aperture when said rotatable top portion is rotated to said closed position. 2. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 1, wherein a size and shape of said top portion aperture and said housing aperture are the same, said top portion aperture fully aligned with said housing aperture when said rotatable top portion is rotated to said fully open position. 3. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 1, wherein said housing portion includes a dispensing lip configured to allow the contents of the container to flow from said closeable container cap, said dispensing lip connected to an outer surface of said housing side wall and extending outwardly from said housing side wall, said dispensing lip including a cavity that is aligned with and in fluid communication with said housing aperture. 4. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 2, wherein said housing portion includes a dispensing lip configured to allow the contents of the container to flow from said closeable container cap, said dispensing lip connected to an outer surface of said housing side wall and extending outwardly from said housing side wall, said dispensing lip including a cavity that is aligned with and in fluid communication with said housing aperture. 5. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 1, wherein said housing cavity of said housing portion includes threading that is configured to threadingly secure said housing portion to the container. 6. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 4, wherein said housing cavity of said housing portion includes threading that is configured to threadingly secure said housing portion to the container. 7. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 1, wherein a portion of said handle extends beyond an outer perimeter of said housing side wall. 8. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 6, wherein a portion of said handle extends beyond an outer perimeter of said housing side wall. 9. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 1, including a retaining arrangement that inhibits separation of said housing portion from said rotatable top portion when said rotatable top portion is moved between said open and closed positions. 10. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 9, wherein said retaining arrangement includes a slot and pin arrangement. 11. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 10, wherein said slot and pin arrangement includes a housing slot in said housing side wall and a pin device connected to said top portion side wall of said rotatable top portion, said pin device at least partially extending into said housing slot. 12. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 11, wherein said housing slot extends about 10-80% around a circumference of said housing side wall of said housing portion. 13. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 9, wherein said retaining arrangement includes a biasing arrangement to bias said rotatable top portion in said closed position. 14. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 12, wherein said retaining arrangement includes a biasing arrangement to bias said rotatable top portion in said closed position. 15. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 13, wherein said biasing arrangement includes a spring, one end of said spring is connected to said side wall of said housing position and an opposite end of said spring is connected to said rotatable top portion. 16. The closeable container cap as defined in claim 14, wherein said biasing arrangement includes a spring, one end of said spring is connected to said side wall of said housing position and an opposite end of said spring is connected to said pin device on said rotatable top portion. 17. A method for controllable dispensing a material from a container comprising: providing a container, said container including an opening that provides access to material in a cavity of said container; providing a closeable container cap, said closeable container cap including: a housing portion configured to provide an attachment with a container, said housing portion having a housing side wall, said housing portion including a housing cavity extending the full length of said housing portion, said housing cavity having a generally circular cross-sectional shape, said housing side wall including a housing aperture; and, a rotatable top portion configured to controllably dispense contents from the container when said closeable container cap is connected to the container, said rotatable top portion including a top portion side wall and a top wall, said rotatable top portion including a top portion cavity having an opening in a base of said rotatable top portion and which top portion cavity terminates at a bottom side of said top wall, a top surface of said top wall including a handle that extends upwardly from said top surface, said outer surface of said top portion side wall having a generally circular cross-sectional shape, a diameter of said outer surface of said top portion side wall is less than a diameter of said housing cavity such that said rotatable top portion can be at least partially positioned in said housing cavity and be at least partially rotated in said housing cavity between an open position and a closed position, said top portion side wall including a top portion aperture, said top portion aperture at least partially aligning with said housing aperture when said rotatable top portion is rotated to said open position, said top portion aperture unaligned with said housing aperture when said rotatable top portion is rotated to said closed position; and, rotating said rotatable top portion relative to said housing portion by use of said handle on said rotatable top portion from said closed position to said open position while said closeable container cap is connected to said container and positioned over said opening of said container to thereby allow materials in said cavity of said container to flow through said opening of said container and into said closeable container cap and then through said top portion aperture and said housing aperture. 18. The method as defined in claim 17, including the step of securing said closeable container cap to said container. 19. The method as defined in claim 17, wherein said closeable container cap includes a retaining arrangement that inhibits separation of said housing portion from said rotatable top portion when said rotatable top portion is moved between said open and closed positions. 20. The method as defined in claim 19, wherein said retaining arrangement includes a slot and pin arrangement, said slot and pin arrangement includes a housing slot in said housing side wall and a pin device connected to said top portion side wall of said rotatable top portion, said pin device at least partially extending into said housing slot, said housing slot extends about 10-80% around a circumference of said housing side wall of said housing portion. 21. The method as defined in claim 19, wherein said retaining arrangement includes a biasing arrangement to bias said rotatable top portion in said closed position. 22. The method as defined in claim 20, wherein said retaining arrangement includes a biasing arrangement to bias said rotatable top portion in said closed position, said biasing arrangement includes a spring, one end of said spring is connected to said side wall of said housing position and an opposite end of said spring is connected to said rotatable top portion.",
-    "Exemplary embodiments are directed to a system for sampling sub-slab soil gas having an adaptor body that includes a first barbed portion, a collar portion, a second barbed portion, an internal cavity that axially passes through the length of the adaptor body, and a coupling portion. The system further includes one or more extensions such as a fitting extension, a filter extension, a sieve extension and a length extension, each of which are threadably retainable with the coupling portion of the adaptor body. 1. A soil gas collecting device comprising: a first body portion having a first barbed end and a male connection mechanism; a second body portion having a second barbed end and a first female receiving mechanism that receives the male connection mechanism; a grip portion that facilitates the attachment and removal of the first body portion from the second body portion; and an internal cavity axially extending the length of both the first body portion and the second body portion that allows soil gas to flow through the first body portion and the second body portion. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the second body portion includes a threaded collar disposed at a first end of the second barbed end portion that facilitates the installation and removal of the device, the threaded collar including at least one thread having oppositely disposed flat surfaces that facilitates prevention of rotation of the second body portion after installation. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the male connection mechanism is a male threaded connector and the female receiving mechanism is a female threaded receiving portion defined in the threaded collar that receives the male threaded portion. 4. The device of claim 2 further comprising a projection portion disposed at a second end of the second barbed end and including a second female receiving mechanism that receives an extension. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the projection portion includes a first cylindrically shaped projection and a second cylindrically shaped projection having a diameter that is larger than a diameter of the first cylindrical projection, and wherein the second cylindrically shaped projection includes a beveled edge that facilitates installation. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the first barbed end includes at least one barb and the second barbed end includes at least one barb having a diameter that is larger than a diameter of the at least one barb of the first barbed end. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the second barbed end includes at least one barb having a conically shaped portion and cylindrically shaped portion extending from a widest part of the conically shaped portion. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the cylindrically shaped part includes an outer surface that increases the surface area of the at least one barb that contacts a tubular body to enhance a stability of the device when installed. 9. A system for facilitating the analysis of samples of a sub-slab soil gas comprising: an adaptor body including a first barbed end removably attached to a second barbed end; an internal cavity axially extending a length of the adaptor body; a tubular body having an interior cavity adapted to receive the second barbed end of the adaptor body; and a tool that facilitates installation and removal of the adaptor body. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the tool comprises: a stem having a pre-determined length of male threads disposed on a first end; a handle that intersects with a second end of the stem; an installation cavity defined in an at least one end of the handle and adapted to receive the first barbed end; and an extraction cavity disposed within the first end of the stem and adapted to receive the first barbed portion. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the adaptor body includes a threaded collar disposed at a first end of the second barbed end that includes a first surface that the tool contacts during installation. 12. The system of claim 11 further comprising a threaded coupling having internal threads that threads onto the pre-determined length of male threads on the first end of the stem and on the threaded collar. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the second barbed end includes at least one barb having a conically shaped portion and cylindrically shaped portion extending from a widest part of the conically shaped portion. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the cylindrically shaped part includes an outer surface that increases the surface area of the at least one barb that contacts a tubular body to enhance a stability of the adaptor body when installed. 15. A method of collecting gas samples comprising: providing an adaptor body having a first barbed end and a second barbed end; inserting at least a portion of the second barbed end into a tubular body; placing at least a portion of the first barbed end into an installation cavity of a handle of an installation tool; placing the second barbed end into a drilled core; striking the handle on an opposite end of the installation cavity to force the adapter body into the drilled core; removing the installation handle from the first barbed end; removing the first barbed end of the adaptor body from the second barbed end; engaging oppositely disposed flat surfaces on at least one thread of a threaded collar disposed at a first end of the second barbed end; and attaching a third party adapter to the second barbed end. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising connecting a soil gas measurement device to the third party adapter and collecting the gas sample. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the second barbed end includes at least one barb having a conically shaped portion and cylindrically shaped portion extending from a widest part of the conically shaped portion. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cylindrically shaped part includes an outer surface that increases the surface area of the at least one barb that contacts an inner surface of the tubular body to enhance a stability of the adaptor body when installed. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the adaptor body includes a threaded collar disposed at a first end of the second barbed end that includes a first surface that the tool contacts during installation. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first barbed end includes a male threaded connector and the second barbed end includes a female threaded receiving portion defined in the threaded collar that removably receives the male threaded portion.",
-    "An ion implantation method includes generating a first ion beam and a second ion beam, the first ion beam having a different configuration from the second ion beam. The method further includes scanning and directing the first ion beam along a first path toward a workpiece to perform ion implantation on the workpiece. The method alternatively includes directing the second ion beam along a second path toward the workpiece to perform ion implantation on the workpiece. The first path is different from the second path. 1. An ion implantation method, the method comprising: generating a first ion beam and a second ion beam, the first ion beam having a different configuration from the second ion beam; scanning and directing the first ion beam along a first path toward a workpiece to perform ion implantation on the workpiece; or directing the second ion beam along a second path toward the workpiece to perform ion implantation on the workpiece; wherein the first path is different from the second path. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising decelerating the second ion beam before directing the second ion beam toward the workpiece. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising accelerating the scanned first ion beam before directing the first ion beam toward the workpiece. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the first ion beam comprises generating the first ion beam having a spot beam profile and generating the second ion beam comprises generating the second ion beam having a ribbon beam profile. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first ion beam has a lower beam current than the second ion beam. 6. An ion implantation method, the method comprising: generating a first ion beam along a first path and generating a second ion beam along a second path, wherein the second path is different from the first path, wherein the first ion beam has a first beam profile; scanning the first ion beam with a scanning device, wherein the scanning device is positioned along the first path, to generate a second beam profile having a Y dimension, traverse to a direction of the first path, wherein the Y-dimension of the second beam profile is equal to or greater than a corresponding dimension of a workpiece held in an end station; directing the first ion beam having the second beam profile to the workpiece; and moving the workpiece in an X direction such that the workpiece is uniformly ion implanted. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising increasing beam current uniformity of the first ion beam following scanning the first ion beam. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising increasing beam energy uniformity of the first ion beam following scanning the first ion beam. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein directing the first ion beam comprises increasing parallelism of the first ion beam. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein moving the workpiece in the X direction comprises moving the workpiece only in the X direction. 11. An ion implantation method, the method comprising: generating a first ion beam using an ion beam generator, wherein the first ion beam has a first beam profile; generating a second ion beam using the ion beam generator, wherein the second ion beam has a second beam profile different from the first beam profile; propagating the first ion beam along a first path to an end station; propagating the second ion beam along a second path to the end station, wherein the second path at least partially diverges from the first path; moving a workpiece at the end station in a single direction to uniformly implant ions from the first ion beam or the second ion beam into the workpiece. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the second ion beam is sequential with generating the first ion beam. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein propagating the first ion beam along the first path comprises scanning the first ion beam in a scanning direction transverse to the first path. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein propagating the first ion beam along the first path further comprises uniformity of the first beam profile after scanning the first ion beam. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein scanning the first ion beam comprises expanding the first beam profile to have a dimension of the first ion beam in the scanning direction greater than a dimension of the workpiece in the scanning direction. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein propagating the first ion beam along the first path comprises passing the first ion beam through a deceleration chamber, and a direction of the first ion beam remains constant through the deceleration chamber. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein propagating the second ion beam along the second path comprises passing the second ion beam through the deceleration chamber, and a direction of the second ion beam is changed within the declaration chamber. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein propagating the second ion beam along the second path comprises increasing uniformity of the second beam profile. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the first ion beam comprises generating the first ion beam having a lower beam current than the second ion beam. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the first ion beam comprises generating the first ion beam having a dimension in a direction transverse to the first path less than a dimension of the second ion beam in a direction transverse to the second path.",
-    "A portable fluidic platform for rapid and flexible end-to-end production of recombinant protein biologics includes a bioreactor system hosting stable and robust cell-free translation systems that is fluidically integrated with modular protein separation functionalities (e.g., size exclusion, ion exchange or affinity chromatography systems) for purification of the cell-free expressed product and which are configurable for process-specific isolation of different proteins, as well as for formulation. The bioreactor utilizes lysates from engineered eukaryotic (e.g., yeast) or prokaryotic (e.g., bacterial) strains that contain factors for protein folding and posttranslational modifications. Combination of various purification modules on the same fluidic platform allows flexibility of re-routing for purification of different proteins depending on specific target requirements. Protein synthesis and purification modules are integrated into self-contained disposable fluidic cartridge that eliminates cross-contamination between runs. The platform allows for flexible production of protein biologics within 24 hours (from DNA to purified product). 1. A portable, modular platform for cell-free production, purification and formulation of a protein, wherein the platform comprises: a loading module for loading one or more reaction reagents to a reactor module; a reactor module comprising at least one of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell lysate mixtures, wherein said reactor module receives the one or more reaction agents from the loading module, and wherein said reactor module facilitates production of a target protein via a process selected from: (i) continuous exchange cell-free (CECF) or (ii) batch protein synthesis; a chromatography module for separating the target protein from the lysate mixtures; and a finishing module for polishing and formulation of the target protein; wherein the production, separation and formulation of the target protein are completed within a period of 24 hours. 2. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the production, separation and formulation of the target protein are completed within a period of 12 hours. 3. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the production, separation and formulation of the target protein are completed within a period of 10 hours. 4. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the reactor module comprises a 2 ml polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chamber. 5. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the reactor module holds a reaction volume between 0.1 and 5 ml. 6. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the reactor module consists of a 2 ml PDMS chamber. 7. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the reactor module consists of a 2 ml PDMS chamber divided by a 3.5 kDa dialysis membrane into reaction and feeding chambers holding 1 mL each. 8. The platform of claim 1, wherein: production of the target protein is in an amount between about 40 \u03bcg/ml and about 8 mg/ml protein. 9. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the loading module includes a feeder solution and a sample solution. 10. The platform of claim 1, further comprising: a control system for facilitating purification of different proteins on the same platform via switching among various chromatography matrices. 11. The platform of claim 1, further comprising: one or more sampling ports for removing sample aliquots for assessment of protein synthesis and formulation processes. 12. The platform of claim 1, further comprising: one or more syringe pumps with integrated rotor valves for directing fluidics between one or more modules and allowing addition or removal of a solution. 13. The platform of claim 1, further comprising: a fluidically integrated protein synthesis and purification module into a self-contained disposable fluidic cartridge. 14. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the finishing module includes formulation via a size exclusion chromatography matrix. 15. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the chromatography module for separating the target protein employs at least one of (a) FLAG\u2122-tag-based affinity chromatography, (b) protease affinity chromatography, and (c) size exclusion chromatography steps, or a combination thereof. 16. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the chromatography module for separating the target protein employs at least one of (a) ion-exchange chromatography, (b) protein concentration, and (c) size exclusion chromatography steps, or a combination thereof. 17. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the lysates comprise a eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis system. 18. The platform of claim 1, wherein: the lysates comprise a prokaryotic cell-free protein synthesis system. 19. A heterologous cross-kingdom cell-free translation system for in vitro synthesis of protein targets carrying mammalian PTMs, comprising: one or more of a yeast or bacterial cell-free lysate for translation of exogenously added polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of DNA and mRNA; one or more of an exogenous DNA or mRNA template encoding a target protein carrying a signal peptide for mammalian ER-targeting; and a mammalian post-translational modification (PTM) extract comprising signal recognition particles (SRPs) and ER or Golgi microsomes, or a combination thereof, for translocation and processing of the target protein(s). 20. A method of producing a small amount of a protein biologic formulation at pharmaceutical dosage levels at a point of need, using the platform of claim 1, wherein steps of production, separation and formulation of the protein biologic formulation are completed within a period of 24 hours.",
-    "A method of programming a nonvolatile memory device includes: applying a first voltage to a first wordline of the nonvolatile memory device; and applying a second voltage to a second wordline of the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the second voltage is greater than the first voltage; decreasing the first voltage; decreasing the second voltage, wherein a difference between the first voltage and the second voltage is maintained for a predetermined time; and discharging the second voltage. 1. A method of programming a nonvolatile memory device, comprising: applying a first voltage to a first wordline of the nonvolatile memory device; and applying a second voltage to a second wordline of the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the second voltage is greater than the first voltage; decreasing the first voltage; decreasing the second voltage, wherein a difference between the first voltage and the second voltage is maintained for a predetermined time; and discharging the second voltage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage is a pass voltage and the second voltage is a program voltage. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first wordline is an unselected wordline, and the second wordline is a selected wordline. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage starts being decreased after the second voltage starts being decreased. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second voltage stops being decreased before the first voltage starts being decreased. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein decreasing the second voltage comprises decreasing the second voltage to a first level, and then, decreasing the second voltage to a second level lower than the first level. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein decreasing the first voltage comprises decreasing the first voltage to a first level, and then, decreasing the first voltage to a second level lower than the first level. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a program operation comprises the steps of applying the first voltage, applying the second voltage, decreasing the first voltage, decreasing the second voltage and discharging the second voltage, the method further comprising: performing a verification operation of the program operation; determining whether the verification operation passes or fails; and repeating the program operation when the verification operation fails, wherein, in repeating the program operation, the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage is changed, or wherein, in repeating the program operation, the predetermined time is changed. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein, in repeating the program operation, the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage is increased, or wherein, in repeating the program operation, the predetermined time is increased. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a program operation comprises the steps of applying the first voltage, applying the second voltage, decreasing the first voltage, decreasing the second voltage and discharging the second voltage, wherein the program operation is performed after a target program state of a plurality of program states is program passed. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage depends on a location of the second wordline in a cell string, or wherein the predetermined time depends on the location of the second wordline in the cell string. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage depends on a wordline group in which the second wordline is located in a cell string, or wherein the predetermined time depends on the wordline group in which the second wordline is located in the cell string. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile memory device includes a cell string, the cell string including a plurality of memory cells, a first memory cell being connected to the first wordline and receiving the first voltage, a second memory cell being connected to the second wordline and receiving the second voltage. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first and second memory cells are charge trap cells. 15. A method of programming a nonvolatile memory device, comprising: applying a first voltage to a first wordline of the nonvolatile memory device; and applying a second voltage to a second wordline of the nonvolatile memory device, wherein the second voltage is greater than the first voltage; decreasing the first voltage; decreasing the second voltage, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage for a predetermined time; and discharging the second voltage after the predetermined time. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first voltage is a pass voltage, and the second voltage is a program voltage. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the predetermined time is about 10 \u03bcs. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the nonvolatile memory device includes a cell string, the cell string including a plurality of memory cells, a first memory cell being connected to the first wordline and receiving the first voltage, a second memory cell being connected to the second wordline and receiving the second voltage. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first and second memory cells are charge trap cells. 20. A method for programming a NAND flash memory including a memory cell array, the memory cell array including a plurality of memory blocks, each block including a plurality of cell strings, each cell sting including a ground selection transistor, a plurality of cell transistors, and a string selection transistor sequentially stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate on which the cell string is disposed, the method comprising: applying a first voltage to a first wordline of a cell string, wherein the first voltage has a first level; applying a second voltage to a second wordline of the cell string, wherein the second voltage has a second level, wherein the second level is greater than the first level; decreasing the first voltage to a third level, wherein the third level is less than the first level; decreasing the second voltage to a fourth level, wherein the fourth level is less than the second level and greater than the third level, wherein a difference between the third level and the fourth level is constant for a predetermined time; and discharging the second voltage to the third level. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the cell transistors are charge trap transistors. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the first voltage is a pass voltage, and the second voltage is a program voltage. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the third level has a range from 0V to 1.5V. 24. The method of claim 20, further comprising: applying a select voltage to a bitline of the cell string.",
-    "A water-saving device for a faucet has a main body. A flow-controlling member and a movable flow-blocking member are mounted in the main body. The main body has multiple receiving holes that receive respectively multiple positioning balls. A driving member movably receives an outer surface of the main body. When the faucet is open, the flow-controlling member and the flow-blocking member facilitate a water flow that is adjustable and stable. A user pulls the driving member downwards for increasing the water flow as required. The positioning balls are mounted in the driving member. The flow-blocking member that is pressed by the water flow moves downwards. When the faucet is closed, the flow-blocking member restores to an original position, thereby automatically adjusting the faucet to a minimum water flow for next use and economizes the water usage. 1. A water-saving device for a faucet, comprising: a main body having an assembling recess defined in a top surface of the main body; an assembling part protruding from a central part of a bottom surface of the assembling recess and having a flowing hole defined through the assembling part; a flange protruding radially from an outer surface of the main body; a connecting hole defined in a bottom surface of the main body and communicating with the flowing hole; and multiple receiving holes defined radially through the main body, spaced apart at intervals, and communicating with the assembling recess, and the receiving holes disposed corresponding to the assembling part in position; a flow-controlling member mounted in the assembling recess of the main body, and a bottom surface of the flow-controlling member abutting an inner surface of the assembling recess, the flow-controlling member having a passage hole defined through a central part of a top surface of the flow-controlling member and disposed corresponding to the flowing hole of the assembling part in position; a first through hole defined through a central part of the bottom surface of the flow-controlling member and communicating with the passage hole, the first through hole disposed corresponding to the flowing hole in position; and multiple second through holes defined annularly through the bottom surface of the flow-controlling member, spaced apart at intervals, and communicating with the passage hole; a flow-blocking member mounted movably and tightly between the assembling recess of the main body and the assembling part, and a top surface of the flow-blocking member being capable of closing the second through holes of the flow-controlling member, the flow-blocking member having an assembling hole defined through the flow-blocking member and receiving tightly an outer surface of the assembling part; and a rounded part formed in an annular edge of a bottom surface of the flow-blocking member; multiple positioning balls mounted respectively in the receiving holes, and each positioning ball being capable of abutting the rounded part of the flow-blocking member; and a driving member movably receiving the outer surface of the main body and having a mounting hole defined through the driving member; a first accommodating recess defined in an inner surface of the mounting hole, and a bottom surface of the first accommodating recess being capable of abutting the flange of the main body; and a second accommodating recess defined in the inner surface of the mounting hole, disposed at an interval relative to first accommodating recess, and being capable of receiving the positioning balls. 2. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the assembling recess of the main body has an abutting part protruding radially from the inner surface of the assembling recess; and the flow-controlling member has a guiding plate having the passage hole defined through a central part of the guiding plate; and a bottom recess defined in a bottom surface of the guiding plate and communicating with the passage hole; and an orifice plate mounted between the guiding plate and the abutting part and having the first through hole defined through a central part of the orifice plate; and the second through holes defined annularly through the orifice plate and spaced apart at intervals, wherein a top surface of the orifice plate abuts the bottom surface of the guiding plate, a bottom surface of the orifice plate abuts the abutting part of the assembling recess, and the second through holes are disposed corresponding to the bottom recess of the guiding plate in position. 3. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 2, wherein the flow-blocking member has an enclosing block mounted to the bottom surface of the orifice plate and having the assembling hole defined through a central part of the enclosing block; a positioning recess defined annularly in a bottom surface of the enclosing block and encircling the assembling hole; a first mounting groove defined in an outer surface of the enclosing block; a second mounting groove defined in an inner surface of the assembling hole of the enclosing block; and the rounded part located in an annular edge of the bottom surface of the enclosing block, wherein a top surface of the enclosing block is capable of abutting the bottom surface of the orifice plate to enclose the second through holes; a first spring receiving the outer surface of the assembling part of the main body, one of two ends of the first spring abutting the bottom surface of the assembling recess, the other end of the first spring abutting the positioning recess of the enclosing block; a first O-ring mounted in the first mounting groove and abutting the inner surface of the assembling recess; and a second O-ring mounted in the second mounting groove and abutting the outer surface of the assembling part. 4. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 3, wherein the driving member has an annular body having the mounting hole defined through a central part of the annular body; the first accommodating recess located in a bottom end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and the second accommodating recess located in a top end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and a second spring mounted in the first accommodating recess, one of two ends of the second spring abutting the flange of the main body, and the other end of the second spring abutting a top surface of the first accommodating recess. 5. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 4, wherein a diameter of each receiving hole is gradually reduced from the outer surface of the main body towards the assembling recess; each of the positioning balls is capable of extending out of the outer surface of the main body to dispose in the second accommodating recess of the annular body; and the positioning ball is capable of extending out of the inner surface of the assembling recess to abut the rounded part of the enclosing block. 6. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 5, wherein the main body further has a first mounting part formed in the outer surface of the main body; and the connecting hole further has a second mounting part formed in an inner surface of the connecting hole. 7. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 6, wherein the water-saving device further has a gasket mounted in the top surface of the flow-controlling member and having a central hole formed in the gasket; and the central hole of the gasket is disposed corresponding to the passage hole and the first through hole in position. 8. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 2, wherein the driving member has an annular body having the mounting hole defined through a central part of the annular body; the first accommodating recess located in a bottom end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and the second accommodating recess located in a top end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and a second spring mounted in the first accommodating recess, one of two ends of the second spring abutting the flange of the main body, and the other end of the second spring abutting a top surface of the first accommodating recess. 9. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 8, wherein a diameter of each receiving hole is gradually reduced from the outer surface of the main body towards the assembling recess; each of the positioning balls is capable of extending out of the outer surface of the main body to dispose in the second accommodating recess of the annular body; and the positioning ball is capable of extending out of the inner surface of the assembling recess to abut the rounded part of the enclosing block. 10. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 9, wherein the main body further has a first mounting part formed in the outer surface of the main body; and the connecting hole further has a second mounting part formed in an inner surface of the connecting hole. 11. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 10, wherein the water-saving device further has a gasket mounted in the top surface of the flow-controlling member and having a central hole formed in the gasket; and the central hole of the gasket is disposed corresponding to the passage hole and the first through hole in position. 12. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 1, wherein the driving member has an annular body having the mounting hole defined through a central part of the annular body; the first accommodating recess located in a bottom end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and the second accommodating recess located in a top end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and a second spring mounted in the first accommodating recess, one of two ends of the second spring abutting the flange of the main body, and the other end of the second spring abutting a top surface of the first accommodating recess. 13. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 12, wherein a diameter of each receiving hole is gradually reduced from the outer surface of the main body towards the assembling recess; each of the positioning balls is capable of extending out of the outer surface of the main body to dispose in the second accommodating recess of the annular body; and the positioning ball is capable of extending out of the inner surface of the assembling recess to abut the rounded part of the enclosing block. 14. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 13, wherein the main body further has a first mounting part formed in the outer surface of the main body; and the connecting hole further has a second mounting part formed in an inner surface of the connecting hole. 15. The water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 14, wherein the water-saving device further has a gasket mounted in the top surface of the flow-controlling member and having a central hole formed in the gasket; and the central hole of the gasket is disposed corresponding to the passage hole and the first through hole in position. 16. A method of using a water-saving device for a faucet, the water-saving device having a main body having an assembling recess defined in a top surface of the main body; an assembling part protruding from a central part of a bottom surface of the assembling recess and having a flowing hole defined through the assembling part; a flange protruding radially from an outer surface of the main body; a connecting hole defined in a bottom surface of the main body and communicating with the flowing hole; and multiple receiving holes defined radially through the main body, spaced apart at intervals, and communicating with the assembling recess, and the receiving holes disposed corresponding to the assembling part in position; a flow-controlling member mounted in the assembling recess of the main body, and a bottom surface of the flow-controlling member abutting an inner surface of the assembling recess, the flow-controlling member having a passage hole defined through a central part of a top surface of the flow-controlling member and disposed corresponding to the flowing hole of the assembling part in position; a first through hole defined through a central part of the bottom surface of the flow-controlling member and communicating with the passage hole, the first through hole disposed corresponding to the flowing hole in position; and multiple second through holes defined annularly through the bottom surface of the flow-controlling member, spaced apart at intervals, and communicating with the passage hole; a flow-blocking member mounted movably and tightly between the assembling recess of the main body and the assembling part, and a top surface of the flow-blocking member being capable of closing the second through holes of the flow-controlling member, the flow-blocking member having an assembling hole defined through the flow-blocking member and receiving tightly an outer surface of the assembling part; and a rounded part formed in an annular edge of a bottom surface of the flow-blocking member; multiple positioning balls mounted respectively in the receiving holes, and each positioning ball being capable of abutting the rounded part of the flow-blocking member; and a driving member movably receiving the outer surface of the main body and having a mounting hole defined through the driving member; a first accommodating recess defined in an inner surface of the mounting hole, and a bottom surface of the first accommodating recess being capable of abutting the flange of the main body; and a second accommodating recess defined in the inner surface of the mounting hole, disposed at an interval relative to the first accommodating recess and being capable of receiving the positioning balls; the method of using the water-saving device comprising: mounting the water-saving device in an outlet of a faucet; opening the faucet to provide a water flow to the water-saving device; the water flow passing through the passage hole and the first through hole of the flow-controlling member and the flowing hole of the assembling part of the main body and departing from the water-saving device; pulling the driving member downwards for increasing the water flow; the flange of the main body departing from the first accommodating recess of the driving member; the water flow passing through the second through holes of the flow-controlling member and pressing the flow-blocking member to move downwards to the bottom surface of the assembling recess of the main body; the rounded part of the flow-blocking member abutting the positioning balls to extend out of the outer surface of the main body; the positioning balls mounted in the second accommodating recess of the driving member; the water flow passing through the passage hole, the first through hole, and the second through holes of the flow-controlling member; the flow-blocking member mounted in the bottom surface of the assembling recess; the increasing water flow passing through the passage hole, the first through hole and the second through holes of the flow-controlling member, the flowing hole of the assembling part and departing from the water-saving device; closing the faucet to stop the water flow passing through the water-saving device; the flow-blocking member departing from the bottom surface of the assembling recess and moving upwards; the flow-blocking member enclosing the second through holes of the flow-controlling member; the positioning balls departing from the second accommodating recess of the driving member and mounted in the receiving holes of the main body; the driving member moving upwards, and the bottom surface of the first accommodating recess abutting the flange of the main body; and the positioning balls abutting the rounded part of the flow-blocking member. 17. The method of using a water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 16, wherein the assembling recess of the main body of the water-saving device has an abutting part protruding radially from the inner surface of the assembling recess; and the flow-controlling member has a guiding plate having the passage hole defined through a central part of the guiding plate; and a bottom recess defined in a bottom surface of the guiding plate and communicating with the passage hole; and an orifice plate mounted between the guiding plate and the abutting part and having the first through hole defined through a central part of the orifice plate; and the second through holes defined annularly through the orifice plate and spaced apart at intervals, wherein a top surface of the orifice plate abuts the bottom surface of the guiding plate, a bottom surface of the orifice plate abuts the abutting part of the assembling recess, and the second through holes are disposed corresponding to the bottom recess of the guiding plate in position. 18. The method of using a water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 17, wherein the flow-blocking member of the water-saving device has an enclosing block disposed corresponding to the bottom surface of the orifice plate in position and having the assembling hole defined through a central part of the enclosing block; a positioning recess defined annularly in a bottom surface of the enclosing block and encircling the assembling hole; a first mounting groove defined in an outer surface of the enclosing block; a second mounting groove defined in an inner surface of the assembling hole of the enclosing block; and the rounded part located in an annular edge of the bottom surface of the enclosing block, wherein a top surface of the enclosing block is capable of abutting the bottom surface of the orifice plate to enclose the second through holes; a first spring receiving the outer surface of the assembling part of the main body, one of two ends of the first spring abutting the bottom surface of the assembling recess, the other end of the first spring abutting the positioning recess of the enclosing block; a first O-ring mounted in the first mounting groove and abutting the inner surface of the assembling recess; and a second O-ring mounted in the second mounting groove and abutting the outer surface of the assembling part. 19. The method of using a water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 18, wherein the driving member of the water-saving device has an annular body having the mounting hole defined through a central part of the annular body; the first accommodating recess located in a bottom end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and the second accommodating recess located in a top end of the inner surface of the mounting hole; and a second spring mounted in the first accommodating recess, one of two ends of the second spring abutting the flange of the main body, and the other end of the second spring abutting a top surface of the first accommodating recess. 20. The method of using a water-saving device for a faucet as claimed in claim 19, wherein a diameter of each receiving hole is gradually reduced from the outer surface of the main body of the water-saving device towards the assembling recess; each of the positioning balls is capable of extending out of the outer surface of the main body to dispose in the second accommodating recess of the annular body; the positioning ball is capable of extending out of the inner surface of the assembling recess to abut the rounded part of the enclosing block; the main body further has a first mounting part formed in the outer surface of the main body; the connecting hole further has a second mounting part formed in an inner surface of the connecting hole; the water-saving device further has a gasket mounted in the top surface of the flow-controlling member and having a central hole formed in the gasket; and the central hole of the gasket is disposed corresponding to the passage hole and the first through hole in position.",
-    "Provided herein are conductive die attach films having advantageous properties for use in a variety of applications, e.g., for the preparation of large die semiconductor packages. Also provided are formulations useful for the preparation of such films, as well as methods for making such formulations. In additional aspects of the present invention, there are provided conductive networks prepared from compositions according to the present invention. In additional aspects, the invention further relates to articles comprising such conductive die attach films adhered to a suitable substrate therefor. 1. A composition comprising: a first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide, wherein said first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide has an aromatic backbone, and the degree of substitution of imide moieties on the backbone of said first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide is at least 0.5 imide moieties per repeat unit of said backbone, a second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide, wherein said second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide has a flexible aliphatic or aliphatic/aromatic backbone, wherein the backbone of said second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide includes straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl segments, wherein each hydrocarbyl segment has at least 20 carbons, a first epoxy resin, wherein said first epoxy resin is rubber or elastomer-modified, a second epoxy resin, wherein said second epoxy resin has a flexible aliphatic or aliphatic/aromatic backbone, wherein the backbone of said second epoxy resin includes straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl segments, wherein each hydrocarbyl segment has at least 20 carbons, backbone, a conductive filler, a curing agent; and optionally a non-reactive organic diluent therefore; wherein: said composition, when cured, has a modulus less than about 1 GPa when tested by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) at 260\u00b0 C. 2. The composition of claim 1 optionally further comprising one or more flow additives, adhesion promoters, conductivity additives, rheology modifiers, or mixtures of any two or more thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the degree of substitution of imide moieties on the backbone of said first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide is at least 0.8 imide moieties per repeat unit of said backbone. 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein said first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide has the structure: respectively, wherein: m is 1-15, p is 0-15, each R2 is independently selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl, and J is a monovalent or a polyvalent radical selected from: aromatic hydrocarbyl or substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl species having in the range of about 6 up to about 300 carbon atoms, where the aromatic hydrocarbyl species is selected from aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryalkenyl, alkenylaryl, arylalkynyl or alkynylaryl; aromatic hydrocarbylene or substituted aromatic hydrocarbylene species having in the range of about 6 up to about 300 carbon atoms, where the aromatic hydrocarbylene species are selected from arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene, arylalkenylene, alkenylarylene, arylalkynylene or alkynylarylene, heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic species having in the range of about 6 up to about 300 carbon atoms, polysiloxane, or polysiloxane-polyurethane block copolymers, as well as combinations of one or more of the above with a linker selected from a covalent bond, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014P(O)R2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014P(O)R2\u2014, or \u2014NR\u2014P(O)R2\u2014; where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl. 5. The composition of claim 4 wherein J is heterocyclic, oxyheterocyclic, thioheterocyclic, aminoheterocyclic, carboxyheterocyclic, oxyaryl, thioaryl, aminoaryl, carboxyaryl, heteroaryl, oxyheteroaryl, thioheteroaryl, aminoheteroaryl, carboxyheteroaryl, oxyalkylaryl, thioalkylaryl, aminoalkylaryl, carboxyalkylaryl, oxyarylalkyl, thioarylalkyl, aminoarylalkyl, carboxyarylalkyl, oxyarylalkenyl, thioarylalkenyl, aminoarylalkenyl, carboxyarylalkenyl, oxyalkenylaryl, thioalkenylaryl, aminoalkenylaryl, carboxyalkenylaryl, oxyarylalkynyl, thioarylalkynyl, aminoarylalkynyl, carboxyarylalkynyl, oxyalkynylaryl, thioalkynylaryl, aminoalkynylaryl or carboxyalkynylaryl, oxyarylene, thioarylene, aminoarylene, carboxyarylene, oxyalkylarylene, thioalkylarylene, aminoalkylarylene, carboxyalkylarylene, oxyarylalkylene, thioarylalkylene, aminoarylalkylene, carboxyarylalkylene, oxyarylalkenylene, thioarylalkenylene, aminoarylalkenylene, carboxyarylalkenylene, oxyalkenylarylene, thioalkenylarylene, aminoalkenylarylene, carboxyalkenylarylene, oxyarylalkynylene, thioarylalkynylene, aminoarylalkynylene, carboxy arylalkynylene, oxyalkynylarylene, thioalkynylarylene, aminoalkynylarylene, carboxyalkynylarylene, heteroarylene, oxyheteroarylene, thioheteroarylene, aminoheteroarylene, carboxyheteroarylene, heteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, oxyheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, thioheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, aminoheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, or a carboxyheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the backbone of said second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide contains straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl segments, wherein each hydrocarbyl segment has at least 30 carbons, thereby enhancing the flexibility thereof. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein said second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide has the structure: respectively, wherein: m is 1-15, p is 0-15, each R2 is independently selected from hydrogen or lower alkyl, and J is a monovalent or a polyvalent radical selected from: non-aromatic hydrocarbyl or substituted non-aromatic hydrocarbyl species having in the range of about 20 up to about 500 carbon atoms, where the non-aromatic hydrocarbyl species is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl; non-aromatic hydrocarbylene or substituted non-aromatic hydrocarbylene species having in the range of about 20 up to about 500 carbon atoms, where the non-aromatic hydrocarbylene species are selected from alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene, or cycloalkenylene, heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic species having in the range of about 20 up to about 500 carbon atoms, polysiloxane, or polysiloxane-polyurethane block copolymers, as well as combinations of one or more of the above with a linker selected from a covalent bond, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014C(S)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014NR\u2014O\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)2\u2014NR\u2014, \u2014O\u2014NR\u2014S(O)2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014P(O)R2\u2014, \u2014S\u2014P(O)R2\u2014, or \u2014NR\u2014P(O)R2\u2014; where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl. 8. The composition of claim 7 wherein J is oxyalkyl, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, carboxylalkyl, oxyalkenyl, thioalkenyl, aminoalkenyl, carboxyalkenyl, oxyalkynyl, thioalkynyl, aminoalkynyl, carboxyalkynyl, oxycycloalkyl, thiocycloalkyl, aminocycloalkyl, carboxycycloalkyl, oxycloalkenyl, thiocycloalkenyl, aminocycloalkenyl, carboxycycloalkenyl, heterocyclic, oxyheterocyclic, thioheterocyclic, aminoheterocyclic, carboxyheterocyclic, oxyalkylene, thioalkylene, aminoalkylene, carboxyalkylene, oxyalkenylene, thioalkenylene, aminoalkenylene, carboxyalkenylene, oxyalkynylene, thioalkynylene, aminoalkynylene, carboxyalkynylene, oxycycloalkylene, thiocycloalkylene, aminocycloalkylene, carboxycycloalkylene, oxycycloalkenylene, thiocycloalkenylene, aminocycloalkenylene, carboxycycloalkenylene, heteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, oxyheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, thioheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, aminoheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety, or a carboxyheteroatom-containing di- or polyvalent cyclic moiety. 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein said first epoxy resin is an epoxidized carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) oligomer or polymer. 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said epoxidized CTBN oligomer or polymer is an epoxy-containing derivative of an oligomeric or polymeric precursor having the structure: HOOC[(Bu)x(ACN)y]mCOOH wherein: each Bu is a butylene moiety (e.g., 1,2-butadienyl or 1,4-butadienyl), each ACN is an acrylonitrile moiety, the Bu units and the ACN units can be arranged randomly or in blocks, each of x and y are greater than zero, provided the total of x+y=1, the ratio of x:y falls in the range of about 10:1-1:10, and m falls in the range of about 20-about 100. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said second epoxy is an epoxidized polybutadiene diglycidylether oligomer. 12. The composition of claim 11 wherein said epoxidized polybutadiene diglycidylether oligomer has the structure: wherein: R1 and R2 are each independently H or lower alkyl, R3 is H, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl, or epoxy, at least 1 epoxy-containing repeating unit set forth above, and at least one olefinic repeating unit set forth above are present in each oligomer, and, when present, in the range of 1-10 of each repeating unit is present, and n falls in the range of 2-150. 13. The composition of claim 11 wherein said epoxidized polybutadiene diglycidylether oligomer has the structure: wherein R is H, OH, lower alkyl, epoxy, oxirane-substituted lower alkyl, aryl or alkaryl. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein said conductive filler is selected from silver, nickel, cobalt, copper, gold, palladium, platinum, carbon black, carbon fiber, graphite, aluminum, indium tin oxide, silver-coated copper, silver-coated aluminum, silver-coated graphite, nickel-coated graphite, bismuth, tin, bismuth-tin alloy, metal-coated glass spheres silver-coated fiber, silver-coated spheres, antimony doped tin oxide, carbon nanotubes, conductive nanofillers, alloys of such metals, as well as mixtures of any two or more thereof. 15. The composition of claim 1 wherein said curing agent comprises ureas, aliphatic and aromatic amines, amine hardeners, polyamides, imidazoles, dicyandiamides, hydrazides, urea-amine hybrid curing systems, free radical initiators organic bases, transition metal catalysts, phenols, acid anhydrides, Lewis acids, and/or Lewis bases. 16. The composition of claim 1 wherein said diluent, when present, is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, an ether, a polyol, a ketone, an amide, or a heteroaromatic compound. 17. The composition of claim 1 further comprising up to about 4 wt % of an additional polymeric moiety selected from an acrylic polymer, a polyurethane or a polysiloxane. 18. The composition of claim 17 wherein said additional polymeric moiety is an acrylic polymer having a molecular weight in the range of about 100,000 up to about 1,000,000 and a Tg in the range of about \u221240\u00b0 C. up to about 20\u00b0 C. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition, when applied at a thickness of 0.2 mm on a suitable 10\u00d710 mm copper substrate pad and cured at 200\u00b0 C. for 60 minutes, undergoes less than 58 micron warpage. 20. The composition of claim 1 wherein the water absorption of said composition upon cure, when exposed to a relative humidity of 85 at 85\u00b0 C. in a Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analyzer is less than 1 wt %. 21. The composition of claim 1 wherein the water absorption of said composition upon cure, when exposed to a relative humidity of 85 at 85\u00b0 C. in a Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analyzer, is less than 0.5 wt %. 22. The composition of claim 1 wherein said composition comprises: at least 1 wt % of said first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide, at least 1 wt % of said second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide, at least 2 wt % of said first epoxy, at least 0.5 wt % of said second epoxy, at least 70 wt % of said conductive filler, at least 0.3 wt % of said curing agent, optionally up to 4 wt % of an additional polymeric moiety selected from an acrylic polymer, a polyurethane or a polysiloxane, and optionally, up to 25 wt % of a non-reactive organic diluent therefore. 23. The composition of claim 22 wherein said composition comprises: 1-6 wt % of said first maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide, 1-8 wt % of said second maleimide, nadimide or itaconimide, 2-15 wt % of said first epoxy, 0.5-8 wt % of said second epoxy, 70-95 wt % of said conductive filler, 0.3-4 wt % of said curing agent, optionally up to 4 wt % of an additional polymeric moiety selected from an acrylic polymer, a polyurethane or a polysiloxane, and optionally up to 25 wt % of a non-reactive organic diluent therefore. 24. A method of making the composition of claim 1, said method comprising subjecting the combination of components to high shear mixing for a time sufficient to obtain a substantially homogeneous blend. 25. A conductive die attach film comprising the reaction product obtained upon removing substantially all of the solvent/diluent from the composition of claim 1. 26. The conductive die attach film of claim 25 wherein said composition is cured at a temperature in the range of about 160-230\u00b0 C. for a time in the range of about 30 minutes-2 hours. 27. The conductive die attach film of claim 26 wherein said film absorbs less than 1.2% by weight moisture when exposed to 85\u00b0 C. at 85% relative humidity in a Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analyzer. 28. The conductive die attach film of claim 26 wherein the film has a Tg (as determined by thermomechanical analysis; TMA) of less than about 40\u00b0 C. 29. The conductive die attach film of claim 26 wherein the film has a Tan Delta Tg (as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis; DMA) of less than about 100\u00b0 C. 30. The conductive die attach film of claim 26 wherein the tensile modulus of said film at 260\u00b0 C. is less than 1 GPa. 31. The conductive die attach film of claim 26 wherein the die shear of said film at 260\u00b0 C. is at least 0.5 kg/mm2. 32. The conductive die attach film of claim 26 wherein the die shear of said film at 260\u00b0 C. after exposure to 85\u00b0 C. at 85% relative humidity for about 3 days is at least 0.5 kg/mm2. 33. A method for preparing a conductive die attach film, said method comprising b-staging the composition of claim 1 after application thereof to a suitable substrate. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein said suitable substrate is selected from lead-frame(s), laminate substrate(s) designed for semiconductor packages, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polymethyl methacrylate, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a polycarbonate, an epoxy resin, a polyimide, a polyamide, a polyester, or glass. 35. The method of claim 33 further comprising curing said conductive die attach film. 36. An article comprising a conductive die attach film according to claim 25 adhered to a suitable substrate therefor. 37. The article of claim 36 wherein the adhesion of said conductive die attach film to said substrate is at least 0.5 kg/mm2 at 260\u00b0 C. 38. The article of claim 36 wherein the conductive die attach film, upon curing, has a Tg (as determined by thermomechanical analysis; TMA) of less than about 40\u00b0 C. 39. The article of claim 36 wherein the conductive die attach film, after curing, has a Tan Delta Tg (as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis; DMA) of less than about 100\u00b0 C. 40. The article of claim 36 wherein the tensile modulus of said conductive die attach film at 260\u00b0 C., after curing, is less than 1 GPa. 41. The article of claim 36 further comprising a die, wherein the dimensions of said die are at least 2.5\u00d72.5 mm. 42. A method for preparing a conductive network, said method comprising: applying a composition according to claim 1 to a suitable substrate in a predefined pattern, optionally removing solvent/diluent therefrom, and thereafter curing said composition. 43. A conductive network prepared by the method of claim 42. 44. A method for preparing a conductive network, said method comprising: applying a composition according to claim 1 to a suitable substrate in a predefined pattern, removing solvent/diluent therefrom, and thereafter curing said composition. 45. A conductive network prepared by the method of claim 44.",
-    "A mounting structure for a pedal device including a pedal and a bracket is configured to mount the pedal device on a dash panel with the dash panel sandwiched by and between the bracket and a master cylinder device. The mounting structure includes: a plurality of fastening rods for fastening the bracket to the master cylinder device; and a plurality of collars interposed between the dash panel and the bracket for spacing the dash panel and the bracket apart from each other, the fastening rods extending through the collars. The collars include a pair of collars, and one of the pair of collars has an extending portion extending along the dash panel in a direction away from the other of the pair of collars and functions as a reinforcing member for reducing deformation of the dash panel caused when the pedal is stepped on. 1. A mounting structure for a pedal device that includes a pedal and a bracket that pivotally holds the pedal, the mounting structure being configured to mount the pedal device on a dash panel with the dash panel sandwiched by and between the bracket and a master cylinder device, the mounting structure comprising: a plurality of fastening rods that are configured to respectively extend through a plurality of holes formed in the dash panel for fastening the bracket and the master cylinder device to each other; and a plurality of collars configured to be interposed between the dash panel and the bracket for spacing the dash panel and the bracket apart from each other, the plurality of fastening rods respectively extending through the plurality of collars, wherein the plurality of collars includes a pair of collars, and a first one of the pair of collars has an extending portion that extends along the dash panel in a direction away from a second one of the pair of collars, the extending portion reinforcing the dash panel and reducing deformation of the dash panel caused when the pedal is stepped on. 2. The mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the pedal device is configured to be mounted on the dash panel such that the pedal is held at a proximal portion thereof by the bracket so as to be pivotable about a pivot axis extending in a lateral direction and such that the pivot axis is located above the plurality of fastening rods while a stepping surface provided at a distal portion of the pedal is located below the plurality of fastening rods, and the pair of collars consists of two of the plurality of collars that are spaced from each other in an up-down direction, and the extending portion extends upward or downward. 3. The mounting structure according to claim 2, wherein the first one of the pair of collars that has the extending portion is located below the second one of the pair of collars, and the extending portion extends downward. 4. The mounting structure according to claim 2, wherein the first one of the pair of collars that has the extending portion is located above the second one of the pair of collars, and the extending portion extends upward. 5. The mounting structure according to claim 2, wherein the pedal device is configured such that the distal portion of the pedal is shifted with respect to the proximal portion of the pedal in a lateral direction, and the extending portion extends so as to be inclined in the lateral direction. 6. The mounting structure according to claim 2, wherein the plurality of collars includes two pairs of collars, each of the pairs of collars having a corresponding extending portion on at least one of the collars, the two pairs of collars being spaced from each other in a lateral direction and located at a same position in the up-down direction. 7. The mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the pair of collars are connected to each other. 8. A pedal arrangement for a vehicle, the pedal arrangement comprising: a bracket; a pedal pivotally attached to the bracket; a plurality of fastening rods attached to the bracket and configured to fasten the bracket to a master cylinder device with a dash panel of the vehicle interposed between the bracket and the master cylinder device; and a plurality of collars configured to be interposed between the dash panel and the bracket to space the dash panel from the bracket, the plurality of fastening rods respectively extending through the plurality of collars, wherein the plurality of collars includes a pair of collars, and a first collar of the pair of collars has an extending portion that extends along the dash panel in a direction away from a second collar of the pair of collars. 9. The pedal arrangement according to claim 8, wherein a proximal portion of the pedal is pivotally attached to the bracket so as to be pivotable about a pivot axis extending in a lateral direction, the pivot axis being located above the plurality of fastening rods, a stepping surface is provided at a distal portion of the pedal, the stepping surface being located below the plurality of fastening rods, and the first and second collars of the pair of collars are spaced from each other in an up-down direction, and the extending portion extends upward or downward. 10. The pedal arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the first collar which has the extending portion is located below the second collar, and the extending portion extends downward. 11. The pedal arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the first collar which has the extending portion is located above the second collar, and the extending portion extends upward. 12. The pedal arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the distal portion of the pedal is shifted with respect to the proximal portion of the pedal in a lateral direction, and the extending portion extends so as to be inclined in the lateral direction. 13. The pedal arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the plurality of collars includes two pairs of collars, each of the pairs of collars having a corresponding extending portion on at least one of the collars, the two pairs of collars being spaced from each other in a lateral direction and located at a same position in the up-down direction. 14. The pedal arrangement according to claim 8, wherein the first and second collars of the pair of collars are connected to each other.",
-    "In a data visualization system, a method of generating a representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the method comprising the steps of the data visualization system: i) retrieving data values from a data storage module in communication with the data visualization system, wherein a first data value is associated with a first data point, ii) determining a size and a transparency value for a first icon based on the first data value, iii) rendering the first icon in two dimensions in a position associated with the first data point in the image space, wherein the first icon is rendered based on the determined size and transparency values to generate a representation of the data value. 1. In a data visualization computing system, implemented on an electronic computing device, a method of generating a graphical representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the graphical representation enabling a user to visualize information that would otherwise be hidden, the method comprising the steps of the data visualization computing system: i) retrieving data values from a data storage module in communication with the data visualization system; ii) ordering the data values; iii determining a size for an icon representative of each data value, wherein the size is based on the data value, wherein larger data values have a larger icon; iv) determining a transparency value for each of the icons based on the order of the data values, wherein larger icons are more transparent than smaller icons; v) rendering the icons in two dimensions in a position associated with the data values in the image space, wherein the order of rendering is from the largest to the smallest data value; and vi) displaying on a display device the graphical representation. 2-22. (canceled) 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the icon is one of a polygon, circle or ellipse. 24-26. (canceled) 27. A data visualization computing system for generating a graphical representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the graphical representation enabling a user to visualize information that would otherwise be hidden, the data visualization computing system comprising: at least processor; one or more memory devices; and one or more display devices, the one or more memory devices storing instructions executable by the at least one processor to perform the method according to claim 1. 28-48. (canceled) 49. The system of claim 27, wherein the icon is one of a polygon, circle or ellipse. 50-52. (canceled) 53. The method of claim 1, wherein the ordering the data values is from the largest to the smallest data value. 54. The method of claim 1, wherein when a later rendered icon overlaps one or more earlier rendered icons each overlapping areas is rendered using the determined transparency of the later rendered icon. 55. In a data visualization computing system, implemented on an electronic computing device, a method of generating a graphical representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the graphical representation enabling a user to visualize information that would otherwise be hidden, the method comprising the steps of the data visualization computing system: i) retrieving data values from a data storage module in communication with the data visualization system; ii) ordering the data values; iii) determining a size for an icon representative of each data value, wherein the size is based on the data value, wherein larger data values have a larger icon; iv) determining a transparency value for each of the icons based on the order of the data values, wherein smaller icons are more transparent than larger icons; v) rendering the icons in two dimensions in a position associated with the data values in the image space, wherein the order of rendering is from the largest to the smallest data value; and vi) displaying on a display device the graphical representation. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the icon is one of a polygon, circle or ellipse. 57. The method of claim 55, wherein the ordering of data values is from the largest to the smallest data value. 58. The method of claim 55, wherein when a later rendered icon overlaps one or more earlier rendered icons each overlapping areas is rendered using the determined transparency of the later rendered icon. 59. The system of claim 27, wherein the ordering of data values is from the largest to the smallest data value. 60. The system of claim 27, wherein when a later rendered icon overlaps one or more earlier rendered icons each overlapping areas is rendered using the determined transparency of the later rendered icon. 61. A data visualization computing system for generating a graphical representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the graphical representation enabling a user to visualize information that would otherwise be hidden, the data visualization computing system comprising: at least processor; one or more memory devices; and one or more display devices, the one or more memory devices storing instructions executable by the at least one processor to perform the method according to claim 54. 62. The system of claim 61, wherein the icon is one of a polygon, circle or ellipse. 63. The system of claim 61, wherein the ordering of data values is from the largest to the smallest data value. 64. The system of claim 61, wherein when a later rendered icon overlaps one or more earlier rendered icons each overlapping areas is rendered using the determined transparency of the later rendered icon. 65. In a data visualization computing system, implemented on an electronic computing device, a method of generating a graphical representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the graphical representation enabling a user to visualize information that would otherwise be hidden, the method comprising the steps of the data visualization computing system: i) retrieving data values from a data storage module in communication with the data visualization system; ii) ordering the data values; iii) determining a size for an icon representative of each data value, wherein the size is based on the data value, wherein larger data values have a larger icon; iv) determining a transparency value for each of the icons based on the order of the data values, wherein smaller icons are more transparent than larger icons; v) rendering the icons in two dimensions in a position associated with the data values in the image space, wherein the order of rendering is from the smallest to the largest data value and wherein when a later rendered icon overlaps one or more earlier rendered icons each overlapping areas is rendered using the determined transparency of the earlier rendered icon; and vi) displaying on a display device the graphical representation. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the icon is one of a polygon, circle or ellipse. 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the ordering of data values is from the smallest to the largest data value. 68. A data visualization computing system for generating a graphical representation of data values for a plurality of data points being visualized in an image space, the graphical representation enabling a user to visualize information that would otherwise be hidden, the data visualization computing system comprising: at least processor; one or more memory devices; and one or more display devices, the one or more memory devices storing instructions executable by the at least one processor to perform the method according to claim 65.",
-    "A defect inspection method according to an embodiment has: exposing a target object to a tracer having higher absorptance for a neutron ray than the target object; radiating the neutron ray to the target object exposed to the tracer; generating at least one neutron image based on the neutron ray having penetrated the target object exposed to the tracer; and detecting a defect of the target object based on the generated at least one neutron image. 1. A defect inspection method comprising: exposing a target object to a tracer having higher absorptance for a neutron ray than the target object; radiating the neutron ray to the target object exposed to the tracer; generating at least one neutron image based on the neutron ray having penetrated the target object exposed to the tracer; and detecting a defect of the target object based on the generated at least one neutron image. 2. The defect inspection method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the defect comprises judging that the defect occurs at a position when detecting the position where the tracer permeates in the target object based on the generated at least one neutron image. 3. The defect inspection method of claim 1, wherein, in the exposing, water is used as the tracer. 4. The defect inspection method of claim 1, wherein, in the detecting, a crack in a soldered portion is detected as the defect. 5. The defect inspection method of claim 1, further comprising drying the tracer after exposing the target object thereto, wherein the at least one neutron image comprises a plurality of neutron images; wherein, in the radiating, the neutron ray is radiated to the target object during a period of drying the tracer; wherein, in the generating, the plurality of neutron images are generated until the tracer is dried; and wherein, in the detecting, the defect of the target object is detected based on the generated plurality of neutron images. 6. The defect inspection method of claim 1, wherein the exposing comprising: housing the target object in a hermetic space; and evaporating the tracer to supply to the hermetic space. 7. The defect inspection method of claim 5, wherein the exposing comprising: housing the target object in a hermetic space; and evaporating the tracer to supply to the hermetic space, and wherein the drying comprising: supplying dry gas into the hermetic space; and discharging the gas in the hermetic space.",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for exhaust gas heat recovery at a split exhaust gas heat exchanger. Exhaust gas may flow in both directions through an exhaust bypass passage and the heat exchanger coupled to the bypass passage. Warm or cold EGR may be delivered from the exhaust passage to the engine intake manifold and heat from the exhaust gas may be recovered at the heat exchanger. 1. An engine method, comprising: recirculating exhaust gas to an engine intake by flowing a first amount of exhaust gas in a first direction through a first section of a heat exchanger, and flowing a second amount of exhaust gas in a second, opposite direction through a second section of the heat exchanger. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, adjusting the first amount relative to the second amount via adjustments to a valve coupled in an exhaust passage downstream of an exhaust catalyst, the heat exchanger positioned in an exhaust bypass coupled across the valve. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the adjusting includes, increasing an opening of the valve to increase the second amount relative to the first amount, and decreasing the opening of the valve to increase the first amount relative to the second amount. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the recirculating to the engine intake further includes combining the first amount and the second amount in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) passage coupling the heat exchanger to the engine intake, the EGR passage including an EGR valve, wherein the EGR valve and an intake throttle are open during the recirculating, the method further comprising, when the EGR valve and the intake throttle are closed, flowing exhaust gas in the first direction through each of the first and second section of the heat exchanger to an exhaust tailpipe. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the adjusting further includes, increasing the opening of the valve responsive to an increase in engine load or a decrease in engine temperature, and decreasing the opening of the valve responsive to decrease in engine load or an increase in engine temperature. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein flowing the first amount of exhaust gas in the first direction through the first section of the heat exchanger includes flowing exhaust from downstream of the exhaust catalyst into the exhaust bypass without flowing through the valve, then into the first section of the heat exchanger, proximate the exhaust catalyst, and from a region intermediate the first and second section of the heat exchanger to the engine intake via an EGR passage, and wherein flowing the second amount of exhaust gas in the second direction through the second section of the heat exchanger includes flowing exhaust from downstream of the exhaust catalyst towards the tailpipe through the valve, then flowing exhaust from upstream of the tailpipe into the second section of the heat exchanger in the exhaust bypass, and then from the region intermediate the first and second section of the heat exchanger to the engine intake via the EGR passage. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first section of the heat exchanger and the second section of the heat exchanger are one of symmetrically sized and asymmetrically sized, the first section larger than the second section. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising, transferring heat from the recirculating exhaust gas to the heat exchanger, then from the heat exchanger to a coolant system, and then from the coolant system to a heater core; and heating a vehicle cabin by drawing heat from the heater core based on a cabin heating demand. 9. A method comprising: operating in a first mode with exhaust gas flowing in a first direction through a first and second section of an heat exchanger coupled in an exhaust bypass, and then to an exhaust tailpipe; and operating in a second mode with exhaust flowing through an exhaust passage, then in a second, opposite direction through the second section of the heat exchanger, and then to the engine intake. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, during the second mode, flowing exhaust gas in the first direction through the first section of the heat exchanger and then to the engine intake. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the first and second section of the heat exchanger are asymmetrically sized. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising, selecting between the first mode and second mode based on one or more of engine temperature and engine load. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the selecting includes selecting the first mode when the engine temperature is below a threshold temperature or when the engine load is higher than a threshold load, and selecting the second mode when the engine temperature is above the threshold temperature or when the engine load is below the threshold load, the threshold temperature based on a catalyst light-off temperature. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the flowing exhaust gas in the first direction includes flowing exhaust from downstream of an exhaust catalyst into the exhaust bypass, and then through the first section of the heat exchanger proximate the exhaust catalyst, to the second section of the heat exchanger, proximate the tailpipe, and wherein the flowing exhaust gas in the second direction includes flowing exhaust from downstream of the exhaust catalyst towards the tailpipe, then flowing exhaust from upstream of the tailpipe into the second section of the heat exchanger, and then from a region intermediate the first and second section of the heat exchanger to the engine intake via an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) passage, the EGR passage including an EGR valve. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein during the first mode, when the engine temperature is below the threshold temperature, the EGR valve is closed. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising, during the first mode, transferring heat from the flowing exhaust gas to the heat exchanger, then from the heat exchanger to coolant flowing through a heater core, and then heating a vehicle cabin by drawing heat from the heater core based on a cabin heating demand. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein during the first mode, a valve coupled downstream of the exhaust catalyst in the exhaust passage is closed and wherein during the second mode, the valve is open. 18. A vehicle system, comprising: a vehicle cabin; an engine intake manifold; an engine exhaust manifold including an exhaust catalyst and a muffler coupled to each other via each of an exhaust passage and an exhaust bypass, the bypass coupled parallel to the exhaust passage; an heat exchanger coupled in the exhaust bypass, the heat exchanger including a first section, a second section and an intermediate region positioned between the first and second section; a coolant system fluidly coupling the heat exchanger to a heater core and a radiator; a valve coupled in the exhaust passage; an EGR passage coupling the intermediate section of the heat exchanger to the intake manifold, the EGR passage including an EGR valve; and a controller with computer readable instructions stored on non-transitory memory for: operating in a first mode with the valve closed to flow a first portion of exhaust gas from the exhaust catalyst to the muffler via the exhaust bypass, the first portion flowing in a first direction through the first and second section of the heat exchanger, and flow a second portion of exhaust gas from the catalyst to the engine intake, the second portion flowing in the first direction through the first section of the heat exchanger before being diverted into the EGR passage; and operating a second mode with the valve open to flow a third portion of exhaust gas from the exhaust catalyst to the muffler via the exhaust passage, and flow a fourth portion of exhaust gas upstream of the muffler to the engine intake via the exhaust bypass, the fourth portion flowing in a second, opposite direction through the second section of the heat exchanger before being diverted into the EGR passage. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the controller includes further instructions for: transitioning between the first and second modes responsive to one or more of engine temperature, engine load, and cabin heating demand, the transitioning including: transitioning from second first mode to the first mode responsive to one of an increase in engine load, a drop in engine temperature, and an increase in cabin heating demand. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein when system is operated in the first mode, heat from the exhaust gas released at the heat exchanger is transferred to engine coolant circulating through the heater core, the heat then transferred to the vehicle cabin, and wherein when the system is operated in the second mode, heat from the exhaust gas released at the heat exchanger is transferred to engine coolant circulating through the radiator, the heat then dissipated to atmosphere.",
-    "A device may transmit, to one or more network devices of a portion of a network, information indicating that the device is configured to perform a static designated forwarder election procedure. The device may determine that the one or more network devices of the portion of the network are each configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. The device may enable a static designated forwarder configuration of the device based on determining that the one or more network devices of the portion of the network are each configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 1. A device, comprising: one or more processors to: transmit, to one or more network devices of a portion of a network, information indicating that the device is configured to perform a static designated forwarder election procedure; determine that the one or more network devices of the portion of the network are each configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure; and enable a static designated forwarder configuration of the device based on determining that the one or more network devices of the portion of the network are each configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 2. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors are further to: route network traffic based on enabling the static designated forwarder configuration. 3. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when determining that the one or more network devices of the portion of the network are each configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, are to: receive, from the one or more network devices, one or more messages indicating that the one or more network devices are configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 4. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when transmitting the information indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, are to: generate a border gateway protocol message including an extended community portion, the extended community portion including information indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure; and transmit the border gateway protocol message to the one or more network devices. 5. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors, when transmitting the information indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, are to: transmit the information indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure to cause the one or more network devices to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 6. The device of claim 1, where the one or more processors are further to: transmit, to another one or more network devices of another portion of the network, information indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure; determine that a particular network device, of the other one or more network devices of the other portion of the network, is not configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure; and perform another designated forwarder election procedure based on determining that the particular network device is not configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, the other designated forwarder election procedure being different from the static designated forwarder election procedure. 7. The device of claim 1, where the portion of the network is a particular Ethernet segment and a particular Ethernet virtual private network instance. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the one or more processors to: determine that each network device, of a particular portion of a network, is configured to perform a static designated forwarder election procedure to select a designated forwarder for the particular portion of the network; and perform the static designated forwarder election procedure to select the designated forwarder for the particular portion of the network based on determining that each network device, of the particular portion of the network, is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the device is selected as a non-designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network and another device is selected as a designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network; and where the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: detect a failure associated with the other device; and switch to the designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network based on detecting the failure associated with the other device. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, where the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: receive information indicating a recovery from the failure; and switch to the non-designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network based on detecting the recovery from the failure. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the device is selected as a designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network and another device is selected as a non-designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network; and where the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: detect a failure for the particular portion of the network; detect a recovery for the particular portion of the network after detecting the failure for the particular portion of the network; and switch to the non-designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network based on detecting the recovery for the particular portion of the network after detecting the failure for the particular portion of the network, the other device having switched to the designated forwarder role for the particular portion of the network. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, where the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: determine that a first threshold period of time has elapsed from detecting the recovery for the particular portion of the network; transmit, to the other device, information indicating that the device is to switch to the designated forwarder role from the non-designated forwarder role based on determining that the first threshold period of time has elapsed from detecting the recovery for the particular portion of the network; determine that a second threshold period of time has elapsed from transmitting the information indicating that the device is to switch to the designated forwarder role; and switch to the designated forwarder role based on determining that the second threshold period of time has elapsed. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to determine that each network device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, cause the one or more processors to: receive a set of messages from each network device, of the particular portion of the network, indicating that each network device, of the particular portion of the network, is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, where the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to: transmit a set of messages to each network device, of the particular portion of the network, indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, the set of messages being associated with causing each network device, of the particular portion of the network, to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 15. A method, comprising: detecting, by a device, a trigger to exchange one or more messages with another device; exchanging, by the device, the one or more messages with the other device based on detecting the trigger to exchange the one or more messages with the other device; selectively performing, by the device, a static designated forwarder election procedure based on exchanging the one or more messages with other device; and performing, by the device, routing of network traffic based on selectively performing the static designated forwarder election procedure. 16. The method of claim 15, where exchanging the one or more messages with the other device comprises: transmitting a message, of the one or more messages, to the other device, the message indicating that the device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, the message being associated with causing the other device to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 17. The method of claim 15, where exchanging the one or more messages with the other device comprises: receiving a message, of the one or more messages, from the other device indicating that the other device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure; and where selectively performing the static designated forwarder election procedure comprises: performing the static designated forwarder election procedure based on receiving the message from the other device indicating that the other device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 18. The method of claim 15, where exchanging the one or more messages with the other device comprises: failing to receive, from the other device, a message, of the one or more messages, indicating that the other device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure; and where selectively performing the static designated forwarder election procedure comprises: performing another designated forwarder election procedure based on failing to receive the message indicating that the other device is configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure, the other designated forwarder election procedure being different from the static designated forwarder election procedure. 19. The method of claim 15, where the one or more messages are one or more border gateway protocol messages including a corresponding one or more extended community portions, the one or more extended community portions indicating that the device and the other device are configured to perform the static designated forwarder election procedure. 20. The method of claim 15, where selectively performing the static designated forwarder election procedure comprises: enabling a particular designated forwarder role, the particular designated forwarder role being a designated forwarder role or a non-designated forwarder role; and where performing the routing of the network traffic comprises: performing the routing of the network traffic based on the particular designated forwarder role.",
-    "An electronic timepiece has a receiving device that receives satellite signals; a reception control unit that operates the receiving device and runs a reception process; a chronograph unit that executes a measuring process; an input device; a detection device that detects operation of the input device to start the chronograph, and outputs a chronograph operation signal when this operation is detected; a hand used both to indicate information related to the reception process and information related to the measuring process; and an operating control unit that operates the chronograph unit in addition to the operating reception control unit, and controls operation of the hand that is indicating information related to the reception process to indicate the measured time, if the chronograph operation signal is input while the reception process is running. 1. An electronic timepiece comprising: a reception unit configured to receive satellite signals; a reception control unit configured to operate the reception unit and execute a reception process; a measurement unit configured to execute a measuring process to measure time; an operating unit; a detection unit configured to detect a measurement operation of the operating unit instructing executing the measuring process, and outputting a chronograph operation signal when the measurement operation is detected; a hand used to indicate information related to the reception process and to indicate information related to the measuring process; and a control unit configured to operate the measurement unit in addition to the operating reception control unit, and control operation of the hand indicating the information related to the reception process to indicate the information related to the measuring process, if the chronograph operation signal output from the detection unit is input while the reception process is running. 2. An electronic timepiece comprising: a reception unit configured to receive satellite signals; a reception control unit configured to operate the reception unit and execute a reception process; a measurement unit configured to execute a measuring process to measure time; a hand used to indicate information related to the reception process and to indicate information related to the measuring process; and a control unit configured to operate the reception control unit in addition to the operating measurement unit, and control operation of the hand to indicate the information related to the measuring process, if a condition to automatically receive the satellite signal is met while the measuring process is running. 3. The electronic timepiece described in claim 2, further comprising: a light detection unit configured to detect the amount of light incident to the electronic timepiece; the condition to automatically receive the satellite signal being the amount of light detected by the light detection unit being greater than or equal to a specific light level. 4. The electronic timepiece described in claim 2, further comprising: an operating unit; and a detection unit configured to detect a receive operation of the operating unit instructing executing the reception process, and output a reception operation signal when the receive operation is detected; the control unit operating the reception control unit in addition to the operating measurement unit, and controlling the hand to indicate the information related to the measuring process, if the reception operation signal output from the detection unit is input while the measuring process is running. 5. The electronic timepiece described in claim 1, wherein: if the reception process and the measuring process are executing and the measuring process ends, the control unit controls operation of the hand to indicate the information related to the reception process. 6. The electronic timepiece described in claim 1, wherein: the control unit controls operation of the hand to indicate the reception result of the reception process if the reception process and the measuring process are executing, the reception process ends, and the measuring process ends after the reception process ends. 7. The electronic timepiece described in claim 1, further comprising: a display unit configured to indicate that satellite signals are being received, and to display information other than that satellite signals are being received; the control unit controlling the display unit to display that satellite signals are being received when the reception process and the measuring process are running. 8. The electronic timepiece described in claim 1, further comprising: an operating unit; and a detection unit configured to detect a change display operation of the operating unit that instructs changing the display; the control unit controlling operation of the hand to switch displaying the information related to the reception process and the information related to the measuring process if the change display operation output from the detection unit is input while the reception process and the measuring process are running. 9. The electronic timepiece described in claim 1, further comprising: a battery; and battery reserve detection unit configured to detect the battery voltage or the remaining capacity of the battery; wherein if the reception control unit is operating and a signal instructing operation of the measurement unit is input, or if the measurement unit is operating and a signal instructing operation of the reception control unit is input or a condition for operating the reception control unit is met, the control unit compares the detection value of the battery reserve detection unit with a previously set threshold, operates the reception control unit and the measurement unit if the detection value is greater than or equal to the threshold, ends operation of the reception control unit and starts operation of the measurement unit if the detection value is less than the threshold, and does not start operation of the reception control unit if the detection value is less than the threshold and the measurement unit is operating. 10. A control method of an electronic timepiece including a reception unit configured to receive satellite signals, a reception control unit configured to operate the reception unit and execute a reception process, a measurement unit configured to execute a measuring process to measure time, an operating unit, a detection unit configured to detect a measurement operation of the operating unit instructing executing the measuring process, and outputting a chronograph operation signal when the measurement operation is detected, and a hand used to indicate information related to the reception process and to indicate information related to the measuring process, the control method comprising: operating the measurement unit in addition to the operating reception control unit, and controlling operation of the hand indicating the information related to the reception process to indicate the information related to the measuring process, if the chronograph operation signal is output from the detection unit while the reception process is running.",
-    "The present invention relates to modulators of ATP-Binding Cassette (\u201cABC\u201d) transporters or fragments thereof, including CF Transmembrane Regulator (\u201cCFTR\u201d), compositions thereof, and methods therewith. The present invention also relates to methods of treating ABC transporter mediated diseases using such modulators. 1-218. (canceled) 219. A method of treating cystic fibrosis in a mammal, comprising the step of administering to said mammal a compound of formula (II) or (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: X1 is a bond, O, S, CF2, CH2, or NR; R is H or R2 A1 is aryl or heteroaryl; each B1 is independently selected from 3-7 membered monocyclic, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring containing 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, NH, S, or O; wherein each A1 or B1 is optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents independently selected from R1, R2, R3, R4, or R5; R1 is R6 or ((C1-C4)aliphatic)n-Y; n is 0 or 1; Y is halo, CN, NO2, CF3, OCF3, OH, SR6, S(O)R6, SO2R6, NH2, NHR6, N(R6)2, NR6R8, COOH, COOR6 or OR6, or two R1 on adjacent ring atoms, taken together, form 1,2-methylenedioxy or 1,2-ethylenedioxy; R2 is aliphatic, wherein each R2 optionally comprises up to 2 substituents independently selected from R1, R4, or R5; R3 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring optionally comprising up to 3 substituents, independently selected from R1, R2, R4 or R5; R4 is OR5, C(O)R5, C(O)OR5, C(O)R6, C(O)OR6, C(O)N(R6)2, C(O)N(R5)2, or C(O)N(R5R6); R5 is a cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring, optionally comprising up to 3 R1 substituents; and R6 is H or aliphatic; provided that for compounds of formula (II): i) when both B1 are simultaneously phenyl and X1 is CH2, then A1 is not 4-fluoro-phenyl, 4-phenyl-piperidyl, phenyl, 2,4-dichloro-phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3,4-dichloro-phenyl, 2,5-dichloro-phenyl, 4-nitro-phenyl, 4-bromo-phenyl, 4-methyl-phenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, N-morpholinyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl, or 3-nitro-phenyl; and (ii) when X1 is a bond, then A1 is not an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring with 1-3 nitrogen ring atoms; and provided that for compounds of formula (III): (i) when X1 is a bond, one B1 is phenyl and the other B1 is N-piperidyl, then A1 is not; and (ii) when X1 is a bond, then A1 is not an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring with 1-3 nitrogen ring atoms. 220-230. (canceled) 231. The method according to claim 219, wherein X1 is CH2, CF2, or O. 232. The method according to claim 219, wherein X1 is CH2. 233. The method according to claim 219, wherein A1 is selected from phenyl, triazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, furanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzo[b]thienyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, indenyl, naphthyl, azulinyl, or anthracenyl. 234. The method according to claim 219, wherein each B1 is independently selected from optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl. 235. The method according to claim 219, wherein each B1 is independently an optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl. 236. The method according to claim 219, wherein each B1 is an unsubstituted phenyl. 237. The method according to claim 219, wherein each B1 is independently selected from optionally substituted C5-C12 heteroaryl. 238. The method according to claim 219, wherein each B1 is independently and optionally substituted C5-C7 heteroaryl. 239. The method according to claim 238, wherein each B1 is independently selected from optionally substituted pyrazolyl or imidazolyl. 240. The method according to claim 219, wherein B1 is selected from optionally substituted aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, pyrrolidyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, dioxolanyl, pyrrolinyl, pyranyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, 3H-indolyl, or indolinyl. 241. The method according to claim 219, wherein A1 is optionally substituted C6-C10 aryl ring. 242. The method according to claim 241, wherein A1 is optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl. 243. The method according to claim 219, wherein A1 is optionally substituted C5-C12 heteroaryl ring. 244. The method according to claim 243, wherein A is pyridinyl. 245. The method according to claim 219, wherein each B1 is independently an optionally substituted 3-12 membered heterocyclic ring having up to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S, or NR. 246. The method according to claim 245, wherein each B1 is independently selected from optionally substituted aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, pyrrolidyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, dioxolanyl, pyrrolinyl, pyranyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, 3H-indolyl, or indolinyl.",
-    "A process for creating transitory colored hair that is composed of two different colored hair groups having different length hairs in each hair group, and the hair groups are combined then the top one-third (\u2153) combined hair is dyed or color processed. First, hair group 1 is obtained consisting of hair strands 12 inches to 24 inches in length and color processed to color A. Next, hair group 2 is obtained consisting of hair strands approximately two-thirds the length of hair group 1, which is color processed to color B. Hair group 1 and hair group 2 are combined into one hair piece. Then, the top one-third segment of combined hair is color processed to color B. Optionally, the top one-third segment of the combined hair groups can be color processed to color C. 1. A process for creating transitory colored hair for a hair extension or a wig comprising: obtaining a first group of hair consisting of a first plurality of hair strands having a predetermined first length (said predetermined first length being 12 inches to 24 inches in length); color processing the first group of hair to a first color; obtaining a second group of hair consisting of a second plurality of hair strands having a predetermined second length which is approximately two-thirds the length of the first predetermined length of the first hair group; color processing the second hair group to a second color; joining the first and the second hair groups together at one respective end thereof; and color processing a top one-third segment of the joined first and second hair groups to said second color wherein the joined hair groups are transitory colored. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first hair group has an x volume of hair strands therein. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the second hair group has a y volume of hair strands therein and wherein y hair strand volume is less than x hair strand volume. 4. The process of claim 2, wherein the first hair group has a volume of hair strands that is 60% of the joined hair. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein the second hair group has a volume of hair strands that is 40% of the joined hair. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the first color is a vibrant color selected from the group consisting of blue, red, purple, pink, orange, yellow, teal, silver, violet and green. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the second color is a hair color selected from the group consisting of shades of blonde, brown, and black. 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the process produces a transitory colored hair having three visible colored segments consisting of a top one-third colored segment, a middle one-third colored segment and a bottom one-third colored segment. 9. The process of claim 1, further comprising joining the first and second hair groups with tape at an end of the hair strands at the top one-third segment of the joined hair groups. 10. The process of claim 1, further comprising joining the first and second hair groups with a foil mount at an end of hair strands at the top one-third segment of the joined hair groups. 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined length is between 12 inches to 24 and the second predetermined length is approximately two-thirds the length of the first predetermined length. 12. A process for creating transitory colored hair for an extension or wig comprising: obtaining a hair group 1 consisting of hair strands 12 inches to 24 inches in length; color processing the hair group 1 to a color A; obtaining a hair group 2 consisting of hair strands approximately two-thirds the length of the hair group 1; color processing the hair group 2 to a color B; combining the hair group 1 and the hair group 2; and color processing a top one-third segment of a combined hair to a color C. 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the hair group 1 has a volume of hair strands x. 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the hair group 2 has a volume of hair strands y and y is less than x. 15. The process of claim 13, wherein the hair group 1 has a volume of hair strands that is 60% of the combined hair. 16. The process of claim 14, wherein the hair group 2 has a volume of hair strands that is 40% of the combined hair. 17. The process of claim 12, wherein the color A is a vibrant color selected from the group consisting of blue, red, purple, pink, orange, yellow, teal, silver, and green. 18. The process of claim 12, wherein the color B is a hair color selected from the group consisting of shades of blonde, brown, and black. 19. The process of claim 12, wherein the process produces a transitory colored hair having three visible segments consisting of the top one-third segment, a middle one-third segment and a bottom one-third segment. 20. The process of claim 12, further comprising combining hair groups 1 and 2 with a tape at an end of hair strands in the top one-third segment of the combined hair. 21. The process of claim 12, further comprising combining hair group 1 and 2 with a foil at an end of hair strands in the top one-third segment of the combined hair. 22. A transitory colored hair for extensions or wigs having colors that segregate a longitudinal hair strands into three horizontal sections comprising: a top segment adapted to be attached near a user's scalp having hair strands of a first solid color: a bottom segment composed of a terminal ends of the hair strands having a second solid color, and a middle segment having hair strands having a mixture of the first solid color and the second solid color forming a transitory color.",
-    "Various embodiments are generally directed an apparatus and method for determining a profile for an application, the profile to specify a setting for one or more storage services provided by a storage system, determining whether settings for provided storage services for the application conform to the profile. Further and in response to determining one or more of the provided storage services is non-conforming, performing a remediation operation to correct non-conforming storage services, and in response to determining the provided storage services are conforming storage services, providing an indication indicating the provided storage services are conforming to the profile. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a processor; a machine-readable medium comprising program code executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to determine profiles for applications that access virtual volumes encapsulated by virtual machines assigned to flexible volumes of a storage system, wherein the flexible volumes are on groups of storage devices of the storage system and each of the profiles specify settings for storage services for a respective one of the applications; to scan the flexible volumes to determine whether provided storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications of the flexible volumes, wherein the program code to scan the flexible volumes to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications comprises the program code executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to determine, for each virtual machine on each flexible volume, whether a storage service setting of the flexible volume does not conform to the corresponding storage service setting indicated for the profile of the application that accesses the virtual volume encapsulated by the virtual machine; and in response to determining a non-conforming storage service setting, to perform one or more remediation operations to correct non-conforming storage services settings, wherein the program code to perform the one or more remediation operations comprises the program code executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to either move the virtual volume accessed by the application corresponding to the non-conforming storage service setting to a flexible volume with conforming storage services settings or create a new flexible volume with conforming storage services settings. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, the storage services including auto grow, deduplication, compression, maximum throughput, high availability, disk type, flash acceleration, protocol usage, and replication. 3.-20. (canceled) 21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the program code to determine profiles for applications comprises program code executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to scan the virtual volumes to determine the profiles of the applications corresponding to the virtual volumes. 22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the program code to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications comprises the program code executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to determine, for each virtual machine assigned to each flexible volume, whether each storage service setting of a service level objective of the virtual machine matches each storage service setting indicated in the profile of the application on the virtual machine. 23. One or more non-transitory machine-readable media comprising program code for automatically ensuring conformance of storage services settings for applications, the program code comprising instructions to: determine profiles for applications that access virtual volumes encapsulated by virtual machines assigned to flexible volumes of a storage system, wherein the flexible volumes are on groups of storage devices of the storage system and each of the profiles indicates settings for storage services for a respective one of the applications; scan the flexible volumes to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications of the flexible volumes, wherein the instructions to scan the flexible volumes to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications comprise instructions to determine, for each virtual machine of each flexible volume, whether a storage service setting of the flexible volume does not conform to the corresponding storage service setting indicated for the profile of the application that accesses the virtual volume encapsulated by the virtual machine; and in response to a determination of a non-conforming storage service setting, move the virtual volume accessed by the application corresponding to the non-conforming storage service setting to one of the flexible volume with conforming storage services settings or create a new flexible volume with conforming storage services settings. 24. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media of claim 23, wherein the instructions to determine profiles for applications comprise instructions to scan the virtual volumes to determine the profiles of the applications corresponding to the virtual volumes. 25. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media of claim 23, wherein the instructions to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications comprise instructions to determine, for each virtual machine assigned to each flexible volume, whether each storage service setting of a service level objective of the virtual machine matches each storage service setting indicated in the profile of the application on the virtual machine. 26. The one or more non-transitory machine-readable media of claim 23, wherein the storage services include multiple of auto grow, deduplication, compression, maximum throughput, high availability, disk type, flash acceleration, protocol usage, and replication. 27. A method comprising: determining profiles for applications that access virtual volumes encapsulated by virtual machines assigned to flexible volumes of a storage system, wherein the flexible volumes are on groups of storage devices of the storage system and each of the profiles indicates settings for storage services for a respective one of the applications; scanning the flexible volumes to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications of the flexible volumes, wherein scanning the flexible volumes to determine whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications comprises determining, for each virtual machine of each flexible volume, whether a storage service setting of the flexible volume does not conform to the corresponding storage service setting indicated for the profile of the application that accesses the virtual volume encapsulated by the virtual machine; and in response to a determination of a non-conforming storage service setting, moving the virtual volume accessed by the application corresponding to the non-conforming storage service setting to one of the flexible volumes with conforming storage services settings or creating a new flexible volume with conforming storage services settings. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein determining profiles for applications comprises scanning the virtual volumes to determine the profiles of the applications corresponding to the virtual volumes. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein determining whether storage services settings of the flexible volumes conform to the profiles of the applications comprises determining, for each virtual machine assigned to each flexible volume, whether each storage service setting of a service level objective of the virtual machine matches each storage service setting indicated in the profile of the application on the virtual machine. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the storage services include multiple of auto grow, deduplication, compression, maximum throughput, high availability, disk type, flash acceleration, protocol usage, and replication.",
-    "An image processing method of performing filtering on image blocks using a plurality of deblocking filters having different filter strengths includes: a first parameter calculating step of calculating a first parameter indicating a boundary strength; a second parameter calculating step of calculating a second parameter indicating a limit value for each of the deblocking filters, based on the first parameter and a quantization parameter; and a selecting step of selecting a deblocking filter to be used in the filtering from among the deblocking filters, using one or more threshold values which are determined based on the second parameter. 1. An image decoding method involving filtering of image blocks using a plurality of deblocking filters having different filter strengths, the image decoding method comprising: a first calculating step of calculating a boundary strength between two adjacent image blocks; a second calculating step of calculating a parameter indicating an output range for each of the deblocking filters, using a linear sum of the boundary strength and a quantization parameter; a selecting step of selecting a deblocking filter to be used in the filtering from among the deblocking filters, using one or more threshold values which are determined based on the parameter; a filtering step of filtering the two blocks using the selected deblocking filter; and a decoding step of decoding the image by generating a reconstructed image including the filtered two blocks, wherein a value of the parameter to be calculated is larger when a value of the boundary strength is larger. 2. An image decoding apparatus which performs decoding involving filtering of image blocks using a plurality of deblocking filters having different filter strengths, the image decoding apparatus comprising: a first calculating unit configured to calculate a boundary strength between two adjacent image blocks; a second calculating unit configured to calculate a parameter indicating an output range for each of the deblocking filters, using a linear sum of the boundary strength and a quantization parameter; a selecting unit configured to select a deblocking filter to be used in the filtering from among the deblocking filters, using one or more threshold values which are determined based on the parameter; a filtering unit configured to filter the two blocks using the selected deblocking filter; and a decoding unit configured to decode the image by generating a reconstructed image including the filtered two blocks, wherein a value of the parameter to be calculated is larger when a value of the boundary strength is larger. 3. An image decoding apparatus which performs decoding involving filtering of image blocks using a plurality of deblocking filters having different filter strengths, the image decoding apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and storage accessible by the at least one processor; the at least one processor executing the following steps using the storage: a first calculating step of calculating a boundary strength between two adjacent image blocks; a second calculating step of calculating a parameter indicating an output range for each of the deblocking filters, using a linear sum of the boundary strength and a quantization parameter; a selecting step of selecting a deblocking filter to be used in the filtering from among the deblocking filters, using one or more threshold values which are determined based on the parameter; a filtering step of filtering the two blocks using the selected deblocking filter; and a decoding step of decoding the image by generating a reconstructed image including the filtered two blocks, wherein a value of the parameter to be calculated is larger when a value of the boundary strength is larger.",
-    "A modular software-defined storage system and method for providing modular software-defined storage, and components thereof, are disclosed herein. In at least one example embodiment, the storage system includes a backplane, a plurality of storage pods, and a management module storing at least one computer program for causing the storage pods to be configured for operation and for facilitating, when the storage pods are configured for operation, storage of information on the storage pods in accordance with a software-defined storage application. The system also includes first and second interfaces by which an additional computer device can at least indirectly engage in communications with the storage system and by which the storage system can at least indirectly engage in additional communications with an additional system having at least one additional storage pod such that the storage system is expanded to allow for additional storage. 1. A modular software-defined storage system, the system comprising: a backplane; a plurality of first storage pods each configured to be at least indirectly coupled to the backplane, wherein each of the first storage pods includes a respective memory component and a respective processing component; a management module coupled to the backplane, wherein the management module includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing at least one computer program for causing the first storage pods to be configured for operation and for facilitating, when the first storage pods are configured for operation, first storage of first information on the first storage pods in accordance with a software-defined storage application; a first interface coupled at least indirectly with the backplane or the management module by which an additional computer device can at least indirectly engage in communications with the storage system in a manner resulting in the first storage of the first information on the first storage pods; and a second interface coupled at least indirectly with the backplane or the management module by which the storage system can at least indirectly engage in additional communications with an additional system having at least one additional storage pod such that the storage system is expanded to allow for additional storage of additional information on the at least one additional storage pod. 2. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the software-defined storage application is a Ceph application, and wherein the management module is configured to govern both the first storage of first information on the storage pods and also the additional storage of the additional information on the at least one additional storage pod. 3. The storage system of claim 2, wherein the second interface allows for the storage system to provide an expandable amount of storage above that afforded by the storage pods, and wherein the second interface includes an Ethernet switch that allows for the storage system to be coupled at least indirectly, in a daisy-chain configuration, with both the additional system and at least one further system having at least one further storage pod. 4. The storage system of claim 1, wherein the first interface includes an Ethernet switch, and wherein the management module is configured to provide interface signals that are at least indirectly output by the Ethernet switch that, upon being received by the additional computer device, allow for the providing of a web-based management interface by which information regarding health or operational characteristics of the storage system can be output and also by which commands concerning operations of the storage system can be received. 5. The storage system of claim 1, further comprising a power supply that is coupled to the backplane, wherein the backplane is configured both to provide power to the first storage pods and to allow for networked communications of the first information with the first storage pods. 6. The storage system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of visual indicators respectively associated with a plurality of positions along the storage system that are respectively proximate to respectively locations at which the respective first storage pods are positioned when installed in the storage system, and wherein the storage system is configured to cause the respective visual indicators to provide respective visual indications respectively indicative of respective health or operational status characteristics of the respective first storage pods. 7. The storage system of claim 6, further comprising at least one fan that serves to cool the storage system including the first storage pods, wherein the respective operational status characteristics include at least one temperature status characteristic. 8. The storage system of claim 7, further comprising a status display that is configured to output an indication of a proportion of a total available storage capability of the storage system that is currently being utilized, wherein the visual indicators are LED indicators and the status display is a touch screen display 9. The storage system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the storage pods includes a port that allows for the storage pod to be plugged into a Power-Over-Ethernet (PoE) port. 10. A storage pod for use as part of a modular software-defined storage system, the storage pod comprising: a memory device including one or more of a hard drive, a solid state disk, a random access memory (RAM) device, and a Flash memory device; a processing device coupled to the memory device, the processing device including one or more of a CPU component and a SOC component; and a first port coupled at least indirectly to the processing device by which the storage pod can be electrically coupled to a backplane of the modular software-defined storage system, wherein the processing device includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium configured to be capable of storing at least one computer program for allowing the storage pod to receive and store first information at the memory device in accordance with a software-defined storage application, and wherein the storage pod is configured to engage in communications with the backplane by way of the first port and also to receive power from the backplane by way of the first port. 11. The storage pod of claim 10, wherein an Ethernet switch associated with the processing device allows for a providing of one or more of a storage management interface, a storage data interface, and a storage replication interface. 12. The storage pod of claim 11, wherein the memory device includes each of the hard drive, the solid state disk, the RAM device, and the Flash memory device, and wherein the hard drive is configured to perform a data storage function, the solid state disk is configured to provide a journal storage function, the RAM device is configured to provide a system memory function, and the Flash memory device is configured to perform an operating system (OS) storage function. 13. A method for providing modular software-defined storage, the method comprising: providing a main structure having a backplane and a management module; receiving at the backplane a first storage pod so that the first storage pod is electrically coupled to the backplane, wherein the first storage pod includes both a memory device and a processing device; sending, from the processing device of the first storage pod to the management module, first information regarding a first characteristic of the first storage pod; communicating, from the management module to the processing device of the first storage pod, at least some second information so as to achieve configuration of the first storage pod for operation as part of a storage system including the first storage pod and the main structure, wherein the second information includes at least some computer programming configured to allow the storage pod to receive and store third information at the memory device of the first storage pod in accordance with a software-defined storage application; and operating the management module, the backplane, and the first storage pod as a storage system so that the third information is stored at the memory device of the first storage pod as governed by the management module in accordance with the software-defined storage application. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: after the receiving of the first storage pod at the backplane, causing the first storage pod to receive power; after the sending of the first information regarding the first characteristic, determining whether a database accessible by the management module has stored therewithin additional information corresponding to the first storage pod; and if the database has stored therewithin the additional information, then sending a code for use by the first storage pod for establishing a configuration connection. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: further providing a DHCP request for receipt by the management module; determining at the management module whether a module MAC address is present; further sending a reply with either a static IP address or a dynamic IP address from the management module to the first storage pod; experiencing a TFTP booting operation at the first storage pod; commencing operation of a Python agent at the first storage pod; and subsequent to the sending of the code, determining whether the storage pod should serve a monitoring role. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: further operating the management module, the backplane, and the first storage pod so that the third information is retrieved from the memory device of the first storage pod and provided to the backplane, wherein the software-defined storage application is a Ceph application. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving the third information and a command to store the third information from a computer system coupled at least indirectly to the storage system by way of an Ethernet switch associated with the management module, wherein a location at which the third information is stored on the first storage pod is determined by the management module operating in accordance with the software-defined storage application. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising: additionally communicating fourth information regarding a health or operational status characteristic of the first storage module to a computer system coupled at least indirectly to the storage system by way of an Ethernet switch associated with the management module, or displaying, by way of at least one visual indicator or a status display provided on a housing encasing the backplane and coupled at least indirectly to the backplane, an indication of the fourth information regarding the health or operational status characteristic. 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising: receiving at the backplane a second storage pod so that the second storage pod is electrically coupled to the backplane; additionally sending further information regarding a second storage pod characteristic to the management module; additionally communicating, from the management module to the second storage pod, at least some further information so as to achieve configuration of the second storage pod for operation as part of the storage system; and additionally operating the second storage pod as part of the storage system so that at least some additional information is stored at a second memory device of the second storage pod as governed by the management module in accordance with the software-defined storage application. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: expanding an overall storage capacity of the storage system to include an additional amount of storage capacity provided by a third storage pod that cannot be fit within a predefined number of slots of a housing of the storage system, by linking an additional storage device including the third storage pod to the storage system by way of a port of the storage system, and additionally operating the third storage pod so that at least some further information is stored at the third storage pod, as governed by the management module in accordance with the software-defined storage application.",
-    "A feed apparatus includes a base, a moving member that is movable in a predetermined axial direction with respect to the base, a first screw shaft provided on the base so as to be parallel to the axial direction, a second screw shaft provided separately from the first screw shaft on the base so as to be parallel to the predetermined axial direction, a first motor mounted on the base to rotate the first screw shaft, a second motor mounted on the base to rotate the second screw shaft, a first nut provided on the moving member and moving in the predetermined axial direction in conjunction with rotation of the first screw shaft, and a second nut provided on the moving member and moving in the predetermined axial direction in conjunction with rotation of the second screw shaft. The first nut and the second nut are disposed at different positions in the predetermined axial direction. 1. A feed apparatus comprising: a base, a moving member that is movable in a predetermined axial direction with respect to the base, a first screw shaft provided on the base so as to be parallel to the axial direction and rotatably supported by the base, a second screw shaft provided separately from the first screw shaft on the base so as to be parallel to the axial direction and rotatably supported by the base, a first driving source mounted on the base to rotate the first screw shaft, a second driving source mounted on the base to rotate the second screw shaft, a first nut provided on the moving member and screwed over the first screw shaft to move in the axial direction in conjunction with rotation of the first screw shaft, and a second nut provided on the moving member and screwed over the second screw shaft to move in the axial direction in conjunction with rotation of the second screw shaft; wherein the first nut and the second nut are disposed at different positions in the axial direction. 2. The feed apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first nut is provided on one side of the moving member with respect to a center of the moving member in the axial direction, and the second nut is provided on the other side of the moving member with respect to the center of the moving member in the axial direction 3. The feed apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moving member is loaded on an upper surface of the base, the first nut is provided on one side of the moving member with respect to a position of a center of gravity of the moving member in the axial direction, and the second nut is provided on the other side of the moving member with respect to the position of the center of gravity of the moving member in the axial direction. 4. The feed apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moving member is loaded on an upper surface of the base, and an object is mounted on the moving member, the first nut is provided on one side of the moving member with respect to a position of a center of gravity of a combination of the moving member and the object in the axial direction, and the second nut is provided on the other side of the moving member with respect to the position of the center of gravity of the combination in the axial direction 5. The feed apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an axis of the first screw shaft and an axis of the second screw shaft are coaxially disposed. 6. The feed apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first screw shaft and the second screw shaft are each rotatably supported at both ends thereof by the base. 7. The feed apparatus according to claim 6, wherein one end of the first screw shaft in the axial direction is supported by the base so as to be immovable in the axial direction and to be rotatable, the other end of the first screw shaft in the axial direction is supported by the base so as to be movable in the axial direction and to be rotatable, one end of the second screw shaft in the axial direction is supported by the base so as to be movable in the axial direction and to be rotatable, and the other end of the second screw shaft in the axial direction is supported by the base so as to be immovable in the axial direction and to be rotatable. 8. The feed apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first screw shaft and the second screw shaft have respective grooves formed in an identical direction. 9. A machine tool comprising the feed apparatus as claimed in claim 1.",
-    "According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method and technique for automatically associating a wireless device to a data processing system using biometric data is disclosed. The method includes: receiving biometric data corresponding to a user of a data processing system; creating a certificate by the data processing system based on the biometric data; discovering a wireless device able to communicate with the data processing system; responsive to discovering the wireless device, automatically requesting a certificate from the wireless device; and, responsive to the certificate from the wireless device matching the certificate created by the data processing system, automatically associating the wireless device with the data processing system. 1. A method, comprising: identifying, by a data processing system, a wireless device connected to the data processing system; receiving, by the data processing system, a biometric input from a user of the data processing system; generating, by the data processing system, a biometric-based certificate from the biometric input; transmitting, by the data processing system, the biometric-based certificate to the wireless device; and automatically purging the biometric input and the biometric-based certificate from the data processing system. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the biometric input comprises receiving a fingerprint of the user. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising interfacing, by the data processing system, with an authenticator client of the wireless device for storing the biometric-based certificate on the wireless device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless device comprises a first wireless device, and further comprising: responsive to discovering a second wireless device connected with the data processing system, presenting the user with a listing of the first and second wireless devices; receiving a selection from the user of at least one of the first and second wireless devices; and responsive to receiving the selection, requesting the biometric input from the user. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: launching, by the data processing system, an authenticator module to identify the wireless device; purging, by the authenticator module, the biometric input and the biometric-based certificate from the data processing system upon completion of communication interaction with the wireless device; and pairing, by the authenticator module in a subsequent communication interaction with the wireless device, the wireless device to the data processing system using the biometric-based certificate. 6. The method of claim 7, further comprising requesting, in the subsequent communication interaction, the biometric-based certificate from the wireless device. 7. A data processing system, comprising: a processor; and logic executable by the processor, the logic executable by the processor to: identify a wireless device connected to the data processing system; receive a biometric input from a user of the data processing system; generate a biometric-based certificate from the biometric input; transmit the biometric-based certificate to the wireless device; and automatically purge the biometric input and the biometric-based certificate from the data processing system. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the logic is executable to receive a fingerprint of the user as the biometric input. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the logic is executable to interface with an authenticator client of the wireless device for storing the biometric-based certificate on the wireless device. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the wireless device comprises a first wireless device, and wherein the logic is further executable to: responsive to discovering a second wireless device connected with the data processing system, present the user with a listing of the first and second wireless devices; receive a selection from the user of at least one of the first and second wireless devices; and responsive to receiving the selection, request the biometric input from the user. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the logic is executable to: purge the biometric input and the biometric-based certificate from the data processing system upon completion of communication interaction with the wireless device; and pair, in a subsequent communication interaction with the wireless device, the wireless device to the data processing system using the biometric-based certificate. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the logic is executable to request, in the subsequent communication interaction, the biometric-based certificate from the wireless device. 13. A computer program product for automatically associating a wireless device to a data processing system, the computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer readable medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code comprising computer readable program code configured to: identify the wireless device connected to the data processing system; receive a biometric input from a user of the data processing system; generate a biometric-based certificate from the biometric input; transmit the biometric-based certificate to the wireless device; and automatically purge the biometric input and the biometric-based certificate from the data processing system. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer readable program code is configured to receive a fingerprint of the user as the biometric input. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer readable program code is configured to interface with an authenticator client of the wireless device for storing the biometric-based certificate on the wireless device. 16. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the wireless device comprises a first wireless device, and wherein the computer readable program code is configured to: responsive to discovering a second wireless device connected with the data processing system, present the user with a listing of the first and second wireless devices; receive a selection from the user of at least one of the first and second wireless devices; and responsive to receiving the selection, request the biometric input from the user. 17. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer readable program code is configured to: purge the biometric input and the biometric-based certificate from the data processing system upon completion of communication interaction with the wireless device; and pair, in a subsequent communication interaction with the wireless device, the wireless device to the data processing system using the biometric-based certificate. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code is configured to request, in the subsequent communication interaction, the biometric-based certificate from the wireless device.",
-    "An implant for use in orthognathic surgery of a mandible may include a longitudinal plate member and a plurality of pre-configured guides coupled to the plate member. The longitudinal plate member is pre-bent to correspond to the post-operative shape of the mandible; and the guides are pre-configured to align the plate member with the mandible when the implant is positioned against the mandible after the mandible has been separated. 1. An implant configured to fix at least a first mandibular bone part relative to a second mandibular bone part that is separated from the first mandibular bone part by a bone gap, the implant comprising: a plate member including a pre-operatively bent body having a shape corresponding to a post-operative shape of a mandible when aligned with the mandible, the plate member defining at least one fixation aperture that extends through the pre-operatively bent body and is configured to receive a bone fixation element so as to secure the plate member to the mandible; and at least one guide coupled to the plate member, the at least one guide pre-operatively configured to align the plate member with the mandible when the implant is positioned against the mandible after the mandible has been separated so as to define the bone gap. 2. The implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one guide includes a guide body that is pre-shaped to correspond to the post-operative shape of the mandible. 3. The implant of claim 2, wherein the guide body includes an alignment portion that defines an inner bone contacting surface that is pre-shaped to correspond to the post-operative shape of the mandible so as to align the plate member with the mandible when the implant is positioned against the mandible after the mandible has been separated into at least the first and second bone parts. 4. The implant of claim 2, wherein the guide body is made from a biocompatible material. 5. The implant of claim 2, wherein the implant includes three guides, each guide having a guide body that is pre-shaped to correspond to the post-operative shape of the mandible so as to align the plate member with the mandible when the implant is positioned against the mandible after the mandible has been separated into at least the first and second bone parts. 6. The implant of clam 1, wherein the at least one guide includes a guide body, and a fixation element aperture that extends through the guide body, the fixation element aperture configured to receive a fixation element to temporarily couple the guide to the plate member. 7. The implant of claim 1, wherein the plate member includes at least one aperture configured to receive a fixation element to thereby affix the implant to the mandible. 8. The implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one guide includes a guide body, a pusher aperture that extends transversely through the guide body, and a pusher that is disposed within the pusher aperture, the pusher configured to abut a bottom of the mandible so as to align the plate member with the mandible when the implant is positioned against the mandible after the mandible has been separated into at least the first and second bone parts. 9. The implant of claim 8, wherein the pusher is adjustable along the transverse direction within the pusher aperture. 10. The implant of claim 9, wherein the at least one guide further includes a bore that extends laterally through the guide body and into the pusher aperture, the bore configured to receive a set screw to thereby lock the pusher to the guide body. 11. The implant of claim 8, wherein the at least one guide further includes a bone plate receiving channel that extends longitudinally through the guide body, the bone plate receiving channel configured to receive the bone plate when the at least one guide is coupled to the bone plate. 12. The implant of claim 8, wherein the pusher includes a transverse portion and a lateral portion that extends from a distal end of the transverse portion toward the mandible. 13. The implant of claim 8, wherein the pusher defines a bone contacting surface that is configured to abut the mandible when the implant is positioned against the mandible.",
-    "A wearable device is provided. The wearable device includes a first strap portion attached or detached from a body portion and provided to allow the body portion to be worn on a human body, a second strap portion provided in the body portion to be exchanged with the first strap portion, electrically connected to the body portion, and having at least one member to provide a signal generated from the members to the body portion, and a connecting portion electrically connecting the body portion with the first strap portion or electrically connecting the body portion with the second strap portion. 1. A wearable device, the wearable device comprising: a body portion of the wearable device; a first strap portion attached or detached from the body portion and provided to allow the body portion to be worn on a human body; a second strap portion provided in the body portion to be exchanged with the first strap portion, electrically connected to the body portion, and having at least one member to provide a signal generated from the members to the body portion; and a connecting portion electrically connecting the body portion with the first strap portion or electrically connecting the body portion with the second strap portion. 2. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the members comprise at least one of a module supplying power to the body portion, a module providing body information to the body portion, or a module providing multiple functions to the body portion. 3. The wearable device of claim 2, wherein the members comprise, at least one of a battery, a body information detecting module, an energy harvesting module, an automatic contacting module, a wireless recharge module, an automatic recharge module, a light emission module, a global positioning system (GPS) module, a camera module, a speaker module, a haptic module, and a put-on-body detecting module, and wherein the second strap portion comprises at least one member having the function. 4. The wearable device of claim 2, wherein the second strap portion comprises: a power supply strap portion allowing the members to supply power to the main body or having an own power source; and a multi-module strap portion receiving power from the main body and providing multiple functions to the main body. 5. The wearable device of claim 4, wherein the main body further comprises a detecting unit configured to detect attachment or detachment of the second strap portion or attachment or detachment of at least one of the power supply strap portion or the multi-module strap portion. 6. The wearable device of claim 5, wherein the detecting unit comprises at least one a mechanical button switch, a pogo terminal portion, a pressure sensor, and a hall sensor. 7. The wearable device of claim 6, wherein, when the first strap portion is coupled to the body portion, the detecting unit is further configured to detect a signal indicating the coupling of the first strap portion according to at least any one of whether to be pressed, whether an electrical signal is applied, and whether a detecting signal is applied, and wherein, when the second strap portion is coupled to the body portion, the detecting unit is further configured to detect a signal indicating the coupling of the second strap portion through an opposite operation of an operation performed when the first strap portion is coupled, and the body portion controls an operation of the member by recognizing the second strap portion. 8. The wearable device of claim 7, wherein at least one of the first strap portion or the second strap portion is coupled to the body portion, and wherein according to a signal value detected by the detecting unit, the body portion controls a user setting as the first strap portion is coupled to the body portion, controls the user setting as the power supply strap portion is coupled, or controls the user setting as the multi-module strap portion is coupled. 9. The wearable device of claim 4, wherein the power supply strap portion is coupled to the body portion, and wherein the detecting unit comprises a voltage detecting unit configured to detect a voltage of the power supply strap portion and a recharging unit configured to recharge the battery of the body portion according to a signal detected by the voltage detecting unit. 10. The wearable device of claim 4, wherein the power supply strap portion is coupled to the body portion, and wherein the power supply strap portion comprises a first communication unit configured to transfer a signal generated according to attachment or detachment from the body portion to the body portion, and wherein the detecting unit comprises a second communication unit configured to receive a signal from the first communication unit and a recharging unit configured to recharge the battery of the body portion according to a signal value transferred to the second communication unit. 11. The wearable device of claim 10, wherein the connecting unit comprises a two pin-type electrical connection terminal. 12. The wearable device of claim 4, wherein the multi-module strap portion is coupled to the body portion, and wherein the multi-module strap portion comprises a first communication unit configured to transfer a signal generated by attachment or detachment of the body portion to the body portion, and wherein the body portion comprises a second communication unit configured to receive a signal from the first communication unit and a controller configured to supply power to the member and recharge the battery of the body portion receiving a signal from the member according to a signal value transferred to the second communication unit. 13. The wearable device of claim 12, wherein the connecting portion comprises a four pin-type electrical connection terminal that communicates the signal from the member with the body portion provides power to the member. 14. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the first strap portion and the second strap portion are formed of at least one material of a metal, leather, silicone, urethane, ceramic, and fabric or of at least one material of a metal mixed with a mineral powder comprising at least one of tourmaline, ceramic, jade, or germanium, leather, silicone, urethane, ceramic, or fabric. 15. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the second strap portion comprises at least one of a one-body strap including one piece in which a band for fixing and a band for adjustment are connected with each other or a separable strap including a separable body in which an end and another end are separated or coupled with each other. 16. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the body portion comprises the first strap portion, and wherein the connecting portion comprises a first adapter portion detachably connecting the first strap portion to the body portion. 17. The wearable device of claim 16, wherein the first adapter portion is provided to surround a surface of the body portion or between an end of the band for fixing and the body portion and between an end of the band for adjustment and the body portion. 18. The wearable device of claim 16, wherein a sealing member is further provided in the first adapter portion to prevent a foreign material from entering a body terminal portion provided in the body portion. 19. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the connecting portion is seated surrounding a rear surface of the body portion and comprises a connection terminal portion connected with a body terminal portion provided at a surface of the body portion, and wherein the second adapter portion is provided to be connected with the band for fixing and the band for adjustment between the band for fixing and the band for adjustment as a single body or to be separated. 20. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the connecting portion is provided at an end of the band for fixing and an end of the band for adjustment and comprises a pair of connection terminal portions electrically connected with the body terminal portion provided at both ends of the body portion, and wherein the second adapter portion is provided at the end of the band for fixing and at the end of the band for adjustment as a single body or to be separated. 21. The wearable device of claim 19, wherein a sealing member is further included between the body terminal portion and the connection terminal portion. 22. The wearable device of claim 21, wherein the sealing member comprises at least one of a rubber material, a silicone material, a urethane material, or a synthetic resin material. 23. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the second strap portion further comprises a bezel portion surrounding the body portion, and wherein the band for fixing and the band for adjustment are detachably coupled to the bezel portion. 24. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the connecting portion comprises a spring pin-type connecting member, the spring pin-type connecting member comprises: a first connecting module provided between the first strap portion and the body portion and detachably coupling the first strap portion to the body portion; and a second connecting module compatibly provided with the first connecting module, provided between the second strap portion and the body portion, and electrically coupling the body portion with the second strap portion so that a signal from the member is transferred to the body portion. 25. The wearable device of claim 24, wherein the first connecting module comprises: a first pin body pulled in between the first strap portion and the body portion; first protrusion portions provided to project from both ends of the first pin body, at least one of the first protrusion portions elastically driven from the first pin body; and a first lever portion provided in the first pin body and projected from an inside of the first pin body to an outside of the body portion to drive the first protrusion portions. 26. The wearable device of claim 25, wherein the second connecting module comprises: a second pin body pulled in between the first strap portion and the body portion; second protrusion portions provided to project from both ends of the second pin body, at least one of the second protrusion portions elastically driven from the second pin body; a connecting pin portion provided in the second protrusion portions and electrically connecting the body portion with the second strap portion; and a connector pin portion provided in the second pin body, provided to project to an inside of the second strap portion, and electrically connecting the connecting pin portion with the member. 27. The wearable device of claim 26, wherein the connecting pin portion and the connector pin portion comprise at least any one of a two pin-type or a four pin-type. 28. The wearable device of claim 26, wherein the second pin body and the second protrusion portions further comprise an insulation coating layer. 29. The wearable device of claim 26, wherein a first sealing member is provided in the first strap portion and the body portion to seal a coupled surface between the first strap portion and the body portion, and wherein a second sealing member is provided in the second strap portion and the body portion to seal a coupled surface between the second strap portion and the body portion. 30. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the connecting portion comprises: a first coupling portion coupling the first strap portion with the body portion; and a second coupling portion coupling the second strap portion with the body portion, and a pogo pin-type connecting member electrically connecting the member with the body portion according to coupling of the body portion. 31. The wearable device of claim 30, wherein the pogo pin-type connecting member comprises: a pogo pin member provided in the body portion by insert bonding or insert molding; and a pad portion provided in the second strap portion and contacting the pogo pin member to be electrically connected with the pogo pin member. 32. The wearable device of claim 31, wherein the first strap portion further comprises a first sealing member tightly contacting a periphery of the pogo pin member, and wherein a second sealing member is projectingly provided at a periphery of the pad portion to tightly contact the periphery of the pogo pin member. 33. The wearable device of claim 32, wherein the first sealing member and the second sealing member comprise at least one of a rubber material, a silicone material, a urethane material, or a synthetic resin material. 34. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein a short circuit preventing unit is further included between the body portion and the first strap portion to restrict an inflow of an electrical signal of a body terminal portion electrically connecting the body portion with the second strap portion. 35. The wearable device of claim 34, wherein the short circuit preventing unit is provided in a coupling portion where the connecting portion is mounted, and wherein the connecting portion is provided to restrict a contact short circuit depending on whether the coupling portion has a contact. 36. The wearable device of claim 34, wherein the short circuit preventing unit is provided to restrict a short circuit by deactivating power supply depending on whether there is power supply pairing between the body portion and the first and second strap portions according to attachment or detachment of the first and second strap portions.",
-    "A device to space vertebral members with first and second members that may have at least one ramped section. The first and second members may be positioned in a vertically overlapping arrangement with interior sides of the members facing together. The device may be positionable between a first orientation with the ramped section of the first member positioned away from the ramped section of the second member, and a second orientation with the ramped section of the first member positioned against the ramped section of the second member. The device may include a greater height measured between the exterior sides in the second orientation than in the first orientation. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A device to space vertebral members comprising: a first member having a first angled section and a first contact surface; a second member having a second exterior contact surface; a third member positioned between the first member and the second member, the third member having a second angled section and a bottom surface that engages a bottom wall of the second member, the bottom surface extending parallel to at least one of the contact surfaces; the device positionable between a first orientation with the first angled section engaged with the second angled section and having a first maximum height extending between the contact surfaces and a second orientation with the first angled section disengaged from the second angled section and having an increased second maximum height between the contact surfaces. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the bottom surface extends parallel to at least one of the contact surfaces when the device is in the first orientation and the second orientation. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein the first contact surface and the second contact surface form an acute angle when the device is in the second orientation. 24. The device of claim 21, wherein the first member comprises a planar surface that engages a planar surface of the second member when the device is in the second orientation. 25. The device of claim 21, wherein the first member comprises a planar surface that engages a planar surface of the second member when the device is in the second orientation, the planar surfaces extending parallel to one another when the device is in the second orientation. 26. The device of claim 21, wherein the third member is non-threaded. 27. The device of claim 21, wherein the first member comprises a tab that is slidably received within a groove of the second member as the device moves between the first orientation and the second orientation. 28. The device of claim 21, wherein the first member comprises a pair of tabs that are slidably received within grooves of the second member as the device moves between the first orientation and the second orientation. 29. The device of claim 21, wherein an end cap extending from the third member is positioned within an aperture in the second member when the device is in the second orientation to lock the device in the second orientation. 30. The device of claim 21, wherein spring loaded end caps extending from the third member move into apertures in the second member as the device moves from the first orientation to the second orientation to lock the device in the second orientation. 31. A system comprising: the device of claim 21; and a delivery device coupled to the second member such that the second member is pivotable relative to the delivery device. 32. A system comprising: the device of claim 21; and a delivery device coupled to the second member, the delivery device comprising a shaft that defines a longitudinal axis and a cam movably positioned within the shaft along the longitudinal axis, the cam being configured to move the device of claim 21 from the first orientation to the second orientation. 33. A system comprising: the device of claim 21; and a delivery device coupled to the second member such that the second member is pivotable relative to the delivery device, the delivery device comprising a shaft that defines a longitudinal axis and a cam movably positioned within the shaft along the longitudinal axis, the cam being configured to move the device of claim 21 from the first orientation to the second orientation. 34. A system comprising: the device of claim 21; and a delivery device comprising a shaft that defines a longitudinal axis and a cam movably positioned within the shaft along the longitudinal axis, the cam being configured to move the device of claim 21 from the first orientation to the second orientation, wherein the delivery device is movable between a first configuration in which extensions of the delivery device are positioned within apertures in the second member to couple the delivery device to the device of claim 21 and a second configuration in which the extensions are spaced apart from the apertures to release the delivery device from the device of claim 21. 35. A device to space vertebral members comprising: a first member having a first angled section and a first contact surface; a second member having a second exterior contact surface; a third member positioned between the first member and the second member, the third member having a second angled section; the device positionable between a first orientation with the first angled section engaged with the second angled section and having a first maximum height extending between the contact surfaces and a second orientation with the first angled section disengaged from the second angled section and having an increased second maximum height between the contact surfaces, wherein the first member comprises a planar surface that engages a planar surface of the second member when the device is in the second orientation. 36. The device of claim 35, wherein the first member comprises a pair of tabs that are slidably received within grooves of the second member as the device moves between the first orientation and the second orientation. 37. The device of claim 35, wherein the first member comprises a planar surface that engages a planar surface of the second member when the device is in the second orientation. 38. The device of claim 35, wherein spring loaded end caps extending from the third member move into apertures in the second member as the device moves from the first orientation to the second orientation to lock the device in the second orientation. 39. A device to space vertebral members comprising: a first member having a first angled section and a first contact surface; a second member having a second exterior contact surface; a third member positioned between the first member and the second member, the third member having a second angled section; the device positionable between a first orientation with the first angled section engaged with the second angled section and having a first maximum height extending between the contact surfaces and a second orientation with the first angled section disengaged from the second angled section and having an increased second maximum height between the contact surfaces, wherein spring loaded end caps extending from the third member move into apertures in the second member as the device moves from the first orientation to the second orientation to lock the device in the second orientation. 40. The device of claim 39, wherein the first member comprises a pair of tabs that are slidably received within grooves of the second member as the device moves between the first orientation and the second orientation.",
-    "Systems, methods, and media for managing an entertainment system are provided. In some implementations, systems for managing an entertainment system are provided, the systems comprising: at least one hardware processor configured to: detect a first instruction; select a component of the entertainment system; determine a first state of the component; store an indication of the first state; detect a second instruction; retrieve the indication of the first state; generate a third instruction based on the indication of the first state; and transmit the third instruction to the component of the entertainment system. 1. A system for managing an entertainment system, comprising: at least one hardware processor configured to: determine a first state of a component of the entertainment system prior a first instruction occurring, wherein the first state specifies at least one configuration setting other than a power setting; and, when the component is not in the first state, transmit a third instruction over a communication network in response to a second instruction occurring after the first instruction, wherein the third instruction is based on the determination of the first state and is configured to cause the component of the entertainment system to be in the first state. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein first instruction causes the component to stop being in the first state. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one hardware processor is also configured to select the component based on the component being an active signal source for a rendering component of the entertainment system when the first instruction occurs. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one hardware processor is also configured to: transmit a query over a communications bus; and receive an indication of a configuration setting of the component in response to the query. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second instruction is an instruction to cause the component to be in the first state. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the third instruction is for setting a configuration setting of the component to a value the configuration setting was set to when the first instruction was detected. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one hardware processor is also configured to generate the third instruction based on the determination of the first state. 8. A method for managing an entertainment system, comprising: determining, using at least one hardware processor, a first state of a component of the entertainment system prior a first instruction occurring, wherein the first state specifies at least one configuration setting other than a power setting; and, when the component is not in the first state, transmitting a third instruction over a communication network in response to a second instruction occurring after the first instruction, wherein the third instruction is based on the determination of the first state and is configured to cause the component of the entertainment system to be in the first state. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein first instruction causes the component to stop being in the first state. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising selecting the component based on the component being an active signal source for a rendering component of the entertainment system when the first instruction occurs. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: transmitting a query over a communications bus; and receiving an indication of a configuration setting of the component in response to the query. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the second instruction is an instruction to cause the component to be in the first state. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the third instruction is for setting a configuration setting of the component to a value the configuration setting was set to when the first instruction was detected. 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising generating the third instruction based on the determination of the first state. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a method for managing an entertainment system, the method comprising: determining a first state of a component of the entertainment system prior a first instruction occurring, wherein the first state specifies at least one configuration setting other than a power setting; and, when the component is not in the first state, transmitting a third instruction over a communication network in response to a second instruction occurring after the first instruction, wherein the third instruction is based on the determination of the first state and is configured to cause the component of the entertainment system to be in the first state. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein first instruction causes the component to stop being in the first state. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises selecting the component based on the component being an active signal source for a rendering component of the entertainment system when the first instruction occurs. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises: transmitting a query over a communications bus; and receiving an indication of a configuration setting of the component in response to the query. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the second instruction is an instruction to cause the component to be in the first state. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the third instruction is for setting a configuration setting of the component to a value the configuration setting was set to when the first instruction was detected. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the method further comprises generating the third instruction based on the determination of the first state.",
-    "Compounds comprising phosphorescent metal complexes comprising cyclometallated imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine and diimidazo[1,2-a: 1\u2032,2\u2032-c]quinazoline ligands, or isoelectronic or benzannulated analogs thereof, are described. Organic light emitting diode devices comprising these compounds are also described. 1. A phosphorescent compound comprising a metal and a monoanionic, bidentate ligand as set forth below, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of the non-radioactive metals with atomic numbers greater than 40, and wherein the bidentate ligand may be linked with other ligands to comprise a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate or hexadentate ligand; wherein: E1a-q are selected from the group consisting of C and N and collectively comprise an 18 pi-electron system; provided that E1a and E1p are different; and R1a-i are each, independently, H, hydrocarbyl, heteroatom substituted hydrocarbyl, cyano, fluoro, OR2a, SR2a, NR2aR2b, BR2aR2b, or SiR2aR2bR2c, where R2a-c are each, independently, hydrocarbyl or heteroatom substituted hydrocarbyl, and where any two of R1a-i and R2a-c may be linked to form a saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or non-aromatic ring; provided that R1a-i is other than H when attached to N, and is excluded from the bidentate ligand. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Re, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, and Au, and the bidentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of: wherein: R1a-i are each, independently, H, hydrocarbyl, heteroatom substituted hydrocarbyl, cyano, fluoro, OR2a, SR2a, NR2aR2b, BR2aR2b, or SiR2aR2bR2c, where R2a-c are each, independently, hydrocarbyl or heteroatom substituted hydrocarbyl, and where any two of R1a-i and R2a-c may be linked to form a saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or non-aromatic ring. 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein the bidentate ligand is of the formula gs1-1. 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Re, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, and Au, and at least one of R1a-i is a 2,6-di-substituted aryl group. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R1b is a 2,6-di-substituted aryl group. 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt. 8. The compound of claim 5, wherein the 2,6-di-substituted aryl group is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-dimethylphenyl; 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl; 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl; 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl; 2,6-di-isopropyl-4-phenylphenyl; 2,6-dimethyl-4-phenylphenyl; 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl; 2,6-diphenylphenyl; 2,6-diphenyl-4-isopropylphenyl; 2,4,6-triphenylphenyl; 2,6-di-isopropyl-4-(4-isopropylphenyl)phenyl; 2,6-di-isopropyl-4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phenyl; 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl; 2,6-di-isopropyl-4-(pyridine-4-yl)phenyl; and 2,6-di-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phenyl. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein any two of R1a-i may be linked to only form a saturated, or non-aromatic ring. 10. The compound of claim 2, wherein the compound is a homoleptic Ir complex. 11. The compound of claim 2, wherein the compound is a heteroleptic Ir complex. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1a-i are each independently H, fluoro, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl; and the metal is Ir or Pt. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the bidentate ligand is: 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein each of E1e-o and E1q is carbon. 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein at least one pair of R1a-i are linked to form a saturated, or non-aromatic ring 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 17. An OLED device comprising the compound of claim 1. 18. An OLED device of claim 17, wherein the metal is Ir or Pt, and R1b is a 2,6-di-substituted aryl group. 19. An OLED device of claim 17, wherein the bidentate ligand is 20. An OLED device comprising the compound of claim 3.",
-    "Appurtenances added to a pipe mitigate the effects of upstream valves, sluice gates or pipe elbows to condition the pipe flow for accurate flow rate detection by a reverse propeller meter. Further appurtenances allow the reverse propeller meter to be used in extreme debris situations such as weeds, vines and moss present in many canal systems. The system provides an electronic signal that indicates flow rate and accumulated flow volume, or the signal can be transmit to a central headquarters for remote gate control or canal automation. 1-28. (canceled) 29. A system for metering liquid flowing in a conduit comprising: a flow sensor disposed in the conduit; a debris deflection component positioned upstream of the sensor in the conduit and configured to prevent debris from fouling the sensor, and a plurality of flow conditioning components disposed in the conduit upstream of the debris deflection component, wherein the debris deflection component diverts debris around the sensor, without collecting debris in the system, the debris deflector component having a cross sectional area with respect to a flow direction that allows a velocity of a liquid flow in the conduit to be sensed by the sensor, and wherein the plurality of flow conditioning components comprise a first substantially open orifice and a second substantially open orifice, the second substantially open orifice being positioned downstream of the first orifice. 30. The system of claim 29 further comprising an anti-flow spin component. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the flow sensor comprises a flow sensor selected from the group consisting of a reverse propeller meter, pitot tubes, and acoustic based probes, and a magnetic sensor. 32. The system of claim 31 wherein the flow sensor is the reverse propeller meter. 33. The system of claim 29, wherein the flow conditioning component is configured to create a substantially uniform liquid flow profile to the sensor. 34. The system of claim 29 wherein the flow conditioning component is configured to re-direct a plurality of liquid flows to cross-mix with at least one primary liquid flow so as to obtain a uniform velocity profile for the sensor to detect. 35. The system of claim 29 wherein the flow conditioning component is configured to condition a liquid flow formed through a partly open sluice gate upstream of the flow conditioning component. 36. The system of claim 29 further comprising a diffuser disposed in the conduit downstream of a sluice gate and upstream of the flow conditioning component. 37. The system of claim 29 wherein the flow conditioning component is configured to condition a liquid a flow formed through a pipe elbow or a pipe tee positioned upstream of the flow conditioning component. 38. The system of claim 30 wherein the anti-flow spin component comprises a plurality of fins protruding from a wall of the conduit and positioned upstream and proximate to the second orifice. 39. The system of claim 38 wherein the second orifice and plurality of fins are configured to reduce flow spin and improve the accuracy of flow-velocity sensing by said sensor. 40. The system of claim 29 further comprising an examination port for examining the flow sensor. 41. The system of claim 40, wherein the examination port is removable from the system. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the examination port is transparent. 43. The system of claim 29, further comprising a diffuser in the upstream of the plurality of flow conditioning components. 44. The system of claim 29, wherein the diameter of the conduit is at least 4 inches.",
-    "Aspects of the present disclosure relates to an indexing terminal including a multi-fiber ruggedized de-mateable connection location, a first single-fiber ruggedized de-mateable connection location and a second single-fiber ruggedized de-mateable connection location. The multi-fiber ruggedized de-mateable connection location includes a plurality of fiber positions with one of the fiber positions optically coupled to the first single fiber ruggedized de-mateable connection location. 1. An indexing terminal arrangement comprising: an indexing terminal configured to index a plurality of optical fiber lines extending between first and second ends of the indexing terminal, the second end of the indexing terminal including a port arrangement; and a cover defining an open end at which the second end of the indexing terminal is mounted, the cover being configured to enclose the port arrangement of the indexing terminal, the cover providing an environmental seal about the port arrangement. 2. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover includes a sealing gasket that at least partially extends around a perimeter of the cover. 3. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover includes a sealing gel contained within the cover. 4. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover includes a sealing gasket and a sealing gel at least partially surrounded by the sealing gasket. 5. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover includes a first cover member pivotally coupled to a second cover member. 6. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 6, wherein the first and second cover member latch together when closed. 7. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover member defines at least one cable opening opposite the open end. 8. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 7, wherein the cover member defines a plurality of cable opening opposite the open end. 9. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover is sized to enclose any optical connectors received at the port arrangement of the indexing terminal. 10. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover isolates a connector/adapter interface at the port arrangement from mechanical failure. 11. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the cover environmentally protects the connector/adapter interface at the port arrangement. 12. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 1, wherein the second end of the indexing terminal defines a lip; and wherein the cover includes a first stop member that abuts the lip of the indexing terminal. 13. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 12, wherein the first stop member is recessed inwardly from the open end of the cover. 14. The indexing terminal arrangement of claim 12, wherein the indexing terminal includes external ribs; and wherein the cover includes a second stop member that abuts the ribs of the indexing terminal, wherein the second stop is disposed between the first stop and the open end of the cover. 15. A cover comprising: a first cover member extending from a first end to a second end, the first end of the first cover member being open, the second end of the first cover member defining cable slots, the first cover member having an attachment region and a sealing region; a second cover member extending from a first end to a second end, the second cover member being configured to couple to the first cover member in a closed position, the first end of the second cover member being open, the second end of the second cover member defining cable slots that cooperate with the cable slots of the first cover member to define cable openings, the second cover member having an attachment region and a sealing region; and a sealing gasket compressed between the first and second cover members. 16. The cover of claim 15, wherein the second cover member is configured to pivot relative to the first cover member. 17. The cover of claim 15, further comprising a gel seal disposed between the sealing regions of the first and second cover members. 18. The cover of claim 15, wherein the first and second cover members are configured to latch together. 19. The cover of claim 15, wherein the sealing regions of the first and second covers are sized to accommodate at least one ruggedized optical connector received at the port arrangement. 20. The cover of claim 15, wherein the second cover member pivotally couples to the first cover member at the second ends thereof.",
-    "A HVAC system includes a cabinet configured as a duct, a coil assembly disposed within the cabinet, and at least one barrier configured to substantially segregate a low pressure zone associated with a downstream side of a heat exchanger of the coil assembly from a high pressure zone, wherein a leakage path is provided between the high pressure zone and the low pressure zone. 1. An HVAC coil assembly, comprising: a first slab coil and a second slab coil configured in a V-shaped coil arrangement, wherein the first slab coil and the second slab coil are configured to at least partially segregate a low pressure zone associated with a downstream side of the HVAC coil assembly from a high pressure zone; a slab cap disposed over an upper end of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil, each slab cap comprising at least one undulating disturber disposed near the upper end of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil within the low pressure zone, wherein the undulating disturbers are configured locally reduce a velocity of an airflow to reduce an amount of condensation being transported through reduced velocity regions; and an air leakage path between the low pressure zone and the high pressure zone that is configured to allow airflow to transfer from the high pressure zone to the low pressure zone to reduce an amount of condensation leaking from the low pressure zone to the high pressure zone. 2. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the slab cap entirely covers the upper end of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil. 3. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the disturber is associated with an inner facing side of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil. 4. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the disturber comprises a saw tooth profile. 5. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the disturber is connected to the slab cap. 6. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the HVAC coil assembly is disposed in a cabinet configured as a duct, and wherein the high pressure zone is located between the coil assembly and the cabinet. 7. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the HVAC coil assembly is disposed in a cabinet configured as a duct, and wherein the high pressure zone is located between a front of the coil assembly and a front of the cabinet. 8. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the HVAC coil assembly is disposed in a cabinet configured as a duct, and wherein the high pressure zone is located between a rear of the coil assembly and a rear of the cabinet. 9. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 1, wherein the air leakage path is provided through a slot in a component configured to substantially segregate the low pressure zone from the high pressure zone. 10. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 9, wherein the leakage path lies along a length of the slab caps that prevent the primary airflow from exiting an end of the first slab coil and the second slab coil. 11. The HVAC coil assembly of claim 10, wherein the velocity of the airflow is locally reduced substantially adjacent to the leakage path. 12. A HVAC system, comprising: a cabinet configured as a duct; and a coil assembly comprising: a first slab coil and a second slab coil configured in a V-shaped coil arrangement wherein the first slab coil and the second slab coil are configured to at least partially segregate a low pressure zone associated with a downstream side of the coil assembly from a high pressure zone; a slab cap disposed over an upper end of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil, each slab cap comprising at least one undulating disturber disposed near the upper end of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil within the low pressure zone, wherein the undulating disturbers are configured locally reduce a velocity of an airflow to reduce an amount of condensation being transported through reduced velocity regions; and an air leakage path between the low pressure zone and the high pressure zone that is configured to allow airflow to transfer from the high pressure zone to the low pressure zone to reduce an amount of condensation leaking from the low pressure zone to the high pressure zone. 13. The HVAC system of claim 12, wherein the slab cap entirely covers the upper end of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil. 14. The HVAC system of claim 12, wherein the disturber is associated with an inner facing side of each of the first slab coil and the second slab coil. 15. The HVAC system of claim 12, wherein the high pressure zone is located between the coil assembly and the cabinet. 16. The HVAC system of claim 12, wherein the high pressure zone is located between a front of the coil assembly and a front of the cabinet. 17. The HVAC system of claim 12, wherein the high pressure zone is located between a rear of the coil assembly and a rear of the cabinet. 18. The HVAC system of claim 12, wherein the air leakage path is provided through a slot in a component configured to substantially segregate the low pressure zone from the high pressure zone. 19. The HVAC system of claim 18, wherein the leakage path lies along a length of the slab caps that prevent the primary airflow from exiting an end of the first slab coil and the second slab coil. 20. The HVAC system of claim 19, wherein the velocity of the airflow is locally reduced substantially adjacent to the leakage path.",
-    "Method and apparatus for fast phase locked loop (PLL) settling with reduced frequency overshoot are provided. During acquisition, a first phase offset signal configured to drive a phase error signal to zero is provided at a first circuit of the PLL. The first circuit may be a time-to-digital converter (TDC) of the PLL. A second phase offset signal configured to offset the first phase offset signal is provided at a second circuit of the PLL. The second circuit of the PLL may be a loop filter at the PLL. 1. A digital phase locked loop (DPLL), comprising: a time-to-digital converter configured to generate a phase error signal based on a reference clock signal, a current phase signal, and a first phase offset signal, the first phase offset signal being configured to drive the phase error signal toward zero; a loop filter configured to generate a filtered phase error signal based on the phase error signal and a second phase offset signal, the second phase offset signal being configured to offset the first phase offset signal in the filtered phase error signal; and a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) configured to generate an output clock signal of the DPLL based on the filtered phase error signal. 2. The DPLL of claim 1, further comprising: a feedback circuit configured to generate the current phase signal based on the output clock signal of the DPLL. 3. The DPLL of claim 2, wherein the feedback circuit is further configured to determine a fractional phase difference between the reference clock signal and the output clock signal of the DPLL. 4. The DPLL of claim 1, wherein the time-to-digital converter is further configured to: generate an expected phase signal based on the reference clock signal; and generate the phase error signal as a sum of the first phase offset signal and a difference between the expected phase signal and the current phase signal. 5. The DPLL of claim 1, wherein the second phase offset signal is equal to a negative of the first phase offset signal, multiplied by a proportional gain constant of the loop filter. 6. The DPLL of claim 1, further comprising: a first accumulator circuit configured to integrate a multiple of a phase bump signal to generate the second phase offset signal; and a second accumulator circuit configured to integrate a negative of the phase bump signal to generate the first phase offset signal. 7. The DPLL of claim 6, wherein the first accumulator circuit includes an integrator circuit of the loop filter. 8. The DPLL of claim 6, wherein the second accumulator circuit includes a sampling register of the time-to-digital converter. 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. A method of operating a digital phase locked loop (DPLL), comprising: generating a phase error signal based on a reference clock signal, a current phase signal, and a first phase offset signal, the first phase offset signal being configured to drive the phase error signal toward zero; generating a filtered phase error signal based on the phase error signal and a second phase offset signal, the second phase offset signal being configured to offset the first phase offset signal in the filtered phase error signal; and generating an output clock signal of the DPLL based on the filtered phase error signal. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: generating the current phase signal based on the output clock signal of the DPLL. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: generating an expected phase signal based on the reference clock signal; and generating the phase error signal as a sum of the first phase offset signal and a difference between the expected phase signal and the current phase signal. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the second phase offset signal is equal to a negative of the first phase offset signal, multiplied by a proportional gain constant of a loop filter that generates the filtered phase error signal. 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising: integrating a multiple of a phase bump signal to generate the second phase offset signal; and integrating a negative of the phase bump signal to generate the first phase offset signal. 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. A digital phase locked loop (DPLL), comprising: a time-to-digital converter configured to generate a phase error signal based on a reference clock signal and a first phase offset signal; a loop filter configured to generate a filtered phase error signal based on the phase error signal and a second phase offset signal; a first accumulator circuit configured to receive a phase bump signal and integrate a multiple of the phase bump signal to generate the second phase offset signal; and a second accumulator circuit configured to receive a negative of the phase bump signal and integrate the negative of the phase bump signal to generate the first phase offset signal. 21. The DPLL of claim 20, further comprising: a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) configured to generate an output clock signal of the DPLL based on the filtered phase error signal. 22. The method claim 12, further comprising determining a fractional phase difference between the reference clock signal and the output clock signal of the DPLL. 23. The DPLL of claim 20, wherein the second phase offset signal is configured to offset the first phase offset signal in the filtered phase error signal. 24. The DPLL of claim 20, further comprising: a feedback circuit configured to generate a current phase signal based on the output clock signal of the DPLL. 25. The DPLL of claim 24, wherein the feedback circuit is further configured to determine a fractional phase difference between the reference clock signal and the output clock signal of the DPLL. 26. The DPLL of claim 24, wherein the time-to-digital converter is further configured to: generate an expected phase signal based on the reference clock signal; and generate the phase error signal as a sum of the first phase offset signal and a difference between the expected phase signal and the current phase signal. 27. The DPLL of claim 20, wherein the first accumulator circuit includes an integrator circuit of the loop filter.",
-    "If another person comes close to a printing apparatus or print control apparatus during output of a print job by authenticated printing, he/she may accidentally glance at an output material, and private information or confidential information to be hidden may leak. To solve this problem, a print control apparatus according to an embodiment of this invention executes the following control processing. That is, if a received print job is an authenticated print job requiring authentication processing and there is a person nearby the print control apparatus other than the executor of the authenticated print job, a selection screen for accepting execution or holding of printing is displayed. In accordance with an instruction input to the selection screen, printing of the authenticated print job by the printing unit is controlled. 1. A print control apparatus for controlling a print unit configured to print an image on a print medium based on a print job, comprising: a reception unit configured to receive the print job; a hold unit configured to, in a case where the print job received by the reception unit is an authenticated print job requiring authentication processing and there are a plurality of persons nearby the print unit, hold print processing based on the authenticated print job; and a control unit configured to, in a case where it is determined that a situation nearby the print unit changed from a state where there are a plurality of persons to a state where there is a single person, restart the print processing held by the hold unit. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an authentication unit configured to authenticate upon executing the authenticated print job. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a display control unit configured to, in a case where the print job received by the reception unit is an authenticated print job requiring authentication processing and there are a plurality of persons nearby the print unit, display a selection screen which prompts to select either print execution or print hold, wherein in a case where the print hold is selected in the selection screen, the hold unit holds the print processing based on the authenticated print job. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a communication unit configured to perform short distance wireless communication; an estimation unit configured to estimate a distance between the print unit and a wireless communication device by performing short distance wireless communication with the wireless communication device nearby the print unit by the communication unit; a comparison unit configured to compare the distance estimated by the estimation unit with a predetermined distance; and a determination unit configured to, based on a result of comparison by the comparison unit, determine whether there are a plurality of persons nearby the print control apparatus. 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the communication unit performs short distance wireless communication using Bluetooth\u00ae, and receives an advertisement packet from the wireless communication device, and the estimation unit estimates the distance, based on a reception intensity of the received advertisement packet and a transmission power set in the advertisement packet. 6. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein in a case where the print execution is selected in the selection screen, the control unit monitors whether there are the plurality of persons nearby the print unit even during execution of authenticated printing, and in a case where it is detected that there are the plurality of persons nearby the print control apparatus during the execution of the authenticated printing, the display control unit displays the selection screen. 7. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein in a case where the print hold is selected, the control unit controls to discharge a white blank sheet in addition to an already printed and discharged print medium. 8. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the display control unit further displays a message indicating a situation nearby the print control apparatus. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the display control unit further displays a distance between the print control apparatus and a wireless communication device of another person. 10. A print control method in a print control apparatus for controlling a print unit configured to print an image on a print medium based on a print job, comprising: receiving the print job; in a case where the received print job is an authenticated print job requiring authentication processing and there are a plurality of persons nearby the print unit, holding print processing based on the authenticated print job; and in a case where it is determined that a situation nearby the print unit changed from a state where there are a plurality of persons to a state where there is a single person, restarting the held print processing. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising authenticating upon executing the authenticated print job. 12. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: in a case where the received print job is an authenticated print job requiring authentication processing and there are a plurality of persons nearby the print unit, displaying a selection screen which prompts to select either print execution or print hold; and in a case where the print hold is selected in the selection screen, holding the print processing based on the authenticated print job. 13. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: performing short distance wireless communication; estimating a distance between the print unit and a wireless communication device by performing short distance wireless communication with the wireless communication device nearby the print unit; comparing the estimated distance with a predetermined distance; and based on a result of the comparison, determining whether there are a plurality of persons nearby the print control apparatus. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the short distance wireless communication uses Bluetooth\u00ae, and receives an advertisement packet from the wireless communication device, and the distance is estimated, based on a reception intensity of the received advertisement packet and a transmission power set in the advertisement packet. 15. The method according to claim 12, wherein in a case where the print execution is selected in the selection screen, whether there are the plurality of persons nearby the print unit even during execution of authenticated printing is monitored, and in a case where it is detected that there are the plurality of persons nearby the print control apparatus during the execution of the authenticated printing, the selection screen is displayed. 16. The method according to claim 12, further comprising, in a case where the print hold is selected, discharging a white blank sheet in addition to an already printed and discharged print medium. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein in the displaying, a message indicating a situation nearby the print control apparatus is further displayed. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein in the displaying, a distance between the print control apparatus and a wireless communication device of another person is further displayed. 19. The method according to claim 12, further comprising, in a case where it is detected that there are the plurality of persons and the print execution is selected, controlling the print unit to perform high speed printing after the selection. 20. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium which stores a computer program to be executed in a processor of a print control apparatus for controlling a print unit configured to print an image on a print medium based on a print job, the program causing the print control apparatus to perform: receiving the print job; in a case where the received print job is an authenticated print job requiring authentication processing and there are a plurality of persons nearby the print unit, holding print processing based on the authenticated print job; and in a case where it is determined that a situation nearby the print unit changed from a state where there are a plurality of persons to a state where there is a single person, restarting the held print processing.",
-    "A system and method for capturing and rendering of images includes a wearable or portable data device including a digital camera. A data storage includes data specifying a default image printer and default print settings for digital images. An image capture operation triggers a prompt for expedited image rendering in accordance with preset default settings. Input responsive to the prompt selects for immediate commencement of a print operation for a captured image in accordance with default settings. Image capture and communication can be accomplished with wearable digital eyewear working in concert with an associated, portable data device such as a smartphone. Captured images may be queued in a user device when a data path to the printer is unavailable. 1. A system comprising: a data interface operable to receive printer selection data corresponding to a default printer; a data interface operable to receive sync data corresponding to at least one portable imaging device; an input operable to receive image data corresponding to at least one image captured by the at least one portable imaging device; a processor and associated memory, the memory operable to store received printer selection data, the processor operable to generate pairing data in accordance with received sync data, the memory operable to store the pairing data identifying the at least one portable imaging device, the processor operable to pair the portable imaging device for exchange of image data in accordance with the pairing data; the memory operable to store received image data, and the processor operable to generate prompt data corresponding to a rendering of the image data on the default printer; a data interface operable to communicate the prompt data to the at least one portable imaging device; a data interface operable to receive response data corresponding to the prompt data; and a data interface operable to communicate the image data to the default printer in accordance with received response data. 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a data interface operable to receive configuration data corresponding to a configuration of the at least one portable imaging device; and a data interface operable to generate an error signal to the at least one portable imaging device in accordance with verification of received configuration data, wherein the processor is operable to verify received configuration data. 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the input operable to receive image data is comprised of a wireless link. 4. The system of claim 3 further comprising: a data interface operable to receive confirmation data from the at least one portable imaging device corresponding to a successful rendering of an image defined by the image data; and a data interface operable to communicate notification data to the at least one portable imaging device in accordance with received confirmation data. 5. The system of claim 4 wherein: the processor is operable to test integrity of a data path with the default printer; and the processor is operable to communicate the image data to the default printer in accordance with tested integrity of the data path. 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the input operable to receive sync data is comprised of a Bluetooth interface. 7. The system of claim 5 wherein the output operable to communicate the image data is comprised of a cellular interface. 8. A method comprising: receiving, into a user device including a processor and associated memory, printer selection data identifying a default printer; storing received printer selection data in the memory; receiving sync data corresponding to at least one portable imaging device; generating, via the processor, pairing data in accordance with received sync data; storing the pairing data identifying the at least one portable imaging device in the memory; paring with the at least one portable imaging in accordance with the pairing data; receiving image data corresponding to at least one paired image captured by the at least one portable imaging device; storing received image data in the memory; generating, via the processor, prompt data corresponding to a rendering of the image data on the default printer; communicating the prompt data to the at least one portable imaging device; and receiving response data corresponding to the prompt data; and communicating the image data to the default printer in accordance with received response data. 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising: receiving configuration data corresponding to a configuration of the at least one portable imaging device; verifying received configuration data; and generating an error signal to the at least one portable imaging device in accordance with verification of received configuration data. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising receiving image data via wireless link. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: receiving confirmation data from the at least one portable imaging device corresponding to a successful rendering of an image defined by the image data; and communicating notification data to the at least one portable a data interface imaging device in accordance with received confirmation data. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: testing integrity of a data path with the default printer; and communicating the image data to the default printer in accordance with tested integrity of the data path. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising receiving sync data via a Bluetooth interface. 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising communicating the image data via a cellular interface. 15. A system comprising: a rechargeable battery; a processing system, powered by the battery, including a processor and associated memory; a user interface; a short range wireless data communication interface; and a wireless network data communication interface, wherein the short range data interface is configured to establish a data channel with a wearable device including a digital camera, wherein the network data interface is configured to establish a data channel to at least one multifunction peripheral, wherein the user interface is configured to receive printer selection data stored in the memory, the printer selection data identifying a default multifunction peripheral, wherein the short range data interface is configured to receive digital image data from the digital camera, wherein the processor is configured to generate a prompt data in response to response to received image data, wherein the short range data interface is configured to communicate the prompt data to the wearable device, wherein the short range data interface is configured to receive response data corresponding to the prompt data, and wherein the network interface is configured to communicate the image data to the default multifunction peripheral with data corresponding to a request to render the image data. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the processor is further configured to test operability of the data channel, and the processor is further configured to selectively store the image data in the memory in accordance with operability of the data channel. 17. The system of claim 15 wherein the wearable device is comprised of digital eyewear. 18. The system of claim 15 wherein the wireless network data communication interface is comprised of a cellular network interface. 19. The system of claim 15 wherein the wireless network data communication interface is comprised of a Wi-Fi interface. 20. The system of claim 15 wherein the short range data interface is comprised of a Bluetooth interface.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and a device for accessing a channel. The method includes: receiving a contention request frame transmitted by a first transmitting end device on M sub-carriers, where the M sub-carriers at least have two inconsecutive sub-carriers, and the contention request frame is modulated onto the M sub-carriers; according to the contention request frame, acquiring channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, and determining channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on N sub-carriers, where the N sub-carriers are obtained by dividing all or a part of a system available frequency band, the N sub-carriers include the M sub-carriers, both N and M are positive integers, N>M and M>1; and performing allocation of a transmission sub-channel according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 1. A method for accessing a channel, comprising: receiving, by a receiving end device, a contention request frame transmitted by a first transmitting end device on M sub-carriers, wherein the M sub-carriers at least have two inconsecutive sub-carriers, and the contention request frame is modulated by the first transmitting end device onto the M sub-carriers; acquiring, by the receiving end device, according to the contention request frame, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers; determining, by the receiving end device, according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on N sub-carriers, wherein the N sub-carriers are obtained by dividing all or a part of a system available frequency band, the N sub-carriers comprise the M sub-carriers, both N and M are positive integers, N>M and M>1; and performing, by the receiving end device, allocation of a transmission sub-channel according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a spacing between center frequency points of two adjacent sub-carriers in the M sub-carriers is less than or equal to coherence bandwidth. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the determining, by the receiving end device, according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on N sub-carriers comprises: determining, by the receiving end device, according to the channel state information, about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers and based on a principle of the coherence bandwidth, the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the performing, by the receiving end device, allocation of a transmission sub-channel according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers comprises: determining, by the receiving end device, values of channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers; and performing, by the receiving end device, the allocation of the transmission sub-channel according to the values of the channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the performing, by the receiving end device, the allocation of the transmission sub-channel according to the values of the channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels comprises: when a value of channel state information about the first transmitting end device on a first transmission sub-channel is a maximum value in the values of the channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels, allocating, by the receiving end device, the first transmission sub-channel to the first transmitting end device; or when a value of channel state information about the first transmitting end device on a second transmission sub-channel is less than a value of channel state information about a second transmitting end device on the second transmission sub-channel, allocating, by the receiving end device, the second transmission sub-channel to the second transmitting end device. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the channel state information comprises at least one of: a channel matrix H, a signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR, a signal to noise ratio SNR, and a channel quality indicator CQI. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: transmitting, by the receiving end device, a scheduling frame to the first transmitting end device, wherein the scheduling frame comprises the allocation of the transmission sub-channel, so that the first transmitting end device transmits data on a corresponding transmission sub-channel according to the scheduling frame. 8. A method for accessing a channel, comprising: modulating, by a first transmitting end device, a contention request frame onto M sub-carriers, wherein the M sub-carriers at least have two inconsecutive sub-carriers; transmitting, by the first transmitting end device, the contention request frame to a receiving end device on the M sub-carriers, so that the receiving end device acquires channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers according to the contention request frame, determines, according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on N sub-carriers, wherein the N sub-carriers are obtained by dividing all or a part of a system available frequency band, the N sub-carriers comprise the M sub-carriers, both N and M are positive integers, N>M and M>1, and performs allocation of a transmission sub-channel according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein a spacing between center frequency points of two adjacent sub-carriers in the M sub-carriers is less than or equal to coherence bandwidth. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the channel state information comprises at least one of: a channel matrix H, a signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR, a signal to noise ratio SNR, and a channel quality indicator CQI. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the first transmitting end device, a scheduling frame transmitted by the receiving end device, wherein the scheduling frame comprises the allocation of the transmission sub-channel; and transmitting, by the first transmitting end device, data on a corresponding transmission sub-channel according to the scheduling frame. 12. A receiving end device, comprising: a first receiver, configured to receive a contention request frame transmitted by a first transmitting end device on M sub-carriers, wherein the M sub-carriers at least have two inconsecutive sub-carriers, and the contention request frame is modulated by the first transmitting end device onto the M sub-carriers; a first processor, configured to acquire, according to the contention request frame received by the first receiver, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, and configured to determine, according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers acquired by the acquiring unit, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on N sub-carriers, wherein the N sub-carriers are obtained by dividing all or a part of a system available frequency band, the N sub-carriers comprise the M sub-carriers, both N and M are positive integers, N>M and M>1, and configured to perform allocation of a transmission sub-channel according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 13. The receiving end device according to claim 12, wherein a spacing between center frequency points of two adjacent sub-carriers in the M sub-carriers is less than or equal to coherence bandwidth. 14. The receiving end device according to claim 13, wherein the first processor is specifically configured to determine, according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, and based on a principle of coherence bandwidth, the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 15. The receiving end device according to claim 12, wherein the first processor is further configured to determine values of the channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers; and the first processor is specifically configured to perform the allocation of the transmission sub-channel according to the values of the channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels. 16. The receiving end device according to claim 15, wherein the first processor is specifically configured to, when a value of channel state information about the first transmitting end device on a first transmission sub-channel is a maximum value in the values of the channel state information about the first transmitting end device on all transmission sub-channels, allocate, by the receiving end device, the first transmission sub-channel to the first transmitting end device; or the first processor is specifically configured to, when a value of channel state information about the first transmitting end device on a second transmission sub-channel is less than a value of channel state information about a second transmitting end device on the second transmission sub-channel, allocate, by the receiving end device, the second transmission sub-channel to the second transmitting end device. 17. The receiving end device according to claim 12, wherein the receiving end device further comprises a first transmitter, and the first transmitter is configured to transmit a scheduling frame to the first transmitting end device, wherein the scheduling frame comprises the allocation of the transmission sub-channel, so that the first transmitting end device transmits data on a corresponding transmission sub-channel according to the scheduling frame. 18. A transmitting end device, comprising: a second processor, configured to modulate a contention request frame onto M sub-carriers, wherein the M sub-carriers at least have two inconsecutive sub-carriers; a second transmitter, configured to transmit the contention request frame modulated by the second processor to a receiving end device on the M sub-carriers, so that the receiving end device acquires channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers according to the contention request frame, determines, according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the M sub-carriers, channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on N sub-carriers, wherein the N sub-carriers are obtained by dividing all or a part of a system available frequency band, the N sub-carriers comprise the M sub-carriers, both N and M are positive integers, N>M and M>1, and performs allocation of a transmission sub-channel according to the channel state information about the first transmitting end device respectively on the N sub-carriers. 19. The transmitting end device according to claim 18, wherein a spacing between center frequency points of two adjacent sub-carriers in the M sub-carriers is less than or equal to coherence bandwidth. 20. The transmitting end device according to claim 18, wherein the transmitting end device further comprises a second receiver, the second receiver is configured to receive a scheduling frame transmitted by the receiving end device, wherein the scheduling frame comprises the allocation of the transmission sub-channel; and the second transmitter is further configured to transmit data on a corresponding transmission sub-channel according to the scheduling frame received by the second receiver.",
-    "A scooping device that can be used to grab pet refuse, urine clumps, etc. from a litter box, the ground, etc. or any other application where a scooping device is desirable. The scooping device can include a claw portion and a handle portion separated by a pole portion. The claw portion is moveable between an open position and a closed position and allows efficient sifting of grasped material contained within said claw portion. 1. A scooping device comprising: a claw portion comprising a first claw and a second claw, said first and second claws moveable between an open position and a closed position, said first and second claws positioned farther from one another in said open position as compared to said closed position; a handle portion including a moveable handle that is moveable between a first and a second position; a pole portion separating said claw portion and said handle portion, said handle portion connected to a top portion of said pole portion, said claw portion positioned on or below a bottom portion of said pole portion; and an actuator interacting with said claw portion to cause said first and second claws to move between said open and closed positions, said movable handle in said second position causing said first and second claws to move to said closed position. 2. The scooping device as defined in claim 1, wherein said claw portion includes a first moveable arm connected at one end to said first claw and the opposite end engaging said actuator, and a second first moveable arm connected at one end to said second claw and the opposite end engaging said actuator. 3. The scooping device as defined in claim 2, including an end pole flange connected to said bottom portion of said pole portion, said first and second movable arms pivotally connected to said end pole flange. 4. The scooping device as defined in claim 1, wherein the first and second claws are substantially hemispherical in shape. 5. The scooping device as defined in claim 3, wherein the first and second claws are substantially hemispherical in shape. 6. The scooping device of claim 1, wherein said first and second claws include a plurality of openings or slots. 7. The scooping device of claim 5, wherein said first and second claws include a plurality of openings or slots. 8. The scooping device as defined in claim 1, including a biasing arrangement that causes said first and second claws to be biased in said open position. 9. The scooping device as defined in claim 7, including a biasing arrangement that causes said first and second claws to be biased in said open position. 10. The scooping device as defined in claim 1, wherein said actuator includes a rod or cord connected at one end to said handle and at an opposite end to a cable flange, said cable flange engaging said claw portion. 11. The scooping device as defined in claim 9, wherein said actuator includes a rod or cord connected at one end to said handle and at an opposite end to a cable flange, said cable flange engaging said claw portion. 12. The scooping device as defined in claim 1, wherein said handle is positioned closer to said pole portion when said handle is in said second position than a position of said handle when said handle is in said first position, said second position of said handle corresponding to said closed position of said first and second claws, said first position of said handle corresponding to said open position of said first and second claws. 13. The scooping device as defined in claim 11, wherein said handle is positioned closer to said pole portion when said handle is in said second position than a position of said handle when said handle is in said first position, said second position of said handle corresponding to said closed position of said first and second claws, said first position of said handle corresponding to said open position of said first and second claws. 14. The scooping device as defined in claim 1, wherein said handle portion includes a hook portion, a gripping arrangement, or combinations thereof. 15. The scooping device as defined in claim 13, wherein said handle portion includes a hook portion, a gripping arrangement, or combinations thereof. 16. A method for collecting and disposing of clumped litter in a litter box comprising: (a) providing a scooping device, said scooping device including: a claw portion comprising a first claw and a second claw, said first and second claws moveable between an open position and a closed position, said first and second claws positioned farther from one another in said open position as compared to said closed position; a handle portion including a moveable handle that is moveable between a first and a second position; a pole portion separating said claw portion and said handle portion, said handle portion connected to a top portion of said pole portion, said claw portion positioned on or below a bottom portion of said pole portion; and an actuator interacting with said claw portion to cause said first and second claws to move between said open and closed positions, said movable handle in said second position causing said first and second claws to move to said closed position; (b) positioning said scooping device in the litter box such that clumped litter is positioned between said first and second claws while said first and second claws are in said open position; (c) moving said handle from said first position to said second position to cause said first and second claws to move to said closed position and to cause the clumped litter to be entrapped in a cavity formed by said first and second claws in said closed position; (d) moving said scooping device from said litter box to a disposal receptacle while maintaining said first and second claws in the closed position; and, (e) moving said handle from said second position to said first position to cause said first and second claws to move to said open position to thereby cause said entrapped clumped litter to exit said claw portion and be positioned in said disposal receptacle. 17. The method as defined in claim 16, further including the step of shaking said scooping device after said first and second claws are moved to said closed position and prior to moving said scooping device from said litter box, said step of shaking causing unclumped litter entrapped in said cavity formed by said first and second claws in said closed position to pass through at least one slot in at least one of said first and second claws and to fall back into the litter box. 18. The method as defined in claim 16, wherein said claw portion includes a first moveable arm connected at one end to said first claw and the opposite end engaging said actuator, and a second first moveable arm connected at one end to said second claw and the opposite end engaging said actuator. 19. The method as defined in claim 18, including an end pole flange connected to said bottom portion of said pole portion, said first and second movable arms pivotally connected to said end pole flange. 20. The method as defined in claim 16, wherein the first and second claws are substantially hemispherical in shape. 21. The method as defined in claim 16, including a biasing arrangement that causes said first and second claws to be biased in said open position. 22. The method as defined in claim 16, wherein said actuator includes a rod or cord connected at one end to said handle and at an opposite end to a cable flange, said cable flange engaging said claw portion. 23. The method as defined in claim 16, wherein said handle is positioned closer to said pole portion when said handle is in said second position than a position of said handle when said handle is in said first position, said second position of said handle corresponding to said closed position of said first and second claws, said first position of said handle corresponding to said open position of said first and second claws. 24. The method as defined in claim 16, wherein said handle portion includes a hook portion, a gripping arrangement, or combinations thereof.",
-    "A counterbalance system employs one or more springs to support a large motor drill on an upper horizontal work surface, for example on the tops of drill jigs or bushings. The counterbalance system supports the drill above the work surface where the counterbalance system can slide across the work surface to selectively position the drill over a drill bushing through which a drilling operation is to be performed. A user of the drill supported on the counterbalance system can then push downwardly on the drill to compress the spring and perform a drilling operation. On removal of the downward directed force exerted by the user of the drill, the spring pushes the drill upwardly to disengage the drill from the work surface. The user of the counterbalance system can then slide the counterbalance system and the drill across the top of the work surface. 1. A counterbalance apparatus for cutting operations on a horizontally oriented surface, the apparatus comprising: a base plate, the base plate having a bottom surface that is flat, the bottom surface being configured to be oriented horizontally when the bottom surface is positioned on a separate work surface that is oriented horizontally; a central hole through the base plate, the central hole being configured to accommodate a locking nose of a locking power feed drill motor and a cutting bit of the locking power feed drill motor through the central hole; a top surface on the base plate, the top surface extending around the central hole; a spring on the top surface of the base plate, the spring extending upwardly from the top surface to a top end of the spring, the spring being moveable between a not compressed position of the spring relative to the top surface where the spring extends a first distance from the top surface and a compressed position of the spring where the spring extends a second distance from the top surface, the second distance being smaller than the first distance; and, a body on the top end of the spring, the body having a support surface on the body, the support surface being configured to support a cutting tool on the support surface, the spring when in the not compressed position of the spring relative to the top surface positioning and holding the body in a first position of the body relative to the base plate where the body is spaced a first distance from the base plate, and the spring when moved to the compressed position of the spring relative to the top surface in response to a downward directed load exerted on the body positioning and holding the body in a second position of the body relative to the base plate where the body is spaced a second distance from the base plate, the second distance being smaller than the first distance. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: the support surface on the body and the spring being configured to support a cutting tool on the support surface at the first position of the body relative to the base plate with the spring in the not compressed position of the spring, and the support surface and the spring being configured to support the cutting tool on the support surface at the second position of the body relative to the base plate with the spring in the compressed position of the spring in response to a downward directed load exerted on the cutting tool that exerts the downward directed load on the body. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising: an opening through the support surface of the body, the support surface being configured to support a cutting tool on the support surface with a cutting bit of the cutting tool extending downwardly from the cutting tool, through the opening in the support surface and into the central hole through the base plate where the spring in the first position of the spring relative to the base plate and the support surface of the body position the distal end of the cutting bit above the bottom surface of the base plate. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: the spring being one of a plurality of like coil springs that are fixed to the top surface of the base plate, each coil spring of the plurality of coil springs having a top end; and, the body being fixed to the top ends of the plurality of coil springs. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: the plurality of coil springs being equally spatially arranged around the central hole through the base plate and the opening through the support surface. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: the body having at least one side wall extending upwardly from the support surface, the side wall being configured to engage against a portion of a cutting tool supported on the support surface and position the cutting tool relative to the support surface. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising: the side wall being configured to engage around at least half of a cutting tool supported on the support surface and position the cutting tool relative to the support surface. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: the base plate having a peripheral edge surface that is curved as the peripheral edge surface extends upwardly from the bottom surface of the base plate to a top end of the peripheral edge surface. 9. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising: the plurality of coil springs having a combined spring force that, when a cutting tool is supported on the support surface and no external load is exerted on the cutting tool, the plurality of coil springs are in the not compressed positions of the coil springs and position the distal end of the cutting bit above the bottom surface of the base plate. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an alignment device fixed to the top surface of the base plate, the alignment device extending upwardly from the top surface and through the body, the alignment device extending through the body being configured to hold the body in alignment with the base plate as the body is moved toward the base plate causing the spring to move to its compressed position, and the body is moved away from the base plate by the spring moving from its compressed position toward its not compressed position. 11. A counterbalance apparatus for cutting operations in horizontally oriented surfaces, the apparatus comprising: a base plate, the base plate having a bottom surface that is flat, the bottom surface being configured to be oriented horizontally when the bottom surface is positioned on a separate work surface that is oriented horizontally; a central hole through the base plate, the central hole being configured to accommodate a locking nose of a locking power feed drill motor and a cutting bit of the locking power feed drill motor through the central hole; a top surface on the base plate, the top surface extending around the central hole; a guide rod on the top surface of the base plate, the guide rod extending upwardly from the top surface along a line that is perpendicular to the bottom surface of the base plate, the guide rod extending upwardly from the top surface to a top end of the guide rod; a body mounted on the guide rod for reciprocating movements of the body along the guide rod between a first position of the body relative to the base plate and a second position of the body relative to the base plate, the body being positioned a first distance from the base plate in the first position of the body relative to the base plate and the body being positioned a second distance from the base plate in the second position of the body relative to the base plate, the second distance being smaller than the first distance, the guide rod positioning and holding the body directly above the top surface of the base plate, the body having a support surface with an opening through the support surface, the support surface being configured to support a cutting tool on the support surface with a cutting bit of the cutting tool extending downwardly from the cutting tool, through the opening through the support surface and into the central hole through the base plate where the guide rod and the support surface of the body position a distal end of the cutting bit in a first position of the distal end of the cutting bit relative to the base plate above the bottom surface of the base plate; and, a biasing device on the top surface of the base plate, the biasing device positioning the body at the first position of the body relative to the base plate when no external load is exerted on the body, and the biasing device allowing the body to move from the first position of the body relative to the base plate to the second position of the body relative to the base plate in response to a external load exerted downwardly on the body. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: the guide rod being one of a plurality of guide rods that are fixed to the top surface of the base plate, the plurality of guide rods being parallel. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: the plurality of guide rods being equally spatially arranged around the central hole through the base plate. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising: the biasing device comprising a plurality of coil springs that are spatially arranged around the central hole through the base plate and the opening through the support surface. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: the body having at least one side wall extending upwardly from the support surface, the side wall being configured to engage against a portion of a cutting tool supported on the support surface and position the cutting tool relative to the support surface. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising: the side wall being configured to engage around at least half of a cutting tool supported on the support surface and position the cutting tool relative to the support surface. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: the base plate having a peripheral edge surface that is curved as the peripheral edge surface extends upwardly from the bottom surface of the base plate to a top end of the peripheral edge surface. 18. A method of counterbalancing a cutting tool, the method comprising: positioning a base plate of a counterbalance apparatus at a first position on a work surface into which a cutting operation is to take place; biasing a body of the counterbalance apparatus away from the base plate; positioning the cutting tool on the body of the counterbalance apparatus; exerting a downward directed force on the cutting tool and moving the cutting tool downward against the biasing of the body away from the base plate to a cutting position of the cutting tool; and, performing the cutting operation into the work surface. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: removing the downward directed force exerted on the cutting tool; biasing the body of the counterbalance apparatus away from the base plate; and, moving the cutting tool away from the cutting position. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: positioning the base plate of the counterbalance apparatus at a second position on the work surface into which a second cutting operation is to take place by sliding the base plate over the work surface.",
-    "The present invention relates generally to a bio-degradable implant based on magnesium having a reduced corrosion rate and to a method for the production of such an implant. It is a a method for treating a surface of a bio-degradable metallic implant comprising the following steps: providing a dispersed system comprising a colloid-dispersed apatite and adding an apatite powder to the dispersed system, subjecting an implant to the dispersed system such that a surface of the implant which is to be treated is immersed in the dispersed system wherein the implant comprises a magnesium based alloy, applying an AC voltage difference between the implant as a first electrode and a second electrode positioned in the dispersed system for generating a plasma electrolytic oxidation on the immersed surface of the implant so that the immersed surface is converted to an oxide film which is at least partially covered by apatites formed by the colloid-dispersed apatite and the apatite powder. The evolution of corrosion induced hydrogen gas evolution is decreased and osseointegration is improved. 1. An implant comprising a biodegradable magnesium based alloy, having a treated surface wherein the treated surface is at least partially converted to an oxide film by plasma electrolytic oxidation using a dispersed system comprising a colloid-dispersed apatite and an apatite powder and wherein the converted surface is partially covered by apatite originating at least from the colloid-dispersed apatite and the apatite powder. 2. The implant according to claim 1, wherein the colloid-dispersed apatite or the apatite powder comprises hydroxyl-apatite or substituted hydroxyl-apatite. 3. The implant according to claim 1, wherein at least one metal oxide or at least one metal hydroxide or at least one metal phosphate containing compound is at least partially deposited onto the converted surface or embedded in converted surface. 4. The implant according to claim 3, wherein a metal of the metal oxide, a metal of the metal hydroxide or a metal of the metal phosphate containing compound is at least one metal selected from a group consisting of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, copper, silver, zirconium, aluminum, silicon and at least one constituent of a material of the implant. 5. The implant according to claim 1, having a controlled degradation. 6. The implant according to claim 1 characterized by a hydrogen gas evolution rate of less than or equal to 1 ml/cm\u22122 day\u22121 or a degradation rate of less than or equal to 100 mpy. 7. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said apatite powder is a precipitated and agglomerated colloid dispersed apatite. 8. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said oxide film has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm. 9. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said implant has an apatite covering with a thickness of 1 nm to 1000 nm. 10. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said implant has an apatite covering which forms a coral-like structure. 11. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said coral-like structure is formed from hydroxyl-apatite crystals which are bonded together. 12. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said implant has an apatite covering which forms an island-like structure on the converted surface. 13. The implant according to claim 12 characterized in that said islands have an average size of less than 3000 nm. 14. The implant according to claim 1, characterized in that said implant is embodied as a plate. 15. The implant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the colloid-dispersed apatite has an average particle size of 100 nm or less, and wherein the apatite powder has an average particle size of 10 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm. 16. An implant comprising a biodegradable material, wherein said biodegradable material has a treated surface with an oxide layer, and wherein said oxide layer has an apatite covering. 17. The implant according to claim 16 characterized in that said oxide film has a thickness of 1 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm. 18. The implant according to claim 16, characterized in that said implant has an apatite covering with a thickness of 1 nm to 1000 nm. 19. The implant according to claim 16, characterized in that said implant has an apatite covering which forms a coral-like structure. 20. The implant according to claim 19, characterized in that said coral-like structure is formed from hydroxyl-apatite crystals which are bonded together. 21. The implant according to claim 16, characterized in that said biodegradable material is magnesium or a magnesium based alloy. 22. An implant being produced with a method for treating a surface of a bio-degradable metallic implant, said method comprising the following steps: providing a dispersed system comprising a colloid-dispersed apatite and adding an apatite powder to the dispersed system, wherein the colloid-dispersed apatite is provided by precipitation and has an average particle size of 100 nm or less, wherein the apatite powder has an average particle size of 20 \u03bcm to 100 \u03bcm, subjecting an implant to the dispersed system such that a surface of the implant which is to be treated is immersed in the dispersed system, preferably wherein the implant comprises a magnesium based alloy, applying an AC voltage difference between the implant as a first electrode and a second electrode positioned in the dispersed system for generating a plasma electrolytic oxidation on the immersed surface of the implant so that the immersed surface is converted to an oxide film which is at least partially covered by apatite formed at least by the colloid-dispersed apatite and the apatite powder.",
-    "A method whereby a user equipment (UE) transmits hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK)/negative ACK (NACK) information corresponding to downlink data received from a corresponding base station (ENB) in a long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) system supporting carrier aggregation (CA) is provided. When physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission is not scheduled at the time of transmission of HARQ ACK/NACK information, the UE transmits HARQ ACK/NACK information via physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). When PUSCH transmission is scheduled, the UE transmits HARQ ACK/NACK information multiplexed with PUSCH to the ENB. The amount of HARQ ACK/NACK information increases in proportion to the number of aggregated carriers. The present disclosure specifies scheduling operation of the ENB and HARQ ACK/NACK mapping of the UE that maintain reception performance of HARQ ACK/NACK and PUSCH when HARQ ACK/NACK information is multiplexed with PUSCH. 1. A method of communication by a terminal configured with multiple cells in a wireless communication system supporting carrier aggregation (CA), the method comprising: receiving at least two offset information for physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission; determining a PUSCH transmission offset according to at least one of the at least two offset information, based on a preset condition; and determining a number of modulation symbols for uplink control information (UCI) to be transmitted on PUSCH based on the determined PUSCH transmission offset. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the UCI to be transmitted on the PUSCH comprises at least one of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)-acknowledgement (ACK) information and rank indicator (RI) information, and wherein the PUSCH transmission offset comprises at least one of HARQ-ACK offset and RI offset. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining of the PUSCH transmission offset comprises configuring the PUSCH transmission offset, based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the determining of the PUSCH transmission offset comprises: if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is greater than a preset threshold, configuring the PUSCH transmission offset to a first value according to one of the at least two offset information; and if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is not greater than the preset threshold, configuring the PUSCH transmission offset to a second value according to other one of the at least two offset information. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining of the PUSCH transmission offset comprises determining the PUSCH transmission offset based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information if a number of cells configured to the terminal is greater than a preset threshold. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two offset information are received from a base station through higher layer signaling. 7. A method of communication by a base station in a wireless communication system supporting carrier aggregation (CA), the method comprising: transmitting at least two offset information for physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission to a terminal; and receiving uplink control information (UCI) on PUSCH from the terminal based on a number of modulation symbols determined based on a PUSCH transmission offset, wherein the PUSCH transmission offset is determined by the terminal according to at least one of the at least two offset information, based on a preset condition. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the UCI transmitted on the PUSCH comprises at least one of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)-acknowledgement (ACK) information and rank indicator (RI) information, and wherein the PUSCH transmission offset comprises at least one of HARQ-ACK offset and RI offset. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the PUSCH transmission offset is configured, based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein, if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is greater than a preset threshold, the PUSCH transmission offset is configured to a first value according to one of the at least two offset information, and wherein, if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is not greater than the preset threshold, the PUSCH transmission offset is configured to a second value according to other one of the at least two offset information. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the PUSCH transmission offset is determined based on a number of bits of HARQ ACK information if a number of cells configured to the terminal is greater than a preset threshold. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least two offset information are transmitted to the terminal through higher layer signaling. 13. A terminal configured with multiple cells in a wireless communication system supporting carrier aggregation (CA), the terminal comprising: a communication unit configured to transmit and receive signals; and a control unit configured to: control reception of at least two offset information for physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission, determine a PUSCH transmission offset according to at least one of the at least two offset information, based on a preset condition, and determine a number of modulation symbols for uplink control information (UCI) to be transmitted on PUSCH based on the determined PUSCH transmission offset. 14. The terminal of claim 13, wherein the UCI to be transmitted on PUSCH comprises at least one of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)-acknowledgement (ACK) information and rank indicator (RI) information, and wherein the PUSCH transmission offset comprises at least one of HARQ-ACK offset and RI offset. 15. The terminal of claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to configure the PUSCH transmission offset, based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information. 16. The terminal of claim 15, wherein the control unit is further configured to: if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is greater than a preset threshold, configure the PUSCH transmission offset to a first value according to one of the at least two offset information; and if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is not greater than the preset threshold, configure the PUSCH transmission offset to a second value according to other one of the at least two offset information. 17. The terminal of claim 14, wherein the control unit is further configured to determine a PUSCH transmission offset based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information if a number of configured cells is greater than a preset threshold. 18. The terminal of claim 13, wherein the at least two offset information are received from the base station through higher layer signaling. 19. A base station in a wireless communication system supporting carrier aggregation (CA), the base station comprising: a communication unit configured to transmit and receive signals; and a control unit configured to: control transmission of at least two offset information for physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission to a terminal, and control reception of uplink control information (UCI) on PUSCH from the terminal based on a number of modulation symbols determined based on a PUSCH transmission offset, wherein the PUSCH transmission offset is determined by the terminal according to at least one of the at least two offset information, based on a preset condition. 20. The base station of claim 19, wherein the UCI transmitted on the PUSCH comprises at least one of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)-acknowledgement (ACK) information and rank indicator (RI) information, and wherein the PUSCH transmission offset comprises at least one of HARQ-ACK offset and RI offset. 21. The base station of claim 20, wherein the PUSCH transmission offset is configured, based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information. 22. The base station of claim 21, wherein, if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is greater than a preset threshold, the PUSCH transmission offset is configured to a first value according to one of the at least two offset information, and wherein, if the number of bits of the HARQ ACK information is not greater than the preset threshold, the PUSCH transmission offset is configured to a second value according to other one of the at least two offset information. 23. The base station of claim 20, wherein the PUSCH transmission offset is determined based on a number of bits of the HARQ ACK information if the number of cells configured to the terminal is greater than a preset threshold. 24. The ENB of claim 19, wherein the at least two offset information are transmitted to the terminal through higher layer signaling. 25. At least one non-transitory computer-readable recording medium for storing a computer program configured to be readable by at least one processor, for instructing the at least one processor to execute a computer process for performing the method of claim 1.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a content key is split into split content keys and separately stored in a plurality of regions in a protected region of a memory device. Then, a common key is generated between the host device and the memory device, and encryption keys are cut out from the common key. When the split content keys are read from the memory device and transmitted to the host device, the split content keys are encrypted with the encryption keys and then decrypted with the encryption keys on the host device side. Subsequently, the split content keys decrypted with the encryption keys on the host side are combined with each other, and the original content key is thereby obtained. Finally, the content is decrypted with the content key. 1. A content management system comprising: a memory device comprising a memory to store a content key used for encryption of content in a protected region of the memory; and a host device connected to the memory device and configured to read out the content key from the memory, wherein the memory device is configured to store a plurality of split content keys in a plurality of regions in the protected region of the memory, the content key being split into the plurality of the split content keys, the memory device and the host device are configured to generate a common key between the host device and the memory device and cut out encryption keys for encryption and decryption of the respective split content keys from the common key, the memory device is configured to encrypt the plurality of split content keys with the encryption keys when the plurality of split content keys are read from the memory and transmitted to the host device, the host device is configured to decrypt the plurality of split content keys with the encryption keys, when the plurality of split content keys are read from the memory and transmitted to the host device, the host device is configured to combine the plurality of split content keys decrypted with the encryption keys and thereby obtain the original content key, and decrypt the content with the content key, and the host device is granted access permission to some of the plurality of regions. 2. The content management system of claim 1, wherein the memory device and the host device are configured to newly determine the cutout positions according to a rule predetermined between the host device and the memory device when authentication succeeds between the host device and the memory device. 3. The content management system of claim 1, wherein the memory device and the host device are configured to change the cutout positions such that the encryption keys for different protected regions of the memory are cut out from different positions of the common key. 4. The content management system of claim 1, wherein the memory device is configured to write the split content key and cutout position data of the encryption key for the subsequent split content key in the protected region of the memory, and the host device is configured to read the cutout position data together with the split content key and uses the cutout position data to generate the encryption key. 5. A host device configured to read a content key used for encryption of content from a memory in a memory device, wherein the content key is split into a plurality of split content keys and stored in a plurality of regions in the protected region of the memory, the host device comprising: one or more hardware processors coupled to the memory and configured to: generate a common key with the memory device; cut out encryption keys decryption of the plurality of split content keys from the common key; read the plurality of split content keys one by one from the plurality of protected regions of the memory; decrypt the plurality of split content keys with the encryption keys one by one, combine the plurality of split content keys with each other, and obtain the original content key, when receiving the plurality of split content keys encrypted with the encryption keys; and decrypt the content with the content key, wherein the host device is granted access permission to some of the plurality of regions. 6. The host device of claim 5, wherein the one or more hardware processors is configured to newly determine the cutout positions according to a rule predetermined between the host device and the memory device, when authentication succeeds between the host device and the memory device. 7. The host device of claim 5, wherein the one or more hardware processors change the cutout positions such that the encryption keys for different protected regions of the memory device are cut out from different positions of the common key. 8. The host device of claim 5, wherein one or more hardware processors is configured to write the split content key and cutout position data of the encryption key for the subsequent split content key in the protected region of the memory device, and when the split content key is read from the protected region, read the cutout position data together with the split content key and uses the cutout position data to generate the encryption key. 9. A content key access method for a content management system of writing a content key used for encryption of content in a protected region in a memory, reading the content key from the memory in response to a request from a host device and transmitting the content key to the host device, the method comprising: splitting the content key into a plurality of split content keys and storing the plurality of split content keys in a plurality of regions in the protected region of the memory; generating a common key between the host device and the memory and cutting out encryption keys for encryption and decryption of the respective split content keys from the common key; encrypting the plurality of split content keys with the encryption keys and decrypting the plurality of split content keys with the encryption keys on the host device side, when the plurality of split content keys are read from the memory and transmitted to the host device; and combining the plurality of split content keys decrypted with the encryption keys on the host device side and thereby obtaining the original content key, and decrypting the content with the content key, wherein the host device is granted access permission to some of the plurality of regions.",
-    "Techniques relate to an interactive logic diagnostic process. A diagnostic iteration loop is performed. When a critical failure does not have the diagnostic resolution that meets a predefined diagnostic resolution, potential faults related to the critical failure are isolated. When the critical failure has a diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution, the diagnostic iteration loop ends. Path focused fault test patterns are applied to the device under test in order to generate updated results of the path focused fault test patterns, such that the diagnostic resolution has been increased because a number of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased, and/or a size of a physical area of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased. The diagnostic iteration loop is returned to. 1. A method for an interactive logic diagnostic process, the method comprising: applying test patterns to a device under test in order to generate results; determining that a critical failure has occurred in the device from the results; and performing a diagnostic iteration loop, comprising: checking whether the critical failure has a diagnostic resolution that meets a predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis; in response to the critical failure not having the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis, isolating potential faults related to the critical failure; in response to the critical failure having the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis, ending the diagnostic iteration loop; applying path focused fault test patterns to the device in order to generate updated results of the path focused fault test patterns, such that the diagnostic resolution has been increased because of at least one of: a number of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased, and a size of a physical area of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased; and returning to performing the diagnostic iteration loop. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the diagnostic iteration loop is repeated until the critical failure has the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein generating the path focused fault test patterns comprises identifying fault detection paths for testing the potential faults. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein generating the path focused fault test patterns comprises selecting a subset of the fault detection paths to the potential faults. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein applying the path focused fault test patterns to the device comprises using the subset of the fault detection paths. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein using the subset of the fault detection paths when performing each iteration of the diagnostic iteration loop causes the at least one of: the number of the potential faults related to the critical failure to decrease, and the size of the physical area of the potential faults related to the critical failure to decrease. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein for each iteration of performing the diagnostic iteration loop the subset of the fault detection paths is selected for the at least one of the number of the potential faults that has decreased and the size of the physical area of the potential faults that has decreased. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the path focused test patterns are generated from one or more fault models. 9. A computer program product for implementing an interactive logic diagnostic process, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions readable by a processing circuit to cause the processing circuit to perform a method comprising: applying test patterns to a device under test in order to generate results; determining that a critical failure has occurred in the device from the results; and performing a diagnostic iteration loop, comprising: checking whether the critical failure has a diagnostic resolution that meets a predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis; in response to the critical failure not having the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis, isolating potential faults related to the critical failure; in response to the critical failure having the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis, ending the diagnostic iteration loop; applying path focused fault test patterns to the device in order to generate updated results of the path focused fault test patterns, such that the diagnostic resolution has been increased because of at least one of: a number of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased, and a size of a physical area of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased; and returning to performing the diagnostic iteration loop. 10. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein performing the diagnostic iteration loop is repeated until the critical failure has the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis. 11. The computer program product of claim 9, wherein generating the path focused fault test patterns comprises identifying activation paths to the potential faults. 12. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein generating the path focused fault test patterns comprises selecting a subset of the fault detection paths to the potential faults. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein applying the path focused fault test patterns to the device under test comprises using the subset of the fault detection paths. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein using the subset of the fault detection paths when performing each iteration of the diagnostic iteration loop causes the at least one of: the number of the potential faults related to the critical failure to decrease, and the size of the physical area of the potential faults related to the critical failure to decrease. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein for each iteration of performing the diagnostic iteration loop the subset of the fault detection paths is selected for the at least one of the number of the potential faults that has decreased and the size of the physical area of the potential faults that has decreased. 16. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the path focused test patterns are generated from one or more fault models. 17. A computer system for an interactive logic diagnostic process, the system comprising: a memory; and a processor, communicatively coupled to the memory, the computer system configured to perform a method comprising: applying test patterns to a device under test in order to generate results; determining that a critical failure has occurred in the device from the results; and performing a diagnostic iteration loop, comprising: checking whether the critical failure has a diagnostic resolution that meets a predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis; in response to the critical failure not having the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis, isolating potential faults related to the critical failure; in response to the critical failure having the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis, ending the diagnostic iteration loop; applying path focused fault test patterns to the device in order to generate updated results of the path focused fault test patterns, such that the diagnostic resolution has been increased because of at least one of: a number of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased, and a size of a physical area of the potential faults related to the critical failure has decreased; and returning to performing the diagnostic iteration loop. 18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein performing the diagnostic iteration loop is repeated until the critical failure has the diagnostic resolution that meets the predefined diagnostic resolution for physical failure analysis. 19. The computer system of claim 17, wherein generating the path focused fault test patterns comprises identifying fault detection paths to the potential faults. 20. The computer system of claim 19, wherein generating the path focused fault test patterns comprises selecting a subset of the fault detection paths to the potential faults.",
-    "Display module mounting apparatus and methods provide mounting features enabling ease of installation and service. The apparatus may have one or more releasable frame couplers and pivoting releasable frame couplers coupled to a display module having a display plane defined in relation to a substrate. One or more adjustable linkages may adjustably define a standoff distance between the display plane and a support frame to which the module may be mounted by the mounting apparatus. Concave and convex adjustments to the display plane may be made. Operation of pivoting action to tilt the display plane enables installation, removal, and serviceability of large displays constructed with a tiled plurality of display modules. 1. A method for making a display module, the display module being mountable to a support frame, the method comprising the steps of: a) coupling a plurality of light emitting elements in a predetermined pattern to a substrate, said plurality of light emitting elements forming a display plane; b) coupling a releasable frame coupler to said substrate, said releasable frame coupler operable to provide a first standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame; c) coupling a pivoting releasable frame coupler to said substrate, said pivoting releasable frame coupler operable to provide a second standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame; d) coupling an adjustable linkage between said pivoting releasable frame coupler and said display plane, said adjustable linkage operative to provide an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane. 2. The method of claim 1 further characterized in that the releasable frame coupler provides a magnetic attraction to engage said support frame. 3. The method of claim 1 further characterized in that the pivoting releasable frame coupler provides a magnetic attraction to engage said support frame. 4. The method of claim 1 in which the step of coupling a releasable frame coupler to said substrate is further characterized as: coupling an adjustable releasable frame coupler to said substrate, said adjustable releasable frame coupler providing an adjustable first standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame. 5. The method of claim 1 in which the step of coupling a pivoting releasable frame coupler to said substrate is further characterized as: coupling an adjustable pivoting releasable frame coupler to said substrate, said adjustable pivoting releasable frame coupler providing an adjustable second standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: adjusting said adjustable linkage to a neutral position providing no deflection of said display plane. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: adjusting said adjustable linkage to a position providing a convex deflection of at least a portion of said display plane. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: adjusting said adjustable linkage to a position providing a concave deflection of at least a portion of said display plane. 9. A method for mounting a display module to a support frame, the method comprising the steps: a) providing a display module comprising: i) a plurality of light emitting elements coupled to a substrate, said plurality of light emitting elements arranged in a predetermined pattern forming a display plane; ii) a releasable frame coupler coupled to said substrate; iii) a pivoting releasable frame coupler coupled to said substrate; b) disposing said display module in a service position characterized in that said pivoting releasable frame coupler is coupled to said support frame and said display plane is disposed at a first angle with respect to said pivoting releasable frame coupler; said service position further characterized in that said releasable frame coupler is not coupled to said support frame; c) moving said display module from said service position into an installed position by pivoting said pivoting releasable frame coupler thereby disposing said display plane at a second angle with respect to said pivoting releasable frame coupler; d) coupling said releasable frame coupler to said support frame, said releasable frame coupler providing a first standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame; e) said pivoting releasable frame coupler providing a second standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame when both of said releasable frame coupler and said pivoting releasable frame coupler are coupled to said support frame. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising the steps of: a) providing an adjustable linkage coupled between said pivoting releasable frame coupler and said display plane, said adjustable linkage operative to provide an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane; b) adjusting said adjustable linkage to create a deflection of at least a portion of said display plane. 11. The method of claim 9 further characterized in that an adjacent display module has already been mounted on said support frame, the adjacent display module being substantially identical to said display module, the method further comprising the steps of: a) providing an adjustable linkage coupled between said pivoting releasable frame coupler and said display plane, said adjustable linkage operative to provide an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane; b) adjusting said adjustable linkage to create a an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane; c) adjusting said adjustable deflection so that at least a portion of said display plane is substantially coplanar with at least a portion of the display plane of said adjacent display module. 12. The method of claim 9 further characterized in that an adjacent display module has already been mounted on said support frame, the adjacent display module being substantially identical to said display module, the method further comprising the steps of: a) providing an adjustable linkage coupled between said pivoting releasable frame coupler and said display plane, said adjustable linkage operative to provide an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane; b) adjusting said adjustable linkage to create a an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane; c) adjusting said adjustable deflection so that at least a portion of said display plane abuts a portion of the display plane of said adjacent display module. 13. The method of claim 12 additionally comprising the step of adjusting said adjustable deflection so that said display plane of said display module and the display plane of said adjacent display module are substantially coplanar in the region where said display plane abuts the display plane of said adjacent display module. 14. The method of claim 9 further characterized in that an adjacent display module has already been mounted on said support frame, the adjacent display module being substantially identical to said display module, the method further comprising the steps of: a) providing a display module further characterized in that the releasable frame coupler is an adjustable releasable frame coupler providing an adjustable first standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame; b) adjusting said adjustable first standoff distance so that at least a portion of said display plane abuts a portion of the display plane of said adjacent display module. 15. The method of claim 14 additionally comprising the step of adjusting said adjustable first standoff distance so that said display plane of said display module and the display plane of said adjacent display module are substantially coplanar in the region where said display plane abuts the display plane of said adjacent display module. 16. The method of claim 9 further characterized in that an adjacent display module has already been mounted on said support frame, the adjacent display module being substantially identical to said display module, the method further comprising the steps of: a) providing a display module further characterized in that the pivoting releasable frame coupler is an adjustable pivoting frame coupler providing an adjustable second standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame; b) adjusting said adjustable second standoff distance so that at least a portion of said display plane abuts a portion of the display plane of said adjacent display module. 17. The method of claim 16 additionally comprising the step of adjusting said adjustable second standoff distance so that said display plane of said display module and the display plane of said adjacent display module are substantially coplanar in the region where said display plane abuts the display plane of said adjacent display module. 18. A method for mounting a display module to a support frame on which an adjacent display module has already been mounted, the adjacent display module being substantially identical to said display module, the method comprising the steps: a) providing a display module comprising: i) a plurality of light emitting elements coupled to a substrate, said plurality of light emitting elements arranged in a predetermined pattern forming a display plane; ii) a first adjustable releasable frame coupler coupled to said substrate; iii) a second adjustable releasable frame coupler coupled to said substrate; b) disposing said display module in a service position characterized in that said second adjustable releasable frame coupler is coupled to said support frame and at least a portion of said display plane is disposed at a first angle with respect to said support frame; said service position further characterized in that said first adjustable releasable frame coupler is not coupled to said support frame; c) moving said display module from said service position into an installed position by coupling said first adjustable releasable frame coupler to said support frame, said first adjustable releasable frame coupler providing a adjustable first standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame; d) providing, by means of said second adjustable releasable frame coupler, an adjustable second standoff distance between said display plane and said support frame when both of said first adjustable releasable frame coupler and said second adjustable releasable frame coupler are coupled to said support frame; e) adjusting at least one of said adjustable first standoff distance and said second adjustable standoff distance so that at least a portion of said display plane abuts a portion of the display plane of said adjacent display module. 19. The method of claim 18 additionally comprising the steps of: a) coupling an adjustable linkage between one of said adjustable releasable frame couplers and said display plane, said adjustable linkage operative to provide an adjustable deflection of at least a portion of said display plane; b) adjusting said adjustable linkage so that said display plane of said display module and the display plane of said adjacent display module are substantially coplanar in the region where said display plane abuts the display plane of said adjacent display module.",
-    "Systems and methods are provided the autocentering, autofocusing, acquiring, decoding, aligning, analyzing and exchanging among various parties, images, where the images are of arrays of signals associated with ligand-receptor interactions, and more particularly, ligand-receptor interactions where a multitude of receptors are associated with microparticles or microbeads. The beads are encoded to indicate the identity of the receptor attached, and therefore, an assay image and decoding image are aligned to effect the decoding. The images or data extracted from such images can be exchanged between de-centralized assay locations and a centralized location where the data are analyzed to indicate assay results. Access to data can be restricted to authorized parties in possession of certain encoding information, so as to preserve confidentiality. 1. A method of conducting an assay and analyzing results therefrom at separate locations, comprising: conducting an assay on a patient sample by contacting a uniquely encoded array of receptors with the patient sample and determining if the patient sample comprises any ligands that interact with the receptors by analyzing an assay image for optical signatures that are associated with receptor-ligand interactions, wherein the array is decoded at a location other than the location at which the assay is conducted.",
-    "An arrangement for electromagnetic shielding of an electronic component attached to a substrate is described. The arrangement comprises an electrically conductive frame which is attached to the substrate in such a way that the frame frames the component. The arrangement further comprises an electrically conductive covering which is attached at least to a portion of a top side of the component, and which is electrically conductively attached at least to a portion of the frame. Furthermore, a method for electromagnetic shielding of the electronic component attached to the substrate and also a computer program product for carrying out the method are described. 1. An arrangement for electromagnetic shielding of an electronic component attached to a substrate, comprising: an electrically conductive frame which is attached to the substrate in such a way that the frame frames the component; and an electrically conductive covering which is attached at least to a portion of a top side of the component; and which is electrically conductively attached at least to a portion of the frame. 2. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering is flexibly formed. 3. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering has a thickness of at most 250 \u03bcm. 4. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering is or comprises a metal foil. 5. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering is configured to bridge a height offset between the top side of the component and a top side of the frame. 6. The arrangement according to claim 5, wherein the covering bridges a height offset between 0 \u03bcm and 500 \u03bcm. 7. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering is attached without a gap to the top side of the component. 8. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering is attached by means of an adhesive to the top side of the component and/or to the frame. 9. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering has at least one aperture. 10. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering covers substantially the entire top side of the component. 11. The arrangement according to claim 10, wherein the covering is attached substantially to the entire top side of the component. 12. The arrangement according to claim 10, wherein the covering is attached by means of a thermally conductive adhesive or a thermally and electrically conductive adhesive to the top side of the component. 13. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the covering does not cover a region of the top side of the component which is spaced from a border of the top side of the component. 14. The arrangement according to claim 13, wherein the top side of the component, at least in the portion to which the covering is not attached, is electrically conductively formed and is in electrical contact with the covering. 15. The arrangement according to claim 13, wherein the covering is attached by means of an electrically conductive adhesive or an electrically and thermally conductive adhesive to the top side of the component. 16. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the top side of the frame is configured as a flange extending from side faces of the frame inwards. 17. The arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising a lid arranged on the frame, wherein border portions of the covering are arranged between the frame and the lid. 18. The arrangement according to claim 17, wherein the lid has an opening at least in the region of the component. 19. The arrangement according to claim 17, wherein the lid has side faces which lie against side faces of the frame. 20. The arrangement according to claim 17, wherein the covering is electrically conductively attached to the frame by means of clamping between the lid and the at least one portion of the frame. 21. The arrangement according to claim 1, further comprising a heat sink which is arranged above the component and is in thermal contact with the component. 22. A method for electromagnetic shielding of an electronic component attached to a substrate, comprising the steps: attaching an electrically conductive frame and the component to the substrate in such a way that the frame frames the component; attaching an electrically conductive covering at least to a portion of a top side of the component; and attaching the electrically conductive covering at least to a portion of the frame in such a way that the covering is in electrical contact with the portion of the frame. 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the attaching of the component and/or of the frame comprises carrying out a reflow process. 24. The method according to claim 22, further comprising the step of attaching a lid to the frame at least partly covered by the covering. 25. The method according to claim 22, further comprising the step of attaching a heat sink above the component, wherein the heat sink is brought into thermal contact with the component. 26. A computer program product which is stored on a computer-readable storage medium, operable to cause an equipping robot to carry out the method according to claim 22.",
-    "A mirror assembly includes a stem attached to a mirror head. The stem includes a first portion directly attached to the mirror head. The first portion includes a catch. The second portion is attached to a support structure, and includes a retention portion. The catch of the first portion is engaged with the retention portion of the second portion for supporting the first portion and the mirror head relative to the second portion. Once the first portion is supported by the interaction between the catch and the retention portion, fasteners may be installed to fixedly attach the first portion to the second portion. 1. A mirror assembly comprising: a mirror head including a housing moveably supporting a mirror; a stem attached to the mirror head, the stem including: a first portion directly attached to the housing of the mirror head; a second portion configured for attachment to a support structure; wherein one of the first portion and the second portion includes a catch, and the other of the first portion and the second portion includes a retention portion; and wherein the catch is engaged with the retention portion for supporting the first portion and the mirror head relative to the second portion. 2. The side view mirror set forth in claim 1 wherein a wall of the second portion defines a slot, with the retention portion extending across the slot. 3. The side view mirror set forth in claim 1 wherein the first portion includes a boss defining a threaded bore. 4. The side view mirror set forth in claim 3 wherein the second portion defines an aperture aligned with the threaded bore along an axis. 5. The side view mirror set forth in claim 4 further comprising a connecting fastener extending through the aperture and into threaded engagement with the threaded bore. 6. The side view mirror set forth in claim 1 wherein the second portion includes an opening. 7. The side view mirror set forth in claim 6 further comprising an attachment fastener extending through the opening for attaching the second portion to the support structure. 8. The side view mirror set forth in claim 1 wherein the second portion defines an access hole. 9. The side view mirror set forth in claim 8 wherein the mirror head includes a conduit feature passing between the first portion and the second portion, and through the access hole. 10. The side view mirror set forth in claim 9 wherein the second portion forms a channel, with the conduit feature disposed within the channel. 11. The side view mirror set forth in claim 1 wherein the first portion and the second portion are each formed from a metal. 12. The side view mirror set forth in claim 11 wherein the first portion includes aluminum, and the second portion includes magnesium. 13. The side view mirror set forth in claim 1 wherein the second portion includes a projecting portion extending downward from a bottom wall of the second portion, and configured to be received within a pocket of the support structure. 14. A vehicle comprising: a door structure; a mirror head including a housing moveably supporting a mirror; a stem interconnecting the door structure and the mirror head, the stem including: a first portion directly attached to the housing of the mirror head, and including a catch and a boss defining a threaded bore; a second portion directly attached to the door structure, and including a slot with a retention portion extending across the slot, and an aperture aligned with the threaded bore along an axis; wherein the catch of the first portion is disposed within and extends through the slot, into engagement with the retention portion, for supporting the first portion and the mirror head relative to the second portion; and a connecting fastener extending through the aperture and into threaded engagement with the threaded bore. 15. The vehicle set forth in claim 13 wherein the second portion includes an opening, and wherein the vehicle further comprises an attachment fastener extending through the opening in the second portion and into engagement with the door structure for attaching the second portion to the door structure. 16. The vehicle set forth in claim 13 wherein the second portion defines an access hole, and the mirror head includes a conduit feature passing between the first portion and the second portion, and through the access hole into the door structure. 17. A method of attaching a mirror assembly to a support structure, the method comprising: attaching a mirror head to a first portion of a stem; attaching a second portion of the stem to the support structure with at least one attachment fastener; hooking a catch of the first portion around a retention portion of the second portion such that the first portion and the mirror head are supported by the catch, relative to the second portion; and attaching the second portion to the first portion with at least one connecting fastener. 18. The method set forth in claim 17 further comprising feeding a conduit feature from the mirror head through an access hole in the second portion and into the support structure before attaching the second portion to the first portion. 19. The method set forth in claim 17 further comprising forming at least one of the first portion or the second portion from a metal. 20. The method set forth in claim 17 wherein attaching the second portion of the stem to the support structure includes sliding a projecting portion of the second portion into a pocket of the support structure.",
-    "A vehicle seat strap retaining assembly having a seat cushion section, a seatback section and a strap attachment structure. The seatback section is attached to the seat cushion. The seatback section has a passenger's back supporting surface and an upper end surface that includes a central indentation area configured to receive a child seat retaining strap. The strap attachment structure is rigidly fixed to one of the seat cushion section and the seatback section beneath the central indentation area. The central indentation area and the strap attachment structure are positioned and configured such that with a child seat positioned on the seat cushion section, a securing strap of the child seat extending over the upper end surface of the seatback section overlays the central indentation area and attaches to the child seat supporting strap attachment structure. 1. A vehicle seat strap retaining assembly comprising: a seat cushion section; a seatback section attached to the seat cushion, the seatback section having a passenger's back supporting surface and an upper end surface that includes a central indentation area configured to receive a child seat retaining strap; and a strap attachment structure rigidly fixed to one of the seat cushion section and the seatback section beneath the central indentation area, the central indentation area and the strap attachment structure being positioned and configured such that with a child seat positioned on the seat cushion section, a securing strap of the child seat extending over the upper end surface of the seatback section overlays the central indentation area and attaches to the strap attachment structure. 2. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes headrest supporting structures within the seatback section located at opposite sides of the central indentation area, and a headrest assembly that includes attachment rods insertable into respective ones of the headrest supporting structures. 3. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 2, wherein the headrest assembly includes a second central indentation area located directly above the central indentation area of the seatback section intersecting the vertical plane. 4. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes a strap retaining clip located adjacent to and below the central indentation area, and the headrest assembly includes a second strap retaining clip located adjacent to and beneath the second central indentation area. 5. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 2, wherein the seatback section includes a frame structure, a cushion portion and a cover that overlays the frame structure and the cushion portion, the frame structure having an upper end that includes a first side portion, a second side portion that is level with the first side portion and a central portion centered between the first side portion and the second side portion, the central portion being vertically lower than the first side portion and the second side portion defining the central indentation area. 6. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 5, wherein the cushion portion and the cover are configured and shaped to overlay the first side portion, the central portion and the second side portion further defining the central portion. 7. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes headrest supporting structures within the seatback section located at opposite sides of the central indentation area, and a headrest assembly that includes attachment rods insertable into respective ones of the headrest supporting structures, an upper surface of the headrest assembly defining the central indentation area. 8. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 7, wherein the headrest assembly includes a strap retaining clip located below and spaced apart from the central indentation area. 9. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the headrest assembly includes a frame structure, a cushion portion and a cover that overlays the frame structure and the cushion portion, the frame structure having an upper end that includes a first side portion, a second side portion that is level with the first side portion and a central portion centered between the first side portion and the second side portion, the central portion being vertically lower than the first side portion and the second side portion defining the central indentation area. 10. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 9, wherein the cushion portion and the cover are configured and shaped to overlay the first side portion, the central portion and the second side portion further. 11. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes an upwardly extending headrest portion integrally and non-movably formed with the seatback section, the headrest portion defining the central indentation area. 12. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 11, wherein the headrest portion of the seatback section includes a frame structure, a cushion portion and a cover that overlays the frame structure and the cushion portion, the frame structure having an upper end that includes a first side portion, a second side portion that is level with the first side portion and a central portion centered between the first side portion and the second side portion, the central portion being vertically lower than the first side portion and the second side portion defining the central indentation area. 13. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 12, wherein the cushion portion and the cover are configured and shaped to overlay the first side portion, the central portion and the second side portion further defining the central portion. 14. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 13, wherein the headrest portion includes a strap retaining clip located adjacent to and beneath the central indentation area. 15. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes a frame structure, a cushion portion and a cover that overlays the frame structure and the cushion portion, the frame structure having an upper end that includes a first side portion, a second side portion that is level with the first side portion and a central portion centered between the first side portion and the second side portion, the central portion being vertically lower than the first side portion and the second side portion defining the central indentation area. 16. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 15, wherein the cushion portion and the cover are configured and shaped to overlay the first side portion, the central portion and the second side portion further defining the central portion. 17. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes a strap retaining clip located adjacent to and beneath the central indentation area. 18. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the child seat supporting strap attachment is located within a vertical plane that intersects with the central indentation area of the seatback section.",
-    "Tools adapted for spinal distraction are provided. More specifically, tools having an elongate shaft connected to a head portion are provided for imparting a force for displacing vertebral bodies. The tools may comprise features, such as textured surfaces or the ability to transmit pressure, for cleaning and preparing a spinal disc space for subsequent tools and procedures. A plurality or set of distraction tools is contemplated where the plurality of tools is made up of tools having various distinctions from one another. Such distinctions may be in the way of length, width, angle, and other geometric features or may comprise differences in materials or additional features. 1. An angled surgical tool for removing tissue from within an intervertebral space, comprising an elongated handle having a proximal end configured to be connected to a tubing for transmitting a gas or fluid from a gas or fluid source and a distal end connected to a shaft, said shaft having a head portion including a distal tip located at a distal terminus of the head portion, said head portion being offset by an angle such that the head portion is angled towards the shaft at an angle ranging from 5 to 45 degrees, the head portion having a top surface consisting of rasp features adapted to remove tissue and debris disposed within a vertebral endplate in an intervertebral space, said top surface being devoid of apertures. 2. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said shaft further comprises an internal conduit for conveying a pneumatic pressure through said shaft. 3. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein vacuum pressure is supplied to the shaft, thereby drawing debris toward said shaft distal end. 4. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein a quantity of said fluid or gas is directed through a portion of said tool. 5. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein a positive or negative pressure is transmitted through said shaft. 6. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said shaft is disposable. 7. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said shaft is detachably anchored to said head portion. 8. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said head is detachably anchored to said shaft and wherein the head is disposable. 9. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said tool facilitates the removal of at least an outer most cell layer of bone to gain access to vascular bone tissues within the intervertebral space. 10. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said head portion comprises peripheral outer surfaces capable of dislodging, scraping or cutting materials in the intervertebral space. 11. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said head portion includes flutes for guiding materials that have been dislodged from portions of the intervertebral space. 12. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said fluid or gas blasts or clears the intervertebral space of debris. 13. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said fluid comprises one of ambient air, inert gasses, oxygen, water, or saline. 14. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein said head portion is selectively rotatable. 15. The angled surgical tool of claim 1, wherein a quantity of said fluid or gas is directed through a portion of said tool. 16. An angled surgical tool for removing tissue from within an intervertebral space, comprising an elongated handle having a proximal end configured to be connected to a tubing for transmitting a gas or fluid from a gas or fluid source and a distal end connected to a shaft, and said shaft having a head portion including a distal tip located at a distal terminus of the head portion, said head portion being offset by an angle such that the head portion is angled towards the shaft at an angle ranging from 15 to 25 degrees, the head portion having a top surface consisting of rasp features adapted to remove tissue and debris disposed within a vertebral endplate in an intervertebral space, said top surface being devoid of apertures. 17. An angled surgical tool for removing tissue from within an intervertebral space, comprising an elongated handle having a proximal end and a distal end connected to a shaft, said proximal end configured to be connected to a tubing to convey vacuum pressure to the shaft, thereby drawing debris through said shaft, said shaft having a head portion including a distal tip located at a distal terminus of the head portion, said head portion being offset by an angle such that the head portion is angled towards the shaft at an angle ranging from 5 to 45 degrees, the head portion having a top surface consisting of rasp features adapted to remove tissue and debris disposed within a vertebral endplate in an intervertebral space, said top surface being devoid of apertures. 18. The angled surgical tool of claim 17, wherein said head portion is selectively rotatable. 19. The angled surgical tool of claim 17, wherein said head is detachably anchored to said shaft. 20. The angled surgical tool of claim 17, wherein said head is disposable.",
-    "Disclosed is a near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent comprising an indocyanine-based fluorescent dye and a liposome. The near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent of the present invention demonstrates high fluorescence intensity and a long anchoring time in sentinel lymph nodes, thereby making it useful for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in sentinel lymph node navigation surgery. Also disclosed is an indocyanine green derivative that is particularly suitable for use in the near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent of the present invention. 1-2. (canceled) 3. A fluorescent probe for near-infrared fluorescent imaging in sentinel lymphadenography comprising a liposome containing a fluorescent dye having a hexatriene skeletal structure, wherein the fluorescent dye having a hexatriene skeletal structure is a compound represented by chemical formula (V): wherein, n represents an integer of 4 to 18. 4. The fluorescent probe for near-infrared fluorescent imaging in sentinel lymphadenography according to claim 3, wherein the particle diameter of the liposome is 100 nm to 300 nm. 5. The fluorescent probe for near-infrared fluorescent imaging in sentinel lymphadenography according to claim 3, wherein the particle diameter of the liposome is 150 nm to 250 nm. 6. (canceled) 7. A near-infrared fluorescent imaging agent comprising a compound represented by chemical formula (V): wherein, n represents an integer of 4 to 18. 8. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the fluorescent probe according to claim 3. 9-11. (canceled) 12. A compound represented by chemical formula (V): wherein, n represents an integer of 4 to 18. 13-14. (canceled) 15. A liposome comprising the compound according to claim 12. 16. The compound according to claim 12, wherein n is 4. 17. The compound according to claim 12, wherein n is 6. 18. The compound according to claim 12, wherein n is 8. 19. The compound according to claim 12, wherein n is 10. 20. The compound according to claim 12, wherein n is 18. 21. A liposome comprising the compound according to claim 16. 22. A liposome comprising the compound according to claim 17. 23. A liposome comprising the compound according to claim 18. 24. A liposome comprising the compound according to claim 19. 25. A liposome comprising the compound according to claim 20. 26. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the compound according to claim 16. 27. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the compound according to claim 17. 28. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the compound according to claim 18. 29. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the compound according to claim 19. 30. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the compound according to claim 20. 31. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the liposome according to claim 21. 32. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the liposome according to claim 22. 33. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the liposome according to claim 23. 34. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the liposome according to claim 24. 35. A method for identifying a sentinel lymph node, comprising detecting fluorescence generated from the liposome according to claim 25.",
-    "A compound of the formula A-B-C, is provided, wherein: A is a first nucleic acid that specifically binds to an extracellular surface protein expressed by a cell of interest, B is an alkyl linker; and C is a second nucleic acid that hybridizes to a complementary nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid is an aptamer. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises an active compound, particularly cytotoxic nucleotides such as poly-FdUMP. Compositions and methods of using such compounds for treating and/or detecting cancer are also described. 1. A compound of the formula A-B-C, wherein: A is a first nucleic acid that specifically binds to an extracellular surface protein expressed by a cell of interest, B is an alkyl linker; and C is a second nucleic acid that hybridizes to a complementary nucleic acid. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein said first nucleic acid is an aptamer. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein said first nucleic acid is from 30 to 150 nucleotides in length. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein said first nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of DNA and RNA. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein said first nucleic acid is a DNA having the sequence of PSMA01: (SEQ ID NO: 1) 5\u2032-dGCGTTTTCGCTTTTGCGTTTTGGGTCATCTGCTTACGATAGCAATC GT. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein said alkyl linker comprises C2-C6 loweralkyl. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein said second nucleic acid is from 8 to 100 nucleotides in length. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein said second nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of DNA and RNA. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein said cell of interest is a cancer cell. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein said cell of interest is a microbial cell. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein said cell of interest is a parasitic cell. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid comprises an active compound. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid comprises a detectable group. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid comprises more than one active compound and/or detectable group. 15. The compound of claim 12, wherein said active compound comprises cytotoxic nucleotides. 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein said cytotoxic nucleotides comprise poly-FdUMP. 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein said extracellular surface protein is an extracellular surface protein differentially expressed by cancer cells. 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein said extracellular surface protein comprises an extracellular surface portion of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). 19. A composition comprising a pair of compounds of claim 1, each member of said pair having a second nucleic acid that is complementary to and hybridized to the second nucleic acid of the other member of said pair. 20. The composition of claim 19 in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 21. A method of introducing a nucleic acid of interest into a cell of interest, comprising contacting a composition of claim 19 to said cell under conditions in which said nucleic acid of interest is internalized into said cell. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said method is carried out in vitro. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein said method is carried out in vivo. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said cell of interest is a cancer cell in a subject afflicted with cancer, and said contacting is carried out by administering said composition to said subject in an amount effective to treat or detect said cancer. 25. The method of claim 25, wherein said cancer is prostate cancer.",
-    "A method and apparatus may include adapting transmission opportunities of the first network node. A radio-technology of the apparatus coexists with at least one other radio-access technology of a network node. The adapting may include adapting when the apparatus is able to perform transmissions. The method may also include transmitting in accordance with a transmitting period. The transmitting period corresponds to a time over which the apparatus is configured to perform transmitting and to be muted. The transmitting may include transmitting on an unlicensed carrier. 1. A method, comprising: adapting, by a first network node, transmission opportunities of the first network node, wherein a radio-technology of the first network node coexists with at least one other radio-access technology of a second network node, and the adapting comprises adapting when the first network node is able to perform transmissions; and transmitting in accordance with a transmitting period, wherein the transmitting period corresponds to a time over which the first network node is configured to perform transmitting and to be muted, and the transmitting comprises transmitting on an unlicensed carrier. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the adapting comprises changing the transmitting period based on a measured load of the second network node and a quality-of-service parameter. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the adapting comprises triggering the transmitting based on traffic arrival, and the traffic arrival corresponds to when packets for transmission by the first network node become available. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting until a transmission is complete, as long as the transmitting does not exceed an estimated transmission rate. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining whether the first network node is currently performing transmissions, wherein if the first network node is currently performing transmissions, the first network node continues transmitting until a buffer of the first network node is empty, and the transmitting period comprises a pre-configured, fixed period. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the transmitting period corresponds to a length of time between 200 ms and 500 ms. 7. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to adapt transmission opportunities of the apparatus, wherein a radio-technology of the apparatus coexists with at least one other radio-access technology of a network node, and the adapting comprises adapting when the apparatus is able to perform transmissions; and transmit in accordance with a transmitting period, wherein the transmitting period corresponds to a time over which the apparatus is configured to perform transmitting and to be muted, and the transmitting comprises transmitting on an unlicensed carrier. 8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the adapting comprises changing the transmitting period based on a measured load of the network node and a quality-of-service parameter. 9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the adapting comprises triggering the transmitting based on traffic arrival, and the traffic arrival corresponds to when packets for transmission by the apparatus become available. 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting until a transmission is complete, as long as the transmitting does not exceed an estimated transmission rate. 11. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the apparatus is further caused to: determine whether the apparatus is currently performing transmissions, wherein if the apparatus is currently performing transmissions, the apparatus continues transmitting until a buffer of the apparatus is empty, and the transmitting period comprises a pre-configured, fixed period. 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the transmitting period corresponds to a length of time between 200 ms and 500 ms. 13. A computer program product, embodied on a non-transitory computer readable medium, the computer program product configured to control a processor to perform a method, comprising: adapting, by a first network node, transmission opportunities of the first network node, wherein a radio-technology of the first network node coexists with at least one other radio-access technology of a second network node, and the adapting comprises adapting when the first network node is able to perform transmissions; and transmitting in accordance with a transmitting period, wherein the transmitting period corresponds to a time over which the first network node is configured to perform transmitting and to be muted, and the transmitting comprises transmitting on an unlicensed carrier. 14. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the adapting comprises changing the transmitting period based on a measured load of the second network node and a quality-of-service parameter. 15. The computer program product according to claim 14, wherein the adapting comprises triggering the transmitting based on traffic arrival, and the traffic arrival corresponds to when packets for transmission by the first network node become available. 16. The computer program product according to claim 15, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting until a transmission is complete, as long as the transmitting does not exceed an estimated transmission rate. 17. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the method further comprises: determining whether the first network node is currently performing transmissions, wherein if the first network node is currently performing transmissions, the first network node continues transmitting until a buffer of the first network node is empty, and the transmitting period comprises a pre-configured, fixed period. 18. The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein the transmitting period corresponds to a length of time between 200 ms and 500 ms.",
-    "A structure capable of efficiently shielding electromagnetic waves from an electronic component is provided. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves may block electromagnetic interference (EMI) leakage and may efficiently shield various electronic devices from electromagnetic waves by forming a layer for shielding electromagnetic waves therein. 1. A structure for shielding electromagnetic waves comprising: an electromagnetic wave generator configured to generate electromagnetic waves; a shielding structure configured to surround at least a portion of the electromagnetic wave generator; and a metal layer provided on inner surfaces of upper and side portions of the shielding structure, the metal layer having a predetermined surface roughness. 2. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 1, wherein the inner surfaces of the upper and side portions of the shielding structure have a same surface roughness. 3. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 1, wherein a respective surface roughness of the inner surfaces of the upper and side portions of the shielding structure differ. 4. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 1, wherein a surface roughness (Ra) of the inner surface of the upper portion of the shielding structure is in a range of 1 to 7.0 \u03bcm. 5. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 4, wherein a surface roughness (Ra) of the inner surface of the side portion of the shielding structure is in a range of 0.1 to 3.0 \u03bcm. 6. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the metal layer is in a range of 1 to 10 \u03bcm. 7. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 6, wherein a surface roughness is formed on the inner surfaces of the upper and side portions of the shielding structure. 8. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 6, wherein the surface roughness is formed by patterning the metal layer. 9. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 1, wherein the metal layer includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer provided on the first metal layer. 10. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 9, wherein the first metal layer includes Cu, and the second metal layer includes at least one of Cu and Ni. 11. The structure for shielding electromagnetic waves of claim 1, wherein the metal layer includes at least one of an electroless Cu plated layer, an electro Cu plated layer, and electro Ni plated layer. 12. An electronic device, comprising: a printed circuit board; an electronic component mounted on the printed circuit board and configured to generate electromagnetic waves; a shielding structure configured to surround at least a portion of the electronic component; and a metal layer provided on inner surfaces of upper and side portions of the shielding structure, the metal layer having a predetermined surface roughness. 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein a surface roughness (Ra) of the inner surface of the side portion of the shielding structure is in a range of 0.1 to 3.0 \u03bcm. 14. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein a thickness of the metal layer is in a range of 1 to 10 \u03bcm. 15. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein a surface roughness is formed on the inner surfaces of the upper and side portions of the shielding structure. 16. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein a surface roughness is formed by patterning the metal layer. 17. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the metal layer includes a first metal layer and a second metal layer formed on the first metal layer. 18. An electromagnetic wave shield, comprising: a shield configured to surround at least a portion of an electromagnetic wave generator that generates electromagnetic waves; a first metal layer having a first predetermined surface roughness provided on an inner surface of an upper portion of the shield; and a second metal layer having a second predetermined surface roughness provided on an inner surface of a side portion of the shield. 19. The electromagnetic wave shield of claim 18, wherein a surface roughness (Ra) of the inner surface of the upper portion of the shielding module is in a range of 1 to 7.0 \u03bcm, and a surface roughness (Ra) of the inner surface of the side portion of the shielding module is in a range of 0.1 to 3.0 \u03bcm. 20. The electromagnetic wave shield of claim 18, wherein a thickness of the first metal layer and a thickness of the second metal layer is in a range of 1 to 10 \u03bcm.",
-    "A system and method that calculates a yaw error in an image and provides a user interface to a user for correcting the yaw error. The method includes receiving an image, performing line detection in the image, computing a line parameterization for lines in the image, computing a yaw angle for the image and providing the yaw data calculated in the image. 1. A method comprising: receiving, using one or more computing devices, a preview image of an object; performing, using the one or more computing devices, line detection on the preview image to detect a plurality of lines; computing, using the one or more computing devices, line parameterization for the plurality of lines; calculating, using the one or more computing devices, a yaw angle using the line parametrization; and correcting, using the one or more computing devices, the preview image of the object using the yaw angle. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first line and the second line are non-parallel. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: performing line detection further comprises determining a first line and a second line in the preview image of the object; determining a first height between the first line and the second line at a first point in the preview image; determining a second height between the first line and the second line at a second point in the preview image; and computing line parameterization for the plurality of lines includes calculating a first distance from a capture device point to the first point; calculating a second distance from the capture device point to the second point; and determining one or more of start points, end points, and point and slope of the first line and the second line. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein correcting the preview image of the object using the yaw angle includes using the yaw angle to adjust the preview image and remove a portion of an error introduced by the yaw error. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: stitching, using the one or more computing devices, the adjusted preview image into a plurality of previously captured images to create a linear panoramic image of the object. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein correcting the preview image of the object using the yaw angle includes presenting, using the one or more computing devices, an indicator representing the yaw angle in a user interface on a display device. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the indicator representing the yaw angle is a vertical eyelid indicator, the method further comprising: computing, using the one or more computing devices, a pitch angle and a roll angle for the preview image; determining, using the one or more computing devices, the vertical eyelid indicator based on the yaw angle; determining, using the one or more computing devices, a horizontal eyelid indicator based on the pitch angle; determining, using the one or more computing devices, a ball indicator based on the roil angle; presenting, using the one or more computing devices, the vertical eyelid indicator over a portion of an inner area of a smaller concentric circle centered on the display device; presenting, using the one or more computing devices, the horizontal eyelid indicator over a portion of an inner area of a larger concentric circle centered on the display device; and presenting, using the one or more computing devices, the ball indicator along the outside edge of the larger concentric circle centered on the display device. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, using the one or more computing devices, a vanishing point using the parametrizations of the first line and the second line. 9. A system comprising: a processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the system to: receive a preview image of an object; perform line detection on the preview image to detect a plurality of lines; compute line parameterization for the plurality of lines; calculate a yaw angle using the line parametrization; and correct the preview image of the object using the yaw angle. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first line and the second line are non-parallel. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the instructions that, when executed, cause the system to: perform line detection also determine a first line and a second line in the preview image of the object; determine a first height between the first line and the second line at a first point in the preview image; determine a second height between the first line and the second line at a second point in the preview image; and compute line parameterization for the plurality of lines also calculate a first distance from a capture device point to the first point; calculate a second distance from the capture device point to the second point; and determine one or more of start points, end points, and point and slope of the first line and the second line. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the instructions that, when executed, cause the system to correct the preview image of the object using the yaw angle includes using the yaw angle to adjust the preview image and remove a portion of an error introduced by the yaw error. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the instructions that, when executed, further cause the system to: stitch the adjusted preview image into a plurality of previously captured images to create a linear panoramic image of the object. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the instructions that, when executed, cause the system to correct the preview image of the object using the yaw angle includes instructions that, when executed, cause the system to present an indicator representing the yaw angle in a user interface on a display device. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the indicator representing the yaw angle is a vertical eyelid indicator, and wherein the instructions that, when executed, further cause the system to: compute a pitch angle and a roll angle for the preview image; determine the vertical eyelid indicator based on the yaw angle; determine a horizontal eyelid indicator based on the pitch angle; determine a ball indicator based on the roll angle; present the vertical eyelid indicator over a portion of an inner area of a smaller concentric circle centered on the display device; present the horizontal eyelid indicator over a portion of an inner area of a larger concentric circle centered on the display device; and present the ball indicator along the outside edge of the larger concentric circle centered on the display device. 16. A computer program product comprising a computer useable medium including a computer readable program, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer cause the computer to: receive a preview image of an object; perform line detection on the preview image to detect a plurality of lines; compute line parameterization for the plurality of lines; calculate a yaw angle using the line parametrization; and correct the preview image of the object using the yaw angle. 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the first line and the second line are non-parallel. 18. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer cause the computer to: perform line detection also determine a first line and a second line in the preview image of the object; determine a first height between the first line and the second line at a first point in the preview image; determine a second height between the first line and the second line at a second point in the preview image; and compute line parameterization for the plurality of lines also calculate a first distance from a capture device point to the first point; calculate a second distance from the capture device point to the second point; and determine one or more of start points, end points, and point and slope of the first line and the second line. 19. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer to cause the computer to correct the preview image of the object using the yaw angle further cause the computer to present an indicator representing the yaw angle in a user interface on a display device. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer further cause the computer to present the indicator representing the yaw angle is a vertical eyelid indicator further cause the computer to: compute a pitch angle and a roll angle for the preview image; determine the vertical eyelid indicator based on the yaw angle; determine a horizontal eyelid indicator based on the pitch angle; determine a ball indicator based on the roll angle; present the vertical eyelid indicator over a portion of an inner area of a smaller concentric circle centered on the display device; present the horizontal eyelid indicator over a portion of an inner area of a larger concentric circle centered on the display device; and present the ball indicator along the outside edge of the larger concentric circle centered on the display device.",
-    "An automatic transmission has eight rotatable shafts, four planetary gear sets and seven shift elements for shifting several forward gears and one reverse gear. A first element of the second planetary gear set forms the first shaft designed as the drive shaft of the transmission. A second element of the third planetary gear set forms the second shaft designed as the output shaft of the transmission. A second element of the first planetary gear set forms the third shaft . A first element of the first planetary gear set forms the fourth shaft . A third element of third planetary gear set forms the fifth shaft. As the sixth shaft, a third element of the first planetary gear set, a second element of the second planetary gear set and a first element of the third planetary gear set are constantly connected. A third element of the second planetary gear set forms the seventh shaft. A first brake is arranged in the power flow between the third shaft and the housing . A second brake is arranged in the power flow between the fourth shaft and the housing, a third brake is arranged in the power flow between the fifth shaft) and the housing. A first clutch (C1) is arranged in the power flow between the first and the seventh shafts . A second clutch is arranged in the power flow between the first and third shafts. A third clutch is constantly connected to the eighth shaft. A fourth clutch is in the power flow between the first and fourth shafts. 1-17. (canceled) 18. An automatic transmission for a motor vehicle, comprising: a housing (GG); eight rotatable shafts (1 to 8) including a drive shaft (AN) and an output shaft (AB), four individual planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4), each planetary gear set comprising a first element (SO1, SO2, SO3, SO4), a second element (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4), and a third element (HO1, HO2, HO3, HO4); seven shift elements (B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, C4), whereas three of the shift elements are designed as brakes (B1, B2, B3) and four of the shift elements are designed as clutches (C1, C2, C3, C4), and wherein selective engaging of the shift elements provides different transmission ratio relationships between the drive shaft (AN) and output shaft (AS) for shifting of a plurality of forward gears and one reverse gear; the first element (SO2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) forms the first shaft (1) designed as the drive shaft (AN) of the transmission; the second element (ST3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) forms the second shaft (2) designed as the output shaft (AB) of the transmission; the second element (ST1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) forms the third shaft (3); the first element (SO1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) forms the fourth shaft (4); the third element (HO3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) forms the fifth shaft (5); as the sixth shaft (6), the third element (HO1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) and the first element (SO3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) are constantly connected to each other; the first brake (B1) is arranged in a power flow between the third shaft (3) and the housing (GG); the second brake (B2) is arranged in a power flow between the fourth shaft (4) and the housing (GG); the third brake (B3) is arranged in a power flow between the fifth shaft (5) and the housing (GG); the first clutch (C1) is constantly connected to the seventh shaft (7); the second clutch (C2) is arranged in a power flow between the first and third shafts (1, 3); the third clutch (C3) is constantly connected to the eighth shaft (8); the fourth clutch is arranged in a power flow between the first and the fourth shafts (1,4); the second element (ST2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) is constantly connected to the sixth shaft (6); the third element (HO2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) forms the seventh shaft (7); and the first clutch (C1) is arranged in a power flow between the third and seventh shafts (3, 7). 19. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein: the first element (SO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the sixth shaft (6); the second element (ST4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) forms the eighth shaft (8); the third element (HO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the second shaft (2); and the third clutch (C3) is arranged in a power flow between the first and eighth shafts (1, 8). 20. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein: the first element (SO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the sixth shaft (6); the third element (HO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) forms the eighth shaft (8); ;the second element (ST4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the first shaft (1); and the third clutch (C3) is connected in the power flow between the second and eighth shafts (2, 8). 21. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein: the first element (SO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) forms the eighth shaft (8); the second element (ST4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the first shaft (1); the third element (HO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the second shaft (2); and the third clutch (C3) is connected in the power flow between the sixth and eighth shafts (6, 8). 22. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein for each of the forward and reverse gear, three of the shift elements are engaged, and wherein upon a change from one of the respective gears to the subsequent higher or lower gear, only one of the previously engaged three shift elements is open and only one previously open shift element is engaged. 23. The automatic transmission according to claim 22, wherein the plurality of forward gears comprises eleven forward gears, and wherein: in the first forward gear, the first brake (B1), the third brake (B3) and the first clutch (C1) transfer torque; in the second forward gear, the second brake (B2), the third brake (B3) and the first clutch (C1) transfer torque; in the third forward gear, the third brake (B3), the first clutch (C1) and the second clutch (C2) transfer torque; in the fourth forward gear, the second brake (B2), the third brake (B3) and the second clutch (C2) transfer torque; in the fifth forward gear, the third brake (B3), the second clutch (C2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the sixth forward gear, the second brake (B2), the second clutch (C2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the seventh forward gear, the first clutch (C1), the second clutch (C2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; the eighth forward gear, the second brake (B2), the first clutch (C1) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the ninth forward gear, the first brake (B1), the first clutch (C1) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the tenth forward gear, the first brake (B1), the second brake (B2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the eleventh forward gear, the first brake (B1), the third clutch (C3) and the fourth clutch (C4) transfer torque; and in the reverse gear, the first brake (B1), the third brake (B3) and the fourth clutch (C4) transfer torque. 24. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein each of the four planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4) is formed as a negative planetary gear set. 25. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein one of the four planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4) is formed as a positive planetary gear set, and each of the other three planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set. 26. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein two of the four planetary gear sets are formed as a positive planetary gear set, and each of the other two planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set. 27. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein one of the four planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set, and each of the other three planetary gear sets is formed as positive planetary gear set. 28. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein each of the four planetary gear sets is formed as positive planetary gear sets. 29. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein one or more of the four planetary gear sets is formed as a positive planetary gear set, and one or more of the four planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set, wherein: the first element of each negative planetary gear set and the first element of each positive planetary gear set is formed as a sun gear; the second element of each negative planetary gear set is formed as a planetary gear carrier, while the second element of each positive planetary gear set is formed as a ring gear; the third element of each negative planetary gear set is formed as a ring gear; and the third element of each positive planetary gear set is formed as a planetary gear carrier. 30. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein the planetary gear sets are arranged coaxially next to each other and in an axial direction behind each other in the order of first, second, third, fourth planetary gear set (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4). 31. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the first clutch (C1) is arranged, viewed spatially, in an area axially between the first and second planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2). 32. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the third clutch (C3) is arranged, viewed spatially, on a side of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) turned away from the third planetary gear set (RS3). 33. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the third clutch (C3) is arranged, viewed spatially, at least partially radially above the fourth planetary gear set (RS4). 34. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the third clutch (C3) is arranged, viewed spatially, in an area axially between the third and fourth planetary gear sets (RS3, RS4).",
-    "According to one embodiment a semiconductor memory device includes a first stacked body, a pillar, a memory film, a capacitive element, a first wiring, and a second wiring. The capacitive element includes a first conductive member and a second conductive member. A first length of the first conductive member in a first direction is larger than a second length of the first conductive member in a second direction crossing the first direction. A third length of the first conductive member in a third direction crossing the first direction and the second direction is larger than the second length. A fourth length of the second conductive member in the first direction is larger than a fifth length of the second conductive member in the second direction. A sixth length of the second conductive member in the third direction is larger than the fifth length. 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising: a first stacked body including a plurality of conductive layers arranged along a first direction; a pillar extending through the first stacked body in the first direction; a memory film provided between the pillar and the first stacked body; a capacitive element including a first conductive member and a second conductive member, and the capacitive element being arranged in a line with the pillar in a direction crossing the first direction; a first wiring electrically connected to the first conductive member; and a second wiring electrically connected to the second conductive member, a first length of the first conductive member in the first direction being longer than a second length of the first conductive member in a second direction crossing the first direction, a third length of the first conductive member in a third direction being longer than the second length, and the first length being longer than a length of the first stacked body in the first direction, the third direction crossing the first direction and the second direction, and a fourth length of the second conductive member in the first direction being longer than a fifth length of the second conductive member in the second direction, a sixth length of the second conductive member in the third direction being longer than the fifth length, and the fourth length being longer than a length of the first stacked body in the first direction. 2. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a third conductive member provided in the first stacked body, and the third conductive member electrically connected to the pillar, wherein a seventh length of the third conductive member in the first direction is longer than an eighth length of the third conductive member in the second direction, and a ninth length of the third conductive member in the third direction is longer than the eighth length. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first wiring is a first power supply line, the second wiring is a second power supply line, and a potential of the second wiring is higher than a potential of the first wiring. 4. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a fourth conductive member connected to one of the conductive layers, and extending in the first direction, wherein the fourth conductive member includes a material included in the first conductive member and the second conductive member. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein a part of the first stacked body is located between the capacitive element and the pillar. 6. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: an insulating layer provided in a periphery of the first conductive member and a periphery of the second conductive member, wherein a part of the insulating layer is provided between the first conductive member and the second conductive member. 7. The device according to claim 6, further comprising: a first intermediate film provided between the first conductive member and the insulating layer; and a second intermediate film provided between the second conductive member and the insulating layer. 8. The device according to claim 6, wherein a tenth length of the insulating layer in the first direction between the first conductive member and the second conductive member is longer than an eleventh length of the insulating layer in the second direction between the first conductive member and the second conductive member, and a twelfth length of the insulating layer in the third direction between the first conductive member and the second conductive member is longer than the eleventh length in the second direction between the first conductive member and the second conductive member. 9. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a substrate; and an insulating section, wherein the first stacked body, the pillar, and the capacitive element are disposed on the substrate, and the insulating section is disposed between the substrate and the capacitive element. 10. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a substrate including a first semiconductor region having a first conductivity type, and electrically connected to the first conductive member, and a second semiconductor region having a second conductivity type, and electrically connected to the second conductive member. 11. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second stacked body provided in a periphery of the first conductive member and a periphery of the second conductive member, wherein the second stacked body includes: a plurality of first insulating layers arranged along the first direction so as to be spaced from each other, and a plurality of second insulating layers respectively provided between the first insulating layers. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the first insulating layers include silicon nitride, and the second insulating layers include silicon oxide. 13. The device according to claim 10, further comprising: a first intermediate film provided between the first conductive member and the second stacked body; and a second intermediate film provided between the second conductive member and the second stacked body. 14. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, comprising: forming, on a substrate, a stacked body including a plurality of first films arranged along a first direction so as to be mutually distant and a plurality of inter-electrode insulating layers respectively provided between the first films; forming a hole penetrating the stacked body; forming a memory film having a cylindrical shape in the hole; forming a pillar in the hole; removing a part of the stacked body to provide the stacked body with a step region; forming an insulating layer in an area on the substrate, from which the stacked body is removed, and on the step region; forming a contact hole penetrating the insulating layer and one of the inter-electrode insulating layers on the step region while forming a first trench and a second trench each penetrating the insulating layer; and forming a contact plug in the contact hole while forming a first conductive member in the first trench and forming a second conductive member in the second trench, a first length of the first trench in the first direction being longer than a second length of the first trench in a second direction crossing the first direction, and a third length of the first trench in a third direction crossing the first direction and the second direction being longer than the second length, and a fourth length of the second trench in the first direction being longer than a fifth length of the second trench in the second direction, and a sixth length of the second trench in the third direction being longer than the fifth length. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising: removing a part of a surface of the substrate to form a groove section; and forming an insulating section inside the groove section, wherein the first trench and the second trench are formed on the insulating section. 16. The method according to claim 14, further comprising: forming a first semiconductor region of a first conductivity type in a part of a portion including a surface of the substrate; and forming a second semiconductor region of a second conductivity type in a part of a portion including the surface of the substrate, wherein the first trench is formed on the first semiconductor region, and the second trench is formed on the second semiconductor region. 17. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, comprising: forming, on a substrate, a stacked body including a plurality of first films arranged along a first direction so as to be mutually distant and a plurality of inter-electrode insulating layers respectively provided between the first films; forming a hole penetrating the stacked body; forming a memory film having a cylindrical shape in the hole; forming a pillar in the hole; removing a part of the stacked body to divide the stacked body into a first stacked body and a second stacked body, and providing the first stacked body with a step region; forming an insulating layer on the step region; forming a contact hole penetrating the insulating layer and one of the inter-electrode insulating layers on the step region while forming a first trench and a second trench each penetrating the second stacked body; and forming a contact plug in the contact hole while forming a first conductive member in the first trench and forming a second conductive member in the second trench, a first length of the first trench in the first direction being larger than a second length of the first trench in a second direction crossing the first direction, and a third length of the first trench in a third direction crossing the first direction and the second direction being larger than the second length, and a fourth length of the second trench in the first direction being larger than a fifth length of the second trench in the second direction, and a sixth length of the second trench in the third direction being larger than the fifth length.",
-    "Provided is a method for controlling a plurality of work processes in a multitasking mobile terminal, and more particularly, a method for selecting a second work process during a first work process and controlling a predetermined function of the selected second work process. In the controlling method, icons corresponding to the respective work processes are displayed in response to a user command, and a desired work process is selected through the displayed icons. A predetermined function of the selected work process is controlled through a pop-up menu activated in response to the user command. 1. A method for controlling a predetermined function of a second work process during a first work process in a multitasking mobile terminal that performs the first work process and the second work process, the method comprising: displaying an icon corresponding to the first work process in a designated portion of a display; if the first work process is selected, displaying a screen of the first work process; in response to a first command for selecting the second work process, performing sequential display of icons such that an icon corresponding to the second work process is displayed, wherein the icon corresponding to the second work process is displayed in a designated portion of the display; in response to a second command for changing to the second work process, replacing the screen of the first work process with a screen of the second work process; controlling the multitasking of the second work process and the first work process; in response to a third command for activating a control menu for controlling a predetermined function of the first work process, activating the control menu for controlling the predetermined function of the first work process; and in response to a fourth command for controlling the predetermined function of the first work process through the activated control menu, controlling the predetermined function of the first work process through the activated control menu. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlling the predetermined function of the first work process comprises: generating a control signal for controlling the predetermined function of the first work process in response to the fourth command; and controlling the predetermined function of the first work process in response to the generated control signal. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to a fifth command for deactivating the activated control menu, deactivating the activated control menu. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first work process is an MP3 play process. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein an item of the first work process is displayed relatively brighter or clearer than the screen of the first work process. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an item of the second work process is displayed relatively brighter or clearer than an item of a work process other than the second work process. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the third command and the fifth command are inputted through at least one of a predetermined key, a user's voice, and a motion of the mobile terminal. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein, in response to a repetition of the first command, performing sequential display of icons such that a displayed icon disappears from a screen of the mobile terminal and an icon appears on the screen of the mobile terminal. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein an icon to be displayed in the designated portion is replaced with an icon that is different from the icon corresponding to the second work process in response to the second command. 10. A method for selecting a second work process during a first work process in a multitasking mobile terminal that performs the first work process and the second work process in a multitasking environment, the method comprising: displaying an icon corresponding to the first work process in a designated portion of a display; if the first work process is selected, displaying a screen of the first work process; in response to a first command for selecting the second work process, performing sequential display of icons such that an icon corresponding to the second work process is displayed, wherein the icon corresponding to the second work process is displayed in a designated portion of the display; in response to a second command for changing to the second work process, replacing the screen of the first work process with a screen of the second work process; and controlling the multitasking of the second work process and the first work process, wherein an item of the second work process is displayed relatively brighter or clearer than an item of a work process other than the second work process. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein, in response to a repetition of the first command, performing sequential display of icons such that a displayed icon disappears from a screen of the mobile terminal and an icon appears on the screen of the mobile terminal. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein an icon to be displayed in the designated portion is replaced with an icon that is different from the icon corresponding to the second work process in response to the second command. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first command and the second command are inputted through at least one of a predetermined key, a user's voice, and a motion of the mobile terminal. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the screen of the first work process is displayed together with sequentially displayed icons corresponding to respective work processes of the mobile terminal. 15. A method for selecting a second work process during a first work process in a multitasking mobile terminal that performs the first work process and the second work process in a multitasking environment, the method comprising: displaying an icon corresponding to the first work process in a designated portion of a display; if the first work process is selected, displaying a screen of the first work process; in response to a first command for selecting the second work process, performing sequential display of icons such that an icon corresponding to the second work process is displayed, wherein the icon corresponding to the second work process is displayed in a designated portion of the display; in response to a second command for changing to the second work process, replacing the screen of the first work process with a screen of the second work process; and controlling the multitasking of the second work process and the first work process, wherein an item of the first work process is displayed relatively brighter or clearer than the screen of the first work process. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein, in response to a repetition of the first command, performing sequential display of icons such that a displayed icon disappears from a screen of the mobile terminal and an icon appears on the screen of the mobile terminal. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein an icon to be displayed in the designated portion is replaced with an icon that is different from the icon corresponding to the second work process in response to the second command. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the first command and the second command are inputted through at least one of a predetermined key, a user's voice, and a motion of the mobile terminal. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the screen of the first work process is displayed together with sequentially displayed icons corresponding to respective work processes of the mobile terminal.",
-    "A system and method to enhance user accessibility in a virtual universe and, in particular, to enhance user accessibility by providing information and/or actions to users participating in the virtual universe. The system comprises an assignment engine configured to assign an accessibility unit to an item within a virtual universe and a detection engine configured to detect a triggering event, which triggers the accessibility unit. The system also comprises an accessibility action engine configured to provide at least one of information and an action to a user when the accessibility unit is triggered. 1. A system implemented in hardware, comprising: a computer infrastructure comprising: an assignment engine configured to: assign an accessibility unit to an item within a virtual universe; and assign an accessibility tag to an avatar of the user, the accessibility tag being indicative of a disability of the user; a detection engine configured to detect a triggering event, which triggers the accessibility unit; and an accessibility action engine configured to provide at least one of information and an action to a user when the accessibility unit is triggered, wherein the information and the action provided to the user is dependent upon the disability of the user that is indicated by the accessibility tag assigned to the user. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the triggering event is the accessibility unit sensing that the accessibility tag is within a predefined proximity of the accessibility unit. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the accessibility unit comprises a plurality of attributes configured to help the user navigate the virtual universe. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the plurality of attributes include an accessibility unit name; a universally unique identifier; a description of the accessibility unit; an accessibility unit type; an attachment; the triggering event; a log; and a rating. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the action modifies the item in the virtual universe such that the item is more accessible to the user based on the disability of the user. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the item is a virtual unit or object. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the accessibility unit is reusable throughout one or more virtual universes. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the accessibility unit is configured to be triggered only once per user. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the action is configured to modify the item to be more accessible to the disabled user based on the disabled user's disability. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the action and the information are configured to help the disabled user participate in the virtual universe. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the accessibility unit comprises a plurality of attributes including an accessibility unit name; a universally unique identifier; a description of the accessibility unit; an accessibility unit type; an attachment; a triggering event; a log; and a rating. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein: the information includes the alternative text when the user has at least one of a motor disability and a hearing disability; the information includes one or more of the enlarged text, the audio file or recording, the forced feedback, and the beeps when the user has at least one a visual disability and a reading disability; the action modifies the item in the virtual universe to help the user with at least one of the motor disability and the visual disability to navigate through or around the item; and at least one of the motor disability, the hearing disability, the visual disability, and the reading disability are associated with the accessibility tag assigned to the user such that the information and the action provided to the user is dependent upon the disability of the user.",
-    "An inlet guide assembly for a turbine receiving a pulsed flow, including a duct having an internal volume, and an inlet port, first outlet nozzle and second outlet nozzle each communicating with the internal volume. The inlet port is configured to receive at least part of the pulsed flow. The first and second outlet nozzles each define a respective nozzle area communicating between the internal volume and a flow path of the turbine. The first and second outlet nozzles are spaced from one another with the first outlet nozzle located closer to the inlet port than the second outlet nozzle relative to a flow direction through the duct, the nozzle area of the first outlet nozzle being smaller than the nozzle area of the second outlet nozzle. A compound engine assembly and method of introducing a pulsed flow into a flow path of a turbine are also discussed. 1. An inlet guide assembly for a turbine receiving a pulsed flow, the inlet guide assembly comprising a duct having an internal volume, and an inlet port, first outlet nozzle and second outlet nozzle each communicating with the internal volume, the inlet port configured to receive at least part of the pulsed flow, the first and second outlet nozzles each defining a respective nozzle area communicating between the internal volume and a flow path of the turbine, the first and second outlet nozzles spaced from one another with the first outlet nozzle located closer to the inlet port than the second outlet nozzle relative to a flow direction through the duct, the nozzle area of the first outlet nozzle being smaller than the nozzle area of the second outlet nozzle. 2. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, further comprising a third outlet nozzle communicating with the internal volume, the third outlet nozzle located further from the inlet port than the second outlet nozzle relative to the flow direction, a nozzle area of the third outlet nozzle being greater than the nozzle area of the second outlet nozzle. 3. The inlet guide as defined in claim 2, wherein a spacing along the flow direction between the first and second outlet nozzles is the same as a spacing along the flow direction between the second and third outlet nozzles. 4. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein the first outlet nozzle is part of a group of first outlet nozzles each having the same nozzle area, the first group located closer to the inlet port than the second outlet nozzle relative to the flow direction. 5. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein the second outlet nozzle is part of a group of second outlet nozzles each having the same nozzle area, the first outlet nozzle located closer to the inlet port than the second group relative to the flow direction. 6. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein the first outlet nozzle is part of a group of first equally spaced apart outlet nozzles each having the same nozzle area, the second outlet nozzle is part of a group of equally spaced apart second outlet nozzles each having the same nozzle area, the first group located closer to the inlet port than the second group relative to the flow direction. 7. The inlet guide as defined in claim 6, wherein each outlet nozzle of the first group is defined between first adjacent ones of a plurality of vanes having a first circumferential inter-vane spacing, each outlet nozzle of the second group is defined between second adjacent ones of the plurality of vanes having a second circumferential inter-vane spacing, the first inter-vane spacing smaller than the second inter-vane spacing. 8. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein the first outlet nozzle is defined by a plurality of first apertures formed through a face of the duct, the nozzle area of the first outlet nozzle is a sum of the cross-sectional area of the first apertures. 9. The inlet guide as defined in claim 8, wherein the second outlet nozzle is defined by a single second aperture formed through the face of the duct. 10. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein the assembly includes a plurality of outlet nozzles including the first outlet nozzle, the second outlet nozzle, and additional outlet nozzles, the nozzle area of the plurality of outlet nozzles progressively increasing as a distance from the inlet port along the flow direction increases. 11. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein each outlet nozzle is defined between adjacent ones of a plurality of circumferentially unevenly spaced vanes. 12. The inlet guide as defined in claim 1, wherein the duct includes an additional internal volume and an additional inlet port communicating with the additional internal volume, a third outlet nozzle and a fourth outlet nozzle communicating with the additional internal volume, the additional inlet port configured to receive another part of the pulsed flow, the third and fourth outlet nozzles each defining a respective nozzle area communicating between the additional internal volume and the flow path of the turbine, the third and fourth outlet nozzles spaced from one another with the third outlet nozzle located closer to the inlet port than the fourth outlet nozzle relative to the flow direction through the duct, the nozzle area of the third outlet nozzle being smaller than the nozzle area of the fourth outlet nozzle. 13. A compound engine assembly comprising: an engine core including at least one internal combustion engine having at least one exhaust port configured to provide a pulsed flow; a turbine having a circumferential array of rotor blades adapted to rotate in a flow path; an exhaust pipe for each exhaust port, each exhaust pipe having a first end in fluid communication with the exhaust port and an opposed second end; and a duct defining a respective internal volume for each exhaust pipe, the duct including for each respective internal volume an inlet port providing a communication between the respective internal volume and the second end of the exhaust pipe and a plurality of circumferentially spaced nozzles each having a nozzle area providing a communication between the respective internal volume and the flow path of the turbine; wherein the plurality of nozzles of each respective internal volume includes a first nozzle located at a first distance from the inlet port of the respective internal volume and a second nozzle located at a second distance from the inlet port of the respective internal volume, the first and second distances measured along a circumferential direction of the duct with the first distance being smaller than the second distance, the nozzle area of the first nozzle being smaller than the nozzle area of the second nozzle. 14. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 13, wherein the at least one internal combustion engine includes at least one rotary engine each including a rotor sealingly and rotationally received within an internal cavity to provide rotating chambers of variable volume in the internal cavity, the rotor having three apex portions separating the rotating chambers and mounted for eccentric revolutions within the internal cavity, the internal cavity having an epitrochoid shape with two lobes, each of the at least one exhaust port communicating with the internal cavity of a respective one of the at least one Wankel engine. 15. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 13, wherein the plurality of nozzles are configured to discharge the pulsed flow along an axial direction of the duct. 16. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 13, wherein the nozzle area of each nozzle is greater than that of the ones of the nozzles located closer to the inlet port along the circumferential direction. 17. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 13, wherein each nozzle of the plurality of nozzles is defined between adjacent ones of a plurality of circumferentially spaced vanes. 18. An inlet guide assembly for a turbine receiving a pulsed flow, the inlet guide assembly comprising a duct having an internal volume and an inlet port and a plurality of nozzles communicating with the internal volume, the inlet port configured to receive the pulsed flow, the plurality of nozzles each defining a respective nozzle area communicating between the internal volume and a flow path of the turbine, the nozzles arranged serially and spaced-apart along a direction of flow through the duct, at least one of the nozzles having a greater nozzle area than at least another one of the nozzles located upstream therefrom. 19. The inlet guide assembly as defined in claim 18, wherein each nozzle has a greater nozzle area than each nozzle located upstream therefrom. 20. The inlet guide assembly as defined in claim 19, wherein each nozzle is defined between adjacent ones of circumferentially spaced apart and commonly-sized vanes, an inter-vane spacing corresponding to each nozzle being greater than an inter-vane spacing of each nozzle located upstream therefrom. 21. The inlet guide assembly as defined in claim 18, wherein each nozzle is defined between adjacent ones of circumferentially spaced apart and commonly-sized vanes, the nozzles including at least a first group of nozzles defined by a first group of the vanes having a first identical inter-vane spacing, and a second group of nozzles defined by a second group of the vanes having a second identical inter-vane spacing, the first group located upstream of the second group, the second inter-vane spacing greater than the first inter-vane spacing. 22. The inlet guide assembly as defined in claim 18, wherein at least one of the nozzles is defined by a plurality of apertures formed through a face of the duct, the nozzle area being a sum of the cross-sectional area of the apertures. 23. A method of introducing a pulsed flow into a flow path of a turbine, the method comprising: providing a plurality of circumferentially spaced nozzles in communication with the flow path of the turbine, the nozzles defining a greater restriction to the pulsed flow in a first location than in a second location along a circumferential direction of the nozzles; and directing the pulsed flow along a circumferential path to the first location and then to the second location so that the first location is upstream of the second location, while circulating the flow through the plurality of circumferentially spaced nozzles to the flow path of the turbine. 24. The method as defined in claim 23, wherein directing the pulsed flow includes providing a greater increase in flow velocity of the pulsed flow through the nozzles at the second location as compared to the first location.",
-    "An auto calibration method and an optical image stabilizer (OIS) camera using the same are provided. The auto calibration method includes removing a DC offset of a gyroscope. A vibrator signal applied by operating a vibrator, and an actual measurement value of the gyroscope is obtained using the applied vibrator signal. A first gain value for compensating for sensitivity of the gyroscope is calculated using the vibrator signal and the actual measurement value of the gyroscope, and an actuator is operated. A displacement of a pixel actually moving on an image is moved under an operation of the actuator. A second gain value for controlling a sensitivity variation of the actuator is calculated based on the displacement of the actually moving pixel. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce processing time and to ensure high performance. 1. An auto calibration method having an actuator for compensating for tilting of a camera when the tremor occurs, the method comprising: operating the actuator; measuring a displacement of a pixel actually moving on an image under an operation of the actuator; and calculating a first gain value for controlling a sensitivity variation of the actuator based on the displacement of the actually moving pixel. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising storing the first gain values. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the calculating of the first gain value includes determining the first gain value by dividing a reference coordinate displacement by the displacement of the actually moving pixel. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gain value is a gain value of an amplifying circuit for compensating for a variation level of sensitivity tolerance of a gyroscope. 5. An optical image stabilizer (OIS) camera, comprising: a gyroscope configured to sense tremor; an actuator configured to compensate for tilting of the camera when the tremor is sensed by the gyroscope; and a controller configured to perform gain calibration of the camera by calculating a first gain value for compensating for sensitivity of the gyroscope and a second gain value for controlling a sensitivity variation of the actuator. 6. The OIS camera of claim 5, wherein the controller obtains an actual measurement value of the gyroscope by generating a signal from a vibrator, and calculates the first gain value for compensating for the sensitivity of the gyroscope using the actual measurement value. 7. The OIS camera of claim 5, wherein the controller is configured to measure a displacement of a pixel actually moving on an image under an operation of the actuator, and calculate the second gain value based on the displacement of the actually moving pixel. 8. The OIS camera of claim 5, further comprising a storage configured to store a signal calibrated by removing the DC offset when the DC offset of the gyroscope is removed.",
-    "Provided is a modular pedicle screw assembly which includes various components that may be configured in various manners so as to provide different functionalities to the pedicle screw assembly. This advantageously decreases surgery time, reduces repetitive and tedious surgical steps, and allows for streamlining inventory of expensive medical equipment. In one embodiment, a pedicle screw assembly includes a pedicle screw, a rod holding element, an insert, a rod, and a set screw. The insert may have a uniplanar configuration which allows movement of the insert, prior to final attachment, in a plane of motion. The insert may optionally have a monoaxial configuration which prevents movement of the insert. A method is also provided for securing a rod to a pedicle screw assembly. Also provided is an assembly tool for use in assembling a pedicle screw assembly. 1. A pedicle screw assembly comprising: a rod holding element, wherein the rod holding element defines a screw hole, a beating area, a chamber, a saddle area, a threading area, and a notch; a single-piece bone screw having a threaded shaft and a head, the head having an insert portion that defines a bearing surface, an upper surface, a receiving area, and a tab, wherein the insert portion is positioned within the chamber of the rod holding element such that the bearing surface contacts the bearing area of the rod holding element and the tab fits within the notch of the rod holding element, wherein the bone screw is disposed such that the shaft passes through the screw hole of the rod holding element; a rod disposed to rest on the upper surface of the insert portion of the bone screw; a set screw joined to the threading area of the rod holding element so as to secure the rod to the upper surface of the insert portion of the bone screw; and a rod adapter attached to the set screw, wherein the rod adapter comprising a tab and a cradling area disposed around the rod so as to restrict movement of the rod, wherein the notch of the rod holding element has a dovetail configuration, wherein the tabs of the rod adapter and the insert portion of the bone screw have dovetail configurations that are reciprocally shaped relative to, and configured for complementary receipt within, the notch, and wherein the notch and the reciprocally shaped tabs are configured to prevent the rod holding element from spreading apart laterally as the set screw is tightened against the rod. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the rod adapter further comprises a post with an inset, wherein the set screw further defines a hole such that the set screw is positioned so that the post passes through the hole of the set screw, and wherein the assembly further comprises a locking ring disposed so as to secure the set screw to the rod adapter while allowing the set screw to rotate relative to the rod adapter. 3. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the saddle area of the rod holding element defines a bottom point, and wherein the rod contacts the upper surface of the insert portion of the bone screw but does not contact the bottom point of the saddle area. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the saddle area of the rod holding element defines a bottom point, and wherein the rod contacts the bottom point of the saddle area. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the rod holding element further defines chamber walls; and wherein the insert portion of the bone screw also defines side walls such that the side walls of the insert portion make substantial contact with the chamber walls so as to partially restrict movement of the insert portion within the chamber of the rod holding element. 6. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the rod holding element further defines flats that permit manipulation of the rod holding element by a tool. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the set screw further defines a tool receiving area. 8. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the bone screw further defines a tool receiving area. 9. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the insert portion of the bone screw is a monoaxial insert portion that is held in a single position within the rod holding element. 10. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the insert portion of the bone screw is a uniplanar insert portion that is configured to move within a plane of motion relative to the rod holding element. 11. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein the bearing surface of the insert portion of the bone screw is corrugated. 12. A method for securing a rod to a pedicle screw assembly, the method comprising: positioning an insert portion of a single-piece bone screw within a chamber of a rod holding element, the rod holding element defining a screw hole, a bearing area, a chamber, a saddle area, a threading area, and s notch, the insert portion of the bone screw defining a bearing surface, an upper surface, a receiving area, and a tab, wherein the insert portion of the bone screw is positioned within the chamber of the rod holding element such that the bearing surface of the insert portion contacts the bearing area of the rod holding element and the tab fits within the notch of the rod holding element, and wherein the bone screw is disposed such that the shaft passes through the screw hole of the rod holding element; positioning a rod within the rod holding element, wherein the rod rests on the upper surface of the insert portion of the bone screw; joining a set screw to the threading area of the rod holding element; and joining the set screw to a rod adapter such that the set screw can rotate relative to the rod adapter, wherein the rod adapter comprises a tab and a cradling area; positioning the cradling area of the rod adapter around the rod; tightening the set screw against the rod to secure the rod against the upper surface of the insert portion of the bone screw, wherein the notch of the rod holding element has a dovetail configuration, wherein the tabs of the rod adapter and the insert portion of the bone screw have dovetail configurations that are reciprocally shaped relative to, and are received within, the notch, and wherein the notch and the reciprocally shaped tabs prevent the rod holding element from spreading apart laterally as the set screw is tightened against the rod. 13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising securing the bone screw in a patient's pedicle bone. 14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising adjusting the position of the rod relative to the bone screw. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the insert portion is a uniplanar insert portion, and wherein the uniplanar insert portion is moved within a plane of freedom to adjust the position of the rod relative to the bone screw. 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the rod is secured such that the rod contacts the upper surface of the insert portion of the bone screw but does not contact a bottom point of the saddle area of the rod holding element. 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the rod is secured such that the rod contacts a bottom point of the saddle area of the rod holding element.",
-    "An information processing apparatus according to an embodiment determines whether a target character string is registered in a first dictionary, the target character string being a compression target contained in input data, outputs a compression code corresponding to the target character string when the target string is registered in the first dictionary, searches the target character string in first data when the target character string is not registered in the first dictionary, the first date accumulating character strings that are a part of the input data and have been determined to be not registered in the first dictionary, registers a matched character string in a second dictionary different from the first dictionary when the target character string is searched in the first data and outputs a compression code corresponding to a registration number of the target character string in the second dictionary. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein an encoding program that causes a computer to execute a process comprising: determining whether a target character string is registered in a first dictionary, the target character string being a compression target contained in input data, the first dictionary correlating compression codes and corresponding strings; outputting a compression code corresponding to the target character string when the target string is registered in the first dictionary; searching the target character string in first data when the target character string is not registered in the first dictionary, the first date accumulating character strings that are a part of the input data and have been determined to be not registered in the first dictionary; registering a matched character string in a second dictionary different from the first dictionary when the target character string is searched in the first data; and outputting a compression code corresponding to a registration number of the target character string in the second dictionary. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the process further executes performing search for a word matching with the target character string that is not registered in the first dictionary, registering the matched word in the second dictionary when a length of the matched word is equal to or larger than a predetermined length and the outputting outputs information based on the registration number. 3. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the process further executes performing search for a word matching with the target character string that is not registered in the first dictionary and outputting compression codes corresponding to individual characters of the target character string based on the first dictionary when a length of the matched word is smaller than a predetermined length. 4. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a decompression program that causes a computer to execute a process comprising: determining whether an identifier of a compression code is a first identifier or a second identifier; decompressing the compression code based on information such that a code string and decompression information correspond to each other and the compression code when the identifier of the compression code is the first identifier; and decompressing the compression code based on information of a position as indicated by information related to a registration position that is contained in the compressed data when the identifier of the compression code is the second identifier. 5. A compression method that is executed by a computer, the compression method comprising causing the computer to execute a process comprising: determining whether a target character string is registered in a first dictionary, the target character string being a compression target contained in input data, the first dictionary correlating compression codes and corresponding strings; outputting a compression code corresponding to the target character string when the target string is registered in the first dictionary; searching the target character string in first data when the target character string is not registered in the first dictionary, the first date accumulating character strings that are a part of the input data and have been determined to be not registered in the first dictionary; registering a matched character string in a second dictionary different from the first dictionary when the target character string is searched in the first data; and outputting a compression code corresponding to a registration number of the target character string in the second dictionary. 6. The compression method according to claim 5, wherein the process further executes performing search for a word matching with the target character string that is not registered in the first dictionary, registering the matched word in the second dictionary when a length of the matched word is equal to or larger than a predetermined length and the outputting outputs information based on the registration number. 7. The encoding program according to claim 5, wherein the process further executes performing search for a word matching with the target character string that is not registered in the first dictionary and outputting compression codes corresponding to individual characters of the target character string based on the first dictionary when a length of the matching word is smaller than a predetermined length. 8. A decompression method that is executed by a computer, the decompression method comprising causing the computer to execute a process comprising: determining whether an identifier of a compression code is a first identifier or a second identifier; decompressing the compression code based on information such that a code string and decompression information correspond to each other and the compression code when the identifier of the compression code is the first identifier; and decompressing the compression code based on information of a position as indicated by information related to a registration position that is contained in the compressed data when the identifier of the compression code is the second identifier. 9. A compression device comprising: a processor that executes a process comprising: determining whether a target character string is registered in a first dictionary, the target character string being a compression target contained in input data, the first dictionary correlating compression codes and corresponding strings; outputting a compression code corresponding to the target character string when the target string is registered in the first dictionary; searching the target character string in first data when the target character string is not registered in the first dictionary, the first date accumulating character strings that are a part of the input data and have been determined to be not registered in the first dictionary; registering a matched character string in a second dictionary different from the first dictionary when the target character string is searched in the first data; and outputting a compression code corresponding to a registration number of the target character string in the second dictionary. 10. The compression device according to claim 9, wherein the process further executes performing search for a word matching with the target character string that is not registered in the first dictionary, registering the matched word in the second dictionary when a length of the matched word is equal to or larger than a predetermined length and the outputting outputs information based on the registration number. 11. The compression device according to claim 9, wherein the process further executes performing search for a word matching with the target character string that is not registered in the first dictionary and outputting compression codes corresponding to individual characters of the target character string based on the first dictionary when a length of the matched word is smaller than a predetermined length. 12. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a decompression program that causes a computer to execute a process comprising: a processor that executes a process comprising: determining whether an identifier of a compression code is a first identifier or a second identifier; decompressing the compression code based on information such that a code string and decompression information correspond to each other and the compression code when the identifier of the compression code is the first identifier; and decompressing the compression code based on information of a position as indicated by information related to a registration position that is contained in the compressed data when the identifier of the compression code is the second identifier.",
-    "A two-piece tamper-evident band assembly for use with a container and closure combination, where the container has a peripheral collar and the closure has a skirt, is shown. The tamper-evident band assembly includes a breakaway band frangibly connected to a staying ring. The staying ring has decreased flexibility where it connects to the container and closure combination, which prevents the assembly from deforming in a manner that will cause the assembly to fail to indicate that the container has been opened. The tamper-evident band assembly also indicates whether the container has been compromised without requiring modification of the container or the closure and can be applied to existing container and closure combinations that lack a tamper-evident system, allowing the assembly to be used with a variety of container and closure combinations. 1. A tamper-evident band assembly for use with a container and closure combination, the container having a peripheral collar and the closure having a skirt, the assembly comprising: a breakaway band having a shoulder extending inward and angling downward from an upper periphery; and a staying ring frangibly connected to the breakaway band by a plurality of frangible connectors, the staying ring having an upward-angled ledge of a thickness sufficient to avoid flexure, extending upward and inward from a bottom periphery, the upward-angled ledge including an upper edge that is positioned below a bottom surface of the skirt of the closure, and the staying ring positioned laterally inward of the breakaway band, and the breakaway band cooperating with the staying ring so that the downward-angled shoulder is above the staying ring; and wherein when the assembly is positioned onto the container and the closure, the upward-angled ledge is positioned below the peripheral collar and is defined by an inner dimension that is smaller than an outer dimension of the peripheral collar, and wherein, when the closure is removed from the container, the closure moves upward, a bottom surface of the peripheral collar contacts the upper edge of the upward-angled ledge, the peripheral collar prevents the upward-angled ledge and the staying ring from moving upward, an upper surface of the skirt moves the downward-angled shoulder upward, moving the breakaway band upward and tearing the plurality of frangible connectors apart so that the breakaway band breaks away from the staying ring and the staying ring remains positioned under the peripheral collar. 2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the breakaway band further comprises a continuous shoulder. 3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the breakaway band further comprises a plurality of downward-angled tabs having tips extending inward and downward. 4. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the staying ring further comprises a continuous upward-angled ledge. 5. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the staying ring further comprises a plurality of upward-angled tabs. 6. The assembly of claim 1 wherein the upward-angled ledge forms an angle between 1-90 degrees. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the staying ring has the thickness defined along a first transverse line of 0.010-0.100 inches. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the staying ring has the thickness defined along a first transverse line of 0.030-0.080 inches. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the staying ring has the thickness defined along a second transverse line of 0.010-0.10 inches. 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the plurality of frangible connectors extends laterally from an exterior face of the staying ring to an interior periphery of the breakaway band. 11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the breakaway band and the staying ring have a circular shape. 12. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the assembly further comprises a snap-on closure. 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the assembly comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyolefin. 14. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the closure comprises at least one material from the group consisting of polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylon, butadiene, proprionate, and acrylic polymers. 15. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the assembly comprises a different material than the closure. 16. A tamper-evident band assembly for use with an container and closure combination, the container having a peripheral collar and the closure having a skirt, the assembly comprising: a breakaway band having a continuous shoulder extending inward and angling downward from an upper periphery; and a staying ring frangibly connected to the breakaway band by a plurality of frangible connectors, the staying ring having a plurality of upward-angled tabs, each upward-angled tab having a thickness sufficient to avoid flexure, extending upward and inward from a bottom periphery, each upward-angled tab having a tip positioned below a bottom surface of the skirt of the closure, and the staying ring positioned laterally inward of the breakaway band, and the breakaway band cooperating with the staying ring so that the downward-angled continuous shoulder is above the staying ring; and wherein when the assembly is positioned onto the container and the closure, each upward-angled tab is positioned below the peripheral collar, and wherein, when the closure is removed from the container, the closure moves upward, a bottom surface of the peripheral collar contacts the tips of the plurality of upward-angled tabs, the peripheral collar prevents the plurality of upward-angled tabs and the staying ring from moving upward, an upper surface of the skirt moves the tips of the downward-angled continuous shoulder upward, moving the breakaway band upward and tearing the plurality of frangible connectors apart so that the breakaway band breaks away from the staying ring and the staying ring remains positioned under the peripheral collar. 17. The assembly of claim 16, wherein the staying ring has the thickness defined along a first transverse line of 0.010-0.100 inches. 18. The assembly of claim 16, wherein the plurality of frangible connectors extends laterally from an exterior face of the staying ring to an interior periphery of the breakaway band. 19. The assembly of claim 16, wherein the breakaway band further comprises at least one bead on its interior periphery. 20. The assembly of claim 19, wherein the breakaway band further comprises at least one buttress on its interior periphery.",
-    "A method is disclosed that comprises severing an I/O channel between an EMAC and an aircraft component; sending a test signal to the brake system controller; receiving, from the brake system controller, a feedback signal to the test signal; and determining an appropriateness of the feedback signal. 1. A method comprising: disposing a selectively severable I/O channel between an electromechanical actuator controller (\u201cEMAC\u201d) and an aircraft component; coupling the EMAC with a BITE region, wherein the BITE region comprises a testing module capable of sending a test signal to the EMAC; and establishing a safety interlock region by disposing a non-severable I/O channel between the EMAC and the aircraft component. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing the safety interlock region in electrical communication with the testing module. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising loading a test script into the testing module. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising loading an expected result profile into the testing module. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing the BITE region in electrical communication with a signal conditioning circuit. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing the BITE region in electrical communication with a sensor. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing the EMAC in electrical communication with an emergency braking system. 8. The method of claim 7, receiving, at the EMAC, an emergency braking command from the emergency braking system. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising stopping, by the EMAC, of a test in response to the emergency braking command.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a nonvolatile memory, a volatile memory, and a controller. The controller is configured to transition a part of the volatile memory to a self-refresh mode when a request for stopping supplying of power to the nonvolatile memory is received. 1. (canceled) 2. A semiconductor device comprising: a nonvolatile memory; a volatile memory comprising a first memory component and a second memory component; and a controller comprising a first control component and a second control component, wherein after the first control component transitions the first memory component to a self-refresh mode and stops an operation of the second memory component, the first control component transmits a signal to the second control component, the second control component stops supply of a power for the nonvolatile memory and first control component based on the signal, before the operation of the second memory component is stopped, the first control component transfers at least a part of first data in the second memory component to the first memory component, and the first data comprises management information of the nonvolatile memory. 3. The device according to claim 2, further comprising: a power supply unit configured to supply power to the nonvolatile memory, the volatile memory, and the first control component, and configured to be controlled by the second control component, wherein the second control component receives the signal from the first control component and transmits a request to the power supply unit to disconnect the power supplied to the nonvolatile memory and the first control component. 4. The device according to claim 2, wherein when a request for transitioning from a first mode to a second mode is received, the first control component transitions the first memory component to the self-refresh mode and transmits a request to the volatile memory to not perform the operation of the second memory component. 5. The device according to claim 4, wherein a power consumption in the second mode is smaller than a power consumption in the first mode. 6. The device according to claim 4, wherein the first control component does not write the management information of the nonvolatile memory to the second memory component but writes the management information to the first memory component in the first mode. 7. The device according to claim 4, wherein the second control component receives a request for recovering from the second mode to the first mode and generates a request for supplying the power to the nonvolatile memory and the first control component. 8. The device according to claim 2, wherein the first data further comprises at least a part of a start program of the first control component. 9. The device according to claim 2, wherein the first control component stops the operation of the second memory component in a state where the second memory component comprises second data, and the second data comprises information which is readable from the nonvolatile memory. 10. The device according to claim 2, wherein before the operation of the second memory component is stopped, the first control component writes at least a part of data of the second memory component in the nonvolatile memory and, after that, transmits the signal to the second control component. 11. The device according to claim 2, wherein the management information includes at least one of first information for managing a relationship between logical addresses and a physical addresses of data in the nonvolatile memory and second information for managing states of storage areas of the nonvolatile memory. 12. The device according to claim 2, wherein the nonvolatile memory is NAND flash memory, and the volatile memory is DRAM. 13. A semiconductor device comprising: a nonvolatile memory; a volatile memory comprising a first memory component and a second memory component; and a controller comprising a first control component and a second control component, wherein when transitioning from a first mode to a second mode, the first control component does not write management information of the nonvolatile memory to the second memory component but writes the management information to the first memory component in the first mode, after the first control component transitions the first memory component to a self-refresh mode and stops an operation of the second memory component, the first control component transmits a signal to the second control component, and the second control component stops supplying of power to the nonvolatile memory and the first control component based on the signal. 14. The device according to claim 13, further comprising: a power supply unit configured to supply power to the nonvolatile memory, the volatile memory, and the first control component, and configured to be controlled by the second control component, wherein the second control component receives the signal from the first control component and transmits a request to the power supply unit to disconnect the power supplied to the nonvolatile memory and the first control component. 15. The device according to claim 13, wherein a power consumption in the second mode is smaller than a power consumption in the first mode. 16. The device according to claim 13, wherein the first control component stops the operation of the second memory component in a state where the second memory component includes data, the data comprises information which is readable from the nonvolatile memory. 17. The device according to claim 13, wherein before the operation of the second memory component is stopped, the first control component writes at least a part of the data of the second memory component in the nonvolatile memory and, after that, transmits the signal to the second control component. 18. The device according to claim 13, wherein the second control component receives a request for recovering from the second mode to the first mode and generates a request for suppling the power to the nonvolatile memory and the first control component. 19. The device according to claim 13, wherein the management information includes at least one of first information for managing a relationship between logical addresses and a physical addresses of data in the nonvolatile memory and second information for managing states of storage areas of the nonvolatile memory. 20. The device according to claim 13, wherein the nonvolatile memory is NAND flash memory, and the volatile memory is DRAM.",
-    "A beverage maker includes a body and a cover movably attached to the body. The body includes therein (among other components), a hot liquid generator (HLG) having a tank, an inlet for receiving liquid into the tank and an outlet, at least one heater in thermal communication with the liquid in the HLG tank, and a discharge port in fluid communication with the outlet of the HLG for discharge of the liquid. The cover is movably attached to the body between a closed position and an open position. At least one valve permits the discharge of the liquid via the discharge port in a closed position of the cover. The at least one valve is mechanically actuated by the cover in the open position of the cover to substantially prevent the discharge of the liquid via the discharge port. 1. A beverage maker comprising: a body; a hot liquid generator (HLG) positioned within the body and having a tank, an inlet for receiving liquid into the tank and an outlet; at least one heater in thermal communication with the liquid in the HLG tank; a discharge port in fluid communication with the outlet of the HLG for discharge of the liquid; a cover movably attached to the body between a closed position and an open position; and at least one valve permitting the discharge of the liquid via the discharge port in a closed position of the cover, the at least one valve being mechanically actuated by the cover in the open position of the cover to substantially prevent the discharge of the liquid via the discharge port. 2. The beverage maker of claim 1, wherein the at least one valve is in continuous fluid communication with the HLG tank. 3. The beverage maker of claim 1, wherein the cover prevents access to an interior of the body in the closed position thereof, and provides access to the interior of the body in the open position thereof. 4. The beverage maker of claim 1, further comprising a reservoir for receiving a liquid to be used for preparing a beverage, the inlet of the HLG being connected to the reservoir for receiving liquid into the tank. 5. The beverage maker of claim 1, further comprising a pump fluidly connected with the HLG tank for displacing liquid out of the tank outlet to the discharge port. 6. A beverage maker comprising: a body; a hot liquid generator (HLG) positioned within the body and having a tank, an inlet for receiving liquid into the tank and a first outlet; at least one heater in thermal communication with the liquid in the HLG tank; a discharge port in fluid communication with the first outlet of the HLG for discharge of the liquid; a cover movably attached to the body between a closed position and an open position; and a pressure release valve in continuous fluid communication with a second outlet of the HLG, the pressure release valve comprising a valve seat mounted to the cover and a complementary valve stem mounted to the body, the valve stem sealingly engaging the valve seat in the closed position of the cover, thereby preventing release of pressure within the tank therethrough, movement of the cover from the closed position to the open position mechanically disengaging the valve stem from the valve seat, thereby releasing pressure within the tank therethrough. 7. The beverage maker of claim 6, further comprising a deflecting member extending between the cover and the body, and an orifice in the body, the orifice and the pressure release valve being substantially enclosed by the cover, the body and the deflecting member, such that fluid released from the pressure release valve flows into the orifice. 8. The beverage maker of claim 6, further comprising a flexible tube fluidly communicating the HLG first outlet and the discharge port, and a pinch valve mounted onto the flexible tube, the pinch valve including a biasing member biasing the pinch valve into a pinching position, pinching the flexible tube and obstructing fluid flow from the HLG first outlet to the discharge port, the biasing member being mechanically engaged and actuated by the body into a release position in the closed position of the cover, permitting fluid flow from the HLG first outlet to the discharge port, and the biasing member returning the pinch valve to the pinching position in the open position of the cover. 9. A beverage maker comprising: a body; a hot liquid generator (HLG) positioned within the body and having a tank, an inlet for receiving liquid into the tank and a first outlet; at least one heater in thermal communication with the liquid in the HLG tank; a discharge port in fluid communication with the first outlet of the HLG for discharge of the liquid; a cover movably attached to the body between a closed position and an open position; and a pressure release valve mounted to the cover and in fluid communication with a second outlet of the HLG, the pressure release valve comprising a valve stem, a valve seat, and a biasing member biasing the valve stem into disengagement from the valve seat, wherein the body engages and mechanically actuates the valve stem into sealing engagement with the valve seat in the closed position of the cover, against the bias of the biasing member, thereby preventing release of pressure within the tank therethrough, and the body being disengaged from the pressure release valve in the open position of the cover, such that the biasing member maintains the valve stem disengaged from the valve seat, thereby releasing pressure within the tank therethrough. 10. The beverage maker of claim 9, further comprising a deflecting member positioned between the cover and the body, and an orifice in the body, the deflecting member directing fluid released from the pressure release valve toward the orifice. 11. The beverage maker of claim 9, further comprising a flexible tube fluidly communicating the HLG first outlet and the discharge port, and a pinch valve mounted onto the flexible tube, the pinch valve including a biasing member biasing the pinch valve into a pinching position, pinching the flexible tube and obstructing fluid flow from the HLG first outlet to the discharge port, the biasing member being mechanically engaged and actuated by the body into a release position in the closed position of the cover, permitting fluid flow from the HLG first outlet to the discharge port, and the biasing member returning the pinch valve to the pinching position in the open position of the cover. 12. A beverage maker comprising: a body; a hot liquid generator (HLG) positioned within the body and having a tank, an inlet for receiving liquid into the tank and an outlet; at least one heater in thermal communication with the liquid in the HLG tank; a discharge port in fluid communication with the first outlet of the HLG for discharge of the liquid; a flexible tube fluidly communicating the HLG outlet and the discharge port; a cover movably attached to the body between a closed position and an open position; and a pinch valve mounted onto the flexible tube, the pinch valve including a biasing member biasing the pinch valve into a pinching position, pinching the flexible tube and obstructing fluid flow from the HLG outlet to the discharge port, the biasing member being mechanically engaged and actuated by the body into a release position in the closed position of the cover, permitting fluid flow from the HLG outlet to the discharge port, and the biasing member returning the pinch valve to the pinching position in the open position of the cover. 13. The beverage maker of claim 12, wherein the cover is pivotably attached to the body, forming approximately a 0\u00b0 degree pivot angle with the body in the closed position thereof and forming at least an acute pivot angle with the body in the open position thereof, the pinch valve biasing member disengaging from the body and returning the pinch valve to the pinching position at approximately a 15\u00b0 pivot angle between the cover and the body. 14. A beverage maker comprising: a body; a hot liquid generator (HLG) positioned within the body and having a tank, an inlet for receiving liquid into the tank and an outlet; at least one heater in thermal communication with the liquid in the HLG tank; a discharge port in fluid communication with the first outlet of the HLG for discharge of the liquid; a cover movably attached to the body between a closed position and an open position; and a diverter valve comprising: an inlet in fluid communication with the HLG outlet, a first outlet in fluid communication with the discharge port, a second outlet in fluid communication with a separate bypass port, and a sealing member mechanically linked with the cover, the sealing member being movable between a bypass position, sealingly engaging the diverter valve first outlet such that the diverter valve inlet is in fluid communication with the diverter valve second outlet, and a discharge position, sealingly engaging the diverter valve second outlet such that the diverter valve inlet is in fluid communication with the diverter valve first outlet. 15. The beverage maker of claim 14, wherein the sealing member is oriented in the discharge position in the closed position of the cover and the sealing member is oriented in the bypass position in the open position of the cover. 16. The beverage maker of claim 15, wherein the cover is pivotably attached to the body, forming approximately a 0\u00b0 degree pivot angle with the body in the closed position thereof and forming at least an acute pivot angle with the body in the open position thereof, the sealing member moving from the discharge position to the bypass position at approximately a 15\u00b0 pivot angle between the cover and the body.",
-    "A receptacle-collimator assembly and a multi-wavelength optical receiver module. The receptacle-collimator assembly includes a receptacle configured to receive a wavelength-multiplexed optical signal; and a collimator integrated with the receptacle and configured to generate a collimated beam signal from a multi-wavelength optical signal received from the receptacle and output the beam signal. 1. A receptacle-collimator assembly comprising: a receptacle configured to receive a wavelength-multiplexed optical signal; and a collimator integrated with the receptacle and configured to generate a collimated beam signal from a multi-wavelength optical signal received from the receptacle and output the beam signal. 2. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein a fiber stub of the receptacle and a collimating lens of the collimator are coaxially aligned with each other in a housing. 3. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: a sleeve; and a collimating lens with the same external diameter as a fiber stub of the receptacle, the collimating lens being inserted into the sleeve and comprising a projection protruding outward from a front edge thereof to come in contact with the fiber stub, and a remaining portion other than the projection being spaced apart from the fiber stub. 4. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: sleeve A; sleeve B into which a fiber stub is inserted and which is inserted into sleeve A; and a collimating lens with the same external diameter as sleeve B, the collimating lens having a projection protruding outward from a front edge thereof to come in contact with sleeve B inserted in sleeve A and a remaining portion other than the projection being spaced apart from the fiber stub. 5. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: a sleeve; a collimating lens having the same external diameter as a fiber stub and being inserted into the sleeve; and a plate-shaped spacer located between the fiber stub and the collimating lens to space the fiber stub apart from the collimating lens. 6. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 5, wherein the spacer is made of a transparent material and coated with an anti-reflective substance. 7. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: a sleeve; a collimating lens having the same external diameter as a fiber stub and being inserted into the sleeve; and a ring-shaped spacer located between the fiber stub and the collimating lens to space the fiber stub apart from the collimating lens. 8. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 7, wherein the spacer has an internal diameter greater than a diameter of the collimated beam signal. 9. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: a sleeve having a projection protruding inward, wherein a fiber stub is located on one side of the projection and a collimating lens is located at the other side of the projection; and the collimating lens having the same external diameter as the fiber stub and being inserted into the sleeve and spaced apart from the fiber stub by a projection of the sleeve. 10. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: sleeve A; sleeve B facing sleeve A; a housing having a projection protruding inward, wherein sleeve A and sleeve B are each located on opposite sides of the projection; and a collimating lens being inserted into sleeve A and spaced apart from a fiber stub inserted in sleeve A by the projection of the housing. 11. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: a collimating lens having the same external diameter as a fiber stub; a ring-shaped spacer located between the fiber stub and the collimating lens to space the fiber stub from the collimating lens; and a housing configured to accommodate the collimating lens, the spacer, and the fiber stub. 12. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein the collimator comprises: a collimating lens having the same external diameter as a fiber stub; a plate-shaped spacer located between the fiber stub and the collimating lens to space the fiber stub from the collimating lens; and a housing configured to accommodate the collimating lens, the spacer, and the fiber stub. 13. The receptacle-collimator assembly of claim 1, wherein a fiber stub of the receptacle has a surface facing the collimator and the surface has a flat facet or an angled facet relative to the collimator, 14. A optical receiver module comprising: a receptacle-collimator assembly configured by integrating a receptacle and a collimator into one body, wherein the receptacle receives a wavelength-multiplexed optical signal and the collimator generates a collimated beam signal from the wavelength-multiplexed optical signal; an optical demultiplexer configured to demultiplex the collimated beam signal generated by the collimator, using a zigzag optical path created by a thin-film filter; and a photodetector block configured to comprise photodetectors, each of which receives an optical signal demultiplexed by the optical demultiplexer. 15. The optical receiver module of claim 14, wherein the photodetector block comprises: an optical coupler lens configured to focus the demultiplexed optical signal from the optical demultiplexer, one or more photodetectors each configured to perform photoelectric conversion on an optical signal received through the optical coupler lens; and a transimpedance amplifier configured to receive an electrical signal from each of the photodetectors and amplify the electrical signal. 16. The optical receiver module of claim 15, wherein the photodetector block further comprises a spacer to space the optical coupler lens from the photodetectors, 17. The optical receiver module of claim 15, wherein the transimpedance amplifier is attached onto a metal bench on a top surface of a lower substrate, and the photodetectors are attached onto one surface of a photodetector substrate which is formed on the top surface of the lower substrate and is aligned with the metal bench. 18. The optical receiver module of claim 14, wherein the optical demultiplexer and the photodetectors are attached onto a substrate through active alignment.",
-    "A computer-implemented method for identification of cache memory transiency may include identifying, with a processor, a virtual memory address section having a virtual memory address, determining, via the processor, a classification of cache memory transiency of the virtual memory address section, and determining, with the processor, based on the classification of cache memory transiency, a cache exemption status. 1. A computer-implemented method for identification of cache memory transiency comprising: identifying, with a processor, a virtual memory address section having a virtual memory address, wherein the virtual memory address comprises a plurality of region index fields and a byte index; determining, via the processor, a classification of cache memory transiency of the virtual memory address section; wherein the classification of cache memory transiency comprises one of a group of values comprising transient, not transient, somewhat transient, mostly transient, and never transient; and wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is indicative of a level of eligibility for cache exemption that is greater than or less than another control in a leaf table entry and is indicated as greater than or less than previous controls for the leaf table entry, and wherein a data portion having a greater value relative to another control is subject to caching, and a control having a smaller value relative to another control is not subject to caching; and determining, with the processor, based on the classification of cache memory transiency, a cache exemption status. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is determined based on whether the memory section comprises one or more memory pointers. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the cache exemption status is indicative of whether a block of virtual memory should be placed into the cache memory. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the virtual memory address section comprises one or more of page information, region information and segment information. 7. (canceled) 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is indicative of one or more memory allocation actions based on a relative numeric priority compared to another table entry of a plurality of table entries. 9. A system for identification of cache memory transiency comprising a cache memory and a processor having access to the cache memory and configured to: identify a virtual memory address section of the cache memory having a virtual memory address, wherein the virtual memory address comprises a plurality of region index fields and a byte index; determine a classification of cache memory transiency of the virtual memory address section; wherein the classification of cache memory transiency comprises one of a group of values comprising transient, not transient, somewhat transient, mostly transient, and never transient wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is indicative of a level of eligibility for cache exemption that is greater than or less than another control in a leaf table entry and is indicated as greater than or less than previous controls for the leaf table entry, and wherein a data portion having a greater value relative to another control is subject to caching, and a control having a smaller value relative to another control is not subject to caching; and determine, based on the classification of cache memory transiency, a cache exemption status. 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the cache exemption status is indicative of whether a block of virtual memory should be saved into the cache memory. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is indicative of whether the address is a memory location pointer. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the virtual memory address section comprises one or more of page information, region information and segment information. 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method for identification of cache memory transiency, the method comprising: identifying, with a processor, a virtual memory address section having a virtual memory address, wherein the virtual memory address comprises a plurality of region index fields and a byte index; determining a classification of cache memory transiency of the virtual memory address section; wherein the classification of cache memory transiency comprises one of a group of values comprising transient, not transient, somewhat transient, mostly transient, and never transient; and wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is indicative of a level of eligibility for cache exemption that is greater than or less than another control in a leaf table entry and is indicated as greater than or less than previous controls for the leaf table entry, and wherein a data portion having a greater value relative to another control is subject to caching, and a control having a smaller value relative to another control is not subject to caching; and determining, with the processor, based on the classification of cache memory transiency, a cache exemption status. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the classification of the cache memory transiency is determined based on whether the memory section comprises one or more memory pointers. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the cache exemption status is indicative of whether a block of virtual memory should be placed into the cache memory. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the virtual memory address section comprises one or more of page information, region information and segment information.",
-    "A method for executing an application based on a connection between devices by automatically connecting devices, and a device, are disclosed. The method includes: detecting an occurrence of first short distance communication between at least one external device and the device; receiving connection information which relates to a second short distance communication mode and application information which relates to the at least one external device from the at least one external device via the first short distance communication; establishing a connection based on the second short distance communication mode between the at least one external device and the device based on the received connection information which relates to the second short distance communication mode; and controlling the at least one external device via the second short distance communication mode by using an application which is executable based on the received application information. 1. An application execution method which is performable by using a device, the method comprising: detecting, by the external device, an occurrence of a first communication between the device and at least another device; transmitting connection information which relates to a second communication to be performed by the device and application information which relates to the device to the at least other device via the first communication; receiving information which relates to the second communication from the at least other device; establishing, based on the received information, the second communication between the device and the at least other device; receiving a control signal which is based on an application which is executed by the at least other device via the second communication; and operating the device based on the received control signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the received information comprises a connection request signal when the second communication is based on a direct communication between the device and the at least other device. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising transmitting a communication acceptance signal to the at least other device in response to receiving the connection request signal. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the received information comprises connection information which relates to a relay when the second communication is based on a communication which uses the relay. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising transmitting, to the at least other device, a signal which indicates that a communication between the relay and the device is established in response to receiving the connection information. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the occurrence of the first communication is performed based on whether a distance between the device and the at least other device is within a first communication radius. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the occurrence of the first communication is performed by using one of near field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the establishing the second communication is based on one from among a wireless local area network (LAN) communication, a wireless fidelity (WiFi) direct communication, a Bluetooth communication, an ultra wideband (UWB) communication, and a Zigbee communication. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the device includes a printer and the at least other device includes an electric device. 10. A device comprising: a first communicator which is configured to communication between the device and at least another device by using a first communication; a second communicator which is configured to communication between the device and at least other device by using a second communication; a processor which is configured to: detect an occurrence of the first communication between the device and the at least other device via the first communicator, transmit connection information which relates to the second communication to be performed by the device and application information which relates to the device to the at least other device via the first communicator, receive information which relates to the second communication from the at least other device via the first communicator, establish, based on the received information, the second communication between the device and the at least other device via the second communicator; receive a control signal which is based on an application which is executed by the at least one device via the second communicator; and operate the device based on the received control signal. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the received information comprises a connection request signal when the second communication is based on a direct communication between the device and the at least other device. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit a communication acceptance signal to the at least other device in response to receiving the connection request signal. 13. The device of claim 10, wherein the received information comprises connection information which relates to a relay when the second communication is based on a communication which uses the relay. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit, to the at least other device, a signal which indicates that a communication between the relay and the device is established in response to receiving the connection information. 15. The device of claim 10, wherein the processor performs the detecting the occurrence of the first communication based on whether a distance between the device and the at least other device is within a first communication radius. 16. The device of claim 10, wherein the processor performs the detecting the occurrence of the first communication by using one of near field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication. 17. The device of claim 10, wherein the processor performs the establishing the second communication based on one from among a wireless local area network (LAN) communication, a wireless fidelity (WiFi) direct communication, a Bluetooth communication, an ultra wideband (UWB) communication, and a Zigbee communication. 18. The device of claim 10, wherein the device includes a printer and the at least other device includes an electric device. 19. A non-transitory computer readable recording medium having recorded thereon at least one program which includes commands for executing an application execution method for a device, wherein the application execution method comprises: detecting, by the external device, an occurrence of a first communication between the device and at least another device; transmitting connection information which relates to a second communication to be performed by the device and application information which relates to the device to the at least other device via the first communication; receiving information which relates to the second communication from the at least other device; establishing, based on the received information, the second communication between the device and the at least other device; receiving a control signal which is based on an application which is executed by the at least other device via the second communication; and operating the device based on the received control signal. 20. The non-transitory computer readable recording medium of claim 19, wherein the detecting the occurrence of the first communication is performed by using one of near field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication.",
-    "A vehicle seat strap retaining assembly includes a seat cushion section, a seatback section, a strap retaining clip and a strap attachment structure. The seatback section is attached to the seat cushion, the seatback section having a passenger's back supporting surface and an upper end surface. The strap retaining clip is attached to a rear surface of the seatback section. The strap attachment structure is rigidly fixed to one of the seat cushion section and the seatback section beneath the upper end surface. The strap retaining clip and the strap attachment structure are positioned and configured such that with a child seat positioned on the seat cushion section, a securing strap of the child seat extending over the upper end surface of the seatback section passes through the strap retaining clip and attaches to the strap attachment structure. 1. A vehicle seat strap retaining assembly comprising: a seat cushion section; a seatback section attached to the seat cushion, the seatback section having a passenger's back supporting surface and an upper end surface; a strap retaining clip attached to a rear surface of the seatback section; and a strap attachment structure rigidly fixed to one of the seat cushion section and the seatback section beneath the upper end surface, the strap retaining clip and the strap attachment structure being positioned and configured such that with a child seat positioned on the seat cushion section, a securing strap of the child seat extending over the upper end surface of the seatback section passes through the strap retaining clip and attaches to the strap attachment structure. 2. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes a headrest assembly that at least partially defines the upper surface of the seatback section. 3. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 2, wherein the strap retaining clip is installed to the headrest assembly of the seatback section. 4. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 2, wherein the strap retaining clip is installed to the seatback section below the headrest assembly. 5. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the seatback section includes a headrest portion integrally formed with the seatback section that at least partially defines the upper surface of the seatback section. 6. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 5, wherein the strap retaining clip is installed to the headrest portion of the seatback section. 7. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 5, wherein the strap retaining clip is installed to the seatback section below the headrest portion of the seatback section. 8. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the strap retaining clip includes a base section, a first arm and a second arm, the base section contacting the rear surface of the seat back section, the first arm extending from a first end of the base section, and the second arm extending from a second end of the base section, the first arm and the second arm extending toward one another, such that the base section, the first arm and the second arm define a gap therebetween dimensioned to receive the securing strap of the child seat. 9. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the upper surface of the seatback section includes a central indentation area configured to receive a child seat securing strap of the child seat. 10. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 9, wherein the seatback section includes headrest supporting structures within the seatback section located at opposite sides of the central indentation area, and a headrest assembly that includes attachment rods insertable into respective ones of the headrest supporting structures. 11. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 10, wherein the headrest assembly includes a second central indentation area located directly above the central indentation area of the seatback section intersecting the vertical plane. 12. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 9, wherein the seatback section includes headrest supporting structures within the seatback section located at opposite sides of the central indentation area, and a headrest assembly that includes attachment rods insertable into respective ones of the headrest supporting structures, an upper surface of the headrest assembly defining the central indentation area. 13. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 12, wherein the headrest assembly includes a frame structure, a cushion portion and a cover that overlays the frame structure and the cushion portion, the frame structure having an upper end that includes a first side portion, a second side portion that is level with the first side portion and a central portion centered between the first side portion and the second side portion, the central portion being vertically lower than the first side portion and the second side portion defining the central indentation area. 14. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 12, wherein the seatback section includes an upwardly extending headrest portion integrally and non-movably formed with the seatback section, the headrest portion defining the central indentation area. 15. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 9, wherein the headrest portion of the seatback section includes a frame structure, a cushion portion and a cover that overlays the frame structure and the cushion portion, the frame structure having an upper end that includes a first side portion, a second side portion that is level with the first side portion and a central portion centered between the first side portion and the second side portion, the central portion being vertically lower than the first side portion and the second side portion defining the central indentation area. 16. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 15, wherein the strap attachment structure and the strap retaining clip are positioned such that a vertical plane extending in a vehicle longitudinal direction of the vehicle body structure intersects both the strap attachment structure and the strap retaining ring. 17. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 1, wherein the strap retaining clip includes a base section, a first arm and a second arm, the first arm having an overall curved shape extending in a direction away from the second arm at the base section and curving back around toward the second arm, the second arm having an overall curved shape extending in a direction away from the first arm at the base section and curving back around toward the first arm, with a distal end of the first arm being located above the distal end of the second arm, the first arm and the second arm define a gap therebetween dimensioned to receive the securing strap of the child seat. 18. The vehicle seat assembly according to claim 17, wherein the base section includes a pivoting structure such that the base section pivots relative to the seatback section.",
-    "The disclosure provides a light-emitting diode and a method for manufacturing the same. The light-emitting diode comprises a N-type metal electrode, a N-type semiconductor layer contacted with the N-type metal electrode, a P-type semiconductor layer, a light-emitting layer interposed between the N-type semiconductor layer and the P-type semiconductor layer, a low-contact-resistance material layer positioned on the P-type semiconductor layer, a transparent conductive layer covered the low-contact-resistance material layer and the P-type semiconductor layer, and a P-type metal electrode positioned on the transparent conductive layer. 1. A method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode, comprising: providing a substrate; forming an N-type semiconductor layer on the substrate, wherein the N-type semiconductor layer is in a mesa structure having a first area and a second area, and the first area is higher than the second area; forming a light-emitting layer on the first area of the N-type semiconductor layer; forming a P-type semiconductor layer on the light-emitting layer; forming a low-contact-resistance material layer on part of the P-type semiconductor layer; forming a transparent conductive layer on the low-contact-resistance material layer and the P-type semiconductor layer; and forming individually an N-type metal electrode on the second area of the N-type semiconductor layer, and a P-type metal electrode on the transparent conductive layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the low-contact-resistance material layer surrounds the P-type metal electrode, or is positioned between vertical projection areas of the P-type metal electrode and the N-type metal electrode. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the low-contact-resistance material layer is in a round-hole pattern, a stripe pattern, a lattice pattern, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the material of the low-contact-resistance material layer is graphene or a metal selected from the group comprising of nickel (Ni), gold (Au), chromium (Cr), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), titanium (Ti), aluminum (AD, silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and the combinations thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the low-contact-resistance material layer is in a range of 0.1 nm to 1000 nm. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a metal-indium contact layer positioned between the P-type semiconductor layer and the low-contact-resistance material layer, and the transparent conductive layer covers the low-contact-resistance material layer and the metal-indium contact layer. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the metal-indium contact layer is an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer. 8. A method for manufacturing a light-emitting diode, comprising: providing an N-type semiconductor layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; forming a light-emitting layer on the first surface of the N-type semiconductor layer; forming a P-type semiconductor layer on the light-emitting layer; forming a low-contact-resistance material layer surrounding the P-type semiconductor layer; forming a transparent conductive layer on the low-contact-resistance material layer and the P-type semiconductor layer; and forming individually a P-type metal electrode on the transparent conductive layer, and an N-type metal electrode on the second surface of the N-type semiconductor layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the low-contact-resistance material layer completely or partially surrounds the P-type metal electrode. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the low-contact-resistance material layer is in a round-hole pattern, a stripe pattern, a lattice pattern, or a combination thereof. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the material of the low-contact-resistance material layer is graphene or a metal selected from the group comprising of nickel (Ni), gold (Au), chromium (Cr), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and the combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the thickness of the low-contact-resistance material layer is in a range of 0.1 nm to 1000 nm.",
-    "A binaural hearing system comprising left and right hearing devices is provided, each comprising an input unit providing an electric input signal representing an environmental sound; a noise reduction system for estimating and reducing a noise component of the electric input signal; antenna and transceiver circuitry allowing the exchange of data between the hearing devices. The binaural hearing system is\u2014in a mode of operation, where a sound source is predominantly audible at a first one of the hearing devices\u2014configured to transmit the estimate of the noise component determined in a second one of the hearing devices to the first hearing device and to use said estimate to reduce the noise component in the electric signal of the first hearing device and to provide a noise reduced signal in the first hearing device. Thereby improved noise reduction is provided for use, e.g. in hearing aids, in non-symmetric acoustic situations. 1. A binaural hearing system comprising left and right hearing devices adapted for being located at or in left and right ears of a user, or adapted for being fully or partially implanted in the head of the user, each of the left and right hearing devices comprising an input unit for providing an electric input signal representing a sound in the environment of the hearing device; a noise reduction system for estimating and reducing a noise component of the electric input signal; antenna and transceiver circuitry allowing an interaural wireless communication link between the left and right hearing devices to be established to allow exchange of data between them, wherein the binaural hearing system\u2014in a specific near-field mode of operation, where a near-field sound source is present at a first one of the left and right hearing devices\u2014is configured to transmit the estimate of the noise component, or a measure thereof, determined in a second one of the hearing devices of the binaural hearing system to the first hearing device and to use said estimate to reduce the noise component in the electric signal of the first hearing device and to provide a noise reduced signal in the first hearing device. 2. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 wherein each of the left and right hearing devices\u2014at least when in said specific near-field mode of operation\u2014is configured to generate or provide a noise-reduced signal based fully or partially on one or both of the respective noise estimates from the left and right hearing devices. 3. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the left and right hearing devices comprises an output unit for presenting a processed signal as stimuli perceived by the user as sound. 4. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 configured to allow the user to control a mode of operation of the binaural hearing system via the user interface. 5. A binaural hearing system according to claim 4 comprising an auxiliary device configured to fully or partially implement the user interface. 6. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 configured to provide that the specific near-field mode of operation of the binaural hearing system is automatically entered based on inputs from one or more detectors. 7. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 configured to\u2014when in said specific near-field mode of operation\u2014limit the noise estimate that is determined in the second hearing device and used in the first hearing device to frequencies below a low-frequency threshold fLF,th. 8. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 wherein the first hearing device\u2014when in said specific near-field mode of operation\u2014is configured to combine the received noise estimate from the second hearing device with the noise estimate of its own noise reduction system. 9. A binaural hearing system according to claim 3 configured to present the noise-reduced signal or a signal derived therefrom in each of the left and right hearing devices via the respective output units. 10. A binaural hearing system according to claim 3 configured to provide that the electric input signal of the first hearing device\u2014when in said specific near-field mode of operation\u2014comprising a mixture of the near-field signal and a background noise is transmitted to the second hearing device. 11. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 wherein each of the hearing devices comprises a multitude of input transducers, each input transducer providing an electric input signal, and the binaural hearing system being configured to exchange one or more of said electric input signals representing a sound in the environment of the respective hearing devices, or signals derived therefrom, between the left and right hearing devices. 12. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 wherein each the left and right hearing devices comprises a hearing aid, a headset, an earphone, an ear protection device or a combination thereof. 13. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 comprising an acoustic environment detector configured to detect whether or not a sound source is a near-field sound source relative to one of the left and right hearing devices. 14. A binaural hearing system according to claim 1 wherein the noise reduction systems of the respective hearing devices are configured to provide the estimate of the noise component as the magnitude response of the noise signal measured in different frequency channels. 15. A method of operating a binaural hearing system comprising left and right hearing devices adapted for being located at or in left and right ears of a user, or adapted for being fully or partially implanted in the head of the user, the method comprising providing an electric input signal representing a sound in the environment of the hearing device; estimating and reducing a noise component of the electric input signal; providing an interaural wireless communication link between the left and right hearing devices to be established to allow exchange of data between them; and when in a specific near-field mode of operation, where a near-field sound source is present at a first one of the left and right hearing devices\u2014transmitting the estimate of the noise component, or a measure thereof, determined in a second one of the hearing devices of the binaural hearing system to the first hearing device; and using said estimate to reduce the noise component in the electric signal of the first hearing device; and providing a noise reduced signal in the first hearing device. 16. A method according to claim 15 comprising using the estimate of the noise component, or a measure thereof, from the (second) hearing device being subject to the poorest signal to noise ratio to improve the signal to noise ratio in the (first) side hearing device being exposed to the near field sound source. 17. Use of a binaural hearing system as claimed in claim 1. 18. A data processing system comprising a processor and program code means for causing the processor to perform the steps of the method of claim 15.",
-    "A servo controller includes: a sinusoidal wave disturbance input unit for supplying a sinusoidal wave disturbance to a speed control loop including a speed command generator, a torque command generator and a speed detector; a frequency response calculator for estimating the gain and phase from the output of the speed control loop; a resonance frequency detector for detecting resonance frequencies at which the gain becomes maximum; a resonance mode characteristics analyzer for estimating resonance characteristics from the frequency response; and, a reference modal damping ratio retainer for retaining a reference modal damping ratio as a resonance characteristic corresponding to the reference lubricating condition, and the resonance mode characteristics analyzer calculates lubrication characteristics on the basis of the reference modal damping ratio and the measured modal damping ratio at the resonance frequency corresponding to the reference modal damping ratio. 1. A servo controller for a servo motor that drives a feed axis provided for a machine tool, comprising: a speed command generator configured to generate a speed command value for a servo motor; a torque command generator configured to generate a torque command value for the servo motor on the basis of the speed command value; a speed detector configured to detect the speed of the servo motor driven on the basis of the torque command value; a sinusoidal wave disturbance input unit configured to supply a sinusoidal wave disturbance to a speed control loop including the speed command generator, the torque command generator and the speed detector; a frequency response calculator configured to estimate the gain and phase of the speed control loop input/output signal on the basis of the output of the speed control loop when the sinusoidal wave disturbance is input to the speed control loop; a resonance frequency detector configured to detect resonance frequencies at which the gain of the frequency response estimated by the frequency response calculator becomes maximum; a resonance mode characteristics analyzer configured to estimate resonance characteristics from the frequency response at and around the response frequency detected by the resonance frequency detector; and, a reference modal damping ratio retainer configured to retain the reference modal damping ratio as a resonance characteristic corresponding to the reference lubricating condition, wherein the resonance mode characteristics analyzer calculates lubrication characteristics on the basis of the reference modal damping ratio and the measured modal damping ratio at the resonance frequency corresponding to the reference modal damping ratio. 2. The servo control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the resonance mode characteristics analyzer evaluates the degree of relative lowering of the lubricating condition by determining the relative ratio between the reference modal damping ratio and the measured modal damping ratio. 3. The servo control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the measured modal damping ratio relative to the reference modal damping ratio is lower than a threshold, the resonance mode characteristics analyzer warns of degradation in lubricating condition in order to demonstrate the necessity of inspection of the lubricating condition.",
-    "An automatic transmission has eight rotatable shafts (1 to 8), four planetary gear sets (RS1 to RS4), and seven shift elements (B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, C4) for shifting several forward gears and one reverse gear. The first shaft (1) is the drive shaft (AN) of the transmission. A second element (ST3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) forms the output shaft (AB) of the transmission. As the third shaft (3), a second element (ST1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) and a third element (HO2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) are constantly connected to each other. A first element (SO1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) forms the fourth shaft (4), a third element (HO3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) forms the fifth shaft (5). As the sixth shaft (6), a third element (HO1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1), a second element (ST2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) and a first element (SO3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) are constantly connected. A first element (SO2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) forms the seventh shaft (7). A first brake (B1) is arranged in the power flow between the third shaft (3) and the housing (GG). A second brake (B2) is arranged in the power flow between the fourth shaft (4) and the housing (GG). A third brake (B3) is arranged in the power flow between the fifth shaft (5) and the housing (GG). A first clutch (C1) is arranged in the power flow between the first and seventh shafts (1, 7). A second clutch (C2) is arranged in the power flow between the first and third shafts (1, 3). A third clutch (C3) is constantly connected to the eighth shaft (8). A fourth clutch is in the power flow between the first and fourth shafts (1, 4). 1-17: (canceled) 18. An automatic transmission for a motor vehicle, comprising: a housing (GG); eight rotatable shafts (1 to 8) including one drive shaft (AN) and including one output shaft (AB); four individual planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4), each of planetary gear sets further comprising a first element (SO1, SO2, SO3, SO4), a second element (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4), and a third element (HO1, HO2, HO3, HO4); seven shift elements (B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, C4), wherein selective engagement of the seven shift elements leads to the different transmission ratio relationships between the drive shaft (AN) and output shaft (AB) for shifting of several forward gears and one reverse gear, whereas three of the shift elements are designed as brakes (B1, B2, B3) and four of the shift elements are designed as clutches (C1, C2, C3, C4), and: the first shaft (1) is designed as the drive shaft (AN) of the transmission; the second element (ST3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) forms the second shaft (2) as the output shaft (AB) of the transmission; the third shaft (3), the second element (ST1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1), and the third element (HO2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) are constantly connected to each other; the first element (SO1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) forms the fourth shaft (4), the third element (HO) of the third planetary gear set (RS3) forms the fifth shaft (5), the third element (HO1) of the first planetary gear set (RS1) forms the sixth shaft (6) and is constantly connected to the first element (SO3) of the third planetary gear set (RS3); the first brake (B1) is arranged in a power flow between the third shaft (3) and the housing (GG); the second brake (B2) is arranged in a power flow between the fourth shaft (4) and the housing (GG); the third brake (B3) is arranged in a power flow between the fifth shaft (5) and the housing (GG); the first clutch (C1) is constantly connected to the seventh shaft (7); the second clutch (C2) is arranged in a power flow between the first and third shafts (1, 3); the fourth clutch is arranged in a power flow between the first and the fourth shafts (1, 4); the second element (ST2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) is constantly connected to the sixth shaft (6); the first element (SO2) of the second planetary gear set (RS2) forms the seventh shaft (7); the first clutch (C1) is arranged in a power flow between the first and seventh shafts (1, 7); and the third clutch (C3) is constantly connected to the eighth shaft (8). 19. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein: the first element (SO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the sixth shaft (6); the second element (ST4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) forms the eighth shaft (8); the third element (HO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the second shaft (2); and the third clutch (C3) is arranged in a power flow between the first and eighth shafts (1, 8). 20. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein: the first element (SO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the sixth shaft (6); the third element (HO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) forms the eighth shaft (8); the second element (ST4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the first shaft (1); and the third clutch (C3) is connected in a power flow between the second and eighth shafts (2, 8). 21. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein: the first element (SO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) forms the eighth shaft (8); the second element (ST4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the first shaft (1); the third element (HO4) of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) is constantly connected to the second shaft (2); and the third clutch (C3) is connected in the power flow between the sixth and eighth shafts (6, 8). 22. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein, for each of the forward gears and the reverse gear, three of the shift elements are engaged and upon a change from a respective gear to a subsequent higher or lower gear, only one of the previously engaged shift elements is open and only one previously open shift element is engaged. 23. The automatic transmission according to claim 22, wherein the forward gears comprise eleven forward gears, and: in the first forward gear, the first brake (B1), the third brake (B3) and the first clutch (C1) transfer torque; in the second forward gear, the second brake (B2), the third brake (B3) and the first clutch (C1) transfer torque; in the third forward gear, the third brake (B3), the first clutch (C1) and the second clutch (C2) transfer torque; in the fourth forward gear, the second brake (B2), the third brake (B3) and the second clutch (C2) transfer torque; in the fifth forward gear, the third brake (B3), the second clutch (C2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the sixth forward gear, the second brake (B2), the second clutch (C2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the seventh forward gear, the first clutch (C1), the second clutch (C2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the eighth forward gear, the second brake (B2), the first clutch (C1) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the ninth forward gear, the first brake (B1), the first clutch (C1) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the tenth forward gear, the first brake (B1), the second brake (B2) and the third clutch (C3) transfer torque; in the eleventh forward gear, the first brake (B1), the third clutch (C3) and the fourth clutch (C4) transfer torque; and in the reverse gear, the first brake (B1), the third brake (B3) and the fourth clutch (C4) transfer torque. 24. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein all four planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4) are formed as negative planetary gear sets. 25. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein one of the four planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4) is formed as a positive planetary gear set, while each of the other three planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set. 26. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, two of the four planetary gear sets are formed as a positive planetary gear sets and each of the other two planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set. 27. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein one of the four planetary gear sets is formed as a negative planetary gear set, while each of the other three planetary gear sets is formed as positive planetary gear set. 28. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein all four planetary gear sets are formed as positive planetary gear sets. 29. The automatic transmission according to claim 24, wherein the four planetary gear sets are any combination of negative and positive planetary gear sets, and: the first element of each negative planetary gear set and the first element of each positive planetary gear set is formed as a sun gear, the second element of each negative planetary gear set is formed as a planetary gear carrier, while the second element of each positive planetary gear set is formed as a ring gear; and the third element of each negative planetary gear set is formed as a ring gear, while the third element of each positive planetary gear set is formed as a planetary gear carrier. 30. The automatic transmission according to claim 18, wherein the planetary gear sets are arranged coaxially next to each other and in an axial direction behind each other in an order of first, second, third, and fourth planetary gear set (RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4). 31. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the first clutch (C1) is arranged, viewed spatially, in an area axially between the first and second planetary gear sets (RS1, RS2). 32. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the third clutch (C3) is arranged, viewed spatially, on that side of the fourth planetary gear set (RS4) turned away from the third planetary gear set (RS3). 33. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the third clutch (C3) is arranged, viewed spatially, at least partially radially above the fourth planetary gear set (RS4). 34. The automatic transmission according to claim 30, wherein the third clutch (C3) is arranged, viewed spatially, in an area axially between the third and fourth planetary gear sets (RS3, RS4).",
-    "An image processing device includes a background luminance input unit, an image processing unit and a luminance setting unit. The background luminance input unit stores background luminance information regarding background luminance. The image processing unit generates display image data and contrast conversion information. The display image data is provided by modulating a contrast of a correction image data so that pixel values included in the correction image data are in an acceptable range. The correction image data is provided by correcting blurring in an input image data to be input to the image processing unit based on the background luminance information. The contrast conversion information is information used for modulating the contrast. The luminance setting unit generates a luminance setting information to set a luminance of the projection unit based on the modulation information. 1. An image processing device comprising: a background luminance input unit configured to store background luminance information regarding background luminance; an image processing unit configured to generate display image data and contrast conversion information, the display image data being provided by modulating a contrast of a correction image data so that pixel values included in the correction image data are in an acceptable range, the correction image data being provided by correcting blurring in an input image data to be input to the image processing unit based on the background luminance information, the contrast conversion information being information used for the modulating; and a luminance setting unit configured to generate a luminance setting information to set a luminance of the projection unit based on the modulation information. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the image processing unit comprises: at least two filter image processing units configured to apply filters to be applied to the input image data, and transmit the correction image data. 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the image processing unit further comprises: a filter selection unit configured to transmit filter information to select one of the filter image processing units; and a filter switching unit configured to switch the filter image processing units based on the filter information. 4. The device according to the claim 3, wherein the filter image processing unit that has stronger correction effect is selected by the filter selection unit. 5. The device according to the claim 2, wherein one of the filters is a filter to decrease an energy function that expresses a difference between an image data that is generated by convolution of the correction image data with the space filter that express the deterioration process to cause blurring in the observation image and determined image data. 6. The device according to the claim 2, wherein one of the filters is a filter to be applied in color space linear to luminance of the projection unit. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the contrast conversion information includes the maximum pixel value or the minimum pixel value in the correction image data. 8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the contrast conversion information includes information to indicate an amount of change of the maximum pixel value of the correction image data by the modulation. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the contrast conversion information includes information to indicate an amount of change of the minimum pixel value of the correction image data by the modulation. 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein the luminance setting information is generated based on a decrement of luminance due to the modulation of contrast of the correction image data. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein the image processing unit is configured to modulate contrast of the correction image data after debluring in the correction image data. 12. An image display apparatus comprising: An image processing device comprising: a background luminance input unit configured to store background luminance information regarding background luminance; an image processing unit configured to generate display image data and contrast conversion information, the display image data being provided by modulating a contrast of a correction image data so that pixel values included in the correction image data are in an acceptable range, the correction image data being provided by correcting blurring in an input image data to be input to the image processing unit based on the background luminance information, the contrast conversion information being information used for the modulating; and a luminance setting unit configured to generate a luminance setting information to set a luminance of the projection unit based on the modulation information; a projection unit to emit light including image information based on a the display setting information; and a reflection unit to reflect at least a part of light emitted by the projection unit toward eye and transmit a part of incident light. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the projection unit comprising: a light source configured to emit light based on the luminance setting information; and a display to display an image based on the display image data. 14. The apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising a sensor to detect background luminance, wherein the sensor inputs the background luminance to the background luminance input unit.",
-    "A VCM (voice coil motor) is disclosed, the VCM including: a rotor including a cylindrical bobbin for accommodating a lens and protruded at a bottom end with a boss, and a coil block arranged at a periphery of the bobbin; a stator including a magnet facing the coil block and a yoke fixing the magnet; and an elastic member including a first elastic member formed with a through hole coupled to the boss of the bobbin and a second elastic member coupled to an upper end facing the bottom end of the bobbin; wherein the boss is formed with a disengagement prevention unit preventing the first elastic member from being disengaged from the boss, and the first elastic member is formed with a coupling unit contacting a joint where the disengagement prevention unit and the coupling unit meet. 1. A voice coil motor comprising: a base; a yoke disposed over the base; a bobbin disposed inside the yoke and including a first protrusion at a upper portion thereof; a coil block arranged at a periphery of the bobbin; a magnet facing the coil block and fixed to the yoke; and a first elastic member coupled to the upper portion of the bobbin; wherein the first elastic member includes an outer elastic unit, an inner elastic unit and a connection elastic unit; wherein a portion of the inner elastic unit of the first elastic member includes a first groove corresponding to the first protrusion of the bobbin; and wherein the first protrusion is disposed at a location corresponding to the first groove. 2. The voice coil motor of claim 1, wherein the first groove is positioned along the first elastic member at a location between where the inner elastic unit connects to a first connection elastic unit of the plurality of connection elastic units and where the inner elastic unit connects to a second connection elastic unit of the plurality of connection elastic units. 3. The voice coil motor of claim 1, wherein the first groove includes a plurality of grooves. 4. The voice coil motor of claim 1, wherein the first groove faces three sides of the first protrusion. 5. The voice coil motor of claim 1, wherein the first groove takes a shape corresponding to a distal end of the inner elastic unit having an inner lateral surface opened. 6. The voice coil motor of claim 1, further comprising a second elastic member coupled to the lower portion of the bobbin, and the second elastic member includes an outer elastic unit, an inner elastic unit and a connection elastic unit. 7. The voice coil motor of claim 6, wherein the coil block includes distal ends and each distal end of the coil block is electrically connected to the second elastic member using a solder. 8. The voice coil motor of claim 6, wherein the bobbin includes a plurality of second protrusions at a lower portion thereof, and wherein a portion of the inner elastic unit of the second elastic member includes a first hole corresponding to a second protrusion of the plurality of second protrusions. 9. The voice coil motor of claim 6, wherein the bobbin is coupled to the second elastic member where the inner elastic unit of the second elastic member meets the connection elastic unit of the second elastic member. 10. The voice coil motor of claim 8, wherein a disengagement prevention unit is integrally formed with the second protrusion. 11. The VCM of claim 10, wherein the disengagement prevention unit is larger than the second protrusion. 12. The VCM of claim 1, further comprising a boss formed at the bottom surface of the bobbin for accommodating the bobbin to the base. 13. The VCM of claim 10, wherein the disengagement prevention unit is integrally formed with the second protrusion by applying heat or pressure. 14. A camera module comprising the voice coil motor according to claim 1, further comprising an image sensor and a lens coupled to the bobbin. 15. A VCM (voice coil motor), comprising: a base; a yoke disposed over the base; a bobbin disposed inside the yoke and including a first protrusion at a lower portion thereof and a second protrusion at a upper portion thereof; a coil block arranged at a periphery of the bobbin; a magnet facing the coil block and fixed to the yoke; and an elastic member including a first elastic member coupled to a lower portion of the bobbin and a second elastic member coupled to an upper portion of the bobbin; wherein each of the first and second elastic member includes an inner elastic unit, an outer elastic unit and a connection elastic unit; wherein the first protrusion is formed with a disengagement prevention unit; and wherein the second elastic member includes a plurality of openings opened toward an inner lateral surface of the bobbin. 16. The VCM of claim 15, wherein the disengagement prevention unit is integrally formed with the first protrusion and is larger than the first protrusion. 17. The VCM of claim 15, wherein a plurality of openings is along a periphery of the second elastic member. 18. The VCM of claim 17, wherein one end of the connection elastic unit of the second elastic member is connected to the inner elastic of the second elastic member at a location between two openings. 19. The VCM of claim 15, wherein a portion of the inner elastic unit of the first elastic member includes a first groove corresponding to the first protrusion of the bobbin, and wherein the first protrusion is disposed at a location corresponding to the first groove. 20. The VCM of claim 15, wherein the first groove is positioned along the first elastic member at a location between where the inner elastic unit connects to a first connection elastic unit of the plurality of connection elastic units and where the inner elastic unit connects to a second connection elastic unit of the plurality of connection elastic units.",
-    "A method, system, and computer program product are provided for prioritizing transactions. A processor in a computing environment initiates the execution of a transaction. The processor includes a transactional core, and the execution of the transaction is performed by the transactional core. The processor obtains concurrent with the execution of the transaction by the transactional core, an indication of a conflict between the transaction and at least one other transaction being executed by an additional core in the computing environment. The processor determines if the transactional core includes an indicator and based on determining that the transactional core includes an indicator, the processor ignores the conflict and utilizing the transactional core to complete executing the transaction. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: initiating, by a processor, in a computing environment, an execution of a transaction, wherein the processor comprises a transactional core, and wherein the execution of the transaction is performed by the transactional core; obtaining, by the processor, concurrent with the execution of the transaction by the transactional core, an conflict indication indicating a conflict between the transaction and at least one other transaction being executed by an additional transactional core in the computing environment, wherein the conflict is based on a request by the additional transactional core to the transactional core for data located in a cache of the transactional core during the execution; determining, by the processor, if the transactional core comprises a super core indicator, wherein the determining comprises: obtaining, by the processor, a request from the transactional core for the super core indicator; determining, by the processor, if a super core status is available, wherein the determining comprises: accessing, by the processor, transactional cores in the computing environment to determine if a threshold number of transactional cores comprise super core indicators; and determining, by the processor, if the super core status is available based on less than the threshold number of transactional cores comprising super core indicators; and based on determining that a super core status is available, modifying, by the processor, the transactional core, to comprise the super core indicator; based on determining that the transactional core comprises the super core indicator, ignoring, by the transactional core, the conflict and utilizing, by the processor, the transactional core to complete executing the transaction. 2. (canceled) 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the data located in the cache is marked as read data or write data. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the ignoring further comprises: denying, by the processor, the additional transactional core access to the data. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: queuing, by the processor, the request; and based on completing execution of the transaction, fulfilling, by the processor, the request, by providing access to the data to the additional transactional core. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring, by the processor, the executing of the transaction by the transactional core; and based on the transactional core completing the executing by committing the transaction, clearing, by the processor, the super core indicator. 7. (canceled) 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: based on determining that a super core status is not available and that the transactional core does not comprise a super core indicator, aborting, by the processor, the transaction performed by the transactional core; and incrementing, by the processor, a value associated with the transaction. 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8, further comprising: obtaining, by the processor, the value associated with the transaction; evaluating, by the processor, the value to determine if the value meets a threshold; based on determining that the value meets the threshold, requesting, by the processor, a super core indicator for the transactional core; determining, by the processor, that a super core status is available; and based on determining, modifying, by the processor, the transactional core, to comprise the super core indicator. 10. (canceled) 11. A computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium readable by a processor and storing instructions for execution by the one or more processor for performing a method comprising: initiating, by the processor, in a computing environment, an execution of a transaction, wherein the processor comprises a transactional core, and wherein the execution of the transaction is performed by the transactional core; obtaining, by the processor, concurrent with the execution of the transaction by the transactional core, an conflict indication indicating a conflict between the transaction and at least one other transaction being executed by an additional transactional core in the computing environment, wherein the conflict is based on a request by the additional transactional core to the transactional core for data located in a cache of the transactional core during the execution; determining, by the processor, if the transactional core comprises a super core indicator, wherein the determining comprises: obtaining, by the processor, a request from the transactional core for the super core indicator; determining, by the processor, if a super core status is available, wherein the determining comprises: accessing, by the processor, transactional cores in the computing environment to determine if a threshold number of transactional cores comprise super core indicators; and determining, by the processor, if the super core status is available based on less than the threshold number of transactional cores comprising super core indicators; and based on determining that a super core status is available, modifying, by the processor, the transactional core, to comprise the super core indicator; based on determining that the transactional core comprises the super core indicator, ignoring, by the transactional core, the conflict and utilizing, by the processor, the transactional core to complete executing the transaction. 12. (canceled) 13. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the data located in the cache is marked as read data or write data. 14. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the ignoring further comprises: denying, by the processor, the additional transactional core access to the data. 15. The computer program product of claim 11, the method further comprising: queuing, by the processor, the request; and based on completing executing the transaction, fulfilling, by the processor, the request, by providing access to the data to the additional transactional core. 16. (canceled) 17. The computer program product of claim 11, the method further comprising: based on determining that a super core status is not available and that the transactional core does not comprise a super core indicator, aborting, by the processor, the transaction performed by the transactional core; and incrementing, by the processor, a value associated with the transaction. 18. (canceled) 19. A system comprising: a memory; a processor in communication with the memory; and program instructions executable by the processor via the memory to perform a method, the method comprising: initiating, by the processor, in a computing environment, an execution of a transaction, wherein the processor comprises a transactional core, and wherein the execution of the transaction is performed by the transactional core; obtaining, by the processor, concurrent with the execution of the transaction by the transactional core, an conflict indication indicating a conflict between the transaction and at least one other transaction being executed by an additional transactional core in the computing environment, wherein the conflict is based on a request by the additional transactional core to the transactional core for data located in a cache of the transactional core during the execution; determining, by the processor, if the transactional core comprises a super core indicator, wherein the determining comprises: obtaining, by the processor, a request from the transactional core for the super core indicator; determining, by the processor, if a super core status is available, wherein the determining comprises: accessing, by the processor, transactional cores in the computing environment to determine if a threshold number of transactional cores comprise super core indicators; and determining, by the processor, if the super core status is available based on less than the threshold number of transactional cores comprising super core indicators; and based on determining that a super core status is available, modifying, by the processor, the transactional core, to comprise the super core indicator; based on determining that the transactional core comprises the super core indicator, ignoring, by the transactional core, the conflict and utilizing, by the processor, the transactional core to complete executing the transaction. 20. (canceled)",
-    "A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a film on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times. The cycle includes non-simultaneously performing: forming a first layer by supplying a precursor gas including a chemical bond of a first element and carbon and a first catalyst gas to the substrate; exhausting the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas through an exhaust system; forming a second layer by supplying a reaction gas including a second element and a second catalyst gas to the substrate to modify the first layer; and exhausting the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas through the exhaust system. At least in a specific cycle, the respective gases are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in at least one of the act of forming the first layer and the act of forming the second layer. 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising forming a film including a first element, a second element and carbon on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including non-simultaneously performing: forming a first layer by supplying a precursor gas including a chemical bond of the first element and carbon and a first catalyst gas to the substrate in a process chamber; exhausting the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas in the process chamber through an exhaust system; forming a second layer by supplying a reaction gas including the second element and a second catalyst gas to the substrate in the process chamber to modify the first layer; and exhausting the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system, wherein at least in a specific cycle when performing the cycle the predetermined number of times, the respective gases are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in at least one of the act of forming the first layer and the act of forming the second layer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein in the specific cycle, the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in the act of forming the first layer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein a concentration of carbon in the film is finely adjusted by adjusting the time during which the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas are confined in the process chamber. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in the specific cycle, the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in the act of forming the second layer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein at least one of a concentration of the second element and a concentration of carbon in the film is finely adjusted by adjusting the time during which the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas are confined in the process chamber. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein in the specific cycle, the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in the act of forming the second layer, and the time during which the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas are confined in the process chamber is set to become longer than the time during which the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas are confined in the process chamber. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein in the specific cycle, the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in the act of forming the second layer, and the time during which the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas are confined in the process chamber is set to become shorter than the time during which the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas are confined in the process chamber. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific cycle is performed in at least one of an early period, a middle period and a late period when performing the cycle the predetermined number of times. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein in a cycle other than the specific cycle, the confining is not performed. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of a concentration of carbon and a concentration of the second element in the film varies in a thickness direction of the film. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of a concentration of carbon and a concentration of the second element in the film is changed stepwise or continuously from a bottom surface side of the film toward a top surface side of the film. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein in the act of forming the film, a first cycle in which the confining is performed in the act of forming the first layer and the confining is not performed in the act of forming the second layer, and a second cycle in which the confining is not performed in the act of forming the first layer and the confining is performed in the act of forming the second layer are alternately performed. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein in the act of forming the film, the confining is performed in the act of forming the first layer and the act of forming the second layer, and a first cycle in which the confining time in the act of forming the first layer is set to become longer than the confining time in the act of forming the second layer, and a second cycle in which the confining time in the act of forming the first layer is set to become shorter than the confining time in the act of forming the second layer are alternately performed. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the precursor gas further includes a halogen element, and the reaction gas further includes hydrogen. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first element includes a semiconductor element or a metal element, and the second element includes oxygen. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first catalyst gas has the same molecular structure as the second catalyst gas. 17. A substrate processing apparatus, comprising: a process chamber configured to accommodate a substrate; a precursor gas supply system configured to supply a precursor gas including a chemical bond of a first element and carbon to the substrate in the process chamber; a reaction gas supply system configured to supply a reaction gas including a second element to the substrate in the process chamber; a catalyst gas supply system configured to supply a first catalyst gas and a second catalyst gas to the substrate in the process chamber; an exhaust system configured to evacuate an interior of the process chamber; and a control part configured to control the precursor gas supply system, the reaction gas supply system, the catalyst gas supply system and the exhaust system so as to perform a process of forming a film including the first element, the second element and carbon on the substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including non-simultaneously performing: forming a first layer by supplying the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas to the substrate in the process chamber; exhausting the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system; forming a second layer by supplying the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas to the substrate in the process chamber to modify the first layer; and exhausting the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system, wherein at least in a specific cycle when performing the cycle the predetermined number of times, the respective gases are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in at least one of the act of forming the first layer and the act of forming the second layer. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a program that causes a computer to perform a process of forming a film including a first element, a second element and carbon on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including non-simultaneously performing: forming a first layer by supplying a precursor gas including a chemical bond of the first element and carbon and a first catalyst gas to the substrate in a process chamber; exhausting the precursor gas and the first catalyst gas in the process chamber through an exhaust system; forming a second layer by supplying a reaction gas including the second element and a second catalyst gas to the substrate in the process chamber to modify the first layer; and exhausting the reaction gas and the second catalyst gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system, wherein at least in a specific cycle when performing the cycle the predetermined number of times, the respective gases are supplied and confined in the process chamber while closing the exhaust system in at least one of the act of forming the first layer and the act of forming the second layer.",
-    "Systems and methods of flexible behavior modification of a service implemented in a node during restoration in an optical network include provisioning the service on a home route with a first set of attributes; defining one or more protect routes in the network for the service, wherein each of the one or more protect routes have a corresponding set of attributes which differs from the first set of attributes; and, responsive to restoration of the service, determining a protect route of the one or more protect routes to restore the service and changing the service to have the corresponding set of attributes while on the protect route. 1. A method of flexible behavior modification of a service implemented in a node during restoration in an optical network, the method comprising: provisioning the service on a home route with a first set of attributes; defining one or more protect routes in the network for the service, wherein each of the one or more protect routes have a corresponding set of attributes which differs from the first set of attributes; and responsive to restoration of the service, determining a protect route of the one or more protect routes to restore the service and changing the service to have the corresponding set of attributes while on the protect route. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the service is a Subnetwork Connection (SNC) and the home route and the one or more protect routes are defined by Designated Transit Lists (DTLs) provided by one or more of a user, a Network Management System (NMS), and a Software Defined Networking (SDN) application. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the service is a Labeled Switched Path (LSP) and the home route and the one or more protect routes are defined by Explicit Route Objects (EROS) provided by one or more of a user, a Network Management System (NMS), and a Software Defined Networking (SDN) application. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining is based on a state of the service and the network at a time of the restoration. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the changing the service alters attributes across an entire path of the protect route. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the changing the service alters attributes across one or more links of the protect route. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the service is a Layer 1 service, and wherein the attributes comprise one or more of preemption priority, Optical Virtual Private Network (OVPN) domains, latency, a destination endpoint, administrative weight, and route diversity. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the service is a packet service, and wherein the attributes comprise one or more of Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) Label Switched Path (LSP) attributes comprising size and priority. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the service is an optical connection, and wherein the one or more attributes comprise one or more of a modulation format, a rate, and a spectral width for the optical connection. 10. An apparatus adapted to perform flexible behavior modification of a service during restoration in an optical network, the apparatus comprising: circuitry adapted to provision the service on a home route with a first set of attributes; circuitry adapted to define one or more protect routes in the network for the service, wherein each of the one or more protect routes have a corresponding set of attributes which differs from the first set of attributes; and circuitry adapted to determine, responsive to restoration of the service, a protect route of the one or more protect routes to restore the service and adapted to change the service to have the corresponding set of attributes while on the protect route. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service is a Subnetwork Connection (SNC) and the home route and the one or more protect routes are defined by Designated Transit Lists (DTLs) provided by one or more of a user, a Network Management System (NMS), and a Software Defined Networking (SDN) application. 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service is a Labeled Switched Path (LSP) and the home route and the one or more protect routes are defined by Explicit Route Objects (EROS) provided by one or more of a user, a Network Management System (NMS), and a Software Defined Networking (SDN) application. 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the circuitry adapted to determine uses a state of the service and the network at a time of the restoration. 14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the change alters attributes across an entire path of the protect route. 15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the change alters attributes across one or more links of the protect route. 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service is a Layer 1 service, and wherein the attributes comprise one or more of preemption priority, Optical Virtual Private Network (OVPN) domains, latency, a destination endpoint, administrative weight, and route diversity. 17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service is a packet service, and wherein the attributes comprise one or more of Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) Label Switched Path (LSP) attributes comprising size and priority. 18. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the service is an optical connection, and wherein the one or more attributes comprise one or more of a modulation format, a rate, and a spectral width for the optical connection. 19. A node in an optical network adapted to perform flexible behavior modification of a service during restoration, the node comprising: one or more line ports adapted to ingress and egress a service; and a controller adapted to provision the service on a home route with a first set of attributes, define one or more protect routes in the network for the service, wherein each of the one or more protect routes have a corresponding set of attributes which differs from the first set of attributes, and responsive to restoration of the service, determine a protect route of the one or more protect routes to restore the service and change the service to have the corresponding set of attributes while on the protect route. 20. The node of claim 19, wherein the controller is adapted to determine and use a state of the service and the network at a time of the restoration.",
-    "An information processing apparatus includes a memory, a first obtaining unit, a second obtaining unit, and an updating unit. The memory stores setting information that is information for indicating a condition in which a user has utilized a function of the information processing apparatus. The first obtaining unit obtains, from a terminal apparatus, a user identification information for identifying the user, a function identification information for identifying a function utilized by the user, and apparatus identification information for identifying an apparatus that stores latest setting information used when the user has utilized the function most recently. The second obtaining unit obtains, in a case where the apparatus identified by the apparatus identification information is an external apparatus, the latest setting information from the external apparatus. The updating unit updates the setting information stored in the memory to the latest setting information obtained by the second obtaining unit. 1. An information processing apparatus comprising: a memory that stores setting information that is information for indicating a condition in which a user has utilized a function of the information processing apparatus; a first obtaining unit that obtains, from a terminal apparatus, user identification information for identifying the user, function identification information for identifying a function utilized by the user, and apparatus identification information for identifying an apparatus that stores latest setting information used when the user has utilized the function most recently; a second obtaining unit that obtains, in a case where the apparatus identified by the apparatus identification information is an external apparatus, the latest setting information from the external apparatus; and an updating unit that updates the setting information stored in the memory to the latest setting information obtained by the second obtaining unit. 2. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a notifying unit that notifies, in a case where the setting information of the function of the information processing apparatus is updated, the terminal apparatus of the updated setting information. 3. The information processing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein in a case where the setting information of the function is updated, the updating unit updates setting information used by the external apparatus for the function to the updated setting information. 4. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first obtaining unit obtains one or more pieces of function identification information that include the function identification information, and the updating unit updates setting information of a function which the information processing apparatus has, from among one or more functions identified by the one or more pieces of function identification information obtained by the first obtaining unit. 5. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first obtaining unit obtains one or more pieces of function identification information that include the function identification information, and the updating unit does not update setting information of a function which the information processing apparatus does not have, from among one or more functions identified by the one or more pieces of function identification information obtained by the first obtaining unit. 6. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an authentication unit that performs user authentication of a user who is to utilize the information processing apparatus, wherein the updating unit updates the setting information when the user is successfully authenticated by the authentication unit. 7. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the updating unit updates the setting information of the function when the user who is to utilize the information processing apparatus performs an operation for starting utilization of the function. 8. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a selecting unit that selects one or more functions to be utilized by the user, wherein the updating unit updates the setting information of a function, among the one or more functions selected by the selecting unit, in a case where the setting information used in the information processing apparatus for the function is not the latest setting information. 9. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the setting information includes a plurality of setting items that change depending on a version of the function, and the information processing apparatus further comprises a first display controller that performs control, in a case where the plurality of setting items include a setting item that is not updated by the updating unit, so as to display a screen for setting the setting item. 10. The information processing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a second display controller that performs control so as to display information denoting the function identified by the function identification information obtained by the first obtaining unit, the second display controller performing control so as to make a display style of the information denoting the function for which the setting information that is newer than the setting information stored in the external apparatus is stored in the information processing apparatus and a display style of the information denoting a function other than the function different from each other. 11. A terminal apparatus comprising; a user interface unit that is connected to an information processing apparatus and serves as a user interface when a function of the information processing apparatus is utilized; a memory that stores function identification information for identifying the function, user identification information for identifying a user who has utilized the function, and apparatus identification information for identifying an information processing apparatus that stores latest setting information among pieces of setting information for indicating a condition in which the user has utilized the function; and a transmitting unit that transmits, to the information processing apparatus, the function identification information, the user identification information, and the apparatus identification information stored in the memory. 12. The terminal apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising an instructing unit that instructs the information processing apparatus to update setting information stored in the information processing apparatus to the latest setting information. 13. The terminal apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the transmitting unit transmits, to the information processing apparatus, the function identification information, the user identification information, and the apparatus identification information when utilization of the function is started via the user interface unit. 14. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for information processing, the computer serving as an information processing apparatus that includes a memory, the process comprising: storing, in the memory, setting information that is information for indicating a condition in which a user has utilized a function of the information processing apparatus; obtaining, from a terminal apparatus, user identification information for identifying the user, function identification information for identifying a function utilized by the user, and apparatus identification information for identifying an apparatus that stores latest setting information used when the user has utilized the function most recently; obtaining, in a case where the apparatus identified by the apparatus identification information is an external apparatus, the latest setting information from the external apparatus; and updating the setting information stored in the memory to the obtained latest setting information. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a program causing a computer to execute a process for information processing, the computer serving as a terminal apparatus including a user interface unit and a memory, the process comprising: connecting the user interface unit to an information processing apparatus to make the user interface unit serve as a user interface when a function of the information processing apparatus is utilized; storing, in the memory, function identification information for identifying the function, user identification information for identifying a user who has utilized the function, and apparatus identification information for identifying an information processing apparatus that stores latest setting information among pieces of setting information for indicating a condition in which the user has utilized the function; and transmitting, to the information processing apparatus, the function identification information, the user identification information, and the apparatus identification information stored in the memory.",
-    "Systems and methods for menuless application navigation are provided. In example embodiments, a first user input received via an interface of the device is detected. It is determined that the first user input is within an input region on the interface of the device. In response to determining that the first user input is within the input region, the first user input is translated into a navigation action. A second user input received via the interface of the device is detected, and it is determined that the second user input is outside the input region on the interface of the device. In response to determining that the second user input is outside the input region, the user input is translated into a second action, which is different from the navigation action. 1. A computer-implemented system, comprising: a processor; a display defining an input region and having a user input sensor configured to sense a first user input within the input region and a second user input outside of the input region, wherein the display defines a navigation icon displayed within a first portion of the input region, the navigation icon stored in a graphic icon table; a context database containing context data that associates the first user input with a first interface action and the second user input with a second interface action; and a context translator to access the context database; and the processor configured by stored instructions to perform operations comprising: responsive to sensing the first user input within the input region, accessing the context database to identify the first interface action as being associated with the first input and performing the first interface action; responsive to sensing the second user input outside of the input region, accessing the context database to identify the second interface action as being associated with the second input; wherein the first user input comprises a first pre-defined user touch gesture applied to a currently displayed first content page, the first pre-defined type of user touch gesture associated with first context data comprising a link to a second content page, wherein the first interface action is a navigation from the first content page to the second content page based on sensing the first user input as starting at the navigation icon and completing at a second portion of the input region, the second content page includes display of an updated navigation icon in the first portion of the input region based on a different navigation icon stored in the graphic icon table; and wherein the second user input comprises the first pre-defined user touch gesture, wherein the second interface action is a content page action in the first content page based on sensing the first pre-defined user touch gesture outside of the input region. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. The computer-implemented system of claim 1, further comprising: a graphics database; the context translator further to identify a first graphic from the graphics database; and a display mechanism to update display of the navigation node according to display, on the screen of the device, of the first graphic. 6. A method, comprising: detecting, by a device, a first user input received, during display of a first content page, via an interface of the device; in response to determining that the first user input is within the input region on the interface of the device, translating the first user input into a navigation action from display of the first content page to display of a second content page; in response to determining that the first user input is outside the input region, translating the first user input into a second action in the first content page, the second action different from the navigation action. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: displaying, within the input region, an icon which is responsive to the user input, wherein the icon has a position on a screen of the device. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: accessing a graphics database; identifying a first graphic from the graphics database; and updating display of the navigation node according to display, on the screen of the device, of the first graphic in the position of the navigation node. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: controlling a display position of the icon on a screen of the device; and changing the display position away from an original position to follow the first user input. 10. (canceled) 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: moving the display position of the icon back to the original position after navigating to the second content page. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising: navigating through a set of menu items using the icon on a screen of the device. 13. A computer-implemented system, the system comprising: a processor; a server; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, configure the system to: detect, by the system, a first user input received, during display of a first content page, via an interface of the system; in response to determining that the first user input is within the input region on the interface of the system, translate the first user input into a navigation action from display of the first content page to display of a second content page; in response to determining that the first user input is outside the input region, translate the first user input into a second action in the first content page, the second action different from the navigation action. 14. The computer-implemented system of claim 13, wherein the instructions further configure the server to: display, within the input region, an icon which is responsive to the user input. 15. The computer-implemented system of claim 14, wherein the instructions further configure the server to: control a display position of the icon on a screen of the device; and change the display position away from an original position to follow the first user input. 16. (canceled) 17. The computer-implemented system of claim 15, wherein the instructions further configure the server to: move the display position of the icon back to the original position after navigating to the second content page. 18. A machine readable medium, including instructions, which when performed by a machine, causes the machine to perform the operations of: detecting, by the machine, a first user input received, during display of a first content page, via an interface of the machine; in response to determining that the first user input is within the input region on the interface of the machine, translating the first user input into a navigation action from display of the first content page to display of a second content page; in response to determining that the first user input is outside the input region, translating the first user input into a second action in the first content page, the second action different from the navigation action. 19. The machine readable medium of claim 18, wherein the instructions further configure the machine to perform the operations of: controlling a display position of the icon on a screen of the device; and changing the display position away from an original position to follow the first user input. 20. (canceled)",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for exhaust heat recovery and hydrocarbon trapping at an exhaust bypass assembly. Exhaust gas may flow in both directions through an exhaust bypass passage and each of a HC trap and a heat exchanger coupled to the bypass passage. The HC trap may be purged with the hot exhaust and heat from the exhaust may be recovered at the heat exchanger. 1. A method, comprising: flowing engine exhaust gas through an exhaust bypass and in a first direction through each of an upstream heat exchanger and a downstream hydrocarbon trap coupled in the exhaust bypass, and then to an exhaust tailpipe; and at a different time, flowing exhaust through an exhaust passage, then in a second, opposite direction through the heat exchanger, and the hydrocarbon trap and then to an engine intake. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein exhaust gas flows through the exhaust bypass during a first mode, and exhaust gas flows through the exhaust passage during a second mode, the method further comprising, selecting between the first and second modes based on engine temperature. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the selecting includes selecting the first mode when the engine temperature is below a threshold, and selecting the second mode when the engine temperature is above the threshold, the threshold based on a catalyst light-off temperature. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the exhaust bypass is coupled to a main exhaust passage, downstream of an exhaust catalyst via a diverter valve, the exhaust bypass further coupled to the main exhaust passage upstream of the exhaust tailpipe. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein operating in the first mode includes actuating the diverter valve to a first position wherein flow of exhaust from downstream of the exhaust catalyst into the exhaust bypass is enabled; and wherein operating in the second mode includes actuating the diverter valve to a second, different position wherein flow of exhaust from downstream of the exhaust catalyst into the exhaust bypass is disabled. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the first direction includes flowing from an inlet of the heat exchanger, then through an outlet of the heat exchanger into an inlet of the HC trap and then through an outlet of the HC trap, and wherein the second direction includes flowing from the outlet of the HC trap, then through the inlet of the HC trap into the outlet of the heat exchanger into the inlet of the heat exchanger. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the exhaust bypass is further coupled to the engine intake via an EGR passage including an EGR valve. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the EGR passage is coupled to the exhaust bypass upstream of the inlet of the heat exchanger. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein during the first mode, the EGR valve is closed and wherein during the second mode, the EGR valve is opened. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, in response to a request for cabin heating, transitioning from operating in the second mode to operating in the first mode, wherein a coolant system is fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger and to a heater core. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the transitioning includes transitioning after a HC load of the HC trap is below a threshold, and transferring heat from the exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust bypass to the heat exchanger, then from the heat exchanger to coolant flowing through the heater core, and then heating a vehicle cabin by drawing heat from the heater core based on the request for cabin heating. 12. A method for an engine, comprising: flowing exhaust gas through a heat exchanger and then a hydrocarbon trap in an exhaust bypass when engine temperature is lower than a threshold; and flowing exhaust through the hydrocarbon trap and then the heat exchanger in the exhaust bypass when engine temperature is higher than the threshold. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the flowing through the heat exchanger and then the hydrocarbon trap includes storing exhaust hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon trap and wherein flowing through the hydrocarbon trap and then the heat exchanger includes purging exhaust hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon trap. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, flowing the purged exhaust hydrocarbons to an engine intake via an EGR passage coupled to the exhaust bypass, upstream of the heat exchanger. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the EGR passage includes an EGR valve, and wherein flowing the purged exhaust hydrocarbons to the engine intake includes adjusting an opening of the EGR valve. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising, after a HC load of the hydrocarbon trap is below a threshold, in response to a drop in engine coolant temperature, resuming flowing of exhaust gas through the heat exchanger and then the hydrocarbon trap, and transferring heat from the heat exchanger to an engine coolant. 17. An engine system, comprising: an engine intake manifold; an engine exhaust manifold including an exhaust catalyst and each of an exhaust passage and an exhaust bypass, the bypass coupled parallel to the exhaust passage; each of a heat exchanger and a HC trap coupled in the exhaust bypass; a coolant system fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger and to a heater core; a diverter valve coupling the exhaust bypass to the exhaust passage downstream of the exhaust catalyst; a EGR passage coupling the exhaust bypass, upstream of the heat exchanger, to the intake manifold, the EGR passage including an EGR valve; and a controller with computer readable instructions stored on non-transitory memory for: closing the EGR valve and opening/closing the diverter valve to flow exhaust gas from the catalyst to a tailpipe through the exhaust bypass in a first direction through the heat exchanger and then the HC trap; and in response to an increase in engine temperature, opening the EGR valve while maintaining the diverter valve open/closed to flow exhaust gas from the catalyst, along the exhaust passage, and then through the bypass in a second direction through the HC trap and then through the heat exchanger. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising in response to a demand for cabin heating, continuing to flow exhaust gas through the bypass in the second direction until a HC load of the trap is below a threshold; and then, flow exhaust gas through the exhaust bypass in the first direction while transferring heat from the heat exchanger to the coolant system. 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising in response to a demand for cabin heating, continuing to flow exhaust gas through the bypass in the second direction until a HC load of the trap is below a threshold; and then, flow exhaust gas through the exhaust bypass in the first direction while transferring heat from the heat exchanger to the coolant system, and from the coolant system to the heater core. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the flowing in the first direction is in response to exhaust temperature being below an activation temperature of the exhaust catalyst, and wherein the flowing in the second direction is in response to exhaust temperature being above the activation temperature of the exhaust catalyst.",
-    "A computer-implemented method for protecting a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) from TLB pollution includes receiving, via a processor, a virtual address for a data portion, determining, via the processor, whether the virtual address has a classification of memory cache transiency, creating, via the processor, a TLB entry in a first TLB, wherein the TLB entry omits a most recently used (MRU) classification, and installing the TLB entry in a next available LRU position. 1. A computer-implemented method for protecting a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) from TLB pollution comprising: receiving, via a processor, a virtual address for a data portion determining, via the processor, whether the virtual address has a classification of cache memory transiency; creating, via the processor, a TLB entry in a first TLB, wherein the TLB entry omits a most recently used (MRU) classification; installing the TLB entry in a next available least recently used (LRU) position; and instantiating, via the processor, a second TLB that lies between a main cache and a refill path of the main cache and configured to hold blocks evicted from the main cache upon replacement; wherein the second TLB can be accessed by the processor in parallel with the first TLB, and wherein the processor keeps the entries in only one of the first TLB or the second TLB, but not both. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising installing a new virtual address not having a classification of cache memory transiency in the first TLB. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: installing a new virtual address entry having a classification of cache memory transiency in the second TLB. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the virtual address has a classification of cache memory transiency further comprises: accessing the first TLB and a second TLB in parallel and searching a plurality of entries saved in the first TLB and the second TLB; determining whether the virtual address matches a TLB entry in the plurality of entries saved in the first TLB and the second TLB; and responsive to determining that the virtual address matches does not match a TLB entry in the first TLB or in the second TLB, installing the new virtual address in the second TLB but not the first TLB. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a second TLB is a victim TLB, and responsive to determining that the second TLB is a victim TLB, not installing the TLB entry after the TLB entry ages out of the first TLB. 6. A system for protecting a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) from TLB pollution comprising a processor configured to: receive a virtual address for a data portion; determine whether the virtual address has a classification of cache memory transiency, create a TLB entry in a first TLB, wherein the TLB entry omits a most recently used (MRU) classification; install the TLB entry in a next available least recently used (LRU) position; and instantiate a second TLB that lies between a main cache and a refill path of the main cache and configured to hold blocks evicted from the main cache upon replacement; wherein the second TLB can be accessed by a processor in parallel with the first TLB, and wherein the processor keeps the entries in only one of the first TLB or the second TLB, but not both. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to install a new virtual address not having a classification of cache memory transiency in the first TLB. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to: install a new virtual address entry having a classification of cache memory transiency in the second TLB. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to: access the first TLB and a second TLB in parallel, and search a plurality of entries saved in the first TLB and the second TLB; determine whether the virtual address matches a TLB entry in the plurality of entries saved in the first TLB and the second TLB; and responsive to determining that the virtual address matches does not match a TLB entry in the first TLB or in the second TLB, install the new virtual address entry in the second TLB but not the first TLB. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine whether the second TLB is a victim TLB, and responsive to determining that the second TLB is a victim TLB, not install the TLB entry after the TLB entry ages out of the first TLB. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method for protecting a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) from TLB pollution, the method comprising: receiving a virtual address for a data portion; determining whether the virtual address has a classification of cache memory transiency; creating a TLB entry in a first TLB, wherein the TLB entry omits a most recently used (MRU) classification; installing the TLB entry in a next available least recently used (LRU) position; and instantiating a second TLB that lies between a main cache and a refill path of the main cache and configured to hold blocks evicted from the main cache upon replacement; wherein the second TLB can be accessed by the processor in parallel with the first TLB, and wherein the processor keeps the entries in only one of the first TLB or the second TLB, but not both. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, further comprising installing a new virtual address not having a classification of cache memory transiency in the first TLB. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, further comprising: installing a new virtual address entry having a classification of cache memory transiency in the second TLB. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein determining whether the virtual address has a classification of cache memory transiency further comprises: accessing the first TLB and the second TLB in parallel and searching a plurality of entries saved in the first TLB and the second TLB; determining whether the virtual address matches a TLB entry in the plurality of entries saved in the first TLB and the second TLB; and responsive to determining that the virtual address matches does not match a TLB entry in the first TLB or in the second TLB, installing the new virtual address entry in the second TLB but not the first TLB. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, further comprising: determining whether the second TLB is a victim TLB, and responsive to determining that the second TLB is a victim TLB, not installing the TLB entry after the TLB entry ages out of the first TLB.",
-    "A supporting device for an interior layout assembly of an aircraft cabin, a related assembly and method are provided. The device includes a stationary frame; a table that can be deployed relative to the frame between a retracted position and a horizontal deployed position; a mechanism for guiding the movement of the table relative to the frame between the retracted position and the deployed horizontal position. The guide mechanism defines at least one bearing point for the table during its passage from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position, the bearing point having a globally invariable position relative to the frame, the table being configured to pivot on the bearing point while moving laterally away relative to the bearing point, by sliding on the bearing point, to the deployed position. 1. A supporting device for an interior layout assembly of an aircraft cabin, the supporting device comprising: a stationary frame; a table deployable relative to the frame between a retracted position and a horizontal deployed position; and a guide for guiding the movement of the table relative to the frame between the retracted position and the deployed horizontal position, the guide defining at least one bearing point for the table during a passage of the table from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position, the at least one bearing point having a globally invariable position relative to the frame, the table being pivotable on the at least one bearing point while moving laterally away relative to the at least one bearing point, by sliding on the at least one bearing point, to the deployed position. 2. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the at least one bearing point protrudes upward relative to the frame. 3. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the guide includes a bearing member mounted rotating around a stationary axis relative to the frame, the at least one bearing point being defined on the bearing member. 4. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the table includes a guide path for guiding the sliding of the table on the at least one bearing point. 5. The device as recited in claim 4 wherein the at least one bearing point cooperates with the guide path. 6. The device as recited in claim 4 wherein the guide comprises a rail inserted in the table, the rail defining the guide path. 7. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the table is configured to press on the at least one bearing point from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position, the guide being configured so that the table follows a unique and reproducible trajectory from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position. 8. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the frame includes at least one substantially vertical leg, the guide comprising at least one guide path for guiding the table along the leg. 9. The device as recited in claim 8 wherein the guide path is arranged through the leg, the guide including a guide member movable jointly with the table, the guide member being mounted in the guide path. 10. The device as recited in claim 9 wherein the guide comprises a rack, the guide member comprising a toothed wheel. 11. The device as recited in claim 9 wherein the table includes a carriage, the guide member being mounted rotating in the carriage. 12. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the upper end of the guide path is laterally offset relative to a vertical axis passing through the at least one bearing point, the guide path being inclined relative to the vertical axis passing through the at least one bearing point or being parallel to the vertical axis passing through the at least one bearing point. 13. The device as recited in claim 1 wherein the guide includes at least one elastic biaser configured to drive the table upward relative to the frame. 14. The device as recited in claim 13 wherein the table includes a carriage, the guide member being mounted rotating in the carriage, the elastic biaser being mounted in the carriage between the guide member and the carriage. 15. An interior layout assembly of an aircraft cabin comprising: the device as recited in claim 1; a console defining a housing for receiving the table emerging through a deployment opening, the table being deployable through the deployment opening between the retracted position arranged in the receiving housing and a deployed horizontal position; and a cover mounted on the console, the cover being movable between an open configuration for passage of the table and a closed configuration closing off the deployment opening. 16. An interior layout method of an aircraft cabin comprising: providing the device as recited in claim 1, the table being in the retracted position; and moving the table from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position, the table pressing on the at least one bearing point and pivoting around the at least one bearing point while moving laterally away from the at least one bearing point by sliding on the at least one bearing point to the deployed position.",
-    "Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide an automotive imaging system including an electronic image sensor having a sparse color filter array (CFA). The use of a sparse CFA results in: (1) improved image quality; and/or (2) cost savings by enabling use of a less complex, cheaper lens without any or any substantial reduction in image quality. 1. An automobile comprising: a frame; and an imaging system supported by the frame and including: a camera including a lens and an image sensor having a sparse color filter array, the camera configured to generate image data based on light incident on the sensor, the lens having an f-stop higher than f/2.4; a controller configured to generate an image using the image data; and a display device configured to display the image. 2. The automobile of claim 1, wherein the integration time of the camera is about 30 milliseconds or less. 3. The automobile of claim 1, wherein the f-stop of the lens is higher than f/2.8. 4. The automobile of claim 3, wherein the sparse color filter array is a 4\u00d74 sparse color filter array and the integration time of the camera is about 30 milliseconds. 5. The automobile of claim 4, wherein the f-stop of the lens is f/4. 6. The automobile of claim 1, wherein the f-stop of the lens is f/2.8 and the sparse color filter array is a 3\u00d73 sparse color filter array. 7. The automobile of claim 1, wherein the integration time of the camera about 15 milliseconds or less. 8. The automobile of claim 7, wherein the sparse color filter array is a 3\u00d73 sparse color filter array. 9. The automobile of claim 1, wherein the lens is a fisheye lens. 10. The automobile of claim 9, wherein the image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and the sparse color filter array includes a repeating mosaic of color filters arranged in a pattern such that the mosaics are more highly concentrated near a center of the image sensor than near edges of the image sensor. 11. An automobile imaging system comprising: a camera including a lens and an image sensor having a sparse color filter array, the camera configured to generate image data based on light incident on the sensor, the lens having an f-stop higher than f/2.4; a controller configured to generate an image using the image data; and a display device configured to display the image. 12. The automobile imaging system of claim 11, wherein the integration time of the camera is about 30 milliseconds or less. 13. The automobile imaging system of claim 11, wherein the f-stop of the lens is higher than f/2.8. 14. The automobile imaging system of claim 13, wherein the sparse color filter array is a 4\u00d74 sparse color filter array and the integration time of the camera is about 30 milliseconds. 15. The automobile imaging system of claim 14, wherein the f-stop of the lens is f/4. 16. The automobile imaging system of claim 11, wherein the f-stop of the lens is f/2.8 and the sparse color filter array is a 3\u00d73 sparse color filter array. 17. The automobile imaging system of claim 11, wherein the integration time of the camera about 15 milliseconds or less. 18. The automobile imaging system of claim 17, wherein the sparse color filter array is a 3\u00d73 sparse color filter array. 19. The automobile imaging system of claim 11, wherein the lens is a fisheye lens. 20. The automobile imaging system of claim 19, wherein the image sensor includes a plurality of pixels and the sparse color filter array includes a repeating mosaic of color filters arranged in a pattern such that the mosaics are more highly concentrated near a center of the image sensor than near edges of the image sensor.",
-    "A method for providing access to objects associated with a particular client in a cloud storage system is disclosed. The method includes the steps of establishing a connection with a user, providing a client namespace associated with the client to the user, where the client namespace represents objects stored on the cloud storage system and objects stored on a private storage system apart from the cloud storage system, receiving a request from the user to access an object stored on the private storage system, and providing information to the user to facilitate access to the object stored on the private storage system by said user. Other systems and methods are also disclosed. Important advantages of the present invention are facilitated by separating the logic for user access (control plane) from the actual storage (Storage plane). Private file system access can still be managed from the cloud, while keeping the client data private. 1. A method for providing access to files associated with a particular client, said method comprising: identifying a client file system to be accessed remotely, said client file system being stored on at least one client storage system; synchronizing a first portion of said client file system with a cloud storage system located remotely from said client storage system; retaining a second portion of said client file system on said client storage system as a private file system but not on said cloud storage system; and providing access information associated with said private file system to said cloud storage system, said access information enabling a remote user to access said private file system. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: establishing a connection with said remote user; receiving an access request from said remote user requesting access to said private file system; and providing said requested access via said connection. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said access request is received at an HTTP(S) endpoint. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said step of providing said requested access includes: authenticating said remote user with said client storage system; and providing said requested access in accordance with access control policies of said client storage system. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said step of providing said requested access includes providing a private namespace associated with at least a portion of said private file system to said remote user. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising providing said remote user access to a private object identified in said private namespace. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein said connection is established with said remote user via said remote storage system. 8. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving a request from said remote user to generate a hyperlink associated with a portion of said private file system; generating said hyperlink; and transmitting said hyperlink to a second remote user. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: each private file associated with said private file system includes a data file and associated client metadata; and said method further comprises synchronizing said client metadata associated with some of said private files with said cloud storage system. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said access information includes HTTP(S) endpoint information. 11. A client storage system for providing access to files associated with a particular client, said system comprising: a network interface; at least one processing unit; a storage device for storing data and code, said data including a client file system to be accessed remotely, said client file system including a first portion synchronized with a cloud storage system located remotely from said client storage system and a second portion retained in said storage device as a private file system but not on said cloud storage system; a synchronizer operative to synchronize said first portion of said client file system with said cloud storage system; and a storage connector operative to provide access information associated with said private file system to said cloud storage system, said access information enabling a remote user to access said private file system. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein: said network interface is operative to establish a connection with said remote user; and said storage connector is further operative to receive an access request from said remote user requesting access to said private file system; and provide said requested access via said connection. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said access request is received at an HTTP(S) endpoint. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein said storage connector is further operative to: authenticate said remote user; and provide said requested access in accordance with access control policies of said storage device. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein, responsive to said access request, said storage connector is operative to provide a private namespace associated with at least a portion of said private file system to said remote user. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said storage connector is further operative to provide said remote user access to a private object identified in said private namespace. 17. The system of claim 12, wherein said connection is established with said remote user via said remote storage system. 18. The system of claim 12, wherein said storage connector is further operative to: receive a request from said remote user to generate a hyperlink associated with a portion of said private file system; generate said hyperlink; and transmit said hyperlink to a second remote user. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein: each retained file includes a data file and associated client metadata; and said client metadata associated with some of said retained files is stored in said cloud storage system. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein said access information includes HTTP(S) endpoint information. 21. A client storage system for providing access to files associated with a particular client, said system comprising: a network interface; at least one processing unit; a storage device for storing data and code, said data including a client file system to be accessed remotely, said client file system including a first portion synchronized with a cloud storage system located remotely from said client storage system and a second portion retained in said memory but not on said cloud storage system; and means for providing access information to said cloud storage system to enable a remote user to access said private file system. 22. A non-transitory, electronically-readable storage medium having code embodied therein for causing an electronic device to perform a method for providing access to files associated with a particular client, said code causing said electronic device to: identify a client file system to be accessed remotely, said client file system being stored on at least one client storage system; synchronize a first portion of said client file system with a cloud storage system located remotely from said client storage system; retain a second portion of said client file system on said client storage system as a private file system but not on said cloud storage system; and provide access information associated with said private file system to said cloud storage system, said access information enabling a remote user to access said private file system.",
-    "A nurse call system includes: a host device; and a multifunctional nurse call cable, comprising a nurse call button. The host device includes an interface for the multifunctional nurse call cable. The multifunctional nurse call cable is configured to be connected to the host device and a patient's mobile device, and is further configured to provide power from the host device to the patient's mobile device. The multifunctional nurse call is further configured to initiate a nurse call to a nurse station via the host device in response to the nurse call button being pressed. 1. A nurse call system, comprising: a host device; and a multifunctional nurse call cable, comprising a nurse call button; wherein the host device comprises an interface for the multifunctional nurse call cable; wherein the multifunctional nurse call cable is configured to be connected to the host device and a patient's mobile device, and is further configured to provide power from the host device to the patient's mobile device; and wherein the multifunctional nurse call is further configured to initiate a nurse call to a nurse station via the host device in response to the nurse call button being pressed. 2. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the power provided from the host device to the patient's mobile device via the multifunctional nurse call cable is National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99 compliant. 3. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the multifunctional nurse call cable is further configured to provide data communications between the host device and the patient's mobile device. 4. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the host device is configured to detect disconnection of the patient's mobile device from the multifunctional nurse call cable, and in response to detecting the disconnection, transmit a notification to the nurse station. 5. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the host device is configured to detect disconnection of the multifunctional nurse call cable from the host device, and in response to detecting the disconnection, transmit a notification to the nurse station. 6. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the host device is configured to detect disconnection of the patient's mobile device from the multifunctional nurse call cable, and to detect disconnection of the multifunctional nurse call cable from the host device; and wherein the host device is further configured to transmit a first type of notification to the nurse station in response to detecting disconnection of the patient's mobile device from the multifunctional nurse call cable, and to transmit a second type of notification to the nurse station in response to detecting disconnection of the multifunctional nurse call cable from the host device. 7. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the host device is configured to communicate with the patient's mobile device via a short-range wireless protocol. 8. The nurse call system according to claim 7, wherein the patient's mobile device is further configured to be paired to the host device via the short-range wireless protocol. 9. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the host device is a wall-mounted computing device located in a hospital room. 10. The nurse call system according to claim 1, wherein the host device is configured to provide a communications interface through which the patient's mobile device communicates with an internal hospital network. 11. A multifunctional nurse call cable, comprising: a first interface, configured to connect to a host device; a mechanical nurse call button, configured to generate a nurse call signal for initiating a nurse call via the host device in response to being pressed; and a second interface, configured to connect to a patient's mobile device, wherein the second interface is configured to provide power to the patient's mobile device for charging the patient's mobile device. 12. The multifunctional nurse call cable according to claim 11, wherein the power provided to the patient's mobile device through the multifunctional nurse call cable is National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99 compliant. 13. The multifunctional nurse call cable according to claim 11, wherein the first interface and/or the second interface are interfaces configured for a serial communications protocol. 14. The multifunctional nurse call cable according to claim 11, wherein the second interface is further configured to provide data from the host device to the patient's mobile device and the first interface is further configured to provide data from the patient's mobile device to the host device. 15. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium having processor-executable instructions stored thereon, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by a processor, facilitating performance of the following; connecting, by a patient's mobile device, to a host device connected to an internal hospital network; initiating, by the patient's mobile device, a nurse call to a nurse station via the internal hospital network; and conducting, by the patient's mobile device, the nurse call. 16. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein connecting to the host device comprises pairing the patient's mobile device to the host device via a short-range wireless protocol. 17. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the processor-executable instructions, when executed, further facilitate performance of the following: receiving, by the patient's mobile device, a user command; and communicating, by the patient's mobile device, the user command to a corresponding control system. 18. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium according to claim 17, wherein the user command is communicated to the corresponding control system via the host device and the internal hospital network. 19. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium according to claim 17, wherein the corresponding control system is one of the group consisting of: an entertainment system, a lighting system, and a heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system. 20. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the processor-executable instructions, when executed, further facilitate performance of the following: detecting, by the patient's mobile device, that the patient's mobile device is dropped; and transmitting, by the patient's mobile device, in response to detecting the patient's mobile device being dropped, a communication to a nurse station via the host device and the internal hospital network. 21. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein the processor-executable instructions, when executed, further facilitate performance of the following: determining, by the patient's mobile device, a location of the patient's mobile device; and transmitting, by the patient's mobile device, the determined location to a nurse station via the host device and the internal hospital network.",
-    "A needle guard assembly having a resilient arm extending from a base situated to slide along the shaft of a needle. In one implementation the needle guard has an elongate containment member that rides with the resilient arm and is co-operable with the resilient arm to effectuate a covering of the entire distal tip of the needle upon the needle being retracted into the needle guard. 1. A needle assembly comprising: a needle having a longitudinal axis, a proximal end, and a distal tip; an elongate member disposed about the needle, the elongate member having an inner surface and an outer surface; and an axially extending arm having a radially extending distal section, wherein in a non-shielding position the radially extending distal section is biased radially inward against the outer surface of the elongate member, and wherein in a shielding position the distal tip is positioned within the elongate member, and at least a portion of the radially extending distal section extends over a distal end of the elongate member, blocking distal movement of the distal tip of the needle, the axially extending arm including a proximal section, a mid-section and a distal section, the proximal section having a first width and the distal section having a second width, the mid-section having a portion of a reduced width, the reduced width being less than one or both of the first and second widths so that an indentation is provided in a side of the axially extending arm, the axially extending arm intersecting the elongate member along the reduced width portion of the mid-section of the axially extending arm located between the proximal and distal sections. 2. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein the needle comprises a change in profile with an enlarged cross-sectional area and the elongate member includes a through passage through which the needle passes, the through passage having a proximal reduced cross-sectional area that is smaller than the enlarged cross-sectional area of the change in profile, the through passage having a distal cross-sectional area that is larger than the enlarged cross-sectional area of the change in profile. 3. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein the axially extending arm extends distally from a proximal base that includes an opening through which the needle passes. 4. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein a proximal end portion of the elongate member resides in the opening in the base. 5. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elongate member comprises a through passage through which the needle passes, no part of the radially extending distal section of the axially extending arm resides inside the through passage when in the shielding position. 6. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein the axially extending arm comprises a resilient material with the radially extending distal section being biased radially inward. 7. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the elongate member extends distally from a position at or near the base. 8. The needle assembly according to claim 2, wherein the elongate member has a length such that substantially coincident with the change of profile engaging the proximal reduced cross-sectional area of the through passage the entirety of the distal tip of the needle is positioned to reside within the through passage of the elongate member. 9. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elongate member has a length, a portion of the needle residing between a proximal end of the change in profile and the distal tip has a length substantially equal to the length of the elongate member. 10. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein a distal end of the radially extending distal section of the axially extending arm comprises a lip and the elongate member includes a flange at or near its distal end that is co-operable with the lip to secure the radially extending distal section of the axially extending arm to the distal end of the elongate member. 11. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the elongate member is fixed to the base. 12. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the elongate member is not fixed to the base. 13. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the base and the axially extending arm comprise a unitary structure. 14. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the base, the axially extending arm and the elongate member comprise a unitary structure. 15. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the elongate member completely circumscribes the needle. 16. The needle assembly according to claim 3, wherein the elongate member and the base comprise a unitary structure. 17. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein the elongate member is cylindrical. 18. The needle assembly according to claim 1, wherein no part of the reduced width portion of the axially extending arm contacts the elongate member. 19. The needle assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a catheter hub wherein which the axially extending arm resides when the radially extending distal section is in the non-shielding position, the axially extending arm including a protrusion that engages with one or more features located in an interior of the catheter hub to releasably secure the axially extending arm in the catheter hub.",
-    "A method and apparatus for use in traversing a vehicle transportation network may include receiving a remote vehicle message including remote vehicle information indicating remote vehicle geospatial state information and remote vehicle kinematic state information, identifying host vehicle information including host vehicle geospatial state information and host vehicle kinematic state information, determining convergence information indicating whether a remote vehicle expected path for the remote vehicle and a host vehicle expected path for the host vehicle are convergent based on the host vehicle information and the remote vehicle information, and traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network in response to the convergence information. Determining the convergence information may include determining an orientation sector based on a geodesic between the host vehicle and the remote vehicle, and determining relative position information for the host vehicle and the remote vehicle based on the orientation sector. 1. A method for use in traversing a vehicle transportation network, the method comprising: traversing, by a host vehicle, a vehicle transportation network, wherein traversing the vehicle transportation network includes: receiving, at a host vehicle, from a remote vehicle, via a wireless electronic communication link, a remote vehicle message, the remote vehicle message including remote vehicle information, the remote vehicle information indicating remote vehicle geospatial state information for the remote vehicle and remote vehicle kinematic state information for the remote vehicle, identifying host vehicle information for the host vehicle, the host vehicle information including one or more of host vehicle geospatial state information for the host vehicle, or host vehicle kinematic state information for the host vehicle, and determining convergence information indicating whether a remote vehicle expected path for the remote vehicle and a host vehicle expected path for the host vehicle are convergent based on the host vehicle information and the remote vehicle information, wherein determining convergence information includes: determining an orientation sector based on a geodesic between the host vehicle and the remote vehicle; determining relative position information for the host vehicle and the remote vehicle based on the orientation sector, and traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network in response to the convergence information. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the remote vehicle message includes: storing the remote vehicle information in a memory of the host vehicle. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the remote vehicle geospatial state information includes geospatial coordinates for the remote vehicle, and the remote vehicle kinematic state information includes one or more of a remote vehicle velocity for the remote vehicle, a remote vehicle heading for the remote vehicle, a remote vehicle acceleration for the remote vehicle, or a remote vehicle yaw rate for the remote vehicle. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the orientation sector includes: determining the orientation sector as a first defined orientation sector having an angle that is less than \u03c0/2, a second defined orientation sector having an angle that at least \u03c0/2 and less than \u03c0, a third defined orientation sector having an angle that at least \u03c0 and less than 3\u03c0/2, or a fourth defined orientation sector having an angle that at least 3\u03c0/2 and less than 2\u03c0. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the orientation sector includes: determining the orientation sector relative to a reference direction. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the reference direction is north. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining relative position information includes: determining relative position information based on the orientation sector, a host vehicle heading angle for the host vehicle, a remote vehicle heading angle for the remote vehicle, and an angular offset threshold. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining relative position information includes: determining a longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle with respect to the host vehicle based on the orientation sector; and determining a lateral relative position of the remote vehicle with respect to the host vehicle based on the orientation sector. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the longitudinal relative position includes: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle, adjacent to the host vehicle, or behind the host vehicle. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the longitudinal relative position includes: on a condition that the orientation sector is a first defined orientation sector having an angle that is less than \u03c0/2: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that a host vehicle heading angle for the host vehicle is at least zero and is less than a first metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a second metric and is less than 2\u03c0, determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the first metric and is less than a third metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a fourth metric and is less than the second metric, and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the third metric and is less than the fourth metric; on a condition that the orientation sector is a second defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least \u03c0/2 and less than \u03c0: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a fifth metric and is less than the first metric, determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the first metric and is less than the third metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a sixth metric and is less than the fifth metric, and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the third metric and is less than 2\u03c0, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the sixth metric; on a condition that the orientation sector is a third defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least \u03c0 and less than 3\u03c0/2: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fifth metric and is less than the first metric, determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the first metric and is less than the third metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the sixth metric and is less than the fifth metric, and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the third metric and is less than 2\u03c0, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the sixth metric; and on a condition that the orientation sector is a fourth defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least 3\u03c0/2 and less than 2\u03c0: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than a seventh metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fifth metric and is less than 2\u03c0, determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the seventh metric and is less than an eight metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the sixth metric and is less than the fifth metric, and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the eight metric and is less than the sixth metric. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein: the first metric is a sum of: a convergence angle for a geodesic between the host vehicle and the remote vehicle, and a result of subtracting a first angular offset threshold from \u03c0/2; the second metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a sum of the first angular offset threshold and 3\u03c0/2; the third metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a sum of the first angular offset threshold and \u03c0/2; the fourth metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a result of subtracting the first angular offset threshold from 3\u03c0/2; the fifth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a sum of the first angular offset threshold and \u03c0/2; the sixth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a result of subtracting the first angular offset threshold from \u03c0/2; the seventh metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a result of subtracting the first angular offset threshold from 3\u03c0/2; and the eighth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a sum of the first angular offset threshold and 3\u03c0/2. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the lateral relative position includes: on a condition that the orientation sector is a first defined orientation sector having an angle that is less than \u03c0/2: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a ninth metric and is less than a tenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a eleventh metric and is less than an twelfth metric, determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the tenth metric and is less than the eleventh metric, and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the ninth metric, or the host vehicle heading angle is at least the twelfth metric and is less than 2\u03c0; on a condition that the orientation sector is a second defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least \u03c0/2 and less than \u03c0: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the ninth metric and is less than the tenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the eleventh metric and is less than the twelfth metric, determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the tenth metric and is less than the eleventh metric, and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the ninth metric, or the host vehicle heading angle is at least the twelfth metric and is less than 2\u03c0; on a condition that the orientation sector is a third defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least \u03c0 and less than 3\u03c0/2: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a thirteenth metric and is less than a fourteenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a fifteenth metric and is less than a sixteenth metric, determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the thirteenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at the sixteenth metric and is less than 2\u03c0, and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fourteenth metric and is less than the fifteenth metric; and on a condition that the orientation sector is a fourth defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least 3\u03c0/2 and less than 2\u03c0: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the thirteenth metric and is less than the fourteenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fifteenth metric and is less than the sixteenth metric, determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the thirteenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at the sixteenth metric and is less than 2\u03c0, and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fourteenth metric and is less than the fifteenth metric. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein: the ninth metric is a result of subtracting a second angular offset threshold from the convergence angle; the tenth metric is a sum of the second angular offset threshold and the convergence angle; the eleventh metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a result of subtracting the second angular offset threshold from \u03c0; the twelfth metric is a sum of the convergence angle, the second angular offset threshold and \u03c0; the thirteenth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a result of subtracting the second angular offset threshold from \u03c0; the fourteenth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a sum of the second angular offset threshold and \u03c0; the fifteenth metric is a result of subtracting the second angular offset threshold from the convergence angle; and the sixteenth metric is a sum of the second angular offset threshold and the convergence angle. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the lateral relative position includes: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle, in-line with the host vehicle, or to the right of the host vehicle. 15. A method for use in traversing a vehicle transportation network, the method comprising: traversing, by a host vehicle, a vehicle transportation network, wherein traversing the vehicle transportation network includes: receiving, at a host vehicle, from a remote vehicle, via a wireless electronic communication link, a remote vehicle message, the remote vehicle message including remote vehicle information, the remote vehicle information indicating remote vehicle geospatial state information for the remote vehicle and remote vehicle kinematic state information for the remote vehicle, identifying host vehicle information for the host vehicle, the host vehicle information including one or more of host vehicle geospatial state information for the host vehicle, or host vehicle kinematic state information for the host vehicle, and determining convergence information indicating whether a remote vehicle expected path for the remote vehicle and a host vehicle expected path for the host vehicle are convergent based on the host vehicle information and the remote vehicle information, wherein determining convergence information includes: determining an orientation sector relative to a reference direction, based on a geodesic between the host vehicle and the remote vehicle; determining a longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle with respect to the host vehicle based on the orientation sector; determining a lateral relative position of the remote vehicle with respect to the host vehicle based on the orientation sector, and traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network in response to the convergence information. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein determining the orientation sector includes: determining the orientation sector as a first defined orientation sector having an angle that is less than \u03c0/2, a second defined orientation sector having an angle that at least \u03c0/2 and less than \u03c0, a third defined orientation sector having an angle that at least \u03c0 and less than 3\u03c0/2, or a fourth defined orientation sector having an angle that at least 3\u03c0/2 and less than 2\u03c0. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein determining the lateral relative position includes: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle, adjacent to the host vehicle, or behind the host vehicle; determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle, in-line with the host vehicle, or to the right of the host vehicle; and determining the longitudinal relative position and the lateral relative position based on the orientation sector, a host vehicle heading angle for the host vehicle, a remote vehicle heading angle for the remote vehicle, and an angular offset threshold. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein determining convergence information includes: on a condition that the orientation sector is a first defined orientation sector having an angle that is less than \u03c0/2: determining the longitudinal relative position includes: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that a host vehicle heading angle for the host vehicle is at least zero and is less than a first metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a second metric and is less than 2\u03c0; determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the first metric and is less than a third metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a fourth metric and is less than the second metric; and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the third metric and is less than the fourth metric, and determining the lateral relative position includes: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a fifth metric and is less than a sixth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a seventh metric and is less than an eight metric; determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the sixth metric and is less than the seventh metric; and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the fifth metric, or the host vehicle heading angle is at least the eight metric and is less than 2\u03c0; on a condition that the orientation sector is a second defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least \u03c0/2 and less than \u03c0: determining the longitudinal relative position includes: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a ninth metric and is less than the first metric; determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the first metric and is less than the third metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a tenth metric and is less than the ninth metric; and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the third metric and is less than 2\u03c0, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the tenth metric, and determining the lateral relative position includes: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fifth metric and is less than the sixth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the seventh metric and is less than the eight metric; determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the sixth metric and is less than the seventh metric; and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the fifth metric, or the host vehicle heading angle is at least the eight metric and is less than 2\u03c0; on a condition that the orientation sector is a third defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least \u03c0 and less than 3\u03c0/2: determining the longitudinal relative position includes: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a ninth metric and is less than the first metric; determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the first metric and is less than the third metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a tenth metric and is less than the ninth metric; and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the third metric and is less than 2\u03c0, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the tenth metric, and determining the lateral relative position includes: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least an eleventh metric and is less than a twelfth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least a thirteenth metric and is less than a fourteenth metric; determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the eleventh metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at the fourteenth metric and is less than 2\u03c0; and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the twelfth metric and is less than the thirteenth metric; and on a condition that the orientation sector is a fourth defined orientation sector having an angle that is at least 3\u03c0/2 and less than 2\u03c0: determining the longitudinal relative position includes: determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as ahead of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than a fifteenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the ninth metric and is less than 2\u03c0; determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as adjacent to the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the fifteenth metric and is less than a sixteenth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the tenth metric and is less than the ninth metric; and determining the longitudinal relative position of the remote vehicle as behind the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the sixteenth metric and is less than the tenth metric, and determining the lateral relative position includes: determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as in-line with the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the eleventh metric and is less than the twelfth metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the thirteenth metric and is less than the fourteenth metric; determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the left of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least zero and is less than the eleventh metric, or on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at the fourteenth metric and is less than 2\u03c0; and determining the lateral relative position of the remote vehicle as to the right of the host vehicle on a condition that the host vehicle heading angle is at least the twelfth metric and is less than the thirteenth metric. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein: the first metric is a sum of: a convergence angle for a geodesic between the host vehicle and the remote vehicle, and a result of subtracting a first angular offset threshold from \u03c0/2; the second metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a sum of the first angular offset threshold and 3\u03c0/2; the third metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a sum of the first angular offset threshold and \u03c0/2; the fourth metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a result of subtracting the first angular offset threshold from 3\u03c0/2; the fifth metric is a result of subtracting a second angular offset threshold from the convergence angle; the sixth metric is a sum of the second angular offset threshold and the convergence angle; the seventh metric is a sum of: the convergence angle, and a result of subtracting the second angular offset threshold from \u03c0; the eighth metric is a sum of the convergence angle, the second angular offset threshold and \u03c0; the ninth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a sum of the first angular offset threshold and \u03c0/2; the tenth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a result of subtracting the first angular offset threshold from \u03c0/2; the eleventh metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a result of subtracting the second angular offset threshold from \u03c0; the twelfth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a sum of the second angular offset threshold and \u03c0; the thirteenth metric is a result of subtracting the second angular offset threshold from the convergence angle; the fourteenth metric is a sum of the second angular offset threshold and the convergence angle; the fifteenth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a result of subtracting the first angular offset threshold from 3\u03c0/2; and the sixteenth metric is a result of subtracting, from the convergence angle, a sum of the first angular offset threshold and 3\u03c0/2. 20. A method for use in traversing a vehicle transportation network, the method comprising: traversing, by a host vehicle, a vehicle transportation network, wherein traversing the vehicle transportation network includes: determining convergence information indicating whether a remote vehicle expected path for a remote vehicle and a host vehicle expected path for the host vehicle are convergent based on host vehicle information and remote vehicle information, wherein determining convergence information includes: determining an orientation sector relative to a reference direction, based on a geodesic between the host vehicle and the remote vehicle; and determining relative position information for the host vehicle and the remote vehicle based on the orientation sector, a host vehicle heading angle for the host vehicle, a remote vehicle heading angle for the remote vehicle, and an angular offset threshold, and traversing a portion of the vehicle transportation network in response to the convergence information.",
-    "According to one embodiment, a display device includes a display panel including a display area in which a plurality of pixels are arranged, an antenna disposed in a first surface side of the display panel, the antenna configured to form a close-range wireless communication path with a medium in a second surface side of the display panel with the display panel interposed therebetween, and an adjustment member disposed to be opposed to a part of the antenna, the adjustment member configured to adjust a characteristic impedance of the antenna. 1. A display device comprising: a display panel including a display area in which a plurality of pixels are arranged; an antenna disposed in a first surface side of the display panel, the antenna configured to form a close-range wireless communication path with a medium in a second surface side of the display panel with the display panel interposed therebetween; and an adjustment member disposed to be opposed to a part of the antenna, the adjustment member configured to adjust a characteristic impedance of the antenna. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the adjustment member is disposed in at least one of a position between the display panel and the antenna and a position to be opposed to the display panel with the antenna interposed therebetween. 3. The display device of claim 1, further comprising an illumination unit having a third surface and a fourth surface opposed to the display panel to be opposite to the third surface, the illumination unit configured to irradiate light on the display panel, wherein at least one of the antenna and the adjustment member is opposed to the third surface side of the illumination unit. 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein the adjustment member includes a first adjustment member and a second adjustment member. 5. The display device of claim 4, wherein the first adjustment member and the second adjustment member have different permeabilities or different permittivities. 6. The display device of claim 4, wherein the first adjustment member and the second adjustment member overlap with each other. 7. The display device of claim 4, wherein the first adjustment member and the second adjustment member are arranged to be in the same plane. 8. The display device of claim 1, wherein the display panel further includes a first substrate, a second substrate opposed to the first substrate with a gap therebetween, and a liquid crystal layer held between the first substrate and the second substrate. 9. The display device of claim 1, wherein an area where the adjustment member is opposed to the antenna is formed to be between 10 and 20% inclusive of the area of the antenna. 10. The display device of claim 1, wherein the adjustment member is a radio wave absorption sheet or a metal sheet. 11. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a bezel with a recess which accommodates the adjustment member and the antenna. 12. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a bezel with a first recess which accommodates the antenna and a second recess which accommodates the adjustment member, wherein the second recess is formed inside the first recess. 13. The display device of claim 1, wherein the antenna includes a cylindrical coil. 14. A display device comprising: a display panel including a display area in which a plurality of pixels are arranged; an antenna disposed in a first surface side of the display panel with a cylindrical coil; and an adjustment member disposed to be opposed to a part of the antenna, the adjustment member configured to adjust a characteristic impedance of the antenna. 15. An illumination device comprising: an illumination unit; an antenna disposed in a first surface side of the illumination unit with a cylindrical coil; and an adjustment member disposed to be opposed to a part of the antenna, the adjustment member configured to adjust a characteristic impedance of the antenna. 16. The illumination device of claim 15, wherein the illumination unit includes a light source and a lightguide plate opposed to the light source, and at least one of the antenna and the adjustment member is opposed to the lightguide plate. 17. The illumination device of claim 16, wherein the illumination unit further includes a reflective plate opposed to the lightguide plate, and at least one of the antenna and the adjustment member is disposed in a position to be opposed to the lightguide plate with the reflective plate interposed therebetween. 18. The illumination device of claim 15, wherein the illumination unit further includes a bezel, and at least one of the antenna and the adjustment member is disposed in a position between the bezel and the illumination unit. 19. The illumination device of claim 18, wherein the bezel includes a recess which accommodates the adjustment member and the antenna. 20. The illumination device of claim 18, wherein the bezel includes a first recess which accommodates the antenna and a second recess which accommodates the adjustment member, and the second recess is formed inside the first recess.",
-    "A computer-implemented method, carried out by one or more processors, for managing replication configurations. In an embodiment, the method comprises receiving, by one or more processors, a replication configuration for replicating data, wherein the replication configuration defines at least a target table in a target database based on a source table in a source database; initializing, by one or more processors, a federated view, wherein the federated view is based on at least the source table in the source database as defined in the replication configuration; utilizing, by one or more processors, the federated view to satisfy requesting applications, where requesting applications obtain data from the federated view; responsive to determining the replication of data is in spec, utilizing, by one or more processors, the target table in the target database to satisfy requesting applications. 1. A method for managing replication configurations, the method comprising: receiving, by one or more processors, a first replication configuration for replicating data, wherein the first replication configuration defines at least a target table in a target database based on a source table in a source database; determining, by one or more processors, a latency value, wherein the latency value represents a latency of replicating data from the source database to the target database; responsive to determining the latency value exceeds a threshold latency value and a portion of the target table in the target database is damaged, determining, by one or more processors, to utilize a first federated view to satisfy requesting applications; initializing, by one or more processors, the first federated view, wherein the first federated view is based on at least the source table in the source database as defined in the first replication configuration; utilizing, by one or more processors, the first federated view to satisfy requesting applications, wherein requesting applications obtain data from the first federated view; responsive to determining, by one or more processors, the source table matches the target table, utilizing, by one or more processors, the target table in the target database to satisfy requesting applications; responsive to determining the source table does not match the target table, initializing, by one or more processors, a second federated view, wherein the second federated view is based on at least the target table in the target database in the first replication configuration; utilizing, by one or more processors, the second federated view to satisfy requesting applications, where requesting applications obtain data from the second federated view; receiving, by one or more processors, a second replication configuration for replicating data, wherein the second replication configuration defines at least a new target table based on the source table; responsive to determining, by one or more processors, the target table matches the new target table, utilizing, by one or more processors, the new target table in the target database to satisfy requesting applications; responsive to determining the target table does not match the new target table, initializing, by one or more processors, a third federated view, wherein the third federated view is based on at least the new target table in the target database in the second replication configuration; and utilizing, by one or more processors, the third federated view to satisfy requesting applications, where requesting applications obtain data from the third federated view.",
-    "An ammunition reloading system my have at least one local or remote controller connected to a volumetric dispenser and a kernel feeder. The controller can direct to flow of powder, such as gunpowder, to a vessel from the volumetric dispenser with a first granular resolution and from the kernel feeder with a second granular resolution where the second granular resolution is smaller than the first granular resolution. 1. An apparatus comprising a volumetric dispenser and a kernel feeder each connected to a controller and configured to feed powder to a vessel, the volumetric dispenser having a larger granular resolution than the kernel feeder. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the volumetric dispenser has a valve mechanism to dispense a first granular resolution. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the kernel feeder has a rotating wheel with at least one notch to dispense a second granular resolution. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the kernel feeder has an aperture communicating with a door to dispense the second granular resolution. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the volumetric dispenser and kernel feeder are each attached to a common rigid base. 6. A method comprising: connecting a controller to a volumetric dispenser and a kernel feeder; feeding powder to a vessel from the volumetric dispenser, the volumetric dispenser having a granular resolution greater than a kernel of powder; and a kernel feeder connected to the controller and configured to feed powder to a vessel, the kernel feeder having a granular resolution of a single kernel of powder. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the volumetric dispenser operates independently from the kernel feeder. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the kernel feeder adjusts a door to reduce a size of an aperture to dispense the single kernel of powder at a time. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the aperture is larger than the single kernel of powder and the door moves independent of the aperture. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the kernel feeder dispenses only the single kernel of powder to the vessel. 11. A method comprising: dispensing a first volume of powder to a vessel via a volumetric dispenser having a first granular resolution as directed by a controller; and feeding a second volume of powder to the vessel via a kernel feeder having a second granular resolution as directed by the controller. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the second granular resolution is determined by a prediction circuit connected to the controller. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the prediction circuit predicts a size of a single kernel of powder. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the size comprises a weight of the single kernel of powder. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the prediction circuit stores at least one prediction algorithm in local memory. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the prediction circuit logs powder characteristics during a calibration routine. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the calibration routine compares predicted and measured powder weights. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the prediction circuit updates the at least one prediction algorithm with one or more new measured powder weight. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the update alters the at least one prediction algorithm in response to the one or more new measured powder weight. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the second granular resolution is a single kernel of powder and the controller dispenses a predetermined weight of powder to the vessel within a grain of the predetermined weight.",
-    "A method for adaptive content balancing for Web clients includes monitoring content processing performance in different client computing devices communicatively coupled over a network to a content server, measuring the content processing performance for each of the different devices and storing the measured performance for each of the different devices in connection with different resource groupings of the requested content type. Thereafter, a request for content is received in the content server from one of the devices, and the stored performance is retrieved. As such, the retrieved metrics of the computing device are matched to the retrieved metrics of one of a multiplicity of groupings of one or more different resources associated with the requested content and the resources of the one of the multiplicity of the groupings is included in the requested content. Finally, the requested content is transmitted to the one of the client computing devices. 1. A method for adaptive content balancing for Web clients, the method comprising: monitoring content processing performance in a client computing device communicatively coupled over a computer communications network to a content server executing in memory of a host computing system, measuring and storing the content processing performance for the client computing device; receiving from the client computing device from over the computer communications network, a request for content in the content server; retrieving the measured content processing performance stored in connection with the client computing device; matching the retrieved content processing performance to one of a multiplicity of groupings of one or more different resources associated with the requested content; including the resources of the one of the multiplicity of the groupings in the requested content; and, transmitting the requested content to the client computing device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the content processing performance is a time taken to compile code disposed in content received for rendering in a content browser. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the content processing performance is a time taken to render content received for rendering in a content browser. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the content processing performance is a duration of time in which content is displayed in a content browser before new content is requested for display in the content browser. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the matching includes determining a current content processing performance for the client computing device and submitting to a rule the current content processing performance in order to produce the one of a multiplicity of groupings of the one or more different resources associated with the requested content. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the multiplicity of groupings of the one or more different resources include at least one grouping of only text and another grouping of the text along with graphical elements. 7. A content delivery data processing system configured for adaptive content balancing for Web clients, the system comprising: a host computing system comprising one or more computers, each with memory and at least one processor; a content server executing in the memory of the host computing system; and, a content balancing module coupled to the content server, the module comprising program code enabled upon execution in the host computing system to receive from a communicatively coupled client computing device from over a computer communications network, a request for content in the content server, and to respond to the request by retrieving a measured content processing performance for the client computing device, by matching the retrieved content processing performance to one of a multiplicity of groupings of one or more different resources associated with the requested content, by including the resources of the one of the multiplicity of the groupings in the requested content, and by directing the content server to transmit the requested content to the client computing device. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the content processing performance is a time taken to compile code disposed in content received for rendering in a content browser. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the content processing performance is a time taken to render content received for rendering in a content browser. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the content processing performance is a duration of time in which content is displayed in a content browser before new content is requested for display in the content browser. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the program code performs matching by determining a current content processing performance for the one of the client computing devices and submitting to a rule the current content processing performance in order to produce the one of a multiplicity of groupings of the one or more different resources associated with the requested content. 12. The system of claim 7, wherein the multiplicity of groupings of the one or more different resources include at least one grouping of only text and another grouping of the text along with graphical elements. 13. A computer program product for adaptive content balancing for Web clients, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a device to cause the device to perform a method comprising: monitoring content processing performance in a client computing device communicatively coupled over a computer communications network to a content server executing in memory of a host computing system, measuring and storing the content processing performance for the client computing device; receiving from the client computing device from over the computer communications network, a request for content in the content server; retrieving the content processing performance metrics stored in connection with the client computing device; matching the retrieved content processing performance to one of a multiplicity of groupings of one or more different resources associated with the requested content; including the one or more different resources of the one of the multiplicity of the groupings in the requested content; and, transmitting the requested content to the client computing device. 14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the content processing performance is a time taken to compile code disposed in content received for rendering in a content browser. 15. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the content processing performance is a time taken to render content received for rendering in a content browser. 16. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the content processing performance is a duration of time in which content is displayed in a content browser before new content is requested for display in the content browser. 17. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the matching includes determining a current content processing performance for the one of the client computing devices and submitting to a rule the current content processing performance in order to produce the one of a multiplicity of groupings of the one or more different resources associated with the requested content. 18. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the multiplicity of groupings of the one or more different resources include at least one grouping of only text and another grouping of the text along with graphical elements.",
-    "An aspect of the disclosure provides a wireless frame transmission method. Such a method includes duplicating a preamble in the frequency domain to form at least one duplicate preamble, each preamble having multiple fields. The method further includes puncturing at least one of the preamble fields in the preamble with a first puncturing pattern and puncturing corresponding preamble fields in the at least one duplicate preamble with at least one additional puncturing pattern. The method further includes transmitting a frame including the preamble, the at least one duplicate preamble and a payload. In some embodiments the preamble and the duplicate preambles are each at different frequencies. 1. A communication method comprising: puncturing at least one field of a first portion of a frame at a first frequency with a first puncturing pattern; puncturing at least one field of a second portion of the frame at a second frequency with a second puncturing pattern; and transmitting the frame. 2. The communication method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising frequency domain duplication of at least a portion of a frame to form the first portion at the first frequency and the second portion at the second frequency. 3. The communication method as claimed in claim 2 in which the frame includes a preamble and a payload, wherein: frequency domain duplication comprises frequency domain duplication of a preamble portion to form a first preamble portion at the first frequency and a second preamble portion at the second frequency. 4. The communication method as claimed in claim 3 wherein: puncturing at least one field of a first portion comprises puncturing at least one field of the first preamble portion with the first puncturing pattern; and puncturing at least one field of a second portion comprises puncturing at least one field of the second preamble portion with the second puncturing pattern. 5. The communication method as claimed in claim 4 wherein the first puncturing pattern and the second puncturing pattern offset which bits are punctured by one bit. 6. The communication method as claimed in claim 5 wherein: the payload occupies an 80 MHz frequency band; the first preamble portion occupies a first 40 MHz frequency band and comprises first and second bands each occupying a 20 MHz frequency band and each comprising preamble fields; frequency domain duplication comprises frequency domain duplication of the first preamble portion to form the second preamble portion which occupies a second 40 MHz frequency and having third and fourth bands each occupying 20 MHz and each comprising preamble fields; puncturing at least one field of a first portion comprises puncturing at least one field of each of the first and second bands with the first puncturing pattern; puncturing at least one field of a second portion comprises puncturing at least one field of each of the third and fourth bands with the second puncturing pattern. 7. The communication method as claimed in claim 6, wherein: each 20 MHz band includes preamble fields which are in common and are not punctured, a common field which requires puncturing and a dedicated field which requires puncturing; puncturing at least one field of a first portion comprises puncturing the dedicated field of each of the first and second bands with the first puncturing pattern; puncturing at least one field of a second portion comprises puncturing the dedicated field of each of the third and fourth bands with the second puncturing pattern. 8. The communication method as claimed in claim 7 further comprising: puncturing the common field which includes: puncturing of the first 20 MHz band with the first puncturing pattern; puncturing of the second 20 MHz band with the second puncturing pattern; and puncturing of the third 20 MHz band with a third puncturing pattern. 9. The communication method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the preamble fields to be punctured are BCC (Bitwise Convolutional Code) encoded using a \u00be rate with puncturing to form bit punctured fields and further comprising puncturing the common field which requires puncturing of the fourth band with a puncturing pattern selected from one of the first, second and third puncturing patterns. 10. The communication method as claimed in claim 9 wherein: each of the first, second and third puncturing patterns comprise puncturing every 3rd BCC encoded bit; the second puncturing pattern offsetting the first bit to be punctured by one bit from a first bit punctured by the first puncturing pattern; and the third puncturing pattern offsetting the first bit to be punctured by two bits from the first bit punctured by the first puncturing pattern. 11. The communication method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the frame is an IEEE 802.11 frame, the common field is an HE-SIGB common field, the dedicated field is a HE-SIGB dedicated field, and the first puncturing pattern is an MCS2 puncturing pattern. 12. The communication method as claimed in claim 3 wherein frequency domain duplication further comprises frequency domain duplication of the preamble portion to form a third preamble portion at a third frequency and a fourth preamble portion at a fourth frequency; and further comprising: puncturing at least one field of a third preamble portion with a third puncturing pattern; and puncturing at least one field of a fourth preamble portion with a puncturing pattern selected from one of the first, second and third puncturing patterns. 13. The communication method as claimed in claim 12 wherein: each preamble includes at least one legacy field, a High Efficiency (HE)-SIGA field and at least one HE-SIGB field, and the at least one field of each preamble portion which is punctured comprises the at least one HE-SIGB field; the payload occupies 80 MHz and the preamble portion occupies 20 MHz, such that said frame includes the payload, a 20 MHz preamble, and 3 duplicate 20 MHz preamble portions each including the same at least one legacy field and the HE-SIGA field; and the HE-SIGB fields are BCC (Bitwise Convolutional Code) encoded using a \u00be rate with puncturing to form bit HE-SIGB fields. 14. The communication method as claimed in claim 13 wherein: each of the first, second and third puncturing patterns comprise puncturing every 3rd BCC encoded bit; the second puncturing pattern offsetting the first bit to be punctured by one bit from a first bit punctured by the first puncturing pattern; and the third puncturing pattern offsetting the first bit to be punctured by two bits from the first bit punctured by the first puncturing pattern. 15. A communication method as claimed in claim 14, wherein a receiver which receives the transmitted frame inserts zero bit data into each of the received bit punctured HE-SIGB fields according to the puncturing pattern used to puncture each HE-SIGB field prior to the receiver conducting BCC decoding of each received HE-SIGB field. 16. The communication method as claimed in claim 3 wherein puncturing at least one field of a second portion of the frame comprises puncturing at least one field corresponding to the at least one field punctured with the first puncturing pattern. 17. A transmitter for transmitting a wireless frame comprising: a framer for producing a frame including a preamble data; and a radio unit for transmitting the frame; the framer including: a frequency domain duplicator for duplicating of at least a portion of a frame to form a first preamble portion at a first frequency and a second preamble portion at a second frequency; an encoder for encoding and puncturing at least one preamble field of the first preamble portion with a first puncturing pattern; and encoding and puncturing at least one preamble field of the second preamble portion with a second puncturing pattern. 18. The transmitter as claimed in claim 17 further comprising a processor and machine readable memory including executable instructions for implementing said framer. 19. A receiver comprising: a radio unit for receiving a wireless frame including a first preamble portion at a first frequency and a second preamble portion at a second frequency each preamble portion including at least one field of bit punctured BCC (Bitwise Convolutional Code) encoded data; a decoder for inserting zero bit data into each of the received bit punctured fields according to a first puncturing pattern for the first preamble portion and a second puncturing pattern for the second preamble portion prior to conducting BCC decoding of each received punctured field. 20. The receiver as claimed in claim 19 further comprising a processor and machine readable memory including executable instructions for implementing said decoder.",
-    "The present invention detects, determines, and mitigates signal-path processing errors. An extracted and inverted reference signal is compared to the carrier signal produced by various functional components to determine the error introduced to that signal by functional components. After the signal has been processed by various signal-processing components, the signal can once again be compared to the inverted reference signal so that a signal-path processing bias can be determined. Using that determination, a signal modification can be initiated to substantially reduce or eliminate all signal-path processing error. 1. (canceled) 2. A method for determining signal-path processing bias, comprising: receiving, at one or more functional components, a first carrier signal wherein the first carrier signal includes a reference signal and wherein the one or more functional components adds a component error to the first carrier signal forming a second carrier signal; averaging an inversion of the reference signal with the second carrier signal to identify the component error; processing the second carrier signal by one or more signal-processing components and wherein the one or more signal processing components adds a signal processing error to the second carrier signal forming a third carrier signal; determining a signal-path processing bias by averaging the third carrier signal with the inversion of the reference signal and thereafter subtracting the component error. 3. The method for detecting signal-path processing bias according to claim 2, wherein the component error is sensor network error. 4. The method for detecting signal-path processing bias according to claim 2, wherein the inversion of the reference signal is accomplished by a switch. 5. The method for detecting signal-path processing bias according to claim 2, further comprising compensating the third carrier signal based on the signal-path processing bias. 6. The method for detecting signal-path processing bias according to claim 2, further comprising monitoring the signal-path processing bias over a time interval to determine a rate of change of the signal-path processing bias. 7. The method for detecting signal-path processing bias according to claim 6, further comprising mitigating signal-path processing bias at a predetermined time. 8. The method for detecting signal-path processing bias according to claim 6, further comprising mitigating signal-path processing bias at predetermined time intervals. 9. A system for signal-path processing error detection, comprising a first carrier signal; a reference signal associated with the first carrier signal; one or more functional components, wherein the one or more functional components receives the first carrier signal and a component error is added by the one or more functional components to the first carrier signal forming a second carrier signal; a signal inversion component wherein the signal inversion components receives the reference signal to form an inverted reference signal; a signal detection and differencing component coupled to the signal inversion component and the one or more functional components wherein the signal and differencing component average the second carrier signal with the inverted reference signal to identify the component error; one or more signal-path processing components coupled to the signal detection and differencing component wherein the one or more signal-path processing components receives the the second carrier signal and a signal-path processor error is added by the one or more signal-path processing components to the second carrier signal forming a third carrier signal; and a signal-path bias detector coupled to the one or more signal-path processing components, the signal inversion component and the signal detection and differencing component to identify a signal-path bias by averaging the third carrier signal with the inverted reference signal and thereafter subtracting the component error. 10. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the first carrier signal is generated by a oscillator. 11 The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the one or more functional components are one or more sensors. 12. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the signal inversion component is a switch. 13. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the signal inversion component is an inverting amplifier. 14. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the signal inversion component shifts phase of the signal 180 degrees. 15. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the signal-path processing components includes a filter. 16. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the signal-path processing components includes an amplifier. 17. The system for signal-path processing error detection according to claim 9, wherein the signal-path processing component includes a balanced line driver. 18. A method for detecting a signal-path processing error, comprising: determining a first error introduced to a signal by one or more functional components; ascertaining a second error introduced to the signal by the one or more functional components and one or more signal-path processing components; and identifying the signal-path processing error by subtracting the first error from the second error.",
-    "Methods and systems for detecting allelic imbalance using nucleic acid sequencing are provided. 1. An in vitro method for detecting homozygosity at a plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci, comprising: (1) providing a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sample comprising at least one tumor cell obtained from a patient; (2) enriching the sample in (1) for test DNA molecules each comprising at least one locus from the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci, wherein the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci comprises at least 5,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci and wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 500 kb within each chromosome; and (3) sequencing the test DNA molecules to determine whether each locus in the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is homozygous. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci comprises at least 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci comprises at least 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 100 kb within each chromosome. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 50 kb within each chromosome. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 10 kb within each chromosome. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the genomic spacing of the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than or equal to 50%. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the genomic spacing of the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than or equal to 25%. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the genomic spacing of the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than or equal to 10%. 10. A system for detecting homozygosity at a plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci, comprising: (1) a sample analyzer for (a) enriching a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sample comprising at least one tumor cell obtained from a patient for test DNA molecules each comprising at least one locus from the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci, wherein the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci comprises at least 5,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci and wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 500 kb within each chromosome; and (b) sequencing the test DNA molecules to produce a plurality of quantitative signals representing the alleles for each locus in the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci present in the test DNA molecules; and (2) a computer program for analyzing the plurality of quantitative signals to determine whether each locus in the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is homozygous. 11. The method of system 10, wherein the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci comprises at least 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci. 12. The method of system 10, wherein the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci comprises at least 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci. 13. The method of system 10, wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 100 kb within each chromosome. 14. The method of system 10, wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 50 kb within each chromosome. 15. The method of system 10, wherein there is at least one single nucleotide polymorphism locus located on average every 10 kb within each chromosome. 16. The method of system 10, wherein the genomic spacing of the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than or equal to 50%. 17. The method of system 10, wherein the genomic spacing of the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than or equal to 25%. 18. The method of system 10, wherein the genomic spacing of the plurality of single nucleotide polymorphism loci is less than or equal to 10%.",
-    "An interior layout assembly of an aircraft cabin, and related method are provided. The assembly includes a table, a console defining a receiving housing and a cover mounted on the console. The cover in the closed configuration and the console define a passage slot between them. The assembly also includes a flap closing off the passage slot, movable by the table from an active configuration closing the passage slot to a retracted configuration freeing the passage slot during the passage of the table from its retracted position to the deployed position. 1. An interior layout assembly of an aircraft cabin comprising: a table; a console defining a housing for receiving the table, the receiving housing emerging through a deployment opening, the table being deployable through the deployment opening between a retracted position in the receiving housing and a deployed horizontal position; a cover mounted on the console, the cover being movable between an open configuration for passage of the table and a closed configuration closing off the deployment opening, the cover in the closed configuration and the console defining a passage slot between them, to receive the table in the deployed horizontal position; and a flap closing off the passage slot, the flap being movable by the table from an active configuration closing the passage slot to a retracted configuration freeing the passage slot during the passage of the table from the retracted position to the deployed position. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1 further comprising at least one elastic returner for returning the closing flap to its active configuration. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the closing flap in the active closing configuration is situated above the closing flap in the retracted configuration. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 3 wherein the table is configured to bear on the closing flap during the passage of the table from the retracted position to the horizontal deployed position to push the closing flap downward in the retracted configuration under the effect of the weight of the table. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein at least one of the closing flap and the table includes at least one slider for sliding of the table on the closing flap. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the closing flap is movable in translation between the active closing configuration and the retracted configuration. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the console has a stationary upper edge, downwardly defining the passage slot, the table bearing on sliders situated on the closing flap in the deployed horizontal position. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7 wherein the table bears on the sliders without contact with the upper edge of the console. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the cover in the closed configuration is arranged above an upper surface of the table when the table is in the deployed horizontal position, the cover upwardly closing off the receiving housing. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the cover in the closed configuration is positioned above the closing flap when the table is in the retracted position, the cover upwardly closing off the receiving housing. 11. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the console has an upper surface for bearing objects, an upper wall of the cover in the closed configuration being flush with the upper bearing surface. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the table includes a base panel and an additional panel articulated on the base panel, the additional panel being folded on the base panel during the passage of the table from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 1 further comprising: a stationary frame, the table being deployable relative to the frame between the retracted position and the deployed horizontal position; and a guide for guiding the movement of the table relative to the frame between the retracted position and the deployed horizontal position, the guide defining at least one bearing point for the table during the passage of the table from the retracted position to the deployed horizontal position, the at least one bearing point having a globally invariable position relative to the frame, the table being configured to pivot on the at least one bearing point while moving laterally away relative to the at least one bearing point, by sliding on the at least one bearing point, to the deployed position. 14. An interior layout method of an aircraft cabin comprising: providing the assembly as recited in claim 1, the table being in the retracted position in the receiving housing, the closing flap being in the active configuration for closing the passage slot; deploying the table outside the receiving housing through the deployment opening toward the deployed position; and moving the closing flap by the table during the deployment of the table to move the closing flap to the retracted configuration. 15. The method as recited in claim 14 further comprising: retracting the table in the receiving housing through the deployment opening toward the retracted position; and moving the closing flap from the retracted configuration to the active configuration closing the passage slot, under the effect of an elastic biaser of the closing flap toward its active closing configuration. 16. The method as recited in claim 14 wherein the table bears on the closing flap during the deployment of the table toward the deployed horizontal position, the movement of the closing flap by the table being generated by the weight of the table pressing on the closing flap.",
-    "A method and apparatus to assist a vehicle ascending a hill are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a trailer connection component configured to determine whether a trailer is connected to the vehicle. The example apparatus also includes a road geometry component configured to determine a slope of a road on which the vehicle is driving. The example apparatus also includes a vehicle payload component configured to determine a gross vehicle weight of the vehicle. The example apparatus also includes a throttle adjuster configured to adjust a throttle based on the gross vehicle weight to maintain a set speed. 1. A vehicle comprising: a trailer connection component configured to determine whether a trailer is connected to the vehicle; a road geometry component configured to determine a slope of a road on which the vehicle is driving; a vehicle payload component configured to determine a gross vehicle weight of the vehicle; and a throttle adjuster configured to adjust a throttle based on the gross vehicle weight to maintain a set speed. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein to determine whether the trailer is connected to the vehicle, the trailer connection component monitors a controller area network bus. 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein to determine the slope of the road on which the vehicle is driving, the road geometry component analyzes map data received from an electronic horizon unit, the map data including gradient data for a distance of the road ahead of the vehicle. 4. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the road geometry component is configured to determine a distance at which the slope of the road changes. 5. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the vehicle payload component uses a vehicle model to determine the gross vehicle weight of the vehicle. 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein to adjust the throttle, the throttle adjuster instructs the throttle open to a set point to increase torque supplied by an engine of the vehicle. 7. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein to adjust the throttle, the throttle adjuster instructs the throttle to adjust a mechanical-force-to-throttle ratio to increase torque supplied by an engine of the vehicle with respect to a mechanical force on an acceleration pedal of the vehicle. 8. A method comprising: determining a connection status of a trailer; determining a slope of a road ahead of the vehicle; calculating an effective weight of the vehicle based on (i) vehicle dynamics data and (ii) the connection status of the trailer; and adjusting a throttle based on the effective weight of the vehicle and a grade of the slope to maintain a set speed when the vehicle is traversing the slope. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the connection status of the trailer includes monitoring a controller area network bus. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the slope of the road ahead of the vehicle includes analyzing map data received from an electronic horizon unit, the map data including gradient data for a distance of the road ahead of the vehicle. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein adjusting the throttle includes instructing the throttle open to a set point to increase torque supplied by an engine of the vehicle. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the slope of the road ahead of the vehicle includes determining a distance at which the slope of the road changes. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein adjusting the throttle includes sending instructions to the throttle to gradually open to a set point over the distance at which the slope of the road changes. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the slope of the road ahead of the vehicle is changing from a negative gradient to a substantially zero gradient. 15. A computer readable medium comprising instruction that, when executed, cause a vehicle to: determine a connection status of a trailer; determine a slope of a road ahead of the vehicle; calculate an effective weight of the vehicle based on (i) vehicle dynamics data and (ii) the connection status of the trailer; and adjust a throttle based on the effective weight of the vehicle and a grade of the slope to maintain a set speed when the vehicle is ascending the slope. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein to determine the slope of the road ahead of the vehicle, the instructions cause the vehicle to analyze map data received from an electronic horizon unit, the map data including gradient data for a distance of the road ahead of the vehicle. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein to adjust the throttle, the instructions cause the vehicle instruct the throttle open to a set point to increase torque supplied by an engine of the vehicle. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein to determine the slope of the road ahead of the vehicle, the instructions cause the vehicle to determine a distance at which the slope of the road changes. 19. The computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein to adjust the throttle, the instructions cause the vehicle to send instructions to the throttle to gradually open to a set point over the distance at which the slope of the road changes. 20. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein to adjust the throttle, the instructions cause the vehicle to adjust a mechanical-force-to-throttle ratio to increase torque supplied by an engine of the vehicle with respect to a mechanical force on an acceleration pedal of the vehicle",
-    "A method for reducing response time in a speech interface including constructing a partially completed word sequence from a partially received utterance from a speaker received by an audio sensor, modeling a remainder portion using a processor based on a rich predictive model to predict the remainder portion, and responding to the partially completed word sequence and the predicted remainder portion using a natural language vocalization generator with a vocalization, wherein the vocalization is prepared before a complete utterance is received from the speaker and conveyed to the speaker by an audio transducer. 1. A method for reducing response time in a speech interface comprising: constructing a partially completed word sequence from a partially received utterance from a speaker received by an audio sensor; modeling a remainder portion for the partially received utterance using a processor based on a rich predictive model to predict the remainder portion; and responding to the partially completed word sequence and the predicted remainder portion for the partially received utterance using a natural language vocalization generator with a vocalization, wherein the vocalization is prepared before a complete utterance is received from the speaker and conveyed to the speaker by an audio transducer. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the rich predictive model is trained with a training corpus for an automatic speech recognition detector and a training corpus for the natural language vocalization generator. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the natural language vocalization generator uses the partially completed word sequence and the predicted remainder portion for information retrieval from a non-transitory memory. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the rich predictive model is an n-gram model, a recurrent neural network model, a long short term memory, feed forward neural network, or a combination thereof. 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising receiving an electrical signal at an automatic speech recognition detector, wherein the electric signal is received in real time from the audio sensor receiving the utterance. 6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising recognizing one or more words for construction of the partially completed word sequence from the received electrical signal concurrently with reception of the electrical signal. 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising conveying the vocalization to a speaker in response to the received complete utterance. 8. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising a computer readable program for reducing response time in a speech interface, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform the steps of: constructing a partially completed word sequence from a partially received utterance from a speaker received by an audio sensor; modeling a remainder portion for the partially received utterance using a processor based on a rich predictive model to predict the remainder portion; and responding to the partially completed word sequence and the predicted remainder portion for the partially received utterance using a natural language vocalization generator with a vocalization, wherein the vocalization is prepared before a complete utterance is received from the speaker and conveyed to the speaker by an audio transducer. 9. The computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to: train with a training corpus for an automatic speech recognition detector and a training corpus for the natural language vocalization generator. 10. The computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to: use an n-gram model, a recurrent neural network model, a long short term memory, feed forward neural network, or a combination thereof for the rich predictive model. 11. The computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to: receive an electrical signal at an automatic speech recognition detector, wherein the electric signal is received in real time from the audio sensor receiving the utterance. 12. A system for reducing response time in a speech interface comprising: an automatic speech recognition detector including a processor configured to construct a partially completed word sequence from a partially received utterance from a speaker received by an audio sensor; a word predictor configured to model a remainder portion for the partially received utterance using a processor based on a rich predictive model to predict the remainder portion; and a natural language vocalization generator configured to respond to the partially completed word sequence and the predicted remainder portion for the partially received utterance using a natural language vocalization generator with a vocalization, wherein the vocalization is prepared before a complete utterance is received from the speaker and conveyed to the speaker by an audio transducer. 13. The system according to claim 12, wherein the rich predictive model is trained with a training corpus for an automatic speech recognition detector and a training corpus for the natural language utterance generator. 14. The system according to claim 12, wherein the natural language vocalization generator uses the partially completed word sequence and the predicted remainder portion for information retrieval. 15. The system according to claim 12, wherein the language model is an n-gram model, a neural network, a long short term memory, feed forward neural network, or a combination thereof stored in a non-transitory memory. 16. The system according to claim 12, wherein the automatic speech recognition detector is coupled to the audio sensor to receive an electrical signal, Wherein the electric signal is generated by the utterance from the speaker, and the processor of the automatic speech recognition detector is configured to recognize one or more words from the received signal. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein the automatic speech recognition detector is configured to recognize one or more words for construction of the partially completed word sequence concurrently with reception of the electrical signal. 18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the natural language vocalization generator is configured to convey the vocalization to the speaker in response to the received complete utterance. 19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the system for reducing response time in speech interfacing further comprises non-transitory memory, and the vocalization to the speaker includes information retrieved from the non-transitory memory. 20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the information includes items associated with the particular speech interface use.",
-    "The present invention comprises a method for delivering pharmaceutical and/or imaging agents within and/or through the dermal, mucosal and other cellular membranes, and across the blood-brain barrier, utilizing a fusogenic protein. The fusogenic protein is associated with a phospholipid membrane, such as a liposome. The liposome may include dioleoylphosphatidylserine, a negatively charged long-chain lipid. Alternatively, the liposome is comprised of a mixture of negatively charged long-chain lipids, neutral long-chain lipids, and neutral short-chain lipids. Preferred fusogenic proteins include saposin C and other proteins, polypeptides and peptide analogs derived from saposin C. The active agent contained within the liposome may comprise biomolecules and/or organic molecules. This technology can be used for both cosmetic and medicinal applications in which the objective is delivery of the active agent within and/or beneath biological membranes or across the blood-brain barrier and neuronal membranes. 1. A method for treating a central nervous system (CNS) disorder comprising delivering an agent through a targeted biological membrane, wherein the method comprises applying to the membrane a composition comprising: a) one or more phospholipid selected from the group consisting of long-chain phospholipids, short-chain lipids and mixtures thereof; b) a safe and effective amount of an agent; c) a fusogenic protein or polypeptide derived from prosaposin; and d) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the concentration of the fusogenic protein or polypeptide is of a sufficient amount to deliver the agent through the membrane, and wherein the composition forms a liposome capable of fusing with the targeted biological membrane; and wherein the CNS disorder is selected from the group consisting of: neuroblastoma, cerebral inflammation, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Niemann-Pick, stroke, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's diseases, demyelination disorders, retinal neuropathy, Huntington's disease, A.L.S., multiple sclerosis, neuro-AIDS, brain or spinal cord trauma, autism, lysosomal storage disorders, fragile X syndrome, inherited ataxias, and blindness. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the phospholipids are a mixture of anionic long-chain lipids and neutral long-chain lipids. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the phospholipids are a mixture of anionic long-chain lipids, neutral long-chain lipids and neutral short-chain lipids. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the liposome contains cationic phospholipids. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the amounts of anionic long-chain lipid, neutral long-chain lipid and short-chain lipid is governed by the formula ([neutral long chain lipid]+[anionic long chain lipid))/(short chain lipid) equals about 4. 6.-9. (canceled) 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the composition is between about 6.8 and 2. 11. The method of claim 10, herein the pH of the composition is between about 5.5 and about 2. 12. The method of claim 11 comprising the further step of neutralizing the pH with a neutralizing buffer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the pH of the composition is adjusted such that it form liposomes having mean diameters of between 50 and 350 nanometers. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the pH of the composition is adjusted such that it form liposomes having mean diameters of about 200 nanometers. 15.-28. (canceled) 29. The method of claim 1 wherein the fusogenic protein or polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of saposin A, saposin C, SEQ. ID. NO. 1, SEQ. ID. NO. 2, SEQ ID Nos. 3, and mixtures thereof. 30. The method of claim 1 wherein administration of the composition is selected from a transdermal patch, enterally, trans-nasally, intravenously, intramuscularly or topically. 31.-36. (canceled) 37. A method for treating a CNS disorder comprising delivering a pharmaceutical or imaging agent across a membrane of the blood-brain barrier wherein the method comprises the administration to the membrane of a composition comprising: a. phospholipids selected from the group consisting of anionic long-chain phospholipids, neutral long chain lipids, neutral short chain lipids, anionic short-chain lipids and mixtures thereof; b. a safe and effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent or imaging agent; c. a fusogenic protein or polypeptide derived from prosaposin; and d. a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the concentration of the liposomes are of a sufficient amount to deliver a safe and effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent through the membrane and wherein the phospholipids form a liposome having an overall negative charge; and wherein the CNS disorder is selected from the group consisting of: neuroblastoma, cerebral inflammation, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Niemann-Pick, stroke, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's diseases, demyelination disorders, retinal neuropathy, Huntington's disease, A.L.S., multiple sclerosis, neuro-AIDS, brain or spinal cord trauma, autism, lysosomal storage disorders, fragile X syndrome, inherited ataxias, and blindness. 38. The method according to claim 37 wherein the phospholipids are a mixture of anionic long-chain lipids and neutral long-chain lipids. 39. The method according to claim 37 wherein the phospholipids are a mixture of anionic long-chain lipids, neutral long-chain lipids and neutral short-chain lipids. 40. The method of claim 39 wherein the liposome contains cationic phospholipids. 41-42. (canceled) 42. The method according to claim 37 wherein the pH of the composition is between about 5.5 and about 2. 43. The method according to claim 37 wherein the fusogenic protein or polypeptide is saposin C. 45-50. (canceled) 51. A method for treating Gaucher's Disease wherein the method comprises the administration of a composition to a subject in need of such therapy comprising: anionic liposomes containing one or more phospholipid selected from the group consisting of anionic long chain phospholipids, neutral long chain phospholipids, neutral short chain phospholipids, anionic short chain phospholipids and mixtures thereof in which the amounts of anionic long-chain lipid, neutral long-chain lipid and short-chain lipid is governed by the formula ([neutral long chain lipid]+[anionic long chain lipid])/(neutral short chain lipid) equals about 4; a safe and effective amount of acid beta-glucosidase; a fusogenic protein or polypeptide derived from prosaposin; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pH of the composition between about 5.5 and about 2, the concentration of the fusogenic protein or polypeptide is of a sufficient amount to deliver the pharmaceutical agent through the membrane and the saposin C is associated with the surface of the liposome through an electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction. 52. The method of claim 51 wherein the concentration of the liposome is in at least about a 1 to about 10-fold excess, by molar ratio, to that of fusogenic protein or polypeptide.",
-    "An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricant which has excellent lubrication performance and is able to exhibit excellent lubrication performance even when under extreme pressure conditions. The present invention relates to a complex polyester composition containing polyester obtained by condensing polyhydric alcohol having at least two hydroxyl groups, a dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and monohydric alcohol. Further, the present invention relates to a lubricant composition containing the complex polyester composition, and a lubricant and a production method for a complex polyester composition. 1. A complex polyester composition containing polyester obtained by condensing polyhydric alcohol having at least two hydroxyl groups, a dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and monohydric alcohol. 2. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms is an erucic acid dimer. 3. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyhydric alcohol has three or more hydroxyl groups. 4. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyhydric alcohol is selected from pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane, glycerin, and dipentaerythritol. 5. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the monohydric alcohol is denoted by General Formula (1) described below, and Ra\ue8a0O(CXa1Xa2)na1\ue8a0na2OH General Formula (1) in General Formula (1), Ra represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent group, a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent group, an aryl group which may have a substituent group, or a heteroaryl group which may have a substituent group, Xa1 and Xa2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group, na1 represents an integer of 2 to 4, and na2 represents an integer of 1 to 12. 6. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the complex polyester composition contains polyester obtained by further condensing a dimer acid in addition to the polyhydric alcohol, the dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and the monohydric alcohol. 7. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the complex polyester composition contains polyester obtained by further condensing a trimer acid in addition to the polyhydric alcohol, the dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and the monohydric alcohol. 8. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one type of polyester is denoted by General Formula (2) described below, and R\ue8a0OCOR1COOR2)n General Formula (2) in General Formula (2), R represents a n-valent atomic group, R1 represents a residue of a dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, R2 represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent group, a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent group, an aryl group which may have a substituent group, or a heteroaryl group which may have a substituent group, and n represents an integer of 2 to 6. 9. The complex polyester composition according to claim 8, wherein in General Formula (2) described above, n represents an integer of 3 to 6. 10. The complex polyester composition according to claim 8, wherein in General Formula (2) described above, R represents an atomic group formed of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon which may have a substituent group. 11. The complex polyester composition according to claim 8, wherein in General Formula (2) described above, the number of carbon atoms of R2 is greater than or equal to 4. 12. The complex polyester composition according to claim 8, wherein in General Formula (2) described above, R2 represents a group having an oxyalkylene structure. 13. The complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein viscosity at 40\u00b0 C. is 50 mPa\u00b7s to 1650 mPa\u00b7s. 14. A lubricant composition containing the complex polyester composition according to claim 1, and one type or two or more types of additives selected from an abrasion preventing agent, a viscosity index improver, an antioxidant, a cleaning agent, a dispersant, a fluidizing agent, a curing agent, a corrosion preventing agent, a seal compatible agent, a defoaming agent, a rust preventing agent, a friction adjuster, and a thickener. 15. A lubricant composition containing at least the complex polyester composition according to claim 1, and one type or two or more types of mediums selected from mineral oil, a fatty oil compound, polyolefin oil, silicone oil, perfluoropolyether oil, diphenyl ether oil, aromatic ester oil, aliphatic monoester oil, aliphatic diester oil, and polyol ester lubricating oil. 16. A lubricant containing the complex polyester composition according to claim 1. 17. The lubricant according to claim 16, wherein the lubricant is used as lubricating oil for grease, a releasing agent, engine oil for an internal combustion engine, oil for metal working (machining), oil for a bearing, fuel for a combustion engine, vehicle engine oil, gear oil, operating oil for an automobile, lubricating oil for a vessel and an aircraft, machine oil, turbine oil, hydraulic operating oil, compressor and vacuum pump oil, freezer oil, lubricating oil for metal working, a lubricant for magnetic recording medium, a lubricant for a micro machine, a lubricant for an artificial bone, shock absorber oil, or rolling oil. 18. A production method for a complex polyester composition, comprising: obtaining a mixture by mixing polyhydric alcohol having at least two hydroxyl groups, a dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and monohydric alcohol; and performing dehydration condensation with respect to the mixture. 19. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 18, wherein the afore-mentioned obtaining the mixture is mixing the polyhydric alcohol, the dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and the monohydric alcohol such that an equivalence ratio of mixing the dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms with respect to the polyhydric alcohol is 1 to 3, and an equivalence ratio of mixing the monohydric alcohol with respect to the polyhydric alcohol is 0.5 to 3. 20. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 18, wherein the afore-mentioned performing the dehydration condensation includes adding a hydrocarbon-based solvent having a boiling point of 110\u00b0 C. to 160\u00b0 C. in the amount of 1 mass % to 25 mass % with respect to the mixture, and of performing the dehydration condensation while setting water in an azeotropic state. 21. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 18, wherein the afore-mentioned performing the dehydration condensation is performing condensation in the absence of a solvent.",
-    "An encoding device searches input text data for a date-time notation string that represents at least a date or time. The encoding device generates, upon finding the date-time notation string by the search unit, a converted date and time code including an identification code for identifying the date-time notation string and a normalized date and time notation formed by converting the date-time notation string into a specific date-time notation format. The encoding device converts the input text data based on conversion information that associates the converted date-time code generated by the generation unit with the date-time notation string. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein an encoding program that causes a computer to execute a process comprising: searching input text data for a date-time notation string that represents at least a date or time; generating, upon finding the date-time notation string, a converted date and time code including an identification code for identifying the date-time notation string and a normalized date-time notation formed by converting the date-time notation string into a specific date-time notation format; and converting the input text data based on conversion information that associates the converted date-time code with the date-time notation string. 2. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the normalized date and time notation is an absolute date and time notation that represents the date or the time in a uniquely identifiable sense. 3. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the normalized date and time notation is a relative date and time notation that represents the date or the time relative to a reference date or reference time. 4. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the generating generates a converted date and time code including a code corresponding to the normalized date and time notation, the code being given chronological order. 5. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 1, the process further comprising: dynamically allocating a compressed code to a date-time notation string that has appeared in the input text data, and registering, in a dictionary, the compressed code of the date-time notation string in association with the normalized date and time notation of the date-time notation string, wherein the converting outputs the compressed code after converting the date-time notation string in the input text data into the compressed code of the date-time notation string registered in the dictionary. 6. An encoding method comprising: searching input text data for a date-time notation string that represents at least a date or time; generating, upon finding the date-time notation string, a converted date and time code including an identification code for identifying the date-time notation string and a normalized date and time notation formed by converting the date-time notation string into a specific date-time notation format; and converting the input text data based on conversion information that associates the converted date and time code with the date-time notation string. 7. An encoding device comprising: a search unit that searches input text data for a date-time notation string that represents at least a date or time; a generation unit that generates, upon finding the date-time notation string by the search unit, a converted date and time code including an identification code for identifying the date-time notation string and a normalized date and time notation formed by converting the date-time notation string into a specific date-time notation format; and an convert unit that converts the input text data based on conversion information that associates the converted date-time code generated by the generation unit with the date-time notation string.",
-    "A system for combining a food container with a solid food product encasing the container, allowing both products to be enjoyed together. The related method is ideal for the combination of products such as wine and chocolate, so that the two items can be transported together, then separated during presentation, allowing for them to be consumed by the user. 1. A system for providing a comestible comprising: (a) a liquid container, (b) a sleeve for encasing the liquid container, said sleeve further comprising a series of tear strips, (c) and a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior of the sleeve; and (d) wherein the liquid container is encased in a sleeve of chocolate, and removing the tear strips releases the chocolate from the bottle to provide a bottle of liquid with a chocolate display. 2. An outer wrapping of the system of claim 1 made of a plastic material to protect the system, that may also comprise: (a) a paper insert to serve as a plate for the removed comestible coating; and (b) decorative printing or decoration 3. A system for removal of the comestible coating comprised in the system in claim 1 comprising: (a) a series of tear strips which may be made of ribbons or string or other similar materials; and (b) and the ability to perforate the comestible coating to aid in removal of the coating. 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior that is one or more of chocolate, milk chocolate, dark chocolate, white chocolate, nougat and fondue. 5. The system of claim 4 further comprising a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior that is chocolate. 6. The system of claim 4 further comprising a hard candy embedded in the soft comestible coating. 7. A method of providing a comestible comprising a liquid container, an encasing sleeve surrounding the liquid container, and a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior of the sleeve said method comprising (a) preparing a liquid container covered with an encasing sleeve; b) melting solid comestible coating materials to just above the melting temperature of the comestible coating material; c) tempering the comestible coating material so that the comestible coating material is just below the melting temperature; and d) covering the exterior of the encasing sleeve with the tempered comestible coating material. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising a sleeve with a series of tear strips. 9. The method of claim 7 further comprising rolling the semi-solid comestible material in a hard crumble layer. 10. The method of claim 7 further comprising a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior that is one or more of chocolate, milk chocolate, dark chocolate, white chocolate, nougat and fondue. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior that is chocolate. 12. The method of claim 9 further comprising a hard candy embedded in the soft comestible coating. 13. A comestible comprising a liquid container, an encasing sleeve surrounding the liquid container, and a soft comestible coating solidified on the exterior of the sleeve through a method comprising (a) preparing a liquid container covered with an encasing sleeve; b) melting solid comestible coating materials to just above the melting temperature of the comestible coating material; c) tempering the comestible coating material so that the comestible coating material is just below the melting temperature; and d) covering the exterior of the encasing sleeve with the tempered comestible coating material.",
-    "Embodiments include a protective cover for a control module mounted to a vehicle surface using attachment mechanisms that extend perpendicularly from the vehicle surface. The protective cover comprises a rigid top portion having a top surface and four sidewalls configured to cover the control module and engage the vehicle surface. The protective cover also comprises a plurality of insets molded into at least two of the sidewalls, each inset configured to receive a respective attachment mechanism. Embodiments also include an apparatus for protecting a control module mounted to a vehicular surface using a plurality of attachment mechanisms. The apparatus comprises a rigid top structure configured to completely cover the control module and a flexible gasket coupled to a bottom edge of the top structure and configured to removably engage the vehicular surface surrounding the control module in a fluid-tight seal. 1. A protective cover for a control module mounted to a vehicle surface using attachment mechanisms that extend perpendicularly from the vehicle surface, the protective cover comprising: a rigid top portion having a top surface and four sidewalls configured to cover the control module and engage the vehicle surface; a plurality of insets molded into at least two of the sidewalls, each inset configured to receive a respective attachment mechanism; and a flexible base portion comprising a compressible corrugated structure and coupled to a bottom edge of the top portion and configured to form a fluid-tight seal with the vehicle surface. 2. The protective cover of claim 1, wherein each inset includes three sidewalls terminating at a seat portion, the seat portion comprising an aperture for receiving the corresponding attachment mechanism. 3. The protective cover of claim 1, wherein at least two insets are molded into a first sidewall of the top portion and a third inset is molded into a second sidewall of the top portion. 4. The protective cover of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of locking mechanisms included in respective insets for removably securing the attachment mechanisms to the top portion. 5. The protective cover of claim 4, wherein each locking mechanism comprises a spring lock. 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. The protective cover of claim 1, wherein the top portion comprises a plurality of strengthening ribs coupled to an underside of the top surface. 10. The protective cover of claim 9, wherein the ribs are arranged to form a geometric pattern. 11. An apparatus for protecting a control module mounted to a vehicular surface using a plurality of attachment mechanisms, the apparatus comprising: a rigid top structure configured to completely cover the control module; and a flexible gasket comprising a corrugated structure which compresses and coupled to a bottom edge of the top structure and configured to removably engage the vehicular surface surrounding the control module in a fluid-tight seal. 12. (canceled) 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top structure is sized and shaped according to a size and shape of the control module. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top structure has a height that is greater than a height of the control module 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of insets formed within at least two sidewalls of the top structure for coupling the top structure to the attachment mechanisms included on the vehicular surface. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein each inset includes an aperture for receiving a respective one of the attachment mechanisms. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein an arrangement of the plurality of insets is based on a configuration of the attachment mechanisms on the vehicular surface. 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a plurality of locking mechanisms respectively included in the plurality of insets for securing the top structure to the attachment mechanisms 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the locking mechanisms include a releasable spring lock. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the top structure includes strengthening ribs arranged in a predetermined pattern on an underside of the top structure.",
-    "A fuel vapor recovery apparatus includes an adsorbent canister capable of capturing fuel vapor, a vapor passage connecting the adsorbent canister to a fuel tank. In addition, the apparatus includes an atmospheric air passage communicating the adsorbent canister with the atmosphere, a purge passage coupling the adsorbent canister to an intake pipe of an internal combustion engine, a purge pump configured to generate a gas flow from the adsorbent canister to the intake pipe through the purge passage, and a flow control valve provided at the purge passage downstream of the purge pump in a direction of the gas flow and configured to regulate the gas flow through the purge passage. Further, the apparatus includes a decompressor configured to decrease pressure upstream of the flow control valve when the pressure upstream of the flow control valve in the direction of the gas flow is higher than the atmospheric pressure. 1. A fuel vapor recovery apparatus comprising: an adsorbent canister capable of capturing fuel vapor; a vapor passage connecting the adsorbent canister to a fuel tank; an atmospheric air passage communicating the adsorbent canister with the atmosphere; a purge passage coupling the adsorbent canister to an intake pipe of an internal combustion engine; a purge pump configured to generate a gas flow from the adsorbent canister to the intake pipe through the purge passage; a flow control valve provided at the purge passage downstream of the purge pump in a direction of the gas flow and configured to regulate the gas flow through the purge passage; and a decompressor configured to decrease pressure upstream of the flow control valve in the direction of the gas flow when the pressure upstream of the flow control valve in the direction of the gas flow is higher than the atmospheric pressure. 2. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decompressor is configured to carry out at least one of decreasing a rotation number of the purge pump, decreasing pressure in the intake pipe of the engine, and increasing a valve opening amount of the flow control valve in order to decrease the pressure upstream of the flow control valve. 3. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a pressure sensor configured to measure the pressure upstream of the flow control valve in the direction of the gas flow, wherein the purge pump is provided at the purge passage; wherein the pressure sensor is located at the purge passage between the flow control valve and the purge pump. 4. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decompressor is configured to estimate the pressure upstream of the flow control valve based on a valve opening amount of the flow control valve, a rotation number of the purge pump, and pressure in the intake pipe of the engine. 5. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the decompressor stores a map that is prepared based on a relationship between the pressure upstream of the flow control valve, the valve opening amount of the flow control valve, the rotation number of the purge pump, and the pressure in the intake pipe of the engine, and wherein the decompressor is configured to estimate the pressure upstream of the flow control valve based on the map.",
-    "A display device includes a display panel, and an electrostatic capacitive type touch panel which is formed in an overlapping manner with the display panel. A plurality of X electrodes and a plurality of Y electrodes intersecting with the X electrodes. A first signal line supplies signals to the X electrodes, a second signal line supplies signals to the Y electrodes, and the first signal line and the second signal line are formed on a flexible printed circuit board. A dummy electrode is formed adjacent to an electrode portion of each X electrode and electrode portion of each Y electrode, the dummy electrode does not overlap the X electrode and the Y electrode, and the dummy electrode does not electrically connect with the first and second signal lines. 1. An electrostatic capacitive type touch panel comprising: a substrate including a pair of long sides and a pair of short sides; a plurality of X electrodes and a plurality of Y electrodes intersecting with the X electrodes formed on the substrate, a first signal line having a first portion which extends along at least one of the short and long sides of the electrostatic capacitive type touch panel supplying signals to the X electrodes; a second signal line having a first portion which extends along at least one of the short and long sides of the electrostatic capacitive type touch panel supplying signals to the Y electrodes; a plurality of first connection terminals of the first portion of the first signal line and the second signal line; and a flexible printed circuit board having a second portion of the first and the second signal line, a plurality of second connection terminals, and a plurality of third connection terminals, wherein the second connection terminal is electrically connected with the third connection terminal respectively by the second portion, wherein the plurality of second connection terminals is disposed above the plurality of first connection terminal and electrically connected with the plurality of first connection terminals respectively wherein the flexible printed circuit board has shielding line of the second portion, and wherein the number of the plurality of third connection terminals is less than that of the plurality of second connection terminals. 2. The electrostatic capacitive type touch panel according to claim 1, wherein a floating electrode is formed adjacent to the X electrode or the Y electrode. 3. A display device according to claim 1, wherein either one of the X electrode and the Y electrode is made of a transparent conductive film. 4. A display device according to claim 1, wherein the X electrode and the Y electrode are transparent conductive films which are formed with an insulation film sandwiched therebetween. 5. A display device according to claim 1, wherein the X electrode and the Y electrode are transparent conductive films which are formed with an insulation film sandwiched therebetween, and a dummy electrode which is formed adjacent to the X electrode or the Y electrode is a transparent conductive formed on the same layer as the electrode portion. 6. An electrostatic capacitive type touch panel comprising; a substrate having a substantially rectangular shape with a pair of long sides and a pair of short sides; a plurality of X electrodes and a plurality of Y electrodes intersecting with the X electrodes which are formed on the substrate, a first signal line having a first portion which extends along at least one of the short and long sides of the substrate supplying signals to the X electrodes; a second signal line having a first portion which extends along at least one of the short and long sides of the substrate supplying signals to the Y electrodes; a plurality of first connection terminals of the first portion of the first signal line and the second signal line arranged above the substrate; and a flexible printed circuit board having a second portion of the first and the second signal line, a plurality of second connection terminals, and a plurality of third connection terminals being electrically connected with the second connection terminals respectively by the second portion; and a shielding line surrounding the first and the second signal line of the second portion, wherein the plurality of second connection terminal is overlapped with the plurality of first connection terminal and electrically connected with the plurality of first connection terminal respectively, wherein the number of the plurality of third connection terminals is less than that of the plurality of second connection terminals, wherein the shielding line is supplied a ground potential by one of the third, connection terminals. 7. The electrostatic capacitive type touch panel according to claim 6, wherein a floating electrode is formed adjacent the X electrode. 8. The electrostatic capacitive type touch panel according to claim 6, wherein either one of the X electrode and the Y electrode is formed of a transparent conductive film. 9. The electrostatic capacitive type touch panel according to claim 6, wherein the X electrode and the Y electrode are transparent conductive films which are formed with an insulation film sandwiched therebetween. 10. The electrostatic capacitive type touch panel according to claim 6, wherein the X electrode and the Y electrode are transparent conductive films which are formed with an insulation film sandwiched therebetween, and a floating electrode which is formed adjacent the X electrode is a transparent conductive formed on the same layer as the X electrode.",
-    "The invention is directed to methods of screening for HLA antibodies comprising detecting antibodies specific for native HLA antigens and denatured HLA antigens. The invention also provides for methods of removing antibodies specific for denatured HLA antigens or antibodies specific for native HLA antigens from a serum sample. In addition, the invention also provides for method of predicting whether a transplant recipient has an increased risk for rejecting the transplanted organ. 1. A method of screening for antibodies that specifically bind a native HLA antigen, comprising the steps of: obtaining a serum sample from a human subject, providing a first solid phase substrate having immobilized thereon said HLA antigen which has been denatured, binding antibodies that specifically bind said denatured HLA antigen in said serum sample to said first solid-phase substrate to form an antibody/antigen complex, separating the antibody/antigen complex from the serum sample to generate a serum sample essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said denatured HLA antigen, contacting the serum sample that is essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said denatured HLA antigen with a second solid-phase substrate presenting the native HLA antigen, and detecting binding of an antibody to the second solid-phase substrate, wherein binding of an antibody is indicative of a human subject having antibodies that specifically bind the native HLA antigen. 2. A method of screening for antibodies that specifically bind a native HLA antigen, comprising the steps of: obtaining a serum sample from a human subject, providing a cell that presents said HLA antigen which has been denatured, binding antibodies that specifically bind said denatured HLA antigen in said serum sample to said cell to form an antibody/antigen complex, separating the antibody/antigen complex from the serum sample to generate a serum sample essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said denatured HLA antigen, contacting the serum sample that is essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said denatured HLA antigen with a solid-phase substrate presenting the native HLA antigen, and detecting binding of an antibody to the solid-phase substrate presenting the native HLA antigen, wherein binding of an antibody is indicative of a human subject having antibodies that specifically bind the native HLA antigen. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the HLA antigen is a HLA class I antigen. 4. The method claim 1, wherein the HLA antigen is a HLA class II antigen. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a solid-phase substrate is selected from microparticles, microbeads, magnetic beads and an affinity purification column. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the serum sample is obtained from a human subject that is a transplant or transfusion recipient. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the serum sample is obtained from a human subject that is a transplant or transfusion donor. 8. A method of screening for antibodies that specifically bind a HLA antigen that has been denatured, comprising the steps of: obtaining a serum sample from a human subject, providing a first solid-phase substrate having immobilized thereon said HLA antigen in its native conformation, binding antibodies that specifically bind said native HLA antigen in said serum sample to said first solid-phase substrate to form an antibody/antigen complex, separating the antibody/antigen complex from the serum sample to generate a serum sample essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said native HLA antigen, contacting the serum sample that is essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said native HLA antigen with a second solid-phase substrate presenting the HLA antigen that has been denatured, and detecting binding of an antibody to the second solid-phase substrate, wherein binding of an antibody is indicative of a human subject having antibodies that specifically bind the denatured HLA antigen. 9. A method of screening for antibodies that specifically bind a HLA antigen that has been denatured, comprising the steps of: obtaining a serum sample from a human subject, providing a cell that presents said HLA antigen in its native conformation, binding antibodies that specifically bind said native HLA antigen in said serum sample to said cell to form an antibody/antigen complex, separating the antibody/antigen complex from the serum sample to generate a serum sample essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said native HLA antigen, contacting the serum sample that is essentially free of antibodies that specifically bind said native HLA antigen with a solid-phase substrate presenting the HLA antigen that has been denatured, and detecting binding of an antibody to the solid-phase substrate, wherein binding of an antibody is indicative of a human subject having antibodies that specifically bind the denatured HLA antigen. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the HLA antigen is a HLA class I antigen. 11. The method claim 8, wherein the HLA antigen is a HLA class II antigen. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein a solid-phase substrate is selected from microparticles, microbeads, magnetic beads and an affinity purification column. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the serum sample is obtained from a human subject that is a transplant or transfusion recipient. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the serum sample is obtained from a human subject that is a transplant or transfusion donor.",
-    "A lipid particle can include a cationic lipid. The cationic lipid can include one or more hydrophobic tails, which can include one or more sites of unsaturation. The sites of unsaturation can include cycloalkyl groups, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl groups. The lipid particle is suitable for delivering an active agent. 1. A cationic lipid having the formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is a C10 to C30 group having the formula -L1a-(CR1aR1b)\u03b1-[L1b-(CR1aR1b)\u03b2]\u03b3-L1c-R1c, wherein: L1a is a bond, \u2014CR1aR1b\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR1d\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or a combination thereof; each R1a and each R1b, independently, is H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; \u2014OR1c; \u2014NR1cR1d; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; each L1b, independently, is a bond, \u2014(CR1aR1b)1-2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR1d\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or a combination thereof; or has the formula wherein j, k, and l are each independently 0, 1, 2, or 3, provided that the sum of j, k and l is at least 1 and no greater than 8; and R1f and R1g are each independently R1b, or adjacent R1f and R1g, taken together, are optionally a bond; or has the formula wherein j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 provided that the sum of j and k is at least 1; and R1f and R1g are each independently R1b, or adjacent R1f and R1g, taken together, are optionally a bond; or has the formula: wherein \u2014 Ar\u2014 is a 6 to 14 membered arylene group optionally substituted by zero to six R1a groups; or has the formula: wherein -Het- is a 3 to 14 membered heterocyclylene or heteroarylene group optionally substituted by zero to six R1a groups; L1c is \u2014(CR1aR1b)1-2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR1d\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or a combination thereof; each R1c is independently H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; or R1c has the formula: each R1d is independently H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; \u03b1 is 0-6; each \u03b2, independently, is 0-6; \u03b3 is 0-6; R2 is a C10 to C30 group having the formula -L2a-(CR2aR2b)\u03b4-[L2b-(CR2aR2b)\u03b5]\u03b6-L2c-R2c, wherein: L2a is a bond, \u2014CR2aR2b\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR2d\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or a combination thereof; each R2a and each R2b, independently, is H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; \u2014OR1c; \u2014NR1cR1d; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; each L2b, independently, is a bond, \u2014(CR1aR1b)1-2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR1d\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, or a combination thereof; or has the formula wherein j, k, and l are each independently 0, 1, 2, or 3, provided that the sum of j, k and l is at least 1 and no greater than 8; and R2f and R2g are each independently R2b, or adjacent R2f and R2g, taken together, are optionally a bond; or has the formula wherein j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 provided that the sum of j and k is at least 1; and R2f and R2g are each independently R2b, or adjacent R2f and R2g, taken together, are optionally a bond; or has the formula: wherein \u2014Ar\u2014 is a 6 to 14 membered arylene group optionally substituted by zero to six R2a groups or has the formula: wherein -Het- is a 3 to 14 membered heterocyclylene or heteroarylene group optionally substituted by zero to six R2a groups; L2c is \u2014(CR2aR2b)1-2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR1d, \u2014S\u2014, or a combination thereof; R2c is H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; or R2c has the formula: R2d is H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; \u03b4 is 0-6; each \u03b5, independently, is 0-6; \u03b6 is 0-6; Hd1 is \u2014X\u2014(CR3R4)n\u2014N(R5)(R6)(R7) and Hd2 is H, halo, hydroxy, alkyl, or alkoxy; or Hd1 and Hd2, taken together, have the formula: wherein: X and Y are each independently \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NR8\u2014, \u2014S\u2014S\u2014, \u2014OC(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)O\u2014, \u2014NR8C(O)\u2014, \u2014C(O)NR8\u2014, \u2014NR8C(O)O\u2014, \u2014OC(O)NR8\u2014, \u2014NR8C(O)NR8\u2014, \u2014NR8C(S)O\u2014, \u2014OC(S)NR8\u2014, \u2014NR8C(S)NR8\u2014, or \u2014CR3R4\u2014; each R3 and each R4, independently, is H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; R5 and R6 are each independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; oxo, nitro; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; or R5 and R6 are taken together with the N atom to which they are both attached to form a 3-8 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; wherein each of heteroaryl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; oxo, nitro; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; R7 is absent, H, alkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; oxo, nitro; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; R8 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by H; halo; hydroxy; cyano; oxo, nitro; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl; m is 0 to 6; and n is 0 to 5. 2. The cationic lipid of claim 1, wherein R1 is a C12 to C20 group having the formula -L1a-(CR1aR1b)\u03b1-[L1b-(CR1aR1b)\u03b2]\u03b3-L1c-R1c, wherein at least one L1b has the formula or has the formula wherein j, k, and l are each independently 0, 1, 2, or 3, provided that the sum of j, k and l is at least 1 and no greater than 8; and R1f and R1g are each independently R1b, or adjacent R1f and R1g, taken together, are optionally a bond. 3. The cationic lipid of claim 2, wherein at least one L1b has the formula: 4. The cationic lipid of claim 1, wherein R2c has the formula: and L2c is \u2014NHC(O)\u2014. 5. (canceled) 6. The cationic lipid of claim 1, wherein -L1a-(CR1aR1b)\u03b1\u2014 is \u2014(CH2)8\u2014. 7. The cationic lipid of claim 6, wherein at least one -[L1b-(CR1aR1b)\u03b2]\u2014 is 8. The cationic lipid of claim 7, wherein -[L1b-(CR1aR1b)\u03b2]\u03b3\u2014 is 9. The cationic lipid of claim 7, wherein L1c-R1c is \u2014(CH2)3\u2014CH3 or \u2014CH3. 10. The cationic lipid of claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are free of carbon-carbon double-bonds. 11. (canceled) 12. The cationic lipid of claim 1, wherein Hd1 has the formula \u2014X\u2014(CR3R4)n\u2014N(R5)(R6)(R7), Hd2 is H, X is O, and R7 is absent, and R5 and R6 are each independently alkyl optionally substituted by halo; hydroxy; cyano; oxo; nitro; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl. 13-14. (canceled) 15. The cationic lipid of claim 1, wherein Hd1 and Hd2, taken together, have the formula: X and Y are each independently O, and m is 0, 1, or 2, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, R7 is absent; and R5 and R6 are each independently alkyl optionally substituted by halo; hydroxy; cyano; oxo, nitro; C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy; aryl; heteroaryl; or heterocyclyl. 16-20. (canceled) 21. A lipid particle comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, and a cationic lipid of claim 1. 22. The lipid particle of claim 21, wherein the neutral lipid is selected from DSPC, DPPC, POPC, DOPE, and SM; the lipid capable of reducing aggregation is a PEG lipid; and the lipid particle further comprises a sterol, wherein the cationic lipid is present in a molar ratio of about 20% and about 60%; the neutral lipid is present in a molar ratio of about 5% to about 25%; the sterol is present in a molar ratio of about 25% to about 55%; and the PEG lipid is PEG-DMA, PEG-DMG, or a combination thereof, and is present in a molar ratio of about 0.5% to about 15%. 23. (canceled) 24. The lipid particle of claim 21, further comprising an active agent, wherein the active agent is a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of a plasmid, an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide, an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide, a microRNA, an antagomir, an aptamer, and a ribozyme. 25. (canceled) 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a lipid particle of claim 24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 27. A method of modulating the expression of a target gene in a cell, comprising providing to the cell a lipid particle of claim 24. 28. (canceled) 29. A method of treating a disease or disorder characterized by the overexpression of a polypeptide in a subject, comprising providing to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 wherein the active agent is a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of an siRNA, a microRNA, and an antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the siRNA, microRNA, or antisense oligonucleotide includes a polynucleotide that specifically binds to a polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide, or a complement thereof. 30. A method of treating a disease or disorder characterized by underexpression of a polypeptide in a subject, comprising providing to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the active agent is a plasmid that encodes the polypeptide or a functional variant or fragment thereof. 31. A method of inducing an immune response in a subject, comprising providing to the subject the pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the active agent is an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide. 32-33. (canceled) 34. The cationic lipid of claim 1 having the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.",
-    "A method and system for creating shear stress and endothelial mechanotransduction through neuromuscular stimulation of the muscle pump. Chronic application a minimum of 30 days triggers the autocrine and paracrine processes which elevates production of vasoactive substances including nitric oxide, prostacyclin, superoxide dismutase, thrombomodulin, glutathion, Krupple-like factor 2 and many others. Chronic application also promotes angiogenesis and development of collateral circulation. This is a cost-effective, non-invasive, drug-free therapy to treat vascular dysfunction and ameliorate or reverse its effects on cardiovascular health. 1. A method for treating vascular dysfunction through neuromuscular stimulation and flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction, comprising the steps of: providing a controller for the generation of electrical waveforms; operably associating the controller to a plurality of treatment pads and a plurality of leads, the leads in electrical communication with the controller; coupling the pads and leads to the extremities of a human body; and initiating an electrical stimulation signal through the leads and into the tissue of the body, the controller regulating the electrical stimulation signal; wherein the electrical stimulation signal is configured to contract skeletal muscle on the body to induce endothelium mechanotransduction in a blood vessel; and wherein the electrical stimulation signal is regulated through the plurality of treatment pads and leads in a sequential manner with overlapping intervals of contractions from a distal end to a proximal end of each extremity. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to regulate at least one of the duration, intensity, sequence, and form of the waveform. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein communication between the controller and the plurality of leads is performed through one or more wires. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein communication between the controller and the plurality of leads is performed through wireless signals. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of pads are distributed along a route of at least one extremity of the human body. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the plurality of pads are aligned in pairs and located in an opposed placement to one another. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the waveforms are provided in a plurality of sequential treatment intervals from distal to proximal on each extremity. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the treatment intervals vary in length between one half second to a plurality of seconds. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein each treatment interval commences before a preceding treatment interval ends, providing overlap of said treatment intervals. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the pads are coupled to the dermal surface of the body by at least one of the following methods including an adhesive, a strap, a hook and loop fastener, an elastic member, and a garment. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: adjusting intensities throughout each treatment and the entire series of treatments in response to changing conditions of the tissue being treated. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: adjusting the waveform during the treatment for sufficient intensity to contract skeletal muscles and activate the venous muscle pump. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical stimulation signal is of sufficient intensity and sequentially provided, will activate a venous muscle pump and create elevated levels of blood flow delivering elevated levels of nutrients and oxygen to the skeletal muscle. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical stimulation signal is configured to selectively contract the skeletal muscle so as to elevate blood flow in the blood vessels, the elevated blood flow will increase laminar shear stresses on the endothelium of the blood vessel and thus induce or elevate endothelial mechanotransduction resulting in increased production of vasoactive substances including, but not limited to nitric oxide, prostacyclin, thrombomodulin, glutathione, Krupple-like factor 2, endothelial progenitor cells, C peptides, carbon monoxide, bradykinin, superoxide dismutase, adenosine, thioredoxin, adrenomedullin, heme oxygenase-1, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.",
-    "Techniques for distributed selection of white space channels are described. According to one or more embodiments, techniques described herein enable fair allocation of available white spaces among entities seeking access to the white spaces, such as base stations and client devices in a particular geographical region. According to one or more embodiments, techniques for distributed selection of white space channels enable individual network components to detect white space network attributes and distribute white space channels based on the detected attributes. Alternatively or additionally, multiple base stations can collaborate to share information about white spaces in a particular region. 1. A system comprising: at least one processor; and one or more computer-readable storage media including instructions stored thereon that, responsive to execution by the at least one processor, cause the system perform operations including: ascertaining a share of white space channels from a group of available white space channels based at least in part on a number of devices in a set of devices seeking access to one or more white space channels of the available white space channels, and a number of devices in a subset of devices to which the share of white space channels is to be allocated; and executing logic to perform a distributed channel selection process that assigns subsets of channels from the share of white space channels for use by the subset of devices and based on least in part on channel quality detected in the subsets of channels. 2. A system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a base station on which the at least one processor and the one or more computer-readable storage media are implemented, the base station being configured to provide wireless service to the subset of devices. 3. A system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a base station on which the at least one processor and the one or more computer-readable storage media are implemented, the base station being configured to provide wireless cellular service to the subset of devices. 4. A system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a base station on which the at least one processor and the one or more computer-readable storage media are implemented, the base station being configured to identify the number of devices in the set of devices based on information received directly from individual devices of the set of devices. 5. A system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a base station on which the at least one processor and the one or more computer-readable storage media are implemented, the base station being configured to identify the number of devices in the set of devices based at least in part on information received from a different base station. 6. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the group of available white space channels comprises white space channels that are determined to be free for allocation. 7. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the group of available white space channels comprises white space channels that are determined to be free for allocation, and wherein the operations further include identifying a particular white space channel as being a free white space channel by: ascertaining whether a difference between a current channel quality reported for the particular channel and a maximum channel quality observed for the particular channel is less than or equal to a threshold difference; and determining that the particular channel is a free channel in response to ascertaining that the difference between the current channel quality reported for the particular channel and the maximum channel quality observed for the particular channel is less than or equal to the threshold difference. 8. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the operations further include: receiving quality information for the group of white space channels from one or more devices of the subset of devices; and determining that the group of white space channels are free channels based on least on the quality information indicating that a quality of the group of white space channels exceeds a threshold quality. 9. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the operations further include communicating a notification to a device of the subset of devices, the notification identifying one or more channels of the subsets of channels that are assigned to the device. 10. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein said executing logic comprises: determining free white space channels of the group of available white space channels based on channel quality of the free white space channels; calculating an allocation of the free white space channels for a device of the subset of devices as a function of the share of white space channels, the number of devices in the subset of devices, and a number of the free white space channels; and allocating the allocation of the free white space channels to the device for wireless communication. 11. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein said executing logic comprises: selecting a random channel from the group of available white space channels; transmitting data over the random channel to a device of the subset of devices; receiving an indication from the device of channel quality over the random channel; determining that the channel quality exceeds a quality threshold; and allocating the channel to the device for wireless communication. 12. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the operations further include: ascertaining whether a difference between a current channel quality reported for a particular channel of the subsets of channels and a maximum channel quality observed for the particular channel is greater than a threshold difference; responsive to ascertaining that the difference between the current channel quality reported for the particular channel and the maximum channel quality observed for the particular channel is greater than the threshold difference, decrementing a quality value for the particular channel; and ascertaining whether to replace the channel based on whether the quality value falls below a threshold quality value. 13. A computer-implemented method, comprising: ascertaining a share of white space channels from a group of available white space channels based at least in part on a number of devices in a set of devices seeking access to one or more white space channels of the available white space channels, and a number of devices in a subset of devices to which the share of white space channels is to be allocated; and executing logic to perform a distributed channel selection process that assigns a channel from the share of white space channels for use by a device of the subset of devices, including: determining free white space channels of the group of available white space channels based on channel quality of the free white space channels; calculating an allocation of the free white space channels for the device as a function of the share of white space channels, the number of devices in the subset of devices, and a number of the free white space channels; and allocating the channel from the allocation of the free white space channels to the device for wireless communication. 14. A method as described in claim 13, further comprising identifying the number of devices in the set of devices based on information received directly from the devices. 15. A method as described in claim 13, further comprising providing wireless service for the device via the channel. 16. A method as described in claim 13, further comprising: instructing the device to send quality information for the channel; receiving quality information for the channel from the device; and determining that the channel is a free white space channel based on the quality information. 17. A computer-implemented method, comprising: ascertaining a share of white space channels from a group of available white space channels based at least in part on a number of devices in a set of devices seeking access to one or more white space channels of the available white space channels, and a number of devices in a subset of devices to which the share of white space channels is to be allocated; and executing logic to perform a distributed channel selection process that assigns a channel from the share of white space channels for use by a device of the subset of devices, including: selecting a random channel from the group of available white space channels; transmitting data over the random channel to the device; receiving an indication from the device of channel quality over the random channel; determining that the channel quality exceeds a quality threshold; and allocating the channel to the device for wireless communication. 18. A method as described in claim 17, wherein said transmitting comprises transmitting data over the random channel to multiple devices including the device, the method further comprising receiving indications of channel quality over the random channel from the multiple devices. 19. A method as described in claim 17, further comprising performing the distributed channel selection process over multiple different random channels to allocate the multiple different random channels to one or more other devices of the subset of devices. 20. A method as described in claim 17, further comprising performing the distributed channel selection process over multiple different random channels to allocate the multiple different random channels to one or more other devices of the subset of devices and until the share of white space channels is allocated or the distributed channel selection process is performed a threshold number of times.",
-    "A reconfigurable battery pack is disclosed. The reconfigurable battery back includes plurality of reconfigurable units, such as cells, and switches or selectors coupled to the reconfigurable units within the reconfigurable battery pack. The switches or selectors can be controlled to reconfigure the electric connectivity among the reconfigurable units and to the loads having different power or voltage specifications that are directly connected to and powered by the reconfigurable battery pack. 1. An apparatus comprising: a battery pack comprising: a plurality of battery units; and a plurality of reconfiguration switches coupled to the plurality of battery units; and a controller coupled to the battery pack, the controller being configured to activate one or more reconfiguration switches, wherein at least one of the plurality of battery units is connectable in a first state or a second state when the one or more reconfiguration switches are activated, the first state being coupled to a first load providing a first voltage, and the second state being coupled to a second load providing a second voltage. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first voltage and the second voltage are different. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first voltage and the second voltage are different by at least one order of magnitude in volts (V). 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first load and the second load are isolated, and wherein the first load and the second load are not coupled to a rechargeable voltage source other than the battery pack. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller is coupled to a processor, and wherein the controller is configured to activate some of the reconfiguration switches based in part on a control signal from the processor. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of battery units are in the first state, and wherein another at least some of the plurality of battery units are in the second state. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein for at least some of the plurality of battery units, being in the first state comprises being connected to a first subset of neighboring one or more battery units and being in the second state comprises being connected to a second subset of neighboring one or more battery units, wherein the first subset and the second subset are different. 8. A reconfigurable battery pack comprising: a dedicated voltage source portion configured to provide power to a high voltage load; and a reconfigurable voltage source portion configured to provide power to either a high voltage load or a low voltage load. 9. The reconfigurable battery pack of claim 8, wherein the reconfigurable voltage source portion comprises a plurality of battery units coupled to a plurality of reconfiguration switches. 10. An electric vehicle comprising the reconfigurable battery pack of claim 8, wherein the electric vehicle is without a voltage converter coupled to the reconfigurable battery pack. 11. The electric vehicle of claim 10, wherein the electric vehicle is without a rechargeable voltage source other than the reconfigurable battery pack. 12. The electric vehicle of claim 10, wherein the reconfigurable voltage source portion is further configured to directly charge a rechargeable low voltage battery. 13. The electric vehicle of claim 10, wherein the high voltage load comprises a vehicle drive system. 14. The electric vehicle of claim 10, wherein the reconfigurable battery pack provides a voltage greater than 300 V to the high voltage load and a voltage less than 30 V to the low voltage load. 15. The electric vehicle of claim 10, wherein the reconfigurable voltage source portion switches between being coupled to the high voltage load and being coupled to the low voltage load based in part on a control signal from a processor. 16. An electric vehicle comprising: a motor coupled to one or more wheels of the electric vehicle; an inverter coupled to the motor; at least a first power bus coupled to the inverter; a low voltage load isolated from the first power bus; and a reconfigurable battery pack directly coupled to the first power bus and the low voltage load. 17. The electric vehicle of claim 16, wherein the electric vehicle is without a voltage converter coupled to the reconfigurable battery pack. 18. The electric vehicle of claim 16, wherein the reconfigurable battery pack comprises a dedicated voltage source portion providing power to the first power bus and a reconfigurable voltage source portion providing power to either the first power bus or the low voltage load. 19. The electric vehicle of claim 16, wherein the reconfigurable battery pack comprises a plurality of battery units coupled to a plurality of reconfiguration switches, and wherein the reconfiguration switches are configured to change electric connectivity between one another of at least some of the plurality of battery units. 20. The electric vehicle of claim 19, wherein the reconfiguration switches change electric connectivity between one another of the at least some of the plurality of battery units based in part on a control signal from a processor.",
-    "A device includes a sound source, an electric board, an exterior member, an electric board container box, and a sound absorber. The sound source generates a sound at a time of operation. The electric board has a circuit mounting an electrical component. The exterior member surrounds the sound source and the electric board. The electric board container box houses the electric board. The sound absorber is at least partially disposed inside a virtual space corresponding to a thickness of the electric board container box in an interior space of the device. 1. A device comprising: a sound source to generate a sound at a time of operation; an electric board with a circuit mounting an electrical component; an exterior member surrounding the sound source and the electric board; an electric board container box housing the electric board; and a sound absorber at least partially disposed inside a virtual space corresponding to a thickness of the electric board container box in an interior space of the device. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electric board container box is made of metal. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the electric board container box is rotatable with respect to a body of the device. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the sound absorber is at least partially disposed at an interior side of the electric board container box. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the sound absorber includes a Helmholtz resonator. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the Helmholtz resonator includes a plurality of walls surrounding a cavity, wherein at least one wall of the plurality of walls includes a communication portion communicating an interior of the cavity with an exterior of the cavity, and wherein the at least one wall is made of metal. 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein the communication portion is a portion formed by drawing. 8. The device according to claim 5, wherein the Helmholtz resonator includes a plurality of walls surrounding a cavity, wherein at least one wall of the plurality of walls includes a communication portion communicating an interior of the cavity with an exterior of the cavity, and wherein one or more wall other than the at least one wall of the plurality of walls is made of resin. 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein the sound source is a drive transmitter configured to transmit drive from a drive source through engagement with a gear, and wherein a frequency of a sound to be absorbed by the sound absorber is set in accordance with a frequency of a sound which is caused by the engagement of the gear. 10. An image forming apparatus comprising the device according to claim 1.",
-    "A balanced armature (\u201cBA\u201d) based valve is described. The valve includes a motor having a coil assembly and a magnetic system, an armature extending through or being located adjacent to the motor, a drive pin coupled to the armature, and a valve flap of a membrane having a hole therein. The valve flap is actuated by the drive pin into open and closed positions, in response to respective motions of the armature. A housing contains the motor, the armature, the drive pin, and the membrane. In one embodiment, the membrane is attached to the housing and divides the housing into an upper space and a lower space, and there is airflow through the hole, between the upper space and the lower space, only when the valve flap is open. A first spout of the housing may deliver sound generated by an acoustic driver in the housing into a wearer's ear canal, and is also open to the upper space. A second spout of the housing is open to the bottom space and to an ambient environment. Other embodiments are also described. 1. An acoustic pass valve for use in a speaker, the valve comprising: a motor having a coil assembly and a magnetic system; an armature extending through or being located adjacent to the coil assembly and the magnetic system; a membrane having a main portion in which a hole is formed, and a moveable valve flap that, in a closed position, abuts the top face of the main portion and completely covers the hole; a drive pin having a first end and a second end, the first end of the drive pin being coupled to the armature and the second end being coupled to the valve flap of the membrane, the valve flap to be actuated by the drive pin into i) an open position in which the hole is uncovered by the flap, in response to a first motion of the armature, and ii) the closed position, in response to a second motion of the armature; a valve housing containing the motor, the armature, the drive pin, and the membrane; a first spout coupled to or formed on the housing, wherein the first spout is open to a first space inside the housing that is open to a top face of the membrane; and a second spout coupled to or formed on the housing, wherein the second spout is open to a second space inside the housing that is open to a bottom face of the membrane. 2. The valve of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second motions of the armature do not cause the drive pin to actuate, vibrate, or move any part of the membrane that is not the valve flap. 3. The valve of claim 1, wherein the first motion of the armature causes the drive pin to actuate the valve flap into the open position in response to a first magnetic flux that is created when a positive current is applied to the coil assembly, the second motion of the armature causes the drive pin to actuate the valve flap into the closed position in response to a second magnetic flux that is created when a negative current is applied to the coil assembly, and the armature is bi-stable such that no current is applied to the coil assembly except to cause the first motion or the second motion. 4. The valve of claim 3, wherein when the valve flap is in the closed position, air pressure in the first space of the housing is sealed off from air pressure in the second space of the housing. 5. The valve of claim 3, further comprising: logic to trigger the application of the positive or negative currents to the coil assembly based on one or more measurements by a sensor, wherein the logic is included in i) the valve, ii) an in-ear speaker in which the valve is contained, or iii) an external device that is to provide an audio signal to the in-ear speaker, and the sensor is included in i) the valve, ii) an in-ear speaker in which the valve is contained, or iii) an external device that is to provide an audio signal to the in-ear speaker. 6. The valve of claim 3, wherein the positive current is between +1 mA and +3 mA, and the negative current is between \u22121 mA and \u22123 mA. 7. The valve of claim 1, wherein the first motion of the armature ends due to the armature coming into contact with a first magnet of the magnetic system, the second motion of the armature ends due to the armature coming into contact with a second magnet of the magnetic system, and the armature is bi-stable such that no current through the coil assembly is required to maintain the armature at the end of the first motion or the second motion. 8. The valve of claim 7, wherein the magnetic system comprises the first magnet, the second magnet, and a pole piece, the pole piece being designed to hold the first and second magnets, the first magnet being directly over the second magnet with an air gap between the first and second magnets, and the armature being located in the air gap such that the first motion includes moving towards the first magnet and the second motion includes moving towards the second magnet. 9. The valve of claim 1 wherein a cross-sectional area of the valve flap is less than or equal to three mm2. 10. The valve of claim 1, wherein the housing has a front side, a rear side, a top side, and a bottom side, the first spout is coupled to or formed on the front side of the housing or the top side of the housing, the second spout is coupled to or formed on the rear side of the housing or the bottom side of the housing, and wherein the front side, the bottom side, and the membrane are substantially parallel to each other, wherein the membrane is placed between the front and bottom sides of the housing and the motor, the armature, and the drive pin are between the membrane and the bottom side of the housing. 11. The valve of claim 1, wherein an active vent system couples the ear canal to the external ambient environment outside of the in-ear speaker using a pathway, the valve is part of the active vent system, and the pathway includes at least three volumes through which the ear canal is acoustically coupled to the ambient environment, wherein a first one of the volumes presents an acoustic impedance between the BA based valve and the ambient environment, a second one of the volumes presents an acoustic impedance between the BA based valve and the ear canal, and a third one of the volumes presents an acoustic impedance in the BA based valve itself. 12. The valve of claim 11, wherein an overall acoustic impedance of the at least three volumes is at least 500 Kg/m4. 13. The valve of claim 11, wherein an overall acoustic impedance of the at least three volumes is at most 800,000 Kg/m4. 14. An acoustic driver assembly for use in a speaker, the driver assembly comprising: an acoustic driver that is to generate sound waves for delivery into an ear canal of a user in response to an input audio signal; a balanced armature (BA) based valve having a valve membrane with a hole formed therein that is completely covered by a moveable valve flap when in a closed position, a coil assembly, a magnetic system, an armature extending through or being located adjacent to the coil assembly and the magnetic system, a drive pin whose first end is coupled to the armature and whose second end is coupled to the valve flap, the valve flap to be actuated by the drive pin into an open position based on a first motion of the armature and the closed position based on a second motion of the armature; and a housing containing the acoustic driver and the BA based valve, wherein first and second spouts are coupled to or formed on the housing, the first spout i) is configured to deliver sound waves produced by the acoustic driver into an ear canal and ii) is open to a top face of the valve membrane, and the second spout is open to an ambient environment and is configured to deliver sound waves that are inside the ear canal to the ambient environment when the valve is in the open position. 15. The driver assembly of claim 14, wherein: each of the first and second motions of the armature do not cause the drive pin to actuate, vibrate, or move any part of the membrane that is not the valve flap. 16. The driver assembly of claim 14, wherein: the first motion of the armature causes the drive pin to actuate the valve flap into the open position in response to a first magnetic flux that is created when a positive current is applied to the coil assembly; the second motion of the armature causes the drive pin to actuate the valve flap into the closed position in response to a second magnetic flux that is created when a negative current is applied to the coil assembly; and the armature is bi-stable such that no current is applied to the coil assembly except to cause the first motion or the second motion. 17. The driver assembly of claim 16, wherein: when the valve flap is in the closed position, air flow to and from the ambient environment through the hole is sealed off. 18. The driver assembly of claim 16, further comprising: logic to trigger the application of the positive or negative currents to the coil assembly based on one or more measurements of a sensor, wherein: the logic is included in at least one of the BA based valve, the in-ear speaker, or an external device providing input signals to the BA based valve or the in-ear speaker, and the sensor is included in at least one of the BA based valve, the in-ear speaker, or the external device. 19. The driver assembly of claim 16, wherein: the positive current is between +1 mA and +3 mA; and the negative current is between \u22121 mA and \u22123 mA. 20. The driver assembly of claim 16, wherein: the first motion of the armature ends when the armature is in contact with a first magnet of the magnetic system; the second motion of the armature ends when the armature is in contact with a second magnet of the magnetic system; and the armature is bi-stable such that no current through the coil assembly is required to maintain the armature at the end of the first motion or the second motion. 21. The driver assembly of claim 20, wherein: the magnetic system comprises the first magnet, the second magnet, and a pole piece; the pole piece being designed to hold the first and second magnets; the first magnet being directly over the second magnet with an air gap between the first and second magnets; and the armature being located in the air gap such that the first motion includes moving towards the first magnet and the second motion includes moving towards the second magnet. 22. The driver assembly of claim 16, wherein: a cross-sectional area of the valve flap is less than or equal to three mm2. 23. The driver assembly of claim 16, wherein: the housing has a front side, a rear side, a top side, and a bottom side; the first spout is coupled to or formed on at least one of the front side of the housing or the top side of the housing; the second spout is coupled to or formed on at least one of the rear side of the housing or the bottom side of the housing; the front side, the bottom side, a membrane of the acoustic driver, and the membrane of the BA based valve are substantially parallel to each other; and the membrane of the acoustic driver and the membrane of the BA based valve are placed between the front and bottom sides of the housing.",
-    "A digital camera is provided with a frequency component extraction unit, an AR evaluation value acquisition unit, a variation calculation unit, and a moving speed control unit. The frequency component extraction unit has first and second filters, and extracts first and second spatial frequency components. The AF evaluation value acquisition unit integrates the first and second spatial frequency components to acquire first and second AF evaluation values. The variation calculation unit calculates a first variation corresponding to first-order differentiation of the first AF evaluation value, a second variation corresponding to first-order differentiation of the second AF evaluation value, and a third variation corresponding to second-order differentiation of the second AF evaluation value. The moving speed control unit controls the moving speed of a focus lens at the time of an AF operation based on the rates of increase or decrease of the first to third variations. 1. A photographing apparatus comprising: a focus lens; a lens drive unit which moves the focus lens in an optical axis direction; an imaging unit which images an object at an interval of a predetermined time through the focus lens moving in the optical axis direction, and generates a plurality of pieces of image data; a frequency component extraction unit which extracts a spatial frequency component from each piece of image data using a first filter and a second filter as high pass filters, a cutoff frequency of the first filter being higher than a cutoff frequency of the second filter; an AF evaluation value acquisition unit which integrates the spatial frequency component extracted by the first filter to acquire a first AF evaluation value, and integrates the spatial frequency component extracted by the second filter to acquire a second AF evaluation value; an arithmetic unit which subtracts a value obtained by multiplying or adding a predetermined constant to the first AF evaluation value from the second AF evaluation value to calculate an arithmetic value; a variation calculation unit which calculates a variation of the arithmetic value at an interval of the predetermined time; a moving speed control unit which controls a moving speed of the focus lens by the lens drive unit based on the variation; and a focal position detection unit which detects a focal position of the focus lens based on at least one of the first AF evaluation value and the second AF evaluation value. 2. A photographing apparatus comprising: a focus lens; a lens drive unit which moves the focus lens in an optical axis direction; an imaging unit which images an object at an interval of a predetermined time through the focus lens moving in the optical axis direction, and generates a plurality of pieces of image data; a frequency component extraction unit which extracts a spatial frequency component from each piece of image data using a first filter and a second filter as high pass filters, a cutoff frequency of the first filter being higher than a cutoff frequency of the second filter; an AF evaluation value acquisition unit which integrates the spatial frequency component extracted by the first filter to acquire a first AF evaluation value, and integrates the spatial frequency component extracted by the second filter to acquire a second AF evaluation value; a variation calculation unit which calculates at least a first variation corresponding to first-order differentiation of the first AF evaluation value and a second variation corresponding to first-order differentiation of the second AF evaluation value at an interval of the predetermined time; a moving speed control unit which controls a moving speed of the focus lens by the lens drive unit based on the first variation and the second variation; a focal position detection unit which detects a focal position of the focus lens based on at least one of the first AF evaluation value and the second AF evaluation value; a difference calculation unit which calculates a difference between the first AF evaluation value and the second AF evaluation value; and a table storage unit which stores a plurality of tables defining at least a correspondence relationship between rates of increase or decrease of the first and second variations and the moving speed, the correspondence relationship being different according to the difference, wherein the moving speed control unit selects a table corresponding to the difference calculated by the difference calculation unit from among the plurality of tables, and controls the moving speed of the focus lens by the lens drive unit based on the selected table. 3. The photographing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the variation calculation unit calculates a third variation corresponding to second-order differentiation of the second AF evaluation value at an interval of the predetermined time in addition to the first and second variations, and the table storage unit stores a plurality of tables in which the rates of increase or decrease of the first to third variations are associated with the moving speed. 4. A photographing apparatus comprising: a focus lens; a lens drive unit which moves the focus lens in an optical axis direction; an imaging unit which images an object at an interval of a predetermined time through the focus lens moving in the optical axis direction, and generates a plurality of pieces of image data; a frequency component extraction unit which extracts a spatial frequency component for each filter constituting a plurality of high pass filters using the plurality of high pass filters having different cutoff frequencies from each piece of image data; an AF evaluation value acquisition unit which integrates the spatial frequency component extracted for each filter to acquire an AF evaluation value group composed of a plurality of AF evaluation values; a variation calculation unit which calculates a variation of a value based on the AF evaluation value group at an interval of the predetermined time; a moving speed control unit which controls a moving speed of the focus lens by the lens drive unit based on the variation; a focal position detection unit which detects a focal position of the focus lens based on at least one AF evaluation value of the AF evaluation value group; a luminance detection unit which detects a luminance of the object; and a table storage unit which stores a plurality of tables defining a correspondence relationship between rates of increase or decrease of the variations and the moving speed, the correspondence relationship being different according to the luminance, wherein the moving speed control unit selects a table corresponding to the luminance detected by the luminance detection unit from among the plurality of tables, and controls the moving speed of the focus lens by the lens drive unit based on the selected table. 5. The photographing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one pair of phase difference pixels provided in the imaging unit; and a phase difference focal position detection unit which detects the focal position with the phase difference pixels, wherein the moving speed control unit sets an initial speed for starting to move the focus lens to a predetermined value by the lens drive unit in the case where the distance between the position of the focus lens and the focal position detected by the phase difference focal position detection unit is equal to or greater than a predetermined value. 6. The photographing apparatus according claim 1, wherein each of the first filter and the second filter is a digital filter which subjects each piece of image data to a discrete cosine transformation process to extract the spatial frequency component.",
-    "An electronic device with an active area is disclosed. The electronic device includes a substrate and a first pattern circuit layer. The first pattern circuit layer is disposed at one side of the substrate. The first pattern circuit layer has at least one metal net structure. In the active area, the metal net structure has a first thickness and a second thickness. The second thickness is thinner than the first thickness. An electronic manufacturing method is also disclosed. The electronic device made by the manufacturing method can simplify the manufacturing processes. 1. An electronic device, comprising: a substrate; and a first patterned circuit layer, disposed at one side of the substrate, wherein the linewidth of at least one part of the first patterned circuit layer is between 0.1\u02dc100 \u03bcm, the at least one part of the first patterned circuit layer has a first thickness and a second thickness, and the second thickness is smaller than the first thickness. 2. The electronic device of claim 1, including an active area where the first patterned circuit layer has the first thickness and the second thickness. 3. The electronic device of claim 2, where the active area is a radiation area of an antenna, a visible area of a display panel, or a detection area of a touch panel. 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first patterned circuit layer includes a grid structure. 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the first patterned circuit layer further comprises a plurality of first conductive units, at least one of the first conductive units includes the first metal grid structure, and the first metal grid structure includes a plurality of first conductive portions and a plurality of second conductive portions, at least one of the first conductive portions is connected to the adjacent second conductive portions, the thickness of the at least one of the first conductive portions is denoted by the first thickness, and the thickness of the at least one of the second conductive portions is denoted by the second thickness. 6. The electronic device of claim 5, wherein the first conductive units are arranged in an array. 7. The electronic device of claim 5, wherein the first patterned circuit layer further comprises a plurality of second conductive units, at least one of the second conductive units comprises another first metal grid structure, wherein the first conductive units are arranged along a first axis direction in sequence, and the second conductive units are arranged along a second axis direction in sequence. 8. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein each of the first conductive units includes at least one first electrical connection member to be electrically connected to the adjacent first conductive unit, each of the second conductive units includes at least one second electrical connection member to be electrically connected to the adjacent second conductive unit, and the first electrical connection member of the first conductive unit crisscrosses the second electrical connection member of the adjacent second conductive unit. 9. The electronic device of claim 8, further comprising: an insulation layer, comprising a plurality of insulation members respectively disposed between the first electrical connection member of each of the first conductive units and the second electrical connection member of each of the second conductive units to electrically isolate the first conductive units from the second conductive units. 10. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: an insulation layer; and a second patterned circuit layer, wherein the first patterned circuit layer is disposed on the insulation layer, the insulation layer is disposed on the second patterned circuit layer, the second patterned circuit layer comprises at least one second metal grid structure, wherein within the detection area, the second metal grid structure has a third thickness and a fourth thickness, and the fourth thickness is smaller than the third thickness. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the first patterned circuit layer further comprises a plurality of first conductive units, the second patterned circuit layer further comprises a plurality of second conductive units, at least one of the second conductive units comprises the second metal grid structure, the second metal grid structure includes a plurality of third conductive portions and a plurality of the fourth conductive portions, at least one of the third conductive portions is connected to the adjacent fourth conductive portions, the thickness of the at least one of the third conductive portions is denoted by the third thickness, and the thickness of the at least one of the fourth conductive portions is denoted by the fourth thickness. 12. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic device is a touch display device, a touch panel, a circuit board, or an antenna. 13. A method of manufacturing an electronic device including a detection area, comprising: providing a substrate; and depositing at least one first patterned circuit layer at one side of the substrate by a first mask, wherein the linewidth of at least one part of the first patterned circuit layer is between 0.1\u02dc100 \u03bcm, the at least one part of the first patterned circuit layer has a first thickness and a second thickness, and the second thickness is smaller than the first thickness. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one first patterned circuit layer is deposited by sputtering. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the electronic device includes an active area, and the at least one first patterned circuit layer is deposited by the first mask within the active area. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: forming a second patterned circuit layer by a second mask, wherein the second patterned circuit layer has a third thickness and a fourth thickness, and the fourth thickness is smaller than the third thickness; and forming an insulation layer on the second patterned circuit layer, wherein the first patterned circuit layer is formed on the insulation layer. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the electronic device includes an active area, and the second patterned circuit layer is deposited by the second mask within the active area.",
-    "In an approach to cooperative evidence gathering, a first computing device receives a request for data corresponding to an event, where a second computing device detecting the event initiates the request for data. The first computing device aggregates data from one or more sensors, the one or more sensors associated with one or more first computing devices within a proximity of a location of the event. The first computing device determines whether at least a portion of the aggregated data is applicable to the event. 1. A method for cooperative evidence gathering, the method comprising: receiving, by a first computing device, wherein the first computing device is a computer integrated in a vehicle, a request for data corresponding to an event, wherein the event is a traffic accident, and wherein a second computing device detecting the event initiates the request for data, and wherein the request for data corresponding to the event includes one or more of: a question about the event, an entity to which to send the data, information about the event, a location of the event, a time the event occurred, a geo-temporal point of interest, a description of a party involved in the event, and sample evidence; based, at least in part, on receiving the request for data corresponding to the event, triggering, by the first computing device, one or more sensors associated with the first computing device to activate; aggregating, by the first computing device, data from the one or more sensors, wherein the aggregated data includes at least one of a location of the vehicle and a direction the vehicle is traveling at a time corresponding to the event; determining, by the first computing device, based, at least in part, on one or more of a location, an orientation and a vantage point of the first computing device in relation to a location of the event, whether at least a portion of the aggregated data is applicable to the event, wherein determining whether at least a portion of the aggregated data is applicable to the event includes determining whether the aggregated data corresponds to the metadata associated with the request for data, wherein the metadata associated with the request for data includes one or more attributes of the event, and wherein determining whether at least a portion of the aggregated data is applicable to the event includes utilizing, by the first computing device, at least one of: facial recognition software, optical character recognition software, a deep learning algorithm, an algorithm that can estimate one or more physical characteristics of a person, an algorithm that can match one or more colors between one or more images, an algorithm that can estimate a direction a person or object is moving, or voice recognition software; responsive to determining at least a portion of the aggregated data is applicable to the event, applying, by the first computing device, one or more policies to the applicable data, wherein the one or more policies include one or more rules corresponding to the aggregated data; based, at least in part, on the applied one or more policies, determining, by the first computing device, whether to transmit the applicable data; responsive to determining to transmit the applicable data, transmitting, by the first computing device, the data to at least one of: a first responder, a health care provider, an insurance company, or a sender of the request; and based, at least in part, on the applied one or more policies, determining, by the first computing device, whether to store the applicable data.",
-    "An encoding device includes a sensing unit having a signal transmitting element and a signal receiving element. The signal transmitting element and the signal receiving element are respectively disposed on different carrier members. Accordingly, when performing the rectification and alignment processes between the signal receiving element and the signal unit, the other components are prevented from hindering the rectification and alignment processes, whereby the rectification and alignment processes can be easily performed. 1. An encoding device for detecting geometrical displacement of external motional mechanism, the encoding device comprising: a sensing unit, including a first carrier member adjacently located on the external motional mechanism, a second carrier member located and spaced from the first carrier member, a signal transmitting element disposed on the second carrier member for generating signals, a signal receiving element disposed on the first carrier member and spaced from the signal transmitting element in alignment therewith for detecting the signals transmitted from the signal transmitting element, and an electrical connection element bridged between the first carrier member and the second carrier member; and a signal unit positioned between the signal transmitting element and the signal receiving element and synchronously movable with the external motional mechanism, whereby the signal unit provides predetermined signals detected by the signal receiving element in accordance with the displacement of the external motional mechanism. 2. The encoding device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising two alignment elements respectively disposed on the signal receiving element and the signal unit. 3. The encoding device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the two alignment elements are alignment marks. 4. The encoding device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the alignment mark disposed on the signal unit is a circular line, and the alignment mark disposed on the signal receiving element is an arched line, wherein the curvature of the circular line is equal to the curvature of the arched line. 5. The encoding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal transmitting element is a light source, the signal receiving element is a photocell, and the signal unit is an encoding circular disc. 6. The encoding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first carrier member is a plate with a U-shaped inner periphery. 7. The encoding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first carrier member and the second carrier member are circuit boards. 8. The encoding device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the electrical connection element is a flexible cable. 9. The encoding device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a spacer element securely disposed between the first carrier member and the second carrier member so as to keep the second carrier member spaced from the first carrier member with a fixed distance. 10. The encoding device as claimed in claim 9, wherein the spacer element includes at least one spacer positioned between the first carrier member and the second carrier member and at least one connection member for connecting the spacer with the second carrier member.",
-    "This disclosure relates generally to information security, and more particularly to implementation and management of information security of a Big Data environment of an organization. In one embodiment, security related inputs are received from a user and are converted into security requirement. Thereafter, a security policy template is identified from plurality of pre-defined security policy templates based on security reference architecture and the security requirement. The security policy template represents a plurality of security controls. Thereafter, one or more security controls are selected from the security controls based on the security requirement. Further, one or more existing security controls implemented in Big Data environment are identified. Thereafter, the selected security controls are compared with the existing security controls for determining a security control that is not implemented in the Big Data environment. Subsequently, the security control is implemented in the Big Data environment to provide security to the Big Data of the organization. 1. An information security system for securing Big Data of an organization, the information security system comprising: a processor; an interaction module coupled to the processor to: obtain one or more security related inputs from a user for a Big Data environment deployed in the organization; convert the one or more security related inputs into at least one security requirement for the Big Data environment; a security policy designer coupled to the processor to: identify a security policy template from amongst a plurality of pre-defined security policy templates based on a security reference architecture and the at least one security requirement, wherein the security policy template represents a plurality of security controls, and wherein the security reference architecture is indicative of the plurality of security controls categorized in a plurality of security layers and security control selection rules; select one or more security controls from amongst the plurality of security controls based on the at least one security requirement; a determination module coupled to the processor to: identify one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment based on at least one environment parameter; compare the selected one or more security controls with the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment to determine a security control from amongst the selected one or more security controls that is not implemented in the Big Data environment; and implement the security control in the Big Data environment to provide security to the Big Data of the organization. 2. The information security system of claim 1, wherein the determination module further is to determine changes to be made to the one or more existing security controls based on the comparison of the selected one or more security controls with the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment. 3. The information security system of claim 1, wherein the security policy designer further is to: render the security policy template to the user for customization; based on the customization, select the one or more security controls from amongst the plurality of security controls; design one or more security policies based on the selected one or more security controls; and implement the one or more security policies in the Big Data environment to provide security to the Big Data of the organization. 4. The information security system of claim 3, wherein the security policy designer further is to replicate the one or more security policies of another Big Data environment deployed in the organization. 5. The information security system of claim 1, the security policy designer further is to generate a visual model for the Big Data environment, wherein the visual model depicts at least one of the security policy template, one or more security policies, and information related to Big Data environment. 6. The information security system of claim 1, wherein the determination module further is to determine a security product corresponding to each of the one or more existing security controls, and wherein a security product implements a respective existing security control. 7. The information security system of claim 1, further comprises a monitoring module coupled to the processor to: periodically monitor the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment to determine whether the one or more existing security controls deviate from a security policy; and on determining the one or more existing security controls to be deviating from the security policy, initiate an action for the Big Data environment. 8. The information security system of claim 7, wherein the monitoring module is to: receive a user request to monitor a subset of the Big Data environment against a security policy; and in response to the user request, monitor the subset of the Big Data environment against the security policy. 9. The information security system of claim 7, wherein the monitoring module further is to provide a dashboard view of the Big Data environment to the user, wherein the dashboard view allows the user to view information related to the Big Data environment, and wherein the information includes security policies, and status of the Big Data environment. 10. The information security system of claim 1, further comprises a performance simulator to: simulate the Big Data environment to ascertain performance of the Big Data environment; and simulate an impact on a functionality of the Big Data based on changes in the security controls. 11. A method for providing security to Big Data of an organization, the method comprising: obtaining, via one or more hardware processors, one or more security related inputs from a user for a Big Data environment deployed in the organization; converting, via the one or more hardware processors, the one or more security related inputs into at least one security requirement for the Big Data environment; identifying, via the one or more hardware processors, a security policy template from amongst a plurality of pre-defined security policy templates based on a security reference architecture and the at least one security requirement, wherein the security policy template represents a plurality of security controls, and wherein the security reference architecture is indicative of the plurality of security controls categorized in a plurality of security layers and security control selection rules; selecting, via the one or more hardware processors, one or more security controls from amongst the plurality of security controls based on the at least one security requirement; identifying, via the one or more hardware processors, one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment based on at least one environment parameter; comparing, via the one or more hardware processors, the selected one or more security controls with the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment to determine a security control from amongst the selected one or more security controls that is not implemented in the Big Data environment; and implementing, via the one or more hardware processors, the security control in the Big Data environment to provide security to the Big Data of the organization. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein identifying the one or more security controls comprises: rendering the security policy template to the user for customization; based on the customization, selecting the one or more security controls from amongst the plurality of security controls; creating one or more security policies based on the selected one or more security controls; and implementing the one or more security policies in the Big Data environment to provide security to the Big Data of the organization. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprises: generating a visual model for the Big Data environment, wherein the visual model depicts at least one of the security policy template, one or more security policies, and information related to Big Data environment. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprises: determining changes to be made to the one or more existing security controls based on the comparison of the selected one or more security controls with the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprises: monitoring the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment to determine whether the one or more existing security controls deviates from a security policy; and on determining the one or more existing security controls to be deviating from the security policy, initiating an action for the Big Data environment. 16. The method of claim 11, further comprises providing a dashboard view of the Big Data environment to the user, wherein the dashboard view allows the user to view information related to the Big Data environment, and wherein the information includes security policies, and status of the Big Data environment. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprises determining a security product corresponding to each of the one or more existing security controls, wherein a security product implements a respective existing security control. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the Big Data environment comprises Big Data technologies, NoSQL technologies, and a combination of the Big Data technologies and the NoSQL technologies. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having embodied thereon a computer program for executing a method comprising: obtaining one or more security related inputs from a user for a Big Data environment deployed in an organization; converting the one or more security related inputs into at least one security requirement for the Big Data environment; identifying a security policy template from amongst a plurality of pre-defined security policy templates based on a security reference architecture and the at least one security requirement, wherein the security policy template represents a plurality of security controls, and wherein the security reference architecture is indicative of the plurality of security controls categorized in a plurality of security layers and security control selection rules; selecting one or more security controls from amongst the plurality of security controls based on the at least one security requirement; identifying one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment based on at least one environment parameter; comparing the selected one or more security controls with the one or more existing security controls implemented in the Big Data environment to determine a security control from amongst the selected one or more security controls that is not implemented in the Big Data environment; and implementing the security control in the Big Data environment to provide security to the Big Data of the organization.",
-    "A method of producing a silicon single crystal is provided. The method may include taking a real image of a heat shield including a circular opening and a mirror image of the heat shield reflected on a surface of the silicon melt, measuring a spacing between the real image and the mirror image, calculating a position of the surface of the silicon melt, taking an image of a bright zone that appears in a vicinity of an interface between the silicon melt and the silicon single crystal, calculating a position of the surface of the silicon melt based on a center position of the silicon single crystal determined from the image of the bright zone, and controlling the position of the surface of the silicon melt during a pulling of the silicon single crystal while referring to data of the calculated positions of the surface of the silicon melt. 1. A method of producing a silicon single crystal, comprising pulling a silicon single crystal from a silicon melt formed in a crucible, the method comprising: performing a first operation including taking a real image of a heat shield including a circular opening and a mirror image of the heat shield reflected on a surface of the silicon melt; measuring a spacing between the real image and the mirror image, and calculating a position of the surface of the silicon melt; performing a second operation including taking an image of a bright zone that appears in a vicinity of an interface between the silicon melt and the silicon single crystal, and calculating a position of the surface of the silicon melt based on a center position of the silicon single crystal determined from the image of the bright zone; and controlling the position of the surface of the silicon melt during the pulling of the silicon single crystal while referring to data of the position of the surface of the silicon melt obtained by the first operation and data of the position of the surface of the silicon melt obtained by the second operation.",
-    "An angular velocity sensor includes a mass body; a first frame provided outside of the mass body; a first flexible part connecting the mass body and the first frame to each other; a second flexible part connecting the mass body and the first frame to each other; a second frame provided outside of the first frame; a third flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other; and a fourth flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other, wherein the mass body is fixed to the first frame by the second flexible part so as to be rotation-displaceable and translation-displaceable, and the first frame is connected to the second frame by the fourth flexible part so as to be rotation-displaceable. 1. An angular velocity sensor comprising: a mass body; a first frame provided outside of the mass body; a first flexible part connecting the mass body and the first frame to each other; a second flexible part connecting the mass body and the first frame to each other; a second frame provided outside of the first frame; a third flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other; and a fourth flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other, wherein the mass body is fixed to the first frame by the second flexible part so as to be rotation-displaceable and translation-displaceable, and the first frame is connected to the second frame by the fourth flexible part so as to be rotation-displaceable. 2. The angular velocity sensor of claim 1, wherein the second flexible part has a link structure including: a first hinge connected to the mass body so that the mass body is rotation-displaceable; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the mass body, and extended in a direction different from a direction in which the first hinge is connected to the mass body; and a second hinge having one side connected to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge so that the arm is rotation-displaceable and the other side connected to the first frame. 3. The angular velocity sensor of claim 2, wherein the first hinges are connected to both sides of the mass body, respectively, the arms are connected to the first hinges, respectively, the second hinges are connected to the arms, respectively, and the first frame is connected to each of the second hinges. 4. The angular velocity sensor of claim. 1, wherein the second flexible part has a link structure including: a first hinge connected to the mass body so that the mass body is rotation-displaceable; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the mass body, and extended in a direction different from a direction in which the first hinge is connected to the mass body; a second hinge connected to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge so that the arm is rotation-displaceable; and a fixed arm connected to the other side of the second hinge of which one side is connected to the arm and connected to the first frame. 5. The angular velocity sensor of claim 4, wherein the first hinges are connected to both sides of the mass body, respectively, the arms are connected to the first hinges, respectively, the second hinges are connected to the arms, respectively, the fixed arms are connected to the second hinges, respectively, and the first frame is connected to each of the fixed arms. 6. The angular velocity sensor of claim. 2, wherein the first hinge and the second hinge are disposed in parallel with each other, and the arm is disposed to be orthogonal to the first hinge and the second hinge. 7. The angular velocity sensor of claim 2, wherein a connection direction in which the first hinge is connected to the mass body is orthogonal to a direction in which the fourth flexible part connects the first frame and the second frame to each other. 8. The angular velocity sensor of claim 1, wherein the first flexible part and the third flexible part are formed of a beam in which bending displacement is generated by displacement of the mass body. 9. The angular velocity sensor of claim 8, wherein a direction in which the first flexible part connects the mass body and the first frame to each other and a direction in which the third flexible part connects the first frame and the second frame to each other are the same as each other. 10. The angular velocity sensor of claim 8, wherein a direction in which the first flexible part connects the mass body and the first frame to each other and a direction in which the third flexible part connects the first frame and the second frame to each other are orthogonal to each other. 11. The angular velocity sensor of claim 1, wherein the second flexible part is connected to the mass body and the first frame so that the mass body is rotated in relation to an X-axis direction and is translated in a Z-axis direction, the fourth flexible part is connected to the first frame and the second frame so that the first frame is rotated in relation to a Y-axis direction, and the mass body and the first frame are connected to each other in the X-axis direction by the first flexible part, and the first frame and the second frame are connected to each other in the X-axis direction by the third flexible part. 12. The angular velocity sensor of claim 11, wherein the second flexible part has a link structure including: a first hinge connected to one side of the mass body in the X-axis direction; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the mass body, and extended in the Y-axis direction; and a second hinge having one side connected, in the X-axis direction, to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge, and the other side connected to the first frame. 13. The angular velocity sensor of claim 11, wherein the second flexible part has a link structure including: a first hinge connected to one side of the mass body in the X-axis direction; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the mass body, and extended in the Y-axis direction; a second hinge connected, in the X-axis direction, to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge; and a fixed arm connected to the other side of the second hinge of which one side is connected to the arm and connected to the first frame in the Y-axis direction. 14. The angular velocity sensor of claim 1, wherein the second flexible part is connected to the mass body and the first frame so that the mass body is rotated in relation to an X-axis direction and is translated in a Z-axis direction, the fourth flexible part is connected to the first frame and the second frame so that the first frame is rotated in relation to a Y-axis direction, and the mass body and the first frame are connected to each other in the Y-axis direction by the first flexible part, and the first frame and the second frame are connected to each other in the X-axis direction by the third flexible part. 15. The angular velocity sensor of claim 14, wherein the second flexible part has a link structure including: a first hinge connected to one side of the mass body in the X-axis direction; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the mass body, and extended in the Y-axis direction; and a second hinge having one side connected, in the X-axis direction, to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge, and the other side connected to the first frame. 16. The angular velocity sensor of claim 14, wherein the second flexible part has a link structure including: a first hinge connected to one side of the mass body in the X-axis direction; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the mass body, and extended in the Y-axis direction; a second hinge connected, in the X-axis direction, to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge; and a fixed arm connected to the other side of the second hinge of which one side is connected to the arm and connected to the first frame in the Y-axis direction. 17. The angular velocity sensor of claim 1, wherein a combination of the first flexible part and the second flexible part limits the mass body from being translated in X-axis and Y-axis directions and being rotated in relation to Y-axis and Z-axis directions, with respect to the first frame. 18. The angular velocity sensor of claim 1, wherein a combination of the third flexible part and the fourth flexible part limits the first frame from being translated in X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions and being rotated in relation to X-axis and Z-axis directions, with respect to the second frame. 19. An angular velocity sensor comprising: a mass body part including a first mass body, a second mass body, and a third mass body; a first frame provided outside of the mass body part; a first flexible part connecting the mass body part and the first frame to each other; a second flexible part connecting the mass body part and the first frame to each other; a second frame provided outside of the first frame; a third flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other; and a fourth flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other, wherein the second flexible part includes a link flexible part connecting the first mass body to the first frame so that the first mass body is rotation-displaceable and translation-displaceable, and hinge flexible parts connecting the second mass body and the third mass body to the first frame, respectively, so that the second mass body and the third mass body are rotation-displaceable, and the first frame is connected to the second frame by the fourth flexible part so as to be rotation-displaceable. 20. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein the second mass body and the third mass body have the same size and shape, and are positioned at both sides of the first mass body, respectively. 21. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein the link flexible part includes: a first hinge connected to one side of the first mass body so that the first mass body is rotation-displaceable; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the first mass body, and extended in a direction different from a direction in which the first hinge is connected to the first mass body; and a second hinge having one side connected to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge so that the arm is rotation-displaceable and the other side connected to the first frame. 22. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein the link flexible part includes: a first hinge connected to one side of the first mass body so that the first mass body is rotation-displaceable; an arm connected to the other end of the first hinge of which one end is connected to the first mass body, and extended in a direction different from a direction in which the first hinge is connected to the first mass body; a second hinge connected to the other side of the arm of which one side is connected to the first hinge so that the arm is rotation-displaceable; and a fixed arm connected to the other side of the second hinge of which one side is connected to the arm and connected to the first frame. 23. The angular velocity sensor of claim 21, wherein the first hinges are connected to both sides of the first mass body, respectively, the arms are connected to the first hinges, respectively, the second hinges are connected to the arms, respectively, and the first frame is connected to each of the second hinges. 24. The angular velocity sensor of claim 22, wherein the first hinges are connected to both sides of the first mass body, respectively, the arms are connected to the first hinges, respectively, the second hinges are connected to the arms, respectively, the fixed arms are connected to the second hinges, respectively, and the first frame is connected to each of the fixed arms. 25. The angular velocity sensor of claim 21, wherein the first hinge and the second hinge are disposed in parallel with each other, and the arm is disposed to be orthogonal to the first hinge and the second hinge. 26. The angular velocity sensor of claim 21, wherein a connection direction in which the first hinge is connected to the first mass body is orthogonal to a direction in which the fourth flexible part connects the first frame and the second frame to each other. 27. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein a direction in which the hinge flexible parts are connected to the second mass body and the third mass body and a direction in which the fourth flexible part connects the first frame and the second frame to each other are orthogonal to each other. 28. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein the link flexible part is connected to the first mass body and the first frame so that the first mass body is rotated in relation to an X-axis direction and is translated in a Z-axis direction, the fourth flexible part is connected to the first frame and the second frame so that the first frame is rotated in relation to a Y-axis direction, and the hinge flexible parts connect the second mass body and the third mass body to the first frame, respectively, so that the second mass body and the third mass body are rotated in relation to the X-axis direction. 29. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein the second flexible part limits the mass body part from being translated in X-axis and Y-axis directions and being rotated in relation to Y-axis and Z-axis directions, with respect to the first frame. 30. The angular velocity sensor of claim 19, wherein the fourth flexible part limits the first frame from being translated in X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions and being rotated in relation to X-axis and Z-axis directions, with respect to the second frame. 31. An angular velocity sensor comprising: a mass body; a first frame provided outside of the mass body; a first flexible part connecting the mass body and the first frame to each other; a second frame provided outside of the first frame; a second flexible part connecting the first frame and the second frame to each other; and a sensing unit detecting displacement of the mass body and a driving unit driving the first frame, wherein the driving unit rotates the first frame in relation to a Y axis, a surface including the Y axis is positioned to be different from a surface on which a center of gravity of the mass body is positioned, with respect to a Z-axis direction, and the first flexible part connects the mass body to the first frame so that the mass body is translation-movable in the Z-axis direction with respect to the first frame. 32. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the first flexible part includes a hinge and an arm, the hinge being formed of a surface that is substantially in parallel with an XZ plane, and the arm having a length in a Y-axis direction. 33. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the first flexible part includes a membrane, the membrane being formed of a surface that is substantially in parallel with an XY plane and being positioned adjacently to the XY plane. 34. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the second flexible part is formed of a surface that is substantially in parallel with an XY plane, and is positioned adjacently to the XY plane. 35. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the second flexible part includes a membrane, the membrane being formed of a surface that is substantially in parallel with an XY plane and being positioned adjacently to the XY plane. 36. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the sensing unit detects an angular velocity of the mass body on a Y-axis. 37. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the first flexible part connects the mass body to the first frame so that the mass body is rotation-movable in relation to an X axis with respect to the first frame, and the sensing units are disposed at opposite positions to each other on the X axis to detect an angular velocity on the Y axis or an angular velocity on a Z axis from a sum or difference of detection signals. 38. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the first flexible part limits the mass body from being translated in X-axis and the Y-axis directions and being rotated in relation to Y-axis and Z-axis directions, with respect to the first frame. 39. The angular velocity sensor of claim 31, wherein the second flexible part limits the first frame from being translated in X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis directions and being rotated in relation to X-axis and Z-axis directions, with respect to the second frame.",
-    "A vehicle has a frame, driver and passenger seats, two front and two rear suspension assemblies, two front and two rear wheels, and a motor operatively connected to the at least two wheels. Each rear suspension assembly has a trailing arm having a front end pivotally connected to the frame; a knuckle pivotally connected to a rear portion of the trailing arm; a lower link having a laterally outward end pivotally connected to the trailing arm and a laterally inward end pivotally connected to the frame; an upper link having a laterally outward end pivotally connected to the trailing arm and a laterally inward end pivotally connected to the frame; and a toe link having a laterally outward end pivotally connected to the knuckle and a laterally inward end pivotally connected to the frame. 1. A vehicle comprising: a frame; a driver seat connected to the frame; a passenger seat connected to the frame, the passenger seat being disposed beside the driver seat; a front left suspension assembly connected to the frame; a front left wheel operatively connected to the front left suspension assembly; a front right suspension assembly connected to the frame; a front right wheel operatively connected to the front right suspension assembly; a rear left suspension assembly connected to the frame; a rear left wheel operatively connected to the rear left suspension assembly; a rear right suspension assembly connected to the frame; a rear right wheel operatively connected to the rear right suspension assembly; a rear differential operatively connected to the rear left wheel and the rear right wheel, the rear differential defining a laterally extending rear differential axis; and a motor operatively connected to the rear differential, the motor driving the right rear wheel and the left rear wheel via the rear differential; each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly comprising: a trailing arm having a front end pivotally connected to the frame; a knuckle pivotally connected to a rear portion of the trailing arm; a lower link having a laterally outward end pivotally connected to the trailing arm and a laterally inward end pivotally connected to the frame; an upper link having a laterally outward end pivotally connected to the trailing arm and a laterally inward end pivotally connected to the frame; and a toe link having a laterally outward end pivotally connected to the knuckle and a laterally inward end pivotally connected to the frame, the lower link, the upper link and the toe link being disposed completely behind the rear differential axis. 2. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising: a rear left hub rotationally connecting the rear left wheel to the knuckle of the rear left suspension assembly; a left half-shaft operatively connecting the rear left hub to the rear differential; a rear right hub rotationally connecting the rear right wheel to the knuckle of the rear right suspension assembly; a right half-shaft operatively connecting the rear right hub to the rear differential; wherein the lower links, the upper links and the toe links are disposed completely behind the left and right half-shafts. 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly the toe link is vertically between the lower link and the upper link. 4. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly further comprises: an upper ball joint pivotally connecting the knuckle to the trailing arm, the upper ball joint being vertically higher than a wheel rotation axis of a corresponding one of the left rear wheel and the right rear wheel; and a lower ball joint pivotally connecting the knuckle to the trailing arm, the lower ball joint being vertically lower than the wheel rotation axis. 5. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly: the lower link is parallel to the upper link when a line passing through a lower connection point and an upper connection point is vertical; the lower connection point is a connection point of the laterally outward end of the lower link with the trailing arm; and the upper connection point is a connection point of the laterally outward end of the upper link with the trailing arm. 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly: a projection of a first line passing through connection points of the lower link with the trailing arm and the frame onto a horizontal plane is skewed relative to a projection of a second line passing through connection points of the toe link with the knuckle and the frame onto the horizontal plane; the projection of the second line is skewed relative to a projection of a third line passing through connection points of the upper link with the trailing arm and the frame onto the horizontal plane; and the projection of the third line is skewed relative to the projection of the first line. 7. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly: a projection of a first line passing through connection points of the lower link with the trailing arm and the frame onto a laterally extending vertical plane is skewed relative to a projection of a second line passing through connection points of the toe link with the knuckle and the frame onto the vertical plane; and the projection of the second line is skewed relative to a projection of a third line passing through connection points of the upper link with the trailing arm and the frame onto the vertical plane. 8. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly further comprises a shock absorber assembly having a lower end pivotally connected to the trailing arm and an upper end pivotally connected to the frame. 9. The vehicle of claim 8, further comprising a torsion bar pivotally connected between the trailing arms. 10. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly a connection point of the laterally outward end of the toe link with the knuckle is laterally outward of connection points of the laterally outward ends of the upper and lower links with the trailing arm. 11. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly a connection point of the laterally inward end of the toe link with the frame is laterally inward of connection points of the laterally inward ends of the upper and lower links with the frame. 12. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly a connection point of the laterally outward end of the toe link with the knuckle is longitudinally rearward of connection points of the laterally outward ends of the upper and lower links with the trailing arm. 13. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising: a rear left hub rotationally connecting the rear left wheel to the knuckle of the rear left suspension assembly; a rear left brake disk connected to the rear left hub; a rear right hub rotationally connecting the rear right wheel to the knuckle of the rear right suspension assembly; and a rear right brake disk connected to the rear right hub; wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly a line passing through connection points of the toe link with the knuckle and the frame extends through a circle defined by a perimeter of a corresponding one of the rear left and rear right brake disk. 14. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly: the laterally outward end of the lower link is pivotally connected to the knuckle; and the laterally outward end of the upper link is pivotally connected to the knuckle. 15. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein for each of the rear left suspension assembly and the rear right suspension assembly: the laterally outward end of the lower link is behind the knuckle; the laterally outward end of the upper link is behind the knuckle; and the laterally outward end of the toe link is behind the knuckle. 16.-48. (canceled)",
-    "A nonvolatile semiconductor storage device a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cell units arranged in a matrix configuration, the memory cell units including a memory string including a series connection of a plurality of memory cells that stores data in accordance with a threshold voltage and is capable of electrical data writing and erasure, a first select gate transistor that connects a first end of the memory string to a bit line and a second select gate transistor that connects a second end of the memory string to a source line. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device a discharge transistor that is connected between the bit line and the source line and causes discharge of the bit line to the source line. 1. A nonvolatile semiconductor storage device, comprising: a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cell units arranged in a matrix configuration, the memory cell units including a memory string including a series connection of a plurality of memory cells that stores data in accordance with a threshold voltage and is capable of electrical data writing and erasure, a first select gate transistor that connects a first end of the memory string to a bit line and a second select gate transistor that connects a second end of the memory string to a source line; and a discharge transistor that is connected between the bit line and the source line and causes discharge of the bit line to the source line. 2. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein, when making the bit line discharge, the discharge transistor is turned on to establish conduction between the bit line and the source line to cause discharge of the bit line to the source line. 3. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein, when a write operation of a selected memory cell of the plurality of memory cells is completed, the discharge transistor is turned on to establish conduction between the bit line and the source line to cause discharge of the bit line to the source line. 4. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 2, wherein, when the discharge of the bit line is completed, the discharge transistor is turned off and interrupts the conduction between the bit line and the source line. 5. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 3, wherein, when a prescribed period elapses since the discharge transistor is turned on, the discharge transistor is turned off and interrupts the conduction between the bit line and the source line. 6. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein, when a verification operation or a read operation of a selected memory cell of the plurality of memory cells is completed, the discharge transistor is turned on to establish conduction between the bit line and the source line to cause discharge of the bit line to the source line. 7. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein, when the discharge of the bit line is completed, the discharge transistor is turned off and interrupts the conduction between the bit line and the source line. 8. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 6, wherein, when a prescribed period elapses since the discharge transistor is turned on, the discharge transistor is turned off and interrupts the conduction between the bit line and the source line. 9. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the source line is provided in a first wiring layer that is located above a substrate on which the memory cells are provided, the bit line is provided in a second wiring layer that is located above the first wiring layer, and the discharge transistor is provided between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer. 10. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the discharge transistor has: a gate insulating film provided on a side surface of a contact hole that connects a contact plug on top of the source line and the bit line located above the contact plug to each other; a semiconductor layer provided in the contact hole with the gate insulating film interposed between the semiconductor layer and the side surface of the contact hole; and a gate electrode that is disposed around the contact hole and is adjacent to the semiconductor layer with the gate insulating film interposed therebetween. 11. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, further comprising a first insulating film provided between the contact plug and the gate electrode. 12. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein an impurity is implanted into an upper part of the semiconductor layer. 13. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 12, wherein the impurity is not implanted into a part of the semiconductor layer of the discharge transistor that is in contact with the contact plug of the source line. 14. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 10, wherein discharge transistors are disposed to extend in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the memory string is arranged and parallel to a direction in which a select gate line connected to the second select gate transistor is arranged. 15. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device is a NAND flash memory. 16. A method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device, comprising: forming a first insulating film on a contact plug of a source line that is connected, via a select gate transistor, to a first end of a memory string provided on a substrate; forming a metal film, which is to form a gate electrode, on the first insulating film; forming a second insulating film on the metal film; forming a contact hole that extends from an upper surface of the second insulating film to an upper surface of the contact plug through the metal film and the first insulating film; forming a gate insulating film on a side surface of the contact hole; and forming a semiconductor layer provided in the contact hole with the gate insulating film interposed between the semiconductor layer and the side surface of the contact hole. 17. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 16, wherein the metal film contains tungsten. 18. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 17, wherein, after the semiconductor layer is formed, an impurity is implanted into an upper part of the semiconductor layer. 19. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 18, wherein, after the impurity is implanted into the semiconductor layer, a bit line electrically connected to the upper part of the semiconductor layer is formed. 20. The method of manufacturing a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to claim 16, wherein the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device is a NAND flash memory.",
-    "A wearable monitoring device includes a plurality of cardiac sensing electrodes, a monitor, at least one motion sensor, and a controller. The plurality of cardiac sensing electrodes are positioned outside a body of a subject and to detect cardiac information of the subject. The monitor administers a predetermined test to the subject, and has a user interface configured to receive quality of life information from the subject. The at least one motion sensor is positioned outside the body of the subject and to detect subject motion during the predetermined test. The controller is communicatively coupled to the plurality of cardiac sensing electrodes, the monitor, and the at least one motion sensor, and receives and stores the detected cardiac information, the quality of life information, and the detected subject motion. The controller further communicates the stored detected subject motion and the quality of life information to a remote computer. 1. A wearable monitoring device, comprising: a plurality of cardiac sensing electrodes configured to be positioned outside a body of a subject and to detect cardiac information of the subject; a monitor configured to administer a predetermined test to the subject and having a user interface configured to receive quality of life information from the subject; at least one motion sensor configured to be positioned outside the body of the subject and to detect subject motion during the predetermined test; and a controller communicatively coupled to the plurality of cardiac sensing electrodes, the monitor, and the at least one motion sensor, the controller configured to receive and store the detected cardiac information, the quality of life information, and the detected subject motion, and to communicate the stored detected subject motion and the quality of life information to a remote computer. 2. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the quality of life information identifies at least one of a fatigue level and a breathing level of the subject. 3. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the quality of life information identifies information about at least one of the subject's lifestyle, body weight, blood pressure, eating and exercise habits, symptom information, fatigue information, breathing level and how the subject currently feels. 4. The wearable monitoring device of claim 3, wherein the predetermined test is a six minute walk test. 5. The wearable monitoring device of claim 4, wherein the at least one motion sensor includes at least one accelerometer. 6. The wearable monitoring device of claim 5, wherein the controller determines a distance travelled by the subject during the six minute walk test based upon the detected subject motion from the at least one accelerometer. 7. The wearable monitoring device of claim 6, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to detect at least one of blood pressure, blood oxygen level, respiration, and temperature. 8. The wearable monitoring device of claim 7, wherein the controller wirelessly communicates the stored detected subject motion and the quality of life information to the remote computer. 9. The wearable monitoring device of claim 4, wherein the at least one motion sensor includes a pedometer, and wherein the controller determines a distance travelled by the subject during the six minute walk test based upon the detected subject motion from the pedometer. 10. The wearable monitoring device of claim 4, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to detect at least one of blood pressure, blood oxygen level, respiration, hypovolemia, and temperature. 11. The wearable monitoring device of claim 4, wherein the quality of life information further includes information about at least one of the subject's lifestyle, body weight, blood pressure, eating and exercise habits, symptom information, fatigue information, and how the subject currently feels. 12. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the predetermined test is a six minute walk test, and wherein the at least one motion sensor includes at least one accelerometer. 13. The wearable monitoring device of claim 12, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to detect at least one of blood pressure, blood oxygen level, respiration, hypovolemia, and temperature. 14. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the predetermined test is a six minute walk test, and wherein the at least one motion sensor includes a pedometer. 15. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the predetermined test is a six minute walk test, and wherein the at least one motion sensor includes at least one of an accelerometer and a pedometer. 16. The wearable monitoring device of claim 15, wherein the user interface is configured to guide the subject through the predetermined test. 17. The wearable monitoring device of claim 15, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to detect at least one of blood pressure, blood oxygen level, respiration, hypovolemia, and temperature. 18. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the quality of life information identifies a fatigue level and a breathing level of the subject. 19. The wearable monitoring device of claim 18, wherein the quality of life information is received from the subject in response to questions posed to the subject via the user interface of the monitor. 20. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the quality of life information is received from the subject in response to questions posed to the subject via the user interface of the monitor. 21. The wearable monitoring device of claim 20, wherein the questions are posed to the subject at selectable intervals. 22. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the user interface is configured to guide the subject through the predetermined test. 23. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the user interface is configured to prompt the subject to perform the predetermined test. 24. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the user interface is configured to prompt the subject to provide the quality of life information. 25. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to detect the subject's body position. 26. The wearable monitoring device of claim 25, further comprising detecting the subject's body position in one of an upright position and a prone position, and detecting that the subject is asleep. 27. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to detect at least one of sleep apnea, wheezing, and coughing. 28. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, further comprising at least one additional sensor communicatively coupled to the controller to measure impedance of the subject's thoracic cavity. 29. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the quality of life information identifies compliance with a prescribed treatment. 30. The wearable monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the quality of life information identifies nutritional content of a food item, wherein the user interface further comprises a bar code scanner configured to scan a bar code of a food item, and wherein the controller is further configured to access information about the nutritional content of the food item with reference to the bar code.",
-    "Provided is a cleaning device that can reduce maintenance-time while injecting a cleaning solution into a gap between head modules so that the cleaning solution or the like is not sucked into an inkjet head. The position of the inkjet head relative to a spray-nozzle is moved in one direction. When relative movement is performed, the relative movement is temporarily stopped or moving speed of the relative movement is reduced at a position where the gap between the head modules faces at least the spray-nozzle. The cleaning solution is sprayed to the gap at a time when the relative movement is temporarily stopped or when the moving speed of the relative movement is reduced. A removing member removing the cleaning solution present in the gap, is provided at a position separated from the spray-nozzle in the one direction by a distance of n times a pitch of the gaps. 1. A cleaning device comprising: a spray nozzle that sprays a cleaning solution to an ink ejection surface of an ink jet head in which a plurality of head modules are joined to each other in one direction; a relative movement unit that moves the position of the ink jet head relative to the spray nozzle in the one direction; a movement controller that temporarily stops relative movement performed by the relative movement unit or reduces moving speed of the relative movement at a position where a gap between the head modules faces at least the spray nozzle in a case in which the relative movement performed by the relative movement unit is performed; a nozzle controller that allows the cleaning solution to be sprayed to the gap from the spray nozzle at a time in a case in which the relative movement performed by the relative movement unit is temporarily stopped or at a time in a case in which the moving speed of the relative movement is reduced; and a removing member that is disposed at a position separated from the spray nozzle in the one direction by a distance of n times a pitch of the gaps in a case in which n is a natural number of 1 or more, and removes the cleaning solution present in the gap. 2. The cleaning device according to claim 1, wherein the movement controller temporarily stops the relative movement performed by the relative movement unit at a position where the gap faces the removing member or reduces the moving speed of the relative movement performed by the relative movement unit at the position where the gap faces the removing member. 3. The cleaning device according to claim 1, wherein the removing member is a first absorption member that comes into contact with the ink ejection surface and absorbs the cleaning solution present in at least the gap. 4. The cleaning device according to claim 2, wherein the removing member is a first absorption member that comes into contact with the ink ejection surface and absorbs the cleaning solution present in at least the gap. 5. The cleaning device according to claim 3, wherein the first absorption member is in a dry state. 6. The cleaning device according to claim 4, wherein the first absorption member is in a dry state. 7. The cleaning device according to claim 3, wherein the first absorption member is in a wet state. 8. The cleaning device according to claim 4, wherein the first absorption member is in a wet state. 9. The cleaning device according to claim 3, wherein in a case in which the period of time during which the first absorption member comes into contact with the gap is denoted by T, the period of time during which the relative movement is temporarily stopped is denoted by Ts, an absorption volume of the cleaning solution, which is absorbed into the first absorption member per unit time, is denoted by Qs, and the volume of the cleaning solution present in the gap is denoted by Qg in a case in which the movement controller temporarily stops the relative movement that is performed by the relative movement unit, the movement controller controls the relative movement unit so that \u201cT=Ts\u2267(Qg/Qs)\u201d is satisfied. 10. The cleaning device according to claim 4, wherein in a case in which the period of time during which the first absorption member comes into contact with the gap is denoted by T, the period of time during which the relative movement is temporarily stopped is denoted by Ts, an absorption volume of the cleaning solution, which is absorbed into the first absorption member per unit time, is denoted by Qs, and the volume of the cleaning solution present in the gap is denoted by Qg in a case in which the movement controller temporarily stops the relative movement that is performed by the relative movement unit, the movement controller controls the relative movement unit so that \u201cT=Ts\u2267(Qg/Qs)\u201d is satisfied. 11. The cleaning device according to claim 3, wherein in a case in which the period of time during which the first absorption member comes into contact with the gap is denoted by T, the moving speed of the relative movement at the time of deceleration is denoted by V, and a width of the gap in the one direction is denoted by W in a case in which the movement controller reduces the moving speed of the relative movement that is performed by the relative movement unit, the movement controller controls the relative movement unit so that \u201cT=(W/V)\u2267(Qg/Qs)\u201d is satisfied. 12. The cleaning device according to claim 4, wherein in a case in which the period of time during which the first absorption member comes into contact with the gap is denoted by T, the moving speed of the relative movement at the time of deceleration is denoted by V, and a width of the gap in the one direction is denoted by W in a case in which the movement controller reduces the moving speed of the relative movement that is performed by the relative movement unit, the movement controller controls the relative movement unit so that \u201cT=(W/V)\u2267(Qg/Qs)\u201d is satisfied. 13. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second absorption member that is disposed at a position separated from the removing member in the one direction by a distance of m times the pitch in a case in which m is a natural number of 1 or more, comes into contact with the ink ejection surface, and is in a wet state. 14. The cleaning device according to claim 2, further comprising: a second absorption member that is disposed at a position separated from the removing member in the one direction by a distance of m times the pitch in a case in which m is a natural number of 1 or more, comes into contact with the ink ejection surface, and is in a wet state. 15. The cleaning device according to claim 3, wherein the relative movement unit moves the position of the ink jet head relative to the spray nozzle in the one direction and the other direction opposite to the one direction, the cleaning device further comprises a wipe controller that allows the first absorption member to come into contact with the ink ejection surface after making the first absorption member be in a wet state in a case in which the first absorption member is in a dry state and allows the first absorption member to come into contact with the ink ejection surface in a case a in which the first absorption member is in a wet state, after the cleaning solution is sprayed to the gap by the spray nozzle and the cleaning solution present in the gap is removed by the first absorption member, and the movement controller performs the relative movement performed by the relative movement unit while the first absorption member being in a wet state comes into contact with the ink ejection surface after the cleaning solution is sprayed to the gap by the spray nozzle and the cleaning solution present in the gap is removed by the first absorption member. 16. The cleaning device according to claim 1, further comprising: a cleaning solution film-forming portion that is provided at a tip portion of the spray nozzle, including a parallel surface that faces the ink ejection surface, is parallel to the ink ejection surface, and has a shape corresponding to the gap, and a communication hole that is opened to the parallel surface and communicates with a spray hole of the spray nozzle for the cleaning solution, and forming a film of the cleaning solution between the ink ejection surface and the parallel surface in a case in which the cleaning solution is sprayed from the spray hole. 17. The cleaning device according to claim 2, further comprising: a cleaning solution film-forming portion that is provided at a tip portion of the spray nozzle, n including a parallel surface that faces the ink ejection surface, is parallel to the ink ejection surface, and has a shape corresponding to the gap, and a communication hole that is opened to the parallel surface and communicates with a spray hole of the spray nozzle for the cleaning solution, and forming a film of the cleaning solution between the ink ejection surface and the parallel surface in a case in which the cleaning solution is sprayed from the spray hole. 18. The cleaning device according to claim 1, wherein the spray nozzle includes one spray hole spraying the cleaning solution and sprays the cleaning solution to one point in the gap from the spray hole. 19. The cleaning device according to claim 2, wherein the spray nozzle includes one spray hole spraying the cleaning solution and sprays the cleaning solution to one point in the gap from the spray hole. 20. The cleaning device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of spray holes, which spray the cleaning solution, are formed at the spray nozzle in a direction parallel to the gap.",
-    "A package with a radio IC tag includes a package unit including a metal sheet and a resin sheet, the metal sheet having a predetermined slot pattern formed therein; and an IC chip unit including an IC chip and an electrode member, the electrode member supplying electric power to the IC chip. An end of the slot pattern is disposed in a corner field of the package unit. 1. A package with a radio IC tag, comprising: a package unit including a metal sheet and a resin sheet, the metal sheet having a predetermined slot pattern formed therein; and an IC chip unit including an IC chip and an electrode member, the electrode member supplying electric power to the IC chip, wherein an end of the slot pattern is disposed in a corner field of the package unit. 2. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a protection sheet, wherein the slot pattern and the IC chip unit are covered with the protection sheet from the metal sheet. 3. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 1, wherein a frequency at which a communication distance of the package with a radio IC tag in a single state is maximized is set to be higher than a frequency of actual use. 4. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 3, wherein if a plurality of the packages with radio IC tags are housed at predetermined intervals, a frequency at which a communication distance of each of the plurality of the packages with a radio IC tag is maximized is set to be close to the frequency of actual use. 5. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 2, wherein substantially an entire area of the package unit is covered with the protection sheet from the metal sheet. 6. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 2, further comprising: a peeling mechanism that peels the protection sheet from the package unit. 7. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 2, wherein predetermined information can be printed or written on the protection sheet. 8. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 1, wherein the resin sheet has a concave shape to house a tablet, and in the package unit, the resin sheet and the metal sheet are attached to each other. 9. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slot pattern has a groove width of at least 0.5 mm. 10. The package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 1, wherein the IC chip unit includes two electrode members installed across the slot pattern in a width direction of the slot pattern, the two electrode members each being installed on a surface of the metal sheet via an insulating member; and an IC chip to which electric power is supplied by the two electrode members. 11. A method for manufacturing the package with a radio IC tag as claimed in claim 2, the method comprising: forming the slot pattern on the slot pattern on the metal sheet; installing the IC chip unit on the protection sheet; and installing the protection sheet on the package unit.",
-    "A bread keeper is formed as storage container for holding bread, and may be configurable between expanded and contracted positions. A door is attached to allow access to the bread within he container. The door folds flat to rest on a horizontal surface such as a countertop, and is constructed from a material suitable for use as a cutting board, thereby allowing the bread to be cut while extending partially out of the container and onto the cutting board. 1. A bread keeper, comprising: a first container portion having a first floor, a first end wall, and a first open rim opposite the first end wall; a second container portion having a second floor, a second open rim, the first container portion and the second container portion combining to define an interior space, the second container portion being moveable with respect to the first container portion between an expanded position defining a relatively larger interior space and a collapsed position defining a relatively smaller interior space; and a door hingedly attached to the second container portion and selectively movable between a closed position adjacent the second open rim and an open position rotated away from the second open rim, wherein the door is positioned as a cutting board in the open position. 2. The bread keeper of claim 1, wherein the second container portion is telescopically received within the first container portion. 3. The bread keeper of claim 2, wherein the door is formed from low-density polyethylene (LDPE). 4. The bread keeper of claim 2, wherein the door is formed from wood. 5. The bread keeper of claim 2, wherein the door is formed from polypropylene. 6. The bread keeper of claim 5, wherein the second floor is corrugated. 7. The bread keeper of claim 6, further comprising a latch configured to hold the door in the closed position. 8. The bread keeper of claim 7, wherein the latch further comprises a magnet. 9. The bread keeper of claim 7, wherein the door further comprises a foot, positioned on an outer surface of the door, the foot being formed from an elastomeric material. 10. The bread keeper of claim 7, further comprising a first foot attached beneath the first floor, a second foot attached beneath the second floor, and a third foot attached to an outer surface of the door, each of the feet being formed from an elastomeric material. 11. The bread keeper of claim 7, further comprising a ventilation hole formed in the first container portion. 12. The bread keeper of claim 11, further comprising a handle pivotally attached to the first container portion, the handle being selectively moveable between a first position in which the handle blocks the ventilation hole, and a second position in which the handle exposes the ventilation hole. 13. A bread keeper, comprising: a first container portion; a second container portion telescopically attached to the first container portion and selectively moveable between an expanded position and a collapsed position, the first container portion and the second container portion combining to define an interior space; the second container portion having a corrugated interior floor; the first container portion terminating in an end wall; and a cutting board hingedly attached to the second container portion opposite the end wall and being selectively movable between a closed position to enclose the interior space and an open position wherein the cutting board is positioned in a plane parallel to the floor. 14. The bread keeper of claim 13, further comprising a latch configured to hold the cutting board in the closed position. 15. The bread keeper of claim 14, wherein the latch further comprises a magnet. 16. The bread keeper of claim 13, further comprising a first foot attached beneath the first floor, a second foot attached beneath the second floor, and a third foot attached to an outer surface of the cutting board, each of the feet being formed from an elastomeric material. 17. The bread keeper of claim 16, further comprising a ventilation hole formed in the first container portion. 18. The bread keeper of claim 17, further comprising a handle pivotally attached to the first container portion, the handle being selectively moveable between a first position in which the handle blocks the ventilation hole, and a second position in which the handle exposes the ventilation hole. 19. The bread keeper of claim 13, wherein the cutting board comprises an interior surface facing toward the interior space when the cutting board is in the closed position, the interior surface being entirely planar.",
-    "The present invention relates to a magnetic component for efficient burning of a fluid fuel in a combustion chamber comprising a magnetizing material and nanoparticles comprising oxides of zinc, aluminum and magnesium. In preferred embodiments, said magnetizing material is a magnetic filter comprising Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnet and said nanoparticles comprise ZnO, Al2O3 and MgO. 1. A magnetic component for efficient burning of a fluid fuel in a combustion chamber comprising a magnetizing material and nanoparticles comprising oxides of zinc, aluminum and magnesium. 2. The magnetic component according to claim 1 wherein said magnetizing material comprises a Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnet. 3. The magnetic component according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles comprise ZnO, Al2O3 and MgO. 4. The magnetic component according to claim 3 wherein said nanoparticles have particle sizes between 10 nm and 100 nm. 5. The magnetic component according to claim 1 wherein said nanoparticles are placed into a tablet that can be brought into physical contact with the fuel in a fuel supply system. 6. The magnetic component according to claim 5 wherein the magnetizing material is provided as a shell in the periphery of said tablet. 7. The magnetic component according to claim 6 wherein south pole of the magnet is arranged in close proximity to the nanoparticles while the north pole is spaced apart therefrom. 8. The magnetic component according to claim 1 in the form of a fuel filter whereby the said nanoparticles are arranged in fuel passageways to provide a direct contact with said fuel. 9. A magnetic component according to claim 1 wherein the magnetizing material is provided in physical contact with the nanoparticles. 10. A method for improving burning in a combustion chamber comprising placing the magnetic component according to any of the preceding claims onto a fuel supply line of the combustion chamber such that the nanoparticles are brought into physical contact with the fuel. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein said combustion chamber is an internal combustion engine. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein the fuel is gasoline. 13. A method according to claim 12 wherein the nanoparticles are arranged within a tablet or fuel filter and the magnetizing material is provided as a shell around the periphery of said tablet or filter. 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein said magnetizing material comprises Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnet and said nanoparticles comprise ZnO, Al2O3 and MgO.",
-    "A method and apparatus for automatically measuring and storing a various measured values of an item, or a sequence of measured values of one or more item(s) suitable for single-handed use by a user. In particular, the present invention relates to a mobile computing device with one or more sensors for determining when to measure and record a particular value of one or more items. The mobile computing device may automatically measure the values based on sensing a change in the temperature value or through using proximity as detected by one or more onboard sensors. Additionally, the mobile computing device may automatically measure the values based on coming within range of an external proximity device. In response to automatically measuring the values, the measured values are stored along with additional information for record keeping purposes. 1. A method of automatically measuring and recording a sample physical measurement value of a target sample using a probe device, the method comprising: receiving, by the probe device, data that indicates a sample type to be measured; accessing, by the probe device, data indicating a predetermined range of sample physical measurement values corresponding to the sample type; detecting, by the probe device, an ambient measurement value within a predetermined range of ambient measurement values that is different from the predetermined range of sample physical measurement values; after detecting the ambient measurement value, detecting, by the probe device, a change in the measurement value away from the ambient measurement value; after detecting a change in the measurement value away from the ambient measurement value, determining, by the probe device, that a steady state measurement value has been achieved within the predetermined range of sample physical measurement values; and automatically recording, by the probe device, the steady state measurement value based on determining that the steady state measurement value has been achieved within the predetermined range of sample physical measurement values. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessing, by the probe device, data indicating multiple different sample types; and providing, by the probe device, a user interface indicating the multiple different sample types, the respective sample types each having a corresponding predetermined range of physical measurement values; wherein receiving data that indicates a sample type to be measured comprises receiving, by the probe device, user input that selects a sample type from among the multiple sample types indicated by the user interface. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein accessing the data indicating multiple different sample types comprises accessing data indicating multiple different food items or food preparation spaces, wherein each of the different food items or food preparation spaces has a corresponding range of sample physical measurement values. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein accessing the data indicating the predetermined range of sample physical measurement values corresponding to the sample type comprises accessing, by the probe device, data indicating a temperature range corresponding to a selected food item or food preparation space. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the change in the measurement value comprises: accessing, by the probe device, data indicating a threshold amount corresponding to the physical measurement value; after detecting the ambient measurement value, detecting, by the probe device, a second measurement value in response to placement of a sensor coupled to the probe device in the target sample; and determining, by the probe device, that the second measurement value differs from the ambient measurement value by at least the threshold amount. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the change in the measurement value comprises: accessing, by the probe device, data indicating the predetermined range of ambient measurement values; after detecting the ambient measurement value, detecting, by the probe device, a second measurement value that is outside the predetermined range of ambient measurement values; and determining, by the probe device, that the second measurement value is outside the predetermined range of ambient measurement values. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample physical measurement value is a measure of a characteristic selected from the group consisting of temperature, pH, color, density, specific gravity, humidity, and level of total polar materials (TPM). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein automatically recording the steady state measurement value is performed without receiving user input instructing the steady state measurement to be made and without receiving user input instructing recording of the steady state measurement value. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe device is a mobile phone in communication with a sensor. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to detecting the change in the measurement value away from the ambient measurement value, providing, by the probe device, output indicating that a measurement cycle to acquire a steady state measurement value has been initiated; and in response to determining that a steady state measurement value has been achieved within the predetermined range of sample physical measurement values, providing, by the probe device, output indicating that the measurement cycle has been completed. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein automatically recording the steady state measurement value comprises recording, by the probe device, a time that the steady state measurement was detected, an identifier for the sample type, a geographic location where the steady state measurement value was detected, or a user identifier for a user taking the steady state measurement. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: outputting, by the probe device, (i) an ordered checklist indicating a plurality of measurements to be performed using the probe device, (ii) a duration of a measurement cycle for acquiring the steady state measurement value, or (iii) a time when a subsequent measurement is scheduled to be performed. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the probe device, that the probe device is within a predetermined level of proximity to the target sample; and initiating, by the probe device, a measurement cycle to obtain the steady state measurement value in response to determining that the probe device is within the predetermined level of proximity to the target sample. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining that the probe device is within the predetermined level of proximity comprises: receiving, by the probe device, sensor data indicating proximity of the probe device to the target sample or a transmission from a device in proximity to the target sample; and determining, by the probe device, that that the probe device has been inserted into a sample item or space to a predetermined depth of a sample item or space of the target sample based on the received sensor data or received transmission. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving data that indicates the sample type to be measured comprises: receiving, by the probe device, an indication of the sample type from a near field communication tag, an optical machine-readable code, a wireless beacon, or a connected appliance; and wherein the method further comprises initiating, by the probe device, a measurement cycle to obtain the steady state measurement value in response to receiving the indication of the sample type. 16-20. (canceled) 21. A method of automatically measuring and recording a sample physical measurement value of a target sample using a probe device, the method comprising: receiving, by the probe device, data that indicates a sample type of a target sample to be measured; in response to receiving the data that indicates the sample type of the target sample, accessing, by the probe device, data indicating a predetermined range of sample temperature values corresponding to the sample type; obtaining, by the probe device, an ambient temperature value based on data from a temperature sensor, the ambient temperature value indicating a temperature in environment of the target sample at a location that is outside the target sample; determining that the ambient temperature value is within a predetermined range of ambient temperature values that is different from the predetermined range of sample temperature values; in response to determining that the ambient temperature value is within the predetermined range of ambient temperature values, detecting, by the probe device, a change in temperature measured by the probe device away from the ambient temperature value; after detecting a change in the measured temperature away from the ambient temperature value, determining, by the probe device, that a steady state temperature value has been achieved within the predetermined range of sample temperature values; and automatically recording, by the probe device, the steady state temperature value based on determining that the steady state temperature value has been achieved within the predetermined range of sample temperature values. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the probe device stores data indicating a plurality of different sample types that each have a different predetermined range of sample temperature values; wherein receiving the data that indicates the sample type of the target sample to be measured comprises receiving, by the probe device, data that indicates a selection of one of the plurality of different sample types by a user of the probe device; and wherein accessing the data indicating the predetermined range of sample temperature values corresponding to the sample type comprises identifying, by the probe device, the predetermine range of sample temperature values for the sample type selected by the user of the probe device. 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining, by the probe device, that the probe device is within a predetermined level of proximity to the target sample based on output of a proximity sensor; and initiating, by the probe device, a measurement cycle to obtain the steady state temperature value in response to determining that the probe device is within the predetermined level of proximity to the target sample. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein automatically recording the steady state temperature value comprises: automatically transmitting, by the probe device, the steady state temperature value to a server system over a network based on determining that the steady state temperature value has been achieved within the predetermined range of sample temperature values.",
-    "Various examples are directed to systems and methods for executing a computing job at a computing node of a distributed computing system. A node controller may receive computing job request data from a system controller. The node controller may send job start data to a shared resource provider. The shared resource provider may mount a shared resource for the computing job indicated by the computing job request data. The node controller may send a heartbeat message to the system controller and receive from the system controller an acknowledgement message referencing the heartbeat message. The system controller may send to the shared resource provider, a job stop command. In response to the job stop command, the shared resource provider may dismount the shared resource. 1. A method for executing a computing job in a computing node of a distributed computing system, comprising: executing a node controller; receiving, by the node controller, computing job request data from a cloud controller, the computing job request data describing a computing job for execution by the computing node; executing a shared resource provider container; sending, by the node controller and to the shared resource provider container, job start data indicating a shared network file system (NFS) external to the computing node to be accessed during performance of the computing job; executing a computing job process inside the shared resource provider container; creating, by the shared resource provider container, a private file system that references the shared NFS in a private namespace of the shared resource provider container; providing, by the shared resource provider container, a name referencing the private file system to the computing job process; sending, by the node controller, a heartbeat message to the cloud controller; receiving, by the node controller and from the cloud controller, an acknowledgement message referencing the heartbeat message; receiving, by the node controller and from the cloud controller, a job release instruction referencing the computing job; sending, by the node controller and to the shared resource provider container, a job stop command; and in response to the job stop command, deleting the private file system, by the shared resource provider container. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending, by the node controller, a second heartbeat message to the cloud controller; and determining, by the node controller, that a second acknowledgement message referencing the second heartbeat message has not been received. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the job start data comprises a name of the shared NFS. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending, by the node controller, a second heartbeat message to the cloud controller, wherein the heartbeat message is sent at a first time and the second heartbeat message is sent at a second time that is a heartbeat interval after the sending of the heartbeat message. 5. A system for executing a computing job at a computing node of a distributed computing system, comprising: at least one processor; and a data storage device in communication with the at least one processor, wherein the data storage device comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: execute a node controller; receive, by the node controller, computing job request data from a system controller, the computing job request data describing a computing job for execution by the computing node; execute a shared resource provider; send, by the node controller and to the shared resource provider, job start data indicating at least one shared resource for the computing job; execute a computing job process; mount the shared resource, by the shared resource provider; receive, by the shared resource provider and from the computing job process, a request to access the shared resource; send, by the node controller, a heartbeat message to the system controller; receive, by the node controller, an acknowledgement message referencing the heartbeat message; send, by the node controller and to the shared resource provider, a job stop command; and in response to the job stop command, dismount the shared resource, by the shared resource provider. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the data storage device further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to send, by the node controller, a second heartbeat message to the system controller, wherein the heartbeat message is sent at a first time and the second heartbeat message is sent at a second time that is a heartbeat interval after the send of the heartbeat message. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the computing job request data comprises an indication of the heartbeat interval. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein the data storage device further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to, before sending the job stop command, receive, by the node controller and from the system controller, a job release command. 9. The system of claim 5, wherein the data storage device further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to identify, by the shared resource provider, the shared resource based at least in part on the job start data. 10. The system of claim 5, wherein the data storage device further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: execute an operating system; and execute a container engine in communication with the operating system, wherein the shared resource provider comprises a container configured to access the shared resource through the container engine, and wherein the computing job process is executed in the container. 11. The system of claim 5, wherein the shared resource provider comprises a hypervisor and wherein the computing job process comprises a virtual machine in communication with the hypervisor. 12. The system of claim 5, wherein the data storage device further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to create, by the shared resource provider, a private file system that references the shared resource in a private namespace of the shared resource provider. 13. The system of claim 5, wherein the data storage device further comprises instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to execute a virtual machine, wherein the node controller, the shared resource provider and the computing job process execute in the virtual machine. 14. A method for executing a computing job at a computing node of a distributed computing system, comprising: executing a node controller; receiving, by the node controller, computing job request data from a system controller, the computing job request data describing a computing job for execution by the computing node; executing a shared resource provider; sending, by the node controller and to the shared resource provider, job start data indicating at least one shared resource for the computing job; executing a computing job process; mounting the shared resource, by the shared resource provider; receiving, by the shared resource provider and from the computing job process, a request to access the shared resource; sending, by the node controller, a heartbeat message to the system controller; receiving, by the node controller, an acknowledgement message referencing the heartbeat message; sending, by the node controller and to the shared resource provider, a job stop command; and in response to the job stop command, dismounting the shared resource, by the shared resource provider. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: sending, by the node controller, a second heartbeat message to the system controller; and before sending the job stop command, determining, by the node controller, that it has not received a second acknowledgement message referencing the second heartbeat message. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising, before sending the job stop command, receive, by the node controller and from the system controller, a job release command. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising: executing an operating system; and executing a container engine in communication with the operating system, wherein the shared resource provider comprises a container configured to access the shared resource through the container engine, and wherein the computing job process is executed in the container. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising identifying, by the shared resource provider, the shared resource based at least in part on the job start data. 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising identifying, by the shared resource provider, the shared resource based at least in part on the job start data. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising executing a virtual machine, wherein the node controller, the shared resource provider and the computing job process execute in the virtual machine.",
-    "The present invention relates to an article comprising a substrate having a main surface coated with a mesoporous antistatic coating, said coating having a refractive index lower than or equal to 1.5, and a silica based matrix functionalized by ammonium groups, said matrix having a hydrophobic character. Under certain conditions, the mesoporous antistatic coating is a single-layer anti-reflection coating or is part of a multi-layer anti-reflection coating. This invention further relates to a method for manufacturing said article, and to the use of a mesoporous coating having a silica based matrix functionalized by ammonium groups, as an antistatic coating. 1.-14. (canceled) 15. An article comprising a substrate having a main surface coated with a mesoporous antistatic coating, said coating having a refractive index lower than or equal to 1.45, and a silica based matrix functionalized by ammonium groups, the matrix having a hydrophobic character, wherein said coating is obtainable by: a) preparing a precursor sol of a mesoporous antistatic coating comprising: at least one inorganic precursor agent A selected from compounds of formula: Si(X)4 wherein the X groups independently are hydrolyzable groups or a hydrolyzate of such precursor agent; at least one precursor agent B selected from organosilanes comprising: a silicon atom carrying at least two hydrolyzable groups; and at least one ammonium group; or a hydrolyzate of such precursor agent; at least one organic solvent, at least one pore-forming agent, and water; the B compound/A compound molar ratio ranging from 0.1 to 0.8; b) depositing the precursor sol to form a precursor sol film onto a main surface of the substrate; c) consolidating the deposited film; d) removing the pore-forming agent from the film resulting from the previous step; and e) recovering a mesoporous antistatic coating having a refractive index lower than or equal to 1.45; and further by: (i) treating the film after step b) or after step c), with at least one hydrophobic reactive compound carrying at least one hydrophobic group; and/or (ii) introducing at least one hydrophobic precursor agent carrying at least one hydrophobic group into the precursor sol before the step b) of depositing the precursor sol film. 16. The article of claim 15, wherein the substrate is a substrate for an optical lens or an optical lens blank. 17. The article of claim 16, wherein the substrate is an ophthalmic lens substrate or an ophthalmic lens blank substrate. 18. The article of claim 15, wherein the mesoporous coating has a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1 \u03bcm. 19. The article of claim 18, wherein the mesoporous coating has a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 150 nm. 20. The article of claim 15, wherein the mesoporous coating is a single-layer anti-reflection coating or is part of a multi-layer anti-reflection coating. 21. The article of claim 15, wherein at least one X group is an alkoxy, acyloxy or halogen group. 22. The article of claim 15, wherein the precursor sol of a mesoporous antistatic film further comprises a hydrolysis catalyst for the X groups. 23. The article of claim 15, wherein the precursor agent B is a compound, or a hydrolyzate thereof, of formula: RnYmSi(X\u2032)4-n-m (II) wherein the Y groups independently are monovalent organic groups bound to silicon through a carbon atom and comprise at least one ammonium group, the X\u2032 groups independently are hydrolyzable groups, R is a monovalent organic group bound to silicon through a carbon atom, n and m being integers such that m=1 or 2 with n+m=1 or 2. 24. The article of claim 23, wherein the ammonium group is located at the terminal position of the Y group. 25. The article of claim 23, wherein the Y group is a group of formula: wherein z is an integer, R1, R2 and R3 independently represent hydrogen atoms, aryl groups, aralkyl groups or linear or branched alkyl groups, and W\u2212 is an anion. 26. The article of claim 25, wherein z ranges from 2 to 20. 27. The article of claim 25, wherein R1, R2 and R3 independently represent alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. 28. The article of claim 15, wherein the pore-forming agent is a polyethylene glycol alkyl monoether of formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOR1 (IV) wherein R1 is a linear or branched alkyl group and n is an integer from 1 to 200. 29. The article of claim 15, wherein the precursor sol does not contain any hydrophobic precursor agent carrying at least one hydrophobic group. 30. The article of claim 15, wherein the hydrophobic reactive compound is selected from compounds and mixtures of compounds of formula: (R\u20321)3(R\u20322)Si (V) wherein: the R\u20321 groups independently represent saturated or unsaturated, hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups; and R\u20322 represents a hydrolyzable group. 31. The article of claim 15, wherein the hydrophobic reactive compound is a fluoroalkyl chlorosilane, fluoroalkyl dialkyl chlorosilane, alkylalkoxysilane, fluoroalkyl alkoxysilane, fluoroalkyl dialkyl alkoxysilane, alkylchlorosilane, trialkylsilazane, or hexaalkyldisilazane.",
-    "A method for forming a semiconductor device structure is provided. The method includes forming a first gate stack structure and a second gate stack structure on a substrate, and the first gate stack structure includes a first spacer adjacent to the second gate stack structure. The method also includes forming an U-shaped capping layer between the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure, and a lateral sidewall of the U-shaped capping layer is in direct contact with the first spacer of the first gate stack structure. A top of the lateral sidewall of the U-shaped capping layer is below a top of the first spacer of the first gate stack structure. 1. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: forming a first gate stack structure and a second gate stack structure on a substrate, wherein the first gate stack structure comprises a first spacer adjacent to the second gate stack structure; forming an U-shaped capping layer between the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure, wherein a lateral sidewall of the U-shaped capping layer is in direct contact with the first spacer of the first gate stack structure, and a top of the lateral sidewall of the U-shaped capping layer is below a top of the first spacer of the first gate stack structure. 2. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: forming an isolation feature in the substrate and below the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure, wherein the U-shaped capping layer is configured to protect the underlying isolation feature. 3. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein forming the U-shaped capping layer between the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure comprises: conformally depositing a capping layer on the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; forming a photoresist layer on the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; removing a portion of the photoresist layer to form a remaining photoresist layer; removing a portion of the capping layer by using the remaining photoresist layer as a mask to form the U-shape capping layer between first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure. 4. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: forming a resist protective oxide (RPO) layer on the first gate stack structure, the second gate stack structure and the U-shaped capping layer; and removing a portion of the RPO layer to form a remaining RPO layer. 5. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 4, further comprising: after removing the portion of the RPO layer, forming a first metal silicide layer on the first gate stack structure and a second metal silicide layer on the second gate stack structure. 6. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein removing the portion of the RPO layer comprises performing a wet etching process or a dry etching process. 7. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the entire U-shaped capping layer has a height that is less than half of height of the first spacer of the first gate stack structure. 8. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first gate stack structure further comprises a first gate dielectric layer and a first gate electrode layer, and a top surface of the U-shaped capping layer is higher than a top surface of the gate dielectric layer. 9. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: forming an isolation feature in a substrate; forming a first gate stack structure and a second gate stack structure on the isolation feature; conformally depositing a capping layer on the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; and removing a portion of the capping layer to form a remaining capping layer between first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure, wherein the remaining capping layer is configured to protect a portion of the isolation feature which is directly below the remaining capping layer from being etched. 10. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein removing the portion of the capping layer to form the remaining capping layer comprises: forming a photoresist layer on the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; and removing a portion of the photoresist layer to form a remaining photoresist layer; and removing the portion of the capping layer by using the remaining photoresist layer as a mask to form the remaining capping layer. 11. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein a lateral sidewall of the remaining capping layer is in direct contact with a first spacer of the first gate stack structure. 12. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the remaining capping layer has a height that is less than half of height of the first spacer of the first gate stack structure. 13. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: forming a resist protective oxide (RPO) layer on the first gate stack structure, the second gate stack structure and the remaining capping layer; removing a portion of the RPO layer to form a remaining RPO layer; and recessing a portion of the isolation feature by using the remaining RPO layer as a mask. 14. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 13, further comprising: after recessing the portion of the isolation feature, forming a first metal silicide layer on the first gate stack structure and a second metal silicide layer on the second gate stack structure. 15. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the first gate stack structure comprises a first gate dielectric layer and a first gate electrode layer, and a top surface of the remaining capping layer is higher than a top surface of the gate dielectric layer. 16. A method for forming a semiconductor device structure, comprising: providing a substrate; forming an isolation feature in the substrate; forming a first gate stack structure and a second gate stack structure on the isolation feature; conformally depositing a capping layer on the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; removing a portion of the capping layer to form a remaining capping layer between first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; forming a resist protective oxide (RPO) layer on the first gate stack structure, the second gate stack structure and the remaining capping layer; and removing a portion of the RPO layer, wherein the isolation feature between the remaining capping layer. 17. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein removing a portion of the capping layer to form the remaining capping layer comprises: forming a photoresist layer on the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure; and removing a portion of the photoresist layer to form a remaining photoresist layer; and removing a portion of the capping layer by using the remaining photoresist layer as a mask to form the remaining capping layer, wherein the remaining capping layer is formed between the first gate stack structure and the second gate stack structure. 18. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein removing a portion of the RPO layer comprises performing a wet etching process or a dry etching process. 19. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, further comprising: after removing a portion of the RPO layer, forming a metal silicide layer on the first gate stack structure. 20. The method for forming the semiconductor device structure as claimed in claim 16, wherein while removing a portion of the RPO layer, a portion of the isolation feature which is not covered by the remaining capping layer is recessed.",
-    "Games related to the provision of information are described. Games may be formulated to exploit biases such as long shot bias and favorite bias. Games related to the provision of information are described. Games may be formulated to exploit biases relating to the Monty Hall paradox. Games related to the provision of information are described. Games may include wagering on hands of cards, e.g., poker wagering games. 1-19. (canceled) 20. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor of at least one computer; at least one memory having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by the at least one processor, direct the at least one processor to: provide first information about a set of possible outcomes of an event to a user, wherein at least a part of the first information identifies a characteristic of a true outcome of the set of possible outcomes; receive a first wager on a first possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes from the user after providing the first information; reveal to the user, after receiving the first wager, that a first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes does not comprise the true outcome, wherein a second subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes comprises the true outcome, and wherein the set of possible outcomes comprises the first and second subsets of possible outcomes; and provide the user with an opportunity to change from the first wager to a second wager on a second possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes if the second subset of possible outcomes comprises the first possible outcome, the second subset of possible outcomes comprising the second possible outcome. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the user loses the first wager if the first subset of possible outcomes comprises the first possible outcome. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the first subset of possible outcomes does not comprise the first possible outcome and the second subset of possible outcomes comprises the first possible outcome, such that the use is provided with the opportunity to change from the first wager to the second wager. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein revealing to the user that the first subset of possible outcomes does not comprise the true outcome comprises: developing second information such that the second information, when combined with other information, permits at least a deductive inference that the first subset of possible outcomes does not comprise the true outcome; providing the second information to the user. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: assessing a premium to the user, the premium being assessed for changing from the first wager to the second wager. 25. The apparatus of claim 20, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: providing the user, after providing the user with the opportunity to change, with an opportunity to select one or more possible outcomes from the second subset of possible outcomes to be revealed to the user as not comprising the true outcome. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: assessing a premium to the user for the opportunity to select, wherein a size of the premium depends on how many possible outcomes are included in the one or more possible outcomes. 27. The apparatus of claim 20, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: offering to pay a payout amount at least for successful wagers on the true outcome; decreasing the payout amount from a first round of wagering to a second round of wagering. 28. The apparatus of claim 20, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: providing one or more users with an opportunity to wager on possible activity of the user with respect to the second subset of possible outcomes. 29. The apparatus of claim 20, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: determining a first set of likelihood values corresponding to the set of possible outcomes using at least the first wager, wherein each likelihood value of the first set of likelihood values corresponds to a respective possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes; determining a second set of likelihood values corresponding to the second subset of possible outcomes after revealing that the first subset of possible outcomes does not comprise a true outcome, wherein each likelihood value of the second set of likelihood values corresponds to a respective possible outcome of the second subset of possible outcomes; providing the second set of likelihood values to the user. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the act of determining the second set of likelihood values further comprises: determining the second set of likelihood values responsively to comparing the first set of likelihood values to one or more predetermined values, the one or more predetermined values being derived from data regarding expected biases of one or more users. 31. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor of at least one computer; at least one memory having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by the at least one processor, direct the at least one processor to: provide first information about a set of possible outcomes of an event to a user, wherein at least a part of the first information identifies a characteristic of a true outcome of the set of possible outcomes; receive a first wager on a first possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes from the user after providing the first information; reveal to the user, after receiving the first wager, that a first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes is at least substantially unlikely to comprise the true outcome, wherein a second subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes is at least substantially likely to comprise the true outcome, and wherein the set of possible outcomes comprises the first and second subsets of possible outcomes; and provide the user with an opportunity to change from the first wager to a second wager on a second possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes, the second subset of possible outcomes comprising the second possible outcome. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein substantially likely comprises a greater than 90 percent likelihood, and substantially unlikely comprises a less than 10 percent likelihood. 33. The method of claim 31, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: if the second subset of possible outcomes comprises the first possible outcome, assessing a premium to the user for changing from the first wager to the second wager. 34. The method of claim 31, wherein revealing to the user, after receiving the first wager, that the first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes is at least substantially unlikely to comprise the true outcome comprises: revealing to the user, after receiving the first wager, that the first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes does not comprise the true outcome. 35. A non-transitory machine-readable medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor of a computer, direct the at least one processor to: provide first information about a set of possible outcomes of an event to a user, wherein at least a part of the first information identifies a characteristic of a true outcome of the set of possible outcomes; receive a first wager on a first possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes from the user after providing the first information; reveal to the user, after receiving the first wager, that a first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes is at least substantially unlikely to comprise the true outcome, wherein a second subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes is at least substantially likely to comprise the true outcome, and wherein the set of possible outcomes comprises the first and second subsets of possible outcomes; and provide the user with an opportunity to change from the first wager to a second wager on a second possible outcome of the set of possible outcomes, the second subset of possible outcomes comprising the second possible outcome. 36. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, wherein substantially likely comprises a greater than 90 percent likelihood, and substantially unlikely comprises a less than 10 percent likelihood. 37. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, in which the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further direct the at least one processor to: if the second subset of possible outcomes comprises the first possible outcome, assessing a premium to the user for changing from the first wager to the second wager. 38. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 35, wherein revealing to the user, after receiving the first wager, that the first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes is at least substantially unlikely to comprise the true outcome comprises: revealing to the user, after receiving the first wager, that the first subset of possible outcomes of the set of possible outcomes does not comprise the true outcome.",
-    "Apparatus and methods for downhole formation testing including use of a probe having inner and outer channels adapted to collect or inject injecting fluids from or to a formation accessed by a borehole. The probe straddles one or more layers in laminated or fractured formations and uses the inner channels to collect fluid. 1. A formation tool comprising: a probe having an inner channel surrounded by an outer channel, the probe structured such that the inner channel and the outer channel have an elongate shape, the probe operable to engage a wall of a borehole and extract fluid from a formation adjacent the borehole; one or more transducers to regulate flow rate and/or pressure in the inner channel and the outer channel according to a relationship of flow rate and/or pressure of the inner channel to the outer channel; and pumps to pump the fluid through the probe, the pumps arranged to operatively clear the inner channel by pumping fluid out of the inner channel while pumping fluid into the outer channel or to operatively clear the outer channel by pumping fluid out of the outer channel while pumping fluid into the inner channel. 2. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the probe is arranged to operatively capture more contaminated fluid in the outer channel than in the inner channel. 3. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the probe includes an outer sealing member that encircles the outer channel. 4. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the probe includes a sealing member between the inner flow channel and the outer flow channel. 5. The formation tool of claim 4, wherein the sealing member is a retractable sealing member. 6. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the formation tool includes a first flow line coupled to the inner channel and a second flow line coupled to the outer channel, the first flow line separate from the second flow line such that fluid flowing into the outer channel does not mix with fluid flowing into the inner channel. 7. The formation tool of claim 6, wherein the inner channel has a plurality of ports coupled to the first flow line such that fluid flows through the ports. 8. The formation tool of claim 6, wherein at least one of the first flow line and the second flow line are disposed along extendable members. 9. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein one or more of the pumps are connected to a collection chamber. 10. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein one or more of the pumps are connected to the borehole. 11. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein one or more of the pumps have a valve operably connected with the respective pump and at least one of the wall of the borehole or a collection chamber. 12. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the probe is an articulating probe such that the probe is operable to hinge at one or more locations to contact the wall of the borehole. 13. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the inner channel has a different area of flow ports than the outer channel. 14. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the formation tool includes one or more sensors associated with the inner channel and/or the outer channel. 15. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors includes one or more fluid identification sensors. 16. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein at least one of the inner channel or the outer channel includes a flow port over which a screen is disposed. 17. The formation tool of claim 16, wherein the screen is retractable. 18. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the probe includes at least one wiper that excludes or assists in excluding mud entry into the inner or outer channels. 19. The formation tool of claim 18, wherein the at least one wiper is retractable within at least a portion of the probe. 20. The formation tool of claim 1, wherein the pumps are arranged to operate for a sufficient amount of time to substantially deplete an invaded zone in vicinity of a pad including the probe and to establish an equilibrium condition in which fluid flowing into the inner channel is substantially free of contaminating borehole filtrate.",
-    "A novel display device with higher reliability having a structure of blocking moisture and oxygen, which deteriorate the characteristics of the display device, from penetrating through a sealing region and a method of manufacturing thereof is provided. According to the present invention, a display device and a method of manufacturing the same comprising: a display portion formed by aligning a light-emitting element using an organic light-emitting material between a pair of substrate, wherein the display portion is formed on an insulating layer formed on any one of the substrates, the pair of substrates is bonded to each other with a sealing material formed over the insulating layer while surrounding a periphery of the display portion, at least one layer of the insulating layer is made of an organic resin material, the periphery has a first region and a second region, the insulating layer in the first region has an opening covered with a protective film, the sealing material is formed in contact with the opening and the protective film, an outer edge portion of the insulating layer in the second region is covered with the protective film or the sealing material. 1. (canceled) 2. A display device comprising: a pixel in a pixel region; a first insulating layer over an insulated surface; a conductive layer over the first insulating layer; and a sealing material comprising a first portion, wherein the pixel comprises a transistor and a light-emitting element, wherein the first insulating layer includes an opening, wherein the first portion overlaps with the opening, wherein the light-emitting element includes a pixel electrode, wherein the pixel electrode is provided over the first insulating layer, wherein the pixel electrode comprises indium, tin, and oxygen, wherein the conductive layer is provided at an outer side than the pixel region, wherein the conductive layer comprises a second portion, wherein the second portion overlaps with the opening, wherein the second portion is in contact with the insulated surface through the opening, wherein the conductive layer comprises a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is provided over the second layer, and wherein the first layer comprises indium, tin, and oxygen. 3. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the pixel electrode has a single-layer structure. 4. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the conductive layer has a two-layer structure. 5. The display device according to claim 2, wherein the first insulating layer comprises an organic resin material. 6. A display module comprising: the display device according to claim 2; and a flexible printed circuit. 7. An electronic device comprising: the display module according to claim 6; and at least one of an image receiving portion, an audio input portion, a speaker, and a battery. 8. A display device comprising: a pixel in a pixel region; a first insulating layer over an insulated surface; a conductive layer over the first insulating layer; a sealing material comprising a first portion and a third portion; and a second insulating layer, wherein the pixel comprises a transistor and a light-emitting element, wherein the first insulating layer includes an opening, wherein the first portion overlaps with the opening, wherein the light-emitting element includes a pixel electrode, wherein the pixel electrode is provided over the first insulating layer, wherein the pixel electrode comprises indium, tin, and oxygen, wherein the conductive layer is provided at an outer side than the pixel region, wherein the conductive layer comprises a second portion, wherein the second portion overlaps with the opening, wherein the second portion is in contact with the insulated surface through the opening, wherein the conductive layer comprises a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is provided over the second layer, wherein the first layer comprises indium, tin, and oxygen, wherein the second insulating layer is provided over the pixel electrode, and wherein the third portion does not overlap with the second insulating layer. 9. The display device according to claim 8, wherein the pixel electrode has a single-layer structure. 10. The display device according to claim 8, wherein the conductive layer has a two-layer structure. 11. The display device according to claim 8, wherein the first insulating layer comprises an organic resin material. 12. A display module comprising: the display device according to claim 8; and a flexible printed circuit. 13. An electronic device comprising: the display module according to claim 12; and at least one of an image receiving portion, an audio input portion, a speaker, and a battery. 14. A display device comprising: a flexible substrate; a pixel in a pixel region; a first insulating layer over an insulated surface; a conductive layer over the first insulating layer; and a sealing material comprising a first portion, wherein the pixel comprises a transistor and a light-emitting element, wherein the first insulating layer includes an opening, wherein the first portion overlaps with the opening, wherein the light-emitting element includes a pixel electrode, wherein the pixel electrode is provided over the first insulating layer, wherein the pixel electrode comprises indium, tin, and oxygen, wherein the conductive layer is provided at an outer side than the pixel region, wherein the conductive layer comprises a second portion, wherein the second portion overlaps with the opening, wherein the second portion is in contact with the insulated surface through the opening, wherein the conductive layer comprises a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer is provided over the second layer, wherein the first layer comprises indium, tin, and oxygen, and wherein the pixel, the first insulating layer, the conductive layer, and the sealing material are provided over the flexible substrate. 15. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the pixel electrode has a single-layer structure. 16. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the conductive layer has a two-layer structure. 17. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the first insulating layer comprises an organic resin material. 18. A display module comprising: the display device according to claim 14; and a flexible printed circuit. 19. An electronic device comprising: the display module according to claim 18; and at least one of an image receiving portion, an audio input portion, a speaker, and a battery. 20. The display device according to claim 14, further comprising a second insulating layer, wherein the sealing material comprises a third portion, wherein the second insulating layer is provided over the pixel electrode, and wherein the third portion does not overlap with the second insulating layer.",
-    "The invention provides a method of operating a brake system, including: transmitting a valve operating command to an inlet valve an outlet valve calculating a valve operating time of each of the inlet valve and the outlet valve based on a difference in pressure between both ends of each of the inlet valve and the outlet valve; performing the linear or On-Off control for increasing pressure and calculating the quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve and, the ON-OFF control for decreasing pressure and calculating the quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve; and calculating hydraulic pressure in the wheel brake cylinder based on the quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve and the quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve. 1. A method of operating a brake system, the method comprising: transmitting a valve operating command to an inlet valve which supplies brake oil to a wheel brake cylinder, and an outlet valve which allows the brake oil in the wheel brake cylinder to be returned into a reservoir; calculating a valve operating time of each of the inlet valve and the outlet valve based on a difference in pressure between both ends of each of the inlet valve and the outlet valve; determining whether the valve operating command is a linear control command for increasing pressure; performing the linear control and calculating the quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve based on a pressure-volume diagram of the brake oil when the valve operating command is the linear control command for increasing pressure; and calculating hydraulic pressure in the wheel brake cylinder based on the quantity of passing brake oil. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantity of passing brake oil is calculated by a following equation, Vinlet-value=pVCurve(PPreviousPressure+\u0394P)\u2212VPreviousVolume [equation] wherein pVcurve is a gradient of the pressure-volume diagram of the brake oil, PpreviousPressure is pressure at a time of previous brake control, \u0394P is an amount of increasing pressure at a time of the current brake control according to the linear command at a time of increasing pressure, VpreviousVolume is a quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve at the time of previous brake control, and Vinlet-valve is the quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve at the time of the current brake control. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the hydraulic pressure is calculated by a following equation, Pc=pVcurve(Vpr+Vinlet-valve) [equation] wherein Pc is calculated hydraulic pressure, Vpr is the quantity of brake oil in the wheel brake cylinder at the time of previous brake control. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether the valve operating command is an ON-OFF control command for decreasing pressure when the valve operating command is not the linear control command for increasing pressure; and performing the ON-OFF control for decreasing pressure and calculating a quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve based on the pressure-volume diagram of the brake oil and a predetermined flow equation when the valve operating command is the ON-OFF control command for decreasing pressure. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the ON-OFF control for decreasing pressure controls an opening area of the outlet valve. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve is calculated by a following equation, q = \u03b1 \ue89e \ue89e A \ue89e 2 \u03c1 \ue89e P \ue89e \ue89e V Request = q \ue8a0 ( T requestTime - T ResponseTime ) [ equation ] wherein q is the quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve per unit time, \u03b1 is a correction factor, A is an opening area of the outlet valve, \u03c1 is fluid density of the brake oil, P is a difference in pressure between both ends of the outlet valve, VRequest is the (target) quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve, TRequestTime is a requested operating time of the outlet valve, and TResponseTime is a delayed operating time of the outlet valve according to the difference in pressure between both ends of the outlet valve. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydraulic pressure is calculated by a following equation, Pc=pVcurve(Vpr+Vinlet-valve\u2212Voutle-valve) wherein Pc is calculated hydraulic pressure, pVcurve is a gradient of the pressure-volume diagram, Vpr is the quantity of brake oil in the wheel brake cylinder at a time of previous brake control, Vinlet-valve is a quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve at a time of current brake control, and Voutlet-valve is a quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve at the time of the current brake control. 8. The method of claim 4, further comprising: performing the ON-OFF control command for increasing pressure by determining that the valve operating command is the ON-OFF control command for increasing pressure when the valve operating command is not the ON-OFF control command for decreasing pressure, and calculating a quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve based on the pressure-volume diagram of the brake oil and a predetermined flow equation. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the current quantity of brake oil in the wheel brake cylinder is calculated by adding the quantity of brake oil passing through the inlet valve according to the linear control for increasing pressure and the ON-OFF control for increasing pressure at the time of current brake control to the quantity of brake oil in the wheel brake cylinder at the time of previous brake control, and by subtracting the quantity of brake oil passing through the outlet valve according to the ON-OFF control for decreasing pressure at the time of current brake control, and the hydraulic pressure is calculated, based on the calculated quantity of brake oil.",
-    "A paper-based touch book introduces interactivity to standard printed books. The paper-based touch book is a very useful learning tool that aims to attach learners with traditionally printed books. The paper-based touch book allows learners to use three senses in the learning process: touch, vision and hearing. To improve the quality of the paper-based touch book, the sensors for a talking book are adjusted based on one or more factors such distance of the current page to the sensors. 1. A device comprising: a. a body containing a plurality of pages; b. one or more touch sensors contained within the body to determine a location on a current page that a user touches; c. a page identification sensor for determining the current page to which the body is open; d. a microprocessing system for modifying settings of the one or more touch sensors based on the current page; and e. a mechanism to provide feedback based on the page touched and the location on the page. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes increasing the settings when the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages and decreasing the settings when the current page is closer to a last page of the plurality of pages. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the settings are increased as the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages. 4. The device of claim 1 wherein the settings are not increased or decreased at a middle page of the plurality of pages and are increased as the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages and are decreased as the current page is closer to a last page of the plurality of pages. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes modifying sensitivity, accuracy and/or precision of the one or more sensors. 6. The device of claim 1 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes modifying accuracy and/or precision of a group of sensors. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes increasing noise reduction. 8. A method comprising: a. determining a current page to which a book is open; and b. modifying settings of one or more sensors of the book based on the current page. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein determining the current page is performed by a page identification sensor. 10. The method of claim 8 further comprising providing feedback based on the page touched and the location on the page. 11. The method of claim 8 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes increasing the settings when the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages and decreasing the settings when the current page is closer to a last page of the plurality of pages. 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the settings are increased as the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages. 13. The method of claim 8 wherein the settings are not increased or decreased at a middle page of the plurality of pages and are increased as the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages and are decreased as the current page is closer to a last page of the plurality of pages. 14. The method of claim 8 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes modifying sensitivity, accuracy and/or precision of the one or more sensors. 15. The method of claim 8 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes modifying accuracy and/or precision of a group of sensors. 16. The method of claim 8 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes increasing noise reduction. 17. A system comprising: a. a book containing a plurality of pages; b. a cover configured for receiving the book; c. one or more touch sensors contained within the cover to determine a location on a current page that a user touches; d. a page identification sensor for determining the current page to which the book is open; and e. a microprocessing system for modifying settings of the one or more touch sensors based on the current page. 18. The device of claim 17 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes increasing the settings when the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages and decreasing the settings when the current page is closer to a last page of the plurality of pages. 19. The device of claim 17 wherein the settings are increased as the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages. 20. The device of claim 17 wherein the settings are not increased or decreased at a middle page of the plurality of pages and are increased as the current page is closer to a first page of the plurality of pages and are decreased as the current page is closer to a last page of the plurality of pages. 21. The device of claim 17 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes modifying sensitivity, accuracy and/or precision of the one or more sensors. 22. The device of claim 17 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes modifying accuracy and/or precision of a group of sensors. 23. The device of claim 17 wherein modifying the settings of the one or more touch sensors includes increasing noise reduction.",
-    "Disclosed herein are systems and methods that describe systems and method for detecting operator contact with a steering wheel of a vehicle. The system can include: a steering wheel, a drive motor coupled to the steering wheel, and a drive motor controller that controls the operation of the drive motor. The drive motor controller can detect contact between the operator and the steering wheel. In one aspect, the systems and methods can be used to alert the operator of the vehicle when operator contact with the steering wheel is not detected. 1. A system for detecting operator contact with a steering wheel of a vehicle, the system comprising: a steering wheel; a drive motor coupled to the steering wheel; and a drive motor controller that controls the operation of the drive motor; wherein the drive motor controller: generates and communicates a drive signal to the drive motor to apply a force to the steering wheel, measures a current generated from a back electromotive force (back-EMF) on the drive motor resulting from the operator's reactions to the force applied by the drive motor, compares the current with a predefined current range, and in response to the current being greater than the predefined current range, determines contact between the operator and the steering wheel, and in response to the current being less than or within the predefined current range, determines a lack of contact between the operator and the steering wheel. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the steering wheel comprises a steering wheel base, and the drive motor is disposed adjacent the steering wheel base. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive motor is operationally connected to one or more gears that rotate the steering wheel. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive motor controller controls the operation of the drive motor by regulating power to the drive motor. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive motor controller associates the back-EMF on the drive motor with a current value. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the current range is between 1 amp and 4 amps. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the measuring is performed periodically. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein periodically is one one-hundredths of a millisecond. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the drive motor is a component of an active steering system. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the drive motor controller is a component of the active steering system. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein applying a force comprises applying at least one pulse of electric current. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive motor controller communicates the determination to an autonomous driving system, cruise control system, and/or a safety system. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein at least one action is taken as a result of the determination. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one action comprises sending an alert to the operator of the vehicle. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the alert comprises a visual signal that is displayed to the operator. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the alert comprises an audio signal that is broadcast to the operator. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the alert comprises a vibrational signal that is mechanically imparted and receivable by the operator's body. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein if the velocity of the vehicle is greater than a predefined velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a first force to the steering wheel, and if the velocity of the vehicle is less than the predefined velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a second force to the steering wheel, wherein the first force is less than the second force. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein if the steering wheel is rotating with an angular velocity greater than a predefined angular velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a first force to the steering wheel, and if the angular velocity is less than the predefined angular velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a second force to the steering wheel, wherein the first force is greater than the second force. 20. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive motor is disposed adjacent to a clock spring housing of the steering wheel. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the drive motor controller receives a velocity and/or an acceleration of the vehicle and/or an angular velocity of the steering wheel, adjusts the measured current based on the receive velocity, acceleration, and/or angular velocity, and compares the adjusted current with the predefined current range. 22. A method for detecting operator contact with a steering wheel of a vehicle, the method comprising: generating and communicating a drive signal, by a drive motor controller, to a drive motor to apply a force to a steering wheel, wherein the drive motor is coupled to the steering wheel, and the drive motor controller controls the operation of the drive motor, measuring a current generated from a back electromotive force (back-EMF) on the drive motor resulting from the operator's reactions to the force applied by the drive motor, comparing, by the drive motor controller, the current with a predefined current range, in response to the current being greater than the predefined range, determining contact between the operator and the steering wheel, and in response to the current being less than or within the predefined range, determining a lack of contact between the operator and the steering wheel. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the steering wheel comprises a steering wheel base, and the drive motor is disposed adjacent the steering wheel base. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the drive motor is operationally connected to one or more gears that rotate the steering wheel. 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the drive motor controller controls the operation of the drive motor by regulating power to the drive motor. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the drive motor controller associates the back-EMF on the drive motor with a current value. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the current range is between 1 amp and 4 amps. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the measuring is performed periodically. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein periodically is about one-hundredths of a millisecond. 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the drive motor is a component of an active steering system. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the drive motor controller is a component of the active steering system. 32. The method of claim 22, wherein applying a force comprises applying a pulse of electric current. 33. The method of claim 22, further comprising communicating the determination is to an autonomous driving system, cruise control system, and/or a safety system. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein at least one action is taken as a result of the determination. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the at least one action comprises sending an alert to the operator of the vehicle. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the alert comprises a visual signal that is displayed to the operator. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the alert comprises an audio signal that is broadcast to the operator. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the alert comprises a vibrational signal that is mechanically imparted and receivable by the operator's body. 39. The method of claim 22, wherein if the velocity of the vehicle is greater than a predefined velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a first force to the steering wheel, and if the velocity of the vehicle is less than the predefined velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a second force to the steering wheel, wherein the first force is less than the second force. 40. The method of claim 22, wherein if the steering wheel is rotating with an angular velocity greater than a predefined angular velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a first force to the steering wheel, and if the angular velocity is less than the predefined angular velocity threshold value, the drive motor controller applies a second force to the steering wheel, wherein the first force is greater than the second force. 41. The method of claim 22, wherein the drive motor is disposed adjacent to a clock spring housing of the steering wheel.",
-    "A method, computing device, and system for performing a core dump is provided that aggregates core dump data from storage controller components. In some embodiments, the method includes detecting corrupted data corresponding to a data sector included in a storage volume. After detecting the corrupted data, the storage volume is quiesced. Data is collected from a controller processor, I/O controller, controller cache, storage volume, interrupted write recovery portion, trace log, and backup device. 1. A method comprising: detecting, by a storage server, that a storage volume includes corrupted data, wherein the storage volume is accessible to a storage controller; after detecting the corrupted data, quiescing the storage volume; collecting, from the storage controller, a first portion of data from a controller processor of the storage controller and an input/output controller (IOC) of the storage controller; after collecting the first portion of data, collecting a second portion of data from a controller cache of the storage controller and the storage volume, wherein the second portion of data includes data corresponding to the corrupted data; storing the first portion of data and the second portion of data in one or more files; and providing data from the one or more files to a second machine for analysis. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein providing data to the second machine includes copying the one or more files to the second machine via a network. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: compressing the one or more files. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting includes receiving an error message from a host, and wherein the error message identifies the storage volume and a data sector that stores the corrupted data. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting includes determining, by the storage controller, that a protection information error threshold is exceeded. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein quiescing the storage volume includes pausing an activity corresponding to the storage volume. 7. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising: increasing a detail level of a trace log; re-booting the storage controller; reading the corrupted data from the storage volume; and creating a log entry in the trace log corresponding to the reading from the storage volume. 8. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising: collecting a third portion of data from an interrupted write recovery (IWR) memory of the storage controller, trace log memory of the storage controller, and backup device memory of the storage controller; and storing the third portion of data in the one or more files. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the backup device memory includes a shared read-only cache partition of the controller cache. 10. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising: storing data collected from the controller processor, the IOC, and the storage volume in a file that is formatted according to an Executable and Linkable Format (ELF). 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the corrupted data is stored in a data sector of the storage volume, wherein the data sector is associated with a storage stripe, wherein the second portion of data collected from the storage volume includes the corrupted data stored in the data sector and data stored in at, least one immediately adjacent data sector of the storage stripe. 12. A non-transitory machine readable medium having stored thereon instructions for performing a method comprising machine executable code which when executed by at least one machine, causes the machine to: detect an error corresponding to a data sector of a storage volume; after the error is detected, quiesce the storage volume; collect controller processor data and input/output controller (IOC) data from a storage controller that accesses the storage volume; after the controller processor data and the IOC data is collected, re-boot the storage controller into a limited operating environment mode; while in the limited operating environment mode, collect controller cache data from the storage controller and storage volume data, wherein the storage volume data includes data corresponding to the data sector of the storage volume; and store the controller processor data, IOC data, controller cache data, and storage volume data in one or more files, 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 12, wherein quiescing the storage volume comprises placing incoming requests corresponding to a controller cache of the storage controller in a queue and/or disabling flushing of the controller cache. 14. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 12, wherein the storage volume data that is collected includes data from the data sector and one or more data sectors that are immediately adjacent to the data sector in a storage stripe. 15. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 12, the machine further to: collect interrupted write recovery (IWR) data, trace log data, and backup device data; and store the IWR data, trace log data, and, backup device data in the one or more files. 16. A computing device comprising: a memory containing machine readable medium comprising machine executable code having stored thereon instructions for performing a data collection method; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the machine executable code to cause the processor to: detect an error corresponding to a data sector of a storage volume; collect a first data portion from a controller processor and an input/output controller (IOC); after the first data portion is collected, re-boot the storage controller; after the storage controller is re-booted, collect a second data portion from a controller cache and the storage volume, wherein the second data portion includes data corresponding to the data sector of the storage volume; store the first data portion and the second data portion in one or more files; and communicate the one or more files to a second machine for error analysis. 17. The computing device of claim 16, the processor further to: quiesce the storage volume by placing incoming requests corresponding to the controller cache in a queue and/or disabling flushing of the controller cache. 18. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the second data portion includes data collected from the data sector and one or more data sectors that are adjacent to the data sector in a storage stripe of the storage volume. 19. The computing device of claim 16, the processor further to: collect interrupted write recovery (IWR) data, trace log data, and backup device data; and store the IWR data, trace log data, and backup device data in the one or more files. 20. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the backup device data include data that is read from a shared read-only cache partition of the controller cache.",
-    "A method and system for performing a design space exploration of a circuit is disclosed. The method comprises receiving a design problem associated with a circuit topology and one or more design parameters of a circuit. The method further comprises segregating the design problem into two or more sub-design problems. The design problem is segregated to provide a solution for each sub-design problem through a design space exploration. The method further comprises representing the sub-design-problem in a hierarchal directional graph. The hierarchal directional graph comprises one or more nodes. The method further comprises recording values from each node in the hierarchal directional graph. The method further comprises performing the design space exploration, iteratively, based on the values recorded to obtain an optimal design parameters for the circuit. 1. A method for performing a design space exploration of a circuit, the method comprising: receiving, by a processor, a design problem associated with a circuit topology and one or more design parameters of a circuit; segregating, by the processor, the design problem into two or more sub-design problems, wherein the design problem is segregated to provide a solution for each sub-design problem through a design space exploration; representing, by the processor, the sub-design-problem in a hierarchal directional graph, wherein the hierarchal directional graph comprises one or more nodes; recording, by the processor, values from each node in the hierarchal directional graph; and performing, by the processor, the design space exploration based on the values recorded to obtain an optimal design parameters for the circuit. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more nodes comprises a leaf node. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the one or more nodes further comprises at least one non-leaf node corresponding to the leaf node. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the design space exploration is performed using at least one of a test bench, an evaluation plan, a simulation plan, a performance measurement algorithm, an exploration history and a dependency table, and wherein the exploration history is created during the design space exploration, and wherein the dependency table is provided by a user or generated during the exploration history. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the exploration history comprises simulation results, the one or more design parameters, the hierarchal directional graph, and the optimum design parameters. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the circuit topology comprises an interconnection of one or more circuit components. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more design parameters comprises at least one of length or width or fingers of a transistor, value of resistance, capacitance, inductance, leakage currents, and size of the one or more circuit components. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the design space exploration is performed by: selecting a first node from the one or more nodes; tuning the values of the one or more design parameters at each node in the one or more nodes; performing a simulation on the circuit based on values tuned; and selecting a second node from the one or more nodes based on the simulation results and the exploration history. 9. A system for performing a design space exploration of a circuit, the system comprising: a processor; and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the processor executes program instructions stored in the memory, to: receive a design problem associated with a circuit topology and one or more design parameters of a circuit; segregate the design problem into two or more sub-design problems, wherein the design problem is segregated to provide a solution for each sub-design problem through a design space exploration; represent the sub-design-problem in a hierarchal directional graph, wherein the hierarchal directional graph comprises one or more nodes; record values from each node in the hierarchal directional graph; and perform the design space exploration based on the values recorded to obtain an optimal design parameters for the circuit. 10. The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the one or more nodes comprises at least one leaf node. 11. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the one or more nodes further comprises at least one non-leaf node corresponding to the leaf node. 12. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the leaf node is at least one of a processing node, a parameter tuning node, and an activity node. 13. The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the circuit topology comprises an interconnection of one or more circuit components. 14. The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the one or more design parameters comprises at least one of length or width or fingers of a transistor, value of resistance, capacitance, inductance, leakage currents, and size of the one or more circuit components. 15. The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the design space exploration is performed by: selecting a first node from the one or more nodes; tuning the values of the one or more design parameters at each node in the one or more nodes; performing a simulation on the circuit based on values tuned; and selecting a second node from the one or more nodes based on the simulation results and the exploration history. 16. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising program instructions which, when executed, are configured to perform a method for performing a design space exploration of a circuit, the method comprising: receiving a design problem associated with a circuit topology and one or more design parameters of a circuit; segregating the design problem into two or more sub-design problems, wherein the design problem is segregated to provide a solution for each sub-design problem through a design space exploration; representing the sub-design-problem in a hierarchal directional graphs, wherein the hierarchal directional graph comprises one or more nodes; recording values from each node in the hierarchal directional graph; and performing the design space exploration based on the values recorded to obtain an optimal design parameters for the circuit. 17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the one or more nodes comprises a leaf node. 18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the one or more nodes further comprises at least one non-leaf node corresponding to the leaf node. 19. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the design space exploration is performed using at least one of a test bench, an evaluation plan, a simulation plan, a performance measurement algorithm, an exploration history and a dependency table, and wherein the exploration history is created during the design space exploration, and wherein the dependency table is provided by a user or generated during the exploration history. 20. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the design space exploration is performed by: selecting a first node from the one or more nodes; tuning the values of the one or more design parameters at each node in the one or more nodes; performing a simulation on the circuit based on values tuned; and selecting a second node from the one or more nodes based on the simulation results and the exploration history.",
-    "A semiconductor structure and a method are disclosed herein. The semiconductor structure includes a dielectric waveguide vertically disposed between a first layer and a second layer, a driver die configured to generate, at a first output node, a driving signal, a first transmission electrode located along a first side of the dielectric waveguide and configured to receive the driving signal from the first output node, a first receiver electrode located along the first side of the dielectric waveguide, and a receiver die configured to receive a received signal from the first receiver electrode. 1. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a dielectric waveguide vertically disposed between a first layer and a second layer; a driver die configured to generate, at a first output node, a driving signal; a first transmission electrode located along a first side of the dielectric waveguide and configured to receive the driving signal from the first output node; a first receiver electrode located along the first side of the dielectric waveguide; and a receiver die configured to receive a received signal from the first receiver electrode. 2. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, further comprising: a molding layer surrounding the driver die and the receiver die on a protection layer; wherein the first layer is disposed on the molding layer. 3. The semiconductor structure of claim 2, further comprising: a second transmission electrode located along a second side of the dielectric waveguide and electrically coupled to a transmission ground. 4. The semiconductor structure of claim 3, wherein the first transmission electrode comprises a first metal structure disposed over the dielectric waveguide, and the second transmission electrode comprises a second metal structure disposed below the dielectric waveguide; and wherein the first transmission electrode and the second transmission electrode are mirror images. 5. The semiconductor structure of claim 2, further comprising: a second receiver electrode located along a second side of the dielectric waveguide and electrically coupled to a receiver ground. 6. The semiconductor structure of claim 5, wherein the first receiver electrode comprises a first metal structure disposed over the dielectric waveguide, and the second receiver electrode comprises a second metal structure disposed below the dielectric waveguide; and wherein the first receiver electrode and the second receiver electrode are mirror images. 7. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide comprises a dielectric material having a dielectric constant higher than those of the first layer and the second layer. 8. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide comprises polyimide or polybenzoxazole. 9. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide comprises silicon nitride or silicon dioxide. 10. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide comprises at least one of ZrO2, Al2O3, HfOx, HfSiOx, ZrTiOx, TiO2, and TaOx. 11. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide comprises a SrTiO3 dielectric or a ZrO2\u2014Al2O3\u2014ZrO2 composite dielectric structure. 12. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a dielectric waveguide having a substantially rectangular cross-sectional disposed between a first dielectric material and a second dielectric material; a first metal layer disposed along a first side of the dielectric waveguide; and a second metal layer disposed along a second side of the dielectric waveguide; wherein the second dielectric material is disposed on a molding layer, and a driver die and a receiver die are surrounded by the molding layer. 13. The semiconductor structure of 12, wherein a first transmission electrode and a first receiver electrode are disposed within the first metal layer, the first transmission electrode is coupled to the driver die, and the first receiver electrode is coupled to the receiver die; and a second transmission electrode and a second receiver electrode are disposed within the second metal layer, and the second transmission electrode is coupled to a transmission ground and the second receiver electrode is coupled to a receiver ground. 14. The semiconductor structure of 13, wherein a width of the dielectric waveguide is tapered from a first width to a second width in a transition region underlying the first transmission electrode, and the second width is narrower than the first width. 15. The semiconductor structure of 12, wherein the dielectric waveguide comprises a waveguide dielectric material having a higher dielectric constant than that of the first dielectric material and the second dielectric material 16. The semiconductor structure of 12, further comprising: a first plurality of transmission electrodes disposed within the first metal layer above the dielectric waveguide and coupled to a plurality of output nodes of a driver die; and a second plurality of transmission electrodes disposed within the second metal layer under the dielectric waveguide and coupled to a transmission ground. 17. A method, comprising: attaching a driver die and a receiver die in a package; applying a molding compound to surround the driver die and the receiver die; forming a first layer over the driver die, the receiver die, and the molding compound; forming a dielectric waveguide on the first layer; and forming a second layer on the dielectric waveguide. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: forming a first transmission electrode located along a first side of the dielectric waveguide; forming a second transmission electrode located along a second side of the dielectric waveguide and electrically coupled to a transmission ground; and wherein the driver die comprises an output node configured to provide a transmission signal to the first transmission electrode. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: forming a first receiver electrode located along the first side of the dielectric waveguide; forming a second receiver electrode located along the second side of the dielectric waveguide and electrically coupled to the ground; and wherein the receiver die is configured to receive a received signal from the first receiver electrode. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: patterning the first layer to form a first plurality of openings; forming a first metal material within the first plurality of openings to form the second transmission electrode and the second receiver electrode; patterning a waveguide layer overlying the first layer to form a dielectric waveguide opening; forming a waveguide dielectric material within the dielectric waveguide opening to form the dielectric waveguide; patterning the second layer overlying the waveguide layer to form a second plurality of openings; and forming a second metal material within the second plurality of openings to form the first transmission electrode and the first receiver electrode.",
-    "A head-wearable device includes a center support extending in generally lateral directions, a first side arm extending from a first end of the center frame support and a second side arm extending from a second end of the center support. The device may further include a nosebridge that is removably coupled to the center frame support. The device may also include a lens assembly that is removably coupled to the center support or the nosebridge. The lens assembly may have a single lens, or a multi-lens arrangement configured to cooperate with display to correct for a user's ocular disease or disorder. 1. A head-wearable device, comprising: a center frame support; a first side arm extending from a first end of the center frame support; a second side arm extending from a second end of the center support; a nosebridge including a crosspiece, the crosspiece being removably coupled to the center frame support; at least one lens attached to the crosspiece; and a display element attached to at least one of the first side arm or the second side arm and positionable adjacent the at least one lens. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the center frame support comprises a connection section, and the crosspiece of the nosebridge is removably coupled to the connection section of the center frame support. 3. The device of claim 1, further comprising: at least one frame attached to the crosspiece, the at least one frame securing the at least one lens. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the nosebridge further comprises a pair of nose pads. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one lens is positionable between the display element and an eye of a user when the device is worn on the user's head. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the display element is positionable between at least one lens and an eye of a user when the device is worn on the user's head. 7. The device of claim 1, further comprising: an extension arm configured to present information to the user via the display element, the extension arm extending at least partially along the first side arm on a first side of the center frame support and further extending from the first side arm to a display end that supports the display element in a position on a second side of the center support, the extension arm including a joint therein configured for movement of the display element at least in a direction having a lateral component relative to the center frame support. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the center frame support and the first and second side arms are configured as a band extending between first and second ends respectively positioned on the first and second side arms, the first and second ends being remote from the center frame support and spaced apart from each other at a first distance, and wherein the band is resiliently deformable to selectively increase the first distance. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the end of the first side arm is elongated relative to the free of the second side arm to form an asymmetric U shape. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the end of the first side arm is enlarged relative to the end of the second side arm, the enlarged end housing at least one of circuitry and a power source employed by the display element. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein: the asymmetric U shape provides multiple points of contact for the user's head; and the enlarge end of the first side arm provides a balancing weight relative to the extension arm. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the enlarged end includes a plurality of electrical contacts to connect an external device with the at least one of the circuitry and the power source.",
-    "A semiconductor laser in a ridge waveguide structure includes: a semiconductor substrate; a lower cladding layer which is formed on the semiconductor substrate; an active layer and a semiconductor layer which are in parallel on the lower cladding layer and are connected with each other; a first upper cladding layer locally aligned above the active layer; a second upper cladding layer locally aligned above the semiconductor layer; and a third upper cladding layer locally aligned above the active layer to confine light which is guided in the active layer, wherein the semiconductor layer has a band gap which is larger than that of the active layer. According to this constitution, an optical semiconductor device with high reliability in which the ridge waveguide structure whose manufacturing is relatively easy is applied, and current diffusion and electrical crosstalk between lasers in the ridge waveguide structure are suppressed is enabled. 1. An optical semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a lower cladding layer which is formed on the semiconductor substrate; an active layer and a semiconductor layer which are in parallel on the lower cladding layer and are connected with each other; a first upper cladding layer locally aligned above the active layer; a second upper cladding layer locally aligned above the semiconductor layer; and a third upper cladding layer formed above the active layer to confine light which is guided in the active layer, wherein the semiconductor layer has a band gap which is larger than that of the active layer. 2. The optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein at a cross section which is perpendicular to an optical waveguide direction, a connection part between the active layer and the semiconductor layer which are in parallel on the lower cladding layer and are connected with each other positions below a groove which defines the third upper cladding layer. 3. The optical semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein an etch stop layer is formed between the first upper cladding layer and the third upper cladding layer. 4. The optical semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor layer is an i-type semiconductor or a semi-insulating semiconductor. 5. A manufacturing method of an optical semiconductor device, comprising: forming a lower cladding layer on a semiconductor substrate; forming an active layer and a semiconductor layer which are in parallel on the lower cladding layer and are connected with each other; and forming an upper cladding layer which is aligned above the active layer and confines light which is guided in the active layer, wherein the semiconductor layer has a band gap which is larger than that of the active layer. 6. The manufacturing method of the optical semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the forming the upper cladding layer includes: forming a first upper cladding layer locally aligned above the active layer, a second upper cladding layer locally aligned above the semiconductor layer and a third upper cladding layer formed above the active layer to confine light which is guided in the active layer, wherein at a cross section which is perpendicular to an optical waveguide direction, a connection part between the active layer and the semiconductor layer which are in parallel on the lower cladding layer and are connected with each other positions below a groove which defines the third upper cladding layer. 7. The manufacturing method of the optical semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein an etch stop layer is formed between the first upper cladding layer and the third upper cladding layer, and the third upper cladding layers are formed to be only above the first upper cladding layers by using the etch stop layer. 8. The manufacturing method of the optical semiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the semiconductor layer is an i-type semiconductor or a semi-insulating semiconductor.",
-    "According to one embodiment, the returned product data processing method reads a first code symbol that represents the order code that specifies the order data from a slip, reads a second code symbol that represents a commercial product code that uniquely specifies the commercial product from the slip, generates a returned product code that includes the order code and the commercial product code, and revises the order data that are correlated with the order code based on the returned product data. 1. A returned product data processing device, comprising: a first code reading module configured to read a first code symbol that includes an order code; a second code reading module configured to read a second code symbol that includes a commercial product code; a generator module configured to generate returned product data that include the order code and the commercial product code; and a transmission module configured to transmit the returned product data to an external device. 2. The returned product data processing device according to claim 1, wherein the second code symbol further includes a unit price information of the commercial product that is specified by the commercial product code. 3. The returned product data processing device according to claim 1, wherein the first and second code reading modules are configured to read the first and second code symbols, respectively, from a printed document. 4. The returned product data processing device according to claim 3, wherein the printed document includes a list of purchased items, and each row of the list includes a commercial product name, a second code symbol, a unit price, and a field where a mark to indicate a return, is to be entered. 5. The returned product data processing device according to claim 4, further comprising: a mark determining module configured to determine the presence/absence of the mark, wherein the second code reading module reads out the commercial product code from the second code symbol of the commercial product in a row where the mark has been entered.",
-    "A method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption allows impurities to be removed from a quantity of liquid that is contained within a vessel. A required number of purifier devices each including a liquid-permeable sleeve and a quantity of carbon is placed into the vessel and impurities in the quantity of liquid are drawn into the liquid-permeable sleeve and adhered to the quantity of activated carbon through adsorption and absorption. The quantity of carbon is converted to a quantity of activated carbon by actuating the required number of purifier devices within warm water prior to submerging the required number of purifier devices within the quantity of liquid. The required number of purifier devices may be left within the vessel indefinitely or removed from the vessel and cleaned for reuse. 1. A method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption, the method comprises the steps of: (A) providing a plurality of purifier devices, wherein each of the purifier devices comprises a liquid-permeable sleeve and a quantity of carbon, wherein the quantity of carbon is enclosed within the liquid-permeable sleeve; (B) providing a quantity of liquid, wherein the quantity of liquid is contained within a vessel; (C) immersing a required number of purifier devices within warm water, wherein the required number of purifier devices is selected from the plurality of purifier devices; (D) converting the quantity of carbon to a quantity of activated carbon by actuating the required number of purifier devices within the warm water; (E) submerging the required number of purifier devices within the quantity of liquid for a time duration in order to purify the quantity of liquid; and (F) removing the required number of purifier devices from the quantity of liquid after the time duration. 2. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, the method comprises the steps of: providing a liquid volume for the quantity of liquid; providing a purification ratio for the plurality of purifier devices and the quantity of liquid, wherein the purification ratio is one purifier device for each 1.75 liters of liquid; and multiplying the liquid volume by the purification ratio in order to calculate the required number of purifier devices for the quantity of liquid. 3. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, the method comprises the steps of: drawing impurities into the liquid-permeable sleeve in order to remove the impurities from the quantity of liquid; dissolving the impurities through the quantity of activated carbon; and adhering the impurities to the quantity of activated carbon. 4. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity of liquid is a wine and the time duration is in between 4 hours and 6 hours. 5. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity of liquid is a liquor and the time duration is in between 24 hours and 48 hours. 6. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity of liquid is water, the vessel is a water boiling apparatus, and the time duration is approximately 12 hours. 7. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, the method comprises the step of: cleaning the required number of purifier devices by immersing the required number of purifier devices within warm water after step (F). 8. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid-impermeable sleeve is composed of a dimensionally-stable material at a temperature range of \u221235\u00b0 F. to 390\u00b0 F. 9. The method for removing impurities from a liquid by attracting the impurities through absorption and adsorption as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity of carbon is approximately 10 grams for each of the plurality of purifier devices.",
-    "A semiconductor package includes a first package substrate, a first semiconductor chip disposed on the first package substrate, the semiconductor chip including first through hole vias, and a chip package disposed on the first semiconductor chip, the chip package including a second package substrate and a second semiconductor chip disposed on the second package substrate, wherein a first conductive terminal is disposed on a first surface of the semiconductor chip and a second conductive terminal is disposed on a first surface of the second package substrate, the first conductive terminal disposed on the second conductive terminal. 1. A semiconductor package comprising: a package substrate; a first semiconductor chip on the package substrate; and a chip package on the first semiconductor chip, the chip package including a silicon substrate and a second semiconductor chip on the silicon substrate, the silicon substrate electrically connecting the second semiconductor chip to the first semiconductor chip, wherein the silicon substrate includes first through hole vias disposed in the silicon substrate, and wherein a first conductive terminal is disposed on an upper surface of the first semiconductor chip, a second conductive terminal is disposed on a lower surface of the silicon substrate, and the first conductive terminal is also disposed on the second conductive terminal. 2. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the first conductive terminal includes first bump pads on an upper surface of the first semiconductor chip; and the second conductive terminal includes first bumps on a lower surface of the silicon substrate, the first bumps electrically connected to the first through-hole vias and the first bump pads. 3. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes the second semiconductor chip having bumps connected to the first through-hole vias, the second semiconductor chip being disposed on the silicon substrate as a flip chip. 4. The semiconductor package of claim 3, wherein the second semiconductor chip has a smaller chip size than the silicon substrate. 5. The semiconductor package of claim 4, wherein the second semiconductor chip including a second through hole vias disposed in the second semiconductor chip. 6. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising: a molding layer covering the chip package, the first semiconductor chip, and the package substrate. 7. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor chip includes a non-memory device, and the chip package includes memory devices. 8. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising: solder balls on a lower surface of the package substrate. 9. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising: second through hole vias within the chip package, wherein the chip package includes a plurality of semiconductor chips, the second through hole vias disposed in and electrically connecting the plurality of semiconductor chips. 10. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes at least one semiconductor chip with second through hole vias disposed in the at least one semiconductor chip. 11. The semiconductor package of claim 10, wherein the at least one semiconductor chip with the second through hole vias is not connected to a bonding wire. 12. The semiconductor package of claim 10, wherein the at least one semiconductor chip with the second through hole vias is not an uppermost semiconductor chip in the chip package. 13. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes a plurality of semiconductor chips, each of the plurality of semiconductor chips having second through hole vias that is aligned with second through hole vias of an adjacent semiconductor chip. 14. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes a plurality of directly stacked semiconductor chips. 15. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes a plurality of semiconductor chips that are stacked so as not be spaced apart from each other. 16. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes a plurality of semiconductor chips, and only an uppermost semiconductor chip of the plurality of semiconductor chips is connected to a bonding wire. 17. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes bumps, each of the bumps in the chip package being aligned with each through-hole via of the silicon substrate. 18. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the chip package includes at least one semiconductor chip with second through hole vias that are aligned with each of the first through-hole vias of the silicon substrate.",
-    "This disclosure relates to radio frequency (RF) front end circuitry used to route RF signals. In one embodiment, the RF front end circuitry has a filter circuit and a switch device. The switch device includes a common port, an RF port, and switchable path connected in series between the common port and the RF port. The switch device is configured to present approximately the filter capacitance of the filter circuit at the common port when the switchable path is closed. However, when the switchable path is open, the switch device is configured to present a device capacitance at the common port that is approximately equal to the filter capacitance of the filter circuit. In this manner, if the common port is connected to an antenna, the capacitance seen by the antenna from the common port remains substantially unchanged regardless of which of the switchable path is opened or closed. 1. Radio frequency (RF) front end circuitry comprising: a first filter circuit coupled to a first RF port, wherein the first filter circuit is configured to present a first filter capacitance to the first RF port; and a switch device comprising a common port, the first RF port, a first switchable path operable to be opened and closed and connected in series between the common port and the first RF port, wherein the switch device is configured to: present approximately the first filter capacitance of the first filter circuit at the common port when the first switchable path is closed; and present approximately a first device capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is open, wherein the first device capacitance approximately equals the first filter capacitance. 2. The RF front end circuitry of claim 1 wherein the switch device is further configured to: not present approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is open; and not present approximately the first device capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is closed. 3. The RF front end circuitry of claim 1 wherein the switch device further comprises a first switch connected in series within the first switchable path and a first switchable shunt path, wherein: the first switch is operable to be turned on so that the first switchable path is closed and is operable to be turned off so that the first switchable path is opened; the first switchable shunt path is operable to be opened and closed, wherein the first switchable shunt path is connected in shunt to the first switchable path between the first switch and the first RF port; and the switch device is configured to: present approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port when the first switch is turned on and the first switchable shunt path is open; and present approximately the first device capacitance at the common port when the first switch is turned off and the first switchable shunt path is closed. 4. The RF front end circuitry of claim 3 wherein the switch device further comprises a first capacitive element having a first capacitance wherein: the first capacitive element is connected in parallel with the first switch; the first switch is operable to provide a first off switch capacitance when the first switch is turned off; and wherein the first device capacitance is approximately equal to a combination of the first capacitance and the first off switch capacitance. 5. The RF front end circuitry of claim 3 wherein the first switch is operable to provide a first off switch capacitance when the first switch is turned off, wherein the first device capacitance is the first off switch capacitance. 6. The RF front end circuitry of claim 3 further comprising control circuitry configured to: turn on the first switch to close the first switchable path and open the first switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port; and turn off the first switch to open the first switchable path and close the first switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the first device capacitance at the common port. 7. The RF front end circuitry of claim 1 wherein the first filter circuit is a multiplexer and wherein: the multiplexer comprises a plurality of filters, RF ports, and a second common port; each of the RF ports is connected to a different corresponding one of the plurality of filters; each of the plurality of filters is connected to the second common port; the second common port is connected to the first RF port; and the first filter capacitance is provided at the common port. 8. The RF front end circuitry of claim 1 wherein the first filter circuit is a first filter connected to the first RF port and is configured to present the first filter capacitance at the first RF port. 9. The RF front end circuitry of claim 1 further comprising a second filter circuit wherein: the switch device further comprises a second RF port and a second switchable path; the second switchable path is operable to be opened and closed and is connected in series between the second RF port and the common port; the second filter circuit is coupled to the second RF port, wherein the second filter circuit is configured to present approximately a second filter capacitance to the second RF port; and the switch device is further configured to: present approximately the second filter capacitance at the common port when the second switchable path is closed; and present approximately a second device capacitance at the common port when the second switchable path is open, wherein the second device capacitance approximately equals the second filter capacitance. 10. The RF front end circuitry of claim 9 wherein the switch device is further configured to: not present approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is open; not present approximately the first device capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is closed; not present approximately the second filter capacitance at the common port when the second switchable path is open; and not present approximately the second device capacitance at the common port when the second switchable path is closed. 11. The RF front end circuitry of claim 9 wherein the switch device further comprises a first switch, a second switch, a first switchable shunt path, and a second switchable shunt path and wherein: the first switch is connected in series within the first switchable path, wherein the first switch is operable to be turned on so that the first switchable path is closed and is operable to be turned off so that the first switchable path is opened; the first switchable shunt path is operable to be opened and closed, wherein the first switchable shunt path is connected in shunt to the first switchable path between the first switch and the first RF port; the second switch is connected in series within the second switchable path, wherein the second switch is operable to be turned on so that the second switchable path is closed and is operable to be turned off so that the second switchable path is opened; the second switchable shunt path is operable to be opened and closed, wherein the second switchable shunt path is connected in shunt to the second switchable path between the second switch and the second RF port; and the switch device is configured to: present approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port when the first switch is turned on and the first switchable shunt path is open; present approximately the first device capacitance at the common port when the first switch is turned off and the first switchable shunt path is closed; present approximately the second filter capacitance at the common port when the second switch is turned on and the second switchable shunt path is open; and present approximately the second device capacitance at the common port when the second switch is turned off and the second switchable shunt path is closed. 12. The RF front end circuitry of claim 11 wherein the switch device further comprises a first capacitive element having a first capacitance and a second capacitive element having a second capacitance and wherein: the first capacitive element is connected in parallel with the first switch; the first switch is operable to provide a first off switch capacitance when the first switch is turned off; the first device capacitance is approximately equal to a combination of the first capacitance and the first off switch capacitance; the second capacitive element is connected in parallel with the second switch; the second switch is operable to provide a second off switch capacitance when the second switch is turned off; and the second device capacitance is approximately equal to a combination of the second capacitance and the second off switch capacitance. 13. The RF front end circuitry of claim 11 wherein: the first switch is operable to provide a first off switch capacitance when the first switch is turned off, wherein the first device capacitance is the first off switch capacitance; and the second switch is operable to provide a second off switch capacitance when the second switch is turned off, wherein the second device capacitance is the second off switch capacitance. 14. The RF front end circuitry of claim 11 further comprising control circuitry configured to: turn on the first switch to close the first switchable path and open the first switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port; turn off the first switch to open the first switchable path and close the first switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the first device capacitance at the common port; turn on the second switch to close the second switchable path and open the second switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the second filter capacitance at the common port; and turn off the second switch to open the second switchable path and close the second switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the second device capacitance at the common port. 15. The RF front end circuitry of claim 14 wherein the control circuitry is configured to operate the switch device such that any one from a first group and any one from a second group can be selected by the control circuitry and wherein: the first group comprises: turning on the first switch to close the first switchable path and opening the first switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port; and turning off the first switch to open the first switchable path and closing the first switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the first device capacitance at the common port; the second group comprises: turning on the second switch to close the second switchable path and opening the second switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the second filter capacitance at the common port; and turning off the second switch to open the second switchable path and closing the second switchable shunt path so that the switch device presents approximately the second device capacitance at the common port; and the switch device is configured such that a total capacitance presented at the common port is approximately unchanged for any selection by the control circuitry from the first group and the second group. 16. The RF front end circuitry of claim 15 further comprising an inductor coupled to the common port so that the inductor resonates with the total capacitance presented at the common port. 17. The RF front end circuitry of claim 9 further comprising a third filter circuit, wherein the switch device further comprises a third RF port and a third switchable path and wherein: the third switchable path is operable to be opened and closed and is connected in series between the third RF port and the common port; the third filter circuit is coupled to the third RF port, wherein the third filter circuit is configured to present approximately a third filter capacitance to the third RF port; and the switch device is further configured to: present approximately the third filter capacitance at the common port when the third switchable path is closed; and present approximately a third device capacitance at the common port when the third switchable path is open, wherein the third device capacitance approximately equals the third filter capacitance. 18. The RF front end circuitry of claim 17 wherein the switch device is further configured to: not present approximately the first filter capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is open; not present approximately the first device capacitance at the common port when the first switchable path is closed; not present approximately the second filter capacitance at the common port when the second switchable path is open; not present approximately the second device capacitance at the common port when the second switchable path is closed; not present approximately the third filter capacitance at the common port when the third switchable path is open; and not present approximately the third device capacitance at the common port when the third switchable path is closed. 19. The RF front end circuitry of claim 1 further comprising a second filter circuit connected directly to the common port. 20. Radio frequency (RF) front end circuitry comprising: a filtering circuitry configured to present filter capacitances to RF ports such that a different one of the filter capacitances is presented to each of the RF ports; a switch device having a common port, the RF ports, and switchable paths wherein each switchable path of the switchable paths is connected between the common port and a different corresponding one of the RF ports and is operable to be opened and closed; a variable capacitive element operable to provide a variable capacitance, wherein the variable capacitive element is coupled to the common port; and control circuitry configured to: open and close different combinations of the switchable paths; and adjust the variable capacitance of the variable capacitive element so that a total capacitance presented at the common port remains approximately unchanged for every one of the different combinations.",
-    "The invention provides compounds of the formula (I) having protein kinase B inhibiting activity: wherein A is a saturated hydrocarbon linker group containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, the linker group having a maximum chain length of 5 atoms extending between R1 and NR2R3 and a maximum chain length of 4 atoms extending between E and NR2R3, wherein one of the carbon atoms in the linker group may optionally be replaced by an oxygen or nitrogen atom; and wherein the carbon atoms of the linker group A may optionally bear one or more substituents selected from oxo, fluorine and hydroxy, provided that the hydroxy group when present is not located at a carbon atom \u03b1 with respect to the NR2R3 group and provided that the oxo group when present is located at a carbon atom \u03b1 with respect to the NR2R3 group; E is a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group; R1 is an aryl or heteroaryl group; and R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined in the claims. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, methods for preparing the compounds and their use as anticancer agents. 1-75. (canceled) 76. A method for treating a disease or condition comprising or arising from abnormal cell growth in a mammal, which method comprises administering to the mammal, in an amount effective in inhibiting abnormal cell growth, a compound having the formula (IV): or a salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof, wherein z is 0, 1 or 2; R1 is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, C1-4 acyloxy, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy and C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by C1-2 alkoxy or hydroxy; R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R4 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; R5 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; and R20 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, hydroxy and fluorine, provided that when z is 0, R20 is other than hydroxy. 77. The method according to claim 76, wherein the group R1 has one or two substituents selected from fluorine, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, methyl and methoxy. 78. The method according to claim 77, wherein R1 is a mono-chlorophenyl or dichlorophenyl group. 79. The method according to claim 76 wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen. 80. The method according to claim 76 comprising administering a compound which is: 2-phenyl-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine; 2-[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-2-phenyl-ethylamine; 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl amine; {3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; {3-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; {3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; 3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-dimethyl-amine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine (R); {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine (S); dimethyl-{2-phenyl-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-amine; 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine (R); 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine (S); {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; 4-{3-methylamino-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-phenol; 3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; 1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-methylamino-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol; 2-amino-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol; 3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; 2-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine; 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-fluoro-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl amine; 2-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl amine; 2-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine; {2-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; 3-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; or C-(4-chloro-phenyl)-C-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-methylamine; or a salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof. 81. The method according to claim 76, wherein the compound is in the form of a salt. 82. The method according to claim 76, wherein the compound is 2-amino-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol or a salt or tautomer thereof. 83. The method according to claim 82, wherein the compound is a salt of 2-amino-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol. 84. The method according to claim 83, wherein the compound is in the form of a methanesulphonic acid salt. 85. The method according to claim 76, wherein the compound having the formula (IV) or the salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof is administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents. 86. The method according to claim 85, wherein at least one of the one or more other therapeutic agents is selected from: Topoisomerase I inhibitors; Antimetabolites; Tubulin targeting agents; DNA binder and topoisomerase II inhibitors; Alkylating Agents; Monoclonal Antibodies; Anti-Hormones; Signal Transduction Inhibitors; Proteasome Inhibitors; DNA methyl transferases; and Cytokines and retinoids. 87. The method according to claim 85, wherein the compound having the formula (IV), or the salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof, and the one or more other therapeutic agents are formulated together in a dosage form. 88. The method according to claim 85, wherein the compound having the formula (IV), or the salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof, and the one or more other therapeutic agents are formulated separately and presented together in the form of a kit. 89. A method of inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase B (PKB), the method comprising contacting the PKA or PKB with a compound having the formula (IV) as described in claim 76, or a salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof, wherein the group R1 has one or two substituents selected from fluorine, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, methyl and methoxy. 90. A method according to claim 89, wherein R1 is a mono-chlorophenyl or dichlorophenyl group. 91. A method of inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase B (PKB), the method comprising contacting the PKA or PKB with a compound having the formula (IV) as described in claim 76, or a salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof, wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen. 92. A method of inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase B (PKB), the method comprising contacting the PKA or PKB with a compound having the formula (IV) as described in claim 76, or a salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof, wherein the compound is: 2-phenyl-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine; 2-[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-2-phenyl-ethylamine; 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl amine; {3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; {3-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; {3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; 3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-dimethyl-amine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine (R); {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine (S); dimethyl-{2-phenyl-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-amine; 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine (R); 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine (S); {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; {2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; 4-{3-methylamino-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-phenol; 3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; {2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propyl}-methyl-amine; 1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-methylamino-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol; 2-amino-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol; 3-(3-chloro-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; 2-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine; 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-fluoro-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl amine; 2-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl amine; 2-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethylamine; {2-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-methyl-amine; 3-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-propylamine; or C-(4-chloro-phenyl)-C-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-methylamine; or a salt, solvate, or tautomer thereof. 93. A method of inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase B (PKB), the method comprising contacting the PKA or PKB with a salt of a compound having the formula (IV) as described in claim 76. 94. The method according to claim 93, wherein the compound is 2-amino-1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-1-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-ethanol. 95. The method according to claim 94, wherein the compound is in the form of a methanesulphonic acid salt.",
-    "A system for selecting an image to accompany text from a user in connection with a social media post. The system includes receiving text from the user; identifying one or more search terms based on the text; identifying candidate images from images in one or more image databases using the search terms, where the candidate images comprise a sponsored image; presenting one or more candidate images to the user, where the sponsored image is presented preferentially compared to other candidate images; receiving from the user a selected image from the one or more candidate images; generating the social media post comprising the selected image and the user-submitted text; and transmitting the social media post for display. 1. A system for selecting an image to accompany text from a user in connection with a social media post, comprising a processor and a tangible storage medium, said tangible storage medium comprising code executable by the processor for performing steps comprising: a) receiving text from the user; b) identifying one or more search terms based on the text; c) identifying a set of candidate images from images in one or more image databases using the search terms, where the set of candidate images comprises a sponsored image; d) eliminating an image from the set of candidate images based on an elimination factor; e) presenting at least a subset of the set of candidate images to the user, where the sponsored image is presented preferentially compared to other candidate images; f) receiving from the user a selected image from the set of candidate images; g) generating the social media post wherein the social media post is of a similar size and of a similar shape as the selected image, and wherein the social media post comprises the text displayed superimposed on the selected image; and h) transmitting the social media post for display. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein step f) further comprises storing information relating to the selected image including one or more of an image identifier, time/date of use, use occurrence, and geographic location of the user. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the elimination factor comprises one or more of time of use of the image, date of use of the image, frequency of use of the image, and geographic location of the user. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the user-submitted text further comprises one or more search terms and step b) comprises identifying those search terms. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein step b) comprises generating search terms based on the user-submitted text. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein step e) further comprises presenting a predetermined number of sponsored images. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein step e) further comprises presenting sponsored images in a predetermined proportion to other images. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the selected image is the sponsored image, and further comprising step i) accounting views of the social media post by other users in connection with the sponsored image, a campaign, or a third-party associated with the sponsored image. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the selected image is the sponsored image, and further comprising step i) receiving responses to the social media post and accounting those responses in connection with the sponsored image image, a campaign, or a third-party associated with the sponsored image. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the response comprises a like, favorite, reply, personal message, or request to chat with the user. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the selected image is the sponsored image and further comprising: i) receiving from a second user a request to reply to the social media post and receiving text from the second user; and j) presenting one or more candidate images to the second user, whesponsored re a second spon image is presented preferentially compared to other candidate images, and wherein the second sponsored image is linked to a sponsor or campaign associated with the sponsored image. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising: k) receiving from the second user a second selected image from the one or more candidate images; l) generating the social media reply post comprising the second selected image and the second user-submitted text; and m) transmitting the social media reply post for display. 13. A system for selecting an image to accompany text from a user in connection with a social media post, comprising a processor and a tangible storage medium, said tangible storage medium comprising code executable by the processor for performing steps comprising: a) receiving text and geographic location information from the user; b) identifying one or more search terms based on the text; c) identifying candidate images from images in one or more image databases using the search terms and one of the geographic location information and the time/date, where the candidate images comprise a sponsored image; d) presenting one or more candidate images to the user, where the sponsored image is presented preferentially compared to other candidate images; e) receiving from the user a selected image from the one or more candidate images and storing information relating to the selected image including one or more of an image identifier, time/date of use, use occurrence, and geographic location of the user; f) generating the social media post wherein the social media post is of a similar size and of a similar shape as the selected image, and wherein the social media post comprises the text displayed superimposed on the selected image; and g) transmitting the social media post for display. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the selected image is the sponsored image and further comprising: h) receiving from a second user a request to reply to the social media post and receiving text from the second user; and i) presenting one or more candidate images to the second user, where a second sponsored image is presented preferentially compared to other candidate images, and wherein the second sponsored image is linked to a sponsor or campaign associated with the sponsored image. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising: j) receiving from the second user a second selected image from the one or more candidate images; k) generating the social media reply post comprising the second selected image and the second user-submitted text; and m) transmitting the social media reply post for display.",
-    "A circuit includes phase windings, a direct current (DC) power supply, and a power switch circuit. The power switch circuit includes at least one power switch and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off. The circuit also includes at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. One or more of the DC power supply and power switch circuit may be at a midpoint of the phase windings. 1. A circuit comprising: phase windings divided at least approximately in half; a direct current (DC) power supply at least approximately at a midpoint of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at least approximately at the midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of an AC cycle. 2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the AC cycle; and a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the AC cycle. 3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a tap from one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 4. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the secondary phase coil windings are distributed evenly between the first and second phase windings or unevenly between the first and second phase windings. 6. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the secondary phase coil windings are distributed all on one pole or on more than one pole of a stator. 7. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 8. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one electrical component to create a voltage drop between the phase windings and the power switch circuit to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch in the power switch circuit is on and conducting. 9. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the voltage regulator comprises at least one Zener diode in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the at least one Zener diode when the at least one power switch is on and off. 10. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the power switch circuit comprises a full wave bridge rectifier operably connected to the at least one power switch to stop negative voltage from being supplied to a drain of the at least one power switch and to stop positive voltage from being supplied to a source of the at least one power switch so that current only flows from the drain to the source of the at least one power switch when the at least one power switch is biased by a positive voltage on a gate of the at least one power switch. 11. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component is located at least approximately at the midpoint between the phase windings. 12. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising a control circuit to control the power switch circuit. 13. The circuit of claim 12 wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when a motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 14. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the phase windings receive AC line voltage, and the circuit comprises a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage. 15. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one power switch comprises a first power switch and a second power switch, wherein the first power switch is on and conducting while the second power switch is off and not conducting in one half of the AC cycle, and the second power switch is on and conducting while the first power switch is off and not conducting in another half of the AC cycle. 16. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one power switch comprises at least one of one power switch, two power switches in series, and two power switches in parallel. 17. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising a motor to house the circuit, the motor selected from at least one of a DC brushless motor, an electronically commutated motor, a shaded pole motor, and a permanent split capacitor motor. 18. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising a motor to house the circuit, wherein the motor can operate at synchronous speed, below synchronous speed, and above synchronous speed. 19. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component is connected directly or indirectly to the DC power supply. 20. A circuit comprising: phase windings; a direct current (DC) power supply at a midpoint of the phase windings; a power switch circuit at the midpoint of the phase windings, the power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 21. The circuit of claim 20 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: a first non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the cycle; and a second non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the cycle. 22. The circuit of claim 21 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a tap from one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 23. The circuit of claim 21 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 24. The circuit of claim 20 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 25. The circuit of claim 20 further comprising a controller to control the power switch circuit. 26. The circuit of claim 25 wherein the controller comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when a motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 27. A circuit comprising: phase windings; a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch between the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 28. A method for a circuit comprising: providing phase windings divided at least approximately in half; providing a direct current (DC) power supply at least approximately at a midpoint of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at least approximately at the midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of an AC cycle. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: providing a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the AC cycle; and providing a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the AC cycle. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a tap from one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 31. The method of claim 29 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 32. The method of claim 31 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the method comprises distributing the secondary phase coil windings evenly between the first and second phase windings or unevenly between the first and second phase windings. 33. The method of claim 31 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the method comprises distributing the secondary phase coil windings all on one pole or on more than one pole of a stator. 34. The method of claim 28 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: providing at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or providing at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 35. The method of claim 28 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises providing at least one electrical component to create a voltage drop between the phase windings and the power switch circuit to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch in the power switch circuit is on and conducting. 36. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing the voltage regulator comprising at least one Zener diode in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the at least one Zener diode when the at least one power switch is on and off. 37. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing the power switch circuit comprising a full wave bridge rectifier operably connected to the at least one power switch to stop negative voltage from being supplied to a drain of the at least one power switch and to stop positive voltage from being supplied to a source of the at least one power switch so that current only flows from the drain to the source of the at least one power switch when the at least one power switch is biased by a positive voltage on a gate of the at least one power switch. 38. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component at least approximately at the midpoint between the phase windings. 39. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing a control circuit to control the power switch circuit. 40. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing the control circuit comprising a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when a motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 41. The method of claim 28 wherein the phase windings receive AC line voltage, and the method comprises providing a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage. 42. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing the at least one power switch comprising a first power switch and a second power switch, wherein the first power switch is on and conducting while the second power switch is off and not conducting in one half of the AC cycle, and the second power switch is on and conducting while the first power switch is off and not conducting in another half of the AC cycle. 43. The method of claim 28 wherein providing the at least one power switch comprises providing at least one of one power switch, two power switches in series, and two power switches in parallel. 44. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing a motor to house the circuit, the motor selected from at least one of a DC brushless motor, an electronically commutated motor, a shaded pole motor, and a permanent split capacitor motor. 45. The method of claim 28 further comprising providing a motor to house the circuit, wherein the motor can operate at synchronous speed, below synchronous speed, and above synchronous speed. 46. The method of claim 28 further comprising connecting the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component directly or indirectly to the DC power supply. 47. A method for circuit comprising: providing phase windings; providing a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings; providing a power switch circuit between the phase windings, the power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 48. The method of claim 47 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: providing a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the cycle; and providing a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the cycle. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, providing a tap from one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 50. The method of claim 48 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 51. The method of claim 47 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: providing at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or providing at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 52. The method of claim 47 further comprising providing a controller to control the power switch circuit. 53. The method of claim 52 further comprising providing the controller comprising a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when a motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 54. A method for a circuit comprising: providing phase windings; providing a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch between the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle.",
-    "A method for determining a waveform expected to be received by a device under test, the method including outputting a waveform generated by a waveform generation section of an arbitrary waveform and function generator at an output of the arbitrary waveform and function generator; sending the waveform generated by the waveform generation section to the device under test through a cable; monitoring a waveform at the output by a waveform monitoring section of the arbitrary waveform and function generator; and determining by the waveform monitoring section a transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test based on the generated waveform being modified by the cable. 1. A method for determining a waveform expected to be received by a device under test, comprising: outputting a waveform generated by a waveform generation section of an arbitrary waveform and function generator at an output of the arbitrary waveform and function generator; sending the waveform generated by the waveform generation section to the device under test through a cable; monitoring a waveform at the output by a waveform monitoring section of the arbitrary waveform and function generator; and determining by the waveform monitoring section a transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test based on the generated waveform being modified by the cable. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring the waveform at the output further includes: measuring the waveform at the output with the cable terminated with a matching load to determine Vmea_nom; measuring the waveform at the output with the cable terminated with an open load to determine Vmea_open; and measuring the waveform at the output with the cable terminated with a load from the device under test to determine Vmea_load; and calculating ko and kl at a specified frequency, wherein k o = V mea_open V mea_nom \ue89e \ue89e and \ue89e \ue89e k l = V mea_load V mea_nom . 3. The method of claim 2, wherein when the generated waveform is a sine waveform, the determining by the waveform monitoring section a transformed waveform further includes calculating the transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test VDUT by the equation: V DUT = V mea_nom \ue89e k o + k l - 2 k o - 1 , 4. The method of claim 2, wherein monitoring the waveform at the output further includes scanning an entire frequency range of the arbitrary function and waveform generator at specified steps to measure Vmea_nom, Vmea_open, and Vmea_load at each specified frequency step and calculate ko and kl for each specified frequency step to calculate ko(2\u03c0f) and kl(2\u03c0f). 5. The method of claim 4, wherein when the generated waveform is a non-sine waveform, the determining by the waveform monitoring section a transformed waveform further includes calculating the transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test VDUT by the equation: V DUT = \u2131 - 1 \ue89e { V mea_nom \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) \ue89e k o \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) + k l \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) - 2 k o \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) - 1 } , \ue89e wherein \ue89e \ue89e k o = V mea_open V mea_nom \ue89e \ue89e and \ue89e \ue89e k l = V mea_load V mea_nom . 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the device under test is unknown. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the phase delay and the attenuation of the cable are unknown. 8. An arbitrary waveform and function generator, comprising: a waveform generation section configured to generate a waveform at an output; and a waveform monitoring section configured to monitor the waveform at the output, the waveform monitoring section including: a waveform de-embedding processor configured to determine a transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test based on the generated waveform being modified by a cable, and a display configured to display the transformed waveform. 9. The arbitrary waveform and function generator of claim 8, wherein the waveform monitoring section is further configured to: measure the waveform at the output with the cable terminated with a matching load to determine Vmea_nom, measure the waveform at the output with the cable terminated with an open load to determine Vmea_open; and measure the waveform at the output with the cable terminated with a load from the device under test to determine Vmea_load; and calculate ko and kl at a specified frequency, wherein k o = V mea_open V mea_nom \ue89e \ue89e and \ue89e \ue89e k l = V mea_load V mea_nom . 10. The arbitrary waveform and function generator of claim 8, wherein when the generated waveform is a sine waveform, the waveform de-embedding processor is further configured to calculate the transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test VDUT by the equation: V DUT = V mea_nom \ue89e k o + k l - 2 k o - 1 , 11. The arbitrary waveform and function generator of claim 8, wherein the waveform monitoring section is further configured to scan an entire frequency range of the arbitrary function and waveform generator at specified steps to measure Vmea_nom, Vmea_open; and Vmea_load at each specified frequency step and calculate ko and kl for each specified frequency step to calculate ko (2\u03c0f) and kl (2\u03c0f). 12. The arbitrary function and waveform generator of claim 11, wherein when the generated waveform is a non-sine waveform, the waveform de-embedding processor is further configured to calculate the transformed waveform expected to be received at the device under test VDUT by the equation: V DUT = \u2131 - 1 \ue89e { V mea_nom \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) \ue89e k o \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) + k l \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) - 2 k o \ue8a0 ( 2 \ue89e \u03c0 \ue89e \ue89e f ) - 1 } , \ue89e wherein \ue89e \ue89e k o = V mea_open V mea_nom \ue89e \ue89e and \ue89e \ue89e k l = V mea_load V mea_nom . 13. The arbitrary waveform and function generator of claim 8, wherein the device under test is unknown. 14. The arbitrary waveform and function generator of claim 8, wherein the phase delay and the attenuation of the cable are unknown.",
-    "An apparatus for a water vessel, wherein the water vessel includes at least one container configured to transport at least one vehicle, wherein the at least one container is configured to transport the at least one vehicle while the at least one container is in a body of water. The water vessel includes one or more buoyancy floats configured to maintain the at least one container afloat in the body of water. The water vessel includes a propulsion unit configured to navigate the at least one container and the at least one vehicle through the body of water. 1. An apparatus comprising: a water vessel, wherein the water vessel includes, at least one container configured to transport at least one vehicle, wherein the at least one container is configured to transport the at least one vehicle while the at least one container is in a body of water; one or more buoyancy floats configured to maintain the at least one container afloat in the body of water; and a propulsion unit configured to navigate the at least one container and the at least one vehicle through the body of water. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one container is compatible with ISO standards for shipping containers. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one container includes a first container coupled to a second container. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the first container is configured to decouple from the second container. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the propulsion unit is further configured to decouple from a back portion of the at least one container. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a hydrodynamic bow configured to streamline the water vessel until the water vessel and the at least one container plane. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the hydrodynamic bow includes the hydrodynamic bow of the at least one vehicle. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one container includes an open top. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the at least one container includes open ends. 10. An apparatus comprising: a water vessel, wherein the water vessel includes, at least one container configured to transport one or more objects, wherein the at least one container is configured to transport the one or more objects while the at least one container is in a body of water; one or more buoyancy floats configured to maintain the at least one container afloat in the body of water; and a propulsion unit configured to navigate the at least one container and the one or more objects through the body of water. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the at least one container is compatible with ISO standards for shipping containers. 12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the at least one container includes a first container coupled to a second container. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the first container is configured to decouple from the second container. 14. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the propulsion unit is further configured to decouple from a back portion of the at least one container. 15. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a hydrodynamic bow configured to streamline the water vessel until the water vessel and the at least one container plane. 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the hydrodynamic bow includes the hydrodynamic bow of the one or more objects. 17. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the at least one container includes an open top. 18. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the at least one container includes open ends. 19. An apparatus comprising: a vehicle, wherein the vehicle includes, at least in part, at least one parabolic blast deflector along a bottom portion of the vehicle, a vehicular propulsion unit configured to power the vehicle, a platform including at least one of wheels and tracks, a torsion bar suspension component and an air bag suspension component, wherein the torsion bar suspension component is configured to raise at least a portion of the platform with a lever arm upon deflation of the air bag suspension component, and wherein the air bag suspension component is configured to lower at least the portion of the platform and provide support for the vehicle. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the vehicular propulsion unit includes an integrated transmission and steering system configured to drive the platform from a rear drive hub of the vehicle. 21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the vehicle is amphibious. 22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the vehicle further includes a hydrodynamic bow configured to streamline a water vessel until the water vessel and at least one container carrying the vehicle plane when the vehicle is transported in a body of water. 23. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the vehicle further includes a pneumatic extender on a forward portion of the platform configured to maintain platform tension with the vehicle. 24. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the vehicle is configured to have at least 30% in excess buoyancy when in a body of water. 25. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein a weight of the vehicle is compatible with weight restrictions compatible with ISO standards for shipping containers. 26. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the vehicle is configured to fit within at least one container that is compatible with ISO standards for shipping containers.",
-    "A stabilizing jack includes a base frame and a slide frame and a leg connected to the base frame and to the slide frame. The leg may be selectively extended into contact with a mating surface and retracted from the extended position. Locking pins disposed on either of the base frame and the slide frame may selectively engage with pin-receiving apertures on the other of the base frame and the slide frame when the leg is placed in the extended position and disengaged from the apertures when the leg is retracted from the extended position. 1. A stabilizing jack comprising: a base frame securable to a vehicle; a slide frame in translating engagement with the base frame, the slide frame translatable in a first direction with respect to the base frame and the slide frame translatable in a second direction with respect to the base frame; a leg having a first end in pivotal and translating engagement with the slide frame and a second end engageable with a mating surface; a brace having a first end in pivotal engagement with the base frame and a second end in pivotal engagement with the leg intermediate the first end of the leg and the second end of the leg; and a locking pin connected to one of the base frame and the slide frame, the locking pin being selectively engageable and disengageable with a corresponding aperture defined by the other of the base frame and the slide frame in response to translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the second direction. 2. The stabilizing jack of claim 1 further comprising: a trunnion connected between the first end of the leg and the slide frame, the trunnion in pivotal engagement with the first end of the leg and the drive block in sliding engagement with the slide frame. 3. The stabilizing jack of claim 2 further comprising a drive screw having a threaded section, the drive screw in rotational and substantially non-translational engagement with the slide frame and the threaded section in threaded engagement with the trunnion. 4. The stabilizing jack of claim 1 further comprising: a second leg having a first end in pivotal and translating engagement with the slide frame and a second end engageable with a mating surface; and a second brace having a first end in pivotal engagement with the base frame and a second end in pivotal engagement with the second leg intermediate the first end of the second leg and the second end of the second leg. 5. The stabilizing jack of claim 4 further comprising a second trunnion connected between the first end of the second leg and the slide frame, the second trunnion in pivotal engagement with the first end of the second leg and the second trunnion in sliding engagement with the slide frame. 6. The stabilizing jack of claim 5, the drive screw further having a second threaded section, the second threaded section in threaded engagement with the second trunnion, one of the threaded section and the second threaded section comprising a right-handed thread and the other of the threaded section and the second threaded section comprising a left-handed thread. 7. The stabilizing jack of claim 6 further comprising a second locking pin connected to one of the base frame and the slide frame, the second locking pin being selectively engageable and disengageable with a corresponding aperture defined by the other of the base frame and the slide frame in response to translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the second direction. 8. The stabilizing jack of claim 7, the locking pin and the second locking pin connected to the same one of the base frame and the slide frame. 9. The stabilizing jack of claim 7, the locking pin and the second locking pin connected to opposite ones of the base frame and the slide frame. 10. The stabilizing jack of claim 6, the locking pin comprising a shank received in a mating aperture defined by the one of the base frame and the slide frame. 11. The stabilizing jack of claim 10 further comprising a retaining ring receiving the shank of the locking pin. 12. The stabilizing jack of claim 6 further comprising a wear tab disposed between a surface of the base frame and an adjacent surface of the slide frame. 13. The stabilizing jack of claim 12, the wear tab attached to one of the base frame and the slide frame. 14. The stabilizing jack of claim 6, the locking pin and the corresponding aperture configured to limit translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the first direction when the locking pin is engaged with the corresponding aperture. 15. The stabilizing jack of claim 6, the locking pin and the corresponding aperture configured to substantially preclude translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the first direction when the locking pin is engaged with the corresponding aperture. 16. A stabilizing jack comprising: a base frame securable to a vehicle; a slide frame in translating engagement with the base frame, the slide frame translatable in a first direction with respect to the base frame and the slide frame translatable in a second direction with respect to the base frame; a first leg having a first end in pivotal and translating engagement with the slide frame and a second end engageable with a mating surface; a first brace having a first end in pivotal engagement with the base frame and a second end in pivotal engagement with the first leg intermediate the first end of the first leg and the second end of the first leg; a second leg having a first end in pivotal and translating engagement with the slide frame and a second end engageable with a mating surface; a second brace having a first end in pivotal engagement with the base frame and a second end in pivotal engagement with the second leg intermediate the first end of the second leg and the second end of the second leg; and a locking pin connected to one of the base frame and the slide frame, the locking pin being selectively engageable and disengageable with a corresponding aperture defined by the other of the base frame and the slide frame in response to translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the second direction. 17. The stabilizing jack of claim 16 further comprising: a first trunnion connected between the first end of the first leg and the slide frame, the first trunnion in pivotal engagement with the first end of the first leg and the first trunnion in sliding engagement with the slide frame; and a second trunnion connected between the first end of the second leg and the slide frame, the second trunnion in pivotal engagement with the first end of the second leg and the second trunnion in sliding engagement with the slide frame. 18. The stabilizing jack of claim 17 further comprising a drive screw having a first threaded section and a second threaded section, one of the first threaded section and the second threaded section comprising a right-handed thread and the other of the first threaded section and the second threaded section comprising a left-handed thread, the drive screw in rotational and substantially non-translational engagement with the slide frame, the first threaded section in threaded engagement with the first trunnion, and the second threaded section in threaded engagement with the second trunnion. 19. The stabilizing jack of claim 18, the locking pin and the corresponding aperture configured to limit translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the first direction when the locking pin is engaged with the corresponding aperture. 20. The stabilizing jack of claim 18, the locking pin and the corresponding aperture configured to substantially preclude translation of the slide frame with respect to the base frame in the first direction when the locking pin is engaged with the corresponding aperture.",
-    "A recently rendered section of a curve is redrawn to smooth the curve on-the-fly while a user moves a stylus or other input device. On receiving data points for the curve, an old rendered section for prior data points is deleted by curve redrawing code, and a new spline that's visually smooth through the new data points and at least one prior data point is added. \u201cVisually smooth\u201d is defined using tangents. The rendered spline is a cardinal or other cubic Hermite spline. The curve is redrawn for display by overwriting frame buffer data. A single instruction multiple data processing architecture simultaneously calculates multiple data points for the new section of the curve rendering. A digital ink rendering uses a pen-tip shape or an arc shape, based on data point locations. The pen-tip shape simulates a square-tip pen, highlighter, pencil, charcoal, paintbrush, or liquid ink pen. 1. An automated digital ink curve smoothing method performed by a system which includes a computer-readable memory and also includes hardware that supports parallel processing, the method comprising: getting in the computer-readable memory a group of data points for a digital ink curve, the digital ink curve having a displayed curve rendering; calculating in parallel multiple data points for a new section of the curve rendering, said calculating comprising using the hardware which supports parallel processing; and smoothing the digital ink curve using at least some of the calculated data points, thereby obtaining a smoothed digital ink curve which has a rendered spline that includes a portion that is visually smooth through at least two data points; wherein a portion of a rendered spline is considered visually smooth when the portion has G1 continuity. 2. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises using single instruction multiple data processing to calculate spline data. 3. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises using single instruction multiple data processing to simultaneously calculate frame buffer data for multiple data points for the new section of the curve rendering. 4. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises using single instruction multiple data CPU instructions. 5. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises using one or more single instruction multiple data instructions to compute multiple iterations of a for loop at the same time. 6. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises running different threads on different cores. 7. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises running at least one thread on a general purpose processor core and running at least one other thread on a graphics processor core. 8. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, wherein using the hardware which supports parallel processing comprises executing instructions on at least two processors, each processor being one of the following: a central processing unit, an arithmetic and logic unit, a floating point processing unit, or a graphical processing unit. 9. The automated curve smoothing method of claim 1, in which the system includes a digital display having a frame buffer, and the smoothing is performed at least in part by overwriting a portion of frame buffer old data with frame buffer new data from a checkpoint forward, and the frame buffer old data represented an old section of the curve rendering, and the frame buffer new data represents a new section of the curve rendering. 10. A computer-readable storage medium configured with data and with instructions that when executed by a machine having at least a computer-readable memory, a graphics processor (GPU), and a digital display causes the machine to perform a technical method for redrawing a digital ink curve, the method comprising: getting in the computer-readable memory a group G of one or more recent data points for a curve, the data points in the group G being the most recent data points in a sequence S of data points for the curve, the group G not containing all of the data points in S, the curve having a curve rendering which corresponds to the sequence S, the GPU calculating at least one data point for a new section of the curve rendering; and redrawing a most recent section of the curve rendering as data points are added to the sequence S, without thereby changing the entire curve rendering, the redrawn most recent section including a rendered spline that includes a portion which is visually smooth through at least two data points; wherein a portion of a rendered spline is considered visually smooth when any two parts of the visually smooth portion which meet at a point share a common tangent direction at the point where those two parts meet. 11. The configured storage medium of claim 10, in which the machine includes single instruction multiple data processing hardware utilized by the method. 12. The configured storage medium of claim 10, in which the machine includes a frame buffer for the digital display, and the redrawing step is performed at least in part by overwriting a portion of frame buffer old data with frame buffer new data from a checkpoint forward, and the frame buffer old data represented the old section of the curve rendering, and the frame buffer new data represents the new section of the curve rendering. 13. The configured storage medium of claim 10, in which the method comprises simultaneously calculating frame buffer data for multiple data points for the new section of the curve rendering. 14. The configured storage medium of claim 10, wherein the method comprises redrawing the most recent section of the curve rendering in real-time as data points are added to the sequence S. 15. The configured storage medium of claim 10, wherein the GPU calculates multiple data points for the new section of the curve rendering. 16. A computer graphics system comprising: at least two processors; an instruction memory in operable communication with the processors; a digital ink display having a frame buffer in operable communication with the logical processors; a curve redrawing code which resides in the instruction memory and which upon execution using at least two processors will perform a technical method comprising: getting a group G of data points for a digital ink curve, the data points in the group G being the most recent data points in a sequence S of data points for the digital ink curve, the digital ink curve having on the digital ink display a curve rendering which corresponds to the sequence S, at least two processors of the system calculating in parallel multiple data points for a new section of the curve rendering; and redrawing a most recent section of the curve rendering as the curve is being interactively rendered on the digital ink display, without thereby changing the entire curve rendering, the redrawn most recent section including a rendered spline that includes a portion which is visually smooth through at least two data points; wherein a portion of a rendered spline is considered visually smooth when any two parts of the visually smooth portion which meet at a point share a common tangent direction at the point where those two parts meet. 17. The computer graphics system of claim 16, wherein the system is further characterized in at least one of the following ways: the system comprises a single instruction multiple data processing architecture, and the curve redrawing code uses the single instruction multiple data processing architecture to simultaneously calculate frame buffer data for multiple data points for the new section of the curve rendering; or the curve redrawing code uses one or more single instruction multiple data instructions to compute multiple iterations of a for loop at the same time. 18. The computer graphics system of claim 16, wherein the system supports parallel processing by running different threads of the curve redrawing code on different cores of the system. 19. The computer graphics system of claim 16, wherein the system supports parallel processing by running at least one thread of the curve redrawing code on a general purpose processor core and running at least one other thread of the curve redrawing code on a graphics processor core. 20. The computer graphics system of claim 16, wherein the system supports parallel processing by executing instructions of the curve redrawing code on at least two processor cores, each core being a core of a processor which is one of the following: a central processing unit, an arithmetic and logic unit, a floating point processing unit, or a graphical processing unit.",
-    "The invention is directed to an airbag system and, more particularly, to such a system employed as a rescue or life-saving system to enable a person to survive an avalanche, for example. In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to an airbag system utilized with a backpack to be worn by a skier, snowboarder, hiker, or snowmobiler, for example. Instead of relying upon compressed gas cartridges or cylinders to inflate the airbag(s), the invention inflates the airbag(s) with ambient air only. In a particular embodiment, air is supplied to the airbag by means of a battery-powered electrical motor. 1. An airbag system for rescue in snow or water comprising: at least one inflatable airbag having an inflated state and a deflated state; a powered air mover; and a supporting device designed to support the at least one inflatable airbag and the powered air mover on a user of the airbag system or on equipment used by the user; the supporting device comprises a backpack having an upright panel configured to be supported against a user's back; in the deflated state, the supporting device being structured and arranged such that the at least one airbag is positioned within the supporting device; in the inflated state, the at least one airbag being structured and arranged to extend externally beyond the supporting device; in the inflated state, the at least one airbag extends forwardly of the upright panel. 2. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: the supporting device comprises a backpack having shoulder straps, the backpack supporting at least the at least one airbag and the powered air mover; in the deflated state, the at least one airbag is contained within the backpack. 3. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one ambient air intake positioned on an outer surface of the supporting device. 4. An airbag rescue system according to claim 3, further comprising: ambient air intake ducting positioned to channel ambient air from the at least one ambient air intake to the powered air mover. 5. An airbag rescue system according to claim 2, wherein: the powered air mover comprises a means for inflating the at least one airbag with 100% ambient air to a volume of at least 100 liters in no more than 5 seconds. 6. An airbag system according to claim 1, wherein: the supporting device comprises structure to support the at least one airbag respectively in the deflated state and in the inflated state; in the inflated state, the at least one airbag comprises at least a portion designed to be positioned proximate the user's head at the height of the user's head. 7. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: the powered air mover comprises: a bladed rotor; an electric motor; and a battery connected to the electric motor for powering the electric motor for rotating the bladed rotor. 8. An airbag rescue system according to claim 7, wherein: the supporting device supports the battery as well as the electric motor and the at least one airbag. 9. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: the powered air mover further comprises: a battery; a controller connected to the battery and the powered air mover, the controller being configured to control power to powered air mover. 10. An airbag rescue system according to claim 9, further comprising: a manual activation switch in communication with the controller, the switch being configured to be manipulated by the user and, via the controller, to selectively switch power to the powered air mover between off and on states. 11. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: the airbag rescue system includes neither a compressed gas container nor a source of compressed gas. 12. An airbag rescue system according to claim 7, wherein: the electric motor has a weight of a fraction of a pound. 13. An airbag rescue system according to claim 12, wherein: the electric motor has a weight of no more than 98 grams. 14. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: in the inflated state, the at least one airbag is configured to extend at a height of the user's head on both sides of the user's head. 15. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: the supporting device comprises a backpack; and the powered air mover is substantially centered, left-to-right, in relation to the backpack. 16. An airbag rescue system according to claim 1, wherein: the supporting device comprises a backpack; and the backpack includes a main compartment for housing the airbag in the deflated state, in addition to other pockets. 17. An airbag system for rescue in snow or water comprising: at least one inflatable airbag having an inflated state and a deflated state; a powered air mover; and a supporting device designed to support the at least one inflatable airbag and the powered air mover on a user of the airbag system or on equipment used by the user; in the deflated state, the supporting device being structured and arranged such that the at least one airbag is positioned within the supporting device; in the inflated state, the at least one airbag being structured and arranged to extend externally beyond the supporting device; and in the inflated state, the at least one airbag has a volume that extends at least mostly above the powered air mover. 18. An airbag system for rescue in snow or water comprising: at least one inflatable airbag having an inflated state and a deflated state; a powered air mover; a manual activation switch configured to be manipulated by the user and to selectively switch power to the powered air mover between off and on states; and a supporting device designed to support the at least one inflatable airbag and the powered air mover on a user of the airbag system or on equipment used by the user; in the deflated state, the supporting device being structured and arranged such that the at least one airbag is positioned within the supporting device; in the inflated state, the at least one airbag being structured and arranged to extend externally beyond the supporting device.",
-    "Any defects in the reflective multilayer coating or absorber layer of an EUV mask are problematic in transferring a pattern of the EUV mask to a wafer since they produce errors in integrated circuit patterns on the wafer. In this regard, a method of manufacturing an EUV mask is provided according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. To repair the defect, a columnar reflector, which acts as a Bragg reflector, is deposited according to various embodiments so as to locally compensate and repair the defect. According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, the reflective loss due to the defect can be compensated and recover the phase different due to the defect from, so as to form a desirable wafer printed image. 1. An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask, comprising: a substrate, a reflective multiplayer (ML) coating on the substrate; and an absorber layer over the reflective ML coating, wherein the absorber layer comprises a columnar reflector. 2. The EUV mask of claim 1, wherein the columnar reflector has a planar, curving, or V-shape top surface. 3. The EUV mask of claim 1, wherein the columnar reflector has a sidewall not in contact with the absorber layer. 4. The EUV mask of claim 1, wherein the columnar reflector is directly on the reflective ML coating. 5. The EUV mask of claim 1, wherein the stack of the columnar comprises alternating layers. 6. The EUV mask of claim 5, wherein the columnar reflector comprises at least one stack of alternating layers of a low index of refraction material and a high index of refraction material. 7. The EUV mask of claim 5, the columnar reflector comprises three layers of two low index of refraction materials and one high index of refraction material or one low index of refraction material and two high index of refraction materials. 8. The EUV mask of claim 1, further comprising a buffer layer as a capping layer between the absorber layer and the reflective ML coating. 9. The EUV mask of claim 8, wherein the buffer layer is made of carbon (C), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), or Ruthenium (Ru). 10. The EUV mask of claim 1, wherein the columnar reflector has a thickness in a range of 7-10 nm. 11. The EUV mask of claim 6, wherein the low index of the refractive material is Si, TEOS, B4C, SiO2, Y, or SiC, and the high index of the refractive material is Mo, MoO2, Cr, W, La, Mg, Ru, or TaBN. 12. The EUV mask of claim 7, wherein the low index of the refractive material is Si, TEOS, B4C, SiO2, Y, or SiC, and the high index of the refractive material is Mo, MoO2, Cr, W, La, Mg, Ru, or TaBN. 13. The EUV mask of claim 5, wherein the stack of the columnar reflector is made of alternating layers of TEOS and Cr. 14. The EUV mask of claim 1, wherein the absorber layer has a pattern. 15. The EUV mask of claim 14, wherein the columnar reflector is between two sidewalls of the pattern. 16. A method of manufacturing an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask, the method comprising: providing a substrate with a reflective multilayer (ML) coating on the substrate; depositing a absorber layer over the reflective ML coating; patterning the absorber layer to form a gap in the absorber layer; and depositing a columnar reflector comprising a stack of alternating layers of different index of refraction materials in the gap of the absorber layer. 17. The method of manufacturing the EUV mask of claim 16, wherein depositing the columnar reflector comprises: detecting a defect in the reflective or the substrate through the gap; forming the columnar reflector in the gap if the defect is found, depositing a columnar reflector right above the defect. 18. The method of manufacturing the EUV mask of claim 17, wherein detecting the defect in the reflective or the substrate through the gap comprises: scanning the defect through the gap to determine an area of the defect, if any; applying the absorber layer with an electron beam to define an excess portion of the gap in the absorber layer; directing an etching gas to the area of the defect to etch the excess portion of the gap; and directing a deposition gas to deposit the columnar reflector in the gap and right above the area of the defect. 19. The method of manufacturing the EUV mask of claim 16, wherein depositing the columnar reflector is performed by alternatively depositing a first layer of a low index of refraction material, and depositing a second layer of a high index of refraction material for at least one time, or wherein depositing the columnar reflector is performed by alternatively depositing a first layer of a low index of refraction material, depositing a second layer of a low or a high index of refraction material, and depositing a third layer of a high index of refraction material for at least one time. 20. The method of manufacturing the EUV mask of claim 16, further comprising trimming the absorber layer to fully expose the defect from the top surface of the reflective ML coating before depositing a columnar reflector right above the defect.",
-    "Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for encryption and key management. The method includes encrypting each file on a computing device with a unique file encryption key, encrypting each unique file encryption key with a corresponding class encryption key, and encrypting each class encryption key with an additional encryption key. Further disclosed are systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable storage media for encrypting a credential key chain. The method includes encrypting each credential on a computing device with a unique credential encryption key, encrypting each unique credential encryption key with a corresponding credential class encryption key, and encrypting each class encryption key with an additional encryption key. Additionally, a method of generating a cryptographic key based on a user-entered password and a device-specific identifier secret utilizing an encryption algorithm is disclosed. 1. A method for generating a master key for encrypting content stored by a computing device, the method comprising: at a hardware module included in the computing device, wherein the hardware module is separate and distinct from a processor included in the computing device: receiving, from the processor, a request to generate the master key, wherein the request includes biometric data associated with a user of the computing device; accessing an identifier that is unique to the computing device, wherein the identifier is stored by the hardware module in a manner that prevents software executing by way of the processor from directly accessing the identifier; combining the biometric data and the identifier to produce a combined value; carrying out an iterative function on the combined value to produce the master key; and providing the master key to the processor, wherein the master key is utilized by the processor to encrypt the content. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an indication of a desired security level for the master key, wherein a number of iterations associated with the iterative function is based on the desired security level. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifier is accessible only to the hardware module within the computing device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the request specifies a number of iterations to be performed on the combined value by the iterative function. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the iterative function includes a Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2). 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the iterative function includes a Hash-based Message Authentication Code Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (HMAC-SHA1). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifier is larger in size than the biometric data. 8. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium configured to store instructions that, when executed by a hardware module included in a computing device, cause the hardware module to generate a master key for encrypting content managed by the computing device, by carrying out steps that include: receiving, from a processor included in the computing device, a request to generate the master key, wherein the request includes biometric data associated with a user of the computing device, and the processor is separate and distinct from the hardware module; accessing an identifier that is unique to the computing device, wherein the identifier is stored by the hardware module in a manner that prevents software executing by way of the processor from directly accessing the identifier; combining the biometric data and the identifier to produce a combined value; carrying out an iterative function on the combined value to produce the master key; and providing the master key to the processor, wherein the master key is utilized by the processor to encrypt the content. 9. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the steps further include: receiving an indication of a desired security level for the master key, wherein a number of iterations associated with the iterative function is based on the desired security level. 10. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the steps further include: providing the master key to the processor for encrypting content stored on the computing device. 11. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the identifier is accessible only to the hardware module within the computing device. 12. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the request specifies a number of iterations to be performed on the combined value by the iterative function. 13. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the iterative function includes a Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2). 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the iterative function includes a Hash-based Message Authentication Code Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (HMAC-SHA1). 15. A computing device configured to generate a master key for encrypting content, the computing device comprising: a memory that stores the content; a processor, wherein the processor is configured to: receive a first request to encrypt the content, wherein the first request includes biometric data associated with a user of the computing device, and issuing, to a hardware module included in the computing device, a second request to generate the master key based on the biometric data and an identifier that is unique to the computing device, wherein the identifier is stored by the hardware module in a manner that prevents software executing by way of the processor from directly accessing the identifier; and the hardware module, wherein the hardware module is separate and distinct from the processor and is configured to carry out steps that include: receiving, from the processor, the second request, accessing the identifier stored by the hardware module, combining the biometric data and the identifier to produce a combined value; carrying out an iterative function on the combined value to produce the master key; and providing the master key to the processor, wherein the master key is utilized by the processor to encrypt the content. 16. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the steps further include: receiving an indication of a desired security level for the master key, wherein a number of iterations associated with the iterative function is based on the desired security level. 17. The computing device of claim 15, wherein: the hardware module is further configured to provide the master key to the processor, and the processor is further configured to encrypt the content using the master key. 18. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the hardware module is an only component included in the computing device that is capable of accessing the identifier. 19. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the second request specifies a number of iterations to be performed on the combined value by the iterative function comprises an iterative process that is performed on the combined value. 20. The computing device of claim 15, wherein the identifier is larger in size than the biometric data.",
-    "A multi-compartmental sports equipment backpack enables segregated and secure storage and portability of baseball related equipment. The backpack provides a container having a plurality of compartments, sleeves, and hard cases that enable segregated storage, back mounting, impact protection, and efficient access to baseball related sport equipment. The container comprises a front panel, a mount panel, and at least one sidewall that form a primary cavity. The primary cavity stores sport garments and balls. A front pouch joins with the front panel and provides segregated storage capacity. A top hard case stores a pair of glasses. A bottom hard case stores a sport glove. At least one sleeve stores and enables quick access to a sport stick. A latch member enables quick release latching of head protection equipment. A mounting member enables the container to be mounted on the back for portability. A handle provides a grip for carrying. 1. A multi-compartmental sports equipment backpack for storage and carrying of baseball related sport equipment, the backpack comprising: a container, the container comprising a front panel, a mount panel, and at least one sidewall, the front panel, the mount panel, and the at least one sidewall configured to form a primary cavity, the primary cavity configured for enabling storage, the container arranged into a top portion and a bottom portion; a primary fastener, the primary fastener configured to enable access to the primary cavity; a top hard case, the top hard case disposed generally at the top portion of the container, the top hard case configured with a substantially rigid composition, the top hard case comprising a top fastener, the top fastener configure dot regulate access to the top hard case; a bottom hard case, the bottom hard case disposed generally at the bottom portion of the container, the bottom hard case configured with a substantially rigid composition, the bottom hard case comprising a bottom fastener, the bottom fastener configure dot regulate access to the bottom hard case; at least one sleeve, the at least one sleeve disposed along the length of the at least one sidewall of the container, the at least one sleeve comprising a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis configured to have a size adjustable diameter, the at least one sleeve further comprising a top end, the at least one sleeve further comprising a bottom end; a latch member, the latch member disposed at the top portion of the container, the latch member configured to enable quick release latching; at least one mounting member, the at least one mounting member disposed at the mount panel of the container, the at least one mounting member configured to enable mounting of the container; and a handle, the handle disposed at the top portion of the container, the handle configured to enable gripping and manipulation of the container. 2. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the backpack is configured to enable containment of a plurality of baseball related sports equipment. 3. The backpack of claim 1, further including at least one front pouch, the at least one front pouch configured to join with the front panel of the container, the at least one front pouch configured to enable storage that is segregated from the primary cavity. 4. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the mount panel, the front panel, and the at least one sidewall are fabricated from a material that includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: leather, canvas, cotton duck, polyester, cotton, a resilient polymer, an acrylic fabric, and a nonwoven material. 5. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the primary cavity is configured to enable containment of a sport garment and a ball. 6. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the primary fastener includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, an adhesive, a button, a latch, a friction-fit mechanism, and a magnet. 7. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the top hard case is configured to enable containment of a pair of glasses. 8. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the top hard case is configured to pivotally open and close. 9. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the top fastener includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, an adhesive, a button, a latch, a friction-fit mechanism, and a magnet. 10. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the bottom hard case is configured to enable containment of a sport glove. 11. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the bottom hard case is configured to pivotally open and close. 12. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the bottom fastener includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, an adhesive, a button, a latch, a friction-fit mechanism, and a magnet. 13. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the top end of the at least one sleeve is open. 14. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the bottom end of the at least one sleeve is closed. 15. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the at least one sleeve is configured to enable containment of a sport stick. 16. The backpack of claim 15, wherein the sport stick includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a baseball bat, a softball bat, a lacrosse stick, and a cricket bat. 17. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the latch member is configured to enable quick latching and release of a protective head equipment. 18. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the latch member comprises a hook. 19. The backpack of claim 1, wherein the at least one mounting member comprises a pair of size adjustable straps. 20. A multi-compartmental sports equipment backpack for storage and carrying of baseball related sport equipment, the backpack comprising: a container, the container comprising a front panel, a mount panel, and at least one sidewall, the front panel, the mount panel, and the at least one sidewall configured to form a primary cavity, the primary cavity configured for enabling storage, the container arranged into a top portion and a bottom portion; at least one front pouch, the at least one front pouch configured to join with the front panel of the container, the at least one front pouch configured to enable storage that is segregated from the primary cavity; a primary fastener, the primary fastener configured to enable access to the primary cavity; a top hard case, the top hard case disposed generally at the top portion of the container, the top hard case configured with a substantially rigid composition, the top hard case comprising a top fastener, the top fastener configure dot regulate access to the top hard case; a bottom hard case, the bottom hard case disposed generally at the bottom portion of the container, the bottom hard case configured with a substantially rigid composition, the bottom hard case comprising a bottom fastener, the bottom fastener configure dot regulate access to the bottom hard case; at least one sleeve, the at least one sleeve disposed along the length of the at least one sidewall of the container, the at least one sleeve comprising a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis configured to have an adjustable diameter, the at least one sleeve further comprising a top end, the top end configured to open, the at least one sleeve further comprising a bottom end, the bottom end configured to close; a latch member, the latch member disposed at the top portion of the container, the latch member configured to enable quick release latching; at least one mounting member, the at least one mounting member disposed at the mount panel of the container, the at least one mounting member configured to enable mounting of the container; and a handle, the handle disposed at the top portion of the container, the handle configured to enable gripping and manipulation of the container.",
-    "Methods and apparatus for illuminating decorations according to various aspects of the present invention may comprise a light source and a diffuser. A connector may connect the light source to the decoration. A reflector may reflect light from the light source towards an anticipated observer. 1. A light apparatus for illuminating a jack-o-lantern, comprising: a light source, wherein the light source: generates about 0.1 candela to about 20 candelas; and is less than an inch high; and a piercing connector attached to the light source. 2. The light apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a reflector attached to the light source. 3. The light apparatus of claim 2, wherein the reflector's color approximates the color of a pumpkin's interior. 4. The light apparatus of claim 1, wherein the piercing connector comprises at least one corkscrew. 5. The light apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a diffuser interposed over the light source. 6. The light apparatus of claim 5, further comprising a base, wherein the light source and the diffuser are mounted on the base. 7. The light apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source generates about 0.5 to about 10 candelas. 8. The light apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source generates about 0.5 to about 3 candelas. 9. A light apparatus for illuminating a jack-o-lantern, comprising: a base; an LED mounted on a front side of the base; a diffuser mounted on the front side of the base and covering the LED; a piercing connector mounted on a back side of the base; and a reflector attached the base. 10. The light apparatus of claim 9, wherein the reflector's color approximates the color of a pumpkin's interior. 11. The light apparatus of claim 9, wherein the piercing connector comprises at least one corkscrew. 12. The light apparatus of claim 9, wherein the diffuser includes a color filter. 13. The light apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source generates about 0.5 to about 10 candelas. 14. The light apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source generates about 0.5 to about 3 candelas. 15. A light apparatus for illuminating a jack-o-lantern, comprising: a base, wherein the base is less than an inch high; an LED mounted on a front side of the base, wherein the LED generates about 0.1 candela to about 20 candelas; and a diffuser mounted on the front side of the base and covering the LED. 16. The light apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a piercing connector mounted on a back side of the base. 17. The light apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reflector attached to the base. 18. The light apparatus of claim 17, wherein the reflector's color approximates the color of a pumpkin's interior. 19. The light apparatus of claim 15, wherein the piercing connector comprises at least one corkscrew. 20. The light apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source generates about 0.5 to about 10 candelas.",
-    "Methods and devices are disclosed that provide therapeutic benefit and treatment for a variety of neurologic and physiologic conditions that include obesity, urinary incontinence, and sensory system disorders. 1. A method for treating obesity comprising: surgically accessing a vagal nerve on a stomach; positioning a mechanical device proximate to the vagal nerve on the exterior of the stomach with a delivery device; detaching the mechanical device from a delivery device; and applying a mechanical force to the vagal nerve directly with the mechanical device to modify vagal nerve conduction. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is biodegradable. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is placed by a laparoscopic surgical procedure. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is an adjustable balloon. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is energized by an electrical generator. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is an injectable substance. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is introduced from within the stomach. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical force is expansion. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical force is contraction. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is permanently implanted. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mechanical device is temporarily implanted and later removed. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein detaching the mechanical device from the delivery device comprises unscrewing the mechanical device from the delivery device. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein detaching the mechanical device from the delivery device comprises detaching the mechanical device from the delivery device with a detent release. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein detaching the mechanical device from the delivery device comprises detaching the mechanical device from the delivery device with a release of compression.",
-    "A system for pushing and pulling rod strings through the ground or an underground pipe. The apparatus has a downhole tool attached to the distal end of the rod string. The push/pull machine has a stationary frame that is placed against the ground to provide a reaction surface. The stationary frame has an opening for the rod string to pass through. A grip assembly is supported on the stationary frame and moveable relative to the stationary frame. The grip assembly has a slip bowl, a plurality of slips, and an actuator. The actuator does not engage the internal surface of any slip and powers relative axial movement between the slip bowl and the slips. A positioning assembly carries the grip assembly and powers its reciprocating and straight-line movement to urge the grip assembly in either a first or second direction. 1. A system, comprising: a grip assembly comprising: a slip bowl having a tapering internal passage; a plurality of slips, each slip having an external surface conformable with the internal passage of the slip bowl; and an actuator that does not engage the internal surface of any slip and powers relative axial movement between the slip bowl and the slips; and a positioning assembly that carries the grip assembly and powers its reciprocating and straight-line movement. 2. The system of claim 1 in which the slip bowl is symmetric about an axis and in which the positioning assembly moves the grip assembly such that the slip bowl moves along that axis. 3. The system of claim 2 in which the actuator comprises a piston that is coaxial with the axis about which the slip bowl is symmetric. 4. The system of claim 1 in which the tapering internal passage of the slip bowl terminates at a narrow end and the actuator, in a powered state, urges the slips toward the narrow end of the slip bowl. 5. The system of claim 4 in which the actuator is a hydraulic cylinder having an extendable piston and in which the piston in a powered state urges the slips toward the narrow end of the slip bowl. 6. The system of claim 5 in which the piston is hollow and coaxial with the slip bowl. 7. A method of using the system of claim 1, comprising: positioning a portion of a rod string section within the slip bowl; powering the actuator to urge the slips in a first direction within the slip bowl toward a narrow end of the slip bowl and into a gripping relationship with the rod string section; and powering the positioning assembly to urge the grip assembly and gripped rod string section in the first direction. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising positioning a portion of the rod string section within the actuator before powering the actuator to urge the slips in a first direction. 9. The method of claim 7 further comprising: powering the actuator to urge the slips in a second direction, opposite the first direction, away from the narrow end of the slip bowl and into an ungripped relationship with the rod string section. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: powering the positioning assembly to move the grip assembly, without the formerly gripped rod string section, in the second direction. 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: after moving the grip assembly in the second direction, powering the actuator to urge the slips in the first direction within the slip bowl toward the narrow end of the slip bowl and into the gripping relationship with the rod string section; and thereafter, powering the positioning assembly to urge the grip assembly and gripped rod string section in the first direction. 12. The method of claim 7 in which urging the slips in the first direction comprises pushing the plurality of slips toward a borehole.",
-    "A circuit includes phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage. The circuit has a direct current (DC) power supply, a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch, and a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage. The circuit also has at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. One or more of the DC power supply, power switch circuit, and control circuit may be at a midpoint of the phase windings. 1. A circuit for a motor comprising a rotor and a stator, the circuit comprising: phase windings divided at least approximately in half to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage; a direct current (DC) power supply at least approximately at a midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at least approximately at the midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings; a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when the rotor is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of an AC cycle. 2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the AC cycle; and a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the AC cycle. 3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a tap from one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 4. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the secondary phase coil windings are distributed evenly between the first and second phase windings or unevenly between the first and second phase windings. 6. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the secondary phase coil windings are distributed all on one pole or on more than one pole of the stator. 7. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 8. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one electrical component to create a voltage drop between the phase windings and the power switch circuit to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch in the power switch circuit is on and conducting. 9. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off. 10. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the power switch circuit comprises a full wave bridge rectifier operably connected to the at least one power switch to stop negative voltage from being supplied to a drain of the at least one power switch and to stop positive voltage from being supplied to a source of the at least one power switch so that current only flows from the drain to the source of the at least one power switch when the at least one power switch is biased by a positive voltage on a gate of the at least one power switch. 11. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component is located at least approximately at the midpoint between the phase windings. 12. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 13. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one power switch comprises a first power switch and a second power switch, wherein the first power switch is on and conducting while the second power switch is off and not conducting in one half of the AC cycle, and the second power switch is on and conducting while the first power switch is off and not conducting in another half of the AC cycle. 14. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one power switch comprises at least one of one power switch, two power switches in series, and two power switches in parallel. 15. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising the motor to house the circuit, the motor selected from at least one of a DC brushless motor, an electronically commutated motor, a shaded pole motor, and a permanent split capacitor motor. 16. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising the motor to house the circuit, wherein the motor can operate at synchronous speed, below synchronous speed, and above synchronous speed. 17. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component is connected directly or indirectly to the DC power supply. 18. A circuit comprising: phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage; a direct current (DC) power supply at a midpoint of the phase windings; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at the midpoint of the phase windings; a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 19. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: a first non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the cycle; and a second non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the cycle. 20. The circuit of claim 19 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a tap from one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 21. The circuit of claim 19 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 22. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 23. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the controller comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when a motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 24. A circuit for a motor comprising a rotor and a stator, the circuit comprising: phase windings divided to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage; a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch between the phase windings; a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when the rotor is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 25. A method for a circuit for a motor comprising a rotor and a stator, the method comprising: providing phase windings divided at least approximately in half to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage; providing a direct current (DC) power supply at least approximately at a midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at least approximately at the midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings; providing a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when the rotor is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of an AC cycle. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: providing a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the AC cycle; and providing a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the AC cycle. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a tap from one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the method comprises distributing the secondary phase coil windings evenly between the first and second phase windings or unevenly between the first and second phase windings. 30. The method of claim 28 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the method comprises distributing the secondary phase coil windings all on one pole or on more than one pole of the stator. 31. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: providing at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or providing at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 32. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises providing at least one electrical component to create a voltage drop between the phase windings and the power switch circuit to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch in the power switch circuit is on and conducting. 33. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off. 34. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the power switch circuit comprising a full wave bridge rectifier operably connected to the at least one power switch to stop negative voltage from being supplied to a drain of the at least one power switch and to stop positive voltage from being supplied to a source of the at least one power switch so that current only flows from the drain to the source of the at least one power switch when the at least one power switch is biased by a positive voltage on a gate of the at least one power switch. 35. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component at least approximately at the midpoint between the phase windings. 36. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 37. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the at least one power switch comprising a first power switch and a second power switch, wherein the first power switch is on and conducting while the second power switch is off and not conducting in one half of the AC cycle, and the second power switch is on and conducting while the first power switch is off and not conducting in another half of the AC cycle. 38. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one power switch comprises providing at least one of one power switch, two power switches in series, and two power switches in parallel. 39. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the motor to house the circuit, the motor selected from at least one of a DC brushless motor, an electronically commutated motor, a shaded pole motor, and a permanent split capacitor motor. 40. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the motor to house the circuit, wherein the motor can operate at synchronous speed, below synchronous speed, and above synchronous speed. 41. The method of claim 25 further comprising connecting the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component directly or indirectly to the DC power supply. 42. A method for a circuit comprising: providing phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage; providing a direct current (DC) power supply at a midpoint of the phase windings; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at the midpoint of the phase windings; providing a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 43. The method of claim 42 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: providing a first non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the cycle; and providing a second non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the cycle. 44. The method of claim 43 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a tap from one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 45. The method of claim 43 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 46. The method of claim 42 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: providing at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or providing at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 47. The method of claim 42 further comprising providing a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when a motor with the control circuit is at synchronous speed. 48. A method for a circuit for a motor comprising a rotor and a stator, the method comprising: providing phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) line voltage; providing a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch between the phase windings; providing a control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when the rotor is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to the AC line voltage; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle.",
-    "Debugging capabilities for software running in a cloud-computing environment are disclosed. A controller identifies which machines in the cloud are running instances of software to be debugged. An agent is deployed onto the machines in the cloud to facilitate communication with the developer's machine. When the developer wants to debug software on the agent's machine, the agent downloads and installs a monitor onto the machine. The agent configures the machine for remote debugging via the monitor. A security mechanism ensures that only authenticated developers can access the monitor and the remote machine for debugging. A controller automatically determines which machines can be debugged, updates a list of processes available for debugging on the machines, and identifies how to connect a developer's debugging client to the machines. The controller permits remote debugging only upon request from an authenticated developer and only for those processes that the developer is permitted to debug. 1. A computer system, comprising: a debug controller configured to identify a selected virtual machine (VM) from among a plurality of distributed VMs, wherein the selected VM is configured to execute an instance of a software application; the debug controller configured to configure a debug connector running on the selected VM for remote debugging; the debug controller configured to identify one or more processes on the selected VM that are not permitted to be debugged due to restricted debug capabilities set by the selected VM's owner; and the debug controller configured to establish a connection between a remote debug client running on a developer machine and the debug connector running on the selected VM, while preventing a developer operating the remote debug client from seeing the identified one or more processes. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the debug controller configures the debug connector for remote debugging in response to an instruction from the remote debug client running on a developer machine. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the remote debug client is configured to receive a single input from a user indicating that all instances of the software application on the selected VM should be selected and debugged. 4. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the debug controller configures the selected VM for debugging by opening firewall ports to the selected VM. 5. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the debug controller configures the selected VM debugging by downloading and installing a monitoring application on the selected VM. 6. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the debug controller provides and manages interfaces between the developer machine on a public network and machines running the software application on a private network. 7. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the debug connector authenticates the remote debug client before connecting the remote debug client and the second VM. 8. A computer system, comprising: a debug client configured to send an instruction to a remote debug controller running on a first virtual machine (VM) directing the first VM to identify a second VM among a plurality of distributed VMs, wherein the first VM is configured to execute a first instance of a software application and the second VM is configured to execute a second instance of the software application; the debug client further configured to send an instruction directing the debug controller to configure a debug connector on the second VM for remote debugging, the debug connector identifying one or more processes in the second VM that are not permitted to be debugged due to restricted debug capabilities; and the debug client further configured to establish a connection to the debug connector running on the second VM through the debug controller running on the first VM while preventing a developer operating the remote debug client from seeing the identified one or more processes. 9. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the debug client is configured to receive a user input indicating that all instances of the software application on all machines should be selected and debugged. 10. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the debug client instructs the debug controller to configure the second VM for debugging by opening firewall ports to the second VM. 11. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the debug client instructs the debug controller to configure the second VM debugging by downloading and installing a monitoring application on the second VM. 12. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the debug connector provides and manages interfaces between the debug client and machines running the software application on a private network. 13. The computer system of claim 8, wherein the debug connector authenticates the debug client before connecting the debug client and the second VM. 14. A computer system having a plurality of distributed machines, comprising: an agent application running on the distributed machines, each agent application adapted to notify a remote debug client that at least one instance of a software application is present on the machine, the agent application further adapted to identify one or more processes not permitted to be debugged in each of the machines, and the agent application further adapted to configure the machine for debugging of the software application instance by the remote debug client without allowing a developer operating the remote debug client to see the identified one or more processes. 15. The computer system of claim 14, wherein the agent application is adapted to establish a connection between the machine and the remote debug client for debugging of the software application instance. 16. The computer system of claim 14, wherein the agent application is further adapted to install a monitor application on the machine, the monitor application configured to provide access to the software application on the machine for the remote debug client. 17. The computer system of claim 14, wherein the machine is a server or a virtual machine in the distributed computer system. 18. The computer system of claim 14, wherein the topology of the plurality of distributed machines is unknown to the remote debug client, and wherein the remote debug client cannot directly access individual machines to locate instances of the software application.",
-    "A circuit includes phase windings, a direct current (DC) power supply, and a power switch circuit. The power switch circuit includes at least one power switch. The circuit also includes a control circuit to control the power switch circuit. The control circuit includes a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed. The circuit also includes at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. One or more of the DC power supply and power switch circuit may be at a midpoint of the phase windings. 1. A circuit for a motor comprising: phase windings divided at least approximately in half; a direct current (DC) power supply at least approximately at a midpoint of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at least approximately at the midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings; a control circuit to control the power switch circuit, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of an AC cycle. 2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the AC cycle; and a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the AC cycle. 3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a tap from one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 4. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the secondary phase coil windings are distributed evenly between the first and second phase windings or unevenly between the first and second phase windings. 6. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the secondary phase coil windings are distributed all on one pole or on more than one pole of the stator. 7. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 8. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one electrical component to create a voltage drop between the phase windings and the power switch circuit to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch in the power switch circuit is on and conducting. 9. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off. 10. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the power switch circuit comprises a full wave bridge rectifier operably connected to the at least one power switch to stop negative voltage from being supplied to a drain of the at least one power switch and to stop positive voltage from being supplied to a source of the at least one power switch so that current only flows from the drain to the source of the at least one power switch when the at least one power switch is biased by a positive voltage on a gate of the at least one power switch. 11. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component is located at least approximately at the midpoint between the phase windings. 12. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the control circuit turns off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to AC line voltage received by the phase windings. 13. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one power switch comprises a first power switch and a second power switch, wherein the first power switch is on and conducting while the second power switch is off and not conducting in one half of the AC cycle, and the second power switch is on and conducting while the first power switch is off and not conducting in another half of the AC cycle. 14. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one power switch comprises at least one of one power switch, two power switches in series, and two power switches in parallel. 15. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising the motor to house the circuit, the motor selected from at least one of a DC brushless motor, an electronically commutated motor, a shaded pole motor, and a permanent split capacitor motor. 16. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising the motor to house the circuit, wherein the motor can operate at synchronous speed, below synchronous speed, and above synchronous speed. 17. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component is connected directly or indirectly to the DC power supply. 18. A circuit for a motor comprising: phase windings; a direct current (DC) power supply at a midpoint of the phase windings; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at the midpoint of the phase windings; a control circuit to control the power switch circuit, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 19. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: a first non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the cycle; and a second non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the cycle. 20. The circuit of claim 19 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a tap from one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 21. The circuit of claim 19 wherein the non-collapsing DC power supply components each comprises a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 22. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 23. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the control circuit turns off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to AC line voltage received by the phase windings. 24. A circuit for a motor comprising: phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power; a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings to receive the AC power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to a DC power; a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch between the phase windings; a control circuit to control the power switch circuit, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed; and at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 25. A method for a circuit for a motor comprising: providing phase windings divided at least approximately in half; providing a direct current (DC) power supply at least approximately at a midpoint of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to DC power; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at least approximately at the midpoint of the phase windings to receive AC power from the phase windings; providing a control circuit to control the power switch circuit, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of an AC cycle. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: providing a first non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the AC cycle; and providing a second non-collapsing DC power supply component connected to the DC power supply to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the AC cycle. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a tap from one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 28. The method of claim 26 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive AC power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the method comprises distributing the secondary phase coil windings evenly between the first and second phase windings or unevenly between the first and second phase windings. 30. The method of claim 28 wherein the phase windings comprise a first phase winding and a second phase winding, and the method comprises distributing the secondary phase coil windings all on one pole or on more than one pole of the stator. 31. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: providing at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or providing at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive the AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 32. The method of claim 25 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises providing at least one electrical component to create a voltage drop between the phase windings and the power switch circuit to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch in the power switch circuit is on and conducting. 33. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing a voltage regulator in parallel with the at least one power switch, wherein current flows through the voltage regulator when the at least one power switch is on and off. 34. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the power switch circuit comprising a full wave bridge rectifier operably connected to the at least one power switch to stop negative voltage from being supplied to a drain of the at least one power switch and to stop positive voltage from being supplied to a source of the at least one power switch so that current only flows from the drain to the source of the at least one power switch when the at least one power switch is biased by a positive voltage on a gate of the at least one power switch. 35. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component at least approximately at the midpoint between the phase windings. 36. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to AC line voltage received by the phase windings. 37. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the at least one power switch comprising a first power switch and a second power switch, wherein the first power switch is on and conducting while the second power switch is off and not conducting in one half of the AC cycle, and the second power switch is on and conducting while the first power switch is off and not conducting in another half of the AC cycle. 38. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the at least one power switch comprising at least one of one power switch, two power switches in series, and two power switches in parallel. 39. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the motor to house the circuit, the motor selected from at least one of a DC brushless motor, an electronically commutated motor, a shaded pole motor, and a permanent split capacitor motor. 40. The method of claim 25 further comprising providing the motor to house the circuit, wherein the motor can operate at synchronous speed, below synchronous speed, and above synchronous speed. 41. The method of claim 25 further comprising connecting the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component directly or indirectly to the DC power supply. 42. A method for a circuit for a motor comprising: providing phase windings; providing a direct current (DC) power supply at a midpoint of the phase windings; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch at the midpoint of the phase windings; providing a control circuit to control the power switch circuit, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle. 43. The method of claim 42 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises: providing a first non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a first portion of the cycle; and providing a second non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during a second portion of the cycle. 44. The method of claim 43 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a tap from one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 45. The method of claim 43 wherein providing the non-collapsing DC power supply components comprises providing, for each non-collapsing DC power supply component, a secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the one of the phase windings and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 46. The method of claim 42 wherein providing the at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component comprises at least one of: providing at least one tap from at least one of the phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit; or providing at least one secondary phase coil winding wound in relation to the at least one phase winding to receive AC power from the at least one phase winding and supply the AC power to the DC power supply and bypass the power switch circuit. 47. The method of claim 42 further comprising providing the control circuit to turn off the power switch circuit when a rotor associated with the circuit is in an identified rotor position, rotor magnet polarity, or speed relative to AC line voltage received by the phase windings. 48. A method for a circuit for a motor comprising: providing phase windings to receive alternating current (AC) power; providing a direct current (DC) power supply between the phase windings to receive the AC power from the phase windings and convert the AC power to a DC power; providing a power switch circuit comprising at least one power switch between the phase windings; providing a control circuit to control the power switch circuit, wherein the control circuit comprises a logic control shut off circuit to shut off the control circuit when the motor is at synchronous speed; and providing at least one non-collapsing DC power supply component to prevent the DC power supply from collapsing when the at least one power switch is on and conducting during at least a portion of a cycle.",
-    "A method to produce high density, uniform lithium lanthanum tantalate lithium-ion conducting ceramics uses small particles that are sintered in a pressureless crucible that limits loss of Li2O. 1. A method for producing a lithium lanthanum tantalate ceramic, comprising: dissolving lithium nitrate in an alcohol solvent; dissolving lanthanum acetate in an acid solvent; suspending tantalum oxide in an alcohol; blending the lithium nitrate solution, the lanthanum acetate solution, and the tantalum oxide suspension and evaporating the solvents to provide a stoichiometric mixture; combusting the stoichiometric mixture at a sufficiently high temperature to remove organics, thereby providing an inorganic mixture; calcining the inorganic mixture at a sufficiently high temperature to remove carbonates, thereby providing a mixed oxide powder; and sintering the mixed oxide powder in a closed and non-reactive crucible at a sufficiently high temperature and pressure to provide a dense lithium lanthanum tantalate ceramic. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the alcohol solvent for dissolving lithium nitrate comprises ethanol. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the acid solvent for dissolving lanthanum acetate comprises propionic acid. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alcohol for suspending tantalum oxide comprises ethanol. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the sufficiently high temperature for combusting is greater than 500\u00b0 C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sufficiently high temperature for calcining is greater than 800\u00b0 C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sufficiently high temperature for sintering is greater than 1000\u00b0 C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the sufficiently high pressure for sintering is ambient pressure. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the closed and non-reactive crucible comprises a platinum crucible. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the closed and non-reactive crucible comprises a transition metal crucible. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the transition metal comprises nickel, platinum, palladium, iridium, or alloys thereof.",
-    "A sleep mask having ear covers to prevent a user from being disturbed by light or noise while sleeping. The sleep mask includes a pair of ear covers that can be positioned over the user's ears to dampen sounds in order to prevent noise from disturbing the user. The ear covers are disposed on opposing ends of an ear cover strap that can be positioned over the top of a user's head. The sleep mask further includes an eye cover that covers both eyes of the user to prevent light from reaching the user's eyes. The eye cover includes an eye cover strap extending therefrom, wherein the strap can be wrapped around the back of the user's head so as to secure the eye cover on the user's head. The eye cover strap is removably securable to the ear covers of the sleep mask. 1) A sleep mask, comprising: an eye cover; an eye cover strap extending from the eye cover, wherein the eye cover strap is adapted to encircle a user's head; an ear cover strap having a first end and a second end, wherein a first ear cover is positioned on the first end, and a second ear cover is positioned on the second end of the ear cover strap. 2) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein: the eye cover comprises a unitary body adapted to cover both eyes of the user. 3) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein: the eye cover comprises a pair of eye covers, wherein one eye cover is adapted to cover one eye of the user. 4) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein: the pair of ear covers each comprises a disk shape and are adapted to fully cover a user's ears. 5) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein: an exterior of each of the first ear cover and the second ear cover each comprises a fastener thereon; an interior surface of the eye cover strap includes a mating fastener thereon; wherein the fastener and the mating fastener are adapted to removably engage so as to secure the eye cover strap to the pair of ear covers. 6) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein the ear cover strap is composed of a semi-rigid material so as to help secure the pair of ear covers in position on a user's ears. 7) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein the eye cover strap includes a first strap and a second strap, wherein the first strap and the second strap are adapted to be removably secured together around a user's head. 8) The sleep mask of claim 1, wherein the eye cover strap is permanently affixed to the first ear cover and the second ear cover. 9) A sleep mask, comprising: an eye cover comprising a unitary body such that it is adapted to cover both eyes of a user; an eye cover strap extending from the eye cover, wherein the eye cover strap is adapted to encircle a user's head; a pair of ear covers, wherein the pair of ear covers are removably securable to the eye cover strap.",
-    "A fuel vapor recovery apparatus includes an adsorbent canister capable of capturing fuel vapor, a vapor passage connecting the adsorbent canister to a fuel tank, an atmospheric air passage communicating the adsorbent canister with the atmosphere, and a purge passage coupling the adsorbent canister to an intake pipe of an internal combustion engine. In addition, the apparatus includes a purge pump configured to generate a gas flow from the adsorbent canister to the intake pipe through the purge passage, and a flow control valve provided at the purge passage and configured to regulate the gas flow through the purge passage. Further, the apparatus includes a pressure regulator configured to make an absolute value of pressure at an outlet side of the purge pump smaller than an absolute value of pressure at an inlet side of the purge pump while the purge pump is driven. 1. A fuel vapor recovery apparatus comprising: an adsorbent canister capable of capturing fuel vapor; a vapor passage connecting the adsorbent canister to a fuel tank; an atmospheric air passage communicating the adsorbent canister with the atmosphere; a purge passage coupling the adsorbent canister to an intake pipe of an internal combustion engine; a purge pump configured to generate a gas flow from the adsorbent canister to the intake pipe through the purge passage; a flow control valve provided at the purge passage and configured to regulate the gas flow through the purge passage; and a pressure regulator configured to make an absolute value of pressure at an outlet side of the purge pump smaller than an absolute value of pressure at an inlet side of the purge pump while the purge pump is driven. 2. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the purge pump is provided at the purge passage downstream of the flow control valve in a direction of the gas flow, and wherein the pressure regulator is configured to perform at least one of decreasing a rotation number of the purge pump, decreasing pressure in the intake pipe of the engine and decreasing a valve opening amount of the flow control valve in order to make the absolute value of the pressure at the outlet side of the purge pump smaller than the absolute value of the pressure at the inlet side of the purge pump. 3. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the purge pump is provided at the purge passage upstream of the flow control valve in a direction of the gas flow, and wherein the pressure regulator is configured to perform at least one of decreasing a rotation number of the purge pump, decreasing pressure in the intake pipe of the engine and increasing a valve opening amount of the flow control valve in order to make the absolute value of the pressure at the outlet side of the purge pump smaller than the absolute value of the pressure at the inlet side of the purge pump. 4. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a first pressure sensor provided at the purge passage and configured to detect the pressure at the outlet side of the purge pump; and a second pressure sensor provided at the purge passage and configured to detect the pressure at the inlet side of the purge pump. 5. The fuel vapor recovery apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pressure regulator stores a map that is prepared based on a relationship between a rotation number of the purge pump, a pressure in the intake pipe of the engine, a valve opening amount of the flow control valve and a difference between the absolute value of the pressure at the inlet side of the purge pump and the absolute value of the pressure at the outlet side of the purge pump, and wherein the pressure regulator is configured to estimate the difference between the absolute value of the pressure at the inlet side of the purge pump and the absolute value of the pressure at the outlet side of the purge pump based on the map.",
-    "An ink of the formula: 60-80% by weight BaTiO3 particles coated with SiO2; 5-50% by weight high dielectric constant glass; 0.1-5% by weight surfactant; 5-25% by weight solvent; and 5-25% weight organic vehicle. Also a method of manufacturing a capacitor comprising the steps of: heating particles of BaTiO3 for a special heating cycle, under a mixture of 70-96% by volume N2 and 4-30% by volume H2 gas; depositing a film of SiO2 over the particles; mechanically separating the particles; incorporating them into the above described ink formulation; depositing the ink on a substrate; and heating at 850-900\u00b0 C. for less than 5 minutes and allowing the ink and substrate to cool to ambient in N2 atmosphere. Also a dielectric made by: heating particles of BaTiO3 for a special heating cycle, under a mixture of 70-96% by volume N2 and 4-30% by volume H2 gas; depositing a film of SiO2 over the particles; mechanically separating the particles; forming them into a layer; and heating at 850-900\u00b0 C. for less than 5 minutes and allowing the layer to cool to ambient in N2 atmosphere. 1. A method of manufacturing a capacitor comprising the steps of: a) obtaining BaTiO3 particles; said particles having an average grain diameter of 100-700 nm; b) treating said particles in a first furnace under a mixture of 70-96% by volume N2 and 4-30% by volume H2 gas for 60-90 minutes at 850-900\u00b0 C. c) coating said treated particles with a 3-20 nm thick film of SiO2 or a 3-10 nm thick film of Al2O3 whereby said coated treated particles become agglomerated; d) separating said coated, treated particles to break up said agglomeration into individual particles; e) incorporating said separated, coated, treated particles into an ink comprising: i) 60-80% by weight separated, coated, treated particles; ii) 5-50% by weight high dielectric constant glass; said high dielectric constant glass being 0.5-10\u03bc in size iii) 0.1-5% by weight surfactant; iv) 5-25% by weight solvent; and v) 5-25% weight organic vehicle; f) depositing an electrode on a substrate; said electrode having a resistance between 1 m\u03a9 and 10 \u03a9; g) sintering said substrate and electrode; h) depositing a layer of said ink on said substrate and electrode by a deposition process so that said layer is continuous and has consistent thickness; i) removing solvent from said layer by drying for 15-30 minutes at 120-150\u00b0 in air; j) repeating steps h) and i) until desired thickness is obtained; k) removing organic binder by exposing said substrate, electrode and ink to the following heating cycle: i) gradually increasing temperature to 280-350\u00b0 over 45-90 minutes with a heating rate not exceeding 10-15\u00b0 per minute ii) curing at 280-350\u00b0 for 4-72 hours. iii) allowing said substrate, electrode and ink to cool to ambient temperature; l) sintering said at least one layer on said substrate by heating in a second furnace, at 850-900\u00b0 C. for less than 5 minutes and allowing it to cool to ambient under N2 atmosphere; said N2 containing less than 25 ppm O2; a thickness of said at least one layer being sufficient to produce a sintered layer 10-35\u03bc thick; and m) depositing a top electrode on said at least one layer; said top electrode having a resistance between 1 m\u03a9 and 10\u03a9 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said coating process is atomic layer deposition. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said deposition process is aerosol jet deposition or silk screening or inkjet printing. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said separating machine is a three roll mill or a high shear mixer. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said high dielectric constant glass is lead-germinate glass or zinc borate glass. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said surfactant is a phosphate ester. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said solvent is ester alcohol, terpineol or butyl carbitol. 8. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said substrate is 0.038-0.040 inch thick Al2O3, said Al2O3 being at least 96% pure; aluminum nitride (AlN); zirconia; beryllium oxide (BeO) or uncured ceramic. 9. A method as claimed in claim 8 in which said uncured ceramic is a mixture of ceramic particles, a binder, a surfactant and a solvent. 10. A method as claimed is claim 9 in which said solvent is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentandiol monoisobutyrate, terpineol (C10H18O) or butyl carbitol. 11. A method as claimed is claim 9 in which said surfactant is a phosphate ester 12. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said organic vehicle is ethyl cellulose. 13. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said first furnace is a multizone belt furnace. 14. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said first furnace is a fluidized bed vertical tube furnace. 15. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said second furnace is a multizone belt furnace. 16. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which during sintering, time under 600\u00b0 C. is 30 minutes maximum; time under 800\u00b0 C. is 20 minutes maximum; and total time is 60-90 minutes. 17. A method as claimed in claim 14 in which, during sintering, the heating rate is 45-55\u00b0 C./minute from 300-500\u00b0 C.; and the cooling rate is 45-55\u00b0 C./minute from 700-300\u00b0 C. 18. A composition of matter comprising: a) 60-80% by weight BaTiO3 particles coated with a 3-20 nm film of SiO2 or a 3-10 nm thick film of Al2O3; said BaTiO3 particles having an average grain diameter of 100-700 nm; said BaTiO3 having doubly ionized oxygen anion vacancies. b) 5-50% by weight high dielectric constant glass; said high dielectric constant glass being 1-10\u03bc in size c) 0.1-5% by weight surfactant; d) 5-25% by weight solvent; and e) 5-25% weight organic vehicle; 19. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 16 in which said high dielectric constant glass is lead-germinate glass or zinc borate glass. 20. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 16 in which said surfactant is a phosphate ester. 21. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 16 in which said solvent is ester alcohol, terpineol or butyl carbitol. 22. A composition of matter as claimed in claim 16 in which said organic vehicle is ethyl cellulose. 23. A dielectric made by the process of: a) obtaining BaTiO3 particles; said particles having an average grain diameter of 100-700 nm; b) treating said particles in a first furnace under a mixture of 70-96% by volume N2 and 4-30% by volume H2 gas for 60-90 minutes at 850-900\u00b0 C. c) coating said treated particles with a 3-20 nm thick film of SiO2 or a 3-10 nm thick film of Al2O3 whereby said coated treated particles become agglomerated; d) separating said coated, treated particles to break up said agglomeration into individual particles; e) forming said particles into a layer of sufficient thickness to produce a sintered layer 10-35\u03bc thick; and f) sintering said layer by heating in a second furnace, at 850-900\u00b0 C. for less than 5 minutes and allowing it to cool to ambient under N2 atmosphere; said N2 containing less than 25 ppm O2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which said coating process is atomic layer deposition. 24. A dielectric as claimed in claim 23 in which said separating machine is a three roll mill or a high shear mixer. 25. A dielectric as claimed in claim 23 in which said first furnace is a fluidized bed vertical tube furnace. 26. A dielectric as claimed in claim 23 in which said second furnace is a multizone belt furnace. 27. A dielectric as claimed in claim 23 in which during sintering, time under 600\u00b0 C. is 30 minutes maximum; time under 800\u00b0 C. is 20 minutes maximum; and total time is 60-90 minutes. 28. A dielectric as claimed in claim 27 in which, during sintering, the heating rate is 45-55\u00b0 C./minute from 300-500\u00b0 C.; and the cooling rate is 45-55\u00b0 C./minute from 700-300\u00b0 C.",
-    "An isolator assembly is configured to provide isolation in each of multiple non-overlapping frequency bands and includes a selection network to select one of the multiple non-overlapping frequency bands for an isolation operation. During the isolation operation, the isolator assembly prevents signal coupling between antennas that are positioned on opposite sides of the isolator assembly. 1. Apparatus comprising: an isolator assembly that provides isolation between two antennas in multiple frequency bands, the isolator assembly including a resonating conductive isolation element and including a selection network configured to select one of the multiple frequency bands for an isolation operation, wherein the length of the conductive resonating isolation element measures less than \u00bc of the wavelength of the frequency band selected for the isolation operation. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the isolator assembly is configured to provide isolation in two different frequency bands. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the selection network is a choke element that presents a short circuit for a first frequency band and an open circuit for a second frequency band. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the isolator assembly includes multiple isolator elements separated from one another, each isolator element configured to isolate in a different, frequency band. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein at least one of the multiple isolator elements provides isolation in two frequency bands. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the selection network is a circuit that deselects at least one of the multiple isolator elements based on frequency of a received surface current. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the isolator assembly includes one or more tunable capacitors to adaptively tune a mode of resonance of the isolator assembly. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the selection network prevents coupling between separate isolation elements of the isolation assembly. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a first isolator element that provides isolation in a first frequency band, the first isolator element being separated from a second isolator element that provides isolation in a second frequency band, the selection network being configured to deselect the second isolator element responsive to receipt of surface current oscillating in the first frequency band. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the selection network presents a high impedance in the first frequency band. 11. A method comprising: selectively resonating an isolator assembly including a resonating conductive isolation element in a frequency band, the isolator assembly including a selection network configured to select the frequency band from multiple frequency bands, wherein the length of the conductive resonating isolation element measures less than \u00bc of the wavelength of the frequency band selected for the isolation operation. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the isolator assembly is configured to provide isolation in two different frequency bands. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the selection network is a choke element that presents a short circuit for a first frequency band and an open circuit for a second frequency band. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the isolator assembly includes multiple isolator elements separated from one another, each isolator element configured to isolate in a different one of the multiple frequency bands. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of the multiple isolator elements provides isolation in two frequency bands. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the selection network is a circuit that deselects at least one of the multiple isolator elements based on frequency of a received surface current. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the isolator assembly includes one or more tunable capacitors to adaptively tune a resonant mode of the isolator assembly. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the isolator assembly further includes a first isolator element that provides isolation in a first frequency band, the first isolator element separated from a second isolator element that provides isolation in a second frequency band, the selection network being configured to deselect the second isolator element responsive to receipt of surface current oscillating in the first frequency band. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the selection network presents a high impedance in the first frequency band. 20. Apparatus comprising: an isolator assembly that provides isolation between two antennas in multiple frequency bands, the isolator assembly including multiple interconnected conductive branches, each of the interconnected branches having a length measuring less than \u00bc of the wavelength of one of the multiple frequency bands.",
-    "Defect classification includes acquiring one or more images of a specimen including multiple defects, grouping the defects into groups of defect types based on the attributes of the defects, receiving a signal from a user interface device indicative of a first manual classification of a selected number of defects from the groups, generating a classifier based on the first manual classification and the attributes of the defects, classifying, with the classifier, one or more defects not manually classified by the manual classification, identifying the defects classified by the classifier having the lowest confidence level, receiving a signal from the user interface device indicative of an additional manual classification of the defects having the lowest confidence level, determining whether the additional manual classification identifies one or more additional defect types not identified in the first manual classification, and iterating the procedure until no new defect types are found. 1. A method for defect classification comprising: acquiring one or more images of a specimen, the one or more images including a plurality of defects; grouping each of at least a portion of the plurality of defects into one of two or more groups of defect types based on one or more attributes of the defects; receiving a signal from a user interface device indicative of a first manual classification of a selected number of defects from each of the two or more groups of defect types; generating a classifier based on the received first manual classification and the attributes of the defects; classifying, with the classifier, one or more defects not manually classified by the manual classification; identifying a selected number of defects classified by the classifier having the lowest confidence level; receiving a signal from the user interface device indicative of an additional manual classification of the selected number of the defects having the lowest confidence level; and determining whether the additional manual classification identifies one or more additional defect types not identified in the first manual classification. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to the identification by the additional manual classification of one or more defect types not identified by the first manual classification, generating an additional classifier based on the first manual classification and the additional manual classification; classifying, with the additional classifier, one or more defects not classified by the first manual classification or the additional manual classification; identifying a selected number of defects classified by the additional classifier having the lowest confidence level; receiving a signal from the user interface device indicative of a second additional manual classification of the selected number of the defects having the lowest confidence level; and determining whether the second additional manual classification identifies one or more additional defect types not identified in the first manual classification or the additional. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to the determination that the additional manual classification does not identify a defect type not included in the first manual classification, reporting at least the defect types classified by the first manual classification and the defect types classified by the classifier. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the grouping each of at least a portion of the plurality of defects into one of two or more groups of defect types based on one or more attributes of the defects comprises: grouping each of at least a portion of the plurality of defects into one of two or more groups of defect types with a real-time automatic defect classification (RT-ADC) scheme applied to the one or more attributes. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least of the first classifier or the additional classifier comprise: an ensemble learning classifier. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the ensemble learning classifier comprises: a random forest classifier. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the ensemble learning classifier comprises: a support vector machine (SVM). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein at least of the first classifier or the additional classifier comprise: at least one of a decision tree classifier or a multiple decision tree classifier. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a confidence level is calculated for the one or more defects classified with the classifier. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the confidence level is calculated for the one or more defects classified with the classifier with a voting scheme. 11. An apparatus for defect classification comprising: an inspection tool, the inspection tool including one or more detectors configured to acquire one or more images of at least a portion of a specimen; a user interface device; and a controller, the controller including one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more detectors of the inspection tool, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute a set of program instructions stored in memory, the set of program instructions configured to cause the one or more processors to: receive the one or more images from the one or more detectors of the inspection tool; group each of at least a portion of the plurality of defects into one of two or more groups of defect types based on one or more attributes of the defects; receive a signal from a user interface device indicative of a first manual classification of a selected number of defects from each of the two or more groups of defect types; generate a classifier based on the received first manual classification and the attributes of the defects; classify, with the classifier, one or more defects not manually classified by the manual classification; identify a selected number of defects classified by the classifier having the lowest confidence level; receive a signal from the user interface device indicative of an additional manual classification of the selected number of the defects having the lowest confidence level; and determine whether the additional manual classification identifies one or more additional defect types not identified in the first manual classification. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein controller is further configured to: responsive to the identification by the additional manual classification of one or more defect types not identified by the first manual classification, generate an additional classifier based on the first manual classification and the additional manual classification; classify, with the additional classifier, one or more defects not classified by the first manual classification or the additional manual classification; identify a selected number of defects classified by the additional classifier having the lowest confidence level; receive a signal from the user interface device indicative of a second additional manual classification of the selected number of the defects having the lowest confidence level; and determine whether the second additional manual classification identifies one or more additional defect types not identified in the first manual classification or the additional. 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein controller is further configured to: responsive to the determination that the additional manual classification does not identify a defect type not included in the first manual classification, report at least the defect types classified by the first manual classification and the defect types classified by the classifier. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to: group each of at least a portion of the plurality of defects into one of two or more groups of defect types with a real-time automatic defect classification (RT-ADC) scheme applied to the one or more attributes. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least of the first classifier or the additional classifier comprise: an ensemble learning classifier. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the ensemble learning classifier comprises: a random forest classifier. 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the ensemble learning classifier comprises: a support vector machine (SVM). 18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein at least of the first classifier or the additional classifier comprise: at least one of a decision tree classifier or a multiple decision tree classifier. 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the controller is further configured to: calculate a confidence level for the one or more defects classified with the classifier. 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the inspection tool comprises: an electron beam defect review tool. 21. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the inspection tool comprises: a darkfield inspection tool. 22. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the inspection tool comprises: a brightfield inspection tool.",
-    "A method and system for processing a handwritten response on a user-marked document having a response area and at least one image marker which includes a means for capturing a digital image of the user-marked response sheet and a computer having programming to perform steps including identifying spatial position information of the at least one image marker in the captured digital image, calculating position information of the response area in the captured digital image relative to the identified spatial position information of the at least one image marker, and identifying pixel-value data of the response area after the user creates marks on the user-marked response sheet. 1. Method of determining alignment of a user-marked document for optical mark recognition, wherein the user-marked document includes at least one image marker, the method comprising: capturing an image of a user-marked document including at least one image marker with an image capturing device; identifying a spatial location of the image marker; and converting the identified spatial location coordinates of a plane of the image marker to location of pixels within the captured image, wherein the at least one image marker includes additional information data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a location of user-created marks on the user-marked document is determined based on a pattern of the image marker. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the additional information data includes one of identification information of a user, identification information of the user-marked document, and context information of the user-marked document. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the additional information data is encoded as a quick response (QR) code or other encoding mode of numeric, alphanumeric, and byte/binary encoding modes. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the additional information data is encoded as a two-dimensional barcode. 6. A system for recognizing a user-marked response sheet having a response area and at least one image marker, the system comprising: a wearable camera to capture a digital image of the user-marked response sheet; and a computer having programming to perform steps comprising: identifying three-dimensional position information of the at least one image marker in the captured digital image; calculating position information of the response area in the captured digital image using the three-dimensional position information of the at least one image marker; identifying position information of a user created mark within the response area using the calculated position information of the response area; and evaluating whether the position information of the user created mark corresponds with position information of a first predefined mark or a second predefined mark. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the wearable camera includes a feedback system to provide feedback information to a user, in real-time. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the feedback information includes visual feedback information having a visual overlay on the user-marked response sheet. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the visual overlay over the user-marked response sheet includes displaying a first color when the position information of the user created mark corresponds with the position information of the first predefined mark, and a second color when the position information of the user created mark corresponds with the position information of the second predefined mark. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the visual overlay on the user-marked response sheet includes an augmented reality display. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the augmented reality display includes a calculated percentage of user created marks corresponding to the first and second predefined marks. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the augmented reality display includes displaying an image based on the calculated percentage of the user created marks corresponding to the first predefined marks. 13. The system of claim 6, wherein the at least one image marker includes additional information data including one of information of a user, identification information of the user-marked document, and context information of the user-marked document. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the additional information data is encoded as a quick response (QR) code or other encoding mode of numeric, alphanumeric, and byte/binary encoding modes. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the additional information data is encoded as a two-dimensional barcode. 16. A system for processing a handwritten response on a user-marked document having a response area and at least one image marker, the system comprising: a means for capturing a digital image of the user-marked response sheet; and a computer having programming to perform steps comprising: identifying spatial position information of the at least one image marker in the captured digital image; calculating position information of the response area in the obtained digital image relative to the identified spatial position information of the at least one image marker; identifying pixel-value data of the response area after the user creates marks on the user-marked response sheet. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the computer recognizes handwritten responses based on the identified pixel-value data of the user created marks and performs handwriting recognition on the recognized handwritten responses. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the computer transmits the identified pixel-value data corresponding to the user-created marks on the response area to an external device for evaluation. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the evaluation includes handwriting recognition or evaluating whether a position of the user created marks corresponds with position information of a first predefined mark or a second predefined mark. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the first predefined mark corresponds with a correct response and the second predefined mark corresponds with an incorrect response. 21. A system for detecting marked responses on a user-marked response sheet having a response area and at least one image recognizable by optical mark or character recognition, the system comprising: a means for capturing a digital image of the user-marked response sheet; and a computer having programming to perform steps comprising: identifying the at least one image in the captured digital image; identifying pixel-value data within the response area after a user creates marks on the user-marked response sheet; and identifying user marked responses within the response area based on one of the identified image recognizable by optical mark or character recognition and the identified pixel-value data.",
-    "Impaired intraocular blood flow within vascular beds in the human eye is associated with certain ocular diseases including, for example, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. A reliable method to quantify blood flow in the various intraocular vascular beds could provide insight into the vascular component of ocular disease pathophysiology. Using ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT), a new 3D angiography algorithm called split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) was developed for imaging microcirculation within different intraocular regions. A method to quantify SSADA results was developed and used to detect perfusion changes in early stage ocular disease. Associated embodiments relating to methods for quantitatively measuring blood flow at various intraocular vasculature sites, systems for practicing such methods, and use of such methods and systems for diagnosing certain ocular diseases are herein described. 1. A method for quantitatively measuring blood flow in an ocular vascular bed, said method comprising: selecting an ocular vascular bed from which to quantitatively measure blood flow; scanning said ocular vascular bed to obtain M-B scans of OCT spectrum therefrom; splitting the M-B scans of OCT spectrum into M spectral bands; and determining a quantitative measurement of blood flow from the M spectral bands. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein splitting the M-B scans of the OCT spectrum into M spectral bands comprises: creating overlapping filters covering the OCT spectrum; and filtering the OCT spectrum with the overlapping filters. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a quantitative measurement of blood flow from the M spectral bands comprises: creating decorrelation images for the M spectral bands; and combining the decorrelation images for the M spectral bands to create a flow image. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein creating decorrelation images for the M spectral bands comprises: determining amplitude information for each spectral band; and calculating decorrelation between adjacent amplitude frames for each spectral band. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising removing background noise. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein combining the decorrelation images for the M spectral bands to create a flow image comprises: averaging the decorrelation images for each spectral band to create an average decorrelation image for each spectral band; and averaging the averaged decorrelation images from the M spectral bands. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising eliminating decorrelation images for each spectral band having excessive motion noise. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ocular vascular bed is the ocular nerve head or the macula. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ocular vascular bed is selected from the group consisting of the ocular disc, the temporal ellipse, the peripapillary retina, the peripapillary choroid, the macular retina, the macular choroid, the fovea avascular zone, and the area of non-perfusion. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising: comparing said quantitative measurement of blood flow to a reference measurement of blood flow from a normal subject, wherein a decrease in said quantitative measurement of blood flow compared to the reference measurement of blood flow indicative of the presence of an ocular disease. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said ocular disease is glaucoma and wherein the ocular vascular bed is the optic nerve head. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said ocular disease is diabetic retinopathy and wherein the ocular vascular bed is the perifoveal avascular zone. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said ocular disease is age-related macular degeneration and wherein the ocular vascular bed is the choroidal neovascular membrane or the macular choroid. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the ocular vascular bed is the ocular nerve head or the macula. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the ocular vascular bed is selected from the group consisting of the ocular disc, the temporal ellipse, the peripapillary retina, the peripapillary choroid, the macular retina, the macular choroid, the fovea avascular zone, and the area of non-perfusion. 16. A system for quantitatively measuring blood flow in an ocular vascular bed, said system comprising: an optical coherence tomography apparatus; and one or more processors coupled to said apparatus and adapted to cause said apparatus to obtain M-B scans of OCT spectrum from said ocular vascular bed, split the M-B scans of OCT spectrum into M spectral bands, and determine a quantitative measurement of blood flow from the M spectral bands. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors adapted to cause the apparatus to split the M-B scans of OCT spectrum into M spectral bands further comprises being adapted to cause the apparatus to create overlapping filters covering the OCT spectrum and filter said OCT spectrum with the overlapping filters. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors adapted to cause the apparatus to determine a quantitative measurement of blood flow from the M spectral bands further comprises being adapted to cause the apparatus to create decorrelation images for the M spectral bands and combine the decorrelation images for the M spectral bands to determine a quantitative measurement of blood flow. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more processors adapted to cause the apparatus to create decorrelation images for M spectral bands further comprises being adapted to cause the apparatus to determine amplitude information for each spectral band and calculate decorrelation between adjacent amplitude frames for each spectral band. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more processors adapted to cause the apparatus to combine the decorrelation images for the M spectral bands to determine a quantitative measurement of blood flow further comprises being adapted to cause the apparatus to average the decorrelation images for each spectral band to create and average decorrelation image for each spectral band and average the averaged decorrelation images from the M spectral bands.",
-    "This disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatus for counter-current solids leaching. A multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber can include a top and bottom end, a barren liquor input, two or more regions for countercurrent mixing, and a barren solids output. The input can be configured to receive barren liquor. The two or more regions for countercurrent mixing and separation can be configured to mix and separate liquid and solid phases. The barren solids output can be configured to collect and discharge barren solids from the bottom end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. A fluidized bed chamber and clarifier chamber can also be included, where the fluidized bed receives a fluidizable slurry of pregnant solids and the clarifier chamber aids in separating liquids from solids passing from a top of the fluidized bed chamber to the top end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. 1. An apparatus for leaching fine solids, the apparatus comprising: a multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber having: a top end; a bottom end; a barren liquor input configured to receive barren liquor; two or more regions for countercurrent mixing and separation of liquid and solid phases; and a barren solids output configured to collect and discharge barren solids from the bottom end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber; a fluidized bed chamber with a top and bottom end, and joined at its top end with the top end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber, the fluidized bed chamber including a pregnant solids input configured to receive a fluidizable slurry of pregnant solids; and a clarifier chamber with a top and a bottom end, and joined at its bottom to the top end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber and the top end of the fluidized bed chamber. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fluidized bed chamber and the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber are separated by a shared partition wall furnished with an aperture through which solids can move from the fluidized bed chamber and into the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said shared partition wall is furnished with an aperture, near the top of said shared partition wall, said aperture configured to allow transfer of solids at uniform mass flux over the area of the aperture, and from the fluidized bed chamber into the top end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the two or more regions for countercurrent mixing and separation of liquid and solid phases is an arrangement of inclined fixed thickener plates. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said inclined fixed thickener plates are arranged at an angle with a horizontal that is equal to or greater than a submerged angle of repose of the settled solids generated from the pregnant solids fed to the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said inclined fixed thickener plates are affixed in an alternating array on two opposing inside walls of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber, and spaced such that solids falling from at least a first of the thickener plates will intercept an upper surface of a thickener plate located below and opposite the at least a first of the thickener plates. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the solids falling from the at least a first of the thickener plates intercept the upper surface of the thickener plate below the at least a first of the thickener plates at a point on the thickener plate below that is no greater than one-half of a length of the thickener plate below, wherein the length is measured from an attachment point of the thickener plate below. 8. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein given a vertical axis drawn from a bottom end of one of the thickener plates through a point on another thickener plate below and opposing the one of the thickener plates, a distance along this vertical axis between a point where the vertical axis intersects the end of the one of the thickener plates and the point on the another thickener plate is less than 20% of a horizontal distance between the end of the one of the thickener plates and an opposing wall of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the barren solids output is a dewatering screw press. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the dewatering screw press provides barren liquor to the bottom end of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber. 11. A method for leaching fine solids, the method comprising: receiving barren liquor and pregnant solids near a bottom of a fluidized bed to form a mixture; fluidizing the mixture to form a fluidized mixture that moves toward a top of the fluidized bed; the fluidized mixture entering a region near a top of the fluidized bed that is shared with a top of a multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber, the region having a larger cross section than a cross section of either the fluidized bed or the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber alone; receiving a leach or wash solution near a bottom of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber; allowing the pregnant solids to descend within the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber via the force of gravity; separating solids and liquids via multiple mixing and separating stages of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber; collecting and discharging barren solids from a bottom of the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber; and collecting and discharging pregnant liquor from a clarifier arranged atop both the fluidized bed and the multi-stage countercurrent leaching chamber.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a vibration system including a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a magnetic circuit system including a lower plate, a first magnetic part on the lower plate, a second magnetic part on the lower plate, a pole plate attached to the first magnetic part, one of the first and second magnetic part being a permanent magnet for forming a magnetic gap; a capacitor formed by the conductive dome and the pole plate for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a vibration system including a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a magnetic circuit system including a lower plate, a first magnetic part on the lower plate, a second magnetic part on the lower plate, a pole plate attached to the first magnetic part, one of the first and second magnetic part being a permanent magnet for forming a magnetic gap; a capacitor formed by the conductive dome and the pole plate for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the magnetic circuit system further includes a first through hole penetrating the first magnetic part and the lower plate, the pole plate is provided with a lead wire, electrical signals from the pole plate are outputted via the lead wire through the first through hole. 5. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the magnetic circuit system further includes a second through hole penetrating the lower plate, the second through hole is located in the magnetic gap, the pole plate is provided with a lead wire for outputting the electrical signals from the pole plate through the second through hole. 6. The micro speaker as described in claim 1 further comprising a non-conductive layer between the pole plate and the first magnetic part. 7. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the first magnetic part is a permanent magnet, the second magnetic part is sidewalls extending from the lower plate. 8. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the second magnetic part is a permanent magnet, the first magnetic part is a pillar extending from the lower plate and surrounded by the second magnetic part. 9. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein both of the first and second magnetic parts are permanent magnets.",
-    "A wearable computing device includes a bone conduction transducer, an extension arm, a light pass hole, and a flexible touch pad input circuit. When a user wears the device, the transducer contacts the user's head. A display is attached to a free end of an extension arm. The extension arm is pivotable such that a distance between the display and the user's eye is adjustable to provide the display at an optimum position. The light pass hole may include a light emitting diode and a flash. The touch pad input circuit may be adhered to at least one side arm such that parting lines are not provided between edges of the circuit and the side arm. 1. A method for using a head wearable computing device, the head wearable computing device comprising a center frame support; a first side arm extending from a first end of the center frame support, a second side arm extending from a second end of the center frame support, the second side arm having a free end opposite the center frame support, the free end of the second side arm comprising a unitary structure; and a bone conduction transducer disposed along an inner portion of the free end of the second side arm, the bone conduction transducer comprising a contact plate, the method comprising: contacting, with the contact plate, a location on a head of a user when the head wearable computing device is worn on the head of the user; and vibrating, by the head wearable computing device, the contact plate such that a first portion of the contact plate in contact with the location on the head of the user provides bone conduction sound transmission to the user and a second portion of the contact plate not in contact with the location on the head of the user provides air pressure distortion sound transmission to the user. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the bone conduction sound transmission from the first portion of the contact plate is a first part of an audio input to the user and the air pressure distortion sound transmission from the second portion of the contact plate is a second part of the audio input to the user. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vibration of the contact plate causes the skull to vibrate at one or more frequencies. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the location on the head of the user is at least one of a tragus and a mastoid of the head of the user 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the contact plate comprises metal. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the contact plate comprises a non-Newtonian fluid in a pouch. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second side arm is adjustable to change the contact plate's position on the head of the user. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising an extension arm projecting from the second side arm in a direction proximate to the center frame support. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising a display attached to a free end of the extension arm, wherein the display is configured to be provided proximate to the user's line of vision for at least one eye. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the extension arm is substantially L-shaped, and comprises an extension portion extending from the second side arm and an attachment portion extending generally orthogonal to the extension portion in a direction that is substantially parallel to the center frame support, the display being attached to a free end of the attachment portion. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the extension arm comprises rigid material and pliable material such that a distance and tilt of the display relative to the user is adjustable, the extension portion comprising the rigid material proximate to the second side arm and the pliable material proximate to the attachment portion, the attachment portion comprising the rigid material proximate to the free end thereof and the pliable material proximate to the extension portion. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the extension arm comprises a hinge mechanism between the extension portion and the attachment portion such that a distance of the display relative to the user is adjustable. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein a light pass hole is defined in the extension arm. 14. The computing device of claim 13, further comprising a light emitting diode and flash provided in the light pass hole. 15. The computing device of claim 1, wherein a light pass hole is defined in the center frame support. 16. The computing device of claim 15, further comprising a light emitting diode and flash provided in the light pass hole. 17. The computing device of claim 1, further comprising a flexible touch pad input circuit attached to at least one of the side arms. 18. The computing device of claim 17, wherein the flexible touch pad input circuit is attached to the at least one of the side arms using an adhesive. 19. The computing device of claim 17, wherein a parting line is not formed between edges of the flexible touch pad input circuit and a surface of the at least one of the side arms. 20. The computing device of claim 17, wherein the flexible touch pad input circuit is raised above a surface of the at least one of the side arms.",
-    "While taking notice how a dancer's pointe shoe keeps them from dancing on hardwood, as it is dangerous, I decided to create a rubber cap for the shoe. It is removable in order to keep the dancer from having to spend the money on a new pair of shoes and instead being able to put the cap over their current pair of shoes. The process of making this involves many molds and the final product is a silicone rubber cap the fits each unique shoe. The problem I am trying to solve in this process is the finding of an easier way to gain safety while dancing on pointe on hard wood flooring. Many dancers travel to more places rather than just a stage, but also places like hotels, which don't have the correct flooring and instead have hardwood. It is not safe for dancers to dance on pointe on hardwood flooring. Dancers dance on Marley flooring because it creates enough friction so that it is not dangerous to dance on pointe. A dancer has two types of shoes: pointe shoes and flat shoes. It is safe to dance in flat shoes on hardwood. A ballet dancer's two options when having to dance on hardwood is to dance in flat shoes, or rubberize their pointe shoes so that it is safe to dance in them. When a dancer rubberizes their pointe shoes they cannot take off the rubber when they are done dancing. This means they must buy a new pair of pointe shoes. This costs a lot of money. This problem can be solved if the rubber was removable. In order to do this project I used many molds and the final product was made out of silicone rubber. First I made a mold of the outside of the shoe with silicone putty. Then I made a plaster mold of the shoe by pouring the plaster inside of the silicone putty mold. This caught all the tiny details the shoes had. Then I poured silicone rubber over the plaster mold. When this dried I could cut it into the shape I wanted to get the final product. This would make the rubberizing pointe shoes process easier because they can be removed or placed back on when needed. It takes away the struggle of having to buy a new pair of pointe shoes and then having two pairs. It still reaches the goals of its job, which is to keep the shoe from being slippery on hardwood. Overall this product is a lot more convenient. In the end this project was successful in being removable and keeping dancers from falling when they dance on pointe on hard wood flooring. 1. Pointe shoes with removable rubberized caps; Removable rubberized caps that are unique to an individual dancer's pointe shoes; A tight fit unique to the dancer; Removable rubberized caps created in this way; A procedure using the following steps: Silicone putty formation on the outside, a plaster mold replica from the silicone putty formation, silicone rubber on the plaster to make a removable rubberized pointe shoe cap.",
-    "Lanthanide fluorinated alkoxide derivatives can be synthesized from the alcoholysis reaction of the lanthanide bis-trimethylsilyl amide and an excess amount of hexafluoro iso-propanol. Nanoparticles can be formed from the lanthanide fluorinated alkoxide derivatives by a solvothermal or solution precipitation process. 1. A method to synthesize a lanthanide hexafluoro iso-propoxide derivative, comprising reacting hexafluoro iso-propanol with [Ln(NR2)3], where R\u2550Si(CH3)3 and Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y, or Sc, in an organic solvent to form the lanthanide hexafluoro iso-propoxide derivative. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises a non-polar solvent. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises toluene. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises hexane. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding the lanthanide hexafluoro iso-propoxide derivative to a solvent and solvothermal processing the solution at a sufficiently high temperature and pressure to produce lanthanide fluoride nanoparticles. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the solvent comprises a high boiling point amine. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the solvent comprises trioctylamine. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the solvent comprises pyridine. 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the temperature is greater than 150\u00b0 C. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding the lanthanide hexafluoro iso-propoxide derivative to a solvent and heating the solution at a sufficiently high temperature to precipitate lanthanide fluoride nanoparticles. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the solvent comprises oleylamine or hexadecylamine. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the temperature is greater than 280\u00b0 C.",
-    "The present invention provides, among other things, improved anti-CCL2 antibodies characterized with high affinity, potency, tissue selectivity and/or epitope specificity, and uses thereof, in particular, for treatment of scleroderma and related fibrotic and/or inflammatory diseases, disorders and conditions. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for treatment of scleroderma and related fibrotic and/or inflammatory diseases, disorders and conditions based on an anti-CCL2 antibody having an affinity of 10\u221212M or greater. 1. A method of treating scleroderma comprising administering to an individual who is suffering from or susceptible to scleroderma an effective amount of anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, such that at least one symptom or feature of scleroderma in a target tissue is reduced in intensity, severity, or frequency, or has delayed onset. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one symptom or feature of scleroderma is selected from endothelial-cell damage, proliferation of basal-lamina layers, perivascular mononuclear-cell infiltration, fibrosis, derangement of visceral-organ architecture, rarefaction of blood vessels, hypoxia, and combination thereof. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the target tissue is selected from the group consisting of skin, blood vessels, lung, heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract (including liver), musculoskeletal system and combinations thereof. 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is suffering from or susceptible to limited cutaneous scleroderma. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is suffering from or susceptible to diffuse cutaneous scleroderma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is administered parenterally. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the parenteral administration is selected from intravenous, intradermal, inhalation, transdermal (topical), subcutaneous, and/or transmucosal administration. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the parenteral administration is intravenous administration. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is administered orally. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is administered bimonthly, monthly, triweekly, biweekly, weekly, daily, or at variable intervals. 13. A method of treating scleroderma comprising administering to an individual who is suffering from or susceptible to scleroderma an anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, having a binding affinity of greater than 10\u221212 M. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is administered at a therapeutically effective dose and an administration interval such that the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is distributed to one or more target tissues selected from the group consisting of skin, blood vessels, lung, heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract (including liver), musculoskeletal system and combinations thereof. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is administered at a therapeutically effective dose and an administration interval such that the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is distributed to lung and/or heart. 16. (canceled) 17. A method of treating scleroderma comprising administering to an individual who is suffering from or susceptible to scleroderma an anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, at a therapeutically effective dose and an administration interval such that the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is distributed to lung and/or heart. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is further distributed to skin, kidney, and/or liver. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is selected from the group consisting of intact IgG, F(ab\u2032)2, F(ab)2, Fab\u2032, Fab, scFvs, diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is a monoclonal antibody. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is a humanized monoclonal antibody. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is a human antibody. 23. An anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, having a binding affinity of greater than 10\u221212 M. 24. The anti-CCL2 antibody of claim 23, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, has a binding affinity of greater than 10\u221213 M. 25. The anti-CCL2 antibody of claim 23, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is selected from the group consisting of intact IgG, F(ab\u2032)2, F(ab)2, Fab\u2032, Fab, scFvs, diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies. 26. The anti-CCL2 antibody claim 23, wherein the anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, is a monoclonal antibody. 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. A kit comprising an anti-CCL2 antibody, or fragment thereof, according to claim 23.",
-    "The ablation systems, ablation probes, and corresponding methods according to the present disclosure reduce or eliminate energy radiating from an ablation probe into the environment. Some ablation probes include a retractable sheath that shields at least the radiating portion of the ablation probe. The retractable sheath and/or the ablation probe may include conduits through which a fluid may flow to shield the radiating portion and to drive the retractable sheath to an extended state. Other ablation probes include apertures defined in the probe walls through which the fluid can flow to expand a balloon surrounding the radiating portion. Yet other ablation probes include a thermal indicator to indicate the temperature of the ablation probe to a user. The ablation systems include fluid circuits and associated mechanical controls for varying the contents and/or flow rate of the fluid provided to the radiating portion of the ablation probe. 1. An ablation system, comprising: a probe having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion having a radiating portion configured to deliver energy to tissue; and a fluid circuit module including a first fluid supply conduit that supplies a first fluid to the radiating portion to tissue radiating portion when the radiating portion is inserted in tissue; and a second fluid supply conduit that supplies a second fluid to the radiating portion when the radiating portion is removed from tissue to shield the radiating portion from a surrounding environment. 2. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the fluid circuit module further includes a fluid return conduit configured to carry the first fluid, a mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid, or the second fluid away from the radiating portion. 3. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the first fluid supply conduit includes a first recessed portion and the second fluid supply conduit includes a second recessed portion and the ablation system further includes: a fluid pump configured to fit within the second recessed portion and to move from a first position within the second recessed portion to a second position outside of the second recessed portion, the fluid pump configured to pump the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit when the fluid pump is positioned outside of the second recessed portion; an impeller operatively coupled to the fluid pump and configured to drive the fluid pump, the impeller configured to fit within the first recessed portion and to move from a first position within the first recessed portion to a second position outside of the first recessed portion, the impeller configured to be driven by the first fluid flowing through the first fluid supply conduit when the impeller is positioned outside of the first recessed portion; and a manual control operatively coupled to the impeller and the fluid pump, the manual control configured to move the impeller and the fluid pump between respective first positions and respective second positions. 4. The ablation system according to claim 3, wherein the fluid circuit module further includes: a fluid return conduit; a bypass fluid conduit fluidly coupled between the first fluid supply conduit and the fluid return conduit; a fluid pump disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, the fluid pump configured to pump the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit; an impeller operatively coupled to the fluid pump and configured to drive the fluid pump, the impeller disposed within the bypass fluid conduit, the impeller configured to be driven by the first fluid flowing through the bypass fluid conduit; and a bypass valve assembly fluidly coupled to the first fluid supply conduit and the bypass fluid conduit, the bypass valve assembly configured to divert the first fluid flowing in the first fluid supply conduit to the bypass fluid conduit when actuated. 5. The ablation system according to claim 4, wherein the second fluid is a liquid solution containing particles that absorb electromagnetic energy. 6. The ablation system according to claim 4, wherein the second fluid is selected from the group consisting of air and a gas containing nitrogen. 7. The ablation system according to claim 4, further comprising a check valve disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, the check valve configured to prevent the first fluid from flowing into the second fluid supply conduit. 8. The ablation system according to claim 4, further comprising a check valve disposed within the fluid return conduit, the check valve configured to prevent fluid from flowing distally. 9. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the probe includes: a hollow elongated shaft having a plurality of apertures formed in a distal portion thereof; a balloon attached to an outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft to enclose the plurality of apertures, the balloon configured to expand when the first fluid, the second fluid, or a mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid flows through the plurality of apertures to form a fluid chamber between the balloon and the outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft; a tip enclosing a distal end of the hollow elongated shaft; and an electrical conductor disposed within the hollow elongated shaft, the conductor including a radiating portion at the distal end of the electrical conductor, the radiating portion aligned with the balloon, an outer surface of the electrical conductor and an inner surface of the hollow elongated shaft forming a fluid conduit in fluid communication with the plurality of apertures. 10. The ablation system according to claim 9, wherein the probe further includes a retractable sheath surrounding at least the radiating portion, the retractable sheath configured to prevent at least a portion of the energy from radiating outside of the retractable sheath and configured to retract as the hollow elongated shaft is inserted into tissue. 11-16. (canceled) 17. An ablation probe comprising: a hollow elongated shaft; a balloon attached to an outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft and configured to expand to form a fluid chamber between the balloon and the outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft; and an electrical conductor disposed within the hollow elongated shaft, the conductor including a radiating portion at a distal end of the electrical conductor in alignment with the balloon. 18. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the first fluid facilitates transmission of energy from the radiating portion. 19. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the second fluid prevents transmission of energy from the radiating portion. 20. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the second fluid is a liquid solution containing particles that absorb electromagnetic energy. 21. The ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the second fluid is selected from the group consisting of air and gas containing nitrogen. 22. The ablation system according to claim 1, further comprising a retractable sheath surrounding at least the radiating portion of the probe, wherein the retractable sheath prevents at least a portion of the energy from radiating outside of the retractable sheath. 23. The ablation system according to claim 22, wherein a space between the probe and the retractable sheath forms a conduit that supplies a fluid. 24. The ablation system according to claim 22, wherein the retractable sheath is a compressible plastic cylinder and at least a portion of the compressible plastic cylinder is coated with an electrically conductive material.",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for supporting efficient and secure \u201cMachine-to-Machine\u201d (M2M) communications using a module, a server, and an application. A module can communicate with the server by accessing the Internet, and the module can include a sensor and/or an actuator. The module, server, and application can utilize public key infrastructure (PKI) such as public keys and private keys. The module can internally derive pairs of private/public keys using cryptographic algorithms and a first set of parameters. A server can authenticate the submission of derived public keys and an associated module identity. The server can use a first server private key and a second set of parameters to (i) send module data to the application and (ii) receive module instructions from the application. The server can use a second server private key and the first set of parameters to communicate with the module. 1. A method for supporting machine-to-machine communications, the method performed by a server, the method comprising: establishing a secured connection with an application server, wherein the secured connection uses a first server public key and a first server private key, wherein the server receives a module instruction with the module identity from the application server; authenticating a first message, wherein the first message includes, (i) a module identity, (ii) a module digital signature, (iii) a module public key identity, and (iv) a first source Internet protocol address and port (IP:port) number, wherein the server verifies the module digital signature using a module public key for the module identity; sending a first response with a second server public key to the first source IP:port number, wherein the second server public key is associated with a second server private key, wherein the module public key and the second server private key are processed using an elliptic curve cryptography algorithm; deriving a shared secret key using the module public key and the second server private key; receiving a second message, wherein the second message includes a module encrypted data, the module identity, and a second source IP:port number, wherein the first source IP:port number and the second source IP:port number differ from one another, and wherein the module encrypted data is decrypted using the derived shared secret key; and, sending a second response to the second source IP:port number after receiving the second message, wherein the server receives the module instruction from the application server after receiving the first message and before receiving the second message second message, wherein the response includes a server encrypted data, wherein the server encrypted data is encrypted using the derived shared secret key, and wherein the server encrypted data includes the module instruction. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a module using the module identity sends the first, and second messages, wherein the module includes a set of cryptographic algorithms and a key derivation function to derive the shared secret key using (i) a module private key for the module public key and (ii) the second server public key. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the module identity and the module public key identity to select from a module database (i) the module public key and (ii) a set of cryptographic parameters for the module public key, wherein the set of cryptographic parameters includes a digital signature algorithm in order to verify the module digital signature. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising deriving the shared secret key using a key derivation function and the selected set of cryptographic parameters, wherein the set of cryptographic parameters includes at least one of (x) an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) named curve, or (y) an ECC defining equation. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the server includes a set of cryptographic algorithms, wherein the set of cryptographic algorithms includes a key pair generation algorithm, and wherein the server uses (i) the key pair generation algorithm and (ii) a set of cryptographic parameters for the module public key in order to derive the second server public key and the second server private key. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the module identity in the first message comprises a first string, wherein the module identity in the second message comprises a second string, and wherein the first string and the second string are associated with a serial number of a module. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed by a system including the server, wherein the system further comprises: a nonvolatile memory for recording the first server private key and the second server private key; a processor for verifying the module digital signature, for deriving the shared secret key, and for decrypting the module encrypted data; and, a physical interface for establishing the secured connection with the application server, for using a destination IP:port number to receive the first message and the second message, and for using the destination IP:port number of the physical interface to send the first response and the second response. 8. A method for supporting machine-to-machine communications, the method performed by a server, the method comprising: authenticating a first message, wherein the first message includes a module public key and a module identity, wherein the server sends a first server public key after receiving the first message, and wherein the server uses the module public key and a first server private key to derive a first shared secret key; receiving a second message, wherein the second message includes (i) the module identity, (ii) a first module encrypted data, and (iii) a first source Internet Protocol address and port (IP:port) number, wherein the first module encrypted data includes a first server instruction, and wherein the server decrypts the first module encrypted data using the first shared secret key; using a secure connection and a second server private key to send the first server instruction and the module identity to an application server; sending a response, wherein the response includes a key generation command and a set of parameters for a key derivation function, wherein the key derivation function derives a second shared secret key, and wherein the first shared secret key and the second shared secret key differ from one another; receiving a third message, wherein the third message includes (i) the module identity, (ii) a security token, (iii) a second module encrypted data, and (iv) a second source IP:port number, wherein the first source IP:port number and the second source IP:port number differ from one another, and wherein the server decrypts the second module encrypted data using the derived second shared secret key, and wherein the second module encrypted data includes a second server instruction; and, using the secure connection and the second server private key to send the second server instruction to the application server. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein authenticating the first message further comprises verifying a digital signature from a certificate authority for the module public key, and wherein the module public key comprises a uniform resource locator (URL) for a certificate with the module public key. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein a module using the module identity sends the first, second, third, and fourth messages, wherein the server and the module include the key derivation function, and wherein the set of parameters for the key derivation function includes a random number. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising receiving a subset of cryptographic parameters in the third message, wherein the subset of cryptographic parameters comprises a subset of the set of parameters, and wherein the subset of cryptographic parameters includes at least one of (i) an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) named curve, (ii) an ECC defining equation, or (iii) a random number. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising processing (i) the first server private key using an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm, and (ii) the second server private key using an RSA algorithm. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the method is performed by a system including the server, wherein the system further comprises: a nonvolatile memory for recording the first server private key and the second server private key; a module database for recording the set of parameters for the module identity, wherein the server queries the module database using the module identity before sending the second server public key; a processor for deriving the first shared secret key and the second shared secret key, and for decrypting the module encrypted data; and, a physical interface for establishing the secured connection with the application server, for connecting to the module database, and for sending the response. 14. A system for supporting machine-to-machine communications, the system comprising: a memory for recording a set of cryptographic algorithms, wherein the set of cryptographic algorithms (i) use a first server private key associated with a first set of parameters, (ii) use a second server private key associated with a second set of parameters, and (iii) authenticate a first message, wherein the first message includes a module public key and a module identity; a hardware processor for: receiving at a destination Internet Protocol address and port (IP:port) number a security token in a second message, sending (i) a server digital signature for the security token using the first server private key and (ii) a server public key, wherein the server public key is associated with a third server private key, receiving a module encrypted data and the module identity, wherein the module encrypted data includes a server instruction, deriving a symmetric ciphering key using at least the third server private key and the authenticated module public key, using the derived symmetric ciphering key to decrypt the module encrypted data, ciphering a module instruction within a server encrypted data, wherein the module instruction is ciphered using the derived symmetric ciphering key, and after (a) receiving a third message which includes (i) the module identity, (ii) a source IP:port number, and (iii) the destination IP:port number, then (b) sending the ciphered module instruction to the source IP:port number from the destination IP:port number; and, a physical interface for establishing a secure connection with an application using the second server private key and the second set of parameters, for sending the server instruction and the module identity to the application via the secure connection, and for receiving the module instruction from the application. 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising a module with the module identity for sending the first message, the second message, and the third message, wherein the module derives the symmetric ciphering key using at least (i) a key derivation function, (ii) a module private key, (iii) the third server public key, and (iv) the first set of parameters, wherein the hardware processor uses the destination IP:port number to receive the first, second, and third messages, and wherein the source IP:port number comprises a destination address for the ciphered module instruction. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the hardware processor sends to the module (i) the first set of parameters and (ii) the server public key, before the module sends the second message. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the secure connection with the application comprises at least one of (i) a transport layer security (TLS) connection, (ii) an IPSec connection, or (iii) a virtual private network (VPN) between a server and an application server, wherein the server includes the hardware processor, the memory, and the physical interface, and wherein the physical interface comprises a local area network (LAN) interface. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the first set of parameters is associated with an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm, and wherein the second set of parameters is associated with an RSA algorithm, and wherein the first set of parameters includes at least one of (i) an elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) named curve, or (ii) an ECC defining equation. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the cryptographic algorithms use at least one of (i) a message digest, (ii) a shared secret key, or (iii) a module digital signature in order to authenticate the first message. 20. The system of claim 14, further comprising a module database for recording the first set of parameters for the module identity, wherein the hardware processor queries the module database to select the first set of parameters before sending the server public key, and wherein the hardware processor uses the selected set of parameters for the module identity to derive the third server private key and the server public key.",
-    "A fence post removal device is provided which provides a simple mechanical device to allow a person to remove a fence post from an installed position within the ground. The device allows the person to sit atop a machine like a tractor or front loader, position the device over an exposed end of the fence post, and lower the device such that an internal guide causes the device to self-align with the top of a fence post which passes through the device a specific distance before coming into contact with a bumper which prevents the device from dropping too close to the ground. 1. A fence post removal device, comprising: a housing including a first end with a first opening, a second end with a second opening, and central passageway connecting the first opening to the second opening, the central passageway defining a longitudinal axis and the housing being configured to receive a fence post and allow the fence post to emerge at least partially from the second opening; an attachment element attached to the housing and configured to be attached to an external force providing device to transfer a force from the external force providing device through the housing and to the fence post; and a fence post engagement mechanism rotationally attached to the fence post removal de ice and configured to engage with the fence post, the engagement mechanism being unbiased and rotationally limited to prevent movement beyond a predetermined angle relative to the longitudinal axis; wherein the fence post engagement mechanism is configured to (a) move upwardly as the fence post moves upwardly through the central passageway and (b) move into a locking arrangement with the fence post after a protrusion on the fence post passes the fence post engagement mechanism. 2. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, further comprising a guide attached to and projecting from the first end of the housing and configured to direct the fence post into the first end of the housing. 3. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, further comprising an internal guide configured to align the fence post within the central passageway. 4. The fence post removal device according to claim 3, wherein the internal guide comprises a substantially conical shaped structure within the housing. 5. The fence post removal device according to claim 3, wherein the internal guide comprises a pair of opposing plates angled upwardly from the second end of the housing towards the central passageway. 6. The fence post removal device according to claim 3, wherein the central passageway is shaped complementary to the fence post. 7. The fence post removal de ice according to claim 1, further comprising a release mechanism configured to disengage the fence post from the fence post engagement tool. 8. The fence post removal device according to claim 7, wherein the fence post release mechanism is configured to be operated remotely. 9. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, wherein the fence post engagement mechanism is arranged on a lid attached to the housing. 10. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, wherein the fence post engagement mechanism comprises a flap or plate. 11. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, further comprising a stop configured to prevent the fence post engagement mechanism from rotating beyond a predetermined angle. 12. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, further comprising a stop configured to prevent the fence post from passing completely through the fence post removal device. 13. The fence post removal device according to claim 12, wherein the stop comprises a bumper arranged such that a first end of the fence post passing through the second opening will abut the bumper before the fence post passes entirely through the housing. 14. The fence post removal device according to claim 7, wherein the bumper is at a predetermined distance from the engagement mechanism, the predetermined distance being a distance the fence post must project from the housing such that the fence post engagement tool is between two consecutive projections projecting from the fence post. 15. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, wherein the fence post removal device is configured to remove a fence post which has a T-post configuration. 16. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, wherein the attachment element is configured to connect with a cable, chain, or rope. 17. A fence post removal system, comprising: the fence post removal device according to claim 1; a mechanized device; and a connecting element arranged between the fence post removal device and the mechanized device; wherein the mechanized device provides pulling force to the fence post removal device via the connecting element. 18. The fence post removal system according to claim 17, wherein the fence post removal device is configured to self-align with the fence post being removed when the fence post removal device is lowered onto the fence post from above. 19. The fence post removal device according to claim 1, wherein the fence post engagement mechanism is attached to the fence post removal device by a hinge. 20. The fence post removal device according claim 1, wherein the bumper is arranged continuously with a handle projecting from the housing.",
-    "Methods and systems for reducing dark current in a photodiode include heating a photodiode above room temperature. A reverse bias voltage is applied to the heated photodiode to reduce a dark current generated by the photodiode. 1. A method for reducing dark current in a photodiode, comprising: heating a photodiode above room temperature; and applying a reverse bias voltage to the heated photodiode for a duration less than a duration of heating the photodiode to reduce a dark current generated by the photodiode. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the dark current generated by the photodiode. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising increasing the reverse bias voltage until the measured dark current stabilizes to maximize a stable dark current reduction after the photodiode returns to room temperature. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reverse bias voltage is held at a constant voltage. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the photodiode comprises heating the photodiode to about 175\u00b0 C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reverse bias voltage is about \u22122.4V. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the photodiode is formed from germanium above a silicon substrate. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the photodiode comprises one of increasing an ambient temperature and applying an on-chip heater. 9. A computer readable storage medium comprising a computer readable program for reducing dark current in a photodiode, wherein the computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform the steps of claim 1. 10. A method for reducing dark current in a photodiode, comprising: heating a germanium photodiode, formed on a silicon substrate, above room temperature; applying a reverse bias voltage to the heated photodiode to reduce a dark current generated by the photodiode; measuring the dark current generated by the photodiode; and increasing the reverse bias voltage until the measured dark current stabilizes to maximize a dark current reduction after the photodiode returns to room temperature. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein heating the photodiode comprises heating the photodiode to about 175\u00b0 C. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein heating the photodiode comprises one of increasing an ambient temperature and applying an on-chip heater. 13-20. (canceled) 21. A method for reducing dark current in a photodiode, comprising: heating a germanium photodiode, formed on a silicon substrate, above room temperature; and applying a constant reverse bias voltage to the heated photodiode to reduce a dark current generated by the photodiode. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising measuring the dark current generated by the photodiode. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein heating the photodiode comprises heating the photodiode to about 175\u00b0 C. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the reverse bias voltage is about \u22122.4V. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein heating the photodiode comprises one of increasing an ambient temperature and applying an on-chip heater. 26. (canceled) 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the reverse bias voltage is applied for about ten hours and the duration of heating is between about fifty and about sixty hours. 28. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the reverse bias voltage comprises increasing reverse bias voltage values until reductions in dark current measurements halt.",
-    "Filter and replaceable filter leaf apparatus are provided. The filter includes a housing defining a cavity having fluid inlet and outlet ports and a lid member with a manifold coupled to the outlet port and being adapted to conduct a fluid flow between the outlet port and a plurality of attachment areas. Replaceable filter leafs are selectively movable through an opening into the housing cavity and attachable with the manifold at the plurality of attachment areas. The replaceable filter leafs include a filter envelope consisting of a filter panel, a nozzle member on the filter panel and defining a passageway adjacent an opening in the filter envelope for conducting fluids therethrough. The nozzle member is selectively attachable onto the manifold of the polishing filter apparatus at any one of the plurality of attachment areas. 1. A replaceable filter leaf apparatus for use in an associated filter system including a housing having a cavity with fluid inlet and outlet ports for conducting a flow of fluids into and out from the housing and having a manifold coupled to the outlet port, the filter leaf apparatus comprising: a filter envelope consisting of a porous filter media, the filter media defining a first opening; a nozzle adapter member attached with said filter media and defining an elongate first passageway adjacent said first opening for conducting a first flow of fluids in a first direction therethrough, the nozzle adapter member adapting the filter leaf apparatus for selective connection with the manifold of the associated filter system and being formed of a substantially rigid material and including a connection portion adapted for slidable connection with the manifold of the associated filter system along a virtual attachment axis in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, the elongate first passageway being elongated in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction of the fluids conducted therethrough, the nozzle adapter member defining at least one second passageway in fluid communication with the elongate first passageway, the at least one second passageway conducting the first flow of fluids in the manifold in a third direction perpendicular to the first and second directions; and, a grid member contained within said filter envelope. 2. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first opening in the filter media is formed at a crease line. 3. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the crease line bisects edges of said filter media. 4. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the nozzle member extends through the first opening defined by said filter media. 5. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the grid member is adapted to provide i) a mechanical spacing between opposed portions of the filter media, and ii) a fluid channel for conducting fluid between said opposed portions of the filter media. 6. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a support member extending from the filter media at a position spaced from the nozzle member for supporting the filter envelope relative to an associated structure. 7. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the connection portion is adapted for the slidable connection with the manifold of the associated leaf filter along the virtual attachment axis to enable the filter leaf apparatus to be easily slid onto and off from the manifold of the associated filter system by movement of the filter leaf apparatus relative to the filter system along the virtual attachment axis in the second direction. 8. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the manifold of the associated filter system defines a C-shaped pocket region configured to slidably receive the nozzle member in the C-shaped pocket region. 9. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the nozzle member defines a latch configured to selectively couple the filter leaf with the manifold of the associated filter system. 10. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the filter media is formed of a one of a polyester and a polypropylene material having a porosity of about 1-1000 microns (5-100 microns typically); and, the grid member is formed of a plastic material having a porosity of about \u215b-\u215c inch. 11. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one second passageway defined by the nozzle adapter member comprises a plurality of second passageways defined by the nozzle adapter member, the plurality of second passageways dividing the first flow of fluids into a corresponding plurality of second flows in the manifold, each of the plurality of second flows being conducted in directions perpendicular to the first direction. 12. The replaceable filter leaf apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of second passageways comprise two oppositely directed passageways defined by the nozzle adapter member, the two oppositely directed passageways dividing the first flow of fluids into two corresponding flows in the manifold, each of the two corresponding flows being conducted in directions perpendicular to the first direction.",
-    "A lightweight, low volume, inexpensive LADAR sensor incorporating 3-D focal plane arrays is adapted specifically for modular manufacture and rapid field configurability and provisioning. The present invention generates, at high speed, 3-D image maps and object data at short to medium ranges. The techniques and structures described may be used to extend the range of long range systems as well, though the focus is on compact, short to medium range ladar sensors suitable for use in multi-sensor television production systems and 3-D graphics capture and moviemaking. 3-D focal plane arrays are used in a variety of physical configurations to provide useful new capabilities. 1. A wheeled vehicle having an electronic enclosure attached thereto, and a ladar sensor module with a field of view and having a first electrical connector and contained within a housing, and said housing having a retention feature, and the electronic enclosure further having a mechanical mount adapted to receive the retention feature of said housing, and the electronic enclosure also having a second electrical connector adapted to mate with said first electrical connector, and said ladar sensor module further comprising: a laser transmitter with modulated laser light output and a diffusing optic for illuminating a scene in the field of view of the ladar sensor module; a zero range reference circuit having a zero range reference output adapted to signal the initiation of the modulated laser light output; a clock driver circuit having a clock output, and having a temperature stabilized frequency reference; a two dimensional array of light sensitive detectors positioned at a focal plane of a light collecting and focusing system, each of said light sensitive detectors having an output producing an electrical response signal from a reflected portion of said modulated laser light output; a readout integrated circuit with a plurality of unit cell electrical each of said unit cell electrical circuits having an input connected to one of said light sensitive detector outputs, an electrical response signal demodulator, a range measuring circuit connected to an output of said electrical response signal demodulator, and said range measuring circuit further connected to the zero range reference output, and the range measuring circuit connected to the clock output and having a range output; a detector bias circuit connected to at least one voltage distribution grid of said array of light sensitive detectors; a communications port having an input connected to the range output of each unit cell and adapted to transmit the range output of each unit cell through said first electrical connector and said second connector to the wheeled vehicle. 2. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein said first connector has at least one mating electrical contact adapted to connect to a mating electrical connector of a wheeled vehicle. 3. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein said laser transmitter comprises an optically pumped solid state laser formed in a gain medium selected from the set of yttrium aluminum garnet, erbium doped glass, neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet, and erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet. 4. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein said laser transmitter comprises a vertical cavity surface emitting laser formed in a semiconducting gain medium with at least one element selected from the set of indium, gallium, arsenic, phosphorus. 5. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein said modulated laser light output is modulated with a waveform selected from the set of a single Gaussian pulse profile, multiple Gaussian profile pulses, a single flat-topped pulse profile, multiple flat-topped pulses, a pulsed sinewave, and a chirped sinewave pulse. 6. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein said two dimensional array of light sensitive detectors is mounted directly to said readout integrated circuit. 7. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein said two dimensional array of light sensitive detectors is formed of a semiconductor having at least one element selected from the set of silicon, indium, gallium, arsenic, phosphorus, aluminum, boron, antimony, magnesium, germanium, and nitrogen. 8. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein the retention feature is selected from the set of a leaf spring, a snap, a rivet, a \u00bc turn fastener, and a screw. 9. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein the housing has at one conductive surface. 10. The ladar sensor module of claim 1 wherein the electrical response signal demodulator comprises: an input amplifier with an output connected to a trigger circuit; a plurality of analog sampling gates, each sampling gate connected to an analog memory cell, a sample clock controlling the timing of each of said sampling gates, a selector for selecting each of said sampling gates in sequence, a counter for counting the number of samples, an output amplifier with an input connected to each of said analog memory cells, an output control for selecting a sequence of analog memory cells, and wherein an input of an analog to digital converter is connected to said output amplifier, an output of said analog to digital converter producing a sequence of digitized analog samples of said electrical response signal, and the output of the analog to digital converter connected to the input of a digital processor, and the digital processor is programmed to demodulate said electrical response signal by operating on the sequence of digitized analog samples using a digital processing algorithm. 11. A three dimensional imaging system adapted for use with a wheeled vehicle comprising: an electronic enclosure attached to the vehicle and having a front panel, the front panel with a front panel opening therein; a ladar sensor module mounted to the front panel and operating through the front panel opening and having a field of view, the ladar sensor module having; a retention feature adapted to engage with a mating feature on the front panel; a first electrical connector adapted to mate with a second electrical connector mounted within the electronic enclosure , said first electrical connector having at least one mating pair of electrical contacts, a laser transmitter with a modulated laser light output and a diffusing optic for illuminating a scene in the field of view of the ladar sensor module; a zero range reference circuit having a zero range reference output adapted to signal the initiation of the modulated laser light output; a clock driver circuit having a clock output, and having a temperature stabilized frequency reference; a two dimensional array of light sensitive detectors positioned at a focal plane of a light collecting and focusing system, each of said light sensitive detectors with an output producing an electrical response signal from a reflected portion of said modulated laser light output; a readout integrated circuit with a plurality of unit cell electrical circuits, each of said unit cell electrical circuits having; an input connected to one of said light sensitive detector outputs, an electrical response signal demodulator, a range measuring circuit connected to an output of said electrical response signal demodulator, and said range measuring circuit further connected to the zero range reference output, and the range measuring circuit connected to the clock output and having a range output; a detector bias circuit connected to at least one voltage distribution grid of said array of light sensitive detectors. 12. The three dimensional imaging system of claim 11 wherein the laser transmitter comprises an optically pumped solid state laser farmed in a gain medium selected from the set of yttrium aluminum garnet, erbium doped glass, neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet, and erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet. 13. The three dimensional imaging system of claim 11 wherein the laser transmitter comprises a vertical cavity surface emitting laser formed in a semiconducting gain medium with at least one element selected from the set of indium, gallium, arsenic, phosphorus. 14. The three dimensional imaging system of claim 11 wherein the modulated laser light output is modulated with a waveform selected from the set of a single Gaussian pulse profile, multiple Gaussian profile pulses, a single flat-topped pulse profile, multiple flat-topped pulses, a pulsed sinewave, and a chirped sinewave pulse. 15. The three dimensional imaging system of claim 11 wherein the two dimensional array of light sensitive detectors is mounted directly to said readout integrated circuit. 16. The three dimensional imaging system of claim 11 wherein an outer surface of the ladar sensor module is a conductive surface. 17. The three dimensional imaging system of claim 11 wherein the front panel opening has a plurality of conductive spring fingers connecting between a surface of the front panel opening and a conductive surface of the ladar sensor module. 18. A motor vehicle connected through a cable to a ladar sensor module, and the ladar sensor module having a field of view, and the ladar sensor module further comprising; a laser transmitter with modulated laser light output and a diffusing optic fix illuminating a scene in the field of view of the ladar sensor module; a zero range reference circuit having a zero range reference output adapted to signal the initiation of the modulated laser light output; a clock driver circuit having a clock output, and having a temperature stabilized frequency reference; a two dimensional array of light sensitive detectors positioned at a focal plane of a light collecting and focusing system, each of said light sensitive detectors having an output producing an electrical response signal from a reflected portion of said modulated laser light output; a readout integrated circuit with a plurality of unit cell electrical circuits, each of said unit cell electrical circuits having an input connected to one of said light sensitive detector outputs, an electrical response signal demodulator, a range measuring circuit connected to an output of said electrical response signal demodulator, and said range measuring circuit further connected to the zero range reference output, and the range measuring circuit connected to the clock output and having a range output; a detector bias circuit connected to at least one voltage distribution grid of said array of light sensitive detectors; a communications port having an input connected to the range output of each unit cell and adapted to transmit the range output of each unit cell through said cable to said motor vehicle. 19. The motor vehicle of claim 18 wherein the motor vehicle is a van. 20. The motor vehicle of claim 18 wherein the motor vehicle connects through a plurality of cables to a plurality of ladar sensor modules.",
-    "The present disclosure is directed to method of treating a herpes virus. In one embodiment, the method includes adding an effective amounts of stannous fluoride (SnF2) and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog to a dosage form. The dosage form may be a scrim, a liquid (e.g., a nasal mist, an aerosol spray, a liquid eye drop, a liquid bandage, and the like), a mucoadhesive or a lip balm. 1. A method of treating a herpes virus infecting a human, comprising: adding an effective amount of SnF2 to a liquid or a semisolid, adding an effective amount of an antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog to the liquid or a semisolid; applying the liquid containing the effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog to an area of a human body infected with the herpes virus. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of SnF2 having a range of above 0.5% and below approximately 40%. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: adding an antimicrobial agent to the liquid in combination with the effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the antimicrobial comprises at least one of glycerol monolaurate (GML) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2). 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises silver or tin. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the applying comprises application of the effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog via at least one of: a nasal mist, a metered dose inhaler, a squeeze inhaler or a vaporizer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid containing the effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog are applied via a liquid eye drop. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid containing the effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog is applied via a liquid bandage. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid or semisolid is applied using a scrim configured to hold fast to said human body to deliver said effective amount of SnF2 to said infected area, said scrim comprising a plurality of openings, wherein a size of each one of the plurality of openings is selected as a function of a surface tension and a viscosity of stannous fluoride (SnF2) that is applied. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid or semisolid is included within a mucoadhesive configured to hold fast to said human body to deliver said effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog to said infected area. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid or semisolid is applied using a lip balm applicator including a roller ball. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid or semisolid is applied using a sunscreen. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein said liquid or semisolid is included within a mucoadhesive configured to hold fast to said human body to deliver said effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog to said infected area. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising: adding an antimicrobial agent to the liquid in combination with the effective amounts of SnF2 and antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the antimicrobial comprises at least one of glycerol monolaurate (GML) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2). 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the antimicrobial agent comprises silver or tin. 17. The method of claim 25, wherein the effective amount of SnF2 having a range of above 0.5% and below approximately 40%. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the effective amount of antiviral synthetic nucleoside analog having a range of above 10% and below approximately 90%.",
-    "A system and method for measuring fuel pressure decreases in a fuel accumulator of an internal combustion engine is provided. The system includes the ability to stop a fuel flow to a fuel accumulator of the engine. Pressure signals are transmitted to a control system of the engine until the fuel pressure in the fuel accumulator drops by a predetermined amount, at which time fuel flow is re-enabled. The pressure signals are then analyzed to determine the amount or quantity of fuel delivered by each fuel injector. The system and method maintain engine and emissions performance by limiting the amount of fuel pressure decrease in the fuel accumulator. 1-20. (canceled) 21. A system for determining a rate of fuel leakage in a fuel system of an internal combustion engine having a plurality of combustion chambers, the system comprising: a fuel accumulator positioned to receive a fuel flow; a sensor adapted to detect fuel pressure in the fuel accumulator including during a termination event; a plurality of fuel injectors, each fuel injector operable to deliver fuel from the fuel accumulator to one of the plurality of combustion chambers including during the termination event; and a control system adapted to stop the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator to define a beginning of the termination event, to determine a fuel leakage rate in the fuel system based on the fuel pressure detected during the termination event, and to restart the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator to define an end of the termination event. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the fuel leakage rate is proportional to the square root of the fuel pressure. 23. The system of claim 21, the control system comprising an analysis module configured to analyze fuel pressure data corresponding to the fuel pressure detected during the termination event to determine whether to modify an operating parameter of at least one of the plurality of fuel injectors. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the control system is configured to begin the termination event after the fuel pressure exceeds a minimum fuel pressure. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the minimum fuel pressure is sufficient to complete one fuel injection event. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the control system is further adapted to restart the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator responsive to the fuel pressure decreasing by a predetermined amount during the termination event. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the fuel leakage rate is determined under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions and stored in a tabular form. 28. The system of claim 21, wherein the fuel leakage rate is determined under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions and represented by a topographical map. 29. The system of claim 21, wherein a condition signal is presented to an operator when the fuel leakage rate exceeds a predetermined fuel leakage rate limit. 30. A method of determining fuel leakage in a fuel system of an internal combustion engine, the method comprising: providing a fuel flow to a fuel accumulator; stopping the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator to define a beginning of a termination event; during the termination event: acquiring fuel pressure data corresponding to fuel pressure in the fuel accumulator; and providing fuel from the fuel accumulator to at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine; and determining a fuel leakage rate from the fuel system based on the fuel pressure data. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the fuel leakage rate is proportional to the square root of the fuel pressure. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising presenting a condition signal to an operator when the fuel leakage rate exceeds a predetermined fuel leakage rate limit. 33. The method of claim 30, further comprising defining an end of the termination event when the fuel pressure decreases by a predetermined amount during the termination event. 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising restarting the fuel flow to the fuel accumulator responsive to the end of the termination event. 35. The method of claim 30, further comprising analyzing fuel pressure data corresponding to the fuel pressure detected during the termination event, and modifying an operating parameter of at least one fuel injector providing fuel to the at least one combustion chamber responsive to the analyzing. 36. The method of claim 30, wherein the fuel leakage rate is determined under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions and stored in a tabular form. 37. The method of claim 30, wherein determining a fuel leakage rate comprises determining the fuel leakage rate under a plurality of temperature and pressure conditions. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the plurality of temperature and pressure conditions are represented by a topographical map",
-    "An illumination device for an air cleaner assembly includes a housing and a number of light sources attached to the housing for emitting light to produce a glowing appearance. 1. An air cleaner illumination device for an intake of a motorized vehicle, the device comprising: a housing, a number of light sources attached to the housing and sealed to prevent contact with fluids, and a wiring harness electrically connected to the number of light sources, wherein a passageway is defined in the housing, the passageway being sized to permit flow of air into the intake of the motorized vehicle, and the number light sources are arranged around the passageway. 2. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 1, wherein the passageway extends through the housing along a first axis between a first opening defined in the housing and a second opening defined in the housing. 3. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 2, wherein the passageway is defined by a curved inner surface of the housing that extends between the first opening and the second opening when viewed in a cross-section taken along the first axis. 4. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 2, wherein the passageway is defined by a horn-shaped annular surface of the housing that extends between the first opening and the second opening. 5. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 1, wherein the housing includes a number of cantilevered fingers extending therefrom, each finger is configured to be received in an opening defined in the motorized vehicle. 6. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 5, wherein each of the number of fingers includes a flange extending from a rear wall of the housing to an end of the flange that is spaced apart from the rear wall. 7. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 6, wherein each of the number of fingers includes a tab extending from the end of the flange in a radially outward direction. 8. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to operate the number of light sources for a least one of flashing and changing color. 9. The air cleaner illumination device of claim 1, wherein the number of light sources include a plurality of light emitting diodes. 10. An air cleaner assembly for an intake of a motorized vehicle, the assembly comprising: an intake mounting plate including an intake receptacle, an air filter positioned on the intake mounting plate, and an air cleaner illumination device including a housing and a number of light sources for emitting light disposed at least partly within the housing, wherein the air cleaner illumination device is positioned such that the number of light sources emit light through the air filter. 11. The air cleaner assembly of claim 10, wherein the number of light sources are sealed by the housing to prevent contact with fluids. 12. The air cleaner assembly of claim 10, wherein the housing includes a passageway defined therein, the passageway being sized to permit flow of air into the intake of the motorized vehicle and extending through the housing along a first axis between a first opening defined by the housing and a second opening defined by the housing. 13. The air cleaner assembly of claim 12, wherein the number light sources includes a plurality of light sources arranged around the passageway. 14. The air cleaner assembly of claim 12, wherein the passageway is defined by a curved annular surface of the housing that extends between the first opening and the second opening when viewed in a cross-section taken along the first axis. 15. The air cleaner assembly of claim 12, wherein the passageway is defined by a horn-shaped annular surface of the housing that extends between the first opening and the second opening. 16. The air cleaner assembly of claim 10, wherein the housing includes a number of cantilevered fingers extending from the housing, each finger is configured for engagement with the intake receptacle of the mounting plate. 17. The air cleaner assembly of claim 16, wherein each of the number of fingers includes a flange extending from a wall of the housing to an end of the flange that is spaced apart from the wall. 18. The air cleaner assembly of claim 17, wherein each of the number of fingers includes a tab extending from the end of the flange in a radially outward direction for snap-fitting engagement with the intake receptacle of the mounting plate. 19. An air cleaner assembly for an intake of a motorized vehicle, comprising: a filter housing including a backplate defining an intake receptacle and a cover configured to attach to the backplate, the filter housing defining a filter chamber, a filter sized to be received within the filter chamber, the filter defining an interior cavity therein, and an air cleaner illumination device including an illumination housing and a number of light sources for emitting light attached to the illumination housing, wherein the air cleaner illumination device is selectively engaged within the intake receptacle and positioned within the interior cavity of the filter such that the number of light sources emit light from within the filter.",
-    "Substituted 1,2,3-triazole compounds are disclosed which have utility in the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. The compounds provided herein have the general structure: wherein R1, R2, R3 and n are as defined herein, including stereoisomers, esters, solvates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Also disclosed are compositions containing a compound provided herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as methods relating to the use thereof for treating neurological disorders in a subject in need thereof. 1. A compound having the following structure (A): or a stereoisomer, ester, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R1 is H or C1-4alkyl; R2 is C1-4alkyl, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR4, \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014C1-6alkanediyl-NH2, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR5R5, or \u2014C(\u2550O)R6, wherein said C1-6alkanediyl is optionally substituted with a group selected from \u2014NH\u2014C(\u2550NH)NH2, \u2014CO2H, \u2014CO2CH3, \u2014SH, \u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014SCH3, phenyl, \u2014OH, \u2014OC1-4alkyl, 4-hydroxy-phenyl, imidazolyl, cyclohexyl, and indolyl; or R1 and R2 taken together with the N to which they are attached, form a 5-6 member nonaromatic heterocycle wherein the 5-6 member nonaromatic heterocycle may be substituted with 0-3 R4; R3 at each occurrence is Cl, F, C1-4alkyl, \u2014OC1-4alkyl or trifluoromethyl; R4 at each occurrence is C1-4alkyl; R5 at each occurrence is independently H or C1-4alkyl; R6 is C1-4alkyl, 5-6 member nonaromatic heterocycle, or 5-6 member heterocycleC1-4alkyl wherein 5-6 member heterocycleC1-4alkyl is optionally substituted with OH, Cl, F, C1-4alkyl, \u2014OC1-4alkyl or trifluoromethyl; and n is 0-3. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 1. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 2. 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is H. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C1-4alkyl. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is C1-4alkyl, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR4, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR5R5, or \u2014C(\u2550O)R6. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is C1-6alkanediyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from \u2014NH\u2014C(\u2550NH)NH2, \u2014CO2H, \u2014CO2CH3, \u2014SH, \u2014C(\u2550O)NH2, \u2014NH2, \u2014SCH3, phenyl, \u2014OH, \u2014OC1-4alkyl, 4-hydroxy-phenyl, cyclohexyl, imidazolyl, and indolyl. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are both C1-4alkyl. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is Cl, F, or trifluoromethyl. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 is C1-4alkyl or \u2014OC1-4alkyl. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein n=1 or 2 and R3 is F. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R6 is C1-4alkyl. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R6 is a 5-6 member nonaromatic heterocycle. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R6 is a 5-6 member heterocycleC1-4alkyl wherein 5-6 member heterocycleC1-4alkyl is optionally substituted with OH, Cl, F, C1-4alkyl, \u2014OC1-4alkyl or trifluoromethyl. 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 are taken together to form a heterocycle, and the compound has the following structure (B): 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein n is 1. 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein R3 is F. 18. The compound of claim 15, wherein n is 2. 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein R3 at each occurrence is F. 20. The compound of claim 15, wherein R3 is C1-4alkyl, \u2014OC1-4alkyl, trifluoromethyl, or Cl. 21. The compound of claim 15, wherein the heterocycle formed by R1 and R2 taken together is piperidine. 22. The compound of claim 15, wherein the heterocycle formed by R1 and R2 taken together is morpholine. 23. The compound of claim 15, wherein the heterocycle formed by R1 and R2 taken together is piperazine, oxazolidine, or pyrrolidine. 24. The compound of claim 15, wherein R4 is methyl or ethyl. 25. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is one of the following, compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: (2 S)-2-amino-N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-3-phenylpropanamide; (2R)-2-amino-N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-3-phenylpropanamide; (3 S)\u2014N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}morpholine-3-carboxamide; (3R)\u2014N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}morpholine-3-carboxamide; (2R)-2-amino-N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-3-methoxypropanamide; (2R)-2-amino-N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-3-hydroxypropanamide; N-[1-(2,6-difluoro-benzyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-3-pyridin-3-yl-propionamide; 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-{1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}propanamide; (2 S)\u2014N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide; [1-(2,6-difluoro-benzyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-dimethyl-amine; [1-benzyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-dimethyl-amine; 4-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}morpholine; 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole; 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-N-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-amine; 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-N-ethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-amine; 2-({1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}amino)ethan-1-ol; 1-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pyrrolidin-2-one; or 3-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one; or 1-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}imidazolidin-2-one. 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (2S)-2-amino-N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}-3-phenylpropanamide. 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (3R)\u2014N-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}morpholine-3-carboxamide. 28. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is [1-(2,6-difluoro-benzyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-dimethyl-amine. 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is 4-{1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}morpholine. 30. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole. 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 32. A method for treating a neurological condition of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 33. A method for treating a neurological condition of a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 31. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the condition is essential tremor, epilepsy, status epilepticus, or nerve agent exposure. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the condition is essential tremor.",
-    "A layered object manufacturing system is described. The system in one arrangement provides for the use of water based adhesives to bind successive layers of paper in generation of a three dimensional model. The paper can be provided in conventional paper sizes and is moveable within the system from a storage stack to a build object location, individual pages at a time. The system typically effects the application of adhesive onto the paper using an adhesive applicator wheel having a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart recesses for receiving adhesive. The wheel is rotatable to convey adhesive filled in one or more recesses to a targetsubstrate and to deposit controlled amounts of adhesive at discrete points thereon. 1.-76. (canceled) 77. A layered object manufacturing (LOM) system for rapid prototyping, the system providing for the controlled application of an adhesive onto multiple layers of a paper substrate to effect generation of a three dimensional object, the system comprising: a) a dispenser for dispensing the adhesive onto the paper substrate at a build object location; b) a paper feed mechanism for receiving a plurality of sheets of paper and for feeding individual sheets of the plurality of sheets as desired; c) means for transporting the individual sheets from the paper feed mechanism to the build object location for subsequent application of adhesive at the build object location. 78. The system of claim 77 comprising control means operable on the dispenser for directing the dispenser to specific locations of the substrate for subsequent dispensing of adhesive onto the paper substrate. 79. The system of claim 77 wherein the paper feed mechanism is configured to receive paper sheets of different thicknesses. 80. The system of claim 77 being operable with sheets of different colours so as to enable the fabrication of three dimensional coloured objects. 81. The system of claim 80 wherein the paper feed mechanism is configured to receive a plurality of sheets of different colour and to selectively feed individual ones of the plurality of sheets as desired. 82. The system of claim 77 wherein the dispenser device comprises an adhesive applicator wheel having a contact surface comprising a plurality of circumferentially spaced recesses for receiving adhesive at a wipe and upon rotation of the wheel conveying adhesive to a target substrate to deposit controlled amounts of adhesive at discrete locations thereon, wherein the wheel and wipe together define a sealed adhesive filling chamber. 83. A system as claimed in claim 82 wherein the dispenser is mounted for translation relative to a target substrate. 84. A system as claimed in claim 77 being used with a plurality of individual sheets of a target substrate material, the system including a receiver for the plurality of sheets and comprising a sheet feed means provided adjacent to the receiver and comprising a feed roller and a grab head configured to draw a sheet from the feed roller and to position the sheet as required on the target substrate to form a build object. 85. A system as claimed in claim 84 wherein the grab head is configured to grip a sheet from the roller. 86. A system as claimed in claim 84 wherein the grab head comprises a support surface and a grip portion wherein the grip portion is operable to move from a rest position at a separation from the support and a grip position in contact with the surface. 87. A system as claimed in claim 86 wherein the grab head is configured to grip a leading edge of the sheet material. 88. A system as claimed in claim 86 wherein the support surface comprises a wedge form configured to provide a controlled bending of the sheet as it is drawn to position on the target substrate. 89. A system as claimed in claim 84 wherein the receiver is configured to receive the multiple sheets in a stack configuration, individual sheets of the stack differing from other sheets of the stack in at least their colour. 90. A method of rapid prototyping comprising: providing a system as claimed in claim 77; generating a three dimensional model using a stack of individual sheets of paper that are successively bound to one another using a water based adhesive, the dispensing device providing for the controlled application of the adhesive to specific locations of the paper; separating the three dimensional model from scrap material; and discarding the scrap material. 91. The method of claim 90 including the subsequent step of adhering two or more three dimensional models to one another using a water based adhesive to generate a larger three dimensional model.",
-    "The present disclosure identifies and/or delivers tailored content based upon a service dialog. For example, the systems may receive a request for tailored content, facilitate a service dialog to obtain information related to the request, and communicate a plurality of tailored content based upon the information related to the request. Further, the systems may identify tailored content based upon a consumer profile, communicate the tailored content to a web client, and/or receive a selection of the tailored content. Further still, the systems may modify a magazine (e.g., content that is presented electronically) based upon tailored content. 1. A method, comprising: embedding, by a first computer-based system, tailored content with at least one of a hyperlink or a uniform resource locator (URL) for each tailored option of the tailored content, the at least one of hyperlink or URL configured to cause retrieval, by a browser, of a website associated with the respective tailored option; displaying, by the first computer-based system, the tailored content, wherein the tailored content is based on a reminder and consumer preferences, participating, by the first computer-based system and in response to the reminder, in a custom service dialog to provide information associated with the reminder, displaying, by the first computer-based system, tailored options related to the reminder, the consumer preferences and the tailored content; and receiving, by the first computer-based system, a selection of the tailored options, wherein the consumer preferences are ranked based upon highest percentage, spending amount, frequency of a behavior, and a weighting factor. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising communicating, by the first computer-based system and to the second-computer-based system, a service dialog request for the custom service dialog in response to the reminder. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying, by the first computer-based system, a payment option in association with the tailored options, wherein the tailored options enable the consumer to conduct transactions directly with merchants. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, by the first computer-based system and from the second computer-based system, a tailored option in response to the service dialog request. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the tailored content is further based upon a spouse profile. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tailored content is listed in multiple choice format. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising communicating, by the first computer-based system and to the second computer-based system, a physical location of a web client. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the tailored options based on at least a portion of data in a consumer profile. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the tailored content is based on an analysis of a consumer profile to determine the consumer preferences. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising communicating, by the first computer-based system and to a second computer-based, a selection of the tailored content. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the custom service dialog includes receiving custom questions focused on providing more information about the custom request. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the custom service dialog is via at least one of an SMS message over an SMS communication channel, an application based service dialog over a web client or a magazine based service dialog, 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the tailored options are determined based upon the information related to at least one of the custom request, obtained content, a consumer pattern, the consumer preferences, and content metadata. 14. An article of manufacture including a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by a first computer-based system, cause the computer-based system to perform operations comprising: embedding, by the first computer-based system, tailored content with at least one of a hyperlink or a uniform resource locator (URL) for each tailored option of the tailored content, the at least one of hyperlink or URL configured to cause retrieval, by a browser, of a website associated with the respective tailored option; displaying, by the first computer-based system, the tailored content, wherein the tailored content is based on a reminder and consumer preferences, participating, by the first computer-based system and in response to the reminder, in a custom service dialog to provide information associated with the reminder, displaying, by the first computer-based system, tailored options related to the reminder, the consumer preferences and the tailored content; and receiving, by the first computer-based system, a selection of the tailored options, wherein the consumer preferences are ranked based upon highest percentage, spending amount, frequency of a behavior, and a weighting factor. 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the tailored content is based on an analysis of a consumer profile to determine the consumer preferences. 16. The article of claim 14, further comprising communicating, by the first computer-based system and to a second computer-based, a selection of the tailored content. 17. The article of claim 14, wherein the custom service dialog includes receiving custom questions focused on providing more information about the custom request. 18. The article of claim 14, wherein the custom service dialog is via at least one of an SMS message over an SMS communication channel, an application based service dialog over a web client or a magazine based service dialog, 19. The article of claim 14, wherein the tailored options are determined based upon the information related to at least one of the custom request, obtained content, a consumer pattern, the consumer preferences, and content metadata. 20. A system comprising: a first processor, a tangible, non-transitory memory configured to communicate with the first processor, the tangible, non-transitory memory having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by the first processor, cause the first processor to perform operations comprising: embedding, by the first processor, tailored content with at least one of a hyperlink or a uniform resource locator (URL) for each tailored option of the tailored content, the at least one of hyperlink or URL configured to cause retrieval, by a browser, of a web site associated with the respective tailored option; displaying, by the processor, the tailored content, wherein the tailored content is based on a reminder and consumer preferences, participating, by the first processor and in response to the reminder, in a custom service dialog to provide information associated with the reminder, displaying, by the first processor, tailored options related to the reminder, the consumer preferences and the tailored content; and receiving, by the first processor, a selection of the tailored options, wherein the consumer preferences are ranked based upon highest percentage, spending amount, frequency of a behavior, and a weighting factor.",
-    "A quick access shroud at least partially encapsulates a sport glove and/or a ball for storage and portability, while enabling facilitated access to the glove and/or ball through two uniquely positioned fastening mechanisms. The shroud is formed in a general shape of the sport glove, such as a baseball glove. A first panel and a second panel join together at a perimeter region. A section of the perimeter region is not permanently fastened to enable passage of the glove and/or ball through a perimeter fastener. The first panel comprises a central portion that detachably attaches to a central region of the first panel. A hole forms in the first panel when the central portion is detached. The hole enables quick access to only the ball. A central fastener regulates passage through the hole. An oil may coat the inner surface of the panels to lubricate the glove. 1. A quick release shroud for storage and carrying of a sport glove and a ball, the shroud comprising: a first panel, the first panel comprising a first inner surface and a first outer surface, the first panel further comprising a central portion, the central portion configured to detachably attach to a generally central region of the first panel, whereby a hole forms in the first panel when the central portion is detached; a central fastener, the central fastener configured to regulate passage through the hole in the first panel; a second panel, the second panel disposed generally coplanar and in alignment with the first panel, the second panel comprising a second inner surface and a second outer surface, whereby the first panel and the second panel join at a perimeter region, whereby a cavity forms between the first panel and the second panel; at least one seam, the at least one seam configured to permanently fasten a substantial portion of the perimeter region, whereby an opening forms in at least a section of the perimeter region that is not permanently fastened, so as to enable passage to the cavity; and a perimeter fastener, the perimeter fastener configured to regulate passage through the section of the perimeter region that is configured to enable passage to the cavity. 2. The shroud of claim 1, wherein the shroud is configured to enable containment of a sport glove and a ball. 3. The shroud of claim 2, wherein the first panel is fabricated from a material that includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: leather, canvas, cotton duck, polyester, cotton, a resilient polymer, an acrylic fabric, and a nonwoven material. 4. The shroud of claim 3, wherein the second panel is fabricated from a material that includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: leather, canvas, cotton duck, polyester, cotton, a resilient polymer, an acrylic fabric, and a nonwoven material. 5. The shroud of claim 4, wherein the first inner surface is at least partially coated with an oil. 6. The shroud of claim 5, wherein the second inner surface is at least partially coated with the oil. 7. The shroud of claim 6, wherein the oil is configured to lubricate the sport glove. 8. The shroud of claim 7, wherein the central portion is generally circular. 9. The shroud of claim 8, wherein the hole in the first panel is configured to enable passage of the ball. 10. The shroud of claim 9, wherein the central fastener includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a hook and loop fastener, an adhesive, a button, a latch, a friction-fit mechanism, and a magnet. 11. The shroud of claim 10, wherein the section of the perimeter region that is not permanently fastened is configured to enable passage of the sport glove and/or the ball. 12. The shroud of claim 11, wherein the perimeter fastener includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, an adhesive, a button, a latch, a friction-fit mechanism, and a magnet. 13. The shroud of claim 12, wherein the at least one seam includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a woven thread, an adhesive, a series of billets, a series of buttons, and a series of magnets. 14. The shroud of claim 13, wherein the sport glove is a baseball glove. 15. The shroud of claim 14, wherein the ball is a baseball. 16. A quick release shroud for storage and carrying of a sport glove and a ball, the shroud comprising: a first panel, the first panel comprising a first inner surface and a first outer surface, the first inner surface comprising a coat of an oil, the first panel further comprising a central portion, the central portion configured to detachably attach to a generally central region of the first panel, whereby a hole forms in the first panel when the central portion is detached; a second panel, the second panel disposed generally coplanar and in alignment with the first panel, the second panel comprising a second inner surface and a second outer surface, the second inner surface comprising a coat of the oil, whereby the first panel and the second panel join at a perimeter region, whereby a cavity forms between the first panel and the second panel, whereby the cavity is configured to enable containment of a sport glove and a ball; a central fastener, the central fastener configured to regulate passage of the sport glove and the ball through the hole in the first panel; at least one seam, the at least one seam configured to permanently fasten a substantial portion of the perimeter region, whereby an opening forms in at least a section of the perimeter region that is not permanently fastened, so as to enable passage to the cavity; and a perimeter fastener, the perimeter fastener configured to regulate passage through the section of the perimeter region that is configured to enable passage of the sport glove and the ball. 17. The shroud of claim 16, wherein the sport glove is a baseball glove. 18. The shroud of claim 16, wherein the ball is a baseball. 19. The shroud of claim 16, wherein the section of the perimeter region that is not permanently fastened is configured to enable passage of the sport glove and/or the ball. 20. The shroud of claim 16, wherein the perimeter fastener includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of: a zipper, a hook and loop fastener, an adhesive, a button, a latch, a friction-fit mechanism, and a magnet.",
-    "An engine assembly having an internal combustion engine, a turbine module including a turbine casing, a support casing rigidly connecting the turbine casing to a remainder of the assembly, and an inlet scroll connected to the turbine casing without any direct rigid connection to the support casing. The inlet scroll includes an inlet pipe for each engine exhaust port. An exhaust pipe is provided for each exhaust port, connected to and providing fluid communication between the respective exhaust port and inlet pipe. The exhaust pipe is movable relative to at least one of the exhaust port and the inlet pipe at a corresponding connection therewith. One of the exhaust and inlet pipes floatingly extends through an opening defined in the support casing. The assembly may be a compound engine assembly. 1. An engine assembly comprising: an engine core including an internal combustion engine having an exhaust port; a turbine module including a turbine casing containing a turbine, a support casing rigidly connecting the turbine casing to a remainder of the assembly, and an inlet scroll connected to the turbine casing without any direct rigid connection to the support casing, the inlet scroll including an inlet pipe in fluid communication with an inlet of the turbine; and an exhaust pipe connected to and providing fluid communication between the exhaust port and the inlet pipe, the exhaust pipe movable relative to at least one of the exhaust port and the inlet pipe at a corresponding connection therewith; wherein one of exhaust and inlet pipes floatingly extends through a corresponding opening defined in the support casing. 2. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the one of the exhaust and inlet pipes extends through the corresponding opening at a non-zero angle with respect to a rotational axis of the turbine. 3. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the inlet pipe extends through the corresponding opening, the inlet and exhaust pipes being connected exterior of the support casing. 4. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the exhaust pipe is movable relative to each of the exhaust port and the inlet pipe about the corresponding connection. 5. The engine assembly as defined in claim 4, wherein first and second ends of the exhaust pipe include spherical bearing surfaces in sliding engagement with surfaces of the exhaust port and of the inlet pipe to form first and second connections, the exhaust pipe pivotable about each of the first and second connections to change an angle between a central axis of the exhaust pipe and central axes of the respective exhaust port and inlet pipe. 6. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the support casing rigidly connects the turbine casing to a gearbox module rigidly connected to the engine core, the gearbox module drivingly engaging a rotatable shaft of the at least one internal combustion engine core a rotatable shaft of the turbine. 7. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the inlet scroll includes an annular duct defining a respective internal cavity providing the fluid communication between each inlet pipe and the inlet of the turbine. 8. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the support casing is annular and includes at least two interconnected sections, each section extending around only part of a complete circumference of the annular support casing. 9. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the support casing is formed by a plurality of interconnecting ribs with through openings being defined between adjacent ones of the ribs. 10. The engine assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the internal combustion engine includes a rotor sealingly and rotationally received within an internal cavity to provide rotating chambers of variable volume in the internal cavity, the rotor having three apex portions separating the rotating chambers and mounted for eccentric revolutions within the internal cavity, the internal cavity having an epitrochoid shape with two lobes. 11. A compound engine assembly comprising: an engine core including at least one internal combustion engine in driving engagement with an output shaft, each internal combustion engine including a rotor sealingly and rotationally received within an internal cavity to provide rotating chambers of variable volume in the internal cavity, each internal combustion engine including an exhaust port in fluid communication with the internal cavity thereof; a turbine module including a turbine casing containing a turbine having a turbine shaft in driving engagement with the output shaft through a gearbox module, a support casing rigidly connecting the turbine casing to the gearbox module, the turbine shaft extending inside the support casing, and an inlet scroll connected to the turbine casing without any direct rigid connection to the support casing, the inlet scroll including a respective inlet pipe for each exhaust port, each inlet pipe in fluid communication with an inlet of the turbine; an exhaust pipe for each exhaust port, each exhaust pipe connected to and providing fluid communication between the respective exhaust port and the respective inlet pipe, each exhaust pipe being movable relative to at least one of the respective exhaust port and the respective inlet pipe at a corresponding connection therewith; wherein one of each connected exhaust and inlet pipes extends through a corresponding opening defined through the support casing without any direct rigid connection to the support casing. 12. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11 wherein the turbine has a pressure based reaction ratio of at most 0.25. 13. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11, wherein the turbine is a first turbine, the turbine casing also containing a second turbine having an inlet in fluid communication with an outlet of the first turbine, the second turbine having a reaction ratio greater than that of the first turbine. 14. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11, wherein the one of each connected exhaust and inlet pipes extends through the corresponding opening at a non-zero angle with respect to a rotational axis of the rotor of the turbine. 15. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11, wherein each inlet pipe extends through the corresponding opening, each exhaust pipe connected to the respective inlet pipe outside of the support casing. 16. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11, wherein each exhaust pipe is movable relative to each of the respective exhaust port and the respective inlet pipe at the corresponding connection. 17. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11, wherein the support casing is annular and includes at least two interconnected sections, each section extending around only part of a complete circumference of the annular support casing. 18. The compound engine assembly as defined in claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the support casing is formed by a plurality of interconnecting ribs with through openings being defined between adjacent ones of the ribs. 19. An engine assembly comprising an internal combustion engine in fluid communication with a downstream turbine via an inlet scroll, the turbine drivingly connected to a gearbox, the turbine mounted to the gearbox via a support casing, the support casing having an opening through which the inlet scroll or an exhaust pipe providing fluid communication between the internal combustion engine and the inlet scroll passes from an exterior of the support casing to the interior of the support casing, the inlet scroll or exhaust pipe floatingly received through the opening, the exhaust pipe having a movable connection with one or both of the inlet scroll and the internal combustion engine. 20. The engine assembly as defined in claim 19, wherein the exhaust pipe has a movable connection with both of the inlet scroll and the internal combustion engine.",
-    "Support for dynamic behavior is provided during static compilation while reducing reliance on JIT compilation and large runtimes. A mapping is created between metadata and native code runtime artifacts, such as between type definition metadata and a runtime type description, or between method definition metadata, a runtime type description, and a native code method location, or field definition metadata, a runtime type description, and a field location. A mapping between runtime artifacts may also be created. Some compilation results include trampoline code to support a reflection invocation of an artifact in the reduced runtime support environment, for virtual method calls, call-time bounds checking, calling convention conversion, or compiler-intrinsic methods. Some results support runtime diagnostics by including certain metadata even when full dynamic behavior is not supported. 1. A computer system comprising: a logical processor; a memory in operable communication with the logical processor; and a reduced size runtime which resides in the memory and is executable with the logical processor, the reduced size runtime functioning as a replacement for a larger runtime R, the reduced size runtime occupying less nonvolatile storage space than the larger runtime R as a result of containing less metadata than the larger runtime R, wherein metadata includes one or more of the following: a type name, a type member name, a type layout for garbage collection purposes, or a type member layout for garbage collection purposes. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a compiled application program residing in the memory, wherein full execution of the compiled application program with the reduced size runtime does not require any use of just-in-time compilation. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a compiled application program residing in the memory, wherein the reduced size runtime is a minimal runtime for the compiled application program in that error-free execution of the compiled application program with the reduced size runtime does not require any metadata from outside an execution scope of the compiled application program. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a smartphone. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises at least one of the following: a tablet, a laptop having a removable tablet. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the following dynamic support structures in the memory and outside of the reduced size runtime: a mapping between metadata and at least one native code runtime artifact; a mapping between runtime type descriptions, each runtime type description including at least one of the following: a list of implemented interfaces for a type which is in an execution scope of a compiled computer program, or a garbage collection layout for a type which is in an execution scope of the compiled computer program; or at least one piece of code which upon execution supports a reflection invocation of an artifact of the compiled computer program. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one of the following items built with metadata in the system which resides outside the reduced size runtime: a garbage collection descriptor for a type; or a garbage collection code for reclaiming memory used by a type. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: the reduced size runtime includes metadata which supports execution of the reduced size runtime itself; the reduced size runtime exports a functionality set which is supported by metadata within the reduced size runtime that implements one or more of the following functionalities: type identity, vtable, interface mapping table, and type attributes including whether a type is an array; and the reduced size runtime is free of other metadata. 9. A software execution process supporting dynamic behavior of a statically compiled computer program in a reduced runtime support environment, the process comprising the steps of: running at least a portion of the computer program in the reduced runtime support environment, the reduced size runtime functioning as a replacement for a larger runtime R, the reduced size runtime occupying less nonvolatile storage space than the larger runtime R as a result of containing less metadata than the larger runtime R, wherein metadata includes one or more of the following: a type name, a type member name, a type layout for garbage collection purposes, or a type member layout for garbage collection purposes; and utilizing at least one of the following dynamic support structures: a mapping between metadata and at least one native code runtime artifact; a mapping between runtime type descriptions, each runtime type description including at least one of the following: a list of implemented interfaces for a type which is in an execution scope of the compiled computer program, or a garbage collection layout for a type which is in an execution scope of the compiled computer program; or at least one piece of code which upon execution supports a reflection invocation of an artifact of the compiled computer program. 10. The process of claim 9, further comprising using a mechanism of the reduced size runtime to look up a metadata blob by ID, the metadata blob containing at least some contents which are not processed by the reduced size runtime. 11. The process of claim 9, wherein utilizing a mapping between metadata and at least one native code runtime artifact comprises utilizing at least one of the following: a mapping between type definition metadata and a runtime type description; a mapping between method definition metadata, a runtime type description, and a location of native code for a method in the statically compiled computer program; or a mapping between field definition metadata, a runtime type description, and a location of a field in the statically compiled computer program. 12. The process of claim 9, wherein utilizing a mapping between runtime type descriptions comprises utilizing at least one of the following: a mapping between a generic type instance, a runtime type definition description, and a runtime type argument description; a mapping between a runtime array description, and a runtime array element description; or a mapping between a location of native code for a static type initialization in the statically compiled computer program, and a runtime type description. 13. The process of claim 9, wherein utilizing at least one piece of code which upon execution supports a reflection invocation comprises utilizing at least one of the following: a piece of code which performs a dynamically dispatched method call; a piece of code which performs a call-time bounds check; a piece of code which performs a calling convention conversion; or a piece of code which represents a compiler-intrinsic method that is inlined during compilation. 14. The process of claim 9, comprising completing an execution of the computer program in the reduced runtime support environment without any use of just-in-time compilation. 15. The process of claim 9, comprising supporting a runtime diagnostic using a method name which is included within metadata of the statically compiled computer program when the statically compiled computer program metadata excludes any native code for the method. 16. The process of claim 9, comprising supporting a runtime diagnostic using a type name which is included within metadata of the statically compiled computer program when the statically compiled computer program metadata excludes any native reflection code for the type. 17. A computer-readable storage medium configured with data and with instructions that when executed by at least one processor performs a technical process for supporting dynamic behavior of a statically compiled computer program in a reduced runtime support environment, the process comprising the steps of: running at least a portion of the computer program in the reduced runtime support environment, the reduced size runtime functioning as a replacement for a larger runtime R, the reduced size runtime occupying less nonvolatile storage space than the larger runtime R as a result of containing less metadata than the larger runtime R, wherein metadata includes one or more of the following: a type name, a type member name, a type layout for garbage collection purposes, or a type member layout for garbage collection purposes; and utilizing at least one of the following dynamic support structures: a mapping between metadata and at least one native code runtime artifact; a mapping between runtime type descriptions, each runtime type description including at least one of the following: a list of implemented interfaces for a type which is in an execution scope of the compiled computer program, or a garbage collection layout for a type which is in an execution scope of the compiled computer program; or at least one piece of code which upon execution supports a reflection invocation of an artifact of the compiled computer program. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the process further comprises at least two of the following: creating a mapping between type definition metadata and a runtime type description; creating a mapping between method definition metadata, a runtime type description, and a location of native code for a method in the statically compiled computer program; or creating a mapping between field definition metadata, a runtime type description, and a location of a field in the statically compiled computer program. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the process further comprises at least two of the following: creating a mapping between a generic type instance, a runtime type definition description, and a runtime type argument description; creating a mapping between a runtime array description, and a runtime array element description; or creating a mapping between a location of native code for a static type initialization in the statically compiled computer program, and a runtime type description. 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, further comprising supporting a reflection invocation of an artifact in the reduced runtime support environment, said supporting comprising executing at least one of the following: a piece of code which performs a virtual method call; a piece of code which performs an interface method call; a piece of code which performs a call-time bounds check; a piece of code which performs a calling convention conversion; or a piece of code which represents a compiler-intrinsic method that was inlined in the statically compiled computer program during compilation.",
-    "A leadframe for encasing in a mold material includes a plurality of interconnected support members. A die pad is connected to the support members and includes a bottom surface. The die pad is configured to receive a die. A downset is connected to the die pad and positioned below the bottom surface. The downset includes at least one wall defining an interior volume for receiving a flow of the mold material to reduce the velocity of the mold material flow through the downset. 1. A leadframe for encasing in a mold material comprising: a planar substrate of electrically conductive material, the substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface; a plurality of interconnected support members formed in the substrate with spaces between the support members; a die pad formed in the substrate and connected to the support members, the die pad having a circumferential top surface portion for receiving an integrated circuit die; and a downset formed in the substrate below the die pad, within the circumferential top surface portion, and extending below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset including opposed sidewalls of the substrate extending down below the bottom surface and a bottom wall extending between the opposed walls, the bottom wall having a top surface below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset forming a space below the die pad with an opening lateral of the bottom wall. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The leadframe recited in claim 1, in which at least one of the sidewalls includes an opening for controlling the flow of mold material through the downset. 6. The leadframe recited in claim 1, in which the sidewalls and bottom wall define a downset having a triangular shape. 7. The leadframe recited in claim 1, in which the downset includes a pair of lateral openings positioned between the sidewalls at lateral sides of the bottom wall. 8. (canceled) 9. The leadframe recited in claim 1, in which the die pad is coplanar with the support members. 10. A circuit board for encasing in a mold material comprising: a leadframe including: a planar substrate of electrically conductive material, the substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface; a plurality of interconnected support members formed in the substrate with spaces between the support members; a die pad formed in the substrate and connected to the support members, the die pad having a circumferential top surface portion for receiving an integrated circuit; and a downset formed in the substrate below the die pad, within the circumferential top surface portion, and extending below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset including opposed sidewalls of the substrate extending down below the bottom surface and a bottom wall extending between the opposed walls, the bottom wall having a top surface below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset forming a space below the die pad with an opening lateral of the bottom wall; a die secured to the die pad; and at least one wire electrically connecting the die to the support members, wherein the interior volume of the downset receives a flow of the mold material to reduce the velocity of the mold material flow around the circuit board. 11-13. (canceled) 14. The circuit board recited in claim 13, in which at least one of the sidewalls includes an opening for controlling the flow of mold material through the downset. 15. The circuit board recited in claim 13, in which the sidewalls and bottom wall define a downset having a triangular shape. 16. The circuit board recited in claim 10, in which the downset includes a pair of lateral openings positioned between the sidewalls at lateral sides of the bottom wall. 17-18. (canceled) 19. A method of forming a circuit board comprising: forming a leadframe having a planar substrate of electrically conductive material, the substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface; a plurality of interconnected support members formed in the substrate with spaces between the support members; a die pad formed in the substrate and connected to the support members, the die pad having a circumferential top surface portion for receiving an integrated circuit; and a downset formed in the substrate below the die pad, within the circumferential top surface portion, and extending below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset including opposed sidewalls of the substrate extending down below the bottom surface and a bottom wall extending between the opposed walls, the bottom wall having a top surface below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset forming a space below the die pad with an opening lateral of the bottom wall; securing a die to the die pad; electrically connecting the die to the support members with at least one wire; and overmolding the circuit board with an electrically insulating material mold material that flows over the leadframe, die, and wire, wherein the interior volume of the downset receives a flow of the mold material to reduce the velocity of the mold material flow through the downset. 20. A package semiconductor device comprising: a leadframe including: a planar substrate of electrically conductive material, the substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface; a plurality of interconnected support members formed in the substrate with spaces between the support members; a die pad formed in the substrate and connected to the support members, the die pad having a circumferential top surface portion for receiving an integrated circuit; and a downset formed in the substrate below the die pad, within the circumferential top surface portion, and extending below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset including opposed sidewalls of the substrate extending down below the bottom surface and a bottom wall extending between the opposed walls, the bottom wall having a top surface below the bottom surface of the substrate, the downset forming a space below the die pad with an opening lateral of the bottom wall; a die secured to the die pad; at least one wire electrically connecting the die to the support members; and mold material overmolded around the leadframe, the die, and the at least one wire to electrically insulate the same, wherein the interior volume of the downset receives a flow of the mold material to reduce the velocity of the mold material flow through the downset during overmolding.",
-    "A composite tracking system for a medical device comprises a field location tracking system including at least one field location sensor structured to be coupled to a medical device, a magnetic resonance tracking system including at least one tracking coil structured to be coupled to a medical device, and a composite tracking processor operably coupled to the field location tracking system and the magnetic resonance tracking system. The composite tracking processor is operable to receive and process field location parameters from the field location tracking system and positional coordinates from the magnetic resonance tracking system to register a field location coordinate system to a magnetic resonance coordinate system. 1. A composite tracking system for tracking a medical device, the tracking system configured to be used in an MR environment, comprising: an MR compatible field location tracking system including at least one field location sensor structured to be coupled to the medical device at a position other than the outside of the medical device, said medical device movably positioned within a patient; magnetic resonance tracking system including at least one tracking coil structured to be coupled to the medical device at a position other than the outside of the medical device; and a processor in electrical communication with the field location tracking system and the magnetic resonance tracking system, the processor operable to (a) receive and process a plurality of positional coordinates from the magnetic resonance tracking system and calculate a plurality of magnetic resonance tracking locations, (b) receive and process a plurality field location parameters from the field location tracking system and determine a plurality of field location parameters that correspond to the plurality of magnetic resonance tracking locations, (c) generate a transfer function for mapping the field location parameters from the field location tracking system to the corresponding positional coordinates of the magnetic resonance tracking system to register the field location coordinate system to the magnetic resonance coordinate system, and (d) determine a present location of the field location sensor by applying the transfer function, wherein said at least one field location sensor and said at least one tracking coil are configured to move relative to the patient. 2. The composite tracking system of claim 1, wherein the field location parameters are selected from voltage, impedance, electrical current, time delay, sound intensity and combinations of the foregoing. 3. The composite tracking system of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of field location sources comprising electrodes operable to create an electric field along three separate axes in three-dimensional space, said field location sources operably coupled to the field location tracking system. 4. The composite tracking system of claim 1, wherein the field location sensor and the tracking coil are separated by a distance less than 5 mm.",
-    "A magnetic golf cart panel closure device includes a golf cart with a golf cart enclosure thereon that includes a first panel and a second panel. The first and second panels are positioned in a closed position closing a cart entry or in an open position. A plurality of first magnetic couplers is mounted on the first panel. A plurality of second magnetic couplers is mounted on the second panel. The first magnetic couplers are overlapped with the second magnetic couplers such that the first and second magnetic couplers are releasably engaged with each other. The cart has a bottom edge. A plurality of first mating members is attached to the bottom edge and a plurality of second mating members is attached to the first and second panels. The first and second mating members are engaged together to secure the first and second panels to the bottom edge. 1. A magnetic golf cart panel closure system comprising: a golf cart having a golf cart enclosure thereon, said golf cart having a lateral side being open and defining an entry into said golf cart, said golf enclosure including a first panel and a second panel, said first panel extending forward from a rear of said golf cart and over a rear portion of said entry, said second panel extending rearward from a front of said golf cart and over a front portion of said entry, said first and second panels being positioned in a closed position closing said entry or in an open position exposing said entry; a plurality of first magnetic couplers being mounted on said first panel; a plurality of second magnetic couplers being mounted on said second panel; said first magnetic couplers being overlapped with said second magnetic couplers such that said first and second magnetic couplers are releasably engaged with each other; said cart having a bottom edge extending along a bottom of said entry and facing laterally away from said cart; at least one first mating member being attached to said bottom edge and being positioned adjacent to said first panel; at least one first mating member being attached to said bottom edge and being positioned adjacent to said second panel; said first panel having a second mating member attached thereto and being releasably engaged to said first mating member adjacent to said first panel; said second panel having a second mating member attached thereto and being releasably engaged to said first mating member adjacent to said second panel. 2. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim 1, comprising: a first strip having a top end and a bottom end, said first strip being coupled to said first panel of a golf cart enclosure adjacent to said second panel, said firs first magnetic couplers being coupled to said first strip, said first magnetic couplers being positioned along a length of said first strip, said first magnetic couplers each being magnets; and a second strip having a top edge and a bottom edge, said second strip being coupled to said second panel of the golf cart enclosure adjacent to said first panel, said plurality of second magnet couplers being coupled to said second strip, said second magnetic couplers being positioned along a length of said second strip. 3. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim 2, comprising wherein said first and second magnetic couplers are each magnets having an elongated shape being elongated along a vertical axis, each of said second magnetic couplers having a rectangular shape. 4. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim 2, comprising said first strip extending forwardly of said first panel and said second strip extending rearwardly of said second panel such that said first and second strips overlap and said first and second magnetic couplers are releasably engaged with each other. 5. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim 1, comprising wherein at least two first mating members are attached to said bottom edge adjacent and being positioned adjacent to said second panel, said second panel having a pair of second mating members attached thereto and being releasably engaged to said first mating members adjacent to said second panel. 6. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim 2, wherein said first and second strips are removably coupled to an associated one of said first and second panels. 7. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim 6, further comprising: a plurality of first snaps coupled to and extending along said first strip, each of said first snaps being releasably coupled to an associated complementary existing first panel snaps coupled to said first panel wherein said first strip is coupled to said first panel, said first snaps being aligned along a length of said first strip; and a plurality of second snaps coupled to and extending along said second strip, each of said second snaps being configured for coupling to an associated complementary existing second panel snap coupled to said second panel wherein said second strip is coupled to said second panel, said second snaps being aligned along a length of said second strip. 8. The magnetic golf cart panel closure system according to claim, further comprising a strap being attached to one of said first or second panels to facilitate pulling said second panel from said first panel. 9. A magnetic golf cart panel closure system comprising: a golf cart having a golf cart enclosure thereon, said golf cart having a lateral side being open and defining an entry into said golf cart, said golf enclosure including a first panel and a second panel, said first panel extending forward from a rear of said golf cart and over a rear portion of said entry, said second panel extending rearward from a front of said golf cart and over a front portion of said entry, said first and second panels being positioned in a closed position closing said entry or in an open position exposing said entry; a first strip having a top end and a bottom end, said first strip being coupled to said first panel of a golf cart enclosure adjacent to said second panel; a plurality of first magnetic couplers being coupled to said first strip, said first magnetic couplers being positioned along a length of said first strip, said first magnetic couplers each being magnets each having an elongated shape being elongated along a vertical axis, each of said first magnetic couplers having a rectangular shape; a second strip having a top edge and a bottom edge, said second strip being coupled to said second panel of the golf cart enclosure adjacent to said first panel; a plurality of second magnetic couplers being coupled to said second strip, said second magnetic couplers being positioned along a length of said second strip, said second magnetic couplers being magnetically couplable to said first magnetic couplers wherein said first strip and said second strip are configured to couple the first panel to the second panel, said second magnetic couplers being magnets each having an elongated shape being elongated along a vertical axis, each of said second magnetic couplers having a rectangular shape; said first strip extending forwardly of said first panel and said second strip extending rearwardly of said second panel such that said first and second strips overlap and said first and second magnetic couplers are releasably engaged with each other; said cart having a bottom edge extending along a bottom of said entry and facing laterally away from said cart; at least one first mating member being attached to said bottom edge and being positioned adjacent to said first panel; at least two first mating members being attached to said bottom edge and being positioned adjacent to said second panel; said first panel having a second mating member attached thereto and being releasably engaged to said first mating member adjacent to said first panel; said second panel having a pair of second mating members attached thereto and being releasably engaged to said first mating members adjacent to said second panel; a plurality of first snaps coupled to and extending along said first strip, each of said first snaps being releasably coupled to an associated complementary existing first panel snaps coupled to said first panel wherein said first strip is coupled to said first panel, said first snaps being aligned along a length of said first strip; a plurality of second snaps coupled to and extending along said second strip, each of said second snaps being configured for coupling to an associated complementary existing second panel snap coupled to said second panel wherein said second strip is coupled to said second panel, said second snaps being aligned along a length of said second strip; and a strap is attached to said second panel to facilitate pulling said second panel from said first panel.",
-    "An information handling system functioning as a smart personal connect gateway includes a wireless adapter for communicating with a plurality of wireless links and a storage device for storing a spatial-temporal user profile comprising wireless device usage trend data for a plurality of locations where the smart personal connect gateway has operated. The smart personal connect gateway further includes a positional detector to detect a location of the smart personal connect gateway and an application processor to correlate the wireless device usage trend data to a location and to determine a list of optimal wireless service carriers and available wireless protocols at the location based on a mobile wireless traffic report with a spatial-temporal radio frequency profile indicating signal quality for the plurality of wireless links and the wireless device usage trend data for the location. The smart personal connect gateway application processor selects an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) for one of the optimal wireless links for an electronic subscriber identity module (eSIM) programmable to switch between multiple available wireless service carriers and then switches the wireless adapter to the selected optimal wireless link. 1. An information handling system functioning as a smart personal connect gateway comprising: a wireless adapter to communicate with a wireless link; a storage device to store a spatial-temporal user profile comprising wireless device usage trend data for a plurality of locations where the smart personal connect gateway has operated; a positional detector to detect a location of the smart personal connect gateway; an application processor to correlate the wireless device usage trend data to a location of the smart personal connect gateway; the application processor to determine a list of optimal wireless service carriers and available wireless protocols at the location based on: a mobile wireless traffic report with a spatial-temporal radio frequency profile indicating signal quality for the plurality of wireless links; energy link consumption reports indicating energy consumption for the plurality of wireless links provision of communication and data services; and the wireless device usage trend data for the location; the application processor to select an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) for one of the optimal wireless links from an electronic subscriber identity module (eSIM) programmable to switch between multiple available wireless service carriers; and the wireless adapter to switch to a selected optimal wireless link on a wireless service carrier corresponding to the selected IMSI. 2. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 1 further comprising: the application processor to determine a battery state of charge for a battery of the smart personal connect gateway; the processor applying a weighting factor based on the battery state of charge to selection of the optimal wireless service carriers and optimal available wireless protocols, wherein an optimal wireless link will be selected based on lowest level of power consumed for expected wireless usage by the smart personal connect gateway. 3. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 1 further comprising: the application processor to select a second IMSI for a second optimal wireless link via a second eSIM programmable to switch between multiple available wireless service carriers; the wireless adapter to establish the second selected optimal wireless link on a second carrier corresponding to the second selected IMSI. 4. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 3 further comprising: the application processor to determine a battery state of charge for a battery of the smart personal connect gateway; if the battery state of charge is below a threshold level, the application processor will select between established first and second optimal wireless links to route data based on lowest level of power consumed for expected wireless usage. 5. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 1 further comprising: a local wireless adapter to wirelessly communicate with a plurality of information handling systems within wireless personal area network (WPAN) range of the smart personal connect gateway. 6. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 1 further comprising: a local wireless adapter to wirelessly communicate with a plurality internet of things (IoT) sensors monitoring biometric telemetry. 7. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 1, wherein the application processor selects the IMSI for one of the optimal wireless links based on a lowest level of power consumed from among the optimal wireless service carriers. 8. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 5, wherein the application processor selects the optimal IMSI and switches the corresponding wireless link further based on communication data types to be received from the plurality of information handling systems communicating with the local wireless adapter. 9. A computer implemented method comprising: storing a spatial-temporal user profile comprising wireless device usage trend data for a plurality of locations where a smart personal connect gateway has operated; detecting, via a positional detector, a position of the mobile information handling system; determining, via an application processor executing code instructions, a list of optimal wireless service carriers and available wireless protocols at the location based on: a mobile wireless traffic report with a spatial-temporal radio frequency profile indicating signal quality for the plurality of wireless links; energy link consumption reports indicating energy consumption for the plurality of wireless links provision of communication and data services; and the wireless device usage trend data for the location; selecting, via an electronic subscriber identity module (eSIM), an optimal international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) corresponding to a wireless service carrier for one of the optimal wireless links; and switching, via a wireless adapter, to the selected optimal wireless link corresponding to the optimal IMSI. 10. The computer implemented method of claim 9, wherein the optimal wireless service carriers and optimal available wireless protocols are those that consume a lowest level of power and meet a minimum threshold of signal quality at the location corresponding to expected communication types according to the wireless device usage trend data. 11. The computer implemented method of claim 9 further comprising: wirelessly communicating, via a local wireless adapter, with a plurality of information handling systems within wireless personal area network (WPAN) range of the smart personal connect gateway. 12. The computer implemented method of claim 9, wherein determining the list of optimal wireless service carriers and available wireless protocols at the location is further based on wireless device usage trend data including spatial-temporal user profiles for a plurality of information handling systems within wireless personal area network (WPAN) range of the smart personal connect gateway. 13. The computer implemented method of claim 9 further comprising: establishing a second selected optimal wireless link on a second wireless service carrier corresponding to a second IMSI activated via a second eSIM. 14. The computer implemented method of claim 9 further comprising: transmitting a request for screened IMSIs based on the list of optimal wireless service carriers from a pool of IMSIs at a network broker system. 15. The computer implemented method of claim 9 further comprising: determining a battery state of charge for a battery of the smart personal connect gateway; and if the battery state of charge is below a threshold level, selecting between established first and second optimal wireless links to route data based on lowest level of power consumed for expected wireless usage. 16. An information handling system functioning as a smart personal connect gateway comprising: a wireless adapter to communicate with a wireless link; a local wireless adapter to wirelessly communicate with a plurality of information handling systems within wireless personal area network (WPAN) range of the smart personal connect gateway; a storage device to store a spatial-temporal user profile comprising wireless device usage trend data for a plurality of locations where the smart personal connect gateway has operated; a positional detector to detect a location of the smart personal connect gateway; an application processor to correlate the wireless device usage trend data to a location of the smart personal connect gateway; the application processor to determine a list of optimal wireless service carriers and available wireless protocols at the location based on: a mobile wireless traffic report with a spatial-temporal radio frequency profile indicating signal quality for the plurality of wireless links; energy link consumption reports indicating energy consumption for the plurality of wireless links provision of communication and data services; and the wireless device usage trend data for the location; the application processor to select an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) for one of the optimal wireless links from an electronic subscriber identity module (eSIM) programmable to switch between multiple available wireless service carriers; and the wireless adapter to switch to a selected optimal wireless link on a wireless service carrier corresponding to the selected IMSI. 17. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 16 further comprising: the wireless adapter to establish a second selected optimal wireless link. 18. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 16 further comprising: the application processor to determine a battery state of charge for a battery of the smart personal connect gateway; if the battery state of charge is below a threshold level, the application processor will select between established first and second optimal wireless links to route data based on lowest level of power consumed for expected wireless usage. 19. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 16 further comprising: the application processor to select a second IMSI for a second optimal wireless link via a second eSIM programmable to switch between multiple available wireless service carriers; and the wireless adapter to establish the second selected optimal wireless link on a second carrier corresponding to the second selected IMSI. 20. The smart personal connect gateway of claim 16, wherein the application processor receives a reduced number of IMSIs screened from a pool IMSIs at a network broker system based on the list of optimal wireless service carriers and lower levels of power consumed for expected wireless usage.",
-    "A sensor acquires the same type of biometric information from plural fingers in association with an ID. A processor generates feature data used for verification from the biometric information, and generates characteristic data used for calculation of similarity between the plural fingers from the biometric information. Next, the processor compares the characteristic data and calculates the similarity between the plural fingers. The processor determines whether the feature data is registrable based on the similarity, and a memory stores the feature data in association with the ID when the feature data is registrable. 1. A biometric information registration apparatus, comprising: a biometric information sensor configured to acquire a same type of biometric information from a plurality of fingers in association with one ID; a processor configured to generate feature data used for verification from the biometric information, to generate characteristic data used for calculation of similarity between the plurality of fingers from the biometric information, to calculate the similarity between the plurality of fingers by comparing the characteristic data, and to determine whether the feature data is registrable based on the similarity; and a memory configured to store the feature data in association with the ID when the feature data is registrable. 2. The biometric information registration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the biometric information sensor acquires fingerprint information as the biometric information. 3. The biometric information registration apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the processor generates one or a plurality of pieces of information from among a size of an area including the fingerprint information, a fingerprint pattern of the fingerprint information, a quality of the fingerprint information, a width of a ridge of the fingerprint information, and a distance between ridges of the fingerprint information, as the characteristic data. 4. The biometric information registration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the memory further stores the characteristic data in association with the feature data; the biometric information sensor acquires additional biometric information from a finger that is identical with or different from the plurality of fingers after the memory stores the feature data and the characteristic data; the processor generates feature data from the additional biometric information, generates characteristic data from the additional biometric information, calculates similarity by comparing the characteristic data stored in the memory with the characteristic data generated from the additional biometric information, determines whether the feature data generated from the additional biometric information is registrable based on the similarity between the characteristic data stored in the memory and the characteristic data generated from the additional biometric information, and registers the feature data generated from the additional biometric information in the memory in association with the ID when the feature data generated from the additional biometric information is registrable. 5. The biometric information registration apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the memory further stores a generation date in association with the characteristic data, the generation date being a date on which the characteristic data used for calculation of the similarity between the plurality of fingers is generated, and the processor changes a calculation method of calculating the similarity based on the generation date stored in the memory and a generation date of the characteristic data generated from the additional biometric information. 6. The biometric information registration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processor determines that the feature data is registrable when the similarity is greater than a threshold. 7. A biometric information registration method, comprising: acquiring a same type of biometric information from a plurality of fingers in association with one ID; generating by a processor feature data used for verification from the biometric information; generating by the processor characteristic data used for calculating similarity between the plurality of fingers from the biometric information; calculating by the processor the similarity between the plurality of fingers by comparing the characteristic data; and determining by the processor whether the feature data is registrable based on the similarity and registering the feature data in a memory in association with the ID when the feature data is registrable. 8. The biometric information registration method according to claim 7, wherein the acquiring the biometric information acquires fingerprint information as the biometric information. 9. The biometric information registration method according to claim 8, wherein the generating the characteristic data generates one or a plurality of pieces of information from among a size of an area including the fingerprint information, a fingerprint pattern of the fingerprint information, a quality of the fingerprint information, a width of a ridge of the fingerprint information, and a distance between ridges of the fingerprint information, as the characteristic data. 10. The biometric information registration method according to claim 7, wherein the registering the feature data in the memory further registers the characteristic data in the memory in association with the feature data, the biometric information registration method further comprises: acquiring additional biometric information from a finger that is identical with or different from the plurality of fingers after the memory stores the feature data and the characteristic data; generating by the processor feature data from the additional biometric information; generating by the processor characteristic data from the additional biometric information; calculating by the processor similarity by comparing the characteristic data stored in the memory and the characteristic data generated from the additional biometric information; and determining by the processor whether the feature data generated from the additional biometric information is registrable based on the similarity between the characteristic data stored in the memory and the characteristic data generated from the additional biometric information, and registering the feature data generated from the additional biometric information in the memory in association with the ID when the feature data generated from the additional biometric information is registrable. 11. The biometric information registration method according to claim 10, wherein the registering the feature data in the memory further registers a generation date in association with the characteristic data, the generation date being a date on which the characteristic data used for calculation of the similarity between the plurality of fingers is generated, and the processor changes a calculation method of calculating the similarity based on the generation date stored in the memory and a generation date of the characteristic data generated from the additional biometric information. 12. The biometric information registration method according to claim 7, wherein the determining whether the feature data is registrable determines that the feature data is registrable when the similarity is greater than a threshold. 13. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored therein a biometric information registration program causing a computer to execute a process comprising: acquiring a same type of biometric information from a plurality of fingers in association with one ID; generating feature data used for verification from the biometric information; generating characteristic data used for calculating similarity between the plurality of fingers from the biometric information; calculating the similarity between the plurality of fingers by comparing the characteristic data; and determining whether the feature data is registrable based on the similarity; and registering the feature data in a memory in association with the ID when the feature data is registrable. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 13, wherein the acquiring the biometric information acquires fingerprint information as the biometric information. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable recording medium according to claim 14, wherein the generating the characteristic data generates one or a plurality of pieces of information from among a size of an area including the fingerprint information, a fingerprint pattern of the fingerprint information, a quality of the fingerprint information, a width of a ridge of the fingerprint information, and a distance between ridges of the fingerprint information, as the characteristic data.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome; and a capacitor formed by the conductive dome and the conductive front cover for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome; a capacitor formed by the conductive dome and the conductive front cover for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive front cover includes a lead wire for outputting electrical signals from the conductive front cover.",
-    "A system and method are provided for associating initial perceptions of viewed images with visual or audible features such as facial features or vocal features and then comparing selected images or content to those visual or vocal features to predict a likely initial perception of those selected images or content or to allow for the selection of a desired perception and then selection of one or more images or content from a collection of images or content that is most likely to be associated with the selected perception. A system is also provided for generating an image combining features of more than one image to increase the likelihood of a selected perception. 1. A method for relating visual features to a perception by an observer of subjects having the same or similar features, the method comprising: providing a computer in communication with a display, a response device, an imaging device and a storage; displaying at least a first one of a plurality of images via the display to a viewer, each image corresponding to one of a plurality of subjects; receiving a response via a response device from the viewer to the at least a first one of the plurality of images wherein the response is indicative of at least a first or a second response to the at least a first one of the plurality of images; recording via the imaging device at least one focus region of the viewer on the displayed image and correlating the at least one focus region with a visual feature of the subject; generating a data set via the computer and storing said data set on said storage, the data set creating an association between the visual feature and the response to indicate a likely perception based on the visual feature. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the association is a statistical correlation. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the visual features are facial features of the subject. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the imaging device determines the at least one focus region by tracking eye movement of the viewer between initial display of each image and receipt of the response and associating the eye movement with at least one location for each of the plurality of images. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing a neuro-imaging scanner in communication with the computer and transmitting neuro-imaging data of the viewer, the neuro-imaging data indicative of a neurological response of the viewer between initial display of the at least a first one of the plurality of images and receipt of the response; said step of generating the data set further including associating the neurological response with the focus region and the visual feature. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the first response is indicative of a positive perception and the second response is indicative of a negative perception. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the first response is selected from the group consisting of: trustworthy, honest, focused, strong, creative, and combinations thereof and the second response is a negative of the first response. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising repeating the displaying, receiving and recording steps for successive ones of the plurality of images and wherein the generating associates the visual feature with the likely perception based on a statistical correlation of the responses to the successive ones of the plurality of images to generate the data set. 9. A system for determining a likely perception of a subject based on an image of the subject, the system comprising: a computer in communication with a storage, the storage having data stored thereon, the data providing an association between at least one visual feature and a perception; software executing on said computer and receiving at least one image of the subject and further determining at least one subject feature by comparing the at least one image to the at least one visual feature, said software associating the at least one subject feature with the at least one visual feature based on a match where the match is indicative of the at least one subject feature matching the at least one visual feature; a display coupled to the computer and presenting the perception associated with the at least one visual feature based on the at least one subject facial feature being associated therewith. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the visual feature and the at least one feature are both facial features. 11. The system of claim 9 wherein the perception presented via the display is indicative of a likelihood that a third party viewing the at least one image would have the perception upon viewing the at least one image. 12. The system of claim 9 wherein the at least one subject feature is determined by identification of an area of the at least one image corresponding to a face and comparing parts of the area to known images corresponding to control features, where the parts of the area are matched to the control features that are associated with control images and the parts of the area are matched based on a coloring or shape or combinations thereof to determine the match. 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the parts of the area are matched to the control features based on a percentage of similarity or a percentage in relation to two control features having different intensity of the control features to determine the match. 14. The system of claim 9 wherein the match between the at least one visual feature and the at least one subject feature is expressed as a similarity. 15. The system of claim 9 wherein the similarity is a percentage. 16. A system for selecting one or more images based on a desired perception, the system comprising: a computer in communication with a storage, the storage having data stored thereon, the data indicative of an association between at least one visual feature and a perception; software executing on said computer and receiving a plurality of images of a subject and a selection of a selected perception; said software further determining at least one subject feature for each of the plurality of images and associating at least one subject feature with the at least one visual feature to determine a perception for one or more of the plurality of images; said software further determining which of the one or more of the plurality of images is most likely to be associated with the selected perception to determine at least one likely image; a display coupled to the computer and presenting the at least one likely image. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the at least one likely image is a ranking of multiple images. 18. The system of claim 16 wherein the at least one likely image is presented as the group consisting of: an image, file name, file path, or combinations thereof, that is most likely to be associated with the selected perception. 19. The system of claim 16 wherein the association between the visual feature and the perception is based on a set of data gathered by displaying a plurality of images to a plurality of viewers wherein upon display of each of the plurality of images, one of the plurality of viewers indicates at least a first or second response, the response associated with an initial perception and said data correlates a plurality of responses to the plurality of images with focus region such that the focus region is associated with the visual feature. 20. A system for producing an image associated with likely perceptions, the system comprising: a computer in communication with a storage having data stored thereon, the data associating a visual feature of a subject with a perception; software executing on said computer for receiving a selected perception; said software receiving a plurality of images and determining at least two perceptions associated with each image based on two visual features; said software selecting a first one of the plurality of images having the selected perception as the most likely perception among the plurality of images based on a first one of the two visual features; said software comparing a second one of the two visual features to the selected perception to determine if the second one of the two visual features conflicts or undermines the selected perception such that the selected perception is less likely; said software selecting part of at least one of the plurality of images, where the part of the at least one of the plurality of images increases the likelihood of the selected perception; said software overlaying the part of the at least one of the plurality of images over a part of the first one of the plurality of images to create a combined image. 21. The system of claim 20 further comprising: said software blending the part of the at least one of the plurality of images with the first one of the plurality of images by modifying a color or a shading or a lighting effect of the combined image to increase the likelihood of the selected perception. 22. A method for relating content features to a perception by an observer of subjects having the same or similar content features, the method comprising: providing a computer in communication with a presentation device, a response device, and a storage; presenting a first one of a plurality of content segments via the presentation device to a responder, each content segment corresponding to one of a plurality of subjects; receiving a response via a response device from the responder to the at least a first one of the plurality of content segments the response is indicative of a degree to which the responder perceives a specified perception; repeating the presenting and receiving steps for each of the plurality of content segments; generating a dataset associating each of the plurality of content segments with the responder's response; identifying a pattern based on the dataset to associate a feature of the plurality of content segments with the specified perception; comparing the feature with a user content segment to determine the likelihood of the specified perception for the user content segment based on the dataset. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the plurality of content segments are selected from the group consisting of an: image, sound, video or combinations thereof.",
-    "In one embodiment, a method includes distributing rendering tasks to connected client nodes having capable graphics processing units by transmitting viewport state data objects and a unique spatial location to each of the clients, performing path tracing at each of the clients from the starting point of their unique spatial locations, and transmitting their rendered output back to the server. The server generates a composite rendered output from the individual rendered outputs received by the participating clients, and then transmits the composite to all connected clients for display. Thus, as the number of client nodes increases, the scene is rendered more rapidly and at higher quality. In particular embodiments, the rendered output is a lightmap representing the diffuse lighting for the scene, and each client may render the scene's specular highlights from its own viewport. 1-24. (canceled) 25. A method comprising: transmitting to a subset of a plurality of participating clients, by a computer system, common render assets of a 3D environment, a unique spatial position different from other transmitted spatial positions, the unique spatial position representing a position for generating a respective render of the 3D environment, the common render assets comprising VSDOs (viewport state data objects); transmitting, by the computer system, to each of the participating clients, one or more instructions to generate the respective render using the common render assets and its unique spatial position; receiving, by the computer system, from each of the participating clients, the respective render for a portion of the environment comprising the common render assets; determining, by the computer system, if a required number of samples to be composited for a scene comprising the 3D environment exceeds a number of the participating clients; obtaining the required number of samples, by the computer system via performance of multiple renders when the required number of samples exceeds the number of participating clients; generating, by the computer system, a composite render from the respective renders upon obtaining the required number of samples, each of the respective renders comprises the common render assets and each of the respective renders is rendered from one of the transmitted spatial positions; and transmitting by the computer system, the composite render to at least the participating clients, comprising: adding respective renders comprising light maps to generate a composite light map of the environment containing the common render assets; and transmitting the VSDOs enhanced by a layer comprising the composite light map. 26. The method of claim 25, performing the multiple renders further comprising: causing, by the computer system, the participating clients to perform at least a subset of the multiple renders. 27. The method of claim 25, further comprising: rendering, by the computer system, respective viewports for non-participating clients. 28. The method of claim 27, rendering the respective viewports further comprises: rendering, by the computer system, the respective viewports for the non-participating clients based on the VSDOs for the 3D environment, a composite light map generated from the respective renders and camera information received from the non-participating clients. 29. The method of claim 28, rendering the respective viewports further comprises: correcting, by the computer system via a hit function, for difference of an origin of one of the VSDOs and a respective reference point for each of the non-participating clients. 30. The method of claim 25, transmitting the composite render further comprises: compressing, by the computer system, frames of the rendered viewports. 31. The method of claim 25, wherein each unique spatial position is generated randomly. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein the instructions to generate a render comprise instructions to perform path tracing on the common render assets from the unique spatial position. 33. The method of claim 25, wherein the composite render is a light map for a portion of or the entire 3D environment containing the common render assets. 34-35. (canceled) 36. The method of claim 25, transmitting the composite render further comprises: transmitting, by the computer system, only changes between a previous light map for the VSDOs transmitted to the clients and the composite light map. 37. A system, comprising: a graphics processing unit; a processor; and a storage medium for tangibly storing thereon program logic for execution by the processor, the program logic comprising: common render asset transmission logic, executed by the processor, to transmit to a plurality of clients, common render assets, the common render assets comprising VSDOs (viewport state data objects); spatial position transmission logic, executed by the processor, to transmit, to each of the plurality of clients, a unique spatial position different from other transmitted spatial positions, the unique spatial position representing a position for generating a respective render; instruction transmission logic executed by the processor, to transmit, to each of the plurality of clients, one or more instructions to generate the respective render using the common render assets and its unique spatial position; receiving logic, executed by the processor, to receive, from each of the plurality of clients, the respective render; determining logic, executed by the processor, to determine if a required number of samples to be composited for a scene comprising the 3D environment exceeds a number of the participating clients; obtaining logic, executed by the processor, to obtain the required number of samples via performance of multiple renders when the required number of samples exceeds the number of participating clients; composite render generating logic, executed by the processor, to generate a composite render from the respective renders upon obtaining the required number of samples, each of the respective renders comprises the common render assets and is rendered from one of the transmitted spatial positions; and composite render transmitting logic, executed by the processor, to transmit the composite render to the plurality of clients, comprising: add respective renders comprising light maps to generate a composite light map of the environment containing the common render assets; and transmit the VSDOs enhanced by a layer comprising the composite light map. 38. The system of claim 37, performing the multiple renders further comprises: logic executed by the processor for causing the participating clients to perform at least a subset of the multiple renders. 39. The system of claim 37, further comprising: viewport rendering logic, executed by the processor, to render respective viewports for non-participating clients. 40. The system of claim 39, the viewport rendering logic further comprises: logic for rendering, by the processor, the respective viewports for the non-participating clients based on the VSDOs for the 3D environment, a composite light map generated from the respective renders and camera information received the non-participating clients. 41. The system of claim 39, the logic for rendering the respective viewports further comprises: correcting logic, executed by the processor, to correct via a hit function, for difference of an origin of one of the VSDOs and a respective reference point for each of the non-participating clients. 42. The system of claim 37, the composite render transmitting logic further comprises: compressing logic, executed by the processor, for compressing frames of the rendered viewports. 43. A non-transitory processor readable storage medium comprising instructions for: transmitting to a subset of a plurality of participating clients, common render assets of a 3D environment, a unique spatial position different from other transmitted spatial positions, the unique spatial position representing a position for generating a respective render of the 3D environment, the common render assets comprising VSDOs (viewport state data objects); transmitting to each of the participating clients, one or more instructions to generate the respective render using the common render assets and its unique spatial position; receiving from each of the participating clients, the respective render for a portion of the environment comprising the common render assets; determining if a required number of samples to be composited for a scene comprising the 3D environment exceeds a number of the participating clients; obtaining the required number of samples, via performance of multiple renders when the required number of samples exceeds the number of participating clients; generating a composite render from the respective renders upon obtaining the required number of samples, each of the respective renders comprises the common render assets and each of the respective renders is rendered from one of the transmitted spatial positions; and transmitting the composite render to at least the participating clients, comprising: adding respective renders comprising light maps to generate a composite light map of the environment containing the common render assets; and transmitting the VSDOs enhanced by a layer comprising the composite light map. 44. The non-transitory medium of claim 43, further comprising instructions for: rendering respective viewports for non-participating clients; and transmitting the viewports comprising the composite render to the non-participating clients.",
-    "Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for monitoring components in a library by tracking the movement of library components. By tracking the movement of library components, the degradation of library components can be monitored and the reliability of library components determined, allowing unreliable components to be bypassed or replaced, enhancing the reliability of the library and preventing data loss. 1. A monitoring device, comprising, An interface, wherein the monitoring device is communicatively coupled to a media library through the interface, the media library comprising a plurality of library components including a plurality of media; a controller, including a processor, for monitoring library components of the media library by: sending a plurality of commands to the media library over a period of time; monitoring media in the media library based on the states returned in response to the commands, wherein a returned state comprises a location of media in the media library; correlating errors of library components with the media based on the monitoring of the media; and identifying a library component of the media library as an error source based on the correlation. 2. The monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the media are set of tapes and the library components further comprise a robot, a slot or a drive. 3. The monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the media library is a virtual media library. 4. The monitoring device of claim 1, wherein monitoring media comprises tracking a movement of media by comparing a first library state returned in response to a first command to a second library state returned in response to a second command. 5. The monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the commands include one or more Read Element Status Commands or one or more inquiry commands. 6. The monitoring device of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of commands is sent at a time interval, wherein the time interval is less than a backup time or a tape movement time for the media library. 7. The monitoring appliance of claim 1, wherein the monitoring device is an out-of-band monitoring appliance. 8. A method of monitoring library components, comprising, sending a plurality of commands to a media library over a period of time, the media library comprising a plurality of library components including a plurality of media; monitoring media in the media library based on the states returned in response to the commands, wherein a returned state comprises a location of media in the media library; correlating errors of library components with the media based on the monitoring of the media; and identifying a library component of the media library as an error source based on the correlation. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the media are set of tapes and the library components further comprise a robot, a slot or a drive. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the media library is a virtual media library. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein monitoring media comprises tracking a movement of media by comparing a first library state returned in response to a first command to a second library state returned in response to a second command. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the commands include one or more Read Element Status Commands or one or more inquiry commands. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of commands is sent at a time interval, wherein the time interval is less than a backup time or a tape movement time for the media library. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the monitoring device is an out-of-band monitoring appliance. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium, comprising instructions for: sending a plurality of commands to a media library over a period of time, the media library comprising a plurality of library components including a plurality of media; monitoring media in the media library based on the states returned in response to the commands, wherein a returned state comprises a location of media in the media library; correlating errors of library components with the media based on the monitoring of the media; and identifying a library component of the media library as an error source based on the correlation. 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the media are set of tapes and the library components further comprise a robot, a slot or a drive. 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the media library is a virtual media library. 18. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein monitoring media comprises tracking a movement of media by comparing a first library state returned in response to a first command to a second library state returned in response to a second command. 19. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the commands include one or more Read Element Status Commands or one or more inquiry commands. 20. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of commands is sent at a time interval, wherein the time interval is less than a backup time or a tape movement time for the media library. 21. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the monitoring device is an out-of-band monitoring appliance.",
-    "Prostheses that address stress shielding are disclosed. For instance, a knee prosthesis includes a monolithic femoral component having medial and lateral condylar elements for confronting and engaging a natural tibia or a bearing member of a tibial component, an intercondylar notch between the condylar elements for confronting and engaging a natural patella or a patellar component, and an anterior flange extending proximally from the medial and lateral condylar elements and the intercondylar notch. The femoral component defines a bone-facing surface and a bearing surface, the bearing surface including medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces defined by the medial and lateral condylar elements, respectively, and an intercondylar articular surface defined by the intercondylar notch. A slot extends through the femoral component from the bearing surface to the bone-facing surface, the slot starting at an edge of the femoral component and ending at a location within the anterior flange. Methods of making and using the prosthesis are also provided. 1. A prosthesis comprising: a body including an articular surface and a bone-contacting surface opposite the articular surface, the articular and bone-contacting surfaces located within an edge of the body, wherein a slot extends through the articular and bone contacting surfaces, a first end of the slot passing through the edge and a second end of the slot located away from the edge. 2. The prosthesis of claim 1, wherein the body is a femoral component, and the articular surface includes medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces and an intercondylar articular surface. 3. The prosthesis of claim 2, wherein the slot partially disconnects the medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces to define a cantilever beam including the intercondylar articular surface. 4. The prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the body is flexibly configured to transfer loads from the articular surface directly to resected femoral bone. 5. The prosthesis of claim 3, wherein the slot at least partially separates the medial condylar articular surfaces from the cantilever beam. 6. The prosthesis of claim 1, wherein a width of the slot is less than 10% of a width of the entire body measured along the same direction. 7. The prosthesis of claim 1, wherein a width of the slot is substantially constant along a majority of a length of the slot. 8. The prosthesis of claim 7, wherein a dimension of the slot at the second end is larger than the substantially constant width of the slot. 9. A knee prosthesis comprising: a monolithic femoral component including medial and lateral condylar elements for confronting and engaging a natural tibia or a bearing member of a tibial component, an intercondylar notch between the medial and lateral condylar elements for confronting and engaging a natural patella or a patellar component, and an anterior flange extending proximally from the medial and lateral condylar elements and the intercondylar notch, wherein the femoral component defines a bone-facing surface and a bearing surface, the bearing surface including medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces defined by the medial and lateral condylar elements, respectively, and an intercondylar articular surface defined by the intercondylar notch, and wherein a slot extends through the femoral component from the bearing surface to the bone-facing surface, the slot starting at an edge of the femoral component and ending at a location within the anterior flange. 10. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, wherein the slot starts at a medial-distal intersection of the intercondylar notch and the medial condylar element and extends proximally along a medial edge of the intercondylar notch. 11. The knee prosthesis of claim 10, wherein the slot further extends laterally along a proximal region of the anterior flange. 12. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, wherein the slot partially disconnects the medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces to define the intercondylar notch as a cantilever beam. 13. The knee prosthesis of claim 12, wherein the slot at least partially separates the medial condylar element from the cantilever beam. 14. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, further comprising a tibial component including a bearing member. 15. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, further comprising a patellar component. 16. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, wherein a width of the slot is less than 10% of a width of the femoral component measured along the same direction. 17. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, wherein a width of the slot is substantially constant along a majority of a length of the slot. 18. The knee prosthesis of claim 17, wherein a dimension of the slot at the location within the anterior flange at which the slot ends is larger than the substantially constant width of the slot. 19. The knee prosthesis of claim 9, wherein the slot extends along a path from a location at the edge of the femoral component to the end location within the anterior flange that measures at least ten times a width of the slot. 20. A method of making a knee prosthesis, comprising the steps of: cutting a slot in a monolithic femoral component, the femoral component including: medial and lateral condylar elements for confronting and engaging a natural tibia or a bearing member of a tibial component, an intercondylar notch between the medial and lateral condylar elements for confronting and engaging a natural patella or a patellar component, and an anterior flange extending proximally from the medial and lateral condylar elements and the intercondylar notch, wherein the femoral component defines a bone-facing surface and a bearing surface, the bearing surface including medial and lateral condylar articular surfaces defined by the medial and lateral condylar elements, respectively, and an intercondylar articular surface defined by the intercondylar notch, wherein the step of cutting includes cutting the slot to extend through the femoral component from the bearing surface to the bone-facing surface, and cutting the slot such that the slot starts at an edge of the femoral component and ends at a location within the anterior flange.",
-    "A cornerlock is used with a frame assembly. The frame assembly includes first and second frame members each having walls defining interior voids. The cornerlock extends into the interior void of each of the first and second frame members. The cornerlock comprises first and second body members mating with the interior voids of the first and second frame members, respectively. Each body member has proximal and distal ends and are rigidly fixed to one another. The first body member has a leg and an arm both extending from the proximal end to the distal end. The leg is resistant to deflection. The arm is deflectable about the proximal end and immediately deflects upon engagement with the first frame member for engaging the leg with one of the plurality of walls and biasing the arm into engagement with another one of the plurality of walls of the first frame member. 1. A cornerlock for use with a frame assembly, with the frame assembly including a first frame member and a second frame member each having a plurality of walls extending between a first end and a second end which is spaced from the first end, with the plurality of walls of each of the first and second frame members defining an interior void, and with said cornerlock configured to extend into the interior void of each of the first and second frame members, said cornerlock comprising: a first body member configured to mate with the interior void of the first frame member; and a second body member configured to mate with the interior void of the second frame member, with each body member having a proximal end and a distal end spaced from said proximal end with said first and second body members rigidly fixed to one another at said proximal ends; wherein said first body member has a leg extending from said proximal end to said distal end with said leg resistant to deflection, and said first body member also has an arm spaced from said leg and extending from said proximal end to said distal end, with said arm deflectable about said proximal end, and with said arm configured to immediately deflect upon engagement with the first frame member for engaging said leg with one of the plurality of walls and biasing said arm into engagement with another one of the plurality of walls of the first frame member within the interior void of the first frame member such that said first body member self-configures to the first frame member. 2. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein each of said leg and said arm have an engagement surface, with said engagement surfaces opposing one another for engaging opposing walls within the interior void of the first frame member. 3. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 2 wherein said leg has a first leg portion and a second leg portion each extending along an axis between said proximal end and said distal end, with said first leg portion having said engagement surface for engaging one of the walls within the interior void of the first frame member, and with said second leg portion extending from said engagement surface transverse to said axis to brace said first leg portion such that said leg has a greater resistance to deflection than said arm. 4. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 3 wherein said second leg portion extends from said engagement surface substantially perpendicular to said first leg portion. 5. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 2 wherein said first body member extends along an axis between said proximal and distal ends and has at least one rib extending from said engagement surface of at least one of said leg and said arm transverse to said axis for engaging the first frame member within the interior void of the first frame member. 6. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said leg and said arm extend spaced from and substantially parallel to each other between said proximal and distal ends with said arm deflectable toward and away from said leg. 7. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 5 wherein said leg and said arm are tapered toward each other at said distal end for facilitating insertion of said first body member into the interior void of the first frame member. 8. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first body member has a brace positioned between said proximal and said distal ends and extending between and coupled to each of said leg and said arm with said brace localizing said deflection substantially toward said distal end. 9. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 further including a center wall at said proximal end of each of said first and second body members and extending transverse to said leg, with said center wall configured to abut at least one of the first and second ends of each of the first and second frame members. 10. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 9 wherein said center wall extends from said leg along a plane transverse to said leg for abutting one of the first and second ends of each of the first and second frame members. 11. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first and second body members define an angle at said proximal ends, with said angle less than 180 degrees. 12. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 11 wherein said leg of said first body member partially defines said angle. 13. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said leg has a flexural rigidity at least three times greater than a flexural rigidity of said arm. 14. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said second body member has a leg extending from said proximal end to said distal end with said leg resistant to deflection, and said second body member also has an arm spaced from said leg and extending from said proximal end to said distal end, with said arm deflectable about said proximal end, and with said arm configured to immediately deflect upon engagement with the second frame member for engaging said leg with one of the plurality of walls and biasing said arm into engagement with another one of the plurality of walls of the second frame member within the interior void of the second frame member such that said second body member self-configures to the second frame member. 15. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first body member has a first width at said proximal end and a second width at said distal end, with said second width variable with said deflection of said arm such that said second width is at most equal to said first width for facilitating immediate deflection of said arm upon engagement with the first frame member. 16. The cornerlock as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first and second body members are integral such that said cornerlock is a unitary construction. 17. A frame assembly for disposing within an opening of a structure, said frame assembly comprising: a first frame member and a second frame member each having a plurality of walls extending between a first end and a second end which is spaced from said first end, with said plurality of walls of each of said first and second frame members defining an interior void; and a cornerlock extending into said interior void of each of said first and second frame members to couple together said first and second frame members, said cornerlock comprising: a first body member configured to mate with said interior void of said first frame member and a second body member configured to mate with said interior void of said second frame member, with each body member having a proximal end and a distal end spaced from said proximal end with said first and second body members rigidly fixed to one another at said proximal ends; wherein said first body member has a leg extending from said proximal end to said distal end with said leg resistant to deflection, and said first body member also has an arm spaced from said leg and extending from said proximal end to said distal end, with said arm deflectable about said proximal end, and with said arm immediately deflecting upon engagement with said first frame member to engage said leg with one of said plurality of walls and bias said arm into engagement with another one of said plurality of walls of said first frame member within said interior void of said first frame member such that said first body member self-configures to said first frame member. 18. The frame assembly as set forth in claim 17 wherein said cornerlock includes a center wall at said proximal end of each of said first and second body members and extending transverse to said leg, with said center wall abutting one of said first and second ends of each of said first and second frame members. 19. The frame assembly as set forth in claim 18 wherein said center wall extends from said leg along a plane transverse to said leg and abutting one of said first and second ends of each of said first and second frame members. 20. The frame assembly as set forth in claim 19 wherein each of said first and second frame members have a mitered end with said cornerlock extending into said interior voids of said first and second frame members at said mitered ends, with said first and second frame members abutting said center wall at said mitered ends in an angular configuration. 21. The frame assembly as set forth in claim 17 wherein said leg of said first body member has a first leg portion and a second leg portion each extending along an axis between said proximal end and said distal end, with said first leg portion having an engagement surface engaging one of said walls within said interior void of said first frame member, and with said second leg portion extending from said engagement surface transverse to said axis to brace said first leg portion such that said leg has a greater resistance to deflection than said arm. 22. The frame assembly as set forth in claim 21 wherein said interior void of said first frame member is further defined as a first interior section and a second interior section with said first leg portion disposed within said first interior section and said second leg portion disposed within said second interior section. 23. The frame assembly as set forth in claim 22 wherein said first interior section is configured to only accept said first leg portion and second interior section is configured to only accept said second leg portion to facilitate and maintain proper alignment of said first body member relative to said first frame member.",
-    "This invention relates to novel substituted styryl benzylsulfones that are multikinase inhibitors and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof. The invention also provides compositions comprising a compound of this invention and the use of such compositions in methods of treating diseases and conditions beneficially treated by an agent that inhibits kinases, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and polo-like kinase (PLK-1). 1-28. (canceled) 29. A compound of Formula II: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R1 is CD3 or CH3; R2 is CD3 or CH3; R3 is CD3, CH3 or R2; R4 is CD3 or CH3; each Y1 is independently hydrogen or deuterium; each Y2 is independently hydrogen or deuterium; X is hydrogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C2-C7 alkenyl, C2-C7 alkadienyl, C6-C10 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein X is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, a \u2014OC1-C6 alkyl group, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group and a 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl wherein the heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more C1-C2 alkyl groups, and wherein if X is C1-C7 alkyl, one or two carbons of the C1-C7 alkyl are optionally replaced with \u2014NR5, and one carbon of the C1-C7 alkyl other than the carbon bonded to the \u2014C(O)O\u2014 group of formula II is optionally replaced with oxygen; each R5 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with R6; and each R6 is (C1-C4 alkyl)NH; (C1-C4 alkyl)2N, wherein the (C1-C4) alkyl groups in the (C1-C4 alkyl)2N are the same or different; 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with C1-C2 alkyl;or OC1-C4 alkyl; provided that if each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each CH3 and each Y1 is hydrogen, then at least one Y2 is deuterium; wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance, and wherein the deuterium incorporation at each atom designated as deuterium is at least 90%. 30. The compound of claim 29, represented by structural Formula IIa: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 31. The compound of claim 29, wherein R2 is CD3. 32. The compound of claim 29, wherein R2 isCH3. 33. The compound of claim 29, wherein Rl is CD3. 34. The compound of claim 29, wherein R1 is CH3. 35. The compound of claim 29, wherein R4 is CD3. 36. The compound of claim 29, wherein R4 is CH3. 37. The compound of claim 29, wherein each Y1 is deuterium. 38. The compound of claim 29, wherein each Y1 is hydrogen. 39. The compound of claim 29, wherein each Y2 is deuterium. 40. The compound of claim 29, wherein each Y2 is hydrogen. 41. The compound of claim 29, wherein X is hydrogen and the compound is a carboxylic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 42. The compound of claim 30 wherein Xis hydrogen, wherein the compound is selected from any one of the compounds set forth in Table 1 below: R1 R2 R4 Each Y1 Each Y2 CH3 CH3 CH3 H D CH3 CH3 CH3 D H CH3 CH3 CH3 D D CH3 CH3 CD3 H H CH3 CH3 CD3 H D CH3 CH3 CD3 D H CH3 CH3 CD3 D D CH3 CD3 CH3 H H CH3 CD3 CH3 H D CH3 CD3 CH3 D H CH3 CD3 CH3 D D CH3 CD3 CD3 H H CH3 CD3 CD3 H D CH3 CD3 CD3 D H CH3 CD3 CD3 D D CD3 CH3 CH3 H D CD3 CH3 CH3 D H CD3 CH3 CH3 D D CD3 CH3 CD3 H H CD3 CH3 CD3 H D CD3 CH3 CD3 D H CD3 CH3 CD3 D D CD3 CD3 CH3 H H CD3 CD3 CH3 H D CD3 CD3 CH3 D H CD3 CD3 CH3 D D CD3 CD3 CD3 H H CD3 CD3 CD3 H D CD3 CD3 CD3 D H CD3 CD3 CD3 D D or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 43. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 29, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 44. The composition of claim 43, additionally comprising a second therapeutic agent selected from gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, or combinations thereof 45. A method of treating a disease or condition selected from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), solid tumors, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, AML, or lymphocytic leukemia, in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject the compound of claim 29. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome. 47. A compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R1 is CD3 or CH3; R2 is CD3 or CH3; R3 is CD3, CH3 or R2; R4 is CD3 or CH3; each Y1 is independently hydrogen or deuterium; each Y2 is independently hydrogen or deuterium; W is O or NH; X is hydrogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C2-C7 alkenyl, C2-C7 alkadienyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, \u2014CH2\u2014C(O)OR12 or \u2014CH(R11)\u2014C(O)OR12; wherein if X is other than \u2014CH2\u2014C(O)OR12 or \u2014CH(R11)\u2014C(O)OR12, X is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, a \u2014OC1-C6 alkyl group, a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group and a 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl wherein the heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more C1-C2 alkyl groups, and wherein if X is C1-C7 alkyl, one or two carbons of the C1-C7 alkyl are optionally replaced with \u2014NR5, and one carbon of the C1-C7 alkyl other than the carbon bonded to the \u2014C(O)O\u2014 group of formula I is optionally replaced with oxygen; each R5 is hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with R6; and each R6 is (C1-C4 alkyl)NH; (C1-C4 alkyl)2N, wherein the (C1-C4) alkyl groups in the (C1-C4 alkyl)2N are the same or different; 3- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with C1-C2 alkyl;or OC1-C4 alkyl; R8 is C1-C7 alkyl, C2-C7 alkenyl, C2-C7 alkadienyl, C6-C10 aryl, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R11 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-10 alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, \u2014(C1-3 alkyl)-(C3-6 cycloalkyl), or C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein R11 is optionally substituted with C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, phenyl, or \u2014O\u2014(CH2CH2O)n\u2014CH3, wherein n is 1, 2, or 3; R12 is hydrogen; \u2014C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl; \u2014(C3-6 cycloalkyl) optionally substituted with phenyl or methyl; \u2014CH2\u2014(C3-6 cycloalkyl) wherein the C3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with phenyl; phenyl; or biphenyl; provided that if X is not and if each R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each CH3 and each Y1 is hydrogen, then at least one Y2 is deuterium; wherein any atom not designated as deuterium is present at its natural isotopic abundance, and wherein the deuterium incorporation at each atom designated as deuterium is at least 90%. 48. A compound of claim 47, wherein R2 and R3 are the same and the compound of Formula I is a compound of Formula Ia: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is hydrogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C2-C7 alkenyl, C2-C7 alkadienyl, C6-C10 aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, \u2014CH2\u2014C(O)OR12 or \u2014CH(R11)\u2014C(O)OR12; and each of R1, R2, R4, Y1, Y2, R11 and R12 is as defined above for a compound of Formula I in claim 47. 49. A compound of claim 47, wherein R2 and R3 are the same and the compound of Formula I is a compound of Formula Ib: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 50. A compound of claim 29, wherein the deuterium incorporation at each atom designated as deuterium is at least 95%. 51. A compound of claim 47, wherein the deuterium incorporation at each atom designated as deuterium is at least 95%.",
-    "A method of producing a protein includes providing a bacterial cell expressing both (a) a protein of interest fused to one of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher pair and (b) an outer membrane protein fused to the other of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher pair; causing the bacterial cell to express both of the protein of interest fusion and the outer membrane protein fusion in outer membrane vesicles; and purifying the outer membrane vesicles. 1. A method of producing a protein, the method comprising: providing a bacterial cell expressing both (a) a protein of interest fused to one of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher pair and (b) an outer membrane protein fused to the other of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher pair; causing the bacterial cell to express both of the protein of interest fusion and the outer membrane protein fusion in outer membrane vesicles; and purifying the outer membrane vesicles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein of interest is an enzyme. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the enzyme is phosphotriesterase. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the outer membrane protein is OmpA. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein of interest fusion and the outer membrane protein fusion are each under the control of different inducible promoters, and further comprising separately inducing the expression of each of the protein of interest and the outer membrane protein. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said purifying comprises affinity purification. 7. A method of producing a protein, the method comprising: providing a bacterial cell expressing both (a) a protein of interest fused to a first member of a conjugation pair and (b) an outer membrane protein fused to a second member of the conjugation pair; causing the bacterial cell to express both of the protein of interest fusion and the outer membrane protein fusion in outer membrane vesicles; and purifying the outer membrane vesicles.",
-    "An optical modulation device includes a plasmonic nano-antenna layer, a metal layer that faces the plasmonic nano-antenna layer, and a permittivity variation layer and a dielectric material layer between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer. An active area formed in the permittivity variation layer according to an external signal may function as a gate that controls optical modulation performance. 1. An optical modulation device comprising: a plasmonic nano-antenna layer; a metal layer; a permittivity variation layer disposed between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer, the permittivity variation layer having a permittivity that varies according to a signal applied thereto; and a dielectric material layer disposed between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer. 2. The optical modulation device of claim 1, further comprising: a signal applying means configured to apply a signal to the permittivity variation layer, thereby causing a change in the permittivity of the permittivity variation layer. 3. The optical modulation device of claim 2, wherein the signal applying means comprises a power source configured to apply a voltage between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer. 4. The optical modulation device of claim 3, wherein the permittivity variation layer comprises an electro-optic material having a permittivity that varies according to an electrical signal applied thereto. 5. The optical modulation device of claim 4, wherein the permittivity variation layer comprises a transparent conductive material. 6. The optical modulation device of claim 4, wherein the permittivity variation layer comprises a transition metal nitride. 7. The optical modulation device of claim 4, wherein the permittivity variation layer comprises an active area having a carrier concentration that varies according to a voltage applied between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer. 8. The optical modulation device of claim 7, wherein the active area of the permittivity variation layer is adjacent to the dielectric material layer. 9. The optical modulation device of claim 7, wherein a real part of a dielectric constant of the permittivity variation layer is equal to 0 in a predetermined wavelength band. 10. The optical modulation device of claim 9, wherein the predetermined wavelength band is different according to the carrier concentration in the active area. 11. The optical modulation device of claim 9, wherein the voltage applied by the power source between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer is in a range including a voltage value at which a resonance wavelength band of the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the predetermined wavelength band are identical. 12. The optical modulation device of claim 4, wherein the plasmonic nano-antenna layer comprises a plurality of nano-antenna lines spaced apart from each other in a first direction, and wherein each of the plurality of nano-antenna lines comprises a plurality of nano-antennas connected to each other in a second direction different from the first direction. 13. The optical modulation device of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of nano-antennas has a crisscross shape in which a nano rod having a length in the first direction and a nano rod having a length in the second direction cross each other. 14. The optical modulation device of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of nano-antennas is one of circular, oval, polygonal, X-shaped, and star-shaped. 15. The optical modulation device of claim 12, wherein the power source is configured to independently apply a voltage between each of the plurality of nano-antenna lines and the metal layer. 16. The optical modulation device of claim 15, wherein values of voltages applied between the metal layer and each of the plurality of nano-antenna lines have a predetermined regularity in the first direction. 17. The optical modulation device of claim 1, wherein the permittivity variation layer is disposed on the metal layer and the dielectric material layer is disposed on the permittivity variation layer. 18. The optical modulation device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric material layer is disposed on the metal layer and the permittivity variation layer is disposed on the dielectric material layer. 19. The optical modulation device of claim 18, wherein the permittivity variation layer is patterned in a same shape as the plasmonic nano-antenna layer. 20. The optical modulation device of claim 1, wherein the plasmonic nano-antenna layer comprises a metal material and a nano pattern of a plurality of through holes formed in the metal material. 21. An optical apparatus comprising the optical modulation device of claim 1. 22. An optical modulation device comprising: a plasmonic nano-antenna layer comprising a two-dimensional array of a plurality of nano-antennas; a metal layer; a permittivity variation layer disposed between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer, wherein the permittivity variation layer comprises a two-dimensional array of a plurality of active areas, corresponding to the two-dimensional array of the plurality of nano-antennas, each of the plurality of active areas having a carrier concentration that varies according to a voltage applied thereto; and a dielectric material layer disposed between the plasmonic nano-antenna layer and the metal layer.",
-    "Provided is a display device. The display device includes a lower display element where a substrate, a first lower electrode, a liquid crystal part, and a second lower electrode are sequentially stacked, an upper display element stacked vertical to the lower display element, where a first upper electrode, a light emitting part, a second upper electrode, and a protective part are sequentially stacked, and a middle part configured to deliver a driving signal to the lower and upper display elements, between the lower and upper display elements. 1. A display device comprising: a lower display element where a substrate, a first lower electrode, a liquid crystal part, and a second lower electrode are sequentially stacked; an upper display element stacked vertical to the lower display element, where a first upper electrode, a light emitting part, a second upper electrode, and a protective part are sequentially stacked; and a middle part configured to deliver a driving signal to the lower and upper display elements, between the lower and upper display elements. 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the upper display element further comprises banks for defining a space where the light emitting part is disposed; and the protective part disposed on the banks and covers a pixel area where the light emitting part is disposed. 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein the protective part covers the entire upper display element. 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein the protective part has a flat or can-type structure. 5. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a thin film type encapsulation layer between the protective part and an upper part of the upper display element. 6. The display device of claim 1, further comprising a hardener for filling an empty space between the thin film type encapsulation layer and an upper part of the upper display element. 7. The display device of claim 1, wherein one surface of the first lower electrode and one surface of the second lower electrode are exposed and the exposed surfaces of the first and second lower electrodes is disposed in a peripheral area. 8. The display device of claim 7, wherein one surface of the first upper electrode is exposed and the exposed surface of the first upper electrode is disposed in the peripheral area, further comprising a pad part electrically connected to the second upper electrode, wherein one surface of the pad part is exposed and the exposed surface of the pad part is disposed in the peripheral area. 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein the exposed surfaces of the first and second lower electrodes and the exposed surface of the first upper electrode and the exposed surface of the pad part are exposed toward an upper surface of the display device. 10. The display device of claim 1, wherein an upper surface of the first lower electrode are exposed; one surface of the second lower electrode is exposed; and the exposed portions of the first and second lower electrodes are disposed in a peripheral area. 11. The display device of claim 10, further comprising: a first pad part electrically connected to the first upper electrode, one surface of the first pad being exposed; and a second pad part electrically connected to the second upper electrode, one surface of the second pad part being exposed a third pad part electrically connected to the first lower electrode. 12. The display device of claim 11, wherein the exposed portions of the first and second lower electrodes and one surfaces of the first and second pads face a bottom surface of the display device. 13. A method of fabricating a display device, the method comprising: forming a separation layer on a sacrificial substrate; forming a middle part including a passivation layer, a driving circuit, and an interlayer insulation layer on the separation layer; forming an upper display element including a first upper electrode, a light emitting part, a second upper electrode, and a protective part on the middle part; removing the sacrificial substrate; removing the separation layer; and coupling a lower display element including a first lower electrode, a liquid crystal part, and a second lower electrode to below the middle part. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the separation layer comprises at least one of amorphous silicon including hydrogen, a silicon oxide, a silicon nitride, and polyimide, wherein the heat prevention layer comprises a silicon oxide; and the etch stop layer comprises at least one of Mo, Al, Ti, and Cr. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: sequentially forming a heat prevention layer and an etch stop layer between the substrate and the separation layer; and removing the heat prevention layer and the etch stop layer during removing the separation layer. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the sacrificial substrate is removed by using laser or by etchant.",
-    "A rotor drive system includes a mast defining a rotation axis, an electric motor with a stator portion fixed to the stationary mast, a rotor portion rotatably relative to the stator portion, and a clutch disposed along the rotation axis and connected to the rotor portion of the electric motor. A rotor assembly is rotatable about the rotation axis and operably connected to clutch such that, when rotational speed of the rotor assembly exceeds rotational speed of the rotor portion of the electric motor, the clutch disengages the rotor assembly from the electric motor rotor portion. 1. A rotor drive system, comprising: a stationary mast defining a rotation axis; an electric motor with a stator portion fixed to the mast and a rotor portion rotatable relative to the stator portion about the rotation axis; a clutch connected to the rotor portion of the electric motor; and a rotor assembly rotatable about the rotation axis and operably connected to the clutch, wherein the clutch is coaxially arranged between the electric motor and the rotor assembly about the rotation axis to disengage the electric motor from the rotor assembly when rotational speed of the rotor assembly about the rotation axis exceeds rotational speed of the rotor portion of the electric motor. 2. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 1, wherein the clutch includes a roller ramp clutch mechanism. 3. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 1, wherein the clutch includes an inner hub fixed relative to the rotor portion of the electric motor and extending circumferentially about the rotation axis. 4. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 1, wherein the clutch includes an outer hub fixed relative to the rotor assembly and axially overlapping an inner hub of the clutch. 5. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 1, wherein the clutch includes a roller element radially interposed between an inner hub and an outer hub of the clutch. 6. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 5, wherein the clutch includes a resilient member urging the roller member into contact with both the inner hub and the outer hub. 7. A rotor drive system as recited in any claim 1, wherein the outer hub defines a wedge pocket radially opposing an inner hub and separated therefrom by a radial gap. 8. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 7, wherein the wedge pocket is bounded by a planar segment oblique relative to a line tangent to the inner hub. 9. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 7, wherein the wedge pocket has a radial depth on a trailing end that is greater than a radial depth on a leading end relative to a direction of rotation of rotor assembly about the rotation axis. 10. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 7, wherein the wedge pocket is bounded by a radially extending first finger on a leading end and a radially extending second finger on a trailing end, the second finger having a greater radial length than the first finger. 11. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 7, further including a roller element captive within the wedge pocket and movable therein between first and second positions, the second position trailing the first position relative to a rotation direction of the rotor assembly. 12. A rotor drive system as recited in claim 11, wherein movement of the roller into the first position engages the clutch, wherein movement into the second position disengages the clutch. 13. A rotorcraft, comprising: an airframe; a stationary mast fixed to the airframe and defining a rotation axis; an electric motor with a stator portion fixed to the stationary mast and a rotor portion rotatable relative to the stator portion about the rotation axis; a clutch connected to the rotor portion of the electric motor and externally of the airframe; and a rotor assembly rotatable about the rotation axis and operably connected to the clutch, wherein the clutch is coaxially arranged between the electric motor and the rotor assembly about the rotation axis such that, when engaged, the electric motor is coupled to the rotor assembly by the clutch for rotating the rotor assembly about the airframe, and when disengaged, the electric motor is separated from the rotor assembly for rotating about the airframe in an autorotation state. 14. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 13, further including a clutch lock disposed axially between the rotor assembly and the electric motor. 15. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 14, wherein the clutch lock has a locked position and an unlocked position, the clutch lock coupling the electric motor to the rotor assembly in the locked position, coupling of the electric motor and rotor assembly being determined by whether the clutch is engaged or disengaged when the clutch lock is in the unlocked position. 16. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 13, wherein the clutch includes a roller ramp clutch mechanism. 17. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 13, wherein the clutch comprises: an inner hub splined to the rotor portion of the electric motor and extending circumferentially about the rotation axis; an outer hub disposed radially outward of the inner hub and extending circumferentially about the inner hub; and a roller element circumferentially captive relative to the outer hub and disposed radially between the inner hub and the outer hub. 18. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 17, further including bearings disposed radially between the outer hub and the stationary mast. 19. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 17, further including bearings disposed radially between the inner hub and the stationary mast. 20. A rotorcraft as recited in claim 19, wherein the stator portion of the electric motor is disposed radially between the stationary mast and the bearings.",
-    "The present invention relates to catalytic conversion of ketoacids, including methods for increasing the molecular weight of ketoacids. The method can include providing in a reactor a raw material having at least one ketoacid. The raw material is then subjected to one or more C-C-coupling reaction(s) in the presence of an ion exchange resin catalyst to produce at least one ketocid dimer. The method can include providing in a reactor a feedstock having the at least one ketoacid dimer and subjecting the feedstock to one or more C-C-coupling reaction(s) at a temperature of at least 200\u00b0 C. 1. A method for increasing the molecular weight of a ketoacid, the method comprising: providing in a reactor a raw material comprising having at least one ketoacid; subjecting the raw material to first C-C-coupling reaction(s) in a presence of an ion exchange resin catalyst so as to produce at least one ketoacid dimer; providing in a reactor a feedstock having the at least one ketoacid dimer; and subjecting the feedstock to second C-C-coupling reaction(s) at a temperature of at least 200\u00b0 C. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ketoacid dimer is a dimer of a \u03b3-ketoacid; and/or wherein the content of the at least one ketoacid dimer in the feedstock is at least 30 wt-%. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first and second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted in first and second reactors, respectively. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the content of water in the feedstock is less than 15.0 wt %. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ketoacid in the raw material is \u03b3-ketoacid, preferably levulinic acid; and/or wherein an average pore diameter of the ion exchange resin catalyst in the range of 150-300 \u212b; and/or wherein the first C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a temperature in the range of 100-190\u00b0 C. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the raw material is subjected to the first C-C-coupling reaction(s) in the presence of hydrogen, wherein the ion exchange resin catalyst includes at least one hydrogenating metal selected from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock is subjected to the second C-C-coupling reactions in the absence of a catalyst. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock is subjected to the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) in the presence of a solid metal oxide catalyst system comprising having a first metal oxide and the second metal oxide. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the catalyst system has a specific surface area of from 10 to 500 m2/g; and/or wherein in the solid catalyst system includes a mixture in which the first metal oxide is supported on the second metal oxide; and/or wherein the surface density of metal atoms of the first metal oxide supported on the second metal oxide is from 0.5 to 20 metal atoms/nm2; and/or wherein the first metal oxide comprises an oxide of one of K, Li, Be B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, W, Pb, Bi, La, Ce, Th and the second metal oxide includes one of K, Li, Be B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, W, Pb, Bi, La, Ce, Th, or a combination of these, the first metal oxide not being same as second metal oxide; and/or wherein the first metal oxide includes an oxide of potassium and the second metal oxide includes an oxide of titanium, or the first metal oxide includes an oxide of tungsten or cerium and the second metal oxide includes an oxide of zirconium, titanium, silicon, vanadium, or chromium, or includes an oxide of zirconium or titanium; and/or wherein the content of the first metal oxide in the catalyst system is 1.0 to 40.0 wt %, calculated by weight of metal oxide relative to the total mass of the catalyst. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock comprises: at least one ketoacid. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the content of the at least one ketoacid in the feedstock is at least 1.0 wt-%; and/or wherein the weight ratio of the at least one ketoacid content to the at least one ketoacid dimer content in the feedstock [ketoacid:ketoacid dimer] is in the range of 1:5 to 10:1, 1:3 to 5:1. 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock is introduced into the reactor in liquid phase; and/or wherein the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a temperature in the range of 200-400\u00b0 C., preferably 210-300\u00b0 C.; and/or wherein the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a pressure in the range of 0.5-150 bar; and/or wherein the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a weight hourly space velocity (kg feedstock/kg catalyst*h) in the range of 0.05 h\u22121 to 2.0 h\u22121; and/or wherein the feedstock includes at least one of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-oxononanedioic acid, 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-4methylheptanedioic acid, 5-(2-methyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-4-oxopentanoic acid, (E)-4-methyl-6-oxonon-4-enedioic acid, 4-hydroxy-6-methylnonanedioic acid, (E)-6-hydroxy-4-methylnon-4-enedioic acid, (Z)-3-acetyl-4-methylhept-3-enedioic acid, 3-(3-acetyl-2-methyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)propanoic acid, (Z)-3-1(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylhept-3-enedioic acid, and 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylheptanedioic acid. 13. A reaction product of the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) obtained by the method according to claim 1. 14. A method for producing hydrocarbons, the method comprising: increasing the molecular weight of a ketoacid using the method according to claim 1 to obtain a reaction product, and subjecting the reaction product to a hydrodeoxygenation step and optionally to an isomerization step. 15. A hydrocarbon composition obtained by the method according to claim 14. 16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ketoacid dimer is a dimer of levulinic acid; and/or wherein the content of the at least one ketoacid dimer in the feedstock is at least 60 wt-%. 17. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first and second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted in first and second reactors, respectively. 18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the content of water in the feedstock is less than 5.0 wt-%. 19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the at least one ketoacid in the raw material is levulinic acid; and/or wherein the average pore diameter of the ion exchange resin catalyst in the range of 200-250 \u212b; and/or wherein the first C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a temperature in the range of 120-140\u00b0 C. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the raw material is subjected to the first C-C-coupling reaction(s) in the presence of hydrogen, wherein the ion exchange resin catalyst includes at least one hydrogenating metal selected from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements: Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Pt. 21. The method according to claim 8, wherein the catalyst system has a specific surface area of from 10 to 500 m2/g; and/or wherein in the solid catalyst system includes a mixture in which the first metal oxide is supported on the second metal oxide; and/or wherein the surface density of metal atoms of the first metal oxide supported on the second metal oxide is from 0.5 to 20 metal atoms/nm2; and/or wherein the first metal oxide includes an oxide of one of K, Li, Be B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, W, Pb, Bi, La, Ce, Th and the second metal oxide comprises one of K, Li, Be B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, W, Pb, Bi, La, Ce, Th, or a combination of these, the first metal oxide not being same as second metal oxide; and/or wherein the first metal oxide includes an oxide of potassium and the second metal oxide includes an oxide of titanium, or the first metal oxide includes an oxide of tungsten or cerium and the second metal oxide includes an oxide of zirconium, titanium, silicon, vanadium, or chromium, or includes an oxide of zirconium or titanium; and/or wherein the content of the first metal oxide in the catalyst system is 13.0 to 30.0 wt-% calculated by weight of metal oxide relative to the total mass of the catalyst. 22. The method according to claim 10, wherein the content of the at least one ketoacid in the feedstock is at least 30.0 wt-%; and/or wherein the weight ratio of the at least one ketoacid content to the at least one ketoacid dimer content in the feedstock [ketoacid:ketoacid dimer] is in the range of 1:3 to 5:1. 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein the feedstock is introduced into the reactor in liquid phase; and/or wherein the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a temperature in the range of 220-260\u00b0 C.; and/or wherein the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a pressure in the range of 1.0-20 bar; and/or wherein the second C-C-coupling reaction(s) are conducted at a weight hourly space velocity (kg feedstock/kg catalyst*h) in the range of 0.25 h\u22121 to 1.25 h\u22121; and/or wherein the feedstock includes at least one of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-oxononanedioic acid, 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-4methylheptanedioic acid, 5-(2-methyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-4-oxopentanoic acid, (E)-4-methyl-6-oxonon-4-enedioic acid, 4-hydroxy-6-methylnonanedioic acid, (E)-6-hydroxy-4-methylnon-4-enedioic acid, (Z)-3-acetyl-4-methylhept-3-enedioic acid, 3-(3-acetyl-2-methyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)propanoic acid, (Z)-3-1(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylhept-3-enedioic acid, and 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylheptanedioic acid.",
-    "A processor, comprising a first data input configured to receive a stream of samples of a first signal having a spectral space, the stream having a data rate of at least 4 GHz; a second data input configured to receive a stream of samples of a second signal; a multitap correlator, configured to receive the first stream of samples and the second stream of samples, and producing at least one correlation output for each respective sequential sample of the first signal received; and a programmable control configured to alter a relationship of the stream of samples of the first signal and the stream of samples of the second signal, to thereby select, under program control, an alterable correlation output. 1. A radio transceiver system for receiving communications in a band concurrently with transmissions from a transmitter transmitting in the band, comprising: (a) an input port, configured to receive a first signal comprising the communications in the band and the transmission in the band from the transmitter; (b) a receiver, having a dynamic range, (c) a plurality of analog time delay elements each receiving an analog representation of the received first signal, which are selectively weighted and combined to produce a combined analog signal; (d) a digitizer producing a digitized signal from the combined analog signal; and (e) a processing subsystem, configured to: control a respective weight of respective ones of the plurality of analog time delay elements in dependence on the digitized signal, to achieve a second signal representing at least partial cancellation of the transmission in the band while preserving the communications in the band; digitally cancel at least a portion of a residual transmission in the band in dependence on at least digitized signal; and (f) an output port configured to communicate the received communications. 2. The radio transceiver according to claim 1, wherein the transmitter is co-located with the receiver. 3. The radio transceiver according to claim 1, wherein the digitizer has a dynamic range insufficient to fully represent information in the received communications and the transmission in the band. 4. The radio transceiver according to claim 3, wherein the digitizer has a sufficient dynamic range to fully represent information in the received communications and the at least partial cancelled transmission in the band. 5. The radio transceiver according to claim 1, wherein the processing system comprises at least one digital correlator. 6. The radio transceiver according to claim 5, wherein the at least one digital correlator comprises an autocorrelator. 7. The radio transceiver according to claim 5, wherein the at least one digital correlator comprises a cross correlator. 8. The radio transceiver according to claim 1, wherein the input port comprises a plurality of input ports, each receiving a respective signal from an antenna element of an antenna array, the plurality of analog time delay elements being arranged into a plurality of sections, each respective section receiving an analog representation of a respective received first signal from a respective antenna element. 9. The radio transceiver according to claim 1, wherein the transmission in the band comprise intermodulation distortion components in the band. 10. A method of receiving communications in a band concurrently with emission of transmissions in the same band, comprising: (a) receiving a first signal through an input port, comprising the communications in the band and the transmission in the band; (b) providing a plurality of analog time delay elements, each receiving an analog representation of the received first signal, the plurality of analog time delay elements being selectively weighted and combined to produce a processed analog signal; (e) controlling the weighting of the outputs of the plurality of analog time delay elements, to achieve a second signal representing at least partial cancellation of the transmission in the band while preserving information of the communications in the band; (f) digitizing the second signal with a digitizer; (g) generating a digital cancellation signal in dependence on at least digitized signal; and (h) further cancelling the transmission in the band from the digitized signal, while preserving the information of the communications in the band. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the transmissions in the same band are emitted by a transmitter co-located with the input port. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the digitizer has a dynamic range insufficient to fully represent information of the received communications in the band and the transmission in the same band. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the digitizer has a sufficient dynamic range to represent the information of the communications in the band and the at least partially cancelled transmission in the band. 14. The method according to claim 10, further comprising digitally correlating at least a portion of the processed analog signal. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the digital correlating is performed with at least one autocorrelator. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the digital correlating is performed with at least one cross correlator. 17. The method according to claim 10, wherein the received communications are received through an antenna array, the input port comprises a plurality of input ports, each receiving a respective signal from an antenna element of the antenna array, and the plurality of analog time delay elements are arranged into a plurality of sections, each respective section receiving an analog representation of a respective received first signal from a respective antenna element, and producing a respective processed analog signal. 18. A radio receiver for receiving information from radio frequency communications in a same band as a concurrently operating transmitter is transmitting interfering signals in, comprising: (a) an input port, configured to receive a first signal comprising the communications in the band received through an antenna and the transmissions in the band from the transmitter; (b) a plurality of analog time delay elements, each respective analog time delay element receiving an analog representation of the received first signal and applying a delay and a selectively controlled weighting; (c) a digitizer producing a digitized signal based on the analog representation; and (e) a processing subsystem, configured to: selectively control a weighting of a combined output of the plurality of analog time delay elements, to achieve a second signal representing at least a partial cancellation of the interfering signals, while preserving the information; digitally cancel residual components of the interfering signals in the digitized signal; and an output port configured to communicate an output signal comprising the information. 19. The radio receiver according to claim 18, wherein the transmitter is co-located with the receiver. 20. The radio receiver according to claim 18, wherein the digitizer has a dynamic range insufficient to fully represent the information in the first signal, and has a dynamic range sufficient to represent the information in the analog representation.",
-    "Methods are described for sequentially rendering fonts at multiple bit depths while reducing differences in visual appearance between the fonts rendered at different bit depths. The same hinting may be used for rendering the font at two different bit depths. Methods for reducing artifacts including edge artifacts also are described, including the use of font masks for updating electro-optic displays. 1. A method for driving an electro-optic display, the method comprising: displaying on a display, at a first bit depth, a glyph in a font using at least one font hint; and subsequent to displaying the glyph at the first bit depth, displaying the glyph on the display at a second bit depth in the font using the at least one font hint. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first bit depth is a lower bit depth than the second bit depth. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first bit depth is 1-bit. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one font hint is specific to the second bit depth. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one hint is common to the first bit depth and the second bit depth and is configured to optimize at least one characteristic of the font for both the first bit depth and the second bit depth. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the glyph in the first bit depth takes less time than displaying the glyph in the second bit depth. 7. A method of driving an electro-optic display, the method comprising: displaying a glyph on a display and occupying a first number of pixels of the display, subsequently removing the glyph from display by actively driving a second number of pixels of the display encompassing the glyph, wherein the second number of pixels is greater than the first number of pixels. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first number of pixels defines a first boundary having a first number of edges, and wherein the second number of pixels defines a second boundary having a second number of edges less than the first number of edges. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein flashing the second number of pixels comprises driving the second number of pixels to a same gray level. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the same gray level corresponds to white. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the same gray level corresponds to black. 12. The method of claim 7, wherein actively driving the second number of pixels comprises driving the second number of pixels to display a next image.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a vibration system including a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a magnetic circuit system including a lower plate, a first magnetic part on the lower plate, a second magnetic part on the lower plate, a pole plate attached to the first magnetic part, one of the first and second magnetic part being a permanent magnet for forming a magnetic gap. The conductive dome includes a number of units for forming capacitors together with the pole plate for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a vibration system including a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a magnetic circuit system including a lower plate, a first magnetic part on the lower plate, a second magnetic part on the lower plate, a pole plate attached to the first magnetic part, one of the first and second magnetic part being a permanent magnet for forming a magnetic gap; wherein the conductive dome includes a plurality of units isolated from each other, and each unit forms a capacitor together with the pole plate for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement and unbalanced vibration of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome includes 4 units and accordingly 4 capacitors are formed between the units of the conductive dome and the pole plate. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome. 5. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the magnetic circuit system further includes a first through hole penetrating the first magnetic part and the lower plate, the pole plate is provided with a lead wire, electrical signals from the pole plate are outputted via the lead wire through the first through hole. 6. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the magnetic circuit system further includes a second through hole penetrating the lower plate, the second through hole is located in the magnetic gap, the pole plate is provided with a lead wire for outputting the electrical signals from the pole plate through the second through hole. 7. The micro speaker as described in claim 1 further comprising a non-conductive layer between the pole plate and the first magnetic part. 8. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the first magnetic part is a permanent magnet, the second magnetic part is sidewalls extending from the lower plate. 9. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the second magnetic part is a permanent magnet, the first magnetic part is a pillar extending from the lower plate and surrounded by the second magnetic part. 10. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein both of the first and second magnetic parts are permanent magnets.",
-    "Systems, apparatus and methods for estimating a location of a mobile device are presented. Before computing a location estimate, the mobile device groups a plurality of access points into two or more categories (for example, a first list of access points having a first characteristic and a second list of access points having a second characteristic). Round-trip time (RTT) measurements are computed for access points in the first list. A Short Interframe Space (SIFS) value may be determined for each access point in the first list or generally SIFT representing the first list as a whole. The RTT measurements are compensated with the appropriate SIFS value. The mobile device then computes its location or position fix estimate using the compensated RTT values while excluding less accurate RTT values from other access points. As a result, the location estimate eliminates adverse influent from some access points. 1. A method for estimating a location of a mobile device, the method comprising: receiving, at the mobile device, signals from a plurality of access points; forming a first list of access points from the plurality of access points based on a characteristic common to the access points in the first list; obtaining range measurements for access points in the first list; estimating a first turnaround calibration function (TCF) representing the first list of access points; and computing a position fix of the mobile device based on at least some of the range measurements for the access points in the first list and the first TCF. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first list of access points further comprises: forming the first list of access points based on TCF uncertainty values of the access points in the first list. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the forming the first list of access points based on the TCF uncertainty values comprises: excluding one or more access points from the first list according to the TCF uncertainty values of the one or more access points. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the first list of access points further comprises: forming the first list of access points based on locations of the access points in the first list with respect to a location of the mobile device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining range measurements for access points in the first list comprises: prioritizing the access points in the first list for range measurements. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein prioritizing the access points in the first list for range measurements comprises: performing outlier detection using the range measurements; and removing outlier access points from the first list of access points. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining range measurements for the plurality of access points; and compensating the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein compensating the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points comprises: adjusting the range measurements based on a computed SIFS value for the at least some of the plurality of access points. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein compensating the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points comprises: adjusting the range measurements based on prior measurements of SIFS values. 10. A mobile device for estimating a location of the mobile device, the mobile device comprising: a transceiver configured to receive signals from a plurality of access points; a processor coupled to the transceiver; and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory having stored thereon code configured to be executed by the processor, the processor is configured to: form a first list of access points from the plurality of access points based on a characteristic common to the access points in the first list; obtain range measurements for access points in the first list; estimate a first turnaround calibration function (TCF) representing the first list of access points; and compute a position fix of the mobile device based on at least some of the range measurements for the access points in the first list and the first TCF. 11. The mobile device of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to: form the first list of access points based on TCF uncertainty values of the access points in the first list. 12. The mobile device of claim 11, wherein the processor configured to form the first list of access points based on TCF uncertainty values comprises the processor configured to: exclude one or more access points from the first list according to the TCF uncertainty values of the one or more access points. 13. The mobile device of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to: form the first list of access points based on locations of the access points in the first list with respect to a location of the mobile device. 14. The mobile device of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to: prioritize the access points in the first list for range measurements. 15. The mobile device of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to: perform outlier detection using the range measurements; and remove outlier access points from the first list of access points. 16. The mobile device of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to: obtain range measurements for the plurality of access points; and compensate the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points. 17. The mobile device of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to: adjust the range measurements based on a computed SIFS value for the at least some of the plurality of access points. 18. The mobile device of claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to: adjust the range measurements based on prior measurements of SIFS values. 19. A mobile device for estimating a location of the mobile device, the mobile device comprising: means for receiving, at the mobile device, signals from a plurality of access points; means for forming a first list of access points from the plurality of access points based on a characteristic common to the access points in the first list; means for obtaining range measurements for access points in the first list; means for estimating a first turnaround calibration function (TCF) representing the first list of access points; and means for computing a position fix of the mobile device based on at least some of the range measurements for the access points in the first list and the first TCF. 20. The mobile device of claim 19, wherein the means for forming the first list of access points further comprises: means for forming the first list of access points based on TCF uncertainty values of the access points in the first list. 21. The mobile device of claim 20, wherein the means for forming the first list of access points based on the TCF uncertainty values comprises: means for excluding one or more access points from the first list according to the TCF uncertainty values of the one or more access points. 22. The mobile device of claim 19, wherein the means for forming the first list of access points further comprises: means for forming the first list of access points based on locations of the access points in the first list with respect to a location of the mobile device. 23. The mobile device of claim 19, wherein the means for obtaining range measurements for access points in the first list comprises: means for prioritizing the access points in the first list for range measurements. 24. The mobile device of claim 23, wherein the means for prioritizing the access points in the first list for range measurements comprises: means for performing outlier detection using the range measurements; and means for removing outlier access points from the first list of access points. 25. The mobile device of claim 19, further comprising: means for obtaining range measurements for the plurality of access points; and means for compensating the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points. 26. The mobile device of claim 25, wherein the means for compensating the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points comprises: means for adjusting the range measurements based on a computed SIFS value for the at least some of the plurality of access points. 27. The mobile device of claim 25, wherein the means for compensating the range measurements for at least some of the plurality of access points comprises: means for adjusting the range measurements based on prior measurements of SIFS values. 28. A non-transient computer-readable storage medium including program code stored thereon for estimating a location of the mobile device, comprising program code for: receiving, at the mobile device, signals from a plurality of access points; forming a first list of access points from the plurality of access points based on a characteristic common to the access points in the first list; obtaining range measurements for access points in the first list; estimating a first turnaround calibration function (TCF) representing the first list of access points; and computing a position fix of the mobile device based on at least some of the range measurements for the access points in the first list and the first TCF. 29. The non-transient computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, further comprises program code for: forming the first list of access points based on TCF uncertainty values of the access points in the first list. 30. The non-transient computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, further comprises program code for: prioritizing the access points in the first list for range measurements.",
-    "An engine-driven welder generator is controlled based upon power draw for welding and other applications. Once a welding arc is initiated, the power draw is monitored. The engine speed, and therefore the power output of the generator, may be increased or maintained based upon the power draw. The power draw may include both welding power draw and auxiliary power draw. The engine speed is increased in increments. The initial engine speed and subsequent increments may depend upon particular welding processes or regimes. 1. A welding system comprising: an engine-driven generator comprising an engine drivingly coupled to a generator; power conversion circuitry coupled to the generator and configured to convert power output by the generator to welding power; at least one sensor configured to sense voltage or current relating to the welding power; and control circuitry configured to receive signals from the at least one sensor, and to command increases in engine speed based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor following initiation of a welding arc using the welding power, and to command reduction in engine speed after initiation of the welding arc. 2. The welding system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a voltage sensor or a current sensor, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to compute a power draw on the generator based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor. 3. The welding system of claim 2, wherein the control circuitry is configured to combine welding power draw and auxiliary power draw to calculate the power draw. 4. The welding system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to command operation of the engine at a first speed, and to increase the engine speed in increments based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor. 5. The welding system of claim 4, wherein the control circuitry implements successive steps of power calculation and commands the engine speed to remain at a determined level or to increase based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor. 6. The welding system of claim 5, wherein the control circuitry is configured to command increases in engine speed based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor following initiation of a welding arc, but to command reduction in engine speed only following termination of the welding arc. 7. The welding system of claim 4, wherein the increments comprise approximately 400 RPM steps. 8. The welding system of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to implement different engine control regimes for different welding processes. 9. The welding system of claim 8, wherein an initial engine speed differs between at least two of the different welding processes. 10. A welding system comprising: an engine-driven generator comprising an engine drivingly coupled to a generator; power conversion circuitry coupled to the generator and configured to convert power output by the generator to welding power in accordance with at least two different welding processes; at least one sensor configured to sense voltage or current relating to the welding power; and control circuitry configured to receive signals from the at least one sensor, and to command increases in engine speed based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor following initiation of a welding arc using the welding power, and to command reduction in engine speed after initiation of the welding arc. 11. The welding system of claim 10, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a voltage sensor or a current sensor, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to compute a power draw on the generator based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor. 12. The welding system of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is configured to combine welding power draw and auxiliary power draw to calculate the power draw. 13. The welding system of claim 10, wherein the control circuitry is configured to command operation of the engine at a first speed, and to increase the engine speed in increments based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor. 14. The welding system of claim 13, wherein the control circuitry implements successive steps of power calculation and commands the engine speed to remain at a determined level or to increase based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor. 15. The welding system of claim 14, wherein the control circuitry is configured to command increases in engine speed based at least in part upon the voltage or current sensed by the at least one sensor following initiation of a welding arc, but to command reduction in engine speed only following termination of the welding arc. 16. A method for controlling a welding system, comprising: generating welding power via an engine-driven generator; initiating a welding arc for a welding operation using the welding power; monitoring voltage or current relating to the welding power during the welding operation; increasing engine speed based at least in part upon the voltage or current following initiation of the welding arc; and reducing the engine speed after initiation of the welding arc. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein an initial engine speed is commanded upon initiation of the welding arc, and incrementally increasing engine speeds are commanded subsequently based at least in part upon the voltage or current. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein engine speed is increased or maintained during the welding operation but not decreased until termination of the welding arc. 19. The method of claim 16, comprising monitoring power draw on the generator, and increasing the engine speed based at least in part upon the power draw following initiation of the welding arc. 20. The method of claim 16, comprising monitoring welding power draw and auxiliary power draw, and increasing the engine speed based at least in part upon the welding power draw and the auxiliary power draw following initiation of the welding arc.",
-    "Systems and methods of prioritizing retrieval and/or processing of data related to a subset of attributes based on a prediction of associated values are presented herein. In certain implementations, a request for values associated with respective first attributes may be received. Based on the request, first queries for data related to the first attributes may be performed. Based on the first queries, a first subset of data related to calculating at least some of the associated values may be received. At least some of the associated values may be predicted based on the first subset of data. Based on the prediction of the associated values, retrieval and/or processing of data related to a first subset of the first attributes may be prioritized over retrieval and/or processing of data related to one or more other subsets of the first attributes. 1. A computer-implemented method of prioritizing retrieval data related to a subset of attributes based on a prediction of associated values, the method being implemented by a computer system that includes one or more physical processors executing computer program instructions which, when executed, perform the method, the method comprising: receiving, at the computer system, a request for values associated with respective first attributes; performing, by the computer system, based on the request, first queries for data related to the first attributes; receiving, at the computer system, based on the first queries, a first subset of data related to calculating at least some of the associated values; predicting, by the computer system, at least some of the associated values based on the first subset of data; performing, by the computer system, a first comparison that compares the predicted values with one another; and prioritizing, by the computer system, retrieval of data related to a first subset of the first attributes over retrieval of data related to one or more other subsets of the first attributes, wherein the prioritization is based on the first comparison indicating that the predicted values associated with the first subset of the first attributes are greater than the predicted values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes with respect to a predefined presentation sorting order. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predicted values are associated with a second attribute and respective ones of the first attributes. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: allocating, by the computer system, based on the prioritization, a greater amount of resources to retrieval of data related to the first subset of the first attributes than an amount of resources allocated to retrieval of data related to the one or more other subsets of the first attributes. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing, by the computer system, based on the prioritization, second queries for data related to the first subset of the first attributes before performing further queries for data related to the one or more other subsets of the first attributes in addition to the first queries. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: receiving, at the computer system, based on the second queries, a second subset of data related to calculating the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes; and updating, by the computer system, based on the second subset of data, the prediction of the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: performing, by the computer system, one or more other queries for data related to the one or more other subsets of first attributes; receiving, at the computer system, based on the one or more other queries, one or more other subsets of data related to calculating the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes; and predicting, by the computer system, based on the one or more other subsets of data, the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising comparing, by the computer system, the updated prediction of the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes with the prediction of the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: updating, by the computer system, based on the comparison, the first subset of the first attributes; and updating, by the computer system, the prediction of the values associated with respective ones of the first attributes included in the updated first subset of the first attributes that were not included in the prior first subset of the first attributes. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the computer system, based on the prediction of the associated values and priority criteria, the first subset of the first attributes, wherein the priority criteria relates to at least one of a first quantity of the first attributes or a sorting preference of the first attributes, such that at least one of: (i) the first subset of the first attributes includes no more than the first quantity of the first attributes; or (ii) the first subset of the first attributes includes respective ones of the first attributes that rank higher than other ones of the first attributes with respect to the sorting preference. 10. A system for prioritizing retrieval of data related to a subset of attributes based on a prediction of associated values, the system comprising: one or more physical processors programmed to execute computer program instructions which, when executed, cause the computer system to: receive a request for values associated with respective first attributes; perform, based on the request, first queries for data related to the first attributes; receive, based on the first queries, a first subset of data related to calculating at least some of the associated values; predict at least some of the associated values based on the first subset of data; perform a first comparison that compares the predicted values with one another; and prioritize retrieval of data related to a first subset of the first attributes over retrieval of data related to one or more other subsets of the first attributes, wherein the prioritization is based on the first comparison indicating that the predicted values associated with the first subset of the first attributes are greater than the predicted values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes with respect to a predefined presentation sorting order. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the predicted values are associated with a second attribute and respective ones of the first attributes. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the computer system is further caused to: allocate, based on the prioritization, a greater amount of resources to retrieval of data related to the first subset of the first attributes than an amount of resources allocated to retrieval of data related to the one or more other subsets of the first attributes. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the computer system is further caused to: perform, based on the prioritization, second queries for data related to the first subset of the first attributes before performing further queries for data related to the one or more other subsets of the first attributes; receive, based on the second queries, a second subset of data related to calculating the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes; and update, based on the second subset of data, the prediction of the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the computer system is further caused to: perform one or more other queries for data related to the one or more other subsets of first attributes; receive, based on the one or more other queries, one or more other subsets of data related to calculating the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes; predict, based on the one or more other subsets of data, the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes; and compare, by the computer system, the updated prediction of the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes with the prediction of the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the computer system is further caused to: update, based on the comparison, the first subset of the first attributes; and update the prediction of the values associated with respective ones of the first attributes included in the updated first subset of the first attributes that were not included in the prior first subset of the first attributes. 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the computer system is further caused to: determining, by the computer system, based on the prediction of the associated values and priority criteria, the first subset of the first attributes, wherein the priority criteria relates to at least one of a first quantity of the first attributes or a sorting preference of the first attributes, such that at least one of: (i) the first subset of the first attributes includes no more than the first quantity of the first attributes; or (ii) the first subset of the first attributes includes respective ones of the first attributes that rank higher than other ones of the first attributes with respect to the sorting preference. 17. A computer-implemented method of prioritizing processing of data related to a subset of attributes based on a prediction of associated values, the method being implemented by a computer system that includes one or more physical processors executing computer program instructions which, when executed, perform the method, the method comprising: receiving, at the computer system, a request for values associated with respective first attributes; performing, by the computer system, based on the request, first queries for data related to the first attributes; receiving, at the computer system, based on the first queries, a first subset of data related to calculating at least some of the associated values; predicting, by the computer system, at least some of the associated values based on the first subset of data; performing, by the computer system, a first comparison that compares the predicted values with one another; and prioritizing, by the computer system, processing of data related to a first subset of the first attributes over processing of data related to one or more other subsets of the first attributes, wherein the prioritization is based on the first comparison indicating that the predicted values associated with the first subset of the first attributes are greater than the predicted values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes with respect to a predefined presentation sorting order. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: performing, by the computer system, based on the prioritization, second queries for data related to the first subset of the first attributes before performing further queries for data related to the one or more other subsets of the first attributes in addition to the first queries; receiving, at the computer system, based on the second queries, a second subset of data related to calculating the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes; updating, by the computer system, based on the second subset of data, the prediction of the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes; performing, by the computer system, a second comparison that compares the updated predicted values associated with the first subset of the first attributes with the predicted values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes; and reprioritizing, by the computer system, based on the second comparison, processing of data related to the first attributes such that processing of data related to at least one attribute of the one or more subsets of the first attributes is caused to be prioritized over processing of data related to at least one attribute of the first subset of the first attributes. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: performing, by the computer system, based on the reprioritization, third queries for data related to at least one attribute of the one or more subsets of the first attributes before performing further queries for data related to at least one attribute of the first subset of the first attributes in addition to the first queries and the second queries. 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising: calculating, by the computer system, based on the prioritization, the values associated with the first subset of the first attributes before calculating the values associated with the one or more other subsets of the first attributes.",
-    "An apparatus includes a top conductive layer of on an integrated circuit waveguide filter and a bottom conductive layer. The top and bottom conductive layers are coupled via a plurality of couplers that form an outline of the waveguide filter. A dielectric substrate layer is disposed between the top conductive layer and the bottom conductive layer of the integrated circuit waveguide filter. The dielectric substrate layer has a relative permittivity, \u03b5r that affects the tuning of the integrated circuit waveguide filter. At least one tunable via includes a tunable material disposed within the dielectric substrate layer and is coupled to a set of electrodes. The set of electrodes enable a voltage to be applied to the tunable material within the tunable via to change the relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate layer and to enable tuning the frequency characteristics of the integrated circuit waveguide filter. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a top conductive layer of on an integrated circuit waveguide filter; a bottom conductive layer of the integrated circuit waveguide filter, the top and bottom conductive layers coupled via a plurality of couplers that form an outline of the waveguide filter; a dielectric substrate layer disposed between the top conductive layer and the bottom conductive layer of the integrated circuit waveguide filter, the dielectric substrate layer having a relative permittivity, 68 r that affects the tuning of the integrated circuit waveguide filter; and at least one tunable via comprising a tunable material disposed within the dielectric substrate layer, the tunable via coupled to a set of electrodes, the set of electrodes enable a voltage to be applied to the tunable material within the tunable via to change the relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate layer and to enable tuning the frequency characteristics of the integrated circuit waveguide filter. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tunable material comprises a chemical composition of BaSrTiO3 where, Ba is Barium, Sr is Strontium, and TiO3 is Titanate comprising Titanium and Oxygen. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tunable material comprises a chemical composition of BaxCa1\u2212xTiO3, where Ca is Calcium and x is varied in a range from about 0.2 to about 0.8 to facilitate hysteresis stability of the tunable material. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tunable material comprises a chemical composition of PbxZr1\u2212xTiO3, where Pb is Lead, Zr is Zirconium, and x is varied in a range from about 0.05 to about 0.4 to facilitate hysteresis stability of the tunable material. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tunable material comprises a chemical composition of (Bi3x, Zn2\u22123x)(ZnxNb2\u2212x) (BZN) where Bi is Bismuth, Zn is Zinc, Nb is Niobium, and x is \u00bd or \u2154 to facilitate hysteresis stability of the tunable material. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tunable material is selected from a chemical composition of at least one of PbLaZrTiO3, PbTiO3, BaCaZrTiO3, NaNO3, KNbO3, LiNbO3, LiTaTiO3, PbNb2O6, PbTa2O6, KSr(NbO3), NaBa2(NbO3)5, KH2PO4, where La is Lanthanum, Na is sodium, N is Nitrogen, K is potassium, Li is lithium, Ta is tantalum, H is Hydrogen, and P is Phosphorus. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tunable material includes metal oxides selected from a chemical composition of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Be, Ra, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, and W, where Mg is Magnesium, Be is Beryllium, Ra is Radium, Rb is Rubidium, Cs is Cesium, Fr is Francium, V is Vanadium, Cr is Chromium, Mn is Manganese, Mo is Molybdenum, Hf is Hafnium, and W is Tungsten. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the tunable material includes metal oxides selected from a chemical composition of at least one of Al, Si, Sn, Pb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, and Nd, where Al is Aluminum, Si is Silicon, Sn is Tin, Sc is Scandium, Y is Yttrium, Ce is Cerium, Pr is Praseodymium, and Nd is Neodymium. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the tunable material includes metal oxides selected from a chemical composition of at least one of Mg2SiO4, MgO, CaTiO3, MgZrSrTiO6, MgTiO3, MgAl2O4, WO3, SnTiO4, ZrTiO4, CaSiO3, CaSnO3, CaWO4, CaZrO3, MgTa2O6, MgZrO3, MnO2, PbO, Bi2O3, and La2O3. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of couplers are conductive vias that are configured as a low pass filter waveguide, a high pass filter waveguide, a band pass filter waveguide, or a band reject filter waveguide. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of couplers are configured to provide waveform shaping that includes at least one of a monotonic filter, an elliptic filter, and a hybrid filter. 12. A circuit, comprising: at least two segments of an integrated circuit waveguide filter, the at least two segments coupled by an iris; each segment of the integrated circuit waveguide filter further comprises; a top conductive layer for the respective segment of the integrated circuit waveguide filter; a bottom conductive layer for the respective segment of the integrated circuit waveguide filter, the top and bottom conductive layers of the respective segment coupled via a plurality of couplers that form an outline of the waveguide filter for the respective segment; a dielectric substrate layer disposed between the top conductive layer and the bottom conductive layer of the respective segment of the integrated circuit waveguide filter, the dielectric substrate layer for the respective segment having a relative permittivity, \u03b5r that affects the tuning of the integrated circuit waveguide filter; at least one substrate tunable via comprising a tunable material disposed within the dielectric substrate layer for the respective segment, the tunable via coupled to a set of electrodes, the set of electrodes enable a voltage to be applied to the tunable material within the tunable via to change the relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate layer for the respective segment and to enable tuning the frequency characteristics of the integrated circuit waveguide filter for the respective segment; and at least one iris tunable via comprising a tunable material disposed within the iris coupling the respective segments, the tunable via coupled to a set of electrodes, the set of electrodes enable a voltage to be applied to the tunable material within the tunable via of the iris to change the relative permittivity of the iris and to enable tuning the frequency characteristics of the integrated circuit waveguide filter. 13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the plurality of couplers are conductive vias that are configured as a low pass filter waveguide, a high pass filter waveguide, a band pass filter waveguide, or a band reject filter waveguide. 14. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the plurality of couplers are configured to provide waveform shaping that includes at least one of a monotonic filter, an elliptic filter, and a hybrid filter. 15. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the tunable material of the substrate tunable via or the iris tunable via comprises a chemical composition of BaSrTiO3 where, Ba is Barium, Sr is Strontium, and TiO3 is Titanate comprising Titanium and Oxygen. 16. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the tunable material of the substrate tunable via or the iris tunable via comprises a chemical composition of BaxCa1\u2212xTiO3, where Ca is Calcium and x is varied in a range from about 0.2 to about 0.8 to facilitate hysteresis stability of the tunable material. 17. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the tunable material of the substrate tunable via or the iris tunable via comprises a chemical composition of PbxZr1\u2212xTiO3, where Pb is Lead, Zr is Zirconium, and x is varied in a range from about 0.05 to about 0.4 to facilitate hysteresis stability of the tunable material. 18. The circuit of claim 12, wherein the tunable material of the substrate tunable via or the iris tunable via comprises a chemical composition of (Bi3x,Zn2\u22123x)(ZnxNb2\u2212x) (BZN) where Bi is Bismuth, Zn is Zinc, Nb is Niobium, and x is \u00bd or \u2154 to facilitate hysteresis stability of the tunable material. 19. A method, comprising: forming a dielectric substrate layer of an integrated circuit waveguide filter, the dielectric substrate layer having a relative permittivity, 68 r that affects the tuning of the integrated circuit waveguide filter; forming a top conductive layer on the dielectric substrate layer of the integrated circuit waveguide filter; forming a bottom conductive layer on the dielectric substrate layer of the integrated circuit waveguide filter; depositing a plurality of couplers in the dielectric substrate layer to connect the top conductive layer and the bottom conductive layer, the plurality of couplers form an outline of the waveguide filter; and forming at least one area comprising a tunable material within the dielectric substrate layer, the tunable area coupled to a set of electrodes, the set of electrodes enable a voltage to be applied to the tunable material within the tunable area to change the relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate layer and to enable tuning the frequency characteristics of the integrated circuit waveguide filter. 20. The method of claim 19, forming the tunable material as BaSrTiO3 where, Ba is Barium, Sr is Strontium, and TiO3 is Titanate comprising Titanium and Oxygen.",
-    "A semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a semiconductor element, an island having a surface on which the semiconductor element is fixed using a first metal, and a first pattern formed by a second metal, the first pattern being arranged on one part of the surface, wherein the second metal has a greater wetting characteristic than the surface when the first metal is melted. 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor element; an island having a surface on which the semiconductor element is fixed using a first metal; and a first pattern formed by a second metal, the first pattern being arranged on one part of the surface, wherein the second metal has a greater wetting characteristic than the surface when the first metal is melted. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first metal is a solder, and the second metal is a silver. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first pattern is formed by plating the second metal. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first pattern has a radial shape in which a plurality of rectangular patterns or linear patterns is intersected while differing directions. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein the first pattern is a pattern in which a position where the plurality of rectangular patterns or linear patterns intersects is offset from a center of the island. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein the first pattern has the plurality of rectangular patterns or the linear patterns intersected at a plurality of positions while differing directions. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first pattern includes a plurality of patterns of different shapes. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the first pattern includes an L-shaped pattern and a square or rectangular pattern. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first pattern includes a plurality of circular patterns. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9, wherein the first pattern is a pattern in which a length of a liner segment joining a center of a certain circular pattern and that of another circular pattern which is arranged adjacent to the certain circular pattern and a length of another liner segment joining the center of the certain circular pattern and that of still another circular pattern which is arranged adjacent to the certain circular pattern are the same, and so that extension lines of the two liner segments are intersect other than the 90 degrees. 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a second pattern made from the second metal that surrounds the first pattern.",
-    "A grinding jig (100) for holding an edged tool (200) in a grinding machine (400). The grinding jig (100) comprises a base (110) having a plane support surface (113) for supporting a section of the face (220, 230) of an edged tool (200). The grinding jig further comprises a clamping means (120). The clamping means (120) is arranged to clamp a section of the face of an edged tool (200) against the flat support surface (113). A first and a second support leg (130, 140) extend from opposite ends of the base (110). Each support leg (130, 140) comprises an opening (131, 141) adapted to slidably and rotationally receive a grinding jig support bar (300) of a grinding machine (400). In embodiments described herein one support leg (140) is pivotally attached to the base (110) around an axis (C) parallel with the extension of the plane support surface (113). The grinding jig (100) further comprises a first adjustable stop means (150) for adjustably limiting the pivotal movement of the support leg (140) in a first direction (A). The grinding jig (100) further comprises a second adjustable stop means (151) for adjustably limiting the pivotal movement of the support leg (140) in a second direction (B). 1. A grinding jig for holding an edged tool in a grinding machine, said grinding jig comprising: a base having a plane support surface for supporting a section of the face of an edged tool; a clamping means, arranged to clamp a section of the face of an edged tool against the flat support surface; and a first and a second support leg extending from opposite ends of the base, each support leg comprising an opening adapted to slidably and rotationally receiving a support bar of a grinding machine, wherein one support leg is pivotally attached to the base around an axis parallel with an extension of the plane support surface and in that the grinding jig comprises a first adjustable stop means for adjustably limiting the pivotal movement of the support leg in a first direction and a second adjustable stop means for adjustably limiting the pivotal movement of the support leg in a second direction. 2. The grinding jig according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second adjustable stops means are adjustable such that the pivotal support leg may pivot between the first and the second adjustable stop means. 3. The grinding jig according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second adjustable stop means are adjustable such that the pivotal support leg may be fixed in a predetermined angular position between the first and the second adjustable stop means. 4. The grinding jig according to claim 1, wherein the pivotal support leg is pivotally attached to a shaft extending from one of the opposing ends of the base. 5. The grinding jig according to claim 4, wherein an upper portion of the pivotal support leg comprises an opening for receiving the shaft and a lower portion of the pivotal support leg comprises the opening for receiving the support bar, whereby the opening (144) for receiving the shaft and the opening for receiving the support bar are positioned in line in the centre of the pivotal support leg. 6. The grinding jig according to claim 1, wherein the pivotal support leg comprises an abutment surface, whereby the adjustable stop means are arranged to engage the abutment surface. 7. The grinding jig according to claim 6, wherein the abutment surface extends on opposite sides of the shaft. 8. The grinding jig according to claim 6, wherein the base comprises a holding section for holding the adjustable stop means, wherein the holding section protrudes over the abutment surface of the pivotal support leg. 9. The grinding jig according to claim 8, wherein the holding section comprises a first and a second opening for receiving the first and the second adjustable stop means, wherein the first and the second openings and the first and the second adjustable stop means comprises mating inner and outer threads such that the adjustable stop means may be advanced towards the abutment surface or retracted there from by screwing of the adjustable stop means. 10. A grinding machine comprising a grindstone, a motor for rotating the grindstone and a support bar for supporting a grinding jig, wherein the grinding machine comprises a grinding jig according to claim 1.",
-    "An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricant having excellent lubrication performance. Further, another object of the present invention is to produce a polyester composition having a small load on an environment and mass productivity. The present invention relates to a production method for a complex polyester composition including a step of obtaining a complex polyester composition by condensing polyhydric alcohol, polycarboxylic acid having at least two carboxyl groups and carbon atoms of greater than or equal to 5, monohydric alcohol having at least one oxyalkylene group in the absence of a solvent, in which a component having a weight average molecular weight of less than or equal to 1300 in a GPC chart of the complex polyester composition is less than or equal to 43 area %. Further, the present invention relates to a complex polyester composition, a lubricant composition, and a lubricant. 1. A production method for a complex polyester composition, comprising: obtaining a complex polyester composition by condensing polyhydric alcohol having three or more hydroxyl groups, a polycarboxylic acid having at least two carboxyl groups and carbon atoms of greater than or equal to 5, and monohydric alcohol having at least one oxyalkylene group in the absence of a solvent, wherein a component having a weight average molecular weight of less than or equal to 1300 in a GPC chart of the complex polyester composition is less than or equal to 43 area %. 2. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyhydric alcohol is selected from pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane, glycerin, and dipentaerythritol. 3. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the number of carbon atoms of the monohydric alcohol is greater than or equal to 6. 4. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the monohydric alcohol is denoted by General Formula (1) described below, and in General Formula (1), Ra represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent group, a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent group, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent group, an aryl group which may have a substituent group, or a heteroaryl group which may have a substituent group, Xa1 and Xa2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group, na1 represents an integer of 2 to 4, and na2 represents an integer of 1 to 12. 5. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the number of carbon atoms of the polycarboxylic acid is greater than or equal to 10. 6. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the number of carbon atoms of the polycarboxylic acid is 24 to 48. 7. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the polycarboxylic acid is a dimer acid or a trimer acid. 8. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein in obtaining the complex polyester composition, the polyhydric alcohol, the polycarboxylic acid, and the monohydric alcohol are condensed by being mixed such that an equivalence ratio of the polycarboxylic acid with respect to the polyhydric alcohol is 1 to 4, and an equivalence ratio of the monohydric alcohol with respect to the polyhydric alcohol is 0.5 to 5. 9. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein in obtaining the complex polyester composition, the polyhydric alcohol, the polycarboxylic acid, and the monohydric alcohol are condensed by being mixed such that an equivalence ratio of the polycarboxylic acid with respect to the polyhydric alcohol is 2.2 to 4, and an equivalence ratio of the monohydric alcohol with respect to the polyhydric alcohol is 2.5 to 5. 10. The production method for a complex polyester composition according to claim 1, wherein the component having a weight average molecular weight of less than or equal to 1300 in a GPC chart is an ester component denoted by General Formula (2) described below, and in General Formula (2), R1 represents a (m+1)-valent or more chain or cyclic aliphatic linking group or an aromatic linking group, R2 represents a group having an oxyalkylene structure, and m represents an integer of 1 to 3. 11. A complex polyester composition produced by the production method according to claim 1. 12. A lubricant composition containing the complex polyester composition according to claim 11, and one type or two or more types of additives selected from an abrasion preventing agent, a viscosity index improver, an antioxidant, a cleaning agent, a dispersant, a fluidizing agent, a curing agent, a corrosion preventing agent, a seal compatible agent, a defoaming agent, a rust preventing agent, a friction adjuster, and a thickener. 13. A lubricant composition containing at least the complex polyester composition according to claim 11, and one type or two or more types of mediums selected from mineral oil, a fatty oil compound, polyolefin oil, silicone oil, perfluoropolyether oil, diphenyl ether oil, aromatic ester oil, aliphatic monoester oil, aliphatic diester oil, and polyol ester lubricating oil. 14. A lubricant containing the complex polyester composition according to claim 11. 15. The lubricant according to claim 11, wherein the lubricant is used as lubricating oil for grease, a releasing agent, engine oil for an internal combustion engine, oil for metal working or machining, oil for a bearing, fuel for a combustion engine, vehicle engine oil, gear oil, operating oil for an automobile, lubricating oil for a vessel and an aircraft, machine oil, turbine oil, hydraulic operating oil, compressor and vacuum pump oil, freezer oil, lubricating oil for metal working, a lubricant for magnetic recording medium, a lubricant for a micro machine, a lubricant for an artificial bone, shock absorber oil, or rolling oil.",
-    "Disclosed herein is a semiconductor device including: a first semiconductor chip having an electronic circuit section and a first connecting section formed on one surface thereof; a second semiconductor chip having a second connecting section formed on one surface thereof, the second semiconductor chip being mounted on the first semiconductor chip with the first and the second connecting sections connected to each other by a bump; a dam formed to fill a gap between the first and the second semiconductor chips on a part of an outer edge of the second semiconductor chip, the part of the outer edge being on a side of a region of formation of the electronic circuit section; and an underfill resin layer filled into the gap, protrusion of the resin layer from the outer edge of the second semiconductor chip to a side of the electronic circuit section being prevented by the dam. 1-16. (canceled) 17. An imaging device comprising: a first substrate including an electronic circuit section and a first connection section, wherein the electronic circuit section includes a plurality of pixels; a second substrate including a second connection section, the second substrate being mounted on the first substrate with the first connection section and the second connection section connected to each other by a connecting member, wherein the connecting member is between the first substrate and the second substrate on at least a part of an outer edge of the second substrate, the part of the outer edge of the second substrate being on a side of a region of formation of the electronic circuit section; and a filling layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the filling layer includes a protrusion from at least the part of the outer edge of the second semiconductor substrate where the connecting member is not formed. 18. The imaging device according to claim 17, wherein the filing layer is an underfill resin layer. 19. The imaging device according to claim 17, wherein the electronic circuit section including the plurality of pixels is connected to a third connection section of the second substrate. 20. The imaging device according to claim 17, further including an internal wiring within the first substrate. 21. The imaging device according to claim 20, wherein the electronic circuit section including the plurality of pixels is connected to a third connection section of the second substrate via the internal wiring. 22. The imaging device according to claim 17, further including at least one pad electrode within the first substrate. 23. The imaging device according to claim 22, wherein the second substrate includes a third connection section, wherein the first substrate includes a fourth connection section connected to the third connection section by a second connecting member, wherein the second connecting member is between the first substrate and the second substrate on at least the part of the outer edge of the second substrate being on a side of a region of formation of the pad electrode. 24. The imaging device according to claim 23, wherein the filling layer includes a second protrusion from at least the part of the outer edge of the second substrate where the second connecting member is not formed. 25. An electronic device comprising: an imaging device; an optical system for guiding incident light to an imaging section of the imaging device; and a signal processing circuit for processing an output signal of the imaging device, wherein the imaging device includes: a first substrate including an electronic circuit section and a first connection section, wherein the electronic circuit section includes a plurality of pixels, a second substrate including a second connection section, the second substrate being mounted on the first substrate with the first connection section and the second connection section connected to each other by a connecting member, wherein the connecting member is between the first substrate and the second substrate on at least a part of an outer edge of the second substrate, the part of the outer edge of the second substrate being on a side of a region of formation of the electronic circuit section, and a filling layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the filling layer includes a protrusion from at least the part of the outer edge of the second semiconductor substrate where the connecting member is not formed. 26. The electronic device according to claim 25, wherein the filing layer is an underfill resin layer. 27. The electronic device according to claim 25, wherein the electronic circuit section including the plurality of pixels is connected to a third connection section of the second substrate. 28. The electronic device according to claim 25, further including an internal wiring within the first substrate. 29. The electronic device according to claim 28, wherein the electronic circuit section including the plurality of pixels is connected to a third connection section of the second substrate the second connection section via the internal wiring. 30. The electronic device according to claim 25, further including at least one pad electrode within the first substrate. 31. A method of manufacturing an imaging device, the method comprising: forming an electronic circuit section and a first connection section on a first substrate, wherein the electronic circuit section includes a plurality of pixels; forming a second connection section on at least a part of an outer edge of a second substrate; mounting the second substrate to the first substrate such that a connecting member is between the first substrate and the second substrate on at least the part of the outer edge of the second substrate, the part of the outer edge of the second substrate being on a side of a region of formation of the electronic circuit section; and forming a filling layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the filling layer includes a protrusion from at least the part of the outer edge of the second semiconductor substrate where the connecting member is not formed. 32. The method of manufacturing according to claim 31, wherein the filling layer is an underfill resin layer. 33. The method of manufacturing according to claim 31, wherein the electronic circuit section including the plurality of pixels is connected to a third connection section of the second substrate. 34. The method of manufacturing according to claim 31, further including forming an internal wiring within the first substrate. 35. The method of manufacturing according to claim 30, wherein the electronic circuit section including the plurality of pixels is connected to a third connection section of the second substrate of the second connection section via the internal wiring. 36. The method of manufacturing according to claim 31, further including forming at least one pad electrode within the first substrate.",
-    "Fan trays and components thereof are described herein. In some embodiments, a removable, compact fan tray is configured to be disposed within a slot of a chassis. The fan tray can be latchably coupled to the chassis, and/or can include a light source, such as an LED operable to depict the status of the fan tray. Leads of the light source can be disposed within an sleeve operable to contain and/or insulate the leads. The fan tray can, in some embodiments, be configured to be keyed to a particular type of chassis slot, for example, a slot associated with an air flow direction. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a fan tray having a body, a handle and a latch, an end portion of the handle rotatably coupled to a potion of the body, a first portion of the latch fixedly coupled to the handle, a recess defined, at least in part, by the body, a second portion of the latch configured to be selectively disposed within the recess, the handle having a range of motion between a first position when the second end portion of the latch is disposed out of the recess and a second position when the second portion of the latch is disposed within the recess. 2. An apparatus, comprising: a sleeve configured to be disposed within a fan tray, the sleeve defining a first channel and a second channel, the sleeve configured to receive a first wire of a light source in the first channel and a second wire of the light source in the second channel, the first channel and the second channel of the sleeve collectively configured to electrically insulate the first wire and the second wire. 3. An apparatus, comprising: a fan tray shoe configured to be removably coupled to a body of a fan tray, the fan tray shoe having a key in a first position or a second position, the first position associated with a first air flow direction, the second position associated with a second air flow direction opposite the first air flow direction.",
-    "A wireless device for providing a message service is disclosed, along with a computer readable medium. The wireless device may be capable of sending messages via a packet switched WLAN base station in a first mode, or via an SMS base station that is independent of the packet switched base station, in a second mode. A message client on the wireless device determines whether a recipient's wireless device corresponds to a subscriber of a service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. The wireless device sends, via a WLAN transceiver, if the recipient's wireless device corresponds to a subscriber of the service, the outgoing message to the recipient's wireless device in the first mode. Alternatively, if the recipient's wireless device does not correspond to a subscriber of the service, the outgoing message is sent by a cellular transmitter via the SMS base station in the second mode. 1. A wireless device capable of sending messages, in a first mode, via a packet switched wireless local area network (WLAN) base station or, alternatively, in a second mode, via a short message service (SMS) base station that is independent of the packet switched WLAN base station, the wireless device comprising: a message client configured to receive information associated with a destination address of a wireless device of a recipient, the message client capable of determining a delivery mode for sending an outgoing message to the destination address; a WLAN transceiver configured to: send a request, via the packet switched WLAN base station, to a server to determine whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of a service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer; and to receive a response from the server via the packet switched WLAN base station, wherein the server is not a component of a cellular core network; the message client further configured to determine whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer; if the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, the WLAN transceiver further configured to send in the first mode the outgoing message to the wireless device of the recipient via the packet switched WLAN base station; and a cellular transmitter configured, if the wireless device of the recipient does not correspond to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, to send in the second mode, the outgoing message to the wireless device of the recipient using the destination address via the SMS base station. 2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the WLAN transceiver is further configured to send the request to the server without the request passing through the SMS base station, and the WLAN transceiver is further configured to receive the response from the server without the response passing through the SMS base station. 3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the SMS base station is associated with the cellular core network, and the WLAN transceiver is configured to transmit the request to the server via the packet switched WLAN base station without traversing the cellular core network, and the WLAN transceiver is configured to receive the response from the server via the packet switched WLAN base station without traversing the cellular core network associated with the SMS base station. 4. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the message client is further configured to construct the outgoing message in a first syntax if the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, and to construct the outgoing message in a second syntax if the wireless device of the recipient does not correspond to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, wherein the first syntax is different from the second syntax. 5. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the message client is further configured to select at least one type of permissible attachment based on whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. 6. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the message client is further configured to deny, when the wireless device of the recipient does not correspond to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, any type of attachment. 7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the destination address is a mobile phone number. 8. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the message client is further configured to queue the outgoing message for later delivery if the message cannot be delivered to the wireless device of the recipient. 9. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the WLAN transceiver is further configured to receive a delivery confirmation message from the server if the outgoing message is successfully delivered to the wireless device of the recipient via the packet switched WLAN base station when the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, further comprising: a display configured to display an indication of the delivery confirmation message. 10. The wireless device of claim 1, further comprising: a display configured to display an indication of whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. 11. The wireless device of claim 1, further comprising: a display configured to display sent messages and received messages, wherein sent messages are displayed with a first characteristic and received message are displayed with a second different characteristic so as to distinguish the sent messages from the received messages. 12. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the WLAN transceiver is further configured to receive presence information associated with the wireless device of the recipient if the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, further comprising: a display configured to display the received presence information associated with the wireless device of the recipient. 13. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the wireless device of the recipient is capable of receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. 14. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a set of instructions for execution by a wireless device capable of sending messages, in a first mode, via a packet switched wireless local area network (WLAN) base station or, alternatively, in a second mode, via a short message service (SMS) base station that is independent of the packet switched WLAN base station, the set of instructions comprising: a message client code segment for receiving information associated with a destination address associated with a wireless device of a recipient, the message client code segment capable of determining a delivery mode for sending an outgoing message to the destination address; a second code segment for sending a request to a server, via the packet switched WLAN base station, to determine whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of a service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, wherein the server is not a component of a cellular core network; a third code segment for receiving a response from the server via the packet switched WLAN base station; a fourth code segment for determining whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via the packet switched bearer; a fifth code segment for sending, in the first mode, if the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, the outgoing message to the wireless device of the recipient via the packet switched WLAN base station; and a sixth code segment for sending, in the second mode, if the wireless device of the recipient does not correspond to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, the outgoing message to the wireless device of the recipient using the destination address via the SMS base station. 15. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the second code segment further includes instructions for sending the request to the server without the request passing through the SMS base station, and the third code segment further includes instructions for receiving the response from the server without the response passing through the SMS base station. 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the SMS base station is associated with the cellular core network, and the second code segment further includes instructions for sending the request to the server via the packet switched WLAN base station without traversing the cellular core network, and the third code segment further includes instructions for receiving the response from the server via the packet switched WLAN base station without traversing the cellular core network associated with the SMS base station. 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the message client code segment includes instructions for constructing the outgoing message in a first syntax if the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, and for constructing the outgoing message in a second syntax if the wireless device of the recipient does not correspond to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, wherein the first syntax is different from the second syntax. 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the message client code segment includes instructions for selecting at least one type of permissible attachment based on whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. 19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the message client code segment includes instructions for denying, when the wireless device of the recipient does not correspond to a subscriber of the service for of receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer, any type of attachment. 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the destination address is a mobile phone number. 21. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the message client code segment further includes instructions for queuing the outgoing message for later delivery if the message cannot be delivered to the wireless device of the recipient. 22. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, further comprising: a seventh code segment for receiving a delivery confirmation message from the server if the outgoing message is successfully delivered to the wireless device of the recipient via the packet switched WLAN base station when the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer; and an eighth code segment for displaying an indication of the delivery confirmation message. 23. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, further comprising: an ninth code segment for displaying an indication of whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. 24. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the message client code segment includes instructions for displaying sent messages and received messages, wherein sent messages are displayed with a first characteristic and received message are displayed with a second different characteristic so as to distinguish the sent messages from the received messages. 25. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the message client code segment includes instructions for receiving presence information associated with the wireless device of the recipient if the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer; and a tenth code segment for displaying the received presence information associated with the wireless device of the recipient. 26. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the response received from the server via the packet switched WLAN base station includes an indication of whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer. 27. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 14, wherein the response received from the server via the packet switched WLAN base station includes an indication of whether the wireless device of the recipient corresponds to a subscriber of the service for receiving the outgoing message via a packet switched bearer.",
-    "There is provided colloidal silica particles comprising at least one polyvalent metal element M selected from a group consisting of iron, aluminum, zinc, zirconium, titanium, tin, and lead in an average content of 0.001 to 0.02 in terms of an M/Si molar ratio, and having an average primary particle diameter of 5 to 40 nm, wherein the content of the polyvalent metal element M present in an outermost layer of the colloidal particles is 0 to 0.003 atom per square nanometer (nm2) of a surface area of the colloidal particles; and a silica sol that the colloidal silica particles are dispersed in an organic solvent, a silica sol that the colloidal silica particles are dispersed in a polymerizable compound, and a silica sol that the colloidal silica particles are dispersed in a dicarboxylic anhydride. 1. Colloidal silica particles comprising at least one polyvalent metal element M selected from a group consisting of iron, aluminum, zinc, zirconium, titanium, tin, and lead in an average content of 0.001 to 0.02 in terms of an M/Si molar ratio, and having an average primary particle diameter of 5 to 40 nm, wherein the content of the polyvalent metal element M present in an outermost layer of the colloidal particles is 0 to less than 0.001 atom per square nanometer (nm2) of a surface area of the colloidal particles. 2. A polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol comprising the colloidal silica particles as claimed in claim 1, the colloidal silica particles being dispersed in at least one compound selected from a group consisting of a polymerizable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, a polymerizable compound having an epoxy ring, a polymerizable compound having an oxetane ring, and a polymerizable compound having a vinyl ether structure. 3. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 2, wherein the polymerizable compound having an epoxy ring is an ester modified epoxy compound containing: a compound (i) having a functional group of Formula (1)) in the molecule: where each of R1 and R2 is independently an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, or a heterocyclic group, or a halogenated, aminated, or nitrated derivative thereof, and a compound (ii) having a glycidyl group in the molecule. 4. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 3, wherein the compound (i) is a compound in which, among n pieces of glycidyl groups (where n is an integer of 2 to 16) in the molecule, one or more and n pieces or less of the glycidyl group(s) are replaced with the functional group of Formula (1). 5. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 3, wherein the compound (ii) is a compound having n pieces of glycidyl groups (where n is an integer of 2 to 16) in the molecule. 6. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 3, wherein a molar ratio of the compound (i):the compound (ii) is 1:0.3 to 1.5. 7. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 3, wherein the compound (i) is a compound in which the glycidyl group in tris-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-isocyanate is replaced with the functional group of Formula (1). 8. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 3, wherein the compound (ii) is tris-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-isocyanate. 9. A dicarboxylic anhydride-dispersed silica sol comprising the colloidal silica particles as claimed in claim 1, the colloidal silica particles being dispersed in a dicarboxylic anhydride in a liquid form at 30\u00b0 C. 10. The dicarboxylic anhydride-dispersed silica sol according to claim 9, wherein the dicarboxylic anhydride contains at least one compound selected from a group consisting of methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, hydrogenated methylnadic anhydride, and hydrogenated trimellitic anhydride. 11. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 4, wherein the compound (i) is a compound in which the glycidyl group in tris-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-isocyanate is replaced with the functional group of Formula (1). 12. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 6, wherein the compound (i) is a compound in which the glycidyl group in tris-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-isocyanate is replaced with the functional group of Formula (1). 13. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 5, wherein the compound (ii) is tris-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-isocyanate. 14. The polymerizable compound-dispersed silica sol according to claim 6, wherein the compound (ii) is tris-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-isocyanate.",
-    "Nucleic acids and proteins having a mutant MEK sequence, and methods concerning identification of patients having resistance to treatment with anti-cancer agents, specifically inhibitors of RAF or MEK are provided. Methods of treatment and for optimizing treatment for patients having a mutation in a MEK1 sequence are also provided. 1. A method of identifying a compound for treating cancer in a subject having a mutant MEK1 protein having a C121S amino acid substitution, the method comprising: (a) providing an assay composition comprising: a mutant MEK1 protein, the mutant MEK1 protein comprising an amino acid substitution at position 121 of wild-type MEK1 protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 where the amino acid substitution is a C121S amino acid substitution; and a MEK substrate; (b) contacting the assay composition with a test compound under conditions that permit phosphorylation of the MEK substrate in the absence of the test compound; and (c) determining the effect of the compound on phosphorylation of the MEK substrate; wherein down-modulation of phosphorylation of the MEK substrate as compared to a suitable control identifies the compound as a compound for treating the cancer. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the C121S amino acid substitution confers resistance to one or more RAF or MEK inhibitors on a cell expressing the mutant MEK1 protein. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the MEK substrate is ERK1/2. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the assay composition is a cell extract or a purified protein. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the RAF inhibitor is PLX4720 or PLX4032. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the MEK inhibitor is AZD6244. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is melanoma. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas, carcinomas, metastatic carcinomas, sarcomas, adenomas, nervous system cancers and genitourinary cancers. 9. A method of identifying a compound for treating cancer in a subject having a mutant MEK1 protein having a C121S amino acid substitution, the method comprising: a) providing a cell comprising a mutant MEK1 protein comprising an amino acid substitution at position 121 of wild-type MEK1 protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 where the amino acid substitution is a C121S amino acid substitution; b) contacting the cell with a test compound; and c) determining the effect of the compound on phosphorylation of a MEK substrate; wherein down-modulation of phosphorylation of the MEK substrate as compared to a suitable control identifies the compound as a compound for treating the cancer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the C121S amino acid substitution confers resistance to one or more RAF or MEK inhibitors on the cell expressing the mutant MEK1 protein. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the MEK substrate is ERK1/2. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the RAF inhibitor is PLX4720 or PLX4032. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the MEK inhibitor is AZD6244. 14. An in vitro cell-based screening method for identifying a test compound for treating cancer in a subject having a mutant MEK1 protein having a C121S amino acid substitution, the method comprising contacting a host cell with a test compound, protein comprising an amino acid substitution at position 121 of wild-type MEK1 protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 where the amino acid substitution is a C121S amino acid substitution; wherein sensitivity of the host cell to the test compound identifies the compound as a compound for treating the cancer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein sensitivity of the host cell to the test compound is measured using an assay selected from the group consisting of a cell proliferation assay, a cell viability assay, and a MEK substrate phosphorylation assay, wherein a reduction in cell proliferation, cell viability, or MEK substrate phosphorylation in the presence of the test compound identifies the compound as a compound for treating the cancer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the MEK substrate phosphorylation assay comprises ERK1/2. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the cancer is melanoma. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas, carcinomas, metastatic carcinomas, sarcomas, adenomas, nervous system cancers and genitourinary cancers.",
-    "A latchable vehicle storage trunk includes a latch handle configured to be grasped by a hand of a user to operate the storage trunk between open and closed positions. 1. A handle for a vehicle storage bin, the handle comprising: an elongate body extending between a first end and a second end and having a top surface and a bottom surface opposite the top surface, a mast extending from the top surface of the body at a location between the first and second ends, the mast including an attachment hole extending therethrough, and a handle wing extending from the body, the handle wing being configured for grasping by a hand of a user to open and close the vehicle storage bin. 2. The handle of claim 1, further comprising a flange extending from the bottom surface of the body proximate to the first end of the body. 3. The handle of claim 2, wherein the flange includes a leg extending from the bottom surface of the body in a first direction and a foot extending from an end of the leg in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction. 4. The handle of claim 3, wherein the flange defines a receptacle sized to receive a rim of a lid of the vehicle storage bin. 5. The handle of claim 3, further comprising a second flange including a leg extending from the bottom surface of the body in the first direction and a foot extending from an end of the leg of the second flange in the second direction. 6. The handle of claim 5, wherein the flange is a first flange and the second flange extends from the body proximate to the second end of the body spaced apart from the first flange. 7. The handle of claim 6, wherein an opening sized to receive an upper receiver of a latch of the vehicle storage bin is defined between the first flange and the second flange. 8. The handle of claim 1, wherein the attachment hole is defined by a pair of opposing flat surfaces of the mast and a pair of opposing curved surfaces of the mast. 9. The handle of claim 8, wherein the attachment hole is configured to receive a lock tumbler assembly of the vehicle storage bin. 10. A handle for a vehicle storage bin, the handle comprising: an elongate body extending between a first end and a second end and defining a first axis, a receptacle defined by the body, and a handle wing extending from the body at the first end, the handle wing being configured for engagement by a hand of a user to open and close the vehicle storage bin. 11. The handle of claim 10, wherein the body includes a flange that defines the receptacle. 12. The handle of claim 11, wherein the flange includes a leg extending from a bottom side of the handle wing in a first direction and a foot extending from an end of the leg in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction. 13. The handle of claim 12, wherein the flange includes a toe extending from the leg in a third direction parallel to the first direction and the receptacle is configured to receive a rim of a lid of the vehicle storage bin. 14. The handle of claim 11, wherein the flange is a first flange positioned proximate to the first end, and the body includes a second flange extending from the body and positioned proximate to the second end of the body. 15. The handle of claim 10, wherein the body includes a central beam extending between the first and second ends, the central beam having an upper surface that is configured for engagement by a lower latch receiver of the vehicle storage bin to block opening of the vehicle storage bin. 16. The handle of claim 15, wherein the central beam has a tapered cross-section when viewed along the first axis. 17. The handle of claim 15, wherein the central beam includes an attachment hole extending therethrough. 18. The handle of claim 15, wherein the central beam includes a rear surface having a curvature shaped to engage an outer surface of a lid of the vehicle storage bin. 19. The handle of claim 18, wherein the handle wing includes a rear surface having a curvature shaped to engage the outer surface of the lid of the vehicle storage bin. 20. A latchable vehicle storage truck comprising: a trunk body including a lid and basin together defining a bottom wall, sidewalls, and a top wall, a trunk latch assembly, and a latch handle including an elongate body extending between a first end and a second end, the body defining an attachment hole penetrating therethrough, a handle wing extending from the elongate body at the first end thereof and configured for grasping by a hand of a user to open and close the trunk body, and a mounting flange extending from the elongate body beneath the handle wing.",
-    "A method is disclosed. The method includes intersecting a clip polygon with a source image, determining destination coordinates of the clip polygon, rasterizing the clip polygon, determining a bounding box, dividing the bounding box into a plurality of logical destination tiles, processing the destination tiles to determine coordinates of source tiles corresponding to each of the destination tiles and performing rotation processing of the source tiles, wherein each tile is processed independently. 1. A machine-readable medium including instructions, which when executed by a machine, causes the machine to perform image processing to: intersect a clip polygon with a source image; determine destination coordinates of the clip polygon; rasterize the clip polygon; determine a bounding box comprising a section of a destination sidemap; divide the bounding box into a plurality of logical destination tiles; process each of the logical destination tiles to determine coordinates of source tiles in the source image corresponding to each of the logical destination tiles by performing an inverse transformation; and perform rotation processing of the source tiles, wherein each tile is processed independently. 2. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to merge the rasterized clip polygon with an alpha mask into a single alpha mask corresponding to a source raster image. 3. The machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein coordinates of the source tiles are determined via an inverse two-dimensional (2D) affine transformation. 4. The machine-readable medium of claim 3, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to: determine whether a source tile lies outside of a source image; and skip the logical destination tile upon a determination that the source tile lies outside of the source image. 5. The machine-readable medium of claim 4, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to: determine whether the source tile is within the clip polygon; and skip the logical destination tile upon a determination that source tile is not within the clip polygon. 6. The machine-readable medium of claim 5, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to: determine whether the source tile is partially within the source image; and perform rotation processing on each pel within the source tile upon a determination that source tile is partially within the source image. 7. The machine-readable medium of claim 6, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to: determine whether the source tile is transparent; and skip the logical destination tile upon a determination that the source tile is transparent. 8. The machine-readable medium of claim 7, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to: determine whether the source tile is a solid color; and rotate the source tile upon a determination that the source tile is a solid color. 9. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the source tile is rotated by setting pels in a logical destination tile with the solid color of the source tile. 10. The machine-readable medium of claim 8, including instructions, which when executed by a machine, further causes the machine to: cache the source tile upon a determination that the source tile is not a solid color; and rotate and transform the tile via a bilinear interpolation. 11. A system comprising one more processors to perform image processing to intersect a clip polygon with a source image, determine destination coordinates of the clip polygon, rasterize the clip polygon, determine a bounding box comprising a section of a destination sidemap, divide the bounding box into a plurality of logical destination tiles, process each of the logical destination tiles to determine coordinates of source tiles in the source image corresponding to each of the logical destination tiles by performing an inverse transformation and perform rotation processing of the source tiles, wherein each tile is processed independently. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor further to merge the rasterized clip polygon with an alpha mask into a single alpha mask corresponding to a source raster image. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein coordinates of the source tiles are determined via an inverse two-dimensional (2D) affine transformation. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor further to determine whether a source tile lies outside of a source image and skip the logical destination tile upon a determination that the source tile lies outside of the source image. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor further to determine whether the source tile is within the clip polygon and skip the logical destination tile upon a determination that source tile is not within the clip polygon. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor further to determine whether the source tile is partially within the source image and perform rotation processing on each pel within the source tile upon a determination that source tile is partially within the source image. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the processor further to determine whether the source tile is transparent and skip the logical destination tile upon a determination that source tile is transparent. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the processor further to determine whether the source tile is a solid color and rotate the source tile upon a determination that the source tile is a solid color. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the source tile is rotated by setting pels in a logical destination tile with the solid color of the source tile. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the processor further to cache the source tile upon a determination that the source tile is not a solid color and rotate and transform the tile via a bilinear interpolation.",
-    "A penetrated floating nut includes: a first retaining member including a cylindrical first cylindrical section and a first flange section provided at one end portion of the first cylindrical section; a second retaining member including a cylindrical second cylindrical section and a second flange section provided at one end portion of the second cylindrical section, the second cylindrical section being joined to the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member; and a nut housed in the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member with a gap therebetween and including a third flange section at one end portion of the nut and further including rotation stopping means between the nut and the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member, the third flange section being housed in the second cylindrical section of the second retaining member with a gap therebetween and being capable of contacting an end surface of the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member. A bolt fastened to the nut is capable of penetrating through the penetrated floating nut from the first retaining member side to the second retaining member side. 1. A penetrated floating nut, comprising: a first retaining member including a cylindrical first cylindrical section and a first flange section provided at one end portion of the first cylindrical section; a second retaining member including a cylindrical second cylindrical section and a second flange section provided at one end portion of the second cylindrical section, the second cylindrical section being joined to the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member; and a nut housed in the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member with a gap therebetween and including a third flange section at one end portion of the nut and further including rotation stopping means between the nut and the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member, the third flange section being housed in the second cylindrical section of the second retaining member with a gap therebetween and being capable of contacting an end surface of the first cylindrical section of the first retaining member, wherein a bolt fastened to the nut is capable of penetrating through the penetrated floating nut from the first retaining member side to the second retaining member side. 2. The penetrated floating nut according to claim 1, wherein the rotation stopping means permits the nut to move relative to the first retaining member in an axial direction and directions perpendicular thereto within predetermined ranges. 3. The penetrated floating nut according to claim 1, wherein the second flange section is formed at one end of the second cylindrical section to extend radially inward and supports the third flange section when the bolt is not fastened. 4. The penetrated floating nut according to claim 1, wherein a recess in which to fill an adhesive is formed in an inner wall of the first cylindrical section.",
-    "The present invention provides a data frame sending and receiving method and apparatus. The data frame sending method includes: receiving, by a first access point, first interference power parameters fed back by associated stations of the first access point, and receiving second interference power parameters sent by a second access point; if determining that a channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point, determining to-be-scheduled stations and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations, sending scheduling indication signaling at the determined transmission powers, and receiving scheduling indication response signaling sent by a schedulable station; and sending a data frame to the schedulable station at a transmission power corresponding to the schedulable station among the determined transmission powers. 1. A data frame sending method, comprising: receiving, by a first access point, first interference power parameters fed back by associated stations of the first access point, wherein a coverage area of the first access point overlaps a coverage area of a second access point, wherein the first interference power parameter indicates, such that communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected, one of a transmission power of the second access point or a transmission power reduction value of the second access point; receiving, by the first access point, second interference power parameters sent by the second access point, wherein the second interference power parameters are fed back by associated stations of the second access point to the second access point, wherein the second interference power parameter indicates, such that communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected, one of a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of the first access point under a condition; determining, by the first access point and in response to the first access point determining that a channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point, to-be-scheduled stations of the first access point and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations according to the first interference power parameters, the second interference power parameters, and a transmission power of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel; sending, by the first access point, scheduling indication signaling to the to-be-scheduled stations at the determined transmission powers; receiving scheduling indication response signaling sent by a schedulable station among the to-be-scheduled stations; and sending, by the first access point, a data frame to the schedulable station at a transmission power corresponding to the schedulable station among the determined transmission powers. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first interference power parameter comprises a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point; wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the second access point where communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected; wherein the second interference power parameter comprises a harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point; and wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the first access point where communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the determining that the channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point comprises performing at least one of: determining, by the first access point, in response to the first access point receiving the scheduling indication signaling by listening on the channel on which the first access point works, and further in response to the first access point determining that a transmission address carried in the received scheduling indication signaling is an address of the second access point, that the channel is currently being occupied by the second access point; and determining, by the first access point, in response to if the first access point receiving the scheduling indication response signaling by listening on the channel on which the first access point works, and further in response to the first access point determining that a receive address carried in the received scheduling indication response signaling is an address of the second access point, that the channel is currently being occupied by the second access point. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second access point is the second access point that is currently occupying the channel on which the first access point works; wherein the associated station of the second access point is a station, among the associated stations of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, that is communicating with the second access point that is currently occupying the channel; and wherein the determining the to-be-scheduled stations of the first access point and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations comprises: selecting, by the first access point, the to-be-scheduled stations from the associated stations of the first access point, wherein a transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station is less than the second interference power parameter, wherein the transmission power of the second access point is less than a third interference power parameter, wherein the third interference power parameter is at least one of the first interference power parameters and indicates, such that communication between the first access point and the to-be-scheduled station is not affected, a transmission power of the second access point; and determining, by the first access point, that the transmission power of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled station is the transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first interference power parameter comprises a harmless power reduction value of the second access point, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the second access point indicates, such that communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected, a numerical value by which a maximum transmission power of the second access point needs to be reduced, wherein the second interference power parameter comprises a harmless power reduction value of the first access point, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the first access point indicates, such that communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected, a numerical value by which a maximum transmission power of the first access point needs to be reduced; wherein the second access point is the second access point that is currently occupying the channel on which the first access point works, and wherein the associated station of the second access point is a station, among the associated stations of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, that is communicating with the second access point that is currently occupying the channel; and wherein the determining the to-be-scheduled stations of the first access point and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations comprises: using, by the first access point, a difference between the maximum transmission power of the second access point and the first interference power parameter as a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point, and using a difference between the maximum transmission power of the first access point and the second interference power parameter as a harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point, wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the second access point such that communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected, and wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the first access point such that communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected; selecting, by the first access point, the to-be-scheduled stations from the associated stations of the first access point, wherein a transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station is less than a harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point for the associated station of the second access point, and wherein the transmission power of the second access point is less than a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point for the to-be-scheduled station; and determining, by the first access point, that the transmission power of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled station is the transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sending scheduling indication signaling to the to-be-scheduled station comprises: sending, by the first access point and when the to-be-scheduled stations comprise at least two stations, the scheduling indication signaling to each station of the at least two stations in turn, or sending, by the first access point, the scheduling indication signaling to the at least two stations at the same time. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein a frame structure of at least one of the scheduling indication signaling or the scheduling indication response signaling comprises at least one of a frame control field, a receive address field, a transmission address field and a transmission power field; wherein different values of the frame control field indicate that a frame with the frame structure is one of scheduling indication signaling or scheduling indication response signaling, and a value of the transmission power field is the determined transmission power. 8. A data frame receiving method, comprising: measuring, by a station, a first interference power parameter, wherein the first interference power parameter indicates, such that communication between a first access point and the station is not affected, one of a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of a second access point, wherein the first access point is an associated access point of the station, and wherein a coverage area of the first access point overlaps a coverage area of the second access point; feeding back, by the station, the first interference power parameter to the first access point, so that, when the first access point determines that a channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point, the first access point determines, according to the first interference power parameter, further according to a second interference power parameter that is sent by the second access point and further according to a transmission power of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, that the station is a to-be-scheduled station of the first access point, and a transmission power of the first access point for the station, wherein the second interference power parameter indicates, such that communication between the second access point and an associated station of the second access point is not affected, one of a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of the first access point; sending, by the station, after the station receives scheduling indication signaling that is sent by the first access point at the determined transmission power, and in response to determining that the station is schedulable by the first access point, scheduling indication response signaling to the first access point; and receiving, by the station, a data frame that is sent by the first access point at the determined transmission power. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the first interference power parameter comprises a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point, wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the second access point where communication between the station and the first access point is not affected. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the measuring the first interference power parameter comprises: measuring, by the station, received energy of a signal that is sent by the station to the second access point by using a full power; determining, by the station, a harmless power reduction value of the second access point according to the received energy and a clear channel assessment threshold of the station, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the second access point indicates a numerical value by which the maximum transmission power of the second access point needs to be reduced so that communication between the station and the first access point is not affected; and using, by the station, a difference between the maximum transmission power of the second access point and the harmless power reduction value as the harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the first interference power parameter comprises a harmless power reduction value of the second access point, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the second access point indicates a numerical value by which the maximum transmission power of the second access point needs to be reduced so that communication between the station and the first access point is not affected. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the measuring the first interference power parameter of the second access point for the station comprises: measuring, by the station, received energy of a signal that is sent by the station to the second access point by using a full power; and determining, by the station, the harmless power reduction value of the second access point according to the received energy and a clear channel assessment threshold of the station. 13. A data frame sending apparatus, wherein the data frame sending apparatus is configured to be disposed in a first access point, the data frame sending apparatus comprising: a receiving module, configured to receive first interference power parameters fed back by associated stations of the first access point, and further configured to receive second interference power parameters sent by a second access point, wherein the second interference power parameters are fed back by associated stations of the second access point to the second access point, wherein a coverage area of the first access point overlaps a coverage area of the second access point, wherein the first interference power parameter indicates, such that communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected, one of a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of the second access point, and wherein the second interference power parameter indicates, such that communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected, one of a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of the first access point; a sending module; a processor connected to the receiving module and to the sending module; a non-transitory computer readable medium connected to the processor and having stored thereon instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: determine that a channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point; and determine to-be-scheduled stations of the first access point and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations according to the first interference power parameters, the second interference power parameters, and a transmission power of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel; and wherein the sending module is configured to send scheduling indication signaling to the to-be-scheduled stations at the determined transmission powers determined by the determining module, and after the receiving module receives scheduling indication response signaling sent by a schedulable station among the to-be-scheduled stations, send a data frame to the schedulable station at a transmission power corresponding to the schedulable station among the determined transmission powers, and wherein the receiving module is further configured to receive, after the sending module sends the scheduling indication signaling, the scheduling indication response signaling sent by the schedulable station among the to-be-scheduled stations. 14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first interference power parameter received by the receiving module comprises a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point, wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the second access point where communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected; and the second interference power parameter received by the receiving module comprises a harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point, wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the first access point where communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected. 15. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the instructions causing the processor to determine that the channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point comprise instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform at least one of: determine that the channel is currently being occupied by the second access point in response to receiving the scheduling indication signaling by listening on the channel on which the first access point works, and further in response to determining that a transmission address carried in the received scheduling indication signaling is an address of the second access point; and determine that the channel is currently being occupied by the second access point in response to receiving the scheduling indication response signaling by listening on the channel on which the first access point works, and further in response to determining that a receive address carried in the received scheduling indication response signaling is an address of the second access point,. 16. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the second access point is the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, and wherein the associated station of the second access point is a station, among the associated stations of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, that is communicating with the second access point that is currently occupying the channel; and wherein the instructions causing the processor to determine the to-be-scheduled stations of the first access point and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations comprise instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: select the to-be-scheduled stations from the associated stations of the first access point, wherein a transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station is less than the second interference power parameter, and wherein the transmission power of the second access point is less than a third interference power parameter; and determine that the transmission power of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled station is the transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station, wherein the third interference power parameter is at least one of the first interference power parameters and indicates a transmission power of the second access point where a condition that communication between the first access point and the to-be-scheduled station is not affected. 17. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first interference power parameter received by the receiving module comprises a harmless power reduction value of the second access point, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the second access point indicates, such that communication between the first access point and the associated station of the first access point is not affected, a numerical value by which a maximum transmission power of the second access point needs to be reduced, wherein the second interference power parameter received by the receiving module comprises a harmless power reduction value of the first access point, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the first access point indicates, such that communication between the second access point and the associated station of the second access point is not affected, a numerical value by which a maximum transmission power of the first access point needs to be reduced, wherein the second access point is the second access point that is currently occupying the channel on which the first access point works, and wherein the associated station of the second access point is a station, among the associated stations of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, that is communicating with the second access point that is currently occupying the channel; and wherein the instructions causing the processor to determine the to-be-scheduled stations of the first access point and transmission powers of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled stations comprise instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: use a difference between the maximum transmission power of the second access point and the first interference power parameter as a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point; use a difference between the maximum transmission power of the first access point and the second interference power parameter as a harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point; select the to-be-scheduled stations from the associated stations of the first access point, wherein a transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station is less than a harmless transmission power upper limit of the first access point for the associated station of the second access point, and wherein the transmission power of the second access point is less than a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point for the to-be-scheduled station; and determine that the transmission power of the first access point for the to-be-scheduled station is the transmission power required by the to-be-scheduled station. 18. A data frame receiving apparatus, wherein the data frame receiving apparatus is configured to be disposed in a station, the data frame receiving apparatus comprising a computer including a non-transitory computer readable medium storing program modules executable by the computer, the modules including: a measuring module, configured to measure a first interference power parameter, wherein the first interference power parameter is used to indicate a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of a second access point under a condition that communication between a first access point and the station is not affected, wherein the first access point is an associated access point of the station, and a coverage area of the first access point overlaps a coverage area of the second access point; a sending module, configured to feed back the first interference power parameter measured by the measuring module to the first access point, so that when the first access point determines that a channel on which the first access point works is currently being occupied by the second access point, the first access point determines, according to the first interference power parameter, a second interference power parameter that is sent by the second access point and a transmission power of the second access point that is currently occupying the channel, that the station is a to-be-scheduled station of the first access point, and a transmission power of the first access point for the station, wherein the second interference power parameter is used to indicate a transmission power or a transmission power reduction value of the first access point under a condition that communication between the second access point and an associated station of the second access point is not affected; a receiving module, configured to receive scheduling indication signaling that is sent by the first access point at the determined transmission power; and a determining module, configured to: after the receiving module receives the scheduling indication signaling, determine that the station is schedulable by the first access point, wherein the sending module is further configured to, after the determining module determines that the station is schedulable by the first access point, send scheduling indication response signaling to the first access point; and the receiving module is further configured to: after the sending module sends the scheduling indication response signaling, receive a data frame that is sent by the first access point at the determined transmission power. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the first interference power parameter measured by the measuring module comprises a harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point, wherein the harmless transmission power upper limit of the second access point is an allowed maximum transmission power of the second access point where communication between the station and the first access point is not affected. 20. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the first interference power parameter measured by the measuring module comprises a harmless power reduction value of the second access point, wherein the harmless power reduction value of the second access point indicates a numerical value by which the maximum transmission power of the second access point needs to be reduced where communication between the station and the first access point is not affected.",
-    "A speaker is provided in the present disclosure. The speaker includes a membrane, a voice coil connected to the membrane, and a solder pad formed on the membrane. The membrane includes a conductive silicone portion and a non-conductive silicone portion. The voice coil includes a coil portion for driving the membrane to vibrate, and a line lead portion led out from an end of the coil portion. The line led portion is connected to the solder pad, and the solder pad is formed on the conductive silicone portion of the membrane. The conductive silicone portion is connected to an input terminal of the speaker to receive an electric signal for driving the voice coil. 1. A speaker, comprising: a membrane comprising a conductive silicone portion and a non-conductive silicone portion; a voice coil connected to the membrane; and a solder pad formed on the conductive silicone portion of the membrane; wherein the voice coil comprises a coil portion for driving the membrane to vibrate, and a line lead portion led out from an end of the coil portion, the line led portion is connected to the solder pad, and the conductive silicone portion is connected to an input terminal of the speaker to receive an electric signal for driving the voice coil. 2. The speaker of claim 1, wherein the membrane comprises two opposite long edges, two opposite short edges, and four curved edges, the four curved edges are arranged at four corners of the membrane; the long edges and the short edges are connected end to end by four curved edges respectively. 3. The speaker of claim 2, wherein at least one curved edge of the membrane serves as the conductive silicone portion, and the solder pad is formed on the at least one curved edges. 4. The speaker of claim 2, wherein at least one long edge or short edge of the membrane is configured as the conductive silicone portion; and the solder pad is formed on the at least one long edges or short edge. 5. The speaker of claim 1, wherein the conductive silicone portion and the non-conductive silicone portion of the membrane are formed by a same integrated injection molding process. 6. The speaker of claim 1, wherein the solder pad is integrated onto the conductive silicone portion by an injection process or a hot pressing process. 7. The speaker of claim 1, wherein the conductive silicone portion and the non-conductive silicone portion of the membrane are formed by two independent injection molding processes respectively. 8. The speaker of claim 1, further comprising a holder, a yoke received in the holder, and a magnet received in the yoke. 9. The speaker of claim 2, wherein the conductive silicone portion is configured at one or more of the long edges, the short edges and the curved edges. 10. The speaker of claim 9, wherein a main body of the membrane serves as the conductive silicone portion, and a gap formed at the main body by non-conductive silicone serves as the non-conductive silicone portion to provide electrical insulation.",
-    "There is provided an amplification stage including an envelope tracking modulated supply for tracking a reference signal, comprising a low frequency path for tracking low frequency variations in the reference signal and for providing a first output voltage, and a high frequency path for tracking high frequency variations in the reference signal and for providing a second output voltage, and a combiner for combining the first and second output voltages to provide a third output voltage, the amplification stage further comprising a first amplifier arranged to receive the first output voltage as a supply voltage, and a second amplifier arranged to receive the third output voltage as a supply voltage, wherein the first and second amplifiers are enabled in different modes of operation. 1. An amplification stage including an envelope tracking modulated supply for tracking a reference signal, comprising: a low frequency path for tracking low frequency variations in the reference signal and for providing a first output voltage; a full spectrum path for tracking the reference signal and for providing a second output voltage; a combiner configured to combine the first and second output voltages to provide a third output voltage; a first power amplifier configured to receive the first output voltage as a power supply voltage for the first power amplifier; and a second power amplifier configured to receive the third output voltage as a power supply voltage, for the second power amplifier. 2. The amplification stage of claim 1, wherein: the first power amplifier is disabled and the second power amplifier is enabled in a first mode of operation for the amplification stage; and the second power amplifier is disabled and the first power amplifier is enabled in a second mode of operation for the amplification stage. 3. The amplification stage of claim 1, wherein the full spectrum path comprises a linear amplifier configured to amplify a version of the reference signal. 4. The amplification stage of claim 3, wherein the linear amplifier is enabled/disabled when the second power amplifier is enabled/disabled. 5. The amplification stage of claim 3, wherein the full spectrum path further comprises a feedback path from an output of the linear amplifier to an input of the linear amplifier. 6. The amplification stage of claim 3, wherein the full spectrum path further comprises a capacitor coupled between an output of the linear amplifier and the combiner. 7. The amplification stage of claim 3, wherein the full spectrum path further comprises a delay element coupled to an input of the linear amplifier. 8. The amplification stage of claim 1, wherein the full spectrum path further comprises a voltage source coupled to an input of the linear amplifier and configured to introduce an offset voltage to the input of the linear amplifier. 9. The amplification stage of claim 1, further comprising a switch configured to selectively connect a DC power supply with the first power amplifier, wherein if the switch is closed, the first power amplifier is configured to receive a DC voltage of the DC power supply as the power supply voltage for the first power amplifier. 10. The amplification stage of claim 1, wherein: the first power amplifier is a power amplifier for a 2G or EDGE mode of operation; and the second power amplifier is a power amplifier for a 3G or 4G mode of operation. 11. An RF amplifier including the amplification stage of claim 1. 12. A wireless communication system including the amplification stage of claim 1. 13. A wireless mobile device including the amplification stage of claim 1. 14. A method for providing power to multiple amplifiers in an amplification stage including an envelope tracking modulated supply for tracking a reference signal, the method comprising: tracking low frequency variations in the reference signal with a low frequency path of the amplification stage to provide a first output voltage; tracking the reference signal with a full spectrum path of the amplification stage to provide a second output voltage; combining the first and second output voltages to provide a third output voltage; powering a first power amplifier with the first output voltage; and powering a second power amplifier with the third output voltage. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising in a first mode of operation for the amplification stage: enabling the first power amplifier; and disabling the second power amplifier. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising in a second mode of operation for the amplification stage: disabling the first power amplifier; and enabling the second power amplifier. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first mode of operation comprises a 2G mode of operation and wherein the second mode of operation comprises a 3G/4G mode of operation. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein tracking the reference signal with the full spectrum path of the amplification stage comprises amplifying a version of the reference signal. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein tracking the reference signal with the full spectrum path comprises applying an offset voltage to a version of the reference signal. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein tracking the reference signal with the full spectrum path comprises applying a delay to the reference signal.",
-    "Compounds, compositions, and formulations, and accompanying methods useful for treating disorders arising from oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage resulting from ionizing radiation or other therapy are described. 1.-48. (canceled) 49. A method for treating cancer in a host animal, the method comprising a) administering to the host animal a cancer therapy and b) administering to the host animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof, wherein: RA represents two substituents each independently hydrogen or alkoxy, where RA are not both hydrogen; or RA represents a fused aryl ring that is optionally substituted; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, alkyl, heteroalkyl cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, alkoxy, heteroalkoxy cycloalkoxy, cycloheteroalkoxy, alkylthio, heteroalkylthio cycloalkylthio, and cycloheteroalkylthio, each of which is optionally substituted; X is selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene, each of which is optionally substituted; and Y forms a carboxylic acid, ester, or amide. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein each RA is alkoxy. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, and heteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted; 52. The method of claim 49, wherein X is CHCRX, and RX is C1-C10 alkyl. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein Y is N(R1)2 or NR2OR2, wherein each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloheteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or both R1 are taken together with the attached nitrogen to form an optionally substituted heterocycle; and each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloheteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R2 is a prodrug group, or both R2 are taken together with the attached nitrogen and oxygen to form an optionally substituted heterocycle. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein both R1 are taken together with the attached nitrogen to form an optionally substituted heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, pyrrolidinone, piperidinone, piperazinone, and morpholinone. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein Y is NR2OR2, and each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, and cycloheteroalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted, or R2 is a prodrug group, or both R2 are taken together with the attached nitrogen and oxygen to form an optionally substituted heterocycle. 56. The method of claim 53, wherein at least one R2 is hydrogen. 57. The method of claim 53, wherein at least one R2 is optionally substituted alkyl. 58. The method of claim 49, wherein the cancer therapy causes neuronal damage and the neuronal damage is peripheral neuropathy, or in the central nervous system, or causes or aggravates cognitive dysfunction. 59. The method of claim 49, wherein the cancer therapy is a drug or ionizing radiation. 60. The method of claim 49, wherein the cancer therapy causes neuronal damage and the compound of the formula (I) treats the neuronal damage. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the cancer therapy is a drug or ionizing radiation. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the drug is a platinum-containing drug or a taxane. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the drug is a cisplatin. 64. The method of claim 60, wherein the cancer therapy is ionizing radiation. 65. The method of claim 49, wherein the compound of the formula (I) is or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 66. A method for treating cancer in a host animal, the method comprising a) administering to the host animal a therapeutically effective amount of cisplatin or ionizing radiation and b) administering to the host animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof comprising one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.",
-    "A dental cement hardened by a cement reaction involving the specific polymerizable polyacidic polymer and optionally additional crosslinkable groups, has reduced shrinkage and improved mechanical properties, in particular with regard to flexural strength and fracture toughness. Moreover, the specific polymerizable polyacidic polymer of the present invention contains a high number of acidic groups which is not reduced by the presence of polymerizable moieties, whereby water solubility of the uncured polymer is not impaired by the presence of the polymerizable moieties. 1. Dental cement composition comprising a polymerizable polyacidic polymer having repeating units in the polymer backbone, which are represented by the following formula (I), (II), and/or (Ill): wherein X represents O, S, or NR\u2032, whereby R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl group, C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, or C4-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, Y a group of the following formula (IV) wherein each of L1, L2, L3 and L4, which are independent from each other represents a single bond, a straight or branched C1-C6 alkylene group, a straight or branched C1-C6 alkenylene, or a straight or branched C1-C20 alkylene group which includes 1 to 8 atoms selected from oxygen and sulfur atoms, X\u2032 represents O, S, or NR\u2033, whereby R\u2033 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl group, C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, or C4-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, m is 0 to 3, and n is 1 to 3. 2. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymerizable polyacidic polymer is obtainable by a process comprising the steps of (i) copolymerizing a mixture containing acrylic acid and one or more monomers selected from the group of maleic anhydride and itaconic anhydride, and (ii) reacting the reaction product with HXY, wherein X and Y are as defined in claim 1. 3. The dental cement composition according to claim 2, wherein said polymerizable polyacidic polymer is obtainable by copolymerizing a mixture containing acrylic acid and itaconic acid anhydride. 4. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, wherein XY is \u2014OCH2C(\u2550CH2)COOH. 5. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymerizable polyacidic polymer is water-soluble. 6. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, which contains a polymerizable polyacidic polymer having repeating units represented by the formula (I) wherein a portion of the groups Y is a group of the following formula (V) wherein L5 represents a single bond or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkylene group, L6 represents a straight or branched C1-C3 alkylene group, and m is as defined in claim 1. 7. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, which further comprises a polymerization initiator system and optionally a polymerizable monomer having at least two polymerizable functional groups. 8. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, which further comprises a particulate glass comprising a. 20-25% by weight of silica b. 20-25% by weight of alumina c. 18-21% by weight of CaO plus SrO d. 13-18% by weight of zinc oxide e. 14-18% by weight of P2O5 f. 4-7% by weight of fluoride, and wherein the content of Na2O is less than 1% by weight. 9. The dental cement composition according to claim 8, wherein the mean particle size of the particulate glass is in the range of from 0.1 to 100 \u03bcm. 10. The dental cement composition according to claim 1, wherein said polymerizable polyacidic polymer has a mean molecular weight, Mw, between 10000 and 500000. 11. Process for preparing a polymerizable polyacidic polymer having repeating units in the polymer backbone which are represented by the following formula (I) and/or (II): wherein X represents O, S, or NR\u2032, whereby R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl group, C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, or C4-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, Y a group of the following formula (IV) wherein each L1, L2, L3 and L4, which are independent from each other represents a single bond, a straight or branched C1-C6 alkylene group, a straight or branched C1-C6 alkenylene, or a straight or branched C1-C20 alkylene group which includes 1 to 8 atoms selected from oxygen and sulfur atoms, X\u2032 represents O, S, or NR\u2033, whereby R\u2033 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl group, C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, or C4-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, m is 0 to 3, and n is 1 to 3, said process comprising the steps of (i) copolymerizing a mixture containing acrylic acid and one or more monomers selected from the group of maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, and (ii) reacting the reaction product of (i) with HXY, wherein X and Y are as defined in claim 1. 12. Process for preparing a polymerizable polyacidic polymer having repeating units in the polymer backbone which are represented by the following formula (III) wherein X represents O, S, or NR\u2032, whereby R\u2032 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl group, C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, or C4-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, Y a group of the following formula (IV) wherein each L3 and L4 which are independent from each other represents a single bond, a straight or branched C1-C6 alkylene group, a straight or branched C1-C6 alkenylene, or a straight or branched C1-C20 alkylene group which includes 1 to 8 atoms selected from oxygen and sulfur atoms, X\u2032 represents O, S, or NR\u2033, whereby R\u2033 represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched C1-C6 alkyl group, C3-C6 cycloalkyl group, or C4-C8 cycloalkylalkyl group, m is 0 to 3, and n is 1 to 3, said process comprising the steps of reacting a carboxylic acid anhydride of YCOOH, wherein Y is as defined in claim 1, with a polymer or copolymer containing repeating units of the following formula (V): wherein X is as defined in claim 1. 13. Polymerizable polyacidic polymer obtainable according to the process of claim 11. 14. The polymerizable polyacidic polymer as defined by claim 13 configured to be used in a dental cement composition.",
-    "A lighting system includes: a lighting device; a lighting controller; and a system controller. The system controller includes: a timer; a schedule storage for storing schedule information; a first communication circuit; and an instruction controller which causes a first communication circuit to transmit control information which includes an instruction associated with time indicated by a counter value. The lighting controller includes: a sensor which detects a person in a space where the lighting device is disposed, and brightness of the space; a second communication circuit; and a dimming controller which switches to one of modes that is indicated in the control information from another of the modes and executes the one of the modes, where the modes include (a) a human detection mode, (b) a brightness detection mode, and (c) a dimming level fixed mode. 1. A lighting system comprising: a lighting device which includes a light source and a lighting circuit which causes the light source to provide illumination; a lighting controller which controls dimming of the lighting device by controlling the lighting circuit; and a system controller which controls the lighting controller, the system controller including: a timer which outputs a counter value indicating a time; a schedule storage for storing schedule information which includes an instruction directed to the lighting controller and a time associated with the instruction; a first communication circuit which transmits information to the lighting controller; and an instruction controller which identifies, from the schedule information, an instruction associated with the time indicated by the counter value, and causes the first communication circuit to transmit control information which includes the identified instruction, the lighting controller including: a sensor which detects a person in a space where the lighting device is disposed, and brightness of the space; a second communication circuit which receives the control information transmitted from the system controller; and a dimming controller which switches to one of modes that is indicated in the control information from another of the modes and executes the one of the modes, the modes including (a) a human detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of human detection by the sensor, (b) a brightness detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of detection of the brightness by the sensor, and (c) a dimming level fixed mode for controlling the dimming by maintaining a dimming level at a fixed value. 2. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein: when the identified instruction indicates the human detection mode, the instruction controller causes the first communication circuit to transmit the control information which includes a parameter indicating one of a dimming level based on a state of a person when the person is detected and a dimming level for when no person is detected, and when the control information indicates the human detection mode, the dimming controller controls the dimming using the dimming level indicated by the parameter. 3. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein: when the identified instruction indicates the brightness detection mode, the instruction controller causes the first communication circuit to transmit the control information which includes a parameter indicating a target value representing target brightness, and when the control information indicates the brightness detection mode, the dimming controller controls the dimming to make the brightness which is detected by the sensor approximate to the target value indicated by the parameter. 4. The lighting system according to claim 2, wherein: the counter value output by the timer indicates at least month and day of a date, in addition to the time, the schedule storage further stores parameter information indicating a plurality of the parameters associated with periods, and the instruction controller reads, from among the plurality of parameters indicated by the parameter information, a parameter associated with a period which includes at least one of the month and the day indicated by the counter value, and causes the first communication circuit to transmit the control information which includes the read parameter. 5. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein: the schedule information further includes an identifier tied with the time and associated with the instruction directed to the lighting controller, the counter value output by the timer indicates at least month and day of a date, in addition to the time, the schedule storage further stores time-of-day information indicating times of day associated with periods and identifiers including the identifier, and the instruction controller reads, from among the identifiers in the time-of-day information, an identifier corresponding to (i) a period which includes at least one of the month and the day indicated by the counter value and (ii) the time indicated by the counter value, and identifies, from the schedule information, an instruction associated with the read identifier. 6. The lighting system according to claim 1, wherein: plural lighting devices having assigned addresses, respectively, are provided, the dimming controller transmits, to the lighting devices, instruction information which includes at least one address among the assigned addresses and information indicating a dimming level, to control the dimming of at least one lighting device having the at least one address, among the lighting devices, the lighting circuit of each of the lighting devices receives the instruction information, and when the at least one address indicated in the instruction information includes the address of a lighting device among the lighting devices, the lighting circuit of the lighting device causes the light source of the lighting device to provide illumination at the dimming level indicated in the instruction information. 7. A lighting system comprising: a lighting device which includes a light source and a lighting circuit which causes the light source to provide illumination; a lighting controller which controls dimming of the lighting device by controlling the lighting circuit; and a system controller which controls the lighting controller, the system controller including: a timer which outputs a counter value indicating a time; a schedule storage for storing schedule information which includes an instruction directed to the lighting controller and a time associated with the instruction; a first communication circuit which transmits information to the lighting controller; and an instruction controller which identifies, from the schedule information, an instruction associated with the time indicated by the counter value, and causes the first communication circuit to transmit control information which includes the identified instruction, the lighting controller including: a sensor which detects a person in a space where the lighting device is disposed, and brightness of the space; a second communication circuit which receives the control information transmitted from the system controller; and a dimming controller which switches to one of modes that is indicated in the control information from another of the modes and executes the one of the modes, the modes including (a) a human detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of human detection by the sensor, (b) a brightness detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of detection of the brightness by the sensor, and (c) a dimming level fixed mode for controlling the dimming by maintaining a dimming level at a fixed value, wherein: the first communication circuit further receives setting information for controlling operation of the lighting device, which is transmitted from a communication terminal, and the instruction controller further generates or updates the schedule information, using the setting information received by the first communication circuit, and causes the schedule storage to store the generated or updated schedule information. 8. The lighting system according to claim 7, wherein the first communication circuit further transmits at least a part of the schedule information stored in the schedule storage to the communication terminal. 9. The lighting system according to claim 7, wherein at least one communication circuit among the first communication circuit and the second communication circuit transmits, to the communication terminal which communicates with the at least one communication circuit, mode information indicating which mode among the human detection mode, the brightness detection mode, and the dimming level fixed mode the dimming controller is executing. 10. A method for controlling a lighting system which includes: a lighting controller which controls dimming of a lighting device; and a system controller which controls the lighting controller, the system controller including: a timer which outputs a counter value indicating a time; and a schedule storage for storing schedule information which includes an instruction directed to the lighting controller and a time associated with the instruction, the lighting controller including a sensor which detects a person in a space where the lighting device is disposed, and brightness of the space, the method comprising: identifying, by the system controller from the schedule information, an instruction associated with the time indicated by the counter value; transmitting, by the system controller, control information which includes the identified instruction to the lighting controller; receiving, by the lighting controller, the control information transmitted from the system controller; and switching, by the lighting controller, to one of modes that is indicated in the control information from another of the modes, and executing, by the lighting controller, the one of the modes, the modes including (a) a human detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of human detection by the sensor, (b) a brightness detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of detection of the brightness by the sensor, and (c) a dimming level fixed mode for controlling the dimming by maintaining a dimming level at a fixed value. 11. A lighting system comprising: a lighting device which includes a light source and a lighting circuit which causes the light source to provide illumination; a lighting controller which controls dimming of the lighting device by controlling the lighting circuit; and a system controller which controls the lighting controller, the lighting controller including: a sensor which detects a person in a space where the lighting device is disposed, and brightness of the space; and a dimming controller which switches to one of modes from another of the modes, based on control information transmitted from the system controller, the modes including (a) a human detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of human detection by the sensor, (b) a brightness detection mode for controlling the dimming in accordance with a result of detection of the brightness by the sensor, and (c) a dimming level fixed mode for controlling the dimming by maintaining a dimming level at a fixed value.",
-    "A method for producing an optically active 2,3-dihydrofarnesal of formula (1) is disclosed. The method includes subjecting \u03b2-farnesene f formula (2) to amination in the presence of a lithium salt of an amine to obtain (2E)-farnesyl allylamine of general formula (3); subjecting the (2E)-farnesyl allylamine to asymmetric isomerization to obtain an optically active farnesyl enamine of general formula (4); and subjecting the optically active farnesyl enamine to solvolysis: 1. An optically active farnesyl enamine of the following chemical formula (4): wherein represents an asymmetric carbon atom, R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered alicyclic groups, optionally substituted aryl groups having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, optionally substituted heterocyclic groups having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, and optionally substituted aralkyl groups having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, provided that R1 and R2 do not represent hydrogen atoms at the same time, or R1 and R2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. 2. The optically active farnesyl enamine according to claim 1, wherein the configuration of the optically active farnesyl enamine of chemical formula (4) is in the 3S-form. 3. The optically active farnesyl enamine according to claim 1, wherein the configuration of the optically active farnesyl enamine of chemical formula (4) is in the 3R-form.",
-    "Systems, methods, and devices are provided for providing flight response to flight-restricted regions. The location of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) may be compared with a location of a flight-restricted region. If needed a flight-response measure may be taken by the UAV to prevent the UAV from flying in a no-fly zone. Different flight-response measures may be taken based on the distance between the UAV and the flight-restricted region and the rules of a jurisdiction within which the UAV falls. 1. An unmanned aerial vehicle comprising: one or more processors individually or collectively configured to: assess a location of an external device in communication with the unmanned aerial vehicle; assess, at a first time, a location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to a flight-restricted region using the location of the external device; instruct the unmanned aerial vehicle to take a flight response measure when the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region falls within a threshold, wherein the flight response measure defines a behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle that is different from a behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle outside the threshold; and re-assess, at a second time, the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region using the location of the external device; and one or more propulsion units in communication with the one or more processors that permit the unmanned aerial vehicle to take the flight response measure. 2. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further configured to: instruct the unmanned aerial vehicle to take the flight response measure when the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region at the second time is such that the unmanned aerial vehicle is within the flight-restricted region, wherein the flight response measure is different from a behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle outside the flight-restricted region. 3. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to: re-assess the location of the external device, subsequent to instructing the unmanned aerial vehicle to take the flight response measure. 4. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the flight response measure is to cause the unmanned aerial vehicle to fly outside the flight-restricted region. 5. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region comprises a distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the flight-restricted region. 6. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 6, wherein the threshold is a distance threshold. 7. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the location of the external device is capable of moving from one location to another. 8. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the external device is a mobile terminal capable of receiving data from the unmanned aerial vehicle or transmitting control data to the unmanned aerial vehicle to control flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle. 9. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 8, wherein the mobile terminal comprises a display capable of displaying the unmanned aerial vehicle location or status data. 10. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 8, wherein the mobile terminal comprises a display capable of showing an image captured by a payload camera of the unmanned aerial vehicle. 11. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the location of the external device is assessed with aid of a GPS signal at the external device. 12. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the location of the flight-restricted region is stored on a local memory of the unmanned aerial vehicle. 13. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 1, wherein the location of the flight-restricted region is updated when the unmanned aerial vehicle communicates with the external device. 14. An method for assessing flight response of an unmanned aerial vehicle, said method comprising: assessing a location of an external device in communication with the unmanned aerial vehicle; assessing, at a first time and with aid of one or more processors, a location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to a flight-restricted region using the location of the external device; instructing the unmanned aerial vehicle to take a flight response measure when the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region falls within a threshold, wherein the flight response measure defines a behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle that is different from a behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle outside the threshold; and re-assessing, at a second time and with aid of the one or more processors, the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region using the location of the external device. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising instructing the unmanned aerial vehicle to take the flight response measure when the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region at the second time is such that the unmanned aerial vehicle is within the flight-restricted region, wherein the flight response measure is different from a behavior of the unmanned aerial vehicle outside the flight-restricted region. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising re-assessing the location of the external device, subsequent to instructing the unmanned aerial vehicle to take the flight response measure. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the flight response measure is to cause the unmanned aerial vehicle to fly outside the flight-restricted region. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle relative to the flight-restricted region comprises a distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the flight-restricted region. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the threshold is a distance threshold. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the location of the external device is capable of moving from one location to another. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the external device is a mobile terminal capable of receiving data from the unmanned aerial vehicle or transmitting control data to the unmanned aerial vehicle to control flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the mobile terminal comprises a display capable of displaying the unmanned aerial vehicle location or status data. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the mobile terminal comprises a display capable of showing an image captured by a payload camera of the unmanned aerial vehicle. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the location of the external device is assessed with aid of a GPS signal at the external device. 25. The method of claim 14, further comprising storing the location of the flight-restricted region on a local memory of the unmanned aerial vehicle. 26. The method of claim 14, further comprising updating the location of the flight-restricted region when the unmanned aerial vehicle communicates with the external device. 27. A method for assessing flight response of an unmanned aerial vehicle to a flight-restricted region, said method comprising: assessing a location of the unmanned aerial vehicle; assessing a location of a flight-restricted region; calculating, with aid of a processor, a distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the flight-restricted region using the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle and the location of the flight-restricted region; assessing, with aid of the processor, whether the distance falls within a first distance threshold or a second distance threshold greater than the first distance threshold; and instructing the unmanned aerial vehicle to take (1) a first flight response measure when the distance falls within the first distance threshold, and (2) a second flight response measure different from the first flight response measure when the distance falls within the second distance threshold and outside the first distance threshold, wherein the first flight response measure causes the unmanned aerial vehicle to descend or hover over a location. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the second flight response measure is a warning response. 29. An unmanned aerial vehicle comprising: one or more processors individually or collectively configured to: assessing a location of the unmanned aerial vehicle; assessing a location of a flight-restricted region; calculating, with aid of a processor, a distance between the unmanned aerial vehicle and the flight-restricted region using the location of the unmanned aerial vehicle and the location of the flight-restricted region; assessing, with aid of the processor, whether the distance falls within a first distance threshold or a second distance threshold greater than the first distance threshold; and instructing the unmanned aerial vehicle to take (1) a first flight response measure when the distance falls within the first distance threshold, and (2) a second flight response measure different from the first flight response measure when the distance falls within the second distance threshold and outside the first distance threshold, wherein the first flight response measure causes the unmanned aerial vehicle to descend or hover over a location; and one or more propulsion units in communication with the one or more processors that permit the unmanned aerial vehicle to take the flight response measure. 30. The unmanned aerial vehicle of claim 29, wherein the second flight response measure is a warning response.",
-    "Various implementations described herein are directed to a device for dynamic capacitance balancing. The device may include a sense amplifier configured to receive complimentary data signals from complimentary bitlines and provide first and second sensed data signals based on received complimentary data signals. The second sensed data signal may be a compliment of the first sensed data signal. The device may include a balance coupler configured to receive the second sensed data signal from the sense amplifier and provide a modified second sensed data signal having capacitance similar to the first sensed data signal. The device may include a latch configured to receive the first sensed data signal from the sense amplifier, receive the modified second sensed data signal from the balance coupler, and provide a latched data signal based on the first and modified second sensed data signals. 1. A device, comprising: a sense amplifier coupled to complimentary bitlines, wherein the sense amplifier is configured to receive complimentary data signals from the complimentary bitlines and provide first and second sensed data signals based on the received complimentary data signals, and wherein the second sensed data signal is a compliment of the first sensed data signal; a balance coupler coupled to the sense amplifier and configured to receive the second sensed data signal from the sense amplifier and provide a modified second sensed data signal having capacitance similar to the first sensed data signal; and a latch coupled to the sense amplifier and the balance coupler, wherein the latch is configured to receive the first sensed data signal from the sense amplifier, receive the modified second sensed data signal from the balance coupler, and provide a latched data signal based on the first and modified second sensed data signals. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the sense amplifier is coupled to a memory cell and is configured to receive the complimentary data signals from the memory cell via the complimentary bitlines, and wherein the complimentary data signals represent data bit values stored in the memory cell. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the memory cell comprises static random access memory (SRAM). 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the complimentary data signals comprise a first complimentary data signal representing a data bit value and a second complimentary data signal representing a compliment of the data bit value. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the sense amplifier is configured to provide an enable signal to the latch, and wherein the latch is configured to receive the enable signal from the sense amplifier. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the sense amplifier comprises a differential sense amplifier having differential inputs, and wherein the sense amplifier is enabled only when a sufficient voltage difference is available at the differential inputs. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the balance coupler is configured to compensate for systematic offset due to capacitance mismatch between the differential inputs of the complimentary data signals by providing capacitance matching between the differential inputs of the complimentary data signals. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein systematic offset is a function of mismatch between capacitance of the differential inputs of the sense amplifier. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the balance coupler is configured to adjust the capacitance of the second sensed data signal and provide the modified second sensed data signal with capacitance similar to the first sensed data signal. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the balance coupler is configured to compensate for dynamic capacitance imbalance between the first and second sensed data signals by replicating Miller capacitance effects of the first sensed data signal to the second sensed data signal. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the balance coupler comprises multiple transistors arranged as one or more capacitors. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the balance coupler comprises multiple transistors arranged to receive the second sensed data signal and balance the capacitance of the second sensed data signal to match the capacitance of the first sensed data signal so as to provide the modified second sensed data signal with capacitance similar to the first sensed data signal. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein the latch comprises a dual input and single output. 14. An integrated circuit, comprising: a sense amplifying portion configured to receive first and second data signals from complimentary bitlines, provide a first sensed data signal based on the first received data signal, and provide a second sensed data signal that is a compliment of the first sensed data signal based on the second received data signal; a balance coupling portion configured to receive the second sensed data signal from the sense amplifying portion and provide a balanced second sensed data signal with capacitance matched to the first sensed data signal; and a latching portion configured to receive the first sensed data signal from the sense amplifying portion, receive the balanced second sensed data signal from the balance coupling portion, and provide an output data signal based on the first sensed data signal and the balanced second sensed data signal. 15. The integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the sense amplifying portion comprises multiple transistors arranged as a differential sense amplifier with differential inputs, and wherein the sense amplifying portion is enabled only when a sufficient voltage difference is available at the differential inputs. 16. The integrated circuit of claim 15, wherein the balance coupling portion comprises multiple transistors arranged to compensate for systematic offset due to capacitance mismatch between the differential inputs of the complimentary data signals by providing capacitance matching between the differential inputs of the complimentary data signals. 17. The integrated circuit of claim 16, wherein the multiple transistors are arranged as one or more capacitors. 18. A systematic offset reduction circuit, comprising: a first plurality of transistors arranged to receive complimentary data signals from a memory cell via complimentary bitlines, provide a first sensed data signal based on a first received data signal, and provide a second sensed data signal that is a compliment of the first sensed data signal based on a second received data signal; a second plurality of transistors arranged to receive the second sensed data signal from the first plurality of transistors and provide an adjusted second sensed data signal having capacitance similar to the first sensed data signal; and a third plurality of transistors arranged to receive the first sensed data signal from the first plurality of transistors, receive the adjusted second sensed data signal from the second plurality of transistors, and provide an output data signal based on the first sensed data signal and the adjusted second sensed data signal. 19. The circuit of claim 18, wherein the second plurality of transistors are arranged to increase capacitance of the second sensed data signal and provide the adjusted second sensed data signal with capacitance similar to the first sensed data signal. 20. The circuit of claim 18, wherein the second plurality of transistors are arranged to compensate for dynamic capacitance imbalance between the first and second sensed data signals by replicating Miller capacitance effects of the first sensed data signal to the second sensed data signal.",
-    "A paste squeezing tool that allows a user to apply additional manual pressure to the tool so that all of the contents within the tube are squeezed out. The paste squeezing tool is composed of three parts. The first part is a flat body that has a top and a bottom side. The flat body defines a central aperture that traverses along the length of the longest side of the flat body. The aperture is of a width that allows the sealed end of a tube that holds paste to pass through the central aperture. A second part of the squeezing tool is defined on the top side of the flat body, it is a circular mound that extends from the flat body so that it is centered on the flat body. The circular mound defines a mound aperture that runs parallel to the central aperture, the mound aperture is defined so that it tapers from an apex of the mound aperture toward the flat body. The third part of the squeezing tool is a pair of elongated walls that are parallel to each other and that extend from the bottom side of the flat body at an angle of ninety degrees. The elongated walls are positioned on the bottom side of the flat body so that they are adjacent to the central aperture of the flat body. 1. A paste squeezing tool that is used to squeeze paste out of a flexible tube that has one sealed end a nozzle, the paste squeezing tool comprises: a flat body that has a top and a bottom side, the flat body defines a central aperture that traverses along the length of the longest side of the flat body, the central aperture is of a width that allows the sealed end of a tube to pass through the central aperture; a circular mound that is defined on the top side of the flat body that extends from the flat body so that it is centered on the flat body, the circular mound defines a mound aperture that runs parallel to the central aperture, the mound aperture is defined so that it tapers from an apex of the mound aperture 20 toward the flat body; and a pair of elongated walls that are parallel to each other and that extend from the bottom side of the flat body at an angle of ninety degrees, the elongated walls are positioned on the bottom side of the flat body so that they are adjacent to the central aperture of the flat body. 2. The paste squeezing tool that is used to squeeze paste out of a flexible tube that has one sealed end a nozzle of claim 1, wherein the central aperture has a width that is approximately 0.028 inch and a length is approximately 2.5 inches, wherein the mound aperture at its apex has a width that is approximately 0.080 inches and a diameter that is approximately 1 inch, wherein flat structure has a length that is approximately 3 inches, and wherein the elongated walls have a length that is approximately 1.75 inches and a height that is approximately 0.5 inches. 3. The paste squeezing tool that is used to squeeze paste out of a flexible tube that has one sealed end a nozzle of claim 2, wherein the tool is made of a plastic. 4. The paste squeezing tool that is used to squeeze paste out of a flexible tube that has one sealed end a nozzle of claim 2, wherein the tool is made of a stainless steel.",
-    "Embodiments of the invention are directed to systems, methods and computer program products for establishing a secure connection between a data repository and an intelligence application. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, from a user device and using a processing device, a request from the intelligence application, the request communicated from the intelligence application through a data virtualization application and for obtaining access to the data repository; responding, using the processing device, to the request comprising preparing and sending an authentication request through the data virtualization application to the intelligence application; receiving authentication credentials from the intelligence application through the data virtualization application, the authentication credentials associated with one or more users of a plurality of users authorized to access the data repository; determining that the authentication credentials are valid; and providing device, access to the data repository in response to validating the authentication credentials. 1. An apparatus for establishing a secure connection between a data repository and an intelligence application for exchanging authentication credentials and secured data, whereby data repository authentication credentials are protected from being compromised as a result of user groups accessing the data repository over insecure channels, the apparatus comprising: a memory; a processor; and a data repository JDBC driver stored in the memory, comprising computer software code that is executable by the processor, and configured to cause the processor to: interface between a data virtualization layer and a data repository layer comprising a data repository, wherein the data repository JDBC is in operative communication with an intelligence application layer comprising an intelligence application through the data virtualization layer; receive a request from the intelligence application, originating from a user device, the request communicated from the intelligence application through a data virtualization application and for obtaining access to the data repository, wherein the data repository is configured for access by multiple users each using a same repository authentication credential; respond to the request by sending an authentication request through the data virtualization application to the intelligence application; receive authentication credentials from the intelligence application through the data virtualization application, the authentication credentials associated with one or more users of a plurality of users authorized to access the data repository; determine that the authentication credentials are valid; and in response to determining the user authentication credentials are valid, establish a secure communication channel between the intelligence application layer and the data repository layer through the data virtualization layer in order to provide the repository authentication credential to the data repository layer for authentication and access to the data repository. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the application is further configured to: provide access to the data repository in response to validating the authentication credentials. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein providing access to the data repository comprises: presenting, from the data virtualization application to the data repository, a data repository administrator authentication credential in response to determining that the user authentication credentials are valid; and receiving, by the data virtualization application, validation from the data repository that the data repository administrator authentication credential is valid, thereby granting access to the data repository. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the module is further configured to: in response to receiving validation from the data repository that the data repository administrator authentication credential is valid, establish a secure connection between the data repository and the intelligence application and through the data virtualization application.",
-    "An electrical connection system can include a first member including one or more spring pins, located within a rigid frame. After assembling the spring pins into the rigid frame of the first member, the frame can be overmolded creating an electrical connector at the end of a cable. The second member of the system can include one or more contact pads located within a rigid frame. After assembling the contact pads into the rigid frame of the second member, the frame can be overmolded creating an electrical connector at the end of a cable. The rigid frame of the first member can be located within the rigid frame of the second member to align the spring pins with the contact pads. Retention features in he rigid frame of the first member can allow gripping the edge of a device or protective case into which the second member is mounted. 1. An electrical connection system comprising: a first member comprising a first rigid frame into which one or more spring pins are assembled and subsequently overmolded, said first rigid frame having first locating features that locate to the second rigid frame of the second member, and first mating features that extend over the front and rear surfaces of, and grip the edge of, a device housing; a second member comprising a second rigid frame into which one or more contact pads are assembled and subsequently overmolded, said second rigid frame having second locating features that locate to the first rigid frame of the first member, wherein the overmold of the second member includes features, such as screw mounts, which allow the second member to be fixedly mounted within the device housing; one or more retention features, such as a groove or recess, incorporated into the device housing and configured to be gripped by the first rigid frame of the first member, whereby the first member is retained to an edge of the device housing. 2. The electrical connection system of claim 1, wherein the device housing is the external housing of an electronic device. 3. The electrical connection system of claim 1, wherein the device housing is a protective or secure housing for a tablet computer or mobile phone.",
-    "A network of collection, charging and distribution machines collect, charge and distribute portable electrical energy storage devices (e.g., batteries, supercapacitors or ultracapacitors). To avoid theft and tampering of the portable electrical energy storage devices, by default, each portable electrical energy storage device is locked in and operably connected to the vehicle to which it provides power unless the vehicle comes within the vicinity of a collection, charging and distribution machine or other authorized external device such as that in a service center. Once within the vicinity of a collection, charging and distribution machine or other authorized external device a locking mechanism in the vehicle or within the portable electrical energy storage device unlocks and allows the portable electrical energy storage device to be exchanged or serviced. 1. A portable electrical energy storage device security system for a portable electrical energy storage device, comprising: at least one controller; and at least one communications device coupled to the at least one controller, wherein the at least one controller is configured to: receive information regarding authentication of an external device via the communications module; and in response to receiving the information regarding authentication, unlock a portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to a vehicle. 2. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1 wherein the at least one controller is configured to make a determination regarding unlocking the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism based on the received information regarding authentication. 3. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 2 wherein the least one controller, is further configured to: generate a challenge key to send to the external device; send the challenge key to the external device; receive a response from the external device to the sending of the challenge key, the response including a response code as part of the information regarding authentication; generate an output from a secret algorithm using a secret key and the response code as input, the secret algorithm and the secret key configured to be known only to the portable electrical energy storage device security system and one or more authorized external devices; and comparing the output from the secret algorithm to the response code, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to make the determination regarding unlocking the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism based at least on the comparison. 4. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1 wherein the configured portable electrical energy storage device security system is coupled to the vehicle or is integrated as part of the portable electrical energy storage device. 5. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1 wherein the external device is a device located at a vehicle service center. 6. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1, wherein the at least one communications device is configured to receive the information regarding authentication of the external device via a wireless signal and communicate the information to the at least one controller to unlock the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism in order to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to the vehicle. 7. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1, further comprising: the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism coupled to the at least one controller; and a switch coupled to the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism and the at least one controller, the switch configured to be activated by a control signal generated by the at least one controller of the configured portable electrical energy storage device security system, wherein the controller is configured to: send the signal in a manner to unlock the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism in order to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to the vehicle, if the external device is authenticated based on the information regarding authentication; and send the signal in a manner to lock the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism in order to prevent the portable electrical energy storage device from being removed from being operably connected to the vehicle, if, after a defined period of time, the information regarding authentication of the external device can no longer be received via the communications device. 8. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1 wherein the at least one controller is configured to receive the information regarding authentication via a wireless signal transmitted from the from the external device, and wherein the wireless signal transmitted from the external device is not detectable outside a specified maximum range from the portable electrical energy storage device security system communications device. 9. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 8 wherein the wireless signal includes a rolling code for the authentication of the external device by the at least one controller. 10. The portable electrical energy storage device security system of claim 1 further comprising a power interface coupled to the at least one controller and configured to be coupled to the portable electrical energy storage device and the electrical energy storage device locking mechanism to provide power to the electrical energy storage device locking mechanism, wherein the power interface is further configured to be coupled to an auxiliary power source other than the portable electrical energy storage device to provide power to the electrical energy storage device locking mechanism should the portable electrical energy storage device be not able to provide enough power to operate the electrical energy storage device locking mechanism. 11. A method of operating a portable electrical energy storage device security system, the method comprising: receiving, by the portable electrical energy storage device security system, information regarding authentication of an external device; and making a determination, by the portable electrical energy storage device security system, regarding unlocking a portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism to allow a portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to a vehicle, based on the information regarding authentication. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: sending a signal from controller of the portable electrical energy storage device security system in a manner to unlock the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism in order to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to the vehicle, if the external device is authenticated based on the information regarding authentication; and sending a signal from the controller of the portable electrical energy storage device security system in a manner to lock the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism in order to prevent the portable electrical energy storage device from being removed from being operably connected to the vehicle, if, after a defined period of time, the information regarding authentication of the external device can no longer continue to be received via a communications device of the portable electrical energy storage device. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the portable electrical energy storage device security system is integrated as part of the portable electrical energy storage device. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the portable electrical energy storage device security system is coupled to the vehicle. 15. The method of claim 11 wherein the making the determination includes comparing a code from the received information regarding authentication to one or more codes associated with the portable electrical energy storage device security system and further comprising: unlocking the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to the vehicle if the code from the received information regarding authentication matches one of the one or more codes associated with the portable electrical energy storage device; and locking the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism in order to prevent the portable electrical energy storage device from being removed from being operably connected to the vehicle, if, after a defined period of time, the information regarding authentication of the external device can no longer be received via a communications device of the portable electrical energy storage device or if, after a defined period of time, a code from the received information can no longer be matched to at least one or one of one or more codes currently associated with the portable electrical energy storage device security system. 16. The method of claim 11 further comprising: generating a challenge key to send to the external device; sending the challenge key to the external device; receiving a response from the external device to the sending of the challenge key, the response including a response code as part of the information regarding authentication; generating an output from a secret algorithm using a secret key and the response code as input, the secret algorithm and the secret key configured to be known only to the portable electrical energy storage device security system and one or more authorized external devices; and comparing the output from the secret algorithm to the response code, and wherein making the determination regarding unlocking the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism is based at least on the comparison. 17. A portable electrical energy storage device, comprising: a battery cell; and a security system operably coupled to the cell, the security system configured to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to a vehicle, based on information received wirelessly regarding authentication of an external device. 18. The portable electrical energy storage device of claim 17 wherein the security system comprises: at least one controller; and at least one communications module coupled to the at least one controller, wherein the at least one controller is configured to: receive information regarding authentication of an external device via the communications module; make a determination regarding unlocking a portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism to allow the portable electrical energy storage device to be removed from being operably connected to the vehicle, based on the information regarding authentication, the portable electrical energy storage device locking mechanism coupled to the at least one controller; and a power interface that is configured to be coupled to the at least one controller and to an auxiliary power source other than the portable electrical energy storage device to provide power to the electrical energy storage device locking mechanism should the portable electrical energy storage device be not able to provide enough power to operate the electrical energy storage device locking mechanism.",
-    "This disclosure generally relate to a method and system for priority email management. The present technology relates to techniques enable an automatic management of emails based on data from both the email database and the customer information database. By utilizing data extracted from the customer database, some embodiments herein achieve an automatic and efficient e-mail management method and system. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving email data related to a recipient, the email data including a first plurality of email messages received at a chronological order; receiving customer data from a customer database related to the recipient, the customer data including sender information associated with the first plurality of email messages; determining a respective relevance score associated with each of the first plurality of email messages based at least in part on the email data and the customer data, the respective relevance score indicating a priority level of an email message relative to the recipient; selecting a second plurality of email messages from the first plurality of email messages based at least in prat on the respective relevance score; and displaying the second plurality of email messages in a priority order reflecting priorities of the second plurality of email messages relative. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the customer database that is related to the recipient. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the customer data includes one or more of business relationship data, lead data, account data, contact data, opportunity data and sales data. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the priority order is generated by sorting the first plurality of email messages based at least in part on the respective relevance score in a descending order. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein selecting the second plurality of email messages from the first plurality of email messages further includes: filtering at least one email message from the first plurality of email messages, the at least one email message being non-business relevant. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: dividing the second plurality of email messages into one or more categories, each of the one or more categories associated with a distinctive action of the recipient. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, using one or more natural language processing algorithms, an inquiry indication associated with content of at least one email message, the inquiry indication associated with a high priority level of the at least one email message, wherein the respective relevance score is based at least in part on the inquiry indication. 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising: generating a snippet associated with the inquiry indication, the snippet including a content of the inquiry indication; and displaying the snippet and the second plurality of email messages in the priority order. 9. A system comprising: one or more processors; and memory including instructions that, upon being executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to: receive email data related to a recipient, the email data including a first plurality of email messages received at a chronological order; receive customer data from a customer database related to the recipient, the customer data including sender information associated with the first plurality of email messages; determine a respective relevance score associated with each of the first plurality of email messages based at least in part on the email data and the customer data, the respective relevance score indicating a priority level of an email message relative to the recipient; identify an inquiry indication associated with at least one email message, the inquiry indication associated with a high priority level of the at least one email message, generate a snippet associated with the inquiry indication, the snippet including a content of the inquiry indication; and display the snippet and the first plurality of email messages in a priority order reflecting priorities of the second plurality of email messages relative. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the system to: filter at least one email message from the first plurality of email messages to generate a second plurality of email messages, the at least one email message being non-business relevant. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the system to: divide the second plurality of email messages into one or more categories, each of the one or more categories associated with a distinctive action of the recipient. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the priority order is generated by sorting the first plurality of email messages based at least in part on the respective relevance score in a descending order. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the system to: determine a relationship type between the recipient and the sender for at least one email message; and display a corresponding tag of the relationship type for the at least one email message. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions that, upon being executed by a processor, cause the processor to: receive, at one or more processors, email data related to a recipient, the email data including a first plurality of email messages received at a chronological order; receive customer data from a customer database related to the recipient, the customer data including sender information associated with the first plurality of email messages; filter at least one email message from the first plurality of email messages to generate a second plurality of email messages, the at least one email message being non-business relevant; determine a respective relevance score associated with each of the second plurality of email messages based at least in part on the email data and the customer data, the respective relevance score indicating a priority level of an email message relative to the recipient; and display the second plurality of email messages in a priority order reflecting priorities of the second plurality of email messages relative to the recipient. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the processor to: determine the customer database that is related to the recipient. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the priority order is generated by sorting the second plurality of email messages based at least in part on the respective relevance score in a descending order. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the processor to: divide the second plurality of email messages into one or more categories, each of the one or more categories associated with a distinctive action of the recipient. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the processor to: identify, using one or more natural language processing algorithms, an inquiry indication associated with content of at least one email message, the inquiry indication associated with a high priority level of the at least one email message; generate a snippet associated with the inquiry indication, the snippet including a content of the inquiry indication; and display the snippet and the second plurality of email messages in the priority order. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the customer data includes one or more of business relationship data, lead data, account data, contact data, opportunity data and sales data. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the instructions upon being executed further cause the processor to: determine a relationship type between the recipient and the sender for at least one email message; and display a corresponding tag of the relationship type for the at least one email message.",
-    "In various aspects, a system and method for the structuring and interpretation of organic computer programs may provide for programs to expand, grow and evolve after initiation in a manner that may be analogous to the way plants, animals, and organisms in nature that grow and evolve over time after their building blocks are assembled. The organic computing system and method may unify program design time and program run time, may provide for program structure and program state to change at run time, and may provide for programs to continuously change and evolve through the addition of member functions, inputs, and outputs as the program is running. The organic computing system provide for different interpreters on different graph databases to participate as functions in an integrated computer program distributed across a graphnet so that the program may evolve differentially over time. The organic computing system provides continuous means of differentiation, creating asymmetries and the opportunity for competition, and integration, creating symmetries and the opportunity for cooperation. Together, these competitive and cooperative factors provide a programming system wherein normalization occurs over time through the exchange and integration of differences and the evolution and diversification occurs over time through the creation of new differences, thereby introducing a differential form of computer science. 1. A computer-implemented method for representing functions as streams containing immutable data, the method comprising the steps of: defining a uniform schema for a plurality of functions and data, wherein the plurality of functions and the data each have a state and a structure; defining the plurality of functions and the data uniformly according to the schema; and transforming the schema, the plurality of functions, and the plurality of data into a at least one first stream of entities, each entity containing immutable data; and wherein the combination of the schema, the plurality of functions, the data, any state, and any structure is portable and any change to the combination is synchronizable within one computer system or across a plurality of computer systems. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising storing the at least one first stream in a tangible storage medium. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the state and the structure of the plurality of the functions and the state and the structure of the data are maintainable according to the schema as they occur through time within one computer system or across a plurality of computer systems. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the uniform schema comprises at least one form, at least one relation, and at least one relationship. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the at least one form, at least one relation, and at least one relationship comprise at least one of the entities in the at least one first stream. 6-39. (canceled)",
-    "Embodiments of the invention are directed to systems, methods and computer program products for establishing a secure connection between a data repository and an intelligence application. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, from a user device and using a processing device, a request from the intelligence application, the request communicated from the intelligence application through a data virtualization application and for obtaining access to the data repository; responding, using the processing device, to the request comprising preparing and sending an authentication request through the data virtualization application to the intelligence application; receiving authentication credentials from the intelligence application through the data virtualization application, the authentication credentials associated with one or more users of a plurality of users authorized to access the data repository; determining that the authentication credentials are valid; and providing device, access to the data repository in response to validating the authentication credentials. 1. A computer program product for establishing a secure connection between a data repository and an intelligence application for exchanging authentication credentials and secured data, whereby data repository authentication credentials are protected from compromise due to user groups potentially accessing the data repository over insecure channels, the computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising a data repository JDBC driver comprising a set of codes for causing a computer to: interface between a data virtualization layer and a data repository layer comprising a data repository, wherein the data repository JDBC is in operative communication with an intelligence application layer comprising an intelligence application through the data virtualization layer; receive a request from the intelligence application, originating from a user device, the request communicated from the intelligence application through a data virtualization application and for obtaining access to the data repository, wherein the data repository is configured for access by multiple user groups each using the same repository authentication credential; respond to the request comprising preparing and sending an authentication request through the data virtualization application to the intelligence application; receive authentication credentials from the intelligence application through the data virtualization application, the authentication credentials associated with one or more users of a plurality of users authorized to access the data repository; determine that the authentication credentials are valid; and in response to determining the user authentication credentials are valid, establish a secure communication channel between the intelligence application layer and the data repository layer through the data virtualization layer in order to provide the repository authentication credential to the data repository layer for authentication and access to the data repository. 2. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the set of codes further causes a computer to: provide access to the data repository in response to validating the authentication credentials. 3. The computer program product of claim 2, wherein providing access to the data repository comprises: present, from the data virtualization application to the data repository, a data repository administrator authentication credential in response to determining that the user authentication credentials are valid; and receive, by the data virtualization application, validation from the data repository that the data repository administrator authentication credential is valid, thereby granting access to the data repository. 4. The computer program product of claim 3, wherein the set of codes further causes a computer to; in response to receiving validation from the data repository that the data repository administrator authentication credential is valid, establish a secure connection between the data repository and the intelligence application and through the data virtualization application 5. A method for establishing a secure connection between a data repository and an intelligence application for exchanging authentication credentials and secured data, whereby data repository authentication credentials are protected from compromise due to user groups potentially accessing the data repository over insecure channels, the method comprising: establishing an interface, using a processing device running a data repository JDBC driver, between a data virtualization layer and a data repository layer comprising a data repository, wherein the data repository JDBC is in operative communication with an intelligence application layer comprising an intelligence application through the data virtualization layer; receiving, from a user device and using the processing device running the data repository JDBC driver, a request from the intelligence application, the request communicated from the intelligence application through a data virtualization application and for obtaining access to the data repository, wherein the data repository is configured for access by multiple user groups each using the same repository authentication credential; responding, using the processing device running the data repository JDBC driver, to the request comprising preparing and sending an authentication request through the data virtualization application to the intelligence application; receiving, using the processing device, authentication credentials from the intelligence application through the data virtualization application, the authentication credentials associated with one or more users of a plurality of users authorized to access the data repository; determining, using the processing device running the data repository JDBC driver, that the authentication credentials are valid; and in response to determining the user authentication credentials are valid, establishing a secure communication channel, using the processing device running the data repository JDBC driver, the channel established between the intelligence application layer and the data repository layer through the data virtualization layer in order to provide the repository authentication credential to the data repository layer for authentication and access to the data repository. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: providing, using the processing device, access to the data repository in response to validating the authentication credentials.",
-    "Response to treatment of an inflammatory condition can be predicted based on characteristics of one or more markers from a subject. The markers can include expressions of nucleotide sequences identified herein and of combinations thereof. A response value can be calculated based on characteristics (e.g., expression levels) of one or more of the markers, as well as other characteristics of the subject, such as baseline clinical data. The treatment can be administered when the response value is beyond a threshold. 1. A method of treatment, comprising: administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a medicament comprising a TNF inhibitor, wherein the subject, prior to the administering, has a response value that is beyond a threshold indicating a predicted responsiveness of the subject to the medicament, wherein the response value is determined by: determining, from a sample of a subject, (a) an amount of an mRNA sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO:1, present in the sample; and (b) an amount of an mRNA sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:2, present in the sample; and calculating the response value based on (a) and (b). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predicted responsiveness is indicated by a decrease in a DAS28 score. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: not administering the medicament, within one month of the determining, when the response value is not beyond the threshold. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the medicament comprises infliximab, adalimumab, leflunomide, anakinra, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and/or etanercept. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the medicament comprises an anti-inflammatory agent. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the medicament comprises a monoclonal antibody. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the response value indicates a predicted decrease in DAS28 score within a 14 week period after administering the medicament. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the response value indicates a predicted decrease in DAS28 score by 1.2 or more within a 14 week period after commencing administering the medicament. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold is 0 or a value between a first value and a second value, wherein the first value is a mean of sample response values of a first one or more sample subjects who respond to an anti-TNF treatment, and the second value is a mean of sample response values of a second one or more subjects who do not respond to the anti-TNF treatment, and wherein the sample response values for each of the sample subjects is determined based on (a) and (b). 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the response value is determined based on (a) and (b). 11. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[02]=ADD(r[5], r[2]) r[00]=ADD(r[6], r[1]) r[00]=DIV(r[2], r[0]) r[01]=SIN(r[6]) r[00]=SUB(r[0], r[1]) r[02]=MOD(r[1], r[0]) r[03]=MOD(r[4], r[0]) r[00]=SIN(r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[2], r[0]) r[03]=MUL(r[3], r[3]) r[02]=ADD(r[6], r[3]) r[03]=DIV(r[3], r[2]) r[00]=ADD(r[3], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[3], r[0]) wherein: r[5] is a normalized value of (a); r[6] is a normalized value of (b); r[4] is equal to 5; r[2] is equal to 2; and r[1] is equal to 1. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the response value is calculated based on (b) and (c). 13. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[00]=SIN(r[1]) r[01]=SUB(r[1], r[0]) r[01]=SIN(r[1]) r[03]=SUB(r[6], r[1]) r[03]=SIN(r[3]) r[02]=MOD(r[4], r[3]) r[00]=SIN(r[1]) r[00]=DIV(r[6], r[0]) r[00]=MOD(r[0], r[1]) r[03]=MUL(r[3], r[0]) r[00]=SUB(r[7], r[3]) r[03]=SUB(r[6], r[0]) r[00]=SUB(r[7], r[3]) r[00]=MOD(r[0], r[1]) r[00]=ADD(r[2], r[0]) wherein: r[1] is 1; r[6] is a normalized value of (b); r[4] is 5; and r[7] is a normalized value of (c). 14. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[07]=DIV(r[11], r[5]) r[04]=LN(r[13]) r[00]=DIV(r[8], r[2]) r[01]=DIV(r[7], r[4]) r[07]=MOD(r[1], r[7]) r[04]=MOD(r[0], r[7]) r[00]=SUB(r[15], r[4]) wherein: r[11]=31; r[5]=11; r[13] is a normalized value of (b); r[8]=19; r[2]=3; and r[15] is a normalized value of (c). 15. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[07]=LOGISTICFUNC(r[15]) r[06]=DIV(r[11], r[3]) r[06]=SUB(r[13], r[6]) r[01]=DIV(r[6], r[7]) r[05]=POW(r[15], r[7]) r[00]=SUB(r[5], r[1]) wherein: r[15] is a normalized value of (c); r[11]=Treatment_num, wherein Treatment_num=1 if the subject is administered a drug, Treatment_num=0 if the subject is administered a placebo; r[3]=5; and r[13] is a normalized value of (b). 16. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[02]=POW(r[7], r[2]) r[02]=MUL(r[6], r[2]) r[02]=MUL(r[6], r[2] r[02]=MUL(r[6], r[2]) r[02]=SUB(r[4], r[2]) r[02]=POW(r[6], r[2]) r[03]=MUL(r[3], r[0]) r[03]=POW(r[3], r[0]) r[00]=SUB(r[5], r[3]) r[03]=MUL(r[5], r[3]) r[01]=SUB(r[2], r[3]) r[00]=ADD(r[0], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[7], r[0]) r[01]=ADD(r[1], r[0]) r[00]=DIV(r[5], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[1], r[0]) r[01]=DIV(r[4], r[1]) r[00]=ADD(r[0], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[0], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[1], r[0]) wherein: r[7] is a normalized value of (a); r[2]=Treatment_num, wherein Treatment_num=1 if the subject is administered a drug, Treatment_num=0 if the subject is administered a placebo; r[6] is a normalized value of (c); r[4] is a normalized value of (b); r[3] is a normalized value of (b); r[0]=Treatment_num, wherein Treatment_num=1 if the subject is administered a drug, Treatment_num=0 if the subject is administered a placebo; r[5] is a normalized value of (c); 17. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[06]=MUL(r[12], r[1]) r[07]=MUL(r[14], r[4]) r[07]=SUB(r[5], r[7]) r[06]=SUB(r[6], r[7]) r[00]=DIV(r[3], r[6]) r[05]=SUB(r[14], r[7]) r[02]=DIV(r[13], r[5]) r[07]=SUB(r[13], r[7]) r[00]=ADD(r[2], r[0]) r[05]=SUB(r[14], r[7]) r[02]=DIV(r[1], r[5]) r[00]=ADD(r[2], r[0]) wherein: r[12]=Treatment_num, wherein Treatment_num=1 if the subject is administered a drug, Treatment_num=0 if the subject is administered a placebo; r[1]=2; r[14] is a normalized value of (a); r[4]=7; r[5]=11; r[3]=5; r[13] is a normalized value of (b); and r[1]=2. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[01]=DIV(r[8], r[1]) r[05]=DIV(r[15], r[1]) r[00]=SUB(r[13], r[6]) r[07]=DIV(r[6], r[0]) r[04]=DIV(r[12], r[6]) r[05]=SUB(r[14], r[5]) r[07]=ADD(r[7], r[5]) r[05]=SUB(r[4], r[7]) r[00]=DIV(r[5], r[7]) r[07]=MUL(r[0], r[7]) r[07]=MUL(r[0], r[7]) r[00]=ADD(r[0], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[15], r[0]) r[00]=ADD(r[7], r[0]) wherein: r[8]=19; r[1]=2; r[15]=is a normalized value of (c); r[13] is a normalized value of (b); r[6]=13; r[12]=Treatment_num, wherein Treatment_num=1 if the subject is administered a drug, Treatment_num=0 if the subject is administered a placebo; and r[14] is a normalized value of (a). 19. The method of claim 9, wherein when normalized, the response value is substantially equivalent to the final r[00] calculated in the sequence of operations below: r[03]=DIV(r[6], r[3]) r[02]=MOD(r[0], r[3]) r[01]=ADD(r[3], r[2]) r[03]=SUB(r[6], r[2]) r[02]=POW(r[6], r[1]) r[03]=ADD(r[5], r[3]) r[00]=MOD(r[3], r[2]) r[00]=SUB(r[1], r[0]) wherein: r[6] is a normalized value of (a); r[3]=5; r[0]=7; and r[5] is a normalized value of (b). 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the response value is further determined based on (c) an amount of an mRNA sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:3, present in the sample. 21. A kit, comprising: an array consisting of one or more reagents for determining, from a sample of a subject, at least two at least two of (a) an amount of an mRNA sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:1, present in the sample; (b) an amount of an mRNA sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:2, present in the sample; (c) an amount of an mRNA sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:3, present in the sample; (d) an amount of an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:4, present in the sample; or (e) an amount of an mRNA sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:5, present in the sample. 22. The kit of claim 21, wherein the one or more reagents are for determining, from the sample, only (a) and (b). 23. The kit of claim 21, wherein the one or more reagents are for determining, from the sample, only (b) and (c). 24. The kit of claim 21, wherein the one or more reagents are for determining, from the sample, only (a), (b), and (c).",
-    "Methods and systems are provided for processing speech for a vehicle having at least one autonomous vehicle system. In one embodiment, a method includes: receiving, by a processor, context data generated by an autonomous vehicle system; receiving, by a processor, a speech utterance from a user interacting with the vehicle; processing, by a processor, the speech utterance based on the context data; and selectively communicating, by a processor, at least one of a dialog prompt to the user and a control action to the autonomous vehicle system based on the context data. 1. A method of processing speech for a vehicle having at least one autonomous vehicle system, comprising: receiving, by a processor, context data generated by an autonomous vehicle system; receiving, by a processor, a speech utterance from a user interacting with the vehicle; processing, by a processor, the speech utterance based on the context data; and selectively generating, by a processor, at least one of a dialog prompt to the user and a control action to the autonomous vehicle system based on the context data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the context data includes an automation mode of the autonomous vehicle system. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the context data includes at least one of a state and a condition associated with the autonomous vehicle system. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the context data includes an event that at least one of has just occurred and is about to occur based on control of the autonomous vehicle system. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing the context data to determine at least one of grammar options, intent options, and dialog options, and wherein the processing the speech utterance is based on at least one of the grammar options, the intent options, and the dialog options. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing the context data to determine an intent of the user, and wherein the selectively communicating the dialog prompt is based on the intent of the user. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing the context data to determine a dialog, and wherein the selectively communicating the dialog prompt is based on the dialog. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising processing the context data to determine a grammar, and wherein the processing the speech utterance is based on the grammar. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a grammar associated with the context data, determining an intent associated with the context data, and determining a dialog associated with the context data, and wherein the selectively communicating the dialog prompt is based on the grammar, the intent, and the dialog. 10. A system for processing speech of a vehicle having at least one autonomous vehicle system, comprising: a first non-transitory module that receives, by a processor, context data generated by an autonomous vehicle system; a second non-transitory module that receives, by a processor, a speech utterance from a user interacting with the vehicle; a third non-transitory module that processes, by a processor, the speech utterance based on the context data; and a fourth non-transitory module that selectively communicates, by a processor, at least one of a dialog prompt to the user and a control action to the autonomous vehicle system based on the context data. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the context data includes an automation mode of the autonomous vehicle system. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the context data includes at least one of a state and a condition associated with the autonomous vehicle system. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the context data includes an event that at least one of has just occurred and is about to occur based on control of the autonomous vehicle system. 14. The system of claim 10, further comprising a fifth non-transitory module that processes, by a processor, the context data to determine at least one of grammar options, intent options, and dialog options, and wherein the third non-transitory module processes the speech utterance based on at least one of the grammar options, the intent options, and the dialog options. 15. The system of claim 10, further comprising a fifth non-transitory module that processes, by a processor, the context data to determine an intent of the user, and wherein the fourth non-transitory module selectively communicates the dialog prompt based on the intent of the user. 16. The system of claim 10, further comprising a fifth non-transitory module that processes, by a processor, the context data to determine a dialog, and wherein the fourth non-transitory module selectively communicates the dialog prompt based on the dialog. 17. The system of claim 10, further comprising a fifth non-transitory module that processes, by a processor, the context data to determine a grammar, and wherein the third non-transitory module processes the speech utterance based on the grammar. 18. The system of claim 10, further comprising a fifth non-transitory module that determines a grammar associated with the context data, that determines an intent associated with the context data, and that determines a dialog associated with the context data, and wherein the fourth non-transitory module selectively communicates the dialog prompt based on the grammar, the intent, and the dialog. 19. A vehicle, comprising: at least one autonomous vehicle system; a context manager module that captures context data from the at least on autonomous vehicle system; and an automated speech system that receives the context data from the context manager module and that processes the context data with a speech utterance to selectively generate a dialog. 20. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the context data includes an automation mode of the autonomous vehicle system. 21. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the context data includes at least one of a state and a condition associated with the autonomous vehicle system, or an event that at least one of has just occurred and is about to occur based on the control of the autonomous vehicle system.",
-    "A speaker is provided in the present disclosure. The speaker includes a membrane, a solder pad formed on the membrane, a voice coil connected to the membrane, and a connecting wire connected to the solder pad. The connecting wire is configured for receiving an electric signal for driving the voice coil. The voice coil includes a coil portion for driving the membrane to vibrate, and a line lead portion led out from an end of the coil portion; the line led portion is connected to the solder pad. 1. A speaker, comprising: a membrane; a solder pad formed on the membrane; a voice coil connected to the membrane; and a connecting wire connected to the solder pad and for receiving an electric signal for driving the voice coil; wherein the voice coil comprises a coil portion for driving the membrane to vibrate, and a line lead portion led out from an end of the coil portion, the line led portion is connected to the solder pad. 2. The speaker of claim 1, wherein the membrane comprises two opposite long edges, two opposite short edges, and four curved edges, the four curved edges are arranged at four corners of the membrane; the long edges and the short edges are connected end to end by four curved edges respectively. 3. The speaker of claim 2, wherein the solder pad is formed at one of the curved edges of the membrane. 4. The speaker of claim 3, wherein the membrane is a silicone diaphragm formed by silicone injection molding process. 5. The speaker of claim 4, wherein the solder pad is integrated onto the corresponding curved edge of the membrane by injection process or hot pressing process. 6. The speaker of claim 4, wherein the connecting wire comprises a first end connected to the solder pad, and a second end connected to an input terminal of the speaker for receiving the electric signal for driving the voice coil. 7. The speaker of claim 6, wherein the connecting wire extends from the solder pad to the input terminal of the speaker via an adjacent short edge of the membrane corresponding to the curved edge. 8. The speaker of claim 7, wherein material of the connecting wire is selected from either conductive carbon fiber or grapheme. 9. The speaker of claim 8, wherein the connecting wire is integrated onto the adjacent shot edge of the membrane by the injection process or the hot pressing process. 10. The speaker of claim 1, further comprising a holder, a yoke received in the holder, and a magnet received in the yoke.",
-    "An apparatus for assessing and controlling the quality of a project in a production environment is provided. The apparatus is configured to: receive a first score, wherein the first score comprises a first numerical value associated with a first level of quality, wherein the first level of quality is associated with a first deliverable; receive a second score, wherein the second score comprises a second numerical value associated with a second level of quality, wherein the second level of quality is associated with the first deliverable; and process the first score and the second score to generate a third score. 1. An apparatus for internal quality analysis, for assessing and controlling the quality of a project, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory device; at least one processing device operatively coupled to the at least one memory device; and a module stored in the at least one memory device comprising executable instructions that when executed by the at least one processing device cause the at least one processing device to: receive electronic data associated with the project using a network of distributed servers, wherein the project comprises one or more project phases, each of the one or more project phases comprises one or more deliverables and each of the one or more deliverables comprises one or more sub-deliverables; initiate presentation of a user interface for display on electronic devices of one or more users using a user application, the user interface comprising information associated with the project; wherein the project information comprises a phase level, a deliverable level and a deliverable level artifact, wherein the phase level comprises information associated with one or more project phases, the deliverable level comprises information associated with one or more deliverables and the deliverable level artifact comprises information associated with one or more deliverables and information associated with one or more sub-deliverables; initiate access to the project information from electronic devices associated with one or more users, wherein initiating access further comprises: receiving a first set of authentication credentials from a first user via an electronic device associated with the first user; verifying the first set of authentication credentials; and enabling the first user to view and/or modify the information presented on the user interface based on at least the verification of the first set of authentication credentials; implement a deliverable quality assurance program to evaluate the quality of each of the one or more deliverables, wherein the deliverable quality assurance program comprises a checklist for each of the one or more deliverables, wherein the checklist comprises a scoring criteria for each of the one or more sub-deliverables associated with a deliverable, wherein implementing the deliverable quality assurance program, based on the scoring criteria for each of the one or more sub-deliverables associated with the deliverable, further comprises: receiving a first score, wherein the first score comprises a first numerical value associated with a first level of quality, wherein the first level of quality is associated with a sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; receiving a second score, wherein the second score comprises a second numerical value associated with a second level of quality, wherein the second level of quality is associated with the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; processing the first score and the second score to generate a third score, wherein the third score is a review score for the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; and receiving one or more weights corresponding the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; calculate a total quality score for each of the one or more deliverables based on at least the review scores and the one or more weights associated with each of the one or more sub-deliverables; compare the total quality score of each of the one or more deliverables to a first threshold value; determine if one or more deliverables require action in response to comparing each of the total quality scores to the first threshold value; and transmit control signals configured to cause the electronic devices of the one or more users to receive a message based on at least determining whether the one or more deliverables requires action. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first score comprises at least one of quantitative information or qualitative information. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second score comprises at least one of quantitative information or qualitative information. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the quantitative information comprises at least one of a numerical value, a percentage, a point value, or a score. 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the qualitative information comprises at least one of a level of quality, or a keyword. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the project comprises at least one of a project goal, milestone, or product. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the module further comprises instructions that cause the at least one processing device to: determine an overall score for each of the one or more project phases by combining the total quality scores of each of the one or more deliverables associated with the one or more project phases. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the module further comprises instructions that cause the at least one processing device to: compare the each of the overall scores to a second threshold value; and determine if the one or more project phases require action in response to comparing each of the overall scores to the second threshold value. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a color is associated with at least one of the first score, the second score, the associated sub-deliverable or the associated deliverable. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the color indicates at least one of a status, a level of completion, or a level of quality. 11. The apparatus of claim 1 comprises a numerical value that defines a threshold that, when crossed, determines at least one of a color, a status, or a quality score of the sub-deliverable. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the message comprises at least one of the total quality score, the status of the deliverable quality assurance program and whether the one or more deliverables require action. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the module further comprises instructions that cause the at least one processing device to: transmit control signals configured to cause the electronic devices of the one or more users to receive a second message based on at least determining whether the one or more project phases requires action, wherein the message comprises at least one of the overall score, the status of the quality assurance program and whether the one or more project phases require action. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the one or more users comprise at least one of an internal operations specialist, a project manager, or a member quality assurance team. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the module further comprises instructions that cause the at least one processing device to automatically prefill the checklist and/or enable the one or more users to complete the checklist through a communication interface associated with the user application of the electronic devices of the one or more users. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the module further comprises instructions that cause the at least one processing device to define at least one control objective. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the module further comprises instructions that cause the at least one processing device to utilize a control management system.",
-    "In an example, the system has a mechanical isolator comprising an elastic material configured to separate the panel rail from the torque tube cause destructive interference with a natural resonant frequency of the system without the mechanical isolator to reduce a mechanical vibration of the system. 1. A method of operating a solar tracker system, comprising: providing the system comprising: a first pillar structure and a second pillar structure; a torque tube configured between the first pillar structure and the second pillar structure; a plurality of solar modules configured spatially along the torque tube from a first end to a second end; a panel rail configured to support each of the plurality of solar modules; a clamp device coupled to sandwich the torque tube between a lower portion of the clamp device and each panel rail; a mass damper structure comprising a mechanical isolator comprising an elastic material configured to separate the panel rail from the torque tube; and; causing destructive interference, using the mechanical isolator, with a natural resonant frequency of the system without the mechanical isolator to reduce a mechanical vibration of the system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a rubber like material having a thickness; wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a thickness of material having one or more openings to make the mechanical isolator more flexible in characteristics, each of the openings traversing through the thickness of the mechanical isolator, each of the openings being symmetrically and specially disposed along a length of the mechanical isolator; the mechanical isolator being characterized by a narrow region along a center of the length in relationship to each edge region of the mechanical isolator. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical isolator has a thickness of three inches and less, and a width of two inches and less; and is configured to mechanically and electrically isolate the solar module from the torque tube. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the natural resonant frequency ranges from 1 Hz to 10 Hz in a torsional mode, and 1 Hz to 5 Hz in a bending mode. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a material selected from a rubber material or a polymer material. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical vibration leads to failure of the tracker system without the mechanical isolator. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a stiffness to tune a mass and an inertia of the tracker system to reduce the mechanical vibration. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical vibration comprises a torsional mode and a bending mode. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the mechanical vibration is derived from external wind subjected to the tracker system. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the panel rail comprises a top-hat structure, the top hat structure comprising a top region, which has a pair of openings for the clamp device, and a first side coupled to an edge of a first solar module, and a second side coupled to the mechanical isolator, the second side having a second brim region, the second brim region physically connects to the mechanical isolator, the second side characterized by a second side height and the mechanical isolator having a thickness, the second side height and the thickness are substantially equal to a first side height characterizing the first side, the mechanical isolator being coupled to an edge of a second solar module. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the panel rail comprises a top-hat structure, the top hat structure comprising a top region, which has a pair of openings for the clamp device, a first side coupled to an edge of a first solar module, and a second side coupled to the mechanical isolator, the second side having a second brim region, the second brim region physically connects to a first edge of the mechanical isolator, the second side characterized by a second side height and the mechanical isolator having a thickness, the second side height and the thickness are substantially equal to a first side height characterizing the first side, the mechanical isolator having a second edge being coupled to an edge of a second solar module; and further comprising a polymeric or rubber bumper structure configured on either the first solar module or second solar module and provided between the first solar module and the second solar module. 12. A solar tracker comprising: a mass damper structure comprising a mechanical isolator comprising an elastic material configured to separate a panel rail from a torque tube and cause destructive interference with a natural resonant frequency of the solar tracker system without the mechanical isolator to reduce a mechanical vibration of the solar tracker system; wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a rubber like material having a thickness; wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a thickness of material having one or more openings to make the mechanical isolator more flexible in characteristics, each of the openings traversing through the thickness of the mechanical isolator, each of the openings being symmetrically and spatially disposed along a length of the mechanical isolator; the mechanical isolator being characterized by a narrow region along a center of the length in relationship to each edge region of the mechanical isolator. wherein mechanical isolator has a thickness of three inches and less, and a width of two inches and less; wherein the natural resonant frequency ranges from 1 Hz to 10 Hz in a torsional mode, and 1 Hz to 5 Hz in a bending mode; wherein the mechanical vibration leads to failure of the solar tracker system without the mechanical isolator; wherein the mechanical vibration is derived from external wind subjected to the solar tracker system. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising a pair of pillars configured to hold the torque tube; and a clamp assembly coupled to one side of the torque tube and an off-set drive coupled to the other side of the torque tube. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the mechanical isolator is provided in one of a center solar panels spatially disposed on a panel bank comprising a plurality of solar modules disposed on the torque tube. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the panel bank is configured between the pair of piers, each of the piers configured with a clamp assembly coupled to the torque tube. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the panel bank is one of a plurality of panel banks configured on a drive assembly coupled to the torque tube. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the other plurality of solar modules is free from any mechanical isolator. 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the mechanical isolator comprises a thickness of polymer or rubber material suitable to absorb vibration, and shock, and cause destructive interface for any natural resonance on the system.",
-    "An apparatus for assessing and controlling the quality of a project in a production environment is provided. The apparatus is configured to: receive a first score, wherein the first score comprises a first numerical value associated with a first level of quality, wherein the first level of quality is associated with a first deliverable; receive a second score, wherein the second score comprises a second numerical value associated with a second level of quality, wherein the second level of quality is associated with the first deliverable; and process the first score and the second score to generate a third score. 1. A computer program product for internal quality analysis, for assessing and controlling the quality of a project, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code causing at least one processing device to: receive electronic data associated with the project using a network of distributed servers, wherein the project comprises one or more project phases, each of the one or more project phases comprises one or more deliverables and each of the one or more deliverables comprises one or more sub-deliverables; initiate presentation of a user interface for display on electronic devices of one or more users using a user application, the user interface comprising information associated with the project; wherein the project information comprises a phase level, a deliverable level and a deliverable level artifact, wherein the phase level comprises information associated with one or more project phases, the deliverable level comprises information associated with one or more deliverables and the deliverable level artifact comprises information associated with one or more deliverables and information associated with one or more sub-deliverables; initiate access to the project information from electronic devices associated with one or more users, wherein initiating access further comprises: receiving a first set of authentication credentials from a first user via an electronic device associated with the first user; verifying the first set of authentication credentials; and enabling the first user to view and/or modify the information presented on the user interface based on at least the verification of the first set of authentication credentials; implement a deliverable quality assurance program to evaluate the quality of each of the one or more deliverables, wherein the deliverable quality assurance program comprises a checklist for each of the one or more deliverables, wherein the checklist comprises a scoring criteria for each of the one or more sub-deliverables associated with a deliverable, wherein implementing the deliverable quality assurance program, for each of the one or more sub-deliverables associated with the deliverable, based on the scoring criteria further comprises: receiving a first score, wherein the first score comprises a first numerical value associated with a first level of quality, wherein the first level of quality is associated with a sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; receiving a second score, wherein the second score comprises a second numerical value associated with a second level of quality, wherein the second level of quality is associated with the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; processing the first score and the second score to generate a third score, wherein the third score is a review score for the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; and receiving one or more weights corresponding the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; calculate a total quality score for each of the one or more deliverables based on at least the review scores and the one or more weights associated with each of the one or more sub-deliverables; compare the total quality score of each of the one or more deliverables to a first threshold value; determine if one or more deliverables require action in response to comparing each of the total quality scores to the first threshold value; and transmit control signals configured to cause the electronic devices of the one or more users to receive a message based on at least determining whether the one or more deliverables requires action. 2. A method for internal quality analysis, for assessing and controlling the quality of a project, the method comprising: receiving, using a computing device processor, electronic data associated with the project using a network of distributed servers, wherein the project comprises one or more project phases, each of the one or more project phases comprises one or more deliverables and each of the one or more deliverables comprises one or more sub-deliverables; initiating, using the computing device processor, presentation of a user interface for display on electronic devices of one or more users using a user application, the user interface comprising information associated with the project; wherein the project information comprises a phase level, a deliverable level and a deliverable level artifact, wherein the phase level comprises information associated with one or more project phases, the deliverable level comprises information associated with one or more deliverables and the deliverable level artifact comprises information associated with one or more deliverables and information associated with one or more sub-deliverables; initiating, using the computing device processor, access to the project information from electronic devices of the one or more users, wherein initiating access further comprises: receiving a first set of authentication credentials from a first user via an electronic device associated with the first user; verifying the first set of authentication credentials; and enabling the first user to view and/or modify the information presented on the user interface based on at least the verification of the first set of authentication credentials; implementing, using the computing device processor, a deliverable quality assurance program to evaluate the quality of each of the one or more deliverables, wherein the deliverable quality assurance program comprises a checklist for each of the one or more deliverables, wherein the checklist comprises a scoring criteria for each of the one or more sub-deliverables associated with a deliverable, wherein implementing the deliverable quality assurance program, for each of the one or more sub-deliverables associated with the deliverable, based on the scoring criteria further comprises: receiving a first score, wherein the first score comprises a first numerical value associated with a first level of quality, wherein the first level of quality is associated with a sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; receiving a second score, wherein the second score comprises a second numerical value associated with a second level of quality, wherein the second level of quality is associated with the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; processing the first score and the second score to generate a third score, wherein the third score is a review score for the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; and receiving one or more weights corresponding the sub-deliverable associated with the deliverable; calculating, using the computing device processor, a total quality score for each of the one or more deliverables based on at least the review scores and the one or more weights associated with each of the one or more sub-deliverables; comparing, using the computing device processor, the total quality score of each of the one or more deliverables to a first threshold value; determining, using the computing device processor, if one or more deliverables require action in response to comparing each of the total quality scores to the first threshold value; and transmitting, using the computing device processor, control signals configured to cause the electronic devices of the one or more users to receive a message based on at least determining whether the one or more deliverables requires action.",
-    "An event providing apparatus includes a storage device in communicating with a date/time detector module. The detector module detects a condition that at least a portion of information stored on the storage device could be mapped to an event, identifies date and time entries in the information, and generates a hyperlink to open an application for creating an event for each entry, the date and time being provided to the application to generate the event directly from the information. The apparatus also includes a display for displaying the time and date in the form of the hyperlink; and a prompter module communicating with the detector module for automatically providing a prompt related to the event in response to selection of the hyperlink. In response to user interaction with the user prompt, the application is started and the event based on the hyperlinked date and time is created. 1. An event providing apparatus for use in a network communications system, said apparatus comprising: (a) a storage device for storing information; (b) a detector module communicating with said storage device for receiving said information, said detector module adapted to detect the condition that at least a portion of said information could be mapped to an event; and (c) a prompter module communicating with said detector module for automatically providing a user prompt related to said event upon detection by said detector module of said condition. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a mapper module communicating with said storage device and prompter module to map said at least a portion of said information to said event in response to user interaction with said user prompt. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said detector module further comprises a lexical analyzer communicating with a parser and a symbol table. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said event is taken from the group comprising: a calendar event and a task event. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said detector module is a date/time detector module further adapted to: identify date and time entries in said information; and (ii) provide a hyperlink for each of said identified date and time entries. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein, upon selection by a user of said hyperlink, said event is created. 7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein, upon selection by a user of said hyperlink, said event is provided to the user. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said information is taken from the group comprising an email, a peer-to-peer personal identification number (PIN) message, a short message service (SMS) message, a multimedia messaging service (MMS) message, Instant Message, a web page or a word processing document. 9. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising a lookup table for identifying a first type of said date and time entries, wherein said date/time detector module identifies said first type of said date and time entries, and wherein said first type of said date and time entries comprise a complete date and time format. 10. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said date/time detector module identifies a second type of said date and time entries, and wherein said second type of said date and time entries comprises an incomplete date and time format or a relative date and time expression. 11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said relative date and time expression is taken from the group comprising today, tomorrow, yesterday, morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night. 12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said detector module is a thread detector module, said document is an email message, and wherein said thread detector module is adapted to: identify a thread in said email message; and (ii) if a defined threshold is exceeded in said identified thread, prompts a user to create said event. 13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said defined threshold is a number of responses received in said thread. 14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said defined threshold is a length of time that said thread has been active. 15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said network communications system includes a server, and wherein said apparatus is resident in said server. 16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said network communications system includes a wireless device, and wherein said apparatus is resident in said wireless device. 17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said information is an email message, and wherein said new event has a notes section, and said mapping comprises inserting a link to said email message in the notes section of said event. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said link is a MIME reference ID associated with said email message. 19. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said event is provided in a wireless device. 20. In a network communications system, a method of creating a new event comprising: (a) storing a document in a storage device; (b) receiving said document from said storage device into a detector module; (c) analyzing said document; and (d) based on identified information in said document creating said new event. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein said document is taken from the group comprising an email, a peer-to-peer personal identification number (PIN) message, short message service (SMS) message, multimedia messaging service (MMS) message, Instant Message, web page or word processing document. 22. The method of claim 20 wherein said detector module is a date/time detector module, wherein said step of analyzing comprises searching in a lookup table to identify a first type of date and time entries, and wherein said first type of date and time entries comprise a complete date and time format. 23. The method of claim 20 wherein said detector module is a date/time detector module, and wherein said step of analyzing comprises processing in a lexical analyzer and a parser to identify a second type of date and time entries wherein said second type of date and time entries comprises an incomplete data and time format or a relative date and time expression. 24. The method of claim 20 wherein said new event is taken from the group comprising a calendar event or a task. 25. The method of claim 23 wherein said step of creating comprises; (a) generating a hyper link for each of said identified first type of date and time entries and each of said identified second type of date time entries; (b) upon selection of said hyperlink by a user, presenting the user a choice of event type to be created; (c) upon selection of said choice of event type by the user, opening an application capable of creating said new event of said choice of event type; and (d) mapping specified fields in said document to specified fields in said new event. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said specified fields in said document are taken from the group comprising subject, to, from and body. 27. The method of claim 25 wherein said specified fields in said new event are taken from the group comprising subject, attendees and event notes. 28. The method of claim 20 wherein said detector module is a thread detector module, said document is an email message, and wherein said step of analyzing comprises identifying a thread in said email message. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein said step of creating comprises: (a) determining if a defined threshold contained in said thread has been exceeded; and (b) if said defined threshold has been exceeded, prompting a user to create said new event. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein said prompting comprises presenting a user with a menu and, upon selection of an entry in said menu by said user, mapping specified fields in said message to specified fields in said new event. 31. The method of claim 29 wherein said defined threshold is a number of responses received in said thread. 32. The method of claim 29 wherein said defined threshold is a length of time that said thread has been active. 33. The method of claim 20 wherein said network communications system is a wireless network, and wherein said method is carried out in a server communicating to said wireless network. 34. The method of claim 20 wherein said network communications system is a wireless network, and wherein said method is carried out in a wireless device. 35. The method of claim 20 wherein said new event has a notes section, and said creating comprising inserting a link to said document in the notes section of said new event. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein said document is an email message, and wherein said link is a MIME reference ID associated with said email message.",
-    "A modular paddle with a plastic frame structure, composite insert unit, tension brace, coupling bolt and nut mechanism, molded handle insert, and rolled rubber grip. 1. A modular paddle comprising: plastic frame structure, composite insert unit, tension brace, coupling bolt and nut mechanism, molded handle insert, and rolled rubber grip.",
-    "Disclosed is a pneumatic pressure and vacuum device that allows a user to adjust the duration of either pressure or vacuum that is applied to a pneumatic adult toy. A solenoid valve is used that is controlled by a solenoid for opening arid closing ports that apply pressure and/or vacuum to a pneumatic adult toy. A timer is utilized to independently control the on and off times of the solenoid valve, so that vibrational frequency, as well as the amplitude of pressure and vacuum can be adjusted. 1. A method of operating a pneumatic adult toy comprising: generating a source of pressurized air using a compressor; applying said source of pressurized air o an input of solenoid valve; providing a pneumatic connection that connects said pneumatic adult toy to an output of said solenoid valve; providing a timer that can control said solenoid valve, so that a first period of time can be selected during which said source of pressurized air is applied to said pneumatic adult toy, and a second period of time can be selected during which pressurized air is not applied to said pneumatic adult toy. 2. A method of operating a pneumatic adult toy comprising: generating a source of low pressure air using a vacuum generator; applying said source of low pressure air to an input of a solenoid valve; providing a pneumatic connection that connects an adult toy to an output of said solenoid valve; providing a timer that can control said solenoid valve so that a first period of time can be selected during which said source of low pressure air is applied to said pneumatic adult toy, and a second period of time can be selected during which said source of low pressure air is applied to said pneumatic adult toy. 3. A pneumatic system for operating a pneumatic adult toy comprising: an air compressor that generates a source of pressurized air and a source of low pressure air; a solenoid valve having an output port and an input port that is connected to said source of pressurized air and said source of low pressure air; an adult toy that is connected to said output port of said solenoid valve; a timer that is connected to said solenoid valve that controls an adjustable first period of time during which said solenoid valve applies said source of pressurized air to said adult toy, and an adjustable second period of time during which said solenoid applies said source of low pressure air to said adult toy. 4. A pneumatic system for operating an adult toy comprising: an air compressor that generates a source of low pressure air; a solenoid valve having an output port and an input port that is connected to said source of low pressure air; an adult toy that is connected to said output port of said solenoid valve; a timer that is connected to said solenoid valve that controls an adjustable first period of time during which said solenoid valve applies said source of low pressure air to said adult toy, and an adjustable second period of time during which said solenoid valve",
-    "A wheel or tire lifter according to the present invention comprises a base, consisting of a base frame and a vertical strut, said base frame being provided with a rolling wheel for the base movement, a drive lift means arranged in said vertical strut; a driving means to drive said drive lift means, and a wheel or tire bracket connected with said drive lift means, on which the tire to be installed is directly placed. According to the wheel or tire lifter provided by the present invention, the tire to be installed can be put or placed on the wheel or tire bracket directly, so said wheel or tire bracket is driven by the said drive lift means and moved upward and downward to a desired height or position, and the tire can easily be moved to the wheel installation position of a car. 1. A wheel or tire lifter comprises: A base, consisting of a base frame and a vertical strut, said base frame being provided with a rolling wheel for the base movement; A drive lift means arranged in said vertical strut; A driving means to drive said drive lift means; and A wheel or tire bracket connected with said drive lift means, on which the tire to be installed is directly placed. 2. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein in the said wheel or tire bracket an upwards and downwards movable press bar is provided in order to further secure the tire placed on the said wheel or tire bracket. 3. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said wheel or tire bracket is easily able to slide the wheel or tire forward and backward enabling the unit to reach in across drive on hoists. 4. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1 or 3, wherein said wheel/tire bracket consists of: Two support bars to support the tire upward; One horizontal bar with two holes; Said two support bars respectively pass through said two holes; and A horizontal pull bar is respectively connected to one end of each of said support bars; thus, in order for the said support bars to move forward and backward if pulled, so that the tire can easily be put away from said support bars, enabling it to reach in across a higher platform. 5. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 2, wherein end of the said press bar is provided with a press plate to press the tire downward. 6. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 2, wherein said press bar may be rotated horizontally. 7. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 2, wherein said press bar may be moved upward and downward. 8. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said vertical strut is provided with a slot longitudinally, and said drive lift means is placed inside said slot. 9. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said drive lift means comprises of a screw and a screw rod assembly, and said screw is connected to said wheel or tire bracket, thus, while said screw rod is rotated said screw is moved upward and downward, and said wheel or tire bracket is also moved upward and downward. 10. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said drive lift means is a pulley wheel transmission assembly, comprising of a pull rope and a pulley wheel; one end of said pull rope is connected with said pulley wheel, and said pulley wheel is connected with said wheel or tire bracket, so that said pulley wheel will be moved upward and downward to drive said wheel or tire bracket upward and downward movement while said pulley rope is pulled tightly. 11. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said drive lift means is a pneumatic mechanism which is connected to said wheel or tire bracket to push said wheel or tire bracket movement upward and downward. 12. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said drive lift means can be a hydraulic mechanism which is connected to said wheel or tire bracket to push said wheel/tire bracket movement upward and downward. 13. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said driving means can be an electric motor. 14. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said driving means can comprise a gear box driven by an electric motor. 15. The wheel or tire lifter according to the claim 1, wherein said driving means can comprise a gear box driven by a manual tool.",
-    "Gluteal implants and gluteal implant systems are described herein, as are methods of manufacturing and implanting the same. In certain embodiments, the gluteal implant includes a body having a convex upper surface, a concave lower surface, and an edge, the edge being formed by the intersection between the convex upper surface and the concave lower surface. The body can take on various shapes, including a truncated ovoid shape, a truncated approximate ovoid shape, a truncated substantially ovoid shape, a truncated ellipsoid shape, a truncated approximate ellipsoid shape, or a truncated substantially ellipsoid shape, among others. In certain embodiments, the gluteal implant system includes first and second gluteal implants that have the same or different shaped bodies. In certain embodiments, the gluteal implants and gluteal implant systems are implanted in a buttock region. 1. A gluteal implant comprising: a body comprising: a convex upper surface; a concave lower surface; and a peripheral edge, the edge defined by the intersection between the convex upper surface and the concave lower surface, wherein the body is symmetrical across two orthogonal reference planes and comprises one of a truncated ovoid shape, a truncated approximate ovoid shape, a truncated ellipsoid shape, and a truncated approximate ellipsoid shape, wherein the convex upper surface comprises one of a portion of a first surface selected from the group consisting of: an ovoid surface, an approximate ovoid surface, an ellipsoid surface, and an approximate ellipsoid surface, said first surface having a first semi-major axis and a first radius of curvature and a first semi-minor axis and a second radius of curvature, wherein the concave lower surface comprises one of a portion of a second surface selected from the group consisting of: an ovoid surface, an approximate ovoid surface, an ellipsoid surface, and an approximate ellipsoid surface, said second surface having a second semi-major axis and a third radius of curvature and a second semi-minor axis and a fourth radius of curvature, wherein the first radius of curvature differs from the third radius of curvature, wherein the difference is between about 2.22 cm and about 2.62 cm, wherein the second radius of curvature differs from the fourth radius of curvature, wherein the difference is between about 2.72 and about 3.12, wherein the convex upper surface and the concave lower surface intersect at an angle ranging from about 25 degrees to about 39 degrees, wherein the convex upper surface forms a peak of the implant, wherein the concave lower surface forms a peak of a concavity, wherein the edge forms a bottommost point of the implant, and wherein the edge outlines an oval or ellipse when viewed from above. 2. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the shape of the body is configured to resist post-operative movement away from an equilibrium position, wherein post-operative movement includes mal-translation or mal-rotation. 3. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the shape of the body is configured to facilitate movement toward an equilibrium position following post-operative movement away from an equilibrium position, wherein post-operative movement includes mal-translation or mal-rotation. 4. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a truncated ellipsoid shape, wherein the convex upper surface comprises a portion of an ellipsoid surface, and wherein the concave lower surface comprises a portion of an ellipsoid surface. 5. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the body comprises a truncated approximate ovoid shape, wherein the convex upper surface comprises a portion of an approximate ovoid surface, and wherein the concave lower surface comprises a portion of an approximate ovoid surface. 6. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the convex upper surface has a radius of curvature of about 9 cm when viewed in cross section in a first plane and a radius of curvature of about 12 cm when viewed in cross section in a second plane orthogonal to the first plane, and wherein the concave lower surface has a radius of curvature of about 25 cm when viewed in cross section in the first plane and a radius of curvature of about 18 cm when viewed in cross section in the second plane. 7. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the convex upper surface has a radius of curvature in the range of about 5 cm to about 15 cm when viewed in cross section in a first plane and a radius of curvature in the range of about 7 cm to about 18 cm when viewed in cross section in a second plane orthogonal to the first plane, and wherein the concave lower surface has a radius of curvature in the range of about 18 cm to about 32 cm when viewed in cross section in the first plane and a radius of curvature in the range of about 11 cm to about 25 cm when viewed in cross section in the second plane. 8. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the body is adapted to conform to a portion of a buttock region. 9. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the angle of intersection varies along the edge of the implant. 10. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the body is not \u201ctear-drop\u201d shaped. 11. The gluteal implant of claim 1, wherein the body is made of silicone. 12. A gluteal implant system comprising: a first gluteal implant and a second gluteal implant, the first and second gluteal implants having convex curved superior first and concave second inferior surfaces, the curvature of the first surface being different from the curvature of the second surface, wherein the first and second gluteal implants have reflective symmetry about exactly two orthogonal planes, and wherein the first and second gluteal implants comprise a body having one of a truncated ovoid shape, a truncated approximate ovoid shape, a truncated ellipsoid shape, and a truncated approximate ellipsoid shape. 13. The gluteal implant system of claim 12, wherein the body of the first and second gluteal implants comprises a truncated approximate ovoid shape. 14. The gluteal implant system of claim 12, wherein the body of the first and second gluteal implants comprises a truncated ellipsoid shape. 15. The gluteal implant system of claim 12, wherein the first surface is convex and the second surface is concave. 16. The gluteal implant system of claim 12, wherein the first and second gluteal implants are not \u201ctear-drop\u201d shaped. 17. The gluteal implant system of claim 12, wherein the shape of the body of the first and second gluteal implants is configured to resist a post-operative movement away from an equilibrium position and to facilitate movement toward an equilibrium position following a post-operative movement away from an equilibrium position, wherein post-operative movement includes mal-translation or mal-rotation of the body. 18. A method of implanting a gluteal implant comprising: preparing a surgical site; forming a cavity in a buttock region; and implanting the gluteal implant of claim 1 or the gluteal implant system of claim 12 in the cavity.",
-    "Identifying a location of a mobile device is disclosed (e.g., presuming user consent to the same). One or more received signal strengths (RSSs), comprising a first RSS, may be received by a first access point (AP) from the mobile device. The RSSs may be used to identify a grid area, comprising a first grid space. A signal distance between the first grid space and the first AP may be identified using the first RSS, and combined with a first grid space distance, comprising a known distance between the first grid space and the first AP, to determine a first grid space likelihood score for the first grid space. A second grid space likelihood score may be determined for a second grid space (e.g., and a third, etc.), and the grid space comprising a desired grid space likelihood score (e.g., highest) may be selected as the mobile device location. 1. A computer based method for identifying a location of a mobile device, comprising: receiving a plurality of mobile device signal reports from a plurality of access points (AP); filtering one or more reports, associated with unknown access points form the received mobile device signal reports; indexing the filtered mobile device signal reports; receiving a query from an application associated with the mobile device to identify the location of the mobile device; retrieving data from the indexed filtered mobile device signal reports based on the query; identifying a candidate area comprising the location of the mobile device using the retrieved data; creating grid data for a plurality of grid spaces in the identified candidate area; determining a grid space likelihood score for each of the plurality of grid spaces based on the grid data and the query; and identifying the location of the mobile device based on the determined grid space likelihood scores, at least a portion of the method implemented at least in part via a processing unit. 2. A computer based method for identifying a location of a mobile device, comprising: determining a first signal distance between a first grid space and a first access point (AP) using a first received signal strength (RSS), the first RSS comprising an indication of mobile device signal strength received by the first AP; determining a first expected distance between the first AP and a second AP using a first AP RSS, the first AP RSS comprising an indication of signal strength for a signal transmitted from the second AP and received by the first AP; determining a first AP difference based at least on a combination of the first expected distance and a first known AP distance, the first known AP distance comprising a known distance between the first AP and the second AP; determining a first grid space likelihood score based on the first signal distance, the first AP difference, and a first grid space distance, the first grid space distance comprising a known distance between the first AP and the first grid space; and identifying the location of the mobile device based at least on the first grid space likelihood score, at least a portion of the method implemented at least in part via a processing unit. 3. A computer based method for identifying a location of a mobile device, comprising: identifying a candidate area comprising the location of the mobile device, the candidate area comprising a plurality of access points; creating a plurality of grid spaces in the identified candidate area; determining a grid space likelihood score for each of the plurality of grid spaces based on a signal distance and a grid space distance between each grid space and each of the plurality of access points, the grid space distance representing a known distance between an access point and a grid space, the signal distance representing an estimated distance between a grid space and an access point using a received signal strength (RSS), the RSS comprising an indication of mobile device signal strength received by the AP if the mobile device was located in the grid space; and identifying the location of the mobile device as a grid space having highest grid space likelihood score, at least a portion of the method implemented at least in part via a processing unit.",
-    "A performance optimization system includes a plurality of system components. A monitoring plug-in and a configuration plug-in are coupled to each of the plurality of system components. A monitoring engine receives monitoring information for each of the plurality of system components from their respective monitoring plug-in. A configuration engine sends configuration setting information to each of the plurality of system components through their respective configuration plug-ins. A performance optimization engine receives the monitoring information from the monitoring engine, determines a policy associated with the monitoring information and, in response, retrieves configuration setting information that is associated with the policy and sends the configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to change the configuration of at least one of the plurality of system components. 1. A performance optimization system, comprising: a plurality of system components; a monitoring engine that is coupled to the plurality of system components and that is configured to receive monitoring information from each of the plurality of system components; a configuration engine that is coupled to the plurality of system components and that is configured to cause each of the plurality of system components to be configured; and a performance optimization engine that is coupled to the monitoring engine and the configuration engine, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: receive an instruction to create an application profile that provides at least one system characteristic during use of an application; monitor a first use of the application using monitoring information for the plurality of system components that is received from the monitoring engine during the first use of the application and, in response, determine the application profile that includes configuration setting information for at least one of the plurality of system components that is configured to be provided to the configuration engine to cause a configuration of the at least one of the plurality of system components that provides for the at least one system characteristic during use of the application; and store the application profile. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: detect a second use of the application that is subsequent to the first use; retrieve the configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the second use of the application; and provide the configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to cause the at least one of the plurality of system components to be configured with the configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the at least one system characteristic. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: monitor the first use of the application using the monitoring information for the plurality of system components that is received from the monitoring engine during the first use of the application and, in response, determine the application profile that includes first configuration setting information for the at least one of the plurality of system components that is configured to be provided to the configuration engine to cause a first configuration of the at least one of the plurality of system components that provides for a first system characteristic during use of the application that includes a first action; monitor the first use of the application using the monitoring information for the plurality of system components that is received from the monitoring engine during the first use of the application and, in response, determine the application profile that includes second configuration setting information for the at least one of the plurality of system components that is configured to be provided to the configuration engine to cause a second configuration of the at least one of the plurality of system components that provides for a second system characteristic during use of the application that includes a second action; and store the application profile. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: detect a second use of the application that is subsequent to the first use; retrieve the first configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the first action during the second use of the application; provide the first configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to cause the at least one of the plurality of system components to be configured with the first configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the first system characteristic; retrieve the second configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the second action during the second use of the application; and provide the second configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to cause the at least one of the plurality of system components to be configured with the second configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the second system characteristic. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: determine that at least one component must be added or enabled in order to allow the configuration setting information to provide for the at least one system characteristic during use of the application; and provide a user recommendation to add or enable the at least one component. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the at least one component that must be added or enabled includes a core of a processor. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one system characteristic includes at least one system performance characteristic. 8. An information handling system (IHS), comprising: a chassis; a processing system located in the chassis; a monitoring engine that is coupled to the processing system and that is configured to receive monitoring information from the processing system; a configuration engine that is coupled to the processing system and that is configured to send configuration setting information to processing system; and a performance optimization engine that is coupled to the monitoring engine and the configuration engine, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: receive an instruction to create an application profile that provides at least one system characteristic during use of an application; monitor a first use of the application using monitoring information for the processing system that is received from the monitoring engine during the first use of the application and, in response, determine the application profile that includes configuration setting information for the processing system that is configured to be provided to the configuration engine to cause a configuration of the processing system that provides for the at least one system characteristic during use of the application; and store the application profile. 9. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: detect a second use of the application that is subsequent to the first use; retrieve the configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the second use of the application; and provide the configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to cause the processing system to be configured with the configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the at least one system characteristic. 10. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: monitor the first use of the application using the monitoring information for the processing system that is received from the monitoring engine during the first use of the application and, in response, determine the application profile that includes first configuration setting information for the processing system that is configured to be provided to the configuration engine to cause a first configuration of the processing system that provides for a first system characteristic during use of the application that includes a first action; monitor the first use of the application using the monitoring information received from the monitoring engine from the processing system during the first use of the application and, in response, determine the application profile that includes second configuration setting information for the processing system that is configured to be provided to the configuration engine to cause a second configuration of the processing system that provides for a second system characteristic during use of the application that includes a second action; and store the application profile. 11. The IHS of claim 10, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: detect a second use of the application that is subsequent to the first use; retrieve the first configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the first action during the second use of the application; provide the first configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to cause the processing system to be configured with the first configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the first system characteristic; retrieve the second configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the second action during the second use of the application; and provide the second configuration setting information to the configuration engine in order to cause the processing system to be configured with the second configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the second system characteristic. 12. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the performance optimization engine is configured to: determine that enablement of a subsystem in the processing system will allow the configuration setting information to provide for the at least one system characteristic during use of the application; and provide a user recommendation to enable the subsystem in the processing system. 13. The IHS of claim 8, wherein the at least one system characteristic includes at least one system performance characteristic. 14. A method for optimizing system performance, comprising: receiving an instruction to create an application profile that provides at least one system characteristic during use of an application; monitoring a first use of the application using monitoring information received from a plurality of system components during the first use of the application and, in response, determining the application profile that includes configuration setting information for at least one of the plurality of system components that is configured to cause a configuration of the at least one of the plurality of system components that provides for the at least one system characteristic during use of the application; and storing the application profile. 15. The method of claim 15, further comprising detecting a second use of the application that is subsequent to the first use; retrieving the configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the second use of the application; and configuring the at least one of the plurality of system components using the configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the at least one system characteristic. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: monitoring the first use of the application using the monitoring information received from the plurality of system components during the first use of the application and, in response, determining the application profile that includes first configuration setting information for the at least one of the plurality of system components that is configured to cause a first configuration of the at least one of the plurality of system components that provides for a first system characteristic during use of the application that includes a first action; monitoring the first use of the application using the monitoring information received from the plurality of system components during the first use of the application and, in response, determining the application profile that includes second configuration setting information for the at least one of the plurality of system components that is configured to cause a configuration of the at least one of the plurality of system components that provides for a second system characteristic during use of the application that includes a second action; and storing the application profile. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: detecting a second use of the application that is subsequent to the first use; retrieving the first configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the first action during the second use of the application; configuring the at least one of the plurality of system components using the first configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the first system characteristic; retrieving the second configuration setting information in the application profile in response to detecting the second action during the second use of the application; and configuring the at least one of the plurality of system components using the second configuration setting information such that the second use of the application provides the second system characteristic. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: determining that at least one component must be added or enabled in order to allow the configuration setting information to provide for the at least one system characteristic during use of the application; and providing a user recommendation to add or enable the at least one component. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one component that must be added or enabled includes a core of a processor. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one system characteristic includes at least one system performance characteristic.",
-    "A method for reporting power headroom-related information for a plurality of aggregated carriers. The method includes reporting in a bitmap the power headroom-related information for a number of the aggregated carriers that is less than or equal to the total number of aggregated carriers, wherein the power headroom-related information is one of a power headroom for at least one of the aggregated carriers and a path loss for at least one of the aggregated carriers. 1. A method implemented in a user agent (UA) comprising a processor and a memory device storing instructions executable by the processor to implement the method, the method comprising: transmitting in a media access control (MAC) control element power headroom-related information for a number of a plurality of aggregated carriers that is less than or equal to a total number of the aggregated carriers, the aggregated carriers comprising a first carrier and a second carrier, wherein the transmission is triggered when a new carrier is added to the aggregated carriers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered when the UA receives a new carrier configuration from an access node and/or a new PH reporting configuration that includes a new reporting carrier. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, when an observed path loss difference for a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers exceeds a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report, the UA transmits power headroom information for all reporting carriers. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered by one of: a change in the path loss of a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers being greater than a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report; addition of a third carrier to the aggregated carriers; expiration of a timer that controls periodic power headroom reports; or when a new carrier is removed from the aggregated carriers. 5. A user agent (UA) comprising a memory device and a processor configured to execute instructions stored on the memory device such that when executed, cause the UA to: transmit in a media access control (MAC) control element power headroom-related information for a number of a plurality of aggregated carriers that is less than or equal to a total number of the aggregated carriers, the aggregated carriers comprising a first carrier and a second carrier, wherein the transmission is triggered when a new carrier is added to the aggregated carriers. 6. The UA of claim 5, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered when the UA receives a new carrier configuration from an access node and/or a new PH reporting configuration that includes a new reporting carrier. 7. The UA of claim 5, wherein, when an observed path loss difference for a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers exceeds a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report, the UA transmits power headroom information for all reporting carriers. 8. The UA of claim 5, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered by one of: a change in the path loss of a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers being greater than a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report; addition of a third carrier to the aggregated carriers; expiration of a timer that controls periodic power headroom reports; or when a new carrier is removed from the aggregated carriers. 9. A non-transitory computer medium storing computer readable instructions executable by a processor to implement a method, the method comprising: transmitting in a media access control (MAC) control element power headroom-related information for a number of a plurality of aggregated carriers that is less than or equal to a total number of the aggregated carriers, the aggregated carriers comprising a first carrier and a second carrier, wherein the transmission is triggered when a new carrier is added to the aggregated carriers. 10. The non-transitory computer medium of claim 9, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered when a user agent (UA) receives a new carrier configuration from an access node and/or a new PH reporting configuration that includes a new reporting carrier. 11. The non-transitory computer medium of claim 9, wherein, when an observed path loss difference for a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers exceeds a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report, a user agent (UA) transmits power headroom information for all reporting carriers to an access node. 12. The non-transitory computer medium of claim 9, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered by one of: a change in the path loss of a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers being greater than a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report; addition of a third carrier to the aggregated carriers; expiration of a timer that controls periodic power headroom reports; or when a new carrier is removed from the aggregated carriers. 13. A method implemented in an access node comprising a processor and a memory device storing instructions executable by the processor to implement the method, the method comprising: receiving in a media access control (MAC) control element power headroom-related information for a number of a plurality of aggregated carriers that is less than or equal to a total number of the aggregated carriers, the aggregated carriers comprising a first carrier and a second carrier, wherein the transmission is triggered when a new carrier is added to the aggregated carriers. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered when the access node sends a new carrier configuration to a user agent and/or a new PH reporting configuration that includes a new reporting carrier. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein, when an observed path loss difference for a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers exceeds a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report, the access node is configured to receive, from a user agent, power headroom information for all reporting carriers. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered by one of: a change in the path loss of a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers being greater than a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report; addition of a third carrier to the aggregated carriers; expiration of a timer that controls periodic power headroom reports; or when a new carrier is removed from the aggregated carriers. 17. An access node comprising a memory device and a processor configured to execute instructions stored on the memory device such that when executed, cause the access node to: receive in a media access control (MAC) control element power headroom-related information for a number of a plurality of aggregated carriers that is less than or equal to a total number of the aggregated carriers, the aggregated carriers comprising a first carrier and a second carrier, wherein the transmission is triggered when a new carrier is added to the aggregated carriers. 18. The access node of claim 17, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered when the access node sends a new carrier configuration to a user agent and/or a new PH reporting configuration that includes a new reporting carrier. 19. The access node of claim 17, wherein, when an observed path loss difference for a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers exceeds a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report, the access node is configured to receive, from a user agent, power headroom information for all reporting carriers. 20. The access node of claim 17, wherein the transmission of the power headroom-related information is triggered by one of: a change in the path loss of a reporting carrier among the aggregated carriers being greater than a pre-defined amount since a previous power headroom report; addition of a third carrier to the aggregated carriers; expiration of a timer that controls periodic power headroom reports; or when a new carrier is removed from the aggregated carriers.",
-    "Described are vectors containing (a) a gene encoding (i) a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor, preferably p16INK4a, or (ii) an RNA interfering with CDK4 and/or CDK6 expression and/or activity, under the control of an inducible promoter and (b) a gene encoding a transactivator protein for said promoter useful for treating neurodegenerative disorders. These vectors can be transferred into cells where they will exert a protective function to (i) prevent cell death or to (ii) slow down progression of cell death. These vectors can be used in therapeutic applications to prevent neurodegenerative disorders or to slow down their progression with therapeutic efficacy. 1.-21. (canceled) 22. A method for treating a neurogenerative disorder in a subject, the method comprising: administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a vector or a mixture of at least two vectors comprising (a) a nucleic acid molecule encoding (i) a protein reducing or inhibiting the biological activity of the cyclin dependent kinase CDK4 and/or CDK6, under the control of an inducible promoter; (b) a nucleic acid molecule encoding a transactivator protein that is capable of binding to and activating the inducible promoter of (a); and (c) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide or polypeptide for neuron-specific targeting and/or contains a nucleic acid enabling a neuron-specific expression. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the neurogenerative disorder is Alzheimer's disease (AD). 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said vector is applied to the nervous system through convection enhanced delivery 25. The method of claim 22, wherein said vector is a viral vector. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said viral vector is a lentivirus or AAV. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said lentivirus is an integration deficient lentivirus. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein said vector is a non-viral vector. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein said polypeptide for cell-specific targeting is an antibody that recognises a cell-type-specific epitope. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said peptide for cell-specific targeting is a peptide that recognises cell-type-specific surface structures. 31. The method of claim 22, where said inducible promoter is a neuron-specific promoter. 32. The method of claim 31, where said promoter is the CamKII promoter. 33. The method of claim 22, wherein the transactivator protein is a reverse tetracycline-controlled trans-activator (rtTA). 34. The method of claim 22, wherein said protein reducing or inhibiting the biological activity of the cyclin dependent kinase CDK4 and/or CDK6 is selected from a member of the INK4 family or the Cip/Kip family. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein said member of the INK4 family is p16INK4a, p15INK4B, p18INK4C or p19INK4D. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the member of the Cip/Kip family is p21Cip, p27Kip1 or p57Kip2.",
-    "A method for pilot signal based self-interference cancellation tuning includes detecting a tuning trigger and in response to the tuning trigger, generating a pilot transmit signal according to the trigger data; and transmitting, at the transmitter, the pilot transmit signal; receiving, at the receiver, a pilot receive signal; cancelling, at the self-interference canceller, a portion of self-interference in the receive pilot signal, resulting in a composite pilot signal; analyzing the composite pilot signal; and tuning a configuration parameter of the self-interference canceller, based on analysis of the composite pilot signal, resulting in reduced self-interference in the composite pilot signal. 1. A method for pilot signal based self-interference cancellation tuning comprising: transmitting, at a transmitter of a communication system, a transmit signal; receiving, at a receiver of the communication system, a receive signal; cancelling, at a self-interference canceller of the communication system, a portion of self-interference in the receive signal, resulting in a composite receive signal; detecting a tuning trigger; in response to the tuning trigger: pausing transmission of the transmit signal; and transmitting, at the transmitter, a pilot transmit signal; receiving, at the receiver, a pilot receive signal; cancelling, at the self-interference canceller, a portion of self-interference in the pilot receive signal, resulting in a composite pilot signal; analyzing the composite pilot signal; tuning a configuration parameter of the self-interference canceller, based on analysis of the composite pilot signal, resulting in reduced self-interference in the composite pilot signal; and pausing transmission of the pilot transmit signal and resuming transmission of the transmit signal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising analyzing the composite receive signal, and generating the tuning trigger in response to analysis of the composite receive signal. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein analyzing the composite receive signal comprises measuring the signal strength of the composite receive signal; 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising generating the tuning trigger in response to the signal strength of the composite receive signal exceeding a predetermined threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the self-interference canceller comprises an analog self-interference canceller. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the analog self-interference canceller comprises a filter, a scaler, and a delayer, and tuning the configuration parameter comprises adjusting at least one of a scale factor of the scaler and a delay of the delayer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the self-interference canceller comprises a digital self-interference canceller, the digital self-interference canceller comprising a transform function, and tuning the configuration parameter comprises adjusting a weight coefficient of the transform function. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the self-interference canceller comprises an analog self-interference canceller and a digital self-interference canceller, and further comprising: tuning a configuration parameter of the analog self-interference canceller, based on analysis of the composite pilot signal, resulting in removal of a first portion of self-interference from the composite pilot signal by the analog self-interference canceller; and after tuning the configuration parameter of the analog self-interference canceller, tuning a configuration parameter of the digital self-interference canceller, resulting in removal of a second portion of self-interference from the composite pilot signal by the digital self-interference canceller. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein pausing transmission of the pilot transmit signal and resuming transmission of the transmit signal comprises pausing transmission of the pilot transmit signal and resuming transmission of the transmit signal in response to the signal strength of the composite pilot signal power decreasing below a predetermined threshold. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmit signal is transmitted in a first frequency band, the pilot signal is transmitted in a second frequency band, and the first frequency band and the second frequency band are identical. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot signal is a chirp. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising analyzing the composite receive signal, and tuning a configuration parameter of the self-interference canceller based on analysis of the composite receive signal. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein tuning the configuration parameter comprises tuning the configuration parameter based on an adaptive online gradient-descent optimization algorithm. 14. A method for pilot signal based self-interference cancellation tuning comprising: transmitting, at a transmitter of a communication system, a transmit signal; receiving, at a receiver of the communication system, a receive signal; detecting a tuning trigger; wherein the tuning trigger is associated with characteristic trigger data; in response to the tuning trigger, generating a pilot transmit signal according to the trigger data; and transmitting, at the transmitter, the pilot transmit signal; receiving, at the receiver, a pilot receive signal; cancelling, at the self-interference canceller, a portion of self-interference in the receive pilot signal, resulting in a composite pilot signal; analyzing the composite pilot signal; and tuning a configuration parameter of the self-interference canceller, based on analysis of the composite pilot signal, resulting in reduced self-interference in the composite pilot signal. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the pilot transmit signal comprises generating the pilot transmit signal using an algorithm; wherein the algorithm receives the trigger data as an input and outputs the pilot transmit signal. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein using the algorithm comprises selecting the pilot transmit signal from a set of pilot transmit signals, based on the trigger data. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the set of pilot transmit signals comprises a chirp, an unmodulated sine wave, a superposition of sine waves, and white noise. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the trigger data comprises an analysis of the receive signal, and the pilot transmit signal is generated according to the analysis. 19. A method for pilot signal based self-interference cancellation tuning comprising: transmitting simultaneously, at a transmitter of a communication system, a transmit signal and a pilot transmit signal; wherein the transmit signal has a transmit signal power; wherein the pilot transmit signal has a pilot transmit signal power; wherein the transmit signal power is greater than the pilot transmit signal power; receiving, at a receiver of the communication system, a receive signal and a pilot receive signal; in response to cessation of transmission of the transmit signal, tuning a self-interference canceller of the communication system based on the pilot receive signal, tuning comprising: analyzing the pilot receive signal, and adjusting a configuration parameter of the self-interference canceller based on the analysis, thereby decreasing the self-interference of the pilot receive signal; and resuming transmission of the transmit signal. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the pilot transmit signal power is at least 15 dB less than the transmit signal power.",
-    "In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, there is provided systems and methods for monitoring performance of a processor to manage events. A processor includes one or more registers to store software-visible control bits, a first performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a first type of event in the processor from a first starting value to a first limit, and a second performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a second type of event in the processor from a second starting value to a second limit. The processor also includes control logic to receive an indication of the first performance counter reaching the first limit, access a reload enable bit, and send a control signal in view of the reload enable bit. The processor also includes reload logic to reset the second performance counter to a second reload value in response to receiving the control signal from the control logic. 1. A processor comprising: one or more registers to store software-visible control bits; a first performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a first type of event in the processor, wherein the first performance counter to increment from a first starting value to a first limit; a second performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a second type of event in the processor, wherein the second performance counter to increment from a second starting value to a second limit; control logic to receive an indication of the first performance counter reaching the first limit, access a reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits, and send a control signal in view of the reload enable bit; and reload logic to reset the second performance counter to a second reload value in response to receiving the control signal from the control logic. 2. The processor of claim 1, wherein in response to the control logic receiving a second indication of the second performance counter reaching the second limit, the control logic to access a second reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a second control signal in view of the second reload enable bit, and the reload logic to reset the first performance counter to a first reload value in response to receiving the second control signal from the control logic. 3. The processor of claim 2, wherein in response to the control logic receiving the indication, the control logic to access a third reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a third control signal in view of the third reload enable bit, the reload logic to reset the first performance counter to the first reload value in response to receiving the third control signal from the control logic, in response to the control logic receiving the second indication, the control logic to access a fourth reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a fourth control signal in view of the fourth reload enable bit, and the reload logic to reset the second performance counter to the second reload value in response to receiving the fourth control signal from the control logic. 4. The processor of claim 1 further comprises an event based sampling (EBS) component to generate an EBS record in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit, wherein the EBS record comprises architectural metadata defining a state of the processor at a time of generation of the EBS record. 5. The processor of claim 4, wherein the EBS component is an EBS handler comprising a memory storage to store the EBS record generated in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit, wherein the EBS handler is enabled via an EBS enable control to generate the EBS record in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit. 6. The processor of claim 1 further comprises an interrupt component to generate an interrupt in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit. 7. The processor of claim 6, wherein the interrupt component is enabled via an interrupt enable control to generate the interrupt in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit. 8. The processor of claim 1 further comprises: a first event select (ES) control programmed with a first identifier of the first type of event, wherein the first performance counter is enabled via the first ES control to increment upon occurrence of the first type of event; and a second ES control programmed with a second identifier of the second type of event, wherein the second performance counter is enabled via the second ES control to increment upon occurrence of the second type of event. 9. The processor of claim 1 further comprising one or more hardware registers to store a first reload value and the second reload value, wherein the first reload value is the first starting value and the second reload value is the second starting value. 10. The processor of claim 1, wherein the first performance counter and the second performance counter are both fixed performance counters. 11. The processor of claim 1, wherein a first counter of the first performance counter and the second performance counter is a fixed performance counter and a second counter of the first performance counter and the second performance counter is a general-purpose performance counter. 12. The processor of claim 3 further comprising: a first software-visible register with a first plurality of control bits, wherein the first software-visible register corresponds to the first performance counter, wherein the first plurality of control bits comprises: the reload enable bit; and a fifth reload enable bit, wherein in response to the control logic receiving the indication, the control logic to access the fifth reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a fifth control signal in view of the fifth reload enable bit, and the reload logic to reset a third performance counter to a third reload value in response to receiving the fifth control signal from the control logic; a second software-visible register with a second plurality of control bits, wherein the second software-visible register corresponds to the second performance counter, wherein the second plurality of control bits comprises: the second reload enable bit; and a sixth reload enable bit, wherein in response to the control logic receiving the second indication, the control logic to access the sixth reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a sixth control signal in view of the sixth reload enable bit, and the reload logic to reset the third performance counter to the third reload value in response to receiving the sixth control signal from the control logic. 13. A method comprising: incrementing a first value in a first performance counter upon occurrence of a first type of event in a processor, wherein the incrementing the first value is from a first starting value to a first limit; incrementing a second value in a second performance counter upon occurrence of a second type of event in the processor, wherein the incrementing the second value is from a second starting value to a second limit; receiving an indication of the first performance counter reaching the first limit; accessing a reload enable bit in view of the indication; sending a control signal in view of the reload enable bit; and resetting the second performance counter to a second reload value in response to the sending of the control signal. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: receiving a second indication of the second performance counter reaching the second limit; accessing a second reload enable bit in view of the second indication; sending a second control signal in view of the second reload enable bit; and resetting the first performance counter to a first reload value in response to the sending of the second control signal. 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising causing an event based sampling (EBS) component to generate and store an EBS record in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit, wherein the EBS record comprises an architectural metadata defining a state of the processor at a time of generation of the EBS record. 16. The method of claim 13 further comprising causing an interrupt component to generate an interrupt in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit. 17. A processor comprising: one or more registers to store software-visible control bits; a first performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a first type of event in the processor, wherein the first performance counter to increment from a first starting value to a first limit; a second performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a second type of event in the processor, wherein the second performance counter to increment from a second starting value to a second limit; a third performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a third type of event in the processor, wherein the third performance counter to increment from a third starting value to a third limit; control logic to receive an indication of the first performance counter reaching the first limit, access a first reload enable bit and a second reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits, send a first control signal in view of the first reload enable bit and a second control signal in view of the second reload enable bit; and reload logic to reset the second performance counter to a second reload value in response to receiving the first control signal from the control logic and reset the third performance counter to a third reload value in response to receiving the second control signal from the control logic. 18. The processor of claim 17, wherein: in response to the control logic receiving a second indication of the second performance counter reaching the second limit, the control logic to access a third reload enable bit and a fourth reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a third control signal in view of the third reload enable bit and a fourth control signal in view of the fourth reload enable bit, the reload logic to reset the first performance counter to a first reload value in response to receiving the third control signal from the control logic and reset the third performance counter to a third reload value in response to receiving the fourth control signal from the control logic, in response to the control logic receiving a third indication of the third performance counter reaching the third limit, the control logic to access a fifth reload enable bit and a sixth reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a fifth control signal in view of the fifth reload enable bit and a sixth control signal in view of the sixth reload enable bit, and the reload logic to reset the first performance counter to a first reload value in response to receiving the fifth control signal from the control logic and reset the second performance counter to a second reload value in response to receiving the sixth control signal from the control logic. 19. The processor of claim 17 further comprises an EBS component to generate an EBS record in response to at least one of the second performance counter reaching the second limit or the third performance counter reaching the third limit, wherein the EBS record comprises architectural metadata defining a state of the processor at a time of generation of the EBS record. 20. The processor of claim 17 further comprises an interrupt component to generate an interrupt in response to at least one of the second performance counter reaching the second limit or the third performance counter reaching the third limit. 21. A system on a chip (SoC) comprising: a plurality of processors; a memory device; one or more registers to store software-visible control bits; one or more hardware registers to store a first reload value and a second reload value; a first performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a first type of event in a processor of the plurality of processors, wherein the first performance counter to increment from a first starting value to a first limit; a second performance counter to increment upon occurrence of a second type of event in the processor, wherein the second performance counter to increment from a second starting value to a second limit; control logic to receive an indication of the first performance counter reaching the first limit, access a reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits, and send a control signal in view of the reload enable bit; and reload logic to reset the second performance counter to the second reload value in response to receiving the control signal from the control logic. 22. The SoC of claim 21, wherein in response to the control logic receiving a second indication of the second performance counter reaching the second limit, the control logic to access a second reload enable bit of the software-visible control bits and send a second control signal in view of the second reload enable bit, and the reload logic to reset the first performance counter to a first reload value in response to receiving the second control signal from the control logic. 23. The SoC of claim 21 further comprises an EBS component to generate an EBS record in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit, wherein the EBS record comprises architectural metadata defining a state of the processor at a time of generation of the EBS record. 24. The SoC of claim 21 further comprises an interrupt component to generate an interrupt in response to the second performance counter reaching the second limit.",
-    "A snowmobile accessory that includes two buoyant front skis and two buoyant rear floats to mount under foot boards or running boards. A user with a snowmobile may simply mount the kit to a snowmobile for use when crossing bodies of water dry land, snow & ice. The present invention may be mounted in less than 30 minutes. 1. A snowmobile flotation system comprising: a pair of snowmobile flotation assemblies comprising a right-snowmobile-assembly and a left-snowmobile-assembly, each of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly comprising; a stern; a bow; a chine; a gunwale; at least one cross-wise-thwart; and at least one length-wise-thwart, wherein each of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assemblies are removeably attached to a respective ski mount of a snowmobile; wherein each of said at least one cross-wise-thwart and said at least one length-wise-thwart are configured to form at least a portion of a box structure defining a respective inner volume that accommodates said respective ski mount of said snowmobile that is removably attached therein. 2. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein said pair of snowmobile flotation assemblies comprises wood. 3. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein said pair of snowmobile flotation assemblies comprises plastic. 4. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein each of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly comprises exactly three of said cross-wise-thwarts. 5. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein each of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly comprises exactly two of said length-wise-thwarts. 6. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein two of said cross-wise-thwarts are located perpendicularly to two of said length-wise-thwarts. 7. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein said stern is oriented behind said bow when used, such that said bow traverses over a surface of a body of water and also transverses over dry land, snow, and ice. 8. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 7, wherein said stern is located underneath respective handlebars on said snowmobile. 9. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 5, wherein said cross-wise-thwart comprising a front position comprises a triangular shape with an apex. 10. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 9, wherein said apex is located adjacent an intersection of said chine and said gunwale. 11. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein a second and a third said cross-wise-thwart each have a pentagon shape. 12. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein said stern has a pentagon shape. 13. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 1, wherein a density of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly is less than 1 g/cm3. 14. The snowmobile flotation system of claim 13, wherein said density of 1 g/cm3 provides that said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly is able to effectively float. 15-16. (canceled) 17. A snowmobile flotation system comprising: a pair of snowmobile flotation assemblies comprising a right-snowmobile-assembly and a left-snowmobile-assembly, each of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly comprising: a stern; a bow; a gunwale; at least one cross-wise-thwart; at least one length-wise-thwart; and two buoyant rear floats; wherein said cross-wise-thwart comprising a front position comprises a triangular shape with an apex; wherein said apex is located adjacent to said chine and said gunwale; wherein each of said right-snowmobile-assembly and said left-snowmobile-assembly are removably attached to a respective ski mount of a snowmobile; wherein said stern is located underneath respective running boards on said snowmobile; wherein each of said at least one cross-wise-thwart and said at least one length-wise-thwart are configured to form a portion of a box structure defining a respective inner volume accommodating said respective ski mount of said snowmobile that is removably attached therein; and wherein said two buoyant rear floats support a rear portion of said snowmobile from underneath footboards. 18. A kit including: a right-snowmobile-assembly; a left-snowmobile-assembly; bouyant rear floats; and a set of user instructions. 19-20. (canceled)",
-    "A system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from a surface using time intervals, size and velocity, and using an analysis processor with a data storage containing a bubble flow classification and bubble flow categories. The data storage receives at least one of: video feed, logging while drilling data feed, seismic profile data feed, drilling parameter data feed, measurement while drilling data feed, sonar data feed, hydrographic data feed and a laser data feed to verify a determined bubble flow category and bubble flow classification as a baseline bubble flow classification and provides an alarm when a bubble flow emergency is ascertained due to a change in bubble flow classification without an anticipated change or changes outside predefined acceptable limits within the video feed, logging while drilling data feed, seismic profile data feed, drilling parameter data feed, measurement while drilling data feed, sonar data feed, hydrographic data feed and a laser data feed. 1. A system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from a surface, wherein the system comprises: a. a data feed from a data capture device; b. an analysis processor connected to a network for receiving the data feed; c. a storage connected to the analysis processor, wherein the storage is a non-transitory computer readable medium; d. computer instructions in the storage to receive a first bubble observed time inputted into the analysis processor when a first bubble is observed to flow from the surface; e. computer instructions in the storage to receive the data feed in the analysis processor; and f. computer instructions in the storage for comparing the data feed during a first time interval from the first bubble observed time to a plurality of bubble flow categories in the storage. 2. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the plurality of bubble flow categories comprise a plurality of bubble time intervals, a plurality of bubble sizes and a plurality of bubble velocities. 3. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, further comprising computer instructions in the storage for identifying a bubble flow classification from a bubble flow classification in the storage that most closely matches the data feed during the first time interval, wherein the bubble flow classification in the storage comprises a plurality of bubble flow classifications of bubble flow from the surface. 4. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 3 further comprising: computer instructions in the storage for designating the bubble flow classification as a baseline bubble flow classification for the surface. 5. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 4 further comprising: computer instructions in the storage for comparing the data feed during a subsequent time interval from a subsequent first bubble observed time to the plurality of bubble flow categories, identifying a subsequent bubble flow classification from the bubble flow classification in the storage that most closely matches the data feed during the subsequent time interval; and computer instructions in the storage for comparing the subsequent bubble flow classification from the subsequent time period to the baseline bubble flow classification. 6. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 5, wherein the computer instructions designate the subsequent bubble flow classification as the baseline bubble flow classification and generate an alert if the baseline bubble flow classification is different. 7. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 5, wherein the computer instructions designate the subsequent bubble flow classification as the baseline bubble flow classification and generate an informational message if the baseline bubble flow classification is the same. 8. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the data feed comprises one or more of: a video feed, a seismic profile data feed, a logging while drilling data feed, a drilling parameters data feed, a measurement while drilling data feed, a sonar data feed, a hydrographic data feed and a laser data feed to determine if anticipated changes or changes within predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed. 9. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 5, wherein the data feed comprises one or more of: a video feed, a seismic profile data feed, a logging while drilling data feed, a drilling parameter data feed, a measurement while drilling data feed, a sonar data feed, a hydrographic data feed and a laser data feed to determine if anticipated changes or changes within predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed. 10. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 9, wherein the data feed comprises a video feed to determine if anticipated changes or changes within predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed. 11. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 9, wherein the data feed comprises a sonar data feed to determine if anticipated changes or changes within predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed. 12. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 9, wherein the data feed comprises a hydrographic data feed to determine if anticipated changes or changes within predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed. 13. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 9, wherein the data feed comprises a laser data feed to determine if anticipated changes or changes within predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed. 14. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 5 further comprising computer instructions in the storage for forming an alarm when the subsequent bubble flow classification differs from the baseline bubble flow classification and no anticipated changes or changes outside of predefined acceptable limits have occurred in the data feed according to one or more of: the video feed, the seismic profile data feed, the logging while drilling data feed, the drilling parameter data feed, the measurement while drilling data feed, the sonar data feed, the hydrographic data feed and the laser data feed. 15. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 14 further comprising computer instructions in the storage for transmitting the alarm to the network and to a client device in communication with the network for immediate action. 16. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 9, wherein the analysis processor receives one or more of: a. the data feed from the data capture device using the network; b. the logging while drilling data feed provided from a logging while drilling server using the network; c. the seismic profile data feed provided from a seismic server using the network; d. the drilling parameter data feed provided from a drilling server using the network; e. the measurement while drilling data feed provided from a measurement while drilling server using the network f. the sonar data feed provided from a sonar server using the network; g. the hydrographic data feed from a hydrographic server using the network; h. the laser data feed from a laser server using the network; and i. any combination thereof. 17. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the plurality of bubble flow classifications are characterized by the combination of the plurality of bubble flow categories: a. a time interval; b. a bubble size; and c. a velocity. 18. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1 further comprising: an analysis data storage connected to the analysis processor, wherein the analysis data storage is a non-transitory computer readable medium; and computer instructions in the storage for storing the data feed in the analysis data storage. 19. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, comprising a power supply connected to the data capture device. 20. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, comprising a client device in communication with the network, wherein each client device is one or more of: a laptop, a computer, a computer board, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant, or a remote monitoring device with a display for presenting the status of the surface to an observer or a user. 21. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, further comprising computer instructions in the storage for creating a time stamp for the data feed. 22. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises a portion of a natural, man-made feature or combinations thereof. 23. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the surface comprises a portion of a seabed, subsea infrastructure and combinations thereof, wherein the subsea infrastructure is a flow line, pipeline or a well head. 24. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the data capture device is at least one of: a video capture device, a sonar capture device, a hydrographic capture device, a laser scanning capture device; and any combination thereof. 25. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the data capture device is a sonar capture device. 26. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the data capture device is a hydrographic capture device. 27. The system for monitoring for gas and oil flow venting from the surface of claim 1, wherein the data capture device is a laser capture device.",
-    "A motion sensor package with an elastomer layer that encases the sensor electronics, including the sensors, a processor, an antenna, and a battery. The elastomer layer may provide shock isolation and water resistance to protect the enclosed electronics. Embodiments may also include an outer housing into which the elastomer encased package is installed. The outer housing may for example comprise two cylindrical sections that screw together to close the outer housing. In one or more embodiments part of the outer housing may be integrated into an item of sports equipment. Embodiments for golf may also include a golf club grip adapter that is inserted into the top of a grip, and which attaches to the outer housing containing the elastomer enclosed sensor package. 1. An elastomer encased motion sensor package comprising electronic components comprising one or more motion sensors, each configured to measure one or more of a position, an orientation, a linear velocity, an angular velocity, a linear acceleration, or an angular acceleration; a processor coupled to said one or more motion sensors; a wireless antenna coupled to said processor; a battery coupled to said processor; a layer of elastomer encasing said electronic components, wherein said layer of elastomer is configured to provide shock isolation for said electronic components; and, provide a water resistant barrier around said electronic components. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said layer of elastomer comprises one or more of silicone, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and polyurethane. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said elastomer encased motion sensor package has a size and shape that matches a component of an item of sports equipment; said component of said item of sports equipment can be replaced by said elastomer encased motion sensor package without limiting the functionality of said item of sports equipment. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein said component of said piece of sports equipment is a riser pad of a skateboard. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising an outer housing that surrounds said layer of elastomer and said electronic components, said outer housing comprising a receiver portion having a cavity into which said layer of elastomer and electronic components are placed; a lid portion configured to be detachably coupled to said receiver portion, thereby closing said outer housing; wherein said outer housing surrounds an entire outer surface of said elastomer layer when said outer housing is closed. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein said receiver portion is shaped substantially as a right circular cylinder with a closed bottom end and an open top end, having receiver threads along a portion of its inner circular surface or its outer circular surface; said lid portion is shaped substantially as a right circular cylinder with an open bottom end and a closed top end, having lid threads along a portion of its inner circular surface or its outer circular surface; wherein said lid threads mate with said receiver threads to close said outer housing. 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising an installation and removal tool that can be detachably coupled to said lid portion, wherein a user turns said installation and removal tool to screw said lid portion onto or off of said receiver portion. 8. The system of claim 5, wherein said receiver portion is configured to be installed into a hole that exists in or that can be created in said item of sports equipment. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said item of sports equipment is a surfboard; said hole is a cavity in said surfboard; said lid portion is substantially flush with an upper surface of said surfboard when said outer housing is closed. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein said item of sports equipment is a baseball bat; said hole is a cavity in the knob of said baseball bat. 11. The system of claim 5, wherein said receiver portion is integrated into an item of sports equipment. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a dummy weight having a mass substantially equal to a mass of said layer of elastomer and said electronic components; wherein said dummy weight can be detachably placed into said receiver portion instead of said layer of elastomer and said electronic components; said lid portion can to be detachably coupled to said receiver portion when said dummy weight is placed in said receiver portion, thereby closing said outer housing. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said receiver portion is integrated into a tip of a baseball bat. 14. The system of claim 5, further comprising a golf club grip adapter comprising a tube configured to be inserted through the top surface of a grip of a golf club, having a threaded inner surface; a flange coupled to a top edge of said tube, and configured to rest on said top surface of said grip of said golf club when said tube is inserted through said top surface of said grip of said golf club; a threaded protrusion coupled to said receiver portion and configured to mate with said threaded inner surface to detachably couple said receiver portion to said golf club grip adapter.",
-    "A multi-chargeable and multi-functional energy storage case for intelligent, automatic, and simultaneous wireless charging of multiple electronic devices. The energy storage device utilizes the best in battery technology to maximize the usefulness of electronic devices and it can be charged in a variety of ways. It can be charged via traditional alternating current (AC), via direct current (DC) as from a cigarette lighter receptacle in an automobile, from attached solar panels, or wirelessly via inductive charging spots that are beginning to appear in coffee shops and restaurants throughout the country. In addition, the case is multi-functional. The device is capable of organizing, storing, docking, wirelessly charging multiple electronic devices, and is equipped with security sensors for the security of electronic devices. The onboard intelligent power management system automatically identifies and delivers optimal power load to multiple electronic devices simultaneously according to industry standards. 1. A device comprising of an intelligent wireless charging system for automatic and simultaneous charging of multiple electronic devices; a. said device possessing a processor programmed to aggregate power from the wired charging port, the internal battery, the solar panel, and the wireless power transmitting unit(s), and intelligently detect charging protocols and distribute the power to one or more devices; b. said device possessing a wireless power transmitting unit(s); c. said device compatible with charging protocols and standards set by chip makers such as, but not limited to, those in the Airfuel Alliance; d. said device enables charging while certain electronics products are in use; e. said device possesses capability of charging even larger electronics such as a laptop that demand greater energy; f. said device containing a plurality of storage compartments automatically charging one or electronic devices. 2. (canceled) 3. A device that aggregates and stores energy from multiple sources; a. said device may aggregate and store energy from AC line, DC input, wired charging port(s), such as USB 3.1 Thunderbolt, solar, piezo, capacitive, or inductively coupled sources; b. said device containing a large capacity internal battery; c. said device where in some embodiments the internal battery is replaceable; d. said device containing solar panel capable of harvesting energy(s); e. said device containing a wireless power receiving unit(s). 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. A multi-functional device capable of securing, organizing, charging, storing, and docking electronic devices; a. said device in that incorporates security features such as an accelerometer, Bluetooth, GPS, and/or proximity sensors that connect to an application; b. said device contains a plurality of storage compartments capable of storing, organizing, carrying, charging, and docking multiple electronic devices; c. said device functions as a stand for electronic devices. 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled)",
-    "A method, computer program product, and computing system for defining at least one legal task description. The at least one legal task description is provided to one or more lawyers for a pricing evaluation. A fee estimate is received concerning the at least one legal task description from each of the one or more lawyers. A user is enabled to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers. 1. A computer-implemented method, executed on a computing device, comprising: defining at least one legal task description; providing the at least one legal task description to one or more lawyers for a pricing evaluation; receiving a fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description from each of the one or more lawyers; and enabling a user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein enabling the user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers includes: receiving search criteria concerning a potential legal services engagement for the user. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 wherein enabling the user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers further includes: comparing the search criteria to a plurality of lawyer profiles to generate a result set, wherein each lawyer profile included within the result set includes the fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 wherein the search criteria identifies a particular area of the law. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 wherein the fee estimate concerns the particular area of the law. 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 further comprising: requesting that each of the one or more lawyers provide the fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description. 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein the at least one legal task description concerns a specific task within a particular area of law. 8. A computer program product residing on a computer readable medium having a plurality of instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: defining at least one legal task description; providing the at least one legal task description to one or more lawyers for a pricing evaluation; receiving a fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description from each of the one or more lawyers; and enabling a user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers. 9. The computer program product of claim 8 wherein enabling the user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers includes: receiving search criteria concerning a potential legal services engagement for the user. 10. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein enabling the user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers further includes: comparing the search criteria to a plurality of lawyer profiles to generate a result set, wherein each lawyer profile included within the result set includes the fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description. 11. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein the search criteria identifies a particular area of the law. 12. The computer program product of claim 9 wherein the fee estimate concerns the particular area of the law. 13. The computer program product of claim 8 further comprising instructions for: requesting that each of the one or more lawyers provide the fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description. 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 8 wherein the at least one legal task description concerns a specific task within a particular area of law. 15. A computing system including a processor and memory configured to perform operations comprising: defining at least one legal task description; providing the at least one legal task description to one or more lawyers for a pricing evaluation; receiving a fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description from each of the one or more lawyers; and enabling a user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers. 16. The computing system of claim 14 wherein enabling the user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers includes: receiving search criteria concerning a potential legal services engagement for the user. 17. The computing system of claim 16 wherein enabling the user to compare the one or more lawyers based, at least in part, upon the fee estimate provide by each of the one or more lawyers further includes: comparing the search criteria to a plurality of lawyer profiles to generate a result set, wherein each lawyer profile included within the result set includes the fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description. 18. The computing system of claim 16 wherein the search criteria identifies a particular area of the law. 19. The computing system of claim 16 wherein the fee estimate concerns the particular area of the law. 20. The computing system of claim 15 further configured to perform operations comprising: requesting that each of the one or more lawyers provide the fee estimate concerning the at least one legal task description. 21. The computer-implemented method of claim 15 wherein the at least one legal task description concerns a specific task within a particular area of law.",
-    "Administration of Glufosfamide alone and in combination with another anticancer agent is useful for the treatment of gall bladder cancer. 1. A method of improving prognosis of a human patient who has gall bladder cancer, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of glufosfamide. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutically effective amount of glufosfamide is administered for one or more dosage cycles, each cycle comprising an infusion of glufosfamide in the range of: a) about 1.5 to about 8.0 g/m2; about 1.5 to about 6.0 g/m2; about 1.5 to about 4.5 g/m2; about 4.5 to about 8.0 g/m2; about 4.5 to about 6.0 g/m2; or about 4.5 to about 5.0 g/m2 over an infusion period of 1-6 hours once every three weeks; b) about 1.5 to about 3.0 g/m2 or about 1.5 to about 2.0 g/m2 over an infusion period of 1-6 hours for three consecutive days (days 1, 2 and 3) every three weeks; c) about 1.5 to about 2.0 g/m2 over an infusion period of 1-6 hours once per week; or d) about 1.5 to about 8.0 g/m2; about 1.5 to about 6.0 g/m2; or about 1.5 to about 4.5 g/m2 over an infusion period of 1-6 hours once every four weeks. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the therapeutically effective amount of glufosfamide is administered for one or more dosage cycles, each cycle comprising an infusion of glufosfamide in the range of about 4.5 to about 6.0 g/m2 over an infusion period of 6 hours once every three weeks. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the gall bladder cancer treated is relapsed gall bladder cancer. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering an anticancer agent other than glufosfamide. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the glufosfamide is administered as a monotherapy. 7. A method of treating gall bladder cancer in a human patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of glufosfamide, optionally in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent other than gemcitabine. 8. A second line therapy for treating gall bladder cancer in a patient, wherein the cancer has previously failed treatment with one or more other chemotherapeutic agents, the therapy comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of glufosfamide. 9. The therapy of claim 8, wherein the gall bladder cancer in the patient was previously unresponsive to therapy with gemcitabine. 10. The therapy of claim 8, wherein the gall bladder cancer has relapsed in the patient after previous therapy with gemcitabine. 11. The therapy of claim 8, wherein the gall bladder cancer in the patient has not responded to three prior chemotherapy regimens. 12. The therapy of claim 8, wherein the gall bladder cancer in the patient is refractory to fluorouracil, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. 13. The therapy of claim 8, wherein the glufosfamide is administered as a monotherapy. 14. A method of treating gall bladder cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutic dose of glufosfamide in one or more dosage cycles, each cycle comprising an infusion of glufosfamide of at least about 6.0 g/m2.",
-    "Methods and systems are described herein for a media guidance application that allows users to associate media assets with physical objects in an augmented reality environment. Specifically, the media guidance application may recognize physical objects in an augmented reality environment and allow users to identify media assets to associate with the physical objects. 1. A method for associating media content with physical world objects, the method comprising: storing a digital description of a physical object in an augmented reality environment of a user; receiving a user input, from the user, assigning a media asset to the physical object; and after receiving the user input assigning the media asset to the physical object: detecting the physical object in the augmented reality environment by comparing digital descriptions of physical objects in the augmented reality environment to the digital description of the physical object; and in response to detecting the physical object in the augmented reality environment, automatically causing the media asset to be presented. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital description of the physical object is created using image segmentation and edge detection on an image of the physical object. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital description of the physical object is created using blob detection on an image of the physical object. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital description of the physical object is an alphanumeric value describing the shape and color of the physical object. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the augmented reality environment is a real-world physical environment supplemented by computer-generated sensory inputs. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the user initially identifies the physical object by performing a hand gesture over the physical object. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the user input assigning the media asset to the physical object is a voice input identifying the media asset. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the user input assigning the media asset to the physical object includes hand gestures navigating to the media asset. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein storing the digital description of a physical object in the augmented reality environment comprises: creating an object identifier associated with the physical object; storing the object identifier and the digital description in a first database listing object identifiers, each corresponding to a digital description. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising storing a media asset identifier associated with the media asset and the object identifier in a second database listing object identifiers, each corresponding to a media asset. 11. A system for associating media content with physical world objects, the system comprising: storage circuitry configured to store a digital description of a physical object in an augmented reality environment of a user; and control circuitry configured to: receive a user input, from the user, assigning a media asset to the physical object; and after receiving the user input assigning the media asset to the physical object: detect the physical object in the augmented reality environment by comparing digital descriptions of physical objects in the augmented reality environment to the digital description of the physical object; and in response to detecting the physical object in the augmented reality environment, automatically cause the media asset to be presented. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the digital description of the physical object is created using image segmentation and edge detection on an image of the physical object. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the digital description of the physical object is created using blob detection on an image of the physical object. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the digital description of the physical object is an alphanumeric value describing the shape and color of the physical object. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the augmented reality environment is a real-world physical environment supplemented by computer-generated sensory inputs. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the user initially identifies the physical object by performing a hand gesture over the physical object. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the user input assigning the media asset to the physical object is a voice input identifying the media asset. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the user input assigning the media asset to the physical object includes hand gestures navigating to the media asset. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is further configured, when storing the digital description of a physical object in the augmented reality environment, to create an object identifier associated with the physical object; and wherein the storage circuitry is further configured to store the object identifier and the digital description in a first database listing object identifiers, each corresponding to a digital description. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein storage circuitry is further configured to store a media asset identifier associated with the media asset and the object identifier in a second database listing object identifiers, each corresponding to a media asset. 21-50. (canceled)",
-    "In some embodiments, a method can comprise accessing one or more neighborhood data structures, at least a portion of the one or more neighborhood data structures are active. In many embodiments, the one or more neighborhood data structures each comprise a label comprising a record identifier, the record identifier corresponding to a specified record of the one or more records, a neighborhood comprising a list of record identifiers for other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records by a pairwise link, and a message for each of the other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records, the message comprising the label and an activity state indicator, the activity state indicator indicating if the neighborhood data structure is active. Other embodiments of related methods and systems are also provided. 1. A system comprising: one or more processing modules; and one or more non-transitory storage modules storing computing instructions configured to run on the one or more processing modules and perform the acts of: accessing one or more neighborhood data structures, at least a portion of the one or more neighborhood data structures are active, and the one or more neighborhood data structures each comprise: a label comprising a record identifier, the record identifier corresponding to a specified record of the one or more records; a neighborhood comprising a list of record identifiers for other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records by a pairwise link; and a message for each of the other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records, the message comprising the label and an activity state indicator, the activity state indicator indicating if the neighborhood data structure is active; grouping one of the one or more neighborhood data structures and the message the one of the one or more neighborhood data structure by the record identifier of the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures; setting the label for the one of the one or more neighborhood data structure in the group to a minimum record identifier; and removing the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures from the one or more neighborhood data structures that are active when the minimum record identifier for the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures is the record identifier for the specified record of a particular neighborhood data structure of the one or more neighborhood data structures. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: removing the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures from the one or more neighborhood data structures that are active by setting the activity state indicator to indicate that the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures is not active 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising: performing the acts for one or more iterations over the one or more records until a stop condition is satisfied. 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising: writing out the label for each neighborhood data structure of the one or more neighborhood data structures. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein: the stop condition indicates a specified maximum number of the one or more iterations to perform. 6. The system of claim 3, wherein: the stop condition is based at least in part on detecting that no neighborhood data structures of the one or more of neighborhood data structures are active. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein: the minimum record identifier is based at least in part on a lexicographical order associated with the record identifiers. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: one or more of the one or more records is associated with a retail purchase transaction. 9. A method comprising: accessing one or more neighborhood data structures, at least a portion of the one or more neighborhood data structures are active, and the one or more neighborhood data structures each comprise: a label comprising a record identifier, the record identifier corresponding to a specified record of the one or more records; a neighborhood comprising a list of record identifiers for other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records by a pairwise link; and a message for each of the other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records, the message comprising the label and an activity state indicator, the activity state indicator indicating if the neighborhood data structure is active; grouping one of the one or more neighborhood data structures and the message the one of the one or more neighborhood data structure by the record identifier of the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures; setting the label for the one of the one or more neighborhood data structure in the group to a minimum record identifier; and removing the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures from the one or more neighborhood data structures that are active when the minimum record identifier for the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures is the record identifier for the specified record of a particular neighborhood data structure of the one or more neighborhood data structures. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein: removing the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures from the one or more neighborhood data structures that are active by setting the activity state indicator to indicate that the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures is not active 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: performing the acts for one or more iterations over the one or more records until a stop condition is satisfied. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: writing out the label for each neighborhood data structure of the one or more neighborhood data structures. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein: the stop condition indicates a specified maximum number of the one or more iterations to perform. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein: the stop condition is based at least in part on detecting that no neighborhood data structures of the one or more of neighborhood data structures are active. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein: the minimum record identifier is based at least in part on a lexicographical order associated with the record identifiers. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein: one or more of the one or more records is associated with a retail purchase transaction. 17. A computer program product comprising one or more computer storage devices having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that, when executed at a processor, perform a method comprising: accessing one or more neighborhood data structures, at least a portion of the one or more neighborhood data structures are active, and the one or more neighborhood data structures each comprise: a label comprising a record identifier, the record identifier corresponding to a specified record of the one or more records; a neighborhood comprising a list of record identifiers for other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records by a pairwise link; and a message for each of the other records linked to the specified record of the one or more records, the message comprising the label and an activity state indicator, the activity state indicator indicating if the neighborhood data structure is active; grouping one of the one or more neighborhood data structures and the message the one of the one or more neighborhood data structure by the record identifier of the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures; setting the label for the one of the one or more neighborhood data structure in the group to a minimum record identifier; and removing the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures from the one or more neighborhood data structures that are active when the minimum record identifier for the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures is the record identifier for the specified record of a particular neighborhood data structure of the one or more neighborhood data structures. 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein: removing the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures from the one or more neighborhood data structures that are active by setting the activity state indicator to indicate that the one of the one or more neighborhood data structures is not active 19. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein: the computer-executable instructions that, when executed at the processor, perform a method further comprising: performing the acts for one or more iterations over the one or more records until a stop condition is satisfied. 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein: the stop condition is based at least in part on detecting that no neighborhood data structures of the one or more of neighborhood data structures are active.",
-    "A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device is disclosed. The method includes forming a film on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, wherein the cycle includes non-simultaneously performing: supplying a precursor gas to the substrate in a process chamber; exhausting the precursor gas in the process chamber through an exhaust system; confining a reaction gas, which differs in chemical structure from the precursor gas, in the process chamber by supplying the reaction gas to the substrate in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed; and exhausting the reaction gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system while the exhaust system is opened. 1. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a film on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including non-simultaneously performing: (a) supplying a precursor gas to the substrate in a process chamber; (b) exhausting the precursor gas in the process chamber through an exhaust system; (c) confining a reaction gas, which differs in chemical structure from the precursor gas, in the process chamber by supplying the reaction gas to the substrate in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed; and (d) exhausting the reaction gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system while the exhaust system is opened, and wherein, in the act of (c), the reaction gas is allowed to preliminarily flow through the process chamber while the exhaust system is opened, and the reaction gas is then supplied into and confined in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the act of (c), an exhaust flow path of the exhaust system is fully closed. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the act of (c), an exhaust flow path opening/closing unit installed in the exhaust system is fully closed. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the act of (c), the reaction gas is continuously supplied into the process chamber. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the act of (c), an internal pressure of the process chamber is continuously increased. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a target internal pressure of the process chamber in the act of (c) is set to be higher than a target internal pressure of the process chamber in the act of (a). 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an opening degree of an exhaust flow path of the exhaust system in the act of (c) is set to be smaller than an opening degree of the exhaust flow path in the act of (a). 8. The method of claim 1, wherein an opening degree of an exhaust flow path opening/closing unit installed in the exhaust system in the act of (c) is set to be smaller than an opening degree of the exhaust flow path opening/closing unit in the act of (a). 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction gas comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of a nitrogen-containing gas, a carbon-containing gas, a nitrogen- and carbon-containing gas, a boron-containing gas, and a boron-, nitrogen- and carbon-containing gas. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction gas comprises a hydrogen nitride-based gas. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction gas comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of an ammonia gas, a hydrazine gas, and a diazene gas. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction gas comprises at least one selected from a group consisting of an amine-based gas and an organic hydrazine-based gas. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cycle is performed the predetermined number of times under a non-plasma condition. 14. A substrate processing apparatus, comprising: a process chamber configured to accommodate a substrate; a precursor gas supply system configured to supply a precursor gas into the process chamber; a reaction gas supply system configured to supply a reaction gas, which differs in chemical structure from the precursor gas, into the process chamber; an exhaust system configured to evacuate an interior of the process chamber; and a control unit configured to control the precursor gas supply system, the reaction gas supply system, and the exhaust system so as to perform a process of forming a film on the substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including non-simultaneously performing: (a) supplying the precursor gas to the substrate in the process chamber; (b) exhausting the precursor gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system; (c) confining the reaction gas in the process chamber by supplying the reaction gas to the substrate in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed; and (d) exhausting the reaction gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system while the exhaust system is opened, and wherein, in the act of (c), the reaction gas is allowed to preliminarily flow through the process chamber while the exhaust system is opened, and the reaction gas is then supplied into and confined in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a program that causes a computer to perform a process of forming a film on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including non-simultaneously performing: (a) supplying a precursor gas to the substrate in a process chamber; (b) exhausting the precursor gas in the process chamber through an exhaust system; (c) confining a reaction gas, which differs in chemical structure from the precursor gas, in the process chamber by supplying the reaction gas to the substrate in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed; and (d) exhausting the reaction gas in the process chamber through the exhaust system while the exhaust system is opened, and wherein, in the act of (c), the reaction gas is allowed to preliminarily flow through the process chamber while the exhaust system is opened, and the reaction gas is then supplied into and confined in the process chamber while the exhaust system is closed.",
-    "Provided is a gastric cancer cell line derived from a mouse deficient in E-cadherin and p53, and a use thereof. The E-cadherin- and p53-deficient, murine-derived gastric cancer cell line of the present invention was confirmed to have histopathological characteristics similar to those of human gastric cancer, have an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and an activated \u03b2-catenin pathway, and promote cancer growth in vivo due to potential of carcinogenesis, and thus the gastric cancer cell line of the present invention can be effectively used for the evaluation of the activity of new anticancer drugs and the development of metastasis inhibitors. 1. A gastric cancer cell line deficient in E-cadherin and p53. 2. The gastric cancer cell line of claim 1, wherein the gastric cancer cell line is derived from a mouse. 3. The gastric cancer cell line of claim 1, wherein the gastric cancer cell line is Korean Cell Line Bank Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00320. 4. The gastric cancer cell line of claim 1, wherein the gastric cancer cell line is Korean Cell Line Bank Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00321. 5. The gastric cancer cell line of claim 1, wherein the gastric cancer cell line is isolated from gastric adenocarcinoma naturally formed in Pdx1-cre, Trp53F/F, and Cdh1F/F mice. 6. The gastric cancer cell line of claim 4, wherein the gastric cancer cell line with Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00321 is isolated from a pulmonary metastasis product of heterotopic allografts of the gastric cancer cell line with Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00320. 7. The gastric cancer cell line of claim 4, wherein the gastric cancer cell line with Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00321 has a phenotype of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), overexpressed vimentin, and an activated Wnt/\u03b2-catenin pathway. 8. A method for evaluating the efficacies of candidate therapeutic agents for treating gastric cancer, comprising: (a) treating at least one type of a gastric cancer cell line selected from the group consisting of a gastric cancer cell line with Korean Cell Line Bank Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00320 and a gastric cancer cell line with Korean Cell Line Bank Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00321 with a candidate therapeutic agent for treating gastric cancer and/or a candidate metastasis inhibitor of gastric cancer; and (b) measuring the level of inhibition of gastric cancer cells in step (a) and/or the level of inhibition of metastasis of gastric cancer. 9. A method for evaluating the safety of an immunotherapy, comprising: (a) treating at least one type of a gastric cancer cell line selected from the group consisting of the gastric cancer cell line with Korean Cell Line Bank Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00320 and the gastric cancer cell line with Korean Cell Line Bank Accession No. KCLRF-BP-00321 with a candidate therapeutic agent for treating gastric cancer and/or a candidate metastasis inhibitor of gastric cancer; and (b) measuring the safety of the immunotherapy on gastric cancer cells in step (a).",
-    "There is provided an image processing apparatus that includes an ambient-light image obtaining section, a cumulative image generation section, and a high-quality image generation section. The ambient-light image obtaining section obtains an ambient-light image in a first time range, the ambient-light image being an image of an object captured with a predetermined exposure time. The cumulative image generation section generates a cumulative image in a second time range, the cumulative image being obtained by cumulative addition of each pixel value in a plurality of images, the plurality of images being of the object sequentially captured with the predetermined exposure time. The high-quality image generation section generates a high-quality image, the high-quality image being obtained by subtracting a pixel value in the ambient-light image from a corresponding pixel value in a normalized image, the normalized image being the cumulative image normalized based on a total sum of the exposure time. 1. An imaging system, comprising: a lighting unit; an image capturing unit configured to capture at least two images of an object captured at different times; and an image processing unit configured to process the at least two images from the image capturing unit, wherein the image processing unit includes a combining unit configured to add and combine the at least two images based on a first predetermined ratio. 2. The imaging system according to claim 1, further comprising a light turning-off detection unit configured to determine whether or not the lighting unit is turned off, the lighting unit being a light source different from a light source from which light is initially emitted for illumination of the object, wherein when the lighting unit is determined as being turned off, the image is captured. 3. The imaging system according to claim 2, wherein the lighting unit is turned on during imaging in a time range after the image is captured. 4. The imaging system according to claim 3, wherein the lighting unit is held by a user, and is moved in an arc. 5. The imaging system according to claim 1, further comprising an image generation unit configured to generate one or more cumulative images by performing cumulative addition of a plurality of images of the object captured in a time range, the cumulative addition being performed by classifying the plurality of images by direction based on information specifying toward which directions the lighting unit emits light, and a high-quality image generation unit configured to generate another high-quality image by combining a plurality of high-quality images based on a second predetermined ratio, wherein each of the plurality of high-quality images being obtained by subtracting a pixel value in an image from a corresponding pixel value in a normalized image, the normalized image being each of the one or more cumulative images classified by direction and normalized based on the total sum of the exposure time. 6. The imaging system according to claim 5, further comprising a display unit configured to produce an image display, wherein the display unit is configured to display a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for specifying the second predetermined ratio of combining the plurality of high-quality images. 7. The imaging system according to claim 5, wherein the image generation unit is configured to divide the time range into a plurality of short time ranges, and perform the cumulative addition of the plurality of images of the object captured in the time range by classifying the plurality of images by the short time range, and the high-quality image generation unit is configured to generate another high-quality image by combining the plurality of high-quality images at the second predetermined ratio, each of the plurality of high-quality images being obtained by subtracting the pixel value in the image from the corresponding pixel value in another normalized image, the other normalized image being each of the cumulative images classified by the short time range and normalized based on the total sum of the exposure time. 8. The imaging system according to claim 7, further comprising a display unit configured to produce an image display, wherein the display unit is configured to display a GUI for specifying the second predetermined ratio of combining the plurality of high-quality images. 9. The imaging system according to claim 5, further comprising a display unit configured to produce an image display, wherein in the time range, the high-quality image is sequentially displayed on the display unit. 10. The imaging system according to claim 9, wherein a gain shows a gradual increase before a lapse of a predetermined time in the time range, the gain being multiplied to a luminance value of a pixel in the high-quality image displayed on the display unit. 11. The imaging system according to claim 9, wherein a gain shows a gradual increase before a maximum luminance value of a pixel in the cumulative image reaches a predetermined value, the gain being multiplied to a luminance value of a pixel in the high-quality image displayed on the display unit. 12. The imaging system according to claim 5, wherein in the image, a weight coefficient is multiplied to each of the pixel values in the plurality of images to prevent a per-image proportional contribution of the plurality of images from being lower than a predetermined value, the plurality of images being captured in the time range. 13. The imaging system according to claim 12, wherein occurrence of specular reflection on a surface of the object is detected based on a change of a pixel value in the cumulative image, and the weight coefficient is changed in value to reduce the proportional contribution of the image observed with the specular reflection. 14. The imaging system according to claim 5, wherein the second predetermined ratio is a ratio of weight coefficient. 15. The imaging system according to claim 5, wherein an initial cumulative image of the one or more cumulative images corresponds to an image which is entirely black. 16. The imaging system according to claim 15, wherein the cumulative image after the initial cumulative image is obtained by adding the initial cumulative image and an image of the plurality of images captured in the time range. 17. The imaging system according to claim 1, wherein by a predetermined computing process performed on the pixel values, a lighting color is changed to illuminate the object in the captured images. 18. The imaging system according to claim 1, wherein the first predetermined ratio is a ratio of weight coefficient. 19. An imaging method, comprising: capturing, by an image capturing unit, at least two images of an object at different times; and perform processing, by an image processing unit, on the at least two captured images, wherein the processing is performed by adding and combining the at least two images based on a first predetermined ratio. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon, a set of computer-executable instructions causing a computer to perform steps comprising: capturing at least two images of an object at different times; and perform processing on the at least two captured images, wherein the processing is performed by adding and combining the at least two images based on a first predetermined ratio.",
-    "A multiple recording device management system including an intermediate multiple recording device managing apparatus, a vehicle recording device mounted in a police vehicle and synced to the managing apparatus, and a personal recording device carried by a police officer and wirelessly synced to the managing apparatus. The managing apparatus is operable to detect when the vehicle recording device, personal recording device, or any other synced device in range has begun recording and to transmit a communication signal to any synced recording device in range indicating that the recording device should begin recording and to further transmit a time stamp to synced recording devices for corroborating recorded data. 1. A data recording and management system comprising: a recording device for recording video data of a law enforcement event, said recording device configured to be mounted on or configured to be carried by a law enforcement officer; one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: pair the mobile communications device with the recording device; receive the recorded video data from the recording device; present, to the law enforcement officer and on a display of the mobile communications device, one or more fields for inputting data related to the recorded video data; receive data inputted by the law enforcement officer in at least one of the one or more fields presented on the mobile communication device's display; and associate the received inputted data with the recorded video data; and a recording device manager configured to: receive a trigger signal; said trigger signal being indicative of at least one of activation of a law enforcement vehicle's siren, activation of the law enforcement vehicle's signal lights, or manual activation of another recording device, wherein the manual activation of another recording device is performed by the law enforcement officer or another law enforcement officer; and broadcast, in response to receiving the trigger signal, at least one communication signal to the recording device instructing the recording device to begin recording. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: present, to the law enforcement officer and on the display of the mobile communications device, one or more application settings personal to the law enforcement officer; and receive a preferred setting inputted by the law enforcement officer, 3. The system of claim 2, wherein said one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: create a profile for the law enforcement officer for use of the recording device; and associate said received preferred setting with the law enforcement officer's profile. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the manual activation is performed by said another law enforcement officer, and wherein said another recording device is a video recording device for recording video data of the law enforcement event and is configured to be mounted on or configured to be carried by said another law enforcement officer. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more fields for inputting data related to the recorded video data include fields for at least one of an event description, an age of a suspect, and a gender of a suspect. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: obtain a geographic position reading from a GPS of the mobile communications device; and associate the obtained geographic position reading with one or more frames of the recorded video data from the recording device, such that the geographic position reading of the mobile communications device is metadata for the recorded video data. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the trigger signal is based, at least in part, on the obtained geographic position reading. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to associate at least one of the following items of metadata with the recorded video data: an indication of a type of said trigger signal, an identity of the law enforcement officer, a number of recording devices synced with the recording device manager during the event, and an identity of the recording devices synced with the recording device manager during the event. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: obtain a geographic position reading from a GPS of the mobile communications device; and associate the obtained geographic position reading with one or more frames of the recorded video data from the recording device, such that the geographic position reading of the mobile communications device is metadata for the recorded video data. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the recording device includes a pre-event buffer, such that the instruction to record in response to the trigger signal is an instruction to store said recorded video data in a permanent memory of said recording device. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the recording device is configured to be placed in a covert mode by not illuminating at least one indicator on the recording device. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein said another recording device is a data capture device. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the recording device manager is operable to be pre-synced with predetermined recording devices, is operable to compare a recording device identifier of a recording device with identifiers in a list of pre-synced recording devices, and is operable to selectively transmit communications only to the predetermined recording devices. 14. A data recording and management system comprising: a recording device for recording video data of a law enforcement event, said recording device configured to be mounted on or configured to be carried by a law enforcement officer; and one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: pair the mobile communications device with the recording device; receive the recorded video data from the recording device; present, to the law enforcement officer and on a display of the mobile communications device, one or more fields for inputting data related to the recorded video data; receive data inputted by the law enforcement officer in at least one of the one or more fields presented on the mobile communication device's display; associate the received inputted data with the recorded video data; obtain a geographic position reading from a GPS of the mobile communications device; and associate the obtained geographic position reading with one or more frames of the recorded video data from the recording device. 15. The system of claim 14, further including a recording device manager configured to: receive a trigger signal; said trigger signal being indicative of at least one of activation of a law enforcement vehicle's siren, activation of the law enforcement vehicle's signal lights, or manual activation of another recording device, wherein the manual activation of another recording device is performed by the law enforcement officer or another law enforcement officer; and broadcast, in response to receiving the trigger signal, at least one communication signal to the recording device instructing the recording device to begin recording. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the manual activation is performed by said another law enforcement officer, and wherein said another recording device is a video recording device for recording video data of the law enforcement event and is configured to be mounted on or configured to be carried by said another law enforcement officer. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein said another recording device is a data capture device. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the trigger signal is based, at least in part, on the obtained geographic position reading. 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the system is configured to associate at least one of the following items of metadata with the recorded video data: an indication of a type of said trigger signal, an identity of the law enforcement officer, a number of recording devices synced with the recording device manager during the event, and an identity of the recording devices synced with the recording device manager during the event. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the recording device manager is operable to be pre-synced with predetermined recording devices, is operable to compare a recording device identifier of a recording device with identifiers in a list of pre-synced recording devices, and is operable to selectively transmit communications only to the predetermined recording devices. 21. The system of claim 14, wherein said one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: present, to the law enforcement officer and on the display of the mobile communications device, one or more application settings personal to the law enforcement officer; and receive a preferred setting inputted by the law enforcement officer, 22. The system of claim 21, wherein said one or more non-transitory computer readable storage media stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer, perform the following steps: create a profile for the law enforcement officer for use of the recording device; and associate said received preferred setting with the law enforcement officer's profile. 23. The system of claim 14, wherein said one or more fields for inputting data related to the recorded video data include fields for at least one of an event description, an age of a suspect, and a gender of a suspect. 24. The system of claim 14, wherein the recording device includes a pre-event buffer, such that the instruction to record in response to the trigger signal is an instruction to store said recorded video data in a permanent memory of said recording device. 25. The system of claim 14, wherein the recording device is configured to be placed in a covert mode by not illuminating at least one indicator on the recording device. 26. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a video file, said video file comprising: one or more frames of recorded video data, wherein the video data is of a law enforcement event, wherein the video data was recorded by a recording device configured to be mounted on or configured to be carried by a law enforcement officer; one or more items of data associated with the recorded video data, wherein the one or more items of data was inputted by the law enforcement officer at a user interface displayed on a mobile communications device carried by the law enforcement officer; and one or more items of metadata associated with the recorded video data, wherein one of said one or more items of metadata is a global position reading generated by the mobile communications device, wherein another of said one or more items of metadata is information indicative of a trigger signal that initiated recording by the recording device, said trigger signal being indicative of at least one of activation of a law enforcement vehicle's siren, activation of the law enforcement vehicle's signal lights, or manual activation of another recording device, wherein the manual activation of another recording device is performed by the law enforcement officer or another law enforcement officer. 27. The computer readable storage medium of claim 26, wherein the trigger signal is broadcast, by a recording device manager, to the recording device to initiate recording by the recording device. 28. The computer readable storage medium of claim 27, wherein the recording device manager receives information indicative of the trigger signal from a triggering device. 29. The computer readable storage medium of claim 28, wherein the metadata includes one or more of the following: an indication of a type of said trigger signal, an identity of the law enforcement officer, a number of recording devices synced with the recording device manager during the event, and an identity of the recording devices synced with the recording device manager during the event. 30. The computer readable storage medium of claim 29, wherein the inputted data includes at least one of an event description, an age of a suspect, and a gender of a suspect.",
-    "A gaming terminal data repository (GTDR) for storing game software components and transaction information for gaming machine and gaming terminals is disclosed. A system database is partitioned according to different gaming entities allowing game software component configurations of particular gaming terminals to be easily analyzed and modified. Game software components for gaming terminals connected to the GTDR may be automatically updated using various triggers. System gaming machines may utilize a combination of game software components residing on the gaming machine and those received from the GTDR. A library of preset gaming terminal configurations can be stored at the system database, where each such preset configuration includes specific settings for each of a plurality of gaming terminal setting categories. Gaming terminals can be configured remotely using the GTDR, and possibly one or more of the stored preset gaming terminal configurations. 1. A gaming system comprising: a plurality of gaming terminals each including a housing, a display device supported by the housing, a plurality of input devices supported by the housing and including an acceptor, a gaming terminal processor, a first network interface, and a gaming terminal memory; and at least one remote configuration device configured to communicate with each gaming terminal via a second network interface, said remote configuration device including a memory storing a plurality of different game software component updates, each game software component update associated with one of a plurality of different gaming jurisdictions, and a processor configured to, upon an occurrence of an update trigger in association with one of the plurality of gaming terminals: (a) determine a gaming jurisdiction in which the gaming terminal is located; (b) select one of the plurality of different game software component updates associated with the gaming jurisdiction in which the gaming terminal is located; and (c) communicate to the gaming terminal the selected game software component update, wherein the gaming terminal is configured to, upon receipt of the game software component update, automatically install the game software component update to reconfigure the gaming terminal in accordance with rules of the gaming jurisdiction in which the gaming terminal is located to enable play of a game following receipt of a physical item associated with a monetary value by the acceptor and establishment of a credit balance based at least in part on the monetary value associated with the received physical item, the play of the game provided upon receipt of a wager deducted from the credit balance, the play of the game resulting in an outcome, the credit balance increasable by any award associated with the outcome. 2. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the game software component update is one selected from the group consisting of: a game paytable, a game bonus, a game progressive, game graphics, game sounds, and game networking components. 3. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the first and second network interfaces are wireless network interfaces or wired network interfaces. 4. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the update trigger occurs when a profitability level of the gaming terminal falls below a designated profitability level. 5. The gaming system of claim 4, wherein the game is different than a game playable on the gaming terminal before the game software component update was installed. 6. The gaming system of claim 4, wherein the game is a different type of game than a game playable on the gaming terminal before the game software component update was installed. 7. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the update trigger occurs at a designated time of day. 8. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the update trigger occurs on a designated date. 9. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the update trigger occurs based on game performance. 10. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the game software component update is a first game software component update if the gaming terminal is located in a first jurisdiction and a second different game software component update if the gaming terminal is located in a second different jurisdiction. 11. A method of operating a gaming system including at least one remote configuration device and a plurality of gaming terminals, said method comprising: upon an occurrence of an update trigger in association with one of the plurality of gaming terminals, determining, by the at least one remote configuration device, a gaming jurisdiction in which the gaming terminal is located; selecting, by the at least one remote configuration device, one of a plurality of different game software component updates, each game software component update associated with one of a plurality of different gaming jurisdictions, the selected game software component update associated with the gaming jurisdiction in which the gaming terminal is located; communicating, by the at least one remote configuration device and to the gaming terminal, the selected game software component update; and upon receipt of the game software component update, automatically installing, by the gaming terminal, the game software component update to reconfigure the gaming terminal in accordance with rules of the gaming jurisdiction in which the gaming terminal is located to enable play of a game following receipt of a physical item associated with a monetary value by the acceptor and establishment of a credit balance based at least in part on the monetary value associated with the received physical item, the play of the game provided upon receipt of a wager deducted from the credit balance, the play of the game resulting in an outcome, the credit balance increasable by any award associated with the outcome. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the game software component update is one selected from the group consisting of: a game paytable, a game bonus, a game progressive, game graphics, game sounds, and game networking components. 13. The method of claim 11, which includes communicating, by the at least one remote configuration device and to the gaming terminal, the selected game software component update via a wireless network interface or a wired network interface. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the update trigger occurs when a profitability level of the gaming terminal falls below a designated profitability level. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the game is different than a game playable on the gaming terminal before the game software component update was installed. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the game is a different type of game than a game playable on the gaming terminal before the game software component update was installed. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the update trigger occurs at a designated time of day. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the update trigger occurs on a designated date. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the update trigger occurs based on game performance. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the game software component update is a first game software component update if the gaming terminal is located in a first jurisdiction and a second different game software component update if the gaming terminal is located in a second different jurisdiction.",
-    "A display window is displayed on a display of an information terminal, the display window including a first display area that displays similar medical images received from a case retrieval system and an instruction function that changes the display number of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area. If an instruction by the instruction function is detected, the display size of an individual area for displaying each of the similar medical images is changed while the display size of a sick portion of each of the similar medical images the same size, and hence the display number of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area is changed. 1. A control method of an information terminal connected to a case retrieval system that retrieves a medical image by referencing a medical image database in which the medical image is registered, the information terminal including a display, the method comprising: having a computer of the information terminal receive a number NC, being 2 or larger, of similar medical images each having predetermined similarity to a target medical image, being a target medical image for reading, from the case retrieval system, each of the number NC of the similar medical images including sick portion information indicative of a sick portion in the similar medical image; having the display show a display window including a first display area including a number M, being in a range from 1 to the number NC, of individual areas displaying the number M of the similar medical images included in the number NC of the similar medical images, and an instruction function to change a display number of the similar medical images included in the number M of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area; and if an instruction by the instruction function is detected, changing a display size of each of the individual areas while keeping a display size of the sick portion of each of the similar medical images a same size, and hence changing the display number of the similar medical images included in the number M of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area. 2. The control method according to claim 1, wherein, if an instruction to increase the display number of the similar medical images by the instruction function is detected, the display size of each of the individual areas is reduced while the display size of the sick portion of each of the similar medical images is kept the same size, and hence the display number of the similar medical images included in the number M of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area is increased. 3. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the instruction function is a scroll bar, and wherein, if movement of the scroll bar is detected, the display size of each of the individual areas is changed while the display size of the sick portion of each of the similar medical images is kept the same size, and hence the display number of the similar medical images included in the number M of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area is changed. 4. The control method according to claim 3, wherein, if an instruction to increase the display number of the similar medical images by the scroll bar is detected, the display size of each of the individual areas is reduced as a moving distance of the scroll bar is increased. 5. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the display sizes of the individual areas displayed in the first display area are identical. 6. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the target medical image and the similar medical images are medical images captured by tomography, wherein each of the similar medical images includes imaging condition information indicative of an imaging condition of the tomography, and wherein the number M of the similar medical images are classified by the imaging condition based on the imaging condition information and displayed in the first display area. 7. The control method according to claim 6, wherein related similar medical images are added to the similar medical images, the related similar medical images each having an imaging condition different from the imaging condition of each of the similar medical images for a same imaging target, and wherein the similar medical images and the related similar medical images of the similar medical images are classified in a same column direction or a same row direction by the imaging condition and displayed in the first display area. 8. The control method according to claim 7, wherein, when the number NC of the similar medical images received from the case retrieval system are displayed in the first display area, the display size of each of the individual areas is changed while the display size of the sick portion of each of the similar medical images is kept the same size in accordance with a total number of imaging conditions included in the number NC of the received similar medical images, and the similar medical images and the related similar medical images of the similar medical images are classified and displayed in the same column direction or the same row direction by the imaging condition. 9. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the control method has the computer of the information terminal detect designation information indicative of a region of interest in the target medical image, transmit information indicative of a feature amount of the region of interest to the case retrieval system, and receive the feature amount of the region of interest and a similar medical image having the predetermined similarity from the case retrieval system. 10. The control method according to claim 1, wherein the control method has the computer of the information terminal detect designation information indicative of a region of interest in the target medical image, transmit the target medical image and the designation information to the case retrieval system, and receive a feature amount of the region of interest obtained from the target medical image and the designation information, and a similar medical image having the predetermined similarity from the case retrieval system. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium including a program causing processing to be executed in an information terminal connected to a case retrieval system that retrieves a medical image by referencing a medical image database in which the medical image is registered, the information terminal including a display, wherein the information terminal includes a processor, wherein the recording medium is non-volatile, wherein a computer of the information terminal can read data from the recording medium, and wherein the processing has the computer receive a number NC, being 2 or larger, of similar medical images each having predetermined similarity to a target medical image, being a target medical image for reading, from the case retrieval system, each of the number NC of the similar medical images including sick portion information indicative of a sick portion in the similar medical image; having the display show a display window including a first display area including a number M, being in a range from 1 to the number NC, of individual areas displaying the number M of the similar medical images included in the number NC of the similar medical images, and an instruction function to change a display number of the similar medical images included in the number M of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area; and if an instruction by the instruction function is detected, changing a display size of each of the individual areas while keeping a display size of a sick portion of each of the similar medical images a same size, and hence changing the display number of the similar medical images included in the number M of the similar medical images displayed in the first display area. 12. A control method, comprising: having an information terminal receive first thumbnail images including second thumbnail images and third thumbnail images, each of the first thumbnail images including a sick portion, similar images each having predetermined similarity to a target medical image for reading, the similar images and the first thumbnail images being in a one-to-one relationship, each of the first thumbnail images being generated based on the corresponding similar image included in the similar images; having a display show first images in a predetermined area, the first images and the second thumbnail images being in a one-to-one relationship, each of the first images being generated based on the corresponding thumbnail image included in the second thumbnail images; receiving an instruction to increase a total number of images displayed in the predetermined area from a total number of the first images; and having the display show second images and third images in the predetermined area after receiving the instruction, wherein the second images and the second thumbnail images are in a one-to-one relationship, and the third images and the third thumbnail images are in a one-to-one relationship, wherein each of the second images is generated based on the corresponding thumbnail image included in the second thumbnail images, and each of the third images is generated based on the corresponding thumbnail image included in the third thumbnail images, and wherein, if a first image included in the first images and a second image included in the second images are generated based on a same thumbnail image included in the second thumbnail images, an area of the first image is bigger than an area of the second image, and an area of a sick portion included in the first image and an area of a sick portion included in the second image are identical. 13. The control method according to claim 12, wherein, when the first images are displayed in the predetermined area, the predetermined area is divided into areas, a total number of which is identical to the total number of the first images, and wherein, when the second images and the third images are displayed in the predetermined area, the predetermined area is divided into areas, a total number of which is identical to a total number of the second images and the third images.",
-    "An image forming apparatus is provided, in which the image forming apparatus includes a user database in which user identification information for identifying an user of the image forming apparatus is registered, an operation panel for receiving a key operation input, a secure program used for determining whether a user service can be provided on the basis of the user identification information in the user database and another user identification information input by the user. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a hardware controller configured to control hardware that includes at least a scanner or a printer; an operating system configured to operate the hardware controller; and an application configured to provide a user with an operation of the image forming apparatus using the hardware, wherein the image forming apparatus is configured such that secure software for performing user authentication can be installed separately from the application; when the secure software is not installed, the image forming apparatus is configured to allow the user to operate the image fainting apparatus via the application; and when the secure software is installed, the image forming apparatus is configured to allow the user to operate the image forming apparatus, via the application, only when the user authentication using the secure software authenticates the user.",
-    "The invention relates to an elevator installation and also to a method for controlling elevators. In the method a run plan is formed for driving elevator cars on the basis of service requests, the elevator cars are driven according to the run plan, by supplying electric power via the electricity distribution network of the building to a hoisting machine driving an elevator car, and also by supplying electric power from a hoisting machine braking an elevator car back to the electricity distribution network of the building, alternatives for a run plan are formed for driving elevator cars on the basis of service requests, the electric power which the hoisting machines need for implementing the aforementioned alternatives is determined, and also a run plan is selected for use from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building. 1. Elevator installation in a building in which there is an electricity distribution network that is connected to the electricity supply of the building, and which elevator installation comprises: a plurality of elevator cars; a control, which is configured to form a run plan for driving elevator cars on the basis of service requests; a plurality of hoisting machines; a plurality of power supply devices for a hoisting machine that are connected to the electricity distribution network of the building, each of which power supply devices is configured to drive an elevator car according to the run plan with a hoisting machine, by supplying electric power via the electricity distribution network to a hoisting machine driving an elevator car, and also by supplying electric power from a hoisting machine braking an elevator car back to the electricity distribution network; wherein the aforementioned control is configured to form alternatives for a run plan for driving elevator cars on the basis of service requests, to estimate the electric power which the hoisting machines need for implementing the aforementioned alternatives, and also to select for use from the plurality of different alternatives a run plan, which when implemented causes the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together, to smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building. 2. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein the control comprises a memory for recording the power limit for the electricity supply of the building; and in that the control is configured to select for use in the first instance from the plurality of different alternatives a run plan, which when implemented causes the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together, to smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building in such a way that the maximum power in the electricity supply of the building does not exceed the power limit recorded in memory for the electricity supply of the building. 3. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein the control is connected with a data transfer bus to the building automation apparatus, with which the electricity consumption of devices external to the elevator installation is controlled; and in that the building automation apparatus is configured to change the electricity consumption of the devices external to the elevator installation in a manner specified by the control on the basis of a change command to be received from the control. 4. Elevator installation according to claim 3, wherein the control is configured form a change command for changing the electricity consumption of the devices external to the elevator installation; and also to select for use from the plurality of different alternatives a run plan, which when implemented causes the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together with the changed electricity consumption of devices external to the elevator installation, to smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building. 5. Elevator installation according to claim 4, wherein the control is configured to select for use in the first instance from the plurality of different alternatives a run plan, which when implemented causes the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together with the electricity consumption changed according to a control command, to smooth the power variation in such a way that the maximum power in the electricity supply of the building does not exceed the power limit for the electricity supply of the building. 6. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein the elevator installation comprises a power management unit as well as a plurality of elevator groups, each of which comprises a plurality of elevator cars serving service requests as well as a group controller, which is connected to the power management unit, and in that one or more of these group controllers of a different elevator group is configured to form a group-specific run plan for driving the elevator cars belonging to the elevator group on the basis of service requests, and also to determine the electric power which the hoisting machines need for implementing the aforementioned run plan, and in that the power management unit is configured to read from the aforementioned group controllers information about how much electric power the hoisting machines need for implementing the group-specific run plan, to compare the electric power values read from the group controllers and needed for implementing the group-specific run plans, and to form a group-specific power limit for one or more group controllers in such a way that the values of the electric power needed for implementing the aforementioned group-specific run plans, when summed together with the aforementioned group-specific power limits, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building to communicate the aforementioned group-specific power limit to one or more group controllers and in that one or more group controllers of the elevator installation are configured to form alternatives for a group-specific run plan for driving the elevator cars belonging to the elevator group on the basis of service requests, to determine the electric power which the hoisting machines of the elevator group need for implementing the aforementioned group-specific alternative run plans, and also to select from the plurality of different alternatives for use in the first instance a run plan, which when implemented the power needed by the hoisting machines does not exceed the group-specific power limit communicated to the group controller. 7. Elevator installation according to claim 6, wherein the power management unit comprises a memory for recording the power limit for the electricity supply of the building; and in that the power management unit is configured to compare the electric power values read from the group controllers and needed for implementing the group-specific run plans to the power limit for the electricity supply of the building recorded in memory, and also to form a group-specific power limit for one or more group controllers in such a way that the values of the electric power needed for implementing the aforementioned group-specific run plans, when summed together with the aforementioned group-specific power limits, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building in such a way that the maximum power in the electricity supply of the building does not exceed the aforementioned power limit for the electricity supply of the building to communicate the aforementioned group-specific power limit to one or more group controllers. 8. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein in each aforementioned run plan the service requests are distributed in a coordinated manner between the elevator cars in such a way that the purpose of each elevator car is to stop at floors according to service requests given to it. 9. Elevator installation according to claim 8, wherein in one or more run plans to be formed, the moment of starting from a stopping floor of one or more elevator cars must be adjusted. 10. Elevator installation according to claim 8, wherein in one or more run plans to be formed, the acceleration during the final phase of acceleration and/or the deceleration during the initial phase of deceleration of one or more elevator cars must be adjusted. 11. Elevator installation according to claim 8, wherein in one or more run plans to be formed, the maximum speed of one or more elevator cars must be adjusted. 12. Elevator installation according to claim 2, wherein the aforementioned power limit for the electricity supply of the building must be adjusted, and in that the control is connected to a data transfer bus for adjusting the power limit of the electricity supply of the building. 13. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein the aforementioned electricity supply of the building is the main supply of the building. 14. Elevator installation according to claim 13, wherein the control is connected to a data transfer bus external to the building for adjusting the power limit of the main supply; and in that the control is configured to change the power limit of the main supply on the basis of a control signal to be received from the data transfer bus external to the building. 15. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein the aforementioned electricity supply of a building is a reserve power device. 16. Elevator installation according to claim 1, wherein the maximum waiting time of an elevator is recorded in the memory of the control, and in that the control is configured to calculate the elevator waiting time for the different alternatives, and also to select from the plurality of different alternatives for use a run plan, which when implemented the power variation in the electricity supply of the building is the smallest possible within the scope of the maximum waiting time. 17. Elevator system, comprising: a first elevator installation fitted into a first building; a second elevator installation fitted into a first building; in both which first and second building is an electricity distribution network, which is connected to an electricity supply common to the buildings, and which first and second elevator installation both separately comprise: a plurality of elevator cars; a control, which is configured to form a run plan for driving elevator cars belonging to the elevator installation on the basis of service requests; a plurality of hoisting machines; a plurality of power supply devices for a hoisting machine that are connected to the electricity distribution network of the building, each of which power supply devices is configured to drive an elevator car according to a run plan with a hoisting machine, by supplying electric power via the electricity distribution network to a hoisting machine driving an elevator car, and also by supplying electric power from a hoisting machine braking an elevator car back to the electricity distribution network; and both of which controls is configured to form alternatives for a run plan are formed for driving elevator cars belonging to the elevator installation on the basis of service requests, to estimate the electric power which the hoisting machines need for implementing the aforementioned alternatives, and which controls of the different elevator installations are connected to each other with a data transfer bus and are also configured to select in cooperation from the plurality of different alternatives a run plan for use in each elevator installation in such a way that when implementing said run plans the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply that is common to the buildings. 18. Elevator system according to claim 17, wherein the functional purposes of the aforementioned different buildings differ from each other in such a way that the electricity consumption of the buildings is at its greatest at a different time. 19. Method for controlling elevators, in which method: a run plan is formed for driving elevator cars on the basis of service requests the elevator cars are driven according to the run plan, by supplying electric power via the electricity distribution network of the building to a hoisting machine driving an elevator car, and also by supplying electric power from a hoisting machine braking an elevator car back to the electricity distribution network of the building, wherein alternatives for a run plan are formed for driving elevator cars on the basis of service requests the electric power which the hoisting machines need for implementing the aforementioned alternatives is determined, and also a run plan is selected for use from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building. 20. Method according to claim 19, wherein a run plan is selected for use in the first instance from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building in such a way that the maximum power in the electricity supply does not exceed the power limit recorded in memory for the electricity supply of the building. 21. Method according to claim 19, wherein the electricity consumption of devices external to the elevator installation in the building is changed. a run plan is selected for use from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together with the changed electricity consumption of devices external to the elevator installation, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building. 22. Method according to claim 19, wherein a run plan is selected for use in the first instance from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the electric powers of the hoisting machines, when summed together with the electricity consumption of devices external to the elevator installation, said electricity consumption having changed according to a control command, smooth the power variation in such a way that the maximum power in the electricity supply of the building does not exceed the power limit for the electricity supply of the building. 23. Method according to claim 19, wherein the elevator installation comprises a power management unit as well as a plurality of elevator groups, each of which comprises a plurality of elevator cars serving service requests as well as a group controller, which is connected to the power management unit, and in that in the method with one or more group controllers: a group-specific run plan for driving the elevator cars belonging to the elevator group on the basis of service requests is formed, and also the electric power which the hoisting machines need for implementing the aforementioned run plan is determined, and in that in the method with the power management unit: information about how much electric power the hoisting machines need for implementing the group-specific run plan is read from the aforementioned group controllers, the electric power values read from the group controllers and needed for implementing the group-specific run plans are compared, a group-specific power limit is formed for one or more group controllers in such a way that the values of the electric power needed for implementing the aforementioned group-specific run plans, when summed together with the aforementioned group-specific power limits, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building, and also the aforementioned group-specific power limit is communicated to one or more group controllers, and in that in the method with one or more group controllers: alternatives for a group-specific run plan for driving the elevator cars belonging to the elevator group on the basis of service requests are formed, the electric power which the hoisting machines of the elevator group need for implementing the aforementioned group-specific alternative run plans is determined, and also a run plan is selected for use in the first instance from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the power needed by the hoisting machines does not exceed the group-specific power limit communicated to the group controller. 24. Method according to claim 23, wherein with the power management unit: the electric power values read from the group controllers and needed for implementing the group-specific run plans are compared to the power limit for the electricity supply of the building recorded in memory, and also a group-specific power limit is formed for one or more group controllers in such a way that the values of the electric power needed for implementing the aforementioned group-specific run plans, when summed together with the aforementioned group-specific power limits, smooth the power variation occurring in the electricity supply of the building in such a way that the maximum power in the electricity supply of the building does not exceed the aforementioned power limit for the electricity supply of the building, and also the aforementioned group-specific power limit is communicated to one or more group controllers. 25. Method according to claim 19, wherein the service requests in run plans are distributed in a coordinated manner between the elevator cars in such a way that the purpose of each elevator car is to stop at floors according to service requests given to it. 26. Method according to claim 25, wherein in one or more run plans the moment of starting of one or more elevator cars is adjusted. 27. Method according to claim 25, wherein the acceleration during the final phase of acceleration and/or the deceleration during the initial phase of deceleration of one or more elevator cars is adjusted in one or more run plans. 28. Method according to claim 25, wherein in one or more run plans the maximum speed of one or more elevator cars is adjusted. 29. Method according to claim 19, wherein the aforementioned electricity supply of a building is the main supply of the building. 30. Method according to claim 29, wherein the control is connected to a data transfer bus external to the building for adjusting the power limit of the main supply, the power limit of the main supply is changed on the basis of a control signal to be received from the data transfer bus external to the building. 31. Method according to claim 19, wherein the aforementioned electricity supply of a building is a reserve power device. 32. Method according to claim 19, wherein the elevator waiting time for the different alternatives is calculated, a run plan is selected for use from the plurality of different alternatives, when implementing which run plan the power variation in the electricity supply of the building is the smallest possible within the scope of the maximum waiting time.",
-    "Golf club stabilization and momentum apparatuses and methods of use are provided herein. An example apparatus can include a body having a tubular sidewall defining a tubular channel having a sealed front end and a sealed rear end, as well as a front face. One or more objects are disposed inside the tubular channel. The objects may be weighted spheres. The one or more objects are configured to linearly translate within the tubular channel during movement of the body and impart kinetic energy to an external object in combination with the front face when the body impacts the external object. Another example apparatus can have more than one tubular sidewalls defining more than one tubular channels. Each tubular channel may have one or more objects disposed inside. 1. An apparatus, comprising: a body comprising: a tubular sidewall defining a tubular channel; and a front face; and an object disposed inside the tubular channel, the object configured to linearly translate within the tubular channel during movement of the body and impart kinetic energy to an external object in combination with the front face when the body impacts the external object. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tubular sidewall is at least partially covered with an insulating material. 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a shaft coupled with the body. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the body comprises a rear face. 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tubular sidewall comprises a sealed front end and a sealed rear end. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein at least one of the sealed front end and the sealed rear end comprise a cushion material. 7. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein at least one of the sealed front end and the sealed rear end are releaseably coupled to the tubular sidewall. 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the object is a weighted sphere. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additional objects disposed within the tubular channel. 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, when the object contacts a sealed front end of the tubular sidewall, the object imparts a momentum force onto the sealed front end to cause an increase in kinetic energy transfer to the external object. 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is a golf club and the body is a putter head. 12. An apparatus, comprising: a body comprising: a plurality of tubular sidewalls defining a plurality of tubular channels, each having a sealed front end and a sealed rear end; and a front face; and an object disposed inside each of the plurality of tubular channels, the object configured to linearly translate within the tubular channel and contact the sealed front end during an impact event to reduce rotation of the body during the impact event. 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the body defines a linear axis of travel and rotation is reduced relative to the linear axis of travel. 14. An apparatus, comprising: a body comprising: a tubular sidewall defining a tubular channel having a sealed front end and a sealed rear end; and a front face; and a weighted object disposed inside the tubular channel, the weighted object imparting kinetic energy to an external object in combination with the front face when the body impacts the external object. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the kinetic energy imparted by the weighted object and the body in combination is greater than the kinetic energy imparted by the body without the weighted object disposed inside the tubular channel. 16. The apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising one or more additional weighted objects disposed within the tubular channel. 17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more additional tubular sidewalls defining one or more additional tubular channels. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein each of the tubular channels and the one or more additional tubular channels comprise a plurality of weighted objects. 19. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the tubular sidewall is at least partially covered with an insulating material. 20. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the weighted object is a metal sphere.",
-    "A spatial light modulator has a plurality of mirror elements each of which is controllable into a first state in which the mirror element reflects incident light with a change in a phase thereof by a first phase and a second state in which the mirror element reflects the incident light with a change in the phase thereof by a second phase 180\u00b0 different from the first phase; and a boundary portion arranged between the mirror elements, which changes the phase of the incident light by a third phase substantially (90\u00b0+k\u00b7180\u00b0) (where k is an integer) different from the first phase. In projecting a pattern with the use of the spatial light modulator, an error caused in the pattern can be reduced even if the light quantity of light passing a gap region between the optical elements in the spatial light modulator is large. 1. A spatial light modulator, comprising: a plurality of movable optical elements arranged at a predetermined surface and configured to modulate incident light and emit the modulated light; and a phase changing portion that changes a phase of a first light emitted from a first gap after being incident to the first gap, the first gap being a gap between a first movable optical element and a second movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements that is adjacent to the first movable optical element, and a phase of a second light emitted from a second gap after being incident to the second gap, the second gap being a gap between the first movable optical element and a third movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements that is adjacent to the first movable optical element. 2. The spatial light modulator according to claim 1, wherein the phase changing portion changes the phase of the second light by substantially 180\u00b0 with respect to the phase of the first light. 3. The spatial light modulator according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of movable optical elements has a reflective surface. 4. The spatial light modulator according to claim 3, wherein each movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements is movable between a first state in which the reflective surface of the corresponding movable optical element is located at the predetermined surface and a second state in which the reflective surface of the corresponding movable optical element is located at a surface different from the predetermined surface. 5. The spatial light modulator according to claim 4, wherein a selected movable optical element that is in the first state reflects a corresponding light incident to the selected movable optical element without changing a phase of the corresponding light or with changing the phase of the corresponding light by a first phase; wherein a selected movable optical element that is in the second state emits a corresponding light incident to the selected movable optical element in the second state after changing the phase of the light to a second phase different from the first phase by 180\u00b0. 6. The spatial light modulator according to claim 1, wherein the movable optical elements are reflective elements that reflect the incident light and have reflective surfaces parallel to each other and are movable between a first state and a second state relative to the predetermined surface; wherein, where a represents an average incidence angle of the incident light to the plurality of reflective elements and \u03bb represents a wavelength of the incident light, a difference between a height in the first state and a height in the second state of the reflective surfaces of the plurality of reflective elements is (1/cos \u03b1)\u03bb/4, the phase changing portion has a first portion and a second portion which are different from each other in a height, and a difference between the height of the first portion and the height of the second portion is substantially (1/cos \u03b1)(\u03bb/4). 7. The spatial light modulator according to claim 6, further comprising a base part that is connected through a movable part to each of the plurality of movable optical elements and to which the phase changing portion is fixed. 8. The spatial light modulator according to claim 1, wherein the movable optical elements are tiltable with respect to the predetermined surface. 9. The spatial light modulator according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of movable optical elements form a two-dimensional array. 10. An exposure apparatus configured to expose a substrate with exposure light, comprising: the spatial light modulator as defined in claim 1; an illumination optical system situated to illuminate an array of the plurality of movable optical elements of the spatial light modulator with the exposure light; a projection optical system situated to guide light received from the plurality of movable optical elements onto the substrate so as to project a pattern onto the substrate; and a controller situated to control the plurality of movable optical elements in the spatial light modulator individually into any one of a plurality of states so as to control the pattern to be exposed on the substrate. 11. The exposure apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to set the each of the movable optical elements into a first state or a second state; wherein a movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements that is in the first state has a reflective surface that is located at the predetermined surface; wherein a movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements that is in the second state has a reflective surface that is located at a different surface from the predetermined surface. 12. An exposure apparatus configured to expose a substrate with exposure light, comprising: an illumination optical system that comprises the spatial light modulator of claim 1 and that is situated to illuminate an illumination target surface with a predetermined pattern arranged thereon, with the exposure light; a projection optical system that is situated to guide light from the illumination target surface onto the substrate to project the predetermined pattern onto the substrate; and a controller that is situated to control the plurality of movable optical elements in the spatial light modulator individually into any one of a plurality of states, to control the exposure light to illuminate the illumination target surface. 13. The exposure apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising a different spatial light modulator that is arranged on the illumination target surface and has the same structure of the spatial light modulator of claim 1; wherein the controller is situated to control the plurality of movable optical elements in the different spatial light modulators individually into any one of a plurality of states, to control the predetermined pattern to expose the substrate. 14. A device manufacturing method comprising: forming a pattern on a photosensitive layer on the substrate, using the exposure apparatus and the pattern of claim 10; and processing the substrate with the pattern formed thereon. 15. An optical modulation method, comprising: receiving light incident to a spatial light modulator having a plurality of movable optical elements arranged at a predetermined surface; changing a phase of a first light emitted from a first gap after being incident to the first gap and a phase of a second light emitted from a second gap after being incident to the second gap, the first gap being a gap between a first movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements and an adjacent second movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements, the second gap being a gap between the first movable optical element and an adjacent third movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements; and emitting light via the first and second movable optical elements. 16. The optical modulation method according to claim 15, wherein the changing includes changing the phase of the second light by substantially 180\u00b0 with respect to the phase of the first light. 17. The optical modulation method according to claim 15, wherein the emitting includes reflecting light incident to the spatial light modulator by the first and second movable optical elements. 18. The optical modulation method according to claim 17, including moving each movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements between a first state in which a reflective surface of the each movable optical element is located at the predetermined surface and a second state in which the reflective surface of the each movable optical element is located at a surface different from the predetermined surface. 19. The optical modulation method according to claim 18, wherein a movable optical element in the first state reflects a light incident thereto without changing a phase of the light or with changing the phase of the light by a first phase; wherein a movable optical element in the second state reflects a light incident thereto after changing the phase of the light to a second phase different from the first phase by 180\u00b0. 20. The optical modulation method according to claim 15, wherein the movable optical elements are reflective elements that reflect the incident light and have reflective surfaces parallel to each other; wherein the changing is performed with a phase changing portion; wherein, where \u03b1 represents an average incidence angle of the incident light to the plurality of reflective elements and \u03bb a wavelength of the incident light, a difference between a height in the first state and a height in the second state of the reflective surfaces of the plurality of reflective elements is (1/cos \u03b1)\u03bb/4, the phase changing portion has a first portion and a second portion which are different from the each other in a height, and a difference between a height of the first portion and a height of the second portion is substantially (1/cos \u03b1)(\u03bb/4). 21. An exposure method of exposing a substrate with exposure light, comprising: modulating the exposure light from a light source, using the optical modulation method of claim 15; guiding light from the illumination target surface onto the substrate to project a pattern onto the substrate; and controlling the plurality of movable optical elements in the spatial light modulator individually into any one of a plurality of states, to control the pattern to expose the substrate. 22. A device manufacturing method comprising: forming the projected pattern on a photosensitive layer on the substrate, using the exposure method of claim 21; and processing the substrate with the pattern formed thereon. 23. A spatial light modulator that is configured to modulate incident light and emit the modulated light, comprising: a plurality of movable optical elements arranged at a predetermined surface; and a phase changing portion that changes a phase of a first light to reduce the intensity of the first light by interference with a second light, the first light being emitted from a first gap after being incident to the first gap, the first gap being a gap between a first movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements and an adjacent second movable optical element of the plurality of movable optical elements, the second light being emitted from a reflective surface of the first movable optical element after being incident to the reflective surface. 24. A spatial light modulator that is configured to modulate incident light and emit the modulated light, the spatial light modulator comprising: a plurality of movable optical elements that are arranged at a predetermined surface, including adjacent first and second movable optical elements; and a driving portion that drives the plurality of movable optical elements; wherein a first movable optical has a first reflective surface and a second reflective surface, the second reflective surface being provided in a height different from a height of the first reflective surface relative to the predetermined surface; wherein the second reflective surface is located so that a distance from the driving portion to the second reflective surface is shorter than a distance from the driving portion to a reflective surface of the second movable optical element, and the second reflective surface is provided so as to cover a gap between the first and second movable optical elements.",
-    "A method and system is presented for screening bacteria, products purified or made by bacteria and/or other bacterial substance for anti-inflammatory ability. 1-15. (canceled) 16. A method for identifying a bacterial substance having anti-inflammatory ability, the method comprising: a) contacting a candidate bacterial substance with an antigen presenting cell; b) incubating the antigen presenting cell with a T cell following the contacting a); c) detecting expression by the T cell of at least one biomarker selected from one or more anti inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF\u03b21, TGF\u03b22, Perforin and Granzyme B, and one or more inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IFN\u03b3, IFN\u03b1, IFN\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 and TNF\u03b1 following the incubating b); and d) after the detecting c), detecting an anti-inflammatory ability in a cell or animal model of a candidate antimicrobial bacterial substance associated with a detected increase of the expression of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or a detected decrease of the expression of the one or more inflammatory biomarkers following the incubating b). 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the detecting c) is performed by detecting expression of Foxp3 alone or in combination with IL-10, Foxp3, TGF\u03b21, TGF\u03b22, Perforin and/or Granzyme B. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the detecting c) is performed by detecting expression of Foxp3 alone or in combination with IFN\u03b3, IFN\u03b1, IFN\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 and/or TNF\u03b1. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the detecting c) is performed by detecting expression of Foxp3 and IL-10. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the antigen presenting cell is either primary or cell culture derived. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the antigen presenting cell is a dendritic cell. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the candidate bacterial substance is selected from the group consisting of live bacteria, dead bacteria, bacterial extracts, purified bacterial molecules, and bacterial vesicles containing a molecule, or a combination thereof. 23. The method of claim 16, wherein the candidate bacterial substance comprises outer membrane vesicles. 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the T cell is a T reg cell. 25. A method for identifying a bacterial substance having anti-inflammatory ability, the method comprising: a) contacting a candidate bacterial substance with an antigen presenting cell, b) incubating the antigen presenting cell with a T cell following the contacting a); c) detecting expression by the T cell of at least one biomarker selected from one or more anti-inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF\u03b21, TGF\u03b22, Perforin and Granzyme B, and one or more inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IFN\u03b3, IFN\u03b1, IFN\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 and TNF\u03b1 following the incubating b); d) after the detecting c), selecting a candidate antimicrobial bacterial substance associated with a detected increase of the expression of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or a detected decrease of the expression of the one or more inflammatory biomarkers following the incubating; and e) detecting markers of inflammation in a cell or animal model for inflammation following contacting of the candidate antimicrobial bacterial substance selected with the selecting d) with the cell or animal model. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the detecting c) is performed by detecting expression of Foxp3 alone or in combination with IL-10, Foxp3, TGF\u03b21, TGF\u03b22, Perforin and/or Granzyme B. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the detecting c) is performed by detecting expression of Foxp3 alone or in combination with IFN\u03b3, IFN\u03b1, IFN\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 and/or TNF\u03b1. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein the detecting c) is performed by detecting expression of Foxp3 and IL-10. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein the antigen presenting cell is either primary or cell culture derived. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein the antigen presenting cell is a dendritic cell. 31. The method of claim 25, wherein the candidate bacterial substance is selected from the group consisting of live bacteria, dead bacteria, bacterial extracts, purified bacterial molecules, and bacterial vesicles containing a molecule, or a combination thereof. 32. The method of claim 25, wherein the candidate bacterial substance comprises outer membrane vesicles. 33. The method of claim 25, wherein the T cell is a T reg cell. 34. The method of claim 25, wherein the selecting d) is performed by selecting a candidate antimicrobial associated with a detected increase of the expression of Foxp3 following the contacting. 35. The method of claim 26, wherein the selecting d) further comprises selecting a candidate antimicrobial associated with a detected increase in expression of one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IL-10, TGF\u03b21, TGF\u03b22, Perforin and Granzyme B following the contacting. 36. The method of claim 26, wherein the selecting d) further comprises selecting a candidate antimicrobial associated with a detected decrease in expression of one or more of the inflammatory biomarkers following the contacting.",
-    "Various embodiments are described herein related to techniques for synchronizing a slave device to a master device that communicates using a unified bus communication protocol or some aspect thereof. In one example, the method may comprise assuming a first mode of operation for the unified bus communication protocol; searching for a synchronization pattern at one or more locations in transmitted data according to the first mode of operation; obtaining synchronization when the located synchronization pattern is verified according to at least one synchronization rule for the mode of operation; and if synchronization is not obtained based on the assumed first mode of operation, a second mode of operation for the unified bus communication protocol is assumed and the searching and obtaining acts are carried out on the transmitted data according to the second mode of operation. 1. A method of synchronizing a slave device to a master device on a bus using a synchronization field, the method comprising: receiving a bitstream of data on the bus, the bitstream comprising occurrences of the synchronization field, the synchronization field comprising a constant sync field and a dynamic sync field, the constant sync field having a constant sync value; locating a first occurrence of the synchronization field in the received bitstream by searching for the constant sync value of the constant sync field; reading a first value of the dynamic sync field of the located first occurrence of the synchronization field; based on the first value computing an expected value of the dynamic sync field of a next occurrence of the synchronization field; locating the next occurrence of the synchronization field by searching again for the constant sync value of the constant sync field in the bitstream; reading a second value of the dynamic sync field of the located next occurrence of the synchronization field; and verifying that the second value is equal to the computed expected value. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamic sync field is 4 bits in length. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the constant sync value comprises the bit string \u201c10110001\u201d. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein when the first value is represented in MSB (Most Significant Bit) first order as {S4, S3, S2, S1}, then the expected value of the dynamic sync field of the next occurrence of the synchronization field in MSB first order is {S3, S2, 51, (S4 XOR S3)}, where XOR is the \u201cexclusive or\u201d operation. 5. A method of enabling synchronization of slave devices to a master device on a bus using a synchronization field, the synchronization field comprising a constant sync field and a dynamic sync field, the constant sync field having a constant sync value, the method comprising: transmitting, by the master device, in a first frame within a bitstream of data on the bus, a first instance of the synchronization field, the dynamic sync field of the first instance having a first dynamic sync value; and transmitting, by the master device, in a second frame within the bitstream, the second frame being successive to the first frame, a second instance of the synchronization field, the dynamic sync field of the second instance having a second dynamic sync value, wherein the second dynamic sync value can be determined from the first dynamic sync value. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the dynamic sync field is 4 bits in length. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the constant sync value comprises the bit string \u201c10110001\u201d. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein a first time the synchronization field is transmitted after reset the master device sets the dynamic sync field to a value of \u201c1111\u201d. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein when the first dynamic sync value is represented in MSB (Most Significant Bit) first order as {S4, S3, S2, S1}, the second dynamic sync value in MSB first order is {S3, S2, 51, S4 XOR S3}, where XOR is the \u201cexclusive or\u201d operation. 10. An electronic device that synchronizes with another electronic device on a bus using a synchronization field, the electronic device comprising: a memory storing executable instructions; and a processor in communication with the memory configured to execute the instructions to cause the device to: receive a bitstream of data on the bus, the bitstream comprising occurrences of the synchronization field, the synchronization field comprising a constant sync field and a dynamic sync field, the constant sync field having a constant sync value; locate a first occurrence of the synchronization field in the received bitstream by searching for the constant sync value of the constant sync field; read a first value of the dynamic sync field of the located first occurrence of the synchronization field; based on the first value compute an expected value of the dynamic sync field of a next occurrence of the synchronization field; locate the next occurrence of the synchronization field by searching again for the constant sync value of the constant sync field in the bitstream; read a second value of the dynamic sync field of the located next occurrence of the synchronization field; and verify that the second value is equal to the computed expected value. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the dynamic sync field is 4 bits in length. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the constant sync value comprises the bit string \u201c10110001\u201d. 13. The device of claim 11, wherein when the first value is represented in MSB (Most Significant Bit) first order as {S4, S3, S2, S1}, then the expected value of the dynamic sync field of the next occurrence of the synchronization field in MSB first order is {S3, S2, 51, (S4 XOR S3)}, where XOR is the \u201cexclusive or\u201d operation. 14. An electronic device that synchronizes with another electronic device on a bus using a synchronization field, the synchronization field comprising a constant sync field and a dynamic sync field, the constant sync field having a constant sync value, the electronic device comprising: a memory storing executable instructions; and a processor in communication with the memory configured to execute the instructions to cause the device to: transmit in a first frame within a bitstream of data on the bus a first instance of the synchronization field, the dynamic sync field of the first instance having a first dynamic sync value; and transmit in a second frame within the bitstream, the second frame being successive to the first frame, a second instance of the synchronization field, the dynamic sync field of the second instance having a second dynamic sync value, wherein the second dynamic sync value can be determined from the first dynamic sync value. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein the dynamic sync field is 4 bits in length. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein the constant sync value comprises the bit string \u201c10110001\u201d. 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the device to set the dynamic sync field to \u201c1111\u201d a first time that the synchronization field is transmitted after reset. 18. The device of claim 15, wherein when the first dynamic sync value is represented in MSB (Most Significant Bit) first order as {S4, S3, S2, S1}, the second dynamic sync value in MSB first order is {S3, S2, 51, S4 XOR S3}, where XOR is the \u201cexclusive or\u201d operation. 19. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions executable on a processor of an electronic device that synchronizes to another electronic device on a bus using a synchronization field, the instructions causing the processor to execute a method comprising: receiving a bitstream of data on the bus, the bitstream comprising occurrences of the synchronization field, the synchronization field comprising a constant sync field and a dynamic sync field, the constant sync field having a constant sync value; locating a first occurrence of the synchronization field in the received bitstream by searching for the constant sync value of the constant sync field; reading a first value of the dynamic sync field of the located first occurrence of the synchronization field; based on the first value computing an expected value of the dynamic sync field of a next occurrence of the synchronization field; locating the next occurrence of the synchronization field by searching again for the constant sync value of the constant sync field in the bitstream; reading a second value of the dynamic sync field of the located next occurrence of the synchronization field; and verifying that the second value is equal to the computed expected value. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions executable on a processor of an electronic device that synchronizes with another electronic device on a bus using a synchronization field, the synchronization field comprising a constant sync field and a dynamic sync field, the constant sync field having a constant sync value, the instructions causing the processor to execute a method comprising: transmitting in a first frame within a bitstream of data on the bus, a first instance of the synchronization field, the dynamic sync field of the first instance having a first dynamic sync value; and transmitting in a second frame within the bitstream, the second frame being successive to the first frame, a second instance of the synchronization field, the dynamic sync field of the second instance having a second dynamic sync value, wherein the second dynamic sync value can be determined from the first dynamic sync value.",
-    "Methods of treating an eye of a human or animal include administering to an eye of a human or animal a composition in the form of an emulsion including water, a hydrophobic component and a cyclosporin component in a therapeutically effective amount of less than 0.1% by weight of the composition. The weight ratio of the cyclosporin component to the hydrophobic component is less than 0.8. 1-36. (canceled) 37. A method of increasing tear production in a human eye, the method comprising topically administering to a human eye in need thereof a first topical ophthalmic emulsion at a frequency of twice a day. wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion comprises cyclosporin A in an amount of about 0.05% by weight, polysorbate 80, acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer, water, and castor oil in an amount of about 1.25% by weight; wherein the method provides an overall increase in tear production substantially equal to administration of a second topical ophthalmic emulsion to a human eye in need thereof at a frequency of twice a day. the second emulsion comprising cyclosporin A in an amount of about 0.1% by weight and castor oil in an amount of about 1.25% by weight; and wherein the method results in substantially no detectable concentration of cyclosporin A in the blood of the human. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion further comprises a tonicity agent or a demulcent component. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the tonicity agent or the demulcent component is glycerine. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion further comprises a buffer. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the buffer is sodium hydroxide. 42. The method of claim 37, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion further comprises glycerine and a buffer. 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion comprises polysorbate 80 in an amount of about 1.0% by weight. 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion comprises acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer in an amount of about 0.05% by weight. 45. The method of claim 37, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion further comprises glycerine in an amount of about 2.2% by weight and a buffer. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the buffer is sodium hydroxide. 47. The method of claim 42, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion has a pH in the range of about 7.2 to about 7.6. 48. The method of claim 37, wherein the method is therapeutically effective to treat dry eye disease. 49. A method of increasing tear production in a human eye, the method comprising topically administering to a human eye in need thereof a first topical ophthalmic emulsion at a frequency of twice a day, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion comprises: cyclosporin A in an amount of about 0.05% by weight; castor oil in an amount of about 1.25% by weight; polysorbate 80 in an amount of about 1.0% by weight; acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymer in an amount of about 0.05% by weight; a tonicity component or a demulcent component in an amount of about 2.2% by weight; a buffer, and water, wherein the method achieves a substantially equal increase in tear production as administration of a second topical ophthalmic emulsion to a human eye in need thereof at a frequency of twice a day, the second emulsion being identical to the first topical ophthalmic emulsion except that the second topical ophthalmic emulsion comprises cyclosporin A in an amount of about 0.1% by weight, and wherein the method results in substantially no detectable concentration of cyclosporin A in the blood of the human. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the first topical ophthalmic emulsion has a pH in the range of about 7.2 to about 7.6. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein the method is effective in enhancing lacrimal gland tearing. 52. The method of claim 49, wherein the method is therapeutically effective to treat dry eye disease.",
-    "Systems, apparatus, methods and computer-readable storage media that facilitate monitoring the integrity of telemetry connectivity between an implantable device and an external device are provided. In one embodiment, an implantable device includes a monitoring component that monitors advertisement signal information identifying an amount of advertisement signals transmitted to the external device within a defined time period, and telemetry session information identifying an amount of the telemetry sessions that are established between the external device and the implantable device within the defined time period. A connectivity assessment component of the implantable device further determines whether a telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on a degree of miscorrelation between the advertisement signal information and the telemetry session information. 1. An implantable device, comprising: a memory that stores executable components; and a processor that executes the executable components stored in the memory, wherein the executable components comprise: a monitoring component configured to monitor advertisement signal information identifying an amount of advertisement signals transmitted from the implantable device to an external device within a defined time period, and telemetry session information identifying an amount of telemetry sessions that are established between the external device and the implantable device within the defined time period; and a connectivity assessment component configured to determine whether a telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on at least one of a number of discovery events within the defined time period or a ratio corresponding to the amount of telemetry sessions that are established between the external device and the implantable device within the defined time period relative to the amount of the advertisement signals transmitted to the external device within the defined time period. 2. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the connectivity assessment component is configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on at least one of the number of discovery events being less than a threshold number or the ratio being less than a threshold ratio. 3. The implantable device of claim 2, further comprising: a notification component configured to generate a notification indicating the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on a determination that at least one of the number of discovery events is below the threshold number or the ratio is below the threshold ratio, and wherein the notification component is further configured to send the notification to the external device for at least one of rendering at the external device or relaying, by the external device, to another device. 4. The implantable device of claim 1, further comprising: a reporting component configured to send the advertisement signal information to the external device. 5. The implantable device of claim 1, further comprising: a configuration component configured to receive a command instructing the implantable device to reconfigure a telemetry communication protocol employed by the implantable device to communicate with the external device based on a determination that an amount of the advertisement signals that are received by the external device from the implantable device within the defined time period is below a threshold amount. 6. The implantable device of claim 5, wherein the configuration component is configured to receive the command from the external device and wherein the command originated from a server device that is separate from the external device. 7. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the monitoring component is further configured to monitor interrogation signal information identifying an amount of interrogation signals received from the external device within the defined time period, and wherein the connectivity assessment component is further configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on the amount of interrogation signals received being below a threshold amount. 8. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the monitoring component is further configured to monitor interrogation signal information identifying an amount of interrogation signals received from the external device within the defined time period, and wherein the connectivity assessment component is further configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on a second ratio, corresponding to the amount of interrogation signals received within the defined time period relative to the amount of telemetry sessions established between the external device and the implantable device within the defined time period, being less than a threshold ratio. 9. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the monitoring component is further configured to monitor signal strength information identifying strengths of signals received from the external device within the defined time period, and wherein the connectivity assessment component is further configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on an average strength of the strengths of the signals received being less than a threshold amount. 10. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the monitoring component is further configured to monitor signal strength information identifying strengths of signals received from the external device within the defined time period, and wherein the connectivity assessment component is further configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on a degree of variance in the strengths of the signals received exceeding a threshold degree of variance. 11. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the monitoring component is further configured to monitor throughput information identifying throughput of data packets received from the external device within the defined time period, and wherein the connectivity assessment component is further configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on the throughput being less than a threshold amount. 12. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the monitoring component is further configured to monitor throughput information identifying throughput of data packets transmitted by the implantable device to the external device within the defined time period, and wherein the connectivity assessment component is further configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity problem exists between the external device and the implantable device based on throughput being less than a threshold amount. 13. The implantable device of claim 1, wherein the implantable device further comprises a communication component configured to transmit the advertisement signals to the external device using a BLUETOOTH\u00ae Low Energy communication protocol. 14. A method, comprising: monitoring, by a device comprising a processor, telemetry connectivity information comprising advertisement signal information identifying times advertisement signals are received by the device from an implantable device; determining, by the device, whether a telemetry connectivity error condition exists associated with performing telemetry communication between the device and the implantable device based on an amount of the advertisement signals received within a defined time period relative to a threshold amount; and generating, by the device, a notification identifying the telemetry connectivity error condition based on a determination that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining comprises determining that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists based on the amount of the advertisement signals received within the defined time period being below the threshold amount. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising performing at least one of rendering, by the device, the notification at the device, or transmitting, by the device, the notification to another device, wherein the other device comprises the implantable device or a server device. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the determining further comprises determining that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists based on a duration of time between reception of two or more of the advertisement signals being above a threshold duration. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the telemetry connectivity information further comprises telemetry session information identifying an amount of telemetry sessions established between the device and the implantable device within the defined time period, and wherein the determining whether the telemetry connectivity error condition exists is also based on a percentage value corresponding to the amount of telemetry sessions established relative to the amount of the advertisement signals received being less than a threshold percentage value. 19. A device, comprising: a monitoring component configured to monitor telemetry connectivity information comprising advertisement signal information identifying times at which advertisement signals, transmitted by an implantable device, are received by the device; a connectivity assessment component configured to determine whether a telemetry connectivity error condition exists associated with performance of telemetry communication with the implantable device based on an amount of the advertisement signals received within a defined time period relative to a threshold amount; and a notification component configured to generate a notification identifying the telemetry connectivity error condition based on a determination that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the connectivity assessment component is configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists based on the amount of the advertisement signals received within the defined time period being below the threshold amount. 21. The device of claim 19, wherein the connectivity assessment component is configured to determine that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists based on the amount of the advertisement signals received within the defined time period being above one of the threshold amount or another threshold amount. 22. The device of claim 19, wherein the notification component is further configured to render the notification at the device. 23. A system comprising: an implantable device configured to transmit advertisement signals using a defined telemetry communication protocol; and an external device configured to: monitor advertisement signal information associated with the advertisement signals; identify an amount of the advertisement signals received by the external device within a defined period of time; and facilitate determining whether a telemetry connectivity error condition exists in association with performance of telemetry communication with the implantable device based on an evaluation of the advertisement signal information with respect to the defined telemetry communication protocol. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the external device is further configured to perform the evaluation based on a determination that the amount of the advertisement signals received is below a threshold amount. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the external device is further configured to: generate a notification identifying the telemetry connectivity error condition based on the determination; and at least one of render the notification at the external device or send the notification to at least one of the implantable device or another device. 26. The system of claim 23, further comprising: a server device communicatively coupled to the external device, wherein the external device is configured to send the advertisement signal information to the server device, and wherein the server device is configured to perform the evaluation of the advertisement signal information, including determining that the telemetry connectivity error condition exists, based on a determination that the amount of the advertisement signals received is below a threshold amount. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the server device is further configured to: generate a notification identifying the telemetry connectivity error condition based on the determination; and send the notification to another device, wherein the other device comprises at least one of the external device, the implantable device or another external device.",
-    "A collapsible electric scooter, including a base frame enclosing an electric power source, a front assembly rotatably secured to the base frame, where the front assembly includes at least one motorized wheel secured to a front riser with a handle bar, a seat assembly removably secured to the base frame; and a rear assembly rotatably secured to at least one axle of the base frame, where the rear assembly includes at least one rear wheel and at least one rear axle support. 1. A collapsible electric scooter, comprising: a base frame enclosing an electric power source; a front assembly rotatably secured to said base frame, wherein said front assembly includes at least one motorized wheel secured to a front riser with a handle bar; a seat assembly removably secured to said base frame; and a rear assembly rotatably secured to at least one axle of said base frame, wherein said rear assembly includes at least one rear wheel and at least one rear axle support. 2. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, wherein said electric power source is a NiMH battery. 3. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, wherein said motorized wheel is an electric motor connected to said electric power source. 4. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, further comprising at least one throttle handle on said handle bar. 5. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, further comprising a means for braking said motorized wheel. 6. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, wherein said rear axle support rotates about said rear axle. 7. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, further comprising a means for torque control. 8. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, further comprising at least one foot peg connected to said base frame. 9. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, further comprising a charging port to charge said electric power source. 10. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 1, further comprising a control box connected to said electric power source within said base frame. 11. A collapsible electric scooter, comprising: a base frame enclosing a battery and control box; a front assembly rotatably connected to said base frame using a lock rod, wherein said front assembly includes: at least one wheel housing a motor; a fork and head tube, wherein said head tube connects to a handle bar with throttle controls; said head tube of said front assembly rotates about a folding hinge connected to said base frame; a seat support protruding from said base frame; a seat assembly removably secured to said seat support through seat post; and a rear assembly rotatably secured to an axle of said base frame using a rear pin, wherein said rear assembly comprises: at least two rear axle supports rotatable about said rear axle; and at least two rear wheels secured to said rear axle supports. 12. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 11, further comprising a power switch connected to said battery. 13. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 11, further comprising a means for torque control. 14. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 11, further comprising a means for braking said motorized wheel. 15. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 11, further comprising at least one foot peg connected to said base frame. 16. The collapsible electric scooter recited in claim 11, further comprising a charging port to charge said electric power source. 17. A method for using a collapsible electric scooter, comprising: disengaging a lock rod rotatably securing a front assembly to a base frame; rotating said front assembly inward onto said base frame; disengaging a rear pin rotatably securing a rear assembly to said base frame; and rotating said rear assembly inward onto said base frame. 18. The method recited in claim 17, wherein said base frame in unitary. 19. The method recited in claim 17, wherein said front assembly includes one motorized wheel. 20. The method recited in claim 17, wherein said rear assembly includes two wheels.",
-    "A power inductor includes a magnetic body; a coil provided in the magnetic body; and external electrodes formed at opposite end portions of the magnetic body. The magnetic body includes a stacked plurality of magnetic sheets including a flake alloy powder, and a major axis of the flake alloy powder and a major axis of the coil are arranged in a direction parallel to an upper surface of the magnetic body. 1. A power inductor comprising: a magnetic body; a coil provided in the magnetic body; and external electrodes disposed on the magnetic body, wherein the magnetic body comprises a stacked plurality of magnetic sheets including a flake alloy powder, and a major axis of the flake alloy powder and a major axis of the coil are arranged in a direction parallel to an upper surface of the magnetic body. 2. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the major axis of the flake alloy powder is parallel to a direction of a magnetic flux generated in the coil. 3. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the coil includes: a first wiring pattern formed in an upper magnetic sheet among the plurality of magnetic sheets, a second wiring pattern formed in a lower magnetic sheet among the plurality of magnetic sheets, a plurality of layers of vias formed in a plurality of magnetic sheets among the plurality of magnetic sheets, and electrically connecting the first and second wiring patterns, and lead patterns formed in the lower magnetic sheet, and connected to the external electrodes. 4. The power inductor of claim 3, wherein the lead patterns are formed on a same plane as the second wiring pattern. 5. The power inductor of claim 3, wherein at least any one of the vias, the first and second wiring patterns, and the lead patterns include a plated layer. 6. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the flake alloy powder includes iron (Fe). 7. The power inductor of claim 6, wherein the flake alloy powder is one or more selected from the group consisting of an Fe\u2014Si-based alloy, sendust (Fe\u2014Si\u2014Al), permalloy (Fe\u2014Ni), an Fe\u2014Si\u2014Cr-based alloy, and an Fe\u2014Si\u2014B\u2014Cr-based amorphous alloy. 8. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the magnetic sheet has a thickness of 30 \u03bcm to 90 \u03bcm. 9. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the magnetic body includes an outer magnetic sheet provided on an outermost layer, the outer magnetic sheet covering the coil and having no pattern. 10. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the magnetic sheet includes a binder. 11. The power inductor of claim 1, wherein the external electrodes are formed at opposite end portions of the magnetic body. 12. A power inductor comprising: a magnetic body comprising a stacked plurality of magnetic sheets; a coil provided in the magnetic body; and external electrodes disposed on the magnetic body, wherein the coil includes a plurality of layers of vias, the plurality of layers of vias comprising vias formed in each magnetic sheet into a plurality of layers. 13. The power inductor of claim 12, wherein the coil includes: a first wiring pattern formed in an upper magnetic sheet among the plurality of magnetic sheets, a second wiring pattern formed in a lower magnetic sheet among the plurality of magnetic sheets, a plurality of layers of vias formed in a plurality of magnetic sheets among the plurality of magnetic sheets, and electrically connecting the first and second wiring patterns, and lead patterns formed in the lower magnetic sheet, and connected to the external electrodes. 14. The power inductor of claim 12, wherein the vias include a plated layer. 15. A power inductor comprising: a magnetic body; a coil provided in the magnetic body; and external electrodes disposed on the magnetic body, wherein the magnetic body comprises a stacked plurality of magnetic sheets, and uppermost and lowermost magnetic sheets among the plurality of magnetic sheets include a flake alloy powder, and a major axis of the flake alloy powder and a major axis of the coil are arranged in a direction parallel to an upper surface of the magnetic body.",
-    "A rim for a vehicle comprising a tire contact to which a clincher or a tubed tire may be fastened is disclosed. The tire contact includes a core wrapped by reinforcing thread so that the core is covered by a supporting layer formed by the reinforcing thread. The tire contact is covered at least on the radial inside by the cover layer formed of reinforcing thread so that a reinforcing ring is provided between the cover layer and the tire contact. Methods of manufacturing fiber composite rims are also disclosed. A core is wrapped with a reinforcing thread to deposit a supporting layer on the core and to form a tire contact. The tire contact is arranged adjacent an aerodynamics enhancing component and a reinforcing ring. The tire contact, the aerodynamics enhancing component and the reinforcing ring are wrapped with one or more reinforcing thread(s) to form a cover layer. 1. A rim for a vehicle comprising a tire contact means which is prepared for fastening a clincher or a tubed tire, wherein the tire contact means includes a core which is wrapped by at least one reinforcing thread so that the core is covered by at least one supporting layer formed by the reinforcing thread, characterized in that the tire contact means is covered at least on the radial inside by a cover layer formed of at least one reinforcing thread so that a reinforcing ring is provided between the cover layer and the tire contact means. 2. The rim according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcing thread includes a carbon fiber thread, aramid fiber thread and/or glass fiber thread or is formed by the same. 3. The rim according to claim 1, characterized in that on a radial inside of the cover layer, holes for receiving spokes are provided which completely or partly penetrate also the reinforcing ring. 4. The rim according to claim 1, characterized in that an aerodynamics enhancing component is provided between the cover layer and the supporting layer (5). 5. The rim according to claim 4, characterized in that the aerodynamics enhancing component is arranged on the radial inside of the supporting layer and on the radial outside of the reinforcing ring and/or is covered by the cover layer on its axial end faces. 6. A method of manufacturing a fiber composite rim comprising the steps of: a) wrapping a core with a reinforcing thread so as to deposit a supporting layer on the core and to form a tire contact means, b) arranging the tire contact means adjacent to an aerodynamics enhancing component and a reinforcing ring, and c) wrapping the tire contact means, the aerodynamics enhancing component and the reinforcing ring with one reinforcing thread or plural reinforcing threads such that a cover layer is formed. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the aerodynamics enhancing component is composed of four segments of 90\u00b0. 8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that a pre-rim is produced by a form-fit and/or force-fit holding together of the tire contact means of the aerodynamics enhancing component and the reinforcing ring. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the pre-rim is wrapped with the cover layer made of one reinforcing thread or two reinforcing threads. 10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that an area of the pre-rim with or without cover layer including one reinforcing thread or plural reinforcing threads is infiltrated with resin and/or a reinforcing thread pre-impregnated with resin is used.",
-    "The present invention provides methods for providing peak plasma amino acid concentrations through administration of an oral dose of at least 20 g of immunoglobulin concentrate. 1. A method of increasing plasma amino acid concentrations in an animal comprising: orally administering a dose of at least 20 g of immunoglobulin concentrate (IgC) to an animal. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the IgC includes at least 50% by weight IgG. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the IgC is administered to an animal that is malnourished. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the IgC is administered to an athlete or bodybuilder. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the IgC is serum bovine immunoglobulin (SBI). 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the IgC contains 10% or less albumin. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein following administration the animal experiences peak amino acid plasma concentrations for at least 15 minutes. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein following administration the animal experiences peak amino acid plasma concentrations for about 120 minutes. 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the animal experiences peak tryptophan and leucine plasma concentrations for at least 15 minutes. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the animal is administered a dose of IgC of at least 30 g. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the animal is administered a dose of IgC of at least 40 g. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the animal is administered a dose of IgC of at least 50 g.",
-    "A method of forming an origami envelope from a sheet of material is provided. The method comprises folding the sheet of material to create at least five fold lines. The origami envelope is formed from the sheet of material comprising at least five steps. In some embodiments, the method comprises an optional folding step. The optional folding step includes folding the sheet width wise to create an optional crease line. 1. (canceled) 2. A method of forming an origami envelope comprising: providing a sheet of material having a top right corner, a top left corner, a bottom right corner, and a bottom left corner, a top edge extending between the top right corner and the top left corner, a bottom edge opposite of the top edge, extending between the bottom right corner and the bottom left corner, and a first and second side extending between the top and bottom edges, the first side extending between the top left corner and the bottom left corner, and the second side opposite of the first side, extending between the top right corner and the bottom right corner; orienting the sheet of material such that the top and bottom edges extend width wise, and the first and second sides extend length wise; folding the sheet of material to create at least five fold lines, the at least five fold lines comprises: a first fold line extending diagonally between a first midpoint positioned at one of the first and second sides and a first point positioned at one of the top and bottom edges; a second fold line extending diagonally between the first midpoint and a second point positioned at the edge that is opposite of the edge having the first point; a third fold line extending diagonally between a second midpoint positioned at a side opposite to the first midpoint and a third point positioned adjacent to one of the first and second points; a fourth fold line extending diagonally between one of the top corners and a fourth point positioned adjacent to the second midpoint; and a fifth fold line extending diagonally between the first or second point that is positioned at the top edge and a fifth point positioned adjacent to the second midpoint, wherein the second midpoint is positioned between the fifth point and the fourth point, and folding the sheet of material to form the origami envelope comprising at least five steps, wherein the at least five steps comprising: a first step of folding the sheet of material along the first fold line to create a first substantially triangular structure; a second step of folding the sheet of material along the second fold line to create a second substantially triangular structure; a third step of folding the sheet of material along the third fold line to create a quadrilateral structure; a fourth step of folding the sheet of material along the fourth fold line to create a top and a bottom layer and a third substantially triangular structure extending from the top layer; and a fifth step of folding the sheet of material along the fifth fold line to extend the third substantially triangular structure from the top layer over to the bottom layer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first point and the second point are located more proximate to one of the first and second sides than the other of the first and second sides and the third point is located more proximate to the other one of the first and second sides than the one of the first and second sides. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first, second and third triangular structures have right angles, the right angles positioned at the top and/or bottom corners of the sheet, and located opposite of the first and second and fifth fold lines, respectively. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising folding the sheet width wise to create an optional crease line extending between the first and second midpoints. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the sheet is rectangular in shape and is defined by a width and a length, wherein the width is shorter than the length. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein a ratio between the width of the sheet and the length of the sheet is between approximately 0.5:1 to approximately 0.75:1. 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the sheet of material comprises paper. 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the third substantially triangular structure comprises a closure flap, removably secured to a body of the origami envelope. 10. An origami envelope formed from a sheet of material having a top edge extending between a top left corner and a top right corner, a bottom edge opposite of the top edge, extending between a bottom left corner and a bottom right corner, a first side extending between the top left corner and the bottom left corner, and a second side opposite of the first side, extending between the top right corner and the bottom right corner, the origami envelope comprising: a top envelope side and a bottom envelope side opposite of the top envelope side, a left envelope side and a right envelope side opposite of the left envelope side, a top layer having a front surface and a back surface opposite of the front surface, and a bottom layer having an exterior side and an interior side opposite of the exterior side, wherein the back surface of the top layer is in contact with the interior side of the bottom layer, and wherein the top layer extends to the exterior side of the bottom layer over a portion of the top envelope side and wherein the exterior side of the bottom layer comprises a triangular closure flap. 11. The origami envelope of claim 10, wherein a ratio between the portion of the top envelope side and the top envelope side is approximately 0.65 to 0.75. 12. The origami envelope of claim 11, wherein the origami envelope is constructed from the sheet of material having at least five fold lines, wherein the at least five fold lines comprises: a first fold line extending diagonally between a first midpoint positioned at one of the first and second sides and a first point positioned at one of the top and bottom edges; a second fold line extending diagonally between the first midpoint and a second point positioned at the edge that is opposite of the edge having the first point; a third fold line extending diagonally between a second midpoint and a third point positioned adjacent to one of the first and second points; a fourth fold line extending diagonally between one of the top corners and a fourth point positioned adjacent to the second midpoint; a fifth fold line extending diagonally between the first or second point that is positioned at the top edge and a fifth point positioned adjacent to the second midpoint, wherein the second midpoint is positioned between the fifth point and the fourth point; and wherein the sheet of material is oriented such that the top and bottom edges extend width wise, and the first and second sides extend length wise. 13. The origami envelope of claim 12, wherein the origami envelope is constructed from the sheet of material by at least five folding steps, the at least five folding steps comprising: a first step of folding the sheet of material along the first fold line to create a first substantially triangular structure; a second step of folding the sheet of material along the second fold line to create a second substantially triangular structure; a third step of folding the sheet of material along the third fold line to create a quadrilateral structure; a fourth step of folding the sheet of material along the fourth fold line to create the top and bottom layers and a triangular closure flap extending from the top layer; and a fifth step of folding the sheet of material along the fifth fold line to extend the triangular closure flap from the top layer over to the bottom layer. 14. The origami envelope of claim 13, wherein the origami envelope is constructed from the sheet of material further comprising an optional folding step, the optional folding step comprises folding the sheet width wise to create an optional crease line between the first and second midpoints. 15. The origami envelope of claim 12, wherein the origami envelope and the sheet of material is substantially rectangular in shape having a width shorter than a length. 16. The origami envelope of claim 15, wherein the width of the envelope is approximately \u2154 of the length. 17. A kit for forming an origami envelope, comprising a sheet of material having: a top right corner, a top left corner, a bottom right corner, and a bottom left corner, a top edge extending between the top right corner and the top left corner, a bottom edge opposite of the top edge, extending between the bottom right corner and the bottom left corner, and a first and second side extending between the top and bottom edges, the first side extending between the top left corner and the bottom left corner, and the second side opposite of the first side, extending between the top right corner and the bottom right corner; at least five fold lines comprising: a first fold line extending diagonally between a first midpoint positioned at one of the first and second sides and a first point positioned at one of the top and bottom edges; a second fold line extending diagonally between the first midpoint and a second point positioned at the edge that is opposite of the edge having the first point; a third fold line extending diagonally between a second midpoint and a third point positioned adjacent to one of the first and second points; a fourth fold line extending diagonally between one of the top corners and a fourth point positioned adjacent to the second midpoint; and a fifth fold line extending diagonally between the first or second point that is positioned at the top edge and a fifth point positioned adjacent to the second midpoint, wherein the second midpoint is positioned between the fifth point and the fourth point, wherein the sheet of material is oriented such that the top and bottom edges extend width wise, and the first and second sides extend length wise. 18. The kit of claim 17, wherein the origami envelope is formed from the sheet of material comprising at least five folding steps, wherein the at least five folding steps comprising: a first step of folding the sheet of material along the first fold line to create a first substantially triangular structure; a second step of folding the sheet of material along the second fold line to create a second substantially triangular structure; a third step of folding the sheet of material along the third fold line to create a quadrilateral structure; a fourth step of folding the sheet of material along the fourth fold line to create a top and a bottom layer and a third substantially triangular structure extending from the top layer; and a fifth step of folding the sheet of material along the fifth fold line to extend the third substantially triangular structure from the top layer over to the bottom layer. 19. The kit of claim 18, wherein the origami envelope is formed from the sheet of material further comprising an optional folding step, the optional step comprises folding the sheet width wise to create an optional crease line between the first and second midpoints. 20. The kit of claim 19, wherein the sheet of material is substantially rectangular in shape having a width shorter than a length.",
-    "A method for managing a task on a terminal device and the terminal device are provided. The method for managing a task on a terminal device may include: monitoring whether a first application on the terminal device is running, and monitoring a user's action of operating a desktop of the terminal device; and displaying, on the desktop of the terminal device, a running-state icon corresponding to the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, and disabling the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets a preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or displaying, on the desktop of the terminal device, a disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application if it is detected that the first application is in a disabled state. 1. A method for managing a task on a terminal device, comprising: monitoring whether a first application on the terminal device is running, and monitoring a user's action of operating a desktop of the terminal device; and displaying, on the desktop of the terminal device, a running-state icon corresponding to the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, and disabling the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets a preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the monitoring whether a first application on the terminal device is running comprises: monitoring, by using a thread status pool, whether the first application on the terminal device is running, wherein the thread status pool is a system thread. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein current memory usage of the first application is displayed in the running-state icon corresponding to the first application. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the method further comprises: setting a status of the first application to a protected state or an unprotected state according to a user instruction or a preset policy. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein: the disabling the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets a preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application comprises: disabling the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, the first application is currently in the unprotected state, and the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring a user's action of operating a desktop of the terminal device comprises: monitoring the user's gesture, monitoring the user's moving track, monitoring the user's voice, and/or monitoring a touch track performed by the user on a touch sensor comprised in the terminal device. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein: the disabling the first application if the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application comprises: disabling the first application if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is flicked away so that the flicked-away running-state icon of the first application hits an edge of a screen; or the disabling the first application if the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application comprises: disabling the first application if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is clamped so that a crystal ball in which the running-state icon of the first application is shrouded is broken, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application has a crystal ball shrouding effect, and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application does not have the crystal ball shrouding effect; or the first application comprises multiple sub-applications, and the disabling the first application if the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application comprises: disabling, in batches, the multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device passes through the multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application at a moving speed greater than or equal to a first speed threshold. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application is determined by using any one of the following methods: matching a touch end point of the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device with at least one standard touch point model of a first type, and if the matching succeeds, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or matching a touch start point and a touch end point of the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device with at least one standard touch point model of a second type, and if the matching succeeds, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a touch direction corresponding to the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined touch direction with at least one standard touch track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined touch direction and a standard touch direction that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the at least one standard touch track model of the first type is less than a third threshold, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a touch graph corresponding to the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined touch graph with at least one standard touch track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined touch graph and a standard touch graph that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the second type of the at least one standard touch track model of the second type is greater than a fourth threshold, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a moving direction corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined moving direction with at least one standard moving track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined moving direction and a standard moving direction that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold m1, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a graph corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined graph with at least one standard moving track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined graph and a standard graph that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the second type is greater than or equal to a threshold m2, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a third type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and a standard motion rate that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold m3, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a third type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to a standard motion rate corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the third type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold m4, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the fourth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and a standard motion displacement that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fifth type is less than or equal to a threshold m5, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion displacement corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the fifth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the sixth type is less than or equal to a threshold m6, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the sixth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and a standard motion duration that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold m7, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion duration corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the seventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold m8, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the eighth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a first type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and a standard volume value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold n1, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a first type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to a standard volume value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the first type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a second type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the second type is less than or equal to a threshold n2, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a second type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the second type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a third type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and a standard audio value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold n3, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a third type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to a standard audio value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the third type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold n4, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a fourth type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the fourth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a fifth type, and if the acquired audio variation trend is the same as a standard audio variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fifth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a sixth type, and if the acquired volume variation trend is the same as a standard volume variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the sixth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and a standard audio variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n5, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a seventh type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard audio variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the seventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold n6, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of an eighth type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the eighth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a ninth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and a standard volume variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the ninth type is less than or equal to a threshold n7, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a ninth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard volume variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the ninth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a tenth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the tenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n8, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a tenth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the tenth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and a standard duration that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eleventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n9, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to a standard duration corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the eleventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the twelfth type is less than or equal to a threshold n10, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the twelfth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or converting the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device into a corresponding digital voice signal, matching the digital voice signal obtained after conversion with at least one standard voice model of a thirteenth type, and if a deviation between the digital voice signal and a standard digital voice signal that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the thirteenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n11, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 9. A terminal device, comprising: a running monitoring unit, configured to monitor whether a first application on the terminal device is running; an action monitoring unit, configured to monitor a user's action of operating a desktop of the terminal device; an icon displaying unit, configured to display, on the desktop of the terminal device, a running-state icon corresponding to the first application if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running; and a control unit, configured to disable the first application if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running and the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets a preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 10. The terminal device according to claim 9, wherein the running monitoring unit is specifically configured to monitor, by using a thread status pool, whether the first application on the terminal device is running, wherein the thread status pool is a system thread. 11. The terminal device according to claim 9, wherein the action monitoring unit is specifically configured to monitor the user's gesture, monitor the user's moving track, monitor the user's voice, and/or monitor a touch track performed by the user on a touch sensor comprised in the terminal device. 12. The terminal device according to claim 11, wherein: the control unit is specifically configured to disable the first application if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, and if the action monitoring unit detects that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is flicked away so that the flicked-away running-state icon of the first application hits an edge of a screen; or the control unit is specifically configured to disable the first application if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, and if the action monitoring unit detects that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is clamped so that a crystal ball in which the running-state icon of the first application is shrouded is broken, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application has a crystal ball shrouding effect, and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application does not have the crystal ball shrouding effect; or the control unit is specifically configured to disable, in batches, multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, and if the action monitoring unit detects that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor passes through the multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application at a moving speed greater than or equal to a first speed threshold. 13. The terminal device according to claim 11, wherein: the control unit is specifically configured to: if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, match a touch end point of the touch track that is detected by the action monitoring unit and is performed by the user on the touch sensor with at least one standard touch point model of a first type, and if the matching succeeds, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, match a touch start point and a touch end point of the touch track that is detected by the action monitoring unit and is performed by the user on the touch sensor with at least one standard touch point model of a second type, and if the matching succeeds, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a touch direction corresponding to the touch track that is detected by the action monitoring unit and is performed by the user on the touch sensor, match the determined touch direction with at least one standard touch track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined touch direction and a standard touch direction that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the at least one standard touch track model of the first type is less than a third threshold, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a touch graph corresponding to the touch track that is detected by the action monitoring unit and is performed by the user on the touch sensor, match the determined touch graph with at least one standard touch track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined touch graph and a standard touch graph that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the second type of the at least one standard touch track model of the second type is greater than a fourth threshold, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a moving direction corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined moving direction with at least one standard moving track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined moving direction and a standard moving direction that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold m1, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application, wherein the terminal device further comprises the camera; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a graph corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined graph with at least one standard moving track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined graph and a standard graph that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the second type is greater than or equal to a threshold m2, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a third type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and a standard motion rate that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold m3, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a third type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to a standard motion rate corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the third type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold m4, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the fourth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and a standard motion displacement that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fifth type is less than or equal to a threshold m5, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion displacement corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the fifth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the sixth type is less than or equal to a threshold m6, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the sixth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and a standard motion duration that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold m7, determine that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion duration corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the seventh type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold m8, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, determine a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by the action monitoring unit by using a camera, match the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the eighth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a first type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and a standard volume value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold n1, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application, wherein the terminal device further comprises the audio monitoring apparatus; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using the audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a first type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to a standard volume value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the first type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a second type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the second type is less than or equal to a threshold n2, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a second type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the second type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a third type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and a standard audio value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold n3, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a third type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to a standard audio value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the third type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold n4, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a fourth type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the fourth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a fifth type, and if the acquired audio variation trend is the same as a standard audio variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fifth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a sixth type, and if the acquired volume variation trend is the same as a standard volume variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the sixth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and a standard audio variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n5, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a seventh type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard audio variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the seventh type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold n6, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of an eighth type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the eighth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a ninth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and a standard volume variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the ninth type is less than or equal to a threshold n7, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a ninth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard volume variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the ninth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a tenth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the tenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n8, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a tenth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the tenth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and a standard duration that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eleventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n9, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to a standard duration corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the eleventh type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the twelfth type is less than or equal to a threshold n10, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, acquire a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus, match the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the twelfth type, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application; or if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is running, convert the user's voice detected by the action monitoring unit by using an audio monitoring apparatus into a corresponding digital voice signal, match the digital voice signal obtained after conversion with at least one standard voice model of a thirteenth type, and if a deviation between the digital voice signal and a standard digital voice signal that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the thirteenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n11, determine that the user action detected by the action monitoring unit meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application. 14. A terminal device, comprising a device screen and a threading module, wherein the threading module is connected to the device screen, wherein: the threading module is configured to: monitor whether a first application on the terminal device is running, and monitor a user's action of operating a desktop of the terminal device; and if it is detected that the first application is running, control the device screen to display a running-state icon corresponding to the first application, and disable the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets a preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; and the device screen is configured to display, under the control of the threading module, the running-state icon corresponding to the first application. 15. The terminal device according to claim 14, wherein the device screen is a touch sensor, or the terminal device further comprises a touch sensor, wherein: in the aspect of monitoring the user's action of operating the desktop of the terminal device, the threading module is specifically configured to monitor the user's gesture, monitor the user's moving track, monitor the user's voice, and/or monitor a touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor. 16. The terminal device according to claim 15, wherein: in the aspect of disabling the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, the threading module is specifically configured to disable the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, and if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is flicked away so that the flicked-away running-state icon of the first application hits an edge of a screen; or disable the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, and if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is clamped so that a crystal ball in which the running-state icon of the first application is shrouded is broken, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application has a crystal ball shrouding effect, and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application does not have the crystal ball shrouding effect; or disable, in batches, multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, and if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor passes through the multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application at a moving speed greater than or equal to a first speed threshold. 17. The terminal device according to claim 15, wherein: the threading module determines, according to any one of the following manners, that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application: matching a touch end point of the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor with at least one standard touch point model of a first type, and if the matching succeeds, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or matching a touch start point and a touch end point of the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor with at least one standard touch point model of a second type, and if the matching succeeds, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a touch direction corresponding to the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor, matching the determined touch direction with at least one standard touch track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined touch direction and a standard touch direction that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the at least one standard touch track model of the first type is less than a third threshold, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a touch graph corresponding to the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor, matching the determined touch graph with at least one standard touch track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined touch graph and a standard touch graph that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the second type of the at least one standard touch track model of the second type is greater than a fourth threshold, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a moving direction corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined moving direction with at least one standard moving track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined moving direction and a standard moving direction that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold m1, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, wherein the terminal device further comprises a camera; or determining a graph corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined graph with at least one standard moving track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined graph and a standard graph that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the second type is greater than or equal to a threshold m2, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a third type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and a standard motion rate that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold m3, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a third type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to a standard motion rate corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the third type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold m4, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the fourth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and a standard motion displacement that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fifth type is less than or equal to a threshold m5, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion displacement corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the fifth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the sixth type is less than or equal to a threshold m6, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the sixth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and a standard motion duration that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold m7, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion duration corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the seventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold m8, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera, matching the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the eighth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a first type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and a standard volume value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold n1, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, wherein the terminal device further comprises the audio monitoring apparatus; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a first type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to a standard volume value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the first type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a second type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the second type is less than or equal to a threshold n2, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a second type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the second type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a third type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and a standard audio value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold n3, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a third type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to a standard audio value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the third type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold n4, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a fourth type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the fourth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a fifth type, and if the acquired audio variation trend is the same as a standard audio variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fifth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a sixth type, and if the acquired volume variation trend is the same as a standard volume variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the sixth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and a standard audio variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n5, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a seventh type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard audio variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the seventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold n6, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of an eighth type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the eighth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a ninth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and a standard volume variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the ninth type is less than or equal to a threshold n7, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a ninth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard volume variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the ninth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a tenth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the tenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n8, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a tenth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the tenth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and a standard duration that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eleventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n9, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to a standard duration corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the eleventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the twelfth type is less than or equal to a threshold n10, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus, matching the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the twelfth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or converting the user's voice detected by using the audio monitoring apparatus into a corresponding digital voice signal, matching the digital voice signal obtained after conversion with at least one standard voice model of a thirteenth type, and if a deviation between the digital voice signal and a standard digital voice signal that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the thirteenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n11, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 18. A terminal device, comprising a threador and a memory, wherein: the threador invokes code stored in the memory, so as to: monitor whether a first application on the terminal device is running, and monitor a user's action of operating a desktop of the terminal device; and display, on the desktop of the terminal device, a running-state icon corresponding to the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, and disable the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets a preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 19. The terminal device according to claim 18, wherein in the aspect of monitoring whether the first application on the terminal device is running, the threador is specifically configured to monitor, by using a thread status pool, whether the first application on the terminal device is running, wherein the thread status pool is a system thread. 20. The terminal device according to claim 18, wherein current memory usage of the first application is displayed in the running-state icon corresponding to the first application. 21. The terminal device according to claim 18, wherein: the threador is further configured to set a status of the first application to a protected state or an unprotected state according to a user instruction or a preset policy. 22. The terminal device according to claim 21, wherein: in the aspect of disabling the first application if it is detected that the first application is running and the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, the threador is specifically configured to disable the first application if it is detected that the first application is running, the first application is currently in the unprotected state, and the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 23. The terminal device according to claim 18, wherein in the aspect of monitoring the user's action of operating the desktop of the terminal device, the threador is specifically configured to monitor the user's gesture, monitor the user's moving track, monitor the user's voice, and/or monitor a touch track performed by the user on a touch sensor comprised in the terminal device. 24. The terminal device according to claim 23, wherein: in the aspect of disabling the first application if the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, the threador is specifically configured to disable the first application if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is flicked away so that the flicked-away running-state icon of the first application hits an edge of a screen; or in the aspect of disabling the first application if the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, the threador is specifically configured to disable the first application if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device indicates that the running-state icon of the first application is clamped so that a crystal ball in which the running-state icon of the first application is shrouded is broken, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application has a crystal ball shrouding effect, and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application does not have the crystal ball shrouding effect; or the first application comprises multiple sub-applications, and in the aspect of disabling the first application if the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application, the threador is specifically configured to disable, in batches, the multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application if it is detected that the touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device passes through the multiple sub-applications comprised in the first application at a moving speed greater than or equal to a first speed threshold. 25. The terminal device according to claim 23, wherein that the user action detected by the threador meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application is determined by using any one of the following methods: matching a touch end point of the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device with at least one standard touch point model of a first type, and if the matching succeeds, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or matching a touch start point and a touch end point of the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device with at least one standard touch point model of a second type, and if the matching succeeds, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a touch direction corresponding to the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined touch direction with at least one standard touch track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined touch direction and a standard touch direction that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the at least one standard touch track model of the first type is less than a third threshold, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a touch graph corresponding to the detected touch track performed by the user on the touch sensor comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined touch graph with at least one standard touch track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined touch graph and a standard touch graph that is comprised in one standard touch track model of the second type of the at least one standard touch track model of the second type is greater than a fourth threshold, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a moving direction corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined moving direction with at least one standard moving track model of a first type, and if a deviation between the determined moving direction and a standard moving direction that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold m1, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a graph corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined graph with at least one standard moving track model of a second type, and if a similarity between the determined graph and a standard graph that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the second type is greater than or equal to a threshold m2, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a third type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and a standard motion rate that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold m3, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a third type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to a standard motion rate corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the third type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with at least one standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion rate and at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold m4, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion rate corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion rate with a preset standard moving track model of a fourth type, and if the determined motion rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard motion rate within a standard motion rate range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the fourth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and a standard motion displacement that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the fifth type is less than or equal to a threshold m5, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a fifth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion displacement corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the fifth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with at least one standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion displacement and at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the sixth type is less than or equal to a threshold m6, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion displacement corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion displacement with a preset standard moving track model of a sixth type, and if the determined motion displacement is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion displacement within a standard motion displacement range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the sixth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and a standard motion duration that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold m7, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of a seventh type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to a standard motion duration corresponding to the preset standard moving track model of the seventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with at least one standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the determined motion duration and at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to one standard moving track model of the at least one standard moving track model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold m8, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or determining a motion duration corresponding to the user's moving track detected by using a camera comprised in the terminal device, matching the determined motion duration with a preset standard moving track model of an eighth type, and if the determined motion duration is greater than, less than, or equal to at least one standard motion duration within a standard motion duration range that corresponds to the preset standard moving track model of the eighth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a first type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and a standard volume value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the first type is less than or equal to a threshold n1, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a first type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to a standard volume value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the first type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with at least one standard voice model of a second type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume value and at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the second type is less than or equal to a threshold n2, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume value with a preset standard voice model of a second type, and if the acquired volume value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume value within a standard volume value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the second type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a third type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and a standard audio value that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the third type is less than or equal to a threshold n3, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a third type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to a standard audio value corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the third type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with at least one standard voice model of a fourth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio value and at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fourth type is less than or equal to a threshold n4, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio value corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio value with a preset standard voice model of a fourth type, and if the acquired audio value is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio value within a standard audio value range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the fourth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a fifth type, and if the acquired audio variation trend is the same as a standard audio variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the fifth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation trend corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation trend with at least one standard voice model of a sixth type, and if the acquired volume variation trend is the same as a standard volume variation trend corresponding to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the sixth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a seventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and a standard audio variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the seventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n5, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a seventh type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard audio variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the seventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with at least one standard voice model of an eighth type, and if a deviation between the acquired audio variation rate and at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eighth type is less than or equal to a threshold n6, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring an audio variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired audio variation rate with a preset standard voice model of an eighth type, and if the acquired audio variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard audio variation rate within a standard audio variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the eighth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a ninth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and a standard volume variation rate that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the ninth type is less than or equal to a threshold n7, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a ninth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to a standard volume variation rate corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the ninth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with at least one standard voice model of a tenth type, and if a deviation between the acquired volume variation rate and at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the tenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n8, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a volume variation rate corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired volume variation rate with a preset standard voice model of a tenth type, and if the acquired volume variation rate is greater than, or equal to at least one standard volume variation rate within a standard volume variation rate range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the tenth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and a standard duration that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the eleventh type is less than or equal to a threshold n9, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of an eleventh type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to a standard duration corresponding to the preset standard voice model of the eleventh type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with at least one standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if a deviation between the acquired duration and at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the twelfth type is less than or equal to a threshold n10, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or acquiring a duration corresponding to the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device, matching the acquired duration with a preset standard voice model of a twelfth type, and if the acquired duration is greater than, or equal to at least one standard duration within a standard duration range that corresponds to the preset standard voice model of the twelfth type, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application; or converting the user's voice detected by using an audio monitoring apparatus comprised in the terminal device into a corresponding digital voice signal, matching the digital voice signal obtained after conversion with at least one standard voice model of a thirteenth type, and if a deviation between the digital voice signal and a standard digital voice signal that corresponds to one standard voice model of the at least one standard voice model of the thirteenth type is less than or equal to a threshold n11, determining that the detected user action meets the preset disabling condition corresponding to the first application. 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises: displaying, on the desktop of the terminal device, a disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application if it is detected that the first application is in a disabled state, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application have different appearances. 27. The terminal device according to claim 9, wherein the icon displaying unit is further configured to display, on the desktop of the terminal device, a disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application if the running monitoring unit detects that the first application is in a disabled state, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application have different appearances. 28. The terminal device according to claim 14, wherein the treading module is further configured to control the device screen to display a disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application if it is detected that the first application is in a disabled state, and the device screen is further configured to the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application have different appearances. 29. The terminal device according to claim 18, wherein through invoking the codes in the memory, a disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application is displayed on the desktop of the terminal device, if it is detected that the first application is in a disabled state, wherein the running-state icon corresponding to the first application and the disabled-state icon corresponding to the first application have different appearances.",
-    "Present invention provides fully or partially biodegradable device for controlled delivery of drugs. In one embodiment, the present invention relates provides biodegradable device for controlled delivery of drugs, the device having micro or nano beads with a biodegradable shell and a core that contains a drug. The beads are enclosed in a skin or barrier layer that controls the flow of the drug from the biodegradable device to a region outside of the biodegradable device, wherein the beads are embedded in a biodegradable polymer matrix or a biodegradable foam or both. The biodegradable polymer matrix, biodegradable foam and/or the skin or barrier layer has a defined pore size such that physical movement of a droplet is restrained and free flow through serum but not through blood cells. 1. A device for controlled delivery of drugs, comprising micro or nano beads having a biodegradable shell and a core that contains a drug, wherein the beads are enclosed in a skin or barrier layer that controls the flow of the drug from the biodegradable device to a region outside of the biodegradable device. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the beads are embedded in a biodegradable polymer matrix 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the biodegradable polymer matrix comprises a biodegradable sol-gel or a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the beads are embedded in a biodegradable foam. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the skin or barrier layer comprises a biodegradable material. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the biodegradable shell comprises a biodegradable polymer. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein at least partially the device is biodegradable if the device is not implanted within a body of a human or an animal. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is substantially biodegradable if the device is implanted within a body of a human or an animal such that the device does not have to be removed from the body. 9. The device of claim 2, wherein a time for biodegradability of the beads is shorter than a time for biodegradability of the polymer matrix in which the beads are embedded, and the time for biodegradability of the polymer matrix is shorter than a time for biodegradability of the skin or barrier layer surrounding the polymer matrix. 10. The device of claim 4, wherein a time for biodegradability of the beads is shorter than a time for biodegradability of the foam in which the beads are embedded, and in turn the time for biodegradability of the foam is shorter than a time for biodegradability of the skin or barrier layer surrounding the foam. 11. A device comprising: a shell comprising a first material and a second material, wherein the second material comprises a biodegradable material; a core comprising a pharmaceutically effective composition, the core being enclosed by the shell; wherein the first material is distributed in a matrix of the biodegradable material; wherein the first material is configured to create holes in the shell; wherein the holes allow the pharmaceutically effective composition to be released to the exterior of the shell through the holes. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the first material comprises a metal-containing material that forms the holes in the shell or a biodegradable material that degrades over time. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the metal-containing material is configured to form holes in the shell, before or after implanting or attaching the device in or on a body of a human or an animal, when the shell is exposed to an external stimulus. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the metal-containing material comprises metallic particles. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the metallic component comprises an iron-containing or manganese-containing material, or an iron-containing or manganese-containing polymer. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein the metallic particles comprise iron-containing or manganese-containing particles, or an iron-containing or manganese-containing polymer. 17. The device of claim 11, wherein the pharmaceutically effective composition comprises a targeting material or targeting molecule that binds to a certain organ, object or a specific site within a body of a human or an animal. 18. The device of claim 11, wherein the first and second materials comprise polymers. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the first material comprises poly lactic acid (PLA) or an iron-containing polymer and the second biodegradable material comprises poly \u03b5-caprolactone (PCL). 20. The device of claim 11, wherein the core comprises an emulsion or beads of the pharmaceutically effective composition and a polymer.",
-    "Aspects of the present disclosure are generally related to one or more systems, methods, and devices for forecasting the likelihood of locating available parking spaces at various remote locations, and navigating a vehicle to the available parking space. In some examples, aspects of the present disclosure may utilize a variety of data sources (e.g., historical data, surveyed data, and real-time parking availability data) in order to predict the likelihood of locating the available parking space within the confines of an available hours of service (HOS) requirement of a driver of the vehicle. 1. A method for navigating a vehicle to one or more parking location candidates, comprising: identifying a route for the vehicle to a destination; determining a remaining hours of service (HOS) for a driver associated with the vehicle; calculating a distance that vehicle can travel on the route before expiration of the remaining HOS; identifying the one or more parking location candidates for the vehicle at a target resting destination based on the calculated distance; and navigating the vehicle to the one or more parking location candidates at the target resting destination. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the identifying the route for the vehicle to the destination, comprises: receiving, at a network entity, vehicle specific information from a mobile computing platform associated with the vehicle, wherein the vehicle specific information includes a current location of the vehicle, the destination of the route, and the route that the vehicle will traverse to the destination. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the one or more parking location candidates for the vehicle at the target resting destination, comprises: determining parking location candidates based on at least one of a historical data, surveyed data, or real-time parking availability data. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the historical data is determined based on information collected from a plurality of mobile computing platforms at the target resting destination. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: reserving a parking space at the one or more parking location candidates. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: assigning a confidence factor to the one or more parking location candidates; and displaying the confidence factor at a display of a mobile computing device associated with the one or more parking location candidates. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the distance that vehicle can travel on the route before expiration of the remaining HOS is based on traffic or weather conditions on the route. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more parking location candidates includes one or more available parking spaces. 9. An apparatus for navigating a vehicle to one or more parking location candidates, comprising: a processor; and a memory, wherein the memory includes instructions executable by the processor to: identify a route for the vehicle to a destination; determine a remaining hours of service (HOS) for a driver associated with the vehicle; calculate a distance that vehicle can travel on the route before expiration of the remaining HOS; identify the one or more parking location candidates for the vehicle at a target resting destination based on the calculated distance; and navigate the vehicle to the one or more parking location candidates at the target resting destination. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive, at a network entity, vehicle specific information from a mobile computing platform associated with the vehicle, wherein the vehicle specific information includes a current location of the vehicle, the destination of the route, and the route that the vehicle will traverse to the destination. 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: determine parking location candidates based on at least one of a historical data, surveyed data, or real-time parking availability data. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the historical data is determined based on information collected from a plurality of mobile computing platforms at the target resting destination. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: reserve a parking space at the one or more parking location candidates. 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: assign a confidence factor to the one or more parking location candidates; and display the confidence factor at a display of a mobile computing device associated with the one or more parking location candidates. 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein calculating the distance that vehicle can travel on the route before expiration of the remaining HOS is based on traffic or weather conditions on the route. 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more parking location candidates includes one or more available parking spaces. 17. A computer-readable medium for navigating a vehicle to one or more parking location candidates, comprising instructions executable to: identify a route for the vehicle to a destination; determine a remaining hours of service (HOS) for a driver associated with the vehicle; calculate a distance that vehicle can travel on the route before expiration of the remaining HOS; identify the one or more parking location candidates for the vehicle at a target resting destination based on the calculated distance; and navigate the vehicle to the one or more parking location candidates at the target resting destination. 18. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions are further executable to: receive, at a network entity, vehicle specific information from a mobile computing platform associated with the vehicle, wherein the vehicle specific information includes a current location of the vehicle, the destination of the route, and the route that the vehicle will traverse to the destination. 19. The computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the instructions are further executable to: determine parking location candidates based on at least one of a historical data, surveyed data, or real-time parking availability data. 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the historical data is determined based on information collected from a plurality of mobile computing platforms at the target resting destination.",
-    "Disclosed are compounds of formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxides, salts, hydrates, solvates, complexes, bioisosteres, metabolites, and prodrugs thereof, which are of use in the treatment of infection with, and diseases caused by, Clostridium difficile. 1. A compound of formula (I): R1 is selected from an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl group, the optional substitution being with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R3, OR3, N(R3)2, COR3, CO2R3, C(\u2550O)SR3, SR3, S(\u2550O)R3, SO2R3, NR4C(\u2550O)R3, NR4CO2R3, OC(\u2550O)NR3R4, NR4SO2R3, C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550O)NR3R4, CONR3R4 and SO2NR3R4; R2 is an optionally substituted aromatic 8-14 membered fused bicyclic or tricyclic ring system in which one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by N, O, S, SO or SO2 and the optional substitution being with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R3, OR3, N(R3)2, COR3, CO2R3, C(\u2550O)SR3, SR3, S(\u2550O)R3, SO2R3, NR4C(\u2550O)R3, NR4CO2R3, OC(\u2550O)NR3R4, NR4SO2R3, C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550O)NR3R4, CONR3R4 and SO2NR3R4; R3 is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C7 carbocyclyl, C4-C7 heterocyclyl and 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R4, OR4, N(R4)2, COR4, CO2R4, C(\u2550O)SR4, SR4, S(\u2550O)R4, SO2R4, NR4C(\u2550O)R4, NR4CO2R4, OC(\u2550O)NR4)2, NR4SO2R4, C(\u2550NR4)N(R4)2, C(\u2550S)N(R4)2, NR4C(\u2550NR4)N(R4)2, NR4C(\u2550S)N(R4)2, NR4C(\u2550O)N(R4)2, CON(R4)2 and SO2N(R4)2; R4 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C3-C7 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more halo atoms; or a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, salt, hydrate, solvate, complex, bioisostere, metabolite or prodrug thereof for use in a method for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD). 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R1 is: (a) a pyridyl group; or (b) a thiazole group. 3. The compound of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein R2 is an optionally substituted aromatic 8-10 membered fused bicyclic ring system in which one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by N, O, S, SO or SO2 and the optional substitution being with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R3, OR3, N(R3)2, COR3, CO2R3, C(\u2550O)SR3, SR3, S(\u2550O)R3, SO2R3, NR4C(\u2550O)R3, NR4CO2R3, OC(\u2550O)NR3R4, NR4SO2R3, C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550O)NR3R4, CONR3R4 and SO2NR3R4. 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein R2 is an optionally substituted aromatic 9-membered bicyclic ring system in which one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by N, O, S, SO or SO2 and the optional substitution being with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R3, OR3, N(R3)2, COR3, CO2R3, C(\u2550O)SR3, SR3, S(\u2550O)R3, SO2R3, NR4C(\u2550O)R3, NR4CO2R3, OC(\u2550O)NR3R4, N4SO2R3, C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550O)NR3R4, CONR3R4 and SO2NR3R4. 5. The compound of any one of the preceding claims wherein R2 is an optionally substituted aromatic fused 5- and 6-membered bicyclic ring system. 6. The compound of claim 5 wherein R2 is: (a) a thienopyridyl group; or (b) a benzothiophene group; or (c) a benzofuran group; or (d) a pyridyl imidazole group; or (e) a benzodioxol group; or (f) an indole group. 7. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein R2 is an optionally substituted aromatic fused 6- and 6-membered bicyclic ring system. 8. The compound of claim 7 wherein R2 is: (a) a isoquinolone group; or (b) a quinoxaline group; or (c) an isoquinoline group; or (d) a quinoline group; or (e) a naphthyridine group. 9. The compound of any one of the preceding claims which is symmetrical, for example wherein R1 and R2 are the same. 10. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 8 which is unsymmetrical, for example wherein R1 and R2 are different. 11. The compound of claim 1 which is selected from compounds 1 to 13 as listed in Table 1 herein. 12. A compound of formula (I): R1 is selected from an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl group, the optional substitution being with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R3, OR3, N(R3)2, COR3, CO2R3, C(\u2550O)SR3, SR3, S(\u2550O)R3, SO2R3, NR4C(\u2550O)R3, NR4CO2R3, OC(\u2550O)NR3R4, NR4SO2R3, C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550O)NR3R4, CONR3R4 and SO2NR3R4; R2 is an optionally substituted aromatic 8-14 membered fused bicyclic or tricyclic ring system in which one or more of the carbon atoms may be replaced by N, O, S, SO or SO2 and the optional substitution being with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R3, OR3, N(R3)2, COR3, CO2R3, C(\u2550O)SR3, SR3, S(\u2550O)R3, SO2R3, NR4C(\u2550O)R3, NR4CO2R3, OC(\u2550O)NR3R4, NR4SO2R3, C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550NR4)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550S)NR3R4, NR4C(\u2550O)NR3R4, CONR3R4 and SO2NR3R4; R3 is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C7 carbocyclyl, C4-C7 heterocyclyl and 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, NO2, R4, OR4, N(R4)2, COR4, CO2R4, C(\u2550O)SR4, SR4, S(\u2550O)R4, SO2R4, NR4C(\u2550O)R4, NR4CO2R4, OC(\u2550O)NR4)2, NR4SO2R4, C(\u2550NR4)N(R4)2, C(\u2550S)N(R4)2, NR4C(\u2550NR4)N(R4)2, NR4C(\u2550S)N(R4)2, NR4C(\u2550O)N(R4)2, CON(R4)2 and SO2N(R4)2; R4 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl and C3-C7 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more halo atoms; or a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, salt, hydrate, solvate, complex, bioisostere, metabolite or prodrug thereof, optionally for use in therapy or prophylaxis, for example in a method for the treatment of a bacterial infection or disease. 13. The compound of claim 12 which is as defined in any one of claims 2 to 11. 14. The compound of claim 12 which is selected from 2-(2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzofuran-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 6-(2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(1H-indol-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-[5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol]-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine 2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(2\u2032-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-[5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol]-2-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine or a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, salt, hydrate, solvate, complex, bioisostere, metabolite or prodrug thereof. 15. The compound of any one of the preceding claims which is a selective Clostridium difficile agent, for example being selected from 2-(2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzofuran-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 6-(2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(1H-indol-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,3\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(2\u2032-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-[5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol]-2-yl)thieno[2,3-c]pyridine 2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)-2\u2032-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazole 2-(2\u2032-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H,1\u2032H-[5,5\u2032-bibenzo[d]imidazol]-2-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine or a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, salt, hydrate, solvate, complex, bioisostere, metabolite or prodrug thereof. 16. A combination comprising a compound as defined in any one of the preceding claims and an adjunctive agent selected from those described herein. 17. A combination of claim 16 comprising a compound as defined in any one of the preceding claims and an adjunctive agent selected from: (a) vancomycin; (b) metronidazole; (c) a probiotic; (d) a pre-biotic; (e) a bacteriotoxin sequestrant (e.g. ion exchange resin); (f) intravenous immunoglobulin; and (g) an anti-diarrhoeal agent. 18. The combination of claim 16 or claim 17 comprising a compound as defined in any one of the preceding claims and a probiotic selected from Saccharomyces spp. and/or Lactobacillus spp. 19. The combination of any one of claims 16 to 18 wherein the compound as defined in any one of the preceding claims and adjunctive agent are physically or non-physically associated. 20. A method of treating a Clostridium difficile infection or Clostridium difficile disease in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15 or a combination as defined in any one of claims 16 to 19 to said subject. 21. A method of killing Clostridium difficile or inhibiting, reducing or preventing the growth thereof, comprising contacting said bacterium with a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15 or a combination as defined in any one of claims 16 to 19. 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15 or a combination as defined in any one of claims 16 to 19. 23. The invention of any one of the preceding claims for use in a method for the treatment of CDAD whilst sparing normal gut flora. 24. The invention of any one of the preceding claims wherein the CDAD is selected from: (a) colitis; (b) pseudomembranous colitis; (c) diarrhoea; and (d) antibiotic-associated disease. 25. The invention of claim 24 wherein the antibiotic-associated disease is selected from: (a) antibiotic-associated diarrhoea; and (b) antibiotic-associated colitis for use in the treatment of a patient subgroup selected from: (a) subjects treated, or undergoing treatment, with proton pump inhibitors; (b) subjects treated, or undergoing treatment, with H2 receptor antagonists; (c) subjects treated, or undergoing treatment, with diuretics; (d) hospitalized subjects; (e) subjects with indwelling feeding tubes; (f) subjects undergoing mechanical ventilation; (g) subjects treated, or undergoing treatment, with probiotics; and (g) subjects treated, or undergoing treatment, with vancomycin and/or metronidazole.",
-    "A bag has top and bottom edge margins and opposite side margins. First and second bag panels of the bag define a bag interior and an opening at the top edge margin of the bag. A reclosable closing structure at the top edge margin of the bag can repeatedly close the bag. First and second gripping panels are joined to the top edge margin of the bag at first and second joints, respectively. The gripping panels can provide surfaces for gripping when opening the bag, and the joints can be flexible to allow pivoting of the gripping panels relative to the bag. The gripping panels can be formed integrally with a closure for appending to a bag body. 1. A bag having top and bottom edge margins and opposite side margins, the bag comprising: first and second bag panels defining a bag interior and an opening at the top edge margin of the bag; a reclosable closing structure at the top edge margin of the bag configured to repeatedly close the bag; and first and second gripping panels joined to the top edge margin of the bag at first and second joints, respectively, the first joint connecting the first gripping panel to the first bag panel and the second joint connecting the second gripping panel to the second bag panel, the first and second gripping panels extending from the first and second joints, respectively, outwardly away from one another to define surfaces for gripping and pulling the first and second gripping panels apart to open the bag. 2. A bag as set forth in claim 1 wherein each of the first and second gripping panels includes an inner portion extending laterally outward from the flexible joint and an outer portion extending upwardly from the inner portion. 3. A bag as set forth in claim 2 wherein the outer portions of the first and second gripping panels are spaced apart from one another to receive a finger therebetween. 4. A bag as set forth in claim 2 wherein at least outermost segments of the outer portions of the first and second gripping panels are located above the top edge margin of the bag. 5. A bag as set forth in claim 2 wherein the outer portions of the first and second gripping panels have respective thicknesses and the first and second joints have respective thicknesses, the thicknesses of the first and second joints being thicker than the thicknesses of the outer portions of the gripping panels. 6. A bag as set forth in claim 1 wherein a segment of at least one of the first and second gripping panels is positioned in spaced apart, laterally opposed relation with another surface defined by the top edge margin of the bag. 7. A bag as set forth in claim 1 wherein each of the first and second joints is a flexible joint. 8. A bag as set forth in claim 7 wherein each of the first and second gripping panels is selectively pivotable about the respective one of the first and second joints. 9. A bag as set forth in claim 8 wherein at least one of the first and second gripping panels is resiliently biased toward a position in which a portion of said one of the gripping panels extends generally upwardly. 10. A bag as set forth in claim 8 wherein the first and second gripping panels are pivotable at least from a generally upwardly extending position to a generally downwardly extending position. 11. A bag as set forth in claim 8 wherein at least one of the first and second gripping panels is pivotable to an unlocked position, the reclosable closing structure being configured to permit the bag to be opened when the first and second gripping panels are pulled apart with said at least one of the gripping panels in the unlocked position and to inhibit the bag from being opened when the first and second gripping panels are pulled apart with said at least one of the gripping panels in a position other than the unlocked position. 12. A bag as set forth in claim 1 wherein the reclosable closing structure comprises at least one interlocking formation. 13. A bag as set forth in claim 12 wherein said at least one interlocking formation is spaced apart from the first and second joints toward the bottom edge margin of the bag. 14. A bag as set forth in claim 12 wherein the first and second joints are spaced apart from said at least one interlocking formation toward the bottom edge margin of the bag. 15. A bag as set forth in claim 12 wherein said at least one interlocking formation comprises a first interlocking formation and a second interlocking formation spaced apart from the first interlocking formation toward the bottom edge margin of the bag, the first and second joints being located at a position between the first and second interlocking formations. 16. A bag as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first and second gripping panels are frangibly joined together at the side margins of the bag such that the first and second gripping panels are configured to separate from one another at the side edge margins of the bag when the first and second gripping panels are pulled apart. 17. A bag having top and bottom edge margins and opposite side margins, the bag comprising: first and second bag panels defining a bag interior and an opening at the top edge margin of the bag; a reclosable closing structure at the top edge margin of the bag configured to repeatedly close the bag; and first and second gripping panels joined to the top edge margin of the bag at first and second flexible joints, respectively, the first joint connecting the first gripping panel to the first bag panel and being configured to allow the first gripping panel to be pivoted about the first joint with respect to the first bag panel, the second joint connecting the second gripping panel to the second bag panel and being configured to allow the second gripping panel to be pivoted about the second joint with respect to the second bag panel. 18. A reclosable closure for repeatably closing a bag, the closure comprising first and second closure elements, each of the first and second closure elements including vertically oriented walls, an interlocking profile, and a gripping panel, each interlocking profile extending inward from the respective wall in opposing relationship with the other interlocking profile and the interlocking profiles being configured for interlocking engagement when the bag is closed, each gripping panel being joined to the respective wall at a joint and extending outward from the respective joint to a free end spaced apart from the respective wall. 19. A reclosable closure as set forth in claim 18 wherein each of the joints is a flexible joint, each gripping panel being selectively pivotable about the respective joint. 20. A reclosable closure as set forth in claim 18 wherein each gripping panel has an inner portion extending laterally outward from adjacent the respective joint and an outer portion extending vertically from adjacent the respective inner portion toward the free end.",
-    "A firing circuit for a thermal inkjet-printing nozzle includes a heater resistor and a switch. The heater resistor heats ink to cause the ink to be ejected from the nozzle. The heater resistor has a first end and a second end, the second end connected to a ground. The switch controls activation of the heater resistor. The switch has a first end connected to a voltage source and a second end connected to the first end of the heater resistor. The switch operates in a constant current mode, such that an at least substantially constant current flows through the heater resistor upon activation. 1. An inkjet-printing device comprising: a plurality of inkjet-printing nozzles; a plurality of firing circuits corresponding to the inkjet-printing nozzles; a voltage source at which a parasitic resistance of the firing circuits is concentrated; a ground, wherein each firing circuit comprising: a heater resistor to heat ink to cause the ink to be ejected from the nozzle, the heater resistor having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to the ground; and, a switch to control activation of the heater resistor, the switch having a first end connected to a voltage source and a second end connected to the first end of the heater resistor, wherein the switch operates in a constant current mode, such that an at least substantially constant current flows through the heater resistor upon activation, wherein the switch is a transistor having a gate, a body, a drain, and a source, the source being the second end of the switch connected to the first end of the heater resistor, the drain being the first end of the switch connected to the voltage source, the body connected to the source, and a turn-on voltage applied to the gate of the transistor to control activation of the heater resistor, wherein a voltage at the first end of the heater resistor tracks a voltage at the gate, and a current through the heater resistor remains constant, regardless of any fluctuation to voltage provided by the voltage source at the drain; and a controller to selectively activate the firing circuits to cause the inkjet-printing nozzles to eject ink, such that for each firing circuit that is activated a difference between a voltage at the gate of the transistor and a voltage at the drain of the transistor is less than or equal to a voltage between the gate of the transistor and the source of the transistor, regardless of the parasitic resistance decreasing the voltage at the drain of the transistor, the parasitic resistance based on and increasing in correspondence with a number of the firing circuits that are currently firing, wherein the switch is a transistor having a drain at the first end, a source at the second end, and a gate connected to a turn-on voltage circuit, a threshold voltage of the transistor defined between the gate and the source, and wherein a voltage at the turn-on voltage circuit to turn on the switch to activate the heater resistor is greater than a voltage at the voltage source by at most the threshold voltage of the transistor, so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode. 2. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein operation of the switch in the constant current mode causes the heater resistor to have a voltage at the first end thereof regulated. 3. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the ground to which the second end of the heater resistor is connected is a local ground, such that a voltage at the second end of the heater resistor is unregulated. 4. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the ground to which the second end of the heater resistor is connected is an absolute ground, such that a voltage at the second end of the heater resistor is regulated to zero volts. 5. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the switch operates in a source follower mode so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode. 6. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein a voltage at the voltage source is greater than or equal to a voltage at the turn-on voltage circuit to turn on the switch to activate the heater resistor, so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode. 7. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, further comprising the turn-on voltage circuit to translate a firing logic signal to a greater voltage needed to turn on the switch to activate the heater resistor. 8. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the transistor is a laterally diffused metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor. 9. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, further comprising a conductive plate disposed next to the heater resistor, the conductive plate in physical contact with the ink, the conductive plate being connected to the second ground so that the ink is electrically connected to the second ground. 10. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the parasitic resistance is a first parasitic resistance, a second parasitic resistance at the ground minimized as compared to the first parasitic resistance. 11. An inkjet-printing device comprising: an inkjet-printing nozzle; a firing circuit corresponding to the inkjet-printing nozzle; a voltage source at which a first parasitic resistance of the firing circuit is concentrated; a ground at which a second parasitic resistance of the firing circuit is minimized in comparison to the first parasitic resistance; a heater resistor to heat ink to cause the ink to be ejected from the nozzle, the heater resistor having a first end and a second end, the second end connected to a ground; a switch to control activation of the heater resistor via a turn-on voltage being applied to the switch, the switch having a first end connected to a voltage source and a second end connected to the first end of the heater resistor, wherein the switch operates in a constant current mode, such that an at least substantially constant current flows through the heater resistor upon activation, wherein the switch is a transistor having a drain at the first end, a source at the second end, and a gate connected to a turn-on voltage circuit, a threshold voltage of the transistor defined between the gate and the source when the transistor is on, wherein the transistor further has a body connected to the source of the transistor; and a controller to selectively active the firing circuit to cause the inkjet-printing nozzle to eject ink such that a difference between a voltage at the gate of the transistor and a voltage at the drain of the transistor is less than or equal to the threshold voltage, wherein the switch is a transistor having a drain at the first end, a source at the second end, and a gate connected to a turn-on voltage circuit, a threshold voltage of the transistor defined between the gate and the source, and wherein a voltage at the turn-on voltage circuit to turn on the switch to activate the heater resistor is greater than a voltage at the voltage source by at most the threshold voltage of the transistor, so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode. 12. The inkjet-printing device of claim 11, further comprising a conductive plate disposed next to the heater resistor, the conductive plate in physical contact with the ink, the conductive plate being connected to the second ground so that the ink is electrically connected to the second ground. 13. The inkjet-printing device of claim 11, wherein a voltage at the first end of the heater resistor tracks a voltage at the gate, and a current through the heater resistor remains constant, regardless of any fluctuation to voltage provided by the voltage source at the drain. 14. The inkjet-printing device of claim 11, wherein the transistor is a laterally diffused metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor. 15. The inkjet-printing device of claim 11, wherein the parasitic resistance is a first parasitic resistance, a second parasitic resistance at the ground minimized as compared to the first parasitic resistance.",
-    "A number of features for enhancing the performance of a communication system, in which data is transmitted between a base station and a plurality of subscriber stations located different distances from the base station, are presented. The power transmission level, slot timing, and equalization of the subscriber stations are set by a ranging process. Data is transmitted by the subscriber stations in fragmented form. Various measures are taken to make transmission from the subscriber stations robust. The uplink data transmission is controlled to permit multiple access from the subscriber stations. 1. A base station comprising: a receiver configured to process an upstream signal received on an uplink channel from a subscriber station; a transmitter configured to send a downstream signal on a downlink channel from the base station to the subscriber station; and a monitoring circuit configured to: collect packet based statistics representative of a channel quality of the uplink channel based on the upstream signal, send a message to the transmitter, based on the collected statistics indicating the channel quality to be at a first level, for the subscriber station to change a coding gain associated with the uplink channel used to send upstream signals, and send a message to the transmitter, based on the collected statistics indicating the channel quality to be at a second level, for the subscriber station to reallocate the uplink channel to a different frequency, wherein the second level is associated with a poorer channel quality than the first level. 2. The base station of claim 1, wherein the collected statistics include a number of undetected packets transmitted over the uplink channel. 3. The base station of claim 1, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel without a unique word. 4. The base station of claim 1, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel with corrected errors. 5. The base station of claim 1, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel with uncorrectable errors. 6. The base station of claim 1, wherein the collected statistics include a number of forward error correction (FEC) blocks transmitted over the uplink channel with corrected errors. 7. The base station of claim 1, wherein the collected statistics include a number of forward error correction (FEC) blocks transmitted over the uplink channel with uncorrectable errors. 8. A method, comprising: collecting packet based statistics representative of a channel quality of an uplink channel based on an upstream signal received from a subscriber station; sending a message to the subscriber station, based on the collected statistics indicating the channel quality to be at a first level, to change a coding gain associated with the uplink channel used to send upstream signals; and sending a message to the subscriber station, based on the collected statistics indicating the channel quality to be at a second level, to reallocate the uplink channel to a different frequency, wherein the second level is associated with a poorer channel quality than the first level. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the collected statistics include a number of undetected packets transmitted over the uplink channel. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel without a unique word. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel with corrected errors. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel with uncorrectable errors. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the collected statistics include a number of forward error correction (FEC) blocks transmitted over the uplink channel with corrected errors. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the collected statistics include a number of forward error correction (FEC) blocks transmitted over the uplink channel with uncorrectable errors. 15. A base station comprising: a receiver configured to process an upstream signal received on an uplink channel from a subscriber station; a transmitter configured to send a downstream signal on a downlink channel from the base station to the subscriber station; and a monitoring circuit configured to: collect packet based statistics representative of a channel quality of the uplink channel based on the upstream signal, based on the statistics indicating the channel quality to be at a first level, changing a coding gain associated with the downlink channel, and based on the statistics indicating the channel quality to be at a second level, reallocating the downlink channel to a different frequency, wherein the second level is associated with a poorer channel quality than the first level. 16. The base station of claim 15, wherein the collected statistics include a number of undetected packets transmitted over the uplink channel. 17. The base station of claim 15, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel without a unique word. 18. The base station of claim 15, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel with corrected errors. 19. The base station of claim 15, wherein the collected statistics include a number of packets transmitted over the uplink channel with uncorrectable errors. 20. The base station of claim 15, wherein the collected statistics include a number of forward error correction (FEC) blocks transmitted over the uplink channel with corrected errors.",
-    "Disclosed are a case for an electronic device, an electronic device including the case, and a notification method thereof. The case for the electronic device having a lateral side, a back side, and a display configured to emit light may include: a body that is fastened to the electronic device; and a light guide unit that is formed in the body, and guides the light emitted from the display of the electronic device to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device to be output to the outside. 1. A case for an electronic device having a lateral side, a back side, and a display configured to emit light, the case comprising: a body that is fastened to the electronic device; and a light guide unit that is formed in the body, and guides the light emitted from the display of the electronic device to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device to be output to the outside. 2. The case of claim 1, wherein the light guide unit includes an optical waveguide or a light diffusion plate. 3. The case of claim 1, wherein a plurality of light guide units are formed. 4. The case of claim 3, wherein the light guide unit further includes: an optical waveguide that guides the light emitted from the display to the back side of the electronic device; a light diffusing plate that diffuses the light guided by the optical waveguide; and a pattern layer that is positioned on the light diffusing plate, and allows the light emitted from the display to be output to the outside in a specific pattern. 5. The case of claim 4, wherein the pattern layer includes a non-penetration area through which the light emitted from the display cannot pass, and a penetration area through which the light emitted from the display can pass. 6. The case of claim 4, further comprising a reflective plate that is formed on the light diffusing plate in order to reflect the light, which is emitted downwards, onto the light diffusing plate. 7. The case of claim 1, wherein the case for the electronic device includes a flip-cover type of case, a front-side cover type of case, a back-side cover type of case, and a bumper type of case. 8. The case of claim 7, wherein the flip-cover type of case includes a flip cover that covers a front side of the electronic device, and a battery cover that is integrally formed with the flip cover. 9. The case of claim 1, wherein the light guide unit guides the light of a light-emitting unit, which is formed on a front side of the electronic device, to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device to then be output to the outside. 10. An electronic device having a lateral side and a back side, the electronic device comprising: a display; a sensor unit that includes one or more sensors to check a status of the electronic device; a controller that, when an event is detected, determines whether or not a front-side notification of the electronic device is viable by using the sensor unit, and if the front-side notification is unviable, activates at least a portion of the display to emit light; and a light guide unit that guides the light emitted from the portion of the display that has been activated to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device to be output to the outside. 11. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the light guide unit is formed on a battery cover and a flip cover that covers a front side of the electronic device. 12. The electronic device of claim 11, further comprising a light-emitting unit that is positioned on the front side of the electronic device and is activated when the event occurs, wherein the light guide unit guides the light of the light-emitting unit to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device to then be output to the outside. 13. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the controller identifies a type of the event detected, and activates a portion of the display, which is mapped with the type of the event identified. 14. The electronic device of claim 10, wherein the controller identifies a type of the event detected, and activates a portion of the display in a color that is mapped with the type of the event identified. 15. A notification method of an electronic device that a) has 1) a lateral side, 2) a back side, and 3) a display configured to emit light, and b) is fastened to a case that has a light guide unit, the method comprising: when an event is detected, determining whether or not a front-side notification of the electronic device is viable; and if the front-side notification is unviable, activating at least a portion of the display, wherein the light emitted from the portion of the display that has been activated is guided to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device through the light guide unit to then be output to the outside. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising, if the front-side notification is viable, displaying an icon or a pop-up window on the display in order to thereby provide the front-side notification. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the determining whether or not the front-side notification is viable comprises checking whether or not the electronic device is placed such that the display of the electronic device faces downwards. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the activating of at least the portion of the display comprises: identifying a type of the event detected; and activating a portion of the display, which is mapped with the type of the event identified. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the activating of at least the portion of the display comprises: identifying a type of the event detected; and activating a portion of the display in a color that is mapped with the type of the event identified. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising activating a light-emitting unit that is positioned on a front side of the electronic device and is activated when the event occurs, wherein the light of the light-emitting unit that has been activated is guided to at least one of the lateral side or the back side of the electronic device through the light guide unit to then be output to the outside.",
-    "Methods and formulations for diagnosing metabolic disorders in humans using epimetabolic shifters, multidimensional intracellular molecules or environmental influencers are described. 1-55. (canceled) 56. A method of assessing whether a subject is afflicted with a CoQ10 responsive state, the method comprising: (1) determining the level of expression of at least one marker present in a biological sample obtained from the subject, wherein the biological sample obtained from the subject is exposed to CoQ10; and wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of the markers listed in Tables 2-4, 6-29 and 64-69; and (2) comparing the level of expression of the at least one marker present in the biological sample obtained from the subject with the level of expression of the at least one marker present in a control sample, wherein a modulation in the level of expression of the at least one marker in the biological sample obtained from the subject relative to the level of expression of the at least one marker in the control sample is an indication that the subject is afflicted with the CoQ10 responsive state, thereby assessing whether the subject is afflicted with a CoQ10 responsive state. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the CoQ10 responsive state is a metabolic disorder. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from the group consisting of diabetes, obesity, pre-diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, satiety and endocrine abnormalities. 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the metabolic disorder is diabetes. 60. The method of claim 56, wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of AGT, BCL2L1, CCL5, CEACAM1, DUSP4, ENPP1, GRPEL1, IL6, INSR, MFN1, NFKB1, PIK3C2B, PMAIP1, PRKCB, SELL, SLC25A1, SLC25A3, SLC25A13, SLC25A19, SLC25A22, SNAP25, TIMM44, TNF, TOMM40 and TSPO. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L1, CCL5, DUSP4, ENPP1, GRPEL1, IL6, INSR, MFN1, NFKB1, PIK3C2B, PMAIP1, PRKCB, SELL, SLC25A1, SLC25A3, SLC25A13, SLC25A19, SLC25A22, SNAP25, TIMM44, TOMM40 and TSPO. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of BCL2L1, CCL5, GRPEL1, MFN1, PMAIP1, SLC25A1, SLC25A13, SLC25A19, SLC25A22, SLC25A3, TIMM44, TOMM40 and TSPO. 63. The method of claim 61, wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of DUSP4, ENPP1, IL6, INSR, NFKB1, PIK3C2B, PRKCB, SELL and SNAP25. 64. The method of claim 56, wherein the sample comprises a fluid obtained from the subject. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the fluid is selected from the group consisting of blood fluids, vomit, saliva, lymph and urine. 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the sample is a blood sample or a component thereof. 67. The method of claim 56, wherein the sample comprises a tissue or component thereof obtained from the subject. 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the tissue is selected from the group consisting of bone, connective tissue, cartilage, lung, liver, kidney, muscle tissue, heart, pancreas and skin. 69. The method of claim 56, wherein the subject is a human. 70. The method of claim 56, wherein the level of expression of the at least one marker in the biological sample is determined by assaying a transcribed polynucleotide or a portion thereof in the sample. 71. The method of claim 70, wherein assaying the transcribed polynucleotide comprises amplifying the transcribed polynucleotide. 72. The method of claim 56, wherein the level of expression of the at least one marker in the subject sample is determined by assaying a protein or a portion thereof in the sample. 73. The method of claim 56, wherein the at least one marker is assayed using a reagent which specifically binds the at least one marker. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the reagent is labeled. 75. The method of claim 73, wherein the reagent is selected from the group consisting of an antibody and an antigen-binding antibody fragment. 76. The method of claim 56, wherein the level of expression of the at least one marker in the sample is determined using a technique selected from the group consisting of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification reaction, reverse-transcriptase PCR analysis, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP), mismatch cleavage detection, heteroduplex analysis, Southern blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, in situ hybridization, array analysis, deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and combinations or sub-combinations thereof, of said sample. 77. The method of claim 56, wherein the level of expression of the at least one marker in the sample is determined using a technique selected from the group consisting of immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, ELISA and mass spectrometry. 78. The method of claim 56, wherein the levels of expression of a plurality of markers are determined. 79. A method of assessing the efficacy of CoQ10 for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject, the method comprising: comparing (1) the level of expression of at least one marker present in a first sample obtained from the subject prior to administering at least a portion of CoQ10 to the subject, wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of the markers listed in Tables 2-4, 6-29 and 64-69; with (2) the level of expression of at least one corresponding marker present in a second sample obtained from the subject following administration of at least the portion of CoQ10, wherein a modulation in the level of expression of the marker in the second sample as compared to the first sample is an indication that CoQ10 is efficacious for treating the metabolic disorder in the subject. 80. A method of assessing the efficacy of CoQ10 for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: (1) determining the level of expression of at least one marker present in a biological sample obtained from the subject, wherein the biological sample is exposed to CoQ10, and wherein the at least one marker is selected from the group consisting of the markers listed in Tables 2-4, 6-29 and 64-69 with a positive fold change and/or with a negative fold change; (2) determining the level of expression of the at least one corresponding marker present in a second biological sample obtained from the subject, wherein the sample is not exposed to CoQ10; and (3) comparing the level of expression of the at least one marker in the biological sample exposed to CoQ10 and the level of expression of the at least one corresponding marker in the biological sample not exposed to CoQ10, (4) wherein a decrease in the level of expression of the at least one marker with a negative fold change present in the biological sample exposed to CoQ10 relative to the level of expression of the at least one corresponding marker present in the second sample is an indication that CoQ10 is efficacious for treating the metabolic disorder in the subject in need thereof, and, wherein an increase in the level of expression of the at least one marker with a positive fold change present in the biological sample exposed to CoQ10 relative to the level of expression of the at least one corresponding marker present in the second sample is an indication that CoQ10 is efficacious for treating the metabolic disorder in the subject in need thereof, thereby assessing the efficacy of CoQ10 for treating the metabolic disorder.",
-    "An optical network unit (ONU) is installed to communicate with an optical line terminal (OLT) located at a remote terminal (RT). The ONU includes a first subscriber downlink interface to serve a first subscriber premises and a second subscriber downlink interface to serve a second subscriber premises. The RT is located apart from a central office (CO) and in communication with the CO. A first removably attachable subscriber downlink module is communicatively coupled to the first subscriber downlink interface. A second removably attachable subscriber downlink module is communicatively coupled to the second subscriber downlink interface. The first removably attachable subscriber downlink module is replaced with a third removably attachable subscriber downlink module. An optical transmission medium is connected between the third removably attachable subscriber downlink module and the first subscriber premises while retaining a second electrically conductive medium communicatively coupled to the second subscriber downlink interface. 1. A method of upgrading communication services in a subscriber distribution area, the method comprising: installing an optical network unit to communicate with an optical line terminal, the optical line terminal located at a remote terminal serving a subscriber distribution area, the optical network unit including a first subscriber downlink interface to serve a first subscriber premises and a second subscriber downlink interface to serve a second subscriber premises, the optical network unit being separate from a location of the remote terminal, the remote terminal located apart from a central office, the remote terminal in communication with the central office; configuring the optical network unit by communicatively coupling a first removably attachable subscriber downlink module to the first subscriber downlink interface to provide a first communication service to the first subscriber premises via a first electrically conductive medium; configuring the optical network unit by communicatively coupling a second removably attachable subscriber downlink module to the second subscriber downlink interface to provide a second communication service to the second subscriber premises via a second electrically conductive medium; and based on a request to upgrade the first communication service, replacing the first removably attachable subscriber downlink module with a third removably attachable subscriber downlink module and connecting an optical transmission medium between the third removably attachable subscriber downlink module and the first subscriber premises while retaining the second electrically conductive medium communicatively coupled to the second subscriber downlink interface to provide the second communication service to the second subscriber premises. 2. The method as defined in claim 1, further including configuring a communications switch in the optical network unit to transmit information to corresponding ones of the first subscriber premises and the second subscriber premises through respective ones of the first subscriber downlink interface and the second subscriber downlink interface. 3. The method as defined in claim 1, further including, after installing the optical network unit, updating in a database, by executing an instruction with a processor, a first subscriber profile associated with the first subscriber premises and a second subscriber profile associated with the second subscriber premises to indicate that a first subscriber line associated with the first subscriber premises and a second subscriber line associated with the second subscriber premises are enabled for upgrading to an optical type of transmission medium. 4. The method as defined in claim 3, further including, after connecting the optical transmission medium between the third removably attachable subscriber downlink module and the first subscriber premises, updating in a database, by executing an instruction with the processor, the first subscriber profile associated with the first subscriber premises to indicate that the first subscriber line includes the optical transmission medium. 5. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein the first subscriber line communicatively couples the optical network unit to customer equipment at the first customer premises. 6. The method as defined in claim 1, further including monitoring in a database, by executing an instruction with a processor, a subscriber profile status record associated with the first subscriber premises, the replacing of the first removably attachable subscriber downlink module with the third removably attachable subscriber downlink module performed based on the subscriber profile status record indicating that a subscriber line of the first subscriber premises is capable of being upgraded to an optical type of transmission medium. 7. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the subscriber distribution area is a residential neighborhood. 8. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive medium is a twisted pair wire or a coaxial cable. 9. A method of tracking subscriber line upgrading capabilities in a subscriber distribution area, the method comprising: monitoring a database, by executing an instruction with a processor, to track transmission medium types installed between a plurality of optical network units and subscriber premises in a subscriber distribution area, the optical network units in communication with a remote terminal via optical fibers, the optical network units located separate from a location of the remote terminal, the remote terminal located apart from a central office, the remote terminal in communication with the central office; updating, by executing an instruction with the processor, a first subscriber line upgradeable entry in a first subscriber profile in the database associated with a first subscriber premises and a second subscriber line upgradeable entry in a second subscriber profile in the database associated with a second subscriber premises to indicate that a first subscriber line associated with the first subscriber premises and a second subscriber line associated with the second subscriber premises are enabled for replacement with an optical type of transmission medium; and based on replacement of a transmission medium type of the first subscriber line, updating, by executing an instruction with the processor, a first subscriber line type entry in the first subscriber profile to indicate that the first subscriber line includes the optical type of transmission medium and maintaining a second subscriber line type entry in the second subscriber profile to indicate that the second subscriber line includes an electrically conductive type of transmission medium. 10. The method as defined in claim 9, further including configuring, by executing an instruction with the processor, a communications switch in a first one of the optical network units to transmit information to corresponding ones of the first subscriber premises and the second subscriber premises through respective ones of the first subscriber line and the second subscriber line. 11. The method as defined in claim 9, wherein the updating of the first subscriber line upgradeable entry in the first subscriber profile associated with the first subscriber premises and the second subscriber line upgradeable entry in the second subscriber profile associated with the second subscriber premises to indicate that the first subscriber line associated with the first subscriber premises and the second subscriber line associated with the second subscriber premises are enabled for replacement with the optical type of transmission medium is performed in response to installing a fiber-to-the-curb distribution system in the subscriber distribution area including the first and second subscriber premises. 12. The method as defined in claim 9, wherein the upgrading of the transmission medium type of the first subscriber line includes replacing the electrically conductive type of transmission medium associated with the first subscriber line with the optical type of transmission medium. 13. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein the electrically conductive type of transmission medium is replaced with the optical type of transmission medium in response to receiving a customer order associated with the first subscriber premises requesting services associated with a first data transmission rate capability that is relatively higher than a second data rate transmission capability of the electrically conductive type of transmission medium. 14. The method as defined in claim 9, wherein the first and second subscriber premises are first and second households in a residential neighborhood. 15. The method as defined in claim 9, wherein the first and second subscriber premises are first and second businesses. 16. An article of manufacture comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause a machine to perform operations including: maintaining a database to track transmission medium types installed between a plurality of optical network units and subscriber premises in a subscriber distribution area, the optical network units in communication with a remote terminal via optical fibers, the optical network units located separate from a location of the remote terminal, the remote terminal located apart from a central office, the remote terminal in communication with the central office; updating a first subscriber line upgradeable entry in a first subscriber profile in the database associated with a first subscriber premises and a second subscriber line upgradeable entry in a second subscriber profile associated with a second subscriber premises to indicate that a first subscriber line associated with the first subscriber premises and a second subscriber line associated with the second subscriber premises are enabled for replacement with an optical type of transmission medium; and updating a first subscriber line type entry in the first subscriber profile to indicate that the first subscriber line includes the optical type of transmission medium and maintaining a second subscriber line type entry in the second subscriber profile to indicate that the second subscriber line includes an electrically conductive type of transmission medium. 17. The article of manufacture as defined in claim 16, wherein the instructions are further to cause the machine to configure a communications switch in a first one of the optical network units to transmit information to corresponding ones of the first subscriber premises and the second subscriber premises through respective ones of the first subscriber line and the second subscriber line. 18. The article of manufacture as defined in claim 16, wherein the instructions are to cause the machine to update the first and second subscriber line upgradeable entries in response to installing a fiber-to-the-curb distribution system in the subscriber distribution area including the first and second subscriber premises. 19. The article of manufacture as defined in claim 16, wherein the instructions are to cause the machine to update the first subscriber line type entry in response to the electrically conductive type of transmission medium associated with the first subscriber line being replaced with the optical type of transmission medium. 20. The article of manufacture as defined in claim 16, wherein the instructions are further to cause the machine to generate a subscriber line upgrade request to replace the electrically conductive type of transmission medium associated with the first subscriber line with the optical type of transmission medium in response to receiving a customer order associated with the first subscriber premises requesting services associated with a first data transmission rate capability that is relatively higher than a second data rate transmission capability of the electrically conductive type of transmission medium.",
-    "Provided is a phase change memory device including a graphene layer inserted between a lower electrode into which heat flows and a phase change material layer, to prevent the heat from being diffused to an outside so as to efficiently transfer the heat to the phase change material layer, and a method of fabricating the phase change memory device. The phase change memory device includes a lower electrode; an insulating layer formed to enclose the lower electrode; a graphene layer formed on the lower electrode; a phase change material layer formed on the graphene layer and the insulating layer; and an upper electrode formed on the phase change material layer. Since a phase of the phase change material layer is changed at a small amount of driving current, the phase change memory device is fabricated to have a high driving speed and a high integration. 1. A phase change memory device comprising: a lower electrode; an insulating layer configured to enclose the lower electrode; a graphene layer on the lower electrode; a phase change material layer on the graphene layer and the insulating layer; and an upper electrode on the phase change material layer. 2. The phase change memory device of claim 1, wherein the graphene layer is only on the lower electrode and is not on the insulating layer. 3. The phase change memory device of claim 1, wherein a width of the graphene layer is equal to a width of the lower electrode. 4. The phase change memory device of claim 1, wherein the phase change material layer comprises a germanium antimony tellurium (GST) material. 5. A phase change memory device comprising: a lower electrode; an insulating layer configured to enclose the lower electrode; a graphene layer on the lower electrode and the insulating layer; a phase change material layer on the graphene layer; and an upper electrode on the phase change material layer. 6. The phase change memory device of claim 5, wherein the graphene layer covers the lower electrode and covers a part of the insulating layer. 7. The phase change memory device of claim 5, wherein the graphene layer covers the lower electrode and an entirety of the insulating layer. 8. The phase change memory device of claim 5, wherein the phase change material layer comprises a GST material. 9. A method of fabricating a phase change memory device, the method comprising: sequentially forming an electrode layer and an insulating layer on a substrate; removing a part of the insulating layer to expose the electrode layer; forming a lower electrode in the removed part of the insulating layer and then planarizing an uppermost layer; forming a graphene layer on the lower electrode and the insulating layer; removing the graphene layer on the insulating layer; and sequentially forming a phase change material layer and an upper electrode on the graphene layer and the insulating layer. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the graphene layer is formed by using a transfer method or a direct growth method. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the electrode layer and the lower electrode are formed of an equal material. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein all of the graphene layer formed on the insulating layer is removed. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein a part of the graphene layer formed on the insulating layer is removed. 14. A method of fabricating a phase change memory device, the method comprising: sequentially forming an electrode layer and an insulating layer on a substrate; removing a part of the insulating layer to expose the electrode layer; forming a lower electrode in the removed part of the insulating layer and then planarizing an uppermost layer; forming a graphene layer on the lower electrode and the insulating layer; and sequentially forming a phase change material layer and an upper electrode on the graphene layer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the graphene layer is formed by using a transfer method or a direct growth method. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the electrode layer and the lower electrode are formed of an equal material. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the graphene layer is formed to cover all of the lower electrode and the insulating layer.",
-    "A firing circuit for a thermal inkjet-printing nozzle includes a heater resistor and a switch. The heater resistor heats ink to cause the ink to be ejected from the nozzle. The heater resistor has a first end and a second end, the second end connected to a ground. The switch controls activation of the heater resistor. The switch has a first end connected to a voltage source and a second end connected to the first end of the heater resistor. The switch operates in a constant current mode, such that an at least substantially constant current flows through the heater resistor upon activation. 1. An inkjet-printing device comprising: a plurality of inkjet-printing nozzles; a plurality of firing circuits corresponding to the nozzles; and a first voltage source at which a parasitic resistance of the firing circuits is concentrated, wherein each firing circuit comprising: a heater resistor to heat ink to cause the ink to be ejected from the nozzle; and, a switch to control activation of the heater resistor, wherein the switch operates in a constant current mode, such that an at least substantially constant current flows through the heater resistor upon activation; and a controller to selectively activate the firing circuits to cause the nozzles to eject ink, such that for each firing circuit that is activated a difference between a voltage at a gate of the switch and a voltage at a drain of the switch is less than or equal to a voltage between the gate and a source of the switch, regardless of the parasitic resistance decreasing the voltage at the drain, the parasitic resistance based on and increasing in correspondence with a number of the firing circuits that are currently firing, wherein the gate is connected to a turn-on voltage circuit including a second voltage source different than the first voltage source to provide a turn-on voltage greater than a threshold voltage defined between the gate and the source, and wherein the voltage at the gate when the heater resistor is activated is greater than a voltage at the first voltage source by at most a threshold voltage of the switch, so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode. 2. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, further comprising a ground, wherein the heater resistor has a first end and a second end, the second end connected to the ground. 3. The inkjet-printing device of claim 2, wherein the switch has a first end connected to the first voltage source and a second end connected to the first end of the heater resistor. 4. The inkjet-printing device of claim 2, wherein the ground to which the second end of the heater resistor is connected is a local ground, such that a voltage at the second end of the heater resistor is unregulated. 5. The inkjet-printing device of claim 2, wherein the ground to which the second end of the heater resistor is connected is an absolute ground, such that a voltage at the second end of the heater resistor is regulated to zero volts. 6. The inkjet-printing device of claim 2, wherein the parasitic resistance is a first parasitic resistance, a second parasitic resistance at the ground minimized as compared to the first parasitic resistance. 7. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein a voltage at a first end of the heater resistor tracks a voltage at the gate, and a current through the heater resistor remains constant, regardless of any fluctuation to a voltage provided by the first voltage source at the drain. 8. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein operation of the switch in the constant current mode causes the heater resistor to have a voltage at the first end thereof regulated. 9. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the switch operates in a source follower mode so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode. 10. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, further comprising the turn-on voltage circuit to translate a firing logic signal to a greater voltage needed to turn on the switch to activate the heater resistor. 11. The inkjet-printing device of claim 1, wherein the switch comprises a transistor. 12. The inkjet-printing device of claim 10, wherein the transistor is a laterally diffused metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor. 13. An inkjet-printing device comprising: a plurality of inkjet-printing nozzles; a plurality of firing circuits corresponding to the nozzles; and a first voltage source, wherein each firing circuit comprising: a heater resistor to heat ink to cause the ink to be ejected from the nozzle; and, a switch to control activation of the heater resistor, wherein the switch operates in a constant current mode, such that an at least substantially constant current flows through the heater resistor upon activation; and a controller to selectively activate the firing circuits to cause the nozzles to eject ink, wherein a gate of the switch is connected to a turn-on voltage circuit including a second voltage source different than the first voltage source to provide a turn-on voltage greater than a threshold voltage defined between the gate and the source. 14. The inkjet-printing device of claim 13, wherein a parasitic resistance of the firing circuits is concentrated at the first voltage source, and wherein for each firing circuit that is activated a difference between a voltage at the gate of the switch and a voltage at a drain of the switch is less than or equal to a voltage between the gate and a source of the switch, regardless of the parasitic resistance decreasing the voltage at the drain, the parasitic resistance based on and increasing in correspondence with a number of the firing circuits that are currently firing. 15. The inkjet-printing device of claim 13, wherein the voltage at the gate when the heater resistor is activated is greater than a voltage at the first voltage source by at most a threshold voltage of the switch, so that operation of the switch remains in the constant current mode.",
-    "It is an objective of the present invention to provide a battery case lid and a manufacturing method for the battery case lid which inhibit work hardening of a metal plate workpiece and which facilitate manufacture of a battery case lid. Provided is a battery case lid (1) formed by working a metal plate, including: a substrate section (2) and an explosion-proof valve (4) formed in the substrate section (2), wherein the explosion-proof valve (4) has a reduced thickness section (41) thinner than the substrate section (2), and the reduced thickness section (41) is formed by extending the metal plate by applying pressure while the metal plate is kept unrestrained. 1-16. (canceled) 17. A battery case lid formed by working a metal plate, the battery case lid comprising: a substrate section; and an explosion-proof valve formed in the substrate section, wherein the explosion-proof valve has a reduced thickness section thinner than the substrate section, the reduced thickness section being formed by extending the metal plate by applying pressure with the metal plate kept unrestrained, and the explosion-proof valve is surrounded by a folded part thicker than the reduced thickness section, the folded part being formed by folding the metal plate, and wherein the reduced thickness section is thinner than a thickness of a metal plate layer forming the folded part. 18. A battery case lid formed by working a metal plate, the battery case lid comprising: a substrate section; and an explosion-proof valve formed in the substrate section, wherein the explosion-proof valve has a reduced thickness section thinner than the substrate section, the reduced thickness section being formed by extending the metal plate by applying pressure with the metal plate kept unrestrained, and the explosion-proof valve is surrounded by a folded part thicker than the reduced thickness section, the folded part being formed by folding the metal plate, and wherein the folded part horizontally extends around an entire outer periphery of the explosion-proof valve. 19. The battery case lid formed by working a metal plate according to claim 18, wherein the folded part is a part folded in three ring-shaped metal-plate layers formed in the substrate section. 20. The battery case lid formed by working a metal plate according to claim 18, wherein the metal-plate layers forming the folded part are gradually decreased in thickness from the bottom to the top layer. 21. A manufacturing method for a battery case lid including an explosion-proof valve, the manufacturing method comprising: an extending step of pushing an extending punch from a first side of a metal plate disposed over an extending die having a recess, to form a reduced thickness section constituting the explosion-proof valve, wherein the recess has an inner diameter greater than an outer diameter of the extending punch, wherein a clearance between a side face of the recess of the extending die and an outer periphery at a top section on a side face of the extending punch is set to be smaller than a thickness of the metal plate, the top section being formed by an end of the extending punch facing the recess, and wherein in the extending step, the extending punch is pushed while the metal plate is kept unrestrained, and the metal plate is pressed to be extended between a bottom face of the recess and a pressing face of the extending punch, to form the reduced thickness section and a cylindrical wall portion at least until a gap is formed between the metal plate and the outer periphery at the top section on the side face of the extending punch. 22. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 21, further comprising a groove forming step of forming a groove in the reduced thickness section. 23. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 21, wherein in the extending step, the cylindrical wall portion is formed around the reduced thickness section, the cylindrical wall portion having a height greater than a depth of the recess of the extending die. 24. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 21, wherein the extending step is followed by a bending step in which the reduced thickness section is pressed by a bending punch smaller in outer diameter than the reduced thickness section from a second side of the metal plate, to bend the cylindrical wall portion formed around the reduced thickness section. 25. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 24, wherein the bending step is followed by a folding step in which a bent portion formed by bending the cylindrical wall portion in the bending step is pushed by a folding punch from the second side of the metal plate, to fold the bent portion. 26. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 21, wherein a lateral protrusion is formed around the outer periphery at the top section on the side face of the extending punch. 27. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 21, wherein the pressing face of the extending punch has a spherical face which is convex in a pressing direction of the extending punch. 28. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 26, wherein the lateral protrusion has a semi-circular shape protruding outwardly in cross section. 29. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 21, wherein the extending step is followed by a correcting step in which the reduced thickness section is corrected to be flat. 30. A battery case lid manufactured by the manufacturing method according to claim 21, the battery case lid comprising: a substrate section; and the explosion-proof valve formed in the substrate section, wherein the explosion-proof valve has the reduced thickness section thinner than the substrate section, and the explosion-proof valve is surrounded by the cylindrical wall portion thicker than the reduced thickness section, and wherein the cylindrical wall portion has a thick base portion and a tapered portion, and the tapered portion gradually decreases in thickness from an end portion of the base portion to the reduced thickness section. 31. A battery case lid manufactured by the manufacturing method according to claim 25, the battery case lid comprising: a substrate section; and the explosion-proof valve formed in the substrate section, wherein the explosion-proof valve has the reduced thickness section thinner than the substrate section, and the explosion-proof valve is surrounded by a folded part thicker than the reduced thickness section, the folded part being formed by folding the metal plate, and wherein the metal plate is not annealed. 32. The battery case lid of claim 30, wherein a groove is formed in an upper face of the reduced thickness section. 33. The battery case lid of claim 31, wherein a groove is formed in an upper face of the reduced thickness section. 34. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 24, further comprising a groove forming step of forming a groove in the reduced thickness section, wherein in the groove forming step, the reduced thickness section is pressed by a groove forming punch from the second side of the metal plate to form the reduced thickness section with a groove. 35. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 25, further comprising a groove forming step of forming a groove in the reduced thickness section, wherein in the groove forming step, the reduced thickness section is pressed by a groove forming punch from the second side of the metal plate to form the reduced thickness section with a groove. 36. The manufacturing method for the battery case lid of claim 27, wherein the bottom face of the recess has a spherical surface which is downwardly convex, and a curvature radius of the spherical face of the pressing face is equal to or smaller than a curvature radius of the spherical face of the bottom face of the recess. 37. A manufacturing method for a battery case lid including an explosion-proof valve, the manufacturing method comprising: an extending step of pushing an extending punch from a first side of a metal plate disposed over an extending die having a recess, to form a reduced thickness section constituting the explosion-proof valve, wherein the recess has an inner diameter greater than an outer diameter of the extending punch, an external corner portion of the recess and a top section on a side face of the extending punch have a peripheral portion arc-shaped in cross section, the top section being formed by an end of the extending punch facing the recess, and a lateral protrusion is formed around an outer periphery at the top section on the side face of the extending punch, wherein a clearance between a side face of the recess of the extending die and the outer periphery at the top section on the side face of the extending punch is set to be smaller than a thickness of the metal plate, and wherein in the extending step, the extending punch is pushed while the metal plate is kept unrestrained, and the metal plate is pressed to be extended between a bottom face of the recess and a pressing face of the extending punch, to form the reduced thickness section and a cylindrical wall portion, and a portion of the metal plate that first starts moving is sandwiched between an inner periphery at the external corner portion of the recess and the outer periphery at the top section on the side face of the extending punch. 38. A manufacturing method for a battery case lid including an explosion-proof valve, the manufacturing method comprising: an extending step of pushing an extending punch from a first side of a metal plate disposed over an extending die having a recess, to form a reduced thickness section constituting the explosion-proof valve, wherein the recess has an inner diameter greater than an outer diameter of the extending punch, wherein a clearance between a side face of the recess of the extending die and an outer periphery at a top section on a side face of the extending punch is set to be smaller than a thickness of the metal plate, the top section being formed by an end of the extending punch facing the recess, and wherein in the extending step, the extending punch is pushed while the metal plate is kept unrestrained, and the metal plate is pressed to be extended between a bottom face of the recess and a pressing face of the extending punch, to form the reduced thickness section and a cylindrical wall portion at least until the thickness of the metal plate is smaller than the clearance between the side face of the recess of the extending die and the outer periphery at the top section on the side face of the extending punch.",
-    "A nail polish container is disclosed. The nail polish container includes a housing with a recessed portion and a nail-like component. The nail-like component is shaped and sized to substantially resemble a human nail, and the nail-like component is configured to moveably attached to the housing, such that the nail-like component is moveable between a retracted state in which the nail-like component is substantially accommodated within the recessed portion and an extended state in which at least a portion of the nail-like component protrudes away from the recessed portion. The nail polish container can allow user to apply the nail treatment to the nail-like component and positions the treated nail-like component in close proximity to the user's actual nail to simulate the visual appearance of the user's own nail if it had been treated. 1. A nail polish container, comprising: a housing with a recessed portion; and a nail-like component being shaped and sized to substantially resemble a human nail, the nail-like component being configured to moveably attached to the housing, such that the nail-like component is moveable between a retracted state in which the nail-like component is substantially accommodated within the recessed portion and an extended state in which at least a portion of the nail-like component protrudes away from the recessed portion. 2. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing includes a first groove and a second groove parallel to the first groove, said first and second grooves located near a bottom surface of the recessed portion, and a first edge of the nail-like component is in compliment with the first groove and a second edge of the nail-like component opposite to the first edge is in compliment with the second groove, and the nail-like component is moveable to slide along an axis parallel to the first groove and the second groove. 3. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing is disposed with a slot on a bottom surface of the recessed portion, and the nail-like component further comprises: a stem extending from an underside of the nail-like component, the stem being sized and shaped to fit within the slot; and an anchor extending from the stem, the anchor being sized and shaped to be larger than a width of the slot; wherein the anchor is configured to pass through the slot and positioned on an interior side of the housing, such that the anchor keeps the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to slide a full length of the slot along an axis parallel to the slot. 4. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing is disposed with a hole on a bottom surface of the recessed portion, and the nail-like component further comprises: a stem extending from an underside of the nail-like component, the stem being sized and shaped to fit within the hole; and an anchor extending from the stem, the anchor being sized and shaped to be larger than a width of the hole; wherein the anchor is configured to be positioned on an interior side of the housing such that the anchor keeps the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to move between the retracted state and the extended state. 5. The nail polish container of claim 4, wherein the anchor keeps the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to rotate out away from the housing with the stem and the anchor acting as a fulcrum in the extended state. 6. The nail polish container of claim 4, wherein the anchor keeps the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to rotate about the housing with the stem and the anchor acting as an axis of rotation in the extended state. 7. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein in the retracted state, the nail-like component is sized and shaped to compliment the housing as if the nail-like component is a portion of the housing. 8. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the nail-like component is detachably attached to the housing. 9. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing is configured as a part of a lid of the nail polish container. 10. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing is configured as a part of a fluid-accommodating-structure of the nail polish container. 11. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing is disposed with a first notch and a second notch positioned opposite one another on opposing sides of the recessed portion, and a first protrusion on a first side of the nail-like component sized and shaped to engage complimentarily with the first notch and a second protrusion on a second side of the nail-like component sized and shaped to engage complimentarily with the second notch, wherein the first and second notch engage with the first and second protrusion, respectively, to keep the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to move between the retracted state and the extended state. 12. The nail polish container of claim 11, wherein the first and second notches engaging with the first and second protrusions keep the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to rotate out away from the housing with the notches and protrusions acting as a fulcrum in the extended state. 13. The nail polish container of claim 1, wherein the housing includes a cap component that is disposed with a first notch and a second notch positioned opposite one another on opposing sides of the cap component, and a first protrusion on a first side of the nail-like component sized and shaped to engage complimentarily with the first notch and a second protrusion on a second side of the nail-like component sized and shaped to engage complimentarily with the second notch, wherein the first and second notch engage with the first and second protrusion, respectively, and the cap component engages with the housing to keep the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to change between the retracted state and the extended state. 14. The nail polish container of claim 13, wherein the first and second notches engaging with the first and second protrusions and the cap component engaging with the housing keep the nail-like component attached to the housing while allowing the nail-like component to rotate out away from the housing with the notches and protrusions acting as a fulcrum in the extended state.",
-    "A magazine well for a firearm having an angled spine receiving portion. A charging handle for a firearm having latch that extends below a bottom surface of a crossbar. A bolt carrier for a firearm having a pair of vent holes disposed in the indented portion and at least one additional vent hole on indented portion adjacent to the pair of vent holes. A bolt catch for a firearm having a receiving portion curved to match the contours of a human thumb. A scope assembly for a firearm having markers on a scope and amount that correspond to the same radial positions. A bolt for a firearm having a plurality of ribs disposed on a main body and extending from a front end toward a tail portion of the bolt. 1-7. (canceled) 8. A charging handle for a firearm, comprising: a front end and a rear end; a body extending from the rear end to the front end; a crossbar disposed at the rear end; wherein the charging handle is receivable in a receiver, the receiver having an upper surface lying in a horizontal plane when the firearm is level for firing; and a diverter body extending from the crossbar, the diverter body including a first diverter body portion extending above the horizontal plane of the receiver. 9. The charging handle of claim 8, wherein the diverter body further comprises: a second diverter body portion extending in a direction toward the front of the charging handle. 10-38. (canceled) 39. The charging handle of claim 8, wherein the receiver is an upper receiver. 40. A charging handle for a firearm, the charging handle comprising: a front end and a rear end; a charging handle body extending from the rear end to the front end; a crossbar disposed at the rear end of the charging handle; and a diverter body extending from the crossbar, the diverter body including a first diverter body portion extending above the charging handle body so as to divert gas discharged from the firearm upward relative to the charging handle body when the firearm is level for firing. 41. The charging handle of claim 8, wherein the diverter body further comprises: a second diverter body portion extending in a direction toward the front of the charging handle so as to further divert the gas discharged from the firearm forward relative to the rear end of the charging handle.",
-    "A method for transmitting a reference signal for channel measurement (CSI-RS) to a user equipment; a base station therefore; a method for receiving a CSI-RS; and the user equipment therefore are discussed. The method for transmitting a CSI-RS according to one embodiment includes transmitting CSI-RS pattern information for indicating a pattern of time-frequency resource to be nulled, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS pattern, and CSI-RS subframe information for indicating in which subframe the null CSI-RS pattern occurs; and nulling a time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern in a subframe corresponding to the CSI-RS subframe information, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS subframe, based on the CSI-RS pattern information and the CSI-RS subframe information. The CSI-RS subframe information includes information indicating a periodic interval with which the null CSI-RS subframe occurs. The periodic interval corresponds to a plurality of subframes. 1. A method for transmitting, by a base station, a reference signal for channel measurement (CSI-RS) to a user equipment, the method comprising: transmitting, by the base station, CSI-RS pattern information for indicating a pattern of time-frequency resource to be nulled, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS pattern, and CSI-RS subframe information for indicating in which subframe the null CSI-RS pattern occurs; and nulling, by the base station, a time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern in a subframe corresponding to the CSI-RS subframe information, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS subframe, based on the CSI-RS pattern information and the CSI-RS subframe information, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information includes information indicating a periodic interval with which the null CSI-RS subframe occurs, and wherein the periodic interval corresponds to a plurality of subframes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the null CSI-RS subframe is comprised of two slots, slot 0 and slot 1, each slot includes 7 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, OFDM symbols 0 to 6, for a normal cyclic prefix, the time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern is within two OFDM symbols in the null CSI-RS subframe, and the two OFDM symbols are other than OFDM symbols 0, 1, 2 and 4 of the slot 0 and OFDM symbols 0, 1 and 4 of the slot 1. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the null CSI-RS pattern is one of a plurality of time-frequency resource patterns defined for transmission of the CSI-RS. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information further includes a subframe offset for the null CSI-RS pattern. 5. A method for receiving, by a user equipment, a reference signal for channel measurement (CSI-RS), the method comprising: receiving, by the user equipment, CSI-RS pattern information for indicating a pattern of time-frequency resource to be nulled, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS pattern, and CSI-RS subframe information for indicating in which subframe the null CSI-RS pattern occurs, wherein a time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern is assumed nulled in a subframe corresponding to the CSI-RS subframe information, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS subframe, based on the CSI-RS pattern information and the CSI-RS subframe information, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information includes information indicating a periodic interval with which the null CSI-RS subframe occurs, and wherein the periodic interval corresponds to a plurality of subframes. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the null CSI-RS subframe is comprised of two slots, slot 0 and slot 1, each slot includes 7 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, OFDM symbols 0 to 6, for a normal cyclic prefix, the time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern is within two OFDM symbols in the null CSI-RS subframe, and the two OFDM symbols are other than OFDM symbols 0, 1, 2 and 4 of the slot 0 and OFDM symbols 0, 1 and 4 of the slot 1. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the null CSI-RS pattern is one of a plurality of time-frequency resource patterns defined for transmission of the CSI-RS. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information further includes a subframe offset for the null CSI-RS pattern. 9. A base station for transmitting a reference signal for channel measurement (CSI-RS) to a user equipment, the base station comprising: a processor unit; and a radio frequency unit, electrically connected to the processor unit, configured to: transmit CSI-RS pattern information for indicating a pattern of time-frequency resource to be nulled, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS pattern, and CSI-RS subframe information for indicating in which subframe the null CSI-RS pattern occurs, and null a time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern in a subframe corresponding to the CSI-RS subframe information, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS subframe, based on the CSI-RS pattern information and the CSI-RS subframe information, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information includes information indicating a periodic interval with which the null CSI-RS subframe occurs, and wherein the periodic interval corresponds to a plurality of subframes. 10. The base station of claim 9, wherein the null CSI-RS subframe is comprised of two slots, slot 0 and slot 1, each slot includes 7 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, OFDM symbols 0 to 6, for a normal cyclic prefix, the time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern is within two OFDM symbols in the null CSI-RS subframe, and the two OFDM symbols are other than OFDM symbols 0, 1, 2 and 4 of the slot 0 and OFDM symbols 0, 1 and 4 of the slot 1. 11. The base station of claim 9, wherein the null CSI-RS pattern is one of a plurality of time-frequency resource patterns defined for transmission of the CSI-RS. 12. The base station of claim 9, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information further includes a subframe offset for the null CSI-RS pattern. 13. A user equipment for receiving a reference signal for channel measurement (CSI-RS), the user equipment comprising: a processor unit; and a radio frequency unit, electrically connected to the processor unit, configured to receive CSI-RS pattern information for indicating a pattern of time-frequency resource to be nulled, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS pattern, and CSI-RS subframe information for indicating in which subframe the null CSI-RS pattern occurs, wherein a time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern is assumed nulled in a subframe corresponding to the CSI-RS subframe information, hereinafter referred to as null CSI-RS subframe, based on the CSI-RS pattern information and the CSI-RS subframe information, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information includes information indicating a periodic interval with which the null CSI-RS subframe occurs, and wherein the periodic interval corresponds to a plurality of subframes. 14. The user equipment of claim 13, wherein the null CSI-RS subframe is comprised of two slots, slot 0 and slot 1, each slot includes 7 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, OFDM symbols 0 to 6, for a normal cyclic prefix, the time-frequency resource corresponding to the null CSI-RS pattern is within two OFDM symbols in the null CSI-RS subframe, and the two OFDM symbols are other than OFDM symbols 0, 1, 2 and 4 of the slot 0 and OFDM symbols 0, 1 and 4 of the slot 1. 15. The user equipment of claim 13, wherein the null CSI-RS pattern is one of a plurality of time-frequency resource patterns defined for transmission of the CSI-RS. 16. The user equipment of claim 13, wherein the CSI-RS subframe information further includes a subframe offset for the null CSI-RS pattern.",
-    "Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for generating a route entry, including: receiving, by a first BGP speaker, a first route message and a second route message that are distributed respectively by a second BGP speaker by using a first distribution path and a second distribution path; determining, by the first BGP speaker, that a quantity of next hops in a first next hop list attribute is less than a quantity of next hops in a second next hop list attribute; and generating, by the first BGP speaker, a route entry according to path attributes, of a path towards a destination, in the first route message. In addition, the embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a first BGP speaker. The foregoing technical solution helps reduce a workload in configuring route preference policies. 1. A method for generating a route entry, comprising: receiving, by a first Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) speaker, a first route message and a second route message that are distributed respectively by a second BGP speaker by using a first distribution path and a second distribution path, wherein a head node of the first distribution path is the second BGP speaker, a tail node of the first distribution path is the first BGP speaker, a head node of the second distribution path is the second BGP speaker, a tail node of the second distribution path is the first BGP speaker, path attributes, of a path towards a destination, in the route messages comprise a next hop list attribute, and the process of obtaining the first route message and the second route message comprises: constructing, by the second BGP speaker, a third route message, wherein the third route message comprises a route towards the destination, the route towards the destination in the third route message comprises a next hop list attribute and a next hop attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, the next hop list attribute in the third route message comprises a next hop, and a value of the next hop in the next hop list attribute in the third route message is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination; sending, by the second BGP speaker, the third route message to a head node of a first path, so as to distribute a route towards the destination to each node on the first path, wherein the first path is a path in the first distribution path, the head node of the first path is a peer of the second BGP speaker, and a tail node of the first path is a peer of the first BGP speaker; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker reaches each node of the first path, generating, by each node according to the route towards the destination, a fourth route message to be sent to a next hop BGP speaker, which comprises: adding a first next hop to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination, so as to generate a first next hop list attribute, wherein the fourth route message comprises path attributes of a path towards the destination, the path attributes in the fourth route message comprise a NEXT_HOP attribute, the path attributes in the fourth route message comprise the first next hop list attribute, and a value of the first next hop is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute in the fourth route message, wherein the tail node of the first path generates the first route message; constructing, by the second BGP speaker, a fifth route message, wherein the fifth route message comprises a route towards the destination, the route towards the destination in the fifth route message comprises a next hop list attribute and the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker, the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message comprises a next hop, and a value of the next hop in the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker; sending, by the second BGP speaker, the fifth route message to a head node of a second path, so as to distribute a route towards the destination to each node on the second path, wherein the second path is a path in the second distribution path, the head node of the second path is a peer of the second BGP speaker, and a tail node of the second path is a peer of the first BGP speaker; and when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the second path, generating, by each node according to the route towards the destination, a sixth route message to be sent to a next hop BGP speaker, which comprises: adding a second next hop to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination, so as to generate a second next hop list attribute, wherein the sixth route message comprises path attributes of a path towards the destination, the path attributes in the sixth route message comprise a NEXT_HOP attribute, the path attributes in the sixth route message comprise the second next hop list attribute, and a value of the second next hop is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute in the sixth route message, wherein the tail node of the second path generates the second route message; determining, by the first BGP speaker, that a quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is less than a quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and generating, by the first BGP speaker, a route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the generating, by the tail node of the first path, the first route message comprises: when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches the tail node of the first path, adding, by the tail node of the first path, a first priority to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination; the generating, by the tail node of the second path, the second route message comprises: when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches the tail node of the second path, adding, by the tail node of the second path, a second priority to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination; and the method further comprises: determining, by the first BGP speaker, that the quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is equal to the quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; determining, by the first BGP speaker, that the first priority is higher than the second priority; and generating, by the first BGP speaker, the route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message corresponding to the first priority. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the next hop list attribute in the third route message further comprises a path cost list, and the path cost list comprises a path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker reaches each node of the first path, the generating, by each node, a fourth route message comprises: adding, to a path cost list in the route towards the destination, a path cost spent from a local BGP speaker to a previous hop BGP speaker; the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message further comprises a path cost list, and the path cost list comprises a path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker reaches each node of the second path, the generating, by each node, a sixth route message comprises: adding, to the path cost list in the route towards the destination, the path cost spent from a local BGP speaker to a previous hop BGP speaker; and the method further comprises: determining, by the first BGP speaker, that the quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is equal to the quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; determining, by the first BGP speaker, that a first cost is less than a second cost, wherein the first cost is equal to a sum of path costs in a path cost list carried in the first next hop list attribute plus a cost spent from the first BGP speaker to the tail node of the first path, and the second cost is equal to a sum of path costs in a path cost list carried in the second next hop list attribute plus a cost spent from the first BGP speaker to the tail node of the second path; and generating, by the first BGP speaker, the route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message corresponding to the first cost. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the path cost is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) cost. 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination in the third route message is not equal to the path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination in the fifth route message. 6. A first Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) speaker, comprising: a receiving unit, configured to receive a first route message and a second route message that are distributed respectively by a second BGP speaker by using a first distribution path and a second distribution path, wherein a head node of the first distribution path is the second BGP speaker, a tail node of the first distribution path is the first BGP speaker, a head node of the second distribution path is the second BGP speaker, a tail node of the second distribution path is the first BGP speaker, path attributes, of a path towards a destination, in the first route message comprise a next hop list attribute, path attributes, of a path towards the destination, in the second route message comprises a next hop list attribute, and the first route message and the second route message are obtained through the following processing: constructing, by the second BGP speaker, a third route message, wherein the third route message comprises a route towards the destination, the route towards the destination in the third route message comprises a next hop list attribute and a next hop attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker, the next hop list attribute in the third route message comprises a next hop, and a value of the next hop in the next hop list attribute in the third route message is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker; sending, by the second BGP speaker, the third route message to a head node of a first path, so as to distribute a route towards the destination to each node on the first path, wherein the first path is a path in the first distribution path, the head node of the first path is a peer of the second BGP speaker, and a tail node of the first path is a peer of the first BGP speaker; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the first path, generating, by each node according to the route towards the destination, a fourth route message to be sent to a next hop BGP speaker, which specifically comprises: adding a first next hop to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination, so as to generate a first next hop list attribute, wherein the fourth route message comprises path attributes of a path towards the destination, the path attributes in the fourth route message comprise a NEXT_HOP attribute, the path attributes in the fourth route message comprise the first next hop list attribute, and a value of the first next hop is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute in the fourth route message, wherein the tail node of the first path generates the first route message; constructing, by the second BGP speaker, a fifth route message, wherein the fifth route message comprises a route towards the destination, the route towards the destination in the fifth route message comprises a next hop list attribute and the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker, the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message comprises a next hop, and a value of the next hop in the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker; sending, by the second BGP speaker, the fifth route message to a head node of a second path, so as to distribute a route towards the destination to each node on the second path, wherein the second path is a path in the second distribution path, the head node of the second path is a peer of the second BGP speaker, and a tail node of the second path is a peer of the first BGP speaker; and when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the second path, generating, by each node according to the route towards the destination, a sixth route message to be sent to a next hop BGP speaker, which specifically comprises: adding a second next hop to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination, so as to generate a second next hop list attribute, wherein the sixth route message comprises path attributes of a path towards the destination, the path attributes in the sixth route message comprise a NEXT_HOP attribute, the path attributes in the sixth route message comprise the second next hop list attribute, and a value of the second next hop is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute in the sixth route message, wherein the tail node of the second path generates the second route message; a determining unit, configured to determine that a quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is less than a quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and a generating unit, configured to generate a route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message. 7. The first BGP speaker according to claim 6, wherein the generating, by the tail node of the first path, the first route message comprises: when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches the tail node of the first path, adding, by the tail node of the first path, a first priority to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination; the generating, by the tail node of the second path, the second route message comprises: when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches the tail node of the second path, adding, by the tail node of the second path, a second priority to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination; the determining unit is further configured to: determine that the quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is equal to the quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and determine that the first priority is higher than the second priority; and the generating unit is further configured to: generate the route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message corresponding to the first priority. 8. The first BGP speaker according to claim 6, wherein the next hop list attribute in the third route message further comprises a path cost list, and the path cost list comprises a path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the first path, the generating, by each node, a fourth route message specifically comprises: adding, to the path cost list in the route towards the destination, a path cost spent from a local BGP speaker to a previous hop BGP speaker; the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message further comprises a path cost list, and the path cost list comprises a path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the second path, the generating, by each node, a sixth route message specifically comprises: adding, to the path cost list in the route towards the destination, the path cost spent from a local BGP speaker to a previous hop BGP speaker; the determining unit is further configured to: determine that the quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is equal to the quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and determine that a first cost is less than a second cost, wherein the first cost is equal to a sum of path costs in a path cost list carried in the first next hop list attribute plus a cost spent from the first BGP speaker to the tail node of the first path, and the second cost is equal to a sum of path costs in a path cost list carried in the second next hop list attribute plus a cost spent from the first BGP speaker to the tail node of the second path; and the generating unit is further configured to: generate the route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message corresponding to the first cost. 9. The first BGP speaker according to claim 7, wherein the path cost is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) cost. 10. The first BGP speaker according to claim 8, wherein the path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination in the third route message is not equal to the path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination in the fifth route message. 11. A computer-readable storage device, wherein the device stores a set of instructions that may be executed to: receive a first route message and a second route message that are distributed respectively by a second Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) speaker by using a first distribution path and a second distribution path, wherein a head node of the first distribution path is the second BGP speaker, a tail node of the first distribution path is the first BGP speaker, a head node of the second distribution path is the second BGP speaker, a tail node of the second distribution path is the first BGP speaker, path attributes, of a path towards a destination, in the first route message comprise a next hop list attribute, path attributes, of a path towards the destination, in the second route message comprises a next hop list attribute, and the first route message and the second route message are obtained through the following processing: constructing, by the second BGP speaker, a third route message, wherein the third route message comprises a route towards the destination, the route towards the destination in the third route message comprises a next hop list attribute and a next hop attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker, the next hop list attribute in the third route message comprises a next hop, and a value of the next hop in the next hop list attribute in the third route message is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker; sending, by the second BGP speaker, the third route message to a head node of a first path, so as to distribute a route towards the destination to each node on the first path, wherein the first path is a path in the first distribution path, the head node of the first path is a peer of the second BGP speaker, and a tail node of the first path is a peer of the first BGP speaker; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the first path, generating, by each node according to the route towards the destination, a fourth route message to be sent to a next hop BGP speaker, which specifically comprises: adding a first next hop to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination, so as to generate a first next hop list attribute, wherein the fourth route message comprises path attributes of a path towards the destination, the path attributes in the fourth route message comprise a NEXT_HOP attribute, the path attributes in the fourth route message comprise the first next hop list attribute, and a value of the first next hop is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute in the fourth route message, wherein the tail node of the first path generates the first route message; constructing, by the second BGP speaker, a fifth route message, wherein the fifth route message comprises a route towards the destination, the route towards the destination in the fifth route message comprises a next hop list attribute and the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker, the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message comprises a next hop, and a value of the next hop in the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute, of a next hop towards the destination, distributed by the second BGP speaker; sending, by the second BGP speaker, the fifth route message to a head node of a second path, so as to distribute a route towards the destination to each node on the second path, wherein the second path is a path in the second distribution path, the head node of the second path is a peer of the second BGP speaker, and a tail node of the second path is a peer of the first BGP speaker; and when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the second path, generating, by each node according to the route towards the destination, a sixth route message to be sent to a next hop BGP speaker, which specifically comprises: adding a second next hop to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination, so as to generate a second next hop list attribute, wherein the sixth route message comprises path attributes of a path towards the destination, the path attributes in the sixth route message comprise a NEXT_HOP attribute, the path attributes in the sixth route message comprise the second next hop list attribute, and a value of the second next hop is equal to a value of the NEXT_HOP attribute in the sixth route message, wherein the tail node of the second path generates the second route message; determine that a quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is less than a quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and generate a route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message. 12. The computer-readable storage device according to claim 11, wherein the generating, by the tail node of the first path, the first route message comprises: when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches the tail node of the first path, adding, by the tail node of the first path, a first priority to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination; the generating, by the tail node of the second path, the second route message comprises: when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches the tail node of the second path, adding, by the tail node of the second path, a second priority to the next hop list attribute in the route towards the destination; wherein the device further storages instructions that may be executed to: determine that the quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is equal to the quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and determine that the first priority is higher than the second priority; and generate the route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message corresponding to the first priority. 13. The computer-readable storage device according to claim 11, wherein the next hop list attribute in the third route message further comprises a path cost list, and the path cost list comprises a path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the first path, the generating, by each node, a fourth route message specifically comprises: adding, to the path cost list in the route towards the destination, a path cost spent from a local BGP speaker to a previous hop BGP speaker; the next hop list attribute in the fifth route message further comprises a path cost list, and the path cost list comprises a path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination; when the route that is distributed by the second BGP speaker and is towards the destination reaches each node of the second path, the generating, by each node, a sixth route message specifically comprises: adding, to the path cost list in the route towards the destination, the path cost spent from a local BGP speaker to a previous hop BGP speaker; wherein the device further storages instructions that may be executed to: determine that the quantity of next hops in the first next hop list attribute is equal to the quantity of next hops in the second next hop list attribute; and determine that a first cost is less than a second cost, wherein the first cost is equal to a sum of path costs in a path cost list carried in the first next hop list attribute plus a cost spent from the first BGP speaker to the tail node of the first path, and the second cost is equal to a sum of path costs in a path cost list carried in the second next hop list attribute plus a cost spent from the first BGP speaker to the tail node of the second path; and generate the route entry according to the path attributes, of the path towards the destination, in the first route message corresponding to the first cost. 14. The computer-readable storage device according to claim 12, wherein the path cost is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) cost. 15. The computer-readable storage device according to claim 13, wherein the path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination in the third route message is not equal to the path cost spent from the second BGP speaker to the destination in the fifth route message.",
-    "An electronically controlled internal damper is provided. Due to a structure in which a valve unit is mounted on a spool rod along which a driven spool reciprocates and a damping unit is provided in an outer peripheral surface of the driven spool and the spool rod, it is possible to improve ride comfort by reducing a low-speed damping force of a soft mode in the driven spool and the spool rod without increasing their sizes. 1. An electronically controlled internal damper comprising: a spool rod which is formed to have a stepped shape in a lower end portion of a piston rod that reciprocates within a cylinder; a valve unit including: a main piston which has a central portion through which the spool rod passes, and partitions the cylinder into a cylinder upper chamber and a cylinder lower chamber, and in which a compression passage and a rebound passage are alternately disposed; a compression retainer disposed above the main piston; a rebound retainer disposed under the main piston; a first housing which is disposed above the compression retainer to form a first pilot chamber thereinside and has an opened bottom surface; and a second housing which is disposed under the rebound retainer to form a second pilot chamber thereinside and has an opened top surface; a driven spool which reciprocates along a guide passage penetrating a central portion of the spool rod; and a damping unit which is provided on an outer peripheral surface of the driven spool and the driven spool so as to allow a working fluid to flow to the inside and outside of the spool rod through the guide passage during a compression stroke or a rebound stroke, forms a bypass passage in an upper portion thereof during the compression stroke in a hard mode or a soft mode, and forms a bypass passage in a lower portion thereof during the rebound stroke in the hard mode or the soft mod. 2. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein the bypass passage formed between the spool rod and the driven spool during the compression stroke or the rebound stroke in the soft mode is provided between the bypass passages formed between the spool rod and the driven spool during the compression stroke or the rebound stroke in the hard mode. 3. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein the bypass passage formed between the spool rod and the driven spool during the compression stroke in the hard mode is provided above the bypass passage formed between the spool rod and the driven spool during the compression stroke in the soft mode. 4. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein the bypass passage formed between the spool rod and the driven spool during the rebound stroke in the soft mode is provided above the bypass passage formed between the spool rod and the driven spool during the rebound stroke in the hard mode. 5. The electronically controlled internal damper according to claim 1, wherein the damping unit includes: a communication assembly which is provided in the spool rod such that the first pilot chamber of the first housing, the compression retainer, the main piston, the rebound retainer, and the second pilot chamber of the second housing from the upper side communicate with the guide passage; and a guide assembly which is provided along an outer peripheral surface of the driven spool and allows a flow of the working fluid from the upper and lower sides of the driven spool through the communication assembly according to the compression stroke or the rebound stroke in the hard mode or the soft mode.",
-    "A module for mounting within a ceiling panel assembly. The module includes an upper mounting frame that includes a main body portion that defines a central opening, a lower mounting frame that is at least partially received in the central opening of the upper mounting frame, and a latch assembly. The main body portion of the upper mounting frame includes a flange extending outwardly therefrom. The lower mounting frame is pivotable with respect to the upper mounting frame between a first position and a second position. The latch assembly is associated with a first end of the upper mounting frame and the lower mounting frame. When the latch assembly is released the lower mounting frame pivots from the first position to the second position. 1. A module for mounting within a ceiling panel assembly, the module comprising: an upper mounting frame that includes a main body portion that defines a central opening, wherein the main body portion includes a flange extending outwardly therefrom, and wherein the upper mounting frame includes a first end and a second end, a lower mounting frame that is at least partially received in the central opening of the upper mounting frame, wherein the lower mounting frame includes a first end and a second end, wherein the lower mounting frame is pivotable with respect to the upper mounting frame between a first position and a second position, and a latch assembly that is associated with the first end of the upper mounting frame and the lower mounting frame, wherein when the latch assembly is released the lower mounting frame pivots from the first position to the second position. 2. The module of claim 1 wherein one of the upper mounting frame and lower mounting frame includes two pivot pins extending inwardly therefrom, wherein the other of the upper mounting frame and the lower mounting frame includes two pivot openings defined therein, and wherein the pivot pins are received in the pivot openings. 3. The module of claim 2 wherein the pivot openings comprise a pivot slot that is open to an outside of the upper mounting frame or the lower mounting frame. 4. The module of claim 2 wherein the pivot pins extend inwardly from the main body portion of the upper mounting frame into the central opening, wherein the pivot openings are defined in the lower mounting frame. 5. The module of claim 4 wherein the pivot openings comprise a pivot slot that is open to an outside of the lower mounting frame. 6. The module of claim 1 wherein the latch assembly includes a latch member that is mounted on one of the lower mounting frame or the upper mounting frame and a ledge that is disposed on the other of the lower mounting frame or the upper mounting frame. 7. The module of claim 6 wherein the latch member is mounted within a protrusion on the upper mounting frame, wherein the protrusion defines a latch pocket in which an engagement surface on the latch member is positioned, and wherein the engagement surface is accessible via an opening defined in the protrusion. 8. The module of claim 7 wherein a stationary portion of the latch member is received in a receiver opening, and wherein the receiver opening is separated from the latch pocket by a divider. 9. The module of claim 1 further comprising a bezel that includes tabs extending upwardly therefrom, wherein the tabs are received in channels defined in the upper mounting frame. 10. The module of claim 1 wherein the first end of the lower mounting frame includes alignment tabs extending therefrom that are received in alignment openings defined in the upper mounting frame. 11. The module of claim 1 wherein the upper mounting frame includes at least one electrical connection cylinder extending upwardly from an upper surface thereof. 12. The module of claim 1 wherein the upper mounting frame and lower mounting frame include complementary curved hinge members disposed on the second ends thereof. 13. The module of claim 1 wherein a component is mounted in the lower mounting frame, wherein the component is at least one of an oxygen mask, a speaker, a smoke detector, an air extractor or a light, and wherein the component is pivotable together with the lower mounting frame between the first position and the second position. 14. A module for mounting within a ceiling panel assembly, the module comprising: an upper mounting frame that includes a main body portion that defines a central opening, wherein the main body portion includes a flange extending outwardly therefrom, wherein the upper mounting frame includes a first end and a second end, wherein two pivot pins extending inwardly from the main body portion into the central opening, wherein a latch member is mounted within a protrusion on the first end of the upper mounting frame, a lower mounting frame that is at least partially received in the central opening of the upper mounting frame, wherein the lower mounting frame includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first end includes a ledge that is engaged with the latch member of the upper mounting frame, wherein the lower mounting frame includes two pivot openings defined therein that are communicated with pivot slots that are open to an outside of the lower mounting frame, and wherein the pivot pins are received in the pivot openings, wherein the lower mounting frame is pivotable with respect to the upper mounting frame between a first position and a second position. 15. The module of claim 14 wherein the protrusion defines a latch pocket in which an engagement surface on the latch member is positioned, and wherein the engagement surface is accessible via an opening defined in the protrusion. 16. A lower mounting frame for use with a mounting system that includes an upper mounting frame, the lower mounting frame comprising: a main body portion that includes first, second, third and fourth sides, a bottom surface and a top edge, and a ledge that is positioned on the first side of the main body portion, first and second pivot slots defined in the third and fourth sides of the main body portion, wherein the first and second pivot slots each have a first portion that extends generally parallel to the bottom surface of the main body portion and a second portion that angles upwardly from the first portion and is open to the top edge of the main body portion. 17. The lower mounting frame of claim 16 further comprising alignment tabs extending upwardly therefrom that are adapted to be received in alignment openings defined in the upper mounting frame. 18. The lower mounting frame of claim 16 wherein the bottom surface of the main body portion includes at least one of an opening for receiving a grill, a speaker grill or a light cover.",
-    "Apparatus for and method of temperature compensating a focusing system in which the focusing system has at least one transmissive optical element having a thermal lens. A reflective optical element is added to the system that has a thermal lens that is complementary to the thermal lens of the transmissive optical element so that the optical characteristics of the two optical elements combined are substantially temperature independent. The respective thermal lenses of the two optical elements are balanced by selecting materials for the reflective optical element that have the correct optical absorption based on the absorption of the transmissive optical element and the relative strengths of the thermal lenses. Provision can also be made for a change in the absorption of the transmissive optical element over time by selecting a value for the absorption of the reflective optical element that exceeds a contemporaneous value for the absorption of the transmissive optical element and then cooling the reflective optical element to reduce the strength of its thermal lens, with provision for increasing the temperature of the reflective optical component over time. The focusing system may also include a pulse combiner for combing pulses from multiple sources. The focusing system is especially applicable to systems for generating EUV light for use in semiconductor photolithography. 1-49. (canceled) 50. A method of temperature compensating a focusing system, the method comprising the steps of: regulating a temperature of a thermal lens compensation plate to a first temperature, said first temperature being based on an optical absorption of said thermal lens compensation plate, said optical absorption having been determined based at least in part on an expected end-of-lifetime value for focus lens optical absorption for a final focus lens comprising part of said focusing system; determining a value representative of cumulative time in use of said focusing system; and adjusting said temperature of said thermal lens compensation plate to a second temperature higher than said first temperature, said second temperature having a value based at least in part on said cumulative time in use. 51. A method as claimed in claim 50 wherein said determining step and said adjusting step are carried out periodically. 52. A method as claimed in claim 50 wherein said determining step and said adjusting step are carried out substantially continuously.",
-    "A data distribution system is provided which supplies customers with an executable for requested secured data files to provide the customer with fulfillment software, obviating the need for the customer to download fulfillment software prior to requesting secure data. The data distribution system is characterized by server technology which can dynamically encrypt secured data files just prior to a customer request to download the data file. A framework for building a universal data distribution infrastructure is provided which employs Requesters. 1. A data distribution system comprising: a server configured to access content stored in a data repository and provide to a user in response to a request by the user, wherein at least some of the content are encrypted using keys; a database configured to store the keys; and a user fulfillment software module configured to generate a product code for the requested content using an identifier for the requested content and a machine-dependent identifier corresponding to the user computer; wherein the server is configured to process a user request for content comprising the product code by generating a release code using the key corresponding to the requested content and the product code and transmitting the release code to the user computer.",
-    "A method for image processing by: obtaining an original image including a bulleted list; determining a list bounding box enclosing the bulleted list; determining line bounding boxes nested within the list bounding box enclosing lines of the bulleted list; identifying bullets based on the line bounding boxes; identifying indentations based on the bullets; and generating a bulleted list object for the bulleted list in the original image based on the indentations. 1. A method for image processing, comprising: obtaining an original image comprising a bulleted list; determining a list bounding box enclosing the bulleted list; determining a plurality of line bounding boxes nested within the list bounding box enclosing a plurality of lines of the bulleted list; identifying a plurality of bullets based on the plurality of line bounding boxes; identifying a plurality of indentations based on the plurality of bullets; and generating a bulleted list object for the bulleted list in the original image based on the plurality of indentations. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the list bounding box comprises: generating a binary image based on the original image; generating a first transformed image by applying a first dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a first structuring element to the binary image; identifying a first plurality of contours in the first transformed image; and identifying a region in the transformed image comprising a first cardinality of contours that exceeds a first contour threshold. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein generating the binary image comprises: generating a gradient image for the original image; and applying a thresholding operation to the gradient image. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the plurality of line bounding boxes comprises: generating a second transformed image by applying a second dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a second structuring element to the binary image, wherein the second structuring element is smaller than the first structuring element; identifying a second plurality of contours in a region of the second transformed image corresponding to the list bounding box; and identifying an area in the region of the second transformed image comprising a second cardinality of contours that exceeds a second contour threshold. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the plurality of bullets comprises: generating a binary image from the original image; generating a transformed image by applying a dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a number of dilate iterations and a number of erode iterations to the binary image, wherein the number of dilate iterations exceeds the number of erode operations; selecting a line bounding box of the plurality of line bounding boxes; identifying a starting intra-line bounding box and an intermediate intra-line bounding box for the line bounding box; and designating content within the starting intra-line bounding box as a bullet based on a comparison comprising a dimension of the starting intra-line bounding box. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the dimension is a height of the starting intra-line bounding box, and wherein the comparison is between the dimension and half the height of the line bounding box. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the dimension is half of the width of the starting intra-line bounding box, and wherein the comparison is between the dimension and a spacing between the starting intra-line bounding box and the intermediate intra-line bounding box. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the plurality of indentations comprises: obtaining a plurality of starting intra-line bounding boxes comprising a plurality of horizontal positions; determining a subset of the plurality of horizontal positions are within a predetermined distance of each other; and consolidating the subset of the plurality of horizontal positions. 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium (CRM) storing computer readable program code embodied therein that: obtains an original image comprising a bulleted list; determines a list bounding box enclosing the bulleted list; determines a plurality of line bounding boxes nested within the list bounding box enclosing a plurality of lines of the bulleted list; identifies a plurality of bullets based on the plurality of line bounding boxes; identifies a plurality of indentations based on the plurality of bullets; and generates a bulleted list object for the bulleted list in the original image based on the plurality of indentations. 10. The non-transitory CRM of claim 9, wherein determining the list bounding box comprises: generating a binary image based on the original image; generating a first transformed image by applying a first dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a first structuring element to the binary image; identifying a first plurality of contours in the first transformed image; and identifying a region in the transformed image comprising a first cardinality of contours that exceeds a first contour threshold. 11. The non-transitory CRM of claim 10, wherein determining the plurality of line bounding boxes comprises: generating a second transformed image by applying a second dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a second structuring element to the binary image, wherein the second structuring element is smaller than the first structuring element; identifying a second plurality of contours in a region of the second transformed image corresponding to the list bounding box; and identifying an area in the region of the second transformed image comprising a second cardinality of contours that exceeds a second contour threshold. 12. The non-transitory CRM of claim 9, wherein identifying the plurality of bullets comprises: generating a binary image from the original image; generating a transformed image by applying a dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a number of dilate iterations and a number of erode iterations to the binary image, wherein the number of dilate iterations exceeds the number of erode operations; selecting a line bounding box of the plurality of line bounding boxes; identifying a starting intra-line bounding box and an intermediate intra-line bounding box for the line bounding box; and designating content within the starting intra-line bounding box as a bullet based on a comparison comprising a dimension of the starting intra-line bounding box. 13. The non-transitory CRM of claim 12, wherein the dimension is a height of the starting intra-line bounding box, and wherein the comparison is between the dimension and half the height of the line bounding box. 14. The non-transitory CRM of claim 12, wherein the dimension is half of the width of the starting intra-line bounding box, and wherein the comparison is between the dimension and a spacing between the starting intra-line bounding box and the intermediate intra-line bounding box. 15. The non-transitory CRM of claim 9, wherein identifying the plurality of indentations comprises: obtaining a plurality of starting intra-line bounding boxes comprising a plurality of horizontal positions; determining a subset of the plurality of horizontal positions are within a predetermined distance of each other; and consolidating the subset of the plurality of horizontal positions. 16. A system for image processing, comprising: a bounding box generator that: determines a list bounding box enclosing the bulleted list; and determines a plurality of line bounding boxes nested within the list bounding box enclosing a plurality of lines of the bulleted list; a bullet locator that identifies a plurality of bullets based on the plurality of line bounding boxes; an list hierarchy engine that identifies a plurality of indentations based on the plurality of bullets; and an list object generator that generates a bulleted list object for the bulleted list in the original image based on the plurality of indentations. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the bounding box generator determines the list bounding box by: generating a binary image based on the original image; generating a first transformed image by applying a first dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a first structuring element to the binary image; identifying a first plurality of contours in the first transformed image; and identifying a region in the transformed image comprising a first cardinality of contours that exceeds a first contour threshold. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the bounding box generator determines the plurality of line bounding boxes by: generating a second transformed image by applying a second dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a second structuring element to the binary image, wherein the second structuring element is smaller than the first structuring element; identifying a second plurality of contours in a region of the second transformed image corresponding to the list bounding box; and identifying an area in the region of the second transformed image comprising a second cardinality of contours that exceeds a second contour threshold. 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the bullet locator identifies the plurality of bullets by: generating a binary image from the original image; generating a transformed image by applying a dilate and erode (DE) operation comprising a number of dilate iterations and a number of erode iterations to the binary image, wherein the number of dilate iterations exceeds the number of erode operations; selecting a line bounding box of the plurality of line bounding boxes; identifying a starting intra-line bounding box and an intermediate intra-line bounding box for the line bounding box; and designating content within the starting intra-line bounding box as a bullet based on a comparison comprising a dimension of the starting intra-line bounding box. 20. The system of claim 16, wherein the list hierarchy engine identifies the plurality of indentations by: obtaining a plurality of starting intra-line bounding boxes comprising a plurality of horizontal positions; determining a subset of the plurality of horizontal positions are within a predetermined distance of each other; and consolidating the subset of the plurality of horizontal positions.",
-    "Disclosed is a lightguide assembly, comprising a main body; a lightguide with at least a portion thereof incorporated in a side wall of the main body; and a light coupling seat attached to an end of the lightguide. The coupling seat end of the lightguide comprises a first portion at an end portion, a narrowing section connected to the first portion and a second portion connected to the narrowing section, wherein the long axis of the cross section of the lightguide reduces from a first portion side of the narrowing section to a second portion side of the narrowing section. 1. A lightguide assembly, comprising: a main body with at least one lightguide groove in a side wall of the main body; a lightguide with at least a portion thereof disposed within the lightguide groove; and a light source coupling seat attached to an end of the lightguide; wherein the coupling seat end of the lightguide comprises a first portion at an end portion, a narrowing section connected to the first portion and a second portion connected to the narrowing section; characterized in that a long axis of a cross section of the lightguide reduces from a first portion side of the narrowing section to a second portion side of the narrowing section. 2. A lightguide assembly, comprising: a main body; a lightguide with at least a portion thereof incorporated in a side wall of the main body; and a light source coupling seat attached to an end of the lightguide; wherein the coupling seat end of the lightguide comprises a first portion at an end portion, a narrowing section connected to the first portion and a second portion connected to the narrowing section; characterized in that a long axis of a cross section of the lightguide reduces from a first portion side of the narrowing section to a second portion side of the narrowing section. 3. The lightguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein reduction of the long axis is a continuous reduction or a gradient reduction. 4. The lightguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein the long axis is diameter of the lightguide. 5. The lightguide assembly according to claim 4, wherein reduction of the diameter is a continuous reduction or a gradient reduction. 6. The lightguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein the light source coupling seat provides a junction plane for interfacing a light source; and wherein the first portion end of the lightguide is aligned with the junction plane of the light source coupling seat. 7. The lightguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first portion and the narrowing section of the lightguide is accommodated in the light source coupling seat. 8. The lightguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein the main body has a tube-shape. 9. The lightguide assembly according to claim 8, wherein the main body is a flexible tube. 10. The lightguide assembly according to claim 1, wherein the main body has a tube shaped, a first section of the main body adjacent to the light source coupling seat 20 further includes a coupler for coupling a plurality of fluid catheters, optically conductors and/or signal conductors. 11. A method for preparation of a lightguide assembly, comprising the steps of: preparing at least a lightguide with a first portion on one end, a narrowing section connected to the first portion and a second portion connected to the narrowing section and extending to another end of the lightguide; preparing a light source coupling seat with a light source junction plane; coupling the lightguide to the light source coupling seat, with the first portion and the narrowing section of the lightguide disposed in the light source coupling seat and an end surface of the first portion end of the lightguide aligned with the junction plane, to receive light beams entering through the junction plane; preparing a main body; and coupling the second portion of the lightguide in a side wall of the main body; characterized in that the long axis of the cross section of the lightguide reduces from a first portion side of the narrowing section to a second portion side of the narrowing section. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the long axis is diameter of the lightguide. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the light source coupling seat is formed by mold casting. 14. The method according to claim 11, wherein preparation of the main body and coupling of the lightguide to the main body are completed in a single step. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the step of forming the main body and coupling the lightguide to the main body is completed by an injection molding. 16. The method according to claim 11, further including a step of forming a recess in the light source coupling seat, wherein the junction plane is provided in the recess, such that the end surface of the first portion of the lightguide is aligned with the recess, after the light source coupling seat is formed. 17. The method according to claim 11, further including a step of coating a surface of the main body with a plastic material after the assembly of the main body and the lightguide. 18. The lightguide assembly according to claim 2, wherein reduction of the long axis is a continuous reduction or a gradient reduction. 19. The lightguide assembly according to claim 2, wherein the long axis is diameter of the lightguide. 20. The lightguide assembly according to claim 19, wherein reduction of the diameter is a continuous reduction or a gradient reduction. 21. The lightguide assembly according to claim 2, wherein the light source coupling seat provides a junction plane for interfacing a light source; and wherein the first portion end of the lightguide is aligned with the junction plane of the light source coupling seat. 22. The lightguide assembly according to claim 2, wherein the first portion and the narrowing section of the lightguide is accommodated in the light source coupling seat. 23. The lightguide assembly according to claim 2, wherein the main body has a tube-shape. 24. The lightguide assembly according to claim 23, wherein the main body is a flexible tube. 25. The lightguide assembly according to claim 2, wherein the main body has a tube shaped, a first section of the main body adjacent to the light source coupling seat 20 further includes a coupler for coupling a plurality of fluid catheters, optically conductors and/or signal conductors.",
-    "A system, method, and computer program product are provided for managing a network based on feedback according to one embodiment. In use, the method includes establishing a network, and connecting at least one device to the network. Additionally, the method includes receiving feedback from the at least one device. Lastly, the network is managed based on the feedback form the at least one device. Additional systems, methods, and computer program products are also presented. 1. A computer program product embodied on a non-transitory computer readable medium, comprising: code configured to establish a network; code configured to connect one or more devices to the network; code configured to receive feedback from the one or more devices; and code configured to manage the network based on the feedback from the one or more devices. 2. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein managing the network includes adjusting settings associated with the network and/or the connection of the one or more devices to the network. 3. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the computer program product is physically integrated with an automobile. 4. The computer program product of claim 3, wherein one of the devices is a mobile device in proximity to the automobile. 5. The computer program product of claim 1, comprising: code configured to designate at least one of the one or more devices as a master device; and code configured to designate at least one of the one or more devices as a slave device, wherein the master device has control over the slave device. 6. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein the master device has control over at least a portion of the network. 7. The computer program product of claim 5, wherein managing the network includes re-designating at least one of the slave device as a second master device, and the master device as a second slave device. 8. The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the feedback includes information and/or commands corresponding to the one or more devices. 9. A method, comprising: establishing a network; connecting one or more devices to the network; receiving feedback from the one or more devices; and managing the network based on the feedback from the one or more devices. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein managing the network includes adjusting settings associated with the network and/or the connection of the one or more devices to the network. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the method is implemented by a controller, the controller being physically integrated with an automobile. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein one of the devices is a mobile device in proximity to the automobile. 13. The method of claim 9, comprising: designating at least one of the one or more devices as a master device; and designating at least one of the one or more devices as a slave device, wherein the master device has control over the slave device. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the master device has control over at least a portion of the network. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein managing the network includes re-designating at least one of the slave device as a second master device, and the master device as a second slave device. 16. The method of claim 9, wherein the feedback includes information and/or commands corresponding to the one or more devices. 17. A system comprising: a memory system; and a processing circuit coupled to the memory system and configured to: establish, by the processing circuit, a network; connect, by the processing circuit, one or more devices to the network; receive, by the processing circuit, feedback from the one or more devices; and manage, by the processing circuit, the network based on the feedback from the one or more devices, wherein managing the network includes adjusting settings associated with the network and/or the connection of the one or more devices to the network. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the processing circuit is physically integrated with an automobile, wherein one of the devices is a mobile device in proximity to the automobile. 19. The system of claim 17, comprising: designating at least one of the one or more devices as a master device; and designating at least one of the one or more devices as a slave device, wherein the master device has control over the slave device, wherein the master device has control over at least a portion of the network, wherein managing the network includes re-designating at least one of the slave device as a second master device, and the master device as a second slave device. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the feedback includes information and/or commands corresponding to the one or more devices.",
-    "A nucleotide sequence encoding flavonoid 3\u2032-hydroxylase (F3\u2032H) of Dendrobium, a method of producing a transgenic flower color-changed Dendrobium plant, and a transgenic flower color-changed Dendrobium plant are provided by this invention. 1. A method for producing a transgenic plant, comprising: (a) transfecting a plant with a genetic construct comprising an antisense suppressor of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; and (b) expressing the genetic construct in cells of the plant. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antisense suppressor comprises an antisense suppressor having at least 90% identity to a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs:93-96. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the genetic construct is expressed in the protocorm-like bodies of the plant. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transgenic plant is a flower color-changed plant and wherein the plant is a native-color plant. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the flower color-changed plant and the native-color plant are of the Orchidaceae family. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the flower color-changed plant and the native-color plant are Dendrobium orchids. 7. A method for producing a flower color-changed plant having an orange flower, comprising: (a) transfecting a native-color plant having a purple flower with a genetic construct comprising an antisense suppressor of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; and (b) expressing the genetic construct in cells of the plant. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the antisense suppressor comprises an antisense suppressor having at least 90% identity to a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs:93-96. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the genetic construct is expressed in the protocorm-like bodies of the plant. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the flower color-changed plant and the native-color plant are of the Orchidaceae family. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the flower color-changed plant and the native-color plant are Dendrobium orchids. 12. A flower color-changed plant produced by the method of claim 1. 13. The flower color-changed plant according to claim 12, wherein the flower color-changed plant is of the Orchidaceae family. 14. The flower color-changed plant according to claim 13, wherein the flower color-changed plant is a Dendrobium orchid. 15. A flower color-changed plant comprising in cells thereof a genetic construct comprising an antisense suppressor of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. 16. The flower color-changed plant of claim 15, wherein the antisense suppressor comprises an antisense suppressor having at least 90% identity to a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs:93-96. 17. The flower color-changed plant of claim 15, wherein the flower color-changed plant is of the Orchidaceae family. 18. The flower color-changed plant of claim 17, wherein the flower color-changed plant is a Dendrobium orchid.",
-    "A system and method for providing secure, end-to-end data service enabling real-time data over the Internet is disclosed. The system and method provides a communication framework between sensors, devices, and machinery and the users of that data from any remote location that is connected to the Internet without requiring open inbound firewall ports, while at the same time enabling high data rates, low latency and full bi-directionality. The graphical and networking features of RIA frameworks in combination with the disclosed system and method provide low-latency, real-time data applications in a web browser securely over the Internet. 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A method of receiving a data set, the method comprising: establishing a first network connection between a server and a first client; and receiving at the first client a first data set from the server over the first network connection, wherein (i) data in the first data set is provided from data in a second data set received at the server from a second client via a second network connection, (ii) the second network connection is established by the sending of an inbound connection request by the second client to the server, the second client being inaccessible via inbound connection requests, and (iii) the data in the first data set is represented according to a first data representation independent of a data representation corresponding to the second client. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the data in the second data set is represented according to the data representation corresponding to the second client. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the server converts the second data set into the first data set. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the first data representation is independent of a data representation corresponding to the first client. 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the first data representation is an abstract representation independent of data representations corresponding to individual clients of the server. 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the first client displays a visualization of the first data set to a user. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the first client displays the visualization using a web browser operating on the first client. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the first client displays the visualization substantially in real time relative to the sending of the second data set by the second client. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein, based on the displayed visualization, the user of the first client performs an action. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the user of the first client performs the action when the displayed visualization satisfies a condition. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the displayed visualization includes an indication of a value, and the condition is satisfied when the indication of the value reaches a threshold. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein during the displaying of the visualization, the first client and the second client are in physical vicinity of each other. 33. The method of claim 26, wherein the second data set includes data streaming from a data source, and wherein the first data set includes a stream of data corresponding to the streamed data from the data source. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the first client continuously updates the visualization based on the data stream in the first data set. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the first client continuously updates the visualization substantially in real time relative to the streaming of data from the data source. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the user of the first client performs an action when the displayed visualization satisfies a condition. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the displayed visualization includes an indication of a value, and the condition is satisfied when the indication of the value reaches a threshold. 38. A system of providing a data set, comprising: a processor configured to: establish a first network connection with a first client; and transmit a first data set to the first client over the first network connection, wherein (i) data in the first data set is provided to the processor from data in a second data set received by the processor from a second client via a second network connection, (ii) the second network connection is established by the sending of an inbound connection request by the second client to the processor, the second client being inaccessible via inbound connection requests, and (iii) the data in the first data set is represented according to a first data representation independent of a data representation corresponding to the second client. 39. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon one or more sequences of instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the method according to claim 21.",
-    "An interface device and method between an electronic device and an external device using an ear jack of a smart device are disclosed in order to implement an interface that is capable of automatically recognizing an ear jack insertion type appcessory. The interface device includes: an electronic device including an ear jack including a plurality of audio signal input and output terminals; an external device including an interface unit including a connector unit configured to be inserted into the ear jack, the connector unit including a plurality of terminals that correspond to the plurality of audio signal input and output terminals provided in the ear jack of the electronic device, respectively; and a recognizing unit on the connector unit of the interface unit configured to recognize whether the external device is connected to the ear jack of the electronic device through a plurality of detections. 1. An interface device comprising: an electronic device including an ear jack comprising a plurality of audio signal input and output terminals; an external device including an interface unit comprising a connector unit configured to be inserted into the ear jack, the connector unit comprising a plurality of terminals that correspond to the plurality of audio signal input and output terminals in the ear jack of the electronic device, respectively; and a recognizing unit on the connector unit of the interface unit configuredto recognize whether the external device is connected to the ear jack of the electronic device through a plurality of detections, wherein data communication is performed between the electronic device and the external device, and, among the plurality of terminals of the connector unit, any one terminal is formed with an insulative coating or is made of a non-conductive material such that the terminal is not electrically connected even if the terminal is inserted into the ear jack. 2. The interface device of claim 1, wherein the terminal that is not electrically connected is a left speaker terminal (L). 3. The interface device of claim 1, wherein the insulative coating is selected from a group consisting of a sapphire coating, a quartz coating, and a Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coating. 4. The interface device of claim 1, wherein when a first detection is recognized and then a second detection is recognized as an earphone or the connector unit of the interface unit is inserted into the ear jack of the electronic device, the recognizing unit is configured to determine that the earphone is inserted, and when only the second detection is recognized without recognition of the first detection, the recognizing unit is configured to determine that an appcessory of the external device is inserted, and perform data communication. 5. The interface device of claim 4, wherein the first detection indicates that any one of the plurality of audio signal input and output terminals in the ear jack of the electronic device and any one corresponding terminal of the connector unit of the interface unit are connected with each other, and the second detection indicates that another one of the plurality of audio signal input and output terminals provided in the ear jack of the electronic device and another corresponding terminal of the connector unit of the interface unit are connected with each other. 6. The interface device of claim 5, wherein the terminal in the first detection is a left speaker terminal (L), and the terminal in the second detection is a ground terminal (G). 7. The interface device of claim 4, wherein, an ID, recognizable by the electronic device by differentiating an impedance within the appcessory of the external device, is acquired through the data communication so that an associated application is automatically executed. 8. The interface device of claim 7, wherein, when the ID is implemented, the electronic device is configured to recognize the corresponding ID, and when there are a plurality of associated applications, the electronic device is configured to display an associated application list on a user interface so that the user can select any one of the associated applications. 9. The interface device of claim 1, further comprising: a rectifier circuit (bridge rectifier) configured to transmit power to the appcessory of the external device through a power line and transmit Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) signals through a signal line, in a case where high power is required in order to execute bi-directional communication between the electronic device and the external device. 10. The interface device of claim 1, further comprising a switch that is switchable to a higher voltage in a mic bias circuit of the electronic device. 11. The interface device of claim 1, wherein, in a case where low power is required in order to execute bi-directional communication between the electronic device and the external device, a mic bias voltage (1.8V\u02dc) of the electronic device is used. 12. The interface device of claim 1, wherein a three-pole ear jack is used for unidirectional communication between the electronic device and the external device. 13. An interface method comprising: inserting an earphone or a connector unit of an external device through an ear jack of an electronic device; confirming whether a first detection exists; confirming whether a second detection exists subsequent to the confirming of the first detection; recognizing that the earphone is connected when the second detection is confirmed; confirming whether the second detection exists in a state where the first detection is not confirmed; recognizing that the connector unit of the external device is connected when the second detection is confirmed; recognizing an ID of an appcessory of the external device; and automatically executing an associated application. 14. The interface method of claim 13, further comprising, when a plurality of associated applications exist after the ID is recognized, displaying an associated application list on the interface so that a user can select any one of the associated applications. 15. The interface method of claim 13, wherein the first detection indicates that any one of the plurality of audio signal input and output terminals provided in the ear jack of the electronic device and any one corresponding terminal of the connector unit of the interface unit are connected with each other, and the second detection indicates that another one of the plurality of audio signal input and output terminals provided in the ear jack of the electronic device and another corresponding terminal of the connector unit of the interface unit are connected with each other. 16. The interface method of claim 15, wherein the terminal in the first detection is a left speaker terminal (L), and the terminal in the second detection is a ground terminal (G). 17. The interface method of claim 15, wherein a first detection terminal of the connector unit is formed with an insulation coating or is made of a non-conductive material such that the first detection terminal is not electrically connected. 18. The interface method of claim 17, wherein the insulative coating is selected from a group consisting of a sapphire coating, a quartz coating, and a Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coating. 19. The interface method of claim 13, further comprises transmitting power to the appcessory of the external device through a power line and transmit Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) signals through a signal line, in a case where high power is required in order to execute bi-directional communication between the electronic device and the external device. 20. The interface method of claim 13, further comprising, where low power is required in order to execute bi-directional communication between the electronic device and the external device, using a mic bias voltage (1.8V\u02dc) of the electronic device.",
-    "Disclosed here is a method for hydrocarbon conversion, comprising contacting at least one graphene-supported assembly with at least one hydrocarbon feedstock, wherein the graphene-supported assembly comprises (i) a three-dimensional network of graphene sheets crosslinked by covalent carbon bonds and (ii) at least one metal chalcogenide compound disposed on the graphene sheets, wherein the chalcogen of the metal chalcogenide compound is selected from S, Se and Te, and wherein the metal chalcogenide compound accounts for at least 20 wt. % of the graphene-supported assembly. 1. A method for hydrocarbon conversion, comprising contacting at least one graphene-supported assembly with at least one hydrocarbon feedstock, wherein the graphene-supported assembly comprises (i) a three-dimensional network of graphene sheets crosslinked by covalent carbon bonds and (ii) at least one metal chalcogenide compound disposed on the graphene sheets, wherein the chalcogen of the metal chalcogenide compound is selected from S, Se and Te, and wherein the metal chalcogenide compound accounts for at least 20 wt. % of the graphene-supported assembly. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon source comprises coal, biofeedstock, and/or petroleum feedstock. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound catalyzes the hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and/or hydrocracking of the hydrocarbon feedstock. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying an electrical bias to the graphene-supported assembly to enhance catalysis. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-supported assembly is electrically conductive. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-supported assembly has a conductivity of at least 0.5 S/cm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-supported assembly is a monolith having a size of at least 1 mm3, or in the form of a powder produced by grinding or ball-milling the monolith. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-supported assembly has an elastic modulus of at least 10 MPa. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the chalcogen is S. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound comprises one or more of Mo, W, Fe, Cd, In, Zn, Ni and Co. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound comprises Mo and optionally comprises another metal. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound comprises MoS2, WS2, In2S3, CdTe, ZnTe, or any combination thereof. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound comprises MoS2. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-supported assembly has a surface area of at least 250 m2/g. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-supported assembly has a mesopore volume of at least 0.5 cm3/g. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound comprises MoS2, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound accounts for at least 30 wt % of the graphene-supported assembly, wherein the graphene-supported assembly has a surface area of at least 300 m2/g, and wherein the graphene-supported assembly is a monolith having a size of at least 1 mm3. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the surfaces of the graphene sheets are substantially free of carbon nanoparticles, and wherein the covalent carbon bonds crosslinking the graphene sheets are primarily sp2 bonds. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal chalcogenide compound is Ni\u2014Mo-sulfide or Co\u2014Mo-sulfide. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising (iii) at least one metal oxide, metal carbide or metal nitride deposited on the graphene sheets. 20. A method for hydrocarbon conversion, comprising contacting at least one graphene-supported assembly with at least one hydrocarbon feedstock, wherein the graphene-supported assembly comprises a three-dimensional network of covalently interconnected graphene sheets and MoS2 disposed on the graphene sheets, wherein the MoS2 accounts for at least 20 wt. % of the graphene-supported assembly.",
-    "Embodiments of the disclosure provide an uplink power control method and an apparatus thereof. The method includes: optimizing uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells according to a KPI model, where the KPI model is used to indicate a mapping relationship between the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells and at least one KPI of a network on which the multiple cells are located; and performing uplink power control on user equipment in the multiple cells according to the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells. In the embodiments of the disclosure, by considering impact of uplink power control parameters of multiple cells on a KPI of a network on which the multiple cells are located, uplink power control parameters that are more optimized from the perspective of global performance of the network are obtained, thereby improving overall performance of the network. 1. An uplink power control method, comprising: optimizing uplink power control parameters of multiple cells according to a key performance indicator (KPI) model, wherein the KPI model is used to indicate a mapping relationship between the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells and at least one KPI of a network on which the multiple cells are located; and performing uplink power control on user equipment in the multiple cells according to the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells. 2. The uplink power control method according to claim 1, wherein the optimizing uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells according to a KPI model, comprises: creating a first optimization model according to the KPI model, wherein the first optimization model uses the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells as optimization variables, and uses an optimal solution of the at least one KPI within a value range of the uplink power control parameters as an optimization target; and solving the first optimization model, to acquire uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells. 3. The uplink power control method according to claim 2, wherein the at least one KPI is multiple KPIs, and the creating a first optimization model according to the KPI model comprises: determining the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells as optimization variables of the first optimization model; and determining a minimum weighted value of the multiple KPIs as an optimization target of the first optimization model. 4. The uplink power control method according to claim 2, wherein the solving the first optimization model comprises: mapping the optimization variables of the first optimization model from a discrete parameter space to a continuous parameter space, and converting a target function of the first optimization model into a continuous and smooth function, to acquire a second optimization model after conversion; determining a solution of the optimization variables in the continuous parameter space according to the second optimization model; and mapping the solution of the optimization variables in the continuous parameter space back to the discrete parameter space, to determine a solution of the optimization variables in the discrete parameter space. 5. The uplink power control method according to claim 1, wherein the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells comprise an uplink power control reference value of each cell of the multiple cells, and an uplink path loss compensation factor of each cell. 6. The uplink power control method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one KPI of the network comprises at least one of the following: uplink load, a call drop and block ratio (CDBR), and an average uplink signal to interference plus noise ratio. 7. An uplink power control apparatus, comprising: a processor, configured to: optimize uplink power control parameters of multiple cells according to a key performance indicator (KPI) model, wherein the KPI model is used to indicate a mapping relationship between the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells and at least one KPI of a network on which the multiple cells are located, and perform uplink power control on user equipment in the multiple cells according to the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells that are acquired by the processor; a memory, configured to store an instruction that is required by the processor during execution. 8. The uplink power control apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to: create a first optimization model according to the KPI model, wherein the first optimization model uses the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells as optimization variables and uses an optimal solution of the at least one KPI within a value range of the uplink power control parameters as an optimization target; and solve the first optimization model, to acquire uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells. 9. The uplink power control apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the at least one KPI is multiple KPIs, and the processor is further configured to: determine the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells as optimization variables of the first optimization model, and determine a minimum weighted value of the multiple KPIs as an optimization target of the first optimization model. 10. The uplink power control apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to: map the optimization variables of the first optimization model from a discrete parameter space to a continuous parameter space, and convert a target function of the first optimization model into a continuous and smooth function, to acquire a second optimization model after conversion; determine a solution of the optimization variables in the continuous parameter space according to the second optimization model; and map the solution of the optimization variables in the continuous parameter space back to the discrete parameter space, to determine a solution of the optimization variables in the discrete parameter space. 11. The uplink power control apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the uplink power control parameters of the multiple cells comprise an uplink power control reference value of each cell of the multiple cells, and an uplink path loss compensation factor of each cell. 12. The uplink power control apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the at least one KPI of the network comprises at least one of the following: uplink load, a call drop and block ratio (CDBR), and an average uplink signal to interference plus noise ratio.",
-    "A mounting assembly for an agricultural product conveying system includes a mount having a seed tube mounting feature and a biasing member mounting feature. The mounting assembly also includes a biasing member configured to support a powered agricultural product conveyor. The seed tube mounting feature is configured to engage a corresponding mounting feature of a seed tube to support the seed tube on the mount, and the biasing member mounting feature is configured to engage a corresponding mounting feature of the biasing member to support the biasing member on the mount. 1. A mounting assembly for an agricultural product conveying system, comprising: a mount having a seed tube mounting feature and a biasing member mounting feature; and a biasing member configured to support a powered agricultural product conveyor; wherein the seed tube mounting feature is configured to engage a corresponding mounting feature of a seed tube to support the seed tube on the mount, and the biasing member mounting feature is configured to engage a corresponding mounting feature of the biasing member to support the biasing member on the mount. 2. The mounting assembly of claim 1, comprising a boot configured to selectively couple to the mount at least while the biasing member is engaged with the biasing member mounting feature. 3. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the mount comprises a mounting plate configured to be positioned above a frame of an agricultural row unit to establish a gap between the mounting plate and the frame sufficient to facilitate passage of a conduit between the mounting plate and the frame. 4. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the mount comprises a channel configured to facilitate passage of a conduit through the mount. 5. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the biasing member comprises a wire spring, the corresponding mounting feature of the biasing member comprises a distal end of the wire spring, the biasing member mounting feature comprises an opening configured to receive the distal end of the wire spring, and the biasing member mounting feature comprises a support configured to support a portion of the wire spring proximate to the distal end. 6. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the corresponding mounting feature of the seed tube comprises a protrusion, the seed tube mounting feature comprises an opening configured to receive the protrusion, and the seed tube mounting feature comprises a channel configured to guide the protrusion toward the opening. 7. The mounting assembly of claim 1, wherein the mount is configured to be coupled to a frame of an agricultural row unit to facilitate coupling the seed tube or the powered agricultural product conveyor to the frame, the mount comprises a lip on a first end of the mount and a biased engagement element on a second end of the mount, opposite the first end, and the lip and the biased engagement element are configured to engage respective engagement elements of the frame to couple the mount to the frame. 8. A mounting assembly for an agricultural product conveying system, comprising: a mount having a seed tube mounting feature and a biasing member mounting feature; a biasing member configured to support a powered agricultural product conveyor; wherein the seed tube mounting feature is configured to capture a protrusion of a seed tube, and the seed tube mounting feature is configured to support the seed tube on the mount; and wherein the biasing member mounting feature is configured to capture a protrusion of the biasing member, and the biasing member mounting feature is configured to support the biasing member on the mount. 9. The mounting assembly of claim 8, wherein the biasing member comprises a wire spring, and the protrusion of the biasing member corresponds to a distal end of the wire spring. 10. The mounting assembly of claim 9, wherein the protrusion of the biasing member is positioned on a first longitudinal end of the wire spring, the wire spring comprises a support portion on a second longitudinal end of the wire spring, opposite the first longitudinal end, and the support portion is configured to engage a support surface to support the second longitudinal end of the wire spring. 11. The mounting assembly of claim 9, wherein the biasing member mounting feature comprises an opening configured to receive the distal end of the wire spring, and the biasing member mounting feature comprises a support configured to support a portion of the wire spring proximate to the distal end. 12. The mounting assembly of claim 8, comprising a boot configured to selectively couple to the mount at least while the biasing member is engaged with the biasing member mounting feature. 13. The mounting assembly of claim 8, wherein the seed tube mounting feature comprises an opening configured to receive the protrusion of the seed tube, and the seed tube mounting feature comprises a channel configured to guide the protrusion of the seed tube toward the opening. 14. The mounting assembly of claim 8, wherein the mount is configured to be coupled to a frame of an agricultural row unit to facilitate coupling the seed tube or the powered agricultural product conveyor to the frame. 15. The mounting assembly of claim 14, wherein the mount comprises a lip on a first end of the mount and a biased engagement element on a second end of the mount, opposite the first end, and the lip and the biased engagement element are configured to engage respective engagement elements of the frame to couple the mount to the frame. 16. The mounting assembly of claim 8, wherein the mount comprises a mounting plate configured to be positioned above a frame of an agricultural row unit to establish a gap between the mounting plate and the frame sufficient to facilitate passage of a conduit between the mounting plate and the frame. 17. The mounting assembly of claim 8, wherein the mount comprises a channel configured to facilitate passage of a conduit through the mount. 18. A mounting assembly for an agricultural product conveying system, comprising: a mount configured to support the agricultural product conveying system, wherein the mount comprises a mounting plate configured to be positioned above a frame of an agricultural row unit to establish a gap between the mounting plate and the frame sufficient to facilitate passage of a conduit between the mounting plate and the frame. 19. The mounting assembly of claim 18, wherein the mount comprises a channel configured to facilitate passage of a second conduit through the mount. 20. The mounting assembly of claim 18, wherein the gap is positioned on a lateral side of the mount.",
-    "One variation of a method for dispensing toppings onto topping vehicles includes: indexing a first topping vehicle to a first position adjacent a first topping module, the first topping module comprising a first hopper containing a first topping of a first topping type; indexing a second topping vehicle to a second position adjacent a second topping module comprising a second hopper containing a second topping of a second topping type; retracting a first blade of the first topping module; advancing the first blade through the first topping; retracting a first retaining plate to dispense a topping slice from the first topping onto the first topping vehicle according to a first topping order for the first topping vehicle specifying the first topping type, the first retaining plate offset from the first blade opposite the first hopper; advancing the first retaining plate; and indexing the first topping vehicle to the second position. 1. A method for dispensing toppings onto topping vehicles, comprising: advancing a first topping vehicle into a first dispense position adjacent a first topping module, the first topping module comprising a first blade defining a straight leading edge, a first retaining plate offset below the first blade, and a first hopper containing topping samples of a first topping type; during a first dispense cycle, based on a specification for the first topping type in a first food order associated with the first topping vehicle: retracting the first blade; advancing the first blade through a topping sample of the first topping type contained in the first hopper; and retracting the first retaining plate to release a serving of the first topping type onto the first topping vehicle; advancing the first topping vehicle into a second dispense position adjacent a second topping module, the second topping module comprising a second blade defining a serrated leading edge, a second retaining plate offset below the second blade, and a second hopper containing topping samples of a second topping type distinct from the first topping type; and during a second dispense cycle succeeding the first dispense cycle, maintaining the second retaining plate in an advanced position under the second hopper based on a specification for exclusion of the second topping type in the first food order. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: advancing the first topping vehicle into a third dispense position adjacent a third topping module, the third topping module comprising a third blade, a third retaining plate offset below the third blade, and a third hopper containing topping samples of a third topping type distinct from the first topping type and the second topping type; and during a third dispense cycle succeeding the second dispense cycle, based on a specification for the third topping type in the first food order: retracting the third blade; advancing the third blade through a topping sample of the third topping type contained in the third hopper; and retracting the third retaining plate to release a serving of the third topping type onto the first topping vehicle. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: at a first time, receiving the first food order from a first patron over a computer network; at a second time preceding the first time, receiving a second food order from a second patron over the computer network, the second food order specifying a serving of the first topping type and specifying a serving of the second topping type; assigning the first food order to the first topping vehicle; and assigning the second food order to a second topping vehicle adjacent and preceding the first topping vehicle. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein advancing the first topping vehicle into the second dispense position comprises simultaneously advancing the first topping vehicle into the first dispense position and the second topping vehicle into the second dispense position; and wherein retracting the first blade, advancing the first blade, and retracting the first retaining plate during the first dispense cycle comprise, during the first dispense cycle and based on the specification for the first topping type in the first food order and a specification for the second topping type in the second food order: simultaneously retracting the first blade and the second blade; simultaneously advancing the first blade through the topping sample of the first topping type contained in the first hopper and advancing the second blade through a topping sample of the second topping type contained in the second hopper; and simultaneously retracting the first retaining plate and the second retaining plate to release the serving of the first topping type onto the first topping and to release a serving of the second topping type onto the second topping vehicle. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein maintaining the second retaining plate in the advanced position under the second hopper during the second dispense cycle comprises setting a selection actuator within the second topping module in an intermediate position to deselect the second blade and the second retaining plate during the second dispense cycle based on the specification for exclusion of the second topping type in the first food order. 6. A method for assembling custom foodstuffs, comprising: at a first time, receiving a first food order from a first patron over a computer network, the first food order specifying a first topping type, a second topping type, and a third topping type; at a second time succeeding the first time, receiving a second food order from a second patron over the computer network, the second food order specifying the first topping type and the third topping type and excluding the second topping type; assigning the first food order to a first topping vehicle; assigning the second food order to a second topping vehicle; during a first dispense cycle, actuating a first topping module containing samples of the first topping type to dispense a serving of the first topping type onto the first topping vehicle based on the first food order; during a second dispense cycle succeeding the first dispense cycle, simultaneously: actuating the first topping module to dispense a serving of the first topping type onto the second topping vehicle based on the second food order; and actuating a second topping module containing samples of the second topping type to dispense a serving of the second topping type onto the first topping vehicle based on the first food order; and during a third dispense cycle succeeding the second dispense cycle: actuating a third topping module containing samples of the third topping type to dispense a serving of the third topping type onto the first topping vehicle based on the first food order; and disabling the second topping module to withhold a serving of the second topping type from the second topping vehicle based on the second food order. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein simultaneously actuating the first topping module and actuating the second topping module during the second dispense cycle comprise: simultaneously retracting a first blade in the first topping module and a second blade in the second topping module; simultaneously advancing the first blade and the second blade to sever a first serving from a sample of the first topping type in the first topping module and to sever a second serving from a sample of the second topping type in the second topping module; simultaneously retracting a first retaining plate in the first topping module and a second retaining plate in the second topping module to dispense the first serving onto the second topping vehicle and to dispense the second serving onto the first topping vehicle; and simultaneously advancing the first retaining plate and the second retaining plate. 8. A system for dispensing toppings onto topping vehicles, comprising: a conveyor configured to advance a topping vehicle between a first dispense position and a second dispense position; a first topping module comprising: a first blade defining a serrated leading edge; a first retaining plate arranged over the first dispense position and offset below the first blade; and a first hopper arranged over the first blade opposite the first retaining plate and configured to dispense topping samples of a first topping type into the first blade; a second topping module adjacent the first topping module and comprising: a second blade defining a straight leading edge; a second retaining plate arranged over the second dispense position and offset below the second blade; and a second hopper arranged over the second blade opposite the second retaining plate and configured to dispense topping samples of a second topping type into the second blade, the second topping type distinct from the first topping type; an actuation system configured to: advance the first blade to slice a first topping serving from a topping sample of the first topping type; retract the first retaining plate to release the first topping serving onto the topping vehicle in the first dispense position; advance the second blade to slice a second topping serving from a topping sample of the second topping type; and retract the second retaining plate to release the second topping serving onto the topping vehicle in the second dispense position. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the actuation system comprises a first selection actuator configured to engage the first blade in a first position and to engage the first retaining plate in a second position; a first linear actuator configured to advance and retract the first selection actuator; a second selection actuator configured to engage the second blade in a first position and to engage the second retaining plate in a second position; and a second linear actuator configured to advance and retract the second selection actuator and operable independently of the first selection actuation. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the first blade is rigidly coupled to the first retaining plate, is vertically offset above the first retaining plate, and defines the serrated leading edge offset ahead of a trailing edge of the first retaining plate; and wherein the second blade is rigidly coupled to the second retaining plate, is vertically offset above the second retaining plate, and defines the straight leading edge offset ahead of a trailing edge of the second retaining plate. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the actuation system comprises a first linear actuator coupled to the first blade and a second linear actuator coupled to the second blade, the first linear actuator and the second linear actuator independently actuatable during a dispense cycle based on food orders corresponding to topping vehicles arranged below the first topping module and the second topping module during the dispense cycle. 12. The system of claim 8, wherein the actuation system comprises: a beam extending across the first topping module and the second topping module; a first selection actuator supported by the beam adjacent the first topping module and configured to selectively couple the first blade to the beam during a dispense cycle in response to entry of a first topping vehicle into the first dispense position, the first topping vehicle associated with a first topping order specifying the first topping type; a second selection actuator supported by the beam adjacent the second topping module and configured to selectively decouple the second blade from the beam during the dispense cycle in response to entry of a second topping vehicle into the second dispense position, the second topping vehicle associated with a second topping order specifying exclusion of the second topping type; and a beam actuator configured to advance and retract the beam, relative to the first topping module and the second topping module, during the dispense cycle. 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the second blade defines a waveform profile, and wherein the second hopper is configured to dispense topping samples of the second topping type comprising pickles. 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the second blade comprises a cutting plate defining a blade receptacle configured to transiently receive a razor blade. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the second blade comprises a first razor blade defining a straight leading edge and arranged in the blade receptacle in a first configuration, and wherein the second blade comprises a second razor blade defining a serrated leading edge and arranged in the blade receptacle in a second configuration. 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising a processor configured to correlate a current draw of an actuator, in the actuation system, advancing the second cutting plate with a sharpness of the razor blade and configured to trigger an alarm to replace the razor blade in response to a sharpness of the razor blade falling below a threshold blade sharpness. 17. The system of claim 8, further comprising a third topping module adjacent the second topping module and comprising: a third blade defining a grater region and arranged over a third dispense position; and a second hopper arranged over the third blade and configured to dispense topping samples of a third topping type onto the third blade, the third topping type distinct from the first topping type and the second topping type; wherein the actuation system is further configured to advance and retract the third blade to dispense grated portions of a topping sample of the third topping type onto the topping vehicle in the third dispense position 18. The system of claim 8, wherein the second topping module comprises a heating element thermally coupled to the second retaining plate and configured to cooperate with the second retaining plate to heat a face of a sample of the second topping type in contact with the second retaining plate. 19. The system of claim 8, wherein the first blade is vertically offset above the first retaining plate by a first distance, and wherein the second blade is vertically offset above the second retaining plate by a second distance less than the first distance. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the conveyor is configured to advance the topping vehicle comprising a bun heal between the first dispense position and the second dispense position; wherein the first hopper is configured to dispense topping samples of the first topping type comprising tomato onto the bun heal; and wherein the second hopper is configured to dispense topping samples of the second topping type comprising onion onto the bun heal. 21. The system of claim 8, wherein the first hopper comprises a stake extending from a top of the first hopper and toward the first blade, terminating above the first blade, and configured to pierce samples of the first topping types contained in the first hopper.",
-    "Press systems for manufacturing hot formed structural components are provided. The systems comprise a fixed lower body, a mobile upper body and a mechanism configured to provide upwards and downwards press progression of the mobile upper body with respect to the fixed lower body. The system further includes a cooling tool configured to cool down a previously heated blank. The cooling tool includes upper and lower mating dies, the lower die connected to the lower body with one or more lower biasing elements and/or the upper die connected to the upper body with one or more upper biasing elements. The system further includes a press tool configured to draw the blank, wherein the press tool is arranged downstream from the cooling tool. Moreover, methods for hot forming structural components are also provided. 1. A press system for manufacturing hot formed structural components, the system comprising a fixed lower body, a mobile upper body and a mechanism configured to provide upwards and downwards press progression of the mobile upper body with respect to the fixed lower body, the system comprising: a cooling tool configured to cool down a previously heated blank, the cooling tool comprising: upper and lower mating cooling dies, each cooling die comprising one or more working surfaces that in use face the blank, and the lower cooling die is connected to the lower body with one or more lower biasing elements configured to bias the lower cooling die towards a position at a predetermined first distance from the lower body and/or the upper cooling die is connected to the upper body with one or more upper biasing elements configured to bias the upper cooling die towards a position at a predetermined second distance from the upper body, a press tool configured to draw the blank, wherein the press tool is arranged downstream from the cooling tool and comprises: upper and lower mating pressing dies, each pressing die comprising one or more working surfaces that in use face the blank, and the upper pressing die is fastened to the upper body and the lower pressing die is fastened to the lower body, and a blank transfer mechanism to transfer the blank from the cooling tool to the press tool. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a first post-operation tool configured to perform trimming and/or piercing operations, wherein the first post-operation tool is arranged downstream of the press tool and comprises: upper and lower mating first post-operation tool dies, each die comprising one or more working surfaces that in use face the blank and, the upper first post-operation tool die is fastened to the upper body and the lower first post-operation tool die is fastened to the lower body, and the dies comprising one or more cutting blades arranged on the working surfaces, and the blank transfer mechanism is further configured to transfer the blank from the press tool to the first post-operation tool. 3. The system according to claim 2, further comprising a second post-operation tool configured to perform trimming and/or piercing operations, wherein the second post-operation tool is arranged downstream of the first post-operation tool and comprises: upper and lower mating second post operation tool dies, each die comprising one or more working surfaces that in use face the blank and, the upper second post operation tool die is fastened to the upper body and the lower second post operation tool die is fastened to the lower body, and the dies comprising one or more cutting blades arranged on the working surfaces, and the blank transfer mechanism is further configured to transfer the blank from the first post-operation tool to the second post-operation tool. 4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the second post-operation tool comprises an adjusting device configured to adjust the distance between the upper and lower dies so as to deform the blank located in use at the second post-operation tool along the working surface of each upper and lower die, wherein the adjusting device is controlled based on a sensor system configured to detect a thickness of the blank. 5. The system according to claim 2, wherein the dies of the first post-operation tool comprise one or more heaters or channels conducting a hot liquid. 6. The system according to claim 3, wherein the dies of the first post-operation tool comprise one or more heaters or channels conducting a hot liquid. 7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the dies of the cooling tool comprise one or more heaters or channels conducting a hot liquid. 8. The system according to claim 2, wherein the dies of the cooling tool comprise one or more heaters or channels conducting a hot liquid. 9. The system according claim 1, wherein the dies of the cooling tool and/or the dies of the press tool comprise channels conducting cooling water and/or air. 10. The system according claim 2, wherein the dies of the cooling tool and/or the dies of the press tool comprise channels conducting cooling water and/or air. 11. The system according to claim 2, wherein the dies of the first post-operation tool comprise channels conducting cooling water and/or air. 12. The system according to claim 3, wherein the dies of the first post-operation tool comprise channels conducting cooling water and/or air. 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein a temperature of the cooling dies and/or of the press dies and/or of the first post operation tool dies and/or of the second post operation tool dies is configured to be regulated based on a temperature measured at the dies. 14. The system according to claim 2, wherein a temperature of the cooling dies and/or of the press dies and/or of the first post operation tool dies and/or of the second post operation tool dies is configured to be regulated based on a temperature measured at the dies. 15. A method for cooling down a blank, comprising: Providing a press system according to claim 1; Providing a blank to be hot formed made of an Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) having a Zinc coating; Heating the blank; Locating the press upper body at an open position using the press mechanism; Placing the blank between the cooling tool upper and lower mating dies; Using the upper and/or lower biasing elements, pressing and cooling down the blank by providing a downwards press progression of the mobile upper body with to respect the fixed lower body to deform the blank, wherein the upper die is moved towards the lower die until a final desired position of the mobile upper body with respect to the fixed lower body is reached. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the UHSS comprises approximately 0.22% C, 1.2% Si, and 2.2% Mn. 17. The method according to claim 15, further comprising: Transferring the blank from the cooling tool to the press tool; Placing the blank between the press tool upper and lower dies; Drawing the blank by providing a forward press progression of the mobile upper body with respect the fixed lower body until a final desired position with respect to the press fixed lower body is reached. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising cooling down the blank during drawing. 19. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: Providing a first post-operation tool configured to perform trimming and/or piercing operations, wherein the first post-operation tool is arranged downstream of the press tool and comprises: upper and lower mating first post-operation tool dies, each die comprising one or more working surfaces that in use face the blank, the upper first post-operation tool die is fastened to the upper body and the lower first post-operation tool die is fastened to the lower body, and the dies comprising one or more cutting blades arranged on the working surfaces, and the blank transfer mechanism is further configured to transfer the blank from the press tool to the first post-operation tool; Transferring the blank from the press tool to the first post-operation tool; Placing the structural component to be formed between the upper and lower mating first post-operation tool dies; Providing a downwards press progression of the mobile upper body with respect to the fixed lower body until the final desired position with respect to the fixed lower body is reached; Cutting and/or punching the blank using the cutting blades of the first post-operation tool. 20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising: Providing a second post-operation tool configured to perform trimming and/or piercing operations, wherein the second post-operation tool is arranged downstream of the first post-operation tool and comprises: upper and lower mating second post operation tool dies, each die comprising one or more working surfaces that in use face the blank, the upper second post operation tool die is fastened to the upper body and the lower second post operation tool die is fastened to the lower body, the dies comprising one or more cutting blades arranged on the working surfaces, and the blank transfer mechanism is further configured to transfer the blank from the first post-operation tool to the second post-operation tool; Transporting the structural component from the first post-operation tool to the second post-operation tool; Providing a downward press progression of the mobile upper body with respect to the fixed lower body until the final desired position for pressing is reached; Cutting and/or punching the structural component using the cutting blades; Adjusting a distance between the upper and lower mating second post operation dies so as to deform the blank along the working surface of each upper and lower mating second post operation die.",
-    "Outdoor power equipment includes an internal combustion engine including an electric motor, a battery receiving port, a rechargeable battery removably attached to the battery receiving port, wherein the rechargeable battery is configured to power the electric motor to start the engine, an implement driven by the internal combustion engine, a release mechanism movable to an engaged position to put the implement in a ready-to-run condition in which the implement is ready to be driven by the engine, a run sensor configured to detect the ready-to-run condition, a switch actuated by the release mechanism, and a control module coupled to the switch so that the switch provides a signal to the control module when the release mechanism is in the engaged position and the control module turns on the electric motor to start the engine in response to the signal from the switch and the run sensor detecting the ready-to-run condition. 1. Outdoor power equipment, comprising: an internal combustion engine including an engine cover; an electric motor configured to start the internal combustion engine; a battery receiving port; a rechargeable battery removably attached to the battery receiving port, wherein the rechargeable battery is configured to power the electric motor to start the engine; an implement driven by the internal combustion engine; a release mechanism movable to an engaged position to put the implement in a ready-to-run condition in which the implement is ready to be driven by the internal combustion engine; a run sensor configured to detect the ready-to-run condition; a switch actuated by the release mechanism; and a control module coupled to the switch so that the switch provides a signal to the control module when the release mechanism is in the engaged position and the control module turns on the electric motor to start the internal combustion engine in response to the signal from the switch and the run sensor detecting the ready-to-run condition. 2. The outdoor power equipment of claim 1, wherein the control module is spaced apart from the internal combustion engine. 3. The outdoor power equipment of claim 1, wherein the switch is a component of the control module. 4. The outdoor power equipment of claim 1, wherein the battery receiving port is integrated with the engine cover. 5. The outdoor power equipment of claim 4, further comprising: a locking mechanism configured to hold the rechargeable battery in the battery receiving port. 6. The outdoor power equipment of claim 5, wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be released by a user to allow removal of the rechargeable battery from the battery receiving port. 7. The outdoor power equipment of claim 1, wherein the electric start control module further comprises: a housing, a first connector configured to electrically connect to a release mechanism wiring harness, and a second connector configured to electrically connect to the starter motor, wherein the first connector and the second connector are located on opposite sides of the housing. 8. The outdoor power equipment of claim 1, further comprising: an engine speed sensor, configured to detect when the internal combustion engine is running at a threshold speed, wherein the engine speed sensor is coupled to the control module, and wherein the control module turns off the electric motor when the engine speed sensor detects the threshold speed. 9. The outdoor power equipment of claim 8, further comprising: a locking mechanism configured to hold the rechargeable battery in the battery receiving port, wherein the battery receiving port is integrated with the engine cover, wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be released by a user to allow removal of the rechargeable battery from the battery receiving port. 10. The outdoor power equipment of claim 8, further comprising: wherein the battery receiving port is integrated with the engine cover. 11. The outdoor power equipment of claim 8, wherein the control module further comprises: a housing, a first connector configured to electrically connect to a release mechanism wiring harness, and a second connector configured to electrically connect to the electric motor, wherein the first connector and the second connector are located on opposite sides of the housing. 12. The outdoor power equipment of claim 8, further comprising: a locking mechanism configured to hold the rechargeable battery in the battery receiving port, wherein the battery receiving port is integrated with the engine cover. 13. The outdoor power equipment of claim 8, further comprising: a locking mechanism configured to hold the rechargeable battery in the battery receiving port. 14. The outdoor power equipment of claim 8, wherein the control module further comprises: a housing, a first connector configured to electrically connect to a release mechanism wiring harness, and a second connector configured to electrically connect to the electric motor, wherein the first connector and the second connector are located on opposite sides of the housing. 15. The outdoor power equipment of claim 1, further comprising: a locking mechanism configured to hold the rechargeable battery in the battery receiving port. 16. The outdoor power equipment of claim 15, wherein the control module further comprises: a housing, a first connector configured to electrically connect to a release mechanism wiring harness, and a second connector configured to electrically connect to the electric motor, wherein the first connector and the second connector are located on opposite sides of the housing. 17. The outdoor power equipment of claim 15, wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be released by a user to allow removal of the rechargeable battery from the battery receiving port; and wherein the control module further comprises: a housing, a first connector configured to electrically connect to a release mechanism wiring harness, and a second connector configured to electrically connect to the electric motor, wherein the first connector and the second connector are located on opposite sides of the housing. 18. The outdoor power equipment of claim 15, wherein the battery receiving port is integrated with the engine cover; and wherein the control module further comprises: a housing, a first connector configured to electrically connect to a release mechanism wiring harness, and a second connector configured to electrically connect to the electric motor, wherein the first connector and the second connector are located on opposite sides of the housing. 19. The outdoor power equipment of claim 18, wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be released by a user to allow removal of the rechargeable battery from the battery receiving port. 20. The outdoor power equipment of claim 15, wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be released by a user to allow removal of the rechargeable battery from the battery receiving port.",
-    "An illumination system and method for operating the same is disclosed. The illumination system includes a spatial light modulator (SLM), first and second optical systems, a controller and a mask. The SLM is positioned to receive an incident light beam. The first optical system images light leaving the SLM onto the mask that blocks part of the light. The second optical system images light leaving the mask onto a sample to be illuminated. The controller causes the SLM to display an SLM pattern that generates an illumination beam and a spurious light beam from the incident light beam, the illumination beam passing through the mask, wherein the mask includes a fixed part having a plurality of openings and a moveable part that moves in relation to the fixed part and that includes an opening. 1. An illumination system comprising: a spatial light modulator (SLM) positioned to receive an incident light beam; a first optical system that images light leaving said SLM on a mask that blocks part of said light; a second optical system that images light leaving said mask onto a sample to be illuminated; and a controller that causes said SLM to display an SLM pattern that generates an illumination beam and a spurious light beam from said incident light beam, said illumination beam passing through said mask, wherein said mask comprises a fixed part having a plurality of openings and a moveable part that moves in relation to said fixed part and that includes an opening. 2. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said incident light beam is a collimated linearly polarized light beam. 3. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said SLM pattern comprises a pattern that diffracts part of said incident light beam to create said illumination beam. 4. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said SLM comprises a transmissive SLM. 5. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said SLM comprises a reflective SLM. 6. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said opening in said moveable part is characterized by a distance from a reference point on said fixed part and wherein said reference point and said SLM pattern are determined by said controller in response to user input specifying one of a plurality of illumination patterns. 7. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said fixed part of said mask comprises a transparent slot and a plurality of openings, said moveable part moving in relation to said fixed part such that said moveable part covers said slot, said opening in said moveable part providing an opening in said mask characterized by a position that can be changed by changing the position of said moveable part in said transparent slot. 8. The illumination system of claim 7, wherein said openings in said fixed part are arranged in opposing pairs, each pair being centered on a reference point on said fixed part and wherein said slot is characterized by an axis that runs radially through said reference point, said moving part moving in a direction parallel to said axis. 9. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein light leaving said SLM comprises multiple light beams and wherein said mask blocks one of said multiple light beams. 10. The illumination system of claim 1 wherein said SLM pattern and said moveable part of said mask are configured such that light leaving said mask provides one of a plurality of predetermined illumination patterns, said one of said plurality of predetermined illumination patterns being determined by user input. 11. The illumination system of claim 10 wherein one of said plurality of predetermined illumination patterns is adapted for total internal reflection microscopy. 12. The illumination system of claim 10 wherein one of said plurality of predetermined illumination patterns is adapted for inclined illumination microscopy. 13. The illumination system of claim 10 wherein one of said plurality of predetermined illumination patterns is adapted for two dimensional structured illumination microscopy. 14. The illumination system of claim 10 wherein one of said plurality of predetermined illumination patterns is adapted for three dimensional structured illumination microscopy. 15. The illumination system of claim 10 wherein one of said plurality of predetermined illumination patterns is adapted for epifluorescence bright field microscopy. 16. A method for operating an apparatus to illuminate a sample, said method comprising: directing an incident light beam onto a SLM to generate an illumination light beam and a spurious light beam, said SLM displaying an SLM pattern; imaging said illumination light beam on a mask that blocks part of said spurious light beam while passing said illumination light beam; and imaging light leaving said mask onto said sample, wherein said mask comprises a fixed part having a plurality of openings and a moveable part that moves in relation to said fixed part and that includes an opening, said moveable part being positioned relative to said fixed part in a manner determined by one of a predetermined plurality of illumination modes. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said SLM pattern diffracts part of said incident light beam to create said illumination beam. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein said SLM comprises a transmissive SLM. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein said SLM comprises a reflective SLM. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein said opening in said moveable part is characterized by a distance from a reference point on said fixed part and wherein said reference point and said SLM pattern are determined by user input specifying said one of said plurality of illumination modes.",
-    "Examples are disclosed that relate to magnetically aligned switching circuits. One disclosed example provides an electronic component comprising a first terminal, a second terminal, and a deformable host material arranged between the first terminal and the second terminal. Aligned magnetically within the host material is an ensemble of particles each comprising a ferromagnetic material, each particle having greater electrical conductivity than the host material. The ensemble of particles is configured to form at least one complete conduction path from the first terminal to the second terminal. 1. An electronic component, comprising: a first terminal; a second terminal; a deformable host material arranged between the first terminal and the second terminal; and aligned magnetically within the host material, an ensemble of particles each having greater electrical conductivity than the host material, the ensemble of particles forming a complete conduction path from the first terminal to the second terminal. 2. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the first terminal is resiliently deformable. 3. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the first terminal comprises eutectic gallium indium. 4. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the first terminal is fully encapsulated by the host material. 5. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the second terminal is filamentous. 6. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the second terminal forms an electrical contact to living human skin. 7. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein an average particle size is 10 to 50 microns in diameter. 8. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the host material is an electrical insulator. 9. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the host material includes a thermosetting polymer. 10. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the host material includes silicone. 11. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein each particle includes a ferromagnetic material and a conductive outer surface. 12. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the ensemble of particles includes one or more of silver-coated nickel and silver-coated ferromagnetic oxide particles. 13. The electronic component of claim 1 wherein the ensemble forms the conduction path upon depression of the host material and breaks the conduction path upon release of depression of the host material. 14. A pressure-sensitive electrical switch comprising: a first terminal; a second terminal; a deformable host material arranged between the first terminal and the second terminal; and aligned within the host material, an ensemble of particles each having greater electrical conductivity than the host material, the ensemble configured to form a complete conduction path from the first terminal to the second terminal upon depression of the host material and break the conduction path upon release of depression of the host material. 15. The electrical switch of claim 14 wherein the ensemble of particles is magnetically aligned. 16. The electrical switch of claim 14 wherein the ensemble of particles are aligned during solidification of the host material, along magnetic field lines arranged between shielded dead zones in which no particles are aligned. 17. The electrical switch of claim 14 wherein the particles are configured to move into and out of contact with depression and release of depression of the host material. 18. A method to fabricate an electronic component for a wearable device, the method comprising: depositing a filamentous second terminal configured to form an electrical contact against living human skin; depositing a deformable host material over the second terminal; magnetically aligning an ensemble of particles within the host material, each particle having greater electrical conductivity than the host material; and depositing the first terminal onto the host material, opposite the second terminal, such that the ensemble of particles forms a complete conduction path from the first terminal to the second terminal. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the second terminal becomes immobilized in the host material upon solidification of the host material. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the second terminal includes conductive nanowires.",
-    "An electronic brake system may be capable of providing a required hydraulic pressure continuously and constantly as well as a precise pressure control through a gear pump provided in a hydraulic pressure supply device. Also, the electronic brake system may be capable of minimizing a number of valves controlling hydraulic pressure flows to implement a simplified configuration and providing the braking by a pedal effort of a driver even when the brake system is abnormally operated. 1. An electronic brake system, which includes a reservoir storing oil, a master cylinder having first and second hydraulic ports and coupled to the reservoir so as to receive the oil, a pedal displacement sensor measuring a displacement of a brake pedal, and a simulation device connected to the master cylinder to provide a reaction force corresponding to a pedal effort of the brake pedal, comprising: a hydraulic pressure supply device having a motor configured to be rotated by receiving an electrical signal from the pedal displacement sensor when the brake pedal is operated, a gear pump configured to discharge and suction a hydraulic pressure depending on a rotational force of the motor, and a power transmission unit configured to deliver the rotational force of the motor to the gear pump; a hydraulic control unit having first and second hydraulic circuits configured to receive the hydraulic pressure by a force generated by the hydraulic pressure supply device to control hydraulic pressure flows delivered to wheel cylinders provided on wheels; and an electronic control unit configured to control the motor and valves based on hydraulic pressure information and pedal displacement information, wherein the gear pump is connected to the first hydraulic circuit through a first hydraulic passage and to the second hydraulic circuit through a second hydraulic passage connected to a branch passage that is branched off from the first hydraulic passage, and the electronic brake system further comprising: a release valve provided on a passage connecting the branch passage with the reservoir and opened to discharge the hydraulic pressure to the reservoir through the first hydraulic passage and the second hydraulic passage, and wherein one end of the gear pump is connected to the reservoir and the other end of the pump is connected to the first hydraulic circuit to provide a common pressure to the first and second hydraulic circuits. 2. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, further comprising: a first reserving valve provided at a rear (in a direction of the first hydraulic circuit) of a position at which the branch passage of the first hydraulic passage is branched off to control a hydraulic pressure flow between the first hydraulic circuit and the gear pump; and a second reserving valve provided on the second hydraulic passage to control a hydraulic pressure flow between the second hydraulic circuit and the gear pump. 3. The electronic brake system according to claim 2, wherein the first and second reserving valves are made of a normally closed type solenoid valve that is closed in a normal operating state and is opened when an opening signal is received. 4. The electronic brake system according to claim 2, wherein the second reserving valve is provided at a rear (in a direction of the second hydraulic circuit) of a position at which the second hydraulic passage is branched off from the branch passage. 5. The electronic brake system according to claim 2, wherein the release valve is provided between the first and second reserving valves and the gear pump. 6. The electronic brake system according to claim 2, wherein the release valve is provided with a normally closed type solenoid valve that is closed in a normal operating state and is opened when an opening signal is received. 7. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, further comprising: a first backup passage configured to connect the first hydraulic port with the first hydraulic circuit so as to directly provide the oil to the wheel cylinder when the electronic brake system is abnormally operated; a second backup passage configured to connect the second hydraulic port with the second hydraulic circuit; a first cut valve provided on the first backup passage to control an oil flow; and a second cut valve provided on the second backup passage to control an oil flow. 8. The electronic brake system according to claim 7, wherein the first and second cut valves are provided with a normally opened type solenoid valve that is open in a normal operating state and is closed when a closing signal from the electronic control unit is received. 9. The electronic brake system according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic control unit includes inlet valves each of which is provided on an upstream side of each of the wheel cylinders so as to control the hydraulic pressure flowing into the wheel cylinder installed on each of the wheels. 10. The electronic brake system according to claim 9, wherein the hydraulic control unit further includes a plurality of outlet valves configured to independently control hydraulic pressure flows discharged from the wheel cylinders, wherein each of the outlet valves are connected to the reservoir. 11. The electronic brake system according to claim 9, wherein the inlet valves are provided with a normally opened type solenoid valve that is open in a normal operating state and is closed when a closing signal from the electronic control unit is received. 12. The electronic brake system according to claim 10, wherein the outlet valves are provided with a normally closed type solenoid valve that is closed in a normal operating state and is opened when an opening signal is received.",
-    "A messaging system enables client applications to send and receive messages. The messaging system includes independent component programs performing different functions of the messaging system. The component programs include persistent connection managers that maintain connections with the client applications, a dispatcher that establishes connections, and a message router that sends received messages to recipient applications through corresponding connections. The connection managers share a state memory containing a received message and a completion state associated with the received message. The messaging system retains the message until the completion state fulfills a completion condition. The messaging systems supports live deployment of updates the message router and dispatcher because the state of the messaging system is stored independently from memory allocated to these component programs, so they may be restarted without loss of messages, connections or other state information. 1. A method of sending a message between client applications using a messaging system comprising component programs including a message router and a plurality of connection managers, the method comprising: receiving a message through a source connection manager maintaining a source network connection established with a source client application executed by a client device, the message including a body containing information and a header; storing, by the source connection manager, the message in a shared memory accessible by the connection managers, the message associated with a completion state stored in the shared memory; identifying, by the message router, a destination network connection for the message based on the header of the message; sending the message to a destination client application through a destination connection manager maintaining the destination connection established with the destination client application; and deleting, by one of the connection managers, the message from the shared memory responsive to the completion state of the message fulfilling a completion condition generated by the message router, the shared memory storing the completion state being inaccessible to the message router. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein sending the message to the destination client application through the destination connection manager comprises: sending, from the message router, a routing instruction commanding the destination connection manager to send the message through the destination network connection; and updating, by the router, a routing state of the message to reflect that the routing instruction has been sent to the destination connection manager. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein updating the routing state of the message comprises incrementing a touch count indicating a number of messaging routing instructions sent by the message router for the message. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the touch count is the completion condition, the method further comprising: including the touch count in the routing instruction sent from the message router responsive to the touch count indicating that the routing instruction is a last routing instruction; checking, at the connection managers receiving the routing instruction, the completion state against the completion condition; and removing the message from the shared memory when the completion condition is fulfilled. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the completion state is a relinquish count indicating a number of routing instructions completed by the plurality of connection managers, wherein the completion condition is a relinquish limit indicating a number of messaging routing instructions sent by the message router for the message, and wherein checking the completion state against the completion condition comprises comparing, by the one of the connection managers, the relinquish count to the relinquish limit. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: receiving, at the one of the connection managers, the routing instruction from the message router including the touch count; and setting, by the one of the connection managers, the relinquish limit equal to the touch count. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein sending the routing instruction comprises sending the routing instruction from the message router to the destination connection manager through an inter-process communication messaging queue. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the component programs include a dispatcher, wherein the destination network connection is established by steps comprising: receiving a request to initiate a network connection at a predetermined port; selecting the destination connection manager from the connection managers, the destination connection manager selected by the dispatcher monitoring the predetermined port; and transferring the network connection from the dispatcher to the selected destination connection manager using an inter-process communication socket to transfer an identifier of the network connection. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessing software update instructions for at least one of the message router and the dispatcher; and updating at least one of the message router and the dispatcher according to the software update instructions while maintaining the source network connection and the destination connection. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein during the updating of the message router, the method further comprises: receiving an additional message through one of the source network connection and the destination network connection; storing the additional message in the shared memory; and sending a message handle identifying the additional message to an inter-process communication message queue for delivery to the message router once the update is completed. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein updating the message router comprises maintaining the message in the shared memory during the update. 12. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon for component programs including a message router and a plurality of connection managers, wherein the instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: receive a message through a source connection manager maintaining a source network connection established with a source client application executed by a client device, the message including a body containing information and a header; store, by the source connection manager, the message in a shared memory accessible by the connection managers, the message associated with a completion state stored in the shared memory; identify, by the message router, a destination network connection for the message based on the header of the message; send the message to a destination client application through a destination connection manager maintaining the destination connection established with the destination client application; and delete, by one of the connection managers, the message from the shared memory responsive to the completion state of the message fulfilling a completion condition generated by the message router, the shared memory storing the completion state being inaccessible to the message router. 13. The medium of claim 12, wherein sending the message to the destination client application through the destination connection manager further comprises instructions that cause the processor to: send, from the message router, a routing instruction commanding the destination connection manager to send the message through the destination network connection; and update, by the router, a routing state of the message to reflect that the routing instruction has been sent to the destination connection manager, wherein updating the routing state of the message comprises incrementing a touch count indicating a number of messaging routing instructions sent by the message router for the message. 14. The medium of claim 13, wherein the touch count is the completion condition, the medium further comprising instructions that cause the processor to: include, in the routing instruction sent from the message router, the completion condition or the touch count responsive to the touch count indicating that the routing instruction is a last routing instruction or the message; check, at the connection managers receiving the routing instruction, the completion state against the completion condition; and remove the message from the shared memory when the completion condition is met. 15. The medium of claim 14, wherein the completion state is a relinquish count indicating a number of routing instructions completed by the plurality of connection managers, wherein the completion condition is a relinquish limit indicating a number of messaging routing instructions sent by the message router for the message, and wherein checking the completion state against the completion condition comprises comparing, by the one of the connection managers, the relinquish count to the relinquish limit and wherein the instructions further cause the processor to: receive, at the one of the connection managers, the routing instruction from the message router including the touch count; and set, by the one of the connection managers, the relinquish limit equal to the touch count. 16. The medium of claim 12, wherein the component programs include a dispatcher, wherein the destination network connection is established by instructions that cause the processor to: receive a request to initiate a network connection at a predetermined port; select the destination connection manager from the connection managers, the destination connection manager selected by the dispatcher monitoring the predetermined port; and transfer the network connection from the dispatcher to the selected destination connection manager using an inter-process communication socket to transfer an identifier of the network connection. 17. The medium of claim 12, wherein the instructions further comprise instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to: access software update instructions for at least one of the message router and the dispatcher; and update at least one of the message router and the dispatcher according to the software update instructions while maintaining the source network connection and the destination connection, wherein updating the message router comprises maintaining the message in the shared memory during the update. 18. The medium of claim 17, wherein during the updating the message router, the instructions further comprise instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to: receive an additional message through one of the source network connection and the destination network connection; store the additional message in the shared memory; and send a message handle identifying the additional message to an inter-process communication message queue for delivery to the message router once the update is completed. 19-30. (canceled)",
-    "A computer-implemented method for managing voicemails includes receiving, at an intermediate server communicatively coupled to a mobile phone associated with a first phone number corresponding to a first contact group and a second phone number corresponding to a second contact group, a voicemail from a caller calling one of the first phone number and the second phone number. The sentiment of the voicemail can be identified using a method based on the number called. The voicemail and identified sentiment can be forwarded to the mobile device, and the mobile device can display an indication of the voicemail and the identified sentiment, for instance in a voicemail feed. 1. A computer-implemented method for managing voicemail, comprising: receiving, at an intermediate server communicatively coupled to a mobile phone associated with a first phone number corresponding to a first contact group and a second phone number corresponding to a second contact group, a voicemail message from a caller, the caller calling one of the first phone number or the second phone number; in response to receiving the voicemail, identifying, by the intermediate server, a sentiment of the voicemail based on the phone number called by the caller; providing, by the intermediate server, an indication of the received voicemail and an indication of the identified sentiment to the mobile phone, the mobile phone configured to display the indication of the received voicemail in conjunction with the indication of the identified sentiment; and in response to a request for the received voicemail from the mobile phone, providing, by the intermediate server, audio data of the received voicemail to the mobile phone. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first phone number comprises a phone number corresponding to hardware of the mobile phone, and wherein the second phone number comprises a virtual phone number assigned to the mobile phone by the intermediate server. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the sentiment of the voicemail comprises comparing terms in a text transcript of the voicemail to lists of terms each corresponding to a particular sentiment. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the identified sentiment comprises the sentiment corresponding to the list of terms with the most terms in common with the text transcript. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the identified sentiment comprises the one or more sentiments corresponding to lists of terms with an above-threshold number of terms in common with the text transcript. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile phone is configured to display the indication of the received voicemail as an entry within a voicemail feed, each entry within the voicemail feed representative of a different voicemail, and wherein the mobile phone is configured to display the indication of the identified sentiment as an icon representative of the identified sentiment within the voicemail feed entry. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the sentiment of the voicemail comprises identifying the sentiment using a first sentiment detection method in response to the phone number called by the caller comprising the first phone number, and using a second sentiment detection method in response to the phone number called by the caller comprising the second phone number, the first sentiment detection method different from the second sentiment detection method. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executable computer instructions for managing voicemail, the instructions, when executed by a hardware processor of an intermediate server, configured to perform steps comprising: receiving, at the intermediate server communicatively coupled to a mobile phone associated with a first phone number corresponding to a first contact group and a second phone number corresponding to a second contact group, a voicemail message from a caller, the caller calling one of the first phone number or the second phone number; in response to receiving the voicemail, identifying, by the intermediate server, a sentiment of the voicemail based on the phone number called by the caller; providing, by the intermediate server, an indication of the received voicemail and an indication of the identified sentiment to the mobile phone, the mobile phone configured to display the indication of the received voicemail in conjunction with the indication of the identified sentiment; and in response to a request for the received voicemail from the mobile phone, providing, by the intermediate server, audio data of the received voicemail to the mobile phone. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the first phone number comprises a phone number corresponding to hardware of the mobile phone, and wherein the second phone number comprises a virtual phone number assigned to the mobile phone by the intermediate server. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein identifying the sentiment of the voicemail comprises comparing terms in a text transcript of the voicemail to lists of terms each corresponding to a particular sentiment. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the identified sentiment comprises the sentiment corresponding to the list of terms with the most terms in common with the text transcript. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the identified sentiment comprises the one or more sentiments corresponding to lists of terms with an above-threshold number of terms in common with the text transcript. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the mobile phone is configured to display the indication of the received voicemail as an entry within a voicemail feed, each entry within the voicemail feed representative of a different voicemail, and wherein the mobile phone is configured to display the indication of the identified sentiment as an icon representative of the identified sentiment within the voicemail feed entry. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein identifying the sentiment of the voicemail comprises identifying the sentiment using a first sentiment detection method in response to the phone number called by the caller comprising the first phone number, and using a second sentiment detection method in response to the phone number called by the caller comprising the second phone number, the first sentiment detection method different from the second sentiment detection method. 15. A system for managing voicemail, comprising: an intermediate server communicatively coupled to a mobile phone associated with a first phone number corresponding to a first contact group and a second phone number corresponding to a second contact group, the intermediate server comprising one or more hardware processors configured to: receive a voicemail message from a caller, the caller calling one of the first phone number or the second phone number; in response to receiving the voicemail, identify a sentiment of the voicemail based on the phone number called by the caller; provide an indication of the received voicemail and an indication of the identified sentiment to the mobile phone, the mobile phone configured to display the indication of the received voicemail in conjunction with the indication of the identified sentiment; and in response to a request for the received voicemail from the mobile phone, provide audio data of the received voicemail to the mobile phone. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the first phone number comprises a phone number corresponding to hardware of the mobile phone, and wherein the second phone number comprises a virtual phone number assigned to the mobile phone by the intermediate server. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein identifying the sentiment of the voicemail comprises comparing terms in a text transcript of the voicemail to lists of terms each corresponding to a particular sentiment. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the identified sentiment comprises the sentiment corresponding to the list of terms with the most terms in common with the text transcript. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the identified sentiment comprises the one or more sentiments corresponding to lists of terms with an above-threshold number of terms in common with the text transcript. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the mobile phone is configured to display the indication of the received voicemail as an entry within a voicemail feed, each entry within the voicemail feed representative of a different voicemail, and wherein the mobile phone is configured to display the indication of the identified sentiment as an icon representative of the identified sentiment within the voicemail feed entry. 21. The system of claim 15, wherein identifying the sentiment of the voicemail comprises identifying the sentiment using a first sentiment detection method in response to the phone number called by the caller comprising the first phone number, and using a second sentiment detection method in response to the phone number called by the caller comprising the second phone number, the first sentiment detection method different from the second sentiment detection method.",
-    "A camera system captures an image in a source aspect ratio and applies a transformation to the input image to scale and warp the image to generate an output image having a target aspect ratio different than the source aspect ratio. The output image has the same field of view as the input image, maintains image resolution, and limits distortion to levels that do not substantially affect the viewing experience. In one embodiment, the output image is non-linearly warped relative to the input image such that a distortion in the output image relative to the input image is greater in a corner region of the output image than a center region of the output image. 1. A method for converting between aspect ratios, comprising: obtaining an input image having a source aspect ratio; applying, by a processing device, a transformation to the input image to scale and warp the image to generate an output image having a target aspect ratio, the target aspect ratio different than the source aspect ratio, the output image non-linearly warped relative to the input image such that a distortion in the output image relative to the input image is greater in a corner region of the output image than a center region of the output image, wherein applying the transformation comprises shifting pixels of the input image by an amount represented by a non-linear function of original pixel positions of the pixels; outputting the output image having the target aspect ratio. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the transformation to the input image to scale and warp the image comprises: applying a scaling function to the input image to linearly stretch or compress the input image to generate a scaled image having the target aspect ratio; and applying a non-linear warping function to the scaled image to reduce distortion of a center region of the scaled image relative to the input image and increase distortion of a corner region of the scaled image relative to the input image. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the transformation to the image to scale and warp the image comprises: applying a non-linear warping function to the input image to generate a warped image, the warped image having a reduced distortion of a center region of the warped image relative to the input image and an increased distortion of a corner region of the warped image relative to the input image; applying a scaling function to the warped image to linearly stretch or compress the warped image to generate the output image having the target aspect ratio. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the transformation comprising applying a combined function that performs both warping and scaling. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the processing device comprises a camera. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the output image has a same field of view as the input image. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the source aspect ratio comprises a 4:3 aspect ratio and the target aspect ratio comprises a 16:9 aspect ratio. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for converting between aspect ratios, the instructions when executed by a processor causing the processor to perform steps including: obtaining an input image having a source aspect ratio; applying a transformation to the input image to scale and warp the image to generate an output image having a target aspect ratio, the target aspect ratio different than the source aspect ratio, the output image non-linearly warped relative to the input image such that a distortion in the output image relative to the input image is greater in a corner region of the output image than a center region of the output image, wherein applying the transformation comprises shifting pixels of the input image by an amount represented by a non-linear function of original pixel positions of the pixels and outputting the output image having the target aspect ratio. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein applying the transformation to the input image to scale and warp the input image comprises: applying a scaling function to the input image to linearly stretch or compress the input image to generate a scaled image having the target aspect ratio; and applying a non-linear warping function to the scaled image to reduce distortion of a center region of the scaled image relative to the input image and increase distortion of a corner region of the scaled image relative to the input image. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein applying the transformation to the input image to scale and warp the input image comprises: applying a non-linear warping function to the input image to generate a warped image, the warped image having a reduced distortion of a center region of the warped image relative to the input image and an increased distortion of a corner region of the warped image relative to the input image; applying a scaling function to the warped image to linearly stretch or compress the warped image to generate the output image having the target aspect ratio. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein applying the transformation comprises applying a combined function that performs both warping and scaling. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the output image has a same field of view as the input image. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein the source aspect ratio comprises a 4:3 aspect ratio and the target aspect ratio comprises a 16:9 aspect ratio. 14. A computing apparatus comprising: an input device to obtain an input image having a source aspect ratio; a processor to process the input image captured by the image sensor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform steps including: applying a transformation to the input image to scale and warp the image to generate an output image having a target aspect ratio, the target aspect ratio different than the source aspect ratio, and the output image non-linearly warped relative to the input image such that a distortion in the output image relative to the input image is greater in a corner region of the output image than a center region of the output image, wherein applying the transformation comprises: shifting a pixel of the input image along a first axis as a non-linear function of an original pixel position of the pixel along the first axis, independently of an original pixel position of the pixel along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis; and shifting the pixel of the input image along the second axis as a non-linear function of the original pixel position of the pixel along the first and second axes; and an output device to output the output image having the target aspect ratio. 15. A computing apparatus comprising: an input device to obtain an input image having a source aspect ratio; a processor to process the input image captured by the image sensor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform steps including: applying a transformation to the input image to scale and warp the image to generate an output image having a target aspect ratio, the target aspect ratio different than the source aspect ratio, the output image non-linearly warped relative to the input image such that a distortion in the output image relative to the input image is greater in a corner region of the output image than a center region of the output image, wherein applying the transformation comprises shifting pixels of the input image by an amount represented by a non-linear function of original pixel positions of the pixels; and an output device to output the output image having the target aspect ratio. 16. The computing apparatus of claim 15, wherein applying the transformation to the input image to scale and warp the input image comprises: applying a scaling function to the input image to linearly stretch or compress the input image to generate a scaled image having the target aspect ratio; and applying a non-linear warping function to the scaled image to reduce distortion of a center region of the scaled image relative to the input image and increase distortion of a corner region of the scaled image relative to the input image. 17. The computing apparatus of claim 15, wherein applying the transformation to the input image to scale and warp the input image comprises: applying a non-linear warping function to the input image to generate a warped image, the warped image having a reduced distortion of a center region of the warped image relative to the input image and an increased distortion of a corner region of the warped image relative to the input image; applying a scaling function to the warped image to linearly stretch or compress the warped image to generate the output image having the target aspect ratio. 18. The computing apparatus of claim 15, wherein applying the transformation comprising applying a combined function that performs both warping and scaling. 19. The computing apparatus of claim 15, wherein the computing device comprises a camera. 20. The computing apparatus of claim 15, wherein the output image has a same field of view as the input image.",
-    "An authentication device is provided that authenticates an electronic device based on the responses from distinct types of physically unclonable functions. The authentication device receives a device identifier associated with the electronic device. It then sends one or more challenges to the electronic device. In response, the authentication device receives one or more responses from the electronic device, the one or more responses including characteristic information generated from two or more distinct types of physically unclonable functions in the electronic device. 1. A method operational by an authentication device, comprising: receiving a device identifier associated with an electronic device; sending one or more challenges to the electronic device; receiving one or more responses from the electronic device, the one or more responses including characteristic information generated from two or more distinct types of physically unclonable functions in the electronic device; identifying pre-stored responses specific to the electronic device using the electronic device identifier; and authenticating the electronic device by comparing the pre-stored responses and the received one or more responses for the electronic device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more challenges are selected from a plurality of challenges for which responses were previously obtained from the electronic device. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-stored responses were obtained at a manufacturing stage or pre-deployment stage of the electronic device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the device identifier is received prior to sending the one or more challenges. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the device identifier is received along with receiving the one or more responses. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first challenge is a challenge masked by an expected response to the second challenge. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response from the first physically unclonable function and a second response from the second physically unclonable function, the electronic device is successfully authenticated if the first response matches a first pre-stored response corresponding to the first challenge and the second response matches a second pre-stored response corresponding to the second challenge. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response from the first physically unclonable function and a second response from the second physically unclonable function, and further comprising: obtaining an intermediate challenge by unmasking the first challenge with the second response, and comparing the received first response to the pre-stored response associated with the intermediate challenge. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response from a first physically unclonable function, and further comprising: obtaining an intermediate challenge by retrieving a pre-stored intermediate response corresponding to the first challenge, and comparing the received first response to a pre-stored intermediate response corresponding to the intermediate challenge. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response, and further comprising: obtaining an intermediate response by unmasking the first response with a pre-stored second response corresponding to the second challenge, and comparing the intermediate response to s pre-stored response associated with the first challenge. 12. An authentication device, comprising: a communication interface to communicate with an electronic device; a processing circuit coupled to the communication interface, wherein the processing circuit is adapted to: receive a device identifier associated with the electronic device; send one or more challenges to the electronic device; receive one or more responses from the electronic device, the one or more responses including characteristic information generated from two or more distinct types of physically unclonable functions in the electronic device; identify pre-stored responses specific to the electronic device using the electronic device identifier; and authenticate the electronic device by comparing the pre-stored responses and the received one or more responses for the electronic device. 13. The authentication device of claim 12, wherein the one or more challenges are selected from a plurality of challenges for which responses were previously obtained from the electronic device. 14. The authentication device of claim 12, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function. 15. The authentication device of claim 14, wherein the first challenge is a challenge masked by an expected response to the second challenge. 16. The authentication device of claim 14, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response from the first physically unclonable function and a second response from the second physically unclonable function, the electronic device is successfully authenticated if the first response matches a first pre-stored response corresponding to the first challenge and the second response matches a second pre-stored response corresponding to the second challenge. 17. The authentication device of claim 12, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response from the first physically unclonable function and a second response from the second physically unclonable function, and the processing circuit is further adapted to: obtain an intermediate challenge by unmasking the first challenge with the second response, and comparing the received first response to the pre-stored response associated with the intermediate challenge. 18. The authentication device of claim 12, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response from a first physically unclonable function, and the processing circuit is further adapted to: obtain an intermediate challenge by retrieving a pre-stored intermediate response corresponding to the first challenge, and comparing the received first response to a pre-stored intermediate response corresponding to the intermediate challenge. 19. The authentication device of claim 12, wherein the one or more challenges include a first challenge for a first physically unclonable function and a second challenge for a second physically unclonable function, the one or more responses include a first response, and the processing circuit is further adapted to: obtain an intermediate response by unmasking the first response with a pre-stored second response corresponding to the second challenge, and comparing the intermediate response to s pre-stored response associated with the first challenge. 20. An authentication device, comprising: means for receiving a device identifier associated with an electronic device; means for sending one or more challenges to the electronic device; means for receiving one or more responses from the electronic device, the one or more responses including characteristic information generated from two or more distinct types of physically unclonable functions in the electronic device; means for identifying pre-stored responses specific to the electronic device using the electronic device identifier; and means for authenticating the electronic device by comparing the pre-stored responses and the received one or more responses for the electronic device. 21. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having one or more instructions stored thereon, which when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to: receiving a device identifier associated with an electronic device; send one or more challenges to an electronic device; receive one or more responses from the electronic device, the one or more responses including characteristic information generated from two or more distinct types of physically unclonable functions in the electronic device; identify pre-stored responses specific to the electronic device using the electronic device identifier; and authenticate the electronic device by comparing the pre-stored responses and the received one or more responses for the electronic device.",
-    "Adding a compatible high melt flow rate (MFR), low melt viscosity, hydrogenated styrene block copolymer to amorphous poly alpha-olefins (APAOs) results in adhesives that show acceptably high elongation and tensile strength, and which, when applied by different hot melt application methods onto elastic strands, result in personal hygiene article components that perform comparably to such components assembled using just styrene block copolymer components formulated with compatible tackifiers, processing oils and other additives. 1. A hot-melt adhesive comprising: at least one amorphous poly alpha-olefin; and, a high melt flow rate (MFR), low melt viscosity, hydrogenated styrene block copolymer that is compatible with the amorphous poly alpha-olefin. 2. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the high melt flow rate (MFR), low melt viscosity, hydrogenated styrene block copolymer is high melt flow rate hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene. 3. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the amorphous poly alpha-olefin is a propylene-butene-1 APAO copolymer. 4. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the amorphous poly alpha-olefin is an ethylene-propylene-butene-1 terpolymer. 5. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the MFR of the hydrogenated styrene block copolymer is higher than 1 dg/min. 6. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the MFR of the hydrogenated styrene block copolymer is higher than 25 dg/min. 7. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the MFR of the hydrogenated styrene block copolymer is higher than 100 dg/min. 8. The hot-melt adhesive recited in claim 1 wherein the MFR of the hydrogenated styrene block copolymer is about 250 dg/min. 9. A method for producing a hot melt adhesive comprising: melting a high 1-butene/propylene APAO in a mixer heated to about 375\u00b0 F. (190\u00b0 C.); adding about 3000 ppm of a binary blend of a hindered phenol-type antioxidant and a phosphite stabilizer; adding a styrene block copolymer; mixing the components; and, adding a very-high MFR propylene homopolymer. 10. The method recited in claim 9 further comprising: adding a maleated polypropylene wax. 11. The method recited in claim 9 further comprising: adding a liquid hydrocarbon tackifier. 12. The method recited in claim 9 further comprising: adding a hydrogenated C5 tackifier. 13. The method recited in claim 9 wherein the mixer is a double-planetary mixer. 14. The method recited in claim 9 wherein the styrene block copolymer is an SEBS styrene block copolymer. 15. The method recited in claim 14 wherein the SEBS styrene block copolymer has an MFR of about 18. 16. The method recited in claim 9 wherein the styrene block copolymer is a high-MFR hSBS styrene block copolymer. 17. The method recited in claim 16 wherein the high MFR hSBS has an MFR of about 220. 18. The method recited in claim 9 wherein the mixing is accomplished under an inert atmosphere.",
-    "The disclosure includes a system and method for load balancing. In one embodiment, the method includes receiving, using one or more processors, traffic for an application via a managed domain name service; determining, using one or more processors, a first load balancer from a plurality of load balancers; and sending the traffic to the first load balancer based on the determination. 1. A method comprising: receiving, using one or more processors, traffic for an application via a managed domain name service; determining, using one or more processors, a first load balancer from a plurality of load balancers; and sending the traffic to the first load balancer based on the determination. 2. A method of claim 1 comprising: determining one or more locations of application instances of the application; determining which a first application instance was most recently reached by prior traffic of a requester associated with the received traffic; and wherein the traffic is sent to the first application instance associated with the first load balancer based on the first application instance being most recently reached by earlier traffic of the requester. 3. A method of claim 2 comprising: ordering the one or more locations of application instances based on how recently the location of the application instance was reached by prior traffic of a requester associated with the traffic. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of load balancers includes the first load balancer and a second load balancer, wherein the traffic is received by a second load balancer prior to being sent to the first load balancer and the first load balancer is determined based on geographic proximity to the second load balancer. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the traffic is sent from the second load balancer to the first load balancer using a connection of one or more infrastructure providers associated with one or more of the first load balancer and the second load balancer rather than via an Internet service provider. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the second load balancer is not associated with an instance of the application. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the first load balancer and the second load balancer are associated with a different infrastructure providers. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of load balancers includes the first load balancer and a second load balancer, wherein the traffic is received by a second load balancer prior to being sent to the first load balancer, and the first load balancer is determined based a latency associated with the first load balancer being less than a latency associated with one or more of the second load balancer a third load balancer included in the plurality of load balancers. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of the first load balancer, the second load balancer and the third load balancer is associated with a different infrastructure provider. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the second load balancer is not associated with an instance of the application and wherein the latency associated with the first load balancer is less than a latency associated with the third load balancer, the first load balancer associated with an instance of the application and the third load balancer associated with an instance of the application. 11. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to: receive traffic for an application via a managed domain name service; determine a first load balancer from a plurality of load balancers; and send the traffic to the first load balancer based on the determination. 12. The system of claim 11, further comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the system to: determining one or more locations of application instances of the application; determining which a first application instance was most recently reached by prior traffic of a requester associated with the received traffic; and wherein the traffic is sent to the first application instance associated with the first load balancer based on the first application instance being most recently reached by earlier traffic of the requester. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of load balancers includes the first load balancer and a second load balancer, wherein the traffic is received by a second load balancer prior to being sent to the first load balancer and the first load balancer is determined based on geographic proximity to the second load balancer. 14. The system of claim 14, wherein the traffic is sent from the second load balancer to the first load balancer using a connection of one or more infrastructure providers associated with one or more of the first load balancer and the second load balancer rather than via an Internet service provider. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the second load balancer is not associated with an instance of the application. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the first load balancer and the second load balancer are associated with a different infrastructure providers. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of load balancers includes the first load balancer and a second load balancer, wherein the traffic is received by a second load balancer prior to being sent to the first load balancer, and the first load balancer is determined based a latency associated with the first load balancer being less than a latency associated with one or more of the second load balancer a third load balancer included in the plurality of load balancers. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein at least one of the first load balancer, the second load balancer and the third load balancer is associated with a different infrastructure provider. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the second load balancer is not associated with an instance of the application and wherein the latency associated with the first load balancer is less than a latency associated with the third load balancer, the first load balancer associated with an instance of the application and the third load balancer associated with an instance of the application. 20. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, wherein the instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: receive traffic for an application via a managed domain name service; determine a first load balancer from a plurality of load balancers; and send the traffic to the first load balancer based on the determination.",
-    "An amount of a hardware resource is assigned to a virtual machine (VM) to be run on a computing device including the hardware resource. The VM is caused to run on the computing device, and usage of the hardware resource by the VM is monitor. In response to determining that the usage of the hardware resource by the VM is less than a threshold, the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM is decreased. 1. A method comprising: assigning, by a processor, an amount of a hardware resource to a virtual machine (VM) to be run on a computing device including the hardware resource; causing, by the processor, the VM to run on the computing device; monitoring, by the processor, usage of the hardware resource by the VM; in response to determining that the usage of the hardware resource by the VM is less than a threshold, decreasing, by the processor, the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM comprises: continuing to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases, until the usage of the hardware resource reaches a second threshold lower than the threshold. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein continuing to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases comprises: initially decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM at a faster rate and later decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM at a slower rate. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein continuing to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases comprises: initially decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM at a slower rate and later decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM at a faster rate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM comprises: dynamically decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM while the VM runs on the computing device and without stopping the VM. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after causing the VM to run on the computing device: waiting a predetermined length of time before monitoring the usage of the hardware resource by the VM. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: when initially deploying the VM on the computing device, specifying the predetermined length of time that is waited before the usage of the hardware resource by the VM is monitored. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising, before assigning the amount of the hardware resource to the VM: receiving specification of the amount of the hardware resource to be assigned to the VM. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising, after receiving the specification of the amount of the hardware resource to be assigned to the VM: increasing the amount of the hardware resource to actually be assigned to the VM greater than the amount of the specification. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM is a default amount of the hardware resource and not an amount specified within a request to deploy the VM on the computing device. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardware resource is a processor having a plurality of cores, the amount of the hardware resource being a number of the cores of the processor. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardware resource is a plurality of processors, the amount of the hardware resource being a number of the cores of the processors. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardware resource is a storage device having a storage capacity, the amount of the hardware resource being an amount of the storage capacity of the storage device. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the hardware resource is physical memory of a certain amount, the amount of the hardware resource being an amount of the certain amount of the physical memory. 15. A system comprising: a computing device having a hardware resource; and a hypervisor to deploy a virtual machine (VM) on the computing device and to assign an amount of the hardware resource to the VM, wherein the hypervisor is to monitor usage of the hardware resource by the VM when the VM is running, and in response to determining that the usage is less than a threshold, decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the hypervisor is to continue to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases, until the usage of the hardware resource reaches a second threshold lower than the threshold. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the hypervisor is to continue to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, in a non-linear manner as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases. 18. A non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium storing computer-executable code that a hypervisor executes to perform a method comprising: assigning an amount of a hardware resource to a virtual machine (VM) to be run on a computing device including the hardware resource; starting the VM on the computing device; monitoring usage of the hardware resource by the VM; in response to determining that the usage of the hardware resource by the VM is less than a threshold, decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium of claim 18, wherein decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM comprises: continuing to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases, until the usage of the hardware resource reaches a second threshold lower than the threshold. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium of claim 19, wherein continuing to decrease the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, as the usage of the hardware resource by the VM decreases comprises: decreasing the amount of the hardware resource assigned to the VM, over time, in a non-linear manner.",
-    "The present invention provides methods of making and using self-assembled arrays of single polynucleotide molecules for carrying out a variety of large-scale genetic measurements, such as gene expression analysis, gene copy number assessment, and the like. Random arrays used in the invention are \u201cself-assembled\u201d in the sense that they are formed by deposition of polynucleotide molecules onto a surface where they become fixed at random locations. The polynucleotide molecules fixed on the surface are then identified by direct sequence determination of component nucleic acids, such as incorporated probe sequences, or by other decoding schemes. Such identification converts a random array of determinable polynucleotides, and their respective probes into an addressable array of probe sequences. 1. (canceled) 2. An ordered nucleic acid array comprising at least 100,000 different DNA species derived from a source nucleic acid, said array comprising: a solid substrate comprising a plurality of discrete spaced apart regions separated by inter-regional areas, wherein the spaced apart regions are at predefined positions on the substrate at a density of more than 105 per mm2 and the area of said discrete spaced apart regions is in the range of from 0.04 \u03bcm2 to 1 \u03bcm2, wherein more than 50% of said discrete spaced apart regions on the array contain a single species of said different DNA species, and, wherein the more than 50% of said discrete spaced apart regions contain multiple copies of the single species. 3. An ordered nucleic acid array comprising at least 100,000 different DNA species derived from a source nucleic acid, said array comprising: a solid substrate comprising a plurality of discrete spaced apart regions separated by inter-regional areas, wherein the spaced apart regions are at predefined positions on the substrate at a density of more than 105 per mm2, the spaced apart regions are approximately circular or square in shape so that their sizes can be indicated by a single linear dimension, and the single linear dimension is in the range of 125 nm to 250 nm, wherein more than 50% of said discrete spaced apart regions on the array contain a single species of said different DNA species, and, wherein the more than 50% of said discrete spaced apart regions contain multiple copies of the single species. 4. The array of claim 2 wherein the spaced apart regions are at predefined positions on the substrate at a density of more than 106 per mm2. 5. The array of claim 2 wherein more than 70% of said discrete spaced apart regions on the array have a single species of said different DNA species immobilized therein, and, more than 70% of said discrete spaced apart regions comprise multiple copies of the single species immobilized therein. 6. The array of claim 5 wherein more than 90% of said discrete spaced apart regions on the array have a single species of said different DNA species immobilized therein and wherein the more than 90% of said discrete spaced apart regions comprise multiple copies of the single species immobilized therein. 7. The array of claim 2 wherein said at least 100,000 different DNA species are genomic DNA fragments. 8. The array of claim 2 wherein said at least 100,000 different DNA species each comprise nucleic acid sequence derived from a source nucleic acid also each comprise an adaptor sequence, and all of said species have the same adaptor sequence. 9. The array of claim 8 wherein the DNA species are a cDNA or genomic library 10. The array of claim 8 wherein the spaced apart regions comprise oligonucleotides attached thereto, wherein the oligonucleotides comprise a sequence complementary to the adaptor sequence. 11. The array of claim 2 wherein the DNA species are more than 150 bases in length. 12. The array of claim 11 wherein the DNA species are in the range of 300 to 600 nucleotides in length. 13. The array of claim 8 wherein the DNA species are more than 150 bases in length. 14. The array of claim 13 wherein the DNA species are in the range of 300 to 600 nucleotides in length. 15. The array of claim 2 wherein the DNA species are in the range of 1-5 kb. 16. The array of claim 2 wherein the discrete spaced apart regions are approximately square in shape so that their sizes can be indicated by a single linear dimension, and the size of the square is size in the range of from 200 nm on a side to 500 nm on a side. 17. The array of claim 2 wherein the discrete spaced apart regions are arranged in a rectilinear pattern.",
-    "Computing resource deployment in one or more non-mutually configurable environments. A deployer has access to one or more manifests associated with one or more environment-specific deployments that are non-mutually configurable with other environment-specific deployments. The deployer is configured to use a set of one or more environment-independent directives and the one or more manifests to generate dynamic configuration information corresponding to the set of one or more environment-independent directives. Furthermore, a deployment compiler is configured to compile at least the generated dynamic configuration information in order to generate a set of one or more deployment instructions. The generated set of one or more deployment instructions are provided to, and structured to be interpretable by, a deployment server that is configured to assist in performing the set of one or more environment-independent directives within one or more of the non-mutually configurable environments. 1. A computer system comprising: one or more hardware processors; one or more hardware storage devices having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that are executable by the one or more processors to configure the computer system to deploy computing resources in one or more non-mutually configurable environments by instantiating and/or operating the following: a deployer that has access to one or more manifests, each manifest associated with one or more environment-specific deployments, each environment-specific deployment being non-mutually configurable with other environment-specific deployments, the deployer configured to use a set of one or more environment-independent directives and the one or more manifests to generate dynamic configuration information corresponding to the set of one or more environment-independent directives and the one or more manifests; and a deployment compiler configured to compile at least the generated dynamic configuration information to thereby generate a set of one or more deployment instructions that are provided to, and structured to be interpretable by, a deployment server configured to assist in performing the set of one or more environment-independent directives within one or more of the non-mutually configurable environments. 2. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the deployment compiler is further configured to compile the set of one or more environment-independent directives and the one or more manifests to thereby generate the set of one or more deployment instructions. 3. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the generated dynamic configuration information comprises current software installation dependencies associated with the set of one or more environment-independent directives. 4. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the set of one or more environment-independent directives are obtained from one or more files separate from the one or more manifests. 5. The computer system of claim 1, wherein the set of one or more environment-independent directives include instructions to deploy a plurality of computing resources. 6. The computer system of claim 5, wherein according to the instructions and the one or more manifests, one of the plurality of computing resources is to be deployed in a first environment, and another of the plurality of computing resources is to be deployed in a second environment that is non-mutually configurable with the first environment. 7. The computing system of claim 1, wherein a separate deployment instructions file is generated for each environment-specified in the one or more manifests. 8. A method, implemented at a computer system that includes one or more processors, for computing resource deployment in one or more non-mutually configurable environments, the method comprising: obtaining dynamic configuration information generated by a deployer, the deployer generating the dynamic configuration information based on a set of one or more environment-independent directives that identify what to deploy and one or more manifests, each manifest being associated with one or more environment-specific deployments, each environment-specific deployment being non-mutually configurable with other environment-specific deployments; and compiling at least the dynamic configuration information to thereby generate a set of one or more deployment instructions structured to be interpretable by a deployment server. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising compiling the set of one or more environment-independent directives and the one or more manifests to thereby generate the set of one or more deployment instructions. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the generated dynamic configuration information comprises account subscription information associated with a user. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more manifests are obtained in one or more files separate from the set of one or more environment-independent directives. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the set of one or more environment-independent directives include instructions to deploy a plurality of computing resources. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein according to the instructions and the one or more manifests, one of the plurality of computing resources is to be deployed in a first environment, and another of the plurality of computing resources is to be deployed in a second environment that is non-mutually configurable with the first environment. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein a separate deployment instructions file is generated for each environment-specified in the one or more manifests. 15. A method, implemented at a computer system that includes one or more processors, for computing resource deployment in one or more non-mutually configurable environments, the method comprising: obtaining a set of one or more environment-independent directives identifying what to deploy; obtaining one or more manifests, each manifest associated with one or more environment-specific deployments, each environment-specific deployment being non-mutually configurable with other environment-specific deployments; generating dynamic configuration information based on the set of one or more environment-independent directives and the one or more manifests, the dynamic configuration information to be used by a deployment compiler for generating a set of one or more deployment instructions structured to be interpretable by a deployment server. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the set of one or more environment-independent directives are configured to be reused in other applications. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the generated dynamic configuration information comprises a pointer to created storage associated with the set of one or more environment-independent directives. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more manifests are obtained in one or more files separate from the set of one or more environment-independent directives. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the set of one or more environment-independent directives include instructions to deploy a plurality of computing resources. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein according to the instructions and the one or more manifests, one of the plurality of computing resources is to be deployed in a first environment, and another of the plurality of computing resources is to be deployed in a second environment that is non-mutually configurable with the first environment.",
-    "This invention relates to a kit and method for for allowing a handicapped user to use a standard bathtub and/or shower by providing a ramp and bathtub or shower insert which is uniquely designed to fit within any standard bathtub or shower without the need for costly demolition and replacement. Such a system requires little to no installation and may be made portable and lightweight for storage and/or travel. The invention works with any type of bathing enclosures, bathtub, or shower. 1. A method of entering a bathtub or shower by users of a wheeled mobility device, the bathtub or shower having a inner floor and one or more side walls with a height which is greater than the inner floor, comprising: a) providing a ramp having a top surface, a first end and a second end, the second end being higher than the fist end to produce an incline between the first end and the second end, b) placing the ramp against the side wall of the bathtub or shower, c) providing a platform having a top surface and an underside surface with two or more feet attached thereto, with the dimensions of the platform being such that platform does not extend beyond the height of the sidewalls of the bathtub or shower, d) inserting the platform into the bathtub or shower such that the feet are in contact with the floor of the bathtub or shower, e) moving the wheeled mobility device up the incline of the ramp and onto the top surface of the platform. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of exiting the bathtub or shower by moving the wheeled mobility device off of the top surface of the platform and down the incline of the ramp top surface. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the platform is formed of two or more rectangular pieces of material laid adjacent to one another and secured to a support frame. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the platform is configured to hold a weight of up from about 200 to about 1,000 lbs. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the platform is constructed of a marine grade plastic material, wood, foam or metal. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the platform comprises a first, second, third and fourth sides which are configured to substantially touch a first, second, third and fourth inside wall of the bathtub or shower, respectively. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more feet have a height of between 10-36 inches. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more feet have a height of between 2-10 inches. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the top surface of the platform includes one or more non-slip portions. 10. A kit for entering a bathtub or shower by users of a wheeled mobility device, the bathtub or shower having a inner floor and one or more side walls with a height which is greater than the inner floor, comprising: a) a ramp having a top surface, a first end and a second end, the second end being higher than the fist end to produce an incline between the first end and the second end, b) a platform having a top surface and an underside surface with two or more feet attached thereto, with the dimensions of the platform being such that platform does not extend beyond the height of the sidewalls of the bathtub or shower. 11. The kit of claim 10, wherein the platform contains one or more holes through which water is able to drain through. 12. The kit of claim 10, wherein the platform is formed of two or more rectangular pieces of material laid adjacent to one another and secured to a support frame. 13. The kit of claim 10, wherein the platform is formed of a solid piece of material with one or more holes through which water is able to drain through. 14. The kit of claim 10, wherein the platform is configured to hold a weight of up from about 200 to about 1,000 lbs. 15. The kit of claim 10, wherein the platform is constructed of a marine grade plastic material, wood, foam or metal. 16. The kit of claim 10, wherein the platform comprises a first, second, third and fourth sides which are configured to substantially touch a first, second, third and fourth inside wall of the bathtub or shower, respectively. 17. The kit of claim 10, wherein the two or more feet have a height of between 10-36 inches. 18. The kit of claim 10, wherein the two or more feet have a height of between 2-10 inches. 19. The kit of claim 10, wherein the top surface of the platform includes one or more non-slip portions. 20. The kit of claim 10, wherein the second end of the ramp does not extend beyond the height of the sidewalls of the bathtub or shower.",
-    "A system for enhancing a facial expression includes a processing circuit configured to receive video of a user, generate facial data corresponding to a face of the user, analyze the facial data to identify a facial expression, enhance the facial data based on the facial expression, and output modified video including the enhanced facial data. 1. A method of enhancing a facial expression, comprising: receiving video of a user; generating facial data corresponding to a face of the user; analyzing the facial data to identify a facial expression; enhancing the facial data based on the facial expression; and outputting modified video including the enhanced facial data. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein enhancing the facial data includes adjusting a resolution corresponding to the facial expression. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein adjusting the resolution corresponding to the facial expression comprises decreasing the resolution. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein enhancing the facial data includes adjusting a time response corresponding to the facial expression. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing the facial expression to a previously stored expression. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein enhancing the facial data is triggered by a result of the comparison. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein enhancing the facial data is triggered by a similarity of the facial expression to the previously stored expression. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the previously stored expression includes a baseline facial expression. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the baseline facial expression corresponds to an emotion. 10. The method of claim 5, wherein enhancing the facial data is triggered by a detected change in the facial expression as compared to the previously stored expression. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein enhancing the facial data is controlled by a recipient of the output video. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising capturing audio of the user and analyzing the audio for an indication of an emotion of the user, wherein analyzing the audio includes predicting an emotion of the user based on the audio. 13. A method of modifying a facial expression, comprising: receiving video of a user; analyzing the video to determine a face of the user; analyzing the user's face to determine a facial expression; analyzing the facial expression to infer an emotion of the user; modifying the video based on the emotion, wherein modifying the video alters the facial expression; and outputting the modified video. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video is triggered by the inferred emotion. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video includes degrading the facial expression. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video includes reducing a size of the facial expression. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video includes enlarging a size of the facial expression. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video includes shifting a position of the facial expression. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video includes overlaying data on the facial expression. 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising comparing the facial expression to a previous facial expression, and wherein the previous facial expression is provided by a library of facial expressions of the user. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein modifying the video is triggered by a result of the comparison. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein modifying the video is triggered by a detected change in the facial expression as compared to the previous facial expression. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein modifying the video is based on a condition. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the condition includes a type of recipient of the modified video output. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the condition includes a time of day. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the condition includes a number of recipients of the modified video output. 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the condition includes a location of a recipient of the modified video output. 28. A method for generating visual information relating to a facial expression, comprising: receiving video of a user; analyzing the video to determine a face of the user; analyzing the user's face to determine a facial expression; analyzing the facial expression to infer an emotion of the user; generating visual information based on the inferred emotion; and outputting the visual information. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the video is overlaid with the visual information. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the visual information includes textual information. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the textual information includes information relating to the emotion. 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the textual information includes information relating to a previous emotion of the user. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the visual information includes a portion of the video. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the portion of the video is at a different resolution. 35. The method of claim 28, wherein the visual information indicates a portion of the facial expression used by the processing circuit to infer the emotion.",
-    "A bow string vibration and noise damper includes an aperture and a body portion. The string vibration and noise damper is configured to be mounted on the bowstring. In this way, a closed loop is created by inserting at least a portion of the body portion through the aperture. The closed loop encircles a portion of the bowstring thereby attaching the string vibration and noise damper to the bowstring. 1-20. (canceled) 21. An archery bowstring damper comprising: a single piece body comprising a damping portion, a locking flange and an aperture portion, the aperture portion defining an aperture; the body having a first configuration wherein the locking flange is located between the aperture portion and the damping portion; the body attachable to a bowstring. 22. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, wherein the single piece body comprises an elastomeric material. 23. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, wherein the single piece body consists of an elastomeric material. 24. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the aperture portion comprising a ring. 25. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the aperture portion comprising a toroid. 26. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the damping portion comprising an arm that extends asymmetrically from the locking portion. 27. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, wherein the aperture is circular. 28. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, wherein a length of damping portion is greater than a distance between the aperture portion and the locking flange. 29. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, in the first configuration, a central axis of the aperture is non-parallel to a central axis of the locking flange. 30. The archery bowstring damper of claim 29, wherein the central axis of the aperture is orthogonal to the central axis of the locking flange. 31. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, wherein a distance across the locking flange is greater than a distance across the aperture. 32. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the locking flange comprising a taper. 33. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the body having a second configuration wherein the body forms a loop and the locking portion abuts the aperture portion. 34. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the body having a second configuration wherein a portion of the body is oriented in the aperture. 35. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, the locking flange forming a ridge. 36. The archery bowstring damper of claim 21, wherein said damping portion is arcuate.",
-    "A tape measure marking attachment for coupling to a tape measure and marking a surface beneath the tape measure at a desired location includes a hinged ring base defining an enclosing structure which can be selectively secured to the tape body of a conventional tape measure, a securing clip operative to fix the ring base in a closed position when in place on a conventional tape measure, and a marking member which extends down from the ring base and provides an integrated marking implement. When the tape measure marking attachment is in place on a conventional tape measure, a user can view the precise distance location through the top side of the ring base and press the tape measure marking attachment against a surface over which the tape measure is suspended to mark the surface at the exact distance measurement shown through the ring base. 1. A tape measure marking attachment for attaching to an elongated linear measurement apparatus, comprising: a ring base having a top side and a bottom side and adapted to removably attach to a elongated linear measurement apparatus, wherein said top side of said ring base is configured such that when the ring base is attached to said elongated linear measurement apparatus, measurement markings on said elongated linear measurement apparatus are visible through the top side; and a marking member having a base side integral with the bottom side of the ring base and a marking portion opposite said base side, wherein said marking portion is adapted to apply a pigment material to a surface on contact. 2. The tape measure marking attachment of claim 1, wherein said ring base defines an enclosing structure having two opposing sides and a hinge member which allows the opposing side to swing about the pivot formed thereby between a closed position and an open position so as to adapt the ring base to removably attach to said elongated linear measurement apparatus. 3. The tape measure marking attachment of claim 2, additionally comprising a securing clip selectively attachable to said ring base and operative to fix said ring base in said closed position. 4. The tape measure marking attachment of claim 2, wherein said base side of said marking member includes a deformable channel member operative to bias said ring base into its closed position. 5. A tape measure marking attachment for attaching to an elongated linear measurement apparatus, comprising: a ring base having a top side and a bottom side and defining an enclosing structure having two opposing sides and a hinge member which allows the opposing side to swing about the pivot formed thereby between a closed position and an open position, thereby adapting the ring base to removably attach to an elongated linear measurement apparatus said top side of said ring base configured such that when the ring base is attached to said elongated linear measurement apparatus, measurement markings on said elongated linear measurement apparatus are visible through the top side; a securing clip selectively attachable to said ring base and operative to fix said ring base in said closed position; a marking member having a base side integral with the bottom side of the ring base and a marking portion opposite said base side, wherein said marking portion is adapted to apply a pigment material to a surface on contact; and said base side of said marking member including a deformable channel member operative to bias said ring base into its closed position. 6. A tape measure marking attachment for attaching to a conventional tape measure having a tang, comprising: a soft rubber body member having a top side and a bottom side; a slot integral with said top side, wherein said slot is adapted such that the tang of a target tape measure frictionally fits therein; and a marking tip integral with said bottom side, wherein said marking tip is adapted to apply a pigment material to a surface on contact.",
-    "An opener attachment for an agricultural row unit including a frame, an arm pivotally coupled to the frame, an opener disc coupled to the arm and configured to excavate a trench into soil, and a gauge wheel coupled to the arm and configured to block movement of the opener disc into the soil to control a depth of the trench. The opener attachment also includes a mechanical stop coupled to the frame and configured to block the gauge wheel and the opener disc moving toward the soil. In addition, the opener attachment includes an air bag configured to urge the gauge wheel and the opener disc toward the soil. 1. An opener attachment for an agricultural row unit, comprising: a frame; a first arm pivotally coupled to the frame; an opener disc coupled to the first arm and configured to excavate a trench into soil; a gauge wheel coupled to the first arm and configured to block movement of the opener disc into the soil to control a depth of the trench; a second arm pivotally coupled to the frame and non-pivotally coupled to the first arm such that rotation of the second arm drives the first arm to rotate; a mechanical stop coupled to the frame, wherein the mechanical stop is configured to block rotation of the first and second arms relative to the frame in a first rotational direction, wherein rotation of the first arm in the first rotational direction moves the gauge wheel and the opener disc toward the soil; and a biasing member coupled to the frame and to a second arm, wherein the biasing member is configured to drive the second arm in the first rotational direction. 2. The opener attachment of claim 1, wherein the biasing member comprises an air bag. 3. The opener attachment of claim 2, wherein the air bag is configured to drive the first arm and the second arm to rotate in a second rotational direction, opposite the first rotation direction, to drive the opener disc and the gauge wheel upwardly relative to the frame. 4. The opener attachment of claim 1, comprising a mount coupled to the frame and configured to secure the frame to the agricultural row unit. 5. The opener attachment of claim 1, comprising an injection tube coupled to the first arm, wherein the injection tube is configured to deposit agricultural product into the trench. 6. The opener attachment of claim 5, comprising a shoe coupled to the first arm and configured to direct soil around the injection tube. 7. The opener attachment of claim 1, wherein the first arm is non-pivotally coupled to the second arm by an inner shaft of a shaft assembly, the frame is rigidly coupled to an outer casing of the shaft assembly, the outer casing is circumferentially disposed about the inner shaft, and the inner shaft is configured to rotate within the outer casing. 8. The opener attachment of claim 1, wherein the gauge wheel is rotatably coupled to the first arm via a bolt, and the first arm comprises a plurality of openings configured to receive the bolt to secure the gauge wheel to the first arm at a plurality of vertical positions relative to the first arm. 9. The opener attachment of claim 1, comprising a residue manager, wherein the residue manager comprises a third arm and at least one cleaner wheel rotatably coupled to the third arm, the third arm is pivotally coupled to the frame, and the residue manager comprise a down pressure/lift system coupled to the third arm and configured to urge the at least one cleaner wheel into engagement with the soil. 10. The opener attachment of claim 9, wherein the down pressure/lift system comprises opposing air bags positioned on opposite sides of an extension rigidly coupled to the third arm. 11. An opener attachment for an agricultural row unit, comprising: a frame; a first arm pivotally coupled to the frame; an opener disc coupled to the first arm and configured to excavate a trench into soil; a gauge wheel coupled to the first arm and configured to block movement of the opener disc into the soil to control a depth of the trench; a mechanical stop coupled to the frame, wherein the mechanical stop is configured to block rotation of the first arm relative to the frame in a first rotational direction, wherein rotation of the first arm in the first rotational direction moves the gauge wheel and the opener disc toward the soil; and an actuator system configured to drive the first arm in the first rotational direction and in a second rotational direction, opposite the first rotational direction, wherein rotation of the first arm in the second rotational direction lifts the gauge wheel and the opener disc away from the soil. 12. The opener attachment of claim 11, wherein the actuator system comprises an air bag directly or indirectly coupled to the first arm. 13. The opener attachment of claim 12, wherein the actuator system comprises a valve assembly pneumatically coupled to the air bag, and a pneumatic supply pneumatically coupled to the valve assembly. 14. The opener attachment of claim 13, wherein the actuator system comprises an electronic controller communicatively coupled to the pneumatic supply, to the valve assembly, or a combination thereof, wherein the controller is configured to output signals to the pneumatic supply, to the valve assembly, or the combination thereof, to control an internal pressure within the air bag. 15. The opener attachment of claim 12, comprising a second arm, wherein the air bag is directly coupled to the second arm, the first arm is non-pivotally coupled to the second arm by an inner shaft of a shaft assembly, the frame is rigidly coupled to an outer casing of the shaft assembly, the outer casing is circumferentially disposed about the inner shaft, and the inner shaft is configured to rotate within the outer casing. 16. The opener attachment of claim 11, wherein the opener disc is configured to be coupled to the first arm at one of a plurality of vertical positions. 17. The opener attachment of claim 11, comprising an injection tube coupled to the first arm, wherein the injection tube is configured to deposit agricultural product into the trench. 18. An opener attachment for an agricultural row unit, comprising: a frame; an arm pivotally coupled to the frame; an opener disc coupled to the arm and configured to excavate a trench into soil; a gauge wheel coupled to the arm and configured to block movement of the opener disc into the soil to control a depth of the trench; a mechanical stop coupled to the frame, wherein the mechanical stop is configured to block rotation of the arm relative to the frame in a first rotational direction, wherein rotation of the arm in the first rotational direction moves the gauge wheel and the opener disc toward the soil; and an air bag configured to urge the arm in the first rotational direction. 19. The opener attachment of claim 18, comprising an injection tube coupled to the arm, wherein the injection tube is configured to deposit agricultural product into the trench. 20. The opener attachment of claim 18, wherein the air bag is configured to drive the arm to rotate in a second rotational direction, opposite the first rotational direction, to move the opener disc and the gauge wheel upwardly relative to the frame.",
-    "An eyewear device for aiding vision or protecting eyes of a user is provided. The eyewear device comprises a frame having a first end, a second end, and a centerline with the frame constructed from a plurality of layered flexible, bistable spring bands. A first lens opening is formed completely through the frame between the first end and the centerline of the frame and a second lens opening is formed completely through the frame between the second end and the centerline of the frame. A first lens and a second lens are positioned in the first lens opening and the second lens opening, respectively. The frame is straightenable by tensioning the spring bands. Upon moving the first end in a general direction toward the second end, the spring bands spring into a curve thereby capable of releasably securing the frame to the face of the user. 1. An eyewear device for aiding vision or protecting eyes of a user, the eyes positioned in a face, the eyewear device comprising: a frame having a first end, a second end, and a centerline equally positioned between the first end and the second end, the frame constructed from a plurality of layered flexible, bistable spring bands; a first lens opening formed completely through the frame between the first end and the centerline of the frame; a second lens opening formed completely through the frame between the second end and the centerline of the frame; a first lens positioned in the first lens opening; and a second lens positioned in the second lens opening; wherein the frame is straightenable by tensioning the spring bands; and wherein upon moving the first end in a general direction toward the second end, the spring bands of the frame spring into a curve thereby capable of releasably securing the frame to the face of the user. 2. The eyewear device of claim 1 wherein the spring bands are constructed from a stainless steel material. 3. The eyewear device of claim 1 and further comprising: a cover enveloping the spring bands. 4. The eyewear device of claim 3 wherein the cover is constructed from a material selected from the group consisting of fabric and plastic. 5. The eyewear device of claim 4 wherein the material of the cover has a variety of colors and patterns. 6. The eyewear device of claim 1 wherein the first lens opening and the second lens opening are positioned nearingly adjacent the centerline of the frame. 7. The eyewear device of claim 1 wherein the first lens and the second lens have flexibility to conform to the bend of the frame. 8. The eyewear device of claim 1 and further comprising: a first ear cutout formed in the frame adjacent the first end of the frame; and a second ear cutout formed in the frame adjacent the second end of the frame. 9. The eyewear device of claim 1 and further comprising: a nose cutout formed in the frame between the first lens opening and the second lens opening at the centerline of the frame. 10. The eyewear device of claim 1 wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected from the group consisting of prescription lenses, standard reading magnifiers, and nonprescription and prescription sunglasses. 11. The eyewear device of claim 1 wherein the first lens and the second lens are 3-D glass lenses. 12. The eyewear device of claim 1 and further comprising: at least one pocket formed in the frame for receiving an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) chip; wherein the RFID chip associates a particular pair of an eyewear device with an electronic serial number. 13. A method for aiding vision or protecting eyes of a user, the eyes positioned in a face, the method comprising: providing a frame having a first end, a second end, and a centerline equally positioned between the first end and the second end; constructing the frame from a plurality of layered flexible, bistable spring bands; forming a first lens opening completely through the frame between the first end and the centerline of the frame; forming a second lens opening completely through the frame between the second end and the centerline of the frame; positioning a first lens in the first lens opening; positioning a second lens in the second lens opening; straightening the frame by tensioning the spring bands; moving the first end in a general direction toward the second end; and springing the spring bands of the frame into a curve thereby capable of releasably securing the frame to the face of the user. 14. An eyewear device for aiding vision or protecting eyes of a user, the eyes positioned in a face, the eyewear device comprising: a frame having a first end, a second end, and a centerline equally positioned between the first end and the second end, the frame constructed from a plurality of layered flexible, bistable spring bands; a cover enveloping the spring bands; a first lens opening formed completely through the frame between the first end and the centerline of the frame and nearingly adjacent the centerline of the frame; a second lens opening formed completely through the frame between the second end and the centerline of the frame and nearingly adjacent the centerline of the frame; a first lens positioned in the first lens opening; a second lens positioned in the second lens opening; a first ear cutout formed in the frame adjacent the first end of the frame; a second ear cutout formed in the frame adjacent the second end of the frame; and a nose cutout formed in the frame between the first lens opening and the second lens opening at the centerline of the frame; wherein the frame is straightenable by tensioning the spring bands; and wherein upon moving the first end in a general direction toward the second end, the spring bands of the frame spring into a curve thereby capable of releasably securing the frame to the face of the user. 15. The eyewear device of claim 14 wherein the spring bands are constructed from stainless steel. 16. The eyewear device of claim 14 wherein the cover is constructed from a material selected from the group consisting of fabric and plastic. 17. The eyewear device of claim 14 wherein the first lens and the second lens have flexibility to conform to the bend of the frame. 18. The eyewear device of claim 14 wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected from the group consisting of prescription lenses, standard reading magnifiers, and nonprescription and prescription sunglasses. 19. The eyewear device of claim 14 wherein the first lens and the second lens are 3-D glass lenses. 20. The eyewear device of claim 14 and further comprising: at least one pocket formed in the frame for receiving an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) chip; wherein the RFID chip associates a particular pair of an eyewear device with an electronic serial number.",
-    "A disclosed ophthalmologic apparatus includes an image acquisition unit configured to acquire a fundus image of an eye to be examined on the basis of returning light from a fundus that is obtained by irradiating the fundus of the eye with light; and a correction unit configured to correct the fundus image in accordance with a degree of clouding of a clouded portion of the eye such that, among color components contained in the fundus image, a ratio of a color component, in the fundus image, that is scattered by a clouded portion of the eye at a higher rate increases against a ratio of another color component. 1. An ophthalmologic apparatus, comprising: an image acquisition unit configured to acquire a fundus image of an eye to be examined on the basis of returning light from a fundus, the returning light being obtained by irradiating the fundus of the eye with light; and a correction unit configured to correct the fundus image in accordance with a degree of clouding of a clouded portion of the eye such that, among color components contained in the fundus image, a ratio of a color component, in the fundus image, that is scattered by a clouded portion of the eye at a higher rate increases against a ratio of another color component. 2. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a detection unit configured to detect a highlight point and a shadow point from a luminance distribution of the fundus image, wherein the correction unit causes, among the color components contained in the fundus image, the ratio of the color component, in the fundus image, that is scattered by the clouded portion of the eye at a higher rate to increase against the ratio of the other color component, so that an angle formed by a straight line connecting the highlight point and the shadow point in the color space and a predetermined coordinate axis defining the color space approaches a predetermined angle. 3. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined angle is an angle formed by a straight line connecting a highlight point and a shadow point obtained from a luminance distribution of a fundus image of an eye with clouding that is less than a threshold and the predetermined coordinate axis. 4. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the detection unit detects the highlight point and the shadow point from the luminance distribution of a region excluding an optic disc in the fundus image. 5. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the detection unit detects a luminance difference between the highlight point and the shadow point, and wherein the correction unit enhances a contrast in the fundus image in accordance with the luminance difference. 6. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the detection unit detects a luminance difference between the highlight point and the shadow point, and wherein the correction unit enhances a contrast in the fundus image in accordance with the luminance difference. 7. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the detection unit detects a luminance difference between the highlight point and the shadow point, and wherein the correction unit enhances a contrast in the fundus image in accordance with the luminance difference. 8. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the correction unit reduces an enhancement degree of the contrast as the luminance difference is greater. 9. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the correction unit reduces an enhancement degree of the contrast as the luminance difference is greater. 10. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the correction unit reduces an enhancement degree of the contrast as the luminance difference is greater. 11. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the shadow point includes a blood vessel portion included in the fundus image. 12. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the detection unit carries out an edge detection on the fundus image, and wherein the correction unit enhances a contrast in the fundus image in accordance with the detected edge amount. 13. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the correction unit reduces an enhancement degree of the contrast as the edge amount is greater. 14. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the color component that is scattered by the clouded portion at a higher rate is a blue component, and the blue component is made to increase against a red component and a green component. 15. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the color component that is scattered by the clouded portion at a higher rate is a blue component, and the blue component is made to increase against a red component and a green component. 16. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the color component that is scattered by the clouded portion at a higher rate is a blue component, and the blue component is made to increase against a red component and a green component. 17. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the color component that is scattered by the clouded portion at a higher rate is a blue component, and the blue component is made to increase against a red component and a green component. 18. The ophthalmologic apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the color component that is scattered by the clouding portion at a higher rate is a blue component, and the blue component is made to increase against a red component and a green component. 19. An image processing method, comprising: an image acquisition step of acquiring a fundus image of an eye to be examined on the basis of returning light from a fundus, the returning light being obtained by irradiating the fundus of the eye with light; and a correction step of correcting the fundus image in accordance with a degree of clouding of in the eye such that, among color components contained in the fundus image, a ratio of a color component, in the fundus image, that is scattered by a clouded portion of the eye at a higher rate increases against a ratio of another color component. 20. A non-transitory storage medium storing a program that causes a computer to execute each step of the image processing method according to claim 19.",
-    "Methods and apparatuses related to golf club grips with attached or embedded RFID tags are described. In an embodiment, a RFID tag is attached to or embedded into a golf club grip and a RFID reader incorporated into a personal computing device may read or capture information associated with the RFID tag. The device may be configured to provide notifications to the golfer based on the captured information. 1. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable instructions, which when executed cause a RFID-enabled device to perform a method comprising: detecting, by a RFID-enabled device, presence of a RFID tag coupled with a golf grip; receiving an input specifying a regrip condition; and providing, in response to the regrip condition being met, a notification indicating the golf grip is due for replacement.",
-    "A state of charge indicator includes a first indication unit that provides an indicator display within a predetermined display range including first and second ends, according to an increase/decrease in a state of charge of a battery of a hybrid vehicle. In an EV traveling mode, the first indication unit allows the first and second ends to correspond respectively to an upper limit of a state of charge range directed to the EV traveling mode, and a first threshold that defines switching from the EV traveling mode to an HV traveling mode. In the HV traveling mode, the first indication unit allows the first and second ends to correspond respectively to a second threshold that defines switching from the HV traveling mode to the EV traveling mode, and a lower limit of a state of charge range directed to the HV traveling mode. 1. A state of charge indicator comprising a first indication unit that provides an indicator display within a predetermined display range including a first end and a second end, in accordance with an increase and a decrease in a state of charge of a battery of a hybrid vehicle, wherein the first indication unit allows, in an EV traveling mode, the first end to correspond to an upper limit of a state of charge range directed to the EV traveling mode, and allows the second end to correspond to a first threshold that defines switching from the EV traveling mode to an HV traveling mode, the EV traveling mode giving priority to driving with sole use of an electric motor, and the HV traveling mode involving driving with combined use of an engine and the electric motor, and controlling charge and discharge of the battery to allow the state of charge to be within a prescribed range, and the first indication unit allows, in the HV traveling mode, the first end to correspond to a second threshold that defines switching from the HV traveling mode to the EV traveling mode, and allows the second end to correspond to a lower limit of an state of charge range directed to the HV traveling mode. 2. The state of charge indicator according to claim 1, wherein the first indication unit provides an indication of a minimum of the indicator display in the EV traveling mode, prior to the switching from the EV traveling mode to the HV traveling mode, and the first indication unit provides an indication of a maximum of the indicator display in the HV traveling mode, prior to the switching from the HV traveling mode to the EV traveling mode. 3. The state of charge indicator according to claim 1, further comprising a second indication unit that provides an indication of the state of charge, the second indication unit including a movable index and a fixed index, the movable index being movable in accordance with the increase and the decrease in the SOC, and being movable between positions corresponding to a maximum and a minimum of a state of charge range directed to the EV traveling mode and the HV traveling mode, and the fixed index being disposed along a movement range of the movable index. 4. The state of charge indicator according to claim 2, further comprising a second indication unit that provides an indication of the state of charge, the second indication unit including a movable index and a fixed index, the movable index being movable in accordance with the increase and the decrease in the SOC, and being movable between positions corresponding to a maximum and a minimum of a state of charge range directed to the EV traveling mode and the HV traveling mode, and the fixed index being disposed along a movement range of the movable index. 5. The state of charge indicator according to claim 3, wherein the fixed index includes: a first sign that indicates a position corresponding to the first threshold; and a second sign that indicates a position corresponding to the second threshold. 6. The state of charge indicator according to claim 4, wherein the fixed index includes: a first sign that indicates a position corresponding to the first threshold; and a second sign that indicates a position corresponding to the second threshold.",
-    "A ureteral stent comprises an internal portion, which comprises a first polymer, and an external portion, which comprises a second polymer. The external portion surrounds the internal portion and has a plurality of radial projections that extend along the length of the ureteral stent. The second polymer has a Shore D hardness of 20-40 Shore D. The first polymer has a Shore D hardness that is at least 10 units greater than the Shore D hardness of the second polymer. 1. A ureteral stent, comprising: an internal portion, comprising a first polymer, and an external portion surrounding the internal portion and having a plurality of radial projections that extend along the length of the ureteral stent, comprising a second polymer, wherein the second polymer has a Shore D hardness of 20-40 Shore D, and the first polymer has a Shore D hardness that is at least 10 units greater than the Shore D hardness of the second polymer. 2. The ureteral stent of claim 1, further comprising a lumen, wherein the internal portion surrounds the lumen. 3. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the external portion comprises 2-10 radial projections. 4-5. (canceled) 6. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the ureteral stent does not include a lumen. 7. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the ureteral stent is not coiled. 8. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the first polymer has a hardness of 35-70 Shore D. 9-10. (canceled) 11. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the first polymer and the second polymer comprise thermoplastic elastomers. 12. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the first polymer and the second polymer comprise polyether block amides (PEBAs). 13. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the radial projections are substantially normal to the external portion. 14. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the radial projections are curved. 15. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the radial projections comprise one or more lobes extending from the terminal portion of the radial projections. 16-18. (canceled) 19. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the ureteral stent is sterile. 20. The ureteral stent of claim 1, further comprising a coating on the external portion, wherein the coating is selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic coatings, antibacterial coatings, antimicrobial coatings, and combinations thereof. 21. The ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the external portion comprises 6 radial projections, the first polymer has a hardness of 40 Shore D, the second polymer has a hardness of 25 Shore D, the first polymer and the second polymer comprise polyether block amides, the radial projections are substantially normal to the external portion, and the ureteral stent is sterile. 22. The ureteral stent of claim 1, further comprising a middle portion, comprising a third polymer, wherein the middle portion surrounds the internal portion and the external portion surrounds the middle portion. 23. A method of making the ureteral stent of claim 1, comprising: co-extruding the first polymer and the second polymer. 24. A method of stenting a patient, comprising: inserting the ureteral stent of claim 1 into a ureter. 25. A kit, comprising: a guidewire, and the ureteral stent of claim 1, wherein the guidewire and the ureteral stent are sterile. 26. The kit of claim 25, further comprising a pusher. 27-28. (canceled) 29. The kit of claim 25, further comprising a pusher, a container, a lubricant, and printed instructions, wherein the guidewire and the ureteral stent are housed in the container, and the guidewire is pre-threaded through the ureteral stent. 30. (canceled)",
-    "A sheath for a cable for a bicycle includes a tubular lining, a reinforcing tube and a tubular colored layer. The reinforcing tube is provided on the tubular lining. The reinforcing tube includes a tubular plastic layer and a tubular web embedded in the tubular plastic layer. The tubular web includes two groups of helical fibers. The fibers in one group intersect the fibers in the other group. The tubular colored layer is provided on the tubular plastic layer. 1. A sheath for a cable for a bicycle comprising: a tubular lining; a reinforcing tube provided on the tubular lining, wherein the reinforcing tube comprises a tubular plastic layer and a tubular web embedded in the tubular plastic layer, wherein the tubular web comprises two groups of helical fibers, wherein the fibers in one group intersect the fibers in the other group, thereby providing the tubular web with apertures, wherein the apertures of the tubular web are filled with a plastic material used to form the tubular plastic layer during the forming of the tubular plastic layer so that the tubular web is firmly held in position in the tubular plastic layer; and a tubular colored layer provided on the tubular plastic layer. 2. The sheath according to claim 1, wherein the fibers in each group are evenly arranged on the tubular lining. 3. The sheath according to claim 2, wherein any two adjacent ones of the fibers are separated by a gap in each group. 4. (canceled) 5. The sheath according to claim 1, wherein the tubular plastic layer is adhered to the tubular lining 6. The sheath according to claim 1, wherein the fibers are made of a material selected from the group consisting of iron, steel, stainless steel, titanium alloy and copper. 7. The sheath according to claim 1, wherein the tubular plastic layer is made of a plastic material selected from the group consisting of a transparent plastic material and a translucent plastic material. 8. (canceled) 9. The sheath according to claim 1, wherein the tubular lining is made of a plastic material.",
-    "A method is provided, including: receiving, over a network by a cloud gaming server computer, a request from a client device to initiate gameplay of a cloud video game; responsive to the request, assigning the client device to a first data center from which to stream the gameplay of the cloud video game; responsive to the request, initiating transfer of user save data over the network from a second data center to the first data center; loading the cloud video game on a cloud gaming machine at the first data center, the loading of the cloud video game including loading of generic save data; initiating interactive gameplay of the cloud video game with the generic save data; during the interactive gameplay, completing the transfer of the user save data to the first data center; applying the user save data to update the execution of the cloud video game. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, over a network by a cloud gaming server computer, a request from a client device to initiate gameplay of a cloud video game; responsive to the request, assigning the client device to a first data center from which to stream the gameplay of the cloud video game; responsive to the request, initiating transfer of user save data, that is for the cloud video game and is associated with a user account associated with the client device, over the network from a second data center to the first data center; loading the cloud video game on a cloud gaming machine at the first data center, the loading of the cloud video game including loading of generic save data; initiating interactive gameplay of the cloud video game with the generic save data by streaming video data, generated from execution of the cloud video game by the cloud gaming machine, to the client device, and receiving input data from the client device to drive the execution of the cloud video game; during the interactive gameplay, completing the transfer of the user save data to the first data center; applying the user save data to update the execution of the cloud video game. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the generic save data includes first values for one or more variables defined by the execution of the cloud video game, the generic save data not being associated with a specific user. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the user save data includes second values for the one or more variables, the second values being defined from a prior execution of the cloud video game that was associated with the user account, the applying of the user save data including updating the one or more variables with the second values. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein applying the user save data to update the execution of the cloud video game is performed during the interactive gameplay, such that execution of the cloud video game and the interactive gameplay continue as the user save data is applied to update the one or more variables. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein applying the user save data to update the execution of the cloud video game includes identifying a break point in the cloud video game, wherein the execution of the cloud video game and the interactive gameplay are paused, and applying the user save data for gameplay during the break point in the cloud video game. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein loading the cloud video game on the cloud gaming machine is performed in response to the request from the client device to initiate gameplay of the cloud video game. 7. A method, comprising: receiving, over a network by a cloud gaming server computer, a request from a client device to initiate gameplay of a cloud video game; assigning the client device to a data center from which to stream the cloud video game; loading a cloud gaming machine at the data center with the cloud video game; substantially simultaneous with the loading of the cloud gaming machine, performing a stream test between the data center and the client device to determine a quality of service of the streaming of the cloud video game; after completion of the loading of the cloud gaming machine and the performance of the stream test, initiating interactive gameplay of the cloud video game by streaming video data, generated from execution of the cloud video game by the cloud gaming machine, to the client device, and receiving input data from the client device to drive the execution of the cloud video game. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein streaming video data to the client device is performed by a video server of the data center, the video server receiving video content generated by the execution of the cloud video game by the cloud gaming machine, the video server encoding the video content to generate the video data to be streamed to the client device. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the stream test includes establishing a connection over the network between the video server and the client device, and testing the connection for the streaming of the video data or the receiving of the input data. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein one or more parameters for the encoding of the video content by the video server are determined from results of the testing of the connection between the video server and the client device. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the parameters for the encoding of the video content include a rate of compression of the video content. 12. The method of claim 7, further comprising: substantially simultaneous with the loading of the cloud gaming machine, determining a hardware or software configuration of the client device for the streaming of the cloud video game. 13. A method, comprising: receiving, over a network by a cloud gaming server computer, a request from a client device to initiate gameplay of a cloud video game; assigning the client device to a first data center from which to stream the cloud video game, the first data center including a first cloud gaming machine; loading the first cloud gaming machine with the cloud video game; initiating interactive gameplay of the cloud video game by streaming video data, generated from execution of the cloud video game by the first cloud gaming machine, to the client device, and receiving input data from the client device to drive the execution of the cloud video game; substantially simultaneous with the loading of the cloud video game or the interactive gameplay of the cloud video game, evaluating a quality of service between the client device and the first data center, and evaluating a quality of service between the client device and a second data center; responsive to determining that the quality of service between the client device and the second data center is greater than the quality of service between the client device and the first data center, migrating the execution of the cloud video game over the network from the first gaming machine at the first data center to a second gaming machine at the second data center. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein migrating the execution of the cloud video game includes loading the second gaming machine with the cloud video game, and transferring game state data, that is defined from the execution of the cloud video game by the first cloud gaming machine, over the network to the second gaming machine. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein migrating the execution of the cloud video game includes identifying a break point in the cloud video game, wherein the execution of the cloud video game and the interactive gameplay are paused, and migrating the execution of the cloud video game when the execution of the cloud video game reaches the break point in the cloud video game.",
-    "A computer program product for verifying source code in disparate source control systems. A processor configured to: obtain a first source code from a target repository; access a second source code from a source repository; and verify each file in the first source code matches each corresponding file in the second source code. Verifying causes the processor to: read contents of a file in the first source code in the target repository; access a corresponding file in the second source code in the source repository; replace contents of the corresponding file in the second source code in the source repository with the contents of the file in the first source code in the target repository; execute an editor in the source repository to display differences in the corresponding file that have been modified as a result of replacing contents; and log each file that does not match. 1. A computer program product for verifying source code in disparate source control systems, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to: obtain, by the processor, a first source code from a target repository; access, by the processor, a second source code from a source repository, the source repository comprising an editor configured to display differences in a file in the second source code that has been modified; and verify, by the processor, each file in the first source code matches each corresponding file in the second source code based on further program instruction executable by the processor to cause the processor to: read, by the processor, file content in the first source code in the target repository; access, by the processor, a corresponding file in the second source code in the source repository; replace, by the processor, all content of the corresponding file in the second source code in the source repository with the all file content in the first source code in the target repository; execute, by the processor, the editor in the source repository to display content differences in the corresponding file that have been modified as a result of replacing content; and log, by the processor, each file in the first source code in the target repository as unverified upon a determination that the editor in the source repository displays differences in the corresponding file in the second source code as a result of replacing content; traverse, by the processor, each directory in the target repository based on further program instruction executable by the processor to cause the processor to: log, by the processor, each file in the first source code in the target repository as unverified upon a determination that no corresponding file exists in the second source code in the source repository; and log, by the processor, each directory in the first source code in the target repository as unverified upon a determination that no corresponding directory exists in the second source code in the source repository; and traverse, by the processor, each directory in the source repository based on further program instruction executable by the processor to cause the processor to: log, by the processor, each file in the second source code in the source repository as unverified upon a determination that no corresponding file exists in the first source code in the target repository; log, by the processor, each directory in the second source code in the source repository as unverified upon a determination that no corresponding directory exists in the first source code in the target repository; log, by the processor, a screenshot of the first source code from the target repository and the second source code from the target repository for every determination that the editor in the source repository displays differences in the corresponding file in the second source code as the result of replacing content and provide, by the processor, the logging results for review.",
-    "Techniques and mechanisms to facilitate an operational mode of a memory device to prepare for a targeted refresh of a row in memory. In an embodiment, the memory device performs one or more operations while in the mode to prepare for a future command from a memory controller, the command to implement, at least in part, a targeted refresh of a row in a first bank of the memory device. Prior to such a command, the memory device services another command from the memory controller. In another embodiment, servicing the other command includes the memory device accessing a second bank of the memory device while the memory device operates in the mode, and before completion of an expected future targeted row refresh. 1-28. (canceled) 29. A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, comprising: a bank group, including a target row; a mode register to store one or more configuration bits to control entry into a targeted row refresh (TRR) mode in response to receipt of a mode register set (MRS) command; and access logic to receive one or more commands from an associated memory controller, the one or more commands including a first Activation command to be received when in the TRR mode, the first Activation command directed to the bank group including the target row; a first Precharge command corresponding to the first Activation command to be received at least a delay of (1.5*tRAS) after the first Activation command, wherein tRAS is a row active timing parameter; and two additional Activation commands and corresponding additional Precharge commands, wherein the one or more commands are to refresh at least one victim row physically proximate to the target row. 30. The DRAM device of claim 29, wherein the mode register comprises Mode Register 2 (MR2). 31. The DRAM device of claim 29, wherein the access logic is to delay activity within the DRAM device for a mode register set command delay period of tMOD in conjunction with entry into the TRR mode. 32. The DRAM device of claim 29, further comprising row hammer response logic in the DRAM device, the row hammer response logic to write one or more configuration bits of the mode register to automatically exit the TRR mode after refresh of the at least one victim row. 33. The DRAM device of claim 32, wherein the row hammer response logic to further count a number of refreshes at the DRAM during TRR mode, and in response to detection of refresh of the at least one victim row, automatically clear the one or more configuration bits from the mode register. 34. The DRAM device of claim 32, wherein the row hammer response logic to further automatically delay by at least a mode register set command delay period of tMOD in conjunction with automatic exit from the TRR mode. 35. The DRAM device of claim 29, wherein the DRAM device includes a synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) device compliant with a dual data rate version 4 (DDR4) standard. 36. The DRAM device of claim 29, further comprising: row hammer detection logic to determine when the target row has been accessed a threshold number of times within a time interval. 37. The DRAM device of claim 29, wherein physically proximate comprises physically adjacent. 38. The DRAM device of claim 29, wherein the memory device is to restrict access commands to activate and precharge commands in the TRR mode. 39. A method at a memory device, comprising: entering a targeted row refresh (TRR) mode in a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device in response to receipt of a mode register set (MRS) command; applying a first Activation command received at the DRAM when in the TRR mode, the first Activation command directed to a bank group including a target row; applying a Precharge command corresponding to the first Activation command after a delay of at least (1.5*tRAS) after receipt of the first Activation command, wherein tRAS is a row active timing parameter; and applying two additional Activation commands and corresponding additional Precharge commands, wherein the Activation commands and corresponding Precharge commands are to refresh at least one victim row physically proximate to the target row. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the MRS command comprises an MRS command to set one or more configuration bits of Mode Register 2 (MR2). 41. The method of claim 39, further comprising: delaying activity within the DRAM device for a mode register set command delay period of tMOD in conjunction with entry into the TRR mode. 42. The method of claim 39, further comprising: writing over the MRS command by the DRAM device to automatically exit the TRR mode after refresh of the at least one victim row. 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising: counting a number of refreshes at the DRAM device during TRR mode; and in response to detecting that the at least one victim row has been refreshed, automatically clearing a TRR mode configuration setting from a mode register set by the MRS command. 44. The method of claim 42, further comprising: automatically delaying by at least a mode register set command delay period of tMOD in conjunction with automatically exiting the TRR mode. 45. The method of claim 39, wherein the DRAM device includes a synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) device compliant with a dual data rate version 4 (DDR4) standard. 46. The method of claim 39, further comprising: determining at the DRAM when the target row has been accessed a threshold number of times within a time interval. 47. The method of claim 39, wherein physically proximate comprises physically adjacent. 48. The method of claim 39, further comprising: restricting access commands to activate and precharge commands in the TRR mode. 49. A system, comprising: a memory controller; and a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device including: a bank group, including a target row; and a mode register to store one or more configuration bits to control entry into a targeted row refresh (TRR) mode in response to receipt of a mode register set (MRS) command; wherein the DRAM is to receive one or more commands from the memory controller, including a first Activation command to be received when in the TRR mode, the first Activation command directed to the bank group including the target row; a first Precharge command corresponding to the first Activation command to be received at least a delay of (1.5*tRAS) after the first Activation command, wherein tRAS is a row active timing parameter; and two additional Activation commands and corresponding additional Precharge commands, wherein the one or more commands are to refresh at least one victim row physically proximate to the target row. 50. The system of claim 49, wherein the mode register comprises Mode Register 2 (MR2). 51. The system of claim 49, wherein the DRAM is to delay activity for a mode register set command delay period of tMOD in conjunction with entry into the TRR mode. 52. The system of claim 49, further comprising row hammer response logic in the DRAM device, the row hammer response logic to write one or more configuration bits of the mode register to automatically exit the TRR mode after refresh of the at least one victim row. 53. The system of claim 52, wherein the row hammer response logic to further count a number of refreshes at the DRAM during TRR mode, and in response to detection of refresh of the at least one victim row, automatically clear the one or more configuration bits from the mode register. 54. The system of claim 52, wherein the row hammer response logic to further automatically delay by at least a mode register set command delay period of tMOD in conjunction with automatic exit from the TRR mode. 55. The system of claim 49, wherein the DRAM device includes a synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) device compliant with a dual data rate version 4 (DDR4) standard. 56. The system of claim 49, further comprising: row hammer detection logic to determine when the target row has been accessed a threshold number of times within a time interval. 57. The system of claim 56, wherein the memory controller comprises the row hammer detection logic. 58. The system of claim 49, wherein the memory controller comprises an integrated memory controller that is integrated with a host processor. 59. The system of claim 49, wherein physically proximate comprises physically adjacent. 60. The system of claim 49, wherein the memory device is to restrict access commands to activate and precharge commands in the TRR mode. 61. The apparatus of claim 49, further comprising one or more of: at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory controller; a display communicatively coupled to display data from the DRAM device; a battery to power the apparatus; or a network interface communicatively coupled to exchange data stored in the DRAM device with a remote device over a network connection.",
-    "Provided are systems and methods for contextual switching of microphones in audio devices. An example method includes detecting a change in conditions for capturing an acoustic signal by at least two microphones. A configuration is associated with the at least two microphones. The example method provides determining that the change in conditions has been stable for a pre-determined period of time. In response to the determination, the method changes the configuration associated with the at least two microphones. The conditions may include an absence or presence of far-end speech, reverberation, low/high signal-to-noise ratio, low/high signal-to-echo ratio, type of background noise, and so on. The changing of the configuration includes assigning a primary microphone and a secondary microphone based on a change in conditions. Based on the changed configuration, tuning parameters may be adjusted for noise suppression and acoustic echo cancellation. 1. A method for contextual switching of microphones, the method comprising: detecting a change of conditions for capturing an acoustic signal by at least two microphones, a configuration being associated with the at least two microphones; determining that the change of the conditions has occurred for a pre-determined period of time; and in response to the determining, changing the configuration associated with the at least two microphones. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the configuration includes having a first microphone, of the at least two microphones, assigned to function as a primary microphone and having a second microphone, of the at least two microphones, assigned to function as a secondary microphone. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the primary microphone is the microphone, of the at least two microphones, closest to a target talker. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the changing the configuration comprises: assigning the first microphone to function as the secondary microphone; and assigning the second microphone to function as the primary microphone. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising adjusting tuning parameters for noise suppression (NS) based on the changed configuration. 6. The method of claim 2, further comprising adjusting tuning parameters for acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) based on the changed configuration. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the change of the conditions includes detecting that a first microphone, of the at least two microphones, is occluded and a second microphone, of the at least two microphones, is not occluded. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the detecting that the first microphone is occluded is based on detecting the energy level of the first microphone, and the detecting that the second microphone is not occluded is based on detecting the energy level of the second microphone. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the changing the configuration includes assigning the second microphone to function as a primary microphone. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the change of the conditions includes detecting presence of a reverberation. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least two microphones comprise at least three microphones, and wherein, in response to the detecting of the presence of the reverberation, the changing the configuration includes selecting a first microphone and a second microphone from the at least three microphones for capturing the acoustic signal, the first and the second microphones being separated by a distance that is a maximum distance between any pair of the at least three microphones. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the change of the conditions includes detecting change in at least one of: presence of far-end speech; type of background noise; sensitivities of the at least two microphones; and seals of the at least two microphones. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the detecting the change of the conditions includes detecting change in at least one of: level of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the acoustic signal; and level of signal-to-echo ratio (SER) in the acoustic signal. 14. A system for contextual switching of microphones, the system comprising: at least one processor; and a memory communicatively coupled with the at least one processor, the memory storing instructions, which, when executed by the at least processor, perform a method comprising: detecting a change of conditions for capturing an acoustic signal by at least two microphones, a configuration being associated with the at least two microphones; determining that the change of the conditions has occurred for a pre-determined period of time; and in response to the determination, changing the configuration associated with the at least two microphones. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the configuration includes having a first microphone, of the at least two microphones, assigned to function as a primary microphone and having a second microphone, of the at least two microphones, assigned to function as a secondary microphone. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the primary microphone is the microphone, of the at least two microphones, closest to a target talker. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the changing the configuration comprises: assigning the first microphone to function as the secondary microphone; and assigning the second microphone to function as the primary microphone. 18. The system of claim 15, further comprising adjusting tuning parameters for noise suppression (NS) based on the changed configuration. 19. The system of claim 15, further comprising adjusting tuning parameters for acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) based on the changed configuration. 20. The system of claim 14, wherein the detecting the change of the conditions includes detecting change in at least one of: presence of far-end speech; type of background noise; sensitivities of the at least two microphones; and seals of the at least two microphones. 21. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having embodied thereon instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor, perform steps of a method, the method comprising: detecting a change of conditions for capturing an acoustic signal by at least two microphones, a configuration being associated with the at least two microphones; determining that the change of the conditions has occurred for a pre-determined period of time; and in response to the determining, changing a configuration associated with the at least two microphones.",
-    "A lockout assembly for first and second rudder pedals of an aircraft includes first and second spacers, each of which is configured to be inserted within a corresponding one of first and second slots disposed in an adjacent rudder pedal housing. A coupling mechanism is configured to couple the first spacer to the second spacer through the rudder pedal housing so as to retain the first and second spacers in corresponding ones of the slots. The lockout mechanism prevents movement of the rudder pedals in a same direction, and hence, movement of the aircraft's rudder. 1. A lockout assembly for first and second rudder pedals of an aircraft, the first and second rudder pedals being positioned with respect to a rudder pedal housing, wherein the rudder pedal housing has first and second slots, the lockout assembly comprising: first and second spacers, the first spacer being configured to be inserted within the first slot in the rudder pedal housing and the second spacer being configured to be inserted within the second slot in the rudder pedal housing; and a coupling mechanism configured to couple the first spacer to the second spacer through the rudder pedal housing so as to retain the first spacer in the first slot and the second spacer in the second slot. 2. The lockout assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second slots has a rear end; a corresponding portion of each of the first and second rudder pedals is configured to travel within a corresponding slot; and each of the first and second spacers is disposed between a corresponding portion and the rear end of the corresponding slot. 3. The lockout assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second spacers comprises a flange that is disposed on a lateral surface of the respective spacer and outboard of the rudder pedal housing, each flange being configured to position the respective spacer within the corresponding slot and to prevent lateral movement of the respective spacer from the corresponding slot and into the rudder pedal housing. 4. The lockout assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the spacers comprises an aperture of a pair of coaxially aligned apertures and the coupling mechanism comprises an elongated rod configured to extend laterally through the slots of the rudder pedal housing and the pair of coaxially aligned apertures respectively disposed in each of the spacers. 5. The lockout assembly of claim 4, wherein the rod includes a first end and an opposite second end, and the rod further comprises a wrenching feature disposed at the first end of the rod and a transverse through-opening disposed adjacent to the second end of the rod. 6. The lockout assembly of claim 5, wherein the wrenching feature comprises complementary helical threads respectively disposed on a surface of the rod and in the aperture of the corresponding spacer. 7. The lockout assembly of claim 5, wherein the wrenching feature comprises a knob configured to be turned by a user. 8. The lockout assembly of claim 5, wherein the transverse through-opening is configured to receive a shackle of a lock. 9. The lockout assembly of claim 1, wherein the first spacer and the second spacer are bilaterally symmetrical with respect to each other about a vertical plane passing between the first and second rudder pedals. 10. A method for locking out first and second rudder pedals of an aircraft, the method comprising utilizing the lockout assembly of claim 1 by installing the lockout assembly into the first and second slots of the rudder pedal housing. 11. A method for locking out first and second rudder pedals, the method comprising: inserting a first spacer within a first slot disposed in a rudder pedal housing; inserting a second spacer within a second slot disposed in the rudder pedal housing; and coupling the first spacer to the second spacer through the rudder pedal housing so as to retain the first spacer in the first slot and the second spacer in the second slot. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein each slot has a rear end; and the coupling comprises releasably coupling the first and second spacers in the first and second slots such that each spacer is disposed between a corresponding rudder pedal and the rear end of the corresponding slots. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein each of the first and second spacers includes a flange disposed on a lateral surface of the respective spacer and outboard of the rudder pedal housing, the method further comprising: positioning the flange with respect to the rudder pedal housing such that the respective spacer is within the corresponding slots to prevent lateral movement of the spacer from the slot and into the rudder pedal housing; and the coupling comprises pulling the flanges toward each other and against opposite sides of the rudder pedal housing. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pulling comprises: inserting an elongated rod laterally through the slots of the rudder pedal housing and a pair of coaxially aligned apertures respectively disposed in each of the first and second spacers, the rod having opposite first and second ends, a wrenching feature disposed at the first end, and a transverse through-opening disposed adjacent to the second end; and turning the wrenching feature of the rod so as to engage a helical thread disposed on a surface of the rod with a complementary helical thread disposed in the aperture of a corresponding one of the spacers. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: inserting a shackle of a lock through the transverse through-opening; and lockingly engaging the shackle in a body of the lock. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising affixing a tag to the rod through the transverse through-opening. 17. An aircraft, comprising: a rudder; first and second rudder pedals configured to actuate the rudder; and a lockout mechanism disposed between the first and second rudder pedals and a structure located in front of the rudder pedals and configured to prevent movement of the first and second rudder pedals in a rearward direction. 18. The aircraft of claim 17, wherein the structure comprises a rudder pedal housing. 19. The aircraft of claim 18, further comprising means for releasably attaching the lockout mechanism to the rudder pedal housing. 20. The aircraft of claim 19, further comprising at least one of a lock for releasably locking the lockout mechanism in place on the rudder pedal housing and a tag affixed to the lockout mechanism.",
-    "A hitch mounted cargo lifting device for lifting large objects onto a cargo bed of a vehicle to which it is attached includes a discrete hitch attachment, pivot member, and cradle member. One side of the pivot member is fixedly attached to the cradle member, and the other is hingedly attached to the hitch attachment. This allows the pivot member and cradle attachment to be moved between a loading position in which the cradle attachment is adjacent to a ground surface, and an unloading position in which the cradle attachment is adjacent to and aligned with the vehicle's cargo bed. In some embodiments, a motor driven reeled wire is provided to supply the force to move the pivot member and cradle attachment between the unloading and loading positions. Conventional cargo straps may be used to secure the cargo to the cradle. 1. A cargo lifting device, comprising: a hitch attachment portion operative to selectively attach to a tow hitch of a target vehicle that includes an elevated cargo surface; a pivot member movably integrated with said hitch attachment portion; and a cradle member attached to said pivot member, wherein said cradle member and pivot member are together selectively movable between a loading position in which the cradle member is adjacent to a ground surface and an unloading position in which the cradle member is adjacent to the elevated cargo surface of a target vehicle to which the hitch attachment portion is attached. 2. The cargo lifting device of claim 1, wherein said pivot member is movably integrated with said hitch attachment portion at a pivot such that the pivot member is hingedly integrated with said hitch attachment. 3. The cargo lifting device of claim 1, additionally comprising an actuator integrated with said hitch attachment portion and operative to supply a force sufficient to move the cradle member and pivot member between the loading position and unloading position. 4. The cargo lifting device of claim 3, wherein said actuator includes an electric motor. 5. The cargo lifting device of claim 4, wherein said actuator includes a wire which can be selectively dispensed and retracted by said motor and is configured to transfer force generated by said motor to said cradle member and pivot member in a manner which moves the cradle member and pivot member between the loading position and unloading position. 6. The cargo lifting device of claim 3, wherein said actuator includes a wire which can be selectively dispensed and retracted in a manner which moves the cradle member and pivot member between the loading position and unloading position. 7. The cargo lifting device of claim 1, wherein the hitch attachment portion, pivot member, and a cradle member define discrete, connectable structures. 8. A cargo lifting device, comprising: a discrete hitch attachment portion operative to selectively attach to a tow hitch of a target vehicle that includes an elevated cargo surface; a discrete pivot member movably integrated with said hitch attachment portion at a pivot such that the pivot member is hingedly integrated with said hitch attachment; and a discrete cradle member attached to said pivot member, wherein said cradle member and pivot member are together selectively movable between a loading position in which the cradle member is adjacent to a ground surface and an unloading position in which the cradle member is adjacent to the elevated cargo surface of a target vehicle to which the hitch attachment portion is attached. 9. The cargo lifting device of claim 8, additionally comprising an actuator integrated with said hitch attachment portion and operative to supply a force sufficient to move the cradle member and pivot member between the loading position and unloading position. 10. The cargo lifting device of claim 9, wherein said actuator includes an electric motor. 11. The cargo lifting device of claim 10, wherein said actuator includes a wire which can be selectively dispensed and retracted by said motor and is configured to transfer force generated by said motor to said cradle member and pivot member in a manner which moves the cradle member and pivot member between the loading position and unloading position. 12. The cargo lifting device of claim 9, wherein said actuator includes a wire which can be selectively dispensed and retracted in a manner which moves the cradle member and pivot member between the loading position and unloading position.",
-    "An event limited field picker for a search user interface is described. In one or more implementations, a service may operate to collect and store data as events each of which includes a portion of the data correlated with a point in time. Clients may use a search user interface perform searches by input of search criteria. Responsive to receiving search criteria, the service may operate to apply a late binding schema to extract events that match the search criteria and provide search results for display via the search user interface. The search user interface exposes an event limited field picker operable to make selections of fields with respect to individual events in a view of the search results. In response to receiving an indication of a fields selected via the picker, visibility of selected fields may be updated to control which field and values are included in different views. 1. A method comprising: receiving a search query based on stored machine data; based on the received search query, (i) determining a set of events that correspond to the search query, wherein the events are associated with a set of fields and each field having a respective field value comprised of the stored machine data; and (ii) generating a search display interface including, for each event in the determined set of events, respective field values for a subset of the fields; in response to receiving a selection by a user for an alternate display view, generating an alternate view of the search display interface comprising field values for fields other than those included in the subset of the fields; and in response to receiving a selection by the user of a particular field in the alternate display view, updating the search display interface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the search display interface includes a sidebar identifying the subset of the fields. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the subset of the fields is selected by the user. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alternate display view selection is received via a toggle selector icon on the search display interface. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the alternate display view of the search display interface comprises a table that includes the field values for fields other than those included in the subset of the fields. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determined set of events is displayed graphically on the search display interface via a timeline. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the machine data includes at least one of: performance data, log data, time-series data, sensor data, diagnostic information, or data obtained from a plurality of sources. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the selection by the user of the particular field comprises: an add to search option that is selectable by the user to add search criteria associated with the particular field to the search query as the search criteria to be added on the search display interface. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating includes modifying the determined set of events included for each event. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating includes adding one or more fields displayed in the alternate view of the search display interface, to the subset of the fields. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating includes removing one or more fields displayed in the alternate view of the search display interface, from the subset of the fields. 12. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory, computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions comprising code for: receiving a search query based on stored machine data; based on the received search query, (i) determining a set of events that correspond to the search query, wherein the events are associated with a set of fields and each field having a respective field value comprised of the stored machine data; and (ii) generating a search display interface including, for each event in the determined set of events, respective field values for a subset of the fields; in response to receiving a selection by a user for an alternate display view, generating an alternate view of the search display interface comprising field values for fields other than those included in the subset of the fields; and in response to receiving a selection by the user of a particular field in the alternate display view, updating the search display interface. 13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the alternate display view of the search display interface comprises a table that includes the field values for fields other than those included in the subset of the fields. 14. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the search display interface includes a sidebar identifying the subset of the fields in a first list, and identifies remaining fields from the fields in a second list, and wherein the second list is automatically generated. 15. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the determined set of events is displayed graphically on the search display interface via a timeline. 16. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the machine data includes at least one of: performance data, log data, time-series data, sensor data, diagnostic information, or data obtained from a plurality of sources. 17. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the determined set of events is associated with a time interval in the past. 18. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the selection by the user of the particular field comprises: an add to search option that is selectable by the user to add search criteria associated with the particular field to the search query as the search criteria to be added on the search display interface. 19. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the selection by the user of the particular field comprises: an exclude from search option that is selectable by the user to add search criteria associated with the particular field to the search query as the search criteria to be excluded from the search display interface. 20. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the updating includes modifying the determined set of events included for each event. 21. A computer system comprising: computer memory for storing machine data; and a processor for: receiving a search query based on the stored machine data; based on the received search query, (i) determining a set of events that correspond to the search query, wherein the events are associated with a set of fields and each field having a respective field value comprised of the stored machine data; and (ii) generating a search display interface including, for each event in the determined set of events, respective field values for a subset of the fields; in response to receiving a selection by a user for an alternate display view, generating an alternate view of the search display interface comprising field values for fields other than those included in the subset of the fields; and in response to receiving a selection by the user of a particular field in the alternate display view, updating the search display interface. 22. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the subset of the fields is selected by the user. 23. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the search display interface includes a sidebar identifying the subset of the fields in a first list, and identifies remaining fields from the fields in a second list. 24. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the alternate display view selection is received via a toggle selector icon on the search display interface. 25. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the alternate display view of the search display interface comprises a table that includes the field values for fields other than those included in the subset of the fields. 26. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the determined set of events is displayed graphically on the search display interface via a timeline. 27. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the machine data includes at least one of: performance data, log data, time-series data, sensor data, diagnostic information, or data obtained from a plurality of sources. 28. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the selection by the user of the particular field comprises: an add to search option that is selectable by the user to add search criteria associated with the particular field to the search query as the search criteria to be added on the search display interface. 29. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the selection by the user of the particular field comprises: an exclude from search option that is selectable by the user to add search criteria associated with the particular field to the search query as the search criteria to be excluded from the search display interface. 30. The computer system of claim 21, wherein the updating includes modifying the determined set of events included for each event.",
-    "A computer implemented method enables smooth transition of video playback with page flip action within a digital magazine. The method comprises steps of monitoring a user's interactions with a video content item displayed on a current page of the digital magazine. Upon detecting a user flipping the current page to a next page, the video content item is paused, a graphics resource used for rending the video content item is disabled and a current video frame of the video content item is captured. In response to the user flipping the current page to the next page, the graphics resource is enabled for rending the page flip action, a modified current page with portions of the next page are gradually displayed to the user, while the captured video frame is continuously displayed on the current page until the page flip action is finished. 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: monitoring a user's interactions with a video content item presented on a current page of a digital magazine on a client device, the video content item presented on the current page being rendered using a graphic resource of the client device; detecting a page flip action from the user on the current page; responsive to detecting the page flip action: pausing playing back of the video content item on the current page, releasing usage of the graphic resource of the client device, and capturing a video frame of the video content item corresponding to the time of the page flip action being detected; displaying a page flip animation on the client device by: replacing the video content on the current page with the captured video frame, generating a series of frames for the page flip animation, the frames comprising the current page having the captured video frame and at least a portion of a next page of the digital magazine, and displaying the series of frames of the page flip animation using the graphic resource of the client device; and displaying the next page on the client device after the page flip animation is displayed. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the page flip action from the user on the current page comprises: detecting the direction of the page flip action on the current page; and determining a type of the page flip action based on the detected direction of the page flip action. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the type of a page flip is one of: a forward flip and a backward flip. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein for a forward flip, the next page has content items, which the user has not reviewed previously. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein for a backward flip, the next page is a page that was previously presented to the user right before the page flip action. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein releasing usage of the graphic resource of the client device comprises: reallocating the graphics resource of the client device in response to the detected page flip action. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein reallocating the graphics resource of the client device comprises: disabling the usage of the graphics resource associated with rendering video frames of the video content item on the current page. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein reallocating the graphics resource of the client device further comprises: enabling the usage of the graphics resource associated with rendering graphics items of the next page. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphics resource of the client device is a graphics processing unit of the client device, and the graphics processing unit is configured to generate two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphics of the content items presented on the current age of the digital magazine. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the portion of the next page being displayed on the series of frames is determined based on the progress of the page flip action, and wherein a larger portion of the next page is displayed on the series of frames in response to the page flip action is closer to be finished. 11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer program instructions, the computer program instructions when executed by a computer processor causes the processor to perform steps of: monitoring a user's interactions with a video content item presented on a current page of a digital magazine on a client device, the video content item presented on the current page being rendered using a graphic resource of the client device; detecting a page flip action from the user on the current page; responsive to detecting the page flip action: pausing playing back of the video content item on the current page; releasing usage of the graphic resource of the client device; and capturing a video frame of the video content item corresponding to the time of the page flip action being detected; displaying a page flip animation on the client device by: replacing the video content on the current page with the captured video frame, generating a series of frames for the page flip animation, the frames comprising the current page having the captured video frame and at least a portion of a next page of the digital magazine, and displaying the series of frames of the page flip animation using the graphic resource of the client device; and displaying the next page on the client device after the page flip animation is displayed. 12. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein detecting the page flip action from the user on the current page comprises: detecting the direction of the page flip action on the current page; and determining a type of the page flip action based on the detected direction of the page flip action. 13. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the type of a page flip is one of: a forward flip and a backward flip. 14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein for a forward flip, the next page has content items, which the user has not reviewed previously. 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein for a backward flip, the next page is a page that was previously presented to the user right before the page flip action. 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein releasing the usage of the graphic resource of the client device comprises: reallocating the graphics resource of the client device in response to the detected page flip action. 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein reallocating the graphics resource of the client device comprises: disabling the usage of the graphics resource associated with rendering video frames of the video content item on the current page. 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein reallocating the graphics resource of the client device further comprises: enabling the usage of the graphics resource associated with rendering graphics items of the next page. 19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the graphics resource of the client device is a graphics processing unit of the client device, and the graphics processing unit is configured to generate two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphics of the content items presented on the current age of the digital magazine. 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the portion of the next page being displayed on the series of frames is determined based on the progress of the page flip action, and wherein a larger portion of the next page is displayed on the series of frames in response to the page flip action is closer to be finished.",
-    "A spectacle lens having a front surface intended to be fitted away from the eye. The spectacle lens includes a substrate made from mineral glass or an organic material. The spectacle lens has selective light wavelength filter properties. The selective light wavelength filter properties include a spectral transmittance between 80% and 95% for all wavelengths in a wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on the front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0, a spectral transmittance between 95% and 100% for all wavelengths in a wavelength range between 500 nm and 700 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on the front surface with an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 and a yellowness index of no more than 10 for a standard illuminant D65 and a standard observer function of 2\u00b0 (D65/2\u00b0). 1. A spectacle lens for an eye of a wearer, the spectacle lens comprising: a substrate made from mineral glass or an organic material; the spectacle lens defining a front surface configured to be fitted away from the eye and a back surface configured to be fitted nearer to the eye; the spectacle lens having selective light wavelength filter properties including: a spectral transmittance (T) between 80% and 95% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0; a spectral transmittance (T) between 95% and 100% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 500 nm and 700 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 ; and, a yellowness index (YI E313) per ASTM Method E313 of no more than 10 for a standard illuminant D65 and a standard observer function of)2\u00b0 (D65/2\u00b0. 2. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein: said selective light wavelength filter properties include at least one of: a spectral transmittance (T) between 80% and 90% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm for a light ray entering said spectacle lens on the front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0, and, a spectral transmittance (T) between 80% and 88% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm for a light ray entering said spectacle lens on the front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0. 3. Spectacle lens according to claim 1, wherein: said selective light wavelength filter properties include at least one of: a spectral transmittance (T) between 97% and 100% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 500 nm and 700 nm for a light ray entering said spectacle lens on the front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 ; and, a spectral transmittance (T) between 97.8% and 100% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 500 nm and 700 nm for a light ray entering said spectacle lens on the front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0. 4. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein said selective light wavelength filter properties include a yellowness index (YI E313) per ASTM Method E313 of no more than 8 for a standard illuminant D65 and a standard observer function of)2\u00b0 (D65/2\u00b0. 5. The spectacle lens of claim 1, said selective light wavelength filter properties include a yellowness index (YI E313) per ASTM Method E313 of no more than 7 for a standard illuminant D65 and a standard observer function of)2\u00b0 (D65/2\u00b0. 6. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein said substrate includesat least one of a dye, a pigment and a tint absorbing light of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm. 7. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein said substrate includes at least one of a dye, a pigment and a tint absorbing light of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm. 8. The spectacle lens of claim 6, wherein said substrate at least one of incorporates said at least one of said dye, said pigment and a tint and is covered by said at least one of said dye, said pigment and said tint. 9. The spectacle lens of claim 6, wherein said at least one of a dye, said pigment and saud tint absorbs between 5% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm. 10. The spectacle lens of claim 6, wherein said at least one of said dye, said pigment and said tint absorb between 10% and 20% of said light entering said spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm. 11. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein said substrate carries at least one of a first dielectric stack configured to reflect light of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm, a second dielectric stack configured to reflect light of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm, a first multilayer dielectric coating configured to reflect light of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm, and, a second multilayer dielectric coating configured to reflect light of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm. 12. The spectacle lens of claim 11, wherein said first dielectric stack is configured to reflect between 5% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm, or said second dielectric stack is configured to reflect between 5% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm, or said first dielectric stack is configured to reflect between 10% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm, or said second dielectric stack is configured to reflect between 10% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm or said first multilayer dielectric coating is configured to reflect between 5% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm, or said second multilayer dielectric coating is configured to reflect between 5% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm or said first multilayer dielectric coating is configured to reflect between 10% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm or said second multilayer dielectric coating is configured to reflect between 10% and 20% of said light entering the spectacle lens on said front surface with said angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 of all wavelengths (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 432 nm and 448 nm. 13. The spectacle lens of claim 12, wherein: said substrate defines a front side configured to be fitted away from the eye of the wearer; and, said at least one of said first dielectric stack, said second dielectric stack, said first multilayer dielectric coating and said second dielectric coating is applied to only said front side of said substrate. 14. The spectacle lens of claim 11, wherein at least one of said first dielectric stack, said second dielectric stack, said first multilayer dielectric coating and said second multilayer dielectric coating have a photopic luminous reflection less than 0.75%. 15. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein said selective light wavelength filter properties include an overall transmittance of more than 97% in the wavelength range between 400 nm and 800 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0. 16. The spectacle lens of claim 1, wherein the spectacle lens is for car drivers. 17. A method for determining selective light wavelength filter properties when making a spectacle lens, wherein said spectacle lens has a front surface intended to be fitted away from the eye and a back surface intended to be fitted nearer to the eye, said spectacle lens includes a substrate made from mineral glass or an organic material and said spectacle lens has selective light wavelength filter properties, the method comprising the steps of: providing a spectral irradiance of an automobile headlight; determining an irradiance for at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm; determining an irradiance for at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 500 nm and 650 nm; determining a ratio between said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm and said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 500 nm and 650 nm and/or determining a ratio between said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 500 nm and 650 nm and said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm; and, defining an amount of attenuating spectral transmittance (T) for at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm for a light ray entering said spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 if said determined ratio between said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (1) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm and said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 500 nm and 650 nm exceeds or equals a predetermined threshold value or defining an amount of attenuating spectral transmittance (T) for at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm for a light ray entering said spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 if said determined ratio between said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 500 nm and 650 nm and said determined irradiance for said at least one wavelength (\u03bb) in said wavelength range between 428 nm and 452 nm is below or equals a predetermined threshold value. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising at least one of the steps of: determining a spectral transmittance (T) between 95% and 100% for all wavelengths (\u03bb) in a wavelength range between 500 nm and 700 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0; determining a yellowness index (YI E313) per ASTM Method E313 of no more than 10 for a standard illuminant D65 and a standard observer function of 2\u00b0 (D65/2\u00b0); determining an overall transmittance of more than 97% in a wavelength range between 400 nm and 800 nm for a light ray entering the spectacle lens on said front surface at an angle of incidence of 0\u00b0 ; and, fabricating said spectacle lens according to said selective light wavelength filter properties being determined. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the spectacle lens is for car drivers.",
-    "A DC-AC converter is disclosed. The DC-AC converter generates an output AC signal, and has an input DC-AC converter which generates a first AC signal, a transformer device which receives the first AC signal and generates a second AC signal, and a first bidirectional switch which selectively connects a first transformer output terminal and a first output terminal. The DC-AC converter also has a first capacitor which powers the first bidirectional switch, a first charging circuit which charges the first capacitor, and a second bidirectional which selectively conduct connects a second transformer output terminal and a second output terminal. The DC-AC converter also has a second capacitor which powers the second bidirectional switch, and a second charging circuit which charges the second capacitor. Each of the bidirectional switches includes series connected transistors between first and second input/output terminals, and a transistor driver which drives the transistors. 1. A DC-AC converter configured to receive an input DC signal and to generate an output AC signal, the DC-AC converter comprising: an input port comprising first and second input terminals; an output port comprising first and second output terminals; an input DC-AC converter configured to receive the input DC signal from the input port and to generate a first AC signal; a transformer device configured to receive the first AC signal and to generate a second AC signal across first and second transformer output terminals; a first bidirectional switch connected between the first transformer output terminal and the first output terminal of the output port, wherein the first bidirectional switch is configured to selectively conduct current between the first transformer output terminal and the first output terminal of the output port according to at least one first control signal; a first capacitor connected across power terminals of the first bidirectional switch, wherein the first capacitor is configured to provide current to the first bidirectional switch to power the first bidirectional switch; a first charging circuit configured to charge the first capacitor based on current flowing between the first transformer output terminal and the first output terminal of the output port; a second bidirectional switch connected between the second transformer output terminal and the second output terminal of the output port, wherein the second bidirectional switch is configured to selectively conduct current between the second transformer output terminal and the second output terminal of the output port according to at least one second control signal; a second capacitor connected across power terminals of the second bidirectional switch, wherein the second capacitor is configured to provide current to the second bidirectional switch to power the second bidirectional switch; and a second charging circuit configured to charge the second capacitor based on current flowing between the second transformer output terminal and the second output terminal of the output port, wherein each of the first and second bidirectional switches comprises: first and second transistors connected in series between first and second input/output terminals; and at least one transistor driver configured to drive the first and second transistors according to a received input signal. 2. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, wherein the first and second transistors of each of the first and second bidirectional switches comprise GaN-based transistors. 3. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second bidirectional switches comprises a single substrate, wherein the first and second transistors and the at least one transistor driver of each of the first and second bidirectional switches comprise GaN-based transistors integrated on the single substrate. 4. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, wherein the first and second transistors and the at least one transistor driver of both of the first and second bidirectional switches comprise GaN-based transistors integrated on a single substrate. 5. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second bidirectional switches comprises first and second transistor drivers, respectively configured to drive the first and second transistors according to first and second received signals. 6. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, wherein the first charging circuit comprises a switch configured to selectively conduct current between the first transformer output terminal and the first output terminal of the output port and through the first capacitor to charge the first capacitor. 7. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, wherein the first charging circuit comprises a charging capacitor configured to capacitively couple current between the first transformer output terminal and the first output terminal of the output port and through the first capacitor to charge the first capacitor. 8. The DC-AC converter of claim 1, further comprising a first Zener diode connected in parallel with the first capacitor, wherein the first Zener diode is configured to regulate the voltage to which the first charging circuit charges the first capacitor. 9. A bidirectional switch, comprising: first and second transistors connected in series between first and second input/output terminals; at least one transistor driver configured to drive the first and second transistors according to a received input signal; and a charging circuit configured to provide current flowing between the first and second input/output to the at least one transistor driver so as to generate a voltage across power terminals of the at least one transistor driver. 10. The bidirectional switch of claim 9, wherein the first and second transistors and the transistor driver comprise GaN-based transistors. 11. The bidirectional switch of claim 9, further comprising a single GaN substrate, wherein the first and second transistors and the transistor driver comprise GaN-based transistors integrated on the single GaN substrate. 12. The bidirectional switch of claim 9, wherein the at least one transistor driver comprises first and second transistor drivers, respectively configured to drive the first and second transistors according to first and second received signals. 13. The bidirectional switch of claim 9, wherein the charging circuit comprises a switch configured to selectively conduct current between the first and second input/output terminals to power the at least one transistor driver. 14. The bidirectional switch of claim 9, wherein the charging circuit comprises a charging capacitor configured to capacitively couple current between the first and second input/output terminals to power the at least one transistor driver. 15. The bidirectional switch of claim 9, wherein a capacitor is connected across power terminals of the at least one transistor driver, and the charging circuit is configured to charge the capacitor to generate the voltage across the power terminals of the at least one transistor driver. 16. The bidirectional switch of claim 15, wherein a Zener diode is connected in parallel with the capacitor. 17. An electronic component, comprising: a package base; and one or more GaN-based dies secured to the package base and comprising: first and second transistors connected in series between first and second input/output terminals; at least one transistor driver configured to drive the first and second transistors according to a received input signal; and a charging circuit configured to provide current flowing between the first and second input/output to the at least one transistor driver so as to generate a voltage across power terminals of the at least one transistor driver. 18. The electronic component of claim 17, wherein the first and second transistors and the transistor driver comprise GaN-based transistors. 19. The electronic component of claim 17, further comprising a single GaN substrate, wherein the first and second transistors and the transistor driver comprise GaN-based transistors integrated on the single GaN substrate. 20. The electronic component of claim 17, wherein the at least one transistor driver comprises first and second transistor drivers, respectively configured to drive the first and second transistors according to first and second received signals. 21. The electronic component of claim 17, wherein the charging circuit comprises a switch configured to selectively conduct current between the first and second input/output terminals to power the at least one transistor driver. 22. The electronic component of claim 17, wherein the charging circuit comprises a charging capacitor configured to capacitively couple current between the first and second input/output terminals to power the at least one transistor driver. 23. The electronic component of claim 17, wherein a capacitor is connected across power terminals of the at least one transistor driver, and the charging circuit is configured to charge the capacitor to generate the voltage across the power terminals of the at least one transistor driver. 24. The electronic component of claim 23, wherein a Zener diode is connected in parallel with the capacitor.",
-    "In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer program product, and an apparatus are provided. The method may be performed by a scheduling entity. The scheduling entity transmits control information in a control portion of the subframe, the control information corresponding to data information within the subframe, transmits the data information in a data portion of the subframe, receives a pilot signal from the set of subordinate entities in a pilot portion of the subframe, and receives an ACK/NACK signal from the set of subordinate entities in an ACK portion of the subframe. The ACK portion is subsequent to the pilot portion of the subframe. The ACK/NACK signal includes acknowledgment information corresponding to the data information. The control portion, the data portion, the pilot portion, and the ACK portion are contained in the same subframe. 1. A method of wireless communication in a synchronous network for a scheduling entity to communicate with a set of one or more subordinate entities utilizing a time division duplex (TDD) carrier, wherein the TDD carrier comprises a subframe, the method comprising: transmitting control information in a control portion of the subframe, the control information corresponding to data information within the subframe; transmitting the data information in a data portion of the subframe; receiving a pilot signal from the set of subordinate entities in a pilot portion of the subframe; and receiving an acknowledged (ACK)/not acknowledged (NACK) signal from the set of subordinate entities in an ACK portion of the subframe, the ACK portion being subsequent to the pilot portion of the subframe, the ACK/NACK signal comprising acknowledgment information corresponding to the data information, wherein the control portion, the data portion, the pilot portion, and the ACK portion are contained in the same subframe. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the subframe comprises a guard period portion after the data portion and before the pilot portion, wherein a total duration of the guard period portion and the pilot portion is greater than or equal to an approximate duration of a full symbol in the subframe. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the total duration of the guard period portion and the pilot portion allows the set of subordinate entities sufficient time to process the data information transmitted in a final symbol of the data portion of the subframe. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a duration of the guard period portion is less than the duration of one symbol in the subframe. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the subframe comprises a second guard period portion after the ACK portion of the subframe, wherein a duration of the second guard period portion is less than the duration of a full symbol in the subframe. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the duration of the second guard period portion allows the scheduling entity sufficient time to process the ACK/NACK signal. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pilot portion comprises a first cyclic prefix (CP) and the ACK portion comprises a second CP. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a duration of the pilot portion of the subframe is different from a duration of the ACK portion of the subframe. 9. A scheduling entity configured to manage a wireless communication network, comprising: a processor; a transceiver communicatively coupled to the processor; and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to: transmit control information in a control portion of a subframe, the control information corresponding to data information within the subframe; transmit the data information in a data portion of the subframe; receive a pilot signal from a set of subordinate entities in a pilot portion of the subframe; and receive an acknowledged (ACK)/not acknowledged (NACK) signal from the set of subordinate entities in an ACK portion of the subframe, the ACK portion being subsequent to the pilot portion of the subframe, the ACK/NACK signal comprising acknowledgment information corresponding to the data information, wherein the control portion, the data portion, the pilot portion, and the ACK portion are contained in the same subframe. 10. The scheduling entity of claim 9, wherein the subframe comprises a guard period portion after the data portion and before the pilot portion, wherein a total duration of the guard period portion and the pilot portion is greater than or equal to a duration of a full symbol in the subframe. 11. The scheduling entity of claim 10, wherein the total duration of the guard period portion and the pilot portion allows the set of subordinate entities sufficient time to process the data information transmitted in a final symbol of the data portion of the subframe. 12. The scheduling entity of claim 10, wherein a duration of the guard period portion is less than the duration of a full symbol in the subframe. 13. The scheduling entity of claim 10, wherein the subframe comprises a second guard period portion after the ACK portion of the subframe, wherein a duration of the second guard period portion is less than the duration of a full symbol in the subframe. 14. The scheduling entity of claim 13, wherein the duration of the second guard period portion allows the scheduling entity sufficient time to process the ACK/NACK signal. 15. The scheduling entity of claim 9, wherein the pilot portion comprises a first cyclic prefix (CP) and the ACK portion comprises a second CP. 16. The scheduling entity of claim 9, wherein a duration of the pilot portion of the subframe is different from a duration of the ACK portion of the subframe. 17. A method of wireless communication in a synchronous network for a scheduling entity to communicate with a set of one or more subordinate entities utilizing a time division duplex (TDD) carrier, wherein the TDD carrier comprises a subframe, the method comprising: receiving a first acknowledged (ACK)/not acknowledged (NACK) signal from the set of subordinate entities in a first subframe; transmitting a reference signal in a reference signal portion of a second subframe, wherein a duration of the reference signal portion is less than a duration of a full symbol in the second subframe; and transmitting control information in a control information portion of the second subframe that is subsequent to the reference signal portion of the second subframe, wherein a duration of the control information portion is less than the duration of a full symbol in the second subframe. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising processing the first ACK/NACK signal during the duration of the reference signal portion of the second subframe. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the control information corresponds to data information within the second subframe, further comprising: transmitting the data information in a data portion of the second subframe; and receiving a second ACK/NACK signal from the set of subordinate entities in an ACK portion of the second subframe, the second ACK/NACK signal comprising acknowledgment information corresponding to the data information, wherein the reference signal portion, the control information portion, the data portion, and the ACK portion are contained in the same subframe. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the reference signal comprises a cell specific reference signal (CRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and/or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). 21. The method of claim 17, wherein a duration of the RS portion of the second subframe allows the scheduling entity sufficient time to process the first ACK/NACK signal before a control channel symbol is formed. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the reference signal portion of the second subframe comprises a first cyclic prefix (CP) and the control information portion of the second subframe comprises a second CP. 23. The method of claim 17, wherein a duration of the reference signal portion of the second subframe is different from a duration of the control information portion of the second subframe. 24. A scheduling entity configured to manage a wireless communication network, comprising: a processor; a transceiver communicatively coupled to the processor; and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to: receive a first acknowledged (ACK)/not acknowledged (NACK) signal from a set of subordinate entities in a first subframe; transmit a reference signal in a reference signal portion of a second subframe, wherein a duration of the reference signal portion is less than a duration of a full symbol in the second subframe; and transmit control information in a control information portion of the second subframe that is subsequent to the reference signal portion of the second subframe, wherein a duration of the control information portion is less than the duration of a full symbol in the second subframe. 25. The scheduling entity of claim 24, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to: process the first ACK/NACK signal during the duration of the reference signal portion of the second subframe. 26. The scheduling entity of claim 24, wherein the control information corresponds to data information within the second subframe, and wherein the processor and the memory are configured to: transmit the data information in a data portion of the second subframe; and receive a second ACK/NACK signal from the set of subordinate entities in an ACK portion of the second subframe, the second ACK/NACK signal comprising acknowledgment information corresponding to the data information, wherein the reference signal portion, the control information portion, the data portion, and the ACK portion are contained in the same subframe. 27. The scheduling entity of claim 24, wherein the reference signal comprises a cell specific reference signal (CRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and/or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). 28. The scheduling entity of claim 24, wherein a duration of the RS portion of the second subframe allows the scheduling entity sufficient time to process the first ACK/NACK signal before a control channel symbol is formed. 29. The scheduling entity of claim 24, wherein the reference signal portion of the second subframe comprises a first cyclic prefix (CP) and the control information portion of the second subframe comprises a second CP. 30. The scheduling entity of claim 24, wherein a duration of the reference signal portion of the second subframe is different from a duration of the control information portion of the second subframe.",
-    "This disclosed subject matter relates to methods for predicting drug based on genomic and transcriptomic data. The methods prioritize genetic and gene expression features of cancer cell lines that predict drug response, by integrating genomic/pharmaceutical data, protein-protein interaction network, and prior knowledge of drug-targets interaction with the techniques of network propagation. 1. A method for predicting a drug response in cancer patients and cancer cell lines using genomic and expression data, comprising: applying a diffusion kernel based on a plurality proteins/genes in an interaction database to measure a closeness between the first protein and each of the plurality of genes, respectively; ranking each of the plurality of genes; selecting one or more genes from the ranking, each having a ranking above a threshold; and predicting a response of cancer patients or cancer cell lines to the drug based on the selected one or more genes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predicting comprises using a machine learning system. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the effect comprises an inhibiting effect. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the drug comprises BMS-754807 and the first protein/gene comprises insulin-like growth factor-IR/IR (IGF1R). 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the interaction database comprises a Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins network (\u201cSTRING NETWORK\u201d). 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the diffusion kernel represents a continuous time limit of a lazy random walk. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the continuous time limit of a lazy random walk is defined by: K = \uf74d \u03b2 \ue89e \ue89e H = I + \u03b2 \ue89e \ue89e H + \u03b2 2 2 ! \ue89e H 2 + \u2026 wherein H is a negative Laplacian matrix defined on an adjacent matrix as obtained from the STRING network. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ranking is based at least in part on the closeness. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ranking is based at least in part on a spearman correlation. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the machine learning system is a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (\u201cLASSO\u201d) regression. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the LASSO regression is an alternative regularized version of least squares. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein y=(y1, . . . , yn) represents drug sensitivity of different cell lines; x1=(xi1, . . . , xim)\u2032, (i=1, . . . , n) represents features of an ith cell line; and wherein the LASSO regression comprises solving: min \u03b1 0 , \u03b1 \ue89e ( 1 2 \ue89e \ue89e n \ue89e \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e ( y i - \u03b1 0 - x i \u2032 \ue89e \u03b1 ) 2 + \u03bb \ue89e \u2211 j = 1 m \ue89e \ue89e \uf603 \u03b1 j \uf604 ) where \u03bb is a nonnegative regularization parameter. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising bootstrapping.",
-    "A semiconductor device includes a multi-layer substrate. A ground shield is disposed between layers of the substrate and electrically connected to a ground point. A plurality of semiconductor die is mounted to the substrate over the ground shield. The ground shield extends beyond a footprint of the plurality of semiconductor die. An encapsulant is formed over the plurality of semiconductor die and substrate. Dicing channels are formed in the encapsulant, between the plurality of semiconductor die, and over the ground shield. A plurality of metal-filled holes is formed along the dicing channels, and extends into the substrate and through the ground shield. A top shield is formed over the plurality of semiconductor die and electrically and mechanically connects to the ground shield through the metal-filled holes. The top and ground shields are configured to block electromagnetic interference generated with respect to an integrated passive device disposed in the semiconductor die. 1. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate including a first shielding layer disposed within the substrate; a semiconductor die disposed over the first shielding layer with the first shielding layer extending beyond opposing sides of the semiconductor die; and a second shielding layer formed over the semiconductor die and extending into the substrate to the first shielding layer. 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further including an encapsulant deposited over the semiconductor die. 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the first shielding layer and second shielding layer substantially enclose the semiconductor die. 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the second shielding layer includes a conductive via extending into the substrate to the first shielding layer. 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor die includes an integrated passive device. 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of layers of material with the first shielding layer disposed between the layers of material. 7. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate including a first shielding layer disposed within the substrate; a semiconductor die disposed over the first shielding layer; and a second shielding layer formed over the semiconductor die and extending into the substrate to the first shielding layer. 8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, further including an encapsulant deposited over the semiconductor die. 9. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the first shielding layer and second shielding layer substantially enclose the semiconductor die. 10. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the second shielding layer includes a conductive via extending into the substrate to the first shielding layer. 11. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the semiconductor die includes an integrated passive device. 12. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the substrate includes a plurality of layers of material with the first shielding layer disposed between the layers of material. 13. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the second shielding layer includes a material selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, stainless steel, nickel silver, low-carbon steel, and silicon-iron steel. 14. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate including a conductive layer disposed within the substrate; a semiconductor die disposed over the conductive layer; and a shielding layer formed over the semiconductor die and extending into the substrate to the shielding layer. 15. The semiconductor device of claim 14, further including an encapsulant deposited over the semiconductor die. 16. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the shielding layer includes a conductive via extending into the substrate to the conductive layer. 17. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the conductive layer and shielding layer substantially enclose the semiconductor die. 18. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the semiconductor die includes an integrated passive device. 19. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of layers of material with the conductive layer disposed between the layers of material. 20. A method of making a semiconductor device, comprising: providing a substrate including a conductive layer disposed within the substrate; disposing a semiconductor die over the conductive layer; forming an opening into the substrate extending to the conductive layer; and forming a shielding layer over the semiconductor die and into the opening to the conductive layer. 21. The method of claim 20, further including depositing an encapsulant over the semiconductor die. 22. The method of claim 21, further including forming the opening in the substrate after depositing the encapsulant. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the shielding layer includes a conductive via extending into the substrate to the conductive layer. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the semiconductor die includes an integrated passive device. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the conductive layer and shielding layer substantially enclose the semiconductor die.",
-    "The invention relates to methods of analysing a sample from a subject having or suspected of having Crohn's disease for the abundance of the subject's nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) in the sample. The invention also relates to methods for measuring abundance of nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) in stool from a human subject having or suspected of having Crohn's Disease (CD). In various embodiments, an in vitro method includes analysing the relative abundance of the host (human) DNA in said sample of stool or nucleic acid extracted or isolated from a stool sample from the host (human); determining the relative abundance of the host (human's) DNA in the sample; and associating the abundance of the host (human) DNA with the host (human) providing the stool sample, or the host (human) providing the stool sample from which the nucleic acid was extracted. 1. An in vitro method for analyzing a sample from a subject having or suspected of having Crohn's Disease (CD) for the abundance of the subject's DNA in the sample, comprising: a) Providing a stool sample from said subject; b) Determining the relative abundance of the subject's DNA in said sample; and; c) Comparing the relative abundance of the subject's DNA in said sample to a reference value and determining if the relative abundance of the subject's DNA in said sample is higher than the reference value. 2. A method for measuring abundance of DNA in stool from a human having or suspected of having Crohn's Disease (CD), said method comprising: a) providing a sample of stool or nucleic acid extracted from a stool sample from the human; b) determining the relative abundance of the human's DNA in said sample; and c) associating said abundance of the human DNA with the human providing the stool sample, or the human providing the stool sample from which the nucleic acid was extracted. 3. A method for generating quantitative data for a subject comprising: performing at least one assay to determine the abundance of the subject's DNA in a sample from the subject to generate a first dataset comprising the quantitative data, wherein the quantitative data represents the relative abundance of the subject's DNA in said sample optionally compared to a reference value, wherein the subject has or is at risk of having Crohn's Disease (CD). 4. A method for generating a quantitative data set for a subject that has or is at risk of having Crohn's Disease (CD) comprising: performing at least one assay to determine the abundance of the subject's DNA in a sample from the subject to generate a first dataset comprising the quantitative data, wherein the quantitative data represents the relative abundance of the subject's DNA in the sample, optionally compared to a reference value. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein performance of the assay comprises: providing or obtaining the sample, wherein the sample comprises the subject's DNA; contacting the sample with a detectable reagent; generating a distinct complex between the reagent and the subject's DNA; and detecting the complex to generate the quantitative data. 6. An amplification method of measuring the abundance of a target nucleic acid sequence in a sample, comprising: a) contacting a sample from a subject having or suspected of having Crohn's Disease (CD) comprising a target nucleic acid sequence with a set of oligonucleotide primers, each primer comprising a 5\u2032 end and a 3\u2032 end, wherein a first primer comprises a sequence complementary to a first region in the target nucleic acid sequence, and a second primer comprises a sequence complementary to a second region in the target nucleic acid sequence, wherein the second region is downstream of the first region; b) further contacting the sample with deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), thereby forming a mixture; c) allowing the first and second oligonucleotide primers to anneal to the target nucleic acid sequence of a) thereby forming an oligonucleotide primer annealed target nucleic acid; d) exposing the oligonucleotide primer annealed target nucleic acid of step c) to a template-dependent polymerizing agent having 5\u2032 to 3\u2032 polymerization activity under conditions permissive for amplification, and whereby the oligonucleotide primers are extended to produce extension products; and e) detecting the extension products, thereby measuring the abundance of the target nucleic acid sequence in the sample. 7. A vessel having a reaction solution, the reaction solution comprising: a) A polymerizing agent that synthesizes or amplifies nucleic acid; b) a sample comprising stool or DNA extracted or isolated from stool of a subject having or suspected of having Crohn's Disease (CD); c) oligonucleotide primers or oligonucleotide probe designed to specifically hybridize to a target sequence of the subject's DNA; d) deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs); and e) buffers or other agents permissive for detection, replication or amplification of the target sequence. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises stool or nucleic acid extracted or isolated from stool. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the abundance of the subject's DNA is determined by quantitation of a genomic DNA sequence. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the abundance of the subject's DNA is determined by quantitation of a non-transcribed region or locus of genomic DNA. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the abundance of the subject's DNA is determined by quantitation of a single copy per haploid genomic DNA sequence. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the abundance of the subject's DNA is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising classifying the subject or human, based upon the relative abundance of the DNA in said sample being higher or lower than said reference value. 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising classifying the subject or human, if the relative abundance of the DNA in said sample is higher than the reference value and the amount of calprotectin in the sample is higher than a second reference value. 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the amount of calprotectin in the sample. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is not from a subject that has colon cancer or a bacterial infection. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is not from a subject that has a clostridium difficile infection. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is not for diagnosis of colon cancer or a bacterial infection. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is not for diagnosis of a clostridium difficile infection. 21. (canceled) 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has one or more of the following symptoms: mucosal inflammation, mucosal ulcerations, or enhanced level of inflammation markers such as platelet count, mean platelet volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum thrombopoietin, serum erythropoietin, C-reactive protein, orosomucoid (\u03b11-acid glycoprotein), TNF\u03b1, Interleukins (e.g., IL1, IL2, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL15) as, lactoferrin or calprotectin. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with Crohn's Disease (CD). 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has been or is currently being treated for Crohn's Disease (CD). 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has Crohn's Disease in an unstable state. 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has Crohn's Disease in a stable state. 27.-30. (canceled) 31. An in vitro method for testing the efficiency of a treatment in a subject suffering from CD, or to evaluate the response of a patient to a treatment, comprising the following steps: a) diagnosing the activity of CD before and after the administration of a treatment, according to the method of claim 1, and b) concluding that the treatment is efficient in said subject if the state before the administration of the treatment was unstable but becomes stable upon administration of the treatment. 32.-38. (canceled) 39. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject is a human patient. 40. The method of claim 1, wherein said relative abundance is the relative amount of host DNA as compared with the total amount of DNA present in said sample. 41. (canceled) 42. The method of claim 41, wherein said abundance is measured by using at least one nucleic acid fragment selected from the group of nucleic acid fragments of sequence SEQ ID NO:1 to SEQ ID NO:6, variants thereof and complementary sequences thereof. 43. (canceled)",
-    "To accomplish precise correction of the position of the toner image formed by the image forming station, in the device using the two-component developer. An electrostatic latent image for forming a color misregistration correction pattern 9 for color misregistration correcting includes a first latent image pattern 301 and a second latent image pattern 302 at the position downstream of the first latent image pattern 301 with respect to the moving direction of the electrostatic latent image. The toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern has a width, measured in the image moving direction, which is larger than that of the toner image resulting from the development of a latent image pattern alone which is the same as the first latent image pattern, or the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern has an image density in downstream end portion with respect to the moving direction, which density is higher than that of the toner image resulting from the development of the latent image pattern alone which is the same as the first latent image pattern. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a plurality of image forming stations configured to form respective toner images; said image forming station each including a rotatable image bearing member, a latent image forming device configured to form an electrostatic latent image on said image bearing member, and a developing device configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on said image bearing member, said developing device including a developer carrying member configured to carry a developer comprising toner and a carrier and movable in the same direction at a position where said developer carrying member is opposed to said image bearing member; a toner sensor configured to detect a toner image for registration correction of images formed by said image forming stations: a controller capable of executing a operation in a mode for correcting a writing position of the images formed by said image forming stations on the basis of a result of detection of the toner images for the registration correction by said toner sensor, wherein in the operation in the mode, said controller effects the control such that in forming a first latent image pattern which is a latent image for the toner image for the registration correction, a second latent image pattern is formed at least in an upstream side of the first latent image pattern except for the downstream side thereof with respect to a moving direction of the image, and said controller controls a formation position of the second latent image pattern such that the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern has a width, measured in the image moving direction, which is larger than that of the toner image resulting from the development of a latent image pattern alone which is the same as the first latent image pattern, or the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern has an image density in downstream end portion with respect to the moving direction, which density is higher than that of the toner image resulting from the development of the latent image pattern alone which is the same as the first latent image pattern. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said controller controls a formation position of the second latent image pattern such that a difference between the width, measured in the image moving direction, of the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern and a width of the first latent image pattern is not more than 200 \u03bcm. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first latent image pattern and the second latent image pattern are spaced from each other. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second latent image pattern is continuous with the first latent image pattern and has a toner image density which is lower than that of the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said developer carrying member carries the developer so that the developer contacts said image bearing member, and wherein a length DA of the second latent image pattern measured in the moving direction, a length d, measured in a rotational moving direction of said image bearing member, of a range in a downstream of a closest portion between said image bearing member and said developer carrying member in which the developer carried on the developer carrying member is in contact with said image bearing member, a peripheral movement speed Vdr of said image bearing member, a peripheral movement speed Vslv of said developer carrying member, a latent image potential of the second latent image pattern, and latent image potential of the first latent image pattern satisfy, DA>d\u00d7{(Vslv\u2212Vdr)/Vslv}\u00d7{(Tv\u2212Av)/Tv}. 6. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said developer carrying member carries the developer so that the developer contacts said image bearing member. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the density of the toner image resulting from the development of the second latent image pattern is lower than that of the toner image resulting from the development of said first latent image pattern, wherein said controller binarizes an output of said toner sensor from the first toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern and a output of said toner sensor from the second toner image resulting from the development of the second latent image pattern on the basis of a threshold which is between these outputs, and determines a center position the toner image of the range in the first toner image side output of the threshold, and wherein said controller corrects the positions of the toner images formed by said image forming stations on the basis of the determined center position. 8. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein a latent image potential of the second latent image pattern is lower than that of the first latent image pattern. 9. An image forming apparatus comprising: a plurality of image forming stations configured to form respective toner images; said image forming station each including a rotatable image bearing member, a latent image forming device configured to form an electrostatic latent image on said image bearing member, and a developing device configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on said image bearing member, said developing device including a developer carrying member configured to carry a developer comprising toner and a carrier and movable in the same direction at a position where said developer carrying member is opposed to said image bearing member; a toner sensor configured to detect a toner image for registration correction of images formed by said image forming stations: a controller capable of executing a operation in a mode for correcting a writing position of the images formed by said image forming stations on the basis of a result of detection of the toner images for the registration correction by said toner sensor, wherein in the operation in the mode, said controller effects the control such that in forming a first latent image pattern which is a latent image for the toner image for the registration correction, a second latent image pattern is formed in a upstream side of the first latent image pattern with respect to a moving direction of the image, and said controller controls a formation position of the second latent image pattern such that the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern has a width, measured in the image moving direction, which is larger than that of the toner image resulting from the development of a latent image pattern alone which is the same as the first latent image pattern, or the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern has an image density in downstream end portion with respect to the moving direction, which density is higher than that of the toner image resulting from the development of the latent image pattern alone which is the same as the first latent image pattern, and wherein said controller controls a formation position of the second latent image pattern such that a difference between the width, measured in the image moving direction, of the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern and a width of the first latent image pattern is not more than 200 \u03bcm. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first latent image pattern and the second latent image pattern are spaced from each other. 11. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second latent image pattern is continuous with the first latent image pattern and has a toner image density which is lower than that of the toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said developer carrying member carries the developer so that the developer contacts said image bearing member, and wherein a length DA of the second latent image pattern measured in the moving direction, a length d, measured in a rotational moving direction of said image bearing member, of a range in a downstream of a closest portion between said image bearing member and said developer carrying member in which the developer carried on the developer carrying member is in contact with said image bearing member, a peripheral movement speed Vdr of said image bearing member, a peripheral movement speed Vslv of said developer carrying member, a latent image potential of the second latent image pattern, and latent image potential of the first latent image pattern satisfy, DA>dx{(Vslv\u2212Vdr)/Vslv}\u00d7{(Tv\u2212Av)/Tv}. 13. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said developer carrying member carries the developer so that the developer contacts said image bearing member. 14. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the density of the toner image resulting from the development of the second latent image pattern is lower than that of the toner image resulting from the development of said first latent image pattern, wherein said controller binarizes an output of said toner sensor from the first toner image resulting from the development of the first latent image pattern and a output of said toner sensor from the second toner image resulting from the development of the second latent image pattern on the basis of a threshold which is between these outputs, and determines a center position the toner image of the range in the first toner image side output of the threshold, and wherein said controller corrects the positions of the toner images formed by said image forming stations on the basis of the determined center position. 15. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a latent image potential of the second latent image pattern is lower than that of the first latent image pattern.",
-    "A sound field coding system and method that provides flexible capture, distribution, and reproduction of immersive audio recordings encoded in a generic digital audio format compatible with standard two-channel or multi-channel reproduction systems. This end-to-end system and method mitigates any impractical need for standard multi-channel microphone array configurations in consumer mobile devices such as smart phones or cameras. The system and method capture and spatially encode two-channel or multi-channel immersive audio signals that are compatible with legacy playback systems from flexible multi-channel microphone array configurations. 1. A method for processing a plurality of microphone signals, comprising: selecting a microphone configuration having a plurality of microphones for capturing sound from at least one audio source, the microphone configuration defining a microphone directivity for each of the plurality of microphones relative to a reference direction; selecting a virtual microphone configuration having a plurality of virtual microphones for encoding spatial information about a position of the at least one audio source relative to the reference direction; calculating spatial encoding coefficients based on the microphone configuration and on the virtual microphone configuration; and converting the plurality of microphone signals into a Spatially Encoded Signal (SES) including virtual microphone signals; wherein each of the virtual microphone signals is obtained by combining the microphone signals using the spatial encoding coefficients. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the spatial information is encoded in the form of one of: (a) inter-channel amplitude; and (b) phase differences. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising selecting a virtual microphone configuration having a plurality of virtual microphones for encoding spatial information about a position of the audio source relative to the reference direction. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of microphone signals are A-format microphone signals, further comprising converting the A-format microphone signals into B-format microphone signals. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising forming a virtual microphone directivity pattern from the B-format microphone signals. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising using the following equations to form the virtual microphone directivity pattern: VL=p\u221a{square root over (2)}W+(1\u2212p)(X cos \u03b8L+Y sin \u03b8L) VR=p\u221a{square root over (2)}W+(1\u2212p)(X cos \u03b8R+Y sin \u03b8R) VS=p\u221a{square root over (2)}W+(1\u2212p)(X cos \u03b8S+Y sin \u03b8S), where \u03b8L, \u03b8R, \u03b8S, and p are design parameters, W is an omnidirectional pressure signal in the B-format, X is a front-back figure-eight signal in the B-format, Y is a left-right figure-eight signal in the B-format, VL is a virtual left microphone signal in a horizontal plane, VR is a virtual right microphone signal corresponding to a supercardioid in the horizontal plane, and VS is a virtual surround microphone signal corresponding to a supercardioid in the horizontal plane. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising selecting the design parameter p in accordance with a desired directivity of the virtual microphone signals. 8. A method for processing an audio signal containing a plurality of microphone signals, comprising: selecting a microphone configuration having a plurality of microphones for capturing sound from an audio source, the microphone configuration defining a microphone directivity for each of the plurality of microphones relative to a reference direction; calculating spatial encoding coefficients based on the microphone configuration; and converting the plurality of microphone signals into a spatially-encoded signal using the spatial encoding coefficients, wherein the spatially-encoded signal is a two-channel spatially-encoded signal carrying encoded spatial information about a position of the audio source relative to the reference direction. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the spatially-encoded signal is a phase-amplitude spatially-encoded signal. 10. A method for processing a plurality of microphone signals, comprising: selecting a microphone configuration having a plurality of microphones for capturing sound from an audio source, the microphone configuration defining a microphone directivity for each of the plurality of microphones relative to a reference direction; calculating spatial encoding coefficients based on the microphone configuration; and converting the plurality of microphone signals into a Spatially Encoded Signal (SES) using the spatial encoding coefficients, wherein the SES is a spatially-encoded signal having at least two channels and carrying encoded spatial information about a position of the audio source relative to the reference direction. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the spatial information is carried in part in the form of positional audio metadata.",
-    "A delivery device can include several different features including, at least: a shuttle and trigger retraction of an outer sheath; an interlock device to prevent actuation of the trigger; a retraction override switch and lock; and an inner shaft adjuster to ensure correct alignment of the inner shaft and the outer sheath prior to device deployment. The inner shaft adjuster may include, at least: a proximal portion of the handle housing having slots therethrough: pins operatively fixed to the inner shaft and extending through and slidable within the slots: and a cap having an inner helical groove that mates with the pins. Rotation of the cap may push the pins and the inner shaft in a proximal-distal direction. The cap may have a distal lip configured to accept a proximal extension of the interlock and retain it in a locked position until the inner shaft has been adjusted or moved. 1. A delivery device for delivering a device within a lumen, the delivery device comprising: an inner shaft having at least one delivery platform for deployment of at least one intraluminal device; an outer sheath surrounding the inner shaft and having a pre-deployment configuration and a deployment configuration; wherein when in the pre-deployment configuration the outer sheath covers the at least one delivery platform and wherein when in the deployment configuration the outer sheath exposes at least one of the at least one delivery platform so as to deploy at least one of the at least one intraluminal device; a handle housing having a trigger operatively coupled to the outer sheath, wherein the trigger is configured to cause the outer sheath to withdraw from over the inner shaft and to facilitate movement of the outer sheath from the pre-deployment configuration to the deployment configuration; an interlock engageable with at least one of the trigger, the outer sheath, and the inner shaft and having a locked position and an unlocked position, wherein the interlock is configured to substantially prevent movement of at least one of the inner shaft and the outer sheath with respect to the handle housing when in the locked position, and wherein the interlock is configured to allow movement of at least one of the inner shaft and the outer sheath with respect to the handle housing when in the unlocked position; an inner shaft adjuster operatively coupled to the inner shaft and one or more of the handle housing and the interlock, wherein the inner shaft adjuster is configured to change a position of the inner shaft with respect to at least one of the handle housing and the outer sheath; and a cap moveable with respect to the housing and having a lock, wherein when locked the cap is configured to prevent the interlock from moving from the locked position to the unlocked position, and wherein when unlocked the cap is configured to allow the interlock to move from the locked position to the unlocked position, wherein the cap is rotatable with respect to the handle housing and substantially fixed with respect to the handle housing in a proximal-distal direction. 2. The delivery device of claim 1, wherein the inner shaft adjuster comprises at least one pin associated with the inner shaft, wherein the at least one pin is configured to extend through a portion of the handle housing. 3. The delivery device of claim 2, wherein the inner shaft adjuster further comprises a cap configured to mate with the at least one pin, and wherein cooperative motion of the cap and the at least one pin causes movement of the inner shaft. 4. The delivery device of claim 2, wherein the inner shaft adjuster further comprises a cap having at least one inner helical grooves configured to mate with the at least one pin. 5. The delivery device of claim 4, wherein the cap is configured to be rotated with respect to the handle housing, wherein rotation of the cap in a first direction causes the at least one pin to move in a distal direction and rotation of the cap in an opposite second direction causes the at least one pin to move in a proximal direction. 6. The delivery device of claim 5, wherein movement of the at least one pin in the distal direction causes movement of the inner shaft in the distal direction and movement of the at least one pin in the proximal direction causes movement of the inner shaft on the proximal direction. 7. The delivery device of claim 2, wherein the at least one pin extends through at least one opening in a wall of the handle housing and is configured to slide in at least one of a proximal direction and a distal direction within the at least one opening. 8. The delivery device of claim 7, wherein the at least one opening comprises at least one elongate slot in the wall of the handle housing, wherein the at least one elongate slot extends in a substantially proximal-distal direction. 9. The delivery device of claim 1, wherein the handle housing further comprises a proximal extension having at least one of a medial slot and a lateral slot, wherein the at least one of a medial slot and a lateral slot extend substantially in a proximal-distal direction. 10.-12. (canceled) 13. The delivery device of claim 1, wherein the cap comprises at least one helical groove on an inner surface of the cap. 14. The delivery device of claim 13, wherein the at least one helical groove is configured to accept a protrusion associated with at least one of the handle housing, outer sheath, and the inner shaft, and wherein interaction of the at least one helical groove and the protrusion causes relative movement between the cap and at least one of the handle housing, outer sheath, and the inner shaft. 15. The delivery device of claim 1, wherein a distal end of the interlock engages the trigger and a proximal end of the interlock engages the inner shaft. 16.-17. (canceled) 18.-30. (canceled) 31. A delivery device for delivering a device within a lumen, the delivery device comprising: an inner shaft having at least one delivery platform for deployment of at least one intraluminal device; an outer sheath surrounding the inner shaft and having a pre-deployment configuration and a deployment configuration; wherein when in the pre-deployment configuration the outer sheath covers the at least one delivery platform and wherein when in the deployment configuration the outer sheath exposes at least one of the at least one delivery platform so as to deploy at least one of the at least one intraluminal device; a handle housing having a trigger operatively coupled to the outer sheath, wherein the trigger is configured to cause the outer sheath to withdraw from over the inner shaft and to facilitate movement of the outer sheath from the pre-deployment configuration to the deployment configuration; an interlock engageable with at least one of the trigger, the outer sheath, and the inner shaft and having a locked position and an unlocked position, wherein the interlock is configured to substantially prevent movement of at least one of the inner shaft and the outer sheath with respect to the handle housing when in the locked position, and wherein the interlock is configured to allow movement of at least one of the inner shaft and the outer sheath with respect to the handle housing when in the unlocked position; an inner shaft adjuster operatively coupled to the inner shaft and one or more of the handle housing and the interlock, wherein the inner shaft adjuster is configured to change a position of the inner shaft with respect to at least one of the handle housing and the outer sheath; and a cap moveable with respect to the housing and having a lock, wherein when locked the cap is configured to prevent the interlock from moving from the locked position to the unlocked position, and wherein when unlocked the cap is configured to allow the interlock to move from the locked position to the unlocked position, wherein the cap is rotatable and comprises a lip having a window and the interlock comprises a proximal extension configured to reside inside the lip and to fit through the window, wherein when the proximal extension resides inside the lip the interlock is prevented from moving from the locked position to the unlocked position, and wherein when window is aligned with the proximal extension the interlock is allowed to move from the locked position to the unlocked position.",
-    "Provided are battery packs. Each pack may comprise a first plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other in parallel, each of the first plurality of strings providing substantially an output voltage and comprising: a first plurality of battery modules comprising: a plurality of high power battery cells, each of the plurality of high power battery cells having a higher power specification than a plurality of high energy battery cells; and a second plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other and to the first plurality of strings in parallel, each of the second plurality of strings providing substantially the output voltage and comprising: a second plurality of battery modules comprising: the plurality of high energy battery cells, each of the plurality of high power battery cells having a higher energy specification than the plurality of high power battery cells. 1. A heterogeneous battery pack comprising: a first plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other in parallel, each of the first plurality of strings providing substantially a first output voltage and comprising: a first plurality of battery modules electrically coupled to each other in series, each of the first plurality of battery modules providing substantially a second output voltage and comprising: a plurality of high power battery cells, each of the plurality of high power battery cells providing substantially a third output voltage and having a higher power specification than a plurality of high energy battery cells; and a second plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other and to the first plurality of strings in parallel, each of the second plurality of strings providing substantially the first output voltage and comprising: a second plurality of battery modules electrically coupled to each other in series, each of the second plurality of battery modules providing substantially the second output voltage and comprising: the plurality of high energy battery cells, each of the plurality of high energy battery cells providing substantially the third output voltage and having a higher energy specification than the plurality of high power battery cells. 2. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings to a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings is such that the heterogeneous battery pack has a higher energy than another homogeneous battery pack comprising only high power battery cells. 3. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 1, wherein a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings is equal to a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings. 4. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings to a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings is such that the heterogeneous battery pack has a higher power than another homogeneous battery pack comprising only high energy battery cells. 5. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 1, wherein the plurality of high power battery cells and the plurality of high energy battery cells comprise respective rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells. 6. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 5, wherein exterior dimensions of each of the plurality of high power battery cells and each of the plurality of high energy battery cells correspond to an 18650 battery cell. 7. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 1, wherein each of the first and the second plurality of battery modules comprises at least two hundred high power battery cells and high energy battery cells, respectively. 8. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 7, wherein each of the first and the second plurality of strings comprises at least three first battery modules and at least three second battery modules, respectively. 9. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 8, wherein a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings and a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings are each at least three. 10. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 1 further comprising a liquid cooling system thermally coupled to each high power battery cell of the plurality of high power battery cells and each high energy battery cell of the plurality of high energy battery cells. 11. A heterogeneous battery pack comprising: a first plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other in parallel, each of the first plurality of strings providing substantially a first output voltage and comprising: a first plurality of battery modules electrically coupled to each other in series, each of the first plurality of battery modules providing substantially a second output voltage and comprising: two first half modules, each of the two first half modules electrically coupled to each other and comprising: a plurality of high power battery cells, each of the plurality of high power battery cells providing substantially a third output voltage and having a higher power specification than a plurality of high energy battery cells; and a second plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other and to the first plurality of strings in parallel, each of the second plurality of strings providing substantially the first output voltage and comprising: a second plurality of battery modules electrically coupled to each other in series, each of the second plurality of battery modules providing substantially the second output voltage and comprising: two second half modules, each of the two second half modules electrically coupled to each other and comprising: the plurality of high energy battery cells, each of the plurality of high energy battery cells providing substantially the third output voltage and having a higher energy specification than the plurality of high power battery cells. 12. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 11, wherein a ratio of a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings to a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings is such that the heterogeneous battery pack has a higher energy than another homogeneous battery pack comprising only high power battery cells. 13. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 11, wherein a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings is equal to a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings. 14. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 11, wherein a ratio of a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings to a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings is such that the heterogeneous battery pack has a higher power than another homogeneous battery pack comprising only high energy battery cells. 15. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 11, wherein the plurality of high power battery cells and the plurality of high energy battery cells comprise respective rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells. 16. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 15, wherein exterior dimensions of each of the plurality of high power battery cells and each of the plurality of high energy battery cells correspond to an 18650 battery cell. 17. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 11, wherein each of the first and the second plurality of battery modules comprises at least two hundred high power battery cells and high energy battery cells, respectively. 18. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 17, wherein each of the first and the second plurality of strings comprises at least three first battery modules and at least three second battery modules, respectively. 19. The heterogeneous battery pack of claim 18, wherein a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings and a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings are each at least three. 20. A heterogeneous battery pack comprising: a first plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other in parallel, each of the first plurality of strings providing substantially a first output voltage and comprising: a first plurality of battery modules electrically coupled to each other in series, each of the first plurality of battery modules providing substantially a second output voltage and comprising: a plurality of high power battery cells, each of the plurality of high power battery cells providing substantially a third output voltage and having a higher power specification than a plurality of high energy battery cells; a second plurality of strings electrically coupled to each other and to the first plurality of strings in parallel, each of the second plurality of strings providing substantially the first output voltage and comprising: a second plurality of battery modules electrically coupled to each other in series, each of the second plurality of battery modules providing substantially the second output voltage and comprising: the plurality of high energy battery cells, each of the plurality of high energy battery cells providing substantially the third output voltage and having a higher energy specification than the plurality of high power battery cells; and a liquid cooling system thermally coupled to each high power battery cell of the plurality of high power battery cells and each high energy battery cell of the plurality of high energy battery cells, wherein: the plurality of high power battery cells and the plurality of high energy battery cells comprise respective rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells, exterior dimensions of each of the plurality of high power battery cells and each of the plurality of high energy battery cells correspond to an 18650 battery cell, each of the first and the second plurality of battery modules comprises at least two hundred high power battery cells and high energy battery cells, respectively, each of the first and the second plurality of strings comprises at least three first battery modules and at least three second battery modules, respectively, and a first number of strings in the first plurality of strings and a second number of strings in the second plurality of strings are each at least three.",
-    "The present invention discloses a polarizer, comprising a first protective layer, a polarization layer and a second protective layer, which are sequentially stacked up in a first direction, and the polarization layer comprises a plurality of polarization regions and a plurality of transmittance regions, and the plurality of polarization regions and the plurality of transmittance regions are alternately aligned on a plane perpendicular to the first direction, and the polarization regions are employed to transmit through linear polarization light in a polarization axis of the polarization regions, and the transmittance regions are employed to transmit through natural light. The polarizer of the present invention can selectively transmit the natural light to raise the transmittance of the display utilizing the polarizer. The present invention also discloses a transparent display with high transmittance. 1. A polarizer, comprising a first protective layer, a polarization layer and a second protective layer, which are sequentially stacked up in a first direction, and the polarization layer comprises a plurality of polarization regions and a plurality of transmittance regions, and the plurality of polarization regions and the plurality of transmittance regions are alternately aligned on a plane perpendicular to the first direction, and the polarization regions are employed to transmit through linear polarization light in a polarization axis of the polarization regions, and the transmittance regions are employed to transmit through natural light. 2. The polarizer according to claim 1, wherein the transmittance regions of the polarization layer are filled with transparent glue or air. 3. The polarizer according to claim 2, wherein the polarization regions of the polarization layer are filled with organic polarization material or metal wire gate polarization material. 4. A transparent display, comprising a backlight module, a first polarizer, a liquid crystal layer and a second polarizer, which are sequentially stacked up in a first direction; the first polarizer comprises a first polarization layer, and the first polarization layer comprises a plurality of first polarization regions and a plurality of first transmittance regions, and the plurality of first polarization regions and the plurality of first transmittance regions are alternately aligned on a plane perpendicular to a first direction, and the first polarization regions are employed to transmit through linear polarization light in a polarization axis of the first polarization regions, and the first transmittance regions are employed to transmit through natural light; the liquid crystal layer comprises a plurality of display regions and a plurality of transparent regions, and the plurality of display regions and the plurality of transparent regions are alternately aligned on the plane perpendicular to the first direction; the second polarizer comprises a second polarization layer, and the second polarization layer comprises a plurality of second polarization regions and a plurality of second transmittance regions, and the plurality of second polarization regions and the plurality of second transmittance regions are alternately aligned on the plane perpendicular to the first direction, and the second polarization regions are employed to transmit through linear polarization light in a polarization axis of the second polarization regions, and the second transmittance regions are employed to transmit through natural light. vertical projections of the plurality of first polarization regions on the liquid crystal layer completely cover the plurality of display regions correspondingly one to one, and vertical projections of the plurality of second polarization regions on the liquid crystal layer completely cover the plurality of display regions correspondingly one to one. 5. The transparent display according to claim 4, wherein both an area of the first polarization regions of the first polarizer and an area of the second polarization regions of the second polarizer are larger than an area of the display regions of the liquid crystal layer. 6. The transparent display according to claim 5, wherein a center of the plurality of first polarization regions of the first polarizer, a center of the plurality of second polarization regions of the second polarizer and a center of the plurality of display regions of the liquid crystal layer are all aligned in the first direction. 7. The transparent display according to claim 6, wherein an area of the first polarization regions of the first polarizer is smaller or equal to the area of the second polarization regions of the second polarizer. 8. The transparent display according to claim 6, wherein the backlight module comprises a backlight source and a light guide plate, and the light guide plate comprises an incident surface, an illuminating surface and a side incident surface connecting the incident surface and the illuminating surface, and the illuminating surface is located toward the first polarizer, and the backlight source is located close to the side incident surface, and the incident surface transmits light entering the light guide plate and reflects light in the light guide plate. 9. The transparent display according to claim 5, wherein the transparent display further comprises a light valve, and the light valve is located close to the incident surface of the light guide plate and covers the incident surface, and the light valve transmits or shields light at one side of the light valve away from the light guide plate. 10. The transparent display according to claim 4, wherein the transparent display further comprises a first substrate and a second substrate, and the first substrate is located between the first polarizer and the liquid crystal layer, and the second substrate is located between the liquid crystal layer and the second polarizer. 11. The transparent display according to claim 4, wherein the transparent display further comprises a first substrate and a second substrate, and the first substrate is located between the first polarizer and the liquid crystal layer, and the second substrate is located at one side of the second polarizer away from the liquid crystal layer.",
-    "Operating touch screens by applying more than one voltage modes, including a first voltage mode corresponding to a display phase and a second voltage mode corresponding to a touch sensing phase, is provided. An integrated touch screen device can include a multi-mode power system that can select a first voltage mode corresponding a display phase and a second voltage mode corresponding to a touch sensing phase. Each of one or more voltages can be applied to the touch screen at the corresponding first voltage level during the updating of the image. A touch sensing system can sense touch during a touch sensing phase. Each of one or more voltages can be applied to the touch screen at the corresponding second voltage level during the sensing of touch. 1. An integrated touch screen device comprising: a touch screen including a plurality of display pixels and a touch screen component, the touch screen component associated with an operating capacitance, the operating capacitance being between a first part of the touch screen component and a second part of the touch screen component; a multi-mode power system configured to: operate the touch screen in a first voltage mode, the first voltage mode corresponding to a display phase, the selection of the first voltage mode resulting in a value of the operating capacitance varying within a first portion of a characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component, and operate the touch screen in a second voltage mode, the second voltage mode corresponding to a touch sensing phase, the selection of the second voltage mode resulting in the value of the operating capacitance varying within a second portion, different from the first portion, of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component; a display system configured to update an image displayed by the display pixels during the display phase, wherein the first voltage mode is applied at the touch screen during the updating of the image; and a touch sensing system configured to sense touch during the touch sensing phase, wherein the second voltage mode is applied at the touch screen during the sensing of touch. 2. The integrated touch screen device of claim 1, wherein: the touch screen component is a pixel transistor associated with a display pixel of the plurality of display pixels, and the first part is a drain of the pixel transistor. 3. The integrated touch screen device of claim 2, wherein: the first voltage mode applies a first and second voltage to the pixel transistor, and the second voltage mode applies a third and fourth voltage to the pixel transistor, the first and third voltages associated with an on state of the pixel transistor, and the second and fourth voltages associated with an off state of the pixel transistor, the third and fourth voltages different from the first and second voltages. 4. The integrated touch screen device of claim 3, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth voltages correspond to first, second, third, and fourth capacitance values of the operating capacitance, the first, second, third and fourth capacitance values being values on the characteristic capacitance curve of the pixel transistor. 5. The integrated touch screen device of claim 1, wherein the first voltage mode varies a voltage applied to the touch screen component, the value of the operating capacitance being within the first portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component based on the varying of the voltage in the first voltage mode, and the second voltage mode varies the voltage applied to the touch screen component, the value of the operating capacitance being within the first portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component based on the varying of the voltage in the second voltage mode. 6. The integrated touch screen device of claim 1, wherein the operating capacitance is a voltage-dependent capacitance between the first part and the second part of the touch screen component. 7. The integrated touch screen device of claim 6, wherein the touch screen component is included in a display pixel of the plurality of display pixels. 8. The integrated touch screen device of claim 2, wherein the second part is a gate of the pixel transistor. 9. The integrated touch screen device of claim 2, wherein the second part is a source of the pixel transistor. 10. The integrated touch screen device of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the capacitance curve contains a local minimum. 11. The integrated touch screen device of claim 1, wherein: the touch screen component is a pixel transistor associated with a display pixel of the plurality of display pixels, and the first part is a gate of the pixel transistor. 12. The integrated touch screen device of claim 1, wherein varying the value of the operating capacitance within the second portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component results in a first amount of noise in a touch signal sensed at the touch screen, and varying the operating capacitance within the first portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component results in a second amount of noise in the touch signal, the first amount of noise less than the second amount of noise. 13. A method comprising: operating a touch screen including a plurality of display pixels in a first voltage mode, the first voltage mode corresponding to a display phase, the selection of the first voltage mode resulting in a value of the operating capacitance varying within a first portion of a characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component, and operating the touch screen in a second voltage mode, the second voltage mode corresponding to a touch sensing phase, the selection of the second voltage mode resulting in the value of the operating capacitance varying within a second portion, different from the first portion, of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component; updating an image displayed by the display pixels during the display phase, wherein the first voltage mode is applied at the touch screen during the updating of the image; and sensing touch during the touch sensing phase, wherein the second voltage mode is applied at the touch screen during the sensing of touch. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein: the touch screen component is a pixel transistor associated with a display pixel of the plurality of display pixels, and the first part is a drain of the pixel transistor. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the first voltage mode applies a first and second voltage to the pixel transistor, and the second voltage mode applies a third and fourth voltage to the pixel transistor, the first and third voltages associated with an on state of the pixel transistor, and the second and fourth voltages associated with an off state of the pixel transistor, the third and fourth voltages different from the first and second voltages. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth voltages correspond to first, second, third, and fourth capacitance values of the operating capacitance, the first, second, third and fourth capacitance values being values on the characteristic capacitance curve of the pixel transistor. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the first voltage mode varies a voltage applied to the touch screen component, the value of the operating capacitance being within the first portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component based on the varying of the voltage in the first voltage mode, and the second voltage mode varies the voltage applied to the touch screen component, the value of the operating capacitance being within the first portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component based on the varying of the voltage in the second voltage mode. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the operating capacitance is a voltage-dependent capacitance between the first part and the second part of the touch screen component. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the touch screen component is included in a display pixel of the plurality of display pixels. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the second part is a gate of the pixel transistor. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the second part is a source of the pixel transistor. 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the second portion of the capacitance curve contains a local minimum. 23. The method of claim 13, wherein: the touch screen component is a pixel transistor associated with a display pixel of the plurality of display pixels, and the first part is a gate of the pixel transistor. 24. The method of claim 13, wherein varying the value of the operating capacitance within the second portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component results in a first amount of noise in a touch signal sensed at the touch screen, and varying the operating capacitance within the first portion of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component results in a second amount of noise in the touch signal, the first amount of noise less than the second amount of noise. 25. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions, which when executed by a processor cause the processor to perform a method comprising: operating a touch screen including a plurality of display pixels in a first voltage mode, the first voltage mode corresponding to a display phase, the selection of the first voltage mode resulting in a value of the operating capacitance varying within a first portion of a characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component, and operating the touch screen in a second voltage mode, the second voltage mode corresponding to a touch sensing phase, the selection of the second voltage mode resulting in the value of the operating capacitance varying within a second portion, different from the first portion, of the characteristic capacitance curve of the touch screen component; updating an image displayed by the display pixels during the display phase, wherein the first voltage mode is applied at the touch screen during the updating of the image; and sensing touch during the touch sensing phase, wherein the second voltage mode is applied at the touch screen during the sensing of touch.",
-    "Provided is a surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers (100) that is obtained in such a manner that after iron-nickel alloy plating is performed on a steel sheet (10), a thermal treatment is performed and is characterized in that an outermost layer is an iron-nickel alloy layer (20), and the iron-nickel alloy layer (20) has an average crystal size of 1 to 8 \u03bcm at the outermost surface thereof. The present invention makes it possible to provide the surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers that can suppress the elution of iron inside the battery when being used for a battery container, whereby the service life of the battery can be extended and battery characteristics such as discharge characteristics is improved, and to provide a battery container and a battery that can be obtained using the surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers. 1. A surface-treated steel sheet for battery containers obtained in such a manner that after iron-nickel alloy plating is performed on a steel sheet, a thermal treatment is performed, wherein an outermost layer is an iron-nickel alloy layer, and the iron-nickel alloy layer has an average crystal size of 1 to 8 \u03bcm at the outermost surface thereof. 2. The surface-treated steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the content ratio of Fe atoms is 12 to 50 atomic % at the outermost surface of the iron-nickel alloy layer. 3. The surface-treated steel sheet according to claim 1, wherein the iron-nickel alloy layer has Vickers hardness (HV) of 210 to 250. 4. A battery container obtained by forming the surface-treated steel sheet according to claim 1. 5. A battery obtained using the battery container according to claim 4.",
-    "A messaging system enables client applications to send and receive messages. The messaging system includes independent component programs performing different functions of the messaging system, such as connection managers that maintain network connections with the client applications, a message router that sends received messages to recipient applications through network connections, and a dispatcher that authenticates other component programs. A messaging server may authenticate client applications using certificate-based authentication (e.g., private and public keys), authentication transfer from another trusted messaging server, or other methods (e.g., user name and password). To authenticate a component program, the dispatcher compares instantiation information (e.g., user identity, process identifier, creation time) of the component program provided by the operating system with instantiation information saved in a shared memory at the time of the component program's instantiation. In response to a match, the dispatcher provides the component program with secure information through an inter-process communication socket. 1. A method of authenticating component programs in a messaging system where the component programs includes at least one from a group consisting of a dispatcher, a message router, and a connection manager, the method comprising: storing a private key in a memory accessible by a root user identity; creating an inter-process communication (IPC) socket connection with a component program that is either a message router or a connection manager; determining that the component program is running, wherein the component program does not have permission to access the memory storing the private key; connecting the component program to the IPC socket connection; and responsive to the component program connecting the IPC socket connection: obtaining a first set of instantiation information describing the component program from shared memory; obtaining a second set of instantiation information from an operating system regarding the component program; comparing the first instantiation information to the second instantiation information; and responsive to the first instantiation information matching the second instantiation information, sending the component program the private key through the IPC socket connection. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein storing the private key in the memory comprises: obtaining the private key from the client device by a second component program having the root user identity; and storing, by the second component program, the private key in the memory accessible by the root user identity. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second component program is the dispatcher, and wherein the memory storing the private key is a process memory of the dispatcher. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein creating the IPC socket connection comprises: changing to a reduced permissions user identity with permission to access the shared memory, wherein the user identity does not have permission to access the memory storing the private key; and setting permission of the IPC socket connection to only allow connection by a component program having a permission level of the reduced permissions user identity. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein determining that the component program is running comprises: instantiating the component program using the reduced permissions user identity; and storing the first set of instantiation information in the shared memory. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first instantiation information comprises at least one from the group consisting of: a user identity used to instantiate the component program, a process identifier of the component program, and a start time of the message router. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the first set of instantiation information describing the component program from the shared memory is performed using the root user identity. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising responsive to the first set of instantiation information not matching the second set of instantiation information, closing the IPC socket connection. 9-16. (canceled) 17. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon for authenticating component programs in a messaging system where the component programs include at least one from a group consisting of a dispatcher, a message router and a connection manager, wherein the instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: store a private key in a memory accessible by a root user identity; create an inter-process communication (IPC) socket connection with a component program that is either a message router or a connection manager; determine that the component program is running, wherein the component program does not have permission to access the memory storing the private key; connect the component program to the IPC socket connection; and responsive to the component program connecting the IPC socket connection: obtain a first set of instantiation information describing the component program from shared memory; obtain a second set of instantiation information from an operating system regarding the component program; compare the first instantiation information to the second instantiation information; and responsive to the first instantiation information matching the second instantiation information, send the component program the private key through the IPC socket connection. 18. The medium of claim 17, wherein storing the private key in the memory comprises: obtaining the private key from the client device by a second component program having the root user identity; and storing, by the second component program, the private key in the memory accessible by the root user identity. 19. The medium of claim 18, wherein the second component program is the dispatcher, and wherein the memory storing the private key is a process memory of the dispatcher. 20. The medium of claim 17, wherein creating the IPC socket connection comprises: changing to a reduced permissions user identity with permission to access the shared memory, wherein the user identity does not have permission to access the memory storing the private key; and setting permission of the IPC socket connection to only allow connection by a component program having a permission level of the reduced permissions user identity. 21. The medium of claim 20, wherein determining that the component program is running comprises: instantiating the component program using the reduced permissions user identity; and storing the first set of instantiation information in the shared memory. 22. The medium of claim 17, wherein the first instantiation information comprises at least one from the group consisting of: a user identity used to instantiate the component program, a process identifier of the component program, and a start time of the message router. 23. The medium of claim 17, wherein obtaining the first set of instantiation information describing the component program from the shared memory is performed using the root user identity. 24. The medium of claim 17, further comprising instructions to cause the processor to close the IPC socket connection responsive to the first set of instantiation information not matching the second set of instantiation information.",
-    "A tungsten film forming method for forming a tungsten film on a surface of a target substrate by an ALD (atomic layer deposition) method comprises adding a reduction gas to allow an ALD reaction to mainly occur when a tungsten chloride gas is supplied. In the ALD method, the tungsten chloride gas as a tungsten source gas and the reduction gas for reducing the tungsten chloride gas are alternately supplied into a chamber which accommodates the target substrate and is maintained under a depressurized atmosphere, with a purge process for purging an inside of the chamber performed between the supply of the tungsten chloride gas and the supply of the reduction gas. 1. A tungsten film forming method for forming a tungsten film on a surface of a target substrate by an ALD (atomic layer deposition) method in which a tungsten chloride gas as a tungsten source gas and a reduction gas for reducing the tungsten chloride gas are alternately supplied into a chamber which accommodates the target substrate and is maintained under a depressurized atmosphere, with a purge process for purging an inside of the chamber performed between the supply of the tungsten chloride gas and the supply of the reduction gas, the method comprising: adding the reduction gas to allow an ALD reaction to mainly occur when the tungsten chloride gas is supplied. 2. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein a cycle for forming a tungsten unit film is repeated multiple times, the cycle including a first step of supplying the tungsten chloride gas into the chamber, a second step of purging the chamber, a third step of supplying the reduction gas into the chamber and reducing tungsten chloride, and a fourth step of purging the chamber, and wherein the reduction gas is added in the first step. 3. The tungsten film forming method of claim 2, wherein the reduction gas is added in the first step at a flow rate of about 100 sccm to 500 sccm. 4. The tungsten film forming method of claim 2, wherein the reduction gas is added in the first step during a part of a period in which the tungsten chloride gas is supplied. 5. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein a cycle for forming a tungsten unit film is repeated multiple times, the cycle including a first step of supplying the tungsten chloride gas into the chamber, a second step of purging the chamber, a third step of supplying the reduction gas into the chamber and reducing tungsten chloride, and a fourth step of purging the chamber, and wherein the reduction gas is continuously added from the first step to the fourth step. 6. The tungsten film forming method of claim 5, wherein the reduction gas is continuously added from the first step to the fourth step at a flow rate of about 10 sccm to 500 sccm. 7. The tungsten film forming method of claim 2, wherein the tungsten chloride gas and the reduction gas are supplied into the chamber by continuously supplying a purge gas into the chamber from the first step to the fourth step and a flow rate of the purge gas is increased in the second step and the fourth step. 8. The tungsten film forming method of claim 7, wherein an additional purge gas is supplied in the second step and the fourth step through a gas line different from a gas line for continuously supplying the purge gas. 9. The tungsten film forming method of claim 2, wherein the tungsten chloride gas and the reduction gas are supplied via buffer tanks provided in a gas line for supplying the tungsten chloride gas and a gas line for supplying the reduction gas in the third step, respectively. 10. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein a reduction gas added when the tungsten chloride gas is supplied and a reduction gas for reducing the tungsten chloride gas are supplied into the chamber through separate gas lines, and an additional reduction gas line for supplying the added reduction gas is provided at an upstream side of gas flow toward the chamber compared to a main reduction gas line for supplying the reduction gas for reduction. 11. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein during the tungsten film formation, a temperature of the target substrate is about 300\u00b0 C. or above and a pressure in the chamber is about 5 Torr or above. 12. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein the tungsten chloride is WCl6. 13. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein the reduction gas is one or more gases selected among gas, SiH. gas, B2H6 gas, and NH3 gas. 14. The tungsten film forming method of claim 1, wherein the target substrate has, as a base of the tungsten film, one or more films selected among a TiN film, a TiSiN film, a TiSi film and a Ti film, formed thereon. 15. A tungsten film forming method comprising: a first period of forming a film by the film forming method described in claim 1, in which the reduction gas is added; and a second period of forming a film by an ALD method in which the reduction gas is not added when the tungsten chloride gas is supplied. 16. The tungsten film forming method of claim 15, wherein a base film is formed on the surface of the target substrate, wherein the tungsten film is formed by two-step film formation in which an initial tungsten film is formed by supplying the tungsten chloride gas at a small flow rate and a main tungsten film is formed by supplying the tungsten chloride gas at a large flow rate, and wherein the initial tungsten film is formed during the second period and the main tungsten film is formed during the first period. 17. The tungsten film forming method of claim 15, wherein the first period and the second period are repeated. 18. A computer-executable storage medium storing a program for controlling a film forming apparatus, wherein the program, when executed, causes a computer to control the film forming apparatus to perform the tungsten film forming method described in claim 1.",
-    "The present invention provides a method for treating diabetes, hyperlipidemia or hepatic total lipids by using ergostatrien-3\u03b2-ol and its derivatives, as well as a method for decreasing blood glucose and HbA1c levels and reducing blood total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, whereas increasing blood HDL-C levels; and a method for decreasing hepatic total lipid and triacylglycerol levels; and increasing expression levels of membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phospho-Akt in skeletal muscle tissue, and phospho-AMPK in both skeletal muscle and liver tissue using ergostatrien-3\u03b2-ol and its derivatives. 1. A method for treating diabetes, hyperlipidemia or hepatic total lipids, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of compounds represented by formula (I) wherein R is a hydrogen atom, 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compounds are obtained from Antrodia camphorata. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is ergostatrien-3\u03b2-ol. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the effective amount of the compounds given is from 10 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg per day. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cell is obtained from a subject with diabetes. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the tissue is obtained from a subject with a condition of hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia or hepatic total lipids. 7. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds treat diabetes by decreasing blood glucose and HbA1c levels, and affecting insulin concentration. 8. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds decrease blood total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. 9. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds increase blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. 10. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds treat hepatic fat induced by high-fat-diet to decrease hepatic total lipids and triacylglycerol levels. 11. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds treat adipocyte and hepatic ballooning degeneration induced by high-fat-diet to reduce sizes of visceral adipocyte and hepatic ballooning degeneration. 12. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds treat hyperleptinemia induced by high-fat-diet to reduce blood leptin levels. 13. The method of according to claim 1, wherein the compounds reduce visceral fat mass and hypertrophy of adipocyte induced by high-fat-diet. 14. A method for decreasing mRNA levels of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6 Pase), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III), and SREBP2, but increasing mRNA levels of apolipopretein A-I (apo A-I) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor \u03b1 (PPAR\u03b1) in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of compounds represented by formula (I) wherein R is a hydrogen atom, 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the tissue is obtained from a subject with a condition of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatic total lipids or ballooning degeneration. 16. A method for increasing expression levels of membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle and phospho-AMPK in both skeletal muscle and liver tissue, comprising contacting the tissue with an effective amount of compounds represented by formula (I) wherein R is a hydrogen atom, 17. The compound according to claim 16, wherein the compounds increase expression levels of phospho-Akt in skeletal muscle to enhance insulin sensitivity. 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the tissue is obtained from a subject with diabetes. 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the tissue is obtained from a subject with a condition of hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia or hepatic total lipids. 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the compounds are obtained from Antrodia camphorata.",
-    "The present invention is directed to a magnetic memory device that emulates DRAM and provides a plug-in or drop-in replacement for DRAM. The memory device includes one or more magnetic memory banks for storing data; a controller configured to issue a dormant write command upon receiving a refresh command for recharging DRAM capacitors; and a memory cache for storing temporary data and configured to save the temporary data to the one or more magnetic memory banks upon receiving the dormant write command from the controller. The memory device may be compliant with at least one version of low power DDR (LPDDR) Specification or at least one version of DDR SDRAM Specification. 1. A memory device for emulating dynamic random access memory (DRAM) comprising: one or more magnetic memory banks for storing data; a controller configured to issue a dormant write command upon receiving a refresh command for recharging DRAM capacitors; and a memory cache for storing temporary data and configured to save the temporary data to the one or more magnetic memory banks upon receiving the dormant write command from the controller. 2. The memory device of claim 1 further comprising a memory buffer configured to output the temporary data to the memory cache. 3. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the temporary data is saved to the one or more magnetic memory banks via a data buffer that connects to the memory cache and the one or more magnetic memory banks. 4. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the memory device is compliant with at least one version of low power DDR (LPDDR) Specification or at least one version of DDR SDRAM Specification. 5. The memory device of claim 1, wherein the memory cache operates in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing mode. 6. The memory device of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more magnetic memory banks includes one or more arrays of magnetic memory cells, each magnetic memory cell includes a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). 7. A dual in-line memory module (DIMM) comprising: a module controller including a double data rate (DDR) interface; and a plurality of memory devices connected to the module controller, each of the memory devices including: one or more magnetic memory banks for storing data; a controller configured to issue a dormant write command upon receiving a refresh command for recharging DRAM capacitors; and a memory cache for storing temporary data and configured to save the temporary data to the one or more magnetic memory banks upon receiving the dormant write command from the controller. 8. The memory device of claim 7, wherein the memory device is compliant with at least one version of low power DDR (LPDDR) Specification or at least one version of DDR SDRAM Specification. 9. The memory device of claim 7, wherein the memory cache operates in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing mode. 10. The memory device of claim 7, wherein each of the one or more magnetic memory banks includes one or more arrays of magnetic memory cells, each magnetic memory cell includes a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). 11. A method for operating a memory device that includes a data buffer, one or more magnetic memory banks connected to the data buffer, a memory buffer, a memory cache connected to the memory buffer, the method comprising the steps of: loading data associated with a write command into the data buffer and the memory buffer; determining whether an incoming command immediately following the write command is another write command; if the incoming command is another write command, saving the data to the one or more magnetic memory banks from the data buffer; and if the incoming command is not another write command, loading the data to the memory cache from the memory buffer and then saving the data to the one or more magnetic memory banks from the memory buffer when the memory device receives a refresh command for recharging DRAM capacitors. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the memory device is compliant with at least one version of low power DDR (LPDDR) Specification or at least one version of DDR SDRAM Specification. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the memory cache operates in a first-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing mode. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the one or more magnetic memory banks includes one or more arrays of magnetic memory cells, each magnetic memory cell includes a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ).",
-    "A method for dynamically modifying a characteristic for an electronic device. The method includes activating by a processor a first profile having a first characteristic setting and a first state for an input/output (IO) device. Once the first profile is activated, receiving an input by a sensor and communicating the input to the processor. The method then includes activating by the processor a second profile having a second characteristic setting and a second state for the IO device. The second profile modifies a component of the IO device to include a second characteristic setting and a second state. 1. A method for operating an input device of a computing device, the method comprising: at the computing device: while the input device is operating in accordance with a first input profile: detecting a first type of input with the input device; and in accordance with detecting wireless communication with a peripheral device capable of providing a second type of input to the input device, operating the input device in accordance with a second input profile corresponding to the second type of input, wherein the first input profile and the second input profile specifies operation of the input device at different sampling rates and/or different reporting rates. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein operating the input device in accordance with the first input profile comprises operating the input device at a first sampling rate, and wherein operating the input device in accordance with the second input profile comprises operating the input device at a second sampling rate that is higher than the first sampling rate. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the input device is a touch screen display and the first type of input is a touch input at the touch screen display. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second input profile adjusts a debounce characteristic for the first type of input. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the second type of input corresponds to a different dots per square inch value than the first type of input. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when the peripheral device is connected to the computing device: supplying power, from a power source of the computing device, to the peripheral device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second input profile includes a sensitivity characteristic for determining an amount of force associated with the second type of input. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when the peripheral device is in wireless communication with the computing device: causing a reporting rate of the peripheral device to increase. 9. A computing device comprising: an input device configured to detect a first type of input while the input device is operating in accordance with a first input profile; and a communications device configured to wirelessly connect to a peripheral device and receive a second type of input from the peripheral device, wherein the input device is configured to operate in accordance with a second input profile when the peripheral device is wirelessly connected to the communications device. 10. The computing device of claim 9, wherein the input device is a touch screen display and the first type of input is a touch input at the touch screen display. 11. The computing device of claim 9, further comprising: a battery configured to power the peripheral device when the peripheral device is connected to the computing device. 12. The computing device of claim 9, wherein the second input profile corresponds to a higher sampling rate than the first input profile. 13. The computing device of claim 9, wherein the second input profile includes a sensitivity characteristic for determining an amount of force associated with the second type of input. 14. The computing device of claim 9, wherein the communications device is further configured to cause a reporting rate of the peripheral device to increase when the peripheral device wirelessly connects to the communications device. 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium configured to store instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a computing device that includes an input device, cause the computing device to perform steps that include: detecting a first type of input at the input device while the input device is operating in accordance with a first input profile; and when a peripheral device capable of providing a second type of input is in wireless communication with the computing device: operating the input device in accordance with a second input profile corresponding to the second type of input. 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the second input profile corresponds to a higher sampling rate than the first input profile. 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the input device is a touch screen display and the first type of input is a touch input at the touch screen display. 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the second input profile adjusts a debounce characteristic for the first type of input. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the steps further include: when the peripheral device is connected to the computing device: supplying power, from a power source of the computing device, to the peripheral device. 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the second input profile includes a sensitivity characteristic for determining an amount of force associated with the second type of input.",
-    "A tool box is provided, including a board member and a connecting member. Each lateral face of the board member is formed with a first connecting portion, and a mounting hole is disposed in each first connecting portion. Two ends of the mounting hole are respectively formed with a second connecting portion. Each second connecting portion is detachably assembled in the mounting hole. The board member can be connected with another board member through the connecting members, and each lateral side can be connected with the board members. 1. A tool box, including at least two board members and a connecting member, each board member having two corresponding surfaces and a plurality of lateral faces, wherein one of the surfaces is formed with at least one tool receiving portion, each lateral face is formed with at least one notch, each notch has two first sidewalls opposite to each other, each first sidewall is formed with a mounting hole and a first toothed portion, the connecting member includes a main body detachably received in one of the notch and having two second sidewalls which correspond to the two first sidewalls respectively, two blocks separately arranged, and four connecting axles, every connecting axle has a second toothed portion and a non-toothed distal portion, every two of the four connecting axles are axially retractably disposed through the two second sidewalls respectively and non-rotatable relative to the two second sidewalls respectively, each block is operable between a lock position and a release position and cooperates with two of the four connecting axles so that each of the connecting axles is axially movable between a latch position and a retracted position; wherein when respective one of the two blocks is in the lock position, respective two of the four connecting axles are driven to the latch position, every second toothed portion and every non-toothed distal portion of respective one of the connecting axles are protrusive outside one of the two second sidewalls and inserted in to one of the mounting holes, and every second toothed portion of respective one of the connecting axles is non-rotatably engaged with one of the first toothed portions; wherein when respective one of the two blocks is in the release position, respective two of the four connecting axles are driven to the retracted position, every second toothed portion and every non-toothed distal portion of respective one of the connecting axles are entirely retracted into one of the two second sidewalls. 2. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each first toothed portion has a plurality of teeth arranged circumferentially around one of the mounting hole. 3. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each second toothed portion has a plurality of teeth arranged circumferentially on one of the axles. 4. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each second sidewall has a through hole through which one of the axles is disposed, a circumferential surface around the through hole is provided with a third toothed portion, and every second toothed portion is non-rotatably and axial-movably engaged with one of the third toothed portion. 5. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each block includes a room between the two second sidewalls. 6. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each block includes a flange extending between the two second sidewalls. 7. The tool box of claim 6, wherein each block includes a room between the two second sidewalls, and the flange is adjacent to the room. 8. The tool box of claim 1, wherein the main body further includes a partition wall perpendicularly connected between the two second sidewalls, the partition wall and the two second sidewalls form two receiving spaces at two corresponding sides of the partition wall, and each of the two receiving spaces receives one of the blocks. 9. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each second sidewall has a through hole through which one of the axles is disposed, each of the connecting axles is provided with a radial protrusion which is greater than the through hole, two ends of the second toothed portion of respective one of the connecting axles are respectively connected with one of the radial protrusions and one of the non-toothed distal portions, each side of each block facing one of the second sidewalls is further provided with a sliding track which is tilted relative to one of the second sidewalls, each axle further includes a leg connected with one of the radial protrusions and slidably disposed into one of the sliding track, each leg cooperates with one of the sliding tracks so that sliding of the leg along the sliding track operates to axially move one of the connecting axles between the latch position and the retracted position. 10. The tool box of claim 9, wherein the sliding track includes a sliding groove having a cam surface abutting against one of the legs. 11. The tool box of claim 9, wherein an elastic member is disposed between one of the second sidewalls and one of the radial protrusions, and the elastic member urges one of the axles toward one of the blocks. 12. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each second sidewall is further provided with a 9-shaped recess, each 9-shaped recess receives a torsional member, and the torsional member is further received within a 9-shaped recess of one of the blocks. 13. The tool box of claim 1, wherein each block is swingably pivoted to the two second sidewalls.",
-    "Provided is an image forming apparatus that can correct variation in printing agent residual quantity and can extend the period being able to support full color printing based on original image data. A printing agent residual quantity detecting part detects printing agent residual quantity. A color scheme selection tendency management part manages an amount of the printing agent. A remaining number calculation part computes printable number of sheets for each color. Adjustment request screen generating part generates, when variation of the printable number of sheets for each color is greater than or equals to a fixed quantity, a printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen for accepting the conversion condition to correct the variation. An image processing part performs color balance conversion of the image data. A printing part prints the image data performed the color balance conversion. 1. An image forming apparatus that prints image data by using printing agents for a plural color, comprising: a printing agent residual quantity detecting part that respectively-detects printing agent residual quantities for the plural color; a color scheme selection tendency management part that manages an amount of a printing agent used per unit number of sheets for each color as color scheme selection tendency information; a remaining number calculation part that respectively-computes printable number of sheets for each color with a printing agent residual quantity based on the printing agent residual quantity and the color scheme selection tendency information; an adjustment request screen generating part that generates, when variation in the printable number of sheets for each color is greater than or equals to a fixed quantity, a printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen for accepting a conversion condition to correct the variation; an image processing part that performs color balance conversion of the image data in the conversion condition accepted in the printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen; and a printing part that prints the image data performed the color balance conversion. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein in the printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen generated by the adjustment request screen generating part, a plurality of similar color images in which a plurality of conversion conditions differ are arranged, and the plurality of the conversion conditions are selectable based on the plurality of similar color images. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a memory part that stores the conversion condition being selected and accepted in the printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen as similar color information; and the adjustment request screen generating part generates, when the similar color information is stored, the printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen being selectable for the conversion condition stored as the similar color information. 4. An image forming method performed by an image forming apparatus that prints image data by using printing agents for a plural color, comprising: respectively-detecting printing agent residual quantities for the plural color; managing an amount of a printing agent used per unit number of sheets for each color as color scheme selection tendency information; respectively-computing printable number of sheets for each color with a printing agent residual quantity based on the printing agent residual quantity and the color scheme selection tendency information; generating, when variation in the printable number of sheets for each color is greater than or equals to a fixed quantity, a printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen for accepting a conversion condition to correct the variation; performing color balance conversion of the image data in the conversion condition accepted in the printing agent using amount adjustment requesting screen; and printing the image data performed the color balance conversion.",
-    "A touch sensing display device supporting a pixel driving period and a touch driving period in each frame period. The device comprises a display panel having data lines and touch sensing lines, the data lines coupled to pixels of the display panel. A data driving circuit drives data signals onto the data lines during the pixel driving period of the frame period. A touch readout circuit generates touch data of signals of the touch sensing lines during the touch driving period of the frame period, the touch driving period distinct of the pixel driving period. A supply voltage of the data driving circuit can be cut off during the touch driving period, and a supply voltage of the touch readout circuit can be cut off during the pixel driving period. 1. A power controller for a touch sensing display device supporting a pixel driving period and a touch driving period in each frame period, the display device comprising a data driving circuit to drive data signals onto data lines of a display panel during the pixel driving period of each frame period and being powered by a power supply voltage VDD or VCC, the power controller comprising: a power control circuit to cut off the power supply voltage VDD or VCC from powering the data driving circuit during the touch driving period of each frame period, touch data being generated from signals of touch sensing lines of the display panel during the touch driving period. 2. The power controller of claim 1, wherein the power control circuit cuts off the power supply voltage VDD or VCC powering the data driving circuit responsive to a shut down control signal provided by a timing controller. 3. The power controller of claim 2, wherein the power control circuit applies the power supply voltage VDD or VCC powering the data driving circuit responsive to a wake up signal provided by the timing controller. 4. The power controller of claim 1, wherein the power supply voltage VDD or VCC that is cut off during the touch driving period of each frame period is a power supply voltage for an analog portion of the data driving circuit. 5. The power controller of claim 1, wherein the power supply voltage VDD or VCC that is cut off during the touch driving period of each frame period is a power supply voltage for a digital portion of the data driving circuit. 6. The power controller of claim 1, wherein the data driving circuit comprises a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to convert video data into analog data voltages and an output circuit to drive the analog data voltages onto the data lines, wherein the power supply voltage VDD or VCC that is cut off during the touch driving period of each frame period is cut off to the output circuit but is not cut off to the DAC. 7. The power controller of claim 1, wherein the touch driving period is distinct from the pixel driving period in each frame period. 8. A power controller for a touch sensing display device supporting a pixel driving period and a touch driving period in each frame period, the display device comprising a touch readout circuit to generate touch data from signals of touch sensing lines of the display panel during the touch driving period of each frame period, the touch readout circuit powered by a power supply voltage, the power controller comprising: a power control circuit to cut off the power supply voltage from powering the touch readout circuit during the pixel driving period of each frame period, data signals being driven onto data lines of the display panel during the pixel driving period. 9. The power controller of claim 8, wherein the power control circuit cuts off the power supply voltage of the touch readout circuit responsive to a timing division synchronization signal provided by a timing controller. 10. The power controller of claim 8, wherein the power supply voltage that is cut off during the pixel driving period of each frame period is a power supply voltage for an analog portion of the touch readout circuit. 11. The power controller of claim 8, wherein the power supply voltage that is cut off during the pixel driving period of each frame period is a power supply voltage for a digital portion of the touch readout circuit. 12. The power controller of claim 8, wherein the touch driving period is distinct from the pixel driving period in each frame period. 13. A method of operation in a power controller for a touch sensing display device driven in a touch driving period and a pixel driving period in each frame period, the method comprising: providing a power supply voltage VDD or VCC to a data driving circuit during the pixel driving period of each frame period, the data driving circuit driving data voltages onto data lines of a display panel during the pixel driving period; and cutting off the power supply voltage VDD or VCC from powering the data driving circuit during the touch driving period of each frame period, touch data being generated from signals of touch sensing lines of the display panel during the touch driving period. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the power supply voltage VDD or VCC powering the data driving circuit is cut off responsive to a shut down control signal provided by a timing controller. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the power supply voltage VDD or VCC is provided to the data driving circuit responsive to a wake up signal provided by the timing controller. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the touch driving period is distinct from the pixel driving period in each frame period. 17. A method of operation in a power controller for a touch sensing display device driven in a touch driving period and a pixel driving period in each frame period, the method comprising: providing a power supply voltage to a touch readout circuit during the touch driving period of each frame period, the touch readout circuit generating touch data from signals of touch sensing lines of a display panel during the touch driving period of each frame period; and cutting off the power supply voltage from powering the touch readout circuit during the pixel driving period of each frame period, data signals being driven onto data lines of the display panel during the pixel driving period. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the power supply voltage of the touch readout circuit is cut off responsive to a timing division synchronization signal provided by a timing controller. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the power supply voltage that is cut off during the pixel driving period of each frame period is a power supply voltage for an analog portion of the touch readout circuit. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the power supply voltage that is cut off during the pixel driving period of each frame period is a power supply voltage for a digital portion of the touch readout circuit. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the touch driving period is distinct from the pixel driving period in each frame period.",
-    "A system for detecting a change in object positioning by processing images by detecting a first entity tagged with a first visually unique identifier, and detecting a second entity tagged with a second visually unique identifier distinguishable from the first visually unique identifier. The system receives a first image, from a first image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier. The system analyzes the first image to determine a distance between the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier. The system receives a second image containing the first visually unique identifier. The system analyzes the second image to determine a location of the second visually unique identifier relative to the first visually unique identifier to form a distance assessment. Based on the distance assessment, the system determines a change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 1. A method for detecting a change in object positioning by processing images comprising: detecting a first entity tagged with a first visually unique identifier; detecting a second entity tagged with a second visually unique identifier distinguishable from the first visually unique identifier; receiving a first image, from a first image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier; analyzing the first image to determine a distance between the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier; receiving a second image, from a second image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier; analyzing the second image to determine a location of the second visually unique identifier relative to the first visually unique identifier to form a distance assessment; and based on the distance assessment, determining a change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: mapping the change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity against a timeline; and providing notification if the change in proximity does not meet a predetermined threshold with respect to the timeline. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: detecting the distance assessment is within a predetermined tolerance; and providing notification that the first entity and the second entity are in proximity to each other. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising: modifying a status associated with the second entity because of the proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising: providing notification that the first entity and the second entity should not be in proximity to each other. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising: detecting the distance assessment exceeds a predetermined range; and providing notification of the change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein detecting the distance assessment exceeds a predetermined range comprises: determining the second visually unique identifier is not present in the second image; and determining the distance between the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier exceeds the predetermined range based on an absence of the second visually unique identifier. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein detecting the second entity tagged with the second visually unique identifier distinguishable from the first visually unique identifier comprises: tagging the second entity with at least one of: i) a colored visually unique identifier; ii) a patterned visually unique identifier; iii) a shaped visually unique identifier; iv) an image; and v) an electronically active visually unique identifier. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the second image, from the second image capturing device comprises: identifying the second image capturing device is the same image capturing device as the first image capturing device. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the second image, from the second image capturing device comprises: detecting the second visually unique identifier is not present in the second image; and determining a location of the first entity by the absence of the second visually unique identifier. 11. A computer program product for detecting a change in object positioning by processing images, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the program code executable by a computing processor to: detect a first entity tagged with a first visually unique identifier; detect a second entity tagged with a second visually unique identifier distinguishable from the first visually unique identifier; receive a first image, from a first image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier; analyze the first image to determine a distance between the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier; receive a second image, from a second image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier; analyze the second image to determine a location of the second visually unique identifier relative to the first visually unique identifier to form a distance assessment; and based on the distance assessment, determine a change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 12. The computer program product of claim 11 further configured to: map the change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity against a timeline; and provide notification if the change in proximity does not meet a predetermined threshold with respect to the timeline. 13. The computer program product of claim 11 further configured to: detect the distance assessment is within a predetermined tolerance; and provide notification that the first entity and the second entity are in proximity to each other. 14. The computer program product of claim 13 further configured to: provide notification that the first entity and the second entity should not be in proximity to each other. 15. The computer program product of claim 11 further configured to: detect the distance assessment exceeds a predetermined range; and provide notification of the change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 16. A system comprising: a computing processor; and a computer readable storage medium operationally coupled to the processor, the computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith to be executed by the computing processor, the computer readable program code configured to: detect a first entity tagged with a first visually unique identifier; detect a second entity tagged with a second visually unique identifier distinguishable from the first visually unique identifier; receive a first image, from a first image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier; analyze the first image to determine a distance between the first visually unique identifier and the second visually unique identifier; receive a second image, from a second image capturing device, containing the first visually unique identifier; analyze the second image to determine a location of the second visually unique identifier relative to the first visually unique identifier to form a distance assessment; and based on the distance assessment, determine a change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity. 17. The system of claim 16 further configured to: map the change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity against a timeline; and providing notification if the change in proximity does not meet a predetermined threshold with respect to the timeline. 18. The system of claim 16 further configured to: detect the distance assessment is within a predetermined tolerance; and provide notification that the first entity and the second entity are in proximity to each other. 19. The system of claim 18 further configured to: provide notification that the first entity and the second entity should not be in proximity to each other. 20. The system of claim 16 further configured to: detecting the distance assessment exceeds a predetermined range; and providing notification of the change in proximity between the first entity and the second entity.",
-    "The present invention relates to a method for controlling land surface temperature using stratospheric airships and a reflector. In the method for controlling land surface temperature using stratospheric airships and a reflector, four corners are connected to a lower end of support lines coupled to be disposed vertically downward from a plurality of airships, and sunlight is reflected by a reflector unfolded into a tetragonal shape in the air, wherein the reflecting surface of the reflector plate is maintained at an angle to remain perpendicular to an incident angle of sunlight to shield, or redirect, the land surface from incident sunlight. 1. A method of controlling a land surface temperature of a land surface, the method comprising: connecting a plurality of reflectors to support lines so that each of the reflectors has four corners connected to lower ends of the support lines; coupling the support lines to a plurality of stratospheric airships; unfolding the reflectors in the air with the airships so that each of the reflectors has a trapezoidal shape; positioning reflecting surfaces of the reflectors in the stratosphere by using the airships so that the reflecting surfaces are at reflecting positions relative to sunlight so that the reflecting surfaces are each inclined and maintained to block the sunlight from being introduced onto the land surface; and reflecting the sunlight with the reflectors while the reflecting surfaces are maintained at the reflecting positions relative to the sunlight by the airships so that the sunlight is blocked from the land surface for a predetermined amount of time such that the land surface temperature is lowered by about 7 degree Celsius or less. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the unfolding includes moving the airships to be located in the stratosphere by moving the airships from the land surface to the stratosphere in a state that the reflectors are folded, and when the airships are positioned in the stratosphere, performing the unfolding and the positioning so that the reflectors are unfolded to have the reflecting surfaces be perpendicular to an incident angle of the sunlight. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising controlling the airships to have a posture through a propelling system, and the airships comprise a solar cell to get propelling power and a fuel cell for an auxiliary power supply. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reflectors comprise fabric made of nylon or polyester, and further comprises at least one surface coated with a material for reflecting sunlight. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the airships include groups of airships, and the plurality of reflectors are each held by a different group of the groups of airships, the groups of airships being positioned so that an area of the land surface, in which the sunlight is blocked, is increased. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the support lines comprise a wire. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the land surface temperature is lowered by about 7 degree Celsius. 8. A method of controlling a land surface temperature of a land surface, the method comprising: connecting a plurality of reflectors to support lines so that each of the reflectors has four corners connected to lower ends of the support lines; coupling the support lines to a plurality of stratospheric airships; unfolding the reflectors in the air to have a trapezoidal shape and to be slanted with respect to the land surface; reflecting sunlight with reflecting surfaces of the reflectors; and positioning the reflecting surfaces of the reflectors in the stratosphere with the airships so as to be inclined with respect to an incident angle of the sunlight so as to introduce reflected light of the sunlight into the land surface to raise the land surface temperature by about 7 degree Celsius or less. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the reflectors each includes a long side and a short side opposite the long side, the positioning includes moving and positioning the airships, which support corners of the long sides and corners of the short sides through the support lines, so that the reflectors introduce the reflected light of the sunlight into the land surface by adjusting an angle of the reflecting surfaces with respect to the incident angle of the sunlight. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces comprises controlling an inclination angle of the reflectors with respect to the incident angle of the sunlight as a pair of the airships, which supports the corners of the short side of one of the reflectors, intersectionally moves between another pair of the airships supporting the corners of the long side of the one reflector. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces comprises controlling an inclination angle of the reflectors with respect to the incident angle of the sunlight as a pair of the airships, which supports the corners of the long side of one of the reflectors, intersectionally moves from an outside of another pair of the airships supporting the corners of the short side of the one of the reflectors. 12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the positioning includes positioning the plurality of reflectors at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and along the incident direction of the sunlight, and a distance between front and back neighboring reflectors of the reflectors is set up so that reflected light of the back reflector cannot be blocked by the front reflector. 13. The method according to claim 8, wherein the reflectors are grouped at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and in a transverse direction with respect to the incident direction of the sunlight. 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces includes positioning the plurality of reflectors at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and along the incident direction of the sunlight, and a distance between front and back neighboring reflectors of the reflectors is set up so that reflected light of the back reflector cannot be blocked by the front reflector. 15. The method according to claim 10, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces includes positioning the plurality of reflectors at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and along the incident direction of the sunlight, and a distance between front and back neighboring reflectors of the reflectors is set up so that reflected light of the back reflector cannot be blocked by the front reflector. 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces includes positioning the plurality of reflectors at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and along the incident direction of the sunlight, and a distance between front and back neighboring reflectors of the reflectors is set up so that reflected light of the back reflector cannot be blocked by the front reflector. 17. The method according to claim 9, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces includes positioning the reflectors to be grouped at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and in a transverse direction with respect to the incident direction of the sunlight. 18. The method according to claim 10, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces includes positioning the reflectors to be grouped at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and in a transverse direction with respect to the incident direction of the sunlight. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the positioning the reflecting surfaces includes positioning the reflectors to be grouped at different angles with respect to an incident direction of the sunlight and in a transverse direction with respect to the incident direction of the sunlight. 20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the land surface temperature is raised by about 7 degree Celsius. 21. A method of controlling a land surface temperature of a land surface, the method comprising: providing a reflector having a trapezoidal shape and four corners connected to lower ends of support lines, the support lines being coupled to a plurality of stratospheric airships in a vertically downward direction; positioning a reflecting surface of the reflector in the stratosphere by using the airships so that the reflecting surface is at a reflecting position relative to sunlight so that the reflecting surface is inclined and maintained at an angle perpendicular to an incident angle of the sunlight so as to block the sunlight from being introduced onto the land surface; and reflecting the sunlight with the reflector while the reflecting surface is in the stratosphere and maintained at the reflecting position relative to the sunlight by the airships so that the sunlight is blocked from the land surface for a predetermined amount of time such that the land surface temperature is lowered from a first ambient temperature to a second ambient temperature. 22. A method of controlling a land surface temperature of a land surface, the method comprising: providing a trapezoidal reflector in the air and within the stratosphere to be slanted with respect to the land surface, the reflector having four corners connected to lower ends of support lines, the support lines being coupled to a plurality of airships in a vertically downward direction; reflecting sunlight with a reflecting surface of the reflector; and positioning the reflecting surface of the reflector in the stratosphere with the airships so as to be inclined and maintained to form an obtuse angle with respect to an incident angle of the sunlight so as to introduce reflected light of the sunlight into the land surface to raise the land surface temperature from a first ambient temperature to a second ambient temperature.",
-    "Disclosed are methods of preparing a semiconductor substrate having a metal seed layer for a subsequent electroplating operation. In some embodiments, the methods may include contacting the surface of the semiconductor substrate with a plasma to treat the surface by reducing metal oxides thereon and thereafter measuring a post-plasma-contact color signal from said surface, the color signal having one or more color components. The methods may then further include estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment based on the post-plasma contact color signal. In some embodiments, estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment is done based on the b* component of the post-plasma contact color signal. Also disclosed are plasma treatment apparatuses which may implement the foregoing methods. 1. A method of preparing a semiconductor substrate having a metal seed layer for a subsequent electroplating operation, the method comprising: contacting the surface of the semiconductor substrate with a plasma to treat the surface by reducing metal oxides thereon; after contacting with the plasma, measuring a post-plasma-contact color signal from said surface, the color signal having one or more color components; and estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment based, at least in part, on comparing the post-plasma contact color signal to one of: one or more reference color signals and a pre-plasma-contact color signal from said surface. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment is done based on the b* component of the post-plasma contact color signal. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment comprises: comparing the post-plasma-contact color signal to one or more reference color signals. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the comparing is done based on the b* component of the color signals. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment comprises: calculating one or more metrics, each of which is indicative of the difference between the post-plasma-contact color signal and a reference color signal from a set of one or more reference color signals. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein each metric is monotonically related to the absolute value of the difference between the b* component of the post-plasma-contact color signal and the b* component of a reference color signal. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: before contacting with the plasma, measuring a pre-plasma-contact color signal from said surface, the color signal having one or more color components; and wherein estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment comprises: comparing the pre- and post-plasma-contact color signals. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the comparing is done based on the b* component of the color signals. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment comprises: calculating a metric which is indicative of the difference between the pre- and post-plasma-contact color signals. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the metric is monotonically related to the absolute value of the difference between the b* component of the pre- and post-plasma-contact color signals. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma contains hydrogen radicals. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal is copper. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal is cobalt. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring the post-plasma-contact color signal is performed with a color sensor located about 0.1-5\u2033 from the substrate surface during the measuring. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein measuring the post-plasma-contact color signal is performed with a color sensor located about 0.4-1\u2033 from the substrate surface during the measuring. 16. A plasma treatment apparatus for reducing metal oxides present on the surface of a metal seed layer of a semiconductor substrate in preparation for a subsequent electroplating operation, the apparatus comprising: a processing chamber having at least one processing station therein; a substrate holder configured to hold a substrate at the processing station; a plasma generator configured to generate a plasma within and/or provide it to the processing chamber; a color sensor configured to measure a color signal from a substrate, the color signal having one or more color components; and a controller having non-transitory computer-readable instructions for: operating the plasma generator to generate a plasma within and/or provide it to the processing chamber so that the plasma contacts the surface of a substrate at the processing station to treat it by reducing metal oxides thereon; operating the color sensor, after the plasma contacts the substrate surface, to measure a post-plasma-contact color signal from the surface, the color signal having one or more color components; and estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment based on the post-plasma contact color signal. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the color sensor is located and/or configured so as to measure the color signal from the substrate while the substrate is located at the processing station. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising: a load-lock configured to provide substrate access to the processing chamber; and wherein the color sensor is located and/or configured so as to measure the color signal from the substrate while the substrate is located within the load-lock. 19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the color sensor is configured to measure a color signal having a b* color component. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein estimating the extent of the oxide reduction due to the plasma treatment is done based on the b* component of the post-plasma contact color signal. 21. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the plasma generator is remote from the processing chamber.",
-    "Circuits and methods for driving a load are disclosed. An exemplary driving circuit may include first and second switching devices electrically connected with each other in parallel. The driving circuit may also include a current sensing circuit configured to generate a current sensing signal indicating a value of a current flowing through the first switching device. The current sensing signal may include an offset caused by parasitic inductance imbalance in electrical connections connecting the first and second switching devices. The driving circuit may further include a driver circuit configured to control switching operations of the first and second switching devices. The driver circuit may include an overcurrent protection circuit electrically connected to the current sensing circuit. In addition, the driving circuit may include a current sensing signal correction circuit configured to reduce the offset in the current sensing signal received by the overcurrent protection circuit during a switching transient period. 1. A driving circuit for driving a load, comprising: first and second switching devices electrically connected with each other in parallel; a current sensing circuit configured to generate a current sensing signal indicating a value of a current flowing through the first switching device, the current sensing signal including an offset caused by parasitic inductance imbalance in electrical connections connecting the first and second switching devices; a driver circuit electrically connected to the first and second switching devices and configured to control switching operations of the first and second switching devices, the driver circuit including an overcurrent protection circuit electrically connected to the current sensing circuit for receiving the current sensing signal; and a current sensing signal correction circuit configured to reduce the offset in the current sensing signal received by the overcurrent protection circuit during a switching transient period. 2. The driving circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a Kelvin emitter resistor electrically connected to an emitter terminal of the first switching device, wherein the current sensing signal correction circuit is electrically connected with the Kelvin emitter resistor in parallel. 3. The driving circuit of claim 2, wherein the current sensing signal correction circuit includes an inductor, the inductor and the Kelvin emitter resistor forming a filter circuit. 4. The driving circuit of claim 3, wherein a time constant of the filter circuit is longer than a switching oscillatory current damping period. 5. The driving circuit of claim 4, wherein the Kelvin emitter resistor is configured to attenuate an oscillatory current during the switching oscillatory current damping period. 6. The driving circuit of claim 3, wherein a time constant of the filter circuit is shorter than a response time of the overcurrent protection circuit. 7. The driving circuit of claim 3, wherein: the overcurrent protection circuit is configured to compare the current sensing signal with a predetermined threshold; and the inductor is configured to short-circuit the Kelvin emitter resistor when the overcurrent protection circuit compares the current sensing signal with the predetermined threshold. 8. The driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the switching transient period includes a turning on period of the first switching device. 9. The driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the first and second switching devices are insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). 10. The driving circuit of claim 1, wherein the first switching device includes a first collector terminal, a first emitter terminal, a current sensing terminal, and a first gate terminal; and the second switching device includes a second collector terminal, a second emitter terminal, and a second gate terminal, wherein: the first and second collector terminals are electrically connected; the first and second gate terminals are electrically connected to a gate command terminal of the driver circuit; the first and second emitter terminals are electrically connected; and the current sensing terminal is electrically connected with the current sensing circuit. 11. A method for driving a load, comprising: electrically connecting first and second switching devices in parallel; generating, by a current sensing circuit, a current sensing signal indicating a value of a current flowing through the first switching device, the current sensing signal including an offset caused by parasitic inductance imbalance in electrical connections connecting the first and second switching devices; reducing, by a current sensing signal correction circuit, the offset in the current sensing signal during a switching transient period; and receiving, by an overcurrent protection circuit of a driver circuit, the current sensing signal having the reduced offset for protecting the first switching device from overcurrent. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: electrically connecting a Kelvin emitter resistor to an emitter terminal of the first switching device; and electrically connecting the current sensing signal correction circuit with the Kelvin emitter resistor in parallel. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the current sensing signal correction circuit includes an inductor, and the method further comprises: forming a filter circuit using the inductor and the Kelvin emitter resistor. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: setting a time constant of the filter circuit to be longer than a switching oscillatory current damping period. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: setting a time constant of the filter circuit to be shorter than a response time of the overcurrent protection circuit. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: comparing, by the overcurrent protection circuit, the current sensing signal with a predetermined threshold; and short-circuiting the Kelvin emitter resistor using the inductor when the overcurrent protection circuit compares the current sensing signal with the predetermined threshold. 17. An inverter for driving a motor of an electric vehicle, comprising: first and second insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches electrically connected with each other in parallel; a current sensing circuit configured to generate a current sensing signal indicating a value of a current flowing through the first IGBT switch, the current sensing signal including an offset caused by parasitic inductance imbalance in electrical connections connecting the first and second IGBT switches; a driver circuit electrically connected to the first and second IGBT switches and configured to control switching operations of the first and second IGBT switches, the driver circuit including an overcurrent protection circuit electrically connected to the current sensing circuit for receiving the current sensing signal; and a current sensing signal correction circuit configured to reduce the offset in the current sensing signal received by the overcurrent protection circuit during a switching transient period. 18. The inverter of claim 17, further comprising: a Kelvin emitter resistor electrically connected to an emitter terminal of the first IGBT switch, wherein the current sensing signal correction circuit is electrically connected with the Kelvin emitter resistor in parallel. 19. The inverter of claim 18, wherein current sensing signal correction circuit includes an inductor electrically connected in parallel with the Kelvin emitter resistor. 20. The inverter of claim 19, wherein a time constant of a filter circuit including the inductor and the Kelvin emitter resistor is longer than a switching oscillatory current damping period and shorter than a response time of the overcurrent protection circuit.",
-    "The present inventions include a method of inhibiting COMT enzyme in a subject as well as compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that are useful in the treatment of various disorders mediated by COMT, including Parkinson's disease and/or schizophrenia. 1. A method of treating or preventing a neurological or psychiatric disorder, or treating symptoms associated with a neurological or psychiatric disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)-inhibiting compound in accordance with formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selected from hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine; Z is selected from SO2R1 and SO2NR2R3; wherein when X is hydrogen and Z is SO2R1, R1 is selected from C4 alkyl, C8 alkyl, tetrahydropyran and propylcyclopropane; when X is hydrogen and Z is SO2NR2R3, R2 and R3 come together to form a 1-piperidinyl ring substituted with a \u03b1-methyl group; when X is chlorine and Z is SO2R1, R1 is selected from C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl and C5-C6 cycloalkyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, and phenyl substituted with one or two groups selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl and tert-butyl; when X is chlorine and Z is SO2NR2R3, R2 and R3 come together to form an unsubstituted, 1-pyrrolidinyl ring; when X is fluorine and Z is SO2R1, R1 is selected from pyridyl, cyclopentyl and phenyl substituted with fluoro, or trifluoromethyl, and when X is fluorine and Z is SO2NR2R3, R2 and R3 come together to form an unsubstituted, 1-pyrrolidinyl ring. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the disorder is Parkinson's disease, and the compound of formula I is optionally administered in combination with L-DOPA. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the disorder is selected from schizophrenia, major depression, a depressive phase of bipolar disorder, attention deficit disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance dependency, age-associated cognitive symptoms, and impulse control disorders. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the disorder is schizophrenia. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 5-isobutylsulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-octylsulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-tetrahydropyran-4-ylsulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-(3-cyclopropylpropylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol; 5-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-[(2S)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-cyclopentylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-isobutylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-isopropylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-cyclohexylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-fluoro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-fluoro-5-cyclopentylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 5-cyclopentylsulfonyl-7-fluoro-quinolin-8-ol 7-fluoro-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-fluoro-5-(2-pyridylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(2-pyridylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-thiazol-2-ylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(m-tolylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(3-phenylphenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol 5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonyl-7-chloro-quinolin-8-ol 7-chloro-5-(3-pyridylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol, and 7-chloro-5-(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-3-yl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol. 6. A catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)-inhibiting compound in accordance with formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein: X is selected from hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine; Z is selected from SO2R1 and SO2NR2R3; wherein when X is hydrogen and Z is SO2R1, R1 is selected from C4 alkyl, C8 alkyl, tetrahydropyran and propylcyclopropane; when X is hydrogen and Z is SO2NR2R3, R2 and R3 come together to form a 1-piperidinyl ring substituted with a \u03b1-methyl group; when X is chlorine and Z is SO2R1, R1 is selected from C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl and C5-C6 cycloalkyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, and phenyl substituted with one or two groups selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl and tert-butyl; when X is chlorine and Z is SO2NR2R3, R2 and R3 come together to form an unsubstituted, 1-pyrrolidinyl ring; when X is fluorine and Z is SO2R1, R1 is selected from pyridyl, and phenyl substituted with fluoro, or trifluoromethyl, and when X is fluorine and Z is SO2NR2R3, R2 and R3 come together to form an unsubstituted, 1-pyrrolidinyl ring. 7. A compound of claim 6, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 5-isobutylsulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-octylsulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-tetrahydropyran-4-ylsulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-(3-cyclopropylpropylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol; 5-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 5-[(2S)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]sulfonylquinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-cyclopentylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-isobutylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-isopropylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-cyclohexylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-fluoro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 5-cyclopentylsulfonyl-7-fluoro-quinolin-8-ol; 5-cyclopentylsulfonyl-7-fluoro-quinolin-8-ol; 7-fluoro-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-fluoro-5-(2-pyridylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(2-pyridylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-thiazol-2-ylsulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(m-tolylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(3-phenylphenyl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol; 5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonyl-7-chloro-quinolin-8-ol; 7-chloro-5-(3-pyridylsulfonyl)quinolin-8-ol, and 7-chloro-5-(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-3-yl)sulfonyl-quinolin-8-ol. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme-inhibiting compound of claim 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme-inhibiting compound of claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.",
-    "A two-dimensional (2D) optical fiber array component takes the form of a (relatively inexpensive) fiber guide block that is mated with a precision output element. The guide block and output element are both formed to include a 2D array of through-holes that exhibit a predetermined pitch. The holes formed in the guide block are relatively larger than those in precision output element. A loading tool is used to hold a 1\u00d7N array of fibers in a fixed position that exhibits the desired pitch. The loaded tool (holding the pre-aligned 1\u00d7N array of fibers) is then inserted through the aligned combination of the guide block and output element, and the fiber array is bonded to the guide block. The tool is then removed, re-loaded, and the process continued until all of the 1\u00d7N fiber arrays are in place. By virtue of using a precision tool to load the fibers, the guide block does not have to be formed to exhibit precise through-hole dimensions, allowing for a relatively inexpensive guide block to be used. 1. A two-dimensional (2D) array component for supporting a plurality of individual optical fibers in a 2D configuration exhibiting a predetermined pitch, the array component comprising: a fiber guide block including a plurality of through-holes arranged in a 2D array configuration, the plurality of through-holes disposed to exhibit the predetermined pitch, each through-hole having a diameter Dt on the order of a coated optical fiber; a precision output element including a plurality of apertures arranged in the 2D array configuration, the plurality of apertures disposed to exhibit the predetermined pitch, each aperture having a diameter Da on the order of a stripped optical fiber, where Da<Dt; and a mounting flange for supporting the fiber guide block and the precision output element in an aligned configuration such that a 1\u00d7N array of pre-aligned optical fibers may be inserted through a rear opening of the mounting flange, pass through the fiber guide block through-holes and then through the precision output element apertures so as to exit from the precision output element in a configuration that exhibits the predetermined pitch with a minimal pointing error. 2. The 2D array component as defined in claim 1 wherein the precision output element comprises a multilayer structure. 3. The 2D array component as defined in claim 2 wherein the multilayer structure precision output element comprises a top layer including a plurality of vias arranged in the 2D array configuration exhibiting the predetermined pitch and having a defined diameter on the order of a stripped optical fiber; and a bottom layer including a plurality of vias arranged in the 2D array configuration aligned with the predetermined pitch of the top layer plurality of vias. 4. The 2D array component as defined in claim 3 wherein the top layer and the bottom layer comprise silicon layers. 5. The 2D array component as defined in claim 4 wherein the top layer vias and the bottom layer vias comprise etched vias formed through the silicon. 6. The 2D array component as defined in claim 3 wherein each via of the plurality of vias includes a larger lead-in opening to facilitate the insertion of optical fibers. 7. The 2D array component as defined in claim 3 wherein the multilayer structure precision output element further comprises a spacer disposed between the top and bottom layers, the spacer including a plurality of relief holes disposed in a 2D array pattern that aligns with the pluralities of vias formed in the top and bottom layers. 8. The 2D array component as defined in claim 7 wherein the top layer and the bottom layer comprise silicon layers. 9. The 2D array component as defined in claim 8 wherein the spacer comprises silicon. 10. The 2D array component as defined in claim 7 wherein the spacer is formed to have a thickness t selected to minimize pointing error in the 2D array component. 11. The 2D array component as defined in claim 3 wherein the diameter of the vias formed in the bottom layer is greater than the diameter of the vias formed in the top layer. 12. The 2D array component as defined in claim 1 wherein the mounting flange includes a central sleeve for engaging the fiber guide block and the precision output element, the central sleeve include a first shoulder rim for supporting the fiber guide block and a second shoulder rim for supporting the precision output element with a predefined gap spacing g between the first and second shoulder rims. 13. The 2D array component as defined in claim 1 wherein the fiber guide block is formed of a plastic material. 14. The 2D array component as defined in claim 13 wherein the fiber guide block comprises a molded plastic material component. 15. The 2D array component as defined in claim 1 wherein the fiber guide block comprises a a 3D printed component. 16. A two-dimensional (2D) array component for supporting a plurality of individual optical fibers in a 2D configuration exhibiting a predetermined pitch, the array component comprising: a precision output element including a plurality of apertures arranged in a 2D array configuration, the plurality of apertures disposed to exhibit the predetermined pitch, each aperture having a small diameter (Da) on the order of a stripped optical fiber; and a mounting flange for supporting the precision output element, the mounting flange including a plurality of large diameter (Dt) through-holes disposed at the predetermined pitch so as to align with the plurality of small diameter apertures of the precision output element, where Da<Dt, such that a 1\u00d7N array of pre-aligned optical fibers may be inserted through a rear opening of the mounting flange and exit from the precision output element in a configuration that exhibits the predetermined pitch with a minimal pointing error. 17. The 2D array component as defined in claim 16 wherein the mounting flange further comprises a central recessed portion formed in an upper mounting surface, the central recessed portion sized to support the output element in a manner such that the mounting flange through-holes align with the apertures of the output element. 18. A method of assembling a two-dimensional (2D) optical fiber array component to exhibit a predetermined pitch, with a predetermined minimum pointing error, including: providing a fiber guide block that includes a plurality of through-holes disposed in the defined 2D pattern, the plurality of through-holes positioned to exhibit the predetermined pitch and each through-hole having a diameter Dt on the order of a coated optical fiber; providing a precision output element that includes a plurality of apertures disposed in the defined 2D pattern, the plurality of apertures positioned to exhibit the predetermined pitch, with each aperture having a diameter Da on the order of a stripped optical fiber, where Da<Dt; providing a mounting flange with a sleeve opening; inserting the fiber guide block into the mounting flange sleeve opening; inserting the precision output element in the mounting flange sleeve to overlie the fiber guide block in a manner such that the plurality of apertures aligns with the plurality of through-holes; loading a plurality of N stripped optical fibers onto a precision tool that is capable of holding the plurality of N stripped optical fibers in a 1\u00d7N array with the predetermined pitch, creating a pre-aligned 1\u00d7N array of optical fibers; inserting the precision tool through a backside opening in the mounting flange and directing the 1\u00d7N array of pre-aligned optical fibers through a 1\u00d7N array of through-holes in the fiber guide block and then through an aligned 1\u00d7N array of apertures in the precision output element until stripped end terminations of the plurality of N stripped optical fibers exit from the output element; attaching the inserted 1\u00d7N array of fibers to a backside of the fiber guide block to fix and maintain the desired pitch and pointing error of the loaded 1\u00d7N array; repeating the steps of loading, inserting, and attaching until an entire 2D array of optical fibers is in place; and bonding exposed stripped end terminations of the 2D array of optical fibers to an outer surface of the output element. 19. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the method further comprises the step of polishing the outer surface of the output element. 20. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the step of providing a precision output element comprises providing a multilayer silicon-based output element.",
-    "A system and method for updating, monitoring, and controlling applications on a workstation. The workstation includes a workstation management module configured to detect the launch or request to access a network by an application. A workstation application server receives data associated with the application from the workstation. The application server module can determine one or more policies or categories to associate with the application by referencing an application inventory database. Once the application server module has the category or policy, it forwards a hash/policy table to the workstation management module. Upon receipt of the hash/policy table, the workstation management module applies the policy that is associated with the application to control network access by the application. 1. A method of updating a system which controls operation of programs on a workstation, the method comprising: detecting a network access attempt by an application; generating an application digest for the application; determining whether the application is associated with one or more policies; if the application is associated with one or more policies, then applying the one or more policies that are associated with the application; if the application is not associated with a policy, then sending the application digest to an application server module; determining whether the application is operating in a predetermined manner based at least in part on analyzing past network activity involving the same or relevant applications and text strings associated with the application; and if the application is not operating in the predetermined manner, then send the application digest to an application database factory, if the application is operating in the predetermined manner, then apply the one or more policies associated with the application. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether each application has been previously analyzed; for each application that was not previously analyzed, assigning one or more categories to at least one of each application or application digest associated with the application; posting each application along with its selected one or more categories into a database of categorized applications; and receiving the database of categorized applications by the application server module. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: updating a frequency if the application is in an application inventory database; and uploading the application inventory database to the application database factory. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more policies include allowing or disallowing the application to access the network. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the application digest includes additional data associated with the application. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the additional data includes a destination port number. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the additional data includes a source IP address. 8. The method of claim 2, further comprising: analyzing at least one of the application or application digest associated with the application for data characteristics that are indicative of the one or more categories; and associating one or more indicators with the application. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the analyzing the application digest is performed on text strings that are associated with the application. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more indicators can include a category flag. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising screening the application using the one or more indicators. 12. A method of updating a system which controls network access by programs on a workstation, the method comprising: detecting a network access request of an application; generating a hash value for the application, wherein the hash values includes network access data; comparing the generated hash value to one or more hash values in a hash/policy table that includes one or more policies associated with the one or more hash values; if the generated hash value matches one or more of the hash values in the hash/policy table, then applying the one or more policies that are associated with the one or more hash values; if the generated hash value does not match a hash value in the hash/policy table, then posting the application to a logging database; uploading the logging database to an application server module; determining whether the application from the logging database is operating in a predetermined manner based at least in part on analyzing past network activity involving the same or relevant applications and text strings associated with the application; and if the application is not operating in the predetermined manner, then send the application digest to an application database factory, if the application is operating in the predetermined manner, then apply the one or more policies associated with the application. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising scanning the logging database to determine a frequency count for the application. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: determining whether the application has been previously analyzed; and for each application that was not previously analyzed, selecting one or more categories to associate with that application. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: posting each application along with its selected one or more categories into a database of applications; and receiving the database of applications for incorporation into the application inventory database. 16. A method of updating a system which controls operation of programs on a workstation, the method comprising: detecting a program on a workstation accessing a network; determining whether the program is in a network access database sending program data associated with the program to an application server module if the program is not in the network access database; apply one or more policies that are associated with the program, wherein the network access database includes a protocol that is associated with the program; receiving the program data from the workstation management module if the program was not in the network access database; determine whether the program is operating in a predetermined manner based at least in part on analyzing past network activity involving the same or relevant programs and text strings associated with the program, if the program is not operating in the predetermined manner, then send the program data to an application database factory, if the program is operating in the predetermined manner, then provide the one or more policies associated with the program to the workstation management module. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising receiving the program data from the application server module if the program is not operating in the predetermined manner, determine whether the program was previously analyzed by the application database factory, if the program was not previously analyzed, then determining one or more policies to associate with the program and provide the one or more policies to the application server module, if the program was previously analyzed, then providing the one or more policies that were previously associated with the program data to the application server module. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the protocol is a transport protocol. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the network access database comprises hash values. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the network access database comprises one or more categories and one or more policies associated with the program.",
-    "A composition comprises a water-soluble polymer matrix in which are dispersed droplets of oil, the composition comprising an active principle. The invention includes embodiments in which the active principle is included in at least some of the oil droplets as well as embodiments in which the oil droplets are free of active principle. The oil droplets are released as the matrix containing them dissolves in an aqueous medium. In one embodiment, the oil droplets are substantially immobilized in or by the matrix and the immobilizing feature is lost as the matrix dissolves in aqueous media. In certain embodiments, the oil drops may collectively be referred to as the oil phase of the composition of the invention. The product may be in the form of mini-beads. The oil phase and/or the polymer matrix may each include a surfactant. 1-46. (canceled) 47. A dried oil-in-water emulsion composition comprising a water-soluble polymer matrix material in which are dispersed droplets of an oil phase and wherein: the oil phase comprises 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, caprylic/capric triglyceride and a non-ionic surfactant comprising a C10-C22 chain as the hydrophobic portion; the water-soluble polymer matrix material comprises gelatin, sodium dodecyl sulphate and D-sorbitol; the composition further comprising cyclosporin A in at least the oil phase; and wherein the composition comprises: cyclosporin A in an amount of 8.0 to 14.0%; 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol at 99.9% purity in an amount of 15.0 to 19.0%; caprylic/capric triglyceride in an amount of 4.5 to 18.0%; sodium dodecyl sulphate in an amount from 1.0 to 4.5%; D-sorbitol in an amount of 3.0 to 8.0%; and gelatin in an amount of 35.0 to 55.0%; wherein the % are % by weight as a proportion of the dry weight of the composition. 48. The composition according to claim 47 in the form of a mini-bead. 49. The composition according to claim 47 in the form of a mini-bead wherein the mini-bead has a diameter of from 0.5 mm to 5 mm. 50. The composition according to claim 47 in the form of a mini-bead wherein the mini-bead has a coat comprising one or more polymers. 51. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises a pH-independent polymer. 52. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises ethylcellulose. 53. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises ethylcellulose and a plasticizer. 54. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises a pH-independent polymer and a polysaccharide susceptible of degradation by a bacterial enzyme normally found in the colon. 55. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises ethylcellulose and pectin. 56. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises a first coat and a second coat, wherein said the second coat is outside the first coat, and wherein: (i) the first coat comprises a cellulosic film-forming polymer; (ii) and the second coat comprises a pH-independent polymer and a polysaccharide susceptible of degradation by a bacterial enzyme normally found in the colon. 57. The composition according to claim 50 wherein the coat comprises a first coat and a second coat, wherein the second coat is outside the first coat, and wherein: (i) the first coat comprises a cellulosic film-forming polymer selected from hyproxypropyl methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose; (ii) and the second coat comprises ethyl cellulose and pectin. 58. The composition according to claim 47 in the form of a plurality of mini-beads contained in a hard gel capsule, wherein the mini-beads bear a coat comprising a pH-independent polymer. 59. The composition according to claim 47 wherein cyclosporin A is dissolved in the oil phase. 60. A method of treatment of a disease of the colon, wherein the method comprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of claim 47 to a subject in need thereof. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the disease of the colon is Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or GVHD. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the GVHD is GI-GVHD. 63. A method of preventing or treating inflammatory bowel disease or colo-rectal cancer wherein the method comprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of claim 47 to a subject in need thereof. 64. A method of treating or preventing a condition selected from: organ rejection in kidney, liver and heart transplants, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), recalcitrant plaque psoriasis, Bechet's disease, anemia, nephrotic syndrome and Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD), including Gastro-Intestinal Graft Versus Host Disease (GI-GVHD), myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, diarrhoea, chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea, or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome wherein the method comprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of claim 47 to a subject in need thereof. 65. A dried oil-in-water emulsion composition comprising a water soluble polymer matrix material in which are dispersed droplets of an oil phase wherein the oil phase comprises 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, caprylic/capric triglyceride and a fatty acid ester the water-soluble polymer matrix material comprises gelatin, sodium dodecyl sulphate and D-sorbitol; the composition further comprising cyclosporin A in at least the oil phase; and wherein the composition comprises: cyclosporin A in an amount of 8.0 to 14.0%; 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol at 99.9% purity in an amount of 15.0 to 19.0%; caprylic/capric triglyceride in an amount of 4.5 to 18.0%; sodium dodecyl sulphate in an amount from 1.0 to 4.5%; D-sorbitol in an amount of 3.0 to 8.0%; and gelatin in an amount of 35.0 to 55.0%; wherein the % are % by weight as a proportion of the dry weight of the composition. 66. The composition according to claim 65 in the form of a mini-bead. 67. The composition according to claim 65 in the form of a mini-bead wherein the mini-bead has a diameter of from 0.5 mm to 5 mm. 68. The composition according to claim 65 in the form of a mini-bead wherein the mini-bead has a coat comprising one or more polymers. 69. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises a pH-independent polymer. 70. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises ethylcellulose. 71. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises ethylcellulose and a plasticizer. 72. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises a pH-independent polymer and a polysaccharide susceptible of degradation by a bacterial enzyme normally found in the colon. 73. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises ethylcellulose and pectin. 74. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises a first coat and a second coat, wherein said the second coat is outside the first coat, and wherein: (iii) the first coat comprises a cellulosic film-forming polymer; (iv) and the second coat comprises a pH-independent polymer and a polysaccharide susceptible of degradation by a bacterial enzyme normally found in the colon. 75. The composition according to claim 68 wherein the coat comprises a first coat and a second coat, wherein the second coat is outside the first coat, and wherein: (iii) the first coat comprises a cellulosic film-forming polymer selected from hyproxypropyl methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose; (iv) and the second coat comprises ethyl cellulose and pectin. 76. The composition according to claim 65 in the form of a plurality of mini-beads contained in a hard gel capsule, wherein the mini-beads bear a coat comprising a pH-independent polymer. 77. The composition according to claim 65 wherein cyclosporin A is dissolved in the oil phase. 78. A method of treatment of a disease of the colon, wherein the method comprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of claim 65 to a subject in need thereof. 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the disease of the colon is Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or GVHD. 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the GVHD is GI-GVHD. 81. A method of preventing or treating inflammatory bowel disease or colo-rectal cancer wherein the method comprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of claim 65 to a subject in need thereof. 82. A method of treating or preventing a condition selected from: organ rejection in kidney, liver and heart transplants, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), recalcitrant plaque psoriasis, Bechet's disease, anemia, nephrotic syndrome and Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD), including Gastro-Intestinal Graft Versus Host Disease (GI-GVHD), myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, diarrhoea, chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome wherein the method comprises administering a therapeutic amount of a composition of claim 65 to a subject in need thereof.",
-    "The present invention provides crystalline forms of a compound of formula (I): Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions that include the provided crystalline forms and methods of using the provided crystalline forms and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cancer. 1. Crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide. 2. Crystalline free base 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide. 3. A crystalline free base of a compound of formula: having an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a characteristic peak at about 19.5\u00b0 2\u03b8. 4. A crystalline free base of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 9.1 and 19.5\u00b0 2\u03b8. 5. A crystalline free base of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 9.1, 15.4, 19.5 and 21.4\u00b0 2\u03b8. 6. A crystalline free base of a compound of formula: having one or more XRPD 2\u03b8-reflections (\u00b0) selected from the group consisting of about 9.1, 12.5, 15.2, 15.4, 19.2, 19.5, 20.3, 20.5, 21.4, 21.7, 21.9, 23.1, 23.3, 23.6, and 24.3. 7. A crystalline free base of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 1. 8. Crystalline free base 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 2 having a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1603, 1533, 1487, 1080, 857, and 681 cm\u22121. 9. Crystalline free base 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 2 having an FT-IR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 2. 10. Crystalline free base 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 2 having (i) an XRPD pattern comprising one or more peaks at about 9.1, 15.4, 19.5 and 21.4\u00b0 2\u03b8; and (ii) a FT-IR spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1603, 1533, 1487, 1080, 857, and 681 cm\u22121. 11. Crystalline free base 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 2 having a DSC thermogram with an endotherm having an onset temperature of approximately 184\u00b0 C. 12. Crystalline free base 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 2 having a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 3. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline compound according to claim 1. 14. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline compound according to claim 1. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the subject is a mammal. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mammal is a human. 18. The method according to claim 14 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 19. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the subject is a mammal. 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the mammal is a human. 23. The method according to claim 19 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 24. Crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl. 25. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a characteristic peak at about 6.7\u00b0 2\u03b8. 26. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 6.7 and 11.0\u00b0 2\u03b8. 27. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 6.7, 11.0, 17.6 and 19.9\u00b0 2\u03b8. 28. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having one or more XRPD 2\u03b8-reflections (\u00b0) selected from the group consisting of about 6.1, 6.7, 11.0, 12.1, 13.7, 15.2, 16.5, 17.6, 17.9, 18.4, 18.7, 19.6, 19.9, and 20.4. 29. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 4. 30. Form C crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 24 having a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1610, 1523, 1219, 1141, 1076, and 845 cm\u22121. 31. Form C crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 24 having an FT-IR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 5. 32. Form C crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 24 having (i) an XRPD pattern comprising one or more peaks at about 6.7, 11.0, 17.6, and 19.9\u00b0 2\u03b8; and (ii) a FT-IR spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1610, 1523, 1219, 1141, 1076, and 845 cm\u22121. 33. Form C crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 24 having a DSC thermogram with an endotherm having an onset temperature of approximately 239\u00b0 C. 34. Form C crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide mono HCl according to claim 24 having a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 6. 35. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline compound according to claim 24. 36. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline compound according to claim 24. 37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the subject is a mammal. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 39. The method according to claim 37, wherein the mammal is a human. 40. The method according to claim 36 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 41. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 35. 42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the subject is a mammal. 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 44. The method according to claim 42, wherein the mammal is a human. 45. The method according to claim 41 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 46. Crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl hydrate. 47. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a characteristic peak at about 10.5\u00b0 2\u03b8. 48. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 6.2 and 10.5\u00b0 2\u03b8. 49. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 6.2, 10.5, 22.4 and 28.5\u00b0 2\u03b8. 50. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having one or more XRPD 2\u03b8-reflections (\u00b0) selected from the group consisting of about 5.8, 5.9, 6.2, 10.5, 11.8, 12.4, 15.9, 17.6, 17.8, 20.0, 20.4, 21.1, 21.4, 21.9, 22.4, 23.1, 24.0, 24.2, 24.9, and 25.3. 51. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 7. 52. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl hydrate according to claim 46 having a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1573, 1237, 1163, 946, and 790 cm\u22121. 53. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl hydrate according to claim 46 having an FT-IR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 8. 54. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl hydrate according to claim 46 having (i) an XRPD pattern comprising one or more peaks at about 6.2, 10.5, 22.4, and 28.5\u00b0 2\u03b8; and (ii) a FT-IR spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1573, 1237, 1163, 946, and 790 cm\u22121. 55. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl hydrate according to claim 46 having a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 9. 56. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline compound according to claim 46. 57. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline compound according to claim 46. 58. The method according to claim 57, wherein the subject is a mammal. 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 60. The method according to claim 58, wherein the mammal is a human. 61. The method according to claim 57 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 62. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 56. 63. The method according to claim 62, wherein the subject is a mammal. 64. The method according to claim 63, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 65. The method according to claim 63, wherein the mammal is a human. 66. The method according to claim 62 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 67. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a characteristic peak at about 10.7\u00b0 2\u03b8. 68. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 10.7 and 18.1\u00b0 2\u03b8. 69. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 6.0, 10.7, 12.7, and 18.1\u00b0 2\u03b8. 70. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having one or more XRPD 2\u03b8-reflections (\u00b0) selected from the group consisting of about 6.0, 6.3, 10.7, 12.0, 12.7, 15.6, 16.2, 16.3, 16.7, 17.9, 18.1, and 21.4. 71. A crystalline hydrochloride salt of a compound of formula: having an XRPD pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 10. 72. Form D crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl according to claim 24 having a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1537, 1471, 1239, 1163, 1067, and 946 cm\u22121. 73. Form D crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl according to claim 24 having an FT-IR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 11. 74. Form D crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl according to claim 24 having (i) an XRPD pattern comprising one or more peaks at about 6.0, 12.7, and 18.1\u00b0 2\u03b8; and (ii) a FT-IR spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1537, 1471, 1239, 1163, 1067, and 946 cm\u22121. 75. Form D crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide HCl according to claim 24 having a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 12. 76. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline compound according to claim 67. 77. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline compound according to claim 67. 78. The method according to claim 77, wherein the subject is a mammal. 79. The method according to claim 78, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 80. The method according to claim 78, wherein the mammal is a human. 81. The method according to claim 77 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 82. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 76. 83. The method according to claim 82, wherein the subject is a mammal. 84. The method according to claim 83, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 85. The method according to claim 83, wherein the mammal is a human. 86. The method according to claim 82 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent.",
-    "A liquid crystal display according to an exemplary embodiment includes: a substrate; a liquid crystal layer positioned on the substrate and formed with a plurality of microcavities including liquid crystal molecules; a roof layer positioned on the liquid crystal layer; a capping layer positioned on the roof layer; and a light source positioned on the capping layer and positioned between the plurality of microcavities. 1. A liquid crystal display comprising: a substrate; a liquid crystal layer positioned on the substrate and formed with a plurality of microcavities including liquid crystal molecules; a roof layer positioned on the liquid crystal layer; a capping layer positioned on the roof layer; and a light source positioned on the capping layer and positioned between the plurality of microcavities. 2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, further comprising a light guide panel covering the light source and the capping layer. 3. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, further comprising: a diffuser sheet positioned between the light source and the light guide panel; and a reflection sheet formed on the light guide panel. 4. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, further comprising a light blocking member positioned between the capping layer and the light source. 5. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein the light guide panel is patterned at a position corresponding to the light source. 6. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, further comprising: a first diffuser sheet positioned between the light source and the light guide panel; and a second diffuser sheet formed on the light guide panel. 7. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, further comprising: a thin film transistor positioned on the substrate; a pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor; an upper insulating layer positioned on the roof layer; and a lower insulating layer positioned under the roof layer and facing the pixel electrode based on the microcavities. 8. The liquid crystal display of claim 7, wherein the light source is formed along a liquid crystal inlet formed along a direction that a gate line connected to the thin film transistor extends. 9. A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display comprising: forming a thin film transistor on a substrate; forming a pixel electrode on the thin film transistor; forming a sacrificial layer on the pixel electrode; forming a roof layer on the sacrificial layer; removing the sacrificial layer to form a plurality of microcavities; injecting a liquid crystal material into the plurality of microcavities; forming a capping layer covering a liquid crystal inlet formed between the plurality of microcavities; and forming a light source positioned on the capping layer and disposed in a liquid crystal inlet formed between the plurality of microcavities. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming a light guide panel covering the light source and the capping layer. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein: forming a diffuser sheet between the light source and the capping layer before forming the light guide panel. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising forming a reflection sheet on the light guide panel after forming the light guide panel. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising: forming a first diffuser sheet on the light source and the capping layer before forming the light guide panel; and forming a second diffuser sheet on the light guide panel after forming the light guide panel. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming a light blocking member positioned on the capping layer and facing the liquid crystal inlet formed between the plurality of microcavities after forming the capping layer. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the liquid crystal inlet is formed along a direction in which a gate line connected to the thin film transistor extends.",
-    "Provided are a neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip and a method of fabricating the same, which 3-dimensionally integrates various human brain cells in a microfluidic platform by using a brain cell co-culture technique so as to simulate a similar environment to the human brain in vitro. The NVU-on-a-chip includes an extracellular matrix (ECM) simulation material (70) in a gel state; and at least one channel (75) which passes through the ECM simulation material (70) and perfuses a culture medium, in which the ECM simulation material (70) contains a plurality of types of human brain cells on an outer side of the channel (75), a brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) is formed on an inner side of the channel (75), and the plurality of types of human brain cells and the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) contact each other through the channel (75) to simulate a blood brain barrier (BBB) of a human brain and a neurovascular unit (NVU) of the human brain including the BBB. 1. A neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip, comprising: an extracellular matrix (ECM) simulation material (70) in a gel state; and at least one channel (75) which passes through the ECM simulation material (70) and perfuses a culture medium, wherein the ECM simulation material (70) includes a plurality of types of human brain cells on an outer side of the channel (75), a brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) is formed on an inner side of the channel (75), and the plurality of types of human brain cells and the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) contact each other through the channel (75) to simulate a blood brain barrier (BBB) of a human brain and a neurovascular unit (NVU) of the human brain including the BBB. 2. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 1, wherein the ECM simulation material (70) includes an extracelluar matrix including at least one of collagen, fibronectin, fibrin, fibrinogen, elastin, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, laminin, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate and matrigel, hydrogel including at least one of alginate, polyethylene glycol, silicon hydrogel, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, polypyrrolidone, glycosaminoglycan and polyhema, mixture of the extracelluar matrix and the hydrogel, chemical variant of the extracelluar matrix, chemical variant of the hydrogel, or mixture of the chemical variant of the extracelluar matrix and the chemical variant of the hydrogel. 3. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 1, wherein the plurality of types of human brain cells includes one or more cells selected from the group consisting of a neuron (92), a neural stem cell (93), a microglia (94), an astrocyte (95), and a pericyte (96). 4. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 1, wherein the plurality of types of human brain cells include the neuron (92), the microglia (94), the astrocyte (95), and the pericyte (96). 5. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 3, wherein the BBB includes the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91), the astrocyte (95), and the pericyte (96). 6. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 5, wherein the NVU includes the BBB, the neuron (92), the neural stem cell (93), and the microglia (94). 7. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate (10) surrounding the ECM simulation material (70), wherein the substrate (10) is configured to mount the ECM simulation material (70) in a cell fixing well (20) which is positioned between a lower surface (LS) and an upper surface (US) so as to be extended toward the lower surface (LS) from the upper surface (US) passing through the upper surface (US) in a central region of the upper surface (US). 8. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 7, wherein the substrate (10) includes transparent ceramics including glass, silicon rubbers including at least one of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and ecoflex, engineering plastics including at least one of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polypropylene, polycarbonate and polyurethane, mixture including at least two of the transparent ceramics, the silicon rubbers and the engineering plastics, chemical variant of the transparent ceramics, chemical variant of the silicon rubbers, chemical variant of the engineering plastics, or mixture including at least two of the chemical variant of the transparent ceramics, the chemical variant of the silicon rubbers and the chemical variant of the engineering plastics. 9. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 7, wherein the substrate (10) includes a passage (50) having the same number as the channel (75), and the passage (50) is divided into a first passage (35) and a second passage (45) at both sides of the cell fixing well (20) to pass through the substrate (10) and fluidly communicate with the channel (75). 10. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 9, wherein the substrate (10) and the cell fixing well (20) is quadrangular in shape and have a first side wall (WS1) and a second side wall (WS2), respectively, the first side wall (WS1) has a larger height than the second side wall (WS2) in a thickness direction of the substrate (10), the first side wall (WS1) and the second side wall (WS2) come into contact with the upper surface (US) while forming an angle with the upper surface (US) to face each other, and each of the first passage (35) and the second passage (45) are opened in the first side wall (WS1) of the substrate (10) and the second side wall (WS2) of the cell fixing well (20) facing the first side wall (WS1) to have an inlet port (IP) and an outlet port (OP) located respectively in the first side wall (WS1) and the second side wall (WS2). 11. The NVU-on-a-chip of claim 7, wherein the 3D co-culture in which the NVU of the human brain including the BBB is simulated is performed by bringing the outer side of the channel (75) into contact with the ECM simulation material (70), and a tested drug is negligibly absorbed on the substrate (10) by minimizing the contact between the substrate (10) and the channel (75) to avoid showing a different aspect from a mechanism in vivo. 12. A method of fabricating a neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip, comprising: forming a channel (75) passing through an extracellular matrix (ECM) simulation material (70) containing a plurality of types of human brain cells in a gel state; forming a brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) on an inner side of the channel (75); and simulating a blood brain barrier (BBB) of a human brain and a neurovascular unit (NVU) of the human brain including the BBB through the channel (75) by using the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) and the plurality of types of human brain cells. 13. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 12, wherein the ECM simulation material (70) includes an extracelluar matrix including at least one of collagen, fibronectin, fibrin, fibrinogen, elastin, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, laminin, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate and matrigel, hydrogel including at least one of alginate, polyethylene glycol, silicon hydrogel, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, polypyrrolidone, glycosaminoglycan and polyhema, mixture of the extracelluar matrix and the hydrogel, chemical variant of the extracelluar matrix, chemical variant of the hydrogel, or mixture of the chemical variant of the extracelluar matrix and the chemical variant of the hydrogel. 14. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 12, wherein the forming of the channel (75) includes preparing a substrate (10) including a first side wall (WS1) connecting a lower surface (LS) and an upper surface (US) together with the lower surface (LS) and the upper surface (US) which are flat in shape to vertically face each other, a cell fixing well (20) limited to a second side wall (WS2) between the lower surface (LS) and the upper surface (US) to be extended toward the lower surface (LS) from the upper surface (US) through the upper surface (US) in the central region of the upper surface (US), and at least one passage (50) around the cell fixing well (20), and the passage (50) is formed to be divided into a first passage (35) and a second passage (45) at both sides of the cell fixing well (20). 15. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 14, wherein the substrate (10) includes transparent ceramics including glass, silicon rubbers including at least one of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and ecoflex, engineering plastics including at least one of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polypropylene, polycarbonate and polyurethane, mixture including at least two of the transparent ceramics, the silicon rubbers and the engineering plastics, chemical variant of the transparent ceramics, chemical variant of the silicon rubbers, chemical variant of the engineering plastics, or mixture including at least two of the chemical variants of the transparent ceramics, the chemical variants of the silicon rubbers and the chemical variants of the engineering plastics. 16. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 14, wherein the first passage (35) and the second passage (45) are opened in the first side wall (WS1) of the substrate (10) and in the second side wall (WS2) of the cell fixing well (20) facing the first side wall (WS1) by passing through the substrate (10). 17. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 14, wherein each of the first passage (35) and the second passage (45) has an inlet port (IP) and an outlet port (OP) located respectively in the first side wall (WS1) and the second side wall (WS2). 18. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 14, wherein the forming of the channel (75) further includes: inserting a micro-needle (60) to the first passage (35), the cell fixing well (20), and the second passage (45); and filling the cell fixing well (20) with an ECM simulation material in a sol state. 19. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 18, wherein the forming of the channel (75) further includes: curing the ECM simulation material in the sol state to transform the ECM simulation material in the sol state into the ECM simulation material (70) in the gel state; and removing the micro-needle (60) from the ECM simulation material (70) in the gel state to form the channel (75) passing through the ECM simulation material (70) in the gel state. 20. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 12, wherein the forming of the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) includes: injecting a brain endothelial cell (84) into the channel (75) to fix the brain endothelial cell (84) to the inner side of the channel (75); and coating the inner side of the channel (75) with the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) by contacting a culture medium (88) and the brain endothelial cell (84) fixed to the inner side of the channel (75) while flowing the culture medium (88) including a brain endothelial cell into the channel (75), and the culture medium (88) co-cultures the plurality of types of human brain cells through the brain endothelial cell (84) on the inner side of the channel (75) and the ECM simulation material (70) in the gel state on the outer side of the channel (75). 21. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 20, wherein the simulating of the BBB and the NVU includes: co-culturing the plurality of types of human brain cells in the ECM simulation material (70) by bringing the culture medium (88) into contact with the ECM simulation material (70) while flowing the culture medium (88) in the channel (75); and bringing the plurality of types of human brain cells into contact with the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91) through the channel (75). 22. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 21, wherein the plurality of types of human brain cells include one or more cells selected from the group consisting of a neuron (92), a neural stem cell (93), a microglia (94), an astrocyte (95), and a pericyte (96). 23. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 21, wherein the plurality of types of human brain cells include a neuron (92), a microglia (94), an astrocyte (95), and a pericyte (96). 24. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 22, wherein the BBB includes the brain microvessel endothelial cell lining (91), the astrocyte (95), and the pericyte (96). 25. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 24, wherein the NVU includes the BBB, the neuron (92), the neural stem cell (93), and the microglia (94). 26. The method of fabricating the NVU-on-a-chip of claim 12, wherein the 3D co-culture in which the NVU of the human brain is simulated is performed by bringing the outer side of the channel (75) into contact with the ECM simulation material (70) in the gel state, and a tested drug is negligibly absorbed on the substrate (10) by minimizing the contact between the substrate (10) and the channel (75) to avoid showing a different aspect from a mechanism in vivo.",
-    "An apparatus for connecting drum pedals for a musical drum set is provided. The apparatus may include an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the outer rod having a polygon-shaped channel extending therethrough, the distal end of the outer tube being coupled with a first drum pedal; an inner rod having a polygonal cross-section, a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the inner rod being slidably received through the polygon-shaped channel at the proximal end of the outer tube, the distal end of the inner rod being coupled with a first drum beater; and a quick-release mechanism coupled to the proximal end of the outer tube configured to releasably engage the outer tube with the inner rod. 1. An apparatus for connecting two drum pedals of a drum set, the apparatus comprising: an outer tube having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the outer rod having a polygon-shaped channel extending therethrough, the distal end of the outer tube being coupled with a first drum pedal; an inner rod having a polygonal cross-section, a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the inner rod being slidably received through the polygon-shaped channel at the proximal end of the outer tube, the inner rod including two or more planar surfaces having a plurality of spaced spherical-shaped detents extending along a substantial portion of the length of the inner rod, the distal end of the inner rod being coupled with a first drum beater; and a quick-release mechanism coupled to the proximal end of the outer tube configured to releasably engage the outer tube with the inner rod, the quick-release mechanism including a resilient engagement member that resiliently engages the outer tube with the inner rod and that is manually operable to disengage the outer tube from the inner rod. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resilient engagement member is attached to the outer tube and spring-loaded to resiliently engage at least one of the detents on the inner rod. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the resilient engagement member is disposed near the proximal end of the outer tube. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a first quick-release member configured to connect the distal end of the outer tube with an operating shaft of the first drum pedal that rotates by actuation of the first drum pedal. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a first universal joint coupled between the distal end of the outer tube and the first quick release member, wherein the first quick release member is configured to resiliently engage the first universal joint with the operating shaft of the first drum pedal. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a second quick-release member configured to removeably couple the distal end of the inner rod with a first rotary shaft that rotates with the first drum beater. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a second universal joint coupled between the distal end of the inner rod and the second quick release member, wherein the second quick-release member is configured to removeably couple and engage the second universal joint with the first rotary shaft of the first drum beater. 8. An apparatus for connecting two drum pedals of a drum set, the apparatus comprising: an outer tube having a first end, a second end, and a polygon-shaped channel extending therethrough; a first inner rod having a polygonal cross-section, a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the first inner rod being slidably received through the first end of the outer tube, the first inner rod including two or more planar surfaces having a plurality of spaced spherical-shaped detents extending along a substantial portion of the length of the first inner rod, the distal end of the first inner rod being coupled with a first drum pedal; a second inner rod having a polygonal cross-section, a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the second inner rod being slidably received through the second end of the outer tube, the second inner rod including two or more planar surfaces having a plurality of spaced spherical-shaped detents extending along a substantial portion of the length of the second inner rod, the distal end of the second inner rod being coupled with a first drum beater; a first quick-release mechanism coupled to the first end configured to releasably engage the outer tube with the first inner rod, the first quick-release mechanism including a resilient engagement member that resiliently engages the outer tube with the first inner rod and that is manually operable to disengage the outer tube from the first inner rod; and a second quick-release mechanism coupled to the second end configured to releasably engage the outer tube with the second inner rod, the second quick-release mechanism including a resilient engagement member that resiliently engages the outer tube with the second inner rod and that is manually operable to disengage the outer tube from the second inner rod. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein wherein the first resilient engagement member is attached to the outer tube and spring-loaded to resiliently engage at least one of the detents on the first inner rod. 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second resilient engagement member is attached to the outer tube and spring-loaded to resiliently engage at least one of the detents on the second inner rod. 11. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a first quick-release member configured to removeably couple the distal end of the first inner rod with an operating shaft of the first drum pedal that rotates by actuation of the first drum pedal. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a first universal joint coupled between the distal end of the first inner rod and the first quick release member for removeably and resiliently coupling the operating shaft of the first drum pedal with the first inner rod. 13. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising a second quick-release member configured to removeably couple the distal end of the second inner rod with a first rotary shaft for the first drum beater that rotates with the first drum beater. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a second universal joint coupled between the distal end of the second inner rod and the second quick-release member to resiliently engage the second inner rod with the first rotary shaft for the first drum beater.",
-    "The present invention relates to the use canthaxanthin and/or 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH D3) for improving reproductive performance of roosters. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of Canthaxanthin and/or 25-hydroxy canthaxanthin in the manufacture of a food or veterinary composition for improving reproductive performance of roosters. 1. A method for improving reproductive performance of roosters, which comprises administering to a rooster in need of improved reproductive performance an effective reproductive performance improving amount of about 2 ppm to 100 ppm of canthaxanthin and/or about 10 \u03bcg/kg to about 100 \u03bcg/kg of at least one vitamin D metabolite. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the vitamin D metabolite is 25-hydroxy vitamin D3. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 are administered together. 4. The method according to claim 1, which comprises administering an amount of about 2 ppm to about 10 ppm of canthaxanthin. 5. A poultry feed composition to improve reproductive performance of roosters, which comprises an effective reproductive performance improving amount of about 2 ppm to 100 ppm of canthaxanthin and/or about 10 \u03bcg/kg to about 100 \u03bcg/kg of at least one vitamin D metabolite. 6. The poultry feed composition according to claim 5, wherein the vitamin D metabolite is 25-hydroxy vitamin D3. 7. The poultry feed composition according to claim 6, which comprises both canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3. 8. The poultry feed composition according to claim 5, which comprises about 2 ppm to about 10 ppm of canthaxanthin.",
-    "The AUGMENTED REALITY VIRTUAL CONTENT PLATFORM APPARATUSES, METHODS AND SYSTEMS (\u201cARV\u201d) provides a photo driven ad-platform that transforms digital media placements into immersive and immediately shareable brand-consumer engagements via GPS-linked virtual photo components instantiated on a user mobile device. Within embodiments, users may create and share photographs augmented with brands or other images and accompanying messages on various social networks using their Smartphones or tablets to earn rewards. In one implementation, merchants and/or advertisers may populate the mobile augmented reality space as fans and consumers may share their photos on social networks and spread the word virally. 1.-246. (canceled) 247. A method comprising: receiving, by a processor, an image captured by a first client device associated with a social network; the image comprising geo-location data associated with a location of the first client device when the image is captured; determining, by the processor, whether the geo-location data is in a proximity of a related event associated with the location; responsive to the determining, providing a plurality of augmented image overlays corresponding to the related event, each of the plurality of augmented image overlays to be injected as a selectable overlay on top of the image to augment the image as presented on a display of the first client device; receiving, by the processor, a notification of a selection of at least one of the identified augmented image overlay; and response to the notification: identifying a user of a second client device of the social network as a follower of the related event associated with the location and posting the image with the augmented image overlay associated with the selection to the second client device. 248. The method of claim 247, wherein the plurality of augmented image overlays are available for a specified time duration. 249. The method of claim 247, wherein the augmented image overlays are selectable in response to a user gesture being applied to the display of the first client device. 250. The method of claim 247, wherein the augmented image overlays comprises brand data for a campaign associated with the related event. 251. The method of claim 250, wherein the brand data is supplied based on a bid from a merchant associated with the campaign. 252. The method of claim 247, wherein providing the plurality of augmented image overlays comprises providing a list of augmented image overlays to the display of the first client device. 253. The method of claim 247, further comprising receiving social media activities data related to the posting of the image with the augmented image overlay associated with the selection. 254. A system comprising: a memory for storing a plurality of augmented image overlays; and a processing device, operatively coupled to the memory, to: receive an image captured by a first client device associated with a social network; the image comprising geo-location data associated with a location of the first client device when the image is captured; determine whether the geo-location data is in a proximity of a related event associated with the location; responsive to the determined, provide a plurality of augmented image overlays corresponding to the related event, each of the plurality of augmented image overlays to be injected as a selectable overlay on top of the image to augment the image as presented on a display of the first client device; receive a notification of a selection of at least one of the identified augmented image overlay; and response to the notification: identify a user of a second client device of the social network as a follower of the related event associated with the location and post the image with the augmented image overlay associated with the selection to the second client device. 255. The system of claim 254, wherein the plurality of augmented image overlays are available for a specified time duration. 256. The system of claim 254, wherein the augmented image overlays are selectable in response to a user gesture being applied to the display of the first client device. 257. The system of claim 254, wherein the augmented image overlays comprises brand data for a campaign associated with the related event. 258. The system of claim 257, wherein the brand data is supplied based on a bid from a merchant associated with the campaign. 259. The system of claim 254, wherein to provide the plurality of augmented image overlays, the processing device is further to provide a list of augmented image overlays to the display of the first client device. 260. The system of claim 254, wherein the processing device is further to receive social media activities data related to the posting of the image with the augmented image overlay associated with the selection. 261. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that when executed, by a processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, by the processing device, an image captured by a first client device associated with a social network; the image comprising geo-location data associated with a location of the first client device when the image is captured; determine whether the geo-location data is in a proximity of a related event associated with the location; responsive to the determined, provide a plurality of augmented image overlays corresponding to the related event, each of the plurality of augmented image overlays to be injected as a selectable overlay on top of the image to augment the image as presented on a display of the first client device; receive a notification of a selection of at least one of the identified augmented image overlay; and response to the notification: identify a user of a second client device of the social network as a follower of the related event associated with the location and post the image with the augmented image overlay associated with the selection to the second client device. 262. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 261, wherein the plurality of augmented image overlays are available for a specified time duration. 263. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 261, wherein the augmented image overlays are selectable in response to a user gesture being applied to the display of the first client device. 264. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 261, wherein the augmented image overlays comprises brand data for a campaign associated with the related event. 265. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 264, wherein the brand data is supplied based on a bid from a merchant associated with the campaign. 266. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 261, wherein to provide the plurality of augmented image overlays, the processing device is further to provide a list of augmented image overlays to the display of the first client device.",
-    "The present invention relates to an ink composition and a writing instrument. The ink composition comprises 10 to 70 wt % of a metallic pigment, 10 to 30 wt % of a resin, 0 to 20 wt % of a colorant, 0 to 20 wt % of an auxiliary agent and a solvent as the remainder; the solvent is a main solvent or a mixture of the main solvent and an auxiliary solvent; the resin includes a film-forming resin and a thickening resin; the present invention uses a low-level monohydric alcohol solvent as the main solvent, a polyvinyl acetal resin as the film-forming resin, and further includes the auxiliary agent, the metallic pigment or the colorants, so the ink composition with such good characteristics as being environmental friendly, drying quickly, being written smoothly and having strong compatibility to general writing surfaces is produced. 1. An ink composition, wherein the ink composition comprises a metallic pigment, a resin, a colorant, an auxiliary agent and a solvent. 2. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein contents of each component of the ink composition are: the metallic pigment 10 to 70 wt %; the resin 10 to 30 wt %; the colorant 0 to 20 wt %; the auxiliary agent 0 to 20 wt %; and the solvent as the remainder. 3. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein contents of each component of the ink composition are: the metallic pigment 20 to 50 wt %; the resin 10 to 20 wt %; the colorant 5 to 15 wt %; the auxiliary agent 2 to 15 wt %; and the solvent as the remainder. 4. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein contents of each component of the ink composition are: the metallic pigment 30 to 45 wt %; the resin 10 to 15 wt %; the colorant 7 to 12 wt %; the auxiliary agent 3 to 12 wt %; and the solvent as the remainder. 5. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of a main solvent, and a mixture of the main solvent and an auxiliary solvent. 6. The ink composition as claimed in claim 5 wherein the main solvent is a low-level monohydric alcohol solvent and the auxiliary solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyols solvent, an ether solvent and an ester solvent that are capable of mutually dissolving into the low-level monohydric alcohol solvent. 7. The ink composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein the low-level monohydric alcohol solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol. 8. The ink composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein the polyols solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of dihydric alcohol and trihydric alcohol. 9. The ink composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein the ether solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol methyl ether, butyl glycol methyl ether, and dipropylene glycol methyl ether. 10. The ink composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein the ester solvent is ate least one selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. 11. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metallic pigment is at least one selected from the group consisting of at least one metallic elements from the I B group, the II B group and the III A group of the periodic table of the elements; and surfaces of the metallic pigment are coated by silica and long-chain aliphatic compound. 12. The ink composition as claimed in claim 11, wherein the metallic pigment is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Zn, Al and Cu\u2014Zn alloy, and average particle size of the metallic pigment after surface-coating treatment is between about 2 to 15 \u03bcm. 13. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the resin includes a film-forming resin and a thickening resin. 14. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the resin consists of a film-forming resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral resin, modified products of the polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin; and a thickening resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, amine-modified products of the phenolic resin, organic silicon-modified products of the phenolic resin, alkyd resin, acrylic acid-modified products of the alkyd resin and organic silicon-modified products of the alkyd resin. 15. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the resin includes at least one of a film-forming resin selected from at least one of selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral resin, modified products of the polyvinyl butyral resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin; and a thickening resin selected from the group consisting of phenolic resin, amine-modified products of the phenolic resin, organic silicon-modified products of the phenolic resin, alkyd resin, acrylic acid-modified products of the alkyd resin and organic silicon-modified products of the alkyd resin. 16. The ink composition as in claim 13 wherein the film-forming resin is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral resin, glutaraldehyde-modified products of the polyvinyl butyral resin, and aromatic dialdehydes-modified products of the polyvinyl butyral resin. 17. The ink composition as claimed in claim 13, wherein weight ratio of the film-forming resin to the thickening resin is 1:between about 1 to about 20. 18. The ink composition as claimed in claim 13, wherein the weight ratio of the film-forming resin to the thickening resin is 1:between about 2 to about 10. 19. The ink composition as claimed in claim 13 wherein ratio of the film-forming resin to the thickening resin is 1:between about 3 to about 8. 20. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the colorant is an organic pigment. 21. The ink composition as claimed in claim 20, wherein the organic pigment is phthalocyanine pigment or azo pigment. 22. The ink composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the auxiliary agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of a wetting dispersant, a viscosity conditioning agent and an organic amine. 23. The ink composition as in claim 1, wherein the auxiliary agent is at least one of a wetting dispersant selected from the group consisting of a mixture of block copolymer and wetting type organic silicon compounds; a viscosity conditioning agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-settling wax and a fumed silica; and triethanolamine. 24. A writing instrument, wherein the writing instrument comprises an ink reservoir for storing the ink composition as claimed claim 1, and a writing component that is connected to the ink reservoir via pipeline and used for writing the ink composition onto media.",
-    "The invention relates to a novel pet harness and pack for comfortably harnessing a dog and providing a dispenser for waste bags one on side of the harness and a storage pouch on the opposite side. The pouches are colorfully decorated with character faces and the bags will dispense out of a portion of the character's face. A metal loop is provided beneath a cross-stitched reinforced section of fabric wherein a leash may be attached to the harness. 1) A pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage comprising: a) At least three (3) reinforced straps for connecting two pouches and the harness around a pet b) a zippered character based waste bag dispenser on one side of the harness c) a zippered character based storage pouch on the opposite side of the harness d) a male and female buckle clasp for connecting the reinforced straps e) a metal loop for connecting a leash to the harness f) a cross-stitched reinforced fabric panel for connecting the loop to the harness. 2) The pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage as in claim 1 wherein a set of at least three (3) reinforced straps extend around the chest, belly and back of a pet and create a connection point along the back of the pet wherein the two pouches are also connected to reside on each side of the pet's body. 3) The pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage as in claim 1 wherein a circular zippered pouch is affixed to the reinforced straps which receives pet waste bags and wherein a dispensing aperture on the pouch will dispense the bags one at a time from a portion of a character based design as in an animal face, pirate or similar decorative character. 4) The pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage as in claim 1 wherein a zippered pouch is located on the opposite side of the harness from the bag dispensing pouch and provides storage for used waste bags or other pet related items, and wherein the pouch is a character design such as a pirate face, an animal face or similar decorative character. 5) The pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage as in claim 1 wherein one of the reinforced straps contains a male and female buckle portion for connecting the harness around the pet's body. 6) The pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage as in claim 1 wherein a circular metal loop is attached to the harness for affixing a pet leash thereto. 7) The pet harness with waste bag dispenser and storage as in claim 1 wherein a section of cross-stitched fabric is affixed atop a reinforced strap and connects the metal loop in a manner so as to prevent the loop from tearing off the straps when a leash is attached to the loop.",
-    "This patent document describes, among other things, methods and systems for determining which if any page resources a server might push to a client (using, e.g., an HTTP 2.0 server push mechanism). The approaches described herein improve web page load times by pushing page resources that a client is likely to need to render the base page, while reducing wasteful server pushes of resources that the client is unlikely to request from the server because, for example, they are already cached at the client. 1. A method performed by one or more computing machines, comprising: identifying a particular object X as a push candidate for each of a plurality of pages 1 . . . N, where each page represents a step in a transaction; determining a frequency with which a particular resource associated with a given page is loaded by a plurality of clients, so as to produce freq1 . . . freqN; receiving requests from a particular client for each of the plurality of pages 1 . . . N; receiving a request from the particular client for a particular page that comes after the plurality of pages 1 . . . N in the transaction; computing a probability that the particular client already has the particular object; determining whether to push the particular object to the particular client, in response to the request for the particular page, based at least in part on the probability; when the determination is to push the particular object, pushing the particular object to the particular client in response to the particular request; when the determination is not to push the particular object, not pushing the particular object to the particular client in response to the particular request. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether to push the particular object to the particular client, in response to the request for the particular page, based at least in part on the probability comprises comparing the probability to a threshold. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: collecting, from the plurality of clients, resource timing data for the given page over a plurality of client page loads, to determine the frequencies. 4. The method of claim 1, where the computation is of the form: 1\u2212\u03a01N(1\u2212freqN) where 1 . . . N are the pages in which the particular object X was identified as a push candidate. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the transaction is a web page navigation sequence in an e-commerce transaction. 6. A computer apparatus having at least one microprocessor and memory storing computer-readable instructions for execution on the at least one microprocessor, the instructions comprising: instructions for identifying a particular object X as a push candidate for each of a plurality of pages 1 . . . N, where each page represents a step in a transaction; instructions for determining a frequency with which a particular object associated with a given page is loaded by a plurality of clients, so as to produce freq1 . . . freqN; instructions for receiving requests from a particular client for each of the plurality of pages 1 . . . N; instructions for receiving a request from the particular client for a particular page that comes after the plurality of pages 1 . . . N in the transaction; instructions for computing a probability that the particular client already has the particular object cached; instructions for determining whether to push the particular object to the particular client, in response to the request for the particular page, based at least in part on the probability; when the determination is to push the particular object, pushing the particular object to the particular client in response to the particular request; when the determination is not to push the particular object, not pushing the particular object to the particular client in response to the particular request. 7. The computer apparatus of claim 6, wherein determining whether to push the particular object to the particular client, in response to the request for the particular page, based at least in part on the probability comprises comparing the probability to a threshold. 8. The computer apparatus of claim 6, further comprising: instructions for collecting, from the plurality of clients, resource timing data for the given page over a plurality of client page loads, to determine the frequencies. 9. The computer apparatus of claim 6, where the computation is of the form: 1\u2212\u03a01N(1\u2212freqN) where 1 . . . N are the pages in which the particular object X was identified as a push candidate. 10. The computer apparatus of claim 6, wherein the transaction is a web page navigation sequence in an e-commerce transaction. 11. A method, comprising: with a computer system, for each of a plurality of pages associated with a particular web navigation sequence: collecting, from a plurality of clients, resource timing data for the given page over a plurality of client page loads; determining scores for a set of one or more objects for pushing from a client from a server, based on a function of the resource timing data; sending the scores to a server distinct from the computer system; at the server: receiving a request for HTML associated with a given page in the plurality of pages, from a client, where the given page is common to a plurality of web navigation sequences; determining a probability that a client device is beginning the particular web navigation sequence associated with the plurality of pages; discounting a score associated with at least one of the one or more objects based on the probability that the client is beginning the particular web navigation sequence. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the probability comprises identifying possible web navigation sequences based on the page requests seen so far, and assigning a probability to the web navigation sequence based on how common that web navigation sequence is. 13. A system, comprising: a computer apparatus having at least one microprocessor and memory storing computer-readable instructions for execution on the at least one microprocessor, the instructions comprising: instructions for, for each of a plurality of pages associated with a particular web navigation sequence: collecting, from a plurality of clients, resource timing data for the given page over a plurality of client page loads; determining scores for a set of one or more objects for pushing from a client from a server, based on a function of the resource timing data; sending the scores to a server distinct from the computer apparatus; the server having at least one microprocessor and memory storing computer-readable instructions for execution on the at least one microprocessor, the instructions comprising: instructions for receiving a request for HTML associated with a given page in the plurality of pages, from a client, where the given page is common to a plurality of web navigation sequences; instructions for determining a probability that a client device is beginning the particular web navigation sequence associated with the plurality of pages; instructions for discounting a score associated with at least one of the one or more objects based on the probability that the client is beginning the particular web navigation sequence. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein determining the probability comprises identifying possible web navigation sequences based on the page requests seen so far, and assigning a probability to the web navigation sequence based on how common that web navigation sequence is.",
-    "A coffee grinding device includes a base, a tubular part connected to the top of the base, and a driving member received in the tubular part and driven by the base. A male grinder is connected to the driving member with a female grinder adjustably located above the male grinder. A threaded tube is threadedly connected to the tubular part and defines a gap between the underside of the threaded tube and the female grinder to adjust the sizes of coffee beans to be ground between the male and female grinders. The coffee beans are ground between the male and female grinders, and collected in the base. A cap is directly mounted to the base and receives a filter therein. The ground coffee powder is put in the filter and hot water is poured into the filter to make coffee which flows into the base. 1. A coffee grinding device comprising: a base (1) having an open top and a closed bottom, multiple first threads (11) defined in an outside of a top end of the base (1), a first engaging portion (12) defined in an inner periphery of the top end of the base (1); a tubular part (2) having multiple second threads (21) defined in an inner periphery thereof and being located above a lower end of the tubular part (2), multiple third threads (24) defined in the inner periphery of the lower end of the tubular part (2), a flange (23) extending from the inner periphery of the tubular part (2) and located between the second threads (21) and the third threads (24), the third threads (24) of the tubular part (2) engaged with the first threads (11) of the base (1); a driving member (3) having an open bottom, a second engaging portion (36) being formed on an outer periphery of the driving member (3), a support surface (31) transversely formed in a top section of the driving member (3), multiple slots (32) defined through the support surface (31) and communicating with the open bottom, a third engaging portion (34) extending from a top of the support face (31), a skirt portion (37) extending outward from the outer periphery of the driving member (3), a diameter of the skirt portion (37) being larger than that of the second engaging portion, the driving member (3) inserted into the tubular part (2) and an underside of the skirt portion (37) rested on the flange (23) of the tubular part (2); a male grinder (4) having a fourth engaging portion (42) defined in an underside thereof, the fourth engaging portion removably engaged with the third engaging portion of the driving member (3), the male grinder (4) having a tapered surface on an outer periphery thereof, multiple first grinding pieces (43) extending from the tapered surface, when the base (1) is rotated, the driving member (3) is rotated by the base (1), and the male grinder (4) is rotated by the driving member (3) without central principal axis; a collar (5) having multiple fourth threads (52) defined in an outer periphery thereof, the collar (5) being received in the tubular part (2) by engaging the fourth threads (52) with the second threads (21) of the tubular part (2), the collar (5) located above the driving member (3), the collar (5) having a fifth engaging portion (51) defined in an inner periphery thereof; a female grinder (6) having a sixth engaging portion (61) formed on an outer periphery thereof, the female grinder (6) received in the collar (5), the sixth engaging portion (61) of the female grinder (6) slidably engaged with the fifth engaging portion of the collar (5), the female grinder (6) having third grinding pieces (62) formed in an inner periphery thereof, a gap defined between the male grinder (4) and the female grinder (6), when the tubular part (2) is rotated, the collar (5) is driven by the tubular part (2), and the female grinder (6) is rotated by the collar (5); a threaded tube (7) having fifth threads (71) defined in an outside thereof and having a touch face (72) defined in an underside thereof, the fifth threads (71) engaged with the second threads (21) of the tubular part (2), the touch face (72) adjustably touching a top of the female grinder (6), the threaded tube (7) having a seventh engaging portion (74) defined in the outside thereof, and a cap (8) having a closed top and an open bottom, an eighth engaging portion (84) formed on an inside of the cap (8) and removably engaged with the seventh engaging potion (74) of the threaded tube (7), a gap between the touch face (72) and the female grinder (6) is adjusted by rotating the cap (8). 2. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first engaging portion include multiple ridges (12) extending from the inner periphery of the base (1), the second engaging portion includes multiple recesses (36) defined in the outer periphery of the driving member (3), the ridges (12) are engaged with the recesses (36). 3. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third engaging portion includes multiple rods (34), the fourth engaging portion includes multiple reception holes (42) in which the rods (34) are inserted, a tolerance is formed between each rod (34) and the reception hole (42) corresponding thereto. 4. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fifth engaging portion includes multiple protrusions (51), the sixth engaging portion includes multiple grooves (61) with which the protrusions (51) are engaged. 5. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seventh engaging portion includes two locking recesses (74), the eighth engaging portion includes two ribs (84) which are engaged with the locking recesses (74). 6. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cap (8) has multiple insertions (85) extending axially from the open bottom thereof, the tubular part (2) has multiple notches (22) defined in a top edge thereof, the insertions (85) are engaged with the notches (22). 7. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the female grinder (6) is axially movable along the fifth engaging portion of the collar (5), the male grinder (4) is surrounded by the female grinder (6), the gap defined between the male grinder (4) and the female grinder (6) is adjustable when the female grinder (6) is moved along the fifth engaging portion of the collar (5). 8. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein a diameter of the closed top of the cap (8) is smaller than that of the cap (8) so as to form a shoulder between the closed top and a top portion of the cap (8), an aperture (81) defined through the closed top, multiple blocks (82) extend from the shoulder, when the cap (8) is reversely mounted to the open top of the base (1), the blocks (82) contact a top edge of the base (1) and multiple gaps are defined between the top edge of the base (1) and the shoulder of the cap (8). 9. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the male grinder (4) is rotated without central principal axis. 10. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the male grinder (4) has second grinding pieces (44) formed on the tapered surface thereof, the first grinding pieces (43) are located above the second grinding pieces (44). 11. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 10, wherein a number of second grinding pieces (44) is more than a number of the first grinding pieces (43). 12. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the female grinder (6) includes multiple grooves (61) defined axially in the outer periphery of the female grinder (6). 13. The coffee grinding device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the male grinder (4) includes multiple reception holes (42) defined in the underside thereof.",
-    "The present invention provides a malonate salt of a compound of formula (I): which is a crystalline salt. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions that include the provided malonate salt and methods of using the provided crystalline forms and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cancer. 1. A malonate salt of a compound of formula (I): which is a crystalline salt. 2. The malonate salt according to claim 1 characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising a characteristic peak at about 3.0\u00b0 2\u03b8. 3. The malonate salt according to claim 1 characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 3.0 and 5.2\u00b0 2\u03b8. 4. The malonate salt according to claim 1 characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising characteristic peaks selected from the group consisting of about 3.0, 5.2, 8.0, and 10.9\u00b0 2\u03b8. 5. The malonate salt according to claim 1 characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising XRPD 2\u03b8-reflections (\u00b0) at about 3.0. 5.2, 8.0, 10.9, 15.7, 18.4, 23.1, and 25.4. 6. A malonate salt of a compound of formula (I): having an XRPD pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 7. 7. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate according to claim 1 having an infrared spectroscopy (IR) spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1573, 1504, 1475, 1253, 1033, and 883 cm\u22121. 8. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate according to claim 1 having an IR spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 8. 9. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate according to claim 1 having (i) an XRPD pattern comprising one or more peaks at about 3.0. 5.2, 8.0, and 10.9\u00b0 2\u03b8; and (ii) an IR spectrum comprising one or more peaks at about 1573, 1504, 1475, 1253, 1033, and 883 cm\u22121. 10. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate according to claim 1 having a DSC thermogram with an endotherm having an onset temperature of approximately 142.1\u00b0 C. 11. Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate according to claim 1 having a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 9. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 13. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a crystalline compound according to claim 1. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the subject is a mammal. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the mammal is a human. 17. The method according to claim 13 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 18. A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the subject is a mammal. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. 21. The method according to claim 19, wherein the mammal is a human. 22. The method according to claim 18 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional anti-cancer agent. 23. A method of making Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate comprising reacting malonic acid and 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide under conditions suitable to form Form A crystalline 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide malonate. 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the malonic acid and 4-(5-Chloro-2-isopropylaminopyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amide are reacted in an ethanol slurry.",
-    "A video recording system including: a camera sensor and a controller configured to: continuously store video in a temporary file storage arrangement from the camera sensor, display a user interface including displaying the video and a record button, upon receiving an activation of the record button at a first time, recording the first time as a start location, updating the user interface to include a stop recording button, upon receiving an activation of the stop recording button, at a second time, marking the second time as a stop location, display a user interface including one or more selectable start time points that precede the first time, receive a selection of a start time point of the start time points, generate a video file from a subset of the temporary file storage arrangement, the video file beginning at a video frame associated with the start time point. 1. A video recording system comprising: a camera sensor; a controller in communication with the camera sensor; a memory in communication with the controller, the memory including a video recording application that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to: continuously store video from the camera sensor in a temporary file storage arrangement, display a user interface including displaying the video and a record button, upon receiving an activation of the record button at a first time, recording the first time as a start location, upon receiving an activation of a stop recording button, at a second time, marking the second time as a stop location, display a user interface including one or more selectable start time points that precede the first time, receive a selection of a start time point of the start time points, generate a video file from a subset of the temporary file storage arrangement, the video file beginning at a video frame associated with the start time point. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the subset ends at a video frame associated with the stop location. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the video recording application further causes the controller to: display a user interface including one or more selectable end time points that follow the second time, and receive a selection of an end time point of the end time points; wherein the video file ends at a video frame associated with the end time point. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the video recording application further causes the controller to: display a user interface including one or more selectable video files, receive a selection of a first video file, receive a selection of a second video file, generate a merged video file that includes the selected first video file concatenated with the selected second video file. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the video recording application further causes the controller to: receive a selection of a video file to crop, display, on a user interface, one or more selectable crop start time points of the video file, receive a selection of a crop start time point from the one or more selectable crop start time points, display, on the user interface, one or more selectable crop end time points of the video file, receive a selection of a crop end time point from the one or more selectable crop end time points, generate a second video file from the video file by removing video between the crop start time point to the crop end time point. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the video recording application further causes the controller to: receive a selection of a video file to add a special effect to, receive a selection of a special effect, display one or more selectable begin time points that indicate where the special effect should begin, receive a selection of a begin time point of the one or more selectable begin time points, display one or more selectable finish time points that indicate where the special effect should finish, receive a selection of a finish time point of the one or more selectable finish time points, generate a second video file from the video file by applying the special effect to video of the video file between the begin time point to the finish time point. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the activation of the record button and the activation of the stop recording button is caused by a swipe gesture. 8. A video recording system comprising: a camera sensor; a controller in communication with the camera sensor; a memory in communication with the controller, the memory including a video recording application that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to: continuously store video from the camera sensor in a temporary file storage arrangement, display a user interface including displaying the video and a stop recording button, upon receiving an activation of the stop recording button at a first time, recording the first time as an end time point, display a user interface including one or more selectable start time points, receive a selection of a start time point of the start time points, generate a video file from a subset of the temporary file storage arrangement, the video file beginning at a video frame associated with the start time point and ending at a video frame associated with the end time point. 9. A video recording system comprising: a camera sensor; a controller in communication with the camera sensor; a memory in communication with the controller, the memory including a video recording application that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to: continuously store video in a temporary file storage arrangement from the camera sensor, display a user interface including displaying the video and a record button, upon receiving an activation of the record button at a first time, record the first time as a start time point, upon receiving an activation of a stop recording button, at a second time, mark the second time as an end time point, display a user interface including: a coarse selection bar including one or more thumbnail frames depicting frames of the temporary file storage arrangement, wherein the coarse selection bar includes a start time slider and an end time slider, wherein both the start time slider and the end time slider may be moved along the coarse selection bar using a drag gesture, wherein each location along the coarse selection bar corresponds to a time point of the video in the temporary file storage arrangement; and a fine selection bar that toggles between a start selection mode and an end selection mode, wherein the fine selection bar includes a scrollable series of video frames to permit the user to scroll linearly along the video of the temporary file storage arrangement in the forward and backward directions, wherein, in a start selection mode, in response to a scroll gesture, the start time point is set to a selected frame of the movable series of video frames, wherein, in an end selection mode, in response to a scroll gesture, the end time point is set to a selected frame of the movable series of video frames, wherein, in response to the user dragging the start time slider to a first location, the start time point is updated based on a time point corresponding to the first location and the fine selection bar is placed in a start selection mode and the selected frame is updated to the start time point, wherein, in response to the user dragging the end time slider to a second location, the end time point is updated based on a time point corresponding to the second location and the fine selection bar is placed in an end selection mode and the selected frame is updated to the end time point, and generate a video file from a subset of the temporary file storage arrangement, the video file beginning at a video frame associated with the start time point and ending with the video frame associated with the end time point. 10. The video recording system of claim 9, wherein the video recording application causes the controller to: update the user interface to include a stop recording button.",
-    "A liquid crystal display having photo-sensing input mechanism includes a first gate line for transmitting a first gate signal, a second gate line for transmitting a second gate signal, a data line for transmitting a data signal, a pixel unit for outputting an image signal according to the first gate signal and the data signal, a readout line for transmitting a readout signal, a photo-sensing input unit and a driving adjustment unit. The photo-sensing input unit is utilized for generating a sensing voltage according to a driving voltage and an incident light signal, and is further utilized for outputting the readout signal according to the sensing voltage and the first gate signal. The driving adjustment unit is employed to provide the driving voltage according to the second gate signal and the incident light signal. 1. A liquid crystal display, comprising: a first gate line for transmitting a first gate signal; a second gate line for transmitting a second gate signal; a third gate line for transmitting a third gate signal; a data line for transmitting a data signal; a bias line for transmitting a bias signal; a pixel unit, electrically connected to the first gate line and the data line, for outputting an image signal according to the first gate signal and the data signal; a photo-sensing input unit, electrically connected to the first gate line, for generating a sensing voltage according to a driving voltage and an incident light signal, and for outputting a readout signal according to the sensing voltage and the first gate signal; a driving adjustment unit, electrically connected to the second gate line and the photo-sensing input unit, for providing the driving voltage according to the second gate signal and the incident light signal; and a readout line, electrically connected to the photo-sensing input unit, for transmitting the readout signal; wherein the photo-sensing input unit comprises: a first transistor having a first end electrically connected to the bias line for receiving the bias signal, a gate end for receiving the driving voltage, and a second end; a first capacitor, electrically connected between the first and second ends of the first transistor; and a second transistor having a first end electrically connected to the second end of the first transistor, a gate end electrically connected to the first gate line, and a second end electrically connected to the readout line; wherein the driving adjustment unit comprises: a third transistor having a first end electrically connected to the bias line for receiving the bias signal, a gate end electrically connected to the second gate line, and a second end electrically connected to the gate end of the first transistor; a second capacitor having a first end electrically connected to the second end of the third transistor and a second end for receiving a common voltage; and a fourth transistor having a first end electrically connected to the second gate line, a gate end electrically connected to the third gate line, and a second end electrically connected to the gate end of the first transistor. 2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1, wherein the first transistor is a photo-sensing thin film transistor or a photo-sensing field effect transistor, the second transistor is a thin film transistor or a field effect transistor, the third transistor is a photo-sensing thin film transistor or a photo-sensing field effect transistor, and the fourth transistor is a thin film transistor or a field effect transistor. 3. A photo-sensing input device, comprising: a photo-sensing input unit, for generating a sensing voltage according to a driving voltage and an incident light signal, and for outputting a readout signal according to the sensing voltage and a first gate signal; and a driving adjustment unit, electrically connected to the photo-sensing input unit, for providing the driving voltage according to a second gate signal and the incident light signal; wherein the photo-sensing input unit comprises: a first transistor having a first end for receiving a bias signal, a gate end for receiving the driving voltage, and a second end; a first capacitor, electrically connected between the first and second ends of the first transistor; and a second transistor having a first end electrically connected to the second end of the first transistor, a gate end for receiving the first gate signal, and a second end for outputting the readout signal; wherein the driving adjustment unit comprises: a third transistor having a first end for receiving the bias signal, a gate end for receiving the second gate signal, and a second end electrically connected to the gate end of the first transistor; a second capacitor having a first end electrically connected to the second end of the third transistor and a second end for receiving a common voltage; and a fourth transistor having a first end for receiving the second gate signal, a gate end for receiving a third gate signal, and a second end electrically connected to the gate end of the first transistor. 4. The photo-sensing input device of claim 3, wherein the first transistor is a photo-sensing thin film transistor or a photo-sensing field effect transistor, the second transistor is a thin film transistor or a field effect transistor, the third transistor is a photo-sensing thin film transistor or a photo-sensing field effect transistor, and the fourth transistor is a thin film transistor or a field effect transistor.",
-    "An optical element including a light entering surface and a light exiting surface is provided. The light exiting surface is opposite to the light entering surface, and includes a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion. The first portion is a curved surface. The second portion is a curved surface and spaced from the first portion by a step difference. The third portion extends from the first portion to the second portion along a first extending direction, wherein the first portion extends along a second extending direction, and the first extending direction is inclined with respect to the second extending direction. An optical module and a lens carrier are also provided. 1. An optical element comprising: a light entering surface; and a light exiting surface opposite to the light entering surface, the light exiting surface comprising: a first portion being a curved surface; a second portion being a curved surface and spaced from the first portion by a step difference; and a third portion extending from the first portion to the second portion along a first extending direction, wherein the first portion extends along a second extending direction, and the first extending direction is inclined with respect to the second extending direction. 2. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are pillar-shaped surfaces, cylindrical surfaces, or freeform surfaces. 3. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein a radius of curvature of the first portion is substantially the same as a radius of curvature of the second portion. 4. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein a cross-section of the optical element perpendicular to the second extending direction and formed by cutting the first portion has a first axis of symmetry, a cross-section of the optical element perpendicular to the second extending direction and formed by cutting the second portion has a second axis of symmetry, and a distance between the first axis of symmetry and the second axis of symmetry and along a direction perpendicular to the second extending direction is substantially the same as the step difference. 5. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the second portion is spaced from the first portion by a width along the second extending direction, and the width is substantially the same as the step difference. 6. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the light entering surface is a plane or a curved surface. 7. An optical module comprising: a light source unit configured to emit light; a lens disposed on a path of the light; and an optical element disposed on the path of the light, the lens being disposed between the light source unit and the optical element, the optical element comprising: a light entering surface; and a light exiting surface opposite to the light entering surface, the light exiting surface comprising: a first portion being a curved surface; a second portion being a curved surface and spaced from the first portion by a step difference; and a third portion extending from the first portion to the second portion along a first extending direction, wherein the first portion extends along a second extending direction, and the first extending direction is inclined with respect to the second extending direction. 8. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are pillar-shaped surfaces, cylindrical surfaces, or freeform surfaces. 9. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein a radius of curvature of the first portion is substantially the same as a radius of curvature of the second portion. 10. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein a cross-section of the optical element perpendicular to the second extending direction and formed by cutting the first portion has a first axis of symmetry, a cross-section of the optical element perpendicular to the second extending direction and formed by cutting the second portion has a second axis of symmetry, and a distance between the first axis of symmetry and the second axis of symmetry and along a direction perpendicular to the second extending direction is substantially the same as the step difference. 11. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein the second portion is spaced from the first portion by a width along the second extending direction, and the width is substantially the same as the step difference. 12. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein the light entering surface is a plane or a curved surface. 13. The optical module according to claim 7, wherein a cross-section of the optical element perpendicular to the second extending direction and fonned by cutting the first portion has a first axis of symmetry, a cross-section of the optical element perpendicular to the second extending direction and fon ied by cutting the second portion has a second axis of symmetry, an optical axis of the lens coincides with an optical axis of the light source unit, and the optical axis of the lens and the first axis of symmetry are not at a same height along a direction perpendicular to the second extending direction and the optical axis of the lens, so that when the light is projected onto a plane 25 meters away from the optical module, an illumination distribution having a cut-off line is fonned. 14. The optical module according to claim 7 further comprising a lens carrier fixing a light source unit and a lens, the lens carrier comprising: a first bottom base surface on a bottom side of the lens carrier and at a first fixed relative position with respect to a bottom surface of the light source unit; a second bottom base surface on the bottom side and at a second fixed relative position with respect to a light emitting surface of the light source unit; a plurality of bottom positioning structures located on the bottom side and respectively engaged with a plurality of positioning structures of the light source unit; a plurality of top positioning structures located on a top side of the lens carrier opposite to the bottom side and respectively engaged with a plurality of positioning structures of the lens; and a top base surface on the top side and at a third fixed relative position with respect to the lens. 15. The optical module according to claim 14, wherein a perpendicular distance between the top base surface and the second bottom base surface is less than 3 millimeters. 16. A lens carrier configured to fix a light source unit and a lens, the lens carrier comprising: a first bottom base surface on a bottom side of the lens carrier and at a first fixed relative position with respect to a bottom surface of the light source unit; a second bottom base surface on the bottom side and at a second fixed relative position with respect to a light emitting surface of the light source unit; a plurality of bottom positioning structures located on the bottom side and respectively engaged with a plurality of positioning structures of the light source unit; a plurality of top positioning structures located on a top side of the lens carrier opposite to the bottom side and respectively engaged with a plurality of positioning structures of the lens; and a top base surface on the top side and at a third fixed relative position with respect to the lens. 17. The lens carrier according to claim 16, wherein a perpendicular distance between the top base surface and the second bottom base surface is less than3 millimeters. 18. The lens carrier according to claim 16, wherein the second bottom base surface is located between the top base surface and the first bottom base surface. 19. The lens carrier according to claim 16, wherein the top positioning structures are located at the top base surface. 20. The lens carrier according to claim 16, wherein the top positioning structures are located at an edge of the lens carrier on the top side and around the top base surface.",
-    "A liquid crystal display device supplies an active scan signal to each scan line while skipping a portion of a plurality of the scan lines, per one horizontal scan period, in a direction of the m-th to the first scan lines, by a first scan line drive circuit, and supplies the active scan signal to each scan line while skipping the portion of the plurality of the scan lines, per one horizontal scan period, in a direction of the m+1-th to the 2m-th scan lines, by a second scan line drive circuit. Therefore, the liquid crystal display device synchronizes with a timing of supplying the active signal with the first scan line drive circuit and the second scan line drive circuit, and supplies a data signal whose polarity is inverted to a positive polarity potential and a negative polarity potential per one horizontal scan period, to a data line. 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a liquid crystal display panel that has a first region and a second region; the first to the m-th scan lines that are arranged in the first region; the m+1-th to the n-th scan lines that are arranged in the second region; a first data line group that includes p data lines intersecting with the scan lines which are arranged in the first region; a second data line group that includes p data lines intersecting with the scan lines which are arranged in the second region; pixels that are disposed to correspond to intersection of the scan lines and the data lines respectively, in each of the first region and the second region; a first scan line drive circuit that drives from the first to the m-th scan lines; a second scan line drive circuit that drives from the m+1-th to the n-th scan lines; a first data line drive circuit that drives the first data line group; and a second data line drive circuit that drives the second data line group, wherein the first scan line drive circuit supplies an active scan signal to each scan line, per one horizontal scan period, in a first direction of the first to the m-th scan lines, or in a second direction of the m-th to the first scan lines, the second scan line drive circuit supplies the active scan signal to each scan line, per one horizontal scan period, in a direction of the n-th to the m+1-th scan lines when the first scan line drive circuit supplies the active signal in the first direction, or in a direction of the m+1-th to the n-th scan lines when the first scan line drive circuit supplies the active signal in the second direction, and the first data line drive circuit supplies data signals to the first data line group, synchronizing with a timing of supplying the active signal by the first scan line drive circuit and. the second data line drive circuit supplies data signals to the second data line group, synchronizing with a timing of supplying the active signal by the second scan line drive circuit. 2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the second scan line drive circuit moves the timing of supplying the active scan signal to each scan line while skipping the portion of the plurality of the scan lines, in the direction of the 2m-th to the m+1-th scan lines, or in the direction of the m+1-th to the 2m-th scan lines, before or after as only two horizontal scan periods from the timing of supplying the active scan signal to each scan line while skipping the portion of the plurality of the scan lines by the first scan line drive circuit, in the direction of the first to the m-th scan lines, or in the direction of the m-th to the first scan lines. 3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the first data line drive circuit drives the data lines in order of the first to the n-th data lines, in the first region, the second data line drive circuit drives the data lines in order of the first data line corresponding to the first data line of the first region to the n-th data line corresponding to the n-th data line of the first region, in the second region, and the data signal having the same polarity is supplied to the data line corresponding to the first region and the second region. 4. A method for driving a liquid crystal display device, which includes a liquid crystal display panel that has a first region and a second region, the first to the m-th scan lines that are arranged in the first region, the m+1-th to the n-th scan lines that are arranged in the second region, the scan lines being supplied with active scan signals, p data lines intersecting with the scan lines which are arranged in the first region, p data lines intersecting with the scan lines which are arranged in the second region, pixels that are disposed to correspond to intersection of the scan lines and the data lines respectively, in each of the first region and the second region, the data lines being supplied with data signals, the method comprising: supplying an active scan signal to each scan line, per one horizontal scan period, in a first direction of the first to the m-th scan lines, or in a second direction of the m-th to the first scan lines; supplying the active scan signal to each scan line, per one horizontal scan period, in a direction of the n to the m+1-th scan lines, which is opposite to the first direction, or in a direction of the m+1-th to the n scan lines, which is opposite to the second direction; and supplying a data signal to the data line, synchronizing with a timing of supplying the active signal to the scan line. 5. An electronic apparatus comprising: the liquid crystal display device according to claim 1. 6. An electronic apparatus comprising: the liquid crystal display device according to claim 2. 7. An electronic apparatus comprising: the liquid crystal display device according to claim 3.",
-    "A rotation adjustment system for seats according an embodiment of the present invention includes a first viewing chair and a second viewing chair. The first viewing chair includes a first seat part and a first backrest part which is stood from the first seat part to maintain the seating function of the first seat part, and is laid down toward the first seat part to disable the seating function of the first seat part. The second viewing chair includes a second seat part and a second backrest part which is stood from the second seat part to maintain the seating function of the second seat part, and is laid down toward the second seat part to disable the seating function of the second seat part. 1. A rotation adjustment system for seats, comprising: a first viewing chair comprising a first seat part on which a user is allowed to be seated, and a first backrest part which is rotatably connected to the first seat part, is stood from the first seat part to maintain the seating function of the first seat part, and is laid down toward the first seat part to disable the seating function of the first seat part; a second viewing chair comprising a second seat part which is disposed adjacent to the first seat part and on which a user is allowed to be seated, and a second backrest part which is rotatably connected to the second seat part, is stood from the second seat part to maintain the seating function of the second seat part, and is laid down toward the second seat part to disable the seating function of the second seat part, wherein in the first viewing chair, the first backrest part is stood from the first seat part to allow the laid down second backrest part to stood from the second seat part or to allow the stood second backrest part to maintain the stood state; in the second viewing chair, the second backrest part is laid down toward the second seat part to allow the stood first backrest part to be laid down toward the first seat part or to allow the laid down second backrest part to maintain the laid down state; the first backrest part comprises a first rotatable part supporting the back of the user and connected to the first seat part to be rotated from the first seat part, and a protrusion part protruding from the first rotatable part toward the second backrest part so as to be positioned on a rotation path of the second rotatable part and contacting the second backrest part in case of being simultaneously stood or laid down with the second backrest part; the second backrest part comprises a second rotatable part supporting the back of the user and a contact part protruding from the second rotatable part and contacting the protrusion part in case of being simultaneously stood or laid down with the first backrest part; and when the first and second backrest parts are simultaneously stood or laid down, facing surfaces of the protrusion part and the contact part are in surface-contact with each other. 2. The rotation adjustment system of claim 1, wherein the first rotatable part comprises a first connection part supporting the back of the user, and a first bent part bent from the first connection part in a front surface direction, and connected to be rotated from the first seat part; and the second rotatable part comprises a second connection part supporting the back of the user, and a second bent part bent from the second connection part in the front surface direction, and connected to be rotated from the second seat part. 3. The rotation adjustment system of claim 2, wherein the protrusion part is bent from the first bent part toward the second backrest part to contact the contact part in case in which the first and second back rest parts are simultaneously stood or laid down, and the contact part is bent from the second bent part toward the first backrest part to contact the protrusion part in case in which the first and second back rest parts are simultaneously stood or laid down. 4. The rotation adjustment system of claim 3, wherein when the first and second backrest parts are simultaneously stood or laid down, one surface of the contact part is hidden by the protrusion part. 5. The rotation adjustment system of claim 3, wherein when the first and second backrest parts are simultaneously stood or laid down, the protrusion part and the contact part overlap each other. 6. The rotation adjustment system of claim 3, wherein the protrusion part is continuously formed along the length direction of the first bent part, and the contact part is continuously formed along the length direction of the second bent part. 7. The rotation adjustment system of claim 3, wherein a size of the protrusion part is greater than that of the contact part. 8. The rotation adjustment system of claim 3, wherein the contact part has a length gradually decreasing in a direction away from the second bent part. 9. The rotation adjustment system of claim 3, wherein a width of the first bent part is greater than that of the second bent part. 10. The rotation adjustment system of claim 9, wherein a width of the first bent part is greater than that of the second bent part by a thickness of the contact part.",
-    "Horticultural lighting may be provided by radio-controlled luminaires with integrated sensors. A distance from a bottom of the luminaire to a plant canopy is determined via the ultrasonic sensor at a predetermined interval. Upon determining that the distance from the bottom of the luminaire to the plant canopy is not at a predetermined distance, the distance is adjusted to the predetermined distance. The light spectrum over time on the plant is adjusted by varying a wavelength of the luminaire over a predetermined time period based on wireless instructions received from a master controller. 1. A horticultural luminaire, comprising: a processor; a wireless transceiver coupled to the processor; an ultrasonic sensor coupled to the processor; a memory communicatively coupled to the processor for content and programming; a program stored in the memory, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the luminaire to perform acts comprising: determining a distance from a bottom of the luminaire to a plant canopy via the ultrasonic sensor at a predetermined interval; upon determining that the distance from the bottom of the luminaire to the plant canopy is not at a predetermined distance, adjusting the distance to the predetermined distance; and adjusting a light spectrum over time over the plant by varying a wavelength of the luminaire over a predetermined time period based on wireless instructions received from a master controller. 2. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein execution of the program by the processor further configures the luminaire to perform acts comprising: determining a root mass of the plant via the ultrasonic sensor; and sending the root mass of the plant to the master controller. 3. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein execution of the program by the processor further configures the luminaire to perform acts comprising: determining how full a reservoir of the plant is via the ultrasonic sensor; and sending how full the reservoir of the plant is to the master controller. 4. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein adjusting the distance from the bottom of the luminaire to the plant canopy comprises: sending the determined distance, from the bottom of the luminaire to the plant canopy, to the master controller via the wireless transceiver such that the master controller sends a hoist coupled to the luminaire, distance adjustment data; and being lowered by the hoist to the predetermined distance based on the distance adjustment data. 5. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein adjusting the distance from the bottom of the luminaire to the plant is at predetermined intervals. 6. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the adjustment of the light spectrum over time is over a full spectrum that mimics a natural spectral shift of natural sunlight over a course of a day. 7. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein the adjustment of the light spectrum over time is based on spectrum shifts over time that have been determined by the luminaire to provide at least one of (i) a more desirable plant growth, and (ii) a more desirable plant yield, than natural sunlight. 8. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising a light sensor, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the luminaire to perform an act of taking time lapse images of the plant via the light sensor to track the growth of the plant and sending the images to the master controller. 9. The luminaire of claim 1, further comprising at least one of: a total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor, a pH sensor, and a soil moisture sensor. 10. The luminaire of claim 9, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the luminaire to perform an act of determining a growth stage of the plant and altering an intensity and the wavelength of the luminaire based on the growth stage. 11. The luminaire of claim 2, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the luminaire to perform an act of receiving a feeding schedule from the master controller based on the determined height of the plant and the size of the root mass. 12. A master controller configured to control a luminaire, the master controller comprising: a processor; a wireless transceiver coupled to the processor; a memory communicatively coupled to the processor for content and programming; a program stored in the memory, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: wirelessly receiving, from the luminaire, a first distance from a bottom of the luminaire to a plant canopy, measured via an ultrasonic sensor of the luminaire; upon determining that the first distance is not at a first predetermined distance, determining a distance adjustment data and sending the distance adjustment data to a hoist coupled to the luminaire, such that the hoist adjusts the first distance to the first predetermined distance; wirelessly sending the distance adjustment data to a database for storage; and determining a light profile and wirelessly sending the light profile to the luminaire, such that a light spectrum over time is adjusted on the plant by varying a wavelength of the luminaire over a predetermined time period based on the light profile. 13. The master controller of claim 12, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: determining the first predetermined distance from the database. 14. The master controller of claim 12, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform an act of receiving a confirmation from the hoist upon the hoist adjusting the luminaire to the predetermined distance. 15. The master controller of claim 12, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: receiving image data of the plant over time wirelessly from a light sensor of the luminaire; and sending the image data to the database for storage. 16. The master controller of claim 15, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: receiving a root mass data of the plant over time, wirelessly from an ultrasonic sensor of the luminaire; and sending the root mass data to the database for storage. 17. The master controller of claim 16, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: receiving how full a reservoir of the plant is from an ultrasonic sensor of the luminaire; and adjusting a feeding schedule of the plant based on: how full the reservoir of the plant is, the first distance, and the root mass of the plant over time. 18. The master controller of claim 16, wherein the determination of the light profile for the luminaire is based on at least one of: (i) the image data of the plant over time, and (ii) the root mass data of the plant over time. 19. The master controller of claim 12, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: retrieving historic information regarding the plant from the database; and identifying trends and patterns from the retrieved historic information, wherein the determination of the light profile for the luminaire is based on the trends and patterns. 20. The master controller of claim 19, wherein execution of the program by the processor configures the master controller to perform acts comprising: sending a notification to an authorized user with a summary of the identified trends and patterns to receive from the authorized user a feeding schedule change.",
-    "An electrode structure is provided. The electrode structure includes a substrate, a buffer layer, and a nano-material layer. The buffer layer is disposed on the substrate. The nano-material layer is disposed on the buffer layer, wherein the structure of the nano-material layer is nanowall. 1. An electrode structure, comprising: a substrate; a buffer layer disposed on the substrate; and a nano-material layer disposed on the buffer layer, wherein a structure of the nano-material layer is nanowall. 2. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein a material of the substrate comprises metal foil, transparent conductive glass, carbon material, silicon, or an organic polymer thin film. 3. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein a material of each of the buffer layer and the nano-material layer comprises a copper-zinc-tin-sulfur compound, and an atomic ratio of sulfur in the buffer layer and an atomic ratio of sulfur in the nano-material layer are different. 4. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein the nano-material layer is hydrophilic. 5. The electrode structure of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the buffer layer is 50 nanometers to 300 nanometers, and a thickness of the nano-material layer is 500 nanometers to 4000 nanometers. 6. A method of fabricating an electrode structure, comprising: providing a substrate; placing the substrate in a first precursor solution and performing a first heating process to form a buffer layer on the substrate; and placing the substrate in a second precursor solution and performing a second heating process to form a nano-material layer on the buffer layer, wherein a structure of the nano-material layer is nanowall. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first precursor solution and the second precursor solution each independently comprise a copper salt, a zinc salt, a tin salt, a sulfur-containing substance, and a solvent, the copper salt comprises copper chloride, copper acetate, or copper nitrate, the zinc salt comprises zinc chloride, zinc acetate, or zinc nitrate, the tin salt comprises tin chloride, tin acetate, or tin nitrate, the sulfur-containing substance comprises sulfur powder or thiourea, and the solvent comprises ethanol or water, wherein a mole ratio of the tin salt and the sulfur-containing substance in the first precursor solution and a mole ratio of the tin salt and the sulfur-containing substance in the second precursor solution are different. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a mole ratio of the tin salt and the sulfur-containing substance in the first precursor solution and a mole ratio of the tin salt and the sulfur-containing substance in the second precursor solution are each independently 1:2 to 1:10. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the first heating process and the second heating process are each independently a hydrothermal synthesis process, a process temperature of the first heating process is 100\u00b0 C. to 250\u00b0 C., a process time of the first heating process is 10 minutes to 2 hours, a process temperature of the second heating process is 100\u00b0 C. to 400\u00b0 C., and a process time of the second heating process is 6 hours to 48 hours. 10. A lithium battery, comprising: an anode, comprising the electrode structure of claim 1; a cathode separately disposed from the anode; a polymer separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the polymer separator, the anode, and the cathode define a housing region; an electrolyte solution disposed in the housing region; and a package structure packaging the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte solution.",
-    "Some embodiments provide a novel method of configuring a managed hardware forwarding element (MHFE) that implements a logical forwarding element (LFE) of a logical network to handle address resolution requests (e.g., Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests) for multiple addresses (e.g., IP addresses) associated with a single network interface of the logical network. The method identifies a physical port of the MHFE with which the multiple addresses are to be associated. The physical port is coupled to an end machine (e.g., a virtual machine, server, container, etc.) of the logical network. The method then modifies associations stored at the MHFE to associate the physical port with the multiple addresses. 1. A non-transitory machine readable medium storing a program which when executed by at least one processing unit associates a plurality of addresses with a logical network interface in a logical network, the logical network implemented on a set of hardware forwarding elements, the program comprising: identifying a plurality of logical addresses to assign to a machine of the logical network, the machine attached to a particular port of a particular hardware switch of the set of hardware switches; and modifying a set of associations stored at the particular hardware switch to associate the particular port with the plurality of addresses. 2. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the set of instructions for identifying the logical addresses comprises a set of instructions for receiving user input that assigns the logical addresses to the machine. 3. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the logical addresses are Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. 4. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the set of associations are stored in a set of tables of the hardware forwarding element. 5. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 4, wherein the set of instructions for modifying the set of associations comprises sets of instructions for: generating a delimited string of the plurality of logical addresses; and storing the delimited string in the set of tables, wherein the particular hardware forwarding element identifies the MAC address associated with the plurality of logical addresses based on the stored delimited string. 6. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 5, wherein the delimited string of logical addresses further comprises at least one substring representing a range of consecutive logical addresses of the plurality of logical addresses. 7. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 4, wherein the set of instructions for modifying the set of associations comprises sets of instructions for: generating a string representing a range of consecutive logical addresses of the plurality of logical addresses; and storing the generated string in the set of tables, wherein the particular hardware switch identifies the MAC address associated with the range of consecutive logical addresses based on the stored generated string. 8. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the set of associations are for mapping a Media Access Control (MAC) address to a set of IP addresses. 9. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the hardware forwarding element is one of a router and a switch. 10. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 9, wherein the hardware forwarding element is a top-of-rack (TOR) switch in a rack. 11. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 10, wherein the particular port of the TOR switch is coupled to a rack server on the rack. 12. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 11, wherein the set of associations further comprises bindings with a logical switch of a plurality of logical switches that operates on the hardware switch. 13. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 1, wherein the program further comprises sets of instructions for: receiving an address resolution request from a machine coupled to the hardware forwarding element; identifying a MAC address associated with 14. A method for associating a plurality of addresses with a logical network interface in a logical network, the logical network implemented on a set of hardware forwarding elements, the method comprising: identifying a plurality of logical addresses to assign to a machine of the logical network, the machine attached to a particular port of a particular hardware switch of the set of hardware switches; and modifying a set of associations stored at the particular hardware switch to associate the particular port with the plurality of addresses. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein identifying the logical addresses comprises receiving user input that assigns the logical addresses to the machine. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the logical addresses are Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the set of associations are stored in a set of tables of the hardware forwarding element. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying the set of associations comprises: generating a delimited string of the plurality of logical addresses; and storing the delimited string in the set of tables, wherein the particular hardware forwarding element identifies the MAC address associated with the plurality of logical addresses based on the stored delimited string. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the delimited string of logical addresses further comprises at least one substring representing a range of consecutive logical addresses of the plurality of logical addresses. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying the set of associations comprises: generating a string representing a range of consecutive logical addresses of the plurality of logical addresses; and storing the generated string in the set of tables, wherein the particular hardware switch identifies the MAC address associated with the range of consecutive logical addresses based on the stored generated string.",
-    "A method and system for displaying and producing computer based documents seamlessly to users that relate to their telephone calls is provided. The invention is able to be used with social media, where the mobile station searches for the social media page of the caller based on the Caller ID and displays it to the recipient of the call on the mobile station screen, possibly with other Internet search results. The method and system allow the user to obtain the newest public information about the person who calls him or he decides to call, or any documents that might be intermittent between the people. The system adds \u201cbandwidth\u201d, i.e. speed, efficiency and more dimensions to personal communication, as the users of the inventive system can also visually see by documentation what is going on in the relationship between two or more people. 1-8. (canceled) 9. A method for a communication system containing at least a mobile terminal, comprising: determining at least one ID information item based on a communication session of the mobile terminal; automatically retrieving to the mobile terminal data derived from a social network account of a party associated with the ID information item; and displaying at least some of the data derived from the social network account of the party associated with the ID information item. 10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising collecting data to be associated with the ID information item from at least two social networks, and displaying the combined data with the contacts directory entry. 11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising: automatically logging into one of the at least two social network for a user of the mobile terminal. 12. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: uploading media data including voice, image or video to the social network to a communication space between a user of the mobile terminal and the social network account associated with the ID information item, wherein the media data contain exchange in the communication session between the user and the party associated with the ID information item. 13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising updating a social network page of the party associated with the ID information item with the retrieved data. 14. The method according to claim 9, further comprising updating a social network page of the party associated with the ID information item with the media data. 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the retrieving further includes: determining the social network account associated with the ID information item based on searching results from a search engine based on the ID information item. 16. The method according to claim 9, wherein the ID information item is one or more of the name, the telephone number, and the email address. 17. The method according to claim 9, wherein the determining at least one ID information item further includes: reading a contacts directory entry of a contacts directory based on the communication session of the mobile terminal; and displaying that at least one ID information item associated with the contacts directory entry on a screen of the mobile terminal; 18. The method according to claim 9, wherein reading the contacts directory entry of the contacts directory based on the communication session of the mobile terminal further includes: obtaining a caller ID from the communication session of the mobile terminal; and reading the contacts directory entry of the contacts directory using the caller ID. 19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing computer program for, when being executed by a computer, performing a method for a communication system containing at least a mobile terminal, the method comprising: determining at least one ID information item based on a communication session of the mobile terminal; automatically retrieving to the mobile terminal data derived from a social network account of a party associated with the ID information item; and displaying at least some of the data derived from the social network account of the party associated with the ID information item. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, the method further comprising collecting data to be associated with the ID information item from at least two social networks, and displaying the combined data with the contacts directory entry. 21. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 20, the method further comprising: automatically logging into one of the at least two social network for a user of the mobile terminal. 22. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, the method further comprising: uploading media data including voice, image or video to the social network to a communication space between a user of the mobile terminal and the social network account associated with the ID information item, wherein the media data contain exchange in the communication session between the user and the party associated with the ID information item. 23. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, the method further comprising updating a social network page of the party associated with the ID information item with the retrieved data. 24. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, the method further comprising updating a social network page of the party associated with the ID information item with the media data. 25. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, wherein the retrieving further includes: determining the social network account associated with the ID information item based on searching results from a search engine based on the ID information item. 26. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, wherein the ID information item is one or more of the name, the telephone number, and the email address. 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, wherein the determining at least one ID information item further includes: reading a contacts directory entry of a contacts directory based on the communication session of the mobile terminal; and displaying that at least one ID information item associated with the contacts directory entry on a screen of the mobile terminal; 28. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 19, wherein reading the contacts directory entry of the contacts directory based on the communication session of the mobile terminal further includes: obtaining a caller ID from the communication session of the mobile terminal; and reading the contacts directory entry of the contacts directory using the caller ID.",
-    "A transflective LCD panel includes a pixel array substrate, an opposite substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pixel array substrate and the opposite substrate. The pixel array substrate includes a first substrate, pixel units, and reflective layers. Each pixel unit has a transmissive region and a reflective region, and the reflective layers are disposed in the reflective region. The opposite substrate is disposed above the pixel array substrate and includes a second substrate, a color filter layer, and light scattering layers. A thickness of the color filter layer is greater than a thickness of each light scattering layer. A first bottom surface of the color filter layer is aligned to a second bottom surface of each light scattering layer. The light scattering layers correspond to the reflective layers. 1. A transflective liquid crystal display panel comprising: a pixel array substrate comprising a first substrate, a plurality of pixel units, and a plurality of reflective layers, the pixel units and the reflective layers being disposed on the first substrate, wherein each of the pixel units has a transmissive region and a reflective region, and the reflective layers are disposed in the reflective region; an opposite substrate disposed above the pixel array substrate and comprising a second substrate, a color filter layer, and a plurality of light scattering layers, the color filter layer and the light scattering layers being disposed on the second substrate and facing the pixel units, wherein a thickness of the color filter layer is greater than a thickness of each of the light scattering layers, a first bottom surface of the color filter layer is aligned to a second bottom surface of each of the light scattering layers, and the light scattering layers correspond to the reflective layers; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pixel array substrate and the opposite substrate. 2. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, wherein the pixel array substrate further includes an insulation layer disposed between the first substrate and the reflective layers and between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer. 3. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, further comprising: an optical adhesive layer disposed between the color filter layer and the liquid crystal layer and between the light scattering layers and the liquid crystal layer. 4. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, wherein an orthogonal projection of each of the light scattering layers on the first substrate and an orthogonal projection of each of the reflective layers on the first substrate are completely overlapped. 5. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the color filter layer is at least twice the thickness of each of the light scattering layers. 6. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, wherein each of the light scattering layers has a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions, the first regions and the second regions are alternately arranged, reflective particles are doped in each of the second regions, and a distribution ratio of the reflective particles in each of the second regions is within a range from 5% to 50%. 7. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 6, wherein a ratio of a width of each of the first regions to a width of each of the second regions is within a range from 0.1 to 20. 8. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 6, wherein each of the reflective particles is a spherical resin particle, a spherical metal particle, or a particle made of an organic-inorganic composite material. 9. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 8, wherein a diameter of each of the reflective particles is within a range from 0.1 \u03bcm to 50 \u03bcm, a surface of each of the reflective particles has a plurality of recess patterns, and a diameter of each of the recess patterns is within a range from 0.01 \u03bcm to 5 \u03bcm. 10. The transflective liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, further comprising: a first polarizer disposed on a bottom surface of the first substrate away from the liquid crystal layer; and a second polarizer disposed on a top surface of the second substrate away from the liquid crystal layer.",
-    "A method of preparing a lyophilized powder for injection, including: (1) weighing and mixing aloe powder and Panax pseudo-ginseng powder to yield an active pharmaceutical ingredient, and mixing the active pharmaceutical ingredient and distilled water to yield a mixed aqueous solution; (2) stiffing the mixed aqueous solution to enable the aloe power and the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder to be completely dissolved, and then allowing the mixed aqueous solution to stand; (3) collecting, filtering, and clarifying a supernate obtained in (2); (4) adding hydrochloric acid to a filtrate obtained in (3) to adjust the pH value of the filtrate, heating and sterilizing the filtrate, and then naturally cooling the filtrate, to yield a cooled liquid; (5) adding hydrochloric acid to the cooled liquid to adjust the pH value of the cooled liquid, filtering the cooled liquid and collecting a pharmaceutical solution; and (6) packaging and lyophilizing the pharmaceutical solution. 1. A method of preparing a lyophilized powder for injection, the method comprising: (1) weighing and mixing between 50 and 99 parts by weight of aloe powder and between 1 and 50 parts by weight of Panax pseudo-ginseng powder to yield an active pharmaceutical ingredient, and mixing the active pharmaceutical ingredient and distilled water according to a weight ratio thereof of 100:2000 to yield a mixed aqueous solution; (2) stiffing the mixed aqueous solution to enable the aloe power and the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder to be completely dissolved, and then allowing the mixed aqueous solution to stand overnight; (3) collecting, filtering, and clarifying a supernate obtained in (2); (4) adding hydrochloric acid to a filtrate obtained in (3) to adjust a pH value of the filtrate to between 6.3 and 6.5, heating and sterilizing the filtrate at a temperature of between 110 and 120\u00b0 C. for 30 min, and then naturally cooling the filtrate, to yield a cooled liquid; (5) adding hydrochloric acid to the cooled liquid to adjust a pH value of the cooled liquid to between 4.2 and 4.5, filtering the cooled liquid using an ultrafiltration membrane and collecting a pharmaceutical solution with a molecular weight equal to or less than 10000 Da; and (6) packaging the pharmaceutical solution into ampoules and lyophilizing the pharmaceutical solution. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the aloe power is prepared according to following steps: (a) soaking fresh aloe leaves for 30-60 min, washing, cleaning, and pulverizing the aloe leaves to yield aloe slurry; (b) adding the aloe slurry to a heating reactor and introducing steam to the heating reactor to heat the aloe slurry to a temperature of between 8 and 12\u00b0 C., adding a pectase or protease accounting for 0.125 wt. % of the aloe slurry, 50-60 min later, raising the temperature to between 75 and 80\u00b0 C., and maintaining the temperature for between 3 and 5 hrs for sterilization treatment; and (c) filtering, concentrating, and drying a sterilized aloe solution obtained in (b) to yield a light yellow aloe powder. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder is prepared according to following steps: (a) soaking Panax pseudo-ginseng for 30-60 min, washing, cleaning, and pulverizing the Panax pseudo-ginseng to yield superfine powders having particle sizes of between 0.02 and 15 \u03bcm; and (b) adding distilled water to dissolve the superfine powders according to a weight ratio thereof of 100:2000, adding a resulting solution to a heating reactor and introducing steam to the heating reactor to heat the solution to a temperature of between 75 and 80\u00b0 C., maintaining the temperature for between 3 and 5 hrs, and concentrating and drying the solution to yield a light yellow Panax pseudo-ginseng powder. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the aloe power and the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder is 50:50. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the aloe power and the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder is 70:30. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the aloe power and the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder is 90:10. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of the aloe power and the Panax pseudo-ginseng powder is 99:1.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome, the conductive dome including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome, the conductive front cover including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; and a plurality of capacitors formed by the units of conductive front cover and the units of the conductive dome for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome, the conductive dome including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome, the conductive front cover including a plurality of units being isolated from each other, the units of the conductive front cover being corresponding to the units of the conductive dome; a plurality of capacitors formed by the units of conductive front cover and the units of the conductive dome for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein an amount of the units of the conductive front cover is 4, an amount of the units of the conductive dome is 4, and 4 capacitors are accordingly formed by the units of the conductive front cover and the units of the conductive dome. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome, each unit of the conductive front cover is electrically connected to a corresponding conductive pad. 5. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive front cover includes a lead wire for outputting electrical signals from the conductive front cover.",
-    "In a network storage device that includes a plurality of data storage drives, error correction and/or recovery of data stored on one of the plurality of data storage drives is performed cooperatively by the drive itself and by a storage host that is configured to manage storage in the plurality of data storage drives. When an error-correcting code (ECC) operation performed by the drive cannot correct corrupted data stored on the drive, the storage host can attempt to correct the corrupted data based on parity and user data stored on the remaining data storage drives. In some embodiments, data correction can be performed iteratively between the drive and the storage host. Furthermore, the storage host can control latency associated with error correction by selecting a particular error correction process. 1. A memory system comprising: a plurality of data storage drives, each of the data storage drives having a controller configured to perform error correction; and a storage host that includes a processor configured to transmit, to a target data storage drive, a read command and a physical location in the target data storage drive, receive data that are read from the physical location of the target data storage drive and subjected to the error correction by the target data storage drive, transmit, to each of a plurality of non-target data storage drives, a read command and a physical location in said each of the non-target data storage drives, receive data read from the physical locations of the non-target data storage drives, and perform further error correction on the data received from the target data storage drive using the data received from the non-target data storage drives. 2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the data received from the target data storage drive include user data and first parity data of the user data, and the data received from the non-target data storage drives include second parity data of the user data. 3. The memory system of claim 1, wherein when the data received from the target data storage device are not fully and only partially corrected through the further error correction, the storage host is further configured to transmit, to each of the target data storage drive and the non-target data storage drives, an error correction command, and receive data that have been subjected to an additional error correction by said each of the target data storage drive and the non-target data storage drives in accordance with the error correction command. 4. The memory system of claim 3, wherein when the data received from the target data storage device are not fully and partially corrected through the additional error correction by the target data storage drive, the storage host is further configured to perform the further error correction again on the data that have been subjected to the additional error correction by the target data storage drive, using the data that have been subjected to the additional error correction by the non-target data storage drives. 5. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the controller of each data storage drive is configured to perform the error correction based on user data and parity data stored in said each data storage drive. 6. The memory system of claim 5, wherein the controller of each data storage drive is configured to perform the error correction based on a first hard decoding operation, and the processor of the storage host is configured to perform said further error correction based on a second hard decoding operation. 7. The memory system of claim 5, wherein the controller of each data storage drive is configured to perform the error correction based on a first soft decoding operation, and the processor in the storage host is configured to perform said further error correction based on a second soft decoding operation. 8. The memory system of claim 5, wherein the controller of each data storage drive is configured to perform the error correction based on a first hard decoding operation and a first soft decoding operation, and the processor in the storage host is configured to perform said further error correction based on a second hard decoding operation and a second soft decoding operation. 9. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to select one of a first error correction operation and a second error correction operation to perform the further error correction, based on a current workload of the processor. 10. The memory system of claim 9, wherein the first error correction operation comprises a hard decoding operation and the second error correction operation comprises a soft decoding operation. 11. A method of error correction in a data storage device that includes a plurality of data storage drives and a storage host with a processor, the method comprising: transmitting, to a target data storage drive, a read command and a physical location in the target data storage drive; receiving data that are read from the target data storage drive and have been subjected to the error correction by the target data storage drive; transmitting, to each of a plurality of non-target data storage drives, a read command and a physical location in said each of the non-target data storage drives; receiving data read from the physical locations of the non-target data storage drives; and performing host error correction on the data received from the target data storage drive using the data received from the non-target data storage drives. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the data received from the target data storage drive include user data and first parity data of the user data, and the data received from the non-target data storage drives include second parity data of the user data. 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: when the data received from the target data storage device are not fully and only partially corrected through the further error correction, transmitting, to each of the target data storage drive and the non-target data storage drives, an error correction command, and receiving data that have been subjected to an additional error correction by said each of the target data storage drive and the non-target data storage drives in accordance with the error correction command. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: when the data received from the target data storage device are not fully and partially corrected through the additional error correction by the target data storage drive, performing the further error correction again on the data that have been subjected to the additional error correction by the target data storage drive, using the data that have been subjected to the additional error correction by the non-target data storage drives. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising: selecting one of a first error correction operation and a second error correction operation to perform the further error correction, based on a current workload of the processor. 16. A memory system comprising: a plurality of data storage drives; and a storage host that includes index data and a processor configured to transmit, to a target data storage drive, a write command and write data, the write data being associated with an ID in the index data, receive data read from physical locations of a plurality of non-target data storage drives, each of the physical locations corresponding to the ID, and generate parity data based on the write data and data read from the non-target data storage drives. 17. The memory system according to claim 16, wherein the target data storage drive is further configured to generate intra-drive parity data based on the write data and other data stored in the target data storage drive. 18. The memory system according to claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a physical location of the target data storage drive into which the write data are written, and update the index data, such that the index data indicates correspondence between the physical location of the target data storage drive and the ID. 19. The memory system according to claim 16, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit, to at least one non-target data storage drives, a write command and the parity data, receive a physical location of said at least one non-target data storage drive into which the parity data are written, and update the index data, such that the index data indicates correspondence between the physical locations of said at least one non-target data storage drive and the ID. 20. The memory system according to claim 16, wherein the data received from the non-target data storage drives have been subjected to error correction by each of the non-target data storage drives.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome, the conductive dome including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome; and a plurality of capacitors formed by the units of conductive dome and the conductive front cover for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome, the conductive dome including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome; a plurality of capacitors formed by the units of conductive dome and the conductive front cover for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein an amount of the units of the conductive dome is 4, and 4 capacitors are accordingly formed by the units of the conductive dome and the conductive front cover. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome, each unit of the conductive dome is electrically connected to a corresponding conductive pad. 5. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive front cover includes a lead wire for outputting electrical signals from the conductive front cover.",
-    "A pressure sensing device is disclosed in the present disclosure. The pressure sensing device includes a bottom plate, a flexible shell and a MEMS pressure sensor. The flexible shell covers the bottom plate for forming a hermetical cavity, and the MEMS pressure sensor is accommodated in the hermetical cavity. Air in the hermetical cavity is compressed when the flexible shell is pressed, the MEMS pressure sensor is configured for detecting variation of an air pressure within the hermetical cavity when the flexible shell is pressed, and convert the variation of the air pressure into an electric signal. 1. A pressure sensing device, comprising: a bottom plate; a flexible shell covering the bottom plate and forming a hermetical cavity cooperatively with the bottom plate; and a MEMS pressure sensor accommodated in the hermetical cavity; wherein air in the hermetical cavity is compressed when the flexible shell is pressed, the MEMS pressure sensor is configured for detecting variation of an air pressure within the hermetical cavity when the flexible shell is pressed, and converting the variation of the air pressure into an electric signal. 2. The pressure sensing device of claim 1, wherein the flexible shell comprises a rigid cover and a flexible frame, the flexible frame locates between the rigid cover and the bottom plate for performing elastic deformation when the rigid cover is pressed. 3. The pressure sensing device of claim 1, wherein the flexible shell comprises a flexible cover and a rigid frame locating between the flexible cover and the bottom plate, the flexible cover performs elastic deformation when being pressed. 4. The pressure sensing device of claim 1, further comprising an ASIC chip electrically connected to the MEMS pressure sensor and accommodated in the hermetical cavity, wherein the ASIC chip is configured for receiving the electric signal from the MEMS pressure sensor and performing signal processing on the electric signal. 5. The pressure sensing device of claim 4, wherein the bottom plate comprises a rigid substrate and a flexible printed circuit board placed on the rigid substrate, the ASIC chip is electrically connected with the flexible printed circuit board. 6. The pressure sensing device of claim 5, wherein the flexible printed circuit board comprises a main body disposed in the hermetical cavity, and an extending portion extending from the main body and out of the hermetical cavity. 7. The pressure sensing device of claim 6, further comprising a plurality of solder pads formed at an end of the extending portion, wherein the solder pads are configured for outputting the electric signal processed by the ASIC chip to the external circuit. 8. The pressure sensing device of claim 6, wherein the MEMS pressure sensor and the ASIC chip are both disposed on the main body of the flexible printed circuit board. 9. The pressure sensing device of claim 5, wherein the MEMS pressure sensor and the ASIC chip are respectively disposed on the flexible printed circuit board and the flexible shell. 10. The pressure sensing device of claim 4, wherein the MEMS pressure sensor and the ASIC chip are both disposed on the flexible shell. 11. The pressure sensing device of claim 4, wherein the bottom plate is a printed circuit board, the MEMS pressure sensor and the ASIC chip are mounted on the printed circuit board. 12. The pressure sensing device of claim 11, wherein the printed circuit board comprises a plurality of solder pads; and the ASIC chip is electrically connected with the solder pads via connecting lines of the printed circuit board. 13. The pressure sensing device of claim 4, wherein the MEMS pressure sensor and the ASIC chip are two separate and independent chips. 14. The pressure sensing device of claim 4, wherein the MEMS pressure sensor and the ASIC chip are integrated into a one-piece component.",
-    "Data, such as indicators of storage devices, are logged periodically with the recorded time. The time logged data, e.g., data collected at different times, can be used to calculate properties and characteristics of the storage devices, including instantaneous properties and time evolution properties. 1. A method comprising periodically recording attributes of a solid state drive, wherein the attributes are generated by a program for monitoring the solid state drive; recording the time of the attribute recording. 2. A method as in claim 1 wherein the attributes are recorded at a regular time or index interval. 3. A method as in claim 1 wherein the regular index interval comprises a time interval in which there is a regular amount of memory is written to the solid state drive. 4. A method as in claim 1 wherein the program comprises a Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART) system. 5. A method as in claim 1 wherein the attributes comprise at least one of an accumulated value of wear leveling of the memory of the solid state drive, a number or percentage of memory erased or a difference between most worn and least worn memories, a percentage of remaining erase cycles or a percentage of ease cycles performed, an inside temperature of the solid state drive, an accumulated error rate of the solid state drive, a number of remaining reserved block count or a number of retired block count, an accumulated number of memory read or memory written, an accumulated number of power on hours, and a value of remaining life in term of percentage of erase cycles or in term of reserved memory block. 6. A method comprising obtaining logged data of a solid state drive, wherein the logged data comprise attributes of the solid state drive recorded at different times; calculating a property of a solid state drive using the logged data, wherein the property comprises a unit of time. 7. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property comprises an instantaneous property. 8. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property comprises a property representative of an instant or of an period of time. 9. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property is calculated based on a time evolution of the attributes of the solid state drive. 10. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property is calculated in a time interval long enough to be statistically significant, wherein the time interval is short enough with respect to the life of the solid state drive. 11. A method as in claim 6 wherein the time interval comprises a time interval in which a consumption of program/erase cycles is less than 1% of a maximum number of program/erase cycles, and in which a consumption of program/erase cycles is more than 0.1% of a maximum number of program/erase cycles. 12. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property comprises a lifetime expectancy of the solid state drive expressed in a unit of time. 13. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property is calculated based on a curve fitting of the attributes of the solid state drive. 14. A method as in claim 6 wherein the property is calculated using adjusted values, wherein the adjusted values are adjusted to be at a same temperature. 15. A method as in claim 6 wherein the attributes comprise temperature, wherein the method further comprises forming a relationship between a first attribute of the attributes and temperature using the logged data; adjusting the values of the first attributes to be at a same temperature using the relationship, wherein the property is calculated using adjusted values. 16. A method comprising providing a solid state drive coupled to a host system; replacing a load with a new load, a firmware with a new firmware, or a software with a new software, wherein the solid state drive is configured to support the load or the new load from the host system, wherein the solid state drive is configured to run the firmware or the new firmware, wherein the host system is configured to run the software or the new software for accessing the solid state drive; obtaining logged data of a solid state drive, wherein the logged data comprise attributes of the solid state drive recorded at different times; calculating a first property of a solid state drive using the logged data, wherein the property represents a characteristic of the new load, the new firmware or the new software. 17. A method as in claim 16 wherein the first property comprises a remaining lifetime of the solid state drive in unit of time or a remaining amount of memory that can be written to the solid state drive. 18. A method as in claim 16 further comprising calculating a second property of a solid state drive using the logged data, wherein the property represents a characteristic of the load, the firmware or the software; comparing the first property with the second property. 19. A method as in claim 16 further comprising comparing the first property with a standard value; notifying a user if the first property is different from the standard value. 20. A method as in claim 16 wherein the property is calculated in a time or index interval under which the new load, new software or new firmware is used.",
-    "An antenna system applicable to a mobile communication device is provided in the present disclosure. The antenna system includes a metal shell with a metal frame and a metal back cover, a printed circuit board (PCB) housed in the metal shell, and an antenna part with a first feed point and a second feed point. A first break point and a second break point are formed at two opposite sides of the metal frame; a first gap and a second gap are respectively formed at two opposite sides of the metal back cover for defining a first clearance area and a second clearance area. The first feed point is located in the first clearance area and contacts a left frame portion of the metal frame; the second feed point is located in the second clearance area and contacts a right frame portion of the metal frame. 1. An antenna system, comprising: a metal shell comprising a metal frame and a metal back cover surrounded by the metal frame; a printed circuit board (PCB) housed in the metal shell; and an antenna part comprising a first feed point and a second feed point on the PCB; wherein a first break point and a second break point are formed at two opposite sides of the metal frame for cooperatively separating the metal frame into a top frame portion and a main frame assembly comprising a left frame portion and a right frame portion; a first gap and a second gap are respectively formed at two opposite sides of the metal back cover near the top frame portion for defining a first clearance area and a second clearance area; wherein the first feed point is located in the first clearance area and contacts the left frame portion, and the second feed point is located in the second clearance area and contacts the right frame portion. 2. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein both the first gap and the second gap are L-shaped gaps. 3. The antenna system of claim 2, wherein the first gap extends from a top edge of the metal back cover near the top frame portion to a left edge of the metal back cover near the left frame portion, and the second gap extends from the top edge of the metal back cover to a right edge of the metal back cover near the right frame portion. 4. The antenna system of claim 3, wherein the metal back cover, the left frame portion and a left end of the top frame portion are separated by the first gap for forming the first clearance area; and the metal back cover, the right frame portion and a right end of the top frame portion are separated by the second gap for forming a second clearance area. 5. The antenna system of claim 4, wherein the first clearance area is communicated with the first break point; the second clearance area is communicated with the second break point. 6. The antenna system of claim 4, wherein a length of the first clearance area, which extends from the first break point along the left frame portion, is greater than a length of the second clearance area, which extends from the second break point along the right frame portion. 7. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first feed point serves as a GPS/WIFI antenna feed point; the second feed point serves as a diversity antenna feed point. 8. The antenna system of claim 7, wherein a volume of the first clearance area is greater than that of the second clearance area for ensuring a wavelength range of the GPS/WIFI antenna feed point is greater than that of the diversity antenna feed point. 9. The antenna system of claim 1, wherein the antenna part further comprises a matching circuit electrically connected to the first feed point. 10. The antenna system of claim 9, wherein the matching circuit comprises a first inductor, a capacitor and a second inductor; both the capacitor and the second inductor are electrically connected in parallel with the first inductor.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome, the conductive front cover including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; and a plurality of capacitors formed by the units of conductive front cover and the conductive dome for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome and a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a conductive front cover located adjacent to and keeping a distance from the conductive dome, the conductive front cover including a plurality of units being isolated from each other; a plurality of capacitors formed by the units of conductive front cover and the conductive dome for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein an amount of the units of the conductive front cover is 4, and 4 capacitors are accordingly formed by the units of the conductive front cover and the conductive dome. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome, each unit of the conductive front cover is electrically connected to a corresponding conductive pad. 5. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive front cover includes a lead wire for outputting electrical signals from the conductive front cover.",
-    "A micro speaker is disclosed. The micro speaker includes a vibration system including a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a magnetic circuit system including a lower plate, a first magnetic part on the lower plate, a second magnetic part on the lower plate, a pole plate attached to the first magnetic part and including a plurality of units, one of the first and second magnetic part being a permanent magnet for forming a magnetic gap; capacitors formed by the conductive dome and the units of the pole plate for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement of the diaphragm. 1. A micro speaker, comprising: a vibration system including a diaphragm and a voice coil for driving the diaphragm, the diaphragm including a conductive dome a suspension surrounding the conductive dome; a magnetic circuit system including a lower plate, a first magnetic part on the lower plate, a second magnetic part on the lower plate, a pole plate attached to the first magnetic part, one of the first and second magnetic part being a permanent magnet for forming a magnetic gap; wherein the pole plate includes a plurality of units isolated from each other, and each unit forms a capacitor together with the conductive dome for outputting electrical signals according to vibrations of the diaphragm and for detecting real-time replacement and unbalanced vibration of the diaphragm. 2. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the pole plate includes 4 units and accordingly 4 capacitors are formed between the units and the conductive dome. 3. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the conductive dome is an aluminum foil dome or a compound aluminum foil. 4. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the suspension is made of silica, and includes a first part and a second part, the first part is made of non-conductive silica and the second part is made of conductive silica, the suspension further includes conductive pads located at the second part for electrically connecting with the conductive dome. 5. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the magnetic circuit system further includes a first through hole penetrating the first magnetic part and the lower plate, the pole plate is provided with a lead wire, electrical signals from the pole plate are outputted via the lead wire through the first through hole. 6. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the magnetic circuit system further includes a second through hole penetrating the lower plate, the second through hole is located in the magnetic gap, the pole plate is provided with a lead wire for outputting the electrical signals from the pole plate through the second through hole. 7. The micro speaker as described in claim 1 further comprising a non-conductive layer between the pole plate and the first magnetic part. 8. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the first magnetic part is a permanent magnet, the second magnetic part is sidewalls extending from the lower plate. 9. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein the second magnetic part is a permanent magnet, the first magnetic part is a pillar extending from the lower plate and surrounded by the second magnetic part. 10. The micro speaker as described in claim 1, wherein both of the first and second magnetic parts are permanent magnets.",
-    "A retaining system for maintaining a refuse container in a substantially upright position, said retaining system comprising: a retaining device for removably receiving a handle bar of said container, said retaining device fixedly attached to a rigid mount; a platform for receiving a base of said container and elevating said container above a support surface; an enclosure disposed around said container, said enclosure having an enclosure opening to facilitate depositing of said refuse into said container and removal of said container from said retaining device and said enclosure, and placement of said container in said enclosure. 1. An enclosure comprising: a back wall, opposed enclosure side walls having a top end and a bottom end, and a top wall to collectively define an enclosure opening opposite said back wall; a platform disposed between said top end and said bottom end, said platform for elevating and supporting a container; a retainer member secured to said back wall for attachment to said container, said retainer member comprising a unitary frame having a flat, elongate mounting plate with a first longitudinal axis in a vertical plane, with an angled segment extending downwardly therefrom with a second longitudinal axis oblique to said first longitudinal axis, a U-shaped segment comprising a first arm with a third longitudinal axis substantially parallel to said first longitudinal axis of said mounting plate, an arcuate portion joining said first arm to a second arm extending upwardly towards said first arm with a fourth longitudinal axis oblique to said third longitudinal axis, whereby an enclosure opening is defined between said first arm, arcuate portion and said second arm; a tether having a hook member at one end and other end secured on said mounting plate; and whereby said enclosure maintains said container in a substantially upright position. 2. The enclosure of claim 1, wherein said container having a substantially rectangular walled body having a front wall facing a back wall, and joined together by opposed body side walls and a base to define an interior volume with a body opening for input of refuse into said interior volume; said body having handle supports and a handle bar extending therebetween and integrally formed therewith; a lid associated with said opening and operable between a closed position and open position, and is pivotably attached to said handle bar via hinge means for access to said interior volume, said lid having a recessed lid handle engageable by a user's hands to provide a lifting force to said lid to swing open said lid about said hinge means, and place said lid in said open position; wherein a spacing is defined between each of opposed body side walls of said container and each of opposed enclosure side walls of said enclosure; wherein said enclosure opening is dimensioned to receive said handle bar associated with said container; wherein said hook member being removably attached to said lid to maintain said lid in an angled open position; and whereby said handle bar is placed within said U-shaped segment and in close proximity to said arcuate portion, and said base engages and rests on said platform to co-operatively resist a force is applied to said body intended to topple said container. 3. The enclosure of claim 2, wherein said spacing is sufficiently dimensioned to facilitate placement of said container in said enclosure and removal of said container from said enclosure via said enclosure opening. 4. The enclosure of claim 3, wherein said spacing is dimensioned to deter animals from gaining access thereinto, and wherein said spacing is dimensioned to restrict animals from gaining sufficient leverage to apply a force to one of said opposed body side walls of said container, in order to tip said container over. 5. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein said platform elevates said container at a height that promotes user ergonomics, and allows a user to open and close said lid via said enclosure opening in a substantially standing posture without substantially stooping and bending over, thereby reducing strain on said user's lower back and knees, and minimizing possible musculoskeletal injury. 6. The enclosure of claim 5, wherein when a force is applied to one of said opposed body side walls of said container in an effort to topple said container via a rotational motion, said handle support comes into contact with said arcuate portion of said retaining device and arrests the rotational motion of handle support, and said base engages said platform to co-operatively inhibit the rotational motion of said walled body, thereby maintaining said container in a substantially upright position. 7. A retaining device, said retaining device comprising: a unitary frame having: a flat, elongate mounting plate with a first longitudinal axis in a vertical plane, with an angled segment extending downwardly therefrom, a U-shaped segment with a first arm in a plane substantially parallel to said vertical plane of said mounting segment, an arcuate portion joining first arm to a second arm extending upwardly towards said first arm, whereby an opening is defined between said first arm, arcuate portion and said second arm; a tether having a hook member at one end and other end secured on said mounting plate; said hook member for attachment to a container and whereby said mounting plate is fixedly attached to a rigid mount. 8. The retaining device of claim 7, said opening is dimensioned to receive a handle bar associated with said container, said handle bar disposed between a pair of handle supports integrally formed with said container; wherein said hook member being removably attached to a lid hingedly connected to said container to adapt said lid between an angled open position and a closed position; and wherein said handle bar is in close proximity to said arcuate portion and a base of said container engages and rests on a substantially horizontal support surface, and said rigid mount is a substantially vertical surface. 9. The retaining device of claim 8, wherein said angled segment extends downwardly from said mounting plate with a second longitudinal axis oblique to said first longitudinal axis, said first arm includes a third longitudinal axis substantially parallel to said first longitudinal axis of said mounting plate, said second arm extends from said arcuate portion upwardly towards said first arm and includes a fourth longitudinal axis oblique to said third longitudinal axis. 10. The retaining device of claim 9, wherein when a force is applied to said container in an effort to topple said container via a rotational motion, one of said pair of handle supports comes into contact with said arcuate portion of said retaining device and arrests the rotational motion of one of said pair of handle supports, and said base engages said horizontal surface to co-operatively inhibit the rotational motion of said container, and said handle is maintained within said U-shaped segment, thereby maintaining said container in a substantially upright position. 11. The retaining device of claim 10, wherein said container is placed on a platform elevated at a predetermined height, such that said base of said container rests on said platform and said handle resides within said U-shaped segment. 12. The retaining device of claim 11, wherein said platform is elevated at a predetermined height to allow a user to open and close said lid via said enclosure opening in a substantially standing posture, to minimize strain on said user's lower back and knees, and minimize possible musculoskeletal injury. 13. The retaining device of claim 12, wherein said mount is an enclosure for receiving said container, said enclosure resting on said support surface, said enclosure comprising a back wall, opposed side walls having a top end and a bottom end, and a top wall to collectively define an enclosure opening opposite said back wall; said platform disposed between said top end and said bottom end and elevated above said support surface, such that said base of said container rests on said platform; and said a retainer member secured to said back wall. 14. The retaining device of claim 13, wherein said tether comprises a predetermined length such that when said hook member is attached to said lid, said lid is held open at a predetermined deposit angle formed between an opening of said container and said hinged lid, wherein said predetermined deposit angle is sufficient to allow introduction of garbage into an interior volume of said container. 15. The retaining device of claim 14, wherein a spacing is defined between each of opposed side walls of said container and each of said opposed side walls of said enclosure, and said spacing is a predetermined dimension selected to inhibit ingress of animals. 16. A retaining system comprising: a retaining device for removably receiving a handle bar of a refuse container, said retaining device fixedly attached to a rigid mount; a platform for receiving a base of said container and elevating said container above a support surface; an enclosure disposed around said container, said enclosure having an enclosure opening to facilitate depositing of said refuse into said container and removal of said container from said retaining device and said enclosure, and placement of said container in said enclosure; and wherein said retaining device comprises a unitary frame having: a flat, elongate mounting plate in a vertical longitudinal axis, with an angled segment extending downwardly therefrom, a U-shaped segment with a first arm in a plane substantially parallel to said vertical plane of said mounting segment, an arcuate portion joining first arm to a second arm extending upwardly towards said first arm, whereby an opening is defined between said first arm, arcuate portion and said second arm; a tether having a hook member at one end and other end secured on said mounting segment; whereby said mounting plate is fixedly attached to said rigid mount; and whereby said refuse container is maintained in a substantially upright position by said retaining system. 17. (canceled) 18. The retaining system of claim 16, said hook member being removably attached to a lid hingedly connected to said container to adapt said lid between an angled open position and a closed position; wherein said opening is dimensioned to receive a handle bar associated with said container, said handle bar disposed between a pair of handle supports integrally formed with said container; and wherein said handle bar is in close proximity to said arcuate portion and said base engages and rests on said platform, and wherein when a force is applied to said container in an effort to topple said container via a rotational motion, one of said pair of handle supports comes into contact with said arcuate portion of said retaining device and arrests the rotational motion of one of said pair of handle supports, and said base engages said horizontal surface to co-operatively inhibit the rotational motion of said container, and said handle is maintained with U-shaped segment, thereby maintaining said container in a substantially upright position. 19. The retaining system of claim 18, wherein said platform allows a user to open and close said lid in a substantially standing posture to minimize strain on said user's lower back and knees, and minimize possible musculoskeletal injury. 20. The retaining system of claim 19, wherein said enclosure rests on a support surface, said enclosure comprising a back wall, opposed side walls having a top end and a bottom end, and a top wall to collectively define said enclosure opening opposite said back wall; said platform disposed between said top end and said bottom end and elevated above said support surface, such that said base of said container rests on said platform; and said mounting plate is secured to said back wall, and wherein a spacing is defined between each of opposed side walls of said container and each of said opposed side walls of said enclosure, and said spacing is a predetermined dimension selected to inhibit ingress of animals.",
-    "An object sound period detection apparatus includes a first calculating unit, a second calculating unit, a first detecting unit, and a second detecting unit. The first calculating unit calculates a first threshold every unit time. The second calculating unit calculates a second threshold every unit time. The first detecting unit compares first feature amount based on the input signal with the first threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal. The second detecting unit compares second feature amount based on the input signal with the second threshold, detects the object sound period in the input signal, and outputs a detecting result. The first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on a detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit. The second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on a detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit. 1. An object sound period detection apparatus comprising: a receiving unit that receives an input signal; a first calculating unit that calculates a first threshold in the input signal every unit time; a second calculating unit that calculates s second threshold in the input signal every unit time; a first detecting unit that compares first feature amount based on the input signal with the first threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal; and a second detecting unit that compares second feature amount based on the input signal with the second threshold, detects the object sound period in the input signal, and outputs a detecting result; wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on a detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on a detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit. 2. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a first smoothing unit that smooths an input power in the input signal based on the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit; a second smoothing unit that smooths the input power in the input signal based on the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit; wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit; wherein the first feature amount is the input power; wherein the second feature amount is the input power. 3. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 2, wherein if the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit does not indicate the object sound period, the first smoothing unit smooths the input power, if the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit indicates the object sound period, the first smoothing unit does not smooth the input power and sets the input power smoothed before unit time as the input power smoothed in same unit time; wherein if the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit indicates the object sound period, the second smoothing unit smooths the input power, if the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit does not indicate the object sound period, the second smoothing unit does not smooth the input power and sets the input power smoothed before unit time as the input power smoothed in same unit time. 4. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit and the input power smoothed before unit time by the second smoothing unit; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit and the input power smoothed in same unit time by the first smoothing unit. 5. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the first calculating unit sets an arithmetic mean or a geometrical mean between the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit and the input power smoothed before unit time by the second smoothing unit as the first threshold. 6. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second calculating unit sets an arithmetic mean or a geometrical mean between the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit and the input power smoothed in same time by the first smoothing unit as the second threshold. 7. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 1, a first smoothing unit that smooths an input power in the input signal based on the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit; a SNR calculating unit that calculates a SNR estimation value based on the input power in the input signal and the input power smoothed in same unit time by the first smoothing unit; a second smoothing unit that smooths the SNR estimation value based on the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit, calculates a SNR smoothing value; wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on the SNR smoothing value; wherein the first feature amount is the input power in the input signal; wherein the second feature amount is the SNR estimation value. 8. The object sound period detection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the receiving unit executes frequency analysis processing to the input signal; wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold in the input signal each frequency band in the input signal; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold in the input signal each frequency band in the input signal; wherein the first detecting unit compares the first feature amount based on the input signal with the first threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal each frequency band in the input signal; wherein the second detecting unit compares the second feature amount based on the input signal with the second threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal each frequency band in the input signal; wherein the second detecting unit integrates the detecting results corresponding to the frequency bands and outputs integrated detecting results. 9. A noise estimating apparatus comprising: a receiving unit that receives the input signal; a first calculating unit that calculates a first threshold in the input signal every unit time; a second calculating unit that calculates a second threshold in the input signal every unit time; a first detecting unit that compares an input power in the input signal with the first threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal; a second detecting unit that compares an input power in the input signal with the second threshold, detects the object sound period in the input signal, and outputs a detecting result; a first smoothing unit that smooths the input power based on the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit, outputs the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit as a noise power or a speech power; a second smoothing unit that smooths the input power based on the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit, outputs the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit as a noise power or a speech power; wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit; wherein the first smoothing unit determines whether the first smoothing unit smooths the input power based on the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit; wherein the second smoothing unit determines whether the second smoothing unit smooths the input power based on the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit. 10. The noise estimating apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first smoothing unit outputs the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit as the noise power; wherein the second smoothing unit outputs the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit as the speech power; wherein if the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit does not indicate the object sound period, the first smoothing unit smooths the input power, if the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit indicates the object sound period, the first smoothing unit does not smooth the input power and sets the input power smoothed before unit time as the input power smoothed in same unit time; wherein if the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit indicates the object sound period, the second smoothing unit smooths the input power, if the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit does not indicate the object sound period, the second smoothing unit does not smooth the input power and sets the input power smoothed before unit time as the input power smoothed in same unit time. 11. The noise estimating apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the first smoothing unit outputs the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit as the speech power; wherein the second smoothing unit outputs the input power smoothed by the second smoothing unit as the noise power; wherein if the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit indicates the object sound period, the first smoothing unit smooths the input power, if the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit does not indicate the object sound period, the first smoothing unit does not smooth the input power and sets the input power smoothed before unit time as the input power smoothed in same unit time; wherein if the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit does not indicate the object sound period, the second smoothing unit smooths the input power, if the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit indicates the object sound period, the second smoothing unit does not smooth the input power and sets the input power smoothed before unit time as the input power smoothed in same unit time. 12. A SNR estimation apparatus comprising: a receiving unit that receives the input signal; a first calculating unit that calculates a first threshold in the input signal every unit time; a second calculating unit that calculates s second threshold in the input signal every unit time; a first detecting unit that compares first feature amount based on the input signal with the first threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal; and a second detecting unit that compares second feature amount based on the input signal with the second threshold, detects the object sound period in the input signal, and outputs a detecting result; a first smoothing unit that smooths an input power in the input signal based on the detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit; a SNR calculating unit that calculates a SNR estimation value based on the input power in the input signal and the input power smoothed in same unit time by the first smoothing unit; a second smoothing unit that smooths the SNR estimation value based on the detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit, calculates a SNR smoothing value; wherein the first calculating unit calculates the first threshold based on the input power smoothed by the first smoothing unit; wherein the second calculating unit calculates the second threshold based on the SNR smoothing value; wherein the first feature amount is the input power in the input signal; wherein the second feature amount is the SNR estimation value. 13. An object sound period detection apparatus comprising: a receiving circuit that receives an input signal; a first calculating circuit that calculates a first threshold in the input signal every unit time; a second calculating circuit that calculates a second threshold in the input signal every unit time; a first detecting circuit that compares first feature amount based on the input signal with the first threshold and detects the object sound period in the input signal; and a second detecting circuit that compares second feature amount based on the input signal with the second threshold, detects the object sound period in the input signal, and outputs a detecting result; wherein the first calculating circuit calculates the first threshold based on a detecting result before unit time by the second detecting unit; wherein the second calculating circuit calculates the second threshold based on a detecting result in same unit time by the first detecting unit.",
-    "A harness providing neck support for weightlifters, to reduce the risk of neck injuries, resulting from improper lifting form. The harness includes a soft foam support collar worn around the neck. Furthermore, it includes a strap, ring, loop, and fastener system to secure the harness to a weightlifter's pre-existing lifting belt. The harness provides downward tension for support, ease of removal between uses, and enables the wearer to adjust for a comfortable fit. The harness stabilizes the neck, while allowing full range of motion of the arms, shoulders, and chest. This invention is unique in that it provides neck support specifically for weightlifting, and attaches to a waist-level supportive device. 1. A support harness, for the purpose of stabilizing a person's neck during an exercise procedure, comprising a padded neck collar, and mid-section connector that attaches to a waist-level supportive device for tension. 2-15. (canceled) 16. The harness of claim 1, wherein the neck collar is configured to reduce sideways, and backwards range of motion of the neck by 50% or greater. 17. The harness of claim 1, wherein the harness does not interfere with the path of a barbell during execution of the Snatch exercise procedure. 18. The harness of claim 1, wherein the harness does not support load weight or impact. 19. The harness of claim 1, wherein use of the harness is not limited to specific exercise procedures. 20. The harness of claim 1, wherein use of the harness does not require a person's hands and feet, while performing exercise procedures. 21. The harness of claim 1, wherein the harness is configured to be adjusted to ensure proper fit.",
-    "A methods, systems, device, network, platform and apparatus for enabling user(s) to connect contextually with any other users of network(s) based on matching user created and/or dynamic & automatic generated request data and/or user data with user request(s) and/or user data of other users of network and enabling connected users to conduct plurality types of activities, actions, transactions, events, interactions, registering, accessing, messaging, communication, sharing, searching, collaboration and participating activities of each others. 1. A method for connecting a user to contextual users of network, the method comprising: a) identify by the server system, user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participated activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time and conditions based on structured status, search query, structured request and user data for enabling user to contextually connect with other users of network; b) identifying and applying by the server system one or more pre-defined or updated rules and functions via rule-based system and contextual pre-stored connections data based on identified user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participate activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time and conditions for enabling user to contextually connect with other users of network; c) searching and matching by the server system, connectable connections or users of network based on identified user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participate activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time, conditions and identified and applied rules and functions; d) serve by the server system, said searched and matched connectable connections or users of network; and e) enabling by the server system, to auto connect or enabling user to select from said connectable connections or users of network and connecting with said selected connectable connections or users of network. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein, serve by the server system, for user selection or access contextual or connection specific or identified prospective one or more activities or purpose specific or said connected users specific one or more applications, features, options, user actions, interfaces, web services, web page, website, controls, objects, widgets, forms, data or media or content and any combination thereof based on identified user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participate activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time, conditions and identified and applied rules and functions for communication, collaboration, sharing, creating connections, social networking, conducting or enable to conduct one or more activities, actions, events, workflow, tasks, transactions, providing or consuming one or more types of user services and participation among connected users. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein, enabling user to prepare structured status and structured request by selecting or selecting from suggested one or more pre-categories and pre-stored and updated parts including name and types of roles, actors, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participated activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, identities, contextual, form fields and associated values or information, date & time, conditions, preferences, actions, events, status, presence information, transactions, names, nodes, properties, objects, data types, programming syntax, structured syntax, schema, ranges, Boolean operators, keywords, phrases, grammar syntax, semantic syntax, structured query language syntax, requirement specifications, metadata, privacy, settings, rules, commands, groups, categories, taxonomies and types. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein, searching and matching by the server system, connectable connections or users of network based on structured status, search query, structured request, user data, store or updated or real-time identified request, requirement specification, structured query language (SQL) query, search query, templates, domain or field or subject specific forms & associate data, wizard, keywords, category, taxonomy, ontology, semantic syntax, question, pre-identified or pre-stored or pre-configured type of relationships, activities, actions, events, transactions, locations, places, role, task, requirement, entity specific connections or connection possibilities or contextual users for connection, database or data table(s) field(s) and associate value(s), additional requested information from user, date & time, schedule, auto identified needs or interaction or connection requirement base on rules, ontology, metadata, context data, system data, database, past connection logs, past bookmarked connected users, registered with connected users, created connections list, user reference for one or more connections, location, check-in place, status, user availability, online or offline status, user rank, number of points, user selections of one or more preferences, determined domain or subject or location or entity or place or event specific filled partial or full forms, privacy settings, user profile including name, age, gender, language, income range, qualification, education, role & skills information, interest information, employment information or job profile, business information, and information about various interacted or related or participated or transacted entities, user data or user generated or provided or shared or communication or messaging data or auto identified user related data, user contacts & connections, past logs, information or log of user activities, actions, events, transactions, senses, location & updates and any combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein, add points to user account based on connect with one or more type or category or context of users of network, number of times & number of duration of participation, conduction of one or more activities, actions, transactions, tasks, workflow, sharing, messaging, ranking, reviewing & communications, user's participation with other users of networks, number of times user spent for communicating, messaging for other users of networks, number of users connected with users, total ranks received by user from other users of networks, number of times other users bookmarked user, number of times other users invite & add user to their contact list, number of comments & reviews provided by other users of network to user, number of times user is referred by other users, number of messages sent by users for other users, total amount of purchase transactions conducted by/via user(s), total number of clicks or impressions on user shared contents received by user, total number or types of actions on shared contents received by user from other users of networks, total number of & duration of communication, connections, messaging & collaborative activity sessions, points purchased or received by user(s) and plurality types of other factors. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein, deduct points from user account based on requesting of connecting with one or more users of network or one or more types of category or context of users of network, requirement or usage of number of times & number of duration of participation, conduction of one or more activities, actions, transactions, tasks, workflow, sharing, messaging, ranking, reviewing & communications from searched or matched or contextually identified or subscribed or selected or connected or purchased connections. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein, enabling user to search, match, invite, request to connect, select, purchase, subscribe, bookmark, bid, allow or dis-allow to access, apply privacy settings, preferences, rules & policy to access, connect, re-connect, dis-connect, add, remove, block, unblock, report, update, show, hide, reconnect, pause, set status, refer, share, rank, sort and filter one or more connected users or connectable users or users of network. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein, configuring the server system for creating and updating of social graph of user(s) and/or network(s) and storing & updating information about and information associate with connections between/among nodes including connected users, identities, named entities or objects, applications, services, profile objects, type of contents, wherein information about connections or log between/among nodes may include monitoring, tracking, sensing, identifying, detecting, recording, storing, indexing, processing, structuring, formatting connected users activities, actions, transactions, contacts, events, interactions, senses, responses, requests, messages, communications, shared contents, behavior, locations, user generated content or data. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein, providing searching functionality to users of network(s) to search & match users of network(s) based on one or more search criteria and preferences and enable to select from searched users of network for establishing connection with them based on invitation and/or purchasing selected connections or subscribing connections for dynamically search, match, use & access connections, wherein purchasing selected connections or subscribing access rights of connecting set of users may comprises using subscribed or purchased selected connections for particular number of times, for particular type of activities, for advertising, marketing & conducting e-commerce transactions, access connection for particular period of time or duration and access as per one or associated, defined, customized rules, policies, agreements, permissions, access rights & privileges, subscription models & privacy settings. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein, enabling advertiser(s) to bid for presenting advertisement or connecting with users or customers or prospective customers for/base on particular keywords, categories, user request data, wherein server matches advertisement criteria including keywords, phrases, categories, location, language and connection requirements with user's data & request(s) data and prioritizing in connecting requestors or users or customers or prospective customers with advertisers or administrators or sales representatives of advertisers based on highest or updated or competitive bid(s) for pay per connection and pay per connected user's action. 11. A system for connecting a user to contextual users of network, the system comprises: a) the server system configured to identify user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participated activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time and conditions based on structured status, search query, structured request and user data for enabling user to contextually connect with other users of network; b) the server system configured to identify and apply one or more pre-defined or updated rules and functions via rule-based system and contextual pre-stored connections data based on identified user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participate activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time and conditions for enabling user to contextually connect with other users of network; c) the server system configured to search and match connectable connections or users of network based on identified user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participate activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time, conditions and identified and applied rules and functions; d) the server system configured to serve said searched and matched connectable connections or users of network; and e) the server system enabled to auto connect or allowing user to select from said connectable connections or users of network and connecting with said selected connectable connections or users of network. 12. The system of claim 11 wherein, the server system enabled to serve contextual or connection specific or identified prospective one or more activities or purpose specific or said connected users specific one or more applications, features, options, user actions, interfaces, web services, web page, website, controls, objects, widgets, forms, data or media or content and any combination thereof based on identified user's one or more roles, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participate activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, date & time, conditions and identified and applied rules and functions for communication, collaboration, sharing, creating connections, social networking, conducting or enable to conduct one or more activities, actions, events, workflow, tasks, transactions, providing or consuming one or more types of user services and participation among connected users. 13. The system of claim 11 wherein, user enabled to prepare structured status and structured request by selecting or selecting from suggested one or more pre-categories and pre-stored and updated parts including name and types of roles, actors, current activities, prospective activities that user wants to conduct, purposes, relationships, interacted or participated activities, contacts and entities, current or past locations and places, item names, attributes, ontology, profile fields and associated values, identities, contextual, form fields and associated values or information, date & time, conditions, preferences, actions, events, status, presence information, transactions, names, nodes, properties, objects, data types, programming syntax, schema, ranges, Boolean operators, keywords, phrases, grammar syntax, semantic syntax, structured query language syntax, requirement specifications, metadata, privacy, settings, rules, commands, groups, categories, taxonomies and types. 14. The system of claim 11 wherein the server system configured to search and match connectable connections or users of network based on current or past structured status, search queries, structured requests, user data, store or updated or real-time identified request, requirement specification, structured query language (SQL) query, search query, templates, domain or field or subject specific forms & associate data, wizard, keywords, category, taxonomy, ontology, semantic syntax, question, pre-identified or pre-stored or pre-configured type of relationships, activities, actions, events, transactions, locations, places, role, task, requirement, entity specific connections or connection possibilities or contextual users for connection, database or data table(s) field(s) and associate value(s), additional requested information from user, date & time, schedule, auto identified needs or interaction or connection requirement base on rules, ontology, metadata, context data, system data, database, past connection logs, past bookmarked connected users, registered with connected users, created connections list, user reference for one or more connections, location, check-in place, status, user availability, online or offline status, user rank, number of points, user selections of one or more preferences, determined domain or subject or location or entity or place or event specific filled partial or full forms, privacy settings, user profile including name, age, gender, language, income range, qualification, education, role & skills information, interest information, employment information or job profile, business information, and information about various interacted or related or participated or transacted entities, user data or user generated or provided or shared or communication or messaging data or auto identified user related data, user contacts & connections, past logs, information or log of user activities, actions, events, transactions, senses, location & updates and any combination thereof. 15. The system of claim 11 wherein add points to user account based on connect with one or more type or category or context of users of network, number of times & number of duration of participation, conduction of one or more activities, actions, transactions, tasks, workflow, sharing, messaging, ranking, reviewing & communications, user's participation with other users of networks, number of times user spent for communicating, messaging for other users of networks, number of users connected with users, total ranks received by user from other users of networks, number of times other users bookmarked user, number of times other users invite & add user to their contact list, number of comments & reviews provided by other users of network to user, number of times user is referred by other users, number of messages sent by users for other users, total amount of purchase transactions conducted by/via user(s), total number of clicks or impressions on user shared contents received by user, total number or types of actions on shared contents received by user from other users of networks, total number of & duration of communication, connections, messaging & collaborative activity sessions, points purchased or received by user(s) and plurality types of other factors. 16. The system of claim 11 wherein deduct points from user account based on requesting of connecting with one or more users of network or one or more types of category or context of users of network, requirement or usage of number of times & number of duration of participation, conduction of one or more activities, actions, transactions, tasks, workflow, sharing, messaging, ranking, reviewing & communications from searched or matched or contextually identified or subscribed or selected or connected or purchased connections. 17. The system of claim 11 wherein the server system configured to search, match, invite, request to connect, select, purchase, subscribe, bookmark, bid, allow or dis-allow to access, apply privacy settings, preferences, rules & policy to access, connect, re-connect, dis-connect, add, remove, block, unblock, report, update, show, hide, reconnect, pause, set status, refer, share, rank, sort and filter one or more connected users or connectable users or users of network. 18. The system of claim 11 wherein the server system configured to create and update social graph of user(s) and/or network(s) and storing & updating information about and information associate with connections between/among nodes including connected users, identities, named entities or objects, applications, services, profile objects, type of contents, wherein information about connections or log between/among nodes may include monitoring, tracking, sensing, identifying, detecting, recording, storing, indexing, processing, structuring, formatting connected users activities, actions, transactions, contacts, events, interactions, senses, responses, requests, messages, communications, shared contents, behavior, locations, user generated content or data. 19. The system of claim 11 wherein user is provided with search functionality to search & match users of network(s) based on one or more search criteria and preferences and enable to select from searched users of network to establish connection with them based on invitation and/or purchasing of selected connections or subscribing of connections for dynamically search, match, use & access connections, wherein purchase selected connections or subscribe access rights of connecting set of users may comprises use subscribed or purchased selected connections for particular number of times, for particular type of activities, for advertising, marketing & conducting e-commerce transactions, access connection for particular period of time or duration and access as per one or associated, defined, customized rules, policies, agreements, permissions, access rights & privileges, subscription models & privacy settings. 20. The system of claim 11 wherein, advertiser adapted to bid to present advertisements or connecting with users or customers or prospective customers for/based on particular keywords, categories, user request data, wherein server matches advertisement criteria including keywords, phrases, categories, location, language and connection requirements with user's data & request(s) data and prioritizing in connecting requestors or users or customers or prospective customers with advertisers or administrators or sales representatives of advertisers based on highest or updated or competitive bid(s) for pay per connection and pay per connected user's action.",
-    "A camera lens is disclosed and includes a first lens with positive refractive power, whose object side surface and image side surface are both aspheric surfaces; an aperture; a second lens with positive refractive power, whose object side surface and image side surface are both aspheric surfaces; and a third lens with negative refractive power, whose object side surface and image side surface are both aspheric surfaces. Specific conditions are satisfied. 1. A camera lens comprising, from the object side to the image side: a first lens with positive refractive power, whose object side surface and image side surface are both aspheric surfaces; an aperture; a second lens with positive refractive power, whose object side surface and image side surface are both aspheric surfaces; a third lens with negative refractive power, whose object side surface and image side surface are both aspheric surfaces; wherein the camera lens satisfies the following conditions: 0.6<f/f1<1.0 (1); \u22121.6<(R1+R2)/(R1\u2212R2)<\u22121.2 (2); 0.15<d1/f<0.2 (3); \u22121.5<f/f3<\u22121 (4); 1.3<(R5+R6)/(R5\u2212R6)<2.1 (5); where, f: The focal distance of the camera lens; f1: The focal distance of the first lens; R1: The object side curvature radius of the first lens; R2: The image side curvature radius of the first lens; d1: The center thickness of the first lens; f3: The focal distance of the third lens; R5: The object side curvature radius of the third lens; R6: The image side curvature radius of the third lens; 2. The camera lens according to claim 1, wherein the object side surface of the first lens is convex and the image side surface is concave. 3. The camera lens according to claim 2 further satisfying the following condition: 1.0<f/f2<2.0 (6); 2.2<(R3+R4)/(R3\u2212R4)<2.8 (7); where, f: Overall focal distance of the camera lens; f2: The focal distance of the second lens; R3: The object side curvature radius of the second lens; R4: The image side curvature radius of the second lens; 4. The camera lens according to claim 3 further satisfying the following condition: 0.2<d3/f<0.5 (8); 1.5<d3/d5<3.5 (9); where, f: Overall focal distance of the camera lens; d3: The center thickness of the second lens; d5: The center thickness of the third lens; 5. The camera lens according to claim 4, wherein the third lens is made of plastic and has at least one inflexion point. 6. The camera lens according to claim 5 further satisfying the following condition: 10<d2/d4<20 (10); 2.5<R2/f<4.0 (11); where d2: The axial distance between the image side surface of the first lens and the object side surface of the second lens; d4: The axial distance between the image side surface of the second lens and the object side surface of the third lens; R2: The image side curvature radius of the first lens; f: Overall focal distance of the camera lens. 7. The camera lens according to claim 6 further satisfying the following condition: 1.0<v1/v2<1.2 (12); where, v1: Abbe number of the first lens; v2: Abbe number of the second lens.",
-    "A molding system installed at or near the top of a vertical wall having a molding portion and an attachment portion, where the attachment portion is attached securely to the wall above at least the center of mass of the molding portion, and the molding portion has an outwardly visible decorative face which extends down to where the lower edge of the molding portion meets the wall. The attachment portion is enabled to flex as it is firmly attached to an imperfect wall, and the structure of the molding portion is such that the decorative face of the molding system remains preferentially straight and preferentially positioned as the molding system is installed on an irregular wall. A hinge-like flex is enabled along the length of the molding above the center of mass of the molding portion such that the decorative face of the molding can pivot like a pendulum ensuring the lower edge of the molding is placed against the wall. None of the methods of installation of this system violate the decorative face of the molding and a consistent decorative face profile extends around the entire installation. 1. A molding section comprising: a flexible attachment portion, a hinge including a flex point, a molding portion, the molding portion including a decorative face having an upper edge and a lower edge, a wall contacting portion which joins the lower edge of the decorative face, and a member positioned behind to the decorative face which is connected to the hinge below the flex point. 2. The molding section of claim 1 in which the attachment portion is able to flex in each of the x, y, and z axes in order to compensate for short distance irregularities of a wall surface. 3. The molding section of claim 2 in which the molding portion additionally comprises a rear member connected to the wall contacting portion, said rear member being spaced inwardly from the wall contacting surface. 4. The molding section of claim 3 in which the molding portion additionally comprises a cross member extending between the decorative face and said rear member. 5. The molding section of claim 2 in which the attachment portion is comprised of a cloth material. 6. The molding section of claim 4 in which the cross member is interrupted and additionally comprises a detachable cross section reinforcement. 7. The molding section of claim 1 in which the attachment portion is flexible in all directions in order to meet expected variations a non-planar surface. 8. The molding section of claim 1 in which said hinge additionally comprised a hinge portion connected between the attachment portion and molding portion, said hinge portion including a flex point. 9. The molding section of claim 8 in which the center of mass of the molding portion is located below the flex point of the hinge portion. 10. The molding section of claim 2 in which the center of mass of the molding section is located below the hinge when the attachment section is secured to a vertical wall surface. 11. The molding section of claim 2 in which the molding section has a unitary construction. 12. The molding section of claim 11 in which the molding section is formed by an extrusion process in which at least the attachment portion and hinge have a fiber-reinforced polymer structure. 13. The molding section of claim 12 in which the molding portion has a structure which is maintained face preferentially straight when the molding section is secured to a wall surface by the attachment portion. 14. The molding section of claim 13 additionally comprising a connector member for joining adjacent molding sections together in an abutting relationship with the decorative faces of said molding portions in alignment.",
-    "Techniques for joint fusion are described, including obtaining a visual image of a joint and two or more bones connected by the joint, examining the visual image to confirm a pathology and identify a location in which to insert an implant, creating an incision in a tissue adjacent to the joint, preparing the location for insertion of the implant, inserting the implant into the joint using one or more tools, the one or more tools including a drill guide. Some embodiments include packing an implanted or implantable screw with a material using a packing tube. 1. A method, comprising: obtaining a visual image of an area of tissue surrounding a location in which to insert a screw having a shaft comprising one or more openings; examining the visual image to confirm a pathology and identify the location; creating an incision in the area of tissue; preparing the area of tissue for insertion of the screw, including placing a guide pin in the location, the guide pin configured to assist with placement of a drill guide comprising a drill guide head, engaging a bone in the location with the drill guide using a striker tube configured to be placed over the drill guide head, the striker tube comprising a distal edge having a first segment configured to partially encircle a rounded side of the drill guide head and a second segment configured to rest against a proximal side of the drill guide head, the first segment being disposed on a different plane than the second segment, and drilling a pilot hole into the bone and an adjacent bone using the drill guide; placing a head of a plunger into one of a plurality of separate plunger wells disposed in a plunger distance tool, a position of each plunger well corresponding to a different size of the screw to be filled with a material, a shaft of the plunger being movably positioned inside a cannula of a packing tube of a packing plunger assembly, each plunger well including a wall having a recessed portion for receiving a portion of the shaft when the head is placed in the plunger well; placing a flange of the packing plunger assembly into an assembly well that is disposed in the plunger distance tool; drawing the material into the cannula through a loading port disposed at an end of the packing tube that is opposite another end of the packing tube in which the shaft of the plunger is inserted into the cannula; packing the screw with the material by coupling the loading port with at least one of the one or more openings in the screw by depressing the plunger to dispense the material out of the cannula through the loading port and into the at least one of the one or more openings in the screw; inserting the screw into the bone, the adjacent bone and a joint between the bone and the adjacent bone, using the drill guide, inserting a driver into the drill guide to engage the screw, and threading the screw into the pilot hole until a head of the screw stops against the bone; and removing the driver, the guide pin and the drill guide. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the placing the guide pin in the location comprises advancing the guide pin through the bone, the joint and into the adjacent bone using a mallet. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the engaging the bone comprises: assembling a drill guide assembly comprising a pin sleeve and the drill guide, the drill guide having a hollow shaft, the pin sleeve having a trocar tip and configured to slide into the hollow shaft; placing the drill guide assembly over the guide pin until the trocar tip rests against the bone; unscrewing the pin sleeve while advancing the drill guide until the drill guide rests against the bone and the pin sleeve is backed away from the bone; installing the striker tube over the pin sleeve and guide pin, onto the drill guide; tapping the striker tube until the drill guide engages the bone; and removing the striker tube and pin sleeve. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the drilling the pilot hole comprises: determining a drill depth using a drill depth gauge; placing a drill bit stop collar over a cannulated adjustable drill bit according to the drill depth; inserting the cannulated adjustable drill bit into the drill guide and over the guide pin; drilling a hole through the bone, the joint and into the adjacent bone using the drill bit and a drill, the hole having the drill depth; and removing the drill and the cannulated adjustable drill bit. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bone is the ilium, the adjacent bone is the sacrum, and the joint is the sacroiliac joint. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the driver is a screw driver comprising a tip having a six-point shape. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the screw is a cannulated screw and the head of the screw is configured to receive a screw driver tip having a six-point shape and wherein the one or more openings comprises a plurality of slots. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the visual image includes a radiograph obtained using a fluoroscopy unit. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the preparing the area of tissue is carried out with visual guidance of a fluoroscopy unit. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the inserting the screw is carried out with visual guidance of a fluoroscopy unit. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the material comprises an osteogenic compound. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the material comprises an osteoconductive material. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the packing the screw further comprises: engaging the loading port with the head of the screw; depressing the plunger into the cannula to dispense the material out of the cannula through the loading port and into the head of the screw through at least one of the one or more openings that are positioned in the head of the screw; and removing the packing tube and the plunger. 14. A method, comprising: obtaining a visual image of a joint and two or more bones connected by the joint; examining the visual image to confirm a pathology and identify a location in which to insert a screw comprising a shaft having one or more openings; creating an incision in a tissue adjacent to the joint, the incision configured to provide one or more tools with access to at least one of the two or more bones, the one or more tools including a drill guide comprising a drill guide head; preparing the location for insertion of the screw, including engaging a bone with the drill guide using a striker tube configured to be placed over the drill guide head, the striker tube comprising a distal edge having a first segment configured to partially encircle a rounded side of the drill guide head and a second segment configured to rest against a proximal side of the drill guide head, the first segment being disposed on a different plane than the second segment; inserting the screw into the joint and the two or more bones at the location using the one or more tools; placing a head of a plunger into one of a plurality of separate plunger wells disposed in a plunger distance tool, a position of each plunger well corresponds to a different size of the screw to be filled with a material, a shaft of the plunger is movably positioned inside a cannula of a packing tube of a packing plunger assembly, each plunger well including a wall having a recessed portion for receiving a portion of the shaft when the head is placed in the plunger well; placing a flange of the packing plunger assembly into an assembly well that is disposed in the plunger distance tool; drawing the material into the cannula through a loading port disposed at an end of the packing tube that is opposite another end of the packing tube in which the shaft of the plunger is inserted into the cannula; and packing the screw with the material by coupling the loading port with at least one of the one or more openings in the screw by depressing the plunger to dispense the material out of the cannula through the loading port and into the at least one of the one or more openings. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the packing the screw comprises: engaging the loading port with a head of the screw; depressing the plunger into the cannula to dispense the material out of the cannula through the loading port and into the head of the screw through at least one of the one or more openings that are positioned in the head of the screw; and removing the packing tube and the plunger. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the packing the screw comprises: inserting the packing tube into the drill guide until the loading port engages a head of the screw; depressing the plunger to dispense the material out of the cannula through the loading port and into the head of the screw through at least one of the one or more openings that are positioned in the head of the screw; and removing the packing tube and the plunger. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the material comprises an osteogenic compound. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the material comprises an osteoconductive material. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the material is a substance used to treat sacroiliitis. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the material comprises a contrast material. 21. The method of claim 1 and further comprising: a plurality of plunger distance marks disposed on the plunger distance tool, each plunger distance mark is positioned adjacent to and corresponds to only one of the plurality of separate plunger wells, and each plunger distance mark numerically identifies the different size of the screw to be filled with the material. 22. The method of claim 14 and further comprising: a plurality of plunger distance marks disposed on the plunger distance tool, each plunger distance mark is positioned adjacent to and corresponds to only one of the plurality of separate plunger wells, and each plunger distance mark numerically identifies the different size of the screw to be filled with the material.",
-    "A composition including a metalloinsertor conjugate that specifically targets mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cells includes a complex represented by Formula I. Mm+(L1)(L2)(L3)(L4)(L5) Formula I Selective cytotoxicity may be induced in MMR-deficient cells upon uptake of the metalloinsertor conjugate. Metalloinsertor complexes conjugated with platinum (Pt) may allow for more specific targeting of platinum anticancer agents. 1. A composition comprising a complex represented by Formula I: Mm+(L1) (L2)(L3)(L4)(L5) Formula I wherein M is rhodium; m is 2 or 3; L1 is chrysene-5,6-diimine; L2 and L3 are adjacent each other, and L2 and L3 combine to form a first single ligand with two coordination sites to M, L4 and L5 are adjacent each other, and L4 and L5 combine to form a second single ligand with two coordination sites to M, the first single ligand and the second single ligand are different, and each of the first and second single ligands is independently selected from the group consisting of: 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the complex represented by Formula I comprises a complex selected from the group consisting of [Mm+(chrysi)(phen)(HPBA)], [Mm+(phen)(chrysi)(DPE-Pt(NH3)2Cl)], [Mm+(chrysi)(HDPA)(Amal)(Pt)(DACH)], and [Mm+(chrysi)(phen)(L-Cysteine)]. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the complex represented by Formula I comprises a complex selected from the group consisting of [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(HPBA)]2+, [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(L-cysteine)]2+, [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(DPE-Pt(NH3)2Cl)]3+, and [Rh(chrysi)(HDPA)(Amal)(Pt)(DACH)]3+. 4. A method of selectively inducing cytotoxicity in mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cells, comprising: providing the composition of claim 1 to the MMR-deficient cells. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the providing the composition of claim 1 comprises providing the composition in vitro. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the providing the composition of claim 1 comprises providing the composition in vivo. 7. A method of selectively decreasing cell proliferation, comprising: providing the composition of claim 1 to MMR-deficient cells. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the providing the composition of claim 1 comprises providing the composition in vitro. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the providing the composition of claim 1 comprises providing the composition in vivo. 10. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: an effective amount of the composition of claim 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(HPBA)]2+, [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(L-cysteine)]2+, [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(DPE-Pt(NH3)2Cl)]3+, and [Rh(chrysi)(HDPA)(Amal)(Pt)(DACH)]3+.",
-    "Techniques for joint fusion are described, including a screw comprising a head having a partially flat surface and an opening for receiving a screwdriver tip, the head able to fit within a drill guide, a tip having another opening, a shaft extending from the head to the tip, the shaft having a plurality of holes and a thread on an external surface of the shaft, and a cannula within the shaft extending from the opening to the another opening. 1. A screw, comprising: a shaft extending from a head to a tip and including threads disposed on an external surface of the shaft, a plurality of slots and a plurality of shaft grooves disposed linearly with each other from approximately the head to the tip, each slot positioned serially between a pair of shaft grooves, the plurality of slots and plurality of shaft grooves are disposed on a plurality of sides of the shaft at approximately ninety degrees or less from each other, the threads are discontinuous at each slot and at each shaft groove, each slot is formed completely through a portion of the threads, the head including an opening and the tip including another opening, the plurality of shaft grooves being configured to be guided by an internal surface of a drill guide, and each shaft groove having a first width that varies along the shaft, each slot having a second width that varies along the shaft, and a first maximum width in the first width is less than a second maximum width in the second width; and a cannula positioned within the shaft and extending from the opening to the another opening, each slot extending all the way to the cannula to form a through hole opening between the cannula and the external surface, a portion of a sub-set of the plurality of shaft grooves are disposed on the tip, the tip being formed between the another opening and a tapered end of the shaft. 2. The screw of claim 1, wherein each slot creates an opening between the cannula and tissue surrounding the shaft. 3. The screw of claim 1, wherein each slot is substantially oval. 4. The screw of claim 1, wherein the head, the tip, and the shaft are formed using a medical grade titanium alloy. 5. The screw of claim 1, wherein the head is configured to fit within a drill guide's cannula. 6. The screw of claim 1, wherein the tapered end is operative to guide the screw into a pilot hole drilled into a bone. 7. The screw of claim 1, wherein the opening further is configured to receive a loading port of a packing plunger assembly, the packing plunger assembly configured to dispense a material into the cannula. 8. The screw of claim 1, wherein the opening comprises a plurality of grooves configured to receive a plurality of lobes on a screwdriver tip. 9. The screw of claim 1, wherein the cannula is configured to hold a material, the material configured to enter a joint through one or more of the plurality of slots. 10. A screw, comprising: a shaft extending from a head to a tip and including threads disposed on an external surface of the shaft, a plurality of slots and a plurality of shaft grooves disposed linearly with each other from approximately the head to the tip, each slot positioned serially between a pair of shaft grooves, the threads are discontinuous at each slot and at each shaft groove, each slot is formed completely through a portion of the threads, the plurality of shaft grooves being configured to be guided by an internal surface of a drill guide, and each shaft groove having a first width that varies along the shaft, each slot having a second width that varies along the shaft, and a first maximum width in the first width is less than a second maximum width in the second width, the head including an opening and the tip including another opening, the tip is formed between the another opening and a tapered end of the shaft that does not include the threads, and a portion of a sub-set of the plurality of shaft grooves are disposed on the tip; and a cannula positioned within the shaft and extending from the opening to the another opening, each slot extending all the way to the cannula to form a through hole opening between the cannula and the external surface. 11. The screw of claim 10, wherein the plurality of slots and plurality of shaft grooves are disposed on a plurality of sides of the shaft at approximately ninety degrees or less from each other. 12. The screw of claim 10, wherein each slot is substantially oval. 13. The screw of claim 10, wherein each slot is capsule-shaped. 14. The screw of claim 10, wherein the opening in the head is configured to receive a screwdriver tip having a six-point shape. 15. The screw of claim 10, wherein the opening in the head is configured to receive a screwdriver tip having a cross shape. 16. The screw of claim 10, wherein the cannula, the opening and the another opening are configured to fit over a guide pin.",
-    "A camera lens system is disclosed. The camera lens system includes a first lens group having a first lens which has a positive refractive power; a second lens group having a second lens which has a negative refractive power and a third lens which has a negative refractive power; a third lens group having a fourth lens which has a concave image side surface and a positive refractive power; a fourth lens group including a fifth lens which has a convex image side surface and a positive refractive power; a fifth lens group having a sixth lens which has a concave image side surface and a negative refractive power. An image side surface of the second lens is connected to an object side surface of the third lens. 1. A camera lens system comprising five lens groups lined up from the object side to the image side surface, the lens groups including: a first lens group comprising a first lens which has a positive refractive power; a second lens group comprising a second lens which has a negative refractive power and a third lens which has a negative refractive power, an image side surface of the second lens being connected to an object side surface of the third lens; a third lens group comprising a fourth lens which has a concave image side surface and a positive refractive power; a fourth lens group comprising a fifth lens which has a convex image side surface and a positive refractive power; a fifth lens group comprising a sixth lens which has a concave image side surface and a negative refractive power. 2. The camera lens system according to claim 1 satisfying the following condition: 1.5<f12/f<2.5 wherein f is the effective focal length of all lenses, f12 is the synthetic effective focal length of the first lens group and the second lens group. 3. The camera lens system according to claim 1 satisfying the following condition: 0.80<TTL/2y<0.95 wherein TTL is the distance from the object side surface of the first lens to the image side surface of the camera lens system; y is half of the diagonal line of the image side surface of the camera lens system. 4. The camera lens system according to claim 1, wherein the second lens and the third lens satisfy the following condition: 0<|Vd_L2\u2212Vd_L3|<10 wherein, Vd_L2 is Abbe number of the second lens and Vd_L3 is Abbe number of the third lens. 5. The camera lens system according to claim 4, wherein the second lens and the third lens satisfy the following condition: 20<Vd_L2<30 20<Vd_L3<30 wherein, Vd_L2 is Abbe number of the second lens and Vd_L3 is Abbe number of the third lens. 6. The camera lens system according to claim 1, wherein the fourth lens satisfies the following condition: 0.4<|R7/R8|<0.7 wherein, R7 is the curvature radius of the object side surface of the fourth lens and R8 is the curvature radius of the image side surface of the fourth lens. 7. The camera lens system according to claim 1, wherein a contact surface of the second lens and the third lens is spherical.",
-    "A camera lens system is disclosed. The camera lens system includes five lens groups lined up from the object side. The lens groups includes a first lens group having a first lens having a positive refractive power; a second lens group having a second lens having a negative refractive power; a third lens group having a third lens having a positive refractive power and the a fourth lens having a negative refractive power; a fourth lens group having a fifth lens having a convex image side surface and a positive refractive power; a fifth lens group having a sixth lens having a concave image side surface and a negative refractive power. An image side surface of the third lens is connected to the an object side surface of the fourth lens. 1. A camera lens system comprising five lens groups lined up from the object side, the lens groups including: a first lens group comprising a first lens having a positive refractive power; a second lens group comprising a second lens having a negative refractive power; a third lens group comprising a third lens having a positive refractive power and a fourth lens having a negative refractive power, an image side surface of the third lens being connected to an object side surface of the fourth lens; a fourth lens group comprising a fifth lens having a convex image side surface and a positive refractive power; a fifth lens group comprising a sixth lens having a concave image side surface and a negative refractive power. 2. The camera lens system according to claim 1 satisfying the following condition: \u22125.0<f23/f<0 where, f is the effective focal length of the entire lenses. f23 is the synthetic effective focal length of the second lens group and the third lens group. 3. The camera lens system according to claim 1 satisfying the following condition: 0. 80<TTL/2y<0.95 where TTL is the distance from the object side surface of the first lens to the image side surface of the camera lens system; y is half of the diagonal line length of the image side surface of the camera lens system. 4. The camera lens system according to claim 1, wherein the third lens and the fourth lens satisfy the following condition: 20<Vd_L4\u2212Vd_L3<40 where, Vd_L3 is Abbe number of the third lens and Vd_L4 is Abbe number of the fourth lens. 5. The camera lens system according to claim 4, wherein the third lens and the fourth lens satisfy following condition: 20<Vd_L3<30 50<Vd_L4<60 where, Vd_L3 is Abbe number of the third lens and Vd_L4 is Abbe number of the fourth lens. 6. The camera lens system according to claim 1, wherein a connecting surface of the third lens and the fourth lens is spherical.",
-    "A vibration motor is provided in the present disclosure. The vibration motor includes a stationary part, a vibration part and an elastic connector. The stationary part includes a housing providing an accommodating space. The vibration part is suspended within the accommodating space by the elastic connector. The stationary part includes a coil, and the vibration part includes a first magnet set and a second magnet set. The first magnet set and the second magnet set are respectively disposed at two opposite sides of the coil for generating a closed magnetic loop. The first magnet set comprises a first left magnet and a first right magnet spaced apart from each other, and the second magnet set comprises a second left magnet and a second right magnet spaced apart from each other. 1. A vibration motor, comprising: a stationary part comprising a housing providing an accommodating space; an elastic connector; and a vibration part suspended within the accommodating space by the elastic connector; wherein the stationary part comprises a coil, and the vibration part comprises a first magnet set and a second magnet set; the first magnet set and the second magnet set are respectively disposed at two opposite sides of the coil for generating a closed magnetic loop; the first magnet set comprises a first left magnet and a first right magnet spaced apart from each other, and the second magnet set comprises a second left magnet and a second right magnet spaced apart from each other. 2. The vibration motor of claim 1, wherein the first left magnet and the second left magnet are arranged perpendicular to and at two opposite sides of the coil with a same magnetized direction,; the first right magnet and the second right magnet are also arranged perpendicular to and at two opposite sides of the coil with a same magnetized direction. 3. The vibration motor of claim 2, wherein the magnetized direction of the first left magnet is opposite to that of the first right magnet, and the magnetized direction of the second left magnet is opposite to that of the second right magnet. 4. The vibration motor of claim 1, wherein the vibration part further comprises a first mass block having a groove and a second mass block received in the groove. 5. The vibration motor of claim 4, wherein the groove is cooperatively formed by a bottom and two sidewalls extending from two opposite sides of the bottom, the bottom further comprises two first through holes spaced apart from each other for receiving the first left magnet and the first right magnet. 6. The vibration motor of claim 5, wherein the second mass block is separated from the bottom and forms two second through holes spaced apart from each other for accommodating the second left magnet and the second right magnet. 7. The vibration motor of claim 5, wherein the vibration part further comprises a first pole plate attached to a surface of the bottom that is away from the second mass block, and a second pole plate attached to a surface of the second mass block that is away from the bottom. 8. The vibration motor of claim 4, wherein the elastic connector comprises a pair of U-shaped elastic connecting members for suspending the two ends of the first mass block in the housing respectively. 9. The vibration motor of claim 4, wherein the first mass block and the second mass block are formed integrally into a one-piece component. 10. The vibration motor of claim 4, wherein the stationary part further comprises a coil support fixed within the housing, the coil support comprises a supporting portion for supporting the coil, and extending legs extending from the supporting portion and disposed in the housing; the supporting portion is positioned between the first mass block and the second mass block. 11. A vibration motor, comprising: a housing; a vibration part suspended in the housing, the vibration part comprising a first magnet set and a second magnet set; and a coil supported in the housing; wherein the first magnet set and the second magnet set are respectively disposed at two opposite sides of the coil for generating a closed magnetic loop; the first magnet set comprises a first left magnet and a first right magnet that are spaced apart from each other, and the second magnet set comprises a second left magnet and a second right magnet that are spaced apart from each other. 12. The vibration motor of claim 11, wherein the first left magnet and the second left magnet are arranged perpendicular to and at two opposite sides of the coil with a same magnetized direction; the first right magnet and the second right magnet are also arranged perpendicular to and at two opposite sides of the coil with a same magnetized direction. 13. The vibration motor of claim 12, wherein the magnetized direction of the first left magnet is opposite to that of the first right magnet, and the magnetized direction of the second left magnet is opposite to that of the second right magnet. 14. The vibration motor of claim 11, wherein the vibration part further comprises a first mass block having a groove and a second mass block received in the groove. 15. The vibration motor of claim 14, wherein the groove is cooperatively formed by a bottom and two sidewalls extending from two opposite sides of the bottom, the bottom further comprises two first through holes spaced apart from each other for receiving the first left magnet and the first right magnet. 16. The vibration motor of claim 15, wherein the second mass block is separated from the bottom and forms two second through holes spaced apart from each other for accommodating the second left magnet and the second right magnet. 17. The vibration motor of claim 15, wherein the vibration part further comprises a first pole plate attached to a surface of the bottom that is away from the second mass block, and a second pole plate attached to a surface of the second mass block that is away from the bottom. 18. The vibration motor of claim 14, wherein the elastic connector comprises a pair of U-shaped elastic connecting members for suspending the two ends of the first mass block in the housing respectively. 19. The vibration motor of claim 14, wherein the first mass block and the second mass block are formed integrally into a one-piece component. 20. The vibration motor of claim 14, further comprising a coil support fixed within the housing, wherein the coil support comprises a supporting portion for supporting the coil, and extending legs extending from the supporting portion and disposed in the housing; the supporting portion is positioned between the first mass block and the second mass block.",
-    "A vibration motor is provided in the present disclosure. The vibration motor includes a housing providing an accommodating space, a magnet assembly accommodated within the accommodating space, and a coil assembly for driving the magnet assembly. The magnet assembly includes a first magnet module and a second magnet opposite to each other, the coil assembly includes a coil and a coil support for supporting the coil. The coil support includes a support body and a plurality of supporting legs. The supporting legs extend from the support body and are fixed to the housing. The coil is supported by the support body between the first magnet module and the second magnet module. 1. A vibration motor, comprising: a housing providing an accommodating space; a magnet assembly accommodated within the accommodating space; and a coil assembly for driving the magnet assembly; wherein the magnet assembly comprises a first magnet module and a second magnet opposite to each other, the coil assembly comprises a coil and a coil support for supporting the coil, the coil support comprises a support body and a plurality of supporting legs, the supporting legs extend from the support body and are fixed to the housing; the coil is supported by the support body between the first magnet module and the second magnet module. 2. The vibration motor of claim 1, wherein the support body comprises two supporting portions opposite to each other, and two connecting ribs connecting the two supporting portions for forming an accommodating structure for accommodating the coil. 3. The vibration motor of claim 2, wherein each of the two supporting portions are L-shaped. 4. The vibration motor of claim 3, wherein the supporting legs respectively extend from ends of the supporting portions. 5. The vibration motor of claim 4, wherein each of the supporting legs comprises a first extending portion that extends from a corresponding end of the supporting portion, and a second extending portion that extends perpendicularly from the first extending portion. 6. The vibration motor of claim 5, wherein the coil support is fixed to the housing by the second extending portion of the supporting leg. 7. The vibration motor of claim 6, wherein the housing comprises a main casing and a cover plate covering the main casing, the main casing has a bottom plate and a plurality of sidewalls extending perpendicularly from the bottom plate, and the supporting legs are fixed on the bottom plate. 8. The vibration motor of claim 1, wherein the first magnet module comprises a first mass block and a first magnet accommodated within the first weight balancing block, and the second magnet module comprises a second mass block and a second magnet accommodated within the second mass block. 9. The vibration motor of claim 8, wherein the first mass block has a bottom and two side portions extending from two opposite ends of the bottom, the bottom comprises a first receiving hole for receiving the first magnet. 10. The vibration motor of claim 9, wherein the second mass block is a mass plate, and comprises a second receiving hole for receiving the second magnet. 11. The vibration motor of claim 10, wherein a groove is formed between the two side portions of the first mass block; the second mass block is received in the groove and separated from the bottom of the first mass block. 12. The vibration motor of claim 11, wherein the coil is supported within a gap between the bottom of the first mass block and the second mass block by the support body. 13. The vibration motor of claim 12, wherein a length of the connecting rib of the support body are greater than a length of the bottom of the first mass block, and the support body extends across the bottom of the first mass block. 14. The vibration motor of claim 12, wherein a height of the supporting leg of the coil support are greater than a thickness of the bottom of the first mass block, and the coil is suspended between the first magnet module and the second magnet module.",
-    "A wireless communication device (alternatively, device) includes a processor configured to support communications with other wireless communication device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. In some examples, the device includes a communication interface and a processor, among other possible circuitries, components, elements, etc. to support communications with other wireless communication device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. Short training field (STF) sequences are designed using a base binary sequence. In some examples, the base binary sequence is specified as [\u22121, \u22121 \u22121 +1 +1 +1 \u22121, +1, +1 +1 \u22121 +1 +1 \u22121, +1]. One STF includes the base binary sequence mapped. Another STF includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by a phased rotated version of the base binary sequence. Another STF includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by an inverted version of the base binary sequence. 1. A wireless communication device comprising: a processor configured to: generate a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet for transmission via a first communication channel, wherein the first OFDMA packet includes a first short training field (STF) that includes a base binary sequence mapped onto a plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on a predetermined spacing pattern, wherein the base binary sequence includes values of +1 and \u22121; generate a second OFDMA packet for transmission via a second communication channel, wherein the second OFDMA packet includes a second STF that includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by a phased rotated version of the base binary sequence; transmit the first OFDMA packet to a first other wireless communication device via the first communication channel; and transmit the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or a second wireless communication device via the second communication channel. 2. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: generate a third OFDMA packet that includes a third STF that includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by an inverted version of the base binary sequence; and transmit the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second other wireless communication device, or a third wireless communication device. 3. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel; and the second communication channel includes a 40 MHz communication channel. 4. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: rotate the first STF by 45 degrees when generating the first OFDMA packet; and rotate the second STF by 45 degrees when generating the second OFDMA packet, wherein the predetermined spacing pattern specifies a sub-carrier spacing of 16 for elements of the base binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers with indices ranging from \u2212112 to +112. 5. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the base binary sequence is specified as [\u22121, \u22121 \u22121 +1 +1 +1 \u22121, +1, +1 +1 \u22121 +1 +1 \u22121, +1]. 6. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a communication interface, coupled to the processor, that is configured to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system; and the processor configured to transmit at least one of the first OFDMA packet or the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device via the communication interface. 7. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 8. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA). 9. A wireless communication device comprising: a processor configured to: generate a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet for transmission via a 20 MHz communication channel, wherein the first OFDMA packet includes a first short training field (STF) that includes a base binary sequence mapped onto a plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on a predetermined spacing pattern, wherein the base binary sequence is specified as [\u22121, \u22121 \u22121 +1 +1 +1 \u22121, +1, +1 +1 \u22121 +1 +1 \u22121, +1]; generate a second OFDMA packet for transmission via a 40 MHz communication channel, wherein the second OFDMA packet includes a second STF that includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by an inverted version of the base binary sequence; transmit the first OFDMA packet to a first other wireless communication device via the 20 MHz communication channel; and transmit the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or a second wireless communication device via the 40 MHz communication channel. 10. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: rotate the first STF by 45 degrees when generating the first OFDMA packet; and rotate the second STF by 45 degrees when generating the second OFDMA packet, wherein the predetermined spacing pattern specifies a sub-carrier spacing of 16 for elements of the base binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers with indices ranging from \u2212112 to +112. 11. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a communication interface, coupled to the processor, that is configured to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system; and the processor configured to transmit at least one of the first OFDMA packet or the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device via the communication interface. 12. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 13. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA). 14. A method for execution by a wireless communication device, the method comprising: generating a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet for transmission via a first communication channel, wherein the first OFDMA packet includes a first short training field (STF) that includes a base binary sequence mapped onto a plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on a predetermined spacing pattern, wherein the base binary sequence includes values of +1 and \u22121; generating a second OFDMA packet for transmission via a second communication channel, wherein the second OFDMA packet includes a second STF that includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by a phased rotated version of the base binary sequence; transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first OFDMA packet to a first other wireless communication device via the first communication channel; and transmitting, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or a second wireless communication device via the second communication channel. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: generating a third OFDMA packet that includes a third STF that includes the base binary sequence followed by 0 followed by an inverted version of the base binary sequence; and transmitting, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second other wireless communication device, or a third wireless communication device. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein: the first communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel; and the second communication channel includes a 40 MHz communication channel. 17. The method of claim 14 further comprising: rotating the first STF by 45 degrees when generating the first OFDMA packet; and rotating the second STF by 45 degrees when generating the second OFDMA packet, wherein the predetermined spacing pattern specifies a sub-carrier spacing of 16 for elements of the base binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers with indices ranging from \u2212112 to +112. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the base binary sequence is specified as [\u22121, \u22121 \u22121 +1 +1 +1 \u22121, +1, +1 +1 \u22121 +1 +1 \u22121, +1]. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA), and at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes an access point (AP), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).",
-    "A wireless communication device (alternatively, device) includes a processor configured to support communications with other wireless communication device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. In some examples, the device includes a communication interface and a processor, among other possible circuitries, components, elements, etc. to support communications with other wireless communication device(s) and to generate and process signals for such communications. Different long training fields (LTFs) are designed using different respective binary sequences. The LTFs are designs based on a number of resource units (RUs) and RU sizes associated with a sub-carriers/tone plan. Each RU allocation specifies a respective one or more RUs of one or more RU sizes for a communication channel. The LTFs are designed such that peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the LTF increases across the RU allocations as size of the one or more RU sizes increases. 1. A wireless communication device comprising: a processor configured to: generate a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet for transmission via a communication channel, wherein the first OFDMA packet includes a first long training field (LTF) that includes a first binary sequence mapped onto a plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the first binary sequence includes values of +1, 0, and \u22121; generate a second OFDMA packet for transmission via the communication channel, wherein the second OFDMA packet is twice as long as the first OFDMA packet and includes a second LTF that includes a second binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the second binary sequence is different than the first binary sequence and includes the values of +1, 0, and \u22121; transmit the first OFDMA packet to a first other wireless communication device via the communication channel using a first resource unit (RU) allocation of a plurality of RU allocations; and transmit the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or a second wireless communication device via the communication channel using the first RU allocation or a second resource unit (RU) allocation of the plurality of RU allocations, wherein each RU allocation of the plurality of RU allocations specifies a respective one or more RUs of one or more RU sizes for the communication channel, and wherein peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of at least one of the first LTF or the second LTF increases across the plurality of RU allocations as size of the one or more RU sizes increases across the plurality of RU allocations. 2. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: generate a third OFDMA packet for transmission via the communication channel, wherein the third OFDMA packet is one-half as long as the first OFDMA packet and includes a third LTF that includes a third binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on a predetermined spacing pattern, wherein the third binary sequence is different than the first binary sequence and the second binary sequence and includes the values of +1, 0, and \u22121; and transmit the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second wireless communication device, or a third other wireless communication device via the communication channel. 3. The wireless communication device of claim 2, wherein: the communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel; each of the first binary sequence and the second binary sequence is mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on indices ranging from \u2212122 to +122; and the predetermined spacing pattern specifies a sub-carrier spacing of 4 for elements of the third binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on indices ranging from \u2212120 to +120. 4. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: generate a third OFDMA packet for transmission via another communication channel that is 8 times larger than the communication channel, wherein the third OFDMA packet includes a third LTF that includes a third binary sequence mapped onto a first subset of another plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers followed by a plurality of 0s followed a fourth binary sequence mapped onto a second subset of the another plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel, and wherein the another communication channel includes a 160 MHz communication channel; and transmit the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second wireless communication device, or a third other wireless communication device via the communication channel. 5. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein a first ratio of first pilots to first data within a first RU size within the one or more RU sizes is greater than a second ratio of second pilots to second data within a second RU size that is larger than the first RU size within the one or more RU sizes. 6. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a communication interface, coupled to the processor, that is configured to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system; and the processor configured to transmit at least one of the first OFDMA packet or the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device via the communication interface. 7. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 8. The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA). 9. A wireless communication device comprising: a processor configured to: generate a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet for transmission via a 20 MHz communication channel, wherein the first OFDMA packet includes a first long training field (LTF) that includes a first binary sequence mapped onto a plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the first binary sequence includes values of +1, 0, and \u22121; generate a second OFDMA packet for transmission via the 20 MHz communication channel, wherein the second OFDMA packet is twice as long as the first OFDMA packet and includes a second LTF that includes a second binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the second binary sequence is different than the first binary sequence and includes the values of +1, 0, and \u22121; generate a third OFDMA packet for transmission via the communication channel, wherein the third OFDMA packet is one-half as long as the first OFDMA packet and includes a third LTF that includes a third binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on a predetermined spacing pattern, wherein the third binary sequence is different than the first binary sequence and the second binary sequence and includes the values of +1, 0, and \u22121; transmit the first OFDMA packet to a first other wireless communication device via the 20 MHz communication channel using a first resource unit (RU) allocation of a plurality of RU allocations; and transmit the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or a second wireless communication device via the 20 MHz communication channel using the first RU allocation or a second resource unit (RU) allocation of the plurality of RU allocations; and transmit the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second wireless communication device, or a third other wireless communication device via the communication channel, wherein each RU allocation of the plurality of RU allocations specifies a respective one or more RUs of one or more RU sizes for the 20 MHz communication channel, and wherein peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of at least one of the first LTF or the second LTF increases across the plurality of RU allocations as size of the one or more RU sizes increases across the plurality of RU allocations. 10. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein: the communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel; each of the first binary sequence and the second binary sequence is mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on indices ranging from \u2212122 to +122; and the predetermined spacing pattern specifies a sub-carrier spacing of 4 for elements of the third binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on indices ranging from \u2212120 to +120. 11. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a communication interface, coupled to the processor, that is configured to support communications within at least one of a satellite communication system, a wireless communication system, a wired communication system, a fiber-optic communication system, or a mobile communication system; and the processor configured to transmit at least one of the first OFDMA packet, the second OFDMA packet, or the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second wireless communication device, or the third wireless communication device via the communication interface. 12. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 13. The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA). 14. A method for execution by a wireless communication device, the method comprising: generating a first orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) packet for transmission via a communication channel, wherein the first OFDMA packet includes a first long training field (LTF) that includes a first binary sequence mapped onto a plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the first binary sequence includes values of +1, 0, and \u22121; generating a second OFDMA packet for transmission via the communication channel, wherein the second OFDMA packet is twice as long as the first OFDMA packet and includes a second LTF that includes a second binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the second binary sequence is different than the first binary sequence and includes the values of +1, 0, and \u22121; transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first OFDMA packet to a first other wireless communication device via the communication channel using a first resource unit (RU) allocation of a plurality of RU allocations; and transmitting, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, the second OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device or a second wireless communication device via the communication channel using the first RU allocation or a second resource unit (RU) allocation of the plurality of RU allocations, wherein each RU allocation of the plurality of RU allocations specifies a respective one or more RUs of one or more RU sizes for the communication channel, and wherein peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of at least one of the first LTF or the second LTF increases across the plurality of RU allocations as size of the one or more RU sizes increases across the plurality of RU allocations. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: generating a third OFDMA packet for transmission via the communication channel, wherein the third OFDMA packet is one-half as long as the first OFDMA packet and includes a third LTF that includes a third binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on a predetermined spacing pattern, wherein the third binary sequence is different than the first binary sequence and the second binary sequence and includes the values of +1, 0, and \u22121; and transmitting, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second wireless communication device, or a third other wireless communication device via the communication channel. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: the communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel; each of the first binary sequence and the second binary sequence is mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on indices ranging from \u2212122 to +122; and the predetermined spacing pattern specifies a sub-carrier spacing of 4 for elements of the third binary sequence mapped onto the plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers based on indices ranging from \u2212120 to +120. 17. The method of claim 14 further comprising: generating a third OFDMA packet for transmission via another communication channel that is 8 times larger than the communication channel, wherein the third OFDMA packet includes a third LTF that includes a third binary sequence mapped onto a first subset of another plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers followed by a plurality of 0s followed a fourth binary sequence mapped onto a second subset of the another plurality of OFDMA sub-carriers, wherein the communication channel includes a 20 MHz communication channel, and wherein the another communication channel includes a 160 MHz communication channel; and transmitting, via the communication interface of the wireless communication device, the third OFDMA packet to at least one of the first other wireless communication device, the second wireless communication device, or a third other wireless communication device via the communication channel. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein a first ratio of first pilots to first data within a first RU size within the one or more RU sizes is greater than a second ratio of second pilots to second data within a second RU size that is larger than the first RU size within the one or more RU sizes. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA), and at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes an access point (AP). 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes an access point (AP), wherein at least one of the first other wireless communication device or the second wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).",
-    "The disclosure discloses a GOA circuit and a liquid crystal display apparatus. The GOA circuit includes a number of GOA unit in cascade connection, wherein the Nth level GOA unit includes a common signal point control module, a gate signal point control module, and a GAS signal operation module; wherein the common signal point control module is used to pull up the electrical level of the common signal point after the period of all gate on; a gate signal point control module is used to pull down the electrical level of a gate signal point after the period of all gate on; the GAS signal operation module is used to achieve the all gate on function by a first GAS signal and a second GAS signal to control the output of the Nth level gate driving signal in the touch panel scanning period. 1. A GOA circuit for liquid crystal display apparatus, the GOA circuit having a plurality of GOA unit in cascade connection, wherein the Nth level GOA unit comprising: a forward and reverse scanning module, an output control module, a pull-down module, a common signal point control module, a gate signal point control module, and a GAS signal operation module; wherein the forward and reverse scanning module is used to control the forward scanning and the reverse scanning of the GOA circuit by the using of the first driving signal and the second driving signal; the output control module is used to control the output of the Nth level gate driving signal during the operating period of the Nth level GOA unit; the pull-down module is used to pull down the electrical level of a Nth level gate driving signal in the non-operating period of the Nth level GOA unit and control the output of the Nth level gate driving signal during the touch panel scanning period; the common signal point control module is used to pull down the electrical level of a common signal point during the period of all gate on function of a gate driving signal, to pull up the electrical level of the common signal point during the period of entering black screen awakening stage and control the electrical level of the common signal point during the operating period of the Nth level GOA unit; the gate signal point control module is used to control the electrical level of a gate signal point during the operating period of the Nth level GOA unit, and pull down the electrical level of the gate signal point during the period of entering black screen awakening stage; and the GAS signal operation module is used to achieve the all gate on function of the gate driving signal by a first GAS signal and a second GAS signal and control the output of the Nth level gate driving signal in the touch panel scanning period. 2. The GOA circuit according to claim 1, wherein the forward and reverse scanning module comprising a first transistor, and a second transistor; a gate of the first transistor is connected to the N-2th level gate driving signal, a drain of the first transistor is connected to the first driving signal, a source of the first transistor is connected to the gate signal point, a gate of the second transistor is connected to the N+2th level gate driving signal, a drain of the second transistor is connected to the second driving signal and a source of the second transistor is connected to the gate signal point; the output control module comprising a third transistor and a first capacitor, a gate of the third transistor is connected to one terminal of the first capacitor and the gate signal point, a source of the third transistor is connected to the other terminal of the first capacitor and the Nth level gate driving signal and a drain of the of the third transistor is connected to a first control clock; the pull-down module includes a fourth transistor, a gate of the fourth transistor is connected to the common signal point, a source of the fourth transistor is connected to the negative and constant potential signal, a drain of the fourth transistor is connected to the Nth level gate driving signal; the common signal point control module comprising a fifth transistor, a sixth transistor, a seventh transistor, and an eighth transistor, a gate and a drain of the fifth transistor are connected to a reset signal, a source of the fifth transistor is connected to the common signal point, a gate of the sixth transistor is connected to the gate signal point, a source of the sixth transistor is connected to a second control clock, a drain of the sixth transistor is connected to the common signal point, a gate of the seventh transistor is connected to the second control clock, a source of the seventh transistor is connected to the common signal point, a drain of the seventh transistor is connected to the positive and constant potential signal, a gate of the eighth transistor is connected to the first GAS signal, a source of the eighth transistor is connected to the negative and constant potential signal, a drain of the eighth transistor is connected to the common signal point; the gate signal point control module comprising a ninth transistor, a tenth transistor and an eleventh transistor, a gate of the ninth transistor is connected to the first control clock, a source of the ninth transistor is connected to a drain of the tenth transistor, a drain of the ninth transistor is connected to the gate signal point, a gate of the tenth transistor is connected to the common signal point, a source of the tenth transistor is connected to the negative and constant potential signal, a gate of the eleventh transistor is connected to the gate of the fifth transistor, a source of the eleventh transistor is connected to the negative and constant potential signal, a drain of the eleventh transistor is connected to the gate signal point; and the GAS signal operation module comprising a twelfth transistor, and a thirteenth transistor, a gate and a source of the twelfth transistor are connected and received the first GAS signal, a drain of the twelfth transistor is connected to the Nth level gate driving signal, a gate of the thirteenth transistor is received the second GAS signal, a source of the thirteenth transistor is connected to the negative and constant potential signal, a drain of the thirteenth transistor is connected to the Nth level gate driving signal. 3. The GOA circuit according to claim 2, further comprising a first leakage control module to decrease the leakage of the gate signal point in the operating period of the Nth level GOA unit, wherein the first leakage control module comprising a fourteenth transistor, the fourteenth transistor is connected between the drain of the ninth transistor and the gate of the third transistor, a gate of the fourteenth transistor is connected to the positive and constant potential signal, a source of the fourteenth transistor is connected to the gate of the third transistor, a drain of the fourteenth transistor is connected to the drain of the ninth transistor. 4. The GOA circuit according to claim 2, further comprising a second leakage control module to control the leakage of the gate signal point in the operating period of the touch panel scanning period, wherein the second leakage control module comprising a fifteenth transistor and a sixteenth transistor, a gate of the fifteenth transistor is connected to the first driving signal, a gate of the sixteenth transistor is connected to the second driving signal, a source of the fifteenth transistor is connected to a source of the sixteenth transistor and further connected to the drain of the ninth transistor, a drain of the fifteenth transistor is connected to a drain of the sixteenth transistor and further connected to the source of the first transistor. 5. The GOA circuit according to claim 4, further comprising a common signal point assistant control module to assist the common signal point control module to control the electrical level of the common signal point in the operating period of the Nth level GOA unit; and wherein the common signal point assistant control module is connected between the second clock control signal and the source of the sixth transistor, the common signal point assistant control module comprises a seventeenth transistor and an eighteenth transistor, a gate of the seventeenth transistor is connected to the first driving signal, a gate of the eighteenth transistor is connected to the second driving signal, the source of the seventeenth transistor and the eighteenth transistor are connected to the source of the sixth transistor, the drain of the seventeenth transistor and the eighteenth transistor are connected to the second control clock. 6. The GOA circuit according to claim 2, wherein the GOA circuit receives a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a third clock signal, and a fourth clock signal, wherein the first clock signal, the second clock signal, the third clock signal, and the fourth clock signal are timely valid in theoperating period of the GOA circuit; wherein the GOA circuit further comprising a first GOA sub circuit having odd number level GOA units in cascade connection, and a second GOA sub circuit having even number level GOA units in cascade connection; and Wherein in the first GOA sub circuit, the first clock signal and the third clock signal is interlace input to the first control clock and the second control clock; Wherein in the second GOA sub circuit, the second clock signal and the fourth clock signal is interlaced input to the first control clock and the second control clock of the GOA unit. 7. The GOA circuit according to claim 6, wherein the first clock signal, the second clock signal, the third clock signal, the fourth clock signal and the negative and constant potential signal output a scanning pulse signal in the touch panelscanning stage. 8. The GOA circuit according to claim 2, wherein in the black screen stage of the liquid crystal display apparatus, the first GAS signal is a high electrical level signal, and the second GAS signal is a low electrical level signal. 9. The GOA circuit according to claim 5, wherein the black screen stage of the liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a touch panel detection period and all gate on of all of the gate driving signal period, wherein in the touch panel detection period, the first GAS signal is low electrical level signal, the second GAS signal is high electrical level signal; in the all gate on of all of the gate driving signal period, the first GAS signal is high electrical level signal, the second GAS signal is low electrical level signal. 10. A liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a GOA circuit according to claim 1.",
-    "In embodiments, an underwater wire saw comprises a frame, one or more arms connected to the frame with a predetermined number of the arms comprising a wire tensioner and a selectively telescoping or collapsing tube within a tube, and a continuous wire guided by a plurality of wire guides and tensioned using the wire tensioner. The underwater wire saw may further comprise a clamp. 1. A method of cutting a subsea structure, comprising: a. positioning an underwater wire saw proximate a subsea structure, the underwater wire saw comprising: i. a frame; ii. a first arm movably connected to the frame; iii. a plurality of wire guides, at least one of which being connected to the first arm; iv. a substantially continuous wire movably in communication with the wire guides; v. a continuous wire driver operatively in communication with the wire; and vi. a tensioner connected to the frame and operatively in communication with the wire, the tensioner dimensioned and adapted to guidingly receive and adjust tension on the wire; b. engaging the subsea structure with the cutting wire; c. using the adjusting tension in the cutting wire to a desired tension; d. advancing the cutting wire against the subsea structure; e. turning the cutting wire in a loop using the continuous wire mover; f. using the wire guides to guide the cutting wire from the wire driver and the tensioner in the loop; and g. advancing the first arm in a predetermined plane until a desired cut into the subsea structure has been achieved. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: a. attaching a clamp to the underwater wire saw, the clamp comprising: i. a clamp arm connected to the frame; ii. a clamp arm receiver dimensioned and adapted to receive the clamp arm; and iii. a positioning arm connected to the clamp arm receiver; b. moving the underwater wire saw to a position relative to the frame where the positioning arm extends beyond the wire relative to the subsea structure; c. receiving the subsea structure into the clamp; d. securing the subsea structure into the clamp; and e. continuing the secure the subsea structure into the clamp while advancing the first arm in a predetermined plane until a desired cut into the subsea structure has been achieved. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the subsea structure is secured into the clamp prior to engaging the subsea structure with the cutting wire. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: a. the tensioner further comprises: i. an tensioning cylinder connected to the frame; ii. a tensioning sheave connected to the first arm tension sheave connector end, the tensioning sheave dimensioned and adapted to guidingly receive the substantially continuous wire; iii. a tensioning cable connected to the first arm tensioning cable connection point and the tensioning cylinder; and iv. a tensioning cable sheave adapted to guidingly receive the tensioning cable; and b. adjusting the tension in the cutting wire by using the tensioning cylinder. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein adjusting tension in the cutting wire comprises: a. adding or removing a fluid to tensioning cylinder to increase or decrease a pull on the tensioning cable; and b. allowing the tensioning cable to increase or decrease the pull on the tensioning sheave, thereby increasing or decreasing tension of the cutting wire. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising maintaining a substantially constant tension throughout the cutting process by maintaining the pressure in the tensioning cylinder. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: a. the underwater wire saw comprises a second arm attached to the frame, the second arm substantially identical to the first arm; and b. tension in the cutting wire is adjusted by using at least one of the tensioning cylinders. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein tension in the cutting wire is adjusted by using both of the tensioners either cooperatively or separately.",
-    "A device and method for the protection of a computer used to regulate the performance of a vehicle is presented. The device is a two-piece unit configured to surround the computer. The device includes a base member and a lid member. The base member is configured to releasably couple to a wall of the engine compartment. The base member has a plurality of walls therein defining an internal volume for locating the computer. The lid member is in selective communication with the base member and is configured to cover an opening of the base member and one other surface. The lid member is secured to the base member. 1. A vehicle locking device for securing a computer within an engine compartment of the vehicle, comprising: a base member configured to releasably couple to a wall of the engine compartment, the base member having a plurality of walls defining an internal volume for locating the computer; and a lid member in selective communication with the base member, such that the lid member covers at least two sides of the base member; wherein the lid member and the base member are configured to prevent the unauthorized access and removal of the computer from the engine compartment. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the base member is configured so as to allow for the use of existing mounting fasteners of the computer. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the base member includes vent apertures to permit airflow through the internal volume of the base member to regulate the temperature of the computer. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the base member includes a lower lip for acceptance of the lid member, the lid member translating into the lip as the lid member is located in position relative to the base member. 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the base member includes at least one side lip for acceptance of the lid member, the lid member configured to translate through the at least one side lip as the lid member is located in position relative to the base member. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the base member includes at least one side port for the passage of cables in communication with the computer. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the base member includes a flange configured to extend out from an upper surface of the base member, the flange configured to selectively pass through the lid member. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the flange is configured to engage a locking device after the lid member is positioned, such that the lid member is secured onto the base member. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the lid member includes vent apertures to permit airflow through the internal volume of the base member to regulate the temperature of the computer. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the lid member includes a locking device platform configured to support a locking device used to engage a flange in communication with the base member. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the locking device platform is configured to elevate and provide a stable base for the locking device. 12. The device of claim 10, wherein the locking device platform is configured to stabilize the locking device to prevent undesired motion of the locking device.",
-    "This application relates to graphite heat exchangers having a graphite block with graphite tubes disposed within the graphite block. The graphite tubes can include a coating that is cured in order to plasticize the coating and make the graphite tubes more corrosion resistant. The graphite block and the graphite tubes can be impregnated with a phenolic resin for improving the rigidity and structural integrity of the graphite block and the graphite tubes. The coating surrounding the graphite tubes can be a Teflon based coating, such as Tefzel, which can improve the durability of the graphite heat exchanger. The graphite tubes can be prepared by first coating the graphite tubes with the coating material and then curing or baking the graphite tubes in order to plasticize or otherwise cure the coating material. 1. A graphite heat exchanger comprising: a heat exchanger block having a first set of apertures that are substantially perpendicular to a second set of apertures, wherein at least a portion of the heat exchanger block is impregnated with a resin; a set of tubes positioned at least partially within the first set of apertures; and a cured coating covering a portion of an outer surface of one or more tubes of the set of tubes and an inner surface of each aperture of the first set of apertures. 2. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein the resin is phenolic resin and the cured coating is a cured Teflon based coating. 3. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 1, further comprising: a cap that is coupled to a side of the heat exchanger block and includes a set of cap apertures, wherein at least two tubes of the set of tubes extend at least partially into two cap apertures of the set of cap apertures. 4. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 3, wherein an interior surface of the at least two cap apertures are at least partially coated with the coating. 5. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 4, wherein the coating is a cured Tefzel coating. 6. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 4, wherein the one or more tubes includes lateral side surfaces, perpendicular to the outer surface of the tube, that include the coating. 7. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 4, wherein each cap aperture of the at least two cap apertures include a first radius that is at least equal to an outer radius of a tube of the set of tubes, and a second radius that is less than the outer radius of the tube of the set of tubes. 8. The graphite heat exchanger of claim 1, wherein a tube of the set of tubes extends from out of an aperture of the first set of apertures at opposing ends of the heat exchanger block, and planar surface of the tube extending from the opposing ends include the coating. 9. A method for assembling at least a portion of a heat exchanger that includes a graphite block and graphite tubes, the method comprising: receiving a graphite tube that includes a coating on an exterior surface of the graphite tube; receiving a graphite block that includes an aperture extending through the graphite block; positioning the graphite tube at least partially within the aperture of the graphite block such that the coating abuts an interior surface of the graphite block that at least partially defines the aperture; and performing an impregnation process on the graphite block to force a resin into at least some pores of the graphite block. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the graphite tube includes: applying the coating to the graphite tube, wherein the coating is a Teflon-based coating; and curing the coating by baking the graphite tube. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein performing the impregnation process includes at least the steps of: coating the graphite block with the resin after positioning the graphite tube at least partially within the aperture of the graphite block; placing the graphite block into a chamber; and reducing pressure in the chamber in order to cause the resin to enter the at least some pores of the graphite block. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising: disposing the coating on at least a portion of a cap that includes an aperture having at least two radii; curing the coating on the portion of the cap; and before performing the impregnation process, positioning the cap onto a surface of the graphite block such that at least a portion of the graphite tube extends into the aperture of the cap. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising: baking the graphite block after positioning the graphite tube at least partially within the aperture of the graphite block, wherein the coating is a Tefzel coating. 14. A system comprising: a graphite block comprising (i) pores that are impregnated with a resin and (ii) process apertures extending through the graphite block; tubes at least partially disposed within the process apertures of the graphite block, the tubes comprising a cured coating disposed over curved exterior surfaces of the tubes; and a graphite cap disposed over a portion of the tubes at an end of the graphite block, the graphite cap comprising openings, wherein at least one opening of the openings includes the cured coating and the cured coating seals an area between the graphite cap and at least one tube of the tubes. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one opening of the openings includes a first portion having a first radius and a second portion having a second radius that is smaller than the first radius, and at least one of the first portion and the second portion includes the cured coating. 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the graphite cap is impregnated with the resin, and the cured coating on the graphite cap is a cured Teflon based coating. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the cured coating on the tubes is a cured Tefzel coating that is disposed between surfaces defining the process apertures of the graphite block and the curved exterior surfaces of the tubes. 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the graphite block includes fluid apertures extending through the graphite block and between the process apertures, and the resin is a phenolic resin. 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the tubes are made from graphite, ceramic, tantalum, titanium. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the coating on the tubes is a cured Teflon based coating.",
-    "The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology engineering. It provides a method of constructing a recombinant Bacillus subtilis that can produce specific-molecular-weight hyaluronic acids. By integranted expression of hasA from Streptococcus zooepidemicus and overexpression of genes of HA synthetic pathway, tuaD, glmU and glmS, high yield HA production was achieved in the recombinant strain. Additionally, introduction and functional expression of the leech hyaluronidase in the recombinant strain substantially increased the yield of HA to 19.38 g\u00b7L\u22121. Moreover, HAs with a broad range of molecular weights (103 Da to 106 MDa) were efficiently produced by controlling the expression level of hyaluronidase using RBS mutants with different translational strengths. The method of the present invention can be used to produce low molecular weight HAs at large scale in industrial applications. 1. A recombinant B. subtilis that can produce specific-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA), wherein a HA biosynthetic pathway coupled with a secretory expression system of hyaluronidase is constructed in said recombinant B. subtilis; and wherein the secretory expression level of said hyaluronidase is regulated by ribosome binding sites with different translational strengths so as to produce said specific-molecular-weight HA. 2. The recombinant B. subtilis of claim 1, wherein a regulatory DNA fragment containing a constitutive promoter, a ribosome binding site sequence and a signal peptide, and a hyaluronidase gene are integrated into the genome of an engineered B. subtilis having a HA biosynthetic pathway. 3. The recombinant B. subtilis of claim 2, wherein the nucleotide sequence of said regulatory DNA fragment is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13. 4. The recombinant B. subtilis of claim 2, wherein said hyaluronidase gene is integrated at the glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1 locus of B. subtilis chromosome by use of plasmid pBlueScript SK (+). 5. The recombinant B. subtilis of claim 1, wherein said HA biosynthetic pathway is to construct a biosynthetic pathway for HA precursors, UPD-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-D-glucuronide, in a recombinant B. subtilis that expresses a hyaluronan synthase. 6. The recombinant B. subtilis of claim 5, wherein said hyaluronan synthase is encoded by hasA gene which is derived from Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus equi or Streptococcus equissp. 7. The recombinant B. subtilis of claim 5, wherein genes for synthesizing UPD-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-D-glucuronide are derived from Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli or Bacillus; wherein genes of said biosynthetic pathway includes tuaD which encodes a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, glmU which encodes a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, gtaB which encodes a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, glmM which encodes a mutase and glmS which encodes an amino transferase. 8. A method of constructing a recombinant B. subtilis of claim 1, comprising the steps of: 1) constructing a HA biosynthetic pathway: a hasA gene which encodes a hyaluronan synthase is integrated on the chromosome of B. subtilis by use of plasmid pAX01, resulting in a recombinant B. subtilis strain that contains said HA biosynthetic pathway; 2) over-expressing genes of biosynthetic pathway for UPD-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-D-glucuronide: tuaD which encodes an UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, glmU which encodes a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, gtaB which encodes a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, glmM which encodes a mutase and glmS which encodes an amino transferase are connected in series and inserted into vector pP43NMK; the resulting recombinant plasmid is transformed into the recombinant strain obtained in step 1), resulting in a recombinant B. subtilis strain with high yield of HA; 3) coexpressing HAase: a hyaluronidase gene fused with a regulatory DNA fragment containing a promoter, a ribosome binding site (RBS) sequence and a signal peptide is integrated onto the chromosome of the recombinant strain obtained in step 2), resulting in a recombinant B. subtilis which coexpresses a HAase with a HA synthetic pathway, wherein the resulting recombinant B. subtilis is said recombinant B. subtilis of claim 1. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising regulating expression levels of HAase by using RBS mutants with different translational strengths to control the expression levels of HAase. 10. A method of producing HA, comprising using the recombinant B. subtilis of claim 1 to produce HA. 11. A method of producing specific-molecular-weight HA or HA oligosaccharides, comprising using the recombinant B. subtilis of claim 1 as the fermentation strain, and the fermentation is conducted at 30-37\u00b0 C. and pH 6.0-7.0 for 48-96 hours with glucose or sucrose as carbon source for fermentation.",
-    "In a semiconductor device including a split gate type MONOS memory, and a trench capacitor element having an upper electrode partially embedded in trenches formed in the main surface of a semiconductor substrate, merged therein, the flatness of the top surface of the upper electrode embedded in the trench is improved. The polysilicon film formed over the semiconductor substrate to form a control gate electrode forming a memory cell of the MONOS memory is embedded in the trenches formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in a capacitor element formation region, thereby to form the upper electrode including the polysilicon film in the trenches. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a semiconductor substrate having a first region and a second region arranged along a main surface; (b) forming a first trench in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second region; (c) covering the sidewall and the bottom surface of the first trench with a first insulation film; (d) after the step (c), forming a first conductor film over the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region and the second region, and thereby embedding the first conductor film in the first trench via the first insulation film; (e) processing the first conductor film in the first region, and thereby forming a control gate electrode formed of the first conductor film; (f) forming a memory gate electrode at the sidewall of the control gate electrode via a second insulation film having a charge accumulation part in the inside thereof; (g) processing the first conductor film, and thereby forming a first electrode formed of the first conductor film filling the first trench in the second region; and (h) after the step (f), forming a pair of first source/drain regions in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region, wherein the control gate electrode, the memory gate electrode, and the pair of first source/drain regions form a memory cell of a nonvolatile memory, and wherein the first electrode and the semiconductor substrate under the first electrode form a capacitor element. 2. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the step (f) includes the steps of: (f1) sequentially stacking the second insulation film and a second conductor film over the semiconductor substrate; and (f2) processing the second insulation film and the second conductor film, and thereby forming the memory gate electrode formed of the second insulation film at the sidewall of the control gate electrode via the second insulation film, wherein the film thickness of the second conductor film is smaller than the film thickness of the first conductor film. 3. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein in the step (b), a second trench is formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region, and the first trench is formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second region, the method further comprising the steps of: (b1) after the step (b), embedding a third insulation film in each of the inside of the second trench and in the inside of the first trench, and thereby forming an element isolation region formed of the third insulation film in the second trench; and (b2) before the step (c), etching the third insulation film in the first trench by anisotropic etching. 4. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein the corner part of the upper end of the sidewall of the first trench is larger in radius of curvature than the corner part of the upper end of the sidewall of the second trench. 5. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein the corner part of the end of the bottom surface of the first trench is larger in radius of curvature than the corner part of the end of the bottom surface of the second trench. 6. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein in the step (b2), the third insulation film in contact with the bottom surface of the first trench is left, wherein in the step (c), a fifth insulation film covering the sidewall of the first trench exposed from the third insulation film is formed, and the sidewall and the bottom surface of the first trench are covered with the first insulation film including the fifth insulation film and the third insulation film. 7. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein after the step (b2), the position of the top surface of the semiconductor substrate adjacent to the first trench is lower than the position of the top surface of the semiconductor substrate adjacent to the second trench. 8. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein after the step (b2), the position of the bottom surface of the first trench is lower than the position of the bottom surface of the second trench. 9. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein in the step (b), anisotropic etching is performed using a fourth insulation film including silicon nitride as a mask, thereby to form the second trench and the first trench, and wherein in the step (b2), the fourth insulation film and the third insulation film in the second region are removed by anisotropic etching. 10. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein in the step (b), anisotropic etching is performed using a fourth insulation film formed over the semiconductor substrate, and including silicon nitride as a mask, thereby to form the second trench and the first trench, and wherein in the step (b2), the fourth insulation film and the third insulation film in the second region are removed by anisotropic etching. 11. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein in the step (b), the second trench is formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region, and the second trench and the first trench are formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second region, and wherein the position of the top surface of the first electrode immediately over the first trench is lower than the position of the top surface of the first electrode immediately over the element isolation region in the second trench in the second region. 12. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 11, further comprising the steps of: (i) forming a first interlayer insulation film covering the control gate electrode, the memory gate electrode, and the first electrode over the semiconductor substrate; and (j) polishing the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film. 13. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 12, wherein in the step (j), the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film is polished, thereby to expose the top surface of the first electrode immediately over the element isolation region, the method further comprising a step of: (k) after the step (j), forming a second interlayer insulation film covering the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film and the top surface of the first electrode, wherein immediately over the first trench, the first interlayer insulation film is interposed between the first electrode and the second interlayer insulation film. 14. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 13, further comprising the steps of: (j1) after the step (j), and before the step (k), forming a silicide layer at the top surface of the first electrode exposed from the first interlayer insulation film; and (l) forming a contact plug penetrating through the second interlayer insulation film, and coupled with the silicide layer. 15. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the step (f) includes the steps of: (f1) sequentially stacking the second insulation film and a second conductor film over the semiconductor substrate in the first region, and over the first conductor film; and (f2) processing the second insulation film and the second conductor film, thereby to form the memory gate electrode, and forming a second electrode formed of the second conductor film over the first conductor film via the second insulation film in the second region, wherein the first electrode, the semiconductor substrate under the first electrode, and the second electrode form the capacitor element. 16. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the main surface of the semiconductor substrate includes a third region arranged side by side with the first region and the second region, and wherein in the step (d), the first conductor film is formed over the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region to the third region, the method further comprising the steps of: (e1) processing the first conductor film in the third region, and forming a pseudo gate electrode formed of the first conductor film; (h1) after the step (e1), forming a pair of second source/drain regions in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the third region; (i) after the step (h) and the step (h1), forming a first interlayer insulation film covering the control gate electrode, the memory gate electrode, the pseudo gate electrode, and the first electrode over the semiconductor substrate; (j) polishing the top surface of the first interlayer insulation film, and thereby exposing the top surface of the pseudo gate electrode; and (j1) after the step (j), removing the pseudo gate electrode, and thereby forming a third trench in the first interlayer insulation film in the third region, and then, forming a metal gate electrode in the third trench, wherein the metal gate electrode and the pair of second source/drain regions form a field effect transistor. 17. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a semiconductor substrate having a first region and a second region arranged along a main surface; (b) forming a first trench in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second region; (c) embedding a third insulation film in the first trench; (d) after the step (c), forming a first conductor film over the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region and the second region; (e) processing the first conductor film, and thereby forming a control gate electrode formed of the first conductor film over the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region, and removing the first conductor film, and exposing the third insulation film in the second region; (f) removing the third insulation film in the first trench; (g) after the step (f), sequentially stacking a second insulation film having a charge accumulation part in the inside thereof, and a second conductor film over the semiconductor substrate, and thereby embedding the second insulation film and the second conductor film in the first trench; (h) processing the second insulation film and the second conductor film, and thereby forming a memory gate electrode formed of the second insulation film at the sidewall of the control gate electrode via the second insulation film in the first region, and forming a first electrode formed of the second insulation film in the second region; and (i) after the step (h), forming a pair of first source/drain regions in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region, wherein the control gate electrode, the memory gate electrode, and the pair of first source/drain regions form a memory cell of a nonvolatile memory, and wherein the first electrode, the semiconductor substrate under the first electrode form a capacitor element. 18. A semiconductor device, comprising: a semiconductor substrate having a first region and a second region arranged along a main surface; a control gate electrode formed over the semiconductor substrate in the first region; a memory gate electrode formed adjacent to the control gate electrode over the semiconductor substrate in the first region; a second insulation film having a charge accumulation part in the inside thereof formed between the control gate electrode and the memory gate electrode, and between the semiconductor substrate and the memory gate electrode; a pair of source/drain regions formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region; an element isolation region embedded in a second trench formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first region; a first trench formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second region; a first electrode formed over the semiconductor substrate, and filling the first trench; and a first insulation film interposed between the semiconductor substrate and the first electrode, wherein the control gate electrode, the memory gate electrode, and the pair of source/drain regions form a memory cell of a nonvolatile memory, wherein the first electrode, and the semiconductor substrate under the first electrode form a capacitor element, and wherein the control gate electrode and the first electrode are formed of a film at the same layer film. 19. The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the gate length of the memory gate electrode is smaller than the film thickness of the first electrode. 20. The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the corner part of the upper end of the sidewall of the first trench is larger in radius of curvature than the corner part of the upper end of the sidewall of the second trench, and wherein the corner part of the end of the bottom surface of the first trench is larger in radius of curvature than the corner part of the end of the bottom surface of the second trench.",
-    "A DVR controller in network communication with a digital video recorder receives an instruction from a user directing the digital video recorder to perform a function among a set of available functions. The set of available functions comprises a record function operative to cause the digital video recorder to record content and store that content on the digital video recorder, and a playback function operative to cause the digital video recorder to play back content stored on the digital video recorder. Subsequently, at least in part in response to the instructions from the user, the DVR controller issues a command to the digital video recorder to perform the function. The digital video recorder is operative to present content on a presentation device controlled by the user. The DVR controller, in turn, is remotely disposed from the digital video recorder in a facility of a content provider. 1. A method to be performed by a DVR controller in network communication with a digital video recorder, the method comprising the steps of: receiving an instruction from a user directing the digital video recorder to perform a function among a set of available functions, the set of available functions comprising a record function operative to cause the digital video recorder to record content and store that content on the digital video recorder, and a playback function operative to cause the digital video recorder to play back content stored on the digital video recorder; determining whether the function is to be performed substantially immediately by the digital video recorder or at a future scheduled time; and issuing, at substantially the future scheduled time, a command to the digital video recorder to perform the function for a function determined to be performed at the future scheduled time; wherein the digital video recorder is disposed in a premises of the user and is operative to play back content on a presentation device controlled by the user in response to a command from the DVR controller, and the DVR controller is remotely disposed from the digital video recorder. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of available functions further comprises at least one of a rewind function and a fast-forward function. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of available functions further comprises a delete function operative to cause the digital video recorder to delete content stored on the digital video recorder. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of analyzing the instruction to determine if it causes a scheduling conflict on the digital video recorder. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of resolving the scheduling conflict if it exists. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of resolving the scheduling conflict if it exists comprises at least one of canceling a recording, rescheduling a recording, and truncating a recording. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the content comprises at least one of video content, audio content, image content, and text content. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital video recorder is implemented in a set-top terminal. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of available functions further comprises an information function operative to cause the digital video recorder to present information to the user. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the information is presented as a menu or list. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the information relates to content available for recording. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the information is presented as an interface for selecting one or more portions of content to be recorded. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the information relates to a scheduling conflict. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving the instruction from the user via a web server. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the DVR controller comprises distinct software modules, each of the distinct software modules being embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, wherein the distinct software modules comprise a user device server module and a DVR record-playback command module, and wherein: the receiving step is carried out by the user device server module executing on at least one hardware processor; and the issuing step is carried out by the DVR record-playback command module on the at least one hardware processor. 16. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions which when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform the method of: receiving at a DVR controller an instruction from a user directing a digital video recorder to perform a function among a set of available functions, the set of available functions comprising a record function operative to cause the digital video recorder to record content and store that content on the digital video recorder, and a playback function operative to cause the digital video recorder to play back content stored on the digital video recorder; determining by the DVR controller whether the function is to be performed substantially immediately by the digital video recorder or at a future scheduled time; and issuing from the DVR controller, at substantially the future scheduled time, a command to the digital video recorder to perform the function for a function determined to be performed at the future scheduled time; wherein the digital video recorder is disposed in a premises of the user and is operative to play back content on a presentation device controlled by the user in response to a command from the DVR controller, and the DVR controller is remotely disposed from the digital video recorder. 17. A DVR controller in network communication with a digital video recorder, the DVR controller comprising: a memory; and at least one processor, coupled to the memory, and operative to perform the steps of: receiving an instruction from a user directing the digital video recorder to perform a function among a set of available functions, the set of available functions comprising a record function operative to cause the digital video recorder to record content and store that content on the digital video recorder, and a playback function operative to cause the digital video recorder to play back content stored on the digital video recorder; determining whether the function is to be performed substantially immediately by the digital video recorder or at a future scheduled time; and issuing, at substantially the future scheduled time, a command to the digital video recorder to perform the function for a function determined to be performed at the future scheduled time; wherein the digital video recorder is disposed in a premises of the user and is operative to play back content on a presentation device controlled by the user in response to a command from the DVR controller, and the DVR controller is remotely disposed from the digital video recorder. 18. The DVR controller of claim 17, further comprising a plurality of distinct software modules, each of the distinct software modules being embodied on a computer-readable storage medium, and wherein the distinct software modules comprise a user device server module and a DVR record-playback command module, wherein: the at least one processor is operative to perform the receiving step by executing the user device server module; and the at least one processor is operative to perform the issuing step by executing the DVR record-playback command module. 19. A DVR controller in network communication with a digital video recorder, the DVR controller comprising: means for receiving an instruction from a user directing the digital video recorder to perform a function among a set of available functions, the set of available functions comprising a record function operative to cause the digital video recorder to record content and store that content on the digital video recorder, and a playback function operative to cause the digital video recorder to play back content stored on the digital video recorder; means for determining whether the function is to be performed substantially immediately by the digital video recorder or at a future scheduled time; and means for issuing, at substantially the future scheduled time, a command to the digital video recorder to perform the function for a function determined to be performed at the future scheduled time; wherein the digital video recorder is disposed in a premises of the user and is operative to play back content on a presentation device controlled by the user in response to a command from the DVR controller, and the DVR controller is remotely disposed from the digital video recorder. 20. A method to be performed by a DVR controller in network communication with a digital video recorder, the method comprising the steps of: receiving an instruction from a user directing the digital video recorder to perform a function among a set of available functions, the set of available functions comprising a record function operative to cause the digital video recorder to record content and store that content on the digital video recorder, and a playback function operative to cause the digital video recorder to play back content stored on the digital video recorder; and issuing a command to the digital video recorder to perform the function for a function determined to be performed at a future scheduled time; wherein the digital video recorder is disposed in a premises of the user and is operative to carry out a command from the DVR controller to play back content on a presentation device controlled by the user, and the DVR controller is remotely disposed from the digital video recorder in a facility of a content provider.",
-    "A clutch for a mower has an electric motor, a drive mechanism connected with the motor and an output mechanism connected with the drive mechanism. The drive mechanism has a cam driven by the motor and a cam follower reciprocating along with the cam. Reciprocation of the cam follower switches the output mechanism between a transmission state and a non-transmission state. 1. A clutch, comprising a motor, a transmission mechanism connected with the motor and an output mechanism connected with the transmission mechanism, wherein the transmission mechanism comprises a cam driven by the motor and a follower reciprocating by contact with the cam as the cam rotates, and the reciprocation of the follower switches the output mechanism between a transmission state and a non-transmission state. 2. The clutch of claim 1, wherein a rise travel of the follower from contact with a proximal point of the cam to contact with a distal point of the cam switches the output mechanism to the transmission state, and a return travel of the follower from the distal point contact with the cam to the proximal point contact with the cam switches the output mechanism to the non-transmission state. 3. The clutch of claim 1, wherein the output mechanism comprises a reel and a traction cable, and the reciprocation of the follower causes the traction cable to be wound up on the reel or released outwards. 4. The clutch of claim 3, wherein the transmission mechanism further comprises a rack moving in synchronous with the follower and a driving gear rotated by the rack, wherein the reel rotates in synchronous with the driving gear. 5. The clutch of claim 3, wherein the reel comprises a reel body and a cover plate which are integrally assembled, the reel body comprises a bottom plate and a reel disc provided at one side of the bottom plate facing the cover plate, wherein a circular groove is formed among the cover plate, the bottom plate and circumferential outer surfaces of the reel disc. 6. The clutch of claim 5, wherein an axial end surface of the reel disc towards the cover plate is provided with a fixed groove which is in communication with the circular groove. 7. The reel of claim 6, wherein the fixed groove is arc-shaped. 8. The reel of claim 6, wherein the cover plate is provided thereon with a through-slot corresponding to the position of the fixed groove. 9. The clutch of claim 3, wherein the transmission mechanism further comprises the rack moving in synchronous with the follower, the cam rotates under the driving action of the motor and interacts with the follower, so as to convert the rotation of the motor into the reciprocation of the rack, and the output mechanism comprises the driving gear meshed with the rack, the reel connected onto the driving gear for synchronous rotation therewith, and the traction cable with one end thereof fixedly connected onto the reel, wherein the movement of the rack drives the driving gear and the reel to rotate, so that the traction cable is wound up on the reel or released outwards. 10. The clutch of claim 9, wherein the rack overlaps with the cam, the follower is a boss provided at an end of the rack away from the output mechanism. 11. The clutch of claim 9, wherein the transmission mechanism further includes a gear unit having an output shaft, the rotation of the motor outputs a relatively low rotation speed after being decelerated via the gear unit, the cam is fixedly connected onto the output shaft and synchronously rotates therewith, the output shaft is connected with the cam after passing through the rack, an elongated slot is formed in the rack for the output shaft to pass through, the elongated slot extends along a length direction of the rack. 12. The clutch of claim 1, wherein the cam has a motion angle for rise travel of less than 300 degrees and a motion angle for return travel of less than 100 degrees. 13. The clutch of claim 1, wherein the clutch further comprises a self-locking mechanism interacting with the transmission mechanism, wherein when the output mechanism is in the transmission state, the self-locking mechanism is configured to lock the output mechanism in the transmission state. 14. The clutch of claim 13, wherein the motor is powered off when the output mechanism is in the transmission state. 15. The clutch of claim 13, wherein, when driven by the motor, the transmission mechanism contacts a radial side surface of the self-locking mechanism which exerts a radial force on the transmission mechanism, when subject to an external counteracting force transmitted from the output mechanism, the transmission mechanism interacts with a circumferential end surface of the self-locking mechanism and the self-locking mechanism exerts a tangential force on the transmission mechanism such that the transmission mechanism is stuck and cannot rotate. 16. The clutch of claim 13, wherein the self-locking mechanism comprises a locking pin, one end of the locking pin is a positioning end, the other end of the locking pin is a free end abutting against the transmission mechanism, the transmission mechanism forms a notch, the locking pin is engaged in the notch when the output mechanism is switched to the transmission state, and the locking pin moves away from the notch when the output mechanism is switched to the non-transmission state. 17. The clutch of claim 16, wherein the self-locking mechanism further comprises a spring, the free end of the locking pin is disposed between the spring and the transmission mechanism, the locking pin compresses the spring when moving away from the notch and allows the spring to return to its initial state when entering the notch. 18. The clutch of claim 16, wherein a housing of the clutch is formed with a recess for receiving the locking pin, a portion of the recess for receiving the positioning end has the same shape and size as the positioning end, and a portion of the recess for receiving the free end has a width greater than that of the free end. 19. The clutch of claim 17, wherein the self-locking mechanism further comprises a clamp on which the locking pin is supported, barbs extend outwardly from the clamp, a housing of the clutch forms locking holes, and the barbs are engaged in their respective locking holes to position the self-locking mechanism. 20. The clutch of claim 14, wherein the transmission mechanism comprises a gear unit that produces a self-locking force for enhancing a locking function of the self-locking mechanism when the output mechanism is in the transmission state. 21. The clutch of claim 13, wherein the transmission mechanism comprises a gear unit connected with the motor, the gear unit comprises an output shaft with a notch formed thereon, and the self-locking mechanism and the notch of the output shaft interact to permit the output shaft to rotate only in a fixed direction. 22. The clutch of claim 13, wherein a rise travel of the follower from contact with a proximal point of the cam to contact with a distal point of the cam switches the output mechanism to the transmission state, and a return travel of the follower from the distal point contact with the cam to the proximal point contact with the cam switches the output mechanism to the non-transmission state. 23. The clutch of claim 22, wherein the transmission mechanism further includes a rack meshed with the output mechanism, the follower drives the rack to perform a reciprocating motion when the cam is rotating. 24. The clutch of claim 22, wherein the output mechanism comprises a reel and a traction cable, wherein the transmission mechanism drives the rack to perform a reciprocating motion which rotates the reel clockwise or counter-clockwise, so that the traction cable is wound up on the reel or released outwards. 25. The clutch of claim 1, wherein the clutch comprises at least one electric switch electrically connected with the motor, and turn-on or turn-off of the electric switch is controlled by the transmission mechanism. 26. The clutch of claim 25, wherein the clutch includes two said electric switches, the two electric switches are both controlled by the transmission mechanism and always have opposite states. 27. The clutch of claim 26, wherein the two electric switches are respectively connected in series with the motor to form two branches. 28. The clutch of claim 25, wherein the clutch further comprises a self-locking mechanism, when the output mechanism is switched to the transmission state, the electric switch disconnects the power to the motor and the self-locking mechanism keeps the output mechanism in the transmission state. 29. The clutch of claim 25, wherein the output mechanism comprises a traction cable, one end of the traction cable is connected with the transmission mechanism, and the other end of the traction cable is connected with an external mechanism. 30. The clutch of claim 25, wherein the transmission mechanism is formed with a groove, a side surface of the electric switch facing the groove is provided with a button and a resilient tab, the resilient tab extends obliquely and outwardly from the electric switch toward the groove, when the transmission mechanism operates under the driving of the motor, the groove slides or rotates relative to the electric switch, making the resilient tab enter or exit the groove, when the resilient tab exits the groove, the transmission mechanism compresses the resilient tab making the resilient tab deform and press the button such that the electric switch is turned on/turned off, when the resilient tab enters the groove, the resilient tab returns to its original state which no longer presses the button, and the button is reset, such that the electric switch is turned off/turned on. 31. The clutch of claim 30, wherein the output mechanism comprises a traction cable, the transmission mechanism comprises a cam driven by the motor to rotate, a reel for winding of the traction cable, and a rack driven by the cam and meshed with the reel, the cam, while rotating, drives the rack to move, which in turn rotates the reel that is meshed with the rack, so that the traction cable is wound up or released outwards. 32. The clutch of claim 31, wherein the groove is formed in one side of the rack, and the movement of the rack causes the resilient tab of the switch to enter or exit the groove. 33. The clutch of claim 31, further comprising a driving block rotating in synchronous with the cam, wherein the switch is located on a rotation path of the driving block, the groove is formed in an outer circumferential surface of the driving block, and the resilient tab of the switch enters or exits the groove when the driving block rotates. 34. The clutch of claim 26, wherein a groove is formed in the transmission mechanism, the two electric switches are arranged side by side in a transverse direction, when one of the switches slides out of the groove, the other one of the switches slides into the groove, such that both of the switches change in state. 35. The clutch of claim 26, wherein two grooves are formed in the transmission mechanism, with each groove corresponding to one switch, the two switches are offset from each other both in the axial and circumferential directions, when one switch slides into its corresponding groove, the other switch slides out of its corresponding groove, such that both of the switches change in state. 36. The clutch of claim 1, wherein an outer surface of the follower contacts an outer edge of the cam, the cam, while rotating, drives the follower to perform a reciprocating linear motion, a rise travel of the follower from contact with a proximal point of the cam to contact with a distal point of the cam switches the output mechanism to the transmission state, and a return travel of the follower from the distal point contact with the cam to the proximal point contact with the cam switches the output mechanism to the non-transmission state. 37. The clutch of claim 2, wherein an outer surface of the follower contacts an outer edge of the cam, the cam, while rotating, drives the follower to perform a reciprocating linear motion, the follower comprises an inner ring and an outer ring, the inner ring is made of Teflon, the outer ring is made of stainless steel which is fixedly attached around the inner ring, and an outer circumferential surface of the outer ring contacts the outer edge of the cam. 38. The clutch of claim 37, wherein the inner ring of the follower is pivotably attached around a pivot axle, a top end of the pivot axle is formed with a locking groove, and a locking ring is engaged in the locking groove to limit the position of the follower. 39. The clutch of claim 38, wherein the transmission unit further includes a rack and a reel, the pivot axle is provided at one end of the rack, the reel is meshed with the other end of the rack, the output mechanism is a traction cable which is fixedly connected to the reel, the rise travel of the follower drives the reel to rotate in a first direction such that the traction cable is wound up on the reel, and the return travel of the follower drives the reel to rotate in a second direction such that the traction cable is released outwards. 40. The clutch of claim 39, wherein the rack forms a through assembly hole, a bottom of the assembly hole is step-shaped, the pivot axle extends into the assembly hole of the rack, a bottom end of the pivot axle is formed with an annular flange, and the annular flange abuts against the rack at the step of the assembly hole. 41. The clutch of claim 36, wherein the transmission unit further includes a gear unit having an output shaft, the rotation of the motor outputs a relatively low rotation speed after being decelerated via the gear unit, and the cam is fixedly connected onto the output shaft and synchronously rotates therewith. 42. The clutch of claim 41, wherein the rack overlaps with the cam, the output shaft is connected with the cam after passing through the rack, an elongated slot is formed in the rack for the output shaft to pass through. 43. The clutch of claim 36, wherein the profile of the cam is designed such that the rise travel of the follower has a relatively slow speed, and the return travel of the follower has a relatively fast speed. 44. A mower, comprising an engine, a cutter head and the clutch of claim 1, wherein the power of the engine is transferred to the cutter head for performing mowing operations when the output mechanism of the clutch is in a transmission state, and the power of the engine is not transferred to the cutter head when the output mechanism of the clutch is in a non-transmission state. 45. A clutch, comprising a motor, a transmission mechanism connected with the motor and an output mechanism connected with the transmission mechanism, the transmission mechanism is configured to drive the output mechanism to switch between a transmission state and a non-transmission state, wherein the clutch further comprises a self-locking mechanism interacting with the transmission mechanism, wherein when the output mechanism is in the transmission state, the self-locking mechanism is configured to lock the output mechanism in the transmission state. 46. A clutch, comprising a motor, a transmission mechanism connected with the motor and an output mechanism connected with the transmission mechanism, the transmission mechanism is configured to drive the output mechanism to switch between a transmission state and a non-transmission state, wherein the clutch comprises at least one electric switch electrically connected with the motor, and turn-on or turn-off of the electric switch is controlled by the transmission mechanism. 47. A clutch, comprising a motor, a transmission mechanism connected with the motor and an output mechanism connected with the transmission mechanism, wherein the transmission mechanism comprises: a cam driven by the motor; a follower reciprocating by contact with the cam as the cam rotates, and the reciprocation of the follower switches the output mechanism between a transmission state and a non-transmission state; wherein the output mechanism comprises a reel and a traction cable, and the reciprocation of the follower causes the traction cable to be wound up on the reel or released outwards, wherein the rack moves in synchronous with the follower, the cam rotates under the driving action of the motor and interacts with the follower, so as to convert the rotation of the motor into the reciprocation of the rack, and the output mechanism comprises the driving gear meshed with the rack, the reel connected onto the driving gear for synchronous rotation therewith, and the traction cable with one end thereof fixedly connected onto the reel, wherein the movement of the rack drives the driving gear and the reel to rotate, so that the traction cable is wound up on the reel or released outwards, wherein the clutch further comprises a self-locking mechanism interacting with the transmission mechanism, the self-locking mechanism is configured to lock the output mechanism in the transmission state when the output mechanism is in the transmission state, wherein the clutch comprises at least one electric switch electrically connected with the motor, and turn-on or turn-off of the electric switch is controlled by the transmission mechanism, wherein the transmission unit further includes a gear unit having an output shaft, the rotation of the motor outputs a relatively low rotation speed after being decelerated via the gear unit, and the cam is fixedly connected onto the output shaft and synchronously rotates therewith. 48. A mower, comprising an engine, a cutter head and the clutch of claim 47, wherein the power of the engine can be transferred to the cutter head for performing mowing operation when the output mechanism of the clutch is in a transmission state, and a transmission between the engine and the cutter head is disconnected when the output mechanism of the clutch is in a non-transmission state.",
-    "A cooling device for electronic components is a combination of substrate (aluminum nitride substrate\u2014thermoelectric elements\u2014aluminum nitride substrate) and utilizing the temperature difference generated by two top and bottom ends of the cooling device to effectively remove the heat generated by the electronic components. This cooling device not only can effectively reduce temperature of the electronic components, but also store the power generated through its thermoelectric effect. 1. A cooling device for electronic components, comprising: a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface, a metallized circuit being disposed on the first surface; at least one LED disposed on and electrically connected to the metallized circuit on the first surface of the first substrate; a thermoelectric element configured on the second surface of the first substrate so as to conduct heat generated by the at least one LED; a second substrate having a third surface and a fourth surface, the third surface of the second substrate coupled to the thermoelectric element so as to conduct heat to the fourth surface; a heat sink fin, disposed on the fourth surface of the second substrate to dissipate heat; and a battery coupled between the first substrate and the second substrate for storing energy generated by the cooling device, wherein the thermoelectric element comprises: a first conductive layer comprising a plurality of first electrodes, configured on the second surface of the first substrate; a second conductive layer comprising a plurality of second electrodes, configured on the third surface of the second substrate; wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are made of an insulating ceramic material selected from one of the following group consisting of: alumina and aluminum nitride; wherein a greater a temperature difference between the first substrate and the second substrate is, a greater electric energy is so generated, and a maximum temperature difference between the first substrate and the second substrate is 74\u00b0 C.; and wherein the thermoelectric element further comprises: a plurality of N-type semiconductors and a plurality of P-type semiconductors, wherein the plurality of N-type semiconductors and the plurality of P-type semiconductors are alternatively configured between the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes, and are coupled to the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes so as to form a current loop; wherein each LED has an LED chip, and each LED chip is disposed on the metallized circuit and is corresponding to each N-type semiconductor or each P-type semiconductor. 2. The cooling device as recited in claim 1, wherein the first surface of the first substrate is a cooling surface.",
-    "This disclosure discloses a non-volatile memory component and a manufacture method of the same. The non-volatile memory component includes a substrate, a first dielectric layer on the substrate, an erase gate (EG), a floating gate (FG) and a select gate (EG). The substrate includes a source region and a drain region. The erase gate (EG), the floating gate (FG) and the select gate (EG) are formed on the first dielectric layer. Additionally, non-volatile memory component includes a coupling dielectric layer formed in the intervals and the upper region of the erase gate (EG), the floating gate (FG) and the select gate (SG), and a coupling gate (CG) formed on the coupling dielectric layer. 1. A method for manufacturing a non-volatile memory component, comprising steps of: (1) providing a substrate; (2) forming a base dielectric layer on the substrate; (3) forming a first polysilicon layer on the base dielectric layer; (4) defining a first pattern opening and a second pattern opening on the first polysilicon layer and the base dielectric layer; (5) forming a liner dielectric layer on the first polysilicon layer and the base dielectric layer; (6) forming a sacrificial layer filled in the horizontal intervals between the first polysilicon layer and the liner dielectric layer; (7) removing the first polysilicon layer within the first pattern opening; (8) performing ion implantation within the first pattern opening; (9) forming a first capping dielectric layer by oxidizing the first polysilicon layer and the base dielectric layer; (10) forming a second polysilicon layer filled in the interval on the base dielectric layer within the first pattern opening; (11) forming a second capping dielectric layer on the second polysilicon layer within the first pattern opening; (12) forming a damascene trench with an interval formed by two damascene structures on the substrate; wherein, one of the damascene structures is a stack made of the first capping dielectric layer, the first polysilicon layer and the base dielectric layer; and the other damascene structure is a stack made of the second capping dielectric layer, the second polysilicon layer and the base dielectric layer; (13) forming a third capping dielectric layer covering the two damascene structures and the damascene trench; (14) forming a third polysilicon layer filled in the damascene trench covered by the third capping dielectric layer; (15) forming a coupling dielectric layer on the third capping dielectric layer; (16) selectively forming a fourth polysilicon layer on the coupling dielectric layer; and (17) defining a third pattern opening to perform ion implantation. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (4) comprising: (4-1) forming a spacer on the two sides of the first polysilicon layer within the first pattern opening, and the spacer is electrical isolation, 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (6) includes: (6-1) removing the liner dielectric layer on the surface of the first polysilicon layer in the depth direction to make the first polysilicon layer and the liner dielectric layer have the same thickness in the depth direction without overlapping in the horizontal direction. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (9) includes oxidizing the first polysilicon layer within the second pattern opening and thickening the base dielectric layer within the first pattern opening by oxidizing. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the step (10) that the second polysilicon layer filled the second in the first pattern opening on the base dielectric layer is an erase gate. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (11) includes: (11-1) removing the sacrificial layer outside the region of the first pattern opening and the second pattern opening, and employing the first capping dielectric layer on the first polysilicon layer, the second capping dielectric layer on the second polysilicon and the liner dielectric layer as masks to remove the sacrificial layer formed on the liner dielectric layer in the horizontal direction. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (12) includes removing the liner dielectric layer outside the first pattern opening and the second pattern opening, and removing the base dielectric layer under the liner dielectric layer by defining a photoresist on the first pattern opening and the second pattern opening as a mask. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (13) includes forming the third capping dielectric layer including an electron tunneling dielectric layer formed by chemical deposition dielectric layer (high-temperature CVD oxide) or a thermal oxide layer. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (14) includes forming the third polysilicon layer outside the first pattern opening and the second pattern opening, and the third polysilicon layer between the first pattern opening and the second pattern opening is a floating gate (FG). 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step (11) includes: (14-1) removing a portion of the third polysilicon layer by defining a photoresist as a mask with lithography, and removing the third polysilicon layer nearby the first polysilicon layer and faraway from the second polysilicon layer, 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step of defining a first dielectric layer includes the third capping dielectric layer on the substrate and the base dielectric layer under the damascene trench, 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the step of defining a second dielectric layer includes the third capping dielectric layer on the upper surface and the sidewall of the damascene trench, and the erase gate (EG) and the select gate (SG) are wrapped in the second dielectric layer, 13. A non-volatile memory component, comprising: a substrate having a surface nearby a source region and a drain region, and there is a channel region between the source region and the drain region; a first dielectric layer, formed on the substrate; wherein an erase gate (EG), a select gate (SG) and a floating gate (FG) are formed on the first dielectric layer, the erase gate (EG) is located above the source region while the select gate and the floating gate are located at the upper projection area of the channel region in the depth direction; a second dielectric layer, formed on the first dielectric layer and wraps the erase gate (EG) and the select gate (SG) in; wherein the floating gate (FG) is located between the adjacent second dielectric layers; a coupling dielectric layer, covering the second dielectric layer and the floating gate (FG) unevenly; and a coupling gate (CG), formed on the coupling dielectric layer; wherein, the first dielectric layer includes a first thickness within the first pattern opening, the first dielectric layer includes a second thickness under the projection area of the floating gate (FG) in the depth direction, and the first dielectric layer includes a third thickness under the projection region of the select gate (SG) in the depth direction; wherein, the first thickness is thicker than the second thickness, and the second thickness thicker than the third thickness. 14. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, wherein, a first capping dielectric layer is formed between the second dielectric layer and the select gate (SG), while a second capping dielectric layer is formed between the second dielectric layer and the erase gate (EG), and the first capping dielectric layer includes a first capping thickness while the second capping dielectric layer includes a second capping thickness, the first capping thickness is thicker than the second capping thickness. 15. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, further comprising a bit-line contact formed on the drain region, the bit-line contact passing through the first dielectric layer and the coupling dielectric layer, and the bit-line contact being far away from the substrate in the depth direction for external connection. 16. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, wherein, the second dielectric layer is located at the two side of the erase gate (EG) and the select gate (SG), the second dielectric layer is formed toward the direction away from the center of the erase gate (EG) and the select gate (SG) individually. 17. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, wherein: the coupling dielectric layer is located in the upper projection area of the erase gate (EG), the floating gate (FG) and the select gate (SG) unevenly and continuously; and the coupling dielectric layer formed on the floating gate (FG) is nearby the first dielectric layer in the depth direction. 18. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first dielectric layer includes a second pattern opening, and the second pattern opening is used to define the select gate (SG) in the depth direction. 19. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, wherein the first dielectric layer includes a third pattern opening and the third pattern opening is used to define the drain region in the depth direction. 20. The non-volatile memory component as claimed in claim 13, wherein the select gate includes a spacer formed on the two sides of the select gate (SG) within the second pattern opening, and the spacer is electrical isolation.",
-    "Tension monitoring is described using a sensor which may exhibit an offset for which compensation may be provided to produce a zero voltage amplified output or to increase dynamic range. An arrangement determines whether a power reset is responsive to a battery bounce such that an initially-measured system start-up parameter can be retained. The start-up parameter is automatically saved at start-up if the power reset is responsive to a start-up from a shut-down condition. The start-up parameter may be a zero tension amplified output responsive to the sensor offset at zero tension. Protection of a tension data set is provided such that no opportunity for altering the data set is presented prior to transfer of the data set. A housing configuration forms part of an electrical power circuit for providing electrical power to an electronics package from a battery. 1. In a system for installing an underground utility by retraction that is applied to a leading end of the utility to draw the utility through the ground such that the utility is subjected to a tension force, said system including an inground tension monitoring arrangement having a processor which receives electrical power from a power supply in a way which subjects the processor to a loss of power that is temporary during system operation, as well as a shut-down loss of power condition, either of which causes the processor to reset, an apparatus comprising: a detector for producing an output voltage that is responsive to a time duration of the loss of power; and said processor configured for comparing the output voltage, subsequent to a reset, to a threshold value to establish whether the reset is responsive to a power supply bounce condition during operation. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor is configured for saving at least one system start-up parameter at an initial system start-up and wherein said processor is further configured for re-entering a run mode responsive to establishing that the reset is responsive to said power supply bounce condition while retaining the system start-up parameter. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said system includes a sensor that produces a sensor signal that is characterized by a nonzero offset value at a tension force of zero and said processor saves a nonzero amplified offset voltage, that is produced responsive to said nonzero offset value, as said system start-up parameter. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor is configured for saving at least one system start-up parameter at an initial system start-up and wherein said processor is further configured for entering a start-up mode responsive to establishing that the reset is not responsive to said power supply bounce condition in which said system start-up parameter is replaced with a new system start-up parameter. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor is configured for determining that any measured value of said output voltage, which measured value is responsive to the reset, above a predetermined threshold value indicates said power supply bounce condition during operation. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said detector defines a time constant such that the output voltage is generated based on the time constant.",
-    "A system and method for removing radio frequency emissions from an electronic device. The system comprises collectors for collection of the radio frequency signals, combiners for combining the signals to produce a combined signal, fiber optic transmitter for up-converting the combined radio frequency signals to an optical wave length signal, optical fiber for directing the optical signal, and a termination device for terminating the optical signal. 1-43. (canceled) 44. A system for removing at least some radio frequency interference emissions, the system comprising: one or more collectors, each of the one or more collectors tuned to one or more bandwidths of the at least some radio frequency interference emissions, at least some of the one or more collectors adapted to collect one or more signals; one or more combiners adapted to combine the one or more signals to produce a combined signal; a fiber optic transmitter adapted to up-convert the combined signal into an optical signal; a fiber optic cable adapted to carry the optical signal; a photodiode adapted to convert the optical signal into a current; and one or more first resistors adapted to reduce the current. 45. The system of claim 44, further comprising one or more fans. 46. The system of claim 44, further comprising one or more heat sinks. 47. The system of claim 44, wherein the fiber optic cable comprises one or more patches. 48. The system of claim 44, wherein the fiber optic cable comprises one or more openings. 49. The system of claim 44, wherein the signals comprise one or more of: one or more analog signals; and one or more digital signals, the system further comprising: one or more analog-to digital converters for converting each of the one or more analog signals to more or more converted digital signals; one or more digital processors for summing the one or more converted digital signals and the digital signals to form a summed digital signal; and one or more digital to analog converters for converting the summed digital signal to produce the combined signal. 50. A system for removing at least some radio frequency interference emissions, the system comprising: one or more collectors, each of the one or more collectors tuned to one or more bandwidths of the at least some radio frequency interference emissions, at least some of the one or more collectors adapted to collect one or more signals; one or more combiners adapted to combine the one or more signals to produce a combined signal; a fiber optic transmitter adapted to up-convert the combined signal into an optical signal; one or more fiber optic cables adapted to carry the optical signal; one or more photodiodes adapted to convert the optical signal into one or more currents; and one or more resistors adapted to reduce the one or more currents. 51. The system of claim 50, further comprising: a splitter for splitting the optical signal into two or more partial optical signals, the two or more optical signal, the two or more partial optical signals comprising the first partial optical signal and a second partial optical signal, the one or more fiber optic cables comprising a first fiber optic cable and a second fiber optic cable, the first split fiber optic cable adapted to carry the first partial optical signal, the second fiber optic cable adapted to carry the second partial optical signal, the one or more photodiodes comprising a first photodiode and a second photodiode, the first photodiode adapted to convert the first partial optical signal into a first current, the second photodiode adapted to convert the second partial signal into a second current, the one or more resistors comprising a first resistance network and a second resistance network, the first resistance network adapted to reduce the first current, the second resistance network adapted to reduce the second current. 52. The system of claim 51 wherein the splitter is a planar lightwave circuit. 53. The system of claim 50, further comprising one or more fans. 54. The system of claim 50, further comprising one or more heat sinks. 55. The system of claim 50, wherein at least one of the one or more fiber optic cables comprises one or more patches. 56. The system of claim 50, wherein at least one of the one or more fiber optic cables comprise one or more openings. 57. The system of claim 50, wherein the signals comprise one or more of: one or more analog signals; and one or more digital signals, the system further comprising: one or more analog-to digital converters for converting each of the one or more analog signals to more or more converted digital signals; one or more digital processors for summing the one or more converted digital signals and the digital signals to form a summed digital signal; and one or more digital to analog converters for converting the summed digital signal to produce the combined signal. 58. A system for removing at least some radio frequency interference emissions, the system comprising: one or more collectors, each of the one or more collectors tuned to one or more bandwidths of the at least some radio frequency interference emissions, at least some of the one or more collectors adapted to collect one or more signals; one or more combiners adapted to combine the one or more signals to produce a combined signal; a fiber optic transmitter adapted to up-convert the combined signal into an optical signal; a wide-diameter fiber optic cable adapted to carry the optical signal, the wide diameter fiber optic cable comprising at least two thin fiber optic cables, the at least two thin fiber optic cables comprising a first thin fiber optic cable and a second thin fiber optic cable, the first thin fiber optic cable comprising a first photodiode and a first resistor, the second fiber optic cable comprising a second photodiode and a second resistor, the first fiber optic cable adapted to carry a first part of the optical signal, the second fiber optic cable adapted to carry a second part of the optical signal, the first photodiode adapted to convert the first part of the optical signal into a first current, the second photodiode adapted to convert the second part of the optical signal into a second current, the first resistor adapted to reduce the first current, the second resistor adapted to reduce the second current. 59. The system of claim 58, further comprising a splitter for splitting the optical signal into at least the first part of the optical signal and the second part of the optical signal. 60. The system of claim 59 wherein the splitter is a planar lightwave circuit. 61. The system of claim 58, further comprising one or more fans. 62. The system of claim 58, further comprising one or more heat sinks. 63. The system of claim 58, wherein one or more of: the wide-diameter fiber optic cable; the first thin fiber optic cable; and the second thin fiber optic cable comprises one or more patches. 64. The system of claim 58, wherein one or more of: the wide-diameter fiber optic cable; the first thin fiber optic cable; and the second thin fiber optic cable comprises one or more openings. 65. The system of claim 58, wherein the signals comprise one or more of: one or more analog signals; and one or more digital signals, the system further comprising: one or more analog-to digital converters for converting each of the one or more analog signals to more or more converted digital signals; one or more digital processors for summing the one or more converted digital signals and the digital signals to form a summed digital signal; and one or more digital to analog converters for converting the summed digital signal to produce the combined signal.",
-    "This invention relates to a novel target for production of immune and non-immune based therapeutics and for disease diagnosis. More particularly, the invention provides therapeutic antibodies against VSIG1, ILDR1, LOC253012, AI216611, C1ORF32 or FXYD3 antigens, which are predicted co-stimulatory family members and which are differentially expressed in cancers including, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and colon cancer, and diagnostic and therapeutic usages. The use of these antibodies for modulating B7 costimulation and related therapies such as the treatment of autoimmunity are also provided. This invention further relates to the discovery of extracellular domains of VSIG1 and its variants, FXYD3 and its variants, ILDR1 and its variants, LOC253012 and its variants, AI216611 and its variants, and C1ORF32 and its variants awhich are suitable targets for immunotherapy, cancer therapy, and drug development. 1-221. (canceled) 222. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising an antigen binding site that binds specifically to a polypeptide consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 48, 50, 147, 148 and 299. 223. The method of claim 222, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies, and soft tissue or solid tumors. 224. The method of claim 223, wherein the hematological malignancies are selected from the group consisting of acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 225. The method of claim 223, wherein the soft tissue or solid tumors are selected from the group consisting of cancer of breast, prostate, colon, ovary, spleen, kidney, bladder, head and neck, uterus, testicles, stomach, cervix, liver, bone, skin, pancreas and brain. 226. The method of claim 225 wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, ovarian cancer or colon cancer, and wherein the lung cancer, the ovarian cancer or the colon cancer is non-metastatic, invasive or metastatic. 227. The method of claim 223, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of non-metastatic, invasive and metastatic forms. 228. The method of claim 222, wherein the antigen binding site contains at least 3-7 contiguous or non-contiguous amino acids. 229. The method of claim 228, wherein the antigen binding site is a conformational or linear epitope containing 5-7 amino acids. 230. The method of claim 222, wherein the antibody is a fully human antibody. 231. The method of claim 222, wherein the antibody is a chimeric antibody. 232. The method of claim 222, wherein the antibody is a humanized or primatized antibody. 233. The method of claim 222, wherein the fragment is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab\u2032, F(ab\u2032)2, F(ab\u2032), F(ab), Fv or scFv fragment and minimal recognition unit. 234. The method of claim 222, wherein the antibody or fragment is coupled to a detectable marker, or to an effector moiety. 235. The method of claim 234, wherein the effector moiety is an enzyme, a toxin, a therapeutic agent, or a chemotherapeutic agent. 236. The method of claim 235, wherein the detectable marker is a radioisotope, a metal chelator, an enzyme, a fluorescent compound, a bioluminescent compound or a chemiluminescent compound. 237. The method of claim 222, further comprising administering an anticancer vaccine and potentiating a secondary immune response to a cancer antigen in a subject. 238. The method of claim 222, wherein the cancer is a malignancy that expresses the protein of SEQ ID NO:50. 239. The method of claim 222, further comprising co-administering a chemotherapeutic agent. 240. The method of claim 239, wherein said chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anthracyclines, antibiotics, anti-mitotic agents, duocarmycins, calicheamicins, maytansines and auristatins. 241. The method of claim 240, wherein said chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of daunorubicin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine, vincristine, vinblastine, dactinomycin, bleomycin, mithramycin, anthramycin AMC, mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine, BSNU, lomustine CCNU, cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, cis-dichlorodiamine platinum II, DDP and cisplatin. 242. The method of claim 222, wherein the antibody is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.",
-    "A method for publishing the web sites on remote server using shared hosting in cases of unexpected server timeouts. A list of elements (work items) to be published is generated. The list is sorted out according to dependencies of elements from one another. Then, the work items are sorted out by the priority. The work item from the top of the list (with the highest priority) is processed first. After the work is performed with this work item, the work item is marked as closed if the process has executed successfully. Then, the process moves to the next work item and so on. The process has a library of the work items. Thus, in case of a server timeout, the process knows exactly which work items have been processed prior to the timeout and can start the processing from the next work item. 1. A system for executing tasks in a shared hosting infrastructure, the system comprising: a processor and a memory coupled to the processor; computer code loaded into the memory and executing on the processor to perform the following: a server exchanging data with a client; a script execution engine on the server that receives data from a plurality of scripts residing on the client; a script parsing engine configured to parse the scripts and divide the scripts into sub-scripts; wherein: the script execution engine limits execution time for each script and sub-script; the script parsing engine is configured to order the scripts based on a dependency of the scripts from each other; and the script parsing engine is configured to divide the sub-script into micro-scripts, if the execution time of the sub-script exceeds a time limit. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the dividing scripts into sub-scripts is performed after a predefined number of unsuccessful attempts of script executions. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the script parsing engine runs on the server. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the script parsing engine is configured to send a sub-scripts' execution status to the client. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising showing a script execution progress bar to a user. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the scripts perform any of: publishing the client's web-site; a backup of a web site; a restoration of a web site from a snapshot; an upgrade of a web site; an import of a web site; and generation of a web site content. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the client receives a number of unsuccessful attempts of script executions set by the server. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein execution of the sub-scripts starts before a complete execution of the sub-scripts with a higher priority. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the scripts are stored in a script library residing on the client. 10. A computer program product comprising non-transitory computer readable medium containing code for managing a shared hosting infrastructure, the code performing the functions of: a server exchanging data with a client; the server configured to receive scripts from the client and executing the scripts on an execution engine; a parsing engine configured to parse the scripts and divide the scripts into sub-scripts; wherein: the execution engine limits execution time for each script and sub-script; the parsing engine orders the scripts based on a dependency of the scripts from each other; and the parsing engine divides the sub-script into smaller units, if the execution time of the sub-script exceeds a time limit. 11. A method for executing tasks in a shared hosting infrastructure, the method comprising: on a computer having a processor and a memory, executing computer code on the processor to perform the following: exchanging data between a server and a client; running a script execution engine on the server that receives data from a plurality of scripts residing on the client; running a script parsing engine configured to parse the scripts and divide the scripts into sub-scripts; wherein: the script execution engine limits execution time for each script and sub-script; the script parsing engine is configured to order the scripts based on a dependency of the scripts from each other; and the script parsing engine is configured to divide the sub-script into micro-scripts, if the execution time of the sub-script exceeds a time limit. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the dividing scripts into sub-scripts is performed after a predefined number of unsuccessful attempts of script executions. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the script parsing engine is configured to send a sub-scripts' execution status to the client. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising showing a script execution progress bar to a user. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the scripts perform any of: publishing the client's web-site; a backup of a web site; a restoration of a web site from a snapshot; an upgrade of a web site; an import of a web site; and generation of a web site content. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the client receives a number of unsuccessful attempts of script executions set by the server.",
-    "Compounds, compositions and methods are described for inhibiting the TRPC5 ion channel and disorders related to TRPC5. 1. A compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R1 is R2 is C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, C7-C16 arylalkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, \u2014C(O)R3, \u2014S(O)R3, \u2014OR3, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, \u2014S(O)2\u2014NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRa\u2014S(O)2\u2014R3, \u2014C(O)NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRaC(O)\u2014R3, \u2014NRa\u2014C(O)\u2014NRa\u2014R3, (C1-C6 alkyl)-C(O)\u2014R3, nitro, or cyano, wherein each of C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, C7-C16 arylalkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl are independently and optionally substituted with 1-3 R3; each R3 is independently C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, halo, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, cyano, nitro, \u2014C(O)NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRaC(O)\u2014R3, \u2014SR4, \u2014S(O)2R4, \u2014C(O)R4, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, wherein each of C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are independently and optionally substituted with 1-3 R4; and each R4 is independently C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, heteroaryl, C4-C10 cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, C7-C16 arylalkyl, heteroaryl-C1-C6 alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, C7-C16 arylalkoxy, C2-C8 alkoxyalkoxyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, \u2014S\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)2\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014S(O)2\u2014NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRa\u2014S(O)2\u2014R3, \u2014C(O)NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRaC(O)\u2014R3, \u2014NRa\u2014C(O)\u2014NRa\u2014R3, \u2014(C1-C6 alkyl)-C(O)\u2014R3, \u2014C(O)\u2014C6-C10 aryl, \u2014NHC(O)\u2014C6-C10 aryl, \u2014C(O)NH\u2014C6-C10 aryl, \u2014C(O)OH, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, nitro, or cyano. 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R2 is C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, C7-C16 arylalkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, \u2014C(O)R3, \u2014S(O)R3, \u2014OR3, or heterocycloalkyl, wherein each of C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, C7-C16 arylalkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, and heterocycloalkyl are independently and optionally substituted with 1-3 R3. 3. The compound according to claim 2, wherein each R3 is independently C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, halo, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, cyano, amido, \u2014C(O)R4, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or napthyl, wherein each of C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, \u2014C(O)NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRaC(O)\u2014R3, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, or napthyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 R4. 4. The compound according to claim 3, wherein each R4 is independently C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C6-C10 aryl, heteroaryl, C4-C10 cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl-C1-C6 alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C12 dialkylamino, \u2014C(O)NRa\u2014R3, \u2014NRaC(O)\u2014R3, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, or cyano. 5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of: 6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of: 7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: 8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: R2 is each R3 is independently and each R4 is independently 9. A compound selected from the group consisting of: 10. A compound of Formula II: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R2 is C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C6-C10 aryloxy, C7-C16 arylalkoxy, or \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, each independently substituted with 1-3 R3; each R3 is independently halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, hydroxyl, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl, wherein each of C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, \u2014C(O)O\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, \u2014C(O)\u2014C1-C6 alkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl are independently and optionally substituted with 1-3 R4; R4 and R5 are each independently hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy or halo; n is 1 or 2; and m is 1, 2, or 3. 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. 12. A method of treating a TRPA1 mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the subject. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the TRP5 mediated disorder is selected from: anxiety and fear-related disorders; memory, motion and mood disorders; pain, sensitivity to pain/touch or pain-related disorders; neurological or neurodegenerative diseases or disorders; seizure disorders; and proteinuric kidney disease.",
-    "Providing is a control method of the image forming apparatus that can prevent, when interrupting a printing process and resuming a printing process by supplying a print sheet or switching to other apparatus, not intending to mix the paper having quality of paper is different in the bundle of the printed documents in advance. It is the control method of the image forming apparatus that interrupts a printing process for a first image forming apparatus and resumes a printing process with the second image forming apparatus. The interruption step of recording interruption information including the specification information of the print sheet at the time of a printing process being interrupted for a first image forming apparatus. It has the resumption step of resuming the printing process in the second image forming apparatus based on interruption information including the specification information of the print sheet. 1. An control method of image forming apparatuses that interrupts a printing process in a first image forming apparatus and resumes a printing process in a second image forming apparatus, comprising: a discontinuation step of recording interruption information including specification information of a print sheet at time of the printing process being interrupted in the first image forming apparatus; and a resumption step of resuming the printing process in the second image forming apparatus based on the interruption information including the specification information of the print sheet. 2. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the interruption information is formed by printing in a print sheet fed out from a sheet paper cassette being fed out the respective print sheet just before interruption of the printing process. 3. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the interruption information is stored in the first image forming apparatus and the second image forming apparatus in addition to a server connected with a network. 4. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the interruption information is stored in an external memory connected with the first image forming apparatus. 5. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the interruption information includes the information for discriminating a ground color of the print sheet just before interruption of the printing process. 6. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 2, wherein the interruption information is formed by printing a background color frame for determining print page information, print setting information, and a ground color of the print sheet in the print sheet fed out from the sheet paper cassette being fed out the respective print sheet just before the interruption of the printing process. 7. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 6, wherein the print page information includes number of remaining print pages at the time of the printing interruption and remaining number of copies at the time of printing interruption. 8. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 6, wherein the print setting information includes a type and paper quality of the print sheet, ground color of the print sheet, and size of the print sheet used at the time of the printing interruption. 9. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein in the second image forming apparatus, the information about specification including the color information of the print sheet contained in a sheet paper cassette is recorded on a paper information storage area in a memory part, and the resumption step includes the steps of: determining whether or not there is a print sheet having the size and the ground color of the print sheet recorded on the interruption information in the sheet paper cassette, selecting, when determined that the sheet paper cassette has the print sheet, sheet paper cassette determined that there is a respective print sheet, and resuming an interrupted printing process. 10. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein the discontinuation step includes a step of printing the interruption information as an interruption information image in the first image forming apparatus, and the resumption step includes the steps of: reading the interruption information in the interruption information image with the second image forming apparatus and storing in the second image forming apparatus, and resuming an interrupted printing process when inputted print data is determined to be the print data corresponding to the interruption information. 11. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein a step of recording the interruption information when interrupted the printing process in the first image forming apparatus includes the steps of: printing the interruption information as an interruption information image in the first image forming apparatus, reading the interruption information in the interruption information image with the first image forming apparatus, and storing in a server connected with a network; and a step of resuming the printing process in the second image forming apparatus based on the interruption information includes a steps of resuming an interrupted printing process when inputted print data is determined to be a print data corresponding to the interruption information stored in the server. 12. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein a step of recording the interruption information when interrupted the printing process in the first image forming apparatus includes the steps of: printing the interruption information as an interruption information image in the first image forming apparatus, reading interruption information in the interruption information image with the first image forming apparatus, and storing in external memory; and a step of resuming the printing process in the second image forming apparatus based on the interruption information includes a step of: resuming an interrupted printing process when inputted print data is determined to be a print data corresponding to the interruption information stored in the external memory. 13. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein a step of resuming the printing process in the second image forming apparatus based on the interruption information includes a step of: reporting information by an informing part when the print sheet having size and ground color of the print sheet recorded on the interruption information is not contained in a sheet paper cassette in the second image forming apparatus. 14. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 1, wherein a step of resuming the printing process in the second image forming apparatus based on the interruption information includes a step of: waiting for a selection input of processing instruction for inputted print data when print sheet having size and ground color of the print sheet recorded on the interruption information is not contained in a sheet paper cassette in the second image forming apparatus. 15. The control method of the image forming apparatuses according to claim 14, wherein a step of waiting for the selection input of processing instruction for the inputted print data includes a step of: starting formation of an image from a head page of the print data to the print sheet.",
-    "Techniques and mechanisms are disclosed that enable a data collection system to adaptively control collection of data from one or more external data sources. At a high level, adaptively controlling collection of data from external data sources may include collecting performance information related to one or more data collection nodes and, in response to analyzing the collected performance information, adapting rates at which the data collection nodes send data collection requests to external data sources. Data collection performance information generally may include, but is not limited to, network traffic data, error messages generated by external data sources and/or data collection nodes, computing device performance information, and any other types of information related to a data collection node's ability to collect data from external data sources. 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a controller node, data collection performance information from a data collection node of a plurality of data collection nodes, the data collection performance information related to data collection requests sent by the data collection node to a cloud computing service provider; generating, based on the data collection performance information, instructions for the data collection node to modify a rate at which the data collection node sends data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider; sending the instructions to the data collection node. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection requests are sent to an application programming interface (API) associated with the cloud computing service provider. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the instructions instruct the data collection node to increase the rate at which the data collection node sends the data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the instructions instruct the data collection node to decrease the rate at which the data collection node sends the data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection performance information includes information indicating one or more error messages received by the data collection node from the cloud computing service provider. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection performance information includes network traffic data. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection performance information includes CPU utilization information for the data collection node. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection performance information includes information indicating one or more attributes of the cloud computing service provider. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection performance information includes information indicating one or more data collection policies of the cloud computing service provider. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the controller node receives data collection performance information from each data collection node of the plurality of data collection nodes. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the controller node receives data collection performance information from each data collection node of the plurality of data collection nodes, and wherein the plurality of data collection nodes sends data collection requests to a plurality of cloud computing service providers. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection node sends data collection requests to a plurality of cloud computing service providers. 13. The method of claim 1, further comprising: subsequent to generating the instructions, receiving additional data collection performance information from the data collection node; generating, based at least in part on the additional data collection performance information, updated instructions for the data collection node to modify the rate at which the data collection node sends data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider; sending the updated instructions to the data collection node. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection node sends data collection requests to a plurality of cloud computing service providers, and wherein the controller node generates and sends to the data collection node separate instructions for each different cloud computing service provider of the plurality of cloud computing service providers. 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, based on the data collection performance information, second instructions for a different data collection node of the plurality of data collection nodes to send data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider; sending the second instructions to the different data collection node. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the data collection requests sent to the cloud computing service provider request data related to performance and/or security information for one or more computing resources managed by the cloud computing service provider. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein data collected from the cloud computing service providers is sent to one or more indexers to be parsed and stored as event data reflecting events of one or more resources of an information technology environment. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein data collected from the cloud computing service providers comprises raw data sent to one or more indexers, and wherein the one or more indexers parse a plurality of timestamped events from the raw data, and wherein each timestamped event of the plurality of timestamped events includes a portion of the raw data. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the data collection node, the instructions; sending, by the data collection node, data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider at a rate based on the instructions. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the controller node, an indication that new data collection node has joined the plurality of data collection nodes; modifying instructions for one or more data collection nodes of the plurality based on the indication that the new data collection node has joined the plurality of data collection nodes. 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the controller node, an indication that data collection node has left the plurality of data collection nodes; modifying instructions for one or more data collection nodes of the plurality based on the indication that a data collection node has left the plurality of data collection nodes. 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the data collection performance information indicates that the cloud computing service provider has upgraded its data collection capabilities; in response to determining that the cloud computing service provider has upgraded its data collection capabilities, instructing the data collection node to increase the rate at which the data collection node sends the data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider. 23. The method of claim 1, further comprising: wherein the data collection performance information indicates that the cloud computing service provider has upgraded its data collection capabilities based on one or more of: one or more status messages, one or more version identifiers, an operational pattern of cloud computing service provider resources, and data retrieved from a website separate from the cloud computing service provider; in response to determining that the data collection performance information includes information indicating an upgrade to the cloud computing service provider, instructing the data collection node to increase the rate at which the data collection node sends the data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider. 24. One or more non-transitory storage media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more computing devices, cause: receiving, by a controller node, data collection performance information from a data collection node of a plurality of data collection nodes, the data collection performance information related to data collection requests sent by the data collection node to a cloud computing service provider; generating, based on the data collection performance information, instructions for the data collection node to modify a rate at which the data collection node sends data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider; sending the instructions to the data collection node. 25. An apparatus, comprising: a subsystem, implemented at least partially in hardware, that receives, by a controller node, data collection performance information from a data collection node of a plurality of data collection nodes, the data collection performance information related to data collection requests sent by the data collection node to a cloud computing service provider; a subsystem, implemented at least partially in hardware, that generates, based on the data collection performance information, instructions for the data collection node to modify a rate at which the data collection node sends data collection requests to the cloud computing service provider; a subsystem, implemented at least partially in hardware, that sends the instructions to the data collection node.",
-    "Provided is an image forming apparatus including a plurality of paper feeding cassettes, a paper detecting sensor, a detecting sensor, a paper feeding switching determination part, and a system control part. The paper feeding switching determination part confirms a state change in the paper feeding cassettes, after the elapse of awaiting time until a start of determination of whether or not switching of paper feeding is possible, if it is determined that a document stored in the paper feeding cassettes runs out, based on an operating condition of the apparatus, a change in detection results by the paper feeding detecting sensor, and detection results by the detecting sensor, and determines whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible. The system control part controls the switching of paper feeding based on the determination results by the paper feeding switching determination part. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a plurality of paper feeding cassettes that are detachably loaded within an apparatus main body; a paper detecting sensor that detects a paper stored in the paper feeding cassettes; a detecting sensor that detects a paper conveyed along a conveyance path extending from the paper feeding cassettes; a paper feeding switching determination part that performs processing to confirm a state change in the paper feeding cassettes, after the elapse of a waiting time until a start of determination of whether or not switching of paper feeding is possible, when it is determined that the paper stored in the paper feeding cassettes runs out, based on an operating condition of the apparatus, a change in detection results by the paper detecting sensor, and detection results by the detecting sensor, and performs processing to determine whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible; and a system control part that performs processing to control the switching of paper feeding based on determination results by the paper feeding switching determination part. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the paper feeding switching determination part performs processing to confirm the state change in the paper feeding cassettes, after the elapse of the waiting time, when the waiting time until the start of determination of whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible is shorter than a specific time, performs processing to determine that the switching of paper feeding from other the paper feeding cassette is possible when no state change is observed in the paper feeding cassettes, and performs processing to notify the system control part that the switching of paper feeding from the other paper feeding cassette is possible. 3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the paper feeding switching determination part performs processing to confirm the state change in the paper feeding cassettes, after the elapse of the waiting time, when the waiting time until the start of determination of whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible is longer than the specific time, performs processing to confirm the detection results by the paper detecting sensor when no state change is observed in the paper feeding cassettes, and performs processing to notify the system control part that paper feeding from the paper feeding cassette to which a paper is supplied. 4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the paper feeding switching determination part performs processing to change the waiting time until the start of determination of whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible according to the number of copies. 5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the paper feeding switching determination part performs processing to change the waiting time until the start of determination of whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible so as to become shorter than the specific time when the number of copies is more than half of the number of paper receivable in the paper feeding cassettes, performs processing to confirm the state change in the paper feeding cassettes, after the elapse of the waiting time, performs processing to determine that switching to paper feeding from other paper feeding cassette is possible when no state change is observed in the paper feeding cassettes, and performs processing to notify the system control part that the switching of paper feeding to the other paper feeding cassette is possible. 6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the paper feeding switching determination part performs processing to change the waiting time until the start of determination of whether or not the switching of paper feeding is possible, so as to become longer than the specific time, when the number of copies is set to several papers or so, performs processing to confirm the detection results by the paper detecting sensor when no change is observed in the paper feeding cassettes, after the elapse of the waiting time, and performs processing to notify the system control part that paper feeding from the other paper feeding cassette to which a paper is supplied when the detection results change from the absence of paper to the presence of paper.",
-    "A controller is adapted to receive signals indicative of an image including a representation of a posted speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling. The controller evaluates the image to identify the posted speed limit and dynamically determines if the posted speed limit is above a predetermined threshold speed limit. Only if the posted speed limit is above the predetermined threshold speed limit, the controller sets the identified posted speed limit as a warning threshold. If a speed of the associated vehicle is more than a predetermined range over the warning threshold, the controller transmits a warning signal to a notifier for notifying an operator of the associated vehicle and controls a speed of the vehicle based on the posted speed limit. 1. A controller adapted to: receive signals indicative of an image including a representation of at least one posted speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling; evaluate the image to identify any of the at least one posted speed limits; select any of the at least one posted speed limits greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold speed limit as a possible speed limit for the associated vehicle; determine an identified speed limit for the associated vehicle based on all of the possible speed limits; and transmit a signal for controlling a speed of the associated vehicle based on the actual speed limit. 2. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the controller is further adapted to: set the predetermined threshold speed limit as 23 mph. 3. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the controller is further adapted to: control the speed of the associated vehicle to be within a predetermined range of the identified speed limit. 4. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the controller is further adapted to: determine the identified speed limit as one of the highest possible speed limit and the lowest possible speed limit. 5. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the controller is further adapted to: identify the associated vehicle as one of a plurality of vehicle types. 6. The controller as set forth in claim 5, wherein the controller is further adapted to: determine the identified speed limit based on all of the possible speed limits and the vehicle type of the associated vehicle. 7. The controller as set forth in claim 6, wherein the controller is further adapted to: identify the vehicle type of the associated vehicle as a heavy vehicle having a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 26,000 lbs.; and determine the identified speed limit as the lowest of the possible speed limits. 8. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the controller is further adapted to: transmit a signal for displaying the actual speed limit. 9. A controller adapted to: receive signals indicative of an image including a representation of a posted speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling; evaluate the image to identify the posted speed limit; dynamically determine if the posted speed limit is above a predetermined threshold speed limit; only if the posted speed limit is above the predetermined threshold speed limit, set the identified posted speed limit as a warning threshold; and if a speed of the associated vehicle is more than a predetermined range over the warning threshold, transmit a warning signal to a notifier for notifying an operator of the associated vehicle. 10. The controller as set forth in claim 9, wherein the controller is further adapted to: only if the posted speed limit is above the predetermined threshold speed limit, control a speed of the associated vehicle based on the set posted speed limit. 11. The controller as set forth in claim 9, wherein the controller is further adapted to: set the predetermined threshold speed limit as 23 mph. 12. The controller as set forth in claim 9, wherein the controller is further adapted to: set the predetermined range as 5 mph. 13. The controller as set forth in claim 9, wherein the controller is further adapted to: transmit the warning signal to the notifier for causing the posted speed limit and a warning message to be displayed on the notifier. 14. A controller adapted to: receive signals indicative of an image of a sign including a representation of a possible speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling; evaluate the image to identify if the sign indicates a school zone speed limit; only if the evaluation of the image indicates the sign is not a school zone speed limit, set a warning threshold speed limit to the possible speed limit; and if a speed of the associated vehicle is more than a predetermined range over the warning threshold speed limit, transmit a warning signal to a notifier for notifying an operator of the associated vehicle. 15. The controller as set forth in claim 14, wherein the controller is further adapted to: evaluate the image to identify the sign indicates a school zone speed limit if the sign includes the word \u201cSCHOOL\u201d. 16. The controller as set forth in claim 14, wherein the controller is further adapted to: evaluate the image to identify the sign indicates a school zone speed limit if the sign includes an extension banner. 17. The controller as set forth in claim 14, wherein the controller is further adapted to: only if the evaluation of the image indicates the sign is not a school zone speed limit, control a speed of the associated vehicle based on the warning threshold speed limit. 18. The controller as set forth in claim 14, wherein the controller is further adapted to: if a speed of the associated vehicle is more than the predetermined range over the warning threshold speed limit, transmit the warning signal to the notifier for causing the warning threshold speed limit and a warning message to be displayed on the notifier. 19. The controller as set forth in claim 18, wherein the controller is further adapted to: transmit the warning signal to the notifier for causing the an audible message to be conveyed from the notifier. 20. A method for setting a warning threshold speed limit, the method comprising: receiving signals indicative of an image of a sign including a representation of a possible speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling; evaluating the image to identify if the sign indicates a school zone speed limit; only if the evaluation of the image indicates the sign is not a school zone speed limit, setting a warning threshold speed limit to the possible speed limit; and if a speed of the associated vehicle is more than a predetermined range over the warning threshold speed limit, transmitting a warning signal to a notifier for notifying an operator of the associated vehicle. 21. The method for setting a warning threshold speed limit as set forth in claim 20, further including: only if the posted speed limit is above the predetermined threshold speed limit, controlling a speed of the associated vehicle based on the set posted speed limit. 22. The method for setting a warning threshold speed limit as set forth in claim 20, further including: transmitting the warning signal to the notifier for causing the posted speed limit and a warning message to be displayed on the notifier. 23. The method for setting a warning threshold speed limit as set forth in claim 20, further including: evaluating the image to identify the sign indicates a school zone speed limit if the sign includes the word \u201cSCHOOL\u201d. 24. The method for setting a warning threshold speed limit as set forth in claim 20, further including: evaluating the image to identify the sign indicates a school zone speed limit if the sign includes an extension banner. 25. The method for setting a warning threshold speed limit as set forth in claim 20, further including: if a speed of the associated vehicle is more than the predetermined range over the warning threshold speed limit, transmitting the warning signal to the notifier for causing the warning threshold speed limit and a warning message to be displayed on the notifier. 26. A method for identifying and controlling a speed, the method comprising: receiving signals indicative of an image including a representation of at least one posted speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling; evaluating the image to identify any of the at least one posted speed limits; selecting any of the at least one posted speed limits greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold speed limit as a possible speed limit for the associated vehicle; determining an identified speed limit for the associated vehicle based on all of the possible speed limits; and transmitting a signal for controlling a speed of the associated vehicle based on the actual speed limit. 27. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 26, further including: setting the predetermined threshold speed limit as 23 mph. 28. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 26, further including: controlling the speed of the associated vehicle to be within a predetermined range of the identified speed limit. 29. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 26, further including: determining the identified speed limit as one of the highest possible speed limit and the lowest possible speed limit. 30. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 26, further including: identifying the associated vehicle as one of a plurality of vehicle types. 31. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 30, further including: determining the identified speed limit based on all of the possible speed limits and the vehicle type of the associated vehicle. 32. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 26, further including: transmitting a signal for displaying the actual speed limit. 33. The method for identifying and controlling a speed as set forth in claim 32, further including: transmitting a signal for displaying a warning message if the speed of the associated vehicle is greater than the actual speed limit by a predetermined range. 34. A controller adapted to: receive signals indicative of an image of a sign including a representation of a possible speed limit for a current section of a road on which an associated vehicle is traveling; means for evaluating the image to identify if the sign indicates a school zone speed limit; only if the evaluation of the image indicates the sign is not a school zone speed limit, set a warning threshold speed limit to the possible speed limit; and if a speed of the associated vehicle is more than a predetermined range over the warning threshold speed limit, transmit a warning signal to a notifier for notifying an operator of the associated vehicle.",
-    "A method may include providing one or more telemetry transmission systems, the one or more transmission systems comprising one or more receivers and one or more transmitters. The method may also include transmitting a first synchronization sequence from the one or more telemetry transmission systems, the first synchronization sequence transmitted in a first channel, and the first synchronization sequence being at least a portion of a first telemetry signal. In addition, the method may include transmitting a second synchronization sequence the one or more telemetry transmission systems, the second synchronization sequence transmitted in a second channel, and the second synchronization sequence being at least a portion of a second telemetry signal. The first and second synchronization sequences may be transmitted simultaneously or at a predetermined time difference. The method may include receiving the first synchronization sequence at the one or more receivers, and receiving the second synchronization sequence at the one or more receivers. 1. A method comprising: providing one or more telemetry transmission systems, the one or more transmission systems comprising one or more receivers and one or more transmitters; transmitting a first synchronization sequence from the one or more telemetry transmission systems, the first synchronization sequence transmitted in a first channel, the first synchronization sequence being at least a portion of a first telemetry signal; transmitting a second synchronization sequence from the one or more telemetry transmission systems, the second synchronization sequence transmitted in a second channel, the second synchronization sequence being at least a portion of a second telemetry signal, the first and second synchronization sequences transmitted simultaneously or at a predetermined time difference; receiving the first synchronization sequence at the one or more receivers; and receiving the second synchronization sequence at the one or more receivers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence are transmitted via different physical channels. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the physical channels are selected from the group consisting of mud fluid column, electromagnetic through formation/drill-string, acoustic waves through drill-string, or wired-pipe. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence are transmitted via different frequency channels. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the one or more telemetry transmission systems includes a time synchronizer. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the time synchronizer is a single clock. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the time synchronizer is two or more clocks. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the two are more clocks are synchronized clocks. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the two are more clocks are not synchronized clocks and clock drift is estimated. 10. The method of claim 1 further comprises a controller, the controller in data connection with each of the one or more telemetry transmission systems. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the controller includes a receiving system, the receiving system adapted to receive telemetry signals from the first channel and the second channel simultaneously. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the controller includes a channel propagation model. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the channel propagation model is a time delay tracking model, a physical propagation model, or a blended time delay model. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the channel propagation model is a time delay tracking model and wherein the method further comprises: determining the estimated start time of the first synchronization sequence; determining the estimate start time of the second synchronization sequence; calculating a first measured time delay between the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence as the difference between the estimated start time of the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence; obtaining signal lock in either the first channel or the second channel; calculating a second measured time delay after signal lock in either the first channel or the second channel; and blending the first measured time delay and the second measured time delay to obtain an updated time delay estimate, wherein the updated time delay estimate is an estimated time delay. 15. The method of claim of 13, wherein the channel propagation model is a physical propagation model and wherein the method further comprises: supplying a depth measurement device; determining the distance from a first transmitter to a first receiver using the depth measurement device; determining the speed of the telemetry signal; and determining a predicted time delay by dividing the distance from the first transmitter to the first receiver by the speed of the telemetry signal, wherein the predicted time delay is an estimated time delay. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the channel propagation model is a blended time delay model and wherein the method further comprises: determining a predicted time delay; determining an updated time delay estimate; blending the predicted time delay and the updated time delay to obtain an estimated time delay. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising the steps of: determining an estimated time delay for the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence; performing a combined synchronization operation from the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence using the estimated time delay to detect a combined synchronization sequence; and time synchronizing at least one receiver to the combined synchronization sequence. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of performing a combined synchronization operation comprises correlating against the combination of the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence using a combined correlator. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the combined synchronization operation results in the calculation of a combined correlator coefficient, \u03c1c, wherein \u03c1c, is calculated using the equation: \u03c1 c \ue8a0 ( k ) = \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 j = 1 m i \ue89e \ue89e ( r i \ue8a0 ( j ) - r l _ ) \ue89e ( s i \ue8a0 ( k + o i + j ) - s l _ ) \u03c1 \ue89e \ue89e c , [ \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 j = 1 m i \ue89e \ue89e ( r i \ue8a0 ( j ) - r l _ ) 2 ] \ue8a0 [ \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e \u2211 j = 1 m i \ue89e \ue89e ( s i \ue8a0 ( k + o i + j ) - s l _ ) 2 ] wherein \u03c1c, is determined at time index k for n reference waveforms, ri, with corresponding signals, si, both of length mi, with means ri and si respectively and signal time offsets, oi, and wherein si are the first telemetry signal and second telemetry signal, reference waveforms, ri, are the reference waveforms for the corresponding to the signals, si and signal time offsets, are the estimated time delays for the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of performing a combined synchronization operation comprises: removing the sequence mean of the first synchronization sequence; removing the sequence mean of a first reference synchronization sequence; multiplying each point of the first synchronization sequence and the first reference synchronization sequence to obtain a first resultant output; removing the sequence mean of the second synchronization sequence; removing the sequence mean of a second reference synchronization sequence; multiplying each point of the second synchronization sequence and the second reference synchronization sequence to obtain a second resultant output; summing the first resultant output and second resultant output to form a summed output; normalizing the summed output by the square root of a product of the combined reference and signal energies to form a combined correlator output. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of performing a combined synchronization sequence operation comprises: determining a signal to noise ratio for the first channel; determining a signal to noise ratio for the second channel; setting a first pre-defined threshold based on the signal to noise ratio for the first channel; setting a second pre-defined threshold based on the signal to noise ratio for the second channel; correlating the first synchronization signal; correlating the second synchronization signal; determining if the output from the step of correlating the first synchronization signal or the output from correlating the output of the second synchronization signal exceeds the first pre-defined threshold or the second predefined threshold, respectively; and if either the output from the step of correlating the first synchronization signal or the output from correlating the output of the second synchronization signal exceeds the first pre-defined threshold or the second predefined threshold, determining if signal lock has been achieved. 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the step of performing a combined synchronization operation comprises use of a weighted correlation method. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the weighted correlation method uses a weighted correlator coefficient, \u03c1c, wherein \u03c1c, is calculated using the equation: \u03c1 w \ue8a0 ( k ) = \u2211 i = 1 n \ue89e \ue89e W i \ue89e \u2211 j = 1 m i \ue89e \ue89e ( r i \ue8a0 ( j ) - r l _ ) \ue89e ( s i \ue8a0 ( k + o i + j ) - s l _ ) [ \u2211 j = 1 m i \ue89e \ue89e ( r i \ue8a0 ( j ) - r l _ ) 2 ] \ue8a0 [ \u2211 j = 1 m i \ue89e \ue89e ( s i \ue8a0 ( k + o i + j ) - s l _ ) 2 ] wherein \u03c1c, is determined at time index k for n reference waveforms, ri, with corresponding signals, both of length mi, with means ri and si respectively and signal time offsets, oi, and wherein si are the first telemetry signal and second telemetry signal, reference waveforms, ri, are the reference waveforms for the corresponding to the signals, si and signal time offsets, oi, are the estimated time delays for the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence, weights, Wi, are weighting factors based on the estimated signal to noise ration (SNR) or probability of bit error (Pb) for the corresponding channel. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the weight, Wi, for the first telemetry signal and second telemetry signal is determined by: measuring the SNR of the first telemetry signal (SNR1); measuring the SNR of the second telemetry signal (SNR2); calculating the weighting factor for the first telemetry signal, W1, using the formula (SNR1/(SNR1+SNR2); and calculating the weighting factor for the second telemetry signal, W2, using the formula (SNR2/(SNR1+SNR2). 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the weight, Wi, for the first telemetry signal and second telemetry signal is determined by: measuring the Pb of the first telemetry signal (Pb1); measuring the Pb of the second telemetry signal (Pb2); calculating the weighting factor for the first telemetry signal, W1, using the formula ((1/Pb1)/(1/Pb1+1/Pb2); and calculating the weighting factor for the second telemetry signal, W2, using the formula ((1/Pb2)/(1/Pb1+1/Pb2) 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the step of performing a combined synchronization operation comprises: determining SNR (SNR1) or Pb (Pb1) for the first telemetry signal; determining SNR (SNR2) or Pb (Pb2) for the second telemetry signal; removing the sequence mean of a first reference synchronization sequence; multiplying each point of the first synchronization sequence and the first reference synchronization sequence to obtain a first resultant output; summing and then normalizing the first resultant output by the square root of the product of the reference and signal energies to obtain unweighted correlation coefficient 1; removing the sequence mean of the second synchronization sequence; removing the sequence mean of a second reference synchronization sequence; multiplying each point of the second synchronization sequence and the second reference synchronization sequence to obtain a second resultant output; summing and then normalizing the second resultant output by the square root of the product of the reference and signal energies to obtain unweighted correlation coefficient 2; transforming the unweighted correlation coefficient 1 into weighted correlation coefficient 1 using either the SNR or Pb for telemetry signal 1; transforming the unweighted correlation coefficient 2 into weighted correlation coefficient 2 using either the SNR or Pb for telemetry signal 2; and combining weighted correlation coefficient 1 and weighted correlation coefficient 2 a to form a weighted correlator output. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the transformation of unweighted correlation coefficient 1 into weighted correlation coefficient 1 and unweighted correlation coefficient 2 into weighted correlation coefficient 2 is accomplished by: multiplying unweighted correlation coefficient 1 by (SNR1/(SNR1+SNR2) or ((1/Pb1)/(1/Pb1+1/Pb2)); and multiplying unweighted coefficient 2 by (SNR2/(SNR1+SNR2) or ((1/Pb2)/(1/Pb1+1/Pb2)). 28. The method of claim 17 further comprising: determining if signal lock has been achieved for one or more receivers. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the step of determining if signal lock has been achieved comprises: obtaining a combined correlator output, stacked sequence correlator output, or weighted correlator output, the combined correlator output, stacked sequence correlator output, or weighted correlator output ranging from \u2212100% to 100%; determining a pre-defined correlation threshold; and comparing the combined correlator output, stacked sequence correlator output, or weighted correlator output to the pre-defined correlation threshold. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the pre-defined correlation threshold is between 55% and 85%. 31. The method of claim 30 further comprising: calculating the correlation coefficient for each samples of the telemetry signal. determining a peak combined correlator output, stacked sequence correlator output, or weighted correlator output; and determining a time of the peak combined correlator output, stacked sequence correlator output, or weighted correlator output, the time of the peak combined correlator output, stacked sequence correlator output, or weighted correlator output defining a synchronization time. 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising: obtaining signal lock on the first channel; searching for the second synchronization sequence in the second telemetry channel based on the estimated time delay between the first synchronization sequence and the second synchronization sequence. 33. The method of claim 30 further comprising: detecting an event; and searching for the first synchronization sequence in the first telemetry channel or the second synchronization sequence in the second synchronization channel based on the detection of the event. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the event is the start or stop of drilling fluid flow, start or stop of drill-string rotation, movement of the drill-string up or down or contact of the drill bit with the bottom of the hole. 35. The method of claim 1, wherein the first telemetry channel or the second telemetry channel includes no data sequence. 36. A method comprising: providing one or more telemetry transmission systems, the one or more transmission systems comprising one or more receivers and one or more transmitters; transmitting a first synchronization sequence from the one or more telemetry transmission systems, the first synchronization sequence transmitted in a first channel, the first synchronization sequence being at least a portion of a first telemetry signal; repeating the first synchronization sequence in the first channel at a pre-determined interval; and receiving the first synchronization sequence at the one or more receivers.",
-    "One embodiment of the invention provides a latchable plastic clip formed from a resilient main band body bent into a near closed \u201cS\u201d or \u201cFigure 8\u201d shape. The clip is useful when used in numbers for releasably suspending elongated objects such as wires, cords and hoses beneath and along supportive objects, such as rods, bars, railings, or pipes. It is also useful when used singularly for storing items such as ropes, straps, chains, harnesses, halters and reins by hanging them from support structure such as rods, bars, railings or pipes, coiling them first if necessary or desirable. 1. A clip formed from a resilient main band body having a first side, a second side, a first end, a second end, a length, a width, a thickness, a plane of symmetry, the width being greater than the thickness and transverse to the plane of symmetry, the resilient band main body being formed into a first closeable loop beginning near the first end, and a second closeable loop beginning near the second end, the resilient main band body having a generally near-closed S shape and being curved transversely to its thickness to form the first closeable loop and the second closeable loop, said clip further comprising a first socket body positioned on the first side of the resilient main band body for releasably closing the first loop and a second socket body positioned on the second side of the resilient main band body for releasably closing the second loop, said first socket body defining a first elongated opening facing away from the first loop and leading to a first generally cylindrical inside surface, said second socket body defining a second elongated opening facing away from the second loop and leading to a second generally cylindrical inside surface, the first socket body for receiving a first pin having a longitudinal axis positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first generally cylindrical inside surface of the first socket body, and a first wall body connecting the first pin to the resilient band main body, and the second socket body for receiving a second pin having a longitudinal axis positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second generally cylindrical inside surface of the second socket body, and a second wall body connecting the second pin to the resilient band main body, wherein the pins have a diameter that is greater than the width of the elongated openings through the sidewalls of their respective sockets, so that the pins are retained in their respective sockets against forces in the plane of the clip, and placing a pin into a socket to close a loop requires moving the pin out of the plane of symmetry against the resiliency of the resilient main body, aligning the pin with the socket, and releasing the pin to enter the socket transversely. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. A clip formed from a resilient main band body having a first end, a second end, a length, a width, a thickness, a plane of symmetry, the width being greater than the thickness and transverse to the plane of symmetry, the resilient band main body being formed into a first closeable loop beginning near the first end, and a second closeable loop beginning near the second end, the resilient main band body having a generally near-closed S shape and being curved transversely to its thickness to form the first closeable loop and the second closeable loop, said clip further comprising first latch means positioned on the resilient main band body for releasably closing the first loop and second latch means positioned on the resilient main band body for releasably closing the second loop, wherein the resilient main band main body has a first side and a second side, and the first latch means comprises a first socket body protruding from the first side of the resilient main band main body and having a generally cylindrical inside surface forming a first open-sidewall sided socket extending across the width of the first side of the resilient band main body, said first socket body defining an elongated opening facing generally away from the first loop, and the second latch means comprises a second socket body protruding from the second side of the resilient main band main body and having a generally cylindrical inside surface forming second open-sidewall-sided socket extending across the width of the second side of the resilient main band body and defining an elongated opening facing generally away from the second loop, wherein the generally cylindrical inside surface of the first socket body has a longitudinal axis normal to the plane of symmetry of the clip and the generally cylindrical inside surface of the second socket body has a longitudinal axis normal to the plane of symmetry of the clip, wherein the first latch means further comprises a first pin having a longitudinal axis positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the generally cylindrical surface of the first socket body, and a first wall body connecting the first pin to the resilient band main body, and the second latch means further comprises a second pin having a longitudinal axis positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the generally cylindrical surface of the second socket body, and a second wall body connecting the second pin to the resilient band main body. 5. A clip as in claim 4 wherein the first wall body and the second wall body are positioned so that the first pin and the second pin are located near the first socket body and the second socket body, respectively, when the first loop and the second loop are open, and said first pin and said second pin are moveable from a loop open to a loop closed position, the first wall body passing through the elongated opening through the sidewall of the first socket body and the second wall body passing through the elongated opening through the sidewall of the second socket body when the first pin and the second pin are in loop closed positions. 6. A clip as in claim 5 wherein the first wall body extends from the resilient band main body from a location at or near the first end of the resilient band main body and is of the width of the resilient band main body, said first wall body curving toward the elongated opening through the sidewall of the first socket body and the second wall body extends from the band main body from a location at or near the second end of the resilient band main body and is of the width of the resilient band main body, said second wall body curving toward the elongated opening through the sidewall of the second socket body. 7. A clip as in claim 6 wherein each pin has a length that is greater than the width of the resilient band main body and a diameter that is receivable by their respective sockets, each pin having a diameter greater than a width for the elongated openings through the sidewalls of their respective sockets so that the pins are retained in their respective sockets against forces in the plane of the clip. 8. A method for releasably suspending elongated objects beneath rods, bars, railings, or pipes, said method comprising attaching a clip as in claim 1 to a rod, bar, railing or pipe by encircling the rod, bar railing or pipe with the first closeable loop of the clip, attaching the clip of claim 1 to the at least one elongated object by encircling the elongated object with the second closeable loop, and closing the first loop and the second low by transversely receiving the first and second pins in their respective first and second socket bodies, wherein the pins are transversely urged into the socket bodies by the resilient main band body. 9. A method as in claim 8 further comprising encircling the rod, bar, railing or pipe with the first closeable loop of a plurality of clips according to claim 1 at spaced apart locations, and encircling the at least one elongated object with the second closeable loops of the plurality of clips according to claim 1 to suspend the at least one elongated object beneath the rod, bar, railing or pipe, and closing the first loops and the second loops of the plurality of clips by transversely receiving the first and second pins in their respective first and second socket bodies, wherein the pins are transversely urged into the socket bodies by the resilient main band bodies. 10. (canceled) 11. A method as in claim 9 wherein the elongated object is selected from electrical cords, wiring, hydraulic hoses, pneumatic hoses, and tubing. 12. A method for releasably attaching elongated objects to rods, bars, railings or pipes for storing the elongated objects, said method comprising attaching a clip as in claim 1 to a rod, bar, railing or pipe by encircling the rod, bar railing or pipe with the first closeable loop of the clip, closing the first loop, positioning a coiled elongated object in the second loop, and closing the second loop to store the coil, wherein closing the first loop and the second loop requires moving a pin out of the plane of symmetry against the resiliency of the resilient main body aligning the pin with a socket, and releasing the pin to enter the socket transversely under the urging of the resilient main body. 13. A method as in claim 12 where the elongated objects are selected from ropes, straps, chains, harnesses, halters, and reins.",
-    "This invention provides a multi-shaft vacuum manipulator shafting testing device that is simple in structure, convenient for assembly and disassembly and strong in practicality. That device consists of test bed, manipulator direct drive unit, angle encoder installation support, angle encoder, connecting flange and laser displacement detecting device. The manipulator direct drive unit is mounted on the test bed through the flange. The angle encoder installation support is fixed through bolt on the test bed on one end, and the other end has the angle encoder installed on it through bolt. One end of the connecting flange connects with the shafting of the manipulator direct drive unit. The other end is connected by a flexible coupling with the angle encoder shaft. The flexible coupling compensates the axial movement error and the nonalignment error between the encoder and connecting flange to avoid too much force acting on the bearing of the angle encoder. The laser displacement detecting device consists of two laser displacement sensors and a two-dimensional mobile platform, which can adjust the range of measurement. This invention has such advantages as high measurement accuracy, convenient test operation and wide application scope and low test cost. 1. A kind of multi-shaft vacuum manipulator shafting accuracy testing device characterized by including test bed (1), manipulator direct drive unit (2), connecting flange (3), flexible coupling (4), angle encoder (5), angle encoder installation support (6) and laser displacement detecting device (7), the said angle encoder installation support (6) connecting with the said test bed (1), the said angle encoder (5) connecting with the said angle encoder installation support (6); the said connecting flange is set up on the said test bed (1) with the two upper and lower ends connecting with the said flexible coupling (4) and manipulator direct drive unit (2) respectively, the said flexible coupling (4) connecting with the said angle encoder (5), the said laser displacement detecting device (7) connecting with the said connecting flange (3). 2. According to claim 1, the said multi-shaft vacuum manipulator shafting accuracy testing device is characterized by the said manipulator direct drive unit (2) including manipulator mounting flange (21) and manipulator drive shaft (22), the said manipulator mounting flange (21) connecting with the said test bed (1), the said manipulator drive shaft (22) connecting with the said manipulator mounting flange (21) and connecting flange (3) respectively. 3. According to claim 1, the said multi-shaft vacuum manipulator shafting accuracy testing device is characterized by the laser displacement detecting device (7) including two laser displacement sensors (71) and two-dimensional mobile platform (72), the said two-dimensional mobile platform (72) connecting with the said connecting flange (3), the said two laser displacement sensors (71) being set up on the said two-dimensional mobile platform (72).",
-    "Pharmaceutical composition comprising antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof that bind to globo H, SSEA3, and SSEA-4 are disclosed herein, as well as methods of use thereof. Methods of use include, without limitation, cancer therapies and diagnostics. The antibodies of the disclosure can bind to certain cancer cell surfaces. Exemplary targets of the antibodies disclosed herein can include carcinomas, such as those in brain, skin, bone, lungs, breast, esophagus, stomach, liver, bile duct, pancreas, colon, kidney, cervical, ovarian, and/or prostate cancer. 1. An isolated monoclonal antibody or a binding fragment thereof that binds to Neu5Ac\u03b12\u21923Gal\u03b21\u21923GalNAc\u03b21\u21923Gal\u03b11\u21924Gal\u03b21\u21924Glc\u03b21 of SSEA4, wherein upon binding to said SSEA4 the antibody has ADCC inducing activity. 2. The antibody or binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody also binds to GloboH and/or SSEA3. 3. The antibody or the fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof shows strong binding to SSEA4. 4. The antibody or the fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the antibody, or the antigen binding portion thereof, dissociates from the SSEA4 with a Kd of 0.2 microgram/ml or less as determined by ELISA binding assay. 5. An isolated monoclonal antibody or a binding fragment thereof, wherein the antibody or the binding fragment thereof comprises a VH sequence having SEQ ID NO: 202, SEQ ID NO. 212 or SEQ ID NO: 222 and a VL sequence having SEQ ID NO: 203 SEQ ID NO. 213 or SEQ ID NO: 223. 6. The isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 5, comprising a H-CDR1 sequence, a H-CDR2 sequence, and a H-CDR3 sequence selected from (i)-(iii), respectively, wherein: (i) H-CDR1 sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO: 207, SEQ ID NO: 217, and SEQ ID NO: 227; (ii) H-CDR2 sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO: 208; SEQ ID NO: 218, and SEQ ID NO: 228; and (iii) H-CDR3 sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 219, and SEQ ID NO: 229; and comprising a L-CDR1 sequence, a L-CDR2 sequence and a L-CDR3 sequence selected from (iv)-(vi), respectively, wherein: (iv) L-CDR1 sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO: 204; SEQ ID NO: 214, and SEQ ID NO: 224; (v) L-CDR2 sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO: 205; SEQ ID NO: 215 and SEQ ID NO: 225; and (vi) L-CDR3 sequence is selected from SEQ ID NO: 206, SEQ ID NO: 216 and SEQ ID NO: 226. 7. The isolated monoclonal antibody of claim 3 or 4, wherein the antibody comprises: a L-CDR1 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 204, SEQ ID NO: 214, and SEQ ID NO: 224; a L-CDR2 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 205; SEQ ID NO: 215 and SEQ ID NO: 225; and a L-CDR3 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 206, SEQ ID NO: 216 and SEQ ID NO: 226. 8. The isolated monoclonal antibody of claim 3 or 4, wherein the antibody comprises: a L-CDR1 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 204; SEQ ID NO: 214, and SEQ ID NO: 224; and a L-CDR2 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:205; SEQ ID NO: 215 and SEQ ID NO: 225. 9. The isolated monoclonal antibody of claim 3 or 4, wherein the antibody comprises: a L-CDR1 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 204; SEQ ID NO: 214, and SEQ ID NO: 224. 10. The antibody of any one of claims 6-9, wherein the antibody is a human antibody, 11. The antibody of any one of claims 6-9, wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody. 12. The antibody of any one of claims 6-9, wherein the antibody is a chimeric antibody. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the monoclonal antibody or binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 11-12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the composition is useful in the treatment against a hyperproliferative disease. 15. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 whereby the administered antibody enhances ADCC activity in said subject. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, bone cancer, skin cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer.",
-    "Systems and techniques for detecting design problems in a circuit design are described. A higher-level abstraction of the circuit design can be synthesized to obtain a lower-level abstraction of the circuit design, and a mapping between signals in the higher-level abstraction and the signals in the lower-level abstraction. A design problem can be detected in the circuit design in response to determining that a possible glitch in a signal in the lower-level abstraction is not blocked when an enable signal is assigned a blocking value (the enable signal and the corresponding blocking value are identified by analyzing the higher-level abstraction). 1. In an electronic design automation (EDA) software tool in a computer, a method for detecting design problems in a circuit design, the method comprising: analyzing a higher-level abstraction of the circuit design to identify (1) a set of glitch-blocking circuits, (2) an enable signal corresponding to each glitch-blocking circuit, and (3) a blocking value corresponding to each enable signal which, when assigned to the enable signal, is supposed to cause the corresponding glitch-blocking circuit to block glitches; analyzing a lower-level abstraction of the circuit design to identify a possible glitch in a first signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is generated from the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design; identifying a first enable signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design that corresponds to a glitch-blocking circuit that is supposed to block glitches in the first signal; and detecting a design problem in the circuit design in response to determining that the possible glitch in the first signal is not blocked when the first enable signal is assigned a first blocking value corresponding to the first enable signal. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design is a register-transfer level (RTL) description of the circuit design. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is a netlist of the circuit design. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal is a clock-domain crossing (CDC) signal, and the glitch-blocking circuit is a CDC synchronization circuit that is supposed to prevent corruption of information carried by the first signal when the first signal crosses clock domains. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is generated from the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design by using a synthesis tool. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first enable signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is identified by using a mapping generated by the synthesis tool that associates signals in the higher-level abstraction with corresponding signals in the lower-level abstraction. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said detecting the design problem in the circuit design comprises using the mapping to identify a second signal in the higher-level abstraction that corresponds to the first signal in the lower-level abstraction. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the possible glitch in the first signal is not blocked if the possible glitch can propagate to an input of one or more registers when the first enable signal is assigned the first blocking value corresponding to the first enable signal. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method for detecting design problems in a circuit design, the method comprising: analyzing a higher-level abstraction of the circuit design to identify (1) a set of glitch-blocking circuits, (2) an enable signal corresponding to each glitch-blocking circuit, and (3) a blocking value corresponding to each enable signal which, when assigned to the enable signal, is supposed to cause the corresponding glitch-blocking circuit to block glitches; analyzing a lower-level abstraction of the circuit design to identify a possible glitch in a first signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is generated from the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design; identifying a first enable signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design that corresponds to a glitch-blocking circuit that is supposed to block glitches in the first signal; and detecting a design problem in the circuit design in response to determining that the possible glitch in the first signal is not blocked when the first enable signal is assigned a first blocking value corresponding to the first enable signal. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design is a register-transfer level (RTL) description of the circuit design. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is a netlist of the circuit design. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the first signal is a clock-domain crossing (CDC) signal, and the glitch-blocking circuit is a CDC synchronization circuit that is supposed to prevent corruption of information carried by the first signal when the first signal crosses clock domains. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is generated from the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design by using a synthesis tool. 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the first enable signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is identified by using a mapping generated by the synthesis tool that associates signals in the higher-level abstraction with corresponding signals in the lower-level abstraction. 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein said detecting the design problem in the circuit design comprises using the mapping to identify a second signal in the higher-level abstraction that corresponds to the first signal in the lower-level abstraction. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the possible glitch in the first signal is not blocked if the possible glitch can propagate to an input of one or more registers when the first enable signal is assigned the first blocking value corresponding to the first enable signal. 17. A glitch detection system, comprising: a processor; and a non-transitory storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the glitch detection system to perform a method for detecting design problems in a circuit design, the method comprising: analyzing a higher-level abstraction of the circuit design to identify (1) a set of glitch-blocking circuits, (2) an enable signal corresponding to each glitch-blocking circuit, and (3) a blocking value corresponding to each enable signal which, when assigned to the enable signal, is supposed to cause the corresponding glitch-blocking circuit to block glitches; analyzing a lower-level abstraction of the circuit design to identify a possible glitch in a first signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is generated from the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design; identifying a first enable signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design that corresponds to a glitch-blocking circuit that is supposed to block glitches in the first signal; and detecting a design problem in the circuit design in response to determining that the possible glitch in the first signal is not blocked when the first enable signal is assigned a first blocking value corresponding to the first enable signal. 18. The glitch detection system of claim 17, wherein the first signal is a clock-domain crossing (CDC) signal, and the glitch-blocking circuit is a CDC synchronization circuit that is supposed to prevent corruption of information carried by the first signal when the first signal crosses clock domains. 19. The glitch detection system of claim 17, wherein the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is generated from the higher-level abstraction of the circuit design by using a synthesis tool, and wherein the first enable signal in the lower-level abstraction of the circuit design is identified by using a mapping generated by the synthesis tool that associates signals in the higher-level abstraction with corresponding signals in the lower-level abstraction. 20. The glitch detection system of claim 17, wherein the possible glitch in the first signal is not blocked if the possible glitch can propagate to an input of one or more registers when the first enable signal is assigned the first blocking value corresponding to the first enable signal.",
-    "The non-rigid gate device as described may be useful in many application for the general public; gateways in parks, special events, entries to open type office or business building, also large flee-markets often have rigid gates, problems with latches, Other possibilities exist; such as onboard a ship or pleasure boats whereas rigid purpose gates are sometimes left open, this gate is freely placed in a tapered receiver bracket or placed open with the free end resting on a solid surface, rigid gates slam violently in stormy conditions, The non-rigid gate device may be built of metal with a rubber foot to rest on hard surfaces. This gate may be automatically latched when it is placed in a receiver bracket with the auto locking device of this patent application. This invention could be used at airports, parks and welcome centers; or as a garden gate, whereby obstacles often block rigid gates from opening; the inventor foresees many possibilities beyond the stairway use for this non-rigid gate. 1; A non-rigid blocking apparatus referred to as a step store gate is assembled with pivot pins and spacer washers at lifting and rotating contact points, and may be installed at the bottom or the top of a stairway or passageway, and will close across the stairway, to provide blockage and thereby provide safety for small children, by preventing access to the stairway; whereas a vertical mounted pivot post provides two recessed mounting areas, for pivotal mounting of the horizontal beams; whereas a series of pivotal mounted vertical pickets are evenly spaced one to the other along the length of the horizontal beams and thereby compose the blocking surface of said gate; whereas lifting the swinging end of the device to the adjacent wall places the gate in the step store position, thereby the gate pivots to the incline of the stairway angle, and the parallel beams remain parallel one to the other and vertical pickets always remain vertical; further, rotating the gate to the closed position across the stairway the horizontal beams are secured in level position in \u201cY\u201d tapered receiver brackets held in place by the force of gravity; furthermore a balance operated latching device is provided to latch the end of the \u201cT\u201d Top horizontal beam in the receiver bracket, a fingertip action by a person releases the latch device and allows lifting and rotating the horizontal beam to pass through the gateway; thereafter rotating the gate back to the closed horizontal position by lowering the gate beams into the tapered receiver brackets whereby it is automatically latched; whereby the \u201cT\u201d Top beam provides strength and safety, and also provides a firm gripping surface as lifting and rotating the gate, whereas the step store gate is always ready for use as it is needed; furthermore an optional architectural designed vertically mounted gate receiver assembly may be used if needed. 2; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And the vertical pivot post described herein and described in the specifications and alternate ways a pivot post and pivot brackets may be modified to satisfy the need of a non rigid gate for use of the general public or there pets. 3; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And the lever mounted bottom and top structural beams whereby providing the mounting areas for multiple vertical pivot mounting blocking devices; and the modifications this designer and inventor envisions in modified applications of general public use. 4; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And the series of vertical pickets spaced equally one from the other along the length of the two horizontal beams, and as described in the specifications and illustrated in drawings provided; whereby blocking devices are attached with pivot screws each passing through a vertical blocking members and a thin washers to provide firmness as anchoring each pivot pins into the horizontal beams of the blocking structure and thereby preventing scaring and sounds as lifting and rotating the blocking device; and the inventor envisions modified applications of general public use. 5; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And the \u201cT\u201d Top beam, designed to provide additional latitude strength and safety provided, as rounded top edges are designed to help prevent serious injury if a person of the general public, would fall toward the blocking device; and in addition the \u201cT\u201d Top beam provides a hand grip. 6; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And the \u201cY\u201d tapered gate receiver brackets providing a non mechanical device that guides the horizontal beam into the receiver notch, thereafter gravity holds the beam firmly in place; two receiver brackets are required. 7; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And an automatic receiver latch, is gravity operated and design balanced; the horizontal beam latch will prevent lifting the horizontal beam; whereby a one finger pull will allow the beam to be lifted from the receiver bracket; furthermore the latch mounts on the top receiver bracket only, and the latch may be converted to hand operation by installing a common spring loaded bullet latch, by pressing the small device into a pre-drilled hole that is hidden under the latch device. 8; the non-rigid blocking apparatus of claim 1; And a vertical mounted gate receiver assembly providing a single device to receive the lifting end of the bottom and the top horizontal beam, whereby providing a top \u201cY\u201d tapered notch, with a lesser bottom rounded notch for the bottom beam to inter; whereas the device uses a rear surface mounting device secured to all assembly parts to hold the two vertical receiver beams and two beam rest as one unit, composing the vertical mounted gate beam receiver assembly as a single unit, thereby, Velcro and straps may be used to attach the receiver assembly to a stairway handrail assembly; and the horizontal beams of the gate are held in place in the closed position, by the natural force of gravity.",
-    "The present invention provides an improved uncoupling membrane for use between a top coat of mortar in which a tile layer is set and a base coat of mortar applied to a substrate surface. The membrane being of the type including a dimpled plastic layer, the dimples defining, on one side of the membrane, a number of depressions into which the top coat extends in use and, on the other side of the membrane, a number of protuberances. The improvement may include a polymeric coating overlaying the plastic layer and to which the top coat of mortar adheres in use. 1. A method for rendering a plastic surface amenable to bonding with mortar, the method comprising the steps of: applying to said plastic surface a coating of a styrene butadiene block copolymer allowing the coating to cure, at least in part, into an elastomer. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the coating is sprayed. 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the coating is sprayed with an airless sprayer. 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the coating is sprayed with a 615 spray tip. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the coating is applied at a rate of 15-20 ml per square foot of plastic surface. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the coating is the compound sold by Flextile Inc. of Toronto, Canada under the stock number WP980.",
-    "A method for detecting a software-race condition in a program includes copying a state of a transaction of the program from a first core of a multi-core processor to at least one additional core of the multi-core processor, running the transaction, redundantly, on the first core and the at least one additional core given the state, outputting a result of the first core and the at least one additional core, and detecting a difference in the results between the first core and the at least one additional core, wherein the difference indicates the software-race condition. 1. A method for detecting a software-race condition in a program, the method comprising: copying a state of a transaction of the program from a first core of a multi-core processor to at least one additional core of the multi-core processor; running the transaction, redundantly, on the first core and the at least one additional core given the state, wherein the transaction is run by at least one of the first core and the at least one additional core with a shifting delay starting the transaction at different times on the first core and the at least one additional core; outputting a result of the first core and the at least one additional core; detecting a difference in the results between the first core and the at least one additional core, wherein the difference indicates the software-race condition; maintaining a log of the difference detected while continuously executing the transaction, wherein the log includes start and end addresses of the transaction; obtaining a failing case based on the software-race condition; performing a rollback of the program; and executing the failing case using a debugger. 2. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions which when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method for detecting a software-race condition in a program, the method comprising: copying a state of a transaction of the program from a first core of a multi-core processor to at least one additional core of the multi-core processor; running the transaction, redundantly, on the first core and the at least one additional core given the state, wherein the transaction is run by at least one of the first core and the at least one additional core with a shifting delay starting the transaction at different times on the first core and the at least one additional core; outputting a result of the first core and the at least one additional core; detecting a difference in the results between the first core and the at least one additional core, wherein the difference indicates the software-race condition; maintaining a log of the difference detected while continuously executing the transaction, wherein the log includes start and end addresses of the transaction; obtaining a failing case based on the software-race condition; performing a rollback of the program; and executing the failing case using a debugger. 3. An apparatus for detecting a software-race condition in a program, the apparatus comprising: a multi-core processor having at least first and second cores; and a memory coupled to said multi-core processor; wherein said multi-core processor and said memory are cooperatively configured to: copy a state of a transaction of the program from said first core to at least said second core; run the transaction, redundantly, on the first core and the at least second core given the state, wherein the transaction is run by at least one of the first core and the at least second core with a shifting delay starting the transaction at different times on the first core and the at least second core; output a result of the first core and the at least second core; detect a difference in the results between the first core and the at least second core, wherein the difference indicates the software-race condition; maintain a log of the difference detected while continuously executing the transaction, wherein the log includes start and end addresses of the transaction; obtain a failing case based on the software-race condition; perform a rollback of the program; and execute the failing case using a debugger.",
-    "The present application relates to multi-stage amplitude modulation-based methods, apparatuses, and systems for coding and decoding a visible light signal. The coding method includes the following steps: dividing to-be-transmitted information into multiple information units, where each information unit includes multiple bits; converting the multiple information units into multiple electrical signal units indicated by at least three levels, where an interval indicated by a first level in the at least three levels exists between adjacent electrical signal units, and each electrical signal unit uses a combination of other levels in the at least three levels to represent the multiple bits of a corresponding information unit; combining the electrical signal units to obtain a coded electrical signal; and transmitting the coded electrical signal in a visible light signal form. 1. A multi-stage amplitude modulation-based method for coding a visible light signal, comprising the following steps: dividing to-be-transmitted information into multiple information units, each information unit comprises multiple bits; converting the multiple information units into multiple electrical signal units indicated by at least three levels, an interval indicated by a first level in the at least three levels exists between adjacent electrical signal units, and each electrical signal unit uses a combination of other levels in the at least three levels to represent the multiple bits of a corresponding information unit; combining the electrical signal units to obtain a coded electrical signal; and transmitting the coded electrical signal in a visible light signal form. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of converting the multiple information units into multiple electrical signal units indicated by at least three levels comprises: determining level combinations of the electrical signal units corresponding to the information units according to a preset correspondence table. 3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising setting a signal end mark to be that a duration of the first level reaches a first threshold. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein each information unit comprises N bits, wherein N is a natural number, and the information is indicated in binary notation. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of transmitting the coded electrical signal in a visible light signal form is: using the coded electrical signal to control a light emitting diode, so that the coded electrical signal is transmitted in the visible light signal form, where the light emitting diode is a lamp or is integrated with an electronic device. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first level is an average value of the at least three levels. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first level is not an average value of the at least three levels, and a beginning of the coded electrical signal is the first level. 8. A multi-stage amplitude modulation-based method for decoding a visible light signal, comprising the following steps: receiving a visible light signal and converting it into an electrical signal; when detecting a transition from a first level to other levels, determining that an electrical signal unit begins, and recording a combination of the other levels; when detecting a transition from the other levels to the first level, determining that the electrical signal unit ends, and starting timing; when detecting that a duration of the first level reaches a first threshold, determining that the signal ends; performing decoding to convert each received electrical signal unit into an information unit; and combining multiple information units into information. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the step of performing decoding to convert each received electrical signal unit into an information unit is: determining, according to a preset correspondence table, an information unit corresponding to the recorded combination of the other levels of the electrical signal unit. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein before detecting the transition from the first level to the other levels, the method further comprises: obtaining an average level value by performing low-pass filtering, and using the average level value as the first level. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein before detecting the transition from the first level to the other levels, the method further comprises: using a level at a beginning of the electrical signal as the first level. 12. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: comparing the information with preset information, and if the information matches the preset information, using the information to control a controlled device. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein that the information matches the preset information comprises that the information is the same as or corresponds to the preset information. 14. A multi-stage amplitude modulation-based apparatus for coding and decoding a visible light signal, the multi-stage amplitude modulation-based apparatus for coding a visible light signal comprises: a module configured to divide to-be-transmitted information into multiple information units, each information unit comprises multiple bits; a module configured to convert the multiple information units into multiple electrical signal units indicated by at least three levels, wherein an interval indicated by a first level in the at least three levels exists between adjacent electrical signal units, and each electrical signal unit uses a combination of other levels in the at least three levels to represent the multiple bits of a corresponding information unit; a module configured to combine the electrical signal units to obtain a coded electrical signal; and a module configured to transmit the coded electrical signal in a visible light signal form, the multi-stage amplitude modulation-based apparatus for decoding a visible light signal comprises: a module configured to receive a visible light signal and convert it into an electrical signal; a module configured to determine, when a transition from a first level to other levels is detected, that an electrical signal unit begins, and record a combination of the other levels; a module configured to determine, when a transition from the other levels to the first level is detected, that the electrical signal unit ends, and start timing; a module configured to determine, when it is detected that a duration of the first level reaches a first threshold, that the signal ends; a module configured to perform decoding to convert each received electrical signal unit into an information unit; and a module configured to combine multiple information units into information. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the module configured to convert the multiple information units into multiple electrical signal units indicated by at least three levels determines, according to a preset correspondence table, level combinations of the electrical signal units corresponding to the information units. 16. The apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising a module configured to set a signal end mark to be that a duration of the first level reaches a first threshold. 17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the module configured to transmit the coded electrical signal in a visible light signal form uses the coded electrical signal to control a light emitting diode, so that the coded electrical signal is transmitted in the visible light signal form, wherein the light emitting diode is a lamp or is integrated with an electronic device. 18. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the first level is an average value of the at least three levels. 19. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the first level is not an average value of the at least three levels, and a beginning of the coded electrical signal is the first level.",
-    "A paper feeder includes a housing, a driving unit, a sheet loading portion, a paper feeding unit, and a lock mechanism. The lock mechanism is located in the housing. The paper feeding unit includes a pickup roller, a second shaft portion, a feed roller, a holder, and a stopper. The stopper is swingably supported in the holder, and is configured to change states between a regulation state and a permission state. The regulation state is a state that regulates entrance of the sheet to be loaded in the sheet loading portion into a side of the feed roller side corresponding to the second position of the holder. The permission state is a state that permits entrance of the sheet into the feed roller side corresponding to the first position of the holder. The lock mechanism locks the holder in the second position at a time of non-paper feeding. 1. A paper feeder, comprising: a housing; a driving unit; a sheet loading portion located in the housing, for loading sheets; a paper feeding unit supported by the housing and feeding the sheet to be loaded in the sheet loading portion in a predetermined conveyance direction; and a lock mechanism located in the housing; wherein the paper feeding unit includes a pickup roller including a first shaft portion, the pickup roller being configured to change positions between a paper feeding position and a non-paper feeding position, the paper feeding position being a position in which the pickup roller is in contact with the sheet to be loaded in the sheet loading portion, the non-paper feeding position being a position in which the pickup roller is separated from the sheet, the pickup roller being rotatably driven around the first shaft portion, and sending out the sheet in the conveyance direction, a second shaft portion connected to the driving unit and rotatably driven forward and reversely, a feed roller that is located in a downstream side in the conveyance direction with respect to the pickup roller, and is rotatably driven forward around the second shaft portion, and conveys the sheet sent out from the pickup roller to the downstream side of the conveyance direction, a holder that rotatably supports the pickup roller through the first shaft portion, and is configured to change positions between a first position and a second position, the holder rotatably driven forward around the second shaft portion changing the position to the first position, the first position causing the pickup roller to be located in the paper feeding position, the holder rotatably driven reversely around the second shaft portion changing the position to the second position, the second position being a position that causes the pickup roller to be located in the non-paper feeding position, and a stopper that is swingably supported in the holder and configured to change states between a regulation state and a permission state, the regulation state being a state that regulates entrance of the sheet to be loaded in the sheet loading portion into a side of the feed roller side corresponding to the second position of the holder, the permission state being a state that permits entrance of the sheet into the feed roller side corresponding to the first position of the holder; and the lock mechanism locks the holder in the second position at a time of non-paper feeding. 2. The paper feeder according to claim 1, wherein: the holder further includes a pair of sidewalls that pivotally supports the first shaft portion and are pivotally supported by the second shaft portion; and a top surface portion that intersects with the pair of sidewalls and covers an upper region over the feed roller; and an engagement projection provided projecting upward from the top surface portion; and the lock mechanism includes a locking shaft rotatably and pivotally supported by the housing; and a locking piece provided extending from the locking shaft, and the lock mechanism being rotatably driven around the locking shaft; and the holder is locked in the second position by engagement of the locking piece with the engagement projection when the holder moves from the first position to the second position. 3. The paper feeder according to claim 2, further comprising: an interlocking mechanism that interlocks with rotation of the feed roller by the forward rotation of the second shaft portion, so as to release a lock state of the holder by the lock mechanism and move the holder from the second position to the first position. 4. The paper feeder according to claim 3, wherein: the interlocking mechanism includes a cam member that includes a projection and is rotatable by the second shaft portion, and a pushed-up piece that is provided at intervals in an axial direction of the locking shaft with respect to the locking piece, and is provided projecting from the locking shaft, and has one end portion being supported by the locking shaft and another end portion being in contact with the cam member, and the pushed-up piece being swingable around the locking shaft; and when the second shaft portion is rotatably driven forward, the projection of the cam member pushes up the pushed-up piece upward to rotatably drive the lock mechanism around the locking shaft, so as to release engagement of the locking piece and the engagement projection. 5. The paper feeder according to claim 4, wherein: the interlocking mechanism further includes a wall portion provided projecting downward from the top surface portion in the holder, and a coil spring that has one end and another end, the one end being fixed to the cam and configured to contact one sidewall of the wall portion, the other end being configured to contact another sidewall of the wall portion, the other sidewall being a backside of the one sidewall, the coil spring being wound around the second shaft portion a plurality of times, the coil spring being located integrally rotatably with the second shaft portion; and when the second shaft portion is rotatably driven forward, the other end of the coil spring presses the one sidewall of the wall portion, so as to move the holder from the second position to the first position while the holder is rotatably driven around the second shaft portion. 6. The paper feeder according to claim 3, further comprising: a clutch that is located between the driving unit and the second shaft portion, and switches transmission of the driving power to the second shaft portion and release of the transmission. 7. The paper feeder according to claim 1, wherein: the housing includes a contacted portion provided projecting toward the paper feeding unit; the holder includes a pair of sidewalls; the stopper includes a fulcrum portion rotatably and pivotally supported by one sidewall of the pair of sidewalls of the holder, a regulating portion that is provided extending downward from the fulcrum portion and being configured to regulate the sheet, and a contact portion that is provided extending upward from the fulcrum portion; and when the holder is moved to the second position, the contact portion is brought in contact with the contacted portion, so as to regulate rotation of the stopper around the fulcrum portion and put the stopper in the regulation state. 8. An image reading apparatus, comprising: the paper feeder according to claim 1 that conveys the sheet as a document; and a reading unit that reads a document image of the sheet. 9. An image forming apparatus, comprising: the image reading apparatus according to claim 8; and an image forming unit that forms an image onto a sheet, corresponding to the document image read by the reading unit."
-  ]
-}
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